{"id": "PMID:862436", "title": "DNA replication in the sex chromosomes of the pronghorn and the Rocky Mountain goat.", "content": "The X chromosomes of the male pronghorn (Antilocapra americana) is larger than the \"original\" type and carries a large segment of late-labelling chromatin. The Y chromosome has a late-labelling segment that appears to duplicate synchronously with that of the X. Both chromosomes have segments that label throughout the period of observation; that the X is about 4.7% of the haploid complement and approaches \"original\" proportions. The X chromosomes of the Rocky Mountain goat (Oreamnos americanus) appear to be of the \"original\" type, without marked late-labelling regions, and the Y chromosomes is small. The structure and origin of extra-large sex chromosomes are discussed.", "contents": "DNA replication in the sex chromosomes of the pronghorn and the Rocky Mountain goat. The X chromosomes of the male pronghorn (Antilocapra americana) is larger than the \"original\" type and carries a large segment of late-labelling chromatin. The Y chromosome has a late-labelling segment that appears to duplicate synchronously with that of the X. Both chromosomes have segments that label throughout the period of observation; that the X is about 4.7% of the haploid complement and approaches \"original\" proportions. The X chromosomes of the Rocky Mountain goat (Oreamnos americanus) appear to be of the \"original\" type, without marked late-labelling regions, and the Y chromosomes is small. The structure and origin of extra-large sex chromosomes are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:862437", "title": "Supernumerary chromosomes in the black rat (Rattus rattus) and their distribution in three geographic variants.", "content": "Supernumerary chromosomes have been examined in 352 black rats, covering three geographic variants, by use of conventional and C-band staining techniques. Metacentric supernumerary chromosomes, one to three in number, were found in Malayan black rats (Rattus rattus diardii), with 2n=42, in Indian black rats (R. rattus rufescens), with 2n=38, and in Ceylonese black rats (R. rattus kandianus), with 2n=40. The supernumeraries had similar morphology and stained heavily along their entire length by C-band staining. These findings suggested that the supernumeraries had originally developed in the Asian-type black rats and then were sequentially transmitted to the Ceylonese and Oceanian-type black rats, probably in southwestern Asia. A subtelocentric supernumerary chromosome found in one Japanese black rat seemed to have developed independently from the above metacentric supernumeraries.", "contents": "Supernumerary chromosomes in the black rat (Rattus rattus) and their distribution in three geographic variants. Supernumerary chromosomes have been examined in 352 black rats, covering three geographic variants, by use of conventional and C-band staining techniques. Metacentric supernumerary chromosomes, one to three in number, were found in Malayan black rats (Rattus rattus diardii), with 2n=42, in Indian black rats (R. rattus rufescens), with 2n=38, and in Ceylonese black rats (R. rattus kandianus), with 2n=40. The supernumeraries had similar morphology and stained heavily along their entire length by C-band staining. These findings suggested that the supernumeraries had originally developed in the Asian-type black rats and then were sequentially transmitted to the Ceylonese and Oceanian-type black rats, probably in southwestern Asia. A subtelocentric supernumerary chromosome found in one Japanese black rat seemed to have developed independently from the above metacentric supernumeraries."}
{"id": "PMID:862439", "title": "The ratio of pulmonary arterial pressure to pulmonary vascular obstruction: index of preembolic cardiopulmonary status.", "content": "The magnitude of embolic obstruction by pulmonary angiographic studies has been shown to be directly related to the hemodynamic status after pulmonary embolism in patients free of prior cardiopulmonary disease; however, in patients with prior cardiopulmonary disease, the hemodynamic status after embolism may be determined either by the preembolic hemodynamic status, the magnitude of embolic obstruction, or both. No reliable index has been available to help determine the relative roles of embolism and preembolic hemodynamic disturbances in the postembolic hemodynamic status. The present study suggests that the ratio of the mean pulmonary arterial pressure to the pulmonary angiographic obstruction may effectively distinguish those patients in whom pulmonary embolism is the primary determinant of the postembolic hemodynamic abnormality from those in whom the preembolic hemodynamic abnormalities play the dominant role.", "contents": "The ratio of pulmonary arterial pressure to pulmonary vascular obstruction: index of preembolic cardiopulmonary status. The magnitude of embolic obstruction by pulmonary angiographic studies has been shown to be directly related to the hemodynamic status after pulmonary embolism in patients free of prior cardiopulmonary disease; however, in patients with prior cardiopulmonary disease, the hemodynamic status after embolism may be determined either by the preembolic hemodynamic status, the magnitude of embolic obstruction, or both. No reliable index has been available to help determine the relative roles of embolism and preembolic hemodynamic disturbances in the postembolic hemodynamic status. The present study suggests that the ratio of the mean pulmonary arterial pressure to the pulmonary angiographic obstruction may effectively distinguish those patients in whom pulmonary embolism is the primary determinant of the postembolic hemodynamic abnormality from those in whom the preembolic hemodynamic abnormalities play the dominant role."}
{"id": "PMID:862440", "title": "The endocrinometabolic effects of beclomethasone dipropionate in asthmatic patients.", "content": "The endocrinometabolic effects of the aerosol administration of beclomethasone dipropionate (100 microng four times daily) were evaluated in 20 asthmatic patients (11 corticodependent and nine noncorticodependent) during one month. In the noncorticodependent group, aerosol administration of beclomethasone had no statistically significant effect on the results of the glucose tolerance test and the plasma levels of insulin; there was a slight decrease in basal levels of cortisol, but the response of the cortisol level to administration of ACTH remained quite normal. In corticodependent patients, after substitution of aerosol therapy with beclomethasone for the oral therapy with steroids, the depression of adrenal function disappeared, usually quickly (in less than one month), whereas the abnormalities in the results of the glucose tolerance test persisted. Thus, at the dosage used, beclomethasone dipropionate might have minor systemic endocrinometabolic effects.", "contents": "The endocrinometabolic effects of beclomethasone dipropionate in asthmatic patients. The endocrinometabolic effects of the aerosol administration of beclomethasone dipropionate (100 microng four times daily) were evaluated in 20 asthmatic patients (11 corticodependent and nine noncorticodependent) during one month. In the noncorticodependent group, aerosol administration of beclomethasone had no statistically significant effect on the results of the glucose tolerance test and the plasma levels of insulin; there was a slight decrease in basal levels of cortisol, but the response of the cortisol level to administration of ACTH remained quite normal. In corticodependent patients, after substitution of aerosol therapy with beclomethasone for the oral therapy with steroids, the depression of adrenal function disappeared, usually quickly (in less than one month), whereas the abnormalities in the results of the glucose tolerance test persisted. Thus, at the dosage used, beclomethasone dipropionate might have minor systemic endocrinometabolic effects."}
{"id": "PMID:862441", "title": "Peripheral pulmonary wedge angiography in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Relationship to pulmonary function, chest x-ray film, and hemodynamic data.", "content": "Peripheral pulmonary wedge angiographic studies can investigate only limited areas of the pulmonary vascular bed; nevertheless, this technique is very useful in emphasizing the morphologic changes of small vessels (less than 1 mm in diameter) in pulmonary emphysema. The aim of this work is to determine the relationship between peripheral wedge angiographic appearances and pulmonary function, the chest x-ray film, and hemodynamic data in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Three healthy subjects, four patients with type-A chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and eight patients with type-B chronic obstructive pulmonary disease were studied. Among the tests of pulmonary function, only a marked reduction (less than 60 percent of predicted) of the diffusing capacity for carbon monoxide is always indicative of severe widespread emphysema. No relationship was found between hemodynamic data and peripheral wedge angiographic findings. Some agreement resulted between the chest x-ray film and peripheral wedge angiographic abnormalities only in patients with type-A chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; on the contrary, in patients with type-B chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, both false-positives and false-negatives were noted.", "contents": "Peripheral pulmonary wedge angiography in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Relationship to pulmonary function, chest x-ray film, and hemodynamic data. Peripheral pulmonary wedge angiographic studies can investigate only limited areas of the pulmonary vascular bed; nevertheless, this technique is very useful in emphasizing the morphologic changes of small vessels (less than 1 mm in diameter) in pulmonary emphysema. The aim of this work is to determine the relationship between peripheral wedge angiographic appearances and pulmonary function, the chest x-ray film, and hemodynamic data in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Three healthy subjects, four patients with type-A chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and eight patients with type-B chronic obstructive pulmonary disease were studied. Among the tests of pulmonary function, only a marked reduction (less than 60 percent of predicted) of the diffusing capacity for carbon monoxide is always indicative of severe widespread emphysema. No relationship was found between hemodynamic data and peripheral wedge angiographic findings. Some agreement resulted between the chest x-ray film and peripheral wedge angiographic abnormalities only in patients with type-A chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; on the contrary, in patients with type-B chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, both false-positives and false-negatives were noted."}
{"id": "PMID:862442", "title": "The metastatic spread of bronchogenic carcinoma in relation to the interval between resection and death.", "content": "Information from autopsy was obtained for 125 men who had had lung cancer resected. Metastases were most common among men whose carcinoma was undifferentiated, while the prevalence among those with squamous cell carcinoma and those with adenocarcinoma was about the same. Among men whose cancers were of the latter two types, extrathoracic metastases were more common among men with adenocarcinoma than among those with squamous cell carcinoma. In 44 cases with postoperative death, metastases were found in 36 percent (16 cases). With the passage of time, the incidence of metastases rose rapidly to 85 percent (17/20) 6 to 11 months after resection. These data support the concept that metastatic disease is often present  at the time of diagnosis.", "contents": "The metastatic spread of bronchogenic carcinoma in relation to the interval between resection and death. Information from autopsy was obtained for 125 men who had had lung cancer resected. Metastases were most common among men whose carcinoma was undifferentiated, while the prevalence among those with squamous cell carcinoma and those with adenocarcinoma was about the same. Among men whose cancers were of the latter two types, extrathoracic metastases were more common among men with adenocarcinoma than among those with squamous cell carcinoma. In 44 cases with postoperative death, metastases were found in 36 percent (16 cases). With the passage of time, the incidence of metastases rose rapidly to 85 percent (17/20) 6 to 11 months after resection. These data support the concept that metastatic disease is often present  at the time of diagnosis."}
{"id": "PMID:862443", "title": "133Xenon washout patterns during diaphragmatic breathing. Studies in normal subjects and patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.", "content": "Studies of the washout of radioactive 133xenon were performed in six normal subjects and six patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease during normal and diaphragmatic breathing. Subjects were unable to change the distribution of ventilation with diaphragmatic breathing. In all normal subjects and in three of the six subjects with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, overall washout improved with diaphragmatic breathing. It is suggested that this change was related to the slower, deeper tidal volumes used by these subjects during diaphragmatic breathing.", "contents": "133Xenon washout patterns during diaphragmatic breathing. Studies in normal subjects and patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Studies of the washout of radioactive 133xenon were performed in six normal subjects and six patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease during normal and diaphragmatic breathing. Subjects were unable to change the distribution of ventilation with diaphragmatic breathing. In all normal subjects and in three of the six subjects with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, overall washout improved with diaphragmatic breathing. It is suggested that this change was related to the slower, deeper tidal volumes used by these subjects during diaphragmatic breathing."}
{"id": "PMID:862444", "title": "Pulmonary arteriovenous fistulas with pulmonary hypertension.", "content": "Two cases of pulmonary arteriovenous fistulas associated with pulmonary hypertension occurring in young multiparous women are described. Both cases suggest the development of pulmonary arteriovenous fistulas subsequent to and as a consequence of the onset of pulmonary hypertension. Etiologic factors resulting in the development of the pulmonary hypertension in these patients, including the possible role of estrogens, are considered. The possible causal relationship of the pulmonary hypertension to the development of the pulmonary arteriovenous fistulas is discussed, and the importance of detecting the presence of pulmonary hypertension is stressed, since resection of the arteriovenous fistulas would be contraindicated in this situation.", "contents": "Pulmonary arteriovenous fistulas with pulmonary hypertension. Two cases of pulmonary arteriovenous fistulas associated with pulmonary hypertension occurring in young multiparous women are described. Both cases suggest the development of pulmonary arteriovenous fistulas subsequent to and as a consequence of the onset of pulmonary hypertension. Etiologic factors resulting in the development of the pulmonary hypertension in these patients, including the possible role of estrogens, are considered. The possible causal relationship of the pulmonary hypertension to the development of the pulmonary arteriovenous fistulas is discussed, and the importance of detecting the presence of pulmonary hypertension is stressed, since resection of the arteriovenous fistulas would be contraindicated in this situation."}
{"id": "PMID:862445", "title": "Reproducibility of data on steady-state gas exchange and indices of maldistribution of ventilation and blood flow.", "content": "The reproducibility of data on steady-state gas exchange and arterial blood gas levels was examined in 45 patients with similar pathophysiologic abnormalities (idiopathic scoliosis) by comparing the data obtained during two sequential periods breathing air. Comparison in all patients of 12 variables by paired t-test demonstrated statistically significant differences in the following three variables: the ratio of physiologic dead space to tidal volume (Vd/TV), the alveolar-arterial oxygen pressure difference (P[A-a]O2), and the arterial oxygen tension. By excluding four patients whose respiratory quotient was greater than two standard deviations from the mean value and one patient with a marked change in the pattern of ventilation, only the Vd/TV was significantly different (P less than 0.05). The range of the coefficients of variation was wide. The highest, which was for P(A-a)O2, was 18.8 percent; the majority were in range of 6 to 13 percent (minute ventilation, TV, frequency, oxygen consumption and carbon dioxide production, respiratory quotient, Vd/TV, dead space, and alveolar ventilation), and the coefficients of variation of partial pressure of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the arterial blood were, respectively, 3.6 and 3.4 percent.", "contents": "Reproducibility of data on steady-state gas exchange and indices of maldistribution of ventilation and blood flow. The reproducibility of data on steady-state gas exchange and arterial blood gas levels was examined in 45 patients with similar pathophysiologic abnormalities (idiopathic scoliosis) by comparing the data obtained during two sequential periods breathing air. Comparison in all patients of 12 variables by paired t-test demonstrated statistically significant differences in the following three variables: the ratio of physiologic dead space to tidal volume (Vd/TV), the alveolar-arterial oxygen pressure difference (P[A-a]O2), and the arterial oxygen tension. By excluding four patients whose respiratory quotient was greater than two standard deviations from the mean value and one patient with a marked change in the pattern of ventilation, only the Vd/TV was significantly different (P less than 0.05). The range of the coefficients of variation was wide. The highest, which was for P(A-a)O2, was 18.8 percent; the majority were in range of 6 to 13 percent (minute ventilation, TV, frequency, oxygen consumption and carbon dioxide production, respiratory quotient, Vd/TV, dead space, and alveolar ventilation), and the coefficients of variation of partial pressure of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the arterial blood were, respectively, 3.6 and 3.4 percent."}
{"id": "PMID:862448", "title": "Pericarditis mimicking tricuspid valvular disease.", "content": "A patient with rheumatoid disease initially had the physical findings of isolated tricuspid stenosis. Postmortem examination demonstrated adhesive pericarditis with localized hemopericardium which compressed the atrioventricular groove in the area of the tricuspid valve. Historical, physical, electrocardiographic, and cardiac catheterization features which suggested the diagnosis are discussed.", "contents": "Pericarditis mimicking tricuspid valvular disease. A patient with rheumatoid disease initially had the physical findings of isolated tricuspid stenosis. Postmortem examination demonstrated adhesive pericarditis with localized hemopericardium which compressed the atrioventricular groove in the area of the tricuspid valve. Historical, physical, electrocardiographic, and cardiac catheterization features which suggested the diagnosis are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:862449", "title": "Pseudo-tricuspid stenosis: a rare entity.", "content": "A case is presented in which features of constrictive pericarditis and a pericardial pseudotumor coexisted. Preoperative cardiac catheterization revealed a gradient across the tricuspid valve. Exploratory surgery revealed a blood-filled cavity within the thickened pericardium overlying the right atrium and right ventricle and a normal tricuspid valve. After pericardiectomy, right cardiac catheterization revealed normal pressures and no gradients.", "contents": "Pseudo-tricuspid stenosis: a rare entity. A case is presented in which features of constrictive pericarditis and a pericardial pseudotumor coexisted. Preoperative cardiac catheterization revealed a gradient across the tricuspid valve. Exploratory surgery revealed a blood-filled cavity within the thickened pericardium overlying the right atrium and right ventricle and a normal tricuspid valve. After pericardiectomy, right cardiac catheterization revealed normal pressures and no gradients."}
{"id": "PMID:862450", "title": "Acute tuberculous pneumonia.", "content": "A case of acute tuberculous pneumonia diagnosed by transbronchial biopsy is presented. We postulate that the unusually rapid progression was due to an exudative hypersensitivity reaction to aspirated tuberculoprotein.", "contents": "Acute tuberculous pneumonia. A case of acute tuberculous pneumonia diagnosed by transbronchial biopsy is presented. We postulate that the unusually rapid progression was due to an exudative hypersensitivity reaction to aspirated tuberculoprotein."}
{"id": "PMID:862451", "title": "Regional pulmonary function in scimitar syndrome.", "content": "Analysis of regional pulmonary function distribution using radioactive 133xenon gas and eight scintillation detectors was performed in a patient with scimitar syndrome. Zonal ventilation per unit of lung volume within the slightly hypoplastic right lung was normal. The pulmonary blood flow to the lower right zone was significantly reduced due to aberrant systemic arterial supply to the right lower lobe. The 133xenon technique provides a simple nontraumatic method of evaluating the functional integrity of the right lung in this cardiopulmonary syndrome.", "contents": "Regional pulmonary function in scimitar syndrome. Analysis of regional pulmonary function distribution using radioactive 133xenon gas and eight scintillation detectors was performed in a patient with scimitar syndrome. Zonal ventilation per unit of lung volume within the slightly hypoplastic right lung was normal. The pulmonary blood flow to the lower right zone was significantly reduced due to aberrant systemic arterial supply to the right lower lobe. The 133xenon technique provides a simple nontraumatic method of evaluating the functional integrity of the right lung in this cardiopulmonary syndrome."}
{"id": "PMID:862452", "title": "Treatment of allergic aspergillosis with triamcinolone acetonide aerosol.", "content": "The successful management of a patient with allergic asperillosis with triamcinolone acetonide for one year is reported. This patient had been maintained previously on systemic attempt to withdraw systemic corticosteroids continuously for eight years. An initial attempt to withdraw systemic steroids after initiation of aerosol therapy was unsuccessful; however, following bronchoscopic removal of mucus plugs, the transfer to maintenance therapy with triamcinolone aerosol alone was uneventful.", "contents": "Treatment of allergic aspergillosis with triamcinolone acetonide aerosol. The successful management of a patient with allergic asperillosis with triamcinolone acetonide for one year is reported. This patient had been maintained previously on systemic attempt to withdraw systemic corticosteroids continuously for eight years. An initial attempt to withdraw systemic steroids after initiation of aerosol therapy was unsuccessful; however, following bronchoscopic removal of mucus plugs, the transfer to maintenance therapy with triamcinolone aerosol alone was uneventful."}
{"id": "PMID:862453", "title": "Abnormal septal motion in cardiac tamponande with pulse paradoxus. Echocardiographic and hemodynamic observations.", "content": "In a patient with cardiac tamponade and pulses paradoxus the echocardiogram showed markedly abnormal septal motion, consisting of posterior displacement during inspiration. This displacement resulted from an increase in right ventricular size and a decrease in left ventricular volume, not attributable to a change in position of the heart. The correlation of this finding with hemodynamic events showed that the inspiratory drop in arterial pressure followed septal displacement. These observations support the hypothesis that pulsus paradoxus may be caused by competition of the ventricles for  filling within a relatively rigid pericardial space. Displacement of the interventricular septum could be the mechanism by which this completition takes place.", "contents": "Abnormal septal motion in cardiac tamponande with pulse paradoxus. Echocardiographic and hemodynamic observations. In a patient with cardiac tamponade and pulses paradoxus the echocardiogram showed markedly abnormal septal motion, consisting of posterior displacement during inspiration. This displacement resulted from an increase in right ventricular size and a decrease in left ventricular volume, not attributable to a change in position of the heart. The correlation of this finding with hemodynamic events showed that the inspiratory drop in arterial pressure followed septal displacement. These observations support the hypothesis that pulsus paradoxus may be caused by competition of the ventricles for  filling within a relatively rigid pericardial space. Displacement of the interventricular septum could be the mechanism by which this completition takes place."}
{"id": "PMID:862454", "title": "Progressive hypereosinophilia with lung nodules due to thyroid carcinoma.", "content": "An elderly woman had dyspnea, a thyroid mass and multiple lung nodules on chest radiographs. She developed hypereosinophilia over a three-month period in which multiple diagnostic procedures were performed, without definition of the disease process. At post-mortem examination, the primary lesion was found to be a poorly differentiated carcinoma of the thyroid, metastatic to lung. This is the second case of hypereosinophilia related to metastatic thyroid carcinoma. The intensity of the hypereosinophilia in this case was increased by the administration of thyroid-stimulating hormone and by the development of necrosis of the lung nodules.", "contents": "Progressive hypereosinophilia with lung nodules due to thyroid carcinoma. An elderly woman had dyspnea, a thyroid mass and multiple lung nodules on chest radiographs. She developed hypereosinophilia over a three-month period in which multiple diagnostic procedures were performed, without definition of the disease process. At post-mortem examination, the primary lesion was found to be a poorly differentiated carcinoma of the thyroid, metastatic to lung. This is the second case of hypereosinophilia related to metastatic thyroid carcinoma. The intensity of the hypereosinophilia in this case was increased by the administration of thyroid-stimulating hormone and by the development of necrosis of the lung nodules."}
{"id": "PMID:862455", "title": "Cavitation in large multinodular pulmonary disease a rare manifestation of sarcoidosis.", "content": "Multiple large pulmonary nodules are an uncommon manifestation of sarcoidosis. Cavitation of these nodules has not previously been reported. An asymptomatic young white man had this unusual roentgenographic finding. Open-lung biopsy for diagnosis revealed noncaseating granulomata but did not elucidate the pathogenesis of the cavitation.", "contents": "Cavitation in large multinodular pulmonary disease a rare manifestation of sarcoidosis. Multiple large pulmonary nodules are an uncommon manifestation of sarcoidosis. Cavitation of these nodules has not previously been reported. An asymptomatic young white man had this unusual roentgenographic finding. Open-lung biopsy for diagnosis revealed noncaseating granulomata but did not elucidate the pathogenesis of the cavitation."}
{"id": "PMID:862458", "title": "Biliary excretion of ampicillin: experimental and clinical study.", "content": "The biliary excretion of ampicillin was studied in various conditions. Using an isolated perfused rabbit liver preparation, 4.1% of the amount of ampicillin added to the circulating blood (10 mg) was recovered in the bile where the maximum antibiotic activity (mean: 104 +/- microng/ml) was 4 times higher than in the serum (mean: 24.1 +/- 3.4 microng/ml). In man, provided with T-tube drain, the oral or intravenous administration of 500 mg ampicillin resulted in a biliary excretion of 0.10% of the administered dose. The biliary concentrations thus obtained equalled or exceeded for several hours the minimal inhibitory concentration of the organisms included in the antibacterila spectrum of ampicillin justifying thus the use of this antibiotic in the treatment of biliary tract infections. Per-operatory assays showed that in patients with gallbladder disease or with cystic duct obstruction, ampicillin levels in the gallbladder bile were markedly lower than in the common duct bile.", "contents": "Biliary excretion of ampicillin: experimental and clinical study. The biliary excretion of ampicillin was studied in various conditions. Using an isolated perfused rabbit liver preparation, 4.1% of the amount of ampicillin added to the circulating blood (10 mg) was recovered in the bile where the maximum antibiotic activity (mean: 104 +/- microng/ml) was 4 times higher than in the serum (mean: 24.1 +/- 3.4 microng/ml). In man, provided with T-tube drain, the oral or intravenous administration of 500 mg ampicillin resulted in a biliary excretion of 0.10% of the administered dose. The biliary concentrations thus obtained equalled or exceeded for several hours the minimal inhibitory concentration of the organisms included in the antibacterila spectrum of ampicillin justifying thus the use of this antibiotic in the treatment of biliary tract infections. Per-operatory assays showed that in patients with gallbladder disease or with cystic duct obstruction, ampicillin levels in the gallbladder bile were markedly lower than in the common duct bile."}
{"id": "PMID:862460", "title": "Fatty acid in cerebrospinal fluid of congenital hydrocephalus.", "content": "In this presentation the analysis of fatty acid composition in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), by gas-chromatography, in 40 cases of congenital hydrocephalus before and after shunting operation is discussed. Each fatty acid content was determined by the method which uses arachidic acid as an indicator. The total fatty acid value was found to be significantly higher than normal in the preoperative period in hydrocephalus. The concentration of the total and of the short chain fatty acids (less than C16) in the CSF was higher in the high ventricular CSF pressure group of hydrocephalic patients (above 150 mm H2O) than in the low pressure group. The concentration level of all these fatty acids in the CSF was higher in the cases showing poor prognosis than in those with good prognosis 3 weeks after operation.", "contents": "Fatty acid in cerebrospinal fluid of congenital hydrocephalus. In this presentation the analysis of fatty acid composition in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), by gas-chromatography, in 40 cases of congenital hydrocephalus before and after shunting operation is discussed. Each fatty acid content was determined by the method which uses arachidic acid as an indicator. The total fatty acid value was found to be significantly higher than normal in the preoperative period in hydrocephalus. The concentration of the total and of the short chain fatty acids (less than C16) in the CSF was higher in the high ventricular CSF pressure group of hydrocephalic patients (above 150 mm H2O) than in the low pressure group. The concentration level of all these fatty acids in the CSF was higher in the cases showing poor prognosis than in those with good prognosis 3 weeks after operation."}
{"id": "PMID:862461", "title": "Natural history of postparoxysmal hemiparesis in childhood.", "content": "In a period of 4 years, 43 children with postparoxysmal hemiparesis (PH) were observed. Two of them had tumors, five Sturge-Weber's disease, and 36 were \"primary\". The natural history of these is as follows: PH appears more frequently in children than in adults, girls more frequently suffer from PH than boys. The seizure which precedes the PH is most frequently unilaterally clonic with loss of consciousness. PH lasts mostly between 1 h and 2 weeks and recedes slowly, the type is mostly of the deficitary or pseudoflaccid, and rarely spastic. EEG changes are, in the majority, focal. Most children with PH have got a positive case history of a prenatal, perinatal or postnatal disorder. It weems therefore that PH appears in children with an already disturbed brain structure. The type of hemiparesis points to a pure lesion of the corticospinal tract, which matures slowly and relatively late.", "contents": "Natural history of postparoxysmal hemiparesis in childhood. In a period of 4 years, 43 children with postparoxysmal hemiparesis (PH) were observed. Two of them had tumors, five Sturge-Weber's disease, and 36 were \"primary\". The natural history of these is as follows: PH appears more frequently in children than in adults, girls more frequently suffer from PH than boys. The seizure which precedes the PH is most frequently unilaterally clonic with loss of consciousness. PH lasts mostly between 1 h and 2 weeks and recedes slowly, the type is mostly of the deficitary or pseudoflaccid, and rarely spastic. EEG changes are, in the majority, focal. Most children with PH have got a positive case history of a prenatal, perinatal or postnatal disorder. It weems therefore that PH appears in children with an already disturbed brain structure. The type of hemiparesis points to a pure lesion of the corticospinal tract, which matures slowly and relatively late."}
{"id": "PMID:862462", "title": "Growing skull fracture of childhood with reference to the importance of the brain injury and its pathogenetic consideration.", "content": "It is recognized that the presence of a dural tear is essential in the development of a growing skull fracture. We present nine cases of growing skull fracture, stressing the importance of parenchymal injury beneath the skull and dural defects as pathogenic factors, and two cases which showed pathological conditions similar to those of growing skull fracture. According to our clinicla analysis, all of these cases followed head trauma in the first year of life. The area of cranial defect varied in size among the individual cases but was progressive in all instances. Convulsions were the most frequent symptom. With both radiologicla examinations and operative findings, it is recognized that dural tears and local cerebral injury are usually severe, and various localized ventricular enlargements are always found beneath the fracture. In many cases fibrous granulation was found filling in the bone defect and adhering to the contused cortex. The mechanism of the enlarged bone defect can be explained by classifying the lesions into three groups according to the type of tissue present: (1) granulation type; (2) cyst type, and (3) mixed type. Each type prevents the bone edge from spreading out, offering a suitable means to transmit mechanical pulsations of brain and cerebrospinla fluid. The formation of granulation tissue and dense scarring is an important factor in the growing skull fracture.", "contents": "Growing skull fracture of childhood with reference to the importance of the brain injury and its pathogenetic consideration. It is recognized that the presence of a dural tear is essential in the development of a growing skull fracture. We present nine cases of growing skull fracture, stressing the importance of parenchymal injury beneath the skull and dural defects as pathogenic factors, and two cases which showed pathological conditions similar to those of growing skull fracture. According to our clinicla analysis, all of these cases followed head trauma in the first year of life. The area of cranial defect varied in size among the individual cases but was progressive in all instances. Convulsions were the most frequent symptom. With both radiologicla examinations and operative findings, it is recognized that dural tears and local cerebral injury are usually severe, and various localized ventricular enlargements are always found beneath the fracture. In many cases fibrous granulation was found filling in the bone defect and adhering to the contused cortex. The mechanism of the enlarged bone defect can be explained by classifying the lesions into three groups according to the type of tissue present: (1) granulation type; (2) cyst type, and (3) mixed type. Each type prevents the bone edge from spreading out, offering a suitable means to transmit mechanical pulsations of brain and cerebrospinla fluid. The formation of granulation tissue and dense scarring is an important factor in the growing skull fracture."}
{"id": "PMID:862463", "title": "Ganglioneuroblastoma presenting as myasthenia gravis.", "content": "Neuroblastoma is one of the most common malignant neoplasms in infants and children under 5 years of age. The commonest manifestations are abdominal masses or metastases. The case reported showed unusual manifestations as the presenting features simulated myasthenia gravis in all aspects. He was a child, aged 3 years, who was admitted because of generalized weakness, inability to open his eyes and lethargy. Radiography showed an oval opacity at the right upper zone of the chest. A thorocotomy was performed and a tumour was removed from the posterior mediastinum. Histopathology confirmed diagnosis of ganglioneuroblastoma. There is only one similar report in the medical literature.", "contents": "Ganglioneuroblastoma presenting as myasthenia gravis. Neuroblastoma is one of the most common malignant neoplasms in infants and children under 5 years of age. The commonest manifestations are abdominal masses or metastases. The case reported showed unusual manifestations as the presenting features simulated myasthenia gravis in all aspects. He was a child, aged 3 years, who was admitted because of generalized weakness, inability to open his eyes and lethargy. Radiography showed an oval opacity at the right upper zone of the chest. A thorocotomy was performed and a tumour was removed from the posterior mediastinum. Histopathology confirmed diagnosis of ganglioneuroblastoma. There is only one similar report in the medical literature."}
{"id": "PMID:862464", "title": "Intracranial tumors of children.", "content": "A report is made on 323 intracranial tumors of children reported to the Cancer Registry in Finland in 1958-1967. The most common sites were the cerebellum, cerebral hemispheres and brain stem. 54% of the tumors were in the posterior fossa. The most common histological types were medulloblastoma, cerebellar astrocytoma and ependymoma. The incidence on the basis of this series was 2.4/10(5)/y. The general outlook for intracranial tumors in childhood was not very good. After a follow-up time of from 5 to 16 years, 31% of the patients were alive. The best prognosis was in cerebellar astrocytomas and cerebral spongioblastomas. In some tumors of the thalamus and third ventricle remissions for over 10 years were achieved by shunt and radiotherapy alone.", "contents": "Intracranial tumors of children. A report is made on 323 intracranial tumors of children reported to the Cancer Registry in Finland in 1958-1967. The most common sites were the cerebellum, cerebral hemispheres and brain stem. 54% of the tumors were in the posterior fossa. The most common histological types were medulloblastoma, cerebellar astrocytoma and ependymoma. The incidence on the basis of this series was 2.4/10(5)/y. The general outlook for intracranial tumors in childhood was not very good. After a follow-up time of from 5 to 16 years, 31% of the patients were alive. The best prognosis was in cerebellar astrocytomas and cerebral spongioblastomas. In some tumors of the thalamus and third ventricle remissions for over 10 years were achieved by shunt and radiotherapy alone."}
{"id": "PMID:862465", "title": "Subdural effusion: results after treatment with subdural-pleural shunts.", "content": "In an unselected material of 22 consecutive patients subdural effusion, which did not respond to repeated taps, was treated with subdural-pleural shunt operation using nonvalve silicone catheters. After a mean follow-up time of 3 years 4 months, 17 patients (77%) were mentally and 15 patients (69%) neurologically normal. The results are certainly not worse than results achieved with craniotomies and membranectomies. A shunt operation is more simple and less hazardous than membranectomy and we agree with the opinion that the latter is an obsolete procedure in the treatment of persistent subdural effusions.", "contents": "Subdural effusion: results after treatment with subdural-pleural shunts. In an unselected material of 22 consecutive patients subdural effusion, which did not respond to repeated taps, was treated with subdural-pleural shunt operation using nonvalve silicone catheters. After a mean follow-up time of 3 years 4 months, 17 patients (77%) were mentally and 15 patients (69%) neurologically normal. The results are certainly not worse than results achieved with craniotomies and membranectomies. A shunt operation is more simple and less hazardous than membranectomy and we agree with the opinion that the latter is an obsolete procedure in the treatment of persistent subdural effusions."}
{"id": "PMID:862466", "title": "Gamma-encephalography in the diagnosis of subdural effusions in infancy and childhood.", "content": "The results of the use of gamma-encephalography (GEG) as a diagnostic tool in a group of 28 patients with subdural effusions and 46 membranes confirmed at surgery are presented. 27 patients were submitted to bilateral surgical expolorations and 1 was unilaterally explored. Positive GEG: membranes were present in 34, in 8 the test was nonconclusive and there were 4 false-negatives. Negative GEG: membranes were absent in 6, 1 case was nonconclusive and 2 were false-positive tests. Therefore, from 28 patients with 46 membranes the GEG was correct in two thirds of the cases, it was nonconclusive in 9 cases and the image did not confirm the surgical findings in 6 cases (false-positive or false-negative). The results suggest that the presence of a medium or thick membrane almost always results in a positive image, whereas the presence of a thin membrane leads to a nonconclusive result or in some cases a false-negative one. The general data from the literature correlates well with the present series.", "contents": "Gamma-encephalography in the diagnosis of subdural effusions in infancy and childhood. The results of the use of gamma-encephalography (GEG) as a diagnostic tool in a group of 28 patients with subdural effusions and 46 membranes confirmed at surgery are presented. 27 patients were submitted to bilateral surgical expolorations and 1 was unilaterally explored. Positive GEG: membranes were present in 34, in 8 the test was nonconclusive and there were 4 false-negatives. Negative GEG: membranes were absent in 6, 1 case was nonconclusive and 2 were false-positive tests. Therefore, from 28 patients with 46 membranes the GEG was correct in two thirds of the cases, it was nonconclusive in 9 cases and the image did not confirm the surgical findings in 6 cases (false-positive or false-negative). The results suggest that the presence of a medium or thick membrane almost always results in a positive image, whereas the presence of a thin membrane leads to a nonconclusive result or in some cases a false-negative one. The general data from the literature correlates well with the present series."}
{"id": "PMID:862467", "title": "Role of computerized axial tomography in diagnosis, treatment and follow-up of hydrocephalus. Preliminary communication.", "content": "The authors have summarized their experience in the application of computerized axial tomography to the overall management of hydrocephalus.", "contents": "Role of computerized axial tomography in diagnosis, treatment and follow-up of hydrocephalus. Preliminary communication. The authors have summarized their experience in the application of computerized axial tomography to the overall management of hydrocephalus."}
{"id": "PMID:862468", "title": "Sphenoethmoidal encephalocele: a case report with review of the literature.", "content": "A rare case of sphenoethmoidal encephalocele with detailed pathological studies is reported. Only a few cases have been documented and were reviewed. The etiology and embryology of the congenital malformation remains speculative with an agreement on their development at an early embryonic stage. The mass presenting in the nasopharyngeal cavity remains often undetected unless causing respiratory embarrassment and is frequently misdiagnosed. Thorough radiological investigations detect the bone defect and outline the extent of the herniated mass and associated cerebral abnormalities. Small lesions have been successfully repaired. Larger ones prove less amenable to surgery and carry a high mortality.", "contents": "Sphenoethmoidal encephalocele: a case report with review of the literature. A rare case of sphenoethmoidal encephalocele with detailed pathological studies is reported. Only a few cases have been documented and were reviewed. The etiology and embryology of the congenital malformation remains speculative with an agreement on their development at an early embryonic stage. The mass presenting in the nasopharyngeal cavity remains often undetected unless causing respiratory embarrassment and is frequently misdiagnosed. Thorough radiological investigations detect the bone defect and outline the extent of the herniated mass and associated cerebral abnormalities. Small lesions have been successfully repaired. Larger ones prove less amenable to surgery and carry a high mortality."}
{"id": "PMID:862469", "title": "Intracranial ependymomas in children: a review of 43 cases.", "content": "43 cases of intracranial ependymomas in children 0-13 years of age have been reviewed with attention given to various clinical aspects, including location, age, duration of history, signs and symptoms, and plain skull film abnormalities. 39 of the patients were treated by intracranial surgical procedures and 30 of these also had radiation therapy. Three patients had needle biopsy only and one died without treatment. The survival rate was below that anticipated and in part felt to be related to the frequent occurrence of malignant tumors in this series.", "contents": "Intracranial ependymomas in children: a review of 43 cases. 43 cases of intracranial ependymomas in children 0-13 years of age have been reviewed with attention given to various clinical aspects, including location, age, duration of history, signs and symptoms, and plain skull film abnormalities. 39 of the patients were treated by intracranial surgical procedures and 30 of these also had radiation therapy. Three patients had needle biopsy only and one died without treatment. The survival rate was below that anticipated and in part felt to be related to the frequent occurrence of malignant tumors in this series."}
{"id": "PMID:862470", "title": "Spontaneous occlusion of an intracranial arteriovenous malformation.", "content": "The case of a 2-month-old girl is described in whom an arteriovenous malformation (AVM) was observed in the paramedial region of the right cerebral hemisphere associated with an arachnoid cyst in the right fronto-parieto-temporo-occipital region. The only treatment was evacuation of the arachnoid cyst by trephination. When the child was 3 years old, images of the AVM were not found although all the intracranial vessels were angiographically explored. It is considered that the reduced pressure in the right cranial cavity due to the drainage of the arachnoid cyst may contribute to the occlusion of the AVM by causing a slight displacement of the intracranial structures towards the side of the drained cyst.", "contents": "Spontaneous occlusion of an intracranial arteriovenous malformation. The case of a 2-month-old girl is described in whom an arteriovenous malformation (AVM) was observed in the paramedial region of the right cerebral hemisphere associated with an arachnoid cyst in the right fronto-parieto-temporo-occipital region. The only treatment was evacuation of the arachnoid cyst by trephination. When the child was 3 years old, images of the AVM were not found although all the intracranial vessels were angiographically explored. It is considered that the reduced pressure in the right cranial cavity due to the drainage of the arachnoid cyst may contribute to the occlusion of the AVM by causing a slight displacement of the intracranial structures towards the side of the drained cyst."}
{"id": "PMID:862471", "title": "[Dynamics of blood coagulation disorders in traumatic-hemorrhagic shock].", "content": "Blood clotting tests in 55 polytraumatized patients showed that a lapse in the hemostatic potential may already occur at a very early stage of the traumatic-hemorrhagic shock. The extent of these changes which are complex in their pathogenesis, is closely related to the degree of injury. Coagulation-analysis control of the development shows clearly that shock treatment and maintenance of adequate circulation, starting at the earliest possible moment at the scene of the accident, are important for spontaneous recompensation of the hemostatic defect.", "contents": "[Dynamics of blood coagulation disorders in traumatic-hemorrhagic shock]. Blood clotting tests in 55 polytraumatized patients showed that a lapse in the hemostatic potential may already occur at a very early stage of the traumatic-hemorrhagic shock. The extent of these changes which are complex in their pathogenesis, is closely related to the degree of injury. Coagulation-analysis control of the development shows clearly that shock treatment and maintenance of adequate circulation, starting at the earliest possible moment at the scene of the accident, are important for spontaneous recompensation of the hemostatic defect."}
{"id": "PMID:862472", "title": "[Intra-abdominal hemorrhage as rare complication of a Meckel's diverticulum. A case report].", "content": "A case report of hemoperitoneum following perforation of Meckel's diverticulum as a rare complication is presented. Symptoms and diagnostic problems are discussed.", "contents": "[Intra-abdominal hemorrhage as rare complication of a Meckel's diverticulum. A case report]. A case report of hemoperitoneum following perforation of Meckel's diverticulum as a rare complication is presented. Symptoms and diagnostic problems are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:862473", "title": "[Pathogenesis, diagnosis and therapy of the dumping syndrome].", "content": "The dumping-syndrome is a severe complication of gastric surgery after operations which destroy or weaken the sphincter mechanism of the pylorus. The pathogenesis involves the release of kinins, the triggering of neurogen reflex mechanisms by distending the jejunum, the massive flow of fluid in jejunal lumen, the loss of the reservoir function of the stomach, and, possibly, the pathologic release of gastrointestinal hormones. Preoperatively, intensive diagnostic efforts are necessary, which must include a psychiatric check-up. For surgical treatment several modifications of reversal operations from Billroth II to Billroth I with reconstruction of duodenal passage have been developed. Our own modification includes, beside testitution of the duodenal passage, the construction of a gastric pouch.", "contents": "[Pathogenesis, diagnosis and therapy of the dumping syndrome]. The dumping-syndrome is a severe complication of gastric surgery after operations which destroy or weaken the sphincter mechanism of the pylorus. The pathogenesis involves the release of kinins, the triggering of neurogen reflex mechanisms by distending the jejunum, the massive flow of fluid in jejunal lumen, the loss of the reservoir function of the stomach, and, possibly, the pathologic release of gastrointestinal hormones. Preoperatively, intensive diagnostic efforts are necessary, which must include a psychiatric check-up. For surgical treatment several modifications of reversal operations from Billroth II to Billroth I with reconstruction of duodenal passage have been developed. Our own modification includes, beside testitution of the duodenal passage, the construction of a gastric pouch."}
{"id": "PMID:862474", "title": "[Possible significance of prostaglandins in the pathogenesis of Crohn's disease].", "content": "Prostaglandins (E1, E2, F2alpha) produce and intensify peristaltic contractions in the healthy human intestinal muscle system according to dosage (threshold I-10(-4) microng/ml--maximum effective concentration 1 microng/ml). By subsequent introduction of adrenaline, the intestinal muscle system activated by prostaglandines can be completely relaxed again. Intestinal muscles from patients with Crohn's disease show a marked deviation from this behaviour: 1. The intestinal muscle system is extremely sensitive to prostagladins: maximum concentrations are already reached by about a thousand times smaller concentration than in the intestines. 2. The dose of adrenaline does not lead to dialtion, which is usual, but to contraction of the muscle system. These changes in the contractility of the intestine can explain some components of the clinical symptomatology of Crohn's disease.", "contents": "[Possible significance of prostaglandins in the pathogenesis of Crohn's disease]. Prostaglandins (E1, E2, F2alpha) produce and intensify peristaltic contractions in the healthy human intestinal muscle system according to dosage (threshold I-10(-4) microng/ml--maximum effective concentration 1 microng/ml). By subsequent introduction of adrenaline, the intestinal muscle system activated by prostaglandines can be completely relaxed again. Intestinal muscles from patients with Crohn's disease show a marked deviation from this behaviour: 1. The intestinal muscle system is extremely sensitive to prostagladins: maximum concentrations are already reached by about a thousand times smaller concentration than in the intestines. 2. The dose of adrenaline does not lead to dialtion, which is usual, but to contraction of the muscle system. These changes in the contractility of the intestine can explain some components of the clinical symptomatology of Crohn's disease."}
{"id": "PMID:862475", "title": "[Secondary retroperitoneal fibrosis of scars following rectum exstirpation].", "content": "Ureteral abnormalities following excision of the rectum are similar to those found in retroperitoneal fibrosis. Their frequency is surprisingly high (45 out of 53 patients under close supervision approximately equal to 85%). Medial deviation of the lumbar ureter was regularly encountered on one or both sides (most pronounced at L5). Narrowing of the lumen occurred in 31 patients combined with impaired urinary excretion in 12 cases, among these hydronephorosis in 2 cases. As reason for this secondary retroperitoneal fibrosis the retarded healing of the sacral cavity has mainly to be considered. Furthermore, the surgical trauma itself seems to be of importance in this regard. Following surgery for cancer differential diagnosis of ureteral abnormalities should include malignant retroperitoneal infiltration.", "contents": "[Secondary retroperitoneal fibrosis of scars following rectum exstirpation]. Ureteral abnormalities following excision of the rectum are similar to those found in retroperitoneal fibrosis. Their frequency is surprisingly high (45 out of 53 patients under close supervision approximately equal to 85%). Medial deviation of the lumbar ureter was regularly encountered on one or both sides (most pronounced at L5). Narrowing of the lumen occurred in 31 patients combined with impaired urinary excretion in 12 cases, among these hydronephorosis in 2 cases. As reason for this secondary retroperitoneal fibrosis the retarded healing of the sacral cavity has mainly to be considered. Furthermore, the surgical trauma itself seems to be of importance in this regard. Following surgery for cancer differential diagnosis of ureteral abnormalities should include malignant retroperitoneal infiltration."}
{"id": "PMID:862476", "title": "[Urologic complications od chronic inflammatory intestinal diseases].", "content": "The three most common inflammatory diseases of the bowel, colonic diverticulitis, regional enteritis and ulcerative colitis, involve the bladder or ureter in the advanced stage in about 10%. The colovesical fistula is found more frequently with diverticulitis and less often with regional enteritis, which penetrates predominantly from the ileum into the bladder. On the other hand, if an ureteric stenosis develops, it will be caused on the right side mainly by regional enteritis and on the other side by ulcerative colitis. The vesicointestinal fistulae will close without sequelae after resection of the involved bowel segment. However, the ureteric stenosis will often be followed by nephrectomy despite bowel resection and ureterolysis, if the operation is not undertaken early enough. Frequent rechecks with infusion urography should help to prevent this. Nephrolithiasis, amyloidosis, and a contracted bladder are futher, yet less common complications of chronic inflammatory disease of the bowel.", "contents": "[Urologic complications od chronic inflammatory intestinal diseases]. The three most common inflammatory diseases of the bowel, colonic diverticulitis, regional enteritis and ulcerative colitis, involve the bladder or ureter in the advanced stage in about 10%. The colovesical fistula is found more frequently with diverticulitis and less often with regional enteritis, which penetrates predominantly from the ileum into the bladder. On the other hand, if an ureteric stenosis develops, it will be caused on the right side mainly by regional enteritis and on the other side by ulcerative colitis. The vesicointestinal fistulae will close without sequelae after resection of the involved bowel segment. However, the ureteric stenosis will often be followed by nephrectomy despite bowel resection and ureterolysis, if the operation is not undertaken early enough. Frequent rechecks with infusion urography should help to prevent this. Nephrolithiasis, amyloidosis, and a contracted bladder are futher, yet less common complications of chronic inflammatory disease of the bowel."}
{"id": "PMID:862477", "title": "[Auditory canal hemorrhage as a symptom of mandibular trauma].", "content": "Auditory canal hemorrhage is usually a sign of a basal skull fracture. It is commonly unknown that this sign can also be a symptom of combined fracture of the external auditory canal and the mandibular condyle. In our investigations of patients with maxillofacial injuries we found in 15% of 197 fractures of the mandibular condyle within 3 years this combination. In sequence of these results there is a differential diagnostic need for an exact investigation to clear up these various causes in each case as first step toward an accurate therapy. The mechanism of these fractures, their etiology, and therapy are discussed with special reference to possible complications.20", "contents": "[Auditory canal hemorrhage as a symptom of mandibular trauma]. Auditory canal hemorrhage is usually a sign of a basal skull fracture. It is commonly unknown that this sign can also be a symptom of combined fracture of the external auditory canal and the mandibular condyle. In our investigations of patients with maxillofacial injuries we found in 15% of 197 fractures of the mandibular condyle within 3 years this combination. In sequence of these results there is a differential diagnostic need for an exact investigation to clear up these various causes in each case as first step toward an accurate therapy. The mechanism of these fractures, their etiology, and therapy are discussed with special reference to possible complications.20"}
{"id": "PMID:862480", "title": "[Pharmacokinetics of methylmethacrylate monomer of bone cements: method for qualitative and quantitative monomer determination in respiratory air].", "content": "The methylmethacrylate-monomer deported into circulation from bone cement implantation during endoprothetic operation is subject to unaltered exhalation. Qualitative evidence of monomer excretion in the exhaled air is established in animal experiment. The quantitative determination of monomer in the exhaled air in man undergoing hip-joint replacement are stated and the method is demonstrated. Pharmacocinetically exhalation has priority over metabolisation.", "contents": "[Pharmacokinetics of methylmethacrylate monomer of bone cements: method for qualitative and quantitative monomer determination in respiratory air]. The methylmethacrylate-monomer deported into circulation from bone cement implantation during endoprothetic operation is subject to unaltered exhalation. Qualitative evidence of monomer excretion in the exhaled air is established in animal experiment. The quantitative determination of monomer in the exhaled air in man undergoing hip-joint replacement are stated and the method is demonstrated. Pharmacocinetically exhalation has priority over metabolisation."}
{"id": "PMID:862481", "title": "[The unrecognized thyroid neoplasm].", "content": "During the last 10 years the authors operated upon 8 patients with illnesses beginning with different lung alterations. In all cases the basic illness was a papillary or papillo-follicular cancer of the thyroid gland which later was found indirectly after other operation and histologic examination. By evaluation of clinical symptoms, operative and morphologic findings conclusions as well as the results of reexamination the authors draw conclusions as to the biological attributes of this tumor type. They recognize that the carcinomas of the thyroid gland cause metastases of regional lymph nodes or distant lung metastases approaching the TO stage. Lung metastases appeared in different shapes and were in all cases the fist clinical sign of the basic illness. Considering the biological attributes of this tumor the authors emphasize that it is not inoperable or untreatable.", "contents": "[The unrecognized thyroid neoplasm]. During the last 10 years the authors operated upon 8 patients with illnesses beginning with different lung alterations. In all cases the basic illness was a papillary or papillo-follicular cancer of the thyroid gland which later was found indirectly after other operation and histologic examination. By evaluation of clinical symptoms, operative and morphologic findings conclusions as well as the results of reexamination the authors draw conclusions as to the biological attributes of this tumor type. They recognize that the carcinomas of the thyroid gland cause metastases of regional lymph nodes or distant lung metastases approaching the TO stage. Lung metastases appeared in different shapes and were in all cases the fist clinical sign of the basic illness. Considering the biological attributes of this tumor the authors emphasize that it is not inoperable or untreatable."}
{"id": "PMID:862482", "title": "[Problems of the so-called spontaneous intestinal perforation].", "content": "Among 250 cases of perforation of the large and small bowel during the past 5 years there were 11 patients in whom the cause of the perforation was not clear at first and which were labeled spontaneous. After thorough investigation a satisfactory explanation for the perforation of the apparently normal bowel could be given for all patients. The most frequent causes were distention of the bowel wall, particularly of the cecum, and ischemic enterocolitis. We consider the incidence of really spontaneous bowel perforations very unlikely.", "contents": "[Problems of the so-called spontaneous intestinal perforation]. Among 250 cases of perforation of the large and small bowel during the past 5 years there were 11 patients in whom the cause of the perforation was not clear at first and which were labeled spontaneous. After thorough investigation a satisfactory explanation for the perforation of the apparently normal bowel could be given for all patients. The most frequent causes were distention of the bowel wall, particularly of the cecum, and ischemic enterocolitis. We consider the incidence of really spontaneous bowel perforations very unlikely."}
{"id": "PMID:862487", "title": "The dilemma of pilonidal disease: pilonidal cystotomy, reappraisal of an old technique.", "content": "A series of 126 patients treated by inhospital pilonidal cystotomy is reviewed. One hundred twenty-four were treated using local anesthesia with supplemental diazepam or Innovar. Most patients spent only three days in the hospital, with healing occurring in less than two months. Recurrences occurred in 20.9 per cent of the patients. The recurrences were treated by office procedures in all but one instance. Most patients were pain-free and back to work within two weeks after operation.", "contents": "The dilemma of pilonidal disease: pilonidal cystotomy, reappraisal of an old technique. A series of 126 patients treated by inhospital pilonidal cystotomy is reviewed. One hundred twenty-four were treated using local anesthesia with supplemental diazepam or Innovar. Most patients spent only three days in the hospital, with healing occurring in less than two months. Recurrences occurred in 20.9 per cent of the patients. The recurrences were treated by office procedures in all but one instance. Most patients were pain-free and back to work within two weeks after operation."}
{"id": "PMID:862491", "title": "The importance of the perianal connective tissue in the surgical anatomy and function of the anus.", "content": "The anatomy of the perianal connective tissue has been reviewed. The most important element is the conjoined longitudinal coat, the axis of the connective-tissue system. Fibers of the longitudinal coat penetrate the internal and external sphincter, interlacing with each other as well as the perimysium and endomysium and forming a fibroelastic network. The fibers and bundles of the internal and external sphincters lie in the meshes of this network with innumerable attachments to it. The fibroelastic network continues through the perianal fat to the pelvic wall and is connected to the lower levator fascia and the perianal skin, insuring the firm anchoring of the anus. During sphincter contraction the fibroelastic network moves together with the sphincters. Thus, the sphincter function is the integration of the contraction of the muscle fibers attached to the web. The elastic elements of the network pull the anal canal slightly apart, but the muscle tone overcomes this and keeps the anus closed. Surmounting the elasticity of the web causes the muscle function to be elastic as well. Surgical procedures such as stretching, transecting the sphincters, whether sharply or gradually, can lead to scar formation with loss of elasticity or mobility in that part of the sphincter and secondary impairment of function.", "contents": "The importance of the perianal connective tissue in the surgical anatomy and function of the anus. The anatomy of the perianal connective tissue has been reviewed. The most important element is the conjoined longitudinal coat, the axis of the connective-tissue system. Fibers of the longitudinal coat penetrate the internal and external sphincter, interlacing with each other as well as the perimysium and endomysium and forming a fibroelastic network. The fibers and bundles of the internal and external sphincters lie in the meshes of this network with innumerable attachments to it. The fibroelastic network continues through the perianal fat to the pelvic wall and is connected to the lower levator fascia and the perianal skin, insuring the firm anchoring of the anus. During sphincter contraction the fibroelastic network moves together with the sphincters. Thus, the sphincter function is the integration of the contraction of the muscle fibers attached to the web. The elastic elements of the network pull the anal canal slightly apart, but the muscle tone overcomes this and keeps the anus closed. Surmounting the elasticity of the web causes the muscle function to be elastic as well. Surgical procedures such as stretching, transecting the sphincters, whether sharply or gradually, can lead to scar formation with loss of elasticity or mobility in that part of the sphincter and secondary impairment of function."}
{"id": "PMID:862492", "title": "Volvulus of the colon.", "content": "We have reviewed the records of 48 patients who had colonic volvulus. Volvulus occurred in the sigmoid colon in 27 (56%) and in the right colon in 19 (40%). Volvulus elsewhere in the colon is rare, requiring unusual anatomic circumstances of a long mesentery and a mobile colon. The clinical history is characterized by a long history of bowel dysfunction followed by an episode of acute intestinal obstruction. The patient is often aged and is plagued by mental disorders and a number of degenerative diseases. Distention of the abdomen is the most significant finding, and tenderness may indicate peritonitis due to ischemic changes in the bowel. Three-positional films of the abdomen are most valuable, showing great distention of the colon and air-fluid levels in the bowel with regularity. Barium-enema studies will more accurately reveal the site and nature of obstruction. The barium-enema examination must be done carefully. It is omitted when peritonitis is present. Operative treatment is necessary for volvulus of the right colon. Non-operative reduction is effective for nonstrangulating volvulus of the sigmoid colon as an emergency procedure. Sigmoidoscopic examination and insertion of a long rubber tube will give dramatic relief to a substantial number of patients. Operative intervention is necessary when conservative measures fail. When gangrene is found at operation, exteriorization resection of the colon may be life-saving. Elective resections are recommended for patients who are in otherwise good health in order to prevent recurrences. The mortality rate in this series of 48 cases was 12.5 per cent. Cecal volvulus was present in each of the six patients who died. Sepsis and cardiopulmonary diseases were common in patients who died.", "contents": "Volvulus of the colon. We have reviewed the records of 48 patients who had colonic volvulus. Volvulus occurred in the sigmoid colon in 27 (56%) and in the right colon in 19 (40%). Volvulus elsewhere in the colon is rare, requiring unusual anatomic circumstances of a long mesentery and a mobile colon. The clinical history is characterized by a long history of bowel dysfunction followed by an episode of acute intestinal obstruction. The patient is often aged and is plagued by mental disorders and a number of degenerative diseases. Distention of the abdomen is the most significant finding, and tenderness may indicate peritonitis due to ischemic changes in the bowel. Three-positional films of the abdomen are most valuable, showing great distention of the colon and air-fluid levels in the bowel with regularity. Barium-enema studies will more accurately reveal the site and nature of obstruction. The barium-enema examination must be done carefully. It is omitted when peritonitis is present. Operative treatment is necessary for volvulus of the right colon. Non-operative reduction is effective for nonstrangulating volvulus of the sigmoid colon as an emergency procedure. Sigmoidoscopic examination and insertion of a long rubber tube will give dramatic relief to a substantial number of patients. Operative intervention is necessary when conservative measures fail. When gangrene is found at operation, exteriorization resection of the colon may be life-saving. Elective resections are recommended for patients who are in otherwise good health in order to prevent recurrences. The mortality rate in this series of 48 cases was 12.5 per cent. Cecal volvulus was present in each of the six patients who died. Sepsis and cardiopulmonary diseases were common in patients who died."}
{"id": "PMID:862493", "title": "Pilonidal sinus: a claim for simple track incision.", "content": "Ninety-six patients treated surgically for pilonidal sinus were examined in a two-part study. In the first part, 36 patients were randomly allocated according to the surgical techniques employed: marsupialization, incision, and excision without primary closure. Healing times and recurrences a year after operation were studied. The healing times of patients treated by excision were longer in comparison with those treated by incision or marsupialization. The recurrence rates were similar for all techniques used. In the second part of the study 60 patients were randomly allocated according to times of returning to work. Twenty-nine of these patients returned to work before their wound healed; 31 resumed work a week after epithelization of the wound. The wounds healed more quickly in patients who started working before they were closed. Incision of the sinus track, carried out using local anesthesia in the outpatient clinic, allowed the patient to return to work without pain sooner.", "contents": "Pilonidal sinus: a claim for simple track incision. Ninety-six patients treated surgically for pilonidal sinus were examined in a two-part study. In the first part, 36 patients were randomly allocated according to the surgical techniques employed: marsupialization, incision, and excision without primary closure. Healing times and recurrences a year after operation were studied. The healing times of patients treated by excision were longer in comparison with those treated by incision or marsupialization. The recurrence rates were similar for all techniques used. In the second part of the study 60 patients were randomly allocated according to times of returning to work. Twenty-nine of these patients returned to work before their wound healed; 31 resumed work a week after epithelization of the wound. The wounds healed more quickly in patients who started working before they were closed. Incision of the sinus track, carried out using local anesthesia in the outpatient clinic, allowed the patient to return to work without pain sooner."}
{"id": "PMID:862498", "title": "Early identification of alcoholism in Navy psychiatric outpatients.", "content": "This study compares Navy outpatient alcoholics, inpatient alcoholics, and a general outpatient psychiatric population on a number of demographic and clinical variables. Compared to inpatients, the outpatient alcoholics were younger, more often married, and were more frequently given favorable discharges. Compared to nonalcoholic outpatients, the outpatients were older, had lower socioeconomic origins, and were more often given favorable discharges. The characteristics of outpatient alcoholics are discussed, and an attempt is made to lay the groundwork for early case finding and prevention of alcoholism in the service.", "contents": "Early identification of alcoholism in Navy psychiatric outpatients. This study compares Navy outpatient alcoholics, inpatient alcoholics, and a general outpatient psychiatric population on a number of demographic and clinical variables. Compared to inpatients, the outpatient alcoholics were younger, more often married, and were more frequently given favorable discharges. Compared to nonalcoholic outpatients, the outpatients were older, had lower socioeconomic origins, and were more often given favorable discharges. The characteristics of outpatient alcoholics are discussed, and an attempt is made to lay the groundwork for early case finding and prevention of alcoholism in the service."}
{"id": "PMID:862499", "title": "Deficits in the regulation of ethanol intake by alcoholics.", "content": "In an appropriate experimental paradigm, loss-of-control drinking can be demonstrated when an individual consumes sufficient ethanol over time to cause his blood alcohol level (BAL) to rise progressively above a previously established, designated range. For this study, 10 alcoholics were exposed to a training session and provided accurate feedback of their blood alcohol level at ten 15-minute intervals. On following days, they were then exposed to three exposed to three experimental sessions during which they were instructed to maintain their BAL within the established training session range by relying primarily on interoceptive cues. The experimental sessions were characterized by distorted or no feedback concerning blood alcohol levels as the basis for drinking-decision behavior. The results indicated that 60% of alcoholics displayed loss-of-control (LOC) (by our criterion) in a least one session, the greatest percentage in the \"No Feedback\" session. The results were interpreted to support our theory of a neurophysiologic feedback dysfunction associated with LOC drinking.", "contents": "Deficits in the regulation of ethanol intake by alcoholics. In an appropriate experimental paradigm, loss-of-control drinking can be demonstrated when an individual consumes sufficient ethanol over time to cause his blood alcohol level (BAL) to rise progressively above a previously established, designated range. For this study, 10 alcoholics were exposed to a training session and provided accurate feedback of their blood alcohol level at ten 15-minute intervals. On following days, they were then exposed to three exposed to three experimental sessions during which they were instructed to maintain their BAL within the established training session range by relying primarily on interoceptive cues. The experimental sessions were characterized by distorted or no feedback concerning blood alcohol levels as the basis for drinking-decision behavior. The results indicated that 60% of alcoholics displayed loss-of-control (LOC) (by our criterion) in a least one session, the greatest percentage in the \"No Feedback\" session. The results were interpreted to support our theory of a neurophysiologic feedback dysfunction associated with LOC drinking."}
{"id": "PMID:862496", "title": "Successful treatment of a benign solitary rectal ulcer by temporary diverting sigmoidostomy: report of a case.", "content": "A rare case of a solitary benign rectal ulcer in which conservative medical therapy was unsuccessful is described. Diversion of the fecal stream by temporary sigmoidostomy resulted in rapid healing of the ulcer. This entity presents diagnostic and therapeutic problems, which are discussed. The use of temporary sigmoidostomy in such cases is recommended.", "contents": "Successful treatment of a benign solitary rectal ulcer by temporary diverting sigmoidostomy: report of a case. A rare case of a solitary benign rectal ulcer in which conservative medical therapy was unsuccessful is described. Diversion of the fecal stream by temporary sigmoidostomy resulted in rapid healing of the ulcer. This entity presents diagnostic and therapeutic problems, which are discussed. The use of temporary sigmoidostomy in such cases is recommended."}
{"id": "PMID:862501", "title": "Dizziness, epilepsy and the EEG.", "content": "EEGs were done on 97 patients with the complaint of dizziness and were compared to a normal control group. In patients with dizziness of a syncopal-like type there was a small but significant increase in the incidence of bitemporal sharp wave discharges. Another group, consisting of 48 patients with seizures was evaluated; 71% had noted dizziness, significantly more than a control group. Most seizure patients experienced dizziness as a syncopal-like sensation with an abrupt onset just before their clinical seizures. The majority also experienced identical episodes of dizziness unassociated with their seizures, possibly as an abortive epileptic phenomenon. Dizziness described as rotational (vertigo) was uncommon in these epileptics.", "contents": "Dizziness, epilepsy and the EEG. EEGs were done on 97 patients with the complaint of dizziness and were compared to a normal control group. In patients with dizziness of a syncopal-like type there was a small but significant increase in the incidence of bitemporal sharp wave discharges. Another group, consisting of 48 patients with seizures was evaluated; 71% had noted dizziness, significantly more than a control group. Most seizure patients experienced dizziness as a syncopal-like sensation with an abrupt onset just before their clinical seizures. The majority also experienced identical episodes of dizziness unassociated with their seizures, possibly as an abortive epileptic phenomenon. Dizziness described as rotational (vertigo) was uncommon in these epileptics."}
{"id": "PMID:862502", "title": "Determinants of placement outcome in the Foster Community Project.", "content": "The Foster Community Project was established to reintegrate chronic psychiatric patients into the community through the combined efforts of the hospital staff, the patients and the citizens of two rural Missouri towns. Data collected over a seven year period was analyzed in order to determine which factors were associated with successful community adjustment following long term hospitalization. Results indicated that length of premorbid functioning, sex, and level of social functioning differentiated successful from unsuccessful participants. Additionally, Foster Community patients were older and had generally been hospitalized longer than patients who did not complete the program. Implications for future research and rehabilitation plans are given.", "contents": "Determinants of placement outcome in the Foster Community Project. The Foster Community Project was established to reintegrate chronic psychiatric patients into the community through the combined efforts of the hospital staff, the patients and the citizens of two rural Missouri towns. Data collected over a seven year period was analyzed in order to determine which factors were associated with successful community adjustment following long term hospitalization. Results indicated that length of premorbid functioning, sex, and level of social functioning differentiated successful from unsuccessful participants. Additionally, Foster Community patients were older and had generally been hospitalized longer than patients who did not complete the program. Implications for future research and rehabilitation plans are given."}
{"id": "PMID:862503", "title": "Does the sex of the psychiatrist influence attitudes toward the patient's family?", "content": "The authors sought to verify the hypothesis that the physician's sex would influence the evaluation of the parents of this patients. Based on a study of the case histories of 100 male and 100 female patients who were examined with equal frequency by male and female physicians, the authors conclude that no significant differences are demonstrated by this investigation.", "contents": "Does the sex of the psychiatrist influence attitudes toward the patient's family? The authors sought to verify the hypothesis that the physician's sex would influence the evaluation of the parents of this patients. Based on a study of the case histories of 100 male and 100 female patients who were examined with equal frequency by male and female physicians, the authors conclude that no significant differences are demonstrated by this investigation."}
{"id": "PMID:862504", "title": "Calcium metabolism in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.", "content": "Calcium metabolism was studied prospectively in 12 patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Two patients showed mild hypocalcemia, malabsorption of calcium, and elevated plasma parathyroid hormone concentrations. Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D was decreased in one and low-normal in the second. These two patients and a third showed aminoaciduria on thin layer chromatography. Calcium metabolism was apparently restored to normal by dihydrotachysterol, a vitamin D analog, but no improvement in neurologic function resulted. Bone radiographs taken in search of metabolic bone disease showed a significant increase in the incidence of congenital vertebral anomalies in the ALS patients (50% versus 8%). The relationship of the abnormalities in calcium metabolism and in vertebral structure to the etiology of motor neuron disease is not known.", "contents": "Calcium metabolism in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Calcium metabolism was studied prospectively in 12 patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Two patients showed mild hypocalcemia, malabsorption of calcium, and elevated plasma parathyroid hormone concentrations. Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D was decreased in one and low-normal in the second. These two patients and a third showed aminoaciduria on thin layer chromatography. Calcium metabolism was apparently restored to normal by dihydrotachysterol, a vitamin D analog, but no improvement in neurologic function resulted. Bone radiographs taken in search of metabolic bone disease showed a significant increase in the incidence of congenital vertebral anomalies in the ALS patients (50% versus 8%). The relationship of the abnormalities in calcium metabolism and in vertebral structure to the etiology of motor neuron disease is not known."}
{"id": "PMID:862505", "title": "The L-D Trend Oriented Psychiatric Record.", "content": "A sixty-five item psychiatric inventory was developed to comply with the requirements for trend oriented medical record keeping for psychiatric patients. The inventory is set in a clinically practical format, and severity rating allow for the ojectification and standardization of clinical data. A preliminary study indicated high interrater reliability and interrater agreement. A description of the L-D Trend Oriented Psychiatric Record, instructions for its use, and its relative advantages for clinical and research purposes are presented.", "contents": "The L-D Trend Oriented Psychiatric Record. A sixty-five item psychiatric inventory was developed to comply with the requirements for trend oriented medical record keeping for psychiatric patients. The inventory is set in a clinically practical format, and severity rating allow for the ojectification and standardization of clinical data. A preliminary study indicated high interrater reliability and interrater agreement. A description of the L-D Trend Oriented Psychiatric Record, instructions for its use, and its relative advantages for clinical and research purposes are presented."}
{"id": "PMID:862512", "title": "Conjunctival melanoma, a retrospective study.", "content": "During the period 1954 to 1974 inclusive, fourteen patients with melanoma of the conjunctiva were observed in the Department of Ophthalmology, University of Amsterdam. Frequency, etiology and treatment are discussed. No statistically proven conclusions may be drawn from this investigation; not at any rate, in regard to the treatment due to lack of homogeneity of the approaches used in recent years.", "contents": "Conjunctival melanoma, a retrospective study. During the period 1954 to 1974 inclusive, fourteen patients with melanoma of the conjunctiva were observed in the Department of Ophthalmology, University of Amsterdam. Frequency, etiology and treatment are discussed. No statistically proven conclusions may be drawn from this investigation; not at any rate, in regard to the treatment due to lack of homogeneity of the approaches used in recent years."}
{"id": "PMID:862520", "title": "Structure alterations and the spectral law of light diffusion during corneal edema.", "content": "The quantity D of light scattered by a layer is proportional of the n th power of the wavelength. This has been checked with five rabbit corneas at different stages of hydration and the corresponding values of n have been calculated. It appears that, during the progress of edema, D and n remain connected through the linear relation:n=aD+b. The constants a and b are determined as well as the correlation coefficients. That physical link between n and D throw a light on the nature of ultra-structure alterations occuring in the edematous stroma.", "contents": "Structure alterations and the spectral law of light diffusion during corneal edema. The quantity D of light scattered by a layer is proportional of the n th power of the wavelength. This has been checked with five rabbit corneas at different stages of hydration and the corresponding values of n have been calculated. It appears that, during the progress of edema, D and n remain connected through the linear relation:n=aD+b. The constants a and b are determined as well as the correlation coefficients. That physical link between n and D throw a light on the nature of ultra-structure alterations occuring in the edematous stroma."}
{"id": "PMID:862521", "title": "Effect of visual environment on refractive error of cats.", "content": "33 eyes of 18 cats raised in cages or in small rooms under conditions of near vision were compared with 22 eyes of 11 street cats. Refraction of the caged cats showed that three quarters of them were myopic (average:-0.8 D) while 87.5 percent of the street cats were hypermetropic (average: +1.4 D). The antero-posterior diameter was practically equal in both groups (20.4 mm) and in both myopic and hypermetropic eyes. The site of the permanent refractive changes is suggested to be the lens.", "contents": "Effect of visual environment on refractive error of cats. 33 eyes of 18 cats raised in cages or in small rooms under conditions of near vision were compared with 22 eyes of 11 street cats. Refraction of the caged cats showed that three quarters of them were myopic (average:-0.8 D) while 87.5 percent of the street cats were hypermetropic (average: +1.4 D). The antero-posterior diameter was practically equal in both groups (20.4 mm) and in both myopic and hypermetropic eyes. The site of the permanent refractive changes is suggested to be the lens."}
{"id": "PMID:862524", "title": "[Familial asymmetrical septal hypertrophy with and without obstruction: clinical findings in patients with echocardiographically confirmed diagnosis (author's transl)].", "content": "Obstructive and non-obstructive asymmetrical septal hypertrophy (ASH) is a relatively common disease which has no characteristic clinical symptoms. In only 14 of 71 patients in whom the diagnosis had been confirmed echocardiographically had it been possible to make the diagnosis by clinical means alone. Most of the patients had no specific clinical symptoms (angina, dyspnoea, systolic murmur, non-specific ECG changes) indicating a cardiomyopathy. Every patient with such uncharacteristic signs should therefore be studied by echocardiography in order to exclude ASH. In 17 patients there were no clinical symptoms at all, the diagnosis being made entirely by echocardiography.", "contents": "[Familial asymmetrical septal hypertrophy with and without obstruction: clinical findings in patients with echocardiographically confirmed diagnosis (author's transl)]. Obstructive and non-obstructive asymmetrical septal hypertrophy (ASH) is a relatively common disease which has no characteristic clinical symptoms. In only 14 of 71 patients in whom the diagnosis had been confirmed echocardiographically had it been possible to make the diagnosis by clinical means alone. Most of the patients had no specific clinical symptoms (angina, dyspnoea, systolic murmur, non-specific ECG changes) indicating a cardiomyopathy. Every patient with such uncharacteristic signs should therefore be studied by echocardiography in order to exclude ASH. In 17 patients there were no clinical symptoms at all, the diagnosis being made entirely by echocardiography."}
{"id": "PMID:862545", "title": "Evidence against a role for prolactin in osmoregulation in the rat: water balance studies.", "content": "Adult rats were subjected to hydration and dehydration experiments. Blood samples were obtained via indwelling jugular cannulae or after rapid decapitation. In the experiments attention was given to the avoidance of stress. Intravenous infusion with 5 ml distilled water in 50 minutes in males and lactating females did not affect the plasma prolactin (PRL) concentration, although it caused a significant drop in plasma osmolarity. Dehydration obtained by injecting furosemide, while resulting in a marked increase in plasma osmolarity, had no effect on the plasma PRL level in male rats. Thirst experiments for 2, 3 and 4 days, which likewise caused a rise in plasma osmotic value, had no significant influence on plasma PRL. It is concluded that PRL in the adult rat is not important in water retention or for the regulation of plasma osmolarity.", "contents": "Evidence against a role for prolactin in osmoregulation in the rat: water balance studies. Adult rats were subjected to hydration and dehydration experiments. Blood samples were obtained via indwelling jugular cannulae or after rapid decapitation. In the experiments attention was given to the avoidance of stress. Intravenous infusion with 5 ml distilled water in 50 minutes in males and lactating females did not affect the plasma prolactin (PRL) concentration, although it caused a significant drop in plasma osmolarity. Dehydration obtained by injecting furosemide, while resulting in a marked increase in plasma osmolarity, had no effect on the plasma PRL level in male rats. Thirst experiments for 2, 3 and 4 days, which likewise caused a rise in plasma osmotic value, had no significant influence on plasma PRL. It is concluded that PRL in the adult rat is not important in water retention or for the regulation of plasma osmolarity."}
{"id": "PMID:862546", "title": "Subcutaneous melatonin implants inhibit reproductive atrophy in male hamsters induced by daily melatonin injections.", "content": "Daily afternoon (at 7 p.m.) injections of melatonin (25 microng in oil) into adult male hamsters for 50 days led to atrophy of the testes and accessory sex organs (seminal vesicles and coagulating glands) and in a significant depression in pituitary LH and prolactin content and concentration. These actions of melatonin were prevented if the animals had been pinealectomized before the daily melatonin injections were begun. Likewise, if hamsters received a weekly subcutaneous implant of melatonin in beeswax (1 mg melatonin in 24 mg beeswax) the daily melatonin injections failed to inhibit the growth of the reproductive organs and to depress pituitary LH and prolactin levels. Beeswax by itself had no such effect.", "contents": "Subcutaneous melatonin implants inhibit reproductive atrophy in male hamsters induced by daily melatonin injections. Daily afternoon (at 7 p.m.) injections of melatonin (25 microng in oil) into adult male hamsters for 50 days led to atrophy of the testes and accessory sex organs (seminal vesicles and coagulating glands) and in a significant depression in pituitary LH and prolactin content and concentration. These actions of melatonin were prevented if the animals had been pinealectomized before the daily melatonin injections were begun. Likewise, if hamsters received a weekly subcutaneous implant of melatonin in beeswax (1 mg melatonin in 24 mg beeswax) the daily melatonin injections failed to inhibit the growth of the reproductive organs and to depress pituitary LH and prolactin levels. Beeswax by itself had no such effect."}
{"id": "PMID:862547", "title": "Progestins of mink gestation: the effects of hypophysectomy.", "content": "Progesterone and 20alpha-hydroxypregn-4-ene-3-one (20alpha-ol) were determined from plasma samples taken weekly beginning 10 - 18 days before implantation in Pearl variety mink. Progesterone was low ( less than 8 ng/ml) until approximately five days prior to implantation when it increased and remained elevated (congruent to 30 ng/ml) through the early portion of postimplantation pregnancy. A subsequent decline was observed toward parturition. Mean concentrations of 20alpha-ol were relatively constant through gestation with a trend toward a greater proportion of progestin represented as 20alpha-ol during the preimplantation delay. Hypophysectomy prevented implantation, reduced progesterone levels and increased the concentration of 20alpha-ol relative to progesterone in plasma. These data suggest that prolactin (PRL) is a component of the luteotrophic complex in mink. Further, the corpus luteum of delay requires hypophyseal support for normal function.", "contents": "Progestins of mink gestation: the effects of hypophysectomy. Progesterone and 20alpha-hydroxypregn-4-ene-3-one (20alpha-ol) were determined from plasma samples taken weekly beginning 10 - 18 days before implantation in Pearl variety mink. Progesterone was low ( less than 8 ng/ml) until approximately five days prior to implantation when it increased and remained elevated (congruent to 30 ng/ml) through the early portion of postimplantation pregnancy. A subsequent decline was observed toward parturition. Mean concentrations of 20alpha-ol were relatively constant through gestation with a trend toward a greater proportion of progestin represented as 20alpha-ol during the preimplantation delay. Hypophysectomy prevented implantation, reduced progesterone levels and increased the concentration of 20alpha-ol relative to progesterone in plasma. These data suggest that prolactin (PRL) is a component of the luteotrophic complex in mink. Further, the corpus luteum of delay requires hypophyseal support for normal function."}
{"id": "PMID:862549", "title": "The relationship of cortisol and cortisone to saturated lecithin concentration in ovine amniotic fluid and fetal lung liquid.", "content": "Cortisol and cortisone concentrations in ovine amniotic fluid and fetal lung liquid were analyzed with respect to gestational age and fetal lung maturation as reflected by saturated lecithin concentration. In amniotic fluid, the cortisol concentration rises as a function of gestational age while that of cortisone falls (P less than 0.001). The ratio of cortisol/cortisone is significantly related to gestational age (r=0.693, P less than 0.001), and shows an even stronger correlation with saturated lecithin concentration (r=0.832, P less than 0.001). When examined independently of gestational age, the correlation of the cortisol/cortisone ratio to saturated lecithin concentration remains highly significant (r=0.641, P less than 0.001). Similar findings were observed in fetal lung liquid, except that in this fluid both the saturated lecithin concentration and the ratio of cortisol/cortisone are significantly higher than simultaneously determined values in amniotic fluid. These observations provide further evidence that the process of fetal lung maturation is closely linked to the fetal hormonal milieu.", "contents": "The relationship of cortisol and cortisone to saturated lecithin concentration in ovine amniotic fluid and fetal lung liquid. Cortisol and cortisone concentrations in ovine amniotic fluid and fetal lung liquid were analyzed with respect to gestational age and fetal lung maturation as reflected by saturated lecithin concentration. In amniotic fluid, the cortisol concentration rises as a function of gestational age while that of cortisone falls (P less than 0.001). The ratio of cortisol/cortisone is significantly related to gestational age (r=0.693, P less than 0.001), and shows an even stronger correlation with saturated lecithin concentration (r=0.832, P less than 0.001). When examined independently of gestational age, the correlation of the cortisol/cortisone ratio to saturated lecithin concentration remains highly significant (r=0.641, P less than 0.001). Similar findings were observed in fetal lung liquid, except that in this fluid both the saturated lecithin concentration and the ratio of cortisol/cortisone are significantly higher than simultaneously determined values in amniotic fluid. These observations provide further evidence that the process of fetal lung maturation is closely linked to the fetal hormonal milieu."}
{"id": "PMID:862555", "title": "Increased RNA polymerase activity in isolated liver nucleoli from thyroidectomized rats treated with triiodothyronine.", "content": "In isolated liver nucleoli from thyroidectomized rats the activity of the two RNA polymerase I populations, one of which is active and the other inactive towards the endogenous chromatin template, is greatly enhanced 10 and 24h after a single ip injection triiodothyronine (T3). When the nucleolar enzyme is solubilized and assayed with exogenous DNA as template, it retains, after T3 treatment, the same increase in activity as observed in intact nucleoli. On the contrary, the template availability, as judged by the binding capacity of isolated nucleoli for [3H]actinomycin D, does not appear to be modified by the hormone. These observations support the conclusion that the enhanced nucleolar RNA synthesis following T3 administration is due to an increased activity of the RNA polymerase I itself rather than to a greater availability of ribosomal RNA cistrons. The hormonal stimulation of both nucleolar RNA polymerase activities depends on continuous protein synthesis since it is almost completely abolished by the administration of cycloheximide.", "contents": "Increased RNA polymerase activity in isolated liver nucleoli from thyroidectomized rats treated with triiodothyronine. In isolated liver nucleoli from thyroidectomized rats the activity of the two RNA polymerase I populations, one of which is active and the other inactive towards the endogenous chromatin template, is greatly enhanced 10 and 24h after a single ip injection triiodothyronine (T3). When the nucleolar enzyme is solubilized and assayed with exogenous DNA as template, it retains, after T3 treatment, the same increase in activity as observed in intact nucleoli. On the contrary, the template availability, as judged by the binding capacity of isolated nucleoli for [3H]actinomycin D, does not appear to be modified by the hormone. These observations support the conclusion that the enhanced nucleolar RNA synthesis following T3 administration is due to an increased activity of the RNA polymerase I itself rather than to a greater availability of ribosomal RNA cistrons. The hormonal stimulation of both nucleolar RNA polymerase activities depends on continuous protein synthesis since it is almost completely abolished by the administration of cycloheximide."}
{"id": "PMID:862557", "title": "Preparation of bio- and immunoactive human prolactin in milligram amounts from amniotic fluid in 60% yield.", "content": "Bio- and immunoactive human prolactin (hPRL) was isolated from amniotic fluid. The overall yield is a single passage through the procedure was 60%; 5 liters of amniotic fluid (10 mg hPRL) yielded 3 mg (30%) of a mixture of hPRL isohormones A, B (both minor), C and D (both major), and less than 10% contamination with extraneous protein. A further 3 mg hPRL was less highly purified. Two mg hPRL was recycled. The product has been stable for at least 1 year at--70 C, suitable for iodination, and gave rise to RIA dose-response curves indistinguishable from those obtained with pituitary hPRL. The isolated hormone, after stoichiometric iodination, is active in binding to both mammary gland and liver cell membrane receptors and exhibits a biological activity, in the local pigeon crop-sac assay, of 47.3 +/- 6.1 IU/mg. The isolation procedure consisted of 3 steps: 1) hollow-fiber dialysis to concentrate amniotic fluid; 2) gel filtration on Sephadex G-50 to remove bulk contaminants; 3)isoelectric focusing in a density gradient, taking advantage of the elevated isoelectric points, relative to contaminants, of hPRL isohormones (6.0-6.5, corrected). Production of this preparation, carried out on two separate occasions, required each time 3 months of a single investigator's time, inclusive of assay work.", "contents": "Preparation of bio- and immunoactive human prolactin in milligram amounts from amniotic fluid in 60% yield. Bio- and immunoactive human prolactin (hPRL) was isolated from amniotic fluid. The overall yield is a single passage through the procedure was 60%; 5 liters of amniotic fluid (10 mg hPRL) yielded 3 mg (30%) of a mixture of hPRL isohormones A, B (both minor), C and D (both major), and less than 10% contamination with extraneous protein. A further 3 mg hPRL was less highly purified. Two mg hPRL was recycled. The product has been stable for at least 1 year at--70 C, suitable for iodination, and gave rise to RIA dose-response curves indistinguishable from those obtained with pituitary hPRL. The isolated hormone, after stoichiometric iodination, is active in binding to both mammary gland and liver cell membrane receptors and exhibits a biological activity, in the local pigeon crop-sac assay, of 47.3 +/- 6.1 IU/mg. The isolation procedure consisted of 3 steps: 1) hollow-fiber dialysis to concentrate amniotic fluid; 2) gel filtration on Sephadex G-50 to remove bulk contaminants; 3)isoelectric focusing in a density gradient, taking advantage of the elevated isoelectric points, relative to contaminants, of hPRL isohormones (6.0-6.5, corrected). Production of this preparation, carried out on two separate occasions, required each time 3 months of a single investigator's time, inclusive of assay work."}
{"id": "PMID:862558", "title": "Enhanced thyroxine metabolism and high uptake goiters in rats after a single dose of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin.", "content": "Nine days after treatment of rats with a single dose (25 microgram/kg) of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD), the 1 h biliary excretion of [125I]-thyroxine (T4) was increased 4-fold and the [125I]T4 bile:plasma ratio and the biliary clearance rate of plasma [125I]T4 were increased 10-fold. The proportion of biliary 125I present as T4-glucuronide was larger in TCDD-treated rats. Unexpectedly, TCDD did not influence the 30 min biliary excretion of [125I]triiodothyronine (T3), the [125I]T3 bile:plasma ratio, and the biliary clearance rate of plasma [125I]T3. TCDD also elevated serum thyrotropin concentrations, produced goiters and increased thyroid 131I uptake. Serum T4 concentrations were reduced to half of normal in TCDD-treated animals, but their serum T3 levels were elevated. Sephadex uptake of serum [125I]T3 was reduced in the TCDD group.", "contents": "Enhanced thyroxine metabolism and high uptake goiters in rats after a single dose of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin. Nine days after treatment of rats with a single dose (25 microgram/kg) of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD), the 1 h biliary excretion of [125I]-thyroxine (T4) was increased 4-fold and the [125I]T4 bile:plasma ratio and the biliary clearance rate of plasma [125I]T4 were increased 10-fold. The proportion of biliary 125I present as T4-glucuronide was larger in TCDD-treated rats. Unexpectedly, TCDD did not influence the 30 min biliary excretion of [125I]triiodothyronine (T3), the [125I]T3 bile:plasma ratio, and the biliary clearance rate of plasma [125I]T3. TCDD also elevated serum thyrotropin concentrations, produced goiters and increased thyroid 131I uptake. Serum T4 concentrations were reduced to half of normal in TCDD-treated animals, but their serum T3 levels were elevated. Sephadex uptake of serum [125I]T3 was reduced in the TCDD group."}
{"id": "PMID:862559", "title": "The site of insulin resistance after injury.", "content": "Intracellular glucose concentrations in skeletal muscle have been measured in normal and injured rats individually infused with 51Cr-EDTA as an extracellular space marker. In normal rats, even when infused with glucose at a high rate, membrane transport appeared to be the rate-limiting step in glucose utilization by muscle. After injury the concentration of intracellular glucose was increased, and positively correlated with that in plasma, showing that the loss of sensitivity to insulin after injury is due to impairment of an intracellular metabolic step.", "contents": "The site of insulin resistance after injury. Intracellular glucose concentrations in skeletal muscle have been measured in normal and injured rats individually infused with 51Cr-EDTA as an extracellular space marker. In normal rats, even when infused with glucose at a high rate, membrane transport appeared to be the rate-limiting step in glucose utilization by muscle. After injury the concentration of intracellular glucose was increased, and positively correlated with that in plasma, showing that the loss of sensitivity to insulin after injury is due to impairment of an intracellular metabolic step."}
{"id": "PMID:862560", "title": "Effects of peptide anabolic hormones on growth of myoblasts in culture.", "content": "The roles of growth hormone and somatomedin in stimulating muscle cell proliferation were investigated in a series of experiments on myoblast growth in culture. At levels 100 times normal circulating concentrations, neither growth hormone nor insulin stimulated growth of rat muscle cells in serum-free medium. In contrast, Temin's Multiplication Stimulating Activity (MSA), a close biological and chemical analog which served as a somatomedin surrogate in this study, was active at concentrations corresponding to the reported circulating levels of the somatomedins; MSA gave consistent stimulation of myoblast proliferation, protein accumulation, and [3H]thymidine incorporation by rat myoblasts and by Yaffe's L6 myogenic cell line. (The unreliability of [3H]thymidine in corporation as a quantitative assay for mitogenic activity is illustrated.) Addition of insulin at physiological concentrations and at the very high levels often used to stimulate cell growth did not enhance the effects of MSA on myoblast proliferation; effects were barely additive. We interpret these results to support earlier indications from studies on diaphragm muscle that the somatomedins are physiologically important mediators of the growth-promoting actions of growth hormone in muscle.", "contents": "Effects of peptide anabolic hormones on growth of myoblasts in culture. The roles of growth hormone and somatomedin in stimulating muscle cell proliferation were investigated in a series of experiments on myoblast growth in culture. At levels 100 times normal circulating concentrations, neither growth hormone nor insulin stimulated growth of rat muscle cells in serum-free medium. In contrast, Temin's Multiplication Stimulating Activity (MSA), a close biological and chemical analog which served as a somatomedin surrogate in this study, was active at concentrations corresponding to the reported circulating levels of the somatomedins; MSA gave consistent stimulation of myoblast proliferation, protein accumulation, and [3H]thymidine incorporation by rat myoblasts and by Yaffe's L6 myogenic cell line. (The unreliability of [3H]thymidine in corporation as a quantitative assay for mitogenic activity is illustrated.) Addition of insulin at physiological concentrations and at the very high levels often used to stimulate cell growth did not enhance the effects of MSA on myoblast proliferation; effects were barely additive. We interpret these results to support earlier indications from studies on diaphragm muscle that the somatomedins are physiologically important mediators of the growth-promoting actions of growth hormone in muscle."}
{"id": "PMID:862563", "title": "Role of rate of change of glucose concentration as a signal for insulin release.", "content": "In the isolated perfused pancreas, the amount of insulin secreted in response to a glucose stimulus was evaluated as a function of the maximum rate of change of the stimulus. Range of glucose concentration, total amount of glucose, total duration of the changing stimulus, the average concentration, and the average rate of change of concentration were the same. Fast changes stimulated more insulin secretion than slow changes, indicating that the rate-sensor property was inherent in the control of insulin release.", "contents": "Role of rate of change of glucose concentration as a signal for insulin release. In the isolated perfused pancreas, the amount of insulin secreted in response to a glucose stimulus was evaluated as a function of the maximum rate of change of the stimulus. Range of glucose concentration, total amount of glucose, total duration of the changing stimulus, the average concentration, and the average rate of change of concentration were the same. Fast changes stimulated more insulin secretion than slow changes, indicating that the rate-sensor property was inherent in the control of insulin release."}
{"id": "PMID:862564", "title": "Stereoselective inhibition of cholesterol side chain cleavage by enantiomers of aminoglutethimide.", "content": "Because aminoglutethimide is a potentially important drug in the treatment of certain maligancies as well as fertility control, its stereoisomers were studied for binding to corpus luteum mitochondrial cytochrome P-450 and inhibition of cholesterol side chain cleavage. The binding affinity, determined from induced spectral changes, is 2.6 times greater for the d- than for the l-isomer. In the enzyme assay, the d-isomer is 2.5 times more potent as an inhibitor of cholesterol side chain cleavage than is the l-isomer. The extent of inhibition and the change in the absorptivity of the P-450-inhibitor complex are linearly related for both chiral and racemic forms. Thus, the active center of the enzyme is stereoselective for the enantiomers of aminoglutethimide.", "contents": "Stereoselective inhibition of cholesterol side chain cleavage by enantiomers of aminoglutethimide. Because aminoglutethimide is a potentially important drug in the treatment of certain maligancies as well as fertility control, its stereoisomers were studied for binding to corpus luteum mitochondrial cytochrome P-450 and inhibition of cholesterol side chain cleavage. The binding affinity, determined from induced spectral changes, is 2.6 times greater for the d- than for the l-isomer. In the enzyme assay, the d-isomer is 2.5 times more potent as an inhibitor of cholesterol side chain cleavage than is the l-isomer. The extent of inhibition and the change in the absorptivity of the P-450-inhibitor complex are linearly related for both chiral and racemic forms. Thus, the active center of the enzyme is stereoselective for the enantiomers of aminoglutethimide."}
{"id": "PMID:862565", "title": "Characteristics of pituitary colloid proteins and their correlation with blood pressure in the rat.", "content": "Salt resistant rats (R-strain of Dahl) accumulate large amounts of colloid in the pituitary cleft. Such colloid is largely absent in pituitaries of salt susceptible rats (S-strain of Dahl). Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of pituitary cleft colloid from R rats shows 4 proteins, designated R1, R2, R3 and R4 in order of decreasing electrophoretic mobility. These proteins have apparent molecular weights of 52,000, 63,000, 130,000 and greater than 235,000, respectively. Their apparent isoelectric points as determined by preparative isoelectric focusing are 4.82, 5.02, 5.54 and 4.35, respectively. Ferguson plots for R1, R2 and rat albumin suggest that R1 and R2 are size isomers of albumin. The molecular weights of R2, R3 and R4 suggest that R2 may polymerize to form a dimer and tetramer. Chronic feeding of 8% NaCl diet for 6 weeks does not influence pituitary accumulation of R1 protein in either R or S rats. Pituitary R1 accumulation does, however, segregate with resistance to salt-induced hypertension in genetic experiments. This strongly suggests that the accumulation of R proteins in the pituitary cleft reflects some genetically controlled change concerned with control of sodium metabolism.", "contents": "Characteristics of pituitary colloid proteins and their correlation with blood pressure in the rat. Salt resistant rats (R-strain of Dahl) accumulate large amounts of colloid in the pituitary cleft. Such colloid is largely absent in pituitaries of salt susceptible rats (S-strain of Dahl). Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of pituitary cleft colloid from R rats shows 4 proteins, designated R1, R2, R3 and R4 in order of decreasing electrophoretic mobility. These proteins have apparent molecular weights of 52,000, 63,000, 130,000 and greater than 235,000, respectively. Their apparent isoelectric points as determined by preparative isoelectric focusing are 4.82, 5.02, 5.54 and 4.35, respectively. Ferguson plots for R1, R2 and rat albumin suggest that R1 and R2 are size isomers of albumin. The molecular weights of R2, R3 and R4 suggest that R2 may polymerize to form a dimer and tetramer. Chronic feeding of 8% NaCl diet for 6 weeks does not influence pituitary accumulation of R1 protein in either R or S rats. Pituitary R1 accumulation does, however, segregate with resistance to salt-induced hypertension in genetic experiments. This strongly suggests that the accumulation of R proteins in the pituitary cleft reflects some genetically controlled change concerned with control of sodium metabolism."}
{"id": "PMID:862566", "title": "LH concentrations in human maternal and cord serum.", "content": "Maternal blood and umbilical cord venous blood were collected immediately after delivery in 32 subjects who had completed normal birth during the 38 to 41 weeks of pregnancy, and the concentrations of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), luteinizing hormone (LH), and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) were determined by radioimmunoassay (RIA). The specific LH RIA utilized for the measurement of LH is unaffected by hCG at sample levels as high as 500 IU/ml. HCG concentrations were 10,370 +/- 1,480 mIU/ml (mean +/- SE) in mother's serum and 34.5 +/- 5.2 ml in cord serum, while LH concentrations were 0.729 +/- 0.055 and 0.438 +/- 0.033 ng/ml, respectively. The concentration of all 3 gonadotropins in maternal serum was greater than cord serum and the ratio was markedly high with 302:1 for hCG, while the ratio was smaller for LH, being 1.7:1, while that for FSH was 4.2:1. There was no difference in the levels of LH and FSH in relation to the sex of the fetus.", "contents": "LH concentrations in human maternal and cord serum. Maternal blood and umbilical cord venous blood were collected immediately after delivery in 32 subjects who had completed normal birth during the 38 to 41 weeks of pregnancy, and the concentrations of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), luteinizing hormone (LH), and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) were determined by radioimmunoassay (RIA). The specific LH RIA utilized for the measurement of LH is unaffected by hCG at sample levels as high as 500 IU/ml. HCG concentrations were 10,370 +/- 1,480 mIU/ml (mean +/- SE) in mother's serum and 34.5 +/- 5.2 ml in cord serum, while LH concentrations were 0.729 +/- 0.055 and 0.438 +/- 0.033 ng/ml, respectively. The concentration of all 3 gonadotropins in maternal serum was greater than cord serum and the ratio was markedly high with 302:1 for hCG, while the ratio was smaller for LH, being 1.7:1, while that for FSH was 4.2:1. There was no difference in the levels of LH and FSH in relation to the sex of the fetus."}
{"id": "PMID:862567", "title": "Effect of acute exposure to cold on the levels of corticosterone and pituitary hormones in plasma collected from free conscious cannulated rats.", "content": "To investigate the initial response of the pituitary and adrenal cortex functionings of rats acutely exposed to cold, we developed a technique for cannulation which allowed sequential blood collection  from conscious and freed rats. Two cannulae were inserted, one into the carotid artery used for collection and the other into the femoral vein for blood transfusion to keep the blood volume constant. Significant increases in plasma corticosterone and thyrotropin were evoked within 15 min after exposure. While plasma growth hormone (GH) slightly decreased, and the prolactin level tended to fall by 1 hr after cold exposure but the difference was not significant as compared with control values.", "contents": "Effect of acute exposure to cold on the levels of corticosterone and pituitary hormones in plasma collected from free conscious cannulated rats. To investigate the initial response of the pituitary and adrenal cortex functionings of rats acutely exposed to cold, we developed a technique for cannulation which allowed sequential blood collection  from conscious and freed rats. Two cannulae were inserted, one into the carotid artery used for collection and the other into the femoral vein for blood transfusion to keep the blood volume constant. Significant increases in plasma corticosterone and thyrotropin were evoked within 15 min after exposure. While plasma growth hormone (GH) slightly decreased, and the prolactin level tended to fall by 1 hr after cold exposure but the difference was not significant as compared with control values."}
{"id": "PMID:862568", "title": "Alpha-subunit of human chorionic gonadotropin in fluid of molar vesicles.", "content": "Sera and fluid in molar vesicles from 4 patients with hydatidiform mole were analyzed for hCG and its subunits. These samples were initially chromatographed through a standardized Sephadex G-100 upward column. Starting materials and each fraction on gel filtration were radioimmunoassay in homologous hCG, hCG-alpha and hCG-beta assays. The specimens obtained from 4 patients contained primarily hCG and little hCG-beta. Immunoreactive hCG-alpha was barely detectable in sera but was clearly demonstrated in vesicle fluid from molar patients. This immunoreactive hCG-alpha was combined with [125I]hCG-beta. The combined protein, [125I]hCG and [125I]hCG-beta recombined with urinary hCG-alpha were concentrated in the superovulated rat ovary in vivo. However, [125I]hCG-alpha and [125I]hCG-beta were not taken up by the ovaries. The biosynthesis of hCG-alpha are discussed.", "contents": "Alpha-subunit of human chorionic gonadotropin in fluid of molar vesicles. Sera and fluid in molar vesicles from 4 patients with hydatidiform mole were analyzed for hCG and its subunits. These samples were initially chromatographed through a standardized Sephadex G-100 upward column. Starting materials and each fraction on gel filtration were radioimmunoassay in homologous hCG, hCG-alpha and hCG-beta assays. The specimens obtained from 4 patients contained primarily hCG and little hCG-beta. Immunoreactive hCG-alpha was barely detectable in sera but was clearly demonstrated in vesicle fluid from molar patients. This immunoreactive hCG-alpha was combined with [125I]hCG-beta. The combined protein, [125I]hCG and [125I]hCG-beta recombined with urinary hCG-alpha were concentrated in the superovulated rat ovary in vivo. However, [125I]hCG-alpha and [125I]hCG-beta were not taken up by the ovaries. The biosynthesis of hCG-alpha are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:862569", "title": "Endocrine control of the intestinal calcium excretion.", "content": "Calcium excretion from rat intestine was measured by placing distilled water in an intestinal loop in situ and measuring the calcium content after various intervals. More calcium was excreted from the intestine of 18-month-old rats than that of 1-month-old rat. Acute hypocalcemia failed to change the intestinal calcium excretion significantly. Parathyroidectomy decreased intestinal calcium excretion and administration of Parathyroid Extract reversed it. Renal damage produced by injection of Na-sulfacetylthiazole increased the intestinal calcium excreation but dihydrotachysterol reversed it. Gastrin at 200 microng/kg increased the intestinal calcium excretion. Calcium excretion, like calcium absorption, appears to be controled by various endocrine factors and the method of intestinal loop in situ appears to be useful to study the part played by these factors.", "contents": "Endocrine control of the intestinal calcium excretion. Calcium excretion from rat intestine was measured by placing distilled water in an intestinal loop in situ and measuring the calcium content after various intervals. More calcium was excreted from the intestine of 18-month-old rats than that of 1-month-old rat. Acute hypocalcemia failed to change the intestinal calcium excretion significantly. Parathyroidectomy decreased intestinal calcium excretion and administration of Parathyroid Extract reversed it. Renal damage produced by injection of Na-sulfacetylthiazole increased the intestinal calcium excreation but dihydrotachysterol reversed it. Gastrin at 200 microng/kg increased the intestinal calcium excretion. Calcium excretion, like calcium absorption, appears to be controled by various endocrine factors and the method of intestinal loop in situ appears to be useful to study the part played by these factors."}
{"id": "PMID:862570", "title": "Age-dependent change of serum 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone and its relation to testosterone in man.", "content": "Serum 5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone (DHT) and testosterone (T) were measured in 78 normal men aged between 12 and 89 years, separating DHT and T by celite micro-column and using reliable radioimmunoassay. In four age groups of young (20-39 years), middle aged (40-59 years) and old (60-79 years and 80-89 years) men, the mean +/- SEM for serum DHT were 98 + 12, 91 +/- 9, 82 +/- 7 and 54 +/- 15 (ng/100 ml), respectively. The corresponding values for T were 696 +/- 27, 698 +/- 18, 624 +/- 20 and 457 +/- 21 (ng/100 ml). DHT and T showed significant correlation in each age group: r = 0.625, p less than 0.05 (young men), r = 0.727, p less than 0.02 (middle aged men), r = 0.673, p less than 0.05 and r = 0.734, p less than 0.02 (old men), respectively. There was a significant decline in DHT and T levels of 80- to 89-year-age group compared those of 30- to 39-year-age group (p less than 0.05 and p less than 0.005 respectively). But there was no significant changes in DHT and T levels between other age groups. After 3 daily in injections of 4,000 IU human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) the levels of serum DHT of the young group (20-32 years) and old group (72-78 years) increased 2.6 times and 1.9 times more, respectively. T increased 2.7 times and 1.4 times more, respectively.", "contents": "Age-dependent change of serum 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone and its relation to testosterone in man. Serum 5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone (DHT) and testosterone (T) were measured in 78 normal men aged between 12 and 89 years, separating DHT and T by celite micro-column and using reliable radioimmunoassay. In four age groups of young (20-39 years), middle aged (40-59 years) and old (60-79 years and 80-89 years) men, the mean +/- SEM for serum DHT were 98 + 12, 91 +/- 9, 82 +/- 7 and 54 +/- 15 (ng/100 ml), respectively. The corresponding values for T were 696 +/- 27, 698 +/- 18, 624 +/- 20 and 457 +/- 21 (ng/100 ml). DHT and T showed significant correlation in each age group: r = 0.625, p less than 0.05 (young men), r = 0.727, p less than 0.02 (middle aged men), r = 0.673, p less than 0.05 and r = 0.734, p less than 0.02 (old men), respectively. There was a significant decline in DHT and T levels of 80- to 89-year-age group compared those of 30- to 39-year-age group (p less than 0.05 and p less than 0.005 respectively). But there was no significant changes in DHT and T levels between other age groups. After 3 daily in injections of 4,000 IU human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) the levels of serum DHT of the young group (20-32 years) and old group (72-78 years) increased 2.6 times and 1.9 times more, respectively. T increased 2.7 times and 1.4 times more, respectively."}
{"id": "PMID:862572", "title": "Recurrent carcinoma of the colon in the anastomosis diagnosed by roentgen examination and colonoscopy.", "content": "After resection for cancer of the large bowel recurrence at the anastomosis occurs in about 10%. In 30 operated cases roentgenography and colonoscopy were performed. In 18 cases roentgen examination gave rise to suspicion of recurrence at the anastomosis but this was confirmed by colonoscopy and surgery only in 6 cases. In two additional cases with normal roentgenographic findings recurrence at the anastomosis and a second primary cancer were diagnosed by colonoscopy in one case each. The clinical symptoms provided no guidance in the diagnosis of recurrence. Roentgen examination is admittedly less conclusive than colonoscopy for discovery of recurrent and metachronous carcinoma. The methods are, however, complementary and both examinations should be regularly carried out in order to establish an early diagnosis.", "contents": "Recurrent carcinoma of the colon in the anastomosis diagnosed by roentgen examination and colonoscopy. After resection for cancer of the large bowel recurrence at the anastomosis occurs in about 10%. In 30 operated cases roentgenography and colonoscopy were performed. In 18 cases roentgen examination gave rise to suspicion of recurrence at the anastomosis but this was confirmed by colonoscopy and surgery only in 6 cases. In two additional cases with normal roentgenographic findings recurrence at the anastomosis and a second primary cancer were diagnosed by colonoscopy in one case each. The clinical symptoms provided no guidance in the diagnosis of recurrence. Roentgen examination is admittedly less conclusive than colonoscopy for discovery of recurrent and metachronous carcinoma. The methods are, however, complementary and both examinations should be regularly carried out in order to establish an early diagnosis."}
{"id": "PMID:862573", "title": "Biopsy and cytology in the diagnosis of early gastric cancer: 10-year experience with direct vision techniques at a Japanese institution.", "content": "The results of direct vision biopsy and cytology for the diagnosis of early gastric cancer during the periods from 1964 to 1969 and from 1970 to 1974 were compared. From 1964 to 1969 the diagnostic accuracy of gastric biopsy was 94.7% at the initial examination and 97.3% in the final diagnosis, while washing cytology under direct vision gave a diagnostic accuracy of 83.0% at the first washing and 93.3% in the final cytologic diagnosis. Because of such a high yield of gastric biopsy, it was the procedure of the first choice from 1970 to 1974, giving a diagnostic accuracy of 96.7% at the initial examination and 99.4% in the final biopsy diagnosis with only one suspicious case. The cytologic examination by brushing has, therefore, become supplementary to biopsy in cases where a stenosis proximal to a tumor obscures the definitive tissue.", "contents": "Biopsy and cytology in the diagnosis of early gastric cancer: 10-year experience with direct vision techniques at a Japanese institution. The results of direct vision biopsy and cytology for the diagnosis of early gastric cancer during the periods from 1964 to 1969 and from 1970 to 1974 were compared. From 1964 to 1969 the diagnostic accuracy of gastric biopsy was 94.7% at the initial examination and 97.3% in the final diagnosis, while washing cytology under direct vision gave a diagnostic accuracy of 83.0% at the first washing and 93.3% in the final cytologic diagnosis. Because of such a high yield of gastric biopsy, it was the procedure of the first choice from 1970 to 1974, giving a diagnostic accuracy of 96.7% at the initial examination and 99.4% in the final biopsy diagnosis with only one suspicious case. The cytologic examination by brushing has, therefore, become supplementary to biopsy in cases where a stenosis proximal to a tumor obscures the definitive tissue."}
{"id": "PMID:862574", "title": "An evaluation of endoscopic retrograde pancreatography (ERP) in chronic and relapsing acute pancreatitis.", "content": "The results of ERP carried out in a series of cases of established and suspected chronic and acute relapsing pancreatitis are presented. Radiological findings are divided into major and minor alterations of the pancreatic secretory system. X-ray findings are easy to interprete in chronic pancreatitis with major alterations. Minor anomalies of the pancreas are difficult to interprete in the absence of supporting evidence. Biliary tract involvement is useful for diagnosis of chronic pancreatitis.", "contents": "An evaluation of endoscopic retrograde pancreatography (ERP) in chronic and relapsing acute pancreatitis. The results of ERP carried out in a series of cases of established and suspected chronic and acute relapsing pancreatitis are presented. Radiological findings are divided into major and minor alterations of the pancreatic secretory system. X-ray findings are easy to interprete in chronic pancreatitis with major alterations. Minor anomalies of the pancreas are difficult to interprete in the absence of supporting evidence. Biliary tract involvement is useful for diagnosis of chronic pancreatitis."}
{"id": "PMID:862575", "title": "Endoscopic diagnosis of Barrett's esophagus.", "content": "Four cases of Barrett's esophagus are presented. Diagnosis was confirmed by multiple serial biopsies of the esophagus. There are many features on endoscopic examination which suggest the diagnosis of this anomaly. These features are described in detail along with endoscopic pictures.", "contents": "Endoscopic diagnosis of Barrett's esophagus. Four cases of Barrett's esophagus are presented. Diagnosis was confirmed by multiple serial biopsies of the esophagus. There are many features on endoscopic examination which suggest the diagnosis of this anomaly. These features are described in detail along with endoscopic pictures."}
{"id": "PMID:862576", "title": "Endoscopic results in five patients with Crohn's disease of the esophagus.", "content": "In our experience with five cases of Crohn's disease of the esophagus, the endoscopic appearance has been demonstrated. Corresponding to the basic pathological changes, the findings are very different, but two stages may be differentiated: Stage I in which inflammatory changes predominate as a mild or more often erosive-ulcerative esophagitis. Stage II is a stenosing form similar to a peptic stenosis or to a stenosing tumor. The morphological changes are predominantly limited to the lower part of the esophagus with a tendency to extend to the proximal regions. The diagnosis may be established endoscopically only in special cases with shallow ulcerations within a normal mucosa or with cobble-stone relief which is usually seen in the colon. In all other cases, a specific macroscopical appearance of Crohn's disease of the esophagus does not exist and no specific differentiation is possible from other forms of esophagitis. Only by a combination of endoscopy, radiology and histology can the diagnosis be suspected. Guided biopsies are not able to confirm the diagnosis histologically. The exact diagnosis of Crohn's disease of the esophagus is only possible by histological examination of the resected esophagus.", "contents": "Endoscopic results in five patients with Crohn's disease of the esophagus. In our experience with five cases of Crohn's disease of the esophagus, the endoscopic appearance has been demonstrated. Corresponding to the basic pathological changes, the findings are very different, but two stages may be differentiated: Stage I in which inflammatory changes predominate as a mild or more often erosive-ulcerative esophagitis. Stage II is a stenosing form similar to a peptic stenosis or to a stenosing tumor. The morphological changes are predominantly limited to the lower part of the esophagus with a tendency to extend to the proximal regions. The diagnosis may be established endoscopically only in special cases with shallow ulcerations within a normal mucosa or with cobble-stone relief which is usually seen in the colon. In all other cases, a specific macroscopical appearance of Crohn's disease of the esophagus does not exist and no specific differentiation is possible from other forms of esophagitis. Only by a combination of endoscopy, radiology and histology can the diagnosis be suspected. Guided biopsies are not able to confirm the diagnosis histologically. The exact diagnosis of Crohn's disease of the esophagus is only possible by histological examination of the resected esophagus."}
{"id": "PMID:862577", "title": "New technique for endoscopic treatment of bleeding gastric ulcer.", "content": "In two patients with bleeding gastric ulcer hemorrhage could be stopped by submucous infiltration around the lesion without any complication. This simple method using a selfconstructed needle seems to guarantee good results especially in bleeding little arteries. Infiltration was performed with a 1.5% solution of Aethoxysklerol (Kreussler, Wiesbaden-Biebrich) using 3-5 ml totally for treatment.", "contents": "New technique for endoscopic treatment of bleeding gastric ulcer. In two patients with bleeding gastric ulcer hemorrhage could be stopped by submucous infiltration around the lesion without any complication. This simple method using a selfconstructed needle seems to guarantee good results especially in bleeding little arteries. Infiltration was performed with a 1.5% solution of Aethoxysklerol (Kreussler, Wiesbaden-Biebrich) using 3-5 ml totally for treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:862578", "title": "A new procedure for the removal of gastric polyps and foreign bodies.", "content": "A simple procedure for the removal of multiple gastric polyps and foreign bodies is described. Before endoscopy, the introduction of a catheter bearing a nylon bag at its proximal end in the stomach is necessary. The method is safe and efficient, only 1.4% of the polyps were lost in a series of 69 polypectomies.", "contents": "A new procedure for the removal of gastric polyps and foreign bodies. A simple procedure for the removal of multiple gastric polyps and foreign bodies is described. Before endoscopy, the introduction of a catheter bearing a nylon bag at its proximal end in the stomach is necessary. The method is safe and efficient, only 1.4% of the polyps were lost in a series of 69 polypectomies."}
{"id": "PMID:862579", "title": "Evaluation of a new fibre colonoscope the Olympus TCF-2L.", "content": "Experience with the new Olympus twin channel TCF-2L colonoscope is presented. Based on 60 examinations including 25 polypectomies it is concluded that the instrument when compared with other colonoscopes is easier to handle and its advancement within the colon is faster, smoother and therefore less disagreeable to the patient. The proximal colon is easier to reach than previously experienced. Polypectomy and retrieving of polyps can efficiently be undertaken. This instrument will undoubtedly further enhance the usefulness and therapeutic value of fibre colonoscopy.", "contents": "Evaluation of a new fibre colonoscope the Olympus TCF-2L. Experience with the new Olympus twin channel TCF-2L colonoscope is presented. Based on 60 examinations including 25 polypectomies it is concluded that the instrument when compared with other colonoscopes is easier to handle and its advancement within the colon is faster, smoother and therefore less disagreeable to the patient. The proximal colon is easier to reach than previously experienced. Polypectomy and retrieving of polyps can efficiently be undertaken. This instrument will undoubtedly further enhance the usefulness and therapeutic value of fibre colonoscopy."}
{"id": "PMID:862580", "title": "Gastroscopic cytology in intestinal metaplasia.", "content": "Based on the findings of goblet cells the authors established cytologic criteria for the diagnosis of intestinal metaplasia. With this technique they made the diagnosis of intestinal metaplasia in 79.4% of the cases surgically confirmed, this contrast to endoscopic biopsy with only 35.2%. on the other hand, the cytologic diagnosis of malignancy is obtained in the same series in 92% of 25 gastric cancers against 80% of endoscopic biopsy. Among the controls surgically verified there was no cytologic false positive neither for malignancy nor for the diagnosis of intestinal metaplasia. The authors believe that any case with signs of malignancy and intestinal metaplasia may have a better preoperative prognosis.", "contents": "Gastroscopic cytology in intestinal metaplasia. Based on the findings of goblet cells the authors established cytologic criteria for the diagnosis of intestinal metaplasia. With this technique they made the diagnosis of intestinal metaplasia in 79.4% of the cases surgically confirmed, this contrast to endoscopic biopsy with only 35.2%. on the other hand, the cytologic diagnosis of malignancy is obtained in the same series in 92% of 25 gastric cancers against 80% of endoscopic biopsy. Among the controls surgically verified there was no cytologic false positive neither for malignancy nor for the diagnosis of intestinal metaplasia. The authors believe that any case with signs of malignancy and intestinal metaplasia may have a better preoperative prognosis."}
{"id": "PMID:862581", "title": "Guided dilatation and transurethral resection in one session for the treatment of the postprostatectomy obstructive complications above the verumontanum.", "content": "53 patients presenting with post-prostatectomy obstructive complications above the verumontanum were treated in a single session by means of guided dilatation of the stricture followed by transurethral resection of the stenosing fibrotic tissue. The results obtained in cases of vesical neck stenosis were very encouraging. Unsatisfactory results were observed in cases of cervicoprostatic fibrosclerosis where resection was insufficient for resolution of the obstruction. No failures or complications with the guided dilatation technique have been observed.", "contents": "Guided dilatation and transurethral resection in one session for the treatment of the postprostatectomy obstructive complications above the verumontanum. 53 patients presenting with post-prostatectomy obstructive complications above the verumontanum were treated in a single session by means of guided dilatation of the stricture followed by transurethral resection of the stenosing fibrotic tissue. The results obtained in cases of vesical neck stenosis were very encouraging. Unsatisfactory results were observed in cases of cervicoprostatic fibrosclerosis where resection was insufficient for resolution of the obstruction. No failures or complications with the guided dilatation technique have been observed."}
{"id": "PMID:862582", "title": "A new technuque of ERC(P) using a straight-view  fiberscope.", "content": "A new technuque of ERC(P) using a forward-veiwing fiberscope is described in details. By this procedure the position of the maximal bended tip of the instrument provides a more selective cannulation of the common bile duct, preventing the risk of pancreatic duct filling. The method was performed in 15 cases and succeeded in 12. ERCP, using this technique, can be performed after normal esophago-gastro-duodenoscopy. However, at present time it is not a routine procedure. Technical improvements on the instrument are necessary to facilitate the method.", "contents": "A new technuque of ERC(P) using a straight-view  fiberscope. A new technuque of ERC(P) using a forward-veiwing fiberscope is described in details. By this procedure the position of the maximal bended tip of the instrument provides a more selective cannulation of the common bile duct, preventing the risk of pancreatic duct filling. The method was performed in 15 cases and succeeded in 12. ERCP, using this technique, can be performed after normal esophago-gastro-duodenoscopy. However, at present time it is not a routine procedure. Technical improvements on the instrument are necessary to facilitate the method."}
{"id": "PMID:862583", "title": "Peroral direct cholangioscopy (PDCS) using routine straight-view endoscope: first report.", "content": "A new endoscopic method, the peroral direct cholangioscopy (PDCS) is described. A prograde fiberscope of 8.8 mm diameter can be directly inserted, without using a second scope as a guide, into the biliary system after EPT (endoscopic papillotomy). The lumen of the common bile duct is observed entirely and exactly. The image is excellent. Also acessories may be inserted into the duct via the biopsy channel under direct control.", "contents": "Peroral direct cholangioscopy (PDCS) using routine straight-view endoscope: first report. A new endoscopic method, the peroral direct cholangioscopy (PDCS) is described. A prograde fiberscope of 8.8 mm diameter can be directly inserted, without using a second scope as a guide, into the biliary system after EPT (endoscopic papillotomy). The lumen of the common bile duct is observed entirely and exactly. The image is excellent. Also acessories may be inserted into the duct via the biopsy channel under direct control."}
{"id": "PMID:862584", "title": "A new catheter for endoscopic manometry of Oddi's sphincter.", "content": "With a newly designed manometry catheter and a modified pull-through maneuver a high presure zone can reproducibly be recorded between the duodenum and the pancreato-biliary tree corresponding to Oddi's sphincter. Catheter marking allows in addition calculation of the length of this zone. Since the sealed end of the catheter remains during pressure recording within the ductal system repeated push-and-pull maneuvres can be performed through the sphincter area.", "contents": "A new catheter for endoscopic manometry of Oddi's sphincter. With a newly designed manometry catheter and a modified pull-through maneuver a high presure zone can reproducibly be recorded between the duodenum and the pancreato-biliary tree corresponding to Oddi's sphincter. Catheter marking allows in addition calculation of the length of this zone. Since the sealed end of the catheter remains during pressure recording within the ductal system repeated push-and-pull maneuvres can be performed through the sphincter area."}
{"id": "PMID:862585", "title": "Clinical evaluation of a sonde-type small intestinal fiberscope.", "content": "Endoscopic examination using a specially designed sonde-type small intestinal fiberscope (SSIF, Olympus) was performed in 37 patients of our clinic. The improvement of the scope has enabled us to observe the greater parts of the small intestine within a short time and without hazard to the patient. Therefore, with further improvement of this instrument and the insertion technique, we will be able to inspect all parts of the small intestinal mucosa and diagnose the lesions more easily.", "contents": "Clinical evaluation of a sonde-type small intestinal fiberscope. Endoscopic examination using a specially designed sonde-type small intestinal fiberscope (SSIF, Olympus) was performed in 37 patients of our clinic. The improvement of the scope has enabled us to observe the greater parts of the small intestine within a short time and without hazard to the patient. Therefore, with further improvement of this instrument and the insertion technique, we will be able to inspect all parts of the small intestinal mucosa and diagnose the lesions more easily."}
{"id": "PMID:862586", "title": "A new technique for insertion of the colonoscope through the ileocaecal valve.", "content": "At colonoscopy it is important to examine the distal part of ileum in inflammatory diseases particularly. Different techniques for insertion of the colonoscope into the ileum have been described. In our experience these methods require considerable skill and practice. We have therefore worked out a technique for easier access to the ileum with a colonoscope. A closed biopsy forceps is used for identification of the ileocaecal valve by dislodging the upper lip. The forceps is manoeuvred through the ostium and then the colonoscope can be inserted into the ileum with the forceps as a guide.", "contents": "A new technique for insertion of the colonoscope through the ileocaecal valve. At colonoscopy it is important to examine the distal part of ileum in inflammatory diseases particularly. Different techniques for insertion of the colonoscope into the ileum have been described. In our experience these methods require considerable skill and practice. We have therefore worked out a technique for easier access to the ileum with a colonoscope. A closed biopsy forceps is used for identification of the ileocaecal valve by dislodging the upper lip. The forceps is manoeuvred through the ostium and then the colonoscope can be inserted into the ileum with the forceps as a guide."}
{"id": "PMID:862587", "title": "Coloscopic inversion.", "content": "Direct visualization of the inner anal orifice by means of coloscopic inversion in the ampulla recti eliminates one of the last \"blind zones\" in digestive endoscopy.", "contents": "Coloscopic inversion. Direct visualization of the inner anal orifice by means of coloscopic inversion in the ampulla recti eliminates one of the last \"blind zones\" in digestive endoscopy."}
{"id": "PMID:862589", "title": "Early gastric carcinoma in patients with a Billroth II partial gastrectomy.", "content": "In a consecutive series of 830 routine gastroscopies a total of 43 patients was found with gastric carcinomas, Thirteen of these were patients with a previous Billroth-II operation for ulcer disease. Early cancers were found in ten patients (23%), and four of these ten (3 men, 1 woman, aged 49 to 76 years), had been operated on 20-33 years previosuly with a Billroth II partial gastrectomy. All patients had symptoms indicating gastro-intestinal disease. We conclude that a high number of gastric stump carcinomas may be detected at an early stage, and that endoscopy of the whole gastric stump, with multiple biopsies and brush cytology from the entire gastro-jejunal anastomosis, is of crucial importance in detecting such carcinomas.", "contents": "Early gastric carcinoma in patients with a Billroth II partial gastrectomy. In a consecutive series of 830 routine gastroscopies a total of 43 patients was found with gastric carcinomas, Thirteen of these were patients with a previous Billroth-II operation for ulcer disease. Early cancers were found in ten patients (23%), and four of these ten (3 men, 1 woman, aged 49 to 76 years), had been operated on 20-33 years previosuly with a Billroth II partial gastrectomy. All patients had symptoms indicating gastro-intestinal disease. We conclude that a high number of gastric stump carcinomas may be detected at an early stage, and that endoscopy of the whole gastric stump, with multiple biopsies and brush cytology from the entire gastro-jejunal anastomosis, is of crucial importance in detecting such carcinomas."}
{"id": "PMID:862590", "title": "Electrohydraulic impulse lithotripsy of bladder stones with URAT-I.", "content": "The electrohydraulic method of crushing bladder stones due to many aforesaid advantages can fully replace mechanical lithotripsy as being both more effective and having little danger of traumas. In rare cases when the stone cannot be crushed with Urat-I its removal should be performed by way of cystomy.", "contents": "Electrohydraulic impulse lithotripsy of bladder stones with URAT-I. The electrohydraulic method of crushing bladder stones due to many aforesaid advantages can fully replace mechanical lithotripsy as being both more effective and having little danger of traumas. In rare cases when the stone cannot be crushed with Urat-I its removal should be performed by way of cystomy."}
{"id": "PMID:862600", "title": "Glycosaminoglycan metabolism in pregnancy.", "content": "An unselected group of pregnant patients was followed during pregnancy. Serial assays were made of maternal serum levels of hyaluronidase activity, free amino sugar and uronic acid. It was found that there was a highly significant correlation between the serum levels of hyaluronidase activity and uronic acid, both of which rose during pregnancy. In normal pregnancy the maternal serum amino sugar level showed a moderately significant correlation with length of gestation, which was not shown in abnormal pregnancies. Conversely the rise in uronic acid level with length of gestation was most signigicant in patients with complicated pregnancies.", "contents": "Glycosaminoglycan metabolism in pregnancy. An unselected group of pregnant patients was followed during pregnancy. Serial assays were made of maternal serum levels of hyaluronidase activity, free amino sugar and uronic acid. It was found that there was a highly significant correlation between the serum levels of hyaluronidase activity and uronic acid, both of which rose during pregnancy. In normal pregnancy the maternal serum amino sugar level showed a moderately significant correlation with length of gestation, which was not shown in abnormal pregnancies. Conversely the rise in uronic acid level with length of gestation was most signigicant in patients with complicated pregnancies."}
{"id": "PMID:862601", "title": "Origin of esterases in human whole saliva.", "content": "Whole saliva of 59 healthy persons was used for determination of esterase activity. The pattern of esterase was studied by means of isoelectrofocusing on thin-layer acrylamide gels. The esterases found in whole saliva are suggested to be derived from the cells of the tissue in the oral cavity. This origin is indicated (e.g.) by comparison between isolectrophoretic esterase patterns of whole saliva, submandibular saliva, gingival biopsy and fibroblast culture. Antisera against partially purified saliva esterases were produced in rabbits. These sera, used in immunoelectro-osmophoresis, gave esterase-active immunoprecipitate against whole saliva, the water-soluble materials of disrupted gingival biopsy and fibroblast culture, but not against the material of the bacteria, Streptococcus sanguis, Strptococcus mutans, Streptococcus mitis, Actinomyces viscosus and Lactobacillus fermentum.", "contents": "Origin of esterases in human whole saliva. Whole saliva of 59 healthy persons was used for determination of esterase activity. The pattern of esterase was studied by means of isoelectrofocusing on thin-layer acrylamide gels. The esterases found in whole saliva are suggested to be derived from the cells of the tissue in the oral cavity. This origin is indicated (e.g.) by comparison between isolectrophoretic esterase patterns of whole saliva, submandibular saliva, gingival biopsy and fibroblast culture. Antisera against partially purified saliva esterases were produced in rabbits. These sera, used in immunoelectro-osmophoresis, gave esterase-active immunoprecipitate against whole saliva, the water-soluble materials of disrupted gingival biopsy and fibroblast culture, but not against the material of the bacteria, Streptococcus sanguis, Strptococcus mutans, Streptococcus mitis, Actinomyces viscosus and Lactobacillus fermentum."}
{"id": "PMID:862602", "title": "Leucocyte energy metabolism. VII. Respiratory chain enzymes, oxygen consumption and oxidative phosphorylation of mitochondria isolated from leucocytes.", "content": "A new method for the destruction of cell membrane with heparin and for the subsequent isolation of mitochondria from different types of leucocytes (polymorphonuclear leucocytes (PMN) and lymphocytes of human blood, PMN and macrophages of guinea pig peritoneal exudates) is presented. This method is less traumatic to the mitochondria than the usual mechanical procedures. The activites of several enzymes of the respiratory chain were estimated. Oxygen consumption was measured with oxyhaemoglobin as oxygen donor and reaction rate indicator. The integrity of the mitochodria can be demonstrated by the determination of the acceptor control index; the existence of a coupled phosphorylation of ADP to the respiration is clearly demonstrated in all type of cells studied; the ADP/O ratios with several substrates, near to the theoretical values, could be estimated in mitochondria preparation of lymphocytes (normal and leukaemic) and of macrophages. The highest oxidative ratios were found in leukaemic cells.", "contents": "Leucocyte energy metabolism. VII. Respiratory chain enzymes, oxygen consumption and oxidative phosphorylation of mitochondria isolated from leucocytes. A new method for the destruction of cell membrane with heparin and for the subsequent isolation of mitochondria from different types of leucocytes (polymorphonuclear leucocytes (PMN) and lymphocytes of human blood, PMN and macrophages of guinea pig peritoneal exudates) is presented. This method is less traumatic to the mitochondria than the usual mechanical procedures. The activites of several enzymes of the respiratory chain were estimated. Oxygen consumption was measured with oxyhaemoglobin as oxygen donor and reaction rate indicator. The integrity of the mitochodria can be demonstrated by the determination of the acceptor control index; the existence of a coupled phosphorylation of ADP to the respiration is clearly demonstrated in all type of cells studied; the ADP/O ratios with several substrates, near to the theoretical values, could be estimated in mitochondria preparation of lymphocytes (normal and leukaemic) and of macrophages. The highest oxidative ratios were found in leukaemic cells."}
{"id": "PMID:862603", "title": "Studies on serum oestrogen and progesterone levels during the oestrous cycle and early pregnancy in mares.", "content": "Concentrations of progesterone and oestrogens were determined by radioimmunoassay in the peripheral blood of 22 Percheron and Breton breed mares from the 6th day of oestrus to the 150th day of pregnancy. Periodical variation patterns for the mean values of oestrone, oestradiol 17beta and total oestrogens in the cycling mares were found, with two peaks on the third day before and the 15th day after ovulation, and one depression on the 6th day of oestrus. In pregnant mares, the concentrations of oestrone and oestradiol 17beta increased rapidly (P less than 0.05) after Day 105 of gestation. Progesterone levels declined after Day 18 of the cycle in cycling mares, whereas they increased in the pregnant mares. Marked changes in the ratio of total oestrogen to progesterone concentrations were found in cycling mares, especially at oestrus, but in pregnant mares the ratio always remained below 1.00.", "contents": "Studies on serum oestrogen and progesterone levels during the oestrous cycle and early pregnancy in mares. Concentrations of progesterone and oestrogens were determined by radioimmunoassay in the peripheral blood of 22 Percheron and Breton breed mares from the 6th day of oestrus to the 150th day of pregnancy. Periodical variation patterns for the mean values of oestrone, oestradiol 17beta and total oestrogens in the cycling mares were found, with two peaks on the third day before and the 15th day after ovulation, and one depression on the 6th day of oestrus. In pregnant mares, the concentrations of oestrone and oestradiol 17beta increased rapidly (P less than 0.05) after Day 105 of gestation. Progesterone levels declined after Day 18 of the cycle in cycling mares, whereas they increased in the pregnant mares. Marked changes in the ratio of total oestrogen to progesterone concentrations were found in cycling mares, especially at oestrus, but in pregnant mares the ratio always remained below 1.00."}
{"id": "PMID:862604", "title": "A post mortem study of equine digital flexor tendons.", "content": "The results of a survey are presented in which 589 limbs from 206 horses were dissected. In174 of the limbs lesions were found in either the superficial (131) or deep (43) digital flexor tendons. Changes occurring with age were also recorded. The sites of the abnormalities and their macroscopical appearance are described and the value of the results is considered in relation to the diagnosis and the treatment of clinical lesions.", "contents": "A post mortem study of equine digital flexor tendons. The results of a survey are presented in which 589 limbs from 206 horses were dissected. In174 of the limbs lesions were found in either the superficial (131) or deep (43) digital flexor tendons. Changes occurring with age were also recorded. The sites of the abnormalities and their macroscopical appearance are described and the value of the results is considered in relation to the diagnosis and the treatment of clinical lesions."}
{"id": "PMID:862605", "title": "Treatment of atrial fibrillation in three racehorses.", "content": "Three young Standardbred pacers with atrial fibrillation were treated with quinidine sulphate (QS) by stomach tube. They were given 10g QS every 2 hours until cardioversion was achieved. Total doses varied between 20 and 30 g. No premedication was given nor any follow up treatment after return to sinus rhythm. All horses were given 3 months rest after the treatment, and when electrocardiographed then, and at 6 months, showed normal sinus rhythm. As all 3 horses won races after cardioversion and showed subsequent normal electrocardiograms it seems likely that atrial fibrillation can occur without detectable pathological changes in the heart.", "contents": "Treatment of atrial fibrillation in three racehorses. Three young Standardbred pacers with atrial fibrillation were treated with quinidine sulphate (QS) by stomach tube. They were given 10g QS every 2 hours until cardioversion was achieved. Total doses varied between 20 and 30 g. No premedication was given nor any follow up treatment after return to sinus rhythm. All horses were given 3 months rest after the treatment, and when electrocardiographed then, and at 6 months, showed normal sinus rhythm. As all 3 horses won races after cardioversion and showed subsequent normal electrocardiograms it seems likely that atrial fibrillation can occur without detectable pathological changes in the heart."}
{"id": "PMID:862606", "title": "Exercise studies in horses: 1. A simple telemetry system for recording excercise ECGs in horses.", "content": "A robust low cost portable radiotelemetry system is described for the horse and its method of operation and advantages briefly discussed. The equipment consisted of 2 electrodes forming a bipolar lead, a transmitter, a receiver and a writing device. The sitting, application and immobilising of the electrodes was a most important factor in obtaining good quality recordings. ECGs were recorded at all paces and also while jumping and the results proved satisfactory.", "contents": "Exercise studies in horses: 1. A simple telemetry system for recording excercise ECGs in horses. A robust low cost portable radiotelemetry system is described for the horse and its method of operation and advantages briefly discussed. The equipment consisted of 2 electrodes forming a bipolar lead, a transmitter, a receiver and a writing device. The sitting, application and immobilising of the electrodes was a most important factor in obtaining good quality recordings. ECGs were recorded at all paces and also while jumping and the results proved satisfactory."}
{"id": "PMID:862607", "title": "Exercise studies in horses: 2. The cardiac response to exercise in normal horses and in horses with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.", "content": "The relationship of velocity (v) to heart rate (HR)and of kinetic energy (KE) to heart rate, were investigated in 6 normal horses and in 6 horses with chronic obstructive pulmonary, disease (COPD). Radiotelemetry was used to determine the heart rate while subjects were ridden on a 400m track. Velocity was measured by stop-watch between 2 markers 50 m apart at the end of the track. Kinetic energy was calculated from the formula KE =1/2 Mv2, where M = mass of horse, rider, saddle and bridle (KG) and V = velocity (metres per second). In all subjects, the relationship of velocity to heart rate was a linear one at each individual pace (i.e. walk, trot and gallop). There were however significant differences between the v/HR regression curves of each pace. These differences indicated that the increase in velocity per unit increase in heart rate was greater at the trot than at the walk, and greater at the gallop than at the trot. When data for all paces were combined, the relationship log v/log HR was a linear one. The above findings were also true of the relationship of kinetic energy to the heart rate. In horses, which reached maximal heart rate at a relatively low velocity, the v/HR curve became asymptotic. At comparable submaximal velocities, the heart rate of COPD subjects was approximately 20 beats per minute higher than that of normal subjects. This was also true when the term \"kinetic energy per units mass\" was substituted for velocity.", "contents": "Exercise studies in horses: 2. The cardiac response to exercise in normal horses and in horses with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. The relationship of velocity (v) to heart rate (HR)and of kinetic energy (KE) to heart rate, were investigated in 6 normal horses and in 6 horses with chronic obstructive pulmonary, disease (COPD). Radiotelemetry was used to determine the heart rate while subjects were ridden on a 400m track. Velocity was measured by stop-watch between 2 markers 50 m apart at the end of the track. Kinetic energy was calculated from the formula KE =1/2 Mv2, where M = mass of horse, rider, saddle and bridle (KG) and V = velocity (metres per second). In all subjects, the relationship of velocity to heart rate was a linear one at each individual pace (i.e. walk, trot and gallop). There were however significant differences between the v/HR regression curves of each pace. These differences indicated that the increase in velocity per unit increase in heart rate was greater at the trot than at the walk, and greater at the gallop than at the trot. When data for all paces were combined, the relationship log v/log HR was a linear one. The above findings were also true of the relationship of kinetic energy to the heart rate. In horses, which reached maximal heart rate at a relatively low velocity, the v/HR curve became asymptotic. At comparable submaximal velocities, the heart rate of COPD subjects was approximately 20 beats per minute higher than that of normal subjects. This was also true when the term \"kinetic energy per units mass\" was substituted for velocity."}
{"id": "PMID:862608", "title": "Invagination of the caecum into the colon in a Welsh pony.", "content": "A chronic wasting disease in a 16 month old Welsh pony filly is described. The animal died 26 days after the onset of illness which commenced with a sub-acute colic and was characterised by progressive loss of appetite and weight. Post-mortem examination revealed a total invagination of the caecum into the colon and it seemed logical to assume this invagination occurred at the start of the illness. A review of the literature showed that total caecal invagination produces 2 distinct clincal syndromes. It can occur either as an acute illness characterised by severe colic and death after about 10 days, or as a chronic wasting disease, such as the case presented here, which may not result in death for several weeks or even months.", "contents": "Invagination of the caecum into the colon in a Welsh pony. A chronic wasting disease in a 16 month old Welsh pony filly is described. The animal died 26 days after the onset of illness which commenced with a sub-acute colic and was characterised by progressive loss of appetite and weight. Post-mortem examination revealed a total invagination of the caecum into the colon and it seemed logical to assume this invagination occurred at the start of the illness. A review of the literature showed that total caecal invagination produces 2 distinct clincal syndromes. It can occur either as an acute illness characterised by severe colic and death after about 10 days, or as a chronic wasting disease, such as the case presented here, which may not result in death for several weeks or even months."}
{"id": "PMID:862609", "title": "Effect of prostaglandin analogue on progesterone-treated pony mares during early pregnancy.", "content": "Seven Welsh pony mares (9 pregnancies) received either 50 mg, 100 mg or 150 mg progesterone on alternate days, starting on day 21 of gestation. All but 2 pregnancies failed following prostaglandin administration on day 27. Although both mares were receiving the 150 mg progesterone dose rate, this treatment was not consistently successful in preventing pregnancy failure after prostaglandin administration.", "contents": "Effect of prostaglandin analogue on progesterone-treated pony mares during early pregnancy. Seven Welsh pony mares (9 pregnancies) received either 50 mg, 100 mg or 150 mg progesterone on alternate days, starting on day 21 of gestation. All but 2 pregnancies failed following prostaglandin administration on day 27. Although both mares were receiving the 150 mg progesterone dose rate, this treatment was not consistently successful in preventing pregnancy failure after prostaglandin administration."}
{"id": "PMID:862610", "title": "Some haematological and biochemical parameters in race horses in Hong Kong.", "content": "Haematological and biochemical values were determined in 2 groups of flat-race horses, which were trained on the same track in Hong Kong. The first group comprised 217 horses (435 blood samples) from various training strings. The second group, 66 horses (309 blood samples) were from one string kept under similar managemental conditions, but given salts by stomach tube 8 hours before blood sampling. Both groups were sub-divided to show the efs, thus confirming work by other authors. The lower haematological values in the group of horses given salts were discussed and the effect of water retention as a possible explanation was considered.", "contents": "Some haematological and biochemical parameters in race horses in Hong Kong. Haematological and biochemical values were determined in 2 groups of flat-race horses, which were trained on the same track in Hong Kong. The first group comprised 217 horses (435 blood samples) from various training strings. The second group, 66 horses (309 blood samples) were from one string kept under similar managemental conditions, but given salts by stomach tube 8 hours before blood sampling. Both groups were sub-divided to show the efs, thus confirming work by other authors. The lower haematological values in the group of horses given salts were discussed and the effect of water retention as a possible explanation was considered."}
{"id": "PMID:862611", "title": "Demonstration of binding sites for divalent and trivalent ions on the outer surface of chromaffin-granule membranes.", "content": "1. Trivalent ions Tb3+, Eu3+ and La3+ aggregate chromaffin granules and produce structural changes in the core material. These ions also stain the outer (cytoplasmic) surface of the granule membrane in the presence of PO43+ ions and inhibit OSO4 staining. The electron-dense patches of TbPO4 complex are distributed in a non-random fashion. 2. Tb3+ also functions as a fluorescent membrane probe for divalent ion binding sites on the granule membrane. Using the enhancement of Tb3+ fluorescence upon binding, a Kd for Tb3+ of approximately 15 micronM was measured. Ca2+ and Mg2+ are competitive inhibitors of this binding while Na+ and K+ had no effect. Results suggest that the fluorescent Tb3+ -binding site is a protein. 3. Tb3+ also binds to mitochondria and other contaminants as judged by electron microscopy. However purified mitochondria show qualitatively different binding of Tb3+ by fluorescence. 4. A model for the location of divalent ion binding sites on the granule membrane and the results are discussed in terms of requirements for the participation of these sites in granule exocytosis in vivo.", "contents": "Demonstration of binding sites for divalent and trivalent ions on the outer surface of chromaffin-granule membranes. 1. Trivalent ions Tb3+, Eu3+ and La3+ aggregate chromaffin granules and produce structural changes in the core material. These ions also stain the outer (cytoplasmic) surface of the granule membrane in the presence of PO43+ ions and inhibit OSO4 staining. The electron-dense patches of TbPO4 complex are distributed in a non-random fashion. 2. Tb3+ also functions as a fluorescent membrane probe for divalent ion binding sites on the granule membrane. Using the enhancement of Tb3+ fluorescence upon binding, a Kd for Tb3+ of approximately 15 micronM was measured. Ca2+ and Mg2+ are competitive inhibitors of this binding while Na+ and K+ had no effect. Results suggest that the fluorescent Tb3+ -binding site is a protein. 3. Tb3+ also binds to mitochondria and other contaminants as judged by electron microscopy. However purified mitochondria show qualitatively different binding of Tb3+ by fluorescence. 4. A model for the location of divalent ion binding sites on the granule membrane and the results are discussed in terms of requirements for the participation of these sites in granule exocytosis in vivo."}
{"id": "PMID:862613", "title": "The amino-acid sequence of the major parvalbumin from thornback-ray muscle.", "content": "The primary structure of the major parvalbumin (pI = 4.45) from the cargilagenous fish Raja clavata has been determined. The amino acid sequence was deduced by the analysis of peptides derived from tryptic digestion of the oxidized protein. These peptides were aligned by comparison with (a) overlapping peptides produced by limited tryptic and chymotryptic digestion, and (b) by comparison with the known structures of other fish parvalbumins. The molecular evolution of thornback ray parvalbumin is briefly discussed.", "contents": "The amino-acid sequence of the major parvalbumin from thornback-ray muscle. The primary structure of the major parvalbumin (pI = 4.45) from the cargilagenous fish Raja clavata has been determined. The amino acid sequence was deduced by the analysis of peptides derived from tryptic digestion of the oxidized protein. These peptides were aligned by comparison with (a) overlapping peptides produced by limited tryptic and chymotryptic digestion, and (b) by comparison with the known structures of other fish parvalbumins. The molecular evolution of thornback ray parvalbumin is briefly discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:862614", "title": "Interaction of glycolysis and respiration in perfused rat liver. Changes in oxygen uptake following the addition of ethanol.", "content": "The effect of ethanol on hepatic respiration and glycolysis was studied in perfused rat livers. 1. Ethanol increased the rate of oxygen uptake in livers from fed rats, but decreased the rate in livers from fasted animals perfused in the absence of added substrates. 2. Addition of ethanol decreased the rate of lactate + pyruvate production reflecting an inhibition of glycolysis irrespective of whether glycogen or added glucose was the substrate. 3. Half-maximal stimulation of respiration and inhibition of glycolysis were observed at ethanol concentrations between 0.2 and 0.4 mM. 4. A stoichiometric relationship of one mole of stimulated oxygen uptake to 3.6 mol of decreased lactate + pyruvate production was observed under a variety of experimental conditions. 5. The effects of ethanol on oxygen uptake and lactate + pyruvate production were abolished by the addition of 4-methylpyrazole, an inhibitor of alcohol dehydrogenase, but were unaffected by aminooxyacetate, an inhibitor of hydrogen transport across the mitochondrial membrane. 6. Carboxyatractyloside, an inhibitor of adenine nucleotide translocase, largely abolished the increase in oxygen uptake due to ethnol, but had little effect on the inhibitory action of ethanol on glycolysis. These data indicate that the ethanol-stimulated oxygen uptake is due to an increased flux through the mitochondrial respiratory chain and that it involves the NAD+-dependent oxidation of ethanol by alcohol dehydrogenase. The data are consistent with the hypothesis that the ethanol-stimulated respiration results from an increased demand for mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation as a consequence of the decreased extramitochondrial ATP generation following inhibition of glycolysis by ethanol.", "contents": "Interaction of glycolysis and respiration in perfused rat liver. Changes in oxygen uptake following the addition of ethanol. The effect of ethanol on hepatic respiration and glycolysis was studied in perfused rat livers. 1. Ethanol increased the rate of oxygen uptake in livers from fed rats, but decreased the rate in livers from fasted animals perfused in the absence of added substrates. 2. Addition of ethanol decreased the rate of lactate + pyruvate production reflecting an inhibition of glycolysis irrespective of whether glycogen or added glucose was the substrate. 3. Half-maximal stimulation of respiration and inhibition of glycolysis were observed at ethanol concentrations between 0.2 and 0.4 mM. 4. A stoichiometric relationship of one mole of stimulated oxygen uptake to 3.6 mol of decreased lactate + pyruvate production was observed under a variety of experimental conditions. 5. The effects of ethanol on oxygen uptake and lactate + pyruvate production were abolished by the addition of 4-methylpyrazole, an inhibitor of alcohol dehydrogenase, but were unaffected by aminooxyacetate, an inhibitor of hydrogen transport across the mitochondrial membrane. 6. Carboxyatractyloside, an inhibitor of adenine nucleotide translocase, largely abolished the increase in oxygen uptake due to ethnol, but had little effect on the inhibitory action of ethanol on glycolysis. These data indicate that the ethanol-stimulated oxygen uptake is due to an increased flux through the mitochondrial respiratory chain and that it involves the NAD+-dependent oxidation of ethanol by alcohol dehydrogenase. The data are consistent with the hypothesis that the ethanol-stimulated respiration results from an increased demand for mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation as a consequence of the decreased extramitochondrial ATP generation following inhibition of glycolysis by ethanol."}
{"id": "PMID:862618", "title": "The chemical structure of the lipid A component of lipopolysaccharides from Chromobacterium violaceum NCTC 9694.", "content": "The chemical structure of the lipid A component of lipopolysaccharides from Chromobacterium violaceum NCTC9694 was studied. Sequential treatment of lipopolysaccharide with alkali, acid, sodium borohydride and hydrazine allowed the isolation of a reduced glucosamine disaccharide. According to methylation studies and enzymic analysis with beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase the D-glucosamine residues are beta(1 leads to 6) linked. The disaccharide carries two phosphate groups, one being linked glycosidically, the other being linked as an ester to the non-reducing glucosamine. Application of a different degradation pathway shows that the ester-bound phosphate group is substituted by a 4-aminoarabinosyl residue and that the glycosidically linked phosphate group is substituted by a glucosaminyl residue. Neither the amino nor the hydroxyl groups of both these substituents are acylated. This backbone structure is shown in the following formula: (formula: see text). The amino groups of the central glucosamine disaccharide are substituted by D-3-hydroxy-dodecanoic acid, the hydroxyl groups by dodecanoic, L-2-hydroxydodecanoic and D-3-hydroxy-decanoic acid.", "contents": "The chemical structure of the lipid A component of lipopolysaccharides from Chromobacterium violaceum NCTC 9694. The chemical structure of the lipid A component of lipopolysaccharides from Chromobacterium violaceum NCTC9694 was studied. Sequential treatment of lipopolysaccharide with alkali, acid, sodium borohydride and hydrazine allowed the isolation of a reduced glucosamine disaccharide. According to methylation studies and enzymic analysis with beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase the D-glucosamine residues are beta(1 leads to 6) linked. The disaccharide carries two phosphate groups, one being linked glycosidically, the other being linked as an ester to the non-reducing glucosamine. Application of a different degradation pathway shows that the ester-bound phosphate group is substituted by a 4-aminoarabinosyl residue and that the glycosidically linked phosphate group is substituted by a glucosaminyl residue. Neither the amino nor the hydroxyl groups of both these substituents are acylated. This backbone structure is shown in the following formula: (formula: see text). The amino groups of the central glucosamine disaccharide are substituted by D-3-hydroxy-dodecanoic acid, the hydroxyl groups by dodecanoic, L-2-hydroxydodecanoic and D-3-hydroxy-decanoic acid."}
{"id": "PMID:862619", "title": "Control of density and microredistribution of concanavalin-A receptors in rat thymocytes at 4 degrees C.", "content": "In a previous paper, we reported that at 4 degrees C, a cooperative binding of concanavalin A to rat thymocytes is observed which corresponds to a modification of the membrane leading to the recruitment of receptors and their immobilization. In this paper, we report that both phenomena are modulated at 4 degrees C by drugs such as colchicine and cytochalasin B; cooperative binding of concanavalin A, which reflects receptor recruitment is only slightly modified by each drug alone. when the two drugs are used simultaneously, the binding of concanavalin A to rat thymocytes at low concentrations of the lectin is decreased, while at high concentrations it remains unchanged. The binding of succinyl-concanavalin A to drug-treated cells is lowered at all concentrations of lectin. Also, we have studied the effects of colchicine and cytochalacine B on the binding of horseradish peroxidase to cell-bound concanavalin A, or succinyl-concanavalin A. We have found a decreased amount of horseradish peroxidase binding to concanavalin A bound to cells treated with colchicine or cytochalasine B. In the presence of the two drugs the decrease of peroxidase binding suggested a synergistic action of colchicine and cytochalasin B.", "contents": "Control of density and microredistribution of concanavalin-A receptors in rat thymocytes at 4 degrees C. In a previous paper, we reported that at 4 degrees C, a cooperative binding of concanavalin A to rat thymocytes is observed which corresponds to a modification of the membrane leading to the recruitment of receptors and their immobilization. In this paper, we report that both phenomena are modulated at 4 degrees C by drugs such as colchicine and cytochalasin B; cooperative binding of concanavalin A, which reflects receptor recruitment is only slightly modified by each drug alone. when the two drugs are used simultaneously, the binding of concanavalin A to rat thymocytes at low concentrations of the lectin is decreased, while at high concentrations it remains unchanged. The binding of succinyl-concanavalin A to drug-treated cells is lowered at all concentrations of lectin. Also, we have studied the effects of colchicine and cytochalacine B on the binding of horseradish peroxidase to cell-bound concanavalin A, or succinyl-concanavalin A. We have found a decreased amount of horseradish peroxidase binding to concanavalin A bound to cells treated with colchicine or cytochalasine B. In the presence of the two drugs the decrease of peroxidase binding suggested a synergistic action of colchicine and cytochalasin B."}
{"id": "PMID:862621", "title": "The phosphoenolpyruvate-dependent phosphotransferase system of Staphylococcus aureus. 1. Amino-acid sequence of the phosphocarrier protein HPr.", "content": "The primary structure of the histidine-containing phosphocarrier protein HPr of the phosphoenolpyruvate-dependent phosphotransferase system from Staphylococcus aureus was determined by automated Edman degradation. The complete sequence was deduced from the direct analysis of the protein by automated Edman degradation in a liquid-phase sequencer of Edman and from the sequence of tryptic, thermolytic and cyanogen bromide peptides as obtained by automated Edman degradation in a solid-phase sequencer of Laursen. The amino-acid sequence was found to be Met-Glu-Gln-Asn-Ser-Tyr-Val-Ile-Ile-Asp-Glu-Thr-Gly-Ile-His-Ala-Arg-Pro-Ala-Thr-Met-Leu-Val-Gln-Thr-Ala-Ser-Lys-Phe-Asp-Ser-Ile-Asp-Gln-Gly-Gly-Tyr-Asp-Ser-Met-Gln-Leu-Lys-Ser-Leu-Gly-Val-Gly-Lys-Asp-Glu-Glu-Ile-Thr-Ile-Tm-Ser-Ala-Asp-Lys-Lys-Glu-Gly-Leu-Thr-Lys-Met-Ser-Ile-Val. The 70 residues correspond to a molecular weight of 7685. The one histidine involved in the phosphotransfer reaction of this protein was found at position 15 as part of a region of the sequence which has no predictable secondary structure. It is suggested that this protein belongs to the group of male proteins with the active center located on a protrusion rather than a cleft.", "contents": "The phosphoenolpyruvate-dependent phosphotransferase system of Staphylococcus aureus. 1. Amino-acid sequence of the phosphocarrier protein HPr. The primary structure of the histidine-containing phosphocarrier protein HPr of the phosphoenolpyruvate-dependent phosphotransferase system from Staphylococcus aureus was determined by automated Edman degradation. The complete sequence was deduced from the direct analysis of the protein by automated Edman degradation in a liquid-phase sequencer of Edman and from the sequence of tryptic, thermolytic and cyanogen bromide peptides as obtained by automated Edman degradation in a solid-phase sequencer of Laursen. The amino-acid sequence was found to be Met-Glu-Gln-Asn-Ser-Tyr-Val-Ile-Ile-Asp-Glu-Thr-Gly-Ile-His-Ala-Arg-Pro-Ala-Thr-Met-Leu-Val-Gln-Thr-Ala-Ser-Lys-Phe-Asp-Ser-Ile-Asp-Gln-Gly-Gly-Tyr-Asp-Ser-Met-Gln-Leu-Lys-Ser-Leu-Gly-Val-Gly-Lys-Asp-Glu-Glu-Ile-Thr-Ile-Tm-Ser-Ala-Asp-Lys-Lys-Glu-Gly-Leu-Thr-Lys-Met-Ser-Ile-Val. The 70 residues correspond to a molecular weight of 7685. The one histidine involved in the phosphotransfer reaction of this protein was found at position 15 as part of a region of the sequence which has no predictable secondary structure. It is suggested that this protein belongs to the group of male proteins with the active center located on a protrusion rather than a cleft."}
{"id": "PMID:862623", "title": "Interrelationship in the regulation of pyruvate dehydrogenase and adenine-nucleotide translocase by palmitoyl-CoA in isolated mitochondria.", "content": "Full activation of rat liver pyruvate dehydrogenase in vitro by ADP was prevented by palmitoyl-CoA at a concentration sufficiently low to preclude substrate effects secondary to its oxidation by mitochondria. Activation of pyruvate dehydrogenase by ADP in livers of fat-fed rats was less than in the control animal. The results are consistent with the experiments demonstrating an inhibition of adenine nucleotide translocase and on increased intramitochondrial ATP/ADP ratio by palmitoyl-CoA which could account for the effect on pyruvate dehydrogenase. Inactivation of brain pyruvate dehydrogenase by ATP was also diminished by palmitoyl-CoA indicating that the effect was at the level of the adenine nucleotides rather than at either the pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase or phosphatase enzymes.", "contents": "Interrelationship in the regulation of pyruvate dehydrogenase and adenine-nucleotide translocase by palmitoyl-CoA in isolated mitochondria. Full activation of rat liver pyruvate dehydrogenase in vitro by ADP was prevented by palmitoyl-CoA at a concentration sufficiently low to preclude substrate effects secondary to its oxidation by mitochondria. Activation of pyruvate dehydrogenase by ADP in livers of fat-fed rats was less than in the control animal. The results are consistent with the experiments demonstrating an inhibition of adenine nucleotide translocase and on increased intramitochondrial ATP/ADP ratio by palmitoyl-CoA which could account for the effect on pyruvate dehydrogenase. Inactivation of brain pyruvate dehydrogenase by ATP was also diminished by palmitoyl-CoA indicating that the effect was at the level of the adenine nucleotides rather than at either the pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase or phosphatase enzymes."}
{"id": "PMID:862624", "title": "Guinea-pig pancreatic ribonucleases. Isolation, properties, primary structure and glycosidation.", "content": "Two ribonucleases were isolated from guinea-pig pancreas by extraction with 0.125 M sulfuric acid, precipitation with acetone and chromatography on carboxymethyl-cellulose. The amino acid sequences were determined from tryptic digests of the aminoethylated proteins. The tryptic peptides were positioned in the sequence by homology with other pancreatic ribonucleases. Both ribonucleases not only differ in the presence (ribonuclease B) or absence of carbohydrate (ribonuclease A), but also at 31 positions of the amino acid sequence. In guinea-pig ribonuclease B a leucine/proline heterogeneity was found at position 64. The carbohydrate in guinea-pig ribonuclease B is attached to asparagine residues at positions 21 and 34. The carbohydrate-free guinea-pig ribonuclease A possesses a recognition site for sugar attachment in the sequence Asn-Val-Ser (62-64).", "contents": "Guinea-pig pancreatic ribonucleases. Isolation, properties, primary structure and glycosidation. Two ribonucleases were isolated from guinea-pig pancreas by extraction with 0.125 M sulfuric acid, precipitation with acetone and chromatography on carboxymethyl-cellulose. The amino acid sequences were determined from tryptic digests of the aminoethylated proteins. The tryptic peptides were positioned in the sequence by homology with other pancreatic ribonucleases. Both ribonucleases not only differ in the presence (ribonuclease B) or absence of carbohydrate (ribonuclease A), but also at 31 positions of the amino acid sequence. In guinea-pig ribonuclease B a leucine/proline heterogeneity was found at position 64. The carbohydrate in guinea-pig ribonuclease B is attached to asparagine residues at positions 21 and 34. The carbohydrate-free guinea-pig ribonuclease A possesses a recognition site for sugar attachment in the sequence Asn-Val-Ser (62-64)."}
{"id": "PMID:862625", "title": "Bioassay and radioimmunoassay of gastrin and significance of gastrin degradation products.", "content": "Inactivation of gastrin was studied (a) in vitro by incubation with a high-speed supernatant fraction of rat small bowel mucosa and (b) in vivo by perfusing gastrin through the small bowel vascular bed in anaesthetized dogs. In both types of experiment there was a highly significant loss in the bioactivity of gastrin, but no significant change in its immunoreactivity. This showed that gastrin was inactivated by a subtle chemical change which rendered the molecule biologically inactive, yet left its immunoreactivity unimpaired.", "contents": "Bioassay and radioimmunoassay of gastrin and significance of gastrin degradation products. Inactivation of gastrin was studied (a) in vitro by incubation with a high-speed supernatant fraction of rat small bowel mucosa and (b) in vivo by perfusing gastrin through the small bowel vascular bed in anaesthetized dogs. In both types of experiment there was a highly significant loss in the bioactivity of gastrin, but no significant change in its immunoreactivity. This showed that gastrin was inactivated by a subtle chemical change which rendered the molecule biologically inactive, yet left its immunoreactivity unimpaired."}
{"id": "PMID:862626", "title": "Metabolism in the hypothermically perfused dog kidney. Utilization and production of amino acids.", "content": "The uptake and utilization of amino acids in dog kidneys during hypothermic perfusion were studied. 21 kidneys were perfused in a Gambro perfusion machine for 6 days with perfusates based on human albumin with and without addition of 17 L-amino acids. Net glucose uptake by the kidney was lower during perfusion with amino acids in the perfusate than during perfusion without amino acids. A decrease in specific activity of labelled glucose was found during perfusion with amino acids in the perfusate indicating a considerable gluconeogenesis which could explain the difference in net glucose uptake. A higher uptake of fatty acids by the kidney was found during perfusion with amino acids in the perfusate than during perfusion without amino acids. In perfusion without amino acids the concentration in the perfusate of almost all amino acids and ammonia increased and thus a net release of nitrogen was found indicating degradation of protein. In perfusion with amino acids in the perfusate a considerable uptake and release of amino acids by the kidney were found. The most pronounced uptake was registered for glutamine, proline and glycine. The most pronounced release was registered for glutamate, alanine and ammonia. During perfusion with amino acids in the medium, the uptake and release of nitrogen were balanced as distinguished from perfusion without amino acids in the perfusate.", "contents": "Metabolism in the hypothermically perfused dog kidney. Utilization and production of amino acids. The uptake and utilization of amino acids in dog kidneys during hypothermic perfusion were studied. 21 kidneys were perfused in a Gambro perfusion machine for 6 days with perfusates based on human albumin with and without addition of 17 L-amino acids. Net glucose uptake by the kidney was lower during perfusion with amino acids in the perfusate than during perfusion without amino acids. A decrease in specific activity of labelled glucose was found during perfusion with amino acids in the perfusate indicating a considerable gluconeogenesis which could explain the difference in net glucose uptake. A higher uptake of fatty acids by the kidney was found during perfusion with amino acids in the perfusate than during perfusion without amino acids. In perfusion without amino acids the concentration in the perfusate of almost all amino acids and ammonia increased and thus a net release of nitrogen was found indicating degradation of protein. In perfusion with amino acids in the perfusate a considerable uptake and release of amino acids by the kidney were found. The most pronounced uptake was registered for glutamine, proline and glycine. The most pronounced release was registered for glutamate, alanine and ammonia. During perfusion with amino acids in the medium, the uptake and release of nitrogen were balanced as distinguished from perfusion without amino acids in the perfusate."}
{"id": "PMID:862627", "title": "Metabolism in the hypothermically perfused dog kidney. Incorporation rate of leucine and threonine into proteins.", "content": "The incorporation of [14C]leucine and [14C]threonine into kidney cortex proteins was studied during 6 days' hypothermic perfusion of dog kidneys at 8-10 degrees C and during in vitro incubation of dog kidney cortex slices at 37 degrees C. Leucine carbon was incorporated into proteins at a higher rate than threonine carbon both during in vitro incubation of kidney cortex slices and during hypothermic kidney perfusion. The incorporation of leucine and threonine during hypothermic perfusion was linear for 6 days but 50-100 times lower than the incorporation of leucine and threonine in kidney cortex slices at 37 degrees C. During hypothermic perfusion there was a decrease in specific activity of leucine and threonine in the perfusate corresponding to a degradation of proteins which was greater than protein synthesis as calculated from the incorporation of label into proteins. Leucine carbon was recovered in CO2 during hypothermic perfusion and in vitro incubation of kidney cortex slices at 37 degrees C. The incorporation of threonine carbon into CO2 was about 10% of the corresponding value for leucine both during hypothermic kidney perfusion and during in vitro incubation of kidney cortex slices at 37 degrees C. It is concluded that there is a turnover of kidney proteins during hypothermic perfusion with a perfusate containing amino acids.", "contents": "Metabolism in the hypothermically perfused dog kidney. Incorporation rate of leucine and threonine into proteins. The incorporation of [14C]leucine and [14C]threonine into kidney cortex proteins was studied during 6 days' hypothermic perfusion of dog kidneys at 8-10 degrees C and during in vitro incubation of dog kidney cortex slices at 37 degrees C. Leucine carbon was incorporated into proteins at a higher rate than threonine carbon both during in vitro incubation of kidney cortex slices and during hypothermic kidney perfusion. The incorporation of leucine and threonine during hypothermic perfusion was linear for 6 days but 50-100 times lower than the incorporation of leucine and threonine in kidney cortex slices at 37 degrees C. During hypothermic perfusion there was a decrease in specific activity of leucine and threonine in the perfusate corresponding to a degradation of proteins which was greater than protein synthesis as calculated from the incorporation of label into proteins. Leucine carbon was recovered in CO2 during hypothermic perfusion and in vitro incubation of kidney cortex slices at 37 degrees C. The incorporation of threonine carbon into CO2 was about 10% of the corresponding value for leucine both during hypothermic kidney perfusion and during in vitro incubation of kidney cortex slices at 37 degrees C. It is concluded that there is a turnover of kidney proteins during hypothermic perfusion with a perfusate containing amino acids."}
{"id": "PMID:862628", "title": "Factor XIII and fracture healing. An experimental study.", "content": "The effect of exogenous factor XIII on fracture healing has been tested. It could be shown that after administration of the fibrin stabilizing factor, the concentration of fibrin fibres in the fracture haematoma increases. The resistance against breaking is thus enhanced in treated animals as compared to untreated controls, mainly during the early phases of fracture healing. X-ray diagnosis demonstrated an enhanced healing process of the treated fractures. The accelerated fracture healing by factor XIII adminstration could also be substantiated through histological examinations.", "contents": "Factor XIII and fracture healing. An experimental study. The effect of exogenous factor XIII on fracture healing has been tested. It could be shown that after administration of the fibrin stabilizing factor, the concentration of fibrin fibres in the fracture haematoma increases. The resistance against breaking is thus enhanced in treated animals as compared to untreated controls, mainly during the early phases of fracture healing. X-ray diagnosis demonstrated an enhanced healing process of the treated fractures. The accelerated fracture healing by factor XIII adminstration could also be substantiated through histological examinations."}
{"id": "PMID:862629", "title": "Autograft suture in peripheral nerves.", "content": "Fresh collagen fibers prepared from rabbit tendons or aponeurosis were inserted in either median or sciatic nerves of the same animal. The tissue reactions induced by the autologous fibers were compared histologically with those caused by similarly inserted silk, catgut and homograft sutures in contralateral nerves. Sham operations, passing empty needles, were performed on control nerves. The treated nerves were removed on the 5th to the 30th postoperative day, and histological sections were prepared. The insertion of the different sutures in peripheral nerves resulted in tissue reactions of varying types and degrees, depending on the material used. Catgut and silk thread induced extensive degenerative and inflammatory reactions which persisted for more than 4 weeks. Homograft sutures underwent rapid organization with a minor degree of degeneration and inflammation, which persisted for only a short time. Autograft fibers resulted in minimal myelin degeneration and mild inflammatory processes for 5-10 days, which was only slightly different from the regular course of healing seen in sham-operated control nerves. These intial observations suggest that sutures of autograft fibers may prove advantageous in nerv repair.", "contents": "Autograft suture in peripheral nerves. Fresh collagen fibers prepared from rabbit tendons or aponeurosis were inserted in either median or sciatic nerves of the same animal. The tissue reactions induced by the autologous fibers were compared histologically with those caused by similarly inserted silk, catgut and homograft sutures in contralateral nerves. Sham operations, passing empty needles, were performed on control nerves. The treated nerves were removed on the 5th to the 30th postoperative day, and histological sections were prepared. The insertion of the different sutures in peripheral nerves resulted in tissue reactions of varying types and degrees, depending on the material used. Catgut and silk thread induced extensive degenerative and inflammatory reactions which persisted for more than 4 weeks. Homograft sutures underwent rapid organization with a minor degree of degeneration and inflammation, which persisted for only a short time. Autograft fibers resulted in minimal myelin degeneration and mild inflammatory processes for 5-10 days, which was only slightly different from the regular course of healing seen in sham-operated control nerves. These intial observations suggest that sutures of autograft fibers may prove advantageous in nerv repair."}
{"id": "PMID:862630", "title": "Beckwitt-Wiedemann's syndrome with medullary sponge kidneys, agonadism and persistent testosterone production.", "content": "A patient with Beckwitt-Wiedemann's syndrome is described in which associated malformations were hemihypertrophy of the body, medullary sponge kidneys and absence of testes and internal ducts. On the other hand, we demonstrated biochemically the existence of testosterone secretion, with active response to a 3-day HCG stimulation as well as prepuberty levels LH and FSH. This demonstrated the existence of functioning Leydig's cells. The diagnosis of agonadism and anorchia could not be entirely true since they lead to an erroneous conclusion that there always are some disseminated Leydig's cells.", "contents": "Beckwitt-Wiedemann's syndrome with medullary sponge kidneys, agonadism and persistent testosterone production. A patient with Beckwitt-Wiedemann's syndrome is described in which associated malformations were hemihypertrophy of the body, medullary sponge kidneys and absence of testes and internal ducts. On the other hand, we demonstrated biochemically the existence of testosterone secretion, with active response to a 3-day HCG stimulation as well as prepuberty levels LH and FSH. This demonstrated the existence of functioning Leydig's cells. The diagnosis of agonadism and anorchia could not be entirely true since they lead to an erroneous conclusion that there always are some disseminated Leydig's cells."}
{"id": "PMID:862631", "title": "Vena cava resection with renal cell carcinoma.", "content": "Resection of an involved inferior vena cava along with a kidney tumor is quite feasible and can be curative. This situation is illustrated by a case which has survived for 30 months since such resection and the patient is still free of tumor. Although there is tendency to take venous involvement a sign of poor prognosis, a review of the literature has shown encouraging results with this aggressive approach. Other reasons are given for adopting the radical approach towards advanced or metastatic renal cell carcinoma.", "contents": "Vena cava resection with renal cell carcinoma. Resection of an involved inferior vena cava along with a kidney tumor is quite feasible and can be curative. This situation is illustrated by a case which has survived for 30 months since such resection and the patient is still free of tumor. Although there is tendency to take venous involvement a sign of poor prognosis, a review of the literature has shown encouraging results with this aggressive approach. Other reasons are given for adopting the radical approach towards advanced or metastatic renal cell carcinoma."}
{"id": "PMID:862632", "title": "An osteotomy technique in the treatment of staghorn calculus.", "content": "A technique was devised for dividing the staghorn calculus with an osteotome after obtaining access to the stone by means of a partial nephrectomy aided by renal hypothermia. The advantages of the procedure are a better control of haemorrhage and a clean cut in the stone with removal of predetermined fragments and a diminished splinter formation. In 17 operations there were no complications of haemorrhage nor urinary fistula and, as yet, no recurrence of stone.", "contents": "An osteotomy technique in the treatment of staghorn calculus. A technique was devised for dividing the staghorn calculus with an osteotome after obtaining access to the stone by means of a partial nephrectomy aided by renal hypothermia. The advantages of the procedure are a better control of haemorrhage and a clean cut in the stone with removal of predetermined fragments and a diminished splinter formation. In 17 operations there were no complications of haemorrhage nor urinary fistula and, as yet, no recurrence of stone."}
{"id": "PMID:862633", "title": "Vaso-vasostomy, a modified technique.", "content": "A modified technique for vaso-vasostomy is described with the aim to achieve better results in operative recanalization and restoration of fertility after vasectomy. Vaso-vasostomy is a success when the man is able to produce fertile semen. Criteria for a fertile semen are mentioned. Fertile semen was obtained in all 5 patients treated by this modified technique.", "contents": "Vaso-vasostomy, a modified technique. A modified technique for vaso-vasostomy is described with the aim to achieve better results in operative recanalization and restoration of fertility after vasectomy. Vaso-vasostomy is a success when the man is able to produce fertile semen. Criteria for a fertile semen are mentioned. Fertile semen was obtained in all 5 patients treated by this modified technique."}
{"id": "PMID:862634", "title": "Rectal bladder with dorsolateral, intrasphincteric submucosal pul through of the sigmoid colon in adult bladder cancer patients. Five years later.", "content": "Report on 12 adult bladder tumor patients with cystectomy, rectal bladder and dorsolateral, intrasphincteric pull through of the sigmoid and anal colostomy (N\u00e9d\u00e9lec type). Voluntary control of feces and urine was found satisfactory by most patients although urinary continence at night was not perfect. The long-term prognosis with this form of urinary diversion in patients with bladder cancer was far from satisfactory: 4 patients died of recurrent carcinoma with terminal symptoms of sepsis, but 5 patients died from primary sepsis (and not cancer) from 3 months to 4 years after diversion. It seems that this bad prognosis was due to insufficient separation of urinary and fecal passage in a group of patients, where the upper urinary tract has often already suffered as the result of earlier tumor treatment. Fewer complications might be expected with an intersphincteric pull through and perineal colostomy (Gersuny type).", "contents": "Rectal bladder with dorsolateral, intrasphincteric submucosal pul through of the sigmoid colon in adult bladder cancer patients. Five years later. Report on 12 adult bladder tumor patients with cystectomy, rectal bladder and dorsolateral, intrasphincteric pull through of the sigmoid and anal colostomy (N\u00e9d\u00e9lec type). Voluntary control of feces and urine was found satisfactory by most patients although urinary continence at night was not perfect. The long-term prognosis with this form of urinary diversion in patients with bladder cancer was far from satisfactory: 4 patients died of recurrent carcinoma with terminal symptoms of sepsis, but 5 patients died from primary sepsis (and not cancer) from 3 months to 4 years after diversion. It seems that this bad prognosis was due to insufficient separation of urinary and fecal passage in a group of patients, where the upper urinary tract has often already suffered as the result of earlier tumor treatment. Fewer complications might be expected with an intersphincteric pull through and perineal colostomy (Gersuny type)."}
{"id": "PMID:862635", "title": "Selective hypothermic perfusion of the kidney for intrarenal surgery.", "content": "Clinical experience and physiological consideration of selective hypothermia for conservative renal surgery are described. While surface cooling is satisfactory for relatively short ischaemia times, continuous renal perfusion via catheters offers the best wash-out and a completely bloodless field for lengthy surgical procedures. This is demonstrated by a comparison of three different methods of renal hypothermia in somewhat similar cases. During the last 6 years we have successfully used a continuous perfusion technique by direct introduction of catheters into the renal vessels in 16 selected cases. Advantages and drawbacks of this method are discussed.", "contents": "Selective hypothermic perfusion of the kidney for intrarenal surgery. Clinical experience and physiological consideration of selective hypothermia for conservative renal surgery are described. While surface cooling is satisfactory for relatively short ischaemia times, continuous renal perfusion via catheters offers the best wash-out and a completely bloodless field for lengthy surgical procedures. This is demonstrated by a comparison of three different methods of renal hypothermia in somewhat similar cases. During the last 6 years we have successfully used a continuous perfusion technique by direct introduction of catheters into the renal vessels in 16 selected cases. Advantages and drawbacks of this method are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:862636", "title": "Hydrostatic overdistension for contracted tuberculous bladder. A review of 61 cases.", "content": "When a contracted tuberculous bladder is not improved on anti-tuberculosis drug treatment the bladder capacity can be increase by hydrostatic overdistension, done either cystoscopically if reflux is present, or by using a balloon catheter. Of 61 cases so treated, 40 showed marked improvement and 24 of these needed only one overdistension, and the rest required more than one treatment. Nine cases showed no improvement but no further deterioration and 12 cases had continued deterioration.", "contents": "Hydrostatic overdistension for contracted tuberculous bladder. A review of 61 cases. When a contracted tuberculous bladder is not improved on anti-tuberculosis drug treatment the bladder capacity can be increase by hydrostatic overdistension, done either cystoscopically if reflux is present, or by using a balloon catheter. Of 61 cases so treated, 40 showed marked improvement and 24 of these needed only one overdistension, and the rest required more than one treatment. Nine cases showed no improvement but no further deterioration and 12 cases had continued deterioration."}
{"id": "PMID:862637", "title": "The wandering testicular pain.", "content": "A typical syndrome of wandering testicular pain and unilateral hydrocele has been observed in three patients.. It is caused by intravaginal, which seem to arise from testicular and epididymal appendices undergoing gradual necrosis and subsequent calcification during torsion.", "contents": "The wandering testicular pain. A typical syndrome of wandering testicular pain and unilateral hydrocele has been observed in three patients.. It is caused by intravaginal, which seem to arise from testicular and epididymal appendices undergoing gradual necrosis and subsequent calcification during torsion."}
{"id": "PMID:862638", "title": "Impotence and diabetes mellitus.", "content": "Impotence is a rather frequent symptom in the diabetic patient. The aetiology of this problem is not clear. Urodynamic and hormonal examinations have been performed in a group of 10 diabetics with impotence in order to evaluate its neurogenic and endocrine factor. The determination of the parameters that effect micturition are dependent on the erector nerve, which at the same time participates in erection, demonstrating the existence of a neuropathy of the erector nerve and shows if it is responsible for the impotence. The hormonal examinations were all normal. The different urodynamic alterations which have been found are tabulated and the importance of a simple determination of voiding time, as a proof in the screening of these patients, is emphasized.", "contents": "Impotence and diabetes mellitus. Impotence is a rather frequent symptom in the diabetic patient. The aetiology of this problem is not clear. Urodynamic and hormonal examinations have been performed in a group of 10 diabetics with impotence in order to evaluate its neurogenic and endocrine factor. The determination of the parameters that effect micturition are dependent on the erector nerve, which at the same time participates in erection, demonstrating the existence of a neuropathy of the erector nerve and shows if it is responsible for the impotence. The hormonal examinations were all normal. The different urodynamic alterations which have been found are tabulated and the importance of a simple determination of voiding time, as a proof in the screening of these patients, is emphasized."}
{"id": "PMID:862639", "title": "Intermittent self-catheterization, and alternative in the treatment of neurogenic urinary incontinence in women.", "content": "Preservation of kidney function and management of incontinence are the main goals of urological rehabilitation in patients with neurogenic bladder disturbance. It is also the assumption of social intergration. Whereas in male patients this problem can be mostly solved, if need be, by a urinal, females still rely on pads or operative procedures with the risk of complications and failures. For this group of patients intermittent catheterization and, respectively, intermittent self-catheterization, is in selected cases a helpful and harmless method to achieve this goal. Contrary to operative procedures nothing is destroyed and all possibilities remain open for further and better treatment, hopefully soon available. This report presents our experience and results from 12 female patients with neurogenic urinary incontinence, who were treated with this method between 1972 and 1976.", "contents": "Intermittent self-catheterization, and alternative in the treatment of neurogenic urinary incontinence in women. Preservation of kidney function and management of incontinence are the main goals of urological rehabilitation in patients with neurogenic bladder disturbance. It is also the assumption of social intergration. Whereas in male patients this problem can be mostly solved, if need be, by a urinal, females still rely on pads or operative procedures with the risk of complications and failures. For this group of patients intermittent catheterization and, respectively, intermittent self-catheterization, is in selected cases a helpful and harmless method to achieve this goal. Contrary to operative procedures nothing is destroyed and all possibilities remain open for further and better treatment, hopefully soon available. This report presents our experience and results from 12 female patients with neurogenic urinary incontinence, who were treated with this method between 1972 and 1976."}
{"id": "PMID:862640", "title": "Calcified bacteria in renal stones: electron-microscopic aspects.", "content": "In some renal calculi whose structure was studied in thin sections, we have found large numbers of rods of the size and shape of bacteria, included in a material consisting of defective apatite calcium phosphates and organic matter. Electron transmission microscopy showed patterns of partially calcified bacteria. With the scanning electron microscopy we obtained only images of bacterial impressions. In struvite stones bacteria are rarely found in thin sections. Extremely high ammonium alkalinisation does not seem to be compatible with the preservation of bacterial bodies capable of being calcified.", "contents": "Calcified bacteria in renal stones: electron-microscopic aspects. In some renal calculi whose structure was studied in thin sections, we have found large numbers of rods of the size and shape of bacteria, included in a material consisting of defective apatite calcium phosphates and organic matter. Electron transmission microscopy showed patterns of partially calcified bacteria. With the scanning electron microscopy we obtained only images of bacterial impressions. In struvite stones bacteria are rarely found in thin sections. Extremely high ammonium alkalinisation does not seem to be compatible with the preservation of bacterial bodies capable of being calcified."}
{"id": "PMID:862647", "title": "Biliary excretion and enterochepatic recycling of proscillaridin A after oral adminstration to man.", "content": "A single oral dose of proscillaridin A (1.0-1.5 mg) was given to six patients with T-tube drainage of the common bile duct, and simultaneous samples of bile and plasma were collected at various times during the following 24 hours. Glycoside activity was assayed by the 86Rb-uptake inhibition technique. Peak activities in plasma (mean 0.80 ng/ml) were attained after 0.5-2h, and in bile (mean 6.9 ng/ml) after 1-4h. Subsequently, proscillaridin activity in bile was less than 5 ng/ml for the remainder of the sampling period, and 10-100 times higher than that in plasma. Bile samples treated with beta-glucuronidase and sulphatase showed 100-200 fold increase in glycoside activity. Deconjugation was also produced by treatment with enteric contents. The results suggest that conjugation of unchanged proscillaridin is a major metabolic route. After excretion in the bile, the conjugates may be split in the intestine and reabsorbed as active glycoside.", "contents": "Biliary excretion and enterochepatic recycling of proscillaridin A after oral adminstration to man. A single oral dose of proscillaridin A (1.0-1.5 mg) was given to six patients with T-tube drainage of the common bile duct, and simultaneous samples of bile and plasma were collected at various times during the following 24 hours. Glycoside activity was assayed by the 86Rb-uptake inhibition technique. Peak activities in plasma (mean 0.80 ng/ml) were attained after 0.5-2h, and in bile (mean 6.9 ng/ml) after 1-4h. Subsequently, proscillaridin activity in bile was less than 5 ng/ml for the remainder of the sampling period, and 10-100 times higher than that in plasma. Bile samples treated with beta-glucuronidase and sulphatase showed 100-200 fold increase in glycoside activity. Deconjugation was also produced by treatment with enteric contents. The results suggest that conjugation of unchanged proscillaridin is a major metabolic route. After excretion in the bile, the conjugates may be split in the intestine and reabsorbed as active glycoside."}
{"id": "PMID:862648", "title": "Proscillaridin activity in portal and peripheral venous blood after oral administration to man.", "content": "The absorption of proscillaridin A was studied in four patients undergoing catheterization of the portal vein for diagnostic purposes. Proscillaridin 1.5 mg was given as a single oral dose and plasma glycoside activity was analyzed by the 86Rb-uptake inhibition technique. Proscillaridin appeared rapidly in the portal blood, peak activity being found after 15 min in three and after 30 min in one patient. In peripheral blood the peak activity occurred after approximately 35 min. Despite rapid passage across the gut wall, porto-peripheral differences in glycoside activity were small; they were zero after 4h. The mean amount absorbed as active porscillaridin during the first 4h after the dose was calculated to be only 7.1% of the given amount. Late porto-peripheral differences, probably due to enterohepatic recycling, appeared after 6h in three patients; The results suggest that proscillaridin undergoes first pass inactivation in the gut wall. Enterohepatic recirculation may contribute to the amounts of active glycoside that reach the systemic circulation.", "contents": "Proscillaridin activity in portal and peripheral venous blood after oral administration to man. The absorption of proscillaridin A was studied in four patients undergoing catheterization of the portal vein for diagnostic purposes. Proscillaridin 1.5 mg was given as a single oral dose and plasma glycoside activity was analyzed by the 86Rb-uptake inhibition technique. Proscillaridin appeared rapidly in the portal blood, peak activity being found after 15 min in three and after 30 min in one patient. In peripheral blood the peak activity occurred after approximately 35 min. Despite rapid passage across the gut wall, porto-peripheral differences in glycoside activity were small; they were zero after 4h. The mean amount absorbed as active porscillaridin during the first 4h after the dose was calculated to be only 7.1% of the given amount. Late porto-peripheral differences, probably due to enterohepatic recycling, appeared after 6h in three patients; The results suggest that proscillaridin undergoes first pass inactivation in the gut wall. Enterohepatic recirculation may contribute to the amounts of active glycoside that reach the systemic circulation."}
{"id": "PMID:862649", "title": "Pharmacokinetics of paracetamol (acetaminophen) after intravenous and oral administration.", "content": "Plasma paracetamol concentrations were measured in 6 volunteers after single intravenous (1000 mg) and oral (500 mg, 1000 mg and 2000 mg) doses of the drug. Paracetamol levels declined multiphasically with a mean clearance after intravenous administration of 352 +/- 40 ml/min. A two-compartment open model appeared to describe the decline adequately. Comparison of the areas under the plasma concentration-time curves (AUC) indicated that oral bioavailability increased from 0.63 +/- 0.02 after 500 mg, to 0.89 +/- 0.04 and 0.87 +/- 0.08 after 1000 mg and 2000 mg, respectively. As a consequence of the incomplete bioavailability of paracetamol, as well as its multicompartmental distribution, accurate estimates of its distribution volume and clearance cannot be obtained if the drug is given orally. However, an estimate of its total plasma clearance may be derived from the AUC after a 500 mg oral dose.", "contents": "Pharmacokinetics of paracetamol (acetaminophen) after intravenous and oral administration. Plasma paracetamol concentrations were measured in 6 volunteers after single intravenous (1000 mg) and oral (500 mg, 1000 mg and 2000 mg) doses of the drug. Paracetamol levels declined multiphasically with a mean clearance after intravenous administration of 352 +/- 40 ml/min. A two-compartment open model appeared to describe the decline adequately. Comparison of the areas under the plasma concentration-time curves (AUC) indicated that oral bioavailability increased from 0.63 +/- 0.02 after 500 mg, to 0.89 +/- 0.04 and 0.87 +/- 0.08 after 1000 mg and 2000 mg, respectively. As a consequence of the incomplete bioavailability of paracetamol, as well as its multicompartmental distribution, accurate estimates of its distribution volume and clearance cannot be obtained if the drug is given orally. However, an estimate of its total plasma clearance may be derived from the AUC after a 500 mg oral dose."}
{"id": "PMID:862650", "title": "Stimulation of drug metabolism by rifampicin in patients with cirrhosis or cholestasis measured by increased hexobarbital and tolbutamide clearance.", "content": "Eleven patients with hepatic cirrhosis or cholestasis were treated with rifampicin for 7 to 132 days. Ten patients received hexobarbital (7.32 mg/kg) and five received tolbutamide (20 mg/kg) by i.v. infusion prior to and after rifampicin treatment; plasma concentrations of the two test compounds were determined during and after infusion. The average elimination half-life of hexobarbital had decreased from 624 to 262 min and that of tolbutamide from 292 to 160 min following rifampicin treatment. It was calculated that the metabolic clearance of hexobarbital had increased more than two-fold and that of tolbutamide almost two-fold. The results suggests that rifampicin is able to stimulate hepatic drug metabolism in patients with liver disease. It was apparent in general that the induction did not lead to improvement of hepatocellular function during disease as judged by laboratory findings.", "contents": "Stimulation of drug metabolism by rifampicin in patients with cirrhosis or cholestasis measured by increased hexobarbital and tolbutamide clearance. Eleven patients with hepatic cirrhosis or cholestasis were treated with rifampicin for 7 to 132 days. Ten patients received hexobarbital (7.32 mg/kg) and five received tolbutamide (20 mg/kg) by i.v. infusion prior to and after rifampicin treatment; plasma concentrations of the two test compounds were determined during and after infusion. The average elimination half-life of hexobarbital had decreased from 624 to 262 min and that of tolbutamide from 292 to 160 min following rifampicin treatment. It was calculated that the metabolic clearance of hexobarbital had increased more than two-fold and that of tolbutamide almost two-fold. The results suggests that rifampicin is able to stimulate hepatic drug metabolism in patients with liver disease. It was apparent in general that the induction did not lead to improvement of hepatocellular function during disease as judged by laboratory findings."}
{"id": "PMID:862652", "title": "Pharmacokinetics and relative bioavailability of levomepromazine after repeated administration of tablets and syrup.", "content": "Plasma levels of levomepromazine and its sulphoxide were measured in 8 psychiatric patients after repeated doses of levomepromazine tablets or syrup. The rate and extent of absorption of the drug were similar for the two dosage forms, although the extent of presystemic metabolism appeared to be slightly greater after administration of syrup than of tablets. The biological half-life of levomepromazine ranged from 16.5 h to 77.8 h, and a 13-fold variation was seen in the ratio of the total clearance to the absorbed fraction of the dose (Cl/Fpo). It is postulated that individual variation in the dose required for therapy was due in part to individual variation in the pharmacokinetics of the drug.", "contents": "Pharmacokinetics and relative bioavailability of levomepromazine after repeated administration of tablets and syrup. Plasma levels of levomepromazine and its sulphoxide were measured in 8 psychiatric patients after repeated doses of levomepromazine tablets or syrup. The rate and extent of absorption of the drug were similar for the two dosage forms, although the extent of presystemic metabolism appeared to be slightly greater after administration of syrup than of tablets. The biological half-life of levomepromazine ranged from 16.5 h to 77.8 h, and a 13-fold variation was seen in the ratio of the total clearance to the absorbed fraction of the dose (Cl/Fpo). It is postulated that individual variation in the dose required for therapy was due in part to individual variation in the pharmacokinetics of the drug."}
{"id": "PMID:862653", "title": "Cerebrospinal fluid amine metabolites after combined amitriptyline-triiodothyronine treatment of depressed women.", "content": "Levels of 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid and homovanillic acid were measured in cerebrospinal fluid from 33 depressed women with no clinical response to amitriptyline, before and after combination treatment with triiodothyronine. Although the latter showed significant clinical improvement, changes in CSF amine metabolites did not differ significantly from a control group of 16 therapy-resistant depressed women receiving higher doses of amitriptyline. Possible explanations for the mechanism of action of triiodothyronine are discussed.", "contents": "Cerebrospinal fluid amine metabolites after combined amitriptyline-triiodothyronine treatment of depressed women. Levels of 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid and homovanillic acid were measured in cerebrospinal fluid from 33 depressed women with no clinical response to amitriptyline, before and after combination treatment with triiodothyronine. Although the latter showed significant clinical improvement, changes in CSF amine metabolites did not differ significantly from a control group of 16 therapy-resistant depressed women receiving higher doses of amitriptyline. Possible explanations for the mechanism of action of triiodothyronine are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:862654", "title": "Effect on maturation of kidney function in newborn infants of repeated administration of water and electrolytes.", "content": "In newborn infants of various ages, the influence of repeated administration of water and electrolytes on renal excretion of urine, sodium, potassium, free and bound hydrogen ions and on urine osmolarity was studied. In 14- and 21-day-old infants the repeated administration of water and electrolytes was followed by diminution of renal excretion of hydrogen ions and potassium, possibly caused by stimulation of hormonal regulation of ion exchange in the kidney. In animal studies performed with a larger water and electrolyte load, stimulation of renal excretion of sodium was caused by the pretreatment.", "contents": "Effect on maturation of kidney function in newborn infants of repeated administration of water and electrolytes. In newborn infants of various ages, the influence of repeated administration of water and electrolytes on renal excretion of urine, sodium, potassium, free and bound hydrogen ions and on urine osmolarity was studied. In 14- and 21-day-old infants the repeated administration of water and electrolytes was followed by diminution of renal excretion of hydrogen ions and potassium, possibly caused by stimulation of hormonal regulation of ion exchange in the kidney. In animal studies performed with a larger water and electrolyte load, stimulation of renal excretion of sodium was caused by the pretreatment."}
{"id": "PMID:862656", "title": "Control of immunity in parental and F1 hybrid mouse strains to a spontaneously arising parental tumor. I. Correlation between in vitro and in vivo anti-tumor reactivity in responsive and unresponsive animals.", "content": "This study has investigated the in vivo and in vitro cellular immunity of the AKR/J, (AKR/J x C57BL/6)F1 and (AKR/J x DBA/2)F1 mouse strains to a spontaneously arising AKR/J tumor. The study concludes that: 1) there is an excellent correlation between the growth of the tumor in vivo, and the ability of spleen cells from the respective strains to generate both primary and secondary cell-mediated cytotoxic responses in vitro; and 2) one F1 host can be considered a responder against this tumor, whereas the other F1 strains studied appears to be genetically nonresponsive. Possible mechanisms relating to the observed patterns of response are discussed.", "contents": "Control of immunity in parental and F1 hybrid mouse strains to a spontaneously arising parental tumor. I. Correlation between in vitro and in vivo anti-tumor reactivity in responsive and unresponsive animals. This study has investigated the in vivo and in vitro cellular immunity of the AKR/J, (AKR/J x C57BL/6)F1 and (AKR/J x DBA/2)F1 mouse strains to a spontaneously arising AKR/J tumor. The study concludes that: 1) there is an excellent correlation between the growth of the tumor in vivo, and the ability of spleen cells from the respective strains to generate both primary and secondary cell-mediated cytotoxic responses in vitro; and 2) one F1 host can be considered a responder against this tumor, whereas the other F1 strains studied appears to be genetically nonresponsive. Possible mechanisms relating to the observed patterns of response are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:862658", "title": "Lymphokine-induced secretion of plasminogen activator by murine macrophages.", "content": "Thioglycollate-stimulated macrophages are known to release a plasminogen activator (PA) into the medium. In this study it was investigated whether macrophages could be activated to release PA after exposure to lymphokines. Macrophage monolayers obtained by 24 h culture of proteose peptone-elicited murine exudate cells were incubated with lymphocyte culture supernatants. After 48 h the supernatants were replaced by serum-free medium and the macrophages were incubated for another 24-48 h. These supernatants were assayed for PA as measured by the lysis of 125I-labeled fibrin. The following results were obtained: (a) Supernatants of antigen or mitogen-stimulated spleen cells induced PA secretion by macrophages whereas control supernatants were ineffective. The same was found with supernatants of mitogen-stimulated lymph node cells. (b) PA secretion by macrophages seems to be induced by a rather narrow concentration range of lymphokines. (c) Lymphokine-induced PA secretion by macrophages is enhanced after phagocytosis of latex beads. The results show that PA secretion by activated macrophages can be considered as a parameter of immunoactivation.", "contents": "Lymphokine-induced secretion of plasminogen activator by murine macrophages. Thioglycollate-stimulated macrophages are known to release a plasminogen activator (PA) into the medium. In this study it was investigated whether macrophages could be activated to release PA after exposure to lymphokines. Macrophage monolayers obtained by 24 h culture of proteose peptone-elicited murine exudate cells were incubated with lymphocyte culture supernatants. After 48 h the supernatants were replaced by serum-free medium and the macrophages were incubated for another 24-48 h. These supernatants were assayed for PA as measured by the lysis of 125I-labeled fibrin. The following results were obtained: (a) Supernatants of antigen or mitogen-stimulated spleen cells induced PA secretion by macrophages whereas control supernatants were ineffective. The same was found with supernatants of mitogen-stimulated lymph node cells. (b) PA secretion by macrophages seems to be induced by a rather narrow concentration range of lymphokines. (c) Lymphokine-induced PA secretion by macrophages is enhanced after phagocytosis of latex beads. The results show that PA secretion by activated macrophages can be considered as a parameter of immunoactivation."}
{"id": "PMID:862659", "title": "Genetic control of contact sensitivity to oxazolone in inbred, H-2 congenic and intra-H-2 recombinant strains of mice.", "content": "Delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) to 2-phenyl-4-ethoxymethylene-5-oxazolone (oxazolone) was found to be under multigenic control in inbred, H-2 congenic and intra-H-2 recombinant strains of mice. A high response was associated with haplotypes H-2d,a,k and low response with haplotype H-2b. DTH to oxazolone was high or intermediate in different F1 hybrids of high and low responder mice. In F2 and backcross generations a higher response was associated with the \"dd\", than with \"bb\" phenotype, while intermediate response was found in the heterozygote \"db\" mice. A study of H-2 recombinant strains suggests that a gene controlling the DTH response maps in the I-B subregion of the H-2 complex. The response was significantly modified by gene(s) which are not linked to the H-2 complex and have not been mapped. Since congenitally athymic nude (nu/nu) mice did not respond to oxazolone, this contact sensitivity is belived to be a T cell-dependent immune response.", "contents": "Genetic control of contact sensitivity to oxazolone in inbred, H-2 congenic and intra-H-2 recombinant strains of mice. Delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) to 2-phenyl-4-ethoxymethylene-5-oxazolone (oxazolone) was found to be under multigenic control in inbred, H-2 congenic and intra-H-2 recombinant strains of mice. A high response was associated with haplotypes H-2d,a,k and low response with haplotype H-2b. DTH to oxazolone was high or intermediate in different F1 hybrids of high and low responder mice. In F2 and backcross generations a higher response was associated with the \"dd\", than with \"bb\" phenotype, while intermediate response was found in the heterozygote \"db\" mice. A study of H-2 recombinant strains suggests that a gene controlling the DTH response maps in the I-B subregion of the H-2 complex. The response was significantly modified by gene(s) which are not linked to the H-2 complex and have not been mapped. Since congenitally athymic nude (nu/nu) mice did not respond to oxazolone, this contact sensitivity is belived to be a T cell-dependent immune response."}
{"id": "PMID:862660", "title": "Thermoregulatory effects of intraventricularly injected dopamine in the goat.", "content": "Dopamine (DA) was injected in the third brain ventricle of goats and the thermoregulatory effects were studied under different ambient conditions. The effects depended on dose, ambient conditions and cannula used. In the cold, there was a drop in body temperature, sometimes accompanied by suppression of shivering and by vasodilatation. Both temperature decrease and suppression of shivering were dose-dependent but there was no relation between magnitude of temperature drop and occurrence of shivering suppression. In a thermoneutral environment, there was either a slight vasoconstriction or hypothermia, occasionally accompanied by induction of panting. In the heat, either hypothermia or hyperthermia was observed. Hypothermia was accompanied by an increase in panting. Hyperthermia only occurred when the animals became excited as a result of the injection of DA. It is concluded that DA acts by stimulating the thermoregulatory pathway from heat sensors to heat loss effectors at a locus similar to that for 5-hydroxytryptamine in the thermoregulation model of Bligh et al. (1971).", "contents": "Thermoregulatory effects of intraventricularly injected dopamine in the goat. Dopamine (DA) was injected in the third brain ventricle of goats and the thermoregulatory effects were studied under different ambient conditions. The effects depended on dose, ambient conditions and cannula used. In the cold, there was a drop in body temperature, sometimes accompanied by suppression of shivering and by vasodilatation. Both temperature decrease and suppression of shivering were dose-dependent but there was no relation between magnitude of temperature drop and occurrence of shivering suppression. In a thermoneutral environment, there was either a slight vasoconstriction or hypothermia, occasionally accompanied by induction of panting. In the heat, either hypothermia or hyperthermia was observed. Hypothermia was accompanied by an increase in panting. Hyperthermia only occurred when the animals became excited as a result of the injection of DA. It is concluded that DA acts by stimulating the thermoregulatory pathway from heat sensors to heat loss effectors at a locus similar to that for 5-hydroxytryptamine in the thermoregulation model of Bligh et al. (1971)."}
{"id": "PMID:862661", "title": "Central cardiovascular effects of phentolamine in chloralose-anesthetized cats.", "content": "Phentolamine (50, 100 and 200 microng/min for 30 min) perfused through the cerebroven system of chloralose-anesthetized cats produced dose-related reductions in tricular blood pressure. Evidence is presented which suggests that this hypotensive activity was due to an interaction at central nervous system sites and was not attributable to escape of the compound from the brain. Centrally administered phentolamine was more effective in lowering blood pressure than the i.v. infusion of phentolamine at a dose (25 microng/kg/min for 30 min) which markedly antagonized peripheral alpha-adrenoceptors. In addition, central phentolamine induced bradycardia in contrast to the tachycardia which accompanied i.v. administration. By limiting the perfusion of phentolamine to selected portions of the cerebrospinal fluid spaces a major site of action responsible for the hypotensive activity was located outside the ventricles in an area accessible from the subarachnoid spaces. A second, less important site, anterior to the midbrain adjacent to the ventricular system apparently contributed to the hypotension. Phentolamine, introduced centrally, also impaired reflexogenic bradycardia elicited by pressor doses of norepinephrine. Both the sympathetic withdrawal and the vagal activation which account for this reflex seemed to be antagonized by phentolamine.", "contents": "Central cardiovascular effects of phentolamine in chloralose-anesthetized cats. Phentolamine (50, 100 and 200 microng/min for 30 min) perfused through the cerebroven system of chloralose-anesthetized cats produced dose-related reductions in tricular blood pressure. Evidence is presented which suggests that this hypotensive activity was due to an interaction at central nervous system sites and was not attributable to escape of the compound from the brain. Centrally administered phentolamine was more effective in lowering blood pressure than the i.v. infusion of phentolamine at a dose (25 microng/kg/min for 30 min) which markedly antagonized peripheral alpha-adrenoceptors. In addition, central phentolamine induced bradycardia in contrast to the tachycardia which accompanied i.v. administration. By limiting the perfusion of phentolamine to selected portions of the cerebrospinal fluid spaces a major site of action responsible for the hypotensive activity was located outside the ventricles in an area accessible from the subarachnoid spaces. A second, less important site, anterior to the midbrain adjacent to the ventricular system apparently contributed to the hypotension. Phentolamine, introduced centrally, also impaired reflexogenic bradycardia elicited by pressor doses of norepinephrine. Both the sympathetic withdrawal and the vagal activation which account for this reflex seemed to be antagonized by phentolamine."}
{"id": "PMID:862662", "title": "On the reduced retention of extravesicular noradrenaline in rabbit atria produced by potassium.", "content": "The effects of KC1 on the retention of extravesicular (--)-[3H]noradrenaline were investigated. Atria, from reserpine-pretreated rabbits, were exposed to tropolone and pargyline before incubation with (--)-[3H]noradrenaline. After efflux for 50-60 min, exposure of tissues to media containing 65 mM KC1 resulted in increased efflux of (--)-[3H]noradrenaline. This effect was not Ca2+-dependent and was not altered by oxymetazoline, phentolamine, indomethacin or methacholine. The KC1-induced reduction in retention of (-)-[3H]noradrenaline was, however inhibited by cocaine and desipramine, but not by lidocaine. Efflux was not increased by RbCl and CsCl. It is suggested that KCl may have accelerated the efflux of extravesicular (--)-[3H]noradrenaline by increasing a cocaine- and desipramine-sensitive carrier-mediated efflux process.", "contents": "On the reduced retention of extravesicular noradrenaline in rabbit atria produced by potassium. The effects of KC1 on the retention of extravesicular (--)-[3H]noradrenaline were investigated. Atria, from reserpine-pretreated rabbits, were exposed to tropolone and pargyline before incubation with (--)-[3H]noradrenaline. After efflux for 50-60 min, exposure of tissues to media containing 65 mM KC1 resulted in increased efflux of (--)-[3H]noradrenaline. This effect was not Ca2+-dependent and was not altered by oxymetazoline, phentolamine, indomethacin or methacholine. The KC1-induced reduction in retention of (-)-[3H]noradrenaline was, however inhibited by cocaine and desipramine, but not by lidocaine. Efflux was not increased by RbCl and CsCl. It is suggested that KCl may have accelerated the efflux of extravesicular (--)-[3H]noradrenaline by increasing a cocaine- and desipramine-sensitive carrier-mediated efflux process."}
{"id": "PMID:862663", "title": "Adrenergic mechanism in cold stored taenia caecum after rewarming.", "content": "After cold storage of guinea-pig taenia strips for 4 days at 2 degrees C, structures with specific catecholamine fluorescence were not observed. Upon incubation in Krebs Ringer medium (37 degrees C) the fluorescence in the cold stored tissue reappeared and the density of fluorescence was comparable to that of fresh preparations. The specific fluorescence was affected following reserpine or 6-hydroxydopamine treatment; however, the rewarming process restored fluorescence only in the reserpine-treated tissue. The cold storage treatment (4 and 7 days) also decreased the tissue noradrenaline and dopamine contents and dopamine-beta-hydroxylase activity and inhibited the [3H-noradrenaline release from the tissue, all of which were not restored by the incubation procedure. Moreover, in these cold stored taenia the inhibitory effect to nicotine and perivascular nerve stimulation were not manifested. Therefore, the reappearance of specific fluorescence in the cold stored taenia strips after rewarming does not assure functional recovery of adrenergic nerve activity.", "contents": "Adrenergic mechanism in cold stored taenia caecum after rewarming. After cold storage of guinea-pig taenia strips for 4 days at 2 degrees C, structures with specific catecholamine fluorescence were not observed. Upon incubation in Krebs Ringer medium (37 degrees C) the fluorescence in the cold stored tissue reappeared and the density of fluorescence was comparable to that of fresh preparations. The specific fluorescence was affected following reserpine or 6-hydroxydopamine treatment; however, the rewarming process restored fluorescence only in the reserpine-treated tissue. The cold storage treatment (4 and 7 days) also decreased the tissue noradrenaline and dopamine contents and dopamine-beta-hydroxylase activity and inhibited the [3H-noradrenaline release from the tissue, all of which were not restored by the incubation procedure. Moreover, in these cold stored taenia the inhibitory effect to nicotine and perivascular nerve stimulation were not manifested. Therefore, the reappearance of specific fluorescence in the cold stored taenia strips after rewarming does not assure functional recovery of adrenergic nerve activity."}
{"id": "PMID:862664", "title": "The effects of tiadenol, clofibrate and clofibride on bile composition in the rat.", "content": "Biliary secretion was studied in normolipidemic rats after a 7 day treatment with the hypolipidemic drugs, tiadenol (bis-(hydroxyethylthio)-1,10-decane), clofibrate and clofibride (chloro-4-phenoxy-2-methyl-2-propionate of dimethylcarbamoyl-3-propyl). All three drugs decreased blood cholesterol and total lipids, increased liver weight and liver catalase content, and decreased biliary excretion of cholesterol. The biliary concentrations of bile salts, phospholipids and cholesterol decreased to a variable extent, in such a way that the ratio of bile salts + phospholipids to cholesterol was increased by the drugs. The bile salt independent fraction was increased. The effects were qualitatively similar for all three drugs tested, but quanitative differences appeared for some of the parameters.", "contents": "The effects of tiadenol, clofibrate and clofibride on bile composition in the rat. Biliary secretion was studied in normolipidemic rats after a 7 day treatment with the hypolipidemic drugs, tiadenol (bis-(hydroxyethylthio)-1,10-decane), clofibrate and clofibride (chloro-4-phenoxy-2-methyl-2-propionate of dimethylcarbamoyl-3-propyl). All three drugs decreased blood cholesterol and total lipids, increased liver weight and liver catalase content, and decreased biliary excretion of cholesterol. The biliary concentrations of bile salts, phospholipids and cholesterol decreased to a variable extent, in such a way that the ratio of bile salts + phospholipids to cholesterol was increased by the drugs. The bile salt independent fraction was increased. The effects were qualitatively similar for all three drugs tested, but quanitative differences appeared for some of the parameters."}
{"id": "PMID:862665", "title": "Possible role of endogenous catecholamines in the contractions induced in rabbit aorta by ouabain, sodium depletion and potassium depletion.", "content": "Effects of ouabain, Na+ depletion and K+ depletion on the tension development of rabbit aorta were studied. Contraction in the strips was induced by ouabain and Na+-free solution substituted with Li+, tris or sucrose. The contractions were rarely seen under alpha-adrenergic blockade, in reserpinized aorta and mechanically denervated aorta. Contractions induced by norepinephrine were potentiated by Na+ depletion, K+ depletion and ouabain. Contractions induced by high K+ solution were also potentiated by Na+ depletion and ouabain. The potentiation in Li+ solution, K+-free solution and with ouabain was not seen under alpha-adrenergic blockade, in reserpinized aorta and denervated aorta although the potentiation by tris and sucrose solutions was still observed. These data suggest that Na+ depletion, K+ depletion and ouabain release endogenous catecholamines which affect the contraction of the vascular smooth muscle of rabbit aorta.", "contents": "Possible role of endogenous catecholamines in the contractions induced in rabbit aorta by ouabain, sodium depletion and potassium depletion. Effects of ouabain, Na+ depletion and K+ depletion on the tension development of rabbit aorta were studied. Contraction in the strips was induced by ouabain and Na+-free solution substituted with Li+, tris or sucrose. The contractions were rarely seen under alpha-adrenergic blockade, in reserpinized aorta and mechanically denervated aorta. Contractions induced by norepinephrine were potentiated by Na+ depletion, K+ depletion and ouabain. Contractions induced by high K+ solution were also potentiated by Na+ depletion and ouabain. The potentiation in Li+ solution, K+-free solution and with ouabain was not seen under alpha-adrenergic blockade, in reserpinized aorta and denervated aorta although the potentiation by tris and sucrose solutions was still observed. These data suggest that Na+ depletion, K+ depletion and ouabain release endogenous catecholamines which affect the contraction of the vascular smooth muscle of rabbit aorta."}
{"id": "PMID:862718", "title": "Occurrence of oxalyl-CoA synthetase in Indian pulses.", "content": "The presence of oxalyl-CoA synthetase was observed in common edible pulses. Excepting in chick pea, the changes in oxalyl-CoA synthetase activity of winter pulses proceeded in stages. The enzyme remained more active in late strains than in early strains of winter pulses. Unlike the activity of the enzyme in winter pulses, that in summer pulses behaved differently.", "contents": "Occurrence of oxalyl-CoA synthetase in Indian pulses. The presence of oxalyl-CoA synthetase was observed in common edible pulses. Excepting in chick pea, the changes in oxalyl-CoA synthetase activity of winter pulses proceeded in stages. The enzyme remained more active in late strains than in early strains of winter pulses. Unlike the activity of the enzyme in winter pulses, that in summer pulses behaved differently."}
{"id": "PMID:862720", "title": "Nuclease for DNA apurinic sites in chicken liver.", "content": "Chicken liver crude extract produced acid-soluble diphenylamine-positive material in the presence of depurinated and alkylated DNA, while the formation of such material from normal and single stranded DNA was comparatively low. The maximum acid-soluble material produced was not increased further by alkali, indicating that the enzymatic action is mostly directed towards apurinic sites.", "contents": "Nuclease for DNA apurinic sites in chicken liver. Chicken liver crude extract produced acid-soluble diphenylamine-positive material in the presence of depurinated and alkylated DNA, while the formation of such material from normal and single stranded DNA was comparatively low. The maximum acid-soluble material produced was not increased further by alkali, indicating that the enzymatic action is mostly directed towards apurinic sites."}
{"id": "PMID:862723", "title": "Effects of Ag+ on frog skin: interactions with oxytocin, amiloride and ouabain.", "content": "Different biological effects of Ag+ (10(-4) M) were found depending on its presence in the outer or the inner solution bathing the frog skin. A marked increase in the electrical conductance and an interference with the action of oxytocin and amiloride were found only when Ag+ was added to the outer solution. Results suggest that Ag+ affects several transport processes, in particular the permeability of the Na entry pathways.", "contents": "Effects of Ag+ on frog skin: interactions with oxytocin, amiloride and ouabain. Different biological effects of Ag+ (10(-4) M) were found depending on its presence in the outer or the inner solution bathing the frog skin. A marked increase in the electrical conductance and an interference with the action of oxytocin and amiloride were found only when Ag+ was added to the outer solution. Results suggest that Ag+ affects several transport processes, in particular the permeability of the Na entry pathways."}
{"id": "PMID:862726", "title": "Role of Friend-associated lymphatic leukemia virus in immunization against Friend leukemia complex.", "content": "Mice inoculated with Friend leukemia complex (FLC) pretreated with concanavalin A are resistant to FLC challenge only when they have become infected with the FLC-associated lymphatic leukemia virus (LLV). In interpreting states of resistance to FLC induced by various immunizing procedures, the possibility that immunity is sustained by an unrecognized LLV infection should always be considered.", "contents": "Role of Friend-associated lymphatic leukemia virus in immunization against Friend leukemia complex. Mice inoculated with Friend leukemia complex (FLC) pretreated with concanavalin A are resistant to FLC challenge only when they have become infected with the FLC-associated lymphatic leukemia virus (LLV). In interpreting states of resistance to FLC induced by various immunizing procedures, the possibility that immunity is sustained by an unrecognized LLV infection should always be considered."}
{"id": "PMID:862728", "title": "Artificial kernels and food bands for raising Sitophilus oryzar (L.) on microscopic concave slides.", "content": "Artificial kernels and food bands (1 mm thick) stretched on concave microscopic slides proved inviting and very suitable for oviposition and for completing the life cycle of Sitophilus oryzae (L.). This artificial medium contains jelly, wheat flour and corn oil, its moisture content is 18.1%. This is the first time it was possible to breed an insect on artificial media on glass slides.", "contents": "Artificial kernels and food bands for raising Sitophilus oryzar (L.) on microscopic concave slides. Artificial kernels and food bands (1 mm thick) stretched on concave microscopic slides proved inviting and very suitable for oviposition and for completing the life cycle of Sitophilus oryzae (L.). This artificial medium contains jelly, wheat flour and corn oil, its moisture content is 18.1%. This is the first time it was possible to breed an insect on artificial media on glass slides."}
{"id": "PMID:862731", "title": "Synthesis of ecdysone-14C and ecdysterone-14C from cholesterol-14C in cockroaches (Periplaneta americana) without molting glands.", "content": "The synthesis of molting hormone of cockroaches of which the prothoracic glands had previously been extirpated was investigated after injection of cholesterol-14C. It could be proved by means of radio thin-layer chromatography of extracts that ecdysterone and in small amounts ecdysone are synthesized in Periplaneta americana larvae without prothoracic glands. The results demonstrate that other tissues are also able to perform the molting hormone besides the molting gland itself.", "contents": "Synthesis of ecdysone-14C and ecdysterone-14C from cholesterol-14C in cockroaches (Periplaneta americana) without molting glands. The synthesis of molting hormone of cockroaches of which the prothoracic glands had previously been extirpated was investigated after injection of cholesterol-14C. It could be proved by means of radio thin-layer chromatography of extracts that ecdysterone and in small amounts ecdysone are synthesized in Periplaneta americana larvae without prothoracic glands. The results demonstrate that other tissues are also able to perform the molting hormone besides the molting gland itself."}
{"id": "PMID:862732", "title": "Age-dependent change in the ability of protein synthesis by rat liver microsomes-significance of 2 associated factors.", "content": "An activator and an inhibitor of polypeptide synthesis were isolated from microsomes of rat liver. The young rat contained a higher level of the activator but a lower level of the inhibitor than the aged rat. The significantly higher ratio of the specific activity of the activator to inhibitor in the young microsomes helps explain the higher capacity for protein synthesis of these microsomes as compared to the microsomes of the aged animal.", "contents": "Age-dependent change in the ability of protein synthesis by rat liver microsomes-significance of 2 associated factors. An activator and an inhibitor of polypeptide synthesis were isolated from microsomes of rat liver. The young rat contained a higher level of the activator but a lower level of the inhibitor than the aged rat. The significantly higher ratio of the specific activity of the activator to inhibitor in the young microsomes helps explain the higher capacity for protein synthesis of these microsomes as compared to the microsomes of the aged animal."}
{"id": "PMID:862733", "title": "Light evoked release of radioactivity from rabbit retinas preloaded with (3H)-GABA.", "content": "Light flashes evoke an increased release of radioactivity in vitro from rabbit retinas preloaded with (3H)-GABA in vivo. Constant light does not affect the release. No light evoked release can be demonstrated from the glia. Pentobarbitone and AOAA depress the evoked release. The results are consistent with GABA being a retinal neuro-transmitter, most likely in a class of amacrines.", "contents": "Light evoked release of radioactivity from rabbit retinas preloaded with (3H)-GABA. Light flashes evoke an increased release of radioactivity in vitro from rabbit retinas preloaded with (3H)-GABA in vivo. Constant light does not affect the release. No light evoked release can be demonstrated from the glia. Pentobarbitone and AOAA depress the evoked release. The results are consistent with GABA being a retinal neuro-transmitter, most likely in a class of amacrines."}
{"id": "PMID:862735", "title": "Experimentally induced otitis and audiogenic seizure in the mouse.", "content": "Audiogenic seizures can be induced in genetically non-susceptible 17-day-old mice (Rb/3 strain) with various results. Priming only induces 9% of seizures, auditory insulation 3,8%, while experimental otitis leads to 79%. The hypothesis concerning disuse supersensitivity subsequent to acoustic deprivation was not confirmed by the experiment. However, modification of acoustic transmission at middle ear level induced by otitis or ear physical damage during the maturation period, exposes the upper nervous centers to intense stimulation to which the reaction is a recruiting response.", "contents": "Experimentally induced otitis and audiogenic seizure in the mouse. Audiogenic seizures can be induced in genetically non-susceptible 17-day-old mice (Rb/3 strain) with various results. Priming only induces 9% of seizures, auditory insulation 3,8%, while experimental otitis leads to 79%. The hypothesis concerning disuse supersensitivity subsequent to acoustic deprivation was not confirmed by the experiment. However, modification of acoustic transmission at middle ear level induced by otitis or ear physical damage during the maturation period, exposes the upper nervous centers to intense stimulation to which the reaction is a recruiting response."}
{"id": "PMID:862736", "title": "Intracellular recordings from Deiters' neurons in response to saccular and oculomotor nucleus stimulations.", "content": "2 populations of cells were found in the Deiters' nucleus responsive to direct electrical stimulation of the ipsilateral saccule. Only those Deiters' neurons activated monosynaptically from the saccule could be driven antidromically from the oculomotor nucleus. Such an intracellular study provides strong evidence for a tri-neuronal arc in the sacculo-ocular reflex for vertical eye movements.", "contents": "Intracellular recordings from Deiters' neurons in response to saccular and oculomotor nucleus stimulations. 2 populations of cells were found in the Deiters' nucleus responsive to direct electrical stimulation of the ipsilateral saccule. Only those Deiters' neurons activated monosynaptically from the saccule could be driven antidromically from the oculomotor nucleus. Such an intracellular study provides strong evidence for a tri-neuronal arc in the sacculo-ocular reflex for vertical eye movements."}
{"id": "PMID:862739", "title": "Electrically-induced mechanical activity of the isolated guinea-pig sciatic nerve. Influences of calcium and anoxia.", "content": "The electrically-induced motility of isolated segments of guinea-pig sciatic nerves is reported. This motility was characterized by waves of tensional variations. The removal of Ca2+ from the suspending solution, the addition of EDTA as well as anoxia, resulted in a decrement of tension accompanied by a prolonged duration of the cycles of mechanical activity.", "contents": "Electrically-induced mechanical activity of the isolated guinea-pig sciatic nerve. Influences of calcium and anoxia. The electrically-induced motility of isolated segments of guinea-pig sciatic nerves is reported. This motility was characterized by waves of tensional variations. The removal of Ca2+ from the suspending solution, the addition of EDTA as well as anoxia, resulted in a decrement of tension accompanied by a prolonged duration of the cycles of mechanical activity."}
{"id": "PMID:862758", "title": "Preparation of fixed antigenic, non-oncogenic and protective neoplastic cells.", "content": "Transplantable spontaneous mammary adenocarcinoma and sarcoma P 1798 cells were incubated with vibrio cholera neuraminidase (VCN), then fixed cells demonstrated ability to exclude trypan blue dye and to immunized animals and produce cytotoxic sera of high titers. The fixed neuramindase-treated tumor cells became non-oncogenic and protected the host against high doses of fresh untreated homologous tumors.", "contents": "Preparation of fixed antigenic, non-oncogenic and protective neoplastic cells. Transplantable spontaneous mammary adenocarcinoma and sarcoma P 1798 cells were incubated with vibrio cholera neuraminidase (VCN), then fixed cells demonstrated ability to exclude trypan blue dye and to immunized animals and produce cytotoxic sera of high titers. The fixed neuramindase-treated tumor cells became non-oncogenic and protected the host against high doses of fresh untreated homologous tumors."}
{"id": "PMID:862760", "title": "The role of the subependymal plate in the origin of gliomas induced by ethylnitrosourea in the rat brain.", "content": "The fine structure of early cell proliferations induced transplacentally by ethylnitrosourea in the rat brain reveals that the cells show features of the undifferentiated cells of the subependymal plate: high nuclear-cytoplasmic ratio, scarity of cell organelles and dominance of free over membrane-bound ribosomes. These findings suggest that most, if not all, gliomas induced by ethylnitrosourea originate from these primitive cells.", "contents": "The role of the subependymal plate in the origin of gliomas induced by ethylnitrosourea in the rat brain. The fine structure of early cell proliferations induced transplacentally by ethylnitrosourea in the rat brain reveals that the cells show features of the undifferentiated cells of the subependymal plate: high nuclear-cytoplasmic ratio, scarity of cell organelles and dominance of free over membrane-bound ribosomes. These findings suggest that most, if not all, gliomas induced by ethylnitrosourea originate from these primitive cells."}
{"id": "PMID:862763", "title": "Relation between stimulus intensity and neutrophil chemotactic response.", "content": "The effect of chemotactic peptides which lack chemokinetic activity has been investigated. The neutrophil response is proportional to the logarithm of the stimulus intensity, or alternatively a power function with an exponent of 0.3. Equal responses are obtained for equal ratios between the peptide concentration in the lower compartment and the threshold concentration. The significance of Weber-Fechner's law in leucocyte chemotaxis is discussed.", "contents": "Relation between stimulus intensity and neutrophil chemotactic response. The effect of chemotactic peptides which lack chemokinetic activity has been investigated. The neutrophil response is proportional to the logarithm of the stimulus intensity, or alternatively a power function with an exponent of 0.3. Equal responses are obtained for equal ratios between the peptide concentration in the lower compartment and the threshold concentration. The significance of Weber-Fechner's law in leucocyte chemotaxis is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:862764", "title": "The influence of long term estrogen treatment on plasma prolactin levels induced by ether anesthesia in ovariectomized rats.", "content": "2 methods of continuous estrogen delivery, polyestradiol phosphate injection and implantation of Silastic capsules of estradiol-17 beta, in ovariectomized rats induced increases in plasma prolactin in the afternoon (15.00-17.00) beginning at 1 week and continuing for 4-8 weeks. In addition these methods of estrogen treatment potentiated the ether-induced increase in plasma prolactin in the morning (9.00-11.00) beginning on week 2 and continuing for 3-8 weeks. These results indicate that estrogen activates the mechanisms that cause an afternoon surge in prolactin before potentiating a morning elevation induced by ether anesthesia.", "contents": "The influence of long term estrogen treatment on plasma prolactin levels induced by ether anesthesia in ovariectomized rats. 2 methods of continuous estrogen delivery, polyestradiol phosphate injection and implantation of Silastic capsules of estradiol-17 beta, in ovariectomized rats induced increases in plasma prolactin in the afternoon (15.00-17.00) beginning at 1 week and continuing for 4-8 weeks. In addition these methods of estrogen treatment potentiated the ether-induced increase in plasma prolactin in the morning (9.00-11.00) beginning on week 2 and continuing for 3-8 weeks. These results indicate that estrogen activates the mechanisms that cause an afternoon surge in prolactin before potentiating a morning elevation induced by ether anesthesia."}
{"id": "PMID:862767", "title": "Hypercalcitoninemia in pancreatitis--evidence for immunochemical heterogeneity.", "content": "Recently in our laboratory we have demonstrated increased immunoreactive calcitonin (iCT) levels in 4 patients with acute pancreatitis and hypocalcemia. The present study consists of 17 additional patients in whom serial determinations for (iCT) were performed. Furthermore, with the use of 2 different antisera directed against human calcitonin we present evidence for immunochemical heterogeneity of this hormone in acute pancreatitis.", "contents": "Hypercalcitoninemia in pancreatitis--evidence for immunochemical heterogeneity. Recently in our laboratory we have demonstrated increased immunoreactive calcitonin (iCT) levels in 4 patients with acute pancreatitis and hypocalcemia. The present study consists of 17 additional patients in whom serial determinations for (iCT) were performed. Furthermore, with the use of 2 different antisera directed against human calcitonin we present evidence for immunochemical heterogeneity of this hormone in acute pancreatitis."}
{"id": "PMID:862770", "title": "The occurrence of 12, 13-epoxytrichothecenes in seeds of safflower infected with Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. carthami.", "content": "From the seeds of safflower (Carthamus tinctorius Linn.), infected with Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. carthami, 3 toxic compounds have been isolated in quantities sufficient to cause mycotoxicosis on prolonged ingestion. 2 of these have been identified as diacetoxyscirpenol and T-2 toxin, while the third one has also been partially characterized as a 12, 13-epoxytrichothecene. Additionally, the incidence of secondary fusarial infection of healthy seeds due to contamination with the infected ones has been reported for the first time.", "contents": "The occurrence of 12, 13-epoxytrichothecenes in seeds of safflower infected with Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. carthami. From the seeds of safflower (Carthamus tinctorius Linn.), infected with Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. carthami, 3 toxic compounds have been isolated in quantities sufficient to cause mycotoxicosis on prolonged ingestion. 2 of these have been identified as diacetoxyscirpenol and T-2 toxin, while the third one has also been partially characterized as a 12, 13-epoxytrichothecene. Additionally, the incidence of secondary fusarial infection of healthy seeds due to contamination with the infected ones has been reported for the first time."}
{"id": "PMID:862771", "title": "The absolute configuration of SU 23397: a novel neuroleptic agent.", "content": "The absolute configuration of a novel chiral neuroleptic agent SU 23397 (I) was determined by ORD comparison of (+)-5-methoxy dihydro coumarilic acid (VIII), a synthetic precursor of SU 23397 (I), with (+)-dihydro coumarilic acid, whose absolute configuration is known. This assignment was confirmed by oxidative degradation of (+)-5-methoxy dihydro coumarilic acid VIII to D-(+)-malic acid.", "contents": "The absolute configuration of SU 23397: a novel neuroleptic agent. The absolute configuration of a novel chiral neuroleptic agent SU 23397 (I) was determined by ORD comparison of (+)-5-methoxy dihydro coumarilic acid (VIII), a synthetic precursor of SU 23397 (I), with (+)-dihydro coumarilic acid, whose absolute configuration is known. This assignment was confirmed by oxidative degradation of (+)-5-methoxy dihydro coumarilic acid VIII to D-(+)-malic acid."}
{"id": "PMID:862776", "title": "Calcite growth under controlled diffusion.", "content": "The growth of calcite was studied in a gelatin-gel medium under variable environmental conditions by 2 different methods. The results suggest that the organic matrix, the temperature, the diffusion fluctuation depending on ionic concentrations, and the presence of additives exert a fine control on the evolution of single crystals, polycrystalline aggregates, and highly structured concretions of calcite.", "contents": "Calcite growth under controlled diffusion. The growth of calcite was studied in a gelatin-gel medium under variable environmental conditions by 2 different methods. The results suggest that the organic matrix, the temperature, the diffusion fluctuation depending on ionic concentrations, and the presence of additives exert a fine control on the evolution of single crystals, polycrystalline aggregates, and highly structured concretions of calcite."}
{"id": "PMID:862778", "title": "On urea formation in marine mammals.", "content": "Ornithine carbamoyltransferase (EC 2.1.3.3) has been determined in homogenates of liver of the sei whale (Balaenoptera borealis), the bottle-nose dolphin (porpoise) (Tursiops truncatus) and California sea lion (Zalophus californianus). These marine mammals show levels of this ornithine-urea cycle enzyme which are typical of terrestrial mammals.", "contents": "On urea formation in marine mammals. Ornithine carbamoyltransferase (EC 2.1.3.3) has been determined in homogenates of liver of the sei whale (Balaenoptera borealis), the bottle-nose dolphin (porpoise) (Tursiops truncatus) and California sea lion (Zalophus californianus). These marine mammals show levels of this ornithine-urea cycle enzyme which are typical of terrestrial mammals."}
{"id": "PMID:862780", "title": "Gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric identification of epinine in rat superior cervical ganglia and formation in vivo.", "content": "Epinine was identified in rat superior cervical ganglia by a gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric method. The deuterated methyl group of i.v. administered labeled methionine was incorporated into epinine at a slow rate, although epinephrine-CD3 was rapidly formed. These results indicate that epinine found in the ganglia is not a precursor of epinephrine.", "contents": "Gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric identification of epinine in rat superior cervical ganglia and formation in vivo. Epinine was identified in rat superior cervical ganglia by a gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric method. The deuterated methyl group of i.v. administered labeled methionine was incorporated into epinine at a slow rate, although epinephrine-CD3 was rapidly formed. These results indicate that epinine found in the ganglia is not a precursor of epinephrine."}
{"id": "PMID:862784", "title": "Phalloidin poisoning of isolated hepatocytes: inhibition of protein synthesis.", "content": "Phalloidin added to isolated hepatocytes inhibits amino acid incorporation into protein. Inhibition is very strong with 20 micrograms/ml phalloidin and occurs after a lag period of about 30 min. After this period, poisoned hepatocytes also show morphological changes in their plasma membrane.", "contents": "Phalloidin poisoning of isolated hepatocytes: inhibition of protein synthesis. Phalloidin added to isolated hepatocytes inhibits amino acid incorporation into protein. Inhibition is very strong with 20 micrograms/ml phalloidin and occurs after a lag period of about 30 min. After this period, poisoned hepatocytes also show morphological changes in their plasma membrane."}
{"id": "PMID:862788", "title": "[Larval development and determinism of nymphal diapause in a Lepidoptera, Actias selene Hbn. (Attacidae) (author's transl)].", "content": "Actias selene has been reared under different conditions of lights, photophases and temperatures. The red light (630-670 nm) corresponding to the maximum of absorption of pterobilin and phorcabilin chromoproteins reduces the average length of development from 29 days to 50 days and totally inhibits the nymphal diapause. The results are discussed.", "contents": "[Larval development and determinism of nymphal diapause in a Lepidoptera, Actias selene Hbn. (Attacidae) (author's transl)]. Actias selene has been reared under different conditions of lights, photophases and temperatures. The red light (630-670 nm) corresponding to the maximum of absorption of pterobilin and phorcabilin chromoproteins reduces the average length of development from 29 days to 50 days and totally inhibits the nymphal diapause. The results are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:862791", "title": "Temperature-dependence of stress-induced hepatic autophagy.", "content": "In rats, restraint for 48 h elicits hepatic glycogen depletin, autophagy and other ultrastructural changes (e.g. mitochondrial enlargement and rough endoplasmic reticulum disorganization) associated with marked hypothermia. By restoring the body temperature of these animals, all the hepatocytic alterations are abolished.", "contents": "Temperature-dependence of stress-induced hepatic autophagy. In rats, restraint for 48 h elicits hepatic glycogen depletin, autophagy and other ultrastructural changes (e.g. mitochondrial enlargement and rough endoplasmic reticulum disorganization) associated with marked hypothermia. By restoring the body temperature of these animals, all the hepatocytic alterations are abolished."}
{"id": "PMID:862798", "title": "Effects of sera and liver extracts from partially hepatectomized rats on liver slice DNA synthesis.", "content": "Sera from partially hepatectomized rats (PH) compared to sera from control rats (C) enhance liver slice DNA synthesis but depress kidney slice DNA synthesis. Alone, liver extracts from PH do not affect DNA synthesis; but adding sera to PH extracts stimulates, suggesting that sera and liver factors from PH may participate in compensatory growth.", "contents": "Effects of sera and liver extracts from partially hepatectomized rats on liver slice DNA synthesis. Sera from partially hepatectomized rats (PH) compared to sera from control rats (C) enhance liver slice DNA synthesis but depress kidney slice DNA synthesis. Alone, liver extracts from PH do not affect DNA synthesis; but adding sera to PH extracts stimulates, suggesting that sera and liver factors from PH may participate in compensatory growth."}
{"id": "PMID:862800", "title": "Is the renal vasodilatation induced by beta-adrenoceptor stimulants in the dog mediated through dopamine receptor?", "content": "In chloralose-anaesthetized dogs the renal vasodilator effect of isoprenaline is depressed by blockade of either dopamine or beta-adrenoceptors but the renal vasodilator effect of dopamine is depressed only by blockade of dopamine receptors. This suggests that the vasodilatation induced by beta-stimulants within the canine kidney is due in part to activation of dopamine receptors.", "contents": "Is the renal vasodilatation induced by beta-adrenoceptor stimulants in the dog mediated through dopamine receptor? In chloralose-anaesthetized dogs the renal vasodilator effect of isoprenaline is depressed by blockade of either dopamine or beta-adrenoceptors but the renal vasodilator effect of dopamine is depressed only by blockade of dopamine receptors. This suggests that the vasodilatation induced by beta-stimulants within the canine kidney is due in part to activation of dopamine receptors."}
{"id": "PMID:862801", "title": "Hormonal manipulation of carrageenin-induced pyresis in rats,.", "content": "The intensity of the hyperthermic response in rats promoted by subplantar injections of 1 mg of carrageenin is directly related to the irritant properties of the type of carrageenin. The overall pyretic response is more dramatic in female rats than in male rats. Subtle changes in the time-course hyperthermic profiles are seen after hormonal modifications.", "contents": "Hormonal manipulation of carrageenin-induced pyresis in rats,. The intensity of the hyperthermic response in rats promoted by subplantar injections of 1 mg of carrageenin is directly related to the irritant properties of the type of carrageenin. The overall pyretic response is more dramatic in female rats than in male rats. Subtle changes in the time-course hyperthermic profiles are seen after hormonal modifications."}
{"id": "PMID:862803", "title": "Spectral changes resulting from the interaction of some N-alkyl nitrosamines and rat liver microsomes.", "content": "Dimethyl (DMN) and diethyl nitrosamine (DEN) do not give characteristic spectral changes upon interaction with rat liver microsomes, while dipropyl (DPN) and dibutyl (DBN) nitrosamine cause type I spectral changes. The spectral binding constant is 100 mM for DPN and 1.17 mM for DBN. The maximal spectral change is 3.2 X 10(6) and 1.0 X 10(6) absorbance units per milligram protein for DPN and DBN respectively.", "contents": "Spectral changes resulting from the interaction of some N-alkyl nitrosamines and rat liver microsomes. Dimethyl (DMN) and diethyl nitrosamine (DEN) do not give characteristic spectral changes upon interaction with rat liver microsomes, while dipropyl (DPN) and dibutyl (DBN) nitrosamine cause type I spectral changes. The spectral binding constant is 100 mM for DPN and 1.17 mM for DBN. The maximal spectral change is 3.2 X 10(6) and 1.0 X 10(6) absorbance units per milligram protein for DPN and DBN respectively."}
{"id": "PMID:862804", "title": "Thymus gland involution induced by lithium chloride.", "content": "Chronic treatment with lithium chloride produced significant involution of the thymus gland with histological evidence of reduced cellularity due to loss of thymic lymphocytes and a significant reduction in the weight of the gland in normal and adrenalectomized mice. Lithium also increased corticosterone levels in normal mice without changes in adrenal weights. The involution of the thymus gland is most likely due to an effect of lithium on the gland, and it is not mediated by adrenocortical mechanisms or stress.", "contents": "Thymus gland involution induced by lithium chloride. Chronic treatment with lithium chloride produced significant involution of the thymus gland with histological evidence of reduced cellularity due to loss of thymic lymphocytes and a significant reduction in the weight of the gland in normal and adrenalectomized mice. Lithium also increased corticosterone levels in normal mice without changes in adrenal weights. The involution of the thymus gland is most likely due to an effect of lithium on the gland, and it is not mediated by adrenocortical mechanisms or stress."}
{"id": "PMID:862812", "title": "Red blood cell glycolysis and potassium type in sheep.", "content": "Based on the observations made on human and dog red blood cells, it was recently proposed that the response of red cell glycolysis to variations in the levels of specific cations in an evolutionary adaptation in response to a specific cellular environment. We have now examined the effect of K+ and Na+ on the activity of pyruvate kinase (PK) in the red blood cells from 2 genetically different types of sheep high potassium (HK) and low potassium (LK). The results indicate that K+ stimulate glucose consumption and the activity of PK in both types of sheep. It thus appears that red cell PK from LK sheep does not fit into the concept of cellular environment and PK activity.", "contents": "Red blood cell glycolysis and potassium type in sheep. Based on the observations made on human and dog red blood cells, it was recently proposed that the response of red cell glycolysis to variations in the levels of specific cations in an evolutionary adaptation in response to a specific cellular environment. We have now examined the effect of K+ and Na+ on the activity of pyruvate kinase (PK) in the red blood cells from 2 genetically different types of sheep high potassium (HK) and low potassium (LK). The results indicate that K+ stimulate glucose consumption and the activity of PK in both types of sheep. It thus appears that red cell PK from LK sheep does not fit into the concept of cellular environment and PK activity."}
{"id": "PMID:862813", "title": "A simplified method for reading hemagglutinations on a flat-bottom microtitration plate in the mouse H-2 assay.", "content": "Kaliss' method for determining hemagglutination titer of mouse alloantiserum was modified to a simpler form. It became possible to read the hemagglutination directly on a flat-bottom microtitration plate using an inverted type microscope. Sensitivity of the modified method was almost the same as that of the original one. This method seems to be useful especially for the larger scale assay of H-2 specificities.", "contents": "A simplified method for reading hemagglutinations on a flat-bottom microtitration plate in the mouse H-2 assay. Kaliss' method for determining hemagglutination titer of mouse alloantiserum was modified to a simpler form. It became possible to read the hemagglutination directly on a flat-bottom microtitration plate using an inverted type microscope. Sensitivity of the modified method was almost the same as that of the original one. This method seems to be useful especially for the larger scale assay of H-2 specificities."}
{"id": "PMID:862814", "title": "Species difference in the effects of proteolytic enzymes on red cell membrane.", "content": "Pronase and alpha-chymotrypsin digested the major glycoprotein in the human and mouse red cell membranes and in SDS gel electrophoresis the glycoprotein disappeared accompanied by the appearance of a new band of lower mol. wt. However in the membranes of sheep, rat and rabbit, no digestion was demonstrated. The effects of pronase on anion permeability were almost identical for human and animal erythrocytes.", "contents": "Species difference in the effects of proteolytic enzymes on red cell membrane. Pronase and alpha-chymotrypsin digested the major glycoprotein in the human and mouse red cell membranes and in SDS gel electrophoresis the glycoprotein disappeared accompanied by the appearance of a new band of lower mol. wt. However in the membranes of sheep, rat and rabbit, no digestion was demonstrated. The effects of pronase on anion permeability were almost identical for human and animal erythrocytes."}
{"id": "PMID:862817", "title": "Aggregation pheromones in 2 Australian hard ticks, Ixodes holocyclus and Aponomma concolor.", "content": "The presence of an aggregation pheromone has been demonstrated for the first time in indigenous Australian ticks. Filter paper discs exposed to either Australian paralysis ticks Ixodes holocyclus or echidna ticks Aponomma concolor showed inter-sex or intra-sex attraction for ticks of their own species. Nymphal exuviae of Ap, concolor were highly attractive to adult ticks. Discs were significantly attractive to I. holocyclus at distances up to 80 cm.", "contents": "Aggregation pheromones in 2 Australian hard ticks, Ixodes holocyclus and Aponomma concolor. The presence of an aggregation pheromone has been demonstrated for the first time in indigenous Australian ticks. Filter paper discs exposed to either Australian paralysis ticks Ixodes holocyclus or echidna ticks Aponomma concolor showed inter-sex or intra-sex attraction for ticks of their own species. Nymphal exuviae of Ap, concolor were highly attractive to adult ticks. Discs were significantly attractive to I. holocyclus at distances up to 80 cm."}
{"id": "PMID:862819", "title": "The effect of small doses of antidiuretic hormone on renal excretion of sodium and water in saline loaded acutely hypophysectomized rats.", "content": "Small doses of vasopressin (200 micronU min-1 kg-1) did not influence the loss of ability of acutely hypophysectomized rats to react by natriuresis to the extracellular fluid volume expansion with saline, inspite of restoring their arterial blood pressure to normal. It is concluded that the level of antidiuretic hormone efficient enough to concentrate urine is not a decisive factor in the homeostatic mechanism promoting the 'volume' natriuresis.", "contents": "The effect of small doses of antidiuretic hormone on renal excretion of sodium and water in saline loaded acutely hypophysectomized rats. Small doses of vasopressin (200 micronU min-1 kg-1) did not influence the loss of ability of acutely hypophysectomized rats to react by natriuresis to the extracellular fluid volume expansion with saline, inspite of restoring their arterial blood pressure to normal. It is concluded that the level of antidiuretic hormone efficient enough to concentrate urine is not a decisive factor in the homeostatic mechanism promoting the 'volume' natriuresis."}
{"id": "PMID:862829", "title": "Birth control in India: the carrot and the rod?", "content": "The fall of the Indira Gandhi government seems to validate the prediction made six years ago by demographer Frank Notestein that any attempt by a developing country to force its people to use birth control methods \"would be more likely to bring down the government than the birthrate.\" This author, however, interviewing couples seeking sterilization, contraception and abortion, as well as the doctors, nurses and administrators who provided the service, just weeks before the upset election, found that family planning was very much wanted and needed by the people, and was being provided in an efficient and humane way. Thus, pressing the population panic button was probably not only unnecessary, but a tragic mistake on the part of the Gandhi government.", "contents": "Birth control in India: the carrot and the rod? The fall of the Indira Gandhi government seems to validate the prediction made six years ago by demographer Frank Notestein that any attempt by a developing country to force its people to use birth control methods \"would be more likely to bring down the government than the birthrate.\" This author, however, interviewing couples seeking sterilization, contraception and abortion, as well as the doctors, nurses and administrators who provided the service, just weeks before the upset election, found that family planning was very much wanted and needed by the people, and was being provided in an efficient and humane way. Thus, pressing the population panic button was probably not only unnecessary, but a tragic mistake on the part of the Gandhi government."}
{"id": "PMID:862830", "title": "Guessing and misinformation about pregnancy risk among urban mothers.", "content": "Only one-third of urban mothers interviewed twice, a year apart, answered correctly both times about when during the menstrual cycle a woman is most likely to become pregnant. Classroom discussions about contraception, attendance at family planning clinics, and discussions with one's mother about contraception are not positively associated with knowledge about pregnancy risk. Those using methods other than the pill or IUD are more knowledgeable about pregnancy risk--perhaps because they have a greater need to know.", "contents": "Guessing and misinformation about pregnancy risk among urban mothers. Only one-third of urban mothers interviewed twice, a year apart, answered correctly both times about when during the menstrual cycle a woman is most likely to become pregnant. Classroom discussions about contraception, attendance at family planning clinics, and discussions with one's mother about contraception are not positively associated with knowledge about pregnancy risk. Those using methods other than the pill or IUD are more knowledgeable about pregnancy risk--perhaps because they have a greater need to know."}
{"id": "PMID:862838", "title": "Observations of conjointly hospitalized \"alcoholic couples\" during sobriety and intoxication: implications for theory and therapy.", "content": "This paper presents clinical data from a research study designed to examine the relation between alcohol consumption and interactional behavior in \"alcoholic couples\". The central innovative feature of the study was the simultaneous admission to an inpatient setting of up to three couples, one or both members of which was alcoholic. The in-patient experience was part of an intensive, six-week, multiple-couples, group-therapy program. During hospitalization couples were encouraged to reproduce as closely as possible their usual drinking patterns and interactional behavior. Therapists utilized observations of interactional behavior during intoxication and sobriety to formulate central interactional and psychological issues for each couple. The authors utilized these same observations to develop the interactional model of alcoholism in families that is presented in detail in this paper. This model is an extension of earlier work delimiting an interactional theory of alcoholism based on general systems concepts.", "contents": "Observations of conjointly hospitalized \"alcoholic couples\" during sobriety and intoxication: implications for theory and therapy. This paper presents clinical data from a research study designed to examine the relation between alcohol consumption and interactional behavior in \"alcoholic couples\". The central innovative feature of the study was the simultaneous admission to an inpatient setting of up to three couples, one or both members of which was alcoholic. The in-patient experience was part of an intensive, six-week, multiple-couples, group-therapy program. During hospitalization couples were encouraged to reproduce as closely as possible their usual drinking patterns and interactional behavior. Therapists utilized observations of interactional behavior during intoxication and sobriety to formulate central interactional and psychological issues for each couple. The authors utilized these same observations to develop the interactional model of alcoholism in families that is presented in detail in this paper. This model is an extension of earlier work delimiting an interactional theory of alcoholism based on general systems concepts."}
{"id": "PMID:862839", "title": "Multiple overt incest as family defense against loss.", "content": "A case report of father-daughter incest is presented that illustrates the way in which overt incest can function as a multi-determined familial defense against separation and loss. The case is further distinguished by: (a) multiple incest and (b) family therapy--an approach infrequently described in the literature on this problem. The authors have adopted the psychodynamic view that incest expresses the collective psychopathology of all the family members as well as their common adaptational capacities. Specifically, we have attempted to demonstrate that separation anxiety was a shared dread in this family and that incest defended against this painful prospect.", "contents": "Multiple overt incest as family defense against loss. A case report of father-daughter incest is presented that illustrates the way in which overt incest can function as a multi-determined familial defense against separation and loss. The case is further distinguished by: (a) multiple incest and (b) family therapy--an approach infrequently described in the literature on this problem. The authors have adopted the psychodynamic view that incest expresses the collective psychopathology of all the family members as well as their common adaptational capacities. Specifically, we have attempted to demonstrate that separation anxiety was a shared dread in this family and that incest defended against this painful prospect."}
{"id": "PMID:862841", "title": "A system for tailoring change measures to the individual family.", "content": "The focus of this project is the problem of evaluating change in families. Prior work has tended to limit itself to anecdotal or self-report data. By and large, the studies that have evaluated a family intervention by observing family interactions have failed to demonstrate change. A major drawback in such studies has been the assumption that the few interaction variables selected (e.g., amount of silent time) have roughly the same salience and meaning for all the families studied. The measurement system described here was developed to fulfill four methodological requirements: (a) to represent the family as a whole; (b) to be sensitive to change; (c) to contain multiple measures; and (d) to be adaptable to the variation among families. The solution to these requirements, presented here, is a system for tailoring measures to individual families.", "contents": "A system for tailoring change measures to the individual family. The focus of this project is the problem of evaluating change in families. Prior work has tended to limit itself to anecdotal or self-report data. By and large, the studies that have evaluated a family intervention by observing family interactions have failed to demonstrate change. A major drawback in such studies has been the assumption that the few interaction variables selected (e.g., amount of silent time) have roughly the same salience and meaning for all the families studied. The measurement system described here was developed to fulfill four methodological requirements: (a) to represent the family as a whole; (b) to be sensitive to change; (c) to contain multiple measures; and (d) to be adaptable to the variation among families. The solution to these requirements, presented here, is a system for tailoring measures to individual families."}
{"id": "PMID:862842", "title": "Interpersonal perception in addict families.", "content": "A technique called the \"Interperception Matrix\" was devised to investigate interpersonal perception in eight families in which addicted offspring maintained close parental ties. The addict families were compared with eight matched control families. Several differences were found between the two types of families. In addict families: (a) addicts, their fathers, and their mothers all held the addicts in low regard; (b) addicts were described as very different from their parents; (c) parents and addicts disagreed more in their perception of the addicts; (d) there was a consensus that the addicts' major flaws were passivity and dependence; and (e) the addicts' mothers described themselves as less agreeable and more passive. Addict families and control families were similar in their descriptions of an ideal for the offspring and in generally favorable descriptions of both parents. These results extend and partially validate clinical observations that social perception in addict families serves to perpetuate opiate addiction by undermining addicts' self-esteem. These data, in conjunction with new understandings emerging from the addiction literature, support an approach to addiction therapy based on reframing family perception.", "contents": "Interpersonal perception in addict families. A technique called the \"Interperception Matrix\" was devised to investigate interpersonal perception in eight families in which addicted offspring maintained close parental ties. The addict families were compared with eight matched control families. Several differences were found between the two types of families. In addict families: (a) addicts, their fathers, and their mothers all held the addicts in low regard; (b) addicts were described as very different from their parents; (c) parents and addicts disagreed more in their perception of the addicts; (d) there was a consensus that the addicts' major flaws were passivity and dependence; and (e) the addicts' mothers described themselves as less agreeable and more passive. Addict families and control families were similar in their descriptions of an ideal for the offspring and in generally favorable descriptions of both parents. These results extend and partially validate clinical observations that social perception in addict families serves to perpetuate opiate addiction by undermining addicts' self-esteem. These data, in conjunction with new understandings emerging from the addiction literature, support an approach to addiction therapy based on reframing family perception."}
{"id": "PMID:862843", "title": "Paradigmatic classification of family therapy theories.", "content": "This review proposes a method for classifying theories of family therapy in terms of the ideal categories from which they derive. Establishing the relationship between a family-system theory and a more general world view facilitates the identification of unique aspects of theory and lays the groundwork for a theoretically consistent integration of therapy and research.", "contents": "Paradigmatic classification of family therapy theories. This review proposes a method for classifying theories of family therapy in terms of the ideal categories from which they derive. Establishing the relationship between a family-system theory and a more general world view facilitates the identification of unique aspects of theory and lays the groundwork for a theoretically consistent integration of therapy and research."}
{"id": "PMID:862844", "title": "Architecture: effect of territory, boundary, and orientation on family functioning.", "content": "Most students of family process and family therapy practitioners have failed to pay sufficient attention to the importance of the physical home environment. The thesis of this paper is that the physical home environment may facilitate or constrain inter- and intrafamily interaction, role relationships, values, and indentities. The paper presents a comprehensive review of the status of current knowledge concerning family interaction and the home environment. We propose a conceptual framework to facilitate discussion of the nature of man-environment relationships and focus attention on those aspects of the physical environment that have been noted as profoundly influencing family life. These are illustrated by three brief vignettes drawn from case studies of families in their home environment.", "contents": "Architecture: effect of territory, boundary, and orientation on family functioning. Most students of family process and family therapy practitioners have failed to pay sufficient attention to the importance of the physical home environment. The thesis of this paper is that the physical home environment may facilitate or constrain inter- and intrafamily interaction, role relationships, values, and indentities. The paper presents a comprehensive review of the status of current knowledge concerning family interaction and the home environment. We propose a conceptual framework to facilitate discussion of the nature of man-environment relationships and focus attention on those aspects of the physical environment that have been noted as profoundly influencing family life. These are illustrated by three brief vignettes drawn from case studies of families in their home environment."}
{"id": "PMID:862845", "title": "A mother-child, multiple-family, counseling program: procedures and results.", "content": "The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of a family counseling program of the following variables: (a) parents' family satisfaction, perceived integration, and family congruence; (b) the number of positive and negative responses communicated among family members; and (c) an undesirable behavior exhibited by one child in the family. The sample consisted of 14 families in the experimental condition and 11 families in the control condition. Mother and one child had responsibility for teaching other family members that principles taught during the multiple-family category sessions. The findings indicated: (a) parents receiving family counseling increased significantly their family-satisfaction and perceived-integration scores as compared to the parents not receiving counseling; (b) families receiving counseling increased significantly the number of positive responses among them compared with the control families; (c) children receiving counseling decreased significantly the frequency of exhibiting a specific undesirable behavior; and (d) no significant differences were found between the groups of families in parents' family-congruence scores and in the number of negative responses communicated among family members.", "contents": "A mother-child, multiple-family, counseling program: procedures and results. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of a family counseling program of the following variables: (a) parents' family satisfaction, perceived integration, and family congruence; (b) the number of positive and negative responses communicated among family members; and (c) an undesirable behavior exhibited by one child in the family. The sample consisted of 14 families in the experimental condition and 11 families in the control condition. Mother and one child had responsibility for teaching other family members that principles taught during the multiple-family category sessions. The findings indicated: (a) parents receiving family counseling increased significantly their family-satisfaction and perceived-integration scores as compared to the parents not receiving counseling; (b) families receiving counseling increased significantly the number of positive responses among them compared with the control families; (c) children receiving counseling decreased significantly the frequency of exhibiting a specific undesirable behavior; and (d) no significant differences were found between the groups of families in parents' family-congruence scores and in the number of negative responses communicated among family members."}
{"id": "PMID:862846", "title": "Structural family therapy for children of divorce: case reports.", "content": "Structural family therapy techniques for treating families with a parental divorce in which a child is symptomatic are described. The family configurations considered are: mother, child, and maternal grandparents; overprotective mother and child; helpless and mildly neglectful mother; father; new family formation; and couples who divorce and marry new spouses.", "contents": "Structural family therapy for children of divorce: case reports. Structural family therapy techniques for treating families with a parental divorce in which a child is symptomatic are described. The family configurations considered are: mother, child, and maternal grandparents; overprotective mother and child; helpless and mildly neglectful mother; father; new family formation; and couples who divorce and marry new spouses."}
{"id": "PMID:862847", "title": "The marital system of the hysterical individual.", "content": "The purpose of the present article is to supplement the considerable body of clinical literature that focuses on hysterical behavior from an individual perspective. Based on findings from a total sample of 16 couples, this paper accomplishes this task in a threefold manner. First, the characteristic type of individual who selects and is selected by the hysterical individual as a life partner is described. Second, the type of relationship these two individuals typically develop, which promotes and reinforces severely maladaptive behavior on the part of both is delineated. Third, a number of specific recommendations regarding psychotherapy for this type of relationship are proffered.", "contents": "The marital system of the hysterical individual. The purpose of the present article is to supplement the considerable body of clinical literature that focuses on hysterical behavior from an individual perspective. Based on findings from a total sample of 16 couples, this paper accomplishes this task in a threefold manner. First, the characteristic type of individual who selects and is selected by the hysterical individual as a life partner is described. Second, the type of relationship these two individuals typically develop, which promotes and reinforces severely maladaptive behavior on the part of both is delineated. Third, a number of specific recommendations regarding psychotherapy for this type of relationship are proffered."}
{"id": "PMID:862848", "title": "Time-extended family interviewing.", "content": "This paper presents a family-therapy technique--time-extended family interviewing--in which the therapist extends the traditional one-hour interview to three to seven hours, by plan, at a particular point in the life of a case and for a particular purpose. Extended sessions promote movement in a case for a variety of reasons. Furthermore, the use of such sessions highlights the dimension of time as an important element of good casework practice.", "contents": "Time-extended family interviewing. This paper presents a family-therapy technique--time-extended family interviewing--in which the therapist extends the traditional one-hour interview to three to seven hours, by plan, at a particular point in the life of a case and for a particular purpose. Extended sessions promote movement in a case for a variety of reasons. Furthermore, the use of such sessions highlights the dimension of time as an important element of good casework practice."}
{"id": "PMID:862878", "title": "[Bicyclic analogs of piperazine. XII. (1) - Synthesis of 3,8-diazabicyclo/3,2,1/octanes as potential antiparkinson agents].", "content": "As a part of research on 3,8-diazabicyclo [3,2,1] octanes, the Authors report on the synthesis of some amides of methyl, phenyl and cyclohexyltropic acid, potentially active as antiparkinson agents. Also reported is the synthesis of some compounds similar to two known drugs, Caramiphene and Cycrimine. These compounds differ from the said drugs in having a 3,8-diazabicyclo [3,2,1] octane as a basic moiety.", "contents": "[Bicyclic analogs of piperazine. XII. (1) - Synthesis of 3,8-diazabicyclo/3,2,1/octanes as potential antiparkinson agents]. As a part of research on 3,8-diazabicyclo [3,2,1] octanes, the Authors report on the synthesis of some amides of methyl, phenyl and cyclohexyltropic acid, potentially active as antiparkinson agents. Also reported is the synthesis of some compounds similar to two known drugs, Caramiphene and Cycrimine. These compounds differ from the said drugs in having a 3,8-diazabicyclo [3,2,1] octane as a basic moiety."}
{"id": "PMID:862879", "title": "DNA receptor sites for the intercalation of nogalamycin.", "content": "The intercalation of the planar chromophoric moiety of nogalamycin between two base pairs of duplex DNA has been evidenced by means of low-dichroism measurements. The possible presence of specific binding sites for mogalamycin on DNA has been suggested by studies on the denaturation and renaturation of DNA complexed with nogalamycin. A clear evidence was obtained by investigating the interaction of nogalamycin with polydeoxyribonucleotides containing known, regularly repeating sequences, used as model compounds. The results obtained with these polymers and the DNA suggest that the segment containing both purine (A,G) anf pyrimidine (T,C) bases in alternate sequences is the preferential receptor site on the DNA. A decreasing affinity is exhibited by poly d(A--T)-poly d(A--T), poly d(G--C)-poly d(G--C) and poly dG-poly dC segments, in the order. The poly dA-poly dT sequence appears to be closed to the interaction of nogalamycin.", "contents": "DNA receptor sites for the intercalation of nogalamycin. The intercalation of the planar chromophoric moiety of nogalamycin between two base pairs of duplex DNA has been evidenced by means of low-dichroism measurements. The possible presence of specific binding sites for mogalamycin on DNA has been suggested by studies on the denaturation and renaturation of DNA complexed with nogalamycin. A clear evidence was obtained by investigating the interaction of nogalamycin with polydeoxyribonucleotides containing known, regularly repeating sequences, used as model compounds. The results obtained with these polymers and the DNA suggest that the segment containing both purine (A,G) anf pyrimidine (T,C) bases in alternate sequences is the preferential receptor site on the DNA. A decreasing affinity is exhibited by poly d(A--T)-poly d(A--T), poly d(G--C)-poly d(G--C) and poly dG-poly dC segments, in the order. The poly dA-poly dT sequence appears to be closed to the interaction of nogalamycin."}
{"id": "PMID:862880", "title": "Synthetic analogs of natural prenylated and chromene chalcones.", "content": "A number of synthetic analogs of the prenylated and chromene chalcones isolated from lonchocarpus neuroscapha (Leguminosae) were obtained by condensation of prenylated acetophenones with substituted benzaldehydes. The antibacterial activity of these products was studied and correlated with their structure.", "contents": "Synthetic analogs of natural prenylated and chromene chalcones. A number of synthetic analogs of the prenylated and chromene chalcones isolated from lonchocarpus neuroscapha (Leguminosae) were obtained by condensation of prenylated acetophenones with substituted benzaldehydes. The antibacterial activity of these products was studied and correlated with their structure."}
{"id": "PMID:862881", "title": "[On the phytotoxicity of some N 1-phenyl-N 1- alkylureas].", "content": "A series of N1-phenyl-N1-alkylureas (E) and a series of N-carbamoyl derivatives of tetrahydroquinoline (D) were prepared and studied for phytotoxicity. The substances studied (Tables I, II, substances i leads to xxvii) were mostly new compounds and were prepared from suitable secondary amines by condensation with alkylating agents. Biological tests involved pre- and post-emergence treatment of five common weeds with doses of 6 kg/ha and lower doses (Tables i, ii). The tetrahydroquinoline derivatives (I leads to VII) proved inactive except for the N-dimethylcarbamoyl derivative (III) which on foliar absorption showed selective phytotoxicity against Vicia sativa L. Most of the members of the N1-phenyl-N1-alkylurea class (VIII leads to XXVII) did not have wide spectrum phytotoxicity. Some compounds have however interesting specificity of action against Vicia sativa L.", "contents": "[On the phytotoxicity of some N 1-phenyl-N 1- alkylureas]. A series of N1-phenyl-N1-alkylureas (E) and a series of N-carbamoyl derivatives of tetrahydroquinoline (D) were prepared and studied for phytotoxicity. The substances studied (Tables I, II, substances i leads to xxvii) were mostly new compounds and were prepared from suitable secondary amines by condensation with alkylating agents. Biological tests involved pre- and post-emergence treatment of five common weeds with doses of 6 kg/ha and lower doses (Tables i, ii). The tetrahydroquinoline derivatives (I leads to VII) proved inactive except for the N-dimethylcarbamoyl derivative (III) which on foliar absorption showed selective phytotoxicity against Vicia sativa L. Most of the members of the N1-phenyl-N1-alkylurea class (VIII leads to XXVII) did not have wide spectrum phytotoxicity. Some compounds have however interesting specificity of action against Vicia sativa L."}
{"id": "PMID:862882", "title": "Synthesis and antiinflammatory activity of 3-chloro-4-cyclopropylmethoxyphenylacetic acid and its alpha-methyl homologue.", "content": "The synthesis of 3-chloro-4-cyclopropylmethoxyphenylacetic acid (I) from 3-chloro-4-hydroxyacetophenone (III) by the etherification with cyclopropylmethyl bromide and by the Willgerodt reaction is described. The alpha-methyl homologue (II) was also prepared from 4-benzyloxy-3-chlorophenylacetate (VIII). The antiinflammatory, analgesic and antipyretic activities of the lysine salts of (I) (ISF 2508) and (II) (ISF 2606) were tested in comparison with alclofenac and phenylbutazone. The new ocmpounds compare favourably with the standards; in particular ISF 2508 was selected for further pharmacological studies.", "contents": "Synthesis and antiinflammatory activity of 3-chloro-4-cyclopropylmethoxyphenylacetic acid and its alpha-methyl homologue. The synthesis of 3-chloro-4-cyclopropylmethoxyphenylacetic acid (I) from 3-chloro-4-hydroxyacetophenone (III) by the etherification with cyclopropylmethyl bromide and by the Willgerodt reaction is described. The alpha-methyl homologue (II) was also prepared from 4-benzyloxy-3-chlorophenylacetate (VIII). The antiinflammatory, analgesic and antipyretic activities of the lysine salts of (I) (ISF 2508) and (II) (ISF 2606) were tested in comparison with alclofenac and phenylbutazone. The new ocmpounds compare favourably with the standards; in particular ISF 2508 was selected for further pharmacological studies."}
{"id": "PMID:862883", "title": "2,6-dialkylpiperazines. VIII (1)-N1-arylalkyl-N4-(2'-pyridyl)-2,6-dimethylpiperazines as adrenolytic and vasodilator agents.", "content": "A series of cis and trans N1-arylalkyl-N4-(2'-pyridyl)-2'6-dimethylpiperazines were synthetized and tested as adrenolytic and vasodilator agents. The N1-substitution with the 3,4-dimethoxyphenethyl group seems the most promising with regard to pharmacological activity, which was found to reside mainly in the trans isomer (3-II b). The adrenolytic activity of (3-II b) is comparable with that of the related 2-methyl derivative (1-III), while it is higher than that of (IV) in which the piperazine nucleus is C-unsubstituted.", "contents": "2,6-dialkylpiperazines. VIII (1)-N1-arylalkyl-N4-(2'-pyridyl)-2,6-dimethylpiperazines as adrenolytic and vasodilator agents. A series of cis and trans N1-arylalkyl-N4-(2'-pyridyl)-2'6-dimethylpiperazines were synthetized and tested as adrenolytic and vasodilator agents. The N1-substitution with the 3,4-dimethoxyphenethyl group seems the most promising with regard to pharmacological activity, which was found to reside mainly in the trans isomer (3-II b). The adrenolytic activity of (3-II b) is comparable with that of the related 2-methyl derivative (1-III), while it is higher than that of (IV) in which the piperazine nucleus is C-unsubstituted."}
{"id": "PMID:862884", "title": "Drug-protein interaction: the binding of cephalosporins to albumins.", "content": "The binding of some cephalosporin antibiotics, namely cephalothin, cephaloridine and cephalexin, to serum albumins was quantitized using a fluorescence probe technique. The results suggest that these drugs bind to hydrophobic sites on serum albumins. The association constants of the three drugs with bovine serum albumin showed the strongest binding for cephalothin (Ka 1.2 x 10(3) M(1)) and weaker ones for cephaloridine and cephalexin (Ka 0.59 and 0.4 x 10(3) M(-1)). Serum albumin from different species was also investigated, only minor variations in the binding properties being found.", "contents": "Drug-protein interaction: the binding of cephalosporins to albumins. The binding of some cephalosporin antibiotics, namely cephalothin, cephaloridine and cephalexin, to serum albumins was quantitized using a fluorescence probe technique. The results suggest that these drugs bind to hydrophobic sites on serum albumins. The association constants of the three drugs with bovine serum albumin showed the strongest binding for cephalothin (Ka 1.2 x 10(3) M(1)) and weaker ones for cephaloridine and cephalexin (Ka 0.59 and 0.4 x 10(3) M(-1)). Serum albumin from different species was also investigated, only minor variations in the binding properties being found."}
{"id": "PMID:862885", "title": "[Synthesis of n-pentanoylmethylenetriphenylphosphorane].", "content": "An efficient synthesis of n.pentanoylmethylenetriphenylphosphorane (II), useful intermediate for achievement of prostanoic derivatives, is described. The procedure affords the desired product at a remarkable degree of purity.", "contents": "[Synthesis of n-pentanoylmethylenetriphenylphosphorane]. An efficient synthesis of n.pentanoylmethylenetriphenylphosphorane (II), useful intermediate for achievement of prostanoic derivatives, is described. The procedure affords the desired product at a remarkable degree of purity."}
{"id": "PMID:862886", "title": "Interaction of new derivatives of daunorubicin and adriamycin with DNA.", "content": "The interaction of a number of new derivatives of the antitumour antibiotics daunorubicin and adriamycin with calf-thymus DNA has been studied by equilibrium dialysis and low-shear viscosimetry. The results are interpreted in terms of structure of the compounds, also by examining molecular stereomodels.", "contents": "Interaction of new derivatives of daunorubicin and adriamycin with DNA. The interaction of a number of new derivatives of the antitumour antibiotics daunorubicin and adriamycin with calf-thymus DNA has been studied by equilibrium dialysis and low-shear viscosimetry. The results are interpreted in terms of structure of the compounds, also by examining molecular stereomodels."}
{"id": "PMID:862887", "title": "[Non-steroid anti-inflammatory agents. Stereoisomers of 2-(-4-biphenylyl)-3-oxybutyric acid].", "content": "The synthesis, diastereoisomeric separation, attribution to erythro and threo series, and resolution of the enantiomers of 2-(4-biphenylyl)-3-oxybutyric acid are described. The four isomers were tested for anti-inflammatory activity: the preliminary results are interesting, particular those for the (--) erythro enantiomer.", "contents": "[Non-steroid anti-inflammatory agents. Stereoisomers of 2-(-4-biphenylyl)-3-oxybutyric acid]. The synthesis, diastereoisomeric separation, attribution to erythro and threo series, and resolution of the enantiomers of 2-(4-biphenylyl)-3-oxybutyric acid are described. The four isomers were tested for anti-inflammatory activity: the preliminary results are interesting, particular those for the (--) erythro enantiomer."}
{"id": "PMID:862888", "title": "On the thermal properties of 2-sulfanilamido-5-methoxypyrimidine.", "content": "The thermal behavior of 2-sulfanilamido-5-methoxypyrimidine (sulfamethoxydiazine; SMD) polymorphs was investigated and the heat effects associated with solid-solid and solid-liquid transitions are briefly discussed.", "contents": "On the thermal properties of 2-sulfanilamido-5-methoxypyrimidine. The thermal behavior of 2-sulfanilamido-5-methoxypyrimidine (sulfamethoxydiazine; SMD) polymorphs was investigated and the heat effects associated with solid-solid and solid-liquid transitions are briefly discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:862889", "title": "[Study on substances with antiblastic activity. LIX - Anthramycin and analogs. VIII : synthesis of derivatives of 4H-pyrrolo/1,2-a/[1,5]benzodiazepine].", "content": "Preparation of 4H-pyrrolo[1,2-a][1,5]benzodiazepine derivatives related to the antitumoral antibiotic anthramycin, a derivative of 5H-pyrrolo[2,1-c] [1,4]benzodiazepine, is reported. Reaction between 1-(o-acetamidophenyl)-2-dimethylaminomethylpyrrole iodomethylate and potassium cyanide afforded 4,6-dihydro-5H-pyrrolo[1,2-a][1,5]benzodiazepine-5-one, which was then reduced to 5,6-dihydro-4H-pyrrolo[1,2-a][1,5]benzodiazepine by the action of lithium aluminum hydride. Some 6-acylderivatives of the latter compound are also described. The Vilsmeier-Haack reaction on 6-acetyl-5,6-dihydro-4H-pyrrolo[1,2-a][1,5]benzodiazepine furnished the corresponding 1-formyl derivative which was then condensed with ethyl cyanoacetate to give the related compound with the acrylic moiety.", "contents": "[Study on substances with antiblastic activity. LIX - Anthramycin and analogs. VIII : synthesis of derivatives of 4H-pyrrolo/1,2-a/[1,5]benzodiazepine]. Preparation of 4H-pyrrolo[1,2-a][1,5]benzodiazepine derivatives related to the antitumoral antibiotic anthramycin, a derivative of 5H-pyrrolo[2,1-c] [1,4]benzodiazepine, is reported. Reaction between 1-(o-acetamidophenyl)-2-dimethylaminomethylpyrrole iodomethylate and potassium cyanide afforded 4,6-dihydro-5H-pyrrolo[1,2-a][1,5]benzodiazepine-5-one, which was then reduced to 5,6-dihydro-4H-pyrrolo[1,2-a][1,5]benzodiazepine by the action of lithium aluminum hydride. Some 6-acylderivatives of the latter compound are also described. The Vilsmeier-Haack reaction on 6-acetyl-5,6-dihydro-4H-pyrrolo[1,2-a][1,5]benzodiazepine furnished the corresponding 1-formyl derivative which was then condensed with ethyl cyanoacetate to give the related compound with the acrylic moiety."}
{"id": "PMID:862890", "title": "[Synthesis and antimitotic activity of 3- and 5-halogen substituted bis-(2-aminophenyl)disulfides and corresponding N-alkyl derivatives].", "content": "In continuation of previus research on the antimitotic activity of aryldisulfides, the Authors have synthesised 3- and 5-chloro or fluoro substituted bis-(2-aminophenyl)disulfides and some of their 2-N-alkyl derivatives. These compounds were synthesised in order to submit them to biological testing to find any activity caused by halogen substituents on the benzene ring.", "contents": "[Synthesis and antimitotic activity of 3- and 5-halogen substituted bis-(2-aminophenyl)disulfides and corresponding N-alkyl derivatives]. In continuation of previus research on the antimitotic activity of aryldisulfides, the Authors have synthesised 3- and 5-chloro or fluoro substituted bis-(2-aminophenyl)disulfides and some of their 2-N-alkyl derivatives. These compounds were synthesised in order to submit them to biological testing to find any activity caused by halogen substituents on the benzene ring."}
{"id": "PMID:862891", "title": "[Study on the degradation products of mecinarone].", "content": "The isolation and identification of degradation products of mecinarone produced when the drug is exposed to heat, light or a mild oxidant are described. A method for separating these products by low pressure liquid chromatography is presented.", "contents": "[Study on the degradation products of mecinarone]. The isolation and identification of degradation products of mecinarone produced when the drug is exposed to heat, light or a mild oxidant are described. A method for separating these products by low pressure liquid chromatography is presented."}
{"id": "PMID:862892", "title": "The behaviour of 2-methylene-3,3-dimethylcyclopentane-1-one towards Michael's addition.", "content": "The employment of malonic acid dimethylester as a blocking group of a dynamic and self isomerising alpha,beta-unsaturated cyclopentanone-exomethylene group is reported.", "contents": "The behaviour of 2-methylene-3,3-dimethylcyclopentane-1-one towards Michael's addition. The employment of malonic acid dimethylester as a blocking group of a dynamic and self isomerising alpha,beta-unsaturated cyclopentanone-exomethylene group is reported."}
{"id": "PMID:862893", "title": "[Studies on the chiroptical properties of 2,4-dinitrophenyl derivatives of amino compounds of pharmaceutical interest].", "content": "Some results on the chiroptical properties of 2,4-dinitrophenylaminoacids reported in the literature, have been re-examined since they were in disagreement with our earlier research. Extension of this research to several sympathomimetic amines, demonstrates that the chiroptical properties of these derivatives show coherent behaviour; as a consequence the absolute configuration of the amino compounds condensed with Sanger reagent can be correlated to the sign of their higher wavelength Cotton effect.", "contents": "[Studies on the chiroptical properties of 2,4-dinitrophenyl derivatives of amino compounds of pharmaceutical interest]. Some results on the chiroptical properties of 2,4-dinitrophenylaminoacids reported in the literature, have been re-examined since they were in disagreement with our earlier research. Extension of this research to several sympathomimetic amines, demonstrates that the chiroptical properties of these derivatives show coherent behaviour; as a consequence the absolute configuration of the amino compounds condensed with Sanger reagent can be correlated to the sign of their higher wavelength Cotton effect."}
{"id": "PMID:862894", "title": "[Chemical and pharmacological research on pyran derivatives. VIII. Synthesis of 2-dialkylamino-7-methoxychromones and derivatives].", "content": "2-Dialkylamino-7-methoxychromones were prepared by reaction of a m-methoxyphenol with N,N-dialkylethoxycarbonylacetamides in the presence of phosphorus oxychloride. Treatment of such compounds with 57% hydriodic acid resulted in the formation of the corresponding 7-hydroxy derivatives. These latter, treated with dialkylamines and formaldehyde, were transformed into the 8-dialkylaminomethyl derivatives. On the other hand the reaction of 2-dialkylamino-7-methoxychromones with morpholine and formaldehyde, in the presence of acetic acid, led to the formation of the corresponding 3-morpholinomethyl derivatives. Pharmacological investigation showed that 2-dialkylamino-7-hydroxy-chromones were without effect, whereas all other compounds tested had a clear, but generally weak, CNS stimulant activity.", "contents": "[Chemical and pharmacological research on pyran derivatives. VIII. Synthesis of 2-dialkylamino-7-methoxychromones and derivatives]. 2-Dialkylamino-7-methoxychromones were prepared by reaction of a m-methoxyphenol with N,N-dialkylethoxycarbonylacetamides in the presence of phosphorus oxychloride. Treatment of such compounds with 57% hydriodic acid resulted in the formation of the corresponding 7-hydroxy derivatives. These latter, treated with dialkylamines and formaldehyde, were transformed into the 8-dialkylaminomethyl derivatives. On the other hand the reaction of 2-dialkylamino-7-methoxychromones with morpholine and formaldehyde, in the presence of acetic acid, led to the formation of the corresponding 3-morpholinomethyl derivatives. Pharmacological investigation showed that 2-dialkylamino-7-hydroxy-chromones were without effect, whereas all other compounds tested had a clear, but generally weak, CNS stimulant activity."}
{"id": "PMID:862895", "title": "[Formation of an azoderivative of phenothiazine].", "content": "The reaction of phenothiazine-5-oxide in 2 N HCl with 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine gives rise to 3-azo-(2',4'-dinitrophenyl)phenothiazine and phenothiazine. The stoichiometric ratio is two molecules of phenothiazine-5-oxide to one molecule of 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine.", "contents": "[Formation of an azoderivative of phenothiazine]. The reaction of phenothiazine-5-oxide in 2 N HCl with 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine gives rise to 3-azo-(2',4'-dinitrophenyl)phenothiazine and phenothiazine. The stoichiometric ratio is two molecules of phenothiazine-5-oxide to one molecule of 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine."}
{"id": "PMID:862939", "title": "Synaptic modulation of endogenous neuronal oscillators.", "content": "Techniques derived from oscillator theory can be used to describe the activity of molluscan endogenous bursting neurons and some ways in which synaptic inhibition from an interneuron can modulate this pacemaker activity. The effects of exogenous synaptic inputs on the endogenous neuronal oscillator can be described by a phase response curve. On the basis of the phase response curve, more complex interactions (such as synchronization and entrainment) can be predicted.", "contents": "Synaptic modulation of endogenous neuronal oscillators. Techniques derived from oscillator theory can be used to describe the activity of molluscan endogenous bursting neurons and some ways in which synaptic inhibition from an interneuron can modulate this pacemaker activity. The effects of exogenous synaptic inputs on the endogenous neuronal oscillator can be described by a phase response curve. On the basis of the phase response curve, more complex interactions (such as synchronization and entrainment) can be predicted."}
{"id": "PMID:862972", "title": "Reconstructive tubal surgery for midtubal obstruction.", "content": "With the  currently growing trend toward voluntary sterilization comes an increase in requests for reversal of that procedure. In our study, 14 patients were candidates for tubal reanastomosis. Seven of the patients became pregnant within 17 months after the procedure: three had normal infants (21%), three had ectopic pregnancies (21%), and one was lost to follow-up (7%). We emphasized very careful handling of the tissues and as short an operative period as possible. We did not use corticosteroids or polyethylene or Teflon prosthetic devices, believing them to be neither a substitute for nor an aid to careful surgical techniques involving delicate instruments and small, atraumatic needles.", "contents": "Reconstructive tubal surgery for midtubal obstruction. With the  currently growing trend toward voluntary sterilization comes an increase in requests for reversal of that procedure. In our study, 14 patients were candidates for tubal reanastomosis. Seven of the patients became pregnant within 17 months after the procedure: three had normal infants (21%), three had ectopic pregnancies (21%), and one was lost to follow-up (7%). We emphasized very careful handling of the tissues and as short an operative period as possible. We did not use corticosteroids or polyethylene or Teflon prosthetic devices, believing them to be neither a substitute for nor an aid to careful surgical techniques involving delicate instruments and small, atraumatic needles."}
{"id": "PMID:862973", "title": "The concentration of copper in human uterine secretion during four years after insertion of a copper-containing intrauterine device.", "content": "The contraceptive action of a copper-containing intrauterine device (Cu IUD) is mainly associated with the copper ions released, thus its efficiency varies with the surface area of the copper wire. It is of considerable clinical interest to know the usful life-span of a Cu IUD. Therefore, the concentration of copper in the uterine secretion of women wearing a Cu-7 IUD (Gravigard) with a surface area of the copper wire of 200 sq mm was determined by atomic absorption spectroscopy. No decrease in the concentrations of copper was found in a series of women followed for 4 years after the insertion of a Cu IUD.", "contents": "The concentration of copper in human uterine secretion during four years after insertion of a copper-containing intrauterine device. The contraceptive action of a copper-containing intrauterine device (Cu IUD) is mainly associated with the copper ions released, thus its efficiency varies with the surface area of the copper wire. It is of considerable clinical interest to know the usful life-span of a Cu IUD. Therefore, the concentration of copper in the uterine secretion of women wearing a Cu-7 IUD (Gravigard) with a surface area of the copper wire of 200 sq mm was determined by atomic absorption spectroscopy. No decrease in the concentrations of copper was found in a series of women followed for 4 years after the insertion of a Cu IUD."}
{"id": "PMID:862974", "title": "Evidence of higher ethynylestradiol blood levels in human hypertensive oral contraceptive users.", "content": "These studies were designed to investigate the differences in blood plasma levels of ethynylestradiol (EE2) in women who developed hypertension while taking combined estrogen and progesterone oral contraceptives (OCs) and in normotensive OC users. Blood samples were collected in heparinized tubes 10 hours after OC ingestion, the plasma was separated, and EE2 was measured by radioimmunoassay. The results showed significantly higher plasma levels of EE2 in the hypertensive OC users as compared with the levels in normotensive OC users (P less than 0.01). In another study, blood samples from hypertensive and normotensive OC users were obtained for 3 consecutive days at fixed intervals following OC ingestion, and plasma levels of EE2 were measured. The results showed consistently higher EE2 blood levels during this 3-day period in the hypertensive subjects (P less than 0.01). It is postulated that the higher blood levels of EE2 in hypertensive OC users result from either decreased metabolism or excretion of synthetic estrogens.", "contents": "Evidence of higher ethynylestradiol blood levels in human hypertensive oral contraceptive users. These studies were designed to investigate the differences in blood plasma levels of ethynylestradiol (EE2) in women who developed hypertension while taking combined estrogen and progesterone oral contraceptives (OCs) and in normotensive OC users. Blood samples were collected in heparinized tubes 10 hours after OC ingestion, the plasma was separated, and EE2 was measured by radioimmunoassay. The results showed significantly higher plasma levels of EE2 in the hypertensive OC users as compared with the levels in normotensive OC users (P less than 0.01). In another study, blood samples from hypertensive and normotensive OC users were obtained for 3 consecutive days at fixed intervals following OC ingestion, and plasma levels of EE2 were measured. The results showed consistently higher EE2 blood levels during this 3-day period in the hypertensive subjects (P less than 0.01). It is postulated that the higher blood levels of EE2 in hypertensive OC users result from either decreased metabolism or excretion of synthetic estrogens."}
{"id": "PMID:862975", "title": "Acute effects of intravenous infusion of 17beta-estradiol and 17alpha-hydroxyprogesterone on gonadotropin release.", "content": "The normal midcycle surge of luteinizing hormone (LH), an approximately 10-fold increase, and a smaller surge of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) are preceded by peaks in serum estradiol (E2) and 17alpha-hydroxyprogesterone (17-P). The elevation in E2 is thought to be the important trigger mechanism for the LH surge. The possibility that the preovulatory elevation in 17-P may by itself, or combined with E2, be the trigger mechanism was investigated. E2 ans 17-P, alone and combined, were infused to mimic late follicular-phase blood concentrations in postmenopausal women pretreated with E2. This produced 1.6- to 4.6-fold increases in serum LH and lesser increases in serum FSH 24 hours after infusion. Thus, the normal ovulatory surge of gonadotropins could not be reproduced by infusions of 17-P or E2, or both. Infusion with 17-P appeared to stimulate LH release and did not augment or inhibit the effect of E2 on gonadotropin release.", "contents": "Acute effects of intravenous infusion of 17beta-estradiol and 17alpha-hydroxyprogesterone on gonadotropin release. The normal midcycle surge of luteinizing hormone (LH), an approximately 10-fold increase, and a smaller surge of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) are preceded by peaks in serum estradiol (E2) and 17alpha-hydroxyprogesterone (17-P). The elevation in E2 is thought to be the important trigger mechanism for the LH surge. The possibility that the preovulatory elevation in 17-P may by itself, or combined with E2, be the trigger mechanism was investigated. E2 ans 17-P, alone and combined, were infused to mimic late follicular-phase blood concentrations in postmenopausal women pretreated with E2. This produced 1.6- to 4.6-fold increases in serum LH and lesser increases in serum FSH 24 hours after infusion. Thus, the normal ovulatory surge of gonadotropins could not be reproduced by infusions of 17-P or E2, or both. Infusion with 17-P appeared to stimulate LH release and did not augment or inhibit the effect of E2 on gonadotropin release."}
{"id": "PMID:862976", "title": "Phenotypic and cytogenetic findings in eighty-two patients with ovarian failure--changing trends.", "content": "Eighty-two patients with primary ovarian failure were evaluated clinically and cytogenetically. Sex chromosome privations were present in 52 individuals (chromosomally incompetent ovarian failure [CIOF]). A normal chromosomal constitution was present in 30 individuals (chromosomally competent ovarian failure [CCOF]). Limited estrogenic function (menses) occurred in 11.5% of the CIOF group and 40% of the CCOF group. The phenotypic features of each group are detailed in relation to chromosomal constitution, stature, estrogenic ridge function, incidence of dysgenetic tumors,  and cardiovascular renal malformations. The increasing percentage of patients with CCOF due to possible diverse etiologies is noted and discussed.", "contents": "Phenotypic and cytogenetic findings in eighty-two patients with ovarian failure--changing trends. Eighty-two patients with primary ovarian failure were evaluated clinically and cytogenetically. Sex chromosome privations were present in 52 individuals (chromosomally incompetent ovarian failure [CIOF]). A normal chromosomal constitution was present in 30 individuals (chromosomally competent ovarian failure [CCOF]). Limited estrogenic function (menses) occurred in 11.5% of the CIOF group and 40% of the CCOF group. The phenotypic features of each group are detailed in relation to chromosomal constitution, stature, estrogenic ridge function, incidence of dysgenetic tumors,  and cardiovascular renal malformations. The increasing percentage of patients with CCOF due to possible diverse etiologies is noted and discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:862977", "title": "Spontaneous spermagglutination in ejaculates from men with head-to-head or tail-to-tail spermagglutinating antibodies in serum.", "content": "Weak or sometimes up to moderate spermagglutination was encountered in ejaculates from a group of men without spermagglutinating antibodies in serum. A similar pattern of spermagglutination was seen in ejaculates from men with head-to head (H-H) spermagglutinating antibodies in serum, even when a high titer (greater than or equal to 1:64) of antibodies was present. In contrast, men with high titers of tail-to-tail (T-T) sperm agglutinating antibodies in serum showed very marked or complete spermagglutination in the ejaculates. The agglutination in ejaculates from men with low titers (less than or equal to 1:32) of T-T spermagglutinating antibodies in serum was much less conspicuous and equaled that in ejaculates from men without such antibodies. This indicates that only a high titer of T-T spermagglutinating antibodies is associated with marked or complete spermagglutination in ejaculates.", "contents": "Spontaneous spermagglutination in ejaculates from men with head-to-head or tail-to-tail spermagglutinating antibodies in serum. Weak or sometimes up to moderate spermagglutination was encountered in ejaculates from a group of men without spermagglutinating antibodies in serum. A similar pattern of spermagglutination was seen in ejaculates from men with head-to head (H-H) spermagglutinating antibodies in serum, even when a high titer (greater than or equal to 1:64) of antibodies was present. In contrast, men with high titers of tail-to-tail (T-T) sperm agglutinating antibodies in serum showed very marked or complete spermagglutination in the ejaculates. The agglutination in ejaculates from men with low titers (less than or equal to 1:32) of T-T spermagglutinating antibodies in serum was much less conspicuous and equaled that in ejaculates from men without such antibodies. This indicates that only a high titer of T-T spermagglutinating antibodies is associated with marked or complete spermagglutination in ejaculates."}
{"id": "PMID:862978", "title": "Bilateral testicular biopsy in men with varicocele.", "content": "Fifty-two infertile men with varicoceles were subjected to bilateral testicular biopsy to detect the effect of the varicocele on each testis. The results indicate that varicocele can result in infertility primarily through sloughing of immature cells or through arrest of spermatogenesis at the spermatid or primary spermatocyte stage. The effect is bilateral but is more marked on the varicocele side. However, the presence of a varicocele could not explain the infertility of seven men with normal biopsies and of four men with a normal biopsy on the varicocele side and arrest on the other side.", "contents": "Bilateral testicular biopsy in men with varicocele. Fifty-two infertile men with varicoceles were subjected to bilateral testicular biopsy to detect the effect of the varicocele on each testis. The results indicate that varicocele can result in infertility primarily through sloughing of immature cells or through arrest of spermatogenesis at the spermatid or primary spermatocyte stage. The effect is bilateral but is more marked on the varicocele side. However, the presence of a varicocele could not explain the infertility of seven men with normal biopsies and of four men with a normal biopsy on the varicocele side and arrest on the other side."}
{"id": "PMID:862979", "title": "Demonstration of proacrosin and quantitation of acrosin in ejaculated human spermatozoa.", "content": "Proacrosin has been isolated from human ejaculated spermatozoa and constitutes at least 90% of the total acrosin present. The total amount of acrosin in milli-international units per million spermatozoa was between 4.4 and 8.9, with a mean of 6.5. This is the first report of the demonstration of proacrosin and the quantitation of total acrosin in human spermatozoa.", "contents": "Demonstration of proacrosin and quantitation of acrosin in ejaculated human spermatozoa. Proacrosin has been isolated from human ejaculated spermatozoa and constitutes at least 90% of the total acrosin present. The total amount of acrosin in milli-international units per million spermatozoa was between 4.4 and 8.9, with a mean of 6.5. This is the first report of the demonstration of proacrosin and the quantitation of total acrosin in human spermatozoa."}
{"id": "PMID:862980", "title": "Failure of seminal plasma to enter the uterus and oviducts of the rabbit following artificial insemination.", "content": "Twelve adult does in estrus were artificially inseminated with 1 ml of semen from bucks that had received injections of 3H-thymidine 22 to 32 days previously. The ejaculates contained radioactive seminal plasma and unlabeled sperm. The reproductive tracts of the does were removed at selected intervals after insemination, divided into segments of no more than 300 mg, and processed for scintillation counting. Significant levels of radioactivity were never detected in any uterine or oviductal segment. The technique was capable of detecting as little as 1.5 X 10(-4) ml of semen in a segment. These results demonstrate that seminal plasma is not transported from the vagina into the uterus or oviducts in the rabbit, emphasizing the importance of the motility of spermatozoa in their passage to the site of fertilization.", "contents": "Failure of seminal plasma to enter the uterus and oviducts of the rabbit following artificial insemination. Twelve adult does in estrus were artificially inseminated with 1 ml of semen from bucks that had received injections of 3H-thymidine 22 to 32 days previously. The ejaculates contained radioactive seminal plasma and unlabeled sperm. The reproductive tracts of the does were removed at selected intervals after insemination, divided into segments of no more than 300 mg, and processed for scintillation counting. Significant levels of radioactivity were never detected in any uterine or oviductal segment. The technique was capable of detecting as little as 1.5 X 10(-4) ml of semen in a segment. These results demonstrate that seminal plasma is not transported from the vagina into the uterus or oviducts in the rabbit, emphasizing the importance of the motility of spermatozoa in their passage to the site of fertilization."}
{"id": "PMID:862981", "title": "A clinical evaluation of a new Silastic seminal fluid collection device.", "content": "A new Silastic seminal fluid collection device has been tested clinically and comparison studies have been made with both the polyethylene sheath and commercial latex condoms. In a series of 100 patients, the Silastic seminal fluid device has been found to be superior to the polyethylene sheath with regard to patient comfort and also has had greater reliability. In comparison with the latex device, the Silastic seminal fluid collection device is nearly as comfortable and has been found to be far more reliable.", "contents": "A clinical evaluation of a new Silastic seminal fluid collection device. A new Silastic seminal fluid collection device has been tested clinically and comparison studies have been made with both the polyethylene sheath and commercial latex condoms. In a series of 100 patients, the Silastic seminal fluid device has been found to be superior to the polyethylene sheath with regard to patient comfort and also has had greater reliability. In comparison with the latex device, the Silastic seminal fluid collection device is nearly as comfortable and has been found to be far more reliable."}
{"id": "PMID:863029", "title": "[Electrophysiologic study of the connections of the 2d somatosensory area of the cortex with the neo-, paleocortical and striate formations of the brain].", "content": "2nd somatosensory area (C2) was shown to have modulating influence on evoked activity of the 1st somatosensory and visual areas. Electrical stimulation of C2 evoked short latency potentials in the structures of paleocortex (hippocampus) and striatum (putamen, caudate nucleus). Analysis of the data obtained here and elsewhere (19) suggests the important role of C2 in mechanisms of selection, comparison and integration of adequate sensory information under conditions of uncertainty, for the programming of behaviour.", "contents": "[Electrophysiologic study of the connections of the 2d somatosensory area of the cortex with the neo-, paleocortical and striate formations of the brain]. 2nd somatosensory area (C2) was shown to have modulating influence on evoked activity of the 1st somatosensory and visual areas. Electrical stimulation of C2 evoked short latency potentials in the structures of paleocortex (hippocampus) and striatum (putamen, caudate nucleus). Analysis of the data obtained here and elsewhere (19) suggests the important role of C2 in mechanisms of selection, comparison and integration of adequate sensory information under conditions of uncertainty, for the programming of behaviour."}
{"id": "PMID:863030", "title": "[Age and changes in the levels of biogenic amines in the brains of rats].", "content": "No significant change occurs in the total cerebral level of norepinephrine, dopamine, and histamine in rats of 1--36 months age, whereas the serotonin (5-HT) level is increasing. During the maturation period the hypothalamic levels of catecholamines and histamine are increasing. Between 2--36 months of life the hypothalamic norepinephrine level decreases while 5-HT, 5-HIAA, and histamine do not change. Role of the age-related changes of brain biogenic amines in disturbances of neuroendocrine feedback mechanisms is discussed.", "contents": "[Age and changes in the levels of biogenic amines in the brains of rats]. No significant change occurs in the total cerebral level of norepinephrine, dopamine, and histamine in rats of 1--36 months age, whereas the serotonin (5-HT) level is increasing. During the maturation period the hypothalamic levels of catecholamines and histamine are increasing. Between 2--36 months of life the hypothalamic norepinephrine level decreases while 5-HT, 5-HIAA, and histamine do not change. Role of the age-related changes of brain biogenic amines in disturbances of neuroendocrine feedback mechanisms is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:863031", "title": "[Relationship between oxidative deamination of cerebral seroton in during hibernation and changes in monoamine oxidase activity and temperature].", "content": "The highest MAO was found in alert ground squirrels and it became minimum in hibernating animals. The temperature relations of the oxidative serotonin desamination (OSD) in alert ground squirrels was relatively low from 7 to 37 degrees C. At the beginning of hibernation OSD did not differ from that of alert animals at 22--37 degrees C, while at 7--22 degrees C it was significantly lower--about 1.0. In hibernating ground squirrels, high OSD was observed at low and high temperatures in all parts of the brain except hypothalamus. At awaikening OSD remained high.", "contents": "[Relationship between oxidative deamination of cerebral seroton in during hibernation and changes in monoamine oxidase activity and temperature]. The highest MAO was found in alert ground squirrels and it became minimum in hibernating animals. The temperature relations of the oxidative serotonin desamination (OSD) in alert ground squirrels was relatively low from 7 to 37 degrees C. At the beginning of hibernation OSD did not differ from that of alert animals at 22--37 degrees C, while at 7--22 degrees C it was significantly lower--about 1.0. In hibernating ground squirrels, high OSD was observed at low and high temperatures in all parts of the brain except hypothalamus. At awaikening OSD remained high."}
{"id": "PMID:863032", "title": "[Relationship between interaural phase difference and the response of neurons in the frog midbrain hearing center].", "content": "Many binaural neurons within the torus semicircularis of the lake frog are cyclically responsive to the interaural phase angles of a sinusoidal stimulus at frequencies up to approximately 1.2 kHz. In the range of small interaural delays, the neurons increase their reactions when the contralateral stimulus leads. The 20 mcsec delay of the contralateral tone can elicit a considerable drop in spike generation probability. The \"characteristic\" delay occurs outside the range of interaural delays the frog could naturally encounter. Some other neurons responding both to contralateral and ipsilateral stimuli discharge minimally when there is no interaural delay. The variety of discharge patterns can be elicited from a single neuron by alteration of the interaural delay.", "contents": "[Relationship between interaural phase difference and the response of neurons in the frog midbrain hearing center]. Many binaural neurons within the torus semicircularis of the lake frog are cyclically responsive to the interaural phase angles of a sinusoidal stimulus at frequencies up to approximately 1.2 kHz. In the range of small interaural delays, the neurons increase their reactions when the contralateral stimulus leads. The 20 mcsec delay of the contralateral tone can elicit a considerable drop in spike generation probability. The \"characteristic\" delay occurs outside the range of interaural delays the frog could naturally encounter. Some other neurons responding both to contralateral and ipsilateral stimuli discharge minimally when there is no interaural delay. The variety of discharge patterns can be elicited from a single neuron by alteration of the interaural delay."}
{"id": "PMID:863034", "title": "[Effect of binocular interaction of rat visual cortex neurons].", "content": "In anesthetized rats, out of 135 neurons recorded in binocular area within the striate cortex, 92 (74%) were binocular. 53 of these had well defined, mainly identical receptive fields on the two retinae. The range of relative horizontal and vertical disparity was found to be 5 degrees and 4 degrees respectively. These findings suggest that the visual system of the rat is capable to discover the spatial relationship using mechanisms of binocular fusion, in contrast to data obtained in rabbits.", "contents": "[Effect of binocular interaction of rat visual cortex neurons]. In anesthetized rats, out of 135 neurons recorded in binocular area within the striate cortex, 92 (74%) were binocular. 53 of these had well defined, mainly identical receptive fields on the two retinae. The range of relative horizontal and vertical disparity was found to be 5 degrees and 4 degrees respectively. These findings suggest that the visual system of the rat is capable to discover the spatial relationship using mechanisms of binocular fusion, in contrast to data obtained in rabbits."}
{"id": "PMID:863035", "title": "[Contrast sensitivity in the area of a moving form].", "content": "Brightness thresholds of the test stimulus were measured at different distances from a moving contrast contour, the contour's velocity being 0, 5, 20, and 30 grad/sec. The data show a significant extension of the spatial and temporal zones of the contour influence which depends on the contour's velocity. Some neurophysiological correlates of this phenomenon are discussed.", "contents": "[Contrast sensitivity in the area of a moving form]. Brightness thresholds of the test stimulus were measured at different distances from a moving contrast contour, the contour's velocity being 0, 5, 20, and 30 grad/sec. The data show a significant extension of the spatial and temporal zones of the contour influence which depends on the contour's velocity. Some neurophysiological correlates of this phenomenon are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:863036", "title": "[Slowly-adapting mechanoreceptor units of the guinea pig mammary nipple].", "content": "Slowly--adapting mechanoreceptor units of areola and nipple (MAI and MAII) at rest exhibited spontaneous 1--2/sec firing in 6% only. At constant mechanical displacement of the skin surface. MAI had an irregular firing while MAII--regular one. Mean frequency of MAI and MAII APs linearly depended on the amplitude of mechanical stimulus. trepeated stimulation of MAI and MAII reduced number of APs for each successive stimulus. At sinusoidal mechanical stimulation, the smallest AP threshold for MAI and MAII was about 10--15 Hz.", "contents": "[Slowly-adapting mechanoreceptor units of the guinea pig mammary nipple]. Slowly--adapting mechanoreceptor units of areola and nipple (MAI and MAII) at rest exhibited spontaneous 1--2/sec firing in 6% only. At constant mechanical displacement of the skin surface. MAI had an irregular firing while MAII--regular one. Mean frequency of MAI and MAII APs linearly depended on the amplitude of mechanical stimulus. trepeated stimulation of MAI and MAII reduced number of APs for each successive stimulus. At sinusoidal mechanical stimulation, the smallest AP threshold for MAI and MAII was about 10--15 Hz."}
{"id": "PMID:863039", "title": "[Response of splenic resistance and capacitance vessels to electrical stimulation of the hypothalamus and reticular formation in cats].", "content": "The effect of electrical stimulation of anterior, medial, and posterior hypothalamus and of midbrain RF on the spleen resistance and capacitance vessels was studied in 48 anesthetized cats. The stimulatin of all the structures but the anterior hypothalamus evoked constrictory responses of the resistance vessels and decreased the blood volume in the spleen. Apart from the constriction, the stimulation of the anterior hypothalamus decreased the tonus of both kinds of vessels in some cases. The highest perfusion pressure was observed during the stimulation of anterior hypothalamus while the greatest rise of venous outflow with the briefest latency was found during the stimulation of the midbrain RF.", "contents": "[Response of splenic resistance and capacitance vessels to electrical stimulation of the hypothalamus and reticular formation in cats]. The effect of electrical stimulation of anterior, medial, and posterior hypothalamus and of midbrain RF on the spleen resistance and capacitance vessels was studied in 48 anesthetized cats. The stimulatin of all the structures but the anterior hypothalamus evoked constrictory responses of the resistance vessels and decreased the blood volume in the spleen. Apart from the constriction, the stimulation of the anterior hypothalamus decreased the tonus of both kinds of vessels in some cases. The highest perfusion pressure was observed during the stimulation of anterior hypothalamus while the greatest rise of venous outflow with the briefest latency was found during the stimulation of the midbrain RF."}
{"id": "PMID:863040", "title": "[Hemodynamic reactions in response to simultaneous nociceptive and amygdalar influences following stimulation and removal of the cervical sympathetic nerves].", "content": "In cats, nociceptive stimulation and stimulation of amygdala elicited pressor reaction which was much more obvious at the combination of these stimuli. In sympathectomized animals, these stimuli produced a weaker pressor reaction. Combination of sympathetic nerve stimulation with the nociceptive stimulation and stimulation of amygdaloid complex elicited different reactions depending on the order of stimulation. After sympathectomy, separate stimulations produced a decrease of the blood flow rate; the same was obtained after combination of stimulation of the amygdaloid complex with nociceptive stimuli; however, complex effects also depended on the order of stimuli.", "contents": "[Hemodynamic reactions in response to simultaneous nociceptive and amygdalar influences following stimulation and removal of the cervical sympathetic nerves]. In cats, nociceptive stimulation and stimulation of amygdala elicited pressor reaction which was much more obvious at the combination of these stimuli. In sympathectomized animals, these stimuli produced a weaker pressor reaction. Combination of sympathetic nerve stimulation with the nociceptive stimulation and stimulation of amygdaloid complex elicited different reactions depending on the order of stimulation. After sympathectomy, separate stimulations produced a decrease of the blood flow rate; the same was obtained after combination of stimulation of the amygdaloid complex with nociceptive stimuli; however, complex effects also depended on the order of stimuli."}
{"id": "PMID:863041", "title": "[Effect of acute hypothermia on the lipid composition of the myocardial mitochondria of warm-blooded animals].", "content": "In dogs and albino rats, artificial drop of body temperature by 8--10 degrees C elicits change of phospholipid spectre and increases amount of unsaturated fatty acids in lipids of the myocardium mitochondria. Drop of the temperature by 18--20 degrees C decreased amount of polyen fatty acids in dogs but caused no changes in the high amount of unsaturated lipids in rats. Role of of these facts in mitochondrial functions during hypothermia and possible dependence of the animals resistance against low temperature of the degree of membrane lipids reorganization, are discussed.", "contents": "[Effect of acute hypothermia on the lipid composition of the myocardial mitochondria of warm-blooded animals]. In dogs and albino rats, artificial drop of body temperature by 8--10 degrees C elicits change of phospholipid spectre and increases amount of unsaturated fatty acids in lipids of the myocardium mitochondria. Drop of the temperature by 18--20 degrees C decreased amount of polyen fatty acids in dogs but caused no changes in the high amount of unsaturated lipids in rats. Role of of these facts in mitochondrial functions during hypothermia and possible dependence of the animals resistance against low temperature of the degree of membrane lipids reorganization, are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:863047", "title": "[Secretion of small intestinal enzymes after section of the pancreatic duct].", "content": "In chronic experiments on dogs, soon after ligation of the pancreatic duct, amylase increases in the peripheral blood as well as the total amylase and lipase release in liquid and solid portions of the secret from isolated parts of the small intestine. The alpha--amylase release was shown to depend on the level of the blood amylolytic activity and on secretory activity of small intestine. The alpha--amylase and lipase release is more increased at mechanical rather than at chemical stimulation of the small intestine. After the secretory function of the pancreas is excluded, two stages of compensatory--adaptive changes occur in the secretory activity of small intestine: first the compensation is due to less energy--consuming processes (recretion of the blood enzymes), and further the compensatory mechanisms of the small intestine become involved.", "contents": "[Secretion of small intestinal enzymes after section of the pancreatic duct]. In chronic experiments on dogs, soon after ligation of the pancreatic duct, amylase increases in the peripheral blood as well as the total amylase and lipase release in liquid and solid portions of the secret from isolated parts of the small intestine. The alpha--amylase release was shown to depend on the level of the blood amylolytic activity and on secretory activity of small intestine. The alpha--amylase and lipase release is more increased at mechanical rather than at chemical stimulation of the small intestine. After the secretory function of the pancreas is excluded, two stages of compensatory--adaptive changes occur in the secretory activity of small intestine: first the compensation is due to less energy--consuming processes (recretion of the blood enzymes), and further the compensatory mechanisms of the small intestine become involved."}
{"id": "PMID:863048", "title": "Effect of different daily rate of continuous irradiation upon changes in cfu number.", "content": "The effect of continuous irradiation upon colony-forming capacity of bone marrow cells was studied in mice exposed continuously for the length of 130 days to ionizing radiation at exposure rates ranging from 1--50R per day. A stabilized state in CFU number was observed between days 30 and 100, its level being related solely to the daily exposure rate. An interpolation of data on CFU found on days 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, and 100 provided an exponential curve which can be characterized by the equation log y = a + bx + cx2. This equation can be applied to prognostic estimation of CFU level during the stabilized state between days 30 and 100 of continuous radiation exposure at rates ranging from 1--50R day.", "contents": "Effect of different daily rate of continuous irradiation upon changes in cfu number. The effect of continuous irradiation upon colony-forming capacity of bone marrow cells was studied in mice exposed continuously for the length of 130 days to ionizing radiation at exposure rates ranging from 1--50R per day. A stabilized state in CFU number was observed between days 30 and 100, its level being related solely to the daily exposure rate. An interpolation of data on CFU found on days 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, and 100 provided an exponential curve which can be characterized by the equation log y = a + bx + cx2. This equation can be applied to prognostic estimation of CFU level during the stabilized state between days 30 and 100 of continuous radiation exposure at rates ranging from 1--50R day."}
{"id": "PMID:863049", "title": "Grain distribution in autoradiograms of nuclei of synchronized HeLa cells continuously labelled with 3H-thymidine.", "content": "Changes in distribution of silver grains were evaluated in autoradiograms of nuclei of synchronized HeLa cells that were continuously labelled with 3H-TdR. Synchronization was achieved by repeated blocking with cold thymidine. Three patterns of grain distribution were distinguished: uniform, non-uniform, and a special case of non-uniform distribution, the S.C. clustering. The kinetics of changes in the proportion of individual types of grain distribution indicate that uniform and non-uniform distribution patterns result from 3H-TdR incorporation into DNA replicating during the entire S-phase, whereas DNA responsible for clustered grain distribution takes up 3H-TdR only during the second half of the S-phase. The rate of the increase in grain counts per nucleus of labelled cell and the kinetics of the exhaustion of radioactive precursor from the culture medium suggest that replication of DNA in DNA in the S-phase is not merely a linear function of time.", "contents": "Grain distribution in autoradiograms of nuclei of synchronized HeLa cells continuously labelled with 3H-thymidine. Changes in distribution of silver grains were evaluated in autoradiograms of nuclei of synchronized HeLa cells that were continuously labelled with 3H-TdR. Synchronization was achieved by repeated blocking with cold thymidine. Three patterns of grain distribution were distinguished: uniform, non-uniform, and a special case of non-uniform distribution, the S.C. clustering. The kinetics of changes in the proportion of individual types of grain distribution indicate that uniform and non-uniform distribution patterns result from 3H-TdR incorporation into DNA replicating during the entire S-phase, whereas DNA responsible for clustered grain distribution takes up 3H-TdR only during the second half of the S-phase. The rate of the increase in grain counts per nucleus of labelled cell and the kinetics of the exhaustion of radioactive precursor from the culture medium suggest that replication of DNA in DNA in the S-phase is not merely a linear function of time."}
{"id": "PMID:863050", "title": "The outcome of the effect of polyvinylpyrrolidone and chondroitin sulphate in the presence or absence of serum on con A-induced activation in vitro and agglutination of mouse lymphocytes.", "content": "Activation of mouse lymphocytes with Con A in the presence or absence of serum in the culture medium and the effect of two polymers, PVP and CS, on this stimulation was investigated. The presence of different sera in the culture medium resulted in a different degree of lymphocyte activation and the tested polymers affected it mildly, whereas in serum-free medium they had a strong inhibitory effect. This inhibition was not the outcome  of a toxic effect nor of a reduced mitogen-binding capacity of Con A. In investigating the delayed agglutination of lymphocytes with small doses of Con A in vitro, it was found that PVP had a potentiating effect on agglutination in the presence of serum in the medium and an inhibitory effect in serum-free medium. The differences in the action of the tested polymers on stimulation and agglutination of cells in the presence and absence of serum in the medium in vitro suggest a pronounced effect of the sera on cultured cells. The results are discussed with respect to the effect of culture medium on the properties of the lymphoid cell membranes.", "contents": "The outcome of the effect of polyvinylpyrrolidone and chondroitin sulphate in the presence or absence of serum on con A-induced activation in vitro and agglutination of mouse lymphocytes. Activation of mouse lymphocytes with Con A in the presence or absence of serum in the culture medium and the effect of two polymers, PVP and CS, on this stimulation was investigated. The presence of different sera in the culture medium resulted in a different degree of lymphocyte activation and the tested polymers affected it mildly, whereas in serum-free medium they had a strong inhibitory effect. This inhibition was not the outcome  of a toxic effect nor of a reduced mitogen-binding capacity of Con A. In investigating the delayed agglutination of lymphocytes with small doses of Con A in vitro, it was found that PVP had a potentiating effect on agglutination in the presence of serum in the medium and an inhibitory effect in serum-free medium. The differences in the action of the tested polymers on stimulation and agglutination of cells in the presence and absence of serum in the medium in vitro suggest a pronounced effect of the sera on cultured cells. The results are discussed with respect to the effect of culture medium on the properties of the lymphoid cell membranes."}
{"id": "PMID:863051", "title": "Antitumour and immunosuppressive activity of hydroxyanthraquinones and their glucosides.", "content": "Both isomeric monohydroxyanthraquinones (1a, b), three dihydroxyanthraquinones (alizarin 1c, chrysazin 1d, and anthraflavin 1e) and corresponding acetylated (2) and free (3) beta-D-glucosides were screened for antitumour and immunosuppressive activity. Furthermore, four O-acetyl and O-benzyl derivatives of alizarin (5a--d) were tested. Antitumour activity was judged by the inhibition of growth of syngeneic tumours in the treated recipients and immunosuppressive activity by the effect on tumour growth or on skin graft survival in pretreated allogeneic recipients; as standard of reference served the activity of certain cancerostatic or immunosuppressive drugs used in clinical practice. 1-Hydroxyanthraquinone (1a), alizarin (1c), chrysazin (1d), acetylated glucoside of 2-hydroxyanthraquinone (2b), 2-benzylalizarin (5c), and 1-acetyl-2-benzylalizarin (5d) were found to exhibit antitumour activity. Distinct immunosuppressive activity was detected in alizarin (1c), acetylated glucoside of 1-hydroxyanthraquinone (2a), acetylated glucoside of 2-hydroxyanthraquinone (2b), acetylated glucoside of chrysazin (2d), 2-acetylalizarin (5a), and 1-acetyl-2-benzylalizarin (5d). The group of hydroxyanthraquinone glucodises (3a--3d) exhibited neither antitumour nor immunosuppressive activity.", "contents": "Antitumour and immunosuppressive activity of hydroxyanthraquinones and their glucosides. Both isomeric monohydroxyanthraquinones (1a, b), three dihydroxyanthraquinones (alizarin 1c, chrysazin 1d, and anthraflavin 1e) and corresponding acetylated (2) and free (3) beta-D-glucosides were screened for antitumour and immunosuppressive activity. Furthermore, four O-acetyl and O-benzyl derivatives of alizarin (5a--d) were tested. Antitumour activity was judged by the inhibition of growth of syngeneic tumours in the treated recipients and immunosuppressive activity by the effect on tumour growth or on skin graft survival in pretreated allogeneic recipients; as standard of reference served the activity of certain cancerostatic or immunosuppressive drugs used in clinical practice. 1-Hydroxyanthraquinone (1a), alizarin (1c), chrysazin (1d), acetylated glucoside of 2-hydroxyanthraquinone (2b), 2-benzylalizarin (5c), and 1-acetyl-2-benzylalizarin (5d) were found to exhibit antitumour activity. Distinct immunosuppressive activity was detected in alizarin (1c), acetylated glucoside of 1-hydroxyanthraquinone (2a), acetylated glucoside of 2-hydroxyanthraquinone (2b), acetylated glucoside of chrysazin (2d), 2-acetylalizarin (5a), and 1-acetyl-2-benzylalizarin (5d). The group of hydroxyanthraquinone glucodises (3a--3d) exhibited neither antitumour nor immunosuppressive activity."}
{"id": "PMID:863062", "title": "[Effect of 8-methoxypsoralen and blacklight on microorganisms in vitro and in experimental trichophytosis in guinea pigs].", "content": "The lack of experimental test models causes problems in comparative evaluation of photodynamic effects of 8-MOP and its possible derivatives after irradiation with blacklight or other irradiation sources. In our experiments in vitro, tests with various microorganisms and the in vivo model of experimental dermatophytosis in guinea pigs by Trichophyton mentagrophytes appeared to be suitable. In vivo, 8-MOP was applicated orally and topically in two formulations.", "contents": "[Effect of 8-methoxypsoralen and blacklight on microorganisms in vitro and in experimental trichophytosis in guinea pigs]. The lack of experimental test models causes problems in comparative evaluation of photodynamic effects of 8-MOP and its possible derivatives after irradiation with blacklight or other irradiation sources. In our experiments in vitro, tests with various microorganisms and the in vivo model of experimental dermatophytosis in guinea pigs by Trichophyton mentagrophytes appeared to be suitable. In vivo, 8-MOP was applicated orally and topically in two formulations."}
{"id": "PMID:863063", "title": "Photo-onycholysis induced by 8-methoxypsoralen.", "content": "Two patients, who we had under surveillance since 1969, were found to develop photo-onycholysis from orally administered 8-methoxypsoralen and sunlight irradiation. Morphological examination of the nail bed revealed characteristics of a microtrauma. The photosensitizing effect of the drug induced the generation numerous binucleate, tetranucleate and multinucleate epithelial cells as well as numerous binucleate and tetranucleate fibroblasts in the dermis.", "contents": "Photo-onycholysis induced by 8-methoxypsoralen. Two patients, who we had under surveillance since 1969, were found to develop photo-onycholysis from orally administered 8-methoxypsoralen and sunlight irradiation. Morphological examination of the nail bed revealed characteristics of a microtrauma. The photosensitizing effect of the drug induced the generation numerous binucleate, tetranucleate and multinucleate epithelial cells as well as numerous binucleate and tetranucleate fibroblasts in the dermis."}
{"id": "PMID:863064", "title": "Virus-like structures in the skin in the course of chronic lupus erythematosus.", "content": "Six skin biopsies of one patient, from foci of chronic lupus erythematosus in different stages of development of the disease and from unchanged skin were examined by electron microscope. The aim of the investigations performed was to check the presence of reticulotublar structures in these samples. Reticulotublar structures appeared in numerous quantities in early foci, while in scarred foci, as in structurally unchanged skin, they were, although always present, rare.", "contents": "Virus-like structures in the skin in the course of chronic lupus erythematosus. Six skin biopsies of one patient, from foci of chronic lupus erythematosus in different stages of development of the disease and from unchanged skin were examined by electron microscope. The aim of the investigations performed was to check the presence of reticulotublar structures in these samples. Reticulotublar structures appeared in numerous quantities in early foci, while in scarred foci, as in structurally unchanged skin, they were, although always present, rare."}
{"id": "PMID:863065", "title": "Topical parabens: benefits and risks.", "content": "Parabens are the most frequently used preservative in dermatological medications. Some allergies have been reported to parabens, but these risks must be considered with respect to the benefits of parabens in concentrations used as preservatives in dermatological formulations. Considering the alternatives to parabens in preservat ives and placing perspective on the reported allergies we still find parabens to be a useful preservative with minimal risk to its benefits.", "contents": "Topical parabens: benefits and risks. Parabens are the most frequently used preservative in dermatological medications. Some allergies have been reported to parabens, but these risks must be considered with respect to the benefits of parabens in concentrations used as preservatives in dermatological formulations. Considering the alternatives to parabens in preservat ives and placing perspective on the reported allergies we still find parabens to be a useful preservative with minimal risk to its benefits."}
{"id": "PMID:863066", "title": "Hodgkin's disease and mycosis fungoides in a married couple.", "content": "Hodgkin's disease and mycosis fungoides are malignancies in which there is abnormal T lymphocyte proliferation. The authors report the occurrence of Hodgkin's disease and mycosis fungoides in a husband and wife, respectively. This represents another instance of clustering of cases of T lymphocyte malignancies.", "contents": "Hodgkin's disease and mycosis fungoides in a married couple. Hodgkin's disease and mycosis fungoides are malignancies in which there is abnormal T lymphocyte proliferation. The authors report the occurrence of Hodgkin's disease and mycosis fungoides in a husband and wife, respectively. This represents another instance of clustering of cases of T lymphocyte malignancies."}
{"id": "PMID:863067", "title": "Treatment of psoriasis vulgaris with a new retinoic acid derivative Ro 10-9359; An uncontrolled clinical trial.", "content": "The retinoic acid derivative Ro 10-9359, given orally in maximum daily doses of 100 mg to 15 patients with psoriasis vulgaris, led to clearing of the lesions in 8 patients. The average period of treatment was 9 weeks. In 14 patients side-effects were observed, the most important being palmo-plantar desquamation, shivering, thirst and diffuse hair loss. In 2 patients scaling led to withdrawal. In 6 patients abnormal alkaline phosphatase and glutamic-aspartatic transaminase values, partly transient, developed (glutamicaspartatic transaminase, p less than 0.01).", "contents": "Treatment of psoriasis vulgaris with a new retinoic acid derivative Ro 10-9359; An uncontrolled clinical trial. The retinoic acid derivative Ro 10-9359, given orally in maximum daily doses of 100 mg to 15 patients with psoriasis vulgaris, led to clearing of the lesions in 8 patients. The average period of treatment was 9 weeks. In 14 patients side-effects were observed, the most important being palmo-plantar desquamation, shivering, thirst and diffuse hair loss. In 2 patients scaling led to withdrawal. In 6 patients abnormal alkaline phosphatase and glutamic-aspartatic transaminase values, partly transient, developed (glutamicaspartatic transaminase, p less than 0.01)."}
{"id": "PMID:863068", "title": "Diseases sometimes associated with psoriasis. I. Candidosis.", "content": "Of 5,033 patients who were seen between 1968 and 1975, 407 suffered from psoriasis (Ps) and 245 from candidosis (Cn). Of these, 38 patients (p less than 0.001) had both diseases. In 24 additional families, Ps was found in one member and Cn in another. The relationship of the two diseases is discussed.", "contents": "Diseases sometimes associated with psoriasis. I. Candidosis. Of 5,033 patients who were seen between 1968 and 1975, 407 suffered from psoriasis (Ps) and 245 from candidosis (Cn). Of these, 38 patients (p less than 0.001) had both diseases. In 24 additional families, Ps was found in one member and Cn in another. The relationship of the two diseases is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:863069", "title": "Ultrastructural features of psoralen plus black light induced successive changes in psoriatic cell.", "content": "Based on an ultramicroscopic investigation of the psoralen plus black light-induced photodynamic reaction in the psoriatic cell, there is evidence that the primary reaction takes place in the nuclei, which possess abundant nucleic acid. This initial reaction is manifested by a large vacuole situated in the nucleus. As the vacuole gradually enlarges, the nucleus becomes an annex to the vacuole, while the cytoplasm of the cell succumbs to the necrobiotic process.", "contents": "Ultrastructural features of psoralen plus black light induced successive changes in psoriatic cell. Based on an ultramicroscopic investigation of the psoralen plus black light-induced photodynamic reaction in the psoriatic cell, there is evidence that the primary reaction takes place in the nuclei, which possess abundant nucleic acid. This initial reaction is manifested by a large vacuole situated in the nucleus. As the vacuole gradually enlarges, the nucleus becomes an annex to the vacuole, while the cytoplasm of the cell succumbs to the necrobiotic process."}
{"id": "PMID:863070", "title": "Study of the effects of certain drugs on experimental porphyria in rats.", "content": "The effect of ethanol, phenobarbitone, griseofulvin or chloroquine on 3,4-diethoxycarbonyl-1,4-dihydrocollidine (DDC)-induced porphyria in rats has been studied in experiments lasting up to 40 days. Ethanol, phenobarbitone or griseofulvin given later, in addition to DDC, resulted in a clearly greater porphyrin excretion and liver porphyrin concentration than with DDC alone. Chloroquine at first increased, then decreased porphyrin excretion and liver porphyrin was lowered. No drug without DDC was porphyrogenic.", "contents": "Study of the effects of certain drugs on experimental porphyria in rats. The effect of ethanol, phenobarbitone, griseofulvin or chloroquine on 3,4-diethoxycarbonyl-1,4-dihydrocollidine (DDC)-induced porphyria in rats has been studied in experiments lasting up to 40 days. Ethanol, phenobarbitone or griseofulvin given later, in addition to DDC, resulted in a clearly greater porphyrin excretion and liver porphyrin concentration than with DDC alone. Chloroquine at first increased, then decreased porphyrin excretion and liver porphyrin was lowered. No drug without DDC was porphyrogenic."}
{"id": "PMID:863071", "title": "Nickel content of plasma, urine and hair in contact dermatitis.", "content": "The nickle (Ni) concentrations of blood plasma, urine and scalp hair do not differ between hypersensitive and non-hypersensitive subjects. Those who are occupationally exposed have about ten times the control content of nickel in the plasma, urine and hair, whether hypersensitive or not. During vacations the Ni contents of their plasmas and urines decrease sharply. Oral administration of only 5 mg Ni (as the sulphate) increases the Ni concentration of plasma and urine to ten times the normal for more than the subsequent 24 h.", "contents": "Nickel content of plasma, urine and hair in contact dermatitis. The nickle (Ni) concentrations of blood plasma, urine and scalp hair do not differ between hypersensitive and non-hypersensitive subjects. Those who are occupationally exposed have about ten times the control content of nickel in the plasma, urine and hair, whether hypersensitive or not. During vacations the Ni contents of their plasmas and urines decrease sharply. Oral administration of only 5 mg Ni (as the sulphate) increases the Ni concentration of plasma and urine to ten times the normal for more than the subsequent 24 h."}
{"id": "PMID:863080", "title": "Comparisons of various clomipramine (Anafranil) dosage regimes.", "content": "An open study of four dosage regimes of clomipramine (Anafranil)--10 mg t.d.s., 30 mg o.n., 25 mg t.d.s. and 75 mg o.n.--was performed in patients seen in general practice suffering from depression. The primary purpose of the study was to gather information on steady-state blood levels of unchanged drug and major metabolite. However, clinical assessments were also made on a seventeen symptom depression rating scale initially and after 1,2 and 4 weeks treatment and side-effects were assessed. Seventy patients were admitted to the study; forty-nine completed it. All four treatment groups showed significant improvement. The groups were small and no significant differences emerged between them. The best response of 77% improvement on total score after 4 weeks was obtained in the group of patients receiving 25 mg t.d.s. The patients on 30 mg daily showed a 67% response when this was divided and 65% when given singly. The worst response was obtained in the patients receiving 75 mg single dose (50%). Thirteen of the twenty drop-outs did so because of side-effects. Ten of these were in high dose groups. However, amongst patients who completed the study there was no difference in the side-effects observed in the four groups.", "contents": "Comparisons of various clomipramine (Anafranil) dosage regimes. An open study of four dosage regimes of clomipramine (Anafranil)--10 mg t.d.s., 30 mg o.n., 25 mg t.d.s. and 75 mg o.n.--was performed in patients seen in general practice suffering from depression. The primary purpose of the study was to gather information on steady-state blood levels of unchanged drug and major metabolite. However, clinical assessments were also made on a seventeen symptom depression rating scale initially and after 1,2 and 4 weeks treatment and side-effects were assessed. Seventy patients were admitted to the study; forty-nine completed it. All four treatment groups showed significant improvement. The groups were small and no significant differences emerged between them. The best response of 77% improvement on total score after 4 weeks was obtained in the group of patients receiving 25 mg t.d.s. The patients on 30 mg daily showed a 67% response when this was divided and 65% when given singly. The worst response was obtained in the patients receiving 75 mg single dose (50%). Thirteen of the twenty drop-outs did so because of side-effects. Ten of these were in high dose groups. However, amongst patients who completed the study there was no difference in the side-effects observed in the four groups."}
{"id": "PMID:863081", "title": "A clinical trial of a 50 mg formulation of clomipramine (Anafranil) with steady-state plasma level measurements.", "content": "Twenty depressed patients seen in general practice were admitted to an open, uncontrolled pilot trial of a new 50 mg formulation of clomipramine. Treatment was administered for four weeks and clinical progress assessed by the General Health Questionnaire, a new depression rating scale and a new design of a visual analogue scale. Two patients dropped out of the study, one because of side-effects and a second because it was necessary to change the dosage. Of the 18 patients remaining 17 showed significant improvement during the four weeks treatment as assessed by the three clinical measures. Plasma levels of clomipramine and desmethylclomipramine were assayed. Steady-state appeared to be achieved between one and two weeks. Between two and four weeks levels of clomipramine varied between 14 and 136 microng/ml with a mean level of 54-6 microng/ml and of desmethylclomipramine, between 3-5 and 344-3 microng/ml with a mean level of 76-7 microng/ml The 50 mg formulation of clomipramine appeared to produced therapeutic levels in 17 of the 18 patients treated. Because so many patients recovered in spite of individually variable plasma levels no correlations between clinical effect and plasma levels were demonstrable. Side-effects were not generally troublesome and were low in incidence. Correlations between plasma level and side-effects were inexplicably negative but rarely significantly so.", "contents": "A clinical trial of a 50 mg formulation of clomipramine (Anafranil) with steady-state plasma level measurements. Twenty depressed patients seen in general practice were admitted to an open, uncontrolled pilot trial of a new 50 mg formulation of clomipramine. Treatment was administered for four weeks and clinical progress assessed by the General Health Questionnaire, a new depression rating scale and a new design of a visual analogue scale. Two patients dropped out of the study, one because of side-effects and a second because it was necessary to change the dosage. Of the 18 patients remaining 17 showed significant improvement during the four weeks treatment as assessed by the three clinical measures. Plasma levels of clomipramine and desmethylclomipramine were assayed. Steady-state appeared to be achieved between one and two weeks. Between two and four weeks levels of clomipramine varied between 14 and 136 microng/ml with a mean level of 54-6 microng/ml and of desmethylclomipramine, between 3-5 and 344-3 microng/ml with a mean level of 76-7 microng/ml The 50 mg formulation of clomipramine appeared to produced therapeutic levels in 17 of the 18 patients treated. Because so many patients recovered in spite of individually variable plasma levels no correlations between clinical effect and plasma levels were demonstrable. Side-effects were not generally troublesome and were low in incidence. Correlations between plasma level and side-effects were inexplicably negative but rarely significantly so."}
{"id": "PMID:863082", "title": "The general practitioner's role in the management of psychiatric illness.", "content": "Psychiatric illness is of major social and medical importance. At least one fifth of the patients seen by doctors in general practice suffer predominantly from mental illness. Only one in twenty of these patients suffering from psychiatric disorders are referred to the hospital and specialist services. The general practitioner therefore deals with the bulk of psychaitric illnesses which constitutes a problem of considerable magnitude. Psychiatric illnesses may be considered in terms of the distrubance they cause in mental state. The following aspects of mental state are considered: consciousness, memory, mood, thinking, intelligence and personality. Disorders of each of these components of mental state are described and their management discussed.", "contents": "The general practitioner's role in the management of psychiatric illness. Psychiatric illness is of major social and medical importance. At least one fifth of the patients seen by doctors in general practice suffer predominantly from mental illness. Only one in twenty of these patients suffering from psychiatric disorders are referred to the hospital and specialist services. The general practitioner therefore deals with the bulk of psychaitric illnesses which constitutes a problem of considerable magnitude. Psychiatric illnesses may be considered in terms of the distrubance they cause in mental state. The following aspects of mental state are considered: consciousness, memory, mood, thinking, intelligence and personality. Disorders of each of these components of mental state are described and their management discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:863084", "title": "Biochemistry of the affective disorders.", "content": "The idea that affective illness might be due to some biochemical malfunction of the patient is not new. A number of features of affective illness lend support to the biological hypothesis of aetiology. The evidence is briefly reviewed in this paper. There are three principal areas of biochemical interest in depression, namely electrolytes, biogenic amines and neuroendocrine abnormalities. Each of these is briefly reviewed.", "contents": "Biochemistry of the affective disorders. The idea that affective illness might be due to some biochemical malfunction of the patient is not new. A number of features of affective illness lend support to the biological hypothesis of aetiology. The evidence is briefly reviewed in this paper. There are three principal areas of biochemical interest in depression, namely electrolytes, biogenic amines and neuroendocrine abnormalities. Each of these is briefly reviewed."}
{"id": "PMID:863085", "title": "Antidepressants and pain: a review of the pharmacological data supporting the use of certain tricyclics in chronic pain.", "content": "There have been reports that tricyclic antidepressants, such as clomipramine (Anafranil), alleviate some forms of chronic pain in man. This paper examines and compares the pharmacological properties of centrally-acting analgesics and the tricyclic antidepressants, to establish a scientific basis for the observed clinical effects of the tricyclics. Opiates and tricyclic antidepressants share a number of pharmacological properties including activity in animal tests for antidepressant and analgesic activity. In doses which alone were not analgesic, clomipramine potentiated whilst maprotiline (Ludiomil) attenuated the analgesic activity of single doses of morphine in laboratory animals. However, when morphine and tricyclic agent were given repeatedly over several days, clomipramine enhanced or accelerated the onset of morphine tolerance, whereas maprotiline delayed tolerance. It is concluded that there is much experimental data to support the belief that tricyclics such as clomipramine may be useful in chronic clinical pain. Where an opiate is being administered chronically (for example in terminal pain) the concomitant administration of maprotiline may delay onset of tolerance.", "contents": "Antidepressants and pain: a review of the pharmacological data supporting the use of certain tricyclics in chronic pain. There have been reports that tricyclic antidepressants, such as clomipramine (Anafranil), alleviate some forms of chronic pain in man. This paper examines and compares the pharmacological properties of centrally-acting analgesics and the tricyclic antidepressants, to establish a scientific basis for the observed clinical effects of the tricyclics. Opiates and tricyclic antidepressants share a number of pharmacological properties including activity in animal tests for antidepressant and analgesic activity. In doses which alone were not analgesic, clomipramine potentiated whilst maprotiline (Ludiomil) attenuated the analgesic activity of single doses of morphine in laboratory animals. However, when morphine and tricyclic agent were given repeatedly over several days, clomipramine enhanced or accelerated the onset of morphine tolerance, whereas maprotiline delayed tolerance. It is concluded that there is much experimental data to support the belief that tricyclics such as clomipramine may be useful in chronic clinical pain. Where an opiate is being administered chronically (for example in terminal pain) the concomitant administration of maprotiline may delay onset of tolerance."}
{"id": "PMID:863087", "title": "A comparison of various clomipramine (Anafranil) dosage regimes.", "content": "This study was a multicentre general practitioner trial comparing four dosage regimes of clomipramine (Anafranil, Geigy Pharmaceuticals): 10 mg t.d.s., 30 mg o.n., 25 mg t.d.s. and 75 mg o.n. This paper concerns the clinical results obtained using a series of twelve visual analogue scales completed independently by doctor and patient. Also side-effects, recorded on a standard list of unwanted effects of tricyclic antidepressants, were studied. Very few statistical differences were found between the dosage regimes, and they were difficult to interpret clinically. It was concluded that although 25 mg t.d.s. was most effective, 30 mg o.n. was probably the best compromise in terms of efficacy and tolerability.", "contents": "A comparison of various clomipramine (Anafranil) dosage regimes. This study was a multicentre general practitioner trial comparing four dosage regimes of clomipramine (Anafranil, Geigy Pharmaceuticals): 10 mg t.d.s., 30 mg o.n., 25 mg t.d.s. and 75 mg o.n. This paper concerns the clinical results obtained using a series of twelve visual analogue scales completed independently by doctor and patient. Also side-effects, recorded on a standard list of unwanted effects of tricyclic antidepressants, were studied. Very few statistical differences were found between the dosage regimes, and they were difficult to interpret clinically. It was concluded that although 25 mg t.d.s. was most effective, 30 mg o.n. was probably the best compromise in terms of efficacy and tolerability."}
{"id": "PMID:863088", "title": "An investigation into the short-term effects of clomipramine (Anafranil) administered in low doses, on weight.", "content": "Patients treated with four dosage regimes of clomipramine (Anafranil) 10 mg t.d.s., 30 mg o.n., 25 mg t.d.s. and 75 mg o.n. in a clinical trial lasting four weeks were regularly weighed. Due allowance was made for the normality or otherwise of normal weight, appetite and, in women, menstruation. There was no evidence that during the four weeks of this particular study and on these doses of clomipramine patients showed any increase in weight.", "contents": "An investigation into the short-term effects of clomipramine (Anafranil) administered in low doses, on weight. Patients treated with four dosage regimes of clomipramine (Anafranil) 10 mg t.d.s., 30 mg o.n., 25 mg t.d.s. and 75 mg o.n. in a clinical trial lasting four weeks were regularly weighed. Due allowance was made for the normality or otherwise of normal weight, appetite and, in women, menstruation. There was no evidence that during the four weeks of this particular study and on these doses of clomipramine patients showed any increase in weight."}
{"id": "PMID:863089", "title": "Sexual side-effects of clomipramine (Anafranil).", "content": "An attempt was made to measure the effects of depressive illness and of clomipramine (Anafranil) therapy in doses of 30 mg and 75 mg daily on sexual appetite and performance. A special questionnaire was devised to gather information on sexual habits before illness, during illness and following treatment. It proved difficult to differentiate between the beneficial effects of recovery from depression and the possible adverse drug effects on sexual activity. Two patients dropped out of the study because of supposed sexual side-effects--a male with ejaculatory difficulties and a female with orgasmic impotence. Fifty-four patients completed the sexual questionnaire and a four-week course of clomipramine. There were nineteen males and thirty-five females. Sixty-eight per cent of males and 57% of females had their 'sex life' impaired by depressive illness. Coital rate was decreased and depression interfered with performance and satisfaction. Clomipramine therapy seemed to have advantageous and disadvantageous effects. The advantageous effects were probably associated with improvement in depressive illness. There was evidence that clomipramine had an adverse effect sexually in 26% of males and 14% of females. The effect was dose-related in females.", "contents": "Sexual side-effects of clomipramine (Anafranil). An attempt was made to measure the effects of depressive illness and of clomipramine (Anafranil) therapy in doses of 30 mg and 75 mg daily on sexual appetite and performance. A special questionnaire was devised to gather information on sexual habits before illness, during illness and following treatment. It proved difficult to differentiate between the beneficial effects of recovery from depression and the possible adverse drug effects on sexual activity. Two patients dropped out of the study because of supposed sexual side-effects--a male with ejaculatory difficulties and a female with orgasmic impotence. Fifty-four patients completed the sexual questionnaire and a four-week course of clomipramine. There were nineteen males and thirty-five females. Sixty-eight per cent of males and 57% of females had their 'sex life' impaired by depressive illness. Coital rate was decreased and depression interfered with performance and satisfaction. Clomipramine therapy seemed to have advantageous and disadvantageous effects. The advantageous effects were probably associated with improvement in depressive illness. There was evidence that clomipramine had an adverse effect sexually in 26% of males and 14% of females. The effect was dose-related in females."}
{"id": "PMID:863090", "title": "Comparison between physician and patient completed visual analogue scales.", "content": "In a multicentre general practitioner trial, in which patients were treated with various dose regimes of clomipramine (Anafranil, Geigy Pharmaceuticals), patients and doctors completed independently of each other a series of visual analogue scales on admission and after one, two and four weeks of treatment. A regression technique is described to deal with the comparison between patient and doctor completed scales. It is suggested that this method is more informative than just giving correlations between ratings. The study shows that for the two target symptoms, depression and anxiety, the agreement between patient and doctor ratings is poor, particularly at the beginning of the study. The 'best' results are obtained for initial sleep, appetite and libido. Some explanations for these findings are offered, and further researches of the visual analogue scale are suggested.", "contents": "Comparison between physician and patient completed visual analogue scales. In a multicentre general practitioner trial, in which patients were treated with various dose regimes of clomipramine (Anafranil, Geigy Pharmaceuticals), patients and doctors completed independently of each other a series of visual analogue scales on admission and after one, two and four weeks of treatment. A regression technique is described to deal with the comparison between patient and doctor completed scales. It is suggested that this method is more informative than just giving correlations between ratings. The study shows that for the two target symptoms, depression and anxiety, the agreement between patient and doctor ratings is poor, particularly at the beginning of the study. The 'best' results are obtained for initial sleep, appetite and libido. Some explanations for these findings are offered, and further researches of the visual analogue scale are suggested."}
{"id": "PMID:863091", "title": "Experiences with some new scales for use in general practice trials.", "content": "The proper assessment of depression in general practice requires the use of adequate and sensitive measurement of target symptoms. In a pilot trial of a new 50 mg formulation of clomipramine (Anafranil) various new techniques of measurement were explored, namely, the General Health Questionnaire, a series of visual analogue scales with a centre reference point and a new physician rating scale for depression.", "contents": "Experiences with some new scales for use in general practice trials. The proper assessment of depression in general practice requires the use of adequate and sensitive measurement of target symptoms. In a pilot trial of a new 50 mg formulation of clomipramine (Anafranil) various new techniques of measurement were explored, namely, the General Health Questionnaire, a series of visual analogue scales with a centre reference point and a new physician rating scale for depression."}
{"id": "PMID:863092", "title": "Psychotropic drugs and migraine.", "content": "The incidence and differential diagnosis of migraine is discussed. The use of clomipramine (Anafranil) in the prophylaxis of migraine is considered and the results of a pilot study presented. The problems which arise in the organization of clinical trials of migraine prophylaxis and hypotheses for the possible mode of action of clomipramine and other psychotropic drugs in the prevention of migraine are discussed.", "contents": "Psychotropic drugs and migraine. The incidence and differential diagnosis of migraine is discussed. The use of clomipramine (Anafranil) in the prophylaxis of migraine is considered and the results of a pilot study presented. The problems which arise in the organization of clinical trials of migraine prophylaxis and hypotheses for the possible mode of action of clomipramine and other psychotropic drugs in the prevention of migraine are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:863093", "title": "Factors influencing plasma drug concentrations.", "content": "The usefulness of measuring plasma concentrations of drugs in patients is now well established and permits a greater efficacy and safety of treatment since dosage can be adjusted on an individual basis. In monitoring plasma concentrations one must recognize that a number of factors may influence these levels. For instance, levels may be affected by age, body-weight and size, genetical factors, abnormalities of water and electrolyte balance and complications associated with pathological conditions such as renal and hepatic impairment. Likewise, plasma levels will depend on dosage, time and route of drug administration, the bioavailability of the drug and time of blood sampling. In addition, absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion and concurrent drug administration may profoundly affect plasma drug concentrations.", "contents": "Factors influencing plasma drug concentrations. The usefulness of measuring plasma concentrations of drugs in patients is now well established and permits a greater efficacy and safety of treatment since dosage can be adjusted on an individual basis. In monitoring plasma concentrations one must recognize that a number of factors may influence these levels. For instance, levels may be affected by age, body-weight and size, genetical factors, abnormalities of water and electrolyte balance and complications associated with pathological conditions such as renal and hepatic impairment. Likewise, plasma levels will depend on dosage, time and route of drug administration, the bioavailability of the drug and time of blood sampling. In addition, absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion and concurrent drug administration may profoundly affect plasma drug concentrations."}
{"id": "PMID:863094", "title": "Plasma level studies with clomipramine (anafranil)", "content": "Patients showing symptoms of depressive illness were treated in general practice with one of four clomipramine (Anafranil) dosage regimes (25 mg t.d.s., 75 mg o.n., 10 mg t.d.s. and 30 mg o.n.). Blood was sampled on admission to the study and at days 7, 14 and 28. Plasma analysis revealed that steady-state concentrations of clomipramine and its main metabolite desmethyclomipramine were reached at day 7 of treatment in each of the dosage groups. No apparent relationship between dosage and plasma level of clomipramine was found in this study since there was no significant difference between mean steady-state plasma levels in each of the four dosage regimes. In contrast, plasma concentrations of desmethylclomipramine appeared to be directly related to the dose of clomipramine administered. Intersubject variations in plasma levels of the parent compound within each dosage group ranged from three to fourteen-fold.", "contents": "Plasma level studies with clomipramine (anafranil). Patients showing symptoms of depressive illness were treated in general practice with one of four clomipramine (Anafranil) dosage regimes (25 mg t.d.s., 75 mg o.n., 10 mg t.d.s. and 30 mg o.n.). Blood was sampled on admission to the study and at days 7, 14 and 28. Plasma analysis revealed that steady-state concentrations of clomipramine and its main metabolite desmethyclomipramine were reached at day 7 of treatment in each of the dosage groups. No apparent relationship between dosage and plasma level of clomipramine was found in this study since there was no significant difference between mean steady-state plasma levels in each of the four dosage regimes. In contrast, plasma concentrations of desmethylclomipramine appeared to be directly related to the dose of clomipramine administered. Intersubject variations in plasma levels of the parent compound within each dosage group ranged from three to fourteen-fold."}
{"id": "PMID:863116", "title": "Open-field behavior of prenatally irradiated and/or postnatally handled C57BL/6 mice.", "content": "Mice (C57BL/6) were prenatally irradiated with 60Co and/or handled on postnatal Days 1-10, and subsequently tested in an open field on Days 21, 42, and 63, and in a shuttle box on Days 30 and 60. Another group of mice was treated and tested similarly, but the shuttle box testing was omitted. All animals were cross-fostered at birth. Handling increased open-field activity and decreased defecation whereas irradiation decreased activity and had inconsistent effects on defecation. A comparison of the data from both groups of mice indicated that the shuttle box experience decreased open-field activity, particularly for the irradiated and unhandled animals. Direct and indirect irradiation effects--revealed by the cross-fostering procedure--were both significant and about equal in magnitude, underlining the importance of attending to irradiation effects on maternal as well as on offspring behavior.", "contents": "Open-field behavior of prenatally irradiated and/or postnatally handled C57BL/6 mice. Mice (C57BL/6) were prenatally irradiated with 60Co and/or handled on postnatal Days 1-10, and subsequently tested in an open field on Days 21, 42, and 63, and in a shuttle box on Days 30 and 60. Another group of mice was treated and tested similarly, but the shuttle box testing was omitted. All animals were cross-fostered at birth. Handling increased open-field activity and decreased defecation whereas irradiation decreased activity and had inconsistent effects on defecation. A comparison of the data from both groups of mice indicated that the shuttle box experience decreased open-field activity, particularly for the irradiated and unhandled animals. Direct and indirect irradiation effects--revealed by the cross-fostering procedure--were both significant and about equal in magnitude, underlining the importance of attending to irradiation effects on maternal as well as on offspring behavior."}
{"id": "PMID:863117", "title": "Interaction of separation distress with fear in infant dogs.", "content": "Forty-one Telomian, beagle, and F1 hybrid puppies were tested in the presence and absence of a sound-producing stimulus under 2 social conditions, single and paired, at 6, 7, and 8 weeks of age. The sound stimulus definitely produced fearful reactions, as measured by tail carriage, which were not affected by social condition and accompanying differences in distress vocalization. Nor was distress vocalization significantly altered by the sound stimulus. We conclude that sound-induced fear and separation distress are separate and independent affective states. Social condition and the presence of the sound stimulus produced interactive effects at the behavioral level in that paired animals showed longer latencies to contact and maintained greater distances from the sound stimulus.", "contents": "Interaction of separation distress with fear in infant dogs. Forty-one Telomian, beagle, and F1 hybrid puppies were tested in the presence and absence of a sound-producing stimulus under 2 social conditions, single and paired, at 6, 7, and 8 weeks of age. The sound stimulus definitely produced fearful reactions, as measured by tail carriage, which were not affected by social condition and accompanying differences in distress vocalization. Nor was distress vocalization significantly altered by the sound stimulus. We conclude that sound-induced fear and separation distress are separate and independent affective states. Social condition and the presence of the sound stimulus produced interactive effects at the behavioral level in that paired animals showed longer latencies to contact and maintained greater distances from the sound stimulus."}
{"id": "PMID:863118", "title": "Early learning and retention of a conditioned taste aversion.", "content": "Weanling rats were trained on a taste aversion task and tested 60 days later using the single bottle and preference methods for assessing the retention of a taste aversion, and a competitive situation in which the CS was eventually substituted for plain water. Only the competitive situation showed the effects of the early taste aversion training. The results are discussed in terms of the conditioning and reactivation of adrenocortical steroid elevations and how these might affect subsequent retrieval.", "contents": "Early learning and retention of a conditioned taste aversion. Weanling rats were trained on a taste aversion task and tested 60 days later using the single bottle and preference methods for assessing the retention of a taste aversion, and a competitive situation in which the CS was eventually substituted for plain water. Only the competitive situation showed the effects of the early taste aversion training. The results are discussed in terms of the conditioning and reactivation of adrenocortical steroid elevations and how these might affect subsequent retrieval."}
{"id": "PMID:863119", "title": "The ontogeny of plasma osmolality and intravascular volume maintenance during short-term starvation in rats.", "content": "Body fluid deviations were examined in albino rats of both genders between 30 and 100 days of age during food deprivation. Plasma volume declined with age in free-feeding control groups. Hypovolemia induced by starvation (4 days) was more intense in 30- to 60-day-old animals than in 80- and 100-day groups. Plasma ismolality concentration of control groups indicated increases with age leveling off after 60 days. The initiation of drinking during fasting was accompanied by physiologically significant elevations in plasma osmolality over ad libitum concentrations at each age tested. In a second experiment, repeated exposure to short periods of food deprivation (2 days) during development resulted in the maintenance of intravascular fluid at control volumes. Longer periods (4 days) of deprivation did not result in savings of intravascular volume loss evidenced during starvation. These results suggest that rats compensate for hypovolemia induced by short-term starvation when provided experience with food restriction during development.", "contents": "The ontogeny of plasma osmolality and intravascular volume maintenance during short-term starvation in rats. Body fluid deviations were examined in albino rats of both genders between 30 and 100 days of age during food deprivation. Plasma volume declined with age in free-feeding control groups. Hypovolemia induced by starvation (4 days) was more intense in 30- to 60-day-old animals than in 80- and 100-day groups. Plasma ismolality concentration of control groups indicated increases with age leveling off after 60 days. The initiation of drinking during fasting was accompanied by physiologically significant elevations in plasma osmolality over ad libitum concentrations at each age tested. In a second experiment, repeated exposure to short periods of food deprivation (2 days) during development resulted in the maintenance of intravascular fluid at control volumes. Longer periods (4 days) of deprivation did not result in savings of intravascular volume loss evidenced during starvation. These results suggest that rats compensate for hypovolemia induced by short-term starvation when provided experience with food restriction during development."}
{"id": "PMID:863120", "title": "Alterations in the maternal behavior of rats rearing malnourished offspring.", "content": "Investigations of maternal behavior of mothers fed a low-protein diet indicated deficits in retrieval and in the rate of nest-building. In addition, they indicated a concomitant increase in time spent with young when assessed during periods not associated with the retrieval/nest-building test session. The adrenalectomized mother, another case that produces growth-stunted progeny, was compared with both low-protein and control mothers for maternal behavior. Unlike the low-protein mother, the adrenalectomized mother did not exhibit retrieval or nest-building deficits; however, the adrenalectomized mother did display an increase in time spent with young. These data suggest that although deficits in retrieval and nest-building can be attributed to the nutritional condition of the mother, the stimulus characteristics of the malnourished pup are important in eliciting the increased time spent with the litter.", "contents": "Alterations in the maternal behavior of rats rearing malnourished offspring. Investigations of maternal behavior of mothers fed a low-protein diet indicated deficits in retrieval and in the rate of nest-building. In addition, they indicated a concomitant increase in time spent with young when assessed during periods not associated with the retrieval/nest-building test session. The adrenalectomized mother, another case that produces growth-stunted progeny, was compared with both low-protein and control mothers for maternal behavior. Unlike the low-protein mother, the adrenalectomized mother did not exhibit retrieval or nest-building deficits; however, the adrenalectomized mother did display an increase in time spent with young. These data suggest that although deficits in retrieval and nest-building can be attributed to the nutritional condition of the mother, the stimulus characteristics of the malnourished pup are important in eliciting the increased time spent with the litter."}
{"id": "PMID:863121", "title": "Response to auditory stimuli in 6- and 9-week-old human infants.", "content": "Response to 5-sec, 75-dB complex sounds was studied in groups of 24 infants each at 6 and 9 weeks of age. Under conditions appropriate for eliciting orienting, no significant cardiac response appeared at 6 weeks, but a significantly decelerative response did appear at 9weeks. Measurement of noncardiac responses suggested that sucking suppression is also a component of orienting to sound, that the status of eye-opening is equivocal, and that previously reported eye-movement responses are probably a component of startle. We concluded that age changes in orienting may occur in young infants, even when state is controlled, and that the probability of orienting varies with the kind of stimuli employed.", "contents": "Response to auditory stimuli in 6- and 9-week-old human infants. Response to 5-sec, 75-dB complex sounds was studied in groups of 24 infants each at 6 and 9 weeks of age. Under conditions appropriate for eliciting orienting, no significant cardiac response appeared at 6 weeks, but a significantly decelerative response did appear at 9weeks. Measurement of noncardiac responses suggested that sucking suppression is also a component of orienting to sound, that the status of eye-opening is equivocal, and that previously reported eye-movement responses are probably a component of startle. We concluded that age changes in orienting may occur in young infants, even when state is controlled, and that the probability of orienting varies with the kind of stimuli employed."}
{"id": "PMID:863122", "title": "Ontogeny of observational learning in the dog (Canis familiaris).", "content": "A split-litter technique was used to test observational learning in 4 litters of Miniature Dachshund puppies, 21, 28, 38, and 60 days old at the beginning of the experiment. In one side of a duplicate cage, one puppy of a litter, the demonstrator, learned to pull in a food cart on a runner by means of a ribbon, while another puppy, the observer, watched from an adjacent compartment, separated by a wire screen. Observational learning was demonstrated by the saving in time for the 1st trial when the observer was given the same problem to solve. Maturation, particularly the development of visual function and motor coordination, set a lower age limit for the emergence of observational learning.", "contents": "Ontogeny of observational learning in the dog (Canis familiaris). A split-litter technique was used to test observational learning in 4 litters of Miniature Dachshund puppies, 21, 28, 38, and 60 days old at the beginning of the experiment. In one side of a duplicate cage, one puppy of a litter, the demonstrator, learned to pull in a food cart on a runner by means of a ribbon, while another puppy, the observer, watched from an adjacent compartment, separated by a wire screen. Observational learning was demonstrated by the saving in time for the 1st trial when the observer was given the same problem to solve. Maturation, particularly the development of visual function and motor coordination, set a lower age limit for the emergence of observational learning."}
{"id": "PMID:863123", "title": "Interaction-induced reduction in differential maternal responsiveness: an effect of cue-reduction or behavior?", "content": "Litters from donor mothers received differential treatments (handling or shocking) and were then placed in wire-mesh baskets affixed to the cage tops of test mothers. Pup-produced cues from donor litters elicited different patterns of maternal behavior from test mothers that interacted with their own litters. In addition to these differences in maternal behavior, cues from the donor litters elicited a differential pattern of pituitary-adrenal activity. Shocked pups elicited larger corticosterone elevations than handled pups. These data suggest that the elimination of differential pituitary-adrenal responsiveness evidenced when mothers interact directly with pups subseuqent to pup treatment resllts from the termination of pup-produced cues that normally accompany active mother-infant interactions.", "contents": "Interaction-induced reduction in differential maternal responsiveness: an effect of cue-reduction or behavior? Litters from donor mothers received differential treatments (handling or shocking) and were then placed in wire-mesh baskets affixed to the cage tops of test mothers. Pup-produced cues from donor litters elicited different patterns of maternal behavior from test mothers that interacted with their own litters. In addition to these differences in maternal behavior, cues from the donor litters elicited a differential pattern of pituitary-adrenal activity. Shocked pups elicited larger corticosterone elevations than handled pups. These data suggest that the elimination of differential pituitary-adrenal responsiveness evidenced when mothers interact directly with pups subseuqent to pup treatment resllts from the termination of pup-produced cues that normally accompany active mother-infant interactions."}
{"id": "PMID:863124", "title": "Peripheral and autonomic nerve function in newly diagnosed diabetes mellitus.", "content": "Peripheral and autonomic nerve function was assessed in 10 newly diagnosed male diabetics (six insulin-treated and four sulfonylurea-treated) with repeated observations over the subsequent six months. There was significant impairment of motor-conduction velocity in the common peroneal nerve at diagnosis in both treatment groups, with improvement following treatment in only the insulin-treated patients. In contrast, although the blood glucose level fell in both groups, the mean level was significantly lower in the sulfonylurea-treated patients at two months and at each subsequent visit. In the autonomic function tests significant abnormality was found in the electrocardiographic R-R-interval (beat-to-beat) variation in resting heart rate in two of the insulin-treated patients and all of the sulfonylurea-treated group, with improvement in only one of the latter. One patient in the sulfonylurea-treated group also showed an abnormal response to the Valsalva maneuver (expressed as the Valsalva ratio), and this remained abnormal throughout the period of study. All other patients had normal responses to the Valsalva maneuver and sustained handgrip test. None of the patients had postural hypotension. Abnormalities in autonomic nerve function in diabetics at diagnosis have not been previously reported.", "contents": "Peripheral and autonomic nerve function in newly diagnosed diabetes mellitus. Peripheral and autonomic nerve function was assessed in 10 newly diagnosed male diabetics (six insulin-treated and four sulfonylurea-treated) with repeated observations over the subsequent six months. There was significant impairment of motor-conduction velocity in the common peroneal nerve at diagnosis in both treatment groups, with improvement following treatment in only the insulin-treated patients. In contrast, although the blood glucose level fell in both groups, the mean level was significantly lower in the sulfonylurea-treated patients at two months and at each subsequent visit. In the autonomic function tests significant abnormality was found in the electrocardiographic R-R-interval (beat-to-beat) variation in resting heart rate in two of the insulin-treated patients and all of the sulfonylurea-treated group, with improvement in only one of the latter. One patient in the sulfonylurea-treated group also showed an abnormal response to the Valsalva maneuver (expressed as the Valsalva ratio), and this remained abnormal throughout the period of study. All other patients had normal responses to the Valsalva maneuver and sustained handgrip test. None of the patients had postural hypotension. Abnormalities in autonomic nerve function in diabetics at diagnosis have not been previously reported."}
{"id": "PMID:863126", "title": "Glucagon response to arginine stimulation in obese and diabetic children.", "content": "The effect of arginine infusion on blood sugar and plasma levels of growth hormone and glucagon has been studied in children with clinical diabetes mellitus and in obese children with normal carbohydrate tolerance. Basal levels of plasma GH are significantly lower in obese children than in diabetics and controls; in obese subjects the increment of GH is significantly lower than in diabetics and controls. Basal plasma glucagon levels are comparable in all three groups despite the high sugar levels in diabetic patients. After arginine infusion there is a significant rise in glucagon levels without significant differences between the three groups.", "contents": "Glucagon response to arginine stimulation in obese and diabetic children. The effect of arginine infusion on blood sugar and plasma levels of growth hormone and glucagon has been studied in children with clinical diabetes mellitus and in obese children with normal carbohydrate tolerance. Basal levels of plasma GH are significantly lower in obese children than in diabetics and controls; in obese subjects the increment of GH is significantly lower than in diabetics and controls. Basal plasma glucagon levels are comparable in all three groups despite the high sugar levels in diabetic patients. After arginine infusion there is a significant rise in glucagon levels without significant differences between the three groups."}
{"id": "PMID:863127", "title": "Control of hyperglycemia in adult diabetics by pulsed insulin delivery.", "content": "Nine adult diabetic subjects were treated for two weeks by an intravenous insulin-delivery system that provided preprogramed five-hour pulses of insulin with each meal such that a normal diurnal pattern of plasma insulin was attained. Plasma insulin peaked at 800 per cent of basal and at approximately 45 minutes after the onset of each pulse. On day 14, mean plasma glucose (hourly sampling X 22) was 94 mg./100 ml., with a range of 66 to 125 mg./100 ml. Eighty-eight per cent of all values were between 50 and 150 mg./100 ml. The dose of insulin required correlated significantly with the degree of obesity. On the first posttreatment day, hourly plasma glucose remained significantly below pretreatment levels while the endogenous plasma insulin area increased 46 per cent above pretreatment values (p less than 0.01). Six of the patients still exhibited slight improvement in glucose tolerance for seven days while on diet but not on insulin treatment. It is concluded that insulin replacement, coordinated with meals in a physiologic manner, can virtually normalize plasma glucose even without feedback control of delivery rates. Definite but transient remission of beta-cell dysfunction may follow.", "contents": "Control of hyperglycemia in adult diabetics by pulsed insulin delivery. Nine adult diabetic subjects were treated for two weeks by an intravenous insulin-delivery system that provided preprogramed five-hour pulses of insulin with each meal such that a normal diurnal pattern of plasma insulin was attained. Plasma insulin peaked at 800 per cent of basal and at approximately 45 minutes after the onset of each pulse. On day 14, mean plasma glucose (hourly sampling X 22) was 94 mg./100 ml., with a range of 66 to 125 mg./100 ml. Eighty-eight per cent of all values were between 50 and 150 mg./100 ml. The dose of insulin required correlated significantly with the degree of obesity. On the first posttreatment day, hourly plasma glucose remained significantly below pretreatment levels while the endogenous plasma insulin area increased 46 per cent above pretreatment values (p less than 0.01). Six of the patients still exhibited slight improvement in glucose tolerance for seven days while on diet but not on insulin treatment. It is concluded that insulin replacement, coordinated with meals in a physiologic manner, can virtually normalize plasma glucose even without feedback control of delivery rates. Definite but transient remission of beta-cell dysfunction may follow."}
{"id": "PMID:863128", "title": "HLA system in Japnaese patients with diabetes mellitus.", "content": "Seventy-eight Japanese diabetics were HLA-typed, with special reference to age at onset, insulin dependency, and family history. HLA-A9, B5, and BW40 were increased, but A1, A3, and B8, which are found frequently among Caucasians, were almost absent among Japanese healthy controls as well as diabetics. J-1, a Japanese specific subclass of BW22, was significantly increased in juvenile-onset diabetics as compared with controls or diabetics with late onset. J-1 was also increased in the diabetics with insulin dependency and/or positive family history. But the association of J-1 with juvenile-onset diabetes mellitus was found to be the strongest. A tendency to a decrease in B5 was also observed in Japanese diabetics with juvenile onset, but this did not reach statistical significance as far as corrected P was concerned. These results showed that genetic markers for diabetes mellitus, especially that with juvenile onset, were different among Japanese from those found among Caucasians. There is ample evidence to indicate a race specificity in HLA phenotypes in diabetics as well as in controls. These findings also strongly suggest that juvenile-onset diabetes mellitus is a disease entity in itself and different from late-onset diabetes mellitus in origin and pathogenesis.", "contents": "HLA system in Japnaese patients with diabetes mellitus. Seventy-eight Japanese diabetics were HLA-typed, with special reference to age at onset, insulin dependency, and family history. HLA-A9, B5, and BW40 were increased, but A1, A3, and B8, which are found frequently among Caucasians, were almost absent among Japanese healthy controls as well as diabetics. J-1, a Japanese specific subclass of BW22, was significantly increased in juvenile-onset diabetics as compared with controls or diabetics with late onset. J-1 was also increased in the diabetics with insulin dependency and/or positive family history. But the association of J-1 with juvenile-onset diabetes mellitus was found to be the strongest. A tendency to a decrease in B5 was also observed in Japanese diabetics with juvenile onset, but this did not reach statistical significance as far as corrected P was concerned. These results showed that genetic markers for diabetes mellitus, especially that with juvenile onset, were different among Japanese from those found among Caucasians. There is ample evidence to indicate a race specificity in HLA phenotypes in diabetics as well as in controls. These findings also strongly suggest that juvenile-onset diabetes mellitus is a disease entity in itself and different from late-onset diabetes mellitus in origin and pathogenesis."}
{"id": "PMID:863129", "title": "HLA and chronic active hepatitis (CAH).", "content": "A family study of 2 parents and 5 SD identical (HLA-A1, A3, B7, B8) siblings, one of whom has 'classic CAH' has been used to demonstrate that in this family the maternally ingerited HLA-B8 antigen is not solely serving to mark genetic predisposition to this disease. The patient's lymphocytes both responded to, and stimulated those of her 4 siblings in MLR indicating the possible involvement of an HLA-D antigen in CAH. This HLA-D antigen could have been of paternal orgin, or could have been a result of a recombination event involving an HLA-D antigen liked to the maternal HLA-A2, B12 haplotype. The lymphocytes of the four helthy siblings were mutually unresponsive in MLR.", "contents": "HLA and chronic active hepatitis (CAH). A family study of 2 parents and 5 SD identical (HLA-A1, A3, B7, B8) siblings, one of whom has 'classic CAH' has been used to demonstrate that in this family the maternally ingerited HLA-B8 antigen is not solely serving to mark genetic predisposition to this disease. The patient's lymphocytes both responded to, and stimulated those of her 4 siblings in MLR indicating the possible involvement of an HLA-D antigen in CAH. This HLA-D antigen could have been of paternal orgin, or could have been a result of a recombination event involving an HLA-D antigen liked to the maternal HLA-A2, B12 haplotype. The lymphocytes of the four helthy siblings were mutually unresponsive in MLR."}
{"id": "PMID:863130", "title": "HLA in different forms of chronic active hepatitis. A comparison between adult patients and children.", "content": "108 adult patients and 34 children with chronic active hepatitis (CAH) are divided in four groups on the basis of presence and absence of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and autoantibodies (AutoAb). There are significant differences in the numeric distribution among the four groups and the sex distribution between adult patients and children, but no differences in the frequencies of the HLA antigens tested. An increased frequency of HLA-B8 (and HLA-A1) compared with normal controls and the other groups is only found in autoimmune types of CAH, characterized as HBsAg-negative, AutoAb-positive CAH. HBsAg-negative, AutoAb-negative forms of CAH are called cyptogenic CAH and these are most likely non-hepatitis B virus induced types of CAH. In these and hepatitis B virus induced forms of CAH no significant deviation of any HLA antigen tested could be found.", "contents": "HLA in different forms of chronic active hepatitis. A comparison between adult patients and children. 108 adult patients and 34 children with chronic active hepatitis (CAH) are divided in four groups on the basis of presence and absence of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and autoantibodies (AutoAb). There are significant differences in the numeric distribution among the four groups and the sex distribution between adult patients and children, but no differences in the frequencies of the HLA antigens tested. An increased frequency of HLA-B8 (and HLA-A1) compared with normal controls and the other groups is only found in autoimmune types of CAH, characterized as HBsAg-negative, AutoAb-positive CAH. HBsAg-negative, AutoAb-negative forms of CAH are called cyptogenic CAH and these are most likely non-hepatitis B virus induced types of CAH. In these and hepatitis B virus induced forms of CAH no significant deviation of any HLA antigen tested could be found."}
{"id": "PMID:863131", "title": "HLA and chronic active hepatitis.", "content": "42 patients (33 males and 9 females) with chromic active hepatitis (CAH) mostly HBsAg+, were typed for 24 alleles of the A and B loci. Diagnosis was performed according to the criteria outlined by the European Association for the Study of the Liver. The increased frequency of HLA-A3 (47.6% instead of 19.1% in 266 healthy controls) is significant after correction. The relative risk is 3.83. The phenotypic association A3/Bw35 is also increased (28.5% instead of 6.0 in the control group). The risk of the A3/Bw35 association is 6.25. The risk of A3 calculated in patients lacking Bw35 is 1.6. A family study in 5 patients over 5 showed an haplotype A3/Bw35.", "contents": "HLA and chronic active hepatitis. 42 patients (33 males and 9 females) with chromic active hepatitis (CAH) mostly HBsAg+, were typed for 24 alleles of the A and B loci. Diagnosis was performed according to the criteria outlined by the European Association for the Study of the Liver. The increased frequency of HLA-A3 (47.6% instead of 19.1% in 266 healthy controls) is significant after correction. The relative risk is 3.83. The phenotypic association A3/Bw35 is also increased (28.5% instead of 6.0 in the control group). The risk of the A3/Bw35 association is 6.25. The risk of A3 calculated in patients lacking Bw35 is 1.6. A family study in 5 patients over 5 showed an haplotype A3/Bw35."}
{"id": "PMID:863132", "title": "Effect of local circulatory arrest on the structure of the enterocytes of the isolated intestinal loop.", "content": "Fusion of the microvilli of the enterocytes, breakdown of the microvillous structure, vacuolization of the cytoplasm, and separation of the cells from one another, were observed in the early period of anoxia in the isolated small intestinal loop of dog. Filling the intestinal lumen with isotonic glucose solution inhibited the occurrence of the morphological changes observed. These observations furnish new data to the understanding of the very initial stage of small intestinal cell destruction due to anoxia.", "contents": "Effect of local circulatory arrest on the structure of the enterocytes of the isolated intestinal loop. Fusion of the microvilli of the enterocytes, breakdown of the microvillous structure, vacuolization of the cytoplasm, and separation of the cells from one another, were observed in the early period of anoxia in the isolated small intestinal loop of dog. Filling the intestinal lumen with isotonic glucose solution inhibited the occurrence of the morphological changes observed. These observations furnish new data to the understanding of the very initial stage of small intestinal cell destruction due to anoxia."}
{"id": "PMID:863133", "title": "Feedback regulation of pancreatic enzyme secretion by intestinal trypsin in man.", "content": "In a patient a papilla Vateri tumor completely prevented the bile-pancreatic flow into the intestine although the pancreatic juice was secreted into the bile duct via a common channel. Consequently, the bile-pancreatic juice was possible to sample via a percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography (PTC) catheter. This made it possible to study the effect of duodenal infusion of different substances on the bile-pancreatic secretion. In repeated experiments a suppression of the secretion was observed by intraduodenal trypsin as well as the patient's own bile-pancreatic juice. In the presence the bile-pancreatic juice intraduodenal trypsin inhibitor infusion caused a marked stimulation of the secretion. The results are in accordance with the hypothesis that trypsin in the upper part of the intestine exerts a negative feedback regulation of the pancreatic secretion in man.", "contents": "Feedback regulation of pancreatic enzyme secretion by intestinal trypsin in man. In a patient a papilla Vateri tumor completely prevented the bile-pancreatic flow into the intestine although the pancreatic juice was secreted into the bile duct via a common channel. Consequently, the bile-pancreatic juice was possible to sample via a percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography (PTC) catheter. This made it possible to study the effect of duodenal infusion of different substances on the bile-pancreatic secretion. In repeated experiments a suppression of the secretion was observed by intraduodenal trypsin as well as the patient's own bile-pancreatic juice. In the presence the bile-pancreatic juice intraduodenal trypsin inhibitor infusion caused a marked stimulation of the secretion. The results are in accordance with the hypothesis that trypsin in the upper part of the intestine exerts a negative feedback regulation of the pancreatic secretion in man."}
{"id": "PMID:863134", "title": "Relationship of the gastrin response to the amount of food ingested in normal subjects.", "content": "The serum gastrin response to three different amounts of a same meal was studied in 8 normal subjects. The peak gastrin response was similar for the three meals, but the integarated gastrin response was larger with the largest meals. Comparison of the response to the two largest meals indicates that in a given subject the gastrin response is similar when test on different occasions. A good correlation was found between individual fasting concentrations of gastrin and peak gastrin levels after feeding but not between basal gastrin and integrated gastrin response. This could indicate that in normal subjects the first two parameters are primarily related to the same control mechanisms (possibly the G cell mass), while the integrated gastrin response reflects the effectiveness of the feedback mechanisms controlling gastrin release.", "contents": "Relationship of the gastrin response to the amount of food ingested in normal subjects. The serum gastrin response to three different amounts of a same meal was studied in 8 normal subjects. The peak gastrin response was similar for the three meals, but the integarated gastrin response was larger with the largest meals. Comparison of the response to the two largest meals indicates that in a given subject the gastrin response is similar when test on different occasions. A good correlation was found between individual fasting concentrations of gastrin and peak gastrin levels after feeding but not between basal gastrin and integrated gastrin response. This could indicate that in normal subjects the first two parameters are primarily related to the same control mechanisms (possibly the G cell mass), while the integrated gastrin response reflects the effectiveness of the feedback mechanisms controlling gastrin release."}
{"id": "PMID:863135", "title": "In-situ-isolated perfused rat pancreas: a new method for pharmacological studies of the exocrine pancreas.", "content": "A method of in-situ-isolated perfused rat pancreas is described. In situ perfusion of the isolated rat pancreas allows a faster set-up, thanks to a simpler operating procedure. The sensitivity of the isolated rat pancreas has been tested with secretin and cholecystokinin. The pancreas responds to doses of secretin as low as 0.005 CU/kg-h. Such a highly sensitive model might prove to be useful for the bioassay of secretin and the study of the effects of pancreatic secretagogues.", "contents": "In-situ-isolated perfused rat pancreas: a new method for pharmacological studies of the exocrine pancreas. A method of in-situ-isolated perfused rat pancreas is described. In situ perfusion of the isolated rat pancreas allows a faster set-up, thanks to a simpler operating procedure. The sensitivity of the isolated rat pancreas has been tested with secretin and cholecystokinin. The pancreas responds to doses of secretin as low as 0.005 CU/kg-h. Such a highly sensitive model might prove to be useful for the bioassay of secretin and the study of the effects of pancreatic secretagogues."}
{"id": "PMID:863136", "title": "The effects of cholecystectomy on the bile salt pool of the syrian hamster.", "content": "The half-life, distribution, size and composition of the bile salt pool were determined in intact and cholecystectomized Syrian hamsters. Cholecystectomy had no effect on the half-life of either the cholate or chenodeoxycholate pool. Fasting in intact hamsters resulted, as expected, in a shift of bile salts from the small intestine, cecum and liver to the gallbladder. In cholecystectomized hamsters there was a moderate shift of salts from the liver and small intestine to the cecum. Cholecystectomy had no significant effect on the size of the total bile salt pool. The total bile salt pool size of fed and fasted intact hamsters was the same; fasting in cholecystectomized hamsters resulted in a large decrease in the pool. There was no significant difference in the bile salt pool composition of intact and cholecystectomized hamsters, and hamsters were shown to efficiently convert deoxycholate to cholate.", "contents": "The effects of cholecystectomy on the bile salt pool of the syrian hamster. The half-life, distribution, size and composition of the bile salt pool were determined in intact and cholecystectomized Syrian hamsters. Cholecystectomy had no effect on the half-life of either the cholate or chenodeoxycholate pool. Fasting in intact hamsters resulted, as expected, in a shift of bile salts from the small intestine, cecum and liver to the gallbladder. In cholecystectomized hamsters there was a moderate shift of salts from the liver and small intestine to the cecum. Cholecystectomy had no significant effect on the size of the total bile salt pool. The total bile salt pool size of fed and fasted intact hamsters was the same; fasting in cholecystectomized hamsters resulted in a large decrease in the pool. There was no significant difference in the bile salt pool composition of intact and cholecystectomized hamsters, and hamsters were shown to efficiently convert deoxycholate to cholate."}
{"id": "PMID:863137", "title": "Determination of protein synthesis elongation factor activity in liver biopsy specimens from normal and cirrhotic rats.", "content": "In liver biopsy specimens (between 8.5 and 22 mg wet weight) obtained from normal and thioacetamide-induced cirrhotic rat liver the polypeptide-chain-elongationpromoting activity (elongation factors 1 and 2) was determined. In liver cirrhosis the activity is reduced by about 50%.", "contents": "Determination of protein synthesis elongation factor activity in liver biopsy specimens from normal and cirrhotic rats. In liver biopsy specimens (between 8.5 and 22 mg wet weight) obtained from normal and thioacetamide-induced cirrhotic rat liver the polypeptide-chain-elongationpromoting activity (elongation factors 1 and 2) was determined. In liver cirrhosis the activity is reduced by about 50%."}
{"id": "PMID:863138", "title": "A biopsy study of gallstones in Nigerian igbos.", "content": "Within 6 years, approximately 7,500 surgical specimens were collected at a central laboratory serving the Igbos of Nigeria. Only 28 specimens were gallbladders. Gallstones were found in 5 females and 2 males. As in other developing communities in which the diet consists largely of traditional foods, pigment stones outnumbered cholesterol stones, the ratio being 6:1. The know complications were single instances of carcinoma and rupture of the gallbladder.", "contents": "A biopsy study of gallstones in Nigerian igbos. Within 6 years, approximately 7,500 surgical specimens were collected at a central laboratory serving the Igbos of Nigeria. Only 28 specimens were gallbladders. Gallstones were found in 5 females and 2 males. As in other developing communities in which the diet consists largely of traditional foods, pigment stones outnumbered cholesterol stones, the ratio being 6:1. The know complications were single instances of carcinoma and rupture of the gallbladder."}
{"id": "PMID:863139", "title": "Vitamin B12 and bile acid metabolism in patients with partial iieal resection.", "content": "The vitamin B12 and bile acid metabolism was studied in 20 patients in whom a standardized Bricker procedure without irradiation was performed. No significant vitamin B12 malabsorption, steatorrhea, fecal bile acid loss or bile acid deconjugation was found. Therefore, no long-term adverse metabolic consequences of segmental preterminal ileal resection are to be expected in these patients.", "contents": "Vitamin B12 and bile acid metabolism in patients with partial iieal resection. The vitamin B12 and bile acid metabolism was studied in 20 patients in whom a standardized Bricker procedure without irradiation was performed. No significant vitamin B12 malabsorption, steatorrhea, fecal bile acid loss or bile acid deconjugation was found. Therefore, no long-term adverse metabolic consequences of segmental preterminal ileal resection are to be expected in these patients."}
{"id": "PMID:863143", "title": "[Junctional reciprocating tachycardia with second degree A-V block (author's transl)].", "content": "Two cases of paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia sustained by an atrioventricular junctional reentry mechanism are presented. During the electrophysiological study it was possible to induce paroxysms of tachycardia showing 3:2 Lucianai-Wenckebach type and 2:1 atrioventricular block. The site of the block, its functional nature and the possible involvement of an anterogradely blocked atrio-nodal or atrio-His accessory pathway in the reentry circuit are discussed.", "contents": "[Junctional reciprocating tachycardia with second degree A-V block (author's transl)]. Two cases of paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia sustained by an atrioventricular junctional reentry mechanism are presented. During the electrophysiological study it was possible to induce paroxysms of tachycardia showing 3:2 Lucianai-Wenckebach type and 2:1 atrioventricular block. The site of the block, its functional nature and the possible involvement of an anterogradely blocked atrio-nodal or atrio-His accessory pathway in the reentry circuit are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:863144", "title": "[Clinical and echo-phonomechanocardiographic study of the mitral valve prolapse (author's transl)].", "content": "The results of a study of 32 patients with the clinical and auscultatory suspect of M.V.P., confirmed echo-cardiographically, are reported. Part of the pathogenetic cause of the symptomatology and ECgraphic alterations are attributed to the hypomagnesiemia. The relation between exercise test positivity and gravity of the symptomatology is confirmed. The phonomechanocardiographic tracings were studied and the morphological features from C.P. and apexcardiogram are described and shown, with particular attention given to the clicks and systolic murmurs. The authors describe three types of prolapse, early, \"U\"-and \"double U\"--shaped pansystolic, and, relating echo-to-phonomechanocardiographic results, point out features which seem typical of the M.V.P. Echo-phono mechanocardiography is confirmed as a technique which is useful and sufficiently safe and reliable in diagnosing, detecting and following the disease in its not yet perfectly acknowledged evolution. It avoids the use of invasive tools which could become extremely dangerous.", "contents": "[Clinical and echo-phonomechanocardiographic study of the mitral valve prolapse (author's transl)]. The results of a study of 32 patients with the clinical and auscultatory suspect of M.V.P., confirmed echo-cardiographically, are reported. Part of the pathogenetic cause of the symptomatology and ECgraphic alterations are attributed to the hypomagnesiemia. The relation between exercise test positivity and gravity of the symptomatology is confirmed. The phonomechanocardiographic tracings were studied and the morphological features from C.P. and apexcardiogram are described and shown, with particular attention given to the clicks and systolic murmurs. The authors describe three types of prolapse, early, \"U\"-and \"double U\"--shaped pansystolic, and, relating echo-to-phonomechanocardiographic results, point out features which seem typical of the M.V.P. Echo-phono mechanocardiography is confirmed as a technique which is useful and sufficiently safe and reliable in diagnosing, detecting and following the disease in its not yet perfectly acknowledged evolution. It avoids the use of invasive tools which could become extremely dangerous."}
{"id": "PMID:863145", "title": "[Left ventricular microcatheterization during acute myocardial infarction (author's transl)].", "content": "Left ventricular microcatheterization at the bedside was accomplished in 20 acutely ill patients with myocardial infarction. Direct measure of the left ventricular end-diastolic pressure shows that its values can substantially differ from those of the pulmonary artery end-diastolic pressure. The authors observed that left ventricular microcatheterization is indicated, in the course of acute myocardial infarction, in the following circumstances: --when either the pulmonary artery end-diastolic or the pulmonary capillary pressure is beyond normal limits; --in the presence of tachyarrhythmias which, for alteration of the dynamics of atrial contraction, increase the difference between the left ventricular and pulmonary artery end-diastolic pressures; --when a mitralic defect is associated with the acute myocardial infarction.", "contents": "[Left ventricular microcatheterization during acute myocardial infarction (author's transl)]. Left ventricular microcatheterization at the bedside was accomplished in 20 acutely ill patients with myocardial infarction. Direct measure of the left ventricular end-diastolic pressure shows that its values can substantially differ from those of the pulmonary artery end-diastolic pressure. The authors observed that left ventricular microcatheterization is indicated, in the course of acute myocardial infarction, in the following circumstances: --when either the pulmonary artery end-diastolic or the pulmonary capillary pressure is beyond normal limits; --in the presence of tachyarrhythmias which, for alteration of the dynamics of atrial contraction, increase the difference between the left ventricular and pulmonary artery end-diastolic pressures; --when a mitralic defect is associated with the acute myocardial infarction."}
{"id": "PMID:863146", "title": "[Kinetocardiographic surveys in coronary heart disease patients during infusion of isoproterenol and dopamine. A contribution to the diagnosis of coronary insufficiency (author's transl)].", "content": "80 patients affected by coronary heart disease, with or without infarction, were studied by kinetocardiographic technique before and after infusion of isoproterenol (ISP) (40 patients) or dopamine (DOP) (40 patients). 40 healthy subjects served as controls (20 for ISP and 20 for DOP). Whereas the infusion of ISP or DOP caused no abnormalities in the healthy subjects, pathological changes of the kinetocardiogram (KCG) were often induced in patients with coronary heart disease. In particular, these changes demonstrated the appearance of paradoxical outward systolic movements, reduction or disappearance of the volume effect during the ejection phase, an increase of atrial waves expressed in per cent of the total amplitude of the KCG. The abnormalities observed during the intravenous infusion of ISP or DOP were interpreted as signs of ventricular dysfunction consequent to the myocardial ischaemia induced by these amines. The use of ISP or DOP together with KCG is recommended as a diagnostic method for coronary insufficiency.", "contents": "[Kinetocardiographic surveys in coronary heart disease patients during infusion of isoproterenol and dopamine. A contribution to the diagnosis of coronary insufficiency (author's transl)]. 80 patients affected by coronary heart disease, with or without infarction, were studied by kinetocardiographic technique before and after infusion of isoproterenol (ISP) (40 patients) or dopamine (DOP) (40 patients). 40 healthy subjects served as controls (20 for ISP and 20 for DOP). Whereas the infusion of ISP or DOP caused no abnormalities in the healthy subjects, pathological changes of the kinetocardiogram (KCG) were often induced in patients with coronary heart disease. In particular, these changes demonstrated the appearance of paradoxical outward systolic movements, reduction or disappearance of the volume effect during the ejection phase, an increase of atrial waves expressed in per cent of the total amplitude of the KCG. The abnormalities observed during the intravenous infusion of ISP or DOP were interpreted as signs of ventricular dysfunction consequent to the myocardial ischaemia induced by these amines. The use of ISP or DOP together with KCG is recommended as a diagnostic method for coronary insufficiency."}
{"id": "PMID:863147", "title": "[Electrode surface areas, pulse duration and stimulation threshold. Acute and chronic study with endocardial unipolar electrodes (author's transl)].", "content": "Acute and chronic voltage-threshold of cardiac stimulation was studied in patients with complete A-V block. Endocardial unipolar electrode with three different cathodial surface areas were used (54, 22 and 12 sqmm), and tested with rectangular stimulus of variable duration (from 0.2 to 3.5 msec.). The results show that the threshold values, at first implantation and at pulse-generator replacements, are low when short-duration stimulus and smaller electrode surface area are used. The practical advantages of this study are evident.", "contents": "[Electrode surface areas, pulse duration and stimulation threshold. Acute and chronic study with endocardial unipolar electrodes (author's transl)]. Acute and chronic voltage-threshold of cardiac stimulation was studied in patients with complete A-V block. Endocardial unipolar electrode with three different cathodial surface areas were used (54, 22 and 12 sqmm), and tested with rectangular stimulus of variable duration (from 0.2 to 3.5 msec.). The results show that the threshold values, at first implantation and at pulse-generator replacements, are low when short-duration stimulus and smaller electrode surface area are used. The practical advantages of this study are evident."}
{"id": "PMID:863148", "title": "[Rupture of the posterior wall of the left ventricule after replacement of the mitral valve: a description of 8 cases (author's transl)].", "content": "Eight cases of left ventricular rupture at the atrio-ventricular groove among 693 mitral valve replacements, isolated or associated with  other surgical procedures, are reported. In the authors' opinion, the surgical technique of the mitral valve's removal, especially if calcific or with subvalvular disease, as well as the method and the site of implantation of the prosthesis, are the main factors in determining this severe complication. In order to avoid the rupture of the posterior wall of the left ventricle, a simple modification of the surgical technique which reinforces the valvular annulus is suggested.", "contents": "[Rupture of the posterior wall of the left ventricule after replacement of the mitral valve: a description of 8 cases (author's transl)]. Eight cases of left ventricular rupture at the atrio-ventricular groove among 693 mitral valve replacements, isolated or associated with  other surgical procedures, are reported. In the authors' opinion, the surgical technique of the mitral valve's removal, especially if calcific or with subvalvular disease, as well as the method and the site of implantation of the prosthesis, are the main factors in determining this severe complication. In order to avoid the rupture of the posterior wall of the left ventricle, a simple modification of the surgical technique which reinforces the valvular annulus is suggested."}
{"id": "PMID:863149", "title": "[Precordial ST segment elevation mapping: a new method for a technically easier recording (author's transl)].", "content": "Precordial ST segment maps are currently recorded using a 35 electrode blanket connected to an electrocardiograph through a switch box. Problems in adjustment to patients' chests and artifacts are frequently encountered. Other techniques using a single suction electrode placed on different reference points are time wasting. The authors suggest the use of 35 self-adhesive electrodes (3M \"Red Dot\" chloride free gel pediatric electrodes--cat N. 2243) connected by a press button to a multichannel EKG recorder. This technique prevents artifacts, assures constant arrangement of the electrodes, is suitable for different thoracic structures and does not need any additional device. The authors consider that such a practical method should make precordial ST mapping a more widespread clinical procedure.", "contents": "[Precordial ST segment elevation mapping: a new method for a technically easier recording (author's transl)]. Precordial ST segment maps are currently recorded using a 35 electrode blanket connected to an electrocardiograph through a switch box. Problems in adjustment to patients' chests and artifacts are frequently encountered. Other techniques using a single suction electrode placed on different reference points are time wasting. The authors suggest the use of 35 self-adhesive electrodes (3M \"Red Dot\" chloride free gel pediatric electrodes--cat N. 2243) connected by a press button to a multichannel EKG recorder. This technique prevents artifacts, assures constant arrangement of the electrodes, is suitable for different thoracic structures and does not need any additional device. The authors consider that such a practical method should make precordial ST mapping a more widespread clinical procedure."}
{"id": "PMID:863170", "title": "Analysis of DNA from adenovirus 12-transformed cells for virus-specific DNA sequence with viral DNA fragments cleaved with restriction endonuclease.", "content": "32P-Labeled adenovirus-12 (Ad-12) DNA was treated with restriction enzyme (EndoR-Hin dIII) isolated from Haemphilus influenzae (Rd strain) and the resulting 16 specific fragments were separated through gel electrophoresis. This kinetics of renaturation of each of the fragments was measured in the presence of unlabeled Ad-12-transformed hamster embryo cell, clone 9 (Ad-12HE-C19). more than 77% of the viral genome nucleotide sequence was present in Ad-12he-c19 cell DNA with 5 to 10 copies per haploid quantity of cell DNA of each of the sequences of 11 fragments examined; A, C, D, E, F, G, H, I, J (J1+J2), K, and L. However, it is suggested that only a part of the nucleotide sequence in B fragment may b present in the cell DNA.", "contents": "Analysis of DNA from adenovirus 12-transformed cells for virus-specific DNA sequence with viral DNA fragments cleaved with restriction endonuclease. 32P-Labeled adenovirus-12 (Ad-12) DNA was treated with restriction enzyme (EndoR-Hin dIII) isolated from Haemphilus influenzae (Rd strain) and the resulting 16 specific fragments were separated through gel electrophoresis. This kinetics of renaturation of each of the fragments was measured in the presence of unlabeled Ad-12-transformed hamster embryo cell, clone 9 (Ad-12HE-C19). more than 77% of the viral genome nucleotide sequence was present in Ad-12he-c19 cell DNA with 5 to 10 copies per haploid quantity of cell DNA of each of the sequences of 11 fragments examined; A, C, D, E, F, G, H, I, J (J1+J2), K, and L. However, it is suggested that only a part of the nucleotide sequence in B fragment may b present in the cell DNA."}
{"id": "PMID:863171", "title": "Combined treatment with anaerobic Corynebacterium liquefaciens and chemotherapeutics against solid tumor in mice.", "content": "The combined effect of anticancer agents (Mitomycin-C, cyclophosphamide, or 5-fluorouracil) and anaerobic Corynebacterium liquefaciens on subcutaneously induced solid Ehrlich carcinoma in mice was examined. Mitomycin-C and cyclophosphamide were given intraperitoneally on day 7 after inoculation of tumor cells. 5-Fluorouracil was administered intraperitoneally for 7 consecutive days from day 9 to 15. C. liquefaciens was given in two ways, intraperitoneally and intratumorally. Its injections were made on days (--7, --5), (--4, --2) (+2, +4), or (+5, +7) in the intraperitoneal groups and in every way varying from (+9, +10) to (+19, +20) days in the intratumoral groups. The best result was observed in combination of C. liquefaciens and 5-fluorouracil in the intraperitoneal groups and that of C. liqlefaciens and cyclophosphamide in the intratumoral groups. Although the results were not necessarily good, probably due to the poor design on time schedule of C. liquefaciens, they partly confirm the hypothesis that the activity of conventional anticancer drugs can be potentiated by a non-specific immunostimulation by anaerobic C. liquefaciens in the solid tumor of mice same as in the ascitic tumor reported previously.", "contents": "Combined treatment with anaerobic Corynebacterium liquefaciens and chemotherapeutics against solid tumor in mice. The combined effect of anticancer agents (Mitomycin-C, cyclophosphamide, or 5-fluorouracil) and anaerobic Corynebacterium liquefaciens on subcutaneously induced solid Ehrlich carcinoma in mice was examined. Mitomycin-C and cyclophosphamide were given intraperitoneally on day 7 after inoculation of tumor cells. 5-Fluorouracil was administered intraperitoneally for 7 consecutive days from day 9 to 15. C. liquefaciens was given in two ways, intraperitoneally and intratumorally. Its injections were made on days (--7, --5), (--4, --2) (+2, +4), or (+5, +7) in the intraperitoneal groups and in every way varying from (+9, +10) to (+19, +20) days in the intratumoral groups. The best result was observed in combination of C. liquefaciens and 5-fluorouracil in the intraperitoneal groups and that of C. liqlefaciens and cyclophosphamide in the intratumoral groups. Although the results were not necessarily good, probably due to the poor design on time schedule of C. liquefaciens, they partly confirm the hypothesis that the activity of conventional anticancer drugs can be potentiated by a non-specific immunostimulation by anaerobic C. liquefaciens in the solid tumor of mice same as in the ascitic tumor reported previously."}
{"id": "PMID:863172", "title": "Frozen preservation of human malignant tumors transplanted into nude mice.", "content": "Five transplantable tumors, which originated from human maligant neoplasms and had been maintained in nude mice, were frozen at--70 degrees preserved for 1226 days. Tumor tissue was minced in a mixture of tissue culture medium, 10% dimethyl sulfoxide, and 10% calf serum before freezing. The transplantability of frozen tumors was examined after thawing. Morphological and functional characteristic of each tumor were compared before and after the frozen storage. The results suggest that low-temperature preservation technique can be applied satisfactorily for the maintenance of human malignant tumors which have been maintained by using nude mice.", "contents": "Frozen preservation of human malignant tumors transplanted into nude mice. Five transplantable tumors, which originated from human maligant neoplasms and had been maintained in nude mice, were frozen at--70 degrees preserved for 1226 days. Tumor tissue was minced in a mixture of tissue culture medium, 10% dimethyl sulfoxide, and 10% calf serum before freezing. The transplantability of frozen tumors was examined after thawing. Morphological and functional characteristic of each tumor were compared before and after the frozen storage. The results suggest that low-temperature preservation technique can be applied satisfactorily for the maintenance of human malignant tumors which have been maintained by using nude mice."}
{"id": "PMID:863174", "title": "Glycosaminoglycans in human lung carcinoma.", "content": "The glycosaminoglycans were prepared by exhaustive Pronase digestion and alkaline treatment of squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma tissues of human lung, and of tissues taken at a site distant from the tumor as a control. The glycosaminoglycan classes were characterized by chemical enzymic, and electrophoretic methods. The presence of oversulfated chondroitin-and/or dermatan-sulfates which have not up till now been found in lung tissues was also demonstrated in carcinoma and control tissues, their contents being higher in the carcinoma tissues. The levels of whole glycosaminoglycans were markedly increased in carcinoma tissue. The classes of glycosaminoglycans which increased in lung carcinoma tissue were predominatly chondroitin-4-and/or-6-sulfates and hyauronic acid.", "contents": "Glycosaminoglycans in human lung carcinoma. The glycosaminoglycans were prepared by exhaustive Pronase digestion and alkaline treatment of squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma tissues of human lung, and of tissues taken at a site distant from the tumor as a control. The glycosaminoglycan classes were characterized by chemical enzymic, and electrophoretic methods. The presence of oversulfated chondroitin-and/or dermatan-sulfates which have not up till now been found in lung tissues was also demonstrated in carcinoma and control tissues, their contents being higher in the carcinoma tissues. The levels of whole glycosaminoglycans were markedly increased in carcinoma tissue. The classes of glycosaminoglycans which increased in lung carcinoma tissue were predominatly chondroitin-4-and/or-6-sulfates and hyauronic acid."}
{"id": "PMID:863175", "title": "Transplacental carcinogenesis and chemical determination of 1-butyl-1-nitrosourea in stomach content after simultaneous oral administration of 1-butylurea and sodium nitrite to ACI/N rats.", "content": "Solutions of 100 mg/kg 1-butylurea and 50 mg/kg sodium nitrite were administered daily by a stomach tube to pregnant ACI/N rats from the 13th to 21st day of gestation. Neurogenous tumors were induced in their offspring. The incidence of tumours and mean survival time of rats with nervous tumours were 64% (23/36) and 309 (189672) days respectively. Localization and histological findings of the nervous tumors were similar to those observed previously in rats whose mothers received 1-butyl-1-nitrosourea (BNU) during pregnancy. Neurogenous tumors did not develop in the offspring of the mothers that received 100 mg/kg of 1-butylurea alone in the same manner. In several rats of both group, a few spontaneous tumors of the testis, pituitary gland, urinary bladder, uterus, and colon were detected. In vivo formation BNU in stomach content after intubation of 1-butylurea and sodium nitrite was determined. BNU was detected in the stomach content at levels of 25 ppm at 30 min and 23 ppm at 60 min after administration. The concentration of BNU in the stomach content corresponded to 48.3 and 29.2 microng/rat, respectively.", "contents": "Transplacental carcinogenesis and chemical determination of 1-butyl-1-nitrosourea in stomach content after simultaneous oral administration of 1-butylurea and sodium nitrite to ACI/N rats. Solutions of 100 mg/kg 1-butylurea and 50 mg/kg sodium nitrite were administered daily by a stomach tube to pregnant ACI/N rats from the 13th to 21st day of gestation. Neurogenous tumors were induced in their offspring. The incidence of tumours and mean survival time of rats with nervous tumours were 64% (23/36) and 309 (189672) days respectively. Localization and histological findings of the nervous tumors were similar to those observed previously in rats whose mothers received 1-butyl-1-nitrosourea (BNU) during pregnancy. Neurogenous tumors did not develop in the offspring of the mothers that received 100 mg/kg of 1-butylurea alone in the same manner. In several rats of both group, a few spontaneous tumors of the testis, pituitary gland, urinary bladder, uterus, and colon were detected. In vivo formation BNU in stomach content after intubation of 1-butylurea and sodium nitrite was determined. BNU was detected in the stomach content at levels of 25 ppm at 30 min and 23 ppm at 60 min after administration. The concentration of BNU in the stomach content corresponded to 48.3 and 29.2 microng/rat, respectively."}
{"id": "PMID:863176", "title": "Ultrastructural investigation of the effect of mitomycin C on the rat exocrine pancreas.", "content": "In order to clarify the pathophysiology of digestive disorders which are caused with anticancer agents, Mitomycin C was intravenously administrated to rats and the ultrastructure of the pancreas was studied. The alteration of acinar cells after under 4 daily administrations of 1.0 mg/Kg of Mitomycin C was not remarkable and in an early stage returned to normal structure. In above 8 daily administrations of 1.0 mg/Kg of Mitomycin C, however, pronounced degeneration of acinar cells was induced and acinar cells did not recover to the previous level, but die within one month. The ultrastructural changes induced by Mitomycin C were mainly aggregation of chromatin in the nuclei, tubularly dilatation of the rough endoplasmic reticulum, and swelling of the mitochondria. It was surmised that the biosynthesis and supply of protein such as digestive enzymes were not amply carried on; hence, the ehcmotherapy could give rise to severe digestion disorders. It appeared necessary to further study the dosage and dosage schedule of the anticancer agents, along with the necessity for taking ample care of patients presenting such disorders.", "contents": "Ultrastructural investigation of the effect of mitomycin C on the rat exocrine pancreas. In order to clarify the pathophysiology of digestive disorders which are caused with anticancer agents, Mitomycin C was intravenously administrated to rats and the ultrastructure of the pancreas was studied. The alteration of acinar cells after under 4 daily administrations of 1.0 mg/Kg of Mitomycin C was not remarkable and in an early stage returned to normal structure. In above 8 daily administrations of 1.0 mg/Kg of Mitomycin C, however, pronounced degeneration of acinar cells was induced and acinar cells did not recover to the previous level, but die within one month. The ultrastructural changes induced by Mitomycin C were mainly aggregation of chromatin in the nuclei, tubularly dilatation of the rough endoplasmic reticulum, and swelling of the mitochondria. It was surmised that the biosynthesis and supply of protein such as digestive enzymes were not amply carried on; hence, the ehcmotherapy could give rise to severe digestion disorders. It appeared necessary to further study the dosage and dosage schedule of the anticancer agents, along with the necessity for taking ample care of patients presenting such disorders."}
{"id": "PMID:863177", "title": "Acute terminal ileitis and Yersinia enterocolitica infection.", "content": "Diarrhea, moderate to high fever and pain in the RLQ associated with a tender mass or swelling of the terminal ileum arouse suspicion of acute terminal ileitis. Will diagnostic of the disease be laboratory data compatible with acute inflammatory disease and radiological findings of the terminal ileum, i.e., thickening of mucosal folds, round filling defects on the mucosa indicative of swelling of lymphoid tissue and fine irregularities of the margin without narrowing of the lumen. Yersinia infection was demonstrated in 7 of 10 patients whose stool and/or serum were examined. Yersinia enterocolitica was found to be an important causative agent of acute terminal ileitis. Its detection will be useful for differentiating the disease from acute stage of Crohn's disease.", "contents": "Acute terminal ileitis and Yersinia enterocolitica infection. Diarrhea, moderate to high fever and pain in the RLQ associated with a tender mass or swelling of the terminal ileum arouse suspicion of acute terminal ileitis. Will diagnostic of the disease be laboratory data compatible with acute inflammatory disease and radiological findings of the terminal ileum, i.e., thickening of mucosal folds, round filling defects on the mucosa indicative of swelling of lymphoid tissue and fine irregularities of the margin without narrowing of the lumen. Yersinia infection was demonstrated in 7 of 10 patients whose stool and/or serum were examined. Yersinia enterocolitica was found to be an important causative agent of acute terminal ileitis. Its detection will be useful for differentiating the disease from acute stage of Crohn's disease."}
{"id": "PMID:863179", "title": "Assessment of endoscopic aspiration cytology and endoscopic retrograde cholangi-pancreatography (ERCP) in patients with cancer of the pancreas. Part I.", "content": "This report is concerned with studies on duodenofiberscopic examinations with aspiration cytology endoscopic retrograde cholangio-pancreatography (ERCP) in 44 patients with cancer of the pancreas. Aspiration cytology alone was diagnostic in 91% of cancer of the head of the pancreas, 55% of cancer the body and tail of the pancreas and 100% of cancer of the whole pancreas. ERCP alone was diagnostic in 59% of cancer of the head of the pancreas, 75% of cancer of the body and tail of the pancreas and 100% of cancer of the whole pancreas. By combining these two approach a diagnostic result was obtained in 95% of cancer of the head of the pancreas and 90% of cancer of body and tail of the pancreas. It is concluded that the combined diagnostic approach has enhanced diagnostic accuracy of malignant lesions of the pancreas and that it has not yet led to an improvement resectability and mortality.", "contents": "Assessment of endoscopic aspiration cytology and endoscopic retrograde cholangi-pancreatography (ERCP) in patients with cancer of the pancreas. Part I. This report is concerned with studies on duodenofiberscopic examinations with aspiration cytology endoscopic retrograde cholangio-pancreatography (ERCP) in 44 patients with cancer of the pancreas. Aspiration cytology alone was diagnostic in 91% of cancer of the head of the pancreas, 55% of cancer the body and tail of the pancreas and 100% of cancer of the whole pancreas. ERCP alone was diagnostic in 59% of cancer of the head of the pancreas, 75% of cancer of the body and tail of the pancreas and 100% of cancer of the whole pancreas. By combining these two approach a diagnostic result was obtained in 95% of cancer of the head of the pancreas and 90% of cancer of body and tail of the pancreas. It is concluded that the combined diagnostic approach has enhanced diagnostic accuracy of malignant lesions of the pancreas and that it has not yet led to an improvement resectability and mortality."}
{"id": "PMID:863180", "title": "Assessment of endoscopic aspiration cytology and endoscopic retrograde cholangio-pancreatography in patients with cancer of the hepato-biliary tract. Part II.", "content": "Aspiration cytology and ERCP were evaluated in 66 patients with cancer of the hepato-biliary tract. Cytology was diagnostic in 100% of ampullary cancer, 83% of cancer of extrahepatic bile duct, 0% of cancer of intrahepatic bile duct, 25% of cancer of gall bladder and 0% of cancer of liver. ERCP was diagnostic in 65% of ampullary cancer, 90% of cancer of extrahepatic bile duct, 100% of cancer of intrahepatic bile duct, 25% of cancer of gall bladder and 25% of cancer of liver. Endoscopic findings was diagnostic in 77% of cancer of ampullary region. By combining these approaches, a diagnostic result was obtained in 100% of ampullary cancer, 96.5% of cancer of extrahepatic bile duct, 100% of cancer of intrahepatic bile duct, 50% of cancer of gall bladder and 25% of cancer of liver. It is concluded that the combined diagnostic approach has enhanced the diagnostic accuracy of malignant lesions of the hepato-biliary tract and that it has not yet led to an improvement in resectability and mortality.", "contents": "Assessment of endoscopic aspiration cytology and endoscopic retrograde cholangio-pancreatography in patients with cancer of the hepato-biliary tract. Part II. Aspiration cytology and ERCP were evaluated in 66 patients with cancer of the hepato-biliary tract. Cytology was diagnostic in 100% of ampullary cancer, 83% of cancer of extrahepatic bile duct, 0% of cancer of intrahepatic bile duct, 25% of cancer of gall bladder and 0% of cancer of liver. ERCP was diagnostic in 65% of ampullary cancer, 90% of cancer of extrahepatic bile duct, 100% of cancer of intrahepatic bile duct, 25% of cancer of gall bladder and 25% of cancer of liver. Endoscopic findings was diagnostic in 77% of cancer of ampullary region. By combining these approaches, a diagnostic result was obtained in 100% of ampullary cancer, 96.5% of cancer of extrahepatic bile duct, 100% of cancer of intrahepatic bile duct, 50% of cancer of gall bladder and 25% of cancer of liver. It is concluded that the combined diagnostic approach has enhanced the diagnostic accuracy of malignant lesions of the hepato-biliary tract and that it has not yet led to an improvement in resectability and mortality."}
{"id": "PMID:863181", "title": "On a therapeutic target point for the non-operative treatment of intestinal obstruction.", "content": "The period necessary to obtain a 95% improvement level through non-operative treatment of simple obstruction of the small bowel was found to be about six days, based on a study of 29 patients selected from approximately 1,000 clinical cases of verified or suspected intestinal obstruction. An additional experimental study confirmed the case-screening criteria.", "contents": "On a therapeutic target point for the non-operative treatment of intestinal obstruction. The period necessary to obtain a 95% improvement level through non-operative treatment of simple obstruction of the small bowel was found to be about six days, based on a study of 29 patients selected from approximately 1,000 clinical cases of verified or suspected intestinal obstruction. An additional experimental study confirmed the case-screening criteria."}
{"id": "PMID:863182", "title": "Circadian study of immunoreactive prolactin in patients with cirrhosis of the liver.", "content": "The pattern of immunoreactive prolactin secretion over 24 hr in a group of patients suffering from cirrhosis of the liver has been studied and compared to that of healthy controls. The results were analyzed by use of chronograms and by mean cosinor. Although the daily mean average secretion of serum prolactin by the cirrhotics is not different from that of the control subjects utilizing the standard t-test, cosinor analysis of the data fails to demonstrate a circadian rhythm for prolactin secretion in the cirrhotics. These results are discussed in view of the apparent clinical hyperestrogenization and known changes in electrolyte balance which are commonly found in persons with advanced liver disease.", "contents": "Circadian study of immunoreactive prolactin in patients with cirrhosis of the liver. The pattern of immunoreactive prolactin secretion over 24 hr in a group of patients suffering from cirrhosis of the liver has been studied and compared to that of healthy controls. The results were analyzed by use of chronograms and by mean cosinor. Although the daily mean average secretion of serum prolactin by the cirrhotics is not different from that of the control subjects utilizing the standard t-test, cosinor analysis of the data fails to demonstrate a circadian rhythm for prolactin secretion in the cirrhotics. These results are discussed in view of the apparent clinical hyperestrogenization and known changes in electrolyte balance which are commonly found in persons with advanced liver disease."}
{"id": "PMID:863185", "title": "Role of acetaldehyde in the ethanol-induced impairment of glycoprotein metabolism in rat liver slices.", "content": "The mechanism responsible for ethanol-induced changes in the glycosylation of proteins was investigated in rat liver slices. Ethanol (5 to 50 mM) decreased [1-14C]glucosamine and [14C]leucine incorporation into total liver and microsomal proteins and greatly inhibited incorporation into medium (secretory) proteins. Pyrazole prevented the inhibition of glycoprotein synthesis by ethanol. Additions of methylene blue or pyruvate, which corrected the disordered redox state caused by ethanol oxidation, did not reverse the inhibitory effects of ethanol on glycosylation. Sorbitol, which mimics ethanol in generating reducing equivalents in the hepatocyte, also inhibited glycosylation; however, fructose, the immediate oxidation product of sorbitol, similarly inhibited glycoprotein synthesis without altering the redox state. When low levels of acetaldehyde (0.12 to 0.70 mM) were maintained in the medium by means of infusion, a significant inhibition of glycoprotein synthesis was observed. Acetate did not impair glycosylation. These data suggest that the ethanol-induced impairment of glycoprotein synthesis and secretion is a consequence of ethanol metabolism and further suggest that this inhibition is attributable to acetaldehyde formation rather than to the altered redox state resulting from ethanol oxidation.", "contents": "Role of acetaldehyde in the ethanol-induced impairment of glycoprotein metabolism in rat liver slices. The mechanism responsible for ethanol-induced changes in the glycosylation of proteins was investigated in rat liver slices. Ethanol (5 to 50 mM) decreased [1-14C]glucosamine and [14C]leucine incorporation into total liver and microsomal proteins and greatly inhibited incorporation into medium (secretory) proteins. Pyrazole prevented the inhibition of glycoprotein synthesis by ethanol. Additions of methylene blue or pyruvate, which corrected the disordered redox state caused by ethanol oxidation, did not reverse the inhibitory effects of ethanol on glycosylation. Sorbitol, which mimics ethanol in generating reducing equivalents in the hepatocyte, also inhibited glycosylation; however, fructose, the immediate oxidation product of sorbitol, similarly inhibited glycoprotein synthesis without altering the redox state. When low levels of acetaldehyde (0.12 to 0.70 mM) were maintained in the medium by means of infusion, a significant inhibition of glycoprotein synthesis was observed. Acetate did not impair glycosylation. These data suggest that the ethanol-induced impairment of glycoprotein synthesis and secretion is a consequence of ethanol metabolism and further suggest that this inhibition is attributable to acetaldehyde formation rather than to the altered redox state resulting from ethanol oxidation."}
{"id": "PMID:863186", "title": "Nonoperative management of biliary ductal stenosis. Report of a most unusual case.", "content": "A patient with documented iatrogenic stricture of the common duct is reported. Certain very unusual characteristics of this lesion suggested that it was not precisely similar to ordinary biliary strictures and that nonoperative care was worthy of trial. No reconstructive operation has been done. The strictured segment has resolved so that the patient is completely asymptomatic and has no direct or indirect laboratory or radiographic evidence of biliary obstruction.", "contents": "Nonoperative management of biliary ductal stenosis. Report of a most unusual case. A patient with documented iatrogenic stricture of the common duct is reported. Certain very unusual characteristics of this lesion suggested that it was not precisely similar to ordinary biliary strictures and that nonoperative care was worthy of trial. No reconstructive operation has been done. The strictured segment has resolved so that the patient is completely asymptomatic and has no direct or indirect laboratory or radiographic evidence of biliary obstruction."}
{"id": "PMID:863188", "title": "Segmental obstructing acute jejunitis in a child.", "content": "Acute localized enteritis is a disease of the terminal ileum in adults and children. We have observed acute enteritis confined to the jejunum in a 3 1/2 year-old girl presenting with partial upper intestinal obstruction. Surgical biopsy of the involved region of jejunum revealed acute inflammatory changes in the mucosa and severe edema of the submucosa. Resection of the edematous segment was followed by prompt and apparently permanent recovery.", "contents": "Segmental obstructing acute jejunitis in a child. Acute localized enteritis is a disease of the terminal ileum in adults and children. We have observed acute enteritis confined to the jejunum in a 3 1/2 year-old girl presenting with partial upper intestinal obstruction. Surgical biopsy of the involved region of jejunum revealed acute inflammatory changes in the mucosa and severe edema of the submucosa. Resection of the edematous segment was followed by prompt and apparently permanent recovery."}
{"id": "PMID:863190", "title": "Stimulation of gastric inhibitory polypeptide in normal and duodenal ulcer patients.", "content": "To investigate the role of gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP), a potent inhibitor of gastric acid secretion, in the hypersecretion associated with duodenal ulcer, we compared the serum GIP concentrations in 11 healthy subjects and 16 duodenal ulcer patients after the stimulation of GIP release by a mixed meal. Fasting and postprandial serum gastrin and GIP concentrations were measured by radioimmunoassay at frequent intervals after the ingestion of a test meal. The duodenal ulcer patients showed an augmented and significantly greater release of GIP as well as of gastrin compared to normal subjects. These results indicate that a defective GIP release cannot account for the gastric hypersecretion seen in patients with duodenal ulcer. The mechanism of the increased GIP response in patients with duodenal ulcer is not clear from these studies.", "contents": "Stimulation of gastric inhibitory polypeptide in normal and duodenal ulcer patients. To investigate the role of gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP), a potent inhibitor of gastric acid secretion, in the hypersecretion associated with duodenal ulcer, we compared the serum GIP concentrations in 11 healthy subjects and 16 duodenal ulcer patients after the stimulation of GIP release by a mixed meal. Fasting and postprandial serum gastrin and GIP concentrations were measured by radioimmunoassay at frequent intervals after the ingestion of a test meal. The duodenal ulcer patients showed an augmented and significantly greater release of GIP as well as of gastrin compared to normal subjects. These results indicate that a defective GIP release cannot account for the gastric hypersecretion seen in patients with duodenal ulcer. The mechanism of the increased GIP response in patients with duodenal ulcer is not clear from these studies."}
{"id": "PMID:863199", "title": "Nonparallel secretion of enzymes in human duodenal juice and pure pancreatic juice collected by endoscopic retrograde catheterization of the papilla.", "content": "Duodenal juice was collected from 50 healthy patients in the basal state, and after intravenous injection of 1 clinical unit of secretin kg-1 + 3 Crick-Harper-Raper units of cholecystokinin-pancreozymin (CCK-PZ) kg-1. Amylase to chymotrypsin and amylase to lipase ratios were significantly decreased by stimulation. Pure pancreatic juice was collected from 7 healthy subjects by endoscopic retrograde catheterization of the papilla. Secretin (1 clinical unit kg-1 hr-1) was infused intravenously during 30 min, and a single intravenous injection of CCK-PZ (3 Crick-Harper-Raper units kg-1) was done at the 15th min of the secretin infusion. Chymotrypsinogen and lipase secretions did not parallel that of amylase during CCK-PZ stimulation. As in the first set of experiments, amylase secretion was proportionally less stimulated by CCK-PZ injection than were chymotrypsinogen and lipase secretions. However, in approximately 20% of subjects the secretion of the enzymes was parallel in both duodenal and pancreatic juice.", "contents": "Nonparallel secretion of enzymes in human duodenal juice and pure pancreatic juice collected by endoscopic retrograde catheterization of the papilla. Duodenal juice was collected from 50 healthy patients in the basal state, and after intravenous injection of 1 clinical unit of secretin kg-1 + 3 Crick-Harper-Raper units of cholecystokinin-pancreozymin (CCK-PZ) kg-1. Amylase to chymotrypsin and amylase to lipase ratios were significantly decreased by stimulation. Pure pancreatic juice was collected from 7 healthy subjects by endoscopic retrograde catheterization of the papilla. Secretin (1 clinical unit kg-1 hr-1) was infused intravenously during 30 min, and a single intravenous injection of CCK-PZ (3 Crick-Harper-Raper units kg-1) was done at the 15th min of the secretin infusion. Chymotrypsinogen and lipase secretions did not parallel that of amylase during CCK-PZ stimulation. As in the first set of experiments, amylase secretion was proportionally less stimulated by CCK-PZ injection than were chymotrypsinogen and lipase secretions. However, in approximately 20% of subjects the secretion of the enzymes was parallel in both duodenal and pancreatic juice."}
{"id": "PMID:863200", "title": "A study on the nature of macroamylase complex. Dissociation of macroamylase by substrates.", "content": "Characteristics of a macroamylase that was considered not to be formed by the binding of normal amylase to immunoglobulins were studied. The macroamylase was reversibly dissociated into apparently normal amylase by treating the macroamylasemic serum with guanidine hydrochloride. Concanavalin A precipitated a large portion of the macroamylase. When the macroamylase was purified by affinity chromatography using an insoluble starch polymer at neutral pH, a considerable dissociation of the enzyme into apparently normal amylase was observed with the purified preparation. Such dissociation of the macroamylase was demonstrated by briefly incubating the patient's serum with a low-molecular weight starch, a substrate of the enzyme. This dissociated enzyme showed upon electrophoresis essentially the same isozymic pattern as that of normal serum amylase. When the patient's serum was incubated with the low molecular weight starch for a prolonged period to hydrolyze the starch completely and was dialyzed, reconstitution of macroamylase resulted. The amylase-binding substance(s) that is supposed to be involved in the formation of macroamylase was found to release when the enzyme was adsorbed on the insoluble starch polymer at 0 degrees C. The present results strongly suggest that the amylase-binding substance(s), probably polysaccharide(s) or glycoprotein(s), binds to the substrate-binding site of normal amylase to form a macroamylase complex.", "contents": "A study on the nature of macroamylase complex. Dissociation of macroamylase by substrates. Characteristics of a macroamylase that was considered not to be formed by the binding of normal amylase to immunoglobulins were studied. The macroamylase was reversibly dissociated into apparently normal amylase by treating the macroamylasemic serum with guanidine hydrochloride. Concanavalin A precipitated a large portion of the macroamylase. When the macroamylase was purified by affinity chromatography using an insoluble starch polymer at neutral pH, a considerable dissociation of the enzyme into apparently normal amylase was observed with the purified preparation. Such dissociation of the macroamylase was demonstrated by briefly incubating the patient's serum with a low-molecular weight starch, a substrate of the enzyme. This dissociated enzyme showed upon electrophoresis essentially the same isozymic pattern as that of normal serum amylase. When the patient's serum was incubated with the low molecular weight starch for a prolonged period to hydrolyze the starch completely and was dialyzed, reconstitution of macroamylase resulted. The amylase-binding substance(s) that is supposed to be involved in the formation of macroamylase was found to release when the enzyme was adsorbed on the insoluble starch polymer at 0 degrees C. The present results strongly suggest that the amylase-binding substance(s), probably polysaccharide(s) or glycoprotein(s), binds to the substrate-binding site of normal amylase to form a macroamylase complex."}
{"id": "PMID:863201", "title": "Effect of cholecystokinin-octapeptide on lower esophageal sphincter.", "content": "The effect of cholecystokinin-octapeptide (CCK-OP) on the lower esophageal sphincter (LES) was studied in 50 cats in vivo. CCK-OP caused a dose-dependent fall in LES pressures in all but 4 animals. Maximal sphincter relaxation was obtained with 200 to 400 ng of CCK-OP per kg of body weight. Atropine sulfate and/or hexamethonium, or adrenergic blocking agents (phentolamine or propranolol), in doses that completely inhibit the action of maximal doses of their respective agonists, failed to block the CCK-OP effect. Tetrodotoxin, however, in doses that denervates the LES, antagonized the CCK-OP-induced sphincter relaxation. In these tetrodotoxin-treated animals, CCK-OP produced LES contraction similar to that observed after pentagastrin. These results suggest that CCK-OP stimulates the postganglionic nonadrenergic, noncholinergic inhibitory neurons responsible for sphincter relaxation. CCK-OP also stimulates the circular muscle by direct action causing LES contraction. The latter becomes apparent when the innervation of the LES is abolished by tetrodoxtin.", "contents": "Effect of cholecystokinin-octapeptide on lower esophageal sphincter. The effect of cholecystokinin-octapeptide (CCK-OP) on the lower esophageal sphincter (LES) was studied in 50 cats in vivo. CCK-OP caused a dose-dependent fall in LES pressures in all but 4 animals. Maximal sphincter relaxation was obtained with 200 to 400 ng of CCK-OP per kg of body weight. Atropine sulfate and/or hexamethonium, or adrenergic blocking agents (phentolamine or propranolol), in doses that completely inhibit the action of maximal doses of their respective agonists, failed to block the CCK-OP effect. Tetrodotoxin, however, in doses that denervates the LES, antagonized the CCK-OP-induced sphincter relaxation. In these tetrodotoxin-treated animals, CCK-OP produced LES contraction similar to that observed after pentagastrin. These results suggest that CCK-OP stimulates the postganglionic nonadrenergic, noncholinergic inhibitory neurons responsible for sphincter relaxation. CCK-OP also stimulates the circular muscle by direct action causing LES contraction. The latter becomes apparent when the innervation of the LES is abolished by tetrodoxtin."}
{"id": "PMID:863202", "title": "Influence of isoproterenol and cholestyramine on acute gastric mucosal ulcerogenesis.", "content": "One thesis concerning the pathogenesis of \"stress ulcer\" states that the combination of (1) bile acid-induced H+ \"back diffusion\" and (2) gastric mucosal ischemia is acutely Hg) to induce ischemia, this thesis was further tested by selectively mitigating either the ischemic or the back diffusion components of the model. Vascularized wedges of proximal canine gastric wall mounted on Lucite chambers were studied. With the mucosa directly visualized, control group A (6 dogs) was subjected sequentially to (1) topical acid test solution alone (ATS), (2) ATS + S, and (3) ATS + S + topical 5 mM Na taurocholate (TC). Study group B (6 dogs): (1) ATS, (2) ATS + S + the beta adrenergic agonist, isoproterenol, 1.5 microng per kg-min infused into the splenic artery, and (3) ATS + S + TC + isoproterenol. Study group C (6 dogs): (1) ATS, (2) ATS + S + the bile acid binding resin, cholestyramine (C), 4 g per liter, and (3) ATS + S + TC + C. During each period the net flux of H+, the electrical potential difference, and the aminopyrine clearance (AC) were determined. Mucosal damage (intramucosal hemorrhage, erosions, and ulcers, graded 0 to 5) was assessed blindly by an independent observer using photographs. The results indicate (1) that, despite H+ back diffusion comparable to ATS + S + TC, intraarterial isoproterenol significantly protects against lesion formation by increasing AC, and (2) that, despite a reduction in AC comparable to ATS + S + TC, topical C significantly protects against lesion formation by preventing excessive back diffusion of H+.", "contents": "Influence of isoproterenol and cholestyramine on acute gastric mucosal ulcerogenesis. One thesis concerning the pathogenesis of \"stress ulcer\" states that the combination of (1) bile acid-induced H+ \"back diffusion\" and (2) gastric mucosal ischemia is acutely Hg) to induce ischemia, this thesis was further tested by selectively mitigating either the ischemic or the back diffusion components of the model. Vascularized wedges of proximal canine gastric wall mounted on Lucite chambers were studied. With the mucosa directly visualized, control group A (6 dogs) was subjected sequentially to (1) topical acid test solution alone (ATS), (2) ATS + S, and (3) ATS + S + topical 5 mM Na taurocholate (TC). Study group B (6 dogs): (1) ATS, (2) ATS + S + the beta adrenergic agonist, isoproterenol, 1.5 microng per kg-min infused into the splenic artery, and (3) ATS + S + TC + isoproterenol. Study group C (6 dogs): (1) ATS, (2) ATS + S + the bile acid binding resin, cholestyramine (C), 4 g per liter, and (3) ATS + S + TC + C. During each period the net flux of H+, the electrical potential difference, and the aminopyrine clearance (AC) were determined. Mucosal damage (intramucosal hemorrhage, erosions, and ulcers, graded 0 to 5) was assessed blindly by an independent observer using photographs. The results indicate (1) that, despite H+ back diffusion comparable to ATS + S + TC, intraarterial isoproterenol significantly protects against lesion formation by increasing AC, and (2) that, despite a reduction in AC comparable to ATS + S + TC, topical C significantly protects against lesion formation by preventing excessive back diffusion of H+."}
{"id": "PMID:863204", "title": "Effect of graded mechanical ischemia on oxygen tension and electrical potential in the canine gastric mucosa. A new experimental model.", "content": "Oxygen tension and potential difference were measured in the gastric mucosa of anesthetized dogs with an ultramicroelectrode technqiue while total blood flow and arteriovenous oxygen content difference were measured. In the control period, measurements were: gastric  blood flow, 102.4 +/- 3.0 ml per min per 100 g of tissue; calculated oxygen consumption, 2.4 +/- 0.1 ml per min per 100 g of tissue; intracellular oxygen tension, 15.0 +/- 0.6 mm Hg; and intracellular potential difference, -50.8 +/- 1.5 mv. When gastric blood flow was reduced 50% by tourniquet ischemia, oxygen tension decreased 20% (P less than 0.05) but electrical potential and oxygen consumption did not change. When blood flow was reduced 75%, oxygen tension and potential difference decreased significantly, 60% and 35%, respectively, but oxygen consumption was unchanged. Zero blood flow reduced oxygen tension, electrical potential, and total oxygen consumption to zero; release of the arterial tourniquet allowed them to return to control levels. The critical oxygen tension at which the electromotive force generated by the gastric mucosal cells was reduced averaged 9 mm Hg. This suggests that safety factors exist in the gastric circulation which permit a 60% reduction in total gastric blood flow to occur before an insufficiency of intracellular oxygen begins to limit cellular metabolism within the mucosa.", "contents": "Effect of graded mechanical ischemia on oxygen tension and electrical potential in the canine gastric mucosa. A new experimental model. Oxygen tension and potential difference were measured in the gastric mucosa of anesthetized dogs with an ultramicroelectrode technqiue while total blood flow and arteriovenous oxygen content difference were measured. In the control period, measurements were: gastric  blood flow, 102.4 +/- 3.0 ml per min per 100 g of tissue; calculated oxygen consumption, 2.4 +/- 0.1 ml per min per 100 g of tissue; intracellular oxygen tension, 15.0 +/- 0.6 mm Hg; and intracellular potential difference, -50.8 +/- 1.5 mv. When gastric blood flow was reduced 50% by tourniquet ischemia, oxygen tension decreased 20% (P less than 0.05) but electrical potential and oxygen consumption did not change. When blood flow was reduced 75%, oxygen tension and potential difference decreased significantly, 60% and 35%, respectively, but oxygen consumption was unchanged. Zero blood flow reduced oxygen tension, electrical potential, and total oxygen consumption to zero; release of the arterial tourniquet allowed them to return to control levels. The critical oxygen tension at which the electromotive force generated by the gastric mucosal cells was reduced averaged 9 mm Hg. This suggests that safety factors exist in the gastric circulation which permit a 60% reduction in total gastric blood flow to occur before an insufficiency of intracellular oxygen begins to limit cellular metabolism within the mucosa."}
{"id": "PMID:863205", "title": "Perfusion of rabbit colon with ricinoleic acid: dose-related mucosal injury, fluid secretion, and increased permeability.", "content": "Morphology of the rabbit colon was examined by light and scanning electron microscopy after perfusion of the organ with 2.5, 5.0, 7.5, and 10 mM sodium ricinoleate. Colons perfused with control buffer showed the expected normal appearances, whereas ricinoleate produced desquamation of surface epithelial cells. Surface changes in the colon were comparable with those reported after similar treatment of the rabbit ileum. Concomitant with these histological changes was loss of DNA into the lumen of the colon. Dose-related changes in net fluid transport and mucosal permeability (as assessed by lumen to plasma flux of low molecular weight polyethylene glycols and plasma to lumen flux of urea and creatinine) were also associated with ricinoleate perfusion. These structural and functional alterations may contribute to intraluminal accumulation of fluid and catharsis that can result from administration of ricinoleic acid (castor oil). The findings might also pertain to the pathophysiology of steatorrheal diseases, because dietary fatty acids of similar chemical structure are known to have comparable effects on the intestinal mucosa.", "contents": "Perfusion of rabbit colon with ricinoleic acid: dose-related mucosal injury, fluid secretion, and increased permeability. Morphology of the rabbit colon was examined by light and scanning electron microscopy after perfusion of the organ with 2.5, 5.0, 7.5, and 10 mM sodium ricinoleate. Colons perfused with control buffer showed the expected normal appearances, whereas ricinoleate produced desquamation of surface epithelial cells. Surface changes in the colon were comparable with those reported after similar treatment of the rabbit ileum. Concomitant with these histological changes was loss of DNA into the lumen of the colon. Dose-related changes in net fluid transport and mucosal permeability (as assessed by lumen to plasma flux of low molecular weight polyethylene glycols and plasma to lumen flux of urea and creatinine) were also associated with ricinoleate perfusion. These structural and functional alterations may contribute to intraluminal accumulation of fluid and catharsis that can result from administration of ricinoleic acid (castor oil). The findings might also pertain to the pathophysiology of steatorrheal diseases, because dietary fatty acids of similar chemical structure are known to have comparable effects on the intestinal mucosa."}
{"id": "PMID:863226", "title": "Genetic analysis of phototactic behavior in Drosophila simulans.", "content": "Phototaxis mazes have been employed to select photopositive and photonegative strains of Drosophila simulans. The results suggest that phototactic behavior in D. simulans, as in other Drosophila species, is a polygenic trait. Hybridization using divergent strains revealed that the genes controlling negative phototactic behavior in D. simulans are autosomal, as opposed to D. melanogaster in which negative phototactic behavior is known to be very strongly sex-linked.", "contents": "Genetic analysis of phototactic behavior in Drosophila simulans. Phototaxis mazes have been employed to select photopositive and photonegative strains of Drosophila simulans. The results suggest that phototactic behavior in D. simulans, as in other Drosophila species, is a polygenic trait. Hybridization using divergent strains revealed that the genes controlling negative phototactic behavior in D. simulans are autosomal, as opposed to D. melanogaster in which negative phototactic behavior is known to be very strongly sex-linked."}
{"id": "PMID:863227", "title": "A morphogenetic fate map constructed from Habrobracon juglandis gynandromorphs.", "content": "A morphogenetic fate map is presented for the parasitic wasp, Habrobracon juglandis. Twenty adult cuticular structures of 1211 haploid-diploid gynandromorphs were placed on the fate map using the sturtoid calculation. The overall shape and organization of the Habrobracon fate map are similar to those of the Drosophila fate mape, both of which approximate the shape of an insect embryo but show structures arranged in a manner resembling the adult body plan. Independent samples of gynandromorphs yield similar maps.", "contents": "A morphogenetic fate map constructed from Habrobracon juglandis gynandromorphs. A morphogenetic fate map is presented for the parasitic wasp, Habrobracon juglandis. Twenty adult cuticular structures of 1211 haploid-diploid gynandromorphs were placed on the fate map using the sturtoid calculation. The overall shape and organization of the Habrobracon fate map are similar to those of the Drosophila fate mape, both of which approximate the shape of an insect embryo but show structures arranged in a manner resembling the adult body plan. Independent samples of gynandromorphs yield similar maps."}
{"id": "PMID:863228", "title": "Cortisone-induced cleft palate in the mouse. A search for the genetic control of the embryonic response trait.", "content": "The cause of the difference in the mean tolerance (ED50) to cortisone-induced cleft palate between the embryos of the A/J and C57BL/6J strains appears to be due to a small number of genes. A single major gene effect and a polygenic model, in the sense of many equal and additive genes, have been ruled out. The embryonic tolerance of C57BL/6J  is greater than and dominant to that of A/J; two or three loci, possibly with independent effects, appear to explain the variability. A component of the variation in embryonic response may be associated with or linked to the major histocompatibility locus (H-2). No evidence was found to support the hypothesis of X-chromosome linked susceptibility to cortisone-induced cleft palate.", "contents": "Cortisone-induced cleft palate in the mouse. A search for the genetic control of the embryonic response trait. The cause of the difference in the mean tolerance (ED50) to cortisone-induced cleft palate between the embryos of the A/J and C57BL/6J strains appears to be due to a small number of genes. A single major gene effect and a polygenic model, in the sense of many equal and additive genes, have been ruled out. The embryonic tolerance of C57BL/6J  is greater than and dominant to that of A/J; two or three loci, possibly with independent effects, appear to explain the variability. A component of the variation in embryonic response may be associated with or linked to the major histocompatibility locus (H-2). No evidence was found to support the hypothesis of X-chromosome linked susceptibility to cortisone-induced cleft palate."}
{"id": "PMID:863229", "title": "Effects on sperm morphology by alleles at the pink-eyed dilution locus in mice.", "content": "Sperm head morphology was analyzed in all genotypic combinations for alleles dark pink-eye (pd) and p-sterile alleles, p6H, pbs (p-black-eyed sterile) and p25H. Three of these, p6H, pbs and p25H, were radiation induced; homozygotes and heterozygotes of these three alleles are male sterile, whereas pd/--genotypes are fertile. Sperm heads were examined by light microscopy and assigned to one of five classes: A. normal and near-normal, B. triangulate and oblate, C. spatulate, D. elongate, and E. filamentous. Males of each sterile genotype had grossly abnormal sperm and each sterile genotype differed from all other sterile genotypes and from fertile genotypes in at least one class, except p6H/p6H compared to pbs/pbs. Frequency distribution profiles (1) revealed a complex pattern of allelic interaction and do not support a deletion-complementation hypothesis, (2) do not show simple bimodality, which might suggest post-meiotic (haploid) gene expression, and (3) together with unpublished breeding data, show that p25H is not a remutation of p6H.", "contents": "Effects on sperm morphology by alleles at the pink-eyed dilution locus in mice. Sperm head morphology was analyzed in all genotypic combinations for alleles dark pink-eye (pd) and p-sterile alleles, p6H, pbs (p-black-eyed sterile) and p25H. Three of these, p6H, pbs and p25H, were radiation induced; homozygotes and heterozygotes of these three alleles are male sterile, whereas pd/--genotypes are fertile. Sperm heads were examined by light microscopy and assigned to one of five classes: A. normal and near-normal, B. triangulate and oblate, C. spatulate, D. elongate, and E. filamentous. Males of each sterile genotype had grossly abnormal sperm and each sterile genotype differed from all other sterile genotypes and from fertile genotypes in at least one class, except p6H/p6H compared to pbs/pbs. Frequency distribution profiles (1) revealed a complex pattern of allelic interaction and do not support a deletion-complementation hypothesis, (2) do not show simple bimodality, which might suggest post-meiotic (haploid) gene expression, and (3) together with unpublished breeding data, show that p25H is not a remutation of p6H."}
{"id": "PMID:863230", "title": "Genetic effects of acute spermatogonial X-irradiation of the laboratory rat.", "content": "The genetic effects of one generation of spermatogonial X-irradiation in rats, by a single dose of 600r in one experiment and by a fractionated dose of 450r in another, were measured in three generations of their descendants. Estimates of dominant lethal mutation rates--(2 to 3) X 10-4/gamete/r--from litter size differences between irradiated and nonirradiated stock were consistent with previous estimates from rats and mice. Similar consistency was found for estimates of sex-linked recessive mutation rates--(1 to 2) X 10-4 chromosome/r--from male proportions within strains; however, when measured in crossbreds the proportion of males was higher in the irradiated than in the nonirradiated lines. This inconsistency in results is in keeping with the contradictory results reported for recessive sex-linked lethal mutation rates in mice. The effects used to estimate recessive lethal mutation rates which were unusually high--(2 to 14) X 10-4/gamete/r--were not significant. Other factors that could have contributed to the observed effects are postulated.", "contents": "Genetic effects of acute spermatogonial X-irradiation of the laboratory rat. The genetic effects of one generation of spermatogonial X-irradiation in rats, by a single dose of 600r in one experiment and by a fractionated dose of 450r in another, were measured in three generations of their descendants. Estimates of dominant lethal mutation rates--(2 to 3) X 10-4/gamete/r--from litter size differences between irradiated and nonirradiated stock were consistent with previous estimates from rats and mice. Similar consistency was found for estimates of sex-linked recessive mutation rates--(1 to 2) X 10-4 chromosome/r--from male proportions within strains; however, when measured in crossbreds the proportion of males was higher in the irradiated than in the nonirradiated lines. This inconsistency in results is in keeping with the contradictory results reported for recessive sex-linked lethal mutation rates in mice. The effects used to estimate recessive lethal mutation rates which were unusually high--(2 to 14) X 10-4/gamete/r--were not significant. Other factors that could have contributed to the observed effects are postulated."}
{"id": "PMID:863231", "title": "Distribution of nucleotide differences between two randomly chosen cistrons in a finite population.", "content": "Watterson's (1975) formula for the steady-state distribution of the number of nucleotide differences between two randomly chosen cistrons in a finite population has been extended to transient states. The rate for the mean of this distribution to approach its equilibrium value is 1/2N and independent of mutation rate, but that for the variance is dependent on mutation rate, where N denotes the effective population size. Numerical computations show that if the heterozygosity (i.e., the probability that two cistrons are different) is low, say of the order of 0.1 or less, the probability that two cistrons differ at two or more nucleotide sites is less than 10 percent of the heterozygosity, whereas this probability may be as high as 50 percent of the heterozygosity if the heterozygosity is 0.5. A simple estimate for the mean number (-d) of site differences between cistrons is d = h/(1 - h) where h is the heterozygosity. At equilibrium, the probability that two cistrons differ by more than one site is equal to h2, the square of heterozygosity.", "contents": "Distribution of nucleotide differences between two randomly chosen cistrons in a finite population. Watterson's (1975) formula for the steady-state distribution of the number of nucleotide differences between two randomly chosen cistrons in a finite population has been extended to transient states. The rate for the mean of this distribution to approach its equilibrium value is 1/2N and independent of mutation rate, but that for the variance is dependent on mutation rate, where N denotes the effective population size. Numerical computations show that if the heterozygosity (i.e., the probability that two cistrons are different) is low, say of the order of 0.1 or less, the probability that two cistrons differ at two or more nucleotide sites is less than 10 percent of the heterozygosity, whereas this probability may be as high as 50 percent of the heterozygosity if the heterozygosity is 0.5. A simple estimate for the mean number (-d) of site differences between cistrons is d = h/(1 - h) where h is the heterozygosity. At equilibrium, the probability that two cistrons differ by more than one site is equal to h2, the square of heterozygosity."}
{"id": "PMID:863232", "title": "Variance of gene frequencies from recurrent selection in finite populations.", "content": "An equation was derived for estimation of the variance of gene frequencies due to drift in the presence of recurrent selection. The equation assumes knowledge of gene frequencies in successive generations. These can be approximated in at least three ways. Simulation data demonstrated that when satisfactory approximations are used, the variances supplied by the derived formula agree well with observed variances.", "contents": "Variance of gene frequencies from recurrent selection in finite populations. An equation was derived for estimation of the variance of gene frequencies due to drift in the presence of recurrent selection. The equation assumes knowledge of gene frequencies in successive generations. These can be approximated in at least three ways. Simulation data demonstrated that when satisfactory approximations are used, the variances supplied by the derived formula agree well with observed variances."}
{"id": "PMID:863233", "title": "The evolution of one- and two-locus systems. II.", "content": "Weak selection in a monoecious population is studied in two multiallelic panmictic models. In the first, a single locus is considered with continuous time and age-independent fertilities and mortalities. If the fertilities of the various matings and the genotypic mortalities may be expressed with an error at most of the second order in s (i.e., O(s2)), where  s is the intensity of selection, as sums of terms corresponding to the different genotypes and alleles, respectively, then after several generations the deviations from Hardy-Weinberg proportions are of O(s2). In the second model, two loci are treated with discrete nonover-lapping generations. It is shown that if the epistatic parameters are of O(s2), then after several generations the linkage disequilibria are reduced to O(s2). Assuming only weak selection, it is proved that in both models, after several generations, the total change is mean fitness is generally positive. It is likely that the exclusion of the initial period is usually unnecessary in natural populations. Exceptions are discussed.", "contents": "The evolution of one- and two-locus systems. II. Weak selection in a monoecious population is studied in two multiallelic panmictic models. In the first, a single locus is considered with continuous time and age-independent fertilities and mortalities. If the fertilities of the various matings and the genotypic mortalities may be expressed with an error at most of the second order in s (i.e., O(s2)), where  s is the intensity of selection, as sums of terms corresponding to the different genotypes and alleles, respectively, then after several generations the deviations from Hardy-Weinberg proportions are of O(s2). In the second model, two loci are treated with discrete nonover-lapping generations. It is shown that if the epistatic parameters are of O(s2), then after several generations the linkage disequilibria are reduced to O(s2). Assuming only weak selection, it is proved that in both models, after several generations, the total change is mean fitness is generally positive. It is likely that the exclusion of the initial period is usually unnecessary in natural populations. Exceptions are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:863234", "title": "Inbreeding estimation from population data: models, procedures and implications.", "content": "Four different estimation procedures for models of population structure are compared. The parameters of the models are shown to be equivalent and, in most cases, easily expressed in terms of the parameters WRIGHT calls \"F-statistics.\" We have estimated the parameters of each of these models with data on nine codominant allele pairs in 47 Yanomama villages, and we find that the different estimators for a given parameter all yield more or less equivalent results. F-statistics are often equated to inbreeding coefficients that are definid as the probability of identity by descent from alleles taken to be unique in some founding population. However, we are led to infer from computer simulation and general historical considerations that all estimates from genotype frequencies greatly underestimate the inbreeding coefficient for alleles in the founding population of American Indians in the western hemisphere. We surmise that in the highly subdivided tribal populations which prevailed until the recent advent of civilization, the probability of identity by descent for homologous alleles was roughly 0.5. We consider some consequences of working with the customary, much lower, estimates--0.005 to 0.01--if, on the time scale of human evolution, these represent only a very recent departure from the inbreeding intensity that prevailed before civilization.", "contents": "Inbreeding estimation from population data: models, procedures and implications. Four different estimation procedures for models of population structure are compared. The parameters of the models are shown to be equivalent and, in most cases, easily expressed in terms of the parameters WRIGHT calls \"F-statistics.\" We have estimated the parameters of each of these models with data on nine codominant allele pairs in 47 Yanomama villages, and we find that the different estimators for a given parameter all yield more or less equivalent results. F-statistics are often equated to inbreeding coefficients that are definid as the probability of identity by descent from alleles taken to be unique in some founding population. However, we are led to infer from computer simulation and general historical considerations that all estimates from genotype frequencies greatly underestimate the inbreeding coefficient for alleles in the founding population of American Indians in the western hemisphere. We surmise that in the highly subdivided tribal populations which prevailed until the recent advent of civilization, the probability of identity by descent for homologous alleles was roughly 0.5. We consider some consequences of working with the customary, much lower, estimates--0.005 to 0.01--if, on the time scale of human evolution, these represent only a very recent departure from the inbreeding intensity that prevailed before civilization."}
{"id": "PMID:863235", "title": "The effect of combining alleles into electrophoretic classes on detecting linkage disequilibrium.", "content": "When alleles are combined into few detectable classes, linkage correlations are underestimated most of the time. The probability that the linkage correlation will be underestimated is a function of the actual degree of correlation and the evenness of the allelic distribution, but is mainly determined by the distribution of alleles into distinguishable classes. With only two alleles per class this probability will usually be higher than 0.7. Also, the consistency in the sign of the linkage disequilibrium over many populations may escape detection. An increase of sample size by one order of magnitude or more may be required to compensate for the loss in detection power. It follows that the available electrophoretic studies of linkage correlations, although negative in their majority, do not suggest that epistatic interactions and linkage disequilibria are rare in natural populations.", "contents": "The effect of combining alleles into electrophoretic classes on detecting linkage disequilibrium. When alleles are combined into few detectable classes, linkage correlations are underestimated most of the time. The probability that the linkage correlation will be underestimated is a function of the actual degree of correlation and the evenness of the allelic distribution, but is mainly determined by the distribution of alleles into distinguishable classes. With only two alleles per class this probability will usually be higher than 0.7. Also, the consistency in the sign of the linkage disequilibrium over many populations may escape detection. An increase of sample size by one order of magnitude or more may be required to compensate for the loss in detection power. It follows that the available electrophoretic studies of linkage correlations, although negative in their majority, do not suggest that epistatic interactions and linkage disequilibria are rare in natural populations."}
{"id": "PMID:863236", "title": "Simulation of quantitative characters by genes with biochemically definable action. VI. Modifications of a simple model.", "content": "Investigations on metric characters of defined genotypes of Matthiola incana, and application of different linear models for the estimation of genetic parameters, indicate that the use of midparental value as a reference point results in parameter estimates that do not correspond to the actual biological situation. Use of the most recessive genotype as a reference point causes all of the contributions of single loci to be undirectional and positive, and all the allelic and nonallelic interactions to be unidirectional and negative, in accord with our Model 2.2. The results indicate that the phenotypic response to allelic substitutions follows the characteristics of a saturation curve. The possibility is discussed that the saturation character results from regulating processes, whereas deviations of single measurements from the response curve, or response surface, reflect real interactions between allelic and nonallelic genes.", "contents": "Simulation of quantitative characters by genes with biochemically definable action. VI. Modifications of a simple model. Investigations on metric characters of defined genotypes of Matthiola incana, and application of different linear models for the estimation of genetic parameters, indicate that the use of midparental value as a reference point results in parameter estimates that do not correspond to the actual biological situation. Use of the most recessive genotype as a reference point causes all of the contributions of single loci to be undirectional and positive, and all the allelic and nonallelic interactions to be unidirectional and negative, in accord with our Model 2.2. The results indicate that the phenotypic response to allelic substitutions follows the characteristics of a saturation curve. The possibility is discussed that the saturation character results from regulating processes, whereas deviations of single measurements from the response curve, or response surface, reflect real interactions between allelic and nonallelic genes."}
{"id": "PMID:863237", "title": "Influence of gene duplication and X-inactivation on mouse mitochondrial malic enzyme activity and electrophoretic patterns.", "content": "We have investigated, with and without the influence of X-inactivation, the relationship between autosomal gene-dosage and gene-product in a mammalian system, the mouse. The gene was mitochondrial malic enzyme (Mod-2), shown to lie on Chromosome 7 between the albino (c) and shaker-1 (sh-1) loci, and the enzyme was its product, mitochondrial malic enzyme (MOD-2). Gene duplication, with and without the influence of X-inactivation, was achieved using a translocation that involves the insertion of a portion of Chr 7, including Mod-2, into the X, T(X;7)1Ct. A 1:1 relationship for Mod-2 dosage and MOD-2 activity was found in heart mitochondria. Evidence of X-inactivation of Mod-2 was noted in heart and kidney preparations from females carrying a Mod-2 duplication (one copy of Mod-2 in the X and two copies of Mod-2 on Chr 7). We conclude that the expression of an autosomal locus attached to X-chromatin depends upon whether the translocation is in a balanced or unbalanced state.", "contents": "Influence of gene duplication and X-inactivation on mouse mitochondrial malic enzyme activity and electrophoretic patterns. We have investigated, with and without the influence of X-inactivation, the relationship between autosomal gene-dosage and gene-product in a mammalian system, the mouse. The gene was mitochondrial malic enzyme (Mod-2), shown to lie on Chromosome 7 between the albino (c) and shaker-1 (sh-1) loci, and the enzyme was its product, mitochondrial malic enzyme (MOD-2). Gene duplication, with and without the influence of X-inactivation, was achieved using a translocation that involves the insertion of a portion of Chr 7, including Mod-2, into the X, T(X;7)1Ct. A 1:1 relationship for Mod-2 dosage and MOD-2 activity was found in heart mitochondria. Evidence of X-inactivation of Mod-2 was noted in heart and kidney preparations from females carrying a Mod-2 duplication (one copy of Mod-2 in the X and two copies of Mod-2 on Chr 7). We conclude that the expression of an autosomal locus attached to X-chromatin depends upon whether the translocation is in a balanced or unbalanced state."}
{"id": "PMID:863238", "title": "Genetic parameters of serum cholesterol levels, activity and growth in mice.", "content": "Heritabilities (h2) of, and phenotypic and genetic correlations among, serum cholesterol (SC), levels of physical activity, growth, and body moisture content were estimated from data on 466 sire-son pairs of random-bred, ICR albino mice. Heritability estimates of SC and body moisture content were 0.31 +/- 0.07 and 0.29 +/- 0.11, respectively. Estimates of h2 for activity measured by standard exercise wheels at 28, 49 and 70 days of age were 0.31 +/- 0.17, 0.50 +/- 0.11 and 0.27 +/- 0.14 and for weight at 21, 44 and 67 days of age, were 0.11 +/- 0.09, 0.33 +/- 0.09 and 0.42 +/- 0.08, respectively. The estimates of h2 for weight gain ranged from 0.22 +/- 0.07 to 0.27 +/- 0.08. Significant negative phenotypic correlations occurred between activity and rate of body weight gain. A negative genetic correlation of -0.70 +/- 0.11 between SC and body moisture implied that SC and percent body fat are positively correlated. Genetic correlations among SC values and activity scores and between SC values and body weight gains were near zero.", "contents": "Genetic parameters of serum cholesterol levels, activity and growth in mice. Heritabilities (h2) of, and phenotypic and genetic correlations among, serum cholesterol (SC), levels of physical activity, growth, and body moisture content were estimated from data on 466 sire-son pairs of random-bred, ICR albino mice. Heritability estimates of SC and body moisture content were 0.31 +/- 0.07 and 0.29 +/- 0.11, respectively. Estimates of h2 for activity measured by standard exercise wheels at 28, 49 and 70 days of age were 0.31 +/- 0.17, 0.50 +/- 0.11 and 0.27 +/- 0.14 and for weight at 21, 44 and 67 days of age, were 0.11 +/- 0.09, 0.33 +/- 0.09 and 0.42 +/- 0.08, respectively. The estimates of h2 for weight gain ranged from 0.22 +/- 0.07 to 0.27 +/- 0.08. Significant negative phenotypic correlations occurred between activity and rate of body weight gain. A negative genetic correlation of -0.70 +/- 0.11 between SC and body moisture implied that SC and percent body fat are positively correlated. Genetic correlations among SC values and activity scores and between SC values and body weight gains were near zero."}
{"id": "PMID:863239", "title": "Identification of a major locus contributing to erythrocyte 2,3-diphosphoglycerate variability in hooded (Long-Evans) rats.", "content": "The erythrocyte glycolytic intermediate 2,3-diphosphoglycerate (DPG) and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) play an important role in oxygen transport and delivery by binding to hemoglobin (Hb) and reducing its affinity for oxygen. Considerable quantitative variability in the levels of DPG and ATP exists in human populations and in a population of hooded (Long-Evans) rats we have studied. This paper presents the results of studies on the genetic component of DPG-level variation in an outbred population of hooded rats. Beginning with about 100 rats, a two-way selection experiment was initiated. Pairs of rats with the highest DPG levels were mated to produce a High-DPG rat strain and animals with the lowest DPG levels were mated to produce a Low-DPG strain. Mean DPG levels responded rapidly to selection and, from generation 3 on, the differences between strain means were highly significant. Ten High-DPG strain rats were intercrossed with 10 Low-DPG strain rats of generation 10 to produce an F1 generation in which the DPG levels were almost as high as those of High-DPG animals. This indicates partial dominance of High-DPG alleles. The F2 DPG-level distribution showed two distinct subpopulations. The high DPG subpopulation contained three times as many animals as the low DPG subpopulation. From these results and the statistical analyses performed, it was concluded that the DPG differences between strains were due to an allelic difference at one major locus, the allele carried by the High-DPG strain showing partial dominance over the allele carried by the Low-DPG strain. It appears that this locus may also effect ATP levels to a large extent and is polymorphic in hooded rat populations. Identification of this locus gives us a useful tool for studies of the physiological effects of DPG variability, as well as providing an example of a major gene effect in a quantitatively varying trait.", "contents": "Identification of a major locus contributing to erythrocyte 2,3-diphosphoglycerate variability in hooded (Long-Evans) rats. The erythrocyte glycolytic intermediate 2,3-diphosphoglycerate (DPG) and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) play an important role in oxygen transport and delivery by binding to hemoglobin (Hb) and reducing its affinity for oxygen. Considerable quantitative variability in the levels of DPG and ATP exists in human populations and in a population of hooded (Long-Evans) rats we have studied. This paper presents the results of studies on the genetic component of DPG-level variation in an outbred population of hooded rats. Beginning with about 100 rats, a two-way selection experiment was initiated. Pairs of rats with the highest DPG levels were mated to produce a High-DPG rat strain and animals with the lowest DPG levels were mated to produce a Low-DPG strain. Mean DPG levels responded rapidly to selection and, from generation 3 on, the differences between strain means were highly significant. Ten High-DPG strain rats were intercrossed with 10 Low-DPG strain rats of generation 10 to produce an F1 generation in which the DPG levels were almost as high as those of High-DPG animals. This indicates partial dominance of High-DPG alleles. The F2 DPG-level distribution showed two distinct subpopulations. The high DPG subpopulation contained three times as many animals as the low DPG subpopulation. From these results and the statistical analyses performed, it was concluded that the DPG differences between strains were due to an allelic difference at one major locus, the allele carried by the High-DPG strain showing partial dominance over the allele carried by the Low-DPG strain. It appears that this locus may also effect ATP levels to a large extent and is polymorphic in hooded rat populations. Identification of this locus gives us a useful tool for studies of the physiological effects of DPG variability, as well as providing an example of a major gene effect in a quantitatively varying trait."}
{"id": "PMID:863240", "title": "Microgeographic differentiation of chromosomal and enzyme polymorphisms in Drosophila persimilis.", "content": "We studied microgeographic and temporal genetic differentiation in natural populations of Drosophila persimilis with respect to chromosome inversion and enzyme polymorphisms. Both inversion frequencies and allozyme frequencies varied significantly over short distances. Neither differed significantly between morning and evening collections. Because several studies of the dispersal behavior of this species have been performed, we attempt to fit the observed data to mathematical models which relate dispersion to random genetic drift and to spatially varying selection coefficients. We conclude that the observations are due at least partly to behavioral differences among genotypes. i.e., habitat preferences. These results have implications for genetic load theory and models of selection in heterogeneous environments.", "contents": "Microgeographic differentiation of chromosomal and enzyme polymorphisms in Drosophila persimilis. We studied microgeographic and temporal genetic differentiation in natural populations of Drosophila persimilis with respect to chromosome inversion and enzyme polymorphisms. Both inversion frequencies and allozyme frequencies varied significantly over short distances. Neither differed significantly between morning and evening collections. Because several studies of the dispersal behavior of this species have been performed, we attempt to fit the observed data to mathematical models which relate dispersion to random genetic drift and to spatially varying selection coefficients. We conclude that the observations are due at least partly to behavioral differences among genotypes. i.e., habitat preferences. These results have implications for genetic load theory and models of selection in heterogeneous environments."}
{"id": "PMID:863241", "title": "A comparative study of the esterase-5 locus in Drosophila pseudoobscura, D. persimilis and D. miranda.", "content": "Electrophoretic phenotypes of the esterase-5 locus were examined in the sibling species D. pseudoobscura, D. persimilis and D. miranda. D. persimilis alleles were found to have uniformly higher charge on monomers than corresponding alleles of either D. pseudoobscura or D. miranda. Consequently, D. persimilis shares no alleles in common with either D. pseudoobscura or D. miranda, while the latter two species share a number of alleles. It was discovered that by increasing the concentration of acrylamide gel and increasing the length of migration, more allelic differences could be distinguished. Also more alleles were discovered by examining monomer mobility in addition to dimer mobility. In D. persimilis and D. miranda it was found that the previously known high frequency allelic classes broke down into several allelic classes. A test of goodness-of-fit to the infinite alleles model was done and a rough agreement with the model was found.", "contents": "A comparative study of the esterase-5 locus in Drosophila pseudoobscura, D. persimilis and D. miranda. Electrophoretic phenotypes of the esterase-5 locus were examined in the sibling species D. pseudoobscura, D. persimilis and D. miranda. D. persimilis alleles were found to have uniformly higher charge on monomers than corresponding alleles of either D. pseudoobscura or D. miranda. Consequently, D. persimilis shares no alleles in common with either D. pseudoobscura or D. miranda, while the latter two species share a number of alleles. It was discovered that by increasing the concentration of acrylamide gel and increasing the length of migration, more allelic differences could be distinguished. Also more alleles were discovered by examining monomer mobility in addition to dimer mobility. In D. persimilis and D. miranda it was found that the previously known high frequency allelic classes broke down into several allelic classes. A test of goodness-of-fit to the infinite alleles model was done and a rough agreement with the model was found."}
{"id": "PMID:863242", "title": "Further studies on gene polymorphism in the mainbody and geographically isolated populations of Drosophila pseudoobscura.", "content": "We have examined polymorphism at 22 additional loci in the populations from the mainbody of Drosophila pseudoobscura and an isolated population from Bogot\u00e1, Columbia, which also shows partial reproductive isolation from mainbody populations. These studies extend our previous observations of reduced gene polymorphism and apparent lack of unique allele in the Bogot\u00e1 population.", "contents": "Further studies on gene polymorphism in the mainbody and geographically isolated populations of Drosophila pseudoobscura. We have examined polymorphism at 22 additional loci in the populations from the mainbody of Drosophila pseudoobscura and an isolated population from Bogot\u00e1, Columbia, which also shows partial reproductive isolation from mainbody populations. These studies extend our previous observations of reduced gene polymorphism and apparent lack of unique allele in the Bogot\u00e1 population."}
{"id": "PMID:863243", "title": "Multivariate analysis of gametic disequilibrium in the Yanomama.", "content": "The gametic disequilibria between all possible pairs of loci were examined for a set of eight codominant loci in each of fifty Yanomama villages, using a multivariate correlation analysis which reduces the results to a single measure of departure from multiple-locus-gametic equilibrium. Thirty-two of the fifty villages departed significantly from multiple-locus gametic equilibrium. The largest contributions to the departure from multiple-locus equilibrium were due to the disequilibria between MN and Ss and between Rh(Cc) and Rh(Ee), indicating the effects of tight linkage. After removing the effects of these obvious sources of disequilibrium, sixteen of the fifty villages still remained significantly out of equilibrium. The disequilibrium between any particular pair of loci was highly erratic from village to village, and (with the exception of the MN-Ss and Cc-Ee disequilibria) averaged out very close to zero overall, suggesting a lack of systematic forces (epistatic selection). The departure from equilibrium in any one village is in excess of that expected from random sampling alone, and is attributed primarily to the fission-fusion mode of village formation operative in the Yanomama and the fact that a single village consists of a few extended lineages. Village allele frequencies are highly correlated across loci, and most of the non-independence is accounted for by large correlations in the average allelic frequencies of different loci for related villages. It is suggested that these correlations also are due to territorial expansion and population growth. For the tribe as a whole, all but the tightly linked markers of the MNSs and Rh complexes are approximately uncorrelated, and large departures from multiple-locus Hardy-Weinberg expectation are primarily due to substantial Wahlund variance within the tribe. There is no need to postulate a role for selection in these disequilibria.", "contents": "Multivariate analysis of gametic disequilibrium in the Yanomama. The gametic disequilibria between all possible pairs of loci were examined for a set of eight codominant loci in each of fifty Yanomama villages, using a multivariate correlation analysis which reduces the results to a single measure of departure from multiple-locus-gametic equilibrium. Thirty-two of the fifty villages departed significantly from multiple-locus gametic equilibrium. The largest contributions to the departure from multiple-locus equilibrium were due to the disequilibria between MN and Ss and between Rh(Cc) and Rh(Ee), indicating the effects of tight linkage. After removing the effects of these obvious sources of disequilibrium, sixteen of the fifty villages still remained significantly out of equilibrium. The disequilibrium between any particular pair of loci was highly erratic from village to village, and (with the exception of the MN-Ss and Cc-Ee disequilibria) averaged out very close to zero overall, suggesting a lack of systematic forces (epistatic selection). The departure from equilibrium in any one village is in excess of that expected from random sampling alone, and is attributed primarily to the fission-fusion mode of village formation operative in the Yanomama and the fact that a single village consists of a few extended lineages. Village allele frequencies are highly correlated across loci, and most of the non-independence is accounted for by large correlations in the average allelic frequencies of different loci for related villages. It is suggested that these correlations also are due to territorial expansion and population growth. For the tribe as a whole, all but the tightly linked markers of the MNSs and Rh complexes are approximately uncorrelated, and large departures from multiple-locus Hardy-Weinberg expectation are primarily due to substantial Wahlund variance within the tribe. There is no need to postulate a role for selection in these disequilibria."}
{"id": "PMID:863244", "title": "The effect of a selected locus on linked neutral loci.", "content": "The effects produced on linked neutral loci as a selected locus evolves towards its equilibrium value are considered. Significant effects on the neutral loci arise if the recombination fraction between the neutral and selected loci is smaller than the order of magnitude of the selective differences at the selected locus. The effect on gene frequencies at the neutral loci, that is, the hitchhiking effect, is determined, as well as the linkage disequilibrium generated by this hitchhiking effect. One of the more important findings is that significant disequilibrium can be generated between two neutral loci by the evolution of a linked selected locus. Consideration is given to the problem of determining how the effect of selection operating in natural populations can be detected, the question of the establishment of inversions in populations, and also to the nonequilibrium properties of populations.", "contents": "The effect of a selected locus on linked neutral loci. The effects produced on linked neutral loci as a selected locus evolves towards its equilibrium value are considered. Significant effects on the neutral loci arise if the recombination fraction between the neutral and selected loci is smaller than the order of magnitude of the selective differences at the selected locus. The effect on gene frequencies at the neutral loci, that is, the hitchhiking effect, is determined, as well as the linkage disequilibrium generated by this hitchhiking effect. One of the more important findings is that significant disequilibrium can be generated between two neutral loci by the evolution of a linked selected locus. Consideration is given to the problem of determining how the effect of selection operating in natural populations can be detected, the question of the establishment of inversions in populations, and also to the nonequilibrium properties of populations."}
{"id": "PMID:863245", "title": "Heterosis or neutrality?", "content": "Various statistics have been proposed on an ad hoc basis to test whether alleles at a locus are selectively neutral. By considering population models in which selection operates, this paper shows that the population homozygosity is a powerful test statistic for testing departures from neutrality, in the direction of heterozygote advantage or disadvantage. The sample homozygosity plays a similar role when only sample data are available. Some numerical examples are included, showing the application of the test.--An analysis is made of the effect of heterosis on such quantities as the expected number of alleles in the population or sample, the effective number of alleles, the expected homozygosity, and on the population and sample allele frequency distributions generally.", "contents": "Heterosis or neutrality? Various statistics have been proposed on an ad hoc basis to test whether alleles at a locus are selectively neutral. By considering population models in which selection operates, this paper shows that the population homozygosity is a powerful test statistic for testing departures from neutrality, in the direction of heterozygote advantage or disadvantage. The sample homozygosity plays a similar role when only sample data are available. Some numerical examples are included, showing the application of the test.--An analysis is made of the effect of heterosis on such quantities as the expected number of alleles in the population or sample, the effective number of alleles, the expected homozygosity, and on the population and sample allele frequency distributions generally."}
{"id": "PMID:863269", "title": "How aging affects the ear.", "content": "With aging, a different variety of ear diseases becomes more common. External ear disease is often a local reflection of generalized skin problems aggravated by retained water or local manipulation. Hearing loss may be the result of long-standing middle ear disease rather than aging. In this situation, the inconveniences and possible dangers of a chronically infected ear may be resolved with surgical intervention. Nasopharyngeal or lymphomatous disease must be suspected in any geriatric patient manifesting middle ear disease for the first time. Like presbyopia, presbycusis is a normal consequence of aging. It may be severe, but it does not lead to total deafness and equally involves both ears. Early discovery of the condition and institution of hearing rehabilitation methods will minimize the individual's communicative handicap and tendency to withdraw from society. Unilateral or asymmetric sensorineural hearing loss should be thoroughly evaluated for the purpose of identifying a curable and potentially life-threatening disease.", "contents": "How aging affects the ear. With aging, a different variety of ear diseases becomes more common. External ear disease is often a local reflection of generalized skin problems aggravated by retained water or local manipulation. Hearing loss may be the result of long-standing middle ear disease rather than aging. In this situation, the inconveniences and possible dangers of a chronically infected ear may be resolved with surgical intervention. Nasopharyngeal or lymphomatous disease must be suspected in any geriatric patient manifesting middle ear disease for the first time. Like presbyopia, presbycusis is a normal consequence of aging. It may be severe, but it does not lead to total deafness and equally involves both ears. Early discovery of the condition and institution of hearing rehabilitation methods will minimize the individual's communicative handicap and tendency to withdraw from society. Unilateral or asymmetric sensorineural hearing loss should be thoroughly evaluated for the purpose of identifying a curable and potentially life-threatening disease."}
{"id": "PMID:863285", "title": "Ischaemic strictures of the small intestine in Nigeria.", "content": "Eleven specimens of small intestinal strictures were seen at the Pathology Department of the University of Benin Teaching Hospital, Benin City, Nigeria, during a period of two and a half years. Eight of them were ischaemic in origin and the clinical and pathological features of these eight cases are described. In five of the cases, the ischaemia could be related to inguinal hernia, with herniorrhaphy a few weeks before surgery for stricture in four cases. The most important factor in making a clinical or pathological diagnosis of ischaemic stricture of the small intestine appears to be awareness of the condition. The importance is emphasised of studying the mesentery, with particular attention to lymph nodes and blood vessels, before making a final diagnosis on intestinal lesions.", "contents": "Ischaemic strictures of the small intestine in Nigeria. Eleven specimens of small intestinal strictures were seen at the Pathology Department of the University of Benin Teaching Hospital, Benin City, Nigeria, during a period of two and a half years. Eight of them were ischaemic in origin and the clinical and pathological features of these eight cases are described. In five of the cases, the ischaemia could be related to inguinal hernia, with herniorrhaphy a few weeks before surgery for stricture in four cases. The most important factor in making a clinical or pathological diagnosis of ischaemic stricture of the small intestine appears to be awareness of the condition. The importance is emphasised of studying the mesentery, with particular attention to lymph nodes and blood vessels, before making a final diagnosis on intestinal lesions."}
{"id": "PMID:863286", "title": "Intestinal alkaline phosphatase in the diagnosis of liver disease.", "content": "Alkaline phosphatase isoenzymes have been studied by acrylamide gel disc electrophoresis in 76 patients with liver disorders comprising 15 with an extrahepatic lesion, 53 with an intrahepatic lesion, and eight patients who had features of both intra- and extrahepatic disease. No intestinal band was found in the 15 cases of extrahepatic liver disease, in marked contrast to the patients with intrahepatic lesions in whom an intestinal band was found in 45% of cases. The intrahepatic group was heterogeneous, a high incidence of intestinal bands being found in patients with cirrhosis of the liver. It is concluded that where a raised serum alkaline phosphatase is found in a patient with jaundice, and a gut band is present on electrophoresis, the lesion is likely to be intrahepatic.", "contents": "Intestinal alkaline phosphatase in the diagnosis of liver disease. Alkaline phosphatase isoenzymes have been studied by acrylamide gel disc electrophoresis in 76 patients with liver disorders comprising 15 with an extrahepatic lesion, 53 with an intrahepatic lesion, and eight patients who had features of both intra- and extrahepatic disease. No intestinal band was found in the 15 cases of extrahepatic liver disease, in marked contrast to the patients with intrahepatic lesions in whom an intestinal band was found in 45% of cases. The intrahepatic group was heterogeneous, a high incidence of intestinal bands being found in patients with cirrhosis of the liver. It is concluded that where a raised serum alkaline phosphatase is found in a patient with jaundice, and a gut band is present on electrophoresis, the lesion is likely to be intrahepatic."}
{"id": "PMID:863287", "title": "Activation and release of proteolytic kinin-forming enzymes from rat jejunal loops perfused with hyperosmolar glucose solutions.", "content": "Loops of rat jejunum were perfused in vivo for one hour with de Jalon solutions of increasing glucose concentration. The esterolytic activity of the perfusate and of the extracted loop was measured using benzoyl arginine ethyl ester (BAEe) as substrate. The enzymes lactate dehydrogenase, isocitrate dehydrogenase, and acid phosphatase were measured in the perfusate to estimate the degree of cellular damage. There was a significant depletion of kallikrein from the intestine and a raised level in the perfusate during the hyperosmolar perfusions. No significant difference in the kallikrein levels was observed between the normal jejunum and the iso-osmolar perfused jejunum. Prolonged contact with hyperosmolar solutions caused some cellular damage but this effect appeared to be distinct from the release of kallikrein, which occurred very rapidly during the first 20 minutes. These results confirm that hyperosmolar intestinal contents result in the release of kinin-forming proteolytic enzymes into the circulation and suggest that this mechanism is involved in the syndrome of vasomotor dumping after gastric surgery.", "contents": "Activation and release of proteolytic kinin-forming enzymes from rat jejunal loops perfused with hyperosmolar glucose solutions. Loops of rat jejunum were perfused in vivo for one hour with de Jalon solutions of increasing glucose concentration. The esterolytic activity of the perfusate and of the extracted loop was measured using benzoyl arginine ethyl ester (BAEe) as substrate. The enzymes lactate dehydrogenase, isocitrate dehydrogenase, and acid phosphatase were measured in the perfusate to estimate the degree of cellular damage. There was a significant depletion of kallikrein from the intestine and a raised level in the perfusate during the hyperosmolar perfusions. No significant difference in the kallikrein levels was observed between the normal jejunum and the iso-osmolar perfused jejunum. Prolonged contact with hyperosmolar solutions caused some cellular damage but this effect appeared to be distinct from the release of kallikrein, which occurred very rapidly during the first 20 minutes. These results confirm that hyperosmolar intestinal contents result in the release of kinin-forming proteolytic enzymes into the circulation and suggest that this mechanism is involved in the syndrome of vasomotor dumping after gastric surgery."}
{"id": "PMID:863288", "title": "Rectal potential difference and histology in Crohn's disease.", "content": "The rectal potential difference (PD) was measured in 27 patients with Crohn's disease, and in 16 subjects without gastrointestinal disease to establish a normal range. Sigmoidoscopic assessment and rectal biopsy were performed in all patients with Crohn's disease, and the mean resting rectal PD was significantly reduced in patients with sigmoidoscopically active disease and in those with abnormalities of the superficial epithelium on rectal biopsy. Patients with diarrhoea had a significantly lower mean resting PD than those with normal bowel habit, suggesting that an abnormality of rectal sodium transport may be contributing to the diarrhoea in these patients. The response of rectal PD to mineralocorticoid stimulation with oral fludrocortisone was measured in 13 patients. The PD failed to rise only with patients with sigmoidoscopically active disease, and the test proved to be a less sensitive indication of minor mucosal abnormalities than sigmoidoscopy of biopsy.", "contents": "Rectal potential difference and histology in Crohn's disease. The rectal potential difference (PD) was measured in 27 patients with Crohn's disease, and in 16 subjects without gastrointestinal disease to establish a normal range. Sigmoidoscopic assessment and rectal biopsy were performed in all patients with Crohn's disease, and the mean resting rectal PD was significantly reduced in patients with sigmoidoscopically active disease and in those with abnormalities of the superficial epithelium on rectal biopsy. Patients with diarrhoea had a significantly lower mean resting PD than those with normal bowel habit, suggesting that an abnormality of rectal sodium transport may be contributing to the diarrhoea in these patients. The response of rectal PD to mineralocorticoid stimulation with oral fludrocortisone was measured in 13 patients. The PD failed to rise only with patients with sigmoidoscopically active disease, and the test proved to be a less sensitive indication of minor mucosal abnormalities than sigmoidoscopy of biopsy."}
{"id": "PMID:863289", "title": "Symptomatic significance of gastric mucosal changes after surgery for peptic ulcer.", "content": "Eighty-four patients who had undergone different types of operation for duodenal ulcer have been studied by endoscopy and gastric biopsy. Half suffered from dyspepsia and vomiting but the other half had no symptoms and acted as controls. Endoscopic and histological abnormalities were found in both groups of patients. However, certain findings occurred more commonly in those with symptoms; severe and extensive hyperaemia, bile staining of the gastric mucus, and bile reflux seen on endoscopy were all significantly more common in those with symptoms than in those without. Active gastritis in the proximal stomach was also more common in those with symptoms. Gastritis of the stoma and antrum was found in 89% of all patients; as it was unconnected with symptoms it can be regarded as a \"normal\" finding. The incidences of contact bleeding, erosions, and oedema were not significantly different in the two groups.", "contents": "Symptomatic significance of gastric mucosal changes after surgery for peptic ulcer. Eighty-four patients who had undergone different types of operation for duodenal ulcer have been studied by endoscopy and gastric biopsy. Half suffered from dyspepsia and vomiting but the other half had no symptoms and acted as controls. Endoscopic and histological abnormalities were found in both groups of patients. However, certain findings occurred more commonly in those with symptoms; severe and extensive hyperaemia, bile staining of the gastric mucus, and bile reflux seen on endoscopy were all significantly more common in those with symptoms than in those without. Active gastritis in the proximal stomach was also more common in those with symptoms. Gastritis of the stoma and antrum was found in 89% of all patients; as it was unconnected with symptoms it can be regarded as a \"normal\" finding. The incidences of contact bleeding, erosions, and oedema were not significantly different in the two groups."}
{"id": "PMID:863290", "title": "A search for volatile nitrosamines in East African spirit.", "content": "Spirits from areas of high and low incidence of cancer of the oesophagus were examined for volatile nitrosamines using a chemiluminescent detector. No nitrosamines were found, the detection limit being 0.001 microng/ml.", "contents": "A search for volatile nitrosamines in East African spirit. Spirits from areas of high and low incidence of cancer of the oesophagus were examined for volatile nitrosamines using a chemiluminescent detector. No nitrosamines were found, the detection limit being 0.001 microng/ml."}
{"id": "PMID:863291", "title": "Effect of atropine and proximal gastric vagotomy on the acid response to fundic distension in man.", "content": "In four healthy subjects and in 12 patients with duodenal ulcer (DU), graded balloon distension of the gastric fundus and body caused increments in acid output related to the distension volumes. The mean peak distension response amounted to about 50% of the mean peak acid output (PAOpg) evoked by intravenous infusion of pentagastrin in a dose of 300 microng/h, eliciting maximum observed secretory response. During distension with the largest balloon volume, 1-0 mg atropine injected intravenously significantly depressed the acid secretory rate, the median inhibition amounting to about 80%. In two patients with DU, 2-5 mg atropine completely abolished acid secretion during fundic distension. In nine subjects with DU, complete proximal gastric vagotomy profoundly depressed the secretory responses to graded fundic distension, eliminating the acid response to the smallest balloon volume used. A slight, but significant, response to the largest distension volume persisted after complete vagotomy. Incomplete proxomal gastric vagotomy was found to reduce only moderately the distension responses in five patients, and the peak acid response to fundic distension as related to PAOpg remained unchanged. In conclusion, distension of the gastric fundus and body in man stimulates acid secretion by means of an atropine-sensitive, presumably cholinergic, reflex mechanism and the findings after vagotomy are in agreement with the concept that this reflex mechanism is conveyed by both short intramural and long vagovagal pathways.", "contents": "Effect of atropine and proximal gastric vagotomy on the acid response to fundic distension in man. In four healthy subjects and in 12 patients with duodenal ulcer (DU), graded balloon distension of the gastric fundus and body caused increments in acid output related to the distension volumes. The mean peak distension response amounted to about 50% of the mean peak acid output (PAOpg) evoked by intravenous infusion of pentagastrin in a dose of 300 microng/h, eliciting maximum observed secretory response. During distension with the largest balloon volume, 1-0 mg atropine injected intravenously significantly depressed the acid secretory rate, the median inhibition amounting to about 80%. In two patients with DU, 2-5 mg atropine completely abolished acid secretion during fundic distension. In nine subjects with DU, complete proximal gastric vagotomy profoundly depressed the secretory responses to graded fundic distension, eliminating the acid response to the smallest balloon volume used. A slight, but significant, response to the largest distension volume persisted after complete vagotomy. Incomplete proxomal gastric vagotomy was found to reduce only moderately the distension responses in five patients, and the peak acid response to fundic distension as related to PAOpg remained unchanged. In conclusion, distension of the gastric fundus and body in man stimulates acid secretion by means of an atropine-sensitive, presumably cholinergic, reflex mechanism and the findings after vagotomy are in agreement with the concept that this reflex mechanism is conveyed by both short intramural and long vagovagal pathways."}
{"id": "PMID:863292", "title": "Alteration of rat bone marrow megakaryocytes following administration of cytosine arabinoside, daunomycin and hydroxyurea.", "content": "The in vivo effects of three cytotoxic agents--cytosine arabinoside, daunomycin and hydroxyurea on rat bone marrow megakaryocytes were studied, specifically the relative count, the type percentage and the morphology. All three agents caused thrombo-cytopenia, a decrease in the number of megakaryocytes relative to the nucleated bone marrow cells, and a decrease in the percentage of megakaryoblasts, associated with an increase in the percentage of granular megakaryocytes. A decreased lobulation of the megakaryocytes was observed following the administration of cytosine arabinoside and of daunomycin. Thrombosthenin, examined immunologically, remained detectable in the bone marrow smears throughout the various stages of megakaryocyte alteration.", "contents": "Alteration of rat bone marrow megakaryocytes following administration of cytosine arabinoside, daunomycin and hydroxyurea. The in vivo effects of three cytotoxic agents--cytosine arabinoside, daunomycin and hydroxyurea on rat bone marrow megakaryocytes were studied, specifically the relative count, the type percentage and the morphology. All three agents caused thrombo-cytopenia, a decrease in the number of megakaryocytes relative to the nucleated bone marrow cells, and a decrease in the percentage of megakaryoblasts, associated with an increase in the percentage of granular megakaryocytes. A decreased lobulation of the megakaryocytes was observed following the administration of cytosine arabinoside and of daunomycin. Thrombosthenin, examined immunologically, remained detectable in the bone marrow smears throughout the various stages of megakaryocyte alteration."}
{"id": "PMID:863293", "title": "Comparable inhibition of aggregation of PRP of neonates and adults by aspirin.", "content": "We have determined the minimal concentrations of 4 aggregating agents that were required to cause a 65-75% increase in light transmission without disaggregation during the 5-min recording period in PRP samples of 14 neonates and 10 adults. We found, for example, that this degree of aggregation could be elicited in adult PRP by a mean value of 2.09 micronM ADP, whereas similar aggregation of neonatal PRP required 5.16 micronM ADP. Based on these figures, we observed that adult PRP was about 2.5 times more sensitive to ADP, at least 10 times to epinephrine and 2.3 times to collagen than neonatal PRP. However, neonatal PRP was approximately 20% more sensitive to ristocetin than adult PRP. By using concentrations of aggregating agents that caused comparable aggregation of neonatal and adult PRP, we noted comparable inhibition of aggregation in these samples by aspirin. While neonatal PRP was less sensitive than adult PRP to physiological aggregating agents, there was no evidence that the former was more susceptible to in vitro aspirin inhibition.", "contents": "Comparable inhibition of aggregation of PRP of neonates and adults by aspirin. We have determined the minimal concentrations of 4 aggregating agents that were required to cause a 65-75% increase in light transmission without disaggregation during the 5-min recording period in PRP samples of 14 neonates and 10 adults. We found, for example, that this degree of aggregation could be elicited in adult PRP by a mean value of 2.09 micronM ADP, whereas similar aggregation of neonatal PRP required 5.16 micronM ADP. Based on these figures, we observed that adult PRP was about 2.5 times more sensitive to ADP, at least 10 times to epinephrine and 2.3 times to collagen than neonatal PRP. However, neonatal PRP was approximately 20% more sensitive to ristocetin than adult PRP. By using concentrations of aggregating agents that caused comparable aggregation of neonatal and adult PRP, we noted comparable inhibition of aggregation in these samples by aspirin. While neonatal PRP was less sensitive than adult PRP to physiological aggregating agents, there was no evidence that the former was more susceptible to in vitro aspirin inhibition."}
{"id": "PMID:863294", "title": "Impaired fibrin formation in advanced cirrhosis.", "content": "The process of fibrin formation was systematically in 25 patients with severe alcoholic cirrhosis. Results of functional tests are reported. A significant lengthening of the thrombin time was found which could not be completely attributed either to hypofibrinogenaemia or to an increase in physiological anticoagulants or to the presence of pathological antithrombins. A defect in fibrin polymerization was seen in the absence of significant levels of antipolymerizing agents. Indirect evidence pointed to an abnormal fibrinogen function. This was mainly suggested by the \"polymerization curves\" of mixtures of normal and pathological plasmas and the changes in physico-chemical properties of the clot (optical and elastic properties; tensile strength). Altered synthesis in hepatocytes may lead to an \"acquired dysfibrinogenaemia\" in the late stages of liver cirrhosis, although alteration of a normal fibrinogen molecule after secretion cannot be definitely excluded.", "contents": "Impaired fibrin formation in advanced cirrhosis. The process of fibrin formation was systematically in 25 patients with severe alcoholic cirrhosis. Results of functional tests are reported. A significant lengthening of the thrombin time was found which could not be completely attributed either to hypofibrinogenaemia or to an increase in physiological anticoagulants or to the presence of pathological antithrombins. A defect in fibrin polymerization was seen in the absence of significant levels of antipolymerizing agents. Indirect evidence pointed to an abnormal fibrinogen function. This was mainly suggested by the \"polymerization curves\" of mixtures of normal and pathological plasmas and the changes in physico-chemical properties of the clot (optical and elastic properties; tensile strength). Altered synthesis in hepatocytes may lead to an \"acquired dysfibrinogenaemia\" in the late stages of liver cirrhosis, although alteration of a normal fibrinogen molecule after secretion cannot be definitely excluded."}
{"id": "PMID:863338", "title": "Cytoenzymatic investigations of parathyroid glands in acute anaphylactic shock of guinea pig.", "content": "50 guinea pigs were allergized three times in 3 days intervals by subcutaneous injection of 25% solution of egg-white in physiological saline in a dose of 0-1 ml/100 g of body weight. On the 21 day after the last injection the animals were exposed to aerosol of antigen of egg-white. 11 animals died in acute anaphylactic shock. The control group consisted of 12 guinea pigs which received subcutaneously a solution of physiological sodium chloride of the same dosis--0-1 ml/100 g of body weight and were also exposed to the allergen, together with the experimental group. The removed parathyroids together with the thyroid gland were studied with histologic and cytoenzymatic methods. The activity of alkaline and acid phosphomonoesterase, nonspecific AS-naphtol acetate esterase, succinic (SDH), lactic (LDH) and D-L-alfaglicerophosphate dehydrogenase (alpha-GPD) were tested. No morphological changes in the parathyroids of guinea pigs in anaphylactic shock were found. Instead a decrease of the enzymatic activity of dehydrogenases was found, what might be connected with the decrease of metabolic activity of the cells. The decrease of alkaline phosphatase activity in the endothelial cells of the capillaries was another finding. It is likely that in an acute anaphylactic shock in guinea pigs only functional changes develop which have not counterparts in histology visible under the light microscope.", "contents": "Cytoenzymatic investigations of parathyroid glands in acute anaphylactic shock of guinea pig. 50 guinea pigs were allergized three times in 3 days intervals by subcutaneous injection of 25% solution of egg-white in physiological saline in a dose of 0-1 ml/100 g of body weight. On the 21 day after the last injection the animals were exposed to aerosol of antigen of egg-white. 11 animals died in acute anaphylactic shock. The control group consisted of 12 guinea pigs which received subcutaneously a solution of physiological sodium chloride of the same dosis--0-1 ml/100 g of body weight and were also exposed to the allergen, together with the experimental group. The removed parathyroids together with the thyroid gland were studied with histologic and cytoenzymatic methods. The activity of alkaline and acid phosphomonoesterase, nonspecific AS-naphtol acetate esterase, succinic (SDH), lactic (LDH) and D-L-alfaglicerophosphate dehydrogenase (alpha-GPD) were tested. No morphological changes in the parathyroids of guinea pigs in anaphylactic shock were found. Instead a decrease of the enzymatic activity of dehydrogenases was found, what might be connected with the decrease of metabolic activity of the cells. The decrease of alkaline phosphatase activity in the endothelial cells of the capillaries was another finding. It is likely that in an acute anaphylactic shock in guinea pigs only functional changes develop which have not counterparts in histology visible under the light microscope."}
{"id": "PMID:863339", "title": "Seasonal changes in the histoenzymatic distribution of acid and alkaline phosphatases activity in the B cells of the thoracic ganglion of fresh-water crab, Potamon magnum magnum (Pretzman).", "content": "The present study deals with acid and alkaline phosphatases activity determination in B cells of the thoracie ganglion of Potamon magnum magnum. Intense alkaline and acid phosphatases activity is seen in the neurosecretory granules as well as in the neural sheath. Acid phosphatase activity unlike alkaline phosphatase distribution, is seen in form of positive stained spherules showing different pattern of distribution. Alkaline phosphatase activity is linked with the metabolic process. The significance of these results is discussed.", "contents": "Seasonal changes in the histoenzymatic distribution of acid and alkaline phosphatases activity in the B cells of the thoracic ganglion of fresh-water crab, Potamon magnum magnum (Pretzman). The present study deals with acid and alkaline phosphatases activity determination in B cells of the thoracie ganglion of Potamon magnum magnum. Intense alkaline and acid phosphatases activity is seen in the neurosecretory granules as well as in the neural sheath. Acid phosphatase activity unlike alkaline phosphatase distribution, is seen in form of positive stained spherules showing different pattern of distribution. Alkaline phosphatase activity is linked with the metabolic process. The significance of these results is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:863340", "title": "Some remarks on oxidation of aryl- and alkylamines in fibers of the central nervous system. A histochemcial study.", "content": "Experiments were performed on brains of white Wistar rats, of both sexes, weighing 180-200g and 24 cats from various sources. Frontal sections were fixed in Backer's formalin and thereafter cut in a cryostat on 10 microns thick slices, dried on air. The slices were: a) either preincubated 1 hr in room temperature in solutions of the following amines: adrenaline, noradrenaline dopamine and L-dopa, para amino-diphenylamine and its derivatives, thereafter incubated in an incubation medium which conatained nitro-BT, phenazine-methosulfate (PMS), and glycine-buffer pH 9-5 b) or simultaneously incubated with the above mentioned standard medium. It has been found that all compounds tested, enhanced the reaction significantly in the fibers of the central nervous system except L-dopa. The last compound underwents very intensive autooxidation so that its influence on the reaction could not be taken into account. The observed reaction results allow us to suggest that the oxidation-reduction reaction in the nerve fibers might be of significance in the catabolism of biogenic amines.", "contents": "Some remarks on oxidation of aryl- and alkylamines in fibers of the central nervous system. A histochemcial study. Experiments were performed on brains of white Wistar rats, of both sexes, weighing 180-200g and 24 cats from various sources. Frontal sections were fixed in Backer's formalin and thereafter cut in a cryostat on 10 microns thick slices, dried on air. The slices were: a) either preincubated 1 hr in room temperature in solutions of the following amines: adrenaline, noradrenaline dopamine and L-dopa, para amino-diphenylamine and its derivatives, thereafter incubated in an incubation medium which conatained nitro-BT, phenazine-methosulfate (PMS), and glycine-buffer pH 9-5 b) or simultaneously incubated with the above mentioned standard medium. It has been found that all compounds tested, enhanced the reaction significantly in the fibers of the central nervous system except L-dopa. The last compound underwents very intensive autooxidation so that its influence on the reaction could not be taken into account. The observed reaction results allow us to suggest that the oxidation-reduction reaction in the nerve fibers might be of significance in the catabolism of biogenic amines."}
{"id": "PMID:863341", "title": "Morphology and histochemistry of the \"C\" cells of guinea pig thyroid gland after treatment with STH preparation: Part II--young animals.", "content": "Investigations were carried out on 32 male guinea pigs 2 to 3 months of age. The STH (produced by BIOMED, Warszawa, Poland) was administered intramuscularly every other day, in 7 injections of 20 Evans's units (E. U.) or 100 E. U./kg body weight each. Thyroid gland sections were stained with heamatoxylin and eosin and with the Azan method. The C cells were detected with the modified silver method of Grimelius and with the HCl-toluidine blue and HCl-lead haemotoxylin techniques. Moreover, reactions were performed for succinate and alpha-glycerophosphate dehydrogenases and also for non-specific esterases and non-specific acetylcholinesterase. STH evoked proliferation of the C cells, changed their morphology and activity pattern of the enzymes present therein, probably testifying to an enhanced secretory activity of these cells.", "contents": "Morphology and histochemistry of the \"C\" cells of guinea pig thyroid gland after treatment with STH preparation: Part II--young animals. Investigations were carried out on 32 male guinea pigs 2 to 3 months of age. The STH (produced by BIOMED, Warszawa, Poland) was administered intramuscularly every other day, in 7 injections of 20 Evans's units (E. U.) or 100 E. U./kg body weight each. Thyroid gland sections were stained with heamatoxylin and eosin and with the Azan method. The C cells were detected with the modified silver method of Grimelius and with the HCl-toluidine blue and HCl-lead haemotoxylin techniques. Moreover, reactions were performed for succinate and alpha-glycerophosphate dehydrogenases and also for non-specific esterases and non-specific acetylcholinesterase. STH evoked proliferation of the C cells, changed their morphology and activity pattern of the enzymes present therein, probably testifying to an enhanced secretory activity of these cells."}
{"id": "PMID:863342", "title": "Chronic tellurium intoxication in rats.", "content": "(1) Accumulation of neuronal lipofuscin was clearly demonstrated in the chronic tellurium intoxication in young rats with histological, fluorescent and electron-microscopical methods; (2) The needle-shaped crystal in the neuronal lysosomes were demostrated to contain the tellurium with electron dispersive spectrophotometry analysis. (3) The vacuolation of the cytoplasm of Schwann cells was the initial pathological change noted in the tellurium peripheral neuropathy.", "contents": "Chronic tellurium intoxication in rats. (1) Accumulation of neuronal lipofuscin was clearly demonstrated in the chronic tellurium intoxication in young rats with histological, fluorescent and electron-microscopical methods; (2) The needle-shaped crystal in the neuronal lysosomes were demostrated to contain the tellurium with electron dispersive spectrophotometry analysis. (3) The vacuolation of the cytoplasm of Schwann cells was the initial pathological change noted in the tellurium peripheral neuropathy."}
{"id": "PMID:863343", "title": "Effect of neonatal thyroidectomy on nucleic acids and protein contents of the developing rat brain.", "content": "(1) Thyroidectomy at birth caused a temporal reduction of the DNA content only in the cerebellum during the periods from 7 to 21 days after birth, but not in the cerebrum and brain stem. (2) The ratio of RNA to DNA in cerebrum from the thyroidectomized rats was underwent a marked decrease from 14 to 56 days as compared with those of the normal controls. On the other hand, the effect of thyroid deficiency on the ratios of cerebellum and brain stem as a whole was very small. (3) The ratios of protein to DNA generally declined in the three brain regions during the periods from 14 to 56 days as a result of throid deprivation.", "contents": "Effect of neonatal thyroidectomy on nucleic acids and protein contents of the developing rat brain. (1) Thyroidectomy at birth caused a temporal reduction of the DNA content only in the cerebellum during the periods from 7 to 21 days after birth, but not in the cerebrum and brain stem. (2) The ratio of RNA to DNA in cerebrum from the thyroidectomized rats was underwent a marked decrease from 14 to 56 days as compared with those of the normal controls. On the other hand, the effect of thyroid deficiency on the ratios of cerebellum and brain stem as a whole was very small. (3) The ratios of protein to DNA generally declined in the three brain regions during the periods from 14 to 56 days as a result of throid deprivation."}
{"id": "PMID:863344", "title": "Some methodological considerations for the clinical evaluation of neuroleptics--comparative effects of clozapine and haloperidol on schizophrenics.", "content": "For the purpose of evaluating objectively the characteristics of clinical effects of clozapine and haloperidol, a double-blind comparative trial was conducted on 91 schizophrenic in-patients. The changes of symptoms were assessed by means of several psychiatric and behavioral rating scales. The results were analyzed by means of nonparametric statistical methods. Furthermore, application of multivariate analysis was considered. After 12 weeks of treatment, though no significant difference in general improvement rate was noted between the two groups, a marked different spectrum of clinical effects was observed according to the rating scales. Clozapine is superior in anti-delusional, contact-promoting and sedative anxiolytic effect, while haloperidol is superior in anti-autistic effect. Among the side-effects, extrapyramidal symptoms appeared significatly more severe in the haloperidol group. The frequency of appearance of fever, was significantly greater in the clozapine group than the other. The four dropout cases of the clozapine group were all caused by fever. Through this clinical trial, clinical availability and validity of various statistical analytical methods were reconsidered.", "contents": "Some methodological considerations for the clinical evaluation of neuroleptics--comparative effects of clozapine and haloperidol on schizophrenics. For the purpose of evaluating objectively the characteristics of clinical effects of clozapine and haloperidol, a double-blind comparative trial was conducted on 91 schizophrenic in-patients. The changes of symptoms were assessed by means of several psychiatric and behavioral rating scales. The results were analyzed by means of nonparametric statistical methods. Furthermore, application of multivariate analysis was considered. After 12 weeks of treatment, though no significant difference in general improvement rate was noted between the two groups, a marked different spectrum of clinical effects was observed according to the rating scales. Clozapine is superior in anti-delusional, contact-promoting and sedative anxiolytic effect, while haloperidol is superior in anti-autistic effect. Among the side-effects, extrapyramidal symptoms appeared significatly more severe in the haloperidol group. The frequency of appearance of fever, was significantly greater in the clozapine group than the other. The four dropout cases of the clozapine group were all caused by fever. Through this clinical trial, clinical availability and validity of various statistical analytical methods were reconsidered."}
{"id": "PMID:863345", "title": "Monoamine oxidase activity in blood platelets from manic and depressed patients.", "content": "To evaluate the possible abnormality in MAO activity in affective disorders, blood platelet samples were obtained from 80 patients with mania and depression. Blood-platelet MAO activity was measured by a newly developed assay procedures using serotonin as substrate. MAO activities in 121 normal adult subjects were in a range of 2.49-12.05 nM/mg protein/hour, with the mean values of 4.91 +/- 1.72 (+/-S.D.) for men and 6.88 +/- 1.99 for women. (p less than 0.001) MAO activities in the manic and depressed patients were in a range of 0.65-13.40 nM/mg protein/hour, and both manic and depressed patients showed the mean value very familiar to that in the normal subjects. Bipolar depressed patients did not exhibited lower MAO activity in the blood platelets than other clinical subtypes of depressive illness, including unipolar, involutional, neurotic and chronic characterological, and first-episode depression. No significant differences were established between these five subcategories of depression, while significant higher values were evident in female than male patients (p less than 0.001). No correlation was found between the MAO activity and serotonin levels in the blood platelets either in the normal subjects or in the depressed patients.", "contents": "Monoamine oxidase activity in blood platelets from manic and depressed patients. To evaluate the possible abnormality in MAO activity in affective disorders, blood platelet samples were obtained from 80 patients with mania and depression. Blood-platelet MAO activity was measured by a newly developed assay procedures using serotonin as substrate. MAO activities in 121 normal adult subjects were in a range of 2.49-12.05 nM/mg protein/hour, with the mean values of 4.91 +/- 1.72 (+/-S.D.) for men and 6.88 +/- 1.99 for women. (p less than 0.001) MAO activities in the manic and depressed patients were in a range of 0.65-13.40 nM/mg protein/hour, and both manic and depressed patients showed the mean value very familiar to that in the normal subjects. Bipolar depressed patients did not exhibited lower MAO activity in the blood platelets than other clinical subtypes of depressive illness, including unipolar, involutional, neurotic and chronic characterological, and first-episode depression. No significant differences were established between these five subcategories of depression, while significant higher values were evident in female than male patients (p less than 0.001). No correlation was found between the MAO activity and serotonin levels in the blood platelets either in the normal subjects or in the depressed patients."}
{"id": "PMID:863346", "title": "[Religious experiences in schizophrenics].", "content": "Two cases of the schizophrenia are reported with phenomenological discussion of their religious experiences of Christian nature that appeared in the course of the illness. These experiences are so similar to the conversion and continue in the subsequent spiritual life of these patients and exert influences deeply upon the healing process of the illness. Their experiences of Christian nature didn't appear suddenly, but arose as consequence of a concentration of conflicts that had been accumulated up to that time similar to the phenomena of the conversion. The problem of the insight into the illness was also refered; the attitude toward the illness changed after the religious experiences into an \"affirmative attitude with positive acceptance of one's own illness.\".", "contents": "[Religious experiences in schizophrenics]. Two cases of the schizophrenia are reported with phenomenological discussion of their religious experiences of Christian nature that appeared in the course of the illness. These experiences are so similar to the conversion and continue in the subsequent spiritual life of these patients and exert influences deeply upon the healing process of the illness. Their experiences of Christian nature didn't appear suddenly, but arose as consequence of a concentration of conflicts that had been accumulated up to that time similar to the phenomena of the conversion. The problem of the insight into the illness was also refered; the attitude toward the illness changed after the religious experiences into an \"affirmative attitude with positive acceptance of one's own illness.\"."}
{"id": "PMID:863347", "title": "Dissociation of sleep stages between the two hemispheres in a case with unilateral thalamic tumor.", "content": "A case with an astrocytoma in the right basal ganglia, suspected of having originated from the posterior ventro-lateral part of the thalamus, without any clinical findings indicating severe internal hydrocephalus and cortical damaged, showed dissociation of sleep stages between the two hemispheres, i.e., the affected side always fell earlier into deeper stages of sleep and was more difficult to arouse by sonic stimulations than the other side. It is assumed that this bilateral dissociation with ipsilateral deactivation is due to the severe unilateral reduction of EEG activating influences from the brain stem and a possible functional damage to the interthalamic commissures. This finding can be explained sufficiently by recent theories based on experimental results in animals. The clinical value of this findings is also discussed in this paper.", "contents": "Dissociation of sleep stages between the two hemispheres in a case with unilateral thalamic tumor. A case with an astrocytoma in the right basal ganglia, suspected of having originated from the posterior ventro-lateral part of the thalamus, without any clinical findings indicating severe internal hydrocephalus and cortical damaged, showed dissociation of sleep stages between the two hemispheres, i.e., the affected side always fell earlier into deeper stages of sleep and was more difficult to arouse by sonic stimulations than the other side. It is assumed that this bilateral dissociation with ipsilateral deactivation is due to the severe unilateral reduction of EEG activating influences from the brain stem and a possible functional damage to the interthalamic commissures. This finding can be explained sufficiently by recent theories based on experimental results in animals. The clinical value of this findings is also discussed in this paper."}
{"id": "PMID:863348", "title": "Serum creatine phosphokinase activity in newly admitted chronic alcoholics.", "content": "Serum CPK activity was measured for a total of 33 cases of chronic alcoholics who were admitted to the mental hospital from April, 1975 to January, 1976. The result was examined in relation to the manifestation of the psychotic symptoms in the patients: (1) Twenty six (78.8%) out of 33 cases showed increased serum CPK activity within 48 hours of admission. (2) In most cases that showed abnormal CPK activity, CPK value was the highest at the moment of admission, and then began to fall rapidly, and after one or two weeks settled to the normal CPK level. (3) There was a positive correlation between abnormal CPK activity and the manifestation of the psychotic symptoms in the month before and after entering hospital. In this cases of those having more than 101 IU in serum CPK value, the rate of presenting the psychotic symptoms in a month before or after admission was 90.5% and 71.4%, respectively. The author has given here a report on the above-mentioned results and made some considerations as to pathogenesis of abnormal CPK activity in chronic alcoholism.", "contents": "Serum creatine phosphokinase activity in newly admitted chronic alcoholics. Serum CPK activity was measured for a total of 33 cases of chronic alcoholics who were admitted to the mental hospital from April, 1975 to January, 1976. The result was examined in relation to the manifestation of the psychotic symptoms in the patients: (1) Twenty six (78.8%) out of 33 cases showed increased serum CPK activity within 48 hours of admission. (2) In most cases that showed abnormal CPK activity, CPK value was the highest at the moment of admission, and then began to fall rapidly, and after one or two weeks settled to the normal CPK level. (3) There was a positive correlation between abnormal CPK activity and the manifestation of the psychotic symptoms in the month before and after entering hospital. In this cases of those having more than 101 IU in serum CPK value, the rate of presenting the psychotic symptoms in a month before or after admission was 90.5% and 71.4%, respectively. The author has given here a report on the above-mentioned results and made some considerations as to pathogenesis of abnormal CPK activity in chronic alcoholism."}
{"id": "PMID:863349", "title": "Threats to the president revisited.", "content": "Ten prisoners charged with \"threatening the President of the United States\" were evaluated in an effort to seek out psychiatric and sociological factors involved in this offence. Comparisons were made with known presidential assassins. A history of abandonment as a child, single or divorced state, and a diagnosis of paranoid schizophrenia were prominent in both the study group and the group of know assassins. Additionally, the apparent psychological need behind both the threats and the actual assassinations appeared remarkably similar in both groups. The primary differentiating variable related to lethality was \"opportunity and happenstance\". It is proposed that those threatening the President by letter are at high risk for carrying out their threat if intervention does not take place.", "contents": "Threats to the president revisited. Ten prisoners charged with \"threatening the President of the United States\" were evaluated in an effort to seek out psychiatric and sociological factors involved in this offence. Comparisons were made with known presidential assassins. A history of abandonment as a child, single or divorced state, and a diagnosis of paranoid schizophrenia were prominent in both the study group and the group of know assassins. Additionally, the apparent psychological need behind both the threats and the actual assassinations appeared remarkably similar in both groups. The primary differentiating variable related to lethality was \"opportunity and happenstance\". It is proposed that those threatening the President by letter are at high risk for carrying out their threat if intervention does not take place."}
{"id": "PMID:863352", "title": "The detection, identification and measurement of indole, tryptamine and 2-phenethylamine in putrefying human tissue.", "content": "Indole, tryptamine and 2-phenethylamine are putrefactive products which may be found in decaying human tissue. They may be identified by the data given found in decaying human tissue. They may be identified by the data given for infrared and ultraviolet spectrometry, fluorometry, thin layer and gas chromatography and mass spectrometry. Quantitative studies may be made using the gas chromatography method described. The rate of formation is affected by temperature and preservatives and may be prevented if necessary by the use of sodium fluoride. No relationship between the production of these materials (and alcohol) and time since the post-mortem examination could be established. The post-mortem examinations took place within 24 hours of death.", "contents": "The detection, identification and measurement of indole, tryptamine and 2-phenethylamine in putrefying human tissue. Indole, tryptamine and 2-phenethylamine are putrefactive products which may be found in decaying human tissue. They may be identified by the data given found in decaying human tissue. They may be identified by the data given for infrared and ultraviolet spectrometry, fluorometry, thin layer and gas chromatography and mass spectrometry. Quantitative studies may be made using the gas chromatography method described. The rate of formation is affected by temperature and preservatives and may be prevented if necessary by the use of sodium fluoride. No relationship between the production of these materials (and alcohol) and time since the post-mortem examination could be established. The post-mortem examinations took place within 24 hours of death."}
{"id": "PMID:863358", "title": "[Communicating hydrocephalus. Clinical aspects, diagnosis, pathogenesis].", "content": "A description of the clinical symptoms of the communicating hydrocephalus (normal-pressure hydrocephalus = NPH) is given: progressive psycho-organic alterations, ataxia, tetraspastic signs, urinary incontinence, without increased intracranial pressure. Diagnosis can be confirmed by use of pneumencephalography, isotope-cisternography and tomography of the brain by use of a water-solubile contrast fluid. Skull radiographs. EEG, testing of liquor and psychological examinations are of less diagnostic value. The illness is the result of a disturbance of liquor resorption and circulation. In this context there is to differentiate between cases of known (Hydrocephalus communicans obstructivus = HCO) and unknown etiology (Hydrocephalus communicans non obstructivus = HCNO). The group of cases with unknown etiology represents the central part of cases of normal-pressure hydrocephalus (NPH). The prognosis after a ventricular shunt-procedure is here worse than in the group of cases with known etiology. For differential diagnosis presenil dementia, cerebrovascular insufficiency, intracranial tumors and reactive and psychotic depressions are to be considered.", "contents": "[Communicating hydrocephalus. Clinical aspects, diagnosis, pathogenesis]. A description of the clinical symptoms of the communicating hydrocephalus (normal-pressure hydrocephalus = NPH) is given: progressive psycho-organic alterations, ataxia, tetraspastic signs, urinary incontinence, without increased intracranial pressure. Diagnosis can be confirmed by use of pneumencephalography, isotope-cisternography and tomography of the brain by use of a water-solubile contrast fluid. Skull radiographs. EEG, testing of liquor and psychological examinations are of less diagnostic value. The illness is the result of a disturbance of liquor resorption and circulation. In this context there is to differentiate between cases of known (Hydrocephalus communicans obstructivus = HCO) and unknown etiology (Hydrocephalus communicans non obstructivus = HCNO). The group of cases with unknown etiology represents the central part of cases of normal-pressure hydrocephalus (NPH). The prognosis after a ventricular shunt-procedure is here worse than in the group of cases with known etiology. For differential diagnosis presenil dementia, cerebrovascular insufficiency, intracranial tumors and reactive and psychotic depressions are to be considered."}
{"id": "PMID:863353", "title": "A suicide by thiopentone injection.", "content": "Post-mortem tissues from a thiopentone suicide were analysed by ultraviolet spectrometry and gas chromatography. The thiopentone concentrations found (0.6 mg/100 ml of blood and 2 6 mg/100 g of tissue) are consistent with those reported for 'anaesthetic' deaths where only thiopentone and other anaesthetic agents were present. The gas chromatographic method gave more accurate result with the tissues.", "contents": "A suicide by thiopentone injection. Post-mortem tissues from a thiopentone suicide were analysed by ultraviolet spectrometry and gas chromatography. The thiopentone concentrations found (0.6 mg/100 ml of blood and 2 6 mg/100 g of tissue) are consistent with those reported for 'anaesthetic' deaths where only thiopentone and other anaesthetic agents were present. The gas chromatographic method gave more accurate result with the tissues."}
{"id": "PMID:863354", "title": "Family murder followed by suicide.", "content": "Four examples of family murder followed by suicide are presented with relevant clinical data from the coroners' reports. In retrospect it would appear that three of the offenders were suffering from severe depression, and the fourth showed features of morbid jealousy. In each case there were factors suggestive of mental illness apparent before the tragedy. This is consistent with recent studies of murder followed by suicide and of suicide alone, and raises the possibility that psychiatric intervention may have altered the course of events. Though such tragedies may never be totally eliminated it is considered that close co-operation between coroner, forensic pathologist and psychiatrist may promote greater professional understanding of these tragedies, and provide the impetus for the detection and treatment of potentially remediable psychiatric illness.", "contents": "Family murder followed by suicide. Four examples of family murder followed by suicide are presented with relevant clinical data from the coroners' reports. In retrospect it would appear that three of the offenders were suffering from severe depression, and the fourth showed features of morbid jealousy. In each case there were factors suggestive of mental illness apparent before the tragedy. This is consistent with recent studies of murder followed by suicide and of suicide alone, and raises the possibility that psychiatric intervention may have altered the course of events. Though such tragedies may never be totally eliminated it is considered that close co-operation between coroner, forensic pathologist and psychiatrist may promote greater professional understanding of these tragedies, and provide the impetus for the detection and treatment of potentially remediable psychiatric illness."}
{"id": "PMID:863350", "title": "Ethnic/racial misidentification in death: a problem which may distort suicide statistics.", "content": "Since the majority of suicide studies are ex post facto studies of demographic data collected by pathologists anc coroner's investigators, the role of the forensic scientist in determining the accuracy of statistical analyses of death is extremely important. This paper discusses how two salient features of a decedent, surname and residence location, can be misleading in determining the ethnic/racial classification of the decreased. Because many Southern California Indians have Spanish Surnames and most do not reside on an Indian reservation it is shown that the suicide statistics may represent an over-estimation of actual Mexican-American suicidal deaths while simultaneously representing an under-estimation of the suicides among American Indians of the region.", "contents": "Ethnic/racial misidentification in death: a problem which may distort suicide statistics. Since the majority of suicide studies are ex post facto studies of demographic data collected by pathologists anc coroner's investigators, the role of the forensic scientist in determining the accuracy of statistical analyses of death is extremely important. This paper discusses how two salient features of a decedent, surname and residence location, can be misleading in determining the ethnic/racial classification of the decreased. Because many Southern California Indians have Spanish Surnames and most do not reside on an Indian reservation it is shown that the suicide statistics may represent an over-estimation of actual Mexican-American suicidal deaths while simultaneously representing an under-estimation of the suicides among American Indians of the region."}
{"id": "PMID:863351", "title": "The effect of ethanol on the ability of guinea-pigs to survive severe cold.", "content": "Some parameters related to withstanding severe cold (-20 degrees C) after administration of increasing doses of ethanol were investigated using guinea-pigs. The animals had been reared either at 22-23 degrees C or at 17-18 degrees C. They received ethanol in doses of 0.8 g, 1.2 g, 1.4 g or 1.6 g per kg of body weight. The fall of rectal temperature and its level at death were registered. The survival time, ethanol concentration in the blood and the brain, serum glucose and serum FFA at death were determined. In the animals reared at 22-23 degrees C the ethanol doses of 1.2-1.6 g/kg caused a significant shortening of the survival time and accelerated the fall of the rectal temperature. In addition the rectal temperature at death after ethanol was lower than in the controls. In the animals reared at 17-18 degrees C the ethanol doses used did not have any significant effect on the survival time and the rectal temperature. In both groups, ethanol concentration in the brain was lower (about 20-40%) than in the blood, the difference being greater in the group reared at 22-23 degrees C. Ethanol had no effect on the glucose concentrations. Serum FFA levels were slightly lower in animals reared at 22-23 degrees C than in those grown in the cooler temperature. It became evident that ethanol has a dose dependent deleterious effect on the thermoregulation of animals reared in warm (22-23 degrees C). The effect was seen at and above the dose of 1.2 g/kg. The results indicate further even a slight acclimation to cold was able to abolish the effect of these rather great doses of ethanol in severe cold exposure.", "contents": "The effect of ethanol on the ability of guinea-pigs to survive severe cold. Some parameters related to withstanding severe cold (-20 degrees C) after administration of increasing doses of ethanol were investigated using guinea-pigs. The animals had been reared either at 22-23 degrees C or at 17-18 degrees C. They received ethanol in doses of 0.8 g, 1.2 g, 1.4 g or 1.6 g per kg of body weight. The fall of rectal temperature and its level at death were registered. The survival time, ethanol concentration in the blood and the brain, serum glucose and serum FFA at death were determined. In the animals reared at 22-23 degrees C the ethanol doses of 1.2-1.6 g/kg caused a significant shortening of the survival time and accelerated the fall of the rectal temperature. In addition the rectal temperature at death after ethanol was lower than in the controls. In the animals reared at 17-18 degrees C the ethanol doses used did not have any significant effect on the survival time and the rectal temperature. In both groups, ethanol concentration in the brain was lower (about 20-40%) than in the blood, the difference being greater in the group reared at 22-23 degrees C. Ethanol had no effect on the glucose concentrations. Serum FFA levels were slightly lower in animals reared at 22-23 degrees C than in those grown in the cooler temperature. It became evident that ethanol has a dose dependent deleterious effect on the thermoregulation of animals reared in warm (22-23 degrees C). The effect was seen at and above the dose of 1.2 g/kg. The results indicate further even a slight acclimation to cold was able to abolish the effect of these rather great doses of ethanol in severe cold exposure."}
{"id": "PMID:863362", "title": "[Anesthesia in pacemaker implantation. Experiences in 935 cases of anesthesia for the implantation or revision of a cardiac pacemaker].", "content": "Observations during 935 anesthesias for implantation or revision of permanent pacemakers are presented. Using different methods of anesthesia we found the light halothane anesthesia introduced by inhalation to be best, provided that only atropine was used for premedication. Applying this method we saw asystolies or ventricular fibrillation in 3% of all cases--3 patients (i.e. 0.4%) died in tabula. Tachycardia (2.4%) occuring mostly during the introduction period were successfully treated by verapamil or practolol. Hypotension (5.4%) mostly took place in the course of anesthesia after implantation of the pacemaker. This depression may be due to a normalisation of the enhanced stroke volume whedication with pethidine or induction with propanidid was followed by comparatively more complications such as exitus letalis (2% resp. 1.5%), cardiac arrest (6.5% resp. 9%) and hypotension (24% resp. 10.5%). Regional anesthesia did not bring specific advantages. The good experiences with soft halothane anesthesia for implantations or revisions of pacemakers include 125 high risk patients (ASA classification IV to VII).", "contents": "[Anesthesia in pacemaker implantation. Experiences in 935 cases of anesthesia for the implantation or revision of a cardiac pacemaker]. Observations during 935 anesthesias for implantation or revision of permanent pacemakers are presented. Using different methods of anesthesia we found the light halothane anesthesia introduced by inhalation to be best, provided that only atropine was used for premedication. Applying this method we saw asystolies or ventricular fibrillation in 3% of all cases--3 patients (i.e. 0.4%) died in tabula. Tachycardia (2.4%) occuring mostly during the introduction period were successfully treated by verapamil or practolol. Hypotension (5.4%) mostly took place in the course of anesthesia after implantation of the pacemaker. This depression may be due to a normalisation of the enhanced stroke volume whedication with pethidine or induction with propanidid was followed by comparatively more complications such as exitus letalis (2% resp. 1.5%), cardiac arrest (6.5% resp. 9%) and hypotension (24% resp. 10.5%). Regional anesthesia did not bring specific advantages. The good experiences with soft halothane anesthesia for implantations or revisions of pacemakers include 125 high risk patients (ASA classification IV to VII)."}
{"id": "PMID:863363", "title": "[Diagnosis of the bronchitic syndrome in the aged].", "content": "The cumulation of exogenic factors on the basis of an endogenic disposition and the addition of physiologic aging processes cause an increase of the \"bronchitic syndrome\" in old age. Heart insufficiency, tuberculosis, lung embolism and bronchial carcinoma are the important differential diagnostic aspects in these patients. The structural and functional changes of the lung in old people and the polypathy, resp. multimorbidity of the whole organism cause the complications and disadvantageous interferences. The prognostic important disturbances of the ventilation mechanics are early recognizable with new diagnostic tools, particularly with the whole body plethysmography.", "contents": "[Diagnosis of the bronchitic syndrome in the aged]. The cumulation of exogenic factors on the basis of an endogenic disposition and the addition of physiologic aging processes cause an increase of the \"bronchitic syndrome\" in old age. Heart insufficiency, tuberculosis, lung embolism and bronchial carcinoma are the important differential diagnostic aspects in these patients. The structural and functional changes of the lung in old people and the polypathy, resp. multimorbidity of the whole organism cause the complications and disadvantageous interferences. The prognostic important disturbances of the ventilation mechanics are early recognizable with new diagnostic tools, particularly with the whole body plethysmography."}
{"id": "PMID:863367", "title": "[Megakaryocytic myelosis--cause of \"idiopathic\" thrombocythemia].", "content": "Primary thrombocythaemia is to be distinguished from the secondary type by higher counts of megakaryocytes especially of atypic and gigantic forms of these cells, showing up in adequate histological preparations of bone marrow biopsies. From the analysis of those preparations the autonomous  proliferation of the megakaryocytopoiesis clearly is to be understood as the reason of the socalled primary thrombocythaemia, occurring in the forms of isolated or mixtcellular megakaryocytic myelosis of the well differentiated type. Both of these forms can convert into thrombocytopenia when atypical and immature megakaryocytes start to overcrowd the picture or when myelofibrosis develops. The latter is to be considered in causal connections with the ineffective dislocated thrombopoiesis, a common finding among megakary-ocytic myelosis complicated with myelofibrosis. Megakaryocytic myelosis therefore is the clue of three different clinical syndromes, which are alternatively marked by the haemostaseologic or the histologic consequences of the overproduction of platelets, or by the proliferation of the megakaryocytes themselves.", "contents": "[Megakaryocytic myelosis--cause of \"idiopathic\" thrombocythemia]. Primary thrombocythaemia is to be distinguished from the secondary type by higher counts of megakaryocytes especially of atypic and gigantic forms of these cells, showing up in adequate histological preparations of bone marrow biopsies. From the analysis of those preparations the autonomous  proliferation of the megakaryocytopoiesis clearly is to be understood as the reason of the socalled primary thrombocythaemia, occurring in the forms of isolated or mixtcellular megakaryocytic myelosis of the well differentiated type. Both of these forms can convert into thrombocytopenia when atypical and immature megakaryocytes start to overcrowd the picture or when myelofibrosis develops. The latter is to be considered in causal connections with the ineffective dislocated thrombopoiesis, a common finding among megakary-ocytic myelosis complicated with myelofibrosis. Megakaryocytic myelosis therefore is the clue of three different clinical syndromes, which are alternatively marked by the haemostaseologic or the histologic consequences of the overproduction of platelets, or by the proliferation of the megakaryocytes themselves."}
{"id": "PMID:863366", "title": "[Hepatitis risk to dentists. Studies on the frequency of hepatitis in dentists in the Munich region and in the district of Upper Bavaria].", "content": "Dentists have a particular risk of acquiring viral hepatitis because of their close contact with blood and saliva during dental manipulations--especially as the majority of dentists do not use gloves during work and often have small cuts and abrasions on their hands. On the other hand personnel in the dentist's office offers several potential modes of parenteral and oral-intestinal transmission of hepatitis. In order to find out the risk of dentists exposing themselves to hepatitis-infection (especially hepatitis B-infection) we performed a questionnaire-study among practicing dentists all over Oberbayern. 858 replies were received after distribution of 1030 questionnaires (participation: 83.3%) and could by analyzed. 116 dentists had had a hepatitis during their professional work (13.5%). The frequency of hepatitis among the younger colleagues--who were practicing from 1 to 14 years--was about 5%. The number of hepatitis-infections increased continually up to 33% after 35--39 years of professional activity. In a second study blood samples were taken from 773 dentists and were tested for HB3Ag by radioimmunoassay. Of these 773 blood samples taken 25 (3.5%) were found to be antigen-positive. Compared to the general population the risk of infection is 6- to 30 times higher in dentists. The challenge of hepatitis-virus-infection can at present be met only-and at least in part-by scrupulous attention to prophylactic measures, such as using disposable gloves, needles and syringes and in autoclaving all non-disposable equipment. Besides dental personnel and patients should be screened at regular intervals for the presence of HBsAG.", "contents": "[Hepatitis risk to dentists. Studies on the frequency of hepatitis in dentists in the Munich region and in the district of Upper Bavaria]. Dentists have a particular risk of acquiring viral hepatitis because of their close contact with blood and saliva during dental manipulations--especially as the majority of dentists do not use gloves during work and often have small cuts and abrasions on their hands. On the other hand personnel in the dentist's office offers several potential modes of parenteral and oral-intestinal transmission of hepatitis. In order to find out the risk of dentists exposing themselves to hepatitis-infection (especially hepatitis B-infection) we performed a questionnaire-study among practicing dentists all over Oberbayern. 858 replies were received after distribution of 1030 questionnaires (participation: 83.3%) and could by analyzed. 116 dentists had had a hepatitis during their professional work (13.5%). The frequency of hepatitis among the younger colleagues--who were practicing from 1 to 14 years--was about 5%. The number of hepatitis-infections increased continually up to 33% after 35--39 years of professional activity. In a second study blood samples were taken from 773 dentists and were tested for HB3Ag by radioimmunoassay. Of these 773 blood samples taken 25 (3.5%) were found to be antigen-positive. Compared to the general population the risk of infection is 6- to 30 times higher in dentists. The challenge of hepatitis-virus-infection can at present be met only-and at least in part-by scrupulous attention to prophylactic measures, such as using disposable gloves, needles and syringes and in autoclaving all non-disposable equipment. Besides dental personnel and patients should be screened at regular intervals for the presence of HBsAG."}
{"id": "PMID:863369", "title": "[Tonsillectomy in patients with bleeding disorders].", "content": "When injury of a major vessel can be ruled out as the cause of bleeding after tonsillectomy, a discrete disturbance of hemostasis must be considered. These are mainly slight thrombopathies or a pathologically increased fibrinolysis, which were not detected by routine tests and the past history. In former times severe bleeding disorders were a strict contra-indication for tonsillectomy. Under the supposition of an exact coagulogram and the substitution of highly purified factor concentrates the risk of severe post-tonsillectomy hemorrhages in such patients today is nearly the same as in patients with a normal hemostase.", "contents": "[Tonsillectomy in patients with bleeding disorders]. When injury of a major vessel can be ruled out as the cause of bleeding after tonsillectomy, a discrete disturbance of hemostasis must be considered. These are mainly slight thrombopathies or a pathologically increased fibrinolysis, which were not detected by routine tests and the past history. In former times severe bleeding disorders were a strict contra-indication for tonsillectomy. Under the supposition of an exact coagulogram and the substitution of highly purified factor concentrates the risk of severe post-tonsillectomy hemorrhages in such patients today is nearly the same as in patients with a normal hemostase."}
{"id": "PMID:863370", "title": "[Studies on the effect of thrombocytopenia on the rate of fibrin stabilization].", "content": "Severe thrombozytopenia, and therefore a lack of phospholipids, delays not only the thrombin formation rate but also, because of retarded factor XIII activation the fibrin stabilizing process. The other clotting factors, especially factor XIII, being within the normal range, this effect is only noted when the platelet count drops below 30 000/mm3.", "contents": "[Studies on the effect of thrombocytopenia on the rate of fibrin stabilization]. Severe thrombozytopenia, and therefore a lack of phospholipids, delays not only the thrombin formation rate but also, because of retarded factor XIII activation the fibrin stabilizing process. The other clotting factors, especially factor XIII, being within the normal range, this effect is only noted when the platelet count drops below 30 000/mm3."}
{"id": "PMID:863371", "title": "[Differential diagnostic problems in pulmonary embolism caused by x-ray findings].", "content": "Using two case-histories it is shown that atypical radiological findings caused the delay in diagnosis of pulmonary embolism depsite clinical signs (such as fever and intermittent dyspnoea; cyanosis, haemoptoe and cough reflex were absent). The exact diagnosis was finally established after having excluded all diseases, which were of greater probability on the grounds of the x-ray findings.", "contents": "[Differential diagnostic problems in pulmonary embolism caused by x-ray findings]. Using two case-histories it is shown that atypical radiological findings caused the delay in diagnosis of pulmonary embolism depsite clinical signs (such as fever and intermittent dyspnoea; cyanosis, haemoptoe and cough reflex were absent). The exact diagnosis was finally established after having excluded all diseases, which were of greater probability on the grounds of the x-ray findings."}
{"id": "PMID:863373", "title": "[Medical therapy of the metastasizing breast neoplasm].", "content": "For the metastasized breast cancer the indication for the ablative and additive hormonal treatment and/or for the combination chemotherapy is clearly outlined. The hormonal treatment should always be used first because of its good compatibility unless the prognostic assumptions are unfavorable, such as short intervals between primary treatment and recidivation or appearance of metastases and a visceral metastatic formation. In these cases a combination chemotherapy or a combined hormonal/cytostatic treatment should be applied. Various combination chemotherapy schedules are discussed and compared in regard to effectiveness, compatibility, side effects and dispensation. A final judgement for an additional immunological therapy and adjuvant chemotherapy of the pretreated breast cancer cannot be given.", "contents": "[Medical therapy of the metastasizing breast neoplasm]. For the metastasized breast cancer the indication for the ablative and additive hormonal treatment and/or for the combination chemotherapy is clearly outlined. The hormonal treatment should always be used first because of its good compatibility unless the prognostic assumptions are unfavorable, such as short intervals between primary treatment and recidivation or appearance of metastases and a visceral metastatic formation. In these cases a combination chemotherapy or a combined hormonal/cytostatic treatment should be applied. Various combination chemotherapy schedules are discussed and compared in regard to effectiveness, compatibility, side effects and dispensation. A final judgement for an additional immunological therapy and adjuvant chemotherapy of the pretreated breast cancer cannot be given."}
{"id": "PMID:863374", "title": "[Tilidine as an analgesic in combination anesthesia].", "content": "In 2446 \"insufflation anesthesias\" the usefulness of Tilidine as an analgesic has been established. The preferred combinations were with Methohexital, Dehydrobenzperidol, Nitrous oxide, Succinyl and Diallyl-Nortoxiferine.", "contents": "[Tilidine as an analgesic in combination anesthesia]. In 2446 \"insufflation anesthesias\" the usefulness of Tilidine as an analgesic has been established. The preferred combinations were with Methohexital, Dehydrobenzperidol, Nitrous oxide, Succinyl and Diallyl-Nortoxiferine."}
{"id": "PMID:863376", "title": "Regional release of glucagon-like immunoreactivity from the intestine of the cat.", "content": "Immunoassay of gut extracts showed the presence of glucagon-like immunoreactivity (GLI) from the stomach to the colon of the cat with maximal concentrations in the ileum and colon. Twenty percent glucose perfused through the lumen of the jejunum, ileum, or colon produced an increase in GLI concentration in the venous effluent of the segment only in the case of the colon. The amount of GLI released was not sufficient to alter peripheral plasma concentrations.", "contents": "Regional release of glucagon-like immunoreactivity from the intestine of the cat. Immunoassay of gut extracts showed the presence of glucagon-like immunoreactivity (GLI) from the stomach to the colon of the cat with maximal concentrations in the ileum and colon. Twenty percent glucose perfused through the lumen of the jejunum, ileum, or colon produced an increase in GLI concentration in the venous effluent of the segment only in the case of the colon. The amount of GLI released was not sufficient to alter peripheral plasma concentrations."}
{"id": "PMID:863377", "title": "Inhibition of vagally induced gastrin release by somatostatin in cats.", "content": "The effect of somatostatin was tested on gastrin release induced by electrical vagal stimulation in anaesthetized cats. The antral release of gastrin was determined in the gastric venous outflow by simultaneous recording of gastrin concentration and blood flow. Repeated vagal stimulation at the same frequency and duration caused release of similar amounts of gastrin within the same cat. Infusion of somatostatin, at a rate of 0.5 microng/kg/min, reduced the vagally induced gastrin release to about 40%. Similarly, basal gastrin output was depressed to about 40% of the control values.", "contents": "Inhibition of vagally induced gastrin release by somatostatin in cats. The effect of somatostatin was tested on gastrin release induced by electrical vagal stimulation in anaesthetized cats. The antral release of gastrin was determined in the gastric venous outflow by simultaneous recording of gastrin concentration and blood flow. Repeated vagal stimulation at the same frequency and duration caused release of similar amounts of gastrin within the same cat. Infusion of somatostatin, at a rate of 0.5 microng/kg/min, reduced the vagally induced gastrin release to about 40%. Similarly, basal gastrin output was depressed to about 40% of the control values."}
{"id": "PMID:863380", "title": "Effects of adrenalectomy on body weight and hyperglycemia in five months old Ob/Ob mice.", "content": "Observation on body weight gain, blood glucose levels, and responses to a glucose challenge in ob/ob mice adrenalectomized at five months of age, demonstrate that removal of the adrenals of older mice retains the potential to lower serum glucose levels and depress body weight gain seen in young ob/ob mice adrenalectomized at two months of age. These findings suggest that the adrenals continue to play a role in body weight gain and hyperglycemia of the ob/ob mouse up to five months of age.", "contents": "Effects of adrenalectomy on body weight and hyperglycemia in five months old Ob/Ob mice. Observation on body weight gain, blood glucose levels, and responses to a glucose challenge in ob/ob mice adrenalectomized at five months of age, demonstrate that removal of the adrenals of older mice retains the potential to lower serum glucose levels and depress body weight gain seen in young ob/ob mice adrenalectomized at two months of age. These findings suggest that the adrenals continue to play a role in body weight gain and hyperglycemia of the ob/ob mouse up to five months of age."}
{"id": "PMID:863381", "title": "The influence of the thyroid and parathyroid glands on the variations in magnesemia in fed and fasted rats.", "content": "Rats fed and libitum were adapted to alternating 12 hr periods of light and dark. A number of animals were parathyroidectomized (PTX) or thyroparathyroidectomized (TPTX) and then supplemented with thyroxine. The PTX and TPTX animals showed hypomagnesemia. If food was not supplied during darkness, the normal feeding period, hypermagnesemia was found in normal rat after 12 hr fasting but not in PTX animals. In normally fed rats the level of magnesium increased during darkness and then dropped significantly at the end of the night. In contrast in TPTX animals the magnesemia continued to rise significantly after the end of the dark period. In rats lack of parathormone or of calcitonin modifed the variations in magnesemia during the night or after a short period of fasting. These hormones may thus play a physiological role in the regulation of magnesemia.", "contents": "The influence of the thyroid and parathyroid glands on the variations in magnesemia in fed and fasted rats. Rats fed and libitum were adapted to alternating 12 hr periods of light and dark. A number of animals were parathyroidectomized (PTX) or thyroparathyroidectomized (TPTX) and then supplemented with thyroxine. The PTX and TPTX animals showed hypomagnesemia. If food was not supplied during darkness, the normal feeding period, hypermagnesemia was found in normal rat after 12 hr fasting but not in PTX animals. In normally fed rats the level of magnesium increased during darkness and then dropped significantly at the end of the night. In contrast in TPTX animals the magnesemia continued to rise significantly after the end of the dark period. In rats lack of parathormone or of calcitonin modifed the variations in magnesemia during the night or after a short period of fasting. These hormones may thus play a physiological role in the regulation of magnesemia."}
{"id": "PMID:863383", "title": "The interactions between a low molecular weight protease inhibitor of bronchial mucus and chymotrypsin-like cationic proteins of granulocytes.", "content": "The proteolytic activity of the chymotrypsin-like cationic proteins of human granulocytes is inhibited by complex formation with the acid-stable low molecular weight protease inhibitor of human bronchial mucus (Ki = 1.0 x 10(7)M). The molar combining ratio is 1:1.", "contents": "The interactions between a low molecular weight protease inhibitor of bronchial mucus and chymotrypsin-like cationic proteins of granulocytes. The proteolytic activity of the chymotrypsin-like cationic proteins of human granulocytes is inhibited by complex formation with the acid-stable low molecular weight protease inhibitor of human bronchial mucus (Ki = 1.0 x 10(7)M). The molar combining ratio is 1:1."}
{"id": "PMID:863384", "title": "Human alkaline phosphatases. I. Purification and some structural properties of the enzyme from human liver.", "content": "Alkaline phosphatase (EC 3.1.3.1) from human liver was purified to homogeneity. It is a glycoprotein of about 136000 molecular weight. Analysis of the subunit structure by sedimentation equilibrium in 6M urea and by dodecylsulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of the denatured enzyme indicated molecular weights of about 35000 and 32000, respectively. Thus, the human liver alkaline phosphatase seems to be a tetramer composed of identical or very similar subunits. The purified enzyme has a specific activity of 1360 mumol/(min x mg prot.), corresponding to a molecular activity of 3170s-1. The enzyme retains full activity in 1% sodium dodecylsulfate for several hours. The isoelectric point of the native enzyme is 4.2. After treatment with neuraminidase the isoelectric point increases to 6.5.", "contents": "Human alkaline phosphatases. I. Purification and some structural properties of the enzyme from human liver. Alkaline phosphatase (EC 3.1.3.1) from human liver was purified to homogeneity. It is a glycoprotein of about 136000 molecular weight. Analysis of the subunit structure by sedimentation equilibrium in 6M urea and by dodecylsulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of the denatured enzyme indicated molecular weights of about 35000 and 32000, respectively. Thus, the human liver alkaline phosphatase seems to be a tetramer composed of identical or very similar subunits. The purified enzyme has a specific activity of 1360 mumol/(min x mg prot.), corresponding to a molecular activity of 3170s-1. The enzyme retains full activity in 1% sodium dodecylsulfate for several hours. The isoelectric point of the native enzyme is 4.2. After treatment with neuraminidase the isoelectric point increases to 6.5."}
{"id": "PMID:863385", "title": "Inhibition of three porcine glandular kallikreins by chloromethyl ketones.", "content": "In accordance with its lack of inhibitory activity against pig pancreatic kallikrein, Tos-LysCH2C1 has been shown also not to inhibit the porcine kallikreins from submandibular glands and from urine. Peptidyl-lysyl-chloromethanes, however, have been demonstrated to be irreversible inhibitors of all three enzymes. The rates of inhibition increase with increasing size of the amino acid residue in position P2 of the inhibitors. As expected from the known primary specificity of the pancreatic kallikrein, Gly-Val-ArgCH2C1 was found to be the most potent of the inhibitors studies. Kinetic constants for the inhibiton of the three porcine glandular kallikreins have been determined for two of the compounds. All data obtained suggest a close similarity of the three glandular kallikreins of the pig and even a possible identity of the enzymes from submandibular glands and from urine.", "contents": "Inhibition of three porcine glandular kallikreins by chloromethyl ketones. In accordance with its lack of inhibitory activity against pig pancreatic kallikrein, Tos-LysCH2C1 has been shown also not to inhibit the porcine kallikreins from submandibular glands and from urine. Peptidyl-lysyl-chloromethanes, however, have been demonstrated to be irreversible inhibitors of all three enzymes. The rates of inhibition increase with increasing size of the amino acid residue in position P2 of the inhibitors. As expected from the known primary specificity of the pancreatic kallikrein, Gly-Val-ArgCH2C1 was found to be the most potent of the inhibitors studies. Kinetic constants for the inhibiton of the three porcine glandular kallikreins have been determined for two of the compounds. All data obtained suggest a close similarity of the three glandular kallikreins of the pig and even a possible identity of the enzymes from submandibular glands and from urine."}
{"id": "PMID:863386", "title": "An endogenous inhibitor of amine oxidase (flavine-containing) in the carotid body of the cat.", "content": "The activity of amine oxidase (flavine-containing) was measured in various organs. No activity could be detected in homogenates of the carotid body of the cat. Mixing experiments with this homogenate and rat liver mitochondria showed the presence of an inhibitor of amine oxidase activity in the carotid body. This inhibitor is inactivated by boiling. No inhibitor activity was found in the ganglion superior cervicale of the cat.", "contents": "An endogenous inhibitor of amine oxidase (flavine-containing) in the carotid body of the cat. The activity of amine oxidase (flavine-containing) was measured in various organs. No activity could be detected in homogenates of the carotid body of the cat. Mixing experiments with this homogenate and rat liver mitochondria showed the presence of an inhibitor of amine oxidase activity in the carotid body. This inhibitor is inactivated by boiling. No inhibitor activity was found in the ganglion superior cervicale of the cat."}
{"id": "PMID:863387", "title": "The structure of a new phospholipid from the koilin-glandular layer of chicken gizzard.", "content": "A new phospholipid (Mr = 653; C32H64NO10P; [alpha]22D: - 24) was isolated from the keratinoidal layer of chicken gizzard. After acid hydrolysis the following products were identified: a C22-saturated aldehyde, sn-glycerol 3-phosphate, ethanolamine and D(-)-ribose. The substance is stable to alkali, it has saturated character, and after hydrolysis with CH3OH/HCI, yields only C22-dimethyl acetal. It contains a free NH2 group, and methylation produces 2,3,4-tri-O-methyl-D-ribose. The probable structure of the isolated phospholipid is proposed as 1,2-O-do-cosylidene-sn-glycero-3-phospho-(1 inch-ribosyl)-ethanolamine.", "contents": "The structure of a new phospholipid from the koilin-glandular layer of chicken gizzard. A new phospholipid (Mr = 653; C32H64NO10P; [alpha]22D: - 24) was isolated from the keratinoidal layer of chicken gizzard. After acid hydrolysis the following products were identified: a C22-saturated aldehyde, sn-glycerol 3-phosphate, ethanolamine and D(-)-ribose. The substance is stable to alkali, it has saturated character, and after hydrolysis with CH3OH/HCI, yields only C22-dimethyl acetal. It contains a free NH2 group, and methylation produces 2,3,4-tri-O-methyl-D-ribose. The probable structure of the isolated phospholipid is proposed as 1,2-O-do-cosylidene-sn-glycero-3-phospho-(1 inch-ribosyl)-ethanolamine."}
{"id": "PMID:863388", "title": "[5-Isothiocyanato-1,8-naphthalenedicarbox-4-methylphenylimide, a new fluorescence reagent for compounds containing amino groups (author's transl)].", "content": "5-Isothiocyanato-1,3-dioxo-2-p-tolyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-benz[de]isoquinoline (= 5-isothio-cyanato-1,8-naphthalenedicarbox-4-methylphenylimide, compd.5) was synthesized from 1H,3H-naphtho(1,8-cd)pyran-1,3-dione (= 1,8-naphtha-lenedicarboxylic anhydride, compd.1) through nitration, condensation with p-toluidine, reduction with tin(II)-chloride yielding 5-amino-1,3-dioxo-2-p-tolyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-benz(de)isoquino-line (4) as intermediate, and condensation with thiophosgene. Compd. 5 can be used for qualitative and quantitative analyses of compounds containing amino groups.", "contents": "[5-Isothiocyanato-1,8-naphthalenedicarbox-4-methylphenylimide, a new fluorescence reagent for compounds containing amino groups (author's transl)]. 5-Isothiocyanato-1,3-dioxo-2-p-tolyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-benz[de]isoquinoline (= 5-isothio-cyanato-1,8-naphthalenedicarbox-4-methylphenylimide, compd.5) was synthesized from 1H,3H-naphtho(1,8-cd)pyran-1,3-dione (= 1,8-naphtha-lenedicarboxylic anhydride, compd.1) through nitration, condensation with p-toluidine, reduction with tin(II)-chloride yielding 5-amino-1,3-dioxo-2-p-tolyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-benz(de)isoquino-line (4) as intermediate, and condensation with thiophosgene. Compd. 5 can be used for qualitative and quantitative analyses of compounds containing amino groups."}
{"id": "PMID:863405", "title": "Mania and milieu: treatment of manics in a therapeutic community.", "content": "The authors observed the management of 35 manic patients admitted to a 32-bed general hospital unit that emphasized milieu treatment. They concluded that the principles of treatment derived from the therapeutic community model--democratization and permissiveness--are generally incompatible with the effective treatment of manic patients, who can be a strong disruptive force on the patient and staff community. The authors describe approaches to managing manic patients in four phases--preadmission evaluation, and the postadmission, middle, and termination phases of inpatient treatment. They stress that milieu modifications are necessary to meet individual treatment needs.", "contents": "Mania and milieu: treatment of manics in a therapeutic community. The authors observed the management of 35 manic patients admitted to a 32-bed general hospital unit that emphasized milieu treatment. They concluded that the principles of treatment derived from the therapeutic community model--democratization and permissiveness--are generally incompatible with the effective treatment of manic patients, who can be a strong disruptive force on the patient and staff community. The authors describe approaches to managing manic patients in four phases--preadmission evaluation, and the postadmission, middle, and termination phases of inpatient treatment. They stress that milieu modifications are necessary to meet individual treatment needs."}
{"id": "PMID:863406", "title": "The therapeutic community in theory and practice.", "content": "To obtain an operational description of the therapeutic community, the authors reviewed recent literature and composed a 40-item questionnaire describing aspects of the therapeutic community. The questionnaire was mailed to authors of recently published articles or books on the subject, 27 of whom responded with ratings of the degree to which each item was characteristic of a therapeutic community. The validated questionnaire was then completed by 22 staff members on four psychiatric wards of a university-affiliated municipal hospital, who rated the items in terms of real and ideal conditions on the ward. Comparisons of the real and ideal ratings are discussed.", "contents": "The therapeutic community in theory and practice. To obtain an operational description of the therapeutic community, the authors reviewed recent literature and composed a 40-item questionnaire describing aspects of the therapeutic community. The questionnaire was mailed to authors of recently published articles or books on the subject, 27 of whom responded with ratings of the degree to which each item was characteristic of a therapeutic community. The validated questionnaire was then completed by 22 staff members on four psychiatric wards of a university-affiliated municipal hospital, who rated the items in terms of real and ideal conditions on the ward. Comparisons of the real and ideal ratings are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:863407", "title": "Outpatient group psychotherapy for the elderly: an alternative to institutionalization.", "content": "Two case studies illustrate the positive effects of group psychotherapy for elderly outpatients of a municipal hospital in an industrial community of Baltimore. Most of the outpatients were depressed about physical, mental, or social losses. A total of five brief therapy groups were established. Each group had a maximum of 12 members and met in the hospital for an hour and a half once a week for 12 consecutive weeks. Members could continue in subsequent 12-week sessions if they desired. As a result of their participation in groups, many members became involved in volunteer or part-time work, renewed contact with family and friends, and were better able to deal with life's stresses.", "contents": "Outpatient group psychotherapy for the elderly: an alternative to institutionalization. Two case studies illustrate the positive effects of group psychotherapy for elderly outpatients of a municipal hospital in an industrial community of Baltimore. Most of the outpatients were depressed about physical, mental, or social losses. A total of five brief therapy groups were established. Each group had a maximum of 12 members and met in the hospital for an hour and a half once a week for 12 consecutive weeks. Members could continue in subsequent 12-week sessions if they desired. As a result of their participation in groups, many members became involved in volunteer or part-time work, renewed contact with family and friends, and were better able to deal with life's stresses."}
{"id": "PMID:863408", "title": "The use of groups in brief inpatient treatment of adolescents.", "content": "The authors describe a short-term inpatient program for adolescents that uses a variety of group sessions to help them deal with their immediate problems and, when necessary, prepare them for outpatient treatment. No attempt at complete ego reconstruction is made. The program includes family therapy and sessions on practical living skills, such as job hunting, productive use of leisure time, transportation, food planning, and renting and leasing. Assertiveness techniques are taught in small groups, and their use is encouraged on the unit, where staff attempt to create an acceptable social environment and provide a model for group decision-making.", "contents": "The use of groups in brief inpatient treatment of adolescents. The authors describe a short-term inpatient program for adolescents that uses a variety of group sessions to help them deal with their immediate problems and, when necessary, prepare them for outpatient treatment. No attempt at complete ego reconstruction is made. The program includes family therapy and sessions on practical living skills, such as job hunting, productive use of leisure time, transportation, food planning, and renting and leasing. Assertiveness techniques are taught in small groups, and their use is encouraged on the unit, where staff attempt to create an acceptable social environment and provide a model for group decision-making."}
{"id": "PMID:863409", "title": "Mini-groups: maximizing the therapeutic milieu on an acute psychiatric unit.", "content": "The authors have found small groups (called mini-groups) an effective way to work with patients who are too regressed or disturbed to benefit from individual psychotherapy and who find larger groups overwhelming and confusing. Mini-groups were formed in 1974 on a 20-bed acute inpatient service of a private psychiatric hospital, where traditional treatment approaches have been altered because of a more disturbed patient population and a shorter length of stay. A high staff-to-patient ratio, sometimes almost one to one, lends stability to the groups.", "contents": "Mini-groups: maximizing the therapeutic milieu on an acute psychiatric unit. The authors have found small groups (called mini-groups) an effective way to work with patients who are too regressed or disturbed to benefit from individual psychotherapy and who find larger groups overwhelming and confusing. Mini-groups were formed in 1974 on a 20-bed acute inpatient service of a private psychiatric hospital, where traditional treatment approaches have been altered because of a more disturbed patient population and a shorter length of stay. A high staff-to-patient ratio, sometimes almost one to one, lends stability to the groups."}
{"id": "PMID:863410", "title": "Obtaining state legislation for insurance coverage of day hospitalization.", "content": "Whether a patient receives treatment in a 24-hour inpatient setting or a less restrictive day hospital program often depends strongly on what kinds of care the patient's health insurance policy covers. In 1974 advocates of partial hospitalization programs in Maryland began working for a state law requiring third-party payers to provide day hospital benefits to all policyholders. After realizing that the bill as drafted would not pass the legislature, its advocates negotiated with insurance carriers, legislators, and others. The bill was rewritten so that day hospital coverage must be offered as an option in group policies only, and at an adjusted premium if necessary. It was enacted into law in 1976 and became effective in January 1977.", "contents": "Obtaining state legislation for insurance coverage of day hospitalization. Whether a patient receives treatment in a 24-hour inpatient setting or a less restrictive day hospital program often depends strongly on what kinds of care the patient's health insurance policy covers. In 1974 advocates of partial hospitalization programs in Maryland began working for a state law requiring third-party payers to provide day hospital benefits to all policyholders. After realizing that the bill as drafted would not pass the legislature, its advocates negotiated with insurance carriers, legislators, and others. The bill was rewritten so that day hospital coverage must be offered as an option in group policies only, and at an adjusted premium if necessary. It was enacted into law in 1976 and became effective in January 1977."}
{"id": "PMID:863434", "title": "Good marketing helps a hospital grow.", "content": "The marketing objective of Children's has been to educate its target markets--physicians, donors, and the community at large--about the services and facilities of the hospital. In all activities, the marketing effort has sought to publicize the hospital as a tertiary care institution, which works as a supplement to the services provided in a community hospital. If marketing involves an exchange of values, the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia offers the following value to its tarket markets: a regional referral center that seeks to meet the changing needs of both physicians and patients.", "contents": "Good marketing helps a hospital grow. The marketing objective of Children's has been to educate its target markets--physicians, donors, and the community at large--about the services and facilities of the hospital. In all activities, the marketing effort has sought to publicize the hospital as a tertiary care institution, which works as a supplement to the services provided in a community hospital. If marketing involves an exchange of values, the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia offers the following value to its tarket markets: a regional referral center that seeks to meet the changing needs of both physicians and patients."}
{"id": "PMID:863448", "title": "Postmenopausal gyn problems.", "content": "The conservative use of estrogens for prevention and treatment of osteoporosis is discussed. The author stresses the importance of thorough pelvic examination to detect inflammatory processes, possible generative tract prolapses, and/or growths.", "contents": "Postmenopausal gyn problems. The conservative use of estrogens for prevention and treatment of osteoporosis is discussed. The author stresses the importance of thorough pelvic examination to detect inflammatory processes, possible generative tract prolapses, and/or growths."}
{"id": "PMID:863455", "title": "Current concepts in management of lupus nephritis.", "content": "Since prognosis seems to vary according to which of several possible types of disease is present, the first step is renal biopsy and histologic classification. Management options thereafter-both conventional (steroid therapy) and investigational (cytotoxic agents plus steroids, thymic hormone replacement, steroid \"pulse\" therapy)-are discussed in terms of recent clincal results and theoretical mechanisms of action.", "contents": "Current concepts in management of lupus nephritis. Since prognosis seems to vary according to which of several possible types of disease is present, the first step is renal biopsy and histologic classification. Management options thereafter-both conventional (steroid therapy) and investigational (cytotoxic agents plus steroids, thymic hormone replacement, steroid \"pulse\" therapy)-are discussed in terms of recent clincal results and theoretical mechanisms of action."}
{"id": "PMID:863457", "title": "A Ternary-associating system of genes.", "content": "A significant association is described between genes of the erythrocyte acid phosphatase (ACP1B), erythrocyte adenosine deaminase (ADA2) and plasma haptoglobin (Hp2) systems. Most of the heterogeneity is shown to reside in the ADA2-Hp2 association and in the ACP1B-Hp2 association among persons of type ADA 1.", "contents": "A Ternary-associating system of genes. A significant association is described between genes of the erythrocyte acid phosphatase (ACP1B), erythrocyte adenosine deaminase (ADA2) and plasma haptoglobin (Hp2) systems. Most of the heterogeneity is shown to reside in the ADA2-Hp2 association and in the ACP1B-Hp2 association among persons of type ADA 1."}
{"id": "PMID:863458", "title": "Use of normal daughters' and sisters' creatine kinase levels in estimating heterozygosity in Duchenne muscular dystrophy.", "content": "A modification is given of the original density function formula of EMERY and MORTON for estimating heterozygosity in X-linked Duchenne muscular dystrophy. This modification takes into account SCK levels in both normal sisters and normal daughters of a suspected carrier in families where there is only one affected male.", "contents": "Use of normal daughters' and sisters' creatine kinase levels in estimating heterozygosity in Duchenne muscular dystrophy. A modification is given of the original density function formula of EMERY and MORTON for estimating heterozygosity in X-linked Duchenne muscular dystrophy. This modification takes into account SCK levels in both normal sisters and normal daughters of a suspected carrier in families where there is only one affected male."}
{"id": "PMID:863459", "title": "An ectodermal dysplasia syndrome of alopecia, onychodysplasia, hypohidrosis, hyperkeratosis, deafness and other manifestations.", "content": "A girl is reported with a hitherto apparently undescribed ectodermal dysplasia syndrome. The main findings include: alopecia, onychodysplasia, hypohidrosis, sensorineural deafness, skin with a tan color and hyperkeratosis (involving also plams and soles), unusual facies (with slight auricle and nose abnormalities), pectus excavatum, severe hyperopia, EEG abnormalities, and retarded bone age. The patient also presents mongoloid palpebral slanting, narrow palpebral fissures, bilateral esotropia, photophobia and dermatoglyphics with extensive ridge dissociation. The etiology is unknown but presumed to be genetic, possibly due to the homozygous state of an autosomal recessive mutation.", "contents": "An ectodermal dysplasia syndrome of alopecia, onychodysplasia, hypohidrosis, hyperkeratosis, deafness and other manifestations. A girl is reported with a hitherto apparently undescribed ectodermal dysplasia syndrome. The main findings include: alopecia, onychodysplasia, hypohidrosis, sensorineural deafness, skin with a tan color and hyperkeratosis (involving also plams and soles), unusual facies (with slight auricle and nose abnormalities), pectus excavatum, severe hyperopia, EEG abnormalities, and retarded bone age. The patient also presents mongoloid palpebral slanting, narrow palpebral fissures, bilateral esotropia, photophobia and dermatoglyphics with extensive ridge dissociation. The etiology is unknown but presumed to be genetic, possibly due to the homozygous state of an autosomal recessive mutation."}
{"id": "PMID:863461", "title": "Congenital hypomegakaryocytic thrombocytopenia associated with bilateral absence of the radius - the TAR syndrome.", "content": "A case of the TAR syndrome is described which presented bilateral absence of the radius and pronounced thrombocytopenia at birth; when seen at the age of 6, growth and development was within normal limits, except for the upper extremities, and no signs of an haemorrhagic diathesis were seen. A careful family study brought 2 additional cases to light: a female second cousin was found to have bilateral absent radius, but no haematological abnormalities when seen at the age of 10. Her younger brother had died at the age of 3 months with severe thrombocytopenia and heavily malformed, flipper-like upper extremities. The broad clinical variation of the syndrome should be kept in mind in genetic studies and counselling.", "contents": "Congenital hypomegakaryocytic thrombocytopenia associated with bilateral absence of the radius - the TAR syndrome. A case of the TAR syndrome is described which presented bilateral absence of the radius and pronounced thrombocytopenia at birth; when seen at the age of 6, growth and development was within normal limits, except for the upper extremities, and no signs of an haemorrhagic diathesis were seen. A careful family study brought 2 additional cases to light: a female second cousin was found to have bilateral absent radius, but no haematological abnormalities when seen at the age of 10. Her younger brother had died at the age of 3 months with severe thrombocytopenia and heavily malformed, flipper-like upper extremities. The broad clinical variation of the syndrome should be kept in mind in genetic studies and counselling."}
{"id": "PMID:863462", "title": "The use of the FST statistic of Wright for estimating the effects of genetic drift, selection and migration populations, with special reference to Ireland.", "content": "The Fst of Wright has been used to examine the available blood group, serum protein and enzyme data for the world, NW Europe and the counties of Ireland. These include the ABO, secretor, Lewis, MNSs, Rh, Kell, Duffy, Lutheran, Kidd, P, Diego, haptoglobin, Gc, Lp, Ag, adenosine deaminase, adenylate kinase, acid phosphatase, 6-phosphogluconate, phosphoglucomutase and transferrin systems. The highest value was found for the Fy gene. Much lower values than those calculated for world data were found for NW Europe and Ireland with the exception of the Lpa antigen which had high values in Ireland. sigma2p was used to estimate rates of genetic drift in an Irish population and it was estimated that a migration rate of 4% would counter genetic drift in Ireland.", "contents": "The use of the FST statistic of Wright for estimating the effects of genetic drift, selection and migration populations, with special reference to Ireland. The Fst of Wright has been used to examine the available blood group, serum protein and enzyme data for the world, NW Europe and the counties of Ireland. These include the ABO, secretor, Lewis, MNSs, Rh, Kell, Duffy, Lutheran, Kidd, P, Diego, haptoglobin, Gc, Lp, Ag, adenosine deaminase, adenylate kinase, acid phosphatase, 6-phosphogluconate, phosphoglucomutase and transferrin systems. The highest value was found for the Fy gene. Much lower values than those calculated for world data were found for NW Europe and Ireland with the exception of the Lpa antigen which had high values in Ireland. sigma2p was used to estimate rates of genetic drift in an Irish population and it was estimated that a migration rate of 4% would counter genetic drift in Ireland."}
{"id": "PMID:863463", "title": "A mapping function for man.", "content": "Assuming a perfect correspondence between the site of crossing-over and an observed chiasma, data on meiosis in the human male are used to estimate a mapping parameter which on average turns out to be intermediate between the Kosambi and Carter-Falconer values, but smaller for acrocentrics. A table is given for converting recombination frequencies to map distances.", "contents": "A mapping function for man. Assuming a perfect correspondence between the site of crossing-over and an observed chiasma, data on meiosis in the human male are used to estimate a mapping parameter which on average turns out to be intermediate between the Kosambi and Carter-Falconer values, but smaller for acrocentrics. A table is given for converting recombination frequencies to map distances."}
{"id": "PMID:863470", "title": "Isolation and structural properties of murine SAA--the acute phase serum precursor of amyloid AA.", "content": "The murine serum protein SAA, has been found to have a structure similar to human SAA, the precursor of human secondary amyloid fibril protein AA. SAA is detected by its cross-reaction in radioimmunoassay with antibodies raised to denatured amyloid fibrils of protein AA isolated from tissues of mice with amyloidosis. Murine SAA exists in the native state as a 160,000 molecular weight species, and can be isolated as a 12,500 molecular weight moiety, SAAL, by gel filtration in 10% formic acid. The quaternary structure of SAA is such that its AA determinants are relatively inaccessible for immunoreaction. Unfolding of these determinants can occur spontaneously; however, it is promoted by dissociation of SAA to SAAL.", "contents": "Isolation and structural properties of murine SAA--the acute phase serum precursor of amyloid AA. The murine serum protein SAA, has been found to have a structure similar to human SAA, the precursor of human secondary amyloid fibril protein AA. SAA is detected by its cross-reaction in radioimmunoassay with antibodies raised to denatured amyloid fibrils of protein AA isolated from tissues of mice with amyloidosis. Murine SAA exists in the native state as a 160,000 molecular weight species, and can be isolated as a 12,500 molecular weight moiety, SAAL, by gel filtration in 10% formic acid. The quaternary structure of SAA is such that its AA determinants are relatively inaccessible for immunoreaction. Unfolding of these determinants can occur spontaneously; however, it is promoted by dissociation of SAA to SAAL."}
{"id": "PMID:863471", "title": "Temperature effects on lymphocyte transformation invitro.", "content": "Phytohemagglutinin (PHA)-induced transformation of normal rat peripheral lymphocytes has been studied at a wide range of culture temperatures (4 degrees C to 42 degrees C). Lymphocyte transformation was maximum at 37 degrees C while insignificant stimulation was observed between 4 degrees C and 30 degrees C. Temperatures above 37 degrees C produced sub=optimal transformation as measured by synthesis of DNA and protein, and appearance of lymphoblasts. Binding studies using 125I-PHA indicate that the low temperature inhibition of lymphocyte transformation could be a result of excess lectin (being available as a result of low temperature) bound to the cell surface, preventing the initiation of the molecular events associated with transformation.", "contents": "Temperature effects on lymphocyte transformation invitro. Phytohemagglutinin (PHA)-induced transformation of normal rat peripheral lymphocytes has been studied at a wide range of culture temperatures (4 degrees C to 42 degrees C). Lymphocyte transformation was maximum at 37 degrees C while insignificant stimulation was observed between 4 degrees C and 30 degrees C. Temperatures above 37 degrees C produced sub=optimal transformation as measured by synthesis of DNA and protein, and appearance of lymphoblasts. Binding studies using 125I-PHA indicate that the low temperature inhibition of lymphocyte transformation could be a result of excess lectin (being available as a result of low temperature) bound to the cell surface, preventing the initiation of the molecular events associated with transformation."}
{"id": "PMID:863472", "title": "Identification and quantitation of solubilized I blood group substance by wheat germ agglutinin using quantitative immunoelectrophoresis.", "content": "Wheat germ agglutinin (WGA) has been shown to react specifically with solubilized I blood group substance, purified from papain treated human erythrocyte membranes. WGA and I react to form an affinity precipitate in immunodiffusion gels, a reaction which can be blocked by the incorporation of N-acetyl glucosamine into the gel. The I material was a strong inhibitor of both anti-I cold hemagglutination and WGA hemagglutination reactions. Utilizing the techniques of crossed immunoelectrophoresis we have clearly established that WGA and anti-I IgM cold antibody are reacting with the same membrane macromolecule (I antigen). WGA was then used in a rocket affinoelectrophoretic assay system to quantitate I substance. The limits of detection in this system was 25 ng.", "contents": "Identification and quantitation of solubilized I blood group substance by wheat germ agglutinin using quantitative immunoelectrophoresis. Wheat germ agglutinin (WGA) has been shown to react specifically with solubilized I blood group substance, purified from papain treated human erythrocyte membranes. WGA and I react to form an affinity precipitate in immunodiffusion gels, a reaction which can be blocked by the incorporation of N-acetyl glucosamine into the gel. The I material was a strong inhibitor of both anti-I cold hemagglutination and WGA hemagglutination reactions. Utilizing the techniques of crossed immunoelectrophoresis we have clearly established that WGA and anti-I IgM cold antibody are reacting with the same membrane macromolecule (I antigen). WGA was then used in a rocket affinoelectrophoretic assay system to quantitate I substance. The limits of detection in this system was 25 ng."}
{"id": "PMID:863473", "title": "The effects of halothane anaesthesia on antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity in rats.", "content": "Lymphocytes from rats killed while anaesthetized with 1-5 per cent halothane showed a significantly reduced capacity to induce lysis of antibody-coated target cells compared with those from untreated rats. This effect was short-lived however, being no longer apparent in lymphoid cells taken from rats 2 h after their recovery from such anaesthesia. Surgical procedures were not effective in extending the duration of reduced ADCC activity. The implication of these findings is that the post-operative depression of this in vitro assay of immunocompetence results from the influence of the anaesthetic agent per se or its metabolities with surgical trauma having little role.", "contents": "The effects of halothane anaesthesia on antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity in rats. Lymphocytes from rats killed while anaesthetized with 1-5 per cent halothane showed a significantly reduced capacity to induce lysis of antibody-coated target cells compared with those from untreated rats. This effect was short-lived however, being no longer apparent in lymphoid cells taken from rats 2 h after their recovery from such anaesthesia. Surgical procedures were not effective in extending the duration of reduced ADCC activity. The implication of these findings is that the post-operative depression of this in vitro assay of immunocompetence results from the influence of the anaesthetic agent per se or its metabolities with surgical trauma having little role."}
{"id": "PMID:863474", "title": "Radioassay of soluble immune complexes using their uptake by macrophage Fc receptors.", "content": "Sera from patients were tested for the presence of soluble immune complexes (IC) by a method based on the observation that IC inhibit uptake of aggregated IgG by the Fc receptors of macrophages. From the saturation curve of macrophages with 125I-labelled aggregates the optimal inhibitory effect of a measured amount of IC was determined. This radioassay is highly sensitive, being capable of detecting 20 ng of IC, is reproducible and covers a wide range of measurement (20-2000 ng).", "contents": "Radioassay of soluble immune complexes using their uptake by macrophage Fc receptors. Sera from patients were tested for the presence of soluble immune complexes (IC) by a method based on the observation that IC inhibit uptake of aggregated IgG by the Fc receptors of macrophages. From the saturation curve of macrophages with 125I-labelled aggregates the optimal inhibitory effect of a measured amount of IC was determined. This radioassay is highly sensitive, being capable of detecting 20 ng of IC, is reproducible and covers a wide range of measurement (20-2000 ng)."}
{"id": "PMID:863475", "title": "The immunoglobulin class of anti-hapten antibody secreted during secondary responses in vitro and in vivo.", "content": "A comparison has been made of the in vitro and in vivo response of primed mouse spleen cells to the hapten DNP. The responses were analysed in terms of six classes (sub-classes) of humoral antibody directed against the cross-reacting hapten TNP. By comparison with the response in intact mice the adoptive secondary response is delayed by 3 days in addition to being somewhat lesser in magnitude. The timing of the response in vitro is similar to that observed in intact mice. The preponderant class in all three responses was gammaG1 with gammaA and gammaG3 secreting cells consistently comprising the smallest proportion of the total of antibody-secreting cells.", "contents": "The immunoglobulin class of anti-hapten antibody secreted during secondary responses in vitro and in vivo. A comparison has been made of the in vitro and in vivo response of primed mouse spleen cells to the hapten DNP. The responses were analysed in terms of six classes (sub-classes) of humoral antibody directed against the cross-reacting hapten TNP. By comparison with the response in intact mice the adoptive secondary response is delayed by 3 days in addition to being somewhat lesser in magnitude. The timing of the response in vitro is similar to that observed in intact mice. The preponderant class in all three responses was gammaG1 with gammaA and gammaG3 secreting cells consistently comprising the smallest proportion of the total of antibody-secreting cells."}
{"id": "PMID:863476", "title": "The relative frequencies and distribution of immunoglobulin-bearing cells in the intestinal mucosa of neonatal and weaned pigs and their significance in the development of secretory immunity.", "content": "A comparative immunohistochemical study has been made of cells containing immunoglobulins IgM; IgA and IgG in the intestines of pigs varying in age from 2 days to 12 weeks. Cells with cytoplasmic IgM appeared in the lamina propria earlier than those containing either IgA or IgG. The duodenum appeared to be the preferred site of infiltration, the numbers of cells occurring in duodenal mucosa were consistently higher than at other levels of intestine irrespective of immunoglobulin class. Igm cells formed the majority of immunoglobulin contained cells in the lamina propria of the small bowel in suckling pigs upto 4 weeks of age. But in the weaned animal the proportion of IgM cells gradually declined with maturity until by the time the pigs were 12 weeks old nearly 90 per cent of the cells contained IgA.", "contents": "The relative frequencies and distribution of immunoglobulin-bearing cells in the intestinal mucosa of neonatal and weaned pigs and their significance in the development of secretory immunity. A comparative immunohistochemical study has been made of cells containing immunoglobulins IgM; IgA and IgG in the intestines of pigs varying in age from 2 days to 12 weeks. Cells with cytoplasmic IgM appeared in the lamina propria earlier than those containing either IgA or IgG. The duodenum appeared to be the preferred site of infiltration, the numbers of cells occurring in duodenal mucosa were consistently higher than at other levels of intestine irrespective of immunoglobulin class. Igm cells formed the majority of immunoglobulin contained cells in the lamina propria of the small bowel in suckling pigs upto 4 weeks of age. But in the weaned animal the proportion of IgM cells gradually declined with maturity until by the time the pigs were 12 weeks old nearly 90 per cent of the cells contained IgA."}
{"id": "PMID:863509", "title": "Inheritance of lipopolysaccharide-enhanced nonspecific resistance to infection and of susceptibility to endotoxic shock in lipopolysaccharide low-responder mice.", "content": "In a previous study, we demonstrated that lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and other bacterial immunostimulants, in contrast to their activity in a closely related high-responder subline, failed to elicit nonspecific resistance in LPS low-responder mice against Klebsiella pneumoniae infection. To investigate the type of inheritance controlling the LPS-induced nonspecific resistance to infection, the present study was performed in low- and high-responder C3H sublines and in F1 and F2 hybrids. In addition, F1 mice were backcrossed to each parental type. Inheritance of susceptibility to endotoxin was also tested in both sublines and their hybrids and backcross progeny. For these latter assays, mice were previously adrenalectomized because removal of this gland considerably enhances their sensitivity. Our present findings are consistent with the hypothesis that LPS enhances nonspecific resistance to infection and that susceptibility to endotoxin shock in the absence of corticoids may be determined by a single autosomal dominant gene.", "contents": "Inheritance of lipopolysaccharide-enhanced nonspecific resistance to infection and of susceptibility to endotoxic shock in lipopolysaccharide low-responder mice. In a previous study, we demonstrated that lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and other bacterial immunostimulants, in contrast to their activity in a closely related high-responder subline, failed to elicit nonspecific resistance in LPS low-responder mice against Klebsiella pneumoniae infection. To investigate the type of inheritance controlling the LPS-induced nonspecific resistance to infection, the present study was performed in low- and high-responder C3H sublines and in F1 and F2 hybrids. In addition, F1 mice were backcrossed to each parental type. Inheritance of susceptibility to endotoxin was also tested in both sublines and their hybrids and backcross progeny. For these latter assays, mice were previously adrenalectomized because removal of this gland considerably enhances their sensitivity. Our present findings are consistent with the hypothesis that LPS enhances nonspecific resistance to infection and that susceptibility to endotoxin shock in the absence of corticoids may be determined by a single autosomal dominant gene."}
{"id": "PMID:863510", "title": "Solid-phase radioimmunoassay for the detection of rotavirus.", "content": "A solid-phase radioimmunoassay method has been developed for the detection of rotavirus in the form of a purified antigen and in stool. The parameters of the radioimmunoassay were examined and optimized to give high sensitivity and same-day results. Compared with electron microscopy, the assay is up to 10 times as sensitive for detection of the virus in stool and up to 128 times as sensitive for detection of a purified virus antigen. In a field  study on stool specimens it was at least as efficient as electron microscopy.", "contents": "Solid-phase radioimmunoassay for the detection of rotavirus. A solid-phase radioimmunoassay method has been developed for the detection of rotavirus in the form of a purified antigen and in stool. The parameters of the radioimmunoassay were examined and optimized to give high sensitivity and same-day results. Compared with electron microscopy, the assay is up to 10 times as sensitive for detection of the virus in stool and up to 128 times as sensitive for detection of a purified virus antigen. In a field  study on stool specimens it was at least as efficient as electron microscopy."}
{"id": "PMID:863511", "title": "Stable and unstable forms of human fibroblast interferon.", "content": "There is a minor fraction of human fibroblast interferon that resembles human leukocyte interferon in being renaturable after treatment with guanidine hydrochloride. However, antigenically and in its low activity on heterologous cells, it resembles the bulk of human fibroblast interferon. Since the production of this stable interferon fraction is not greatly inhibited by glucosamine at concentrations that significantly reduce total interferon production, it is suggested that it differs from the bulk of human fibroblast interferon in the extent or nature of glycosylation.", "contents": "Stable and unstable forms of human fibroblast interferon. There is a minor fraction of human fibroblast interferon that resembles human leukocyte interferon in being renaturable after treatment with guanidine hydrochloride. However, antigenically and in its low activity on heterologous cells, it resembles the bulk of human fibroblast interferon. Since the production of this stable interferon fraction is not greatly inhibited by glucosamine at concentrations that significantly reduce total interferon production, it is suggested that it differs from the bulk of human fibroblast interferon in the extent or nature of glycosylation."}
{"id": "PMID:863512", "title": "Environmental origin of natural antibodies to teichoic acid.", "content": "In an effort to determine the origin of natural antibodies to teichoic acid, rats were fed a sterile liquid diet free of detectable teichoic acid and virtually free of gram-positive bacteria. Both germ-free and conventional Sprague-Dawley rats raised on this diet failed to produce antibodies to polyglycerophosphate, whereas 100% of their counterparts fed the usual teichoic acid-containing diet did produce these antibodies. The intestinal flora was similar in both groups of animals. When the test animals were immunized intraperitoneally or orally with gram-positive bacteria, 100% displayed immunocompetency by producing significant levels of antibody. These results demonstrate the environmental nature of the antigenic stimulus for these antibodies and suggest the importance of food as the major source of stimulation. The experimental model described here furnishes a valuable tool for studies of immunologic responses where a single known specificity and a controlled system would be advantageous.", "contents": "Environmental origin of natural antibodies to teichoic acid. In an effort to determine the origin of natural antibodies to teichoic acid, rats were fed a sterile liquid diet free of detectable teichoic acid and virtually free of gram-positive bacteria. Both germ-free and conventional Sprague-Dawley rats raised on this diet failed to produce antibodies to polyglycerophosphate, whereas 100% of their counterparts fed the usual teichoic acid-containing diet did produce these antibodies. The intestinal flora was similar in both groups of animals. When the test animals were immunized intraperitoneally or orally with gram-positive bacteria, 100% displayed immunocompetency by producing significant levels of antibody. These results demonstrate the environmental nature of the antigenic stimulus for these antibodies and suggest the importance of food as the major source of stimulation. The experimental model described here furnishes a valuable tool for studies of immunologic responses where a single known specificity and a controlled system would be advantageous."}
{"id": "PMID:863513", "title": "Immunological responses of mice to lipopolysaccharide: lack of secondary responsiveness by C3H/HeJ mice.", "content": "Mice of the C3H/HeJ strain, which were unresponsive to the biological effects of bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS), could not be induced to make specific secondary immunological responses to LPS; they responded to two doses of LPS with a primary response. This lack of secondary responsiveness by C3H/HeJ mice was due to a defect in a single, autosomal, dominant gene. Thus, further evidence was provided that an intact second immunological signal and responsiveness thereto were required to trigger secondary antibody responses in primed animals.", "contents": "Immunological responses of mice to lipopolysaccharide: lack of secondary responsiveness by C3H/HeJ mice. Mice of the C3H/HeJ strain, which were unresponsive to the biological effects of bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS), could not be induced to make specific secondary immunological responses to LPS; they responded to two doses of LPS with a primary response. This lack of secondary responsiveness by C3H/HeJ mice was due to a defect in a single, autosomal, dominant gene. Thus, further evidence was provided that an intact second immunological signal and responsiveness thereto were required to trigger secondary antibody responses in primed animals."}
{"id": "PMID:863514", "title": "Cell-mediated immunity after oral immunization with ribonucleic acid-protein fractions of Vibrio cholerae L-form lysates.", "content": "Oral administration of a single dose of ribonucleic acid-protein fraction of lysates of Vibrio cholerae subtype Ogawa L-forms induced an increase in cell-mediated immunity in rabbits. This was demonstrated by an increase in leukocyte migration inhibition in peripheral blood leukocytes, in macrophages migration inhibition, and in microbicidal activity against Listeria monocytogenes in peritoneal macrophages obtained from orally immunized rabbits. Increased cell-mediated immunity was induced mainly with V. cholerae Ogawa and ribonucleic acid-protein fractions. It appeared in 20 days and persisted for at least 90 days.", "contents": "Cell-mediated immunity after oral immunization with ribonucleic acid-protein fractions of Vibrio cholerae L-form lysates. Oral administration of a single dose of ribonucleic acid-protein fraction of lysates of Vibrio cholerae subtype Ogawa L-forms induced an increase in cell-mediated immunity in rabbits. This was demonstrated by an increase in leukocyte migration inhibition in peripheral blood leukocytes, in macrophages migration inhibition, and in microbicidal activity against Listeria monocytogenes in peritoneal macrophages obtained from orally immunized rabbits. Increased cell-mediated immunity was induced mainly with V. cholerae Ogawa and ribonucleic acid-protein fractions. It appeared in 20 days and persisted for at least 90 days."}
{"id": "PMID:863515", "title": "Trypanosoma musculi infections in normocomplementemic, C5-deficient, and C3-depleted mice.", "content": "The role of complement in host resistance to infection with Trypanosoma musculi was studied in normal, C5-deficient, and C3-depleted mice. Infections in normocomplementemic strains (CBA and B10.D2/n) were generally similar to those in strains genetically deficient in C5 (A and B10.D2/o). There were no differences in inhibition of reproduction, duration of infection, persistence of parasites in the kidneys, or resistance to reinfection. However, peak parasitemias in B10.D2/o mice were slightly greater than in B10.D2/n mice. In addition, B10.D2/o mice had slightly decreased serum levels of C1 early in the course of infection and of C3 early during the elimination of adult forms. These components were unchanged or increased in infections of B10.D2/n. Depletion of C3 and late-acting components in B10.D2/n mice by treatment with cobra venom factor during the reproductive stage of infection resulted in an increase of reproductive forms before the apparent development of ablastic immunity as well as slightly greater peak parasitemias when compared with those of untreated controls. Cobra venom factor treatment of B10.D2/o mice during the reproductive stage did not alter the course of infection. Cobra venom factor treatment of C3H mice during the adult stage prolonged infections by interfering with parasite elimination. It is concluded that complement-mediated lysis is not involved in control of T. musculi. It is not clear whether a C3-dependent function such as phagocytosis may facilitate elimination of the parasites. The major difference in degree of parasitemias among the various strains of mice studied is due to genetic factors rather than the levels of C3, C5, or late-acting complement components.", "contents": "Trypanosoma musculi infections in normocomplementemic, C5-deficient, and C3-depleted mice. The role of complement in host resistance to infection with Trypanosoma musculi was studied in normal, C5-deficient, and C3-depleted mice. Infections in normocomplementemic strains (CBA and B10.D2/n) were generally similar to those in strains genetically deficient in C5 (A and B10.D2/o). There were no differences in inhibition of reproduction, duration of infection, persistence of parasites in the kidneys, or resistance to reinfection. However, peak parasitemias in B10.D2/o mice were slightly greater than in B10.D2/n mice. In addition, B10.D2/o mice had slightly decreased serum levels of C1 early in the course of infection and of C3 early during the elimination of adult forms. These components were unchanged or increased in infections of B10.D2/n. Depletion of C3 and late-acting components in B10.D2/n mice by treatment with cobra venom factor during the reproductive stage of infection resulted in an increase of reproductive forms before the apparent development of ablastic immunity as well as slightly greater peak parasitemias when compared with those of untreated controls. Cobra venom factor treatment of B10.D2/o mice during the reproductive stage did not alter the course of infection. Cobra venom factor treatment of C3H mice during the adult stage prolonged infections by interfering with parasite elimination. It is concluded that complement-mediated lysis is not involved in control of T. musculi. It is not clear whether a C3-dependent function such as phagocytosis may facilitate elimination of the parasites. The major difference in degree of parasitemias among the various strains of mice studied is due to genetic factors rather than the levels of C3, C5, or late-acting complement components."}
{"id": "PMID:863516", "title": "Properties of a variant of Streptococcus mutans altered in its ability to interact with glucans.", "content": "After continuous subculture of Streptococcus mutans GS-5, the resultant organism, GS-5var, was found to be altered in its ability to undergo dextran- and sucrose-induced cell agglutination and to adhere to smooth surfaces in the presence of sucrose. Both GS-5 and GS-5var cells possessed the serotype c polysaccharide antigen, displayed similar growth kinetics, appeared to have similar metabolic and biosynthetic capabilities, and produced similar amounts of cell-associated and extracellular glucosyltransferase activity in chemically defined medium. GS-5 cells which had bound exogenous glucosyltransferase enzymes from either cell type were able to undergo sucrose-dependent adherence to smooth surfaces, whereas GS-5var cells which had bound comparable levels of glucosyltransferase activity were unable to adhere. In contrast to GS-5var cells, GS-5 cells were also able to adhere to preformed glucan deposits. In addition, [(14)C]glucan binding studies demonstrated that GS-5 cells were able to bind fourfold-greater levels of [(14)C]glucan relative to GS-5var cells having similar cell-associated glucosyltransferase activity. Further study of GS-5 cells also suggested the existence of a glucan binding site, distinct from the cell-associated glucosyltransferase activity, which is important in dextran-induced agglutination and sucrose-dependent adherence to smooth surfaces. These results are discussed in terms of the alteration of the GS-5var cells and their possible relationship to the putative receptors for glucosyltransferase enzymes and glucans on the cell surface of S. mutans.", "contents": "Properties of a variant of Streptococcus mutans altered in its ability to interact with glucans. After continuous subculture of Streptococcus mutans GS-5, the resultant organism, GS-5var, was found to be altered in its ability to undergo dextran- and sucrose-induced cell agglutination and to adhere to smooth surfaces in the presence of sucrose. Both GS-5 and GS-5var cells possessed the serotype c polysaccharide antigen, displayed similar growth kinetics, appeared to have similar metabolic and biosynthetic capabilities, and produced similar amounts of cell-associated and extracellular glucosyltransferase activity in chemically defined medium. GS-5 cells which had bound exogenous glucosyltransferase enzymes from either cell type were able to undergo sucrose-dependent adherence to smooth surfaces, whereas GS-5var cells which had bound comparable levels of glucosyltransferase activity were unable to adhere. In contrast to GS-5var cells, GS-5 cells were also able to adhere to preformed glucan deposits. In addition, [(14)C]glucan binding studies demonstrated that GS-5 cells were able to bind fourfold-greater levels of [(14)C]glucan relative to GS-5var cells having similar cell-associated glucosyltransferase activity. Further study of GS-5 cells also suggested the existence of a glucan binding site, distinct from the cell-associated glucosyltransferase activity, which is important in dextran-induced agglutination and sucrose-dependent adherence to smooth surfaces. These results are discussed in terms of the alteration of the GS-5var cells and their possible relationship to the putative receptors for glucosyltransferase enzymes and glucans on the cell surface of S. mutans."}
{"id": "PMID:863517", "title": "Local immunity against Newcastle disease virus in the newly hatched chicken's respiratory tract.", "content": "Inoculation of 200 mean egg infectious doses (EID(50)) of lentogenic Newcastle disease virus strain B1 (NDV-B1) into the air sac of 4-day-old specific-pathogen-free chicks provided significant protection against challenge of the air sac with 100 chicken mean lethal doses (LD(50)) of velogenic NDV-H but no protection against reinfection when the challenge was by the eye. Conversely, inoculation of the eye with 200 EID(50) of NDV-B1 provided significant protection against challenge of the eye but not of the air sac with 100 chicken LD(50) of NDV-H. Birds that received both antiserum and intraocular immunization were subsequently protected against both eye and air-sac challenge. On the other hand, birds that received antiserum and air-sac immunization were protected only against air-sac challenge but not against ocular challenge. Low levels of passively administered antibody did not prevent infection of the eye or air sac but greatly reduced the mortality rate after inoculation of either the vaccine or the challenge viruses. Passively administered antibody also suppressed hemagglutination-inhibiting and virus-neutralizing antibody formation stimulated by air-sac infection but not antibody formation stimulated by ocular infection. These data are consistent with the hypothesis that local immunity is responsible for prevention of infection, since birds were immune to reinfection at one site and simultaneously susceptible at the other site of infection.", "contents": "Local immunity against Newcastle disease virus in the newly hatched chicken's respiratory tract. Inoculation of 200 mean egg infectious doses (EID(50)) of lentogenic Newcastle disease virus strain B1 (NDV-B1) into the air sac of 4-day-old specific-pathogen-free chicks provided significant protection against challenge of the air sac with 100 chicken mean lethal doses (LD(50)) of velogenic NDV-H but no protection against reinfection when the challenge was by the eye. Conversely, inoculation of the eye with 200 EID(50) of NDV-B1 provided significant protection against challenge of the eye but not of the air sac with 100 chicken LD(50) of NDV-H. Birds that received both antiserum and intraocular immunization were subsequently protected against both eye and air-sac challenge. On the other hand, birds that received antiserum and air-sac immunization were protected only against air-sac challenge but not against ocular challenge. Low levels of passively administered antibody did not prevent infection of the eye or air sac but greatly reduced the mortality rate after inoculation of either the vaccine or the challenge viruses. Passively administered antibody also suppressed hemagglutination-inhibiting and virus-neutralizing antibody formation stimulated by air-sac infection but not antibody formation stimulated by ocular infection. These data are consistent with the hypothesis that local immunity is responsible for prevention of infection, since birds were immune to reinfection at one site and simultaneously susceptible at the other site of infection."}
{"id": "PMID:863518", "title": "Streptococcus mutans dextransucrase: functioning of primer dextran and endogenous dextranase in water-soluble and water-insoluble glucan synthesis.", "content": "The extracellular enzyme activities of Streptococcus mutans 6715 that synthesize glucans from sucrose were concentrated and partially purified by ammonium sulfate precipitation and gel permeation column chromatography. Polyacrylamide gel analysis demonstrated that all of the major proteins precipitated by ammonium sulfate were quantitatively recovered in the high-molecular-weight, enzyme-containing aggregates found in the void volume of the gel column. Anion-exchange column chromatography was used to fractionate the aggregates into preparations, alpha and beta, which produced water-insoluble and water-soluble glucans, respectively. Polyacrylamide gel analysis showed that alpha and beta contained unique proteins and dextransucrase (EC 2.4.1.5) activities. Studies on the time course of glucan synthesis by alpha demonstrated that this enzyme preparation contained dextranase activity, which partially degraded nascent alcohol-insoluble glucan into alcohol-soluble products that were subsequently reincorporated into insoluble product. The beta enzyme preparation contained no detectable dextranase activity. Mixing experiments in the absence of primer dextran demonstrated that the dextranase activity present in alpha could modify glucan production by beta. CsCl density gradient analysis of product glucans demonstrated that exogenous primer dextrans were used as acceptor molecules by both the alpha and beta enzyme preparations, and that water-soluble glucans synthesized by beta could be converted into water-insoluble glucans by alpha. It is proposed that the structural heterogeneity of the native glucans produced from sucrose by S. mutans is a result of the concerted action of glucan-forming dextransucrases and endohydrolytic dextranase activity.", "contents": "Streptococcus mutans dextransucrase: functioning of primer dextran and endogenous dextranase in water-soluble and water-insoluble glucan synthesis. The extracellular enzyme activities of Streptococcus mutans 6715 that synthesize glucans from sucrose were concentrated and partially purified by ammonium sulfate precipitation and gel permeation column chromatography. Polyacrylamide gel analysis demonstrated that all of the major proteins precipitated by ammonium sulfate were quantitatively recovered in the high-molecular-weight, enzyme-containing aggregates found in the void volume of the gel column. Anion-exchange column chromatography was used to fractionate the aggregates into preparations, alpha and beta, which produced water-insoluble and water-soluble glucans, respectively. Polyacrylamide gel analysis showed that alpha and beta contained unique proteins and dextransucrase (EC 2.4.1.5) activities. Studies on the time course of glucan synthesis by alpha demonstrated that this enzyme preparation contained dextranase activity, which partially degraded nascent alcohol-insoluble glucan into alcohol-soluble products that were subsequently reincorporated into insoluble product. The beta enzyme preparation contained no detectable dextranase activity. Mixing experiments in the absence of primer dextran demonstrated that the dextranase activity present in alpha could modify glucan production by beta. CsCl density gradient analysis of product glucans demonstrated that exogenous primer dextrans were used as acceptor molecules by both the alpha and beta enzyme preparations, and that water-soluble glucans synthesized by beta could be converted into water-insoluble glucans by alpha. It is proposed that the structural heterogeneity of the native glucans produced from sucrose by S. mutans is a result of the concerted action of glucan-forming dextransucrases and endohydrolytic dextranase activity."}
{"id": "PMID:863519", "title": "Low sucrose levels promote extensive Streptococcus mutans-induced dental caries.", "content": "One-tenth percent sucrose significantly promotes dental caries induced by Streptococcus mutans in young gnotobiotic rats. Maximum caries activity was observed in rats provided a purified diet containing 3% sucrose.", "contents": "Low sucrose levels promote extensive Streptococcus mutans-induced dental caries. One-tenth percent sucrose significantly promotes dental caries induced by Streptococcus mutans in young gnotobiotic rats. Maximum caries activity was observed in rats provided a purified diet containing 3% sucrose."}
{"id": "PMID:863520", "title": "Chronic infection with Trypanosoma musculi in congenitally athymic nude mice.", "content": "Trypanosoma musculi produces a chronic infection with a consistently elevated parasitemia in nude mice. Thymic reconstitution of nude mice restores immunity to the infection.", "contents": "Chronic infection with Trypanosoma musculi in congenitally athymic nude mice. Trypanosoma musculi produces a chronic infection with a consistently elevated parasitemia in nude mice. Thymic reconstitution of nude mice restores immunity to the infection."}
{"id": "PMID:863521", "title": "Sensitivity to intravenous injections of histamine and serotonin in inbred mouse strains.", "content": "A large panel of inbred strains of mice and some of their Fl hybrids were tested on their sensitivity to the hemoconcentrating effects of intravenous injections of histamine alone, serotonin alone, or histamine-serotonin mixtures. Major differences in susceptibility were observed. Crosses and backcrosses were made between susceptible (SJL/J) and less susceptible (RF/J, C57BL/6J) strains; it was found that the sensitivity to vasoactive amines is, at least partially, inheritable.", "contents": "Sensitivity to intravenous injections of histamine and serotonin in inbred mouse strains. A large panel of inbred strains of mice and some of their Fl hybrids were tested on their sensitivity to the hemoconcentrating effects of intravenous injections of histamine alone, serotonin alone, or histamine-serotonin mixtures. Major differences in susceptibility were observed. Crosses and backcrosses were made between susceptible (SJL/J) and less susceptible (RF/J, C57BL/6J) strains; it was found that the sensitivity to vasoactive amines is, at least partially, inheritable."}
{"id": "PMID:863522", "title": "Mitogen-induced lymphocyte and cutaneous reactions in dogs.", "content": "The lymphocyte response of dogs to mitogens was determined using separated lymphocyte and whole blood lymphocyte proliferation techniques. Reactivity to optimal doses of the following mitogens was demonstrated in decreasing order of intensity: phytohemagglutinin, Pokeweed mitogen, conconavalin A and sodium periodate. The canine cutaneous reactivity to these mitogens was also determined. Grossly, erythema and induration with all mitogens was maximal at 24 h. Microscopically, lesions using all mitogens consisted of edema, hyperemia and diffuse dermal infiltration with polymorphonuclear leukocytes and mononuclear cells. These mitogen-induced lesions may represent a specific lymphocyte-mediated inflammatory response, although a nonspecific reaction cannot be excluded.", "contents": "Mitogen-induced lymphocyte and cutaneous reactions in dogs. The lymphocyte response of dogs to mitogens was determined using separated lymphocyte and whole blood lymphocyte proliferation techniques. Reactivity to optimal doses of the following mitogens was demonstrated in decreasing order of intensity: phytohemagglutinin, Pokeweed mitogen, conconavalin A and sodium periodate. The canine cutaneous reactivity to these mitogens was also determined. Grossly, erythema and induration with all mitogens was maximal at 24 h. Microscopically, lesions using all mitogens consisted of edema, hyperemia and diffuse dermal infiltration with polymorphonuclear leukocytes and mononuclear cells. These mitogen-induced lesions may represent a specific lymphocyte-mediated inflammatory response, although a nonspecific reaction cannot be excluded."}
{"id": "PMID:863523", "title": "Influence of levamisole on the immune response of old people.", "content": "Fifteen healthy people, over 70 years old, have been treated during 1 month with Levamisole at the dose of 150 mg a day, twice a week. They have been compared to 15 controls matched for age and sex. At the start of the study, each subject was injected with 0.2 ml of a diphtheria-tetanus vaccine. Levamisole had no effect on the following immune parameters known to be altered in old age: serum IgE concentration, specific IgE and IgG antibody response to diphtheria toxin, lymphocyte response to phytohemagglutinin (PHA). There was a slight and transitory effect of Levamisole on the isohemagglutinin titer. In vitro, Levamisole was weakly mitogenic for the peripheral blood lymphocytes from old and young control subjects but there was no influence on the response to PHA.", "contents": "Influence of levamisole on the immune response of old people. Fifteen healthy people, over 70 years old, have been treated during 1 month with Levamisole at the dose of 150 mg a day, twice a week. They have been compared to 15 controls matched for age and sex. At the start of the study, each subject was injected with 0.2 ml of a diphtheria-tetanus vaccine. Levamisole had no effect on the following immune parameters known to be altered in old age: serum IgE concentration, specific IgE and IgG antibody response to diphtheria toxin, lymphocyte response to phytohemagglutinin (PHA). There was a slight and transitory effect of Levamisole on the isohemagglutinin titer. In vitro, Levamisole was weakly mitogenic for the peripheral blood lymphocytes from old and young control subjects but there was no influence on the response to PHA."}
{"id": "PMID:863524", "title": "Suppression of delayed type hypersensitivity induction to sheep red blood cells by concanavalin A in mice.", "content": "An examination was carried out on the in vivo effect of concanavalin A (Con A) on the induction of delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) to heterologous erythrocytes in mice. DTH induction was suppressed by an intravenous injection of 100 microng of Con A 1 day before, or simultaneously with immunization. This suppression was mediated by Con-A-activated spleen cells, and also by their cell-free extracts. However, this suppressive effect was abrogated by absorption of cell-free extracts with immunoadsorbent composed of rabbit anti-mouse thymocyte serum (ATS), indicating that suppressive factors for DTH induction make up one of the components extractable from Con-A-activated T cell population.", "contents": "Suppression of delayed type hypersensitivity induction to sheep red blood cells by concanavalin A in mice. An examination was carried out on the in vivo effect of concanavalin A (Con A) on the induction of delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) to heterologous erythrocytes in mice. DTH induction was suppressed by an intravenous injection of 100 microng of Con A 1 day before, or simultaneously with immunization. This suppression was mediated by Con-A-activated spleen cells, and also by their cell-free extracts. However, this suppressive effect was abrogated by absorption of cell-free extracts with immunoadsorbent composed of rabbit anti-mouse thymocyte serum (ATS), indicating that suppressive factors for DTH induction make up one of the components extractable from Con-A-activated T cell population."}
{"id": "PMID:863525", "title": "Allergenic structure of allergen M from cod. II. Allergenicity of the limited tryptic hydrolysis peptides of fragment TM 2.", "content": "The peptides P1B3 (amino acid residues No. 88-113) and LT3N1 (residues No. 88-108), obtained from the limited tryptic hydrolysis of fragment TM 2 from codfish allergen M inhibited the interaction between allergen M and reaginic IgE antibodies both in vitro (87 and 62% RAST inhibition, respectively) and in vivo (total PK test inhibition). The peptide A7B1 (residues No. 97-113) overlapping the former at the COOH-terminus, was inactive in PK test inhibition experiments and produced only a minor inhibition of RAST (15%). The findings suggest that the nonapeptide residue No. 88-96 is partially indispensible for the allergenic activity of fragment TM 2, and is likely to incorporate allergenic determinant(s).", "contents": "Allergenic structure of allergen M from cod. II. Allergenicity of the limited tryptic hydrolysis peptides of fragment TM 2. The peptides P1B3 (amino acid residues No. 88-113) and LT3N1 (residues No. 88-108), obtained from the limited tryptic hydrolysis of fragment TM 2 from codfish allergen M inhibited the interaction between allergen M and reaginic IgE antibodies both in vitro (87 and 62% RAST inhibition, respectively) and in vivo (total PK test inhibition). The peptide A7B1 (residues No. 97-113) overlapping the former at the COOH-terminus, was inactive in PK test inhibition experiments and produced only a minor inhibition of RAST (15%). The findings suggest that the nonapeptide residue No. 88-96 is partially indispensible for the allergenic activity of fragment TM 2, and is likely to incorporate allergenic determinant(s)."}
{"id": "PMID:863526", "title": "Prognostic value of HLA-A 3, BW 35, B 7, and B 12 in ocular hypertension.", "content": "The prevalences of HLA-A 3, BW 35, B 7 and B 12 in 80 Caucasian patients with ocular hypertension were intermediate between values found in ocular normotensives and in patients with primary open-angle glaucoma. The presence of HLA-B 7 or B 12 had significant predictive value for the development of glaucomatous damage to the optic nerve in patients with ocular hypertension. The HLA-A 3 antigen by itself, or in combination with B 7 and B 12 did not improve the prognostic value of the B 7 and B 12 antigens. Only one of the 20 white ocular hypertensives in this series with  HLA BW 35 antigen developed glaucomatous visual field loss.", "contents": "Prognostic value of HLA-A 3, BW 35, B 7, and B 12 in ocular hypertension. The prevalences of HLA-A 3, BW 35, B 7 and B 12 in 80 Caucasian patients with ocular hypertension were intermediate between values found in ocular normotensives and in patients with primary open-angle glaucoma. The presence of HLA-B 7 or B 12 had significant predictive value for the development of glaucomatous damage to the optic nerve in patients with ocular hypertension. The HLA-A 3 antigen by itself, or in combination with B 7 and B 12 did not improve the prognostic value of the B 7 and B 12 antigens. Only one of the 20 white ocular hypertensives in this series with  HLA BW 35 antigen developed glaucomatous visual field loss."}
{"id": "PMID:863527", "title": "Rheumatoid-like joint lesions in rabbits injected intravenously with bovine serum.", "content": "Rheumatoid-like synovial lesions have been produced experimentally in 21% of rabbits receiving intravenous injections of bovine serum by various regimens. They were characterized by lining cell hyperplasia, accumulations, often follicular, of lymphocytes and plasma cells just under the lining layer, sometimes with extensive fibroplasia and pannus formation with cartilage erosion.", "contents": "Rheumatoid-like joint lesions in rabbits injected intravenously with bovine serum. Rheumatoid-like synovial lesions have been produced experimentally in 21% of rabbits receiving intravenous injections of bovine serum by various regimens. They were characterized by lining cell hyperplasia, accumulations, often follicular, of lymphocytes and plasma cells just under the lining layer, sometimes with extensive fibroplasia and pannus formation with cartilage erosion."}
{"id": "PMID:863538", "title": "Human skin burns induced by defibrillator default current: a mathematical simulation model.", "content": "A preliminary model was prepared for the development of superficial burns which can result from the interaction of faulty defibrillator and other electrical operating room equipment. A thermal model previously used to predict retinal coagulation was adapted to give temperature rise history of the skin. Skin resistance is assumed to decrease rapidly due to the instability of a small volume near the surface. Heating due to dissipation of the defibrillator capacitor energy in this skin volume is shown to be high enough to cause burns. A sensitivity analysis is included to isolate the dominant input parameters. Recommendations are made for future research.", "contents": "Human skin burns induced by defibrillator default current: a mathematical simulation model. A preliminary model was prepared for the development of superficial burns which can result from the interaction of faulty defibrillator and other electrical operating room equipment. A thermal model previously used to predict retinal coagulation was adapted to give temperature rise history of the skin. Skin resistance is assumed to decrease rapidly due to the instability of a small volume near the surface. Heating due to dissipation of the defibrillator capacitor energy in this skin volume is shown to be high enough to cause burns. A sensitivity analysis is included to isolate the dominant input parameters. Recommendations are made for future research."}
{"id": "PMID:863539", "title": "Real-time record management in general practice.", "content": "The primary objectives of the Exeter Community Health Services Computer Project ('the Project') are to help provide better patient care and improved efficiency in both administrative and clinical procedures and to make available facilities for management and research. These objectives are achieved by a computer system that creates a community based Integrated Patient Record (IPR) which satisfies the needs of doctors, nurses and administrative staff both in hospitals and Health Centres. The IPR is accessed and maintained by all these users via visual display units (ICL Mark II VDU) and hard copy printers (Termiprinters) linked to a real-time communications network. This paper concentrates on the applications of the Project used in Health Centres, where General Practitioners share premises with District Nurses, Health Visitors, Social Workers and other members of the Community Health Care Team.", "contents": "Real-time record management in general practice. The primary objectives of the Exeter Community Health Services Computer Project ('the Project') are to help provide better patient care and improved efficiency in both administrative and clinical procedures and to make available facilities for management and research. These objectives are achieved by a computer system that creates a community based Integrated Patient Record (IPR) which satisfies the needs of doctors, nurses and administrative staff both in hospitals and Health Centres. The IPR is accessed and maintained by all these users via visual display units (ICL Mark II VDU) and hard copy printers (Termiprinters) linked to a real-time communications network. This paper concentrates on the applications of the Project used in Health Centres, where General Practitioners share premises with District Nurses, Health Visitors, Social Workers and other members of the Community Health Care Team."}
{"id": "PMID:863541", "title": "Epidemiology of hodgkin's disease in the young.", "content": "Many features of Hodgkin's disease (HD) among adolescents and young adults suggest that it has an infectious etiology. However, the proposal that HD is a contagious disease which can be transmitted by patients or their close contacts has not been substantiated. An alternative infectious disease model is suggested by analogy with paralytic poliomyelitis (PP). For both diseases, the peak age of incidence is delayed as living conditions improve. For both, increased risk is associated with higher social class and small family size. Like PP, HD may be a rare manifestation of a common infection with the probability of disease development increasing as age at infection is delayed. This analogy is supported by the report that the risk of HD is higher for persons who had a low frequency of childhood infectious diseases. If this model is valid, HD patients represent no hazard to their contacts. However, the incidence of HD among young adults may increase in the coming decade because of the current high standard of living and small family size.", "contents": "Epidemiology of hodgkin's disease in the young. Many features of Hodgkin's disease (HD) among adolescents and young adults suggest that it has an infectious etiology. However, the proposal that HD is a contagious disease which can be transmitted by patients or their close contacts has not been substantiated. An alternative infectious disease model is suggested by analogy with paralytic poliomyelitis (PP). For both diseases, the peak age of incidence is delayed as living conditions improve. For both, increased risk is associated with higher social class and small family size. Like PP, HD may be a rare manifestation of a common infection with the probability of disease development increasing as age at infection is delayed. This analogy is supported by the report that the risk of HD is higher for persons who had a low frequency of childhood infectious diseases. If this model is valid, HD patients represent no hazard to their contacts. However, the incidence of HD among young adults may increase in the coming decade because of the current high standard of living and small family size."}
{"id": "PMID:863542", "title": "Fibrinolysis associated with human neoplasia: production of plasminogen activator by human tumours.", "content": "The plasminogen-dependent fibrinolytic activity of several human tumours has been studied. The following neoplastic tissues, which were obtained from cancer patients by either surgery or biopsies, were examined: cervical, mammary, prostatic, ovarian, lung carcinomas, melanoma, basalioma. Fibrinolysis was measured in lysates either of tumour tissue specimens or of respective cell cultures. This measurement was based on release of radioactivity from 125I-fibrin-coated Petri dishes. All examined tumours showed elevated levels of plasminogen-dependent fibrinolytic activity. However, normal control tissues had little or no activity. These results indicate that the fibrinolysis might be useful in differentiating between malignant and normal tissues.", "contents": "Fibrinolysis associated with human neoplasia: production of plasminogen activator by human tumours. The plasminogen-dependent fibrinolytic activity of several human tumours has been studied. The following neoplastic tissues, which were obtained from cancer patients by either surgery or biopsies, were examined: cervical, mammary, prostatic, ovarian, lung carcinomas, melanoma, basalioma. Fibrinolysis was measured in lysates either of tumour tissue specimens or of respective cell cultures. This measurement was based on release of radioactivity from 125I-fibrin-coated Petri dishes. All examined tumours showed elevated levels of plasminogen-dependent fibrinolytic activity. However, normal control tissues had little or no activity. These results indicate that the fibrinolysis might be useful in differentiating between malignant and normal tissues."}
{"id": "PMID:863543", "title": "Morphological transformation of early passage golden Syrian hamster embryo cells derived from cryopreserved primary cultures as a reliable in vitro bioassay for identifying diverse carcinogens.", "content": "Cryopreserved primary cultures of golden Syrian hamster embryo cells were used as the source of target and feeder cells for establishing an in vitro carcinogenesis bioassay. The primary culture giving the best overall response in a pretest before freezing gave positive results in 20 consecutive experiments when retested with 3-methylcholanthrene after cryopreservation, indicating that pretested cryopreserved cultures can serve as a source of susceptible target cells in an in vitro carcinogenesis bioassay. Similarly prepared and cryopreserved cultures served satisfactorily as feeder cells. Susceptible positive cultures were used to test a large number of carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic chemicals in this system. The results showed a very high positive correlation (90.8%) between morphological transformation and the reported carcinogenic activity of the chemicals. Transformation was not observed when cells were tested with a few carcinogens that may not be metabolized to their active forms by early passage hamster embryo cells. N-2-acetylaminofluorene transformed cells only when tested in the presence of hamster liver microsomes. No false positive results were obtained when non-carcinogens were bioassayed, nor was spontaneous transformation observed in control cultures treated with medium alone, 0.2% dimethylsulfoxide or other solvents. Cultures derived from morphologically transformed colonies arising after treatment of cells with several known carcinogens were tumorigenic in vivo, confirming the correlation of morphological transformation with tumorigenicity and the validity of altered morphology as an in vitro criterion for carcinogenicity in vivo.", "contents": "Morphological transformation of early passage golden Syrian hamster embryo cells derived from cryopreserved primary cultures as a reliable in vitro bioassay for identifying diverse carcinogens. Cryopreserved primary cultures of golden Syrian hamster embryo cells were used as the source of target and feeder cells for establishing an in vitro carcinogenesis bioassay. The primary culture giving the best overall response in a pretest before freezing gave positive results in 20 consecutive experiments when retested with 3-methylcholanthrene after cryopreservation, indicating that pretested cryopreserved cultures can serve as a source of susceptible target cells in an in vitro carcinogenesis bioassay. Similarly prepared and cryopreserved cultures served satisfactorily as feeder cells. Susceptible positive cultures were used to test a large number of carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic chemicals in this system. The results showed a very high positive correlation (90.8%) between morphological transformation and the reported carcinogenic activity of the chemicals. Transformation was not observed when cells were tested with a few carcinogens that may not be metabolized to their active forms by early passage hamster embryo cells. N-2-acetylaminofluorene transformed cells only when tested in the presence of hamster liver microsomes. No false positive results were obtained when non-carcinogens were bioassayed, nor was spontaneous transformation observed in control cultures treated with medium alone, 0.2% dimethylsulfoxide or other solvents. Cultures derived from morphologically transformed colonies arising after treatment of cells with several known carcinogens were tumorigenic in vivo, confirming the correlation of morphological transformation with tumorigenicity and the validity of altered morphology as an in vitro criterion for carcinogenicity in vivo."}
{"id": "PMID:863544", "title": "Cell kinetics and immunoegenicity of lymphoma cells treated with 5-(3,3-dimethyl-1-triazeno) imidazole-4-carboxamide (DIC) in vivo.", "content": "A cycle of treatment with antineoplastic compounds may alter the immunologic properties of experimental tumors leading to an increased survival of syngeneic hosts as compared to that observed with the original parental tumors. However, a loss of growth potential in drug-treated tumors might account for this preferential rejection by syngeneic or by allogeneic animals. In the present study the cell cycle kinetics of parental (L1210 and L5178Y) and DIC-altered leukemic cells (L1210/DIC; L5178Y/DIC) has been evaluated by the establishment of labelled mitosis curves. The in vitro DNA synthesis and cell loss were also investigated. The experimental results indicate that no significant differences in the above properties were present for parental and corresponding drug-treated leukemic sublines. Immuno-depressed allogeneic mice were more resistant to lymphoma challenge when inoculated with the DIC-sublines than with the parental lines. On adoptive transfer of immune lymphocytes there was increased survival of allogeneic animals challenged with DIC cells, attributable to an additional immune response to DIC-induced antigens. Thus, parental or DIC-tumors showed similar tumorigenic characteristics, and the increased allogeneic host survival to DIC-cell challenge may be attributed to an additional immune response of the animal DIC-induced antigens.", "contents": "Cell kinetics and immunoegenicity of lymphoma cells treated with 5-(3,3-dimethyl-1-triazeno) imidazole-4-carboxamide (DIC) in vivo. A cycle of treatment with antineoplastic compounds may alter the immunologic properties of experimental tumors leading to an increased survival of syngeneic hosts as compared to that observed with the original parental tumors. However, a loss of growth potential in drug-treated tumors might account for this preferential rejection by syngeneic or by allogeneic animals. In the present study the cell cycle kinetics of parental (L1210 and L5178Y) and DIC-altered leukemic cells (L1210/DIC; L5178Y/DIC) has been evaluated by the establishment of labelled mitosis curves. The in vitro DNA synthesis and cell loss were also investigated. The experimental results indicate that no significant differences in the above properties were present for parental and corresponding drug-treated leukemic sublines. Immuno-depressed allogeneic mice were more resistant to lymphoma challenge when inoculated with the DIC-sublines than with the parental lines. On adoptive transfer of immune lymphocytes there was increased survival of allogeneic animals challenged with DIC cells, attributable to an additional immune response to DIC-induced antigens. Thus, parental or DIC-tumors showed similar tumorigenic characteristics, and the increased allogeneic host survival to DIC-cell challenge may be attributed to an additional immune response of the animal DIC-induced antigens."}
{"id": "PMID:863546", "title": "An analysis of the factors allowing promotion (rather than inhibition) of tumour growth by Corynebacterium parvum.", "content": "The following factors were found to determine whether C. parvum (CP) treatment promoted rather than inhibited the growth of methylcholanthrene-induced fibrosarcoma cells injected into CBA mice. (1) The dose of tumour cells. Promotion occurred only with low doses, around the TD50. (2) The route of injection of CP. Greater promotion was caused by intravenous (IV) than by subcutaneous (SC) administration. Addition of irradiated tumour cells to SC CP resulted in tumour inhibition. (3) The dose of CP. Promotion increased with increasing dose of either SC or IV CP. (4) The time of CP injection relative to tumour challenge. Promotion only occurred when CP was given before tumour cells, except when using IV CP and very few tumour cells. With increasing doses of tumour cells, first post-treatment with IV CP and then pre-treatment became inhibitory. The effect of CP on established immunity to tumour cells was also studied. Mice were immunized by tumour amputation. The resistance to tumour challenge thus generated could be abrogated by CP given before challenge, most effectively by a high dose IV. The data are interpreted according to the following hypothesis. (1) CP suppresses the expression of cell-mediated immunity to tumour antigens. (2) This is caused by trapping of anti-tumour effector cells at the site of CP deposition. (3) Promotion can only occur when CP is given before effector cells have reached the tumor site.", "contents": "An analysis of the factors allowing promotion (rather than inhibition) of tumour growth by Corynebacterium parvum. The following factors were found to determine whether C. parvum (CP) treatment promoted rather than inhibited the growth of methylcholanthrene-induced fibrosarcoma cells injected into CBA mice. (1) The dose of tumour cells. Promotion occurred only with low doses, around the TD50. (2) The route of injection of CP. Greater promotion was caused by intravenous (IV) than by subcutaneous (SC) administration. Addition of irradiated tumour cells to SC CP resulted in tumour inhibition. (3) The dose of CP. Promotion increased with increasing dose of either SC or IV CP. (4) The time of CP injection relative to tumour challenge. Promotion only occurred when CP was given before tumour cells, except when using IV CP and very few tumour cells. With increasing doses of tumour cells, first post-treatment with IV CP and then pre-treatment became inhibitory. The effect of CP on established immunity to tumour cells was also studied. Mice were immunized by tumour amputation. The resistance to tumour challenge thus generated could be abrogated by CP given before challenge, most effectively by a high dose IV. The data are interpreted according to the following hypothesis. (1) CP suppresses the expression of cell-mediated immunity to tumour antigens. (2) This is caused by trapping of anti-tumour effector cells at the site of CP deposition. (3) Promotion can only occur when CP is given before effector cells have reached the tumor site."}
{"id": "PMID:863547", "title": "Primary tumor immunity in nude mice.", "content": "Tumor implants grew better in radiated or in newborn nu/nu mice than in adult nu/nu controls when, and only when, the tumors were demonstrably immunogenic in normal mice. This result suggests primary immunity. No evidence of immunological memory was found by immunization-challenge type experiments in the nude mice.", "contents": "Primary tumor immunity in nude mice. Tumor implants grew better in radiated or in newborn nu/nu mice than in adult nu/nu controls when, and only when, the tumors were demonstrably immunogenic in normal mice. This result suggests primary immunity. No evidence of immunological memory was found by immunization-challenge type experiments in the nude mice."}
{"id": "PMID:863548", "title": "Immunologic responses to a murine mammary adenocarcinoma. II. Monocyte effector activation by humoral factors.", "content": "Sera from DBA/2 mice bearing a syngeneic T1699 mammary adenocarcinoma not only induced specific antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) mediated by monocytes (and/or macrophages) but also armed (activated) such effector cells into specific killer cells in vitro. Removal of specific antitumor antibody (IgG2a subclass) by absorption with T1699 cells abolished ADCC activity at the level of target cell coating but did not alter the level of effector-arming activity. Fractionation on Sephadex G-20 indicated more than one factor capable of inducing specific monocyte-mediated lysis of target cells in vitro, including immune complexes, free IgG2a 7S antibody (ADCC), and another factor(s) with a molecular weight very close to that of 7S immunoglobulins.", "contents": "Immunologic responses to a murine mammary adenocarcinoma. II. Monocyte effector activation by humoral factors. Sera from DBA/2 mice bearing a syngeneic T1699 mammary adenocarcinoma not only induced specific antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) mediated by monocytes (and/or macrophages) but also armed (activated) such effector cells into specific killer cells in vitro. Removal of specific antitumor antibody (IgG2a subclass) by absorption with T1699 cells abolished ADCC activity at the level of target cell coating but did not alter the level of effector-arming activity. Fractionation on Sephadex G-20 indicated more than one factor capable of inducing specific monocyte-mediated lysis of target cells in vitro, including immune complexes, free IgG2a 7S antibody (ADCC), and another factor(s) with a molecular weight very close to that of 7S immunoglobulins."}
{"id": "PMID:863549", "title": "Carcinogenicity of DDT (dichlorodiphenyl trichloroethane) in pure inbred Swiss mice.", "content": "Inbred Swiss mice were treated with technical DDT (1) orally with the diet or by intubation; (2) subcutaneously and (3) by skin painting. The total duration of the experiment was 80 weeks. There was no difference in body growth and mortality between the experimental and control groups. Toxic manifestations of DDT were observed in treated mice in the form of tremor, convulsions and corneal opacity usually after 40 weeks. Oral and subcutaneous DDT treatment resulted in a significant increase in the incidence of tumours mainly of lymphoid tissues, lung and liver. The highest tumour incidence was recorded in the group of mice receiving DDT by subcutaneous injections. Males and females were equally susceptible. No evidence of carcinogenicity was observed in the painted group.", "contents": "Carcinogenicity of DDT (dichlorodiphenyl trichloroethane) in pure inbred Swiss mice. Inbred Swiss mice were treated with technical DDT (1) orally with the diet or by intubation; (2) subcutaneously and (3) by skin painting. The total duration of the experiment was 80 weeks. There was no difference in body growth and mortality between the experimental and control groups. Toxic manifestations of DDT were observed in treated mice in the form of tremor, convulsions and corneal opacity usually after 40 weeks. Oral and subcutaneous DDT treatment resulted in a significant increase in the incidence of tumours mainly of lymphoid tissues, lung and liver. The highest tumour incidence was recorded in the group of mice receiving DDT by subcutaneous injections. Males and females were equally susceptible. No evidence of carcinogenicity was observed in the painted group."}
{"id": "PMID:863556", "title": "Interpersonal expectations for marijuana behavior.", "content": "Interpersonal expectations for marijuana behavior were investigated by means of open-ended questions. Users and nonusers were asked how the use and nonuse of marijuana affect people's relationships, and their spontaneous replies were assembled into 22 categories. These categories were then cross-tabulated with behavioral, social, experiential, and attitudinal variables. The findings indicated that frequency of marijuana use and favorableness in drug attitude are the key variables that influence the degree to which different categories of interpersonal expectations are mentioned. Current users most often believe that social improvement is a consequence of use but have few specific expectations for nonuse. Former users and nonusers with unfavorable drug attitudes emphasize that social impairment and personal impairment follow from use and mainly expect user rejection for nonuse. Nonusers favorable to marijuana tend to anticipate no change in relationships as a result of use and see social impairment and personal impairment as important outcomes of nonuse. The findings are discussed in terms of interpersonal data from other marijuana studies.", "contents": "Interpersonal expectations for marijuana behavior. Interpersonal expectations for marijuana behavior were investigated by means of open-ended questions. Users and nonusers were asked how the use and nonuse of marijuana affect people's relationships, and their spontaneous replies were assembled into 22 categories. These categories were then cross-tabulated with behavioral, social, experiential, and attitudinal variables. The findings indicated that frequency of marijuana use and favorableness in drug attitude are the key variables that influence the degree to which different categories of interpersonal expectations are mentioned. Current users most often believe that social improvement is a consequence of use but have few specific expectations for nonuse. Former users and nonusers with unfavorable drug attitudes emphasize that social impairment and personal impairment follow from use and mainly expect user rejection for nonuse. Nonusers favorable to marijuana tend to anticipate no change in relationships as a result of use and see social impairment and personal impairment as important outcomes of nonuse. The findings are discussed in terms of interpersonal data from other marijuana studies."}
{"id": "PMID:863557", "title": "Self-concept of white, middle socioeconomic status addicts: a controlled study.", "content": "Commonalities in the developmental patterns of both narcotic addiction and negative self-attitudes motivated this controlled study of 70 White, middle socioeconomic status (WMSES) addicts and 70 WMSES nonaddicts. The hypothesis that measures of self-attitudes would distinguish addicts from nonaddicts was confirmed with highly significant differences. The hypothesis that antecedent conditions purported to result in positive self-attitudes would distinguish addicts from controls was also supported. Developmental conditions posited as indices of early self-attitudes further discriminated the two groups. A self-reported profile of the WMSES addict was compiled describing drug-use patterns and childhood situations.", "contents": "Self-concept of white, middle socioeconomic status addicts: a controlled study. Commonalities in the developmental patterns of both narcotic addiction and negative self-attitudes motivated this controlled study of 70 White, middle socioeconomic status (WMSES) addicts and 70 WMSES nonaddicts. The hypothesis that measures of self-attitudes would distinguish addicts from nonaddicts was confirmed with highly significant differences. The hypothesis that antecedent conditions purported to result in positive self-attitudes would distinguish addicts from controls was also supported. Developmental conditions posited as indices of early self-attitudes further discriminated the two groups. A self-reported profile of the WMSES addict was compiled describing drug-use patterns and childhood situations."}
{"id": "PMID:863559", "title": "Use of employment criteria for measuring the effectiveness of methadone maintenance programs.", "content": "If employment is to be considered a criteria of success in the treatments of drug abuse, it is necessary to obtain an understanding of the differences in results produced by various measures of employment and the implications of each for evaluating program effectiveness. This article compares three measures by which to analyze chronological employment data for the same cohort of clients across the same time period. It discusses the merits and limitations of these measures as evaluation tools. The findings derive from a study of male clients who were maintained for 2 or more years without interruption in a methadone maintenance program.", "contents": "Use of employment criteria for measuring the effectiveness of methadone maintenance programs. If employment is to be considered a criteria of success in the treatments of drug abuse, it is necessary to obtain an understanding of the differences in results produced by various measures of employment and the implications of each for evaluating program effectiveness. This article compares three measures by which to analyze chronological employment data for the same cohort of clients across the same time period. It discusses the merits and limitations of these measures as evaluation tools. The findings derive from a study of male clients who were maintained for 2 or more years without interruption in a methadone maintenance program."}
{"id": "PMID:863560", "title": "Treatment of polydrug abuse and addiction by covert sensitization: some contraindications.", "content": "Three polydrug abusers undergoing treatment at a drug-free residential facility were administered covert sensitization as an alternative procedure to aversive counterconditioning with faradic stimulation. The clients were able to relax extremely well but experienced difficulties imagining aversive scenes subsequent to the first presentation. Hypnosis was induced and clients were able to imagine every presentation clearly and exhibited some behavioral reactions to suggestions. Two of the three clients remained drug-free for 1 1/2 years and 3 years; and the third relapsed after 1 1/2 years but returned for treatment and is now drug-free. It is suggested that covert sensitization with hypnosis may be a more effective procedure with such recalcitrant behavior disorders as polydrug abuse and addiction.", "contents": "Treatment of polydrug abuse and addiction by covert sensitization: some contraindications. Three polydrug abusers undergoing treatment at a drug-free residential facility were administered covert sensitization as an alternative procedure to aversive counterconditioning with faradic stimulation. The clients were able to relax extremely well but experienced difficulties imagining aversive scenes subsequent to the first presentation. Hypnosis was induced and clients were able to imagine every presentation clearly and exhibited some behavioral reactions to suggestions. Two of the three clients remained drug-free for 1 1/2 years and 3 years; and the third relapsed after 1 1/2 years but returned for treatment and is now drug-free. It is suggested that covert sensitization with hypnosis may be a more effective procedure with such recalcitrant behavior disorders as polydrug abuse and addiction."}
{"id": "PMID:863561", "title": "Social rehabilitation of addicts: a two-year evaluation.", "content": "This paper points out the relationship that exists between treatment approaches with drug addicts and sociodemographic characteristics of the communities affected. It has been shown that while poor and middle class communities show good results with methadone maintenance approaches, in the area of secondary drug abuse they show marked dissimilarities. Also, the reasons for discharge are markedly different. It is speculated that the different attitudes existing at the two clinics studied provide contrasting environments that are selectively detrimental to program dropouts.", "contents": "Social rehabilitation of addicts: a two-year evaluation. This paper points out the relationship that exists between treatment approaches with drug addicts and sociodemographic characteristics of the communities affected. It has been shown that while poor and middle class communities show good results with methadone maintenance approaches, in the area of secondary drug abuse they show marked dissimilarities. Also, the reasons for discharge are markedly different. It is speculated that the different attitudes existing at the two clinics studied provide contrasting environments that are selectively detrimental to program dropouts."}
{"id": "PMID:863564", "title": "The addict odyssey: from experimentation to addiction.", "content": "This study explores the \"honeymoon\" period in the addict's life, extending from his first use of narcotics to the point of his addiction. Retrospective interviews with 30 addicts in treatment programs suggest that the process of becoming an addict can be characterized as consisting of at least three elements: (1) increasing physical, psychological, and social rewards from involvement in the street addict life-sytle; (2) increasing commitment to one reference group; and (3) devaluation of any possible negative rewards in the drug life.", "contents": "The addict odyssey: from experimentation to addiction. This study explores the \"honeymoon\" period in the addict's life, extending from his first use of narcotics to the point of his addiction. Retrospective interviews with 30 addicts in treatment programs suggest that the process of becoming an addict can be characterized as consisting of at least three elements: (1) increasing physical, psychological, and social rewards from involvement in the street addict life-sytle; (2) increasing commitment to one reference group; and (3) devaluation of any possible negative rewards in the drug life."}
{"id": "PMID:863565", "title": "Addicts' demographic characteristics and ward behaviors in a community-like hospital setting.", "content": "The relationship between demographic variables and ward behaviors was explored for 196 institutionalized addicts. The extent of the relationship was tested by the multivariate F statistics. Six of the 10 variables investigated were found to be significant predictors; namely, race, sex, times married, frequency of primary drug use, times arrested on nondrug charges, and school grade.", "contents": "Addicts' demographic characteristics and ward behaviors in a community-like hospital setting. The relationship between demographic variables and ward behaviors was explored for 196 institutionalized addicts. The extent of the relationship was tested by the multivariate F statistics. Six of the 10 variables investigated were found to be significant predictors; namely, race, sex, times married, frequency of primary drug use, times arrested on nondrug charges, and school grade."}
{"id": "PMID:863566", "title": "Changing patterns of substance use on campus: a four-year follow-up study.", "content": "In 1969 and 1973, 598 and 474 randomly selected students at a large midwestern university reported their present and past use, and extent of use of substances taken without medical prescription. Ten of the 18 substances showed a significant increase in percentage of users over time with greatest increases for marijuana, hashish, and alcohol. These three plus tobacco are those substances most used by students and used most frequently. Other substances are used by less than 7 per cent presently and by less than 4 per cent on an often or regular basis. The percentage of tobacco users has not diminished, but smokers report lower frequencies of use in 1973. Single undergraduates reported highest percentage of substance users, and sex differences were not evident. Methodological issues in survey research on substance use are discussed as well as implications for substance educational programming.", "contents": "Changing patterns of substance use on campus: a four-year follow-up study. In 1969 and 1973, 598 and 474 randomly selected students at a large midwestern university reported their present and past use, and extent of use of substances taken without medical prescription. Ten of the 18 substances showed a significant increase in percentage of users over time with greatest increases for marijuana, hashish, and alcohol. These three plus tobacco are those substances most used by students and used most frequently. Other substances are used by less than 7 per cent presently and by less than 4 per cent on an often or regular basis. The percentage of tobacco users has not diminished, but smokers report lower frequencies of use in 1973. Single undergraduates reported highest percentage of substance users, and sex differences were not evident. Methodological issues in survey research on substance use are discussed as well as implications for substance educational programming."}
{"id": "PMID:863567", "title": "Drug use surveys: method and madness.", "content": "There are many measurement problems inherent in the drug survey field, e.g., defining dosages and choosing user categories. This paper discusses the pros and cons of interview techniques, mailed questionnaires, and group-administered questionnaires. The particular importance of the social psychology of the data gathering process is noted, including the provision of anonymity for the respondents and the establishment of credibility for the investigators. Means for dealing with these and also for improving reliability and validity are discussed, along with reasons for performing a survey, the nature and intent of the questions asked, and some other political and ethical issues.", "contents": "Drug use surveys: method and madness. There are many measurement problems inherent in the drug survey field, e.g., defining dosages and choosing user categories. This paper discusses the pros and cons of interview techniques, mailed questionnaires, and group-administered questionnaires. The particular importance of the social psychology of the data gathering process is noted, including the provision of anonymity for the respondents and the establishment of credibility for the investigators. Means for dealing with these and also for improving reliability and validity are discussed, along with reasons for performing a survey, the nature and intent of the questions asked, and some other political and ethical issues."}
{"id": "PMID:863572", "title": "Pustular blastomycosis.", "content": "A 53-year-old Negro man had North American blastomycosis with acute onset of widespread pustular eruptions. Several tests suggested that the patient might have had a deficiency of delayed hypersensitivity.", "contents": "Pustular blastomycosis. A 53-year-old Negro man had North American blastomycosis with acute onset of widespread pustular eruptions. Several tests suggested that the patient might have had a deficiency of delayed hypersensitivity."}
{"id": "PMID:863573", "title": "Role of sociocultural and environmental factors in the cause of scabies.", "content": "A house-to-house survey for scabies was done in a semiurban area with a population of 1727 from 273 families in 253 households, to  study the sociocultural and environmental factors in families with scabies. It was found that sleeping habits, overcrowding for sleeping space and sharing of clothes, towel, etc, were significantly associated with scabies. There was no significant correlation between the size of family and the number of persons infected with scabies per family. The prevalence of scabies within the families was almost the same either with good hygiene, satisfactory hygiene or unsatisfactory hygiene. The factors significantly associated with the disease were observed to be more frequent among Christian families than among Hindus and were thought to be responsible for higher prevalence of the disease within the Christian families.", "contents": "Role of sociocultural and environmental factors in the cause of scabies. A house-to-house survey for scabies was done in a semiurban area with a population of 1727 from 273 families in 253 households, to  study the sociocultural and environmental factors in families with scabies. It was found that sleeping habits, overcrowding for sleeping space and sharing of clothes, towel, etc, were significantly associated with scabies. There was no significant correlation between the size of family and the number of persons infected with scabies per family. The prevalence of scabies within the families was almost the same either with good hygiene, satisfactory hygiene or unsatisfactory hygiene. The factors significantly associated with the disease were observed to be more frequent among Christian families than among Hindus and were thought to be responsible for higher prevalence of the disease within the Christian families."}
{"id": "PMID:863586", "title": "Principles of fluorescein angiography.", "content": "There are two barriers between the blood and retina--one in the retinal circulation at the endothelial cell lining with its tight junctions in the retinal capillaries, and the second involving the choroidal circulation at the zonula occludens between adjacent retinal pigment epithelial cells. Damage to either of these barriers results in a leakage of fluid into or beneath the sensory retina. Serous detachment of the retinal pigment epithelium is a special situation in which both barriers remain intact but fluid accumulates in the space between the detached pigment epithelial cells and Bruch's membrane. It is convenient to analyze the fluorescein angiographic findings in relation to these two barriers, as a large number of retinal disorders affect either the retinal vascular system or the choriocapillaris-Bruch's membrane-pigment epithelium layers.", "contents": "Principles of fluorescein angiography. There are two barriers between the blood and retina--one in the retinal circulation at the endothelial cell lining with its tight junctions in the retinal capillaries, and the second involving the choroidal circulation at the zonula occludens between adjacent retinal pigment epithelial cells. Damage to either of these barriers results in a leakage of fluid into or beneath the sensory retina. Serous detachment of the retinal pigment epithelium is a special situation in which both barriers remain intact but fluid accumulates in the space between the detached pigment epithelial cells and Bruch's membrane. It is convenient to analyze the fluorescein angiographic findings in relation to these two barriers, as a large number of retinal disorders affect either the retinal vascular system or the choriocapillaris-Bruch's membrane-pigment epithelium layers."}
{"id": "PMID:863588", "title": "Fluorescein angiography in sickle-cell retinopathy and von Hippel-Lindau disease.", "content": "Fundus involvement in sickle-cell-hemoglobin C disease and von Hippel-Lindau disease was ascertained by clinical observation with the benefit of indirect ophthalmoscopy. Fluorescein angiography, however, has added new dimensions to our understanding of early lesions in these entities, the morphology of full-blown lesions, and the evaluation of therapeutic efforts to obliterate them. Like so many adjunct studies available to us today in medicine, it does not replace clinical acumen, but enhances evaluation.", "contents": "Fluorescein angiography in sickle-cell retinopathy and von Hippel-Lindau disease. Fundus involvement in sickle-cell-hemoglobin C disease and von Hippel-Lindau disease was ascertained by clinical observation with the benefit of indirect ophthalmoscopy. Fluorescein angiography, however, has added new dimensions to our understanding of early lesions in these entities, the morphology of full-blown lesions, and the evaluation of therapeutic efforts to obliterate them. Like so many adjunct studies available to us today in medicine, it does not replace clinical acumen, but enhances evaluation."}
{"id": "PMID:863593", "title": "The management of choroidal tumors.", "content": "TWe have outlined a systematic approach to the management of choroidal lesions which might appear to be choroidal melanoma: 1. When a solid, elevated mass is suspected of being a malignancy, first complete a thorough examination of both eyes, including a detailed history. Arrange for a general medical evaluation to detect sources of metastatic lesions or early metastases from the eye. 2. Eliminate the possibility of flat choroidal lesions by slit-lamp and indirect ophthalmoscopic examination. These are considered benign and can be followed at routine intervals with simple sketches or color fundus photographs. Fluorescein angiography is not essential, but can confirm the benign appearance and help in following overlying secondary changes such as pigment epithelial defects. 3. Rule out serous or cystic lesions by the use of slit lamp and fundus contact lens, and indirect ophthalmoscope with transillumination. Fluorescein angiography again can help confirm the benign nature of these lesions, but the serial fundus examinations are definitive in 99 percent cases. 4. Document the appearance of the lesion with drawings, stereo-photographs, and stereo angiography. Follow the evolution of the lesion with these modalities for a sufficient time to be certain of the diagnosis. 5. Follow lesions in the peripapillary area with particular care.", "contents": "The management of choroidal tumors. TWe have outlined a systematic approach to the management of choroidal lesions which might appear to be choroidal melanoma: 1. When a solid, elevated mass is suspected of being a malignancy, first complete a thorough examination of both eyes, including a detailed history. Arrange for a general medical evaluation to detect sources of metastatic lesions or early metastases from the eye. 2. Eliminate the possibility of flat choroidal lesions by slit-lamp and indirect ophthalmoscopic examination. These are considered benign and can be followed at routine intervals with simple sketches or color fundus photographs. Fluorescein angiography is not essential, but can confirm the benign appearance and help in following overlying secondary changes such as pigment epithelial defects. 3. Rule out serous or cystic lesions by the use of slit lamp and fundus contact lens, and indirect ophthalmoscope with transillumination. Fluorescein angiography again can help confirm the benign nature of these lesions, but the serial fundus examinations are definitive in 99 percent cases. 4. Document the appearance of the lesion with drawings, stereo-photographs, and stereo angiography. Follow the evolution of the lesion with these modalities for a sufficient time to be certain of the diagnosis. 5. Follow lesions in the peripapillary area with particular care."}
{"id": "PMID:863596", "title": "Fluorescein angiography: techniques and toxicity.", "content": "Fluorescein angiography is a safe, well-standardized procedure for establishing fundus abnormalities. It facilitates documentation of the finest detail of the fundus, allows estimation of the blood flow through the retina, and permits the doctor to evaluate the integrity of the retinal vessels. When there is good communication between doctor and patient, and between doctor and photographer, it is an especially useful procedure.", "contents": "Fluorescein angiography: techniques and toxicity. Fluorescein angiography is a safe, well-standardized procedure for establishing fundus abnormalities. It facilitates documentation of the finest detail of the fundus, allows estimation of the blood flow through the retina, and permits the doctor to evaluate the integrity of the retinal vessels. When there is good communication between doctor and patient, and between doctor and photographer, it is an especially useful procedure."}
{"id": "PMID:863597", "title": "Ocular histoplasmosis syndrome.", "content": "Ocular histoplasmosis syndrome is prevalent among persons living in the vicinity of the Ohio River Valley. Only a small proportion of patients with ophthalmoscopic evidence of prior Histoplasma capsulatum infection ever develop visual symptoms. Visual morbidity usually follows the development of a macular choroidal neovascular membrane which causes serous or hemorrhagic detachment, or both, of pigment epithelium and sensory retina. Fluorescein angiography is useful in documenting the choroidal neovascular membrane and in demonstrating its precise location with respect to the retinal capillary-free zone. tthe fluorescein angiographic appearance and location are used to determine whether or not such membranes are amenable to argon laser photocoagulation. The true role of photocoagulation in the management of histoplasmic maculopathy awaits the results of a randomized clinical trial.", "contents": "Ocular histoplasmosis syndrome. Ocular histoplasmosis syndrome is prevalent among persons living in the vicinity of the Ohio River Valley. Only a small proportion of patients with ophthalmoscopic evidence of prior Histoplasma capsulatum infection ever develop visual symptoms. Visual morbidity usually follows the development of a macular choroidal neovascular membrane which causes serous or hemorrhagic detachment, or both, of pigment epithelium and sensory retina. Fluorescein angiography is useful in documenting the choroidal neovascular membrane and in demonstrating its precise location with respect to the retinal capillary-free zone. tthe fluorescein angiographic appearance and location are used to determine whether or not such membranes are amenable to argon laser photocoagulation. The true role of photocoagulation in the management of histoplasmic maculopathy awaits the results of a randomized clinical trial."}
{"id": "PMID:863601", "title": "Culture change and mental illness.", "content": "A study of the relationship of culture change to the frequency of mental illness in the outpatient clinic in the city of Cairo indicates that rapid industrialisation tends to produce significantly higher rates of patients who were judged to have serious symptoms of depression especially among village migrants who moved from their villages to work in the city's factories. A suggestive explanation is that the higher rates of depression are a factor of the social disorganisation associated with moving from the village to the city.", "contents": "Culture change and mental illness. A study of the relationship of culture change to the frequency of mental illness in the outpatient clinic in the city of Cairo indicates that rapid industrialisation tends to produce significantly higher rates of patients who were judged to have serious symptoms of depression especially among village migrants who moved from their villages to work in the city's factories. A suggestive explanation is that the higher rates of depression are a factor of the social disorganisation associated with moving from the village to the city."}
{"id": "PMID:863602", "title": "Religious ideas and psychiatric disorders.", "content": "The evidence presented above points to the need for considering factors other than purely religious ones in determining the role of religious ideas in psychiatric disorders. The occurrence of religious ideas as part of the content of individual delusional systems in psychiatric patients can be explained on the basis of exposure to religious ideas through the social environment. It may be also related to the prominence of religion, vis-a-vis other belief systems, in the social envirnment. When considering psychopathological explanations for intense religious experiences, one has to be conscious again of the social factors involved. When an unusual experience having religious content becomes normative in a certain group (for whatever reasons), trying to explain its appearance on the basis of individual psychodynamics or psychopathology becomes very difficult. There seems to be an inverse relationship between the social nature of a religious experience and its psychopathological nature, i.e., there is more psychopathology in individuals reporting solitary religious experiences, or individual religious ideas. Thus the solitary experience seems to be more influenced by disturbed individual dynamics, but in other cases social factors seem to be crucial. Our overall conclusion is that a psychiatric analysis of the role of religious factors in psychopathology has to be first a social-psychiatric analysis. An individual presenting psychiatric symptoms and religious ideas has to be evaluated in light of his social background, since the specific content of psychiatric symptoms seems to be determined by social background factors. Individual psychodynamics determine the appearance of symptoms, but their particular form will be the result of these background factors, one of which is religion.", "contents": "Religious ideas and psychiatric disorders. The evidence presented above points to the need for considering factors other than purely religious ones in determining the role of religious ideas in psychiatric disorders. The occurrence of religious ideas as part of the content of individual delusional systems in psychiatric patients can be explained on the basis of exposure to religious ideas through the social environment. It may be also related to the prominence of religion, vis-a-vis other belief systems, in the social envirnment. When considering psychopathological explanations for intense religious experiences, one has to be conscious again of the social factors involved. When an unusual experience having religious content becomes normative in a certain group (for whatever reasons), trying to explain its appearance on the basis of individual psychodynamics or psychopathology becomes very difficult. There seems to be an inverse relationship between the social nature of a religious experience and its psychopathological nature, i.e., there is more psychopathology in individuals reporting solitary religious experiences, or individual religious ideas. Thus the solitary experience seems to be more influenced by disturbed individual dynamics, but in other cases social factors seem to be crucial. Our overall conclusion is that a psychiatric analysis of the role of religious factors in psychopathology has to be first a social-psychiatric analysis. An individual presenting psychiatric symptoms and religious ideas has to be evaluated in light of his social background, since the specific content of psychiatric symptoms seems to be determined by social background factors. Individual psychodynamics determine the appearance of symptoms, but their particular form will be the result of these background factors, one of which is religion."}
{"id": "PMID:863603", "title": "The mental health gatekeeper role: a paradigm for conceptual pretest. Proposal for a preliminary test of potential effectiveness.", "content": "Two of the major themes in the community psychiatry movement have been the employment of new and different types of persons in service roles and the maintenance of clients in the community, whenever possible, with avoidance of institutionalisation. A logical outcome of the combination of these two themes has been an increasing interest in the role of persons with fixed social roles within the community as gatekeepers for actual direct service or appropriate referrals into the mental health service system. Police, clergy and bartenders are among the social roles that have received serious consideration and, in some cases, actual use as points of entry and actual service. Careful analysis of the likely requirements of the gatekeeper role will show, however, that many existing social roles that appear fertile ground for the mental health gatekeeper function are in fact lacking in certain features necessary to such a role. This paper presents five criteria considered important or essential to any conclusion that a given role should be seriously considered for the gatekeeper function. These criteria may serve for a shortcut prior to the investment of money and time and may thus have false and expensive steps in our enthusiastic but often hasty search for innovation.", "contents": "The mental health gatekeeper role: a paradigm for conceptual pretest. Proposal for a preliminary test of potential effectiveness. Two of the major themes in the community psychiatry movement have been the employment of new and different types of persons in service roles and the maintenance of clients in the community, whenever possible, with avoidance of institutionalisation. A logical outcome of the combination of these two themes has been an increasing interest in the role of persons with fixed social roles within the community as gatekeepers for actual direct service or appropriate referrals into the mental health service system. Police, clergy and bartenders are among the social roles that have received serious consideration and, in some cases, actual use as points of entry and actual service. Careful analysis of the likely requirements of the gatekeeper role will show, however, that many existing social roles that appear fertile ground for the mental health gatekeeper function are in fact lacking in certain features necessary to such a role. This paper presents five criteria considered important or essential to any conclusion that a given role should be seriously considered for the gatekeeper function. These criteria may serve for a shortcut prior to the investment of money and time and may thus have false and expensive steps in our enthusiastic but often hasty search for innovation."}
{"id": "PMID:863604", "title": "A cross-cultural comparison of aggression in dreams: Zapotecs and Americans.", "content": "Because it is frequent and variable by sex, age and culture, manifest aggression in dreams appears to be an important research area. A comparison was made between dreamed aggressions for Americans (Hall and Domhoff 1963) and for Zapotecs, collected and analysed by the writers. Similarities and differences revealed in the comparison, suggest the importance of cultural factors in manifest dreamed aggression, along with sex and age. Multivariate analyses of carefully collected cross-cultural data will be necessary before adequate assessments can be made of the relative importance of these variables in dreams, more clearly establishing relationships between wakeful and dreamed experiences.", "contents": "A cross-cultural comparison of aggression in dreams: Zapotecs and Americans. Because it is frequent and variable by sex, age and culture, manifest aggression in dreams appears to be an important research area. A comparison was made between dreamed aggressions for Americans (Hall and Domhoff 1963) and for Zapotecs, collected and analysed by the writers. Similarities and differences revealed in the comparison, suggest the importance of cultural factors in manifest dreamed aggression, along with sex and age. Multivariate analyses of carefully collected cross-cultural data will be necessary before adequate assessments can be made of the relative importance of these variables in dreams, more clearly establishing relationships between wakeful and dreamed experiences."}
{"id": "PMID:863606", "title": "Anthropology and affect: a consideration of the idiosyncratic dimension of human behaviour.", "content": "In this paper a theoretical perspective is presented in which affect occupies a central position and behaviour is viewed in terms of different degrees of affective expression. Such behaviour is conceptualized in terms of three models: a structural model, a rational model and a psychological model. While the first two models are frequently encountered in the literature, the psychological model has not received explicit formulation, although, as shown here, it is crucial in understanding certain forms of idiosyncratic behaviour that have political and social relevance.", "contents": "Anthropology and affect: a consideration of the idiosyncratic dimension of human behaviour. In this paper a theoretical perspective is presented in which affect occupies a central position and behaviour is viewed in terms of different degrees of affective expression. Such behaviour is conceptualized in terms of three models: a structural model, a rational model and a psychological model. While the first two models are frequently encountered in the literature, the psychological model has not received explicit formulation, although, as shown here, it is crucial in understanding certain forms of idiosyncratic behaviour that have political and social relevance."}
{"id": "PMID:863608", "title": "Pathways to mental health delivery-systems in Nigeria.", "content": "This study investigated the referral sources and pathways of treated psychiatric patients to two therapeutic facilities in Nigeria. The centres are: Aro Mental Hospital; and Aro Community Village Programme. The result indicates that next of kin are the primary referral source for treated schizophrenic patients. Secondly there is a hierarchy in the pathways to the facilities. Patients often seek care from native healers, then syncretic churches before making any contact with modern psychiatric facilities. The interplay between traditional healers and modern psychiatric centres is revealed in the study.", "contents": "Pathways to mental health delivery-systems in Nigeria. This study investigated the referral sources and pathways of treated psychiatric patients to two therapeutic facilities in Nigeria. The centres are: Aro Mental Hospital; and Aro Community Village Programme. The result indicates that next of kin are the primary referral source for treated schizophrenic patients. Secondly there is a hierarchy in the pathways to the facilities. Patients often seek care from native healers, then syncretic churches before making any contact with modern psychiatric facilities. The interplay between traditional healers and modern psychiatric centres is revealed in the study."}
{"id": "PMID:863609", "title": "Suicide by fire: a contemporary method of political protest.", "content": "Suicide by fire (self-incineration)for the purpose of political protest has appeared in several countries during the previous decade. In this paper, the history of this form of suicide has been explored. The authors examined all cases of suicide by fire reported in the London Times and New York Times between 1790 and 1972. Seventy-one per cent of these reported suicides occurred during the most recent decade, 1963 to 1972, with all cases of political self-incineration occurring during this period. The socio-cultural context in which this form of protest may occur, and the psychological factors in individuals who choose this method of suicide are both discussed. It is suggested that the occurrence of self-incineration as a means of political protest may be yielding to more aggressive acts of terrorism as popular methods of forcing political change.", "contents": "Suicide by fire: a contemporary method of political protest. Suicide by fire (self-incineration)for the purpose of political protest has appeared in several countries during the previous decade. In this paper, the history of this form of suicide has been explored. The authors examined all cases of suicide by fire reported in the London Times and New York Times between 1790 and 1972. Seventy-one per cent of these reported suicides occurred during the most recent decade, 1963 to 1972, with all cases of political self-incineration occurring during this period. The socio-cultural context in which this form of protest may occur, and the psychological factors in individuals who choose this method of suicide are both discussed. It is suggested that the occurrence of self-incineration as a means of political protest may be yielding to more aggressive acts of terrorism as popular methods of forcing political change."}
{"id": "PMID:863610", "title": "Brainwashing, LSD, and CIA: historical and ethical perspective.", "content": "The history of various attempts at thought control and chemical warfare is briefly reviewed. Brainwashing, thought control, industrial and national espionage, and covert activities are becoming more sophisticated. These issues have been revived and accentuated by the Vietnam war, the Middle East Crisis, Watergate, the CIA investigations and the Patty Hearst trial. Historical perspective and the ethical implications of these activities are explored. It is suggested that there is a growing level of individual and international mistrust amounting to paranoia and complicating the issues of individual freedom, civil rights and human experimentation.", "contents": "Brainwashing, LSD, and CIA: historical and ethical perspective. The history of various attempts at thought control and chemical warfare is briefly reviewed. Brainwashing, thought control, industrial and national espionage, and covert activities are becoming more sophisticated. These issues have been revived and accentuated by the Vietnam war, the Middle East Crisis, Watergate, the CIA investigations and the Patty Hearst trial. Historical perspective and the ethical implications of these activities are explored. It is suggested that there is a growing level of individual and international mistrust amounting to paranoia and complicating the issues of individual freedom, civil rights and human experimentation."}
{"id": "PMID:863612", "title": "The ocular hypotensive effect of epinephrine in high and low corticosteroid responders.", "content": "Nonglaucomatous individuals were classified by their intraocular pressure response to 6 weeks of topical dexamethasone, 0.1%, four times daily. Twenty GG responders (over 31 mm. Hg after dexamethasone) and 20 NN responders (below 20 mm. Hg after dexamethasone) of similar age, sex, race, initial intraocular pressure, and facility of outflow were selected. After 24 hr. of treatment (two doses) with 1% epinephrine HCl, the GG subjects demonstrated a mean (+/-sigma) corrected decrease in intraocular pressure of 4.2 mm. Hg (+/- 2.5) as opposed to 1.8 mm. Hg (+/- 2.1) in the NN subjects (p less than 0.005). The relationship between increased responsiveness to corticosteroids, to epinephrine, and to theophylline suggested cyclic nucleotides as a possible common pathway.", "contents": "The ocular hypotensive effect of epinephrine in high and low corticosteroid responders. Nonglaucomatous individuals were classified by their intraocular pressure response to 6 weeks of topical dexamethasone, 0.1%, four times daily. Twenty GG responders (over 31 mm. Hg after dexamethasone) and 20 NN responders (below 20 mm. Hg after dexamethasone) of similar age, sex, race, initial intraocular pressure, and facility of outflow were selected. After 24 hr. of treatment (two doses) with 1% epinephrine HCl, the GG subjects demonstrated a mean (+/-sigma) corrected decrease in intraocular pressure of 4.2 mm. Hg (+/- 2.5) as opposed to 1.8 mm. Hg (+/- 2.1) in the NN subjects (p less than 0.005). The relationship between increased responsiveness to corticosteroids, to epinephrine, and to theophylline suggested cyclic nucleotides as a possible common pathway."}
{"id": "PMID:863613", "title": "The effects of ketamine sedation and ketamine-pentobarbital anesthesia upon the intraocular pressure of the rabbit.", "content": "The effect of ketamine sedation and ketamine-pentobarbital anesthesia upon the intraocular pressure (IOP) of the rabbit was studied by applanation pneumatonography. Peak values of IOP during both ketamine sedation and ketamine-pentobarbital anesthesia were reached 3 to 5 minutes after administration of the drug(s). The peak IOP increase during ketamine sedation (10 mg./kg. IM) was 2.2 +/- 0.4 mm. Hg. The peak IOP increase with ketamine-pentobarbital anesthesia (50 mg./kg. ketamine IM + 30 mg./kg. pentobarbital IM) was 7.1 +/- 0.8 mm. Hg. Atropine premedication did not prevent the increase in IOP seen with ketamine sedation or ketamine-pentobarbital anesthesia.", "contents": "The effects of ketamine sedation and ketamine-pentobarbital anesthesia upon the intraocular pressure of the rabbit. The effect of ketamine sedation and ketamine-pentobarbital anesthesia upon the intraocular pressure (IOP) of the rabbit was studied by applanation pneumatonography. Peak values of IOP during both ketamine sedation and ketamine-pentobarbital anesthesia were reached 3 to 5 minutes after administration of the drug(s). The peak IOP increase during ketamine sedation (10 mg./kg. IM) was 2.2 +/- 0.4 mm. Hg. The peak IOP increase with ketamine-pentobarbital anesthesia (50 mg./kg. ketamine IM + 30 mg./kg. pentobarbital IM) was 7.1 +/- 0.8 mm. Hg. Atropine premedication did not prevent the increase in IOP seen with ketamine sedation or ketamine-pentobarbital anesthesia."}
{"id": "PMID:863614", "title": "Sensory recording from the isolated cornea.", "content": "A technique of recording from single units of the isolated rat cornea is described. The corneal surface is stimulated by a jet of fluid, which allows continuously graded pressure and thermal or chemical stimuli to be applied at the same point. Some units respond to stimulation anywhere in a field of about one-third the corneal area, and others only to point stimulation.", "contents": "Sensory recording from the isolated cornea. A technique of recording from single units of the isolated rat cornea is described. The corneal surface is stimulated by a jet of fluid, which allows continuously graded pressure and thermal or chemical stimuli to be applied at the same point. Some units respond to stimulation anywhere in a field of about one-third the corneal area, and others only to point stimulation."}
{"id": "PMID:863615", "title": "Effect of vidarabine and related compounds on corneal endothelium.", "content": "The endothelial surface of rabbit corneas was perfused with vidarabine monophosphate (with and without adenosine deaminase inhibitor), vidarabine (with and without adenosine deaminase inhibitor), and ara-Hx. In concentrations 10 times to 1,500 times higher than those that have been obtained in the aqueous humor following topical, subconjunctival, or systemic administration, none of the compounds had any effect on corneal endothelial cell function or ultrastructure for the duration of the experimental model.", "contents": "Effect of vidarabine and related compounds on corneal endothelium. The endothelial surface of rabbit corneas was perfused with vidarabine monophosphate (with and without adenosine deaminase inhibitor), vidarabine (with and without adenosine deaminase inhibitor), and ara-Hx. In concentrations 10 times to 1,500 times higher than those that have been obtained in the aqueous humor following topical, subconjunctival, or systemic administration, none of the compounds had any effect on corneal endothelial cell function or ultrastructure for the duration of the experimental model."}
{"id": "PMID:863616", "title": "Resistance to reinfection with a chlamydial agent (guinea pig inclusion conjunctivitis agent).", "content": "Although most chlamydial infections are chronic or recurrent, infection of the guinea pig's eye with guinea pig inclusion conjunctivitis (GPIC) agent induces a marked resistance to reinfection. To characterize this resistance to GPIC agent, we compared the disease and infection in previously infected guinea pigs with that in animals infected for the first time. In animals experiencing primary infection, even the lowest dose (10 egg-lethal doses [ELD50]) produced the disease and chlamydial inclusions in conjunctival smears, but the incubation period became progressively shorter with the highest inocula (10(4) and 10(5) ELD50). In animals with previous infection only these two highest inocula produced disease and infection, but the disease was short-lived, and replication of the agent was severely limited. The mechanism of this resistance may be due to secretory antibody in the tears, cellular immunity, or other local factors.", "contents": "Resistance to reinfection with a chlamydial agent (guinea pig inclusion conjunctivitis agent). Although most chlamydial infections are chronic or recurrent, infection of the guinea pig's eye with guinea pig inclusion conjunctivitis (GPIC) agent induces a marked resistance to reinfection. To characterize this resistance to GPIC agent, we compared the disease and infection in previously infected guinea pigs with that in animals infected for the first time. In animals experiencing primary infection, even the lowest dose (10 egg-lethal doses [ELD50]) produced the disease and chlamydial inclusions in conjunctival smears, but the incubation period became progressively shorter with the highest inocula (10(4) and 10(5) ELD50). In animals with previous infection only these two highest inocula produced disease and infection, but the disease was short-lived, and replication of the agent was severely limited. The mechanism of this resistance may be due to secretory antibody in the tears, cellular immunity, or other local factors."}
{"id": "PMID:863617", "title": "A controlled comparison of two therapeutic soft lenses in a clinical model.", "content": "Laboratory data of a new, highly hydrated contact lens (Weicon 72) indicated that it might be therapeutically superior to the known Weicon 38. The great variability of therapeutic contact lens cases, however, makes a sound clinical evaluation difficult. Therefore the two lenses were tested in a clinical model using patients with traumatic superficial corneal defects. The results were statistically significant, the Weicon 72 proving to be superior to the Weicon 38.", "contents": "A controlled comparison of two therapeutic soft lenses in a clinical model. Laboratory data of a new, highly hydrated contact lens (Weicon 72) indicated that it might be therapeutically superior to the known Weicon 38. The great variability of therapeutic contact lens cases, however, makes a sound clinical evaluation difficult. Therefore the two lenses were tested in a clinical model using patients with traumatic superficial corneal defects. The results were statistically significant, the Weicon 72 proving to be superior to the Weicon 38."}
{"id": "PMID:863618", "title": "Extraocular muscle fibers: ultrastructural identification of iontophoretically labeled fibers contracting in response to succinylcholine.", "content": "Cat extraocular muscle fibers (from the superior rectus or inferior oblique) were penetrated in vivo with Procion red-filled glass microelectrodes. When stable penetrations were obtained, succinylcholine (Sch), 8 to 20 microng, was injected into the femoral vein. In some fibers, a depolarization-repolarization response was obtained with the same time course (2 min.) as the total muscle contraction. The depolarizing fibers were labeled iontophoretically. The ultrastructural characteristics of five depolarizing fibers and three control (nondepolarizing) fibers were then studied. The fibers that did not depolarize to Sch had the characteristics of singly innervated cells, whereas those sensitive to Sch had morphological characteristics of multi-innervated fibers.", "contents": "Extraocular muscle fibers: ultrastructural identification of iontophoretically labeled fibers contracting in response to succinylcholine. Cat extraocular muscle fibers (from the superior rectus or inferior oblique) were penetrated in vivo with Procion red-filled glass microelectrodes. When stable penetrations were obtained, succinylcholine (Sch), 8 to 20 microng, was injected into the femoral vein. In some fibers, a depolarization-repolarization response was obtained with the same time course (2 min.) as the total muscle contraction. The depolarizing fibers were labeled iontophoretically. The ultrastructural characteristics of five depolarizing fibers and three control (nondepolarizing) fibers were then studied. The fibers that did not depolarize to Sch had the characteristics of singly innervated cells, whereas those sensitive to Sch had morphological characteristics of multi-innervated fibers."}
{"id": "PMID:863619", "title": "Hydraulic flow conductivity of the vitreous gel.", "content": "The hydraulic flow conductivity of rabbit and bovine vitreous gel has been measured by a method that gives better results than the one previously used. The vitreous gel has a hydraulic flow conductivity that would be expected for a highly hydrated connective tissue. The \"pore\" size (the spaces availabel for water flow) are estimated to be about 4,000 A in diameter.", "contents": "Hydraulic flow conductivity of the vitreous gel. The hydraulic flow conductivity of rabbit and bovine vitreous gel has been measured by a method that gives better results than the one previously used. The vitreous gel has a hydraulic flow conductivity that would be expected for a highly hydrated connective tissue. The \"pore\" size (the spaces availabel for water flow) are estimated to be about 4,000 A in diameter."}
{"id": "PMID:863620", "title": "Autoregulation of blood flow in the capillaries of the human macula.", "content": "The entoptic phenomenon by which one can observe leukocytes flowing in one's own parafoveal capillaries has been used to study the effect of changes in perfusion pressure on blood flow. Our measurements in humans with normal ocular fundi indicate that the retinal circulation of the parafovea is autoregulated in relation to perfusion pressure. The average time lag between a change in blood flow and the beginning of the autoregulatory response was about 46 sec., and the average duration of this response was about 48 sec. At the end of the autoregulatory response, the vascular resistance of the parafoveal segment was about 50% lower than that at normal intraocular pressure.", "contents": "Autoregulation of blood flow in the capillaries of the human macula. The entoptic phenomenon by which one can observe leukocytes flowing in one's own parafoveal capillaries has been used to study the effect of changes in perfusion pressure on blood flow. Our measurements in humans with normal ocular fundi indicate that the retinal circulation of the parafovea is autoregulated in relation to perfusion pressure. The average time lag between a change in blood flow and the beginning of the autoregulatory response was about 46 sec., and the average duration of this response was about 48 sec. At the end of the autoregulatory response, the vascular resistance of the parafoveal segment was about 50% lower than that at normal intraocular pressure."}
{"id": "PMID:863621", "title": "Choroidal and cerebral blood flow in baboons measured by the external monitoring of radioactive inert gases.", "content": "Quantitative measurements of blood flow using xenon-133 to measure cerebral blood flow and krypton-85 to measure choroidal blood flow were made in 12 anesthetized baboons (Papio anubis). Analysis of the clearance curves of krypton from the eye and studies of the diffusion of krypton in the eye show that the inert gas-clearance method measures choroidal blood flow only. The mean choroidal blood flow at normocapnia in this group of baboons is 463 +/- 44 ml./100 mg./min., and the mean cerebral blood flow is 46 +/- 5 ml./100 mg./min. (mean +/- 1 S.D.).", "contents": "Choroidal and cerebral blood flow in baboons measured by the external monitoring of radioactive inert gases. Quantitative measurements of blood flow using xenon-133 to measure cerebral blood flow and krypton-85 to measure choroidal blood flow were made in 12 anesthetized baboons (Papio anubis). Analysis of the clearance curves of krypton from the eye and studies of the diffusion of krypton in the eye show that the inert gas-clearance method measures choroidal blood flow only. The mean choroidal blood flow at normocapnia in this group of baboons is 463 +/- 44 ml./100 mg./min., and the mean cerebral blood flow is 46 +/- 5 ml./100 mg./min. (mean +/- 1 S.D.)."}
{"id": "PMID:863622", "title": "The response of the choroidal and cerebral circulations to changing arterial PCO2 and acetazolamide in the baboon.", "content": "Having established control values for choroidal and cerebral blood flow in twelve baboons, the response of both circulations to changing arterial PCO2 and intravenous acetazolamide was studied. The blood flow in both circulations varied directly with the PACO2, the magnitude of the response being very similar. There was a 3.6 percent change in both choroidal and cerebral blood flow per millimeter of mercury change in PACO2. Intravenous acetazolamide (25 mg./kg.) produced an increase in flow lasting approximately 50 minutes in both cerebral and choroidal circulations.", "contents": "The response of the choroidal and cerebral circulations to changing arterial PCO2 and acetazolamide in the baboon. Having established control values for choroidal and cerebral blood flow in twelve baboons, the response of both circulations to changing arterial PCO2 and intravenous acetazolamide was studied. The blood flow in both circulations varied directly with the PACO2, the magnitude of the response being very similar. There was a 3.6 percent change in both choroidal and cerebral blood flow per millimeter of mercury change in PACO2. Intravenous acetazolamide (25 mg./kg.) produced an increase in flow lasting approximately 50 minutes in both cerebral and choroidal circulations."}
{"id": "PMID:863623", "title": "Ocular measurement by simple gravimetric methods.", "content": "A rapid, precise, and easy method for measuring ocular volume would be useful in estimating the theoretical tension changes involved in the relation of pressure and volume changes and in estimating areas of different membranes of the eye. Rabbit eyes were weighed in air and then in water, and the mass and volume of each eye was calculated. For eyes between 2.4 and 3.4 gm. the volume of the eye was given by (mass X 0.97 - 0.02) ml. The difference between paired eyes was always less than 1%, (i.e., less than 100 mg.). If a spherical eye is assumed, the \"mean radius\" could be calculated to 0.1 mm. from the volume (for tension calculations). From the depth of various segments of the eye, areas could be calculated. If a destructive experiment were to be performed on one live eye, the other could be used as a control for measurement after the conclusion of the experiment.", "contents": "Ocular measurement by simple gravimetric methods. A rapid, precise, and easy method for measuring ocular volume would be useful in estimating the theoretical tension changes involved in the relation of pressure and volume changes and in estimating areas of different membranes of the eye. Rabbit eyes were weighed in air and then in water, and the mass and volume of each eye was calculated. For eyes between 2.4 and 3.4 gm. the volume of the eye was given by (mass X 0.97 - 0.02) ml. The difference between paired eyes was always less than 1%, (i.e., less than 100 mg.). If a spherical eye is assumed, the \"mean radius\" could be calculated to 0.1 mm. from the volume (for tension calculations). From the depth of various segments of the eye, areas could be calculated. If a destructive experiment were to be performed on one live eye, the other could be used as a control for measurement after the conclusion of the experiment."}
{"id": "PMID:863624", "title": "Hemodynamic effects of superior mesenteric arterial and intravenous vasopressin infusions in patients with portal hypertension.", "content": "Administration of vasopressin (0.4 units/minute) via the superior mesenteric artery (SMA) resulted in a mean 25% reduction in corrected hepatic venous wedge pressure (CHWP) in 9 stable non-bleeding patients with cirrhosis and portal hypertension. There was wide variation of response in individual patients with two of nine showing no decrease in CHWP to vasopressin. Selective intra-arterial infusion did not protect against the systemic effects of vasopressin and resulted in significant elevations in blood pressure (21%) and systemic vascular resistance (39%). A slight decrease in cardiac output (11%) was also observed. In 6 of these patients, vasopressin (0.4 units/minute) was also given intravenously. The resultant decreases in CHWP were similar to those observed with SMA administration.", "contents": "Hemodynamic effects of superior mesenteric arterial and intravenous vasopressin infusions in patients with portal hypertension. Administration of vasopressin (0.4 units/minute) via the superior mesenteric artery (SMA) resulted in a mean 25% reduction in corrected hepatic venous wedge pressure (CHWP) in 9 stable non-bleeding patients with cirrhosis and portal hypertension. There was wide variation of response in individual patients with two of nine showing no decrease in CHWP to vasopressin. Selective intra-arterial infusion did not protect against the systemic effects of vasopressin and resulted in significant elevations in blood pressure (21%) and systemic vascular resistance (39%). A slight decrease in cardiac output (11%) was also observed. In 6 of these patients, vasopressin (0.4 units/minute) was also given intravenously. The resultant decreases in CHWP were similar to those observed with SMA administration."}
{"id": "PMID:863625", "title": "Computerized tomography of ischemic myocardium: quantitation of extent and severity of edema in an in vitro canine model.", "content": "The capacity of computerized tomography to assess myocardial edema resulting from acute coronary occlusion was investigated in 19 arrested and 2 beating canine hearts. Edematous myocardium was consistently detected as areas of decreased attenuation values. The magnitude of the decrease in attenuation value was linearly related to the severity of the edema. The anatomic definition and tomographic information in the arrested hearts provided the capability for localization and quantitation of the extent of the lesion. The results of these in vitro investigations indicate that CT scanning is a technique which will contribute important pathophysiologic information about the evolution of myocardial ischemia.", "contents": "Computerized tomography of ischemic myocardium: quantitation of extent and severity of edema in an in vitro canine model. The capacity of computerized tomography to assess myocardial edema resulting from acute coronary occlusion was investigated in 19 arrested and 2 beating canine hearts. Edematous myocardium was consistently detected as areas of decreased attenuation values. The magnitude of the decrease in attenuation value was linearly related to the severity of the edema. The anatomic definition and tomographic information in the arrested hearts provided the capability for localization and quantitation of the extent of the lesion. The results of these in vitro investigations indicate that CT scanning is a technique which will contribute important pathophysiologic information about the evolution of myocardial ischemia."}
{"id": "PMID:863626", "title": "Regional and total lung function in patients following pulmonary irradiation.", "content": "Regional and total lung function measurements and chest radiographs were obtained from 18 patients with cancer of the breast from 3 months to 6.7 years after the start of treatment. A control group of 20 patients was studied before radiotherapy but after mastectomy. The functional parameter most affected by radiation was blood flow. In some cases in which the radiographic changes were mild the functional measurements indicated severe vascular damage. The radiation appears to reduce the number and efficiency of functioning lung units within the irradiated region.", "contents": "Regional and total lung function in patients following pulmonary irradiation. Regional and total lung function measurements and chest radiographs were obtained from 18 patients with cancer of the breast from 3 months to 6.7 years after the start of treatment. A control group of 20 patients was studied before radiotherapy but after mastectomy. The functional parameter most affected by radiation was blood flow. In some cases in which the radiographic changes were mild the functional measurements indicated severe vascular damage. The radiation appears to reduce the number and efficiency of functioning lung units within the irradiated region."}
{"id": "PMID:863630", "title": "Selective catheterization for magnification angiography of internal spermatic and proper hepatic arteries in rabbits.", "content": "A method is presented for selective catheterization and filming of the small internal spermatic and proper hepatic arteries in rabbits. The angiograms thus obtained afford clear delineation of the vessels and their branches and can enhance radiographic investigation of a variety of experimental disease models.", "contents": "Selective catheterization for magnification angiography of internal spermatic and proper hepatic arteries in rabbits. A method is presented for selective catheterization and filming of the small internal spermatic and proper hepatic arteries in rabbits. The angiograms thus obtained afford clear delineation of the vessels and their branches and can enhance radiographic investigation of a variety of experimental disease models."}
{"id": "PMID:863632", "title": "Long term follow-up of transcatheter embolization with autologous clot, oxycel and gelfoam in domestic swine.", "content": "Transcatheter embolization of the distal gastrosplenic artery as well as the distal right renal artery or one of its bifurcational branches was performed in 9 domestic swine. The animals were embolized with fresh autologous clot, oxycel or gelfoam in groups of 3. The embolic material was opacified with tantalum in several animals. At 4 months, none of the initial occlusions was sustained and recanalization without residuals was found in the left gastroepipolic artery with only one minor exception. Organized thrombi as sole vascular residuals regardless of embolic substance were found in both the terminal splenic artery as well as in the right renal artery distribution in various degrees together with infarcts in both organs. No trace of either oxycel or gelfoam remained, nor tissue reaction against either material. All 3 agents are therefore regarded equivalent in their long term effects and are not suitable for permanent vascular occlusion.", "contents": "Long term follow-up of transcatheter embolization with autologous clot, oxycel and gelfoam in domestic swine. Transcatheter embolization of the distal gastrosplenic artery as well as the distal right renal artery or one of its bifurcational branches was performed in 9 domestic swine. The animals were embolized with fresh autologous clot, oxycel or gelfoam in groups of 3. The embolic material was opacified with tantalum in several animals. At 4 months, none of the initial occlusions was sustained and recanalization without residuals was found in the left gastroepipolic artery with only one minor exception. Organized thrombi as sole vascular residuals regardless of embolic substance were found in both the terminal splenic artery as well as in the right renal artery distribution in various degrees together with infarcts in both organs. No trace of either oxycel or gelfoam remained, nor tissue reaction against either material. All 3 agents are therefore regarded equivalent in their long term effects and are not suitable for permanent vascular occlusion."}
{"id": "PMID:863627", "title": "The renal collecting system after medullary damage.", "content": "The micromorphology of the renal collecting system after unilateral papillectomy in rabbits was investigated. Two weeks to six months after papillectomy, tubular micropuncture studies were performed. Cleared specimens were studied by light microscopy and microradiography. Histologic and physiologic correlations were made. At two to four weeks, the papillectomized kidneys were smaller and had smooth, mottled surfaces. At one to six months, there was cortical scarring with decreased concentrating ability. Ductal micropuncture revealed dilated collecting tubules and ducts which were obstructed at the papillectomy site. It is concluded that obstructed collecting ducts may be responsible for the cortical atrophy and are the primary cause of renal cortical damage after papillectomy in our model.", "contents": "The renal collecting system after medullary damage. The micromorphology of the renal collecting system after unilateral papillectomy in rabbits was investigated. Two weeks to six months after papillectomy, tubular micropuncture studies were performed. Cleared specimens were studied by light microscopy and microradiography. Histologic and physiologic correlations were made. At two to four weeks, the papillectomized kidneys were smaller and had smooth, mottled surfaces. At one to six months, there was cortical scarring with decreased concentrating ability. Ductal micropuncture revealed dilated collecting tubules and ducts which were obstructed at the papillectomy site. It is concluded that obstructed collecting ducts may be responsible for the cortical atrophy and are the primary cause of renal cortical damage after papillectomy in our model."}
{"id": "PMID:863633", "title": "The plantar compartments of the foot: a roentgen approach I. Experimental observations.", "content": "The integrity of the plantar muscle compartments of the human foot were studied utilizing radiographic and anatomic techniques in an attempt to determine potential pathways for spread of soft tissue infection. One of three major plantar muscle compartments--medial, intermediate or lateral--in 24 unembalmed cadaveric feet was injected percutaneously under fluoroscopy with radiopaque Methyl-methacrylate using both manual and automatic injection techniques with pressure callibration. Following freezing, specimens were sectioned, radiographed, and dissected or partially macerated. Frequency and patterns of extravasation of contrast material were documented and recorded. The results obtained support the concepts that: a) there are three distinct plantar muscle compartments that are maintained by intermuscular septae; and b) there are potential communicating pathways provided by specific anatomic structures.", "contents": "The plantar compartments of the foot: a roentgen approach I. Experimental observations. The integrity of the plantar muscle compartments of the human foot were studied utilizing radiographic and anatomic techniques in an attempt to determine potential pathways for spread of soft tissue infection. One of three major plantar muscle compartments--medial, intermediate or lateral--in 24 unembalmed cadaveric feet was injected percutaneously under fluoroscopy with radiopaque Methyl-methacrylate using both manual and automatic injection techniques with pressure callibration. Following freezing, specimens were sectioned, radiographed, and dissected or partially macerated. Frequency and patterns of extravasation of contrast material were documented and recorded. The results obtained support the concepts that: a) there are three distinct plantar muscle compartments that are maintained by intermuscular septae; and b) there are potential communicating pathways provided by specific anatomic structures."}
{"id": "PMID:863629", "title": "Relationship between renal lymph flow and changes in kidney size during urography.", "content": "Using direct cannulation of renal lymphatic vessels and simultaneous photography of the exposed dog kidney during urography, the time schedule of variations in lymph flow and kidney size was established. The intravenous contrast injection produced heavy increase of renal lymph flow during the first 8 minutes of urography. Peak values were observed 3--4 minutes after injection. From 8 to 11 minutes after injection the lymph flow was depressed below the baseline, followed by a tendency of reestablishment. Generally after 25 minutes the lymph flow returned to its baseline level. The earliest response of kidney size upon intravenous contrast injection was a rapid, short-lived decreased, followed by a distension during the first 3 minutes. Thereafter a tendency to return to the preurographic size was observed. However none of the kidneys returned entirely to the baseline size during one hour of observation. The possible physiologic explanations of the observations are discussed.", "contents": "Relationship between renal lymph flow and changes in kidney size during urography. Using direct cannulation of renal lymphatic vessels and simultaneous photography of the exposed dog kidney during urography, the time schedule of variations in lymph flow and kidney size was established. The intravenous contrast injection produced heavy increase of renal lymph flow during the first 8 minutes of urography. Peak values were observed 3--4 minutes after injection. From 8 to 11 minutes after injection the lymph flow was depressed below the baseline, followed by a tendency of reestablishment. Generally after 25 minutes the lymph flow returned to its baseline level. The earliest response of kidney size upon intravenous contrast injection was a rapid, short-lived decreased, followed by a distension during the first 3 minutes. Thereafter a tendency to return to the preurographic size was observed. However none of the kidneys returned entirely to the baseline size during one hour of observation. The possible physiologic explanations of the observations are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:863628", "title": "Why does kidney size change during I.V. urography?", "content": "Meglumine iothalamate (280 ml I/ml) and sodium iothalamate (400 mg I/ml) in doses of 700 mg I/kg bw, were injected i.v. as a bolus in dogs. Renal size, urine flow rate, arterial pressure, renal blood flow and mean transit time and renal blood volume were measured before and after injection. All changes were qualitatively and quantitatively identical for both drugs. They produced a small transient renal shrinkage followed by a greater and prolonged renal enlargement. During the period of renal enlargement, urine flow increased. The time course of the enlargement paralleled the increase of urine flow rate. Renal blood flow also increased but both the mean transit time and renal vascular volume decreased. Therefore, the kidney size increase after i.v. injection of large doses of urographic contrast media cannot be attributed to an increased volume of the vessels. Most likely it is caused by diuresis-induced increase in the volume of the tubules.", "contents": "Why does kidney size change during I.V. urography? Meglumine iothalamate (280 ml I/ml) and sodium iothalamate (400 mg I/ml) in doses of 700 mg I/kg bw, were injected i.v. as a bolus in dogs. Renal size, urine flow rate, arterial pressure, renal blood flow and mean transit time and renal blood volume were measured before and after injection. All changes were qualitatively and quantitatively identical for both drugs. They produced a small transient renal shrinkage followed by a greater and prolonged renal enlargement. During the period of renal enlargement, urine flow increased. The time course of the enlargement paralleled the increase of urine flow rate. Renal blood flow also increased but both the mean transit time and renal vascular volume decreased. Therefore, the kidney size increase after i.v. injection of large doses of urographic contrast media cannot be attributed to an increased volume of the vessels. Most likely it is caused by diuresis-induced increase in the volume of the tubules."}
{"id": "PMID:863631", "title": "Combined cholangiography and cholecystography using sodium iopanoate.", "content": "Cholangiography and cholecystography were performed in fasted dogs and human subjects using sodium iopanoate given intraduodenally in doses of 10 and 20 mg/kg. The same studies were performed after intraduodenal administration of fat or after intravenous administration of cholecystokinin (CCK) in dogs and after a fatty meal, to stimulate endogenous release of CCK, in human subjects. In both the animals and human subjects, peak blood iodine concentrations were reached by 30 minutes after iopanoate administration. At a dose of 10 mg/kg, radiographic visualization of both bile ducts and gallbladder was inconsistent. At 20 mg/kg (one-half the clinical dose for standard oral cholecystography,) the common bile duct was visualized within 60 minutes and the gallbladder within 90 minutes. Gallbladder density increased over the next 6 hours. Prior administration of fat or CCK led to earlier and denser gallbladder opacification. The common bile ducts opacified with the use of iopanoate were small in caliber, averaging only 3 mm. This probably reflects the fact that, unlike iodipamide, iopanoate has little or no choleretic effect. Therefore, because it would not increase the volume of bile in the duct, iopanoate would not increase duct size.", "contents": "Combined cholangiography and cholecystography using sodium iopanoate. Cholangiography and cholecystography were performed in fasted dogs and human subjects using sodium iopanoate given intraduodenally in doses of 10 and 20 mg/kg. The same studies were performed after intraduodenal administration of fat or after intravenous administration of cholecystokinin (CCK) in dogs and after a fatty meal, to stimulate endogenous release of CCK, in human subjects. In both the animals and human subjects, peak blood iodine concentrations were reached by 30 minutes after iopanoate administration. At a dose of 10 mg/kg, radiographic visualization of both bile ducts and gallbladder was inconsistent. At 20 mg/kg (one-half the clinical dose for standard oral cholecystography,) the common bile duct was visualized within 60 minutes and the gallbladder within 90 minutes. Gallbladder density increased over the next 6 hours. Prior administration of fat or CCK led to earlier and denser gallbladder opacification. The common bile ducts opacified with the use of iopanoate were small in caliber, averaging only 3 mm. This probably reflects the fact that, unlike iodipamide, iopanoate has little or no choleretic effect. Therefore, because it would not increase the volume of bile in the duct, iopanoate would not increase duct size."}
{"id": "PMID:863635", "title": "Tantalum oxide and alveolar macrophage function.", "content": "The alveolar macrophage (AM) has been cited as a potential source for clearing tantalum from the lungs following bronchography. We studied the short term effects of tantalum oxide on rabbit AM viability and metabolism in vitro. AM phagocytosed tantalum oxide particles without cytotoxicity  and with a significant rise in glucoxe oxidation. These results suggest that the AM represents an important vehicle for clearance of tantalum particles from airways in vivo.", "contents": "Tantalum oxide and alveolar macrophage function. The alveolar macrophage (AM) has been cited as a potential source for clearing tantalum from the lungs following bronchography. We studied the short term effects of tantalum oxide on rabbit AM viability and metabolism in vitro. AM phagocytosed tantalum oxide particles without cytotoxicity  and with a significant rise in glucoxe oxidation. These results suggest that the AM represents an important vehicle for clearance of tantalum particles from airways in vivo."}
{"id": "PMID:863745", "title": "Electron microscopic demonstration of glycogen and phosphorylase activity in rat hepatocytes.", "content": "The effect of fixation with a bicarbonate-buffered solution of paraformaldehyde and polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP) on the ultrastructural demonstration of glycogen and phosphorylase activity in rat hepatocytes has been studied. Phosphorylase was demonstrated by the precipitation of liberated phosphate ions with ferrous ions. 7.5% PVP was included in all steps in the procedure before post-fixaiton in osmium tetroxide. Glycogen particles were well preserved. Structures connecting membranes and glycogen particles were also evident. Phosphorylase activity was rapidly inhibited by the fixative; the fixation time was, therefore, kept very short. The final reaction product was localized on glycogen particles and on endoplasmic membranes in association with glycogen particles. The results support the view that endoplasmic membranes are involved in the metabolism of glycogen in hepatocytes.", "contents": "Electron microscopic demonstration of glycogen and phosphorylase activity in rat hepatocytes. The effect of fixation with a bicarbonate-buffered solution of paraformaldehyde and polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP) on the ultrastructural demonstration of glycogen and phosphorylase activity in rat hepatocytes has been studied. Phosphorylase was demonstrated by the precipitation of liberated phosphate ions with ferrous ions. 7.5% PVP was included in all steps in the procedure before post-fixaiton in osmium tetroxide. Glycogen particles were well preserved. Structures connecting membranes and glycogen particles were also evident. Phosphorylase activity was rapidly inhibited by the fixative; the fixation time was, therefore, kept very short. The final reaction product was localized on glycogen particles and on endoplasmic membranes in association with glycogen particles. The results support the view that endoplasmic membranes are involved in the metabolism of glycogen in hepatocytes."}
{"id": "PMID:863746", "title": "Comparison of two techniques for the quantitative measurement of acid phosphatase in normal and regenerating epithelium of the female hairless hamster.", "content": "Two methods have been employed for measuring acid phosphatase activity in normal and regenerating epithelium of the female hairless hamster. The first method entails histochemical preparation followed by television scanning microdensitometric measurements using a Quantimet 72OD. The second method involves incubation of freeze-dried epidermis in a suitable substrate medium followed by measurement of the fluorescence of the released product by a spectrophotofluorometer. The results were compared against each other by performing best-fit polynomial regression line analysis to the data produced by both methods. A correlation coefficient of 0.99 was obtained when interpolated data from the two 'best-fit' curves were compared with each other. This indicates that the histochemical technique and the subsequent measurement using television scanning microdensitometry is 'quantitative' and can, therefore, be employed in quantitative histochemistry.", "contents": "Comparison of two techniques for the quantitative measurement of acid phosphatase in normal and regenerating epithelium of the female hairless hamster. Two methods have been employed for measuring acid phosphatase activity in normal and regenerating epithelium of the female hairless hamster. The first method entails histochemical preparation followed by television scanning microdensitometric measurements using a Quantimet 72OD. The second method involves incubation of freeze-dried epidermis in a suitable substrate medium followed by measurement of the fluorescence of the released product by a spectrophotofluorometer. The results were compared against each other by performing best-fit polynomial regression line analysis to the data produced by both methods. A correlation coefficient of 0.99 was obtained when interpolated data from the two 'best-fit' curves were compared with each other. This indicates that the histochemical technique and the subsequent measurement using television scanning microdensitometry is 'quantitative' and can, therefore, be employed in quantitative histochemistry."}
{"id": "PMID:863747", "title": "Wafer embedding: specimen selction in electron microscopic cytochemistry with osmiophilic polymers.", "content": "A new wafer embedding procedure is described that permits light microscopic screening of embedded tissue prior to ultrathin sectioning. It is particularly valuable when used on specimens obtained with an automatic sectioner and treated cytochemically to obtain visible intermediate or visible and electron opaque final reaction products. Aldehyde-fixed tissues are cut into sections with an automatic sectioner, incubated cytochemically osmication if required, then embedded in epoxy resin between fluorocarbon coverglasses which are supported by a platform specially designed for this purpose. The resultant wafter, less than 0.2 mm thick, is examined by light microscopy for optimal areas of cytochemical reaction and desirable structural features. Such areas are cut out and glued to blank blocks with fast curing cyanoacrylate cement for subsequent ultrathin sectioning. The usefulness of this technique is demonstrated by the location of: (1) esterase-positive lysosomes in kidney and trigeminal ganglia; (2) palatal sensory endings stained for acetylcholinesterase; and (3) phagosomes arising from the resorption of horseradish peroxidase tracer by the cuboidal parietal epithelial cells of Bowman's capsule in the male mouse.", "contents": "Wafer embedding: specimen selction in electron microscopic cytochemistry with osmiophilic polymers. A new wafer embedding procedure is described that permits light microscopic screening of embedded tissue prior to ultrathin sectioning. It is particularly valuable when used on specimens obtained with an automatic sectioner and treated cytochemically to obtain visible intermediate or visible and electron opaque final reaction products. Aldehyde-fixed tissues are cut into sections with an automatic sectioner, incubated cytochemically osmication if required, then embedded in epoxy resin between fluorocarbon coverglasses which are supported by a platform specially designed for this purpose. The resultant wafter, less than 0.2 mm thick, is examined by light microscopy for optimal areas of cytochemical reaction and desirable structural features. Such areas are cut out and glued to blank blocks with fast curing cyanoacrylate cement for subsequent ultrathin sectioning. The usefulness of this technique is demonstrated by the location of: (1) esterase-positive lysosomes in kidney and trigeminal ganglia; (2) palatal sensory endings stained for acetylcholinesterase; and (3) phagosomes arising from the resorption of horseradish peroxidase tracer by the cuboidal parietal epithelial cells of Bowman's capsule in the male mouse."}
{"id": "PMID:863748", "title": "Acetylcholinesterase in blood vessels of the guinea-pig ovary during different phases of the reproductive cycle.", "content": "The distribution of acetylcholinesterase-containing blood vessels in the ovary has been investigated histochemically during the reproductive cycle of the guinea-pig. Whole mounts as well as frozen sections have been studied. Stained vessels were found in the stroma throughout the oestrous cycle and pregnancy. In the corpus luteum the vascular reaction varied at different stages of the oestrous cycle; while never very pronounced, it was more marked in lactating than in non-lactating animals. A feregnancy advanced an increasing number of vessels were strongly stained. At the end of pregnancy, stained vessels were less prominent. Acetylcholinesterase appeared to be localized prinicipally in the vessels themselves (possibly in muscle cells) rather than in associated nerves. Experiments in which ovaries were injected, via their arterial or venous supply, with starch or coloured gelatine suggested that most stained vessels were arterioles but a reaction also occurred in some vessels which were probably arteries and others which could have been the postulated arterio-venous shunts. Capillaries were unstained; whether the veins were also totally unreactive could not be established. The significance of the changes in acetylcholinesterase staining in varying functional states remains obscure; they may or may not reflect the emergence of certain types of vessel at different stages.", "contents": "Acetylcholinesterase in blood vessels of the guinea-pig ovary during different phases of the reproductive cycle. The distribution of acetylcholinesterase-containing blood vessels in the ovary has been investigated histochemically during the reproductive cycle of the guinea-pig. Whole mounts as well as frozen sections have been studied. Stained vessels were found in the stroma throughout the oestrous cycle and pregnancy. In the corpus luteum the vascular reaction varied at different stages of the oestrous cycle; while never very pronounced, it was more marked in lactating than in non-lactating animals. A feregnancy advanced an increasing number of vessels were strongly stained. At the end of pregnancy, stained vessels were less prominent. Acetylcholinesterase appeared to be localized prinicipally in the vessels themselves (possibly in muscle cells) rather than in associated nerves. Experiments in which ovaries were injected, via their arterial or venous supply, with starch or coloured gelatine suggested that most stained vessels were arterioles but a reaction also occurred in some vessels which were probably arteries and others which could have been the postulated arterio-venous shunts. Capillaries were unstained; whether the veins were also totally unreactive could not be established. The significance of the changes in acetylcholinesterase staining in varying functional states remains obscure; they may or may not reflect the emergence of certain types of vessel at different stages."}
{"id": "PMID:863749", "title": "A microfluorescent PAS method for the quantitative demonstration of cytoplasmic 1,2-glycols.", "content": "Fluorescent microspectrophotometry using dichroic mirror vertical epi-illumination of tissue sections stained with the PAS reaction (periodic acid and pararosaniline Schiff reagent) provides a measure of the relative concentration of 1:2 glycols within and between tissue sections. In PAS reacted sections of agarose gel, pararosaniline Schiff fluorescence increases linearly as the concentration of agarose increases (r=0.97, p less than 0.05). The concentration of glycogen within liver as measured by a phenol-based tissue assay is linearly correlated with pararosaniline Schiff fluorescence of formalin fixed liver sections (r-0.87, p less than 0.05). These relationships are unaffected by alcian blue or hematoxylin. Heretofore the amount of color reaction as measured by densitometry at the pararosaniline absorption peak was claimed to be an unreliable indicator of the amount of reactive glycol present in tissue. Our observations indicate that when the concentration of Schiff reagent exceeds an empiric limit relative to available polysaccharides, the Schiff reagent-tissue complex reflects light at the excitation wavelength instead of fluorescing the emission spectra. This can be circumvented by using dilute pararosaniline-Schiff reagent, shorteining the staining period, and lowering the temperature of the staining medium. While routine PAS staining reactions are followed by washing in running water to develop the red color seen with broad spectrum illumination, water development is unnecessary for the dye-tissue complex to fluoresce. The fluorescent emission peak and the maximum excitation peak of both developed and undeveloped pararosaniline-Schiff-reagent-tissue complexes are 645--50 nm and 540--45 nm, respectively. These spectral characteristics are not changed by binding to oxidation products of different glycoproteins or polysaccharides. Intense exposure to room light, but not 100 repetitive short (0.13 s) exposures, causes partial photodecomposition. Quantitative assessment of cytofluorescence requires definition of the optical system used to measure emission. In the microspectrophotometer employed in this study, dichroic mirrors reflect light with variable efficiency depending on wavelength from the light source to the stage, and variably block light reflected or emitted from the specimen, serving as crude barrier filters. These dichroic mirror characteristics are influenced by the exact nature of the optical coating on the surface of each individual mirror. Since the optical coating on the surface of each individual mirror. Since the optical coating of similar mirrors may vary, the properties of individual mirrors must be considered in the interpretation of spectral data and in determining the proper optical conditions for quantification of cytofluorescence.", "contents": "A microfluorescent PAS method for the quantitative demonstration of cytoplasmic 1,2-glycols. Fluorescent microspectrophotometry using dichroic mirror vertical epi-illumination of tissue sections stained with the PAS reaction (periodic acid and pararosaniline Schiff reagent) provides a measure of the relative concentration of 1:2 glycols within and between tissue sections. In PAS reacted sections of agarose gel, pararosaniline Schiff fluorescence increases linearly as the concentration of agarose increases (r=0.97, p less than 0.05). The concentration of glycogen within liver as measured by a phenol-based tissue assay is linearly correlated with pararosaniline Schiff fluorescence of formalin fixed liver sections (r-0.87, p less than 0.05). These relationships are unaffected by alcian blue or hematoxylin. Heretofore the amount of color reaction as measured by densitometry at the pararosaniline absorption peak was claimed to be an unreliable indicator of the amount of reactive glycol present in tissue. Our observations indicate that when the concentration of Schiff reagent exceeds an empiric limit relative to available polysaccharides, the Schiff reagent-tissue complex reflects light at the excitation wavelength instead of fluorescing the emission spectra. This can be circumvented by using dilute pararosaniline-Schiff reagent, shorteining the staining period, and lowering the temperature of the staining medium. While routine PAS staining reactions are followed by washing in running water to develop the red color seen with broad spectrum illumination, water development is unnecessary for the dye-tissue complex to fluoresce. The fluorescent emission peak and the maximum excitation peak of both developed and undeveloped pararosaniline-Schiff-reagent-tissue complexes are 645--50 nm and 540--45 nm, respectively. These spectral characteristics are not changed by binding to oxidation products of different glycoproteins or polysaccharides. Intense exposure to room light, but not 100 repetitive short (0.13 s) exposures, causes partial photodecomposition. Quantitative assessment of cytofluorescence requires definition of the optical system used to measure emission. In the microspectrophotometer employed in this study, dichroic mirrors reflect light with variable efficiency depending on wavelength from the light source to the stage, and variably block light reflected or emitted from the specimen, serving as crude barrier filters. These dichroic mirror characteristics are influenced by the exact nature of the optical coating on the surface of each individual mirror. Since the optical coating on the surface of each individual mirror. Since the optical coating of similar mirrors may vary, the properties of individual mirrors must be considered in the interpretation of spectral data and in determining the proper optical conditions for quantification of cytofluorescence."}
{"id": "PMID:863750", "title": "A new type of cytocentrifuge, the valve-centrifuge.", "content": "A new type of cytocentrifuge has been developed in which the sedimentation process of the cells onto the slides is separated from the draining of the sedimentation fluid. This is realised by electrically controlled valves which can be closed and opened while the centrifuge is running. Sedimentation is carried out with closed valves, draining of adhering medium with open valves. The preparations, freed of adhering medium by the centrifugal force can be taken out and the cells can be fixed. Alternatively the valves can be closed again and fixative can be introduced through a central well, the cells still being under the influence of the centrifugal force. With subsequent draining of the fixative and introduction of washing and staining solutions through the central well, the whole process from sedimentation to staining can be carried out in the running centrifuge. The process seems well suited for complete automation. Using dilution series from a suspension of human buffy coat cells counted in a Buerker chamber, the cell counts in the centrifuge preparations showed virtually total recovery of cells, with no apparent selection or specific distribution of cell types. Draining of the sedimentation and fixative fluids at a slow rate was found to be vital for optimal recovery of cells. The morphology of different cell types sedimented on the slide was excellent. The flattening of nuclei thorugh gravity was studied by cytophotometry of Feulgen-stained leucocytes. The nuclear area of these cells was found to be approximately double that from cells in identically stained classical smears. With this type of valve-centrifuge a quantitative and unbiased recovery of uniformly spread and flattened cells on coverslips or slides may be obtained, thus making the procedure well suited to automated analysis based on cytophotometric principles and morphometric pattern recognition.", "contents": "A new type of cytocentrifuge, the valve-centrifuge. A new type of cytocentrifuge has been developed in which the sedimentation process of the cells onto the slides is separated from the draining of the sedimentation fluid. This is realised by electrically controlled valves which can be closed and opened while the centrifuge is running. Sedimentation is carried out with closed valves, draining of adhering medium with open valves. The preparations, freed of adhering medium by the centrifugal force can be taken out and the cells can be fixed. Alternatively the valves can be closed again and fixative can be introduced through a central well, the cells still being under the influence of the centrifugal force. With subsequent draining of the fixative and introduction of washing and staining solutions through the central well, the whole process from sedimentation to staining can be carried out in the running centrifuge. The process seems well suited for complete automation. Using dilution series from a suspension of human buffy coat cells counted in a Buerker chamber, the cell counts in the centrifuge preparations showed virtually total recovery of cells, with no apparent selection or specific distribution of cell types. Draining of the sedimentation and fixative fluids at a slow rate was found to be vital for optimal recovery of cells. The morphology of different cell types sedimented on the slide was excellent. The flattening of nuclei thorugh gravity was studied by cytophotometry of Feulgen-stained leucocytes. The nuclear area of these cells was found to be approximately double that from cells in identically stained classical smears. With this type of valve-centrifuge a quantitative and unbiased recovery of uniformly spread and flattened cells on coverslips or slides may be obtained, thus making the procedure well suited to automated analysis based on cytophotometric principles and morphometric pattern recognition."}
{"id": "PMID:863751", "title": "The use of X-ray microanalysis to demonstrate the uptake of the molluscicide copper sulphate by slug eggs.", "content": "Copper has been localized in copper sulphate treated eggs of the slug Agriolimax reticulatus (M\u00fc). This has been accomplished using a freeze-fracture technique, the freeze-dried halves of the fractured eggs being analysed in the scanning electron microscope, using both energy dispersive and wavelength dispersive X-ray microanalysis systems. The distribution of copper obtained using these methods has been compared with that achieved using a standard histochemical technique. Both techniques revealed that the copper is initially retained in the perivitelline membranes. The application of X-ray microanalysis to such studies is discussed.", "contents": "The use of X-ray microanalysis to demonstrate the uptake of the molluscicide copper sulphate by slug eggs. Copper has been localized in copper sulphate treated eggs of the slug Agriolimax reticulatus (M\u00fc). This has been accomplished using a freeze-fracture technique, the freeze-dried halves of the fractured eggs being analysed in the scanning electron microscope, using both energy dispersive and wavelength dispersive X-ray microanalysis systems. The distribution of copper obtained using these methods has been compared with that achieved using a standard histochemical technique. Both techniques revealed that the copper is initially retained in the perivitelline membranes. The application of X-ray microanalysis to such studies is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:863752", "title": "Application and efficiency of scintillation autoradiography for Drosophila polytene chromosomes.", "content": "A rapid method of autoradiography using the scintillation cocktail (Toluene and scintillation fluid, Omnifluor) has been described earlier. Its application and efficiency have been tested using both 3H-thymidine and 3H-urine. The optimum time required for processing the autoradiograms has been found to be 24 h dry exposure followed by 48 h in the scintillation mixture. Detailed analysis of the autoradiograms with 3H-uridine reveals that with the rapid method the 100% level of labelling index is reached by 48 h while with the conventional method the same level is reached by 10 to 12 days of dry exposure. The maximum grain density is reached by 16 to 17 days by the conventional method. While by the rapid method, the maximum grain density is approximately 80% of the control, this grain density is reached by 48 h (plus 24 h of dry exposure) and thereafter forms a plateau. With Toluene alone the grain density never exceeds 20%. The background is also relatively low and less variable in the O-T-processed autoe scintillation fluid plays the key role in augmenting the labelling. Furthermore, although the maximum grain density by the rapid technique is 80% of the control, the grain density obtained by the rapid method gives less coincidence and superimposition of grains. On the other hand, with 3H-thymidine, although all labelling patterns could be resolved, the labelling index (i.e., percent of labelled cells) is about 40% at 48 h (plus 24 h) and about 79.5% at 96 h with the rapid method, as compared to about 30% and 44% with the conventional method at the two time points, respectively. Only with 16--17 days' dry exposure the 3H-thymidine labelling index increases to 67%. The frequency of the initial patterns (DD-2C) which are usually less frequency, has been found to have increased with the rapid method. No difference in grain density of labelling of 3H-thymidine could be detected between the rapid method and the conventional method. The resolution of grains also seems to be better by the rapid method, due probably to smaller size and lack of superimposition of grains. Other applications, advantages and limitations have been discussed.", "contents": "Application and efficiency of scintillation autoradiography for Drosophila polytene chromosomes. A rapid method of autoradiography using the scintillation cocktail (Toluene and scintillation fluid, Omnifluor) has been described earlier. Its application and efficiency have been tested using both 3H-thymidine and 3H-urine. The optimum time required for processing the autoradiograms has been found to be 24 h dry exposure followed by 48 h in the scintillation mixture. Detailed analysis of the autoradiograms with 3H-uridine reveals that with the rapid method the 100% level of labelling index is reached by 48 h while with the conventional method the same level is reached by 10 to 12 days of dry exposure. The maximum grain density is reached by 16 to 17 days by the conventional method. While by the rapid method, the maximum grain density is approximately 80% of the control, this grain density is reached by 48 h (plus 24 h of dry exposure) and thereafter forms a plateau. With Toluene alone the grain density never exceeds 20%. The background is also relatively low and less variable in the O-T-processed autoe scintillation fluid plays the key role in augmenting the labelling. Furthermore, although the maximum grain density by the rapid technique is 80% of the control, the grain density obtained by the rapid method gives less coincidence and superimposition of grains. On the other hand, with 3H-thymidine, although all labelling patterns could be resolved, the labelling index (i.e., percent of labelled cells) is about 40% at 48 h (plus 24 h) and about 79.5% at 96 h with the rapid method, as compared to about 30% and 44% with the conventional method at the two time points, respectively. Only with 16--17 days' dry exposure the 3H-thymidine labelling index increases to 67%. The frequency of the initial patterns (DD-2C) which are usually less frequency, has been found to have increased with the rapid method. No difference in grain density of labelling of 3H-thymidine could be detected between the rapid method and the conventional method. The resolution of grains also seems to be better by the rapid method, due probably to smaller size and lack of superimposition of grains. Other applications, advantages and limitations have been discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:863753", "title": "[Laryngeal ruptures (author's transl)].", "content": "Laryngeal ruptures are caused by vertical traction on the larynx and trachea, mainly by pushing the chin upon a dashboard or by so called whiplash trauma. Forteen cases could be classified in supraglottic ruptures, subglottic rupture and laryngotracheal ruptures. In supraglottic ruptures the epiglottis and parts of the ventricular folds are separated from the thyroid cartilage. In subglottic rupture the cricothyroid membrane is ruptured. The most common type is the partial avulsion of the trachea from the cricoid cartilage. In all types the laryngotracheal axis is kinked and scar tissue grows into the larynx. To avoid consecutive stenosis of the larynx in every case a straight dilator should be introduced as an internal splint.", "contents": "[Laryngeal ruptures (author's transl)]. Laryngeal ruptures are caused by vertical traction on the larynx and trachea, mainly by pushing the chin upon a dashboard or by so called whiplash trauma. Forteen cases could be classified in supraglottic ruptures, subglottic rupture and laryngotracheal ruptures. In supraglottic ruptures the epiglottis and parts of the ventricular folds are separated from the thyroid cartilage. In subglottic rupture the cricothyroid membrane is ruptured. The most common type is the partial avulsion of the trachea from the cricoid cartilage. In all types the laryngotracheal axis is kinked and scar tissue grows into the larynx. To avoid consecutive stenosis of the larynx in every case a straight dilator should be introduced as an internal splint."}
{"id": "PMID:863754", "title": "[Sudden deafness as a consequence of rupture of a basilar artery aneurysm (author's transl)].", "content": "A sixty-eight year old female patient died from a subarachnoid hemorrhage three days after experiencing sudden hearing loss in her right ear. Autopsy showed that the cause of death was a large aneurism of the basilar artery. Temporal bone sections uncovered a massive infiltrate of erythrocytes about the nerves in the internal auditory canal. The blood cells had extended along the nerve bundles to enter Rosenthal's canal and the other fluid channels of the modiolus, and could be found within all perilymphatic spaces. The presence of hemosiderin within the inner ear correlates clinically with the onset of sudden deafness three days prior to demise, and is substantial evidence for the loss of hearing due to rupture of the basilar aneurism.", "contents": "[Sudden deafness as a consequence of rupture of a basilar artery aneurysm (author's transl)]. A sixty-eight year old female patient died from a subarachnoid hemorrhage three days after experiencing sudden hearing loss in her right ear. Autopsy showed that the cause of death was a large aneurism of the basilar artery. Temporal bone sections uncovered a massive infiltrate of erythrocytes about the nerves in the internal auditory canal. The blood cells had extended along the nerve bundles to enter Rosenthal's canal and the other fluid channels of the modiolus, and could be found within all perilymphatic spaces. The presence of hemosiderin within the inner ear correlates clinically with the onset of sudden deafness three days prior to demise, and is substantial evidence for the loss of hearing due to rupture of the basilar aneurism."}
{"id": "PMID:863755", "title": "[Applied phoniatry. V. Speech defects due to abnormalities of jaw and dentition (author's transl)].", "content": "Dysgnathia (jaw and tooth anomaly, tooth misspacing, macillodento-facial anomaly) influences to a certain degree the development of defects of articulation especially sigmatism. Other factors, such as mild motor system inco-ordination and hearing defects, besides dysgnathia, are frequently observed. Speech therapy is necessary preceding as well as together with the maxillofacial treatment. The dental, prosthodontic and maxillofacial prostheses may likewise interfere with enunciation, but this will disappear spontaneously within 2 weeks or will be compensated for. If necessary the prosthesis will have to be altered.", "contents": "[Applied phoniatry. V. Speech defects due to abnormalities of jaw and dentition (author's transl)]. Dysgnathia (jaw and tooth anomaly, tooth misspacing, macillodento-facial anomaly) influences to a certain degree the development of defects of articulation especially sigmatism. Other factors, such as mild motor system inco-ordination and hearing defects, besides dysgnathia, are frequently observed. Speech therapy is necessary preceding as well as together with the maxillofacial treatment. The dental, prosthodontic and maxillofacial prostheses may likewise interfere with enunciation, but this will disappear spontaneously within 2 weeks or will be compensated for. If necessary the prosthesis will have to be altered."}
{"id": "PMID:863756", "title": "[Acoustic and phoniatric investigations in esophageal speech (author's transl)].", "content": "The present study attempted to investigate the intelligibility of esophageal speech by utilizing speech audiometry. A tape recording of spoken numbers and monosyllabic words was made by laryngectomized patients who had learned esophageal speech. Normal hearing persons were then tested with this recorded speech for intelligibility. The threshold for detectibility of the spoken numbers in the study was found to be comparable for that of normal speech. However, the intelligibility curves of monosyllabic words was poorer when esophageal speech was employed. No improvement in  correctness of response in testees could be accomplished over a 65db intensity range. It is felt that this finding is based on the sound volume range of esophageal speech as modified by unfavorable signal/noise relationships.", "contents": "[Acoustic and phoniatric investigations in esophageal speech (author's transl)]. The present study attempted to investigate the intelligibility of esophageal speech by utilizing speech audiometry. A tape recording of spoken numbers and monosyllabic words was made by laryngectomized patients who had learned esophageal speech. Normal hearing persons were then tested with this recorded speech for intelligibility. The threshold for detectibility of the spoken numbers in the study was found to be comparable for that of normal speech. However, the intelligibility curves of monosyllabic words was poorer when esophageal speech was employed. No improvement in  correctness of response in testees could be accomplished over a 65db intensity range. It is felt that this finding is based on the sound volume range of esophageal speech as modified by unfavorable signal/noise relationships."}
{"id": "PMID:863757", "title": "[Nineteen years experience with surgical correction of disorders of swallowing and voice following vagus nerve paralysis (author's transl)].", "content": "An operation for the correction of swallowing and voice following paralysis of the vagus nerve is described. The operation is divided into four parts which are performed either in one or two stages. These include: 1. extramucosal myotomy of the pars fundiformis of the cricopharyngeus muscle; 2. correction of vocal cord paralysis by the rotation of the arytenoid cartilage and cartilage implant into the paralyzed vocal cord; 3. resection of the paralyzed wall of the pharynx; 4. fixation of the paralyzed soft palate to the posterior wall of the pharynx. Nineteen years experience with the four different parts of the operation are discussed.", "contents": "[Nineteen years experience with surgical correction of disorders of swallowing and voice following vagus nerve paralysis (author's transl)]. An operation for the correction of swallowing and voice following paralysis of the vagus nerve is described. The operation is divided into four parts which are performed either in one or two stages. These include: 1. extramucosal myotomy of the pars fundiformis of the cricopharyngeus muscle; 2. correction of vocal cord paralysis by the rotation of the arytenoid cartilage and cartilage implant into the paralyzed vocal cord; 3. resection of the paralyzed wall of the pharynx; 4. fixation of the paralyzed soft palate to the posterior wall of the pharynx. Nineteen years experience with the four different parts of the operation are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:863774", "title": "Amphotericin B for the treatment of localized subcutaneous phycomycosis in the horse.", "content": "Amphotericin B was used systemically or locally, or both, in the treatment of localized subcutaneous phycomycosis in horses. In 8 of 10 cases, the results were satisfactory. Intravenous treatment was well tolerated at an average starting daily dosage of 0.38 mg/kg, increasing up to as high as 1.47 mg/kg. It was concluded that the ideal treatment regimen would include early surgical removal of the lesion followed by daily intravenous and topical administration of amphotericin B, with periodic extirpation of small necrotic tracts as necessary.", "contents": "Amphotericin B for the treatment of localized subcutaneous phycomycosis in the horse. Amphotericin B was used systemically or locally, or both, in the treatment of localized subcutaneous phycomycosis in horses. In 8 of 10 cases, the results were satisfactory. Intravenous treatment was well tolerated at an average starting daily dosage of 0.38 mg/kg, increasing up to as high as 1.47 mg/kg. It was concluded that the ideal treatment regimen would include early surgical removal of the lesion followed by daily intravenous and topical administration of amphotericin B, with periodic extirpation of small necrotic tracts as necessary."}
{"id": "PMID:863775", "title": "Control of equine infectious anemia in horses in Hong Kong.", "content": "Equine infectious anemia (EIA) has been enzootic in Hong Kong since the end of World War II. In 1972, a serologic survey of the horses at the Hong Kong Jockey Club indicated 23% prevalence of EIA. Disease control measures were instituted, and the spread of infection was reduced. In 1976, the prevalence of EIA was believed to be sufficiently low to implement procedures for eradication of EIA from all horses in Hong Kong. A correlation between EIA and poor performance of racehorses was demonstrated.", "contents": "Control of equine infectious anemia in horses in Hong Kong. Equine infectious anemia (EIA) has been enzootic in Hong Kong since the end of World War II. In 1972, a serologic survey of the horses at the Hong Kong Jockey Club indicated 23% prevalence of EIA. Disease control measures were instituted, and the spread of infection was reduced. In 1976, the prevalence of EIA was believed to be sufficiently low to implement procedures for eradication of EIA from all horses in Hong Kong. A correlation between EIA and poor performance of racehorses was demonstrated."}
{"id": "PMID:863776", "title": "Failure of colostral immunoglobulin transfer as an explanation for most infections and deaths of neonatal foals.", "content": "Failure in colostral immunoglobulin G (IgG) transfer was found in 9 of 87 Thoroughbred foals. Seven (78%) of these 9 foals acquired infections requiring therapy. Twelve of the foals had partial failure in colostral IgG transfer, and 3 of these had infections requiring therapy. The remaining 66 foals had normal transfer of colostral IgG, and only 2 had detectable infections. The failure of colostral IgG transfer was attributable to nursing problems in only one case. When presuckle postpartum colostrum was collected, 2 of 4 failures of colostral IgG transfer and 4 of 6 partial failures of colostral IgG transfer were explained by low colostral IgG content. Of 11 foals from various other sources and dying of infection before 2 weeks of age, 6 had failure of colostral IgG transfer (less than 200 mg IgG/100 ml serum), and 4 had partial failure (200-400 mg IgG/100 ml serum).", "contents": "Failure of colostral immunoglobulin transfer as an explanation for most infections and deaths of neonatal foals. Failure in colostral immunoglobulin G (IgG) transfer was found in 9 of 87 Thoroughbred foals. Seven (78%) of these 9 foals acquired infections requiring therapy. Twelve of the foals had partial failure in colostral IgG transfer, and 3 of these had infections requiring therapy. The remaining 66 foals had normal transfer of colostral IgG, and only 2 had detectable infections. The failure of colostral IgG transfer was attributable to nursing problems in only one case. When presuckle postpartum colostrum was collected, 2 of 4 failures of colostral IgG transfer and 4 of 6 partial failures of colostral IgG transfer were explained by low colostral IgG content. Of 11 foals from various other sources and dying of infection before 2 weeks of age, 6 had failure of colostral IgG transfer (less than 200 mg IgG/100 ml serum), and 4 had partial failure (200-400 mg IgG/100 ml serum)."}
{"id": "PMID:863777", "title": "Cryotherapy of periocular squamous cell carcinoma in the horse.", "content": "Squamous cell carcinoma around the eyes of 3 horses was treated with liquid nitrogen, using cryotherapy probes as the method of application. In 2 cases, there was complete regression of the tumor; in the 3rd case, remission and relief of discomfort were temporary.", "contents": "Cryotherapy of periocular squamous cell carcinoma in the horse. Squamous cell carcinoma around the eyes of 3 horses was treated with liquid nitrogen, using cryotherapy probes as the method of application. In 2 cases, there was complete regression of the tumor; in the 3rd case, remission and relief of discomfort were temporary."}
{"id": "PMID:863778", "title": "Idiopathic monoclonal (IgA) gammopathy in a dog.", "content": "Idiopathic monoclonal (IgA) gammopathy in a dog was differentiated from multiple myeloma, based on the lack of Bence Jones proteinuria, no osteolysis, and no plasma cell infiltration into bone marrow, as well as on the stability of the gammopathy for over 18 months. The dog was not treated but remained clinically normal for 18 months.", "contents": "Idiopathic monoclonal (IgA) gammopathy in a dog. Idiopathic monoclonal (IgA) gammopathy in a dog was differentiated from multiple myeloma, based on the lack of Bence Jones proteinuria, no osteolysis, and no plasma cell infiltration into bone marrow, as well as on the stability of the gammopathy for over 18 months. The dog was not treated but remained clinically normal for 18 months."}
{"id": "PMID:863781", "title": "Survey of cat and dog ownership in Champaign County, Illinois, 1976.", "content": "Age, sex, breeding, cost, source, and reproductive data on dog and cat populations were obtained for Champaign County, Illinois. Of 623 households from which completed interviews were obtained, 37.4% had 1 or more dogs, and 17.8% had 1 or more cats. The estimated population of dogs was 22,118 and of cats, 16,055, with a proportion to human population of 1 dog/7.4 persons and 1 cat/9.9 persons. The mean age of cats (2.98 yr) was about two-thirds of the mean age of dogs (4.64 yr); the median age of cats (1.8 yr) was about one-half the median age of dogs (3.7 yr). The most often mentioned origin of dogs was private pet owners; cats were most often reported as being offspring of currently owned cats. The proportion of households owning dogs and cats was higher in rural than in urban areas.", "contents": "Survey of cat and dog ownership in Champaign County, Illinois, 1976. Age, sex, breeding, cost, source, and reproductive data on dog and cat populations were obtained for Champaign County, Illinois. Of 623 households from which completed interviews were obtained, 37.4% had 1 or more dogs, and 17.8% had 1 or more cats. The estimated population of dogs was 22,118 and of cats, 16,055, with a proportion to human population of 1 dog/7.4 persons and 1 cat/9.9 persons. The mean age of cats (2.98 yr) was about two-thirds of the mean age of dogs (4.64 yr); the median age of cats (1.8 yr) was about one-half the median age of dogs (3.7 yr). The most often mentioned origin of dogs was private pet owners; cats were most often reported as being offspring of currently owned cats. The proportion of households owning dogs and cats was higher in rural than in urban areas."}
{"id": "PMID:863783", "title": "The striatins--new antibiotics from the basidiomycete Cyathus striatus (Huds. ex Pers.) Willd.", "content": "Three crystalline antibiotics which we named striatins A, B, and C were isolated from the mycelium of the basidiomycete Cyathus striatus strain No. 12. The striatins are highly active against fungi imperfecti and a variety of Gram-positive bacteria, as well as against some Gram-negative bacteria. The molecular formulas as determined by mass spectrometry are C27H36O7 for striatin A, C27H36O8 for striatin B, and C25H34O7 for striatin C.", "contents": "The striatins--new antibiotics from the basidiomycete Cyathus striatus (Huds. ex Pers.) Willd. Three crystalline antibiotics which we named striatins A, B, and C were isolated from the mycelium of the basidiomycete Cyathus striatus strain No. 12. The striatins are highly active against fungi imperfecti and a variety of Gram-positive bacteria, as well as against some Gram-negative bacteria. The molecular formulas as determined by mass spectrometry are C27H36O7 for striatin A, C27H36O8 for striatin B, and C25H34O7 for striatin C."}
{"id": "PMID:863784", "title": "Evaluation of mycobacillin and versicolin as agricultural fungicides. III. Growth pattern and antibiotic production in soil by Aspergillus versicolor.", "content": "Soil supports the growth of a jute pathogen Colletotrichum gloeosporioides but only to a limited extent that of its antagonist Aspergillus versicolor. The growth of the sensitive pathogen is considerably checked by the antagonist in mixed soil culture although versicolin production could not be demonstrated within the limits of assay. Both the sensitive and the antagonistic organisms grow well in soil-compost medium and versicolin production by the latter is also enhanced. The antagonistic effect of Aspergillus versicolor on Colletotrichum gloeosporioides is expectedly more marked in soil-compost medium than in soil medium.", "contents": "Evaluation of mycobacillin and versicolin as agricultural fungicides. III. Growth pattern and antibiotic production in soil by Aspergillus versicolor. Soil supports the growth of a jute pathogen Colletotrichum gloeosporioides but only to a limited extent that of its antagonist Aspergillus versicolor. The growth of the sensitive pathogen is considerably checked by the antagonist in mixed soil culture although versicolin production could not be demonstrated within the limits of assay. Both the sensitive and the antagonistic organisms grow well in soil-compost medium and versicolin production by the latter is also enhanced. The antagonistic effect of Aspergillus versicolor on Colletotrichum gloeosporioides is expectedly more marked in soil-compost medium than in soil medium."}
{"id": "PMID:863785", "title": "Studies on the ionophorous antibiotics. VIII. Effects of monovalent and divalent cation ionophores on blood platelets.", "content": "The effects of a monovalent cation ionophore etheromycin (CP-38295) and a divalent cation ionophore lysocellin on blood platelets function have been investigated. When platelets were incubated with 3 micronM of each ionophore, the simultaneous induction of secretion of stored serotonin and efflux of intracellular calcium occurred, but there was no detectable influx of extracellular calcium. With increasing concentrations, these compounds caused platelet aggregation accompanied by increased influx of external calcium. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that the liberation of calcium from the intracellular store mediated the platelet secretion reaction.", "contents": "Studies on the ionophorous antibiotics. VIII. Effects of monovalent and divalent cation ionophores on blood platelets. The effects of a monovalent cation ionophore etheromycin (CP-38295) and a divalent cation ionophore lysocellin on blood platelets function have been investigated. When platelets were incubated with 3 micronM of each ionophore, the simultaneous induction of secretion of stored serotonin and efflux of intracellular calcium occurred, but there was no detectable influx of extracellular calcium. With increasing concentrations, these compounds caused platelet aggregation accompanied by increased influx of external calcium. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that the liberation of calcium from the intracellular store mediated the platelet secretion reaction."}
{"id": "PMID:863786", "title": "Antileishmanial activity of mycobacillin.", "content": "Mycobacillin, a cyclic polypeptide antifungal antibiotic effectively inhibits the growth of promastigote form of the protozoal organism, Leishmania donovani, strain 81 in liquid medium. Oxygen uptake by intact cells of the protozoa with exogenous glucose is appreciably reduced within first 30 minutes in presence of the antibiotic at a concentration of 15 microng/ml. Appreciable leakage of intracellular 260 nm and 280 nm absorbing materials takes place from the protozoan cells incubated with the antibiotic at similar concentration.", "contents": "Antileishmanial activity of mycobacillin. Mycobacillin, a cyclic polypeptide antifungal antibiotic effectively inhibits the growth of promastigote form of the protozoal organism, Leishmania donovani, strain 81 in liquid medium. Oxygen uptake by intact cells of the protozoa with exogenous glucose is appreciably reduced within first 30 minutes in presence of the antibiotic at a concentration of 15 microng/ml. Appreciable leakage of intracellular 260 nm and 280 nm absorbing materials takes place from the protozoan cells incubated with the antibiotic at similar concentration."}
{"id": "PMID:863788", "title": "A new alkaloid AM-2282 OF Streptomyces origin. Taxonomy, fermentation, isolation and preliminary characterization.", "content": "AM-2282, a new alkaloid has been isolated from cultures of Streptomyces sp. AM-2282 by solvent extraction and silica gel chromatography. The compound exhibits a strong absorption maximum at 292 nm and shows antimicrobial activity against fungi and yeast. The LD50 of its hydrochloride (i.p. in mice) is 6.6 mg/kg. The molecular formula of AM-2282 has been determined as C28H26N4O3. The producing strain, AM-2282 was classified as a new species and the name, Streptomyces staurosporeus AWAYA, TAKAHASHI and OMURA, nov. sp. is proposed.", "contents": "A new alkaloid AM-2282 OF Streptomyces origin. Taxonomy, fermentation, isolation and preliminary characterization. AM-2282, a new alkaloid has been isolated from cultures of Streptomyces sp. AM-2282 by solvent extraction and silica gel chromatography. The compound exhibits a strong absorption maximum at 292 nm and shows antimicrobial activity against fungi and yeast. The LD50 of its hydrochloride (i.p. in mice) is 6.6 mg/kg. The molecular formula of AM-2282 has been determined as C28H26N4O3. The producing strain, AM-2282 was classified as a new species and the name, Streptomyces staurosporeus AWAYA, TAKAHASHI and OMURA, nov. sp. is proposed."}
{"id": "PMID:863789", "title": "Studies on aculeacin. II. Isolation and characterization of aculeacins B, C, D, E, F and G.", "content": "Six new antibiotics were isolated as the minor components related to aculeacin A from the culture broth of Aspergillus aculeatus M-4214 and named as aculeacins B, C, D, E, F and G. Their physico-chemical properties were analogous to those of aculeacin A and they showed significant activity against fungi. All of the minor components liberated palmitic acid on alkaline hydrolysis. Amino acid analysis showed that threonine and hydroxyproline are common constituents of aculeacins.", "contents": "Studies on aculeacin. II. Isolation and characterization of aculeacins B, C, D, E, F and G. Six new antibiotics were isolated as the minor components related to aculeacin A from the culture broth of Aspergillus aculeatus M-4214 and named as aculeacins B, C, D, E, F and G. Their physico-chemical properties were analogous to those of aculeacin A and they showed significant activity against fungi. All of the minor components liberated palmitic acid on alkaline hydrolysis. Amino acid analysis showed that threonine and hydroxyproline are common constituents of aculeacins."}
{"id": "PMID:863790", "title": "Further studies on ASN-136 and monoketo-organomycin cystaurimycin, a broad spectrum substance produced by partial enzymic digestion of monoketo-organomycin.", "content": "The two antibiotics ASN-136 and monoketo-organomycin (MKOM) showed very close similarities in their UV, IR spectra and elemental analysis to those of tuberactinomycin and yazumycin respectively. Further chemical and enzymic studies revealed the novelty of the two former antibiotics. Partial enzymic hydrolysis of MKOM yielded a hydrolytic product of more potent inhibitory action compared with the parent antibiotic. Having cystine as the N-terminus and taurine as the C-terminus in its molecule, this enzymic degradation product was designated cystaurimycin. Performic acid oxidation of MKOM and of cystaurimycin improved their growth inhibitory effects on the test organisms used.", "contents": "Further studies on ASN-136 and monoketo-organomycin cystaurimycin, a broad spectrum substance produced by partial enzymic digestion of monoketo-organomycin. The two antibiotics ASN-136 and monoketo-organomycin (MKOM) showed very close similarities in their UV, IR spectra and elemental analysis to those of tuberactinomycin and yazumycin respectively. Further chemical and enzymic studies revealed the novelty of the two former antibiotics. Partial enzymic hydrolysis of MKOM yielded a hydrolytic product of more potent inhibitory action compared with the parent antibiotic. Having cystine as the N-terminus and taurine as the C-terminus in its molecule, this enzymic degradation product was designated cystaurimycin. Performic acid oxidation of MKOM and of cystaurimycin improved their growth inhibitory effects on the test organisms used."}
{"id": "PMID:863791", "title": "Effect of polyene macrolide antibiotics on invertebrate tissue culture cells.", "content": "The effect of amphotericin B (AB) and amphotericin B methyl ester (AME) on viability and DNA synthesis in three insect cell lines, Trichoplusia ni (Tn) Carpocapsa pomonella 169 (Cp) and Aedes aegypti (Aa), has been evaluated. In all cases AME was less toxic than AB and inhibited DNA synthesis to a lesser degree than AB. However, the three cell lines differed in their response to the two polyene macrolide antibiotic preparations. Tn and Aa cell responded in a similar manner when exposed to either AME or AB, whereas Cp cells were more sensitive to both antibiotics than Tn or Aa cells.", "contents": "Effect of polyene macrolide antibiotics on invertebrate tissue culture cells. The effect of amphotericin B (AB) and amphotericin B methyl ester (AME) on viability and DNA synthesis in three insect cell lines, Trichoplusia ni (Tn) Carpocapsa pomonella 169 (Cp) and Aedes aegypti (Aa), has been evaluated. In all cases AME was less toxic than AB and inhibited DNA synthesis to a lesser degree than AB. However, the three cell lines differed in their response to the two polyene macrolide antibiotic preparations. Tn and Aa cell responded in a similar manner when exposed to either AME or AB, whereas Cp cells were more sensitive to both antibiotics than Tn or Aa cells."}
{"id": "PMID:863808", "title": "Alveolar pressure and lung volume as determinants of net transvascular fluid filtration.", "content": "We have investigated the influence of changes in alveolar pressure (PAlv) and in lung volume on the net transvascular fluid filtration rate (FFR). The preparation was isolated, perfused zone III rabbit lungs. In observation periods the outflow pressure was kept constant at a level generally causing net filtration. All pressures were measured relative to atmospheric. FFR was measured by continuous monitoring of preparation weight. Elevation of Palv at constant lung volume caused reversible reductions in FFR, also at constant capillary hydrostatic pressure (Pa-V less than 2 Torr). Increases in lung volume at constant PAlv caused reversible increases in FFR. When both PAlv and Ptp were increased a reduction in FFR was seen in the majority of cases. We conclude that at constant pulmonary arterial pressure, the size and the direction of the influence of positive airway pressure on FFR depend on the relative change in lung volume and in alveolar pressure per se. Under the present experimental conditions a rise in PAlv will be transmitted to interstitial fluid pressure and affect the transvascular fluid balance.", "contents": "Alveolar pressure and lung volume as determinants of net transvascular fluid filtration. We have investigated the influence of changes in alveolar pressure (PAlv) and in lung volume on the net transvascular fluid filtration rate (FFR). The preparation was isolated, perfused zone III rabbit lungs. In observation periods the outflow pressure was kept constant at a level generally causing net filtration. All pressures were measured relative to atmospheric. FFR was measured by continuous monitoring of preparation weight. Elevation of Palv at constant lung volume caused reversible reductions in FFR, also at constant capillary hydrostatic pressure (Pa-V less than 2 Torr). Increases in lung volume at constant PAlv caused reversible increases in FFR. When both PAlv and Ptp were increased a reduction in FFR was seen in the majority of cases. We conclude that at constant pulmonary arterial pressure, the size and the direction of the influence of positive airway pressure on FFR depend on the relative change in lung volume and in alveolar pressure per se. Under the present experimental conditions a rise in PAlv will be transmitted to interstitial fluid pressure and affect the transvascular fluid balance."}
{"id": "PMID:863809", "title": "Effects of body temperature on ventilatory response to hypoxia and breathing pattern in man.", "content": "The ventilatory response to hypoxia (PAO2 55 and 45 Torr) at each of four levels of PACO2 was studied in five healthy subjects before and after a rise in rectal temperature of 1.4 degrees C had been induced by means of a heated flying suit. At a given level of chemical drive both ventilation and mean inspiratory flow increased after heating, frequency relatively more than tidal volume. In isoventilation comparisons mean inspiratory flow was identical in normo- and hyperthermia, whereas the durations of inspiration (TI) and expiration (TE) were proportionately shortened. It is suggested that a rise in temperature shortens TI by affecting a central \"clock\" and that TE changes are secondary to changes in end-inspiratory volume. The euoxic CO2 response in hyperthermia was suggestive of multiplication between CO2 and temperature. Hypoxic sensitivity was significantly increased, indicating a temperature effect on the arterial chemoreceptors. The breathing pattern was in either temperature condition identical in euoxia and in hypoxia.", "contents": "Effects of body temperature on ventilatory response to hypoxia and breathing pattern in man. The ventilatory response to hypoxia (PAO2 55 and 45 Torr) at each of four levels of PACO2 was studied in five healthy subjects before and after a rise in rectal temperature of 1.4 degrees C had been induced by means of a heated flying suit. At a given level of chemical drive both ventilation and mean inspiratory flow increased after heating, frequency relatively more than tidal volume. In isoventilation comparisons mean inspiratory flow was identical in normo- and hyperthermia, whereas the durations of inspiration (TI) and expiration (TE) were proportionately shortened. It is suggested that a rise in temperature shortens TI by affecting a central \"clock\" and that TE changes are secondary to changes in end-inspiratory volume. The euoxic CO2 response in hyperthermia was suggestive of multiplication between CO2 and temperature. Hypoxic sensitivity was significantly increased, indicating a temperature effect on the arterial chemoreceptors. The breathing pattern was in either temperature condition identical in euoxia and in hypoxia."}
{"id": "PMID:863810", "title": "Airway responses to inhaled histamine in asymptomatic smokers and nonsmokers.", "content": "Bronchia reactivity to inhaled histamine was assessed in asymptomatic cigarette smokers and in nonsmoking atopic and nonatopic subjects. The only prechallenge between-group difference was the ratio of maximal flow on 80% helium-20% oxygen (Vmax HeO2) to maximal flow on air (Vmax air) from partial expiratory flow volume curves at 25% vital capacity (25% VC PEFV): Mean +/- SEM for smokers 1.18 /+- 0.06, atopics 1.45 +/- 0.08, nonatopics 1.51 +/- 0.03. This suggests that prior to inhalation to total lung capacity, the predominant site of resistance at flow limitation was in smaller airways of the smokers and in larger airways of both groups of nonsmokers. Following inhalation of histamine, smokers and nonatopics had similar changes in lung volumes and Vmax air which were less than in atopics. The Vmax HeO2/Vmax air ratios at 25% VC PEFV increased in smokers and decreased in nonsmokers: smokers 1.48 +/- 0.08, atopics 1.22 +/- 0.10, nontopics 1.16 +/- 0.06. This suggests a predominant large airway response in smokers and a prominent small airway response in nonsmokers. These responses may reflect differences in the predominant site of aerosol deposition rather than in airway reactivity.", "contents": "Airway responses to inhaled histamine in asymptomatic smokers and nonsmokers. Bronchia reactivity to inhaled histamine was assessed in asymptomatic cigarette smokers and in nonsmoking atopic and nonatopic subjects. The only prechallenge between-group difference was the ratio of maximal flow on 80% helium-20% oxygen (Vmax HeO2) to maximal flow on air (Vmax air) from partial expiratory flow volume curves at 25% vital capacity (25% VC PEFV): Mean +/- SEM for smokers 1.18 /+- 0.06, atopics 1.45 +/- 0.08, nonatopics 1.51 +/- 0.03. This suggests that prior to inhalation to total lung capacity, the predominant site of resistance at flow limitation was in smaller airways of the smokers and in larger airways of both groups of nonsmokers. Following inhalation of histamine, smokers and nonatopics had similar changes in lung volumes and Vmax air which were less than in atopics. The Vmax HeO2/Vmax air ratios at 25% VC PEFV increased in smokers and decreased in nonsmokers: smokers 1.48 +/- 0.08, atopics 1.22 +/- 0.10, nontopics 1.16 +/- 0.06. This suggests a predominant large airway response in smokers and a prominent small airway response in nonsmokers. These responses may reflect differences in the predominant site of aerosol deposition rather than in airway reactivity."}
{"id": "PMID:863811", "title": "Forces applied to cranks of a bicycle ergometer during one- and two-leg cycling.", "content": "An examination was made of the comparability of one- and two-leg exercise performed pedaling a stationary bicycle ergometer. The pattern of force exerted on both cranks was examined by means of a specially adapted ergometer which is described. The mean of the peak force in each cycle (MPF) was linearly related to work load (W) in both forms of exercise, and if account was taken of the doubled work output in two-leg cycling there was no significant difference between the MPF/W relationships; these are given by the equations one-leg: MPF (kg) = 11.23 + 0.065 (W in kpm/min) two-leg MPF (kg) = 10.76 + 0.032 (W in kpm/min). Calculation from the force records of the work performed on the cranks (WCR net) showed good agreement (r = 0.98, P less than 0.001) with the work load set on the ergometer. Analysis of the proportion of work done in leg extension and flexion phases of cycling revealed no differences between one- and two-leg exercise or between the right and left legs. The majority (approximately 80%) of Wer net being performed in leg extension is described by: Wer net (extension)) = 10.6 +/- 0.8 (W cr net total). In one-leg exercise (W greater than 900 kpm/min) the variation in rotation speed during a normal cycle ranged from +20 to --30% of the mean speed compared with +/- 10% in two-leg exercise.", "contents": "Forces applied to cranks of a bicycle ergometer during one- and two-leg cycling. An examination was made of the comparability of one- and two-leg exercise performed pedaling a stationary bicycle ergometer. The pattern of force exerted on both cranks was examined by means of a specially adapted ergometer which is described. The mean of the peak force in each cycle (MPF) was linearly related to work load (W) in both forms of exercise, and if account was taken of the doubled work output in two-leg cycling there was no significant difference between the MPF/W relationships; these are given by the equations one-leg: MPF (kg) = 11.23 + 0.065 (W in kpm/min) two-leg MPF (kg) = 10.76 + 0.032 (W in kpm/min). Calculation from the force records of the work performed on the cranks (WCR net) showed good agreement (r = 0.98, P less than 0.001) with the work load set on the ergometer. Analysis of the proportion of work done in leg extension and flexion phases of cycling revealed no differences between one- and two-leg exercise or between the right and left legs. The majority (approximately 80%) of Wer net being performed in leg extension is described by: Wer net (extension)) = 10.6 +/- 0.8 (W cr net total). In one-leg exercise (W greater than 900 kpm/min) the variation in rotation speed during a normal cycle ranged from +20 to --30% of the mean speed compared with +/- 10% in two-leg exercise."}
{"id": "PMID:863812", "title": "Glucose-induced decrease in glucagon and pinephrine responses to exercise in man.", "content": "Seven men ran at 60% of individual maximal oxygen uptake to exhaustion during beta-adrenergic blockade with propranolol or without drugs. After propranolol administration the increases during exercise in plasma glucagon and epinephrine concentrations as well as the decrease in plasma glucose concentrations were faster than in control experiments. When euglycemia was maintained by glucose infusion during beta-adrenergic blockade, glucagon and epinephrine responses to exercise, although not abolished, were markedly reduced. The diminution of the exercise-induced decline in glucose concentrations correlated significantly with the diminution of the glucagon as well as the epinephrine responses. Thus decreased glucose concentrations may significantly enhance the secretion of glucagon and epinephrine during prolonged exercise in man. Since the diminution of the glucagon response produced by glucose infusion was not accompanied by significant alterations in the levels of nonesterified fatty acid (NEFA) and glycerol, increased glucagon secretion does not seem to be a major determinant of lipolysis during exercise in man. During glucose infusion, glycogen utilization rates in muscle (n = 4) tended to decrease, whereas carbohydrate combustion rate and concentrations of norepinephrine, insulin, alanine, and lactate were unchanged.", "contents": "Glucose-induced decrease in glucagon and pinephrine responses to exercise in man. Seven men ran at 60% of individual maximal oxygen uptake to exhaustion during beta-adrenergic blockade with propranolol or without drugs. After propranolol administration the increases during exercise in plasma glucagon and epinephrine concentrations as well as the decrease in plasma glucose concentrations were faster than in control experiments. When euglycemia was maintained by glucose infusion during beta-adrenergic blockade, glucagon and epinephrine responses to exercise, although not abolished, were markedly reduced. The diminution of the exercise-induced decline in glucose concentrations correlated significantly with the diminution of the glucagon as well as the epinephrine responses. Thus decreased glucose concentrations may significantly enhance the secretion of glucagon and epinephrine during prolonged exercise in man. Since the diminution of the glucagon response produced by glucose infusion was not accompanied by significant alterations in the levels of nonesterified fatty acid (NEFA) and glycerol, increased glucagon secretion does not seem to be a major determinant of lipolysis during exercise in man. During glucose infusion, glycogen utilization rates in muscle (n = 4) tended to decrease, whereas carbohydrate combustion rate and concentrations of norepinephrine, insulin, alanine, and lactate were unchanged."}
{"id": "PMID:863813", "title": "Decrease of maximum work performance following ozone exposure.", "content": "A bicycle ergometer was used to measure maximum exercise oxygen consumption following 2 h of intermittent exercise in an environmental chamber ventilated with air (FA test) or filtered air plus 0.75 ppm ozone (PO test). Thirteen adult males performed both tests according to a random sequence. The maximum attained VO2 declined 10% (P less than 0.01), maximum attained work load was reduced by 10% (P less than 0.01), maximum ventilation decreased 16% (P less than 0.01), and maximum heart rate dropped 6% (P less than 0.05) in the PO test. At the highest common work load, heart rate and oxygen consumption were similar and ventilation was slightly higher (P less than 0.05); however, frequency of respiration increased 45% (P less than 0.01) and tidal voluem fell by 29% (P less than 0.01) following ozone exposure. During maximum exercise, the respiratory frequency was similar in both tests, but tidal volume was 21% lower (P less than 0.01) in PO experiments. Decreases in vital capacity and FEV1.0 as well as cough and chest discomfort were also noted following ozone exposure. We conclude that the reduction of maximum attained VO2 is a consequence of ventilatory limitation of maximum effort, probably related to respiratory discomfort.", "contents": "Decrease of maximum work performance following ozone exposure. A bicycle ergometer was used to measure maximum exercise oxygen consumption following 2 h of intermittent exercise in an environmental chamber ventilated with air (FA test) or filtered air plus 0.75 ppm ozone (PO test). Thirteen adult males performed both tests according to a random sequence. The maximum attained VO2 declined 10% (P less than 0.01), maximum attained work load was reduced by 10% (P less than 0.01), maximum ventilation decreased 16% (P less than 0.01), and maximum heart rate dropped 6% (P less than 0.05) in the PO test. At the highest common work load, heart rate and oxygen consumption were similar and ventilation was slightly higher (P less than 0.05); however, frequency of respiration increased 45% (P less than 0.01) and tidal voluem fell by 29% (P less than 0.01) following ozone exposure. During maximum exercise, the respiratory frequency was similar in both tests, but tidal volume was 21% lower (P less than 0.01) in PO experiments. Decreases in vital capacity and FEV1.0 as well as cough and chest discomfort were also noted following ozone exposure. We conclude that the reduction of maximum attained VO2 is a consequence of ventilatory limitation of maximum effort, probably related to respiratory discomfort."}
{"id": "PMID:863814", "title": "Panting in small mammals: a comparison of two marsupials and the laboratory rabbit.", "content": "By use of a barometric technique, tidal volume (VT), minute volume (VE), respiratory frequency (f), and respiratory evaporative heat loss (Eex) were measured from conscious unrestrained potoroos (Potorous tridactylus), barred bandicoots (Perameles gunnii), and New Zealand white rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) at temperatures in and above the thermoneutral zone (TNZ). Rectal temperature (Tre) and oxygen consumption were also measured. VT initially decreased with rising Ta, but in the potoroo and rabbit it then increased past the resting level. VE increased much more in the marsupials than in the rabbit, and higher Eex maxima were also found for the marsupials. The marsupials had high Q10's above the TNZ, and had a panting efficiency of 80%. The rabbits had a Q10 of 1.9 above the TNZ and 100% panting efficiency. The high VE and Eex and low panting efficiency of the marsupials may be due to their lower Tre which allows transfer of heat from the environment to the animal.", "contents": "Panting in small mammals: a comparison of two marsupials and the laboratory rabbit. By use of a barometric technique, tidal volume (VT), minute volume (VE), respiratory frequency (f), and respiratory evaporative heat loss (Eex) were measured from conscious unrestrained potoroos (Potorous tridactylus), barred bandicoots (Perameles gunnii), and New Zealand white rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) at temperatures in and above the thermoneutral zone (TNZ). Rectal temperature (Tre) and oxygen consumption were also measured. VT initially decreased with rising Ta, but in the potoroo and rabbit it then increased past the resting level. VE increased much more in the marsupials than in the rabbit, and higher Eex maxima were also found for the marsupials. The marsupials had high Q10's above the TNZ, and had a panting efficiency of 80%. The rabbits had a Q10 of 1.9 above the TNZ and 100% panting efficiency. The high VE and Eex and low panting efficiency of the marsupials may be due to their lower Tre which allows transfer of heat from the environment to the animal."}
{"id": "PMID:863815", "title": "Oxygen storage in beavers.", "content": "Ten wild beavers were anesthetized with pentobarbital and total lung capacity (60.5 +/- 4.8 ml/kg), hemoglobin (12.4 +/- 1.5 g/100 ml), blood volume (6.5 +/- 0.8% body mass), and myoglobin (1.2 +/- 0.3 g/100 mg) were determined. These measured values were used to calculate total oxygen storage capacity. Even though the beaver is a good diver (15-min submersion time), its oxygen stores are not large and are about one-third the stores of a good marine diver, the harbor seal.", "contents": "Oxygen storage in beavers. Ten wild beavers were anesthetized with pentobarbital and total lung capacity (60.5 +/- 4.8 ml/kg), hemoglobin (12.4 +/- 1.5 g/100 ml), blood volume (6.5 +/- 0.8% body mass), and myoglobin (1.2 +/- 0.3 g/100 mg) were determined. These measured values were used to calculate total oxygen storage capacity. Even though the beaver is a good diver (15-min submersion time), its oxygen stores are not large and are about one-third the stores of a good marine diver, the harbor seal."}
{"id": "PMID:863816", "title": "Frequency dependence of ventilation distribution in normal and obstructed lungs.", "content": "Differences in regional pulmonary time constant may cause ventilation distribution to vary with breathing frequency and frequency-dependent changes in regional ventilation per unit volume might be expected. We measured the regional distribution of inhaled xenon-133 (133Xe) at 10 and 60 breaths/min in normal subjects and in patients with a clinical diagnosis of chornic bronchitis or asthma. Breathing frequency had no siqnificant effect on ventilation distribution in normals but in patients with chronic bronchitis ventilation decreased in the lower lung regions at 60 breaths/min compared with 10 breaths/min. In six asthmatic patients the lung regions demonstrating the greatest frequency-dependent reductions in ventilation, which were assumed to have the greatest time constants, also showed decreased ventilation-perfusion ratios (V/Q) measured by standard 133Xe techniques. Bronchodilator increased ventilation more than perfusion in these regions and thus V/Q ratio increased toward the normal range. These results imply that measurement of the frequency dependence of regional ventilation provides information about the relative distribution of airway obstruction, and that airway function in the most obstructed lung regions in asthmatics is improved following bronchodilator therapy.", "contents": "Frequency dependence of ventilation distribution in normal and obstructed lungs. Differences in regional pulmonary time constant may cause ventilation distribution to vary with breathing frequency and frequency-dependent changes in regional ventilation per unit volume might be expected. We measured the regional distribution of inhaled xenon-133 (133Xe) at 10 and 60 breaths/min in normal subjects and in patients with a clinical diagnosis of chornic bronchitis or asthma. Breathing frequency had no siqnificant effect on ventilation distribution in normals but in patients with chronic bronchitis ventilation decreased in the lower lung regions at 60 breaths/min compared with 10 breaths/min. In six asthmatic patients the lung regions demonstrating the greatest frequency-dependent reductions in ventilation, which were assumed to have the greatest time constants, also showed decreased ventilation-perfusion ratios (V/Q) measured by standard 133Xe techniques. Bronchodilator increased ventilation more than perfusion in these regions and thus V/Q ratio increased toward the normal range. These results imply that measurement of the frequency dependence of regional ventilation provides information about the relative distribution of airway obstruction, and that airway function in the most obstructed lung regions in asthmatics is improved following bronchodilator therapy."}
{"id": "PMID:863817", "title": "Modification of renin and aldosterone response to heat by acclimatization in man.", "content": "Plasma renin activity (PRA) and aldosterone concentration (PA) increased in eight men following a brief (30--40 min) heat exposure (50 degrees C dry bulb, 25 degrees C wet bulb) with light work. Sweat loss was less than 1% body weight. Plasma cortisol concentration was unchanged or decreased. In four subjects, a standard heat test was repeated in winter and summer (natural acclimatization). The increase in PRA and PA following heat exposure was less in summer than in winter. Four other subjects were artificially acclimated by daily work periods of 90 min at 50 degrees C for 7 days (artificial acclimation). Heat-induced elevation in PRA was considerably reduced by artificial acclimation, although postheat PA was reduced in only two of the four subjects. The small degree of sweat loss under the conditions of these experiments shows that circulating renin and aldosterone levels are increased in the heat even when a significant sodium deficit is not incurred.", "contents": "Modification of renin and aldosterone response to heat by acclimatization in man. Plasma renin activity (PRA) and aldosterone concentration (PA) increased in eight men following a brief (30--40 min) heat exposure (50 degrees C dry bulb, 25 degrees C wet bulb) with light work. Sweat loss was less than 1% body weight. Plasma cortisol concentration was unchanged or decreased. In four subjects, a standard heat test was repeated in winter and summer (natural acclimatization). The increase in PRA and PA following heat exposure was less in summer than in winter. Four other subjects were artificially acclimated by daily work periods of 90 min at 50 degrees C for 7 days (artificial acclimation). Heat-induced elevation in PRA was considerably reduced by artificial acclimation, although postheat PA was reduced in only two of the four subjects. The small degree of sweat loss under the conditions of these experiments shows that circulating renin and aldosterone levels are increased in the heat even when a significant sodium deficit is not incurred."}
{"id": "PMID:863818", "title": "Critical size of newborn homeotherms.", "content": "It is shown that for cylindrical and spherical bodies there is a critical radius below which the addition of any form of insulation to the body will increase rather than decrease the cooling of the body. It is proposed, therefore, that it would be thermally detrimental to newborn homeotherms to be born with a protective covering (fur or down) if their body size were less than this critical size, and consequently that the degree of natal covering is not necessarily related to the overall development of the species when the birth size is less than this critical size. A critical weight is derived from the critical radius for basically spherical animals which compares favorably with typical birth weights of various altricial homeotherms. The effect of the overall conductive-convective heat transfer caused by a basically cylindrical animal rolling up into a ball is also discussed.", "contents": "Critical size of newborn homeotherms. It is shown that for cylindrical and spherical bodies there is a critical radius below which the addition of any form of insulation to the body will increase rather than decrease the cooling of the body. It is proposed, therefore, that it would be thermally detrimental to newborn homeotherms to be born with a protective covering (fur or down) if their body size were less than this critical size, and consequently that the degree of natal covering is not necessarily related to the overall development of the species when the birth size is less than this critical size. A critical weight is derived from the critical radius for basically spherical animals which compares favorably with typical birth weights of various altricial homeotherms. The effect of the overall conductive-convective heat transfer caused by a basically cylindrical animal rolling up into a ball is also discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:863819", "title": "Inversion of Fahraeus effect and effect of mainstream flow on capillary hematocrit.", "content": "The well known Fahraeus effect (1929) states that if whole blood is allowed to flow from a large reservoir into a small circular cylindrical tube, the hematocrit in the tube is smaller than that in the reservoir, and the smaller the tube, the smaller will be the tube hematocrit. This is interpreted as a feature of particulate flow. We find that this relationship is not monotonic in a model experiment in which gelatin particles (circular disks) are suspended in a silicone fluid to simulate blood. When the diameter of the underformed cell is equal to or greater than the tube diameter, the volume fraction of the cells in the tubes increases to a value equal to or greater than that in the reservoir. Thus the Fahraeus effect has a point of inversion. Additional experiments show that the hematocrit in the tube could be greatly influenced by the flow condition outside the entrance of the tube. If the tube is perpendicular to the main direction of flow in the reservoir (as is the case of Barbee and Cokelet's experiment, or in most arteriole-capillary junctions), the velocity gradient and the velocity of flow in the reservoir just outside the entrance to the tube affects the hematocrit in the tube.", "contents": "Inversion of Fahraeus effect and effect of mainstream flow on capillary hematocrit. The well known Fahraeus effect (1929) states that if whole blood is allowed to flow from a large reservoir into a small circular cylindrical tube, the hematocrit in the tube is smaller than that in the reservoir, and the smaller the tube, the smaller will be the tube hematocrit. This is interpreted as a feature of particulate flow. We find that this relationship is not monotonic in a model experiment in which gelatin particles (circular disks) are suspended in a silicone fluid to simulate blood. When the diameter of the underformed cell is equal to or greater than the tube diameter, the volume fraction of the cells in the tubes increases to a value equal to or greater than that in the reservoir. Thus the Fahraeus effect has a point of inversion. Additional experiments show that the hematocrit in the tube could be greatly influenced by the flow condition outside the entrance of the tube. If the tube is perpendicular to the main direction of flow in the reservoir (as is the case of Barbee and Cokelet's experiment, or in most arteriole-capillary junctions), the velocity gradient and the velocity of flow in the reservoir just outside the entrance to the tube affects the hematocrit in the tube."}
{"id": "PMID:863820", "title": "Effect of acute hypoxia on the hormonal response to exercise.", "content": "The hormonal responses to submaximal exercise under normoxic and hypoxic conditions were studied in eight fit males, aged 22--28 yr, with mean maximal oxygen uptake of 4.4 +/- 0.7 l/min. Studies were performed in a hypobaric chamber, decompressed to a simulated altitude of 4,550 m (PIO2 = 83 Torr). The subjects exercised for 20 min at 750 kpm/min on a cycle ergometer. Venous blood samples were obtained at rest, during exercise and for 60 min after exercise. Plasma glucose, free fatty acids, lactate, cortisol, and serum growth hormone concentrations all increased more during hypoxic exercise than under normoxic conditions. Serum insulin concentration showed a small decrease under normoxic conditions, but decreased by 50% during hypoxic exercise, and was followed by marked rebound when exercise stopped. These changes suggest that energy substrate-hormone interrelationships are altered by hypoxic exercise, resulting in increased fat mobilization and increased gluconeogenesis.", "contents": "Effect of acute hypoxia on the hormonal response to exercise. The hormonal responses to submaximal exercise under normoxic and hypoxic conditions were studied in eight fit males, aged 22--28 yr, with mean maximal oxygen uptake of 4.4 +/- 0.7 l/min. Studies were performed in a hypobaric chamber, decompressed to a simulated altitude of 4,550 m (PIO2 = 83 Torr). The subjects exercised for 20 min at 750 kpm/min on a cycle ergometer. Venous blood samples were obtained at rest, during exercise and for 60 min after exercise. Plasma glucose, free fatty acids, lactate, cortisol, and serum growth hormone concentrations all increased more during hypoxic exercise than under normoxic conditions. Serum insulin concentration showed a small decrease under normoxic conditions, but decreased by 50% during hypoxic exercise, and was followed by marked rebound when exercise stopped. These changes suggest that energy substrate-hormone interrelationships are altered by hypoxic exercise, resulting in increased fat mobilization and increased gluconeogenesis."}
{"id": "PMID:863821", "title": "Extension of pulmonary O2 tolerance in man at 2 ATA by intermittent O2 exposure.", "content": "To study extension of O2 tolerance by interruption of hyperoxic exposure, as compared to previous studies of continuous oxygen exposure, five healthy volunteers were exposed to oxygen at 2 ATA on an intermittent schedule of 20 min breathing O2, alternating with 5 min on a normoxic N2-O2 mixture. The cycle was repeated until symptoms or signs of O2 toxicity caused cessation of the experiment. Tracheal irritation and burning on inspiration occurred after 6-9 \"oxygen hours\" of exposure and progressed to severe tracheobronchial burning sensation, chest pain, and dyspnea after 11-15 h of O2. Average duration of exposure was 13.7 O2 h, inducing a mean vital capacity decrease of 10.3%. The decrease began soon after onset of symptoms. With intermittent O2 administration, nearly a doubling of the average duration of actual oxygen breathing was required to induce marked vital capacity change (greater than 10%) as compared to the previous studies of continuous O2 exposure. The increased duration of tolerable O2 exposure in man resembles the extension of O2 tolerance known to occur in animals exposed to intermittent hyperoxia.", "contents": "Extension of pulmonary O2 tolerance in man at 2 ATA by intermittent O2 exposure. To study extension of O2 tolerance by interruption of hyperoxic exposure, as compared to previous studies of continuous oxygen exposure, five healthy volunteers were exposed to oxygen at 2 ATA on an intermittent schedule of 20 min breathing O2, alternating with 5 min on a normoxic N2-O2 mixture. The cycle was repeated until symptoms or signs of O2 toxicity caused cessation of the experiment. Tracheal irritation and burning on inspiration occurred after 6-9 \"oxygen hours\" of exposure and progressed to severe tracheobronchial burning sensation, chest pain, and dyspnea after 11-15 h of O2. Average duration of exposure was 13.7 O2 h, inducing a mean vital capacity decrease of 10.3%. The decrease began soon after onset of symptoms. With intermittent O2 administration, nearly a doubling of the average duration of actual oxygen breathing was required to induce marked vital capacity change (greater than 10%) as compared to the previous studies of continuous O2 exposure. The increased duration of tolerable O2 exposure in man resembles the extension of O2 tolerance known to occur in animals exposed to intermittent hyperoxia."}
{"id": "PMID:863822", "title": "Role of the parasympathetic system in antigen-induced bronchospasm.", "content": "Human subjects, sensitive to ragweed, inhaled aerosols of increasing concentrations of ragweed pollen extract in the presence and absence of pretreatment with inhaled atropine. The cumulative dose of antigen required for a 35% decrease in airways conductance was termed PD35. Atropine, 1.2 or 5 mg, increased airways conductance before antigenic challenge but did not alter signigicantly the PD35 for ragweed extract, although these doses of atropine inhibited airways responses to inhaled methacholine chloride and citric acid. We conclude that the cholinergic nervous system plays a modulating role in bronchomotor tone and responses to irritants, but that parasympathetic reflexes are not invariably a major component of human bronchial responses to inhaled allergen.", "contents": "Role of the parasympathetic system in antigen-induced bronchospasm. Human subjects, sensitive to ragweed, inhaled aerosols of increasing concentrations of ragweed pollen extract in the presence and absence of pretreatment with inhaled atropine. The cumulative dose of antigen required for a 35% decrease in airways conductance was termed PD35. Atropine, 1.2 or 5 mg, increased airways conductance before antigenic challenge but did not alter signigicantly the PD35 for ragweed extract, although these doses of atropine inhibited airways responses to inhaled methacholine chloride and citric acid. We conclude that the cholinergic nervous system plays a modulating role in bronchomotor tone and responses to irritants, but that parasympathetic reflexes are not invariably a major component of human bronchial responses to inhaled allergen."}
{"id": "PMID:863823", "title": "Comparison of measures of forced expiration.", "content": "Theoretical relationships among a number of parameters were derived for idealized timed vital capacity (TVC) and maximal expiratory flow-volume (MEFV) curves to determine a minimal set of independent parameters. Normal pediatric subjects and those with cystic fibrosis were studied to verify these relationships experimentally. The average flow over the middle half (FEF25-75%) of the forced vital capacity (FVC) and flows at various exhaled percentages of the FVC (FEF50%, FEF75%), as well as moments of the TVC and MEFV curves were computed. From the TVC moments, a mean transit time (MTT) and an index of dispersion (ID) were also calculated. The minimum information needed to detect pulmonary mechanical changes associated with obstructive lung disease requires at least two reproducible measures: one related to the mean slope (e.g., FEF25-75%/FVC or MTT) and the other to the shape (e.g;, ID) of the effort-independent portion of the MEFV curve.", "contents": "Comparison of measures of forced expiration. Theoretical relationships among a number of parameters were derived for idealized timed vital capacity (TVC) and maximal expiratory flow-volume (MEFV) curves to determine a minimal set of independent parameters. Normal pediatric subjects and those with cystic fibrosis were studied to verify these relationships experimentally. The average flow over the middle half (FEF25-75%) of the forced vital capacity (FVC) and flows at various exhaled percentages of the FVC (FEF50%, FEF75%), as well as moments of the TVC and MEFV curves were computed. From the TVC moments, a mean transit time (MTT) and an index of dispersion (ID) were also calculated. The minimum information needed to detect pulmonary mechanical changes associated with obstructive lung disease requires at least two reproducible measures: one related to the mean slope (e.g., FEF25-75%/FVC or MTT) and the other to the shape (e.g;, ID) of the effort-independent portion of the MEFV curve."}
{"id": "PMID:863824", "title": "Human tecg changes during prolonged hyperbaric exposures breathing N2-O2 mixtures.", "content": "In an effort to determine whether hyperbaric exposures while breathing N2-O2 mixtures have an effect on cardiac depolarization and repolarization, electrocardiograms of 10 divers participating in four N2-O2 saturation dives were analyzed. In all cases, a decline in heart rate was observed upon compression to saturation depth (20-30%); a slow adaptation and return of heart rate toward normal was observed in those dives where the depth and environmental parameters remained constant. twhenever excursion dives were performed, the heart rate responded by decreasing on deeper excursions and increasing on upward excursions. Hyperbaric bradycardia disappeared after 8 days at pressure during the saturation dives at 50 and 60 feet seawater gauge (fswg), but was still present at this time at 200 fswg. The magnitude of the hyperbaric bradycardia produced by excursion dives following saturation at depth was influenced by the state of adaptation of heart rate. Decompression was uniformly accompanied by a rapid increase in heart rate resulting in a significant elevation in the postdive period. Alterations in myocardial repolarization as evidenced by Q-T interval, ST, and T wave changes were observed. Development of slight right ventricular conduction delay compatible with right ventricular strain was noted in four of the divers during the two deepest dives to 100 and 198 fswg. During the latter dive, progressive decrease in P wave amplitudes and eventual loss of P waves resulting in an apparent nodal rhythm was observed in one diver. Multiple premature ventricular contractions occurred in another diver. These observations, along with the reports by other authors, suggest that the different variables associated with the hyperbaric environment--gas density, pressure, inert gas--have a definite effect on the pacemaker activity of the heart and myocardial depolarization and repolarization.", "contents": "Human tecg changes during prolonged hyperbaric exposures breathing N2-O2 mixtures. In an effort to determine whether hyperbaric exposures while breathing N2-O2 mixtures have an effect on cardiac depolarization and repolarization, electrocardiograms of 10 divers participating in four N2-O2 saturation dives were analyzed. In all cases, a decline in heart rate was observed upon compression to saturation depth (20-30%); a slow adaptation and return of heart rate toward normal was observed in those dives where the depth and environmental parameters remained constant. twhenever excursion dives were performed, the heart rate responded by decreasing on deeper excursions and increasing on upward excursions. Hyperbaric bradycardia disappeared after 8 days at pressure during the saturation dives at 50 and 60 feet seawater gauge (fswg), but was still present at this time at 200 fswg. The magnitude of the hyperbaric bradycardia produced by excursion dives following saturation at depth was influenced by the state of adaptation of heart rate. Decompression was uniformly accompanied by a rapid increase in heart rate resulting in a significant elevation in the postdive period. Alterations in myocardial repolarization as evidenced by Q-T interval, ST, and T wave changes were observed. Development of slight right ventricular conduction delay compatible with right ventricular strain was noted in four of the divers during the two deepest dives to 100 and 198 fswg. During the latter dive, progressive decrease in P wave amplitudes and eventual loss of P waves resulting in an apparent nodal rhythm was observed in one diver. Multiple premature ventricular contractions occurred in another diver. These observations, along with the reports by other authors, suggest that the different variables associated with the hyperbaric environment--gas density, pressure, inert gas--have a definite effect on the pacemaker activity of the heart and myocardial depolarization and repolarization."}
{"id": "PMID:863825", "title": "Extravascular lung water after extracellular fluid volume expansion in dogs.", "content": "We have compared extravascular lung water after extracellular fluid volume expansion with that predicted from lung sucrose space measured in control dogs. In control lungs mean extravascular water:dry weight ratio was 3.81 +/- 0.16 (SD) (n = 5) and extravascular sucrose space/dry weight was 1.79 +/- 0.45 (n = 4). After acute expansion of extracellular fluid volume by 10% of body weight mean extravascular water:dry lung weight was 4.17 +/- 0.27 (m = 5), less than half the predicted increase to 4.63 +/- 0.19, suggesting some degree of protection. After 20% (n = 4), 30% (n = 2), and 40% (n = 1) expansion, no protection was demonstrated and there was considerable scatter of lung water at each infusion volume. When volume expansion increased pulmonary capillary intravascular forces (due to decreased protein osmotic pressure and increased hydrostatic pressure) by more than 20 cmH2O there was a linear increase in extravascular lung water with increasing intravascular forces. Three dogs did not conform to this relationship and had disproportionately large increases in lung water, possibly due to alveolar flooding.", "contents": "Extravascular lung water after extracellular fluid volume expansion in dogs. We have compared extravascular lung water after extracellular fluid volume expansion with that predicted from lung sucrose space measured in control dogs. In control lungs mean extravascular water:dry weight ratio was 3.81 +/- 0.16 (SD) (n = 5) and extravascular sucrose space/dry weight was 1.79 +/- 0.45 (n = 4). After acute expansion of extracellular fluid volume by 10% of body weight mean extravascular water:dry lung weight was 4.17 +/- 0.27 (m = 5), less than half the predicted increase to 4.63 +/- 0.19, suggesting some degree of protection. After 20% (n = 4), 30% (n = 2), and 40% (n = 1) expansion, no protection was demonstrated and there was considerable scatter of lung water at each infusion volume. When volume expansion increased pulmonary capillary intravascular forces (due to decreased protein osmotic pressure and increased hydrostatic pressure) by more than 20 cmH2O there was a linear increase in extravascular lung water with increasing intravascular forces. Three dogs did not conform to this relationship and had disproportionately large increases in lung water, possibly due to alveolar flooding."}
{"id": "PMID:863826", "title": "Kidney structure and function of desert kangaroos.", "content": "The structure and function of the kidneys of two species of desert kangaroos, the red kangaroo (Megaleia rufa) and the euro (Macropus robustus), were examined. Both kangaroos had glomerular filtration rates (GFR), renal plasma flows, and urine flow rates, when hydrated and dehydrated, which were lower than those of similarly sized eutherian mammals. The differences observed between the two species of marsupials were both structural and functional. The GFR of the red kangaroo was higher than that of the euro, under hydrated and dehydrated conditions, and this was correlated with the occurrence of larger and more numerous glomeruli, particularly juxtamedullary glomeruli, in the red kangaroo. Although the kidney of the euro had a greater relative medullary thickness than that of the red kangaroo, the latter had better urine-concentrating abilities. As opposed to this the euros reabsorbed significantly more urea from the filtrate when dehydrated (89.0%) than did the red kangaroos (69.2%). This ability of the euro to resorb more urea may be related to their tendency to overgraze their restricted home ranges during drought.", "contents": "Kidney structure and function of desert kangaroos. The structure and function of the kidneys of two species of desert kangaroos, the red kangaroo (Megaleia rufa) and the euro (Macropus robustus), were examined. Both kangaroos had glomerular filtration rates (GFR), renal plasma flows, and urine flow rates, when hydrated and dehydrated, which were lower than those of similarly sized eutherian mammals. The differences observed between the two species of marsupials were both structural and functional. The GFR of the red kangaroo was higher than that of the euro, under hydrated and dehydrated conditions, and this was correlated with the occurrence of larger and more numerous glomeruli, particularly juxtamedullary glomeruli, in the red kangaroo. Although the kidney of the euro had a greater relative medullary thickness than that of the red kangaroo, the latter had better urine-concentrating abilities. As opposed to this the euros reabsorbed significantly more urea from the filtrate when dehydrated (89.0%) than did the red kangaroos (69.2%). This ability of the euro to resorb more urea may be related to their tendency to overgraze their restricted home ranges during drought."}
{"id": "PMID:863827", "title": "Extraction and radioimmunoassay of urinary aldosterone in the rat.", "content": "Results from studies of the rat renin-angiotensin-aldosterone axis have been inconsistent and oftentimes conflicting among various laboratories and have led many investigators to regard the rat as a poor model with which to study this sytem. Many of these discrepancies have been shown to be due to the use of anesthetic agents in experimental protocols. Studies of unanesthesized animals indicate that the rat bears a remarkable resemblance to other mammalian species, but unfortunately the unanesthesized rat lends itself well only to acute studies, usually requiring killing the animal. Herein is described a method which permits the estimation of aldosterone excretory rates in intact, nonstressed, unanesthesized rats. The method is based upon the excretion and radioimmunoassay of urinary \"acid-labile\" or 3-oxo-conjugate of aldosterone. It is very sensitive, permitting the detection of less than 10 pg of aldosterone conjugate in extracted samples, and when compared to the double-isotope-dilution method, it is relatively inexpensive and much less tedious. Radioimmunoassays of rat urinary aldosterone excretion during 14.75 days of sodium depletion reflected a brisk increase in urinary excretion rate after day 2 and a concomitant reduction in sodium excretion that bears a remarkable resemblance to the excretory patterns described for man.", "contents": "Extraction and radioimmunoassay of urinary aldosterone in the rat. Results from studies of the rat renin-angiotensin-aldosterone axis have been inconsistent and oftentimes conflicting among various laboratories and have led many investigators to regard the rat as a poor model with which to study this sytem. Many of these discrepancies have been shown to be due to the use of anesthetic agents in experimental protocols. Studies of unanesthesized animals indicate that the rat bears a remarkable resemblance to other mammalian species, but unfortunately the unanesthesized rat lends itself well only to acute studies, usually requiring killing the animal. Herein is described a method which permits the estimation of aldosterone excretory rates in intact, nonstressed, unanesthesized rats. The method is based upon the excretion and radioimmunoassay of urinary \"acid-labile\" or 3-oxo-conjugate of aldosterone. It is very sensitive, permitting the detection of less than 10 pg of aldosterone conjugate in extracted samples, and when compared to the double-isotope-dilution method, it is relatively inexpensive and much less tedious. Radioimmunoassays of rat urinary aldosterone excretion during 14.75 days of sodium depletion reflected a brisk increase in urinary excretion rate after day 2 and a concomitant reduction in sodium excretion that bears a remarkable resemblance to the excretory patterns described for man."}
{"id": "PMID:863828", "title": "A modified forced oscillation technique for measurements of respiratory resistance.", "content": "We present a modification of forced oscillation technique for automated determination of total respiratory resistance during inspiration. The modifications consist of a computerized signal averaging and an optimization technique in the assessment of the resistance value. Thereby a favorable signal-to-noise ratio is obtained, allowing very low superimposed pressure oscillations. The method is validated by comparison with a conventional esophageal balloon method, by estimating added mechanical resistances in healthy subjects and by measuring the effect of bronchodilation in asthmatic children. The coefficient of variation as obtained from day-to-day measurements was about 7%. Mechanical resistances, estimated as the difference in total resistance with and without external resistance, were within 7% of their values determined for the resistances alone. A significant decrease in resistance was obtained in each of the asthmatic children following bronchodilation.", "contents": "A modified forced oscillation technique for measurements of respiratory resistance. We present a modification of forced oscillation technique for automated determination of total respiratory resistance during inspiration. The modifications consist of a computerized signal averaging and an optimization technique in the assessment of the resistance value. Thereby a favorable signal-to-noise ratio is obtained, allowing very low superimposed pressure oscillations. The method is validated by comparison with a conventional esophageal balloon method, by estimating added mechanical resistances in healthy subjects and by measuring the effect of bronchodilation in asthmatic children. The coefficient of variation as obtained from day-to-day measurements was about 7%. Mechanical resistances, estimated as the difference in total resistance with and without external resistance, were within 7% of their values determined for the resistances alone. A significant decrease in resistance was obtained in each of the asthmatic children following bronchodilation."}
{"id": "PMID:863829", "title": "Temperature control system for water-perfused suits.", "content": "A system used to control skin temperature in human subjects wearing water-perfused garments is described, It supplies 8 l/min at 10 psi with water temperature controlled within +/-0.1 degree C. Temperature control is facilitated by a low circulating thermal mass and a fast responding heater based on a commercially available quartz heat lamp. The system is open so that hot or cold water can be added from the building mains to produce rates of change or water temperature exceeding 5 degrees C/min. These capabilities allow semiautomatic control of skin temperature within +/-1 degree C of desired wave forms. Potential hazards and associated safety devices are described.", "contents": "Temperature control system for water-perfused suits. A system used to control skin temperature in human subjects wearing water-perfused garments is described, It supplies 8 l/min at 10 psi with water temperature controlled within +/-0.1 degree C. Temperature control is facilitated by a low circulating thermal mass and a fast responding heater based on a commercially available quartz heat lamp. The system is open so that hot or cold water can be added from the building mains to produce rates of change or water temperature exceeding 5 degrees C/min. These capabilities allow semiautomatic control of skin temperature within +/-1 degree C of desired wave forms. Potential hazards and associated safety devices are described."}
{"id": "PMID:863830", "title": "Respiratory movements in the fetal guinea pig in utero.", "content": "Intrauterine respiratory movements in the fetal guinea pig were detected from about 0.6 of term by the use of chronically implanted tracheal and amniotic catheters. Three distinct patterns were seen: 1) \"slow\" breathing recurring at a rate of 1-8/min; 2) \"rapid irregular\" breathing in which episodes last a few seconds to 40 min and the frequency of breathing is high (greater than 0.5 HZ) (the respiratory movements are associated with negative tracheal pressures of of 0.5-20 Torr); and 3) \"rapid regular\" breathing which recurs in bursts lasting 0.6-6.8 min with a maximum incidence of 3/h. Inspiratory efforts in the range of 10-20 Torr were uniform during a single episode. All three types of respiratory activity were continued into first stage labor, both during and between contractions, but were absent during second stage labor.", "contents": "Respiratory movements in the fetal guinea pig in utero. Intrauterine respiratory movements in the fetal guinea pig were detected from about 0.6 of term by the use of chronically implanted tracheal and amniotic catheters. Three distinct patterns were seen: 1) \"slow\" breathing recurring at a rate of 1-8/min; 2) \"rapid irregular\" breathing in which episodes last a few seconds to 40 min and the frequency of breathing is high (greater than 0.5 HZ) (the respiratory movements are associated with negative tracheal pressures of of 0.5-20 Torr); and 3) \"rapid regular\" breathing which recurs in bursts lasting 0.6-6.8 min with a maximum incidence of 3/h. Inspiratory efforts in the range of 10-20 Torr were uniform during a single episode. All three types of respiratory activity were continued into first stage labor, both during and between contractions, but were absent during second stage labor."}
{"id": "PMID:863831", "title": "Hemodynamics of the lesser mouse deer, Tragulus javanicus.", "content": "Mouse deer possess the smallest known erythrocytes. In contrast to the usual biconcave shape, mouse deer corpuscles are spherical which results in an appreciable increase in vitro blood viscosity. In the absence of compensation, increased viscosity should produce hemodynamic consequences. However, we find that cardiac output, arterial pressure, and total peripheral resistance are all within normal limits, while packed cell volume is considerably lower than normal. We suggest that reduced packed cell volume represents a compensation for the spherical shape of the corpuscles, serving to maintain blood viscosity and dependent hemodynamic parameters within normal limits. These results contrast markedly with the pattern observed in man where conditions which result in a high in vitro blood viscosity also have significant hemodynamic consequences. Mean values for three mouse deer were: body mass, 1.18 kg; packed cell volume, 29.8%; heart rate, 182 beats/min; cardiac output, 145 ml-(kg-min)-1., mean arterial pressure, 99 Torr; total peripheral resistance, 4.90 X 10(5) dyn-s-cm-5.", "contents": "Hemodynamics of the lesser mouse deer, Tragulus javanicus. Mouse deer possess the smallest known erythrocytes. In contrast to the usual biconcave shape, mouse deer corpuscles are spherical which results in an appreciable increase in vitro blood viscosity. In the absence of compensation, increased viscosity should produce hemodynamic consequences. However, we find that cardiac output, arterial pressure, and total peripheral resistance are all within normal limits, while packed cell volume is considerably lower than normal. We suggest that reduced packed cell volume represents a compensation for the spherical shape of the corpuscles, serving to maintain blood viscosity and dependent hemodynamic parameters within normal limits. These results contrast markedly with the pattern observed in man where conditions which result in a high in vitro blood viscosity also have significant hemodynamic consequences. Mean values for three mouse deer were: body mass, 1.18 kg; packed cell volume, 29.8%; heart rate, 182 beats/min; cardiac output, 145 ml-(kg-min)-1., mean arterial pressure, 99 Torr; total peripheral resistance, 4.90 X 10(5) dyn-s-cm-5."}
{"id": "PMID:863832", "title": "Parameters for assessing vibration-induced cardiovascular responses in awake dogs.", "content": "The vibration parameters for assessing the response of the cardiovascular system to whole-body vibration were studied. Six awake, chronically instrumented canines were restrained with their spines vertical, and exposed to GZ sinusoidal vibration of 2-12 HZ for a constant peak acceleration amplitude of +-1.0 G. Vibration exposures of 30 s with intervening recovery periods of 2 min were employed. The following variables were measured: mean heart rate (MHR), stroke volume (SV), mean aortic flow (MAF), mean aortic pressure (MAP), the peak net force transmitted to the canine/body weight (PNF/BW), and the vibration platform frequency (ft), displacement, and acceleration. The percentage change from control (no vibration) of MAF varied linearly with PNF/BW for all cases. MAF also varied linearly with the log MHR/ft for the number of dogs which primarily changed MHR during the vibration exposures. The response of MAP was minimal in all cases, indicating a decrease in total peripheral resistance with increasing PHF.", "contents": "Parameters for assessing vibration-induced cardiovascular responses in awake dogs. The vibration parameters for assessing the response of the cardiovascular system to whole-body vibration were studied. Six awake, chronically instrumented canines were restrained with their spines vertical, and exposed to GZ sinusoidal vibration of 2-12 HZ for a constant peak acceleration amplitude of +-1.0 G. Vibration exposures of 30 s with intervening recovery periods of 2 min were employed. The following variables were measured: mean heart rate (MHR), stroke volume (SV), mean aortic flow (MAF), mean aortic pressure (MAP), the peak net force transmitted to the canine/body weight (PNF/BW), and the vibration platform frequency (ft), displacement, and acceleration. The percentage change from control (no vibration) of MAF varied linearly with PNF/BW for all cases. MAF also varied linearly with the log MHR/ft for the number of dogs which primarily changed MHR during the vibration exposures. The response of MAP was minimal in all cases, indicating a decrease in total peripheral resistance with increasing PHF."}
{"id": "PMID:863833", "title": "Glucose loading and dehydration in the camel.", "content": "Five female bedouin camels were subjected to large infusions of glucose, both when water was readily available and following 10 days of water deprivation. When the camels were hydrated the extra glucose was readily given off in the urine with only a slight increase in blood levels. Following dehydration, the blood glucose levels increased greatly while the urinary excretion was limited. Dehydration led to decreased blood insulin levels, while glucose infusion led to increased levels. The data show that the acclimatization of the camel to dehydration is not only a question of long-term adaption to desert conditions but that even following acute nonphysiological stress, i.e., glucosuria, excess loss of body water was prevented.", "contents": "Glucose loading and dehydration in the camel. Five female bedouin camels were subjected to large infusions of glucose, both when water was readily available and following 10 days of water deprivation. When the camels were hydrated the extra glucose was readily given off in the urine with only a slight increase in blood levels. Following dehydration, the blood glucose levels increased greatly while the urinary excretion was limited. Dehydration led to decreased blood insulin levels, while glucose infusion led to increased levels. The data show that the acclimatization of the camel to dehydration is not only a question of long-term adaption to desert conditions but that even following acute nonphysiological stress, i.e., glucosuria, excess loss of body water was prevented."}
{"id": "PMID:863834", "title": "Changes in plasma glucose, FFA, corticosterone, and thyroxine in He-O2-induced hypothermia.", "content": "Unanesthetized, male rats were exposed to normal air (NA), or NA and a 4 h-exposure of He-O2 (79% helium, 21% oxygen) at ambient temperature (Ta) of 22 or - 10 degrees C. Blood samples from each individual were taken from a chronically implanted carotid cannula at 1) preexposure, 2) during exposure, 3) 2.5 h after exposure, and 4) 19-20 h after exposure. Exposure to He-O2 at 22 degrees C caused an increase in plasma free fatty acids (FFA) and corticosterone of 45% and 49%, respectively, with little change in plasma glucose and thyroxine. Exposure to He-O2 at 10 degrees C for 3 h invariably induced hypothermia with body temperature (Tb) decreased to 23.7 +- 0.5 degrees C (N = 10). During hypothermia, plasma glucose, FFA, and corticosterone were significantly higher (P LESS THAN 0.05) than those at preexposure and those after exposure to NA at -10 degrees C. During spontaneous recovery from hypothermia, at Ta = 19 degrees C and NA, glucose, corticosterone, and thyroxine returned to normal, but FFA remained significantly higher than at preexposure. The ability of animals to rewarm spontaneously from hypothermia and the quick return of metabolic substrates and hormones to normal after rewarming indicates the preservation of regulatory mechanisms for metabolism at depressed Tb when hypothermia is induced by He-O2 and cold.", "contents": "Changes in plasma glucose, FFA, corticosterone, and thyroxine in He-O2-induced hypothermia. Unanesthetized, male rats were exposed to normal air (NA), or NA and a 4 h-exposure of He-O2 (79% helium, 21% oxygen) at ambient temperature (Ta) of 22 or - 10 degrees C. Blood samples from each individual were taken from a chronically implanted carotid cannula at 1) preexposure, 2) during exposure, 3) 2.5 h after exposure, and 4) 19-20 h after exposure. Exposure to He-O2 at 22 degrees C caused an increase in plasma free fatty acids (FFA) and corticosterone of 45% and 49%, respectively, with little change in plasma glucose and thyroxine. Exposure to He-O2 at 10 degrees C for 3 h invariably induced hypothermia with body temperature (Tb) decreased to 23.7 +- 0.5 degrees C (N = 10). During hypothermia, plasma glucose, FFA, and corticosterone were significantly higher (P LESS THAN 0.05) than those at preexposure and those after exposure to NA at -10 degrees C. During spontaneous recovery from hypothermia, at Ta = 19 degrees C and NA, glucose, corticosterone, and thyroxine returned to normal, but FFA remained significantly higher than at preexposure. The ability of animals to rewarm spontaneously from hypothermia and the quick return of metabolic substrates and hormones to normal after rewarming indicates the preservation of regulatory mechanisms for metabolism at depressed Tb when hypothermia is induced by He-O2 and cold."}
{"id": "PMID:863835", "title": "Influence of lung parenchyma on dynamic bronchial collapsibility of excised dog lungs.", "content": "The main bronchi of excised dog lobes were obstructed 5-6 cm from their origin with beads, so that they did not communicate with the peripheral air spaces. With the lobe held at constant transpulmonary pressure, bronchial pressure-volume curves were recorded during both static and dynamic bronchial deflations. This was done both before and after dissecting the obstructed bronchus free of parenchymal attachments. The parenchymal contribution on dynamic deflation was much larger than the airway contribution: dynamic bronchial compliances in intact bronchi were 58 +- 8% and 65 +- 8% of the static at dynamic rates of bronchial deflation of 14 and 8 ml/s, respectively, whereas in dissected bronchi they were 72 +- 9% and 78 +- 9%. These relationships were not influenced by changes of transpulmonary pressure applied to the lobar parenchyma. The parenchymal effect on dynamic bronchial compliance was analyzed in terms of parenchymal interdependence and bronchial stress adaptation. We concluded that the presence of lung parenchymal attachments significantly reduced dynamic bronchial collapsibility as compared to static collapsibility.", "contents": "Influence of lung parenchyma on dynamic bronchial collapsibility of excised dog lungs. The main bronchi of excised dog lobes were obstructed 5-6 cm from their origin with beads, so that they did not communicate with the peripheral air spaces. With the lobe held at constant transpulmonary pressure, bronchial pressure-volume curves were recorded during both static and dynamic bronchial deflations. This was done both before and after dissecting the obstructed bronchus free of parenchymal attachments. The parenchymal contribution on dynamic deflation was much larger than the airway contribution: dynamic bronchial compliances in intact bronchi were 58 +- 8% and 65 +- 8% of the static at dynamic rates of bronchial deflation of 14 and 8 ml/s, respectively, whereas in dissected bronchi they were 72 +- 9% and 78 +- 9%. These relationships were not influenced by changes of transpulmonary pressure applied to the lobar parenchyma. The parenchymal effect on dynamic bronchial compliance was analyzed in terms of parenchymal interdependence and bronchial stress adaptation. We concluded that the presence of lung parenchymal attachments significantly reduced dynamic bronchial collapsibility as compared to static collapsibility."}
{"id": "PMID:863836", "title": "Influence of body position on dynamic compliance in young subjects.", "content": "We studied the effect of a postural change from the erect to the supine position on the unevenness of pulmonary ventilation in six normal subjects. Static pressure-volume curves had a similar shape in both positions but the supine curves were shifted such that all transpulmonary pressures were 5-8 cmH2O lower. Dynamic compliance (Cdyn) was measured in seated and supine postures at functional residual capacity (FRC) and also while the seated subjects maintained end-expiratory lung volume at the level of supine FRC. Frequency dependence of Cdyn increased relative to that measured in the seated position at FRC when the subject remained seated but decreased his lung volume, or when he assumed the supine posture. There was no significant difference between Cdyn measured in the supine posture and in the seated at supine FRC. We conclude that the increased frequency dependence seen in the supine posture is largely attributed to the associated decrease of lung volume rather than to position per se.", "contents": "Influence of body position on dynamic compliance in young subjects. We studied the effect of a postural change from the erect to the supine position on the unevenness of pulmonary ventilation in six normal subjects. Static pressure-volume curves had a similar shape in both positions but the supine curves were shifted such that all transpulmonary pressures were 5-8 cmH2O lower. Dynamic compliance (Cdyn) was measured in seated and supine postures at functional residual capacity (FRC) and also while the seated subjects maintained end-expiratory lung volume at the level of supine FRC. Frequency dependence of Cdyn increased relative to that measured in the seated position at FRC when the subject remained seated but decreased his lung volume, or when he assumed the supine posture. There was no significant difference between Cdyn measured in the supine posture and in the seated at supine FRC. We conclude that the increased frequency dependence seen in the supine posture is largely attributed to the associated decrease of lung volume rather than to position per se."}
{"id": "PMID:863837", "title": "Effects of plasma ascorbic acid levels on heat acclimatization in man.", "content": "Thirteen male volunteers were heat acclimatized for 4 h/day for 10 consecutive days. Three to four hours before each heat exposure, four of the subjects received an oral dose of 250 ascorbic acid, five received 500 mg ascorbic acid, and the remaining four a placebo. Rectal temperature, heart rate, and sweat rate were measured hourly during exposure. Venous blood samples were collected before each administration of drug or placebo. On days 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, and 10, blood samples were also collected just prior to heat exposure and after two and four hours of exposure. In the subjects receiving ascorbic acid, total circulating plasma ascorbic acid increased over the first three or four days to a plateau level some fourfold higher than in the subjects receiving the placebo. The plateau level was the same in the subjects receiving 250 mg and 500 mg ascorbic acid. The increased ascorbic acid concentration was shown to be associated with a reduction in total sweat output, independent of rectal temperature, and a reduction in rectal temperature, independent of total sweat output. The results indicate that ascorbic acid may be effective in reducing heat strain in unacclimatized individuals.", "contents": "Effects of plasma ascorbic acid levels on heat acclimatization in man. Thirteen male volunteers were heat acclimatized for 4 h/day for 10 consecutive days. Three to four hours before each heat exposure, four of the subjects received an oral dose of 250 ascorbic acid, five received 500 mg ascorbic acid, and the remaining four a placebo. Rectal temperature, heart rate, and sweat rate were measured hourly during exposure. Venous blood samples were collected before each administration of drug or placebo. On days 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, and 10, blood samples were also collected just prior to heat exposure and after two and four hours of exposure. In the subjects receiving ascorbic acid, total circulating plasma ascorbic acid increased over the first three or four days to a plateau level some fourfold higher than in the subjects receiving the placebo. The plateau level was the same in the subjects receiving 250 mg and 500 mg ascorbic acid. The increased ascorbic acid concentration was shown to be associated with a reduction in total sweat output, independent of rectal temperature, and a reduction in rectal temperature, independent of total sweat output. The results indicate that ascorbic acid may be effective in reducing heat strain in unacclimatized individuals."}
{"id": "PMID:863838", "title": "Effects of Valsalva and Mueller maneuvers on breath-holding time.", "content": "Breath holding to the breaking point was studied at FRC in six healthy subjects in the sitting position. Breath-holding time increased with successive trials within experimental sessions in all subjects. To study the influence of Valsalva and Mueller maneuvers on breath-holding performance, sustained inspiratory or expiratory effort against an occluded mouthpiece was initiated 5 s before the anticipated breaking point, determined in previous trials. The subject tried to maintain a target mouth pressure of +20 or -20 cmH2O, displayed on an oscilloscope, for the remainder of the breath hold. Both types of maneuver consistently prolonged breath-holding time in all subjects. However, a control maneuver, in which the subjects squeezed rubber bulbs with their hands, was equally effective in prolonging breath-holding time. The results demonstrate the important influence of psychological factors on breath-holding performance and emphasize the need for caution in the interpretation of effects of \"relieving maneuvers\" on breath-holding time.", "contents": "Effects of Valsalva and Mueller maneuvers on breath-holding time. Breath holding to the breaking point was studied at FRC in six healthy subjects in the sitting position. Breath-holding time increased with successive trials within experimental sessions in all subjects. To study the influence of Valsalva and Mueller maneuvers on breath-holding performance, sustained inspiratory or expiratory effort against an occluded mouthpiece was initiated 5 s before the anticipated breaking point, determined in previous trials. The subject tried to maintain a target mouth pressure of +20 or -20 cmH2O, displayed on an oscilloscope, for the remainder of the breath hold. Both types of maneuver consistently prolonged breath-holding time in all subjects. However, a control maneuver, in which the subjects squeezed rubber bulbs with their hands, was equally effective in prolonging breath-holding time. The results demonstrate the important influence of psychological factors on breath-holding performance and emphasize the need for caution in the interpretation of effects of \"relieving maneuvers\" on breath-holding time."}
{"id": "PMID:863839", "title": "Effect of high-altitude exposure for 10 days on stroke volume and cardiac output.", "content": "Resting stroke volume and cardiac output of 50 normal healthy sea-level residents (group A) were estimated by the noninvasive technique of electrical impedance plethysmography. They were then airlifted to an altitude of 3,658 m and serial estimations carried out at 0-4 h and 5-8 h and on the 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 5th, and 10th days. The subjects were brought back to sea level and studied for up to 5 days. Thirty permanent residents of high altitude (group B) and sixteen lowlanders temporarily resident at high altitude (group C) were also subjected to similar studies. It was found that resting stroke volume and cardiac output of group A started falling immediately on arrival at high altitude, reached the minimum on the 3rd day and tended to improved on the 4th and 5th day, but showed a secondary fall on the 10th day. The reduction in stroke volume in this group was not fully compensated by tachycardia. On return to sea level the cardiac output normalized immediately, the stroke volume on the 2nd day. At sea level goup A had values similar to group B and at high altitude to group C.", "contents": "Effect of high-altitude exposure for 10 days on stroke volume and cardiac output. Resting stroke volume and cardiac output of 50 normal healthy sea-level residents (group A) were estimated by the noninvasive technique of electrical impedance plethysmography. They were then airlifted to an altitude of 3,658 m and serial estimations carried out at 0-4 h and 5-8 h and on the 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 5th, and 10th days. The subjects were brought back to sea level and studied for up to 5 days. Thirty permanent residents of high altitude (group B) and sixteen lowlanders temporarily resident at high altitude (group C) were also subjected to similar studies. It was found that resting stroke volume and cardiac output of group A started falling immediately on arrival at high altitude, reached the minimum on the 3rd day and tended to improved on the 4th and 5th day, but showed a secondary fall on the 10th day. The reduction in stroke volume in this group was not fully compensated by tachycardia. On return to sea level the cardiac output normalized immediately, the stroke volume on the 2nd day. At sea level goup A had values similar to group B and at high altitude to group C."}
{"id": "PMID:863840", "title": "Urinary catecholamine excretion on induction to high altitude (3,658 m) by air and road.", "content": "In a preliminary pilot study we had reported a significant difference in urinary catecholamine excretion between symptomatic and asymptomatic individuals inducted to high altitude by air. The present study covers slower induction by road; 25 lowlanders ascended from 1,800 to 3,658 m in 50 h and 33 similar subjects covered the journey in 6 h. They were studied according to the protocal used in the initial study. None of the 58 subjects inducted by road developed symptoms of high-altitude illness. Their urinary catecholamine excretion remained normal during the 10 days' stay at high altitude. These findings lend support to our earlier contention that there might be a relationship between increased sympathoadrenal activity and high-altitude illnesses.", "contents": "Urinary catecholamine excretion on induction to high altitude (3,658 m) by air and road. In a preliminary pilot study we had reported a significant difference in urinary catecholamine excretion between symptomatic and asymptomatic individuals inducted to high altitude by air. The present study covers slower induction by road; 25 lowlanders ascended from 1,800 to 3,658 m in 50 h and 33 similar subjects covered the journey in 6 h. They were studied according to the protocal used in the initial study. None of the 58 subjects inducted by road developed symptoms of high-altitude illness. Their urinary catecholamine excretion remained normal during the 10 days' stay at high altitude. These findings lend support to our earlier contention that there might be a relationship between increased sympathoadrenal activity and high-altitude illnesses."}
{"id": "PMID:863841", "title": "Diet and starvation on the composition and calculated density of fat-free body mass.", "content": "The density of the fat-free body mass (FFM) was calculated from carcass composition and density of body components in 148 growing rats under different dietary conditions. These conditions were controlled feeding with 20% and 5% casein diets during 6 and 9 wk, followed by 5 days of starvation, and after starvation with 2 wk refeeding with 20 and 5% casein diets. The results showed that the density of FFM was fairly constant. The means and standard deviations for all conditions were 1.0965 +/- 0.0057 and 1.0956 +/- 0.0075, for the 20% and 5% casein groups, respectively, with a grand mean of 1.0960 +/- 0.0066. It was concluded that the assumption of a constant density of FFM holds very well for many dietary and experimental conditions.", "contents": "Diet and starvation on the composition and calculated density of fat-free body mass. The density of the fat-free body mass (FFM) was calculated from carcass composition and density of body components in 148 growing rats under different dietary conditions. These conditions were controlled feeding with 20% and 5% casein diets during 6 and 9 wk, followed by 5 days of starvation, and after starvation with 2 wk refeeding with 20 and 5% casein diets. The results showed that the density of FFM was fairly constant. The means and standard deviations for all conditions were 1.0965 +/- 0.0057 and 1.0956 +/- 0.0075, for the 20% and 5% casein groups, respectively, with a grand mean of 1.0960 +/- 0.0066. It was concluded that the assumption of a constant density of FFM holds very well for many dietary and experimental conditions."}
{"id": "PMID:863842", "title": "Effect of histamine on electrical and ion transport properties of tracheal epithelium.", "content": "Previously we showed that the active transport of Cl-toward and Na+ away from the tracheal lumen creates an electrical potential difference (lumen negative) across the canine tracheal epithelium in vitro. The present study examined the effect of histamine on the electrical properties and ion transport of the canine tracheal epithelium in vitro. In six pairs of membranes, under short-circuit conditions, histamine (10(-4) M) significantly increased the net flux toward the lumen of Cl- from 1.7 +- 0.5 SE to 2.4 +- 0.6 microneq/cm2-h and Na+ from -0.4 +- 0.3 to 0.2 +- 0.3 microneq/cm2-h. The response to histamine was inhibited by diphenhydramine (10(-6) M), an H1-receptor antagonist, but not by burimamide (10(-4) M), an H2-receptor antagonist. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that an H1-type receptor mediates the increase of ion flux toward the lumen due to histamine. Increased ion flux toward the lumen may mediate water secretion into the airway lumen and have important effects on the physical properties of the liquid through which the respiratory cilia beat.", "contents": "Effect of histamine on electrical and ion transport properties of tracheal epithelium. Previously we showed that the active transport of Cl-toward and Na+ away from the tracheal lumen creates an electrical potential difference (lumen negative) across the canine tracheal epithelium in vitro. The present study examined the effect of histamine on the electrical properties and ion transport of the canine tracheal epithelium in vitro. In six pairs of membranes, under short-circuit conditions, histamine (10(-4) M) significantly increased the net flux toward the lumen of Cl- from 1.7 +- 0.5 SE to 2.4 +- 0.6 microneq/cm2-h and Na+ from -0.4 +- 0.3 to 0.2 +- 0.3 microneq/cm2-h. The response to histamine was inhibited by diphenhydramine (10(-6) M), an H1-receptor antagonist, but not by burimamide (10(-4) M), an H2-receptor antagonist. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that an H1-type receptor mediates the increase of ion flux toward the lumen due to histamine. Increased ion flux toward the lumen may mediate water secretion into the airway lumen and have important effects on the physical properties of the liquid through which the respiratory cilia beat."}
{"id": "PMID:863843", "title": "Correction of water content and solute concentration in blood during hemoconcentration.", "content": "Eleven, healthy male students were subjected to an exhaustive bicyle ergometer exercise. Many parameters of hemoconcentration were examined in blood and urine samples which were collected before and after exercise. In an exercise lasting approximately 10 min, it was found that serum total protein (STP) would be a suitable parameter that could be used to calculate water content and actual decrease in water volume in blood due to exercise. Further, it is described how STP values before and during hemoconcentration can be used to eliminate the effect of plasma water loss from the determined values of various solute levels in blood.", "contents": "Correction of water content and solute concentration in blood during hemoconcentration. Eleven, healthy male students were subjected to an exhaustive bicyle ergometer exercise. Many parameters of hemoconcentration were examined in blood and urine samples which were collected before and after exercise. In an exercise lasting approximately 10 min, it was found that serum total protein (STP) would be a suitable parameter that could be used to calculate water content and actual decrease in water volume in blood due to exercise. Further, it is described how STP values before and during hemoconcentration can be used to eliminate the effect of plasma water loss from the determined values of various solute levels in blood."}
{"id": "PMID:863844", "title": "Hemoconcentration during isotonic handgrip exercise.", "content": "Three healthy males performed an intense isotonic handgrip ergometer exercise to exhaustion (approximately 10 min). Serum water, serum total protein (STP), and hematocrit were determined in the venous blood taken from the brachial veins in both exercised and nonexercised arms before exercise and 10 s, 1, 2, and 3 min after the termination of exercise. Although no sweat was observed, hemoconcentration occurred in both arms. The peak degree of water loss in the nonexercised arm, however, was delayed and lower than that in the exercised arm. Further, three healthy males were exposed to a sauna (76 degrees C) for 20 min to test the effect of sweating on hemoconcentration in the absence of physical movement. Venous blood was withdrawn from the forearm vein before the sauna, after 5 min in the sauna, and at 3 and 30 min during sitting recovery period. No hemoconcentration was observed during the course of the experiment.", "contents": "Hemoconcentration during isotonic handgrip exercise. Three healthy males performed an intense isotonic handgrip ergometer exercise to exhaustion (approximately 10 min). Serum water, serum total protein (STP), and hematocrit were determined in the venous blood taken from the brachial veins in both exercised and nonexercised arms before exercise and 10 s, 1, 2, and 3 min after the termination of exercise. Although no sweat was observed, hemoconcentration occurred in both arms. The peak degree of water loss in the nonexercised arm, however, was delayed and lower than that in the exercised arm. Further, three healthy males were exposed to a sauna (76 degrees C) for 20 min to test the effect of sweating on hemoconcentration in the absence of physical movement. Venous blood was withdrawn from the forearm vein before the sauna, after 5 min in the sauna, and at 3 and 30 min during sitting recovery period. No hemoconcentration was observed during the course of the experiment."}
{"id": "PMID:863845", "title": "Evaporation of sweat from sedentary man in humid environments.", "content": "Physiological and sensory responses were observed in four male subjects while they were seated on a balance. The chamber temperature always equaled mean skin (Tsk)(34-36 degrees C), thus eliminating all sensible heat transfer. Ambient water vapor pressure (Pa) was increased in steps from 10 to 40 Torr. Tests at air velocities from 0.1 to 2.4 m/s were conducted with subjects nude and clothed. Esophageal temperature (Tes) and Tsk, heat rate (HR) and weight loss (M) were measured throughout the 2.5-h tests. After each 25-min humidity step subjects recorded their warm discomfort, sensation of sweating, and thermal sensation. Tsk, HR, and M were unaffected by humidity until critical Pa (P a crit) was reached above which M decreased and Tsk and HR increased rapidly. P a crit decreased with clothing and decreasing velocity. Tes remainded relatively constant throughout the tests. Sweating, discomfort and temperature sensations increased gradually with increasing Pa. Above P a crit sweating and discomfort sensations accelerated markedly. Mass transfer coefficients and clothing vapor conductance factors were evaluated. Skin wettedness at Pa crit decreased from 74% at 0.1 m/s to 35% at 2.4 m/s.", "contents": "Evaporation of sweat from sedentary man in humid environments. Physiological and sensory responses were observed in four male subjects while they were seated on a balance. The chamber temperature always equaled mean skin (Tsk)(34-36 degrees C), thus eliminating all sensible heat transfer. Ambient water vapor pressure (Pa) was increased in steps from 10 to 40 Torr. Tests at air velocities from 0.1 to 2.4 m/s were conducted with subjects nude and clothed. Esophageal temperature (Tes) and Tsk, heat rate (HR) and weight loss (M) were measured throughout the 2.5-h tests. After each 25-min humidity step subjects recorded their warm discomfort, sensation of sweating, and thermal sensation. Tsk, HR, and M were unaffected by humidity until critical Pa (P a crit) was reached above which M decreased and Tsk and HR increased rapidly. P a crit decreased with clothing and decreasing velocity. Tes remainded relatively constant throughout the tests. Sweating, discomfort and temperature sensations increased gradually with increasing Pa. Above P a crit sweating and discomfort sensations accelerated markedly. Mass transfer coefficients and clothing vapor conductance factors were evaluated. Skin wettedness at Pa crit decreased from 74% at 0.1 m/s to 35% at 2.4 m/s."}
{"id": "PMID:863846", "title": "Axial forces in the bronchial tree.", "content": "Dog airways in situ are longer and extend more with inflation than when dissected out. The associated deformation of the parenchyma, from considerations of elasticity, appears to be small. The associated axial forces, to the extent they are transmitted along the tree, are governed by branching angles. Overall, average angles are such as would maintain constant axial stress along the tree and thus favor symmetrical lengthening. But locally, angles indicate considerable variation of transmitted stresses. Since radiography shows relatively homogeneous lengthening, we infer powerful local axial stabilization. In confirmation, dog airways were much less extended by locally applied forces in situ than excised. Do forced expirations apply substantial axial forces? In one subjects, during forced expiration, airway pressure fell abruptly near the carina but calculations showed relatively small axial forces applied to the airway. However, we speculate that large forces may be applied by airway plugs. We conclude that parenchyma stabilizes airway length against variably transmitted axial forces, and, perhaps, forces on airway plugs.", "contents": "Axial forces in the bronchial tree. Dog airways in situ are longer and extend more with inflation than when dissected out. The associated deformation of the parenchyma, from considerations of elasticity, appears to be small. The associated axial forces, to the extent they are transmitted along the tree, are governed by branching angles. Overall, average angles are such as would maintain constant axial stress along the tree and thus favor symmetrical lengthening. But locally, angles indicate considerable variation of transmitted stresses. Since radiography shows relatively homogeneous lengthening, we infer powerful local axial stabilization. In confirmation, dog airways were much less extended by locally applied forces in situ than excised. Do forced expirations apply substantial axial forces? In one subjects, during forced expiration, airway pressure fell abruptly near the carina but calculations showed relatively small axial forces applied to the airway. However, we speculate that large forces may be applied by airway plugs. We conclude that parenchyma stabilizes airway length against variably transmitted axial forces, and, perhaps, forces on airway plugs."}
{"id": "PMID:863847", "title": "Infarct size and exercise capacity after myocardial infarction.", "content": "Estimation of infarct size from serum creatine phosphokinase elevations of 22 acute myocardial infarction (AMI) patients was compared to their functional exercise capacity determined on a bicyle ergometer. Eleven of these patients entered a controlled exercise program for 3-4 mo and were subsequently retested. Aerobic power of the exercise group increased significantly (mean +- SE 1.42 +- 0.5 met) and was also significantly greater than an unpaired control group tested the same number of months after infarct. Patients grouped 2.5-4.5 mo post-AMI demonstrated a correlation between aerobic power and estimated infarct size (r = -0.68, n = 15). This correlation was higher (r = -0.84, n = 11) after 3-4 mo of a controlled exercise program.", "contents": "Infarct size and exercise capacity after myocardial infarction. Estimation of infarct size from serum creatine phosphokinase elevations of 22 acute myocardial infarction (AMI) patients was compared to their functional exercise capacity determined on a bicyle ergometer. Eleven of these patients entered a controlled exercise program for 3-4 mo and were subsequently retested. Aerobic power of the exercise group increased significantly (mean +- SE 1.42 +- 0.5 met) and was also significantly greater than an unpaired control group tested the same number of months after infarct. Patients grouped 2.5-4.5 mo post-AMI demonstrated a correlation between aerobic power and estimated infarct size (r = -0.68, n = 15). This correlation was higher (r = -0.84, n = 11) after 3-4 mo of a controlled exercise program."}
{"id": "PMID:863848", "title": "Systematic design of cantilever beams for muscle research.", "content": "Experimental studies of muscle contraction often involve difficult problems in the design of cantilever beams for movable levers, transducers, or mechanical supports. Equations are presented for the calculation of mass, inertia, stress distribution, strain, deflection curve, compliance, and resonant frequency of uniform or nonuniform cantilever beams made of structural materials of different density or elastic modulus. Formulas are listed for solid, thick-wall, and thin-wall uniform beams of rectangular and circular cross section. Physical properties including density, elastic and torsional moduli, stress and strain limits, thermal expansion coefficients, Poisson's ratio, and certain elastic-modulus-to-density ratios are tabulated for structural materials including common metals, glass, plastic, and wood. A graphical design procedure is presented based on a chart containing loci of constant beam parameter values as a function of beam length and height or diameter, for the simple geometries. The choice of structural material is discussed for design problems with typical constraints, and examples are given of the design of beams of nonuniform cross section. Methods for extending the design chart to other geometries and materials are included.", "contents": "Systematic design of cantilever beams for muscle research. Experimental studies of muscle contraction often involve difficult problems in the design of cantilever beams for movable levers, transducers, or mechanical supports. Equations are presented for the calculation of mass, inertia, stress distribution, strain, deflection curve, compliance, and resonant frequency of uniform or nonuniform cantilever beams made of structural materials of different density or elastic modulus. Formulas are listed for solid, thick-wall, and thin-wall uniform beams of rectangular and circular cross section. Physical properties including density, elastic and torsional moduli, stress and strain limits, thermal expansion coefficients, Poisson's ratio, and certain elastic-modulus-to-density ratios are tabulated for structural materials including common metals, glass, plastic, and wood. A graphical design procedure is presented based on a chart containing loci of constant beam parameter values as a function of beam length and height or diameter, for the simple geometries. The choice of structural material is discussed for design problems with typical constraints, and examples are given of the design of beams of nonuniform cross section. Methods for extending the design chart to other geometries and materials are included."}
{"id": "PMID:863851", "title": "Atopic eczema: a clinical psychiatric study.", "content": "Twenty subject (including patients with atopic eczema and normal matched controls) were subjected to extensive psychiatric interviewing and psychological testing. The atopic eczema patients were found to differ from the controls in early childhood experiences, in adaptation to aggressive conflicts, in themes of dreams and first memories as well as in conflicts and relationships to their extended families. A precipitant stress could be identified at the time of onset and exacerbation of the eczema. Significant psychiatric pathology was found in 60% of the atopic eczema patients. Psychological test results also indicated differences between the two groups with the MMPI  being the most discriminating test of those used.", "contents": "Atopic eczema: a clinical psychiatric study. Twenty subject (including patients with atopic eczema and normal matched controls) were subjected to extensive psychiatric interviewing and psychological testing. The atopic eczema patients were found to differ from the controls in early childhood experiences, in adaptation to aggressive conflicts, in themes of dreams and first memories as well as in conflicts and relationships to their extended families. A precipitant stress could be identified at the time of onset and exacerbation of the eczema. Significant psychiatric pathology was found in 60% of the atopic eczema patients. Psychological test results also indicated differences between the two groups with the MMPI  being the most discriminating test of those used."}
{"id": "PMID:863852", "title": "A four-iron, four-sulfide ferredoxin with high thermostability from Clostridium thermoaceticum.", "content": "A ferredoxin containing only one [Fe4S4] cluster was purified from Clostridium thermoaceticum. It has a molecular weight of about 7,300, a partial specific volume of 0.67, and an isoelectric point of 3.25. Its absorption spectrum has two maxima at 390 nm (epsilon = 16.8 X 10(3)M-1cm-1) and at 280 nm (epsilon = 24.2 X 10(3)M-1cm-1). The absorption at 390 nm is almost half that of other clostridial ferredoxins, which have two [Fe4S4] clusters, and is similar to other ferredoxins with only one [Fe4S4] cluster. The ferredoxin had high thermal stability and retained over 50% of its activity after treatment at 80 degrees C. It functions in the transfer of electrons from pyruvate to nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP), which indicates the presence of pyruvate:ferredoxin oxidoreductase and reduced ferredoxin-NADP reductase in C, thermoaceticum. NADPH is used in the synthesis of acetate from CO2 in this organism.", "contents": "A four-iron, four-sulfide ferredoxin with high thermostability from Clostridium thermoaceticum. A ferredoxin containing only one [Fe4S4] cluster was purified from Clostridium thermoaceticum. It has a molecular weight of about 7,300, a partial specific volume of 0.67, and an isoelectric point of 3.25. Its absorption spectrum has two maxima at 390 nm (epsilon = 16.8 X 10(3)M-1cm-1) and at 280 nm (epsilon = 24.2 X 10(3)M-1cm-1). The absorption at 390 nm is almost half that of other clostridial ferredoxins, which have two [Fe4S4] clusters, and is similar to other ferredoxins with only one [Fe4S4] cluster. The ferredoxin had high thermal stability and retained over 50% of its activity after treatment at 80 degrees C. It functions in the transfer of electrons from pyruvate to nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP), which indicates the presence of pyruvate:ferredoxin oxidoreductase and reduced ferredoxin-NADP reductase in C, thermoaceticum. NADPH is used in the synthesis of acetate from CO2 in this organism."}
{"id": "PMID:863853", "title": "Characterization of a spontaneously occurring mutant of the TOL20 plasmid in Pseudomonas putida MT20: possible regulatory implications.", "content": "Pseudomonas putida MT20 carries a plasmid (TOL20) that codes for the enzymes responsible for the catabolism of toluene, m- and p-xylene to benzoate, and m- and p-toluate, respectively, followed by meta cleavage of the aromatic ring. Growth on 5 mM benzoate selects very strongly for (i) strains that have been cured of the plasmid and (ii) strains with an intermediate growth pattern (the B3 phenotype) that retain the ability to grow on toluene, m-xylene, and benzoate but are unable to grow on m-toluate. Both types of strains were selected because they are no longer able to oxidize benzoate by the plasmid pathway but instead use an alternative route, the ortho or beta-ketoadipate pathway, which is chromosomally coded and supports faster growth. Evidence that one strain with the B3 phenotype, MT20-B3, has a regulatory mutation that prevents induction of the meta-pathway enzymes by benzoate and m-toluate, but which enables them to be induced by toluene and m-xylene, is presented. The plasmid in this strain, as in most of the others with the same phenotype, is nonconjugative. Analysis of MT20-B3, together with revertants of it and other noninducible mutants, has led to a model for the regulation of the plasmid-coded enzymes in MT20, in which it is proposed that the early enzymes for degradation of m-toluate and benzoate are positively controlled by two regulator molecules, one of which interacts with toluene and m-xylene as inducers and the other of which interacts with benzoate and m-toluate. It is argued that MT20-B3 and strains with a similar phenotype arose as a result of a deletion of the gene coding for the second regulator molecule.", "contents": "Characterization of a spontaneously occurring mutant of the TOL20 plasmid in Pseudomonas putida MT20: possible regulatory implications. Pseudomonas putida MT20 carries a plasmid (TOL20) that codes for the enzymes responsible for the catabolism of toluene, m- and p-xylene to benzoate, and m- and p-toluate, respectively, followed by meta cleavage of the aromatic ring. Growth on 5 mM benzoate selects very strongly for (i) strains that have been cured of the plasmid and (ii) strains with an intermediate growth pattern (the B3 phenotype) that retain the ability to grow on toluene, m-xylene, and benzoate but are unable to grow on m-toluate. Both types of strains were selected because they are no longer able to oxidize benzoate by the plasmid pathway but instead use an alternative route, the ortho or beta-ketoadipate pathway, which is chromosomally coded and supports faster growth. Evidence that one strain with the B3 phenotype, MT20-B3, has a regulatory mutation that prevents induction of the meta-pathway enzymes by benzoate and m-toluate, but which enables them to be induced by toluene and m-xylene, is presented. The plasmid in this strain, as in most of the others with the same phenotype, is nonconjugative. Analysis of MT20-B3, together with revertants of it and other noninducible mutants, has led to a model for the regulation of the plasmid-coded enzymes in MT20, in which it is proposed that the early enzymes for degradation of m-toluate and benzoate are positively controlled by two regulator molecules, one of which interacts with toluene and m-xylene as inducers and the other of which interacts with benzoate and m-toluate. It is argued that MT20-B3 and strains with a similar phenotype arose as a result of a deletion of the gene coding for the second regulator molecule."}
{"id": "PMID:863854", "title": "Distribution of xanthine oxidase and xanthine dehydrogenase specificity types among bacteria.", "content": "A diverse collection of xanthine-metabolizing bacteria was examined for xanthine-, 1-methylxanthine-, and 3-methylxanthine-oxidizing activity. Both particulate and soluble fractions of extracts from aerobically grown gram-negative bacteria exhibited oxidation of all three substrates; however, when facultative gram-negative bacteria were grown anaerobically, low particulate and 3-methylxanthine activities were detected. Gram-positive and obligately anaerobic bacteria showed no particulate activity or 3-methylxanthine oxidation. Substrate specificity studies indicate two types of enzyme distributed among the bacteria along taxonomic lines, although other features indicate diversity of the enzyme within these two major groups. The soluble and particulate enzymes from Pseudomonas putida and the enzyme from Arthrobacter S-2 were examined as type examples with a series of purine and analogues differing in the number and position of oxygen groups. Each preparation was active with a variety of compounds, but the compounds and position attacked by each enzyme was different, both from the other enzymes examined and from previously investigated enzymes. The soluble enzyme from Pseudomonas was inhibited in a competitive manner by uric acid, whereas the Arthrobacter enzyme was not. This was correlated with the ability of Pseudomonas, but not Arthrobacter, to incorporate radioactivity from [2-14C]uric acid into cellular material.", "contents": "Distribution of xanthine oxidase and xanthine dehydrogenase specificity types among bacteria. A diverse collection of xanthine-metabolizing bacteria was examined for xanthine-, 1-methylxanthine-, and 3-methylxanthine-oxidizing activity. Both particulate and soluble fractions of extracts from aerobically grown gram-negative bacteria exhibited oxidation of all three substrates; however, when facultative gram-negative bacteria were grown anaerobically, low particulate and 3-methylxanthine activities were detected. Gram-positive and obligately anaerobic bacteria showed no particulate activity or 3-methylxanthine oxidation. Substrate specificity studies indicate two types of enzyme distributed among the bacteria along taxonomic lines, although other features indicate diversity of the enzyme within these two major groups. The soluble and particulate enzymes from Pseudomonas putida and the enzyme from Arthrobacter S-2 were examined as type examples with a series of purine and analogues differing in the number and position of oxygen groups. Each preparation was active with a variety of compounds, but the compounds and position attacked by each enzyme was different, both from the other enzymes examined and from previously investigated enzymes. The soluble enzyme from Pseudomonas was inhibited in a competitive manner by uric acid, whereas the Arthrobacter enzyme was not. This was correlated with the ability of Pseudomonas, but not Arthrobacter, to incorporate radioactivity from [2-14C]uric acid into cellular material."}
{"id": "PMID:863855", "title": "Molecular sizes and relationships of TOL plasmids in Pseudomonas.", "content": "Plasmid deoxyribonucleic acid was isolated from thirteen Pseudomonas strains judged on genetic criteria to carry plasmids coding for the degradation of toluene and m- and p-xylenes (TOL plasmids). Most strains carried a single species, but two strains carried two size classes, and cells of a third strain contained plasmids ranging in size from 25 X 10(6) to 202 X 10(6) daltons. Some plasmids could be transformed into a Pseudomonas putida strain to yield Tol+ progeny. Plasmids from 5 of the 13 strains were indistinguishable on the basis of size and gel pattern of fragments after endonuclease digestion.", "contents": "Molecular sizes and relationships of TOL plasmids in Pseudomonas. Plasmid deoxyribonucleic acid was isolated from thirteen Pseudomonas strains judged on genetic criteria to carry plasmids coding for the degradation of toluene and m- and p-xylenes (TOL plasmids). Most strains carried a single species, but two strains carried two size classes, and cells of a third strain contained plasmids ranging in size from 25 X 10(6) to 202 X 10(6) daltons. Some plasmids could be transformed into a Pseudomonas putida strain to yield Tol+ progeny. Plasmids from 5 of the 13 strains were indistinguishable on the basis of size and gel pattern of fragments after endonuclease digestion."}
{"id": "PMID:863856", "title": "Comparative lipid composition of heterotrophically and autotrophically grown Sulfolobus acidocaldarius.", "content": "Complex lipids from the thermoacidophilic facultative autotroph Sulfolobus acidocaldarius, as well as a strictly autotrophic isolate, were compared between cells grown on yeast extract and elemental sulfur. Lipids from both organisms grown autotrophically were nearly identical. Each contained about 15% neutral lipids, 35% glycolipids, and 50% acidic lipids. Glycolipids and acidic lipids contained C40H82-76-derived glycerol ether residues. Major glycolipids included the glycerol ether analogues of glucosyl galactosyl diglyceride (5%) and glucosyl polyol diglyceride (75%). Acidic lipids were comprised mainly of the glycerol ether analogues of phosphatidyl inositol (7%), inositolphosphoryl glucosyl polyol diglyceride (72%), and a partially characterized sulfate- and phosphate-containing derivative of glucosyl polyol diglyceride (13%). The lipids from cells grown heterotrophically were similar to those from autotrophically grown cells, except that the partially characterized acidic lipid was absent. In addition, the two glycolipids as well as the respective inositolphosphoryl derivatives were each present in nearly equal proportions.", "contents": "Comparative lipid composition of heterotrophically and autotrophically grown Sulfolobus acidocaldarius. Complex lipids from the thermoacidophilic facultative autotroph Sulfolobus acidocaldarius, as well as a strictly autotrophic isolate, were compared between cells grown on yeast extract and elemental sulfur. Lipids from both organisms grown autotrophically were nearly identical. Each contained about 15% neutral lipids, 35% glycolipids, and 50% acidic lipids. Glycolipids and acidic lipids contained C40H82-76-derived glycerol ether residues. Major glycolipids included the glycerol ether analogues of glucosyl galactosyl diglyceride (5%) and glucosyl polyol diglyceride (75%). Acidic lipids were comprised mainly of the glycerol ether analogues of phosphatidyl inositol (7%), inositolphosphoryl glucosyl polyol diglyceride (72%), and a partially characterized sulfate- and phosphate-containing derivative of glucosyl polyol diglyceride (13%). The lipids from cells grown heterotrophically were similar to those from autotrophically grown cells, except that the partially characterized acidic lipid was absent. In addition, the two glycolipids as well as the respective inositolphosphoryl derivatives were each present in nearly equal proportions."}
{"id": "PMID:863857", "title": "Electron microscopic study of cell surface rings during cell division and morphogenesis of Arthrobacter crystallopoietes.", "content": "The whole cell ultrastructure during cell division and morphogenesis of Arthrobacter crystallopoietes was monitored using electron microscopic techniques. Glucose-grown spherical cells were inoculated into succinate-based medium. In this medium, the organism undergoes a morphogenetic cycle consisting of elongation of spheres to rods, exponential growth as rods, and fragmentation of rods to spherical cells. Raised bands or rings that encircled the cells were evident on the cell surface of both sphere- and rod-shaped cells. Many rod-shaped cells possessed two or more rings arranged adjacent to each other in a parallel orientation. At each cell division a new ring was formed on both siblings. However, as predicted by the proposed model of unidirectional cell growth and by maintaining a ring from the previous generation, unequal numbers of rings were observed on sibling cells. Only one ring was visible on most of the spherical inoculum cells, but in some cases a second ring perpendicular to the other ring was observed. Parallel rings were found on spherical cells resulting from fragmentation or reductive cell division of rods during the stationary growth phase. Thus, these spheres could be distinguished from inoculum spheres containing a single ring or perpendicular orientation of rings. The number of rings per cell and arrangement of rings on the cell surface of sibling cells after cell division, but before cell separation, are discussed with respect to cell age, cell division, and sphere-rod-sphere morphogenesis of A. crystallopoietes.", "contents": "Electron microscopic study of cell surface rings during cell division and morphogenesis of Arthrobacter crystallopoietes. The whole cell ultrastructure during cell division and morphogenesis of Arthrobacter crystallopoietes was monitored using electron microscopic techniques. Glucose-grown spherical cells were inoculated into succinate-based medium. In this medium, the organism undergoes a morphogenetic cycle consisting of elongation of spheres to rods, exponential growth as rods, and fragmentation of rods to spherical cells. Raised bands or rings that encircled the cells were evident on the cell surface of both sphere- and rod-shaped cells. Many rod-shaped cells possessed two or more rings arranged adjacent to each other in a parallel orientation. At each cell division a new ring was formed on both siblings. However, as predicted by the proposed model of unidirectional cell growth and by maintaining a ring from the previous generation, unequal numbers of rings were observed on sibling cells. Only one ring was visible on most of the spherical inoculum cells, but in some cases a second ring perpendicular to the other ring was observed. Parallel rings were found on spherical cells resulting from fragmentation or reductive cell division of rods during the stationary growth phase. Thus, these spheres could be distinguished from inoculum spheres containing a single ring or perpendicular orientation of rings. The number of rings per cell and arrangement of rings on the cell surface of sibling cells after cell division, but before cell separation, are discussed with respect to cell age, cell division, and sphere-rod-sphere morphogenesis of A. crystallopoietes."}
{"id": "PMID:863858", "title": "Methanococcus vannielii: ultrastructure and sensitivity to detergents and antibiotics.", "content": "Methanococcus vannielii is a strictly anaerobic motile coccus that possesses a tuft of flagellae. The cells are markedly sensitive to mechanical stress and are readily lysed by detergents, but the organism grows normally in media of low ionic strength. The absence of a typical cell wall, further suggested by resistance of M. vannielii to penicillin, cycloserine, and vancomycin, was confirmed by ultrastructural studies. Electron micrographs showed that the cell envelope lacks a peptidoglycan layer. On the outer surface there is a regular array of subunits similar to those of the glycoprotein envelopes of the halobacteria. However, the M. vannielii cell envelope, unlike those of the holobacteria, is unable to maintain a definite shape, and a high salt concentration is not required for its integrity.", "contents": "Methanococcus vannielii: ultrastructure and sensitivity to detergents and antibiotics. Methanococcus vannielii is a strictly anaerobic motile coccus that possesses a tuft of flagellae. The cells are markedly sensitive to mechanical stress and are readily lysed by detergents, but the organism grows normally in media of low ionic strength. The absence of a typical cell wall, further suggested by resistance of M. vannielii to penicillin, cycloserine, and vancomycin, was confirmed by ultrastructural studies. Electron micrographs showed that the cell envelope lacks a peptidoglycan layer. On the outer surface there is a regular array of subunits similar to those of the glycoprotein envelopes of the halobacteria. However, the M. vannielii cell envelope, unlike those of the holobacteria, is unable to maintain a definite shape, and a high salt concentration is not required for its integrity."}
{"id": "PMID:863859", "title": "Influence of oxygen on phospholipid production and colony formation in a nitrogen-fixing mutant of Azotobacter vinelandii.", "content": "Colony dimorphism in a conditional nitrogen-fixing mutant of Azotobacter vinelandii was directly influenced by fixed nitrogen and oxygen partial pressure and may be related to the production of internal peripheral membrane.", "contents": "Influence of oxygen on phospholipid production and colony formation in a nitrogen-fixing mutant of Azotobacter vinelandii. Colony dimorphism in a conditional nitrogen-fixing mutant of Azotobacter vinelandii was directly influenced by fixed nitrogen and oxygen partial pressure and may be related to the production of internal peripheral membrane."}
{"id": "PMID:863860", "title": "Multiple forms of urease in cytoplasmic fractions of Ureaplasma urealyticum.", "content": "The urease activity of Ureaplasma urealyticum was found to be located in the cytoplasmic fraction and consisted of multiple stable enzyme forms representing at least four biotypes.", "contents": "Multiple forms of urease in cytoplasmic fractions of Ureaplasma urealyticum. The urease activity of Ureaplasma urealyticum was found to be located in the cytoplasmic fraction and consisted of multiple stable enzyme forms representing at least four biotypes."}
{"id": "PMID:863861", "title": "Control of arylsulfatase in a serine auxotroph of Neurospora.", "content": "A serine auxotroph of Neurospora requires exogenous serine to repress the arylsulfatase, suggesting that this enzyme is repressed by cysteine and not by methionine.", "contents": "Control of arylsulfatase in a serine auxotroph of Neurospora. A serine auxotroph of Neurospora requires exogenous serine to repress the arylsulfatase, suggesting that this enzyme is repressed by cysteine and not by methionine."}
{"id": "PMID:863862", "title": "Initial characterization of hexose and hexitol phosphoenolpyruvate-dependent phosphotransferases of Staphylococcus aureus.", "content": "The phosphoenolpyruvate sugar phosphotransferases of Staphylococcus aureus were surveyed biochemically to determine substrate range, inducibility and constitutivity, and requirements for soluble sugar-specific proteins. The substrate range is similar to that of the phosphotransferases of enteric bacteria, but the staphylococcal mannose and sorbitol systems are very inefficient. In addition, S. qureus has phosphotransferase activities for lactose and sucrose. The systems tested fell into two broad classes. Sugars for which there was substantial constitutive activity (fructose, mannose, sucrose, and glucose and its nonmetabolized analogues) did not require sugar-specific soluble factors for phosphorylation. Only in the case of fructose did growth in the presence of these constitutive sugars induce the corresponding phosphotransferase activity to higher levels. Kinetic experiments with each of these constitutive sugars yielded biphasic Hofstee plots; i.e., the kinetics were not characteristic of single enzymes. Preliminary experiments suggest that sucrose phosphorylation may involve the glucose and/or fructose systems. Truly inducible sugar phosphotransferase systems represent a second class; those for lactose and mannitol are the only members thus far identified. These systems are absent from uninduced cells, require soluble sugar-specific factors, and exhibit linear Hofstee plots. Sorbitol is apparently transported very poorly by intact cells but is an inducer of the mannitol system; it is phosphorylated efficiently in vitro by extracts of cells grown on either hexitol, but is taken up by intact cells at 0.1% of the mannitol rate.", "contents": "Initial characterization of hexose and hexitol phosphoenolpyruvate-dependent phosphotransferases of Staphylococcus aureus. The phosphoenolpyruvate sugar phosphotransferases of Staphylococcus aureus were surveyed biochemically to determine substrate range, inducibility and constitutivity, and requirements for soluble sugar-specific proteins. The substrate range is similar to that of the phosphotransferases of enteric bacteria, but the staphylococcal mannose and sorbitol systems are very inefficient. In addition, S. qureus has phosphotransferase activities for lactose and sucrose. The systems tested fell into two broad classes. Sugars for which there was substantial constitutive activity (fructose, mannose, sucrose, and glucose and its nonmetabolized analogues) did not require sugar-specific soluble factors for phosphorylation. Only in the case of fructose did growth in the presence of these constitutive sugars induce the corresponding phosphotransferase activity to higher levels. Kinetic experiments with each of these constitutive sugars yielded biphasic Hofstee plots; i.e., the kinetics were not characteristic of single enzymes. Preliminary experiments suggest that sucrose phosphorylation may involve the glucose and/or fructose systems. Truly inducible sugar phosphotransferase systems represent a second class; those for lactose and mannitol are the only members thus far identified. These systems are absent from uninduced cells, require soluble sugar-specific factors, and exhibit linear Hofstee plots. Sorbitol is apparently transported very poorly by intact cells but is an inducer of the mannitol system; it is phosphorylated efficiently in vitro by extracts of cells grown on either hexitol, but is taken up by intact cells at 0.1% of the mannitol rate."}
{"id": "PMID:863863", "title": "Positional specificity of phospholipase B of Penicillium notatum.", "content": "Phospholipase B[EC 3.1.1.5] of Penicillium notatum was shown to catalyze the following two reactions successively: diacylphospholipidlead to 1-monoacylphospholipid+fatty acid; and 1-monoacylphospholipid lead to glycerylphosphoryl-base+fatty acid. 1-Monoacylphospholipid was accumulated measurable in a reaction mixture containing methanol. An attempt to classify phospholipase B according to positional specificity is described.", "contents": "Positional specificity of phospholipase B of Penicillium notatum. Phospholipase B[EC 3.1.1.5] of Penicillium notatum was shown to catalyze the following two reactions successively: diacylphospholipidlead to 1-monoacylphospholipid+fatty acid; and 1-monoacylphospholipid lead to glycerylphosphoryl-base+fatty acid. 1-Monoacylphospholipid was accumulated measurable in a reaction mixture containing methanol. An attempt to classify phospholipase B according to positional specificity is described."}
{"id": "PMID:863864", "title": "Multiple components of endo-polyguluronide lyase of Pseudomonas sp.", "content": "A lyophilized alginate lyase preparation obtained from dialyzed extract of sonicated Pseudomonas sp. cells was fractionated by gell filtration on a Sephadex G-150 column, and three alginate lyase [EC4.2.2.3] fractions, peaks I, II, and III, were obtained. They were remarkably thermolabile. The lyase fractions degraded two kinds of alginate fragments, a polygluuronide (SG), and a polyuronide consisting of both mannuronic and guluronic acid residues (SMG), as well as commerical alginate, but were virtually inactive toward polymannuronide fragment (SM). The modes of degradation of these substrates by the lyase fractions were endowise with different degrees of randomness. Attack by the peak I fraction was more random than those by peaks II and III. The main lysis products formed from SG and SMG by these layses were identified as mixtures of unsaturated tri- and monouronides. The unsaturated triuronide from SG was deltatugg and SMG yielded a mixture of deltaUGG and a poorly characterized unsaturated trimer, possibly deltaUMG. However, the patterns of monomer and trimer production by theselyase fractions changed in different ways during incubation.", "contents": "Multiple components of endo-polyguluronide lyase of Pseudomonas sp. A lyophilized alginate lyase preparation obtained from dialyzed extract of sonicated Pseudomonas sp. cells was fractionated by gell filtration on a Sephadex G-150 column, and three alginate lyase [EC4.2.2.3] fractions, peaks I, II, and III, were obtained. They were remarkably thermolabile. The lyase fractions degraded two kinds of alginate fragments, a polygluuronide (SG), and a polyuronide consisting of both mannuronic and guluronic acid residues (SMG), as well as commerical alginate, but were virtually inactive toward polymannuronide fragment (SM). The modes of degradation of these substrates by the lyase fractions were endowise with different degrees of randomness. Attack by the peak I fraction was more random than those by peaks II and III. The main lysis products formed from SG and SMG by these layses were identified as mixtures of unsaturated tri- and monouronides. The unsaturated triuronide from SG was deltatugg and SMG yielded a mixture of deltaUGG and a poorly characterized unsaturated trimer, possibly deltaUMG. However, the patterns of monomer and trimer production by theselyase fractions changed in different ways during incubation."}
{"id": "PMID:863865", "title": "Substrate specificity of endo-polyguluronide lyases from Pseudomonas sp. on the basis of their kinetic properties.", "content": "Two endo-alginate lyases [EC 4.2.2.3] differing in their mode of degradation of substrates and practically free of polymannuronide lyase activity were partially purified from Pseudomonas sp. cells. Their substrate specificities were investigated for two different kinds of alginate fragments; a polyguluronide (SG) and a polyuronide consisting of mannuronic (M) and guluronic (G) acid residues (SMG). The effects of various salts and some organic compounds such as EDTA and p-chloromercuribenzoate on the degradation of the two substrates were similar. High concentrations of the substrates similarly inhibited the action ofthe lyases, giving a bell-shaped plot. A polymannuronide alginate fragment (SM) which was a substrate for polymannuronide lyase but was not attacked by these guluronide lyases also inhibited the degradation of SG and SMG. The overall degradation velocities of a mixture of SG and SMG by both lyases coincided with those calculated from the Michaelis-Menten formula. Based on the above results, it was concluded that SG and SMG are attacked by the same endo-polyguluronide lyase.", "contents": "Substrate specificity of endo-polyguluronide lyases from Pseudomonas sp. on the basis of their kinetic properties. Two endo-alginate lyases [EC 4.2.2.3] differing in their mode of degradation of substrates and practically free of polymannuronide lyase activity were partially purified from Pseudomonas sp. cells. Their substrate specificities were investigated for two different kinds of alginate fragments; a polyguluronide (SG) and a polyuronide consisting of mannuronic (M) and guluronic (G) acid residues (SMG). The effects of various salts and some organic compounds such as EDTA and p-chloromercuribenzoate on the degradation of the two substrates were similar. High concentrations of the substrates similarly inhibited the action ofthe lyases, giving a bell-shaped plot. A polymannuronide alginate fragment (SM) which was a substrate for polymannuronide lyase but was not attacked by these guluronide lyases also inhibited the degradation of SG and SMG. The overall degradation velocities of a mixture of SG and SMG by both lyases coincided with those calculated from the Michaelis-Menten formula. Based on the above results, it was concluded that SG and SMG are attacked by the same endo-polyguluronide lyase."}
{"id": "PMID:863866", "title": "Fine structure of SMG alginate fragment in the light of its degradation by alginate lyases of Pseudomonas sp.", "content": "An alginate fragment named SMG, consisting of mannuronic (M) and guluronic acid residues (G)(DP=25), was prepared from the partial acid hydrolysate of a commercial alginate. Two subfractions, SMG-ppt (DP=52) and SMG-sup (DP=18) were obtained from SMG by fractionation with MgC12 and CaC12. The M/G ratios of these alginate fragment were 1.4-1.9. Their lysis products by a pseudomonad alginate lyase [EC 4.2.2.3] preparation were fractionated by gel filtration, giving similar patterns. The major products in their digests were unsaturated monouronides (53-50%) and triuronides (30-35%). The former was identified as a delta4,5-hexuronic acid (deltaU) and the latter was identified as a mixture of delta4,5-hexuronosyl-(1 leads to 4)-beta-D-mannuronosyl-(1 leads to 4)-L-guluronic acid (deltaUMG) and delta4,5-hexuronosyl-(1 leads to 4)-alpha-L-guluronosyl-(1 leads to 4))L-guluronic acid (deltaUGG). The two unsaturated triuronides were present in roughly equal amounts. The presence of 4-O-alpha-L-guluronosyl-L-guluronic acid (GG) and 4-O-beta-D-mannuronosyl-L-guluronic acid (MG) or 4-O-beta-L-guluronosyl-D-mannuronic acid (GM) was also demonstrated inthe digest. Moreover, indirect evidence suggested nonreducing terminal deltaU residue and free deltaU in the digest to be derived more from M than G of the original SMG. Thus, it was concluded that more than one-third of uronic acid residues of SMG molecules may be composed of almost equal amounts of MG and GG sequences, most of which may be connected by M to form MMG and MGG sequences, respectively.", "contents": "Fine structure of SMG alginate fragment in the light of its degradation by alginate lyases of Pseudomonas sp. An alginate fragment named SMG, consisting of mannuronic (M) and guluronic acid residues (G)(DP=25), was prepared from the partial acid hydrolysate of a commercial alginate. Two subfractions, SMG-ppt (DP=52) and SMG-sup (DP=18) were obtained from SMG by fractionation with MgC12 and CaC12. The M/G ratios of these alginate fragment were 1.4-1.9. Their lysis products by a pseudomonad alginate lyase [EC 4.2.2.3] preparation were fractionated by gel filtration, giving similar patterns. The major products in their digests were unsaturated monouronides (53-50%) and triuronides (30-35%). The former was identified as a delta4,5-hexuronic acid (deltaU) and the latter was identified as a mixture of delta4,5-hexuronosyl-(1 leads to 4)-beta-D-mannuronosyl-(1 leads to 4)-L-guluronic acid (deltaUMG) and delta4,5-hexuronosyl-(1 leads to 4)-alpha-L-guluronosyl-(1 leads to 4))L-guluronic acid (deltaUGG). The two unsaturated triuronides were present in roughly equal amounts. The presence of 4-O-alpha-L-guluronosyl-L-guluronic acid (GG) and 4-O-beta-D-mannuronosyl-L-guluronic acid (MG) or 4-O-beta-L-guluronosyl-D-mannuronic acid (GM) was also demonstrated inthe digest. Moreover, indirect evidence suggested nonreducing terminal deltaU residue and free deltaU in the digest to be derived more from M than G of the original SMG. Thus, it was concluded that more than one-third of uronic acid residues of SMG molecules may be composed of almost equal amounts of MG and GG sequences, most of which may be connected by M to form MMG and MGG sequences, respectively."}
{"id": "PMID:863867", "title": "Studies on a microchemical method for determination of the degree of polymerization of neutral oligo- and polysaccharides. II. Application to oligosaccharides and glucans.", "content": "A method devised for quantitative separation of trace amounts of alditols from their mixutes with large amounts of monosaccharides was applied in determination of the DPn of some oligosaccharides and glucans. The DP values obtained for oligosaccharides agreed very closely with those expected. The values obtained for polysaccharides were also consistent with those obtained by different chemical methods. This method is applicable to almost all neutral oligo-and polysaccharides with reducing end-groups, and can be use to determine the reducing end-groups in very small amounts of material.", "contents": "Studies on a microchemical method for determination of the degree of polymerization of neutral oligo- and polysaccharides. II. Application to oligosaccharides and glucans. A method devised for quantitative separation of trace amounts of alditols from their mixutes with large amounts of monosaccharides was applied in determination of the DPn of some oligosaccharides and glucans. The DP values obtained for oligosaccharides agreed very closely with those expected. The values obtained for polysaccharides were also consistent with those obtained by different chemical methods. This method is applicable to almost all neutral oligo-and polysaccharides with reducing end-groups, and can be use to determine the reducing end-groups in very small amounts of material."}
{"id": "PMID:863869", "title": "Sites of action of the KCl-soluble protein in the stimulation of protein synthesis in sea urchin systems.", "content": "The sites of action of the KCl-soluble protein (KSP) in the stimulation of amino acid incorporation were studied with cell-free systems from sea urchin embryos. The reduced form of KSP stimulated amino acid- and tRNA-dependent AMP exchange in the amino acid activation and initiation steps. Stimulation of the binding of phenylalanyl-tRNA (Phe-tRNA) to 40 S ribosomes by KSP was found; the reaction was considered to be the binding to the donor site of ribosomes, based on the results of puromycin treatment, so this stimulation is assumed to occur at the initiation step. All other steps of amino acid-dependent exchange of PPi and ATP as well as hydroxamate formation, amino acid acceptor activity of tRNA, the binding of aminoacyl-tRNA, mRNA, and synthetic polynucleotide to ribosomes, translocation and peptide bond formation, and the termination and release of peptides from ribosomes, were apparently insensitive to KSP. Cyclic variation was observed in the activities of amino acid- and tRNA-dependent AMP exchange with ATP and the binding of aminoacyl (acylated and nonacylated)t-RNA to ribosomes using 12,000 x g supernatant. The reduced form of KSP itself had AMP exhange activity in amino acid activation. The reaction involved was confirmed to be aminoacyl transfer from aminoacyl-AMP to tRNA. However, low activities were observed for the bindings of Phe-and acetylphenylalanyl (AcPhe)-tRNA to ribosomes. Small molecular SH-reagents reacted in a different way from reduced KSP both in the AMP exchange reaction and the binding of aminoacy1-tRNA to ribosomes.", "contents": "Sites of action of the KCl-soluble protein in the stimulation of protein synthesis in sea urchin systems. The sites of action of the KCl-soluble protein (KSP) in the stimulation of amino acid incorporation were studied with cell-free systems from sea urchin embryos. The reduced form of KSP stimulated amino acid- and tRNA-dependent AMP exchange in the amino acid activation and initiation steps. Stimulation of the binding of phenylalanyl-tRNA (Phe-tRNA) to 40 S ribosomes by KSP was found; the reaction was considered to be the binding to the donor site of ribosomes, based on the results of puromycin treatment, so this stimulation is assumed to occur at the initiation step. All other steps of amino acid-dependent exchange of PPi and ATP as well as hydroxamate formation, amino acid acceptor activity of tRNA, the binding of aminoacyl-tRNA, mRNA, and synthetic polynucleotide to ribosomes, translocation and peptide bond formation, and the termination and release of peptides from ribosomes, were apparently insensitive to KSP. Cyclic variation was observed in the activities of amino acid- and tRNA-dependent AMP exchange with ATP and the binding of aminoacyl (acylated and nonacylated)t-RNA to ribosomes using 12,000 x g supernatant. The reduced form of KSP itself had AMP exhange activity in amino acid activation. The reaction involved was confirmed to be aminoacyl transfer from aminoacyl-AMP to tRNA. However, low activities were observed for the bindings of Phe-and acetylphenylalanyl (AcPhe)-tRNA to ribosomes. Small molecular SH-reagents reacted in a different way from reduced KSP both in the AMP exchange reaction and the binding of aminoacy1-tRNA to ribosomes."}
{"id": "PMID:863870", "title": "Isolation of cytokinin binding protein from tobacco leaves by bioaffinity chromatography and its partial characterization.", "content": "Cytokinin binding protein was isolated and purified from tobacco leaves by bioaffinity chromatography on a Sepharose column on which benzyladenine (BA), synthetic cytokinin, had been introduced as an affinity ligand by the cyanogen bromide method. The purified protein bound specifically to cytokinins; its binding was inhibited remarkably by the addition of BA and kinetin and slightly by adenine, but not by adenosine in vitro. The dissociation constant, Kd, of the protein-BA complex was about  4 x 10(-5)M. The profiles of SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and gel filtration indicate that the protein consisted of a single polypeptide chain. Amino acid analysis showed that the protein contained 4 basic, 6 acidic, and 25 neutral amino acids but lacked tryptophan. The molecular weight of the protein was determined to be about 4,000 to 5,000 daltons by gel filtration, SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and amino acid analysis. The coupling conditions of BA to Sepharose by the cyanogen bromide method are described and discussed.", "contents": "Isolation of cytokinin binding protein from tobacco leaves by bioaffinity chromatography and its partial characterization. Cytokinin binding protein was isolated and purified from tobacco leaves by bioaffinity chromatography on a Sepharose column on which benzyladenine (BA), synthetic cytokinin, had been introduced as an affinity ligand by the cyanogen bromide method. The purified protein bound specifically to cytokinins; its binding was inhibited remarkably by the addition of BA and kinetin and slightly by adenine, but not by adenosine in vitro. The dissociation constant, Kd, of the protein-BA complex was about  4 x 10(-5)M. The profiles of SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and gel filtration indicate that the protein consisted of a single polypeptide chain. Amino acid analysis showed that the protein contained 4 basic, 6 acidic, and 25 neutral amino acids but lacked tryptophan. The molecular weight of the protein was determined to be about 4,000 to 5,000 daltons by gel filtration, SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and amino acid analysis. The coupling conditions of BA to Sepharose by the cyanogen bromide method are described and discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:863871", "title": "The role of cathepsin B1 in the collagen breakdown of carrageenin granuloma in rats.", "content": "The crude cathepsin B1 isolated from granulation tissue was separated  into two major peaks (P-2 and P-3 fractions) by chromatography on CM-cellulose. The changes in cathepsin B1 activity were studied at various phases of the development of granulation tissue. The cathepsin B1 activity of P-2 fraction, in contrast with that of P-3 fraction, increased with the passage of time after carrageenin injection and the cathepsin B1 activity of P-2 fraction was higher in the resorbing tissues than in non-resorbing tissues, suggesting that cathepsin B1 in P-2 fraction plays an important role in the resorption of granulation tissue, including collagen breakdown.", "contents": "The role of cathepsin B1 in the collagen breakdown of carrageenin granuloma in rats. The crude cathepsin B1 isolated from granulation tissue was separated  into two major peaks (P-2 and P-3 fractions) by chromatography on CM-cellulose. The changes in cathepsin B1 activity were studied at various phases of the development of granulation tissue. The cathepsin B1 activity of P-2 fraction, in contrast with that of P-3 fraction, increased with the passage of time after carrageenin injection and the cathepsin B1 activity of P-2 fraction was higher in the resorbing tissues than in non-resorbing tissues, suggesting that cathepsin B1 in P-2 fraction plays an important role in the resorption of granulation tissue, including collagen breakdown."}
{"id": "PMID:863872", "title": "Amino acid sequence of the L-2 light chain of rabbit skeletal muscle myosin.", "content": "The L-2 light chain (DTNB light chain) was separated from rabbit skeletal muscle myosin and the amino acid sequence determined. In order to study the primary structure of the L-2 lihe amino acid seqence determined. Then, to determine the arrangement of these tryptic peptides, enzymatic partial hydrolysis using 0.25 M acetic acid were carried out. The primary structure of the L-2 light chain thus obtained contains 168 amino acids.", "contents": "Amino acid sequence of the L-2 light chain of rabbit skeletal muscle myosin. The L-2 light chain (DTNB light chain) was separated from rabbit skeletal muscle myosin and the amino acid sequence determined. In order to study the primary structure of the L-2 lihe amino acid seqence determined. Then, to determine the arrangement of these tryptic peptides, enzymatic partial hydrolysis using 0.25 M acetic acid were carried out. The primary structure of the L-2 light chain thus obtained contains 168 amino acids."}
{"id": "PMID:863873", "title": "Brain isoenzyme of creatine kinase. I. Purification of rabbit enzyme and production of specific antibodies.", "content": "Creatine kinase (EC 2.7.3.2) of rabbit brain (BB) was purified to hemogeneity as judged by sedimentation velocity analysis in the ultracentrifuge. Nevertheless, the purified enzyme contained as many as seven extraneous protein species when examined by disc electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gel. The purified preparation also showed antigenic heterogeneity when it reacted in agar gel double immunodiffusion analysis with antibodies produced against it in the rooster. At least some of the extraneous proteins appeared to arise from BB during storage. Subsequently BB was purified to hemogeneity by disc electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gel. It was excised from the gel and injected repeatedly with Freund's complete adjuvant into roosters. A single immunoprecipitin line was noted in agar gel double immunodiffusion analysis when partially pure enzyme reacted with the antibodies raised to the electrophoretically pure protein. These antibodies inhibited the enzymatic activity of BB in both soluble and insoluble immune complexes. They did not, however, form immunoprecipitates with or inhibit rabbit muscle (MM) or rabbit hybrid (MB) creatine kinases. The antibodies were therefore specific for BB and did not react with MM or MB.", "contents": "Brain isoenzyme of creatine kinase. I. Purification of rabbit enzyme and production of specific antibodies. Creatine kinase (EC 2.7.3.2) of rabbit brain (BB) was purified to hemogeneity as judged by sedimentation velocity analysis in the ultracentrifuge. Nevertheless, the purified enzyme contained as many as seven extraneous protein species when examined by disc electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gel. The purified preparation also showed antigenic heterogeneity when it reacted in agar gel double immunodiffusion analysis with antibodies produced against it in the rooster. At least some of the extraneous proteins appeared to arise from BB during storage. Subsequently BB was purified to hemogeneity by disc electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gel. It was excised from the gel and injected repeatedly with Freund's complete adjuvant into roosters. A single immunoprecipitin line was noted in agar gel double immunodiffusion analysis when partially pure enzyme reacted with the antibodies raised to the electrophoretically pure protein. These antibodies inhibited the enzymatic activity of BB in both soluble and insoluble immune complexes. They did not, however, form immunoprecipitates with or inhibit rabbit muscle (MM) or rabbit hybrid (MB) creatine kinases. The antibodies were therefore specific for BB and did not react with MM or MB."}
{"id": "PMID:863874", "title": "Brain isoenzyme of creatine kinase. II. Species specificity of enzyme and presence of inactive form in striated muscle of rabbit and man.", "content": "Antibodies specific for the brain isoenzymes (BB) of creatine kinase were prepared by the injection of the highly purified rabbit enzyme into roosters. The antibodies were found to cross-react only partially with BB of rat, guinea pig, sheep, monkey, and man, demonstrating that these proteins are not entirely identical with respect to their antigenic sites. A greater degree of species specificity seems to exist for BB than for the muscle isoenzyme (MM) suggesting that BB may have undergone considerable evolutionary modification. Developmentally mature rabbit cardiac and skeletal muscles contained large quantites of an enzymatically inactive BB which can be detected immunochemically. It is antigenically identical with active rabbit BB but the two proteins can be separated by DEAE-cellulose chromatography. Enzymatically inactive BB is also present in human skeletal muscle. The presence of MM in muscle provides sufficient catalytic function and may have permitted the evolution of inactive BB in an additional (noncatalytic) metabolic role.", "contents": "Brain isoenzyme of creatine kinase. II. Species specificity of enzyme and presence of inactive form in striated muscle of rabbit and man. Antibodies specific for the brain isoenzymes (BB) of creatine kinase were prepared by the injection of the highly purified rabbit enzyme into roosters. The antibodies were found to cross-react only partially with BB of rat, guinea pig, sheep, monkey, and man, demonstrating that these proteins are not entirely identical with respect to their antigenic sites. A greater degree of species specificity seems to exist for BB than for the muscle isoenzyme (MM) suggesting that BB may have undergone considerable evolutionary modification. Developmentally mature rabbit cardiac and skeletal muscles contained large quantites of an enzymatically inactive BB which can be detected immunochemically. It is antigenically identical with active rabbit BB but the two proteins can be separated by DEAE-cellulose chromatography. Enzymatically inactive BB is also present in human skeletal muscle. The presence of MM in muscle provides sufficient catalytic function and may have permitted the evolution of inactive BB in an additional (noncatalytic) metabolic role."}
{"id": "PMID:863875", "title": "Brain isoenzyme of creatine kinase. III. Active and inactive forms in dystrophic muscle of vitamin E-dificient rabbit.", "content": "Rabbits were fed a vitamin E-deficient diet for 7 weeks. Control rabbits, paired for weight, were pair-fed an identical diet supplemented with vitamin E. After 3 weeks the expermental animals showed a rise in serum creatin kinase activity which was attributable to the muscle isoenzyme (MM). No rise in creatine kinase activity or appearance of MM was noted in the serum of the control rabbits. Total creatine kinase activity and MM activity were reduced in the gastrocnemii of the experimental animals while the activities of the brain (BB) and hybird (MB) isoenzymes were increased. The specific activity of BB based on immunochemically determined BB protein was not different from normal in either the experimental or control group. Activation of pre-existing inactive BB is probably not the explanation for increased BB activity in the gastroncnemii of the experimental group.", "contents": "Brain isoenzyme of creatine kinase. III. Active and inactive forms in dystrophic muscle of vitamin E-dificient rabbit. Rabbits were fed a vitamin E-deficient diet for 7 weeks. Control rabbits, paired for weight, were pair-fed an identical diet supplemented with vitamin E. After 3 weeks the expermental animals showed a rise in serum creatin kinase activity which was attributable to the muscle isoenzyme (MM). No rise in creatine kinase activity or appearance of MM was noted in the serum of the control rabbits. Total creatine kinase activity and MM activity were reduced in the gastrocnemii of the experimental animals while the activities of the brain (BB) and hybird (MB) isoenzymes were increased. The specific activity of BB based on immunochemically determined BB protein was not different from normal in either the experimental or control group. Activation of pre-existing inactive BB is probably not the explanation for increased BB activity in the gastroncnemii of the experimental group."}
{"id": "PMID:863876", "title": "Monosaccharide transport in protein-depleted vesicles from erythrocyte membranes.", "content": "Treatment of human erythrocyte membranes with dilute alkali (pH 11.5) generates sealed, protein-depleted vesicles that can be isolated by density gradient centrifugation. The vesicles are 0.5 to 2.0 micrometers in diameter, and their membranes are predominantly oriented inside-out. The vesicles lack protein bands 1, 2, 5, and 6 (nomenclature of Steck, T.L. (1974) J. Cell Biol. 62, 1-19) of the erythrocyte membrane. L-Sorbose, a substrate of the monosaccharide transport system in erythrocytes, is transported by the vesicles. Based on comparisons between erythrocytes and vesicles with regard to specificity, temparture dependence, and effects of inhibitors, we conclude that sorbose uptake into the vesicles occurs by way of the monosaccharide transport system. The specific activity of the transport system in vesicles, as determined by initial rate measurements of sorbose uptake, averaged 58% of that in erythrocytes. This finding indicates that the major polypeptides of Bands 1, 2, 5, and 6 do not play an obligatory role in monosaccharide transport.", "contents": "Monosaccharide transport in protein-depleted vesicles from erythrocyte membranes. Treatment of human erythrocyte membranes with dilute alkali (pH 11.5) generates sealed, protein-depleted vesicles that can be isolated by density gradient centrifugation. The vesicles are 0.5 to 2.0 micrometers in diameter, and their membranes are predominantly oriented inside-out. The vesicles lack protein bands 1, 2, 5, and 6 (nomenclature of Steck, T.L. (1974) J. Cell Biol. 62, 1-19) of the erythrocyte membrane. L-Sorbose, a substrate of the monosaccharide transport system in erythrocytes, is transported by the vesicles. Based on comparisons between erythrocytes and vesicles with regard to specificity, temparture dependence, and effects of inhibitors, we conclude that sorbose uptake into the vesicles occurs by way of the monosaccharide transport system. The specific activity of the transport system in vesicles, as determined by initial rate measurements of sorbose uptake, averaged 58% of that in erythrocytes. This finding indicates that the major polypeptides of Bands 1, 2, 5, and 6 do not play an obligatory role in monosaccharide transport."}
{"id": "PMID:863877", "title": "Inactivation of bacterial D-amino acid transaminase by beta-chloro-D-alanine.", "content": "Purified D-amino acid transaminase from Bacillus sphaericus catalyzes an alpha,beta elimination from the D isomer of beta-chloroalanine to yield equivalent amounts of pyruvate, chloride, and ammonia; the L isomer of chloroalanine is not a substrate for this transaminase. During the beta elimination there is a synchronous loss in enzyme activity; the Kinact for beta-chloroalanine was estimated to be about 10 micrometers. The alpha-aminoacrylate-Schiff base intermediate formed after beta elimination of chloride ion is probably the key intermediate that partitions between one inactivation event for every 1500 turnovers. In the presence of D-alanine and alpha-ketoglutarate, which are good substrates for the transaminase activity of this enzyme, beta-chloroalanine is a potent, competitive inhibitor (K1 = 10 micrometers) with D-alanine and a weak, uncompetitive inhibitor with alpha-ketoglutarate.", "contents": "Inactivation of bacterial D-amino acid transaminase by beta-chloro-D-alanine. Purified D-amino acid transaminase from Bacillus sphaericus catalyzes an alpha,beta elimination from the D isomer of beta-chloroalanine to yield equivalent amounts of pyruvate, chloride, and ammonia; the L isomer of chloroalanine is not a substrate for this transaminase. During the beta elimination there is a synchronous loss in enzyme activity; the Kinact for beta-chloroalanine was estimated to be about 10 micrometers. The alpha-aminoacrylate-Schiff base intermediate formed after beta elimination of chloride ion is probably the key intermediate that partitions between one inactivation event for every 1500 turnovers. In the presence of D-alanine and alpha-ketoglutarate, which are good substrates for the transaminase activity of this enzyme, beta-chloroalanine is a potent, competitive inhibitor (K1 = 10 micrometers) with D-alanine and a weak, uncompetitive inhibitor with alpha-ketoglutarate."}
{"id": "PMID:863878", "title": "EcoRI cleavage and methylation of DNAs containing modified pyrimidines in the recogintion sequence.", "content": "The effects of substituents at position 5 in the pyrimidine ring of a variety of phage DNAs upon EcoRI endonuclease and methylase activities have been examined. The replacement of cytidine in DNA with glucosylated hydroxymethylcytidine confers resistance to cleavage by the EcoRI endonuclease. Substitution of thymidine in DNA by hydroxy-methyluridine(a change in the methyl at position 5 of thymidine for a hydroxymethyl) lowers the maximal velocity of endonucleolytic cleavage 20-fold, but has no detectable effect upon the Km. Substitution of thymidine in DNA by uridine (a change in the methyl at position 5 of thymidine for a hydrogen atom) has no effect upon either the maximal velocity or the Km. The effect of these modifications upon EcoRI methylase activity was markedly different. DNA containing glucosylated hydroxymethylcytidine is methylated as well as normal DNA. DNA containing uridine or hydroxy-methyluridine, in place of thymidine, is much more poorly methylated than normal DNA. These different sensitivities of the EcoRI endonuclease and methylase to modifications in the pyrimidine rings of DNA suggest there are significant differences in the manner by which these enzymes recognize and bind to the canonical EcoRI sequence.", "contents": "EcoRI cleavage and methylation of DNAs containing modified pyrimidines in the recogintion sequence. The effects of substituents at position 5 in the pyrimidine ring of a variety of phage DNAs upon EcoRI endonuclease and methylase activities have been examined. The replacement of cytidine in DNA with glucosylated hydroxymethylcytidine confers resistance to cleavage by the EcoRI endonuclease. Substitution of thymidine in DNA by hydroxy-methyluridine(a change in the methyl at position 5 of thymidine for a hydroxymethyl) lowers the maximal velocity of endonucleolytic cleavage 20-fold, but has no detectable effect upon the Km. Substitution of thymidine in DNA by uridine (a change in the methyl at position 5 of thymidine for a hydrogen atom) has no effect upon either the maximal velocity or the Km. The effect of these modifications upon EcoRI methylase activity was markedly different. DNA containing glucosylated hydroxymethylcytidine is methylated as well as normal DNA. DNA containing uridine or hydroxy-methyluridine, in place of thymidine, is much more poorly methylated than normal DNA. These different sensitivities of the EcoRI endonuclease and methylase to modifications in the pyrimidine rings of DNA suggest there are significant differences in the manner by which these enzymes recognize and bind to the canonical EcoRI sequence."}
{"id": "PMID:863882", "title": "Complementation of peptides of barnase, extracellular ribonuclease of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens.", "content": "Recovery of ribonuclease activity by complementation of peptides of barnase is reported. Activity is restored to barnase-(1-102), which lacks eight amino acids from its COOH terminus, by combination with peptides-(88-110), -(95-110), or -(99-108), and also with succinylated peptide-(88-110). The dissociation constants are about 8 X 10(-6) M for the first two combinations and little, if any, greater for the other two. Based on barnase-(1-102) concentration, up to 80% of native activity is obtained with peptide-(88-110) but only 5 to 20% with the others. The octapeptide-(103-110), equivalent to the residues missing from barnase-(1-102), does not complement barnase-(1-102), suggesting that an intact sequence about His-102 and Tyr-103 is required for activity. Barstar, the natural inhibitor of barnase, completely inhibits all activity of the complementing peptides.", "contents": "Complementation of peptides of barnase, extracellular ribonuclease of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens. Recovery of ribonuclease activity by complementation of peptides of barnase is reported. Activity is restored to barnase-(1-102), which lacks eight amino acids from its COOH terminus, by combination with peptides-(88-110), -(95-110), or -(99-108), and also with succinylated peptide-(88-110). The dissociation constants are about 8 X 10(-6) M for the first two combinations and little, if any, greater for the other two. Based on barnase-(1-102) concentration, up to 80% of native activity is obtained with peptide-(88-110) but only 5 to 20% with the others. The octapeptide-(103-110), equivalent to the residues missing from barnase-(1-102), does not complement barnase-(1-102), suggesting that an intact sequence about His-102 and Tyr-103 is required for activity. Barstar, the natural inhibitor of barnase, completely inhibits all activity of the complementing peptides."}
{"id": "PMID:863881", "title": "Mechanism of aflatoxin B1 inhibition of rat hepatic nuclear RNA synthesis.", "content": "This paper reports the evidence for the existence of multiple sites of action of aflatoxin B1 in relation to its inhibition of rat hepatic nuclear RNA synthesis. Two hours after aflatoxin B1 injection (0.3 mg/100 g body weight), rat hepatic nuclear and nucleolar RNA synthesis, in vitro, were inhibited 70 and 90% respectively. When total nuclear free and engaged RNA polymerases were solubilized and assayed in the presence of alpha-amanitin (3.2 micrograms/ml), only alpha-amanitin-sensitive activity was reduced (50 to 70%) by aflatoxin B1. DEAE-Sephadex column chromatography confirmed this finding and further demonstrated that RNA polymerase II was the activity selectively inhibited. Since aflatoxin B1 dramatically inhibited nucleolar RNA synthesis, but had little effect on RNA polymerase I activity per se, it is concluded, therefore, that, in addition to its direct inhibitory effect on the enzymic function of RNA polymerase II, aflatoxin B1 must also cause impairment of the nucleolar DNA template function.", "contents": "Mechanism of aflatoxin B1 inhibition of rat hepatic nuclear RNA synthesis. This paper reports the evidence for the existence of multiple sites of action of aflatoxin B1 in relation to its inhibition of rat hepatic nuclear RNA synthesis. Two hours after aflatoxin B1 injection (0.3 mg/100 g body weight), rat hepatic nuclear and nucleolar RNA synthesis, in vitro, were inhibited 70 and 90% respectively. When total nuclear free and engaged RNA polymerases were solubilized and assayed in the presence of alpha-amanitin (3.2 micrograms/ml), only alpha-amanitin-sensitive activity was reduced (50 to 70%) by aflatoxin B1. DEAE-Sephadex column chromatography confirmed this finding and further demonstrated that RNA polymerase II was the activity selectively inhibited. Since aflatoxin B1 dramatically inhibited nucleolar RNA synthesis, but had little effect on RNA polymerase I activity per se, it is concluded, therefore, that, in addition to its direct inhibitory effect on the enzymic function of RNA polymerase II, aflatoxin B1 must also cause impairment of the nucleolar DNA template function."}
{"id": "PMID:863883", "title": "Effect of calcium and magnesium on binding of beta, gamma-methylene ATP to sarcoplasmic reticulum.", "content": "Isolated sarcotubular membranes (SR) from skeletal muscle bound 3.7 nmol of beta, gamma-methylene [8-3H]ATP (AMP-PCP) per mg of membrane protein. Only one class of binding site was identified and the dissociation constant (K) for this site was 1.5 X 10(-5) M. Addition of 0.05% Triton X-100 increased the number of binding sites to 5.7 nmol/mg. ATP and ADP competitively inhibited AMP-PCP binding. The dissociation constants for ATP and ADP were 3.5 X 10(-5) M and 3.3 X 10(-6) M, respectively. Since this data was obtained in the presence of 5 mM EDTA, it was established that the sarcoplasmic reticulum has a high affinity for the metal free forms of ATP, ADP, and AMP-PCP. Magnesium concentrations in excess of 1 X 10(-4) M inhibited AMP-PCP binding. Lower concentrations of magnesium had little effect on AMP-PCP binding. The effect of calcium on AMP-PCP binding was biphasic. Calcium concentration between 1 X 10(-6) and 1 X 10(-4) M inhibited AMP-PCP binding. Inhibition was maximal at 1 X 10(-5) M. Calcium concentration above 1 X 10(-4) M facilitated analogue binding. Possible sites of magnesium and calcium actions are discussed.", "contents": "Effect of calcium and magnesium on binding of beta, gamma-methylene ATP to sarcoplasmic reticulum. Isolated sarcotubular membranes (SR) from skeletal muscle bound 3.7 nmol of beta, gamma-methylene [8-3H]ATP (AMP-PCP) per mg of membrane protein. Only one class of binding site was identified and the dissociation constant (K) for this site was 1.5 X 10(-5) M. Addition of 0.05% Triton X-100 increased the number of binding sites to 5.7 nmol/mg. ATP and ADP competitively inhibited AMP-PCP binding. The dissociation constants for ATP and ADP were 3.5 X 10(-5) M and 3.3 X 10(-6) M, respectively. Since this data was obtained in the presence of 5 mM EDTA, it was established that the sarcoplasmic reticulum has a high affinity for the metal free forms of ATP, ADP, and AMP-PCP. Magnesium concentrations in excess of 1 X 10(-4) M inhibited AMP-PCP binding. Lower concentrations of magnesium had little effect on AMP-PCP binding. The effect of calcium on AMP-PCP binding was biphasic. Calcium concentration between 1 X 10(-6) and 1 X 10(-4) M inhibited AMP-PCP binding. Inhibition was maximal at 1 X 10(-5) M. Calcium concentration above 1 X 10(-4) M facilitated analogue binding. Possible sites of magnesium and calcium actions are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:863884", "title": "Occurrence of a binding protein for 11-cis-retinal in retina.", "content": "A binding protein for retinal has been found in the soluble protein fraction of bovine retina. It was separable from the intracellular retinol- and retinoic acid-binding proteins by gel filtration on Sephadex G-100 and appeared to have a molecular weight of about 50,000. The new binding protein did not bind retinol or retinoic acid. The binding protein neither oxidized retinal in the presence of reduced pyridine nucleotides and is presumed, therefore, not to be a dehydrogenase. Bound retinal was reduced to retinol in the presence of liver alcohol dehydrogenase and NADH, indicating that the functional group remained accessible when in the protein complex. The binding protein bound cis isomers of retinal preferentially. Bound ligand was displaced most effectively by 11-cis-retinal. When individual cis-trans isomers of retinal were presented to the binding protein, binding was maximal with the 11-cis isomer. It is proposed that the protein be referred to as 11-cis-retinal-binding protein.", "contents": "Occurrence of a binding protein for 11-cis-retinal in retina. A binding protein for retinal has been found in the soluble protein fraction of bovine retina. It was separable from the intracellular retinol- and retinoic acid-binding proteins by gel filtration on Sephadex G-100 and appeared to have a molecular weight of about 50,000. The new binding protein did not bind retinol or retinoic acid. The binding protein neither oxidized retinal in the presence of reduced pyridine nucleotides and is presumed, therefore, not to be a dehydrogenase. Bound retinal was reduced to retinol in the presence of liver alcohol dehydrogenase and NADH, indicating that the functional group remained accessible when in the protein complex. The binding protein bound cis isomers of retinal preferentially. Bound ligand was displaced most effectively by 11-cis-retinal. When individual cis-trans isomers of retinal were presented to the binding protein, binding was maximal with the 11-cis isomer. It is proposed that the protein be referred to as 11-cis-retinal-binding protein."}
{"id": "PMID:863886", "title": "Structure and action of heteronemertine polypeptide toxins: disulfide bonds of Cerebratulus lacteus toxin B-IV.", "content": "The positions of the disulfide bonds in Cerebratulus lacteus toxin B-IV were investigated by hydrolysis of the unreduced protein with a variety of proteases. The resulting peptides were purified by gel filtration, ion exchange chromatography, and preparative paper electrophoresis and chromatography. Determination of the amino acid compositions of the cystine-containing peptides purified demonstrated the existence of disulfide bonds linking half-cystine residues 12 and 24, 21 and 51, and 35 and 38. The fourth bond, involving half-cystines 10 and 47, was assigned by difference.", "contents": "Structure and action of heteronemertine polypeptide toxins: disulfide bonds of Cerebratulus lacteus toxin B-IV. The positions of the disulfide bonds in Cerebratulus lacteus toxin B-IV were investigated by hydrolysis of the unreduced protein with a variety of proteases. The resulting peptides were purified by gel filtration, ion exchange chromatography, and preparative paper electrophoresis and chromatography. Determination of the amino acid compositions of the cystine-containing peptides purified demonstrated the existence of disulfide bonds linking half-cystine residues 12 and 24, 21 and 51, and 35 and 38. The fourth bond, involving half-cystines 10 and 47, was assigned by difference."}
{"id": "PMID:863887", "title": "Kinetic properties of tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase isolated from human spleen with leukemic reticuloendotheliosis.", "content": "The tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase was isolated from the spleen of a patient with leukemic reticuloendotheliosis. The unique characteristic of the enzyme is its similar reactivity toward p-nitrophenylphosphate, inorganic pyrophosphate ADP, and ATP. When ATP was incubated with the enzyme, the initial products were ADP and inorganic phosphate. The kinetic data confirmed that these substrates were hydrolyzed by the same enzyme. This type of substrate specificity is clearly different from acid phosphatase and pyrophosphatases previously described in the literature.", "contents": "Kinetic properties of tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase isolated from human spleen with leukemic reticuloendotheliosis. The tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase was isolated from the spleen of a patient with leukemic reticuloendotheliosis. The unique characteristic of the enzyme is its similar reactivity toward p-nitrophenylphosphate, inorganic pyrophosphate ADP, and ATP. When ATP was incubated with the enzyme, the initial products were ADP and inorganic phosphate. The kinetic data confirmed that these substrates were hydrolyzed by the same enzyme. This type of substrate specificity is clearly different from acid phosphatase and pyrophosphatases previously described in the literature."}
{"id": "PMID:863888", "title": "Measurements of half-life of rat cardiac myosin heavy chain with leucyl-tRNA used as precursor pool.", "content": "The kinetics of labeling of myosin heavy chain, following a single intravenous injection of L-[4,5-3H]leucine, were analyzed with the help of a computer, in conjunction with the labeling kinetics of the specific radioactivities of the precursor amino acid pool. As precursor we used leucyl-tRNA which, as we show here, differs significantly from the intracellular free leucine pool. The half-life of myosin heavy chain was determined from the initial period (0 to 60 min) of incorporation of label into protein after a single injection of tritiated leucine, and also from the period (7 to 14 days) when there is exponential decay of the labeled protein. Myosin heavy chain was separated from other myofibrillar proteins by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis before measurement of leucine specific radioactivity. The specific radioactivity was measured in both protein and precursor pools by a sensitive isotope dilution procedure (range, 100 to 1500 pmol). The values for the half-life of myosin heavy chain determined at both intervals were similar (5.4 and 5.9 days). Substitution of the specific radioactivity of the intracellular free leucine pool decreased the half-life to 2.7 dyas. Similar values were obtained when the half-life was calculated by simple graphical integration of the experimental curves.", "contents": "Measurements of half-life of rat cardiac myosin heavy chain with leucyl-tRNA used as precursor pool. The kinetics of labeling of myosin heavy chain, following a single intravenous injection of L-[4,5-3H]leucine, were analyzed with the help of a computer, in conjunction with the labeling kinetics of the specific radioactivities of the precursor amino acid pool. As precursor we used leucyl-tRNA which, as we show here, differs significantly from the intracellular free leucine pool. The half-life of myosin heavy chain was determined from the initial period (0 to 60 min) of incorporation of label into protein after a single injection of tritiated leucine, and also from the period (7 to 14 days) when there is exponential decay of the labeled protein. Myosin heavy chain was separated from other myofibrillar proteins by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis before measurement of leucine specific radioactivity. The specific radioactivity was measured in both protein and precursor pools by a sensitive isotope dilution procedure (range, 100 to 1500 pmol). The values for the half-life of myosin heavy chain determined at both intervals were similar (5.4 and 5.9 days). Substitution of the specific radioactivity of the intracellular free leucine pool decreased the half-life to 2.7 dyas. Similar values were obtained when the half-life was calculated by simple graphical integration of the experimental curves."}
{"id": "PMID:863890", "title": "Overall mechanism and rate equation for O-acetylserine sulfhydrylase.", "content": "Saturation curves for O-acetylserine sulfhydrylase using the substrate analogues O-propionyl-L-serine, O-butyryl-L-serine, and beta-chloro-L-alanine all exhibit substrate inhibition and yield Km values comparable to O-acetyl-L-serine, except the O-butyryl derivative which has a Km 5-fold higher. Since all analogues are used as substrates and yield similar kinetic parameters in most cases, it is possible that they share a common intermediate. This evidence also suggests that specificity of O-acetylserine sulfhydrylase resides in the fact that the beta-substituted moiety on L-serine is a good leaving group. The overall rate equation for O-acetylserine sulfhydrylase was derived. A comparison of the numerical integration of the rate equation and an experimental time course is given.", "contents": "Overall mechanism and rate equation for O-acetylserine sulfhydrylase. Saturation curves for O-acetylserine sulfhydrylase using the substrate analogues O-propionyl-L-serine, O-butyryl-L-serine, and beta-chloro-L-alanine all exhibit substrate inhibition and yield Km values comparable to O-acetyl-L-serine, except the O-butyryl derivative which has a Km 5-fold higher. Since all analogues are used as substrates and yield similar kinetic parameters in most cases, it is possible that they share a common intermediate. This evidence also suggests that specificity of O-acetylserine sulfhydrylase resides in the fact that the beta-substituted moiety on L-serine is a good leaving group. The overall rate equation for O-acetylserine sulfhydrylase was derived. A comparison of the numerical integration of the rate equation and an experimental time course is given."}
{"id": "PMID:863891", "title": "Initial reactions in biosynthesis of teichuronic acid of Micrococcus lysodeikticus cell walls.", "content": "The in vitro biosynthesis of teichuronic acid, the cell wall polysaccharide of Micrococcus lysodeikticus, occurs in two stages. In the initial stage, the particulate enzyme fraction utilizes uridine diphosphate N-acetylglucosamine (UDP-GlcNAc) and uridine diphosphate N-acetylmannosaminuronic acid (UDP-ManNAcUA) to form three intermediates. N-Acetylglucosamine is transferred from UDP-GlcNAc to a carrier lipid present in the particulate enzyme fraction to form the first intermediate, GlcNAc carrier lipid. N-Acetylmannosaminuronic acid is then transferred from UDP-ManNAcUA to the GlcNAc carrier lipid to form ManNAcUA-GlcNAc carrier lipid, the second intermediate. Finally, the transfer of an additional N-acetylmannosaminuronic acid residue from UDP-ManNAcUA yields the third intermediate, (ManNAcUA)2-GlcNAc carrier lipid. Reactions involving UDP-ManNAcUA release uridine diphosphate. Concomitant synthesis of peptidoglycan or membrane mannan inhibits the synthesis of the teichuronic acid intermediates, thereby providing indirect evidence that the carrier lipid is undecaprenol monophosphate.", "contents": "Initial reactions in biosynthesis of teichuronic acid of Micrococcus lysodeikticus cell walls. The in vitro biosynthesis of teichuronic acid, the cell wall polysaccharide of Micrococcus lysodeikticus, occurs in two stages. In the initial stage, the particulate enzyme fraction utilizes uridine diphosphate N-acetylglucosamine (UDP-GlcNAc) and uridine diphosphate N-acetylmannosaminuronic acid (UDP-ManNAcUA) to form three intermediates. N-Acetylglucosamine is transferred from UDP-GlcNAc to a carrier lipid present in the particulate enzyme fraction to form the first intermediate, GlcNAc carrier lipid. N-Acetylmannosaminuronic acid is then transferred from UDP-ManNAcUA to the GlcNAc carrier lipid to form ManNAcUA-GlcNAc carrier lipid, the second intermediate. Finally, the transfer of an additional N-acetylmannosaminuronic acid residue from UDP-ManNAcUA yields the third intermediate, (ManNAcUA)2-GlcNAc carrier lipid. Reactions involving UDP-ManNAcUA release uridine diphosphate. Concomitant synthesis of peptidoglycan or membrane mannan inhibits the synthesis of the teichuronic acid intermediates, thereby providing indirect evidence that the carrier lipid is undecaprenol monophosphate."}
{"id": "PMID:863895", "title": "Reduced synthesis of [14C]mannosyl oligosaccharide-lipid by membranes prepared from concanavalin A-resistant Chinese hamster ovary cells.", "content": "We compared the synthesis of mannosyl oligosaccharide-lipid by membranes of wild type and concanavalin A-resistant Chinese hamster ovary cells during incubations with GDP-[14C]mannose and UDP-N-acetylglucosamine. The membranes prepared from exponentially growing mutant cells incorporated 10- to 70-fold less [14C]mannose into oligosaccharide-lipid than did membranes of wild type cells. The lectin-resistant cells are temperature-sensitive for growth. Using temperature-resistant revertants, we showed that the reduction in labeled oligosaccharide-lipid correlated with resistance to concanavalin A rather than with the temperature-sensitive phenotype. Tunicamycin, a specific inhibitor of oligosaccharide-lipid synthesis, reduced the synthesis of the oligosaccharide-lipid by membranes of wild type cells but did not affect the residual synthesis measured in membranes of the mutant cells. As the mutant cells were grown to high density, there was a marked increase in the synthesis of oligosaccharide-lipid by the membranes.", "contents": "Reduced synthesis of [14C]mannosyl oligosaccharide-lipid by membranes prepared from concanavalin A-resistant Chinese hamster ovary cells. We compared the synthesis of mannosyl oligosaccharide-lipid by membranes of wild type and concanavalin A-resistant Chinese hamster ovary cells during incubations with GDP-[14C]mannose and UDP-N-acetylglucosamine. The membranes prepared from exponentially growing mutant cells incorporated 10- to 70-fold less [14C]mannose into oligosaccharide-lipid than did membranes of wild type cells. The lectin-resistant cells are temperature-sensitive for growth. Using temperature-resistant revertants, we showed that the reduction in labeled oligosaccharide-lipid correlated with resistance to concanavalin A rather than with the temperature-sensitive phenotype. Tunicamycin, a specific inhibitor of oligosaccharide-lipid synthesis, reduced the synthesis of the oligosaccharide-lipid by membranes of wild type cells but did not affect the residual synthesis measured in membranes of the mutant cells. As the mutant cells were grown to high density, there was a marked increase in the synthesis of oligosaccharide-lipid by the membranes."}
{"id": "PMID:863897", "title": "On the fidelity of DNA replication. Effect of metal activators during synthesis with avian myeloblastosis virus DNA polymerase.", "content": "The effect of metal activators on the fidelity of DNA synthesis has been examined. Using the DNA polymerase from avian myeloblastosis virus, the accuracy of Co2+-, M2+-, and Ni2+-activated DNA synthesis was determined with different polynucleotide templates. With poly[d(A-T)] as the template, the error frequency for dCMP incorporation was 1:1400, 1:1100, and 1:600 for Mg2+, Co2+, and Mn2+, respectively, at maximally activating concentrations. The error frequency was invariant with respect to [Mg2+] but increased with greater than activating concentrations of Co2+ and Mn2+. This increase resulted from differential rates of complementary and noncomplementary nucleotide incorporation. The enhanced error frequency was nonspecific as it occurred with all polynucleotide templates and with all noncomplementary deoxy- and ribonucleotides which were tested. Nearest neighbor analyses of the reaction products indicated that the noncomplementary deoxynucleotides were incorporated as single base substitutions. The fidelity of Ni2+-activated DNA synthesis was invariant with respect to [Ni2+] and was similar to that obtained using Mg2+. During DNA synthesis with Mg2+, the addition of Co2+, Mn2+, or Ni2+ resulted in a decrease in the fidelity of DNA synthesis. The relationship between decreases in the fidelity of DNA synthesis and metal mutagenesis, or carcinogenesis, or both, is considered.", "contents": "On the fidelity of DNA replication. Effect of metal activators during synthesis with avian myeloblastosis virus DNA polymerase. The effect of metal activators on the fidelity of DNA synthesis has been examined. Using the DNA polymerase from avian myeloblastosis virus, the accuracy of Co2+-, M2+-, and Ni2+-activated DNA synthesis was determined with different polynucleotide templates. With poly[d(A-T)] as the template, the error frequency for dCMP incorporation was 1:1400, 1:1100, and 1:600 for Mg2+, Co2+, and Mn2+, respectively, at maximally activating concentrations. The error frequency was invariant with respect to [Mg2+] but increased with greater than activating concentrations of Co2+ and Mn2+. This increase resulted from differential rates of complementary and noncomplementary nucleotide incorporation. The enhanced error frequency was nonspecific as it occurred with all polynucleotide templates and with all noncomplementary deoxy- and ribonucleotides which were tested. Nearest neighbor analyses of the reaction products indicated that the noncomplementary deoxynucleotides were incorporated as single base substitutions. The fidelity of Ni2+-activated DNA synthesis was invariant with respect to [Ni2+] and was similar to that obtained using Mg2+. During DNA synthesis with Mg2+, the addition of Co2+, Mn2+, or Ni2+ resulted in a decrease in the fidelity of DNA synthesis. The relationship between decreases in the fidelity of DNA synthesis and metal mutagenesis, or carcinogenesis, or both, is considered."}
{"id": "PMID:863898", "title": "Synthesis and secretion of rat albumin in vivo, in perfused liver, and in isolated hepatocytes. Effects of hypophysectomy and growth hormone treatment.", "content": "The effects of hypophysectomy on albumin and total protein synthesis in rat liver were investigated in vivo, in perfused liver, and in isolated hepatocytes. In all systems, hypophysectomy resulted in about a 50% decrease in the rate of total protein synthesis and a 30 to 50% decrease in the relative rate of albumin synthesis. Albumin synthesis accounted for 11 to 13% of total protein synthesis in all normal systems, but represented only 5 to 8% of the total in all systems derived from hypophysectomized rats. Growth hormone, administered subcutaneously to hypophysectomized rats for 5 days, restored the relative rate of albumin synthesis to normal in vivo; however, only partial restoration was demonstrated in the in vitro systems. Perfused livers and isolated hepatocytes exhibited linear rates of total protein and albumin secretion for 3 h. The rate of albumin secretion by normal perfused livers was 3 times that of perfused livers from hypophysectomized animals, being 0.54 and 0.17 mg/g of liver/h, respectively. Isolated hepatocytes synthesized total protein and albumin at nearly the same rate as perfused livers. The amount of albumin secreted by cells derived from normal and hypophysectomized rats was 0.38 and 0.10 mg/ml of packed cells/h, respectively. Ribosome half-transit times for albumin and total liver protein were 1.6 to 1.7 min in isolated liver cells derived from both normal and hypophysectomized rats. Analysis by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis showed no difference in the qualitative distribution of the proteins secreted by perfused livers and isolated hepatocytes.", "contents": "Synthesis and secretion of rat albumin in vivo, in perfused liver, and in isolated hepatocytes. Effects of hypophysectomy and growth hormone treatment. The effects of hypophysectomy on albumin and total protein synthesis in rat liver were investigated in vivo, in perfused liver, and in isolated hepatocytes. In all systems, hypophysectomy resulted in about a 50% decrease in the rate of total protein synthesis and a 30 to 50% decrease in the relative rate of albumin synthesis. Albumin synthesis accounted for 11 to 13% of total protein synthesis in all normal systems, but represented only 5 to 8% of the total in all systems derived from hypophysectomized rats. Growth hormone, administered subcutaneously to hypophysectomized rats for 5 days, restored the relative rate of albumin synthesis to normal in vivo; however, only partial restoration was demonstrated in the in vitro systems. Perfused livers and isolated hepatocytes exhibited linear rates of total protein and albumin secretion for 3 h. The rate of albumin secretion by normal perfused livers was 3 times that of perfused livers from hypophysectomized animals, being 0.54 and 0.17 mg/g of liver/h, respectively. Isolated hepatocytes synthesized total protein and albumin at nearly the same rate as perfused livers. The amount of albumin secreted by cells derived from normal and hypophysectomized rats was 0.38 and 0.10 mg/ml of packed cells/h, respectively. Ribosome half-transit times for albumin and total liver protein were 1.6 to 1.7 min in isolated liver cells derived from both normal and hypophysectomized rats. Analysis by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis showed no difference in the qualitative distribution of the proteins secreted by perfused livers and isolated hepatocytes."}
{"id": "PMID:863901", "title": "Purification and properties of a plasminogen activator from pig heart.", "content": "An improved procedure is described for the purification of plasminogen activator from pig heart. The initial purification steps were similar to these described previously (Bachmann, F., Fletcher, A. P., Alkjaersig, N., and Sherry, S. (1964) Biochemistry 3, 1578--1585). Use of a novel extraction medium containing EDTA, cysteine, and 2,3-dimercaptopropanol-1 facilitated the removal of large amounts of inert proteins prior to gel filtration on Bio-Gel P-150. The final product had a specific activity of 120,000 to 160,000 CTA units/mg of protein (CTA, Committee on Thrombolytic Agents of the National Heart Institute). Total purification over pig heart was 25,000 to 30,000-fold, average recovery compared to the initial extract was 6 to 8%. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis revealed a major and two minor components. The molecular weight of the activator determined by gel filtration was 51,500 +/- 3,400 for the major activity component and 48,000 for a minor component which was partially separated from the major peak in eight of nine chromatography runs. A gamma-globulin fraction of antiserum against purified activator neutralized the biological activity of the activator on fibrin plates. Immunoelectrophoresis of gel-filtered activator revealed only one anodic component.", "contents": "Purification and properties of a plasminogen activator from pig heart. An improved procedure is described for the purification of plasminogen activator from pig heart. The initial purification steps were similar to these described previously (Bachmann, F., Fletcher, A. P., Alkjaersig, N., and Sherry, S. (1964) Biochemistry 3, 1578--1585). Use of a novel extraction medium containing EDTA, cysteine, and 2,3-dimercaptopropanol-1 facilitated the removal of large amounts of inert proteins prior to gel filtration on Bio-Gel P-150. The final product had a specific activity of 120,000 to 160,000 CTA units/mg of protein (CTA, Committee on Thrombolytic Agents of the National Heart Institute). Total purification over pig heart was 25,000 to 30,000-fold, average recovery compared to the initial extract was 6 to 8%. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis revealed a major and two minor components. The molecular weight of the activator determined by gel filtration was 51,500 +/- 3,400 for the major activity component and 48,000 for a minor component which was partially separated from the major peak in eight of nine chromatography runs. A gamma-globulin fraction of antiserum against purified activator neutralized the biological activity of the activator on fibrin plates. Immunoelectrophoresis of gel-filtered activator revealed only one anodic component."}
{"id": "PMID:863904", "title": "Ovine submaxillary mucin. Primary structure and peptide substrates of UDP-N-acetylgalactosamine:mucin transferase.", "content": "Tryptic digests of ovine submaxillary apomucin were fractionated by gel filtration and ion exchange chromatography to give 14 peptide fractions. Three purified tryptic peptides, representing 106 of the 650 residues in apomucin, were submitted to automated sequence analysis. The NH2-terminal 50 of the 74 residues in one peptide and the entire sequence of the other two hexadecapeptides were established. These studies suggest that purified ovine submaxillary, mucin is chemically homogeneous, containing a unique primary structure without substantial repeating sequences in its polypeptide chain. The sequences adjacent to 28 known O-glycosidically substituted seryl and threonyl residues were compared. No homologies were apparent around the glycosylated seryl and threonyl residues which might define the specificity of the UDP-N-acetylgalactosaminyl:mucin polypeptide transferase that incorporates N-acetylgalactosamine into O-glycosidic linkage in glycoproteins. However, there appears to be a minimum size requirement for glycosylation, because the transferase catalyzes glycosylation of tryptic peptides efficiently, while chymotryptic and thermolytic peptides were much poorer substrates for the transferase.", "contents": "Ovine submaxillary mucin. Primary structure and peptide substrates of UDP-N-acetylgalactosamine:mucin transferase. Tryptic digests of ovine submaxillary apomucin were fractionated by gel filtration and ion exchange chromatography to give 14 peptide fractions. Three purified tryptic peptides, representing 106 of the 650 residues in apomucin, were submitted to automated sequence analysis. The NH2-terminal 50 of the 74 residues in one peptide and the entire sequence of the other two hexadecapeptides were established. These studies suggest that purified ovine submaxillary, mucin is chemically homogeneous, containing a unique primary structure without substantial repeating sequences in its polypeptide chain. The sequences adjacent to 28 known O-glycosidically substituted seryl and threonyl residues were compared. No homologies were apparent around the glycosylated seryl and threonyl residues which might define the specificity of the UDP-N-acetylgalactosaminyl:mucin polypeptide transferase that incorporates N-acetylgalactosamine into O-glycosidic linkage in glycoproteins. However, there appears to be a minimum size requirement for glycosylation, because the transferase catalyzes glycosylation of tryptic peptides efficiently, while chymotryptic and thermolytic peptides were much poorer substrates for the transferase."}
{"id": "PMID:863906", "title": "Characterization of GTP-dependent Met-tRNAf binding protein.", "content": "Purified GTP-dependent Met-tRNAf binding protein (EIF2) prepared from the 0.5 M KCl eluate of reticulocyte polyribosomes was successfully resolved into its three-component subunits by isoelectric focusing in the presence of urea. The 37,000-dalton subunit focused at a pH of 5.8 and was resolved into two spots; the 48,000-dalton subunit focused at a pH of 6.6 and was resolved into three spots; and the 52,000-dalton subunit exhibited an isoelectric point of 8.9 and migrated as a single spot. When isolated 37,000- and 48,000-dalton subunit was found to possess Met-tRNAf and mRNA binding activities while the 37,000-dalton subunit was found to possess GDP binding activity. Phosphorylation of EIF2 by protein kinases present in reticulocyte lysates was demonstrated using [gamma-32P]GTP or [gamma-32P]ATP as the phosphate donor. The 37,000-dalton subunit was preferentially phosphorylated when [gamma-32P]ATP was used as substrate; the 48,000-dalton subunit was preferentially phosphorylated when the [gamma-52P]GTP was used as phosphate donor, although some phosphorylation of the 37,000-dalton subunit was also observed. The 37,000-dalton subunit of ribosome-associated EIF2 was present predominantly in a dephosphorylated form following purification.", "contents": "Characterization of GTP-dependent Met-tRNAf binding protein. Purified GTP-dependent Met-tRNAf binding protein (EIF2) prepared from the 0.5 M KCl eluate of reticulocyte polyribosomes was successfully resolved into its three-component subunits by isoelectric focusing in the presence of urea. The 37,000-dalton subunit focused at a pH of 5.8 and was resolved into two spots; the 48,000-dalton subunit focused at a pH of 6.6 and was resolved into three spots; and the 52,000-dalton subunit exhibited an isoelectric point of 8.9 and migrated as a single spot. When isolated 37,000- and 48,000-dalton subunit was found to possess Met-tRNAf and mRNA binding activities while the 37,000-dalton subunit was found to possess GDP binding activity. Phosphorylation of EIF2 by protein kinases present in reticulocyte lysates was demonstrated using [gamma-32P]GTP or [gamma-32P]ATP as the phosphate donor. The 37,000-dalton subunit was preferentially phosphorylated when [gamma-32P]ATP was used as substrate; the 48,000-dalton subunit was preferentially phosphorylated when the [gamma-52P]GTP was used as phosphate donor, although some phosphorylation of the 37,000-dalton subunit was also observed. The 37,000-dalton subunit of ribosome-associated EIF2 was present predominantly in a dephosphorylated form following purification."}
{"id": "PMID:863908", "title": "Correlation between arginyl residue modification and benzodiazepine binding to human serum albumin.", "content": "Human serum albumin (HSA) has been chemically modified with 1,2-cyclohexanedione and N-acetylimidazole under nondenaturing conditions. Derivatives, in which 10 arginine residues (1,2-dihydroxycyclohex-1,2-ylene (DHCH)-HSA), 56 to 57 lysine and 5 tyrosine residues (acetyl-HSA), or 56 to 57 lysine residues alone (O-deacetyl-HSA) are modified, have been isolated. Their conformation has been tested by circular dichroism measurement, gel filtration on Sephadex G-150, and ultracentrifugation. From these analyses and binding studies it is concluded that only insignificant changes of conformation have occurred. The binding properties of the HSA derivatives have been tested with bilirubin, diazepam (a benzodiazepine drug), phenylbutazone, and indomethacin by circular dichroism. The binding of diazepam to DHCH-HSA is almost completely inhibited and that of phenylbutazone and indomethacin decreased, while the binding of bilirubin is essentially unaffected. In acetyl-HSA and O-deacetyl-HSA, the bilirubin binding is significantly decreased, while the binding of the drugs mentioned is less affected. It is concluded that bilirubin and the drugs bind to two separate sites which contain positive charges essential for the binding properties. The charge(s) in the benzodiazepine site from arginine.", "contents": "Correlation between arginyl residue modification and benzodiazepine binding to human serum albumin. Human serum albumin (HSA) has been chemically modified with 1,2-cyclohexanedione and N-acetylimidazole under nondenaturing conditions. Derivatives, in which 10 arginine residues (1,2-dihydroxycyclohex-1,2-ylene (DHCH)-HSA), 56 to 57 lysine and 5 tyrosine residues (acetyl-HSA), or 56 to 57 lysine residues alone (O-deacetyl-HSA) are modified, have been isolated. Their conformation has been tested by circular dichroism measurement, gel filtration on Sephadex G-150, and ultracentrifugation. From these analyses and binding studies it is concluded that only insignificant changes of conformation have occurred. The binding properties of the HSA derivatives have been tested with bilirubin, diazepam (a benzodiazepine drug), phenylbutazone, and indomethacin by circular dichroism. The binding of diazepam to DHCH-HSA is almost completely inhibited and that of phenylbutazone and indomethacin decreased, while the binding of bilirubin is essentially unaffected. In acetyl-HSA and O-deacetyl-HSA, the bilirubin binding is significantly decreased, while the binding of the drugs mentioned is less affected. It is concluded that bilirubin and the drugs bind to two separate sites which contain positive charges essential for the binding properties. The charge(s) in the benzodiazepine site from arginine."}
{"id": "PMID:863909", "title": "Isolation of eukaryotic ribosomal proteins. Purification and characterization of 60 S ribosomal subunit proteins L3, L6, L7', L8, L10, L15, L17, L18, L19, L23', L25, L27', L28, L29, L31, L32, L34, L35, L36, L36', and L37'.", "content": "The proteins of the large subunit of rat liver ribosomes were separated into seven groups by stepwise elution from carboxymethylcellulose with LiCl at pH 6.5. Twenty-one proteins (L3, L6, L7', L8, L10, L15, L17, L18, L19, L23', L25, L27', L28, L29, L31, L32, L34, L35, L36, L36', and L37') were isolated from three groups (C60, E60, and F60) by ion exchange chromatography on carboxymethycellulose and by filtration through Sephadex. The amount of protein obtained varied from 0.3 to 25 mg. Nine of the proteins (L6, L8, L18, L27', L28, L29, L34, L36, and L36') had no detectable contamination: the impurities in the others were no greater than 9%. The molecular weight of the proteins was estimated by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in sodium dodecyl sulfate; the amino acid composition was determined.", "contents": "Isolation of eukaryotic ribosomal proteins. Purification and characterization of 60 S ribosomal subunit proteins L3, L6, L7', L8, L10, L15, L17, L18, L19, L23', L25, L27', L28, L29, L31, L32, L34, L35, L36, L36', and L37'. The proteins of the large subunit of rat liver ribosomes were separated into seven groups by stepwise elution from carboxymethylcellulose with LiCl at pH 6.5. Twenty-one proteins (L3, L6, L7', L8, L10, L15, L17, L18, L19, L23', L25, L27', L28, L29, L31, L32, L34, L35, L36, L36', and L37') were isolated from three groups (C60, E60, and F60) by ion exchange chromatography on carboxymethycellulose and by filtration through Sephadex. The amount of protein obtained varied from 0.3 to 25 mg. Nine of the proteins (L6, L8, L18, L27', L28, L29, L34, L36, and L36') had no detectable contamination: the impurities in the others were no greater than 9%. The molecular weight of the proteins was estimated by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in sodium dodecyl sulfate; the amino acid composition was determined."}
{"id": "PMID:863910", "title": "Interaction of bacteriophage T4 RNA and DNA ligases in joining of duplex DNA at base-paired ends.", "content": "The joining of duplex DNA at base-paired ends by bacteriophage T4 DNA ligase was confirmed using either a synthetic duplex decamer or restriction endonuclease fragments of ColE1 DNA as substrates. The reaction was not linearly dependent on enzyme concentration but increased markedly at high enzyme concentrations. Although T4 RNA ligase did not catalyze this blunt end joining, it makedly stimulated the DNA ligase reaction particularly at low DNA ligase concentrations. The apparent Km for the decamer was 50 micronM in the presence or absence of RNA ligase. In the presence of RNA ligase, T4 DNA ligase had about the same turnover number for blunt end and cohesive end joining. The joining of duplex DNA at base-paired ends was proven by several techniques including restriction endonuclease cleavage of the products. The products of the ligation reaction using restriction enzyme fragments were mostly linear oligomers but included some circular duplexes. Escherichia coli DNA ligase in the presence or absence of RNA ligase did not catalyze blunt end joining. RNA ligase only moderately affected the joining of cohesive ends by T4 DNA ligase or E. coli DNA ligase and did not itself catalyze this reaction.", "contents": "Interaction of bacteriophage T4 RNA and DNA ligases in joining of duplex DNA at base-paired ends. The joining of duplex DNA at base-paired ends by bacteriophage T4 DNA ligase was confirmed using either a synthetic duplex decamer or restriction endonuclease fragments of ColE1 DNA as substrates. The reaction was not linearly dependent on enzyme concentration but increased markedly at high enzyme concentrations. Although T4 RNA ligase did not catalyze this blunt end joining, it makedly stimulated the DNA ligase reaction particularly at low DNA ligase concentrations. The apparent Km for the decamer was 50 micronM in the presence or absence of RNA ligase. In the presence of RNA ligase, T4 DNA ligase had about the same turnover number for blunt end and cohesive end joining. The joining of duplex DNA at base-paired ends was proven by several techniques including restriction endonuclease cleavage of the products. The products of the ligation reaction using restriction enzyme fragments were mostly linear oligomers but included some circular duplexes. Escherichia coli DNA ligase in the presence or absence of RNA ligase did not catalyze blunt end joining. RNA ligase only moderately affected the joining of cohesive ends by T4 DNA ligase or E. coli DNA ligase and did not itself catalyze this reaction."}
{"id": "PMID:863912", "title": "Intestinal basement membrane of Ascaris suum. Characterization of carbohydrate units.", "content": "Characterization of glycopeptides obtained on alkaline hydrolysis and on extensive collagenase and pronase digestion of the intestinal basement membrane showed the existence of two distinctly different carbohydrate units. One of these is a disaccharide, composed of glucose and galactose, linked to hydroxylysine. It was shown to be identical to the unit (2-O-D-glucopyranosyl-O-D-galactopyranosylhydroxylyasine) present in vertebrate basement membranes, as determined from stability to alkaline hydrolysis, retention time on amino acid analyzer, chemical composition, graded acid hydrolysis, methylation analysis, and periodate oxidation. Direct quantitation after alkaline hydrolysis showed the presence of 9.71 disaccharide units/1000 amino acid residues, indicating that 89% of the hydroxylysine residues of the intestinal membrane are glycosylated. The other unit, consisting of the remaining monosaccharides of the membrane, was separated from the disaccharide unit by gel filtration and ion exchange chromatography of collagenase/pronase digests. Chemical analyses and molecular weight determination by thin layer gel filtration chromatography of purified glycopeptides indicated that this unit is an oligosaccharide which is composed of fucose, galactose, mannose, galactosamine, and glucosamine in a mole ratio of 1:1:1:1:2, respectively. The amount of this unit was calculated to be 2.6 units/1000 amino acid residues.", "contents": "Intestinal basement membrane of Ascaris suum. Characterization of carbohydrate units. Characterization of glycopeptides obtained on alkaline hydrolysis and on extensive collagenase and pronase digestion of the intestinal basement membrane showed the existence of two distinctly different carbohydrate units. One of these is a disaccharide, composed of glucose and galactose, linked to hydroxylysine. It was shown to be identical to the unit (2-O-D-glucopyranosyl-O-D-galactopyranosylhydroxylyasine) present in vertebrate basement membranes, as determined from stability to alkaline hydrolysis, retention time on amino acid analyzer, chemical composition, graded acid hydrolysis, methylation analysis, and periodate oxidation. Direct quantitation after alkaline hydrolysis showed the presence of 9.71 disaccharide units/1000 amino acid residues, indicating that 89% of the hydroxylysine residues of the intestinal membrane are glycosylated. The other unit, consisting of the remaining monosaccharides of the membrane, was separated from the disaccharide unit by gel filtration and ion exchange chromatography of collagenase/pronase digests. Chemical analyses and molecular weight determination by thin layer gel filtration chromatography of purified glycopeptides indicated that this unit is an oligosaccharide which is composed of fucose, galactose, mannose, galactosamine, and glucosamine in a mole ratio of 1:1:1:1:2, respectively. The amount of this unit was calculated to be 2.6 units/1000 amino acid residues."}
{"id": "PMID:863913", "title": "Effect of calcium on the recovery and distribution of DNA polymerase alpha from cultured human cells.", "content": "It was recently reported (Lynch, W. E., Surrey, S., and Lieberman, I. (1975) J. Biol. Chem. 250, 8179-8183) that the extraction of regenerating rat liver in solutions of isotonic sucrose containing 4 mM CaCl2 leads to almost quantitative recovery of DNA polymerase alpha (Weissbach, A., Baltimore, D., Bollum, F., Gallo, R., and Korn, D. (1975) Science 190, 401--402) activity in the purified nuclear compartment. Our application of this method to the isolation of the DNA polymerase activities activities from cultured human epithelial and lymphoblastoid cells has led to substantially different results. We have observed that the inclusion of Ca2+ in either isotonic sucrose or hypotonic aqueous extraction media leads to the irreversible inactivation of the majority, cytoplasmic fraction of DNA polymerase alpha activity and is without quantitative effect on the recovery of the nuclear fraction of this activity.", "contents": "Effect of calcium on the recovery and distribution of DNA polymerase alpha from cultured human cells. It was recently reported (Lynch, W. E., Surrey, S., and Lieberman, I. (1975) J. Biol. Chem. 250, 8179-8183) that the extraction of regenerating rat liver in solutions of isotonic sucrose containing 4 mM CaCl2 leads to almost quantitative recovery of DNA polymerase alpha (Weissbach, A., Baltimore, D., Bollum, F., Gallo, R., and Korn, D. (1975) Science 190, 401--402) activity in the purified nuclear compartment. Our application of this method to the isolation of the DNA polymerase activities activities from cultured human epithelial and lymphoblastoid cells has led to substantially different results. We have observed that the inclusion of Ca2+ in either isotonic sucrose or hypotonic aqueous extraction media leads to the irreversible inactivation of the majority, cytoplasmic fraction of DNA polymerase alpha activity and is without quantitative effect on the recovery of the nuclear fraction of this activity."}
{"id": "PMID:863914", "title": "5-demethylubiquinone-9-methyltransferase from rat liver mitochondria. Characterization, localization, and solubilization.", "content": "The methyltransferase responsible for the conversion of 5-demethylubiquinone-9 to ubiquinone-9 in rat liver mitochondria has been shown to be localized in the inner membrane of rat liver mitochondria. NADH was required to generate the hydroquinone, which was the immediate substrate for methylation. The Km for 5-demethylubiquinone-9 was estimated to be in the range of 60 to 80 nM and the Km for S-adenosylmethionine was found to be 22 micronM. The methyl-transferase was solubilized by Triton X-100, a procedure which inactivated the 5-demethylubiquinone-9 reductase. Dithionite was found to partially substitute for NADH in both membranous and soluble systems. Inhibitors of catechol-O-methyltransferase were not effective inhibitors of 5-demethylubiquinone-9-methyltransferase. In addition, catechol-O-methyltransferase and 5-demethylubiquinone-9-methyltransferase were found to have reciprocal subcellular localizations. It is likely that the hydrophobic side chain of ubiquinone, added to p-hydroxybenzoate in the  first biosynthetic step, is required for attachment to the lipid bilayer. This permits subsequent metabolism of the ring system by membrane-bound enzymes, including the final methylation to form ubiquinone-9.", "contents": "5-demethylubiquinone-9-methyltransferase from rat liver mitochondria. Characterization, localization, and solubilization. The methyltransferase responsible for the conversion of 5-demethylubiquinone-9 to ubiquinone-9 in rat liver mitochondria has been shown to be localized in the inner membrane of rat liver mitochondria. NADH was required to generate the hydroquinone, which was the immediate substrate for methylation. The Km for 5-demethylubiquinone-9 was estimated to be in the range of 60 to 80 nM and the Km for S-adenosylmethionine was found to be 22 micronM. The methyl-transferase was solubilized by Triton X-100, a procedure which inactivated the 5-demethylubiquinone-9 reductase. Dithionite was found to partially substitute for NADH in both membranous and soluble systems. Inhibitors of catechol-O-methyltransferase were not effective inhibitors of 5-demethylubiquinone-9-methyltransferase. In addition, catechol-O-methyltransferase and 5-demethylubiquinone-9-methyltransferase were found to have reciprocal subcellular localizations. It is likely that the hydrophobic side chain of ubiquinone, added to p-hydroxybenzoate in the  first biosynthetic step, is required for attachment to the lipid bilayer. This permits subsequent metabolism of the ring system by membrane-bound enzymes, including the final methylation to form ubiquinone-9."}
{"id": "PMID:863915", "title": "Chloroplast biogenesis. Net synthesis of protochlorophyllide from magnesium-protoporphyrin monoester by developing chloroplasts.", "content": "Developing chloroplasts were isolated from greening Cucumis cotyledons in a cofactor-enriched medium and were incubated in the dark with 14C-labeled and unlabeled magnesium-protoporphyrin monoester. The metabolic pools between protoporphyrin and protochlorophyllide were monitored spectrofluorometrically. The incorporation of the 14C label into protochlorophyllide was also determined. It was shown that magnesium-protoporphyrin monoester, a postulated intermediate of the chlorphyll biosynthetic pathway, was convertible into protochlorophyllide with relatively high yields. Since protochlorophyllide is the immediate precursor of chlorophyll a it was concluded that magnesium-protoporphyrin monoester was indeed an intermediate of the chlorophyll biosynthetic pathway.", "contents": "Chloroplast biogenesis. Net synthesis of protochlorophyllide from magnesium-protoporphyrin monoester by developing chloroplasts. Developing chloroplasts were isolated from greening Cucumis cotyledons in a cofactor-enriched medium and were incubated in the dark with 14C-labeled and unlabeled magnesium-protoporphyrin monoester. The metabolic pools between protoporphyrin and protochlorophyllide were monitored spectrofluorometrically. The incorporation of the 14C label into protochlorophyllide was also determined. It was shown that magnesium-protoporphyrin monoester, a postulated intermediate of the chlorphyll biosynthetic pathway, was convertible into protochlorophyllide with relatively high yields. Since protochlorophyllide is the immediate precursor of chlorophyll a it was concluded that magnesium-protoporphyrin monoester was indeed an intermediate of the chlorophyll biosynthetic pathway."}
{"id": "PMID:863917", "title": "Reduction of metmyoglobin derivatives by dithionite ion.", "content": "The rate constants for reduction by dithionite of a number of metmyoglobin species Mb+X(X=H2O, imidazole, OH-, F-, N3-, CNO-, SCN-, HCO2-, NO2-, and CN-) were measured at 25 degrees by stopped flow spectrophotometry. The dependence of the rate was [S2O42-]1/2, and the SO2- radical was considered to be the active reductant. Except for X=imidazole and CN-, reduction occurred through dissociation of Mb+X. Values for the dissociative rate constant obtained from dithionite reduction were in good agreement with those obtained directly. Reduction of the dissociated fragment (assumed Mb+H2O) by SO2- is 3+/-1 X 10(6) M-1S-1 at pH 8.2 for all Mb+X species examined. Reduction of Mb+ imidazole and Mb+CN- occurs directly with SO2-, and Mb0CN- (Mb0, deoxymyoglobin) is characterized as an intermediate in reduction of the latter.", "contents": "Reduction of metmyoglobin derivatives by dithionite ion. The rate constants for reduction by dithionite of a number of metmyoglobin species Mb+X(X=H2O, imidazole, OH-, F-, N3-, CNO-, SCN-, HCO2-, NO2-, and CN-) were measured at 25 degrees by stopped flow spectrophotometry. The dependence of the rate was [S2O42-]1/2, and the SO2- radical was considered to be the active reductant. Except for X=imidazole and CN-, reduction occurred through dissociation of Mb+X. Values for the dissociative rate constant obtained from dithionite reduction were in good agreement with those obtained directly. Reduction of the dissociated fragment (assumed Mb+H2O) by SO2- is 3+/-1 X 10(6) M-1S-1 at pH 8.2 for all Mb+X species examined. Reduction of Mb+ imidazole and Mb+CN- occurs directly with SO2-, and Mb0CN- (Mb0, deoxymyoglobin) is characterized as an intermediate in reduction of the latter."}
{"id": "PMID:863919", "title": "Effect of hydrostatic pressure on spectra of heme compounds.", "content": "Increase in hydrostatic pressure shifts the absorption bands of oxy-, carboxy-, and deoxyhemoglobin and myoglobin toward the red by 0.4 to 0.7 nm corresponding to a change in extinction coefficient of from 4 to 8% at the peak of the difference spectrum. The pressure difference spectrum for oxyhemoglobin closely resembles the difference spectrum described by Adams and Schuster ((1974) Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 58, 528-533) following addition of inositol hexaphosphate to oxyhemoglobin. A similar shift was observed for derivatives of dimethyl-deuterohemedisulfonate in both Fe2+ and Fe3+ forms indicating that the protein is not required for this effect, in contrast to earlier reports of T. L. Fabry and J. W. Hunt ((1968) Arch. Biochem. Biophys. R3, 428-429) and Q.H. Gibson and F.G. Carey ((1975) Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 67, 747-571) who were unable to observe changes in aqueous solutions of protoheme derivatives.", "contents": "Effect of hydrostatic pressure on spectra of heme compounds. Increase in hydrostatic pressure shifts the absorption bands of oxy-, carboxy-, and deoxyhemoglobin and myoglobin toward the red by 0.4 to 0.7 nm corresponding to a change in extinction coefficient of from 4 to 8% at the peak of the difference spectrum. The pressure difference spectrum for oxyhemoglobin closely resembles the difference spectrum described by Adams and Schuster ((1974) Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 58, 528-533) following addition of inositol hexaphosphate to oxyhemoglobin. A similar shift was observed for derivatives of dimethyl-deuterohemedisulfonate in both Fe2+ and Fe3+ forms indicating that the protein is not required for this effect, in contrast to earlier reports of T. L. Fabry and J. W. Hunt ((1968) Arch. Biochem. Biophys. R3, 428-429) and Q.H. Gibson and F.G. Carey ((1975) Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 67, 747-571) who were unable to observe changes in aqueous solutions of protoheme derivatives."}
{"id": "PMID:863921", "title": "Effect of temperature and of cytochalasin B and persantin on the nonmediated permeation of non-electrolytes into cultured Novikoff rat hepatoma cells.", "content": "The nonmediated permeation of L-glucose, cytosine, and prednisolone into Novikoff rat hepatoma cells followed first order kinetics with rate constants of 0.00404, 0.173, and 2.4 min-1, respectively. The constants were estimated from a nonlinear least squares fit of the integrated first order rate equation. The rate constants were independent of substrate concentration and correlated with the partition coefficients of the substances in octanol-balanced salt solution (0.00158, 0.0352, and 17.8, respectively) and olive oil-balanced salt solution mixtures which were between 10- and 100-fold lower. Arrhenius plots for the permeation of L-glucose, cytosine, and prednisolone were linear and indicated activation energies of 24.2, 28.0, and 19.6 kcal/mol, respectively. The permeation of L-glucose and cytosine, but not of prednisolone, was impeded in a concentration-dependent manner by the presence of cytochalasin B and Persantin, heretofore thought of as specific inhibitors of facilitated diffusion processes. The relative degree of decrease of the permeation rates of L-glucose and cytosine, however, differed for cytochalasin B and Persantin.", "contents": "Effect of temperature and of cytochalasin B and persantin on the nonmediated permeation of non-electrolytes into cultured Novikoff rat hepatoma cells. The nonmediated permeation of L-glucose, cytosine, and prednisolone into Novikoff rat hepatoma cells followed first order kinetics with rate constants of 0.00404, 0.173, and 2.4 min-1, respectively. The constants were estimated from a nonlinear least squares fit of the integrated first order rate equation. The rate constants were independent of substrate concentration and correlated with the partition coefficients of the substances in octanol-balanced salt solution (0.00158, 0.0352, and 17.8, respectively) and olive oil-balanced salt solution mixtures which were between 10- and 100-fold lower. Arrhenius plots for the permeation of L-glucose, cytosine, and prednisolone were linear and indicated activation energies of 24.2, 28.0, and 19.6 kcal/mol, respectively. The permeation of L-glucose and cytosine, but not of prednisolone, was impeded in a concentration-dependent manner by the presence of cytochalasin B and Persantin, heretofore thought of as specific inhibitors of facilitated diffusion processes. The relative degree of decrease of the permeation rates of L-glucose and cytosine, however, differed for cytochalasin B and Persantin."}
{"id": "PMID:863926", "title": "Effect of dietary linoleate on synthesis and degradation of fatty acid synthetase from rat liver.", "content": "The induction of fatty acid synthetase activity in rat liver is markedly reduced by feeding a diet containing a source of linoleate. Within 48 h after changing from a fat-free, high carbohydrate diet to one containing 15% by weight of safflower oil, the specific activity of rat liver fatty acid synthetase is approximately 2-fold lower than that from rats fed a fat-free diet througout. In contrast, feeding a diet containing 15% hydrogenated coconut oil, a source of saturated fatty acids, or 5% methyl oleate for the same length of time has little effect on the activity of the enzyme. The rate of synthesis of the enzyme is reduced by safflower oil feeding from the fat-free (control) level and after 48 h is approximately one-half that of the control. The rate of degradation of fatty acid synthetase is markedly increased in the safflower oil-fed animals over the control; the half-lives are 1.8 days and 3.8 days, respectively. It is suggested that polyunsaturated fatty acids, or a product derived from them, may directly or indirectly regulate the transcription or translation (or both) of fatty acid synthetase messenger RNA.", "contents": "Effect of dietary linoleate on synthesis and degradation of fatty acid synthetase from rat liver. The induction of fatty acid synthetase activity in rat liver is markedly reduced by feeding a diet containing a source of linoleate. Within 48 h after changing from a fat-free, high carbohydrate diet to one containing 15% by weight of safflower oil, the specific activity of rat liver fatty acid synthetase is approximately 2-fold lower than that from rats fed a fat-free diet througout. In contrast, feeding a diet containing 15% hydrogenated coconut oil, a source of saturated fatty acids, or 5% methyl oleate for the same length of time has little effect on the activity of the enzyme. The rate of synthesis of the enzyme is reduced by safflower oil feeding from the fat-free (control) level and after 48 h is approximately one-half that of the control. The rate of degradation of fatty acid synthetase is markedly increased in the safflower oil-fed animals over the control; the half-lives are 1.8 days and 3.8 days, respectively. It is suggested that polyunsaturated fatty acids, or a product derived from them, may directly or indirectly regulate the transcription or translation (or both) of fatty acid synthetase messenger RNA."}
{"id": "PMID:863927", "title": "Nucleotide sequence of Thermus aquaticus ribosomal 5 S ribonucleic acid. Sequence homologies in thermophilic organisms.", "content": "The nucleotide sequence of ribosomal 5 S RNA from Thermus aquaticus grown at 75 degrees is p(A)-A-U-C-C-C-C-G-C-C-C-U-U-A-G-C-G-G-C-G-U-G-G-A-A-C-A-C-C-C-G-U-U-C-C-C-A-U-U-C-C-G-A-A-C-A-C-G-G-A-A-G-U-G-A-A-A-C-G-C-G-C-C-A-G-C-G-C-C-G-A-U-G-G-U-C-A-C-U-G-G-G-A-C-C-G-C-A-G-G-G-U-C-C-U-G-G-A-G-A-G-U-A-G-G-U-G-C-U-G-G-U-G-C-G-G-G-G-A-(U). The major molecular species is 120 nucleotides long; some molecules are one or two nucleotides shorter with one less nucleotide at either or both termini. When compared to other 5 S rRNAs, the sequence homology was greater with a thermophile bacterium (Bacillus stearothermophilus) than with mesophilic species. The comparisons further indicate that among prokaryotes, eleven of the nucleotide residues in T. aquaticus 5 S RNA may be largely restricted to thermophiles. Possible models for the secondary structure of T. aquaticus 5 S rRNA are discussed with respect to products of limited digestion and the unique nucleotides.", "contents": "Nucleotide sequence of Thermus aquaticus ribosomal 5 S ribonucleic acid. Sequence homologies in thermophilic organisms. The nucleotide sequence of ribosomal 5 S RNA from Thermus aquaticus grown at 75 degrees is p(A)-A-U-C-C-C-C-G-C-C-C-U-U-A-G-C-G-G-C-G-U-G-G-A-A-C-A-C-C-C-G-U-U-C-C-C-A-U-U-C-C-G-A-A-C-A-C-G-G-A-A-G-U-G-A-A-A-C-G-C-G-C-C-A-G-C-G-C-C-G-A-U-G-G-U-C-A-C-U-G-G-G-A-C-C-G-C-A-G-G-G-U-C-C-U-G-G-A-G-A-G-U-A-G-G-U-G-C-U-G-G-U-G-C-G-G-G-G-A-(U). The major molecular species is 120 nucleotides long; some molecules are one or two nucleotides shorter with one less nucleotide at either or both termini. When compared to other 5 S rRNAs, the sequence homology was greater with a thermophile bacterium (Bacillus stearothermophilus) than with mesophilic species. The comparisons further indicate that among prokaryotes, eleven of the nucleotide residues in T. aquaticus 5 S RNA may be largely restricted to thermophiles. Possible models for the secondary structure of T. aquaticus 5 S rRNA are discussed with respect to products of limited digestion and the unique nucleotides."}
{"id": "PMID:863928", "title": "Photolabeling reagent for thiol enzymes. Studies on rabbit muscle creatine kinase.", "content": "A mixed disulfide reagent for photolabeling is described which reacts stoichiometrically with a cysteine sulfhydryl group of rabbit muscle creatine kinase to form a new mixed disulfide between enzyme and 2-thiobenzyl[14C]diazoacetate. When irradiated at 254 nm for 5 s in a photoreactor, the enzyme-bound diazo group is destroyed, presumably via a carbene intermediate. After photolysis, the enzyme can only be 69+/-2% reactivated by dithiothreitol, and only 67+/-1% of the radiolabel can then be removed from the protein by dialysis in the presence of dithiothreitol. Less than 3% of this permanent labeling occurs if photolysis is carried out in 6 N guanidine hydrochloride, which shows that the native enzyme structure is required for photolabeling. Identification of the tagged products after acid hydrolysis indicates that 30% of the carbene produced on photolysis reacts with the hydroxyl groups of threonine andserine with O-[14C]carboxymethylthreonine as the major product. Photochemical Wolff rearrangement is estimated to occur to less than 30%, and no S-carboxymethylcysteine was detected. The reagent employed and its isomers are proposed as bifunctional photolabeling probes to \"scan\" the amino acid residues near the active sites of thiol enzymes.", "contents": "Photolabeling reagent for thiol enzymes. Studies on rabbit muscle creatine kinase. A mixed disulfide reagent for photolabeling is described which reacts stoichiometrically with a cysteine sulfhydryl group of rabbit muscle creatine kinase to form a new mixed disulfide between enzyme and 2-thiobenzyl[14C]diazoacetate. When irradiated at 254 nm for 5 s in a photoreactor, the enzyme-bound diazo group is destroyed, presumably via a carbene intermediate. After photolysis, the enzyme can only be 69+/-2% reactivated by dithiothreitol, and only 67+/-1% of the radiolabel can then be removed from the protein by dialysis in the presence of dithiothreitol. Less than 3% of this permanent labeling occurs if photolysis is carried out in 6 N guanidine hydrochloride, which shows that the native enzyme structure is required for photolabeling. Identification of the tagged products after acid hydrolysis indicates that 30% of the carbene produced on photolysis reacts with the hydroxyl groups of threonine andserine with O-[14C]carboxymethylthreonine as the major product. Photochemical Wolff rearrangement is estimated to occur to less than 30%, and no S-carboxymethylcysteine was detected. The reagent employed and its isomers are proposed as bifunctional photolabeling probes to \"scan\" the amino acid residues near the active sites of thiol enzymes."}
{"id": "PMID:863929", "title": "Further studies of mode of action of lipolytic enzymes.", "content": "Pancreatic lipase and phospholipase A2 have been shown by the monomolecular film technique to be progressively inactivated when adsorbed at the interface of their respective substrates. This inactivation is faster for lipase than for phospholipase. It is also enhanced by low film pressures and film transfer. The use of radioactive phospholipase and lipase samples offered the possibility to measure the amount of enzyme adsorbed at a monomolecular film with a reasonable accuracy. This adsorption was found to be relatively slow under the conditions of the assays. The main  conclusion drawn from these data is that the enzyme kinetics in presence of a substrate film, and probably also under bulk conditions, is controlled by an adsorption flux responsible for an initial lag period and an inactivation flux tending to decrease the reaction rate. The kinetics are linear only when both fluxes equilibrate.", "contents": "Further studies of mode of action of lipolytic enzymes. Pancreatic lipase and phospholipase A2 have been shown by the monomolecular film technique to be progressively inactivated when adsorbed at the interface of their respective substrates. This inactivation is faster for lipase than for phospholipase. It is also enhanced by low film pressures and film transfer. The use of radioactive phospholipase and lipase samples offered the possibility to measure the amount of enzyme adsorbed at a monomolecular film with a reasonable accuracy. This adsorption was found to be relatively slow under the conditions of the assays. The main  conclusion drawn from these data is that the enzyme kinetics in presence of a substrate film, and probably also under bulk conditions, is controlled by an adsorption flux responsible for an initial lag period and an inactivation flux tending to decrease the reaction rate. The kinetics are linear only when both fluxes equilibrate."}
{"id": "PMID:863930", "title": "Effects of colipase on hydrolysis of monomolecular films by lipase.", "content": "In a system free of bile salts we measured lipase hydrolysis of 1,3-didecanoylglycerol films in the presence or absence of colipase at different surface pressures. The strong, but not absolutely specific protective effect of colipase, most visible at low surface pressure, can account for the higher enzyme activity in the presence of colipase. This can be understood by taking into account simultaneous penetration and surface inactivation fluxes. Using radioactively labeled lipase, we have shown for the first time in a bile salt-free system that the critical surface pressure above which lipase can no longer penetrate a 1,2-didodecanoylphosphatidylglycerol monlayer is around 23 dynes/cm. Colipase increased this critical surface pressure to 30 dynes/cm indicating that it enables lipase penetration between 23 and 30 dynes/cm. The transfer experiment showed that colipase acts by first penetrating the lipid film and then serving as an anchor for lipase into the film.", "contents": "Effects of colipase on hydrolysis of monomolecular films by lipase. In a system free of bile salts we measured lipase hydrolysis of 1,3-didecanoylglycerol films in the presence or absence of colipase at different surface pressures. The strong, but not absolutely specific protective effect of colipase, most visible at low surface pressure, can account for the higher enzyme activity in the presence of colipase. This can be understood by taking into account simultaneous penetration and surface inactivation fluxes. Using radioactively labeled lipase, we have shown for the first time in a bile salt-free system that the critical surface pressure above which lipase can no longer penetrate a 1,2-didodecanoylphosphatidylglycerol monlayer is around 23 dynes/cm. Colipase increased this critical surface pressure to 30 dynes/cm indicating that it enables lipase penetration between 23 and 30 dynes/cm. The transfer experiment showed that colipase acts by first penetrating the lipid film and then serving as an anchor for lipase into the film."}
{"id": "PMID:863931", "title": "Glucocorticoid control of the development of tryptophan oxygenase in the young rat.", "content": "Tryptophan oxygenase activity follows a characteristic developmental pattern in the young rat, being absent until about 2 weeks of life, then attaining adult levels by the 3rd week. We have investigated the factors which control this process and determined that the increase in enzymatic activity results from increased glucocorticoid release between the 14th and 21st days. This conclusion was based on our observation that adrenalectomy completely arrests the development of the enzymatic activity. Twenty-one-day-old animals which were adrenalectomized on the 10th day, and thus possess no demonstrable enzymatic activity, could respond to cortisol treatment with an elevation of tryptophan oxygenase activity. Administration of either cycloheximide or actinomycin D completely inhibited this response, suggesting that both protein synthesis and RNA synthesis were requisite for the development of the enzyme. Immunochemical studies revealed that the enzyme found in the young animal was identical with that extracted from the adult rat; furthermore, the increase in activity observed in the developing rat is the result of increased enzyme protein levels. Direct measurement of the synthetic and degradative rates showed the accumulation of enzyme protein to depend upon increased synthetic activity, and not upon decreased enzyme degradation.", "contents": "Glucocorticoid control of the development of tryptophan oxygenase in the young rat. Tryptophan oxygenase activity follows a characteristic developmental pattern in the young rat, being absent until about 2 weeks of life, then attaining adult levels by the 3rd week. We have investigated the factors which control this process and determined that the increase in enzymatic activity results from increased glucocorticoid release between the 14th and 21st days. This conclusion was based on our observation that adrenalectomy completely arrests the development of the enzymatic activity. Twenty-one-day-old animals which were adrenalectomized on the 10th day, and thus possess no demonstrable enzymatic activity, could respond to cortisol treatment with an elevation of tryptophan oxygenase activity. Administration of either cycloheximide or actinomycin D completely inhibited this response, suggesting that both protein synthesis and RNA synthesis were requisite for the development of the enzyme. Immunochemical studies revealed that the enzyme found in the young animal was identical with that extracted from the adult rat; furthermore, the increase in activity observed in the developing rat is the result of increased enzyme protein levels. Direct measurement of the synthetic and degradative rates showed the accumulation of enzyme protein to depend upon increased synthetic activity, and not upon decreased enzyme degradation."}
{"id": "PMID:863934", "title": "Altered molecular species of human interferon produced in the presence of inhibitors of glycosylation.", "content": "The inhibitors of glycosylation, 2-deoxy-D-glucose or D-glucosamine, inhibit the synthesis of biologically active interferon in human FS-4 fibroblast cultures stimulated with polyinosinate-polycytidylate. Interferon synthesized in the presence of partially inhibitory concentrations of 2-deoxy-D-glucose or D-glucosamine were found to differ from interferons made in control cultures in some physical properties. Interferons synthesized in the presence of either inhibitor had a diminished charge heterogeneity demonstrable by iso-electric focusing. On sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, control interferon activity formed a single peak with the apparent molecular weight of 20,000, whereas interferons from cultures treated with either inhibitor could be resolved into two distinct molecular weight components, one of which was smaller than the interferon synthesized in control cultures.", "contents": "Altered molecular species of human interferon produced in the presence of inhibitors of glycosylation. The inhibitors of glycosylation, 2-deoxy-D-glucose or D-glucosamine, inhibit the synthesis of biologically active interferon in human FS-4 fibroblast cultures stimulated with polyinosinate-polycytidylate. Interferon synthesized in the presence of partially inhibitory concentrations of 2-deoxy-D-glucose or D-glucosamine were found to differ from interferons made in control cultures in some physical properties. Interferons synthesized in the presence of either inhibitor had a diminished charge heterogeneity demonstrable by iso-electric focusing. On sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, control interferon activity formed a single peak with the apparent molecular weight of 20,000, whereas interferons from cultures treated with either inhibitor could be resolved into two distinct molecular weight components, one of which was smaller than the interferon synthesized in control cultures."}
{"id": "PMID:863935", "title": "Fracture of the neck and intertrochanteric region of the femur in children.", "content": "End-result evaluations after an average follow-up of seventeen years are reported in sixty-one cases (sixty patients). There were five Type-1 (transepiphyseal), twenty-seven Type-II (transcervical), twenty-two Type-III (cervicotrochanteric), and seven Type-IV (intertrochanteric) femoral fractures. The majority of Type-I, Type-II, and displaced Type-III fractures were treated with closed or open reduction and Knowles-pin fixation. The majority of undisplaced Type-III and Type-IV fractures were treated with abduction plaster spica casts. Fifty-five per cent were found to have good resultswhile 20% were fair and 25%, poor. The incidence of complications--avascular necrosis, coxa vara, premature epiphyseal closure, infection, and non-union--was compared with that in previously reported series. The use of Knowles-pin fixation appeared to reduce the complications of non-union and coxa vara. Avascular necrosis caused most of the poor results. However, younger children with avascular necrosis obtained better results than did older ones. Some children with results graded as poor roentgenographically were only mildly symptomatic.", "contents": "Fracture of the neck and intertrochanteric region of the femur in children. End-result evaluations after an average follow-up of seventeen years are reported in sixty-one cases (sixty patients). There were five Type-1 (transepiphyseal), twenty-seven Type-II (transcervical), twenty-two Type-III (cervicotrochanteric), and seven Type-IV (intertrochanteric) femoral fractures. The majority of Type-I, Type-II, and displaced Type-III fractures were treated with closed or open reduction and Knowles-pin fixation. The majority of undisplaced Type-III and Type-IV fractures were treated with abduction plaster spica casts. Fifty-five per cent were found to have good resultswhile 20% were fair and 25%, poor. The incidence of complications--avascular necrosis, coxa vara, premature epiphyseal closure, infection, and non-union--was compared with that in previously reported series. The use of Knowles-pin fixation appeared to reduce the complications of non-union and coxa vara. Avascular necrosis caused most of the poor results. However, younger children with avascular necrosis obtained better results than did older ones. Some children with results graded as poor roentgenographically were only mildly symptomatic."}
{"id": "PMID:863936", "title": "Cup arthroplasties in teen-agers and children.", "content": "Review of cup arthroplasties performed prior to 1970 in sixty hips of fity-one consecutive patients less than twenty years old, with  follow-up on fifty-three hips, revealed that fifteen (28%) of the cup arthroplasties were followed by other salvage operations, usually total hip arthroplasty. Of the remaining thirty-eight hips, only twenty-four (63%) were rated satisfactory clinically, although most of the patients considered their cup arthroplasty an improvement over their preoperative status. Patients with bilateral hip disease did very poorly, and results were inconsistent in others. The final range of motion was frequently poor. Results were improved in hips in which acetabular reaming was not required.", "contents": "Cup arthroplasties in teen-agers and children. Review of cup arthroplasties performed prior to 1970 in sixty hips of fity-one consecutive patients less than twenty years old, with  follow-up on fifty-three hips, revealed that fifteen (28%) of the cup arthroplasties were followed by other salvage operations, usually total hip arthroplasty. Of the remaining thirty-eight hips, only twenty-four (63%) were rated satisfactory clinically, although most of the patients considered their cup arthroplasty an improvement over their preoperative status. Patients with bilateral hip disease did very poorly, and results were inconsistent in others. The final range of motion was frequently poor. Results were improved in hips in which acetabular reaming was not required."}
{"id": "PMID:863937", "title": "Management of bleeding and associated complications of hemophilia in the hand and forearm.", "content": "Hemorrhage into the hand and forearm in hemophiliacs can be devastating if not treated early and properly. Of 200 hemophiliacs followed from 1969 to 1976, thirty-four had lesions of the hand and forearm. Hemarthrosis, the most common musculo-skeletal manifestation of hemophilia, occurred in the wrist and hand on only ten occasions. Superficial hemorrhage in the seven cases seen was not followed by significant sequelae. Bleeding into the anterior muscles and into the volar aspect of the wrist, on the other hand, was complicated by contracture, neuropathy, or both in six cases. Early diagnosis, replacement of the missing clotting factor, and immobilization are essential. Fasciotomy should also be considered, though it was not done in this series. Once a Volkmann's contracture is established, surgical reconstruction is required. The fractures in the hemophiliacs in this series, as in others, healed with normal periosteal callus formation and at a normal rate. Pseudotumors of the small bones of the hand have been described but were not seen in this series. Conservative therapy is suggested. After appropriate hematological evaluation to identify the missing factor and to exclude the presence of antibodies, it is now possible to control bleeding while proceeding with the necessary treatment to restore function and prevent deformity.", "contents": "Management of bleeding and associated complications of hemophilia in the hand and forearm. Hemorrhage into the hand and forearm in hemophiliacs can be devastating if not treated early and properly. Of 200 hemophiliacs followed from 1969 to 1976, thirty-four had lesions of the hand and forearm. Hemarthrosis, the most common musculo-skeletal manifestation of hemophilia, occurred in the wrist and hand on only ten occasions. Superficial hemorrhage in the seven cases seen was not followed by significant sequelae. Bleeding into the anterior muscles and into the volar aspect of the wrist, on the other hand, was complicated by contracture, neuropathy, or both in six cases. Early diagnosis, replacement of the missing clotting factor, and immobilization are essential. Fasciotomy should also be considered, though it was not done in this series. Once a Volkmann's contracture is established, surgical reconstruction is required. The fractures in the hemophiliacs in this series, as in others, healed with normal periosteal callus formation and at a normal rate. Pseudotumors of the small bones of the hand have been described but were not seen in this series. Conservative therapy is suggested. After appropriate hematological evaluation to identify the missing factor and to exclude the presence of antibodies, it is now possible to control bleeding while proceeding with the necessary treatment to restore function and prevent deformity."}
{"id": "PMID:863938", "title": "Proximal-row carpectomy for diseases of the proximal row.", "content": "Twelve patients were studied following proximal-row carpectomy. Four had a follow-up of twenty years or more. The lesions for which the operation was done included Kienb\u00f6ck's disease, perilunar dislocations, and fractures of the carpal scaphoid. The major complaint of pain was relieved following surgery, and a functional range of motion was obtained. Mild degenerative arthritis of the wrist was not a contraindication and progressive degenerative arthritis of the radial capitate articulation did not occur. The operation did not result in weakness and all of the patients resumed their preoperative occupations. After conservative measures fail, proximal-row carpectomy rather than arthrodesis should be considered for disorders of the proximal row of carpal bones.", "contents": "Proximal-row carpectomy for diseases of the proximal row. Twelve patients were studied following proximal-row carpectomy. Four had a follow-up of twenty years or more. The lesions for which the operation was done included Kienb\u00f6ck's disease, perilunar dislocations, and fractures of the carpal scaphoid. The major complaint of pain was relieved following surgery, and a functional range of motion was obtained. Mild degenerative arthritis of the wrist was not a contraindication and progressive degenerative arthritis of the radial capitate articulation did not occur. The operation did not result in weakness and all of the patients resumed their preoperative occupations. After conservative measures fail, proximal-row carpectomy rather than arthrodesis should be considered for disorders of the proximal row of carpal bones."}
{"id": "PMID:863939", "title": "Compression osteosynthesis in the hand using a small nail-plate.", "content": "A small self-compression nail-plate for stable osteosynthesis in metaphyseal fractures of metacarpals and phalanges is described. It is also used for interphalangeal arthrodesis. This type of osteosynthesis was performed twenty-five times in twenty-one patients for treatment of malunion, non-union, and the like. Bone union occurred in all instances without exception. No deleterious sequelae in terms of limitation of motion in adjacent joints were recorded subsequent to the surgical intervention.", "contents": "Compression osteosynthesis in the hand using a small nail-plate. A small self-compression nail-plate for stable osteosynthesis in metaphyseal fractures of metacarpals and phalanges is described. It is also used for interphalangeal arthrodesis. This type of osteosynthesis was performed twenty-five times in twenty-one patients for treatment of malunion, non-union, and the like. Bone union occurred in all instances without exception. No deleterious sequelae in terms of limitation of motion in adjacent joints were recorded subsequent to the surgical intervention."}
{"id": "PMID:863940", "title": "Elongating intramedullary rods in the treatment of osteogenesis imperfecta.", "content": "Patients with osteogenesis imperfecta who have undergone multiple osteotomies with realignment and intramedullary rod fixation of a deformed bone frequently require replacement of the rod because the bone grows and angulates when the rod no longer is long enough to support the bone from metaphysis to metaphysis. The Bailey-Dubow intramedullary rod, which elongates with growth, is an attempt to solve this problem. This is a review of 153 rod-fixations in seventy-two bones (twenty patients), forty-seven being Bailey-Dubow rods. Use of the elongating rod effectively increased the average length of time between replacement operations, yielded a lower removal rate, and showed no additional adverse effects. The Bailey-Dubow rod represents a measurable improvement over non-elongating rods.", "contents": "Elongating intramedullary rods in the treatment of osteogenesis imperfecta. Patients with osteogenesis imperfecta who have undergone multiple osteotomies with realignment and intramedullary rod fixation of a deformed bone frequently require replacement of the rod because the bone grows and angulates when the rod no longer is long enough to support the bone from metaphysis to metaphysis. The Bailey-Dubow intramedullary rod, which elongates with growth, is an attempt to solve this problem. This is a review of 153 rod-fixations in seventy-two bones (twenty patients), forty-seven being Bailey-Dubow rods. Use of the elongating rod effectively increased the average length of time between replacement operations, yielded a lower removal rate, and showed no additional adverse effects. The Bailey-Dubow rod represents a measurable improvement over non-elongating rods."}
{"id": "PMID:863941", "title": "Long-term results following Lambrinudi arthrodesis.", "content": "Long-term results following triple arthrodesis by the method of Lambrinudi are reported in fifty feet. The average follow-up was eighteen years. Failures were encountered in only eight feet, and good results were obtained in twenty. Most of the patients had post-poliomyelitic paralysis. This operation allowed most braced patients to be free of the orthosis. All but three patients were able to work, and those unable to do so had other severe disabilities because of poliomyelitis. An extensive review of the literature is provided, showing the indications and contraindications for the procedure.", "contents": "Long-term results following Lambrinudi arthrodesis. Long-term results following triple arthrodesis by the method of Lambrinudi are reported in fifty feet. The average follow-up was eighteen years. Failures were encountered in only eight feet, and good results were obtained in twenty. Most of the patients had post-poliomyelitic paralysis. This operation allowed most braced patients to be free of the orthosis. All but three patients were able to work, and those unable to do so had other severe disabilities because of poliomyelitis. An extensive review of the literature is provided, showing the indications and contraindications for the procedure."}
{"id": "PMID:863942", "title": "Transverse fractures of the sacrum. A report of six cases.", "content": "The diagnosis of transverse sacral fracture was made in six patients. All patients initially had evidence of urinary retention, a decrease in anal sphincter tone, or both. Diagnostic confirmation was established by tomography in four patients and by cystometric examination in two. All patients who had transverse sacral fractures with displacement of the fragments had resolution of their neurological deficit following posterior sacral laminectomy and decompression.", "contents": "Transverse fractures of the sacrum. A report of six cases. The diagnosis of transverse sacral fracture was made in six patients. All patients initially had evidence of urinary retention, a decrease in anal sphincter tone, or both. Diagnostic confirmation was established by tomography in four patients and by cystometric examination in two. All patients who had transverse sacral fractures with displacement of the fragments had resolution of their neurological deficit following posterior sacral laminectomy and decompression."}
{"id": "PMID:863943", "title": "Translocation of the biceps humeri for flail shoulder.", "content": "A method of anterior translocation of the biceps humeri in the treatment of flail shoulder was undertaken in seven patients and allowed active forward flexion of 40 to 70 degrees at the shoulder joint. This gave the patients a feeling of control over the shoulder.", "contents": "Translocation of the biceps humeri for flail shoulder. A method of anterior translocation of the biceps humeri in the treatment of flail shoulder was undertaken in seven patients and allowed active forward flexion of 40 to 70 degrees at the shoulder joint. This gave the patients a feeling of control over the shoulder."}
{"id": "PMID:863944", "title": "Extra-articular synovial chondromatosis.", "content": "Four patients with extra-articular synovial chondromatosis and one patient with combined intra-articular and extra-articular involvement are described. In all five patients the lesion was anomalously located (knee, shoulder, hip, and ankle). The lesion usually occurs in the hands and feet. Accurate diagnosis is important, because if the synovial origin of the cartilaginous proliferations is ignored, the evidence of cellular activity may lead to an erroneous diagnosis of chondrosarcoma. All five patients had a benign clinical course.", "contents": "Extra-articular synovial chondromatosis. Four patients with extra-articular synovial chondromatosis and one patient with combined intra-articular and extra-articular involvement are described. In all five patients the lesion was anomalously located (knee, shoulder, hip, and ankle). The lesion usually occurs in the hands and feet. Accurate diagnosis is important, because if the synovial origin of the cartilaginous proliferations is ignored, the evidence of cellular activity may lead to an erroneous diagnosis of chondrosarcoma. All five patients had a benign clinical course."}
{"id": "PMID:863945", "title": "Factors affecting the mechanical stability of the cemented acetabular component in total hip replacement.", "content": "In thirty-six dissected hips from cadavera, six types of fixation of the prosthetic acetabular component to the acetabular tissue were devised, utilizing combinations of a variety of technical procedures: decorticating the cartilage, intruding the cup, reaming the bone, and perforating the residual bone tissue with anchoring holes (for cement). Mechanical tests showed that the greatest stability was achieved when the prosthetic cup was completely intruded, when all articular cartilage was removed and the socket was reamed, and when anchoring holes for cement were devised.", "contents": "Factors affecting the mechanical stability of the cemented acetabular component in total hip replacement. In thirty-six dissected hips from cadavera, six types of fixation of the prosthetic acetabular component to the acetabular tissue were devised, utilizing combinations of a variety of technical procedures: decorticating the cartilage, intruding the cup, reaming the bone, and perforating the residual bone tissue with anchoring holes (for cement). Mechanical tests showed that the greatest stability was achieved when the prosthetic cup was completely intruded, when all articular cartilage was removed and the socket was reamed, and when anchoring holes for cement were devised."}
{"id": "PMID:863946", "title": "Effectiveness of preoperative Cotrel traction for correction of idiopathic scoliosis.", "content": "Of 206 patients less than twenty years old with idiopathic scoliosis of 40 to 90 degrees treated with Harrington distraction rods and fusion, ninety had preoperative Cotrel traction and 116 received no immediate preoperative treatment. There was no significant difference between these two groups in terms of the immediate surgical correction obtained. Cotrel traction therefore did not improve the results of treatment of idiopathic scoliosis of this degree in this age group.", "contents": "Effectiveness of preoperative Cotrel traction for correction of idiopathic scoliosis. Of 206 patients less than twenty years old with idiopathic scoliosis of 40 to 90 degrees treated with Harrington distraction rods and fusion, ninety had preoperative Cotrel traction and 116 received no immediate preoperative treatment. There was no significant difference between these two groups in terms of the immediate surgical correction obtained. Cotrel traction therefore did not improve the results of treatment of idiopathic scoliosis of this degree in this age group."}
{"id": "PMID:863947", "title": "Gamekeeper's thumb. Evaluation by arthrography and stress roentgenography.", "content": "We reviewed 197 previously reported cases of acute rupture of the ulnar collateral ligament of the metacarpophalangeal joint with respect to anatomy, diagnosis, surgical findings, and management. A standardized roentgenographic technique in stress abduction of the thumb was developed from thirty normal patients. The correlation between the abduction arc as recorded by our technique, the arthogram, and surgical pathology in twenty patients is reported.", "contents": "Gamekeeper's thumb. Evaluation by arthrography and stress roentgenography. We reviewed 197 previously reported cases of acute rupture of the ulnar collateral ligament of the metacarpophalangeal joint with respect to anatomy, diagnosis, surgical findings, and management. A standardized roentgenographic technique in stress abduction of the thumb was developed from thirty normal patients. The correlation between the abduction arc as recorded by our technique, the arthogram, and surgical pathology in twenty patients is reported."}
{"id": "PMID:863949", "title": "Preoperative and postoperative dynamic electromyography as an aid in planning tendon transfers in children with cerebral palsy.", "content": "Electromyography was used to supplement clinical evaluation in planning tendon transfers in twenty-four children with cerebral palsy. Sixteen flexible deformities of the hind part of the foot, four internally rotated lower limbs, and four flexible deformities of the forearm and wrist were studied. When deforming muscles were active exclusively in one portion of either the gait cycle or a function of an upper extremity, appropriate tendon transfers were performed. When continuous muscle activity was noted, tendon lengthening was utilized. The desired function was obtained in all twenty-four patients six months after operation.", "contents": "Preoperative and postoperative dynamic electromyography as an aid in planning tendon transfers in children with cerebral palsy. Electromyography was used to supplement clinical evaluation in planning tendon transfers in twenty-four children with cerebral palsy. Sixteen flexible deformities of the hind part of the foot, four internally rotated lower limbs, and four flexible deformities of the forearm and wrist were studied. When deforming muscles were active exclusively in one portion of either the gait cycle or a function of an upper extremity, appropriate tendon transfers were performed. When continuous muscle activity was noted, tendon lengthening was utilized. The desired function was obtained in all twenty-four patients six months after operation."}
{"id": "PMID:863961", "title": "Prevention of hypomagnesemia and hypocalcemia in open-heart surgery.", "content": "We have studied the behavior of calcium and magnesium in the serum in dogs subjects to cardiopulmonary bypass with total hemodilution (Ringer's lactate). 5 mEq/l of calcium and magnesium was added to the filling solution. Serum levels of Ca++ and Mg++ were determined, by atomic absorption spectrophotometry, in the basal state, every thirty minutes during the perfusion, and one hour after stopping the bypass. We observed that the calcium and magnesium levels were higher than be baseline throughout the perfusion, and even 60 minutes after stopping the bypass they were still noticeably higher. Since this type of perfusion yields normal final calcium and magnesium levels, the advantages of this method become obvious, especially considering the adverse phenomena that are caused by defiencies of these cations.", "contents": "Prevention of hypomagnesemia and hypocalcemia in open-heart surgery. We have studied the behavior of calcium and magnesium in the serum in dogs subjects to cardiopulmonary bypass with total hemodilution (Ringer's lactate). 5 mEq/l of calcium and magnesium was added to the filling solution. Serum levels of Ca++ and Mg++ were determined, by atomic absorption spectrophotometry, in the basal state, every thirty minutes during the perfusion, and one hour after stopping the bypass. We observed that the calcium and magnesium levels were higher than be baseline throughout the perfusion, and even 60 minutes after stopping the bypass they were still noticeably higher. Since this type of perfusion yields normal final calcium and magnesium levels, the advantages of this method become obvious, especially considering the adverse phenomena that are caused by defiencies of these cations."}
{"id": "PMID:863962", "title": "Surgery for aortic dissection: 53 operated cases with 32 in the acute phase.", "content": "53 cases of aortic dissections were operated on between 1961 and 1975 in the Service of Cardiovascular Surgery at the Broussais Hospital, Paris (Prof. Ch. Dubost). The present study deals with 32 cases operated on in the acute phase. 31 originated in the ascending aorta and 1 in the descending aorta. Operative mortality was 50% (16/32), 4 patients died immediately following sternotomy. Operation consisted in replacement of the ascending aorta for the majority of type I and II dissections. When aortic insufficiency was present, a simple resuspension procedure was effective in 50% of cases. The authors prefer early operative intervention in type I and II dissections and medical treatment in type III dissections.", "contents": "Surgery for aortic dissection: 53 operated cases with 32 in the acute phase. 53 cases of aortic dissections were operated on between 1961 and 1975 in the Service of Cardiovascular Surgery at the Broussais Hospital, Paris (Prof. Ch. Dubost). The present study deals with 32 cases operated on in the acute phase. 31 originated in the ascending aorta and 1 in the descending aorta. Operative mortality was 50% (16/32), 4 patients died immediately following sternotomy. Operation consisted in replacement of the ascending aorta for the majority of type I and II dissections. When aortic insufficiency was present, a simple resuspension procedure was effective in 50% of cases. The authors prefer early operative intervention in type I and II dissections and medical treatment in type III dissections."}
{"id": "PMID:863965", "title": "Intermittent claudication in premenopausal women. A correlation with the long-term use of oral contraceptives?", "content": "A group of 15 premenopausal women with intermittent claudication is presented. A uniform clinical and angiographic picture was found. A causative relationship of this early and very localized form of arteriosclerosis and the longterm use of oral contraceptive agents is suggested.", "contents": "Intermittent claudication in premenopausal women. A correlation with the long-term use of oral contraceptives? A group of 15 premenopausal women with intermittent claudication is presented. A uniform clinical and angiographic picture was found. A causative relationship of this early and very localized form of arteriosclerosis and the longterm use of oral contraceptive agents is suggested."}
{"id": "PMID:863972", "title": "The binding sites of cytochalasin D. I. Evidence that they may be peripheral membrane proteins.", "content": "Binding sites for tritiated cytochalasin D (3H-CD) on the isolated plasma membrane from HEp-2 cells were reversibly inactivated, but not dissociated from the membrane, by dialysis in 0.6 M KCl. Activity was restored by subsequent dialysis in 0.06 M KCl. Treatment with 0.2 mM ATP at low ionic strength also inactivated these sites, apparently irreversibly. Extraction of the membrane with 6% Triton X-100 removed 75% of its protein, resulting in a two-fold increase in specific binding activity for 3H-CD. Both high and low affinity binding sites were retained by the detergent-extracted membrane; at least 60% of the high affinity sites were resistant to this treatment. Evidence is presented for the attachment to the HEp-2 plasma membrane of both actin and myosin. The results support the tentative conclusion that plasma membrane binding sites for 3H-CD are peripheral proteins on the cytoplasmic face of the membrane. They are consistent with the hypothesis that myosin may be the location of the high affinity binding site and actomyosin may be the low affinity site. Comparison of these observations with those reported for the congeneric drug, cytochalasin B, suggests that CD binding sites differ from the high affinity site for cytochalasin B.", "contents": "The binding sites of cytochalasin D. I. Evidence that they may be peripheral membrane proteins. Binding sites for tritiated cytochalasin D (3H-CD) on the isolated plasma membrane from HEp-2 cells were reversibly inactivated, but not dissociated from the membrane, by dialysis in 0.6 M KCl. Activity was restored by subsequent dialysis in 0.06 M KCl. Treatment with 0.2 mM ATP at low ionic strength also inactivated these sites, apparently irreversibly. Extraction of the membrane with 6% Triton X-100 removed 75% of its protein, resulting in a two-fold increase in specific binding activity for 3H-CD. Both high and low affinity binding sites were retained by the detergent-extracted membrane; at least 60% of the high affinity sites were resistant to this treatment. Evidence is presented for the attachment to the HEp-2 plasma membrane of both actin and myosin. The results support the tentative conclusion that plasma membrane binding sites for 3H-CD are peripheral proteins on the cytoplasmic face of the membrane. They are consistent with the hypothesis that myosin may be the location of the high affinity binding site and actomyosin may be the low affinity site. Comparison of these observations with those reported for the congeneric drug, cytochalasin B, suggests that CD binding sites differ from the high affinity site for cytochalasin B."}
{"id": "PMID:863968", "title": "Ultrasonic prediction of graft failure.", "content": "Forty-six femoro-popliteal by-pass grafts have been followed by serial measurements of the pressure indices in the pedal vessels. By this simple ultrasonic technique it has been possible to predict failure in eleven grafts and effect correction in eight. It is suggested that this represents a valuable method of detecting early remediable lesions and improving long term graft patency and limb survival.", "contents": "Ultrasonic prediction of graft failure. Forty-six femoro-popliteal by-pass grafts have been followed by serial measurements of the pressure indices in the pedal vessels. By this simple ultrasonic technique it has been possible to predict failure in eleven grafts and effect correction in eight. It is suggested that this represents a valuable method of detecting early remediable lesions and improving long term graft patency and limb survival."}
{"id": "PMID:863973", "title": "The binding sites of cytochalasin D. II. Their relationship to hexose transport and to cytochalasin B.", "content": "Cytochalasin B (CB) was able to compete with tritiated cytochalasin D (3H-CD) for binding sites in HEp-2 cells. The pattern of inhibition suggested that CB associates with a low affinity class of CD binding sites. Glucose and maltose did not inhibit binding of 3H-CD to isolated HEp-2 plasma membrane. Inhibition of hexose transport by CD was negligible, but CD did not block the potent inhibition of this transport by CB. These results indicate that CD does not bind to the high affinity CB receptor reportedly associated with the hexose transport system, and that this receptor cannot mediate the morphological effects of CD. Both CD and CB induced contraction-zeoisis in HEp-2 cells; CB was less potent than CD, and their effects appeared to be additive. It was concluded that the high affinity binding sites for CD and CB are different, but that these congeners share a low affinity site. Both high and low affinity sites for CD appear to mediate its morphological effects; only the low affinity class appears to be involved for CB. Possible identification of the common low affinity binding site as actomyosin (detailed in Tannenbaum et al., '77) is further discussed.", "contents": "The binding sites of cytochalasin D. II. Their relationship to hexose transport and to cytochalasin B. Cytochalasin B (CB) was able to compete with tritiated cytochalasin D (3H-CD) for binding sites in HEp-2 cells. The pattern of inhibition suggested that CB associates with a low affinity class of CD binding sites. Glucose and maltose did not inhibit binding of 3H-CD to isolated HEp-2 plasma membrane. Inhibition of hexose transport by CD was negligible, but CD did not block the potent inhibition of this transport by CB. These results indicate that CD does not bind to the high affinity CB receptor reportedly associated with the hexose transport system, and that this receptor cannot mediate the morphological effects of CD. Both CD and CB induced contraction-zeoisis in HEp-2 cells; CB was less potent than CD, and their effects appeared to be additive. It was concluded that the high affinity binding sites for CD and CB are different, but that these congeners share a low affinity site. Both high and low affinity sites for CD appear to mediate its morphological effects; only the low affinity class appears to be involved for CB. Possible identification of the common low affinity binding site as actomyosin (detailed in Tannenbaum et al., '77) is further discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:863964", "title": "Surgical versus medical treatment of renal artery embolism.", "content": "Seventy four case reports of acute renal arterial embolism were analyzed, to compare operative and non-operative management of this disease regarding survival and kidney salvage. The mortality was the same (25%), whatever the treatment. Surgery allows a much higher kidney salvage rate, especially whenever an embolus obstructs the main renal artery. Thus, apart from critically ill patients or segmental renal embolism, treatment should be surgical, irrespective of the time elapsed since onset. A short medical preparation will precede the operation.", "contents": "Surgical versus medical treatment of renal artery embolism. Seventy four case reports of acute renal arterial embolism were analyzed, to compare operative and non-operative management of this disease regarding survival and kidney salvage. The mortality was the same (25%), whatever the treatment. Surgery allows a much higher kidney salvage rate, especially whenever an embolus obstructs the main renal artery. Thus, apart from critically ill patients or segmental renal embolism, treatment should be surgical, irrespective of the time elapsed since onset. A short medical preparation will precede the operation."}
{"id": "PMID:863974", "title": "The effect of elevated potassium on the time course of neuron survival in cultures of dissociated dorsal root ganglia.", "content": "The effect of potassium (K+) on the time course of neuron survival has been investigated by counting neurons over a 24-day period in live cultures of dissociated dorsal root ganglia from embryonic chick, fetal and newborn mouse, and fetal human material. In both normal K (6 mM) and in elevated K (20 mM mouse and human, 40 mM chick) there was initially a rapid exponential decrease in neuron survival. However, the magnitude of this decrease was less in the elevated K. In normal K neuron number decreased monotonically; the rate of degeneration itself decreased with time so that after 24 days neuron survival became relatively constant. In contrast, in elevated K the neuron number actually increased over a limited time interval before attaining a stable long-term value much greater than that in normal K. Thus, elevated K enhanced long-term survival by causing a lower rate of degeneration and also by causing an increase in neuron number during a limited period of the time in culture. From these observations and other evidence, it is argued that K can substitute to some extent for the trophic action normally exerted by the peripheral field of innervation of the DRG. It is further argued that K acts through its depolarizing effect on the membrane potential and that modification of intracellular ionic concentrations seems less likely to be involved.", "contents": "The effect of elevated potassium on the time course of neuron survival in cultures of dissociated dorsal root ganglia. The effect of potassium (K+) on the time course of neuron survival has been investigated by counting neurons over a 24-day period in live cultures of dissociated dorsal root ganglia from embryonic chick, fetal and newborn mouse, and fetal human material. In both normal K (6 mM) and in elevated K (20 mM mouse and human, 40 mM chick) there was initially a rapid exponential decrease in neuron survival. However, the magnitude of this decrease was less in the elevated K. In normal K neuron number decreased monotonically; the rate of degeneration itself decreased with time so that after 24 days neuron survival became relatively constant. In contrast, in elevated K the neuron number actually increased over a limited time interval before attaining a stable long-term value much greater than that in normal K. Thus, elevated K enhanced long-term survival by causing a lower rate of degeneration and also by causing an increase in neuron number during a limited period of the time in culture. From these observations and other evidence, it is argued that K can substitute to some extent for the trophic action normally exerted by the peripheral field of innervation of the DRG. It is further argued that K acts through its depolarizing effect on the membrane potential and that modification of intracellular ionic concentrations seems less likely to be involved."}
{"id": "PMID:863969", "title": "Congenital anomalies of the iliofemoral artery.", "content": "In consequence of six cases of congenital anomalies in the area of the external iliac and femoral arteries, the embryological literature of this subject was studied. The complaints of these patients are described and some variations of the persisting sciatic artery are demonstrated. Operative treatment by means of reconstruction of the blood vessels was possible in all cases. The conclusion is that congenital anomalies in the area of the ilio-femoral artery are rare and that they may occur in different degrees. The pattern of complaints depend on the degree in which the embryonic construction has remained the same in the full-grown situation.", "contents": "Congenital anomalies of the iliofemoral artery. In consequence of six cases of congenital anomalies in the area of the external iliac and femoral arteries, the embryological literature of this subject was studied. The complaints of these patients are described and some variations of the persisting sciatic artery are demonstrated. Operative treatment by means of reconstruction of the blood vessels was possible in all cases. The conclusion is that congenital anomalies in the area of the ilio-femoral artery are rare and that they may occur in different degrees. The pattern of complaints depend on the degree in which the embryonic construction has remained the same in the full-grown situation."}
{"id": "PMID:863967", "title": "Axillary-to-contralateral brachial artery by-pass in the treatment of arm ischaemia.", "content": "Axillary-to-contralateral brachial artery by-pass was applied in two female patients affected by unilateral obstructive lesion of the subclavian artery with significant symptoms of arm ischemia. The result, at 10 and 12 months of follow-up, is good. The technique and its advantages are shortly outlined.", "contents": "Axillary-to-contralateral brachial artery by-pass in the treatment of arm ischaemia. Axillary-to-contralateral brachial artery by-pass was applied in two female patients affected by unilateral obstructive lesion of the subclavian artery with significant symptoms of arm ischemia. The result, at 10 and 12 months of follow-up, is good. The technique and its advantages are shortly outlined."}
{"id": "PMID:863966", "title": "Common carotid artery stenosis due to subintimal hematoma following blunt trauma to the neck. Report of a case.", "content": "A case of cerebral ischemia secondary to carotid artery stenosis produced by a subintimal hematoma following blunt trauma to the neck is presented. A carotid endarterectomy with removal of the thrombus and intima was performed with satisfactory recovery of the patient. The various mechanisms involved in producing such stenoses and occlusions are reviewed.", "contents": "Common carotid artery stenosis due to subintimal hematoma following blunt trauma to the neck. Report of a case. A case of cerebral ischemia secondary to carotid artery stenosis produced by a subintimal hematoma following blunt trauma to the neck is presented. A carotid endarterectomy with removal of the thrombus and intima was performed with satisfactory recovery of the patient. The various mechanisms involved in producing such stenoses and occlusions are reviewed."}
{"id": "PMID:863971", "title": "A safety maneuver for closure of patent ductus arteriosus.", "content": "To avoid the risk of cut-thru during ligation or division of a patent ductus arteriosus, a simple maneuver is described to lower the pressure in the aorta and pulmonary artery by manual compression just before clamping or ligating the ductus. To gain sufficient length of the ductus for triple ligation, a technic is described utilizing the adventitia on the aortic end to prevent the linen tape or the silk ligature from slipping on the ductus.", "contents": "A safety maneuver for closure of patent ductus arteriosus. To avoid the risk of cut-thru during ligation or division of a patent ductus arteriosus, a simple maneuver is described to lower the pressure in the aorta and pulmonary artery by manual compression just before clamping or ligating the ductus. To gain sufficient length of the ductus for triple ligation, a technic is described utilizing the adventitia on the aortic end to prevent the linen tape or the silk ligature from slipping on the ductus."}
{"id": "PMID:863970", "title": "Plasma levels of glucose and insulin during deep hypothermia with varying degrees of hemodilution in dogs.", "content": "The variations of plasma glucose and insulin levels were studied during the course of deep hypothermia with cardiocirculatory arrest of 60 minutes in 3 experimental groups of dogs using a pump mixture of homologous blood and Ringer's lactate solution at 33%, 50%, and 100% hemodilution. Insulin levels decreased in all groups during the cooling period and remained stable throughout the rest of the experiments, showing a slight significant increase only at the end of rewarming after a temperature of 30 degrees C was reached. Glucose levels reacted similarly except during rewarming, where an important increase in glucose concentration greatly preceded the rise in insulin. We stress the importance of this dissociation in view of the possible clinical implications that may exist.", "contents": "Plasma levels of glucose and insulin during deep hypothermia with varying degrees of hemodilution in dogs. The variations of plasma glucose and insulin levels were studied during the course of deep hypothermia with cardiocirculatory arrest of 60 minutes in 3 experimental groups of dogs using a pump mixture of homologous blood and Ringer's lactate solution at 33%, 50%, and 100% hemodilution. Insulin levels decreased in all groups during the cooling period and remained stable throughout the rest of the experiments, showing a slight significant increase only at the end of rewarming after a temperature of 30 degrees C was reached. Glucose levels reacted similarly except during rewarming, where an important increase in glucose concentration greatly preceded the rise in insulin. We stress the importance of this dissociation in view of the possible clinical implications that may exist."}
{"id": "PMID:863980", "title": "Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry of metabolites in hemodialysis fluid.", "content": "An analytical method has been developed for the separation and identification of several metabolites in used hemodialysis fluid obtained during the treatment of a uremic patient on the artificial kidney. The procedure involves ion exchange, evaporation, and trimethylsilylation; the dervatized components were studied by combined gas chromatography--mass spectrometry. Twelve compounds were satisfactorily resolved; six were conclusively identified from mass spectral data. The identified components include phosphoric acid, glucopyranurono-(6 leads to 1)-lactone, citric acid, D-gluconic acid-beta-lactone, alpha-D-glucose, and beta-D-glucose. A seventh component was tentatively identified as mannonic acid.", "contents": "Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry of metabolites in hemodialysis fluid. An analytical method has been developed for the separation and identification of several metabolites in used hemodialysis fluid obtained during the treatment of a uremic patient on the artificial kidney. The procedure involves ion exchange, evaporation, and trimethylsilylation; the dervatized components were studied by combined gas chromatography--mass spectrometry. Twelve compounds were satisfactorily resolved; six were conclusively identified from mass spectral data. The identified components include phosphoric acid, glucopyranurono-(6 leads to 1)-lactone, citric acid, D-gluconic acid-beta-lactone, alpha-D-glucose, and beta-D-glucose. A seventh component was tentatively identified as mannonic acid."}
{"id": "PMID:863981", "title": "[Determination of free cortisol in urine by high-pressure liquid chromatography (author's transl)].", "content": "The possibilities were examined for the high-pressure liquid chromatographic analysis of cortisol with methods of adsorption, distribution and reversed-phase chromatography. Free cortisol in urine can be determined by extraction with choloroform and subsequent adsorption chromatography on silica gel with a mobile phase consisting of 1.5% methanol and 0.2% water in chloroform. The time needed for this chromatographic analysis is 10--15 min; the limit of determination is 3 ng of cortisol for one injection.", "contents": "[Determination of free cortisol in urine by high-pressure liquid chromatography (author's transl)]. The possibilities were examined for the high-pressure liquid chromatographic analysis of cortisol with methods of adsorption, distribution and reversed-phase chromatography. Free cortisol in urine can be determined by extraction with choloroform and subsequent adsorption chromatography on silica gel with a mobile phase consisting of 1.5% methanol and 0.2% water in chloroform. The time needed for this chromatographic analysis is 10--15 min; the limit of determination is 3 ng of cortisol for one injection."}
{"id": "PMID:863982", "title": "Improved method for the analysis of estrogenic steroids in pregnancy urine by high-performance liquid chromatography.", "content": "The use of microparticulate packing materials and large injection volumes gives significant improvements in the analysis of complex samples, such as urine extracts by high-performance liquid chromatography. Lower detection limits and improved accuracy can now be attained. In addition, the combined use of adsorption and reversed-phase chromatography leads to reduced uncertainty in peak identification and gives more reliable quantification.", "contents": "Improved method for the analysis of estrogenic steroids in pregnancy urine by high-performance liquid chromatography. The use of microparticulate packing materials and large injection volumes gives significant improvements in the analysis of complex samples, such as urine extracts by high-performance liquid chromatography. Lower detection limits and improved accuracy can now be attained. In addition, the combined use of adsorption and reversed-phase chromatography leads to reduced uncertainty in peak identification and gives more reliable quantification."}
{"id": "PMID:863983", "title": "Analysis of prednisolone in plasma by high-performance liquid chromatography.", "content": "A sensitive, specific high-performance liquid chromatographic procedure for the determination of prednisolone in plasma is described. The organic solvent extract from plasma is chromatographed on a silica gel column using a mobile phase of 0.2% glacial acetic acid, 6% ethanol, 30% methylene chloride in n-hexane on a high-performance liquid chromatograph fitted with an ultraviolet dector (254 nm). Quantitation of plasma samples containing 25 ng/ml prednisolone is reported. Metabolites and endogenous hydrocortisone do not interfere with prednisolone. The determination of prednisolone concentration in plasma following administration of a 10-mg single oral dose to a human subject is described.", "contents": "Analysis of prednisolone in plasma by high-performance liquid chromatography. A sensitive, specific high-performance liquid chromatographic procedure for the determination of prednisolone in plasma is described. The organic solvent extract from plasma is chromatographed on a silica gel column using a mobile phase of 0.2% glacial acetic acid, 6% ethanol, 30% methylene chloride in n-hexane on a high-performance liquid chromatograph fitted with an ultraviolet dector (254 nm). Quantitation of plasma samples containing 25 ng/ml prednisolone is reported. Metabolites and endogenous hydrocortisone do not interfere with prednisolone. The determination of prednisolone concentration in plasma following administration of a 10-mg single oral dose to a human subject is described."}
{"id": "PMID:863984", "title": "The use of high-performance liquid chromatography for sample clean-up in mass fragmentographic assays.", "content": "A novel high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) sample clean-up procedure for use in mass fragmentographic assays of (sub)-nanogram amounts of drugs in human plasma is described and compared with a conventional extraction sequence for sample purificaiton. With the assay of the new antidepressant drug mianserin hydrochloride (Org GB 94) as an example, the HPLC procedure is discussed with respect to retention time, recovery, purification, colum deterioration and convenience. It is demonstrated that HPLC sample clean-up is a useful and time-saving procedure for routine clinical analyses.", "contents": "The use of high-performance liquid chromatography for sample clean-up in mass fragmentographic assays. A novel high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) sample clean-up procedure for use in mass fragmentographic assays of (sub)-nanogram amounts of drugs in human plasma is described and compared with a conventional extraction sequence for sample purificaiton. With the assay of the new antidepressant drug mianserin hydrochloride (Org GB 94) as an example, the HPLC procedure is discussed with respect to retention time, recovery, purification, colum deterioration and convenience. It is demonstrated that HPLC sample clean-up is a useful and time-saving procedure for routine clinical analyses."}
{"id": "PMID:863985", "title": "Mass fragmentographic assay of nanogram amounts of the antidepressant drug mianserin hydrochloride (Org GB 94) in human plasma.", "content": "For the assay of the antidepressant compound mianserin hydrochloride (Org GB 94) in human plasma, a mass fragmentographic method, using the deuterated analogue as internal standard and a high-performance liquid chromatographie sample clean-up procedure has been developed. The assay specifications obtained are a lower limit for reliable measurements of 1 ng/ml, and accuracy of ca. 0.01 ng/ml, a precision of 6--7% and a capacity of about 60 samples per day. The applicability of the assay method is illustrated by measurements of single-dose and steady-state plasma levels in clinical experiments, demonstrating the possibility of monitoring plasma levels during at least 24 h after a single dose of 15 mg of Org GB 94. The mean steady-state plasma levels after a daily dose of 3 X 20 mg of Org GB 94 appeared to be remarkably constant with time: 38, 36 and 34 ng/ml after 2, 4, and 6 weeks of treatment of 18 depressed patients.", "contents": "Mass fragmentographic assay of nanogram amounts of the antidepressant drug mianserin hydrochloride (Org GB 94) in human plasma. For the assay of the antidepressant compound mianserin hydrochloride (Org GB 94) in human plasma, a mass fragmentographic method, using the deuterated analogue as internal standard and a high-performance liquid chromatographie sample clean-up procedure has been developed. The assay specifications obtained are a lower limit for reliable measurements of 1 ng/ml, and accuracy of ca. 0.01 ng/ml, a precision of 6--7% and a capacity of about 60 samples per day. The applicability of the assay method is illustrated by measurements of single-dose and steady-state plasma levels in clinical experiments, demonstrating the possibility of monitoring plasma levels during at least 24 h after a single dose of 15 mg of Org GB 94. The mean steady-state plasma levels after a daily dose of 3 X 20 mg of Org GB 94 appeared to be remarkably constant with time: 38, 36 and 34 ng/ml after 2, 4, and 6 weeks of treatment of 18 depressed patients."}
{"id": "PMID:863987", "title": "Quantitative thin-layer chromatographic method for the determination of procainamide and its major metabolite in plasma.", "content": "A sensitive and accurate spectrodensitometric method was developed for the determination of procainamide and its major metabolite, N-acetylprocainamide, in plasma. The method involves extraction into organic solvent at alkine pH, separation by thin-layer chromatography and direct measurement of the absorbance of the compounds on the plate at 275 nm. Quantities as low as 10 ng could be measured and a linear relationship was obtained between peak areas and amounts of the compounds in the spots from 10 to 200 ng. The recovery of both drugs from plasma was from 95.4 to 104.8%. The method is sensitive and specific, and procainamide was well separated from N-acetylprocainamide at all investigated concentrations. The method is recommended for clinical assays and pharmacokinetics studies.", "contents": "Quantitative thin-layer chromatographic method for the determination of procainamide and its major metabolite in plasma. A sensitive and accurate spectrodensitometric method was developed for the determination of procainamide and its major metabolite, N-acetylprocainamide, in plasma. The method involves extraction into organic solvent at alkine pH, separation by thin-layer chromatography and direct measurement of the absorbance of the compounds on the plate at 275 nm. Quantities as low as 10 ng could be measured and a linear relationship was obtained between peak areas and amounts of the compounds in the spots from 10 to 200 ng. The recovery of both drugs from plasma was from 95.4 to 104.8%. The method is sensitive and specific, and procainamide was well separated from N-acetylprocainamide at all investigated concentrations. The method is recommended for clinical assays and pharmacokinetics studies."}
{"id": "PMID:863990", "title": "The determination of corticoids and related steroid analogs by high-performance liquid chromatography.", "content": "High-performance reverse-phase liquid chromatographic data on 28 corticoids and related steroid analogs, plus methyl and propyl parabens, are presented. Retention values, relative to acetone, are reported for each steroid on Bondapak Phenyl/Corasil, Bondapak C18/Corasil, and micro(micron) Bondapak C18 columns, and methanol/water or acetonitrile/water mobile phases. Ultraviolet detector response data for four of the steroids and calculated efficiencies for the three different reverse-phase columns are given. Chromatograms showing the separations of four steroids plus methyl and propyl parabens obtained on each of the three columns are also presented.", "contents": "The determination of corticoids and related steroid analogs by high-performance liquid chromatography. High-performance reverse-phase liquid chromatographic data on 28 corticoids and related steroid analogs, plus methyl and propyl parabens, are presented. Retention values, relative to acetone, are reported for each steroid on Bondapak Phenyl/Corasil, Bondapak C18/Corasil, and micro(micron) Bondapak C18 columns, and methanol/water or acetonitrile/water mobile phases. Ultraviolet detector response data for four of the steroids and calculated efficiencies for the three different reverse-phase columns are given. Chromatograms showing the separations of four steroids plus methyl and propyl parabens obtained on each of the three columns are also presented."}
{"id": "PMID:863991", "title": "Trace analysis of estradiol in animal chow by electron-capture gas chromatography.", "content": "A gas chromatographic method is described for trace analysis of the natural steroidal hormone estradiol in animal chow at levels as low as 3 ppb. Salient elements of the method include extraction of the estradiol with methanol, an initial clean-up on a column of Sepadex LH-20, liquid-liquid partitioning at pH 14 and 10.2, additional cleanup on a slilica gel column, conversion of the estradiol to the pentafluoropropionly (PFP) derivative and analysis by electron-capture gas chromatography on a column of OV-25. Samples containing less than ppb of estradiol are subjected to further clean-up on silica gel after derivatization and prior to analysis.", "contents": "Trace analysis of estradiol in animal chow by electron-capture gas chromatography. A gas chromatographic method is described for trace analysis of the natural steroidal hormone estradiol in animal chow at levels as low as 3 ppb. Salient elements of the method include extraction of the estradiol with methanol, an initial clean-up on a column of Sepadex LH-20, liquid-liquid partitioning at pH 14 and 10.2, additional cleanup on a slilica gel column, conversion of the estradiol to the pentafluoropropionly (PFP) derivative and analysis by electron-capture gas chromatography on a column of OV-25. Samples containing less than ppb of estradiol are subjected to further clean-up on silica gel after derivatization and prior to analysis."}
{"id": "PMID:863992", "title": "Application of glass capillary columns to monitor petroleum-type hydrocarbons in marine sediments.", "content": "High resolution glass capillary columns coated with SE 52 liquid phase were used to resolve the indigenous hydrocarbons extracted from sediment samples collected from three outer continental shelf areas. The extracts were than spiked with small amounts of aliphatic or aromatic components isolated from a Louisiana crude oil and rechromatographed. The resolution was sufficient to separate almost all the isoprenoid, branched and cyclic alkanes associated with petroleum. Additionally, many of the key petroleum aromatics could also be resolved from naturally occurring organics. Such chromatographic procedures will aid in distinguishing between indigenous hydrocarbons of contemporary origin and those known to be associated with fossil hydrocarbon pollution of marine sediments.", "contents": "Application of glass capillary columns to monitor petroleum-type hydrocarbons in marine sediments. High resolution glass capillary columns coated with SE 52 liquid phase were used to resolve the indigenous hydrocarbons extracted from sediment samples collected from three outer continental shelf areas. The extracts were than spiked with small amounts of aliphatic or aromatic components isolated from a Louisiana crude oil and rechromatographed. The resolution was sufficient to separate almost all the isoprenoid, branched and cyclic alkanes associated with petroleum. Additionally, many of the key petroleum aromatics could also be resolved from naturally occurring organics. Such chromatographic procedures will aid in distinguishing between indigenous hydrocarbons of contemporary origin and those known to be associated with fossil hydrocarbon pollution of marine sediments."}
{"id": "PMID:863993", "title": "Rapid gas chromatographic separation of amino acid enantiomers with a novel chiral stationary phase.", "content": "The use of novel polysiloxanes as stationary phase carrying chiral groups enables the separation of most amino acid enantiomers in a much shorter time than ever reported previously. Phases of this type exhibit very low volatility and high thermal stability and may be used in routine analysis with open tubular columns ant temperatures of at least 175 degrees C. Most protein amino acids are separated in a temperature program between 90 and 175 degrees C, thus obviating the need for multiple injections. Resolution factors are somewhat lower than those of other diamide phases containing the L-valine t-butyl-amide group, but are sufficient for resolution of almost all protein amino acid enantiomers.", "contents": "Rapid gas chromatographic separation of amino acid enantiomers with a novel chiral stationary phase. The use of novel polysiloxanes as stationary phase carrying chiral groups enables the separation of most amino acid enantiomers in a much shorter time than ever reported previously. Phases of this type exhibit very low volatility and high thermal stability and may be used in routine analysis with open tubular columns ant temperatures of at least 175 degrees C. Most protein amino acids are separated in a temperature program between 90 and 175 degrees C, thus obviating the need for multiple injections. Resolution factors are somewhat lower than those of other diamide phases containing the L-valine t-butyl-amide group, but are sufficient for resolution of almost all protein amino acid enantiomers."}
{"id": "PMID:863994", "title": "Application of open-tubular gas-liquid chromatography in an investigation of the stability of pristanic and phytanic acids towards alkaline treatment of their methyl or [-] menthyl esters.", "content": "Comparison between GLC separation of the (--) menthyl and methyl esters of two diastereoisomeric isoprenoid acids of geological interest showed that a 46 m x 0.25 mm ID butanediol succinate column gives effective separation of 2S,6R,10R- and 2R,LR,10R-isomers of (--) menthyl pristanate (2,6,10,14-tetramethylpentadecanoate), but inferior separation of the corresponding methyl ester mixture. With the latter, a small proportion (2%) of 2S,6R,10R-isomer is well resolved from the major 2R,6R,10R-component on a 92 m column. Use of the methyl esters in such analyses thus avoids the cumbersome preparation of the menthyl esters. No epimerization at the 2-methyl carbon of pristanic acid and its methyl or (--) menthyl esters was detected after treatment in 1N aqueous or methanolic NaOH under reflux for 1 hr or at 120 degrees (sealed tube) for 24 hr. Similarly no 3-methyl carbon epimerization was observed inphytanic (3R,7R,11R,15-tetramethylhexadecanoic) acid and its methyl ester after the same treatments.", "contents": "Application of open-tubular gas-liquid chromatography in an investigation of the stability of pristanic and phytanic acids towards alkaline treatment of their methyl or [-] menthyl esters. Comparison between GLC separation of the (--) menthyl and methyl esters of two diastereoisomeric isoprenoid acids of geological interest showed that a 46 m x 0.25 mm ID butanediol succinate column gives effective separation of 2S,6R,10R- and 2R,LR,10R-isomers of (--) menthyl pristanate (2,6,10,14-tetramethylpentadecanoate), but inferior separation of the corresponding methyl ester mixture. With the latter, a small proportion (2%) of 2S,6R,10R-isomer is well resolved from the major 2R,6R,10R-component on a 92 m column. Use of the methyl esters in such analyses thus avoids the cumbersome preparation of the menthyl esters. No epimerization at the 2-methyl carbon of pristanic acid and its methyl or (--) menthyl esters was detected after treatment in 1N aqueous or methanolic NaOH under reflux for 1 hr or at 120 degrees (sealed tube) for 24 hr. Similarly no 3-methyl carbon epimerization was observed inphytanic (3R,7R,11R,15-tetramethylhexadecanoic) acid and its methyl ester after the same treatments."}
{"id": "PMID:863995", "title": "Selective introduction of TMS groups in tryptamines: preparation of N1-TMS derivatives of tryptamines.", "content": "Indolethylamines (tryptamines) with a primary animofunction react with Regisil under controlled conditions to yield a mono TMS derivative. Mass spectrometry to these derivatives shows that the TMS group is substituted on the indolic nitrogen (N1) and not the primary amino nitrogen. This is confirmed by converting these compounds to their isothiocyanate derivatives. The GC and GC-MS data of some typical compounds are presented.", "contents": "Selective introduction of TMS groups in tryptamines: preparation of N1-TMS derivatives of tryptamines. Indolethylamines (tryptamines) with a primary animofunction react with Regisil under controlled conditions to yield a mono TMS derivative. Mass spectrometry to these derivatives shows that the TMS group is substituted on the indolic nitrogen (N1) and not the primary amino nitrogen. This is confirmed by converting these compounds to their isothiocyanate derivatives. The GC and GC-MS data of some typical compounds are presented."}
{"id": "PMID:863998", "title": "Fetal bile salt metabolism. The intestinal absorption of bile salt.", "content": "The intestinal absorption of sodium taurocholate was studied in the near-term fetal and neonatal dog. Absorption rates were measured in vivo in isolated loops of fetal jejunum and ileum. Absorption was also measured in vitro in everted sacs and rings of fetal and neonatal jejunum and ileum. The maximal rates of taurocholate absorption observed after instillation of 1 micronmol taurocholate into closed segments of fetal jejunum and ileum with intact blood supply were not significantly different (P less than 0.2), and equalled 0.282+/-0.026 (mean+/-SEM) and 0.347+/-0.051 micronmol/h per 10-cm segment length jejunum and ileum, respectively. Similarly, the rates of absorption from open segments of jejunum and ileum perfused with 0.4 and 1.0 mM taurocholate were nearly identical (0.232+/-0.040 and 0.255+/-0.039, respectively at 0.4 mM, and 0.470+/-0.065 and 0.431+/-0.013, respectively at 1.0 mm) (P greater than 0.2). At perfusate concentrations of 4.0 mM, moreoever, jejunal absorption exceeded ileal absorption (1.490+/-0.140 and 0.922+/-0.200, respectively (P less than 0.05). As expected, concentration of taurocholate by the mucosa was readily demonstrated in adult ileal, but not in adult jejunal everted rings. In contrast, there were no significant differences in mucosal uptake of taurocholate by fetal jejunal and ileal rings. Fetal ileal mucosal concentrations were not significantly above those in the incubation medium after 1-h exposure of the mucosa to 0.003, 0.03, and 0.3 mM taurocholate. Uptake was proportional to incubation medium concentration over the full range of values. This was also true of tissues from 1-wk-old neonates. However, by 2 wk of age, ileal mucosal concentration of taurocholate was evident and adult levels were attained by 5 wk of age. It is concluded that taurocholate is absorbed by the fetal gut and that ileal absorption is no more efficient than jejunal absorption. Although active glucose transport was demonstrable in both jejunum and ileum, it was not possible to demonstrate an ileal mechanism for active transport of taurocholate in the fetus. Active ileal transport was not demonstrable in the newborn until at least 2 wk after birth.", "contents": "Fetal bile salt metabolism. The intestinal absorption of bile salt. The intestinal absorption of sodium taurocholate was studied in the near-term fetal and neonatal dog. Absorption rates were measured in vivo in isolated loops of fetal jejunum and ileum. Absorption was also measured in vitro in everted sacs and rings of fetal and neonatal jejunum and ileum. The maximal rates of taurocholate absorption observed after instillation of 1 micronmol taurocholate into closed segments of fetal jejunum and ileum with intact blood supply were not significantly different (P less than 0.2), and equalled 0.282+/-0.026 (mean+/-SEM) and 0.347+/-0.051 micronmol/h per 10-cm segment length jejunum and ileum, respectively. Similarly, the rates of absorption from open segments of jejunum and ileum perfused with 0.4 and 1.0 mM taurocholate were nearly identical (0.232+/-0.040 and 0.255+/-0.039, respectively at 0.4 mM, and 0.470+/-0.065 and 0.431+/-0.013, respectively at 1.0 mm) (P greater than 0.2). At perfusate concentrations of 4.0 mM, moreoever, jejunal absorption exceeded ileal absorption (1.490+/-0.140 and 0.922+/-0.200, respectively (P less than 0.05). As expected, concentration of taurocholate by the mucosa was readily demonstrated in adult ileal, but not in adult jejunal everted rings. In contrast, there were no significant differences in mucosal uptake of taurocholate by fetal jejunal and ileal rings. Fetal ileal mucosal concentrations were not significantly above those in the incubation medium after 1-h exposure of the mucosa to 0.003, 0.03, and 0.3 mM taurocholate. Uptake was proportional to incubation medium concentration over the full range of values. This was also true of tissues from 1-wk-old neonates. However, by 2 wk of age, ileal mucosal concentration of taurocholate was evident and adult levels were attained by 5 wk of age. It is concluded that taurocholate is absorbed by the fetal gut and that ileal absorption is no more efficient than jejunal absorption. Although active glucose transport was demonstrable in both jejunum and ileum, it was not possible to demonstrate an ileal mechanism for active transport of taurocholate in the fetus. Active ileal transport was not demonstrable in the newborn until at least 2 wk after birth."}
{"id": "PMID:863999", "title": "Effect of chemotherapy and immunotherapy on tumor-specific immunity in melanoma.", "content": "The effects of chemotherapy, with nitrosoureas or dimethyl-triazeno-imidazole-carboxamide (DTIC), or immunotherapy with Bacillus Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin (BCG), on cell-mediated immunity (CMI), and serum blocking factor (BF) to melanoma cells were studied in 23 patients. Studies were performed with autologous or allogenic melanoma target cells obtained from recent biopsy, in 16 mm diameter plastic wells. Assays for lymphocyte-mediated cytotoxicity and BF were performed at weekly intervals over the course of 3-4 mo, with some studies extending beyond 3 yr. The specificity of cytotoxicity was good with these methods. Nine patients given nitrosoureas, predominantly methyl-chloroethyl-cyclohexyl-nitrosourea, showed a transient decline in CMI from 42.2 to 14% 3 wk after administration of a single dose of the agent, with a rapid recovery within 1 week. 10 patients given 5-day courses of DTIC at 3-wk intervals showed no decline in CMI after two courses, and 7 of the 10 had no decline even after three courses. Three of the four patients who achieved a remission lost BF previously present: BF reappeared in both patients studied during a subsequent relapse. BCG intradermally or intralesionally elevated CMI within 2 mo after initiation of therapy, but despite continuation of the injections CMI returned to base line in all but two of the nine patients studied. These results indicate that chemotherapy for melanoma with nitrosoureas or DTIC at these schedules is not profoundly immunosuppressive towards tumor-specific immunity, as measured by our procedures. Putative immunotherapy with BCG at these schedules was likewise only transiently stimulatory.", "contents": "Effect of chemotherapy and immunotherapy on tumor-specific immunity in melanoma. The effects of chemotherapy, with nitrosoureas or dimethyl-triazeno-imidazole-carboxamide (DTIC), or immunotherapy with Bacillus Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin (BCG), on cell-mediated immunity (CMI), and serum blocking factor (BF) to melanoma cells were studied in 23 patients. Studies were performed with autologous or allogenic melanoma target cells obtained from recent biopsy, in 16 mm diameter plastic wells. Assays for lymphocyte-mediated cytotoxicity and BF were performed at weekly intervals over the course of 3-4 mo, with some studies extending beyond 3 yr. The specificity of cytotoxicity was good with these methods. Nine patients given nitrosoureas, predominantly methyl-chloroethyl-cyclohexyl-nitrosourea, showed a transient decline in CMI from 42.2 to 14% 3 wk after administration of a single dose of the agent, with a rapid recovery within 1 week. 10 patients given 5-day courses of DTIC at 3-wk intervals showed no decline in CMI after two courses, and 7 of the 10 had no decline even after three courses. Three of the four patients who achieved a remission lost BF previously present: BF reappeared in both patients studied during a subsequent relapse. BCG intradermally or intralesionally elevated CMI within 2 mo after initiation of therapy, but despite continuation of the injections CMI returned to base line in all but two of the nine patients studied. These results indicate that chemotherapy for melanoma with nitrosoureas or DTIC at these schedules is not profoundly immunosuppressive towards tumor-specific immunity, as measured by our procedures. Putative immunotherapy with BCG at these schedules was likewise only transiently stimulatory."}
{"id": "PMID:864000", "title": "The effects of anoxia on the morphology and composite metabolism of the intact aortic intima-media preparation.", "content": "Paired samples of an intact rabbit aortic intima-media preparation were incubated for short periods under aerobic or anoxic conditions in Krebsbicarbonate buffer containing 6% albumin and 5 mM glucose. During aerobic incubation for as long as 1 h the preparation retained an electron microscopic (EM) appearance similar to that of tissue fixed in situ, and scanning EM confirmed the presence of an uninterrupted endothelial surface. After 2.5 min of anoxia there was widespread endothelial swelling, but the alterations in the EM appearance of these cells were not striking and did not progress during a subsequent 30 min aerobic incubation in fresh medium. After 10 min of anoxia there were marked and widespread alterations in endothelial cell structure, including loss of cell integrity, and numerous discrete interruptions in the endothelium were consistently observed on both transmission and scanning EM. After a subsequent 30 min aerobic incubation in fresh buffer, a major fraction of the luminal surface was denuded of endothelium. The aortic vascular smooth muscle cells did not exhibit evidence of irreversible anoxic injury after 2.5 or 10 min of anoxia or after subsequent aerobic incubation for 30 min. Exposure to anoxia for 10 min induced persistent alterations in the composite metabolism of the preparation during subsequent aerobic incubation in fresh medium; O(2) uptake was reduced, and the fraction of the glucose uptake that was accounted for by lactate production increased approximately 100%. The observations suggest that aortic endothelial cells are dependent upon respiration for the preservation of normal ultrastructure and cell integrity, and probably derive the major fraction of their energy requirements from reactions linked to respiration. Under the conditions employed in these experiments, short periods of anoxia did not induce EM evidence of irreversible anoxic injury in aortic vascular smooth muscle cells; this negative result is not incompatible with other data suggesting that these cells normally derive the major fraction of their energy requirements from respiration. Aortic intima-media does not exhibit a high rate of aerobic glycolysis under aerobic conditions which preserve a normal EM appearance of the preparation, but this pattern of metabolism can be induced by prior anoxic exposure.", "contents": "The effects of anoxia on the morphology and composite metabolism of the intact aortic intima-media preparation. Paired samples of an intact rabbit aortic intima-media preparation were incubated for short periods under aerobic or anoxic conditions in Krebsbicarbonate buffer containing 6% albumin and 5 mM glucose. During aerobic incubation for as long as 1 h the preparation retained an electron microscopic (EM) appearance similar to that of tissue fixed in situ, and scanning EM confirmed the presence of an uninterrupted endothelial surface. After 2.5 min of anoxia there was widespread endothelial swelling, but the alterations in the EM appearance of these cells were not striking and did not progress during a subsequent 30 min aerobic incubation in fresh medium. After 10 min of anoxia there were marked and widespread alterations in endothelial cell structure, including loss of cell integrity, and numerous discrete interruptions in the endothelium were consistently observed on both transmission and scanning EM. After a subsequent 30 min aerobic incubation in fresh buffer, a major fraction of the luminal surface was denuded of endothelium. The aortic vascular smooth muscle cells did not exhibit evidence of irreversible anoxic injury after 2.5 or 10 min of anoxia or after subsequent aerobic incubation for 30 min. Exposure to anoxia for 10 min induced persistent alterations in the composite metabolism of the preparation during subsequent aerobic incubation in fresh medium; O(2) uptake was reduced, and the fraction of the glucose uptake that was accounted for by lactate production increased approximately 100%. The observations suggest that aortic endothelial cells are dependent upon respiration for the preservation of normal ultrastructure and cell integrity, and probably derive the major fraction of their energy requirements from reactions linked to respiration. Under the conditions employed in these experiments, short periods of anoxia did not induce EM evidence of irreversible anoxic injury in aortic vascular smooth muscle cells; this negative result is not incompatible with other data suggesting that these cells normally derive the major fraction of their energy requirements from respiration. Aortic intima-media does not exhibit a high rate of aerobic glycolysis under aerobic conditions which preserve a normal EM appearance of the preparation, but this pattern of metabolism can be induced by prior anoxic exposure."}
{"id": "PMID:864001", "title": "Placental diffusing capacities at varied carbon monoxide tensions.", "content": "To test the hypothesis that carbon monoxide transfer across the placenta is, in part, a facilitated process, we have looked for evidence of saturation kinetics for carbon monoxide. In eight pregnant ewes, fetal to maternal carbon monoxide transfer was examined in a preparation in which the fetal side of the placenta was perfused with blood. The carboxyhemoglobin concentrations on the fetal side of the placenta were varied from 4.8 to 70% in 23 measurements. At increased carbon monoxide tensions, the transfer from fetus to mother always decreased. The slope of log rate of carbon monoxide transfer vs. log partial pressure gradient across the placenta was significantly different from 1. Placental membrane diffusing capacity was calculated separately from total placental diffusing capacity which includes hemoglobin reaction rates and erythrocyte membrane diffusion. Placental membrane diffusing capacity decreased at increased carbon monoxide tensions. Placental permeability for urea did not change with increasing carbon monoxide tensions. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that carbon monoxide diffusion in the placenta is, in part, carrier mediated.", "contents": "Placental diffusing capacities at varied carbon monoxide tensions. To test the hypothesis that carbon monoxide transfer across the placenta is, in part, a facilitated process, we have looked for evidence of saturation kinetics for carbon monoxide. In eight pregnant ewes, fetal to maternal carbon monoxide transfer was examined in a preparation in which the fetal side of the placenta was perfused with blood. The carboxyhemoglobin concentrations on the fetal side of the placenta were varied from 4.8 to 70% in 23 measurements. At increased carbon monoxide tensions, the transfer from fetus to mother always decreased. The slope of log rate of carbon monoxide transfer vs. log partial pressure gradient across the placenta was significantly different from 1. Placental membrane diffusing capacity was calculated separately from total placental diffusing capacity which includes hemoglobin reaction rates and erythrocyte membrane diffusion. Placental membrane diffusing capacity decreased at increased carbon monoxide tensions. Placental permeability for urea did not change with increasing carbon monoxide tensions. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that carbon monoxide diffusion in the placenta is, in part, carrier mediated."}
{"id": "PMID:864002", "title": "Effects of acute bilateral ureteral obstruction on deep nephron and terminal collecting duct function in the young rat.", "content": "The effects of acute bilateral ureteral obstruction (BUO) of 18-h duration on deep nephron and collecting duct function were studied by micropuncture in 11 weanling rats. After release of BUO glomerular filtration rate was reduced (178+/-15 vs. 1,343+/-119 mul/min per g kidney weight in shams), while urine flow was increased averaging 17.5+/-1.3 vs. 6.8+/-0.72 mul/min per g kidney weight in controls. There was a marked increase in the absolute and fractional excretion of Na. Single nephron glomerular filtration rate of deep nephrons was reduced in the BUO group, mean 19.4+/-3.5 vs. 77.0+/-7.7 nl/min per g kidney weight in shams. Single nephron glomerular filtration rate of superficial nephrons fell to the same extent after relief of BUO. Mean tubular fluid to plasma inulin ratio of fluid from Henle's loop was 2.46+/-0.20 after relief of BUO vs. 8.23+/-0.85 in shams. This suggested a reduction in the reabsorption of Na and water before the bend of the loop of Henle, most likely in both the proximal tubule and descending limb. Fluid osmolality was depressed due to a decline in both Na and nonelectrolyte solute content. After release of BUO the percentage of filtered water remaining in the collecting duct (CD) at the base of the papilla was greater than in controls (13.3+/-2.0 and 1.72+/-0.01%, respectively) but fell significantly by the tip of the papilla to 7.92+/-1.12 vs. 1.17+/-0.02% in controls. These results indicate that water was reabsorbed along the terminal CD after relief of ureteral obstruction. In fact, a greater fraction was reabsorbed in this segment after release of BUO (5.37+/-1.58%) than after sham operation (0.55+/-0.15%). Similar changes were seen in Na excretion. Thus alterations in deep nephron function appear to contribute to the natriuresis and diuresis which follow release of BUO while terminal CD function in this model appears intact.", "contents": "Effects of acute bilateral ureteral obstruction on deep nephron and terminal collecting duct function in the young rat. The effects of acute bilateral ureteral obstruction (BUO) of 18-h duration on deep nephron and collecting duct function were studied by micropuncture in 11 weanling rats. After release of BUO glomerular filtration rate was reduced (178+/-15 vs. 1,343+/-119 mul/min per g kidney weight in shams), while urine flow was increased averaging 17.5+/-1.3 vs. 6.8+/-0.72 mul/min per g kidney weight in controls. There was a marked increase in the absolute and fractional excretion of Na. Single nephron glomerular filtration rate of deep nephrons was reduced in the BUO group, mean 19.4+/-3.5 vs. 77.0+/-7.7 nl/min per g kidney weight in shams. Single nephron glomerular filtration rate of superficial nephrons fell to the same extent after relief of BUO. Mean tubular fluid to plasma inulin ratio of fluid from Henle's loop was 2.46+/-0.20 after relief of BUO vs. 8.23+/-0.85 in shams. This suggested a reduction in the reabsorption of Na and water before the bend of the loop of Henle, most likely in both the proximal tubule and descending limb. Fluid osmolality was depressed due to a decline in both Na and nonelectrolyte solute content. After release of BUO the percentage of filtered water remaining in the collecting duct (CD) at the base of the papilla was greater than in controls (13.3+/-2.0 and 1.72+/-0.01%, respectively) but fell significantly by the tip of the papilla to 7.92+/-1.12 vs. 1.17+/-0.02% in controls. These results indicate that water was reabsorbed along the terminal CD after relief of ureteral obstruction. In fact, a greater fraction was reabsorbed in this segment after release of BUO (5.37+/-1.58%) than after sham operation (0.55+/-0.15%). Similar changes were seen in Na excretion. Thus alterations in deep nephron function appear to contribute to the natriuresis and diuresis which follow release of BUO while terminal CD function in this model appears intact."}
{"id": "PMID:864003", "title": "Androgenic hormones modulate autoantibody responses and improve survival in murine lupus.", "content": "Antibodies to native DNA and to polyadenylic acid (Poly A) occur spontaneously and undergo a regulated switch from IgM to IgG during the course of autoimmune disease in NZB/NZW F(1) (B/W) mice. B/W females have higher titers and earlier commitment to 7S antibodies to DNA and Poly A, whereas B/W males bind DNA and Poly A primarily by 19S antibodies. We have performed castration experiments to determine the effects of sex hormones on this switch from IgM to IgG.NZB/NZW F(1) (B/W) mice were either castrated or subjected to sham surgery at 2 wk of age and studied for immunoglobulin class of antibodies to nucleic acids at 4, 6, and 7 mo post-surgery. Prepubertal castration of males caused premature death in 60% of mice. Castrated males had a significant decline in their serum testosterone concentration, an increase in DNA and Poly A binding, and an accelerated switch from 19S to 7S antibodies to nucleic acids. Castrated females had no change in mortality. However, castrated females given maintained androgen treatment had a decreased mortality compared to castrated females receiving estrogen (14 vs. 94%). The anticipated switch to 7S antibodies to Poly A was almost eliminated in castrated females. These results suggest that sex hormones modulate immunologic regulation and that androgenic hormones are protective in murine lupus.", "contents": "Androgenic hormones modulate autoantibody responses and improve survival in murine lupus. Antibodies to native DNA and to polyadenylic acid (Poly A) occur spontaneously and undergo a regulated switch from IgM to IgG during the course of autoimmune disease in NZB/NZW F(1) (B/W) mice. B/W females have higher titers and earlier commitment to 7S antibodies to DNA and Poly A, whereas B/W males bind DNA and Poly A primarily by 19S antibodies. We have performed castration experiments to determine the effects of sex hormones on this switch from IgM to IgG.NZB/NZW F(1) (B/W) mice were either castrated or subjected to sham surgery at 2 wk of age and studied for immunoglobulin class of antibodies to nucleic acids at 4, 6, and 7 mo post-surgery. Prepubertal castration of males caused premature death in 60% of mice. Castrated males had a significant decline in their serum testosterone concentration, an increase in DNA and Poly A binding, and an accelerated switch from 19S to 7S antibodies to nucleic acids. Castrated females had no change in mortality. However, castrated females given maintained androgen treatment had a decreased mortality compared to castrated females receiving estrogen (14 vs. 94%). The anticipated switch to 7S antibodies to Poly A was almost eliminated in castrated females. These results suggest that sex hormones modulate immunologic regulation and that androgenic hormones are protective in murine lupus."}
{"id": "PMID:864004", "title": "Inhibition of sodium transport by prostaglandin E2 across the isolated, perfused rabbit collecting tubule.", "content": "This study was designed to examine whether prostaglandin E2 can directly affect sodium transport across isolated perfused rabbit renal collecting tubules. Changes in transepithelial potential and isotopic sodium fluxes in response to peritubular prostaglandin E2 were measured. In addition, changes in transepithelial potential of the outer medullary collecting tubule in response to prostaglandin E2 were also measured. With few exceptions, all rabbits received 5 mg/day desoxycorticosterone acetate for 4-11 days before experimentation. The results of the experiments show that: (a) prostaglandin E2 inhibits the negative transepithelial potential in the cortical collecting tubule as well as the outer medullary collecting tubule; (b) prostaglandin E2 inhibits net sodium transport out of the lumen by inhibiting efflux while backflux is unaffected; (c) prostaglandin E2 produces this inhibition within 15 min, and the effects are dose dependent and reversible. These results suggest that prostaglandin E2 may modulate sodium transport in vivo and may contribute to the final regulation of sodium excretion.", "contents": "Inhibition of sodium transport by prostaglandin E2 across the isolated, perfused rabbit collecting tubule. This study was designed to examine whether prostaglandin E2 can directly affect sodium transport across isolated perfused rabbit renal collecting tubules. Changes in transepithelial potential and isotopic sodium fluxes in response to peritubular prostaglandin E2 were measured. In addition, changes in transepithelial potential of the outer medullary collecting tubule in response to prostaglandin E2 were also measured. With few exceptions, all rabbits received 5 mg/day desoxycorticosterone acetate for 4-11 days before experimentation. The results of the experiments show that: (a) prostaglandin E2 inhibits the negative transepithelial potential in the cortical collecting tubule as well as the outer medullary collecting tubule; (b) prostaglandin E2 inhibits net sodium transport out of the lumen by inhibiting efflux while backflux is unaffected; (c) prostaglandin E2 produces this inhibition within 15 min, and the effects are dose dependent and reversible. These results suggest that prostaglandin E2 may modulate sodium transport in vivo and may contribute to the final regulation of sodium excretion."}
{"id": "PMID:864005", "title": "Selective loss of calcium permeability on maturation of reticulocytes.", "content": "Calcium and sodium permeability of human reticulocytes have been studied and compared to mature erythrocytes. Mature erythrocytes had extremely low Ca2+ permeability which was less than 0.1% of values published for squid axon or HeLa cells. Calcium entry was markedly increased in reticulocyte-rich suspensions and the uptake was linearly related to the percentage of reticulocytes present. The data suggest that reticulocytes are 43-fold more permeable to Ca2+ than mature cells although their Ca2+ concentration is not increased. Sodium influx into reticulocyte-rich suspensions was also increased in direct proportion to the percent of reticulocytes present. Reticulocytes are sixfold more permeable to Na+ than mature cells so the ratio of Ca2+:Na+ permeability falls by sevenfold as the reticulocyte changes to an erythrocyte. [3H]Ouabain binding was increased in reticulocyte-rich cell suspensions and the correlation suggested a value of about 4,000 sites per reticulocyte compared with 362+/-69 per mature cell. Maturation of the human reticulocyte produces disproportionate changes in cation permeability and in particular a selective loss of Ca2+ permeability.", "contents": "Selective loss of calcium permeability on maturation of reticulocytes. Calcium and sodium permeability of human reticulocytes have been studied and compared to mature erythrocytes. Mature erythrocytes had extremely low Ca2+ permeability which was less than 0.1% of values published for squid axon or HeLa cells. Calcium entry was markedly increased in reticulocyte-rich suspensions and the uptake was linearly related to the percentage of reticulocytes present. The data suggest that reticulocytes are 43-fold more permeable to Ca2+ than mature cells although their Ca2+ concentration is not increased. Sodium influx into reticulocyte-rich suspensions was also increased in direct proportion to the percent of reticulocytes present. Reticulocytes are sixfold more permeable to Na+ than mature cells so the ratio of Ca2+:Na+ permeability falls by sevenfold as the reticulocyte changes to an erythrocyte. [3H]Ouabain binding was increased in reticulocyte-rich cell suspensions and the correlation suggested a value of about 4,000 sites per reticulocyte compared with 362+/-69 per mature cell. Maturation of the human reticulocyte produces disproportionate changes in cation permeability and in particular a selective loss of Ca2+ permeability."}
{"id": "PMID:864006", "title": "Exaggerated prostaglandin biosynthesis and its influence on renal resistance in the isolated hydronephrotic rabbit kidney.", "content": "Basal and hormone-stimulated prostaglandin biosynthesis was compared in isolated perfused rabbit kidneys with and without ureteral obstruction. At 72 h there was enhanced responsiveness to bradykinin in the ureter-obstructed hydronephrotic kidney. The amount of prostaglandin-like substance released from the perfused kidneys by 25 ng of bradykinin was 533+/-163 ng from the ureter-obstructed, 28+/-4 ng from the contralateral, and 26+/-3 ng from the normal kidney. The enhanced response was also noted with angiotensin II and with norepinephrine. This exaggerated responsiveness by the ureter-obstructed kidney could not be explained by decreased prostaglandin (PG) destruction or by decreased renal peptide inactivation (bradykinin or angiotensin). There was no enhanced PG biosynthesis with exogenous arachidonate, suggesting there was no increase in cyclo-oxygenase activity in the ureter-obstructed kidney. Renal tubular transport of PG from medulla to cortex was apparently not essential for the enhanced PG biosynthesis to hormone stimulation since the same exaggerated responses were noted during perfusion with the ureter ligated. The cyclo-oxygenase inhibitor, indomethacin, increased basal perfusion pressure in the obstructed kidney and enhanced the magnitude and duration of the renal vasoconstriction produced by angiotensin II in the hydronephrotic kidney. These results suggest that the local exaggerated biosynthesis of PG may be occurring in the cortical resistance vessels and may be important to the alteration in blood flow and excretory function that occur in ureteral obstruction.", "contents": "Exaggerated prostaglandin biosynthesis and its influence on renal resistance in the isolated hydronephrotic rabbit kidney. Basal and hormone-stimulated prostaglandin biosynthesis was compared in isolated perfused rabbit kidneys with and without ureteral obstruction. At 72 h there was enhanced responsiveness to bradykinin in the ureter-obstructed hydronephrotic kidney. The amount of prostaglandin-like substance released from the perfused kidneys by 25 ng of bradykinin was 533+/-163 ng from the ureter-obstructed, 28+/-4 ng from the contralateral, and 26+/-3 ng from the normal kidney. The enhanced response was also noted with angiotensin II and with norepinephrine. This exaggerated responsiveness by the ureter-obstructed kidney could not be explained by decreased prostaglandin (PG) destruction or by decreased renal peptide inactivation (bradykinin or angiotensin). There was no enhanced PG biosynthesis with exogenous arachidonate, suggesting there was no increase in cyclo-oxygenase activity in the ureter-obstructed kidney. Renal tubular transport of PG from medulla to cortex was apparently not essential for the enhanced PG biosynthesis to hormone stimulation since the same exaggerated responses were noted during perfusion with the ureter ligated. The cyclo-oxygenase inhibitor, indomethacin, increased basal perfusion pressure in the obstructed kidney and enhanced the magnitude and duration of the renal vasoconstriction produced by angiotensin II in the hydronephrotic kidney. These results suggest that the local exaggerated biosynthesis of PG may be occurring in the cortical resistance vessels and may be important to the alteration in blood flow and excretory function that occur in ureteral obstruction."}
{"id": "PMID:864007", "title": "The presence of protein-bound gamma-carboxyglutamic acid in calcium-containing renal calculi.", "content": "The amino acid gamma-carboxyglutamic acid (Gla) is found in four blood-clotting proteins, in a bone protein, in kidney protein, and in the protein present in various ectopic calcifications. This paper reports the presence of Gla in the EDTA-soluble, nondialyzable proteins of calcium-containing renal calculi including calcium oxalate, hydroxyapatite, and mixed stores of apatite and struvite (MgNH4PO4). Calculi composed of pure struvite and those composed of only uric acid or cystine do not contain Gla. From calcium oxalate and hydroxyapatite stontes, a protein of about 17,000 daltons was obtained which contained about 40 residues of Gla per 1,000 amino acids. The amino acid composition of this protein had no apparent relationship to the Gla-containing bone protein or to the similarly-sized F1 fragment of prothrombin which contains about 64 residues of Gla per 1,000 amino acid residues. The Gla-rich protein in calcium-containing renal stones thus may be a different Gla-containing protein. These data as well as other studies demonstrating the presence of Gla in pathologically calcified tissues not normally containing Gla suggest that the Gla-containing proteins may be of considerable pathophysiological significance.", "contents": "The presence of protein-bound gamma-carboxyglutamic acid in calcium-containing renal calculi. The amino acid gamma-carboxyglutamic acid (Gla) is found in four blood-clotting proteins, in a bone protein, in kidney protein, and in the protein present in various ectopic calcifications. This paper reports the presence of Gla in the EDTA-soluble, nondialyzable proteins of calcium-containing renal calculi including calcium oxalate, hydroxyapatite, and mixed stores of apatite and struvite (MgNH4PO4). Calculi composed of pure struvite and those composed of only uric acid or cystine do not contain Gla. From calcium oxalate and hydroxyapatite stontes, a protein of about 17,000 daltons was obtained which contained about 40 residues of Gla per 1,000 amino acids. The amino acid composition of this protein had no apparent relationship to the Gla-containing bone protein or to the similarly-sized F1 fragment of prothrombin which contains about 64 residues of Gla per 1,000 amino acid residues. The Gla-rich protein in calcium-containing renal stones thus may be a different Gla-containing protein. These data as well as other studies demonstrating the presence of Gla in pathologically calcified tissues not normally containing Gla suggest that the Gla-containing proteins may be of considerable pathophysiological significance."}
{"id": "PMID:864008", "title": "The interdigestive motor complex of normal subjects and patients with bacterial overgrowth of the small intestine.", "content": "Intraluminal pressures were measured in the gastric antrum and at different levels of the upper small intestine in 18 normal subjects to investigate whether or not the interdigestive motor complex, identified in several animal species, occurs in man and, if so, to determine its characteristics. In all normal subjects, the activity front of the interdigestive motor complex was readily identified as an uninterrupted burst of rhythmic contraction waves that progressed down the intestine and that was followed by a period of quiescence. Quantitative analysis of various parameters of the complex and simultaneous radiological and manometrical observations revealed that it resembled closely the canine interdigestive motor complex. To test the hypothesis that disorders of this motor complex may lead to bacterial overgrowth in the small intestine, similar studies were performed in 18 patients with a positive (14)CO(2) bile acid breath test and in an additional control group of 9 patients with a normal (14)CO(2) breath test. All but five patients had normal interdigestive motor complexes. The five patients in whom the motor complex was absent or greatly disordered had bacterial overgrowth as evidenced by (14)CO(2) bile acid breath tests before and after antibiotics. These studies establish the presence and define the characteristics of the normal interdigestive motor complex in man. They also suggest that bacterial overgrowth may be due to a specific motility disorder i.e., complete or almost complete absence of the interdigestive motor complex.", "contents": "The interdigestive motor complex of normal subjects and patients with bacterial overgrowth of the small intestine. Intraluminal pressures were measured in the gastric antrum and at different levels of the upper small intestine in 18 normal subjects to investigate whether or not the interdigestive motor complex, identified in several animal species, occurs in man and, if so, to determine its characteristics. In all normal subjects, the activity front of the interdigestive motor complex was readily identified as an uninterrupted burst of rhythmic contraction waves that progressed down the intestine and that was followed by a period of quiescence. Quantitative analysis of various parameters of the complex and simultaneous radiological and manometrical observations revealed that it resembled closely the canine interdigestive motor complex. To test the hypothesis that disorders of this motor complex may lead to bacterial overgrowth in the small intestine, similar studies were performed in 18 patients with a positive (14)CO(2) bile acid breath test and in an additional control group of 9 patients with a normal (14)CO(2) breath test. All but five patients had normal interdigestive motor complexes. The five patients in whom the motor complex was absent or greatly disordered had bacterial overgrowth as evidenced by (14)CO(2) bile acid breath tests before and after antibiotics. These studies establish the presence and define the characteristics of the normal interdigestive motor complex in man. They also suggest that bacterial overgrowth may be due to a specific motility disorder i.e., complete or almost complete absence of the interdigestive motor complex."}
{"id": "PMID:864010", "title": "Rubella virus serology:detection of residual lipoprotein inhibitors of haemagglutination using sensitive indicator arboviruses.", "content": "Immune and non-immune rubella sera were examined in the haemagglutination inhibition (HAI) test to evaluate the removal of lipoprotein non-specific inhibitors (NSI) of haemagglutination after kaolin and manganous chloride/heparin treatments. The sera were titrated fresh or after lipoprotein deterioration brought about by ageing the samples at 4 degrees C for various periods of time and by freezing at -20 degrees C with subsequent thawing. Deterioration was seen as altered electrophoretic mobility while the lipoproteins in treated sera were detected by indicator arboviruses whose haemagglutination is known to be strongly inhibited by the native macromolecules. After both treatments, notably manganous chloride/heparin, residual NSI activity was detected in deteriorated samples, particularly with group B arboviruses such as Japanese encephalitis and west Nile viruses but generally less so or not at all with the group A arboviruses employed. Absolutely fresh sera are considered highly desirable for rubella virus HAI assay, and it is suggested that the efficiency of lipoprotein NSI removal regardless of treatment protocol could be monitored in parallel HAI tests using carefully chosen indicator arboviruses. This could be done in conjunction with density gradient centrifugation of doubtful sera should ultracentrifuging facilities be available. The suitability of the monitoring procedure would be dependent to some extent on whether certain arboviruses are known to be endemic in a particular area.", "contents": "Rubella virus serology:detection of residual lipoprotein inhibitors of haemagglutination using sensitive indicator arboviruses. Immune and non-immune rubella sera were examined in the haemagglutination inhibition (HAI) test to evaluate the removal of lipoprotein non-specific inhibitors (NSI) of haemagglutination after kaolin and manganous chloride/heparin treatments. The sera were titrated fresh or after lipoprotein deterioration brought about by ageing the samples at 4 degrees C for various periods of time and by freezing at -20 degrees C with subsequent thawing. Deterioration was seen as altered electrophoretic mobility while the lipoproteins in treated sera were detected by indicator arboviruses whose haemagglutination is known to be strongly inhibited by the native macromolecules. After both treatments, notably manganous chloride/heparin, residual NSI activity was detected in deteriorated samples, particularly with group B arboviruses such as Japanese encephalitis and west Nile viruses but generally less so or not at all with the group A arboviruses employed. Absolutely fresh sera are considered highly desirable for rubella virus HAI assay, and it is suggested that the efficiency of lipoprotein NSI removal regardless of treatment protocol could be monitored in parallel HAI tests using carefully chosen indicator arboviruses. This could be done in conjunction with density gradient centrifugation of doubtful sera should ultracentrifuging facilities be available. The suitability of the monitoring procedure would be dependent to some extent on whether certain arboviruses are known to be endemic in a particular area."}
{"id": "PMID:864009", "title": "The binding and cleavage characteristics of human Hageman factor during contact activation. A comparison of normal plasma with plasmas deficient in factor XI, prekallikrein, or high molecular weight kininogen.", "content": "The ability of human Hageman factor (coagulation factor XII) to bind to a glass surface and its susceptibility to limited proteolytic cleavage during the contact activation of plasma have been studied using normal human plasma and plasmas genetically deficient in factor XI, prekallikrein, or high molecular weight kininogen (HMWK). When diluted normal plasma containing (125)I-Hageman factor was exposed to a glass surface for varying times, the Hageman factor was found to bind to the surface, and within 5 min became maximally cleaved from its native 80,000 mol wt to yield fragments of 52,000 and 28,000 mol wt. Hageman factor in factor XI-deficient plasma behaved similarly. In prekallikrein-deficient plasma, the binding of Hageman factor to the glass surface occurred at the same rate as in normal plasma but the cleavage was significantly slower, and did not reach maximum until 60 min of incubation. Cleavage of Hageman factor in HMWK-deficient plasma occurred at an even slower rate, with greater than 110 min of incubation required for maximal cleavage, although the rate of binding to the glass was again the same as in normal plasma. Normal rates of cleavage of Hageman factor were observed for the deficient plasmas after reconstitution with purified human prekallikrein or HMWK, respectively. These observations suggest that normal contact activation in plasma is associated with proteolytic activation of surfacebound Hageman factor. The cleavage of the surface-bound Hageman factor molecule responsible for the formation of the 52,000-and 28,000-mol wt fragments occurred at two closely situated sites, one of which was within a disulfide loop. Cleavage at the site external to the disulfide bond resulted in the release from the surface of the 28,000-mol wt fragment. Cleavage at the site within the disulfide loop resulted in the formation of a 28,000-mol wt fragment which remained surface bound, presumably by virtue of the disulfide linkage to the larger fragment.", "contents": "The binding and cleavage characteristics of human Hageman factor during contact activation. A comparison of normal plasma with plasmas deficient in factor XI, prekallikrein, or high molecular weight kininogen. The ability of human Hageman factor (coagulation factor XII) to bind to a glass surface and its susceptibility to limited proteolytic cleavage during the contact activation of plasma have been studied using normal human plasma and plasmas genetically deficient in factor XI, prekallikrein, or high molecular weight kininogen (HMWK). When diluted normal plasma containing (125)I-Hageman factor was exposed to a glass surface for varying times, the Hageman factor was found to bind to the surface, and within 5 min became maximally cleaved from its native 80,000 mol wt to yield fragments of 52,000 and 28,000 mol wt. Hageman factor in factor XI-deficient plasma behaved similarly. In prekallikrein-deficient plasma, the binding of Hageman factor to the glass surface occurred at the same rate as in normal plasma but the cleavage was significantly slower, and did not reach maximum until 60 min of incubation. Cleavage of Hageman factor in HMWK-deficient plasma occurred at an even slower rate, with greater than 110 min of incubation required for maximal cleavage, although the rate of binding to the glass was again the same as in normal plasma. Normal rates of cleavage of Hageman factor were observed for the deficient plasmas after reconstitution with purified human prekallikrein or HMWK, respectively. These observations suggest that normal contact activation in plasma is associated with proteolytic activation of surfacebound Hageman factor. The cleavage of the surface-bound Hageman factor molecule responsible for the formation of the 52,000-and 28,000-mol wt fragments occurred at two closely situated sites, one of which was within a disulfide loop. Cleavage at the site external to the disulfide bond resulted in the release from the surface of the 28,000-mol wt fragment. Cleavage at the site within the disulfide loop resulted in the formation of a 28,000-mol wt fragment which remained surface bound, presumably by virtue of the disulfide linkage to the larger fragment."}
{"id": "PMID:864011", "title": "Staphylococci as urinary pathogens.", "content": "During the course of one year all (382) strains of staphylococci isolated in significant culture from urine specimens were typed by the Baird-Parker method. Staphylococcus aureus accounted for only 63 (16%) of the infections. Novobiocin-resistant micrococcal infection occurred predominantly in young women but also in children of both sexes; it was not restricted to M3. To try to detect possible sources of micrococcal infection other than faeces the normal flora of the throat, urinary tract, and vagina of young women was studied. Novobiocin-resistant micrococci were rarely found. Previous reports that micrococci are the second commonest urinary pathogens in young women in domiciliary practice were confirmed. The laboratory records of patients with these infections suggested that they respond well to treatment and that recurrences are usually due to a different organism.", "contents": "Staphylococci as urinary pathogens. During the course of one year all (382) strains of staphylococci isolated in significant culture from urine specimens were typed by the Baird-Parker method. Staphylococcus aureus accounted for only 63 (16%) of the infections. Novobiocin-resistant micrococcal infection occurred predominantly in young women but also in children of both sexes; it was not restricted to M3. To try to detect possible sources of micrococcal infection other than faeces the normal flora of the throat, urinary tract, and vagina of young women was studied. Novobiocin-resistant micrococci were rarely found. Previous reports that micrococci are the second commonest urinary pathogens in young women in domiciliary practice were confirmed. The laboratory records of patients with these infections suggested that they respond well to treatment and that recurrences are usually due to a different organism."}
{"id": "PMID:864012", "title": "A simple discriminant function for hepatic disease.", "content": "Tests of hepatic function do not correlate highly and this, together with their skew distribution, makes the information provided by them difficult to interpret. By means of an appropriate transformation it is possible to normalise their distributions so that the information from them can be combined in the form of a discriminant function which is not only easy to interpret but gives an index of severity of disease which is more reliable than any one single test. In this study nine tests were examined, and after normalisation it was found that only four tests were required to present almost all the information available in the nine. A formula is given for calculating the index in T-score form, which is particularly easy to interpret. A discriminant function of the type described retains the maximum information with the minimum number of biochemical tests. It therefore contributes to the solution of a problem which is causing increasing concern--the exponential increase in the number of investigations which the hospital services will soon find it impossible to bear.", "contents": "A simple discriminant function for hepatic disease. Tests of hepatic function do not correlate highly and this, together with their skew distribution, makes the information provided by them difficult to interpret. By means of an appropriate transformation it is possible to normalise their distributions so that the information from them can be combined in the form of a discriminant function which is not only easy to interpret but gives an index of severity of disease which is more reliable than any one single test. In this study nine tests were examined, and after normalisation it was found that only four tests were required to present almost all the information available in the nine. A formula is given for calculating the index in T-score form, which is particularly easy to interpret. A discriminant function of the type described retains the maximum information with the minimum number of biochemical tests. It therefore contributes to the solution of a problem which is causing increasing concern--the exponential increase in the number of investigations which the hospital services will soon find it impossible to bear."}
{"id": "PMID:864013", "title": "Skeletal muscle pathology in chronic heart block.", "content": "Skeletal muscle samples, mainly from the deltoid, were studied morphologically and histochemically in 35 patients with chronic heart block and from nine elderly control subject. The average age of the first group was 67-7 (range 11-94) years. Abnormalities were present in 20 cases, no difference being found between patients with idiopathic and secondary heart block. In 15 samples there was increased oxidative enzyme activity in some muscle fibres, and in six there was fibre type grouping. Six had unexplained type 11 fibre atrophy and two had a predominance of type 1 fibres. Tubular aggregates were conspicuous in one biopsy specimen, and in another, rod bodies were found. Minor abnormalities were also seen in the control group. In the absence of any consistent pattern many of these changes were attributed to ageing.", "contents": "Skeletal muscle pathology in chronic heart block. Skeletal muscle samples, mainly from the deltoid, were studied morphologically and histochemically in 35 patients with chronic heart block and from nine elderly control subject. The average age of the first group was 67-7 (range 11-94) years. Abnormalities were present in 20 cases, no difference being found between patients with idiopathic and secondary heart block. In 15 samples there was increased oxidative enzyme activity in some muscle fibres, and in six there was fibre type grouping. Six had unexplained type 11 fibre atrophy and two had a predominance of type 1 fibres. Tubular aggregates were conspicuous in one biopsy specimen, and in another, rod bodies were found. Minor abnormalities were also seen in the control group. In the absence of any consistent pattern many of these changes were attributed to ageing."}
{"id": "PMID:864014", "title": "Mucin producing carcinoid tumours of the vermiform appendix.", "content": "Six cases of an unusual mucoid variant of carcinoid tumour of the appendix are reported. These lesions are small, detected incidentally, and carry a good prognosis. Their histological features are distinctive and differ from those of ordinary carcinoid tumours and adenocarcinoma. They have been confused with adenocarcinoma, sometimes resulting in radical surgery. Surgery beyond appendicectomy is probably unwarranted in these cases. The mucin secreted by goblet cells of the normal mucosal epithelium and by the cells of these carcinoid tumours have certain histochemical similarities.", "contents": "Mucin producing carcinoid tumours of the vermiform appendix. Six cases of an unusual mucoid variant of carcinoid tumour of the appendix are reported. These lesions are small, detected incidentally, and carry a good prognosis. Their histological features are distinctive and differ from those of ordinary carcinoid tumours and adenocarcinoma. They have been confused with adenocarcinoma, sometimes resulting in radical surgery. Surgery beyond appendicectomy is probably unwarranted in these cases. The mucin secreted by goblet cells of the normal mucosal epithelium and by the cells of these carcinoid tumours have certain histochemical similarities."}
{"id": "PMID:864015", "title": "Apparent hypoxic changes in pulmonary arterioles and small arteries in infancy.", "content": "The pulmonary arterioles and small arteries were studied and their musculature and its nuclei were quantified in 90 neonates, infants, and young children who had suffered from a variety of clinical and hypoxic conditions immediately before death. Among the 90 cases investigated in this study, 30 were of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS). No evidence was found to support the view that cases of SIDS are subjected to chronic hypoxia before death as significantly more medial muscle tissue in the pulmonary arterioles and small arteries was found in the chronic hypoxic group compared to the SIDS, non-hypoxic, and acute hypoxic groups. Furthermore, there was no statistically significant difference in the amount of medial muscle tissue of the pulmonary vessels as between the SIDS, non-hypoxic, and acute hypoxic groups. With other signs of acute hypoxia found at the necropsy of SIDS, the results of this study could be considered to support the view that cases of SIDS succumb as a result of an acute episode of hypoxia, or possibly repeated short-duration episodes of acute hypoxia which do not produce pulmonary vascular changes.", "contents": "Apparent hypoxic changes in pulmonary arterioles and small arteries in infancy. The pulmonary arterioles and small arteries were studied and their musculature and its nuclei were quantified in 90 neonates, infants, and young children who had suffered from a variety of clinical and hypoxic conditions immediately before death. Among the 90 cases investigated in this study, 30 were of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS). No evidence was found to support the view that cases of SIDS are subjected to chronic hypoxia before death as significantly more medial muscle tissue in the pulmonary arterioles and small arteries was found in the chronic hypoxic group compared to the SIDS, non-hypoxic, and acute hypoxic groups. Furthermore, there was no statistically significant difference in the amount of medial muscle tissue of the pulmonary vessels as between the SIDS, non-hypoxic, and acute hypoxic groups. With other signs of acute hypoxia found at the necropsy of SIDS, the results of this study could be considered to support the view that cases of SIDS succumb as a result of an acute episode of hypoxia, or possibly repeated short-duration episodes of acute hypoxia which do not produce pulmonary vascular changes."}
{"id": "PMID:864026", "title": "Telencephalic efferents of the tiger salamander Ambystoma tigrinum tigrinum (Green).", "content": "The efferent projections of the telencephalon in the tiger salamander were examined by the Nauta and Fink-Heimer methods following unilateral hemispherectomies, rostral hemispheric ablations and pallial lesions. The cerebral hemisphere connects with most areas of the contralateral hemisphere via the pallial, anterior and habenular commissures. The descending fibers travel in the medial and lateral forebrain bundles and in the tracts comprising the stria medullaris. Degenerating fibers and terminals were present throughout the diencephalon but were more abundant ipsilaterally. Fibers reach the pretectum and optic tectum via dorsal and ventral pathways. There is a heavy projection to the midbrain tegmentum and a sparse projection to the tectum via the ipsilateral lateral forebrain bundle. This tract continues into the medulla oblongata and the cervical spinal cord. Rostral and dorsal hemispheric ablations revealed that the majority of fibers forming the olfacto-peduncular tract originate in the ventral, rostral one-third of the hemisphere. It was also determined that the majority of the descending efferent fibers located in the lateral forebrain bundle originate from the caudal lateral hemispheric wall, and that these fibers form connections characteristic of mammalian corticofugal and striatofugal systems. The cytoarchitecture and connections of the caudal lateral hemispheric wall suggest that it is homologous to parts of motor isocortex and amygdala of amniotes.", "contents": "Telencephalic efferents of the tiger salamander Ambystoma tigrinum tigrinum (Green). The efferent projections of the telencephalon in the tiger salamander were examined by the Nauta and Fink-Heimer methods following unilateral hemispherectomies, rostral hemispheric ablations and pallial lesions. The cerebral hemisphere connects with most areas of the contralateral hemisphere via the pallial, anterior and habenular commissures. The descending fibers travel in the medial and lateral forebrain bundles and in the tracts comprising the stria medullaris. Degenerating fibers and terminals were present throughout the diencephalon but were more abundant ipsilaterally. Fibers reach the pretectum and optic tectum via dorsal and ventral pathways. There is a heavy projection to the midbrain tegmentum and a sparse projection to the tectum via the ipsilateral lateral forebrain bundle. This tract continues into the medulla oblongata and the cervical spinal cord. Rostral and dorsal hemispheric ablations revealed that the majority of fibers forming the olfacto-peduncular tract originate in the ventral, rostral one-third of the hemisphere. It was also determined that the majority of the descending efferent fibers located in the lateral forebrain bundle originate from the caudal lateral hemispheric wall, and that these fibers form connections characteristic of mammalian corticofugal and striatofugal systems. The cytoarchitecture and connections of the caudal lateral hemispheric wall suggest that it is homologous to parts of motor isocortex and amygdala of amniotes."}
{"id": "PMID:864028", "title": "The distribution of acetylcholinesterase in the central nervous system of jumping spiders and wolf spiders (Arachnida, Araneida: Salticidae et Lycosidae).", "content": "The distribution and activity pattern of acetylcholinesterase in the central nervous system of salticid and lycosid spiders has been studied. Enzyme activity was limited to the neuropile mass. The salticid and lycosid species investigated showed different intensities of enzyme reactions in the protocerebrum. The differences observed may be related to the somewhat contrasting habits of these spider families. Reactions were strong especially in the optic ganglia (lamina glomerularis, corpora pedunculata) and in the cerebral ganglion, while the central body showed only weak to moderate activity. In the cheliceral ganglia, as in the pedipalpal and the leg ganglia, including the fibre tracts of the ventral cord the demonstration of acetylcholinesterase was of moderate to strong intensity.", "contents": "The distribution of acetylcholinesterase in the central nervous system of jumping spiders and wolf spiders (Arachnida, Araneida: Salticidae et Lycosidae). The distribution and activity pattern of acetylcholinesterase in the central nervous system of salticid and lycosid spiders has been studied. Enzyme activity was limited to the neuropile mass. The salticid and lycosid species investigated showed different intensities of enzyme reactions in the protocerebrum. The differences observed may be related to the somewhat contrasting habits of these spider families. Reactions were strong especially in the optic ganglia (lamina glomerularis, corpora pedunculata) and in the cerebral ganglion, while the central body showed only weak to moderate activity. In the cheliceral ganglia, as in the pedipalpal and the leg ganglia, including the fibre tracts of the ventral cord the demonstration of acetylcholinesterase was of moderate to strong intensity."}
{"id": "PMID:864034", "title": "The second somatic sensory area (SmII) of opossum neocortex.", "content": "Organization of the neocortical second somatic sensory area (SmII) of anesthetized Virginia opossums has been examined utilizing micro-electrode recording techniques. SmII is situated between the first somatic sensory area (SmI) medially, and the rhinal fissure laterally. The head representation is located anteromedially within SmII, and the hindlimb representation posterolaterally, with the forelimb representation in between. Approximately 49% of SmII is devoted to representation of the head, 36% to forelimb representation, and 15% to trunk and hindlimb representation. All peripheral receptive fields (RF's) were either contralateral or bilateral. Approximately 63% of head RF's, 25% of forelimb RF's and 100% of hindlimb RF's were bilateral. For a given body locus, SmII RF's are larger than those for SmI. SmII is contained entirely within an area yielding evoked potentials responses to auditory click stimuli.", "contents": "The second somatic sensory area (SmII) of opossum neocortex. Organization of the neocortical second somatic sensory area (SmII) of anesthetized Virginia opossums has been examined utilizing micro-electrode recording techniques. SmII is situated between the first somatic sensory area (SmI) medially, and the rhinal fissure laterally. The head representation is located anteromedially within SmII, and the hindlimb representation posterolaterally, with the forelimb representation in between. Approximately 49% of SmII is devoted to representation of the head, 36% to forelimb representation, and 15% to trunk and hindlimb representation. All peripheral receptive fields (RF's) were either contralateral or bilateral. Approximately 63% of head RF's, 25% of forelimb RF's and 100% of hindlimb RF's were bilateral. For a given body locus, SmII RF's are larger than those for SmI. SmII is contained entirely within an area yielding evoked potentials responses to auditory click stimuli."}
{"id": "PMID:864035", "title": "Visual discriminations of cats with cortical and tectal lesions.", "content": "Fourteen cats were trained on three visual discrimination tasks: light vs. dark, horizontal vs. vertical stripes, and upright vs. inverted triangles. Four of the cats then underwent large, bilateral occipito-temporal cortex ablations; postoperatively, they demonstrated little or no visually guided orienting behavior and solve only the brightness task and not the preoperatively learned pattern discriminations. Six other cats underwent the same cortical ablations plus a transection of the commissure of the superior colliculus; postoperatively, they demonstrated good visually guided orienting behavior (i.e., the Sprague effect) but still could solve only the brightness task. The final four cats were controls and underwent no surgery; they demonstrated good retention of the pattern task despite an extensive idle period corresponding to the postoperative period before retesting the above ten cats. These data indicate that, while a transection of the collicular commissure after visual decortication dramatically improves visual orienting, it does not obviously improve visual discrimination abilities.", "contents": "Visual discriminations of cats with cortical and tectal lesions. Fourteen cats were trained on three visual discrimination tasks: light vs. dark, horizontal vs. vertical stripes, and upright vs. inverted triangles. Four of the cats then underwent large, bilateral occipito-temporal cortex ablations; postoperatively, they demonstrated little or no visually guided orienting behavior and solve only the brightness task and not the preoperatively learned pattern discriminations. Six other cats underwent the same cortical ablations plus a transection of the commissure of the superior colliculus; postoperatively, they demonstrated good visually guided orienting behavior (i.e., the Sprague effect) but still could solve only the brightness task. The final four cats were controls and underwent no surgery; they demonstrated good retention of the pattern task despite an extensive idle period corresponding to the postoperative period before retesting the above ten cats. These data indicate that, while a transection of the collicular commissure after visual decortication dramatically improves visual orienting, it does not obviously improve visual discrimination abilities."}
{"id": "PMID:864036", "title": "The effect of cortical lesions upon visual discriminations in binocularly deprived cats.", "content": "Four cats were raised with binocular eyelid suture and, after their eyes were opened, were trained on a series of discrimination tasks. They performed at normal rates on the brightness task but indicated some difficulty with the pattern tasks. They then received large, bilateral occipito-temporal cortex ablations. Postoperatively, this in no observable way affected their visually guided orienting behavior, but it did destroy their capacity to perform the preoperatively learned pattern tasks. Postoperative performance on the brightness task remained good. These data indicate that, in these deprived cats, there is little or no cortical development for visual orienting, but cortex is necessary for visual discrimination learning.", "contents": "The effect of cortical lesions upon visual discriminations in binocularly deprived cats. Four cats were raised with binocular eyelid suture and, after their eyes were opened, were trained on a series of discrimination tasks. They performed at normal rates on the brightness task but indicated some difficulty with the pattern tasks. They then received large, bilateral occipito-temporal cortex ablations. Postoperatively, this in no observable way affected their visually guided orienting behavior, but it did destroy their capacity to perform the preoperatively learned pattern tasks. Postoperative performance on the brightness task remained good. These data indicate that, in these deprived cats, there is little or no cortical development for visual orienting, but cortex is necessary for visual discrimination learning."}
{"id": "PMID:864038", "title": "Acetylcholinesterase staining in subdivisions of the cat's inferior olive.", "content": "The present paper describes a unique distribution of true AChE activity in the IO. In the dorsal accessory olive three areas with high AChE activity can be distinguished. The medial accessory olive can be subdivided into a caudal part which shows rostro-caudally directed bands with different enzymatic activity, and a rostral part which shows a more uniform, medium activity. In the nucleus beta and the dorso-medial cell column, AChE activity is low. The ventral and dorsal lamellae of the principal olive contain areas with high, medium, and low activity. The dorsal cap is strongly positive, while the ventrolateral outgrowth is negative for AChE. Enzyme distribution cannot be fully explained on the base of the known afferent and efferent connections with the IO. However, histochemical results provide evidence that generally supports a subdivision of the IO that mirrors these connections (Brodal, '40; Armstrong et al., '74' Boesten and Voogd, '75; Groenewegen et al., '75).", "contents": "Acetylcholinesterase staining in subdivisions of the cat's inferior olive. The present paper describes a unique distribution of true AChE activity in the IO. In the dorsal accessory olive three areas with high AChE activity can be distinguished. The medial accessory olive can be subdivided into a caudal part which shows rostro-caudally directed bands with different enzymatic activity, and a rostral part which shows a more uniform, medium activity. In the nucleus beta and the dorso-medial cell column, AChE activity is low. The ventral and dorsal lamellae of the principal olive contain areas with high, medium, and low activity. The dorsal cap is strongly positive, while the ventrolateral outgrowth is negative for AChE. Enzyme distribution cannot be fully explained on the base of the known afferent and efferent connections with the IO. However, histochemical results provide evidence that generally supports a subdivision of the IO that mirrors these connections (Brodal, '40; Armstrong et al., '74' Boesten and Voogd, '75; Groenewegen et al., '75)."}
{"id": "PMID:864039", "title": "Fiber counts of regenerating peripheral nerves in axolotls and the effect of metamorphosis.", "content": "Counts have been made of myelinated and unmyelinated fibers in the sixteenth nerve root of the axolotl, before, during and after regeneration following nerve section. There is no loss of myelinated fibers. Many collateral sprouts are formed and eventually withdrawn. Regeneration during metamorphosis is similar but there is more sprouting. There is no fiber loss from cut nerves in metamorphosis. This suggests that rising thyroid hormone levels are not in themselves detrimental to nerves without peripheral connections. Other factors that may govern cell loss in limb development are discussed.", "contents": "Fiber counts of regenerating peripheral nerves in axolotls and the effect of metamorphosis. Counts have been made of myelinated and unmyelinated fibers in the sixteenth nerve root of the axolotl, before, during and after regeneration following nerve section. There is no loss of myelinated fibers. Many collateral sprouts are formed and eventually withdrawn. Regeneration during metamorphosis is similar but there is more sprouting. There is no fiber loss from cut nerves in metamorphosis. This suggests that rising thyroid hormone levels are not in themselves detrimental to nerves without peripheral connections. Other factors that may govern cell loss in limb development are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:864044", "title": "Immunoglobulin IgG1 metabolism in new born calves.", "content": "The half-life of IgG1 immunoglobulin was measured in six neonatal calves following a meal of iodine-125 labeled IgG1 in colostrum derived from their dams. The half-life as measured by the decrease in plasma concentration of IgG1 was 19.9 +/- 1.9 days. However, the half-life as measured by the disappearance of [iodine-125]IgG1 from the plasma was 11.5 +/- .6 days. The latter value is closer to the true half-life because it is not affected by endogenous production of IgG1 by the tissues of the young calf. A decrease in the specific activity of plasma [iodine-125]IgG1 with time representing the body \"pool\" of IgG1 (half-life 25.8 +/- 6.1 days) suggests that the calf from birth to about 20 days of age is capable of synthesizing a significant amount of IgG1 immunoglobulin.", "contents": "Immunoglobulin IgG1 metabolism in new born calves. The half-life of IgG1 immunoglobulin was measured in six neonatal calves following a meal of iodine-125 labeled IgG1 in colostrum derived from their dams. The half-life as measured by the decrease in plasma concentration of IgG1 was 19.9 +/- 1.9 days. However, the half-life as measured by the disappearance of [iodine-125]IgG1 from the plasma was 11.5 +/- .6 days. The latter value is closer to the true half-life because it is not affected by endogenous production of IgG1 by the tissues of the young calf. A decrease in the specific activity of plasma [iodine-125]IgG1 with time representing the body \"pool\" of IgG1 (half-life 25.8 +/- 6.1 days) suggests that the calf from birth to about 20 days of age is capable of synthesizing a significant amount of IgG1 immunoglobulin."}
{"id": "PMID:864075", "title": "Radiotherapy for aggressive and destructive keratoacanthomas.", "content": "An experience of treating five cases of aggressive and destructive keratoacanthomas by radiotherapy is recounted. The results were satisfactory in every instance.", "contents": "Radiotherapy for aggressive and destructive keratoacanthomas. An experience of treating five cases of aggressive and destructive keratoacanthomas by radiotherapy is recounted. The results were satisfactory in every instance."}
{"id": "PMID:864076", "title": "A review of modern concepts of healing of cutaneous wounds.", "content": "Basic-science aspects of wound healing are discussed in the light of recent developments in wound-healing research. The author discusses wound healing in six, arbitrarily chosen phases, namely, inflammation, epithelialization, vascularization, contraction, collagen synthesis and late remodeling of scars that occur simultaneously in concert, but in such a manner that enables one to distinguish clinically between healing by primary intention and healing by secondary intention.", "contents": "A review of modern concepts of healing of cutaneous wounds. Basic-science aspects of wound healing are discussed in the light of recent developments in wound-healing research. The author discusses wound healing in six, arbitrarily chosen phases, namely, inflammation, epithelialization, vascularization, contraction, collagen synthesis and late remodeling of scars that occur simultaneously in concert, but in such a manner that enables one to distinguish clinically between healing by primary intention and healing by secondary intention."}
{"id": "PMID:864077", "title": "The biologic actions of solar radiation on skin with a note on sunscreens.", "content": "Adverse effects of excessive cutaneous exposure to solar radiation are hazards of considerable importance. As public health measures, new attitudes about sunbathing and new practices to counteract those adverse effects, especially for high-risk individuals, appear warranted.", "contents": "The biologic actions of solar radiation on skin with a note on sunscreens. Adverse effects of excessive cutaneous exposure to solar radiation are hazards of considerable importance. As public health measures, new attitudes about sunbathing and new practices to counteract those adverse effects, especially for high-risk individuals, appear warranted."}
{"id": "PMID:864079", "title": "Surgery on patients receiving anticoagulants.", "content": "Patients on anticoagulants may undergo surgery if the anticoagulants are carefully controlled and if contraindications are respected. Patients being treated for thromboembolism should have their clotting times maintained at close to two times normal levels if they are on heparin, or their prothrombin times similarly maintained if they are an oral anticoagulants.", "contents": "Surgery on patients receiving anticoagulants. Patients on anticoagulants may undergo surgery if the anticoagulants are carefully controlled and if contraindications are respected. Patients being treated for thromboembolism should have their clotting times maintained at close to two times normal levels if they are on heparin, or their prothrombin times similarly maintained if they are an oral anticoagulants."}
{"id": "PMID:864080", "title": "Cryotherapy with solid carbon dioxide in the treatment of nevus flammeus.", "content": "Thirty-five infants with nevus flammeus were treated with carbon dioxide snow at intervals of two weeks. The treatment was initiated between the first and eleventh week, and improvement was found to be best when started between the age of 3 and 6 weeks. The result was excellent in 8 cases, good in 11, fair in 12, and poor in 4.", "contents": "Cryotherapy with solid carbon dioxide in the treatment of nevus flammeus. Thirty-five infants with nevus flammeus were treated with carbon dioxide snow at intervals of two weeks. The treatment was initiated between the first and eleventh week, and improvement was found to be best when started between the age of 3 and 6 weeks. The result was excellent in 8 cases, good in 11, fair in 12, and poor in 4."}
{"id": "PMID:864087", "title": "The present state of trend detection and prediction in patient monitoring.", "content": "An investigation has been carried out into the suitability of the following techniques for trend detection and forecasting in patient monitoring: Cusum; Trigg's Tracking Signal; The Patient Condition Factor; The Patient Alarm Warning System; Box-Jenkins models and the Harrison-Stevens Bayesian approach. The latter holds considerable promise since it is flexible and can be implemented on a microprocessor. Consideration has also been given to the need for a better knowledge of the statistical properties of the variables to be monitored and the problems of combining trends detected in severable variables.", "contents": "The present state of trend detection and prediction in patient monitoring. An investigation has been carried out into the suitability of the following techniques for trend detection and forecasting in patient monitoring: Cusum; Trigg's Tracking Signal; The Patient Condition Factor; The Patient Alarm Warning System; Box-Jenkins models and the Harrison-Stevens Bayesian approach. The latter holds considerable promise since it is flexible and can be implemented on a microprocessor. Consideration has also been given to the need for a better knowledge of the statistical properties of the variables to be monitored and the problems of combining trends detected in severable variables."}
{"id": "PMID:864081", "title": "Chemabrasion, a combined technique of chemical-peeling and dermabrasion.", "content": "Chemabrasion was coined to designate a simple, single procedure in which a deep, full-face chemical peeling is followed immediately by dermabrasion. The procedure detailed differs from other techniques in which chemical peeling and dermabrasion are practised together. Certain advantages over chemical peeling and dermabrasion used singly or together in different areas of the face are pointed out. In an early observation of results after a one-year follow-up, it is the author's opinion that the combined procedure yields the benefits of chemical peeling and dermabrasion without increasing the complications of either.", "contents": "Chemabrasion, a combined technique of chemical-peeling and dermabrasion. Chemabrasion was coined to designate a simple, single procedure in which a deep, full-face chemical peeling is followed immediately by dermabrasion. The procedure detailed differs from other techniques in which chemical peeling and dermabrasion are practised together. Certain advantages over chemical peeling and dermabrasion used singly or together in different areas of the face are pointed out. In an early observation of results after a one-year follow-up, it is the author's opinion that the combined procedure yields the benefits of chemical peeling and dermabrasion without increasing the complications of either."}
{"id": "PMID:864082", "title": "Use of steel pins in hair transplantation.", "content": "Steel pins are used to stabilize hair transplants by preventing transplanted plugs from becoming elevated, depressed or turned in the wrong direction. The pinning procedure is less traumatic to hair follicles than is tight bandaging and bleeding is more easily controlled. Patients so treated have improved final appearances. The authors' technique of using steel pins is described.", "contents": "Use of steel pins in hair transplantation. Steel pins are used to stabilize hair transplants by preventing transplanted plugs from becoming elevated, depressed or turned in the wrong direction. The pinning procedure is less traumatic to hair follicles than is tight bandaging and bleeding is more easily controlled. Patients so treated have improved final appearances. The authors' technique of using steel pins is described."}
{"id": "PMID:864088", "title": "The use of transcutaneous oxygen electrodes in intensive therapy.", "content": "The use of transcutaneous monitoring of the PO2 in patients in an adult intensive therapy unit has been found to be a simple and reliable procedure. The electrodes were heated to 44 degrees C in order to obtain a near maximal response. In individual patients, the transcutaneous reading may be up to 20 per cent different from the arterial value. However, the difference is reproducible for a given patient and does not detract from the value of the technique in following trends. The ease of use of the non-invasive transcutaneous technique has brought to light numerous instances of marked fluctuations occurring in patients oxygen tensions.", "contents": "The use of transcutaneous oxygen electrodes in intensive therapy. The use of transcutaneous monitoring of the PO2 in patients in an adult intensive therapy unit has been found to be a simple and reliable procedure. The electrodes were heated to 44 degrees C in order to obtain a near maximal response. In individual patients, the transcutaneous reading may be up to 20 per cent different from the arterial value. However, the difference is reproducible for a given patient and does not detract from the value of the technique in following trends. The ease of use of the non-invasive transcutaneous technique has brought to light numerous instances of marked fluctuations occurring in patients oxygen tensions."}
{"id": "PMID:864083", "title": "Some special aspects of hair transplantation.", "content": "The desire for an improvement in appearance and the strong emphasis currently placed on contemporary hair styles for men, have increased the number of requests for hair transplants during the past decade. Esthetics is probably the strongest motivation.", "contents": "Some special aspects of hair transplantation. The desire for an improvement in appearance and the strong emphasis currently placed on contemporary hair styles for men, have increased the number of requests for hair transplants during the past decade. Esthetics is probably the strongest motivation."}
{"id": "PMID:864089", "title": "Hydrothorax, a complication of the insertion of central venous cannulae.", "content": "Hydrothorax developing in a patient after insertion of a central venous cannula is described. The cannula appeared to be in the superior vena cava on chest X-ray, and the condition only became apparent 48 hours after insertion.", "contents": "Hydrothorax, a complication of the insertion of central venous cannulae. Hydrothorax developing in a patient after insertion of a central venous cannula is described. The cannula appeared to be in the superior vena cava on chest X-ray, and the condition only became apparent 48 hours after insertion."}
{"id": "PMID:864100", "title": "Bronchial response to inhaled prostaglandin F2alpha in patients with common or aspirin-sensitive asthma.", "content": "The effect of aerosolized prostaglandin F2alpha (PGF2alpha) on specific airway resistance (SRaw) has been measured in patients with common (n = 10) or aspirin-sensitive asthma (n = 5). In all subjects PGF2alpha caused a dose-related increase in SRaw, but considerable individual differences in sensitivity were observed. The patients with aspirin intolerance did not differ from regular asthmatics in terms of their response to PGF2alpha. Two types of reactions to PGF2alpha could be distinguished from their time-course: immediate and short-lasting (3 cases) or delayed and long-lasting (12 cases). Inhalation of a beta-adrenergic drug rapidly and completely reversed the effect of PGF2alpha, suggesting that the increase in SRaw was due to bronchospasm. In 7 subjects the inhalation of an anticholinergic drug (SCH 1000) prior to PGF2alpha inhibited to a large extent the effect of the latter, suggesting that the cholinergic system played an important role in the bronchial response to PGF2alpha. In 9 subjects no correlation was found between the bronchial sensitivity to carbachol and PGF2alpha.", "contents": "Bronchial response to inhaled prostaglandin F2alpha in patients with common or aspirin-sensitive asthma. The effect of aerosolized prostaglandin F2alpha (PGF2alpha) on specific airway resistance (SRaw) has been measured in patients with common (n = 10) or aspirin-sensitive asthma (n = 5). In all subjects PGF2alpha caused a dose-related increase in SRaw, but considerable individual differences in sensitivity were observed. The patients with aspirin intolerance did not differ from regular asthmatics in terms of their response to PGF2alpha. Two types of reactions to PGF2alpha could be distinguished from their time-course: immediate and short-lasting (3 cases) or delayed and long-lasting (12 cases). Inhalation of a beta-adrenergic drug rapidly and completely reversed the effect of PGF2alpha, suggesting that the increase in SRaw was due to bronchospasm. In 7 subjects the inhalation of an anticholinergic drug (SCH 1000) prior to PGF2alpha inhibited to a large extent the effect of the latter, suggesting that the cholinergic system played an important role in the bronchial response to PGF2alpha. In 9 subjects no correlation was found between the bronchial sensitivity to carbachol and PGF2alpha."}
{"id": "PMID:864101", "title": "Experimental studies of sensitization to beryllium, zirconium, and aluminum compounds in the rabbit.", "content": "In a study designed to assess the potential sensitizing and granulomagenic capacities of selected metallic salts, rabbits were inoculated intradermally with zirconium aluminum glycinate (ZAG), sodium zirconium lactate (NZL), aluminum chlorhydrate (ACH), BeSO 4, and ovalbumin (OVA) by single and multiple injections. Animals immunized with BeSO4 and with OVA developed delayed skin reactivity as well as antigen-specific alveolar macrophage migration inhibition. Neither single nor multiple injections of ZAG or ACH resulted in clear-cut positive skin reactivity, macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) production, or lymphocyte stimulation. Rabbits inoculated with multiple injections of NZL (500 microng) showed some marginally positive macrophage migration inhibition and skin reactivity. Histologically, ZAG and ACH were found to induce well-organized foreign-body granulomas after intradermal injection in both normal and inoculated rabbits. NZL and BeSO4 also induced skin granulomas, but these were less organized and distinct. Cell viability and ultrastructural studies indicated that BeSO4 was highly toxic for isolated alveolar macrophages in vitro at concentrations above 10 microng/ml, but NZL and ZAG did not exert such an effect at these dose levels. BeSO4 also depressed lymphocyte stimulation in sensitized animals which demonstrated delayed skin reactivity and macrophage migration inhibition.", "contents": "Experimental studies of sensitization to beryllium, zirconium, and aluminum compounds in the rabbit. In a study designed to assess the potential sensitizing and granulomagenic capacities of selected metallic salts, rabbits were inoculated intradermally with zirconium aluminum glycinate (ZAG), sodium zirconium lactate (NZL), aluminum chlorhydrate (ACH), BeSO 4, and ovalbumin (OVA) by single and multiple injections. Animals immunized with BeSO4 and with OVA developed delayed skin reactivity as well as antigen-specific alveolar macrophage migration inhibition. Neither single nor multiple injections of ZAG or ACH resulted in clear-cut positive skin reactivity, macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) production, or lymphocyte stimulation. Rabbits inoculated with multiple injections of NZL (500 microng) showed some marginally positive macrophage migration inhibition and skin reactivity. Histologically, ZAG and ACH were found to induce well-organized foreign-body granulomas after intradermal injection in both normal and inoculated rabbits. NZL and BeSO4 also induced skin granulomas, but these were less organized and distinct. Cell viability and ultrastructural studies indicated that BeSO4 was highly toxic for isolated alveolar macrophages in vitro at concentrations above 10 microng/ml, but NZL and ZAG did not exert such an effect at these dose levels. BeSO4 also depressed lymphocyte stimulation in sensitized animals which demonstrated delayed skin reactivity and macrophage migration inhibition."}
{"id": "PMID:864102", "title": "Variation in theophylline clearance rate with time in chronic childhood asthma.", "content": "Wide theophylline clearance rate (TCR) range between different individuals has been reported, but little is known about its change with the passage of time. Optimal theophylline therapy for asthma aimed at plasma or serum levels of 10 to 20 microng/ml is now strongly recommended. Significant TCR variability with time might easily result in theophylline levels in the toxic or subtherapeutic ranges. Thirty severe asthmatics (mean age, 13 yr) received 24 hr constant intravenous infusion of 1 mg/kg/hr aminophylline USP. TCR was determined after a steady state was reached. Twelve of these patients with persisting poorly controlled asthma underwent repeat infusion for TCR determination at intervals of 1 to 8 mo (mean, 4.7 mo). When these results were compared to the initial individual TCR, the mean absolute change was 28 +/- 24% (mean +/-SD). Thus, this significant individual variation in TCR with the passage of time (p less than 0.01) requires periodic monitoring of plasma theophylline levels in severe asthma treated by optimized theophylline dosage.", "contents": "Variation in theophylline clearance rate with time in chronic childhood asthma. Wide theophylline clearance rate (TCR) range between different individuals has been reported, but little is known about its change with the passage of time. Optimal theophylline therapy for asthma aimed at plasma or serum levels of 10 to 20 microng/ml is now strongly recommended. Significant TCR variability with time might easily result in theophylline levels in the toxic or subtherapeutic ranges. Thirty severe asthmatics (mean age, 13 yr) received 24 hr constant intravenous infusion of 1 mg/kg/hr aminophylline USP. TCR was determined after a steady state was reached. Twelve of these patients with persisting poorly controlled asthma underwent repeat infusion for TCR determination at intervals of 1 to 8 mo (mean, 4.7 mo). When these results were compared to the initial individual TCR, the mean absolute change was 28 +/- 24% (mean +/-SD). Thus, this significant individual variation in TCR with the passage of time (p less than 0.01) requires periodic monitoring of plasma theophylline levels in severe asthma treated by optimized theophylline dosage."}
{"id": "PMID:864103", "title": "Lymphopenia in acute nitrofurantoin pleuropulmonary reactions.", "content": "Each of 5 patients with acute nitrofurantoin pleuropulmonary reactions had profound lymphopenia and 4 had eosinophilia developing early in the clinical course after the drug was withdrawn. The 2 patients tested had only one third of the normal numbers of E rosettes (T lymphocytes) in the peripheral blood during recovery. Lymphoblastic transformation tests with purified nitrofurantoin were done in 3 patients and all of them were negative; responses to phytohemagglutinin, concanavalin A, and pokeweed were decreased but still normal. The diagnosis of various nitrofurantoin hypersensitivity reactions relies on clinical data. The mechanisms of these reactions presently remain unclear.", "contents": "Lymphopenia in acute nitrofurantoin pleuropulmonary reactions. Each of 5 patients with acute nitrofurantoin pleuropulmonary reactions had profound lymphopenia and 4 had eosinophilia developing early in the clinical course after the drug was withdrawn. The 2 patients tested had only one third of the normal numbers of E rosettes (T lymphocytes) in the peripheral blood during recovery. Lymphoblastic transformation tests with purified nitrofurantoin were done in 3 patients and all of them were negative; responses to phytohemagglutinin, concanavalin A, and pokeweed were decreased but still normal. The diagnosis of various nitrofurantoin hypersensitivity reactions relies on clinical data. The mechanisms of these reactions presently remain unclear."}
{"id": "PMID:864148", "title": "The dietitian in primary health care.", "content": "This statement was prepared by The American Dietetic Association for use in a study on the development of an integrated manpower policy for primary care being conducted by the Institute of Medicine, National Academy of Sciences, Washington, D.C. Basically, it is concerned with the role of the dietetics profession in primary care. It is divided into the following sections: (a) Definition of the dietitian and her position regarding the importance of nutrition in all health and health-related programs; (b) present role of dietitians in both in- and out-patient settings; (c) barriers to carrying out the full potential of nutritional care in improving health; and (d) action recommended to maximize the positive influence nutritional services could have and to identify a nutrition component in any comprehensive health care program. Funding of nutrition services in health and medical programs for primary care would be expected to result in cost containment for total health care, as well as improvement in the health and quality of life of the population.", "contents": "The dietitian in primary health care. This statement was prepared by The American Dietetic Association for use in a study on the development of an integrated manpower policy for primary care being conducted by the Institute of Medicine, National Academy of Sciences, Washington, D.C. Basically, it is concerned with the role of the dietetics profession in primary care. It is divided into the following sections: (a) Definition of the dietitian and her position regarding the importance of nutrition in all health and health-related programs; (b) present role of dietitians in both in- and out-patient settings; (c) barriers to carrying out the full potential of nutritional care in improving health; and (d) action recommended to maximize the positive influence nutritional services could have and to identify a nutrition component in any comprehensive health care program. Funding of nutrition services in health and medical programs for primary care would be expected to result in cost containment for total health care, as well as improvement in the health and quality of life of the population."}
{"id": "PMID:864150", "title": "Coordinated education in dietetics.", "content": "Details essential in implementing coordinated education in the preparation of the professional dietitian are described. Consideration is given to semantics, with clarification of terms posing problems in the smooth evolution of coordinated programs. Four phases of transition from the traditional to the coordinated process are illustrated: (a) Integration of the clinical phase into the undergraduate years; (b) interrelation of subject matter among departmental courses; (c) trans-disciplinary coordination; and (d) on-going evaluation of the curriculum in terms of professional practice. Also addressed are barriers to change in professional education. The ultimate goals are a balance between standardization and accountability and a climate in which academia has the liberty to meet demands in an innovative fashion.", "contents": "Coordinated education in dietetics. Details essential in implementing coordinated education in the preparation of the professional dietitian are described. Consideration is given to semantics, with clarification of terms posing problems in the smooth evolution of coordinated programs. Four phases of transition from the traditional to the coordinated process are illustrated: (a) Integration of the clinical phase into the undergraduate years; (b) interrelation of subject matter among departmental courses; (c) trans-disciplinary coordination; and (d) on-going evaluation of the curriculum in terms of professional practice. Also addressed are barriers to change in professional education. The ultimate goals are a balance between standardization and accountability and a climate in which academia has the liberty to meet demands in an innovative fashion."}
{"id": "PMID:864152", "title": "Nutritional knowledge and attitudes of physicians.", "content": "A closed-end questionnaire, containing fifty-five knowledge questions and twenty attitude statements, was mailed to physicians on the mailing list of the Nebraska Medical Association who expressed a willingness to participate in this study. The data reported are based on the responses of 292 physicians (22 per cent of the total possible sample). Twelve per cent indicated they had received no nutrition education in medical school, either as a specific course or integrated with other subjects. Eighty-eight per cent had access to a clinical dietitian, with 40 per cent reporting frequent use of this service. Physicians answered 65 per cent of the knowledge questions correctly, with a tendency to score higher on basic nutritional knowledge questions than on those relating to therapeutic nutrition. Attitudes toward nutrition were generally favorable. There was a significant negative, though moderate, correlation (r = -0.188) between years in practice and nutritional knowledge. No significant relationship was found between nutritional knowledge and attitude. The findings of this study suggest that nutrition education should be considered as an area for postgraduate courses for physicians. Also, a need for a greater awareness and utilization by physicians of the dietitian's potential as a nutritional consultant is indicated.", "contents": "Nutritional knowledge and attitudes of physicians. A closed-end questionnaire, containing fifty-five knowledge questions and twenty attitude statements, was mailed to physicians on the mailing list of the Nebraska Medical Association who expressed a willingness to participate in this study. The data reported are based on the responses of 292 physicians (22 per cent of the total possible sample). Twelve per cent indicated they had received no nutrition education in medical school, either as a specific course or integrated with other subjects. Eighty-eight per cent had access to a clinical dietitian, with 40 per cent reporting frequent use of this service. Physicians answered 65 per cent of the knowledge questions correctly, with a tendency to score higher on basic nutritional knowledge questions than on those relating to therapeutic nutrition. Attitudes toward nutrition were generally favorable. There was a significant negative, though moderate, correlation (r = -0.188) between years in practice and nutritional knowledge. No significant relationship was found between nutritional knowledge and attitude. The findings of this study suggest that nutrition education should be considered as an area for postgraduate courses for physicians. Also, a need for a greater awareness and utilization by physicians of the dietitian's potential as a nutritional consultant is indicated."}
{"id": "PMID:864153", "title": "Zinc content of selected foods.", "content": "Selected food items appearing on 24-hr. dietary recalls of nineteen volunteers were analyzed for zinc by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Consistent and reproducible results were obtained for the zinc content of the foods. Values ranged from 0.02 +/- 0.01 mg. zinc per 100 gm. for fruit cocktail to 6.77 +/- 0.03 mg. per 100 gm. for London broil. Foods in the meat group had the highest zinc values (0.40 to 6.77 mg. per 100 gm.), followed by the breads and cereals (0.30 to 2.54 mg. per 100 gm.); milk and milk products (0.36 to 0.49 mg. per 100 gm.); vegetables (0.12 to 0.60 mg. per 100 gm.); and fruits (0.02 to 0.26 mg. per 100 gm.)--in that order. When comparisons with published values for zinc content of foods were possible, there was good agreement with the values obtained in this study. Using the zinc content of the analyzed foods, dietary zinc intakes based on 24-hr. recall records were calculated for the nineteen volunteers. Mean dietary zinc intake was 13.3 +/- 7.6 mg. and showed a high positive correlation to dietary energy (r = 0.85) and protein (r = 0.90) intakes. Analyzed zinc content of two food composites containing beef was twice that of four food composites not containing beef.", "contents": "Zinc content of selected foods. Selected food items appearing on 24-hr. dietary recalls of nineteen volunteers were analyzed for zinc by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Consistent and reproducible results were obtained for the zinc content of the foods. Values ranged from 0.02 +/- 0.01 mg. zinc per 100 gm. for fruit cocktail to 6.77 +/- 0.03 mg. per 100 gm. for London broil. Foods in the meat group had the highest zinc values (0.40 to 6.77 mg. per 100 gm.), followed by the breads and cereals (0.30 to 2.54 mg. per 100 gm.); milk and milk products (0.36 to 0.49 mg. per 100 gm.); vegetables (0.12 to 0.60 mg. per 100 gm.); and fruits (0.02 to 0.26 mg. per 100 gm.)--in that order. When comparisons with published values for zinc content of foods were possible, there was good agreement with the values obtained in this study. Using the zinc content of the analyzed foods, dietary zinc intakes based on 24-hr. recall records were calculated for the nineteen volunteers. Mean dietary zinc intake was 13.3 +/- 7.6 mg. and showed a high positive correlation to dietary energy (r = 0.85) and protein (r = 0.90) intakes. Analyzed zinc content of two food composites containing beef was twice that of four food composites not containing beef."}
{"id": "PMID:864154", "title": "Tocopherols in canned entr\u00e9es and vended sandwiches.", "content": "Determination was made of alpha-, beta-plus-gamma-, and delta-tocopherol contents of brand-name canned entr\u00e9es from a supermarket and from vending machines on a college campus, of several home-prepared entr\u00e9es, and of sandwiches from vending machines in Spokane, Washington. Amounts of total tocopherols in canned entr\u00e9es were small, ranging from none detected to 0.66 mg. per 100 gm. food. Similar home-prepared entr\u00e9es, however, contained 0.41 mg. to 1.55 mg. Tocopherols in vended sandwiches ranged from 0.05 mg. to 1.86 mg. per 100 gm. sandwich. Results are also expressed as total tocopherols per serving (I.U.). These convenience foods contribute only a small amount to the day's intake of vitamin E.", "contents": "Tocopherols in canned entr\u00e9es and vended sandwiches. Determination was made of alpha-, beta-plus-gamma-, and delta-tocopherol contents of brand-name canned entr\u00e9es from a supermarket and from vending machines on a college campus, of several home-prepared entr\u00e9es, and of sandwiches from vending machines in Spokane, Washington. Amounts of total tocopherols in canned entr\u00e9es were small, ranging from none detected to 0.66 mg. per 100 gm. food. Similar home-prepared entr\u00e9es, however, contained 0.41 mg. to 1.55 mg. Tocopherols in vended sandwiches ranged from 0.05 mg. to 1.86 mg. per 100 gm. sandwich. Results are also expressed as total tocopherols per serving (I.U.). These convenience foods contribute only a small amount to the day's intake of vitamin E."}
{"id": "PMID:864159", "title": "Adapting the 24-hr. recall for epidemiologic studies of school children.", "content": "Chemical analysis of food actually eaten would be the most accurate method for analyzing the diets of children, but this technique is not feasible for most nutrition staffs. An improved 24-hr. dietary recall can be used by a small, well trained staff to collect more reliable data on a large number of school children. Vigilant monitoring of school lunch operations, incorporation of known recipes in the ETNV, and organizing probing techniques are necessary to insure the reliability of the tool. The low coefficients of variation of duplicate recalls noted in the study indicate that the error of measurement between interviewers is small, if the tool is carefully tested and sophisticated before use in the field and if observers are carefully trained by a written protocol.", "contents": "Adapting the 24-hr. recall for epidemiologic studies of school children. Chemical analysis of food actually eaten would be the most accurate method for analyzing the diets of children, but this technique is not feasible for most nutrition staffs. An improved 24-hr. dietary recall can be used by a small, well trained staff to collect more reliable data on a large number of school children. Vigilant monitoring of school lunch operations, incorporation of known recipes in the ETNV, and organizing probing techniques are necessary to insure the reliability of the tool. The low coefficients of variation of duplicate recalls noted in the study indicate that the error of measurement between interviewers is small, if the tool is carefully tested and sophisticated before use in the field and if observers are carefully trained by a written protocol."}
{"id": "PMID:864168", "title": "Senile dementia: treatment with deanol.", "content": "Recent research indicates a possible cholinergic involvement in memory processes and thus the possibility that acetylcholine deficiency may underlie memory impairment in senile dementia. Deanol (2-dimethylaminoethanol), which is assumed to increase brain acetylcholine, was given openly for 4 weeks to 14 senile outpatients, to determine the safety of the drug and whether or not it reduces cognitive impairment. The dosage was gradually increased to 600 mg three times daily during the first two weeks, with no adverse effects. Ten patients improved globally and 4 were unchanged (p less than .01). The total score on the Sandoz Clinical Assessment-Geriatric (SCAG) was lowered by the third week (p less than .01), primarily as a result of reduced depression, irritability and anxiety, and increased motivation-initiative. However, neither the clinical ratings nor an extensive pre- versus post-treatment series of cognitive tests revealed changes in memory or other cognitive functions. Since a similar separate study with a different compound produced no behavioral changes, it is unlikely that the improvement with deanol was due entirely to placebo effects. The results thus suggest that although deanol may not improve memory, it may produce positive behavioral changes in some senile patients.", "contents": "Senile dementia: treatment with deanol. Recent research indicates a possible cholinergic involvement in memory processes and thus the possibility that acetylcholine deficiency may underlie memory impairment in senile dementia. Deanol (2-dimethylaminoethanol), which is assumed to increase brain acetylcholine, was given openly for 4 weeks to 14 senile outpatients, to determine the safety of the drug and whether or not it reduces cognitive impairment. The dosage was gradually increased to 600 mg three times daily during the first two weeks, with no adverse effects. Ten patients improved globally and 4 were unchanged (p less than .01). The total score on the Sandoz Clinical Assessment-Geriatric (SCAG) was lowered by the third week (p less than .01), primarily as a result of reduced depression, irritability and anxiety, and increased motivation-initiative. However, neither the clinical ratings nor an extensive pre- versus post-treatment series of cognitive tests revealed changes in memory or other cognitive functions. Since a similar separate study with a different compound produced no behavioral changes, it is unlikely that the improvement with deanol was due entirely to placebo effects. The results thus suggest that although deanol may not improve memory, it may produce positive behavioral changes in some senile patients."}
{"id": "PMID:864169", "title": "Attempted suicide among the aged.", "content": "Although the rate for suicide in old age is high, the rate for attempted (unsuccessful) suicide is low. Among the elderly, suicide-attempt groups have more physical disorders, more psychoses, and more psychopathologic findings, and are under-represented demographically. Fifty percent of the elderly suicide attempters have organic brain syndrome (OBS), compared to only 5-10 percent of the \"normal\" population over age 60. Among what might be expected to be a high-risk suicide population, OBS apparently interferes with the success of suicide attempts by impairing coordination, planning, determination, and awareness of reality.", "contents": "Attempted suicide among the aged. Although the rate for suicide in old age is high, the rate for attempted (unsuccessful) suicide is low. Among the elderly, suicide-attempt groups have more physical disorders, more psychoses, and more psychopathologic findings, and are under-represented demographically. Fifty percent of the elderly suicide attempters have organic brain syndrome (OBS), compared to only 5-10 percent of the \"normal\" population over age 60. Among what might be expected to be a high-risk suicide population, OBS apparently interferes with the success of suicide attempts by impairing coordination, planning, determination, and awareness of reality."}
{"id": "PMID:864170", "title": "An evaluative study of Silver's Cerebral Function Test.", "content": "The aim of this study was to evaluate the usefulness of Silver's Cerebral Function Test in predicting the management and placement of patients admitted to a psychogeriatric hospital. Overall, 205 consecutively admitted patients and 54 age-matched controls living in the community were examined, thereby greatly extending the normative data for the test. The results indicated that this brief, easily administered test could distinguish the patients from the controls. Also, the selected cut-off score of 28 significantly differentiated between patients able to benefit from rehabilitation and occupational therapy programs and those who required primarily maintenance care. The test-retest reliability of the test was good (r = 0.91).", "contents": "An evaluative study of Silver's Cerebral Function Test. The aim of this study was to evaluate the usefulness of Silver's Cerebral Function Test in predicting the management and placement of patients admitted to a psychogeriatric hospital. Overall, 205 consecutively admitted patients and 54 age-matched controls living in the community were examined, thereby greatly extending the normative data for the test. The results indicated that this brief, easily administered test could distinguish the patients from the controls. Also, the selected cut-off score of 28 significantly differentiated between patients able to benefit from rehabilitation and occupational therapy programs and those who required primarily maintenance care. The test-retest reliability of the test was good (r = 0.91)."}
{"id": "PMID:864171", "title": "Calcium metabolism in aging inhabitants of mountain versus seacoast communities in the Kii Peninsula.", "content": "A survey was conducted on age-related changes in various measures of calcium metabolism in 609 men and women over the age of 30 (more than half were over the age of 60) in two communities of the Kii Peninsula at the central southern tip of the Japanese mainland. One community was on Oshima Island, with adequate nutritional intake; the other community was in the mountainous Shichikawa district, with a low intake of calcium and protein. The subjects of the Shichikawa study showed shorter stature, higher prevalence of lumbago, thinner clavicular cortex, lower serum levels of phosphorus, total protein and cholesterol, and a higher level of alkaline phosphatase than did the subjects of the Oshima study. There was no difference in the serum calcium levels.", "contents": "Calcium metabolism in aging inhabitants of mountain versus seacoast communities in the Kii Peninsula. A survey was conducted on age-related changes in various measures of calcium metabolism in 609 men and women over the age of 30 (more than half were over the age of 60) in two communities of the Kii Peninsula at the central southern tip of the Japanese mainland. One community was on Oshima Island, with adequate nutritional intake; the other community was in the mountainous Shichikawa district, with a low intake of calcium and protein. The subjects of the Shichikawa study showed shorter stature, higher prevalence of lumbago, thinner clavicular cortex, lower serum levels of phosphorus, total protein and cholesterol, and a higher level of alkaline phosphatase than did the subjects of the Oshima study. There was no difference in the serum calcium levels."}
{"id": "PMID:864172", "title": "Some risk factors in pathologic aging.", "content": "A clinico-epidemiologic prevalence survey was conducted in the sub-mountainous area of Northern Bohemia, which is distinguished by the highest proportion of aged people in Bohemian countries. It involved 6057 persons of the 70-79 age group, 1718 persons of the 80-89 age group and 139 persons of the 90+ group, plus control subjects in various other groups. In this study an attempt was made to find an effective measure of the presumed risk factors of pathologic aging in persons of the 70-105 age group. The data were analyzed by the method of coincidence of two parameters of binomial decomposition on the computer Odra. The quantity dependence of the signs was determined, and an index of the compound-risk factor of pathologic aging was calculated. When the numerical value of the index is lower than 56.9 +/- 4.36 for a group of males or 50.3 +/- 3.55 for a group of females, the probability is that a given person in those groups will survive to an advanced age. The total risk is higher for the male sex. Of considerable importance are the genetic burden, external environmental causes, harmful habits, certain \"civilization\" diseases, and other factors such as disturbed social contacts and defective nutrition.", "contents": "Some risk factors in pathologic aging. A clinico-epidemiologic prevalence survey was conducted in the sub-mountainous area of Northern Bohemia, which is distinguished by the highest proportion of aged people in Bohemian countries. It involved 6057 persons of the 70-79 age group, 1718 persons of the 80-89 age group and 139 persons of the 90+ group, plus control subjects in various other groups. In this study an attempt was made to find an effective measure of the presumed risk factors of pathologic aging in persons of the 70-105 age group. The data were analyzed by the method of coincidence of two parameters of binomial decomposition on the computer Odra. The quantity dependence of the signs was determined, and an index of the compound-risk factor of pathologic aging was calculated. When the numerical value of the index is lower than 56.9 +/- 4.36 for a group of males or 50.3 +/- 3.55 for a group of females, the probability is that a given person in those groups will survive to an advanced age. The total risk is higher for the male sex. Of considerable importance are the genetic burden, external environmental causes, harmful habits, certain \"civilization\" diseases, and other factors such as disturbed social contacts and defective nutrition."}
{"id": "PMID:864173", "title": "On-site geropsychiatric services to guests of residential homes.", "content": "During a 7.5-year liaison between a 152-bed residential (multi-level care) home for the aged and a psychiatrist-social worker team, 58 of the 339 residents were referred to the team. With increasing expertise of the staff of the home and with early psychosocial intervention, the need for psychiatric hospitalization dropped virtually to zero. Of the 23 persons currently referred, 65 percent are recovering well with psychiatric-social-nursing support and psychotropic drugs; another 26 percent are achieving significant behavioral improvement without change in their chronic mental confusion. The average time required of the psychiatrist proved to be four hours monthly; telephone consultations averaged two hours monthly. About half an hour per week was spent in conference between the psychiatrist and social worker, to allow achievement of mutual goals. Appropriate one-site psychiatric-social therapy permitted continuity of care and usually prevented threatened disruption of the residnets' lives. Thus the modest investment of time by the psychiatrist and social worker improved the level of life satisfaction, not only for the patients but for the Home.", "contents": "On-site geropsychiatric services to guests of residential homes. During a 7.5-year liaison between a 152-bed residential (multi-level care) home for the aged and a psychiatrist-social worker team, 58 of the 339 residents were referred to the team. With increasing expertise of the staff of the home and with early psychosocial intervention, the need for psychiatric hospitalization dropped virtually to zero. Of the 23 persons currently referred, 65 percent are recovering well with psychiatric-social-nursing support and psychotropic drugs; another 26 percent are achieving significant behavioral improvement without change in their chronic mental confusion. The average time required of the psychiatrist proved to be four hours monthly; telephone consultations averaged two hours monthly. About half an hour per week was spent in conference between the psychiatrist and social worker, to allow achievement of mutual goals. Appropriate one-site psychiatric-social therapy permitted continuity of care and usually prevented threatened disruption of the residnets' lives. Thus the modest investment of time by the psychiatrist and social worker improved the level of life satisfaction, not only for the patients but for the Home."}
{"id": "PMID:864174", "title": "Brief psychotherapy: a case report illustrating its potential effectiveness.", "content": "The advance of industrialization in Mexico and elsewhere has brought about psychosocial problems of aging similar to those encountered in the United States. A case study is presented of a 64-year-old Mexican widow who had suicidal thoughts and feeling of uselessness. External constraints on the therapist dictated that psychotherapy be completed within 15 days. A strategy of brief psychotherapy was adopted. The focus was not on establishing transference, probing the unconscious or reconstructing the patient's personality, but on identifying problems and formulating practical solutions promptly. Four hour-long sessions were sufficient to gather information and to counsel the patient and her family. The diagnosis was depression. Treatment centered around increasing the quality of the patient's activity. The initial success of these measure made for a good prognosis. Both patient and family were advised of the availability of antidepressant drugs, and advised against relocating the patient.", "contents": "Brief psychotherapy: a case report illustrating its potential effectiveness. The advance of industrialization in Mexico and elsewhere has brought about psychosocial problems of aging similar to those encountered in the United States. A case study is presented of a 64-year-old Mexican widow who had suicidal thoughts and feeling of uselessness. External constraints on the therapist dictated that psychotherapy be completed within 15 days. A strategy of brief psychotherapy was adopted. The focus was not on establishing transference, probing the unconscious or reconstructing the patient's personality, but on identifying problems and formulating practical solutions promptly. Four hour-long sessions were sufficient to gather information and to counsel the patient and her family. The diagnosis was depression. Treatment centered around increasing the quality of the patient's activity. The initial success of these measure made for a good prognosis. Both patient and family were advised of the availability of antidepressant drugs, and advised against relocating the patient."}
{"id": "PMID:864175", "title": "Intra-hospital transfer: effects on chronically ill psychogeriatric patients.", "content": "Since the Vermont State Hospital was approaching a major transition period, it was decided to study systematically the effects of intra-unit and inter-unit transfer on its psychogeriatric patients. Ten patients were assessed by means of four standardized measures in the intra-unit study, specifically investigating the effects of integrating wards previously devoted either to chronic or to acute psychiatric illness. Twenty-five patients from a specialized geriatric unit were evaluated, by separate investigators, with respect to changes occuring as a result of their transfer to regional mixed units. The critical incident log, the problem classification form, and the clinical global impression showed some changes, for which there were several possible explanations. None of the changes was as dramatic as predicted by staff members holding divergent views prior to the study. The optimists predicted a \"blossoming\" of the psychogeriatric patients in the mixed, regional units, whereas the pessimists prophesied dire consequences. The group of patients studied was not completely homogeneous with respect to the effect to transfer. Clinical assessment after transfer could be relied on to detect improvement in some of these psychogeriatric patients and deterioration in others. Some understanding of the complexity of the multifactor determinants of change developed along with increased cooperation among the investigators and the nursing staff. A middle ground of mutual respect for fresh ideas and an appreciation for years of experience was reached.", "contents": "Intra-hospital transfer: effects on chronically ill psychogeriatric patients. Since the Vermont State Hospital was approaching a major transition period, it was decided to study systematically the effects of intra-unit and inter-unit transfer on its psychogeriatric patients. Ten patients were assessed by means of four standardized measures in the intra-unit study, specifically investigating the effects of integrating wards previously devoted either to chronic or to acute psychiatric illness. Twenty-five patients from a specialized geriatric unit were evaluated, by separate investigators, with respect to changes occuring as a result of their transfer to regional mixed units. The critical incident log, the problem classification form, and the clinical global impression showed some changes, for which there were several possible explanations. None of the changes was as dramatic as predicted by staff members holding divergent views prior to the study. The optimists predicted a \"blossoming\" of the psychogeriatric patients in the mixed, regional units, whereas the pessimists prophesied dire consequences. The group of patients studied was not completely homogeneous with respect to the effect to transfer. Clinical assessment after transfer could be relied on to detect improvement in some of these psychogeriatric patients and deterioration in others. Some understanding of the complexity of the multifactor determinants of change developed along with increased cooperation among the investigators and the nursing staff. A middle ground of mutual respect for fresh ideas and an appreciation for years of experience was reached."}
{"id": "PMID:864176", "title": "Effect of age and weight on plasma glucose and insulin responses in the rat.", "content": "Plasma glucose and insulin responses to orally administered glucose were determined in rats of varying ages and weights. The results indicated that glucose tolerance tends to deteriorate as rats grow from 1 month to 9 months of age. This change in glucose tolerance was associated with an increase in the response of plasma insulin to glucose, consistent with the hypothesis that the decline in glucose tolerance is due to a loss of normal insulin sensitivity. The changes in glucose and insulin responses could not be explained entirely on the basis of the associated weight gain. They seemed to be at least partially secondary to either age or an age-related factor other than obesity.", "contents": "Effect of age and weight on plasma glucose and insulin responses in the rat. Plasma glucose and insulin responses to orally administered glucose were determined in rats of varying ages and weights. The results indicated that glucose tolerance tends to deteriorate as rats grow from 1 month to 9 months of age. This change in glucose tolerance was associated with an increase in the response of plasma insulin to glucose, consistent with the hypothesis that the decline in glucose tolerance is due to a loss of normal insulin sensitivity. The changes in glucose and insulin responses could not be explained entirely on the basis of the associated weight gain. They seemed to be at least partially secondary to either age or an age-related factor other than obesity."}
{"id": "PMID:864177", "title": "Reactivation of tuberculosis in old age.", "content": "Reactivation of tuberculosis in old age has been reported by several authors. This article confirms these findings and presents another 5 examples. Lack of adequate chemotherapy during the first clinical episode may be an important factor in reactivation, especially in debilitated patients.", "contents": "Reactivation of tuberculosis in old age. Reactivation of tuberculosis in old age has been reported by several authors. This article confirms these findings and presents another 5 examples. Lack of adequate chemotherapy during the first clinical episode may be an important factor in reactivation, especially in debilitated patients."}
{"id": "PMID:864178", "title": "Sideroblastic anemia in an elderly patient.", "content": "A 91-year-old man had been treated for iron-deficiency anemia for four years before admission to the Geriatric Unit of the Hasharon Hospital because of cardiac insufficiency and epigastric pain. In the Unit, laboratory studies revealed, in addition to hypochromic anemia, a high level of plasma iron and a reduced iron-binding capacity. The low reticulocyte count in the peripheral blood despite hyperplasia in the bone-marrow erythrocyte series, the rapid disappearance of radioactive iron from the plasma, and the impaired erythrocytic uptake of iron were all indicative of the ineffective erythropoiesis. The findings suggested the possibility of sideroblastic anemia, and examination of bone-marrow aspirates stained for iron confirmed this diagnosis.", "contents": "Sideroblastic anemia in an elderly patient. A 91-year-old man had been treated for iron-deficiency anemia for four years before admission to the Geriatric Unit of the Hasharon Hospital because of cardiac insufficiency and epigastric pain. In the Unit, laboratory studies revealed, in addition to hypochromic anemia, a high level of plasma iron and a reduced iron-binding capacity. The low reticulocyte count in the peripheral blood despite hyperplasia in the bone-marrow erythrocyte series, the rapid disappearance of radioactive iron from the plasma, and the impaired erythrocytic uptake of iron were all indicative of the ineffective erythropoiesis. The findings suggested the possibility of sideroblastic anemia, and examination of bone-marrow aspirates stained for iron confirmed this diagnosis."}
{"id": "PMID:864179", "title": "Idiopathic hemochromatosis: case report of a patient presenting with neurologic symptoms.", "content": "Idiopathic hemochromatosis is an iron-storage disease more common in men than in women. It is characterized clinically by diabetes mellitus, cirrhosis of the liver, pigmentation of the skin and cardiac failure. The diagnosis may be overlooked when the presenting symptoms do not follow the pattern. A case is reported which was diagnosed after an onset that featured neurologic symptoms.", "contents": "Idiopathic hemochromatosis: case report of a patient presenting with neurologic symptoms. Idiopathic hemochromatosis is an iron-storage disease more common in men than in women. It is characterized clinically by diabetes mellitus, cirrhosis of the liver, pigmentation of the skin and cardiac failure. The diagnosis may be overlooked when the presenting symptoms do not follow the pattern. A case is reported which was diagnosed after an onset that featured neurologic symptoms."}
{"id": "PMID:864180", "title": "Treatment approaches with the psychiatric elderly.", "content": "In reviewing the literature on treatment approaches with the psychiatric elderly, a large number of studies were found which espouse comprehensive rehabilitation programs that usually require supplementation of existing personnel and expansion of facilities. Although some agencies and institutions are fortunate in securing the needed funds for such program implementation, most others face the reality of limited personnel and funding cutbacks. This paper briefly reviews modalities which do not demand additional expenditures for specialized facilities in the treatment of chronically ill geropsychiatric patients.", "contents": "Treatment approaches with the psychiatric elderly. In reviewing the literature on treatment approaches with the psychiatric elderly, a large number of studies were found which espouse comprehensive rehabilitation programs that usually require supplementation of existing personnel and expansion of facilities. Although some agencies and institutions are fortunate in securing the needed funds for such program implementation, most others face the reality of limited personnel and funding cutbacks. This paper briefly reviews modalities which do not demand additional expenditures for specialized facilities in the treatment of chronically ill geropsychiatric patients."}
{"id": "PMID:864181", "title": "A program of balanced physical fitness in the preventive care of elderly ambulatory patients.", "content": "A program of balanced physical fitness incorporated into a medical \"team\" approach to treatment contributed significantly to the general health of elderly ambulatory patients. Each week for eleven months, 13 patients were given one hour of balanced exercise and encouraged to perform it for two additional hours per week. Initial differences favoring the control group. Physicians' single-blind assessment of the two groups resulted in significantly better health ratings for the patients who had received the therapeutic exercise program than for those who did not participate.", "contents": "A program of balanced physical fitness in the preventive care of elderly ambulatory patients. A program of balanced physical fitness incorporated into a medical \"team\" approach to treatment contributed significantly to the general health of elderly ambulatory patients. Each week for eleven months, 13 patients were given one hour of balanced exercise and encouraged to perform it for two additional hours per week. Initial differences favoring the control group. Physicians' single-blind assessment of the two groups resulted in significantly better health ratings for the patients who had received the therapeutic exercise program than for those who did not participate."}
{"id": "PMID:864184", "title": "Patient response to thin hydrogel contact lenses.", "content": "This study was designed to evaluate the patient response to experimental Bausch & Lomb thin F series SOFLENSES. The center thickness of these lenses was 0.04-0.06mm compared to 0.14-0.16 mm for the conventional F series lenses. Eight of the twenty-three subjects fitted (35% of the patients, 39% of the eyes) were successful by the standard of Sarver, Harris and Polse. The principal reason for failure was discomfort, which was often associated with poor centration and arcuate staining. Neither vertical corneal striae nor significant corneal thickening were observed during the eight hour wearing periods. Lens handling was a major problem. During the eight weeks of the study 35% of lenses used were torn. Our results indicate that even though thin F series SOFLENSES cause less corneal edema than conventional F series SOFLENSES, the overall patient response to these thin lenses is less favorable than the response to conventional SOFLENSES. Further research with thin hydrogel lenses is needed to determine if the patient response can be improved by altering such lens parameters as diameter and/or curvature.", "contents": "Patient response to thin hydrogel contact lenses. This study was designed to evaluate the patient response to experimental Bausch & Lomb thin F series SOFLENSES. The center thickness of these lenses was 0.04-0.06mm compared to 0.14-0.16 mm for the conventional F series lenses. Eight of the twenty-three subjects fitted (35% of the patients, 39% of the eyes) were successful by the standard of Sarver, Harris and Polse. The principal reason for failure was discomfort, which was often associated with poor centration and arcuate staining. Neither vertical corneal striae nor significant corneal thickening were observed during the eight hour wearing periods. Lens handling was a major problem. During the eight weeks of the study 35% of lenses used were torn. Our results indicate that even though thin F series SOFLENSES cause less corneal edema than conventional F series SOFLENSES, the overall patient response to these thin lenses is less favorable than the response to conventional SOFLENSES. Further research with thin hydrogel lenses is needed to determine if the patient response can be improved by altering such lens parameters as diameter and/or curvature."}
{"id": "PMID:864185", "title": "A pilot study of the effect of soft contact lenses on intraocular pressure.", "content": "It is common for the initial application of any contact lens to a cornea to produce an irritative response. There is almost no information in the literature regarding what effect this irritation produces, particularly upon the intraocular pressure (IOP). In this study we analyzed IOP changes in soft contact lens wearers of six months time. The results showed no significant difference between pre-fit IOP and that after six months. Based on individual responses there may be some implications for the use of IOP measurement when fitting soft contact lenses.", "contents": "A pilot study of the effect of soft contact lenses on intraocular pressure. It is common for the initial application of any contact lens to a cornea to produce an irritative response. There is almost no information in the literature regarding what effect this irritation produces, particularly upon the intraocular pressure (IOP). In this study we analyzed IOP changes in soft contact lens wearers of six months time. The results showed no significant difference between pre-fit IOP and that after six months. Based on individual responses there may be some implications for the use of IOP measurement when fitting soft contact lenses."}
{"id": "PMID:864186", "title": "The osmotic variable.", "content": "Patients were found to differ in their prefitted tear osmotic baselines. Although such differences appeared small, they did represent the \"safety margin\" (i.e., against osmotic edema) each patient had against a \"hypotonic shift\" when receiving a hard (PMMA) contact lens.", "contents": "The osmotic variable. Patients were found to differ in their prefitted tear osmotic baselines. Although such differences appeared small, they did represent the \"safety margin\" (i.e., against osmotic edema) each patient had against a \"hypotonic shift\" when receiving a hard (PMMA) contact lens."}
{"id": "PMID:864187", "title": "Detection and measurement of corneal alterations due to conventional contact lens wear.", "content": "Corneal changes, especially edema, are discussed, with the purpose of offering a selection of many tests intended to give the practitioner indications of the response of the eye to contact lens wear. Some old, some current, and some futuristic techniques, including a few now operative but largely experimental, are mentioned, as is a concluding opinion of the minimum clinical routine providing the \"best\" information of the edema state.", "contents": "Detection and measurement of corneal alterations due to conventional contact lens wear. Corneal changes, especially edema, are discussed, with the purpose of offering a selection of many tests intended to give the practitioner indications of the response of the eye to contact lens wear. Some old, some current, and some futuristic techniques, including a few now operative but largely experimental, are mentioned, as is a concluding opinion of the minimum clinical routine providing the \"best\" information of the edema state."}
{"id": "PMID:864188", "title": "Corneal deadaptation--the case against abrupt cessation of contact lens wear.", "content": "Severe corneal deformations and visual acuity loss frequently result from abrupt cessation of hard contact lens wear. The concept of corneal deadaptation, or the gradual reduction of wearing time over a period of several weeks is suggested as a means of minimizing the deformations and acuity losses.", "contents": "Corneal deadaptation--the case against abrupt cessation of contact lens wear. Severe corneal deformations and visual acuity loss frequently result from abrupt cessation of hard contact lens wear. The concept of corneal deadaptation, or the gradual reduction of wearing time over a period of several weeks is suggested as a means of minimizing the deformations and acuity losses."}
{"id": "PMID:864189", "title": "Research in orthokeratology. Part V: Results and observations--recovery aspects.", "content": "In this paper, the recovery profiles of changes produced by a defined orthokeratological technique are presented and discussed. The manner and degree in which the eye responds after the removal of contact lenses was shown to be highly individualistic in nature. Even so, certain trends were evident. It was found that the alterations produced by orthokeratology were rarely permanent; however, complete recovery was usually not observed.", "contents": "Research in orthokeratology. Part V: Results and observations--recovery aspects. In this paper, the recovery profiles of changes produced by a defined orthokeratological technique are presented and discussed. The manner and degree in which the eye responds after the removal of contact lenses was shown to be highly individualistic in nature. Even so, certain trends were evident. It was found that the alterations produced by orthokeratology were rarely permanent; however, complete recovery was usually not observed."}
{"id": "PMID:864190", "title": "Adaptation to hydrogel contact lenses: variations in myopia and corneal curvature measurements.", "content": "Forty patients wearing lenses (soflens) were examined regularly for 3 months. During the first month the mean myopia gradually increased to 0.12 D more myopia and increased linearly to 0.50 D more myopia at 3 months. The mean corneal curvature flattened during the first 3 weeks, but steepened to about 0.37 D at 3 months. The process of myopia changes are not attributed solely to the anterior corneal curvature, but may also be the result of variations in the posterior corneal curvature, corneal thickness and index refraction as well as a change in the depth of the anterior chamber.", "contents": "Adaptation to hydrogel contact lenses: variations in myopia and corneal curvature measurements. Forty patients wearing lenses (soflens) were examined regularly for 3 months. During the first month the mean myopia gradually increased to 0.12 D more myopia and increased linearly to 0.50 D more myopia at 3 months. The mean corneal curvature flattened during the first 3 weeks, but steepened to about 0.37 D at 3 months. The process of myopia changes are not attributed solely to the anterior corneal curvature, but may also be the result of variations in the posterior corneal curvature, corneal thickness and index refraction as well as a change in the depth of the anterior chamber."}
{"id": "PMID:864191", "title": "Hypnosis and suggestion for fitting contact lenses.", "content": "Language is important in the creation of a painful or non-painful context for fitting contact lenses. This article discusses two types of language use and demonstrates the consequent experience each creates for the patient. The authors also emphasize the importance of acceptance and utilization of responses offered by the patient to further the goals of a comfortable fitting experience. Finally, this article provides an example of a reliable and successful technique for rapidly inducing hypnosis for the purpose of obtaining a comfortable lens fitting.", "contents": "Hypnosis and suggestion for fitting contact lenses. Language is important in the creation of a painful or non-painful context for fitting contact lenses. This article discusses two types of language use and demonstrates the consequent experience each creates for the patient. The authors also emphasize the importance of acceptance and utilization of responses offered by the patient to further the goals of a comfortable fitting experience. Finally, this article provides an example of a reliable and successful technique for rapidly inducing hypnosis for the purpose of obtaining a comfortable lens fitting."}
{"id": "PMID:864192", "title": "C.A.B.: a practical contact lens option?", "content": "The rigid contact lens continues to offer many prescription features which are difficult to match in the flexible lens realm, e.g.,: readily measured parameters, predictable optics, low production cost and minimum patient care requirements for reasonable hygienic safety. But poor tear pump efficiency remains a challenge in many conventional (i.e., PMMA) cases, even today. Oxygen permeable rigid materials represent the obvious solution to this problem, but how adequately do they perform? Two such materials are examined in this report in relation to the oxygen needs of the cornea.", "contents": "C.A.B.: a practical contact lens option? The rigid contact lens continues to offer many prescription features which are difficult to match in the flexible lens realm, e.g.,: readily measured parameters, predictable optics, low production cost and minimum patient care requirements for reasonable hygienic safety. But poor tear pump efficiency remains a challenge in many conventional (i.e., PMMA) cases, even today. Oxygen permeable rigid materials represent the obvious solution to this problem, but how adequately do they perform? Two such materials are examined in this report in relation to the oxygen needs of the cornea."}
{"id": "PMID:864193", "title": "The \"aging\" of a HEMA contact lens.", "content": "The physical characteristics and attendant patient complaints associated with termination of the useful service lives of 26 HEMA lenses are compared with the characteristics of a control (undispensed) population of such lenses.", "contents": "The \"aging\" of a HEMA contact lens. The physical characteristics and attendant patient complaints associated with termination of the useful service lives of 26 HEMA lenses are compared with the characteristics of a control (undispensed) population of such lenses."}
{"id": "PMID:864203", "title": "Tissue levels of S-adenosylmethionine in aging rats.", "content": "The tissue levels of S-Adenosylmethionine (SAMe) in 30-mo.-old rats were measured, and a remarkable decrease was observed compared to adult rats. The synthesis of SAMe by the methionine-activating enzyme and its utilization by COMT were investigated in different tissues. The activity of the synthesizing enzyme was unchanged in the liver and brain of adult and senescent rats, while COMT activity appeared to be higher in the aging rats. Thus, the result indicates that the decrease of same in these organs of senescent rats is due to the increased utilization rather than the decreased synthesis of this methyl donor compound.", "contents": "Tissue levels of S-adenosylmethionine in aging rats. The tissue levels of S-Adenosylmethionine (SAMe) in 30-mo.-old rats were measured, and a remarkable decrease was observed compared to adult rats. The synthesis of SAMe by the methionine-activating enzyme and its utilization by COMT were investigated in different tissues. The activity of the synthesizing enzyme was unchanged in the liver and brain of adult and senescent rats, while COMT activity appeared to be higher in the aging rats. Thus, the result indicates that the decrease of same in these organs of senescent rats is due to the increased utilization rather than the decreased synthesis of this methyl donor compound."}
{"id": "PMID:864204", "title": "Human physiological adaptability through the life sequence.", "content": "Changes in organ function from birth to old age were investigated from published data. In essence, the observations of Shock and colleagues on maximal breathing capacity, vital capacity, glomerular filtration rate, renal plasma flow, basal metabolic rate (BMR), ulnar nerve conduction velocity, cardiac index, and intracellular water (ICW) for the age period 30 to 85 years were extended to the time of birth. There were two principal findings. First, with the exception of BMR and ICW, these functional indices increased from a low point at birth to a maximum between 3 and 20 years of age and then after 30 years declined progressively to 85 years; BMR declined from a maximum in infancy and ICW peaked at about 30 years and then declinded. Second, the coefficient of variation increased regularly from birth to old age. Because the peak of organ function coincided with the period of minimal mortality, the curve of organ function across the life sequence was considered to represent changes in adaptive capacity. Supporting evidence from studies of physical fitness, thermoregulation, and seasonal change of mortality was considered. It was concluded that these shifts in adaptive capacity between birth and old age were fundamental baselines for investigations of the epidemiology of health.", "contents": "Human physiological adaptability through the life sequence. Changes in organ function from birth to old age were investigated from published data. In essence, the observations of Shock and colleagues on maximal breathing capacity, vital capacity, glomerular filtration rate, renal plasma flow, basal metabolic rate (BMR), ulnar nerve conduction velocity, cardiac index, and intracellular water (ICW) for the age period 30 to 85 years were extended to the time of birth. There were two principal findings. First, with the exception of BMR and ICW, these functional indices increased from a low point at birth to a maximum between 3 and 20 years of age and then after 30 years declined progressively to 85 years; BMR declined from a maximum in infancy and ICW peaked at about 30 years and then declinded. Second, the coefficient of variation increased regularly from birth to old age. Because the peak of organ function coincided with the period of minimal mortality, the curve of organ function across the life sequence was considered to represent changes in adaptive capacity. Supporting evidence from studies of physical fitness, thermoregulation, and seasonal change of mortality was considered. It was concluded that these shifts in adaptive capacity between birth and old age were fundamental baselines for investigations of the epidemiology of health."}
{"id": "PMID:864205", "title": "Neurological manifestations of aging.", "content": "A group of 51 socially active, self-declared neurologically normal subjects ranging from 61 to 84 years of age were studied with a battery of clinical neurological examinations and a semiquantitative vibration perception test. None of the subjects showed a consistent pattern of neurological deficit that could be identified as pathological. On review of systems, the most frequent complaints were difficulty remembering names, numbness and tingling of fingers and toes, and headaches. In the neurological examination, the most commonly observed abnormalities were positive palmomental reflex, snout reflex, abnormalities in pursuit eye movements, convergence insufficiency, and minor mistakes in perception of light touch. There was no apparent trend of worsening of symptoms and signs with advancing age. In the semiquantitative testing of vibration perception, there was a slight trend toward worsening of vibration perception in the upper and lower extremities with advancing age. Motor abnormalities were absent, and there were relatively few subjects who showed reflex abnormalities. This study confirms the previously reported diminution of vibration perception with aging. Caution must be exercised before attributing myotatic reflex and motor abnormalities to the aging process alone.", "contents": "Neurological manifestations of aging. A group of 51 socially active, self-declared neurologically normal subjects ranging from 61 to 84 years of age were studied with a battery of clinical neurological examinations and a semiquantitative vibration perception test. None of the subjects showed a consistent pattern of neurological deficit that could be identified as pathological. On review of systems, the most frequent complaints were difficulty remembering names, numbness and tingling of fingers and toes, and headaches. In the neurological examination, the most commonly observed abnormalities were positive palmomental reflex, snout reflex, abnormalities in pursuit eye movements, convergence insufficiency, and minor mistakes in perception of light touch. There was no apparent trend of worsening of symptoms and signs with advancing age. In the semiquantitative testing of vibration perception, there was a slight trend toward worsening of vibration perception in the upper and lower extremities with advancing age. Motor abnormalities were absent, and there were relatively few subjects who showed reflex abnormalities. This study confirms the previously reported diminution of vibration perception with aging. Caution must be exercised before attributing myotatic reflex and motor abnormalities to the aging process alone."}
{"id": "PMID:864206", "title": "Psychogeriatric hospital admissions from the community and institutions.", "content": "In a sample of 100 psychogeriatric admissions to three Toronto hospitals, the elderly in other institutions, including old age and nursing homes, and those living alone in the community were over-represented. Patients who had lived with relatives, on the other hand, were found to be at low risk for psychogeriatric hospitalization. These three groups of patients were compared using information obtained from psychiatric and social interviews with patients and informants, usually close relatives. Identification of specific needs for the various groups and the implication of these differences for the improvement of psychogeriatric care and prevention of unnecessary hospitalization are discussed. Institutional residents suffered more major physical illness, were less able to maintain functional independence, were referred more often for harmful behavior, were more socially isolated, and had a poorer outcome than community patients. Patients living along lacked familial support, but were not otherwise more socially isolated that those living with relatives, and showed no other deficits. The subjective and objective burdens on the patients' families before admission were considerable. The results are consistent with previous literature on the elderly.", "contents": "Psychogeriatric hospital admissions from the community and institutions. In a sample of 100 psychogeriatric admissions to three Toronto hospitals, the elderly in other institutions, including old age and nursing homes, and those living alone in the community were over-represented. Patients who had lived with relatives, on the other hand, were found to be at low risk for psychogeriatric hospitalization. These three groups of patients were compared using information obtained from psychiatric and social interviews with patients and informants, usually close relatives. Identification of specific needs for the various groups and the implication of these differences for the improvement of psychogeriatric care and prevention of unnecessary hospitalization are discussed. Institutional residents suffered more major physical illness, were less able to maintain functional independence, were referred more often for harmful behavior, were more socially isolated, and had a poorer outcome than community patients. Patients living along lacked familial support, but were not otherwise more socially isolated that those living with relatives, and showed no other deficits. The subjective and objective burdens on the patients' families before admission were considerable. The results are consistent with previous literature on the elderly."}
{"id": "PMID:864207", "title": "The perception of induced dental pain in young and elderly women.", "content": "Pain threshold for electrical stimulation of healthy, unfilled teeth was studied in young and elderly women. Using the methodology of Sensory Decision Theory, ability to discriminate between suprathreshold shocks (d') and response bias were also assessed. No difference in threshold was observed betweeen the young and elderly groups. The elderly women were poorer at discriminating between suprathreshold shocks than the young women. These results were interpreted to reflect the integrity of highthreshold dental pulp afferents in the elderly and a central nervous system deficit on the part of the elderly for discriminating between such shocks. Significant age differences in response bias were also observed. Elderly subjects were biased against reporting shock as very faint pain compared to the young subjects and they restricted the range of their criteria across the six-point rating scale.", "contents": "The perception of induced dental pain in young and elderly women. Pain threshold for electrical stimulation of healthy, unfilled teeth was studied in young and elderly women. Using the methodology of Sensory Decision Theory, ability to discriminate between suprathreshold shocks (d') and response bias were also assessed. No difference in threshold was observed betweeen the young and elderly groups. The elderly women were poorer at discriminating between suprathreshold shocks than the young women. These results were interpreted to reflect the integrity of highthreshold dental pulp afferents in the elderly and a central nervous system deficit on the part of the elderly for discriminating between such shocks. Significant age differences in response bias were also observed. Elderly subjects were biased against reporting shock as very faint pain compared to the young subjects and they restricted the range of their criteria across the six-point rating scale."}
{"id": "PMID:864208", "title": "Aging and decision criteria for the detection of tones in noise.", "content": "The performance of young (18--22 years) and old adults (55--64 years) on an auditory task was compared using signal detection procedures. Subjects used a confidence rating scale to report the presence or absence of a 6000 Hz pure tone embedded in Gaussian noise. The tone was set at eigher 35, 50, or 65 dB SPL. Younger subjects showed perfect sensitivity at all dB levels, and the sensitivity of older subjects increased as a function of the dB level. Discrimination was then tested at 20 and 30 dB in another sample of younger subjects. We found that this group tended to respond much less conservatively than the older group, even though the task was of comparable difficulty.", "contents": "Aging and decision criteria for the detection of tones in noise. The performance of young (18--22 years) and old adults (55--64 years) on an auditory task was compared using signal detection procedures. Subjects used a confidence rating scale to report the presence or absence of a 6000 Hz pure tone embedded in Gaussian noise. The tone was set at eigher 35, 50, or 65 dB SPL. Younger subjects showed perfect sensitivity at all dB levels, and the sensitivity of older subjects increased as a function of the dB level. Discrimination was then tested at 20 and 30 dB in another sample of younger subjects. We found that this group tended to respond much less conservatively than the older group, even though the task was of comparable difficulty."}
{"id": "PMID:864209", "title": "Locus of desired control and positive self-concept of the elderly.", "content": "In two studies, positive self-concept correlated with belief in one's internal locus of desired control. Examining only institutionalized subjects, the first study found this relationship to be particularly prominent for male subjects (r = .68). In the second study, comparing institutionalized persons sampled from several homes for the aged and noninstitutionalized elderly, this relationship was once again most prominent for the institutionalized males (r = .53). Among these studies internality also correlated positively with nurses' rating of subject's happiness, self-ratings of contentment and happiness, and correlated negatively with length of residency in old age home and age. In response to concerns raised by Rotter (1975) over locus of control research and issues raised by Mischel (1968, 1973) and others concerning personality research in general, the present study used a more situationally specific locus of control measure specially designed to take into consideration the environmental circumstances as well as interests of the subject population being studied. Included in the measure is a desire of outcome index which added substantially to the validity coefficient.", "contents": "Locus of desired control and positive self-concept of the elderly. In two studies, positive self-concept correlated with belief in one's internal locus of desired control. Examining only institutionalized subjects, the first study found this relationship to be particularly prominent for male subjects (r = .68). In the second study, comparing institutionalized persons sampled from several homes for the aged and noninstitutionalized elderly, this relationship was once again most prominent for the institutionalized males (r = .53). Among these studies internality also correlated positively with nurses' rating of subject's happiness, self-ratings of contentment and happiness, and correlated negatively with length of residency in old age home and age. In response to concerns raised by Rotter (1975) over locus of control research and issues raised by Mischel (1968, 1973) and others concerning personality research in general, the present study used a more situationally specific locus of control measure specially designed to take into consideration the environmental circumstances as well as interests of the subject population being studied. Included in the measure is a desire of outcome index which added substantially to the validity coefficient."}
{"id": "PMID:864210", "title": "Cautiousness in adulthood as a function of age and payoff structure.", "content": "Eighteen young (mean age = 21.50; SD = 2.23) and 18 older (mean age = 68.17; SD = 3.13) adults participated in a vocabulary task involving varying degrees of risk with a payoff structure that varied either directly or inversely with risk. In contrast to prior research using constant payoff structures, the results did not indicate that older adults are more cautious than young adults. Further, for both age groups, risk-taking is a function of payoff structure. The data clearly question the generalization that the elderly are more cautious than young adults and suggest that risk, as a concept, should not be considered independently of payoff.", "contents": "Cautiousness in adulthood as a function of age and payoff structure. Eighteen young (mean age = 21.50; SD = 2.23) and 18 older (mean age = 68.17; SD = 3.13) adults participated in a vocabulary task involving varying degrees of risk with a payoff structure that varied either directly or inversely with risk. In contrast to prior research using constant payoff structures, the results did not indicate that older adults are more cautious than young adults. Further, for both age groups, risk-taking is a function of payoff structure. The data clearly question the generalization that the elderly are more cautious than young adults and suggest that risk, as a concept, should not be considered independently of payoff."}
{"id": "PMID:864211", "title": "Subjective adaptation to loss of the work role: a longitudinal study.", "content": "Both social psychologists and social gerontologists have expressed considerable interest in adaptation to the loss of central life roles. The relationship between retirement and morale, where morale is viewed as an indicator of adaptation, is an example of research within this theoretical framework. In this study, longitudinal data for a select sample of 58 male subjects were used to examine intensively the process of adaptation to retirement. The strongest finding was evidence of high levels of adaptation in the sample as reflected in the overwhelming stability of morale over time. Multiple regression analysis indicated that social resources, particularly marital status and socioeconomic status, condition the relationship between adaptation and retirement. In summary, our analysis supports current suggestions that retirement be viewed as an event which occasions a complex social process of adaptation conditioned by a variety of resource and temporal variables.", "contents": "Subjective adaptation to loss of the work role: a longitudinal study. Both social psychologists and social gerontologists have expressed considerable interest in adaptation to the loss of central life roles. The relationship between retirement and morale, where morale is viewed as an indicator of adaptation, is an example of research within this theoretical framework. In this study, longitudinal data for a select sample of 58 male subjects were used to examine intensively the process of adaptation to retirement. The strongest finding was evidence of high levels of adaptation in the sample as reflected in the overwhelming stability of morale over time. Multiple regression analysis indicated that social resources, particularly marital status and socioeconomic status, condition the relationship between adaptation and retirement. In summary, our analysis supports current suggestions that retirement be viewed as an event which occasions a complex social process of adaptation conditioned by a variety of resource and temporal variables."}
{"id": "PMID:864212", "title": "An exploratory study of sources of stereotypes of old age among administrators.", "content": "This exploratory study examines the relative effects of individual, client, and organizational characteristics on stereotypes of the aged held by nursing home administrators. Data from 45 administrators suggest that client characteristics may be more important than personal or organizational dimensions in explaining variation in perceptions of the aged. Sex of clients and other status characteristics affect attitudes toward the aged and possibly the quality of care.", "contents": "An exploratory study of sources of stereotypes of old age among administrators. This exploratory study examines the relative effects of individual, client, and organizational characteristics on stereotypes of the aged held by nursing home administrators. Data from 45 administrators suggest that client characteristics may be more important than personal or organizational dimensions in explaining variation in perceptions of the aged. Sex of clients and other status characteristics affect attitudes toward the aged and possibly the quality of care."}
{"id": "PMID:864213", "title": "Aging and voluntary association participation.", "content": "This longitudinal analysis examines changes in voluntary association participation levels over a 4-year period using data from the middle age of the Duke Adaptation Study (N=374) and over a 2 1/2-year period using data from a study of older persons in Oberlin, Ohio (N=104). The findings showed; the extent of participation was high in both samples; mean levels of participation remained essentially unchanged; persons with stable or increasing participation levels outnumbered those with declining levels; and persons not participating at the time of the initial interview were unlikely to be participating later, while those who were participating initially were likely to have continued their participation. Contrary to predictions of declining activity based on disengagement theory, aging appears to be accompanied by stability and continuity in levels of voluntary association participation.", "contents": "Aging and voluntary association participation. This longitudinal analysis examines changes in voluntary association participation levels over a 4-year period using data from the middle age of the Duke Adaptation Study (N=374) and over a 2 1/2-year period using data from a study of older persons in Oberlin, Ohio (N=104). The findings showed; the extent of participation was high in both samples; mean levels of participation remained essentially unchanged; persons with stable or increasing participation levels outnumbered those with declining levels; and persons not participating at the time of the initial interview were unlikely to be participating later, while those who were participating initially were likely to have continued their participation. Contrary to predictions of declining activity based on disengagement theory, aging appears to be accompanied by stability and continuity in levels of voluntary association participation."}
{"id": "PMID:864214", "title": "Congenital deficiency of the ulna.", "content": "Twenty-three patients with ulnar ray deficiency were studied and the deformities described by combining Kummel's and Swanson's classifications. An individualized, functionally oriented management program is recommended with early resection of the fibrocartilaginous remnant to prevent shortening, radial bowing, and possible malrotation. Rotational deformity can be corrected by wedge osteotomy, rotation osteotomy, or proximal radial ulnar synostosis. Improved motion at the elbow can be obtained by release of contractures or resection of the radial head. Wrist deformity may require resection of the ulnar remnant and a wedge osteotomy of the radius.", "contents": "Congenital deficiency of the ulna. Twenty-three patients with ulnar ray deficiency were studied and the deformities described by combining Kummel's and Swanson's classifications. An individualized, functionally oriented management program is recommended with early resection of the fibrocartilaginous remnant to prevent shortening, radial bowing, and possible malrotation. Rotational deformity can be corrected by wedge osteotomy, rotation osteotomy, or proximal radial ulnar synostosis. Improved motion at the elbow can be obtained by release of contractures or resection of the radial head. Wrist deformity may require resection of the ulnar remnant and a wedge osteotomy of the radius."}
{"id": "PMID:864215", "title": "Lengthening of the ulna in radial agenesis: a preliminary report.", "content": "In two patients with bilateral radial agenesis, the ulnas were divided and lengthened in a modified Abbott-Anderson device with a gear box controlled by an electric motor to obtain from one to 2 mm. per day of gradual distraction. Three centimeters of length was achieved in 3 weeks. Bone bridged the gap in 3 months and was mature in 6 months. Repeat osteotomy and lengthening was done 12 to 18 months later. All secondary lengthening operations required bone grafts. Total length gained ranged from 5.4 to 6.4 cm.", "contents": "Lengthening of the ulna in radial agenesis: a preliminary report. In two patients with bilateral radial agenesis, the ulnas were divided and lengthened in a modified Abbott-Anderson device with a gear box controlled by an electric motor to obtain from one to 2 mm. per day of gradual distraction. Three centimeters of length was achieved in 3 weeks. Bone bridged the gap in 3 months and was mature in 6 months. Repeat osteotomy and lengthening was done 12 to 18 months later. All secondary lengthening operations required bone grafts. Total length gained ranged from 5.4 to 6.4 cm."}
{"id": "PMID:864216", "title": "Congenital triangular bones in the hand.", "content": "From the literature we found reports of 105 patients whom we judged had a triangular deformity of one of the bones of the hand or foot. We found 49 patients of our own with 84 delta-shaped phalanges limited strictly to the hand. This represents an incidence of 3.5% of our congenital abnormalities of the upper extremity. The deformity is associated with many abnormalities: syndactyly, polydactyly, symphalangism, triphalangeal thumb, cleft hand, and hypoplastic hand are the most frequent Triangular deformity of the bone of the index finger usually is associated with Apert's syndrome. Triangular deformity of the proximal phalanx of the ring finger often is found with central polydactyly. Our average follow-up time on these 49 patients was 14 years, giving us a chance to establish some guidelines and general rules about the natural history and treatment of the delta bone.", "contents": "Congenital triangular bones in the hand. From the literature we found reports of 105 patients whom we judged had a triangular deformity of one of the bones of the hand or foot. We found 49 patients of our own with 84 delta-shaped phalanges limited strictly to the hand. This represents an incidence of 3.5% of our congenital abnormalities of the upper extremity. The deformity is associated with many abnormalities: syndactyly, polydactyly, symphalangism, triphalangeal thumb, cleft hand, and hypoplastic hand are the most frequent Triangular deformity of the bone of the index finger usually is associated with Apert's syndrome. Triangular deformity of the proximal phalanx of the ring finger often is found with central polydactyly. Our average follow-up time on these 49 patients was 14 years, giving us a chance to establish some guidelines and general rules about the natural history and treatment of the delta bone."}
{"id": "PMID:864217", "title": "A systematic study of the oblique retinacular ligament of the human finger: its structure and function.", "content": "A dissection of 14 preserved and two fresh human hands, a total of 64 fingers, all from different individuals, showed the oblique retinacular ligament to vary incompleteness and to be functionally present in only 40 to 50% of the specimens, except for the ulnar side of the ring finger where it was present in over 90%. When present, it was made taut by flexion of the distal phalanx, regardless of the postition of the proximal interphalangeal joint. Excision of the ligament when present or in its absence in these fingers, did not alter the coordinated motion of the interphalangeal joints produced by traction on the extrinsic flexors and the lateral bands. In absence of the ligament, a constant finding was the presence of a proximally located osteocapsular ligament which became taut on extension of the proximal interphalangeal joint.", "contents": "A systematic study of the oblique retinacular ligament of the human finger: its structure and function. A dissection of 14 preserved and two fresh human hands, a total of 64 fingers, all from different individuals, showed the oblique retinacular ligament to vary incompleteness and to be functionally present in only 40 to 50% of the specimens, except for the ulnar side of the ring finger where it was present in over 90%. When present, it was made taut by flexion of the distal phalanx, regardless of the postition of the proximal interphalangeal joint. Excision of the ligament when present or in its absence in these fingers, did not alter the coordinated motion of the interphalangeal joints produced by traction on the extrinsic flexors and the lateral bands. In absence of the ligament, a constant finding was the presence of a proximally located osteocapsular ligament which became taut on extension of the proximal interphalangeal joint."}
{"id": "PMID:864218", "title": "Degenerative arthritis of the carpometacarpal joint of the thumb: a clinical follow-up of eleven Niebauer prostheses.", "content": "Eleven patients with disabling osteoarthritis at the base of the thumb were treated with a Dacron-reinforced trapezium replacement arthroplasty. Examination from 1 to 3 years later (average, 20 months) showed that all patients were satisfied, principally because of relief of pain. The range of motion and stability were satisfactory, although far from normal. Postoperative dislocation did not occur. This problem was eliminated by correcting hyperextension of the metacarpal phalangeal joint and by reinforcing the capsule over the trapezium with a buttress created by transferring half of the distal end of the flexor carpi radialis to the insertion of the extensor carpi radialis longus. None of the prostheses fractured and no bone erosion was seen on postoperative roentgenogram.", "contents": "Degenerative arthritis of the carpometacarpal joint of the thumb: a clinical follow-up of eleven Niebauer prostheses. Eleven patients with disabling osteoarthritis at the base of the thumb were treated with a Dacron-reinforced trapezium replacement arthroplasty. Examination from 1 to 3 years later (average, 20 months) showed that all patients were satisfied, principally because of relief of pain. The range of motion and stability were satisfactory, although far from normal. Postoperative dislocation did not occur. This problem was eliminated by correcting hyperextension of the metacarpal phalangeal joint and by reinforcing the capsule over the trapezium with a buttress created by transferring half of the distal end of the flexor carpi radialis to the insertion of the extensor carpi radialis longus. None of the prostheses fractured and no bone erosion was seen on postoperative roentgenogram."}
{"id": "PMID:864219", "title": "Camptodactyly: an analysis of sixty-six patients and twenty-four operations.", "content": "Camptodactyly is a nontraumatic flexion deformity of the proximal interphalangeal joint. The literature pertaining to its etiology and treatment is reviewed. An analysis of 66 patients with 110 affected hands is discussed with particular reference to the natural history of this deformity and the results of 24 operative procedures. Improvement was noted in less than 20% of 32 patients treated nonoperatively and followed for an average of 30 months. Corrective types of operative procedures in 20 hands resulted in improvement in only 35%. A treatment plan dependent on the age of the patient, the presence or absence of osteocartilagenous changes at the proximal interphalangeal joint, and associated anatomic abnormalities is presented.", "contents": "Camptodactyly: an analysis of sixty-six patients and twenty-four operations. Camptodactyly is a nontraumatic flexion deformity of the proximal interphalangeal joint. The literature pertaining to its etiology and treatment is reviewed. An analysis of 66 patients with 110 affected hands is discussed with particular reference to the natural history of this deformity and the results of 24 operative procedures. Improvement was noted in less than 20% of 32 patients treated nonoperatively and followed for an average of 30 months. Corrective types of operative procedures in 20 hands resulted in improvement in only 35%. A treatment plan dependent on the age of the patient, the presence or absence of osteocartilagenous changes at the proximal interphalangeal joint, and associated anatomic abnormalities is presented."}
{"id": "PMID:864221", "title": "Variation in serum immunoglobulin levels in acute trichinosis.", "content": "An early rise in serum IgE levels was observed in five of seven patients with acute primary trichinosis. Parallel increases in the total IgG, IgM, and Iga levels, as well as specific IgG and IgM antibody titres to Trichinella spiralis larval antigen, were detected in two. The elevated levels persisted long after the clinical recovery of the patients.", "contents": "Variation in serum immunoglobulin levels in acute trichinosis. An early rise in serum IgE levels was observed in five of seven patients with acute primary trichinosis. Parallel increases in the total IgG, IgM, and Iga levels, as well as specific IgG and IgM antibody titres to Trichinella spiralis larval antigen, were detected in two. The elevated levels persisted long after the clinical recovery of the patients."}
{"id": "PMID:864222", "title": "Intestinal helminth parasites of the ray Raja naevus in British waters.", "content": "Five cestode, one monogenean, and two nematode species comprised the \"normal\" intestinal helminth fauna of Raja naevus in British waters. An additional two nematodes, a digenean, an acanthocephalan and a crustacean recorded are considered to be accidental infections. Geographical differences in the species composition and level of infection are noted and discussed. Short descriptions of the tetraphyllidean cestode Echeneibothrium sp. and the nematode Capillaria sp. are given, but the species, although probably both new, are left unnamed. The intensity of cestode infections show two patterns associated with host length and these are discussed in relation to variations in host diet. Speculations are made on the cestode life cycles. Only Echeneibothrium sp. numbers showed any significant variation associated with host sex.", "contents": "Intestinal helminth parasites of the ray Raja naevus in British waters. Five cestode, one monogenean, and two nematode species comprised the \"normal\" intestinal helminth fauna of Raja naevus in British waters. An additional two nematodes, a digenean, an acanthocephalan and a crustacean recorded are considered to be accidental infections. Geographical differences in the species composition and level of infection are noted and discussed. Short descriptions of the tetraphyllidean cestode Echeneibothrium sp. and the nematode Capillaria sp. are given, but the species, although probably both new, are left unnamed. The intensity of cestode infections show two patterns associated with host length and these are discussed in relation to variations in host diet. Speculations are made on the cestode life cycles. Only Echeneibothrium sp. numbers showed any significant variation associated with host sex."}
{"id": "PMID:864223", "title": "An evaluation of ethyl-6-ethoxybenzothiazole-2-carbamate (Sch 18099) for anthelmintic activity in domestic animals.", "content": "Ethyl-6-ethoxybenzothiazole-2-carbamate (Sch 18099) was evaluated for efficacy against natural helminth infections in ponies, pigs, lambs and chickens. Sixteen critical trials were conducted in ponies at dosages of 15 to 150 mg/kg. At 15 mg/kg, efficacy against adult and larval Oxyuris equi was 100% and 91% and against small strongyles it was 98%. Efficacy levels were 95% against Strongylus vulgaris and S. edentatus at the 20 mg/kg dosage. In two trials at 100 mg/kg efficacy against Parascaris equorum was 77%. No efficacy was observed against Gastrophilus spp. or Anoplocephala spp. In swine single oral doses of 10 to 100 mg/kg were not effective. 500 ppm Sch 18099 in the diet for seven days resulted in 100% efficacy against Ascaris suum and Trichuris suis but had no effect on Stongyloides ransomi. Efficacy at 250 ppm against A. suum was 77%. Efficacy at 200 mg/kg in lambs was greater than 90% for Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, Marshallagia marshalli, Bunostomum trignocephalum, Oesophagostomum columbianum, Trichuris ovis, and Chabertia spp. Efficacy was less than 80% for Trichostrongylus vitrinus, Nematodirus filicollis, Ostertagia circumcinta and Cooperia curticei. Except for O. circumcinta and C. curticei, drug efficacy was reduced for these worms in lambs treated at 100 mg/kg. Efficacies of 14.3-89% against Ascaridia galli were obtained with dietary levels of 125-1000 ppm Sch 18099 fed for 7 days. Efficacy of 100% was recorded against Heterakis gallinarum at the 1000 ppm dietary drug level.", "contents": "An evaluation of ethyl-6-ethoxybenzothiazole-2-carbamate (Sch 18099) for anthelmintic activity in domestic animals. Ethyl-6-ethoxybenzothiazole-2-carbamate (Sch 18099) was evaluated for efficacy against natural helminth infections in ponies, pigs, lambs and chickens. Sixteen critical trials were conducted in ponies at dosages of 15 to 150 mg/kg. At 15 mg/kg, efficacy against adult and larval Oxyuris equi was 100% and 91% and against small strongyles it was 98%. Efficacy levels were 95% against Strongylus vulgaris and S. edentatus at the 20 mg/kg dosage. In two trials at 100 mg/kg efficacy against Parascaris equorum was 77%. No efficacy was observed against Gastrophilus spp. or Anoplocephala spp. In swine single oral doses of 10 to 100 mg/kg were not effective. 500 ppm Sch 18099 in the diet for seven days resulted in 100% efficacy against Ascaris suum and Trichuris suis but had no effect on Stongyloides ransomi. Efficacy at 250 ppm against A. suum was 77%. Efficacy at 200 mg/kg in lambs was greater than 90% for Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, Marshallagia marshalli, Bunostomum trignocephalum, Oesophagostomum columbianum, Trichuris ovis, and Chabertia spp. Efficacy was less than 80% for Trichostrongylus vitrinus, Nematodirus filicollis, Ostertagia circumcinta and Cooperia curticei. Except for O. circumcinta and C. curticei, drug efficacy was reduced for these worms in lambs treated at 100 mg/kg. Efficacies of 14.3-89% against Ascaridia galli were obtained with dietary levels of 125-1000 ppm Sch 18099 fed for 7 days. Efficacy of 100% was recorded against Heterakis gallinarum at the 1000 ppm dietary drug level."}
{"id": "PMID:864224", "title": "On two new linstowiid cestodes from Australian dasyurid marsupials.", "content": "Two new species of the genus Oochoristica L\u00fche, 1898 from Australian dasyurid marsupials are described and their affinities discussed. The new species are O. antechini sp. nov. from Antechinus macdonnellensis and O. eremophlia sp. nov. from Antechinus rosamondae.", "contents": "On two new linstowiid cestodes from Australian dasyurid marsupials. Two new species of the genus Oochoristica L\u00fche, 1898 from Australian dasyurid marsupials are described and their affinities discussed. The new species are O. antechini sp. nov. from Antechinus macdonnellensis and O. eremophlia sp. nov. from Antechinus rosamondae."}
{"id": "PMID:864225", "title": "Revision of the genera Longistrongylus Le Roux 1931, Kobusinema Ortlepp, 1963 and Bigalkenema Ortlepp, 1963 (Nematoda: Trichostrongylidae).", "content": "The species of the genera Longistrongylus, Kobusinema and Bigalkenema are redescribed. Kobusinema and Bigalkenema are considered synonyms of Longistrongylus and their species are transferred as new combinations. Bigalkenema neveulemairei (Gutteres, 1947 Jansen, 1958 and Longistrongylus muraschkinzevi (Shulz and Kadenatsii, 1950), Jansen, 1958 are considered species inquirendae. A key to the species of the genus Longistrongylus is given and their hosts and geographical localities are listed.", "contents": "Revision of the genera Longistrongylus Le Roux 1931, Kobusinema Ortlepp, 1963 and Bigalkenema Ortlepp, 1963 (Nematoda: Trichostrongylidae). The species of the genera Longistrongylus, Kobusinema and Bigalkenema are redescribed. Kobusinema and Bigalkenema are considered synonyms of Longistrongylus and their species are transferred as new combinations. Bigalkenema neveulemairei (Gutteres, 1947 Jansen, 1958 and Longistrongylus muraschkinzevi (Shulz and Kadenatsii, 1950), Jansen, 1958 are considered species inquirendae. A key to the species of the genus Longistrongylus is given and their hosts and geographical localities are listed."}
{"id": "PMID:864226", "title": "Investigations of the unimiracidial infection of Schistosoma intercalatum in snails and the infection of the final host using cercariae of one sex.", "content": "Infection with single miracidial doses of Schistosoma intercalatum from Cameroun in Bulinus forskalii and from Zaire in B.globosus resulted in an equal number of male and female infections. The cercarial production of both sexes started at the same time. The male infected snails produced a greater number of cercariae, because of the longer duration of infection. The recovery of schistosomes from infection with male and female cercariae was for S. intercalatum, Zaire, 38.8 +/- 10.6 and 18.7 +/- 14.0 respectively. For S. intercalatum from Cameroun, with single sex cercariae from two different populations of intermediate hosts from Zaire and Cameroun were 38.3 +/- 7.3 (male); 20.3 +/- 9.3 (female) and 35.0 +/- 8.7 (male); 12.2 +/- 4.5 (female), respectively.", "contents": "Investigations of the unimiracidial infection of Schistosoma intercalatum in snails and the infection of the final host using cercariae of one sex. Infection with single miracidial doses of Schistosoma intercalatum from Cameroun in Bulinus forskalii and from Zaire in B.globosus resulted in an equal number of male and female infections. The cercarial production of both sexes started at the same time. The male infected snails produced a greater number of cercariae, because of the longer duration of infection. The recovery of schistosomes from infection with male and female cercariae was for S. intercalatum, Zaire, 38.8 +/- 10.6 and 18.7 +/- 14.0 respectively. For S. intercalatum from Cameroun, with single sex cercariae from two different populations of intermediate hosts from Zaire and Cameroun were 38.3 +/- 7.3 (male); 20.3 +/- 9.3 (female) and 35.0 +/- 8.7 (male); 12.2 +/- 4.5 (female), respectively."}
{"id": "PMID:864227", "title": "Schizorchis arfaai sp. n. (Cestoda: Anoplocephalidae) from the wood-mouse, Apodemus sylvaticus, in Caspian area of Iran.", "content": "Schizorchis arfaai sp. n. is described from the wood-mouse in the Caspian area of Iran and its morphological characteristics compared with those of the five previously known species of Schizorchis Hansen, 1948.", "contents": "Schizorchis arfaai sp. n. (Cestoda: Anoplocephalidae) from the wood-mouse, Apodemus sylvaticus, in Caspian area of Iran. Schizorchis arfaai sp. n. is described from the wood-mouse in the Caspian area of Iran and its morphological characteristics compared with those of the five previously known species of Schizorchis Hansen, 1948."}
{"id": "PMID:864230", "title": "Influence of immunosuppressants on the establishment of Paragonimus miyazakii in albino rats.", "content": "The present investigation has shown that combined treatment with dexamethasone and prednisolone of with hydrocortisone and dexamethasone enhances the susceptibility of albino rats to Paragonimus miyazakii, presumably by suppressing the host's immune responses. In the rats given these combined treatments, the size and egg production of worms were markedly increased. Use of dexamethasone or prednisolone alone had relatively little influence on the growth and maturity of P. miyazakii. In serological analysis and agar double diffusion, considerable differences were recognized between the gamma-globulin fractions and antigen-antibody systems (precipitin bands) of the treated groups and the untreated group. The mechanism of action of these immunosuppressants in this system remains obscure.", "contents": "Influence of immunosuppressants on the establishment of Paragonimus miyazakii in albino rats. The present investigation has shown that combined treatment with dexamethasone and prednisolone of with hydrocortisone and dexamethasone enhances the susceptibility of albino rats to Paragonimus miyazakii, presumably by suppressing the host's immune responses. In the rats given these combined treatments, the size and egg production of worms were markedly increased. Use of dexamethasone or prednisolone alone had relatively little influence on the growth and maturity of P. miyazakii. In serological analysis and agar double diffusion, considerable differences were recognized between the gamma-globulin fractions and antigen-antibody systems (precipitin bands) of the treated groups and the untreated group. The mechanism of action of these immunosuppressants in this system remains obscure."}
{"id": "PMID:864235", "title": "Current sociological research in Canada: views of a journal editor.", "content": "On the basis of submissions to the Canadian Review of Sociology and Anthropology and to the Annual Meetings of the Canadian Sociological and Anthropological Association, sociology in Canada may be described as social problem oriented, empirical, and atheoretical. There is a strong interest in research on ethnicity and on immigrant adjustment, reflecting a continuity with earlier periods of sociology in Canada, and on deviance and social control. Research on stratification, social mobility, and the family has been relatively neglected. As sociology in Canada shares the interest of \"mainline\" sociology, it has not escaped criticism or attempts to change its direction. A general model, identifying influences on the formulation of investigative issues in sociology, is used to interpret these criticisms and responses to them.", "contents": "Current sociological research in Canada: views of a journal editor. On the basis of submissions to the Canadian Review of Sociology and Anthropology and to the Annual Meetings of the Canadian Sociological and Anthropological Association, sociology in Canada may be described as social problem oriented, empirical, and atheoretical. There is a strong interest in research on ethnicity and on immigrant adjustment, reflecting a continuity with earlier periods of sociology in Canada, and on deviance and social control. Research on stratification, social mobility, and the family has been relatively neglected. As sociology in Canada shares the interest of \"mainline\" sociology, it has not escaped criticism or attempts to change its direction. A general model, identifying influences on the formulation of investigative issues in sociology, is used to interpret these criticisms and responses to them."}
{"id": "PMID:864231", "title": "Allele frequencies in a cat population in Budapest.", "content": "Allelic frequencies were determined for the domestic cat population of Budapest, Hungary. Most of the frequencies are in the range of those of western European populations, but there are two unusual features. The first is the apparent absence of blotched tabby and a relatively high frequency of Abyssinian tabby. The second is in the distribution of frequencies of white spotting phenotypes. There is an approximately normal distribution around the most common pattern, which is 50 percent white fur, contrasted to western populations in which frequency is maximal between approximately 10-30 percent white fur and declines with increasing white fur.", "contents": "Allele frequencies in a cat population in Budapest. Allelic frequencies were determined for the domestic cat population of Budapest, Hungary. Most of the frequencies are in the range of those of western European populations, but there are two unusual features. The first is the apparent absence of blotched tabby and a relatively high frequency of Abyssinian tabby. The second is in the distribution of frequencies of white spotting phenotypes. There is an approximately normal distribution around the most common pattern, which is 50 percent white fur, contrasted to western populations in which frequency is maximal between approximately 10-30 percent white fur and declines with increasing white fur."}
{"id": "PMID:864236", "title": "Peroxisomes in pulmonate gastropods.", "content": "Organelles with the morphologic characteristics of peroxisomes have been found in the cells of the kidney sac of two terrestrial pulmonate gastropods. Arion ater and Ariolimax columbianus. These peroxisomes appear in profile as circles or ellipses, 0.25 micron in diameter and 0.3-0.8 micron long; They have a finely granular matrix and a single-limiting membrane; the organelles are extensively associated with smooth endoplasmic reticulum. Some Ariolimax peroxisomes contained structures reminiscent of nucleoids while those of Arion did not. The peroxisomes of Arion ater show a strongly-positive staining reaction with the 3,3'-diaminobenzidine technique, which is inhibited in the presence of aminotriazole. Peroxisomes of Ariolimax columbianus did not show a positive reaction, despite a number of variations of the 3,3'-diaminobenzidine protocol. Speculations are made concerning the biochemical reasons for this cytochemical behavior. Peroxisomes in both tissues were negatively stained while lysosomes were positively stained in acid-phosphatase incubations.", "contents": "Peroxisomes in pulmonate gastropods. Organelles with the morphologic characteristics of peroxisomes have been found in the cells of the kidney sac of two terrestrial pulmonate gastropods. Arion ater and Ariolimax columbianus. These peroxisomes appear in profile as circles or ellipses, 0.25 micron in diameter and 0.3-0.8 micron long; They have a finely granular matrix and a single-limiting membrane; the organelles are extensively associated with smooth endoplasmic reticulum. Some Ariolimax peroxisomes contained structures reminiscent of nucleoids while those of Arion did not. The peroxisomes of Arion ater show a strongly-positive staining reaction with the 3,3'-diaminobenzidine technique, which is inhibited in the presence of aminotriazole. Peroxisomes of Ariolimax columbianus did not show a positive reaction, despite a number of variations of the 3,3'-diaminobenzidine protocol. Speculations are made concerning the biochemical reasons for this cytochemical behavior. Peroxisomes in both tissues were negatively stained while lysosomes were positively stained in acid-phosphatase incubations."}
{"id": "PMID:864232", "title": "A familial occurrence of osteogenesis imperfecta.", "content": "The familial occurrence of a mesenchymal disorder--Osteogenesis imperfecta--is reported. A pedigree analysis reveals a pattern that concurs with one suggested mode of inheritance for the disorder. However, additional information is deemed necessary before an unequivocal etiology can be established for the connective tissue disorder.", "contents": "A familial occurrence of osteogenesis imperfecta. The familial occurrence of a mesenchymal disorder--Osteogenesis imperfecta--is reported. A pedigree analysis reveals a pattern that concurs with one suggested mode of inheritance for the disorder. However, additional information is deemed necessary before an unequivocal etiology can be established for the connective tissue disorder."}
{"id": "PMID:864238", "title": "Control of extraction of deoxyribonucleic acid and apurinic acid by polyethylene glycol in Feulgen hydrolysis.", "content": "The polymer polyethylene glycol combined with hydrochloric acid was used during the hydrolysis stage of the Feulgen method in order to limit the movement of the soluble molecular fragments developed through hydrolytic breakdown of the deoxyribonucleic acid. The diffusion of the purines was not influenced by the addition of concentration of the polymer up to 30%. On the other hand, a substantial retardation of the extraction of deoxyribonucleic acid and apurinic acid was noted. This indicates that deoxyribonucleic acid and apurinic acid are extracted in chains of considerable length. The decrease in diffusion rate was greater at 1 M HCl than at 0.3 and 6 M HCl, which indicates that the deoxyribonucleic acid-apurinic acid fragments are larger at the medium concentration of acid than at the low and high concentrations. The results thus strengthen the view that deoxyribonucleic acid and apurinic acid are extracted in chains during hydrolysis, and that the critical length at which the chains becomes diffusible is one of the main factors determining the form of the Feulgen hydrolysis curve. The use of polyethylene glycol to extend the maximum of the hydrolysis curve, and thus to make the temperature and time of hydrolysis less critical, is recommended.", "contents": "Control of extraction of deoxyribonucleic acid and apurinic acid by polyethylene glycol in Feulgen hydrolysis. The polymer polyethylene glycol combined with hydrochloric acid was used during the hydrolysis stage of the Feulgen method in order to limit the movement of the soluble molecular fragments developed through hydrolytic breakdown of the deoxyribonucleic acid. The diffusion of the purines was not influenced by the addition of concentration of the polymer up to 30%. On the other hand, a substantial retardation of the extraction of deoxyribonucleic acid and apurinic acid was noted. This indicates that deoxyribonucleic acid and apurinic acid are extracted in chains of considerable length. The decrease in diffusion rate was greater at 1 M HCl than at 0.3 and 6 M HCl, which indicates that the deoxyribonucleic acid-apurinic acid fragments are larger at the medium concentration of acid than at the low and high concentrations. The results thus strengthen the view that deoxyribonucleic acid and apurinic acid are extracted in chains during hydrolysis, and that the critical length at which the chains becomes diffusible is one of the main factors determining the form of the Feulgen hydrolysis curve. The use of polyethylene glycol to extend the maximum of the hydrolysis curve, and thus to make the temperature and time of hydrolysis less critical, is recommended."}
{"id": "PMID:864237", "title": "Ultracytochemical demonstration of monoamine oxidase activity in nervous and non-nervous tissue of the rat.", "content": "A method is described for the ultrastructural localization of the enzyme monoamine oxidase based on the formation of an osmiophilic formazan from the tetrazolium salt (2-(2'-benzothiazolyl)-5-styrl-3-(4'-phthalhydrazidyl) tetrazolium chloride) (BSPT) and using tryptamine as substrate. It was tested in rat heart, liver, adrenal cortex and medulla, kidney, pineal gland, cerebral cortex and cerebellar cortex and was found to provide good ultrastructural preservation, high contrast of the specific, enzyme-dependent precipitate and improved sensitivity. Monoamine oxidase activity was found in the mitochondrial outer compartment, nuclear envelope and endoplasmic reticulum in all organs studied; it was also seen occasionally in plasma membranes of liver and heart. Similar localizations were observed in interstitial cells and capillary endothelial cells. The enzyme-dependent nature of the observed precipitate was verified by control experiments consisting of incubation of overfixed tissue, omission of substrate from the incubation medium, and incubation in the presence of a specific, nonreversible inhibitor, pargyline. These studies confirm and extend the results of cell fractionation studies using liver, demonstrate the widespread distribution of monoamine oxidase in tissues, and suggest that monoamine oxidase plays important functional roles in extraneuronal cells.", "contents": "Ultracytochemical demonstration of monoamine oxidase activity in nervous and non-nervous tissue of the rat. A method is described for the ultrastructural localization of the enzyme monoamine oxidase based on the formation of an osmiophilic formazan from the tetrazolium salt (2-(2'-benzothiazolyl)-5-styrl-3-(4'-phthalhydrazidyl) tetrazolium chloride) (BSPT) and using tryptamine as substrate. It was tested in rat heart, liver, adrenal cortex and medulla, kidney, pineal gland, cerebral cortex and cerebellar cortex and was found to provide good ultrastructural preservation, high contrast of the specific, enzyme-dependent precipitate and improved sensitivity. Monoamine oxidase activity was found in the mitochondrial outer compartment, nuclear envelope and endoplasmic reticulum in all organs studied; it was also seen occasionally in plasma membranes of liver and heart. Similar localizations were observed in interstitial cells and capillary endothelial cells. The enzyme-dependent nature of the observed precipitate was verified by control experiments consisting of incubation of overfixed tissue, omission of substrate from the incubation medium, and incubation in the presence of a specific, nonreversible inhibitor, pargyline. These studies confirm and extend the results of cell fractionation studies using liver, demonstrate the widespread distribution of monoamine oxidase in tissues, and suggest that monoamine oxidase plays important functional roles in extraneuronal cells."}
{"id": "PMID:864239", "title": "Homosexuality and the ethics of behavioral intervention: Homosexuality, the ethical challenge.", "content": "It is suggested that behavior therapists have not attended sufficiently to the factors influencing the desire of some homosexuals to change their sexual orientation. Therapists of all persuasions constantly make decisions for their voluntary clients, encompassing both the goals of therapy and the means to be used to achieve those goals. A perusal of the psychotherapy and behavior therapy literature indicates that therapists generally regard homosexuality as undesirable, if not pathological. Since professionals are unlikely to work on treatment procedures unless they see a problem, it is probable that the very existence of change-of-orientation programs strengthens societal prejudices against homosexuality and contributes to the self-hate and embarrassment that are determinants of the \"voluntary\" desire by some homosexuals to become heterosexual. It is therefore proposed that we stop offering therapy to help homosexuals change and concentrate instead on improving the quality of their interpersonal relationships. Alternatively, more energy could be devoted to sexual enhancement procedures in general, regardless of the adult gender mix.", "contents": "Homosexuality and the ethics of behavioral intervention: Homosexuality, the ethical challenge. It is suggested that behavior therapists have not attended sufficiently to the factors influencing the desire of some homosexuals to change their sexual orientation. Therapists of all persuasions constantly make decisions for their voluntary clients, encompassing both the goals of therapy and the means to be used to achieve those goals. A perusal of the psychotherapy and behavior therapy literature indicates that therapists generally regard homosexuality as undesirable, if not pathological. Since professionals are unlikely to work on treatment procedures unless they see a problem, it is probable that the very existence of change-of-orientation programs strengthens societal prejudices against homosexuality and contributes to the self-hate and embarrassment that are determinants of the \"voluntary\" desire by some homosexuals to become heterosexual. It is therefore proposed that we stop offering therapy to help homosexuals change and concentrate instead on improving the quality of their interpersonal relationships. Alternatively, more energy could be devoted to sexual enhancement procedures in general, regardless of the adult gender mix."}
{"id": "PMID:864233", "title": "IgG immunoglobulin deficiency in muscular dystrophic chickens.", "content": "Plasma immunoglobulin profiles of New Hampshire strain muscular dystrophic chickens were determined by radial immunodiffusion, immunoelectrophoresis and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Muscular dystrophic chickens have reduced levels of IgG but maintain normal levels of total serum proteins, IgA and IgM. The relationship and significance of the IgG deficiency to muscular dystrophy remains to be determined.", "contents": "IgG immunoglobulin deficiency in muscular dystrophic chickens. Plasma immunoglobulin profiles of New Hampshire strain muscular dystrophic chickens were determined by radial immunodiffusion, immunoelectrophoresis and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Muscular dystrophic chickens have reduced levels of IgG but maintain normal levels of total serum proteins, IgA and IgM. The relationship and significance of the IgG deficiency to muscular dystrophy remains to be determined."}
{"id": "PMID:864234", "title": "Gene frequencies in the cat deme of Tampa, Florida.", "content": "The frequencies of mutant alleles at five loci were calculated for a sample of cats from the deme of Tampa, Florida. Owing to certain diagnostic problems, precise comparisons to other populations are unwarranted. However, there is general concordance with other U.S. cat populations.", "contents": "Gene frequencies in the cat deme of Tampa, Florida. The frequencies of mutant alleles at five loci were calculated for a sample of cats from the deme of Tampa, Florida. Owing to certain diagnostic problems, precise comparisons to other populations are unwarranted. However, there is general concordance with other U.S. cat populations."}
{"id": "PMID:864247", "title": "Homosexuality and creativity.", "content": "Despite heightened interest in both homosexuality and creativity, as well as theoretical and anecdotal evidence linking the two, there are virtually no empirical data relevant to this hypothesized relationship. Four groups of homosexuals (activists, social homosexuals, clients of a college counseling center, and artistic homosexuals) and four groups of control heterosexuals matched on age, educational level, and verbal intelligence were administered a battery of tests that included nine measures of aspects of creativity. Of the 36 possible comparisons, nine significant mean differences were obtained, but in all cases homosexuals scored lower. There is thus no support for the contention that homosexuals are more creative.", "contents": "Homosexuality and creativity. Despite heightened interest in both homosexuality and creativity, as well as theoretical and anecdotal evidence linking the two, there are virtually no empirical data relevant to this hypothesized relationship. Four groups of homosexuals (activists, social homosexuals, clients of a college counseling center, and artistic homosexuals) and four groups of control heterosexuals matched on age, educational level, and verbal intelligence were administered a battery of tests that included nine measures of aspects of creativity. Of the 36 possible comparisons, nine significant mean differences were obtained, but in all cases homosexuals scored lower. There is thus no support for the contention that homosexuals are more creative."}
{"id": "PMID:864248", "title": "Detectability and perceptions of a transsexual: implications for therapy.", "content": "Transsexuals are concerned with being accepted in straight society, that is, \"passing\" successfully. Ninety-one undergraduates were shown a videotaped discussion of interracial dating by five heterosexual biological females and one cross-dressed male transsexual. Experimental subjects, who had been previously informed of the presence of the transsexual, were all able to identify her, significantly more than control subjects who had not been given this set. Ratings were obtained on eight personal attributes of the transsexual and the five biological females prior to the subjects' attempts to identify the transsexual in the group. The results of these ratings indicated that detection of the transsexual was related to perceived femininity and happiness. Based on these findings and subjects' reports of how they correctly identified the transsexual, suggestions were made for a therapy package to assist transsexuals in minimizing the probability of their detection.", "contents": "Detectability and perceptions of a transsexual: implications for therapy. Transsexuals are concerned with being accepted in straight society, that is, \"passing\" successfully. Ninety-one undergraduates were shown a videotaped discussion of interracial dating by five heterosexual biological females and one cross-dressed male transsexual. Experimental subjects, who had been previously informed of the presence of the transsexual, were all able to identify her, significantly more than control subjects who had not been given this set. Ratings were obtained on eight personal attributes of the transsexual and the five biological females prior to the subjects' attempts to identify the transsexual in the group. The results of these ratings indicated that detection of the transsexual was related to perceived femininity and happiness. Based on these findings and subjects' reports of how they correctly identified the transsexual, suggestions were made for a therapy package to assist transsexuals in minimizing the probability of their detection."}
{"id": "PMID:864249", "title": "Legal and social ambivalence regarding homosexuality.", "content": "Social controversy and legal ambivalence have been prevalent regarding homosexuality. Guardians of tradition, such as the churches, the mental health professional organizations, and the legal experts, have all moved toward decriminalization in their own fashion. Yet this thrust has been halted by a recent Supreme Court decision. The homosexual may have to retreat to the closet unless renewal occurs. Some information is available on what societal and behavioral changes will occur as the laws change. However, a more scientifically adequate information base, as well as political courage, is required before those seeking decriminalization are likely to succeed.", "contents": "Legal and social ambivalence regarding homosexuality. Social controversy and legal ambivalence have been prevalent regarding homosexuality. Guardians of tradition, such as the churches, the mental health professional organizations, and the legal experts, have all moved toward decriminalization in their own fashion. Yet this thrust has been halted by a recent Supreme Court decision. The homosexual may have to retreat to the closet unless renewal occurs. Some information is available on what societal and behavioral changes will occur as the laws change. However, a more scientifically adequate information base, as well as political courage, is required before those seeking decriminalization are likely to succeed."}
{"id": "PMID:864250", "title": "Impact of a natural catastrophe on life events.", "content": "A major earthquake struck Peru in May 1970. This post-quake study compares the impact of this natural catastrophe on the residents of two different cities; one was 90 percent levelled by the quake and one was untouched. A relatively homogeneous population of Peruvians obtained from the two cities completed two paper-and-pencil tests, the Social Readjustment Rating Questionnaire (SRRQ) and the Schedule of Recent Experience (SRE). Both questionnaires were adapted from the SRRQ which had been translated for studies in Spain and EL Salvador. The data from the SRRQ generated two Peruvian Social Readjustment Rating Scales (SRRS), one for each of the cities studied. The differences in the two scales were striking. The lowest intra-cultural correlation yet observed on four studies was obtained. Comparison with a United States population yielded no significant relationships (rs = 0.15), the first time this has occurred in nine intercultural studies. A comparison of the profile of items generated by their subjective magnitude estimations indicated striking qualitative and quantitative differences between the two populations. The SRE generated frequency of occurrence of items and life change magnitudes in five proscribed time intervals. Significant differences in these two quantitative indices (including the health change items) were observed in the two populations in some of the time intervals and not in others. The data formulated suggest that the occurrence of a natural catastrophe--an earthquake which devastated one city--accounted for much of the difference observed between the populations of the two cities.", "contents": "Impact of a natural catastrophe on life events. A major earthquake struck Peru in May 1970. This post-quake study compares the impact of this natural catastrophe on the residents of two different cities; one was 90 percent levelled by the quake and one was untouched. A relatively homogeneous population of Peruvians obtained from the two cities completed two paper-and-pencil tests, the Social Readjustment Rating Questionnaire (SRRQ) and the Schedule of Recent Experience (SRE). Both questionnaires were adapted from the SRRQ which had been translated for studies in Spain and EL Salvador. The data from the SRRQ generated two Peruvian Social Readjustment Rating Scales (SRRS), one for each of the cities studied. The differences in the two scales were striking. The lowest intra-cultural correlation yet observed on four studies was obtained. Comparison with a United States population yielded no significant relationships (rs = 0.15), the first time this has occurred in nine intercultural studies. A comparison of the profile of items generated by their subjective magnitude estimations indicated striking qualitative and quantitative differences between the two populations. The SRE generated frequency of occurrence of items and life change magnitudes in five proscribed time intervals. Significant differences in these two quantitative indices (including the health change items) were observed in the two populations in some of the time intervals and not in others. The data formulated suggest that the occurrence of a natural catastrophe--an earthquake which devastated one city--accounted for much of the difference observed between the populations of the two cities."}
{"id": "PMID:864251", "title": "Medical-surgical differences in hospital stress factors.", "content": "Psychosocial stress due to the experience of hospitalization was ascertained for 535 medical and surgical patients in a community hospital, using a Hospital Stress Rating Scale, Medical-surgical differences along nine dimensions of stress as measured by this scale were examined, using analysis of covariance to control for the effects of patient characteristics known to be associated with scores on the Hospital Stress Rating Scale. The controlled variables were age, education, number of previous hospitalizations, number of years since last hospitalization, and seriousness of illness (Seriousness of Illness Rating Scale). The analysis of covariance results indicated higher perceived stress for surgical patients on the dimensions of unfamiliarity of surroundings, loss of independence, and threat of severe illness. Medical patients scored higher on the dimensions of stress due to financial problems and lack of information. The authors discuss how these findings might be incorporated in experimental studies designed to reduce stress among hospital patients.", "contents": "Medical-surgical differences in hospital stress factors. Psychosocial stress due to the experience of hospitalization was ascertained for 535 medical and surgical patients in a community hospital, using a Hospital Stress Rating Scale, Medical-surgical differences along nine dimensions of stress as measured by this scale were examined, using analysis of covariance to control for the effects of patient characteristics known to be associated with scores on the Hospital Stress Rating Scale. The controlled variables were age, education, number of previous hospitalizations, number of years since last hospitalization, and seriousness of illness (Seriousness of Illness Rating Scale). The analysis of covariance results indicated higher perceived stress for surgical patients on the dimensions of unfamiliarity of surroundings, loss of independence, and threat of severe illness. Medical patients scored higher on the dimensions of stress due to financial problems and lack of information. The authors discuss how these findings might be incorporated in experimental studies designed to reduce stress among hospital patients."}
{"id": "PMID:864252", "title": "Emergency decision making: a theoretical analysis of responses to disaster warnings.", "content": "This article presents a theoretical model of emergency decision making that focuses on the decision maker's answers to basic questions evoked by warnings or signs of danger. Effective emergency decisions are most likely to be made, according to the theory, when a vigilant coping pattern is dominant, which requires that the following four mediating conditions are met: 1) awareness of serious risks if no protective action is taken; 2) awareness of serious risks if any of the salient protective actions is taken; 3) moderate or high degree of hope that a search for information and advice will lead to a better (i.e., less risky) solution; and 4) belief that there is sufficient time to search and deliberate before any serious threat will materialize. When one or another of these conditions is not met, a defective coping pattern, such as defensive avoidance or hypervigilance, will be dominant, which generally leads to maladaptive actions. In addition to suggesting new interventions for facilitating adaptive behavior in emergencies, the theoretical model provides a basis for integrating disparate findings from psychological research on the effects of warnings and confrontations with danger.", "contents": "Emergency decision making: a theoretical analysis of responses to disaster warnings. This article presents a theoretical model of emergency decision making that focuses on the decision maker's answers to basic questions evoked by warnings or signs of danger. Effective emergency decisions are most likely to be made, according to the theory, when a vigilant coping pattern is dominant, which requires that the following four mediating conditions are met: 1) awareness of serious risks if no protective action is taken; 2) awareness of serious risks if any of the salient protective actions is taken; 3) moderate or high degree of hope that a search for information and advice will lead to a better (i.e., less risky) solution; and 4) belief that there is sufficient time to search and deliberate before any serious threat will materialize. When one or another of these conditions is not met, a defective coping pattern, such as defensive avoidance or hypervigilance, will be dominant, which generally leads to maladaptive actions. In addition to suggesting new interventions for facilitating adaptive behavior in emergencies, the theoretical model provides a basis for integrating disparate findings from psychological research on the effects of warnings and confrontations with danger."}
{"id": "PMID:864254", "title": "Suppressor lymphocytes in young and aged humans.", "content": "Using human peripheral lymphocytes activated by concanavalin A (Con A), we observed suppression of the normal lymphocyte response to mitogens and allogeneic cells. The suppressive effect requires at least a 24 hr activation period of lymphocytes with ConA and is dose dependent. Activation of the suppressor population and stimulation of the responding population with mitogenic doses of ConA caused suppression of the response to mitogens, whereas activation and stimulation with submitogenic doses generally caused enhancement of the response. Responding lymphocytes showed individual variation in their ability to be suppressed by ConA-activated lymphocytes. This variable suppression could be demonstrated in autologous or allogeneic lymphocytes stimulated by ConA and also in the mixed lymphocyte reaction. ConA-activated lymphocytes derived from an aging human population differ from those of young individuals in showing a variable loss of suppressor activity. The decline of this suppressive phenomenon in aged humans may provide an explanation for the increased frequency of autoantibodies seen in the aging human population.", "contents": "Suppressor lymphocytes in young and aged humans. Using human peripheral lymphocytes activated by concanavalin A (Con A), we observed suppression of the normal lymphocyte response to mitogens and allogeneic cells. The suppressive effect requires at least a 24 hr activation period of lymphocytes with ConA and is dose dependent. Activation of the suppressor population and stimulation of the responding population with mitogenic doses of ConA caused suppression of the response to mitogens, whereas activation and stimulation with submitogenic doses generally caused enhancement of the response. Responding lymphocytes showed individual variation in their ability to be suppressed by ConA-activated lymphocytes. This variable suppression could be demonstrated in autologous or allogeneic lymphocytes stimulated by ConA and also in the mixed lymphocyte reaction. ConA-activated lymphocytes derived from an aging human population differ from those of young individuals in showing a variable loss of suppressor activity. The decline of this suppressive phenomenon in aged humans may provide an explanation for the increased frequency of autoantibodies seen in the aging human population."}
{"id": "PMID:864256", "title": "Receptor-binding sites on C3 and C3b.", "content": "Human erythrocytes carry C3b receptors: Daudi lymphoid cells carry exclusively C3d receptors. With these two types of cells, it could be shown that isolated, uncleaved human C3 and soluble C3b possess two stable binding sites: SBS1-specific C3b receptors, and SBS2-specific for C3d receptors. Upon binding of freshly cleaved C3b (nascent C3b) via its labile binding site (generated on C3b through cleavage of C3) to the C3 acceptors on cell surfaces, the SBS2 becomes concealed. Kinetic experiments show that immediately after the action of fetal calf serum or partially purified C3b-inactivator on EAC1423b the SBS2 is accessible again. The reappearance of SBS2 does coincide with cleavage of surface-bound C3b into C3c and C3d but not with the release of C3c from the cell; C3c remains attached and is released only with delay. Concomitant with the cleavage event the number of SBS1 is reduced, stressing the importance of an unaltered steric configuration of the C3b structure for the expression of SBS1. An alternative explanation might be that the SBS1 is located at the site connecting C3c and C3d, so that it becomes altered upon dissection of the two fragments.", "contents": "Receptor-binding sites on C3 and C3b. Human erythrocytes carry C3b receptors: Daudi lymphoid cells carry exclusively C3d receptors. With these two types of cells, it could be shown that isolated, uncleaved human C3 and soluble C3b possess two stable binding sites: SBS1-specific C3b receptors, and SBS2-specific for C3d receptors. Upon binding of freshly cleaved C3b (nascent C3b) via its labile binding site (generated on C3b through cleavage of C3) to the C3 acceptors on cell surfaces, the SBS2 becomes concealed. Kinetic experiments show that immediately after the action of fetal calf serum or partially purified C3b-inactivator on EAC1423b the SBS2 is accessible again. The reappearance of SBS2 does coincide with cleavage of surface-bound C3b into C3c and C3d but not with the release of C3c from the cell; C3c remains attached and is released only with delay. Concomitant with the cleavage event the number of SBS1 is reduced, stressing the importance of an unaltered steric configuration of the C3b structure for the expression of SBS1. An alternative explanation might be that the SBS1 is located at the site connecting C3c and C3d, so that it becomes altered upon dissection of the two fragments."}
{"id": "PMID:864257", "title": "Kinetic studies on the fragmentation of the third component of complement (C3) by trypsin.", "content": "The kinetics of cleavage of C3 by trypsin was analyzed by electrophoresis in agarose and in polyacrylamide gels containing sodium dodecyl sulfate and the data obtained were used to construct an anatomical model for C3 showing the sites of tryptic attack, the fragments generated, and their composition. Trypsin was shown to cleave C3 in a stepwise fashion. The attack was initially directed at the alpha-polypeptide chain and resulted in the generation of C3a and C3b. Further cleavage of the alpha-chain of C3b, converted it into C3b1 and then into C3d and C3c. Cleavage of the beta-chain by trypsin occurred only at the C3c stage with the release of a small peptide (m.w. 12,000) from C3c and the formation of C3c'. On immunoelectrophoresis, C3c' had a less anodal mobility compared to the beta1A mobility of C3c. C3a, once formed could be further cleaved to give residual fragments with decreasing net positive charge. Exposure of C3 to acid conditions, pH 5.0 or below, rendered the molecule exceedingly susceptible to tryptic degradation.", "contents": "Kinetic studies on the fragmentation of the third component of complement (C3) by trypsin. The kinetics of cleavage of C3 by trypsin was analyzed by electrophoresis in agarose and in polyacrylamide gels containing sodium dodecyl sulfate and the data obtained were used to construct an anatomical model for C3 showing the sites of tryptic attack, the fragments generated, and their composition. Trypsin was shown to cleave C3 in a stepwise fashion. The attack was initially directed at the alpha-polypeptide chain and resulted in the generation of C3a and C3b. Further cleavage of the alpha-chain of C3b, converted it into C3b1 and then into C3d and C3c. Cleavage of the beta-chain by trypsin occurred only at the C3c stage with the release of a small peptide (m.w. 12,000) from C3c and the formation of C3c'. On immunoelectrophoresis, C3c' had a less anodal mobility compared to the beta1A mobility of C3c. C3a, once formed could be further cleaved to give residual fragments with decreasing net positive charge. Exposure of C3 to acid conditions, pH 5.0 or below, rendered the molecule exceedingly susceptible to tryptic degradation."}
{"id": "PMID:864260", "title": "The effect of BCG on experimental cutaneous leishmaniasis in mice.", "content": "The effect of administration of live Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG), a nonspecific immunostimulant, on the course of experimental cutaneous leishmaniasis in mice was investigated. BALB/c mice were injected in the footpad with Leishmania tropica, NIH S-strain; in mice that were not pretreated with BCG this produced a reproducible fatal infection characterized by local inflammation, regional lymphadenopathy, and dissemination of parasites with hepatosplenomegaly. In mice that were pretreated with BCG and similarly infected with L. tropica there was a reduction in the severity of cutaneous disease and a significant (p less than 0.005) decrease in mortality without evidence of visceralization.", "contents": "The effect of BCG on experimental cutaneous leishmaniasis in mice. The effect of administration of live Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG), a nonspecific immunostimulant, on the course of experimental cutaneous leishmaniasis in mice was investigated. BALB/c mice were injected in the footpad with Leishmania tropica, NIH S-strain; in mice that were not pretreated with BCG this produced a reproducible fatal infection characterized by local inflammation, regional lymphadenopathy, and dissemination of parasites with hepatosplenomegaly. In mice that were pretreated with BCG and similarly infected with L. tropica there was a reduction in the severity of cutaneous disease and a significant (p less than 0.005) decrease in mortality without evidence of visceralization."}
{"id": "PMID:864263", "title": "Immune complex-induced platelet aggregation and 3H-serotonin release: microtechnique for an assay of virus and mycoplasma antigens or antibodies.", "content": "Human platelets are very sensitive indicators of immune complexes. The microplate test presented employs aggregation and/or release reaction of platelets as parameters of an antibody and antigen assay. The measurement of the release reaction is approximately 5 times more sensitive than the examination of aggregation patterns. Antibody titres of patients' sera attained values of 1/780,000 for adenoviruses and Mycoplasma pneumoniae. The determinations of 3H-serotonin release quantitative and therefore allow the equivalence point of a specific antibody/antigen interaction to be shown. This also provides the basis for reliable titre determinations in patients' sera with non-specific, direct platelet reactivity. If such an antiserum is titrated against the corresponding antigen, the release measurements reveal dose-response relations which are characteristic for an effect medicated by immune complexes.", "contents": "Immune complex-induced platelet aggregation and 3H-serotonin release: microtechnique for an assay of virus and mycoplasma antigens or antibodies. Human platelets are very sensitive indicators of immune complexes. The microplate test presented employs aggregation and/or release reaction of platelets as parameters of an antibody and antigen assay. The measurement of the release reaction is approximately 5 times more sensitive than the examination of aggregation patterns. Antibody titres of patients' sera attained values of 1/780,000 for adenoviruses and Mycoplasma pneumoniae. The determinations of 3H-serotonin release quantitative and therefore allow the equivalence point of a specific antibody/antigen interaction to be shown. This also provides the basis for reliable titre determinations in patients' sera with non-specific, direct platelet reactivity. If such an antiserum is titrated against the corresponding antigen, the release measurements reveal dose-response relations which are characteristic for an effect medicated by immune complexes."}
{"id": "PMID:864264", "title": "The influence of the serum/PHA ratio, microplate well shape and 2-mercaptoethanol on the stimulation of different numbers of cells in lymphocyte cultures from the chinese hamster.", "content": "Conditions for microculture of Chinese hamster lymphocytes are described which allow measurement of thymidine uptake with 6000 to 1000 lymphocytes per culture. The relationship between degree of cell stimulation, PHA concentration culture surface and cell concentration is described, as well as the influence of addition of 2-mercaptoethanol to the cultures.", "contents": "The influence of the serum/PHA ratio, microplate well shape and 2-mercaptoethanol on the stimulation of different numbers of cells in lymphocyte cultures from the chinese hamster. Conditions for microculture of Chinese hamster lymphocytes are described which allow measurement of thymidine uptake with 6000 to 1000 lymphocytes per culture. The relationship between degree of cell stimulation, PHA concentration culture surface and cell concentration is described, as well as the influence of addition of 2-mercaptoethanol to the cultures."}
{"id": "PMID:864265", "title": "Affinity chromatography of antiserum to a gram negative organism.", "content": "An immunoadsorbent method is described for the purification of antibody directed against gram negative bacteria. Two anion exchange materials were compared for their ability to immobilize whole cells of Veillonella alcalescens, a gram negative oral bacterium. Purified antibody preparations were applied to the columns and subsequently eluted with various combinations of desorbing buffers. The quantity of recovered antibody was measured and its activity assayed, using a microagglutination technique. The highest levels of protein and specific antibody activity were recovered from Dowex-1-acetate columns desorbed by a combination of borate buffer pH 10 and 3 M KSCN pH 6, followed by levels of specific antibody activity obtained from a DEAE cellulose column desorbed by glycine--HC1, PBH 2.3.", "contents": "Affinity chromatography of antiserum to a gram negative organism. An immunoadsorbent method is described for the purification of antibody directed against gram negative bacteria. Two anion exchange materials were compared for their ability to immobilize whole cells of Veillonella alcalescens, a gram negative oral bacterium. Purified antibody preparations were applied to the columns and subsequently eluted with various combinations of desorbing buffers. The quantity of recovered antibody was measured and its activity assayed, using a microagglutination technique. The highest levels of protein and specific antibody activity were recovered from Dowex-1-acetate columns desorbed by a combination of borate buffer pH 10 and 3 M KSCN pH 6, followed by levels of specific antibody activity obtained from a DEAE cellulose column desorbed by glycine--HC1, PBH 2.3."}
{"id": "PMID:864272", "title": "Effects of dermatitis, stripping, and steroids on the morphology of corneocytes. A new bioassay.", "content": "This study was designed to investigate the effects of increased or decreased epidermal turnover on the morphology of human corneocytes. The desquamating portion of the stratum corneum was sampled with the detergent scrub technique using Triton X-100. The following parameters were measured: size (surface micron2), shape (regular, irregular), nuclear inclusions, trabeculae, and numerical counts. Specimens were obtained from adult males with allergic contact dermatitis (N=18); with tretinoin-induced dermatitis (N=11); after cellophane stripping (N=11); and after treatment of these conditions with topical steroids (N=40). Data from 250,000 cells were analyzed statistically. The reproducibility of the method is good (r=0.934). Corneocytes from skin of patients with allergic contact dermatitis differed from those of normal skin: they were 15% smaller and of irregular shape with asymmetrical trabeculae; 50% were nucleated and about 3 times as many cells were collected per cm2 skin surface. Tretinoin and stripping produced similar but more pronounced effects. Topical steroids significantly improved all parameters (p less 0.01). Betamethasone-17-dipropionate was more effective than the valerate. This bioassay permits sensitive measurements of corneocyte morphology in conditions with altered epidermal cellular kinetics. It provides a method to evaluate steroid effectiveness.", "contents": "Effects of dermatitis, stripping, and steroids on the morphology of corneocytes. A new bioassay. This study was designed to investigate the effects of increased or decreased epidermal turnover on the morphology of human corneocytes. The desquamating portion of the stratum corneum was sampled with the detergent scrub technique using Triton X-100. The following parameters were measured: size (surface micron2), shape (regular, irregular), nuclear inclusions, trabeculae, and numerical counts. Specimens were obtained from adult males with allergic contact dermatitis (N=18); with tretinoin-induced dermatitis (N=11); after cellophane stripping (N=11); and after treatment of these conditions with topical steroids (N=40). Data from 250,000 cells were analyzed statistically. The reproducibility of the method is good (r=0.934). Corneocytes from skin of patients with allergic contact dermatitis differed from those of normal skin: they were 15% smaller and of irregular shape with asymmetrical trabeculae; 50% were nucleated and about 3 times as many cells were collected per cm2 skin surface. Tretinoin and stripping produced similar but more pronounced effects. Topical steroids significantly improved all parameters (p less 0.01). Betamethasone-17-dipropionate was more effective than the valerate. This bioassay permits sensitive measurements of corneocyte morphology in conditions with altered epidermal cellular kinetics. It provides a method to evaluate steroid effectiveness."}
{"id": "PMID:864273", "title": "Oral methoxsalen photochemotherapy for the treatment of psoriasis: a cooperative clinical trial.", "content": "Extensive psoriasis in 1,308 patients has been treated two or three times a week with oral 8-methoxypsoralen followed by high intensity, long-wave ultraviolet light (PUVA). Excluding 169 patients still under early treatment, psoriasis cleared in 88% and failed to clear in 3%. One percent dropped out due to complications of treatment, and 8% for other reasons. The twice-a-week schedule was superior for patients with lighter skin types. Once a remission was induced, there was no difference in its maintenance when patients were treated once a week, once every other week, or once every third week. Each of these schedules was superior to no maintenance treatment. Immediate side effect of the 45,000 treatments administered in the first 18 months of this study were uncommon, temporary, and generally mild. No clinically significant changes in laboratory screening or eye examinations attributable to PUVA have been uncovered.", "contents": "Oral methoxsalen photochemotherapy for the treatment of psoriasis: a cooperative clinical trial. Extensive psoriasis in 1,308 patients has been treated two or three times a week with oral 8-methoxypsoralen followed by high intensity, long-wave ultraviolet light (PUVA). Excluding 169 patients still under early treatment, psoriasis cleared in 88% and failed to clear in 3%. One percent dropped out due to complications of treatment, and 8% for other reasons. The twice-a-week schedule was superior for patients with lighter skin types. Once a remission was induced, there was no difference in its maintenance when patients were treated once a week, once every other week, or once every third week. Each of these schedules was superior to no maintenance treatment. Immediate side effect of the 45,000 treatments administered in the first 18 months of this study were uncommon, temporary, and generally mild. No clinically significant changes in laboratory screening or eye examinations attributable to PUVA have been uncovered."}
{"id": "PMID:864275", "title": "Sensitization with Cr, Ni and Zr salts and allergic type granuloma formation in the guinea pig.", "content": "Guinea pigs were sensitized to potassium dichromate, nickel sulfate and sodium zirconium lactate by three methods of immunization in Freund's complete adjuvant: Polak, split adjuvant, and maximization (modified Magnusson and Kligman). These were followed after 2 weeks by weekly intradermal injections of 25 microng of the metal salt. Delayed hypersensitivity-like reactions developed 3 to 12 weeks after initial injection. Reactivity, although strong with an increase in thickness of over 0.7 mm and/or diameter of erythema of over 8 X 8 mm, was frequently transient, the animal losing reactivity on subsequent skin test or after 2 or 3 skin tests. In two-thirds of the experiments using sodium zirconium lactate, delayed hypersensitivity-like reactions at 24 hr developed into nodular lesions which reached peak intensity at 8 days and histologically contained histiocytes with an epithelioid cell appearance and giant cells. In some experiments, sodium zirconium lactate-sensitive animals showed cross reactivity with potassium dichromate, but not with nickel sulfate.", "contents": "Sensitization with Cr, Ni and Zr salts and allergic type granuloma formation in the guinea pig. Guinea pigs were sensitized to potassium dichromate, nickel sulfate and sodium zirconium lactate by three methods of immunization in Freund's complete adjuvant: Polak, split adjuvant, and maximization (modified Magnusson and Kligman). These were followed after 2 weeks by weekly intradermal injections of 25 microng of the metal salt. Delayed hypersensitivity-like reactions developed 3 to 12 weeks after initial injection. Reactivity, although strong with an increase in thickness of over 0.7 mm and/or diameter of erythema of over 8 X 8 mm, was frequently transient, the animal losing reactivity on subsequent skin test or after 2 or 3 skin tests. In two-thirds of the experiments using sodium zirconium lactate, delayed hypersensitivity-like reactions at 24 hr developed into nodular lesions which reached peak intensity at 8 days and histologically contained histiocytes with an epithelioid cell appearance and giant cells. In some experiments, sodium zirconium lactate-sensitive animals showed cross reactivity with potassium dichromate, but not with nickel sulfate."}
{"id": "PMID:864276", "title": "Environmental temperature and the percutaneous absorption of a cholinesterase inhibitor, VX.", "content": "S-(2-diisoproplaminoethyl) 0-ethyl methylphosphonothioate (VX), an anticholinesterase liquid of low volatility, was applied to the skin of 139 men at environmental temperatures of -18 degrees, 2 degrees, 18 degrees, or 46 degrees C. The skin was decontaminated after 3 hr and the men spent the next 21 hr at about 27 degrees C. The amount of VX penetrating the skin was estimated from the inhibition of red blood cell cholinesterase. The decimal fraction of the dose that penetrated in 3 hr ranged from 0.04 at -18 degrees C to 0.32 at 46 degrees C for the cheek and from 0.004 at +18 degrees C to 0.029 at 46 degrees C for the forearm. Further increase in cholinesterase inhibition after decontamination was evidence of a deposit of VX in the skin. The amount of VX remaining in the skin after decontamination was greater in the forearm and less in the cheek at higher temperatures.", "contents": "Environmental temperature and the percutaneous absorption of a cholinesterase inhibitor, VX. S-(2-diisoproplaminoethyl) 0-ethyl methylphosphonothioate (VX), an anticholinesterase liquid of low volatility, was applied to the skin of 139 men at environmental temperatures of -18 degrees, 2 degrees, 18 degrees, or 46 degrees C. The skin was decontaminated after 3 hr and the men spent the next 21 hr at about 27 degrees C. The amount of VX penetrating the skin was estimated from the inhibition of red blood cell cholinesterase. The decimal fraction of the dose that penetrated in 3 hr ranged from 0.04 at -18 degrees C to 0.32 at 46 degrees C for the cheek and from 0.004 at +18 degrees C to 0.029 at 46 degrees C for the forearm. Further increase in cholinesterase inhibition after decontamination was evidence of a deposit of VX in the skin. The amount of VX remaining in the skin after decontamination was greater in the forearm and less in the cheek at higher temperatures."}
{"id": "PMID:864277", "title": "In vitro screening of biochemical activity of folic acid antagonists in skin.", "content": "Dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) inhibitors, which differ from the classical folate antagonists in physicochemical and pharmacologic parameters such as lipid solubility and mechanisms of cellular transport, were screened for DHFR inhibitory activity and biologic activity in newborn rat skin. The most effective drugs from this screen were tested for their effects on de novo DNA synthesis in psoriatic epidermis in vitro. Of the 24 compounds studied, methotrexate (MTX) was the most potent inhibitor of rat skin DHFR (I50=8.6 X 10(-9) M). Methotrexate-dimethylester, methasquin-diethylester, DDEP (2,4-diamino-5-(3',4'-dichlorophenyl)-6-ethylprimidine), and Baker's triazine antifolate (NSC 139105), while less effective than MTX as DHFR inhibitors, were more effective than MTX as inhibitors of de novo DNA synthesis in rat skin in vitro. Baker's antifolate was the only compound tested which was considerably more effective than MTX as an inhibitor of de novo DNA synthesis in psoriatic epidermis in vitro.", "contents": "In vitro screening of biochemical activity of folic acid antagonists in skin. Dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) inhibitors, which differ from the classical folate antagonists in physicochemical and pharmacologic parameters such as lipid solubility and mechanisms of cellular transport, were screened for DHFR inhibitory activity and biologic activity in newborn rat skin. The most effective drugs from this screen were tested for their effects on de novo DNA synthesis in psoriatic epidermis in vitro. Of the 24 compounds studied, methotrexate (MTX) was the most potent inhibitor of rat skin DHFR (I50=8.6 X 10(-9) M). Methotrexate-dimethylester, methasquin-diethylester, DDEP (2,4-diamino-5-(3',4'-dichlorophenyl)-6-ethylprimidine), and Baker's triazine antifolate (NSC 139105), while less effective than MTX as DHFR inhibitors, were more effective than MTX as inhibitors of de novo DNA synthesis in rat skin in vitro. Baker's antifolate was the only compound tested which was considerably more effective than MTX as an inhibitor of de novo DNA synthesis in psoriatic epidermis in vitro."}
{"id": "PMID:864278", "title": "Antioxidant-mediated reversal of ultraviolet light cytotoxicity.", "content": "Several antioxidants were tested for their protective effect in Chinese hamster embryo cell against ultraviolet light (UVL)-irradiation. Ascorbic acid, DL-alpha-tocopherol, butylated hydroxytoluene, and reduced glutathione were all shown to reverse UVL-induced cytotoxicity. At concentrations tested, no protective effect was detected when any of these antioxidants were added prior to UVL irradiation.", "contents": "Antioxidant-mediated reversal of ultraviolet light cytotoxicity. Several antioxidants were tested for their protective effect in Chinese hamster embryo cell against ultraviolet light (UVL)-irradiation. Ascorbic acid, DL-alpha-tocopherol, butylated hydroxytoluene, and reduced glutathione were all shown to reverse UVL-induced cytotoxicity. At concentrations tested, no protective effect was detected when any of these antioxidants were added prior to UVL irradiation."}
{"id": "PMID:864280", "title": "An in situ procedure for the biopsy of pressure-wrapped hypertrophic scars.", "content": "A plexiglass device can be incorporated in the therapeutic elastic wrapping of hypertrophic scars. The removal of a small access port on this device permits the exposure of the underlying tissue for full-thickness biopsy without the necessity of first removing the pressure wrapping. The ultrastructural detail of tissues biopsied in this manner more readily reflects the in situ microarchitecture of the pressure-wrapped skin and/or scars.", "contents": "An in situ procedure for the biopsy of pressure-wrapped hypertrophic scars. A plexiglass device can be incorporated in the therapeutic elastic wrapping of hypertrophic scars. The removal of a small access port on this device permits the exposure of the underlying tissue for full-thickness biopsy without the necessity of first removing the pressure wrapping. The ultrastructural detail of tissues biopsied in this manner more readily reflects the in situ microarchitecture of the pressure-wrapped skin and/or scars."}
{"id": "PMID:864285", "title": "Immunity to experimental cholera. III. Enhanced duration of protection after sequential parenteral-oral administration of toxoid to dogs.", "content": "Protection against experimental cholera after immunization with a purified glutaraldehyde toxoid given subcutaneously (sc), orally, or by a combined sc-oral sequence was compared in dogs. The protection induced by toxoid appeared to be entirely due to antitoxin. Repeated sc immunization with precipitated toxoid resulted in 77% protection at two weeks but no protection at four months. Protection after sc immunization correlated with titers of antitoxin in serum and appeared to result entirely from serum-derived antibody. In contrast, immunization by the sc-oral sequence resulted in prolonged protection (74% at two weeks, P=0.04; 100% after four months, P=0.004; and 57% after eight months, P=0.01) that was not related to the low serum antitoxin titers achieved. This sequence was effective only if the oral booster was given in divided doses. Immunization by oral priming and boosting was ineffective. These results suggest that the sc-oral sequence of immunization is an efficient means of stimulating the enteric immune response to nonreplicating protein antigens and may provide an improved approach to immunization against cholera.", "contents": "Immunity to experimental cholera. III. Enhanced duration of protection after sequential parenteral-oral administration of toxoid to dogs. Protection against experimental cholera after immunization with a purified glutaraldehyde toxoid given subcutaneously (sc), orally, or by a combined sc-oral sequence was compared in dogs. The protection induced by toxoid appeared to be entirely due to antitoxin. Repeated sc immunization with precipitated toxoid resulted in 77% protection at two weeks but no protection at four months. Protection after sc immunization correlated with titers of antitoxin in serum and appeared to result entirely from serum-derived antibody. In contrast, immunization by the sc-oral sequence resulted in prolonged protection (74% at two weeks, P=0.04; 100% after four months, P=0.004; and 57% after eight months, P=0.01) that was not related to the low serum antitoxin titers achieved. This sequence was effective only if the oral booster was given in divided doses. Immunization by oral priming and boosting was ineffective. These results suggest that the sc-oral sequence of immunization is an efficient means of stimulating the enteric immune response to nonreplicating protein antigens and may provide an improved approach to immunization against cholera."}
{"id": "PMID:864287", "title": "Maternal-fetal pharmacological activity of amikacin.", "content": "Thirty healthy gravid patients of six to 20 weeks' gestation each received a single dose of 7.5 mg of amikacin/kg within 24 hr prior to elective hysterectomy. The half-life (t1/2) of amikacin in maternal serum was 2.07 hr. The mean peak concentration of amikacin in the sera of these patients was slightly lower than that in nonpregnant adults. Two-thirds of the placental samples had amikacin concentrations of greater than or equal to 8 microng/g during the 20-hr interval between drug injection and delivery time. In fetal kidney the concentration of amikacin peaked at a level of 22.4 microng/g at 12 hr after administration. The peak concentration of amikacin in fetal urine was 24 microng/ml, and the t1/2 was 3.2 hr. High levels of the drug in fetal urine and low levels in fetal serum (less than 4 microng/ml)  and amniotic fluid (less than 3 microng/ml) were unrelated to high levels found in fetal kidney. Levels of amikacin in fetal lung were 1.4-8.0 microng/g during intervals of 1-16 hr between administration of the drug and time of delivery. With the increasing number of drugs available for use, both potential benefits and risks for the fetus must be considered when prescribing an antibiotic to treat the infected gravid patient, and it should be kept in mind that low levels in body fluid may not be equated with safety.", "contents": "Maternal-fetal pharmacological activity of amikacin. Thirty healthy gravid patients of six to 20 weeks' gestation each received a single dose of 7.5 mg of amikacin/kg within 24 hr prior to elective hysterectomy. The half-life (t1/2) of amikacin in maternal serum was 2.07 hr. The mean peak concentration of amikacin in the sera of these patients was slightly lower than that in nonpregnant adults. Two-thirds of the placental samples had amikacin concentrations of greater than or equal to 8 microng/g during the 20-hr interval between drug injection and delivery time. In fetal kidney the concentration of amikacin peaked at a level of 22.4 microng/g at 12 hr after administration. The peak concentration of amikacin in fetal urine was 24 microng/ml, and the t1/2 was 3.2 hr. High levels of the drug in fetal urine and low levels in fetal serum (less than 4 microng/ml)  and amniotic fluid (less than 3 microng/ml) were unrelated to high levels found in fetal kidney. Levels of amikacin in fetal lung were 1.4-8.0 microng/g during intervals of 1-16 hr between administration of the drug and time of delivery. With the increasing number of drugs available for use, both potential benefits and risks for the fetus must be considered when prescribing an antibiotic to treat the infected gravid patient, and it should be kept in mind that low levels in body fluid may not be equated with safety."}
{"id": "PMID:864288", "title": "Diagnosis of experimental encephalitozoonosis in rabbits by complement fixation.", "content": "A complement-fixation (CF) test has been developed for detection of experimental encephalitozoonosis in rabbits. The antigen consisted of disrupted homogenates of Encephalitozoon cuniculi spores grown in and released from rabbit choroid plexus tissue culture cells. The test was sensitive and capable of detecting experimental encephalitozoonosis in rabbits as early as 15 days after intracerebral infection. The test was specific for infected animals, and no cross-reactivity was demonstrated between E. cuniculi antigen and Nosema apis, Trypanosoma congolese, Trypanosoma cruzi, rabbit liver powder, rabbit brain powder, and rabbit choroid plexus cell culture. Sera from rabbits infected with Toxoplasma gondii, Eimeria stiedai, and Eimeria perforans did not exhibit antibodies to E. cuniculi. No CF-inhibition activity was detected.", "contents": "Diagnosis of experimental encephalitozoonosis in rabbits by complement fixation. A complement-fixation (CF) test has been developed for detection of experimental encephalitozoonosis in rabbits. The antigen consisted of disrupted homogenates of Encephalitozoon cuniculi spores grown in and released from rabbit choroid plexus tissue culture cells. The test was sensitive and capable of detecting experimental encephalitozoonosis in rabbits as early as 15 days after intracerebral infection. The test was specific for infected animals, and no cross-reactivity was demonstrated between E. cuniculi antigen and Nosema apis, Trypanosoma congolese, Trypanosoma cruzi, rabbit liver powder, rabbit brain powder, and rabbit choroid plexus cell culture. Sera from rabbits infected with Toxoplasma gondii, Eimeria stiedai, and Eimeria perforans did not exhibit antibodies to E. cuniculi. No CF-inhibition activity was detected."}
{"id": "PMID:864289", "title": "Human toxic neutrophils. IV. Incorporation of amino acids and uptake of 2-deoxy-D-glucose.", "content": "Toxic neutrophils were studied for incorporation of amino acids into total proteins and for uptake of a glucose analogue. Both the amino acid incorporation and the uptake of 2-deoxy-D-glucose were increased in toxic neutrophils. This finding may indicate an alteration in the cell membrane of toxic neutrophils.", "contents": "Human toxic neutrophils. IV. Incorporation of amino acids and uptake of 2-deoxy-D-glucose. Toxic neutrophils were studied for incorporation of amino acids into total proteins and for uptake of a glucose analogue. Both the amino acid incorporation and the uptake of 2-deoxy-D-glucose were increased in toxic neutrophils. This finding may indicate an alteration in the cell membrane of toxic neutrophils."}
{"id": "PMID:864290", "title": "Pharmacologic factors associated with gentamicin nephrotoxicity in rabbits.", "content": "Nine rabbits were given subcutaneous doses of 7.5 mg of gentamicin/kg every 24 hr, and nine were given 2.5 mg of gentamicin/kg every 8 hr for three weeks or longer. Renal function was evaluated by monitoring of the concentration of creatinine in serum and the rate of clearance of gentamicin from serum. In the animals receiving the 8-hr divided dosage, a deterioration of renal function as early as day 7 was demonstrated by the rate of clearance of gentamicin, and deterioration by day 21 was evidenced by the concentration of creatinine in serum; the renal function of the animals receiving the single daily dose was unchanged. There was no relationship between peak or trough concentrations of gentamicin in serum and the development of nephrotoxicity. The animals receiving the 8-hr dosages had a significantly longer daily duration of exposure to concentrations of greater than or equal to 0.1, greater than or equal to 1.0, greater than or equal to 2.0, and greater than or equal to 3.0 microng of gentamicin/ml in serum than did animals receiving the daily dosage.", "contents": "Pharmacologic factors associated with gentamicin nephrotoxicity in rabbits. Nine rabbits were given subcutaneous doses of 7.5 mg of gentamicin/kg every 24 hr, and nine were given 2.5 mg of gentamicin/kg every 8 hr for three weeks or longer. Renal function was evaluated by monitoring of the concentration of creatinine in serum and the rate of clearance of gentamicin from serum. In the animals receiving the 8-hr divided dosage, a deterioration of renal function as early as day 7 was demonstrated by the rate of clearance of gentamicin, and deterioration by day 21 was evidenced by the concentration of creatinine in serum; the renal function of the animals receiving the single daily dose was unchanged. There was no relationship between peak or trough concentrations of gentamicin in serum and the development of nephrotoxicity. The animals receiving the 8-hr dosages had a significantly longer daily duration of exposure to concentrations of greater than or equal to 0.1, greater than or equal to 1.0, greater than or equal to 2.0, and greater than or equal to 3.0 microng of gentamicin/ml in serum than did animals receiving the daily dosage."}
{"id": "PMID:864291", "title": "Penetration of tobramycin into infected extravascular fluids and its therapeutic effectiveness.", "content": "The aminoglycoside antibiotic tobramycin was given intramuscularly to 15 patients with infected body fluids (empyema in five patients, peritonitis in five, peritonitis and empyema in one, tracheobronchitis in three, and infection of the pacemaker pocket in one). The infecting bacteria included Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella, Enterobacter, Serratia, Escherichia coli, Proteus species, and Staphylococcus aureus. The mean dose of tobramycin was 1.7 mg/kg given intramuscularly every 8 hr for nine to 10 days. Levels of tobramycin in specimens of serum and infected body fluid obtained simultaneously were measured at various intervals after a dose of the antibiotic. Comparison was made between levels of tobramycin and minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of the infecting bacteria. Bacteriological and clinical failures were common if the level in body fluid did not exceed the MIC. In patients with levels of tobramycin in body fluid that were higher than the MIC, cures were frequent. Drainage of infected body fluids is a necessary part of successful therapy of these infections.", "contents": "Penetration of tobramycin into infected extravascular fluids and its therapeutic effectiveness. The aminoglycoside antibiotic tobramycin was given intramuscularly to 15 patients with infected body fluids (empyema in five patients, peritonitis in five, peritonitis and empyema in one, tracheobronchitis in three, and infection of the pacemaker pocket in one). The infecting bacteria included Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella, Enterobacter, Serratia, Escherichia coli, Proteus species, and Staphylococcus aureus. The mean dose of tobramycin was 1.7 mg/kg given intramuscularly every 8 hr for nine to 10 days. Levels of tobramycin in specimens of serum and infected body fluid obtained simultaneously were measured at various intervals after a dose of the antibiotic. Comparison was made between levels of tobramycin and minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of the infecting bacteria. Bacteriological and clinical failures were common if the level in body fluid did not exceed the MIC. In patients with levels of tobramycin in body fluid that were higher than the MIC, cures were frequent. Drainage of infected body fluids is a necessary part of successful therapy of these infections."}
{"id": "PMID:864292", "title": "Lesions in guinea pigs infected with Coxiella burnetii strain M-44.", "content": "Guinea pigs inoculated with the live M-44 vaccine strain of Coxiella burnetii were examined grossly and microscopically for the presence of Q fever-related lesions. Mild myocarditis was observed in 38% of the infected animals but in none of the control animals. Livers showed significant incidence of hepatitis, necrosis, and granuloma formation, especially during the first eight days of the infection. A much lower incidence of splenitis was also found but was considered to be of borderline significance. Generally, lesions were mild in nature, and none seemed to endanger the life of the animal or to cause observable distress.", "contents": "Lesions in guinea pigs infected with Coxiella burnetii strain M-44. Guinea pigs inoculated with the live M-44 vaccine strain of Coxiella burnetii were examined grossly and microscopically for the presence of Q fever-related lesions. Mild myocarditis was observed in 38% of the infected animals but in none of the control animals. Livers showed significant incidence of hepatitis, necrosis, and granuloma formation, especially during the first eight days of the infection. A much lower incidence of splenitis was also found but was considered to be of borderline significance. Generally, lesions were mild in nature, and none seemed to endanger the life of the animal or to cause observable distress."}
{"id": "PMID:864293", "title": "Comparison of concentrations of amoxicillin and ampicillin in serum and middle ear fluid of children with chronic otitis media.", "content": "Twenty-eight children aged five to nine years with chronic serous otitis media received a single dose of either ampicillin or amoxicillin by the oral route 1-2 hr before the removal of middle ear fluid by ventilation tubes inserted through the tympanic membrane. At the time middle ear fluid was obtained, a sample of blood was drawn from the patient, and levels of antibiotic in both specimens were microbiologically assayed by a disk diffusion method. Levels of amoxicillin (mean+/-standard error [SE], 1.48+/-1.6 microng/ml) in middle ear fluid were consistently and significantly higher (P less than 0.05) than levels of ampicillin (mean+/-SE, 6.2+/-5.0 microng/ml).", "contents": "Comparison of concentrations of amoxicillin and ampicillin in serum and middle ear fluid of children with chronic otitis media. Twenty-eight children aged five to nine years with chronic serous otitis media received a single dose of either ampicillin or amoxicillin by the oral route 1-2 hr before the removal of middle ear fluid by ventilation tubes inserted through the tympanic membrane. At the time middle ear fluid was obtained, a sample of blood was drawn from the patient, and levels of antibiotic in both specimens were microbiologically assayed by a disk diffusion method. Levels of amoxicillin (mean+/-standard error [SE], 1.48+/-1.6 microng/ml) in middle ear fluid were consistently and significantly higher (P less than 0.05) than levels of ampicillin (mean+/-SE, 6.2+/-5.0 microng/ml)."}
{"id": "PMID:864300", "title": "The effect of decreased renal function with and without reduction in renal mass on 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol production in rats.", "content": "Decreased production of 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol (1,25-(OH)2D3) by the kidney may be responsible for vitamin D resistance in renal failure and contribute to renal osteodystrophy. The present studies investigate the effect of reduced renal mass and reduced renal function on conversion of 3H-25-hydroxycholecalciferol to 3H-1,25-(OH)2D3 in vitamin D-deficient rats. Renal mass was reduced by partial or total nephrectomy. Renal function was reduced by ureteral ligation. At comparable degrees of renal function, reducing renal mass decreased 1,25-(OH)2D3 formation approximately proportional to the amount of renal tissue removed. Ureteral ligation without reduction of renal mass also reduced production within the first 24 hours. This may have been caused by the marked hyperphosphatemia which occurred with ureteral ligation. When partial nephrectomy and ureteral ligation were done together the results were additive. The decreased 1,25-(OH)2D3 formation produced by unilateral nephrectomy was not improved 4 weeks after surgery, although renal function had returned to normal.", "contents": "The effect of decreased renal function with and without reduction in renal mass on 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol production in rats. Decreased production of 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol (1,25-(OH)2D3) by the kidney may be responsible for vitamin D resistance in renal failure and contribute to renal osteodystrophy. The present studies investigate the effect of reduced renal mass and reduced renal function on conversion of 3H-25-hydroxycholecalciferol to 3H-1,25-(OH)2D3 in vitamin D-deficient rats. Renal mass was reduced by partial or total nephrectomy. Renal function was reduced by ureteral ligation. At comparable degrees of renal function, reducing renal mass decreased 1,25-(OH)2D3 formation approximately proportional to the amount of renal tissue removed. Ureteral ligation without reduction of renal mass also reduced production within the first 24 hours. This may have been caused by the marked hyperphosphatemia which occurred with ureteral ligation. When partial nephrectomy and ureteral ligation were done together the results were additive. The decreased 1,25-(OH)2D3 formation produced by unilateral nephrectomy was not improved 4 weeks after surgery, although renal function had returned to normal."}
{"id": "PMID:864301", "title": "Relationship of systemic and intrarenal hemodynamics in cirrhosis.", "content": "The relationship between systemic and renal hemodynamics was studied in 20 patients with advanced cirrhosis of the liver. Cardiac output was assessed by an indicator dilution technique, and both mean renal blood flow and intrarenal blood flow distribution were determined by the 133Xe washout method. Ten patients had elevated cardiac outputs (7.14 to 13.58 L/min; HCO group), seven patients had normal cardiac ouptputs (5.16 to 6.78; NCO group), and three had low cardiac outputs (3.65 to 4.1; LCO group). Renal hemodynamics did not correlate with cardiac output (r = 0.051; N.S.), since comparable reductions in mean renal blood flow occurred in both the LCO and HCO patients. Similarly, the degree of cortical ischemia, as assessed by percentage flow to the rapid flow component (C1%), did not correlate with cardiac output (r = 0.007; N.S.). Vasomotor instability as assessed by intrapatient variability of sequential xenon washout studies occurred frequently, and its magnitude did not correlate with cardiac output (r = -0.069; N.S.). These studies demonstrate that the abnormalities of intrarenal blood flow in cirrhosis are independent of alterations in cardiac output. Furthermore, the finding of marked intrarenal hemodynamic instability in the majority of patients with cirrhosis suggests that caution should be exercised in interpreting studies assessing the efficacy of vasoactive agents on renal hemodynamics in this disease, since the changes attributed to treatment may merely reflect spontaneous change.", "contents": "Relationship of systemic and intrarenal hemodynamics in cirrhosis. The relationship between systemic and renal hemodynamics was studied in 20 patients with advanced cirrhosis of the liver. Cardiac output was assessed by an indicator dilution technique, and both mean renal blood flow and intrarenal blood flow distribution were determined by the 133Xe washout method. Ten patients had elevated cardiac outputs (7.14 to 13.58 L/min; HCO group), seven patients had normal cardiac ouptputs (5.16 to 6.78; NCO group), and three had low cardiac outputs (3.65 to 4.1; LCO group). Renal hemodynamics did not correlate with cardiac output (r = 0.051; N.S.), since comparable reductions in mean renal blood flow occurred in both the LCO and HCO patients. Similarly, the degree of cortical ischemia, as assessed by percentage flow to the rapid flow component (C1%), did not correlate with cardiac output (r = 0.007; N.S.). Vasomotor instability as assessed by intrapatient variability of sequential xenon washout studies occurred frequently, and its magnitude did not correlate with cardiac output (r = -0.069; N.S.). These studies demonstrate that the abnormalities of intrarenal blood flow in cirrhosis are independent of alterations in cardiac output. Furthermore, the finding of marked intrarenal hemodynamic instability in the majority of patients with cirrhosis suggests that caution should be exercised in interpreting studies assessing the efficacy of vasoactive agents on renal hemodynamics in this disease, since the changes attributed to treatment may merely reflect spontaneous change."}
{"id": "PMID:864302", "title": "Influence of acute exposure to cigarette smoke on the alveolar macrophage system.", "content": "The influence of cigarette smoke on the numbers and viability of alveolar macrophages in the lungs of mice was determined by utilizing techniques for quantitating lung deposition of bacteria and alveolar macrophage harvest. Alveolar macrophages were obtained by pulmonary lavage. The studies were performed under basal conditions, after the inhalation of cigarette smoke and after exposure to bacterial aerosols and cigarette smoke in sequence. Macrophage yields were increased 1.1, 1.2, and 1.5 times basal levels by exposure to cigarette smoke alone for 1, 2, and 4 hours, repectively. The inhalation of Staphylococcus aureus for 30 minutes induced a 2.4-fold increase in macrophage numbers. Within 15 minutes after bacterial deposition, macrophage yields dropped 33 percent, but elevated levels were restored at 30 minutes and then maintained for the remainder of the 4 hour test period. Cigarette smoke introduced immediately after bacterial challenge and maintained for up to 4 hours did not alter the macrophage response provoked by pulmonary deposition of staphylococci. In addition, smoke inhalation had no effect on the cellular characteristics of lung harvests and the viability of alveolar macrophages. These data demonstrate that cigarette smoke provoked an increase in alveolar macrophage numbers and did not have a deleterious effect on the mobilization of alveolar macrophages; namely, the maintenance of a macrophage response in relation to an airborne bacterial challenge.", "contents": "Influence of acute exposure to cigarette smoke on the alveolar macrophage system. The influence of cigarette smoke on the numbers and viability of alveolar macrophages in the lungs of mice was determined by utilizing techniques for quantitating lung deposition of bacteria and alveolar macrophage harvest. Alveolar macrophages were obtained by pulmonary lavage. The studies were performed under basal conditions, after the inhalation of cigarette smoke and after exposure to bacterial aerosols and cigarette smoke in sequence. Macrophage yields were increased 1.1, 1.2, and 1.5 times basal levels by exposure to cigarette smoke alone for 1, 2, and 4 hours, repectively. The inhalation of Staphylococcus aureus for 30 minutes induced a 2.4-fold increase in macrophage numbers. Within 15 minutes after bacterial deposition, macrophage yields dropped 33 percent, but elevated levels were restored at 30 minutes and then maintained for the remainder of the 4 hour test period. Cigarette smoke introduced immediately after bacterial challenge and maintained for up to 4 hours did not alter the macrophage response provoked by pulmonary deposition of staphylococci. In addition, smoke inhalation had no effect on the cellular characteristics of lung harvests and the viability of alveolar macrophages. These data demonstrate that cigarette smoke provoked an increase in alveolar macrophage numbers and did not have a deleterious effect on the mobilization of alveolar macrophages; namely, the maintenance of a macrophage response in relation to an airborne bacterial challenge."}
{"id": "PMID:864304", "title": "Effects of methylprednisolone on the physical properties of the human red cell.", "content": "Prompted by evidence suggesting preserved red cell deformability in cardiac surgical patients pretreated with pharmacologic dosages of methylprednisolone, we performed in vitro experiments to examine the ability of similar levels of methylprednisolone and hydrocortisone to modify erythrocyte membrane changes produced by metabolic depletion or membrane-active compounds. Variables measured included cell morphology, blood biscosity, membrane deformability, osmotic fragility, red cell cholesterol, and glycolytic intermediates. In incubated samples, methylprednisolone partially prevented the transition of discs to echinocytes, the rise in whole blood viscosity, the decrease in membrane deformability, and the loss of red cell cholesterol which accompany ATP depletion, but it had no apparent effect on red cell glycolysis. The drug also inhibited esterification of cholesterol in cell-free serum. In unimcubated samples to which lysolecithin was added, methylprednisolone partially prevented and reversed morphologic and rheologic responses without affecting membrane cholesterol. Hydrocortisone demonstrated similar properties. Possible mechanisms for these actions are discussed. The concept is advanced that preserved blood fluidity may contribute to the beneficial responses to these drugs in certain clinical conditions.", "contents": "Effects of methylprednisolone on the physical properties of the human red cell. Prompted by evidence suggesting preserved red cell deformability in cardiac surgical patients pretreated with pharmacologic dosages of methylprednisolone, we performed in vitro experiments to examine the ability of similar levels of methylprednisolone and hydrocortisone to modify erythrocyte membrane changes produced by metabolic depletion or membrane-active compounds. Variables measured included cell morphology, blood biscosity, membrane deformability, osmotic fragility, red cell cholesterol, and glycolytic intermediates. In incubated samples, methylprednisolone partially prevented the transition of discs to echinocytes, the rise in whole blood viscosity, the decrease in membrane deformability, and the loss of red cell cholesterol which accompany ATP depletion, but it had no apparent effect on red cell glycolysis. The drug also inhibited esterification of cholesterol in cell-free serum. In unimcubated samples to which lysolecithin was added, methylprednisolone partially prevented and reversed morphologic and rheologic responses without affecting membrane cholesterol. Hydrocortisone demonstrated similar properties. Possible mechanisms for these actions are discussed. The concept is advanced that preserved blood fluidity may contribute to the beneficial responses to these drugs in certain clinical conditions."}
{"id": "PMID:864305", "title": "Comparison of methicillin, nafcillin, and oxacillin in therapy of Staphylococcus aureus endocarditis in rabbits.", "content": "Methicillin (M), nafcillin (N), and oxacillin (OX) (400 mg administered intramuscularly every 8 hours) were compared in the therapy of left-sided endocarditis in rabbits infected with two different strains of Staphylococcus aureus. The three antibiotics were equally effective in eliminating staphylococci from cardiac vegetations. N and OX were four to eight times as active against the staphylococci as M in broth but had equivalent activity in serum. The peak M and OX levels in serum were at least twice the peak N level, but the half-life of N in the serum (2.1 hours) was about three times that of M (0.6 hours) and twice that of OX (1.1 hours). Serum bactericidal activity tests demonstrated essentially equal activity with the three antibiotics 1 and 2 hours after injection; however, at 4 and 6 hours N had an advantage over M and OX. Therefore, despite clear differences in vitro activity, protein binding, and pharmacodynamics, M, N, and OX were equally effective in therapy of staphylcoccal endocarditis in rabbits.", "contents": "Comparison of methicillin, nafcillin, and oxacillin in therapy of Staphylococcus aureus endocarditis in rabbits. Methicillin (M), nafcillin (N), and oxacillin (OX) (400 mg administered intramuscularly every 8 hours) were compared in the therapy of left-sided endocarditis in rabbits infected with two different strains of Staphylococcus aureus. The three antibiotics were equally effective in eliminating staphylococci from cardiac vegetations. N and OX were four to eight times as active against the staphylococci as M in broth but had equivalent activity in serum. The peak M and OX levels in serum were at least twice the peak N level, but the half-life of N in the serum (2.1 hours) was about three times that of M (0.6 hours) and twice that of OX (1.1 hours). Serum bactericidal activity tests demonstrated essentially equal activity with the three antibiotics 1 and 2 hours after injection; however, at 4 and 6 hours N had an advantage over M and OX. Therefore, despite clear differences in vitro activity, protein binding, and pharmacodynamics, M, N, and OX were equally effective in therapy of staphylcoccal endocarditis in rabbits."}
{"id": "PMID:864306", "title": "The depressant influence of extracellular fluid hyperoxia on liver slice oxygen uptake.", "content": "The effect of oxygen tension (Po2) on oxygen consumption (Vo2) of rabbit liver slices was investigated to determine the relationship between extracellular fluid Po2 and liver slice Vo2. Seventy rabbits, 5 kg each, were sacrificed with air embolism. Liver slices (0.3 gm) in Krebs-Ringer's-phosphate (KRP) dextrose were placed in a constantly agitated, 37 degrees C, closed cuvette, and Po2 was continuously monitored down to 10 torr. The system was reoxygenated and closed, and observations were repeated. Hemoglobin concentration was measured on the liver slice homogenate, and a P50 was measured on autologous blood. The presence of small amounts of hemoglobin in the supernatant was confirmed by electrophoretic, spectrophotometric, and morphologic studies. The pH decreased from mean 7.47 to mean 7.37 during each run. The resultant increase in P50 was recalculated and included in the determination of each deltaO2 content/min (Vo2). Vo2 at Po2 30 torr was greater than Vo2 at Po2 90 torr (p less than 0.0001 in each case). Vo2 at Po2 30 torr was not significantly different in the first vs. the second run (p greater than 0.85). The critical oxygen tension for hepatocyte respiration appears to be 30 torr.", "contents": "The depressant influence of extracellular fluid hyperoxia on liver slice oxygen uptake. The effect of oxygen tension (Po2) on oxygen consumption (Vo2) of rabbit liver slices was investigated to determine the relationship between extracellular fluid Po2 and liver slice Vo2. Seventy rabbits, 5 kg each, were sacrificed with air embolism. Liver slices (0.3 gm) in Krebs-Ringer's-phosphate (KRP) dextrose were placed in a constantly agitated, 37 degrees C, closed cuvette, and Po2 was continuously monitored down to 10 torr. The system was reoxygenated and closed, and observations were repeated. Hemoglobin concentration was measured on the liver slice homogenate, and a P50 was measured on autologous blood. The presence of small amounts of hemoglobin in the supernatant was confirmed by electrophoretic, spectrophotometric, and morphologic studies. The pH decreased from mean 7.47 to mean 7.37 during each run. The resultant increase in P50 was recalculated and included in the determination of each deltaO2 content/min (Vo2). Vo2 at Po2 30 torr was greater than Vo2 at Po2 90 torr (p less than 0.0001 in each case). Vo2 at Po2 30 torr was not significantly different in the first vs. the second run (p greater than 0.85). The critical oxygen tension for hepatocyte respiration appears to be 30 torr."}
{"id": "PMID:864307", "title": "Lymphoproliferative responses to antigens mediated by human pulmonary alveolar macrophages.", "content": "We evaluated the ability of human pulmonary alveolar macrophages (PAMs) to mediate (3H)-thymidine incorporation by blood lymphocytes severely depleted of monocytes when stimulated with soluble microbial and allogeneic lymphocyte antigens. Low (less than 2%) concentrations of PAM's from nonsmokers or blood monocytes did not support optimal responses. Over all, at greater than or equal to 10% concentrations, PAM's from nonsmokers supported higher responses than monocytes. At less than or equal to 10% concentrations, PAM's from heavy cigarette smokers mediated significantly less incorporation than did similar concentrations of PAM's from nonsmokers (p less than 0.05). The findings indicate that PAM's from healthy nonsmokers are functionally competent macrophages in terms of mediating lymphoproliferation in cultures stimulated with antigens. This classical macrophage function is impaired with cigarette smoking.", "contents": "Lymphoproliferative responses to antigens mediated by human pulmonary alveolar macrophages. We evaluated the ability of human pulmonary alveolar macrophages (PAMs) to mediate (3H)-thymidine incorporation by blood lymphocytes severely depleted of monocytes when stimulated with soluble microbial and allogeneic lymphocyte antigens. Low (less than 2%) concentrations of PAM's from nonsmokers or blood monocytes did not support optimal responses. Over all, at greater than or equal to 10% concentrations, PAM's from nonsmokers supported higher responses than monocytes. At less than or equal to 10% concentrations, PAM's from heavy cigarette smokers mediated significantly less incorporation than did similar concentrations of PAM's from nonsmokers (p less than 0.05). The findings indicate that PAM's from healthy nonsmokers are functionally competent macrophages in terms of mediating lymphoproliferation in cultures stimulated with antigens. This classical macrophage function is impaired with cigarette smoking."}
{"id": "PMID:864309", "title": "A simple hypoxic chamber.", "content": "A simple, normobaric hypoxic chamber constructed of easily obtainable parts is described. Important features include small size, low cost, simple construction, and easy maintenance. The chamber accommodates 50 mice and can be used for rats as well. Although designed to provide animals for the in vivo bioassay of erythropoietin, it is also useful for experimental studies requiring the acute induction of hypoxia.", "contents": "A simple hypoxic chamber. A simple, normobaric hypoxic chamber constructed of easily obtainable parts is described. Important features include small size, low cost, simple construction, and easy maintenance. The chamber accommodates 50 mice and can be used for rats as well. Although designed to provide animals for the in vivo bioassay of erythropoietin, it is also useful for experimental studies requiring the acute induction of hypoxia."}
{"id": "PMID:864312", "title": "Laryngeal tetany: an unusual presentation of chronic renal failure.", "content": "The presenting features and subsequent management of two adult patients with chronic renal failure complicated by laryngospasm are described. Possible mechanisms to explain this uncommon phenomenon are discussed but its rarity remains unexplained.", "contents": "Laryngeal tetany: an unusual presentation of chronic renal failure. The presenting features and subsequent management of two adult patients with chronic renal failure complicated by laryngospasm are described. Possible mechanisms to explain this uncommon phenomenon are discussed but its rarity remains unexplained."}
{"id": "PMID:864314", "title": "H incision--method of choice for radical neck dissection.", "content": "To prevent skin necrosis, fistula formation and rupture of the carotid arteries after RND, vascularization of the skin of the neck has been considered. The neck vessels (in cadavers) were injected with coloured media and specimens of the skin were cleared (Spalteholz method). The arteries supplying the skin of the neck followed in general an obviously longitudinal course: one group of cutaneous arteries descending from the branches of the external carotid; another group ascending from the branches of the subclavian artery. The upper and lower groups of arteries joined approximately in the middle of the neck. The density of cutaneous arteries in the neck was much poorer than in the facial skin. On the basis of these anatomic data, an incision for RND has been proposed in the form of an H or three-quarter H, in which the transverse line of the incision follows the least vascularized skin region of the neck, without interrupting the great skin vessels. Incisions in the form of a Z or a double Y, OR McFee's incision, do not fulfil this requirement. The authors also report the results of wound healing after RND in 184 patients who were operated in the period fron 1968 to 1975 at the E. N. T. clinic of Ljubljana, where the H incision or one of its modifications was used.", "contents": "H incision--method of choice for radical neck dissection. To prevent skin necrosis, fistula formation and rupture of the carotid arteries after RND, vascularization of the skin of the neck has been considered. The neck vessels (in cadavers) were injected with coloured media and specimens of the skin were cleared (Spalteholz method). The arteries supplying the skin of the neck followed in general an obviously longitudinal course: one group of cutaneous arteries descending from the branches of the external carotid; another group ascending from the branches of the subclavian artery. The upper and lower groups of arteries joined approximately in the middle of the neck. The density of cutaneous arteries in the neck was much poorer than in the facial skin. On the basis of these anatomic data, an incision for RND has been proposed in the form of an H or three-quarter H, in which the transverse line of the incision follows the least vascularized skin region of the neck, without interrupting the great skin vessels. Incisions in the form of a Z or a double Y, OR McFee's incision, do not fulfil this requirement. The authors also report the results of wound healing after RND in 184 patients who were operated in the period fron 1968 to 1975 at the E. N. T. clinic of Ljubljana, where the H incision or one of its modifications was used."}
{"id": "PMID:864315", "title": "Nasal and paranasal pathology in experimental bilharziasis.", "content": "The heads of ten white mice experimentally infested by bilharziasis were processed to examine the nasal and paranasal cavities. Five normal littermates served as controls. The incidence of pathology in these cavities was exceptionally high in the diseased group (100 per cent). Lymphoid hyperplasia was noticed in many cases while one case showed bilharzial eggs in relation to the nasal walls. The significance of these findings and their relationship to human bilharziasis is discussed.", "contents": "Nasal and paranasal pathology in experimental bilharziasis. The heads of ten white mice experimentally infested by bilharziasis were processed to examine the nasal and paranasal cavities. Five normal littermates served as controls. The incidence of pathology in these cavities was exceptionally high in the diseased group (100 per cent). Lymphoid hyperplasia was noticed in many cases while one case showed bilharzial eggs in relation to the nasal walls. The significance of these findings and their relationship to human bilharziasis is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:864316", "title": "The deformity produced by a palsy of the marginal mandibular branch of the facial nerve.", "content": "It is a common misconception that damage to the marginal mandibular branch of the facial nerve causes drooping of the corner of the mouth. In fact the opposite is true, as a consideration of the anatomy confirms.", "contents": "The deformity produced by a palsy of the marginal mandibular branch of the facial nerve. It is a common misconception that damage to the marginal mandibular branch of the facial nerve causes drooping of the corner of the mouth. In fact the opposite is true, as a consideration of the anatomy confirms."}
{"id": "PMID:864317", "title": "The nasal chondroma. 2 case reports and a survey of the literature.", "content": "Two cases of nasal chondroma are recorded and the past literature reviewed. The importance is stressed of wide surgical excision for these lesions.", "contents": "The nasal chondroma. 2 case reports and a survey of the literature. Two cases of nasal chondroma are recorded and the past literature reviewed. The importance is stressed of wide surgical excision for these lesions."}
{"id": "PMID:864318", "title": "Chondrosarcoma of the nasal septum.", "content": "A rare case of chondrosarcoma of the nasal septum is presented. Wide excision of the tumour including the right orbit and part of the anterior cranial fossa was undertaken. Review of the literature shows that this is the treatment of choice and the radiotherapy does not prevent recurrence.", "contents": "Chondrosarcoma of the nasal septum. A rare case of chondrosarcoma of the nasal septum is presented. Wide excision of the tumour including the right orbit and part of the anterior cranial fossa was undertaken. Review of the literature shows that this is the treatment of choice and the radiotherapy does not prevent recurrence."}
{"id": "PMID:864320", "title": "Fatal haemorrhage due to ruptured inferior thyroid artery aneurysm.", "content": "A rare case is reported of an aneurysm of one of the branches of the inferior thyroid artery presenting as a thyroid swelling compressing the trachea, oesophagus and left recurrent laryngeal nerve, and complicated by erosion of the tracheal wall through which a sudden attack of bleeding into the trachea suffocated the patient immediately.", "contents": "Fatal haemorrhage due to ruptured inferior thyroid artery aneurysm. A rare case is reported of an aneurysm of one of the branches of the inferior thyroid artery presenting as a thyroid swelling compressing the trachea, oesophagus and left recurrent laryngeal nerve, and complicated by erosion of the tracheal wall through which a sudden attack of bleeding into the trachea suffocated the patient immediately."}
{"id": "PMID:864321", "title": "Cellularity of porcine adipose tissue: effects of growth and adiposity.", "content": "Adipose tissue, from two depots in pigs of three breeding groups with different propensities to fatten, was characterized in terms of weight of the adipose tissue organ, adipose cell number, and mean cell volume as determined by electronic counting of adipose cells fixed with osmium tetroxide. Perirenal and extramuscular adipose tissue growth was accompanied by progressive adipose cell enlargement along with an increase in cell number. By approximately 18-20 weeks of life, adipose tissue growth in both lean Hampshire x Yorkshire and fat Minnesota 3 x 1 pigs occurred exclusively by cellular hypertrophy. By 24 weeks of life (37 kg), hyperplasia was complete in Hormel Miniature pigs, which contained about one-third as many extramuscular adipose cells as the conventional pigs. Adiposity in the pig was due to cellular hypertrophy rather than cellular hyperplasia, since during growth, the leaner conventional pigs (30.6% extramuscular fat) contained more adipose cells than the fatter pigs (46.6% extramuscular fat). The number of adipose cells per animal or per adipose organ was directly related to the true body size (weight of fat-free carcass) of the animal. Fat Minnesota 3 x 1 pigs had fewer adipose cells than lean Hampshire x Yorkshire pigs at an equivalent live weight due to the smaller true body size of these animals. In young animals (28 and 54 kg), growth rate was positively correlated with adipose cell number. However, growth rate was unrelated to the total number of cells in the more mature animals (83 and 109 kg). Therefore a slow, normal growth rate may delay but not alter the final cell number.", "contents": "Cellularity of porcine adipose tissue: effects of growth and adiposity. Adipose tissue, from two depots in pigs of three breeding groups with different propensities to fatten, was characterized in terms of weight of the adipose tissue organ, adipose cell number, and mean cell volume as determined by electronic counting of adipose cells fixed with osmium tetroxide. Perirenal and extramuscular adipose tissue growth was accompanied by progressive adipose cell enlargement along with an increase in cell number. By approximately 18-20 weeks of life, adipose tissue growth in both lean Hampshire x Yorkshire and fat Minnesota 3 x 1 pigs occurred exclusively by cellular hypertrophy. By 24 weeks of life (37 kg), hyperplasia was complete in Hormel Miniature pigs, which contained about one-third as many extramuscular adipose cells as the conventional pigs. Adiposity in the pig was due to cellular hypertrophy rather than cellular hyperplasia, since during growth, the leaner conventional pigs (30.6% extramuscular fat) contained more adipose cells than the fatter pigs (46.6% extramuscular fat). The number of adipose cells per animal or per adipose organ was directly related to the true body size (weight of fat-free carcass) of the animal. Fat Minnesota 3 x 1 pigs had fewer adipose cells than lean Hampshire x Yorkshire pigs at an equivalent live weight due to the smaller true body size of these animals. In young animals (28 and 54 kg), growth rate was positively correlated with adipose cell number. However, growth rate was unrelated to the total number of cells in the more mature animals (83 and 109 kg). Therefore a slow, normal growth rate may delay but not alter the final cell number."}
{"id": "PMID:864322", "title": "Determination of less than a nanomol of cerebrosides by high performance liquid chromatography with gradient elution analysis.", "content": "A gradient elution high performance liquid chromatography method with detection at 230 nm for the analysis of perbenzoylated cerebrosides containing hydroxy and nonhydroxy fatty acids is described. The quantitative range of the method is 0.5-10 nmol of cerebrosides. The limit of detection for injected sample is about 10 picomol. The analysis time by liquid chromatography is less than 5 minutes and prior purification of the cerebrosides from other lipids in brain lipid extracts is not necessary. The cerebrosides are first perbenzoylated with 50 micronl of 10% benzoyl chloride in pyridine and then separated on a chromatographic column of Zipax. The gradient elution is with 2.8-5.5% of dioxane in hexane. This gradient elution micromethod is at least 10 times more sensitive than isocratic elution methods with detection at 280 nm. The method is applicable to other biological materials containing minute amounts of cerebrosides if the glycolipid fraction is first isolated from the lipid extracts. A further fourfold increase in the sensitivity is achieved by replacing air in the reference cell of the detector by gradient elution solvent.", "contents": "Determination of less than a nanomol of cerebrosides by high performance liquid chromatography with gradient elution analysis. A gradient elution high performance liquid chromatography method with detection at 230 nm for the analysis of perbenzoylated cerebrosides containing hydroxy and nonhydroxy fatty acids is described. The quantitative range of the method is 0.5-10 nmol of cerebrosides. The limit of detection for injected sample is about 10 picomol. The analysis time by liquid chromatography is less than 5 minutes and prior purification of the cerebrosides from other lipids in brain lipid extracts is not necessary. The cerebrosides are first perbenzoylated with 50 micronl of 10% benzoyl chloride in pyridine and then separated on a chromatographic column of Zipax. The gradient elution is with 2.8-5.5% of dioxane in hexane. This gradient elution micromethod is at least 10 times more sensitive than isocratic elution methods with detection at 280 nm. The method is applicable to other biological materials containing minute amounts of cerebrosides if the glycolipid fraction is first isolated from the lipid extracts. A further fourfold increase in the sensitivity is achieved by replacing air in the reference cell of the detector by gradient elution solvent."}
{"id": "PMID:864323", "title": "Sterol synthesis in intestinal villi and crypt cells of rats and guinea pigs.", "content": "The villi of the small intestine of rats and guinea pigs have been demonstrated to be capable of as rapid synthesis of sterols as the crypt cell fractions. This finding is not in agreement with the generally accepted belief that the crypt cells are responsible for essentially all of the synthesis of sterols in the intestine. Three methods of measuring synthesis were used: incubation with [(14)C]-acetate of villi, crypt cell, and muscle fractions obtained by the method of graduated scraping; incubation of whole intestine pieces followed by fractionation into the same fractions; and in vivo studies in rats injected with [(14)C]-acetate and killed 7-40 min later, after which the intestine was fractionated by scraping or by serial sectioning of frozen tissue. All methods were in agreement in showing sterol synthesis in villi to be as active per mg protein as in crypt cells. Measurements of the isotope content of the total nonsaponifiable lipid fractions led to the same conclusions as did the isotope content of the digitonin-precipitable sterol fractions. For a given period of incubation, the ratio of the two values was the same in villi and crypts, ruling out the possibility of synthesis of sterols in crypts prior to transfer to villi. The fractionation into villi, crypts, and muscle fractions by scraping greatly reduced the total sterol synthetic activity in rat but not in guinea pig small intestine, indicating the hazard of using only this in vitro technique to make quantitative estimates of the sterol synthetic capacity of tissue fractions.", "contents": "Sterol synthesis in intestinal villi and crypt cells of rats and guinea pigs. The villi of the small intestine of rats and guinea pigs have been demonstrated to be capable of as rapid synthesis of sterols as the crypt cell fractions. This finding is not in agreement with the generally accepted belief that the crypt cells are responsible for essentially all of the synthesis of sterols in the intestine. Three methods of measuring synthesis were used: incubation with [(14)C]-acetate of villi, crypt cell, and muscle fractions obtained by the method of graduated scraping; incubation of whole intestine pieces followed by fractionation into the same fractions; and in vivo studies in rats injected with [(14)C]-acetate and killed 7-40 min later, after which the intestine was fractionated by scraping or by serial sectioning of frozen tissue. All methods were in agreement in showing sterol synthesis in villi to be as active per mg protein as in crypt cells. Measurements of the isotope content of the total nonsaponifiable lipid fractions led to the same conclusions as did the isotope content of the digitonin-precipitable sterol fractions. For a given period of incubation, the ratio of the two values was the same in villi and crypts, ruling out the possibility of synthesis of sterols in crypts prior to transfer to villi. The fractionation into villi, crypts, and muscle fractions by scraping greatly reduced the total sterol synthetic activity in rat but not in guinea pig small intestine, indicating the hazard of using only this in vitro technique to make quantitative estimates of the sterol synthetic capacity of tissue fractions."}
{"id": "PMID:864324", "title": "Short- and long-term effects of ethanol administration in vivo on rat liver HMG-CoA reductase and cholesterol 7alpha-hydroxylase activities.", "content": "Short- and long-term effects of ethanol on HMG-CoA reductase (EC 1.1.1.34) and cholesterol 7alpha-hydroxylase activities in rat liver have been investigated. Neither the reductase nor the hydroxylase activity as measured in vitro was significantly affected within 2 hr after a single intraperitoneal injection of ethanol (7 mmol per 100g body weight), whether tested at the diurnal low or the diurnal high point of activity. Although chronic ethanol feeding for 21 days did not affect the diurnal rhythm of either of these enzyme activities, it caused a 29% decrease in HMG-CoA reductase activity and a 56% decrease in cholesterol 7alpha-hydroxylase activity at the diurnal high point. The same chronic ethanol feeding caused a moderate increase in serum cholesterol and a significant increase in hepatic cholesterol concentration. On the basis of these findings, it is suggested that the decreased rate of cholesterol degradation to bile acids may play a significant role in the accumulation of cholesterol in the liver after chronic ethanol feeding.", "contents": "Short- and long-term effects of ethanol administration in vivo on rat liver HMG-CoA reductase and cholesterol 7alpha-hydroxylase activities. Short- and long-term effects of ethanol on HMG-CoA reductase (EC 1.1.1.34) and cholesterol 7alpha-hydroxylase activities in rat liver have been investigated. Neither the reductase nor the hydroxylase activity as measured in vitro was significantly affected within 2 hr after a single intraperitoneal injection of ethanol (7 mmol per 100g body weight), whether tested at the diurnal low or the diurnal high point of activity. Although chronic ethanol feeding for 21 days did not affect the diurnal rhythm of either of these enzyme activities, it caused a 29% decrease in HMG-CoA reductase activity and a 56% decrease in cholesterol 7alpha-hydroxylase activity at the diurnal high point. The same chronic ethanol feeding caused a moderate increase in serum cholesterol and a significant increase in hepatic cholesterol concentration. On the basis of these findings, it is suggested that the decreased rate of cholesterol degradation to bile acids may play a significant role in the accumulation of cholesterol in the liver after chronic ethanol feeding."}
{"id": "PMID:864325", "title": "Analysis of metabolic profiles of bile acids in urine using a lipophilic anion exchanger and computerized gas-liquid chromatorgaphy-mass spectrometry.", "content": "A method is described for quantitative analysis of bile acids in urine. Urine is acidified and bile acids are extracted on an Amberlite XAD-2 column. Bile salts are converted to acids on an Amberlyst A-15 column and are separated into groups of unconjugated, glycine, taurine, monosulfated, and polysulfated conjugates using the lipophilic anion exchanger diethylaminohydroxypropyl Sephadex LH-20 (DEAP-LH-20). After solvolysis and hydrolysis, the deconjugated bile acids are purified on DEAP-LH-20, and are converted to methyl ester trimethylsilyl ether derivatives. Identification and quantitation of the individual bile acids is accomplished by computerized gas-liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. The daily excretion of bile acids in urine from healthy subjects was 6.4-11 micro moles. The mixture of bile acids was quite complex and differed from that in bile. About 30 bile acids were identified or partially characterized. Three of these were monosubstituted: lithocholic, allolithocholic, and 3beta-hydroxy-5-cholenoic acids. Fourteen disubstituted bile acids included epimers of deoxycholic, allodeoxycholic, chenodeoxycholic, allochenodeoxycholic, and hyodeoxycholic acids. 3alpha-Hydroxy-12-keto-5beta-cholanoic acid was the major ketonic bile acid and 3beta,12alpha-dihydroxy-5-cholenoic acid was the major unsaturated bile acid in this group. Nine trihydroxy bile acids included cholic and allocholic acids, epimers of these compounds, hyocholic acid, and a 1-hydroxylated bile acid tentatively characterized as 1,3,12-trihydroxycholanoic acid. Cholestatic subjects excreted tetrahydroxycholanoates carrying hydroxyl groups in positions 1, 3, 6, 7, 12, or 23. All monohydroxy and the predominant part of dihydroxy bile acids were present in the monosulfate fraction. Exceptions were 3alpha,12beta-dihydroxy- and 3alpha-hydroxy-12-keto-5beta-cholanoic acids, which were found mainly in the glycine conjugate fraction. Most of the trihydroxy bile acids were nonsulfated, and cholic and norcholic acids were the major unconjugated bile acids. The tetrahydroxy bile acids and hyocholic acid were present mainly in the taurine conjugate fraction, while 1,3,12-trihydroxycholanoic acid was predominantly found in the glycine conjugate fraction. Sulfation of trihydroxy bile acids was increased in patients with marked cholestasis. All bile acids in the monosulfate fraction were conjugated and carried the sulfate ester group at C-3. Significant amounts of di- and trisulfates were not found. The results indicate selective mechanisms for sulfation, hydroxylation, and renal elimination of bile acid conjugates. Analysis of metabolic profiles of bile acids in urine may be a useful method in studies of the function of organs involved in bile acid metabolism.", "contents": "Analysis of metabolic profiles of bile acids in urine using a lipophilic anion exchanger and computerized gas-liquid chromatorgaphy-mass spectrometry. A method is described for quantitative analysis of bile acids in urine. Urine is acidified and bile acids are extracted on an Amberlite XAD-2 column. Bile salts are converted to acids on an Amberlyst A-15 column and are separated into groups of unconjugated, glycine, taurine, monosulfated, and polysulfated conjugates using the lipophilic anion exchanger diethylaminohydroxypropyl Sephadex LH-20 (DEAP-LH-20). After solvolysis and hydrolysis, the deconjugated bile acids are purified on DEAP-LH-20, and are converted to methyl ester trimethylsilyl ether derivatives. Identification and quantitation of the individual bile acids is accomplished by computerized gas-liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. The daily excretion of bile acids in urine from healthy subjects was 6.4-11 micro moles. The mixture of bile acids was quite complex and differed from that in bile. About 30 bile acids were identified or partially characterized. Three of these were monosubstituted: lithocholic, allolithocholic, and 3beta-hydroxy-5-cholenoic acids. Fourteen disubstituted bile acids included epimers of deoxycholic, allodeoxycholic, chenodeoxycholic, allochenodeoxycholic, and hyodeoxycholic acids. 3alpha-Hydroxy-12-keto-5beta-cholanoic acid was the major ketonic bile acid and 3beta,12alpha-dihydroxy-5-cholenoic acid was the major unsaturated bile acid in this group. Nine trihydroxy bile acids included cholic and allocholic acids, epimers of these compounds, hyocholic acid, and a 1-hydroxylated bile acid tentatively characterized as 1,3,12-trihydroxycholanoic acid. Cholestatic subjects excreted tetrahydroxycholanoates carrying hydroxyl groups in positions 1, 3, 6, 7, 12, or 23. All monohydroxy and the predominant part of dihydroxy bile acids were present in the monosulfate fraction. Exceptions were 3alpha,12beta-dihydroxy- and 3alpha-hydroxy-12-keto-5beta-cholanoic acids, which were found mainly in the glycine conjugate fraction. Most of the trihydroxy bile acids were nonsulfated, and cholic and norcholic acids were the major unconjugated bile acids. The tetrahydroxy bile acids and hyocholic acid were present mainly in the taurine conjugate fraction, while 1,3,12-trihydroxycholanoic acid was predominantly found in the glycine conjugate fraction. Sulfation of trihydroxy bile acids was increased in patients with marked cholestasis. All bile acids in the monosulfate fraction were conjugated and carried the sulfate ester group at C-3. Significant amounts of di- and trisulfates were not found. The results indicate selective mechanisms for sulfation, hydroxylation, and renal elimination of bile acid conjugates. Analysis of metabolic profiles of bile acids in urine may be a useful method in studies of the function of organs involved in bile acid metabolism."}
{"id": "PMID:864326", "title": "Experimentally caused proliferation of lysosomes in cultured BHK cells involving an increase of biphosphatidic acids and triglycerides.", "content": "When cultured hamster fibroblasts (BHK 21 cells) were incubated in a synthetic serum-free medium up to 4 days, they developed signs of a progressive proliferation of lysosomes. The cells became filled with vacuoles that contained polymorphic debris and showed acid phosphatase activity. The specific activities of acid protease and acid phosphatase in the cell cultures increased three- to fourfold. The process was accompanied by a marked decrease in the contents of protein, deoxyribonucleic acid, and total phospholipids of the cultures. The concentration of lysobisphosphatidic acid increased during the incubation from about 1.5% to 3-6% of the cellular phospholipids. The concentrations of two related lipids, bisphosphatidic acid and semilysobisphosphatidic acid also increased substantially. The triglyceride content of the cells increased several fold, whereas the concentration of phosphatidylcholine decreased markedly. Lysobisphosphatidic acid did not increase upon induction of vacuolization by exogenous sucrose, nor when there was an accumulation of triglyceride due to addition of oleic acid to the growth medium. These findings suggest that the formation of the bisphosphatidic acids may be specifically linked to the autolysis of the phospholipids of the cellular membranes and the formation of triglycerides associated with this process.", "contents": "Experimentally caused proliferation of lysosomes in cultured BHK cells involving an increase of biphosphatidic acids and triglycerides. When cultured hamster fibroblasts (BHK 21 cells) were incubated in a synthetic serum-free medium up to 4 days, they developed signs of a progressive proliferation of lysosomes. The cells became filled with vacuoles that contained polymorphic debris and showed acid phosphatase activity. The specific activities of acid protease and acid phosphatase in the cell cultures increased three- to fourfold. The process was accompanied by a marked decrease in the contents of protein, deoxyribonucleic acid, and total phospholipids of the cultures. The concentration of lysobisphosphatidic acid increased during the incubation from about 1.5% to 3-6% of the cellular phospholipids. The concentrations of two related lipids, bisphosphatidic acid and semilysobisphosphatidic acid also increased substantially. The triglyceride content of the cells increased several fold, whereas the concentration of phosphatidylcholine decreased markedly. Lysobisphosphatidic acid did not increase upon induction of vacuolization by exogenous sucrose, nor when there was an accumulation of triglyceride due to addition of oleic acid to the growth medium. These findings suggest that the formation of the bisphosphatidic acids may be specifically linked to the autolysis of the phospholipids of the cellular membranes and the formation of triglycerides associated with this process."}
{"id": "PMID:864327", "title": "Interaction of uncharged bile salt derivatives with the ileal bile salt transport system.", "content": "Two series of uncharged conjugated bile salt derivatives, N-conjugates of ethanolamine and 3-amino-1,2-propanediol were studied for interaction with the ileal bile salt transport system. Evidence for interaction is threefold. 1) In everted gut sac experiments more material was removed from the mucosal compartment when ileal sacs were used. 2) These derivatives inhibited the in vitro transport of taurocholate. 3) In vivo intestinal perfusion demonstrated greater absorption from ileum than from jejunum. Number three demonstrates that such interactions are followed by transmucosal movement. Their uphill transport was less than taurocholate transport. The Na(+) requirement for cholyl-3-amino-1,2-propanediol interaction with the system was greater than for taurocholate. This observation is similar to that previously observed with taurodehydrocholate, which had a greater Na(+) requirement for transport than taurocholate. Therefore removal of the anionic charge, as well as distortion of steroid shape, increases the Na(+) requirement for substrate interaction with the transport system. These observations support our hypothesis that this interaction involves two recognition components; one includes the steroid moiety, the other a coulombic interaction between the anionic bile salt and a cationic membrane site. Additionally the membrane would have an anionic group to accomodate the Na(+). Both factors (steroidal and coulombic) operate for optimal substrate attachment. Simultaneously the system's affinity for Na(+) increases and active transport then proceeds.", "contents": "Interaction of uncharged bile salt derivatives with the ileal bile salt transport system. Two series of uncharged conjugated bile salt derivatives, N-conjugates of ethanolamine and 3-amino-1,2-propanediol were studied for interaction with the ileal bile salt transport system. Evidence for interaction is threefold. 1) In everted gut sac experiments more material was removed from the mucosal compartment when ileal sacs were used. 2) These derivatives inhibited the in vitro transport of taurocholate. 3) In vivo intestinal perfusion demonstrated greater absorption from ileum than from jejunum. Number three demonstrates that such interactions are followed by transmucosal movement. Their uphill transport was less than taurocholate transport. The Na(+) requirement for cholyl-3-amino-1,2-propanediol interaction with the system was greater than for taurocholate. This observation is similar to that previously observed with taurodehydrocholate, which had a greater Na(+) requirement for transport than taurocholate. Therefore removal of the anionic charge, as well as distortion of steroid shape, increases the Na(+) requirement for substrate interaction with the transport system. These observations support our hypothesis that this interaction involves two recognition components; one includes the steroid moiety, the other a coulombic interaction between the anionic bile salt and a cationic membrane site. Additionally the membrane would have an anionic group to accomodate the Na(+). Both factors (steroidal and coulombic) operate for optimal substrate attachment. Simultaneously the system's affinity for Na(+) increases and active transport then proceeds."}
{"id": "PMID:864328", "title": "An improved synthesis of 24-13C-labeled bile acids using formyl esters and a modified lead tetraacetate procedure.", "content": "An improved synthesis of 24-13C-labeled bile acids has been achieved using formyl derivatives of bile acids and a modified lead tetraacetate procedure. The formylated bile acides were degraded by lead tetraacetate and lithium chloride to formylated 23-chloronorcholanes in 72-83% yield. Formylated 23-chloronorcholanes were converted to nitriles in dimethylformamide, which were then hydrolyzed to obtain C-24 labeled bile acids in yield of 80-90% of labeled sodium cyanide used. This method results in a higher yield and a purer product with less manipulation than previously reported procedures for synthesis of labeled bile acids.", "contents": "An improved synthesis of 24-13C-labeled bile acids using formyl esters and a modified lead tetraacetate procedure. An improved synthesis of 24-13C-labeled bile acids has been achieved using formyl derivatives of bile acids and a modified lead tetraacetate procedure. The formylated bile acides were degraded by lead tetraacetate and lithium chloride to formylated 23-chloronorcholanes in 72-83% yield. Formylated 23-chloronorcholanes were converted to nitriles in dimethylformamide, which were then hydrolyzed to obtain C-24 labeled bile acids in yield of 80-90% of labeled sodium cyanide used. This method results in a higher yield and a purer product with less manipulation than previously reported procedures for synthesis of labeled bile acids."}
{"id": "PMID:864329", "title": "An improved procedure for the synthesis of glycine and taurine conjugates of bile acids.", "content": "Glycine and taurine conjugates of 5beta-cholanic acids have been synthesized using improved procedures based on the peptide coupling reagent, N-ethoxycarbonyl-2-ethoxy-1,2-dihydroquinoline. The conjugates are obtained in chromatographically pure form in yields higher than 90%. The use of this procedure in the large scale preparation of cholyl[1,2-13C2]glycine is described.", "contents": "An improved procedure for the synthesis of glycine and taurine conjugates of bile acids. Glycine and taurine conjugates of 5beta-cholanic acids have been synthesized using improved procedures based on the peptide coupling reagent, N-ethoxycarbonyl-2-ethoxy-1,2-dihydroquinoline. The conjugates are obtained in chromatographically pure form in yields higher than 90%. The use of this procedure in the large scale preparation of cholyl[1,2-13C2]glycine is described."}
{"id": "PMID:864330", "title": "The quantitative assay of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase: comparison of a thin-layer chromatographic assay with a rapid chloroform extraction assay.", "content": "Two assays for the quantitative measurement of HMG-CoA reductase, the major regulatory enzyme in hepatic cholesterol biosynthesis, are described. The first of these procedures employs thin-layer chromatography (TLC) of the reaction product on plastic-backed silica gel G strips impregnated with ammonium carbonate. The TLC strip is then cut into 14 segments and each segment is assayed for radioactivity. Extraction efficiency and exact chromatographic mobility are monitored by the use of authentic [4-(3)H]mevalonolactone as an internal reference. A wide and complete separation is achieved between HMG and mevalonolactone. Also the radiochemical purity of biosynthetic [3-(14)C]mevalonolactone can be assessed by measurement of the (3)H/(14)C ratio across the mevalonolactone peak. While the TLC assay is accurate and sensitive, it is laborious. Therefore a second assay procedure was developed using chloroform extraction of an incubation mixture saturated with solid equal molar KH(2)PO(4)-K(2)HPO(4) at pH 6.8. Extraction efficiency was monitored by the addition of authentic [4-(3)H]mevalonolactone as an internal reference. The chloroform assay procedure was compared with the TLC procedure over a wide range of enzyme activities, both for rat liver microsomal HMG-CoA reductase and for solubilized enzyme. Excellent correspondence (r = 0.999) between the two assays was observed. TLC performed on the chloroform extract demonstrated that biosynthetic [3-(14)C]mevalonolactone was the only (14)C-labeled compound present in the extract. The chloroform extraction assay is rapid; 20-30 samples can be processed in 2-3 hr. This procedure should facilitate studies concerning the nature and regulation of HMG-CoA reductase.", "contents": "The quantitative assay of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase: comparison of a thin-layer chromatographic assay with a rapid chloroform extraction assay. Two assays for the quantitative measurement of HMG-CoA reductase, the major regulatory enzyme in hepatic cholesterol biosynthesis, are described. The first of these procedures employs thin-layer chromatography (TLC) of the reaction product on plastic-backed silica gel G strips impregnated with ammonium carbonate. The TLC strip is then cut into 14 segments and each segment is assayed for radioactivity. Extraction efficiency and exact chromatographic mobility are monitored by the use of authentic [4-(3)H]mevalonolactone as an internal reference. A wide and complete separation is achieved between HMG and mevalonolactone. Also the radiochemical purity of biosynthetic [3-(14)C]mevalonolactone can be assessed by measurement of the (3)H/(14)C ratio across the mevalonolactone peak. While the TLC assay is accurate and sensitive, it is laborious. Therefore a second assay procedure was developed using chloroform extraction of an incubation mixture saturated with solid equal molar KH(2)PO(4)-K(2)HPO(4) at pH 6.8. Extraction efficiency was monitored by the addition of authentic [4-(3)H]mevalonolactone as an internal reference. The chloroform assay procedure was compared with the TLC procedure over a wide range of enzyme activities, both for rat liver microsomal HMG-CoA reductase and for solubilized enzyme. Excellent correspondence (r = 0.999) between the two assays was observed. TLC performed on the chloroform extract demonstrated that biosynthetic [3-(14)C]mevalonolactone was the only (14)C-labeled compound present in the extract. The chloroform extraction assay is rapid; 20-30 samples can be processed in 2-3 hr. This procedure should facilitate studies concerning the nature and regulation of HMG-CoA reductase."}
{"id": "PMID:864368", "title": "Hormonal content and ultrastructure of the hypothalamo-neurohypophysial system of the rat after injection of vinblastine into the median eminence.", "content": "The effects of an injection of vinblastine (Vbl) into the median eminence on the structure, fine structure and antidiuretic hormone (ADH) content of the hypothalamo-neurohypophysial system in the rat is reported. The animals were studied on days 3, 8 and 25 after the injection of 1 or 5 mM-Vbl (3micronl). Significant changes were observed only in the 5 mM-Vbl-injectecd animals. Their median eminence extracts showed a progressive accumulation of ADH whereas ADH depletion occurred in the neural lobe extracts. On day 8 after injection, the animals exhibited strong polidipsia although considerable amounts of ADH still remained within the neural lobe. The ADH content of the plasma samples was consistently below the sensitivity of the method (5 micronu). The light microscopic analysis showed accumulation of Gomori-stainable products in the median eminence and a striking depletion of this material from the neural lobe. Electron microscopy revealed accumulation of neurosecretory vesicles and other inclusions proximal to the site of injection in the median eminence together with some evidence of nerve fibre degeneration. Few neurosecretory terminals were found in the neural lobe of the 8-day experimental rats. They had been engulfed by pituicytes for digestion. Recuperation of the normal ADH content of both median eminence and neural lobe was found to occur on day 25 after the Vbl injection. Simultaneously, the neural lobe refilled with Gomori-positive materials and neurosecretory terminals reappeared. The results suggest (1) reversible blockade of axoplasmic transport at the site of the Vbl injection; (2) reversible degeneration of neurosecretory terminals and (3) reversible blockade of ADH release in the surviving terminals of the neural lobe.", "contents": "Hormonal content and ultrastructure of the hypothalamo-neurohypophysial system of the rat after injection of vinblastine into the median eminence. The effects of an injection of vinblastine (Vbl) into the median eminence on the structure, fine structure and antidiuretic hormone (ADH) content of the hypothalamo-neurohypophysial system in the rat is reported. The animals were studied on days 3, 8 and 25 after the injection of 1 or 5 mM-Vbl (3micronl). Significant changes were observed only in the 5 mM-Vbl-injectecd animals. Their median eminence extracts showed a progressive accumulation of ADH whereas ADH depletion occurred in the neural lobe extracts. On day 8 after injection, the animals exhibited strong polidipsia although considerable amounts of ADH still remained within the neural lobe. The ADH content of the plasma samples was consistently below the sensitivity of the method (5 micronu). The light microscopic analysis showed accumulation of Gomori-stainable products in the median eminence and a striking depletion of this material from the neural lobe. Electron microscopy revealed accumulation of neurosecretory vesicles and other inclusions proximal to the site of injection in the median eminence together with some evidence of nerve fibre degeneration. Few neurosecretory terminals were found in the neural lobe of the 8-day experimental rats. They had been engulfed by pituicytes for digestion. Recuperation of the normal ADH content of both median eminence and neural lobe was found to occur on day 25 after the Vbl injection. Simultaneously, the neural lobe refilled with Gomori-positive materials and neurosecretory terminals reappeared. The results suggest (1) reversible blockade of axoplasmic transport at the site of the Vbl injection; (2) reversible degeneration of neurosecretory terminals and (3) reversible blockade of ADH release in the surviving terminals of the neural lobe."}
{"id": "PMID:864369", "title": "Caprine placental lactogen: levels of prolactin-like and growth hormone-like activities in the circulation of pregnant goats determined by radioreceptor assays.", "content": "Radioreceptor assays for prolactin-like (lactogenic) activity and growth hormone (GH)-like activity have been used to study concentrations of caprine placental lactogen (PL) in the circulation during pregnancy. Both lactogenic and GH-like activities from less than 100 ng/ml (ovine prolactin- and human GH-equivalents) about 60 days after mating to reach peak levels (400-1600 ng/ml) between days 110 and 130 of pregnancy. The levels of both activities increased in essentially the same fashion but during the last 15 days of pregnancy, lactogenic activity declined less than GH-like activity. This divergence was most pronounced at parturition when levels of lactogenic activity increased (approximately 700 ng/ml) despite very low (less than 200 ng/ml) levels of GH-like activity being measured and this probably reflected increased secretion of pituitary prolactin near parturition. When serum from a pregnant goat or a simple alkaline extract of placental cotyledons was fractioned on a column packed with Sephadex G-100, lactogenic and GH-like activities eluted together with distribution coefficients of approximately 0-5-0-6. The possibility that caprine PL serves physiologically as a luteotrophin and/or mammotrophin during pregnancy in goats is discussed.", "contents": "Caprine placental lactogen: levels of prolactin-like and growth hormone-like activities in the circulation of pregnant goats determined by radioreceptor assays. Radioreceptor assays for prolactin-like (lactogenic) activity and growth hormone (GH)-like activity have been used to study concentrations of caprine placental lactogen (PL) in the circulation during pregnancy. Both lactogenic and GH-like activities from less than 100 ng/ml (ovine prolactin- and human GH-equivalents) about 60 days after mating to reach peak levels (400-1600 ng/ml) between days 110 and 130 of pregnancy. The levels of both activities increased in essentially the same fashion but during the last 15 days of pregnancy, lactogenic activity declined less than GH-like activity. This divergence was most pronounced at parturition when levels of lactogenic activity increased (approximately 700 ng/ml) despite very low (less than 200 ng/ml) levels of GH-like activity being measured and this probably reflected increased secretion of pituitary prolactin near parturition. When serum from a pregnant goat or a simple alkaline extract of placental cotyledons was fractioned on a column packed with Sephadex G-100, lactogenic and GH-like activities eluted together with distribution coefficients of approximately 0-5-0-6. The possibility that caprine PL serves physiologically as a luteotrophin and/or mammotrophin during pregnancy in goats is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:864370", "title": "Prolactin and luteinizing hormone levels before and after parturition in rats bearing either single or multiple embryos.", "content": "Levels of prolactin and LH were determined in serum and pituitary during the last days of pregnancy and post partum in rats bearing single and multiple embryos. In rats with a single embryo serum prolactin and LH levels were significantly lower during the last 2 days of pregnancy and post partum than in rats bearing multiple embryos. While large increases were recorded in serum prolactin and LH levels in the rats with multiple embryos between days 21 and 22 of gestation, in the group with single embryos changes occurred in LH level only. Throughout the experiment pituitary prolactin was lower in rats with a single embryo than in those with multiple embryos in spite of the sharp drop in prolactin level in the group with multiple embryos from day 21 to 22. No differences were observed in the pituitary LH levels of either group during the days preceding parturition, but in the rats with multiple embryos there was a sharp drop in LH level post partum. It seems that the reduced serum prolactin level in the rats with a single embryo was associated with inhibition of pituitary prolactin synthesis and release, whereas the decreased serum LH level resulted from impaired release but not synthesis. These results support the hypothesis of a regulatory role for the placenta in pituitary prolactin and LH synthesis and release, either by hypothalamus-pituitary stimulation, or perhaps by way of the ovaries, through regulation of ovarian steroid production.", "contents": "Prolactin and luteinizing hormone levels before and after parturition in rats bearing either single or multiple embryos. Levels of prolactin and LH were determined in serum and pituitary during the last days of pregnancy and post partum in rats bearing single and multiple embryos. In rats with a single embryo serum prolactin and LH levels were significantly lower during the last 2 days of pregnancy and post partum than in rats bearing multiple embryos. While large increases were recorded in serum prolactin and LH levels in the rats with multiple embryos between days 21 and 22 of gestation, in the group with single embryos changes occurred in LH level only. Throughout the experiment pituitary prolactin was lower in rats with a single embryo than in those with multiple embryos in spite of the sharp drop in prolactin level in the group with multiple embryos from day 21 to 22. No differences were observed in the pituitary LH levels of either group during the days preceding parturition, but in the rats with multiple embryos there was a sharp drop in LH level post partum. It seems that the reduced serum prolactin level in the rats with a single embryo was associated with inhibition of pituitary prolactin synthesis and release, whereas the decreased serum LH level resulted from impaired release but not synthesis. These results support the hypothesis of a regulatory role for the placenta in pituitary prolactin and LH synthesis and release, either by hypothalamus-pituitary stimulation, or perhaps by way of the ovaries, through regulation of ovarian steroid production."}
{"id": "PMID:864371", "title": "Relationships among bioassay, radioimmunoassay and disc electrophoretic assay methods of measuring rat prolactin in pituitary tissue and incubation medium.", "content": "Relationships among bioassay, radioimmunoassay (RIA) and disc electrophoretic assay methods of estimating rat prolactin in pituitary tissue and incubation medium were determined. Highly significant correlations were obtained between disc electrophoretic and RIA estimates of prolactin in tissue and between bioassay and RIA estimates of prolactin in medium. Less significant relationships were obtained between disc electrophoresis and RIA (medium) and between bioassay and disc electrophoresis (tissue and medium). The relationship between bioassay and RIA of prolactin in the incubated tissue was not significant. Regression analysis disclosed the following: the RIA measured slightly more, and the bioassay detected substantially more prolactin in tissue and medium than did disc electrophoresis; the bioassay detected about five times more prolactin in medium than did the RIA. No significant relationships were found within or among the assays for depletion and release of prolactin. The results indicate that secreted prolactin has increased bioassay activity relative to its detectability by disc electrophoresis and RIA.", "contents": "Relationships among bioassay, radioimmunoassay and disc electrophoretic assay methods of measuring rat prolactin in pituitary tissue and incubation medium. Relationships among bioassay, radioimmunoassay (RIA) and disc electrophoretic assay methods of estimating rat prolactin in pituitary tissue and incubation medium were determined. Highly significant correlations were obtained between disc electrophoretic and RIA estimates of prolactin in tissue and between bioassay and RIA estimates of prolactin in medium. Less significant relationships were obtained between disc electrophoresis and RIA (medium) and between bioassay and disc electrophoresis (tissue and medium). The relationship between bioassay and RIA of prolactin in the incubated tissue was not significant. Regression analysis disclosed the following: the RIA measured slightly more, and the bioassay detected substantially more prolactin in tissue and medium than did disc electrophoresis; the bioassay detected about five times more prolactin in medium than did the RIA. No significant relationships were found within or among the assays for depletion and release of prolactin. The results indicate that secreted prolactin has increased bioassay activity relative to its detectability by disc electrophoresis and RIA."}
{"id": "PMID:864372", "title": "Purification and radioimmunoassay of chicken growth hormone.", "content": "Chicken growth hormone has been isolated from adenohypophysial tissue from which the glycoprotein hormones had been removed. The procedure entailed alkali extraction, ammonium sulphate precipitation and ion-exchange chromatography on DEAE-cellulose. The resulting fraction was homogeneous, active in the rat tibia bioassay and had a similar isoelectric point, molecular weight and amino acid composition to mammalian growth hormone. A specific homologous radioimmunoassay has been developed using the avian growth hormone.", "contents": "Purification and radioimmunoassay of chicken growth hormone. Chicken growth hormone has been isolated from adenohypophysial tissue from which the glycoprotein hormones had been removed. The procedure entailed alkali extraction, ammonium sulphate precipitation and ion-exchange chromatography on DEAE-cellulose. The resulting fraction was homogeneous, active in the rat tibia bioassay and had a similar isoelectric point, molecular weight and amino acid composition to mammalian growth hormone. A specific homologous radioimmunoassay has been developed using the avian growth hormone."}
{"id": "PMID:864373", "title": "Effect of limb ischaemia and scalding on the concentrations of growth hormone and corticosterone in rat plasma.", "content": "In post-absorptive rats in a 20 degrees C environment, bilateral hind-limb ischaemia decreased the plasma growth hormone concentration below the very wide range found in control rats. Injection of sodium pentobarbitone increased the concentration in both control and injured rats but did not eliminate the difference between them. A 20% dorsal scald also decreased the variability of plasma growth hormone concentration but did not reduce it below the normal range. Thus growth hormone is probably not responsible for the insulin resistance seen in the severely injured rat. The plasma corticosterone concentration markedly increased after both injuries but was not altered by pentobarbitone.", "contents": "Effect of limb ischaemia and scalding on the concentrations of growth hormone and corticosterone in rat plasma. In post-absorptive rats in a 20 degrees C environment, bilateral hind-limb ischaemia decreased the plasma growth hormone concentration below the very wide range found in control rats. Injection of sodium pentobarbitone increased the concentration in both control and injured rats but did not eliminate the difference between them. A 20% dorsal scald also decreased the variability of plasma growth hormone concentration but did not reduce it below the normal range. Thus growth hormone is probably not responsible for the insulin resistance seen in the severely injured rat. The plasma corticosterone concentration markedly increased after both injuries but was not altered by pentobarbitone."}
{"id": "PMID:864374", "title": "Ovulation in prenatally androgenized ewes.", "content": "The ovarian activity of prenatally androgenized ewes was studied by measuring plasma progesterone concentrations in daily samples of peripheral blood, and by examining the ovaries at laparotomy. Ewes that were exposed to testosterone between days 30 and 80, 50 and 100 or 70 and 120 of foetal life by implanting their mothers with 1 g testosterone, failed to show regular overt oestrous cycles, although some of them ovulated, whereas ewes exposed to testosterone between days 90 and 140 of foetal life had normal oestrous cycles. The incidence of ovulatory failure appeared to increase with age in ewes treated between days 50 and 100 or days 70 and 120 of foetal life.", "contents": "Ovulation in prenatally androgenized ewes. The ovarian activity of prenatally androgenized ewes was studied by measuring plasma progesterone concentrations in daily samples of peripheral blood, and by examining the ovaries at laparotomy. Ewes that were exposed to testosterone between days 30 and 80, 50 and 100 or 70 and 120 of foetal life by implanting their mothers with 1 g testosterone, failed to show regular overt oestrous cycles, although some of them ovulated, whereas ewes exposed to testosterone between days 90 and 140 of foetal life had normal oestrous cycles. The incidence of ovulatory failure appeared to increase with age in ewes treated between days 50 and 100 or days 70 and 120 of foetal life."}
{"id": "PMID:864380", "title": "Suppression of IgE antibody production in SJL mice. III. Characterization of a suppressor substance extracted from normal SJL spleen cells.", "content": "SJL mice were immunized with 1 microng dinitrophenylated keyhole limpet hemocyanin in 1 mg Al(OH)3. The mice were infected 21 days later with 750 third stage larvae of Nippostrongylus brasiliensis. On day 35, 14 days after infection, they were injected with 1 microng DNP-N, brasiliensis extract (Nb) in 1 mg Al(OH)3. In order to obtain high titer and persistent anti-DNP IgE antibody the mice were irradiated (540 R) 1 day after injection of DNP-Nb. Suppression of anti-DNP IgE antibody production was induced by spleen cells from normal SJL mice. Suppression of IgE antibody response is also obtained by an extract from normal SJL spleen cells. The suppressor substance from normal SJL spleen cell extract is a heat-labile protein, and is not absorbed by anti-mouse immunoglobulin. The mol wt of this substance is larger than 300,000 daltons as determined by gel filtration on Sephadex G-200, but after ultracentifugation, the supernate still has suppressive activity on IgE antibody production.", "contents": "Suppression of IgE antibody production in SJL mice. III. Characterization of a suppressor substance extracted from normal SJL spleen cells. SJL mice were immunized with 1 microng dinitrophenylated keyhole limpet hemocyanin in 1 mg Al(OH)3. The mice were infected 21 days later with 750 third stage larvae of Nippostrongylus brasiliensis. On day 35, 14 days after infection, they were injected with 1 microng DNP-N, brasiliensis extract (Nb) in 1 mg Al(OH)3. In order to obtain high titer and persistent anti-DNP IgE antibody the mice were irradiated (540 R) 1 day after injection of DNP-Nb. Suppression of anti-DNP IgE antibody production was induced by spleen cells from normal SJL mice. Suppression of IgE antibody response is also obtained by an extract from normal SJL spleen cells. The suppressor substance from normal SJL spleen cell extract is a heat-labile protein, and is not absorbed by anti-mouse immunoglobulin. The mol wt of this substance is larger than 300,000 daltons as determined by gel filtration on Sephadex G-200, but after ultracentifugation, the supernate still has suppressive activity on IgE antibody production."}
{"id": "PMID:864381", "title": "[A method for the determination of bromide in urine with an ion-sensitive electrode (author's transl)].", "content": "A potentiometric method for determining the concentration of bromide in human urine is described. On account of its specificity and precision, this method is especially suited for the determination of slightly elevated bromide concentrations due to occupational exposure to alkyl bromides. The rate of recovery is 102.5 to 112.5%, and the variability coefficients lie between 5.8 and 8.6%. The detection limit is about 0.013 mmol/l. The concentrations of bromide in the urine of a group of normal persons lie between 0.059 and 0.162 mmol/l.", "contents": "[A method for the determination of bromide in urine with an ion-sensitive electrode (author's transl)]. A potentiometric method for determining the concentration of bromide in human urine is described. On account of its specificity and precision, this method is especially suited for the determination of slightly elevated bromide concentrations due to occupational exposure to alkyl bromides. The rate of recovery is 102.5 to 112.5%, and the variability coefficients lie between 5.8 and 8.6%. The detection limit is about 0.013 mmol/l. The concentrations of bromide in the urine of a group of normal persons lie between 0.059 and 0.162 mmol/l."}
{"id": "PMID:864382", "title": "[Simultaneous determination of free cholesterol and total cholesteron on an AA I Technicon autoanalyzer (authors transl)].", "content": "A procedure for the simultaneous enzymatic determination of free cholesterol and total cholesterol on a 2 channel AA I Technicon autoanalyzer system is described. The quantitation of free cholesterol is compared with the determination by gas chromatography. The investigation reveals a high correlation between both methods. In contrast to classical procedures the proposed quantitation of free cholesterol can be performed easily and quickly for routine analyses.", "contents": "[Simultaneous determination of free cholesterol and total cholesteron on an AA I Technicon autoanalyzer (authors transl)]. A procedure for the simultaneous enzymatic determination of free cholesterol and total cholesterol on a 2 channel AA I Technicon autoanalyzer system is described. The quantitation of free cholesterol is compared with the determination by gas chromatography. The investigation reveals a high correlation between both methods. In contrast to classical procedures the proposed quantitation of free cholesterol can be performed easily and quickly for routine analyses."}
{"id": "PMID:864383", "title": "Kinetic determination of glucose concentrations with glucose dehydrogenase.", "content": "A manual version and mechanized versions for several types of analyzers are described for the kinetic determination of glucose with glucose dehydrogenase. Results of glucose determinations with and without deproteinization of samples are discussed. The correlation of results with the hexokinase method is shown.", "contents": "Kinetic determination of glucose concentrations with glucose dehydrogenase. A manual version and mechanized versions for several types of analyzers are described for the kinetic determination of glucose with glucose dehydrogenase. Results of glucose determinations with and without deproteinization of samples are discussed. The correlation of results with the hexokinase method is shown."}
{"id": "PMID:864384", "title": "Citrulline as a diagnostic parameter and a major amino acid constituent of cerebrospinal fluid in hepatic coma.", "content": "Free amino acids of cerebrospinal fluid and serum in hepatic coma have been studied. Citrulline was found to form about 80% of the total free amino acids in cerebrospinal fluid, whereas serum contained slightly higher levels of tyrosine, methionine, phenylalanine and glutamine. The higher level of citrulline in cerebrospinal fluid may be attributed to the inhibition of argininosuccinic acid synthetase in this disease.", "contents": "Citrulline as a diagnostic parameter and a major amino acid constituent of cerebrospinal fluid in hepatic coma. Free amino acids of cerebrospinal fluid and serum in hepatic coma have been studied. Citrulline was found to form about 80% of the total free amino acids in cerebrospinal fluid, whereas serum contained slightly higher levels of tyrosine, methionine, phenylalanine and glutamine. The higher level of citrulline in cerebrospinal fluid may be attributed to the inhibition of argininosuccinic acid synthetase in this disease."}
{"id": "PMID:864385", "title": "An improved method for the simultaneous determination of individual 17-oxosteroids and of pregnanediol in urine by gas-liquid chromatography.", "content": "An improved method for the simultaneous gas-chromatographic determination of individual 17-oxosteroids and of pregnanediol in the same sample of urine is described. The method involves the following steps. The urinary sample is chromatographed on Amberlite XAD-2. The fraction containing the steroid conjugates is evaporated; the residue is dissolved in n-heptane and the organic phase extracted with water. The steroid glucuronides are hydrolysed by a bacterial beta-glucuronidase; subsequently, the steroid sulphates are solvolysed in ethyl acetate. Free 17-oxosteroids and pregnanediol are separated by two-dimensional thin-layer chromatography. The zone containing the steroids to be investigated is eluted; after evaporation, the residue is treat with N-methyl N-trimethyl silyl trifluoroacetamide. The reaction mixture is injected into a gas chromatograph; the trimethyl silyl ethers of the individual 17-oxosteroids and of pregnanediol are quantitated by measuring the peak heights.", "contents": "An improved method for the simultaneous determination of individual 17-oxosteroids and of pregnanediol in urine by gas-liquid chromatography. An improved method for the simultaneous gas-chromatographic determination of individual 17-oxosteroids and of pregnanediol in the same sample of urine is described. The method involves the following steps. The urinary sample is chromatographed on Amberlite XAD-2. The fraction containing the steroid conjugates is evaporated; the residue is dissolved in n-heptane and the organic phase extracted with water. The steroid glucuronides are hydrolysed by a bacterial beta-glucuronidase; subsequently, the steroid sulphates are solvolysed in ethyl acetate. Free 17-oxosteroids and pregnanediol are separated by two-dimensional thin-layer chromatography. The zone containing the steroids to be investigated is eluted; after evaporation, the residue is treat with N-methyl N-trimethyl silyl trifluoroacetamide. The reaction mixture is injected into a gas chromatograph; the trimethyl silyl ethers of the individual 17-oxosteroids and of pregnanediol are quantitated by measuring the peak heights."}
{"id": "PMID:864387", "title": "[New methods of coagulation analysis using chromogenic substrates].", "content": "The available assay systems for the determination of coagulation factors based on clotting methods are unsatisfactory, despite efforts to stabilize and to standardize them. Analysis by means of chromogenic peptide substrates offers new possiblities for routine diagnostics, and for fundamental research. The development of these new methods, however, is at an early stage.", "contents": "[New methods of coagulation analysis using chromogenic substrates]. The available assay systems for the determination of coagulation factors based on clotting methods are unsatisfactory, despite efforts to stabilize and to standardize them. Analysis by means of chromogenic peptide substrates offers new possiblities for routine diagnostics, and for fundamental research. The development of these new methods, however, is at an early stage."}
{"id": "PMID:864388", "title": "[Clinical chemistry and preventive medicine (author's transl)].", "content": "In a workshop conference of the German Society for Clinical Chemistry, clinical chemical parameters, which are important in preventive medicine, were discussed for three common diseases, diabetes mellitus, gout and chronic liver diseases. In addition the analytical and diagnostic reliability was evaluated for each of these parameters.", "contents": "[Clinical chemistry and preventive medicine (author's transl)]. In a workshop conference of the German Society for Clinical Chemistry, clinical chemical parameters, which are important in preventive medicine, were discussed for three common diseases, diabetes mellitus, gout and chronic liver diseases. In addition the analytical and diagnostic reliability was evaluated for each of these parameters."}
{"id": "PMID:864389", "title": "When face recognition fails.", "content": "Two studies investigated recognition of pictures of faces, focusing on the effects of changes in appearance of the face from presentation to test and type of processing or encoding. Experiment 1 demonstrated that (a) previously seen faces changed in pose and facial expression were discriminated from \"new\" faces essentially as well as pictures identical at presentation and test; (b) major changes in the appearance of a face (\"disguises\") reduced recognition almost to the level of chance; and (c) subjects encoding faces in terms of personality characteristics showed better recognition performance than subjects whose processing was based on physical, facial features. Experiment 2 expanded on result (b), utilizing photographs with systematic variations in pose and in the presence/absence of glasses, wig, and beard. The design required subjects to learn names for target faces and then to identify those targets in a series of test photographs. The manipulation of pose and disguising features produced effects on probability of identification that were orderly and dramatic in magnitude. Simple changes in appearance can effectively interfere with recognition of faces.", "contents": "When face recognition fails. Two studies investigated recognition of pictures of faces, focusing on the effects of changes in appearance of the face from presentation to test and type of processing or encoding. Experiment 1 demonstrated that (a) previously seen faces changed in pose and facial expression were discriminated from \"new\" faces essentially as well as pictures identical at presentation and test; (b) major changes in the appearance of a face (\"disguises\") reduced recognition almost to the level of chance; and (c) subjects encoding faces in terms of personality characteristics showed better recognition performance than subjects whose processing was based on physical, facial features. Experiment 2 expanded on result (b), utilizing photographs with systematic variations in pose and in the presence/absence of glasses, wig, and beard. The design required subjects to learn names for target faces and then to identify those targets in a series of test photographs. The manipulation of pose and disguising features produced effects on probability of identification that were orderly and dramatic in magnitude. Simple changes in appearance can effectively interfere with recognition of faces."}
{"id": "PMID:864390", "title": "Effects of instructions, biofeedback, and cognitive activities on heart rate control.", "content": "In a factorial experiment, 90 male and 90 female subjects were given (a) either instructions to increase heart rate (HR), decrease HR, or no instructions to change their HR; (b) either true biofeedback, false biofeedback, or no biofeedback; and (c) either instructions concerning cognitions to help them change HR or no instructions concerning cognitions. The results indicated that (a) for increasing HR, instructions to increase HR were as effective as the combination of instructions and true biofeedback; (b) for decreasing HR, neither instructions nor biofeedback nor the combination of instructions and biofeedback was more effective than simply sitting quietly; (c) although subjects instructed to increase HR showed higher HRs at the end of training than subjects instructed to decrease, the increase subjects showed a decline in HR from the initial period; (d) almost all subjects reported using cognitions to influence HR, and instructions concerning the use of cognitions did not facilitate changes in HR; and (e) women showed higher HRs, which declined more slowly than those of men, but sex did not interact with any treatment variable. It was concluded that increases (or retarded decreases) in HR were due to instructions, and decreases were due to simple adaptation, thus raising serious questions concerning the effectiveness of the biofeedback component of \"biofeedback training\" for altering HR.", "contents": "Effects of instructions, biofeedback, and cognitive activities on heart rate control. In a factorial experiment, 90 male and 90 female subjects were given (a) either instructions to increase heart rate (HR), decrease HR, or no instructions to change their HR; (b) either true biofeedback, false biofeedback, or no biofeedback; and (c) either instructions concerning cognitions to help them change HR or no instructions concerning cognitions. The results indicated that (a) for increasing HR, instructions to increase HR were as effective as the combination of instructions and true biofeedback; (b) for decreasing HR, neither instructions nor biofeedback nor the combination of instructions and biofeedback was more effective than simply sitting quietly; (c) although subjects instructed to increase HR showed higher HRs at the end of training than subjects instructed to decrease, the increase subjects showed a decline in HR from the initial period; (d) almost all subjects reported using cognitions to influence HR, and instructions concerning the use of cognitions did not facilitate changes in HR; and (e) women showed higher HRs, which declined more slowly than those of men, but sex did not interact with any treatment variable. It was concluded that increases (or retarded decreases) in HR were due to instructions, and decreases were due to simple adaptation, thus raising serious questions concerning the effectiveness of the biofeedback component of \"biofeedback training\" for altering HR."}
{"id": "PMID:864391", "title": "Perturbations of auditory feedback delay and the timing of movement.", "content": "Among theories concerned with the timing of movement sequences, an important distinction exists between those that assume closed-loop control (in which feedback contingent on one response starts the chain of events that leads to the next response) and those that assume open-loop control (in which feedback does not serve that function). An experiment is reported in which subjects had to make repetitive finger-tapping responses at fixed intervals of 350, 500, or 650 msec. A brief auditory signal was fed back to the subject after each response, and once in each trial, the auditory feedback delay associated with one response selected at random was perturbed by a small amount. It was found that such perturbations affected the immediately subsequent interresponse interval, which is evidence against the simple open-loop model. However, the effects, although in the same direction as the perturbation, were smaller in magnitude, a finding that rejects the simple closed-loop model. In discussing these results it is suggested that subjects operated chiefly in open-loop fashion but monitored the auditory feedback, making compensatory attempts when intervals between auditory feedback events grossly deviated from the desired interresponse interval.", "contents": "Perturbations of auditory feedback delay and the timing of movement. Among theories concerned with the timing of movement sequences, an important distinction exists between those that assume closed-loop control (in which feedback contingent on one response starts the chain of events that leads to the next response) and those that assume open-loop control (in which feedback does not serve that function). An experiment is reported in which subjects had to make repetitive finger-tapping responses at fixed intervals of 350, 500, or 650 msec. A brief auditory signal was fed back to the subject after each response, and once in each trial, the auditory feedback delay associated with one response selected at random was perturbed by a small amount. It was found that such perturbations affected the immediately subsequent interresponse interval, which is evidence against the simple open-loop model. However, the effects, although in the same direction as the perturbation, were smaller in magnitude, a finding that rejects the simple closed-loop model. In discussing these results it is suggested that subjects operated chiefly in open-loop fashion but monitored the auditory feedback, making compensatory attempts when intervals between auditory feedback events grossly deviated from the desired interresponse interval."}
{"id": "PMID:864392", "title": "Impact of oculomotor retraining on the visual perception of curvature.", "content": "Observers viewed a computer-generated display consisting of horizontally oriented, concave-up curved lines. The position of these curves was contingent on the horizontal position of the eye so that, in order to change fixation errorlessly, from one point to another on the curve, the eye would have to execute a purely horizontal movement. In Condition H this was achieved by moving the curves horizontally, so that the minimum point was always at the horizontal eye position location, thus simulating the effect of viewing a line through a wedge prism on a contact lens. In Condition V it was achieved by moving the curves vertically so that the point fixated always had the same vertical location. In both conditions eye movements were reprogrammed rapidly to eliminate the vertical components of the saccades that were present at the start. While a small, but significant, amount of perceptual adaptation was obtained in Condition H, none at all was obtained in Condition V. The results are interpreted as not in support of such theories of perceptual adaptation to curvature distortion as require a close relationship between motor learning and perceptual change.", "contents": "Impact of oculomotor retraining on the visual perception of curvature. Observers viewed a computer-generated display consisting of horizontally oriented, concave-up curved lines. The position of these curves was contingent on the horizontal position of the eye so that, in order to change fixation errorlessly, from one point to another on the curve, the eye would have to execute a purely horizontal movement. In Condition H this was achieved by moving the curves horizontally, so that the minimum point was always at the horizontal eye position location, thus simulating the effect of viewing a line through a wedge prism on a contact lens. In Condition V it was achieved by moving the curves vertically so that the point fixated always had the same vertical location. In both conditions eye movements were reprogrammed rapidly to eliminate the vertical components of the saccades that were present at the start. While a small, but significant, amount of perceptual adaptation was obtained in Condition H, none at all was obtained in Condition V. The results are interpreted as not in support of such theories of perceptual adaptation to curvature distortion as require a close relationship between motor learning and perceptual change."}
{"id": "PMID:864393", "title": "Optimal allocation of cognitive resources to spatial locations.", "content": "From experiments showing that subjects differentially attend to parts of the visual field, psychologists have inferred a limitation on human visual information processing capacity. The model presented describes an optimal way to allocate a limited quantity of \"cognitive resources,\" \"attention\" or \"mental effort\". For this model, the sense of optimality is maximizing the probability of finding a target. In an experiment to test the model, subjects searched for a single target letter in an otherwise blank field. Two probability distributions were used to select a target location for a trial, but only one distribution was used for a session. For both distributions, the fit of the model was quite good. It is suggested that the model provides a promising way to test the assumption limited visual processing capacity.", "contents": "Optimal allocation of cognitive resources to spatial locations. From experiments showing that subjects differentially attend to parts of the visual field, psychologists have inferred a limitation on human visual information processing capacity. The model presented describes an optimal way to allocate a limited quantity of \"cognitive resources,\" \"attention\" or \"mental effort\". For this model, the sense of optimality is maximizing the probability of finding a target. In an experiment to test the model, subjects searched for a single target letter in an otherwise blank field. Two probability distributions were used to select a target location for a trial, but only one distribution was used for a session. For both distributions, the fit of the model was quite good. It is suggested that the model provides a promising way to test the assumption limited visual processing capacity."}
{"id": "PMID:864394", "title": "Role of feedback in the development and maintenance of complex skill.", "content": "Three experiments examined the role of various sources of feedback in the development and maintenance of a complex ballistic skill, dart throwing, using extended practice. Even a brief delay of visual feedback initially affected accuracy and consistency adversely, though with practice performance gradually recovered. A total absence of visual feedback impelled subjects to use subtle cues such as crude auditory localization. When these cues were available, accuracy suffered to the same extent as with delayed visual feedback, but consistency in this case was unaffected. When all external feedback was removed, with subjects throwing in the dark at a luminous dot without hearing the dart land, consistency remained unimpaired, but accuracy suffered. However, on returning to full visual feedback both accuracy and consistency were found to have improved when compared to a control group. The independence of accuracy and consistency is discussed in terms of fixed and variable parameters of the skill. The effect of delayed visual feedback is attributed to the failure to integrate visual information with the fading proprioceptive trace. Central importance is attached to improvement in compentence when no external feedback is available, and possible underlying mechanisms for this improvement are described.", "contents": "Role of feedback in the development and maintenance of complex skill. Three experiments examined the role of various sources of feedback in the development and maintenance of a complex ballistic skill, dart throwing, using extended practice. Even a brief delay of visual feedback initially affected accuracy and consistency adversely, though with practice performance gradually recovered. A total absence of visual feedback impelled subjects to use subtle cues such as crude auditory localization. When these cues were available, accuracy suffered to the same extent as with delayed visual feedback, but consistency in this case was unaffected. When all external feedback was removed, with subjects throwing in the dark at a luminous dot without hearing the dart land, consistency remained unimpaired, but accuracy suffered. However, on returning to full visual feedback both accuracy and consistency were found to have improved when compared to a control group. The independence of accuracy and consistency is discussed in terms of fixed and variable parameters of the skill. The effect of delayed visual feedback is attributed to the failure to integrate visual information with the fading proprioceptive trace. Central importance is attached to improvement in compentence when no external feedback is available, and possible underlying mechanisms for this improvement are described."}
{"id": "PMID:864395", "title": "Serial reaction time as a function of the nature of repeated events.", "content": "Past research into the phenomenon of reduced latency to repeated events in serial reaction time tasks resulted in attempts to partition reaction time into components attributable to separate cognitive processes. These attempts focused on many-to-one condensing paradigms, which permitted direct assessment of the effect of response-only repetitions but not stimulus-only repetitions. The three experiments reported in the present study used a technique designed to overcome this limitation. It was found that repetition of only the symbolic content of the total stimulus-response event was a sufficient condition for a reduced response latency and that response-only repetitions tended to be facilitative only when stimulus-response relations were compatible. These and related findings were discussed with respect to their bearing on contemporary issues concerning the analysis of cognitive operations into separable and additive components.", "contents": "Serial reaction time as a function of the nature of repeated events. Past research into the phenomenon of reduced latency to repeated events in serial reaction time tasks resulted in attempts to partition reaction time into components attributable to separate cognitive processes. These attempts focused on many-to-one condensing paradigms, which permitted direct assessment of the effect of response-only repetitions but not stimulus-only repetitions. The three experiments reported in the present study used a technique designed to overcome this limitation. It was found that repetition of only the symbolic content of the total stimulus-response event was a sufficient condition for a reduced response latency and that response-only repetitions tended to be facilitative only when stimulus-response relations were compatible. These and related findings were discussed with respect to their bearing on contemporary issues concerning the analysis of cognitive operations into separable and additive components."}
{"id": "PMID:864396", "title": "Control of attention in the processing of temporal and spatial information in complex visual patterns.", "content": "Eighteen stimuli were created by orthogonally varying the area (A), perimeter (P), and exposure duration of checkerboard patterns. Subjects judged either the area and duration of the presented shapes (area-time group) or the perimeter and duration (perimeter-time group) of the same figures. Perceived duration, area, and perimeter varied with changes in the uninstructed an the instructed stimulus dimensions. The discussion focuses on the ability of subjects to control the allocation of attention to instructed stimulus dimensions, as well as on the evidence in the data in favor of detailed sequential or fast holistic processing. It is suggested that the concept of stimulus complexity, defined as P2/A, is useful in describing the temporal and spatial illusions obtained in this study.", "contents": "Control of attention in the processing of temporal and spatial information in complex visual patterns. Eighteen stimuli were created by orthogonally varying the area (A), perimeter (P), and exposure duration of checkerboard patterns. Subjects judged either the area and duration of the presented shapes (area-time group) or the perimeter and duration (perimeter-time group) of the same figures. Perceived duration, area, and perimeter varied with changes in the uninstructed an the instructed stimulus dimensions. The discussion focuses on the ability of subjects to control the allocation of attention to instructed stimulus dimensions, as well as on the evidence in the data in favor of detailed sequential or fast holistic processing. It is suggested that the concept of stimulus complexity, defined as P2/A, is useful in describing the temporal and spatial illusions obtained in this study."}
{"id": "PMID:864397", "title": "Threshold conditions for binocular rivalry.", "content": "A series of three experiments was performed to determine the minimum contrast necessary for a grating pattern to engage in binocular rivalry with a dissimilar pattern presented to the other eye. It was found that a pattern at its own contrast threshold can suppress temporarily a contralateral pattern, regardless of the contrast of the latter. In a fourth experiment it was found that a near-threshold pattern is as effective, in terms of the duration of visibility, as one that is four times greater in contrast; only the average duration of suppression varied with pattern contrast. This last set of data extends the findings of others to near-threshold conditions and poses difficulties for models of binocular rivalry based on the notion of reciprocal inhibition.", "contents": "Threshold conditions for binocular rivalry. A series of three experiments was performed to determine the minimum contrast necessary for a grating pattern to engage in binocular rivalry with a dissimilar pattern presented to the other eye. It was found that a pattern at its own contrast threshold can suppress temporarily a contralateral pattern, regardless of the contrast of the latter. In a fourth experiment it was found that a near-threshold pattern is as effective, in terms of the duration of visibility, as one that is four times greater in contrast; only the average duration of suppression varied with pattern contrast. This last set of data extends the findings of others to near-threshold conditions and poses difficulties for models of binocular rivalry based on the notion of reciprocal inhibition."}
{"id": "PMID:864398", "title": "Relation of split apparent motion to metacontrast.", "content": "The apparent suppression of the target in metacontrast is often accompanied by \"split\" apparent motion. In Experiments 1, 4, 5, and 6 \"neighboring stimuli\" (similar to and flanking the mask stimuli) were added to the display, and subjects rated both metacontrast and split motion. Under some conditions, both split motion and metacontrast were completely eliminated (Experiment 1), supporting the assumption that apparent motion is necessary for metacontrast. However, under other conditions, neighboring stimuli caused a much stronger depression of metacontrast than of split motion (Experiments 4 and 5), sometimes even enhancing the latter (Experiment 6), supporting the assumption that the mechanisms underlying the two phenomena are essentially independent. Further, peripheral presentation and close spacing of target and mask with no neighboring stimuli (Experiments 2 and 3) gave strong metacontrast while completely eliminating split motion, showing clearly that apparent motion is not necessary for metacontrast. Results are interpreted in terms of a \"fusion\" process underlying metacontrast and a \"direction-sensitive unit\" underlying apparent motion. Interactions between these two processes that might account for the common co-occurrence of motion and metacontrast are proposed.", "contents": "Relation of split apparent motion to metacontrast. The apparent suppression of the target in metacontrast is often accompanied by \"split\" apparent motion. In Experiments 1, 4, 5, and 6 \"neighboring stimuli\" (similar to and flanking the mask stimuli) were added to the display, and subjects rated both metacontrast and split motion. Under some conditions, both split motion and metacontrast were completely eliminated (Experiment 1), supporting the assumption that apparent motion is necessary for metacontrast. However, under other conditions, neighboring stimuli caused a much stronger depression of metacontrast than of split motion (Experiments 4 and 5), sometimes even enhancing the latter (Experiment 6), supporting the assumption that the mechanisms underlying the two phenomena are essentially independent. Further, peripheral presentation and close spacing of target and mask with no neighboring stimuli (Experiments 2 and 3) gave strong metacontrast while completely eliminating split motion, showing clearly that apparent motion is not necessary for metacontrast. Results are interpreted in terms of a \"fusion\" process underlying metacontrast and a \"direction-sensitive unit\" underlying apparent motion. Interactions between these two processes that might account for the common co-occurrence of motion and metacontrast are proposed."}
{"id": "PMID:864399", "title": "Semantic and perceptual processes in symbolic comparisons.", "content": "This article studies the processing of pictures and words as symbols. Pictures lead to faster and more accurate responses than words when the task is to decide which member of a pair of pictures or words denotes the larger or smaller object. The present experiments show that the superiority of pictures results from the fact that pictures are interpreted more quickly than words, but that after the interpretation is made, processing is the same. These experiments also give evidence that pictures and words are both processed in terms of linguistic codes rather than mental images. The results are well accounted for by an information-processing model that is based on two general assumptions: (a) The stimuli and the instructions are represented as discrete codes, and (b) processing proceeds until one and only one of the stimulus codes is the same as the code for the instructions.", "contents": "Semantic and perceptual processes in symbolic comparisons. This article studies the processing of pictures and words as symbols. Pictures lead to faster and more accurate responses than words when the task is to decide which member of a pair of pictures or words denotes the larger or smaller object. The present experiments show that the superiority of pictures results from the fact that pictures are interpreted more quickly than words, but that after the interpretation is made, processing is the same. These experiments also give evidence that pictures and words are both processed in terms of linguistic codes rather than mental images. The results are well accounted for by an information-processing model that is based on two general assumptions: (a) The stimuli and the instructions are represented as discrete codes, and (b) processing proceeds until one and only one of the stimulus codes is the same as the code for the instructions."}
{"id": "PMID:864400", "title": "Feature analysis and the growth of a percept.", "content": "Twelve trigrams divided into four sets, the members of each set varying systematically in the feature configuration at each letter position, were repeatedly exposed at brief durations in a random order to subjects who were asked to report after each exposure those letters that could be recognized with certainty. The set of three trigrams that had the same features for all letters in a given ordinal position was identified with fewer exposures than were necessary to permit identification of sets for which the featural characteristics varied within a spatial position. The results were interpreted as being consistent with a constructive model of letter recognition in which the observer tests hypotheses regarding the presence of a given letter based on the presence of relevant features in a spatial position.", "contents": "Feature analysis and the growth of a percept. Twelve trigrams divided into four sets, the members of each set varying systematically in the feature configuration at each letter position, were repeatedly exposed at brief durations in a random order to subjects who were asked to report after each exposure those letters that could be recognized with certainty. The set of three trigrams that had the same features for all letters in a given ordinal position was identified with fewer exposures than were necessary to permit identification of sets for which the featural characteristics varied within a spatial position. The results were interpreted as being consistent with a constructive model of letter recognition in which the observer tests hypotheses regarding the presence of a given letter based on the presence of relevant features in a spatial position."}
{"id": "PMID:864401", "title": "Bisensory stimulation: inferring decision-related processes from P300 component.", "content": "Three experiments were conducted to evaluate the P300 component of the human evoked response as an index of bisensory information processing. On different blocks of trials, subjects were presented with auditory stimuli alone, visual stimuli alone, or with audiovisual compounds. In each series there were two possible stimuli, one of which was presented less frequently than the other; the subjects' task was to count the infrequent stimuli. In the first two experiments the information in the two modalities was redundant, whereas in the third the modalities provided nonredundant information. With redundant information, the P300 latency indicated bisensory facilitation when the unimodal P300 latencies were similar; when the unimodal latencies were dissimilar, the bisensory P300 occurred at the latency of the earlier unimodal P300. Reaction times paralleled P300 latency. When the information in the two modalities was nonredundant, both P300 amplitude and reaction-time data indicated interference between the two modalities, regardless of which modality was task relevant. P300 latency and reaction time did not covary in this situation. These data suggest that P300 latency and amplitude do reflect bisensory interactions and that the P300 promises to be a valuable tool for assessing brain processes during complex decision making.", "contents": "Bisensory stimulation: inferring decision-related processes from P300 component. Three experiments were conducted to evaluate the P300 component of the human evoked response as an index of bisensory information processing. On different blocks of trials, subjects were presented with auditory stimuli alone, visual stimuli alone, or with audiovisual compounds. In each series there were two possible stimuli, one of which was presented less frequently than the other; the subjects' task was to count the infrequent stimuli. In the first two experiments the information in the two modalities was redundant, whereas in the third the modalities provided nonredundant information. With redundant information, the P300 latency indicated bisensory facilitation when the unimodal P300 latencies were similar; when the unimodal latencies were dissimilar, the bisensory P300 occurred at the latency of the earlier unimodal P300. Reaction times paralleled P300 latency. When the information in the two modalities was nonredundant, both P300 amplitude and reaction-time data indicated interference between the two modalities, regardless of which modality was task relevant. P300 latency and reaction time did not covary in this situation. These data suggest that P300 latency and amplitude do reflect bisensory interactions and that the P300 promises to be a valuable tool for assessing brain processes during complex decision making."}
{"id": "PMID:864402", "title": "Reaction times in a bisensory task: implications for attention and speech perception.", "content": "Reading reaction time (RT) to visual stimuli was shown to vary according to the nature of simultaneous auditory stimuli. In Experiment 1, simultaneous different digits produced slower RTs than a burst of speech noise, while identicaly digits produced faster RTs. In Experiments 2 and 3 the stimuli were phoneme pairs which differed on either zero, one, or two articulatory features. Identical phonemes resulted in the fastest RTs. The RTs to non-identical phoneme pairs were not directly related to the number of differing features but were dependent upon the specific feature involved. A two-stage model was proposed to explain the results in which parallel processing of simultaneous input occurs prior to a decision-making stage.", "contents": "Reaction times in a bisensory task: implications for attention and speech perception. Reading reaction time (RT) to visual stimuli was shown to vary according to the nature of simultaneous auditory stimuli. In Experiment 1, simultaneous different digits produced slower RTs than a burst of speech noise, while identicaly digits produced faster RTs. In Experiments 2 and 3 the stimuli were phoneme pairs which differed on either zero, one, or two articulatory features. Identical phonemes resulted in the fastest RTs. The RTs to non-identical phoneme pairs were not directly related to the number of differing features but were dependent upon the specific feature involved. A two-stage model was proposed to explain the results in which parallel processing of simultaneous input occurs prior to a decision-making stage."}
{"id": "PMID:864403", "title": "Inhibition of the human eyeblink reflex: an evaluation of the sensitivity of the Wendt-Yerkes method for threshold detection.", "content": "In two experiments, human subjects showed a reduced eyewink reflex to an airpuff (S2) if it was preceded by a light flash or a noise burst (S1). The first (N=6) showed that a light inhibited the blink maximally at a 100-msec lag. In the second (N=8), thresholds for noise pips were established with the method of limits. Then the pips were presented in multiples of threshold values as S1 100 msec before S2. Sujbects pressed a button whenever they heard the sound, on S1-S2 pairs, on S1 alone, or on S2 alone trials. Eyeblinks to S2 declined in amplitude and increased in latency as S1 intensity increased. The threshold S1 (approximately 2 dB over a 50-dB background) produced reliable inhibition in 7 of 8 subjects, and a weaker S1 which never evoked a button press was sufficient to produce reliable inhibition for the group as a whole. Inhibition in any particular trial was unrelated to button pressing. The sensitivity of the reflex technique and its relative invariance to task demands suggest its usefulness as a behavioral psychophysical procedure.", "contents": "Inhibition of the human eyeblink reflex: an evaluation of the sensitivity of the Wendt-Yerkes method for threshold detection. In two experiments, human subjects showed a reduced eyewink reflex to an airpuff (S2) if it was preceded by a light flash or a noise burst (S1). The first (N=6) showed that a light inhibited the blink maximally at a 100-msec lag. In the second (N=8), thresholds for noise pips were established with the method of limits. Then the pips were presented in multiples of threshold values as S1 100 msec before S2. Sujbects pressed a button whenever they heard the sound, on S1-S2 pairs, on S1 alone, or on S2 alone trials. Eyeblinks to S2 declined in amplitude and increased in latency as S1 intensity increased. The threshold S1 (approximately 2 dB over a 50-dB background) produced reliable inhibition in 7 of 8 subjects, and a weaker S1 which never evoked a button press was sufficient to produce reliable inhibition for the group as a whole. Inhibition in any particular trial was unrelated to button pressing. The sensitivity of the reflex technique and its relative invariance to task demands suggest its usefulness as a behavioral psychophysical procedure."}
{"id": "PMID:864404", "title": "Time, capacity, and selection between perceptual attributes.", "content": "Three experiments were run to determine whether time and central-processing capacity are requried to select between perceptual attributes. A same-different matching task was employed for all experiments. In Experiments 1 and 2, three sets of stimulus pairs were used, each of which varied along only one relevant perceptual dimension (color, size, or form). In Experiment 1, reaction time on the matching task was shown to be faster when the stimuli were presented in blocks in which all stimulus pairs came from the same set (blocked presentation) than when stimulus pairs from each of the three sets were randomly intermixed (random presentation). In Experiment 2, reaction time on a secondary probe task was faster during the encoding stage of a sequential mathcing task with blocked presentation than with random presentation. Experiment 3 indicated that this outcome could not be attributed to a difference in the number of possible stimulus alternatives. Thus, the results support the hypothesis that time and central-processing capacity are required to select between perceptual attributes.", "contents": "Time, capacity, and selection between perceptual attributes. Three experiments were run to determine whether time and central-processing capacity are requried to select between perceptual attributes. A same-different matching task was employed for all experiments. In Experiments 1 and 2, three sets of stimulus pairs were used, each of which varied along only one relevant perceptual dimension (color, size, or form). In Experiment 1, reaction time on the matching task was shown to be faster when the stimuli were presented in blocks in which all stimulus pairs came from the same set (blocked presentation) than when stimulus pairs from each of the three sets were randomly intermixed (random presentation). In Experiment 2, reaction time on a secondary probe task was faster during the encoding stage of a sequential mathcing task with blocked presentation than with random presentation. Experiment 3 indicated that this outcome could not be attributed to a difference in the number of possible stimulus alternatives. Thus, the results support the hypothesis that time and central-processing capacity are required to select between perceptual attributes."}
{"id": "PMID:864407", "title": "Prevention of some complications of essential hypertension.", "content": "The major reason for treating hypertension is to avoid complications of the disease as it affects \"target organs.\" Treatment of the blood pressure is not the only way to avoid these complications, but it is part of the total practice of preventive medicine. Hypertension lasts for several decades in most patients, and there is time to destroy the patient through target organ effects or to save the patient through treatment. Diabetes, atherosclerosis, and other illnesses and operations pose special hazards to the patient with hypertension. Patients take many other drugs as well, and some of them react adversely with antihypertension medicines. Complications from blood pressure drugs involve nearly every organ system, more than most physicians can remember. These may be dose-related and can often be avoided by using smaller doses of more than one drug. Certain problems occur so frequently that they should be learned well. The physician should bear in mind that whatever develops may be due to the antihypertensive therapy. On the whole, however, medications for treatment of hypertension are remarkably safe and free from side effects.", "contents": "Prevention of some complications of essential hypertension. The major reason for treating hypertension is to avoid complications of the disease as it affects \"target organs.\" Treatment of the blood pressure is not the only way to avoid these complications, but it is part of the total practice of preventive medicine. Hypertension lasts for several decades in most patients, and there is time to destroy the patient through target organ effects or to save the patient through treatment. Diabetes, atherosclerosis, and other illnesses and operations pose special hazards to the patient with hypertension. Patients take many other drugs as well, and some of them react adversely with antihypertension medicines. Complications from blood pressure drugs involve nearly every organ system, more than most physicians can remember. These may be dose-related and can often be avoided by using smaller doses of more than one drug. Certain problems occur so frequently that they should be learned well. The physician should bear in mind that whatever develops may be due to the antihypertensive therapy. On the whole, however, medications for treatment of hypertension are remarkably safe and free from side effects."}
{"id": "PMID:864408", "title": "Hepatitis A.", "content": "There are exciting new developments in the serology of hepatitis A. These new studies will lead to the development of diagnostic tests comparable to the Australia antigen (HBsAg) for hepatitis B. Although active immunization is not likely to be available in the near future, passive immunization is effective. Most patients with clinical disease will recover uneventfully with good diet and ad lib activity. Severe restrictions and hospitalization are rarely indicated.", "contents": "Hepatitis A. There are exciting new developments in the serology of hepatitis A. These new studies will lead to the development of diagnostic tests comparable to the Australia antigen (HBsAg) for hepatitis B. Although active immunization is not likely to be available in the near future, passive immunization is effective. Most patients with clinical disease will recover uneventfully with good diet and ad lib activity. Severe restrictions and hospitalization are rarely indicated."}
{"id": "PMID:864409", "title": "Patient compliance: the effect of the doctor as a therapeutic agent.", "content": "This paper is a review of the available literature on patient complicance with medical regimens. An effort is made to focus on those features or characteristics associated with compliance or noncompliance that are clinically relevant for the practicing physician. These include the intelligence of the patient, the patient's knowledge of his disease, the complexity of the medical regimen, the influence of the family, the health belief model, and the doctor-patient relationship. From this review of research data, 12 concrete suggestions are presented for the purpose of enhancing patient compliance and enabling the doctor himself to be more effective as a therapeutic agent.", "contents": "Patient compliance: the effect of the doctor as a therapeutic agent. This paper is a review of the available literature on patient complicance with medical regimens. An effort is made to focus on those features or characteristics associated with compliance or noncompliance that are clinically relevant for the practicing physician. These include the intelligence of the patient, the patient's knowledge of his disease, the complexity of the medical regimen, the influence of the family, the health belief model, and the doctor-patient relationship. From this review of research data, 12 concrete suggestions are presented for the purpose of enhancing patient compliance and enabling the doctor himself to be more effective as a therapeutic agent."}
{"id": "PMID:864411", "title": "Undergraduate medical education in geriatrics: nursing home experience.", "content": "Preclinical medical students undertook an elective course in geriatrics which combined instruction in history taking, physical diagnosis, and problem-oriented assessment of elderly patients in a nursing home. A drug utilization review and specific drug therapy plans were formulated by pharmacy students. The project identified general problems susceptible to institutional as well as individual remedy. The students were led beyond their initial preoccupation with \"physical complaints\" to interest in pertinent psychological, social, and economic factors. A model of geriatric education for health science students can productively link the health science center and community nursing homes with benefits for the student, the patient, and the nursing home.", "contents": "Undergraduate medical education in geriatrics: nursing home experience. Preclinical medical students undertook an elective course in geriatrics which combined instruction in history taking, physical diagnosis, and problem-oriented assessment of elderly patients in a nursing home. A drug utilization review and specific drug therapy plans were formulated by pharmacy students. The project identified general problems susceptible to institutional as well as individual remedy. The students were led beyond their initial preoccupation with \"physical complaints\" to interest in pertinent psychological, social, and economic factors. A model of geriatric education for health science students can productively link the health science center and community nursing homes with benefits for the student, the patient, and the nursing home."}
{"id": "PMID:864412", "title": "Extramural training of medical students: lessons from Southeast Asia.", "content": "Several medical schools in Southeast Asia have identified deficiencies in their undergraduate medical education that result in inappropriate training of students for the health-care problems that exist in their respective countries. Curriculum changes have been made that take students out of the laboratory and the subspecialty-oriented university hospital and place them in extramural programs in the community. Both the deficiencies identified and the solutions developed merit study by North American medical educators, especially those teaching primary care in family practice.", "contents": "Extramural training of medical students: lessons from Southeast Asia. Several medical schools in Southeast Asia have identified deficiencies in their undergraduate medical education that result in inappropriate training of students for the health-care problems that exist in their respective countries. Curriculum changes have been made that take students out of the laboratory and the subspecialty-oriented university hospital and place them in extramural programs in the community. Both the deficiencies identified and the solutions developed merit study by North American medical educators, especially those teaching primary care in family practice."}
{"id": "PMID:864413", "title": "Human relations training for family practice residents: a four year retrospective review.", "content": "The Family Practice Center of Akron has developed and implemented a human relations training program as an integral part of the family practice residency curriculum. Following two years of planning and experimenting, a 12-month course of study was formalized in July 1975. Two full-time behavioral scientists are responsible for planning, coordinating, and teaching the curriculum. The curriculum includes a variety of learning experiences throughout the three years and represents approximately ten percent of educational programming and costs.", "contents": "Human relations training for family practice residents: a four year retrospective review. The Family Practice Center of Akron has developed and implemented a human relations training program as an integral part of the family practice residency curriculum. Following two years of planning and experimenting, a 12-month course of study was formalized in July 1975. Two full-time behavioral scientists are responsible for planning, coordinating, and teaching the curriculum. The curriculum includes a variety of learning experiences throughout the three years and represents approximately ten percent of educational programming and costs."}
{"id": "PMID:864414", "title": "A competency-based curriculum in business practice management.", "content": "Business management skills are an essential part of an efficient medical practice, but they are largely neglected or ignored in residency training programs. In order to realistically prepare physicians for their future community practices, the Family Practice Residency Training Program at the University of California, Los Angeles, includes a business practice management curriculum based on 12 behavioral objectives. Through observation, seminars, consultation, and practice design, the resident becomes competent in the skills and behaviors necessary for effective management. Over the three-year period, the resident completes a handbook with research findings, and designs elements of his/her own future practice. The instructor's manual is included to illustrate and clarify methods of implementation and evaluation of the curriculum.", "contents": "A competency-based curriculum in business practice management. Business management skills are an essential part of an efficient medical practice, but they are largely neglected or ignored in residency training programs. In order to realistically prepare physicians for their future community practices, the Family Practice Residency Training Program at the University of California, Los Angeles, includes a business practice management curriculum based on 12 behavioral objectives. Through observation, seminars, consultation, and practice design, the resident becomes competent in the skills and behaviors necessary for effective management. Over the three-year period, the resident completes a handbook with research findings, and designs elements of his/her own future practice. The instructor's manual is included to illustrate and clarify methods of implementation and evaluation of the curriculum."}
{"id": "PMID:864415", "title": "House call patterns of New Jersey family physicians.", "content": "House call attitudes and practice patterns of New Jersey family physicians were studied in order to assist residency programs in curriculum development. House calls were offered by 82 percent of the 290 physicians in the sample; no difference was noted between rural and urban or between younger and older physicians. The average number of house calls per week was 6.05, of which 4.71 and 1.34 were scheduled and emergency respectively. Patients who were elderly, home-bound, had suffered a stroke, had cancer or congestive heart failure made up the majority of those receiving house calls. This survey also showed that many of the physicians who stated that they do not \"offer\" house calls to their patients, did in fact perform them. These study results support the thesis that family practice residencies should develop criteria and a protocol for house calls. Among the results which may be expected following such an innovation are increased satisfaction for patients and physicians alike.", "contents": "House call patterns of New Jersey family physicians. House call attitudes and practice patterns of New Jersey family physicians were studied in order to assist residency programs in curriculum development. House calls were offered by 82 percent of the 290 physicians in the sample; no difference was noted between rural and urban or between younger and older physicians. The average number of house calls per week was 6.05, of which 4.71 and 1.34 were scheduled and emergency respectively. Patients who were elderly, home-bound, had suffered a stroke, had cancer or congestive heart failure made up the majority of those receiving house calls. This survey also showed that many of the physicians who stated that they do not \"offer\" house calls to their patients, did in fact perform them. These study results support the thesis that family practice residencies should develop criteria and a protocol for house calls. Among the results which may be expected following such an innovation are increased satisfaction for patients and physicians alike."}
{"id": "PMID:864416", "title": "Doctor's other office, an alternative to the emergency room.", "content": "Doctor's Other Office (DOO), a group of ten family physicians, offers after-hours and weekend health care to non-critical patients who might otherwise go to a hospital Emergency Room, even though their medical problems do not require expensive, elaborate facilities of the Emergency Room. Advantages to patients include less expense than the ER, care that is appropriate to their needs, and comprehensive, continuous care through dealing with physicians who will follow through with referral to a regular physician, often the patient's own family physician. DOO physician members enjoy a rational division of after-hours and weekend coverage among colleagues that permits more free time, yet assures that patients receive good quality, continuous care. The methods of operation are discussed, including personnel schedules, consultants, hospital coverage, and finances. The DOO income just meets office expenses, however, life insurance and other fringe benefits that physician members receive through the corporation aid in making this organization more financially attractive.", "contents": "Doctor's other office, an alternative to the emergency room. Doctor's Other Office (DOO), a group of ten family physicians, offers after-hours and weekend health care to non-critical patients who might otherwise go to a hospital Emergency Room, even though their medical problems do not require expensive, elaborate facilities of the Emergency Room. Advantages to patients include less expense than the ER, care that is appropriate to their needs, and comprehensive, continuous care through dealing with physicians who will follow through with referral to a regular physician, often the patient's own family physician. DOO physician members enjoy a rational division of after-hours and weekend coverage among colleagues that permits more free time, yet assures that patients receive good quality, continuous care. The methods of operation are discussed, including personnel schedules, consultants, hospital coverage, and finances. The DOO income just meets office expenses, however, life insurance and other fringe benefits that physician members receive through the corporation aid in making this organization more financially attractive."}
{"id": "PMID:864418", "title": "An integrated medical record and data system for primary care. Part 1: the age-sex register: definition of the patient population.", "content": "This is the first of series of articles which describes an integrated system for recording medical data. The age-sex register is described in detail. Uses of the register include enhanced capabilities for office management, assessment of postgraduate educational needs, outreach, audit, and research. The problems encountered with definition of the practice size are discussed. Subsequent articles will describe a classification of health problems, a diagnostic index, family folders, filing patients records by geographic location, problem-oriented medical records, encounter forms, and various record forms.", "contents": "An integrated medical record and data system for primary care. Part 1: the age-sex register: definition of the patient population. This is the first of series of articles which describes an integrated system for recording medical data. The age-sex register is described in detail. Uses of the register include enhanced capabilities for office management, assessment of postgraduate educational needs, outreach, audit, and research. The problems encountered with definition of the practice size are discussed. Subsequent articles will describe a classification of health problems, a diagnostic index, family folders, filing patients records by geographic location, problem-oriented medical records, encounter forms, and various record forms."}
{"id": "PMID:864419", "title": "Elevated blood pressure in the young adult.", "content": "This paper discusses elevated blood pressure, particularly as related to young adults, and suggests that this problem be considered in two subgroups. The first subgroup is termed \"labile blood pressure\" and not \"labile hypertension\". In this subgroup are those patients in whom the diastolic blood pressure is normal most of the time and elevated only occasionally. Such patients only require reassurance, although they should be followed to be certain that they do not develop hypertension. The second subgroup includes those who are found to have consistent mild elevations in diastolic blood pressure. Treatment is recommended for this subgroup. An outline of the evaluation and management is presented.", "contents": "Elevated blood pressure in the young adult. This paper discusses elevated blood pressure, particularly as related to young adults, and suggests that this problem be considered in two subgroups. The first subgroup is termed \"labile blood pressure\" and not \"labile hypertension\". In this subgroup are those patients in whom the diastolic blood pressure is normal most of the time and elevated only occasionally. Such patients only require reassurance, although they should be followed to be certain that they do not develop hypertension. The second subgroup includes those who are found to have consistent mild elevations in diastolic blood pressure. Treatment is recommended for this subgroup. An outline of the evaluation and management is presented."}
{"id": "PMID:864423", "title": "Cytodifferentiation in the accessory glands of Tenebrio molitor II. Patterns of leucine incorporation in the tubular glands of post-ecdysial adult males.", "content": "The tubular accessory gland of male mealworm beetles undergoes rapid and progressive terminal differentiation in the 8-day period after ecdysis to the adult. Total protein and RNA content are maximal at five and eight days respectively. Rates of leucine incorporation rise gradually through the first four days and then increase abruptly in the 5-to 7-day interval. SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis demonstrates a variety of proteins; two classes with high mobility (Class A and B) appear prominent in homogenates of 5- to 8-day glands. Double-label procedures show that as the glands mature, an increasing proportion of the total leucine incorporation passes into Class A and B proteins, until at eight days, Class A and B proteins account for 50% of the total for the gland. The relative incorporation into A vs. B also changes linearly over this interval. The developmental program of the tubular gland includes both a linearly biosynthetic increase in the proportion of differentiation-specific proteins and an abrupt change in the overall rates of leucine incorporation.", "contents": "Cytodifferentiation in the accessory glands of Tenebrio molitor II. Patterns of leucine incorporation in the tubular glands of post-ecdysial adult males. The tubular accessory gland of male mealworm beetles undergoes rapid and progressive terminal differentiation in the 8-day period after ecdysis to the adult. Total protein and RNA content are maximal at five and eight days respectively. Rates of leucine incorporation rise gradually through the first four days and then increase abruptly in the 5-to 7-day interval. SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis demonstrates a variety of proteins; two classes with high mobility (Class A and B) appear prominent in homogenates of 5- to 8-day glands. Double-label procedures show that as the glands mature, an increasing proportion of the total leucine incorporation passes into Class A and B proteins, until at eight days, Class A and B proteins account for 50% of the total for the gland. The relative incorporation into A vs. B also changes linearly over this interval. The developmental program of the tubular gland includes both a linearly biosynthetic increase in the proportion of differentiation-specific proteins and an abrupt change in the overall rates of leucine incorporation."}
{"id": "PMID:864424", "title": "Relationship between net 45calcium influx across a perfused isolated eel gill and the development of post-stanniectomy hypercalcemia.", "content": "The net 45calcium influx was measured in perfused isolated individual hemibranchs taken from Anguilla rostrata L. at various intervals following the surgical removal of the Corpuscles of Stannius. Total plasma calcium concentrations were recorded at the same time. A relationship between the development of post-stanniectomy hypercalcemia and the net rate of 45calcium uptake in the isolated gills is suggested. The net influx of 45calcium increased rapidly during the first week, peaked at two weeks and dropped back to control levels at three weeks. Plasma calcium levels followed the same trend over the first two weeks but continued to rise through the third week before dropping slightly during the fourth week. We conclude that the corpuscles of Stannius play some role in controlling the branchial uptake of calcium and that the gills are of primary importance in the appearance of post-stanniectomy hypercalcemia.", "contents": "Relationship between net 45calcium influx across a perfused isolated eel gill and the development of post-stanniectomy hypercalcemia. The net 45calcium influx was measured in perfused isolated individual hemibranchs taken from Anguilla rostrata L. at various intervals following the surgical removal of the Corpuscles of Stannius. Total plasma calcium concentrations were recorded at the same time. A relationship between the development of post-stanniectomy hypercalcemia and the net rate of 45calcium uptake in the isolated gills is suggested. The net influx of 45calcium increased rapidly during the first week, peaked at two weeks and dropped back to control levels at three weeks. Plasma calcium levels followed the same trend over the first two weeks but continued to rise through the third week before dropping slightly during the fourth week. We conclude that the corpuscles of Stannius play some role in controlling the branchial uptake of calcium and that the gills are of primary importance in the appearance of post-stanniectomy hypercalcemia."}
{"id": "PMID:864430", "title": "The resistance of the septum of the median giant axon of the earthworm.", "content": "It is generally thought that nexuses constitute low-resistance pathways between cell interiors in epithelial, neural, muscular, and even connective tissues. However, there are no reliable estimates of the specific resistance of a nexus. The reason for this is that in most cases the surfaces of nexuses between cells are geometrically complex and therefore it has been very hard to accurately estimate nexal areas. However, the septa of the median giant axon have a relatively simple shape. Moreover, in this preparation, it is possible to make a measuring current flow parallel to the axon axis so that from the voltage difference appearing between intracellular electrodes during current flow, the specific septal membrane resistance could be calculated. The average specific nexal resistance obtained was 5.9 omega cm(2) if one assumes that 100 percent of the septum is nexus. The steady state I-V curve for the septum is linear (+/- 10 mV). Placement of electrodes was validated by septa even though the septa were found to be permeable to fluorescein and TEA. Exposure of the axon to hypertonic saline impedes the movement of fluorescein across the septa. By analogy with other tissues it is concluded that hypertonic solutions disrupt nexuses.A mathematical model was derived which predicts the steady- state transmembrane potential vs. distance from a point source of intracellular current. When the specific nexal membrane resistance is 5.9 omega cm(2), the prediction closely approximates the fall of transmembrane potential vs. distance in an ordinary infinite cable. This is commensurate with the electrophysiological behavior of this multicellular \"axon.\"", "contents": "The resistance of the septum of the median giant axon of the earthworm. It is generally thought that nexuses constitute low-resistance pathways between cell interiors in epithelial, neural, muscular, and even connective tissues. However, there are no reliable estimates of the specific resistance of a nexus. The reason for this is that in most cases the surfaces of nexuses between cells are geometrically complex and therefore it has been very hard to accurately estimate nexal areas. However, the septa of the median giant axon have a relatively simple shape. Moreover, in this preparation, it is possible to make a measuring current flow parallel to the axon axis so that from the voltage difference appearing between intracellular electrodes during current flow, the specific septal membrane resistance could be calculated. The average specific nexal resistance obtained was 5.9 omega cm(2) if one assumes that 100 percent of the septum is nexus. The steady state I-V curve for the septum is linear (+/- 10 mV). Placement of electrodes was validated by septa even though the septa were found to be permeable to fluorescein and TEA. Exposure of the axon to hypertonic saline impedes the movement of fluorescein across the septa. By analogy with other tissues it is concluded that hypertonic solutions disrupt nexuses.A mathematical model was derived which predicts the steady- state transmembrane potential vs. distance from a point source of intracellular current. When the specific nexal membrane resistance is 5.9 omega cm(2), the prediction closely approximates the fall of transmembrane potential vs. distance in an ordinary infinite cable. This is commensurate with the electrophysiological behavior of this multicellular \"axon.\""}
{"id": "PMID:864431", "title": "Volume regulation by flounder red blood cells in anisotonic media.", "content": "The nucleated high K, low Na red blood cells of the winter flounder demonstrated a volume regulatory response subsequent to osmotic swelling or shrinkage. During volume regulation the net water flow was secondary to net inorganic cation flux. Volume regulation the net water flow was secondary to net inorganic cation flux. Volume regulation after osmotic swelling is referred to as regulatory volume decrease (RVD) and was characterized by net K and water loss. Since the electrochemical gradient for K is directed out of the cell there is no need to invoke active processes to explain RVD. When osmotically shrunken, the flounder erythrocyte demonstrated a regulatory volume increase (RVI) back toward control cell volume. The water movements characteristic of RVI were a consequence of net cellular NaCl and KCl uptake with Na accounting for 75 percent of the increase in intracellular cation content. Since the Na electrochemical gradient is directed into the cell, net Na uptake was the result of Na flux via dissipative pathways. The addition of 10(-4)M ouabain to suspensions of flounder erythrocytes was without effect upon net water movements during volume regulation. The presence of ouabain did however lead to a decreased ration of intracellular K:Na. Analysis of net Na and K fluxes in the presence and absence of ouabain led to the conclusion that Na and K fluxes via both conservative and dissipative pathways are increased in response to osmotic swelling or shrinkage. In addition, the Na and K flux rate through both pump and leak pathways decreased in a parallel fashion as cell volume was regulated. Taken as a whole, the Na and K movements through the flounder erythrocyte membrane demonstrated a functional dependence during volume regulation.", "contents": "Volume regulation by flounder red blood cells in anisotonic media. The nucleated high K, low Na red blood cells of the winter flounder demonstrated a volume regulatory response subsequent to osmotic swelling or shrinkage. During volume regulation the net water flow was secondary to net inorganic cation flux. Volume regulation the net water flow was secondary to net inorganic cation flux. Volume regulation after osmotic swelling is referred to as regulatory volume decrease (RVD) and was characterized by net K and water loss. Since the electrochemical gradient for K is directed out of the cell there is no need to invoke active processes to explain RVD. When osmotically shrunken, the flounder erythrocyte demonstrated a regulatory volume increase (RVI) back toward control cell volume. The water movements characteristic of RVI were a consequence of net cellular NaCl and KCl uptake with Na accounting for 75 percent of the increase in intracellular cation content. Since the Na electrochemical gradient is directed into the cell, net Na uptake was the result of Na flux via dissipative pathways. The addition of 10(-4)M ouabain to suspensions of flounder erythrocytes was without effect upon net water movements during volume regulation. The presence of ouabain did however lead to a decreased ration of intracellular K:Na. Analysis of net Na and K fluxes in the presence and absence of ouabain led to the conclusion that Na and K fluxes via both conservative and dissipative pathways are increased in response to osmotic swelling or shrinkage. In addition, the Na and K flux rate through both pump and leak pathways decreased in a parallel fashion as cell volume was regulated. Taken as a whole, the Na and K movements through the flounder erythrocyte membrane demonstrated a functional dependence during volume regulation."}
{"id": "PMID:864432", "title": "Enhancement and phototransduction in the ventral eye of limulus.", "content": "Limulus ventral photoreceptors were voltage clamped to the resting (dark) potential and stimulated by a 20-ms test flash and a 1-s conditioning flash. At a constant level of adaptation, we measured the response to the test flash given in the dark (control) and the incremental response produced when the test flash occurred within the duration of the conditioning flash. The incremental response is defined as the response to the conditioning and test flashes minus the response to the conditioning flash given alone. When the test flash was presented within 100 ms after the onset of the conditioning flash we observed that: (a) for dim conditioning flashes the incremental response equaled the control response; (b) for intermediate intensity conditioning flashes the incremental response was greater than the control response (we refer to this as enhancement); (c) for high intensity conditioning flashes the incremental response nearly equaled the control response. Using 10-mum diam spots of illumnination, we stimulated two spatially separate regions of one photoreceptor. When the test flash and the conditioning flash were presented to the same region, enhancement was present; but when the flashes were applied to separate regions, enhancement was nearly absent. This result indicates that enhancement is localized to the region of illumination. We discuss mechanisms that may account for enhancement.", "contents": "Enhancement and phototransduction in the ventral eye of limulus. Limulus ventral photoreceptors were voltage clamped to the resting (dark) potential and stimulated by a 20-ms test flash and a 1-s conditioning flash. At a constant level of adaptation, we measured the response to the test flash given in the dark (control) and the incremental response produced when the test flash occurred within the duration of the conditioning flash. The incremental response is defined as the response to the conditioning and test flashes minus the response to the conditioning flash given alone. When the test flash was presented within 100 ms after the onset of the conditioning flash we observed that: (a) for dim conditioning flashes the incremental response equaled the control response; (b) for intermediate intensity conditioning flashes the incremental response was greater than the control response (we refer to this as enhancement); (c) for high intensity conditioning flashes the incremental response nearly equaled the control response. Using 10-mum diam spots of illumnination, we stimulated two spatially separate regions of one photoreceptor. When the test flash and the conditioning flash were presented to the same region, enhancement was present; but when the flashes were applied to separate regions, enhancement was nearly absent. This result indicates that enhancement is localized to the region of illumination. We discuss mechanisms that may account for enhancement."}
{"id": "PMID:864433", "title": "Beneficial effect of fluorocarbon emulsion media on the function of neuromuscular preparations in vitro.", "content": "The effects of liquid fluorocarbons as bathing media were determined by use of in vitro neuromuscular preparations. Rat hemidiaphragms were bathed in either oxygenated fluorocarbon (FC) emulsion or standard oxygenated Krebs solution. Contractile force in response to simple supramaximal nerve stimuli as well as to high frequency stimulation was greater, while twitch:tetanus ratio was smaller in FC emulsion. With such medium, post-tetanic potentiation of contraction was also more consistently observed. Indirectly stimulated diaphragms survived longer in FC emulsion. After cessation of oxygenation, oxygen tension (rhoO(2)) of the medium declined more rapidly with Krebs than with FC emulsion; rhoO(2) directly correlated with force of contraction. Similarly, in the chick biventer cervicis preparation, FC emulsion enhanced nerve-stimulated force of contraction; returning the preparation to standard Krebs solution reversed this phenomenon. Dose-resonse curves of muscle contraction in response to acetycholine and KCl administration were shifted upward during FC emulsion superfusion. Frequency of miniature endplate potentials was lower in FC emulsion than that observed in Krebs solution, measured from the same cell of the rat diaphragm. Resting membrane potentials were also greater in muscle cells sampled from FC emulsion-bathed preparations. These data suggest that FC emulsion is superior to standard Krebs solution as a bathing medium for in vitro neuromuscular preparations by virtue of the high solubility of oxygen in it.", "contents": "Beneficial effect of fluorocarbon emulsion media on the function of neuromuscular preparations in vitro. The effects of liquid fluorocarbons as bathing media were determined by use of in vitro neuromuscular preparations. Rat hemidiaphragms were bathed in either oxygenated fluorocarbon (FC) emulsion or standard oxygenated Krebs solution. Contractile force in response to simple supramaximal nerve stimuli as well as to high frequency stimulation was greater, while twitch:tetanus ratio was smaller in FC emulsion. With such medium, post-tetanic potentiation of contraction was also more consistently observed. Indirectly stimulated diaphragms survived longer in FC emulsion. After cessation of oxygenation, oxygen tension (rhoO(2)) of the medium declined more rapidly with Krebs than with FC emulsion; rhoO(2) directly correlated with force of contraction. Similarly, in the chick biventer cervicis preparation, FC emulsion enhanced nerve-stimulated force of contraction; returning the preparation to standard Krebs solution reversed this phenomenon. Dose-resonse curves of muscle contraction in response to acetycholine and KCl administration were shifted upward during FC emulsion superfusion. Frequency of miniature endplate potentials was lower in FC emulsion than that observed in Krebs solution, measured from the same cell of the rat diaphragm. Resting membrane potentials were also greater in muscle cells sampled from FC emulsion-bathed preparations. These data suggest that FC emulsion is superior to standard Krebs solution as a bathing medium for in vitro neuromuscular preparations by virtue of the high solubility of oxygen in it."}
{"id": "PMID:864436", "title": "Effect of Zinc on tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates and enzymes in relation to aflatoxin biosynthesis.", "content": "The stimulatory action of zinc on aflatoxin production by Aspergillus parasiticus NRRL3240 has been investigated by studying the levels of tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle intermediates and related enzymes in the fungal mycelium. During the stationary phase of growth, the levels of alpha-keto acids declined in zinc-sufficient cultures compared with those in zinc-dificient cultures. TCA cycle enzymes did not show any significant changes due to zinc availability. In zinc-deficient cultures, enzymes of the TCA cycle had maximum activity on the fourth day, after which their activity declined. In zinc-sufficient cultures, some enzymes showed maximum activity on the fourth day, others on the second day.", "contents": "Effect of Zinc on tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates and enzymes in relation to aflatoxin biosynthesis. The stimulatory action of zinc on aflatoxin production by Aspergillus parasiticus NRRL3240 has been investigated by studying the levels of tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle intermediates and related enzymes in the fungal mycelium. During the stationary phase of growth, the levels of alpha-keto acids declined in zinc-sufficient cultures compared with those in zinc-dificient cultures. TCA cycle enzymes did not show any significant changes due to zinc availability. In zinc-deficient cultures, enzymes of the TCA cycle had maximum activity on the fourth day, after which their activity declined. In zinc-sufficient cultures, some enzymes showed maximum activity on the fourth day, others on the second day."}
{"id": "PMID:864437", "title": "The short form test of academic aptitude (SFTAA) as a determinant of minimal brain dysfunction in children.", "content": "The Short Form Test of Academic Aptitude (SFTAA) has been found to yield results comparable to the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children. With this in mind, it was hypothesized that children with minimal brain dysfunction (MBD) would obtain significantly different results on the SFTAA than children without MBD. Two studies (N = 40 and N = 72) using randomly selected MBD and non-MBD third-grade children supported the hypothesis. In Study I, the MBD and non-MBD children were matched on IQ; in Study II, they were not. Study I found that MBD children scored better than non-MBD children on subtest four (memory). Study II illustrated an apparent reversal of this finding and concluded that IQ must be considered in this type of investigation, since it tends to mask aptitude test results.", "contents": "The short form test of academic aptitude (SFTAA) as a determinant of minimal brain dysfunction in children. The Short Form Test of Academic Aptitude (SFTAA) has been found to yield results comparable to the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children. With this in mind, it was hypothesized that children with minimal brain dysfunction (MBD) would obtain significantly different results on the SFTAA than children without MBD. Two studies (N = 40 and N = 72) using randomly selected MBD and non-MBD third-grade children supported the hypothesis. In Study I, the MBD and non-MBD children were matched on IQ; in Study II, they were not. Study I found that MBD children scored better than non-MBD children on subtest four (memory). Study II illustrated an apparent reversal of this finding and concluded that IQ must be considered in this type of investigation, since it tends to mask aptitude test results."}
{"id": "PMID:864438", "title": "Extremity of semantic differential ratings in deaf and hearing subjects.", "content": "A comparison was made separately by sex of 19 deaf and 19 hearing Ss on mean semantic differential ratings of contradictory concept-pairs. There were nine deaf males, 10 deaf females, 11 hearing males, and eight hearing females with mean ages of 23.00, 21.90, 20.73, and 19.75, respectively. It was hypothesized that the deaf would make less extreme ratings of concept-pairs than hearing Ss and that they would shift their ratings of contradictory concept-pairs closer to the mean of the original ratings of the single concepts comprising the pairs. It was found that both predictions were true only for deaf males. Deaf females did not differ from hearing Ss.", "contents": "Extremity of semantic differential ratings in deaf and hearing subjects. A comparison was made separately by sex of 19 deaf and 19 hearing Ss on mean semantic differential ratings of contradictory concept-pairs. There were nine deaf males, 10 deaf females, 11 hearing males, and eight hearing females with mean ages of 23.00, 21.90, 20.73, and 19.75, respectively. It was hypothesized that the deaf would make less extreme ratings of concept-pairs than hearing Ss and that they would shift their ratings of contradictory concept-pairs closer to the mean of the original ratings of the single concepts comprising the pairs. It was found that both predictions were true only for deaf males. Deaf females did not differ from hearing Ss."}
{"id": "PMID:864439", "title": "Relational discrimination of hue by young children.", "content": "Performance-acquisition of relational discrimination of the greener member of pairs of hues from among four blue to green hues and from among four yellow to green hues was related to presence or absence of instructions to choose the greener member of a pair crossed with presence or absence of information about correctness of choice. The Ss were younger (X = 49 months, N = 32) and older (X = 63 months, N = 32) white middle-class boys and girls from among those then attending a private suburban nursery school. Through 48 trials under the four combinations of instructions and information, the relational discrimination was most complete or acquired fastest with instructions to choose the greener member, regardless of presence or absence of information. Relational discrimination was less complete or acquired less rapidly with information alone, and did not occur in the absence of instructions and information.", "contents": "Relational discrimination of hue by young children. Performance-acquisition of relational discrimination of the greener member of pairs of hues from among four blue to green hues and from among four yellow to green hues was related to presence or absence of instructions to choose the greener member of a pair crossed with presence or absence of information about correctness of choice. The Ss were younger (X = 49 months, N = 32) and older (X = 63 months, N = 32) white middle-class boys and girls from among those then attending a private suburban nursery school. Through 48 trials under the four combinations of instructions and information, the relational discrimination was most complete or acquired fastest with instructions to choose the greener member, regardless of presence or absence of information. Relational discrimination was less complete or acquired less rapidly with information alone, and did not occur in the absence of instructions and information."}
{"id": "PMID:864440", "title": "Effects of methylphenidate on avoidance learning in the aged rat.", "content": "Twenty Sprague Dawley rats, aged 22 to 26 months were given subcutaneous injections of 4.5 mg/kg methylphenidate or distilled water. Twelve minutes after the single injection was given, rats began 90 trials of avoidance conditioning. Drug animals made significantly more correct responses than did the control animals. tresults indicate that use of methylphenidate in aged rats improved avoidance learning.", "contents": "Effects of methylphenidate on avoidance learning in the aged rat. Twenty Sprague Dawley rats, aged 22 to 26 months were given subcutaneous injections of 4.5 mg/kg methylphenidate or distilled water. Twelve minutes after the single injection was given, rats began 90 trials of avoidance conditioning. Drug animals made significantly more correct responses than did the control animals. tresults indicate that use of methylphenidate in aged rats improved avoidance learning."}
{"id": "PMID:864441", "title": "Judgment of emotion in human face stimuli: an individual differences analysis.", "content": "Comparative judgments of the pleasure and anger dissimilarity between 80 face pairs were made by 100 male and female college students. The 80 face-pair stimuli were constructed by a systematic interchanging and deletion of four regions for anger and neutral face poses and for pleasure and neutral face poses. An individual differences analysis of the scaling data resulted in five like-perceiving subgroups of Ss. These subgroups were characterized on the basis of their differential use of face regions in making anger and pleasure dissimilarity judgments. The study illustrates the necessity of the individual differences approach to the study of cue utilization in the perception of emotion in human face stimuli.", "contents": "Judgment of emotion in human face stimuli: an individual differences analysis. Comparative judgments of the pleasure and anger dissimilarity between 80 face pairs were made by 100 male and female college students. The 80 face-pair stimuli were constructed by a systematic interchanging and deletion of four regions for anger and neutral face poses and for pleasure and neutral face poses. An individual differences analysis of the scaling data resulted in five like-perceiving subgroups of Ss. These subgroups were characterized on the basis of their differential use of face regions in making anger and pleasure dissimilarity judgments. The study illustrates the necessity of the individual differences approach to the study of cue utilization in the perception of emotion in human face stimuli."}
{"id": "PMID:864444", "title": "The explanatory value of the idea of reincarnation.", "content": "The idea of reincarnation is presented as having considerable explanatory value for several features of human personality and biology that currently accepted theories do not adequately clarify. Reincarnation is not offered as a substitute for present knowledge derived from genetics and understanding of environmental influences; it may, however, usefully supplement such knowledge. The present paper does not present evidence from cases suggestive of reincarnation. It does, however, cite cases of subjects who have claimed to remember previous lives, most of whose statements have been verified in the course of detailed investigations. For each case, a reference is provided to a detailed published case report furnishing the evidence in that case. The idea of reincarnation may contribute to an improved understanding of such diverse matters as: phobias and philias of childhood; skills not learned in early life; abnormalities of child-parent relationships; vendettas and bellicose nationalism; childhood sexuality and gender identity confusion; birthmarks, congenital deformities, and internal diseases; differences between members of monozygotic twin pairs; and abnormal appetites during pregnancy. Empirical studies of cases of the reincarnation type have so far not provided any evidence that justifies using reincarnation as an explanation for the occurrence of child prodigies of the large inequities in socioeconomic conditions of humans at birth.", "contents": "The explanatory value of the idea of reincarnation. The idea of reincarnation is presented as having considerable explanatory value for several features of human personality and biology that currently accepted theories do not adequately clarify. Reincarnation is not offered as a substitute for present knowledge derived from genetics and understanding of environmental influences; it may, however, usefully supplement such knowledge. The present paper does not present evidence from cases suggestive of reincarnation. It does, however, cite cases of subjects who have claimed to remember previous lives, most of whose statements have been verified in the course of detailed investigations. For each case, a reference is provided to a detailed published case report furnishing the evidence in that case. The idea of reincarnation may contribute to an improved understanding of such diverse matters as: phobias and philias of childhood; skills not learned in early life; abnormalities of child-parent relationships; vendettas and bellicose nationalism; childhood sexuality and gender identity confusion; birthmarks, congenital deformities, and internal diseases; differences between members of monozygotic twin pairs; and abnormal appetites during pregnancy. Empirical studies of cases of the reincarnation type have so far not provided any evidence that justifies using reincarnation as an explanation for the occurrence of child prodigies of the large inequities in socioeconomic conditions of humans at birth."}
{"id": "PMID:864445", "title": "Endogeneity and reactivity as orthogonal dimensions in depression.", "content": "Endogeneity and reactivity have long been considered polar opposites of a major dimension of depression. The present factor analytic study examines 35 distinct depressive symptoms in three depressed samples and supports the conceptualization of D. F. Klein (Endomorphic depression. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry, 31:447-454, 1974) that endogeneity and reactivity can be construed as orthogonal, independent dimensions. Symptoms consistently loading on an endogeneity factor are: 1) lacking in reactivity to environmental changes; 2)showing no interest in life; 3) retarded (slow, feeling tired, etc.); 4) feeling unable to act; 5) considering self lazy; 6) feeling helpless and powerless; and 7) perceiving depression as qualitatively different from ordinary sadness. Symptoms consistently loading on a reactivity factor are: 1) feeling that he or she is bearing troubles; 2) presence of precipitating stress; 3) crediting problems to excessive family and/or job responsiblitiies; 4) expressing concern for welfare of family and friends; 5) visceral symptoms; 6) feeling at \"end of rope\"; 7) having middle-of-the-night insomnia; and 8) showing self-pity. The results suggest a methodology for identifying depressives who are high-high, low-high, high-low, and low-low on the endogeneity and reactivity factors.", "contents": "Endogeneity and reactivity as orthogonal dimensions in depression. Endogeneity and reactivity have long been considered polar opposites of a major dimension of depression. The present factor analytic study examines 35 distinct depressive symptoms in three depressed samples and supports the conceptualization of D. F. Klein (Endomorphic depression. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry, 31:447-454, 1974) that endogeneity and reactivity can be construed as orthogonal, independent dimensions. Symptoms consistently loading on an endogeneity factor are: 1) lacking in reactivity to environmental changes; 2)showing no interest in life; 3) retarded (slow, feeling tired, etc.); 4) feeling unable to act; 5) considering self lazy; 6) feeling helpless and powerless; and 7) perceiving depression as qualitatively different from ordinary sadness. Symptoms consistently loading on a reactivity factor are: 1) feeling that he or she is bearing troubles; 2) presence of precipitating stress; 3) crediting problems to excessive family and/or job responsiblitiies; 4) expressing concern for welfare of family and friends; 5) visceral symptoms; 6) feeling at \"end of rope\"; 7) having middle-of-the-night insomnia; and 8) showing self-pity. The results suggest a methodology for identifying depressives who are high-high, low-high, high-low, and low-low on the endogeneity and reactivity factors."}
{"id": "PMID:864446", "title": "Premorbid social competence and paranoid-nonparanoid status in female schizophrenic patients.", "content": "The relation between premorbid social competence and paranoid-nonparanoid status was examined in a sample of 300 female schizophrenic patients. The subjects were drawn from the same state hospital employed in an earlier study conducted with male patients. The female paranoid patients were found to have better premorbid adjustment histories than the female nonparanoids. Tentative evidence was presented suggesting that the difference in premorbid social competence between paranoid and nonparanoid groups was greater for first and second admission patients than for patients with three or more admissions. The results were discussed in the context of their relation to previous research in this area. Differences between the female and male studies were noted, and the implications of sex differences in social competence were discussed both in terms of conventional measures of social competence and of the competence construct itself.", "contents": "Premorbid social competence and paranoid-nonparanoid status in female schizophrenic patients. The relation between premorbid social competence and paranoid-nonparanoid status was examined in a sample of 300 female schizophrenic patients. The subjects were drawn from the same state hospital employed in an earlier study conducted with male patients. The female paranoid patients were found to have better premorbid adjustment histories than the female nonparanoids. Tentative evidence was presented suggesting that the difference in premorbid social competence between paranoid and nonparanoid groups was greater for first and second admission patients than for patients with three or more admissions. The results were discussed in the context of their relation to previous research in this area. Differences between the female and male studies were noted, and the implications of sex differences in social competence were discussed both in terms of conventional measures of social competence and of the competence construct itself."}
{"id": "PMID:864447", "title": "Incidence of the 14 and 6 per second positive spike pattern in an adult clinical population: an empirical note.", "content": "Although 14 and 6 per second positive spiking in children and adolescents  has received extensive investigative attention resulting in conflicting results and opinion, efforts to study this finding in adult populations have been almost totally neglected. The present study attempts to contrast the incidence of this EEG finding in an adult clinical psychiatric sample with similar incidence data derived froma historical normal adult control series. From 10 years of laboratory data, the presence or absence of positive spikes was noted in the waking and sleep EEGs of 2888 psychiatric patients aged 20 and above. These incidence figures were contrasted with similar data derived from the EEG'S of 619 normal adults of similar age collected in a previously published control series. A differentially higher incidence of positive spiking in the adult clinical population as contrasted with the adult normal control population occurred with a high level of statistical significance. Methodological and technological aspects of electroencephalographic recording for the current clinical group and the historical control population are felt to be virtually identical and the possible effect of differential recording or interpretive practice confounding the present results does not seem plausible. The present results offer no solution or resolution of the positive spike controversy. They do, however, suggest that additional focus on this EEG signal in adults may possibly have merit.", "contents": "Incidence of the 14 and 6 per second positive spike pattern in an adult clinical population: an empirical note. Although 14 and 6 per second positive spiking in children and adolescents  has received extensive investigative attention resulting in conflicting results and opinion, efforts to study this finding in adult populations have been almost totally neglected. The present study attempts to contrast the incidence of this EEG finding in an adult clinical psychiatric sample with similar incidence data derived froma historical normal adult control series. From 10 years of laboratory data, the presence or absence of positive spikes was noted in the waking and sleep EEGs of 2888 psychiatric patients aged 20 and above. These incidence figures were contrasted with similar data derived from the EEG'S of 619 normal adults of similar age collected in a previously published control series. A differentially higher incidence of positive spiking in the adult clinical population as contrasted with the adult normal control population occurred with a high level of statistical significance. Methodological and technological aspects of electroencephalographic recording for the current clinical group and the historical control population are felt to be virtually identical and the possible effect of differential recording or interpretive practice confounding the present results does not seem plausible. The present results offer no solution or resolution of the positive spike controversy. They do, however, suggest that additional focus on this EEG signal in adults may possibly have merit."}
{"id": "PMID:864448", "title": "Opium and heroin addicts in Laos. I. A comparative study.", "content": "Students of narcotic addiction have believed that heroin addiction is more debilitating than the \"traditional\" opium addiction. Access to both opium and heroin addicts in a Laotian treatment facility provided an opportunity to test this hypothesis. All subjects were volunteer narcotic addicts seeking treatment at an inpatient detoxification facility over a 12-month period. The research format consisted of five demographic characteristics, four aspects of past narcotic usage, and three aspects of current narcotic usage. Fifty-one heroin addicts were compared to 438 opium addicts. Many of the demographic differences in the two groups reflected the urban residence of most heroin addicts and the mixed urban-rural residence of opium addicts. Heroin addicts had more frequent daily doses of drug, spent considerably more money for their drug, and required higher initial methadone doses for detoxification. It also appeared that heroin addicts might have \"deteriorated\" faster and thus sought treatment earlier than opium addicts. Since the heroin and opium addicts in this study differed significantly on most demographic characteristics, it was difficult to know whether these observed differences were due to drug factors or demographic factors. Thus, a study of pairs matched for age, sex, and ethnicity was subsequently undertaken to test the hypotheses generated by this study.", "contents": "Opium and heroin addicts in Laos. I. A comparative study. Students of narcotic addiction have believed that heroin addiction is more debilitating than the \"traditional\" opium addiction. Access to both opium and heroin addicts in a Laotian treatment facility provided an opportunity to test this hypothesis. All subjects were volunteer narcotic addicts seeking treatment at an inpatient detoxification facility over a 12-month period. The research format consisted of five demographic characteristics, four aspects of past narcotic usage, and three aspects of current narcotic usage. Fifty-one heroin addicts were compared to 438 opium addicts. Many of the demographic differences in the two groups reflected the urban residence of most heroin addicts and the mixed urban-rural residence of opium addicts. Heroin addicts had more frequent daily doses of drug, spent considerably more money for their drug, and required higher initial methadone doses for detoxification. It also appeared that heroin addicts might have \"deteriorated\" faster and thus sought treatment earlier than opium addicts. Since the heroin and opium addicts in this study differed significantly on most demographic characteristics, it was difficult to know whether these observed differences were due to drug factors or demographic factors. Thus, a study of pairs matched for age, sex, and ethnicity was subsequently undertaken to test the hypotheses generated by this study."}
{"id": "PMID:864449", "title": "Opium and heroin addicts in Laos. II. A study of matched pairs.", "content": "Fifty-one Asian heroin addicts in Laos were matched for sex, ethnicity, and age with 51 opium addicts. All subjects were voluntary patients at a treatment facility for addicts. The two groups were compared for demographic characteristics, past narcotic history, current narcotic use, and readmission within 1 year following discharge from treatment. Heroin addicts took more doses of drug per day, spent more money per day on narcotic drugs, required higher detoxification doses of methadone, and sought treatment much sooner than did opium addicts. The two groups did not differ for duration of narcotic use prior to becoming addicted, or for rate of readmission following treatment. Demographic differences in occupation and employment reflected the urban distribution of heroin addicts, and the mixed urban-rural residence of opium addicts. These data suggest that heroin is not per se more or less apt to produce addiction (i.e., is not more \"addictogenic\") as compared to opium. The type of narcotic drug also does not appear to be an important factor in determining treatment outcome. However, heroin does appear to be more \"pathogenic\" than opium, since heroin addicts sought treatment much sooner than did opium addicts. This may have been due to economic factors (i. e., heroin addicts took more doses per day, spent more time in phases of intoxication and withdrawal, and spent less time in the middle phase with work and other coping behaviors). Opium addiction is not a \"benign\" or \"social\" form of addiction. In comparison to heroin, however, opium does cost less, requires fewer doses per day, and has a less toxic withdrawal (at least in the initial phase). Moreover, opium apparently takes longer to produce life crises that motivate the addict to seek treatment.", "contents": "Opium and heroin addicts in Laos. II. A study of matched pairs. Fifty-one Asian heroin addicts in Laos were matched for sex, ethnicity, and age with 51 opium addicts. All subjects were voluntary patients at a treatment facility for addicts. The two groups were compared for demographic characteristics, past narcotic history, current narcotic use, and readmission within 1 year following discharge from treatment. Heroin addicts took more doses of drug per day, spent more money per day on narcotic drugs, required higher detoxification doses of methadone, and sought treatment much sooner than did opium addicts. The two groups did not differ for duration of narcotic use prior to becoming addicted, or for rate of readmission following treatment. Demographic differences in occupation and employment reflected the urban distribution of heroin addicts, and the mixed urban-rural residence of opium addicts. These data suggest that heroin is not per se more or less apt to produce addiction (i.e., is not more \"addictogenic\") as compared to opium. The type of narcotic drug also does not appear to be an important factor in determining treatment outcome. However, heroin does appear to be more \"pathogenic\" than opium, since heroin addicts sought treatment much sooner than did opium addicts. This may have been due to economic factors (i. e., heroin addicts took more doses per day, spent more time in phases of intoxication and withdrawal, and spent less time in the middle phase with work and other coping behaviors). Opium addiction is not a \"benign\" or \"social\" form of addiction. In comparison to heroin, however, opium does cost less, requires fewer doses per day, and has a less toxic withdrawal (at least in the initial phase). Moreover, opium apparently takes longer to produce life crises that motivate the addict to seek treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:864450", "title": "Mania during maintenance hemodialysis successfully treated with oral lithium carbonate.", "content": "A 25-year-old maintenance hemodialysis patient suffered an episode of mania. Oral lithium carbonate given as a single 600-mg dose following each dialytic treatment sustained serum lithium levels in the 0.6 to 0.8 mEq/l range. Clinical remission occurred quickly and was maintained throughout a 6-month follow-up period. No significant side effects were noted.", "contents": "Mania during maintenance hemodialysis successfully treated with oral lithium carbonate. A 25-year-old maintenance hemodialysis patient suffered an episode of mania. Oral lithium carbonate given as a single 600-mg dose following each dialytic treatment sustained serum lithium levels in the 0.6 to 0.8 mEq/l range. Clinical remission occurred quickly and was maintained throughout a 6-month follow-up period. No significant side effects were noted."}
{"id": "PMID:864453", "title": "Depersonalization in accident victims and psychiatric patients.", "content": "A transient depersonalization syndrome was identified in nearly one third of persons exposed to life-threatening danger (accident victims) and close to 40% of a group of hospitalized psychiatric patients. Although the syndrome was similar in these populations, mental clouding developed more commonly among patients and alertness was more prominent among accident victims. Anxiety was significantly associated with the development of depersonalization among psychiatric patients and was almost certainly a factor in its appearance among accident victims. The findings suggest that this syndrome is a specific response to extreme danger or its associated anxiety.", "contents": "Depersonalization in accident victims and psychiatric patients. A transient depersonalization syndrome was identified in nearly one third of persons exposed to life-threatening danger (accident victims) and close to 40% of a group of hospitalized psychiatric patients. Although the syndrome was similar in these populations, mental clouding developed more commonly among patients and alertness was more prominent among accident victims. Anxiety was significantly associated with the development of depersonalization among psychiatric patients and was almost certainly a factor in its appearance among accident victims. The findings suggest that this syndrome is a specific response to extreme danger or its associated anxiety."}
{"id": "PMID:864454", "title": "Psychopathology in children of inpatients with depression: a controlled study.", "content": "One quarter of 29 parents hospitalized for depression had children with episodes of depression (eight out of a total of 75 children). None of the children in 41 families with well parents had episodes of depression (a total of 152 children). The differences were significant at the .01 level. It is suggested that symptoms \"equivalent\" to depression such as hyperactivity, deviant behavior, and learning difficulties are not required in establishing clinical depression in childhood. The methodological shortcomings in this study were discussed.", "contents": "Psychopathology in children of inpatients with depression: a controlled study. One quarter of 29 parents hospitalized for depression had children with episodes of depression (eight out of a total of 75 children). None of the children in 41 families with well parents had episodes of depression (a total of 152 children). The differences were significant at the .01 level. It is suggested that symptoms \"equivalent\" to depression such as hyperactivity, deviant behavior, and learning difficulties are not required in establishing clinical depression in childhood. The methodological shortcomings in this study were discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:864474", "title": "CSF hydrodynamic studies in man. 1. Method of constant pressure CSF infusion.", "content": "The constant pressure method for the study of the hydrodynamics of CSF is presented. By infusing artificial CSF at constant pressures and recording the resultant flow, it is possible to obtain information about the hydrodynamic conductance of the CSF outflow pathways. By lowering the infusion pressure below the pressure of the sagittal sinus all CSF produced can be collected and the CSF formation rate may thus be calculated. There is a rectilinear relationship between CSF pressure and the flow necessary to maintain the pressure. It is thus concluded that the arachnoidal villi, when once opened, are not further distended by pressure. This method makes possible indirect calculation of the pressure of the sagittal sinus and the pressure difference between the subarachnoid space and the sagittal sinus.", "contents": "CSF hydrodynamic studies in man. 1. Method of constant pressure CSF infusion. The constant pressure method for the study of the hydrodynamics of CSF is presented. By infusing artificial CSF at constant pressures and recording the resultant flow, it is possible to obtain information about the hydrodynamic conductance of the CSF outflow pathways. By lowering the infusion pressure below the pressure of the sagittal sinus all CSF produced can be collected and the CSF formation rate may thus be calculated. There is a rectilinear relationship between CSF pressure and the flow necessary to maintain the pressure. It is thus concluded that the arachnoidal villi, when once opened, are not further distended by pressure. This method makes possible indirect calculation of the pressure of the sagittal sinus and the pressure difference between the subarachnoid space and the sagittal sinus."}
{"id": "PMID:864475", "title": "Sump drainage: a palliative manoeuvre for the treatment of craniopharyngioma.", "content": "A sump system was used as a palliative manoeuvre in the treatment of four cases of cystic craniopharyngioma. Percutaneous needling of the subcutaneous reservoir enabled the fluid contents of the tumour to be evacuated with considerable therapeutic effect. Radiotherapy was combined with this manoeuvre in two cases. The three successfully treated patients have been followed up for 3 1/2, five, and 5 1/2 years. The manoeuvre is not original. It is simple, safe, effective, even in the long term, and worthy of consideration in the treatment of a condition of acknowledged uncertain natural history and surgical difficulty.", "contents": "Sump drainage: a palliative manoeuvre for the treatment of craniopharyngioma. A sump system was used as a palliative manoeuvre in the treatment of four cases of cystic craniopharyngioma. Percutaneous needling of the subcutaneous reservoir enabled the fluid contents of the tumour to be evacuated with considerable therapeutic effect. Radiotherapy was combined with this manoeuvre in two cases. The three successfully treated patients have been followed up for 3 1/2, five, and 5 1/2 years. The manoeuvre is not original. It is simple, safe, effective, even in the long term, and worthy of consideration in the treatment of a condition of acknowledged uncertain natural history and surgical difficulty."}
{"id": "PMID:864476", "title": "Supratentorial intracerebral epithelial (ependymal) cysts: review, case reports, and fine structure.", "content": "The paper concerns the rare supratentorial, intracerebral or convexity cysts in adults having a wall lined with an epithelium resembling ependyma. The clincopathological aspects of such cysts are reviewed from 15 published cases and two specimens of the authors which could be examined with the electronmicroscope. These cysts manifest at a median age of 46 years as progressive, space occupying lesions with a fairly rapid clinical course of about one to two years. Twelve of 17 cysts were located in the frontal lobes, most were unequivocally intracerebral and none communicated with the lateral ventricle. Microscopic examination of the cyst wall disclosed some variance in structure, the most common feature being a monolayer of ciliated cells sitting on a very thin collagen membrane. One of the present cases was unique in that the compression by the cyst had caused a shell of infarction in the encompassing tissue. The fine structure of the cysts is described and compared with that of potential host tissues from which such cysts may originate. It is concluded that the cysts arise from displaced segments of the wall of the neural tube which correspond to the sites from which the tela chorioidea forms.", "contents": "Supratentorial intracerebral epithelial (ependymal) cysts: review, case reports, and fine structure. The paper concerns the rare supratentorial, intracerebral or convexity cysts in adults having a wall lined with an epithelium resembling ependyma. The clincopathological aspects of such cysts are reviewed from 15 published cases and two specimens of the authors which could be examined with the electronmicroscope. These cysts manifest at a median age of 46 years as progressive, space occupying lesions with a fairly rapid clinical course of about one to two years. Twelve of 17 cysts were located in the frontal lobes, most were unequivocally intracerebral and none communicated with the lateral ventricle. Microscopic examination of the cyst wall disclosed some variance in structure, the most common feature being a monolayer of ciliated cells sitting on a very thin collagen membrane. One of the present cases was unique in that the compression by the cyst had caused a shell of infarction in the encompassing tissue. The fine structure of the cysts is described and compared with that of potential host tissues from which such cysts may originate. It is concluded that the cysts arise from displaced segments of the wall of the neural tube which correspond to the sites from which the tela chorioidea forms."}
{"id": "PMID:864477", "title": "Postural changes in plasma renin activity and responses to vasoactive drugs in a case of Shy-Drager syndrome.", "content": "A male aged 47 years with gross autonomic insufficiency as part of the Shy-Drager syndrome is described. He did not sweat normally when warmed, and his circulatory responses to mental arithmetic, the Valsalva manoeuvre, and head-up tilt were abnormal indicating severe sympathetic failure. During head-up tilt there was a rise in plasma renin activity and plasma aldosterone. It is argued that plasma renin activity is not dependent on sympathetic nervous activity and may be mediated by renal baroreceptors. These rises may help sustain the blood pressure in such patients during repeated head-up tilts. Infusions of L-noradrenaline and angiotension produced greater hypertension, and injections of isoprenaline greater hypotension than in controls. Although it is difficult to exclude the possibility that one factor in this may be hypersensitivity of receptors in blood vessel walls, the principal factor is likely to be the absence of those baroreflexes of which the efferent pathways are in the sympathetic nervous system.", "contents": "Postural changes in plasma renin activity and responses to vasoactive drugs in a case of Shy-Drager syndrome. A male aged 47 years with gross autonomic insufficiency as part of the Shy-Drager syndrome is described. He did not sweat normally when warmed, and his circulatory responses to mental arithmetic, the Valsalva manoeuvre, and head-up tilt were abnormal indicating severe sympathetic failure. During head-up tilt there was a rise in plasma renin activity and plasma aldosterone. It is argued that plasma renin activity is not dependent on sympathetic nervous activity and may be mediated by renal baroreceptors. These rises may help sustain the blood pressure in such patients during repeated head-up tilts. Infusions of L-noradrenaline and angiotension produced greater hypertension, and injections of isoprenaline greater hypotension than in controls. Although it is difficult to exclude the possibility that one factor in this may be hypersensitivity of receptors in blood vessel walls, the principal factor is likely to be the absence of those baroreflexes of which the efferent pathways are in the sympathetic nervous system."}
{"id": "PMID:864478", "title": "Hypertension and papilloedema in the Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome.", "content": "Three patients with the Guillain-Barr\u00e9 Syndrome are described, one of whom was relapsing. Hypertension persisted for three to four months in two patients, associated with increased urinary excretion of catecholamines. Baroreceptor sensitivity, although depressed, did not explain the hypertension. It may be due to lesions affecting either central vasomotor control or peripheral sympathetic nerve activity. Two patients had papilloedema. This has been attributed in the literature to defective reabsorption of CSF due to high protein concentration. Normal reabsorption of isotope labelled albumin from the subrachnoid space argues against this explanation in our cases.", "contents": "Hypertension and papilloedema in the Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome. Three patients with the Guillain-Barr\u00e9 Syndrome are described, one of whom was relapsing. Hypertension persisted for three to four months in two patients, associated with increased urinary excretion of catecholamines. Baroreceptor sensitivity, although depressed, did not explain the hypertension. It may be due to lesions affecting either central vasomotor control or peripheral sympathetic nerve activity. Two patients had papilloedema. This has been attributed in the literature to defective reabsorption of CSF due to high protein concentration. Normal reabsorption of isotope labelled albumin from the subrachnoid space argues against this explanation in our cases."}
{"id": "PMID:864479", "title": "A quantitative electrophysiological study of acute idiopathic polyneuritis.", "content": "The motor unit content and the dimensions of individual motor unit action potentials were studied in 17 patients with acute idiopathic polyneuritis from one week to 9 1/2 years after the onset of the illness. An initial decrease in motor unit numbers is followed by a progressive increase with the passage of time from the onset of the illness. The latencies, areas, amplitudes, and durations of individual motor unit potentials were increased above normal values. The results suggest the presence of significant axonal damage in the majority of cases of acute idiopathic polyneuritis. The intramuscular nerve fibres are the site of most severe electrophysiological dysfunction in this study.", "contents": "A quantitative electrophysiological study of acute idiopathic polyneuritis. The motor unit content and the dimensions of individual motor unit action potentials were studied in 17 patients with acute idiopathic polyneuritis from one week to 9 1/2 years after the onset of the illness. An initial decrease in motor unit numbers is followed by a progressive increase with the passage of time from the onset of the illness. The latencies, areas, amplitudes, and durations of individual motor unit potentials were increased above normal values. The results suggest the presence of significant axonal damage in the majority of cases of acute idiopathic polyneuritis. The intramuscular nerve fibres are the site of most severe electrophysiological dysfunction in this study."}
{"id": "PMID:864480", "title": "Plasma DOPA levels and growth hormone response to levodopa in parkinsomism.", "content": "It has been suggested that the therapeutic response to levodopa in patients with Parkinson's disease may be related to changes in plasma growth hormone concentration. In order to examine this problem, we have determined plasma DOPA and growth hormone levels after a standard oral levodopa load in 32 patients with Parkinson's disease. Levodopa caused an increase in plasma growth hormone concentration in 30 subjects. The magnitude and timing of this growth hormone response was not related to the clinical response, the presence or absence of response swings, or the occurrence of dyskinesias. The growth hormone response to levodopa is normal in patients with Parkinson's disease and not altered by long-term levodopa treatment.", "contents": "Plasma DOPA levels and growth hormone response to levodopa in parkinsomism. It has been suggested that the therapeutic response to levodopa in patients with Parkinson's disease may be related to changes in plasma growth hormone concentration. In order to examine this problem, we have determined plasma DOPA and growth hormone levels after a standard oral levodopa load in 32 patients with Parkinson's disease. Levodopa caused an increase in plasma growth hormone concentration in 30 subjects. The magnitude and timing of this growth hormone response was not related to the clinical response, the presence or absence of response swings, or the occurrence of dyskinesias. The growth hormone response to levodopa is normal in patients with Parkinson's disease and not altered by long-term levodopa treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:864481", "title": "Long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in endogenous depression.", "content": "The fatty acid composition of the plasma choline phosphoglycerides (CPG) and erythrocyte ethanolamine phosphoglycerides (EPG) were detemined in a series of patients suffering from endogenous depression, a number of patients from the same ward with non-depressive psychiatric disorders, and a number of age- and sex-matched healthy control subjects. A significantly higher proportion of long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids, in particular eicosapentaenoic acid (20:5omega3) and docosahexaenoic acid (22:6omega3), was found in the subjects with endogenous depression compared with the controls. This change was reflected to a lesser extent in the erythrocyte EPG. The proportions of the two prostaglandin precursors gamma-dihomolinolenic acid (20:3omega6) and arachidonic acid (20:4omega6) were similar in both groups. The fatty acid composition of the plasma CPG and erythrocyte EPG of a number of subjects from the same ward with non-depressive psychiatric disorders did not differ from that of the healthy controls. It is suggested that the analysis of the fatty acid composition of plasma CPG may be of diagnostic value and could be involved in the pathology of endogenous depression.", "contents": "Long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in endogenous depression. The fatty acid composition of the plasma choline phosphoglycerides (CPG) and erythrocyte ethanolamine phosphoglycerides (EPG) were detemined in a series of patients suffering from endogenous depression, a number of patients from the same ward with non-depressive psychiatric disorders, and a number of age- and sex-matched healthy control subjects. A significantly higher proportion of long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids, in particular eicosapentaenoic acid (20:5omega3) and docosahexaenoic acid (22:6omega3), was found in the subjects with endogenous depression compared with the controls. This change was reflected to a lesser extent in the erythrocyte EPG. The proportions of the two prostaglandin precursors gamma-dihomolinolenic acid (20:3omega6) and arachidonic acid (20:4omega6) were similar in both groups. The fatty acid composition of the plasma CPG and erythrocyte EPG of a number of subjects from the same ward with non-depressive psychiatric disorders did not differ from that of the healthy controls. It is suggested that the analysis of the fatty acid composition of plasma CPG may be of diagnostic value and could be involved in the pathology of endogenous depression."}
{"id": "PMID:864482", "title": "Effects of oral amines on the EEG.", "content": "Oral tyramine activated pre-existing episodic EEG abnormalities--namely, sharp waves, spike and wave, and localised theta activity--in epileptic patients. Little change was found in the EEGs of migrainous subjects after chocolate or beta-phenylethylamine. The implications of the findings with tyramine are discussed.", "contents": "Effects of oral amines on the EEG. Oral tyramine activated pre-existing episodic EEG abnormalities--namely, sharp waves, spike and wave, and localised theta activity--in epileptic patients. Little change was found in the EEGs of migrainous subjects after chocolate or beta-phenylethylamine. The implications of the findings with tyramine are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:864483", "title": "Symptomatic cataplexy.", "content": "The case is described of a man who developed attacks of cataplexy, narcolepsy, and sleep paralysis because of microglioma which infiltrated the walls and floor of the IIIrd ventricle and the upper brain stem. The mechanisms by which the pathology is related to the symptoms are discussed.", "contents": "Symptomatic cataplexy. The case is described of a man who developed attacks of cataplexy, narcolepsy, and sleep paralysis because of microglioma which infiltrated the walls and floor of the IIIrd ventricle and the upper brain stem. The mechanisms by which the pathology is related to the symptoms are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:864484", "title": "Painful tic convulsif.", "content": "Painful tic convulsif is a syndrome restricted to paroxysmal dysfunction of the fifth and seventh cranial nerves. It occurs primarily in women over the age of 50 years and is usually associated with an ectatic vertebrobasilar artery--less frequently an arteriovenous malformation or cholesteatoma--which compresses the trigeminal and facial nerve roots in the posterior fossa. In rare instances this syndrome may be caused by disseminated sclerosis. Because of the high incidence of posterior fossa lesions in painful tic convulsif, a complete neurological evaluation including computerised transaxial tomography and vertebrobasilar angiography should be performed in every case.", "contents": "Painful tic convulsif. Painful tic convulsif is a syndrome restricted to paroxysmal dysfunction of the fifth and seventh cranial nerves. It occurs primarily in women over the age of 50 years and is usually associated with an ectatic vertebrobasilar artery--less frequently an arteriovenous malformation or cholesteatoma--which compresses the trigeminal and facial nerve roots in the posterior fossa. In rare instances this syndrome may be caused by disseminated sclerosis. Because of the high incidence of posterior fossa lesions in painful tic convulsif, a complete neurological evaluation including computerised transaxial tomography and vertebrobasilar angiography should be performed in every case."}
{"id": "PMID:864487", "title": "Why does hydrocephalus progress?", "content": "Experimental results in rabbits support the hypothesis that occlusion of the cerebral subarachnoid space, resulting in an increased strain-stress ratio in the ventricular wall, is the mechanical basis of chronic progressive hydrocephalus within a rigid skull. When the cerebral subarachnoid space was drained through an artificial low-resistance fluid pathway, the wall of the olfactory ventricle showed edema that was indistinguishable from the edema of kaolin hydrocephalus. Increased CSF pressure did not produce edema of this grade when the cerebral subarachnoid space was patent. When the subarachnoid space surrounding the right olfactory bulb was occluded with silicone rubber, the right but not the left olfactory ventricle enlarged; resistance to cerebrospinal fluid absorption remained normal.", "contents": "Why does hydrocephalus progress? Experimental results in rabbits support the hypothesis that occlusion of the cerebral subarachnoid space, resulting in an increased strain-stress ratio in the ventricular wall, is the mechanical basis of chronic progressive hydrocephalus within a rigid skull. When the cerebral subarachnoid space was drained through an artificial low-resistance fluid pathway, the wall of the olfactory ventricle showed edema that was indistinguishable from the edema of kaolin hydrocephalus. Increased CSF pressure did not produce edema of this grade when the cerebral subarachnoid space was patent. When the subarachnoid space surrounding the right olfactory bulb was occluded with silicone rubber, the right but not the left olfactory ventricle enlarged; resistance to cerebrospinal fluid absorption remained normal."}
{"id": "PMID:864488", "title": "The peroneal muscular atrophy syndrome. Clinical genetic, electrophysiological and nerve biopsy studies. Part 3. Clinical, electrophysiological and pathological correlations.", "content": "This report analyses correlations between clinical, electrophysiological and pathological data derived from a series of families with peroneal muscular atrophy. It was found that the observed differences between families in median nerve forearm motor conduction velocity were unlikely to be due to differences in the age or severity of the cases. Similarly it it was unlikely that the pathological differences between cases were due to age or severity of the case. The conduction velocity in the Hypertrophic Neuropathy Group tended to increase slightly with age, while that in other cases tended to fall slightly. The conduction velocity and total myelinated fibre counts were inversely related to the degree of segmental demyelination. The Hypertrophic Neuropathy Group and the Intermediate Group of cases were found to behave differently in a number of correlative analyses, thus supporting the suggestion that they represent different disease entities.", "contents": "The peroneal muscular atrophy syndrome. Clinical genetic, electrophysiological and nerve biopsy studies. Part 3. Clinical, electrophysiological and pathological correlations. This report analyses correlations between clinical, electrophysiological and pathological data derived from a series of families with peroneal muscular atrophy. It was found that the observed differences between families in median nerve forearm motor conduction velocity were unlikely to be due to differences in the age or severity of the cases. Similarly it it was unlikely that the pathological differences between cases were due to age or severity of the case. The conduction velocity in the Hypertrophic Neuropathy Group tended to increase slightly with age, while that in other cases tended to fall slightly. The conduction velocity and total myelinated fibre counts were inversely related to the degree of segmental demyelination. The Hypertrophic Neuropathy Group and the Intermediate Group of cases were found to behave differently in a number of correlative analyses, thus supporting the suggestion that they represent different disease entities."}
{"id": "PMID:864489", "title": "Serum pyruvate kinase in carriers of Duchenne muscular dystrophy.", "content": "Five out of 17 carriers of the gene for Duchenne muscular dystrophy had an increased level of serum pyruvate kinase activity, whilst 11, including the same 5, showed an increase in serum creatine kinase.", "contents": "Serum pyruvate kinase in carriers of Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Five out of 17 carriers of the gene for Duchenne muscular dystrophy had an increased level of serum pyruvate kinase activity, whilst 11, including the same 5, showed an increase in serum creatine kinase."}
{"id": "PMID:864490", "title": "A case of chronic demyelinating polyneuropathy resembling the Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome.", "content": "A case of demyelinating polyneuropathy is reported which was clinically and pathologically indistinguishable from the Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome, with the exception that the symptoms progressed steadily for 7 months. Pathologically, the peripheral nerves and intraspinal roots showed selective demyelination with axonal sparing and patchy mononuclear inflammation. The posterior columns of the spinal cord also showed selective demyelination with axonal sparing. The simultaneous destruction of central and peripheral myelin is discussed in relation to the immune theory for the Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome. Numerous anterior horn cells showed severe chromatolysis although there was little axon loss. It is suggested that chromatolysis may occur after severe and longstanding demyelination.", "contents": "A case of chronic demyelinating polyneuropathy resembling the Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome. A case of demyelinating polyneuropathy is reported which was clinically and pathologically indistinguishable from the Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome, with the exception that the symptoms progressed steadily for 7 months. Pathologically, the peripheral nerves and intraspinal roots showed selective demyelination with axonal sparing and patchy mononuclear inflammation. The posterior columns of the spinal cord also showed selective demyelination with axonal sparing. The simultaneous destruction of central and peripheral myelin is discussed in relation to the immune theory for the Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome. Numerous anterior horn cells showed severe chromatolysis although there was little axon loss. It is suggested that chromatolysis may occur after severe and longstanding demyelination."}
{"id": "PMID:864491", "title": "Galactolipid fatty acid composition in adrenoleukodystrophy.", "content": "The non-hydroxy and hydroxy fatty acids of the major brain galactosphingolipids, cerebroside and sulphatide, have been isolated from white matter, gray matter and myelin of 2 children with adrenoleukodystrophy and from a corresponding control. In addition, cerebroside fatty acids were recovered from a myelin-related fraction on 1 patient. In comparison to control observations, myelin and the myelin-related fraction cerebroside demonstrate a loss of C24:1 and C24h:o fatty acids from normal and hydroxy fatty acid fractions, respectively. White and gray matter galactolipids isolated from 1 patient indicated a signficant increase in short chain (C16, C18 and C18:1) non-hydroxy fatty acids. In the isolated diseased myelin, the ratio of cerebroside hydroxy to non-hydroxy fatty acids was elevated about 1.5 times above the value for normal myelin, whereas the ratio derived for the myelin-related fraction was about two-thirds the values for the control myelin cerebroside.", "contents": "Galactolipid fatty acid composition in adrenoleukodystrophy. The non-hydroxy and hydroxy fatty acids of the major brain galactosphingolipids, cerebroside and sulphatide, have been isolated from white matter, gray matter and myelin of 2 children with adrenoleukodystrophy and from a corresponding control. In addition, cerebroside fatty acids were recovered from a myelin-related fraction on 1 patient. In comparison to control observations, myelin and the myelin-related fraction cerebroside demonstrate a loss of C24:1 and C24h:o fatty acids from normal and hydroxy fatty acid fractions, respectively. White and gray matter galactolipids isolated from 1 patient indicated a signficant increase in short chain (C16, C18 and C18:1) non-hydroxy fatty acids. In the isolated diseased myelin, the ratio of cerebroside hydroxy to non-hydroxy fatty acids was elevated about 1.5 times above the value for normal myelin, whereas the ratio derived for the myelin-related fraction was about two-thirds the values for the control myelin cerebroside."}
{"id": "PMID:864492", "title": "HLA phenotype A2;B12 in vitamin B12 neuromyelopathy.", "content": "Severe neurological complications (either peripheral neuropathy, subacute combined degeneration of the cord or cerebral changes) are a characteristic feature in some patients with marked vitamin B12 deficiency. Although Addisonian pernicious anaemia (PA) is the major cause of this neurological syndrome, the disorder has been described in association with other conditions in which there is a profound depletion of vitamin B12 stores. Sixteen patients with vitamin B12 neuromyelopathy, associated with PA, have been HLA-typed for 27 alleles of the A and B loci and compared with 53 cases of PA without neurological damage and 60 controls of the same ethnic group. There is a significantly increased frequency of the HLA phenotype. A12;B12 (44% instead of 4% in PA patients without neurological damage) in the disease group studied (P less than 0.0005). The signficance of these findings in relation to the pathogenesis of vitamin B12 neuromyelopathy is discussed.", "contents": "HLA phenotype A2;B12 in vitamin B12 neuromyelopathy. Severe neurological complications (either peripheral neuropathy, subacute combined degeneration of the cord or cerebral changes) are a characteristic feature in some patients with marked vitamin B12 deficiency. Although Addisonian pernicious anaemia (PA) is the major cause of this neurological syndrome, the disorder has been described in association with other conditions in which there is a profound depletion of vitamin B12 stores. Sixteen patients with vitamin B12 neuromyelopathy, associated with PA, have been HLA-typed for 27 alleles of the A and B loci and compared with 53 cases of PA without neurological damage and 60 controls of the same ethnic group. There is a significantly increased frequency of the HLA phenotype. A12;B12 (44% instead of 4% in PA patients without neurological damage) in the disease group studied (P less than 0.0005). The signficance of these findings in relation to the pathogenesis of vitamin B12 neuromyelopathy is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:864494", "title": "Commissural myelotomy.", "content": "The effect of commissural myelotomy in 24 cases with intractable pain is described. The operative technique employed with the operating microscope or magnifying glasses and a special myelotome is outlined. The results suggest an outstanding advantage in patients with bilateral metastases from malignancies except intrapelvic metastases. Patients with lumbar arachnoiditis showed a total failure of pain relief after 2 to 5 years, in spite of good relief temporarily.", "contents": "Commissural myelotomy. The effect of commissural myelotomy in 24 cases with intractable pain is described. The operative technique employed with the operating microscope or magnifying glasses and a special myelotome is outlined. The results suggest an outstanding advantage in patients with bilateral metastases from malignancies except intrapelvic metastases. Patients with lumbar arachnoiditis showed a total failure of pain relief after 2 to 5 years, in spite of good relief temporarily."}
{"id": "PMID:864493", "title": "The peroneal muscular atrophy syndrome. Clinical, genetic, electrophysiological and nerve biopsy studies. Part 2. Observations on pathological changes in sural nerve biopsies.", "content": "The light-and electron-microscopic, single teased nerve and morphometric studies of a series of 17 sural nerve biopsies from patients with personeal muscular atrophy are presented. The cases are divided into the following groups according to the criteria of Davis, Bradley and Madrid (1977): Hypertrophic Neuropathy Group; Intermediate Group; Neuronal Sensorimotor Group; Neuronal Motor Group. The Hypertrophic Neuropathy Group had nerve hypertrophy and marked segmental demyelination and onion bulb formation. The Intermediate Group also had segmental demyelilination and onion bulb formation, but nerve hypertrophy was not seen, and axonal degeneration and regeneration were prominent. The Neuronal Sensorimotor Group cases were all sporadic, and showed some onion bulbs, paranodal demyelination and evidence of axonal degeneration and regeneration. The sensory nerve biopsy in the Neuronal Motor Group showed no major abnormality apart from some cluster formation indicating axonal regeneration. The data tend to support the classification of peroneal muscular atrophy proposed by Davis et al. (1977), though there was overlap between the groups in individual pathological parameters.", "contents": "The peroneal muscular atrophy syndrome. Clinical, genetic, electrophysiological and nerve biopsy studies. Part 2. Observations on pathological changes in sural nerve biopsies. The light-and electron-microscopic, single teased nerve and morphometric studies of a series of 17 sural nerve biopsies from patients with personeal muscular atrophy are presented. The cases are divided into the following groups according to the criteria of Davis, Bradley and Madrid (1977): Hypertrophic Neuropathy Group; Intermediate Group; Neuronal Sensorimotor Group; Neuronal Motor Group. The Hypertrophic Neuropathy Group had nerve hypertrophy and marked segmental demyelination and onion bulb formation. The Intermediate Group also had segmental demyelilination and onion bulb formation, but nerve hypertrophy was not seen, and axonal degeneration and regeneration were prominent. The Neuronal Sensorimotor Group cases were all sporadic, and showed some onion bulbs, paranodal demyelination and evidence of axonal degeneration and regeneration. The sensory nerve biopsy in the Neuronal Motor Group showed no major abnormality apart from some cluster formation indicating axonal regeneration. The data tend to support the classification of peroneal muscular atrophy proposed by Davis et al. (1977), though there was overlap between the groups in individual pathological parameters."}
{"id": "PMID:864495", "title": "Human chorionic gonadotropin produced by ectopic pinealoma in a girl with precocious puberty. Case report.", "content": "A case is reported in which a human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG-)-producing ectopic pinealoma was found in a 5-year-old girl with precocious puberty. Physical examination revealed abnormal breast enlargement. Endocrinological study disclosed a high plasma HCG concentration of 1192 ng/ml with a normal follicular stimulating hormone (FSH) level. The HCG content of the tumor was as high as 400 ng/mg of acetone dried tissue, but no FSH was detectable. This is the first reported case of precocious puberty associated with pineal tumor in a female.", "contents": "Human chorionic gonadotropin produced by ectopic pinealoma in a girl with precocious puberty. Case report. A case is reported in which a human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG-)-producing ectopic pinealoma was found in a 5-year-old girl with precocious puberty. Physical examination revealed abnormal breast enlargement. Endocrinological study disclosed a high plasma HCG concentration of 1192 ng/ml with a normal follicular stimulating hormone (FSH) level. The HCG content of the tumor was as high as 400 ng/mg of acetone dried tissue, but no FSH was detectable. This is the first reported case of precocious puberty associated with pineal tumor in a female."}
{"id": "PMID:864496", "title": "Preoperative diagnosis of brain-stem abscess by computerized tomography with survival. Case report.", "content": "A case is reported in which the diagnosis of brain-stem abscess was made preoperatively by computerized tomography. Surgical therapy resulted in relatively good functional recovery.", "contents": "Preoperative diagnosis of brain-stem abscess by computerized tomography with survival. Case report. A case is reported in which the diagnosis of brain-stem abscess was made preoperatively by computerized tomography. Surgical therapy resulted in relatively good functional recovery."}
{"id": "PMID:864497", "title": "Sarcoid of the cauda equina. Case report.", "content": "An unusual case of sarcoid involving the cauda equina, resulting in progressive paraparesis, is presented. There was no evidence of sarcoid involvement outside the nervous system, and the diagnosis was established through thoracolumbar exploration. The patient was treated with steroids postoperatively, and had a moderate recovery of neurological function.", "contents": "Sarcoid of the cauda equina. Case report. An unusual case of sarcoid involving the cauda equina, resulting in progressive paraparesis, is presented. There was no evidence of sarcoid involvement outside the nervous system, and the diagnosis was established through thoracolumbar exploration. The patient was treated with steroids postoperatively, and had a moderate recovery of neurological function."}
{"id": "PMID:864498", "title": "Anomalous course of the recurrent motor branch of the median nerve in a patient with carpal tunnel syndrome.", "content": "A case is discussed in which carpal tunnel syndrome with an unusual course of the motor recurrent branch was discovered at operation. The importance of a careful dissection of the median nerve in this condition is emphasized.", "contents": "Anomalous course of the recurrent motor branch of the median nerve in a patient with carpal tunnel syndrome. A case is discussed in which carpal tunnel syndrome with an unusual course of the motor recurrent branch was discovered at operation. The importance of a careful dissection of the median nerve in this condition is emphasized."}
{"id": "PMID:864499", "title": "An unusual atlanto-axial dislocation. Case report.", "content": "A case is presented in which the patient sustained a complete dislocation of the odontoid process in front of the anterior arch of the first cervical vertebra. There was no fracture of the arch of C-1 vertebra. The patient was treated successfully by trans-oral excision of the odontoid process and the anterior arch of C-1. Twenty days later the patient's spine was stabilized posteriorly at C-1 through C-3 with wire and methyl-methacrylate.", "contents": "An unusual atlanto-axial dislocation. Case report. A case is presented in which the patient sustained a complete dislocation of the odontoid process in front of the anterior arch of the first cervical vertebra. There was no fracture of the arch of C-1 vertebra. The patient was treated successfully by trans-oral excision of the odontoid process and the anterior arch of C-1. Twenty days later the patient's spine was stabilized posteriorly at C-1 through C-3 with wire and methyl-methacrylate."}
{"id": "PMID:864500", "title": "Intraparenchymal embolization for obliteration of an intramedullary AVM of the spinal cord. Technical note.", "content": "A new technique is presented in which expandable compressed Ivalon sponge emboli were used to obliterate an intramedullary arteriovenous malformation of the spinal cord by intraparenchymal embolization. A case is described in which this method was used.", "contents": "Intraparenchymal embolization for obliteration of an intramedullary AVM of the spinal cord. Technical note. A new technique is presented in which expandable compressed Ivalon sponge emboli were used to obliterate an intramedullary arteriovenous malformation of the spinal cord by intraparenchymal embolization. A case is described in which this method was used."}
{"id": "PMID:864501", "title": "Epidermoid and dermoid cysts. Clinical evaluation and late surgical results.", "content": "The authors report on the clinical data, operating technique, postoperative complications, and late results in a series of 31 epidermoid and 21 dermoid cysts of the central nervous system.", "contents": "Epidermoid and dermoid cysts. Clinical evaluation and late surgical results. The authors report on the clinical data, operating technique, postoperative complications, and late results in a series of 31 epidermoid and 21 dermoid cysts of the central nervous system."}
{"id": "PMID:864503", "title": "A fast method of estimating the elastance of the intracranial system.", "content": "The authors describe a fast method for estimating the elastance of the intracranial system in man. The method consists in constructing the so-called amplitude-pressure (Amp-P) curve which describes the relationship between the amplitude of pulse-related oscillations in cerebrospinal fluid pressure and the basic level of intracranial pressure. The Amp-P curve consists of two straight lines, and the point of intersection of these lines is thought to indicate the intracranial pressure level at which there occurs a qualitative change in the functioning of compensatory mechanisms of the intracranial system. The authors applied the method to examine the Amp-P curves of 10 patients without intracranial pathology and found that they provide a good description of the state and dynamics of the intracranial system. Preliminary data obtained in patients with intracranial pathology indicate that the method is a valuable tool in the diagnosis and treatment of neurosurgical patients.", "contents": "A fast method of estimating the elastance of the intracranial system. The authors describe a fast method for estimating the elastance of the intracranial system in man. The method consists in constructing the so-called amplitude-pressure (Amp-P) curve which describes the relationship between the amplitude of pulse-related oscillations in cerebrospinal fluid pressure and the basic level of intracranial pressure. The Amp-P curve consists of two straight lines, and the point of intersection of these lines is thought to indicate the intracranial pressure level at which there occurs a qualitative change in the functioning of compensatory mechanisms of the intracranial system. The authors applied the method to examine the Amp-P curves of 10 patients without intracranial pathology and found that they provide a good description of the state and dynamics of the intracranial system. Preliminary data obtained in patients with intracranial pathology indicate that the method is a valuable tool in the diagnosis and treatment of neurosurgical patients."}
{"id": "PMID:864504", "title": "Safety of mini-dose heparin administration for neurosurgical patients.", "content": "A course of small doses of heparin given subcutaneously before and after elective operations has been reported to reduce the incidence of deep venous thrombosis and pulmonary embolism in general surgical patients. To test the safety of mini-dose heparin for neurosurgical patients, mini-dose heparin was used for 150 adult patients undergoing elective neurosurgical procedures. No operative complications were thought to be related to heparin administration. Postoperatively, there were four wound seromas, two hematomas, and one non-fatal pulmonary embolus. Seven patients died postoperatively, of whom five had no evidence of pulmonary embolus. Although no conclusions were drawn as to the effectiveness of mini-dose heparin in preventing deep venous thrombosis or pulmonary emboli, it was believed that the method could be used safely and without fear of increased intracranial or intraspinal bleeding for neurosurgical patients.", "contents": "Safety of mini-dose heparin administration for neurosurgical patients. A course of small doses of heparin given subcutaneously before and after elective operations has been reported to reduce the incidence of deep venous thrombosis and pulmonary embolism in general surgical patients. To test the safety of mini-dose heparin for neurosurgical patients, mini-dose heparin was used for 150 adult patients undergoing elective neurosurgical procedures. No operative complications were thought to be related to heparin administration. Postoperatively, there were four wound seromas, two hematomas, and one non-fatal pulmonary embolus. Seven patients died postoperatively, of whom five had no evidence of pulmonary embolus. Although no conclusions were drawn as to the effectiveness of mini-dose heparin in preventing deep venous thrombosis or pulmonary emboli, it was believed that the method could be used safely and without fear of increased intracranial or intraspinal bleeding for neurosurgical patients."}
{"id": "PMID:864505", "title": "Prognosis of seventh nerve palsy following removal of a large acoustic tumors.", "content": "Before the advent of microsurgery for acoustic tumors, it was accepted that the majority of seventh nerves would be lost during the removal of large tumors. It is now possible to preserve these attenuated seventh nerves, even with very large tumors. Postoperative facial palsy may be present even with an anatomically intact seventh nerve, but our experience has demonstrated that recovery will ultimately occur. Eight of our nin patients with this situation have regained facial function, although in some the first clinical evidence of recovery did not occur for 1 year.", "contents": "Prognosis of seventh nerve palsy following removal of a large acoustic tumors. Before the advent of microsurgery for acoustic tumors, it was accepted that the majority of seventh nerves would be lost during the removal of large tumors. It is now possible to preserve these attenuated seventh nerves, even with very large tumors. Postoperative facial palsy may be present even with an anatomically intact seventh nerve, but our experience has demonstrated that recovery will ultimately occur. Eight of our nin patients with this situation have regained facial function, although in some the first clinical evidence of recovery did not occur for 1 year."}
{"id": "PMID:864506", "title": "Cerebral perfusion, vascular spasm, and outcome in patients with ruptured intracranial aneurysms.", "content": "In a retrospective study of 44 patients with verified ruptured intracranial aneurysms, the results of radionuclide cerebral perfusion scintigraphy (dynamic brain scanning) and the presence or absence of arteriographic spasm were correlated with the clinical outcome. The data indicated that patients with normal dynamic scans had a better outcome as a group and following intracranial surgery than those in whom perfusion was reduced. Patients with normal perfusion had a higher incidence of preoperative rebleeding from their aneurysms, while patients with reduced perfusion had a higher incidence of infarction, especially after intracranial surgery. There was no correlation between the presence or absence of arteriographic spasm and the results of the dynamic scans, and nor correlation between the presence of absence of spasm and the outcome of the group as a whole. However, in some individual cases with severe spasm, reduced perfusion on the dynamic scan and a poor outcome were noted. It was concluded that the results of the dynamic scan correlated better with eventual patient outcome than the presence or absence of arteriographic spasm. It is therefore suggested that patients in Grades I and II with normal dynamic scans be operated on promptly to prevent rebleeding, and that surgery in patients in Grades I and II with abnormal dynamic scans be delayed until the dynamic scan returns to normal.", "contents": "Cerebral perfusion, vascular spasm, and outcome in patients with ruptured intracranial aneurysms. In a retrospective study of 44 patients with verified ruptured intracranial aneurysms, the results of radionuclide cerebral perfusion scintigraphy (dynamic brain scanning) and the presence or absence of arteriographic spasm were correlated with the clinical outcome. The data indicated that patients with normal dynamic scans had a better outcome as a group and following intracranial surgery than those in whom perfusion was reduced. Patients with normal perfusion had a higher incidence of preoperative rebleeding from their aneurysms, while patients with reduced perfusion had a higher incidence of infarction, especially after intracranial surgery. There was no correlation between the presence or absence of arteriographic spasm and the results of the dynamic scans, and nor correlation between the presence of absence of spasm and the outcome of the group as a whole. However, in some individual cases with severe spasm, reduced perfusion on the dynamic scan and a poor outcome were noted. It was concluded that the results of the dynamic scan correlated better with eventual patient outcome than the presence or absence of arteriographic spasm. It is therefore suggested that patients in Grades I and II with normal dynamic scans be operated on promptly to prevent rebleeding, and that surgery in patients in Grades I and II with abnormal dynamic scans be delayed until the dynamic scan returns to normal."}
{"id": "PMID:864507", "title": "Computerized tomography and surgical treatment in intracranial suppuration. Report of 30 consecutive unselected cases of brain abscess and subdural empyema.", "content": "The authors report their experience with 30 cases of intracranial suppuration: 23 with brain abscess and seven with subdural empyema. All of the cases were diagnosed by means of computerized tomography and enhancement with intravenous contrast material. Most of the patients were treated by single or repeated aspiration through burr holes.", "contents": "Computerized tomography and surgical treatment in intracranial suppuration. Report of 30 consecutive unselected cases of brain abscess and subdural empyema. The authors report their experience with 30 cases of intracranial suppuration: 23 with brain abscess and seven with subdural empyema. All of the cases were diagnosed by means of computerized tomography and enhancement with intravenous contrast material. Most of the patients were treated by single or repeated aspiration through burr holes."}
{"id": "PMID:864508", "title": "Ventriculolymphatic shunt.", "content": "The authors report the cases of 16 adult patients who underwent ventriculolymphatic shunt procedures with apparent good results. The follow-up period is from 2 to 12 years. The anatomy of the terminal portion of the thoracic duct studied in 51 patients undergoing sympathectomy of the lower cervical-upper thoracic ganglionic chain is reported. The operative technique of the ventriculothoracic duct shunting procedure is described, and a general review of the function of the shunt as compared with that of ventriculoatrial shunts is presented.", "contents": "Ventriculolymphatic shunt. The authors report the cases of 16 adult patients who underwent ventriculolymphatic shunt procedures with apparent good results. The follow-up period is from 2 to 12 years. The anatomy of the terminal portion of the thoracic duct studied in 51 patients undergoing sympathectomy of the lower cervical-upper thoracic ganglionic chain is reported. The operative technique of the ventriculothoracic duct shunting procedure is described, and a general review of the function of the shunt as compared with that of ventriculoatrial shunts is presented."}
{"id": "PMID:864509", "title": "Syringomyelia following lumboureteral shunting for communicating hydrocephalus. Report of three cases.", "content": "Three patients are described in whom syringomyelia was identified long after the treatment of communicating hydrocephalus by a lumboureteral shunt. The reason for syrinx formation in these cases could not be determined. In two there was either autopsy-proven or presumed evidence for arachnoiditis, and in the third patient the symptoms of syringomyelia were acutely aggravated by temporary obstruction of shunt. The development of a pressure drop from the intracranial compartment to the spinal compartment with crowding at the foramen magnum is also a suggested mechanism.", "contents": "Syringomyelia following lumboureteral shunting for communicating hydrocephalus. Report of three cases. Three patients are described in whom syringomyelia was identified long after the treatment of communicating hydrocephalus by a lumboureteral shunt. The reason for syrinx formation in these cases could not be determined. In two there was either autopsy-proven or presumed evidence for arachnoiditis, and in the third patient the symptoms of syringomyelia were acutely aggravated by temporary obstruction of shunt. The development of a pressure drop from the intracranial compartment to the spinal compartment with crowding at the foramen magnum is also a suggested mechanism."}
{"id": "PMID:864511", "title": "Effects od dietary protein, fat and energy on blood hemoglobin and hematocrit in the rat.", "content": "Twenty-eight-day old male Sprague-Dawley rats were fed diets containing varying levels of protein, fat and energy for 8 weeks and were killed. Blood hemoglobin and hematocrit measured at the time of killing increased progressively with increases in the level of dietary protein up to 50% protein. The Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin Concentration (MCHC; hemoglobin concentration in g/100 ml red blood corpuscles) reached a plateau in rats fed diets containing 15% protein or more. Rats consuming low (5%) and high (21.1%) fat diets had lower hemoglobin concentration and hematocrit than rats fed the diets with intermediate fat content (11.9%); the level of dietary fat had no effect on the MCHC. Rats fed restricted amounts of diet had similar hemoglobin concentration to rats fed the same diet ad libitum; however the restricted rats had a lower hematocrit and hence a relative elevation of the MCHC.", "contents": "Effects od dietary protein, fat and energy on blood hemoglobin and hematocrit in the rat. Twenty-eight-day old male Sprague-Dawley rats were fed diets containing varying levels of protein, fat and energy for 8 weeks and were killed. Blood hemoglobin and hematocrit measured at the time of killing increased progressively with increases in the level of dietary protein up to 50% protein. The Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin Concentration (MCHC; hemoglobin concentration in g/100 ml red blood corpuscles) reached a plateau in rats fed diets containing 15% protein or more. Rats consuming low (5%) and high (21.1%) fat diets had lower hemoglobin concentration and hematocrit than rats fed the diets with intermediate fat content (11.9%); the level of dietary fat had no effect on the MCHC. Rats fed restricted amounts of diet had similar hemoglobin concentration to rats fed the same diet ad libitum; however the restricted rats had a lower hematocrit and hence a relative elevation of the MCHC."}
{"id": "PMID:864512", "title": "Nutritional availability of spray dried lard water protein.", "content": "Four growth trials were conducted with rats and chicks to investigate the nutritional value of Spray Dried Lard Water (SDLW--a by-product from the rendering process of animal lard) as a source of protein in a semipurified diet. Weanling rats lost weight when fed a diet containing 10% of SDLW as sole source of protein. Responses of rats to amino acid(s) supplementation indicated tryptophan as the first-limiting amino acid, then threonine, methionine and lysine. One-week-old chicks fed diets containing SDLW to provide 20% crude protein responded to dietary amino acid supplementation. The results suggested that the limiting amino acid sequence of spray dried lard water for chicks was methionine, tryptophan, threonine and lysine, respectively. Results from this study also showed that biological availability of the amino acids in SDLW protein was rather low.", "contents": "Nutritional availability of spray dried lard water protein. Four growth trials were conducted with rats and chicks to investigate the nutritional value of Spray Dried Lard Water (SDLW--a by-product from the rendering process of animal lard) as a source of protein in a semipurified diet. Weanling rats lost weight when fed a diet containing 10% of SDLW as sole source of protein. Responses of rats to amino acid(s) supplementation indicated tryptophan as the first-limiting amino acid, then threonine, methionine and lysine. One-week-old chicks fed diets containing SDLW to provide 20% crude protein responded to dietary amino acid supplementation. The results suggested that the limiting amino acid sequence of spray dried lard water for chicks was methionine, tryptophan, threonine and lysine, respectively. Results from this study also showed that biological availability of the amino acids in SDLW protein was rather low."}
{"id": "PMID:864515", "title": "Influence of prolonged fasting in the dog on glucose turnover and blood metabolites.", "content": "Glucose turnover and blood metabolites were measured in eight adult female beagles in the fed state, at 1 day of fasting, and at 7, 14, and 21 days of fasting. Glucose utilization decreased significantly from 1 to 7 days of fasting, but remained constant from 7 to 21 days, while blood ketones and plasma free fatty acids rose significantly during the same period. Plasma alanine, serine, and glycine fell with fasting, with the greatest decrease in alanine levels occurring between 7 to 14 days. Plasma branched chain amino acids rose significantly with fasting. It was concluded that the shifts in plasma metabolites and decreased glucose utilization could be indicative of decreased energy demands of the fasting dogs and/or a shift in substrate utilization with progressive fasting.", "contents": "Influence of prolonged fasting in the dog on glucose turnover and blood metabolites. Glucose turnover and blood metabolites were measured in eight adult female beagles in the fed state, at 1 day of fasting, and at 7, 14, and 21 days of fasting. Glucose utilization decreased significantly from 1 to 7 days of fasting, but remained constant from 7 to 21 days, while blood ketones and plasma free fatty acids rose significantly during the same period. Plasma alanine, serine, and glycine fell with fasting, with the greatest decrease in alanine levels occurring between 7 to 14 days. Plasma branched chain amino acids rose significantly with fasting. It was concluded that the shifts in plasma metabolites and decreased glucose utilization could be indicative of decreased energy demands of the fasting dogs and/or a shift in substrate utilization with progressive fasting."}
{"id": "PMID:864516", "title": "Serum and duodenal alkaline phosphatase levels in fed and fasted magnesium deficient rats.", "content": "Rats depleted of magnesium for 13 days were killed after 18 to 20 hours of fasting or 2 hours after consumption of a standard-sized meal. Serum and duodenal alkaline phosphatase (AP) were reduced in fasted magnesium depleted rats compared to pair-fed and ad libitum-fed controls. With refeeding, serum alkaline phosphatase levels rose significantly in all groups, but the levels in refed Mg deficient rats remained below serum levels of fasted control rats. Inhibition of AP activity with L-phenylalanine and urea suggested that the differences in AP levels of fasted and fed rats were mainly due to enzymes of intestinal origin. Intestinal AP levels increased after feeding in all groups, but were proportionately greatest in Mg depleted rats. The pattern of serum and duodenal AP in fed and fasted rats and the results of polyacrylamide disc gel electrophoresis (PADGE) in duodenal AP extracts suggest that Mg depletion alters the release of AP into the blood that normally occurs in response to feeding.", "contents": "Serum and duodenal alkaline phosphatase levels in fed and fasted magnesium deficient rats. Rats depleted of magnesium for 13 days were killed after 18 to 20 hours of fasting or 2 hours after consumption of a standard-sized meal. Serum and duodenal alkaline phosphatase (AP) were reduced in fasted magnesium depleted rats compared to pair-fed and ad libitum-fed controls. With refeeding, serum alkaline phosphatase levels rose significantly in all groups, but the levels in refed Mg deficient rats remained below serum levels of fasted control rats. Inhibition of AP activity with L-phenylalanine and urea suggested that the differences in AP levels of fasted and fed rats were mainly due to enzymes of intestinal origin. Intestinal AP levels increased after feeding in all groups, but were proportionately greatest in Mg depleted rats. The pattern of serum and duodenal AP in fed and fasted rats and the results of polyacrylamide disc gel electrophoresis (PADGE) in duodenal AP extracts suggest that Mg depletion alters the release of AP into the blood that normally occurs in response to feeding."}
{"id": "PMID:864517", "title": "Effects of diet composition on serum levels of insulin, thyroxine, triiodothyronine, growth hormone, and corticosterone in rats.", "content": "These studies were designed to determine the effects of diet composition on serum insulin, triiodothyronine, thyroxine, growth hormone, and corticosterone and to correlate these hormones with feed intake, body weight, and adipose tissue weight in rats. Experimental diets were fed for a period of 4 weeks. The experimental dietary groups were as follows: high starch (HST), high glucose (HG), high sucrose (HSU), high protein (HP), high saturated fat (HFS), and higher unsaturated fat (HFU). Serum glucose concentrations were not significantly different among any of the groups. The HST, HSU and HG diets produced the highest serum insulin. Serum thyroid hormone levels were highest in rats fed high fat diets. No significant differences in serum growth hormone or corticosterone levels were noted among the dietary groups. There was a tendency for rats fed a high protein diet to have higher concentration of corticosterone. However, there were no significant differences detected. There was a significant negative correlation between serum corticosterone and ovarian adipose tissue weight. It is concluded from these studies that these types of dietary manipulation have a significant effect on endocrine status and body fat deposition.", "contents": "Effects of diet composition on serum levels of insulin, thyroxine, triiodothyronine, growth hormone, and corticosterone in rats. These studies were designed to determine the effects of diet composition on serum insulin, triiodothyronine, thyroxine, growth hormone, and corticosterone and to correlate these hormones with feed intake, body weight, and adipose tissue weight in rats. Experimental diets were fed for a period of 4 weeks. The experimental dietary groups were as follows: high starch (HST), high glucose (HG), high sucrose (HSU), high protein (HP), high saturated fat (HFS), and higher unsaturated fat (HFU). Serum glucose concentrations were not significantly different among any of the groups. The HST, HSU and HG diets produced the highest serum insulin. Serum thyroid hormone levels were highest in rats fed high fat diets. No significant differences in serum growth hormone or corticosterone levels were noted among the dietary groups. There was a tendency for rats fed a high protein diet to have higher concentration of corticosterone. However, there were no significant differences detected. There was a significant negative correlation between serum corticosterone and ovarian adipose tissue weight. It is concluded from these studies that these types of dietary manipulation have a significant effect on endocrine status and body fat deposition."}
{"id": "PMID:864521", "title": "Effects of oxalic acid on availability of zinc from spinach leaves and zinc sulfate to rats.", "content": "Some effects of dietary oxalic acid on availability of zinc from organic and inorganic sources were assessed. Male rats fed zinc-deficient diets with and without added sodium oxalate were orally dosed once with either 65Zn-labeled spinach leaves or 65Zn-labeled zinc sulfate. Spinach plants (Spinacia oleracea, var. \"Winter Bloomsdale\") were grown in 65Zn-labeled nutrient solutions that contained 0.033, 0.131 or 0.262 ppm zinc. Increasing zinc supply to the plants increased zinc concentration in the leaves. Oxalic acid content in all leaves was about 7% dry weight. Dietary oxalate enhanced the availability of 65Zn from zinc sulfate, but had no effect on absorption and retention of 65Zn from spinach leaves. Regardless of dietary oxalate levels, absorption and retention of 65Zn was greater from spinach leaves than from zinc sulfate. We concluded that endogenous zinc in spinach leaves was readily available to zinc-deficient rats, and that dietary oxalate was not deleterious to zinc availability.", "contents": "Effects of oxalic acid on availability of zinc from spinach leaves and zinc sulfate to rats. Some effects of dietary oxalic acid on availability of zinc from organic and inorganic sources were assessed. Male rats fed zinc-deficient diets with and without added sodium oxalate were orally dosed once with either 65Zn-labeled spinach leaves or 65Zn-labeled zinc sulfate. Spinach plants (Spinacia oleracea, var. \"Winter Bloomsdale\") were grown in 65Zn-labeled nutrient solutions that contained 0.033, 0.131 or 0.262 ppm zinc. Increasing zinc supply to the plants increased zinc concentration in the leaves. Oxalic acid content in all leaves was about 7% dry weight. Dietary oxalate enhanced the availability of 65Zn from zinc sulfate, but had no effect on absorption and retention of 65Zn from spinach leaves. Regardless of dietary oxalate levels, absorption and retention of 65Zn was greater from spinach leaves than from zinc sulfate. We concluded that endogenous zinc in spinach leaves was readily available to zinc-deficient rats, and that dietary oxalate was not deleterious to zinc availability."}
{"id": "PMID:864524", "title": "Protein intake, uric acid metabolism and protein efficiency ratio in growing chicks.", "content": "Changes in uric acid metabolism in chicks resulting from alterations in dietary protein intake have been correlated with dietary protein quality. Plasma uric acid levels, total uric acid excretion and protein efficiency ratio were measured in growing chicks fed diets containing 11%, 20%, 43% and 80% protein. A second degree polynomial with a coefficient of determination of 93% best described the relationship between dietary protein intake and total uric acid output. A second degree polynomial with a coefficient of determination of 58% best described the relationship between protein intake and dietary protein quality as measured by the protein efficiency ratio method. Plasma uric acid level was correlated, positively and linearly, with dietary protein intake and had a coefficient of determination of 42%. An integration of these relationships with purine biosynthesis and reutilization would enhance our knowledge of the control of uric acid production in the chick and possibly in human gout. The data demonstrate that total uric acid excretion and uric acid concentration in excreta may represent very useful methods of measuring dietary protein quality in the chick. The data also demonstrate that dietary protein level markedly affects uric acid production.", "contents": "Protein intake, uric acid metabolism and protein efficiency ratio in growing chicks. Changes in uric acid metabolism in chicks resulting from alterations in dietary protein intake have been correlated with dietary protein quality. Plasma uric acid levels, total uric acid excretion and protein efficiency ratio were measured in growing chicks fed diets containing 11%, 20%, 43% and 80% protein. A second degree polynomial with a coefficient of determination of 93% best described the relationship between dietary protein intake and total uric acid output. A second degree polynomial with a coefficient of determination of 58% best described the relationship between protein intake and dietary protein quality as measured by the protein efficiency ratio method. Plasma uric acid level was correlated, positively and linearly, with dietary protein intake and had a coefficient of determination of 42%. An integration of these relationships with purine biosynthesis and reutilization would enhance our knowledge of the control of uric acid production in the chick and possibly in human gout. The data demonstrate that total uric acid excretion and uric acid concentration in excreta may represent very useful methods of measuring dietary protein quality in the chick. The data also demonstrate that dietary protein level markedly affects uric acid production."}
{"id": "PMID:864525", "title": "Studies on the synthesis and metabolism of zinc-thionein in rats.", "content": "The objectives of this investigation were to study the role of zinc-thionein in the metabolism of excessive amounts of zinc and the re-utilization of zinc bound to this protein. Rats were injected ip with 5 mg Zn/kg body weight as zinc chloride for 5 days to induce the synthesis of zinc-thionein. Proteins with molecular weight of 10,000 with high affinity for zinc were synthesized in rat liver and intestine. These proteins were heat stable. Large scale isolation of this protein from rat liver was achieved by a simple method consisting of a heating step and sephadex gel fractionation. Intravenous injection of isolated 65Zn-thionein to rats resulted in similar organ distribution of zinc as that after 65ZnCL2 injection. Gel filtration experiments with liver supernatant from rats injected with 65Zn-thionein showed that a major portion of 65Zn was transfered to other protein fractions and was re-ultilized similar to inorganic salts of zinc. Morphological studies showed no toxic effects after injection of zinc-thionein. These results show that zinc-thionein is metabolically active and non-toxic.", "contents": "Studies on the synthesis and metabolism of zinc-thionein in rats. The objectives of this investigation were to study the role of zinc-thionein in the metabolism of excessive amounts of zinc and the re-utilization of zinc bound to this protein. Rats were injected ip with 5 mg Zn/kg body weight as zinc chloride for 5 days to induce the synthesis of zinc-thionein. Proteins with molecular weight of 10,000 with high affinity for zinc were synthesized in rat liver and intestine. These proteins were heat stable. Large scale isolation of this protein from rat liver was achieved by a simple method consisting of a heating step and sephadex gel fractionation. Intravenous injection of isolated 65Zn-thionein to rats resulted in similar organ distribution of zinc as that after 65ZnCL2 injection. Gel filtration experiments with liver supernatant from rats injected with 65Zn-thionein showed that a major portion of 65Zn was transfered to other protein fractions and was re-ultilized similar to inorganic salts of zinc. Morphological studies showed no toxic effects after injection of zinc-thionein. These results show that zinc-thionein is metabolically active and non-toxic."}
{"id": "PMID:864526", "title": "Effects of protein deficiency, pair-feeding, or diet supplementation on maternal, fetal and placental growth in rats.", "content": "The effects of feeding, throughout gestation, a diet deficient in protein, of pair-feeding, and of supplementing the deficient diet late in gestation on maternal body weight and weights of the products of conception were investigated in the rat. Protein deprivation resulted in net loss of maternal body weight, smaller and thinner placentas with decreased DNA content and placental labyrinth size, reduced uterine tissue weight, and smaller fetuses with retarded bone development. Pair-feeding caused a less severe reduction in maternal, uterine, placental, and fetal weights. Placentas from pair-fed dams had normal cell numbers with reduced cell size. Diet supplementation late in gestation resulted in increased net and total maternal body weight and uterine, placental, and fetal fetal weights, and an apparent partial recovery in fetal bone development. Placental cell size also increased significantly. The results suggest that placental and uterine development in protein-deficient dams is not the limiting factor in fetal development. Availability of protein may be the primary limiting factor, and energy deficit may play a secondary role.", "contents": "Effects of protein deficiency, pair-feeding, or diet supplementation on maternal, fetal and placental growth in rats. The effects of feeding, throughout gestation, a diet deficient in protein, of pair-feeding, and of supplementing the deficient diet late in gestation on maternal body weight and weights of the products of conception were investigated in the rat. Protein deprivation resulted in net loss of maternal body weight, smaller and thinner placentas with decreased DNA content and placental labyrinth size, reduced uterine tissue weight, and smaller fetuses with retarded bone development. Pair-feeding caused a less severe reduction in maternal, uterine, placental, and fetal weights. Placentas from pair-fed dams had normal cell numbers with reduced cell size. Diet supplementation late in gestation resulted in increased net and total maternal body weight and uterine, placental, and fetal fetal weights, and an apparent partial recovery in fetal bone development. Placental cell size also increased significantly. The results suggest that placental and uterine development in protein-deficient dams is not the limiting factor in fetal development. Availability of protein may be the primary limiting factor, and energy deficit may play a secondary role."}
{"id": "PMID:864528", "title": "Effects of selenium and vitamin E deficiencies in lambs on hepatic microsomal hemoproteins and mitochondrial respiration.", "content": "Microsomal hemoprotein levels and delta-amino levulinic acid dehydrase activity were determined in livers and rate of oxygen uptake, ADP:O ratios, and respiration control index were determined on mitochondria from muscle, liver, and heart of normal and white muscle diseased (WMD) lambs. WMD lambs were produced by feeding their dams either low selenium purified or alfalfa hay diets. Vitamin E and/or selenium was injected in a 2 x 2 factorial treatment in the ewes fed purified diets. Hepatic microsomal cytochrome P 450 levels and total heme content were significantly lower in WMD lambs. Cytochrome b5 content was significantly lower in lambs on the -E-Se or -E + Se treatments than those on the +E--Se treatment, but the cytochrome b5 content was not different between WMD and normal lambs from ewes fed the hay diet. No differences were found in hepatic delta-amino levulinic acid dehydrase activity, or in the rate of oxygen uptake, ADP:O ratios or respiratory control index between mitochondria from normal and WMD lamb tissue on any of the treatments.", "contents": "Effects of selenium and vitamin E deficiencies in lambs on hepatic microsomal hemoproteins and mitochondrial respiration. Microsomal hemoprotein levels and delta-amino levulinic acid dehydrase activity were determined in livers and rate of oxygen uptake, ADP:O ratios, and respiration control index were determined on mitochondria from muscle, liver, and heart of normal and white muscle diseased (WMD) lambs. WMD lambs were produced by feeding their dams either low selenium purified or alfalfa hay diets. Vitamin E and/or selenium was injected in a 2 x 2 factorial treatment in the ewes fed purified diets. Hepatic microsomal cytochrome P 450 levels and total heme content were significantly lower in WMD lambs. Cytochrome b5 content was significantly lower in lambs on the -E-Se or -E + Se treatments than those on the +E--Se treatment, but the cytochrome b5 content was not different between WMD and normal lambs from ewes fed the hay diet. No differences were found in hepatic delta-amino levulinic acid dehydrase activity, or in the rate of oxygen uptake, ADP:O ratios or respiratory control index between mitochondria from normal and WMD lamb tissue on any of the treatments."}
{"id": "PMID:864532", "title": "Audiometric configurations of drop forge hammermen and helpers.", "content": "A study of 99 intensively noise exposed drop forge hammermen and helpers was conducted. The results of this study revealed drop forge noise induced audiometric threshold configurations which are different than those associated with most types of steady state noise exposure.", "contents": "Audiometric configurations of drop forge hammermen and helpers. A study of 99 intensively noise exposed drop forge hammermen and helpers was conducted. The results of this study revealed drop forge noise induced audiometric threshold configurations which are different than those associated with most types of steady state noise exposure."}
{"id": "PMID:864533", "title": "Physiological profile of professional fire fighters.", "content": "This investigation assessed the physical characteristics, functional capacities, and body composition of 45 professional fire fighters, aged 23 through 49 years. Maximum oxygen uptake (VO2), Recovery Oxygen Uptake, arm and leg strength, all showed a negative linear relationship with age. On the other hand, percent body fat increased with age from 18% to 21%. Hand grip strength did not decline significantly as the grip strength values remained fairly constant for all of the fire fighters. Most of the data collected were considered to be within the normal range of the sedentary North American population. It was concluded from these data that professional fire fighters might well benefit from a training program designed to develop and maintain a higher level of personal fitness.", "contents": "Physiological profile of professional fire fighters. This investigation assessed the physical characteristics, functional capacities, and body composition of 45 professional fire fighters, aged 23 through 49 years. Maximum oxygen uptake (VO2), Recovery Oxygen Uptake, arm and leg strength, all showed a negative linear relationship with age. On the other hand, percent body fat increased with age from 18% to 21%. Hand grip strength did not decline significantly as the grip strength values remained fairly constant for all of the fire fighters. Most of the data collected were considered to be within the normal range of the sedentary North American population. It was concluded from these data that professional fire fighters might well benefit from a training program designed to develop and maintain a higher level of personal fitness."}
{"id": "PMID:864555", "title": "Scanning electron microscopy of integumental surfaces of Schistosoma intercalatum.", "content": "Scanning electron microscopy was employed to study critical point dried Schistosoma intercalatum adults at 120 to 6,000 X magnifications. Well-developed integrumental elevations, or bosses, with variable spination account for the roughness of the male schistosome. The female is relatively smooth even though it possesses minute spines on the posterior part of the body. SEM reveals that the gynecophoral canal of the male, especially the presence of a gynecophoral fold, provides an effective means for clasping the female when in copula.", "contents": "Scanning electron microscopy of integumental surfaces of Schistosoma intercalatum. Scanning electron microscopy was employed to study critical point dried Schistosoma intercalatum adults at 120 to 6,000 X magnifications. Well-developed integrumental elevations, or bosses, with variable spination account for the roughness of the male schistosome. The female is relatively smooth even though it possesses minute spines on the posterior part of the body. SEM reveals that the gynecophoral canal of the male, especially the presence of a gynecophoral fold, provides an effective means for clasping the female when in copula."}
{"id": "PMID:864556", "title": "Scanning electron microscope observations on adult Schistosoma japonicum.", "content": "The integumental surfaces of critical point dried adult Schistosoma japonicum were studied by scanning electron microscopy. There are no bosses or spines on the dorsal surface of the male, which is ridged and presents a spongy appearance. Many spines cover the inner surface of the oral sucker and extend to the pharyngeal opening. The oral sucker shows a rim with spines of variable size and sharpness inward and outward from the rim. The ventral sucker possesses many spines which are smaller than in the oral sucker. The lining of the gynecophoric canal is roughened by minute spines. The integument of the female is ridged and pitted and possesses fewer spines than in the oral sucker, the ventral sucker, and the gynecophoric canal of the male. Anterior to the acetabulum, the integumental surfaces are devoid of spines. However, in the other areas, spines are equally distributed except for the vicinity of the excretory pore.", "contents": "Scanning electron microscope observations on adult Schistosoma japonicum. The integumental surfaces of critical point dried adult Schistosoma japonicum were studied by scanning electron microscopy. There are no bosses or spines on the dorsal surface of the male, which is ridged and presents a spongy appearance. Many spines cover the inner surface of the oral sucker and extend to the pharyngeal opening. The oral sucker shows a rim with spines of variable size and sharpness inward and outward from the rim. The ventral sucker possesses many spines which are smaller than in the oral sucker. The lining of the gynecophoric canal is roughened by minute spines. The integument of the female is ridged and pitted and possesses fewer spines than in the oral sucker, the ventral sucker, and the gynecophoric canal of the male. Anterior to the acetabulum, the integumental surfaces are devoid of spines. However, in the other areas, spines are equally distributed except for the vicinity of the excretory pore."}
{"id": "PMID:864557", "title": "Modification of the lung recovery assay for schistosomula and correlations with worm burdens in mice infected with Schistosoma mansoni.", "content": "The kinetics of recovery of schistosomula from the lungs of previously-unexposed CF1 mice were studied following infection with Schistosoma mansoni cercariae. Lung tissue fragments were incubated from 3 to 48 hr and the completeness of recovery of viable schistosomula was determined. The recovery of schistosomula from the lungs was shown to correlate closely with 7-week worm recoveries. With the additional incubation described, the lung recovery assay may provide a more defined indicator of protective immunity. Based on the data generated by these analyses, it is predicted that under these conditions schistosomula arrive in the lungs from 3 to 7 days after infection, and that they sojourn there for a 3-day period.", "contents": "Modification of the lung recovery assay for schistosomula and correlations with worm burdens in mice infected with Schistosoma mansoni. The kinetics of recovery of schistosomula from the lungs of previously-unexposed CF1 mice were studied following infection with Schistosoma mansoni cercariae. Lung tissue fragments were incubated from 3 to 48 hr and the completeness of recovery of viable schistosomula was determined. The recovery of schistosomula from the lungs was shown to correlate closely with 7-week worm recoveries. With the additional incubation described, the lung recovery assay may provide a more defined indicator of protective immunity. Based on the data generated by these analyses, it is predicted that under these conditions schistosomula arrive in the lungs from 3 to 7 days after infection, and that they sojourn there for a 3-day period."}
{"id": "PMID:864559", "title": "Life history and habitat analysis of the eye fluke Diplostomum spathaceum (trematoda: diplostomatidae) in Utah.", "content": "Diplostomum spathaceum which is widespread throughout Utah in desert, mountain valley, and high alpine lakes, causes a disease known as diplostomatosis or eye fluke disease. Snails (756) were examined and two species, Lymnaea stagnalis and L. palustris were positive for D. spathaceum. Examination of 838 fish, which included 19 species, revealed 10 species (Salmo trutta, Catostomus discobulus, Salmo clarki, Micropterus salmoides, Catostomus platyrhynchus, Salmo gairdneri, Gila atraria, Catostomus ardens, Salvelinus fontinalis, and Richardsonius balteatus) positive for metacercariae of D. spathaceum. The only avian hosts positive for adult Diplostomum were Larvus californicus and L. delawarensis.", "contents": "Life history and habitat analysis of the eye fluke Diplostomum spathaceum (trematoda: diplostomatidae) in Utah. Diplostomum spathaceum which is widespread throughout Utah in desert, mountain valley, and high alpine lakes, causes a disease known as diplostomatosis or eye fluke disease. Snails (756) were examined and two species, Lymnaea stagnalis and L. palustris were positive for D. spathaceum. Examination of 838 fish, which included 19 species, revealed 10 species (Salmo trutta, Catostomus discobulus, Salmo clarki, Micropterus salmoides, Catostomus platyrhynchus, Salmo gairdneri, Gila atraria, Catostomus ardens, Salvelinus fontinalis, and Richardsonius balteatus) positive for metacercariae of D. spathaceum. The only avian hosts positive for adult Diplostomum were Larvus californicus and L. delawarensis."}
{"id": "PMID:864560", "title": "Partial purification of fasciola hepatica antigen for the immunodiagnosis of fascioliasis in rats.", "content": "When F. hepatica adult worm antigen is fractionated with Sephadex G-200, four major peaks are obtained. The first peak, when used as antigen in counterelectrophoresis, reacts with the serum of normal rats as well as from rats infected with F. hepatica for 5 weeks or longer. The crest and descending portion of peak II and the third peak are nonreactive with normal rat serum, but highly reactive with the serum of rats with F. hepatica. In addition, F. hepatica antigens cross-reacting with S. mansoni adult worm antisera are absent in these fractions. It is suggested, then, that these fractions of F. hepatica adult worm antigen be utilized for the immunodiagnosis of fascioliasis by CEP. Optimum antigen concentration for this test has been determined to be approximately 1.80 mg/ml protein.", "contents": "Partial purification of fasciola hepatica antigen for the immunodiagnosis of fascioliasis in rats. When F. hepatica adult worm antigen is fractionated with Sephadex G-200, four major peaks are obtained. The first peak, when used as antigen in counterelectrophoresis, reacts with the serum of normal rats as well as from rats infected with F. hepatica for 5 weeks or longer. The crest and descending portion of peak II and the third peak are nonreactive with normal rat serum, but highly reactive with the serum of rats with F. hepatica. In addition, F. hepatica antigens cross-reacting with S. mansoni adult worm antisera are absent in these fractions. It is suggested, then, that these fractions of F. hepatica adult worm antigen be utilized for the immunodiagnosis of fascioliasis by CEP. Optimum antigen concentration for this test has been determined to be approximately 1.80 mg/ml protein."}
{"id": "PMID:864563", "title": "Experimental infection with Plasmodium chabaudi in rats. Observations on adaptation and the immune responses to infection.", "content": "Plasmodium chabaudi was adapted to rats after some initial refractoriness. Progressive adaptation was indicated by shortening of the prepatent period and increases in peak parasitemia with successive passages. Rats infected with parasites of early passages resisted the infection, and even splenectomized rats quickly recovered. However, the parasites appeared to become more virulent with successive passages and after the 45th passage, all adult rats inoculated with the parasite died with severe hemolytic anemia. After adaptation, infections of the rat strain appeared to stimulate resistance in mice that was more effective against challenge with parasites of the homologous strain than it was against challenge with mouse strain parasites. Rats recovered from P. chabaudi were highly resistant to the homologous strain of P. chabaudi, but they were no more resistant to Babesia radhaini than were normal rats. However, when the rat strain was used to immunize mice, they were as resistant to B. rodhaini as they were to mouse strain P. chabaudi. Serologic studies made on rats with acute infection indicated that anemia was associated with antibody to erythrocytes as well as with high parasitemia. The soluble serum antigen (SA) associated with malarial and babesial infections was not present and its antibody was not detected in serum of recovered rats. However, antibody to SA was detected in blood mice that had recovered from rat strain P. chabaudi infection. Thus acquired resistance to B. rodhaini appeared to have been associated with elaboration of SA.", "contents": "Experimental infection with Plasmodium chabaudi in rats. Observations on adaptation and the immune responses to infection. Plasmodium chabaudi was adapted to rats after some initial refractoriness. Progressive adaptation was indicated by shortening of the prepatent period and increases in peak parasitemia with successive passages. Rats infected with parasites of early passages resisted the infection, and even splenectomized rats quickly recovered. However, the parasites appeared to become more virulent with successive passages and after the 45th passage, all adult rats inoculated with the parasite died with severe hemolytic anemia. After adaptation, infections of the rat strain appeared to stimulate resistance in mice that was more effective against challenge with parasites of the homologous strain than it was against challenge with mouse strain parasites. Rats recovered from P. chabaudi were highly resistant to the homologous strain of P. chabaudi, but they were no more resistant to Babesia radhaini than were normal rats. However, when the rat strain was used to immunize mice, they were as resistant to B. rodhaini as they were to mouse strain P. chabaudi. Serologic studies made on rats with acute infection indicated that anemia was associated with antibody to erythrocytes as well as with high parasitemia. The soluble serum antigen (SA) associated with malarial and babesial infections was not present and its antibody was not detected in serum of recovered rats. However, antibody to SA was detected in blood mice that had recovered from rat strain P. chabaudi infection. Thus acquired resistance to B. rodhaini appeared to have been associated with elaboration of SA."}
{"id": "PMID:864564", "title": "Anantrum histocephalum sp. n. (cestoda: bothriocephalidae) from Synodus lucioceps (synodontidae) of Southern California.", "content": "Anantrum histocephalum sp. n. is described from Synodus lucioceps, California lizardfish. The larger worm size, mushroom-shaped scolex, vitelline follicle distribution, and larger eggs distinguish this species from A. tortum. The tapeworm was observed in 8.5% of 164 lizardfish from the coastal waters of Los Angeles County.", "contents": "Anantrum histocephalum sp. n. (cestoda: bothriocephalidae) from Synodus lucioceps (synodontidae) of Southern California. Anantrum histocephalum sp. n. is described from Synodus lucioceps, California lizardfish. The larger worm size, mushroom-shaped scolex, vitelline follicle distribution, and larger eggs distinguish this species from A. tortum. The tapeworm was observed in 8.5% of 164 lizardfish from the coastal waters of Los Angeles County."}
{"id": "PMID:864565", "title": "Tupaiataenia quentini gen. et sp. n. (anoplocephalidae: linstowiinae) and other tapeworms from the common tree shrew, Tupaia glis.", "content": "Three species of cestodes recovered from tree shrews, Tupaia glis, were identified as Sparganum sp., Hymenolepis diminuta, and Tupaiataenia quentini gen. et sp. n. The new genus is differentiated from Mathevotaenia, Markewitchitaenia and Atriotaenia by being craspedote, possessing a large seminal receptacle, the presence of a hermaphroditic canal leading into the genital atrium, and by having two opposable, muscular lappets on the anterior margin of each sucker.", "contents": "Tupaiataenia quentini gen. et sp. n. (anoplocephalidae: linstowiinae) and other tapeworms from the common tree shrew, Tupaia glis. Three species of cestodes recovered from tree shrews, Tupaia glis, were identified as Sparganum sp., Hymenolepis diminuta, and Tupaiataenia quentini gen. et sp. n. The new genus is differentiated from Mathevotaenia, Markewitchitaenia and Atriotaenia by being craspedote, possessing a large seminal receptacle, the presence of a hermaphroditic canal leading into the genital atrium, and by having two opposable, muscular lappets on the anterior margin of each sucker."}
{"id": "PMID:864566", "title": "A simple method of obtaining an enriched fraction of tegumental brush border from Hymenolepis diminuta.", "content": "A method for isolating an enriched preparation of tegumental brush border from the tapeworm, Hymenolepis diminuta, is described. Combining incubation of whole tapeworms in Krebs-Ringer/tris-maleate solution containing a hemolytic saponin, low shear-force agitation, and differential centrifugation, a pellet is obtained at 2,500 g which contains a significant concentration of surface brush border. The content of brush border in this fraction is identified by the presence of numerous microvilli, increased specific radioactivity after surface tagging with 3H-Concanavalin A, and relatively little mitochondrial contamination (succinic dehydrogenase). Based on morphological criteria, fractions sedimenting with greater force contain dense vesicles and mitochondria from the outer portion of the tegument.", "contents": "A simple method of obtaining an enriched fraction of tegumental brush border from Hymenolepis diminuta. A method for isolating an enriched preparation of tegumental brush border from the tapeworm, Hymenolepis diminuta, is described. Combining incubation of whole tapeworms in Krebs-Ringer/tris-maleate solution containing a hemolytic saponin, low shear-force agitation, and differential centrifugation, a pellet is obtained at 2,500 g which contains a significant concentration of surface brush border. The content of brush border in this fraction is identified by the presence of numerous microvilli, increased specific radioactivity after surface tagging with 3H-Concanavalin A, and relatively little mitochondrial contamination (succinic dehydrogenase). Based on morphological criteria, fractions sedimenting with greater force contain dense vesicles and mitochondria from the outer portion of the tegument."}
{"id": "PMID:864567", "title": "Lipids from subcellular fractions of the tegument of Hymenolepis diminuta.", "content": "Lipids comprised 37% and 22.1%, respectively, of the day weights of brush border- and vesicle-rich fractions separated by differential centrifugation of isolated H. diminuta tegument. Neutral lipids of both fractions were rich in cholesterol, but also contained small amounts of glycerides, sterol esters, and (in brush borders) free fatty acids. Phosphatidyl ethanolamine was the most prevalent polar lipid in both fractions, and was particularly abundant (63.4% of total polar lipids) in vesicles; sphingomyelin, not previously reported from H. diminuta, was also present. Polar lipids of both tegumental fractions resembled each other but differed from whole worm polar lipids in fatty acid composition. Tegumental polar lipids contained lower levels of long-chain, polyunsaturated fatty acids than reported for corresponding lipids of whole worms.", "contents": "Lipids from subcellular fractions of the tegument of Hymenolepis diminuta. Lipids comprised 37% and 22.1%, respectively, of the day weights of brush border- and vesicle-rich fractions separated by differential centrifugation of isolated H. diminuta tegument. Neutral lipids of both fractions were rich in cholesterol, but also contained small amounts of glycerides, sterol esters, and (in brush borders) free fatty acids. Phosphatidyl ethanolamine was the most prevalent polar lipid in both fractions, and was particularly abundant (63.4% of total polar lipids) in vesicles; sphingomyelin, not previously reported from H. diminuta, was also present. Polar lipids of both tegumental fractions resembled each other but differed from whole worm polar lipids in fatty acid composition. Tegumental polar lipids contained lower levels of long-chain, polyunsaturated fatty acids than reported for corresponding lipids of whole worms."}
{"id": "PMID:864568", "title": "Oncicola martini sp. n., and other archiacanthocephala of the Chaco Boreal, Paraguay.", "content": "Archiacanthocephalans are reported from mammals of Paraguay. Oncicola martini sp. n. is described from Felis geoffroyi. It is most similar to O. lamasi (Freitas et Costa 1964) comb. n., differing in having larger hooks, all except the smallest of which are barbed. Other species recorded are Oncicola oncicola from Felis geoffroyi (new host record), O. paracampanulata from Felis yagouaroundi, O. luehei from Nasua nasua, Oligacanthorhynchus microcephala from Didelphis albiventris, and O. tortuosa from Euphractus sexcinctus (new host and South American records).", "contents": "Oncicola martini sp. n., and other archiacanthocephala of the Chaco Boreal, Paraguay. Archiacanthocephalans are reported from mammals of Paraguay. Oncicola martini sp. n. is described from Felis geoffroyi. It is most similar to O. lamasi (Freitas et Costa 1964) comb. n., differing in having larger hooks, all except the smallest of which are barbed. Other species recorded are Oncicola oncicola from Felis geoffroyi (new host record), O. paracampanulata from Felis yagouaroundi, O. luehei from Nasua nasua, Oligacanthorhynchus microcephala from Didelphis albiventris, and O. tortuosa from Euphractus sexcinctus (new host and South American records)."}
{"id": "PMID:864569", "title": "The morphology and histochemistry of eggshell formation in Cephaluris coloradensis, a parasite of pikas.", "content": "Histochemical and histological studies of Cephaluris coloradensis (Nematoda: Oxyuridae) a parasite of pikas (Ochotonidae), show that in this species the eggs are each enclosed by three shells. The inner shell is chitin with an operculum at one end; the operculum is chemically distinct. The other two shells are lipoprotein. The inner lipoprotein shell is new, not previously reported in nematode species. It forms after the outer lipoprotein shell but beneath it, and is believed to be a product of the egg. The new layer encircles part of the embryo. A thin mucoprotein cementing substance binds the inner lipoprotein shell to the chitinous shell. A thin outermost mucoprotein layer formed from secretions of the uterus covers the eggshell.", "contents": "The morphology and histochemistry of eggshell formation in Cephaluris coloradensis, a parasite of pikas. Histochemical and histological studies of Cephaluris coloradensis (Nematoda: Oxyuridae) a parasite of pikas (Ochotonidae), show that in this species the eggs are each enclosed by three shells. The inner shell is chitin with an operculum at one end; the operculum is chemically distinct. The other two shells are lipoprotein. The inner lipoprotein shell is new, not previously reported in nematode species. It forms after the outer lipoprotein shell but beneath it, and is believed to be a product of the egg. The new layer encircles part of the embryo. A thin mucoprotein cementing substance binds the inner lipoprotein shell to the chitinous shell. A thin outermost mucoprotein layer formed from secretions of the uterus covers the eggshell."}
{"id": "PMID:864570", "title": "In vitro cultivation of Ostertagia ostertagi, the medium stomach worm of cattle. I. Development from infective larvae to egg-laying adults.", "content": "When a 70-min exsheathing process and two-step roller culture system were used, infective larvae of Ostertagia ostertagi developed in large numbers to mature adult males and females in 28 and 29 days, respectively. Females laid fertile eggs in the 2- to 16-cell stages from day 34 on. Some of the expelled eggs developed to the morula stage, in the culture fluid, by day 52. Yields of mature adults and eggs were best when cultures were started with 100,000 larvae in 100 ml of medium. The optimal culture system produced from 20% to 35% mature adults, from days 28 through 52.", "contents": "In vitro cultivation of Ostertagia ostertagi, the medium stomach worm of cattle. I. Development from infective larvae to egg-laying adults. When a 70-min exsheathing process and two-step roller culture system were used, infective larvae of Ostertagia ostertagi developed in large numbers to mature adult males and females in 28 and 29 days, respectively. Females laid fertile eggs in the 2- to 16-cell stages from day 34 on. Some of the expelled eggs developed to the morula stage, in the culture fluid, by day 52. Yields of mature adults and eggs were best when cultures were started with 100,000 larvae in 100 ml of medium. The optimal culture system produced from 20% to 35% mature adults, from days 28 through 52."}
{"id": "PMID:864572", "title": "Labial sense organs of the nematode, Heterakis gallinarum.", "content": "The labial sense organs of Heterakis gallinarum (Schrank 1788) were examined by scanning and transmission electron microscopy. Two large doublet papillae are visible externally on the dorsal lip while a single doublet papilla, a short peglike ventrolateral papilla, and the opening of the amphid are visible on each subventral lip. Internal anatomy of these papillae indicates that the doublet papillae are probably pressure receptors while the ventrolateral papillae may be combined mechano- and chemoreceptors. Amphids resemble the structure of amphids of several previously studied nematodes. Six internal labial receptors, two at the inner edge of each lip, can be identified by transmission microscopy. They may be mechanoreceptors recording cuticular stresses during feeding. Each sense organ is associated with a complexly folded system of membranes delimiting extracellular space continuous with space surrounding the dendritic process of the receptor.", "contents": "Labial sense organs of the nematode, Heterakis gallinarum. The labial sense organs of Heterakis gallinarum (Schrank 1788) were examined by scanning and transmission electron microscopy. Two large doublet papillae are visible externally on the dorsal lip while a single doublet papilla, a short peglike ventrolateral papilla, and the opening of the amphid are visible on each subventral lip. Internal anatomy of these papillae indicates that the doublet papillae are probably pressure receptors while the ventrolateral papillae may be combined mechano- and chemoreceptors. Amphids resemble the structure of amphids of several previously studied nematodes. Six internal labial receptors, two at the inner edge of each lip, can be identified by transmission microscopy. They may be mechanoreceptors recording cuticular stresses during feeding. Each sense organ is associated with a complexly folded system of membranes delimiting extracellular space continuous with space surrounding the dendritic process of the receptor."}
{"id": "PMID:864573", "title": "Brugia timori sp. n. (nematoda: filarioidea) from Flores Island, Indonesia.", "content": "Brugia timori sp. n. from experimentally-infected Mongolian jirds (Meriones unguiculatus) is described. The adult male differs from other Brugia species, except Brugia malayi, in having a spicular ratio of 3 : 1; it differs from B. malayi in having greater numbers of subventral adanal papillae (up to 5 on each side) that are loosely spaced and irregularly positioned about the cloaca, a greater diameter of the capitulum of the left spicule, greater lengths of the proximal- and midsections of the left spicule, and a greater length of the proximal section of the right spicule. The adult female has an ovejector of greater length and width than that of B. malayi. Microfilariae in the blood of persons from whom the parasite lines of this study originated were typical of the Timor type, having a greater total body length than other Brugia spp., a length to width cephalic space ratio of about 3 : 1, and a sheath which did not stain when processed in the usual manner with Giemsa.", "contents": "Brugia timori sp. n. (nematoda: filarioidea) from Flores Island, Indonesia. Brugia timori sp. n. from experimentally-infected Mongolian jirds (Meriones unguiculatus) is described. The adult male differs from other Brugia species, except Brugia malayi, in having a spicular ratio of 3 : 1; it differs from B. malayi in having greater numbers of subventral adanal papillae (up to 5 on each side) that are loosely spaced and irregularly positioned about the cloaca, a greater diameter of the capitulum of the left spicule, greater lengths of the proximal- and midsections of the left spicule, and a greater length of the proximal section of the right spicule. The adult female has an ovejector of greater length and width than that of B. malayi. Microfilariae in the blood of persons from whom the parasite lines of this study originated were typical of the Timor type, having a greater total body length than other Brugia spp., a length to width cephalic space ratio of about 3 : 1, and a sheath which did not stain when processed in the usual manner with Giemsa."}
{"id": "PMID:864574", "title": "Haemaphysalis (allophysalis) danieli, sp. n. (ixodoidea: ixodidae), female and tentatively associated immature stages from high mountains of northern Pakistan and Afghanistan.", "content": "Haemaphysalis (Allophysalis) danieli sp. n. is described from a female taken from alpine vegetation in Swat, Pakistan. Fifty-one nymphal and larval ticks tentatively associated with this taxon are from hamsters, field mice, voles, and marmots (Rodentia), Cricetulus migratorius, Apodemus flavicollis, alticola roylei, and Marmota caudata, and from pikas (Lagomorpha), Ochotona roylei, in Gilgit and Hazara districts of Pakistan and in Badakhashan Province of Afghanistan. Collecting localities are in the western Himalayan mountain complex between 2,310 and 4,000 m altitude and between 35degrees08' and 36degrees23' N and 71degrees51' and 74degrees02' E. This species is most closely related to the mountain-inhabiting H. (A9Y pospelovashtromae Hoogstraal of southern USSR and Mongolia and H. (A.) garhwalensis Dhanda and Bhat of northern India and Nepal.", "contents": "Haemaphysalis (allophysalis) danieli, sp. n. (ixodoidea: ixodidae), female and tentatively associated immature stages from high mountains of northern Pakistan and Afghanistan. Haemaphysalis (Allophysalis) danieli sp. n. is described from a female taken from alpine vegetation in Swat, Pakistan. Fifty-one nymphal and larval ticks tentatively associated with this taxon are from hamsters, field mice, voles, and marmots (Rodentia), Cricetulus migratorius, Apodemus flavicollis, alticola roylei, and Marmota caudata, and from pikas (Lagomorpha), Ochotona roylei, in Gilgit and Hazara districts of Pakistan and in Badakhashan Province of Afghanistan. Collecting localities are in the western Himalayan mountain complex between 2,310 and 4,000 m altitude and between 35degrees08' and 36degrees23' N and 71degrees51' and 74degrees02' E. This species is most closely related to the mountain-inhabiting H. (A9Y pospelovashtromae Hoogstraal of southern USSR and Mongolia and H. (A.) garhwalensis Dhanda and Bhat of northern India and Nepal."}
{"id": "PMID:864575", "title": "Life cycle of the tick Rhipicephalus evertsi evertsi neumann (acarina: ixodidae) under laboratory conditions.", "content": "The preoviposition period of the tick Rhipicephalus evertsi Neumann maintained under laboratory conditions at 26 C was 6.1 +/- 0.38 days. The average number of eggs produced during the oviposition period was 10,400 +/- 397 (max. 13.307, min. 7,558). The greatest daily egg production was recorded on the 3rd day (1.107 eggs/female). The incubation period of eggs at 26 C was 24.8 +/- 1.37 and the feeding time of the larvae and nymphs (a two-host tick) was 17.2 +/- 0.14 days at 26 C. This tick represents the two-host type of cycle and the percentage of larvae, pharate nymphs, and nymphs on the host at various intervals after attachment was recorded. The changes in the weight of the immature stages during the feeding period was examined daily. Nymphs which produce males were lighter in weight (10.3 +/- 0.28 mg), than those which produce females (15.6 +/- 0.33) and males emerge (13.7 +/- 0.10 days of premolting period) before females (14.1 +/- 0.11 days).", "contents": "Life cycle of the tick Rhipicephalus evertsi evertsi neumann (acarina: ixodidae) under laboratory conditions. The preoviposition period of the tick Rhipicephalus evertsi Neumann maintained under laboratory conditions at 26 C was 6.1 +/- 0.38 days. The average number of eggs produced during the oviposition period was 10,400 +/- 397 (max. 13.307, min. 7,558). The greatest daily egg production was recorded on the 3rd day (1.107 eggs/female). The incubation period of eggs at 26 C was 24.8 +/- 1.37 and the feeding time of the larvae and nymphs (a two-host tick) was 17.2 +/- 0.14 days at 26 C. This tick represents the two-host type of cycle and the percentage of larvae, pharate nymphs, and nymphs on the host at various intervals after attachment was recorded. The changes in the weight of the immature stages during the feeding period was examined daily. Nymphs which produce males were lighter in weight (10.3 +/- 0.28 mg), than those which produce females (15.6 +/- 0.33) and males emerge (13.7 +/- 0.10 days of premolting period) before females (14.1 +/- 0.11 days)."}
{"id": "PMID:864587", "title": "Is stimulus recognition a necessary condition for the occurrence of exposure effects?", "content": "Many theories of exposure effects involve the operation of psychological processes that depend on some form of stimulus recognition. Two experiments investigated the role of stimulus recognition in the mere exposure phenomenon. Female subjects viewed novel stimuli at various exposure frequencies, then measures of stimulul recognition and effect were obtained. In each experiment, a significant and positive relationship was found between stimulus exposure and affect, even when the effects of stimulus recognition were held constant. Thus, stimulus recognition was not a necessary condition for the occurrence of the observed exposure effects. The results suggest that the relationship between stimulus exposure and affect does not depend on the operation of higher order cognitive processes, at least to the extent that such processes are themselves dependent upon stimulus recognition.", "contents": "Is stimulus recognition a necessary condition for the occurrence of exposure effects? Many theories of exposure effects involve the operation of psychological processes that depend on some form of stimulus recognition. Two experiments investigated the role of stimulus recognition in the mere exposure phenomenon. Female subjects viewed novel stimuli at various exposure frequencies, then measures of stimulul recognition and effect were obtained. In each experiment, a significant and positive relationship was found between stimulus exposure and affect, even when the effects of stimulus recognition were held constant. Thus, stimulus recognition was not a necessary condition for the occurrence of the observed exposure effects. The results suggest that the relationship between stimulus exposure and affect does not depend on the operation of higher order cognitive processes, at least to the extent that such processes are themselves dependent upon stimulus recognition."}
{"id": "PMID:864588", "title": "Behavior change following self-confrontation: a test of the value-mediation hypothesis.", "content": "This study presents a reanalysis of data from Rokeach's self-confrontation experiments using path analytic techniques. Contrary to Rokeach's interpretations, findings indicate that behavior changes  following self-confrontation are not primarily mediated through changes in value priorities. Rather, the available data suggest that the self-confrontation process involves the resolution of inconsistencies between behaviors and self-conceptions that are revelaed during the treatment session. The authors interpret these findings within the framework of Rokeach's general theory of self-disatisfaction and cognitive-behavioral change. Suggestions for future directions in self-confrontation research are offered.", "contents": "Behavior change following self-confrontation: a test of the value-mediation hypothesis. This study presents a reanalysis of data from Rokeach's self-confrontation experiments using path analytic techniques. Contrary to Rokeach's interpretations, findings indicate that behavior changes  following self-confrontation are not primarily mediated through changes in value priorities. Rather, the available data suggest that the self-confrontation process involves the resolution of inconsistencies between behaviors and self-conceptions that are revelaed during the treatment session. The authors interpret these findings within the framework of Rokeach's general theory of self-disatisfaction and cognitive-behavioral change. Suggestions for future directions in self-confrontation research are offered."}
{"id": "PMID:864589", "title": "Nonverbal communication of affect in preschool in children: relationships with personality and skin conductance.", "content": "A slide-viewing paradigm measuring the tendency to communicate accurate nonverbal messages via spontaneous facial expressions and gestures was applied to 13 male and 11 female preschoolers (aged 4-6 years). The children watched 16 emotionally loaded color slides while, unknown to them, their mothers viewed their reactions via television. The children's skin conductance (SC) was monitored during the experiment, and they had been rated by two teachers on a new scale of affect expression developed from Jones' externalizer/internalizer distinction. High communication accuracy was associated with low SC responding. Rated expressiveness was associated with high communication accuracy and low SC responding. Sex differences appeared in the pattern of relations between the affect expression scale and the measures of communication accuracy and SC response.", "contents": "Nonverbal communication of affect in preschool in children: relationships with personality and skin conductance. A slide-viewing paradigm measuring the tendency to communicate accurate nonverbal messages via spontaneous facial expressions and gestures was applied to 13 male and 11 female preschoolers (aged 4-6 years). The children watched 16 emotionally loaded color slides while, unknown to them, their mothers viewed their reactions via television. The children's skin conductance (SC) was monitored during the experiment, and they had been rated by two teachers on a new scale of affect expression developed from Jones' externalizer/internalizer distinction. High communication accuracy was associated with low SC responding. Rated expressiveness was associated with high communication accuracy and low SC responding. Sex differences appeared in the pattern of relations between the affect expression scale and the measures of communication accuracy and SC response."}
{"id": "PMID:864590", "title": "Effectiveness of counteraggression strategies in reducing interactive aggression by males.", "content": "Studies on techniques of reducing aggression have typically examined passive, matching, and punitive strategies of counteraggression and have been remarkably inconsistent in their findings. This research was designed to resolve the contradictory results by reconceptuallzing the strategies in terms of counteraggression/aggression (cA/A) ratios. We predicted that the norm of reciprocity and the tendency to exploit weakness would make a cA/A ratio of less than but close to 1.0 (matching) most effective in reducing aggression. Ten cA/A ratios were used. One hundred male subjects set punishment level set by their opponent (a confederate) on 25 trials, and, on 13 losing trials, received punishment. The most effective cA/A ratios for reducing aggression were the lowest ones. Lower cA/A ratios reduced aggression and ratios greater than 1.0 increased aggresion. Contrary to the results of previous studies, the matching strategy was ineffective in reducing aggresion.", "contents": "Effectiveness of counteraggression strategies in reducing interactive aggression by males. Studies on techniques of reducing aggression have typically examined passive, matching, and punitive strategies of counteraggression and have been remarkably inconsistent in their findings. This research was designed to resolve the contradictory results by reconceptuallzing the strategies in terms of counteraggression/aggression (cA/A) ratios. We predicted that the norm of reciprocity and the tendency to exploit weakness would make a cA/A ratio of less than but close to 1.0 (matching) most effective in reducing aggression. Ten cA/A ratios were used. One hundred male subjects set punishment level set by their opponent (a confederate) on 25 trials, and, on 13 losing trials, received punishment. The most effective cA/A ratios for reducing aggression were the lowest ones. Lower cA/A ratios reduced aggression and ratios greater than 1.0 increased aggresion. Contrary to the results of previous studies, the matching strategy was ineffective in reducing aggresion."}
{"id": "PMID:864592", "title": "Hexobarbital pharmacokinetics in rats after ligation of the common bile duct.", "content": "Rats, with and without bile duct ligation (BDL), were injected with hexobarbital (i.p. and i.v.) and blood concentrations measured as a function of time. Analysis of these curves using a single-compartment model showed that BDL altered hexobarbital pharmacokinetics in a manner dependent upon the duration of BDL and the route of administration of hexobarbital. Clearance from the blood and the rate constant for elimination (K) were reduced after 72-hour BDL but not after 12-hour BDL. The absorption of hexobarbital after intraperitoneal injection was slowed by 12- and 72- hour BDL. Seventy-two-hour BDL also increased the volume of distribution of hexobarbital but only when the drug was administered intraperitoneally. These data are consistent with previously reported data showing impairment of hepatic microsomal drug metabolism after 72-hour BDL, but not after 12-hour BDL. We also confirmed earlier speculations that BDL decreased the absorption of intraperitoneally-administered hexobarbital, although this does not appear to be a significant factor in prolonging hexobarbital sleeping time.", "contents": "Hexobarbital pharmacokinetics in rats after ligation of the common bile duct. Rats, with and without bile duct ligation (BDL), were injected with hexobarbital (i.p. and i.v.) and blood concentrations measured as a function of time. Analysis of these curves using a single-compartment model showed that BDL altered hexobarbital pharmacokinetics in a manner dependent upon the duration of BDL and the route of administration of hexobarbital. Clearance from the blood and the rate constant for elimination (K) were reduced after 72-hour BDL but not after 12-hour BDL. The absorption of hexobarbital after intraperitoneal injection was slowed by 12- and 72- hour BDL. Seventy-two-hour BDL also increased the volume of distribution of hexobarbital but only when the drug was administered intraperitoneally. These data are consistent with previously reported data showing impairment of hepatic microsomal drug metabolism after 72-hour BDL, but not after 12-hour BDL. We also confirmed earlier speculations that BDL decreased the absorption of intraperitoneally-administered hexobarbital, although this does not appear to be a significant factor in prolonging hexobarbital sleeping time."}
{"id": "PMID:864593", "title": "Mechanism of action of anticoagulants: correlation between the inhibition of prothrombin synthesis and the regeneration of vitamin K1 from vitamin K1 epoxide.", "content": "It has been proposed that coumarin and indandione anticoagulants inhibit clotting protein synthesis by preventing the regeneration of vitamin K1 from its 2,3-epoxide metabolic. To test this hypothesis, the effects of nine coumarin and indandiones on prothrombin synthesis and the conversion of vitamin K1 epoxide to vitamin K1 were measured. There was a good correlation between the inhibition of prothrombin synthesis and the epoxide-K1 conversion both in vivo and in vitro. Diphenadione (2-diphenyl acetyl-1,3-indandione) caused a delayed inhibition of prothrombin synthesis which correlated with a delayed inhibition of the epoxide-K1 conversion in vivo. These results provide strong evidence for the proposed mechanism of action of coumarin and indandione anticoagulants.", "contents": "Mechanism of action of anticoagulants: correlation between the inhibition of prothrombin synthesis and the regeneration of vitamin K1 from vitamin K1 epoxide. It has been proposed that coumarin and indandione anticoagulants inhibit clotting protein synthesis by preventing the regeneration of vitamin K1 from its 2,3-epoxide metabolic. To test this hypothesis, the effects of nine coumarin and indandiones on prothrombin synthesis and the conversion of vitamin K1 epoxide to vitamin K1 were measured. There was a good correlation between the inhibition of prothrombin synthesis and the epoxide-K1 conversion both in vivo and in vitro. Diphenadione (2-diphenyl acetyl-1,3-indandione) caused a delayed inhibition of prothrombin synthesis which correlated with a delayed inhibition of the epoxide-K1 conversion in vivo. These results provide strong evidence for the proposed mechanism of action of coumarin and indandione anticoagulants."}
{"id": "PMID:864594", "title": "Studies in rats on the mechanism by which 6-mercaptopurine inhibits the anticoagulant effect of warfarin.", "content": "The observation in man that 6-mercaptopurine (6-MP) decreases the anticoagulant effect of warfarin could be simulated in male Wistar Lewis rats. This permitted a detailed study in animals on the mechanism of this drug interaction. It was found that 6-MP treatment (5 mg/kg at 12-hour dose intervals) neither affects the distribution nor increases the elimination rate of 14C-warfarin. The degradation rate of prothrombin complex activity (determined after blocking the synthesis of prothrombin complex activity by 15 mg/kg of warfarin sodium) was also not inhibited by 6-MP. When added to rat plasma in vitro, 6-MP had no effect on prothrombin times. It was evident, however, that 6-MP treatment produces a significant shortening of the prothrombin times of nonanticoagulated animals. This effect was completely reversible a few days after discontinuance of 6-MP treatment. Analysis of the activity of clotting factors II, V, VII, VIII, and X by one-stage assays using human deficient substrate plasma revealed that the increase in prothrombin complex activity during 6-MP treatment is mainly due to an increase in factor II activity. From these experiments it appears that 6-MP increases the synthesis and/or activation of prothrombin and thereby decreases the response to oral anticoagulant drugs.", "contents": "Studies in rats on the mechanism by which 6-mercaptopurine inhibits the anticoagulant effect of warfarin. The observation in man that 6-mercaptopurine (6-MP) decreases the anticoagulant effect of warfarin could be simulated in male Wistar Lewis rats. This permitted a detailed study in animals on the mechanism of this drug interaction. It was found that 6-MP treatment (5 mg/kg at 12-hour dose intervals) neither affects the distribution nor increases the elimination rate of 14C-warfarin. The degradation rate of prothrombin complex activity (determined after blocking the synthesis of prothrombin complex activity by 15 mg/kg of warfarin sodium) was also not inhibited by 6-MP. When added to rat plasma in vitro, 6-MP had no effect on prothrombin times. It was evident, however, that 6-MP treatment produces a significant shortening of the prothrombin times of nonanticoagulated animals. This effect was completely reversible a few days after discontinuance of 6-MP treatment. Analysis of the activity of clotting factors II, V, VII, VIII, and X by one-stage assays using human deficient substrate plasma revealed that the increase in prothrombin complex activity during 6-MP treatment is mainly due to an increase in factor II activity. From these experiments it appears that 6-MP increases the synthesis and/or activation of prothrombin and thereby decreases the response to oral anticoagulant drugs."}
{"id": "PMID:864596", "title": "Immunosuppressive effects of 8,9-epoxyhexahydrocannabinol (EHHC).", "content": "8,9-Epoxyhexahydrocannabinol (EHHC)-treated mice showed an inhibition of both humoral and cell-mediated immunity. The hemolytic plaque forming assay was employed to determine both the IgM and IgG antibody response. The effect of EHHC on IgM antibody production was measured in BDG1 male mice given X 10(8) sheep erythrocytes i.p. followed 24 and 48 hours later by i.p. injections of EHHC. EHHC produced a dose-dependent inhibition of plaque forming cells (PFC)/10(6) spleen cells and PFC/spleen on days 3, 4 and 5 after antigen administration. On day 4 the ED50 for PFC/10(6) spleen cells and PFC/spleen was 28 and 18 mg/kg, respectively. Peak response to IgG antibody production was observed on day 9. EHHC (100 mg/kg) administered i.p. 48 hours after antigen produced a 58 and 46% suppression of PFC/10(6) leucocyte on days 7 and 9, respectively. CDF1 male mice received 100 microng of Cornybacterium parvum in the left footpad. Two days after sensitization, EHHC was administered in doses of 0.75 to 50 mg/kg i.p. A challenge dose of 100 microng of Cornybacterium parvum was injected into the right footpad on day 6 and footpad swelling was measured 24 hours later by mercury displacement. EHHC at a dose of 0.78 mg/kg produced a 95% inhibition of the delayed-type hypersensitivity response. These studies showed that EHHC inhibits both the humoral and cellular arm of the immune response.", "contents": "Immunosuppressive effects of 8,9-epoxyhexahydrocannabinol (EHHC). 8,9-Epoxyhexahydrocannabinol (EHHC)-treated mice showed an inhibition of both humoral and cell-mediated immunity. The hemolytic plaque forming assay was employed to determine both the IgM and IgG antibody response. The effect of EHHC on IgM antibody production was measured in BDG1 male mice given X 10(8) sheep erythrocytes i.p. followed 24 and 48 hours later by i.p. injections of EHHC. EHHC produced a dose-dependent inhibition of plaque forming cells (PFC)/10(6) spleen cells and PFC/spleen on days 3, 4 and 5 after antigen administration. On day 4 the ED50 for PFC/10(6) spleen cells and PFC/spleen was 28 and 18 mg/kg, respectively. Peak response to IgG antibody production was observed on day 9. EHHC (100 mg/kg) administered i.p. 48 hours after antigen produced a 58 and 46% suppression of PFC/10(6) leucocyte on days 7 and 9, respectively. CDF1 male mice received 100 microng of Cornybacterium parvum in the left footpad. Two days after sensitization, EHHC was administered in doses of 0.75 to 50 mg/kg i.p. A challenge dose of 100 microng of Cornybacterium parvum was injected into the right footpad on day 6 and footpad swelling was measured 24 hours later by mercury displacement. EHHC at a dose of 0.78 mg/kg produced a 95% inhibition of the delayed-type hypersensitivity response. These studies showed that EHHC inhibits both the humoral and cellular arm of the immune response."}
{"id": "PMID:864597", "title": "Miosis and fluctuation in the rabbit pupil: effects of morphine and naloxone.", "content": "In the unanesthetized rabbit, morphine (12-16 mg/kg i.v.) produced a miosis that was not sustained. The response to the narcotic was a pupillary constriction that became maximal within 2 minutes following i.v. administration, after which time the pupil size fluctuated appreciably. The magnitude of the fluctuation, typically as high as 40% of control diameter, was much larger than can be attributed to \"noise.\" The fluctuations occurred within a frequency of approximately 0.5 to 2/min. The miosis and subsequent fluctuation seen with 12 and 16 mg/kg of morphine was blocked by naloxone (0.5 mg/kg i.v.), but 128 mg/kg of morphine overcame the block. Cumulative dose-response curves for morphine and for morphine after naloxone yielded the value pA2=6.8 which is in agreement with the values obtained using other effects and species. Administration of morphine after exposure to high intensity light produced less miosis than that seen under normal illumination.", "contents": "Miosis and fluctuation in the rabbit pupil: effects of morphine and naloxone. In the unanesthetized rabbit, morphine (12-16 mg/kg i.v.) produced a miosis that was not sustained. The response to the narcotic was a pupillary constriction that became maximal within 2 minutes following i.v. administration, after which time the pupil size fluctuated appreciably. The magnitude of the fluctuation, typically as high as 40% of control diameter, was much larger than can be attributed to \"noise.\" The fluctuations occurred within a frequency of approximately 0.5 to 2/min. The miosis and subsequent fluctuation seen with 12 and 16 mg/kg of morphine was blocked by naloxone (0.5 mg/kg i.v.), but 128 mg/kg of morphine overcame the block. Cumulative dose-response curves for morphine and for morphine after naloxone yielded the value pA2=6.8 which is in agreement with the values obtained using other effects and species. Administration of morphine after exposure to high intensity light produced less miosis than that seen under normal illumination."}
{"id": "PMID:864598", "title": "Antiseizure activity of gamma-acetylenic gamma-aminobutyric acid: a catalytic irreversible inhibitor of gamma-aminobutyric acid transaminase.", "content": "gamma-Acetylenic gamma-aminobutyric acid (gamma-acetylenic GABA) produces several-fold sustained elevations of brain GABA concentrations when administered intraperitoneally to mice. It protects mice against seizures induced by audiogenic stimuli, electroshock, thiosemicarbazide, isoniazid and strychnine. The duration and degree of audiogenic seizure protection appears to correlate with elevations in whole brain GABA levels. gamma-Acetylenic GABA does not protect against seizures induced by pentylenetetrazol or picrotoxin even at doses that increase brain GABA concentrations approximately 6-fold. This differential antiseizure activity suggests that the GABA system may play a role in some, but not all experimentally produced seizures.", "contents": "Antiseizure activity of gamma-acetylenic gamma-aminobutyric acid: a catalytic irreversible inhibitor of gamma-aminobutyric acid transaminase. gamma-Acetylenic gamma-aminobutyric acid (gamma-acetylenic GABA) produces several-fold sustained elevations of brain GABA concentrations when administered intraperitoneally to mice. It protects mice against seizures induced by audiogenic stimuli, electroshock, thiosemicarbazide, isoniazid and strychnine. The duration and degree of audiogenic seizure protection appears to correlate with elevations in whole brain GABA levels. gamma-Acetylenic GABA does not protect against seizures induced by pentylenetetrazol or picrotoxin even at doses that increase brain GABA concentrations approximately 6-fold. This differential antiseizure activity suggests that the GABA system may play a role in some, but not all experimentally produced seizures."}
{"id": "PMID:864599", "title": "Induction of membrane alterations by norepinephrine: studies with macrophages and phospholipids monolayers.", "content": "Norepinephrine (8 mM) produced a rapid and readily reversible rounding and vacuolation in mouse peritoneal macrophages. The rapid onset and offset of these changes suggested something other than classical pinocytosis as a mechanism. The morphological changes were inhibited by cytochalasin B but not by propranolol. Norepinephrine lowered the contact angle between a macrophage monolayer and a sessile drop of saline. This indication of increased membrane hydrophilicity is consistent with an increase in membrane surface pressure. Norepinephrine had no effect on neutral phospholipid (phosphatidylcholine) monolayers but expanded acidic phospholipid (phosphatidylserine) monolayers over a wide range of surface pressures (15-40 dynes/cm). Based on these observations, it is suggested that norepinephrine may produce the morphological changes by expanding the macrophage membrane to the point of membrane buckling and/or by a viscotropic stimulation of membrane enzymes which, in turn, activate microfilaments.", "contents": "Induction of membrane alterations by norepinephrine: studies with macrophages and phospholipids monolayers. Norepinephrine (8 mM) produced a rapid and readily reversible rounding and vacuolation in mouse peritoneal macrophages. The rapid onset and offset of these changes suggested something other than classical pinocytosis as a mechanism. The morphological changes were inhibited by cytochalasin B but not by propranolol. Norepinephrine lowered the contact angle between a macrophage monolayer and a sessile drop of saline. This indication of increased membrane hydrophilicity is consistent with an increase in membrane surface pressure. Norepinephrine had no effect on neutral phospholipid (phosphatidylcholine) monolayers but expanded acidic phospholipid (phosphatidylserine) monolayers over a wide range of surface pressures (15-40 dynes/cm). Based on these observations, it is suggested that norepinephrine may produce the morphological changes by expanding the macrophage membrane to the point of membrane buckling and/or by a viscotropic stimulation of membrane enzymes which, in turn, activate microfilaments."}
{"id": "PMID:864600", "title": "Accumulation of norepinephrine by macrophages and relationships to known uptake processes.", "content": "Incubation of mouse peritoneal macrophages with l-[3H]norepinephrine resulted in an apparent multiphasic accumulation of the catecholamine by the cells. Low temperature did and iodoacetate did not inhibit uptake. Part of the accumulation followed saturation kinetics; cocaine, metanephrine and phenoxybenzamine did not inhibit the observed uptake. On this basis, it was concluded that the uptake process or combination of processes could not be classified solely as uptake1, uptake2 or simple diffusion However, similarities between norepinephrine accumulation by macrophages and that by other extraneuronal tissues do exist. This, along with previous morphological data, suggests that the macrophage uptake may typify a component of extraneuronal accumulation of norepinephrine and that this component may, in part, result from a nonspecific membrane perturbation by norepinephrine.", "contents": "Accumulation of norepinephrine by macrophages and relationships to known uptake processes. Incubation of mouse peritoneal macrophages with l-[3H]norepinephrine resulted in an apparent multiphasic accumulation of the catecholamine by the cells. Low temperature did and iodoacetate did not inhibit uptake. Part of the accumulation followed saturation kinetics; cocaine, metanephrine and phenoxybenzamine did not inhibit the observed uptake. On this basis, it was concluded that the uptake process or combination of processes could not be classified solely as uptake1, uptake2 or simple diffusion However, similarities between norepinephrine accumulation by macrophages and that by other extraneuronal tissues do exist. This, along with previous morphological data, suggests that the macrophage uptake may typify a component of extraneuronal accumulation of norepinephrine and that this component may, in part, result from a nonspecific membrane perturbation by norepinephrine."}
{"id": "PMID:864602", "title": "Antimuscarinic and noncompetitive antagonist properties of dicyclomine hydrochloride in isolated human and rabbit bladder muscle.", "content": "In isolated strips of bladder neck (prostatic capsule) and detrusor of rabbit and man, dicyclomine had minimal effect on the resting tension. Competitive antimuscarinic activity against carbachol could be demonstrated at doses of dicyclomine less than or equal to 1 X 10(-6) M, whereas at higher doses a noncompetitive action against both carbachol and potassium was observed. The ratio of dissociation constants relating to the noncompetitive and competitive actions, respectively, was about 1200, approximately 100 times higher than that previously reported in ileum. Dicyclomine was only about 1/30 as potent as atropine in competitive antimuscarinic activity. Dicyclomine hydrochloride may be useful in the clinical management of \"uninhibited bladder.\"", "contents": "Antimuscarinic and noncompetitive antagonist properties of dicyclomine hydrochloride in isolated human and rabbit bladder muscle. In isolated strips of bladder neck (prostatic capsule) and detrusor of rabbit and man, dicyclomine had minimal effect on the resting tension. Competitive antimuscarinic activity against carbachol could be demonstrated at doses of dicyclomine less than or equal to 1 X 10(-6) M, whereas at higher doses a noncompetitive action against both carbachol and potassium was observed. The ratio of dissociation constants relating to the noncompetitive and competitive actions, respectively, was about 1200, approximately 100 times higher than that previously reported in ileum. Dicyclomine was only about 1/30 as potent as atropine in competitive antimuscarinic activity. Dicyclomine hydrochloride may be useful in the clinical management of \"uninhibited bladder.\""}
{"id": "PMID:864603", "title": "Effects of acetylcholine on potassium movements in the guinea-pig sinus node.", "content": "Factors influencing the effect of acetylcholine (ACh) on potassium movements in the sinus node have been studied using tracer potassium (42K) and a microelectrode technique. The following results were obtained. ACh has qualitatively different effects on 42K uptake depending upon concentration, i.e., small concentrations (approximately equal to 10(-9) M) of ACh may decrease and larger concentrations (greater than or equal to 10(-7) M) increase 42K uptake. The ACh induced increase in 42K uptake is slightly but significantly greater when the rate of discharge is maintained constant by electrical drive than when the rate is slowed by ACh as quantitated by transmembrane recordings. In the presence of atropine, the ACh-induced increase in 42K uptake is abolished and replaced by a small but consistent decrease. Blockage by nicotine enhances the ACh-induced increase in 42K uptake and blockade by d-tubocurarine diminishes it. The effect of ACh on 42K uptake is greater in high (5.4 mM) than in low (0.54 mM) [Ca]0. These results suggest the conclusion that ACh acts upon a muscarinic recpetor to increase and on a nicotinic receptor to decrease potassium uptake. The net effect depends upon the concentration of ACh. The action of ACh on potassium uptake is modulated by [Ca]0.", "contents": "Effects of acetylcholine on potassium movements in the guinea-pig sinus node. Factors influencing the effect of acetylcholine (ACh) on potassium movements in the sinus node have been studied using tracer potassium (42K) and a microelectrode technique. The following results were obtained. ACh has qualitatively different effects on 42K uptake depending upon concentration, i.e., small concentrations (approximately equal to 10(-9) M) of ACh may decrease and larger concentrations (greater than or equal to 10(-7) M) increase 42K uptake. The ACh induced increase in 42K uptake is slightly but significantly greater when the rate of discharge is maintained constant by electrical drive than when the rate is slowed by ACh as quantitated by transmembrane recordings. In the presence of atropine, the ACh-induced increase in 42K uptake is abolished and replaced by a small but consistent decrease. Blockage by nicotine enhances the ACh-induced increase in 42K uptake and blockade by d-tubocurarine diminishes it. The effect of ACh on 42K uptake is greater in high (5.4 mM) than in low (0.54 mM) [Ca]0. These results suggest the conclusion that ACh acts upon a muscarinic recpetor to increase and on a nicotinic receptor to decrease potassium uptake. The net effect depends upon the concentration of ACh. The action of ACh on potassium uptake is modulated by [Ca]0."}
{"id": "PMID:864605", "title": "Vasodilation due to urokinase in the canine femoral circulation.", "content": "Based upon clinical observations, we hypothesize that the plasminogen activator urokinase is vasoactive in addition to being fibrinolytic and thrombolytic. The effects of intra-arterial injections and infusions of urokinase were investigated in the canine femoral circulation. Injections of human urine urokinase increased femoral artery blood flow in a dose-related fashion that was not significantly attenuated by beta adrenergic blockade, antihistamine treatment, heating, atropine treatment or kallikrein inactivation. The Ploug preparation of urine urokinase was somewhat more effective than the Abbott or Sterling-Winthrop preparations in  causing this dilation. Some nonspecific inhibition of the vasodilator responses was produced by inhibition of plasminogen activation with epsilon-aminocaproic acid. The continuous infusion of urokinase increased femoral arterial flow but there was some tendency to escape. Further experiments seem indicated to determine potential application of local urokinase in clinical conditions where vasodilation and fibrinolysis-thrombolysis might be of value.", "contents": "Vasodilation due to urokinase in the canine femoral circulation. Based upon clinical observations, we hypothesize that the plasminogen activator urokinase is vasoactive in addition to being fibrinolytic and thrombolytic. The effects of intra-arterial injections and infusions of urokinase were investigated in the canine femoral circulation. Injections of human urine urokinase increased femoral artery blood flow in a dose-related fashion that was not significantly attenuated by beta adrenergic blockade, antihistamine treatment, heating, atropine treatment or kallikrein inactivation. The Ploug preparation of urine urokinase was somewhat more effective than the Abbott or Sterling-Winthrop preparations in  causing this dilation. Some nonspecific inhibition of the vasodilator responses was produced by inhibition of plasminogen activation with epsilon-aminocaproic acid. The continuous infusion of urokinase increased femoral arterial flow but there was some tendency to escape. Further experiments seem indicated to determine potential application of local urokinase in clinical conditions where vasodilation and fibrinolysis-thrombolysis might be of value."}
{"id": "PMID:864606", "title": "Vasodilatation produced by apomorphine in the hindleg of the dog.", "content": "Apomorphine, injected into the dog femoral artery in doses of 0.6 microng or higher, produced a marked increase in femoral blood flow, without a change in blood pressure. No increase in flow was produced by comparable doses of dopamine or morphine. After sympathetic denervation or administration of phenoxybenzamine, the apomorphine vasodilatation was either abolished or greatly reduced. When the vascular tone in the denervated hindleg was restored by sympathetic nerve stimulation, the vasodilatory effect of apomorphine often re-established itself; this was not the cases when the vascular tone was restored by an infusion of noradrenaline. The apomorphine vasodilatation was not antagonized by propranolol or atropine. Mepyramine, in doses that antagonize histamine, often inhibited the apomorphine vasodilatation. Haloperidol, injected i.a., antagonized the apomorphine effect without changing the responses to isopropylnoradrenaline, acetylcholine, histamine and and nitroglycerin. Haloperidol blockade was overcome by increasing the dose of apomorphine. These results suggest that apomorphine dilates the femoral vasculature by an action on a \"dopamine receptor.\" The possibility that the receptor is located on sympathetic nerve endings is discussed.", "contents": "Vasodilatation produced by apomorphine in the hindleg of the dog. Apomorphine, injected into the dog femoral artery in doses of 0.6 microng or higher, produced a marked increase in femoral blood flow, without a change in blood pressure. No increase in flow was produced by comparable doses of dopamine or morphine. After sympathetic denervation or administration of phenoxybenzamine, the apomorphine vasodilatation was either abolished or greatly reduced. When the vascular tone in the denervated hindleg was restored by sympathetic nerve stimulation, the vasodilatory effect of apomorphine often re-established itself; this was not the cases when the vascular tone was restored by an infusion of noradrenaline. The apomorphine vasodilatation was not antagonized by propranolol or atropine. Mepyramine, in doses that antagonize histamine, often inhibited the apomorphine vasodilatation. Haloperidol, injected i.a., antagonized the apomorphine effect without changing the responses to isopropylnoradrenaline, acetylcholine, histamine and and nitroglycerin. Haloperidol blockade was overcome by increasing the dose of apomorphine. These results suggest that apomorphine dilates the femoral vasculature by an action on a \"dopamine receptor.\" The possibility that the receptor is located on sympathetic nerve endings is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:864608", "title": "Mexrenoate potassium: a steroidal aldosterone antagonist and antihypertensive.", "content": "Mexrenoate potassium (SC-26714) is a water soluble salt of a steroidal hydroxy acid which has been shown to antagonize the sodium-retaining effects of aldosterone at oral dosages of 1 mg/kg and about 1.8 mg/kg in the dog and rat, respectively. Dose-related natriuretic responses, indexed as a reversal (increases) in the aldosterone-depressed urinary log Na/K ratio, indicated that mexrenoate was between 2.1 (dog) and 4.5 (rat) times as potent as spironolactone. Based on sodium output, in intact rats, mexrenoate was essentially inactive as a diuretic with an estimated potency of less than 0.4% that of hydrochlorothiazide. Diuretic potency was not indicative of antihypertensive potency. In dogs with established hypertension (Page model with the remaining kidney decapsulated and cellophane wrapped) both mexrenoate and spironolactone exhibited equivalent antihypertensive responses. An optimum oral dose of either compound was 5 mg/kg/day. Initial and maximum antihypertensive responses were observed on the 2nd and 5th days of treatment, respectively. Recovery to pretreatment hypertensive levels was observed 72 hours later. Mexrenoate shares with spironolactone the pharmacological characteristics of an aldosterone antagonist.", "contents": "Mexrenoate potassium: a steroidal aldosterone antagonist and antihypertensive. Mexrenoate potassium (SC-26714) is a water soluble salt of a steroidal hydroxy acid which has been shown to antagonize the sodium-retaining effects of aldosterone at oral dosages of 1 mg/kg and about 1.8 mg/kg in the dog and rat, respectively. Dose-related natriuretic responses, indexed as a reversal (increases) in the aldosterone-depressed urinary log Na/K ratio, indicated that mexrenoate was between 2.1 (dog) and 4.5 (rat) times as potent as spironolactone. Based on sodium output, in intact rats, mexrenoate was essentially inactive as a diuretic with an estimated potency of less than 0.4% that of hydrochlorothiazide. Diuretic potency was not indicative of antihypertensive potency. In dogs with established hypertension (Page model with the remaining kidney decapsulated and cellophane wrapped) both mexrenoate and spironolactone exhibited equivalent antihypertensive responses. An optimum oral dose of either compound was 5 mg/kg/day. Initial and maximum antihypertensive responses were observed on the 2nd and 5th days of treatment, respectively. Recovery to pretreatment hypertensive levels was observed 72 hours later. Mexrenoate shares with spironolactone the pharmacological characteristics of an aldosterone antagonist."}
{"id": "PMID:864609", "title": "Nephrotoxicity of cephaloridine in newborn rabbits: role of the renal anionic transport system.", "content": "The nephrotoxicity of cephaloridine, cefazolin and mercuric chloride was studied in rabbits of various ages. Cephaloridine produced dose-related elevations in serum urea nitrogen, creatinine and renal tubular necrosis in adult and 30-day-old rabbits, only slight changes at 15 days of age and no effect in 5-day-old rabbits. Cefazolin also produced dose-related nephrotoxicity in adult rabbits but no effect in 15-day-old rabbits. Mercuric chloride administration resulted in similar nephrotoxicity in 5-, 15- and 30-day-old rabbits and adults. The development of susceptibility to cephaloridine nephrotoxicity paralleled the maturation of the renal anionic transport system as determined by the accumulation of p-aminohippurate by renal cortical slices in vitro. Substrate stimulation of the anionic transport system by p-aminohippurate or penicillin increased the nephrotoxicity of cephaloridine in between rabbits. The authors concluded that the lack of cephaloridine nephrotoxicity in newborn rabbits is due to the incomplete development of the renal anionic transport system.", "contents": "Nephrotoxicity of cephaloridine in newborn rabbits: role of the renal anionic transport system. The nephrotoxicity of cephaloridine, cefazolin and mercuric chloride was studied in rabbits of various ages. Cephaloridine produced dose-related elevations in serum urea nitrogen, creatinine and renal tubular necrosis in adult and 30-day-old rabbits, only slight changes at 15 days of age and no effect in 5-day-old rabbits. Cefazolin also produced dose-related nephrotoxicity in adult rabbits but no effect in 15-day-old rabbits. Mercuric chloride administration resulted in similar nephrotoxicity in 5-, 15- and 30-day-old rabbits and adults. The development of susceptibility to cephaloridine nephrotoxicity paralleled the maturation of the renal anionic transport system as determined by the accumulation of p-aminohippurate by renal cortical slices in vitro. Substrate stimulation of the anionic transport system by p-aminohippurate or penicillin increased the nephrotoxicity of cephaloridine in between rabbits. The authors concluded that the lack of cephaloridine nephrotoxicity in newborn rabbits is due to the incomplete development of the renal anionic transport system."}
{"id": "PMID:864612", "title": "Turbulence measurement by the pulse luminescence method using a nitrogen pulse laser.", "content": "In order to visualize and measure with ease the velocity distribution and diffusion of turbulent flow, the pulse luminescence method was investigated. Turbulence intensity was obtained from the turbulent diffusion patterns by Taylor's diffusion theory. Apparatus was developed for easier measurement. A nitrogen pulse laser was used for instantaneous, high-power excitation. With the use of a night vision scope a bright image was recorded by a TV camera and video tape recorder. The optimum concentration of LC-G1A luminescent particles was about 0-05% wt for the measurement. High fidelity of the particles as an indicator of the fluid velocity was confirmed. It was demonstrated that the turbulence intensity could be visualized and measured quantitatively by the pulse luminescence method.", "contents": "Turbulence measurement by the pulse luminescence method using a nitrogen pulse laser. In order to visualize and measure with ease the velocity distribution and diffusion of turbulent flow, the pulse luminescence method was investigated. Turbulence intensity was obtained from the turbulent diffusion patterns by Taylor's diffusion theory. Apparatus was developed for easier measurement. A nitrogen pulse laser was used for instantaneous, high-power excitation. With the use of a night vision scope a bright image was recorded by a TV camera and video tape recorder. The optimum concentration of LC-G1A luminescent particles was about 0-05% wt for the measurement. High fidelity of the particles as an indicator of the fluid velocity was confirmed. It was demonstrated that the turbulence intensity could be visualized and measured quantitatively by the pulse luminescence method."}
{"id": "PMID:864614", "title": "Effects of steady-state plasma vasopressin levels on the distribution of intrarenal blood flow on electrolyte excretion.", "content": "1. In order to evaluate the effects of arginine vasopressin (AVP) on the distribution of intrarenal blood flow and on electrolyte excretion, steady-state plasma AVP levels (4-8, 19-1, 44-3, and 100-6 micro u./ml.) were produced in anaesthetized dogs, which were hydrated to minimize endogenous anti-diuretic hormone (ADH) release. 2. The urinary excretion of sodium and potassium increased without change in their filtered loads during AVP infusion. 3. Measurement by the 133xenon washout method revealed diphasic blood flow shifts, as a function of the plasma AVP level, between compartment 1 (outer cortex) and compartment 2 (inner cortex and outer medulla) without change in compartment 3 (inner medulla). 4. In a separate study, the radioactive microsphere (15 micronm) method was used with a plasma AVP levels of 19-8 micronu./ml. Blood flow (expressed as % flow/g tissue) decreased in the outer cortex and increased in the inner cortex. 5. Total renal blood flow did not change during infusion of AVP. However, the values measured by 133xenon were lower than those measured by the microsphere method. 6. There was agreement between these two independent methods that blood flow shifted from outer to inner cortex, with no change in total renal flow, at similar plasma AVP levels (19-1 and 19-8 micronu./ml.). The relationship of these intrarenal circulatory changes to the increased electrolyte excretion is discussed.", "contents": "Effects of steady-state plasma vasopressin levels on the distribution of intrarenal blood flow on electrolyte excretion. 1. In order to evaluate the effects of arginine vasopressin (AVP) on the distribution of intrarenal blood flow and on electrolyte excretion, steady-state plasma AVP levels (4-8, 19-1, 44-3, and 100-6 micro u./ml.) were produced in anaesthetized dogs, which were hydrated to minimize endogenous anti-diuretic hormone (ADH) release. 2. The urinary excretion of sodium and potassium increased without change in their filtered loads during AVP infusion. 3. Measurement by the 133xenon washout method revealed diphasic blood flow shifts, as a function of the plasma AVP level, between compartment 1 (outer cortex) and compartment 2 (inner cortex and outer medulla) without change in compartment 3 (inner medulla). 4. In a separate study, the radioactive microsphere (15 micronm) method was used with a plasma AVP levels of 19-8 micronu./ml. Blood flow (expressed as % flow/g tissue) decreased in the outer cortex and increased in the inner cortex. 5. Total renal blood flow did not change during infusion of AVP. However, the values measured by 133xenon were lower than those measured by the microsphere method. 6. There was agreement between these two independent methods that blood flow shifted from outer to inner cortex, with no change in total renal flow, at similar plasma AVP levels (19-1 and 19-8 micronu./ml.). The relationship of these intrarenal circulatory changes to the increased electrolyte excretion is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:864615", "title": "Relative capabilities of sarcoplasmic reticulum in fast and slow mammalian skeletal muscles.", "content": "1. The calcium uptake capabilities of the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) of the fat-twitch muscles extensor digitorum longus (EDL) and tibialis anterior (TA) of the rat and the extensor digitorum longus of the cat have been compared with the same capabilities of the slow-twitch soleus muscles of the rat and cat. 2. For the ra the Vmax values of sarcoplasmic reticulum from tibialis anterior, extensor digitorum longus and from soleus muscles were 50, 51, and 10 micronmole Ca2+/g per minute, respectively. 3. For the extensor digitorum longus and soleus muscles of the cat the Vmax values were 34 and 5-6 micronmole Ca2+/g per minute, respectively. 4. These data were compared with mechanical data as reported in the literature for the same muscles. The relative calcium uptake capabilities of sarcoplasmic reticulum from slow and fast muscles corresponded closely to the relative rates of relaxation of these muscles.", "contents": "Relative capabilities of sarcoplasmic reticulum in fast and slow mammalian skeletal muscles. 1. The calcium uptake capabilities of the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) of the fat-twitch muscles extensor digitorum longus (EDL) and tibialis anterior (TA) of the rat and the extensor digitorum longus of the cat have been compared with the same capabilities of the slow-twitch soleus muscles of the rat and cat. 2. For the ra the Vmax values of sarcoplasmic reticulum from tibialis anterior, extensor digitorum longus and from soleus muscles were 50, 51, and 10 micronmole Ca2+/g per minute, respectively. 3. For the extensor digitorum longus and soleus muscles of the cat the Vmax values were 34 and 5-6 micronmole Ca2+/g per minute, respectively. 4. These data were compared with mechanical data as reported in the literature for the same muscles. The relative calcium uptake capabilities of sarcoplasmic reticulum from slow and fast muscles corresponded closely to the relative rates of relaxation of these muscles."}
{"id": "PMID:864616", "title": "Some properties of the smooth muscle of mouse vas deferens.", "content": "1. Contractions of the mouse vas deferens in response to electrical stimulation differ form those recorded form the guinea-pig vas deferens in that they are abolished by tetrodotoxin. 2. Changes in membrane potentials were recorded form the smooth muscle of both preparations in response to stimulation with current pulses applied by an intracellular electrode and by alrge extracellular plate electrodes. 3. Both preparations behaved similarly in response to intracellular stimulation. Electrotonic potentials in response to extracellular current pulses spread in a longitudinal direction in the guinea-pig vas deferens in accordance with the cable-like properties of this preparation. In contrast, no longitudinal spread of eletrotonus was observed in the mouse vas deferens. 4. Responses to nerve stimulation differed in the two preparations. In the guinea-pig, single stimuli caused excitatory junction potentials (e.j.p.s) which gave rise to action potentials. Some cells from the mouse vas deferens showed similar e.j.p.s and action potentials, although the threshold for the initiation of action potentials was lower and more variable. 5. The majority of cells in the mouse vas deferens failed to show action potentials in response to a single stimuli even though the amplitude of e.j.p.s was from 35 to 40 mV. This was probably due to the large resting membrane potentials of these cells, as all-or-nothing action potentials could be evoked if successive e.j.p.s were allowed to sum with each other or if a depolarizing current pulse was applied at the peak of an e.j.p. 6. The nature of the response to nerve stimulation recorded from differnt cells in the mouse vas deferens could be correlated with the amplitude and time course of the response of the same cell to intracellular stimulation. 7. It is concluded that individual smooth muscle cells in both preparations are probably coupled electrically but that there are few, if any, low resistance pathways in the longitudinal direction in the mouse vas deferens.", "contents": "Some properties of the smooth muscle of mouse vas deferens. 1. Contractions of the mouse vas deferens in response to electrical stimulation differ form those recorded form the guinea-pig vas deferens in that they are abolished by tetrodotoxin. 2. Changes in membrane potentials were recorded form the smooth muscle of both preparations in response to stimulation with current pulses applied by an intracellular electrode and by alrge extracellular plate electrodes. 3. Both preparations behaved similarly in response to intracellular stimulation. Electrotonic potentials in response to extracellular current pulses spread in a longitudinal direction in the guinea-pig vas deferens in accordance with the cable-like properties of this preparation. In contrast, no longitudinal spread of eletrotonus was observed in the mouse vas deferens. 4. Responses to nerve stimulation differed in the two preparations. In the guinea-pig, single stimuli caused excitatory junction potentials (e.j.p.s) which gave rise to action potentials. Some cells from the mouse vas deferens showed similar e.j.p.s and action potentials, although the threshold for the initiation of action potentials was lower and more variable. 5. The majority of cells in the mouse vas deferens failed to show action potentials in response to a single stimuli even though the amplitude of e.j.p.s was from 35 to 40 mV. This was probably due to the large resting membrane potentials of these cells, as all-or-nothing action potentials could be evoked if successive e.j.p.s were allowed to sum with each other or if a depolarizing current pulse was applied at the peak of an e.j.p. 6. The nature of the response to nerve stimulation recorded from differnt cells in the mouse vas deferens could be correlated with the amplitude and time course of the response of the same cell to intracellular stimulation. 7. It is concluded that individual smooth muscle cells in both preparations are probably coupled electrically but that there are few, if any, low resistance pathways in the longitudinal direction in the mouse vas deferens."}
{"id": "PMID:864617", "title": "The distribution of acetylcholine receptors on muscle fibres of regenerating salamander limbs.", "content": "1. Muscle fibres developing during limb regeneration were examined for responsiveness to acetylcholine (ACh) applied iontophoretically along the membrane. 2. Fibres which were uninnervated as well as those with non-transmitting synapses had high over-all sensitivities, with only minor variations along their length. 3. Functionally innervated fibres in which depolarization did not yet elicit action potentials had high over-all sensitivities, even when the synaptic potentials ahd amplitudes of 40-50 mV. In these the membrane in the vicinity of synapses tended to have sensitivities above the background level. 4. Upon the appearance of action potentials, several weeks after fibre innervation, the responsiveness to ACh began to decline in synapse free regions of the membrane. In mature muscle the sensitivity to ACh is restricted to sites of synaptic contact.", "contents": "The distribution of acetylcholine receptors on muscle fibres of regenerating salamander limbs. 1. Muscle fibres developing during limb regeneration were examined for responsiveness to acetylcholine (ACh) applied iontophoretically along the membrane. 2. Fibres which were uninnervated as well as those with non-transmitting synapses had high over-all sensitivities, with only minor variations along their length. 3. Functionally innervated fibres in which depolarization did not yet elicit action potentials had high over-all sensitivities, even when the synaptic potentials ahd amplitudes of 40-50 mV. In these the membrane in the vicinity of synapses tended to have sensitivities above the background level. 4. Upon the appearance of action potentials, several weeks after fibre innervation, the responsiveness to ACh began to decline in synapse free regions of the membrane. In mature muscle the sensitivity to ACh is restricted to sites of synaptic contact."}
{"id": "PMID:864619", "title": "Biochemical approaches to problems of cellular patterning.", "content": "The expression of intracellular patterning is perhaps nowhere more impressive than in the arrangements of structural elements associated with the cell surface in protozoa. The view is proposed that biochemical studies of protozoan plasma membranes and associated surface structures represent important contributions of potential significance for the understanding of the perpetuation and expression of positional information at the intracellular level. Some recent work dealing with the isolation, identification, and metabolism of pellicular proteins in Tetrahymena is presented and discussed. Some integral membrane proteins have been identified by iodination and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Labeling studies suggest heterogeneous turnover rates within the group of presently identified membrane proteins. High molecular weight proteins with some similarity to spectrin have been isolated from Tetrahymena epiplasm. It is suggested that the ciliate epiplasm is one example of membrane-associated, actomyosin-like systems found in a variety of cell types. The epiplasm may play a role in the positioning of surface-associated structures and in the control of cell shape.", "contents": "Biochemical approaches to problems of cellular patterning. The expression of intracellular patterning is perhaps nowhere more impressive than in the arrangements of structural elements associated with the cell surface in protozoa. The view is proposed that biochemical studies of protozoan plasma membranes and associated surface structures represent important contributions of potential significance for the understanding of the perpetuation and expression of positional information at the intracellular level. Some recent work dealing with the isolation, identification, and metabolism of pellicular proteins in Tetrahymena is presented and discussed. Some integral membrane proteins have been identified by iodination and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Labeling studies suggest heterogeneous turnover rates within the group of presently identified membrane proteins. High molecular weight proteins with some similarity to spectrin have been isolated from Tetrahymena epiplasm. It is suggested that the ciliate epiplasm is one example of membrane-associated, actomyosin-like systems found in a variety of cell types. The epiplasm may play a role in the positioning of surface-associated structures and in the control of cell shape."}
{"id": "PMID:864618", "title": "Site and mode of adrenaline action on chloride transport across the rabbit corneal epithelium.", "content": "1. Membrane events accompanying adrenaline-stimulated Cl secretion by the isolated rabbit corneal epithelium were investigated with micro-electrodes. 2. Pulses of adrenaline (5 X 10(-10) M final concentration) delivered to either side of the epithelium produced a transient decrease in epithelial resistance occuring at the outer membrane of the squamous cell. This response was reversible and could be blocked completely by total Cl substitution with SO4. 3. Adrenaline generally produced a small transient increase in epithelial potential occuring also at the squamous cell outer membrane. Reversal potentials obtained for the adrenaline response were 45-1 mV for corneal potential and 22-8 mV for outer membrane. 4. Adrenaline always hyperpolarized epithelial potential when the tear side was bathed in Cl-free solution. Reversing the gradient (Cl-free on the stromal side) slowly and consistently changed the response to a depolarization which reached a steady level after 2 hr. 5. The reversal potential of the outer membrane for the adrenaline response was found to be a semilogarithmic function of the tear side Cl concentration over a broad range with a slope of 56 mV/decade. The reversal potential was zero at a tear side Cl concentration of 41-5 mM, which value may be taken to be representative of cell Cl concentration. 6. After abolishing the adrenaline response by perfusing both sides of the tissue with Cl-free solution, reintroduction of Cl to the stromal side led to a recovery of the epithelial potential response in the hyperpolarizing direction. The recovery of the response was inhibited by ouabain (10(-5) M). 7. The results supported the following model for the influence of adrenaline on anion transport in the epithelium: Cl is transported against an electrochemical potential gradient into the cells from the stromal side by an active process linked to Na-k activated ATPase. Normally a slight gradient exists from cells to tears favouring the passive outward diffusion of Cl. This latter process is enhanged by adrenaline, which increases cell cyclic AMP, in turn increasing the passive Cl permeability of the outer cellular membrane.", "contents": "Site and mode of adrenaline action on chloride transport across the rabbit corneal epithelium. 1. Membrane events accompanying adrenaline-stimulated Cl secretion by the isolated rabbit corneal epithelium were investigated with micro-electrodes. 2. Pulses of adrenaline (5 X 10(-10) M final concentration) delivered to either side of the epithelium produced a transient decrease in epithelial resistance occuring at the outer membrane of the squamous cell. This response was reversible and could be blocked completely by total Cl substitution with SO4. 3. Adrenaline generally produced a small transient increase in epithelial potential occuring also at the squamous cell outer membrane. Reversal potentials obtained for the adrenaline response were 45-1 mV for corneal potential and 22-8 mV for outer membrane. 4. Adrenaline always hyperpolarized epithelial potential when the tear side was bathed in Cl-free solution. Reversing the gradient (Cl-free on the stromal side) slowly and consistently changed the response to a depolarization which reached a steady level after 2 hr. 5. The reversal potential of the outer membrane for the adrenaline response was found to be a semilogarithmic function of the tear side Cl concentration over a broad range with a slope of 56 mV/decade. The reversal potential was zero at a tear side Cl concentration of 41-5 mM, which value may be taken to be representative of cell Cl concentration. 6. After abolishing the adrenaline response by perfusing both sides of the tissue with Cl-free solution, reintroduction of Cl to the stromal side led to a recovery of the epithelial potential response in the hyperpolarizing direction. The recovery of the response was inhibited by ouabain (10(-5) M). 7. The results supported the following model for the influence of adrenaline on anion transport in the epithelium: Cl is transported against an electrochemical potential gradient into the cells from the stromal side by an active process linked to Na-k activated ATPase. Normally a slight gradient exists from cells to tears favouring the passive outward diffusion of Cl. This latter process is enhanged by adrenaline, which increases cell cyclic AMP, in turn increasing the passive Cl permeability of the outer cellular membrane."}
{"id": "PMID:864620", "title": "Eimeria dispersa and Eimeria gallopavonis: infectivity, survival, and development in primary chicken and turkey kidney cell cultures.", "content": "Eimeria dispersa (turkey strain) and Eimeria gallopavonis sporozoites were inoculated into primary cultures of chicken kidney (CK) and turkey kidney (TK) cells. Eimeria dispersa sporozoites were more infective in either cell type than those of E. gallopavonis: at 4 hr, the percentage of infection was 67-98 for E. dispersa but only 23-56 for E. gallopavonis. E. dispersa also survived better in culture: at 2 days, losses of E. dispersa in both cell types were only 4-19%, whereas losses of E. gallopavonis were 35-47% IN TK cells and 60-95% CK cells. However, E. gallopavonis developed further than E. dispersa. Location and increase in numbers of intracellular stages at 4 days indicated that E. dispersa proceeded through 2 schizogonic generations before development stopped.", "contents": "Eimeria dispersa and Eimeria gallopavonis: infectivity, survival, and development in primary chicken and turkey kidney cell cultures. Eimeria dispersa (turkey strain) and Eimeria gallopavonis sporozoites were inoculated into primary cultures of chicken kidney (CK) and turkey kidney (TK) cells. Eimeria dispersa sporozoites were more infective in either cell type than those of E. gallopavonis: at 4 hr, the percentage of infection was 67-98 for E. dispersa but only 23-56 for E. gallopavonis. E. dispersa also survived better in culture: at 2 days, losses of E. dispersa in both cell types were only 4-19%, whereas losses of E. gallopavonis were 35-47% IN TK cells and 60-95% CK cells. However, E. gallopavonis developed further than E. dispersa. Location and increase in numbers of intracellular stages at 4 days indicated that E. dispersa proceeded through 2 schizogonic generations before development stopped."}
{"id": "PMID:864621", "title": "The effects of heat and cobalt-60 gamma-radiation on excystation of the rat coccidium, Eimeria nieschulzi Dieben, 1924.", "content": "Sporulated oocysts of Eimeria nieschulzi Dieben, a rat coccidium, were exposed for 1 hr to Cobalt-60 gamma-radiation (15, 30, or 60k-rads), to heat (35, 40, or 45 C) , or to both concurrently (15, 30, OR 60 K-RADS AT 35 C) to compared the excystation capabilities of treated vs nontreated parasites. Intact treated oocysts appeared structurally unaltered when viewed with the light microscope. Excystation of sporozoites occured in all treated groups when their sporocysts were exposed to a trypsin-sodium taurocholate (TST) fluid, but after 150 min in TST the excystation rate was significantly lower than in nontreated sporocysts. Sporozoites which excysted from treated sporocysts were abnormal both in the excystation process and in their form and movement once outside the sporocysts.", "contents": "The effects of heat and cobalt-60 gamma-radiation on excystation of the rat coccidium, Eimeria nieschulzi Dieben, 1924. Sporulated oocysts of Eimeria nieschulzi Dieben, a rat coccidium, were exposed for 1 hr to Cobalt-60 gamma-radiation (15, 30, or 60k-rads), to heat (35, 40, or 45 C) , or to both concurrently (15, 30, OR 60 K-RADS AT 35 C) to compared the excystation capabilities of treated vs nontreated parasites. Intact treated oocysts appeared structurally unaltered when viewed with the light microscope. Excystation of sporozoites occured in all treated groups when their sporocysts were exposed to a trypsin-sodium taurocholate (TST) fluid, but after 150 min in TST the excystation rate was significantly lower than in nontreated sporocysts. Sporozoites which excysted from treated sporocysts were abnormal both in the excystation process and in their form and movement once outside the sporocysts."}
{"id": "PMID:864622", "title": "Effect of age and sex on the acquisition of immunity to toxoplasmosis in cats.", "content": "The effects of age and sex of the cat on oocyst shedding, multiplication of Toxoplasma gondii in tissues of cats, and acquisition of immunity were investigated after oral inoculation of cats with Toxoplasma cysts. Twenty-five cats varying in age from 1 week to 39 months were killed 7-97 days after inoculation with T. gondii. Homogenates of brain, heart, mesenteric lymph nodes, retina, and blood from these cats were inoculated into mice to test for Toxoplasma infectivity. Toxoplasma was isolated more frequently and in higher titers in mice receiving inocula from cats of the youngest age group (1 week old). Toxoplasma gondii was isolated from tissues of only 2 of 21 cats older than 2 months (at the time of inoculation), although all of the animals shed oocysts within 1 week after ingesting the parasites. The number of oocysts shed varied among littermates of the same sex and between sexes. Generally, cats younger than 12 months shed more oocysts than older cats. The number of oocysts shed by older cats varied considerably; males generally shed more oocysts than the females. However, the numbers of cats examined were too small for statistical comparison. Nevertheless, the observations suggest that cats older than 12 months should not be used in experiments where numbers of oocysts shed is critical.", "contents": "Effect of age and sex on the acquisition of immunity to toxoplasmosis in cats. The effects of age and sex of the cat on oocyst shedding, multiplication of Toxoplasma gondii in tissues of cats, and acquisition of immunity were investigated after oral inoculation of cats with Toxoplasma cysts. Twenty-five cats varying in age from 1 week to 39 months were killed 7-97 days after inoculation with T. gondii. Homogenates of brain, heart, mesenteric lymph nodes, retina, and blood from these cats were inoculated into mice to test for Toxoplasma infectivity. Toxoplasma was isolated more frequently and in higher titers in mice receiving inocula from cats of the youngest age group (1 week old). Toxoplasma gondii was isolated from tissues of only 2 of 21 cats older than 2 months (at the time of inoculation), although all of the animals shed oocysts within 1 week after ingesting the parasites. The number of oocysts shed varied among littermates of the same sex and between sexes. Generally, cats younger than 12 months shed more oocysts than older cats. The number of oocysts shed by older cats varied considerably; males generally shed more oocysts than the females. However, the numbers of cats examined were too small for statistical comparison. Nevertheless, the observations suggest that cats older than 12 months should not be used in experiments where numbers of oocysts shed is critical."}
{"id": "PMID:864623", "title": "Effect of ethidium bromide on the oxidative metabolism and enzyme profiles of Crithidia fasciculata.", "content": "Changes in the metabolism of Crithidia fasciculata ATCC 11745 when grown in the presence of ethidium bromide were studied. Ethidium bromide-grown cells had decreased respiratory activity as measured by oxygen consumption. More than 50% of the organisms cultivated in a defined medium containing 1.0 mg/liter of ethidium bromide became dyskinetoplastic and had decreased activities of particulate succinate and NADH-linked dehydrogenases as well as of soluble isocitrate dehydrogenase. These cells also had increased activities of particulate alpha-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase, soluble alpha-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase, malic enzyme, hexokinase, and malate dehydrogenase. Ethidium bromide-grown cells had a lower level of ATP and contained less DNA than cells grown in its absence.", "contents": "Effect of ethidium bromide on the oxidative metabolism and enzyme profiles of Crithidia fasciculata. Changes in the metabolism of Crithidia fasciculata ATCC 11745 when grown in the presence of ethidium bromide were studied. Ethidium bromide-grown cells had decreased respiratory activity as measured by oxygen consumption. More than 50% of the organisms cultivated in a defined medium containing 1.0 mg/liter of ethidium bromide became dyskinetoplastic and had decreased activities of particulate succinate and NADH-linked dehydrogenases as well as of soluble isocitrate dehydrogenase. These cells also had increased activities of particulate alpha-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase, soluble alpha-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase, malic enzyme, hexokinase, and malate dehydrogenase. Ethidium bromide-grown cells had a lower level of ATP and contained less DNA than cells grown in its absence."}
{"id": "PMID:864624", "title": "Gradionation: hypothesis for positioning and patterning.", "content": "The interaction of contiguous proteins is explored in microtubules, rosettes, and membranes based on the well established molecular phenomena of cooperativity and allosterism. It is proposed that conformational gradients in protein arrays cause the formation of gradions by nearest-neighbor interactions. Gradions are repeating functional molecular sequences that contain several conformational forms of one or more proteins, with the result that different reactive sites can exist in the same molecular architecture at any one time. Gradionators are small controlling molecules that may be microscopically visible as layers of linkages, but could alse be smaller. Some of the presently available supporting evidence and its functional implications are discussed, including the possibility that the raison d'etre for membrane-particle arrays is to enhance the regulation and amplification capabilities of cell systems.", "contents": "Gradionation: hypothesis for positioning and patterning. The interaction of contiguous proteins is explored in microtubules, rosettes, and membranes based on the well established molecular phenomena of cooperativity and allosterism. It is proposed that conformational gradients in protein arrays cause the formation of gradions by nearest-neighbor interactions. Gradions are repeating functional molecular sequences that contain several conformational forms of one or more proteins, with the result that different reactive sites can exist in the same molecular architecture at any one time. Gradionators are small controlling molecules that may be microscopically visible as layers of linkages, but could alse be smaller. Some of the presently available supporting evidence and its functional implications are discussed, including the possibility that the raison d'etre for membrane-particle arrays is to enhance the regulation and amplification capabilities of cell systems."}
{"id": "PMID:864625", "title": "Organization and control of microtubule pattern in centrohelidan heliozoa.", "content": "Comparative studies of axopodial microtubule pattern in 10 different centrohelidan Heliozoa belonging to the genera Acanthocystis, Raphidiophrys and Heterophrys suggest that 2 basic principles govern pattern formation in centrohelidan Heliozoa. While the larger \"open\" arrays with unspecified number of microtubules, e.g. in A. aculeata and R. ambigua, may result from self-linkage of additional microtubules around centroplast-nucleated \"starter microtubules,\" the smaller \"closed\" arrays with specified microtubule number, e.g. in A. pectinata and H. marina, favor a template-driven linkage mechanism. The centroplast is a highly complex microtubule organizing center involved in the control of orientation, number, and diameter of the axonemes. Its shell may serve as a surface upon which the microtubule nucleating sites assemble, but how the precise positioning of these sites occurs is still open to debate. Some of the unsolved problems of microtubule pattern formation may be explained by the \"linker nucleation hypothesis\" which is an extension of the \"gradion hypothesis\" by Roth et al. It is shown how both the formation of closed arrays and the balanced lateral growth of open arrays may result from linker-induced microtubule nucleation.", "contents": "Organization and control of microtubule pattern in centrohelidan heliozoa. Comparative studies of axopodial microtubule pattern in 10 different centrohelidan Heliozoa belonging to the genera Acanthocystis, Raphidiophrys and Heterophrys suggest that 2 basic principles govern pattern formation in centrohelidan Heliozoa. While the larger \"open\" arrays with unspecified number of microtubules, e.g. in A. aculeata and R. ambigua, may result from self-linkage of additional microtubules around centroplast-nucleated \"starter microtubules,\" the smaller \"closed\" arrays with specified microtubule number, e.g. in A. pectinata and H. marina, favor a template-driven linkage mechanism. The centroplast is a highly complex microtubule organizing center involved in the control of orientation, number, and diameter of the axonemes. Its shell may serve as a surface upon which the microtubule nucleating sites assemble, but how the precise positioning of these sites occurs is still open to debate. Some of the unsolved problems of microtubule pattern formation may be explained by the \"linker nucleation hypothesis\" which is an extension of the \"gradion hypothesis\" by Roth et al. It is shown how both the formation of closed arrays and the balanced lateral growth of open arrays may result from linker-induced microtubule nucleation."}
{"id": "PMID:864631", "title": "Uterine proteins and the activation of embryos from mice during delayed implantation.", "content": "Ovariectomy-induced delay of implantation was used to study the role of the uterine environment in controlling implantation in mice. Labelling studies in vivo showed that uterine protein synthesis and secretion is maximal 2-5 h and 24-30 h after the oestradiol injection which initiates implantation. Embryos removed from uteri 5,12 or 30 h after oestradiol injection were able to transport and utilize precursors of nucleic acids and proteins in short-term cultures at the same rate as normal embryos, although \"delayed\" embryos had low levels of activity. These results suggest that \"delayed\" embryos are metabolically activated within 5 h of release from delay, perhaps because of the hormonally-induced changes in uterine proteins which occur at this time.", "contents": "Uterine proteins and the activation of embryos from mice during delayed implantation. Ovariectomy-induced delay of implantation was used to study the role of the uterine environment in controlling implantation in mice. Labelling studies in vivo showed that uterine protein synthesis and secretion is maximal 2-5 h and 24-30 h after the oestradiol injection which initiates implantation. Embryos removed from uteri 5,12 or 30 h after oestradiol injection were able to transport and utilize precursors of nucleic acids and proteins in short-term cultures at the same rate as normal embryos, although \"delayed\" embryos had low levels of activity. These results suggest that \"delayed\" embryos are metabolically activated within 5 h of release from delay, perhaps because of the hormonally-induced changes in uterine proteins which occur at this time."}
{"id": "PMID:864642", "title": "Oestrogen content of semen and the effect of exogenous oestradiol-17beta on the oestrogen and androgen concentration in semen and blood plasma of bulls.", "content": "The concentration (mean +/- S.E.M.) of oestrogen in semen (0-89 +/- 0-04 ng/ml) of bulls was 8-9-fold higher than in blood plasma (0-10 +/- 0-01 ng/ml) while the concentration of androgen in semen (1-15 +/- 0-26 ng/ml) was 2-7-fold lower than in blood plasma (3-21 +/- 0-47 ng/ml). This concentration of oestrogen in semen was not influenced by 0,1,3 or 5 false mounts or when ejaculations occurred at 2-min intervals. When 100 mg oestradiol-17beta were injected i.v. the oestrogen level in semen followed that in the plasma.", "contents": "Oestrogen content of semen and the effect of exogenous oestradiol-17beta on the oestrogen and androgen concentration in semen and blood plasma of bulls. The concentration (mean +/- S.E.M.) of oestrogen in semen (0-89 +/- 0-04 ng/ml) of bulls was 8-9-fold higher than in blood plasma (0-10 +/- 0-01 ng/ml) while the concentration of androgen in semen (1-15 +/- 0-26 ng/ml) was 2-7-fold lower than in blood plasma (3-21 +/- 0-47 ng/ml). This concentration of oestrogen in semen was not influenced by 0,1,3 or 5 false mounts or when ejaculations occurred at 2-min intervals. When 100 mg oestradiol-17beta were injected i.v. the oestrogen level in semen followed that in the plasma."}
{"id": "PMID:864649", "title": "The association between basal body temperature, sexual swelling and urinary gonadal hormone levels in the menstrual cycle of the chimpanzee.", "content": "Basal body temperature (BBT) was measured continuously by radiotelemetry throughout 14 chimpanzee menstrual cycles and correlated with daily observations of the sexual skin swelling. A biphasic BBT shift from a pre-nadir mean of 36-12 degrees C to a post-nadir mean of 36-67 degrees C was observed in 12 cycles. The temperature nadir showed a close temporal relationship with detumescence of the sexual skin swelling (an early luteal event), but the rate of temperature rise after the nadir was variable. In 3 normal cycles studied, the temperature nadir occurred the day after a urinary oestrone peak, but there was no consistent temporal association between BBT rise and pregnanediol increment. Progesterone secretion is therefore probably not the sole determinant of the BBT shift; the changing oestrogen/progestin ratio may be the more important factor regulating body temperature during the luteal phase.", "contents": "The association between basal body temperature, sexual swelling and urinary gonadal hormone levels in the menstrual cycle of the chimpanzee. Basal body temperature (BBT) was measured continuously by radiotelemetry throughout 14 chimpanzee menstrual cycles and correlated with daily observations of the sexual skin swelling. A biphasic BBT shift from a pre-nadir mean of 36-12 degrees C to a post-nadir mean of 36-67 degrees C was observed in 12 cycles. The temperature nadir showed a close temporal relationship with detumescence of the sexual skin swelling (an early luteal event), but the rate of temperature rise after the nadir was variable. In 3 normal cycles studied, the temperature nadir occurred the day after a urinary oestrone peak, but there was no consistent temporal association between BBT rise and pregnanediol increment. Progesterone secretion is therefore probably not the sole determinant of the BBT shift; the changing oestrogen/progestin ratio may be the more important factor regulating body temperature during the luteal phase."}
{"id": "PMID:864650", "title": "Changes in the protein content of mouse uterine flushings during normal pregnancy and delayed implantation, and after ovariectomy and oestradiol administration.", "content": "The protein content of the mouse uterine lumen increased significantly (P less than 0-001) on Day 4 of pregnancy, the day of implantation. This increase was associated with the presence of 14 serum and 22 non-serum proteins in the lumen; the major serum proteins were classed as high molecular weight slow alpha-globulins, while the dominant non-serum components consisted of slow and fast alpha-globulins, 6 prealbumins and a large quantity of proteinaceous material migrating near the origin of the gels. During experimental and lactational delayed implantation the protein levels were constantly low, transferrin, haemoglobin and albumin dominating the protein pattern. After administration of oestradiol-17beta, however, a biphasic uterine response was detected, significant increases in luminal protein concentration being observed within 12 h and again at 40-48 h after injection. The first phase of this response involved an influx of serum and non-serum proteins into the uterine lumen, most proteins migrating as high molecular weight slow alpha-globulins. The second phase involved an increase in the intensity of many non-serum components, the major proteins having Ra values of 0-06, 0-10 and 0-32. The qualitative, but not the quantitative, aspects of this response to oestradiol were identical in the absence of blastocysts.", "contents": "Changes in the protein content of mouse uterine flushings during normal pregnancy and delayed implantation, and after ovariectomy and oestradiol administration. The protein content of the mouse uterine lumen increased significantly (P less than 0-001) on Day 4 of pregnancy, the day of implantation. This increase was associated with the presence of 14 serum and 22 non-serum proteins in the lumen; the major serum proteins were classed as high molecular weight slow alpha-globulins, while the dominant non-serum components consisted of slow and fast alpha-globulins, 6 prealbumins and a large quantity of proteinaceous material migrating near the origin of the gels. During experimental and lactational delayed implantation the protein levels were constantly low, transferrin, haemoglobin and albumin dominating the protein pattern. After administration of oestradiol-17beta, however, a biphasic uterine response was detected, significant increases in luminal protein concentration being observed within 12 h and again at 40-48 h after injection. The first phase of this response involved an influx of serum and non-serum proteins into the uterine lumen, most proteins migrating as high molecular weight slow alpha-globulins. The second phase involved an increase in the intensity of many non-serum components, the major proteins having Ra values of 0-06, 0-10 and 0-32. The qualitative, but not the quantitative, aspects of this response to oestradiol were identical in the absence of blastocysts."}
{"id": "PMID:864651", "title": "Examination of the role of FSH in periovulatory events in the hamster.", "content": "The need for endogenous FSH in the periovulatory events such as oocyte maturation, ovulation, luteinization, maintenance of luteal function and follicular maturation was examined in the cyclic hamster. A specific antiserum to ovine FSH, shown to be free of antibodies to LH and to cross-react with FSH of the hamster, was used to neutralize endogenous FHS at various times. Administration of this antiserum during pro-oestrus did not affect oocyte maturation and ovulation, as judged by the normality of the ova to undergo fertilization and normal implantation. It also had no effect on the process of luteinization or on the maintenance of luteal function as indicated by the normal levels of plasma and luteal progesterone during pro-oestrus and oestrus during the cycle and in pregnancy. All these processes were, however, disrupted by administration of an antiserum to ovine LH, thereby demonstrating their dependence on endogenous LH. Although FSH antiserum given at pro-oestrus did not prevent the imminent ovulation, it blocked the ovulation occurring at oestrus of the next cycle. This antiserum was effective in preventing the ensuing ovulation when given at any other time of the cycle until the morning of pro-oestrus. It is concluded that, in the hamster, high levels of FSH during pro-oestrus and oestrus are required for initiating maturation of a new set of follicles which are dependent on the trophic support of FSH throughout the cycle until the morning of pro-oestrus. Such follicles then appear to need only LH for subsequent ovulatory and associated processes.", "contents": "Examination of the role of FSH in periovulatory events in the hamster. The need for endogenous FSH in the periovulatory events such as oocyte maturation, ovulation, luteinization, maintenance of luteal function and follicular maturation was examined in the cyclic hamster. A specific antiserum to ovine FSH, shown to be free of antibodies to LH and to cross-react with FSH of the hamster, was used to neutralize endogenous FHS at various times. Administration of this antiserum during pro-oestrus did not affect oocyte maturation and ovulation, as judged by the normality of the ova to undergo fertilization and normal implantation. It also had no effect on the process of luteinization or on the maintenance of luteal function as indicated by the normal levels of plasma and luteal progesterone during pro-oestrus and oestrus during the cycle and in pregnancy. All these processes were, however, disrupted by administration of an antiserum to ovine LH, thereby demonstrating their dependence on endogenous LH. Although FSH antiserum given at pro-oestrus did not prevent the imminent ovulation, it blocked the ovulation occurring at oestrus of the next cycle. This antiserum was effective in preventing the ensuing ovulation when given at any other time of the cycle until the morning of pro-oestrus. It is concluded that, in the hamster, high levels of FSH during pro-oestrus and oestrus are required for initiating maturation of a new set of follicles which are dependent on the trophic support of FSH throughout the cycle until the morning of pro-oestrus. Such follicles then appear to need only LH for subsequent ovulatory and associated processes."}
{"id": "PMID:864652", "title": "Studies on the binding of antibody against mouse lactate dehydrogenase (isoenzyme X) by preimplantation mouse embryos.", "content": "The binding of antibodies against LDH-X by preimplantation mouse embryos was studied to detect LDH-X from spermatozoa in embryos after fertilization. Incubation of preimplantation mouse embryos with rabbit anti-mouse-LDH-X-IgG and then with peroxidase-labelled goat anti-rabbit IgG revealed a strong peroxidase staining of the zona pellucida of normal fertilized and unfertilized 1-cell ova. However, the reaction was significantly weaker with both fertilized and unfertilized 1-cell ova from females induced to superovulate and normal and superovulated blastocysts. Pure antibody against mouse LDH-X was obtained by affinity chromatography of the rabbit anti-mouse LDH-X-IgG on pure mouse LDH-X covalently bound to sepharose. The pure antibody against mouse LDH-X reacted immunochemically identically to anti-mouse LDH-X-IgG, but it was not bound by any stage of preimplantation mouse embryos. The IgG fractions which had passed through the affinity column during the purification procedure and which did not contain any anti-LDH-X activity were bound by the zonae of preimplantation mouse embryos in the same manner as was unpurified anti-mouse LDH-X-IgG. Histochemical studies indicated LDH activity only in the embryo proper, but not on the zona pellucida. It is concluded that LDH-X is not present in preimplantation mouse embryos.", "contents": "Studies on the binding of antibody against mouse lactate dehydrogenase (isoenzyme X) by preimplantation mouse embryos. The binding of antibodies against LDH-X by preimplantation mouse embryos was studied to detect LDH-X from spermatozoa in embryos after fertilization. Incubation of preimplantation mouse embryos with rabbit anti-mouse-LDH-X-IgG and then with peroxidase-labelled goat anti-rabbit IgG revealed a strong peroxidase staining of the zona pellucida of normal fertilized and unfertilized 1-cell ova. However, the reaction was significantly weaker with both fertilized and unfertilized 1-cell ova from females induced to superovulate and normal and superovulated blastocysts. Pure antibody against mouse LDH-X was obtained by affinity chromatography of the rabbit anti-mouse LDH-X-IgG on pure mouse LDH-X covalently bound to sepharose. The pure antibody against mouse LDH-X reacted immunochemically identically to anti-mouse LDH-X-IgG, but it was not bound by any stage of preimplantation mouse embryos. The IgG fractions which had passed through the affinity column during the purification procedure and which did not contain any anti-LDH-X activity were bound by the zonae of preimplantation mouse embryos in the same manner as was unpurified anti-mouse LDH-X-IgG. Histochemical studies indicated LDH activity only in the embryo proper, but not on the zona pellucida. It is concluded that LDH-X is not present in preimplantation mouse embryos."}
{"id": "PMID:864653", "title": "Effect of copper and platinum intrauterine devices on endometrial morphology and implantation in the rabbit.", "content": "The response of the rabbit endometrium to the copper IUD was investigated. A plastic IUD bearing copper foil (42 mm2) was inserted into one horn of the rabbit uterus and a physically similar platinum-bearing IUD in the contralateral horn served as a control. The Pt-IUD caused no tissue damage and little if any inflammatory reaction in ovariectomized, oestrous or pregnant animals, whereas the Cu-IUD produced endometrial ulcers in 14 out of 15 does in all hormonal states. The associated inflammation was particularly intense in the pregnant animals in which a unilateral pyometra was usually present. Despite the endometrial trauma produced, the Cu-IUD was only partly effective as a contraceptive agent, 36% of the ova shed from the ovary ipsilateral to the Cu-IUD implanting, compared with 63% of the ova ipsilateral to the Pt-IUD. However, almost half of the implantation swellings in the copper-bearing horns were abnormally small or distorted in shape at 9 days post coitum. The tissue destruction observed in the rabbit endometrium emphasizes the need for careful histological studies of the effect of the copper IUD on the human uterus.", "contents": "Effect of copper and platinum intrauterine devices on endometrial morphology and implantation in the rabbit. The response of the rabbit endometrium to the copper IUD was investigated. A plastic IUD bearing copper foil (42 mm2) was inserted into one horn of the rabbit uterus and a physically similar platinum-bearing IUD in the contralateral horn served as a control. The Pt-IUD caused no tissue damage and little if any inflammatory reaction in ovariectomized, oestrous or pregnant animals, whereas the Cu-IUD produced endometrial ulcers in 14 out of 15 does in all hormonal states. The associated inflammation was particularly intense in the pregnant animals in which a unilateral pyometra was usually present. Despite the endometrial trauma produced, the Cu-IUD was only partly effective as a contraceptive agent, 36% of the ova shed from the ovary ipsilateral to the Cu-IUD implanting, compared with 63% of the ova ipsilateral to the Pt-IUD. However, almost half of the implantation swellings in the copper-bearing horns were abnormally small or distorted in shape at 9 days post coitum. The tissue destruction observed in the rabbit endometrium emphasizes the need for careful histological studies of the effect of the copper IUD on the human uterus."}
{"id": "PMID:864654", "title": "Ultrastructural integrity of mouse testicular cells separated by velocity sedimentation.", "content": "Mouse testicular cells were examined ultrastructurally to determine whether the cells are damaged during the preparation of single-cell suspensions or during cell separation. The testicular cells were dissociated from seminiferous tubules by trypsinization and were fixed immediatley; fixed after being held in suspension for 4 h at 4 degrees C; or fixed after being separated into enriched fractions by sedimentation velocity either at unit gravity or by centrifugal elutriation. In general, the ultrastructural integrity of the cells, compared with that of corresponding testicular cells fixed in situ, was maintained during the dissociation and separation procedures. Ultrastructural abnormalities were most frequently produced in Sertoli cells and were occasionally observed in the acrosomes and nuclei of round spermatids. The cytoplasmic matrix of the midpiece of mature elongated spermatids or spermatozoa and the acrosomes of these cells were often disrupted. It is suggested that the dissociation procedures were responsible for most of the observed alterations of ultrastructural integrity.", "contents": "Ultrastructural integrity of mouse testicular cells separated by velocity sedimentation. Mouse testicular cells were examined ultrastructurally to determine whether the cells are damaged during the preparation of single-cell suspensions or during cell separation. The testicular cells were dissociated from seminiferous tubules by trypsinization and were fixed immediatley; fixed after being held in suspension for 4 h at 4 degrees C; or fixed after being separated into enriched fractions by sedimentation velocity either at unit gravity or by centrifugal elutriation. In general, the ultrastructural integrity of the cells, compared with that of corresponding testicular cells fixed in situ, was maintained during the dissociation and separation procedures. Ultrastructural abnormalities were most frequently produced in Sertoli cells and were occasionally observed in the acrosomes and nuclei of round spermatids. The cytoplasmic matrix of the midpiece of mature elongated spermatids or spermatozoa and the acrosomes of these cells were often disrupted. It is suggested that the dissociation procedures were responsible for most of the observed alterations of ultrastructural integrity."}
{"id": "PMID:864655", "title": "A study of the time course of egg retention activity in the rabbit oviduct.", "content": "Changes in egg retention activity of the oviduct were assessed during the first 5 days after HCG-induced ovulation in rabbits. Dextran microspheres were used as ovum surrogates. They were injected into the peritoneal cavity at 0, 10, 32, 41, 50, 64, 72 and 80 h following HCG. The distribution of ova and surrogates in the genital tract was assessed 24 h following surrogate injection in all groups and at 8 h following surrogate injection in animals injected 50 h after HCG. The distribution of microspheres injected up to 50 h after HCG was similar to that of eggs. Surrogates were not retained at the ampullary-isthmic junction (AIJ) shortly after passage of ova through this region. Morever, spheres injected 38 h after ovulation reached the eggs at the proximal isthmus in 8 h or less. Surrogates injected at 64 h following HCG or later were retained at the AIJ, indicating resumption of retaining activity at this level. It is suggested that egg passage through the AIJ is associated with a temporary reduction of the retaining activity lasting for approximately 16 h. Retaining activity at the AIJ is regained before eggs pass from the proximal isthmus into the uterus.", "contents": "A study of the time course of egg retention activity in the rabbit oviduct. Changes in egg retention activity of the oviduct were assessed during the first 5 days after HCG-induced ovulation in rabbits. Dextran microspheres were used as ovum surrogates. They were injected into the peritoneal cavity at 0, 10, 32, 41, 50, 64, 72 and 80 h following HCG. The distribution of ova and surrogates in the genital tract was assessed 24 h following surrogate injection in all groups and at 8 h following surrogate injection in animals injected 50 h after HCG. The distribution of microspheres injected up to 50 h after HCG was similar to that of eggs. Surrogates were not retained at the ampullary-isthmic junction (AIJ) shortly after passage of ova through this region. Morever, spheres injected 38 h after ovulation reached the eggs at the proximal isthmus in 8 h or less. Surrogates injected at 64 h following HCG or later were retained at the AIJ, indicating resumption of retaining activity at this level. It is suggested that egg passage through the AIJ is associated with a temporary reduction of the retaining activity lasting for approximately 16 h. Retaining activity at the AIJ is regained before eggs pass from the proximal isthmus into the uterus."}
{"id": "PMID:864656", "title": "Spermatogenesis in hybrid mice treated with oestrogen and testosterone.", "content": "Male BC3F1 hybrid mice were injected with 10 micrograms oestradiol benzoate/day alone or in conjunction with 80 micrograms testosterone propionate/day. Oestrogen alone decreased the weights of the accessory sex organs, but oestrogen + testosterone resulted in an increase. Assessment of spermatogenesis by a variety of methods revealed little effect of the hormones. Testicular weight and the histological appearance of the seminiferous epithelium was not altered appreciably, although Leydig cell atrophy was apparent when testosterone was given. The kinetics of spermatogenesis, studied by cell separation techniques and biochemical features of spermatogenesis, including protamine biosynthesis, lactate dehydrogenase levels and the formation of the highly resistant, condensed sperm nucleus, were also unaffected by the hormonal treatments. However, a reduction in the number of intact testicular spermatozoa in mechanically prepared cell suspensions was obtained. It is concluded that, in these animals, spermatogenesis is relatively insensitive to the administration of oestrogen.", "contents": "Spermatogenesis in hybrid mice treated with oestrogen and testosterone. Male BC3F1 hybrid mice were injected with 10 micrograms oestradiol benzoate/day alone or in conjunction with 80 micrograms testosterone propionate/day. Oestrogen alone decreased the weights of the accessory sex organs, but oestrogen + testosterone resulted in an increase. Assessment of spermatogenesis by a variety of methods revealed little effect of the hormones. Testicular weight and the histological appearance of the seminiferous epithelium was not altered appreciably, although Leydig cell atrophy was apparent when testosterone was given. The kinetics of spermatogenesis, studied by cell separation techniques and biochemical features of spermatogenesis, including protamine biosynthesis, lactate dehydrogenase levels and the formation of the highly resistant, condensed sperm nucleus, were also unaffected by the hormonal treatments. However, a reduction in the number of intact testicular spermatozoa in mechanically prepared cell suspensions was obtained. It is concluded that, in these animals, spermatogenesis is relatively insensitive to the administration of oestrogen."}
{"id": "PMID:864657", "title": "Induction of nest-material collecting in male Barbary doves by intracerebral androgen.", "content": "The behaviour of the male Barbary dove (Streptopelia risoria) in selecting nesting material and transporting it to the nest site is reduced after castration and is restored by treatment with testosterone propionate when castrated males received unilateral intracerebral implants of this androgen. Implants in the anterior hypothalamus, preopitc region, and the area of the ventral neostriatum intermediale were effective in reinstating the collection of nesting material, and in many instances restoration of the behaviour was to levels at or above those observed before castration. Implants in other areas, and implants without hormone, were generally without effect. Although the brain areas from which the gathering of nesting material can be elicited are comparable to those from which courtship displays have been induced in previous studies, it appears that testosterone propionate implants stimulate nesting activities more effectively and more persistently than courtship.", "contents": "Induction of nest-material collecting in male Barbary doves by intracerebral androgen. The behaviour of the male Barbary dove (Streptopelia risoria) in selecting nesting material and transporting it to the nest site is reduced after castration and is restored by treatment with testosterone propionate when castrated males received unilateral intracerebral implants of this androgen. Implants in the anterior hypothalamus, preopitc region, and the area of the ventral neostriatum intermediale were effective in reinstating the collection of nesting material, and in many instances restoration of the behaviour was to levels at or above those observed before castration. Implants in other areas, and implants without hormone, were generally without effect. Although the brain areas from which the gathering of nesting material can be elicited are comparable to those from which courtship displays have been induced in previous studies, it appears that testosterone propionate implants stimulate nesting activities more effectively and more persistently than courtship."}
{"id": "PMID:864660", "title": "Role models for women medical students.", "content": "Research about women physicians indicates that career/family conflicts modify professional involvement. At a large midwestern medical school, 192 women medical students were asked their ideas about women physicians as role models. The first- and second-year women differed significantly in their thoughts from the third- and fourth-year women. The former were acutely aware of an identity crisis as a woman. Their anxiety was projected into a need for a fourth-year elective with a woman physician. The third- and fourth-year women had little interest in working with a woman physician. Because of their anxiety regarding a physician's responsibility for patients, the competency of the physician was the major concern of these women; the sex of the teacher was irrelevant to their educational objectives.", "contents": "Role models for women medical students. Research about women physicians indicates that career/family conflicts modify professional involvement. At a large midwestern medical school, 192 women medical students were asked their ideas about women physicians as role models. The first- and second-year women differed significantly in their thoughts from the third- and fourth-year women. The former were acutely aware of an identity crisis as a woman. Their anxiety was projected into a need for a fourth-year elective with a woman physician. The third- and fourth-year women had little interest in working with a woman physician. Because of their anxiety regarding a physician's responsibility for patients, the competency of the physician was the major concern of these women; the sex of the teacher was irrelevant to their educational objectives."}
{"id": "PMID:864661", "title": "Personality changes in a sample of women physicians.", "content": "Personality changes in a sample of 49 women physicians who graduated from the University of California, San Francisco, School of Medicine were measured by psychological tests and interview procedures. Differences between psychological test scores on entry and 8 to 11 years later were not great in magnitude, but they were consistent. The nature of the changes pointed in the direction of greated effectiveness in the area of work and achievements, more introspection, more certainty about goals, and more awareness and acceptance of traditional role demands. Correspondingly, there was a diminution of strivings for success and needs for impressing others. The most frequently cited changes by the women physicians were increased self-confidence and greater self-acceptance followed by more awareness of nurturant, loving feelings in themselves.", "contents": "Personality changes in a sample of women physicians. Personality changes in a sample of 49 women physicians who graduated from the University of California, San Francisco, School of Medicine were measured by psychological tests and interview procedures. Differences between psychological test scores on entry and 8 to 11 years later were not great in magnitude, but they were consistent. The nature of the changes pointed in the direction of greated effectiveness in the area of work and achievements, more introspection, more certainty about goals, and more awareness and acceptance of traditional role demands. Correspondingly, there was a diminution of strivings for success and needs for impressing others. The most frequently cited changes by the women physicians were increased self-confidence and greater self-acceptance followed by more awareness of nurturant, loving feelings in themselves."}
{"id": "PMID:864662", "title": "A comparison of personality types among female student health professionals.", "content": "The purpose of the study reported here was to focus on the personality traits of six groups of women students in medicine, pharmacy, medical technology, physical therapy, dietetics, and occupational therapy. The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator was administered to all groups to measure Extroversion-Introversion, Sensing-Intuition, Thinking-Feeling, and Judging-Perception. Results show that (a) medical students in contrast to the other five groups are guided more by thinking than feelings in their approach to work and people and (b) pharmacy students prefer well-planned, routine work in contrast to occupational therapy students who like changing situations and flexibility. Some implications of these findings for the health team are mentioned.", "contents": "A comparison of personality types among female student health professionals. The purpose of the study reported here was to focus on the personality traits of six groups of women students in medicine, pharmacy, medical technology, physical therapy, dietetics, and occupational therapy. The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator was administered to all groups to measure Extroversion-Introversion, Sensing-Intuition, Thinking-Feeling, and Judging-Perception. Results show that (a) medical students in contrast to the other five groups are guided more by thinking than feelings in their approach to work and people and (b) pharmacy students prefer well-planned, routine work in contrast to occupational therapy students who like changing situations and flexibility. Some implications of these findings for the health team are mentioned."}
{"id": "PMID:864663", "title": "Internal review as a means of maintaining quality education in a medical school.", "content": "In order to focus attention on education, the University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston adopted a system of internal review. The process was initially conducted for courses in the basic sciences by an ad hoc dean's committee consisting of representatives from the teaching faculty, administration, and student body as well as experts in medical education. As a consequence of the experience with the review of the basic science courses, the internal review process was applied to the clinical science courses and the elective programs at UTMB. The activities  of the internal review process have resulted in improvements in instructional procedures and structural changes in the medical school's approach to educational planning, implementation, and evaluation.", "contents": "Internal review as a means of maintaining quality education in a medical school. In order to focus attention on education, the University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston adopted a system of internal review. The process was initially conducted for courses in the basic sciences by an ad hoc dean's committee consisting of representatives from the teaching faculty, administration, and student body as well as experts in medical education. As a consequence of the experience with the review of the basic science courses, the internal review process was applied to the clinical science courses and the elective programs at UTMB. The activities  of the internal review process have resulted in improvements in instructional procedures and structural changes in the medical school's approach to educational planning, implementation, and evaluation."}
{"id": "PMID:864664", "title": "'Fifth pathway' in New York state medical schools.", "content": "During the academic year 1975-76, 259 students were enrolled in \"fifth pathway\" programs in New York and New Jersey. An analysis of students participating in programs in New York state schools revealed that a majority (87 percent) had received their undergraduate training at the Autonomous University of Guadalajara. The choice of graduate training of these students was similar to that of American graduates; however, the proportion of fifth pathway students selecting primary care specialties was significantly smaller than that of their American trained counterparts. Although the desirability of the fifth pathway has been a topic of frequent discussion, it is anticipated that for the next several years increasing numbers of students will be participants. It is, therefore, important to develop, at least on a regional level, uniform standards for admission and performance to assure the quality of this educational experience.", "contents": "'Fifth pathway' in New York state medical schools. During the academic year 1975-76, 259 students were enrolled in \"fifth pathway\" programs in New York and New Jersey. An analysis of students participating in programs in New York state schools revealed that a majority (87 percent) had received their undergraduate training at the Autonomous University of Guadalajara. The choice of graduate training of these students was similar to that of American graduates; however, the proportion of fifth pathway students selecting primary care specialties was significantly smaller than that of their American trained counterparts. Although the desirability of the fifth pathway has been a topic of frequent discussion, it is anticipated that for the next several years increasing numbers of students will be participants. It is, therefore, important to develop, at least on a regional level, uniform standards for admission and performance to assure the quality of this educational experience."}
{"id": "PMID:864665", "title": "The questionnaire as a data-gathering device: medical school response patterns.", "content": "In this article the authors present the findings of a study of the process by which medical schools' internal information systems respond to external questionnaires. A representative sample of six medical schools was selected for the study, which was conducted under the joint auspices of the Association of American Medical Colleges and the Bureau of Health Manpower, Department of Health, Education, and Welfare. The process for completing four national questionnaires was analyzed following site visits and detailed documentation at each school. An overall objective of the study was to estimate the effect of this process on the quality of data supplied. A number of problems with the process which inhibited the provision of reliable data were found. These are highlighted and corrective action suggested both for the institutions completing the questionnaire and for the sponsoring agencies.", "contents": "The questionnaire as a data-gathering device: medical school response patterns. In this article the authors present the findings of a study of the process by which medical schools' internal information systems respond to external questionnaires. A representative sample of six medical schools was selected for the study, which was conducted under the joint auspices of the Association of American Medical Colleges and the Bureau of Health Manpower, Department of Health, Education, and Welfare. The process for completing four national questionnaires was analyzed following site visits and detailed documentation at each school. An overall objective of the study was to estimate the effect of this process on the quality of data supplied. A number of problems with the process which inhibited the provision of reliable data were found. These are highlighted and corrective action suggested both for the institutions completing the questionnaire and for the sponsoring agencies."}
{"id": "PMID:864666", "title": "Attrition from general practice: career patterns of Toronto medical school graduates.", "content": "Reported here are the results of a study of the degree to which medical careers in general practice versus specialization are pursued by graduates of the University of Toronto Faculty of Medicine in the first six years after the completion of their internships. The retention rates in general practice and residency are documented on an annual basis using the life table method. The annual rate of attrition from general practice dropped substantially after the first three years. Fifteen percent of the initial general practice group dropped out during the first year, 10 percent of the remainder in the second year, and 8 percent of the rest in the third year. In each of the subsequent three years, the attrition rate was 4 percent, 4 percent, and 2 percent, respectively.", "contents": "Attrition from general practice: career patterns of Toronto medical school graduates. Reported here are the results of a study of the degree to which medical careers in general practice versus specialization are pursued by graduates of the University of Toronto Faculty of Medicine in the first six years after the completion of their internships. The retention rates in general practice and residency are documented on an annual basis using the life table method. The annual rate of attrition from general practice dropped substantially after the first three years. Fifteen percent of the initial general practice group dropped out during the first year, 10 percent of the remainder in the second year, and 8 percent of the rest in the third year. In each of the subsequent three years, the attrition rate was 4 percent, 4 percent, and 2 percent, respectively."}
{"id": "PMID:864667", "title": "Students' attitudes toward cancer: changes in medical school.", "content": "This study focuses on the development of attitudes toward cancer during medical school. Under consideration were: (a) attitudes toward the patient's inner resources to cope with a serious illness such as cancer, (b) attitudes toward the value of early diagnosis, (c) attitudes toward the value of aggressive treatment, and (d) belief in immortality and preparation for the acceptance of death. Changes occurred throughout medical school, especially during the clinical years. More change appears to be related to medical education and experience that to personality. The findings have important implications for the education of medical students.", "contents": "Students' attitudes toward cancer: changes in medical school. This study focuses on the development of attitudes toward cancer during medical school. Under consideration were: (a) attitudes toward the patient's inner resources to cope with a serious illness such as cancer, (b) attitudes toward the value of early diagnosis, (c) attitudes toward the value of aggressive treatment, and (d) belief in immortality and preparation for the acceptance of death. Changes occurred throughout medical school, especially during the clinical years. More change appears to be related to medical education and experience that to personality. The findings have important implications for the education of medical students."}
{"id": "PMID:864676", "title": "Ovulatory cycle characteristics in Macaca fascicularis.", "content": "A total of 595 menstrual cycles were studied in 28 adult M. fasicularis over a period of five years. Ovulations, observed laparoscopically in 138 cycles, occurred on the left ovary 62.6% of the time. No significant effect was noted on cycle length relative to the ovulatory status of the previous cycle or the occurrence of ovulation on the same ovary in consecutive cycles. Laparoscopy had no effect on the parameters studied.", "contents": "Ovulatory cycle characteristics in Macaca fascicularis. A total of 595 menstrual cycles were studied in 28 adult M. fasicularis over a period of five years. Ovulations, observed laparoscopically in 138 cycles, occurred on the left ovary 62.6% of the time. No significant effect was noted on cycle length relative to the ovulatory status of the previous cycle or the occurrence of ovulation on the same ovary in consecutive cycles. Laparoscopy had no effect on the parameters studied."}
{"id": "PMID:864677", "title": "Pulpotomy as an alternative to canine tooth extraction in monkeys [Macaca mulatta].", "content": "An effective method for sealing pulp canals after partial removal of canine tooth crowns from adult rhesus monkeys is described.", "contents": "Pulpotomy as an alternative to canine tooth extraction in monkeys [Macaca mulatta]. An effective method for sealing pulp canals after partial removal of canine tooth crowns from adult rhesus monkeys is described."}
{"id": "PMID:864678", "title": "Human-type A-B-O blood group antigens of Ethiopian vervet monkeys (Cercopithecus aethiops) in the wild.", "content": "Human type A-B-O blood group antigens were tested in a local population of Ethiopian vervet monkeys (Cercopithecus aethiops). One animal was of group AB, the others were A. This represents a lower rate of polymorphism at this locus than has been observed among South African populations of the same species.", "contents": "Human-type A-B-O blood group antigens of Ethiopian vervet monkeys (Cercopithecus aethiops) in the wild. Human type A-B-O blood group antigens were tested in a local population of Ethiopian vervet monkeys (Cercopithecus aethiops). One animal was of group AB, the others were A. This represents a lower rate of polymorphism at this locus than has been observed among South African populations of the same species."}
{"id": "PMID:864679", "title": "Kinetics of permeability changes induced by electric impulses in chromaffin granules.", "content": "Electric field pulses, ranging in intensity from 20 to 50 kV/cm and in duration from 10 to 40 micronsec, caused a transient increase in the membrane permeability of chromaffin granules from the bovine adrenal medulla, that led to partial release of granule soluble constituents. This transient permeability change was long-lived, as compared to the pulse duration, and the main part of material efflux occurred after the termination of the pulse. During the latter phase the temporarily increased permeability decayed to its original value, in the absence of the electric field. This indicated that the structural perturbation induced in the membrane was transient and apparently reversible. The release event was characterized by a field-dependent permeability coefficient ranging from 2x10(-4) cm/sec at 30 kV/cm to 3x10(-3) cm/sec at 50 kV/cm. The resealing process of the membrane could be described by two relaxation times, both of which decreased with increasing field strength. Tau1 varied from about 3.0 msec at 30 kV/cm to less than 2.0 msec at 50 kV/cm, while tau2 varied from about 100 to about 40 msec in the same interval of field strength. The distribution in the degree of filling of granules that had been partially depleted by an electric field pulse indicated that the population could be considered homogeneous with respect to release.", "contents": "Kinetics of permeability changes induced by electric impulses in chromaffin granules. Electric field pulses, ranging in intensity from 20 to 50 kV/cm and in duration from 10 to 40 micronsec, caused a transient increase in the membrane permeability of chromaffin granules from the bovine adrenal medulla, that led to partial release of granule soluble constituents. This transient permeability change was long-lived, as compared to the pulse duration, and the main part of material efflux occurred after the termination of the pulse. During the latter phase the temporarily increased permeability decayed to its original value, in the absence of the electric field. This indicated that the structural perturbation induced in the membrane was transient and apparently reversible. The release event was characterized by a field-dependent permeability coefficient ranging from 2x10(-4) cm/sec at 30 kV/cm to 3x10(-3) cm/sec at 50 kV/cm. The resealing process of the membrane could be described by two relaxation times, both of which decreased with increasing field strength. Tau1 varied from about 3.0 msec at 30 kV/cm to less than 2.0 msec at 50 kV/cm, while tau2 varied from about 100 to about 40 msec in the same interval of field strength. The distribution in the degree of filling of granules that had been partially depleted by an electric field pulse indicated that the population could be considered homogeneous with respect to release."}
{"id": "PMID:864680", "title": "K+ conduction description from the low frequency impedance and admittance of squid axon.", "content": "The form of power spectra of K+ conduction fluctuations in patches of squid axon suggested that K+ conduction kinetics are higher than first order (Fishman, Moore & Poussart,  1975, J. Membrane Biol. 24:305). To obtain an alternative description of ion conduction kinetics consistent with spontaneous fluctuations, the complex impedance and admittance of squid (Loligo pealei) axon were measured at low frequencies (1-1000 Hz) with a four electrode system using white Gaussian noise as a stochastic perturbation. As predicted from the spontaneous noise measurements, a low frequency impedance feature is observed between 1 and 30 Hz which is voltage and temperature dependent, disappears after substantial reduction in [Ki+], and is unaffected by the state of Na+ conduction or active transport. These measurements confirm and constitute strong support for the patch noise measurements and interpretations. The linearized Hodgkin-Huxley (HH) equations do not produce the low frequency feature since first order ion conduction kinetics are assumed. Computation of diffusion polarization effects associated with the axon sheath gives a qualitative account of the low frequency feature, but the potential dependence is opposite to that of the data. Thus, K+ conduction kinetics in the axon are not adequately described by a single first order process. In addition, significant changes in HH parameter values were required to describe the usual impedance (resonance) feature in Loligo pealei axon data.", "contents": "K+ conduction description from the low frequency impedance and admittance of squid axon. The form of power spectra of K+ conduction fluctuations in patches of squid axon suggested that K+ conduction kinetics are higher than first order (Fishman, Moore & Poussart,  1975, J. Membrane Biol. 24:305). To obtain an alternative description of ion conduction kinetics consistent with spontaneous fluctuations, the complex impedance and admittance of squid (Loligo pealei) axon were measured at low frequencies (1-1000 Hz) with a four electrode system using white Gaussian noise as a stochastic perturbation. As predicted from the spontaneous noise measurements, a low frequency impedance feature is observed between 1 and 30 Hz which is voltage and temperature dependent, disappears after substantial reduction in [Ki+], and is unaffected by the state of Na+ conduction or active transport. These measurements confirm and constitute strong support for the patch noise measurements and interpretations. The linearized Hodgkin-Huxley (HH) equations do not produce the low frequency feature since first order ion conduction kinetics are assumed. Computation of diffusion polarization effects associated with the axon sheath gives a qualitative account of the low frequency feature, but the potential dependence is opposite to that of the data. Thus, K+ conduction kinetics in the axon are not adequately described by a single first order process. In addition, significant changes in HH parameter values were required to describe the usual impedance (resonance) feature in Loligo pealei axon data."}
{"id": "PMID:864681", "title": "Passive sodium fluxes across toad bladder in the presence of simultaneous transepithellal gradients of concentration and potential.", "content": "Bidirectional sodium fluxes were measured across toad bladder sacs after eliminating active transport with ouabain. Transepithelial potential was clamped to 100 mV or the Nernst potential, psieq, at varying sodium concentrations, Cm, in the mucosal medium. Serosal sodium concentration, Cs, was held constant. Equations were derived for permeability, partial ionic conductance, and unidirectional fluxes as functions of Cm and Cs, based in part on the assumption that the ratio, Q, of bulk sodium permeability to tracer sodium permeability is a constant, independent of concentration and potential. The results conformed closely to these equations.", "contents": "Passive sodium fluxes across toad bladder in the presence of simultaneous transepithellal gradients of concentration and potential. Bidirectional sodium fluxes were measured across toad bladder sacs after eliminating active transport with ouabain. Transepithelial potential was clamped to 100 mV or the Nernst potential, psieq, at varying sodium concentrations, Cm, in the mucosal medium. Serosal sodium concentration, Cs, was held constant. Equations were derived for permeability, partial ionic conductance, and unidirectional fluxes as functions of Cm and Cs, based in part on the assumption that the ratio, Q, of bulk sodium permeability to tracer sodium permeability is a constant, independent of concentration and potential. The results conformed closely to these equations."}
{"id": "PMID:864682", "title": "In vitro studies of skeletal muscle membranes. Adenylate cyclase of fast and slow twitch muscle and the effects of denervation.", "content": "Sarcolemmal membranes were prepared from slow-twitch (red) and fast-twitch (white) skeletal muscle of the rat. A sensitive adenylate cyclase assay was used and basal, fluoride- and catecholamine-stimulated activities measured. The greater in vivo sensitivity of red muscle to the effects of catecholamines correlates, in the present study, with approximately a twofold stimulation of its sarcolemmal adenylate cyclase with isoproterenol (10 micronm). The white muscle enzyme, on the other hand, is only minimally stimulated (20%) at the same concentration of beta-adrenergic agonist. Fast-twitch muscle is known to be physiologically insensitive to catecholamine in vivo. A course of sciatic nerve denervation was followed to further distinguish these two metabolic types of skeletal muscle and their respective adenylate cyclases. The slow-twitch muscle enzyme activities were completely and permanently lost on denervation. The white muscle enzyme, however, recovered almost completely after an initial reduction in specific activity the first week. Interestingly, the NaF-stimulated activity lagged behind both the basal and hormone-stimulated activities of the white muscle enzyme, in returning to control levels. The activities of cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase were evaluated in homogenates of the two muscle types in innervated rats and following denervation, in order to further define the neural influence on skeletal muscle cyclic nucleotide metabolism. The results suggest that the motor nerve may regulate some of the metabolic properties of slow-twitch muscle (which may involve cyclic AMP) by controlling the responsiveness of its sarcolemmal-bound adenylate cyclase system.", "contents": "In vitro studies of skeletal muscle membranes. Adenylate cyclase of fast and slow twitch muscle and the effects of denervation. Sarcolemmal membranes were prepared from slow-twitch (red) and fast-twitch (white) skeletal muscle of the rat. A sensitive adenylate cyclase assay was used and basal, fluoride- and catecholamine-stimulated activities measured. The greater in vivo sensitivity of red muscle to the effects of catecholamines correlates, in the present study, with approximately a twofold stimulation of its sarcolemmal adenylate cyclase with isoproterenol (10 micronm). The white muscle enzyme, on the other hand, is only minimally stimulated (20%) at the same concentration of beta-adrenergic agonist. Fast-twitch muscle is known to be physiologically insensitive to catecholamine in vivo. A course of sciatic nerve denervation was followed to further distinguish these two metabolic types of skeletal muscle and their respective adenylate cyclases. The slow-twitch muscle enzyme activities were completely and permanently lost on denervation. The white muscle enzyme, however, recovered almost completely after an initial reduction in specific activity the first week. Interestingly, the NaF-stimulated activity lagged behind both the basal and hormone-stimulated activities of the white muscle enzyme, in returning to control levels. The activities of cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase were evaluated in homogenates of the two muscle types in innervated rats and following denervation, in order to further define the neural influence on skeletal muscle cyclic nucleotide metabolism. The results suggest that the motor nerve may regulate some of the metabolic properties of slow-twitch muscle (which may involve cyclic AMP) by controlling the responsiveness of its sarcolemmal-bound adenylate cyclase system."}
{"id": "PMID:864683", "title": "A gradient of diffusible substance in a monolayer of cultured cells.", "content": "Monolayers of hypoxanthine phosphoribosyl transferase-deficient and their corresponding wildtype cells have been placed adjacent to each other with a newly described method. Autoradiographs from such preparation after incubation with 3H-hypoxanthine allow the direct visualization of gradients of incorporated radioactivity at the border between the two cell types. The gradients can be described by an exponential function, and the amount of radioactivity incorporated decreases to less than 1% at a distance of 1 mm from the wild-type cells. A possible mechanism to convert exponential gradients to linear ones over a certain concentration range is discussed.", "contents": "A gradient of diffusible substance in a monolayer of cultured cells. Monolayers of hypoxanthine phosphoribosyl transferase-deficient and their corresponding wildtype cells have been placed adjacent to each other with a newly described method. Autoradiographs from such preparation after incubation with 3H-hypoxanthine allow the direct visualization of gradients of incorporated radioactivity at the border between the two cell types. The gradients can be described by an exponential function, and the amount of radioactivity incorporated decreases to less than 1% at a distance of 1 mm from the wild-type cells. A possible mechanism to convert exponential gradients to linear ones over a certain concentration range is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:864685", "title": "Changes in absorption, fluorescence, dichroism, and Birefringence in stained giant axons: : optical measurement of membrane potential.", "content": "The absorption, fluorescence, dichroism, and birefringence of stained squid axons were measured during action potentials and voltage clamp steps in an effort to find large optical signals that could be used to monitor membrane potential. Changes in all four optical properties were found that were linearly related to membrane potential and, with several new dyes, the signal-to-noise ratios were larger than any obtained previously. The problem of photodynamic damage was greatly diminished; with a merocyaninerhodanine dye, the photodynamic damage associated with intense light and the presence of oxygen was negligible. The absorption change obtained with this dye was relatively large; it could be measured with a signal-to-noise ratio of 100:1 during a single action potential.", "contents": "Changes in absorption, fluorescence, dichroism, and Birefringence in stained giant axons: : optical measurement of membrane potential. The absorption, fluorescence, dichroism, and birefringence of stained squid axons were measured during action potentials and voltage clamp steps in an effort to find large optical signals that could be used to monitor membrane potential. Changes in all four optical properties were found that were linearly related to membrane potential and, with several new dyes, the signal-to-noise ratios were larger than any obtained previously. The problem of photodynamic damage was greatly diminished; with a merocyaninerhodanine dye, the photodynamic damage associated with intense light and the presence of oxygen was negligible. The absorption change obtained with this dye was relatively large; it could be measured with a signal-to-noise ratio of 100:1 during a single action potential."}
{"id": "PMID:864689", "title": "Effect of turgor pressure on water permeability of Allium cepa epidermis cell membranes.", "content": "Using onion epidermis layer a very accurate method for measuring the permeability of epidermis cells to water was standardized. In this method a 1.4 cm diameter epidermis disc was soaked in tritiated water (50 micronCi/ml) for about 1 hr. Next the disc was mounted in a specially designed elution chamber where it was held flat and washed on the noncuticular side with ordinary water. A constant flow rate, high enough to minimize unstirred layer effect, was used. Permeability was calculated in the usual way after separating different exponentials from the efflux curve of tritiated water. Turgor pressure of the cell was regulated by soaking thedisc in mannitol solutions containing tritiated water and washing it in the chamber with same concentration mannitol solution containing no radioactivity. Water permeability values were found to decrease less than 8% when the turgor pressure was decreased from 8 atm (full turgor) to zero. Turgor pressure had no significant effect on the water permeability of onion epidermal cells. Our results are contradictory to the findings of Zimmerman and Steudle (1974, J Membrane Biol. 16:331) but aresimilar to the findings of Tazawa and Kamiya (1966, Aust J. Biol. Sci. 19:399) and Kiyosawa and Tazawa (1972, Protoplasma 74:257).", "contents": "Effect of turgor pressure on water permeability of Allium cepa epidermis cell membranes. Using onion epidermis layer a very accurate method for measuring the permeability of epidermis cells to water was standardized. In this method a 1.4 cm diameter epidermis disc was soaked in tritiated water (50 micronCi/ml) for about 1 hr. Next the disc was mounted in a specially designed elution chamber where it was held flat and washed on the noncuticular side with ordinary water. A constant flow rate, high enough to minimize unstirred layer effect, was used. Permeability was calculated in the usual way after separating different exponentials from the efflux curve of tritiated water. Turgor pressure of the cell was regulated by soaking thedisc in mannitol solutions containing tritiated water and washing it in the chamber with same concentration mannitol solution containing no radioactivity. Water permeability values were found to decrease less than 8% when the turgor pressure was decreased from 8 atm (full turgor) to zero. Turgor pressure had no significant effect on the water permeability of onion epidermal cells. Our results are contradictory to the findings of Zimmerman and Steudle (1974, J Membrane Biol. 16:331) but aresimilar to the findings of Tazawa and Kamiya (1966, Aust J. Biol. Sci. 19:399) and Kiyosawa and Tazawa (1972, Protoplasma 74:257)."}
{"id": "PMID:864688", "title": "Role of plasma membrane phospholipids in the uptake and release of transferrin and its iron by reticulocytes.", "content": "The involvement of membrane phospholipids in the utilization of transferrin-bound iron by reticulocytes was investigated using [59Fe]- and [125I]-labelled transferrin and rabbit reticulocytes which had been incubated with phospholipase A. Transferrin and iron uptake and release were all inhibited by phospholipase A which produced a marked decrease in the relative abundance of phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine and equivalent increases in their lyso-compounds in the reticulocyte plasma membrane. There was a close correlation between the iron uptake rate and the rate and amount of transferrin uptake and the amount of the lysophospholipids in the membrane. Incubation of the cells with exogenous lysophosphatidylethanolamine or lysophosphatidylcholine also produced inhibition of iron and transferrin uptake. The reduced uptake produced by phospholipase A could be reversed if the lyso-compounds were removed by fatty acid-free bovine serum albumin or by reincubation in medium 199. Treatment with phospholipase A was shown to increase the amount of transferrin bound by specific receptors on the reticulocyte membrane but to inhibit the entry of transferrin into the cells. The present investigation provides evidence that the phospholipid composition of the cell membrane influences the interaction of transferrin with its receptors, the processes of endocytosis and exocytosis whereby transferrin enters and leaves the cells, and the mechanism by which iron is mobilized between its binding to transferrin and incorporation into heme. In addition, the results indicate that phosphatidylethanolamine is present in the outer half of the lipid bilayer of reticulocyte membrane.", "contents": "Role of plasma membrane phospholipids in the uptake and release of transferrin and its iron by reticulocytes. The involvement of membrane phospholipids in the utilization of transferrin-bound iron by reticulocytes was investigated using [59Fe]- and [125I]-labelled transferrin and rabbit reticulocytes which had been incubated with phospholipase A. Transferrin and iron uptake and release were all inhibited by phospholipase A which produced a marked decrease in the relative abundance of phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine and equivalent increases in their lyso-compounds in the reticulocyte plasma membrane. There was a close correlation between the iron uptake rate and the rate and amount of transferrin uptake and the amount of the lysophospholipids in the membrane. Incubation of the cells with exogenous lysophosphatidylethanolamine or lysophosphatidylcholine also produced inhibition of iron and transferrin uptake. The reduced uptake produced by phospholipase A could be reversed if the lyso-compounds were removed by fatty acid-free bovine serum albumin or by reincubation in medium 199. Treatment with phospholipase A was shown to increase the amount of transferrin bound by specific receptors on the reticulocyte membrane but to inhibit the entry of transferrin into the cells. The present investigation provides evidence that the phospholipid composition of the cell membrane influences the interaction of transferrin with its receptors, the processes of endocytosis and exocytosis whereby transferrin enters and leaves the cells, and the mechanism by which iron is mobilized between its binding to transferrin and incorporation into heme. In addition, the results indicate that phosphatidylethanolamine is present in the outer half of the lipid bilayer of reticulocyte membrane."}
{"id": "PMID:864690", "title": "Cold-induced hemolysis in a hypertonic milieu.", "content": "Suspension of human erythrocytes at 37 degrees C in an environment made hypertonic by increasing concentrations of sodium chloride and sucrose was followed by hemolysis when the temperature was lowered to 0 degrees C. Two distinct stages were involved in this hemolytic phenomenon, the first being incubation with hypertonic solute at some temperature above 20 degrees C with an increasing effect up to 45 degrees C, and the second stage consisting of lowering the temperature below 15 degrees C with increasing hemolysis down to 0 degrees C. The rate of cooling was not an important factor, but the presence of ions reduced the extent of cold-induced hemolysis in hypertonic sucrose. No significant release of membrane phospholipid and cholesterol accompanied this hemolysis. The solubilization of membrane protein components was investigated, with some differences appearing on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis between hypertonic and isotonic supernatants. Spectrin could not be identified in solubilized form. Correlation of the temperatures of note in these studies with results from the literature on other biological effects of temperature-induced phase transitions in membrane lipids strongly points to the conclusion that such transitions are involved in the mechanism of cold-induced hypertonic hemolysis. It is postulated that the hypertonic milieu has resulted in membrane-protein alteration damage which prevents normal adaption to the new physical state of the membrane lipids during cooling.", "contents": "Cold-induced hemolysis in a hypertonic milieu. Suspension of human erythrocytes at 37 degrees C in an environment made hypertonic by increasing concentrations of sodium chloride and sucrose was followed by hemolysis when the temperature was lowered to 0 degrees C. Two distinct stages were involved in this hemolytic phenomenon, the first being incubation with hypertonic solute at some temperature above 20 degrees C with an increasing effect up to 45 degrees C, and the second stage consisting of lowering the temperature below 15 degrees C with increasing hemolysis down to 0 degrees C. The rate of cooling was not an important factor, but the presence of ions reduced the extent of cold-induced hemolysis in hypertonic sucrose. No significant release of membrane phospholipid and cholesterol accompanied this hemolysis. The solubilization of membrane protein components was investigated, with some differences appearing on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis between hypertonic and isotonic supernatants. Spectrin could not be identified in solubilized form. Correlation of the temperatures of note in these studies with results from the literature on other biological effects of temperature-induced phase transitions in membrane lipids strongly points to the conclusion that such transitions are involved in the mechanism of cold-induced hypertonic hemolysis. It is postulated that the hypertonic milieu has resulted in membrane-protein alteration damage which prevents normal adaption to the new physical state of the membrane lipids during cooling."}
{"id": "PMID:864691", "title": "Study of amino and sulfhydryl sites in the sodium pathway in dog red blood cell membranes.", "content": "Amino reactive TNBS (2,4,6-trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid). SITS (4-acetamido-4'-isothiocyano-stilbene-2-2' -disulfonic acid), and Zn++, and SH reactive Hg++ were employed to study sodium channels in dog red blood cells. Simultaneous modification of the membrane with both a SH and an amino modifier results in an increase in Na+ permeability which is equal to the sum of their individual effects. This indicates that SH and amino sites are separate units. Three lines of evidence indicate that the amino sites are more superficial than the SH sites. (1) Pretreatment with an amino modifer decreases the effectiveness of subsequent SH modification. (2) SITS, a nonpenetrating amino reagent, enhances Na+ permeability while DTNB, a nonpenetrating SH modifier, is ineffective. (3) Pretreatment of amino sites decreases the apparent affinity of Hg++ for SH sites. In addition, three lines of evidence indicate that TNBS and Zn++ modify different amino sites. First, simultaneous modification with TNBS and Zn++ results in an increase in Na+ permeability equal to the sum of their individual effects. Secondly, Zn++ causes an increase in Na+ permeability in cells previously treated with TNBS. Finally, the pH dependence of Zn++ modification is oposite that for TNBS modification. These pH experiments suggest than Zn++ enhances Na+ permeability by reacting with unprotonated amino sites while TNBS modifies protonated amino sites. It is concluded that the sodium permeability of dog red blood cells is normally limited by superficial amino sites and deeper slfhydryl sites in the sodium channels.", "contents": "Study of amino and sulfhydryl sites in the sodium pathway in dog red blood cell membranes. Amino reactive TNBS (2,4,6-trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid). SITS (4-acetamido-4'-isothiocyano-stilbene-2-2' -disulfonic acid), and Zn++, and SH reactive Hg++ were employed to study sodium channels in dog red blood cells. Simultaneous modification of the membrane with both a SH and an amino modifier results in an increase in Na+ permeability which is equal to the sum of their individual effects. This indicates that SH and amino sites are separate units. Three lines of evidence indicate that the amino sites are more superficial than the SH sites. (1) Pretreatment with an amino modifer decreases the effectiveness of subsequent SH modification. (2) SITS, a nonpenetrating amino reagent, enhances Na+ permeability while DTNB, a nonpenetrating SH modifier, is ineffective. (3) Pretreatment of amino sites decreases the apparent affinity of Hg++ for SH sites. In addition, three lines of evidence indicate that TNBS and Zn++ modify different amino sites. First, simultaneous modification with TNBS and Zn++ results in an increase in Na+ permeability equal to the sum of their individual effects. Secondly, Zn++ causes an increase in Na+ permeability in cells previously treated with TNBS. Finally, the pH dependence of Zn++ modification is oposite that for TNBS modification. These pH experiments suggest than Zn++ enhances Na+ permeability by reacting with unprotonated amino sites while TNBS modifies protonated amino sites. It is concluded that the sodium permeability of dog red blood cells is normally limited by superficial amino sites and deeper slfhydryl sites in the sodium channels."}
{"id": "PMID:864692", "title": "Intracellular gradients of electrical potential in the epithelial cells of the Necturus gallbladder.", "content": "When single-barrelled electrodes (5-60 Momega) were advanced under manual control from the mucosal side of the epithelium the mucosal membrane was on average indented by about 40 micron before the microelectrode pentrated the cell. Since this dimpling was comparable with the total depth of the cell, which recovered its original shape within 0.5 sec, the steady intracellular potential was recorded only about 14 micronm from the basal (serosal) membrane. Fast recording of the associated change in potential revealed an abrupt drop to -26 mV at a mean rate of 84 V/sec, followed by a further slow drop to a steady value of about -50 mV at a mean rate of 0.28 V/sec. The initial level of -26 mV may be regarded as the potential difference across the mucosal membrane. This conclusion was confirmed by mounting the microelectrode on a piezoelectric probe, which delivered 3 micron jabs in less than 0.5 msec. With this device in operation to prevent dimpling, the mean potential difference across the mucosal membrane was recorded as -29 mV. In all cases the potential across the basal membrane was recorded as -52 mV. Manual advance of the microelectrode tip within the cytoplasm yielded an intracellular potential gradient of 0.6 mV/micron. The same potential profile and membrane potentials were demonstrated on penetrating the epithelium from the serosal side, and measurements with multibarrelled electrodes whose tips were staggered in depth gave roughly the same internal potential gradient. The resistivity of the cytoplasm was determined by a triple-barrelled microelectrode, and varied from 10 times that of Necturus saline at the mucosal end of the cell to 4 times in the middle and 6 times at the serosal end.", "contents": "Intracellular gradients of electrical potential in the epithelial cells of the Necturus gallbladder. When single-barrelled electrodes (5-60 Momega) were advanced under manual control from the mucosal side of the epithelium the mucosal membrane was on average indented by about 40 micron before the microelectrode pentrated the cell. Since this dimpling was comparable with the total depth of the cell, which recovered its original shape within 0.5 sec, the steady intracellular potential was recorded only about 14 micronm from the basal (serosal) membrane. Fast recording of the associated change in potential revealed an abrupt drop to -26 mV at a mean rate of 84 V/sec, followed by a further slow drop to a steady value of about -50 mV at a mean rate of 0.28 V/sec. The initial level of -26 mV may be regarded as the potential difference across the mucosal membrane. This conclusion was confirmed by mounting the microelectrode on a piezoelectric probe, which delivered 3 micron jabs in less than 0.5 msec. With this device in operation to prevent dimpling, the mean potential difference across the mucosal membrane was recorded as -29 mV. In all cases the potential across the basal membrane was recorded as -52 mV. Manual advance of the microelectrode tip within the cytoplasm yielded an intracellular potential gradient of 0.6 mV/micron. The same potential profile and membrane potentials were demonstrated on penetrating the epithelium from the serosal side, and measurements with multibarrelled electrodes whose tips were staggered in depth gave roughly the same internal potential gradient. The resistivity of the cytoplasm was determined by a triple-barrelled microelectrode, and varied from 10 times that of Necturus saline at the mucosal end of the cell to 4 times in the middle and 6 times at the serosal end."}
{"id": "PMID:864693", "title": "Synthesis of tritiated 4,4'-diisothiocyano-2,2'-stilbene disulfonic acid ([3H]DIDS) and its covalent reaction with sites related to anion transport in human red blood cells.", "content": "The potent and specific inhibitor of anion permeability, 4,4'-diisothicyanostilbene-2,2'-disulfonic acid (DIDS) was synthesized in tritiated form ([3H]DIDS) from tritiated 5-nitrotoluene-o-sulfonic acid. Its reactions with and effects on red blood cells were compared with those of a reduced form ([3H]H2DIDS), previously used as a tracer for DIDS. The rate of covalent reaction of [3H]DIDS was substantially faster than that of [3H]H2DIDS at all temperatures tested. With both agents, the rate of reaction was increased in alkaline media, although the response occurred at a lower pH with [3H]DIDS. On the other hand, the relationship of irreversible membrane binding to the degree of inhibition of sulfate fluxes was linear and virtually the same for both agents, with 100% inhibition associated with the binding of approximately 1.2 X 10(6) molecules per cell. About 90% of the binding for each probe was to a particular membrane protein, known as band 3, equivalent to about 1 mole of agent per mole of protein.", "contents": "Synthesis of tritiated 4,4'-diisothiocyano-2,2'-stilbene disulfonic acid ([3H]DIDS) and its covalent reaction with sites related to anion transport in human red blood cells. The potent and specific inhibitor of anion permeability, 4,4'-diisothicyanostilbene-2,2'-disulfonic acid (DIDS) was synthesized in tritiated form ([3H]DIDS) from tritiated 5-nitrotoluene-o-sulfonic acid. Its reactions with and effects on red blood cells were compared with those of a reduced form ([3H]H2DIDS), previously used as a tracer for DIDS. The rate of covalent reaction of [3H]DIDS was substantially faster than that of [3H]H2DIDS at all temperatures tested. With both agents, the rate of reaction was increased in alkaline media, although the response occurred at a lower pH with [3H]DIDS. On the other hand, the relationship of irreversible membrane binding to the degree of inhibition of sulfate fluxes was linear and virtually the same for both agents, with 100% inhibition associated with the binding of approximately 1.2 X 10(6) molecules per cell. About 90% of the binding for each probe was to a particular membrane protein, known as band 3, equivalent to about 1 mole of agent per mole of protein."}
{"id": "PMID:864694", "title": "Active sodium transport and the electrophysiology of rabbit colon.", "content": "The electrophysiologic properties of rabbit colonic epithelial cells were investigated employing microelectrode techniques. Under open-circuit conditions, the transepithelial electrical potential difference (PD) averaged 20 mV, serosa positive, and the intracellular electrical potential (psimc) averaged -32 mV, cell interior negative with respect to the mucosal solution; under short-circuit conditions, psimc averaged -46 mV. The addition of amiloride to the mucosal solution abolishes the transepithelial PD and active Na transport, and psimc is hyperpolarized to an average value of -53 mV. These results indicate that Na entry into the mucosal cell is a conductive process which, normally, depolarized psimc. The data obtained were interpreted using a double-membrane equivalent electrical circuit model of the \"active Na transport pathway\" involving two voltage-independent electromotive forces (emf's) and two voltage-independent resistances arrayed in series. Our observations are consistent with the notions that: (a) The emf's and resistances across the mucosal and baso-lateral membranes are determined predominantly by the emf (64 mV) and resistance of the Na entry process and the emf (53 mV) and resistance of the process responsible for active Na extrusion across the baso-lateral membranes: that is, the electrophysiological properties of the cell appear to be determined solely by the properties and processes responsible for transcellular active Na transport. The emf of the Na entry process is consistent with the notion that the Na activity in the intracellular transport pool is approximately one-tenth that in the mucosal solution or about 14 mM. (b) In the presence of amiloride, the transcellular conductance is essentially abolished and the total tissue conductance is the result of ionic diffusion through paracellular pathways. (c) The negative intracellular potential (with respect to the mucosal solution) is due primarily to the presence of a low resistance paracellular \"shunt\" pathway which permits electrical coupling between the emf at the baso-lateral membrane and the potential difference across the mucosal membrane; in the absence of this shunt, the \"well-type\" electrical potential profile characteristic of rabbit colonic cells would be 'converted' into a \"staircase-type\" profile similar to those reported for frog skin and toad urinary bladder by some investigators.", "contents": "Active sodium transport and the electrophysiology of rabbit colon. The electrophysiologic properties of rabbit colonic epithelial cells were investigated employing microelectrode techniques. Under open-circuit conditions, the transepithelial electrical potential difference (PD) averaged 20 mV, serosa positive, and the intracellular electrical potential (psimc) averaged -32 mV, cell interior negative with respect to the mucosal solution; under short-circuit conditions, psimc averaged -46 mV. The addition of amiloride to the mucosal solution abolishes the transepithelial PD and active Na transport, and psimc is hyperpolarized to an average value of -53 mV. These results indicate that Na entry into the mucosal cell is a conductive process which, normally, depolarized psimc. The data obtained were interpreted using a double-membrane equivalent electrical circuit model of the \"active Na transport pathway\" involving two voltage-independent electromotive forces (emf's) and two voltage-independent resistances arrayed in series. Our observations are consistent with the notions that: (a) The emf's and resistances across the mucosal and baso-lateral membranes are determined predominantly by the emf (64 mV) and resistance of the Na entry process and the emf (53 mV) and resistance of the process responsible for active Na extrusion across the baso-lateral membranes: that is, the electrophysiological properties of the cell appear to be determined solely by the properties and processes responsible for transcellular active Na transport. The emf of the Na entry process is consistent with the notion that the Na activity in the intracellular transport pool is approximately one-tenth that in the mucosal solution or about 14 mM. (b) In the presence of amiloride, the transcellular conductance is essentially abolished and the total tissue conductance is the result of ionic diffusion through paracellular pathways. (c) The negative intracellular potential (with respect to the mucosal solution) is due primarily to the presence of a low resistance paracellular \"shunt\" pathway which permits electrical coupling between the emf at the baso-lateral membrane and the potential difference across the mucosal membrane; in the absence of this shunt, the \"well-type\" electrical potential profile characteristic of rabbit colonic cells would be 'converted' into a \"staircase-type\" profile similar to those reported for frog skin and toad urinary bladder by some investigators."}
{"id": "PMID:864695", "title": "Pulsed nuclear magnetic resonance study of 39K within halobacteria.", "content": "The 39K contents of isolated pellets and supernatant solutions from suspensions of Halobacterium halobium were studied at 21-22 degrees C by pulsed NMR spectroscopy. The rates of transverse relaxation were measured directly from the free induction decay (FID). The rate of longitudinal relaxation was measured by studying the FID after pairs of pulses of approximately 90 degrees. Care was exercised to minimize the effect of magnetic field inhomogeneity; its contribution to the FID was approximately 25-30 sec-1. The transverse relaxation process was found to consist of at least two components, whose rates were 321-449 sec-1 and 1,122-2,067 sec-1. In one preparation where the longitudinal relaxation process was studied, the data could be well fit to a single exponential relaxing at 253 +/- 33 (mean +/-95% confidence limits) sec-1. Comparison of the relative intensities of the NMR signals with the results of atomic absorption photometric analyses indicated that the great bulk of the intracellular 39K was detected by the NMR techniques used. The data obtained from the current NMR of H. halobium are consistent with: (1) fractional binding of less than 3% of the total intracellular K+, (2) a small ordering factor characterizing all of the intracellular K+, or (3) some combination of the two.", "contents": "Pulsed nuclear magnetic resonance study of 39K within halobacteria. The 39K contents of isolated pellets and supernatant solutions from suspensions of Halobacterium halobium were studied at 21-22 degrees C by pulsed NMR spectroscopy. The rates of transverse relaxation were measured directly from the free induction decay (FID). The rate of longitudinal relaxation was measured by studying the FID after pairs of pulses of approximately 90 degrees. Care was exercised to minimize the effect of magnetic field inhomogeneity; its contribution to the FID was approximately 25-30 sec-1. The transverse relaxation process was found to consist of at least two components, whose rates were 321-449 sec-1 and 1,122-2,067 sec-1. In one preparation where the longitudinal relaxation process was studied, the data could be well fit to a single exponential relaxing at 253 +/- 33 (mean +/-95% confidence limits) sec-1. Comparison of the relative intensities of the NMR signals with the results of atomic absorption photometric analyses indicated that the great bulk of the intracellular 39K was detected by the NMR techniques used. The data obtained from the current NMR of H. halobium are consistent with: (1) fractional binding of less than 3% of the total intracellular K+, (2) a small ordering factor characterizing all of the intracellular K+, or (3) some combination of the two."}
{"id": "PMID:864707", "title": "Chromatin diminution in early embryogenesis of Ascaris lumbricoides L. var. suum.", "content": "The occurrence of chromatin diminution in early Ascaris lumbricoides L. embryos has been studied in detail, and it is shown that it is possible to preselect three characteristic types of mitoses: pre-diminution, diminution, and post-diminution mitosis. The first three embryonic mitotic divisions are of the pre-diminution type. Chromatin diminution occurs after the third mitosis, but there is a variation from embryo to embryo as to whether or not chromosomal diminution occurs during the fourth, fifth, and six divisions. However, the seventh embryonic division, which gives rise to an eight-cell embryo, always exhibits chromatin diminution. Subsequent mitoses of somatic cells already in the diminished state are of the post-diminution type of mitosis.", "contents": "Chromatin diminution in early embryogenesis of Ascaris lumbricoides L. var. suum. The occurrence of chromatin diminution in early Ascaris lumbricoides L. embryos has been studied in detail, and it is shown that it is possible to preselect three characteristic types of mitoses: pre-diminution, diminution, and post-diminution mitosis. The first three embryonic mitotic divisions are of the pre-diminution type. Chromatin diminution occurs after the third mitosis, but there is a variation from embryo to embryo as to whether or not chromosomal diminution occurs during the fourth, fifth, and six divisions. However, the seventh embryonic division, which gives rise to an eight-cell embryo, always exhibits chromatin diminution. Subsequent mitoses of somatic cells already in the diminished state are of the post-diminution type of mitosis."}
{"id": "PMID:864709", "title": "A new ganglion in male Moniliformis moniliformis (Acanthocephala).", "content": "A new ganglion identified as the bursal ganglion is described from male Moniliformis moniliformis. This ganglion is located adjacent to the pseudocoel and longitudinal muscle fibers and medial to the dorsal lacunar canal about 1 mm from the posterior end of males with non-everted bursa. The ganglion consists of four large club-shaped cells with single nuclei and bipolar neurons. The ganglion cells are paired with one neuron from each cell innervating the opposite side of the worm.", "contents": "A new ganglion in male Moniliformis moniliformis (Acanthocephala). A new ganglion identified as the bursal ganglion is described from male Moniliformis moniliformis. This ganglion is located adjacent to the pseudocoel and longitudinal muscle fibers and medial to the dorsal lacunar canal about 1 mm from the posterior end of males with non-everted bursa. The ganglion consists of four large club-shaped cells with single nuclei and bipolar neurons. The ganglion cells are paired with one neuron from each cell innervating the opposite side of the worm."}
{"id": "PMID:864710", "title": "Embryogenesis of Xyleborus ferrugineus (Fabr.) (Coleoptera, Scolytidae). I. External morphogenesis of male and female embryos.", "content": "A description of the external morphogenesis of male and female embryos of X. ferrugineus, derived from in vivo observation, is presented here. The embryogenesis of this beetle is typical of the Coleoptera, and is also similar in most respects to the generalized insect plan. Observed unusual aspects of X. ferrugineus embryogenesis include the precocious formation of primordial g/rm cells and their temporary exclusion from somatic blastoderm; the precocious in situ delineation of gnathal metameres, the closing of the gastral groove beginning at both ends and proceeding towards its middle, the formation of several paired lateral amnio-serosal folds, the formation of cellular processes between the amnion and serosa, and the absorption of the thoracic limbs to produce an apodous larva. The embryonic developmental picture provided here, and the previously established means of rearing X. ferrugineus in controlled laboratory culture jointly provide a promising basis for the further use of this insect in developmental studies.", "contents": "Embryogenesis of Xyleborus ferrugineus (Fabr.) (Coleoptera, Scolytidae). I. External morphogenesis of male and female embryos. A description of the external morphogenesis of male and female embryos of X. ferrugineus, derived from in vivo observation, is presented here. The embryogenesis of this beetle is typical of the Coleoptera, and is also similar in most respects to the generalized insect plan. Observed unusual aspects of X. ferrugineus embryogenesis include the precocious formation of primordial g/rm cells and their temporary exclusion from somatic blastoderm; the precocious in situ delineation of gnathal metameres, the closing of the gastral groove beginning at both ends and proceeding towards its middle, the formation of several paired lateral amnio-serosal folds, the formation of cellular processes between the amnion and serosa, and the absorption of the thoracic limbs to produce an apodous larva. The embryonic developmental picture provided here, and the previously established means of rearing X. ferrugineus in controlled laboratory culture jointly provide a promising basis for the further use of this insect in developmental studies."}
{"id": "PMID:864711", "title": "Embryogenesis of Xyleborus ferrugineus (Fabr.). (Coleoptera, Scolytidae) II. Developmental rates of male and female embryos.", "content": "The developmental rates of male and female embryos of Xyleborus ferrugineus were compared by charting for each sex the mean age for each of ten discrete morphological stages of embryogenesis from pole cell exclusion to eclosion male and female embryos developed synchronously from stage 1 (which begins with pole cell exclusion) through stage 4 (which ends with the completion of germ band extension and metamerization). After stage 4 and throughout the remainder of embryogenesis, the mean ages per morphological stage of male embryos were significantly greater than those for female embryos. The expected physiological consequences of a haploid genome in the male embryo as compared to a diploid condition in the female embryo are discussed as the possible basis for the persistent lag observed in male developmental rate after stage 4.", "contents": "Embryogenesis of Xyleborus ferrugineus (Fabr.). (Coleoptera, Scolytidae) II. Developmental rates of male and female embryos. The developmental rates of male and female embryos of Xyleborus ferrugineus were compared by charting for each sex the mean age for each of ten discrete morphological stages of embryogenesis from pole cell exclusion to eclosion male and female embryos developed synchronously from stage 1 (which begins with pole cell exclusion) through stage 4 (which ends with the completion of germ band extension and metamerization). After stage 4 and throughout the remainder of embryogenesis, the mean ages per morphological stage of male embryos were significantly greater than those for female embryos. The expected physiological consequences of a haploid genome in the male embryo as compared to a diploid condition in the female embryo are discussed as the possible basis for the persistent lag observed in male developmental rate after stage 4."}
{"id": "PMID:864718", "title": "Phylogenetic studies of two rubredoxins from sulfate reducing bacteria.", "content": "The sequences of two rubredoxins isolated from the sulfate reducing bacteria: Desulfovibrio vulgaris and Desulfovibrio gigas have been elucidated. They have similar sequences but many more differences occur than would be expected from two bacteria of the same genus. Of the 52 sites, only 37 are occupied by identical residues. The primary structures are compared with those of the anaerobic bacteria rubredoxins of Clostridium pasteurianum, Micrococcus aerogenes, Pseudomonas oleovorans and Peptostreptococcus elsdenii: only 12 identities are found, mostly in the two clusters that contain two iron-bound cysteines each. A phylogenetic tree based on the primary structures is presented and possible relations with plant and bacterial ferredoxins are discussed. A secondary and tertiary structure stereochemically compatible with the sequence data, is proposed.", "contents": "Phylogenetic studies of two rubredoxins from sulfate reducing bacteria. The sequences of two rubredoxins isolated from the sulfate reducing bacteria: Desulfovibrio vulgaris and Desulfovibrio gigas have been elucidated. They have similar sequences but many more differences occur than would be expected from two bacteria of the same genus. Of the 52 sites, only 37 are occupied by identical residues. The primary structures are compared with those of the anaerobic bacteria rubredoxins of Clostridium pasteurianum, Micrococcus aerogenes, Pseudomonas oleovorans and Peptostreptococcus elsdenii: only 12 identities are found, mostly in the two clusters that contain two iron-bound cysteines each. A phylogenetic tree based on the primary structures is presented and possible relations with plant and bacterial ferredoxins are discussed. A secondary and tertiary structure stereochemically compatible with the sequence data, is proposed."}
{"id": "PMID:864719", "title": "Alignment statistic for identifying related protein sequences.", "content": "Closely related proteins show an obvious kinship by having numerous matching amino acids in their aligned sequences. Kinship between anciently separated proteins requires a statistical evaluation to rule out fortuitous similarities. A simple statistic is developed which assumes equal probability for all codon pairs, and a table of critical values for amino acid sequence alignments of lengthnments of length 200 or less is presented. Applying this statistic to V and C regions of immunoglobulin chains, aligned on the basis of shared features of three-dimensional structure, provides evidence that the V and C sequences descended from a common ancestor. Similarly the distant evolutionary relationship of dehydrogenases, flavdoxin, and subtilisin, suggested by structural alignments, is verified. On the other hand, the statistic does not verify a common evolutionary origin for the heme binding pocket in globins and cytochrome bs. Empirical evidence from the distribution of MMD values of amino acid pairs in comparisons of misaligned polypeptide chains and from Monte Carlo trials of sequences aligned with arbitrary gaps supports the validity of the statistic.", "contents": "Alignment statistic for identifying related protein sequences. Closely related proteins show an obvious kinship by having numerous matching amino acids in their aligned sequences. Kinship between anciently separated proteins requires a statistical evaluation to rule out fortuitous similarities. A simple statistic is developed which assumes equal probability for all codon pairs, and a table of critical values for amino acid sequence alignments of lengthnments of length 200 or less is presented. Applying this statistic to V and C regions of immunoglobulin chains, aligned on the basis of shared features of three-dimensional structure, provides evidence that the V and C sequences descended from a common ancestor. Similarly the distant evolutionary relationship of dehydrogenases, flavdoxin, and subtilisin, suggested by structural alignments, is verified. On the other hand, the statistic does not verify a common evolutionary origin for the heme binding pocket in globins and cytochrome bs. Empirical evidence from the distribution of MMD values of amino acid pairs in comparisons of misaligned polypeptide chains and from Monte Carlo trials of sequences aligned with arbitrary gaps supports the validity of the statistic."}
{"id": "PMID:864722", "title": "Growth of Klebsiella aerogenes on xylitol: implications for bacterial enzyme evolution.", "content": "When Klebsiella aerogenes was grown in continuous culture with xylitol. an unnatural pentitol, as the growth limiting substrate, the structural gene which codes for ribitol dehydrogenase, an enzyme which gratuitously catalyzes the oxidation of xylitol to D-xylulose, was duplicated. It appears that the duplication mechansim only duplicates the gene which is subjected to selective pressure and not any of the other closely linked genes. The degree to which the ribitol dehydrogenase gene is duplicated does not appear to be strictly correlated with the ability to grow faster on xylitol. Duplication mutants do, in fact, grow faster than their parent strain, but when challenged to grow at even higher growth rates there is a catabolic repression of enzyme activity. Thus a situation is created in which a structural gene is duplicated in response to selective pressure; these mutants can grow faster on the new substrate, but faster growth results in a \"silencing\" of a portion of the genes by catabolite repression.", "contents": "Growth of Klebsiella aerogenes on xylitol: implications for bacterial enzyme evolution. When Klebsiella aerogenes was grown in continuous culture with xylitol. an unnatural pentitol, as the growth limiting substrate, the structural gene which codes for ribitol dehydrogenase, an enzyme which gratuitously catalyzes the oxidation of xylitol to D-xylulose, was duplicated. It appears that the duplication mechansim only duplicates the gene which is subjected to selective pressure and not any of the other closely linked genes. The degree to which the ribitol dehydrogenase gene is duplicated does not appear to be strictly correlated with the ability to grow faster on xylitol. Duplication mutants do, in fact, grow faster than their parent strain, but when challenged to grow at even higher growth rates there is a catabolic repression of enzyme activity. Thus a situation is created in which a structural gene is duplicated in response to selective pressure; these mutants can grow faster on the new substrate, but faster growth results in a \"silencing\" of a portion of the genes by catabolite repression."}
{"id": "PMID:864723", "title": "Standard error of immunological dating of evolutionary time.", "content": "The empirical variance of the immunological distance as measured by microcomplement fixation with albumin is determined. The variance obtained is at least two times larger than the mean when the mean is small and the ratio of the variance to the mean increases with increasing mean. Thus, the immunological dating of evolutionary time has a large standard error. It is shown that in bird lysozymes the relationship between immunological distance (y) and the number of amino acid substitutions per 100 sites (x) is given by y = 4.2 x approximately.", "contents": "Standard error of immunological dating of evolutionary time. The empirical variance of the immunological distance as measured by microcomplement fixation with albumin is determined. The variance obtained is at least two times larger than the mean when the mean is small and the ratio of the variance to the mean increases with increasing mean. Thus, the immunological dating of evolutionary time has a large standard error. It is shown that in bird lysozymes the relationship between immunological distance (y) and the number of amino acid substitutions per 100 sites (x) is given by y = 4.2 x approximately."}
{"id": "PMID:864724", "title": "Novel prebiotic systems: nucleotide oligomerization in surfactant entrapped water pools.", "content": "Oligomerization of 5' -TMP in water pools entrapped by dodecyl-ammonium chloride surfactant aggregates in benzene: hexane in the presence of dicyanodiimide at temperatures ranging from 21 degree -72 degree resulted in the formation of linear and cyclic oligonucleotides containing up to pentamers. Effects of temperature, time and surfactants have been examined. Rate constants for the formation of oligomers have been determined at five different temperatures. These data afforded values of (formula: see text). Prebiotic significance of these results are discussed.", "contents": "Novel prebiotic systems: nucleotide oligomerization in surfactant entrapped water pools. Oligomerization of 5' -TMP in water pools entrapped by dodecyl-ammonium chloride surfactant aggregates in benzene: hexane in the presence of dicyanodiimide at temperatures ranging from 21 degree -72 degree resulted in the formation of linear and cyclic oligonucleotides containing up to pentamers. Effects of temperature, time and surfactants have been examined. Rate constants for the formation of oligomers have been determined at five different temperatures. These data afforded values of (formula: see text). Prebiotic significance of these results are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:864725", "title": "Hemoglobin and the genetic code. Evolution of protection against somatic mutation.", "content": "One-half of the twenty amino acids of the genetic code are just one mutational step away from the chain-terminator codons UAA, UAG, and UGA. It is postulated that somatic mutation to terminator is a hazard to which the organism has and to respond by adjusting certain proteins in the direction of fewer mutable residues. This view is supported by calculations based on the primary structure of five of the human hemoglobin chains. Each chain is scored for mutability to terminator in accord with the numbers and kinds of amino acids present. Among the adult chains, the most essential one, the alpha, has lowest mutability. The beta and delta follow, and in order of the presumed harm to the organism of a shortage of chain copies. Ante-natal chains tend to have higher mutabilities, supporting the view that cumulative mutational change in DNA can do little if the gene ceases to transcribe early in life. Two other predicitons based on the supposition of effective selection against mutability to terminator are also met: chain length of polypeptides is negatively correlated with their scores for mutability to terminator, and examination of the recently determined sequence of beta messenger RNA shows preferential use of codons that are not readily mutable to terminator.", "contents": "Hemoglobin and the genetic code. Evolution of protection against somatic mutation. One-half of the twenty amino acids of the genetic code are just one mutational step away from the chain-terminator codons UAA, UAG, and UGA. It is postulated that somatic mutation to terminator is a hazard to which the organism has and to respond by adjusting certain proteins in the direction of fewer mutable residues. This view is supported by calculations based on the primary structure of five of the human hemoglobin chains. Each chain is scored for mutability to terminator in accord with the numbers and kinds of amino acids present. Among the adult chains, the most essential one, the alpha, has lowest mutability. The beta and delta follow, and in order of the presumed harm to the organism of a shortage of chain copies. Ante-natal chains tend to have higher mutabilities, supporting the view that cumulative mutational change in DNA can do little if the gene ceases to transcribe early in life. Two other predicitons based on the supposition of effective selection against mutability to terminator are also met: chain length of polypeptides is negatively correlated with their scores for mutability to terminator, and examination of the recently determined sequence of beta messenger RNA shows preferential use of codons that are not readily mutable to terminator."}
{"id": "PMID:864726", "title": "The amino acid sequence of dog (Canis familiaris) hemoglobin.", "content": "The manual sequencing of the tryptic peptic from the alpha and beta chains of dog hemoglobin is described, including evidence for the existence of two alphaT-13 peptides and thus 2 alpha chains, one with threonine and one with alanine at position 130. Although the actual sequence was published in 1970, the evidence on which it was based has not previously appeared.", "contents": "The amino acid sequence of dog (Canis familiaris) hemoglobin. The manual sequencing of the tryptic peptic from the alpha and beta chains of dog hemoglobin is described, including evidence for the existence of two alphaT-13 peptides and thus 2 alpha chains, one with threonine and one with alanine at position 130. Although the actual sequence was published in 1970, the evidence on which it was based has not previously appeared."}
{"id": "PMID:864727", "title": "On the tryptic peptides from hemoglobin chains of six carnivores.", "content": "The amino acid compositions of the tryptic peptides of the following carnivore hemoglobin chains have been determined: gray fox (Urocyon cineroargenteus); raccoon (Procyon lotor); polar bear (Thalarctos maritimus); coati mundi (Nasua nasua) beta chain; coati mundi (Nasua narica) two beta chains; cat (Felis catus) alpha chain; and lion (Pantbera leo) beta chain. These provide a basis for future sequencing of these hemoglobins and construction of an evolutionary tree. The specific results are summarized in the following article (Stenzel and Brimhall, 1977).", "contents": "On the tryptic peptides from hemoglobin chains of six carnivores. The amino acid compositions of the tryptic peptides of the following carnivore hemoglobin chains have been determined: gray fox (Urocyon cineroargenteus); raccoon (Procyon lotor); polar bear (Thalarctos maritimus); coati mundi (Nasua nasua) beta chain; coati mundi (Nasua narica) two beta chains; cat (Felis catus) alpha chain; and lion (Pantbera leo) beta chain. These provide a basis for future sequencing of these hemoglobins and construction of an evolutionary tree. The specific results are summarized in the following article (Stenzel and Brimhall, 1977)."}
{"id": "PMID:864728", "title": "The tryptic peptide composition of the beta chains of hemoglobins A and B of the Domestic cat (Felis catus)", "content": "The tryptic peptides from the betaA and betaB chains of cat hemoglobins A and B have isolated and the amino acid compositions determined. Differences between the two chains were found in two peptides, betaT-1 (Glylead toSer) and betaT-14 (Asnlead toSer and Lyslead toArg). The Glylead toSer and Lysleand toArg substitutions areplaced at beta-1 and beta-144 respectively from earlier work, and the third substitution, AsnleadSer at beta-139 is suggested from this work. in addition, the presence of a blocked amino terminus in betaB has been confirmed. Tentative sequences constructed by homology with known beta-chain structures suggest the occurrence of substitutions at alpha1beta1 contacts in betaA and betaB that may be functionally significant. There are at least 18 differences in amino acid composition between cat betaA and dog beta-chains and 22 differences between cat betaA and normal adult human beta-chains.", "contents": "The tryptic peptide composition of the beta chains of hemoglobins A and B of the Domestic cat (Felis catus). The tryptic peptides from the betaA and betaB chains of cat hemoglobins A and B have isolated and the amino acid compositions determined. Differences between the two chains were found in two peptides, betaT-1 (Glylead toSer) and betaT-14 (Asnlead toSer and Lyslead toArg). The Glylead toSer and Lysleand toArg substitutions areplaced at beta-1 and beta-144 respectively from earlier work, and the third substitution, AsnleadSer at beta-139 is suggested from this work. in addition, the presence of a blocked amino terminus in betaB has been confirmed. Tentative sequences constructed by homology with known beta-chain structures suggest the occurrence of substitutions at alpha1beta1 contacts in betaA and betaB that may be functionally significant. There are at least 18 differences in amino acid composition between cat betaA and dog beta-chains and 22 differences between cat betaA and normal adult human beta-chains."}
{"id": "PMID:864729", "title": "Preliminary survey of carnivore hemoglobin compositions. Conclusions.", "content": "The amino acid differences among 12 beta chains and 10 alpha chains of carnivore hemoglobins are given. These hemoglobins conform to the substitution rate found for hemoglobins in general. A table compares the differences among known alpha-chain sequences when deduced from tryptic petide compositions and when taken from actual sequences. Among the carnivore hemoglobins studies, tryptic peptide compositions are about 14 % low in giving the number of sequence differences.", "contents": "Preliminary survey of carnivore hemoglobin compositions. Conclusions. The amino acid differences among 12 beta chains and 10 alpha chains of carnivore hemoglobins are given. These hemoglobins conform to the substitution rate found for hemoglobins in general. A table compares the differences among known alpha-chain sequences when deduced from tryptic petide compositions and when taken from actual sequences. Among the carnivore hemoglobins studies, tryptic peptide compositions are about 14 % low in giving the number of sequence differences."}
{"id": "PMID:864731", "title": "Nearest-neighbor doublets in protein-coding regions of MS2 RNA.", "content": "'Nearest neighbor' base pairs (doublets') in the protein-coding regions of MS2 RNA have been tabulated with respect to their positions in the first two bases of amino acid codons, in the second two bases, or paired by contact between adjoining codons. tconsiderable variation is evident between numbers of doublets in each of these three possible positions, but the totals of each of the 16 doublets in the coding regions of the MS2 RNA molecule show much less varation. Compila-acid composition of proteins coded by such strands.", "contents": "Nearest-neighbor doublets in protein-coding regions of MS2 RNA. 'Nearest neighbor' base pairs (doublets') in the protein-coding regions of MS2 RNA have been tabulated with respect to their positions in the first two bases of amino acid codons, in the second two bases, or paired by contact between adjoining codons. tconsiderable variation is evident between numbers of doublets in each of these three possible positions, but the totals of each of the 16 doublets in the coding regions of the MS2 RNA molecule show much less varation. Compila-acid composition of proteins coded by such strands."}
{"id": "PMID:864732", "title": "Ego deficiencies in the areas of pleasure, intimacy, and cooperation: guidelines in the diagnosis and treatment of sexual dysfunctions.", "content": "Psychopathology, in the form of a deficiency in the ego functions of pleasure, intimacy, or cooperation, is usually associated with sexual dysfunctions that prove refractory to sex therapy techniques alone. Each of these deficiencies forms a distinct clinical syndrome with specific treatment requirements, necessitating further diagnostic subcategorization of sexual disorders.", "contents": "Ego deficiencies in the areas of pleasure, intimacy, and cooperation: guidelines in the diagnosis and treatment of sexual dysfunctions. Psychopathology, in the form of a deficiency in the ego functions of pleasure, intimacy, or cooperation, is usually associated with sexual dysfunctions that prove refractory to sex therapy techniques alone. Each of these deficiencies forms a distinct clinical syndrome with specific treatment requirements, necessitating further diagnostic subcategorization of sexual disorders."}
{"id": "PMID:864733", "title": "Sex therapy as an aid to marital and family therapy.", "content": "The treatment by a qualified sex therapist of a sexually dysfunctional couple referred by a family or marital therapist often significantly factilitates the overall therapeutic progress. When \"successful,\" relevant effects of sex therapy include a better dyadic relationship, optimism about therapy in general, and greater willingness to change, beneficial ripple effects on other family members often occur. Resistance by partners or other family members is considered, as is the use of \"unsuccessful\" sex therapy as a diagnostic tool. Questions as to whether sex therapy should follow, interrupt, or proceed concurrently with family/marital therapy are discussed.", "contents": "Sex therapy as an aid to marital and family therapy. The treatment by a qualified sex therapist of a sexually dysfunctional couple referred by a family or marital therapist often significantly factilitates the overall therapeutic progress. When \"successful,\" relevant effects of sex therapy include a better dyadic relationship, optimism about therapy in general, and greater willingness to change, beneficial ripple effects on other family members often occur. Resistance by partners or other family members is considered, as is the use of \"unsuccessful\" sex therapy as a diagnostic tool. Questions as to whether sex therapy should follow, interrupt, or proceed concurrently with family/marital therapy are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:864734", "title": "Hypoactive sexual desire.", "content": "The sex therapy literature has concentrated on disorders of the excitement and orgasm phases of the sexual response. However, disorders of sexual desire have been virtually neglected, although low-libido disorders are highly prevalent, may be extremely distressful to patients and their partners, and influence the course and prognosis of therapy. This paper focuses on this important aspect of human sexuality. Some clinical features of hypoactive sexual desire are described, and some hypotheses about etiology and prognosis are presented.", "contents": "Hypoactive sexual desire. The sex therapy literature has concentrated on disorders of the excitement and orgasm phases of the sexual response. However, disorders of sexual desire have been virtually neglected, although low-libido disorders are highly prevalent, may be extremely distressful to patients and their partners, and influence the course and prognosis of therapy. This paper focuses on this important aspect of human sexuality. Some clinical features of hypoactive sexual desire are described, and some hypotheses about etiology and prognosis are presented."}
{"id": "PMID:864735", "title": "Seminars for separated/divorced: an educational approach to postdivorce adjustment.", "content": "This paper describes a seminar approach to postdivorce adjustment. Topical content areas covered in the 7-week seminars are discussed. The interaction of leader-guided problem solving and participant input is addressed along with a series of preliminary conclusions reached concerning the efficacy of this approach to treatment.", "contents": "Seminars for separated/divorced: an educational approach to postdivorce adjustment. This paper describes a seminar approach to postdivorce adjustment. Topical content areas covered in the 7-week seminars are discussed. The interaction of leader-guided problem solving and participant input is addressed along with a series of preliminary conclusions reached concerning the efficacy of this approach to treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:864736", "title": "Resisting the pressure to become a surrogate: a case study.", "content": "Masters and Johnson's discussion of their surrogate program and informal interviews with surrogates reveal that the surrogate role is stressful. The surrogate hopes to bypass explosive relationship issues in order to lower the patient's level of tension. Such bypassing is difficult, sometimes impossible, and of limited therapeutic value. An alternative tactic has been developed for Individual Sex Therapy and is exemplified by a case study. The case described involves an involuntary ejaculator who tried to sidestep the pressure that he felt from relationships in general. This case exemplifies the pressure in the Individual Sex Therapy situation, how the surrogate approach attempts unsuccessfully to bypass this pressure, and the processes by which the pressure can be countered.", "contents": "Resisting the pressure to become a surrogate: a case study. Masters and Johnson's discussion of their surrogate program and informal interviews with surrogates reveal that the surrogate role is stressful. The surrogate hopes to bypass explosive relationship issues in order to lower the patient's level of tension. Such bypassing is difficult, sometimes impossible, and of limited therapeutic value. An alternative tactic has been developed for Individual Sex Therapy and is exemplified by a case study. The case described involves an involuntary ejaculator who tried to sidestep the pressure that he felt from relationships in general. This case exemplifies the pressure in the Individual Sex Therapy situation, how the surrogate approach attempts unsuccessfully to bypass this pressure, and the processes by which the pressure can be countered."}
{"id": "PMID:864737", "title": "On the etiology of sexual dysfunction.", "content": "Lack of consideration of the sexually functional population has led to misconceptions about the causes of both sexual dysfunction and sexual functioning. Although observation of the dysfunctional population appears to indicate that performance anxiety is the first-order cause of dysfunction, it is proposed that in the functional population performance anxiety has the opposite effect, generating automatic functioning rather than dysfunction. The first-order cause of dysfunction is then whatever causes this differential response to performance anxiety, conceivably an inability or unwillingness to bypass pathogenic influences. Thus automatic functioning can mask the effects of all pathogenic influences on sexuality, making these effects appear random, confounding etiological issues and creating the belief that the causes of the sexual dysfunction and sexual disorder cannot be specified.", "contents": "On the etiology of sexual dysfunction. Lack of consideration of the sexually functional population has led to misconceptions about the causes of both sexual dysfunction and sexual functioning. Although observation of the dysfunctional population appears to indicate that performance anxiety is the first-order cause of dysfunction, it is proposed that in the functional population performance anxiety has the opposite effect, generating automatic functioning rather than dysfunction. The first-order cause of dysfunction is then whatever causes this differential response to performance anxiety, conceivably an inability or unwillingness to bypass pathogenic influences. Thus automatic functioning can mask the effects of all pathogenic influences on sexuality, making these effects appear random, confounding etiological issues and creating the belief that the causes of the sexual dysfunction and sexual disorder cannot be specified."}
{"id": "PMID:864738", "title": "Some properties of cells cultured from early-lactation human milk.", "content": "Cells that can be cultured from pools of early-lactation milk were studied. Under the culture conditions used, the majority of cells attached to collagen-coated dishes; most of these remained single, did not divide, and in their adhesiveness, phagocytic ability, and ultrastructure resembled macrophages or histiocytes. On a plate seeded with approximately 3 X 10(5) cells, however, 10-100 colonies of dividing cells developed. These cells had the junctional complexes typical of epithelial cells and grew well in a medium supplemented with human serum and hydrocortisone for 16-20 days after seeding. After removal of serum from the medium, some cells continued to traverse the cell cycle, and the colonies containing these cells were morphologically distinct from those which became quiescent. The nondividing cells in milk could be separated from the milk epithelial cells and were able to stimulate the growth of epithelial cultures from benign mammary dysplasias.", "contents": "Some properties of cells cultured from early-lactation human milk. Cells that can be cultured from pools of early-lactation milk were studied. Under the culture conditions used, the majority of cells attached to collagen-coated dishes; most of these remained single, did not divide, and in their adhesiveness, phagocytic ability, and ultrastructure resembled macrophages or histiocytes. On a plate seeded with approximately 3 X 10(5) cells, however, 10-100 colonies of dividing cells developed. These cells had the junctional complexes typical of epithelial cells and grew well in a medium supplemented with human serum and hydrocortisone for 16-20 days after seeding. After removal of serum from the medium, some cells continued to traverse the cell cycle, and the colonies containing these cells were morphologically distinct from those which became quiescent. The nondividing cells in milk could be separated from the milk epithelial cells and were able to stimulate the growth of epithelial cultures from benign mammary dysplasias."}
{"id": "PMID:864741", "title": "Spontaneous thymoma in an inbred strain of rat.", "content": "Thymomas that appear with high frequency in inbred WAB rats living into old age were examined. The spontaneous thymomas described were discrete, encapsulated bodies composed of lymphocytes and epithelial cells, with a predominance of lymphocytes. The rat neoplasms resembled the human thymomas, and their rate of incidence in older animals may suggest their use as models for the human condition.", "contents": "Spontaneous thymoma in an inbred strain of rat. Thymomas that appear with high frequency in inbred WAB rats living into old age were examined. The spontaneous thymomas described were discrete, encapsulated bodies composed of lymphocytes and epithelial cells, with a predominance of lymphocytes. The rat neoplasms resembled the human thymomas, and their rate of incidence in older animals may suggest their use as models for the human condition."}
{"id": "PMID:864744", "title": "Chromosome aberrations and sister chromatid exchanges in Chinese hamster cells exposed to various chemicals.", "content": "To evaluate its usefulness for detection of mutagenicity and oncogenicity of chemicals, the frequency of chromosome aberrations and sister chromatid exchanges (SCE) was examined in cultured Chinese hamster cells exposed to 33 kinds of chemical agents, including 2 aromatic hydrocarbons, 7 amine derivatives, 3 phenols, 6 carboxylic acid derivatives, 4 azo compounds, 7 heterocyclic compounds, and 4 other types of agents. Among them, 7 chemicals, including 5 known oncogens (N-n-butyl-N-nitrosourethan, N-methyl-N-nitrosourea, beta-propiolacton, methylazoxymethanol acetate, and propane sultone) and 2 non-oncogens (potassium sorbate and sodium benzoate) were inducers of aberrations and/or SCE, although the effective doses for the last two agents were considerably higher. The mutagenic activities estimated by chromosome aberrations were not necessarily the same for a given chemical when estimated by SCE. Slightly to moderately increased rates of SCE or aberrations were noticed among the other 26 chemicals. However, these values were usually without a clear dose relationship.", "contents": "Chromosome aberrations and sister chromatid exchanges in Chinese hamster cells exposed to various chemicals. To evaluate its usefulness for detection of mutagenicity and oncogenicity of chemicals, the frequency of chromosome aberrations and sister chromatid exchanges (SCE) was examined in cultured Chinese hamster cells exposed to 33 kinds of chemical agents, including 2 aromatic hydrocarbons, 7 amine derivatives, 3 phenols, 6 carboxylic acid derivatives, 4 azo compounds, 7 heterocyclic compounds, and 4 other types of agents. Among them, 7 chemicals, including 5 known oncogens (N-n-butyl-N-nitrosourethan, N-methyl-N-nitrosourea, beta-propiolacton, methylazoxymethanol acetate, and propane sultone) and 2 non-oncogens (potassium sorbate and sodium benzoate) were inducers of aberrations and/or SCE, although the effective doses for the last two agents were considerably higher. The mutagenic activities estimated by chromosome aberrations were not necessarily the same for a given chemical when estimated by SCE. Slightly to moderately increased rates of SCE or aberrations were noticed among the other 26 chemicals. However, these values were usually without a clear dose relationship."}
{"id": "PMID:864745", "title": "Properties of RBL-5 leukemia cells cultivated in vitro.", "content": "RBL-5 leukemia induced by Rauscher murine leukemia virus (R-MuLV) carried in the ascites form in C57BL/6 mice was cultivated in vitro and passaged continuously. Both low- and high-passage cells released the same level of murine leukemia virus, as detected by the XC plaque assay. Membrane antigens of the cultivated cells were also detected by the indirect immunofluorescence assay. Both low- and high-passage cells showed the same activity of antigen detectable by anti-R-MuLV serum, whereas only the high-passage cells reacted strongly against a syngeneic antiserum to RBL-5 crude membrane (CM). The oncogenicity of the low and high passages of the cultivated cells was compared with the ascites cells. The results indicated that the oncogenic potential of the cells gradually decreased during in vitro passage. The accumulation or retention of CM antigen on the membrane of the high-passage cells suggested that their decreased oncogenic potential might be due to increased immunogenicity and/or immunosensitivity. This strengthened the hypothesis that the cellular transplantation antigens are not identical to type C viral antigens, since the R-MuLV antigens were not altered during passage in vitro.", "contents": "Properties of RBL-5 leukemia cells cultivated in vitro. RBL-5 leukemia induced by Rauscher murine leukemia virus (R-MuLV) carried in the ascites form in C57BL/6 mice was cultivated in vitro and passaged continuously. Both low- and high-passage cells released the same level of murine leukemia virus, as detected by the XC plaque assay. Membrane antigens of the cultivated cells were also detected by the indirect immunofluorescence assay. Both low- and high-passage cells showed the same activity of antigen detectable by anti-R-MuLV serum, whereas only the high-passage cells reacted strongly against a syngeneic antiserum to RBL-5 crude membrane (CM). The oncogenicity of the low and high passages of the cultivated cells was compared with the ascites cells. The results indicated that the oncogenic potential of the cells gradually decreased during in vitro passage. The accumulation or retention of CM antigen on the membrane of the high-passage cells suggested that their decreased oncogenic potential might be due to increased immunogenicity and/or immunosensitivity. This strengthened the hypothesis that the cellular transplantation antigens are not identical to type C viral antigens, since the R-MuLV antigens were not altered during passage in vitro."}
{"id": "PMID:864746", "title": "Survival curve of a human melanoma in nude mice.", "content": "Using cells from our tissue culture of human melanoma cell line Na 11, we transplanted 1 X 10)6) tumor cells sc into athymic nude mice. Tumors appeared after a latent period of 4-10 days; when they reached a mean volume of 100 mm3 we irradiated them with various doses of X-rays. Some tumors were irradiated while the mice were still alive; others were treated 10 minutes after the animals had been asphyxiated with nitrogen. All irradiation was done in the presence of oxygen. These tumors were excised, and cell suspensions were prepared; the cells formed colonies with a mean plating efficiency of 29%. In another series of experiments, we irradiated tumor cells in vitro 2 hours after excision, when most cells were fixed and presumably oxygenated. We then calculated survival curves for the tumor cells irradiated under these three conditions and found an average anoxic cell fraction of 85%, which was much higher than that reported in many other tumor systems. We explored several possible explanations for this phenomenon.", "contents": "Survival curve of a human melanoma in nude mice. Using cells from our tissue culture of human melanoma cell line Na 11, we transplanted 1 X 10)6) tumor cells sc into athymic nude mice. Tumors appeared after a latent period of 4-10 days; when they reached a mean volume of 100 mm3 we irradiated them with various doses of X-rays. Some tumors were irradiated while the mice were still alive; others were treated 10 minutes after the animals had been asphyxiated with nitrogen. All irradiation was done in the presence of oxygen. These tumors were excised, and cell suspensions were prepared; the cells formed colonies with a mean plating efficiency of 29%. In another series of experiments, we irradiated tumor cells in vitro 2 hours after excision, when most cells were fixed and presumably oxygenated. We then calculated survival curves for the tumor cells irradiated under these three conditions and found an average anoxic cell fraction of 85%, which was much higher than that reported in many other tumor systems. We explored several possible explanations for this phenomenon."}
{"id": "PMID:864747", "title": "R3327 adenocarcinoma of the Copenhagen rat as a model for the study of the immunologic aspects of prostate cancer.", "content": "The Dunning R3327 prostate adenocarcinoma of the Copenhagen rat was developed as a suitable model of human prostate cancer. Inoculation of tumor tissue mince or cells sc in the flanks of recipient rats produced tumors that had the macroscopic and microscopic characteristics of the human disease. The histologic picture of these tumors was that of a well-differentiated adenocarcinoma with the formation of glands and acid secretions within the acini. Tumors were also produced in the dorsolateral lobe of the prostate by the injection of cells. The intraprostate tumor, although initially confined to the injected lobe, grew to involve the surrounding tissues and eventually metastasized to the lymph nodes and lungs. Occasional metastatic lesions were found in other organs also. Acid phosphatase could be domonstrated by histochemical staining of frozen tumor sections, and elevated levels of the enzyme were seen in the sera of rats bearing long-term subcutaneous tumors. During investigation of the tumor, a fast-growing tumor line arose that grew equally as well in females as in males. The histology of this tumor was that of an undifferentiated anaplastic tumor.", "contents": "R3327 adenocarcinoma of the Copenhagen rat as a model for the study of the immunologic aspects of prostate cancer. The Dunning R3327 prostate adenocarcinoma of the Copenhagen rat was developed as a suitable model of human prostate cancer. Inoculation of tumor tissue mince or cells sc in the flanks of recipient rats produced tumors that had the macroscopic and microscopic characteristics of the human disease. The histologic picture of these tumors was that of a well-differentiated adenocarcinoma with the formation of glands and acid secretions within the acini. Tumors were also produced in the dorsolateral lobe of the prostate by the injection of cells. The intraprostate tumor, although initially confined to the injected lobe, grew to involve the surrounding tissues and eventually metastasized to the lymph nodes and lungs. Occasional metastatic lesions were found in other organs also. Acid phosphatase could be domonstrated by histochemical staining of frozen tumor sections, and elevated levels of the enzyme were seen in the sera of rats bearing long-term subcutaneous tumors. During investigation of the tumor, a fast-growing tumor line arose that grew equally as well in females as in males. The histology of this tumor was that of an undifferentiated anaplastic tumor."}
{"id": "PMID:864748", "title": "Tumors of the heart and stomach induced in European hamsters by intravenous administration of N-methyl-N-nitrosourea.", "content": "One hundred twenty captured European hamsters (Cricetus cricetus L.) were inoculated iv with 1/5, 1/10, or 1/20 the median lethal dose of N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU) once weekly for 18 weeks. MNU induced mainly sarcomas in the heart and squamous cell carcinomas and sarcomas in the stomach. The highest incidence of such tumors was demonstrated by the lowest-dosage group. They were more frequent in males than in females. The effect of MNU was also localized at the site of administration and resulted in squamous cell carcinomas of the oral cavity. The possible fibroblastic or neurogenic origin of the sarcomas was explored.", "contents": "Tumors of the heart and stomach induced in European hamsters by intravenous administration of N-methyl-N-nitrosourea. One hundred twenty captured European hamsters (Cricetus cricetus L.) were inoculated iv with 1/5, 1/10, or 1/20 the median lethal dose of N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU) once weekly for 18 weeks. MNU induced mainly sarcomas in the heart and squamous cell carcinomas and sarcomas in the stomach. The highest incidence of such tumors was demonstrated by the lowest-dosage group. They were more frequent in males than in females. The effect of MNU was also localized at the site of administration and resulted in squamous cell carcinomas of the oral cavity. The possible fibroblastic or neurogenic origin of the sarcomas was explored."}
{"id": "PMID:864750", "title": "Computer-assisted collection and analysis of pathology data.", "content": "At the National Center for Toxicological Research, long-term experiments with mice requiring the collection, storage, retieval, and analysis of an inordinate amount of data necessitated the development of an automated pathology information system. The system included automatic collection of mouse body and organ weights and hematologic findings; the use of mark-sensitive forms for the collection of gross and microscopic findings; and the use of computers for the storage, retrieval, and analysis of pathology data.", "contents": "Computer-assisted collection and analysis of pathology data. At the National Center for Toxicological Research, long-term experiments with mice requiring the collection, storage, retieval, and analysis of an inordinate amount of data necessitated the development of an automated pathology information system. The system included automatic collection of mouse body and organ weights and hematologic findings; the use of mark-sensitive forms for the collection of gross and microscopic findings; and the use of computers for the storage, retrieval, and analysis of pathology data."}
{"id": "PMID:864752", "title": "Markers of neoplastic transformation in epithelial cell lines derived from human carcinomas.", "content": "Density-dependent inhibition of growth, plating efficiency on confluent monolayers of 3T3 cells, and growth in agar have been measured in epithelial tumor cell lines to determine whether they have properties in common with transformed mesenchymal cells. Five lines (RT4, RT112, J82, T24, and EJ) were derived from different human bladder tumors and HT29 was from a human colon tumor. All the lines resembled transformed \"fibroblasts\" in the absence of density-dependent inhibition of growth and the cell-surface large external transformation-sensitive protein, and they could form colonies on 3T3 monolayers. Only RT112, EJ, and HT29 were tumorigenic in nude mice, and the tumors had many of the structural and ultrastructural features of both the original tumor and the tissue of origin, even though the cells had been through many in vitro passages. Four of the lines (J82, T24, EJ, HT29) grew in agar, so that in some cell lines no correlation of growth in agar with tumorigenicity in nude mice was found: J82 and T24 were nontumorigenic and grew in agar, whereas tumorigenic line RT112 did not grow in agar. The ability to grow in agar did not appear associated with the production of high levels of plasminogen activators.", "contents": "Markers of neoplastic transformation in epithelial cell lines derived from human carcinomas. Density-dependent inhibition of growth, plating efficiency on confluent monolayers of 3T3 cells, and growth in agar have been measured in epithelial tumor cell lines to determine whether they have properties in common with transformed mesenchymal cells. Five lines (RT4, RT112, J82, T24, and EJ) were derived from different human bladder tumors and HT29 was from a human colon tumor. All the lines resembled transformed \"fibroblasts\" in the absence of density-dependent inhibition of growth and the cell-surface large external transformation-sensitive protein, and they could form colonies on 3T3 monolayers. Only RT112, EJ, and HT29 were tumorigenic in nude mice, and the tumors had many of the structural and ultrastructural features of both the original tumor and the tissue of origin, even though the cells had been through many in vitro passages. Four of the lines (J82, T24, EJ, HT29) grew in agar, so that in some cell lines no correlation of growth in agar with tumorigenicity in nude mice was found: J82 and T24 were nontumorigenic and grew in agar, whereas tumorigenic line RT112 did not grow in agar. The ability to grow in agar did not appear associated with the production of high levels of plasminogen activators."}
{"id": "PMID:864753", "title": "Effect of Corynebacterium parvum, methanol-extraction residue of BCG, and levamisole on macrophage random migration, chemotaxis, and pinocytosis.", "content": "Three parameters of macrophage function: random migration, chemotaxis, and pinocytosis, were studied in the guinea pig after administration of Corynebacterium parvum, methanol-extraction residue of BCG, and levamisole (LMS), a synthetic anthelmintic. Macrophage migration studies were performed with a modified Boyden chamber. Pinocytosis was assessed by the uptake of colloidal 198Au. After ip administration, each of the three immunostimulators induced an increase in macrophage chemotactic responsiveness and, to a lesser extent and duration, in random motility. Kinetic, dose-response, and time course data for the effect of each agent on macrophage movement were explored. LMS was the most effective stimulator of macrophage activation, which occurred earlier and persisted longer than it did with the other agents. Macrophages from animals receiving each of the agents showed enhanced pinocytosis. Measurement of macrophage random migration, chemotaxis, and pinocytosis appeared to provide a rapid and quantitative assessment of several parameters of macrophage function and, when studied with other immunologic parameters, may provide useful tools for the evaluation of potential immunoadjuvants.", "contents": "Effect of Corynebacterium parvum, methanol-extraction residue of BCG, and levamisole on macrophage random migration, chemotaxis, and pinocytosis. Three parameters of macrophage function: random migration, chemotaxis, and pinocytosis, were studied in the guinea pig after administration of Corynebacterium parvum, methanol-extraction residue of BCG, and levamisole (LMS), a synthetic anthelmintic. Macrophage migration studies were performed with a modified Boyden chamber. Pinocytosis was assessed by the uptake of colloidal 198Au. After ip administration, each of the three immunostimulators induced an increase in macrophage chemotactic responsiveness and, to a lesser extent and duration, in random motility. Kinetic, dose-response, and time course data for the effect of each agent on macrophage movement were explored. LMS was the most effective stimulator of macrophage activation, which occurred earlier and persisted longer than it did with the other agents. Macrophages from animals receiving each of the agents showed enhanced pinocytosis. Measurement of macrophage random migration, chemotaxis, and pinocytosis appeared to provide a rapid and quantitative assessment of several parameters of macrophage function and, when studied with other immunologic parameters, may provide useful tools for the evaluation of potential immunoadjuvants."}
{"id": "PMID:864754", "title": "Effect of age on nodule induction by azaserine and DNA synthesis in rat pancreas.", "content": "The efficacy of various azaserine treatment durations was evaluated with respect to induction of atypical acinar cell nodules in Wistar rat pancreas and was related to animal age and rate of pancreatic DNA synthesis during growth. The sensitivity to nodule induction was maximal in postnatal rats when the rate of pancreatic DNA synthesis was high, whereas treatment of weanlings was less effective and treatment of mature rats was least effective. When weaned growing rats were given 1, 3, or 5 weekly injections of 30 mg azaserine/kg, the number of nodules induced was proportional to the number of injections. A single dose at this level did not induce detectable pancreatic necrosis or inflammation; therefore, DNA synthesis due to regeneration was probably not a major factor in the initiation of nodules. We concluded that multiple daily injections of [3H]thymidine during the first or second postnatal week provided DNA of sufficiently high specific activity for use in DNA repair and biochemical toxicity studies.", "contents": "Effect of age on nodule induction by azaserine and DNA synthesis in rat pancreas. The efficacy of various azaserine treatment durations was evaluated with respect to induction of atypical acinar cell nodules in Wistar rat pancreas and was related to animal age and rate of pancreatic DNA synthesis during growth. The sensitivity to nodule induction was maximal in postnatal rats when the rate of pancreatic DNA synthesis was high, whereas treatment of weanlings was less effective and treatment of mature rats was least effective. When weaned growing rats were given 1, 3, or 5 weekly injections of 30 mg azaserine/kg, the number of nodules induced was proportional to the number of injections. A single dose at this level did not induce detectable pancreatic necrosis or inflammation; therefore, DNA synthesis due to regeneration was probably not a major factor in the initiation of nodules. We concluded that multiple daily injections of [3H]thymidine during the first or second postnatal week provided DNA of sufficiently high specific activity for use in DNA repair and biochemical toxicity studies."}
{"id": "PMID:864755", "title": "Esophageal and gastric cancers with metastases induced in dogs by N-ethyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine.", "content": "Three 6-month-old male beagle dogs were given a solution of 150 microng N-ethyl-N'-nitrosoguanidine (ENNG)/ml to drink ad libitum for 9 months. They all developed esophageal squamous cell carcinomas and gastric adenocarcinomas. The stomach adenocarcinomas were mostly in the antrum along the lesser curvature and were either well differentiated or poorly differentiated, with or without signet ring cells. The well-differentiated adenocarcinomas metastasized to the liver, and the poorly differentiated ones metastasized to the lymph nodes. The gastric mucosa in the antrum was atrophic, and the muscularis mucosae was fibrotic. Esophageal lesions were multicentric moderately differentiated squamous cell carcinomas, and they developed without diffuse hyperplastic changes of the epithelium. One dog with a large ulcerated carcinoma of the esophagus had metastases in the lung, liver, peritoneum, and abdominal lymph nodes. One dog also had a hemangiosarcoma with hepatic metastasis and spindle cell sarcoma in the stomach and duodenum, respectively.", "contents": "Esophageal and gastric cancers with metastases induced in dogs by N-ethyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine. Three 6-month-old male beagle dogs were given a solution of 150 microng N-ethyl-N'-nitrosoguanidine (ENNG)/ml to drink ad libitum for 9 months. They all developed esophageal squamous cell carcinomas and gastric adenocarcinomas. The stomach adenocarcinomas were mostly in the antrum along the lesser curvature and were either well differentiated or poorly differentiated, with or without signet ring cells. The well-differentiated adenocarcinomas metastasized to the liver, and the poorly differentiated ones metastasized to the lymph nodes. The gastric mucosa in the antrum was atrophic, and the muscularis mucosae was fibrotic. Esophageal lesions were multicentric moderately differentiated squamous cell carcinomas, and they developed without diffuse hyperplastic changes of the epithelium. One dog with a large ulcerated carcinoma of the esophagus had metastases in the lung, liver, peritoneum, and abdominal lymph nodes. One dog also had a hemangiosarcoma with hepatic metastasis and spindle cell sarcoma in the stomach and duodenum, respectively."}
{"id": "PMID:864756", "title": "Two syngeneic cell lines from human breast tissue: the aneuploid mammary epithelial (Hs578T) and the diploid myoepithelial (Hs578Bst) cell lines.", "content": "We characterized two human cell lines (Hs578T and Hs578Bst), which provide several unique features that should be useful in the study of breast disease. Hs578T, derived from a carcinosarcoma, is epithelial in origin. Hs578Bst, established from normal tissue peripheral to the tumor, is myoepithelial in origin. This is the first report of companion cell lines, one malignant and one normal, established from the same organ.", "contents": "Two syngeneic cell lines from human breast tissue: the aneuploid mammary epithelial (Hs578T) and the diploid myoepithelial (Hs578Bst) cell lines. We characterized two human cell lines (Hs578T and Hs578Bst), which provide several unique features that should be useful in the study of breast disease. Hs578T, derived from a carcinosarcoma, is epithelial in origin. Hs578Bst, established from normal tissue peripheral to the tumor, is myoepithelial in origin. This is the first report of companion cell lines, one malignant and one normal, established from the same organ."}
{"id": "PMID:864757", "title": "Regression of bovine ocular carcinoma by treatment with a mycobacterial vaccine.", "content": "Hereford cows with naturally occurring ocular squamous cell carcinoma were treated by injection of BCG cell-wall vaccine into the tumor. Regression or arrest of disease was observed in 71% of treated animals. The disease progressed in all untreated animals and animals treated with improperly compounded vaccine. At autopsy, most animals with progressive disease had lymph node metastases.", "contents": "Regression of bovine ocular carcinoma by treatment with a mycobacterial vaccine. Hereford cows with naturally occurring ocular squamous cell carcinoma were treated by injection of BCG cell-wall vaccine into the tumor. Regression or arrest of disease was observed in 71% of treated animals. The disease progressed in all untreated animals and animals treated with improperly compounded vaccine. At autopsy, most animals with progressive disease had lymph node metastases."}
{"id": "PMID:864758", "title": "Immune response to L2 guinea pig leukemia-specific antigens.", "content": "Strain 2 guinea pigs were immunized with the LE-L2C cell line and challenged with either LE-L2C or BZ-L2C, a subline of L2C leukemia deficient in la gene product and C3 receptor. The LE-L2C-immune animals were completely protected from a challenge of 5 X 10(6) cells (100 times the lethal dose) of either cell line, and the delayed skin test responses for both lines of injected cells were equivalent. Thus established in vivo immune recognition of the leukemia antigen was similar for both cell lines. After repeated immunization of strain 2 animals with BZ-L2C cells, animals were challenged with 3 X 10(5) viable cells; 9 of 13 animals survived. A subsequent 5 x 10 (6) challenge lowered survival to 8 of the 13 animals. The skin test response to BZ-L2C developed slowly during the immunization period, but survivors of the viable cell challenge exhibited good responses to skin testing with BZ-L2C or LE-L2C leukemic cells. Thus the BZ-L2C cell line possesses a leukemia-specific antigen, but the immunogenicity of this mutant line is decreased when compared to that of the LE-L2C line.", "contents": "Immune response to L2 guinea pig leukemia-specific antigens. Strain 2 guinea pigs were immunized with the LE-L2C cell line and challenged with either LE-L2C or BZ-L2C, a subline of L2C leukemia deficient in la gene product and C3 receptor. The LE-L2C-immune animals were completely protected from a challenge of 5 X 10(6) cells (100 times the lethal dose) of either cell line, and the delayed skin test responses for both lines of injected cells were equivalent. Thus established in vivo immune recognition of the leukemia antigen was similar for both cell lines. After repeated immunization of strain 2 animals with BZ-L2C cells, animals were challenged with 3 X 10(5) viable cells; 9 of 13 animals survived. A subsequent 5 x 10 (6) challenge lowered survival to 8 of the 13 animals. The skin test response to BZ-L2C developed slowly during the immunization period, but survivors of the viable cell challenge exhibited good responses to skin testing with BZ-L2C or LE-L2C leukemic cells. Thus the BZ-L2C cell line possesses a leukemia-specific antigen, but the immunogenicity of this mutant line is decreased when compared to that of the LE-L2C line."}
{"id": "PMID:864759", "title": "Suppression of dibutylnitrosamine-induced bladder carcinomas in hamsters by dietary indole.", "content": "Effect of dietary indole on the urinary bladder tumorigenesis by chronic dibutylnitrosamine (DBN) treatment was evaluated in hamsters. In the first experiment, in which DBN-water and diet were given ad libitum, dietary indole significantly suppressed bladder tumor incidence. The inhibitory effect was more pronounced in males. In  the second experiment, in which consumption of both diet and DBN-water was rigidly controlled by pair-feeding, dietary indole again significantly suppressed bladder tumor incidence; its effect was similar in both males and females. This suppressive effect of indole on bladder tumorigenesis contrasted markedly with its failure to suppress tumors at other sites such as nasal sinuses, trachea, esophagus, and fore-stomach.", "contents": "Suppression of dibutylnitrosamine-induced bladder carcinomas in hamsters by dietary indole. Effect of dietary indole on the urinary bladder tumorigenesis by chronic dibutylnitrosamine (DBN) treatment was evaluated in hamsters. In the first experiment, in which DBN-water and diet were given ad libitum, dietary indole significantly suppressed bladder tumor incidence. The inhibitory effect was more pronounced in males. In  the second experiment, in which consumption of both diet and DBN-water was rigidly controlled by pair-feeding, dietary indole again significantly suppressed bladder tumor incidence; its effect was similar in both males and females. This suppressive effect of indole on bladder tumorigenesis contrasted markedly with its failure to suppress tumors at other sites such as nasal sinuses, trachea, esophagus, and fore-stomach."}
{"id": "PMID:864760", "title": "Cocarcinogenic interaction between D,L-tryptophan and 4-aminobiphenyl or 2-naphthylamine in dogs.", "content": "Administration of a dietary supplement of 6 g D,L tryptophan/day  for 4 1/2 years following the administration of a single dose of 50 mg 4-aminobiphenyl/kg produced a bladder tumor in 1 of 4 beagle dogs. No tumors were observed in 6 dogs given the same dose of 4-aminobiphenyl without supplemental tryptophan. In a second experiment, administration of a supplement of 6 g D,L-tryptophan/day for 3 years following the administration of 5 mg 2-naphthylamine/kg/day for 30 days produced bladder tumors in 2 of 4 dogs. No tumors or other bladder pathology was produced by treatment of 4 dogs with this dose of 2-naphthylamine alone. Dogs given D,L-tryptophan alone developed no bladder tumors, but in most dogs receiving tryptophan the \"tryptophan effect\", i.e., a darkly stained mucosa with white areas of focal hyperplasia, was observed. Both experiments suggest a role of D,L-tryptophan as a cocarcinogen or promotor in the induction of bladder cancer.", "contents": "Cocarcinogenic interaction between D,L-tryptophan and 4-aminobiphenyl or 2-naphthylamine in dogs. Administration of a dietary supplement of 6 g D,L tryptophan/day  for 4 1/2 years following the administration of a single dose of 50 mg 4-aminobiphenyl/kg produced a bladder tumor in 1 of 4 beagle dogs. No tumors were observed in 6 dogs given the same dose of 4-aminobiphenyl without supplemental tryptophan. In a second experiment, administration of a supplement of 6 g D,L-tryptophan/day for 3 years following the administration of 5 mg 2-naphthylamine/kg/day for 30 days produced bladder tumors in 2 of 4 dogs. No tumors or other bladder pathology was produced by treatment of 4 dogs with this dose of 2-naphthylamine alone. Dogs given D,L-tryptophan alone developed no bladder tumors, but in most dogs receiving tryptophan the \"tryptophan effect\", i.e., a darkly stained mucosa with white areas of focal hyperplasia, was observed. Both experiments suggest a role of D,L-tryptophan as a cocarcinogen or promotor in the induction of bladder cancer."}
{"id": "PMID:864761", "title": "Effect of intestinal microflora suppression on liver carcinogenicity of dimethylnitrosamine in Syrian hamsters.", "content": "Liver tumors induced by dimethylnitrosamine showed an increased incidence in Syrian hamsters with intestinal microflora suppressed by antibiotics, as compared with the incidence in animals not treated with antibiotics. The possible mechanisms, including metabolic alterations caused by changes in the normal microflora population, were discussed.", "contents": "Effect of intestinal microflora suppression on liver carcinogenicity of dimethylnitrosamine in Syrian hamsters. Liver tumors induced by dimethylnitrosamine showed an increased incidence in Syrian hamsters with intestinal microflora suppressed by antibiotics, as compared with the incidence in animals not treated with antibiotics. The possible mechanisms, including metabolic alterations caused by changes in the normal microflora population, were discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:864762", "title": "Origin in tobacco smoke of N'-nitrosonornicotine, a tobacco-specific carcinogen.", "content": "To evaluate risk factors and to approach methods of reduction of the carcinogenic potential of cigarette smoke, the transfer rate of N-nitrosonornicotine in a popular U.S. blended cigarette into mainstream smoke was quantitatively determined. The mean transfer rate was 11.3%; thus approximately 46% of the tobacco-specific carcinogen in the smoke came from the tobacco, and the remainder was synthesized during smoking.", "contents": "Origin in tobacco smoke of N'-nitrosonornicotine, a tobacco-specific carcinogen. To evaluate risk factors and to approach methods of reduction of the carcinogenic potential of cigarette smoke, the transfer rate of N-nitrosonornicotine in a popular U.S. blended cigarette into mainstream smoke was quantitatively determined. The mean transfer rate was 11.3%; thus approximately 46% of the tobacco-specific carcinogen in the smoke came from the tobacco, and the remainder was synthesized during smoking."}
{"id": "PMID:864763", "title": "Simplified radioimmunoassay for viral antigens: use of Staphylococcus aureus as an adsorbent for antigen-antibody complexes.", "content": "In a rapid method for the radioimmunoassay (RIA) of viral antigens, Staphylococcus aureus was used as the adsorbent for antigen-antibody complexes (\"protein A\" molecules on the cell walls of certain strains of staphylococci have a strong affinity toward IgG molecules). The results showed that this method could be used instead of the double-antibody technique, with the same or probably higher sensitivity in precipitation as well as competition RIA's.", "contents": "Simplified radioimmunoassay for viral antigens: use of Staphylococcus aureus as an adsorbent for antigen-antibody complexes. In a rapid method for the radioimmunoassay (RIA) of viral antigens, Staphylococcus aureus was used as the adsorbent for antigen-antibody complexes (\"protein A\" molecules on the cell walls of certain strains of staphylococci have a strong affinity toward IgG molecules). The results showed that this method could be used instead of the double-antibody technique, with the same or probably higher sensitivity in precipitation as well as competition RIA's."}
{"id": "PMID:864764", "title": "Spontaneous fibrosarcoma in a thymus-transplanted nude mouse.", "content": "A fibrosarcoma was observed in a 6-month-old nude mouse that had a neonatal thymus transplant and had been kept since birth under nearly pathogen-free conditions. This was the first tumor found in more than 1,000 nude mice maintained in a colony in which mammary carcinomas were observed among the female heterozygous breeders. This finding confirmed the fact that malignant neoplasms are rare in an animal model that lacks T-cell-mediated immunologic capability and apparently contradicted the postulates of the immunosurveillance theory.", "contents": "Spontaneous fibrosarcoma in a thymus-transplanted nude mouse. A fibrosarcoma was observed in a 6-month-old nude mouse that had a neonatal thymus transplant and had been kept since birth under nearly pathogen-free conditions. This was the first tumor found in more than 1,000 nude mice maintained in a colony in which mammary carcinomas were observed among the female heterozygous breeders. This finding confirmed the fact that malignant neoplasms are rare in an animal model that lacks T-cell-mediated immunologic capability and apparently contradicted the postulates of the immunosurveillance theory."}
{"id": "PMID:864767", "title": "Transhepatic cholangiography.", "content": "Transhepatic cholangiograms were done on 81 patients. The Teflon sheath needle was used for 71 cases and the \"Chiba\" needle for ten. The \"Chiba\" needle transhepatic cholangiogram is recommended for the study of jaundiced patients with biliary duct dilatation, which is detected by ultrasound or computerized axial tomography.", "contents": "Transhepatic cholangiography. Transhepatic cholangiograms were done on 81 patients. The Teflon sheath needle was used for 71 cases and the \"Chiba\" needle for ten. The \"Chiba\" needle transhepatic cholangiogram is recommended for the study of jaundiced patients with biliary duct dilatation, which is detected by ultrasound or computerized axial tomography."}
{"id": "PMID:864768", "title": "Failure of selective pituitary adenomectomy to cure acromegaly.", "content": "Complete selective pituitary adenomectomy for acromegaly may fail to cure the underlying endocrinopathy. A 40-year-old man who had acromegaly of ten-years duration was initially treated with pituitary irradiation eight years prior to surgery. Three years after irradiation his mean GH concentration decreased from 53 to 9.0 ng/ml, then subsequently increased, and was associated with development of severe hyperglycemia. A transsphenoidal microdissection was performed, and a discrete pituitary adenoma was visualized and totally removed at surgery. GH concentrations decreased from 46 to 5.0 ng/ml one week after surgery and to 3.0 ng/ml 10 months after surgery. Despite improvement postoperatively, the patient still demonstrated abnormal GH dynamics and responses to the GTT, abnormal nocturnal and random GH sampling, and abnormal responses to the L-dopa, apomorphine, and TRH stimulation tests. Acromegaly could be caused by either hypothalamic hyperfunction, an autonomous pituitary tumor, or both; but the latter would not explain the results obtained in this patient. This suggests that reduction of GH to normal concentrations following selective pituitary adenomectomy is not synonomous with curing acromegaly.", "contents": "Failure of selective pituitary adenomectomy to cure acromegaly. Complete selective pituitary adenomectomy for acromegaly may fail to cure the underlying endocrinopathy. A 40-year-old man who had acromegaly of ten-years duration was initially treated with pituitary irradiation eight years prior to surgery. Three years after irradiation his mean GH concentration decreased from 53 to 9.0 ng/ml, then subsequently increased, and was associated with development of severe hyperglycemia. A transsphenoidal microdissection was performed, and a discrete pituitary adenoma was visualized and totally removed at surgery. GH concentrations decreased from 46 to 5.0 ng/ml one week after surgery and to 3.0 ng/ml 10 months after surgery. Despite improvement postoperatively, the patient still demonstrated abnormal GH dynamics and responses to the GTT, abnormal nocturnal and random GH sampling, and abnormal responses to the L-dopa, apomorphine, and TRH stimulation tests. Acromegaly could be caused by either hypothalamic hyperfunction, an autonomous pituitary tumor, or both; but the latter would not explain the results obtained in this patient. This suggests that reduction of GH to normal concentrations following selective pituitary adenomectomy is not synonomous with curing acromegaly."}
{"id": "PMID:864769", "title": "Evaluation and treatment of patients with dementia.", "content": "Dementia is a common problem in middle-aged and elderly adults. Thorough diagnostic evaluation uncovers a significant minority who are suffering from an underlying neuropsychiatric disease amenable to specific medical or surgical therapy. Even in those patients with brain atrophy of unknown cause the physician can offer counseling and environmental manipulation to maximize remaining intellectual capacity.", "contents": "Evaluation and treatment of patients with dementia. Dementia is a common problem in middle-aged and elderly adults. Thorough diagnostic evaluation uncovers a significant minority who are suffering from an underlying neuropsychiatric disease amenable to specific medical or surgical therapy. Even in those patients with brain atrophy of unknown cause the physician can offer counseling and environmental manipulation to maximize remaining intellectual capacity."}
{"id": "PMID:864770", "title": "The CVP catheter: an invasive therapeutic adjunct.", "content": "Invasive techniques continue to be used in monitoring and treating the critically ill patient in spite of preference for, and increasing use of, non-invasive or minimally invasive techniques. With or without simultaneous determination of left ventricular filling pressure, the central venous pressure (CVP) catheter is widely used for gaining access to the right heart, determining right ventricular filling pressure, and for rapid infusion of fluids or medications. Even in expert hands the insertion of the CVP line is occasionally followed by complications that may require therapeutic interventions of varying degrees of severity. The possible hazards from this simple and often necessary therapeutic adjunct call for a systematic informed-consent approach which is often neglected despite its relevance in today's clinical practice. The data presented are typical of a standard teaching hospital experience. Securing informed consent for CVP catheter insertion is encouraged.", "contents": "The CVP catheter: an invasive therapeutic adjunct. Invasive techniques continue to be used in monitoring and treating the critically ill patient in spite of preference for, and increasing use of, non-invasive or minimally invasive techniques. With or without simultaneous determination of left ventricular filling pressure, the central venous pressure (CVP) catheter is widely used for gaining access to the right heart, determining right ventricular filling pressure, and for rapid infusion of fluids or medications. Even in expert hands the insertion of the CVP line is occasionally followed by complications that may require therapeutic interventions of varying degrees of severity. The possible hazards from this simple and often necessary therapeutic adjunct call for a systematic informed-consent approach which is often neglected despite its relevance in today's clinical practice. The data presented are typical of a standard teaching hospital experience. Securing informed consent for CVP catheter insertion is encouraged."}
{"id": "PMID:864771", "title": "Pattern of organ involvement in Burkitt's lymphoma in Ibadan: a review.", "content": "A retrospective study was conducted on 127 patients with Burkitt's lymphoma who had partial or complete records of both clinical and pathologic features of their disease. An analysis and description of the anatomical tumor distribution based on post-mortem examinations was made, highlighting lack of correlation between clinical staging and pathologic findings. A consistent observation was the high incidence of involvement of the kidney, liver, and heart in each of the stages (I-III).The data to be presented will clarify at least in part, the unpredictability of response of Burkitt's lymphoma patients to chemotherapeutic agents, because total cell-kill, needed for cure and/or prevention of relapse, is made almost impossible due to the widespread tumor volume carried by the patients.Effective supportive treatment might be a life-saving adjuvant regimen in treatment of Burkitt's lymphoma patients, where the organs so commonly involved might fail to function.", "contents": "Pattern of organ involvement in Burkitt's lymphoma in Ibadan: a review. A retrospective study was conducted on 127 patients with Burkitt's lymphoma who had partial or complete records of both clinical and pathologic features of their disease. An analysis and description of the anatomical tumor distribution based on post-mortem examinations was made, highlighting lack of correlation between clinical staging and pathologic findings. A consistent observation was the high incidence of involvement of the kidney, liver, and heart in each of the stages (I-III).The data to be presented will clarify at least in part, the unpredictability of response of Burkitt's lymphoma patients to chemotherapeutic agents, because total cell-kill, needed for cure and/or prevention of relapse, is made almost impossible due to the widespread tumor volume carried by the patients.Effective supportive treatment might be a life-saving adjuvant regimen in treatment of Burkitt's lymphoma patients, where the organs so commonly involved might fail to function."}
{"id": "PMID:864772", "title": "Pruritus in sickle cell disease: response to cholestyramine.", "content": "Even in the absence of gallstones, the hepatobiliary system should be suspected as a possible cause of pruritus in a patient with sickle cell disease. A case is presented in which a sickle cell patient had severe pruritus relieved by cholestyramine therapy.", "contents": "Pruritus in sickle cell disease: response to cholestyramine. Even in the absence of gallstones, the hepatobiliary system should be suspected as a possible cause of pruritus in a patient with sickle cell disease. A case is presented in which a sickle cell patient had severe pruritus relieved by cholestyramine therapy."}
{"id": "PMID:864774", "title": "A comprehensive program for meeting psychosocial needs of sickle cell anemia patients.", "content": "Some of the methods used at the Comprehensive Sickle Cell Center at Los Angeles County-University of Southern California Medical Center are explored. Additional methods must be tried and evaluated with appropriate documentation. A determination of the true effectiveness of the methods used is a major challenge and provides opportunity for further investigation. Certainly the tasks are myriad. Paraphrasing Dr. Marilyn Gaston, \"Through effective coordination and communication by a multi-faceted team, improvement of the quality of life with a realistic outlook for the future can be achieved.\"(1)", "contents": "A comprehensive program for meeting psychosocial needs of sickle cell anemia patients. Some of the methods used at the Comprehensive Sickle Cell Center at Los Angeles County-University of Southern California Medical Center are explored. Additional methods must be tried and evaluated with appropriate documentation. A determination of the true effectiveness of the methods used is a major challenge and provides opportunity for further investigation. Certainly the tasks are myriad. Paraphrasing Dr. Marilyn Gaston, \"Through effective coordination and communication by a multi-faceted team, improvement of the quality of life with a realistic outlook for the future can be achieved.\"(1)"}
{"id": "PMID:864773", "title": "Race-related differences in peripheral blood and in bone marrow cell populations of American black and American white infants.", "content": "The present study confirms that in healthy infants, a racial difference exists in peripheral blood hemoglobin levels, total leukocyte, and total neutrophil counts. Racial differences in the composition of the bone marrow are negligible. The only demonstrable difference is confined to the erythroid cell population. No significant difference exists in the incidence of myeloid cells or small lymphocytes.", "contents": "Race-related differences in peripheral blood and in bone marrow cell populations of American black and American white infants. The present study confirms that in healthy infants, a racial difference exists in peripheral blood hemoglobin levels, total leukocyte, and total neutrophil counts. Racial differences in the composition of the bone marrow are negligible. The only demonstrable difference is confined to the erythroid cell population. No significant difference exists in the incidence of myeloid cells or small lymphocytes."}
{"id": "PMID:864775", "title": "A model for teaching health care professionals the components of the family.", "content": "With the inclusion of the behavioral sciences component in the National Board Examination (1972), many medical schools have revised their curricula to include sociology in the training of the future physician. In dentistry, the behavioral sciences group of the International Association for Dental Research has increased in membership over the past years. In nursing, courses such as sociology, psychology, and anthropology have already been included in the curricula of various schools. However, the tremendous shortage of qualified social scientists who are capable of relating the behavioral sciences to the health care institution makes it difficult to meet the needs of graduate and professional schools everywhere. In view of this problem, this article will present a simple conceptual model that can be used as an organizational device for teaching the components of the family in relation to the health care institution.", "contents": "A model for teaching health care professionals the components of the family. With the inclusion of the behavioral sciences component in the National Board Examination (1972), many medical schools have revised their curricula to include sociology in the training of the future physician. In dentistry, the behavioral sciences group of the International Association for Dental Research has increased in membership over the past years. In nursing, courses such as sociology, psychology, and anthropology have already been included in the curricula of various schools. However, the tremendous shortage of qualified social scientists who are capable of relating the behavioral sciences to the health care institution makes it difficult to meet the needs of graduate and professional schools everywhere. In view of this problem, this article will present a simple conceptual model that can be used as an organizational device for teaching the components of the family in relation to the health care institution."}
{"id": "PMID:864776", "title": "Health manpower-planning without objectives.", "content": "Health manpower developments of the past decade have resulted in an absolute increase in the number of health personnel, the expansion of the roles of some traditional categories of personnel, and the introduction of new professional categories. Inherent in these developments has been the acceptance of the principal that the relative and absolute increase in manpower would result in an increased availability of health services. Unfortunately, in the last decade, the correlation between increased numbers and increased services is not a strong one. The failure to link manpower needs to specific service objectives and to identify appropriate rates of substitution among professional types has resulted in a wastage of funds and energies.A framework for future planning must now be developed which (1) defines service priorities, (2) delineates the functions required to deliver those services, and (3) defines appropriate manpower categories with their rates of substitution to perform those functions. Training programs must be coordinated to allow appropriate linkages among categorical types of personnel. The maldistribution of health care service must be viewed as a result of the demographic maldistribution among the health professions as well as the maldistribution of organizational and financial incentives for provision of priority services as well as utilization of priority services.", "contents": "Health manpower-planning without objectives. Health manpower developments of the past decade have resulted in an absolute increase in the number of health personnel, the expansion of the roles of some traditional categories of personnel, and the introduction of new professional categories. Inherent in these developments has been the acceptance of the principal that the relative and absolute increase in manpower would result in an increased availability of health services. Unfortunately, in the last decade, the correlation between increased numbers and increased services is not a strong one. The failure to link manpower needs to specific service objectives and to identify appropriate rates of substitution among professional types has resulted in a wastage of funds and energies.A framework for future planning must now be developed which (1) defines service priorities, (2) delineates the functions required to deliver those services, and (3) defines appropriate manpower categories with their rates of substitution to perform those functions. Training programs must be coordinated to allow appropriate linkages among categorical types of personnel. The maldistribution of health care service must be viewed as a result of the demographic maldistribution among the health professions as well as the maldistribution of organizational and financial incentives for provision of priority services as well as utilization of priority services."}
{"id": "PMID:864778", "title": "Retarded development of fetal renal alkaline phosphatase in mice given 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid.", "content": "Histologic study of the fetal offspring of maternal mice given 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4,5-T) suggested that the previously reported fetal \"cystic kidneys\" were due to a retardation in fetal renal development and downgrowth of the renal papilla into the pelvis. To determine a possible retardation in renal alkaline phosphatase or functional development, maternal mice received by gavage 60-120 mg/kg, 2,4,5-T on days 6-14 of pregnancy. At necropsy on day 17, the fetal kidneys were excised and fixed 24 hr in cold 65% ethanol. Paraffin sections stained by Gomori's method revealed alkaline phosphatase mainly in tubules in the inner renal cortex. Fetal kidneys showing diminished or no alkaline phosphatase were designated subnormal. There was a statistically significant greater incidence of subnormal fetal kidneys in the 2,4,5-T-treated mice than in the untreated controls. In three experiments, some mice were also sacrificed on day 18, and the incidence of subnormal fetal kidneys was significantly lower than on day 17. This retardation in renal alkaline phosphatase development indicates a retardation in renal functional development and indirectly supports the view that 2,4,5-T also retards the morphological development of the fetal kidney and is not a renal teratogen in mice. It also illustrates that selected histochemical studies may be helpful in a teratologic investigation.", "contents": "Retarded development of fetal renal alkaline phosphatase in mice given 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid. Histologic study of the fetal offspring of maternal mice given 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4,5-T) suggested that the previously reported fetal \"cystic kidneys\" were due to a retardation in fetal renal development and downgrowth of the renal papilla into the pelvis. To determine a possible retardation in renal alkaline phosphatase or functional development, maternal mice received by gavage 60-120 mg/kg, 2,4,5-T on days 6-14 of pregnancy. At necropsy on day 17, the fetal kidneys were excised and fixed 24 hr in cold 65% ethanol. Paraffin sections stained by Gomori's method revealed alkaline phosphatase mainly in tubules in the inner renal cortex. Fetal kidneys showing diminished or no alkaline phosphatase were designated subnormal. There was a statistically significant greater incidence of subnormal fetal kidneys in the 2,4,5-T-treated mice than in the untreated controls. In three experiments, some mice were also sacrificed on day 18, and the incidence of subnormal fetal kidneys was significantly lower than on day 17. This retardation in renal alkaline phosphatase development indicates a retardation in renal functional development and indirectly supports the view that 2,4,5-T also retards the morphological development of the fetal kidney and is not a renal teratogen in mice. It also illustrates that selected histochemical studies may be helpful in a teratologic investigation."}
{"id": "PMID:864781", "title": "Halothane in tissue of rats following repeated subanesthetic exposures.", "content": "Halothane in tissues of the rat has been measured as a function of time after five successive 3 hr exposures to 670 ppm halothane. In epididymal and perirenal fat, halothane concentrations diminished rapidly from 310 ppm to 1-2 ppm in 24 hr, with trace amounts detectable 5 days later. Brain and liver levels were reduced from 16 and 9 ppm to less than 1 ppm within 3 hr. Blood halothane was reduced from 3 ppm to less than 0.5 ppm in the same time.", "contents": "Halothane in tissue of rats following repeated subanesthetic exposures. Halothane in tissues of the rat has been measured as a function of time after five successive 3 hr exposures to 670 ppm halothane. In epididymal and perirenal fat, halothane concentrations diminished rapidly from 310 ppm to 1-2 ppm in 24 hr, with trace amounts detectable 5 days later. Brain and liver levels were reduced from 16 and 9 ppm to less than 1 ppm within 3 hr. Blood halothane was reduced from 3 ppm to less than 0.5 ppm in the same time."}
{"id": "PMID:864782", "title": "Effect of nitric oxide on the oxygen transport of human erythrocytes.", "content": "The oxygen dissociation curve of partially NO-liganded hemoglobin of human erythrocytes is measured. As the percentage of NO ligation increases, the affinity of nonliganded hemoglobin for oxygen increases and the heme-heme interaction decreases; furthermore, methemoglobin is formed. Therefore, NO affects the oxygen transport function of hemoglobin, decreasing the oxygen supply to peripheral tissues, because of (1) simple diminution of the available hemoglobin by the tightly bound NO, (2) the high affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen, and (3) the inevitable formation of methemoglobin.", "contents": "Effect of nitric oxide on the oxygen transport of human erythrocytes. The oxygen dissociation curve of partially NO-liganded hemoglobin of human erythrocytes is measured. As the percentage of NO ligation increases, the affinity of nonliganded hemoglobin for oxygen increases and the heme-heme interaction decreases; furthermore, methemoglobin is formed. Therefore, NO affects the oxygen transport function of hemoglobin, decreasing the oxygen supply to peripheral tissues, because of (1) simple diminution of the available hemoglobin by the tightly bound NO, (2) the high affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen, and (3) the inevitable formation of methemoglobin."}
{"id": "PMID:864783", "title": "Methylmercury: effect on serum enzymes and humoral antibody.", "content": "Dosages of 20 and 10 ppm methylmercury were toxic to rabbits while 1 ppm did not produce clinical signs or death. Serum alkaline phosphatase levels were elevated in all rabbits exposed to methylmercury. Methylmercury-exposed rabbits challenged to A/PR8 influenza virus had hemagglutination inhibition titers as much as four times lower than those of controls. Histopathologic lesions were found in the cerebellum of rabbits that died. The most significant features of this study were that methylmercury chloride suppressed the humoral immune system and resulted in increased serum alkaline phosphatase levels, which may aid in diagnosis when methylmercury poisoning is suspected.", "contents": "Methylmercury: effect on serum enzymes and humoral antibody. Dosages of 20 and 10 ppm methylmercury were toxic to rabbits while 1 ppm did not produce clinical signs or death. Serum alkaline phosphatase levels were elevated in all rabbits exposed to methylmercury. Methylmercury-exposed rabbits challenged to A/PR8 influenza virus had hemagglutination inhibition titers as much as four times lower than those of controls. Histopathologic lesions were found in the cerebellum of rabbits that died. The most significant features of this study were that methylmercury chloride suppressed the humoral immune system and resulted in increased serum alkaline phosphatase levels, which may aid in diagnosis when methylmercury poisoning is suspected."}
{"id": "PMID:864784", "title": "Cytogenetic investigations on lymphocytes from workers exposed to vinyl chloride.", "content": "Eleven male workers from the polymerization department of a vinyl chloride factory, seven people employed in the laboratory of another vinyl chloride plant, and ten controls from outside the factory environment were examined for the presence of chromosome aberrations in blood lymphocytes. Chromosome anomalies such as fragments, rings, translocations, and dicentrics were observed in most of the workers from the polymerization department. However, the medical history of these workers shows that they received frequent radiographs of the hands, feet, vertebral column, and digestive tract. It is therefore impossible to determine whether these chromosome anomalies result from vinyl chloride exposure.", "contents": "Cytogenetic investigations on lymphocytes from workers exposed to vinyl chloride. Eleven male workers from the polymerization department of a vinyl chloride factory, seven people employed in the laboratory of another vinyl chloride plant, and ten controls from outside the factory environment were examined for the presence of chromosome aberrations in blood lymphocytes. Chromosome anomalies such as fragments, rings, translocations, and dicentrics were observed in most of the workers from the polymerization department. However, the medical history of these workers shows that they received frequent radiographs of the hands, feet, vertebral column, and digestive tract. It is therefore impossible to determine whether these chromosome anomalies result from vinyl chloride exposure."}
{"id": "PMID:864785", "title": "Hepatic mixed-function oxidase activity in mice treated with methylated benzenes and methylated naphthalenes.", "content": "Eight methylated benzene and five methylated naphthalene compounds were injected ip into adult male mice daily for 3 days. On the fourth day livers from control and treated mice were compared with regard to weight, microsomal N- and O-demethylase activity, and various spectral characteristics of microsomal cytochrome P-450. Three methylated benzenes and one methylated naphthalene produced significant increases in liver weight/body weight ratios, O-demethylation of p-nitroanisole, N-demethylation of aminopyrene, or a combination of these.", "contents": "Hepatic mixed-function oxidase activity in mice treated with methylated benzenes and methylated naphthalenes. Eight methylated benzene and five methylated naphthalene compounds were injected ip into adult male mice daily for 3 days. On the fourth day livers from control and treated mice were compared with regard to weight, microsomal N- and O-demethylase activity, and various spectral characteristics of microsomal cytochrome P-450. Three methylated benzenes and one methylated naphthalene produced significant increases in liver weight/body weight ratios, O-demethylation of p-nitroanisole, N-demethylation of aminopyrene, or a combination of these."}
{"id": "PMID:864786", "title": "Thermodynamics and toxicity of sulfuric acid mists.", "content": "The hygroscopic nature of sulfuric acid mist has not been totally appreciated in previous toxicological work. Sulfuric acid mist, by adsorption or desorption of water, equilibrates rapidly with the relative humidity of its environment. The measured particle diameters of a given sulfuric acid mist will increase in size as the particles adsorb water on entering the respiratory tract. For a dry climate of 5% relative humidity, sulfuric acid mist particles will triple in size in the respiratory tract. At 60% relative humidity, particles will double in size, while particles in humid regions will increase very little. In the respiratory tract, the particles will deposit according to their size at 98% relative humidity. In order to compare toxicity data for sulfuric acid mist, relative humidity must be carefully recorded throughout the experimental procedure.", "contents": "Thermodynamics and toxicity of sulfuric acid mists. The hygroscopic nature of sulfuric acid mist has not been totally appreciated in previous toxicological work. Sulfuric acid mist, by adsorption or desorption of water, equilibrates rapidly with the relative humidity of its environment. The measured particle diameters of a given sulfuric acid mist will increase in size as the particles adsorb water on entering the respiratory tract. For a dry climate of 5% relative humidity, sulfuric acid mist particles will triple in size in the respiratory tract. At 60% relative humidity, particles will double in size, while particles in humid regions will increase very little. In the respiratory tract, the particles will deposit according to their size at 98% relative humidity. In order to compare toxicity data for sulfuric acid mist, relative humidity must be carefully recorded throughout the experimental procedure."}
{"id": "PMID:864787", "title": "Toxic effects of chlorinated cake flour in rats.", "content": "Four experiments were conducted using weanling Wistar rats to determine whether chlorinated cake flour or its constituents were toxic. Levels of 0.2 and 1.0% chlorine added to unbleached cake flour significantly (p less than 0.01) reduced growth rate by 20.7 and 85.2% and increased liver weight relative to body weight by 16.7 and 25.3%, respectively. Lipids extracted from flour chlorinated at the same levels had similar effects. Rat chow diets containing 0.2 and 0.6% chlorine in the form of chlorinated wheat gluten reduced growth rate and increased liver weight as a percentage of body weight. A rat chow diet containing 0.2% chlorine as chlorinated flour lipids increased absolute liver weight by 40%, kidney by 20%, and heart by 10% compared to pair-fed controls.", "contents": "Toxic effects of chlorinated cake flour in rats. Four experiments were conducted using weanling Wistar rats to determine whether chlorinated cake flour or its constituents were toxic. Levels of 0.2 and 1.0% chlorine added to unbleached cake flour significantly (p less than 0.01) reduced growth rate by 20.7 and 85.2% and increased liver weight relative to body weight by 16.7 and 25.3%, respectively. Lipids extracted from flour chlorinated at the same levels had similar effects. Rat chow diets containing 0.2 and 0.6% chlorine in the form of chlorinated wheat gluten reduced growth rate and increased liver weight as a percentage of body weight. A rat chow diet containing 0.2% chlorine as chlorinated flour lipids increased absolute liver weight by 40%, kidney by 20%, and heart by 10% compared to pair-fed controls."}
{"id": "PMID:864788", "title": "Stimulation of DNA synthesis in the lungs of hamsters exposed intermittently to nitrogen dioxide.", "content": "Stimulation of [3H] thymidine incorporation in the lungs of hamsters exposed singly and repeatedly to 10 ppm NO2 was studied. Within 24 hr of the first exposure to NO2, the response was characterized by a marked increase in [3H] thymidine labeling in the bronchi, bronchioles, and alveolar ducts, but not in the trachea or the peripheral alveoli. If, after the first NO2 exposure, subsequent exposures were repeated daily, no further stimulation of [3H] thymidine incorporation was observed in any part of the respiratory tract. However, if the interval between the first and subsequent exposures was 2-3 days rather than 1 day, stimulation of [3H] thymidine incorporation was observed in the bronchi, bronchioles, and alveolar ducts for up to 21 NO2 exposures. A significantly greater increase in [3H] thymidine incorporation was observed when the interval between subsequent exposures was extended to 7 days. However, no repeated exposure, whether at 2-3 or 7 day intervals, was as effective as the first NO2 exposure in stimulating incorporation of [3H] thymidine.", "contents": "Stimulation of DNA synthesis in the lungs of hamsters exposed intermittently to nitrogen dioxide. Stimulation of [3H] thymidine incorporation in the lungs of hamsters exposed singly and repeatedly to 10 ppm NO2 was studied. Within 24 hr of the first exposure to NO2, the response was characterized by a marked increase in [3H] thymidine labeling in the bronchi, bronchioles, and alveolar ducts, but not in the trachea or the peripheral alveoli. If, after the first NO2 exposure, subsequent exposures were repeated daily, no further stimulation of [3H] thymidine incorporation was observed in any part of the respiratory tract. However, if the interval between the first and subsequent exposures was 2-3 days rather than 1 day, stimulation of [3H] thymidine incorporation was observed in the bronchi, bronchioles, and alveolar ducts for up to 21 NO2 exposures. A significantly greater increase in [3H] thymidine incorporation was observed when the interval between subsequent exposures was extended to 7 days. However, no repeated exposure, whether at 2-3 or 7 day intervals, was as effective as the first NO2 exposure in stimulating incorporation of [3H] thymidine."}
{"id": "PMID:864790", "title": "Tartrazine and the developing nervous system of rats.", "content": "Rat dams were exposed to the artificial food color tartrazine (FD&C Yellow no. 5) at dietary levels of 0, 1, and 2% during gestation and lactation. The experimental offspring were continued on the same diets for approximately 3 months after weaning. No adverse physical or behavioral effects were noted in the dams. Fetal development and postnatal viability of the offspring were also normal. The only effect on postnatal development of the central nervous system (CNS) was a small transient change in neuromotor clinging ability of female offspring. The limited effect of tartrazine on the CNS was further evidenced by the facts that (1) the neurobehavioral profiles of the experimental weanlings revealed no significant abnormalities, and (2) morphochemical analysis of brain tissue, as well as brain weights, revealed no abnormalities. Tartrazine did appear to exert more general signs of toxicity in the offspring--namely, depressed body weight, an apparent reduction in thymus weight, and a slight elevation of red blood cells and hemoglobin.", "contents": "Tartrazine and the developing nervous system of rats. Rat dams were exposed to the artificial food color tartrazine (FD&C Yellow no. 5) at dietary levels of 0, 1, and 2% during gestation and lactation. The experimental offspring were continued on the same diets for approximately 3 months after weaning. No adverse physical or behavioral effects were noted in the dams. Fetal development and postnatal viability of the offspring were also normal. The only effect on postnatal development of the central nervous system (CNS) was a small transient change in neuromotor clinging ability of female offspring. The limited effect of tartrazine on the CNS was further evidenced by the facts that (1) the neurobehavioral profiles of the experimental weanlings revealed no significant abnormalities, and (2) morphochemical analysis of brain tissue, as well as brain weights, revealed no abnormalities. Tartrazine did appear to exert more general signs of toxicity in the offspring--namely, depressed body weight, an apparent reduction in thymus weight, and a slight elevation of red blood cells and hemoglobin."}
{"id": "PMID:864792", "title": "Styrene and related hydrocarbons in subcutaneous fat from polymerization workers.", "content": "Subcutaneous fat samples from 25 workers in a styrene polymerization plant have been analyzed for styrene, ethyl benzene, toluene, benzene, and benzaldehyde by gas chromatography. Styrene was found in samples from 13 of 17 workers who had been heavily exposed within the previous 3 days, 5 of 13 having been exposed 2-3 days earlier. Six workers 4-90 days removed from exposure and two 2-3 days removed from low (less than 5 ppm) exposures had no detectable styrene in fat tissue samples. Toluene and ethyl benzene were found in varying amounts in many samples, and benzene was observed in three samples. Benzaldehyde was observed at levels of 5-53 microng/g in all samples. Although urinary metabolites and breath levels of styrene are reported to be detectable for less than 24 hr following exposure, styrene was found in subcutaneous fat from the subjects of this study for as long as 3 days after the most recent occupational exposure. The combination exposures in such a setting are reflected in the variety of hydrocarbons found in fat samples of workers.", "contents": "Styrene and related hydrocarbons in subcutaneous fat from polymerization workers. Subcutaneous fat samples from 25 workers in a styrene polymerization plant have been analyzed for styrene, ethyl benzene, toluene, benzene, and benzaldehyde by gas chromatography. Styrene was found in samples from 13 of 17 workers who had been heavily exposed within the previous 3 days, 5 of 13 having been exposed 2-3 days earlier. Six workers 4-90 days removed from exposure and two 2-3 days removed from low (less than 5 ppm) exposures had no detectable styrene in fat tissue samples. Toluene and ethyl benzene were found in varying amounts in many samples, and benzene was observed in three samples. Benzaldehyde was observed at levels of 5-53 microng/g in all samples. Although urinary metabolites and breath levels of styrene are reported to be detectable for less than 24 hr following exposure, styrene was found in subcutaneous fat from the subjects of this study for as long as 3 days after the most recent occupational exposure. The combination exposures in such a setting are reflected in the variety of hydrocarbons found in fat samples of workers."}
{"id": "PMID:864793", "title": "Detection of cardiac disturbances following thoracic trauma with high-frequency analysis of the electrocardiogram.", "content": "High-frequency electrocardiograms (HF-ECG) were recorded from rabbits before and after delivery of blunt, nonpenetrating thoracic trauma. The conventional electrocardiographic record showed transient changes following the blow; the HF-ECG showed distinct notching and slurring in the QRS complex in most cases, which persisted throughout the course of the experiment. At autopsy, a contusive lesion of the right ventricle was always found.", "contents": "Detection of cardiac disturbances following thoracic trauma with high-frequency analysis of the electrocardiogram. High-frequency electrocardiograms (HF-ECG) were recorded from rabbits before and after delivery of blunt, nonpenetrating thoracic trauma. The conventional electrocardiographic record showed transient changes following the blow; the HF-ECG showed distinct notching and slurring in the QRS complex in most cases, which persisted throughout the course of the experiment. At autopsy, a contusive lesion of the right ventricle was always found."}
{"id": "PMID:864794", "title": "Intermediate-degree blunt renal trauma.", "content": "One hundred four cases of blunt renal trauma have been reviewed and analyzed, yielding 71 minor, 13 major, and 20 intermediate-degree injuries. Of the latter group, urinary extravasation (60%) and parenchymal laceration (100%) appear to be the dominant features exhibited by conventional radiographic maneuvers, neither of which suggest a de novo need for operation or interference with spontaneous resolution. Nephrectomy (9) and heminephrectomy (2) may often have been performed unnecessarily in this group, since nine such patients managed either nonoperatively (7), or undergoing negligible operative procedures (2) responded with total functional and anatomic restoration. Arteriography is endoresed as an important contributor of information encouraging conficdence in the conservative management of such cases.", "contents": "Intermediate-degree blunt renal trauma. One hundred four cases of blunt renal trauma have been reviewed and analyzed, yielding 71 minor, 13 major, and 20 intermediate-degree injuries. Of the latter group, urinary extravasation (60%) and parenchymal laceration (100%) appear to be the dominant features exhibited by conventional radiographic maneuvers, neither of which suggest a de novo need for operation or interference with spontaneous resolution. Nephrectomy (9) and heminephrectomy (2) may often have been performed unnecessarily in this group, since nine such patients managed either nonoperatively (7), or undergoing negligible operative procedures (2) responded with total functional and anatomic restoration. Arteriography is endoresed as an important contributor of information encouraging conficdence in the conservative management of such cases."}
{"id": "PMID:864795", "title": "Effects of enviromental temperature and femoral fracture on wound healing in rats.", "content": "Femoral fracture, unilateral and bilateral, impaired the healing of dorsal skin incisions and formation of reparative granulation tissue in subcutaneously implanted polyvinyl alcohol sponges judged histologically and by breaking strengths and hydroxyproline contents, respectively, 1 week after injury in pair-fed rats kept at 22 degrees C. When rats were transferred to a room at 30 degrees C immediately after skin incision and sponge implants, with or without unilateral fracture, no differences in healing were observed between the two groups. Rats with skin incision, sponge implants, and either femoral fracture or sham-fracture excreted more urinary nitrogen than preoperatively when kept at 22 degrees. Counterpart groups transferred to a 30 degrees room right after operation excreted less urinary nitrogen than preoperatively, but because of lower food intakes postoperatively, the ratio of urinary nitrogen to food intake nitrogen was increased. With equivalent food intakes, pair-fed rats with fracture kept at 22 degrees postoperatively lost more weight and excreted more nitrogen than corresponding rats transfered to a 30 degrees room.", "contents": "Effects of enviromental temperature and femoral fracture on wound healing in rats. Femoral fracture, unilateral and bilateral, impaired the healing of dorsal skin incisions and formation of reparative granulation tissue in subcutaneously implanted polyvinyl alcohol sponges judged histologically and by breaking strengths and hydroxyproline contents, respectively, 1 week after injury in pair-fed rats kept at 22 degrees C. When rats were transferred to a room at 30 degrees C immediately after skin incision and sponge implants, with or without unilateral fracture, no differences in healing were observed between the two groups. Rats with skin incision, sponge implants, and either femoral fracture or sham-fracture excreted more urinary nitrogen than preoperatively when kept at 22 degrees. Counterpart groups transferred to a 30 degrees room right after operation excreted less urinary nitrogen than preoperatively, but because of lower food intakes postoperatively, the ratio of urinary nitrogen to food intake nitrogen was increased. With equivalent food intakes, pair-fed rats with fracture kept at 22 degrees postoperatively lost more weight and excreted more nitrogen than corresponding rats transfered to a 30 degrees room."}
{"id": "PMID:864796", "title": "Effects of testosterone propionate and environmental temperature on nitrogen balance and wound healing of rats with and without femoral fracture.", "content": "Testosterone exerted a sparing effect on nitrogen urinary excretion and balance in pair-fed rats with femoral fracture, dorsal skin incision, and subcutaneously implanted polyvinyl alcohol sponges, whether kept at 22 or 30 degrees C for 1 week postoperatively. No difference in 14-or 21-day wounds was observed among rats with dorsal skin incision and sponge implants, kept at 22 degrees, and starting immediately after operation, given daily IM injections of either 3 mg or 1 mg testosterone propionate in peanut oil, compared with similarly wounded rats given saline or peanut oil injections. Wound healing was impaired in rats kept at 22 degrees for 7 days following a skin incision, sponge implants, and femoral fracture. Testosterone administration begun immediately after operation, 2 mg/day subcutaneously, did not improve the impaired healing of pair-fed rats with fracture compared with rats without fracture. There was somewhat less collagen and a higher ratio of ground substance to collagen in the skin incisions and sponge granulomas of the testosterone group. No differences in wound healing were observed in pair-fed rats moved to a 30 degrees room postoperatively, among rats with or without fracture, nor among rats with femoral fracture given testosterone or saline subcutaneously.", "contents": "Effects of testosterone propionate and environmental temperature on nitrogen balance and wound healing of rats with and without femoral fracture. Testosterone exerted a sparing effect on nitrogen urinary excretion and balance in pair-fed rats with femoral fracture, dorsal skin incision, and subcutaneously implanted polyvinyl alcohol sponges, whether kept at 22 or 30 degrees C for 1 week postoperatively. No difference in 14-or 21-day wounds was observed among rats with dorsal skin incision and sponge implants, kept at 22 degrees, and starting immediately after operation, given daily IM injections of either 3 mg or 1 mg testosterone propionate in peanut oil, compared with similarly wounded rats given saline or peanut oil injections. Wound healing was impaired in rats kept at 22 degrees for 7 days following a skin incision, sponge implants, and femoral fracture. Testosterone administration begun immediately after operation, 2 mg/day subcutaneously, did not improve the impaired healing of pair-fed rats with fracture compared with rats without fracture. There was somewhat less collagen and a higher ratio of ground substance to collagen in the skin incisions and sponge granulomas of the testosterone group. No differences in wound healing were observed in pair-fed rats moved to a 30 degrees room postoperatively, among rats with or without fracture, nor among rats with femoral fracture given testosterone or saline subcutaneously."}
{"id": "PMID:864797", "title": "Renal ischemia and contrast urography.", "content": "Exposure to urographic contrast material, meglumine diatrizoate, in a previously ischemic kidney was investigated for its effect on renal function. Eleven mongrel dogs, 19.8-32.7 kg in weight, having the left kidney ischemic for 90 minutes were given either 4 cc/kg meglumine diatrizoate or control, Ringer's lactate solution. The effect on creatinine clearance of the left kidney was determined acutely and at 72 hours. Statistical analysis of the data reveals no deleterious effect from exposure to meglumine diatrizoate over and above the effect of the ischemic episode. There was no statistically significant effect on recovery of renal function in this animal model.", "contents": "Renal ischemia and contrast urography. Exposure to urographic contrast material, meglumine diatrizoate, in a previously ischemic kidney was investigated for its effect on renal function. Eleven mongrel dogs, 19.8-32.7 kg in weight, having the left kidney ischemic for 90 minutes were given either 4 cc/kg meglumine diatrizoate or control, Ringer's lactate solution. The effect on creatinine clearance of the left kidney was determined acutely and at 72 hours. Statistical analysis of the data reveals no deleterious effect from exposure to meglumine diatrizoate over and above the effect of the ischemic episode. There was no statistically significant effect on recovery of renal function in this animal model."}
{"id": "PMID:864798", "title": "Changing concepts in the treatment of penetrating cardiac injuries.", "content": "Thirty consecutive patients with penetrating wounds to the heart underwent surgery at the Medical College of Virginia Hospital. Classical signs of tamponade usually were not present. A precordial wound, positive pericardiocentesis, and shock were the most common indications of cardiac injury. Immediate operation is recommended for all penetrating injuries; pericardiocentesis is employed only for a diagnostic tool and for emergency relief of tamponade.", "contents": "Changing concepts in the treatment of penetrating cardiac injuries. Thirty consecutive patients with penetrating wounds to the heart underwent surgery at the Medical College of Virginia Hospital. Classical signs of tamponade usually were not present. A precordial wound, positive pericardiocentesis, and shock were the most common indications of cardiac injury. Immediate operation is recommended for all penetrating injuries; pericardiocentesis is employed only for a diagnostic tool and for emergency relief of tamponade."}
{"id": "PMID:864799", "title": "Metabolic and clinical considerations in an unusual patient with 35% BSA deep partial-thickness thermal injury.", "content": "The treatment of a moderately large burn usually require blood and its products to restore circulating blood volume, achieve metabolic stabilization, and promote wound healing. This case study demonstrates the remarkable metabolic response to injury in a patient refusing blood products administration. Specific management considerations are discussed.", "contents": "Metabolic and clinical considerations in an unusual patient with 35% BSA deep partial-thickness thermal injury. The treatment of a moderately large burn usually require blood and its products to restore circulating blood volume, achieve metabolic stabilization, and promote wound healing. This case study demonstrates the remarkable metabolic response to injury in a patient refusing blood products administration. Specific management considerations are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:864800", "title": "One-stage debridement and plastic repair of compound comminuted depressed skull fractures with methyl methacrylate.", "content": "A one-stage technique is described for repair and debridement of compound, comminuted depressed skull fractures using methyl methacrylate, which appears to be simple, effective, and safe, provided that the paranasal sinuses are not involved. If so, a two-stage debridement and repair are recommended. In the series reported, of 25 patients, only one developed infection, which was successfully treated with further operative repair and antibiotics.", "contents": "One-stage debridement and plastic repair of compound comminuted depressed skull fractures with methyl methacrylate. A one-stage technique is described for repair and debridement of compound, comminuted depressed skull fractures using methyl methacrylate, which appears to be simple, effective, and safe, provided that the paranasal sinuses are not involved. If so, a two-stage debridement and repair are recommended. In the series reported, of 25 patients, only one developed infection, which was successfully treated with further operative repair and antibiotics."}
{"id": "PMID:864801", "title": "Splenic injury due to indirect torsion.", "content": "A patient with subcapsular rupture of the spleen in association with indirect torsion trauma is reported. The spleen was surrounded by bands and adherent organs. The injury was considered to have been caused by a stretched band. In patients with hemoperitoneum, celiac angiography is advocated for diagnosis when immediate surgery is not indicated.", "contents": "Splenic injury due to indirect torsion. A patient with subcapsular rupture of the spleen in association with indirect torsion trauma is reported. The spleen was surrounded by bands and adherent organs. The injury was considered to have been caused by a stretched band. In patients with hemoperitoneum, celiac angiography is advocated for diagnosis when immediate surgery is not indicated."}
{"id": "PMID:864802", "title": "Traumatic aorto-caval-portal-duodenal fistula: case report.", "content": "A 19-year-old male was admitted 5 days following a stab wound of the epigatrium. An aorto-caval-portal-duodenal fistula was documented. The operative approach and recommendations for management are described.", "contents": "Traumatic aorto-caval-portal-duodenal fistula: case report. A 19-year-old male was admitted 5 days following a stab wound of the epigatrium. An aorto-caval-portal-duodenal fistula was documented. The operative approach and recommendations for management are described."}
{"id": "PMID:864803", "title": "Superior gluteal artery aneurysm.", "content": "Aneurysms of the gluteal arteries are an uncommon complication of trauma to the gluteal region. A case report is presented following a gunshot wound to the buttock in a 36-year-old female. Diagnosis and management are discussed, with a review of the recent surgical literature.", "contents": "Superior gluteal artery aneurysm. Aneurysms of the gluteal arteries are an uncommon complication of trauma to the gluteal region. A case report is presented following a gunshot wound to the buttock in a 36-year-old female. Diagnosis and management are discussed, with a review of the recent surgical literature."}
{"id": "PMID:864804", "title": "Persistent post-traumatic pseudosheath formation secondary to a movable organized blood clot.", "content": "Pseudosheath formation secondary to post-traumatic hematoma is described in a patient following blunt trauma to the lateral thigh. The theory of its formation and progression is discussed.", "contents": "Persistent post-traumatic pseudosheath formation secondary to a movable organized blood clot. Pseudosheath formation secondary to post-traumatic hematoma is described in a patient following blunt trauma to the lateral thigh. The theory of its formation and progression is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:864805", "title": "Seromucoids in chronic bowel disorders of tropics.", "content": "Serum seromucoid estimation was carried out in 60 normal controls and 100 patients. (1) The serum seromucoid values in normal subjects ranged between 37-5-127 mg.% (69-35 +/- 17-84). (2) Serum seromucoid levels were found to be increased in patients of abdominal tuberculosis (210-95 +/- 86-49). These values corresponded directly to the severity of the disease. (3) Seromucoid levels came down to normal after three months of antitubercular treatment. (4) There was an inverse relationship between serum albumin and seromucoids. (5) Serum seromucoids were also found to be increased in patients of amoebiasis (157-54 +/- 37-61), with associated active colonic or hepatic disease. Asymptomatic cyst passers had normal levels of serum seromucoids. (6) Serum seromucoid values were within normal limits in patients with tropical sprue and irritable colon syndrome.", "contents": "Seromucoids in chronic bowel disorders of tropics. Serum seromucoid estimation was carried out in 60 normal controls and 100 patients. (1) The serum seromucoid values in normal subjects ranged between 37-5-127 mg.% (69-35 +/- 17-84). (2) Serum seromucoid levels were found to be increased in patients of abdominal tuberculosis (210-95 +/- 86-49). These values corresponded directly to the severity of the disease. (3) Seromucoid levels came down to normal after three months of antitubercular treatment. (4) There was an inverse relationship between serum albumin and seromucoids. (5) Serum seromucoids were also found to be increased in patients of amoebiasis (157-54 +/- 37-61), with associated active colonic or hepatic disease. Asymptomatic cyst passers had normal levels of serum seromucoids. (6) Serum seromucoid values were within normal limits in patients with tropical sprue and irritable colon syndrome."}
{"id": "PMID:864808", "title": "Co-existing post-stapedectomy fistula and acoustic neuroma.", "content": "A 66 year old woman had light-headedness and ataxia which increased slowly despite tissue seal of a post-stapedectomy oval window fistula. The cause was shown to be a large acoustic neuroma, ipsilateral to the side of the fistula. The history, physical, and laboratory findings are presented.", "contents": "Co-existing post-stapedectomy fistula and acoustic neuroma. A 66 year old woman had light-headedness and ataxia which increased slowly despite tissue seal of a post-stapedectomy oval window fistula. The cause was shown to be a large acoustic neuroma, ipsilateral to the side of the fistula. The history, physical, and laboratory findings are presented."}
{"id": "PMID:864809", "title": "Traumatic thermal injuries of the middle ear.", "content": "Eleven cases of thermal otic injury are reviewed. The final outcome of therapy, whether medical or surgical is poor--only two of 11 patients were restored to normal. The possible pathogenesis of failure is discussed. Most cases could have been prevented by wearing ear plugs.", "contents": "Traumatic thermal injuries of the middle ear. Eleven cases of thermal otic injury are reviewed. The final outcome of therapy, whether medical or surgical is poor--only two of 11 patients were restored to normal. The possible pathogenesis of failure is discussed. Most cases could have been prevented by wearing ear plugs."}
{"id": "PMID:864811", "title": "Malignant schwannoma of the parapharyngeal space.", "content": "There is a variety of tumors which may occur in the parapharyngeal space; malignant Schwannoma is one of the rarer type. The authors present such a case and discuss the clinical and microscopic diagnosis. Treatment is wide surgical excision, as recurrence rates are high and the prognosis poor.", "contents": "Malignant schwannoma of the parapharyngeal space. There is a variety of tumors which may occur in the parapharyngeal space; malignant Schwannoma is one of the rarer type. The authors present such a case and discuss the clinical and microscopic diagnosis. Treatment is wide surgical excision, as recurrence rates are high and the prognosis poor."}
{"id": "PMID:864812", "title": "Epiglottic abscess: its occurrence and management.", "content": "Twenty-six cases of epiglottic abscess from the English literature are reviewed. The condition occurs nearly exclusively in adults and it has a high mortality rate (30 per cent). The lingual surface of the epiglottis is most commonly involved and less than half of the patients present with severe airway obstruction. The management of the condition is dictated by the degree of airway obstruction.", "contents": "Epiglottic abscess: its occurrence and management. Twenty-six cases of epiglottic abscess from the English literature are reviewed. The condition occurs nearly exclusively in adults and it has a high mortality rate (30 per cent). The lingual surface of the epiglottis is most commonly involved and less than half of the patients present with severe airway obstruction. The management of the condition is dictated by the degree of airway obstruction."}
{"id": "PMID:864813", "title": "Phycomycosis in an apparently normal host.", "content": "A case presentation of phycomycosis recognized by histology but unproved by cultural methods is presented. The patient was successfully treated with Amphotericin B. Even though specific genus of phycomycosis was not identified, the clinical characteristics and apparently healthy host suggest the possibility of the fungus being of the order of entomophthorales. Classification, pathophysiology, various clinical types, diagnostic aids, and principles of treatment are discussed.", "contents": "Phycomycosis in an apparently normal host. A case presentation of phycomycosis recognized by histology but unproved by cultural methods is presented. The patient was successfully treated with Amphotericin B. Even though specific genus of phycomycosis was not identified, the clinical characteristics and apparently healthy host suggest the possibility of the fungus being of the order of entomophthorales. Classification, pathophysiology, various clinical types, diagnostic aids, and principles of treatment are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:864815", "title": "[Complications in rhinoseptoplasty].", "content": "We have done a survey of our first 115 cases of rhinoseptoplasty. We noticed that 19 per cent of the patients presented partial nasal obstruction following first surgery, thus requiring a second surgical procedure. We attempt to suggest a few causes of this high percentage of failures and suggest some technical modifications to avoid such complications.", "contents": "[Complications in rhinoseptoplasty]. We have done a survey of our first 115 cases of rhinoseptoplasty. We noticed that 19 per cent of the patients presented partial nasal obstruction following first surgery, thus requiring a second surgical procedure. We attempt to suggest a few causes of this high percentage of failures and suggest some technical modifications to avoid such complications."}
{"id": "PMID:864829", "title": "Fidelity of adenovirus RNA transcription in isolated HeLa cell nuclei.", "content": "An in vitro nuclear system from adenovirus type 2-infected cells was developed to study transcription of viral RNA. Nuclei isolated from adenovirus-infected HeLa cells late in the infectious cycle synthesized in vitro only RNA from the r-strand of adenovirus DNA. Around 15% of the virus-specific RNA in isolated nuclei was polyadenylated. Short pulse labeling of nascent RNA followbd by hybrization of size-fractionated RNA to specific restriction endonuclease fragments of the genome suggested that the origin(s) for transcription is located on the r-strand in the left 30% of the adenovirus 2 genome at late times in the infectious cycle. Pulse-chase experiments were used to estimate the elongation rate of adenovirus high-molecular-weight RNA in isolated nuclei. An elongation of a least six nucleotides per second was observed in vitro. Viral RNA synthesis in the vitro nuclei showed several similarities to the in vivo system late in the infectious cycle.", "contents": "Fidelity of adenovirus RNA transcription in isolated HeLa cell nuclei. An in vitro nuclear system from adenovirus type 2-infected cells was developed to study transcription of viral RNA. Nuclei isolated from adenovirus-infected HeLa cells late in the infectious cycle synthesized in vitro only RNA from the r-strand of adenovirus DNA. Around 15% of the virus-specific RNA in isolated nuclei was polyadenylated. Short pulse labeling of nascent RNA followbd by hybrization of size-fractionated RNA to specific restriction endonuclease fragments of the genome suggested that the origin(s) for transcription is located on the r-strand in the left 30% of the adenovirus 2 genome at late times in the infectious cycle. Pulse-chase experiments were used to estimate the elongation rate of adenovirus high-molecular-weight RNA in isolated nuclei. An elongation of a least six nucleotides per second was observed in vitro. Viral RNA synthesis in the vitro nuclei showed several similarities to the in vivo system late in the infectious cycle."}
{"id": "PMID:864830", "title": "Mitochondrial DNA synthesis in adenovirus type 2-infected HeLa cells.", "content": "Mitochondrial DNA synthesis in adenovirus type 2-infected HeLa cells was measured at various times from 0 to 24 h postinfection. Although viral infection effectively turned off host chromosomal DNA synthesis, mitochondrial DNA synthesis was not inhibited. These findings indicate a dissociation between the regulation of host and mitochondrial DNA synthesis after infection with adenovirus type 2.", "contents": "Mitochondrial DNA synthesis in adenovirus type 2-infected HeLa cells. Mitochondrial DNA synthesis in adenovirus type 2-infected HeLa cells was measured at various times from 0 to 24 h postinfection. Although viral infection effectively turned off host chromosomal DNA synthesis, mitochondrial DNA synthesis was not inhibited. These findings indicate a dissociation between the regulation of host and mitochondrial DNA synthesis after infection with adenovirus type 2."}
{"id": "PMID:864831", "title": "The segments of influenza viral mRNA.", "content": "Influenza viral mRNA, i.e., complementary RNA (cRNA), isolated from infected cells , was resolved into six different species by electrophoresis in 2.1% acrylamide gels containing 6 M urea. The cRNA's were grouped into three size classes: L (large), M (medium-size), and S (small). Similarly, when gels were sliced for analysis, the virion RNA (vRNA) also distributed into six peaks because the three largest vRNA segments were closely spaced and were resolved only when the gels were autoradiographed or stained. Because of their attached polyadenylic acid [poly(A)]sequences, the cRNA segments migrated more slowly than did the corresponding vRNA segments during gel electrophoresis. After removal of the poly(A) by RNase H, the cRNA and vRNA segments comigrated, indicating that they were approximately the same size. One of the cRNA segments, S2, was shown by annealing to contain the genetic information in the vRNA segment with which it comigrated, strongly suggesting that each cRNA segment was transcribed from the vRNA segment of the same size. In contrast to the vRNA segments, which when isolated from virions were present in approximately 1:1 molar ratios, the segments of the isolated cRNA were present in unequal amounts, with the segments M2 and S2 predominating, suggesting that different amounts of the cRNA segments were synthesized in the infected cell. The predominant cRNA segments, M2 and S2, and also the S1 segment, were active as mRNA's in wheat germ extracts. The M2 cRNA was the mRNA for the nucleocapsid protein; S1 for the membrane protein; and S2 for the nonstructural protein NS1.", "contents": "The segments of influenza viral mRNA. Influenza viral mRNA, i.e., complementary RNA (cRNA), isolated from infected cells , was resolved into six different species by electrophoresis in 2.1% acrylamide gels containing 6 M urea. The cRNA's were grouped into three size classes: L (large), M (medium-size), and S (small). Similarly, when gels were sliced for analysis, the virion RNA (vRNA) also distributed into six peaks because the three largest vRNA segments were closely spaced and were resolved only when the gels were autoradiographed or stained. Because of their attached polyadenylic acid [poly(A)]sequences, the cRNA segments migrated more slowly than did the corresponding vRNA segments during gel electrophoresis. After removal of the poly(A) by RNase H, the cRNA and vRNA segments comigrated, indicating that they were approximately the same size. One of the cRNA segments, S2, was shown by annealing to contain the genetic information in the vRNA segment with which it comigrated, strongly suggesting that each cRNA segment was transcribed from the vRNA segment of the same size. In contrast to the vRNA segments, which when isolated from virions were present in approximately 1:1 molar ratios, the segments of the isolated cRNA were present in unequal amounts, with the segments M2 and S2 predominating, suggesting that different amounts of the cRNA segments were synthesized in the infected cell. The predominant cRNA segments, M2 and S2, and also the S1 segment, were active as mRNA's in wheat germ extracts. The M2 cRNA was the mRNA for the nucleocapsid protein; S1 for the membrane protein; and S2 for the nonstructural protein NS1."}
{"id": "PMID:864832", "title": "Structural polypeptides of adenovirus type 16 incomplete particles.", "content": "The polypeptides of adenovirus type 16 incomplete particles, with average buoyant densities of CsCl of 1.33, 1.318, 1.305, and 1.299 g/cm3 and DNA content of less than 1 U genome size, were compared with the polypeptides of the complete virion (density, 1.344 g/cm3, and 22 x 10(6) daltons of DNA) and late polypeptides in infected cells by using sodium dodecyl sulfate-gel electrophoresis. In agreement with other serotypes studied (types 2 and 3), the light particles lack polypeptides V, VI, and VII. In adenovirus type 16, eight other major polypeptides are found, with apparent molecular weights of 59,000 (59K), 46K, 31K, 30K, 28K, 27K, 26K, and 19K. The 30K to 31K and 27K to 28K polypeptides are phosphorylated. The 27K and 19K polypeptides are precursors, whereas the 31K, 30K, and 26K polypeptides are chase products in the cell, as are polypeptides VI, VII, and VIII. The 26K polypeptide is proposed to be an intermediate in processing since it disappears from the young virions upon chasing. Although chase products, the 31K and 30K polypeptides are only associated with particles having buoyant density lower than 1.318 g/cm3. Polypeptides V and VII are only present in particles containing more than one quarter of the genome. No trace of cell histones could be detected in the purified incomplete particles. A major constituent of the incomplete particles, the 46K polypeptide, was rapidly labeled in the cell, and loss of radioactivity from this band was detectable only after 7 to 18 h of chase.", "contents": "Structural polypeptides of adenovirus type 16 incomplete particles. The polypeptides of adenovirus type 16 incomplete particles, with average buoyant densities of CsCl of 1.33, 1.318, 1.305, and 1.299 g/cm3 and DNA content of less than 1 U genome size, were compared with the polypeptides of the complete virion (density, 1.344 g/cm3, and 22 x 10(6) daltons of DNA) and late polypeptides in infected cells by using sodium dodecyl sulfate-gel electrophoresis. In agreement with other serotypes studied (types 2 and 3), the light particles lack polypeptides V, VI, and VII. In adenovirus type 16, eight other major polypeptides are found, with apparent molecular weights of 59,000 (59K), 46K, 31K, 30K, 28K, 27K, 26K, and 19K. The 30K to 31K and 27K to 28K polypeptides are phosphorylated. The 27K and 19K polypeptides are precursors, whereas the 31K, 30K, and 26K polypeptides are chase products in the cell, as are polypeptides VI, VII, and VIII. The 26K polypeptide is proposed to be an intermediate in processing since it disappears from the young virions upon chasing. Although chase products, the 31K and 30K polypeptides are only associated with particles having buoyant density lower than 1.318 g/cm3. Polypeptides V and VII are only present in particles containing more than one quarter of the genome. No trace of cell histones could be detected in the purified incomplete particles. A major constituent of the incomplete particles, the 46K polypeptide, was rapidly labeled in the cell, and loss of radioactivity from this band was detectable only after 7 to 18 h of chase."}
{"id": "PMID:864833", "title": "Adenovirus type 2 coded single-stranded DNA binding protein: in vivo phosphorylation and modification.", "content": "The adenovirus type 2-coded single-stranded DNA binding protein (DBP) was shown to be a phosphoprotein and to exist in at least two forms that differ in mobility by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. After a 30-min pulse with [35S]methionine or 32PO4, 35S- or 32P-labeled DBP had a nominal molecular weight of 74,000 whereas after a 30-min label followed by a 20-h chase, 35S- and 32P-labeled DBP had a nominal molecular weight of 77,000. Both large and small forms of 35S- and 32P-labeled DBP bound to single-stranded DNA-cellulose columns and were eluted by 0.4 to 0.6 M NaCl; both forms also were immunoprecipitated by antiserum against adenovirus type 1-simian virus 40-induced tumor cells (this antiserum contains antibodies against DBP) and by monospecific antiserum against 95 to 99% purified DBP. With highly purified 32P-DBP labeled 7 to 10 h postinfection, it was shown that the 32P radioactivity was firmly associated with protein material (i.e., not contaminating nucleic acids or phospholipids) and had properties expected of a phosphoester of an amino acid; paper electrophoresis of acid hydrolysates of this preparation identified phosphoserine but not phosphothreonine. Phosphoserine but not phosphothreonine was also identified in acid hydrolysates of another preparation of 32P-DBP labeled for 30 min, chased for 20 h, and then immunoprecipitated by adenovirus type 1-simian virus 40 antiserum.", "contents": "Adenovirus type 2 coded single-stranded DNA binding protein: in vivo phosphorylation and modification. The adenovirus type 2-coded single-stranded DNA binding protein (DBP) was shown to be a phosphoprotein and to exist in at least two forms that differ in mobility by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. After a 30-min pulse with [35S]methionine or 32PO4, 35S- or 32P-labeled DBP had a nominal molecular weight of 74,000 whereas after a 30-min label followed by a 20-h chase, 35S- and 32P-labeled DBP had a nominal molecular weight of 77,000. Both large and small forms of 35S- and 32P-labeled DBP bound to single-stranded DNA-cellulose columns and were eluted by 0.4 to 0.6 M NaCl; both forms also were immunoprecipitated by antiserum against adenovirus type 1-simian virus 40-induced tumor cells (this antiserum contains antibodies against DBP) and by monospecific antiserum against 95 to 99% purified DBP. With highly purified 32P-DBP labeled 7 to 10 h postinfection, it was shown that the 32P radioactivity was firmly associated with protein material (i.e., not contaminating nucleic acids or phospholipids) and had properties expected of a phosphoester of an amino acid; paper electrophoresis of acid hydrolysates of this preparation identified phosphoserine but not phosphothreonine. Phosphoserine but not phosphothreonine was also identified in acid hydrolysates of another preparation of 32P-DBP labeled for 30 min, chased for 20 h, and then immunoprecipitated by adenovirus type 1-simian virus 40 antiserum."}
{"id": "PMID:864834", "title": "Precursors of the T4 internal peptides.", "content": "The precursors of the two T4 internal peptides have been identified by in vitro cleavage of individual phage proteins eluted from sodium dodecyl sulfate-acrylamide gels. The precursor of internal peptide VII is p22, the product of T4 gene 22 and an essential component of the morphogenic core. The precursor of peptide II is a protein with a molecular weight of approximately 13,000, whose gene has yet to be defined by mutation. A newly detected protein of approximately 15,000 molecular weight is found to be cleaved and is, therefore, likely to be a component of precursor head structures.", "contents": "Precursors of the T4 internal peptides. The precursors of the two T4 internal peptides have been identified by in vitro cleavage of individual phage proteins eluted from sodium dodecyl sulfate-acrylamide gels. The precursor of internal peptide VII is p22, the product of T4 gene 22 and an essential component of the morphogenic core. The precursor of peptide II is a protein with a molecular weight of approximately 13,000, whose gene has yet to be defined by mutation. A newly detected protein of approximately 15,000 molecular weight is found to be cleaved and is, therefore, likely to be a component of precursor head structures."}
{"id": "PMID:864835", "title": "Replication process of the parvovirus H-1. IX. Physical mapping studies of the H-1 genome.", "content": "The cleavage map of H-1 replicative-form DNA to the bacterial restriction endonuclease EcoRI, HaeII, HaeIII, HindII, HindIII, and HpaII has been determined. The 5'-phosphoryl end of the viral strand is on the right end of the molecule at or near the replication origin. Evidence is presented for the presence of inverted self-complementary sequences at the right end that differ from those at the left end. These sequences allow a foldback of the DNA after denaturation, and a minority of the native replicative-form DNA has the foldback configuration. The possible role of these structures in H-1 DNA synthesis is discussed.", "contents": "Replication process of the parvovirus H-1. IX. Physical mapping studies of the H-1 genome. The cleavage map of H-1 replicative-form DNA to the bacterial restriction endonuclease EcoRI, HaeII, HaeIII, HindII, HindIII, and HpaII has been determined. The 5'-phosphoryl end of the viral strand is on the right end of the molecule at or near the replication origin. Evidence is presented for the presence of inverted self-complementary sequences at the right end that differ from those at the left end. These sequences allow a foldback of the DNA after denaturation, and a minority of the native replicative-form DNA has the foldback configuration. The possible role of these structures in H-1 DNA synthesis is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:864836", "title": "Structural aberrations in T-even bacteriophage. IX. Effect of mixed infection on the production of giant bacteriophage.", "content": "To date, the production of T-even bacteriophage with giant heads has been achieved in two ways: (i) by use of canavanine-arginine treatment of Escherichia coli B cultures infected by wild-type bacteriophage (Cummings and Bolin, Bacteriol. Rev. 40:314-359, 1976; Cummings et al., Virology 54:245-261, 1973), which give a size distribution of giants that is phage specific (Cummings et al., Virology 54:245-261, 1973); and (ii) by infection with certain missense mutants of T4D gene 23 (Doermann et al., J. Virol. 12:374-385, 1973; ICN-UCLA Symposium on Molecular Biology, p. 243-285, 1973) or temperature-sensitive mutants of gene 24 (Aebi et al., J. Supramol. Struct. 2:253-275, 1974; Biljenga et al., J. Mol. Biol. 103:469-498, 1976). We now report the effect of mixed infection with several mutants of T4D on both the production and the size of giant bacteriophage. We found that gene 24 mutant is a critical partner for the production of giants. Infection using T4.24 mutants together with either T4.23 mutants, T4B+ or T6+ led to the formation of giants with heads 10- to 14-fold longer than normal-length heads. Infection with amber 24-bypass 24 double mutants of T4D led to the production of giants when gene 23 mutant was used to co-infect. Addition of canavanine to the co-infected cultures could alter the size distribution of giants, depending on which phage were used to coinfect. Gene 22 mutants had a modifying effect on these results. In the absence of canavanine co-infection with gene 22 mutants prevented the production of giants, and in the presence of canavanine giants of 1.5 to 5 head lengths were found. We have interpreted these results to mean that critical concentrations of gene products 22, 23, and 24 interact to control head length in T-even bacteriophage.", "contents": "Structural aberrations in T-even bacteriophage. IX. Effect of mixed infection on the production of giant bacteriophage. To date, the production of T-even bacteriophage with giant heads has been achieved in two ways: (i) by use of canavanine-arginine treatment of Escherichia coli B cultures infected by wild-type bacteriophage (Cummings and Bolin, Bacteriol. Rev. 40:314-359, 1976; Cummings et al., Virology 54:245-261, 1973), which give a size distribution of giants that is phage specific (Cummings et al., Virology 54:245-261, 1973); and (ii) by infection with certain missense mutants of T4D gene 23 (Doermann et al., J. Virol. 12:374-385, 1973; ICN-UCLA Symposium on Molecular Biology, p. 243-285, 1973) or temperature-sensitive mutants of gene 24 (Aebi et al., J. Supramol. Struct. 2:253-275, 1974; Biljenga et al., J. Mol. Biol. 103:469-498, 1976). We now report the effect of mixed infection with several mutants of T4D on both the production and the size of giant bacteriophage. We found that gene 24 mutant is a critical partner for the production of giants. Infection using T4.24 mutants together with either T4.23 mutants, T4B+ or T6+ led to the formation of giants with heads 10- to 14-fold longer than normal-length heads. Infection with amber 24-bypass 24 double mutants of T4D led to the production of giants when gene 23 mutant was used to co-infect. Addition of canavanine to the co-infected cultures could alter the size distribution of giants, depending on which phage were used to coinfect. Gene 22 mutants had a modifying effect on these results. In the absence of canavanine co-infection with gene 22 mutants prevented the production of giants, and in the presence of canavanine giants of 1.5 to 5 head lengths were found. We have interpreted these results to mean that critical concentrations of gene products 22, 23, and 24 interact to control head length in T-even bacteriophage."}
{"id": "PMID:864837", "title": "Distribution of \"minor\" nicks in bacteriophage T5 DNA.", "content": "Bacteriophage T5 DNA can be released from the phage particle in such a way that one end of 5 to 10% of the DNA molecules remains attached to either the phage head or tail. Under partial denaturation conditions, the DNA preferentially denatures in the vicinity of a nick so that the nicks can be located relative to the end that remains attached to the phage head or tail. Two classes of nicks were found. \"Major\" nicks were those found in more than 20% of the molecules and were located at the same points along the DNA molecule as reported by others. \"Minor\" nicks were found in 5 to 10% of the molecules and often occurred at specific locations near a \"major\" nick.", "contents": "Distribution of \"minor\" nicks in bacteriophage T5 DNA. Bacteriophage T5 DNA can be released from the phage particle in such a way that one end of 5 to 10% of the DNA molecules remains attached to either the phage head or tail. Under partial denaturation conditions, the DNA preferentially denatures in the vicinity of a nick so that the nicks can be located relative to the end that remains attached to the phage head or tail. Two classes of nicks were found. \"Major\" nicks were those found in more than 20% of the molecules and were located at the same points along the DNA molecule as reported by others. \"Minor\" nicks were found in 5 to 10% of the molecules and often occurred at specific locations near a \"major\" nick."}
{"id": "PMID:864838", "title": "Sequence analysis of the nicks and termini of bacteriophage T5 DNA.", "content": "Bacteriophage T5 DNA, when isolated from mature phage particles, contains several nicks in one of the two strands. The 5'-terminal nucleotides at the nicks were labeled with polynucleotide kinase and [gamma-32P]ATP, and the 3'-terminal nucleotides were labeled with Escherichia coli DNA polymerase I and [alpha-32P]dGTP. The sequences around the nicks were analyzed by partial nuclease digestion followed by homochromatography fractionation of the resulting oligonucleotides. The nicks had at least the sequence -PuOH pGpCpGpC- in common. In addition, the two 5' external termini had the first seven nucleotides in common.", "contents": "Sequence analysis of the nicks and termini of bacteriophage T5 DNA. Bacteriophage T5 DNA, when isolated from mature phage particles, contains several nicks in one of the two strands. The 5'-terminal nucleotides at the nicks were labeled with polynucleotide kinase and [gamma-32P]ATP, and the 3'-terminal nucleotides were labeled with Escherichia coli DNA polymerase I and [alpha-32P]dGTP. The sequences around the nicks were analyzed by partial nuclease digestion followed by homochromatography fractionation of the resulting oligonucleotides. The nicks had at least the sequence -PuOH pGpCpGpC- in common. In addition, the two 5' external termini had the first seven nucleotides in common."}
{"id": "PMID:864839", "title": "Adenovirus type 2 nuclear RNA accumulating during productive infection.", "content": "The viral-specific nuclear RNA which accumulates early and late during productive infection of HeLa cells by adenovirus-type 2 (Ad2) has been characterized with respect to its size and stability after denaturation by Me2SO. Early nuclear transcripts, under nondenaturing conditions, sediment in the range 28 to 45S, but treatment with Me2SO prior to sedimentation results in a shift to about 20S. Later nuclear RNA accumulates as a composite of two populations of molecules: one with a broad size distribution centering on 45S under nondenaturing conditions and less than 32S after denaturation and a second having a narrow size distribution around 35S which is quite stable to Me2SO. Analysis of late RNA by hybridization to Sma fragments of Ad2 DNA suggests that the 35S RNA species is derived from a limited portion of the left half of the viral genome.", "contents": "Adenovirus type 2 nuclear RNA accumulating during productive infection. The viral-specific nuclear RNA which accumulates early and late during productive infection of HeLa cells by adenovirus-type 2 (Ad2) has been characterized with respect to its size and stability after denaturation by Me2SO. Early nuclear transcripts, under nondenaturing conditions, sediment in the range 28 to 45S, but treatment with Me2SO prior to sedimentation results in a shift to about 20S. Later nuclear RNA accumulates as a composite of two populations of molecules: one with a broad size distribution centering on 45S under nondenaturing conditions and less than 32S after denaturation and a second having a narrow size distribution around 35S which is quite stable to Me2SO. Analysis of late RNA by hybridization to Sma fragments of Ad2 DNA suggests that the 35S RNA species is derived from a limited portion of the left half of the viral genome."}
{"id": "PMID:864842", "title": "Tyzzer's disease in wild-trapped muskrats in British Columbia.", "content": "A diagnosis of Tyzzer's disease (Bacillus piliformis infection) was made in a group of recently-trapped muskrats (Ondatra zibethica). The major lesions consisted of enteritis and focal necrosis of the liver, with organisms resembling B. piliformis in hepatocytes on the periphery of these foci. The outbreak was associated with recent capture, housing, and the use of sulfaquinoxaline-medicated feed.", "contents": "Tyzzer's disease in wild-trapped muskrats in British Columbia. A diagnosis of Tyzzer's disease (Bacillus piliformis infection) was made in a group of recently-trapped muskrats (Ondatra zibethica). The major lesions consisted of enteritis and focal necrosis of the liver, with organisms resembling B. piliformis in hepatocytes on the periphery of these foci. The outbreak was associated with recent capture, housing, and the use of sulfaquinoxaline-medicated feed."}
{"id": "PMID:864843", "title": "An epizootic of pneumonia in captive bighorn sheep infected with Muellerius sp.", "content": "An epizootic of pneumonia in 20 captive Rocky Mountain bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis) is described. The sheep were maintained in large paddocks for about 9 months after which, in the late summer, the entire herd died within a three week period. Large numbers of Muellerius adults, eggs and larvae were in the lungs of all sheep. First stage larvae were widely disseminated throughout the lungs and apparently elicited a granulomatous pneumonia. Pasteurella sp. and other bacteria were isolated from the lungs of several sheep but no Chlamydia, Mycoplasma or viral agents were recovered. Elevated serum fibrinogen levels and normal leukocyte values were found in blood samples taken from several sheep 7-14 days prior to death.", "contents": "An epizootic of pneumonia in captive bighorn sheep infected with Muellerius sp. An epizootic of pneumonia in 20 captive Rocky Mountain bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis) is described. The sheep were maintained in large paddocks for about 9 months after which, in the late summer, the entire herd died within a three week period. Large numbers of Muellerius adults, eggs and larvae were in the lungs of all sheep. First stage larvae were widely disseminated throughout the lungs and apparently elicited a granulomatous pneumonia. Pasteurella sp. and other bacteria were isolated from the lungs of several sheep but no Chlamydia, Mycoplasma or viral agents were recovered. Elevated serum fibrinogen levels and normal leukocyte values were found in blood samples taken from several sheep 7-14 days prior to death."}
{"id": "PMID:864844", "title": "Helminth parasites of bighorn sheep in Oregon.", "content": "The lungs and gastrointestinal tracts from 18 hunter-killed bighorn rams (Ovis canadensis californiana) were examined in total or in part for helminth parasites during a two-year study of three separate herds in Eastern Oregon. Prevalence was 100% with the lungworm Protostrongylus stilesi. The gastrointestinal fauna from 11 rams comprised Cooperia oncophora, Marshallagia marshalli, Nematodirus oiratianus, Oesophagostomum spp., Ostertagia occidentalis, O. ostertagi, Skrjabinema ovis, Trichostrongylus axei and Trichuris spp. Adult Wyominia tetoni and cysticerci of Taenia hydatigena were recovered from two of six livers examined. Additionally, searches for potential molluscan intermediate hosts for P. stilesi were conducted on one bighorn range. Snails identified as belonging to the genera Euconulus, Pupilla and Vallonia were found on both the summer and winter ranges.", "contents": "Helminth parasites of bighorn sheep in Oregon. The lungs and gastrointestinal tracts from 18 hunter-killed bighorn rams (Ovis canadensis californiana) were examined in total or in part for helminth parasites during a two-year study of three separate herds in Eastern Oregon. Prevalence was 100% with the lungworm Protostrongylus stilesi. The gastrointestinal fauna from 11 rams comprised Cooperia oncophora, Marshallagia marshalli, Nematodirus oiratianus, Oesophagostomum spp., Ostertagia occidentalis, O. ostertagi, Skrjabinema ovis, Trichostrongylus axei and Trichuris spp. Adult Wyominia tetoni and cysticerci of Taenia hydatigena were recovered from two of six livers examined. Additionally, searches for potential molluscan intermediate hosts for P. stilesi were conducted on one bighorn range. Snails identified as belonging to the genera Euconulus, Pupilla and Vallonia were found on both the summer and winter ranges."}
{"id": "PMID:864845", "title": "Rabies virus and antibody in bats in Grenada and Trinidad.", "content": "Rabies virus was detected by fluorescent-antibody and mouse inoculation tests in the brain of one bat, Artibeus jamaicensis, collected at La Tante, Grenada on 19 June 1974. No rabies virus was found in the brains and/or salivary glands of 411 other Grenadian bats of 6 species tested, including 56 A. jamaicensis. Rabies neutralizing antibody was detected by the rapid fluorescent focus inhibition test (RFFIT) in 27 of 353 Grenadian bats. Positives occurred in each of the 6 species sampled, with 40.5% prevalence in A. jamaicensis. In 11 of 86 Trinidadian bats of 4 species known to carry rabies, positive sera occurred only in A. jamaicensis (18.6%) and A. lituratus (18.1%). The potential use of the REFIT indetermining rabies activity is discussed.", "contents": "Rabies virus and antibody in bats in Grenada and Trinidad. Rabies virus was detected by fluorescent-antibody and mouse inoculation tests in the brain of one bat, Artibeus jamaicensis, collected at La Tante, Grenada on 19 June 1974. No rabies virus was found in the brains and/or salivary glands of 411 other Grenadian bats of 6 species tested, including 56 A. jamaicensis. Rabies neutralizing antibody was detected by the rapid fluorescent focus inhibition test (RFFIT) in 27 of 353 Grenadian bats. Positives occurred in each of the 6 species sampled, with 40.5% prevalence in A. jamaicensis. In 11 of 86 Trinidadian bats of 4 species known to carry rabies, positive sera occurred only in A. jamaicensis (18.6%) and A. lituratus (18.1%). The potential use of the REFIT indetermining rabies activity is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:864846", "title": "Meningeal worm-induced neurologic disease in black-tailed deer.", "content": "Neurologic disease attributable to Parelaphostrongylus tenuis was diagnosed in five black-tailed deer (Odocoileus hemionus columbianus) relocated from Oregon to Tennessee. Mortality occurred in the pre-release enclosure and in the release area. Infection with P. tenuis was considered the cause of an unsuccessful stocking attempt. In addition, neurologic disease was produced by experimental infection of a black-tailed x white-tailed deer hybrid. Clinical and pathologic findings were described for black-tailed and hybrid deer, and epizootiologic aspects of P. tenuis infections were discussed.", "contents": "Meningeal worm-induced neurologic disease in black-tailed deer. Neurologic disease attributable to Parelaphostrongylus tenuis was diagnosed in five black-tailed deer (Odocoileus hemionus columbianus) relocated from Oregon to Tennessee. Mortality occurred in the pre-release enclosure and in the release area. Infection with P. tenuis was considered the cause of an unsuccessful stocking attempt. In addition, neurologic disease was produced by experimental infection of a black-tailed x white-tailed deer hybrid. Clinical and pathologic findings were described for black-tailed and hybrid deer, and epizootiologic aspects of P. tenuis infections were discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:864847", "title": "Naturally-occurring leptospirosis in northern fur seals (Callorhinus ursinus).", "content": "A 4-year study of Northern fur seal (Callorhinus ursinus) leptospirosis in the Bering Sea has shown that in newborn pups Leptospira pomona is associated with a multiple hemorrhage syndrome. Adults may develop an interstitial nephritis and shed organisms in the urine. The hed prevalence, based on microscopic slide agglutination tests, ranged between 7.0% and 15.4% for adult females and 3-4 year old bachelor bulls, whereas nursing pups averaging 4 months of age had a prevalence of 2%. These results are used to conclude that leptospirosis is not acquired primarily on the breeding rookeries but rather is more frequently acquired subsequent to the  purps leaving the rookeries, presumably through the food chain during their first pelagic cycle.", "contents": "Naturally-occurring leptospirosis in northern fur seals (Callorhinus ursinus). A 4-year study of Northern fur seal (Callorhinus ursinus) leptospirosis in the Bering Sea has shown that in newborn pups Leptospira pomona is associated with a multiple hemorrhage syndrome. Adults may develop an interstitial nephritis and shed organisms in the urine. The hed prevalence, based on microscopic slide agglutination tests, ranged between 7.0% and 15.4% for adult females and 3-4 year old bachelor bulls, whereas nursing pups averaging 4 months of age had a prevalence of 2%. These results are used to conclude that leptospirosis is not acquired primarily on the breeding rookeries but rather is more frequently acquired subsequent to the  purps leaving the rookeries, presumably through the food chain during their first pelagic cycle."}
{"id": "PMID:864848", "title": "Prevalence and effects of Parelaphostrongylus tenuis in a captive wapiti population.", "content": "Prevalence of neurologic disease attributed to Parelaphostrongylus tenuis was investigated in a population of wapii (Cervus elaphus canadensis) enclosed in a 2080 ha. preserve. Brains of 44 animals harvested in 1973, 1974 and 1975 were examined grossly and microscopically. Prevalence of infection increased each year from 26.6% of the sample in 1973 to 64.3% in 1975. These data suggest that wapiti living close to white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) may have a high prevalence of infection, but many individuals may not show signs. Accordingly, routine histologic examination of natural mortality cases without supporting observations of clinical signs would be inadequate to define cause of death. While the effects of the parasite in the population studied did not produce a high herd mortality or a sudden die-off situation, the apparent greater susceptibility of the younger age-classes to the parasite would have a detrimental effect on population recruitment and might limit the growth of wapiti herds living in proximity to white-tailed deer that harbor P. tenuis.", "contents": "Prevalence and effects of Parelaphostrongylus tenuis in a captive wapiti population. Prevalence of neurologic disease attributed to Parelaphostrongylus tenuis was investigated in a population of wapii (Cervus elaphus canadensis) enclosed in a 2080 ha. preserve. Brains of 44 animals harvested in 1973, 1974 and 1975 were examined grossly and microscopically. Prevalence of infection increased each year from 26.6% of the sample in 1973 to 64.3% in 1975. These data suggest that wapiti living close to white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) may have a high prevalence of infection, but many individuals may not show signs. Accordingly, routine histologic examination of natural mortality cases without supporting observations of clinical signs would be inadequate to define cause of death. While the effects of the parasite in the population studied did not produce a high herd mortality or a sudden die-off situation, the apparent greater susceptibility of the younger age-classes to the parasite would have a detrimental effect on population recruitment and might limit the growth of wapiti herds living in proximity to white-tailed deer that harbor P. tenuis."}
{"id": "PMID:864849", "title": "Blindness in a coyote, Canis latrans, from the rolling plains of Texas.", "content": "Gross and histopathologic lesions in the eyes of a blind coyote, Canis latrans, collected in King County, Texas are discussed. The animal was in good condition and its age estimated at 7 years. The left globe presented with a superficial corneal erosion, a small punctate erosion, and an apparent lenticular opacity. Histologically, there was a mild anterior uveitis and lenticular degeneration with thickening of the anterior lens capsule, cataractous cortex with Morgagnian globules and bladder cells, and a dense nucleus. The right eye was a firm phthistic globe with thickened extraocular muscles and opaque cornea. Histologically, this presented as an adherent leucoma with partial loss of intraocular contents (retina, iris, and lens), intraocular bone undergoing haematopoiesis, a small granulomatous lesion with foreign body adjacent to the optic nerve in the dural sheath, and gliosis of the optic nerve. The loss of this eye probably resulted from a penetrating injury of the globe with partial loss of intraocular contents. Lesions noted in the eye may be interpreted as an acquired lenticular degeneration of the complicated type.", "contents": "Blindness in a coyote, Canis latrans, from the rolling plains of Texas. Gross and histopathologic lesions in the eyes of a blind coyote, Canis latrans, collected in King County, Texas are discussed. The animal was in good condition and its age estimated at 7 years. The left globe presented with a superficial corneal erosion, a small punctate erosion, and an apparent lenticular opacity. Histologically, there was a mild anterior uveitis and lenticular degeneration with thickening of the anterior lens capsule, cataractous cortex with Morgagnian globules and bladder cells, and a dense nucleus. The right eye was a firm phthistic globe with thickened extraocular muscles and opaque cornea. Histologically, this presented as an adherent leucoma with partial loss of intraocular contents (retina, iris, and lens), intraocular bone undergoing haematopoiesis, a small granulomatous lesion with foreign body adjacent to the optic nerve in the dural sheath, and gliosis of the optic nerve. The loss of this eye probably resulted from a penetrating injury of the globe with partial loss of intraocular contents. Lesions noted in the eye may be interpreted as an acquired lenticular degeneration of the complicated type."}
{"id": "PMID:864850", "title": "Myobacteriosis in turtles: cutaneous and hepatosplenic involvement in a Phrynops hilari.", "content": "Mycobacteriosis in a Phrynops hilari (side-necked turtle) was characterized by multiple caseating granulomas in the liver and spleen; pulmonary involvement did not occur. Granulomatous inflammation and organisms also were present in the skin, suggesting a cutaneous route of entry with hematogenous spread to visceral organs. Review of the four cases of chelonian mycobacteriosis in the literature indicated that pulmonary tubercules and plastral ulcerations are typical manifestations. The Mycobacterium species usually involved is M. chelonei.", "contents": "Myobacteriosis in turtles: cutaneous and hepatosplenic involvement in a Phrynops hilari. Mycobacteriosis in a Phrynops hilari (side-necked turtle) was characterized by multiple caseating granulomas in the liver and spleen; pulmonary involvement did not occur. Granulomatous inflammation and organisms also were present in the skin, suggesting a cutaneous route of entry with hematogenous spread to visceral organs. Review of the four cases of chelonian mycobacteriosis in the literature indicated that pulmonary tubercules and plastral ulcerations are typical manifestations. The Mycobacterium species usually involved is M. chelonei."}
{"id": "PMID:864851", "title": "Dermatophilus dermatitis enzootic in deer in New York State and vicinity.", "content": "In a recent 2-year period Dermatophilus congolensis infection, ranging from mild to very severe, was found in 15 white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) taken in southeastern New York State (12) adjacent New Jersey (2) and central Vermont (1). The host range for Dermatophilus congolensis is given.", "contents": "Dermatophilus dermatitis enzootic in deer in New York State and vicinity. In a recent 2-year period Dermatophilus congolensis infection, ranging from mild to very severe, was found in 15 white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) taken in southeastern New York State (12) adjacent New Jersey (2) and central Vermont (1). The host range for Dermatophilus congolensis is given."}
{"id": "PMID:864852", "title": "Aspergillosis in common crows in Nebraska, 1974.", "content": "During fall 1974, approximately 1,000 to 1,500 common crows (Corvus brachyrhynchos) died of aspergillosis in south-central Nebraska. The birds were debilitated, lethargic and dyspneic. On necropsy, typical lesions of aspergillosis were found in the lungs and air sacs. Histopathologic examination revealed granulomatous lesions around fungal hyphae in the respiratory system.", "contents": "Aspergillosis in common crows in Nebraska, 1974. During fall 1974, approximately 1,000 to 1,500 common crows (Corvus brachyrhynchos) died of aspergillosis in south-central Nebraska. The birds were debilitated, lethargic and dyspneic. On necropsy, typical lesions of aspergillosis were found in the lungs and air sacs. Histopathologic examination revealed granulomatous lesions around fungal hyphae in the respiratory system."}
{"id": "PMID:864853", "title": "An epornitic of avian cholera in waterfowl and common crows in Phelps County, Nebraska, in the spring, 1975.", "content": "In the spring of 1975, many species of waterfowl and common crows (Corvus brachyrhynchos) were found dead in Phelps County, Nebraska. About 25,000 water fowl and at least 3,000 crows died in the epornitic. Few waterfowl were seen dying, but the crows experienced a chronic illness during which they became debilitated and were lethargic and dyspneic. Gross and microscopic lesions in the waterfowl were typical for acute avian cholera. The crows had dark, firm areas within the lungs, loosely adhered yellow fibrous material in the pericardial sac and air sacs and, occasionally, liver abscesses. Microscopically, focal purulent pneumonia was present and a fibrinopurulent exudate overlaid a granulomatous reaction on the heart and lung surfaces. Isolation of Pasteurella multocida serotype 1 confirmed the diagnosis of acute and chronic avian cholera in the waterfowl and crows, respectively.", "contents": "An epornitic of avian cholera in waterfowl and common crows in Phelps County, Nebraska, in the spring, 1975. In the spring of 1975, many species of waterfowl and common crows (Corvus brachyrhynchos) were found dead in Phelps County, Nebraska. About 25,000 water fowl and at least 3,000 crows died in the epornitic. Few waterfowl were seen dying, but the crows experienced a chronic illness during which they became debilitated and were lethargic and dyspneic. Gross and microscopic lesions in the waterfowl were typical for acute avian cholera. The crows had dark, firm areas within the lungs, loosely adhered yellow fibrous material in the pericardial sac and air sacs and, occasionally, liver abscesses. Microscopically, focal purulent pneumonia was present and a fibrinopurulent exudate overlaid a granulomatous reaction on the heart and lung surfaces. Isolation of Pasteurella multocida serotype 1 confirmed the diagnosis of acute and chronic avian cholera in the waterfowl and crows, respectively."}
{"id": "PMID:864854", "title": "Rusa deer (Cervus timorensis) as a host for the cattle tick (Boophilus microplus) in Papua New Guinea.", "content": "The rusa deer (Cervus timorensis) is more resistant to the cattle tick (Boophlilus microplus) than are Britsh breed cattle in Papua New Guinea. The average yield of replete female ticks from deer was 1.6% (0.3-3.2%) as compared to 11.2% (3.4-23.1%) from calves. Ticks from deer were more slender, lighter in weight and produced fewer eggs (mean 1,800) than did ticks from calves (mean 2,200) but the deer was shown to be an effective host. A cervid population can maintain a tick population in the absence of bovine hosts thus presenting an important factor in eradication programs. Nutritional stress appears to result in a higher seasonal prevalence of infestation amongst males and non-pregnant females.", "contents": "Rusa deer (Cervus timorensis) as a host for the cattle tick (Boophilus microplus) in Papua New Guinea. The rusa deer (Cervus timorensis) is more resistant to the cattle tick (Boophlilus microplus) than are Britsh breed cattle in Papua New Guinea. The average yield of replete female ticks from deer was 1.6% (0.3-3.2%) as compared to 11.2% (3.4-23.1%) from calves. Ticks from deer were more slender, lighter in weight and produced fewer eggs (mean 1,800) than did ticks from calves (mean 2,200) but the deer was shown to be an effective host. A cervid population can maintain a tick population in the absence of bovine hosts thus presenting an important factor in eradication programs. Nutritional stress appears to result in a higher seasonal prevalence of infestation amongst males and non-pregnant females."}
{"id": "PMID:864857", "title": "[Study on cephaloridine concentration in bone marrow (author's transl)].", "content": "Cephaloridine (CER) concentration in the bone marrow of tibia was examined 1, 2, and 3 hours after intramuscular injection of 1 g. CER concentration in the bone marrow of tibia 1 hour after injection was 26.0+/-8.927 microng/ml. Ratio to serum was 78.5%. CER concentration in the bone marrow of tibia 2 hours after injection was 20.6+/-5.003 microng/ml. Ratio to serum was 87.3%. CER concentration of bone marrow of tibia 3 hours after injection was 14.8+/-4.79 microng/ml. Ratio to serum was 91.9%. Difference of concentration between in bone marrow and serum was not statistically significant. Penetration capacity of CER into the bone marrow of tibia was excellent.", "contents": "[Study on cephaloridine concentration in bone marrow (author's transl)]. Cephaloridine (CER) concentration in the bone marrow of tibia was examined 1, 2, and 3 hours after intramuscular injection of 1 g. CER concentration in the bone marrow of tibia 1 hour after injection was 26.0+/-8.927 microng/ml. Ratio to serum was 78.5%. CER concentration in the bone marrow of tibia 2 hours after injection was 20.6+/-5.003 microng/ml. Ratio to serum was 87.3%. CER concentration of bone marrow of tibia 3 hours after injection was 14.8+/-4.79 microng/ml. Ratio to serum was 91.9%. Difference of concentration between in bone marrow and serum was not statistically significant. Penetration capacity of CER into the bone marrow of tibia was excellent."}
{"id": "PMID:864858", "title": "[Neuromuscular blocking properties of tobramycin, dibekacin and ribostamycin in man (author's transl)].", "content": "Neuromuscular blocking properties of tobramycin (Tobracin 60mg), dibekacin (Panmycin 100 mg) and ribostamycin (Vistamycin 1g) were studied in man during anesthesia and surgery by observing the effects of these antibiotics on muscle twitch tension. These antibiotics alone did not show any neuromuscular blocking action in the therapeutic doses. The neuromuscular blocking action of d-tubocurarine chloride was potentiated by the intravenous administration of 1g of ribostamycin. Tobramycin 60mg did not show remarkable effect, but dibekacin 100mg produced a slight potentiating effect on the action of d-tubocurarine. The enhancement of the action of d-tubocurarine was anatagonized by edrophonium and calcium. The action of succinylcholine chloride was not affected by tobramycin or ribostamycin, but it was potentiated transitorily by dibekacin. It is advisable to pay attention to possible respiratory depression when ribostamycin and dibekacin and used in combination with non-depolarizing muscle relaxants and/or anesthetics.", "contents": "[Neuromuscular blocking properties of tobramycin, dibekacin and ribostamycin in man (author's transl)]. Neuromuscular blocking properties of tobramycin (Tobracin 60mg), dibekacin (Panmycin 100 mg) and ribostamycin (Vistamycin 1g) were studied in man during anesthesia and surgery by observing the effects of these antibiotics on muscle twitch tension. These antibiotics alone did not show any neuromuscular blocking action in the therapeutic doses. The neuromuscular blocking action of d-tubocurarine chloride was potentiated by the intravenous administration of 1g of ribostamycin. Tobramycin 60mg did not show remarkable effect, but dibekacin 100mg produced a slight potentiating effect on the action of d-tubocurarine. The enhancement of the action of d-tubocurarine was anatagonized by edrophonium and calcium. The action of succinylcholine chloride was not affected by tobramycin or ribostamycin, but it was potentiated transitorily by dibekacin. It is advisable to pay attention to possible respiratory depression when ribostamycin and dibekacin and used in combination with non-depolarizing muscle relaxants and/or anesthetics."}
{"id": "PMID:864859", "title": "[The clinical effect of antibiotics in the macrolide family on bronchial asthma. Non-antimicrobial actions of oleandomycin [author's transl)].", "content": "Non-antimicrobial actions of oleandomycin (triacetyloleandomycin and oleandomycin phosphate) were studied in patients with bronchial asthma. Twenty-one cases of the disease without associating infections entered the study, and they were given 750mg of oleandomycin or triacetryloleandomycin in three divided doses daily for two weeks. Clinical manifestations and laboratory findings were compared to assess the effectiveness of the antibiotic therapy between the three 2-week periods before, during and after the therapy. Improvements in clinical manifestations were attained in 11 of 21 cases (52.3%), and last after discontinuance of the therapy in 8(38.1%). The blood level of 11-OHCS as determined by the Demoorr's fluorescence method increased by greater than 20% at the end of thearpy in 7 of 18 cases (38.9%). In 5 of the 7 cases favorable responses were seen clinically to the oleandomycin therapy. The serum IgE level determined by the radioimmunosorbent test was compared before and after the therapy to reveal that oleandomycin caused decrease of IgE in 10 and increase in 9 of 20 cases examined. The oleandomycin therapy resulted increases by greater than 20% of the vital capacity and FEV 1.0 in 2 and 3, respectively, of 15 cases. Jaundice in association with elevations of the GOT, GPT and alkaline phosphatase developed in one patient, and generalized skin eruption in another. Both of these cases were given triacetyloleandomycin.", "contents": "[The clinical effect of antibiotics in the macrolide family on bronchial asthma. Non-antimicrobial actions of oleandomycin [author's transl)]. Non-antimicrobial actions of oleandomycin (triacetyloleandomycin and oleandomycin phosphate) were studied in patients with bronchial asthma. Twenty-one cases of the disease without associating infections entered the study, and they were given 750mg of oleandomycin or triacetryloleandomycin in three divided doses daily for two weeks. Clinical manifestations and laboratory findings were compared to assess the effectiveness of the antibiotic therapy between the three 2-week periods before, during and after the therapy. Improvements in clinical manifestations were attained in 11 of 21 cases (52.3%), and last after discontinuance of the therapy in 8(38.1%). The blood level of 11-OHCS as determined by the Demoorr's fluorescence method increased by greater than 20% at the end of thearpy in 7 of 18 cases (38.9%). In 5 of the 7 cases favorable responses were seen clinically to the oleandomycin therapy. The serum IgE level determined by the radioimmunosorbent test was compared before and after the therapy to reveal that oleandomycin caused decrease of IgE in 10 and increase in 9 of 20 cases examined. The oleandomycin therapy resulted increases by greater than 20% of the vital capacity and FEV 1.0 in 2 and 3, respectively, of 15 cases. Jaundice in association with elevations of the GOT, GPT and alkaline phosphatase developed in one patient, and generalized skin eruption in another. Both of these cases were given triacetyloleandomycin."}
{"id": "PMID:864862", "title": "Quantitative estimation of serum Ss level: changes upon the development of autoantibodies, environment and acute inflammation in inbred mice.", "content": "The level of the fourth complement component was quantitated in sera from several inbred strains of mice of various ages. In NZB and NC mice, which are known to produce autoantibodies spontaneously, the level of C4 increased from one month to six months of age, maintained high C4 levels until 10 months but showed a gradual decrease in serum C4 beginning at one year of age. Direct and indirect Coombs' antibodies were detected after 6 months of age in both strain. C4 level in BALB/c and C57BL/6J mice were relatively  constant throughout their life span. In order to determine whether or not antigen-antibody complexes induce the elevation of serum C4 level, either rabbit anti-mouse IgG serum or normal rabbit serum was injected intravenously into BALB/c mice. Sera obtained at various times were tested for C3 and C4 by single radial immunodiffusion. The results indicate that the C4 level elevated after the injection of rabbit anti-mouse IgG, but C3 levels did not change after the same treatment. Normal rabbit serum did not induce a detectable change in C3 and C4 level under the conditions used.", "contents": "Quantitative estimation of serum Ss level: changes upon the development of autoantibodies, environment and acute inflammation in inbred mice. The level of the fourth complement component was quantitated in sera from several inbred strains of mice of various ages. In NZB and NC mice, which are known to produce autoantibodies spontaneously, the level of C4 increased from one month to six months of age, maintained high C4 levels until 10 months but showed a gradual decrease in serum C4 beginning at one year of age. Direct and indirect Coombs' antibodies were detected after 6 months of age in both strain. C4 level in BALB/c and C57BL/6J mice were relatively  constant throughout their life span. In order to determine whether or not antigen-antibody complexes induce the elevation of serum C4 level, either rabbit anti-mouse IgG serum or normal rabbit serum was injected intravenously into BALB/c mice. Sera obtained at various times were tested for C3 and C4 by single radial immunodiffusion. The results indicate that the C4 level elevated after the injection of rabbit anti-mouse IgG, but C3 levels did not change after the same treatment. Normal rabbit serum did not induce a detectable change in C3 and C4 level under the conditions used."}
{"id": "PMID:864865", "title": "Quick increase of pulmonary blood flow in response to an acute alveolar hypoxia in human subjects.", "content": "The effects of acute alveolar hypoxia on pulmonary blood flow were studied in upright standing human subjects by means of a constant expiration technique combined with continuous analysis of the C2H2 fraction in the expired gas. The subject rapidly and deeply inhaled a gas mixture containing 4.87% C2H2, 0.99% O2, N2 for balance and exhaled the alveolar gas via a constant flow valve. The Po2, of the alveolar gas fell to 37.6+/-5.6 mmHg. The C2H2 curve showed a clear downward inflection 7 to 10 sec after the completion of washout of the dead space gas. This inflection indicates an increase of the C2H2 uptake rate produced by an increase in pulmonary blood flow. The pulmonary blood flow calculated for the time range of 10.0 to 12.5 sec after the establishment of acute alveolar hypoxia (6.5+/-1.11/min) was significantly larger than the blood flow under normoxia (5.5+/-0.91/min). This increase associated with a quick rise in systemic arterial blood pressure which was probably induced by a chemical reflex.", "contents": "Quick increase of pulmonary blood flow in response to an acute alveolar hypoxia in human subjects. The effects of acute alveolar hypoxia on pulmonary blood flow were studied in upright standing human subjects by means of a constant expiration technique combined with continuous analysis of the C2H2 fraction in the expired gas. The subject rapidly and deeply inhaled a gas mixture containing 4.87% C2H2, 0.99% O2, N2 for balance and exhaled the alveolar gas via a constant flow valve. The Po2, of the alveolar gas fell to 37.6+/-5.6 mmHg. The C2H2 curve showed a clear downward inflection 7 to 10 sec after the completion of washout of the dead space gas. This inflection indicates an increase of the C2H2 uptake rate produced by an increase in pulmonary blood flow. The pulmonary blood flow calculated for the time range of 10.0 to 12.5 sec after the establishment of acute alveolar hypoxia (6.5+/-1.11/min) was significantly larger than the blood flow under normoxia (5.5+/-0.91/min). This increase associated with a quick rise in systemic arterial blood pressure which was probably induced by a chemical reflex."}
{"id": "PMID:864866", "title": "Effect of ions and drugs on the plateau potential in the circular muscle of pregnant rat myometrium.", "content": "Effect of Na, Ca, anions and isoprenaline on the plateau potential in circular muscle of 11- to 13-day pregnant rat myometrium were investigated using the double sucrose gap method. During the plateau potential, which amounted about 15-20 mV and lasted for 10-20 sec, the membrane conductance increased initially, then decreased. The amplitude and duration of the plateau potential increased by raising the external Ca concentration to between 0.3 and 3 mM, and decreased when the concentration was increased more. The plateau was prolonged in low Na solutin (54 mM). When 154 mM Cl was replaced with Br the plateau was prolonged, however, the plateau was nearly suppressed when Cl was replaced with benzene sulphonate or isethionate. Isoprenaline increased membrane conductance and depressed the plateau. It was concluded that a decrease in K conductance was largely responsible for the plateau potential, and an inward Ca current may have contributed to its formation.", "contents": "Effect of ions and drugs on the plateau potential in the circular muscle of pregnant rat myometrium. Effect of Na, Ca, anions and isoprenaline on the plateau potential in circular muscle of 11- to 13-day pregnant rat myometrium were investigated using the double sucrose gap method. During the plateau potential, which amounted about 15-20 mV and lasted for 10-20 sec, the membrane conductance increased initially, then decreased. The amplitude and duration of the plateau potential increased by raising the external Ca concentration to between 0.3 and 3 mM, and decreased when the concentration was increased more. The plateau was prolonged in low Na solutin (54 mM). When 154 mM Cl was replaced with Br the plateau was prolonged, however, the plateau was nearly suppressed when Cl was replaced with benzene sulphonate or isethionate. Isoprenaline increased membrane conductance and depressed the plateau. It was concluded that a decrease in K conductance was largely responsible for the plateau potential, and an inward Ca current may have contributed to its formation."}
{"id": "PMID:864867", "title": "Effects of ions and drugs on the negative afterpotential in the longitudinal muscle of pregnant rat myometrium.", "content": "Effect of Na, Ca anions and drugs (isoprenaline, TEA, procaine) on the negative afterpotential in the longitudinal muscle of pregnant rat myometrium were investigated using the double sucrose gap method. The negative afterpotential having a peak amplitude of about 15 mV decayed initially rapidly then slowly, the total duration being about 1 sec. Raising the external Ca concentration up to 10 mM or reducing Na to 54 mM increased the amplitude of the negative afterpotential. Replacement of Cl with Br enhanced the negative afterpotential and and replacement with benzene sulphonate or isethionate depressed it. The application of 10 mM TEA increased, while 10 mM procaine reduced the amplitude of both spike and negative afterpotential. 10(-10)-107(-8)g/ml isoprenaline depressed the negative afterpotential dosedependently, while leaving the spike potential nearly unaffected. It was concluded that the negative afterpotential was composed of a least two ionic mechanisms, one of Cl origin, the other of Ca origin.", "contents": "Effects of ions and drugs on the negative afterpotential in the longitudinal muscle of pregnant rat myometrium. Effect of Na, Ca anions and drugs (isoprenaline, TEA, procaine) on the negative afterpotential in the longitudinal muscle of pregnant rat myometrium were investigated using the double sucrose gap method. The negative afterpotential having a peak amplitude of about 15 mV decayed initially rapidly then slowly, the total duration being about 1 sec. Raising the external Ca concentration up to 10 mM or reducing Na to 54 mM increased the amplitude of the negative afterpotential. Replacement of Cl with Br enhanced the negative afterpotential and and replacement with benzene sulphonate or isethionate depressed it. The application of 10 mM TEA increased, while 10 mM procaine reduced the amplitude of both spike and negative afterpotential. 10(-10)-107(-8)g/ml isoprenaline depressed the negative afterpotential dosedependently, while leaving the spike potential nearly unaffected. It was concluded that the negative afterpotential was composed of a least two ionic mechanisms, one of Cl origin, the other of Ca origin."}
{"id": "PMID:864868", "title": "Ionic mechanism of water receptors in the laryngeal mucosa of the rabbit.", "content": "The effects of various ions on water response was studied by recording unitary discharges in single superior laryngeal nerve fibers of the rabbit. The water response was strongly influenced by anions. The inorganic anions used were divided into two groups. One group consisted of anions which depress the water response (depressing anions), the depressing action sequence being SCN- greater than Br- greater than than Cl- greater than I- greater than NO-3. Another one consisted of anions which facilitate the water response (facilitating anions), the facilitating action sequence being citrate greater than SO34- greater than IO-3 greater than F- greater than BrO-3 greater than acetate. Physicochemically, facilitating anions belong to \"the water structure-making ions\" group; on the other hand, depressing anions belong to \"the water structure-breaking ions\" group. SO34- weakened the depressing effect of Cl- when the concentration of Cl- was below 60 mM, and enhanced it when the concentration was above 60 mM. Na+ and Li+ had no appreciable effect on the water unit activity, but K+ had a weakly stimulating effect. It is concluded that an outflux of anions through the membrane stimulates the water receptor while an influx of anions depresses it, and SO34- facilitates Cl- permeability. The mechanism of the facilitating effect of SO24- on Cl- permeation is discussed in terms of the interaction between the water structure surrounding the ions and the receptor membrane.", "contents": "Ionic mechanism of water receptors in the laryngeal mucosa of the rabbit. The effects of various ions on water response was studied by recording unitary discharges in single superior laryngeal nerve fibers of the rabbit. The water response was strongly influenced by anions. The inorganic anions used were divided into two groups. One group consisted of anions which depress the water response (depressing anions), the depressing action sequence being SCN- greater than Br- greater than than Cl- greater than I- greater than NO-3. Another one consisted of anions which facilitate the water response (facilitating anions), the facilitating action sequence being citrate greater than SO34- greater than IO-3 greater than F- greater than BrO-3 greater than acetate. Physicochemically, facilitating anions belong to \"the water structure-making ions\" group; on the other hand, depressing anions belong to \"the water structure-breaking ions\" group. SO34- weakened the depressing effect of Cl- when the concentration of Cl- was below 60 mM, and enhanced it when the concentration was above 60 mM. Na+ and Li+ had no appreciable effect on the water unit activity, but K+ had a weakly stimulating effect. It is concluded that an outflux of anions through the membrane stimulates the water receptor while an influx of anions depresses it, and SO34- facilitates Cl- permeability. The mechanism of the facilitating effect of SO24- on Cl- permeation is discussed in terms of the interaction between the water structure surrounding the ions and the receptor membrane."}
{"id": "PMID:864869", "title": "Effect of hemolysin produced by Vibrio parahaemolyticus on membrane conductance and mechanical tension of rabbit myocardium.", "content": "The mechanisms of the action of hemolysin extracted from Vibrio parahaemolyticus in the S-A node and right atrium cells of rabbit were studied by means of the single sucrose gap and isometric tension recording methods. Hemolysin caused the membrane to depolarize reversibly without affecting the action potential generating mechanism. Lowering of [Na+]o inhibited membrane depolarization in the presence of hemolysin while the readmission of normal Tyrode solution induced depolarization. Tetrodotoxin (TTX) barely antagonized the depolarizing action of hemolysin but slowed the rate of development of depolarization. Therefore, this depolarization is considered to be primarily due to the increase in conductance to Na which TTX may not block. The dose-response relationship was obtained by measuring a change in membrane resistance. The concentration necessary to yield one-half of the maximum reduction of the membrane was determined to by 7.5 micrograms/ml. Accumulation of Na within the cell may be responsible for an increase of twitch tension observed during the action of a low concentration of hemolysin. On the other hand, a higher concentration of hemolysin seemed to promote exchange of intracellar Na with extracellular Ca, especially when the Na concentration of the perfusing solution was reduced, and led to stronger contracture.", "contents": "Effect of hemolysin produced by Vibrio parahaemolyticus on membrane conductance and mechanical tension of rabbit myocardium. The mechanisms of the action of hemolysin extracted from Vibrio parahaemolyticus in the S-A node and right atrium cells of rabbit were studied by means of the single sucrose gap and isometric tension recording methods. Hemolysin caused the membrane to depolarize reversibly without affecting the action potential generating mechanism. Lowering of [Na+]o inhibited membrane depolarization in the presence of hemolysin while the readmission of normal Tyrode solution induced depolarization. Tetrodotoxin (TTX) barely antagonized the depolarizing action of hemolysin but slowed the rate of development of depolarization. Therefore, this depolarization is considered to be primarily due to the increase in conductance to Na which TTX may not block. The dose-response relationship was obtained by measuring a change in membrane resistance. The concentration necessary to yield one-half of the maximum reduction of the membrane was determined to by 7.5 micrograms/ml. Accumulation of Na within the cell may be responsible for an increase of twitch tension observed during the action of a low concentration of hemolysin. On the other hand, a higher concentration of hemolysin seemed to promote exchange of intracellar Na with extracellular Ca, especially when the Na concentration of the perfusing solution was reduced, and led to stronger contracture."}
{"id": "PMID:864870", "title": "The electrogenic sodium pump and conductance changes in the post-tetanic hyperpolarization of crayfish median giant axons.", "content": "The mechanism of post-tetanic hyperpolarization (PTH) occurrence was investigated using the intracellar recording technique. The median giant axon of a crayfish abdominal nerve cord was repetitively stimulated to elicit PTH. When the membrane potential was hyperpolarized by intracellularly applied currents, PTH reversed its sign. K+ removal from the external medium increased the size of PTH and shifted its reversal potential in the hyperpolarizing direction. This results shows that an increase in K+ conductance contributes to the formation of PTH. In a K+-free medium, the size of PTH was reduced by replacement of Na+ with Li+ in the external medium, by application of ouabain or DNP, or by cooling. These procedures shifted the reversal potential in the depolarizing direction. These findings are interpreted as showing that, with K+ absent, PTH is partly due to the activity of electrogenic Na pump. With lowering of external Na+ concentration, PTH became larger and the reversal potential moved in the hyperpolarizing direction. The experiment suggests that Na+ conductance is also increased when PTH is elicited because one expects the amount of Na+ entering per impulse and the activation of the Na pump to be reduced by reducing Na+ concentration in the external medium. It is concluded that PTH in the median giant axons of crayfish is produced by at least two mechanisms. One is an increase in activity of the electrogenic Na pump, and the other is an increase of membrane conductance to K+ and Na+.", "contents": "The electrogenic sodium pump and conductance changes in the post-tetanic hyperpolarization of crayfish median giant axons. The mechanism of post-tetanic hyperpolarization (PTH) occurrence was investigated using the intracellar recording technique. The median giant axon of a crayfish abdominal nerve cord was repetitively stimulated to elicit PTH. When the membrane potential was hyperpolarized by intracellularly applied currents, PTH reversed its sign. K+ removal from the external medium increased the size of PTH and shifted its reversal potential in the hyperpolarizing direction. This results shows that an increase in K+ conductance contributes to the formation of PTH. In a K+-free medium, the size of PTH was reduced by replacement of Na+ with Li+ in the external medium, by application of ouabain or DNP, or by cooling. These procedures shifted the reversal potential in the depolarizing direction. These findings are interpreted as showing that, with K+ absent, PTH is partly due to the activity of electrogenic Na pump. With lowering of external Na+ concentration, PTH became larger and the reversal potential moved in the hyperpolarizing direction. The experiment suggests that Na+ conductance is also increased when PTH is elicited because one expects the amount of Na+ entering per impulse and the activation of the Na pump to be reduced by reducing Na+ concentration in the external medium. It is concluded that PTH in the median giant axons of crayfish is produced by at least two mechanisms. One is an increase in activity of the electrogenic Na pump, and the other is an increase of membrane conductance to K+ and Na+."}
{"id": "PMID:864871", "title": "Effects of gastrointestinal hormones on the electrical and mechanical activities of the cat small intestine.", "content": "Effects of gastrointestinal hormones on the electrical and mechanical activities of the smooth muscle of the cat small intestine were examined. Both spontaneous electrical and mechanical activities of the intestinal smooth muscle were inhibited by tetragastrin, pentagastrin and pancreozymin. The spike activity and the phasic contraction of the smooth muscle were depressed by these hormones while the slow waves were maintaned. On the other hand, secretin showed an excitatory action on the mechanical activity of the isolated preparation of smooth muscle. Spike activity disappeared and the level of tone was increased gradually. The inhibitory and excitatory actions of each hormone on the mechanical activity were not abolished by the application of atropine and tetrodotoxin. Furthermore, the inhibitory effects of pentagastin and pancreozymin on the smooth muscle were not antagonized with phenoxybenzamine or propranolol. These results suggest that the inhibitory actions of pentagastrin and pancreozymin on the smooth muscle were not mediated by alpha or beta receptors and not due to the stimulation of an inhibitory nervous system in the gut. Antagonistic relations between secretin and pentagastrin and also between secretin and pancreozymin were observ ed. The mechanisms of the actions of gastrointestinal hormones are discussed.", "contents": "Effects of gastrointestinal hormones on the electrical and mechanical activities of the cat small intestine. Effects of gastrointestinal hormones on the electrical and mechanical activities of the smooth muscle of the cat small intestine were examined. Both spontaneous electrical and mechanical activities of the intestinal smooth muscle were inhibited by tetragastrin, pentagastrin and pancreozymin. The spike activity and the phasic contraction of the smooth muscle were depressed by these hormones while the slow waves were maintaned. On the other hand, secretin showed an excitatory action on the mechanical activity of the isolated preparation of smooth muscle. Spike activity disappeared and the level of tone was increased gradually. The inhibitory and excitatory actions of each hormone on the mechanical activity were not abolished by the application of atropine and tetrodotoxin. Furthermore, the inhibitory effects of pentagastin and pancreozymin on the smooth muscle were not antagonized with phenoxybenzamine or propranolol. These results suggest that the inhibitory actions of pentagastrin and pancreozymin on the smooth muscle were not mediated by alpha or beta receptors and not due to the stimulation of an inhibitory nervous system in the gut. Antagonistic relations between secretin and pentagastrin and also between secretin and pancreozymin were observ ed. The mechanisms of the actions of gastrointestinal hormones are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:864873", "title": "Specific pressor activity and stability of synthetic angiotensins.", "content": "Specific pressor activity of Asp1-Val5-antiotensins I and II was determined by a 4-point assay in rats against various synthetic angiotensins. Specific pressor activity of various angiotensins was also obtained from the dose-blood pressure-response (DR) curve, using a single angiotensin sample per rat. Comparison of two values showed that two angiotensins interacted in the 4-point assay, yielding a potentiation factor of 0.465-1.373. Therefore, specific pressor activity from DR curve is more reliable, because two angiotensins are not able to interact. Potency ratio on a molar basis of Asp1-IIe5-angiotensin I, Asp1-Val5-angiotensins I and II, Asn1-Val5-angiotensin II (Ciba Lot-094691), and Asp1-Val5-Ser9-angiotensin I against Asp1-IIe5-angiotensin II were 0.76, 0.91, 2.02, 0.50, and 1.39, respectively. Asp1-Val5-angiotensin II had twice the pressor activity of Asp1-IIe5-angiotensin II. Lyophylized Asp1-IIe5-angiotensins I and II kept desiccated at --20 degrees C, were stable for 27 months. Solutions of 100, 10, and 0.8 microng/ml were stable for 12, 8, and 6 months at--20 degrees C, respectively.", "contents": "Specific pressor activity and stability of synthetic angiotensins. Specific pressor activity of Asp1-Val5-antiotensins I and II was determined by a 4-point assay in rats against various synthetic angiotensins. Specific pressor activity of various angiotensins was also obtained from the dose-blood pressure-response (DR) curve, using a single angiotensin sample per rat. Comparison of two values showed that two angiotensins interacted in the 4-point assay, yielding a potentiation factor of 0.465-1.373. Therefore, specific pressor activity from DR curve is more reliable, because two angiotensins are not able to interact. Potency ratio on a molar basis of Asp1-IIe5-angiotensin I, Asp1-Val5-angiotensins I and II, Asn1-Val5-angiotensin II (Ciba Lot-094691), and Asp1-Val5-Ser9-angiotensin I against Asp1-IIe5-angiotensin II were 0.76, 0.91, 2.02, 0.50, and 1.39, respectively. Asp1-Val5-angiotensin II had twice the pressor activity of Asp1-IIe5-angiotensin II. Lyophylized Asp1-IIe5-angiotensins I and II kept desiccated at --20 degrees C, were stable for 27 months. Solutions of 100, 10, and 0.8 microng/ml were stable for 12, 8, and 6 months at--20 degrees C, respectively."}
{"id": "PMID:864882", "title": "Effects of 1-methyl-5-chloroindoline methylbromide (S-6) on Renshaw cells of cats.", "content": "Effects of 1-methyl-5-chloroindoline methylbromide (S-6) on Renshaw cells were investigated in cats anesthetized with pentobarbital sodium. S-6 proved to have little effect on spike discharges of Renshaw cells when administered intravenously, but the agent electrophoretically applied revealed excitatory effects which resembled the action of methacholine and such effects were blocked by intravenous administration of atropine. It was conlcuded that (1) S-6 is impermeant to the blood brain barrier and (2) the excitatory action of S-6 on Renshaw cells is muscarinic in nature.", "contents": "Effects of 1-methyl-5-chloroindoline methylbromide (S-6) on Renshaw cells of cats. Effects of 1-methyl-5-chloroindoline methylbromide (S-6) on Renshaw cells were investigated in cats anesthetized with pentobarbital sodium. S-6 proved to have little effect on spike discharges of Renshaw cells when administered intravenously, but the agent electrophoretically applied revealed excitatory effects which resembled the action of methacholine and such effects were blocked by intravenous administration of atropine. It was conlcuded that (1) S-6 is impermeant to the blood brain barrier and (2) the excitatory action of S-6 on Renshaw cells is muscarinic in nature."}
{"id": "PMID:864883", "title": "Effect of clonidine on blood pressure, heart rate and body temperature in conscious rats.", "content": "Effects of clonidine on blood pressure, heart rate and rectal temperature in conscious rats were examined. Clonidine (0.1-1 mg/kg s.c.) caused a prevailing pressor response and dose-dependently a fall in heart rate and body temperature. The pressor response to clonidine (0.3 mg/kg s.c.) was completely reduced by phentolamine (10 mg/kg s.c.), chlorpromazine (10 mg/kg s.c.) but not by hexamethonium (30 mg/kg i.p.), guanethidine (30 mg/kg s.c.) or reserpine (5 mg/kg s.c. 18 hr + mg/kg i.p. 4 hr prior to clonidine). Conversely, a remarkable potentiation of the pressor response to clonidine was observed after treatment with reserpine. The bradycardia with clonidine (0.3 mg/kg s.c.) was significanlty reduced by phentolamine, chlorpromazine or atropine (5 mg/kg s.c.) but was potentiated by reserpine. The hypothermia with clonidine (0.3 mg/kg s.c.) was not influenced by phentolamine or atropine but was significanlty potentiated by chlorpromazine. From the above results it is suggested that the prevailing pressor response to clonidine in conscious rats is due to a stimulation of peripheral alpha-adrenoceptors, the bradycardia with clonidine is exerted through the sympathetic pathway and the baroceptor-vagal reflex, and that the hypothermia with clonidine is mainly due to the central mechanism.", "contents": "Effect of clonidine on blood pressure, heart rate and body temperature in conscious rats. Effects of clonidine on blood pressure, heart rate and rectal temperature in conscious rats were examined. Clonidine (0.1-1 mg/kg s.c.) caused a prevailing pressor response and dose-dependently a fall in heart rate and body temperature. The pressor response to clonidine (0.3 mg/kg s.c.) was completely reduced by phentolamine (10 mg/kg s.c.), chlorpromazine (10 mg/kg s.c.) but not by hexamethonium (30 mg/kg i.p.), guanethidine (30 mg/kg s.c.) or reserpine (5 mg/kg s.c. 18 hr + mg/kg i.p. 4 hr prior to clonidine). Conversely, a remarkable potentiation of the pressor response to clonidine was observed after treatment with reserpine. The bradycardia with clonidine (0.3 mg/kg s.c.) was significanlty reduced by phentolamine, chlorpromazine or atropine (5 mg/kg s.c.) but was potentiated by reserpine. The hypothermia with clonidine (0.3 mg/kg s.c.) was not influenced by phentolamine or atropine but was significanlty potentiated by chlorpromazine. From the above results it is suggested that the prevailing pressor response to clonidine in conscious rats is due to a stimulation of peripheral alpha-adrenoceptors, the bradycardia with clonidine is exerted through the sympathetic pathway and the baroceptor-vagal reflex, and that the hypothermia with clonidine is mainly due to the central mechanism."}
{"id": "PMID:864884", "title": "Studies on increased bile formation produced by polyoxybenzenes in rats.", "content": "Mechanism of hypercholeretic effect of three polyoxybenzenes, 2,4,6-trihydroxypropiophenone (THPP), 4-methylumbelliferone (4-MU) and 3-(2',4',5'-triethoxybenzoyl)propionic acid (AA-149), was studied in rats. Biliary clearance of 14C-labeled erythritol indicated that all the choleretics increased canalicular bile production. AA-149 excreted in the bile chiefly as the glucuronide provided no significant osmotic drive for bile formation. Both the biliary bile acid concentration and total biliary excretion of bile acids were lower in the rats treated with THPP, 4-MU or AA-149 than in control rats. These choleretics were also effective in the isolated rat liver perfusion system, in which concentration and output of biliary bile acids were low. Thus, it was unlikely that bile acids were involved in the hypercholeresis induced by the choleretics. THPP, 4-MU and AA-149 increased biliary excretion of sodium both in the biliary-cannulated rats and in the isolated rat liver perfusion system. It was concluded that the hypercholeresis induced by THPP, 4-MU and AA-149 was due to an enhanced formation of the bile acid-independent fraction of canalicular origin, probably mediated by the active transfer of sodium into the canaliculi.", "contents": "Studies on increased bile formation produced by polyoxybenzenes in rats. Mechanism of hypercholeretic effect of three polyoxybenzenes, 2,4,6-trihydroxypropiophenone (THPP), 4-methylumbelliferone (4-MU) and 3-(2',4',5'-triethoxybenzoyl)propionic acid (AA-149), was studied in rats. Biliary clearance of 14C-labeled erythritol indicated that all the choleretics increased canalicular bile production. AA-149 excreted in the bile chiefly as the glucuronide provided no significant osmotic drive for bile formation. Both the biliary bile acid concentration and total biliary excretion of bile acids were lower in the rats treated with THPP, 4-MU or AA-149 than in control rats. These choleretics were also effective in the isolated rat liver perfusion system, in which concentration and output of biliary bile acids were low. Thus, it was unlikely that bile acids were involved in the hypercholeresis induced by the choleretics. THPP, 4-MU and AA-149 increased biliary excretion of sodium both in the biliary-cannulated rats and in the isolated rat liver perfusion system. It was concluded that the hypercholeresis induced by THPP, 4-MU and AA-149 was due to an enhanced formation of the bile acid-independent fraction of canalicular origin, probably mediated by the active transfer of sodium into the canaliculi."}
{"id": "PMID:864885", "title": "Autotransfusion in the emergency department of a community hospital.", "content": "The Bentley-100-Autotransfusion System was used in eight cases in the emergency department of St. Francis Hospital of Lynwood. The majority of the patients sustained massive chest trauma and the amount of blood salvaged ranged from 1,600 to 14,000 cc. Although the clotting factors and platelet counts altered greatly during the first postoperative days, they returned to normal within 72 hours. The advantages, disadvantages, and controversial areas in autotransfusion are discussed.", "contents": "Autotransfusion in the emergency department of a community hospital. The Bentley-100-Autotransfusion System was used in eight cases in the emergency department of St. Francis Hospital of Lynwood. The majority of the patients sustained massive chest trauma and the amount of blood salvaged ranged from 1,600 to 14,000 cc. Although the clotting factors and platelet counts altered greatly during the first postoperative days, they returned to normal within 72 hours. The advantages, disadvantages, and controversial areas in autotransfusion are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:864886", "title": "Diagnosis of myocardial contusion in blunt chest trauma.", "content": "Of 20 patients with blunt chest trauma who underwent cardiac scanning, serial electrocardiography and cardiac monitoring to rule out myocardial contusion, four had positive cardiac scans. All four had electrocardiographic abnormalities: three had nonspecific ST-T wave changes, and the fourth had electrocardiographic evidence of an acute subendocardial infarction. Of the 16 patients with negative scans, five had normal electrocardiograms. In the remaining 11 patients, factors other than myocardial contusion were suspected causes of electrocardiographic abnormalities. On the basis of this data, electrocardiogram changes in the traumatized patient have various causes. Cardiac scanning appears to be a useful adjunct to electrocardiography in confirming the presence of myocardial contusion.", "contents": "Diagnosis of myocardial contusion in blunt chest trauma. Of 20 patients with blunt chest trauma who underwent cardiac scanning, serial electrocardiography and cardiac monitoring to rule out myocardial contusion, four had positive cardiac scans. All four had electrocardiographic abnormalities: three had nonspecific ST-T wave changes, and the fourth had electrocardiographic evidence of an acute subendocardial infarction. Of the 16 patients with negative scans, five had normal electrocardiograms. In the remaining 11 patients, factors other than myocardial contusion were suspected causes of electrocardiographic abnormalities. On the basis of this data, electrocardiogram changes in the traumatized patient have various causes. Cardiac scanning appears to be a useful adjunct to electrocardiography in confirming the presence of myocardial contusion."}
{"id": "PMID:864887", "title": "Conservative management of fingertip amputations.", "content": "A method of conservative treatment of fingertip amputations, allowing for spontaneous healing of the defect, was evaluated in a one-year study involving 17 consecutive patients and 21 amputations. Six presented with exposed bone in the lesion. These injuries healed with excellent results in terms of maintenace of maximum finger length and minimization of cosmetic deformity and functional disability. Rapid retrun to work was possible in most cases and morbidity associated with surgery was avoided.", "contents": "Conservative management of fingertip amputations. A method of conservative treatment of fingertip amputations, allowing for spontaneous healing of the defect, was evaluated in a one-year study involving 17 consecutive patients and 21 amputations. Six presented with exposed bone in the lesion. These injuries healed with excellent results in terms of maintenace of maximum finger length and minimization of cosmetic deformity and functional disability. Rapid retrun to work was possible in most cases and morbidity associated with surgery was avoided."}
{"id": "PMID:864888", "title": "An emergency department radiology audit procedure.", "content": "An audit was done to ascertain the concordance of radiographic interpretation by the emergency physician and the radiologist. In 8,021 radiographic procedures during the two-month study, concordance of interpretation was found in 97.6%. The primary area of interpretation difficulty was chest radiographs. Specifically, there was limited agreement (10 of 45 films, 22%) regarding the reading of inflammatory processes. Despite this, 40 of the 45 patients (89%) whose chest radiographs were reviewed received proper therapy. The findings in five radiographs were deemed to be significant enough to possibly lead to changes in management.", "contents": "An emergency department radiology audit procedure. An audit was done to ascertain the concordance of radiographic interpretation by the emergency physician and the radiologist. In 8,021 radiographic procedures during the two-month study, concordance of interpretation was found in 97.6%. The primary area of interpretation difficulty was chest radiographs. Specifically, there was limited agreement (10 of 45 films, 22%) regarding the reading of inflammatory processes. Despite this, 40 of the 45 patients (89%) whose chest radiographs were reviewed received proper therapy. The findings in five radiographs were deemed to be significant enough to possibly lead to changes in management."}
{"id": "PMID:864889", "title": "The continuing emergency care clinic: improving patient compliance with follow-up care.", "content": "Traditionally, emergency patients have been noted for high rates of noncompliance with appointments in outpatient clinics for follow-up care. S study of cases referred for follow-up care at the outpatient clinic of The Medical College of Pennsylvania showed that less than 20% of the patients kept their appointments. To cope with this problem, a Continuing Emergency Care (CEC) clinic was established on the assumption that a change in structural environment could change noncompliance behavior patterns. The clinic is a small unit near the emergency department, separate from the larger hospital outpatient clinic area. Patient compliance data were collected on each case referred to the CEC clinic during a three-month period. Findings showed a threefold increase in appointment compliance over the previous study in which referrals were made to the hospital clinics.", "contents": "The continuing emergency care clinic: improving patient compliance with follow-up care. Traditionally, emergency patients have been noted for high rates of noncompliance with appointments in outpatient clinics for follow-up care. S study of cases referred for follow-up care at the outpatient clinic of The Medical College of Pennsylvania showed that less than 20% of the patients kept their appointments. To cope with this problem, a Continuing Emergency Care (CEC) clinic was established on the assumption that a change in structural environment could change noncompliance behavior patterns. The clinic is a small unit near the emergency department, separate from the larger hospital outpatient clinic area. Patient compliance data were collected on each case referred to the CEC clinic during a three-month period. Findings showed a threefold increase in appointment compliance over the previous study in which referrals were made to the hospital clinics."}
{"id": "PMID:864890", "title": "A unique approach to evaluation of emergency care.", "content": "A quality care evaluation system was designed to serve as a framework for on-going research in the area of quality assurance in emergency medicine. It included a set of basic evaluation tools, such as direct observation of patient care, record review and analysis, and patient follow-up interview for outcome. These tools are used in an attempt to quantify relationships between quality care and patient outcome.", "contents": "A unique approach to evaluation of emergency care. A quality care evaluation system was designed to serve as a framework for on-going research in the area of quality assurance in emergency medicine. It included a set of basic evaluation tools, such as direct observation of patient care, record review and analysis, and patient follow-up interview for outcome. These tools are used in an attempt to quantify relationships between quality care and patient outcome."}
{"id": "PMID:864891", "title": "Pedestrian injuries near disabled vehicles.", "content": "Six cases of pedestrians injured near disabled vehicles and treated at Denver General Hospital are reviewed, with special attention paid to their cause. All occurred next to disabled or stopped vehicles. The serious injuries sustained could be avoided with public education.", "contents": "Pedestrian injuries near disabled vehicles. Six cases of pedestrians injured near disabled vehicles and treated at Denver General Hospital are reviewed, with special attention paid to their cause. All occurred next to disabled or stopped vehicles. The serious injuries sustained could be avoided with public education."}
{"id": "PMID:864892", "title": "Intravenous regional anesthesia.", "content": "A series of 33 patients who underwent intravenous regional anesthesia for treatment of orthopedic and surgical procedures is reported. Intravenous regional anethesia is a safe and reliable alternative to general or other regional anesthesia techniques for use in the emergency department. The technique is easily mastered and requires minimal special equipment. The agent of choice is lidocaine in a dosage of 3 mg/kg administered as a 0.5% solution. Complications are few and are usually related to rapid systemic absorption of the anesthetic agent or minor mistakes in technique.", "contents": "Intravenous regional anesthesia. A series of 33 patients who underwent intravenous regional anesthesia for treatment of orthopedic and surgical procedures is reported. Intravenous regional anethesia is a safe and reliable alternative to general or other regional anesthesia techniques for use in the emergency department. The technique is easily mastered and requires minimal special equipment. The agent of choice is lidocaine in a dosage of 3 mg/kg administered as a 0.5% solution. Complications are few and are usually related to rapid systemic absorption of the anesthetic agent or minor mistakes in technique."}
{"id": "PMID:864893", "title": "Application of a versatile instrument for production of cutaneous anesthesia without needle penetration of the skin.", "content": "A self-contained jet injector, the Syrjet Mk II, can be used for needleless injection of anesthetic agents into the skin and subcutaneous tissues. Although designed for dental use, its compact size, simplicity, and versatility make it suited for many medical applications where a relatively small anesthetic field is desired, especially in children. It provides an anesthetic area for the introduction of standard hypodermic needles for more extensive tissue infiltration, or for definitive anesthesia for procedures such as marrow aspiration, biopsies, small lesion excision, and in certain field blocks such as digital or facial sensory. It is significantly free of side effects and complications.", "contents": "Application of a versatile instrument for production of cutaneous anesthesia without needle penetration of the skin. A self-contained jet injector, the Syrjet Mk II, can be used for needleless injection of anesthetic agents into the skin and subcutaneous tissues. Although designed for dental use, its compact size, simplicity, and versatility make it suited for many medical applications where a relatively small anesthetic field is desired, especially in children. It provides an anesthetic area for the introduction of standard hypodermic needles for more extensive tissue infiltration, or for definitive anesthesia for procedures such as marrow aspiration, biopsies, small lesion excision, and in certain field blocks such as digital or facial sensory. It is significantly free of side effects and complications."}
{"id": "PMID:864894", "title": "Subcutaneous emphysema.", "content": "Subcutaneous emphysema is most often associated with thoracic pathology. The case is presented of a middle-aged woman with shock, abdominal distention and rigidity, and subcutaneous emphysema which resulted from a spontaneous gastric rupture. Subcutaneous emphysema has a variety of origins, including infections and rents in the respiratory tract, gastrointestinal tract, and the skin.", "contents": "Subcutaneous emphysema. Subcutaneous emphysema is most often associated with thoracic pathology. The case is presented of a middle-aged woman with shock, abdominal distention and rigidity, and subcutaneous emphysema which resulted from a spontaneous gastric rupture. Subcutaneous emphysema has a variety of origins, including infections and rents in the respiratory tract, gastrointestinal tract, and the skin."}
{"id": "PMID:864902", "title": "Pellagra: an analysis of 18 patients and a review of the literature.", "content": "The clinical and laboratory features of 18 adult pellagrins are reviewed. Only four patients (22%) had the full trial of dermatitis, diarrhea and dementia. Dermatitis alone occurred in six(33%), dementia in five(28%) and dermatitis and diarrhea in three(17%). In one patient, dermentia was the initial sign of a relapse. Steatorrhea was found in six patients and was usually associated with marked alopecia. Edema without evidence of cardiac failure was present in seven patients. A diffuse increase in slow wave activity on the electroencephalogram was characteristic in patients with dementia. Fever occurred in 14 patients, and an infection was documented in 10 of these. Common laboratory abnormalities included a normochromic, normocytic anemia, lymphopenia, eosinopenia hyperuricemia, and low serum levels of albumin, urea, cholesterol, carotene, potassium, calcium, and magnesium. Adrenal and thyroid function were normal, but a low serum T4, high serum free T4, and an elevated T3 resin uptake were frequently observed. These abnormalities were corrected with treatment of the underlying nutritional disorder. In two patients initially treated with thiamine alone, and in one who received inadequate amounts of niacin and protein, there was marked deterioration of mental function, which responded to administration of niacin and proper diet.", "contents": "Pellagra: an analysis of 18 patients and a review of the literature. The clinical and laboratory features of 18 adult pellagrins are reviewed. Only four patients (22%) had the full trial of dermatitis, diarrhea and dementia. Dermatitis alone occurred in six(33%), dementia in five(28%) and dermatitis and diarrhea in three(17%). In one patient, dermentia was the initial sign of a relapse. Steatorrhea was found in six patients and was usually associated with marked alopecia. Edema without evidence of cardiac failure was present in seven patients. A diffuse increase in slow wave activity on the electroencephalogram was characteristic in patients with dementia. Fever occurred in 14 patients, and an infection was documented in 10 of these. Common laboratory abnormalities included a normochromic, normocytic anemia, lymphopenia, eosinopenia hyperuricemia, and low serum levels of albumin, urea, cholesterol, carotene, potassium, calcium, and magnesium. Adrenal and thyroid function were normal, but a low serum T4, high serum free T4, and an elevated T3 resin uptake were frequently observed. These abnormalities were corrected with treatment of the underlying nutritional disorder. In two patients initially treated with thiamine alone, and in one who received inadequate amounts of niacin and protein, there was marked deterioration of mental function, which responded to administration of niacin and proper diet."}
{"id": "PMID:864903", "title": "The activated partial thromboplastin time as a monitor of heparin therapy: a warning.", "content": "The degree of correlation between the whole blood clotting time (WBCT) and the activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) was evaluated in 42 patients receiving intermittent intravenous heparin therapy. Correlation between the two tests was found to be poor (correlation coefficient 0.52), primarily for reasons related to characteristics of the APTT system employed. The relationship in vitro between the APTT and the level of heparin was evaluated and found to vary widely over a range of heparin concentrations. This study emphasizes the marked variability between various APTT systems and the dangers involved with substituting the APTT for the WBCT to monitor heparin without appropriate initial evaluation.", "contents": "The activated partial thromboplastin time as a monitor of heparin therapy: a warning. The degree of correlation between the whole blood clotting time (WBCT) and the activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) was evaluated in 42 patients receiving intermittent intravenous heparin therapy. Correlation between the two tests was found to be poor (correlation coefficient 0.52), primarily for reasons related to characteristics of the APTT system employed. The relationship in vitro between the APTT and the level of heparin was evaluated and found to vary widely over a range of heparin concentrations. This study emphasizes the marked variability between various APTT systems and the dangers involved with substituting the APTT for the WBCT to monitor heparin without appropriate initial evaluation."}
{"id": "PMID:864981", "title": "[Bietti's crystalline fundus dystrophy (author's transl)].", "content": "Two cases of Bietti's crystalline fundus dystrophy are presented. The crystals in the posterior pole are associated with a diffuse tapeto-retinal degeneration. The functional symptoms are less severe than in pigmentary retinopathy.", "contents": "[Bietti's crystalline fundus dystrophy (author's transl)]. Two cases of Bietti's crystalline fundus dystrophy are presented. The crystals in the posterior pole are associated with a diffuse tapeto-retinal degeneration. The functional symptoms are less severe than in pigmentary retinopathy."}
{"id": "PMID:864983", "title": "[Traumatic lesions of the optic chiasma (author's transl)].", "content": "Traumatic lesions of the chiasma are few when one considers its anatomical position. They happen after severe direct or indirect traumas with or without skull fractures, and with or without macroscopic lesions. Microscopic lesions are characterised by contusion. Clinically the visual loss goes together with bitemporal defects and with bilateral hemorrhagic papillar oedema. Early complications are hematoma of the optochiasmatic space and perichiasmatic meningitis: among delayed complications optochiasmatic arachnoiditis prevails.", "contents": "[Traumatic lesions of the optic chiasma (author's transl)]. Traumatic lesions of the chiasma are few when one considers its anatomical position. They happen after severe direct or indirect traumas with or without skull fractures, and with or without macroscopic lesions. Microscopic lesions are characterised by contusion. Clinically the visual loss goes together with bitemporal defects and with bilateral hemorrhagic papillar oedema. Early complications are hematoma of the optochiasmatic space and perichiasmatic meningitis: among delayed complications optochiasmatic arachnoiditis prevails."}
{"id": "PMID:864984", "title": "[Anthropogenic catatacts (author's transl)].", "content": "The traditional theories of senile cataract formation have one common denominator. Nearly all the agents and factors heretofore ascribed as causes of cataract formation have some element involving a potent crosslinking agent. The factors considered in this paper include endocrine and metabolic factors, involutional and hereditary influences, nutritional deficiencies, osmotic changes, ionizing radiation, ultraviolet light, altered capsular permeability, and the cumulative effects of subliminal exposure to noxae. Throughout life, the human lens is exposed to the influence of numerous potent crosslinking agents and it now appears that the cumulative actions of crosslinkage is the chief cause of senile cataracts. If this theory proves to be correct, it will offer some hope that cataract formation can be retarded by agents which counteract crosslinkage or by avoidance of excessive exposure to crosslinking agents.", "contents": "[Anthropogenic catatacts (author's transl)]. The traditional theories of senile cataract formation have one common denominator. Nearly all the agents and factors heretofore ascribed as causes of cataract formation have some element involving a potent crosslinking agent. The factors considered in this paper include endocrine and metabolic factors, involutional and hereditary influences, nutritional deficiencies, osmotic changes, ionizing radiation, ultraviolet light, altered capsular permeability, and the cumulative effects of subliminal exposure to noxae. Throughout life, the human lens is exposed to the influence of numerous potent crosslinking agents and it now appears that the cumulative actions of crosslinkage is the chief cause of senile cataracts. If this theory proves to be correct, it will offer some hope that cataract formation can be retarded by agents which counteract crosslinkage or by avoidance of excessive exposure to crosslinking agents."}
{"id": "PMID:864985", "title": "[Operations for glaucoma: long-term results (author's transl)].", "content": "The author compares the long-term results of operations for glaucoma with or without scleral flap and also the operation of angiodiathermocoagulation.", "contents": "[Operations for glaucoma: long-term results (author's transl)]. The author compares the long-term results of operations for glaucoma with or without scleral flap and also the operation of angiodiathermocoagulation."}
{"id": "PMID:864986", "title": "[Orbital pseudotumor with thrombocytopenia and myasthenia (author's transl)].", "content": "A 13-year-old girl presented first with an inflammatory pseudotumor of the orbit. A biopsy showed lymphoid hyperplasia. A few months later the patient developed an idiopathic thrombocytopenia. Six months later she developed a myasthenia. The latter responded well to a thymectomy and the orbital pseudotumor disappeared with radiotherapy. The possible connection among these three diseases is discussed.", "contents": "[Orbital pseudotumor with thrombocytopenia and myasthenia (author's transl)]. A 13-year-old girl presented first with an inflammatory pseudotumor of the orbit. A biopsy showed lymphoid hyperplasia. A few months later the patient developed an idiopathic thrombocytopenia. Six months later she developed a myasthenia. The latter responded well to a thymectomy and the orbital pseudotumor disappeared with radiotherapy. The possible connection among these three diseases is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:864987", "title": "[Treatment and follow-up of retinal tears associated with avulsed overlying retinal vessels (author's transl)].", "content": "The present clinical study is based on 17 cases of a specific clinical entity, which is characterised by a retinal break without retinal detachment, the tear being spanned by an avulsed patient retinal vessel invariably adjoining the operculum. The vessel was in the vitreous cavity and formed an arch above the break. All cases began with a sudden decrease or loss of visual acuity due to the rupture of the avulsed vessel and the occurrence of hemorrhages within the vitreous. These hemorrhages recurred in the course of the follow-up of the patients which lasted from 1-8 years. The recurrence of the bleeding was in most instances related to the mobility and the size of the vessel overlying the break. During treatment the cases were divided into two groups, group 1 comprising cases which were subjected only to light-coagulation, whereas in the cases of group 2 scleral buckling was performed in conjunction with cryopexy or light-coagulation. The comparatively best results were achieved in group 2. This condition is rare and amounted to only 1.5% of our total number of cases of retinal tears treated with light-coagulation during the last 8 years.", "contents": "[Treatment and follow-up of retinal tears associated with avulsed overlying retinal vessels (author's transl)]. The present clinical study is based on 17 cases of a specific clinical entity, which is characterised by a retinal break without retinal detachment, the tear being spanned by an avulsed patient retinal vessel invariably adjoining the operculum. The vessel was in the vitreous cavity and formed an arch above the break. All cases began with a sudden decrease or loss of visual acuity due to the rupture of the avulsed vessel and the occurrence of hemorrhages within the vitreous. These hemorrhages recurred in the course of the follow-up of the patients which lasted from 1-8 years. The recurrence of the bleeding was in most instances related to the mobility and the size of the vessel overlying the break. During treatment the cases were divided into two groups, group 1 comprising cases which were subjected only to light-coagulation, whereas in the cases of group 2 scleral buckling was performed in conjunction with cryopexy or light-coagulation. The comparatively best results were achieved in group 2. This condition is rare and amounted to only 1.5% of our total number of cases of retinal tears treated with light-coagulation during the last 8 years."}
{"id": "PMID:864989", "title": "[A modified goniotrephination technique (procedure to secure more permanent drainage) (author's transl)].", "content": "Two modified operative techniques using non-absorbable synthetic material based on the goniotrephination are described. The material used is embedded under the scleral flap at the trephination site. The procedure aims at creating a more stable and eventually a more permanent drainage. Both techniques are dealt with in detail, and the clinical results regarding the first twelve cases are reported covering an observation period of one to six months.", "contents": "[A modified goniotrephination technique (procedure to secure more permanent drainage) (author's transl)]. Two modified operative techniques using non-absorbable synthetic material based on the goniotrephination are described. The material used is embedded under the scleral flap at the trephination site. The procedure aims at creating a more stable and eventually a more permanent drainage. Both techniques are dealt with in detail, and the clinical results regarding the first twelve cases are reported covering an observation period of one to six months."}
{"id": "PMID:864990", "title": "[The cilia of the lacrimal sac epithelium SEM studies (author's transl)].", "content": "On the basis of SEM studies it has been shown that the cilia are arranged into groups of 10 to 40 in the individual epithelial cells of the lacrimal sac. The cilia have a length of 15 to 20 micron.", "contents": "[The cilia of the lacrimal sac epithelium SEM studies (author's transl)]. On the basis of SEM studies it has been shown that the cilia are arranged into groups of 10 to 40 in the individual epithelial cells of the lacrimal sac. The cilia have a length of 15 to 20 micron."}
{"id": "PMID:864991", "title": "[On the pathology of ocular malignant melanoma (author's transl)].", "content": "From pertinent cases a contribution to the pathology of melanoma is published here. The histological structure of melanoma in the various eye tissues is dependent on the properties of the tissue in which the melanoma grows. By means of an example we have tried to throw light on the question of the differential diagnosis between a primary tumor and a metastatic deposit, although a single case cannot be used as proof. An intraocular degenerate melanoma and a melanomametastasis in the conjunctiva after a skin tumor are also demonstrated.", "contents": "[On the pathology of ocular malignant melanoma (author's transl)]. From pertinent cases a contribution to the pathology of melanoma is published here. The histological structure of melanoma in the various eye tissues is dependent on the properties of the tissue in which the melanoma grows. By means of an example we have tried to throw light on the question of the differential diagnosis between a primary tumor and a metastatic deposit, although a single case cannot be used as proof. An intraocular degenerate melanoma and a melanomametastasis in the conjunctiva after a skin tumor are also demonstrated."}
{"id": "PMID:864992", "title": "[Fibrin adhesion (orientating animal experiments) (author's transl)].", "content": "For some time fibrin adhesion is successfully used instead of sutures in different branches of surgery. We tested in animal experiments whether this method can be used for a sutureless closure of perforating corneal and corneoscleral wounds. Our results up to now do not show us any such possibility.", "contents": "[Fibrin adhesion (orientating animal experiments) (author's transl)]. For some time fibrin adhesion is successfully used instead of sutures in different branches of surgery. We tested in animal experiments whether this method can be used for a sutureless closure of perforating corneal and corneoscleral wounds. Our results up to now do not show us any such possibility."}
{"id": "PMID:864993", "title": "[Conjunctival grafting. Experiences with lyophylized donor-tissue (author's transl)].", "content": "Firstly the different methods of surgical replacement of the conjunctiva are discussed. Despite certain disadvantages buccal mucosa is often transplanted. More useful and easier is the use of lyophilized human donor conjunctiva. In 10 years we have operated on 110 eyes in 76 patients according to this method. In some eyes conjunctiva of different donors was used, often the whole conjunctival sack had to be reestablished. A brief description is given of winning the donor material, or surgical grafting technique and results, and one of the case histories of the patients is given. No transplant rejection occured, probably because there are no specific proteins or enzyme activities in the lyophilized tissue. Sometimes in pemphigus and similar diseases the tissue will again be included into areas of contracture. After chemical injuries and burns the end of inflammatory signs should be awaited before grafting.", "contents": "[Conjunctival grafting. Experiences with lyophylized donor-tissue (author's transl)]. Firstly the different methods of surgical replacement of the conjunctiva are discussed. Despite certain disadvantages buccal mucosa is often transplanted. More useful and easier is the use of lyophilized human donor conjunctiva. In 10 years we have operated on 110 eyes in 76 patients according to this method. In some eyes conjunctiva of different donors was used, often the whole conjunctival sack had to be reestablished. A brief description is given of winning the donor material, or surgical grafting technique and results, and one of the case histories of the patients is given. No transplant rejection occured, probably because there are no specific proteins or enzyme activities in the lyophilized tissue. Sometimes in pemphigus and similar diseases the tissue will again be included into areas of contracture. After chemical injuries and burns the end of inflammatory signs should be awaited before grafting."}
{"id": "PMID:864994", "title": "[Idiopathic retinal detachment and congenital anomaly of vitreo-retinal insertion (author's transl)].", "content": "V-shaped retinal defects which are usually parallel to the equator, develop as a congenital anomaly at the insertion of vitreous fibrils. The vitreous overlying these retinal areas is without structure. Progressive degenerative-sclerotic areas, equatorial degeneration-or lattice degeneration can develop in the region of these vitreo-retinal adhesions.", "contents": "[Idiopathic retinal detachment and congenital anomaly of vitreo-retinal insertion (author's transl)]. V-shaped retinal defects which are usually parallel to the equator, develop as a congenital anomaly at the insertion of vitreous fibrils. The vitreous overlying these retinal areas is without structure. Progressive degenerative-sclerotic areas, equatorial degeneration-or lattice degeneration can develop in the region of these vitreo-retinal adhesions."}
{"id": "PMID:864995", "title": "[Enucleation yesterday and today (author's transl)].", "content": "From 1963 to 1973 379 eyes were removed surgically. This represents a constant ratio during this eleven year-period of 2.1% of the in-patients and 2.3% of the patients treated surgically. Mostly elderly patients were affected, men more often than women. The ultimate reason for enucleation was uncontrollable pain in most of the cases. The most frequent cause for the loss of the eye were penetrating injuries (31.1%) and intraocular tumors (30.6%). Histology was done in 83.6% of the cases. Amongst 116 eyes enucleated for intraocular tumors or suspicion of tumor-growth no tumor was seen microscopically in seven cases. In 7 out of 118 eyes (5.1%) encleated for glaucoma absolutum a malignant tumor was found.", "contents": "[Enucleation yesterday and today (author's transl)]. From 1963 to 1973 379 eyes were removed surgically. This represents a constant ratio during this eleven year-period of 2.1% of the in-patients and 2.3% of the patients treated surgically. Mostly elderly patients were affected, men more often than women. The ultimate reason for enucleation was uncontrollable pain in most of the cases. The most frequent cause for the loss of the eye were penetrating injuries (31.1%) and intraocular tumors (30.6%). Histology was done in 83.6% of the cases. Amongst 116 eyes enucleated for intraocular tumors or suspicion of tumor-growth no tumor was seen microscopically in seven cases. In 7 out of 118 eyes (5.1%) encleated for glaucoma absolutum a malignant tumor was found."}
{"id": "PMID:864996", "title": "[Ipsilateral rotational autokeratoplasty (author's transl)].", "content": "Within 2 years 14 rotational autokeratoplasties were performed with a trephinediameter of 7 to 8 mm. 7 of these patients were children less than 15-years-old. The indications were the following: central corneal opacities due to vascularised congenital anomalies (e.g. Peters' anomaly), after burns and in combination with extensive post-traumatic anterior synechiaes requiring reconstruction of the anterior segment. 11 eyes were followed up for at least 6 months. There were no intra- or postoperative complications, and significant visual improvement resulted in 8 eyes in spite of the complex preoperative situation. In view of our encouraging experience we recommend that ipsilateral rotational autokeratoplasties should be considered in special complex corneal opacities more often, particularly in children.", "contents": "[Ipsilateral rotational autokeratoplasty (author's transl)]. Within 2 years 14 rotational autokeratoplasties were performed with a trephinediameter of 7 to 8 mm. 7 of these patients were children less than 15-years-old. The indications were the following: central corneal opacities due to vascularised congenital anomalies (e.g. Peters' anomaly), after burns and in combination with extensive post-traumatic anterior synechiaes requiring reconstruction of the anterior segment. 11 eyes were followed up for at least 6 months. There were no intra- or postoperative complications, and significant visual improvement resulted in 8 eyes in spite of the complex preoperative situation. In view of our encouraging experience we recommend that ipsilateral rotational autokeratoplasties should be considered in special complex corneal opacities more often, particularly in children."}
{"id": "PMID:865067", "title": "The haemoglobin types of mice.", "content": "The haemoglobin types of 27 inbred strains of mice have been determined. Besides the common types, Hbb-s and Hbb-p, 2 strains were found with Hbb-p. Affinity between strains with the Hbb-p type and asiatic mice seems likely. The influence of storage  on the polymerisation of Hbb-d and Hbb-p, the possibility of distinguishing between homo- and heterozygote Hbb types, and the possible existence of a 4th haemoglobin type, are discussed.", "contents": "The haemoglobin types of mice. The haemoglobin types of 27 inbred strains of mice have been determined. Besides the common types, Hbb-s and Hbb-p, 2 strains were found with Hbb-p. Affinity between strains with the Hbb-p type and asiatic mice seems likely. The influence of storage  on the polymerisation of Hbb-d and Hbb-p, the possibility of distinguishing between homo- and heterozygote Hbb types, and the possible existence of a 4th haemoglobin type, are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:865068", "title": "Diseases of lower vertebrates and biomedical research.", "content": "The historical and present role of lower (non-mammalian) vertebrates in biomedical research is discussed. Examples are given of disease problems and experimental studies. It is suggested that lower vertebrates may prove of increasing value in this field in the future.", "contents": "Diseases of lower vertebrates and biomedical research. The historical and present role of lower (non-mammalian) vertebrates in biomedical research is discussed. Examples are given of disease problems and experimental studies. It is suggested that lower vertebrates may prove of increasing value in this field in the future."}
{"id": "PMID:865071", "title": "An easily dismantled pig pen for long-term radiation exposure.", "content": "A pen to hold individual miniature pigs during long-term radiation exposure studies has been designed and used. Wooden construction results in low cost and minimizes radiation scatter problems associated with higher density materials. An automatic water system is provided.", "contents": "An easily dismantled pig pen for long-term radiation exposure. A pen to hold individual miniature pigs during long-term radiation exposure studies has been designed and used. Wooden construction results in low cost and minimizes radiation scatter problems associated with higher density materials. An automatic water system is provided."}
{"id": "PMID:865074", "title": "Studies on Tyzzer's disease: isolation and propagation of Bacillus piliformia.", "content": "Mice from a colony with subclinical Tyzzer's disease were treated with prednisolone in order to activate a Bacillus piliformis infection. From the livers of these mice the organism was isolated and serially passaged in embryonated eggs. It  resisted heating at 75 degrees C for 20 minutes and was still infective after storage at -80 degree C for 24 days, but not for 52 days or more.  Infectively was maintained for more than a year by storing infectious  liver tissue at -190 degrees C.  B. piliformis was also isolated from the liver of a mouse with naturally-occurring Tyzzer's disease and maintained for more than 300 passages. Mice inoculated with different egg passages developed fatal Tyzzer's disease and B. piliformis was reisolated from their livers.", "contents": "Studies on Tyzzer's disease: isolation and propagation of Bacillus piliformia. Mice from a colony with subclinical Tyzzer's disease were treated with prednisolone in order to activate a Bacillus piliformis infection. From the livers of these mice the organism was isolated and serially passaged in embryonated eggs. It  resisted heating at 75 degrees C for 20 minutes and was still infective after storage at -80 degree C for 24 days, but not for 52 days or more.  Infectively was maintained for more than a year by storing infectious  liver tissue at -190 degrees C.  B. piliformis was also isolated from the liver of a mouse with naturally-occurring Tyzzer's disease and maintained for more than 300 passages. Mice inoculated with different egg passages developed fatal Tyzzer's disease and B. piliformis was reisolated from their livers."}
{"id": "PMID:865075", "title": "Postnatal development of the testes in the cuis, Galea Musteloides.", "content": "Testicular development to 9 months of age has been studied. Seminiferous tubule diameter increased in a linear manner between 13 and 65 days of age, and there was a steep increase in testicular weight with age. At about 9 months the animals weighed 400-500 g and total testicular weight was about 10 g. This relatively large testicular size was correlated with high sperm density in the semen. Spermatogenesis commenced at about 21-25 days of age, when the first spermatids were found. Spermatozoa appeared in a small proportion of seminiferous tubules by 31-35 days of age, and were seen in the epididymides of an animal of 31 and another of 34 days. Epididymal spermatozoas were consistently present in large numbers after 60 days and this correlated with the increased frequency of mature seminiferous tubules. Leydig cell size increased rapidly from 13 to about 60 days, then remained constant. Inferences have been drawn from this and the study of spermatogenesis about the level of testosterone secretion. The results indicate that the male cuis is almost fully grown and sexually mature by about 90 days of age.", "contents": "Postnatal development of the testes in the cuis, Galea Musteloides. Testicular development to 9 months of age has been studied. Seminiferous tubule diameter increased in a linear manner between 13 and 65 days of age, and there was a steep increase in testicular weight with age. At about 9 months the animals weighed 400-500 g and total testicular weight was about 10 g. This relatively large testicular size was correlated with high sperm density in the semen. Spermatogenesis commenced at about 21-25 days of age, when the first spermatids were found. Spermatozoa appeared in a small proportion of seminiferous tubules by 31-35 days of age, and were seen in the epididymides of an animal of 31 and another of 34 days. Epididymal spermatozoas were consistently present in large numbers after 60 days and this correlated with the increased frequency of mature seminiferous tubules. Leydig cell size increased rapidly from 13 to about 60 days, then remained constant. Inferences have been drawn from this and the study of spermatogenesis about the level of testosterone secretion. The results indicate that the male cuis is almost fully grown and sexually mature by about 90 days of age."}
{"id": "PMID:865076", "title": "Inorganic ions in the intestinal and caecal contents of germ-free and conventional chickens.", "content": "In 4-week-old chicks that had been maintained on 3 different diets, caecal weights were lower in germ-free than in conventional birds eating practical but not semipurified diets. There were no consistent differences in total sodium, potassium and chloride ions in the contents of the small intestine. In germ-free chicks the caecal wall muscle appeared lacking in tone and  there was a lower concentration of chloride ions in the contents, but there was no caecal enlargement comparable to that in germ-free rodents.", "contents": "Inorganic ions in the intestinal and caecal contents of germ-free and conventional chickens. In 4-week-old chicks that had been maintained on 3 different diets, caecal weights were lower in germ-free than in conventional birds eating practical but not semipurified diets. There were no consistent differences in total sodium, potassium and chloride ions in the contents of the small intestine. In germ-free chicks the caecal wall muscle appeared lacking in tone and  there was a lower concentration of chloride ions in the contents, but there was no caecal enlargement comparable to that in germ-free rodents."}
{"id": "PMID:865077", "title": "Foreign serum-induced pancreatitis in mice. II. Secretory disturbances of acinar cells.", "content": "As previously reported, pancreatic acinar cell necrosis and inflammation develop in mice a few hours after one intraperitoneal injection of foreign serum. However, sublethally injured acinar cells exhibited notable increases in both zymogen granule numbers and amylase activity, observed within 3 hours and increasing with time. These two changes were coupled with a progressive decrease in the secretory response to pilocarpine and were preceded by significant disturbances in pancreatic tissue concentrations of sodium and potassium. We conclude that (1) the granule increase results from an induced disturbance of the granule exocytosis mechanism while granule formation continues and, therefore, (2) the granule secretory process is more sensitive to the serum injury mechanism than is the zymogen synthesis process. Although the granule increases developed in acinar cells throughout most of the nonnecrotic gland and persisted for at least 24 hours, acinar cell necrosis was maximal in extent--approximately 25% of the gland in severest form--by 12 to 15 hours. We conclude, therefore, that the increase in granules is neither the primary determinant nor initiator of acinar cell death. The latter is likely caused by disturbed plasma membrane functions, sufficient in some cells to result in  lethal changes in ion and fluid composition. The injury mechanism, which permits granule formation to go on in the face of impaired granule exocytosis, is yet to be worked out. The possibilities are discussed in relationship to the reactivity of foreign sera for target cell plasma membranes.", "contents": "Foreign serum-induced pancreatitis in mice. II. Secretory disturbances of acinar cells. As previously reported, pancreatic acinar cell necrosis and inflammation develop in mice a few hours after one intraperitoneal injection of foreign serum. However, sublethally injured acinar cells exhibited notable increases in both zymogen granule numbers and amylase activity, observed within 3 hours and increasing with time. These two changes were coupled with a progressive decrease in the secretory response to pilocarpine and were preceded by significant disturbances in pancreatic tissue concentrations of sodium and potassium. We conclude that (1) the granule increase results from an induced disturbance of the granule exocytosis mechanism while granule formation continues and, therefore, (2) the granule secretory process is more sensitive to the serum injury mechanism than is the zymogen synthesis process. Although the granule increases developed in acinar cells throughout most of the nonnecrotic gland and persisted for at least 24 hours, acinar cell necrosis was maximal in extent--approximately 25% of the gland in severest form--by 12 to 15 hours. We conclude, therefore, that the increase in granules is neither the primary determinant nor initiator of acinar cell death. The latter is likely caused by disturbed plasma membrane functions, sufficient in some cells to result in  lethal changes in ion and fluid composition. The injury mechanism, which permits granule formation to go on in the face of impaired granule exocytosis, is yet to be worked out. The possibilities are discussed in relationship to the reactivity of foreign sera for target cell plasma membranes."}
{"id": "PMID:865078", "title": "Osteogenesis imperfecta congenita: evidence for a generalized molecular disorder of collagen.", "content": "Collagen from bone (femur and calvarium), rib cartilage, skin, tendon, sclera, and cornea has been isolated and purified from a deceased 4-day-old infant with osteogenesis imperfecta congenita. Amino acid analysis indicated that the content of hydroxylysine was doubled in bone collagen and increased by 55% in that of cartilage as compared with  age-matched normal tissues. The levels of covalently bound glucose and galactose were proportionately increased in both collagens. Collagen purified from other tissues revealed smaller increases in lysyl hydroxylation. These data suggest that at least one form of osteogenesis imperfecta congenita is associated with a molecular alteration of collagen involving hydroxy-lysine and that this alteration is particualrly marked in collagens obtained from calcifying tissues.", "contents": "Osteogenesis imperfecta congenita: evidence for a generalized molecular disorder of collagen. Collagen from bone (femur and calvarium), rib cartilage, skin, tendon, sclera, and cornea has been isolated and purified from a deceased 4-day-old infant with osteogenesis imperfecta congenita. Amino acid analysis indicated that the content of hydroxylysine was doubled in bone collagen and increased by 55% in that of cartilage as compared with  age-matched normal tissues. The levels of covalently bound glucose and galactose were proportionately increased in both collagens. Collagen purified from other tissues revealed smaller increases in lysyl hydroxylation. These data suggest that at least one form of osteogenesis imperfecta congenita is associated with a molecular alteration of collagen involving hydroxy-lysine and that this alteration is particualrly marked in collagens obtained from calcifying tissues."}
{"id": "PMID:865079", "title": "Experimental model of focal sclerosis. I. Relationship to protein excretion in aminonucleoside nephrosis.", "content": "An experimental model of focal sclerosis (FS) following chronic administration of aminonucleoside (AMNS) is described in rats with pathologic features similar to those observed in human steroid-resistant idiopathic nephrotic syndrome. Six groups of rats were given intraperitoneal injections of either 0.9% normal saline or aminonucleoside (13 mg. per 100 gm. of body weight); four groups underwent a right nephrectomy on day 22; a second series of injections of saline or aminonucleoside were then administered to all six groups: group I (five animals), saline-saline; group II (10 animals), AMNS-AMNS; group III (10 animals), AMNS-nephrectomy-AMNS; group IV (five animals), AMNS-nephrectomy-saline; group V (five animals), saline-nephrectomy-AMNS; group VI (five animals), saline-nephrectomy-saline. A relationship between the percentage of glomeruli with focal sclerosis and the total amount of protein excreted during the course of the experiment was observed (r=0.80). An apparent threshold level of protein excretion essential for the development of FS was also noted in that all rats excreting greater than 2.2 integral units developed FS whereas those excreting less than this amount did not. The highest incidence of FS was seen in rats that had received AMNS after unilateral nephrectomy: 62% of glomeruli with FS in group III and 26% in group V; whereas no FS was seen in groups I and VI or in rats evaluated 7 to 23 days after a single injection of AMNS. These studies indicate a quantitative relationship between the breakdown in the permeability barrier to protein and the ultimate development of FS. The prior demonstration of epithelial cell alteration in acute AMNS disease and the morphologic changes presented in this and the subsequent paper (Velosa JA, Glasser RJ, Nevins TE, Michael AF: Lab Invest 36:527, 1977) support the concept that irreversible epithelial cell injury may be the primary event in the development of FS.", "contents": "Experimental model of focal sclerosis. I. Relationship to protein excretion in aminonucleoside nephrosis. An experimental model of focal sclerosis (FS) following chronic administration of aminonucleoside (AMNS) is described in rats with pathologic features similar to those observed in human steroid-resistant idiopathic nephrotic syndrome. Six groups of rats were given intraperitoneal injections of either 0.9% normal saline or aminonucleoside (13 mg. per 100 gm. of body weight); four groups underwent a right nephrectomy on day 22; a second series of injections of saline or aminonucleoside were then administered to all six groups: group I (five animals), saline-saline; group II (10 animals), AMNS-AMNS; group III (10 animals), AMNS-nephrectomy-AMNS; group IV (five animals), AMNS-nephrectomy-saline; group V (five animals), saline-nephrectomy-AMNS; group VI (five animals), saline-nephrectomy-saline. A relationship between the percentage of glomeruli with focal sclerosis and the total amount of protein excreted during the course of the experiment was observed (r=0.80). An apparent threshold level of protein excretion essential for the development of FS was also noted in that all rats excreting greater than 2.2 integral units developed FS whereas those excreting less than this amount did not. The highest incidence of FS was seen in rats that had received AMNS after unilateral nephrectomy: 62% of glomeruli with FS in group III and 26% in group V; whereas no FS was seen in groups I and VI or in rats evaluated 7 to 23 days after a single injection of AMNS. These studies indicate a quantitative relationship between the breakdown in the permeability barrier to protein and the ultimate development of FS. The prior demonstration of epithelial cell alteration in acute AMNS disease and the morphologic changes presented in this and the subsequent paper (Velosa JA, Glasser RJ, Nevins TE, Michael AF: Lab Invest 36:527, 1977) support the concept that irreversible epithelial cell injury may be the primary event in the development of FS."}
{"id": "PMID:865081", "title": "Glycoprotein synthesis, transport, and secretion by epithelial cells of human rectal mucosa: normal and cystic fibrosis.", "content": "The synthesis, transport, and secretion of glycoprotein by human rectal epithelium from normal volunteers, patients with cystic fibrosis, and their disease-free siblings were studied by autoradiography of rectal biopsies pulse-labeled with 3H-glucosamine and maintained in organ culture for various intervals of up to 24 hours. Human rectal goblet and columnar cells transported 3H-glucosamine-labeled secretory products at a substantially slower rate than do comparable colonic cells in smaller mammals. Within any one biopsy sample, the movement of labeled mucus in goblet cells varied widely among cells. Even with individual cells, labeled mucous granules often did not move in concert toward the apical cell surface. Average transport time in the cells of six cystic fibrosis patients and six sibling controls did not differ significantly from those of four adult controls. The carbohydrate composition of glycoprotein secretions of rectal epithelial cells was investigated by comparing autoradiographs of 3H-glucosamine-labeled biopsies with those labeled with 3H-fucose, 3H-N-acetylmannosamine, and 35S-sulfate. The patterns of incorporation of these four precrusors into normal goblet and columnar cells suggested that both cell types may alter the quantity and composition of newly synthesized glycoproteins as they migrate, mature, and senesce. Incorporation patterns in cystic fibrosis biopsies were indistinguishable from those of sibling or adult controls. With the techniques used, no abnormalities of epithelial glycoprotein production were detected in cystic fibrosis rectal mucosa.", "contents": "Glycoprotein synthesis, transport, and secretion by epithelial cells of human rectal mucosa: normal and cystic fibrosis. The synthesis, transport, and secretion of glycoprotein by human rectal epithelium from normal volunteers, patients with cystic fibrosis, and their disease-free siblings were studied by autoradiography of rectal biopsies pulse-labeled with 3H-glucosamine and maintained in organ culture for various intervals of up to 24 hours. Human rectal goblet and columnar cells transported 3H-glucosamine-labeled secretory products at a substantially slower rate than do comparable colonic cells in smaller mammals. Within any one biopsy sample, the movement of labeled mucus in goblet cells varied widely among cells. Even with individual cells, labeled mucous granules often did not move in concert toward the apical cell surface. Average transport time in the cells of six cystic fibrosis patients and six sibling controls did not differ significantly from those of four adult controls. The carbohydrate composition of glycoprotein secretions of rectal epithelial cells was investigated by comparing autoradiographs of 3H-glucosamine-labeled biopsies with those labeled with 3H-fucose, 3H-N-acetylmannosamine, and 35S-sulfate. The patterns of incorporation of these four precrusors into normal goblet and columnar cells suggested that both cell types may alter the quantity and composition of newly synthesized glycoproteins as they migrate, mature, and senesce. Incorporation patterns in cystic fibrosis biopsies were indistinguishable from those of sibling or adult controls. With the techniques used, no abnormalities of epithelial glycoprotein production were detected in cystic fibrosis rectal mucosa."}
{"id": "PMID:865083", "title": "Colchicine-induced Mallory body formation in the mouse.", "content": "Long term griseofulvin treatment of mice results in the development of Mallory bodies (MB), Griseofulvin application apparently \"primed\" the liver cell for MB formation, and the hepatocytes were then able to respond almost immediately with MB to a griseofulvin challenge even after a 1-month griseofulvin-free period. Colchicine, in contrast to cytochalasin B, also induced MB under these latter experimental conditions. Since intermediate filaments increase in various types of cells in response to antitubulin agents, this observation further supports the hypothesis that MB are related to intermediate filaments.", "contents": "Colchicine-induced Mallory body formation in the mouse. Long term griseofulvin treatment of mice results in the development of Mallory bodies (MB), Griseofulvin application apparently \"primed\" the liver cell for MB formation, and the hepatocytes were then able to respond almost immediately with MB to a griseofulvin challenge even after a 1-month griseofulvin-free period. Colchicine, in contrast to cytochalasin B, also induced MB under these latter experimental conditions. Since intermediate filaments increase in various types of cells in response to antitubulin agents, this observation further supports the hypothesis that MB are related to intermediate filaments."}
{"id": "PMID:865082", "title": "The Chediak-Higashi syndrome of cats.", "content": "Initial clinical, genetic, cytochemical and ultrastructural studies have characterized the Chediak-Higashi syndrome in cats. Three cats with Chediak-Higashi syndrome were found in a single line of 27 Persian cats, and three additional affected cats were produced from two prospective breedings of the original line. The disorder was characterized genetically as an autosomal recessive condition. All cats in the line with the combination of yellow eye color and \"blue smoke\" hair color exhibited the disorder. Four of the five cats examined had bilateral nuclear cataracts as early in life as 3 months of age. No increased susceptibility to infectious disease was observed. A bleeding tendency was noted. Abnormally large eosinophilic, sudanophilic, peroxidase-containing granules were observed in the neutrophils of the granulocytic series of blood and bone marrow by electron and light microscopy. Granules of eosinophils and basophils were also enlarged. Light microscopic studies of hair and skin revealed enlarged melanin granules. These manifestations were similar to those in man, mink, cattle, mice, and the killer whale with Chediak-Higashi syndrome. Cats are the sixth species in which this genetic disease has been reported.", "contents": "The Chediak-Higashi syndrome of cats. Initial clinical, genetic, cytochemical and ultrastructural studies have characterized the Chediak-Higashi syndrome in cats. Three cats with Chediak-Higashi syndrome were found in a single line of 27 Persian cats, and three additional affected cats were produced from two prospective breedings of the original line. The disorder was characterized genetically as an autosomal recessive condition. All cats in the line with the combination of yellow eye color and \"blue smoke\" hair color exhibited the disorder. Four of the five cats examined had bilateral nuclear cataracts as early in life as 3 months of age. No increased susceptibility to infectious disease was observed. A bleeding tendency was noted. Abnormally large eosinophilic, sudanophilic, peroxidase-containing granules were observed in the neutrophils of the granulocytic series of blood and bone marrow by electron and light microscopy. Granules of eosinophils and basophils were also enlarged. Light microscopic studies of hair and skin revealed enlarged melanin granules. These manifestations were similar to those in man, mink, cattle, mice, and the killer whale with Chediak-Higashi syndrome. Cats are the sixth species in which this genetic disease has been reported."}
{"id": "PMID:865084", "title": "Intercellular junctions in \"shock lung\". A freeze-fracture study.", "content": "Intercellular junctions in the alveolar epithelium and in the capillary endothelium in lung from five dogs after hemorrhagic shock (mean blood pressure, 40 mm. Hg for 3 hours) and from five control dogs were observed in the electron microscope using the freeze-fracture technique. Following shock zonulae occludentes (tight junctions) in the alveolar epithelium showed alterations in substructure that were not present in control animals. These changes were morphologically similar to those reported in junctions altered after exposure to osmotic gradients with marked degradation and disappearance of junctional strands. The appearance of tight junctions in the capillary endothelium, which were of a rather poorly organized \"leaky\" type in control animals, was generally unaltered after shock. Disintegration and disappearance of junctional strands in \"focal\" regions, however, were occasionally observed. The increased pulmonary capillary permeability observed physiologically after hemorrhagic shock could be explained by such alterations of endothelial zonulae occludentes.", "contents": "Intercellular junctions in \"shock lung\". A freeze-fracture study. Intercellular junctions in the alveolar epithelium and in the capillary endothelium in lung from five dogs after hemorrhagic shock (mean blood pressure, 40 mm. Hg for 3 hours) and from five control dogs were observed in the electron microscope using the freeze-fracture technique. Following shock zonulae occludentes (tight junctions) in the alveolar epithelium showed alterations in substructure that were not present in control animals. These changes were morphologically similar to those reported in junctions altered after exposure to osmotic gradients with marked degradation and disappearance of junctional strands. The appearance of tight junctions in the capillary endothelium, which were of a rather poorly organized \"leaky\" type in control animals, was generally unaltered after shock. Disintegration and disappearance of junctional strands in \"focal\" regions, however, were occasionally observed. The increased pulmonary capillary permeability observed physiologically after hemorrhagic shock could be explained by such alterations of endothelial zonulae occludentes."}
{"id": "PMID:865085", "title": "Cell contacts and polysomes in irradiated human jejunal mucosa at onset of epithelial repair.", "content": "Epithelial ultrastructure was studied in the jejunal biopsies of irradiated cancer patients at early stages of mucosal regeneration 1 to 3 days after completing treatment. Major changes in the typical atrophic areas lacking villi were the following: (1) Cell contacts were loose between surface epithelial cells lacking signs of degeneration with extracellular gaps visible between the lateral membrane interdigitations. (2) Numerous processes from such epithelial cells extended into the underlying basement membranes and sometimes, especially in crypt areas, came into close contact with processes from underlying mesenchymal cells. (3) The epithelial cells often had enlarged nucleoli with granular threads. Increased amounts of epithelial cells were also seen with numerous membrane-free polysomes. The study suggests that at the onset of jejunal epithelial regeneration in man an epitheliomesenchymal cell interaction takes place similar to that described in normal gut development in laboratory animals. The possible significance of the close contacts between epithelial and mesenchymal cells, also seen in crypt areas of regenerated epithelium, is discussed in the light of mechanisms proposed for tissue interactions. The noticed increase in polysomes is interpreted as a morphologic sign of activated protein synthesis in the differentiating cells of the epithelium.", "contents": "Cell contacts and polysomes in irradiated human jejunal mucosa at onset of epithelial repair. Epithelial ultrastructure was studied in the jejunal biopsies of irradiated cancer patients at early stages of mucosal regeneration 1 to 3 days after completing treatment. Major changes in the typical atrophic areas lacking villi were the following: (1) Cell contacts were loose between surface epithelial cells lacking signs of degeneration with extracellular gaps visible between the lateral membrane interdigitations. (2) Numerous processes from such epithelial cells extended into the underlying basement membranes and sometimes, especially in crypt areas, came into close contact with processes from underlying mesenchymal cells. (3) The epithelial cells often had enlarged nucleoli with granular threads. Increased amounts of epithelial cells were also seen with numerous membrane-free polysomes. The study suggests that at the onset of jejunal epithelial regeneration in man an epitheliomesenchymal cell interaction takes place similar to that described in normal gut development in laboratory animals. The possible significance of the close contacts between epithelial and mesenchymal cells, also seen in crypt areas of regenerated epithelium, is discussed in the light of mechanisms proposed for tissue interactions. The noticed increase in polysomes is interpreted as a morphologic sign of activated protein synthesis in the differentiating cells of the epithelium."}
{"id": "PMID:865122", "title": "The effect of pregnancy on the growth of primary methylcholanthrene sarcoma isografts.", "content": "Primary isografts of a highly immunogenic methylcholanthrene tumor were injected into pregnant C57/BL mice. Tumor growth was studied and compared to isografts injected into virgin C57/BL mice preimmunized with fetal antigens. Significant in vivo enhancement of MCA tumor growth was noted in both intra-and interstrain pregnant mice compared with virgin controls. In addition, active preimmunization of virgin mice with hybrid fetal liver did not result in rejection of primary tumor isografts, suggesting that fetal antigens did not contribute to the immunogenicity of this MCA tumor.", "contents": "The effect of pregnancy on the growth of primary methylcholanthrene sarcoma isografts. Primary isografts of a highly immunogenic methylcholanthrene tumor were injected into pregnant C57/BL mice. Tumor growth was studied and compared to isografts injected into virgin C57/BL mice preimmunized with fetal antigens. Significant in vivo enhancement of MCA tumor growth was noted in both intra-and interstrain pregnant mice compared with virgin controls. In addition, active preimmunization of virgin mice with hybrid fetal liver did not result in rejection of primary tumor isografts, suggesting that fetal antigens did not contribute to the immunogenicity of this MCA tumor."}
{"id": "PMID:865123", "title": "Active immunization against spontaneous tumors in mice.", "content": "The incidence of spontaneous tumors was studied in a group of 136 female mice and in another group of 138 females after a sublethal dose of total body irradiation. Of the nonirradiated mice 10.2% developed mammary tumors, and 8% developed lung tumors. Of the irradiated mice 19.5% developed mammary tumors, 21.7% ovary tumors, 24.5% lung tumors, and 7.9% tumors in other organs. A vaccine was prepared for only mammary and ovary tumors through an original technique. The results showed a signficantly lower incidence of tumors in another two groups of mice that were immunized: in 80 nonirradiated vaccinated femal mice, mammary tumors decreased from 10.2% to 2.5%, and in 78 irradiated and vaccinated female mice, mammary tumors decreased from 19.5% to 8.9% and ovary tumors from 21.7% to 3.8%. Lung tumors also decreased in the latter group, suggesting a common factor protecting the immunized mice.", "contents": "Active immunization against spontaneous tumors in mice. The incidence of spontaneous tumors was studied in a group of 136 female mice and in another group of 138 females after a sublethal dose of total body irradiation. Of the nonirradiated mice 10.2% developed mammary tumors, and 8% developed lung tumors. Of the irradiated mice 19.5% developed mammary tumors, 21.7% ovary tumors, 24.5% lung tumors, and 7.9% tumors in other organs. A vaccine was prepared for only mammary and ovary tumors through an original technique. The results showed a signficantly lower incidence of tumors in another two groups of mice that were immunized: in 80 nonirradiated vaccinated femal mice, mammary tumors decreased from 10.2% to 2.5%, and in 78 irradiated and vaccinated female mice, mammary tumors decreased from 19.5% to 8.9% and ovary tumors from 21.7% to 3.8%. Lung tumors also decreased in the latter group, suggesting a common factor protecting the immunized mice."}
{"id": "PMID:865124", "title": "The treatment of gastric cancer with combined surgical resection and chemotherapy.", "content": "A series of 156 patients with gastric cancer during a 15-year period were reviewed retrospectively to determine the effectiveness of combined surgery and adjuvant chemotherapy. The patients were divided into a 9-year prechemotherapy period and a 6-year chemotherapy period. Review of the data revealed an increase in the incidence of distant disease. The utilization of surgery as the only mode of treatment declined. Combination surgery and adjuvant chemotherapy utilization increased. Comparison of survival for surgery vs. adjuvant chemotherapy, expressed as percentage of survivors for each year, revealed an increase at 1 and 2 years with no difference at 3 years for all stages. A similar comparison for patients with regional spread showed an increase at 1,2 and 3 years with no difference therafter. The 5-year survival was 5% for both groups. The data has suggested that surgery and adjuvant chemotherapy increases 1-,2-, and 3-year survival rates but does not affect the longterm results.", "contents": "The treatment of gastric cancer with combined surgical resection and chemotherapy. A series of 156 patients with gastric cancer during a 15-year period were reviewed retrospectively to determine the effectiveness of combined surgery and adjuvant chemotherapy. The patients were divided into a 9-year prechemotherapy period and a 6-year chemotherapy period. Review of the data revealed an increase in the incidence of distant disease. The utilization of surgery as the only mode of treatment declined. Combination surgery and adjuvant chemotherapy utilization increased. Comparison of survival for surgery vs. adjuvant chemotherapy, expressed as percentage of survivors for each year, revealed an increase at 1 and 2 years with no difference at 3 years for all stages. A similar comparison for patients with regional spread showed an increase at 1,2 and 3 years with no difference therafter. The 5-year survival was 5% for both groups. The data has suggested that surgery and adjuvant chemotherapy increases 1-,2-, and 3-year survival rates but does not affect the longterm results."}
{"id": "PMID:865126", "title": "Cardiovascular involvement by invasive thymomas.", "content": "We have observed 74 cases of thymoma from 1968 to 1974. Six cases of invasive (malignant) thymoma presented in an unusual fashion with signs and symptoms of cardiovascular disease and superior vena caval syndrome. The clinical, pathological, and roentgenographic features of these cases are presented. The literature concerning cardiovascular involvement by thymoma is reviewed and discussed.", "contents": "Cardiovascular involvement by invasive thymomas. We have observed 74 cases of thymoma from 1968 to 1974. Six cases of invasive (malignant) thymoma presented in an unusual fashion with signs and symptoms of cardiovascular disease and superior vena caval syndrome. The clinical, pathological, and roentgenographic features of these cases are presented. The literature concerning cardiovascular involvement by thymoma is reviewed and discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:865125", "title": "Oral cancer in Puerto Rico.", "content": "All cancer cases diagnosed in Puerto Rico are analyzed and registered in the Central Cancer Registry. The incidence of oral cancer in Puerto Rico is fourth-highest in the world. (In 1972 oral cancer accounted 72% of all cancers in males in Puerto Rico.) A review of the data revealed important contrasts with reported statistics from the continental United States (e.g., 75.6% of the cases in Puerto Rico were initially treated by radiation, compared with 15.3% of the cases in Western New York States.", "contents": "Oral cancer in Puerto Rico. All cancer cases diagnosed in Puerto Rico are analyzed and registered in the Central Cancer Registry. The incidence of oral cancer in Puerto Rico is fourth-highest in the world. (In 1972 oral cancer accounted 72% of all cancers in males in Puerto Rico.) A review of the data revealed important contrasts with reported statistics from the continental United States (e.g., 75.6% of the cases in Puerto Rico were initially treated by radiation, compared with 15.3% of the cases in Western New York States."}
{"id": "PMID:865127", "title": "The survival of inoperable breast cancer treated with radiotherapy and radiotherapy followed by mastectomy.", "content": "Forty-five patients with locally advanced breast carcinoma were treated by radiotherapy. Twelve of them became operable and were operated. After 3 and 4 years in comparable clinical stage the rate of metastases in the nonoperated group was 78.6% and in the operated 75%. The survival after 3 and 4 years in comparable clinical stages was similar. In more advanced stages the survival was worse. Considering the trauma of mastectomy and the similar survival obtained in our material, an international trial should be performed to decide whether inoperable breast cancer becoming operable after radiotherapy should be operated.", "contents": "The survival of inoperable breast cancer treated with radiotherapy and radiotherapy followed by mastectomy. Forty-five patients with locally advanced breast carcinoma were treated by radiotherapy. Twelve of them became operable and were operated. After 3 and 4 years in comparable clinical stage the rate of metastases in the nonoperated group was 78.6% and in the operated 75%. The survival after 3 and 4 years in comparable clinical stages was similar. In more advanced stages the survival was worse. Considering the trauma of mastectomy and the similar survival obtained in our material, an international trial should be performed to decide whether inoperable breast cancer becoming operable after radiotherapy should be operated."}
{"id": "PMID:865128", "title": "Nephrotic syndrome associated with gastric cancer.", "content": "A patient whose nephrotic syndrome was controlled by steroids and cyclophosphamide was found to have gastric cancer. After removal of the tumor and discontinuing the steroid therapy, no recurrence of the clinical signs of nephrotic syndrome appeared, but moderate proteinuria persisted. The literature regarding the association of nephrotic syndrome with malignancies is reviewed.", "contents": "Nephrotic syndrome associated with gastric cancer. A patient whose nephrotic syndrome was controlled by steroids and cyclophosphamide was found to have gastric cancer. After removal of the tumor and discontinuing the steroid therapy, no recurrence of the clinical signs of nephrotic syndrome appeared, but moderate proteinuria persisted. The literature regarding the association of nephrotic syndrome with malignancies is reviewed."}
{"id": "PMID:865129", "title": "Use of computed tomography in the detection of pulmonary nodules.", "content": "The ability of computed tomography of the lungs to detect pulmonary nodules was compared with that of conventional chest roentgenography and whole-lung tomography. Computed tomography detected more pulmonary nodules in 10 of 29 patients studied with both computed tomography and whole-lung tomography. Computed tomography of the lungs is the most accurate noninvasive method available for detecting pulmonary nodules.", "contents": "Use of computed tomography in the detection of pulmonary nodules. The ability of computed tomography of the lungs to detect pulmonary nodules was compared with that of conventional chest roentgenography and whole-lung tomography. Computed tomography detected more pulmonary nodules in 10 of 29 patients studied with both computed tomography and whole-lung tomography. Computed tomography of the lungs is the most accurate noninvasive method available for detecting pulmonary nodules."}
{"id": "PMID:865130", "title": "Results after hemiarthroplasty of the hip using a cemented femoral prosthesis. A review of 109 cases with an average follow-up of 36 months.", "content": "Hip arthroplasty using the Thompson femoral prosthesis with methyl methacrylate fixation was performed on 109 hips in 106 patients. During an average follow-up period of 36 months, 26 patients died. Fifty-one procedures were performed for fresh fractures of the femoral neck and results were satisfactory in this group provided the patient was minimally active. Results were unsatisfactory in patients who had idiopathic avascular necrosis (18), painful, failed noncemented prostheses (6), and osteoarthritis (3). In these last three groups, one-half required conversion to total hip arthroplasty and an additional one-third had pain. Reoperation was required in 22 cases. Intraoperative death occurred in one elderly patient after insertion of cement. Results suggest that the primary indication for this procedure is in the minimally ambulatory or nonambulatory elderly osteoporotic patient who has a fresh fracture of the femoral neck.", "contents": "Results after hemiarthroplasty of the hip using a cemented femoral prosthesis. A review of 109 cases with an average follow-up of 36 months. Hip arthroplasty using the Thompson femoral prosthesis with methyl methacrylate fixation was performed on 109 hips in 106 patients. During an average follow-up period of 36 months, 26 patients died. Fifty-one procedures were performed for fresh fractures of the femoral neck and results were satisfactory in this group provided the patient was minimally active. Results were unsatisfactory in patients who had idiopathic avascular necrosis (18), painful, failed noncemented prostheses (6), and osteoarthritis (3). In these last three groups, one-half required conversion to total hip arthroplasty and an additional one-third had pain. Reoperation was required in 22 cases. Intraoperative death occurred in one elderly patient after insertion of cement. Results suggest that the primary indication for this procedure is in the minimally ambulatory or nonambulatory elderly osteoporotic patient who has a fresh fracture of the femoral neck."}
{"id": "PMID:865131", "title": "Feminizing adrenal adenoma in a boy. Case report and literature review.", "content": "Feminizing adrenal tumors in young boys are rare; such patients initially show bilateral gynecomastia, and may have signs of virilization. We present a patient with bilateral gynecomastia, left adrenal adenoma, and elevated estrogen levels but normal levels of 17-ketosteroids.", "contents": "Feminizing adrenal adenoma in a boy. Case report and literature review. Feminizing adrenal tumors in young boys are rare; such patients initially show bilateral gynecomastia, and may have signs of virilization. We present a patient with bilateral gynecomastia, left adrenal adenoma, and elevated estrogen levels but normal levels of 17-ketosteroids."}
{"id": "PMID:865132", "title": "Sympathetic nerve hyperactivity in high-renin hypertension effects of saralasin infusion.", "content": "We found increased levels of catecholamines in some patients who had high-renin hypertension. To study relations between angiotensin and the sympathetic nerves further, we infused saralasin, a blocker of angiotensin II, into 11 hypertensive patients being evaluated for renovascular hypertension. There were variable responses of mean arterial pressure, plasma renin activity, and norepinephrine levels. When high-renin hypertensive patients with increased levels of norepinephrine were compared with those having high renin and normal levels of norepinephrine, they showed a lesser decrease in mean arterial pressure--5 +/- 5% versus 14 +/- 4%, P less than 0.05--a decrease in plasma renin activity of 20 +/- 17% versus an increase of 77 +/- 24% (P less than 0.01), and a decrease in norepinephrine levels of 42 +/- 7% versus an increase of 10 +/- 23% (P less than 0.05) (means +/- SE). The evidence suggests that patients with high-renin levels are heterogeneous and that the primary mediator of the hypertension is sympathetic tone hyperactivity in those with increased levels of norepinephrine and angiotensin excess in those with normal levels of norepinephrine.", "contents": "Sympathetic nerve hyperactivity in high-renin hypertension effects of saralasin infusion. We found increased levels of catecholamines in some patients who had high-renin hypertension. To study relations between angiotensin and the sympathetic nerves further, we infused saralasin, a blocker of angiotensin II, into 11 hypertensive patients being evaluated for renovascular hypertension. There were variable responses of mean arterial pressure, plasma renin activity, and norepinephrine levels. When high-renin hypertensive patients with increased levels of norepinephrine were compared with those having high renin and normal levels of norepinephrine, they showed a lesser decrease in mean arterial pressure--5 +/- 5% versus 14 +/- 4%, P less than 0.05--a decrease in plasma renin activity of 20 +/- 17% versus an increase of 77 +/- 24% (P less than 0.01), and a decrease in norepinephrine levels of 42 +/- 7% versus an increase of 10 +/- 23% (P less than 0.05) (means +/- SE). The evidence suggests that patients with high-renin levels are heterogeneous and that the primary mediator of the hypertension is sympathetic tone hyperactivity in those with increased levels of norepinephrine and angiotensin excess in those with normal levels of norepinephrine."}
{"id": "PMID:865133", "title": "Serum dopamine-beta-hydroxylase activity and blood pressure.", "content": "The purpose of the studies reviewed here was to investigate the role of inheritance in the regulation of human serum dopamine-beta-hydroxylase (DBH) activity. DBH is a catecholamine biosynthetic enzyme that is localized to catecholamine-containing vesicles, is released with catecholamines from sympathetic nerves and the adrenal medulla, and is found in serum. It has been suggested that serum DBH activity might be a useful and convenient measure of sympathetic nervous system function. DBH activity was measured in blood from large, randomly selected populations of children, adolescents, and adults and in blood of relatives of children with very low serum DBH activity (less than 50 units). The results of sibship and pedigree analyses of data from families of probands with very low enzyme activity were compatible with autosomal-recessive inheritance of very low serum DBH activity. In addition, the results of studies of immunoprecipitable serum DBH were compatible with a genetically mediated decrease in the quantity of DBH protein in the blood of subjects with this allele. No significant correlation of serum DBH activity with either systolic or diastolic blood pressure was found in a large, randomly selected population of children.", "contents": "Serum dopamine-beta-hydroxylase activity and blood pressure. The purpose of the studies reviewed here was to investigate the role of inheritance in the regulation of human serum dopamine-beta-hydroxylase (DBH) activity. DBH is a catecholamine biosynthetic enzyme that is localized to catecholamine-containing vesicles, is released with catecholamines from sympathetic nerves and the adrenal medulla, and is found in serum. It has been suggested that serum DBH activity might be a useful and convenient measure of sympathetic nervous system function. DBH activity was measured in blood from large, randomly selected populations of children, adolescents, and adults and in blood of relatives of children with very low serum DBH activity (less than 50 units). The results of sibship and pedigree analyses of data from families of probands with very low enzyme activity were compatible with autosomal-recessive inheritance of very low serum DBH activity. In addition, the results of studies of immunoprecipitable serum DBH were compatible with a genetically mediated decrease in the quantity of DBH protein in the blood of subjects with this allele. No significant correlation of serum DBH activity with either systolic or diastolic blood pressure was found in a large, randomly selected population of children."}
{"id": "PMID:865134", "title": "Agreement among three different indices of sympathetic nervous system activity in essential hypertension.", "content": "Although plasma norepinephrine concentration often is elevated in patients with essential hypertension, the relevance of this to the pathogenesis of the blood pressure elevation remains uncertain. If the high concentration of plasma norepinephrine truly indicates sympathetic nervous system overactivity, it should be accompanied by hemodynamic features suggestive of sympathetic cardiovascular stimulation. This proposition was tested, and in part confirmed, in a study performed on 21 patients who had mild essential hypertension and on 11 normal subjects. Among hypertensive patients, plasma norepinephrine concentration was related to cardiac function but not to the level of the blood pressure or to total peripheral vascular resistance. Plasma norepinephrine concentration correlated significantly with heart rate and cardiac preejection period index at rest and with changes in cardiac output, heart rate, and preejection period after cardiac beta-adrenergic blockade produced by propranolol, 0.2 mg/kg intravenously. Patients with an elevated plasma norepinephrine concentrations (9 of 21) showed features of sympathetic cardiac stimulation, manifested by an elevated mean cardiac index and heart rate at rest and by normalization of both after treatment with propranolol. Thus, substantial agreement existed among three commonly used indices of sympathetic nervous system activity--plasma norepinephrine concentration, general hemodynamics at rest, and the hemodynamic response to pharmacologic autonomic blockade.", "contents": "Agreement among three different indices of sympathetic nervous system activity in essential hypertension. Although plasma norepinephrine concentration often is elevated in patients with essential hypertension, the relevance of this to the pathogenesis of the blood pressure elevation remains uncertain. If the high concentration of plasma norepinephrine truly indicates sympathetic nervous system overactivity, it should be accompanied by hemodynamic features suggestive of sympathetic cardiovascular stimulation. This proposition was tested, and in part confirmed, in a study performed on 21 patients who had mild essential hypertension and on 11 normal subjects. Among hypertensive patients, plasma norepinephrine concentration was related to cardiac function but not to the level of the blood pressure or to total peripheral vascular resistance. Plasma norepinephrine concentration correlated significantly with heart rate and cardiac preejection period index at rest and with changes in cardiac output, heart rate, and preejection period after cardiac beta-adrenergic blockade produced by propranolol, 0.2 mg/kg intravenously. Patients with an elevated plasma norepinephrine concentrations (9 of 21) showed features of sympathetic cardiac stimulation, manifested by an elevated mean cardiac index and heart rate at rest and by normalization of both after treatment with propranolol. Thus, substantial agreement existed among three commonly used indices of sympathetic nervous system activity--plasma norepinephrine concentration, general hemodynamics at rest, and the hemodynamic response to pharmacologic autonomic blockade."}
{"id": "PMID:865135", "title": "Biochemical and morphologic study of catecholamine metabolism in spontaneously hypertensive rats.", "content": "Catecholamines and catecholamine-synthesizing enzymes have been studied quantitatively in specific brain areas of spontaneously (genetically) hypertensive rats by means of a combination of sensitive enzymatic-isotopic methods and a microdissecting technique. Changes in catecholamine metabolism were found to be localized to regions of the brain implicated in the regulation of blood pressure. Noradrenaline levels were decreased in specific nuclei of the anterior hypothalamus and in the nucleus interstitialis striae terminalis ventralis. The activity of the adrenaline-forming enzyme, phenyl-ethanolamine-N-methyl transferase, was increased in the A1 and A2 areas of the brain stem. These results implicate catecholamine-forming neurons in the hypothalamus and brain stem in the development of spontaneous hypertension in rats.", "contents": "Biochemical and morphologic study of catecholamine metabolism in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Catecholamines and catecholamine-synthesizing enzymes have been studied quantitatively in specific brain areas of spontaneously (genetically) hypertensive rats by means of a combination of sensitive enzymatic-isotopic methods and a microdissecting technique. Changes in catecholamine metabolism were found to be localized to regions of the brain implicated in the regulation of blood pressure. Noradrenaline levels were decreased in specific nuclei of the anterior hypothalamus and in the nucleus interstitialis striae terminalis ventralis. The activity of the adrenaline-forming enzyme, phenyl-ethanolamine-N-methyl transferase, was increased in the A1 and A2 areas of the brain stem. These results implicate catecholamine-forming neurons in the hypothalamus and brain stem in the development of spontaneous hypertension in rats."}
{"id": "PMID:865136", "title": "Central nervous system actions of clonidine in hypertension.", "content": "Among 42 patients converted from clonidine to another antihypertensive medication, few sympathomimetic side effects were observed if the clonidine dosage had been less than 1.2 mg daily. Among a majority of 14 patients who had been taking larger doses, the previously reported syndrome of sympathetic hyperactivity was observed. It is particularly important to follow up patients who discontinue clonidine when this drug has been taken in excess of 1.2 mg daily.", "contents": "Central nervous system actions of clonidine in hypertension. Among 42 patients converted from clonidine to another antihypertensive medication, few sympathomimetic side effects were observed if the clonidine dosage had been less than 1.2 mg daily. Among a majority of 14 patients who had been taking larger doses, the previously reported syndrome of sympathetic hyperactivity was observed. It is particularly important to follow up patients who discontinue clonidine when this drug has been taken in excess of 1.2 mg daily."}
{"id": "PMID:865141", "title": "Changes in albumin uptake during the lifespan of human fibroblasts in vitro.", "content": "It has been suggested that a deterioration of cell membrane functions in cell populations with a limited lifespan in vitro could explain the loss of division potential either through changes in permeability of in cell attachment. We analyzed membrane function measuring the uptake of iodinated human serum albumin (125ISA) at different passages during the lifespan in vitro of human adult lung fibroblasts. Monolayers were incubated with 100microng/ml 125ISA. One and sixty minutes later, cultures were washed and the cell bound radioactivity was determined; these values correspond respectively to adsorption and net uptake. Our results show a significant increased uptake of albumin by aging cells. The changes in cell permeability, however, are apparent only late during the life span. Old cultures were also more susceptible to the stimulatory action of polyornithine (PLO) on protein uptake. Results obtained with PLO on young cells showed that the cell takes up more albumin when there is membrane danage leading to leakage of proteins. These findings suggest that the increased uptake of albumin and the suceptibility to PLO are signs of membrane damage in cells that have reached the end of their lifespans. In that case, an increased protein uptake would be the prelude to cell death.", "contents": "Changes in albumin uptake during the lifespan of human fibroblasts in vitro. It has been suggested that a deterioration of cell membrane functions in cell populations with a limited lifespan in vitro could explain the loss of division potential either through changes in permeability of in cell attachment. We analyzed membrane function measuring the uptake of iodinated human serum albumin (125ISA) at different passages during the lifespan in vitro of human adult lung fibroblasts. Monolayers were incubated with 100microng/ml 125ISA. One and sixty minutes later, cultures were washed and the cell bound radioactivity was determined; these values correspond respectively to adsorption and net uptake. Our results show a significant increased uptake of albumin by aging cells. The changes in cell permeability, however, are apparent only late during the life span. Old cultures were also more susceptible to the stimulatory action of polyornithine (PLO) on protein uptake. Results obtained with PLO on young cells showed that the cell takes up more albumin when there is membrane danage leading to leakage of proteins. These findings suggest that the increased uptake of albumin and the suceptibility to PLO are signs of membrane damage in cells that have reached the end of their lifespans. In that case, an increased protein uptake would be the prelude to cell death."}
{"id": "PMID:865144", "title": "Age related changes in the lipids of the microsomal and the mitochondrial membranes of rat liver and kidney.", "content": "The lipid contents of the microsomal and mitochondrial membrane fractions of liver and kidney were determined in 6 and 24 month old rats. A significant age related increase in the molar ratio of cholesterol/phospholipid was observed in all membrane fractions. A significant age related reduction of phospholipid was noted in the microsomal fractions of liver and kidney. The relative amount of phosphatidylethanolamine was found to decrease in all membrane fractions during aging. Membrane glyceride content, however, remained relatively constant with age. Significant increase in oleic acid was seen in the neutral lipid of both liver and kidney and in the polar lipid of kidney. Significant increase in docosahexaenoic acid and significant decrease in linoleic acid were seen in the polar lipid of the liver membrane fractions. Possible alterations in membrane physiochemical properties and in membrane function due to these age related lipid changes are discussed.", "contents": "Age related changes in the lipids of the microsomal and the mitochondrial membranes of rat liver and kidney. The lipid contents of the microsomal and mitochondrial membrane fractions of liver and kidney were determined in 6 and 24 month old rats. A significant age related increase in the molar ratio of cholesterol/phospholipid was observed in all membrane fractions. A significant age related reduction of phospholipid was noted in the microsomal fractions of liver and kidney. The relative amount of phosphatidylethanolamine was found to decrease in all membrane fractions during aging. Membrane glyceride content, however, remained relatively constant with age. Significant increase in oleic acid was seen in the neutral lipid of both liver and kidney and in the polar lipid of kidney. Significant increase in docosahexaenoic acid and significant decrease in linoleic acid were seen in the polar lipid of the liver membrane fractions. Possible alterations in membrane physiochemical properties and in membrane function due to these age related lipid changes are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:865145", "title": "Rabbit erythrocyte survival following diminished sialic acid and ATP depletion.", "content": "The limited deformability and ATP depletion was considered by some authors to be the factor limiting the life span of old red blood cells (RBC) in circulation. Others believed that sialic acid on the RBC surface determines their life span. We compared the life span of 51Cr labelled, neuraminidase treated rabbit RBCs with ATP depleted by incubation at 37 degree C rabbit RBCs. Osmotic fragility, agglutinability, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) and hexokinase activity and ATP levels of these cells were determined. Desyalated RBCs were removed from the circulation within 24 hours. ATP levels, G6d and hexokinase activity and osmotic fragility were normal in these cells. The agglutination by poly(L-lysine) was affected by the loss of surface charge on these cells. Half the ATP depleted RBCs were out of the circulation within three days. Reconstitution of ATP by reincubation with adenosine, elevated the ATP levels to about 80% of their original level, but survival of these cells did not improve. Analysis of sialic acid showed tha 50% of it was removed during the incubation for ATP depletion. The low ATP level and loss of sialic acid fromt he RBC membrane appeared to be conincidental rather than dependent on each other. The latter appears to be a primary factor in red cell survival.", "contents": "Rabbit erythrocyte survival following diminished sialic acid and ATP depletion. The limited deformability and ATP depletion was considered by some authors to be the factor limiting the life span of old red blood cells (RBC) in circulation. Others believed that sialic acid on the RBC surface determines their life span. We compared the life span of 51Cr labelled, neuraminidase treated rabbit RBCs with ATP depleted by incubation at 37 degree C rabbit RBCs. Osmotic fragility, agglutinability, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) and hexokinase activity and ATP levels of these cells were determined. Desyalated RBCs were removed from the circulation within 24 hours. ATP levels, G6d and hexokinase activity and osmotic fragility were normal in these cells. The agglutination by poly(L-lysine) was affected by the loss of surface charge on these cells. Half the ATP depleted RBCs were out of the circulation within three days. Reconstitution of ATP by reincubation with adenosine, elevated the ATP levels to about 80% of their original level, but survival of these cells did not improve. Analysis of sialic acid showed tha 50% of it was removed during the incubation for ATP depletion. The low ATP level and loss of sialic acid fromt he RBC membrane appeared to be conincidental rather than dependent on each other. The latter appears to be a primary factor in red cell survival."}
{"id": "PMID:865143", "title": "Macromolecular synthesis in human fibroblasts at 37 degrees and 42 degrees C during aging in vitro.", "content": "A normal strain of human skin fibroblasts was pulse labelled at 42 degrees and 37 degrees C during intervals of the in vitro lifespan with 3H-thymidine, 3H-uridine and 14C-phenylalanine, precursors of DNA, RNA and protein synthesis, respectively. No increased heat lability could be detected in the relative profiles of precursor incorporation at the two temperatures until terminal stages of passage when a minor increase in heat lability appeared in RNA and protein synthesis. Early passage cells, grown in the presence of the substrate analogues, p-fluorophenylalanine or 5-fluorouracil, showed a moderate increase in relative heat lability but comparable patterns were not evident in drug-free cultures, even at terminal stages of passage. Although the results indicate that defects exist in enzyme pathways for macromolecular synthesis at terminal stages of growth and in the presence of analogues, they do not support the hypothesis that such defects are causal to the onset of cellular aging in vitro.", "contents": "Macromolecular synthesis in human fibroblasts at 37 degrees and 42 degrees C during aging in vitro. A normal strain of human skin fibroblasts was pulse labelled at 42 degrees and 37 degrees C during intervals of the in vitro lifespan with 3H-thymidine, 3H-uridine and 14C-phenylalanine, precursors of DNA, RNA and protein synthesis, respectively. No increased heat lability could be detected in the relative profiles of precursor incorporation at the two temperatures until terminal stages of passage when a minor increase in heat lability appeared in RNA and protein synthesis. Early passage cells, grown in the presence of the substrate analogues, p-fluorophenylalanine or 5-fluorouracil, showed a moderate increase in relative heat lability but comparable patterns were not evident in drug-free cultures, even at terminal stages of passage. Although the results indicate that defects exist in enzyme pathways for macromolecular synthesis at terminal stages of growth and in the presence of analogues, they do not support the hypothesis that such defects are causal to the onset of cellular aging in vitro."}
{"id": "PMID:865152", "title": "Effects of pyrazole treatment of physical status and brain biogenic amines in rats.", "content": "The recovery of brain noradrenaline (NA) from a single dose of 100 mg/kg pyrazole was rapid, but after 500 mg/kg brain NA levels were still maximally reduced 3 days later and did not return to normal until 7 days after injection. The consumption of water followed a similar time course at this dose. Sub-acute experiments were carried out in two sets of animals: those with free access to food and water throughout the experiment and those which during the latter half of the experiment received a known, restricted quantity of food and fluid by gastric intubation. Diet restriction did not alter the pyrazole induced decrease in brain NA and potentiated the decrease observed in the heart. A significant increase in brain 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid was observed with pyrazole 100 mg/kg in both diet schedules. In addition to the disturbances in food and water consumption, pyrazole also caused a decrease in locomotor activity which was only partly due to the starvation. Rectal temperature did not change. At the higher pyrazole dose in the rats fed by intubation there was incomplete emptying of the stomach. It is concluded that these many changes demonstrate the non-specificity of pyrazole and caution is advocated in its use combined with ethanol in research on experimental alcoholism.", "contents": "Effects of pyrazole treatment of physical status and brain biogenic amines in rats. The recovery of brain noradrenaline (NA) from a single dose of 100 mg/kg pyrazole was rapid, but after 500 mg/kg brain NA levels were still maximally reduced 3 days later and did not return to normal until 7 days after injection. The consumption of water followed a similar time course at this dose. Sub-acute experiments were carried out in two sets of animals: those with free access to food and water throughout the experiment and those which during the latter half of the experiment received a known, restricted quantity of food and fluid by gastric intubation. Diet restriction did not alter the pyrazole induced decrease in brain NA and potentiated the decrease observed in the heart. A significant increase in brain 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid was observed with pyrazole 100 mg/kg in both diet schedules. In addition to the disturbances in food and water consumption, pyrazole also caused a decrease in locomotor activity which was only partly due to the starvation. Rectal temperature did not change. At the higher pyrazole dose in the rats fed by intubation there was incomplete emptying of the stomach. It is concluded that these many changes demonstrate the non-specificity of pyrazole and caution is advocated in its use combined with ethanol in research on experimental alcoholism."}
{"id": "PMID:865153", "title": "Platelet monoamine oxidase, plasma benzylamine oxidase and liver mixed function oxidase in cirrhotic patients.", "content": "Because it has been suggested that an accumulation of false neurochemical transmitters plays a part in the cardiovascular and neurological complications of cirrhosis it appeared worthwhile to study the level of monoamine oxidase in the liver and platelets of cirrhotic patients. In fact a decrease of such activities might explain the increase of false neurotransmitters observed in cirrhotic patients. Other enzyme were also tested: the plasma benzylamine oxidase activity and the liver mixed function oxidases. 13 cases of severe cirrhosis (B, C according to Child classification) and 10 cases of less severe cirrhosis (A according to Child classification) were studied in comparison to patients affected by cholelithiasis. A defect in the level of monoamine oxidase activity of platelets and liver was observed in some cirrhotic patients together with a decrease of the level of the liver mixed function oxidases.", "contents": "Platelet monoamine oxidase, plasma benzylamine oxidase and liver mixed function oxidase in cirrhotic patients. Because it has been suggested that an accumulation of false neurochemical transmitters plays a part in the cardiovascular and neurological complications of cirrhosis it appeared worthwhile to study the level of monoamine oxidase in the liver and platelets of cirrhotic patients. In fact a decrease of such activities might explain the increase of false neurotransmitters observed in cirrhotic patients. Other enzyme were also tested: the plasma benzylamine oxidase activity and the liver mixed function oxidases. 13 cases of severe cirrhosis (B, C according to Child classification) and 10 cases of less severe cirrhosis (A according to Child classification) were studied in comparison to patients affected by cholelithiasis. A defect in the level of monoamine oxidase activity of platelets and liver was observed in some cirrhotic patients together with a decrease of the level of the liver mixed function oxidases."}
{"id": "PMID:865154", "title": "Detection of platelet-bound IgG with 125I-labelled staphylococcal protein A.", "content": "125I-labelled protein A from Staphylococcus aureus binds effectively with platelets coated either with specific antibodies or with unrelated immune complexes. Protein A can therefore be used to measure these serum factors. A prior dilution of the serum enhances markedly the reactivity of the serum in idopathic thrombocytopenic purpura. This may be due to abolished inhibition exerted by normal monomeric IgG.", "contents": "Detection of platelet-bound IgG with 125I-labelled staphylococcal protein A. 125I-labelled protein A from Staphylococcus aureus binds effectively with platelets coated either with specific antibodies or with unrelated immune complexes. Protein A can therefore be used to measure these serum factors. A prior dilution of the serum enhances markedly the reactivity of the serum in idopathic thrombocytopenic purpura. This may be due to abolished inhibition exerted by normal monomeric IgG."}
{"id": "PMID:865155", "title": "Low-resistance skin points that may coincide with acupuncture loci.", "content": "Electrical resistance of skin was studied with the aid of a specially designed meter that compared the resistance per surface area of small skin points with that of the surrounding skin. In a systematic study of the hands, face and ears in five subjects low-resistance skin points were repeatedly found in characteristic loci, comparable in different individuals and symmetric about the body midline. The low-resistance skin points had diametres of 1.5 +/- 0.5 mm and their borders were abrupt. On the dry skin resistance values were around 10 kilo-ohms at the center of the points but around 3 mega-ohms in the surrounding skin. Voltages could also be recorded at these points, but they proved to be result of electrode polarization reflected at these points because of their low electrical resistance. The distribution of the low points in the hands, face and ears resembled that of classical acupuncture points.", "contents": "Low-resistance skin points that may coincide with acupuncture loci. Electrical resistance of skin was studied with the aid of a specially designed meter that compared the resistance per surface area of small skin points with that of the surrounding skin. In a systematic study of the hands, face and ears in five subjects low-resistance skin points were repeatedly found in characteristic loci, comparable in different individuals and symmetric about the body midline. The low-resistance skin points had diametres of 1.5 +/- 0.5 mm and their borders were abrupt. On the dry skin resistance values were around 10 kilo-ohms at the center of the points but around 3 mega-ohms in the surrounding skin. Voltages could also be recorded at these points, but they proved to be result of electrode polarization reflected at these points because of their low electrical resistance. The distribution of the low points in the hands, face and ears resembled that of classical acupuncture points."}
{"id": "PMID:865198", "title": "[Cholecystectomy and experimental coloncarcinoma (author's transl)].", "content": "The influence of cholecystectomy on the development of carcinoma of the colon is investigated. The experimental results show a significant high rate of carcinoma of the colon induced by subcutaneous injection of 1,2-Dimethylhydrazin (DMH) in the mouse after cholecystectomy. After 10 weekly injections of 15 mg/kg DMH 70% of the animals with cholecystectomy developed carcinoma. Only 16% of the mice with similar treatment but without cholecystectomy had carcinoma. The cocarcinogenic effect of cholecystectomy is assumed to be due to the increased production of secondary bile salts by the colonic bacteria and the lacking of the resorptive function of the gall bladder for some carcinogenic substances passing through the liver. The background of this experimental studies is the clinical findings that 10% of patients with carcinoma of the large bowels had a cholecystectomy previously.", "contents": "[Cholecystectomy and experimental coloncarcinoma (author's transl)]. The influence of cholecystectomy on the development of carcinoma of the colon is investigated. The experimental results show a significant high rate of carcinoma of the colon induced by subcutaneous injection of 1,2-Dimethylhydrazin (DMH) in the mouse after cholecystectomy. After 10 weekly injections of 15 mg/kg DMH 70% of the animals with cholecystectomy developed carcinoma. Only 16% of the mice with similar treatment but without cholecystectomy had carcinoma. The cocarcinogenic effect of cholecystectomy is assumed to be due to the increased production of secondary bile salts by the colonic bacteria and the lacking of the resorptive function of the gall bladder for some carcinogenic substances passing through the liver. The background of this experimental studies is the clinical findings that 10% of patients with carcinoma of the large bowels had a cholecystectomy previously."}
{"id": "PMID:865199", "title": "[A new method of bowel preparation (author's transl)].", "content": "Experience with whole-gut irrigation as a new method of bowel preparation in 50 patients undergoing surgery is described. The use of this technique the physiological records and the very satisfactory results are discussed. This new method should replace all other type of procedure of bowel preparation.", "contents": "[A new method of bowel preparation (author's transl)]. Experience with whole-gut irrigation as a new method of bowel preparation in 50 patients undergoing surgery is described. The use of this technique the physiological records and the very satisfactory results are discussed. This new method should replace all other type of procedure of bowel preparation."}
{"id": "PMID:865200", "title": "[Continence after low anterior resection (author's transl)].", "content": "In 28 patients we studied the fecal continence after low anterior resection of the rectum. After an usual proctological investigation we did in all patients measurements of the anorectal function, such as pressure measurement, electromyography and determination of the anal-rectal angle. In 12 patients a defecatogram was performed. Of the 28 patients with anastomoses lower than 8 cm only one was after 2 years still incontinent. All the other patients were completely continent. This fact could be proven objectively.", "contents": "[Continence after low anterior resection (author's transl)]. In 28 patients we studied the fecal continence after low anterior resection of the rectum. After an usual proctological investigation we did in all patients measurements of the anorectal function, such as pressure measurement, electromyography and determination of the anal-rectal angle. In 12 patients a defecatogram was performed. Of the 28 patients with anastomoses lower than 8 cm only one was after 2 years still incontinent. All the other patients were completely continent. This fact could be proven objectively."}
{"id": "PMID:865201", "title": "[Malignant degeneration of experimental ulcerative colitis of the rat following s.c. injection of 1,2-dimethylhydrazine (author's transl)].", "content": "Animal experiments were performed to answer the question whether ulcerative colitis is predisposed to malignant degeneration. Male Wistar rats were given aqueous solutions of degraded Carrageenan (4%; w/v). After induction of ulcerative colitis, 1,2-Dimethylhydrazine (DMH; 132 mg/kg body weight) was applicated during a period of 7 weeks. 17 of 18 rats developed multiple adenocarcinomas in the distal colon 15 weeks after the last injection of DMH. The Carrageenan induced colitis was localized predominantly in the distal part of the large bowel. Only 3 rats of a control group of 18 animals exposed to DMH only showed carcinomas of the colon. The difference is proven significant (P less than 0.01). Carrageenan for itself caused no malignancy. The results of the experiments demonstrate that, during ulcerative colitis, the colon of the rat is more susceptible to induction of cancer than the intact one.", "contents": "[Malignant degeneration of experimental ulcerative colitis of the rat following s.c. injection of 1,2-dimethylhydrazine (author's transl)]. Animal experiments were performed to answer the question whether ulcerative colitis is predisposed to malignant degeneration. Male Wistar rats were given aqueous solutions of degraded Carrageenan (4%; w/v). After induction of ulcerative colitis, 1,2-Dimethylhydrazine (DMH; 132 mg/kg body weight) was applicated during a period of 7 weeks. 17 of 18 rats developed multiple adenocarcinomas in the distal colon 15 weeks after the last injection of DMH. The Carrageenan induced colitis was localized predominantly in the distal part of the large bowel. Only 3 rats of a control group of 18 animals exposed to DMH only showed carcinomas of the colon. The difference is proven significant (P less than 0.01). Carrageenan for itself caused no malignancy. The results of the experiments demonstrate that, during ulcerative colitis, the colon of the rat is more susceptible to induction of cancer than the intact one."}
{"id": "PMID:865202", "title": "[The treatment to the high gastric ulcer (author's transl)].", "content": "This is a report on 64 patients, who were operated on because of gastric ulcer situated near the cardia. We found the best results after the so-called step-like resection, which is preferable to selective vagotomy with excision of the ulcer and pyloroplasty because of the special conditions of the secretion of gastric juice in the case of high ulcers. Because of the danger of the development of a cancer in a B-II-stomach we prefer the B-I-anastomosis. For ulcers with stenosis of the esophagus a cardiofundectomy should be performed. Ulcers high on the greater curvature and in the fundus should be excised and a distal gastrectomy (B-I) should follow. The sole excision of the ulcer or the operation according to Kelling-Madlener are not recommended.", "contents": "[The treatment to the high gastric ulcer (author's transl)]. This is a report on 64 patients, who were operated on because of gastric ulcer situated near the cardia. We found the best results after the so-called step-like resection, which is preferable to selective vagotomy with excision of the ulcer and pyloroplasty because of the special conditions of the secretion of gastric juice in the case of high ulcers. Because of the danger of the development of a cancer in a B-II-stomach we prefer the B-I-anastomosis. For ulcers with stenosis of the esophagus a cardiofundectomy should be performed. Ulcers high on the greater curvature and in the fundus should be excised and a distal gastrectomy (B-I) should follow. The sole excision of the ulcer or the operation according to Kelling-Madlener are not recommended."}
{"id": "PMID:865203", "title": "Lipomas presenting as parotid tumors.", "content": "Eleven cases of lipoma in the parotid region have been reviewed. Nine tumors were found to be compressing the lateral surface of the parotid gland (periparotidlipoma). One lesion was totally surrounded by salivary tissue, and another involved both the superficial and the deep lobes of a parotid gland (intraparotid lipoma). The tail of the gland was involved most frequently (six patients). The tumors were predominantly right sided (eight cases). All patients were treated by surgical excision. Only one tumor has recurred and this has apparently been successfully treated by a reexcision.", "contents": "Lipomas presenting as parotid tumors. Eleven cases of lipoma in the parotid region have been reviewed. Nine tumors were found to be compressing the lateral surface of the parotid gland (periparotidlipoma). One lesion was totally surrounded by salivary tissue, and another involved both the superficial and the deep lobes of a parotid gland (intraparotid lipoma). The tail of the gland was involved most frequently (six patients). The tumors were predominantly right sided (eight cases). All patients were treated by surgical excision. Only one tumor has recurred and this has apparently been successfully treated by a reexcision."}
{"id": "PMID:865204", "title": "Oncocytic neoplasms of salivary glands: an ultrastructural study.", "content": "The oncocyte is a peculiar cell found in the aging parotid gland. A precise definition of oncocytic tumors in now available using histochemical and electron microscopic techinques. Oncocytic carcinomas are very rare; only a handful have been cited in the literature. This is the first description of the electron microscope features of oncocytic carcinomas we can find in the literature. The cells of these carcinomas are characterized by mitochondrial hyperplasia, pleomorphism and atypism. The cells contained few other subcellular organelles and no myofilaments or glycogen as previously described in benign oncocytomas. In addition to these electron microscopic features, the clinical presentation, treatment, and biologic course of these three cases of oncocytic carcinoma and two cases of benign oncocytoma will be presented.", "contents": "Oncocytic neoplasms of salivary glands: an ultrastructural study. The oncocyte is a peculiar cell found in the aging parotid gland. A precise definition of oncocytic tumors in now available using histochemical and electron microscopic techinques. Oncocytic carcinomas are very rare; only a handful have been cited in the literature. This is the first description of the electron microscope features of oncocytic carcinomas we can find in the literature. The cells of these carcinomas are characterized by mitochondrial hyperplasia, pleomorphism and atypism. The cells contained few other subcellular organelles and no myofilaments or glycogen as previously described in benign oncocytomas. In addition to these electron microscopic features, the clinical presentation, treatment, and biologic course of these three cases of oncocytic carcinoma and two cases of benign oncocytoma will be presented."}
{"id": "PMID:865205", "title": "Oral manifestations of herpes simplex virus infections.", "content": "Most individuals are infected with Herpes Simplex in childhood usually suffering a mild febrile illness of no consequence. Later some individuals suffer recurrent infections which appear as cold sores on the lip while others intermittently shed virus in the oro-pharygeal secretions. Adults uninfected in childhood may be exposed to viruses for example by kissing and develop an acute primary herpes with fever and gingivo-stomatitis occasionally requiring hospital admission. Awareness of this condition is required for diagnosis after which the majority of patients seen in otolaryngological practice need only supportive therapy, explanation and reassurance. Recurrent cold sores are no more that a nuisance in most patients, but occasionally they are severe and in others the cold sore may precipitate oral erythema multiforme. Unfortunately the treatments available for recurrent cold sores are rather unsatisfactory.", "contents": "Oral manifestations of herpes simplex virus infections. Most individuals are infected with Herpes Simplex in childhood usually suffering a mild febrile illness of no consequence. Later some individuals suffer recurrent infections which appear as cold sores on the lip while others intermittently shed virus in the oro-pharygeal secretions. Adults uninfected in childhood may be exposed to viruses for example by kissing and develop an acute primary herpes with fever and gingivo-stomatitis occasionally requiring hospital admission. Awareness of this condition is required for diagnosis after which the majority of patients seen in otolaryngological practice need only supportive therapy, explanation and reassurance. Recurrent cold sores are no more that a nuisance in most patients, but occasionally they are severe and in others the cold sore may precipitate oral erythema multiforme. Unfortunately the treatments available for recurrent cold sores are rather unsatisfactory."}
{"id": "PMID:865207", "title": "Facial injuries in hockey players.", "content": "As otolaryngologists become more involved with maxillofacial trauma, we are encountering an increasing number of athletic injuries. Ice hockey accounts for a large number of these facial injuries. The fast moving and random nature of the game, frequent body and equipment contact and lack of protective devices, predisposes the hockey player to facial injury. Because of the roughly tenfold increase in hockey participation over the last decade, the problem of facial injury prevention has become a significant public health problem in North America. Review of the medical literature shows a paucity of interest in the subject of facial injury prevention in hockey. Several articles have dealt with ocular injury, while other articles have dealt with the general subject of hockey injury with only scant attention paid to the facial area. A retrospective study was carried out to more clearly define the scope of the facial injury problem. Four levels of hockey play were examined. Individuals from the youngest and most inexperienced to seasoned professionals were studied. An individually completed questionnaire was received from players in each group. It is the purpose of this paper to indicate the rates of injury for the various types of facial trauma, present their mechanisms of occurrence and discuss means of preventing facial injury in hockey players.", "contents": "Facial injuries in hockey players. As otolaryngologists become more involved with maxillofacial trauma, we are encountering an increasing number of athletic injuries. Ice hockey accounts for a large number of these facial injuries. The fast moving and random nature of the game, frequent body and equipment contact and lack of protective devices, predisposes the hockey player to facial injury. Because of the roughly tenfold increase in hockey participation over the last decade, the problem of facial injury prevention has become a significant public health problem in North America. Review of the medical literature shows a paucity of interest in the subject of facial injury prevention in hockey. Several articles have dealt with ocular injury, while other articles have dealt with the general subject of hockey injury with only scant attention paid to the facial area. A retrospective study was carried out to more clearly define the scope of the facial injury problem. Four levels of hockey play were examined. Individuals from the youngest and most inexperienced to seasoned professionals were studied. An individually completed questionnaire was received from players in each group. It is the purpose of this paper to indicate the rates of injury for the various types of facial trauma, present their mechanisms of occurrence and discuss means of preventing facial injury in hockey players."}
{"id": "PMID:865208", "title": "Fractures of the orbital floor.", "content": "The charts of 324 patients treated for 363 orbital floor fractures between 1965 and 1973 were reviewed retrospectively. Of these, 38 (11 percent) were isolated floor fractures, 27 (8 percent) were rim and floor fractures, 168 (46 percent) were trimalar fractures and 130 (35 percent) were associated with complex facial fractures. On initial examination, 31 percent of the patients were found to have diplopia and 4 percent enophthalmos. Orbital prolapse was suspected in 31 percent of the patients. Thirty-seven percent of the patients had demonstrable ocular injury at the time of initial examination. Treatment was surgical in 336 of the fractures and non-surgical in 29. Of the surgical patients 140 had no support placed, 120 had antral support only, 51 had both antral support and orbital implant, and 20 had an orbital implant only. Postoperatively the incidence of diplopia was 8 percent in all patients, and 7 percent had enophthalmos. A smaller group followed for more than five months, were found to have diplopia in 17 percent and enophthalmos in 11 percent. Of the 29 patients treated non-surgically, none had persistent diplopia.", "contents": "Fractures of the orbital floor. The charts of 324 patients treated for 363 orbital floor fractures between 1965 and 1973 were reviewed retrospectively. Of these, 38 (11 percent) were isolated floor fractures, 27 (8 percent) were rim and floor fractures, 168 (46 percent) were trimalar fractures and 130 (35 percent) were associated with complex facial fractures. On initial examination, 31 percent of the patients were found to have diplopia and 4 percent enophthalmos. Orbital prolapse was suspected in 31 percent of the patients. Thirty-seven percent of the patients had demonstrable ocular injury at the time of initial examination. Treatment was surgical in 336 of the fractures and non-surgical in 29. Of the surgical patients 140 had no support placed, 120 had antral support only, 51 had both antral support and orbital implant, and 20 had an orbital implant only. Postoperatively the incidence of diplopia was 8 percent in all patients, and 7 percent had enophthalmos. A smaller group followed for more than five months, were found to have diplopia in 17 percent and enophthalmos in 11 percent. Of the 29 patients treated non-surgically, none had persistent diplopia."}
{"id": "PMID:865209", "title": "Nasofrontal-ethmoidal injuries.", "content": "Our experiences in managing 17 patients with nasofrontal-ethmoidal injuries is reviewed. The treatment of frontal injuries, cerebrospinal fluid leaks, and pseudohypertelorism is discussed.", "contents": "Nasofrontal-ethmoidal injuries. Our experiences in managing 17 patients with nasofrontal-ethmoidal injuries is reviewed. The treatment of frontal injuries, cerebrospinal fluid leaks, and pseudohypertelorism is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:865210", "title": "Dental aspects of maxillofacial injuries.", "content": "The chief progress of maxillofacial surgery in recent years has been the preservation and the retention of functional tissue. The recent advances in microvascular and reimplantation surgery are examples. Similarly the preservation of the masticatory apparatus is best served by the retention of all viable components. Additional benefits derived from this approach include the facilitation with alignment of the bony fragments, proper occlusion of the teeth and maintenance of the vertical relationship between the upper and lower jaws; in addition to the restoration of appearance and the functions of mastication and speech. Although injuries of the teeth and their supporting stuctures at first glance may seem to be simple problems, frequently they turn out to be complicated. The most common injury is partial avulsion of the alveolar bone with loss of attached teeth, which may produce a severe defect in the jaw bone. During healing there is additional resorbtion of alveolar bone, which is quite a normal physiologic phenomenon. Therefore, the eventual defect is likely to be more severe yet. For this reason more concern should be shown for these lesser injuries.", "contents": "Dental aspects of maxillofacial injuries. The chief progress of maxillofacial surgery in recent years has been the preservation and the retention of functional tissue. The recent advances in microvascular and reimplantation surgery are examples. Similarly the preservation of the masticatory apparatus is best served by the retention of all viable components. Additional benefits derived from this approach include the facilitation with alignment of the bony fragments, proper occlusion of the teeth and maintenance of the vertical relationship between the upper and lower jaws; in addition to the restoration of appearance and the functions of mastication and speech. Although injuries of the teeth and their supporting stuctures at first glance may seem to be simple problems, frequently they turn out to be complicated. The most common injury is partial avulsion of the alveolar bone with loss of attached teeth, which may produce a severe defect in the jaw bone. During healing there is additional resorbtion of alveolar bone, which is quite a normal physiologic phenomenon. Therefore, the eventual defect is likely to be more severe yet. For this reason more concern should be shown for these lesser injuries."}
{"id": "PMID:865211", "title": "Mandibular fractures: a review of 156 consecutive cases.", "content": "This report deals with a consecutive series of 156 mandibular fractures that were managed during a three-year period. The age and sex incidence are presented and the causative factors of the trauma are discussed. The fractures are classified according to anatomic site and laterality. The majority of the patients were treated with closed reduction techniques and the reasons for open reduction are tabulated. The results and complications of the treatment are enumerated. A conservative technique is described for open reduction of fracture-dislocations of the condylar head.", "contents": "Mandibular fractures: a review of 156 consecutive cases. This report deals with a consecutive series of 156 mandibular fractures that were managed during a three-year period. The age and sex incidence are presented and the causative factors of the trauma are discussed. The fractures are classified according to anatomic site and laterality. The majority of the patients were treated with closed reduction techniques and the reasons for open reduction are tabulated. The results and complications of the treatment are enumerated. A conservative technique is described for open reduction of fracture-dislocations of the condylar head."}
{"id": "PMID:865212", "title": "Mucous glands in the developing human rhinopharynx.", "content": "In 42 fetuses and prematures, the entire mucosa from the rhinopharynx was stained by various whole-mount methods. The development, growth, spread, distribution, situation, and size of the glands were determined. The development starts in the 11th week below the tubal orifice, whence the glands spread to the entire rhinopharynx. The number increases gradually by about 60-70 glands a week. By the 23rd week, there are 1,100-1,200 glands in the rhinopharynx. After that juncture, there is presumably no further new formation. The density and size of the glands were at a maximum in Rosenm\u00fcller's recess, below the tubal orifice, and in the salpingopharyngeal fold, least anterior to the tubal orifice and at the junction to the pharynx. The role of the sero-mucous glands in the rhinopharynx under normal and abnormal conditions is dicussed.", "contents": "Mucous glands in the developing human rhinopharynx. In 42 fetuses and prematures, the entire mucosa from the rhinopharynx was stained by various whole-mount methods. The development, growth, spread, distribution, situation, and size of the glands were determined. The development starts in the 11th week below the tubal orifice, whence the glands spread to the entire rhinopharynx. The number increases gradually by about 60-70 glands a week. By the 23rd week, there are 1,100-1,200 glands in the rhinopharynx. After that juncture, there is presumably no further new formation. The density and size of the glands were at a maximum in Rosenm\u00fcller's recess, below the tubal orifice, and in the salpingopharyngeal fold, least anterior to the tubal orifice and at the junction to the pharynx. The role of the sero-mucous glands in the rhinopharynx under normal and abnormal conditions is dicussed."}
{"id": "PMID:865213", "title": "Probocis lateralis: case report and embryologic analysis.", "content": "A child with a lateral trunk replacing one side of the external nose is presented with a detailed X-ray study of the deformed head. In the explanation of the etiology and teratogenesis of this facial anomaly, the modern embryologic development of the head is reviewed and correlated with the findings of this anomaly. It is felt that the lesion responsible for a proboscis lateralis involves the organizer tissue for the naso-face. As a secondary phenomenon, the development of the maxillary process is retarded and a spectrum of defects, common to many mid-face derangements, is identified and explained.", "contents": "Probocis lateralis: case report and embryologic analysis. A child with a lateral trunk replacing one side of the external nose is presented with a detailed X-ray study of the deformed head. In the explanation of the etiology and teratogenesis of this facial anomaly, the modern embryologic development of the head is reviewed and correlated with the findings of this anomaly. It is felt that the lesion responsible for a proboscis lateralis involves the organizer tissue for the naso-face. As a secondary phenomenon, the development of the maxillary process is retarded and a spectrum of defects, common to many mid-face derangements, is identified and explained."}
{"id": "PMID:865214", "title": "[A little known source of lead poisoning: rasp and file manufacture (author's transl)].", "content": "Seventy-two subjects employed in rasp manufacturing and, especially, manual \"engraving\" were studied by the authors, mainly in order to find out whether lead poisoning could be induced by their particular working activity. Twelve subjects (16.7%) were found to have standard biological parameters for lead (blood lead, urinary delta-ALA and urinary coproporphyin levels) within normal limits. Twenty-five (34.7%) showed hematochemical and urinary signs of increased lead absorption, and 35 (48.6%) marks of lead poisoning, more or less severe. The manufacturing process was then studied and working places were inspected too. Finally, lead poisoning was found to be due to a small lead block, used by hand-engravers in order to avoid damages to the already engraved surfaces of the rasps. This survey leads therefore to the conclusion that rasp manual engraving has to be included among the working activities which can induce lead poisoning.", "contents": "[A little known source of lead poisoning: rasp and file manufacture (author's transl)]. Seventy-two subjects employed in rasp manufacturing and, especially, manual \"engraving\" were studied by the authors, mainly in order to find out whether lead poisoning could be induced by their particular working activity. Twelve subjects (16.7%) were found to have standard biological parameters for lead (blood lead, urinary delta-ALA and urinary coproporphyin levels) within normal limits. Twenty-five (34.7%) showed hematochemical and urinary signs of increased lead absorption, and 35 (48.6%) marks of lead poisoning, more or less severe. The manufacturing process was then studied and working places were inspected too. Finally, lead poisoning was found to be due to a small lead block, used by hand-engravers in order to avoid damages to the already engraved surfaces of the rasps. This survey leads therefore to the conclusion that rasp manual engraving has to be included among the working activities which can induce lead poisoning."}
{"id": "PMID:865215", "title": "[Chronic broncopneumopathy and pneumoconiosis in workers employed in phosphoric acid production (author's transl)].", "content": "Thirty-five subjects employed in a phosphoric acid producing plant were studied by the authors. The investigation included: history, according to the C.E.C.A.  questionnaire for chronic bronchitis and emphysema; physical examination, chest X-ray spirometry and lung diffusing capacity for carbon monoxide by the steady state method (DLCOSS). High prevalence of chronic bronchitis (45.7%), obstructive spirometric impairment (37.1%), and decreased values of DlcoSS (31.4%) were detected. Two subjects were found to be affected with p 1/0 and 7 with p 0/1 pneumoconiosis. Such findings were significantly related to the lenght of working activity as well as to dust and gaseous fluoride (hydrofluoric acid, hexafluorosilicic acid and silicon tetrafluoride) exposure.", "contents": "[Chronic broncopneumopathy and pneumoconiosis in workers employed in phosphoric acid production (author's transl)]. Thirty-five subjects employed in a phosphoric acid producing plant were studied by the authors. The investigation included: history, according to the C.E.C.A.  questionnaire for chronic bronchitis and emphysema; physical examination, chest X-ray spirometry and lung diffusing capacity for carbon monoxide by the steady state method (DLCOSS). High prevalence of chronic bronchitis (45.7%), obstructive spirometric impairment (37.1%), and decreased values of DlcoSS (31.4%) were detected. Two subjects were found to be affected with p 1/0 and 7 with p 0/1 pneumoconiosis. Such findings were significantly related to the lenght of working activity as well as to dust and gaseous fluoride (hydrofluoric acid, hexafluorosilicic acid and silicon tetrafluoride) exposure."}
{"id": "PMID:865216", "title": "Scuba diving deaths: a review and approach for the pathologist.", "content": "A series of 34 cases of SCUBA-related fatalities in military personnel from the files of the Armed Forces Institute of Pathology has been presented. It may be concluded that the potential problems that can occur in the hyperbaric aquatic milieu while using scuba are not completely appreciated by pathologists. The resulting investigations of such fatalities give little hard data relevant to such entities as true incidence of barotraumatic injuries, aseptic bone necrosis, and contaminated air supply, the interrelationship of human, environmental, and life support system factors in such fatalities, and the pathophysiologic sequences leading to drowning or death due to causes other than drowning. Hyperbaric pathophysiology is reviewed with the hope that more reasonable interpretations of cause and mechanisms of death will be possible, and the entities air embolism and decompression sickness are differentiated in a similar light. The importance of the type of SCUBA is discussed, through analysis of ten operational diving fatalities, and the possibility of anoxia, hyperoxic convulsions, and hypercapnia existing with the use of rebreather SCUBA is emphasized. A general approach to the medical investigation of a SCUBA fatality is given, under broad headings including on-the-scene investigation, clothing and equipment examination, external and internal examinations, and toxicologic examination.", "contents": "Scuba diving deaths: a review and approach for the pathologist. A series of 34 cases of SCUBA-related fatalities in military personnel from the files of the Armed Forces Institute of Pathology has been presented. It may be concluded that the potential problems that can occur in the hyperbaric aquatic milieu while using scuba are not completely appreciated by pathologists. The resulting investigations of such fatalities give little hard data relevant to such entities as true incidence of barotraumatic injuries, aseptic bone necrosis, and contaminated air supply, the interrelationship of human, environmental, and life support system factors in such fatalities, and the pathophysiologic sequences leading to drowning or death due to causes other than drowning. Hyperbaric pathophysiology is reviewed with the hope that more reasonable interpretations of cause and mechanisms of death will be possible, and the entities air embolism and decompression sickness are differentiated in a similar light. The importance of the type of SCUBA is discussed, through analysis of ten operational diving fatalities, and the possibility of anoxia, hyperoxic convulsions, and hypercapnia existing with the use of rebreather SCUBA is emphasized. A general approach to the medical investigation of a SCUBA fatality is given, under broad headings including on-the-scene investigation, clothing and equipment examination, external and internal examinations, and toxicologic examination."}
{"id": "PMID:865218", "title": "Factors affecting contamination of blood samples for ethanol determinations.", "content": "Contamination of blood samples collected for alcohol analysis from swabbing with an ethanolic antiseptic is minimal (less than 0.6 mg/100 ml or 0.0006 percent ethanol) when routine clinical technique is followed. When technicians were told to be deliberately sloppy, considerable contamination (89 mg/100 ml or 0.09 percent ethanol) occurred. The incidence and extent of contamination from banked blood intended for transfusions are minimal. Two percent of the 1,450 samples analyzed contained alcohol. The average blood alcohol concentration was 26 mg/100 ml or 0.03 percent ethanol. One microliter of rubbing alcohol per milliliter of whole blood, or one-tenth of a drop of rubbing alcohol per milliliter of whole blood, increases the BAC 56.5 mg/100 ml (0.06 percent ethanol) and 67.5 mg/100 ml (0.07 percent ethanol), respectively.", "contents": "Factors affecting contamination of blood samples for ethanol determinations. Contamination of blood samples collected for alcohol analysis from swabbing with an ethanolic antiseptic is minimal (less than 0.6 mg/100 ml or 0.0006 percent ethanol) when routine clinical technique is followed. When technicians were told to be deliberately sloppy, considerable contamination (89 mg/100 ml or 0.09 percent ethanol) occurred. The incidence and extent of contamination from banked blood intended for transfusions are minimal. Two percent of the 1,450 samples analyzed contained alcohol. The average blood alcohol concentration was 26 mg/100 ml or 0.03 percent ethanol. One microliter of rubbing alcohol per milliliter of whole blood, or one-tenth of a drop of rubbing alcohol per milliliter of whole blood, increases the BAC 56.5 mg/100 ml (0.06 percent ethanol) and 67.5 mg/100 ml (0.07 percent ethanol), respectively."}
{"id": "PMID:865229", "title": "Microscopy of human fetal lung and the diagnosis of postnatal respiration.", "content": "1. The difficulty of correlating the microscopic appearances of the lungs in cases of stillbirth and early postnatal death with the results of hydrostatic tests in these cases is stressed. 2. Histologic criteria which depend on the presence of alveoli as evidence of extrauterine respiration are criticized. 3. The view is submitted that the alveolar pattern is the result of a normal developmental process occurring in utero, possibly accentuated by intrauterine fetal respiratory movements, but independent of extrauterine respiration. 4. The glandlike appearance of the lung which has been illustrated in standard textbooks as an example of unrespired fetal lung is probably seen only in relatively early embryos in whom the problem of respiration is unlikely to arise. 5. At or near term the alveolar pattern in the human fetus has developed, certainly in parts of the lung, to such a degree in utero that it cannot readily be distinguished from the pattern seen in the newly-born infant who has breathed for a short time in an extrauterine environment. 6. This view that the alveolar pattern is already fairly well developed at full-term makes for a more intelligible appreciation of the structural appearances seen in the immediately postnatal lung as well as of the physiology of respiration with the first extrauterine breath. 7. The views outlined for the development of the human lung in utero are completely corroborated by experimental studies on pig embryos, intraocular lung implants and the structure of sequestrated lung tissue unconnected with the respiratory tract. 8. Microscopic examination of the lungs may assist in determining fetal age. 9. The medicolegal significance of these observations is discussed.", "contents": "Microscopy of human fetal lung and the diagnosis of postnatal respiration. 1. The difficulty of correlating the microscopic appearances of the lungs in cases of stillbirth and early postnatal death with the results of hydrostatic tests in these cases is stressed. 2. Histologic criteria which depend on the presence of alveoli as evidence of extrauterine respiration are criticized. 3. The view is submitted that the alveolar pattern is the result of a normal developmental process occurring in utero, possibly accentuated by intrauterine fetal respiratory movements, but independent of extrauterine respiration. 4. The glandlike appearance of the lung which has been illustrated in standard textbooks as an example of unrespired fetal lung is probably seen only in relatively early embryos in whom the problem of respiration is unlikely to arise. 5. At or near term the alveolar pattern in the human fetus has developed, certainly in parts of the lung, to such a degree in utero that it cannot readily be distinguished from the pattern seen in the newly-born infant who has breathed for a short time in an extrauterine environment. 6. This view that the alveolar pattern is already fairly well developed at full-term makes for a more intelligible appreciation of the structural appearances seen in the immediately postnatal lung as well as of the physiology of respiration with the first extrauterine breath. 7. The views outlined for the development of the human lung in utero are completely corroborated by experimental studies on pig embryos, intraocular lung implants and the structure of sequestrated lung tissue unconnected with the respiratory tract. 8. Microscopic examination of the lungs may assist in determining fetal age. 9. The medicolegal significance of these observations is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:865244", "title": "Dietary control of the chain elongation of palmityl-CoA in rat liver microsomes.", "content": "The rate of chain elongation of palmityl-CoA to stearyl-CoA in rat liver microsomes was studied in connection with the nutritional status of the rats. The microsomal chain elongation activity, which had been decreased by starvation for 48 hr, was rapidly increased to a high level on refeeding. The apparent Km value for malonyl-CoA in both normal and refed rats was the same, 1.2 X 10(4)M. Both cycloheximide and actinomycin D prevented the induction of microsomal chain elongation activity which was associated with refeeding. In addition, the activity of acyl-CoA hydrolase and the rates of esterification of acyl-CoA into phospholipids and neutral lipids in microsomes were not changed by the dietary alteration. These results support the conclusion that changes of the activity of microsomal chain elongation of palmityl-CoA in various nutritional status result from a rapid synthesis of new enzyme(s).", "contents": "Dietary control of the chain elongation of palmityl-CoA in rat liver microsomes. The rate of chain elongation of palmityl-CoA to stearyl-CoA in rat liver microsomes was studied in connection with the nutritional status of the rats. The microsomal chain elongation activity, which had been decreased by starvation for 48 hr, was rapidly increased to a high level on refeeding. The apparent Km value for malonyl-CoA in both normal and refed rats was the same, 1.2 X 10(4)M. Both cycloheximide and actinomycin D prevented the induction of microsomal chain elongation activity which was associated with refeeding. In addition, the activity of acyl-CoA hydrolase and the rates of esterification of acyl-CoA into phospholipids and neutral lipids in microsomes were not changed by the dietary alteration. These results support the conclusion that changes of the activity of microsomal chain elongation of palmityl-CoA in various nutritional status result from a rapid synthesis of new enzyme(s)."}
{"id": "PMID:865245", "title": "The phospholipids of rabbit type II alveolar epithelial cells: comparison with lung lavage, lung tissue, alveolar macrophages, and a human alveolar tumor cell line.", "content": "The phospholipid composition of type II alveolar epithelial cells from the rabbit was compared with that of alveolar macrophages, lung lavage and lung tissue. In addition, the phospholipid composition of a human alveolar tumor cell line, which is morphologically similar to type II cells, was examined. Phosphatidylcholine accounted for 48% of the total phospholipid in the type II cells, 41% in the tumor cells, and 30% in the macrophages. Phosphatidylcholine was 51% disaturated in the type II cells, 54% in lung lavage, 39% in whole lung, 29% in lavaged lung and macrophages, and 16% in the tumor cells. Palmitic acid was the major fatty acid in phosphatidylcholine from all samples with the exception of the tumor cells in which almost half of the fatty acids were accounted for by oleic acid. The phospholipids of the type II cells were more similar to those of lung lavage, and thus surfactant, than to lung tissue and macrophages. This is consistent with their supposed role in surfactant production. The tumor cells, although morphologically similar to type II cells, were quite different with respect to phospholipid composition.", "contents": "The phospholipids of rabbit type II alveolar epithelial cells: comparison with lung lavage, lung tissue, alveolar macrophages, and a human alveolar tumor cell line. The phospholipid composition of type II alveolar epithelial cells from the rabbit was compared with that of alveolar macrophages, lung lavage and lung tissue. In addition, the phospholipid composition of a human alveolar tumor cell line, which is morphologically similar to type II cells, was examined. Phosphatidylcholine accounted for 48% of the total phospholipid in the type II cells, 41% in the tumor cells, and 30% in the macrophages. Phosphatidylcholine was 51% disaturated in the type II cells, 54% in lung lavage, 39% in whole lung, 29% in lavaged lung and macrophages, and 16% in the tumor cells. Palmitic acid was the major fatty acid in phosphatidylcholine from all samples with the exception of the tumor cells in which almost half of the fatty acids were accounted for by oleic acid. The phospholipids of the type II cells were more similar to those of lung lavage, and thus surfactant, than to lung tissue and macrophages. This is consistent with their supposed role in surfactant production. The tumor cells, although morphologically similar to type II cells, were quite different with respect to phospholipid composition."}
{"id": "PMID:865246", "title": "Hepatic triglyceride lipase deficiency in liver disease.", "content": "The activity of post-heparin lipases in patients with alcoholic hepatitis and viral hepatitis was evaluated. Lipoprotein lipase and hepatic triglyceride lipase were differentiated by assay under high and low salt conditions and also by separation on heparin-agarose affinity chromatography columns. The mean activity of hepatic triglyceride lipase in the sera of liver disease patients was only 21-24% of the mean of controls, but lipoprotein lipase in patients' sera was not different from normal levels. Hepatic triglyceride lipase deficiency may partially account for the accumulation of a triglyceride-rich low density lipoprotein in liver disease.", "contents": "Hepatic triglyceride lipase deficiency in liver disease. The activity of post-heparin lipases in patients with alcoholic hepatitis and viral hepatitis was evaluated. Lipoprotein lipase and hepatic triglyceride lipase were differentiated by assay under high and low salt conditions and also by separation on heparin-agarose affinity chromatography columns. The mean activity of hepatic triglyceride lipase in the sera of liver disease patients was only 21-24% of the mean of controls, but lipoprotein lipase in patients' sera was not different from normal levels. Hepatic triglyceride lipase deficiency may partially account for the accumulation of a triglyceride-rich low density lipoprotein in liver disease."}
{"id": "PMID:865247", "title": "Stimulation of hepatic lipogenesis by eicosa-5,8,11,14-tetraynoic acid in mice fed a high linoleate diet.", "content": "Liver slices, from mice fasted for one day and then refed for three days either a 15% corn oil diet or a 15% corn oil diet containing eicosa-5,8,11,14-tetraynoic acid (TYA), were incubated with [1-14C] acetate or [3H] H2O to determine lipogenic capacity. Dietary TYA produced a twofold stimulation in fatty acid and cholesterol synthesis. TYA also caused an increase in the relative proportion of linoleate (C18:2) and a decrease in that of arachidonate (C20:4) in liver. Thus, (a) despite high levels of C18:2, hepatic lipogenesis can be increased, and (b) even short term feeding of TYA can alter the hepatic fatty acid composition presumably by inhibition of arachidonate synthesis from linoleate.", "contents": "Stimulation of hepatic lipogenesis by eicosa-5,8,11,14-tetraynoic acid in mice fed a high linoleate diet. Liver slices, from mice fasted for one day and then refed for three days either a 15% corn oil diet or a 15% corn oil diet containing eicosa-5,8,11,14-tetraynoic acid (TYA), were incubated with [1-14C] acetate or [3H] H2O to determine lipogenic capacity. Dietary TYA produced a twofold stimulation in fatty acid and cholesterol synthesis. TYA also caused an increase in the relative proportion of linoleate (C18:2) and a decrease in that of arachidonate (C20:4) in liver. Thus, (a) despite high levels of C18:2, hepatic lipogenesis can be increased, and (b) even short term feeding of TYA can alter the hepatic fatty acid composition presumably by inhibition of arachidonate synthesis from linoleate."}
{"id": "PMID:865262", "title": "[Intoxication with the pesticide IPO-1250 in rats].", "content": "Rats were administered porridge with pesticide IPO-1250 in doses 50, 200, 800 and 4000 ppm. The animals were killed and subjected to a selective examination. The mass of organs relative to the brain mass was determined and its segments were examined histopathologising. It has been concluded that IPO-1250 affect metabolic processes of rats, a decrease or increase of the inner organs mass. In the examined organs were observed non-specific and generally reversible pathomorphotic changes in the form of circulatory disturbances and regressive changes. The intensity of changes increased typically at the highest applied dose of pesticide = 4000 ppm. The observations allowed to establish the highest dose tolerated by rats which for the preparation IPO-1250 amounts to 800 ppm.", "contents": "[Intoxication with the pesticide IPO-1250 in rats]. Rats were administered porridge with pesticide IPO-1250 in doses 50, 200, 800 and 4000 ppm. The animals were killed and subjected to a selective examination. The mass of organs relative to the brain mass was determined and its segments were examined histopathologising. It has been concluded that IPO-1250 affect metabolic processes of rats, a decrease or increase of the inner organs mass. In the examined organs were observed non-specific and generally reversible pathomorphotic changes in the form of circulatory disturbances and regressive changes. The intensity of changes increased typically at the highest applied dose of pesticide = 4000 ppm. The observations allowed to establish the highest dose tolerated by rats which for the preparation IPO-1250 amounts to 800 ppm."}
{"id": "PMID:865263", "title": "[Effect of carbon disulfide on the leukergic reaction in rabbits].", "content": "The leukergic reaction in rabbits exposed to carbon disulphide was studied. The investigations were carried out on 14 animals, where of 7 constituted the experimental group, the remainder the control group. The animals of the first group were subjected to CS2 action in a toxicological chamber over a varied period of time (from 16 to 103 days, 5 hrs daily), the CS2 concentration being 0,4 mg per litre of the flowing air. It was found that there was a significant increase in the agglutination test of leukocytes in animals of the experimental group (p less than 0,01). The several possibilities of interpreting the obtained results were discussed.", "contents": "[Effect of carbon disulfide on the leukergic reaction in rabbits]. The leukergic reaction in rabbits exposed to carbon disulphide was studied. The investigations were carried out on 14 animals, where of 7 constituted the experimental group, the remainder the control group. The animals of the first group were subjected to CS2 action in a toxicological chamber over a varied period of time (from 16 to 103 days, 5 hrs daily), the CS2 concentration being 0,4 mg per litre of the flowing air. It was found that there was a significant increase in the agglutination test of leukocytes in animals of the experimental group (p less than 0,01). The several possibilities of interpreting the obtained results were discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:865264", "title": "[Acute carbon tetrachloride poisoning].", "content": "The clinical course of acute poisoning with carbon tetrachloride in 13 patients is presented. The treatment with corticosteroids has been beneficial, particularly in cases with considerable damage of the liver. The extracorporal dialysis allowed to survive the period of heavy uraemia.", "contents": "[Acute carbon tetrachloride poisoning]. The clinical course of acute poisoning with carbon tetrachloride in 13 patients is presented. The treatment with corticosteroids has been beneficial, particularly in cases with considerable damage of the liver. The extracorporal dialysis allowed to survive the period of heavy uraemia."}
{"id": "PMID:865265", "title": "[Evaluation of tolerance of prolonged physical work as a function of the degree of endurance. I. Useflness of various tests determining physical endurance and the physiological cost of long-term physical exertion].", "content": "The physical capacity was determined in 23 men (aged from 19 to 27) using the following set of tests: Astrand and Ryhming's test, PWC170, PWC130, LPI, Crampton's test. The 70 min effort on the bicycle ergometer was considered as the model of prolonged work and the following parameters were accepted as standards of physiological cost of work; oxygen consumption, mechanical efficiency, heart rate during the work, stroke volume and cardiac output as well as the sum of systoles during recovery. The results of the correlation analysis point out that, at a given work intensity. the heart rate depends on results of PWC170 test and the systoles sum during recovery on the results of Crampton's tests. The capacity determined with used tests had no effect on the remaining indices of the cost of physical work.", "contents": "[Evaluation of tolerance of prolonged physical work as a function of the degree of endurance. I. Useflness of various tests determining physical endurance and the physiological cost of long-term physical exertion]. The physical capacity was determined in 23 men (aged from 19 to 27) using the following set of tests: Astrand and Ryhming's test, PWC170, PWC130, LPI, Crampton's test. The 70 min effort on the bicycle ergometer was considered as the model of prolonged work and the following parameters were accepted as standards of physiological cost of work; oxygen consumption, mechanical efficiency, heart rate during the work, stroke volume and cardiac output as well as the sum of systoles during recovery. The results of the correlation analysis point out that, at a given work intensity. the heart rate depends on results of PWC170 test and the systoles sum during recovery on the results of Crampton's tests. The capacity determined with used tests had no effect on the remaining indices of the cost of physical work."}
{"id": "PMID:865266", "title": "[Effect of prolonged moderate physical work on psychomotor and mental performance].", "content": "The examinations were carried out in the group out in the group of 20 men aged from 19 to 27 with middle physical fitness level. The studied concerned the simple reaction time to auditory and visual stimuli, the Coordination Test performed with variable speed, the work output in Paule's Test and the learning and recalling of nonsense syllables. The positive effect of physical effort on the results obtained in the psychomotor task (Coordination Test) requiring a quick performance has been observed. The physical work had no significant effect on the duration of reaction time as well as on the work efficiency in the applied mental tests.", "contents": "[Effect of prolonged moderate physical work on psychomotor and mental performance]. The examinations were carried out in the group out in the group of 20 men aged from 19 to 27 with middle physical fitness level. The studied concerned the simple reaction time to auditory and visual stimuli, the Coordination Test performed with variable speed, the work output in Paule's Test and the learning and recalling of nonsense syllables. The positive effect of physical effort on the results obtained in the psychomotor task (Coordination Test) requiring a quick performance has been observed. The physical work had no significant effect on the duration of reaction time as well as on the work efficiency in the applied mental tests."}
{"id": "PMID:865267", "title": "[Evaluation of the noise produced by mechanical saws used in forestry].", "content": "The noise level of 25-motor-saws used for felling and processing wood has been measured. There were found that the saws are the source of an intermittent noise, and the break periods of various duration occur irregularly. The sound pressure level ranges from 100 dBA to III dBA (N97-M108) and the daily noise exposure of a sawyer amounts to 77 minutes. Evaluating the noise produced by motor-saws by means of damage risk criteria for intermittent exposure, it was stated that the noise level exceeds slightly the allowable values. The statistical analysis showed correlations between noise level and type of the saw, speed of motor turns and degree of saw wear.", "contents": "[Evaluation of the noise produced by mechanical saws used in forestry]. The noise level of 25-motor-saws used for felling and processing wood has been measured. There were found that the saws are the source of an intermittent noise, and the break periods of various duration occur irregularly. The sound pressure level ranges from 100 dBA to III dBA (N97-M108) and the daily noise exposure of a sawyer amounts to 77 minutes. Evaluating the noise produced by motor-saws by means of damage risk criteria for intermittent exposure, it was stated that the noise level exceeds slightly the allowable values. The statistical analysis showed correlations between noise level and type of the saw, speed of motor turns and degree of saw wear."}
{"id": "PMID:865268", "title": "[Certification criteria in pre-employment interviews of candidates for operators of mechanical saws].", "content": "The work of the motor-saw operator is very hard and dangerous because of the exposure to noxious factors as vibration, noise, combustion gases and variable atmospheric conditions. The authors discuss the certification criteria including the medical contraindications and propose the range of the pre-employment examinations.", "contents": "[Certification criteria in pre-employment interviews of candidates for operators of mechanical saws]. The work of the motor-saw operator is very hard and dangerous because of the exposure to noxious factors as vibration, noise, combustion gases and variable atmospheric conditions. The authors discuss the certification criteria including the medical contraindications and propose the range of the pre-employment examinations."}
{"id": "PMID:865269", "title": "[Mobile soundproof booth for audiometric industrial testing].", "content": "The authors modified a caravan for the purpose of audiometric testing in the neighbourhood of industrial workplaces. The sound insulation of the caravan increased due to the use of double glasses in the windows, special tightening of the doors and covering the walls with sound absorbing material. The gained insluation enables the testing of the threshold of hearing in a surrounding where the ambient noise does not exceed foolowing octave-band noise levels: 49 dB--125 Hz, 59 dB--250 Hz, 57 dB--500 Hz, 74 dB--1000 Hz, 81 dB--2000 Hz, 91 dB--4000 Hz, and 100 dB--8000 Hz.", "contents": "[Mobile soundproof booth for audiometric industrial testing]. The authors modified a caravan for the purpose of audiometric testing in the neighbourhood of industrial workplaces. The sound insulation of the caravan increased due to the use of double glasses in the windows, special tightening of the doors and covering the walls with sound absorbing material. The gained insluation enables the testing of the threshold of hearing in a surrounding where the ambient noise does not exceed foolowing octave-band noise levels: 49 dB--125 Hz, 59 dB--250 Hz, 57 dB--500 Hz, 74 dB--1000 Hz, 81 dB--2000 Hz, 91 dB--4000 Hz, and 100 dB--8000 Hz."}
{"id": "PMID:865270", "title": "[Patch tests performed with Epidian in workers exposed to epoxy resins].", "content": "The patch tests according to the Jadassohn-Bloch's method were made with five Polish epoxy resins--\"Epidian\"--in 487 workers exposed to their action, and in 113 persons of the control group. The percentage of sensitized persons among 487 examined amounted to 22,8%, the results of test in the control group being negative. It has been found that particularly sensitizing action is produced by the non hardened resins (the percentage of persons sensitized in the group working at non hardened resins was 26,7, at hardening ones--2.6).", "contents": "[Patch tests performed with Epidian in workers exposed to epoxy resins]. The patch tests according to the Jadassohn-Bloch's method were made with five Polish epoxy resins--\"Epidian\"--in 487 workers exposed to their action, and in 113 persons of the control group. The percentage of sensitized persons among 487 examined amounted to 22,8%, the results of test in the control group being negative. It has been found that particularly sensitizing action is produced by the non hardened resins (the percentage of persons sensitized in the group working at non hardened resins was 26,7, at hardening ones--2.6)."}
{"id": "PMID:865271", "title": "[Mass examination of women employed in the L\u00f3d\u017a textile industry (with special reference to the genitalia)].", "content": "The complex examinations of the state of health of 468 women workers of the Central Laboratory of Textile Industry in Lod\u017a were performed. In all women were performed physical and gynecological-biochemical examinations as well as hematological-biochemical ones of the selected blood parameters. It has been stated a high (61,8%) percentage of women with morbid changes or genital organs and lower values of examined blood parameters in spinners, comparing with workers of the finishing department and administration.", "contents": "[Mass examination of women employed in the L\u00f3d\u017a textile industry (with special reference to the genitalia)]. The complex examinations of the state of health of 468 women workers of the Central Laboratory of Textile Industry in Lod\u017a were performed. In all women were performed physical and gynecological-biochemical examinations as well as hematological-biochemical ones of the selected blood parameters. It has been stated a high (61,8%) percentage of women with morbid changes or genital organs and lower values of examined blood parameters in spinners, comparing with workers of the finishing department and administration."}
{"id": "PMID:865272", "title": "[Radioelectrocardiographic record in workers employed in railroad repair shops].", "content": "Cardiac response to the physical effort due to occupational work was studied in 33 workers employed in a railway repair shop by means of radioelectrocardiography. The HR ranges, HR mean values and r-ecg changes in different professional groups are described. Attention was paid to the pronounced sinus arrythmia observed in subjects performing hard work. The quantitative and qualitative changes of the obtained results were described and the difficulties in the evaluation of r-e.c.g. records obtained during dynamic examination were emphasized.", "contents": "[Radioelectrocardiographic record in workers employed in railroad repair shops]. Cardiac response to the physical effort due to occupational work was studied in 33 workers employed in a railway repair shop by means of radioelectrocardiography. The HR ranges, HR mean values and r-ecg changes in different professional groups are described. Attention was paid to the pronounced sinus arrythmia observed in subjects performing hard work. The quantitative and qualitative changes of the obtained results were described and the difficulties in the evaluation of r-e.c.g. records obtained during dynamic examination were emphasized."}
{"id": "PMID:865273", "title": "[Use of various accordance measures in the study of sick leave frequency distribution per man-year].", "content": "In the studies of a wide number of phenomena very often an attempt to describe their distributions with the help of certain theoretical distributions is undertaken. Pearson's  chi2 and Kolmogorovs lambda traditional tests, when applied to the evaluation of accordance between the empirical distribution and the distribution calculated on the basis of theoretical probability function, depend directly on the dimensions of population studied, and they are not useful in the case of big quantities. In the paper the author presents a great number of measures for two (empirical and theoretical) distributions accordance and their application to the study of sick-leave frequency distribution per man per year. On the basis of received results a high level of distributions accordance between the  sick leave cases distribution and the negative binomial distribution has been observed. The distribution of sick leave shows a high accordance with the logarithmically-normal distribution. In the light of the above mentioned distribution study, the imperfection of Pearson's chi2 and Kolmogorov's lambda tests can be ascertained. In the case of big quantities the evaluation of distributions accordance seems to require the application of the accordance measures based on relative quantities.", "contents": "[Use of various accordance measures in the study of sick leave frequency distribution per man-year]. In the studies of a wide number of phenomena very often an attempt to describe their distributions with the help of certain theoretical distributions is undertaken. Pearson's  chi2 and Kolmogorovs lambda traditional tests, when applied to the evaluation of accordance between the empirical distribution and the distribution calculated on the basis of theoretical probability function, depend directly on the dimensions of population studied, and they are not useful in the case of big quantities. In the paper the author presents a great number of measures for two (empirical and theoretical) distributions accordance and their application to the study of sick-leave frequency distribution per man per year. On the basis of received results a high level of distributions accordance between the  sick leave cases distribution and the negative binomial distribution has been observed. The distribution of sick leave shows a high accordance with the logarithmically-normal distribution. In the light of the above mentioned distribution study, the imperfection of Pearson's chi2 and Kolmogorov's lambda tests can be ascertained. In the case of big quantities the evaluation of distributions accordance seems to require the application of the accordance measures based on relative quantities."}
{"id": "PMID:865274", "title": "[Gas chromatography determination of trichloroethylene and tetrachloroethylene in the air].", "content": "Parameters of gas chromatographic separation and determination of trichloroethylene and tetrachlorethylene have been elaborated. The best separation has been achieved on column containing 7% OV-17 on Chromosorb W AW DMCS. For air samples collection, a method of absorption on charcoal and consequent desorption with carbon disulfide has been adapted. Stability of concentration of determined compounds in gas pipettes has been also evaluated. The investigations proved the concentration of compounds in gas pipettes to decrease in time. The magnitude of decrease was dependent on initial concentration and the boiling points of the compounds.", "contents": "[Gas chromatography determination of trichloroethylene and tetrachloroethylene in the air]. Parameters of gas chromatographic separation and determination of trichloroethylene and tetrachlorethylene have been elaborated. The best separation has been achieved on column containing 7% OV-17 on Chromosorb W AW DMCS. For air samples collection, a method of absorption on charcoal and consequent desorption with carbon disulfide has been adapted. Stability of concentration of determined compounds in gas pipettes has been also evaluated. The investigations proved the concentration of compounds in gas pipettes to decrease in time. The magnitude of decrease was dependent on initial concentration and the boiling points of the compounds."}
{"id": "PMID:865275", "title": "[Effect of machine modernization on the level of noise and its characteristics in the textile industry].", "content": "Results of noise measurements on work post before and after modernization are presented. In the majority of examined work areas noise levels were lowered by 2--20 dB(A) after machine modernization. Present noise level is there about 90 dB(A). On the other hand limit the noise level on work post of rewinders, trosiners and looms has not been changed. So far noise level on these areas has exceeded permissible level by 5--14 dB(A).", "contents": "[Effect of machine modernization on the level of noise and its characteristics in the textile industry]. Results of noise measurements on work post before and after modernization are presented. In the majority of examined work areas noise levels were lowered by 2--20 dB(A) after machine modernization. Present noise level is there about 90 dB(A). On the other hand limit the noise level on work post of rewinders, trosiners and looms has not been changed. So far noise level on these areas has exceeded permissible level by 5--14 dB(A)."}
{"id": "PMID:865276", "title": "[Prolonged cardiologic and neurologic complications following electric shock].", "content": "Long-term cardiological and neurological observations of 8 patients struck with electric current are presented. It was found that electric shock causes chronic myocardiac lesions followed by the coronary heart disease, cardiac insufficiency and arrhythmia, occuring mostly as premature ventricular extrasystoles. In most of affected persons, symptoms of distonia vegetativa were present during several years. EEG changes and Marinesco-Radovici symptom suggest that in some cases the observed vegetative symptoms can depend on organic changes in the central nervous system.", "contents": "[Prolonged cardiologic and neurologic complications following electric shock]. Long-term cardiological and neurological observations of 8 patients struck with electric current are presented. It was found that electric shock causes chronic myocardiac lesions followed by the coronary heart disease, cardiac insufficiency and arrhythmia, occuring mostly as premature ventricular extrasystoles. In most of affected persons, symptoms of distonia vegetativa were present during several years. EEG changes and Marinesco-Radovici symptom suggest that in some cases the observed vegetative symptoms can depend on organic changes in the central nervous system."}
{"id": "PMID:865277", "title": "[Effect of carbon disulfide on cholesterol content in rat tissue].", "content": "The effect of chronic intoxication of rats with CS2 on the level of cholesterol in the body tissues was studied. Prolonged exposure to CS2 vapour results in the increased level of cholesterol in serum. It was interesting to find out whether accumulation of cholesterol occurs subsequently in the body tissues. Studies were performed on male Wistar albino rats exposed to CS2 vapour at concentration 0.8--1 mg/1 during 13 months. The level of cholesterol in the blood, aorta wall, muscles, liver and adipose tissue was estimated after 4, 10 and 13 months of intoxication. Chronic exposure of rats to CS2 vapour causes: (a) loss of body weight about 30 per cent after 10 months of intoxication; (b) increase of concentration of free and esterified cholesterol in the aorta wall about 20 and 63 per cent, whereas in the skeletal muscles about 40 and 80 per cent, after 10 and 13 months of exposure respectively; (c) no changes of the level of cholesterol in the liver. On the base of the results obtained in this study it was concluded, that prolonged exposure to CS2 contributed to accumulation of cholesterol only in some tissues. Changes we found are probably the result of quantitative shift in the redistribution of cholesterol among the tissues.", "contents": "[Effect of carbon disulfide on cholesterol content in rat tissue]. The effect of chronic intoxication of rats with CS2 on the level of cholesterol in the body tissues was studied. Prolonged exposure to CS2 vapour results in the increased level of cholesterol in serum. It was interesting to find out whether accumulation of cholesterol occurs subsequently in the body tissues. Studies were performed on male Wistar albino rats exposed to CS2 vapour at concentration 0.8--1 mg/1 during 13 months. The level of cholesterol in the blood, aorta wall, muscles, liver and adipose tissue was estimated after 4, 10 and 13 months of intoxication. Chronic exposure of rats to CS2 vapour causes: (a) loss of body weight about 30 per cent after 10 months of intoxication; (b) increase of concentration of free and esterified cholesterol in the aorta wall about 20 and 63 per cent, whereas in the skeletal muscles about 40 and 80 per cent, after 10 and 13 months of exposure respectively; (c) no changes of the level of cholesterol in the liver. On the base of the results obtained in this study it was concluded, that prolonged exposure to CS2 contributed to accumulation of cholesterol only in some tissues. Changes we found are probably the result of quantitative shift in the redistribution of cholesterol among the tissues."}
{"id": "PMID:865278", "title": "[Effect of petroleum on the function and morphological picture of the liver].", "content": "The male rats of Wistar strain were exposed to the vapours of arabic petroleum Abu-Dhaki Zakun at concentration of 1500 mg/m3 during 12 weeks, 6 times weekly per 90 minutes daily. The biochemical examinations of blood serum (aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase total protein level and its fractions, bilirubin level) and histopathological and histochemical examinations of the liver have revealed no deviations from the normal state.", "contents": "[Effect of petroleum on the function and morphological picture of the liver]. The male rats of Wistar strain were exposed to the vapours of arabic petroleum Abu-Dhaki Zakun at concentration of 1500 mg/m3 during 12 weeks, 6 times weekly per 90 minutes daily. The biochemical examinations of blood serum (aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase total protein level and its fractions, bilirubin level) and histopathological and histochemical examinations of the liver have revealed no deviations from the normal state."}
{"id": "PMID:865279", "title": "[ECG picture in rats exposed to the action of petroleum].", "content": "The male rats of Wistar strain were exposed to the vapours of arabic petroleum Abu-Dhaki Zakun at concentration 1500 mg/m(3) during 16 weeks, 6 times weekly per 90 minutes daily. The ECG examinations revealed progressive bradycardia, increase of the percentage of conduction disturbances appearing as the bundle-right branch block, changes of the shape of P deflection, decrease of the angle of inclination of QRS vector, and increase of the percentage of nonspecific changes of ST-T syndrome. The obtained results can suggest a noxious effect of petroleum on the heart muscle when given by inhalation in a determined concentration.", "contents": "[ECG picture in rats exposed to the action of petroleum]. The male rats of Wistar strain were exposed to the vapours of arabic petroleum Abu-Dhaki Zakun at concentration 1500 mg/m(3) during 16 weeks, 6 times weekly per 90 minutes daily. The ECG examinations revealed progressive bradycardia, increase of the percentage of conduction disturbances appearing as the bundle-right branch block, changes of the shape of P deflection, decrease of the angle of inclination of QRS vector, and increase of the percentage of nonspecific changes of ST-T syndrome. The obtained results can suggest a noxious effect of petroleum on the heart muscle when given by inhalation in a determined concentration."}
{"id": "PMID:865280", "title": "[Non-specific immunity of persons exposed to contaminants emitted by nitrogen plants].", "content": "The examinations of methemoglobin and properdine levels as well as of the function of peripheral blood leukocytes in the tetranitrozolic blue reduction test (NBT) were performed in the exposed persons. The obtained results were compared with those of the control group, using statistical methods. It has been found that in persons exposed to the emitted contaminants occurs the increase of methemoglobin level, the decrease of peoperdine level and a disturbed phagocytes function. The recorded changes in the factors of nonspecific immunology, i.e. of properdine and phagocytes, can favour the development of inflammatory processes and of nonspecific diseases of the respiratory system.", "contents": "[Non-specific immunity of persons exposed to contaminants emitted by nitrogen plants]. The examinations of methemoglobin and properdine levels as well as of the function of peripheral blood leukocytes in the tetranitrozolic blue reduction test (NBT) were performed in the exposed persons. The obtained results were compared with those of the control group, using statistical methods. It has been found that in persons exposed to the emitted contaminants occurs the increase of methemoglobin level, the decrease of peoperdine level and a disturbed phagocytes function. The recorded changes in the factors of nonspecific immunology, i.e. of properdine and phagocytes, can favour the development of inflammatory processes and of nonspecific diseases of the respiratory system."}
{"id": "PMID:865281", "title": "Evidence for the early reduction of the 24,25 double bond in the conversion of lanosterol to cholesterol in cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis.", "content": "The metabolism of lanosterol and 24,25-dihydrolanosterol (DL) was examined in a patient with cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis after intravenous pulse labeling with a mixture of DL-2-14C and 3S,4S,3R,4R-(4-3H)mevalonate. Sterols were isolated from the feces and purified by silver nitrate thin-layer chromatography, and their identities were confirmed by gas-liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry. Their specific activities were then determined and plotted as a function of time. These isotope ratio measurements and specific activity decay curves were consistent with 24,25-dihydrolanosterol and delta7-cholestenol being intermediates in the synthesis of cholesterol from mevalonate and lanosterol, and they suggested that reduction of the lanosterol side chain may occur as an early step in the synthesis of cholesterol. These results are in contrast to the results reported after the administration of triparanol, a delta24-reductase inhibitor.", "contents": "Evidence for the early reduction of the 24,25 double bond in the conversion of lanosterol to cholesterol in cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis. The metabolism of lanosterol and 24,25-dihydrolanosterol (DL) was examined in a patient with cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis after intravenous pulse labeling with a mixture of DL-2-14C and 3S,4S,3R,4R-(4-3H)mevalonate. Sterols were isolated from the feces and purified by silver nitrate thin-layer chromatography, and their identities were confirmed by gas-liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry. Their specific activities were then determined and plotted as a function of time. These isotope ratio measurements and specific activity decay curves were consistent with 24,25-dihydrolanosterol and delta7-cholestenol being intermediates in the synthesis of cholesterol from mevalonate and lanosterol, and they suggested that reduction of the lanosterol side chain may occur as an early step in the synthesis of cholesterol. These results are in contrast to the results reported after the administration of triparanol, a delta24-reductase inhibitor."}
{"id": "PMID:865282", "title": "Comparison of clofibrate and chlorpropamide in vasopressin-responsive diabetes insipidus.", "content": "Six patients with vasopressin-responsive diabetes insipidus (DI) received clofibrate and chlorpropamide, singly and in combination. Decrease in urinary output averaged (mean +/- SEM): (1) clofibrate 2 g/day, 47% +/- 6%; (2) chlorpropamide 250 mg/day 59% +/- 5%; (3) clofibrate 2 g/day plus chlorpropamide 125 mg/day, 54% +/- 7%; (4) clofibrate 2 g/day plus chlorpropamide 250 mg/day 61% +/- 4%. Water deprivation tests before and during treatment showed significantly higher basal, final, and peak urinary osmolalities (Uosm) and lower free water clearance (CH20) on chlorpropamide, singly and in combination: clofibrate raised Uosm less but significantly decreased CH2O. Water load tests before and during treatment showed that chlorpropamide, singly and in combination, markedly decreased maximal urinary flow, maximal CH2O, percentage water load excreted, and increased minimal Uosm; clofibrate significantly decreased maximal urinary flow and CH2O only. One patient responded only to combination therapy. Chlorporpamide caused serious hypoglycemia in three of six patients. Clofibrate had no significant side effects.", "contents": "Comparison of clofibrate and chlorpropamide in vasopressin-responsive diabetes insipidus. Six patients with vasopressin-responsive diabetes insipidus (DI) received clofibrate and chlorpropamide, singly and in combination. Decrease in urinary output averaged (mean +/- SEM): (1) clofibrate 2 g/day, 47% +/- 6%; (2) chlorpropamide 250 mg/day 59% +/- 5%; (3) clofibrate 2 g/day plus chlorpropamide 125 mg/day, 54% +/- 7%; (4) clofibrate 2 g/day plus chlorpropamide 250 mg/day 61% +/- 4%. Water deprivation tests before and during treatment showed significantly higher basal, final, and peak urinary osmolalities (Uosm) and lower free water clearance (CH20) on chlorpropamide, singly and in combination: clofibrate raised Uosm less but significantly decreased CH2O. Water load tests before and during treatment showed that chlorpropamide, singly and in combination, markedly decreased maximal urinary flow, maximal CH2O, percentage water load excreted, and increased minimal Uosm; clofibrate significantly decreased maximal urinary flow and CH2O only. One patient responded only to combination therapy. Chlorporpamide caused serious hypoglycemia in three of six patients. Clofibrate had no significant side effects."}
{"id": "PMID:865283", "title": "Effect of caloric restriction on basal insulin levels and the in vivo lipogenesis and glycogen synthesis from glucose in the Koletsky obese rat.", "content": "Fasting plasma immunoreactive insulin levels increased with age in hyperinsulinemic Koletsky obese rats, being almost four times as high as in lean siblings at 3 mo (40 +/- 5 muU/ml) and rising steadily to 82 +/- 4 muU/ml at 6 mo (about seven times higher than lean siblings). Restricting the food intake of the obese rats markedly reduced but did not normalize the hyperinsulinemia, which in these rats was accompanied by normal plasma glucose concentrations. The incorporation in vivo of D-U-14C-glucose into tissue lipids and glycogen was measured 1 hr after the intravenous injection of 1 g glucose (containing 100 muDi D-U-14C-glucose) per kg body weight in obese rats eating ad libitum, obese rats after 3 mo on a restricted food intake, and lean siblings. All tissues (heart, diaphragm, skeletal muscle, and adipose tissues and liver) of obese rats exhibited a significantly greater lipogenesis from glucose than those of lean siblings. Dietary restriction of the obese rats reduced the 14C incorporation into lipid to levels not significantly different from lean controls in all tissues except skeletal muscle and liver, where, although greatly reduced, lipogenesis was still significantly higher than in lean rats. Glycogen synthesis tended to be greater in all tissues of obese rats than in lean animals. Dietary restriction of obese rats did not greatly affect glycogen synthesis.", "contents": "Effect of caloric restriction on basal insulin levels and the in vivo lipogenesis and glycogen synthesis from glucose in the Koletsky obese rat. Fasting plasma immunoreactive insulin levels increased with age in hyperinsulinemic Koletsky obese rats, being almost four times as high as in lean siblings at 3 mo (40 +/- 5 muU/ml) and rising steadily to 82 +/- 4 muU/ml at 6 mo (about seven times higher than lean siblings). Restricting the food intake of the obese rats markedly reduced but did not normalize the hyperinsulinemia, which in these rats was accompanied by normal plasma glucose concentrations. The incorporation in vivo of D-U-14C-glucose into tissue lipids and glycogen was measured 1 hr after the intravenous injection of 1 g glucose (containing 100 muDi D-U-14C-glucose) per kg body weight in obese rats eating ad libitum, obese rats after 3 mo on a restricted food intake, and lean siblings. All tissues (heart, diaphragm, skeletal muscle, and adipose tissues and liver) of obese rats exhibited a significantly greater lipogenesis from glucose than those of lean siblings. Dietary restriction of the obese rats reduced the 14C incorporation into lipid to levels not significantly different from lean controls in all tissues except skeletal muscle and liver, where, although greatly reduced, lipogenesis was still significantly higher than in lean rats. Glycogen synthesis tended to be greater in all tissues of obese rats than in lean animals. Dietary restriction of obese rats did not greatly affect glycogen synthesis."}
{"id": "PMID:865284", "title": "Methods for separation of long-acting thyroid stimulator (LATS) from sera containing LATS and TSH.", "content": "Methods were devised for separation of long-acting thyroid-stimulator (LATS) from TSH in serum containing both thyroid stimulators by using Rivanol, concanavalin A (con A), or staphylococcal protein A. When 3-5 volumes of 0.5% Rivanol solution were mixed to serum containing TSH or LATS activity, LATS activity remained mainly with IgG in the supernatant fraction. On the contrary, TSH activity was precipitated. When 10 mg con A was added to 1 ml test serum, almost all TSH activity was precipitated, but LATS activity remained in the supernatant fraction, which consisted mainly of IgG and albumin. Almost all LATS activity and part of the TSH activity were precipitated by addition of more than 7.5% polyethylene glycol (PEG), which was therefore not useful for separation of the stimulators in serum. Affinity chromatography on staphylococcal protein A-Sepharose was also found to separate the two thyroid stimulators in serum. By this method LATS-immunoglobulin bound to the protein A column, but no binding of the biologic and immunologic activity of TSH was observed. The protein A method seems the most useful of these four methods for complete separation of both stimulators.", "contents": "Methods for separation of long-acting thyroid stimulator (LATS) from sera containing LATS and TSH. Methods were devised for separation of long-acting thyroid-stimulator (LATS) from TSH in serum containing both thyroid stimulators by using Rivanol, concanavalin A (con A), or staphylococcal protein A. When 3-5 volumes of 0.5% Rivanol solution were mixed to serum containing TSH or LATS activity, LATS activity remained mainly with IgG in the supernatant fraction. On the contrary, TSH activity was precipitated. When 10 mg con A was added to 1 ml test serum, almost all TSH activity was precipitated, but LATS activity remained in the supernatant fraction, which consisted mainly of IgG and albumin. Almost all LATS activity and part of the TSH activity were precipitated by addition of more than 7.5% polyethylene glycol (PEG), which was therefore not useful for separation of the stimulators in serum. Affinity chromatography on staphylococcal protein A-Sepharose was also found to separate the two thyroid stimulators in serum. By this method LATS-immunoglobulin bound to the protein A column, but no binding of the biologic and immunologic activity of TSH was observed. The protein A method seems the most useful of these four methods for complete separation of both stimulators."}
{"id": "PMID:865285", "title": "Effect of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide infused intrapancreatically on glucagon and insulin secretion.", "content": "Synthetic vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) was infused at a dose of 50 ng/kg/min for 10 min into the cranial pancreaticoduodenal artery in anesthetized dogs. Both mean blood flow and plasma glucagon concentration in the cranial pancreaticoduodenal vein were significantly enhanced during the infusion, indicating a great augmentation in glucagon output. The pancreatic venous plasma concentration of insulin was not significantly raised, but its output increased during the infusion, again due to the increase in plasma flow. Plasma concentration of glucagon in the femoral artery was not significantly augmented, whereas that of insulin was enhanced during VIP infusion. Mean arterial plasma glucose levels rose gradually during the infusion. Intrapancreatic pretreatment with propranolol failed to exert any significant inhibiting effect upon the VIP-induced enhancement in plasma glucose, pancreatic venous blood flow, or bihormonal output. These results suggest that the vasoactive polypeptide of intestinal origin may regulate the function of the endocrine pancreas and that this effect may not be mediated mainly via the beta-adrenergic receptor system.", "contents": "Effect of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide infused intrapancreatically on glucagon and insulin secretion. Synthetic vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) was infused at a dose of 50 ng/kg/min for 10 min into the cranial pancreaticoduodenal artery in anesthetized dogs. Both mean blood flow and plasma glucagon concentration in the cranial pancreaticoduodenal vein were significantly enhanced during the infusion, indicating a great augmentation in glucagon output. The pancreatic venous plasma concentration of insulin was not significantly raised, but its output increased during the infusion, again due to the increase in plasma flow. Plasma concentration of glucagon in the femoral artery was not significantly augmented, whereas that of insulin was enhanced during VIP infusion. Mean arterial plasma glucose levels rose gradually during the infusion. Intrapancreatic pretreatment with propranolol failed to exert any significant inhibiting effect upon the VIP-induced enhancement in plasma glucose, pancreatic venous blood flow, or bihormonal output. These results suggest that the vasoactive polypeptide of intestinal origin may regulate the function of the endocrine pancreas and that this effect may not be mediated mainly via the beta-adrenergic receptor system."}
{"id": "PMID:865291", "title": "A cytogeneticist's microscope.", "content": "It is demonstrated that there are a number of advantages in using a mechanised microscope for scoring a large number of metaphase cells from human blood lymphocyte preparations. Following the development of an automatic metaphase spread finding machine based upon a large motorised microscope and a synchronous closed circuit television camera and flashing light source, a much smaller machine which is more appropriate to the cytogenetics laboratory, but with a similar metaphase finding performance has been constructed. The new machine which consists of a Cambridge Instruments 1 micron stepping microscope stage, a linear diode array scanner and a computer is described in detail. Metaphase finding performance figures for various orcein stained human blood lymphocyte preparations are given.", "contents": "A cytogeneticist's microscope. It is demonstrated that there are a number of advantages in using a mechanised microscope for scoring a large number of metaphase cells from human blood lymphocyte preparations. Following the development of an automatic metaphase spread finding machine based upon a large motorised microscope and a synchronous closed circuit television camera and flashing light source, a much smaller machine which is more appropriate to the cytogenetics laboratory, but with a similar metaphase finding performance has been constructed. The new machine which consists of a Cambridge Instruments 1 micron stepping microscope stage, a linear diode array scanner and a computer is described in detail. Metaphase finding performance figures for various orcein stained human blood lymphocyte preparations are given."}
{"id": "PMID:865336", "title": "Correlations between staff, peer and self assessments of fourth-year students in surgery.", "content": "Self, peer and staff assessments were made for 138 of 141 students, in two fourth-year surgery classes. Self assessments were significantly lower than peer assessments, which in turn were significantly lower than staff assessments. The highest correlation was between peer and staff assessments. Students with serious psychological problems identified themselves with failing self assessments. The study stimulated interest in assessment procedures amongst staff and students and the latter responded with an assessment of teachers and courses throughout the faculty.", "contents": "Correlations between staff, peer and self assessments of fourth-year students in surgery. Self, peer and staff assessments were made for 138 of 141 students, in two fourth-year surgery classes. Self assessments were significantly lower than peer assessments, which in turn were significantly lower than staff assessments. The highest correlation was between peer and staff assessments. Students with serious psychological problems identified themselves with failing self assessments. The study stimulated interest in assessment procedures amongst staff and students and the latter responded with an assessment of teachers and courses throughout the faculty."}
{"id": "PMID:865337", "title": "Adaptation of museum specimens for use in anatomical teaching aids.", "content": "Colour transparencies are prepared of a re-colourized anatomical specimen after placing labels temporarily in position to indicate specific structures. The specimen is also radiographed to show skeletal and soft tissue structures and radio-opaque materials and letters may used to indicate certain parts. Having mounted the specimen it can then be placed in a teaching carrel together with the radiographs and a back-slide projector for viewing the colour transparencies. The student is guided through an examination of the specimen using a script or soundtape. Frequent cross-reference is made between the actual specimen, the colour transparencies on which certain parts of the specimen have been labelled, and also the radiographs. The examination is followed by self-assessment questions relevant to the specimen and these may include identification of structures on a photograph of the specimen and on duplicate radiographs. In the final section of the aid, the answers of the self-assessment questions are given.", "contents": "Adaptation of museum specimens for use in anatomical teaching aids. Colour transparencies are prepared of a re-colourized anatomical specimen after placing labels temporarily in position to indicate specific structures. The specimen is also radiographed to show skeletal and soft tissue structures and radio-opaque materials and letters may used to indicate certain parts. Having mounted the specimen it can then be placed in a teaching carrel together with the radiographs and a back-slide projector for viewing the colour transparencies. The student is guided through an examination of the specimen using a script or soundtape. Frequent cross-reference is made between the actual specimen, the colour transparencies on which certain parts of the specimen have been labelled, and also the radiographs. The examination is followed by self-assessment questions relevant to the specimen and these may include identification of structures on a photograph of the specimen and on duplicate radiographs. In the final section of the aid, the answers of the self-assessment questions are given."}
{"id": "PMID:865338", "title": "An experimental comparison of three courses in history-taking skills for medical students.", "content": "Since clinical training often fails to equip medical students with essential history-taking skills, more effective teaching methods required to be developed. As previous work had suggested that training which included televised demonstrations of history-taking and practice with simulated patients might be superior to traditional methods, it was decided to evaluate this experimentally. Thirty students beginning the Oxford Clinical Course were randomly selected and allocated to a traditional or one of two experimental courses. Both experimental courses used television and simulation but differed in the way the history-taking demonstrations were presented. After completing these courses, each student was asked to take a history from a simulated patient. Rating of the videotapes of these interviews showed that the two experimental groups obtained much more information and used many more of the required skills than students assigned to the traditional course. The experimental students were also rated more favourably by the simulators and recorded more data in their case histories. It is concluded that these short courses were practical, very effective, and could be augmented by a self-teaching programme in history-taking skills.", "contents": "An experimental comparison of three courses in history-taking skills for medical students. Since clinical training often fails to equip medical students with essential history-taking skills, more effective teaching methods required to be developed. As previous work had suggested that training which included televised demonstrations of history-taking and practice with simulated patients might be superior to traditional methods, it was decided to evaluate this experimentally. Thirty students beginning the Oxford Clinical Course were randomly selected and allocated to a traditional or one of two experimental courses. Both experimental courses used television and simulation but differed in the way the history-taking demonstrations were presented. After completing these courses, each student was asked to take a history from a simulated patient. Rating of the videotapes of these interviews showed that the two experimental groups obtained much more information and used many more of the required skills than students assigned to the traditional course. The experimental students were also rated more favourably by the simulators and recorded more data in their case histories. It is concluded that these short courses were practical, very effective, and could be augmented by a self-teaching programme in history-taking skills."}
{"id": "PMID:865339", "title": "A comparison of the performance of three multiple choice question papers in obstetrics and gynaecology over a period of three years administered at five London medical schools.", "content": "Four, and later five, of the medical schools in the one multiple choice question (MCQ) paper in Obstertrics and Gynaecology to their students at the end of the Obstetrics and Gynaecology courses. The paper was amended twice after intervals of approximately 12 months. The results showed differences in performance between the five schools on questions and alternatives within questions, which were common to all editions of the paper (the \"short\" paper). These differences were also shown in the first two editions of the full paper (the \"long\" paper), but were not apparent in the third. There was a significant improvement in performance from the first to the second paper edition of the long by approximately 11%, but this was reversed from the second to the third edition, where there was a significant decrease in performance by approximately 4%. We cannot here exclude the possibility that this decrease in the third edition has resulted from sample bias. The rank order of the schools may result from differences in methods of teaching. It seems that such relative performance between London medical schools in contributed to by the differences in course legnth and by the occurence of mid-course test. It appears also that student performance in any of the schools has not been uniform over the period of the study, there being a peak during the period when the second edition of the paper was used. Variations in student selection occuring between schools may effect some of these differences. There was also a marked difference in students' performance between Obstetrics and Gynaecology. The short papers appeared easier than the full papers. Whilst this may due to the greater clarity of phrasing for the questions of the short paper, we also believe the subject matter of the short paper may be more relevant. A distinct effect could also be shown, over the period, due to improvements in the wording of the questions. It is possible that students perform better at Obstetrics than at Gynaecology.", "contents": "A comparison of the performance of three multiple choice question papers in obstetrics and gynaecology over a period of three years administered at five London medical schools. Four, and later five, of the medical schools in the one multiple choice question (MCQ) paper in Obstertrics and Gynaecology to their students at the end of the Obstetrics and Gynaecology courses. The paper was amended twice after intervals of approximately 12 months. The results showed differences in performance between the five schools on questions and alternatives within questions, which were common to all editions of the paper (the \"short\" paper). These differences were also shown in the first two editions of the full paper (the \"long\" paper), but were not apparent in the third. There was a significant improvement in performance from the first to the second paper edition of the long by approximately 11%, but this was reversed from the second to the third edition, where there was a significant decrease in performance by approximately 4%. We cannot here exclude the possibility that this decrease in the third edition has resulted from sample bias. The rank order of the schools may result from differences in methods of teaching. It seems that such relative performance between London medical schools in contributed to by the differences in course legnth and by the occurence of mid-course test. It appears also that student performance in any of the schools has not been uniform over the period of the study, there being a peak during the period when the second edition of the paper was used. Variations in student selection occuring between schools may effect some of these differences. There was also a marked difference in students' performance between Obstetrics and Gynaecology. The short papers appeared easier than the full papers. Whilst this may due to the greater clarity of phrasing for the questions of the short paper, we also believe the subject matter of the short paper may be more relevant. A distinct effect could also be shown, over the period, due to improvements in the wording of the questions. It is possible that students perform better at Obstetrics than at Gynaecology."}
{"id": "PMID:865341", "title": "The Sheppe and Hain study revisited: professional students and their knowledge and attitudes about human sexuality.", "content": "The professions of law and medicine exert a profound influence on sexual attitudes and behaviour in our society. Previous reported studies of legal and medical students found no differences in sexual knowledge for entering first-year students. However, in this study, a sample of 160 medical and seventy-nine law students revealed significant differences in knowledge and attitudes about sexuality. The data indicate that a gender-linked double standard of acceptable behaviour is not present. Results further reinforce the necessity of medical sex education.", "contents": "The Sheppe and Hain study revisited: professional students and their knowledge and attitudes about human sexuality. The professions of law and medicine exert a profound influence on sexual attitudes and behaviour in our society. Previous reported studies of legal and medical students found no differences in sexual knowledge for entering first-year students. However, in this study, a sample of 160 medical and seventy-nine law students revealed significant differences in knowledge and attitudes about sexuality. The data indicate that a gender-linked double standard of acceptable behaviour is not present. Results further reinforce the necessity of medical sex education."}
{"id": "PMID:865342", "title": "Verbal communication between students in multidisciplinary health teams.", "content": "The study reported here was connected with the influence of two variables--the context in which communication occurs, and the concept availability of various health professionals--upon the verbal interaction of various health professionals. Specifically, the verbal output of health professionals in groups consisting entirely of their own professional peers (i.e. all nurses, or all medical students) was compared with that of professionals in multidisciplinary health teams. The study, in attempting to delineate possible barriers to effective verbal interaction, has important implications for the functioning of multidisciplinary health teams.", "contents": "Verbal communication between students in multidisciplinary health teams. The study reported here was connected with the influence of two variables--the context in which communication occurs, and the concept availability of various health professionals--upon the verbal interaction of various health professionals. Specifically, the verbal output of health professionals in groups consisting entirely of their own professional peers (i.e. all nurses, or all medical students) was compared with that of professionals in multidisciplinary health teams. The study, in attempting to delineate possible barriers to effective verbal interaction, has important implications for the functioning of multidisciplinary health teams."}
{"id": "PMID:865343", "title": "Content analysis of drug-detailing by pharmaceutical representatives.", "content": "Drug detailing is important in drug prescribing. This report describes a study made on drug presentations to groups of doctors in Helsinki. The method was silent observation of presentations given by medical representatives. Analysis of the content of the presentations revealed that side-effects and contraindications were often neglected; the drug presented was always recommended as the drug of choice; other forms of treatment were seldom mentioned. References to Finnish doctors doing clinical trials with the drugs were often made. Even though this study was restricted, its results show that drug detailing and its significance in post-graduate education call for more attention.", "contents": "Content analysis of drug-detailing by pharmaceutical representatives. Drug detailing is important in drug prescribing. This report describes a study made on drug presentations to groups of doctors in Helsinki. The method was silent observation of presentations given by medical representatives. Analysis of the content of the presentations revealed that side-effects and contraindications were often neglected; the drug presented was always recommended as the drug of choice; other forms of treatment were seldom mentioned. References to Finnish doctors doing clinical trials with the drugs were often made. Even though this study was restricted, its results show that drug detailing and its significance in post-graduate education call for more attention."}
{"id": "PMID:865344", "title": "Marking systems for multiple choice examinations.", "content": "This article discusses the advantages and disadvantages of no penalty and penalty marking systems. It also reviews ways in which examiners have attempted to correct for guessing by candidates, and the use of 'don't know' options and confidence-weighting for attempting to assess the degree of certainty that candidates attach to their answers.", "contents": "Marking systems for multiple choice examinations. This article discusses the advantages and disadvantages of no penalty and penalty marking systems. It also reviews ways in which examiners have attempted to correct for guessing by candidates, and the use of 'don't know' options and confidence-weighting for attempting to assess the degree of certainty that candidates attach to their answers."}
{"id": "PMID:865357", "title": "Swimming pool immersion accidents: an analysis from the Brisbane drowning study.", "content": "An analysis of a consecutive series of 66 swimming pool immersion accidents is presented; 74% of these occurred in in-ground swimming pools. The estimated accident rate per pool is five times greater for in-ground pools compared with above-ground pools, where pools are inadequately fenced. Backyard swimming pools account for 74% of pool acidents. Motel and caravan park pools account for 9% of childhood immersion accidents, but the survival rate (17%) is very low. Fifty per cent of pool accidents occur in the family's own backyard pool, and 13.6% in a neighbour's pool; in the latter the survival rate is still low at only 33%. In only one of the 66 cases was there an adequate safety fence; in 76% of cases there was no fence or barrier whatsoever. Tables of swimming pool accidents by age, season, site and outcome are presented.", "contents": "Swimming pool immersion accidents: an analysis from the Brisbane drowning study. An analysis of a consecutive series of 66 swimming pool immersion accidents is presented; 74% of these occurred in in-ground swimming pools. The estimated accident rate per pool is five times greater for in-ground pools compared with above-ground pools, where pools are inadequately fenced. Backyard swimming pools account for 74% of pool acidents. Motel and caravan park pools account for 9% of childhood immersion accidents, but the survival rate (17%) is very low. Fifty per cent of pool accidents occur in the family's own backyard pool, and 13.6% in a neighbour's pool; in the latter the survival rate is still low at only 33%. In only one of the 66 cases was there an adequate safety fence; in 76% of cases there was no fence or barrier whatsoever. Tables of swimming pool accidents by age, season, site and outcome are presented."}
{"id": "PMID:865358", "title": "Acupuncture--effect on normal subjects.", "content": "The effect of acupuncture analgesia on pain threshold was assessed in a group of 60 healthy volunteers. On the average a 60% elevation of the pain threshold was achieved. This effect was seen bilaterally with unilateral acupuncture stimulation. There was no significant difference in the effect produced by three widely separate sites of acupuncture stimulation. The possibility of an additive effect when two sites were simultaneously stimulated was not confirmed in our limited study. Evidence is presented that sensory nerve fibre stimulation may be the basic primary requirement of successful acupuncture analgesia.", "contents": "Acupuncture--effect on normal subjects. The effect of acupuncture analgesia on pain threshold was assessed in a group of 60 healthy volunteers. On the average a 60% elevation of the pain threshold was achieved. This effect was seen bilaterally with unilateral acupuncture stimulation. There was no significant difference in the effect produced by three widely separate sites of acupuncture stimulation. The possibility of an additive effect when two sites were simultaneously stimulated was not confirmed in our limited study. Evidence is presented that sensory nerve fibre stimulation may be the basic primary requirement of successful acupuncture analgesia."}
{"id": "PMID:865359", "title": "Pseudomonas maltophilia infection in an abattoir worker.", "content": "A case of infection with Pseudomonas maltophilia is described. The clinical record and bacteriological findings are reported, and the possible aetiology is discussed.", "contents": "Pseudomonas maltophilia infection in an abattoir worker. A case of infection with Pseudomonas maltophilia is described. The clinical record and bacteriological findings are reported, and the possible aetiology is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:865367", "title": "The management of febrile episodes in-neutropenic cancer.", "content": "The management of 33 febrile episodes in neutropenic patients suffering from acute leukaemia and other cancers is described. In 32 out of 33 episodes, the fever subsided. One patient died of cerebral haemorrhage while infected. The most common clinical sites of infection were, in order of frequency, the chest, the throat and the skin. Positive cultures were obtained in about half the episodes, the most common site being the throat followed by blood  and sputum. The most common organisms isolated were Gram negative. Eighty-four per cent of febrile episodes occurred with neutrophil counts of less than 500/mm3, and in the majority of these, less than 100 neutrophils per cubic millmetre. All patients were reverse barrier nursed and on becoming febrile were given 48 hours of parenteral antibiotic therapy. The most common antibiotic combination used was gentamicin and cephalothin. At 48 hours, granulocyte transfusion and a third antibiotic were added to the regimen of patients not responding. The percentage response to antibiotics alone, in this series, at 58% was similar to that of other series, but the mortality experienced was lower.", "contents": "The management of febrile episodes in-neutropenic cancer. The management of 33 febrile episodes in neutropenic patients suffering from acute leukaemia and other cancers is described. In 32 out of 33 episodes, the fever subsided. One patient died of cerebral haemorrhage while infected. The most common clinical sites of infection were, in order of frequency, the chest, the throat and the skin. Positive cultures were obtained in about half the episodes, the most common site being the throat followed by blood  and sputum. The most common organisms isolated were Gram negative. Eighty-four per cent of febrile episodes occurred with neutrophil counts of less than 500/mm3, and in the majority of these, less than 100 neutrophils per cubic millmetre. All patients were reverse barrier nursed and on becoming febrile were given 48 hours of parenteral antibiotic therapy. The most common antibiotic combination used was gentamicin and cephalothin. At 48 hours, granulocyte transfusion and a third antibiotic were added to the regimen of patients not responding. The percentage response to antibiotics alone, in this series, at 58% was similar to that of other series, but the mortality experienced was lower."}
{"id": "PMID:865368", "title": "Filtration leukopheresis granulocyte support for infected neutropenic patients.", "content": "A pilot study of granulocyte support for neutropenic infected patients by means of white cells collected from the Aminco Celltrifuge at the Peter MacCallum Clinic showed acceptable side effects in donor and recipients, and an encouraging recovery occurred in two out of four patients treated. White cell filtration leukopheresis was introduced at the Alfred Hospital Haematology and Medical Oncology Unit in November, 1975, for supportive therapy of all patients with white cell counts below 500/mm3 who had sustained febrile episodes (temperatures greater than 38 degrees C for more than 48 hours) while receiving appropriate or empiric parenteral antibiotic therapy. A minimum of four or more daily transfusions was given from group and cross-matched compatible donors until fever lysis, recovery of the neutrophil count to over 500/mm3 or death. Of 13 patients given white cell support, 12 survived and were discharged from hospital. One patient died having received only one transfusion when he was moribund. We believe that white cell filtration leukopheresis cell support is useful when used with parenteral antibiotic therapy for infected neutropenic patients, and it has resulted in a high rate of recovery from life-threatening infection in patients at risk.", "contents": "Filtration leukopheresis granulocyte support for infected neutropenic patients. A pilot study of granulocyte support for neutropenic infected patients by means of white cells collected from the Aminco Celltrifuge at the Peter MacCallum Clinic showed acceptable side effects in donor and recipients, and an encouraging recovery occurred in two out of four patients treated. White cell filtration leukopheresis was introduced at the Alfred Hospital Haematology and Medical Oncology Unit in November, 1975, for supportive therapy of all patients with white cell counts below 500/mm3 who had sustained febrile episodes (temperatures greater than 38 degrees C for more than 48 hours) while receiving appropriate or empiric parenteral antibiotic therapy. A minimum of four or more daily transfusions was given from group and cross-matched compatible donors until fever lysis, recovery of the neutrophil count to over 500/mm3 or death. Of 13 patients given white cell support, 12 survived and were discharged from hospital. One patient died having received only one transfusion when he was moribund. We believe that white cell filtration leukopheresis cell support is useful when used with parenteral antibiotic therapy for infected neutropenic patients, and it has resulted in a high rate of recovery from life-threatening infection in patients at risk."}
{"id": "PMID:865369", "title": "A comparative trial of haematinic supplements in pregnancy.", "content": "Four haematinic supplements--Slow-Fe, FGF, Ferro-Gradumet and Ferro-Grad tfolic--were prospectively studied in 103 healthy pregnant patients. Significant differences in the mean cell counts, haematocrit values, haemoglobin levels, iron-binding capacities and serum folate levels were noted. The changes paralleled the elemental iron present in the compount. In this series, side effects principally  vomiting and constipation, were more frequent in the lower dose iron group. Form both the haematological status aspect and the lack of side effects, Ferro-Grad Folic and Ferro-Gradumet were superior to both FGF  and Slow-Fe (old formulation).", "contents": "A comparative trial of haematinic supplements in pregnancy. Four haematinic supplements--Slow-Fe, FGF, Ferro-Gradumet and Ferro-Grad tfolic--were prospectively studied in 103 healthy pregnant patients. Significant differences in the mean cell counts, haematocrit values, haemoglobin levels, iron-binding capacities and serum folate levels were noted. The changes paralleled the elemental iron present in the compount. In this series, side effects principally  vomiting and constipation, were more frequent in the lower dose iron group. Form both the haematological status aspect and the lack of side effects, Ferro-Grad Folic and Ferro-Gradumet were superior to both FGF  and Slow-Fe (old formulation)."}
{"id": "PMID:865370", "title": "Phaeochromocytoma in a footballer.", "content": "A young footballer with phaeochromocytoma showed classical exercise-induced symptoms. Noradrenergic clincial phenomena suggested an extra-adrenal site. The usefulness of urine metabolite estimation and of localizing procedures and the importance of preoperative alpha and beta blockade are stressed. Nitroprusside was used successfully to control hypertension during surgery. Unexplained fever after operation is reported.", "contents": "Phaeochromocytoma in a footballer. A young footballer with phaeochromocytoma showed classical exercise-induced symptoms. Noradrenergic clincial phenomena suggested an extra-adrenal site. The usefulness of urine metabolite estimation and of localizing procedures and the importance of preoperative alpha and beta blockade are stressed. Nitroprusside was used successfully to control hypertension during surgery. Unexplained fever after operation is reported."}
{"id": "PMID:865371", "title": "Primary tuberculosis of the conjunctiva.", "content": "A five-year-old boy developed primary tuberculosis of the conjunctiva which spread to the preauricular and cervical lymph nodes, producing caseous lymphadenitis. Because conjunctival tuberculosis is rare, the correct diagnosis may be easily missed. When unilateral conjunctivitis is accompanied by lymph node enlargement and persists or progresses, tuberculosis should be suspected.", "contents": "Primary tuberculosis of the conjunctiva. A five-year-old boy developed primary tuberculosis of the conjunctiva which spread to the preauricular and cervical lymph nodes, producing caseous lymphadenitis. Because conjunctival tuberculosis is rare, the correct diagnosis may be easily missed. When unilateral conjunctivitis is accompanied by lymph node enlargement and persists or progresses, tuberculosis should be suspected."}
{"id": "PMID:865381", "title": "[Immunogenicity, efficacy and reactogenicity of a human diploid cell strain (HDCS) rabies vaccine in man; recommendations for pre- and post-exposure application (vaccination scheme) (author's transl)].", "content": "Since 1973 a total of 365 individuals between 4 and 74 years of age were vaccinated with the HDCS-rabies-vaccine produced by M\u00e9rieux/Lyon. Only minor local side reactions were observed in some patients. No adverse systemic reactions due to the vaccine occurred in any of the vaccinees. Seroconversion was observed in 100% of the vaccinated subjects. Neutralizing antibodies could be demonstrated in all 365 vaccinees in titers ranging from 1:10 to 1:2238 (0.35 to 72.5 I.U) employing 200 LD 50 of rabies virus in the mouse neutralization test. The persistence of antibodies has been followed up for 2 years. The efficacy of the HDCS-vaccine in post-exposure treatment proved to be reliable. Sixteen patients suffered bites, scratches, cuts und abrasions by proven rabid animals. Another 8 patients had come into close contact with saliva of confirmed rabid animals. None of these patients developed clinical rabies during an observation period now covering 1-3 years. The HDCS-rabies-vaccine, thus, proved to be well tolerated, innocuous and highly protective. Under those aspects, this vaccine must be considered superior to the duck-embryo-vaccine currently licensed in Germany and should be preferred for propylactic and post-exposure vaccination as well. The postexposure schedule elaborated in our laboratory has been adopted and recommended by a WHO expert group on rabies. The data presented here constitute the first report on post-exposure application of HDCS-rabies-vaccine in man.", "contents": "[Immunogenicity, efficacy and reactogenicity of a human diploid cell strain (HDCS) rabies vaccine in man; recommendations for pre- and post-exposure application (vaccination scheme) (author's transl)]. Since 1973 a total of 365 individuals between 4 and 74 years of age were vaccinated with the HDCS-rabies-vaccine produced by M\u00e9rieux/Lyon. Only minor local side reactions were observed in some patients. No adverse systemic reactions due to the vaccine occurred in any of the vaccinees. Seroconversion was observed in 100% of the vaccinated subjects. Neutralizing antibodies could be demonstrated in all 365 vaccinees in titers ranging from 1:10 to 1:2238 (0.35 to 72.5 I.U) employing 200 LD 50 of rabies virus in the mouse neutralization test. The persistence of antibodies has been followed up for 2 years. The efficacy of the HDCS-vaccine in post-exposure treatment proved to be reliable. Sixteen patients suffered bites, scratches, cuts und abrasions by proven rabid animals. Another 8 patients had come into close contact with saliva of confirmed rabid animals. None of these patients developed clinical rabies during an observation period now covering 1-3 years. The HDCS-rabies-vaccine, thus, proved to be well tolerated, innocuous and highly protective. Under those aspects, this vaccine must be considered superior to the duck-embryo-vaccine currently licensed in Germany and should be preferred for propylactic and post-exposure vaccination as well. The postexposure schedule elaborated in our laboratory has been adopted and recommended by a WHO expert group on rabies. The data presented here constitute the first report on post-exposure application of HDCS-rabies-vaccine in man."}
{"id": "PMID:865382", "title": "[Little epidemic caused by Salmonella panama (author's transl)].", "content": "Between 8. 1. 1976 and 10. 8. 1976 16 new or premature born children got a gastroenteritis due to salmonella panama. All these children were together in one pediatric ward of the hospital. Most of them came directly for the labour ward or from the newborn-ward. They had antibiotic therapy due to the indication of the mother or the child. It was impossible to fine the source of the salmonella infection, therefore, finally the ward was closed. After radical desinfection new patients came to the ward. Again they were infected with salmonella panama. Now it became clear that contaminated milk (Humanan-Heilnahrung) was the source of infections. Most papers mention a mild benign course of the infections. In contrary we could see severe conditions dependent on the pre-damage of the child or his reduced immunity. The minimal number of germs of dietic food products needs to be examinated.", "contents": "[Little epidemic caused by Salmonella panama (author's transl)]. Between 8. 1. 1976 and 10. 8. 1976 16 new or premature born children got a gastroenteritis due to salmonella panama. All these children were together in one pediatric ward of the hospital. Most of them came directly for the labour ward or from the newborn-ward. They had antibiotic therapy due to the indication of the mother or the child. It was impossible to fine the source of the salmonella infection, therefore, finally the ward was closed. After radical desinfection new patients came to the ward. Again they were infected with salmonella panama. Now it became clear that contaminated milk (Humanan-Heilnahrung) was the source of infections. Most papers mention a mild benign course of the infections. In contrary we could see severe conditions dependent on the pre-damage of the child or his reduced immunity. The minimal number of germs of dietic food products needs to be examinated."}
{"id": "PMID:865383", "title": "[Frequency and drug sensitivity of \"Klebsiella oxytoca\" in human clinical material (author's transl)].", "content": "962 Klebsiella strains were isolated from a total of 15422 clinical samples. 782 of these were characterized as the species Klebsiella pneumoniae, 170 as \"Klebsiella oxytoca\" and 10 as Klebsiella ozaenae. 95 of the Klebsiella oxytoca strains originated from samples of the respiratory tract, 13 from purulent materials, 1 from blood and 61 from urine samples. Among further biochemical criteria indole formation, lacking gas formation at 45 degrees C in lactose peptone water medium and delayed gelatine liquefaction were used to differentiate Klebsiella oxytoca from other enterobacteriaceae. In addition the drug resistance patterns were determined.", "contents": "[Frequency and drug sensitivity of \"Klebsiella oxytoca\" in human clinical material (author's transl)]. 962 Klebsiella strains were isolated from a total of 15422 clinical samples. 782 of these were characterized as the species Klebsiella pneumoniae, 170 as \"Klebsiella oxytoca\" and 10 as Klebsiella ozaenae. 95 of the Klebsiella oxytoca strains originated from samples of the respiratory tract, 13 from purulent materials, 1 from blood and 61 from urine samples. Among further biochemical criteria indole formation, lacking gas formation at 45 degrees C in lactose peptone water medium and delayed gelatine liquefaction were used to differentiate Klebsiella oxytoca from other enterobacteriaceae. In addition the drug resistance patterns were determined."}
{"id": "PMID:865384", "title": "[Considerations to antibacterial chemo-therapy antecedent to the isolation of the causative agent and evaluation of the antibiogram (author's transl)].", "content": "The principles are discussed, which should serve as a basis for therapeutical decisions antecedent to the isolation of the causative agent and evaluation of the antibiogram. These concern the degree of urgency for chemotherapy, the frequency of the association of bacterial species with defined clinical pictures, the actual distribution of antibiotic resistance, the situation of the patient's immune defence system, and side effects of the drug. Possibilities of a \"calculated\" therapy in urinary tract infections, bronchitis, enteritis, septicaemia, and post-operative wound infection are explained. Considerations about the frequency of causative agents in certain bacterial infections and figures about the actual resistance distribution within bacteria species commonly connected with the disease in quesiton form the baseline for the choice of a chemotherapeutic until the antibiogram is performed.", "contents": "[Considerations to antibacterial chemo-therapy antecedent to the isolation of the causative agent and evaluation of the antibiogram (author's transl)]. The principles are discussed, which should serve as a basis for therapeutical decisions antecedent to the isolation of the causative agent and evaluation of the antibiogram. These concern the degree of urgency for chemotherapy, the frequency of the association of bacterial species with defined clinical pictures, the actual distribution of antibiotic resistance, the situation of the patient's immune defence system, and side effects of the drug. Possibilities of a \"calculated\" therapy in urinary tract infections, bronchitis, enteritis, septicaemia, and post-operative wound infection are explained. Considerations about the frequency of causative agents in certain bacterial infections and figures about the actual resistance distribution within bacteria species commonly connected with the disease in quesiton form the baseline for the choice of a chemotherapeutic until the antibiogram is performed."}
{"id": "PMID:865388", "title": "[Thyroid cancer risk from iodine-131-treatment?  (author's transl)].", "content": "Six of 240 patients with thyroid carcinoma had a history of 131I treatment for a benign disease. All patients had underwent a total thyroidectomy. In this 2.5% of our cancer patients a tumor induction by radiation might be po-sible. The six cases are described in detail and the literature is revieved. A longer observation period than 30 years will be necessary to exclude an increase in prevalence of thyroid carcinomas after 131I treatment in the adult. The clinical importance of this possible increase will dubious; the thyroid carcinoma prevalence in a nonendemic goitre region has been estimated with 5--6%. On the other hand an increase in development of \"benign\" thyroid nodules has been seen after 131I treatment of thyrotoxicosis. Therefore not every younger hyperthyroid patient should be treated in this manner.", "contents": "[Thyroid cancer risk from iodine-131-treatment?  (author's transl)]. Six of 240 patients with thyroid carcinoma had a history of 131I treatment for a benign disease. All patients had underwent a total thyroidectomy. In this 2.5% of our cancer patients a tumor induction by radiation might be po-sible. The six cases are described in detail and the literature is revieved. A longer observation period than 30 years will be necessary to exclude an increase in prevalence of thyroid carcinomas after 131I treatment in the adult. The clinical importance of this possible increase will dubious; the thyroid carcinoma prevalence in a nonendemic goitre region has been estimated with 5--6%. On the other hand an increase in development of \"benign\" thyroid nodules has been seen after 131I treatment of thyrotoxicosis. Therefore not every younger hyperthyroid patient should be treated in this manner."}
{"id": "PMID:865389", "title": "[The \"alcohol-syndrome\" from internal medical view (author's transl)].", "content": "A distict alcoholic withdrawal syndrome in chronic alcoholics cannot only be induced upon withdrawal of alcohol or dose reduction but also occurs upon continuous and long lasting consumption of larger quantities of alcohol. In the latter case we deal with an alcoholic predelirium which is characterized by simultaneous occurence of neurologic, vegetative and gastrointestinal disturbances as well as mental symptoms like anxiety, increased irritability and disturbance of sleep. In parallel to this alcoholic withdrawal syndrome from internal medical view a characteristic symptomatology can be observed in patients with chronic alcohol abuse. In most cases younger patients are concerned who, concomitantly with predelirant symptoms frequently display a labile hyperlipidemia and additional obesity, fatty liver, hyperlipidemia and often also hyperuricemia. Based on ten typical cases the combination of symptoms as described above is introduced. This combination can according to Feuerlein be defined as \"alcohol-syndrome\". The difficulties of diagnosis are shown because in many cases not the alcohol abuse but primarily vegetative and other functional disturbances dominate the clinical appearance. Additionally the pathogenetic connection between the described symptoms and alcohol abuse are discussed.", "contents": "[The \"alcohol-syndrome\" from internal medical view (author's transl)]. A distict alcoholic withdrawal syndrome in chronic alcoholics cannot only be induced upon withdrawal of alcohol or dose reduction but also occurs upon continuous and long lasting consumption of larger quantities of alcohol. In the latter case we deal with an alcoholic predelirium which is characterized by simultaneous occurence of neurologic, vegetative and gastrointestinal disturbances as well as mental symptoms like anxiety, increased irritability and disturbance of sleep. In parallel to this alcoholic withdrawal syndrome from internal medical view a characteristic symptomatology can be observed in patients with chronic alcohol abuse. In most cases younger patients are concerned who, concomitantly with predelirant symptoms frequently display a labile hyperlipidemia and additional obesity, fatty liver, hyperlipidemia and often also hyperuricemia. Based on ten typical cases the combination of symptoms as described above is introduced. This combination can according to Feuerlein be defined as \"alcohol-syndrome\". The difficulties of diagnosis are shown because in many cases not the alcohol abuse but primarily vegetative and other functional disturbances dominate the clinical appearance. Additionally the pathogenetic connection between the described symptoms and alcohol abuse are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:865390", "title": "[Hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal for treating acute poisoning by remedies, plant protectants, and fungi (author's transl)].", "content": "From the clinico-toxicological standpoint, the most important plant protectants are the insecticides (bipyridylium compounds). In vitro trials and investigations on poisoned patients have shown that it is fundamentally possible to eliminate such plant protectants from the blood by hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal. With both the lipophilic alkyl phosphate, nitrostigmine (E605 forte), and by the two hydrophilic alkyl phosphates, demetone-S-methyl sulfoxide (Metasystox R) and dimethoate (Roxion), it was possible to measure hemoperfusion clearance values around 60 to 85 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. Only the two hydrophilic alkyl phosphates were able to be eliminated by hemodialysis, the clearance values being, however, lower. Thus in severe alkyl phosphate intoxications the use of hemoperfusion may considered alongside the standard therapy. The bipyridylium compounds, paraquat (Gramoxone) and diquat (Reglone), are readily dialysed, but can be better eliminated from the blood by hemoperfusion. This therapeutic measure must be initiated as rapidly as possible independent of the clinical picture, for only when hemoperfusion is begun prior to the fixation of paraquat or diquat at tissue are there any prospects of success.", "contents": "[Hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal for treating acute poisoning by remedies, plant protectants, and fungi (author's transl)]. From the clinico-toxicological standpoint, the most important plant protectants are the insecticides (bipyridylium compounds). In vitro trials and investigations on poisoned patients have shown that it is fundamentally possible to eliminate such plant protectants from the blood by hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal. With both the lipophilic alkyl phosphate, nitrostigmine (E605 forte), and by the two hydrophilic alkyl phosphates, demetone-S-methyl sulfoxide (Metasystox R) and dimethoate (Roxion), it was possible to measure hemoperfusion clearance values around 60 to 85 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. Only the two hydrophilic alkyl phosphates were able to be eliminated by hemodialysis, the clearance values being, however, lower. Thus in severe alkyl phosphate intoxications the use of hemoperfusion may considered alongside the standard therapy. The bipyridylium compounds, paraquat (Gramoxone) and diquat (Reglone), are readily dialysed, but can be better eliminated from the blood by hemoperfusion. This therapeutic measure must be initiated as rapidly as possible independent of the clinical picture, for only when hemoperfusion is begun prior to the fixation of paraquat or diquat at tissue are there any prospects of success."}
{"id": "PMID:865416", "title": "A new electronic transducer system for gastrointestinal pressure studies.", "content": "A new electronic transducer system has been developed for intraluminal pressure studies in the gastrointestinal tract. In contrast to other devices, inductance was used for the transformation of pressure into electrical signals. High sensitivity with a frequency response of 10(4) Hz guarantees accurate recording of sphincter as well as of peristaltic pressures. Pull-throughs can be carried out manually. Studies may be performed in the sitting as well as in the supine position since no hydraulic effects are present. No measurable temperature sensitivity was found; linearity is present in the physiological pressure range required. Small size, mechanical and electrical stability and simple handling make the PI-transducer system a suitable diagnostic tool for clinical as well as for investigatory purposes. By this method functional disorders of the esophagus, as in scleroderma, achalasia or hiatus hernia, of the pylorus and of the anal sphincter may be evaluated. The results of lower esophageal sphincter measurements in 30 asymptomatic volunteers and in 19 patients with symptomatic gastroesophageal reflux agree with the data obtained by conventional methods.", "contents": "A new electronic transducer system for gastrointestinal pressure studies. A new electronic transducer system has been developed for intraluminal pressure studies in the gastrointestinal tract. In contrast to other devices, inductance was used for the transformation of pressure into electrical signals. High sensitivity with a frequency response of 10(4) Hz guarantees accurate recording of sphincter as well as of peristaltic pressures. Pull-throughs can be carried out manually. Studies may be performed in the sitting as well as in the supine position since no hydraulic effects are present. No measurable temperature sensitivity was found; linearity is present in the physiological pressure range required. Small size, mechanical and electrical stability and simple handling make the PI-transducer system a suitable diagnostic tool for clinical as well as for investigatory purposes. By this method functional disorders of the esophagus, as in scleroderma, achalasia or hiatus hernia, of the pylorus and of the anal sphincter may be evaluated. The results of lower esophageal sphincter measurements in 30 asymptomatic volunteers and in 19 patients with symptomatic gastroesophageal reflux agree with the data obtained by conventional methods."}
{"id": "PMID:865417", "title": "A hardware device for recognition of P and QRS waves.", "content": "A new hardware device has been constructed to detect QRS and P complexes for the purpose of automatic arrhythmia interpretation. This apparatus can operate in noisy conditions and provide synchronized pulses representative of P complex, QRS complex, wide QRS, and premature QRS to different output channels. P wave identification is achieved with a high degree of reliability through a specially designed bipolar electrode catheter. The device could minimize demands on central processor time and core storage computer.", "contents": "A hardware device for recognition of P and QRS waves. A new hardware device has been constructed to detect QRS and P complexes for the purpose of automatic arrhythmia interpretation. This apparatus can operate in noisy conditions and provide synchronized pulses representative of P complex, QRS complex, wide QRS, and premature QRS to different output channels. P wave identification is achieved with a high degree of reliability through a specially designed bipolar electrode catheter. The device could minimize demands on central processor time and core storage computer."}
{"id": "PMID:865418", "title": "A hybrid computer system for use in cardiology.", "content": "Recent upsurge in the use of physiologic data for medical diagnostic and treatment procedures has prompted the medical profession to use the computer to automate and reduce the time required for data processing. Although the digital computer has traditionally been used to perform these tasks, a hybrid computer (combined analog and digital) has been found to provide many advantages over the digital computer, especially where on-line data processing is concerned. As a result, the Bio-Medical Engineering Center has installed a centrally located hybrid computer system at Ohio State University. One of the applications of this system has been processing cardiac catheterization data. Data is transmitted between the hospital and computer via infrared optics. The data can be analyzed in real time, with the results immediately available to the physician.", "contents": "A hybrid computer system for use in cardiology. Recent upsurge in the use of physiologic data for medical diagnostic and treatment procedures has prompted the medical profession to use the computer to automate and reduce the time required for data processing. Although the digital computer has traditionally been used to perform these tasks, a hybrid computer (combined analog and digital) has been found to provide many advantages over the digital computer, especially where on-line data processing is concerned. As a result, the Bio-Medical Engineering Center has installed a centrally located hybrid computer system at Ohio State University. One of the applications of this system has been processing cardiac catheterization data. Data is transmitted between the hospital and computer via infrared optics. The data can be analyzed in real time, with the results immediately available to the physician."}
{"id": "PMID:865465", "title": "Management of the severely injured animal.", "content": "Initial management of the seriously injured animal involves the immediate recognition of life-threatening abnormalities and prompt resuscitation based on priorities of care. Of equal importance to the ultimate survival of the animal is an aggressive approach to the diagnosis and control of the complications and sequelae of injury. This approach to patient care requires constant attention to details, but offers the most efficient management of these critically ill animals.", "contents": "Management of the severely injured animal. Initial management of the seriously injured animal involves the immediate recognition of life-threatening abnormalities and prompt resuscitation based on priorities of care. Of equal importance to the ultimate survival of the animal is an aggressive approach to the diagnosis and control of the complications and sequelae of injury. This approach to patient care requires constant attention to details, but offers the most efficient management of these critically ill animals."}
{"id": "PMID:865481", "title": "Protoplast fusion of Schizosaccharomyces pombe Auxotrophic mutants of identical mating-type.", "content": "Protoplasts of methionine- and lysine-requiring h- mutants isolated from the L972 h- strain of Schizosaccharomyces pombe were fused. The protoplasts were obtained from the cells with enzymes produced by Trichoderma viride. When a mixture of the protoplasts was treated with 30% PEG 4000 solution containing 10 mM CaCl2, cell fusion and complementation was attained with a frequency of 0.17%. Both fusion partners were recovered among the spores after crossing of the fusion products with  the strain M210 ade6 h+. Cytological and haploidization examinations showed that the fusion cells are not heterokaryons, and that the increased amount of genetic material is situated in one nucleus.", "contents": "Protoplast fusion of Schizosaccharomyces pombe Auxotrophic mutants of identical mating-type. Protoplasts of methionine- and lysine-requiring h- mutants isolated from the L972 h- strain of Schizosaccharomyces pombe were fused. The protoplasts were obtained from the cells with enzymes produced by Trichoderma viride. When a mixture of the protoplasts was treated with 30% PEG 4000 solution containing 10 mM CaCl2, cell fusion and complementation was attained with a frequency of 0.17%. Both fusion partners were recovered among the spores after crossing of the fusion products with  the strain M210 ade6 h+. Cytological and haploidization examinations showed that the fusion cells are not heterokaryons, and that the increased amount of genetic material is situated in one nucleus."}
{"id": "PMID:865482", "title": "Early developmental subdivisions of the wing disk in Drosophila.", "content": "The properties of the mutation wingless discovered by Sharma are discussed. It appears that this mutation interferes with a step leading to normal wing-notum compartmentation of the wing disk. From the study of mutational mosaics in the wingless locus we conclude that mutations in this gene can be autonomous in mosaics.", "contents": "Early developmental subdivisions of the wing disk in Drosophila. The properties of the mutation wingless discovered by Sharma are discussed. It appears that this mutation interferes with a step leading to normal wing-notum compartmentation of the wing disk. From the study of mutational mosaics in the wingless locus we conclude that mutations in this gene can be autonomous in mosaics."}
{"id": "PMID:865483", "title": "Models for the active transport of cations...the steady-state analysis.", "content": "We summarise the progress that has been made in the analysis of active transport models, at the steady-state level. The two general classes of such model, counter-and co-transport, can be treated by a kinetic analysis which makes no assumptions as to the symmetry or asymmetry of the systems nor as to the presence of any particular rate-limiting steps. Precisely the same formalism is obeyed for primary active transport as for secondary active transport. Both are merely a generalisation of facilitated diffusion, in that they follow directly from accepted properties of carrier models. How affinities of such carriers for their substrates affect the efficiency of active transport is discussed and it is shown that in a number of cases, the affinity changes that the carrier demonstrates arise from inherent properties of the free carrier and not from any \"high energy\" properties of the chemical reactants. Methods of obtaining the kinetic parameters of the system from experimental data are reviewed, together with methods for testing and characterising the different transport models.", "contents": "Models for the active transport of cations...the steady-state analysis. We summarise the progress that has been made in the analysis of active transport models, at the steady-state level. The two general classes of such model, counter-and co-transport, can be treated by a kinetic analysis which makes no assumptions as to the symmetry or asymmetry of the systems nor as to the presence of any particular rate-limiting steps. Precisely the same formalism is obeyed for primary active transport as for secondary active transport. Both are merely a generalisation of facilitated diffusion, in that they follow directly from accepted properties of carrier models. How affinities of such carriers for their substrates affect the efficiency of active transport is discussed and it is shown that in a number of cases, the affinity changes that the carrier demonstrates arise from inherent properties of the free carrier and not from any \"high energy\" properties of the chemical reactants. Methods of obtaining the kinetic parameters of the system from experimental data are reviewed, together with methods for testing and characterising the different transport models."}
{"id": "PMID:865484", "title": "Renal uptake of lutropin. Studies based on electron microscopic autoradiography and nephrectomy.", "content": "Nephrectomy of mature rats was found to result in a significant increase in the circulatory half-life of tritiated ovine lutropin. The interaction of the glycoprotein hormone with the kidneys was studied in a more direct fashion using electron microscopic autoradiography. Evidence is presented showing the transfer of the hormone from microvilli into tubular epithelia (probably via vesicular transport), where radioactivity then becomes associated with lysosomes. This provides direct support for related results based on subcellular fractionation in which renal lysosomal catabolism  was suggested as being important in the degradation of tritiated lutropin (M. Ascoli, R. A. Liddle, and D. Puett, Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology 4, 297, 1976). These results add substantial weight to the growing evidence that the kidneys assume a major role in controlling the concentration of circulating macromolecules.", "contents": "Renal uptake of lutropin. Studies based on electron microscopic autoradiography and nephrectomy. Nephrectomy of mature rats was found to result in a significant increase in the circulatory half-life of tritiated ovine lutropin. The interaction of the glycoprotein hormone with the kidneys was studied in a more direct fashion using electron microscopic autoradiography. Evidence is presented showing the transfer of the hormone from microvilli into tubular epithelia (probably via vesicular transport), where radioactivity then becomes associated with lysosomes. This provides direct support for related results based on subcellular fractionation in which renal lysosomal catabolism  was suggested as being important in the degradation of tritiated lutropin (M. Ascoli, R. A. Liddle, and D. Puett, Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology 4, 297, 1976). These results add substantial weight to the growing evidence that the kidneys assume a major role in controlling the concentration of circulating macromolecules."}
{"id": "PMID:865485", "title": "Preparation of poly (A)-binding proteins from endoplasmic reticulum-containing subfractions of rat liver cells and their use in mRNA purification.", "content": "Approximately 2% of the proteins solubilised from rat liver microsomes or rapidly sedimenting endoplasmic reticulum (RS-ER) adsorbed to poly(A)-Sepharose. The adsorption appeared to be selective for a few proteins, and proteins of different apparent molecular weights adsorbed from RS-ER and the microsomes. The proteins from RS-ER with affinity for poly(A) were coupled to Sepharose and used for the purification of mRNA from rabbit mammary glands. A portion of the RNA wihich did not adsorb to poly(U)-Sepharose adsorbed to protein-Sepharose and was active in a cell-free protein synthesis system.", "contents": "Preparation of poly (A)-binding proteins from endoplasmic reticulum-containing subfractions of rat liver cells and their use in mRNA purification. Approximately 2% of the proteins solubilised from rat liver microsomes or rapidly sedimenting endoplasmic reticulum (RS-ER) adsorbed to poly(A)-Sepharose. The adsorption appeared to be selective for a few proteins, and proteins of different apparent molecular weights adsorbed from RS-ER and the microsomes. The proteins from RS-ER with affinity for poly(A) were coupled to Sepharose and used for the purification of mRNA from rabbit mammary glands. A portion of the RNA wihich did not adsorb to poly(U)-Sepharose adsorbed to protein-Sepharose and was active in a cell-free protein synthesis system."}
{"id": "PMID:865486", "title": "Cell-mediated mutagenesis in cultured Chinese hamster cells by carcinogenic polycyclic hydrocarbons: nature and extent of the associated hydrocarbon-DNA reaction.", "content": "A system of cell-mediated mutagenesis is described for the study of compounds which require metabolic activation to exert their cytotoxic and mutagenic effects. This system combines BHK21 cells for metabolism of the compounds and V79 cells as targets for mutagenesis. Using the two polycyclic hydrocarbon carcinogens benzo(a)pyrene and 7-methylbenz(a)anthracene we have shown that the hydrocarbon-DNA reaction which accompanies mutagenesis in the target cell is indistinguishable from that reported to occur in vivo and in primary cell cultures. Our results also support the view that a diol epoxide metabolite is responsible for the biological activity of benzo(a)pyrene. The application of cell-mediated mutagenesis to the routine testing of suspect environmental chemicals for biological activity is discussed.", "contents": "Cell-mediated mutagenesis in cultured Chinese hamster cells by carcinogenic polycyclic hydrocarbons: nature and extent of the associated hydrocarbon-DNA reaction. A system of cell-mediated mutagenesis is described for the study of compounds which require metabolic activation to exert their cytotoxic and mutagenic effects. This system combines BHK21 cells for metabolism of the compounds and V79 cells as targets for mutagenesis. Using the two polycyclic hydrocarbon carcinogens benzo(a)pyrene and 7-methylbenz(a)anthracene we have shown that the hydrocarbon-DNA reaction which accompanies mutagenesis in the target cell is indistinguishable from that reported to occur in vivo and in primary cell cultures. Our results also support the view that a diol epoxide metabolite is responsible for the biological activity of benzo(a)pyrene. The application of cell-mediated mutagenesis to the routine testing of suspect environmental chemicals for biological activity is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:865487", "title": "Effect of DNA repair on the cytotoxicity and mutagenicity of polycyclic hydrocarbon derivatives in normal and xeroderma pigmentosum human fibroblasts.", "content": "The cytotoxicity of the \"K-region\" epoxides as well as several other reactive metabolites or chemical derivatives of polycyclic hydrocarbons was compared in normally-repairing human diploid skin fibroblasts and in fibroblasts from a classical xeroderma pigmentosum (XP) patient (XP2BE) whose cells have been shown to carry out excision repair of damage induced in DNA by ultraviolet (UV) radiation at a rate approx. 20% that of normal cells. Each compound tested exhibited a 2- to 3-fold greater cytotoxicity in this XP strain than in the normal strain. To determine whether this difference in survival reflected a difference in the capacity of the strains to repair DNA damage caused by such hydrocarbon derivatives, we compared the cytotoxic effect of several \"K-region\" epoxides in two additional XP strains, each with a different capacity for repair of UV damage. The ratio of the slopes of the survival curves for each of the XP strains to that of the normal strain, following exposure to each epoxide, was very similar to that which we had previously determined for their respective UV curves, suggesting that human cells repair damage induced in DNA by exposure to hydrocarbon derivatives with the same system used for UV-induced lesions. To determine whether the deficiency in rate of excision repair in this classical XP strain (XP2BE) causes such cells to be abnormally susceptible to mutations induced by \"K-region\" epoxides of polycyclic hydrocarbons, we compared them with normal cells for the frequency of induced mutations to 8-azaguanine resistance. The XP cells were two to three times more susceptible to mutations induced by the \"K-region\" epoxide of benzo(a)pyrene (BP), 7,12-dimethyl-benz(a)anthracene (DMBA), and dibenz(a,h)anthracene (DBA). Evidence also was obtained that cells from an XP variant patient are abnormally susceptible to mutations induced by hydrocarbon epoxides and, as is the case following exposure to UV, are abnormally slow in converting low molecular weight DNA, synthesized from a template following exposure to hydrocarbon epoxides, into large-size DNA.", "contents": "Effect of DNA repair on the cytotoxicity and mutagenicity of polycyclic hydrocarbon derivatives in normal and xeroderma pigmentosum human fibroblasts. The cytotoxicity of the \"K-region\" epoxides as well as several other reactive metabolites or chemical derivatives of polycyclic hydrocarbons was compared in normally-repairing human diploid skin fibroblasts and in fibroblasts from a classical xeroderma pigmentosum (XP) patient (XP2BE) whose cells have been shown to carry out excision repair of damage induced in DNA by ultraviolet (UV) radiation at a rate approx. 20% that of normal cells. Each compound tested exhibited a 2- to 3-fold greater cytotoxicity in this XP strain than in the normal strain. To determine whether this difference in survival reflected a difference in the capacity of the strains to repair DNA damage caused by such hydrocarbon derivatives, we compared the cytotoxic effect of several \"K-region\" epoxides in two additional XP strains, each with a different capacity for repair of UV damage. The ratio of the slopes of the survival curves for each of the XP strains to that of the normal strain, following exposure to each epoxide, was very similar to that which we had previously determined for their respective UV curves, suggesting that human cells repair damage induced in DNA by exposure to hydrocarbon derivatives with the same system used for UV-induced lesions. To determine whether the deficiency in rate of excision repair in this classical XP strain (XP2BE) causes such cells to be abnormally susceptible to mutations induced by \"K-region\" epoxides of polycyclic hydrocarbons, we compared them with normal cells for the frequency of induced mutations to 8-azaguanine resistance. The XP cells were two to three times more susceptible to mutations induced by the \"K-region\" epoxide of benzo(a)pyrene (BP), 7,12-dimethyl-benz(a)anthracene (DMBA), and dibenz(a,h)anthracene (DBA). Evidence also was obtained that cells from an XP variant patient are abnormally susceptible to mutations induced by hydrocarbon epoxides and, as is the case following exposure to UV, are abnormally slow in converting low molecular weight DNA, synthesized from a template following exposure to hydrocarbon epoxides, into large-size DNA."}
{"id": "PMID:865488", "title": "Excision of gamma-ray induced thymine lesions by preparations from ataxia telangiectasia fibroblasts.", "content": "The capacity of whole cell sonicates of skin fibroblasts of normal individuals and patients with the autosomal recessive disease Ataxia telangiectasia (AT) to remove aerobic gamma-ray products of the 5,6-dihydroxydihydrothymine type (tgamma02) from exogenous DNA substrates was investigated. All four AT strains (AT CRL 1312, AT CRL 1343, AT GM 367, AT 4BI) possessed normal capabilities to excise tgamma02 from irradiated bacteriophage DNA and irradiated chromatin isolated from normal and AT-skin fibroblasts.", "contents": "Excision of gamma-ray induced thymine lesions by preparations from ataxia telangiectasia fibroblasts. The capacity of whole cell sonicates of skin fibroblasts of normal individuals and patients with the autosomal recessive disease Ataxia telangiectasia (AT) to remove aerobic gamma-ray products of the 5,6-dihydroxydihydrothymine type (tgamma02) from exogenous DNA substrates was investigated. All four AT strains (AT CRL 1312, AT CRL 1343, AT GM 367, AT 4BI) possessed normal capabilities to excise tgamma02 from irradiated bacteriophage DNA and irradiated chromatin isolated from normal and AT-skin fibroblasts."}
{"id": "PMID:865489", "title": "Radiation-induced DNA single-strand scission and its rejoining in spermatogonia and spermatozoa of mouse.", "content": "Gamma-ray-induced DNA single-strand scissions and the ability to repair the scissions in spermatogonia from young mice and in spermatozoa from adult mice were studied quantitatively by an alkaline sucrose density-gradient centrifugation method. The average size of DNAs in non-irradiated spermatogonia was 2.6--3.0 X 10(8) daltons, similar to those of a spermatid-rich population, and the size of DNA in non-irradiated spermatozoa was 1.2 X 10(8) daltons. In spermatogonia, the radiosensitivity of DNA was 0.42 single-strand breaks/10(12) daltons of DNA/rad in oxic conditions and only 0.24 under anoxic conditions. In spermatozoa the break efficiency of DNA was 0.22 single-strand breaks/10(12) daltons of DNA/rad under oxic conditions and altered little under anoxic irradiation. The DNA scissions were efficiently repaired in spermatogonia within 10 min, whereas the breaks in spermatozoa were not rejoined at all even after two days of post-irradiation time. The radiosensitivities of DNA, repair capability and non- and/or slow-reparable DNA scissions were compared in spermatogonium-rich, spermatid-rich and spermatozoan-rich populations.", "contents": "Radiation-induced DNA single-strand scission and its rejoining in spermatogonia and spermatozoa of mouse. Gamma-ray-induced DNA single-strand scissions and the ability to repair the scissions in spermatogonia from young mice and in spermatozoa from adult mice were studied quantitatively by an alkaline sucrose density-gradient centrifugation method. The average size of DNAs in non-irradiated spermatogonia was 2.6--3.0 X 10(8) daltons, similar to those of a spermatid-rich population, and the size of DNA in non-irradiated spermatozoa was 1.2 X 10(8) daltons. In spermatogonia, the radiosensitivity of DNA was 0.42 single-strand breaks/10(12) daltons of DNA/rad in oxic conditions and only 0.24 under anoxic conditions. In spermatozoa the break efficiency of DNA was 0.22 single-strand breaks/10(12) daltons of DNA/rad under oxic conditions and altered little under anoxic irradiation. The DNA scissions were efficiently repaired in spermatogonia within 10 min, whereas the breaks in spermatozoa were not rejoined at all even after two days of post-irradiation time. The radiosensitivities of DNA, repair capability and non- and/or slow-reparable DNA scissions were compared in spermatogonium-rich, spermatid-rich and spermatozoan-rich populations."}
{"id": "PMID:865490", "title": "Individual susceptibility of mice to a mutagen in both germ and somatic cells.", "content": "Male Swiss mice received simultaneously, by gavage, 500 mg methylurea/kg body weight and 25 mg sodium nitrite/kg body weight, and in a further experiment 330 mg of methylurea/kg and 17 mg sodium nitrite/kg, for 5 consecutive days. This treatment resulted in a dose-dependent mutagenic effect in both the dominant-lethal and the micro-nucleus tests. Furthermore, in both mammalian tests, some animals were more susceptible to the mutagenic compounds than were others. However, the liver microsomal metabolizing system did not seem to be responsible for this variation of mutagenic induction.", "contents": "Individual susceptibility of mice to a mutagen in both germ and somatic cells. Male Swiss mice received simultaneously, by gavage, 500 mg methylurea/kg body weight and 25 mg sodium nitrite/kg body weight, and in a further experiment 330 mg of methylurea/kg and 17 mg sodium nitrite/kg, for 5 consecutive days. This treatment resulted in a dose-dependent mutagenic effect in both the dominant-lethal and the micro-nucleus tests. Furthermore, in both mammalian tests, some animals were more susceptible to the mutagenic compounds than were others. However, the liver microsomal metabolizing system did not seem to be responsible for this variation of mutagenic induction."}
{"id": "PMID:865491", "title": "gamma-Ray mutagenesis of cultured mammalian cells in vitro and in vivo.", "content": "The in vitro assay system used to study the reversion of L5178Y-Ala32 cells from an alanine requiring state to a non-requiring state has been modified in order to be of use in selected in vivo systems. Gamma-ray induced mutations were compared between cells cultured in vitro and those grown in vivo in the intraperitoneal cavity of mice. The expression time was chosen to be 2 days for cells grown in vitro and 5 days for those grown in vivo. The dose response curve can be described as cumulative for cells grown in vitro and linear for those grown in vivo. A dose-rate effect was observed in both systems. The cells grown in vivo were less sensitive to gamma-ray with respect to both  mutation rate per rad and cell killing as compared to cells grown in vitro. The delayed expression and reduced sensitivity of cells in vivo with respect to induced mutation may be due to factors such as hypoxia and/or reduced availability of essential nutrients. Sensitization in vitro by BUdR was detectable at a concentration as low as 10(-6) M, using an exposure time of 15 h. Under these conditions, BUdR alone did not induce any observable mutations.", "contents": "gamma-Ray mutagenesis of cultured mammalian cells in vitro and in vivo. The in vitro assay system used to study the reversion of L5178Y-Ala32 cells from an alanine requiring state to a non-requiring state has been modified in order to be of use in selected in vivo systems. Gamma-ray induced mutations were compared between cells cultured in vitro and those grown in vivo in the intraperitoneal cavity of mice. The expression time was chosen to be 2 days for cells grown in vitro and 5 days for those grown in vivo. The dose response curve can be described as cumulative for cells grown in vitro and linear for those grown in vivo. A dose-rate effect was observed in both systems. The cells grown in vivo were less sensitive to gamma-ray with respect to both  mutation rate per rad and cell killing as compared to cells grown in vitro. The delayed expression and reduced sensitivity of cells in vivo with respect to induced mutation may be due to factors such as hypoxia and/or reduced availability of essential nutrients. Sensitization in vitro by BUdR was detectable at a concentration as low as 10(-6) M, using an exposure time of 15 h. Under these conditions, BUdR alone did not induce any observable mutations."}
{"id": "PMID:865492", "title": "The effect of dose fractionation on gamma-radiation induced mutations in mammalian cells.", "content": "The lethal and mutagenic effects of single and fractionated doses of gamma-radiation were studied in V79-4 Chinese hamster cells, as dose fractionation is of interest in radiation protection studies. The results show that the induction of 8-azaguanine resistant (Agr) mutants has a non-linear dose response curve following single doses of radiation. The lethal and mutagenic effects of fractionated doses were always less than if the radiation was given in a single dose. Any change in treatment which led to an increase in survival also led to a decrease in induced mutation frequency. There was a relationship between mutation and survival which was independent of the number of fractions in which the radiation was given. This could be of consequence in radiological protection.", "contents": "The effect of dose fractionation on gamma-radiation induced mutations in mammalian cells. The lethal and mutagenic effects of single and fractionated doses of gamma-radiation were studied in V79-4 Chinese hamster cells, as dose fractionation is of interest in radiation protection studies. The results show that the induction of 8-azaguanine resistant (Agr) mutants has a non-linear dose response curve following single doses of radiation. The lethal and mutagenic effects of fractionated doses were always less than if the radiation was given in a single dose. Any change in treatment which led to an increase in survival also led to a decrease in induced mutation frequency. There was a relationship between mutation and survival which was independent of the number of fractions in which the radiation was given. This could be of consequence in radiological protection."}
{"id": "PMID:865494", "title": "Triethylenemelamine induced dominant lethals in mice--comparisons of oral versus intraperitoneal injection.", "content": "We have compared the relative effectiveness of oral and i.p. injections of triethylenemelamine (TEM) in inducing dominant lethality in male mice. The standard dominant lethal protocol was used in these experiments. TEM, when injected i.p. resulted in significant increased in fetal mortality during the first three weeks post-treatment. Decreases in the number of implants per pregnant female were noted during this same period, with only minor decreases in fertility. In contrast, oral injections of TEM resulted in only fluctuations in the percent of fetal mortality. In addition, oral injections of TEM did not result in significant differences in either total implants or percent fertility. Possible causes of the observed differences between these two routes of administration are discussed.", "contents": "Triethylenemelamine induced dominant lethals in mice--comparisons of oral versus intraperitoneal injection. We have compared the relative effectiveness of oral and i.p. injections of triethylenemelamine (TEM) in inducing dominant lethality in male mice. The standard dominant lethal protocol was used in these experiments. TEM, when injected i.p. resulted in significant increased in fetal mortality during the first three weeks post-treatment. Decreases in the number of implants per pregnant female were noted during this same period, with only minor decreases in fertility. In contrast, oral injections of TEM resulted in only fluctuations in the percent of fetal mortality. In addition, oral injections of TEM did not result in significant differences in either total implants or percent fertility. Possible causes of the observed differences between these two routes of administration are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:865495", "title": "Induction of micronuclei in mouse and hamster bone-marrow by chemical carcinogens.", "content": "Four carcinogens, dimethylnitrosamine (DMN), acetylaminofluorene (AAF), aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), and 3-methylcholanthrene (3-MC) were tested acutely and chronically in the micronucleus test in both mice and hamsters. In acute studies using mice, all compounds increased the relative frequency of micronuclei when compared to controls. There was a dose response which tended to tail off as bone-marrow suppression was observed. The order of activity appears to be DMN greater than AFB1 greater than or equal to 3-MC greater than AAF. In acute hamster studies, AFB1 was inactive at the highest dose tested (3 mg/kg). In the case of hamsters, all other compounds increased the incidence of micronuclei with DMN greater than 3-MC greater than AAF. Subacute studies with hamsters revealed that 3-MC was active at 1 week but not 8 weeks while DMN was active at both 1 and 8 weeks. AAF was active at 8 and 12 weeks and AFB1 was active at 12 weeks but not 8 weeks. The authors conclude that this test does not appear useful in chronic protocols and probably more reflects carcinogenicity of the test compounds than acute toxicity. Nevertheless, acute studies demonstrate that this test procedure is of value in the characterization of a compound's relative mutagenic potential.", "contents": "Induction of micronuclei in mouse and hamster bone-marrow by chemical carcinogens. Four carcinogens, dimethylnitrosamine (DMN), acetylaminofluorene (AAF), aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), and 3-methylcholanthrene (3-MC) were tested acutely and chronically in the micronucleus test in both mice and hamsters. In acute studies using mice, all compounds increased the relative frequency of micronuclei when compared to controls. There was a dose response which tended to tail off as bone-marrow suppression was observed. The order of activity appears to be DMN greater than AFB1 greater than or equal to 3-MC greater than AAF. In acute hamster studies, AFB1 was inactive at the highest dose tested (3 mg/kg). In the case of hamsters, all other compounds increased the incidence of micronuclei with DMN greater than 3-MC greater than AAF. Subacute studies with hamsters revealed that 3-MC was active at 1 week but not 8 weeks while DMN was active at both 1 and 8 weeks. AAF was active at 8 and 12 weeks and AFB1 was active at 12 weeks but not 8 weeks. The authors conclude that this test does not appear useful in chronic protocols and probably more reflects carcinogenicity of the test compounds than acute toxicity. Nevertheless, acute studies demonstrate that this test procedure is of value in the characterization of a compound's relative mutagenic potential."}
{"id": "PMID:865496", "title": "Low-level DNA exchanges in normal human and xeroderma pigmentosum cells after UV irradiation.", "content": "We have used a T4 endonuclease V assay method for UV-induced pryrimidine dimers in cellular DNA in vivo to obtain evidence for recombinational DNA exhanges after UV irradiation of normal human and Xeroderma pigmentosum (XP) cells. Our data indicate that the endonuclease-sensitive sites in excision-defective XP cells are removed very slowly from the irradiated parental strands and appear concomitantly in daughter strands newly synthesized during post-UV incubation. In the defective XP cells, the extent of appearance of sensitive sites in daughter strands synthesized during a period of 24 h after 10 J/m2 appears to be small, probably less than 15% of the initial number of sensitive sites detected in cellular parental strands. Demonstration of such exchanges between normal-density parental and 5-bromodeoxyuridine-labeled daughter strands by alkaline CsCl isopycnic centrifugation was unsuccessful. Further, the extent is much lower in normal human cells because of their efficient excision repair of the dimers before and after exchanges than in the defective XP cells.", "contents": "Low-level DNA exchanges in normal human and xeroderma pigmentosum cells after UV irradiation. We have used a T4 endonuclease V assay method for UV-induced pryrimidine dimers in cellular DNA in vivo to obtain evidence for recombinational DNA exhanges after UV irradiation of normal human and Xeroderma pigmentosum (XP) cells. Our data indicate that the endonuclease-sensitive sites in excision-defective XP cells are removed very slowly from the irradiated parental strands and appear concomitantly in daughter strands newly synthesized during post-UV incubation. In the defective XP cells, the extent of appearance of sensitive sites in daughter strands synthesized during a period of 24 h after 10 J/m2 appears to be small, probably less than 15% of the initial number of sensitive sites detected in cellular parental strands. Demonstration of such exchanges between normal-density parental and 5-bromodeoxyuridine-labeled daughter strands by alkaline CsCl isopycnic centrifugation was unsuccessful. Further, the extent is much lower in normal human cells because of their efficient excision repair of the dimers before and after exchanges than in the defective XP cells."}
{"id": "PMID:865497", "title": "Gamma-radiation-induced chromosomal aberrations in human lymphocytes: dose-rate effects in stimulated and non-stimulated cells.", "content": "Stimulated and non-stimulated human peripheral blood lymphocytes were irradiated acutely and chronically, over 24 h. Dose-effect relationships for dicentric chromosomes were established and various models were fitted to the data. At prolonged irradiations the yield decreased in basic agreement with the linear-quadratic model of abberration induction. Dose-protraction experiments of PHA+ and PHA- lymphocytes, irradiated under various conditions of oxygenation and suspension (culture medium, whole blood) showed that the rejoining time increased from about 3 h in non-stimulated cells to about 10 h after PHA stimulation, and that this retarded rejoining was most likely due to blastic transformation itself and not to other conditions of irradiation.", "contents": "Gamma-radiation-induced chromosomal aberrations in human lymphocytes: dose-rate effects in stimulated and non-stimulated cells. Stimulated and non-stimulated human peripheral blood lymphocytes were irradiated acutely and chronically, over 24 h. Dose-effect relationships for dicentric chromosomes were established and various models were fitted to the data. At prolonged irradiations the yield decreased in basic agreement with the linear-quadratic model of abberration induction. Dose-protraction experiments of PHA+ and PHA- lymphocytes, irradiated under various conditions of oxygenation and suspension (culture medium, whole blood) showed that the rejoining time increased from about 3 h in non-stimulated cells to about 10 h after PHA stimulation, and that this retarded rejoining was most likely due to blastic transformation itself and not to other conditions of irradiation."}
{"id": "PMID:865498", "title": "The induction of chromosomal abnormalities by inhalational anaesthetics.", "content": "When Vicia faba root tips are exposed for 2 h to clinically useful concentrations of halothane or methoxyflurane in air, or to halothane in 80% nitrous oxide/20% oxygen, there is a transient increase in mitotic index and then abnormal interphase cells are produced in proportion to the anaesthetic concentrations. After exposure there is a period of mitotic inhibition during which the cells become partially synchronised. When colchicine-metaphase cells collected 28 h after exposure are compared with controls and with metaphases collected only 4 h after exposure, they show a significant increase in the incidence of aneuploidy, tetraploidy and the results of chromosome breakage. It is suggested that all the abnormalities seen can be accounted for by the effects of the anaesthetics on spindle movements, and that at the concentrations used the anaesthetics have no mutagenic effects on chromosomes in interphase.", "contents": "The induction of chromosomal abnormalities by inhalational anaesthetics. When Vicia faba root tips are exposed for 2 h to clinically useful concentrations of halothane or methoxyflurane in air, or to halothane in 80% nitrous oxide/20% oxygen, there is a transient increase in mitotic index and then abnormal interphase cells are produced in proportion to the anaesthetic concentrations. After exposure there is a period of mitotic inhibition during which the cells become partially synchronised. When colchicine-metaphase cells collected 28 h after exposure are compared with controls and with metaphases collected only 4 h after exposure, they show a significant increase in the incidence of aneuploidy, tetraploidy and the results of chromosome breakage. It is suggested that all the abnormalities seen can be accounted for by the effects of the anaesthetics on spindle movements, and that at the concentrations used the anaesthetics have no mutagenic effects on chromosomes in interphase."}
{"id": "PMID:865512", "title": "Changes in circulating transcobalamin II after injection of cyanocobalamin.", "content": "Since transcobalamin II is the plasma binder of vitamin B12(cobalamin) that mediates delivery of cobalamin to tissues, we measured circulating levels of transcobalamin II after intravenous injection unlabeled cyanocobalamin in 12 control subjects and, because the liver is a major source of transcobalamin II, in eight patients with decompensated cirrhosis. Thirty minutes after injection of cyanocobalamin (200 ng per kilogram of body weight), total transcobalamin II (unsaturated plus cobalamin bound) declined in all 20 subjects to levels that averaged (+/- S.E.) 53.5 +/- 4.6 per cent of initial values. Subsequently, unsaturated transcobalamin II rapidly increased so that by eight hours, total transcobalamin II approached preinjection levels. Rates of regeneration of transcobalamin II were similar in control subjects and patients with liver disease. Unlike total transcobalamin II, total transcobalamin I was unaltered by injection of cyanocobalamin. Moreover, addition of cyanocobalamin to plasma in vitro did not alter measurements of total transcobalamin II. The rapid response of circulating transcobalamin II to cyanocobalamin injection strongly supports a dynamic role for this polypeptide during transport of a relatively large load of cobalamin.", "contents": "Changes in circulating transcobalamin II after injection of cyanocobalamin. Since transcobalamin II is the plasma binder of vitamin B12(cobalamin) that mediates delivery of cobalamin to tissues, we measured circulating levels of transcobalamin II after intravenous injection unlabeled cyanocobalamin in 12 control subjects and, because the liver is a major source of transcobalamin II, in eight patients with decompensated cirrhosis. Thirty minutes after injection of cyanocobalamin (200 ng per kilogram of body weight), total transcobalamin II (unsaturated plus cobalamin bound) declined in all 20 subjects to levels that averaged (+/- S.E.) 53.5 +/- 4.6 per cent of initial values. Subsequently, unsaturated transcobalamin II rapidly increased so that by eight hours, total transcobalamin II approached preinjection levels. Rates of regeneration of transcobalamin II were similar in control subjects and patients with liver disease. Unlike total transcobalamin II, total transcobalamin I was unaltered by injection of cyanocobalamin. Moreover, addition of cyanocobalamin to plasma in vitro did not alter measurements of total transcobalamin II. The rapid response of circulating transcobalamin II to cyanocobalamin injection strongly supports a dynamic role for this polypeptide during transport of a relatively large load of cobalamin."}
{"id": "PMID:865513", "title": "Pulmonary embolism, pulmonary hemorrhage and pulmonary infarction.", "content": "We compared 41 patients with angiographic proof of pulmonary embolism and clinical signs of pulmonary infarction (as evidenced by an infiltrate on x-ray study and pleuritic pain in the area of the embolus) with 24 patients with pulmonary embolism but without infarction. Only 18 of the 41 patients with pulmonary infarction had associated heart disease. Pulmonary infarction was uncommon when emboli obstructed central arteries but frequent when distal arteries were occluded. Follow-up x-ray examination showed that the infiltrates resolved in the patients with pulmonary infarction without heart disease, but persisted when heart disease was present. We suggest that obstruction of distal arteries results in pulmonary hemorrhage owing to an influx of bronchial arterial blood at systemic pressure. Hemorrhage causes symptoms and x-ray changes usually attributed to pulmonary infarction. However, hemorrhage resolves without infarction in patients without, but progresses to infarction in those with, heart disease.", "contents": "Pulmonary embolism, pulmonary hemorrhage and pulmonary infarction. We compared 41 patients with angiographic proof of pulmonary embolism and clinical signs of pulmonary infarction (as evidenced by an infiltrate on x-ray study and pleuritic pain in the area of the embolus) with 24 patients with pulmonary embolism but without infarction. Only 18 of the 41 patients with pulmonary infarction had associated heart disease. Pulmonary infarction was uncommon when emboli obstructed central arteries but frequent when distal arteries were occluded. Follow-up x-ray examination showed that the infiltrates resolved in the patients with pulmonary infarction without heart disease, but persisted when heart disease was present. We suggest that obstruction of distal arteries results in pulmonary hemorrhage owing to an influx of bronchial arterial blood at systemic pressure. Hemorrhage causes symptoms and x-ray changes usually attributed to pulmonary infarction. However, hemorrhage resolves without infarction in patients without, but progresses to infarction in those with, heart disease."}
{"id": "PMID:865514", "title": "Accuracy of numerical coronary profile. Correlation of risk factors with arteriographically documented severity of atherosclerosis.", "content": "We compared a coronary risk profile (developed by the Framingham Study) based on age, sex, cigarette smoking, glucose intolerance, left ventricular hypertrophy, systolic blood pressure and serum cholesterol to angiographically determined severity of coronary-artery disease in 158 consecutive patients undergoing cardiac catheterization. A profile of 1.0 indicated average relative risk. Risk profiles for 105 patients with angiographically documented coronary-artery disease was 1.52 whereas it was 1.08 for the group without coronary disease (P less than 0.01). There was no difference between the patients with coronary disease with (1.44) and those without previous infarct (1.46). The coronary risk profile, however, increased with increasing severity of coronary disease. The high-risk coronary patient can be identified by seven easily measured risk factors, and the extent of coronary-artery disease increases with the number and severity coronary risk factors.", "contents": "Accuracy of numerical coronary profile. Correlation of risk factors with arteriographically documented severity of atherosclerosis. We compared a coronary risk profile (developed by the Framingham Study) based on age, sex, cigarette smoking, glucose intolerance, left ventricular hypertrophy, systolic blood pressure and serum cholesterol to angiographically determined severity of coronary-artery disease in 158 consecutive patients undergoing cardiac catheterization. A profile of 1.0 indicated average relative risk. Risk profiles for 105 patients with angiographically documented coronary-artery disease was 1.52 whereas it was 1.08 for the group without coronary disease (P less than 0.01). There was no difference between the patients with coronary disease with (1.44) and those without previous infarct (1.46). The coronary risk profile, however, increased with increasing severity of coronary disease. The high-risk coronary patient can be identified by seven easily measured risk factors, and the extent of coronary-artery disease increases with the number and severity coronary risk factors."}
{"id": "PMID:865515", "title": "Science, society and the press.", "content": "Apprehension about federal support of and public involvement in research has prompted the biomedical community to adopt an accommodating--some would say, enlightened--attitude toward the press during the past several years. However, it is not uncommon for investigators to see reporters as a potential extension of themselves, whose job it is to \"educate\" the public so that it will appreciate and, therefore, support the scientific enterprise. With the distinction between \"educating\" and \"informing\" in mind, it is simply the duty of the press to inform the public about developments in science--particularly those that have implications for public health and safety--but not necessarily to speak for the biomedical community. As the recombinant-DNA controversy shows, the essence of the important issues between science and society will be that they have no obvious, easy answers, and that they cannot be resolved by a \"scientific\" analysis of the \"facts.\"", "contents": "Science, society and the press. Apprehension about federal support of and public involvement in research has prompted the biomedical community to adopt an accommodating--some would say, enlightened--attitude toward the press during the past several years. However, it is not uncommon for investigators to see reporters as a potential extension of themselves, whose job it is to \"educate\" the public so that it will appreciate and, therefore, support the scientific enterprise. With the distinction between \"educating\" and \"informing\" in mind, it is simply the duty of the press to inform the public about developments in science--particularly those that have implications for public health and safety--but not necessarily to speak for the biomedical community. As the recombinant-DNA controversy shows, the essence of the important issues between science and society will be that they have no obvious, easy answers, and that they cannot be resolved by a \"scientific\" analysis of the \"facts.\""}
{"id": "PMID:865527", "title": "Low-titer cold-hemagglutinin disease. Mechanism of hemolysis and response to corticosteroids.", "content": "We studied two patients with a low-titer cold-hemagglutinin disease syndrome to investigate the mechanism of hemolysis and the therapeutic response to corticosteroids. The antierythrocyte antibody was of the IgM class, had a high thermal amplitude and had enough activity of 37 degrees C to account for the hemolysis. The capacity of peripheral blood monocytes to increase the osmotic fragility of C3-coated erythrocytes suggests that macrophage interaction with C3-coated erythrocytes explains the observed in vivo spherocytosis. Both patients responded to high-dose corticosteroids. The data suggest that the steroid effect is probably due to alteration of macrophage complement-receptor function. These studies demonstrate the importance of antibody activity at body temperature in producing hemolysis, particularly in this variant of cold-hemagglutinin disease. The response to steroids suggests the efficacy of corticosteroid therapy in alleviating hemolysis due to macrophage recognition of erythrocytes coated with IgM and C3.", "contents": "Low-titer cold-hemagglutinin disease. Mechanism of hemolysis and response to corticosteroids. We studied two patients with a low-titer cold-hemagglutinin disease syndrome to investigate the mechanism of hemolysis and the therapeutic response to corticosteroids. The antierythrocyte antibody was of the IgM class, had a high thermal amplitude and had enough activity of 37 degrees C to account for the hemolysis. The capacity of peripheral blood monocytes to increase the osmotic fragility of C3-coated erythrocytes suggests that macrophage interaction with C3-coated erythrocytes explains the observed in vivo spherocytosis. Both patients responded to high-dose corticosteroids. The data suggest that the steroid effect is probably due to alteration of macrophage complement-receptor function. These studies demonstrate the importance of antibody activity at body temperature in producing hemolysis, particularly in this variant of cold-hemagglutinin disease. The response to steroids suggests the efficacy of corticosteroid therapy in alleviating hemolysis due to macrophage recognition of erythrocytes coated with IgM and C3."}
{"id": "PMID:865528", "title": "Theophylline disposition in patients with hepatic cirrhosis.", "content": "To determine the role of liver dysfunction in theophylline toxicity, we administered single intravenous doses of the drug to nine patients with cirrhosis and observed its disposition over a period of 24 to 48 hours. As compared to 19 normal subjects, these patients had a prolonged plasma half-life (mean, 25.6 vs. 6.7 hours) and a decreased plasma clearance (mean, 0.042 vs. 0.062 liter[kg-1]hr-1). Volumes of distribution of theophylline in the cirrhotic patients (central-compartment volume of 0.330, and steady-state volume of distribution of 0.785 liter per kilogram) did not substantially differ from normal (0.246 and 0.508 respectively). Plasma theophylline binding in three patients with cirrhosis averaged 36.8 per cent as compared to 52.6 per cent in four normal subjects. There was no correlation between any laboratory test of liver function and the plasma theophylline half-life, except for serum albumin (r = 0.92, P less than 0.001). The variable capacity to eliminate theophylline precludes the use of usual maintenance dose schedules for bronchodilation in cirrhosis.", "contents": "Theophylline disposition in patients with hepatic cirrhosis. To determine the role of liver dysfunction in theophylline toxicity, we administered single intravenous doses of the drug to nine patients with cirrhosis and observed its disposition over a period of 24 to 48 hours. As compared to 19 normal subjects, these patients had a prolonged plasma half-life (mean, 25.6 vs. 6.7 hours) and a decreased plasma clearance (mean, 0.042 vs. 0.062 liter[kg-1]hr-1). Volumes of distribution of theophylline in the cirrhotic patients (central-compartment volume of 0.330, and steady-state volume of distribution of 0.785 liter per kilogram) did not substantially differ from normal (0.246 and 0.508 respectively). Plasma theophylline binding in three patients with cirrhosis averaged 36.8 per cent as compared to 52.6 per cent in four normal subjects. There was no correlation between any laboratory test of liver function and the plasma theophylline half-life, except for serum albumin (r = 0.92, P less than 0.001). The variable capacity to eliminate theophylline precludes the use of usual maintenance dose schedules for bronchodilation in cirrhosis."}
{"id": "PMID:865529", "title": "Combined use of leg scanning and impedance plethysmography in suspected venous thrombosis. An alternative to venography.", "content": "Venography is the standard method for the diagnosis of venous thrombosis but is invasive and may cause discomfort. We evaluated the combination of impedance plethysmography and 125I-fibrinogen leg scanning as an alternative to venography in 200 symptomatic patients. One or both of these less invasive tests was positive in 81 of 86 patients with positive venograms (sensitivity of 94 per cent) and both were negative in 104 of 114 patients with negative venograms (specificity of 91 per cent). These two tests detected all 60 patients with popliteal or more proximal venous thrombosis and 21 of 26 patients with calf-vein thrombosis. In addition, this approach detected 21 of 22 patients with calf-vein thrombosis with symptoms for eight days or less. These results suggest that the combination of these two less invasive tests can be used as an alternative to venography in selected patients with clinically suspected venous thrombosis.", "contents": "Combined use of leg scanning and impedance plethysmography in suspected venous thrombosis. An alternative to venography. Venography is the standard method for the diagnosis of venous thrombosis but is invasive and may cause discomfort. We evaluated the combination of impedance plethysmography and 125I-fibrinogen leg scanning as an alternative to venography in 200 symptomatic patients. One or both of these less invasive tests was positive in 81 of 86 patients with positive venograms (sensitivity of 94 per cent) and both were negative in 104 of 114 patients with negative venograms (specificity of 91 per cent). These two tests detected all 60 patients with popliteal or more proximal venous thrombosis and 21 of 26 patients with calf-vein thrombosis. In addition, this approach detected 21 of 22 patients with calf-vein thrombosis with symptoms for eight days or less. These results suggest that the combination of these two less invasive tests can be used as an alternative to venography in selected patients with clinically suspected venous thrombosis."}
{"id": "PMID:865530", "title": "Association between hepatitis B virus and essential mixed cryoglobulinemia.", "content": "In view of a high frequency of liver involvement in patients with essential mixed cryoglubulinemia, we looked for evidence for hepatitis B virus infection in 25 serum specimens and 19 cryoprecipitates obtained from 30 patients. Three of the 25 serum specimens contained Hbs Ag, and 12 had antibody. The frequency of positive results was increased to six and 11 of 19 respectively when cryoprecipitates were examined, and 14 of 19 (74 per cent) of the cryoprecipitates were positive for either HBs Ag or its antibody. Electron microscopy of four cryoprecipitates showed structures resembling the 20-nm and 27-nm spheres, tubules, as well as the Dane particles characteristic of hepatitis B virus infection. Since such infection appears to be involved in the pathogenesis of the syndrome, the term \"essential mixed cryoglobulinemia\" should be replaced by \"mixed cryoglobulinemia secondary to hepatitis B virus\" or perhaps to other viral infections.", "contents": "Association between hepatitis B virus and essential mixed cryoglobulinemia. In view of a high frequency of liver involvement in patients with essential mixed cryoglubulinemia, we looked for evidence for hepatitis B virus infection in 25 serum specimens and 19 cryoprecipitates obtained from 30 patients. Three of the 25 serum specimens contained Hbs Ag, and 12 had antibody. The frequency of positive results was increased to six and 11 of 19 respectively when cryoprecipitates were examined, and 14 of 19 (74 per cent) of the cryoprecipitates were positive for either HBs Ag or its antibody. Electron microscopy of four cryoprecipitates showed structures resembling the 20-nm and 27-nm spheres, tubules, as well as the Dane particles characteristic of hepatitis B virus infection. Since such infection appears to be involved in the pathogenesis of the syndrome, the term \"essential mixed cryoglobulinemia\" should be replaced by \"mixed cryoglobulinemia secondary to hepatitis B virus\" or perhaps to other viral infections."}
{"id": "PMID:865531", "title": "Azorean disease of the nervous system.", "content": "We studied a family of Portuguese ancestry from the Azores who suffered a progressive neurologic disease characterized by gait ataxia, features similar to Parkinson's disease in some patients, limitation of eye movements, widespread fasciculations of muscles, loss of reflexes in the lower limbs, followed by nystagmus, mild cerebellar tremor and extensor plantar responses. Two post-mortem examinations revealed loss of neurons and gliosis in the substantia nigra, nuclei pontis (and in the putamen in one case) as well as in the nuclei of the vestibular and other cranial nerves, columns of Clarke and anterior horns, in the spinal cord there were also loss of fibers in the fasciculi gracilis and mild changes in the pyramidal tracts. Comparison of the disease in this family with the findings reported in three families of similar ancestry, previously thought to have different disorders, suggests that they may all represent a single genetic entity with variable expression.", "contents": "Azorean disease of the nervous system. We studied a family of Portuguese ancestry from the Azores who suffered a progressive neurologic disease characterized by gait ataxia, features similar to Parkinson's disease in some patients, limitation of eye movements, widespread fasciculations of muscles, loss of reflexes in the lower limbs, followed by nystagmus, mild cerebellar tremor and extensor plantar responses. Two post-mortem examinations revealed loss of neurons and gliosis in the substantia nigra, nuclei pontis (and in the putamen in one case) as well as in the nuclei of the vestibular and other cranial nerves, columns of Clarke and anterior horns, in the spinal cord there were also loss of fibers in the fasciculi gracilis and mild changes in the pyramidal tracts. Comparison of the disease in this family with the findings reported in three families of similar ancestry, previously thought to have different disorders, suggests that they may all represent a single genetic entity with variable expression."}
{"id": "PMID:865549", "title": "Long-term prognosis of mitral-valve prolapse.", "content": "We examined the natural history of mitral-valve prolapse in 53 patients who had had a midsystolic click or late systolic murmur (or both) documented phonocardiographically a mean of 13.7 years earlier. Thirty-eight patients were alive without serious complications, and seven had died of unrelated causes. In two patients prolapse was implicated in the cause of death. Other complications were ventricular fibrillation in one patient and bacterial endocarditis in three. Progressive mitral regurgitation developed in five patients, requiring valve replacement in two. These complications occurred in a total of eight patients (15 per cent), and were significantly (P = 0.15) associated with a late systolic murmur rather than an isolated midsystolic click. Thus it appears that the diagnosis of mitral-valve prolapse should not be regarded as ominous; however, patients in whom this diagnosis is associated with a late systolic murmur should be followed carefully.", "contents": "Long-term prognosis of mitral-valve prolapse. We examined the natural history of mitral-valve prolapse in 53 patients who had had a midsystolic click or late systolic murmur (or both) documented phonocardiographically a mean of 13.7 years earlier. Thirty-eight patients were alive without serious complications, and seven had died of unrelated causes. In two patients prolapse was implicated in the cause of death. Other complications were ventricular fibrillation in one patient and bacterial endocarditis in three. Progressive mitral regurgitation developed in five patients, requiring valve replacement in two. These complications occurred in a total of eight patients (15 per cent), and were significantly (P = 0.15) associated with a late systolic murmur rather than an isolated midsystolic click. Thus it appears that the diagnosis of mitral-valve prolapse should not be regarded as ominous; however, patients in whom this diagnosis is associated with a late systolic murmur should be followed carefully."}
{"id": "PMID:865550", "title": "The organization and structure of the national institutes of health.", "content": "In the assessment of domestic federal programs and the agencies responsible for them, few have been as frequently and highly praised as the National Institutes of Health (NIH). Contributing to that success in part is an unusual organization and structure. Based on a series of semiautonomous, disease-oriented program divisions supplemented by several support units with a co-ordinative function performed by the Director, NIH, a remarkable and essential combination of administrative stability and flexibility, as well as scientific and political acceptability, has emerged. The changing environment in which NIH now functions, however, suggests the need for a greater degree of intra-NIH and extra-NIH program integration and co-ordination. Concomitantly, there must be more consistent federal policies, a clearer definition and understanding of \"technology transfer\" and additional resources for the directors of NIH and the individual Institutes.", "contents": "The organization and structure of the national institutes of health. In the assessment of domestic federal programs and the agencies responsible for them, few have been as frequently and highly praised as the National Institutes of Health (NIH). Contributing to that success in part is an unusual organization and structure. Based on a series of semiautonomous, disease-oriented program divisions supplemented by several support units with a co-ordinative function performed by the Director, NIH, a remarkable and essential combination of administrative stability and flexibility, as well as scientific and political acceptability, has emerged. The changing environment in which NIH now functions, however, suggests the need for a greater degree of intra-NIH and extra-NIH program integration and co-ordination. Concomitantly, there must be more consistent federal policies, a clearer definition and understanding of \"technology transfer\" and additional resources for the directors of NIH and the individual Institutes."}
{"id": "PMID:865566", "title": "Hereditary hemochromatosis. Diagnosis in siblings and children.", "content": "We studied five patients with clinically manifest hemochromatosis and 19 of their siblings and children to define better the diagnostic criteria for stages of the disease. The earliest detectable abnormalities were an increase in hepatic-parenchymal-cell stainable iron, hepatic iron concentration, transferrin saturation and serum iron concentration. In contrast, urinary iron excretion after deferoxamine and serum ferritin concentration were usually normal in early iron loading. In either latent or clinically manifest disease, hepatic-parenchymal-cell stainable iron was Grade 3 or 4; hepatic iron concentration was greater than 250 microng per 100 mg; serum iron was greater than 170 microng per 100 ml; transferrin saturation was greater than 70 per cent; urinary iron excretion exceeded 2.2 mg per 24 hours; and serum ferritin usually exceeded 1000 ng per ml. Estimation of liver iron is the most sensitive method for detecting early disease. Urinary iron excretion and serum ferritin estimate the total body burden of iron in latent and clinically manifest disease.", "contents": "Hereditary hemochromatosis. Diagnosis in siblings and children. We studied five patients with clinically manifest hemochromatosis and 19 of their siblings and children to define better the diagnostic criteria for stages of the disease. The earliest detectable abnormalities were an increase in hepatic-parenchymal-cell stainable iron, hepatic iron concentration, transferrin saturation and serum iron concentration. In contrast, urinary iron excretion after deferoxamine and serum ferritin concentration were usually normal in early iron loading. In either latent or clinically manifest disease, hepatic-parenchymal-cell stainable iron was Grade 3 or 4; hepatic iron concentration was greater than 250 microng per 100 mg; serum iron was greater than 170 microng per 100 ml; transferrin saturation was greater than 70 per cent; urinary iron excretion exceeded 2.2 mg per 24 hours; and serum ferritin usually exceeded 1000 ng per ml. Estimation of liver iron is the most sensitive method for detecting early disease. Urinary iron excretion and serum ferritin estimate the total body burden of iron in latent and clinically manifest disease."}
{"id": "PMID:865579", "title": "Treatment results of 54 American patients with Burkitt's lymphoma are similar to the African experience.", "content": "Burkitt's lymphoma in Africa may be curable by chemotherapy alone; in nonendemic regions results are reportedly less favorable. Fifty-four Americans with Burkitt's lymphoma were treated with two sequential combined treatment regimens that incorporated therapeutic approaches from clinical trials in Africa. Four patients died during induction therapy, and 48 of the remaining 50 achieved complete remissions. Twenty-two relapsed at a median of three months from the start of therapy. The overall two-year actuarial survival was 54 percent: younger patients ( less than 12 years old) and patients with minimal tumor burden (stages A, B and AR) had significantly better survivals than older patients (P less than 0.02) and patients with advanced abdominal tumors (stages C and D) (P less than 0.01). No differences in survival were detected between patients treated at the National Institutes of Health and those treated in regional institutions on either protocol. Complete response rates, relapse frequency and survival in American patients are similar to results in Africa.", "contents": "Treatment results of 54 American patients with Burkitt's lymphoma are similar to the African experience. Burkitt's lymphoma in Africa may be curable by chemotherapy alone; in nonendemic regions results are reportedly less favorable. Fifty-four Americans with Burkitt's lymphoma were treated with two sequential combined treatment regimens that incorporated therapeutic approaches from clinical trials in Africa. Four patients died during induction therapy, and 48 of the remaining 50 achieved complete remissions. Twenty-two relapsed at a median of three months from the start of therapy. The overall two-year actuarial survival was 54 percent: younger patients ( less than 12 years old) and patients with minimal tumor burden (stages A, B and AR) had significantly better survivals than older patients (P less than 0.02) and patients with advanced abdominal tumors (stages C and D) (P less than 0.01). No differences in survival were detected between patients treated at the National Institutes of Health and those treated in regional institutions on either protocol. Complete response rates, relapse frequency and survival in American patients are similar to results in Africa."}
{"id": "PMID:865580", "title": "Syndrome of acquired factor X deficiency and systemic amyloidosis in vivo studies of the metabolic fate of factor X.", "content": "To determine the metabolic fate of factor X in primary amyloidosis associated with factor X deficiency, we examined the pathways of its catabolism in a man with this syndrome. Intravenous infusion of human or bovine 131I-labeled factor X established a triphasic plasma clearance pattern for factor X. About 85 per cent of the factor X disappeared, with a disappearance half-time of less than 30 seconds. A second and third phase showed a T1/2 of 90 minutes and nine hours respectively. 131I-labeles factor X in plasma did not appear to be rapidly modified or degraded. Relatively minor quantities of 131I were cleared into the urine. We observed a diffuse distribution of radioactivity over the body surface, with a concentration in the hepatic and splenic regions. These studies demonstrate than factor X deficiency associated with systemic amyloidosis is due to binding of factor X to body tissue, probably within the circulatory system.", "contents": "Syndrome of acquired factor X deficiency and systemic amyloidosis in vivo studies of the metabolic fate of factor X. To determine the metabolic fate of factor X in primary amyloidosis associated with factor X deficiency, we examined the pathways of its catabolism in a man with this syndrome. Intravenous infusion of human or bovine 131I-labeled factor X established a triphasic plasma clearance pattern for factor X. About 85 per cent of the factor X disappeared, with a disappearance half-time of less than 30 seconds. A second and third phase showed a T1/2 of 90 minutes and nine hours respectively. 131I-labeles factor X in plasma did not appear to be rapidly modified or degraded. Relatively minor quantities of 131I were cleared into the urine. We observed a diffuse distribution of radioactivity over the body surface, with a concentration in the hepatic and splenic regions. These studies demonstrate than factor X deficiency associated with systemic amyloidosis is due to binding of factor X to body tissue, probably within the circulatory system."}
{"id": "PMID:865583", "title": "Complete deficiency of adenine phosphoribosyltransferase. Report of a family.", "content": "We studied the clinical and biochemical manifestations of complete adenine phosphoribosyltransferase deficiency in the kindred of a male homozygous child excreting stones of 2,8-dihydroxyade-nine. Abnormal amounts of adenine, 8-hydroxyade-nine and 2,8-dihydroxyadenine (25 per cent of total purine metabolites) appeared in the urine of the propositus and his clinically normal brother, but not in heterozygotes or a control. Adenine phosphoribosyl-transferase activity in erythrocytes was less than 1 per cent of normal in both homozygotes and varied from 20 to 57 per cent of normal in six heterozygotes. Heterozygotes exhibited neither hyperuricemia nor gout. Treatment of the propositus with allopurinol and a low purine diet stopped stone formation. In addition, excretion of 2,8-dihydroxyadenine decreased. An autosomal recessive mode of inheritance with variable expression in the phenotype is indicated. Homozygotes may be detected by their raised urinary adenine levels or absence of detectable erythrocyte adenine phosphoribosyltransferase activity (or both).", "contents": "Complete deficiency of adenine phosphoribosyltransferase. Report of a family. We studied the clinical and biochemical manifestations of complete adenine phosphoribosyltransferase deficiency in the kindred of a male homozygous child excreting stones of 2,8-dihydroxyade-nine. Abnormal amounts of adenine, 8-hydroxyade-nine and 2,8-dihydroxyadenine (25 per cent of total purine metabolites) appeared in the urine of the propositus and his clinically normal brother, but not in heterozygotes or a control. Adenine phosphoribosyl-transferase activity in erythrocytes was less than 1 per cent of normal in both homozygotes and varied from 20 to 57 per cent of normal in six heterozygotes. Heterozygotes exhibited neither hyperuricemia nor gout. Treatment of the propositus with allopurinol and a low purine diet stopped stone formation. In addition, excretion of 2,8-dihydroxyadenine decreased. An autosomal recessive mode of inheritance with variable expression in the phenotype is indicated. Homozygotes may be detected by their raised urinary adenine levels or absence of detectable erythrocyte adenine phosphoribosyltransferase activity (or both)."}
{"id": "PMID:865584", "title": "Biochemical profile or uremic breath.", "content": "We attempted to define the substances that contribute to the characteristic \"uremic breath\" of patients with end-stage renal disease. Breath samples from nine patients underwent direct analysis before and after hemodialysis with use of gas chromatography and confirmation by mass spectrometry, and indirectly assessment by an organoleptic panel. Concentrations of secondary and tertiary amines, dimethylamine and trimethylamine were increased, with subsequent reduction after hemodialysis (dimethylamine from 2.00 +/- 0.19 [S.E.M.] to 0.88 +/- 0.12 microng per 30 minutes, P less than 0.001, and trimethylamine from 0.79 +/- 0.22 to 0.44 +/- 0.15 microng per 30 minutes, P less than 0.003). Treatment with nonabsorbable antibiotics in two patients reduced both serum and breath amine levels without dialysis. Loss of nitrogen via the breath was not quantitatively important. We conclude that uremic breath reflects the systemic accumulation of potentially toxic volatile metabolites, among which dimethylamine and trimethylamine have been positively identified and correlated with the classic fishy odor.", "contents": "Biochemical profile or uremic breath. We attempted to define the substances that contribute to the characteristic \"uremic breath\" of patients with end-stage renal disease. Breath samples from nine patients underwent direct analysis before and after hemodialysis with use of gas chromatography and confirmation by mass spectrometry, and indirectly assessment by an organoleptic panel. Concentrations of secondary and tertiary amines, dimethylamine and trimethylamine were increased, with subsequent reduction after hemodialysis (dimethylamine from 2.00 +/- 0.19 [S.E.M.] to 0.88 +/- 0.12 microng per 30 minutes, P less than 0.001, and trimethylamine from 0.79 +/- 0.22 to 0.44 +/- 0.15 microng per 30 minutes, P less than 0.003). Treatment with nonabsorbable antibiotics in two patients reduced both serum and breath amine levels without dialysis. Loss of nitrogen via the breath was not quantitatively important. We conclude that uremic breath reflects the systemic accumulation of potentially toxic volatile metabolites, among which dimethylamine and trimethylamine have been positively identified and correlated with the classic fishy odor."}
{"id": "PMID:865585", "title": "Relief of uremic pruritus with ultraviolet phototherapy.", "content": "We studied the effect of ultraviolet-light phototherapy on severe persistent pruritus in 18 adult patients on hemodialysis. Patients were randomly assigned to one of two light sources. The experimental group received conventional sunburn-spectrum light in gradually increasing doses. The control group received time-matched exposures to long-wave ultraviolet light. All patients received eight exposures to the entire skin surface over a four-week treatment period. Nine of 10 patients in the sunburn-spectrum group reported marked decrease in pruritus as opposed to two of eight in the placebo group (P less than 0.01). of those responding to sunburn-spectrum light, improvement usually occurred two to three weeks into treatment. Mild sunburn, noted by some patients in this group, was the only side effect. The response to phototherapy was unaffected by the presence of secondary hyperparathyroidism. Ultraviolet phototherapy is a safe, convenient, inexpensive and effective treatment for uremic pruritus.", "contents": "Relief of uremic pruritus with ultraviolet phototherapy. We studied the effect of ultraviolet-light phototherapy on severe persistent pruritus in 18 adult patients on hemodialysis. Patients were randomly assigned to one of two light sources. The experimental group received conventional sunburn-spectrum light in gradually increasing doses. The control group received time-matched exposures to long-wave ultraviolet light. All patients received eight exposures to the entire skin surface over a four-week treatment period. Nine of 10 patients in the sunburn-spectrum group reported marked decrease in pruritus as opposed to two of eight in the placebo group (P less than 0.01). of those responding to sunburn-spectrum light, improvement usually occurred two to three weeks into treatment. Mild sunburn, noted by some patients in this group, was the only side effect. The response to phototherapy was unaffected by the presence of secondary hyperparathyroidism. Ultraviolet phototherapy is a safe, convenient, inexpensive and effective treatment for uremic pruritus."}
{"id": "PMID:865596", "title": "[Epidemic outbreak of tinea corporis due to Microsporum gypseum].", "content": "A small epidemic of tinea corporis due to M. gypseum is reported. There were 13 children affected, ages 1-15 years. These children belonged to 6 neighbouring families and all used a common \"playground\", an empty lot located nearby. Cultures were positive for M. gypseum in the 13 children and the agent was also isolated from 2 soils collected in the playing-ground. Soil isolates were classified as N. gypsea. Clinically, the lesions were circinated and had active borders, they were preferentially located in the trunk. Most children (8/13) had multiple lesions. These and other pertinent aspects are discussed in the text.", "contents": "[Epidemic outbreak of tinea corporis due to Microsporum gypseum]. A small epidemic of tinea corporis due to M. gypseum is reported. There were 13 children affected, ages 1-15 years. These children belonged to 6 neighbouring families and all used a common \"playground\", an empty lot located nearby. Cultures were positive for M. gypseum in the 13 children and the agent was also isolated from 2 soils collected in the playing-ground. Soil isolates were classified as N. gypsea. Clinically, the lesions were circinated and had active borders, they were preferentially located in the trunk. Most children (8/13) had multiple lesions. These and other pertinent aspects are discussed in the text."}
{"id": "PMID:865597", "title": "Effects of age on fresh weight, proteins, peroxidases, and other enzymes of the +, -, and crossed gymnothecial cultures of Nannizzia gypsea.", "content": "Cultures of the + (UAMH 1485) and - (UAMH 1486) mating types of Nannizzia gypsea and their crosses (1485 x 1486) were analyzed, after 1, 2, 3, and 4 weeks growth, for fresh weight, proteins, peroxidases, esterases, acid- and alkaline-phosphatases. The + type produced slightly more growth at all periods (90, 131, 131, and 129 mg/plate) than the - mating type (90, 123, 121, and 108 mg/plate). The growth of the crosses was much less (30, 88, 83, and 94 mg/plate). Total soluble proteins per gram fresh weight was greater for the crosses (51, 33, 48, and 63 mg) than for the + (19, 32, 34, and 32 mg) and - (20, 33, 33, and 33 mg) strains. Disc-gel electrophoretic analyses revealed 6-9 protein bands in each of the mating types, and 7-8 bands (protein) in crosses, several of which showed mobility and stain uptake differences. There were 1-2 peroxidase bands in the +, -, and crosses; their patterns were generally the same in 1-week-old cultures, but slight differences were found at the subsequent harvests. The number of esterases in the +, -, and crosses was 3-4 and 2-3, respectively, but their patterns were similar. Acid- and alkaline-phosphatases of the + and -, and crosses were quite similar to one another. For all the enzymes studied, the number of bands increased after the first harvest in crosses, but in the single strains there was no constant pattern.", "contents": "Effects of age on fresh weight, proteins, peroxidases, and other enzymes of the +, -, and crossed gymnothecial cultures of Nannizzia gypsea. Cultures of the + (UAMH 1485) and - (UAMH 1486) mating types of Nannizzia gypsea and their crosses (1485 x 1486) were analyzed, after 1, 2, 3, and 4 weeks growth, for fresh weight, proteins, peroxidases, esterases, acid- and alkaline-phosphatases. The + type produced slightly more growth at all periods (90, 131, 131, and 129 mg/plate) than the - mating type (90, 123, 121, and 108 mg/plate). The growth of the crosses was much less (30, 88, 83, and 94 mg/plate). Total soluble proteins per gram fresh weight was greater for the crosses (51, 33, 48, and 63 mg) than for the + (19, 32, 34, and 32 mg) and - (20, 33, 33, and 33 mg) strains. Disc-gel electrophoretic analyses revealed 6-9 protein bands in each of the mating types, and 7-8 bands (protein) in crosses, several of which showed mobility and stain uptake differences. There were 1-2 peroxidase bands in the +, -, and crosses; their patterns were generally the same in 1-week-old cultures, but slight differences were found at the subsequent harvests. The number of esterases in the +, -, and crosses was 3-4 and 2-3, respectively, but their patterns were similar. Acid- and alkaline-phosphatases of the + and -, and crosses were quite similar to one another. For all the enzymes studied, the number of bands increased after the first harvest in crosses, but in the single strains there was no constant pattern."}
{"id": "PMID:865598", "title": "[Lipid metabolism in Aspergillus versicolor (Vuill.) Tiragoschi. Relation to biogenesis of sterigmatocystin].", "content": "Aspergillus versicolor is cultivated in a synthetic medium for 22 days. Bioproduction of lipids and sterigmatocystin are compared. The fatty acids of the neutral lipid and polar lipids fractions are mainly: C 16:0, C 18:0, C 18:1, C 18:2, C 18:3. Maximal yields of dry weight, neutral lipids and sterigmatocystin occur, respectively, on the 4th, the 7th and the 20th days. These results and their comparison with other works emphasize that a fall of concentration in lipids precedes the phase of highest concentration in secondary metabolites of polyketide type; it appears that fats and particularly palmitic acid are present in biogenesis of these derivatives.", "contents": "[Lipid metabolism in Aspergillus versicolor (Vuill.) Tiragoschi. Relation to biogenesis of sterigmatocystin]. Aspergillus versicolor is cultivated in a synthetic medium for 22 days. Bioproduction of lipids and sterigmatocystin are compared. The fatty acids of the neutral lipid and polar lipids fractions are mainly: C 16:0, C 18:0, C 18:1, C 18:2, C 18:3. Maximal yields of dry weight, neutral lipids and sterigmatocystin occur, respectively, on the 4th, the 7th and the 20th days. These results and their comparison with other works emphasize that a fall of concentration in lipids precedes the phase of highest concentration in secondary metabolites of polyketide type; it appears that fats and particularly palmitic acid are present in biogenesis of these derivatives."}
{"id": "PMID:865599", "title": "Isolation of Histoplasma capsulatum from the air in the Aguas Buenas Caves, Aguas Buenas, Puerto Rico.", "content": "White mice were used to isolate H. capsulatum from the air in the Aguas Buenas Caves, Puerto Rico. Based on the infection of mice, the ten test sites yielded positive results for the presence of the fungus. Air currents through this cave are believed to be the most important factor responsible for the even distribution of H. capsulatum. Cultural differences concerning spore concentrations were observed. Age and sex of the exposed mice do not seem to play a role in acquiring histoplasmosis.", "contents": "Isolation of Histoplasma capsulatum from the air in the Aguas Buenas Caves, Aguas Buenas, Puerto Rico. White mice were used to isolate H. capsulatum from the air in the Aguas Buenas Caves, Puerto Rico. Based on the infection of mice, the ten test sites yielded positive results for the presence of the fungus. Air currents through this cave are believed to be the most important factor responsible for the even distribution of H. capsulatum. Cultural differences concerning spore concentrations were observed. Age and sex of the exposed mice do not seem to play a role in acquiring histoplasmosis."}
{"id": "PMID:865600", "title": "Isolation of Histoplasma capsulatum from tissues of bats captured in the Aguas Buenas Caves, Aguas Buenos, Puerto Rico.", "content": "Of 30 bats belonging to four species, only one species, Brachyplylla cavernarum, yielded positive for Histoplasma capsulatum. Bats were collected at the Aguas Buenas Caves in Puerto Rico. The other species are: Artibeus jamaicensis, Monophyllus redmani portoricensis, and Erophylla bibombifrons; these resulted negative for the fungus.", "contents": "Isolation of Histoplasma capsulatum from tissues of bats captured in the Aguas Buenas Caves, Aguas Buenos, Puerto Rico. Of 30 bats belonging to four species, only one species, Brachyplylla cavernarum, yielded positive for Histoplasma capsulatum. Bats were collected at the Aguas Buenas Caves in Puerto Rico. The other species are: Artibeus jamaicensis, Monophyllus redmani portoricensis, and Erophylla bibombifrons; these resulted negative for the fungus."}
{"id": "PMID:865612", "title": "Structure of RNA and RNA binding site in tobacco mosaic virus from 4-A map calculated from X-ray fibre diagrams.", "content": "The structure of tobacco mosaic virus has been solved to a resolution of 4 A using fibre diffraction methods. The general fold of the protein is clear, the conformation may be deduced in many places, and the conformation of the RNA and its interaction with the protein can be seen.", "contents": "Structure of RNA and RNA binding site in tobacco mosaic virus from 4-A map calculated from X-ray fibre diagrams. The structure of tobacco mosaic virus has been solved to a resolution of 4 A using fibre diffraction methods. The general fold of the protein is clear, the conformation may be deduced in many places, and the conformation of the RNA and its interaction with the protein can be seen."}
{"id": "PMID:865613", "title": "Transmembrane channel formation in rhodopsin-containing bilayer membranes.", "content": "Rhodopsin has been incorporated into planar lipid bilayer membranes. The effect of light is to increase the bilayer permeability in a pattern consistent with the formation of a transmembrane channel of about 10 A diameter. A model of visual excitation based on a light-activated and voltage-sensitive channel is presented.", "contents": "Transmembrane channel formation in rhodopsin-containing bilayer membranes. Rhodopsin has been incorporated into planar lipid bilayer membranes. The effect of light is to increase the bilayer permeability in a pattern consistent with the formation of a transmembrane channel of about 10 A diameter. A model of visual excitation based on a light-activated and voltage-sensitive channel is presented."}
{"id": "PMID:865638", "title": "[The deterioration of the aquatic ecosystem because of civilization].", "content": "The surface waters of northwestern Europe belong to the most heavily loaded waters of the world. Within the last decades, pollution by non-biogenic organic substances has often become more important than pollution by domestic sewage. Ecologic concepts aid in understanding the various modes of disturbance of aquatic ecosystems. Stream pollution control consists not only of waste treatment.", "contents": "[The deterioration of the aquatic ecosystem because of civilization]. The surface waters of northwestern Europe belong to the most heavily loaded waters of the world. Within the last decades, pollution by non-biogenic organic substances has often become more important than pollution by domestic sewage. Ecologic concepts aid in understanding the various modes of disturbance of aquatic ecosystems. Stream pollution control consists not only of waste treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:865643", "title": "Immunosuppression and Carcinogenesis: effects of azathioprine on induction of sarcomas by 3-methylcholanthrene.", "content": "The effects of Azathioprine (AZA) on the carcinogenesis with 3-Methylcholanthrene (MC) are described. When AZA is given before MC, there is a shortened tumor latency period. When AZA treatment followed MC injection a lengthened latency period was observed. When AZA treatment is given both before and after MC injection, intermediate results were observed. It is concluded that the action of AZA treatment on tumor development depends on the time relationship between this treatment and the injection of the carcinogen. In particular, it is suggested that to obtain an enhancing effect on tumor development, probably by immunosuppression, AZA must be effective at the time or shortly after administration of the carcinogen. When AZA is administered later, an inhibition of tumor development, probably a cytostatic effect becomes prominent.", "contents": "Immunosuppression and Carcinogenesis: effects of azathioprine on induction of sarcomas by 3-methylcholanthrene. The effects of Azathioprine (AZA) on the carcinogenesis with 3-Methylcholanthrene (MC) are described. When AZA is given before MC, there is a shortened tumor latency period. When AZA treatment followed MC injection a lengthened latency period was observed. When AZA treatment is given both before and after MC injection, intermediate results were observed. It is concluded that the action of AZA treatment on tumor development depends on the time relationship between this treatment and the injection of the carcinogen. In particular, it is suggested that to obtain an enhancing effect on tumor development, probably by immunosuppression, AZA must be effective at the time or shortly after administration of the carcinogen. When AZA is administered later, an inhibition of tumor development, probably a cytostatic effect becomes prominent."}
{"id": "PMID:865644", "title": "Dextramycine (the dextraisomer of chloramphenicol) as an inhibitor of the induction of lung adenomas in mice.", "content": "Dextramycine as well as leftrotating isomer (chloramphenicol--levomycetin) diminished the blastomogenic effect of urethane which is known to induce lung adenomas in mice.", "contents": "Dextramycine (the dextraisomer of chloramphenicol) as an inhibitor of the induction of lung adenomas in mice. Dextramycine as well as leftrotating isomer (chloramphenicol--levomycetin) diminished the blastomogenic effect of urethane which is known to induce lung adenomas in mice."}
{"id": "PMID:865645", "title": "Influence of stress and of endocrine imbalance on the experimental metastasis.", "content": "The influence of some stress agents applied during variable periods of time and under various modifications of the endocrine status was studied on the lymphotropic metastases of the 256 Walker carcinosarcoma, grafted intratesticulary in rats. Different reactivity of metastases, when compared to that of primary tumors was found in relation to the action of some compounds influencing the hormonal balance. Stress enhances the primary tumor development, while the metastatic growth is inhibited. However later on, sudden enhancement of the metastasis growth was observed. Adrenalectomy, as well as testosterone, thyroxine, of Stilbostat administration inhibit the metastasis, whereas cortisone, or antithyroid drug administration enhance the metastasis. The in vitro study of the tumor cell proliferation suggests some immunemorphological involvements in the development of this process.", "contents": "Influence of stress and of endocrine imbalance on the experimental metastasis. The influence of some stress agents applied during variable periods of time and under various modifications of the endocrine status was studied on the lymphotropic metastases of the 256 Walker carcinosarcoma, grafted intratesticulary in rats. Different reactivity of metastases, when compared to that of primary tumors was found in relation to the action of some compounds influencing the hormonal balance. Stress enhances the primary tumor development, while the metastatic growth is inhibited. However later on, sudden enhancement of the metastasis growth was observed. Adrenalectomy, as well as testosterone, thyroxine, of Stilbostat administration inhibit the metastasis, whereas cortisone, or antithyroid drug administration enhance the metastasis. The in vitro study of the tumor cell proliferation suggests some immunemorphological involvements in the development of this process."}
{"id": "PMID:865646", "title": "Hamster apigmented melanoma as a model for screening of potential antineoplastic drugs.", "content": "The authors treated the apigmented melanoma IC-Sofia in hamster with various doses of the following cytostatics: Cyclophosphamide, 6-Mercaptopurine, Vinblastine and Actinomycin D for 7 consecutive days. Determination of the tumor growth inhibition on the 8th day (early test) on the basis of tumor weight in the animals treated and untreated with cytostatics indicates that the tumor used is more sensitive to the effect of Cyclophosphamide and 6-MP and less to Vinblastine and Actinomycin D. Nevertheless sensitivity to cytostatic action is high enough for each of the cytostatic agents, depending upon the applied dose. This gives grounds to the authors to assume that hamster apigmented melanoma IC-Sofia is an adequate model for testing and evaluation of antitumor drugs.", "contents": "Hamster apigmented melanoma as a model for screening of potential antineoplastic drugs. The authors treated the apigmented melanoma IC-Sofia in hamster with various doses of the following cytostatics: Cyclophosphamide, 6-Mercaptopurine, Vinblastine and Actinomycin D for 7 consecutive days. Determination of the tumor growth inhibition on the 8th day (early test) on the basis of tumor weight in the animals treated and untreated with cytostatics indicates that the tumor used is more sensitive to the effect of Cyclophosphamide and 6-MP and less to Vinblastine and Actinomycin D. Nevertheless sensitivity to cytostatic action is high enough for each of the cytostatic agents, depending upon the applied dose. This gives grounds to the authors to assume that hamster apigmented melanoma IC-Sofia is an adequate model for testing and evaluation of antitumor drugs."}
{"id": "PMID:865647", "title": "Serum immunoglobulin levels in cancer patients. III. Immunoglobulin levels and metastases of malignant tumors.", "content": "The levels of IgG, IgA and IgM were followed in 93 patients with metastases of various tumors in the liver, bones, lymph nodes, lungs and with the generalization of tumor in multiple organs. A significant increase of IgG was noted in those patients where liver, bones and lymph nodes were involved, compared to other tumor groups as well as with the values considered as normal range. A significant rise of the IgA class was observed in patients with liver metastases compared to cases with the generalization of tumor. In all groups the mean levels were scattered above the upper limit of normal values. The mean levels of IgM class did not exceed the upper normal limit, but in the group of bone metastases a significant rise was noted compared with the group of generalized tumors.", "contents": "Serum immunoglobulin levels in cancer patients. III. Immunoglobulin levels and metastases of malignant tumors. The levels of IgG, IgA and IgM were followed in 93 patients with metastases of various tumors in the liver, bones, lymph nodes, lungs and with the generalization of tumor in multiple organs. A significant increase of IgG was noted in those patients where liver, bones and lymph nodes were involved, compared to other tumor groups as well as with the values considered as normal range. A significant rise of the IgA class was observed in patients with liver metastases compared to cases with the generalization of tumor. In all groups the mean levels were scattered above the upper limit of normal values. The mean levels of IgM class did not exceed the upper normal limit, but in the group of bone metastases a significant rise was noted compared with the group of generalized tumors."}
{"id": "PMID:865648", "title": "Serum immunoglobulin levels in cancer patients IV. The influence of therapy on the levels of IgG, IgA and IgM.", "content": "The levels of immunoglobulins (IgG, IgA, IgM) were measured in the blood serum of 232 patients with malignant diseases subjected to therapy with irradiation, cytostatic drugs, hormones and active immunotherapy. The values of two samples were compared before and after therapy. The local irradiation with usual doses and technique did not significantly influence the Ig levels. On the contrary, the levels of all three Ig classes decreased after chemotherapy, but only the IgG decrease was significant. A rise of Ig followed active immunotherapy and hormonal therapy but these changes were not significant.", "contents": "Serum immunoglobulin levels in cancer patients IV. The influence of therapy on the levels of IgG, IgA and IgM. The levels of immunoglobulins (IgG, IgA, IgM) were measured in the blood serum of 232 patients with malignant diseases subjected to therapy with irradiation, cytostatic drugs, hormones and active immunotherapy. The values of two samples were compared before and after therapy. The local irradiation with usual doses and technique did not significantly influence the Ig levels. On the contrary, the levels of all three Ig classes decreased after chemotherapy, but only the IgG decrease was significant. A rise of Ig followed active immunotherapy and hormonal therapy but these changes were not significant."}
{"id": "PMID:865649", "title": "Endocrine-metabolic criteria for distinguishing two pathogenetic types of breast cancer.", "content": "Hypothalamic threshold of sensitivity to homeostatic inhibition was studied by means of the dexamethasone test of inhibiting excretion of steroid hormones in 47 patients with the primary breast cancer of different age groups. Before the dexamethasone test and after it, blood specimens were taken for the following tests: daily variation of blood sugar or sensitivity to insulin action, cholesterol, lipoproteins, phospholipids, uric acid, growth hormone and insuline levels, and level of corticosteroids. On the base of the results obtained all the patients could be divided into two groups: 1. patients with signs of elevated threshold of hypothalamic sensitivity to inhibition and 2. patients without such signs. The breast cancer developing against the background of endocrine metabolic disturbances characteristic of advanced age is on the whole prognostically more favorable than tumors in women who have no disturbances of that kind. However, metabolic shifts characteristic of ageing obviously play an important role in creating a background that promotes higher incidence of mammary cancer in elderly subjects.", "contents": "Endocrine-metabolic criteria for distinguishing two pathogenetic types of breast cancer. Hypothalamic threshold of sensitivity to homeostatic inhibition was studied by means of the dexamethasone test of inhibiting excretion of steroid hormones in 47 patients with the primary breast cancer of different age groups. Before the dexamethasone test and after it, blood specimens were taken for the following tests: daily variation of blood sugar or sensitivity to insulin action, cholesterol, lipoproteins, phospholipids, uric acid, growth hormone and insuline levels, and level of corticosteroids. On the base of the results obtained all the patients could be divided into two groups: 1. patients with signs of elevated threshold of hypothalamic sensitivity to inhibition and 2. patients without such signs. The breast cancer developing against the background of endocrine metabolic disturbances characteristic of advanced age is on the whole prognostically more favorable than tumors in women who have no disturbances of that kind. However, metabolic shifts characteristic of ageing obviously play an important role in creating a background that promotes higher incidence of mammary cancer in elderly subjects."}
{"id": "PMID:865650", "title": "Chemotherapy and \"second-look\" procedure in the treatment of ovarian carcinoma.", "content": "A combination of chemotherapy with a \"second-look\" operation has its place in a long-tern treatment of ovarian cancer of stage III, though it will hardly improve the long-term results--the 5-year survival in this stage. Ocassionally, this combination may prove useful and even decisive for prolonging life and even bringing about recovery. This would apply to less advanced, better cases of stage III and to carcinomas with a lesser biological malignancy. \"Second-look\" operations may be indicated not only in an improvement of the local finding as has been reported up to now by several authors, but also if this local finding has not improved but the patients overall condition is satisfactory or has not deteriorated since the first laparotomy, especially if the latter had been performed at another hospital. The time for the second-look operation must be determined individually according to the clinical course.", "contents": "Chemotherapy and \"second-look\" procedure in the treatment of ovarian carcinoma. A combination of chemotherapy with a \"second-look\" operation has its place in a long-tern treatment of ovarian cancer of stage III, though it will hardly improve the long-term results--the 5-year survival in this stage. Ocassionally, this combination may prove useful and even decisive for prolonging life and even bringing about recovery. This would apply to less advanced, better cases of stage III and to carcinomas with a lesser biological malignancy. \"Second-look\" operations may be indicated not only in an improvement of the local finding as has been reported up to now by several authors, but also if this local finding has not improved but the patients overall condition is satisfactory or has not deteriorated since the first laparotomy, especially if the latter had been performed at another hospital. The time for the second-look operation must be determined individually according to the clinical course."}
{"id": "PMID:865651", "title": "Results of radiation therapy and a combination of radiation and surgery in the laryngeal cancer.", "content": "A total of 348 out of 349 patients with laryngeal cancer were treated over the period 1960-1970. Radiation therapy alone was used in 262 of them and surgical intervention with postoperative irradiation in 86. Results in the form of a five-year survival rate in the group treated solely by irradiation were superior by 12% in the case of glottic than in that of supraglottic carcinoma (48.8% and 36.8% respectively). In the group of patients operated upon and subsequently irradiated, relatively satisfactory results were obtained in the advanced, i. e. the III stage of supraglottic carcinoma (5-year survival in 61.4%). The overall 5-year survival rate in the patients operated upon and then irradiated proved to be better by 24.5% in supraglottic and by 4.1% in the glottic carcinoma, than in patients subjected solely to irradiation. Of 27 cases of relapses, 6 patients were successfully treated by laryngectomy. Post-irradiation complications involved most frequently minor cases of endolaryngeal edema; among the more serious ones were 2 cases of radiation myelitis. The discussion on the problem of radiation dosage in cancer of the larynx, the treatment of regional metastases and combined surgico-radiation therapy.", "contents": "Results of radiation therapy and a combination of radiation and surgery in the laryngeal cancer. A total of 348 out of 349 patients with laryngeal cancer were treated over the period 1960-1970. Radiation therapy alone was used in 262 of them and surgical intervention with postoperative irradiation in 86. Results in the form of a five-year survival rate in the group treated solely by irradiation were superior by 12% in the case of glottic than in that of supraglottic carcinoma (48.8% and 36.8% respectively). In the group of patients operated upon and subsequently irradiated, relatively satisfactory results were obtained in the advanced, i. e. the III stage of supraglottic carcinoma (5-year survival in 61.4%). The overall 5-year survival rate in the patients operated upon and then irradiated proved to be better by 24.5% in supraglottic and by 4.1% in the glottic carcinoma, than in patients subjected solely to irradiation. Of 27 cases of relapses, 6 patients were successfully treated by laryngectomy. Post-irradiation complications involved most frequently minor cases of endolaryngeal edema; among the more serious ones were 2 cases of radiation myelitis. The discussion on the problem of radiation dosage in cancer of the larynx, the treatment of regional metastases and combined surgico-radiation therapy."}
{"id": "PMID:865652", "title": "Different sensitivity to antibiotics of the established intermitent in vivo--in vitro tumor cell lines in comparison with the primary cultures.", "content": "From original strains of tumors growing only in vivo (I) new lines of strains (II) were obtained, the cells of which proliferated readily both in vitro and in vivo. Sensitivity in all the new strains (II) generally increased but in varying degrees as against individual cancerostatic drugs, as evident from the given ID50 values and sensitivity indices. In addition to an enhanced sensitivity of the strains to inhibitors, their ability to utilize precursors of the synthesis of nucleic acids and proteins in a linear dependence during the course of 24 hours has also been determined.", "contents": "Different sensitivity to antibiotics of the established intermitent in vivo--in vitro tumor cell lines in comparison with the primary cultures. From original strains of tumors growing only in vivo (I) new lines of strains (II) were obtained, the cells of which proliferated readily both in vitro and in vivo. Sensitivity in all the new strains (II) generally increased but in varying degrees as against individual cancerostatic drugs, as evident from the given ID50 values and sensitivity indices. In addition to an enhanced sensitivity of the strains to inhibitors, their ability to utilize precursors of the synthesis of nucleic acids and proteins in a linear dependence during the course of 24 hours has also been determined."}
{"id": "PMID:865654", "title": "Effect of alterations of sodium intake in patients with hyporeninemic hypoaldosteronism.", "content": "The effect of changes of sodium intake on serum and urinary electrolytes, plasma renin activity (PRA) and plasma aldosterone concentration (PA) was studied in five hyperkalemic patients with the syndrome of hyporeninemic hypoaldosteronism (SHH). The patients were evaluated during 8 days on a 10-mEq sodium and 50-mEq potassium diet plus furosemide, followed by 8 days on a 150-mEq sodium and 50-mEq potassium diet. After sodium depletion, both PRA and PA were substantially higher than after a previous 4-day period of simple dietary sodium restriction and an increase in serum potassium concentration occurred in only one subject. Administration of a normal sodium intake induced small increases in serum chloride in all five subjects and a decrease in bicarbonate concentration in one patient. It is concluded that, at least in some patients with SHH, PRA and PA are volume-responsive and that considerable alterations of sodium intake have relatively little influence on serum electrolyte concentrations.", "contents": "Effect of alterations of sodium intake in patients with hyporeninemic hypoaldosteronism. The effect of changes of sodium intake on serum and urinary electrolytes, plasma renin activity (PRA) and plasma aldosterone concentration (PA) was studied in five hyperkalemic patients with the syndrome of hyporeninemic hypoaldosteronism (SHH). The patients were evaluated during 8 days on a 10-mEq sodium and 50-mEq potassium diet plus furosemide, followed by 8 days on a 150-mEq sodium and 50-mEq potassium diet. After sodium depletion, both PRA and PA were substantially higher than after a previous 4-day period of simple dietary sodium restriction and an increase in serum potassium concentration occurred in only one subject. Administration of a normal sodium intake induced small increases in serum chloride in all five subjects and a decrease in bicarbonate concentration in one patient. It is concluded that, at least in some patients with SHH, PRA and PA are volume-responsive and that considerable alterations of sodium intake have relatively little influence on serum electrolyte concentrations."}
{"id": "PMID:865655", "title": "Prolactin-induced stimulation of rat renal adenylate cyclase and autoradiographic localization to the distal nephron.", "content": "Prolactin was shown to activate adenylate cyclase in broken cellular enzyme preparations from rat renal medulla. Likewise, vasopresin was effective on this enzyme system. Parathyroid hormone was similarly active in the renal cortex. The simultaneous administration of vasopressin and prolactin to medullary kidney slices did not result in an additive effect in stimulating medullary adenyl cyclase. Audioradiographic techniques revealed a selective and prolonged localization of intravenously injected 125I-prolactin to the thick limb of the loop of Henle, the distal tubule and the collecting duct. It is concluded that prolactin activates medullary adenylate cyclase, and may do so by occupying ADH receptors.", "contents": "Prolactin-induced stimulation of rat renal adenylate cyclase and autoradiographic localization to the distal nephron. Prolactin was shown to activate adenylate cyclase in broken cellular enzyme preparations from rat renal medulla. Likewise, vasopresin was effective on this enzyme system. Parathyroid hormone was similarly active in the renal cortex. The simultaneous administration of vasopressin and prolactin to medullary kidney slices did not result in an additive effect in stimulating medullary adenyl cyclase. Audioradiographic techniques revealed a selective and prolonged localization of intravenously injected 125I-prolactin to the thick limb of the loop of Henle, the distal tubule and the collecting duct. It is concluded that prolactin activates medullary adenylate cyclase, and may do so by occupying ADH receptors."}
{"id": "PMID:865656", "title": "Renal failure in malaria: a pathophysiologic study.", "content": "A pathophysiologic study was made in 15 patients with acute renal failure due to falciparum malaria. Marked increase in plasma fibrinogen and elevation of serum fibrin degradation products were observed in all cases. The other coagulation parameters including prothrombin time, partial thromboplastin time, factor V and factor VIII were within the normal limits. Plasma hemoglobin was minimal. The blood viscosity was significantly increased. Blood volume study in 5 patients showed initial hypovolemia followed by hypervolemia and normovolemia. Decreased cortical renal blood flow was noted in renal hemodynamic study using 133Xe. Plasma renin activity was increased. Intravenous pyelography during the oliguric phase of renal failure revealed a poor nephrogram which increased in density at 24 and 48 h after the injection of the contrast material. The findings suggest the significance of reduction of renal blood flow in the pathogenesis of renal failure in human malaria. The roles of blood hyperviscosity and hypovolemia are emphasized.", "contents": "Renal failure in malaria: a pathophysiologic study. A pathophysiologic study was made in 15 patients with acute renal failure due to falciparum malaria. Marked increase in plasma fibrinogen and elevation of serum fibrin degradation products were observed in all cases. The other coagulation parameters including prothrombin time, partial thromboplastin time, factor V and factor VIII were within the normal limits. Plasma hemoglobin was minimal. The blood viscosity was significantly increased. Blood volume study in 5 patients showed initial hypovolemia followed by hypervolemia and normovolemia. Decreased cortical renal blood flow was noted in renal hemodynamic study using 133Xe. Plasma renin activity was increased. Intravenous pyelography during the oliguric phase of renal failure revealed a poor nephrogram which increased in density at 24 and 48 h after the injection of the contrast material. The findings suggest the significance of reduction of renal blood flow in the pathogenesis of renal failure in human malaria. The roles of blood hyperviscosity and hypovolemia are emphasized."}
{"id": "PMID:865657", "title": "Nephrotic syndrome associated with amyloid-like glomerular deposits.", "content": "An Arab patient with a typical nephrotic syndrome associated with the deposition of an amyloid-like material in the glomeruli is described. The deposits consisted of an electron-dense finely granular material which contained immunoglobulins and complement and fibrillar structures which resembled those of amyloid but did not stain with the typical amyloid stains.", "contents": "Nephrotic syndrome associated with amyloid-like glomerular deposits. An Arab patient with a typical nephrotic syndrome associated with the deposition of an amyloid-like material in the glomeruli is described. The deposits consisted of an electron-dense finely granular material which contained immunoglobulins and complement and fibrillar structures which resembled those of amyloid but did not stain with the typical amyloid stains."}
{"id": "PMID:865666", "title": "Catheterization and superselective angiography of the cerebral vessels.", "content": "The technique of catheterization and superselective angiography of the cerebral arteries is described. The balloon can be introduced safely into any of the cerebral arteries including the anterior communicating artery and the peripheral branches of the middle cerebral artery. The superselective angiography seems to be suitable for the study of the regional venous circulation of the brain.", "contents": "Catheterization and superselective angiography of the cerebral vessels. The technique of catheterization and superselective angiography of the cerebral arteries is described. The balloon can be introduced safely into any of the cerebral arteries including the anterior communicating artery and the peripheral branches of the middle cerebral artery. The superselective angiography seems to be suitable for the study of the regional venous circulation of the brain."}
{"id": "PMID:865667", "title": "Pituitary abscess.", "content": "Three cases of pituitary abscess are presented. The history of recurrent attacks of aseptic meningitis, together with radiological and clinical features suggestive of pituitary tumor, appear to form a fairly typical picture of the condition. Long follow-up was possible in two of the cases. There are no radiological features which distinguish the lesion from pituitary tumor, hence the importance of recognizing the significance of such a clinical presentation with radiological evidence of sellar enlargement. Pituitary abscesses seem to occur in preexisting pituitary tumors. The possible relationship with pituitary infarction is discussed.", "contents": "Pituitary abscess. Three cases of pituitary abscess are presented. The history of recurrent attacks of aseptic meningitis, together with radiological and clinical features suggestive of pituitary tumor, appear to form a fairly typical picture of the condition. Long follow-up was possible in two of the cases. There are no radiological features which distinguish the lesion from pituitary tumor, hence the importance of recognizing the significance of such a clinical presentation with radiological evidence of sellar enlargement. Pituitary abscesses seem to occur in preexisting pituitary tumors. The possible relationship with pituitary infarction is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:865668", "title": "A new method of localize the choroid point of the PICA and the venous copular point on the lateral projection of vertebral angiography.", "content": "The location of the choroid arterial point as well as of the copular venous point with reference to a line, dealing with the anatomical structure at the level of the cervicooccipital joint, was found to be a quick and accurate method for the diagnosis of tonsillar herniation. The application of this method has the advantage of giving the location of the choroid arterial point, and a control of the venous time of arteriography by the location of the copular point.", "contents": "A new method of localize the choroid point of the PICA and the venous copular point on the lateral projection of vertebral angiography. The location of the choroid arterial point as well as of the copular venous point with reference to a line, dealing with the anatomical structure at the level of the cervicooccipital joint, was found to be a quick and accurate method for the diagnosis of tonsillar herniation. The application of this method has the advantage of giving the location of the choroid arterial point, and a control of the venous time of arteriography by the location of the copular point."}
{"id": "PMID:865669", "title": "Oxygen myelography for cervical spinal cord injuries.", "content": "Oxygen myelographies were performed on 15 patients with cervical spinal cord injuries, in seven of whom narrowing of the spinal cord was caused by a fracture-dislocation. In eight the fracture was of bursting type, and the neurological involement in these was more severe than in the former type. The main findings in seven early myelograms were swelling of the cord (3/7) and non-visualization of the spinal canal at the injury level (6/7). The main findings in eight late myelograms were narrowing of the cord (5/8) and anterior stretching of the cord over the obstructing bony ridge.", "contents": "Oxygen myelography for cervical spinal cord injuries. Oxygen myelographies were performed on 15 patients with cervical spinal cord injuries, in seven of whom narrowing of the spinal cord was caused by a fracture-dislocation. In eight the fracture was of bursting type, and the neurological involement in these was more severe than in the former type. The main findings in seven early myelograms were swelling of the cord (3/7) and non-visualization of the spinal canal at the injury level (6/7). The main findings in eight late myelograms were narrowing of the cord (5/8) and anterior stretching of the cord over the obstructing bony ridge."}
{"id": "PMID:865670", "title": "Positive arthrography of the craniocervical joints.", "content": "The configuration of the articular cavities of the cervico-occipital region have been demonstrated by an experimental technic of positive contrast arthrography in postmortem specimens.", "contents": "Positive arthrography of the craniocervical joints. The configuration of the articular cavities of the cervico-occipital region have been demonstrated by an experimental technic of positive contrast arthrography in postmortem specimens."}
{"id": "PMID:865671", "title": "The traumatic pneumomyelogram. A previously undescribed entity.", "content": "Air within the cervical subarachnoid space secondary to skull trauma (traumatic air myelogram or pneumomyelogram) has not been reported previously. Such a case is presented and the findings are reviewed in the light of existing literature.", "contents": "The traumatic pneumomyelogram. A previously undescribed entity. Air within the cervical subarachnoid space secondary to skull trauma (traumatic air myelogram or pneumomyelogram) has not been reported previously. Such a case is presented and the findings are reviewed in the light of existing literature."}
{"id": "PMID:865672", "title": "The medial tentorium and incisura: normal and pathological anatomy.", "content": "There are large variations in the length and breadth of the tentorial incisura, its relationship to the brainstem, and in the exact course and position of the free tentorial margins. On contrast-enhanced CT scans, the obliquely sectioned posterolateral tentorial leaves of the tentorial notch can usually be delineated easily. Lesions intrinsic to the tentorial hiatus are discussed and the CT features of remote mass effects causing transtentorial herniation described.", "contents": "The medial tentorium and incisura: normal and pathological anatomy. There are large variations in the length and breadth of the tentorial incisura, its relationship to the brainstem, and in the exact course and position of the free tentorial margins. On contrast-enhanced CT scans, the obliquely sectioned posterolateral tentorial leaves of the tentorial notch can usually be delineated easily. Lesions intrinsic to the tentorial hiatus are discussed and the CT features of remote mass effects causing transtentorial herniation described."}
{"id": "PMID:865673", "title": "Angiographic appearance of a huge retrocerebellar arachnoid cyst in an infant.", "content": "A detailed analysis of the angiographic findings with a congenital retrocerebellar arachnoid cyst in an infant is reported. The angiographic features are a huge retrocerebellar extra-axial avascular mass compressing and displacing the fourth ventricle anteriorly, dysgenesis of the cerebellum, a tight posterior fossa and transtentorial upward herniation of the monticulus and brainstem.", "contents": "Angiographic appearance of a huge retrocerebellar arachnoid cyst in an infant. A detailed analysis of the angiographic findings with a congenital retrocerebellar arachnoid cyst in an infant is reported. The angiographic features are a huge retrocerebellar extra-axial avascular mass compressing and displacing the fourth ventricle anteriorly, dysgenesis of the cerebellum, a tight posterior fossa and transtentorial upward herniation of the monticulus and brainstem."}
{"id": "PMID:865674", "title": "Diagnosis of empty sella with CT scan.", "content": "The diagnosis of empty sella was made correctly by CT scanning in 100% of 19 cases studied.", "contents": "Diagnosis of empty sella with CT scan. The diagnosis of empty sella was made correctly by CT scanning in 100% of 19 cases studied."}
{"id": "PMID:865676", "title": "Pneumoencephalographic changes with intrasellar cisternal herniation (primary empty sella).", "content": "In a selected material of 47 cases of primary intrasellar cisternal herniation, analysis of pneumoencephalographic changes demonstrated the long axis of the anterior part of the third ventricle to point towards the center of the herniation. Transmitted CSF pulsations from the third ventricle probably determine the formation and location of intrasellar herniations. The distribution of air in the subarachnoid space indicated a disturbed CSF circulation in the majority of patients. Visual field defects were unrelated to the slight deformity of the optic nerves observed but rather to a high position of the third ventricle.", "contents": "Pneumoencephalographic changes with intrasellar cisternal herniation (primary empty sella). In a selected material of 47 cases of primary intrasellar cisternal herniation, analysis of pneumoencephalographic changes demonstrated the long axis of the anterior part of the third ventricle to point towards the center of the herniation. Transmitted CSF pulsations from the third ventricle probably determine the formation and location of intrasellar herniations. The distribution of air in the subarachnoid space indicated a disturbed CSF circulation in the majority of patients. Visual field defects were unrelated to the slight deformity of the optic nerves observed but rather to a high position of the third ventricle."}
{"id": "PMID:865675", "title": "Skull changes with intrasellar cisternal herniation (empty sella).", "content": "Forty-seven cases with intrasellar cisternal herniation (empty sella) examined by plain X-ray of the skull and pneumoencephalography have been reviewed. Although the diagnosis may frequently be anticipated from the plain X-ray findings, further studies are necessary to establish the diagnosis. Also the type of herniation, whether horizontal, anterior or complete, may be anticipated from the appearance of the sella. Signs attributable to increased intracranial pressure, mainly erosion of the dorsum sellae, were found in about half of the cases.", "contents": "Skull changes with intrasellar cisternal herniation (empty sella). Forty-seven cases with intrasellar cisternal herniation (empty sella) examined by plain X-ray of the skull and pneumoencephalography have been reviewed. Although the diagnosis may frequently be anticipated from the plain X-ray findings, further studies are necessary to establish the diagnosis. Also the type of herniation, whether horizontal, anterior or complete, may be anticipated from the appearance of the sella. Signs attributable to increased intracranial pressure, mainly erosion of the dorsum sellae, were found in about half of the cases."}
{"id": "PMID:865679", "title": "A standardized method for computed tomography of the orbits.", "content": "A standardized method for the CT exploration of the orbital region has been searched for. This method makes it possible to visualize the entire orbital region with a minimum of 4 tomographic scans, each section 6 mm thick. The reference line chosen for this exploration is parallel to the optic nerve and joins the projection of the inferior border of the orbit on the lateral view with the upper border of the ear to the scalp. After each tomographic scan the patient is moved so that the new scanning line is still parallel to the reference line but distant by 9 mm from the previous one.", "contents": "A standardized method for computed tomography of the orbits. A standardized method for the CT exploration of the orbital region has been searched for. This method makes it possible to visualize the entire orbital region with a minimum of 4 tomographic scans, each section 6 mm thick. The reference line chosen for this exploration is parallel to the optic nerve and joins the projection of the inferior border of the orbit on the lateral view with the upper border of the ear to the scalp. After each tomographic scan the patient is moved so that the new scanning line is still parallel to the reference line but distant by 9 mm from the previous one."}
{"id": "PMID:865680", "title": "Venous drainage in the craniocervical region.", "content": "The venous drainage of the craniocervical junction is made up of jugular veins and particularly the vertebral veins and their anastomoses. The anterior and posterior condylar veins join to form the plexus of the vertebral vein, the supply functions of which can be modified by the presence of the mastoid anastomotic emissary veins which increase the possibilities of drainage at that level.", "contents": "Venous drainage in the craniocervical region. The venous drainage of the craniocervical junction is made up of jugular veins and particularly the vertebral veins and their anastomoses. The anterior and posterior condylar veins join to form the plexus of the vertebral vein, the supply functions of which can be modified by the presence of the mastoid anastomotic emissary veins which increase the possibilities of drainage at that level."}
{"id": "PMID:865681", "title": "Menkes' kinky hair disease.", "content": "Four new cases of Menkes' kinky hair disease are reported with special attention to the vascular and particularly the cerebral vascular changes.", "contents": "Menkes' kinky hair disease. Four new cases of Menkes' kinky hair disease are reported with special attention to the vascular and particularly the cerebral vascular changes."}
{"id": "PMID:865682", "title": "Myelography for severe thoracolumbar injuries.", "content": "Myelography was carried out on 30 patients with severe thoracolumbar injuries. In ten cases the myelography gave specific information which could not have been obtained by any other method. Myelography made within 1 month of trauma gave specific information in only one of 16 cases. Late myelography, in nine of 14 cases, provided valuable specific information about the type of cord atrophy, dorsal scar formation and transsection of the cord.", "contents": "Myelography for severe thoracolumbar injuries. Myelography was carried out on 30 patients with severe thoracolumbar injuries. In ten cases the myelography gave specific information which could not have been obtained by any other method. Myelography made within 1 month of trauma gave specific information in only one of 16 cases. Late myelography, in nine of 14 cases, provided valuable specific information about the type of cord atrophy, dorsal scar formation and transsection of the cord."}
{"id": "PMID:865685", "title": "[Technical variants of median sternotomy].", "content": "Various modifications of the technique of median sternotomy are described. Advantages thus obtained with respective to saving time and better haemostasis are explained.", "contents": "[Technical variants of median sternotomy]. Various modifications of the technique of median sternotomy are described. Advantages thus obtained with respective to saving time and better haemostasis are explained."}
{"id": "PMID:865686", "title": "[Surgical technics indicated for spontaneous pneumothorax. Personal experience in 266 operations].", "content": "The surgical techniques best suited for timely management of spontaneous pneumothorax are described. Results in 266 cases are discussed and compared with the recent literature. Reference is also made to a little known technique: photothermostimulation, and the results it offers are illustrated. Encouraging results have been obtained from rapid frottage of the parietal pleura and this is described. Emphasis is placed on the advisability of early operation to forestall possible surgical and anatomofunctional complications, to ensure good recovery of respiratory capacity, and to prevent mechanical sequelae involving the cardiorespiratory system.", "contents": "[Surgical technics indicated for spontaneous pneumothorax. Personal experience in 266 operations]. The surgical techniques best suited for timely management of spontaneous pneumothorax are described. Results in 266 cases are discussed and compared with the recent literature. Reference is also made to a little known technique: photothermostimulation, and the results it offers are illustrated. Encouraging results have been obtained from rapid frottage of the parietal pleura and this is described. Emphasis is placed on the advisability of early operation to forestall possible surgical and anatomofunctional complications, to ensure good recovery of respiratory capacity, and to prevent mechanical sequelae involving the cardiorespiratory system."}
{"id": "PMID:865687", "title": "[Ischemic phlebitis and venous gangrene].", "content": "Seventeen cases of ischaemising phlebitis and 5 of venous gangrene are reported. Attention is given to the aetiopathogenetic factors that lead to massive thrombosis and dramatic progression of the disease: depression of vascular heparin, polyglobulia, serious dysproteinaemia, marked involvement of the arterial district, etc. Treatment may be medical or surgical, based on large doses of anticoagulants, low-weight dextrane and thrombolytic drugs, though the results expected are not always obtained. At present, early venous disobstruction with a Fogarty catheter, coupled with prolonged anticoagulant management is the best course. Prognosis is certainly better in ischaemia. When gangrene sets in, prognosis is particularly poor, even as far as survival is concerned, due to serious concomitant shock.", "contents": "[Ischemic phlebitis and venous gangrene]. Seventeen cases of ischaemising phlebitis and 5 of venous gangrene are reported. Attention is given to the aetiopathogenetic factors that lead to massive thrombosis and dramatic progression of the disease: depression of vascular heparin, polyglobulia, serious dysproteinaemia, marked involvement of the arterial district, etc. Treatment may be medical or surgical, based on large doses of anticoagulants, low-weight dextrane and thrombolytic drugs, though the results expected are not always obtained. At present, early venous disobstruction with a Fogarty catheter, coupled with prolonged anticoagulant management is the best course. Prognosis is certainly better in ischaemia. When gangrene sets in, prognosis is particularly poor, even as far as survival is concerned, due to serious concomitant shock."}
{"id": "PMID:865688", "title": "[An unusual case of perforation of Meckel's diverticulum].", "content": "An infrequent case of puncture of Meckel's diverticulum whose aetiopathogenesis was attributed to a segmentary intestinal dyskinetic phenomenon is reported. The pneumoperitoneum consequent on the puncture was not associated with peritonitis and histology showed that the diverticulum did not show either inflammatory phenomena or areas of ectopic mucosa, namely none of the causes which are usually at the origin of Meckel's diverticulum puncture.", "contents": "[An unusual case of perforation of Meckel's diverticulum]. An infrequent case of puncture of Meckel's diverticulum whose aetiopathogenesis was attributed to a segmentary intestinal dyskinetic phenomenon is reported. The pneumoperitoneum consequent on the puncture was not associated with peritonitis and histology showed that the diverticulum did not show either inflammatory phenomena or areas of ectopic mucosa, namely none of the causes which are usually at the origin of Meckel's diverticulum puncture."}
{"id": "PMID:865689", "title": "[Acute hyperparathyroidism. Emergency surgical operation in a case of hypercalcemic coma].", "content": "A case of acute hyperparathyroidism complicated by oliguric renal failure successfully resolved only after surgical removal of a parathyroid adenoma is reported. The need for early diagnosis of this rare condition is stressed and the commonest and most recent techniques for investigating primary hyperparathyroidism are discussed. In agreement with other reports, the importance of the earliest possible surgery, without which prognosis is almost always poor, is reiterated.", "contents": "[Acute hyperparathyroidism. Emergency surgical operation in a case of hypercalcemic coma]. A case of acute hyperparathyroidism complicated by oliguric renal failure successfully resolved only after surgical removal of a parathyroid adenoma is reported. The need for early diagnosis of this rare condition is stressed and the commonest and most recent techniques for investigating primary hyperparathyroidism are discussed. In agreement with other reports, the importance of the earliest possible surgery, without which prognosis is almost always poor, is reiterated."}
{"id": "PMID:865690", "title": "[A case of simulation of ovarian cyst in volvulus of an ectopic spleen].", "content": "A case of volvulus of ectopic spleen mistaken for twisted ovarian cyst is described. Attention is drawn to six points: 1) the rarity of the condition; 2) the persistent uncertainty concerning its aetiopathogenesis, even though over a century has passed since the first case was reported; 3) the mechanism leading to twisting of the spleen stalk; 4) the absence of specific symptoms and the consequent impossibility of preoperative diagnosis in most cases; 5) the ready confusion with ovarian cyst; 6) the reasons for supposing that the reported case was the result of congenital factors.", "contents": "[A case of simulation of ovarian cyst in volvulus of an ectopic spleen]. A case of volvulus of ectopic spleen mistaken for twisted ovarian cyst is described. Attention is drawn to six points: 1) the rarity of the condition; 2) the persistent uncertainty concerning its aetiopathogenesis, even though over a century has passed since the first case was reported; 3) the mechanism leading to twisting of the spleen stalk; 4) the absence of specific symptoms and the consequent impossibility of preoperative diagnosis in most cases; 5) the ready confusion with ovarian cyst; 6) the reasons for supposing that the reported case was the result of congenital factors."}
{"id": "PMID:865695", "title": "[Endoscopic retrograde catheterization of Vater's ampulla in the diagnosis of bilio-pancreatic diseases].", "content": "The technique, indications and contraindications for endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography are discussed. Some of the most demonstrative cholangiographic and pancreatographic pictures are described and the reasons that have led to a marked reduction in complications immediately after the examination are analysed. Therapeutical aids for limiting any slight disturbances connected with the examination are also presented. Finally, some morphological data useful for differentiating between inflammatory and neoplastic lesions in the juxta- and intrapancreatic biliary excretory way and the pancreas itself are considered.", "contents": "[Endoscopic retrograde catheterization of Vater's ampulla in the diagnosis of bilio-pancreatic diseases]. The technique, indications and contraindications for endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography are discussed. Some of the most demonstrative cholangiographic and pancreatographic pictures are described and the reasons that have led to a marked reduction in complications immediately after the examination are analysed. Therapeutical aids for limiting any slight disturbances connected with the examination are also presented. Finally, some morphological data useful for differentiating between inflammatory and neoplastic lesions in the juxta- and intrapancreatic biliary excretory way and the pancreas itself are considered."}
{"id": "PMID:865696", "title": "[Instrumental perforations of the proximal esophagus. Proposal of conservative therapy].", "content": "A series of 8 cases of oesophageal perforations observed between 1949 and 1975 is reported. 5 of these cases were located in the oesophagus and did not communicate with the pleural cavity. All the patients were successfully treated with drainage of the lesion through a naso-pharingeal tube. It is then suggested that this method bloodless drainage may be successfully carried out in cases of accidental lesion of the oesophagus without perforation of parietal pleura, caused by peroral endoscopic manoeuvres or dilatation of oesophageal anatomical and functional strictures.", "contents": "[Instrumental perforations of the proximal esophagus. Proposal of conservative therapy]. A series of 8 cases of oesophageal perforations observed between 1949 and 1975 is reported. 5 of these cases were located in the oesophagus and did not communicate with the pleural cavity. All the patients were successfully treated with drainage of the lesion through a naso-pharingeal tube. It is then suggested that this method bloodless drainage may be successfully carried out in cases of accidental lesion of the oesophagus without perforation of parietal pleura, caused by peroral endoscopic manoeuvres or dilatation of oesophageal anatomical and functional strictures."}
{"id": "PMID:865697", "title": "[Repeat operations in thoracic surgery for post-exeresis bronchial fistula. Case studies].", "content": "41 cases of bronchial fistula secondary to 458 pulmonary tuberculosis exeresis, and 4 cases of bronchial fistulae secondary to 476 exeresis for non tubercular diseases, observed from 1969 to 1975, are reported. Possible surgical treatment of post-exeresis bronchial fistula is examined and the various reintervention methods and results obtained are described.", "contents": "[Repeat operations in thoracic surgery for post-exeresis bronchial fistula. Case studies]. 41 cases of bronchial fistula secondary to 458 pulmonary tuberculosis exeresis, and 4 cases of bronchial fistulae secondary to 476 exeresis for non tubercular diseases, observed from 1969 to 1975, are reported. Possible surgical treatment of post-exeresis bronchial fistula is examined and the various reintervention methods and results obtained are described."}
{"id": "PMID:865698", "title": "[Suppurative disease of the ano-rectal tract].", "content": "Suppuration of the anal-rectal tract usually requires nothing more than ordinary surgical management. In many cases, however, particularly when the fistula lies entirely above the anal sphincter, the picture is complicated, with recurrences and exacerbations. In addition, incontinence following unsuitable surgery may constitute a possible risk. Statistical assessment of a personal series is primarily directed to analysis of factors leading to chronic evolution of the disease and its complications. Eclectic management founded on the surgeon's experience, but nevertheless based on well-defined techniques, will be found to offer the best results.", "contents": "[Suppurative disease of the ano-rectal tract]. Suppuration of the anal-rectal tract usually requires nothing more than ordinary surgical management. In many cases, however, particularly when the fistula lies entirely above the anal sphincter, the picture is complicated, with recurrences and exacerbations. In addition, incontinence following unsuitable surgery may constitute a possible risk. Statistical assessment of a personal series is primarily directed to analysis of factors leading to chronic evolution of the disease and its complications. Eclectic management founded on the surgeon's experience, but nevertheless based on well-defined techniques, will be found to offer the best results."}
{"id": "PMID:865699", "title": "[The cervical approach in surgery of the thymus for myasthenia. Comparison with the trans-sternal route. Considerations on 75 operated patients].", "content": "The role played by the surgical route on the immediate post-operative course has been studied on the basis of personal experience of thymectomy for myasthenia gravis (75 operated cases). Time of respiratory assistance, pleuropulmonary complications, operative mortality and recourse to trachetomy were evaluted in two homogenous groups of patients thymectomized cervically (group I: 36 cases) or trans-sternally (group II: 39 cases). It is was found that the average duration of respiratory assistance was significatly less in the first than in the second group (it was often not necessary at all), pleuropulmonary complications were halved, tracheotomy was never indicated and operative mortality was nil. The cervical approach thus offers enormous functional advantages and devers a leading place in surgery of the thymus; it would appear to be contraindicated only in the presence of radiologically evident thymomas and at times in cases where tracheotomy has been performed previously.", "contents": "[The cervical approach in surgery of the thymus for myasthenia. Comparison with the trans-sternal route. Considerations on 75 operated patients]. The role played by the surgical route on the immediate post-operative course has been studied on the basis of personal experience of thymectomy for myasthenia gravis (75 operated cases). Time of respiratory assistance, pleuropulmonary complications, operative mortality and recourse to trachetomy were evaluted in two homogenous groups of patients thymectomized cervically (group I: 36 cases) or trans-sternally (group II: 39 cases). It is was found that the average duration of respiratory assistance was significatly less in the first than in the second group (it was often not necessary at all), pleuropulmonary complications were halved, tracheotomy was never indicated and operative mortality was nil. The cervical approach thus offers enormous functional advantages and devers a leading place in surgery of the thymus; it would appear to be contraindicated only in the presence of radiologically evident thymomas and at times in cases where tracheotomy has been performed previously."}
{"id": "PMID:865700", "title": "[Anatomo-clinical considerations of several cases of pseudocysts of the pancreas].", "content": "The aetiology and clinical manifestations most commonly noted in pseudocysts of the pancreas are briefly described. Particular attention is given to the treatments of lesions operated under emergency conditions and the clinical aspects of pancreatic effusions sometimes encountered during the course of the disease.", "contents": "[Anatomo-clinical considerations of several cases of pseudocysts of the pancreas]. The aetiology and clinical manifestations most commonly noted in pseudocysts of the pancreas are briefly described. Particular attention is given to the treatments of lesions operated under emergency conditions and the clinical aspects of pancreatic effusions sometimes encountered during the course of the disease."}
{"id": "PMID:865701", "title": "[Perforations of the small intestine].", "content": "Six cases of perforation of the small intestine, one secondary to anaphylactoid purpura and five spontaneous, are reported. Ingestion of an iced drink acted as a trigger in two cases. A vascular genesis is put forward to explain the aetiopathogenesis of two cases and it is noted that perforation of this type is present in the final ileal ansa, at the mesenterial margin. In three cases, histology revealed the presence of double refraction crystal. These came from vegetal residues and are probably capable of penetrating from the lumen into the mucosa causing a foreign body reaction, abscess and subsequent perforation. In these cases, perforation occurred in an ansa located further away than the last ileal ansa (about 3 m) and on the mesenterial margin. Intestinal resection and subsequent end-to-end, single layer anastomosis were performed in all cases.", "contents": "[Perforations of the small intestine]. Six cases of perforation of the small intestine, one secondary to anaphylactoid purpura and five spontaneous, are reported. Ingestion of an iced drink acted as a trigger in two cases. A vascular genesis is put forward to explain the aetiopathogenesis of two cases and it is noted that perforation of this type is present in the final ileal ansa, at the mesenterial margin. In three cases, histology revealed the presence of double refraction crystal. These came from vegetal residues and are probably capable of penetrating from the lumen into the mucosa causing a foreign body reaction, abscess and subsequent perforation. In these cases, perforation occurred in an ansa located further away than the last ileal ansa (about 3 m) and on the mesenterial margin. Intestinal resection and subsequent end-to-end, single layer anastomosis were performed in all cases."}
{"id": "PMID:865702", "title": "[Post-traumatic stenosis of the small intestine].", "content": "A case of intestinal stenosis in a subject who had received an abdominal injury four weeks earlier is presented. The relevant literature is surveyed and the pathogenesis of this unusual condition is examined. Post-traumatic stenosis of the small intestine is seen as an example of ischaemic stenosis.", "contents": "[Post-traumatic stenosis of the small intestine]. A case of intestinal stenosis in a subject who had received an abdominal injury four weeks earlier is presented. The relevant literature is surveyed and the pathogenesis of this unusual condition is examined. Post-traumatic stenosis of the small intestine is seen as an example of ischaemic stenosis."}
{"id": "PMID:865703", "title": "[Cystic ureteritis].", "content": "A case of cystic ureteritis associated with pyelo-ureteral calculosis is presented. A survey is made of the subject and nephroureterectomy is recommended in unilateral forms.", "contents": "[Cystic ureteritis]. A case of cystic ureteritis associated with pyelo-ureteral calculosis is presented. A survey is made of the subject and nephroureterectomy is recommended in unilateral forms."}
{"id": "PMID:865704", "title": "[Prospects and utilization of xeroradiography in the osteoarticular diagnosis and study of soft parts].", "content": "Xeroradiography and its physical phenomena are briefly described and attention is drawn to its offer of marked contrast and hence greater perception of details than conventional radiography. A comparison is made between ordinary and xero pictures of the spine, mediastinum and lungs with regard to the definition and identification of individual parts. The literature dealing with results obtained in areas where xeroradiography is best employed (joints and accompanying soft parts) is reviewed and personal experience in this field, based on a nosographic criterion and specific diagnostic choice, is presented. Cases illustrated cover ligamentous microcalcifications, knee meniscus calcifications, shoulder periarticular calcifications, and partial fractures. A comparison is made between conventional and xero pictures of joint changes in rheumatoid and uraemic arthritis, and bone changes in osteomyelitis and specific forms of arthritis. Diagnosis in osteo-necrosis and prosthesis complications is also examined. The results are such as to encourage further use of the method in the gathering of a fuller series of selected cases.", "contents": "[Prospects and utilization of xeroradiography in the osteoarticular diagnosis and study of soft parts]. Xeroradiography and its physical phenomena are briefly described and attention is drawn to its offer of marked contrast and hence greater perception of details than conventional radiography. A comparison is made between ordinary and xero pictures of the spine, mediastinum and lungs with regard to the definition and identification of individual parts. The literature dealing with results obtained in areas where xeroradiography is best employed (joints and accompanying soft parts) is reviewed and personal experience in this field, based on a nosographic criterion and specific diagnostic choice, is presented. Cases illustrated cover ligamentous microcalcifications, knee meniscus calcifications, shoulder periarticular calcifications, and partial fractures. A comparison is made between conventional and xero pictures of joint changes in rheumatoid and uraemic arthritis, and bone changes in osteomyelitis and specific forms of arthritis. Diagnosis in osteo-necrosis and prosthesis complications is also examined. The results are such as to encourage further use of the method in the gathering of a fuller series of selected cases."}
{"id": "PMID:865705", "title": "[Spinal meningioma as a frequently unrecognized cause of neuromotor disorder in the aged].", "content": "The clinical history prior to surgery of 18 cases of spinal meningiomas is examined. In most cases, surgical management had been undertaken too late and the reasons for this are discussed. Poor neurological knowledge on the part of general practitioners or mistaken interpretation of the initial symptoms by specialists were the main causes. Persistent prejudices based on the supposed damage caused by myelographical investigation also proved a stumbling-block to timely intervention.", "contents": "[Spinal meningioma as a frequently unrecognized cause of neuromotor disorder in the aged]. The clinical history prior to surgery of 18 cases of spinal meningiomas is examined. In most cases, surgical management had been undertaken too late and the reasons for this are discussed. Poor neurological knowledge on the part of general practitioners or mistaken interpretation of the initial symptoms by specialists were the main causes. Persistent prejudices based on the supposed damage caused by myelographical investigation also proved a stumbling-block to timely intervention."}
{"id": "PMID:865706", "title": "[Respiratory function in uremic patients before and after dialysis].", "content": "Respiratory function investigations (spirometry, capillary haemogasanalysis and Xenon 133), before and after dialysis, have been carried out in 10 uraemic patients. Methods of investigation and the results showing a post-dialysis improvement of the lung ventilation and perfusion function, are described.", "contents": "[Respiratory function in uremic patients before and after dialysis]. Respiratory function investigations (spirometry, capillary haemogasanalysis and Xenon 133), before and after dialysis, have been carried out in 10 uraemic patients. Methods of investigation and the results showing a post-dialysis improvement of the lung ventilation and perfusion function, are described."}
{"id": "PMID:865708", "title": "[Duration of antidepressive treatment. Recurrences and their prevention].", "content": "The basic strategy for the pharmacological treatment of depression, with special regard to its continuance following the start of remission, is outlined. The problem of the prevention of recurrences of dysthymic symptomatology is discussed and emphasis laid on the importance of lithium about whose use a fair literature is already available. The results obtained to date demonstrate the undoubted advantages of lithium salts (particularly of carbonate) in the maintenance of good affective balance, above all in the case of those subjects in whom the frequency or gravity of dysthymia seriously handicaps working or social life.", "contents": "[Duration of antidepressive treatment. Recurrences and their prevention]. The basic strategy for the pharmacological treatment of depression, with special regard to its continuance following the start of remission, is outlined. The problem of the prevention of recurrences of dysthymic symptomatology is discussed and emphasis laid on the importance of lithium about whose use a fair literature is already available. The results obtained to date demonstrate the undoubted advantages of lithium salts (particularly of carbonate) in the maintenance of good affective balance, above all in the case of those subjects in whom the frequency or gravity of dysthymia seriously handicaps working or social life."}
{"id": "PMID:865709", "title": "[Fanconi-Zinsser disease].", "content": "Fanconi-Zinsser's disease is a serious involutive myelopathy responsible for pancytopenia, hyperpigmentation, oralplakia and onychodystrophy, together with lesser dysmorphisms in many cases. The marrow blood picture is reminiscent of the better-known Fanconi's disease, while the skin and mucosa picture is similar to that of congenital dyskeratosis - hence the combined name. A typical case, but complicated by Lewandowsky's disease for the first time in the literature, is presented. Papova-virus was noted in the typical verrucae. The modern \"pathology due to genome instability\" is examined. Lewandowsky's disease is regarded as a familial form and precancerous, owing to its possible Bowenoid transformation. The association is seen as particularly significant in stressing the disorder of the immunocompetent syste, this being most evident from the finding of serum anti-red-cell auto-antibodies and a deficiency of T lymphocytes. Fanconi-Zinsser's disease has only been reported 21 times in the literature, mostly in males. Incomplete forms are, however, noted in relatives, suggesting that it originates in a genetic disorder whose transmission modality is not clear, though incomplete dominance is suspected. Genome instability is probably responsible behind the onset of the disease and its neoplastic complications - these being also feature of other forms provoked by such instability, such as Bloom's syndrome and ataxia telengiectasia. Fanconi's disease also has marked neoplastic tendencies. Clinically, Fanconi-Zinsser's disease can be classified as distinct, since it has signs and an evolutive modality that distinguish it from Franconi's disease, Estren-Damesheck's syndrome and amegakaryocytic thrombocytopenia. Genetically, it can be seen that all these diseases are referable to \"pathology due to genome instability\".", "contents": "[Fanconi-Zinsser disease]. Fanconi-Zinsser's disease is a serious involutive myelopathy responsible for pancytopenia, hyperpigmentation, oralplakia and onychodystrophy, together with lesser dysmorphisms in many cases. The marrow blood picture is reminiscent of the better-known Fanconi's disease, while the skin and mucosa picture is similar to that of congenital dyskeratosis - hence the combined name. A typical case, but complicated by Lewandowsky's disease for the first time in the literature, is presented. Papova-virus was noted in the typical verrucae. The modern \"pathology due to genome instability\" is examined. Lewandowsky's disease is regarded as a familial form and precancerous, owing to its possible Bowenoid transformation. The association is seen as particularly significant in stressing the disorder of the immunocompetent syste, this being most evident from the finding of serum anti-red-cell auto-antibodies and a deficiency of T lymphocytes. Fanconi-Zinsser's disease has only been reported 21 times in the literature, mostly in males. Incomplete forms are, however, noted in relatives, suggesting that it originates in a genetic disorder whose transmission modality is not clear, though incomplete dominance is suspected. Genome instability is probably responsible behind the onset of the disease and its neoplastic complications - these being also feature of other forms provoked by such instability, such as Bloom's syndrome and ataxia telengiectasia. Fanconi's disease also has marked neoplastic tendencies. Clinically, Fanconi-Zinsser's disease can be classified as distinct, since it has signs and an evolutive modality that distinguish it from Franconi's disease, Estren-Damesheck's syndrome and amegakaryocytic thrombocytopenia. Genetically, it can be seen that all these diseases are referable to \"pathology due to genome instability\"."}
{"id": "PMID:865710", "title": "[Use of the M.H.Q. test (Middlesex Hospital Questionnaire) in the diagnosis of neuroses].", "content": "A psychological interview and the MHQ, Koch, Rorschach, TAT, Machover and family design psychological tests were conducted in pneumopathic patients. The results obtained with the MHQ were compared with those of the other tests with respect to the diagnosis of psychoneurosis. A perfect fit was observed.", "contents": "[Use of the M.H.Q. test (Middlesex Hospital Questionnaire) in the diagnosis of neuroses]. A psychological interview and the MHQ, Koch, Rorschach, TAT, Machover and family design psychological tests were conducted in pneumopathic patients. The results obtained with the MHQ were compared with those of the other tests with respect to the diagnosis of psychoneurosis. A perfect fit was observed."}
{"id": "PMID:865711", "title": "[Usefulness of the M.H.Q. (Middlesex Hospital Questionnaire) in the diagnosis of psychoneuroses].", "content": "The M.H.Q. test was carried out on 97 pneumopathic subjects and the data obtained are compared with those deriving from clinical conversation and  the Rorschach, Koch, T.A.T., Machover and family drawing tests. The results obtained with the latter tests made it possible to divide subjects up into two large groups: 48 normal cases and 49 psychoneurotic cases. Perfect agreement was found between this judgment and that based on the M.H.Q. test; the test is therefore considered a useful means for the diagnosis of hospitalized psychoneurotics.", "contents": "[Usefulness of the M.H.Q. (Middlesex Hospital Questionnaire) in the diagnosis of psychoneuroses]. The M.H.Q. test was carried out on 97 pneumopathic subjects and the data obtained are compared with those deriving from clinical conversation and  the Rorschach, Koch, T.A.T., Machover and family drawing tests. The results obtained with the latter tests made it possible to divide subjects up into two large groups: 48 normal cases and 49 psychoneurotic cases. Perfect agreement was found between this judgment and that based on the M.H.Q. test; the test is therefore considered a useful means for the diagnosis of hospitalized psychoneurotics."}
{"id": "PMID:865712", "title": "[Leukemic reticuloendotheliosis. Problems in differential diagnosis apropos of our study of 1 case].", "content": "A case of leukaemic reticuloendotheliosis is reported. The clinical and histocytological picture of the disease is discussed in relation to the complex problems of differential diagnosis it involves with other forms of systemic involvement of the spleen. The electivity of splenectomy is stressed.", "contents": "[Leukemic reticuloendotheliosis. Problems in differential diagnosis apropos of our study of 1 case]. A case of leukaemic reticuloendotheliosis is reported. The clinical and histocytological picture of the disease is discussed in relation to the complex problems of differential diagnosis it involves with other forms of systemic involvement of the spleen. The electivity of splenectomy is stressed."}
{"id": "PMID:865713", "title": "[Various physiopathological aspects of asthma due to effort].", "content": "Ten patients with various clinical forms of bronchial asthma were subjected to exercise of increasing intensity on the bicycle ergometer. It was found that effort is not capable of causing a true asthma crisis, though it may lead to the appearance or accentuation of bronchostenosis. Inhalation of acetylcholine during the tests, however, constantly resulted in crises, even in cases where acetylcholine alone had not caused bronchostenosis.", "contents": "[Various physiopathological aspects of asthma due to effort]. Ten patients with various clinical forms of bronchial asthma were subjected to exercise of increasing intensity on the bicycle ergometer. It was found that effort is not capable of causing a true asthma crisis, though it may lead to the appearance or accentuation of bronchostenosis. Inhalation of acetylcholine during the tests, however, constantly resulted in crises, even in cases where acetylcholine alone had not caused bronchostenosis."}
{"id": "PMID:865714", "title": "[Study on the relationship between meteorological-seasonal factors and acute vascular accidents].", "content": "Mortality from acute cardiovascular accidents has been studied in relation to the seasons in Naples, Milan and the rest of Italy. A constant parallel was noted between such deaths and the winter season. It is concluded that the meteoric-seasonal factor most responsible consists of the drop in temperature which could cause vascular spasm followed by an increase in systemic arterial pressure. It is personally considered that this is the most important pathogenetic mechanism in the majority of cases of acute cardiovascular accidents.", "contents": "[Study on the relationship between meteorological-seasonal factors and acute vascular accidents]. Mortality from acute cardiovascular accidents has been studied in relation to the seasons in Naples, Milan and the rest of Italy. A constant parallel was noted between such deaths and the winter season. It is concluded that the meteoric-seasonal factor most responsible consists of the drop in temperature which could cause vascular spasm followed by an increase in systemic arterial pressure. It is personally considered that this is the most important pathogenetic mechanism in the majority of cases of acute cardiovascular accidents."}
{"id": "PMID:865715", "title": "[Gastric mesenteric transverse volvulus. Report of a case].", "content": "A case of intermittent transverse mesenteric volvulus with elevation of the left hemidiaphragm and peptic oesophagitis complicated by numerous ulcers, some of them bleeding, is described. Diagnosis was clinched radiologically. Endoscopy make clear the nature of the haematemesis. In the light of the pathogenetic hypotheses applicable to gastro-cardiac syndromes, combined endoscopic and radiological examination may be considered as mandatory.", "contents": "[Gastric mesenteric transverse volvulus. Report of a case]. A case of intermittent transverse mesenteric volvulus with elevation of the left hemidiaphragm and peptic oesophagitis complicated by numerous ulcers, some of them bleeding, is described. Diagnosis was clinched radiologically. Endoscopy make clear the nature of the haematemesis. In the light of the pathogenetic hypotheses applicable to gastro-cardiac syndromes, combined endoscopic and radiological examination may be considered as mandatory."}
{"id": "PMID:865728", "title": "Postoperative use of radioactive phosphorus in stage I ovarian carcinoma.", "content": "The addition of intraperitoneal colloidal radioactive chromic phosphorus following total abdominal hysterectomy, bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy, and omentectomy in women with Stage I ovarian cancer does not cause significant morbidity. Moreover, our preliminary results suggest that this regimen appears to increase the rate of local control of disease. In 21 unselected patients, there was 1 incident of small bowel obstruction. Fourteen of these patients have been followed for at least 1 1/2 years; all are alive without evidence of disease. These facts suggest that a national prospective study to investigate the efficacy of this treatment for Stage I ovarian cancer is warranted.", "contents": "Postoperative use of radioactive phosphorus in stage I ovarian carcinoma. The addition of intraperitoneal colloidal radioactive chromic phosphorus following total abdominal hysterectomy, bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy, and omentectomy in women with Stage I ovarian cancer does not cause significant morbidity. Moreover, our preliminary results suggest that this regimen appears to increase the rate of local control of disease. In 21 unselected patients, there was 1 incident of small bowel obstruction. Fourteen of these patients have been followed for at least 1 1/2 years; all are alive without evidence of disease. These facts suggest that a national prospective study to investigate the efficacy of this treatment for Stage I ovarian cancer is warranted."}
{"id": "PMID:865729", "title": "Colposcopic evaluation of patients with abnormal cervical cytology.", "content": "A total of 1580 new patients underwent colposcopic evalution in the Dysplasia Clinic at Nassau County Medical Center. Of these patients, 186 had abnormal Papanicolaou smears associated with pregnancy, 150 were referred because of in utero exposure to diethylstilbestrol, and 1244 were referred because of abnormal cervical cytologic smear or suspicious cervical or vaginal lesion. Further analysis of this latter group revealed that 1184 (95%) patients had satisfactory colposcopic evaluation, and directed biopsy showed the following: 10 cases of invasive cervical carcinoma, 9 of carcinoma in situ with microinvasion, 118 of cervical carcinoma in situ, 110 of severe dysplasia, and 424 cases of mild to moderate cervical dysplasia. All of these patients subsequently were treated accordingly. Evaluation of final histologic specimen revealed a very high correlation with colposcopically guided biopsies. In 54 patients, where colposcopic evaluation was unsatisfactory, diagnostic cold knife conization was performed. Final histologic diagnosis disclosed a more advanced lesion in 30 patients (or 56%) of this group. The result of this study shows that satisfactory colposcopic evaluation is a highly accurate method of evaluation of abnormal cervical and vaginal cytologic smear.", "contents": "Colposcopic evaluation of patients with abnormal cervical cytology. A total of 1580 new patients underwent colposcopic evalution in the Dysplasia Clinic at Nassau County Medical Center. Of these patients, 186 had abnormal Papanicolaou smears associated with pregnancy, 150 were referred because of in utero exposure to diethylstilbestrol, and 1244 were referred because of abnormal cervical cytologic smear or suspicious cervical or vaginal lesion. Further analysis of this latter group revealed that 1184 (95%) patients had satisfactory colposcopic evaluation, and directed biopsy showed the following: 10 cases of invasive cervical carcinoma, 9 of carcinoma in situ with microinvasion, 118 of cervical carcinoma in situ, 110 of severe dysplasia, and 424 cases of mild to moderate cervical dysplasia. All of these patients subsequently were treated accordingly. Evaluation of final histologic specimen revealed a very high correlation with colposcopically guided biopsies. In 54 patients, where colposcopic evaluation was unsatisfactory, diagnostic cold knife conization was performed. Final histologic diagnosis disclosed a more advanced lesion in 30 patients (or 56%) of this group. The result of this study shows that satisfactory colposcopic evaluation is a highly accurate method of evaluation of abnormal cervical and vaginal cytologic smear."}
{"id": "PMID:865730", "title": "The management of severe preeclampsia and eclampsia with intravenous diazoxide.", "content": "Twelve patients with either severe preeclampsia (9) or eclampsia (3) were treated with intravenous diazoxide, 300-mg bolus, for the reduction of diastolic blood pressure (less than or equal 110 torr) after the usual and customary measures had been initiated to include parenteral MgSO4 and diazepam. Diazoxide precipitously decreased both systolic and diastolic blood pressure proportionately (35-50%); the nadir was invariably reached in 5-15 minutes. Diastolic pressure never fell below 50 torr, and mean arterial pressure always exceeded 70 torr. Oliguria was not apparent. The vasodepressor response was fairly persistent for 4 hours in all but 3 patients; 2 of these received a second 300-mg dose. Significant changes in fetal heart activity (bradycardia, dysrhythmia) were observed in only 1 patient. Labor was immediately ablated in all patients, but could be restimulated with oxytocin. All pregnancies were terminated within 7 hours (mean, 3.7 hours), seven of them by cesarean section. Eleven newborns did well. We conclude that the immediate reduction in maternal arterial blood pressure is without apparent hazard to the mother as well as the fetus.", "contents": "The management of severe preeclampsia and eclampsia with intravenous diazoxide. Twelve patients with either severe preeclampsia (9) or eclampsia (3) were treated with intravenous diazoxide, 300-mg bolus, for the reduction of diastolic blood pressure (less than or equal 110 torr) after the usual and customary measures had been initiated to include parenteral MgSO4 and diazepam. Diazoxide precipitously decreased both systolic and diastolic blood pressure proportionately (35-50%); the nadir was invariably reached in 5-15 minutes. Diastolic pressure never fell below 50 torr, and mean arterial pressure always exceeded 70 torr. Oliguria was not apparent. The vasodepressor response was fairly persistent for 4 hours in all but 3 patients; 2 of these received a second 300-mg dose. Significant changes in fetal heart activity (bradycardia, dysrhythmia) were observed in only 1 patient. Labor was immediately ablated in all patients, but could be restimulated with oxytocin. All pregnancies were terminated within 7 hours (mean, 3.7 hours), seven of them by cesarean section. Eleven newborns did well. We conclude that the immediate reduction in maternal arterial blood pressure is without apparent hazard to the mother as well as the fetus."}
{"id": "PMID:865731", "title": "Effects of magnesium sulfate on toxemic patients in labor.", "content": "One hundred forty-four toxemic patients were studied by continuous electronic maternal and fetal monitoring. Ninety-seven were treated by intravenous bolus of 2 g MgSO4 every 1-2 hours, and 47 by intravenous drip MgSO4 at a rate of 1 g/hour. Clinical doses of MgSO4 do not affect maternal ECG, temperature, uterine contractions, or fetal heart rate. Intravenous bolus administration is frequently associated with slowing of maternal respirations and hypotension and occasionally with transient apnea.", "contents": "Effects of magnesium sulfate on toxemic patients in labor. One hundred forty-four toxemic patients were studied by continuous electronic maternal and fetal monitoring. Ninety-seven were treated by intravenous bolus of 2 g MgSO4 every 1-2 hours, and 47 by intravenous drip MgSO4 at a rate of 1 g/hour. Clinical doses of MgSO4 do not affect maternal ECG, temperature, uterine contractions, or fetal heart rate. Intravenous bolus administration is frequently associated with slowing of maternal respirations and hypotension and occasionally with transient apnea."}
{"id": "PMID:865732", "title": "Risk factors associated with post cesarean section febrile morbidity.", "content": "A high incidence of post cesarean section febrile morbidity has caused a number of investigators to recommend using prophylatic antibiotics for patients undergoing this procedure. Recent data suggest that such prophylactic antibiotics should be reserved for high-risk patients. Since previous studies have not adequately defined the high-risk patient, we analyzed 129 patients undergoing cesarean section to identify the factors which predispose to postoperative febrile morbidity. Two different statistical programs identified four factors (general anesthesia, obesity, hematocrit less than or equal to 30%, and labor prior to delivery) which were significantly associated with post cesarean section febrile morbidity (P less than 0.025). Patients with 2 or more of these risk factors were highly likely to experience this postoperative complication (P less than 0.001).", "contents": "Risk factors associated with post cesarean section febrile morbidity. A high incidence of post cesarean section febrile morbidity has caused a number of investigators to recommend using prophylatic antibiotics for patients undergoing this procedure. Recent data suggest that such prophylactic antibiotics should be reserved for high-risk patients. Since previous studies have not adequately defined the high-risk patient, we analyzed 129 patients undergoing cesarean section to identify the factors which predispose to postoperative febrile morbidity. Two different statistical programs identified four factors (general anesthesia, obesity, hematocrit less than or equal to 30%, and labor prior to delivery) which were significantly associated with post cesarean section febrile morbidity (P less than 0.025). Patients with 2 or more of these risk factors were highly likely to experience this postoperative complication (P less than 0.001)."}
{"id": "PMID:865734", "title": "Direct evidence of luteal insufficiency in women with habitual abortion.", "content": "Plasma levels of progesterone were measured during the luteal phase in 10 of 15 women with clinical histories of at least three spontaneous abortions in the last three gestations, and in 15 healthy nonpregnant women during the same phase of the ovarian cycle. Progesterone values found in the women with habitual abortion were lower (P less than 0.05-0.005) than in the nonpregnant group almost throughout the period of observation. The habitually aborting women who became pregnant again aborted between the seventh and 12th weeks. Their progesterone concentrations were less than 6 ng/ml, 48-72 hours before vaginal bleeding or abortion. These values were compared with those found during the first 12 weeks in normal pregnancy (P less than 0.001). The results suggest a useful method of evaluating the treatment of habitual abortion.", "contents": "Direct evidence of luteal insufficiency in women with habitual abortion. Plasma levels of progesterone were measured during the luteal phase in 10 of 15 women with clinical histories of at least three spontaneous abortions in the last three gestations, and in 15 healthy nonpregnant women during the same phase of the ovarian cycle. Progesterone values found in the women with habitual abortion were lower (P less than 0.05-0.005) than in the nonpregnant group almost throughout the period of observation. The habitually aborting women who became pregnant again aborted between the seventh and 12th weeks. Their progesterone concentrations were less than 6 ng/ml, 48-72 hours before vaginal bleeding or abortion. These values were compared with those found during the first 12 weeks in normal pregnancy (P less than 0.001). The results suggest a useful method of evaluating the treatment of habitual abortion."}
{"id": "PMID:865733", "title": "The origin of androgen and estrogen in a virilized postmenopausal woman with bilateral benign cystic teratomas.", "content": "Clitoromegaly was observed in a 73-year-old woman who had bilateral ovarian benign cystic teratomas that contained only epithelial derivatives. Scattered in the stroma of these ovaries were clusters of hyperplastic cells. The plasma testosterone production rate was 2.4 mg/day, a value that is ten times greater than that of normal postmenopausal women. The elevated plasma concentrations of testosterone and androstenedione decreased to normal by the second day after bilateral oophorectomy. Ovarian venous concentrations of testosterone and androstenedione were also increased and were considerably greater than those in peripheral blood. Estrone production was 68 microng/day, most of which could be accounted fo by the extraglandular formation from androstenedione. Estradiol production was 71 microng/day, of which 75% was computed to arise from extraglandular formation and the remainder likely arose by ovarian secretion. The modest increase in estrogen production was associated with slight cystic hyperplasia of the endometrium. From this study we conclude that the hyperplastic ovarian stroma was the source of the excessive androgen production.", "contents": "The origin of androgen and estrogen in a virilized postmenopausal woman with bilateral benign cystic teratomas. Clitoromegaly was observed in a 73-year-old woman who had bilateral ovarian benign cystic teratomas that contained only epithelial derivatives. Scattered in the stroma of these ovaries were clusters of hyperplastic cells. The plasma testosterone production rate was 2.4 mg/day, a value that is ten times greater than that of normal postmenopausal women. The elevated plasma concentrations of testosterone and androstenedione decreased to normal by the second day after bilateral oophorectomy. Ovarian venous concentrations of testosterone and androstenedione were also increased and were considerably greater than those in peripheral blood. Estrone production was 68 microng/day, most of which could be accounted fo by the extraglandular formation from androstenedione. Estradiol production was 71 microng/day, of which 75% was computed to arise from extraglandular formation and the remainder likely arose by ovarian secretion. The modest increase in estrogen production was associated with slight cystic hyperplasia of the endometrium. From this study we conclude that the hyperplastic ovarian stroma was the source of the excessive androgen production."}
{"id": "PMID:865735", "title": "Obstetrics in Cuba, 1974.", "content": "In the past 17 years, Cuba has established a system of governmental medical care, and undergraduate and graduate medical education  have also been revised and expanded. Special attention has been directed to maternal and pediatric care, but no description of this has been published outside Cuba. Standards of care have been formulated by national committees, with emphasis placed on the training of specialists in obstetrics and neonatology. Prenatal care and identification of high-risk patients has produced an institutional delivery rate of over 97% with much antenatal hospitalization and referral of high-risk gravidas to tertiary care facilities. New laws providing benefits for working women encourage prenatal care, rest, and breastfeeding. In 1974 the maternal mortality rate was 55.6 per 100,000 live births, and perinatal mortality was 28.5 per 1000 live births.", "contents": "Obstetrics in Cuba, 1974. In the past 17 years, Cuba has established a system of governmental medical care, and undergraduate and graduate medical education  have also been revised and expanded. Special attention has been directed to maternal and pediatric care, but no description of this has been published outside Cuba. Standards of care have been formulated by national committees, with emphasis placed on the training of specialists in obstetrics and neonatology. Prenatal care and identification of high-risk patients has produced an institutional delivery rate of over 97% with much antenatal hospitalization and referral of high-risk gravidas to tertiary care facilities. New laws providing benefits for working women encourage prenatal care, rest, and breastfeeding. In 1974 the maternal mortality rate was 55.6 per 100,000 live births, and perinatal mortality was 28.5 per 1000 live births."}
{"id": "PMID:865736", "title": "Amniotic fluid cortisol concentrations in normal labor, premature labor, and postmature pregnancy.", "content": "Amniotic fluid cortisol concentration was measured in 61 gravidas during the third trimester prior to onset of labor. These patients had had normal prenatal courses and served as controls. Cortisol values obtained were compared with those of 1) gravidas with prolonged pregnancy (greater than 42 weeks) who delivered post-mature neonates (N=6), 2) gravidas in spontaneous term labor (N = 10), and 3) gravidas in premature labor (N=10). The mean level of amniotic fluid cortisol (+/-SD) found in those women with premature labor was significantly elevated compared to control values (P less than 0.05). Levels recorded in premature labor patients were in the same range as in the term spontaneous labor group (3.7+/-2.5 vs. 2.7+/-1.5; P greater than 0.3). No difference was found between the spontaneous labor group or the postmature group and their respective controls.", "contents": "Amniotic fluid cortisol concentrations in normal labor, premature labor, and postmature pregnancy. Amniotic fluid cortisol concentration was measured in 61 gravidas during the third trimester prior to onset of labor. These patients had had normal prenatal courses and served as controls. Cortisol values obtained were compared with those of 1) gravidas with prolonged pregnancy (greater than 42 weeks) who delivered post-mature neonates (N=6), 2) gravidas in spontaneous term labor (N = 10), and 3) gravidas in premature labor (N=10). The mean level of amniotic fluid cortisol (+/-SD) found in those women with premature labor was significantly elevated compared to control values (P less than 0.05). Levels recorded in premature labor patients were in the same range as in the term spontaneous labor group (3.7+/-2.5 vs. 2.7+/-1.5; P greater than 0.3). No difference was found between the spontaneous labor group or the postmature group and their respective controls."}
{"id": "PMID:865737", "title": "Relative birthweights of twins.", "content": "In a series of 182 twin gestations second-born twins were more often heavier than first-born twins (55%), but overall they weighed less by an average of 21 g. This paradox was shown to be due to the skewed distribution of weight differences favoring the first-born twin, most apparent among pairs in which one or both weighed at least 3000 g. The larger the difference between birthweights, the greater the likelihood that the heavier twin would be delivered first.", "contents": "Relative birthweights of twins. In a series of 182 twin gestations second-born twins were more often heavier than first-born twins (55%), but overall they weighed less by an average of 21 g. This paradox was shown to be due to the skewed distribution of weight differences favoring the first-born twin, most apparent among pairs in which one or both weighed at least 3000 g. The larger the difference between birthweights, the greater the likelihood that the heavier twin would be delivered first."}
{"id": "PMID:865738", "title": "Choice of analgesia or anesthesia for pain relief in suction curettage.", "content": "One  hundred and fifteen patients admitted to Duke University Medical Center from January 1, 1973, to December 31, 1974 inclusive, with the diagnosis of uncomplicated spontaneous incomplete or inevitable abortion were included in a randomized prospective study. All patients underwent suction curettage under either analgesia or general inhalation anesthesia. Patient response was adjudged regarding comfort and cooperativeness in the group receiving analgesia and postprocedure rehabilitation and discharge times in both groups. Fifteen of 59 patients receiving analgesia only were recorded unanimously as failures. Post-operative ambulation was no more rapid in patients receiving analgesia. Procedure-to-discharge intervals were unrelated to medication modality. There appears to be no advantage to analgesia as far as rehabilitation time, procedure-to-discharge time, and medical complications are concerned.", "contents": "Choice of analgesia or anesthesia for pain relief in suction curettage. One  hundred and fifteen patients admitted to Duke University Medical Center from January 1, 1973, to December 31, 1974 inclusive, with the diagnosis of uncomplicated spontaneous incomplete or inevitable abortion were included in a randomized prospective study. All patients underwent suction curettage under either analgesia or general inhalation anesthesia. Patient response was adjudged regarding comfort and cooperativeness in the group receiving analgesia and postprocedure rehabilitation and discharge times in both groups. Fifteen of 59 patients receiving analgesia only were recorded unanimously as failures. Post-operative ambulation was no more rapid in patients receiving analgesia. Procedure-to-discharge intervals were unrelated to medication modality. There appears to be no advantage to analgesia as far as rehabilitation time, procedure-to-discharge time, and medical complications are concerned."}
{"id": "PMID:865758", "title": "Phytohemagglutinin stimulation of lymphocytes in lung cancer patients.", "content": "Peripheral blood lymphocytes obtained from controls and patients with lung cancer treated by radiotherapy were cultured with phytohemagglutinin (PHA). Patient lymphocyte response to PHA was depressed before therapy and even declined further after theapy. There was no prognostic significance associated with pre-therapy PHA responsiveness in this study.", "contents": "Phytohemagglutinin stimulation of lymphocytes in lung cancer patients. Peripheral blood lymphocytes obtained from controls and patients with lung cancer treated by radiotherapy were cultured with phytohemagglutinin (PHA). Patient lymphocyte response to PHA was depressed before therapy and even declined further after theapy. There was no prognostic significance associated with pre-therapy PHA responsiveness in this study."}
{"id": "PMID:865759", "title": "Length of in vivo exposure to a carcinogenic dose of dimethylnitrosamine necessary for subsequent expression of morphological transformation by rat kidney cells in vitro.", "content": "Rat kidney cells isolated in vitro at intervals from one to 24 hours after the administration of a single, carcinogenic dose of dimethylnitrosamine (DMN) were characterized by the expression of morphological transformation and a prolonged life span. In cultures isolated four hours or more following the dose of DMN, morphological transformation was expressed at subculture five, but this effect was progressively delayed with earlier times of isolation. Relative to control kidney cell cultures, transformed cells exhibited enhanced proliferative properties evident from assays for plating efficiency and DNA synthesis. The capacity for increased cloning efficiency by the test cultures was acquired several subcultures after the expression of morphological transformation, while ability for colony formation in semi-solid media evolved later still. The results suggest that target cells permanently altered by the carcinogen are present one hour after the administration of DMN, but the effect is more significant by four hours.", "contents": "Length of in vivo exposure to a carcinogenic dose of dimethylnitrosamine necessary for subsequent expression of morphological transformation by rat kidney cells in vitro. Rat kidney cells isolated in vitro at intervals from one to 24 hours after the administration of a single, carcinogenic dose of dimethylnitrosamine (DMN) were characterized by the expression of morphological transformation and a prolonged life span. In cultures isolated four hours or more following the dose of DMN, morphological transformation was expressed at subculture five, but this effect was progressively delayed with earlier times of isolation. Relative to control kidney cell cultures, transformed cells exhibited enhanced proliferative properties evident from assays for plating efficiency and DNA synthesis. The capacity for increased cloning efficiency by the test cultures was acquired several subcultures after the expression of morphological transformation, while ability for colony formation in semi-solid media evolved later still. The results suggest that target cells permanently altered by the carcinogen are present one hour after the administration of DMN, but the effect is more significant by four hours."}
{"id": "PMID:865760", "title": "Methyl-CCNU in malignant melanoma--a divided dose schedule of administration.", "content": "Methyl-CCNU (NSC-95441) was administered to patients with malignant melanoma in a split dose schedule. Nausea and vomiting were eliminated as clinical problems during therapy. Response rate to the drug seemed somewhat lower than the average of three previously reported disease-oriented phase II trials, though the difference was not significant statistically. The time course of myelosuppression seemed comparable to that seen with a single dose schedule of administration.", "contents": "Methyl-CCNU in malignant melanoma--a divided dose schedule of administration. Methyl-CCNU (NSC-95441) was administered to patients with malignant melanoma in a split dose schedule. Nausea and vomiting were eliminated as clinical problems during therapy. Response rate to the drug seemed somewhat lower than the average of three previously reported disease-oriented phase II trials, though the difference was not significant statistically. The time course of myelosuppression seemed comparable to that seen with a single dose schedule of administration."}
{"id": "PMID:865764", "title": "Repair of marginal furrow perforation.", "content": "Limbus base lamellar scleral flap and fornix base conjunctival flap have been combined for repair of perforation secondary to Terrien's marginal furrow degeneration of the cornea. Postoperative thinning of the flaps, pseudopterygium extension, and other complications have not occurred.", "contents": "Repair of marginal furrow perforation. Limbus base lamellar scleral flap and fornix base conjunctival flap have been combined for repair of perforation secondary to Terrien's marginal furrow degeneration of the cornea. Postoperative thinning of the flaps, pseudopterygium extension, and other complications have not occurred."}
{"id": "PMID:865766", "title": "Trabeculectomy with cautery.", "content": "Trabeculectomy with cautery was performed on 31 eyes of of 25 glaucoma patients uncontrolled on maximal medical therapy. The procedure was designed to combine the effectiveness of Scheie's thermal sclerostomy with the low incidence of complications associated with trabeculectomy. There was an 81 percent success rate overall and an 83 percent success rate in blacks. Average follow-up was 25 months. The average preoperative pressure was 29 mm Hg and the average postoperative pressure was 11 mm Hg. Immediate postoperative complications were minimal. The most serious long-term problem was the acceleration of lenticular changes. The procedure is technically simple with a majority of cases being performed by house staff at a relatively early stage of training. It is believed that trabeculectomy with cautery is indicated in blacks, in far-advanced glaucoma cases, and in patients in whom a conventional trabeculectomy has failed.", "contents": "Trabeculectomy with cautery. Trabeculectomy with cautery was performed on 31 eyes of of 25 glaucoma patients uncontrolled on maximal medical therapy. The procedure was designed to combine the effectiveness of Scheie's thermal sclerostomy with the low incidence of complications associated with trabeculectomy. There was an 81 percent success rate overall and an 83 percent success rate in blacks. Average follow-up was 25 months. The average preoperative pressure was 29 mm Hg and the average postoperative pressure was 11 mm Hg. Immediate postoperative complications were minimal. The most serious long-term problem was the acceleration of lenticular changes. The procedure is technically simple with a majority of cases being performed by house staff at a relatively early stage of training. It is believed that trabeculectomy with cautery is indicated in blacks, in far-advanced glaucoma cases, and in patients in whom a conventional trabeculectomy has failed."}
{"id": "PMID:865767", "title": "Anterior chamber after intrascleral filtering surgery.", "content": "Intrascleral filtering surgery was performed in 58 eyes and the anterior chamber (AC) depth was estimated postoperatively by recording the equivalent number of corneal thicknesses (CT) of central AC depth (lens-cornea distance). Lens-cornea touch occurred in 3 of 28 eyes with chronic simple glaucoma and was highly correlated with cataract formation. Lens-cornea touch did not develop in any of 11 eyes with other types of phakic glaucoma. Lens-cornea touch did not occur in any eye if the postoperative AC depth was ever 2 CT or greater and all three instances of lens-cornea touch occurred on or by the fifth postoperative day. Nineteen aphakic eyes were operated and all had normal AC depth from the first postoperative day. The data do not support the common belief that filtering procedures done beneath a scleral flap result in faster AC depth reformation than filtering procedures not done beneath a scleral flap.", "contents": "Anterior chamber after intrascleral filtering surgery. Intrascleral filtering surgery was performed in 58 eyes and the anterior chamber (AC) depth was estimated postoperatively by recording the equivalent number of corneal thicknesses (CT) of central AC depth (lens-cornea distance). Lens-cornea touch occurred in 3 of 28 eyes with chronic simple glaucoma and was highly correlated with cataract formation. Lens-cornea touch did not develop in any of 11 eyes with other types of phakic glaucoma. Lens-cornea touch did not occur in any eye if the postoperative AC depth was ever 2 CT or greater and all three instances of lens-cornea touch occurred on or by the fifth postoperative day. Nineteen aphakic eyes were operated and all had normal AC depth from the first postoperative day. The data do not support the common belief that filtering procedures done beneath a scleral flap result in faster AC depth reformation than filtering procedures not done beneath a scleral flap."}
{"id": "PMID:865768", "title": "A fiber-optics pig-tail probe.", "content": "A pig-tail probe with a fiber-optics bundle incorporated within its thickness is described. The instrument is used as is commonly done at present with the standard pig-tail probe. In addition, the fiber-optics bundle delivers cold light to the tip of the probe which has been found very useful for locating the torn ends of a canaliculus, as well as delineating the anatomy of the lacrimal sac.", "contents": "A fiber-optics pig-tail probe. A pig-tail probe with a fiber-optics bundle incorporated within its thickness is described. The instrument is used as is commonly done at present with the standard pig-tail probe. In addition, the fiber-optics bundle delivers cold light to the tip of the probe which has been found very useful for locating the torn ends of a canaliculus, as well as delineating the anatomy of the lacrimal sac."}
{"id": "PMID:865769", "title": "Experience with donor sclera for extruding orbital implants.", "content": "Accumulated clinical evidence has confirmed the suitability of eye bank sclera as a structural and reconstructive material for lid and orbital surgery. Since 1970 we have been using fresh donor sclera. In our series of sixty-four cases, seventeen were for extruding or extruded orbital implants. Of these seventeen only two had any sort of complication, and these were easily corrected. This technique has permitted a successful prosthetic fitting within six weeks following surgery, with good cosmesis in all cases.", "contents": "Experience with donor sclera for extruding orbital implants. Accumulated clinical evidence has confirmed the suitability of eye bank sclera as a structural and reconstructive material for lid and orbital surgery. Since 1970 we have been using fresh donor sclera. In our series of sixty-four cases, seventeen were for extruding or extruded orbital implants. Of these seventeen only two had any sort of complication, and these were easily corrected. This technique has permitted a successful prosthetic fitting within six weeks following surgery, with good cosmesis in all cases."}
{"id": "PMID:865771", "title": "Plugs and stiletto: entry incisions for a 20-gauge instrument system.", "content": "A specialized stiletto shaped knife (Stiletto) and self-retaining incision plugs (Sclera Plugs) have been made. They are very useful for creating and temporarily occluding entry incisions for 20-gauge instruments suitable for closed eye intraocular surgery such as vitrectomy, lensectomy, removal of retina and vitreous membranes. The choice of material, configuration and dimensions of these new devices enable one to create incisions in the pars plana which do not leak liquid, gas, or tissue at IOP up to 80 mm Hg, when occupied by 20-gauge cylindrical instruments or Sclera Plugs. The plugs free one or both of the surgeon's hands for use outside the eye for indirect ophthalmoscopy, external surgery, and reduce considerably the time and skill formerly required for proper incision management.", "contents": "Plugs and stiletto: entry incisions for a 20-gauge instrument system. A specialized stiletto shaped knife (Stiletto) and self-retaining incision plugs (Sclera Plugs) have been made. They are very useful for creating and temporarily occluding entry incisions for 20-gauge instruments suitable for closed eye intraocular surgery such as vitrectomy, lensectomy, removal of retina and vitreous membranes. The choice of material, configuration and dimensions of these new devices enable one to create incisions in the pars plana which do not leak liquid, gas, or tissue at IOP up to 80 mm Hg, when occupied by 20-gauge cylindrical instruments or Sclera Plugs. The plugs free one or both of the surgeon's hands for use outside the eye for indirect ophthalmoscopy, external surgery, and reduce considerably the time and skill formerly required for proper incision management."}
{"id": "PMID:865772", "title": "Persistent hyaloid with retinal detachment.", "content": "An 11-year-old female with acquired traction retinal detachment associated with persistent hyaloid responded with retinal reattachment by intravitreous surgical technique and scleral buckling.", "contents": "Persistent hyaloid with retinal detachment. An 11-year-old female with acquired traction retinal detachment associated with persistent hyaloid responded with retinal reattachment by intravitreous surgical technique and scleral buckling."}
{"id": "PMID:865866", "title": "[Larvogenesis of the diplocyst of Aploparaksis furcigera (Rud., 1819) Fuhrmann, 1926 (Cestoda, Hymenolepididae)].", "content": "Data are given on the larvogenesis of the diplocyst of Aploparaksis furcigera. The invagination process of the metamere is described. The external layer of duplicature (exocyst) of the diplocyst has been shown to be a derivate of typical cerecomere. Due to this the larvogenesis of the diplocyst of A. furcigera is regarded as a cystocercoid larvogevesis changed by the adaptation to parasitism in polymyarian intermediate hosts (Oligochaeta). The origin of protective cenogeneses of diplocyst is a response to mechanical effects of the cutaneous-muscular sac of Oligochaeta upon the developing larvocyst.", "contents": "[Larvogenesis of the diplocyst of Aploparaksis furcigera (Rud., 1819) Fuhrmann, 1926 (Cestoda, Hymenolepididae)]. Data are given on the larvogenesis of the diplocyst of Aploparaksis furcigera. The invagination process of the metamere is described. The external layer of duplicature (exocyst) of the diplocyst has been shown to be a derivate of typical cerecomere. Due to this the larvogenesis of the diplocyst of A. furcigera is regarded as a cystocercoid larvogevesis changed by the adaptation to parasitism in polymyarian intermediate hosts (Oligochaeta). The origin of protective cenogeneses of diplocyst is a response to mechanical effects of the cutaneous-muscular sac of Oligochaeta upon the developing larvocyst."}
{"id": "PMID:865872", "title": "[Rodents trichomonads: morphology, life cycle and several ecologic features (Polymastigina)].", "content": "Some morphological and cytochemical methods were applied to the study of the life cycle of Trichomonas parasitizing the intestine of various rodents. The comparative study of trophonts morphology showed that the only species of the genus Trichomonas--T. muris inhabits the intestine of mice, rats, field-voles, hamsters and susliks. The life cycle of T. muris includes three morphologically different stages: trophonts, pseudocysts and cysts. The pseudocysts and cysts are the infectious stages of T. muris. All rodents ingest them together with their food. The cysts of T. muris can survive for a long time (6 months and more) in the environment under the conditions of various temperature and humidity.", "contents": "[Rodents trichomonads: morphology, life cycle and several ecologic features (Polymastigina)]. Some morphological and cytochemical methods were applied to the study of the life cycle of Trichomonas parasitizing the intestine of various rodents. The comparative study of trophonts morphology showed that the only species of the genus Trichomonas--T. muris inhabits the intestine of mice, rats, field-voles, hamsters and susliks. The life cycle of T. muris includes three morphologically different stages: trophonts, pseudocysts and cysts. The pseudocysts and cysts are the infectious stages of T. muris. All rodents ingest them together with their food. The cysts of T. muris can survive for a long time (6 months and more) in the environment under the conditions of various temperature and humidity."}
{"id": "PMID:865867", "title": "[Heat resistance of the cercariae of serveral species of trematodes].", "content": "Cercariae of Echinostoma sp., Cotylurus cornutus, Cercaria C Szidat, marites of which parasitize homeothermic hosts (birds), were found to have a high heat resistance at the effect of lethal temperature. There were established specific differences in the temperature level and its stability during a long period at a relatively constant environmental temperature. Th\u00e9 heat resistance of cercariae of the same species does not change during their parasitism in different species of mollusks, hosts (e. g. C. C Szidat). Thermoresistance of mature cercariae of C. C Szidat and Cotylurus cornutus having entered the water is in agreement with the environmental temperature and changes with a temperature regime of the environment. Even an acclimation within 3 hours at 29 degrees results in a rise of the heat resistance of cercariae. Their stay at 4 degrees within 3 hours decreases two times the heat resistance.", "contents": "[Heat resistance of the cercariae of serveral species of trematodes]. Cercariae of Echinostoma sp., Cotylurus cornutus, Cercaria C Szidat, marites of which parasitize homeothermic hosts (birds), were found to have a high heat resistance at the effect of lethal temperature. There were established specific differences in the temperature level and its stability during a long period at a relatively constant environmental temperature. Th\u00e9 heat resistance of cercariae of the same species does not change during their parasitism in different species of mollusks, hosts (e. g. C. C Szidat). Thermoresistance of mature cercariae of C. C Szidat and Cotylurus cornutus having entered the water is in agreement with the environmental temperature and changes with a temperature regime of the environment. Even an acclimation within 3 hours at 29 degrees results in a rise of the heat resistance of cercariae. Their stay at 4 degrees within 3 hours decreases two times the heat resistance."}
{"id": "PMID:865869", "title": "[Electrophoretic study of the proteins of the hemolymph, intestine, excrement (and ova) of active and dispausal Dermacentor marginatus Sulz (Ixodidae) females].", "content": "The polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis was used to separate the negative charged proteins from adult females of the tick Dermacentor marginatus Sulz. There were separated up to 25 protein bands from haemolymph and up to 19 bands from midgut extracts of the engorged females. The number of protein bands in excreta and eggs was 15 and 18 respectively. Haemoproteins from haemolymph, midgut and eggs were different in their electrophoretic mobility. Active and diapausing ticks showed essential differences in protein spectra and content of haemolymph (the enrichment of them was characteristic of diapausing ticks). The presence or absence of reproductive diapause affects the digestive functions and has no influence on the excretory functions of the midgut.", "contents": "[Electrophoretic study of the proteins of the hemolymph, intestine, excrement (and ova) of active and dispausal Dermacentor marginatus Sulz (Ixodidae) females]. The polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis was used to separate the negative charged proteins from adult females of the tick Dermacentor marginatus Sulz. There were separated up to 25 protein bands from haemolymph and up to 19 bands from midgut extracts of the engorged females. The number of protein bands in excreta and eggs was 15 and 18 respectively. Haemoproteins from haemolymph, midgut and eggs were different in their electrophoretic mobility. Active and diapausing ticks showed essential differences in protein spectra and content of haemolymph (the enrichment of them was characteristic of diapausing ticks). The presence or absence of reproductive diapause affects the digestive functions and has no influence on the excretory functions of the midgut."}
{"id": "PMID:865876", "title": "[Morpho-physiologic criteria for the taxonomic independence of the species Trichinella pseudospiralis Garkavi, 1972].", "content": "A taxonomic status of a new species of Trichinella from Procyon lotor L. described by V. L. Garkavi in 1972 as T. pseudospiralis is discussed. Two-month invasional larvae resemble in their size and structure 19-20-day larvae of typical T. spiralis. However, the ratio between their organs points not only to the delay in development but also to significant structural morphological differences. Luminiscent microscopic analysis of muscular and intestinal forms of both species confirms this. Impossibility of crossing between both species is noted. Results of investigations show that T. pseudospiralis Garkavi can be accepted as a valid species.", "contents": "[Morpho-physiologic criteria for the taxonomic independence of the species Trichinella pseudospiralis Garkavi, 1972]. A taxonomic status of a new species of Trichinella from Procyon lotor L. described by V. L. Garkavi in 1972 as T. pseudospiralis is discussed. Two-month invasional larvae resemble in their size and structure 19-20-day larvae of typical T. spiralis. However, the ratio between their organs points not only to the delay in development but also to significant structural morphological differences. Luminiscent microscopic analysis of muscular and intestinal forms of both species confirms this. Impossibility of crossing between both species is noted. Results of investigations show that T. pseudospiralis Garkavi can be accepted as a valid species."}
{"id": "PMID:865871", "title": "[Life cycle and nucleic acid distribution in the endogenous development stages of coccidia (Coccidiida, Eimeriidae) of the Vinogradov gerbil].", "content": "Studies were undertaken of the life cycles of three intestinal coccidia: Eimeria arabiana, E. bistratum and E. poljanski, parasites of meriones vinogradovi. The number of the asexual generations, the period of appearance of the endogenous stages and the first oocysts, localization were determined. The successive phases of the growth and development of schizonts of different generations, macrogametes and microgametocytes were described. The distribution of DNA and RNA in different endogenous stages of three kinds of coccidia were studied by methods of cytochemistry.", "contents": "[Life cycle and nucleic acid distribution in the endogenous development stages of coccidia (Coccidiida, Eimeriidae) of the Vinogradov gerbil]. Studies were undertaken of the life cycles of three intestinal coccidia: Eimeria arabiana, E. bistratum and E. poljanski, parasites of meriones vinogradovi. The number of the asexual generations, the period of appearance of the endogenous stages and the first oocysts, localization were determined. The successive phases of the growth and development of schizonts of different generations, macrogametes and microgametocytes were described. The distribution of DNA and RNA in different endogenous stages of three kinds of coccidia were studied by methods of cytochemistry."}
{"id": "PMID:865875", "title": "[Comparative characteristics of cestode parenchyma].", "content": "A comparative description is given of different connective tissue cells and the character of intercellular substance in the parenchyma of two species of cestodes of the order Pseudophyllidea and 4 species of the order Cyclophyllidea. The parenchyma of the cestodes has been shown to be a complex specialized tissue system evolving divergently. The first distinct morphological differences arise at the family level. The direction of the divergent evolution of the parenchyma depends on the development of certain components of intercellular substance, frequencies of individual types of cells and appearance of specific cellular element in it.", "contents": "[Comparative characteristics of cestode parenchyma]. A comparative description is given of different connective tissue cells and the character of intercellular substance in the parenchyma of two species of cestodes of the order Pseudophyllidea and 4 species of the order Cyclophyllidea. The parenchyma of the cestodes has been shown to be a complex specialized tissue system evolving divergently. The first distinct morphological differences arise at the family level. The direction of the divergent evolution of the parenchyma depends on the development of certain components of intercellular substance, frequencies of individual types of cells and appearance of specific cellular element in it."}
{"id": "PMID:865878", "title": "[Ultrafine structure of the intestinal region of hungry nymphs of Ornithodoros papillipes (Acarina, Argasidae)].", "content": "Studies were carried out of the ultrafine structure of the midgut epithelium of hungry nymphs of O. papillipes. The intestinal epithelium has been shown to consist of both reserve and digestive cells which are at different stages of blood digestion. The former are characterized by a poor development of surface structures and by the absence of inclusions. On the contrary, the digestive cells abound in inclusions most of which are associated with intracellular blood digestion. On the surface of such cells there are specialized pinocytosis structures: coated kesicles and tubular invaginations. A number of cells possess vacuoles which are, apparently, secretory in their nature.", "contents": "[Ultrafine structure of the intestinal region of hungry nymphs of Ornithodoros papillipes (Acarina, Argasidae)]. Studies were carried out of the ultrafine structure of the midgut epithelium of hungry nymphs of O. papillipes. The intestinal epithelium has been shown to consist of both reserve and digestive cells which are at different stages of blood digestion. The former are characterized by a poor development of surface structures and by the absence of inclusions. On the contrary, the digestive cells abound in inclusions most of which are associated with intracellular blood digestion. On the surface of such cells there are specialized pinocytosis structures: coated kesicles and tubular invaginations. A number of cells possess vacuoles which are, apparently, secretory in their nature."}
{"id": "PMID:865873", "title": "[Description of the imago of the little known species of mosquito Aedes (Ochlerotatus) rempeli (Culicidae)].", "content": "A little-known species of mosquito, Aedes (O.), rempeli Vockeroth is described. According to its structure and ecology the species belongs to the group A. communis and by the complex of its characters (according to the key for identification of females, Gutsevich, Monchadsky, Stakelberg, 1970) the species corresponds to the diagnosis of A. communis. The females of A. rempeli differ from this species by light bands at the bases of tergites narrow to the middle.", "contents": "[Description of the imago of the little known species of mosquito Aedes (Ochlerotatus) rempeli (Culicidae)]. A little-known species of mosquito, Aedes (O.), rempeli Vockeroth is described. According to its structure and ecology the species belongs to the group A. communis and by the complex of its characters (according to the key for identification of females, Gutsevich, Monchadsky, Stakelberg, 1970) the species corresponds to the diagnosis of A. communis. The females of A. rempeli differ from this species by light bands at the bases of tergites narrow to the middle."}
{"id": "PMID:865879", "title": "[Deutonymphs of the genus Hirstionyssus of the fauna of the USSR (Acarina, Hirstionyssidae)].", "content": "Described and figured are deutonymphs of 18 species of the genus Hirstionyssus Fonseca, 1948, parasites of small mammals (H. carnifex (L. C. Koch) Oudemans, 1913; H. blanchardi (Trouessart, 1904); H. ellobii Bregetova, 1956; H. myospalacis Zemskaja et Piontkovskaja, 1957; H. transiliensis Bregetova, 1956; H. georgicus Bregetova, 1956; H. sciurinus (Hirst, 1921); H. confucianus (Hirst, 1921); H. bregetovae Razumova, 1953; H. macedonicus (Hirst, 1921); H. pauli Willmann, 1952; H. criceti (Sulzer, 1774); H. latiscutatus (Meillon et Lavoipierre, 1944); H. apodemi Zuevsky, 1970; H. pavlovskii Zemskaja, 1959; H. soricis (Turk, 1945); H. meridianus Zemskaja, 1955; H. isabellinus Oudemans, 1913); Keys to deutonymphs of the genus Hirstionyssus are given for the first time.", "contents": "[Deutonymphs of the genus Hirstionyssus of the fauna of the USSR (Acarina, Hirstionyssidae)]. Described and figured are deutonymphs of 18 species of the genus Hirstionyssus Fonseca, 1948, parasites of small mammals (H. carnifex (L. C. Koch) Oudemans, 1913; H. blanchardi (Trouessart, 1904); H. ellobii Bregetova, 1956; H. myospalacis Zemskaja et Piontkovskaja, 1957; H. transiliensis Bregetova, 1956; H. georgicus Bregetova, 1956; H. sciurinus (Hirst, 1921); H. confucianus (Hirst, 1921); H. bregetovae Razumova, 1953; H. macedonicus (Hirst, 1921); H. pauli Willmann, 1952; H. criceti (Sulzer, 1774); H. latiscutatus (Meillon et Lavoipierre, 1944); H. apodemi Zuevsky, 1970; H. pavlovskii Zemskaja, 1959; H. soricis (Turk, 1945); H. meridianus Zemskaja, 1955; H. isabellinus Oudemans, 1913); Keys to deutonymphs of the genus Hirstionyssus are given for the first time."}
{"id": "PMID:865880", "title": "[Cloning leishmania at the promastigote stage using the Vonbrun micromanipulator].", "content": "A method was worked out for cloning Leishmania strains at the promastigote stage from cultures reared on two-phase nutrient medium by means of Vonbr\u00fcn micromanipulator. By this method cultures of Leishmania can be obtained from one cell of these protozoans. During the cloning of Leishmania strains isolated from experimentally and naturally infected Phlebotomus papatasi and Ph. caucasicus the per cent of obtaining the clones from isolated promastigotes cultivated on a nutrient medium depends on the absolute and relative age of culture and on the growth intensity of the strain on a nutrient medium.", "contents": "[Cloning leishmania at the promastigote stage using the Vonbrun micromanipulator]. A method was worked out for cloning Leishmania strains at the promastigote stage from cultures reared on two-phase nutrient medium by means of Vonbr\u00fcn micromanipulator. By this method cultures of Leishmania can be obtained from one cell of these protozoans. During the cloning of Leishmania strains isolated from experimentally and naturally infected Phlebotomus papatasi and Ph. caucasicus the per cent of obtaining the clones from isolated promastigotes cultivated on a nutrient medium depends on the absolute and relative age of culture and on the growth intensity of the strain on a nutrient medium."}
{"id": "PMID:865882", "title": "[Influence of temperature on the duration of the developmental cycle of Ixodes persulcatus (Ixodidae) ticks].", "content": "Experiments were conducted with ticks of I. persulcatus collected in the vicinity of Khabarovsk. The females were fed at the beginning of June, hatched larvae and nymphs--after the completion of postlarval development. The ticks were maintained in testglasses at constant humidity, at temperatures of 6, 12, 15, 28 and 33C in darkness. Minimum developmental periods of the ticks from egg to imago are 211 days at 28C, 732 days at 15C and 869 days at 12C. The development without diapause was not observed in the experiment.", "contents": "[Influence of temperature on the duration of the developmental cycle of Ixodes persulcatus (Ixodidae) ticks]. Experiments were conducted with ticks of I. persulcatus collected in the vicinity of Khabarovsk. The females were fed at the beginning of June, hatched larvae and nymphs--after the completion of postlarval development. The ticks were maintained in testglasses at constant humidity, at temperatures of 6, 12, 15, 28 and 33C in darkness. Minimum developmental periods of the ticks from egg to imago are 211 days at 28C, 732 days at 15C and 869 days at 12C. The development without diapause was not observed in the experiment."}
{"id": "PMID:865883", "title": "[Synonyms among the species names for mosquitoes of the genus Aedes (subspecies Finlaya and Neomelaniconion) of the Far East fauna].", "content": "The name Aedes (Finlaya) kobayashii Nakata, 1956 for the mosquitoes from Japan and South Korea is a synonym of A. (F.) alektorovi Stackelberg, 1943 from the south of the Soviet Far East as well as A. (F.) bunanoki Sasa et Ishimura, 1951 from Japan is a synonym of A. (F.) oreophilus Edwards, 1916 spread in Pakistan, India, China and related to Chinese--Himalayan subregion of the Palaearctic Region; therefore it may be spread also in Nepal, North Burma and in the south of the Soviet Far East. It is proposed to consider A. (Neomelaniconion) aureus Gutvsevich, 1955 from the Primorye Territory of the USSR as a subspecies of A. (N.) lineatopennis Ludlow, 1905 widely spread in the tropics of the Old World, i. e. A. (N.) lineatopennis aureus Gutsevich, 1955, stat. nov.", "contents": "[Synonyms among the species names for mosquitoes of the genus Aedes (subspecies Finlaya and Neomelaniconion) of the Far East fauna]. The name Aedes (Finlaya) kobayashii Nakata, 1956 for the mosquitoes from Japan and South Korea is a synonym of A. (F.) alektorovi Stackelberg, 1943 from the south of the Soviet Far East as well as A. (F.) bunanoki Sasa et Ishimura, 1951 from Japan is a synonym of A. (F.) oreophilus Edwards, 1916 spread in Pakistan, India, China and related to Chinese--Himalayan subregion of the Palaearctic Region; therefore it may be spread also in Nepal, North Burma and in the south of the Soviet Far East. It is proposed to consider A. (Neomelaniconion) aureus Gutvsevich, 1955 from the Primorye Territory of the USSR as a subspecies of A. (N.) lineatopennis Ludlow, 1905 widely spread in the tropics of the Old World, i. e. A. (N.) lineatopennis aureus Gutsevich, 1955, stat. nov."}
{"id": "PMID:865884", "title": "[Fauna and ecology of small mammal lice in Priamur'e].", "content": "Lice occurring on small mammals of Priamurje are represented by six species. Of 6501 insects collected 91.2% fall on H. acanthopus. 99.8% of lice were collected from rodents of which the main hosts are Clethrionomys rufocanus and Microtus fortis. The active reproduction of insects takes place in a warm period. High abundance indices were registered from April to July: abundance indices were from 0.6 to 3.0; occurrence indices--from 10.1 to 24.9%.", "contents": "[Fauna and ecology of small mammal lice in Priamur'e]. Lice occurring on small mammals of Priamurje are represented by six species. Of 6501 insects collected 91.2% fall on H. acanthopus. 99.8% of lice were collected from rodents of which the main hosts are Clethrionomys rufocanus and Microtus fortis. The active reproduction of insects takes place in a warm period. High abundance indices were registered from April to July: abundance indices were from 0.6 to 3.0; occurrence indices--from 10.1 to 24.9%."}
{"id": "PMID:865885", "title": "[Local population of helminths].", "content": "A local population of any species of helminths is considered to be an assemblage of its individuals pressentas i the organisms of all categories of hosts from corresponding demes so in the environment within the limits of the latter. Its borders coinside with the limits of the activity zone of the definitive host (hosts) which contains a spreading phase of helminths, mature individuals, and is represented by a local population. The borders of the population area are affected by daily and seasonal fluctuations but at the same time rather constant within a long time. The number of the population in different parts of its area can be dissimilar. It is also characterized by many-year fluctuations (pulsation in the number) having a specific character for each species. It is supposed that control of helminths of a given population will be effective mainly in the period of natural recession and depression of its number. Birds-migrants do not cause great changes in the population number though the birds can play a significant part in the formation of new populations in new biotopes.", "contents": "[Local population of helminths]. A local population of any species of helminths is considered to be an assemblage of its individuals pressentas i the organisms of all categories of hosts from corresponding demes so in the environment within the limits of the latter. Its borders coinside with the limits of the activity zone of the definitive host (hosts) which contains a spreading phase of helminths, mature individuals, and is represented by a local population. The borders of the population area are affected by daily and seasonal fluctuations but at the same time rather constant within a long time. The number of the population in different parts of its area can be dissimilar. It is also characterized by many-year fluctuations (pulsation in the number) having a specific character for each species. It is supposed that control of helminths of a given population will be effective mainly in the period of natural recession and depression of its number. Birds-migrants do not cause great changes in the population number though the birds can play a significant part in the formation of new populations in new biotopes."}
{"id": "PMID:865886", "title": "[One classification of the monogeneans of the Microcotylidae family].", "content": "The division of the family Microcotylidae suggested by Unnithan, 1971 into subordinate taxons is quite unsatisfactory. A detailed analysis has shown that all the subfamilies erected by Unnithan due to some reasons or others are invalid. Of 13 new genera six are synonyms of other earlier known genera, one is nomen preoccupatum, one genus is doubtful and only five genera are valid. However, three genera of these five need a serious revision since they represent a conglomerate of non-allied species and one genus requires some emmendations.", "contents": "[One classification of the monogeneans of the Microcotylidae family]. The division of the family Microcotylidae suggested by Unnithan, 1971 into subordinate taxons is quite unsatisfactory. A detailed analysis has shown that all the subfamilies erected by Unnithan due to some reasons or others are invalid. Of 13 new genera six are synonyms of other earlier known genera, one is nomen preoccupatum, one genus is doubtful and only five genera are valid. However, three genera of these five need a serious revision since they represent a conglomerate of non-allied species and one genus requires some emmendations."}
{"id": "PMID:865910", "title": "Diagnostic evaluation of hypertensive children.", "content": "The approach to the diagnosis of established hypertension in childhood can be systematized and focused. The investigation of affected children evolves in an orderly fashion based on data collected from a thorough history and physical examination. Laboratory tests, in the majority of children, can then be selected on the basis of the highest index of suspicion. The cause is often not obscure, and the need to order tests related to several organ systems is avoidable. In a small percentage of patients, however, usually younger children, the cause of hypertension remains obscure until detailed investigations have been performed.", "contents": "Diagnostic evaluation of hypertensive children. The approach to the diagnosis of established hypertension in childhood can be systematized and focused. The investigation of affected children evolves in an orderly fashion based on data collected from a thorough history and physical examination. Laboratory tests, in the majority of children, can then be selected on the basis of the highest index of suspicion. The cause is often not obscure, and the need to order tests related to several organ systems is avoidable. In a small percentage of patients, however, usually younger children, the cause of hypertension remains obscure until detailed investigations have been performed."}
{"id": "PMID:865912", "title": "Management of hypertensive crisis in children.", "content": "The availability and rapidity of onset of pharmacologic agents for the treatment of hypertensive crisis allow the pediatrician to treat nearly every case effectively. Diazoxide seems to be the agent of choice as a first drug for the patient with encephalopathy. Failure of the blood pressure to respond to this agent should lead to consideration of the use of sodium nitroprusside. The possibility of the presence of a cathecholamine-secreting tumor should also be considered in these rare patients. In less severe cases, reserpine and hydralazine--alone or in combination--offer sufficiently rapid and prolonged action to prevent the development of encephalopathy in patients with acute elevations of blood pressure.", "contents": "Management of hypertensive crisis in children. The availability and rapidity of onset of pharmacologic agents for the treatment of hypertensive crisis allow the pediatrician to treat nearly every case effectively. Diazoxide seems to be the agent of choice as a first drug for the patient with encephalopathy. Failure of the blood pressure to respond to this agent should lead to consideration of the use of sodium nitroprusside. The possibility of the presence of a cathecholamine-secreting tumor should also be considered in these rare patients. In less severe cases, reserpine and hydralazine--alone or in combination--offer sufficiently rapid and prolonged action to prevent the development of encephalopathy in patients with acute elevations of blood pressure."}
{"id": "PMID:865915", "title": "RNA synthesizing activities and glucocorticoid binding capacities in thymus cells during rat development.", "content": "This investigation was designed to study specific glucocorticoid binding to cytoplasmic fraction and nuclei of thymus cells during rat development and to find out whether these data can be correlated to changes of RNA synthesizing activity of nuclei and cytoplasm. The dexamethasone binding capacity of cytoplasm rose rapidly in rats weighing up to 125 g and decreased significantly in animals weighing more than 160 g. Hormone binding to nuclei revealed similar but less pronounced changes. RNA synthesizing activity of nuclei measured by [3H]uridine incorporation in vitro decreased from 57 +/- 4.6 dpm/microng DNA in young to 23 +/- 2.2 dpm/microng DNA in adult rats. RNA synthesizing activity of the cytoplasmic fraction fell 21.6% and that of purified polymerase IIIB fell 27.8% during development. Inhibition of RNA synthesis by dexamethasone applied in vivo and in vitro showed age-dependent differences. The RNA synthesizing capacity of nuclei was inhibited up to 39% in animals weighing 130 g and only 9% in aging rats. Similar changes were observed by incubation of intact thymocytes with and without hormone. The observed inhibitory effect of dexamethasone on RNA synthesis is well correlated to changes of cytoplasmic hormone receptor capacities during development.", "contents": "RNA synthesizing activities and glucocorticoid binding capacities in thymus cells during rat development. This investigation was designed to study specific glucocorticoid binding to cytoplasmic fraction and nuclei of thymus cells during rat development and to find out whether these data can be correlated to changes of RNA synthesizing activity of nuclei and cytoplasm. The dexamethasone binding capacity of cytoplasm rose rapidly in rats weighing up to 125 g and decreased significantly in animals weighing more than 160 g. Hormone binding to nuclei revealed similar but less pronounced changes. RNA synthesizing activity of nuclei measured by [3H]uridine incorporation in vitro decreased from 57 +/- 4.6 dpm/microng DNA in young to 23 +/- 2.2 dpm/microng DNA in adult rats. RNA synthesizing activity of the cytoplasmic fraction fell 21.6% and that of purified polymerase IIIB fell 27.8% during development. Inhibition of RNA synthesis by dexamethasone applied in vivo and in vitro showed age-dependent differences. The RNA synthesizing capacity of nuclei was inhibited up to 39% in animals weighing 130 g and only 9% in aging rats. Similar changes were observed by incubation of intact thymocytes with and without hormone. The observed inhibitory effect of dexamethasone on RNA synthesis is well correlated to changes of cytoplasmic hormone receptor capacities during development."}
{"id": "PMID:865916", "title": "Early postnatal metabolism of amino acids in rat.", "content": "The production of 14CO2 from glutamate and alanine studied in the newborn rat after injection of labeled precursors was intense and revealed an important catabolism from 130 nmol/hr in a 0-hr neonate to 2000 nmol/hr in 3-week-old rat. The degradative metabolism of leucine was low at birth (10 nmol/hr), but increased up to 500 nmol/hr in 3-week-old rat. Phenylalanine was practically not metabolized into CO2, but its incorporation into protein was higher than leucine, alanine, and glutamate incorporation. Glucose is the major fuel utilized by newborn rat for its energy supply (300-560 nmol/hr). However, the relative part of amino acids in energy production is important in the early neonate (0 and 1 hr after birth).", "contents": "Early postnatal metabolism of amino acids in rat. The production of 14CO2 from glutamate and alanine studied in the newborn rat after injection of labeled precursors was intense and revealed an important catabolism from 130 nmol/hr in a 0-hr neonate to 2000 nmol/hr in 3-week-old rat. The degradative metabolism of leucine was low at birth (10 nmol/hr), but increased up to 500 nmol/hr in 3-week-old rat. Phenylalanine was practically not metabolized into CO2, but its incorporation into protein was higher than leucine, alanine, and glutamate incorporation. Glucose is the major fuel utilized by newborn rat for its energy supply (300-560 nmol/hr). However, the relative part of amino acids in energy production is important in the early neonate (0 and 1 hr after birth)."}
{"id": "PMID:865917", "title": "Effect of maternal malnutrition on matrix cell proliferation in the cerebrum of mouse embryo: an autoradiographic study.", "content": "Thirty pregnant mice were undernourished by providing low protein diets (PM) or providing approximately one-third their normal diets (PCM) for 9 days from the 8th to the 16th day of gestation. Another 15 pregnant mice, which were fed a normal diet, served as the control. On the 16th day of gestation, all animals were injected with a single does of [3H]thymidine and were killed one by one at 1- or 2-hr intervals. Mean litter size was statistically insignificant between the control group and two malnourished groups. There was, however, a significant difference in mean body weight between the control group and two malnourished groups (P less than 0.005). The cerebral cortex at this stage of development consisted of three different layers, i.e., the cortical plate, the migratory zone, and the matrix layer. The width of the cortical plate of the malnourished embryos was significantly smaller (P less than 0.001). There was, however, no significant difference in width of the migratory zone between the control and the malnourished groups. The width of the matrix layer in PM was significantly smaller (P less than 0.001), but that of PCM showed no significant difference from the control (P greater than 0.1). Coronal section of the brains of the embryos were processed for autoradiography. Labeled cells were found almost exclusively at the matrix layer surrounding the lateral ventricels. Labeling index counted in the matrix layer after 1 or 2 hr of [3H]thymidine injection indicated that more than 30% of the cells in this layer were always synthesizing DNA in each group of embryos. The generation times of the matrix cell, precursor of the neurons, in the matrix layer were approximately 18.5 hr in the control and 21.5 hr and 21.8 hr in the malnourished embryos, thus indicating about 3 hr of prolongation in the latter. DNA synthetic time was about 6.5 hr in the control and 7.0 hr and 7.0 hr in the two malnourished groups. The postduplication time was about 2.5 hr in the control and 3.0 hr and 3.5 hr in the malnourished. The preduplication time was about 8.8 hr in the control and 10.6 hr and 10.3 hr in the malnourished.", "contents": "Effect of maternal malnutrition on matrix cell proliferation in the cerebrum of mouse embryo: an autoradiographic study. Thirty pregnant mice were undernourished by providing low protein diets (PM) or providing approximately one-third their normal diets (PCM) for 9 days from the 8th to the 16th day of gestation. Another 15 pregnant mice, which were fed a normal diet, served as the control. On the 16th day of gestation, all animals were injected with a single does of [3H]thymidine and were killed one by one at 1- or 2-hr intervals. Mean litter size was statistically insignificant between the control group and two malnourished groups. There was, however, a significant difference in mean body weight between the control group and two malnourished groups (P less than 0.005). The cerebral cortex at this stage of development consisted of three different layers, i.e., the cortical plate, the migratory zone, and the matrix layer. The width of the cortical plate of the malnourished embryos was significantly smaller (P less than 0.001). There was, however, no significant difference in width of the migratory zone between the control and the malnourished groups. The width of the matrix layer in PM was significantly smaller (P less than 0.001), but that of PCM showed no significant difference from the control (P greater than 0.1). Coronal section of the brains of the embryos were processed for autoradiography. Labeled cells were found almost exclusively at the matrix layer surrounding the lateral ventricels. Labeling index counted in the matrix layer after 1 or 2 hr of [3H]thymidine injection indicated that more than 30% of the cells in this layer were always synthesizing DNA in each group of embryos. The generation times of the matrix cell, precursor of the neurons, in the matrix layer were approximately 18.5 hr in the control and 21.5 hr and 21.8 hr in the malnourished embryos, thus indicating about 3 hr of prolongation in the latter. DNA synthetic time was about 6.5 hr in the control and 7.0 hr and 7.0 hr in the two malnourished groups. The postduplication time was about 2.5 hr in the control and 3.0 hr and 3.5 hr in the malnourished. The preduplication time was about 8.8 hr in the control and 10.6 hr and 10.3 hr in the malnourished."}
{"id": "PMID:865918", "title": "A familial defect of neutrophil chemotaxis with asthma, eczema, and recurrent skin infections.", "content": "A defect in chemotaxis of peripheral blood polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN's) was demonstrated in both parents and three of four children in a single family afflicted with varying degrees of respiratory allergy, unusual onset of severe eczema in the first month of life, and recurrent bacterial skin infections. Of great interest was the identification of HLA-B12 at the B locus in all affected members but not in the unaffected child. The two children known since infancy to be most severely affected with eczema and recurrent infections are HLA identical and homozygous for HLA-B12. The child without eczema and infections had an intermediate cellular chemotactic defect most apparent on kinetic studies.", "contents": "A familial defect of neutrophil chemotaxis with asthma, eczema, and recurrent skin infections. A defect in chemotaxis of peripheral blood polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN's) was demonstrated in both parents and three of four children in a single family afflicted with varying degrees of respiratory allergy, unusual onset of severe eczema in the first month of life, and recurrent bacterial skin infections. Of great interest was the identification of HLA-B12 at the B locus in all affected members but not in the unaffected child. The two children known since infancy to be most severely affected with eczema and recurrent infections are HLA identical and homozygous for HLA-B12. The child without eczema and infections had an intermediate cellular chemotactic defect most apparent on kinetic studies."}
{"id": "PMID:865919", "title": "Serial measurements of serum calcium, magnesium, parathyroid hormone, calcitonin, and 25-hydroxy-vitamin D in premature and term infants during the first week of life.", "content": "The mean +/- SEM of the cord, 48-hr, and 7-day values for serum calcium, magnesium, human calcitonin (HCT), parathyroid hormone (PTH), and 25-hydroxy-vitamin D (25-OHD) for premature and term infants can be seen in Table 1. Mean cord calcium concentrations were similar for term and premature infants. Serum calcium concentrations fell in both term and premature infants at 48 hr, but decreased more in the premature infants (from 10.23 +/- 0.30 to 8.74 +/- 0.19 mg/dl) than in the term infants (from 10.5 +/- 0.26 to 9.6 +/- 0.23 mg/dl). Serum calcium values increased from 48 hr to 7 days in both groups, and there was no significant difference between term and premature infants' serum calcium concentrations (10.6 +/- 0.28 and 10.12 +/- 0.3 mg/dl, respectively) at that time. There was no significant difference between term and premature cord serum magnesium concentrations. Serum magnesium concentrations increased similarly by 48 hr in both groups and remained at these concentrations at 7 days of life. Serum HCT concentrations were elevated above normal adult levels (71.9 +/- 6.6 pg/ml, 81% less than 100 pg/ml, n = 63) in both premature and term cord sera, but premature cord concentrations (146 +/- 24 pg/ml) were significantly higher than term cord concentration (91 +/- 21 pg/ml). Both term and premature infants displayed a 2-3-fold increase in serum HCT by 48 hr and a partial fall by 7 days to concentrations still above those seen in cord sera (Fig. 1). Nine of 10 premature and 9 of 10 term infants had undetectable PTH concentrations in cord sera. In two premature infants, PTH serum concenttration remained undetectable at 48 hr. However, the majority of both premature and term infants had elevated levels of PTH at 48 hr. The mean PTH concentrations were lower but still elevated at 7 days with the suggestion of higher concentrations in premature infants (Fig 2). There were no significant differences in serum 25-OHD concentrations between term and premature sera at birth or at 7 days. There was a weakly positive correlation between 25-OHD and cord calcium (r = 0.45, P less than 0.05), and a negative correlation between cord calcium and 48-hr PTH (r = -0.53, P less than 0.01). Calcium and magnesium were significantly positively correlated in 48-hr (r = 0.83) and 7-day (r = 0.84) sera in premature infants but not in term infants. Cord 25-OHD and cord HCT levels were significantly positively correlated (r = 0.80, P less than 0.01) in the term infants but not the premature infants.", "contents": "Serial measurements of serum calcium, magnesium, parathyroid hormone, calcitonin, and 25-hydroxy-vitamin D in premature and term infants during the first week of life. The mean +/- SEM of the cord, 48-hr, and 7-day values for serum calcium, magnesium, human calcitonin (HCT), parathyroid hormone (PTH), and 25-hydroxy-vitamin D (25-OHD) for premature and term infants can be seen in Table 1. Mean cord calcium concentrations were similar for term and premature infants. Serum calcium concentrations fell in both term and premature infants at 48 hr, but decreased more in the premature infants (from 10.23 +/- 0.30 to 8.74 +/- 0.19 mg/dl) than in the term infants (from 10.5 +/- 0.26 to 9.6 +/- 0.23 mg/dl). Serum calcium values increased from 48 hr to 7 days in both groups, and there was no significant difference between term and premature infants' serum calcium concentrations (10.6 +/- 0.28 and 10.12 +/- 0.3 mg/dl, respectively) at that time. There was no significant difference between term and premature cord serum magnesium concentrations. Serum magnesium concentrations increased similarly by 48 hr in both groups and remained at these concentrations at 7 days of life. Serum HCT concentrations were elevated above normal adult levels (71.9 +/- 6.6 pg/ml, 81% less than 100 pg/ml, n = 63) in both premature and term cord sera, but premature cord concentrations (146 +/- 24 pg/ml) were significantly higher than term cord concentration (91 +/- 21 pg/ml). Both term and premature infants displayed a 2-3-fold increase in serum HCT by 48 hr and a partial fall by 7 days to concentrations still above those seen in cord sera (Fig. 1). Nine of 10 premature and 9 of 10 term infants had undetectable PTH concentrations in cord sera. In two premature infants, PTH serum concenttration remained undetectable at 48 hr. However, the majority of both premature and term infants had elevated levels of PTH at 48 hr. The mean PTH concentrations were lower but still elevated at 7 days with the suggestion of higher concentrations in premature infants (Fig 2). There were no significant differences in serum 25-OHD concentrations between term and premature sera at birth or at 7 days. There was a weakly positive correlation between 25-OHD and cord calcium (r = 0.45, P less than 0.05), and a negative correlation between cord calcium and 48-hr PTH (r = -0.53, P less than 0.01). Calcium and magnesium were significantly positively correlated in 48-hr (r = 0.83) and 7-day (r = 0.84) sera in premature infants but not in term infants. Cord 25-OHD and cord HCT levels were significantly positively correlated (r = 0.80, P less than 0.01) in the term infants but not the premature infants."}
{"id": "PMID:865920", "title": "Magnesium deficiency anemia in the rat fetus.", "content": "Magnesium-deficient fetuses exhibited malformations (44%), anemia, and edema. Maternal plasma magnesium levels at day 21 of pregnancy reflected the level of dietary magnesium (2.43 +/- 0.09 mg Mg/100 ml, control; 0.74 +/- 0.02 mg Mg/100 ml, deficient). Plasma magnesium levels of deficient fetuses showed similar decreases although all fetal magnesium values at term were hihger than maternal values from the same group (3.29 +/- 0.22 mg Mg/100 ml, control; 1.78 +/- 0.07 mg Mg/100 ml, deficient). Magnesium deficiency did not appear to affect the maternal blood parameters. However, when fetal blood was examined, all of the parameters measured were altered in magnesum-deficient fetuses (Table 2). No abnormalities in hemoglobin bands or plasma proteins were seen between any groups by electrophoresis. Measurement of total protein contents showed no differences between maternal blood protein contents, but total plasma protein from magnesium-deficient fetuses was significantly lower than controls (2.00 +/- 0.14 versus 2.62 +/- 0.13 g/100 ml), thus establishing a factor in fetal edema production. Morphologic data showed that in magnesium-deficient fetuses, fetal erythropoiesis was significantly greater in liver, adrenal glands, and spleen than in controls and that maturation was normoblastic. Stained and unstained peripheral blood smears of magnesium-deficient fetuses showed and obvious macrocytosis and at least 50% of the red cells stained abnormally, exhibiting pale areas. Erythrocytic morphology seen in fetal magnesium deficiency is consistent with inadequate filling of the cell by hemoglobin as suggested by Cohlan et al. (5), a probable cause of membrane collapse. The inadequate filling of magnesium-deficient red blood cells (RBC) with hemoglobin might be explained by a reduction in hemoglobin synthesis which is consistent with the reduced mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH) and MCH concentration (MCHC) of the deficient fetal red cells. The role of magnesium in protein synthesis is also compatible with a reduction in hemoglobin synthesis, yet may not completely explain the abnormalities and resultant shortened lifespan of the red cells.", "contents": "Magnesium deficiency anemia in the rat fetus. Magnesium-deficient fetuses exhibited malformations (44%), anemia, and edema. Maternal plasma magnesium levels at day 21 of pregnancy reflected the level of dietary magnesium (2.43 +/- 0.09 mg Mg/100 ml, control; 0.74 +/- 0.02 mg Mg/100 ml, deficient). Plasma magnesium levels of deficient fetuses showed similar decreases although all fetal magnesium values at term were hihger than maternal values from the same group (3.29 +/- 0.22 mg Mg/100 ml, control; 1.78 +/- 0.07 mg Mg/100 ml, deficient). Magnesium deficiency did not appear to affect the maternal blood parameters. However, when fetal blood was examined, all of the parameters measured were altered in magnesum-deficient fetuses (Table 2). No abnormalities in hemoglobin bands or plasma proteins were seen between any groups by electrophoresis. Measurement of total protein contents showed no differences between maternal blood protein contents, but total plasma protein from magnesium-deficient fetuses was significantly lower than controls (2.00 +/- 0.14 versus 2.62 +/- 0.13 g/100 ml), thus establishing a factor in fetal edema production. Morphologic data showed that in magnesium-deficient fetuses, fetal erythropoiesis was significantly greater in liver, adrenal glands, and spleen than in controls and that maturation was normoblastic. Stained and unstained peripheral blood smears of magnesium-deficient fetuses showed and obvious macrocytosis and at least 50% of the red cells stained abnormally, exhibiting pale areas. Erythrocytic morphology seen in fetal magnesium deficiency is consistent with inadequate filling of the cell by hemoglobin as suggested by Cohlan et al. (5), a probable cause of membrane collapse. The inadequate filling of magnesium-deficient red blood cells (RBC) with hemoglobin might be explained by a reduction in hemoglobin synthesis which is consistent with the reduced mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH) and MCH concentration (MCHC) of the deficient fetal red cells. The role of magnesium in protein synthesis is also compatible with a reduction in hemoglobin synthesis, yet may not completely explain the abnormalities and resultant shortened lifespan of the red cells."}
{"id": "PMID:865921", "title": "An electron microscopic cytochemical study on concanavalin A binding sites and their mobility in normal and cystic fibrosis fibroblasts in vitro.", "content": "Concanavalin A (Con A) binding sites were visualized ultrastructurally in the cultured fibroblasts from cystic fibrosis patients, obligatory heterozygotes, and normal individuals by peroxidase labeling technique. Con A binding sites were localized as a continuous layer on the external side of the plasma membrane in fixed fibroblasts of the three genotypes. In living cells, Con A induces both lateral and vertical movements of binding sites as expressed by cap formation and internalization of the plasma membrane. Fibroblasts of the three genotypes responded similarly to Con A treatment and failed to show significant detectable differences.", "contents": "An electron microscopic cytochemical study on concanavalin A binding sites and their mobility in normal and cystic fibrosis fibroblasts in vitro. Concanavalin A (Con A) binding sites were visualized ultrastructurally in the cultured fibroblasts from cystic fibrosis patients, obligatory heterozygotes, and normal individuals by peroxidase labeling technique. Con A binding sites were localized as a continuous layer on the external side of the plasma membrane in fixed fibroblasts of the three genotypes. In living cells, Con A induces both lateral and vertical movements of binding sites as expressed by cap formation and internalization of the plasma membrane. Fibroblasts of the three genotypes responded similarly to Con A treatment and failed to show significant detectable differences."}
{"id": "PMID:865922", "title": "Effect of the level of dietary protein intake on fat absorption in children.", "content": "The quantity and quality of protein in the diet affect both nitrogen balance and energy utilization in man. One possible mechanism is by a direct effect on the process of fat digestion and absorption. The effect on fat absorption of feeding diets providing 0%, 6.4%, or 12.5% of energy as protein was assessed in nine children. Liquid diets were prepared by high speed blending of calcium caseinate, a soy-cottonsed oil blend (80:20), sucrose, water, vitamins, and a mineral mixture and fed by bottle five times per day. Diets varied in the amount of protein and were fed to maintain constant the intakes of fat and carbohydrate. All children began by consuming the diet providing 6.4% of energy as protein for a period of 6 days: 3 days of adaptation, 3-day dietary periods and metabolic collections followed in one of two sequences: 12.5%, 0%, 6.4% energy as protein in five children; 0%, 12.5%, 6.4% energy as protein in four. Mean fat excretion during the two 6.4% periods did not differ significantly (initial 14.5 +/- 6% of intake; final, 11.7 +/- 5.0% of intake). Fat excretion was significantly greater during the period when no protein was consumed (23.9 +/- 7.7% of intake) than during either the period in which protein provided 6.4% of energy (P less than 0.01) or during that in which protein provided 12.5% of energy (10.0 +/- 2.6% of intake, P less than 0.001). The difference between the 6.4% and 12.5% periods did not attain significance (P = 0.10). Fecal fat expressed as a percentage of fecal dry weight was significantly greater during periods when the diet contained no protein than during periods in which protein provided either 6.4% (P less than 0.05) or 12.5% (P less than 0.01) of energy. Additional studies were carried out in a similar fashion in six children consuming diets in which protein provided 5%, 9.6%, and 15% of energy. All six possible dietary sequences were used. At these intakes fat excretion did not vary significantly with protein intake.", "contents": "Effect of the level of dietary protein intake on fat absorption in children. The quantity and quality of protein in the diet affect both nitrogen balance and energy utilization in man. One possible mechanism is by a direct effect on the process of fat digestion and absorption. The effect on fat absorption of feeding diets providing 0%, 6.4%, or 12.5% of energy as protein was assessed in nine children. Liquid diets were prepared by high speed blending of calcium caseinate, a soy-cottonsed oil blend (80:20), sucrose, water, vitamins, and a mineral mixture and fed by bottle five times per day. Diets varied in the amount of protein and were fed to maintain constant the intakes of fat and carbohydrate. All children began by consuming the diet providing 6.4% of energy as protein for a period of 6 days: 3 days of adaptation, 3-day dietary periods and metabolic collections followed in one of two sequences: 12.5%, 0%, 6.4% energy as protein in five children; 0%, 12.5%, 6.4% energy as protein in four. Mean fat excretion during the two 6.4% periods did not differ significantly (initial 14.5 +/- 6% of intake; final, 11.7 +/- 5.0% of intake). Fat excretion was significantly greater during the period when no protein was consumed (23.9 +/- 7.7% of intake) than during either the period in which protein provided 6.4% of energy (P less than 0.01) or during that in which protein provided 12.5% of energy (10.0 +/- 2.6% of intake, P less than 0.001). The difference between the 6.4% and 12.5% periods did not attain significance (P = 0.10). Fecal fat expressed as a percentage of fecal dry weight was significantly greater during periods when the diet contained no protein than during periods in which protein provided either 6.4% (P less than 0.05) or 12.5% (P less than 0.01) of energy. Additional studies were carried out in a similar fashion in six children consuming diets in which protein provided 5%, 9.6%, and 15% of energy. All six possible dietary sequences were used. At these intakes fat excretion did not vary significantly with protein intake."}
{"id": "PMID:865923", "title": "Toxicity and tissue distribution of aminophyline in neonatal and adult mice and rats.", "content": "The LD50 of aminophylline in adult mice differed from young mice and rats of both ages, in which the values were remarkably similar (Table 1). With the exception of fat, which had lower concentrations in all groups, tissue concentrations after a 4 mg/kg rectal dose of aminophylline in the 10-day-old animals ranged from 10-20 microng/g as compared to 4-10 microng/g in the adults (Table 2). To evaluate preferential distribution, an analysis of tissue to blood concentration ratios was made. All ratios approximated 1.0 except fat which had a ratio of 0.1-06. The neonates of each species had significantly higher tissue to blood ratios for brain, heart, small intestine, skeletal muscle, and fat (P less than 0.05). Brain to plasma and brain to blood ratios were very similar ranging from 0.4-1.3 in adults versus 0.8-1.7 in neonates. Consideration of the time course indicated a trend toward unit, with the overall ratio in both groups being 1.15 at 2 hr. However, at all earlier time periods the ratios were clearly higher in neonates. Administration of aminophylline intraperitoneally to produce serum concentrations of theophylline far in excess of the 10-20 microng/ml considered to be safe and effective in clinical use did not decrease bilirubin levels in young or old Gunn rats (Fig. 1).", "contents": "Toxicity and tissue distribution of aminophyline in neonatal and adult mice and rats. The LD50 of aminophylline in adult mice differed from young mice and rats of both ages, in which the values were remarkably similar (Table 1). With the exception of fat, which had lower concentrations in all groups, tissue concentrations after a 4 mg/kg rectal dose of aminophylline in the 10-day-old animals ranged from 10-20 microng/g as compared to 4-10 microng/g in the adults (Table 2). To evaluate preferential distribution, an analysis of tissue to blood concentration ratios was made. All ratios approximated 1.0 except fat which had a ratio of 0.1-06. The neonates of each species had significantly higher tissue to blood ratios for brain, heart, small intestine, skeletal muscle, and fat (P less than 0.05). Brain to plasma and brain to blood ratios were very similar ranging from 0.4-1.3 in adults versus 0.8-1.7 in neonates. Consideration of the time course indicated a trend toward unit, with the overall ratio in both groups being 1.15 at 2 hr. However, at all earlier time periods the ratios were clearly higher in neonates. Administration of aminophylline intraperitoneally to produce serum concentrations of theophylline far in excess of the 10-20 microng/ml considered to be safe and effective in clinical use did not decrease bilirubin levels in young or old Gunn rats (Fig. 1)."}
{"id": "PMID:865934", "title": "Changes in tonsillectomy rates associated with feedback and review.", "content": "Among 13 Vermont Hospital Service Areas, tonsillectomy rates decreased over a five-year period. In 1969, the rates in seven areas exceeded the estimated United States national rate; by 1973, the average rate for all areas had declined 46% and only one area remained above the U.S. rate. Much of the change occurred after feedback of data to the Vermont State Medical Society demonstrating 1969 variations. In 12 of the 13 areas, the relationship between feedback and change in clinical practices could not be documented; however, physicians in the area with the highest rate reviewed the indications for tonsillectomy and adopted a second opinion procedure for reviewing candidates for the surgery. The experience suggests that feedback of population-based data on incidence of procedures may be a valuable tool for the peer review process.", "contents": "Changes in tonsillectomy rates associated with feedback and review. Among 13 Vermont Hospital Service Areas, tonsillectomy rates decreased over a five-year period. In 1969, the rates in seven areas exceeded the estimated United States national rate; by 1973, the average rate for all areas had declined 46% and only one area remained above the U.S. rate. Much of the change occurred after feedback of data to the Vermont State Medical Society demonstrating 1969 variations. In 12 of the 13 areas, the relationship between feedback and change in clinical practices could not be documented; however, physicians in the area with the highest rate reviewed the indications for tonsillectomy and adopted a second opinion procedure for reviewing candidates for the surgery. The experience suggests that feedback of population-based data on incidence of procedures may be a valuable tool for the peer review process."}
{"id": "PMID:865935", "title": "Vertigo in children: differential diagnosis and treatment.", "content": "A study of vertigo in 50 children showed that a careful neurological examination should be performed for all patients. A detailed family and personal history to find possible episodes of loss of consciousness or seizures should be obtained; 13 children with vertiginous seizures had a positive family history for seizures and 5 had febrile seizures in infancy. Electroencephalograms should be obtained in all instances of vertigo occurrence.", "contents": "Vertigo in children: differential diagnosis and treatment. A study of vertigo in 50 children showed that a careful neurological examination should be performed for all patients. A detailed family and personal history to find possible episodes of loss of consciousness or seizures should be obtained; 13 children with vertiginous seizures had a positive family history for seizures and 5 had febrile seizures in infancy. Electroencephalograms should be obtained in all instances of vertigo occurrence."}
{"id": "PMID:865936", "title": "Twelve years' experience with bronchopulmonary dysplasia.", "content": "A retrospective study of 299 successive infants who were ventilated for respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) showed that 62 (21%) developed radiographic stage VI bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD). The largest, most mature, and least ill infants tended to survive without developing BPD; the smallest, least mature, and most ill infants tended to die without developing BPD. The patients who developed BPD  tended to be intermediate in terms of weight, maturity, and severity of disease; they required longer exposures to elevated oxygen and assisted ventilation than patients who did not develop BPD. The data suggest that in addition to varying individual susceptibility (primarily degree of immaturity and initial severity of disease), elevated oxygen is more important than mechanical ventilation in the pathogenesis of BPD.", "contents": "Twelve years' experience with bronchopulmonary dysplasia. A retrospective study of 299 successive infants who were ventilated for respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) showed that 62 (21%) developed radiographic stage VI bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD). The largest, most mature, and least ill infants tended to survive without developing BPD; the smallest, least mature, and most ill infants tended to die without developing BPD. The patients who developed BPD  tended to be intermediate in terms of weight, maturity, and severity of disease; they required longer exposures to elevated oxygen and assisted ventilation than patients who did not develop BPD. The data suggest that in addition to varying individual susceptibility (primarily degree of immaturity and initial severity of disease), elevated oxygen is more important than mechanical ventilation in the pathogenesis of BPD."}
{"id": "PMID:865937", "title": "Persistent interstitial pulmonary emphysema: another complication of the respiratory distress syndrome.", "content": "Persistent interstitial pulmonary emphysema (PIPE) was observed in 22 infants during the neonatal period. All of the infants experienced respiratory distress during the first few days of life, and 21 of them were treated for the respiratory distress syndrome with artificial ventilation or oxygen or both. Ten infants developed a localized form of PIPE, with air-filled interstitial cysts measuring up to 3.0 cm in diameter confined to one or more lobes of lung. The involved segment of lung was resected in seven of these infants, all of whom survived. The remaining three died and autopsies were performed. A diffuse form of PIPE was observed in the other 12 infants. Numerous cysts that were predominantly small (less than 0.3 cm) were seen in all lobes of both lungs. These infants received high concentrations of oxygen for prolonged periods, resulting in bronchopulmonary dysplasia in 11 of the infants. All 12 infants died. PIPE is characterized histologically by air-filled interstitial cysts partially lined by multi-nucleated giant cells.", "contents": "Persistent interstitial pulmonary emphysema: another complication of the respiratory distress syndrome. Persistent interstitial pulmonary emphysema (PIPE) was observed in 22 infants during the neonatal period. All of the infants experienced respiratory distress during the first few days of life, and 21 of them were treated for the respiratory distress syndrome with artificial ventilation or oxygen or both. Ten infants developed a localized form of PIPE, with air-filled interstitial cysts measuring up to 3.0 cm in diameter confined to one or more lobes of lung. The involved segment of lung was resected in seven of these infants, all of whom survived. The remaining three died and autopsies were performed. A diffuse form of PIPE was observed in the other 12 infants. Numerous cysts that were predominantly small (less than 0.3 cm) were seen in all lobes of both lungs. These infants received high concentrations of oxygen for prolonged periods, resulting in bronchopulmonary dysplasia in 11 of the infants. All 12 infants died. PIPE is characterized histologically by air-filled interstitial cysts partially lined by multi-nucleated giant cells."}
{"id": "PMID:865938", "title": "Hypoventilation during sleep in children who have lymphoid airway obstruction treated by nasopharyngeal tube and T and A.", "content": "Three children with sleep apnea, alveolar hypoventilation, apparent mental retardation, and poor growth associated with chronically enlarged tonsils and adenoids were treated with the use of a nasopharyngeal tube followed by tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy. The effectiveness of this therapy was documented by polygraphic recording of sleep stages and respirations, and by correlation with serial arterial blood gases and pH. The nasopharyngeal tube was well tolerated, easy to use, and effective in diagnosis and treatment. We suggest that its use be further evaluated in patients with obstructive apnea.", "contents": "Hypoventilation during sleep in children who have lymphoid airway obstruction treated by nasopharyngeal tube and T and A. Three children with sleep apnea, alveolar hypoventilation, apparent mental retardation, and poor growth associated with chronically enlarged tonsils and adenoids were treated with the use of a nasopharyngeal tube followed by tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy. The effectiveness of this therapy was documented by polygraphic recording of sleep stages and respirations, and by correlation with serial arterial blood gases and pH. The nasopharyngeal tube was well tolerated, easy to use, and effective in diagnosis and treatment. We suggest that its use be further evaluated in patients with obstructive apnea."}
{"id": "PMID:865939", "title": "Noninvasive evaluation of the pediatric airway: a recent advance.", "content": "Visualization of the pediatric airway is now possible by new noninvasive radiologic methodology--the magnification high kilovoltage (Mag-high KV) technique. Clinical expamles of airway diseases are presented to show the ease and utility by which precise diagnoses can be made. The dynamic aspect of airway evaluation is discussed. The Mag-high KV technique is also valuable for the number of invasive procedures it prevents.", "contents": "Noninvasive evaluation of the pediatric airway: a recent advance. Visualization of the pediatric airway is now possible by new noninvasive radiologic methodology--the magnification high kilovoltage (Mag-high KV) technique. Clinical expamles of airway diseases are presented to show the ease and utility by which precise diagnoses can be made. The dynamic aspect of airway evaluation is discussed. The Mag-high KV technique is also valuable for the number of invasive procedures it prevents."}
{"id": "PMID:865940", "title": "Effect of exchange transfusion on bilirubin binding.", "content": "The bilirubin titration point--the lowest bilirubin concentration at which loosely bound bilirubin could be demonstrated by Sephadex gel filtration--was determined in samples collected before, during, and on completion of 17 exchange transfusions as well as in the discarded and donor blood. The bilirubin titration point expressed either as bilirubin concentration or as bilirubin/albumin molar ratio failed to be increased by the exchange transfusion and, in each case at the end of the procedure, the titration point was below the expected level, assuming that the donor albumin was going to retain its binding properties in the infant's circulation. The bilirubin titration point was also depressed in the discarded blood, and the depression was inversely related to the amount of bilirubin removed by the exchange transfusion (expressed as mg/kg of body weight/mg of initial bilirubin concentration). These results are interpreted as an indication that interfering substances are responsible for the decreased binding of bilirubin in newborn, particularly preterm, infants. In practical terms the criteria for a repeat exchange transfusion should be the same as for the initial one, as no change in the bilirubin binding properties of the serum is likely to occur following exchange transfusion.", "contents": "Effect of exchange transfusion on bilirubin binding. The bilirubin titration point--the lowest bilirubin concentration at which loosely bound bilirubin could be demonstrated by Sephadex gel filtration--was determined in samples collected before, during, and on completion of 17 exchange transfusions as well as in the discarded and donor blood. The bilirubin titration point expressed either as bilirubin concentration or as bilirubin/albumin molar ratio failed to be increased by the exchange transfusion and, in each case at the end of the procedure, the titration point was below the expected level, assuming that the donor albumin was going to retain its binding properties in the infant's circulation. The bilirubin titration point was also depressed in the discarded blood, and the depression was inversely related to the amount of bilirubin removed by the exchange transfusion (expressed as mg/kg of body weight/mg of initial bilirubin concentration). These results are interpreted as an indication that interfering substances are responsible for the decreased binding of bilirubin in newborn, particularly preterm, infants. In practical terms the criteria for a repeat exchange transfusion should be the same as for the initial one, as no change in the bilirubin binding properties of the serum is likely to occur following exchange transfusion."}
{"id": "PMID:865941", "title": "Children with cystic fibrosis: I. Psychological test findings of patients, siblings, and parents.", "content": "Psychological evaluation of 43 families, each with a child with cystic fibrosis, is reported. Personality testing of the parents showed that 32% of the fathers and 22% of the mothers obtained scores in the range suggestive of emotional disturbance. The Family-Concept O Sort assessment of family interaction indicated that the primary effect of having a child with cystic fibrosis was in terms of decreased family satisfaction and family adjustment. The results do not support previous estimates of an increased incidence of emotional disturbance in children with cystic fibrosis. Evidence for negative psychological impact of chronic illness on sibling development was also lacking. Future research would benefit from a focus on the strengths and resilience of children with cystic fibrosis and their families.", "contents": "Children with cystic fibrosis: I. Psychological test findings of patients, siblings, and parents. Psychological evaluation of 43 families, each with a child with cystic fibrosis, is reported. Personality testing of the parents showed that 32% of the fathers and 22% of the mothers obtained scores in the range suggestive of emotional disturbance. The Family-Concept O Sort assessment of family interaction indicated that the primary effect of having a child with cystic fibrosis was in terms of decreased family satisfaction and family adjustment. The results do not support previous estimates of an increased incidence of emotional disturbance in children with cystic fibrosis. Evidence for negative psychological impact of chronic illness on sibling development was also lacking. Future research would benefit from a focus on the strengths and resilience of children with cystic fibrosis and their families."}
{"id": "PMID:865942", "title": "Fibromuscular dysplasia as a cause of stroke in infancy and childhood.", "content": "Two children had abrupt onset of hemiplegia due to childhood fibromuscular dysplasia (FMD). Although FMD is a recognized cause of strokes in adults, the disorder has not, to our knowledge, been reported previously in children. Our report reviews the pathology and diagnosis of FMD and discusses the complexities of its treatment.", "contents": "Fibromuscular dysplasia as a cause of stroke in infancy and childhood. Two children had abrupt onset of hemiplegia due to childhood fibromuscular dysplasia (FMD). Although FMD is a recognized cause of strokes in adults, the disorder has not, to our knowledge, been reported previously in children. Our report reviews the pathology and diagnosis of FMD and discusses the complexities of its treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:865943", "title": "Serum concentration and serum half-life of digoxin in premature and mature newborns.", "content": "Serum concentrations and half-life times of digoxin were determined in ten mature and nine premature newborns. Median serum digoxin concentration was 2.3 ng/ml (1.2 to 3.5 ng/ml) in mature newborns and 2.4 ng/ml (1.5 to 4.5 ng/ml) in premature newborns. Median serum digoxin half-life was 35 hours (17 to 52 hours) in mature newborns and 57 hours (38 to 88 hours) in premature newborns. The difference in serum digoxin half-life between the two groups is statistically significant. The relatively long serum digoxin half-life in premature newborns is probably due to immature renal function in this group. The data emphasize the need for cautious digoxin administration, especially in premature infants.", "contents": "Serum concentration and serum half-life of digoxin in premature and mature newborns. Serum concentrations and half-life times of digoxin were determined in ten mature and nine premature newborns. Median serum digoxin concentration was 2.3 ng/ml (1.2 to 3.5 ng/ml) in mature newborns and 2.4 ng/ml (1.5 to 4.5 ng/ml) in premature newborns. Median serum digoxin half-life was 35 hours (17 to 52 hours) in mature newborns and 57 hours (38 to 88 hours) in premature newborns. The difference in serum digoxin half-life between the two groups is statistically significant. The relatively long serum digoxin half-life in premature newborns is probably due to immature renal function in this group. The data emphasize the need for cautious digoxin administration, especially in premature infants."}
{"id": "PMID:865944", "title": "Kerion caused by Trichophyton verrucosum.", "content": "A 12-year-old girl developed a severe inflammatory fungal infection of the scalp caused by Trichophyton verrucosm. The infection resulted in scarring alopecia. The natural history, differential diagnosis, pathogenesis, and treatment of this infection of the skin are reviewed.", "contents": "Kerion caused by Trichophyton verrucosum. A 12-year-old girl developed a severe inflammatory fungal infection of the scalp caused by Trichophyton verrucosm. The infection resulted in scarring alopecia. The natural history, differential diagnosis, pathogenesis, and treatment of this infection of the skin are reviewed."}
{"id": "PMID:865945", "title": "Hemoglobin-oxygen equilibrium in cystic fibrosis.", "content": "A study of 35 patients with cystic fibrosis demonstrated that increasing severity of pulmonary involvement was associated with a mild but definite increase in erythrocyte 2,3-diphosphoglycerate (2,3-DPG) and a decrease in hemoglobin affinity for oxygen. The predominant regulators of 2,3-DPG were blood pH, cardiac output, and systemic oxygen transport. No significant relationship was observed between erythrocyte 2,3-DPG content and arterial oxygen tension. Hypophosphatemia may have prevented a greater increase in erythrocyte 2,3-DPG content. The inadequate increase in 2,3-DPG and consequent insufficient change in hemoglobin-oxygen affinity, coupled with an insufficient compensatory erythrocytic response, may adversely affect tissue oxygenation in patients with severe cystic fibrosis.", "contents": "Hemoglobin-oxygen equilibrium in cystic fibrosis. A study of 35 patients with cystic fibrosis demonstrated that increasing severity of pulmonary involvement was associated with a mild but definite increase in erythrocyte 2,3-diphosphoglycerate (2,3-DPG) and a decrease in hemoglobin affinity for oxygen. The predominant regulators of 2,3-DPG were blood pH, cardiac output, and systemic oxygen transport. No significant relationship was observed between erythrocyte 2,3-DPG content and arterial oxygen tension. Hypophosphatemia may have prevented a greater increase in erythrocyte 2,3-DPG content. The inadequate increase in 2,3-DPG and consequent insufficient change in hemoglobin-oxygen affinity, coupled with an insufficient compensatory erythrocytic response, may adversely affect tissue oxygenation in patients with severe cystic fibrosis."}
{"id": "PMID:865946", "title": "The lacrimo-auriculo-dento-digital syndrome.", "content": "A mother and son had an autosomal-dominant malformation syndrome that included absence of the lacrimal puncta, obstruction of the nasolacrimal ducts, hearing loss, poor dentition, and abnormal thumbs. The son also had severe hypertension with renal anomalies and absence of several salivary glands. Affected members of the only other reported family also had cup-shaped ears and synostosis of the radius and ulna. Early recognition of this disorder is important because of the possibility that the affected infant may have hearing loss and kidney malformations.", "contents": "The lacrimo-auriculo-dento-digital syndrome. A mother and son had an autosomal-dominant malformation syndrome that included absence of the lacrimal puncta, obstruction of the nasolacrimal ducts, hearing loss, poor dentition, and abnormal thumbs. The son also had severe hypertension with renal anomalies and absence of several salivary glands. Affected members of the only other reported family also had cup-shaped ears and synostosis of the radius and ulna. Early recognition of this disorder is important because of the possibility that the affected infant may have hearing loss and kidney malformations."}
{"id": "PMID:865947", "title": "Sj\u00f6gren's syndrome in children.", "content": "Sj\u00f6gren's syndrome is a relatively uncommon condition in the pediatric age group. The clinical and immunological features of this disease in childhood have not been adequately described in the literature. Herein, we present details of the clinical features and results of laboratory investigations including minor salivary gland biopsy, parotid scintigraphy, and renal biopsy on two children with Sj\u00f6gren's syndrome associated with systemic lupus erythematosus.", "contents": "Sj\u00f6gren's syndrome in children. Sj\u00f6gren's syndrome is a relatively uncommon condition in the pediatric age group. The clinical and immunological features of this disease in childhood have not been adequately described in the literature. Herein, we present details of the clinical features and results of laboratory investigations including minor salivary gland biopsy, parotid scintigraphy, and renal biopsy on two children with Sj\u00f6gren's syndrome associated with systemic lupus erythematosus."}
{"id": "PMID:865949", "title": "Juvenile dermatitis herpetiformis: an immunologically proven case.", "content": "Subepidermal blistering diseases of childhood have, in the past, been thought to represent cases of juvenile dermatitis herpetiformis, bullous pemphigoid, or benign chronic bullous dermatosis of childhood. While the small-blister variety closely resembles adult-type dermatitis herpetiformis, the large-blister, or bullous, variety has clinical and histologic resemblances to bullous pemphigoid. The patient presented in this report clearly fits previous descriptions of the large-blister type of juvenile dermatitis herpetiformis, bullous pemphigoid, or benign chronic bullous dermatosis of childhood both clinically and histologically, while his therapeutic response to dapsone and the presence of in vivo bound IgA at the basement membrane of normal and perilesional skin are highly characteristic of the adult type of dermatitis herpetiformis. Immunofluorescent studies of similar cases reported in the literature, however, have shown variable results, thus obscuring their classification. Though the proper place of all such cases in the nosology of blistering diseases is not yet clear, at least some of them closely resemble adult-type dermatitis herpetiformis by two important criteria--immunologic and therapeutic.", "contents": "Juvenile dermatitis herpetiformis: an immunologically proven case. Subepidermal blistering diseases of childhood have, in the past, been thought to represent cases of juvenile dermatitis herpetiformis, bullous pemphigoid, or benign chronic bullous dermatosis of childhood. While the small-blister variety closely resembles adult-type dermatitis herpetiformis, the large-blister, or bullous, variety has clinical and histologic resemblances to bullous pemphigoid. The patient presented in this report clearly fits previous descriptions of the large-blister type of juvenile dermatitis herpetiformis, bullous pemphigoid, or benign chronic bullous dermatosis of childhood both clinically and histologically, while his therapeutic response to dapsone and the presence of in vivo bound IgA at the basement membrane of normal and perilesional skin are highly characteristic of the adult type of dermatitis herpetiformis. Immunofluorescent studies of similar cases reported in the literature, however, have shown variable results, thus obscuring their classification. Though the proper place of all such cases in the nosology of blistering diseases is not yet clear, at least some of them closely resemble adult-type dermatitis herpetiformis by two important criteria--immunologic and therapeutic."}
{"id": "PMID:865954", "title": "Traumatic perforation of the pharynx in the newborn.", "content": "Two newborn, low-birth-weight infants with traumatic perforation of the pharynx and an additional 18 previously reported cases are presented. Injury produced by pharyngeal suction catheters and nasogastric and endotracheal tubes is generally unrecognized until the baby develops signs of esophageal obstruction or radiographic evidence of pharyngeal perforation, usually in the posterior mediastinum. The catheter may enter the pericardial space. Conservative management with intravenous antibiotics and a feeding gastrostomy is favored, except in instances that require mediastinal decompression. The key to prevention is the use of soft-tipped suction catheters and nasogastric tubes and careful visualization of the cords during endotracheal intubation. The use of metal stylets to direct the endotracheal tube is condemned. Pediatrics, 56:1019-1022, 1977, PHARYNX, PERFORATION, SUCTION CATHETER, NASOGASTRIC TUBE, ENDOTRACHEAL TUBE, METAL STYLET.", "contents": "Traumatic perforation of the pharynx in the newborn. Two newborn, low-birth-weight infants with traumatic perforation of the pharynx and an additional 18 previously reported cases are presented. Injury produced by pharyngeal suction catheters and nasogastric and endotracheal tubes is generally unrecognized until the baby develops signs of esophageal obstruction or radiographic evidence of pharyngeal perforation, usually in the posterior mediastinum. The catheter may enter the pericardial space. Conservative management with intravenous antibiotics and a feeding gastrostomy is favored, except in instances that require mediastinal decompression. The key to prevention is the use of soft-tipped suction catheters and nasogastric tubes and careful visualization of the cords during endotracheal intubation. The use of metal stylets to direct the endotracheal tube is condemned. Pediatrics, 56:1019-1022, 1977, PHARYNX, PERFORATION, SUCTION CATHETER, NASOGASTRIC TUBE, ENDOTRACHEAL TUBE, METAL STYLET."}
{"id": "PMID:865955", "title": "The lack of effects of phototherapy on neonatal oxygen dissociation curves and hemoglobin concentration in vivo.", "content": "Phototherapy has been shown to cause hemolysis of fetal red cells and a shift to the right in the neonatal oxygen dissociation curve (deltaP50) in vitro. To determine if these parameters act similarly in vivo, we have studied 16 icteric infants before and after phototherapy and compared them with eight control infants studied at birth and at 3 days of age, measuring the change in P50, 2,3-diphosphoglycerate (2,3-DPG), serum bilirubin, the percent of bilirubin/albumin saturation, and the hemoglobin concentration in the two groups. Following phototherapy, in the icteric infants there was a shift to the right in the O2 dissociation curve of + 1.7 mm Hg, a rise in 2,3-DPG of 2.26 micronmol/gm Hb, a fall in serum bilirubin of 4.3 mg/100 ml, a decrease in percent bilirubin/albumin saturation of 12.4%, and a drop in hemoglobin of 1.1 gm/100 ml. The control group showed a deltaP50 of + 2.0 mm Hg, a rise in 2,3-DPG of 3.67 micronmol/gm Hb, an increase in serum bilirubin of 3.2 mg/100 ml, an increase in percent bilirubin/albumin saturation of 9.3%, and a fall in hemoglobin of 0.3 gm/100 ml. Significant differences between the groups were seen only in the changes in bilirubin concentration and percent bilirubin/albumin satruation. The magnitude of changes in P50, 2,3-DPG, and hemoglobin concentration was similar in the phototherapy and control groups and was related to the expected changes with reference to postnatal age. These results suggest that phototherapy in vivo neither affects (fetal erythrocytic affinity for oxygen nor causes hemolysis. Pediatrics, 59:1027-1031, 1977 PHOTOTHERAPY, 2,3-DIPHOSPHOGLYCERATE, HEMOLYSIS, NEWBORN INFANT.", "contents": "The lack of effects of phototherapy on neonatal oxygen dissociation curves and hemoglobin concentration in vivo. Phototherapy has been shown to cause hemolysis of fetal red cells and a shift to the right in the neonatal oxygen dissociation curve (deltaP50) in vitro. To determine if these parameters act similarly in vivo, we have studied 16 icteric infants before and after phototherapy and compared them with eight control infants studied at birth and at 3 days of age, measuring the change in P50, 2,3-diphosphoglycerate (2,3-DPG), serum bilirubin, the percent of bilirubin/albumin saturation, and the hemoglobin concentration in the two groups. Following phototherapy, in the icteric infants there was a shift to the right in the O2 dissociation curve of + 1.7 mm Hg, a rise in 2,3-DPG of 2.26 micronmol/gm Hb, a fall in serum bilirubin of 4.3 mg/100 ml, a decrease in percent bilirubin/albumin saturation of 12.4%, and a drop in hemoglobin of 1.1 gm/100 ml. The control group showed a deltaP50 of + 2.0 mm Hg, a rise in 2,3-DPG of 3.67 micronmol/gm Hb, an increase in serum bilirubin of 3.2 mg/100 ml, an increase in percent bilirubin/albumin saturation of 9.3%, and a fall in hemoglobin of 0.3 gm/100 ml. Significant differences between the groups were seen only in the changes in bilirubin concentration and percent bilirubin/albumin satruation. The magnitude of changes in P50, 2,3-DPG, and hemoglobin concentration was similar in the phototherapy and control groups and was related to the expected changes with reference to postnatal age. These results suggest that phototherapy in vivo neither affects (fetal erythrocytic affinity for oxygen nor causes hemolysis. Pediatrics, 59:1027-1031, 1977 PHOTOTHERAPY, 2,3-DIPHOSPHOGLYCERATE, HEMOLYSIS, NEWBORN INFANT."}
{"id": "PMID:865956", "title": "Percutaneous arterial sampling using transillumination.", "content": "Percutaneous arterial sampling was performed using transillumination. A success rate of 96% was obtained when sampling the radial, ulnar, posterior tibial, and dorsalis pedis arteries. Although small hematomas were produced despite pressure, no serious complications of infection, thrombotic obstruction, or thermal injury occurred. We conclude that the use of transillumination for arterial sampling is a safe technique that permits rapid sampling of very superficial peripheral arteries, allows visual confirmation of the Allen test for estimation of collateral flow, and would perhaps aid in arterial cannulation. Pediatrics, 59:1032-1035, 1977, TRANSILLUMINATION, ARTERIAL SAMPLING.", "contents": "Percutaneous arterial sampling using transillumination. Percutaneous arterial sampling was performed using transillumination. A success rate of 96% was obtained when sampling the radial, ulnar, posterior tibial, and dorsalis pedis arteries. Although small hematomas were produced despite pressure, no serious complications of infection, thrombotic obstruction, or thermal injury occurred. We conclude that the use of transillumination for arterial sampling is a safe technique that permits rapid sampling of very superficial peripheral arteries, allows visual confirmation of the Allen test for estimation of collateral flow, and would perhaps aid in arterial cannulation. Pediatrics, 59:1032-1035, 1977, TRANSILLUMINATION, ARTERIAL SAMPLING."}
{"id": "PMID:865957", "title": "Umbilical artery catheterization by a cutdown procedure.", "content": "In severely ill newborns conventional methods of umbilical artery catheterization sometimes fail to achieve a functioning intravascular line. In 18 of 19 such newborns requiring umbilical artery catheters for optimal management, successful catheterization was attained using a cutdown procedure on the umbilical arteries. Vascular perforation within the anulus umbilicalis, tunica intima invagination ahead of an advancing catheter, and subintimal cannulation were defined as the causes of initial catheterization failure in all 19 newborns.", "contents": "Umbilical artery catheterization by a cutdown procedure. In severely ill newborns conventional methods of umbilical artery catheterization sometimes fail to achieve a functioning intravascular line. In 18 of 19 such newborns requiring umbilical artery catheters for optimal management, successful catheterization was attained using a cutdown procedure on the umbilical arteries. Vascular perforation within the anulus umbilicalis, tunica intima invagination ahead of an advancing catheter, and subintimal cannulation were defined as the causes of initial catheterization failure in all 19 newborns."}
{"id": "PMID:865966", "title": "Language development in 2-year-old normal and risk infants.", "content": "A variety of language measures was obtained on two groups of 2-year-old infants matched for social class but differing in terms of birth conditions. One group, a high risk group, contained infants who suffered from RDS, birth asphyxia, hypercalcemia, and hyperglycemia while another group consisted of normal infants. The results of the language tests revealed that the high risk group showed poorer performance than the normal subjects. Other tests of perceptual-cognitive development revealed little difference between the groups. The data suggest that the assessment of early trauma needs to employ a variety of measures, especially those which are related to the unfolding skills appropriate for the particular age group studied. Pediatrics, 59:982-986, 1977, LANGUAGE DEVELOPMENT HIGH RISK, BIRTH ASPHYXIA, RESPIRATORY DISTRESS SYNDROME (RDS).", "contents": "Language development in 2-year-old normal and risk infants. A variety of language measures was obtained on two groups of 2-year-old infants matched for social class but differing in terms of birth conditions. One group, a high risk group, contained infants who suffered from RDS, birth asphyxia, hypercalcemia, and hyperglycemia while another group consisted of normal infants. The results of the language tests revealed that the high risk group showed poorer performance than the normal subjects. Other tests of perceptual-cognitive development revealed little difference between the groups. The data suggest that the assessment of early trauma needs to employ a variety of measures, especially those which are related to the unfolding skills appropriate for the particular age group studied. Pediatrics, 59:982-986, 1977, LANGUAGE DEVELOPMENT HIGH RISK, BIRTH ASPHYXIA, RESPIRATORY DISTRESS SYNDROME (RDS)."}
{"id": "PMID:865967", "title": "Renal failure during the first year of life.", "content": "All cases of persistent renal failure in infants less than 1 year of age were reviewed to determine whether the prognosis has improved equally for infants as for adults. During a ten-year period, 52 infants were treated by applying uniform therapy; 28, more than half, were less than 4 weeks old. All cases were separated into two groups; 19 infants without and 33 infants with congenital renal or urinary tract anomalies. In 20 patients of the latter group, additional serious anomalies of other organs were present. The age distribution was strikingly different: in 18 of 21 infants, renal anomalies were present, as diagnosed on the first day of life. In contrast, only 3 of 11 infants, 4 to 12 months old, had urinary tract anomalies. In infants without renal anomalies, renal failure was caused by hypotension or shock in 10 of 19 cases, by pyelonephritis or sepsis un 6 of 19. Of this group, eight infants (42%) recovered completely, nine (47%) died. Death occurred within one to two days of hospitalization in all but three cases, caused by shock or sepsis. In this group medical problems that are amenable to therapy have caused either renal failure or contributed to the infant's death. In infants with renal or urinary tract anomalies, renal failure was caused by renal dysplasia or agenesis in 16 of 33 infants, by urinary tract obstruction in 12 of 33. Only three patients (9%) recovered, all older than 4 months, 20 (61%) died, and 10 are living with signs of chronic renal failure. Death usually occurred within one week of hospitalization and, in 16 of 20, it was caused by renal failure and multiple additional anomalies. The multiplicity and complexity of the congenital anomalies in most instances precluded effective, lifesaving therapy. Renal failure in infants is still a serious disease accompained by a high mortality rate in which therapeutic possibilities are limited. No improvement in prognosis can be expected in the near future. Pediatrics, 59:987-994, 1977, RENAL FAILURE, CONGENITAL RENAL ANOMALIES, INFANT, ISCHEMIC RENAL DAMAGE.", "contents": "Renal failure during the first year of life. All cases of persistent renal failure in infants less than 1 year of age were reviewed to determine whether the prognosis has improved equally for infants as for adults. During a ten-year period, 52 infants were treated by applying uniform therapy; 28, more than half, were less than 4 weeks old. All cases were separated into two groups; 19 infants without and 33 infants with congenital renal or urinary tract anomalies. In 20 patients of the latter group, additional serious anomalies of other organs were present. The age distribution was strikingly different: in 18 of 21 infants, renal anomalies were present, as diagnosed on the first day of life. In contrast, only 3 of 11 infants, 4 to 12 months old, had urinary tract anomalies. In infants without renal anomalies, renal failure was caused by hypotension or shock in 10 of 19 cases, by pyelonephritis or sepsis un 6 of 19. Of this group, eight infants (42%) recovered completely, nine (47%) died. Death occurred within one to two days of hospitalization in all but three cases, caused by shock or sepsis. In this group medical problems that are amenable to therapy have caused either renal failure or contributed to the infant's death. In infants with renal or urinary tract anomalies, renal failure was caused by renal dysplasia or agenesis in 16 of 33 infants, by urinary tract obstruction in 12 of 33. Only three patients (9%) recovered, all older than 4 months, 20 (61%) died, and 10 are living with signs of chronic renal failure. Death usually occurred within one week of hospitalization and, in 16 of 20, it was caused by renal failure and multiple additional anomalies. The multiplicity and complexity of the congenital anomalies in most instances precluded effective, lifesaving therapy. Renal failure in infants is still a serious disease accompained by a high mortality rate in which therapeutic possibilities are limited. No improvement in prognosis can be expected in the near future. Pediatrics, 59:987-994, 1977, RENAL FAILURE, CONGENITAL RENAL ANOMALIES, INFANT, ISCHEMIC RENAL DAMAGE."}
{"id": "PMID:866038", "title": "Paced auditory serial-addition task: a measure of recovery from concussion.", "content": "The need for a measure of severity of concussion apart from duration of post-traumatic amnesia is examined. The paced auditory serial-addition test, a measure of rate of information processing, is presented as a convenient test for estimating individual performance during recovery. Procedures for administration and control data are given, and the programme used for managing the rehabilitation of concussion patients described.", "contents": "Paced auditory serial-addition task: a measure of recovery from concussion. The need for a measure of severity of concussion apart from duration of post-traumatic amnesia is examined. The paced auditory serial-addition test, a measure of rate of information processing, is presented as a convenient test for estimating individual performance during recovery. Procedures for administration and control data are given, and the programme used for managing the rehabilitation of concussion patients described."}
{"id": "PMID:866040", "title": "Self-esteem of prisoners committing directly versus indirectly destructive crimes.", "content": "62 prisoners from a county jail and a state forensic hospital, having committed 12 types of crimes, were administered the Coopersmith Self-esteem Questionnaire and a biographical form. Self-esteem scores were compared across three classifications of destructiveness of criminal acts. A significant difference was found between self-esteem scores for those prisoners who were indirectly destructive to others and those prisoners who were directly destructive to others or to themselves. Also, prisoners who were on work release and/or in psychology classes tended to have higher self-esteem. No causality was inferred between the instruction in psychology and work-release programs and higher levels of prisoners' self-esteem.", "contents": "Self-esteem of prisoners committing directly versus indirectly destructive crimes. 62 prisoners from a county jail and a state forensic hospital, having committed 12 types of crimes, were administered the Coopersmith Self-esteem Questionnaire and a biographical form. Self-esteem scores were compared across three classifications of destructiveness of criminal acts. A significant difference was found between self-esteem scores for those prisoners who were indirectly destructive to others and those prisoners who were directly destructive to others or to themselves. Also, prisoners who were on work release and/or in psychology classes tended to have higher self-esteem. No causality was inferred between the instruction in psychology and work-release programs and higher levels of prisoners' self-esteem."}
{"id": "PMID:866041", "title": "Several variables of importance in the use of the cold pressor as a noxious stimulus in behavioral research.", "content": "To examine the effects of subject's sex, hand dominance, and spatial summation on cold pressor tolerance and discomfort, 80 subjects were randomly assigned to one of eight conditions using a 2 x 2 x 2 design. Analysis showed that females immersing the hand tolerated the stimulus significantly less time than males immersing the hand, females immersing the finger, or males immersing the finger. Female subjects reported significantly more pain than males, and subjects who immersed the hand reported significantly more pain than subjects who immersed the finger only. Implications are discussed.", "contents": "Several variables of importance in the use of the cold pressor as a noxious stimulus in behavioral research. To examine the effects of subject's sex, hand dominance, and spatial summation on cold pressor tolerance and discomfort, 80 subjects were randomly assigned to one of eight conditions using a 2 x 2 x 2 design. Analysis showed that females immersing the hand tolerated the stimulus significantly less time than males immersing the hand, females immersing the finger, or males immersing the finger. Female subjects reported significantly more pain than males, and subjects who immersed the hand reported significantly more pain than subjects who immersed the finger only. Implications are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:866042", "title": "Cross-cultural investigation of conservation of weight in Zambian adolescents and young adults.", "content": "The effect of cross-cultural factors in the acquisition of conservation of weight in adolescents and young adults was assessed. No significant differences were found between 25 Zambian female subjects and two control groups of U. S. high school (n = 52) and university female subjects (n = 34).", "contents": "Cross-cultural investigation of conservation of weight in Zambian adolescents and young adults. The effect of cross-cultural factors in the acquisition of conservation of weight in adolescents and young adults was assessed. No significant differences were found between 25 Zambian female subjects and two control groups of U. S. high school (n = 52) and university female subjects (n = 34)."}
{"id": "PMID:866043", "title": "Vividness of visual imagery and movement percepts on the Rorschach.", "content": "To determine whether individuals showing vivid imagery would produce more Movement responses on the Rorschach, subjects high and low in visual imagery (ns = 14) were compared. Contary to previous reports, no positive relationships were found between visual imagery and Rorschach M.", "contents": "Vividness of visual imagery and movement percepts on the Rorschach. To determine whether individuals showing vivid imagery would produce more Movement responses on the Rorschach, subjects high and low in visual imagery (ns = 14) were compared. Contary to previous reports, no positive relationships were found between visual imagery and Rorschach M."}
{"id": "PMID:866044", "title": "Threshold and reaction time to noxious stimulation: their relations with scores on Manifest Anxiety Scale and Maudsley Personality Inventory.", "content": "With 20 male Japanese undergraduates relationships between electric shock threshold and reaction time to electric shock with 10 v and personality factors were investigated. Significnat product-moment correlations of --.79 and --.69 between response to noxious stimulation and Manifest Anxiety and Maudsley Neuroticism scores were found.", "contents": "Threshold and reaction time to noxious stimulation: their relations with scores on Manifest Anxiety Scale and Maudsley Personality Inventory. With 20 male Japanese undergraduates relationships between electric shock threshold and reaction time to electric shock with 10 v and personality factors were investigated. Significnat product-moment correlations of --.79 and --.69 between response to noxious stimulation and Manifest Anxiety and Maudsley Neuroticism scores were found."}
{"id": "PMID:866045", "title": "Time perception and schizophrenia.", "content": "Time perception of 10 schizophrenic patients, 10 nonschizophrenic patients, and 10 normal subjects was compared. The method of estimation was used for four intervals ranging from 5 sec. to 120 sec.; the subject was required to perform a certain task until the experimenter stopped the subject and then to estimate the length of time spent working on the particular task. The results show significant differences between schizophrenics and other subjects in the judgment of 5-sec. intervals. The results partially confirm previous findings and suggest other possible trends not previously reported.", "contents": "Time perception and schizophrenia. Time perception of 10 schizophrenic patients, 10 nonschizophrenic patients, and 10 normal subjects was compared. The method of estimation was used for four intervals ranging from 5 sec. to 120 sec.; the subject was required to perform a certain task until the experimenter stopped the subject and then to estimate the length of time spent working on the particular task. The results show significant differences between schizophrenics and other subjects in the judgment of 5-sec. intervals. The results partially confirm previous findings and suggest other possible trends not previously reported."}
{"id": "PMID:866046", "title": "Cognitive set influences on Witkin's Rod-and-Frame Test.", "content": "Witkin's field-dependence theory is embroiled in conflict as research shows its primary assessment method, the Rod-and-frame Test, is influenced by situational events. This study explored the impact of an additional situational variable, locus of problem-solving data search, a cognitive set modified from Rotter's (1966) work. Two experimental groups of hospitalized alcoholics received standard Witkin instructions plus instructions emphasizing either an internal or external search for problem-solving cues. A control group received only Witkin's instructions. Aanlysis of variance showed the special instructions affected rod-and-frame scores in the predicted directions. The results were interpreted as indicating a need for a multi-factor approach to analyzing the complex relationships of the Rod-and-frame Test.", "contents": "Cognitive set influences on Witkin's Rod-and-Frame Test. Witkin's field-dependence theory is embroiled in conflict as research shows its primary assessment method, the Rod-and-frame Test, is influenced by situational events. This study explored the impact of an additional situational variable, locus of problem-solving data search, a cognitive set modified from Rotter's (1966) work. Two experimental groups of hospitalized alcoholics received standard Witkin instructions plus instructions emphasizing either an internal or external search for problem-solving cues. A control group received only Witkin's instructions. Aanlysis of variance showed the special instructions affected rod-and-frame scores in the predicted directions. The results were interpreted as indicating a need for a multi-factor approach to analyzing the complex relationships of the Rod-and-frame Test."}
{"id": "PMID:866047", "title": "Effects of Syosset's developmental learning program on self-concept: some preliminary data.", "content": "This study investigated the effects of a Developmental Learning Program upon self-concept of 40 children having trouble in school. While preliminary in nature, the results suggest that such a program may have a beneficial effect.", "contents": "Effects of Syosset's developmental learning program on self-concept: some preliminary data. This study investigated the effects of a Developmental Learning Program upon self-concept of 40 children having trouble in school. While preliminary in nature, the results suggest that such a program may have a beneficial effect."}
{"id": "PMID:866048", "title": "Sensory feedback does not cause selective adaptation of human \"command neurons\".", "content": "It has been proposed that body movements are partly controlled by a neural hierarchy, with cells at successively higher levels controlling increasing numbers of muscles engaged in functionally equivalent responses. In addition to physiological support for the hypothesis, obtained from infrahuman species, evidence from human subjects has been obtained in the form of negative transfer between successive similar responses. This negative transfer has been attributed to selective adaptation of \"command neurons\" in the human motor system. The present experiment found no evidence for negative (or positive) transfer between passive and active movements, suggesting that selective adaptation of human command neurons is caused by efference rather than afference.", "contents": "Sensory feedback does not cause selective adaptation of human \"command neurons\". It has been proposed that body movements are partly controlled by a neural hierarchy, with cells at successively higher levels controlling increasing numbers of muscles engaged in functionally equivalent responses. In addition to physiological support for the hypothesis, obtained from infrahuman species, evidence from human subjects has been obtained in the form of negative transfer between successive similar responses. This negative transfer has been attributed to selective adaptation of \"command neurons\" in the human motor system. The present experiment found no evidence for negative (or positive) transfer between passive and active movements, suggesting that selective adaptation of human command neurons is caused by efference rather than afference."}
{"id": "PMID:866049", "title": "Stuttering, speech rate, and the metronome effect.", "content": "Methodological inadequacies cast doubt on previous investigations of the hypothesis that metronome-paced speech reduces stuttering by slowing the rate of speech. In the present study, 6 stutterers' fluent speech rates were calculated by excluding the time occupied by stutters and pauses. The fluency-enhancing effect of metronome pacing was independent of speech rate.", "contents": "Stuttering, speech rate, and the metronome effect. Methodological inadequacies cast doubt on previous investigations of the hypothesis that metronome-paced speech reduces stuttering by slowing the rate of speech. In the present study, 6 stutterers' fluent speech rates were calculated by excluding the time occupied by stutters and pauses. The fluency-enhancing effect of metronome pacing was independent of speech rate."}
{"id": "PMID:866050", "title": "Relative effect of father's education and \"psychoticism\" on some measures of aptitude in Iran.", "content": "This paper compares differences in mean test scores of contrasting groups formed in terms of parental education and psychoticism. Subjects were 747 male and 239 female Iranian university applicants. Psychoticism was measured by a Persian adaptation of Eysenck's test. Mean differences between groups with very high and very low psychoticism scores on tests of general intelligence and Persian language are larger than those between groups with college-educated versus illiterate or semiliterate fathers. The reverse is found on a test of English language.", "contents": "Relative effect of father's education and \"psychoticism\" on some measures of aptitude in Iran. This paper compares differences in mean test scores of contrasting groups formed in terms of parental education and psychoticism. Subjects were 747 male and 239 female Iranian university applicants. Psychoticism was measured by a Persian adaptation of Eysenck's test. Mean differences between groups with very high and very low psychoticism scores on tests of general intelligence and Persian language are larger than those between groups with college-educated versus illiterate or semiliterate fathers. The reverse is found on a test of English language."}
{"id": "PMID:866051", "title": "Read-out times from iconic memory in normal and retarded adolescents.", "content": "The method limits was used to obtain an estimate of read-out times for a sample of 12 normal and 12 retarded subjects matched on chronological age. The procedure required tachistoscopic presentation of a stimulus array (2, 4, or 6 digits) for a variable duration, followed by a post-stimulus. The subject's task was to recall the digit indicated by the cue. The results indicated that read-out time (a) increased as the number of digits increased, (b) was longer for retardates relative to normals, and (c) decreased with practice for both intelligence groups. The implications of a read-out deficit in retarded individuals were discussed.", "contents": "Read-out times from iconic memory in normal and retarded adolescents. The method limits was used to obtain an estimate of read-out times for a sample of 12 normal and 12 retarded subjects matched on chronological age. The procedure required tachistoscopic presentation of a stimulus array (2, 4, or 6 digits) for a variable duration, followed by a post-stimulus. The subject's task was to recall the digit indicated by the cue. The results indicated that read-out time (a) increased as the number of digits increased, (b) was longer for retardates relative to normals, and (c) decreased with practice for both intelligence groups. The implications of a read-out deficit in retarded individuals were discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:866053", "title": "Physiognomic form perception: mature or immature?", "content": "The hypothesis that physiognomic perception, rather than being an immature mode, characterizing, in particular, children, primitives, and schizophrenics, is, instead, a basic mode, was tested. Children of both Eastern and Western parentage in Grades 3, 5, 6, and 11 were given the Physiognomic Form Perception Test, an instrument specially developed for testing physiognimic perception. No decrease with age in such perception was noted. Although there was a tendency for scores to increase with age for girls of Eastern origin, in general the scores do not increase with age. Physiognomic perception is apparently not acquired. Sex differences were not significant.", "contents": "Physiognomic form perception: mature or immature? The hypothesis that physiognomic perception, rather than being an immature mode, characterizing, in particular, children, primitives, and schizophrenics, is, instead, a basic mode, was tested. Children of both Eastern and Western parentage in Grades 3, 5, 6, and 11 were given the Physiognomic Form Perception Test, an instrument specially developed for testing physiognimic perception. No decrease with age in such perception was noted. Although there was a tendency for scores to increase with age for girls of Eastern origin, in general the scores do not increase with age. Physiognomic perception is apparently not acquired. Sex differences were not significant."}
{"id": "PMID:866054", "title": "Influence of training in visual perceptual discrimination on drawings by children.", "content": "This study attempted to determine empirically the influence of visual perceptual remediation on drawing utilizing educationally handicapped children of elementary age as subjects. The 34 girls and 78 boys were of average intelligence, with one-half of the subjects evidencing measured visual perceptual dysfunction. In each experimental group, 14 visual perceptually impaired (learning disabled) and 14 non-perceptually impaired (learning disordered) children received instruction on one of three commercially available visual perceptual remedial materials, Controls (28 subjects) received no special training. Prior to the training, subjects' drawings were collected, as well as after the 12-wk. intevention period by five graduate students in art education. The analysis of variance used to determine the effects of the intervention program on seven specified descriptors of drawing behavior yielded only one statistically significant descriptor, \"Non-awareness of Social Situations and Self vs Awareness of Social Situation and Self.\" There were no differences between the perceptually impaired and non-impaired subject groups on any of the drawing tasks.", "contents": "Influence of training in visual perceptual discrimination on drawings by children. This study attempted to determine empirically the influence of visual perceptual remediation on drawing utilizing educationally handicapped children of elementary age as subjects. The 34 girls and 78 boys were of average intelligence, with one-half of the subjects evidencing measured visual perceptual dysfunction. In each experimental group, 14 visual perceptually impaired (learning disabled) and 14 non-perceptually impaired (learning disordered) children received instruction on one of three commercially available visual perceptual remedial materials, Controls (28 subjects) received no special training. Prior to the training, subjects' drawings were collected, as well as after the 12-wk. intevention period by five graduate students in art education. The analysis of variance used to determine the effects of the intervention program on seven specified descriptors of drawing behavior yielded only one statistically significant descriptor, \"Non-awareness of Social Situations and Self vs Awareness of Social Situation and Self.\" There were no differences between the perceptually impaired and non-impaired subject groups on any of the drawing tasks."}
{"id": "PMID:866055", "title": "WAIS subtest score distributions of institutionalized retardates.", "content": "WAIS subtest scores for three samples of instiutionalized retardates, from the East Coast (n = 509), West Coast (n = 436), and Midwest (n = 113) were compared. The Midwest sample norms diverged most from the remaining two sets, but the most significant findings was the heterogeneity of the intratest variance, suggesting the influence of exogenous factors related to the institutional setting.", "contents": "WAIS subtest score distributions of institutionalized retardates. WAIS subtest scores for three samples of instiutionalized retardates, from the East Coast (n = 509), West Coast (n = 436), and Midwest (n = 113) were compared. The Midwest sample norms diverged most from the remaining two sets, but the most significant findings was the heterogeneity of the intratest variance, suggesting the influence of exogenous factors related to the institutional setting."}
{"id": "PMID:866056", "title": "Voluntary alpha control, visually evoked potentials, and peripheral physiological indicants of activation.", "content": "To test the hypothesis that voluntary alpha control is mediated in part through self-induced changes in cortical activation level and bodily arousal, changes in several physiological indicants of such activity were systematically examined as a function of the voluntary enhancement and suppression of scalp-recorded alpha activity. Following per-training, 6 subjects attempted to either produce or suppress alpha with eyes closed while receiving continuous anditory feedback of their alpha levels. The results were interpreted as offering tentative support for the hypothesis.", "contents": "Voluntary alpha control, visually evoked potentials, and peripheral physiological indicants of activation. To test the hypothesis that voluntary alpha control is mediated in part through self-induced changes in cortical activation level and bodily arousal, changes in several physiological indicants of such activity were systematically examined as a function of the voluntary enhancement and suppression of scalp-recorded alpha activity. Following per-training, 6 subjects attempted to either produce or suppress alpha with eyes closed while receiving continuous anditory feedback of their alpha levels. The results were interpreted as offering tentative support for the hypothesis."}
{"id": "PMID:866057", "title": "WAIS digit span differences between prisoners and psychiatric patients.", "content": "37 prisoners tended to exceed 29 psychiatric patients in having WAIS Digit Sapn scaled scores higher than the mean of their 5 other Verbal scaled scores. MMPI T scores were slightly to moderately inversely related to Digit Span performance.", "contents": "WAIS digit span differences between prisoners and psychiatric patients. 37 prisoners tended to exceed 29 psychiatric patients in having WAIS Digit Sapn scaled scores higher than the mean of their 5 other Verbal scaled scores. MMPI T scores were slightly to moderately inversely related to Digit Span performance."}
{"id": "PMID:866058", "title": "Time estimation and total subjective time.", "content": "Techniques for estimation of magnitude were used in a questionnaire given to 100 university students to test the hypothesis that the subjective duration of an interval of actual time decreases in proportion to total subjective time rather than total chronological age. The results supported the subjective time hypothesis for retrospective reports of perceived duration of a year at both one-half and one-quarter of the subject's present age. In both cases the subjective time hypothesis provided a better fit to the data than the chronological age model. The hypothesis of the subjective time model that subjective life-span is equal to the square root of the statistically expected life-span was also tested but was not confirmed.", "contents": "Time estimation and total subjective time. Techniques for estimation of magnitude were used in a questionnaire given to 100 university students to test the hypothesis that the subjective duration of an interval of actual time decreases in proportion to total subjective time rather than total chronological age. The results supported the subjective time hypothesis for retrospective reports of perceived duration of a year at both one-half and one-quarter of the subject's present age. In both cases the subjective time hypothesis provided a better fit to the data than the chronological age model. The hypothesis of the subjective time model that subjective life-span is equal to the square root of the statistically expected life-span was also tested but was not confirmed."}
{"id": "PMID:866059", "title": "Tactile-perceptual functioning as a factor in general psychological abilities.", "content": "This investigation was designed to study the influence of simple sensory perceptual ability (tactile perception) on various human abilities such as language acquisition, visuo-spatial problem solving, concept formation, motor skills, memory, and learning. Children with documented evidence of impaired brain functions (seizure disorder and corresponding EEG abnormality) and children without evidence or suspicion of neurological impairment were examined. The results suggest that tactile perceptual ability exerts a significant effect on the adequacy of a broad range of human abilities.", "contents": "Tactile-perceptual functioning as a factor in general psychological abilities. This investigation was designed to study the influence of simple sensory perceptual ability (tactile perception) on various human abilities such as language acquisition, visuo-spatial problem solving, concept formation, motor skills, memory, and learning. Children with documented evidence of impaired brain functions (seizure disorder and corresponding EEG abnormality) and children without evidence or suspicion of neurological impairment were examined. The results suggest that tactile perceptual ability exerts a significant effect on the adequacy of a broad range of human abilities."}
{"id": "PMID:866060", "title": "Hemispheric differences in simple reaction time to auditory stimuli of different frequencies.", "content": "To determine whether reaction time varies as a function of tone frequency and/or ear stimulated 27 adult subjects were presented with two two-tone series (1,000 Hz vs 2,500 Hz and 1,500 Hz vs 4,000 Hz) in a simple reaction-time paradigm. The analyses clearly indicated that the higher tone in each series and stimulation to the right ear resulted in significantly shorter reaction times. These results were interpreted as indicating that cerebral asymmetries are apparent in tasks and with stimuli that do not seem to require higher-order inferences regrading the functional organization of the cerebral hemispheres.", "contents": "Hemispheric differences in simple reaction time to auditory stimuli of different frequencies. To determine whether reaction time varies as a function of tone frequency and/or ear stimulated 27 adult subjects were presented with two two-tone series (1,000 Hz vs 2,500 Hz and 1,500 Hz vs 4,000 Hz) in a simple reaction-time paradigm. The analyses clearly indicated that the higher tone in each series and stimulation to the right ear resulted in significantly shorter reaction times. These results were interpreted as indicating that cerebral asymmetries are apparent in tasks and with stimuli that do not seem to require higher-order inferences regrading the functional organization of the cerebral hemispheres."}
{"id": "PMID:866061", "title": "Specific and general contour adaptation effects found using a selective adaptation paradigm.", "content": "There is evidence for discrete property analyzers in mammalian visual systems. Research has indicated that prolonged stimulation of such units reduces their sensitivity to subsequent stimulation. Psychophysical studies have employed this effect, terned selective adaptation, to study feature extractors in the human visual system. The purpose of this study was to determine the role of density and deviation in the adaptation figure on the recognition thresholds of simple and complex text figures. A selective adaptation paradigm was employed. A strict property analyzer model suggests that increases in density, deviation, or complexity should lead to an increased recognition time for the test figures. This was not confirmed. The complexity of the test figure had no effect on its recognition time. Both increased density and deviation did have an effect on the recognition times of the test figures. The results thus suggest that contour adaptation involves at least two processes: a general, probably peripheral effect due to the fatigue of visual receptor units and a more specific effect generated by the similarity between test figure and adaptation contours, independent of the site of stimulation.", "contents": "Specific and general contour adaptation effects found using a selective adaptation paradigm. There is evidence for discrete property analyzers in mammalian visual systems. Research has indicated that prolonged stimulation of such units reduces their sensitivity to subsequent stimulation. Psychophysical studies have employed this effect, terned selective adaptation, to study feature extractors in the human visual system. The purpose of this study was to determine the role of density and deviation in the adaptation figure on the recognition thresholds of simple and complex text figures. A selective adaptation paradigm was employed. A strict property analyzer model suggests that increases in density, deviation, or complexity should lead to an increased recognition time for the test figures. This was not confirmed. The complexity of the test figure had no effect on its recognition time. Both increased density and deviation did have an effect on the recognition times of the test figures. The results thus suggest that contour adaptation involves at least two processes: a general, probably peripheral effect due to the fatigue of visual receptor units and a more specific effect generated by the similarity between test figure and adaptation contours, independent of the site of stimulation."}
{"id": "PMID:866062", "title": "Parental perception and self-concept of gifted and average underachievers.", "content": "Self-concept and parental evaluation of their child's self-concept were investigated in fifth to eighth grade gifted and average achievers and underachievers (n = 134). In the average sample achievers had higher self-concepts than underachievers. In the gifted sample, the reverse was true; underachievers had higher self-concepts than achievers. In general, the parental evaluations of their children were unaffected by the child's performance in school. In the average sample only the mothers evaluated their underachieving children lower, whereas in the gifted sample there was no significant difference between parents' evaluations. A tentative explanation is offered for the relationship among giftedness, achievement, and self-concept.", "contents": "Parental perception and self-concept of gifted and average underachievers. Self-concept and parental evaluation of their child's self-concept were investigated in fifth to eighth grade gifted and average achievers and underachievers (n = 134). In the average sample achievers had higher self-concepts than underachievers. In the gifted sample, the reverse was true; underachievers had higher self-concepts than achievers. In general, the parental evaluations of their children were unaffected by the child's performance in school. In the average sample only the mothers evaluated their underachieving children lower, whereas in the gifted sample there was no significant difference between parents' evaluations. A tentative explanation is offered for the relationship among giftedness, achievement, and self-concept."}
{"id": "PMID:866063", "title": "Cognitive control of pain: four serendipitous results.", "content": "The experiment was designed to determine whether specific cognitive strategies are effective in reducing pain. Subjects were tested either on cold pain or pressure pain. Although the cognitive strategies did not significantly alter pain tolerance or pain intensity, the following four findings emerged: (a) males and females responded in a similar manner to the painful stimuli, (b) both the experimental subjects and the controls had surprisingly high tolerance of pain, (c) subjects typically generated their own thoughts and images to control pain, and (d) subjects responded to cold pain and to pressure pain in a similar manner.", "contents": "Cognitive control of pain: four serendipitous results. The experiment was designed to determine whether specific cognitive strategies are effective in reducing pain. Subjects were tested either on cold pain or pressure pain. Although the cognitive strategies did not significantly alter pain tolerance or pain intensity, the following four findings emerged: (a) males and females responded in a similar manner to the painful stimuli, (b) both the experimental subjects and the controls had surprisingly high tolerance of pain, (c) subjects typically generated their own thoughts and images to control pain, and (d) subjects responded to cold pain and to pressure pain in a similar manner."}
{"id": "PMID:866064", "title": "Relationship between the Geriatric Interpersonal Evaluation Scale and the WAIS Verbal Scale.", "content": "27 psychogeriatric patients at Harlem Valley Psychiatric Center were tested by separate examiners on the WAIS Verbal Scale and the Geriatric Interpersonal Evaluation Scale to determine the relationship between these two tests. The sample was restricted to patients who were judged clinically to be \"in contact,\" i.e., oriented as to time, place, and person. The correlation between the WAIS Verbal IQs and the geriatirc scale raw scores was .80; correlations with the individual verbal subscale scores ranged from .58 to .76. Relative advantages and disadvantages of the geriatric scale are discussed.", "contents": "Relationship between the Geriatric Interpersonal Evaluation Scale and the WAIS Verbal Scale. 27 psychogeriatric patients at Harlem Valley Psychiatric Center were tested by separate examiners on the WAIS Verbal Scale and the Geriatric Interpersonal Evaluation Scale to determine the relationship between these two tests. The sample was restricted to patients who were judged clinically to be \"in contact,\" i.e., oriented as to time, place, and person. The correlation between the WAIS Verbal IQs and the geriatirc scale raw scores was .80; correlations with the individual verbal subscale scores ranged from .58 to .76. Relative advantages and disadvantages of the geriatric scale are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:866065", "title": "Development of a mechanism for detection of error and retention of a graded motor response.", "content": "Several methods for developing an internal mechanism for error detection were compared to determine the extent to which a self-paced response could be acquired and retained without knowledge of results. During training, blindfolded subjects attempted to learn a positioning response under one of three conditions. One group was presented with the criterion end location by means of a stop and then required to recall the location with the stop removed. A second group moved the total distance of the track and then was instructed to replace the slide in a location representing a specific fraction of the total. A final group of subjects learned the criterion location by using post-response knowledge of results administered on each trial. Following acquisition subjects were give retention trials involving only repetition of the acquired response. The development of a strong mechanism for error detection was indicated only for those groups presented with the standard or with post-response knowledge of results. During retention trials (without knowledge of results), performance of the group required to learn the criterion by estimating a fraction of the total range was characterized by significanlty greater response biasing and less consistency than the other conditions. The findings were discussed in terms of several predictions from Adams' (1971) closed-loop theory of motor learning.", "contents": "Development of a mechanism for detection of error and retention of a graded motor response. Several methods for developing an internal mechanism for error detection were compared to determine the extent to which a self-paced response could be acquired and retained without knowledge of results. During training, blindfolded subjects attempted to learn a positioning response under one of three conditions. One group was presented with the criterion end location by means of a stop and then required to recall the location with the stop removed. A second group moved the total distance of the track and then was instructed to replace the slide in a location representing a specific fraction of the total. A final group of subjects learned the criterion location by using post-response knowledge of results administered on each trial. Following acquisition subjects were give retention trials involving only repetition of the acquired response. The development of a strong mechanism for error detection was indicated only for those groups presented with the standard or with post-response knowledge of results. During retention trials (without knowledge of results), performance of the group required to learn the criterion by estimating a fraction of the total range was characterized by significanlty greater response biasing and less consistency than the other conditions. The findings were discussed in terms of several predictions from Adams' (1971) closed-loop theory of motor learning."}
{"id": "PMID:866066", "title": "Effect of geometrical structure on perception of the vertical in the Rod-and-Frame Test.", "content": "Male and female subjects were selected on the basis of their unsigned deviation scores (USD) in the rod-and-frame test to be retested and scored by a new method. The new method analyzes performance on this task in terms of the effect of the tilt of the frame (phi), the constant deviation (micron), the starting position of the rod (rho), and the response consistency (sigma) of each subject. The geometrical structure of the frame was varied by changing the number of identical stimulus elements in it. Variations in the geometrical structure of the frame affected phi-scores primarily in subjects with significantly high phi-scores (frame-dependent subjects). Variations in the frame's geometrical structure did not affect micron or rho. The relationship between USD-scores and the values for phi, micron, and rho for each subject is discussed.", "contents": "Effect of geometrical structure on perception of the vertical in the Rod-and-Frame Test. Male and female subjects were selected on the basis of their unsigned deviation scores (USD) in the rod-and-frame test to be retested and scored by a new method. The new method analyzes performance on this task in terms of the effect of the tilt of the frame (phi), the constant deviation (micron), the starting position of the rod (rho), and the response consistency (sigma) of each subject. The geometrical structure of the frame was varied by changing the number of identical stimulus elements in it. Variations in the geometrical structure of the frame affected phi-scores primarily in subjects with significantly high phi-scores (frame-dependent subjects). Variations in the frame's geometrical structure did not affect micron or rho. The relationship between USD-scores and the values for phi, micron, and rho for each subject is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:866068", "title": "Saccadic eye movements and eye-head coordination in children.", "content": "The eye and head movements of nine children, ages 6 through 10, were measured in order to establish quantitative characteristics of eye movements and eye-head corrdination patterns of children with normal vision and reading levels. The relationship between saccade amplitude and duration was linear, but the slope of this relationship indicated that saccades in children may have higher velocities than they do in adults. One of three temporal patterns of head and saccadic eye movement occurred during shifts of gaze to visual targets, depending on the temporal and spatial predictability of the target. It is suggested that quantitative measurements such as these could be used to examine developmental characteristics of eye and eye-head movement control.", "contents": "Saccadic eye movements and eye-head coordination in children. The eye and head movements of nine children, ages 6 through 10, were measured in order to establish quantitative characteristics of eye movements and eye-head corrdination patterns of children with normal vision and reading levels. The relationship between saccade amplitude and duration was linear, but the slope of this relationship indicated that saccades in children may have higher velocities than they do in adults. One of three temporal patterns of head and saccadic eye movement occurred during shifts of gaze to visual targets, depending on the temporal and spatial predictability of the target. It is suggested that quantitative measurements such as these could be used to examine developmental characteristics of eye and eye-head movement control."}
{"id": "PMID:866069", "title": "Foveal threshold of one eye when illuminated by contralateral steady light.", "content": "The effect of luminance of the contralateral steady light upon the foveal threshold was examined in the situation where both test-field and contralateral background (or surround) appeared to be completely fused when both were exposed simultaneously. The relation between the test threshold (defined as log Lt/Lto) and the luminance of the contralateral background (or surround) (I) was expressed by log (Lt/Lto) = a(1 - e-b log I), where a and b are constants.", "contents": "Foveal threshold of one eye when illuminated by contralateral steady light. The effect of luminance of the contralateral steady light upon the foveal threshold was examined in the situation where both test-field and contralateral background (or surround) appeared to be completely fused when both were exposed simultaneously. The relation between the test threshold (defined as log Lt/Lto) and the luminance of the contralateral background (or surround) (I) was expressed by log (Lt/Lto) = a(1 - e-b log I), where a and b are constants."}
{"id": "PMID:866071", "title": "Third-year summary of IES Arrow-Dot longitudinal comparisons in preschool children.", "content": "Three samples of preschool children in a suburban nursery school and kindergarten were administered the IES Arrow-Dot test at the beginning and end of three successive school years. Trends for declining Impulsivity and similar baselines for this variable were found in all three samples. Results for Ego and Superego scores showed variation. These findings support the effective use of this instrument with preschool children. Future investigations within varying educational environments are suggested to delineate further patterns of preschool personality development and integration.", "contents": "Third-year summary of IES Arrow-Dot longitudinal comparisons in preschool children. Three samples of preschool children in a suburban nursery school and kindergarten were administered the IES Arrow-Dot test at the beginning and end of three successive school years. Trends for declining Impulsivity and similar baselines for this variable were found in all three samples. Results for Ego and Superego scores showed variation. These findings support the effective use of this instrument with preschool children. Future investigations within varying educational environments are suggested to delineate further patterns of preschool personality development and integration."}
{"id": "PMID:866072", "title": "Selective attention and eye movements while viewing reversible figures.", "content": "This study suggests that different eye-movement patterns are associated with reversals of ambiguous figures. The high scanners seem to be more dependent on eye movements for reversals and their recognition of each pattern depends on the sequence and location of fixations; thus shifts of attention appear to be externalized in the form of large, saccadic eye movements. In contrast low scanners are better able to shift attention internally, e.g., by mental restructuring, without large eye movements. We further suggest that scanning behavior associated with reversals may be modulated by stimulus complexity, figures' reversibility, and extrinsic/intrinsic motivational styles.", "contents": "Selective attention and eye movements while viewing reversible figures. This study suggests that different eye-movement patterns are associated with reversals of ambiguous figures. The high scanners seem to be more dependent on eye movements for reversals and their recognition of each pattern depends on the sequence and location of fixations; thus shifts of attention appear to be externalized in the form of large, saccadic eye movements. In contrast low scanners are better able to shift attention internally, e.g., by mental restructuring, without large eye movements. We further suggest that scanning behavior associated with reversals may be modulated by stimulus complexity, figures' reversibility, and extrinsic/intrinsic motivational styles."}
{"id": "PMID:866073", "title": "Imposed delay of response: effects on aphasics auditory comprehension of visuality and non-visually cued material.", "content": "Two groups of aphasics were administered an auditory comprehension task under conditions of 0-, 5-, and 10-sec. imposed delay of response. The auditory-visual group received auditory and visual cues; the auditory group received only auditory cues. Comprehension for the auditory-visual group was significantly better than for the auditory group. Increase in delay time significantly improved comprehension for the auditory-visual group but not for the auditory group.", "contents": "Imposed delay of response: effects on aphasics auditory comprehension of visuality and non-visually cued material. Two groups of aphasics were administered an auditory comprehension task under conditions of 0-, 5-, and 10-sec. imposed delay of response. The auditory-visual group received auditory and visual cues; the auditory group received only auditory cues. Comprehension for the auditory-visual group was significantly better than for the auditory group. Increase in delay time significantly improved comprehension for the auditory-visual group but not for the auditory group."}
{"id": "PMID:866075", "title": "Visual set and anxiety in the Stroop phenomenon.", "content": "The effects of a visual set, the Stroop phenomenon, and anxiety--as measured by the Spielberger State-Trait Anxiety Inventory--upon response latency were examined. Three variations of the set were presented, a color congruent with the response color, a color conflicting with the response color, or no color. Two response conditions were required, reading the color word or reporting the color in which the word was printed. \"Reporting the color\" had a significantly longer response latency than \"reading the word\" for all 60 subjects, female volunteers from freshman psychology classes. There was also a significant interaction between anxiety and the Stroop. The medium-anxiety group showed the least discrepancy between the response conditions of the Stroop, indicating the interference effect present in the Stroop phenomenon was least influential for this group. A consistent though not significant difference between the congruent set and conflicting set conditions for the color response as opposed to the word response indicated that, when the set is similar to the response, it is more influential than when it is unrelated.", "contents": "Visual set and anxiety in the Stroop phenomenon. The effects of a visual set, the Stroop phenomenon, and anxiety--as measured by the Spielberger State-Trait Anxiety Inventory--upon response latency were examined. Three variations of the set were presented, a color congruent with the response color, a color conflicting with the response color, or no color. Two response conditions were required, reading the color word or reporting the color in which the word was printed. \"Reporting the color\" had a significantly longer response latency than \"reading the word\" for all 60 subjects, female volunteers from freshman psychology classes. There was also a significant interaction between anxiety and the Stroop. The medium-anxiety group showed the least discrepancy between the response conditions of the Stroop, indicating the interference effect present in the Stroop phenomenon was least influential for this group. A consistent though not significant difference between the congruent set and conflicting set conditions for the color response as opposed to the word response indicated that, when the set is similar to the response, it is more influential than when it is unrelated."}
{"id": "PMID:866077", "title": "Stimulus complexity and rate of alternation in binocular rivalry.", "content": "Pairs of random figures representing four levels of complexity were presented in a binocular-rivalry situation to 12 student volunteer observers. The effect of different levels of complexity on the rate at which complete alternations of the rivalry stimuli occurred was assessed. Rate of alternation was significantly inversely related to the level of stimulus complexity.", "contents": "Stimulus complexity and rate of alternation in binocular rivalry. Pairs of random figures representing four levels of complexity were presented in a binocular-rivalry situation to 12 student volunteer observers. The effect of different levels of complexity on the rate at which complete alternations of the rivalry stimuli occurred was assessed. Rate of alternation was significantly inversely related to the level of stimulus complexity."}
{"id": "PMID:866078", "title": "Verbal productivity and expression of primary process.", "content": "The effects of verbal fluency upon the production of primary-process thinking on the Holtzman Inkblot Test as scored by the Holt system were investigated for a group of 49 male university students. Increasing verbal productivity resulted in a significant increase in primary-process scores in both high and low primary-process groups, selected on the basis of a trial of unlimited verbal productivity. In addition there were consistent significant differences in primary-process scores comparing the high and low primary-process groups at different levels of fluency. The importance of considering the level of verbal fluency when using scores from inkblot records in discussed.", "contents": "Verbal productivity and expression of primary process. The effects of verbal fluency upon the production of primary-process thinking on the Holtzman Inkblot Test as scored by the Holt system were investigated for a group of 49 male university students. Increasing verbal productivity resulted in a significant increase in primary-process scores in both high and low primary-process groups, selected on the basis of a trial of unlimited verbal productivity. In addition there were consistent significant differences in primary-process scores comparing the high and low primary-process groups at different levels of fluency. The importance of considering the level of verbal fluency when using scores from inkblot records in discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:866079", "title": "A binocular pinhole device for visual field constraint during reading.", "content": "The Binocular Pinhole Device requires binocular vision, without constraints on head-movements, for viewing a group of letters at one fixation. It is simple and adjustable for individual differences. The role of peripheral vision can be explored in experimental settings.", "contents": "A binocular pinhole device for visual field constraint during reading. The Binocular Pinhole Device requires binocular vision, without constraints on head-movements, for viewing a group of letters at one fixation. It is simple and adjustable for individual differences. The role of peripheral vision can be explored in experimental settings."}
{"id": "PMID:866080", "title": "The phenomena of the disembodied eye or is it a matter of personal geography?", "content": "When a bilaterally asymmetrical figure is drawn on the skin at various bodily positions, the observer often reports that the figure he \"sees\" is reversed. On the head and neck, for example, figures drawn to the front of an imaginary line through the centre of the head, approximately in line with the ear canal are seen as reversed, and those to the rear of this line as correctly orientated. Different bodily locations such as the palm were tried and the orientation was found to depend in most instances upon the direction in which the surface faced. Several possible theories were tested against the data.", "contents": "The phenomena of the disembodied eye or is it a matter of personal geography? When a bilaterally asymmetrical figure is drawn on the skin at various bodily positions, the observer often reports that the figure he \"sees\" is reversed. On the head and neck, for example, figures drawn to the front of an imaginary line through the centre of the head, approximately in line with the ear canal are seen as reversed, and those to the rear of this line as correctly orientated. Different bodily locations such as the palm were tried and the orientation was found to depend in most instances upon the direction in which the surface faced. Several possible theories were tested against the data."}
{"id": "PMID:866081", "title": "Visual proprioception and postural stability in infancy. A developmental study.", "content": "The effect of conflicting visual, and mechanical proprioceptive information on postural stability was compared in two groups of infants. The older group could sit or stand unsupported, while the younger group could sit but could not yet stand. The results suggest that visual proprioception functions to maintain postural stability before infants have learned to stand.", "contents": "Visual proprioception and postural stability in infancy. A developmental study. The effect of conflicting visual, and mechanical proprioceptive information on postural stability was compared in two groups of infants. The older group could sit or stand unsupported, while the younger group could sit but could not yet stand. The results suggest that visual proprioception functions to maintain postural stability before infants have learned to stand."}
{"id": "PMID:866082", "title": "Cue saliency in faces as assessed by the \"Photofit\" technique.", "content": "The present study attempted to assess the relative salience of different parts of the human face through the manipulation of the features contained in the Photofit Kit. Subjects observed a face constructed from the kit before attempting to identify the same face in an array of alternatives. The alternatives differed from the target in only one feature and this was systematically varied within the array. Nose changes were least likely to be noticed, followed by mouth and eyes, with foreheads producing the lowest rate of error. This order of features held irrespective of the similarity of the distractors or whether judgements were made in the presence or in the absence of the target. The chin region produced different results depending upon the similarity of the distractors. The results are discussed in relation to earlier experiments in which Photofit and previous studies of cue saliency were used.", "contents": "Cue saliency in faces as assessed by the \"Photofit\" technique. The present study attempted to assess the relative salience of different parts of the human face through the manipulation of the features contained in the Photofit Kit. Subjects observed a face constructed from the kit before attempting to identify the same face in an array of alternatives. The alternatives differed from the target in only one feature and this was systematically varied within the array. Nose changes were least likely to be noticed, followed by mouth and eyes, with foreheads producing the lowest rate of error. This order of features held irrespective of the similarity of the distractors or whether judgements were made in the presence or in the absence of the target. The chin region produced different results depending upon the similarity of the distractors. The results are discussed in relation to earlier experiments in which Photofit and previous studies of cue saliency were used."}
{"id": "PMID:866083", "title": "Individual differences in the selection and use of features for classifying visual stimuli.", "content": "Two experiments were performed to investigate the classification of pot-like outlines by human judges. In experiment 1, seventy-two pot-like shapes, drawn by using all possible combinations of values of four pot ratios, were classified by twenty subjects and by a computer program. The shapes varied only in quantitative features and possessed no all-or-none characteristics. In experiment 2,256 shapes traced from drawings of existing pots were classified by fifteen judges. The pots varied in both quantitative and all-or-none features. The results showed that there were differences between judges in the weightings they assigned to different features, and the judges themselves could be classified according to the weightings they gave the features. There were even differences in the way different judges used all-or-none features for classifying. Possible mechanisms are suggested for the basis of these differences.", "contents": "Individual differences in the selection and use of features for classifying visual stimuli. Two experiments were performed to investigate the classification of pot-like outlines by human judges. In experiment 1, seventy-two pot-like shapes, drawn by using all possible combinations of values of four pot ratios, were classified by twenty subjects and by a computer program. The shapes varied only in quantitative features and possessed no all-or-none characteristics. In experiment 2,256 shapes traced from drawings of existing pots were classified by fifteen judges. The pots varied in both quantitative and all-or-none features. The results showed that there were differences between judges in the weightings they assigned to different features, and the judges themselves could be classified according to the weightings they gave the features. There were even differences in the way different judges used all-or-none features for classifying. Possible mechanisms are suggested for the basis of these differences."}
{"id": "PMID:866084", "title": "EEG, measures of complexity, and preference for nonrepresentational works of art.", "content": "With a heterogenous sample of human subjects, alpha abundance, an inverse function of cortical arousal, was found to increase with greater complexity of a series of 18 nonrepresentational works of art. This finding is contrary to those of previous EEG studies with artifically generated stimuli, which showed increased arousal with increasing complexity; but is consistent with those which reveal an interverted-U-shaped relation between arousal and complexity when the range of complexity sample is broad. That is, at higher levels of complexity, subjects may be less able to process the information content of paintings. Ratings of interestingness and pleasingness increased with complexity; it may be that they are dependent to some extent on social learning factors.", "contents": "EEG, measures of complexity, and preference for nonrepresentational works of art. With a heterogenous sample of human subjects, alpha abundance, an inverse function of cortical arousal, was found to increase with greater complexity of a series of 18 nonrepresentational works of art. This finding is contrary to those of previous EEG studies with artifically generated stimuli, which showed increased arousal with increasing complexity; but is consistent with those which reveal an interverted-U-shaped relation between arousal and complexity when the range of complexity sample is broad. That is, at higher levels of complexity, subjects may be less able to process the information content of paintings. Ratings of interestingness and pleasingness increased with complexity; it may be that they are dependent to some extent on social learning factors."}
{"id": "PMID:866085", "title": "Brightness as an indicator to distance: relative brightness per se or contrast with the background?", "content": "A black and a white target are displayed, in five different conditions, on five grey backgrounds having different degrees of brightness (from very bright to very dark). The results show that the target having the higher contrast with its background is perceived as the nearer. With the off-white background, e.g., the black target appears as the nearer to the observer. This contradicts the well-known concept according to which the brighter target should in any case be perceived as the nearer (\"relative brightness\" cue). The conclusion is that the frame of reference must be taken into consideration: study of the indicators to distance in an empty space and per se is not sufficient.", "contents": "Brightness as an indicator to distance: relative brightness per se or contrast with the background? A black and a white target are displayed, in five different conditions, on five grey backgrounds having different degrees of brightness (from very bright to very dark). The results show that the target having the higher contrast with its background is perceived as the nearer. With the off-white background, e.g., the black target appears as the nearer to the observer. This contradicts the well-known concept according to which the brighter target should in any case be perceived as the nearer (\"relative brightness\" cue). The conclusion is that the frame of reference must be taken into consideration: study of the indicators to distance in an empty space and per se is not sufficient."}
{"id": "PMID:866086", "title": "Motion in depth induced by brightness changes in the background.", "content": "A disc of  unvarying brightness and position is presented against a background whose brightness is continuously changing up and down. This change is perceived as a pendular movement to and from the subject and, in its turn, clearly induces an analogous but contrary movement in the disc.", "contents": "Motion in depth induced by brightness changes in the background. A disc of  unvarying brightness and position is presented against a background whose brightness is continuously changing up and down. This change is perceived as a pendular movement to and from the subject and, in its turn, clearly induces an analogous but contrary movement in the disc."}
{"id": "PMID:866087", "title": "On the use of \"calibration equations\" in perception research.", "content": "Gogel's procedure of using \"calibration equations\" to obtain reports of perceived distance which are at least partially independent of individual differences in response bias, was examined. The procedure involves determining the relationship between reported and physical distances in a full-cue viewing situation. By making four assumptions, this equation can be used to \"calibrate\" responses gathered from other situations in which perceived distances are under investigation. In the present experiment, both verbal and string-pull measures of perceived distance were obtained for several objects under reduced viewing conditions. Calibration equations were determined for each response measure in a full-cue setting. The usefulness of the calibration technique was tested by comparing the differences between the two response measures for each object seen in reduced viewing, both before and after the application of the calibration procedure. The results indicated that, consistent with the usefulness of the calibration technique, group differences between the measures were almost always decreased by the procedure. However, no general improvement in the agreement of the measures was found when the data were examined on an individual basis. From the results, a modification of the method of calculating calibration equations was suggested that might increase its usefulness by simplifying the arithmetic operations required for the procedure.", "contents": "On the use of \"calibration equations\" in perception research. Gogel's procedure of using \"calibration equations\" to obtain reports of perceived distance which are at least partially independent of individual differences in response bias, was examined. The procedure involves determining the relationship between reported and physical distances in a full-cue viewing situation. By making four assumptions, this equation can be used to \"calibrate\" responses gathered from other situations in which perceived distances are under investigation. In the present experiment, both verbal and string-pull measures of perceived distance were obtained for several objects under reduced viewing conditions. Calibration equations were determined for each response measure in a full-cue setting. The usefulness of the calibration technique was tested by comparing the differences between the two response measures for each object seen in reduced viewing, both before and after the application of the calibration procedure. The results indicated that, consistent with the usefulness of the calibration technique, group differences between the measures were almost always decreased by the procedure. However, no general improvement in the agreement of the measures was found when the data were examined on an individual basis. From the results, a modification of the method of calculating calibration equations was suggested that might increase its usefulness by simplifying the arithmetic operations required for the procedure."}
{"id": "PMID:866088", "title": "Eye movement strategies involved in face perception.", "content": "Recordings were made of the eye fixations of three subjects in two tasks involving black-and-white photographs of faces. In the first task, subjects matched a test face with a previously viewed target face; in the second task, subjects compared two simultaneously presented faces. The eye movements were recorded with a corneal reflection technique. Each subject showed an individual fixation strategy for the tasks; in particular each subject had one or more preferred facial feautres which were viewed foveally in both tasks. The subjects also showed some tendency to use a regular sequential pattern of eye movements. However, the sequences used differed from one task to the other. Although some aspects of the results support the scanpath hypothesis of Noton, it is suggested that an alternative interpretation is possible.", "contents": "Eye movement strategies involved in face perception. Recordings were made of the eye fixations of three subjects in two tasks involving black-and-white photographs of faces. In the first task, subjects matched a test face with a previously viewed target face; in the second task, subjects compared two simultaneously presented faces. The eye movements were recorded with a corneal reflection technique. Each subject showed an individual fixation strategy for the tasks; in particular each subject had one or more preferred facial feautres which were viewed foveally in both tasks. The subjects also showed some tendency to use a regular sequential pattern of eye movements. However, the sequences used differed from one task to the other. Although some aspects of the results support the scanpath hypothesis of Noton, it is suggested that an alternative interpretation is possible."}
{"id": "PMID:866089", "title": "Stereopsis and the representation of space.", "content": "Four stereoblind and four normal subjects were tested on a mental rotation task. It was hypothesized that, if stereopsis is an important input for building up the perceptual system that represents three-dimensional space, then subjects lacking it ought to be deficient  at mental rotations in depth. Stereoblind subjects were equally efficient at picture-plane and depth rotations, and were nonsignificantly better than normal subjects at rotations in depth. It was concluded that in the absence of stereopsis other cues are sufficient for the development of the \"three-dimensional\" perceptual system. A puzzling paradox was raised, however, by the finding that the introspections of the two groups differed markedly.", "contents": "Stereopsis and the representation of space. Four stereoblind and four normal subjects were tested on a mental rotation task. It was hypothesized that, if stereopsis is an important input for building up the perceptual system that represents three-dimensional space, then subjects lacking it ought to be deficient  at mental rotations in depth. Stereoblind subjects were equally efficient at picture-plane and depth rotations, and were nonsignificantly better than normal subjects at rotations in depth. It was concluded that in the absence of stereopsis other cues are sufficient for the development of the \"three-dimensional\" perceptual system. A puzzling paradox was raised, however, by the finding that the introspections of the two groups differed markedly."}
{"id": "PMID:866090", "title": "Early stages of tactual matching.", "content": "Naive sighted subjects tested under blind conditions were able to match raised dot (Braille letters) patterns relatively accurately by touch, but showed no advantage in judging identical pairs over different pairs of patterns. This was the case also for letters subjects had been taught to name. Instructions to match on name or feel had significant effects, but these did not relate differentially to \"same\"/\"different\" judgments. Under visual conditions subjects matched \"same\" letters faster than \"different\" letters. Errors in drawing the letters after tactual exposure and naming training showed that subjects had no accurate idea of the spatial relations or configuration of the dot patterns. The findings suggested that early stages of tactual matching involve exhaustive comparisons and rechecking of features, and that correct notions of tactual dot configurations may be built up rather slowly, and depend on identifying features along orthogonal axes.", "contents": "Early stages of tactual matching. Naive sighted subjects tested under blind conditions were able to match raised dot (Braille letters) patterns relatively accurately by touch, but showed no advantage in judging identical pairs over different pairs of patterns. This was the case also for letters subjects had been taught to name. Instructions to match on name or feel had significant effects, but these did not relate differentially to \"same\"/\"different\" judgments. Under visual conditions subjects matched \"same\" letters faster than \"different\" letters. Errors in drawing the letters after tactual exposure and naming training showed that subjects had no accurate idea of the spatial relations or configuration of the dot patterns. The findings suggested that early stages of tactual matching involve exhaustive comparisons and rechecking of features, and that correct notions of tactual dot configurations may be built up rather slowly, and depend on identifying features along orthogonal axes."}
{"id": "PMID:866091", "title": "[Method of registration and analysis of eye movements].", "content": "The aim of this article is to describe an apparatus registering eye movements, that alleviates the constraints that are usually necessary to control head movements. In a second part, the errors observed in gaze localisation by using the pupilar referential are analysed. Finally, means of increasing precision in the determination of visual fixation and facilitating the analysis of the registered images are proposed. These means comprise: (i) the use of an algorithm enabling the calculation of a correspondence grid of distortion for any one visual fixation, (ii) the use of a fixed standard dependent on the apparatus enbaling the permanent determination of the position of the head, (iii) the possibility of analysing the registered images in a semiautomatic way by means of a \"writing tablet\" and a computer of the PDP 8 series. Only four calibration points are necessary to determine all the useful parameters for the registering procedure and the analysis proposed.", "contents": "[Method of registration and analysis of eye movements]. The aim of this article is to describe an apparatus registering eye movements, that alleviates the constraints that are usually necessary to control head movements. In a second part, the errors observed in gaze localisation by using the pupilar referential are analysed. Finally, means of increasing precision in the determination of visual fixation and facilitating the analysis of the registered images are proposed. These means comprise: (i) the use of an algorithm enabling the calculation of a correspondence grid of distortion for any one visual fixation, (ii) the use of a fixed standard dependent on the apparatus enbaling the permanent determination of the position of the head, (iii) the possibility of analysing the registered images in a semiautomatic way by means of a \"writing tablet\" and a computer of the PDP 8 series. Only four calibration points are necessary to determine all the useful parameters for the registering procedure and the analysis proposed."}
{"id": "PMID:866121", "title": "[Feed supplementation with selenium in relation to the vitamin E-selenium deficiency syndrome in pigs (author's transl)].", "content": "After the addition of selenium to swine feed (max. 0.1 ppm) was legalized in Denmark in 1975, a marked reduction has occurred in the incidence of hepatosis dietetica (HD) in the material received at the State Veterinary Serum Laboratory for diagnostic examination, while the incidence of mulberry heart disease (MHD) appears to be unchanged (Table I). In a material collected before the addition of selenium to swine feed was permitted, the selenium content in liver and heart was found to be significantly lower in the pigs that had died of MHD than in normal pigs, but higher than in pigs that had died of HD (Table II). These observations tend to support the view that feed supplementation with selenium is more effective to prevent HD than MHD.", "contents": "[Feed supplementation with selenium in relation to the vitamin E-selenium deficiency syndrome in pigs (author's transl)]. After the addition of selenium to swine feed (max. 0.1 ppm) was legalized in Denmark in 1975, a marked reduction has occurred in the incidence of hepatosis dietetica (HD) in the material received at the State Veterinary Serum Laboratory for diagnostic examination, while the incidence of mulberry heart disease (MHD) appears to be unchanged (Table I). In a material collected before the addition of selenium to swine feed was permitted, the selenium content in liver and heart was found to be significantly lower in the pigs that had died of MHD than in normal pigs, but higher than in pigs that had died of HD (Table II). These observations tend to support the view that feed supplementation with selenium is more effective to prevent HD than MHD."}
{"id": "PMID:866122", "title": "[Glutathione peroxidase and selenium-vitamin E deficiency in pigs (author's transl)].", "content": "Glutathione peroxidase activity was measured, by the simple paper-fluorescent method of Board & Peter (1976), in blood samples from growing pigs(8 to 16 weeks old) originating from various production herds. The animals were divided in three different groups (Tables I and II): 1) Clinically normal animals from herds fed a selenium supplemented feed (about 0.1 ppm) (40 pigs, 5 herds). 2) Clinically normal animals from herds fed rations low in selenium feed (18 pigs, 3 herds). 3) Clinically normal pigs from litters fed rations with unknown selenium content and with at least one pig having died from Mulberry heart disease (MHD) or Hepatosis dietetica (HD) (Diagnosed at the State Veterinary Serum Laboratory) (40  pigs, 7 herds). The glutathione peroxidase activity was expressed as the reaction time (min.) corrected for haemoglobin concentration, as shown, in Fig. 1. and Equation A. The activity in whole blood was found significantly higher (P less than 0.001) in Group 1 than that in Group 2. The mean activity in Group 3 was significantly higher than in Group 2  (P less than 0.001) and significantly lower than in Group 1 (P less than 0.001). It is concluded that estimation of glutathione peroxidase activity may be useful in evaluating the \"selenium status\" in pigs.", "contents": "[Glutathione peroxidase and selenium-vitamin E deficiency in pigs (author's transl)]. Glutathione peroxidase activity was measured, by the simple paper-fluorescent method of Board & Peter (1976), in blood samples from growing pigs(8 to 16 weeks old) originating from various production herds. The animals were divided in three different groups (Tables I and II): 1) Clinically normal animals from herds fed a selenium supplemented feed (about 0.1 ppm) (40 pigs, 5 herds). 2) Clinically normal animals from herds fed rations low in selenium feed (18 pigs, 3 herds). 3) Clinically normal pigs from litters fed rations with unknown selenium content and with at least one pig having died from Mulberry heart disease (MHD) or Hepatosis dietetica (HD) (Diagnosed at the State Veterinary Serum Laboratory) (40  pigs, 7 herds). The glutathione peroxidase activity was expressed as the reaction time (min.) corrected for haemoglobin concentration, as shown, in Fig. 1. and Equation A. The activity in whole blood was found significantly higher (P less than 0.001) in Group 1 than that in Group 2. The mean activity in Group 3 was significantly higher than in Group 2  (P less than 0.001) and significantly lower than in Group 1 (P less than 0.001). It is concluded that estimation of glutathione peroxidase activity may be useful in evaluating the \"selenium status\" in pigs."}
{"id": "PMID:866124", "title": "Chronic copper toxicosis in sheep.", "content": "Some spontaneous cases of chronic copper toxicosis, that occurred in ewes of about 3--4 years of age during the period 1974--1976, were investigated. The diagnosis based on clinical and pathoanatomical alterations was substantiated further by demonstration of considerably elevated copper and iron content in the liver andkidneys of the affected sheep. Texel being a heavy breed seems to have suffered most possibily on account of having ingested relatively high amount of copper by way of consuming much more food at one time as compared to sheep of mixed breed. Besides breed predisposition and other possible contributing factors like stress, the possibility of increased use of commercial feed with supplementary copper and concentrates in sheep ration resulting in high risks of cummulative poisoning is discussed.", "contents": "Chronic copper toxicosis in sheep. Some spontaneous cases of chronic copper toxicosis, that occurred in ewes of about 3--4 years of age during the period 1974--1976, were investigated. The diagnosis based on clinical and pathoanatomical alterations was substantiated further by demonstration of considerably elevated copper and iron content in the liver andkidneys of the affected sheep. Texel being a heavy breed seems to have suffered most possibily on account of having ingested relatively high amount of copper by way of consuming much more food at one time as compared to sheep of mixed breed. Besides breed predisposition and other possible contributing factors like stress, the possibility of increased use of commercial feed with supplementary copper and concentrates in sheep ration resulting in high risks of cummulative poisoning is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:866125", "title": "Observations on genital abnormalities in dairy cows using slaughterhouse material.", "content": "The investigated material consisted of the sexual organs of 2010 cows, collected at a slaughterhouse during the years of 1971--74. The organs were examined macroscopically, with special regard to the ovaries, ovarian bursae, oviducts, and the uterus. The genital tract was cut open and examined for anomalies and other pathological changes. The results are presented in Tables I--IV. The total frequency of abnormalities within the investigated material was 18.2%. The most common disease condition was cystic degeneration of the ovary (8.6%). Bursal adhesions, parovarian cysts, and various forms of cervical anomalies constituted respectively 2.7, 2.3, and 1.7 per cent of the cases. The percentage of genital abnormalities as a cause of infertility was estimated to 1.5. The results have been compared with those of similar investigations.", "contents": "Observations on genital abnormalities in dairy cows using slaughterhouse material. The investigated material consisted of the sexual organs of 2010 cows, collected at a slaughterhouse during the years of 1971--74. The organs were examined macroscopically, with special regard to the ovaries, ovarian bursae, oviducts, and the uterus. The genital tract was cut open and examined for anomalies and other pathological changes. The results are presented in Tables I--IV. The total frequency of abnormalities within the investigated material was 18.2%. The most common disease condition was cystic degeneration of the ovary (8.6%). Bursal adhesions, parovarian cysts, and various forms of cervical anomalies constituted respectively 2.7, 2.3, and 1.7 per cent of the cases. The percentage of genital abnormalities as a cause of infertility was estimated to 1.5. The results have been compared with those of similar investigations."}
{"id": "PMID:866123", "title": "High fluorine water to wether sheep maintained in pens. Aluminum chloride as a possible alleviator of fluorosis.", "content": "The experiment reported here, gave the following answers to the questions asked (see introduction): a. Water with 30 ppm F gave deleterious effects on wethers. A considerable difference was observed as compared to animals given about 1 ppm F in their water, see Table IV. b. The toxicity was slightly less from bore hole water containing 30 ppm F, as compared to Nairobi tap water with added fluorine to 30 ppm F. The difference in toxicity may be due to the very high content of minerals in the bore hole water, see Table I. c. More fluorine was excreted in faeces when aluminum chloride was added to the diet, as compared to animals which did not receive aluminum chloride. Aluminum chloride had no alleviating effect on fluorosis, but apparently decreased gut absorption of fluorine and also reduced fluorine retention in the bones, se Table VII. Under the conditions of this experiment, toxic levels of fluorine were considerable lower than the quoted safe levels in the literature.", "contents": "High fluorine water to wether sheep maintained in pens. Aluminum chloride as a possible alleviator of fluorosis. The experiment reported here, gave the following answers to the questions asked (see introduction): a. Water with 30 ppm F gave deleterious effects on wethers. A considerable difference was observed as compared to animals given about 1 ppm F in their water, see Table IV. b. The toxicity was slightly less from bore hole water containing 30 ppm F, as compared to Nairobi tap water with added fluorine to 30 ppm F. The difference in toxicity may be due to the very high content of minerals in the bore hole water, see Table I. c. More fluorine was excreted in faeces when aluminum chloride was added to the diet, as compared to animals which did not receive aluminum chloride. Aluminum chloride had no alleviating effect on fluorosis, but apparently decreased gut absorption of fluorine and also reduced fluorine retention in the bones, se Table VII. Under the conditions of this experiment, toxic levels of fluorine were considerable lower than the quoted safe levels in the literature."}
{"id": "PMID:866126", "title": "Study of the inheritance of the SME seminal defect in the boar.", "content": "The characteristic SME-defect was demonstrated in the spermiogram of two boars in Denmark, one of the Danish Iandrace, and one of Yorkshire breed (imported from England). Recently a similar case has been reported from Norway in a Norwegian Iandrace boar. In order to ascertain whether or not the SME-defect is due to heredity, an inbreeding experiment was performed during the years 1974--76 based on two sons (with normal spermiograms) and two daughters of the Yorkshire boar. In the F2 generation 13 boars were studied. Ten had normal semen, while two were affected with the SME-defect to about the same extent as the grandfather. The last one showed a somewhat lower percentage of affected sperm heads. Assuming simple, recessive inheritance, the observed ratio of affected (2 + 1) to nonaffected boars (10) is, generally speaking, identical with the expected ratio. Thus the results support the theory of simple, recessive inheritance.", "contents": "Study of the inheritance of the SME seminal defect in the boar. The characteristic SME-defect was demonstrated in the spermiogram of two boars in Denmark, one of the Danish Iandrace, and one of Yorkshire breed (imported from England). Recently a similar case has been reported from Norway in a Norwegian Iandrace boar. In order to ascertain whether or not the SME-defect is due to heredity, an inbreeding experiment was performed during the years 1974--76 based on two sons (with normal spermiograms) and two daughters of the Yorkshire boar. In the F2 generation 13 boars were studied. Ten had normal semen, while two were affected with the SME-defect to about the same extent as the grandfather. The last one showed a somewhat lower percentage of affected sperm heads. Assuming simple, recessive inheritance, the observed ratio of affected (2 + 1) to nonaffected boars (10) is, generally speaking, identical with the expected ratio. Thus the results support the theory of simple, recessive inheritance."}
{"id": "PMID:866127", "title": "Thallium loading in owls and other birds of prey in Denmark.", "content": "Due to previous findings of increased concentrations of the rodenticid, thallium, in free-living Danish carnivores, thallium analysis has been carried out on material from 77 owls and birds of prey. Thallium was found in 2/3 of the birds and in 10% the concentration was so high that the load of thallium may have caused the death of the birds. The load of thallium in birds of prey was lower than concentrations found in carnivores, probably because poisoning caused by direct intake of thallium baits placed for rodent control does not seem to occur among birds of prey. From the investigation of this limited number of birds, it is not possible to tell if thallium did have any influence on the maintenance of a healthy population of birds of prey, but the large number of thallium loaded birds also justify the restrictions in the sue of thallium which were given from the 1st of July, 1975.", "contents": "Thallium loading in owls and other birds of prey in Denmark. Due to previous findings of increased concentrations of the rodenticid, thallium, in free-living Danish carnivores, thallium analysis has been carried out on material from 77 owls and birds of prey. Thallium was found in 2/3 of the birds and in 10% the concentration was so high that the load of thallium may have caused the death of the birds. The load of thallium in birds of prey was lower than concentrations found in carnivores, probably because poisoning caused by direct intake of thallium baits placed for rodent control does not seem to occur among birds of prey. From the investigation of this limited number of birds, it is not possible to tell if thallium did have any influence on the maintenance of a healthy population of birds of prey, but the large number of thallium loaded birds also justify the restrictions in the sue of thallium which were given from the 1st of July, 1975."}
{"id": "PMID:866128", "title": "Ethoxyquin (EMQ) residues in Atlantic salmon measured by fluorimetry and gas chromatography (GLC).", "content": "Salmons of two different sizes (group I; 22--30 g, group II; 600--1450 g) were tested for ethoxyquin (EMQ) residues after fed ad libitum a diet supplied with the therapeutic level of 900 ppm EMQ for 2 months. The sums of residues of EMQ and possible metabolites having similar fluorescence characteristics were determined by a fluorimetric method. The percentage of unmetabolized EMQ present was estimated using a gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric (GLC-MS) method measuring only unchanged EMQ. For both methods the detection limit was 0.1 ppm. EMQ residues were also fluorimetrically estimated in muscle tissue of small salmons fed a diet preserved with 150 ppm EMQ for 2 months. At termination of feeding the diet supplied with 900 ppm EMQ, residues measured fluorimetrically in muscle tissue of salmons in both groups were averaging 0.7 ppm. Approximately one third was unchanged EMQ. From salmons of group II blood, kidney and hepatic tissue were also analyzed at termination of feeding and residues averaging 0.3, 0.8 and 1.8 ppm respectively were estimated. The elimination of EMQ from muscle tissue is illustrated in Fig. 1. No residues could be detected 9 days following termination of feeding the therapeutic level of EMQ. In muscle tissue of salmons fed the diet preserved with 150 ppm EMQ, residues ranging from 0.1 to 0.3 ppm of EMQ and possible metabolites were found in 9 of 10 samples obtained from 20 salmons in group I. For an evaluation of EMQ used as a feed additive (150 ppm), further studies were recommended. The diets used in the experiment contained 88 and 830 ppm EMQ respectively measured fluorimetrically at the end of the experiment. Approximately 88% of the residues in the feed was unchanged EMQ. It is suggested that most information regarding the hygienic aspects of residues in muscle tissue is obtained by fluorimetry which is therefore recommended for determination of EMQ residues in tissues. The GLC-MS method, however, is recommended for estimation of EMQ levels in feed.", "contents": "Ethoxyquin (EMQ) residues in Atlantic salmon measured by fluorimetry and gas chromatography (GLC). Salmons of two different sizes (group I; 22--30 g, group II; 600--1450 g) were tested for ethoxyquin (EMQ) residues after fed ad libitum a diet supplied with the therapeutic level of 900 ppm EMQ for 2 months. The sums of residues of EMQ and possible metabolites having similar fluorescence characteristics were determined by a fluorimetric method. The percentage of unmetabolized EMQ present was estimated using a gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric (GLC-MS) method measuring only unchanged EMQ. For both methods the detection limit was 0.1 ppm. EMQ residues were also fluorimetrically estimated in muscle tissue of small salmons fed a diet preserved with 150 ppm EMQ for 2 months. At termination of feeding the diet supplied with 900 ppm EMQ, residues measured fluorimetrically in muscle tissue of salmons in both groups were averaging 0.7 ppm. Approximately one third was unchanged EMQ. From salmons of group II blood, kidney and hepatic tissue were also analyzed at termination of feeding and residues averaging 0.3, 0.8 and 1.8 ppm respectively were estimated. The elimination of EMQ from muscle tissue is illustrated in Fig. 1. No residues could be detected 9 days following termination of feeding the therapeutic level of EMQ. In muscle tissue of salmons fed the diet preserved with 150 ppm EMQ, residues ranging from 0.1 to 0.3 ppm of EMQ and possible metabolites were found in 9 of 10 samples obtained from 20 salmons in group I. For an evaluation of EMQ used as a feed additive (150 ppm), further studies were recommended. The diets used in the experiment contained 88 and 830 ppm EMQ respectively measured fluorimetrically at the end of the experiment. Approximately 88% of the residues in the feed was unchanged EMQ. It is suggested that most information regarding the hygienic aspects of residues in muscle tissue is obtained by fluorimetry which is therefore recommended for determination of EMQ residues in tissues. The GLC-MS method, however, is recommended for estimation of EMQ levels in feed."}
{"id": "PMID:866144", "title": "[Demonstration of hereditary enzyme defect in coproporphyria].", "content": "We measured lymphocytes Coproporphyrinogen III Oxidase activity in 17 subjects with hereditary coproporphyria. The mean activity was about 50% of that in lymphocytes from normal subjects. This finding suggests that decreased coproporphyrinogen III oxidase activity reflects the primary genetic defect in Hereditary Coproporphyria. The technique described allows easy detection of asymptomatic carriers.", "contents": "[Demonstration of hereditary enzyme defect in coproporphyria]. We measured lymphocytes Coproporphyrinogen III Oxidase activity in 17 subjects with hereditary coproporphyria. The mean activity was about 50% of that in lymphocytes from normal subjects. This finding suggests that decreased coproporphyrinogen III oxidase activity reflects the primary genetic defect in Hereditary Coproporphyria. The technique described allows easy detection of asymptomatic carriers."}
{"id": "PMID:866145", "title": "[The Holoscan: a great improvement for diagnosis by ultrasonics].", "content": "We present a new B-scan device, the Holoscan, which combines real time imaging and high resolution capabilities. These capabilities are given by electronic scanning of a linear array and by a holographic focusing technique. This instrument is easy to use and allows high quality pictures to be obtained. Some results are presented.", "contents": "[The Holoscan: a great improvement for diagnosis by ultrasonics]. We present a new B-scan device, the Holoscan, which combines real time imaging and high resolution capabilities. These capabilities are given by electronic scanning of a linear array and by a holographic focusing technique. This instrument is easy to use and allows high quality pictures to be obtained. Some results are presented."}
{"id": "PMID:866151", "title": "[Effect of artificial ventilation on pulmonary capillary pressure in acute respiratory insufficiency].", "content": "To determine the influence of intermittent positive pressure breathing (IPPB), the level of pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (PCWP) was compared during IPPB and after a short period off the respirator in 68 occasions on 42 patients with an acute respiratory failure (ARF) of various etiologies. During IPPB, the average PCWP was in the normal range in patients with toxic or neurologic comas and in cases of increased pulmonary capillary permeability edema (IPCPE), PCWP slightly increased within chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) complicated with ARF and in hemodynamic acute pulmonary edema (HAPE). During the weaning stage, PCWP decreased in the groups of coma, COPD, and IPCPE, but increased in HAPE. The weaning test demonstrates that IPPB influenced PCWP in all patients. Therefore, PCWP cannot be assumed to represent the left ventricle filling pressure. The weaning test allows differentiation of IPCPE from HAPE. In the event of over-infusion or hypovolemia, PCWP measured under IPPB can lead to misinterpretation if not followed up by a second measurement off the respirator.", "contents": "[Effect of artificial ventilation on pulmonary capillary pressure in acute respiratory insufficiency]. To determine the influence of intermittent positive pressure breathing (IPPB), the level of pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (PCWP) was compared during IPPB and after a short period off the respirator in 68 occasions on 42 patients with an acute respiratory failure (ARF) of various etiologies. During IPPB, the average PCWP was in the normal range in patients with toxic or neurologic comas and in cases of increased pulmonary capillary permeability edema (IPCPE), PCWP slightly increased within chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) complicated with ARF and in hemodynamic acute pulmonary edema (HAPE). During the weaning stage, PCWP decreased in the groups of coma, COPD, and IPCPE, but increased in HAPE. The weaning test demonstrates that IPPB influenced PCWP in all patients. Therefore, PCWP cannot be assumed to represent the left ventricle filling pressure. The weaning test allows differentiation of IPCPE from HAPE. In the event of over-infusion or hypovolemia, PCWP measured under IPPB can lead to misinterpretation if not followed up by a second measurement off the respirator."}
{"id": "PMID:866152", "title": "[Hypoglycemia in 2 patients treated with perhexiline maleate].", "content": "Hypoglycaemia occurred in two patients treated with perhexiline maleate. The responsibility of the medication is discussed in each case. Blood insulin levels were increased. Blood perhexiline levels decreased very rapidly in the first patient, though much more slowly in the second.", "contents": "[Hypoglycemia in 2 patients treated with perhexiline maleate]. Hypoglycaemia occurred in two patients treated with perhexiline maleate. The responsibility of the medication is discussed in each case. Blood insulin levels were increased. Blood perhexiline levels decreased very rapidly in the first patient, though much more slowly in the second."}
{"id": "PMID:866155", "title": "[Results of surgical treatment of aorto-cardiac fistulas].", "content": "The authors report their experience in the surgical correction of aorto-cardiac fistulae. The long term results emphasise the good prognosis in coronaro-cardiac fistulae (13 cases), the problems posed by residual aortic insufficiency in the case of ruptured aneurysms of the sinus of Valsalva (37 cases), the difficulties in diagnosis in the presence of an interventricular communication in association and, finally, the rarity of communications between the aorta and left ventricle (4 cases).", "contents": "[Results of surgical treatment of aorto-cardiac fistulas]. The authors report their experience in the surgical correction of aorto-cardiac fistulae. The long term results emphasise the good prognosis in coronaro-cardiac fistulae (13 cases), the problems posed by residual aortic insufficiency in the case of ruptured aneurysms of the sinus of Valsalva (37 cases), the difficulties in diagnosis in the presence of an interventricular communication in association and, finally, the rarity of communications between the aorta and left ventricle (4 cases)."}
{"id": "PMID:866156", "title": "[Etiological diagnosis of acute pneumopathies. Evaluative study. 100 cases in a pneumologic center].", "content": "This study involved 100 patients with acute pneumonia and hospitalised in a specialised service: 12 bacterial pneumonia, 40 viral pneumonia (i.e. 52% of the total). Only precise viral and bact\u00e9rial studies could improve these results. Given the poor results obtained using the microbiological techniques available here, the authors suggest the inclusion in all subsequent studies of aetiological diagnosis of a quantitative examination of sputum bacterial flora and examination for the detection of bacterial exoantigens.", "contents": "[Etiological diagnosis of acute pneumopathies. Evaluative study. 100 cases in a pneumologic center]. This study involved 100 patients with acute pneumonia and hospitalised in a specialised service: 12 bacterial pneumonia, 40 viral pneumonia (i.e. 52% of the total). Only precise viral and bact\u00e9rial studies could improve these results. Given the poor results obtained using the microbiological techniques available here, the authors suggest the inclusion in all subsequent studies of aetiological diagnosis of a quantitative examination of sputum bacterial flora and examination for the detection of bacterial exoantigens."}
{"id": "PMID:866171", "title": "The effect of H1 histone on the action of DNA-relaxing enzyme.", "content": "The action of DNA-relaxing enzyme on H1-DNA complexes was investigated. Complexes of superhelical and relaxed closed circular duplex DNA with H1 were treated with mammalian relaxing enzyme, deproteinized, and electrophoresed on agarose gels. At relatively low ratios of H1 to superhelical DNA, molecules of superhelical density intermediate between those of the starting material and relaxed DNA, the normal product, were generated. At relatively high H1 histone concentrations (H1:DNA greater than 0.4 w/w), the superhelical DNA was not relaxed. Further, no superhelical turns were introduced into relaxed closed duplex DNA at any concentration of H1 tested. Thus, the binding of H1 histone to DNA prevents the action of the relaxing enzyme. Moreover, H1 histone does not appear to unwind the DNA duplex upon binding. The implications of these observations and the previously demonstrated specificity of H1 histone for superhelical DNA are discussed in relation to the structure of chromatin.", "contents": "The effect of H1 histone on the action of DNA-relaxing enzyme. The action of DNA-relaxing enzyme on H1-DNA complexes was investigated. Complexes of superhelical and relaxed closed circular duplex DNA with H1 were treated with mammalian relaxing enzyme, deproteinized, and electrophoresed on agarose gels. At relatively low ratios of H1 to superhelical DNA, molecules of superhelical density intermediate between those of the starting material and relaxed DNA, the normal product, were generated. At relatively high H1 histone concentrations (H1:DNA greater than 0.4 w/w), the superhelical DNA was not relaxed. Further, no superhelical turns were introduced into relaxed closed duplex DNA at any concentration of H1 tested. Thus, the binding of H1 histone to DNA prevents the action of the relaxing enzyme. Moreover, H1 histone does not appear to unwind the DNA duplex upon binding. The implications of these observations and the previously demonstrated specificity of H1 histone for superhelical DNA are discussed in relation to the structure of chromatin."}
{"id": "PMID:866172", "title": "Levels of DNA polymerase-alpha and beta in normal and xeroderma pigmentosum fibroblasts.", "content": "We have determined the levels of DNA-polymerases-alpha and-beta in fibroblasts obtained from normal subjects and from patients with Xeroderma Pigmentosum (XP) belonging to three different complementation groups and to the variant form. The assays have been performed in crude extracts and after fractionation on sucrose gradients. The levels of alpha and beta-polymerases in the different cases of XP were found to lie within the same range as the control values, and no correlation was found with the severity of the symptoms. The sedimentation coefficients of the two polymerases from all the pathological lines were identical to those of the normal fibroblasts.", "contents": "Levels of DNA polymerase-alpha and beta in normal and xeroderma pigmentosum fibroblasts. We have determined the levels of DNA-polymerases-alpha and-beta in fibroblasts obtained from normal subjects and from patients with Xeroderma Pigmentosum (XP) belonging to three different complementation groups and to the variant form. The assays have been performed in crude extracts and after fractionation on sucrose gradients. The levels of alpha and beta-polymerases in the different cases of XP were found to lie within the same range as the control values, and no correlation was found with the severity of the symptoms. The sedimentation coefficients of the two polymerases from all the pathological lines were identical to those of the normal fibroblasts."}
{"id": "PMID:866173", "title": "Phosphorylated protamines. II. Circular dichroism of complexes with DNA, dependency on ionic strength.", "content": "The influence of protamine phosphorylation upon the conformation of nucleoprotamine complexes was studied at different ionic strengths using circular dichroism. The sharp onset of CD spectral changes upon decreasing the NaC1 concentrationwas correlated with the beginning of complex formation and can be used to determine apparent binding affinities in terms of a critical ionic strength. It is show that phosphorylation strongly reduces the binding strength of protamines towards DNA. Directly mixed and reconstituted complexes reveal differences in their CD spectra, which decrease with increasing ionic strength. Spectra of complexes between threefold phosphorylated clupeine Z and DNA obtained by reconstitution or direct mixing at higher ionic strength resemble the phi-type spectra of DNA and are unique for the phosphorylated species. The implications of protamine phosphorylation for chromatin or DNA condensation havebeen discussed.", "contents": "Phosphorylated protamines. II. Circular dichroism of complexes with DNA, dependency on ionic strength. The influence of protamine phosphorylation upon the conformation of nucleoprotamine complexes was studied at different ionic strengths using circular dichroism. The sharp onset of CD spectral changes upon decreasing the NaC1 concentrationwas correlated with the beginning of complex formation and can be used to determine apparent binding affinities in terms of a critical ionic strength. It is show that phosphorylation strongly reduces the binding strength of protamines towards DNA. Directly mixed and reconstituted complexes reveal differences in their CD spectra, which decrease with increasing ionic strength. Spectra of complexes between threefold phosphorylated clupeine Z and DNA obtained by reconstitution or direct mixing at higher ionic strength resemble the phi-type spectra of DNA and are unique for the phosphorylated species. The implications of protamine phosphorylation for chromatin or DNA condensation havebeen discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:866174", "title": "Conformation of viroids.", "content": "Viroids are uncoated infectious RNA molecules (MW 107 000-127 000) known as pathogens of certain higher plants. Thermodynamic and kinetic studies were carried out on highly purified viroid preparations by applying UV-absorption melting analysis and temperature jump methods. The thermal denaturation of viroids is characterized by high thermal stability, high cooperativity and a high degree of base pairing. Two relaxation processes could be resolved; a process in the sec range could be evaluated as an independent all-or-none-transition with the following properties: reaction enthalpy= 550 kcal/mol, activation enthalpy of the dissociation = 470 kcal/mol; G : C content = 72 %. These data indicate the existence of an uninterrupted double helix of 52 base pairs. A process in the msec range involves 15 - 25 base pairs which are most probably distributed over several short double helical stretches. A tentative model for the secondary structure of viroids isproposed and the possible functional implications of their physicochemical properties are discussed.", "contents": "Conformation of viroids. Viroids are uncoated infectious RNA molecules (MW 107 000-127 000) known as pathogens of certain higher plants. Thermodynamic and kinetic studies were carried out on highly purified viroid preparations by applying UV-absorption melting analysis and temperature jump methods. The thermal denaturation of viroids is characterized by high thermal stability, high cooperativity and a high degree of base pairing. Two relaxation processes could be resolved; a process in the sec range could be evaluated as an independent all-or-none-transition with the following properties: reaction enthalpy= 550 kcal/mol, activation enthalpy of the dissociation = 470 kcal/mol; G : C content = 72 %. These data indicate the existence of an uninterrupted double helix of 52 base pairs. A process in the msec range involves 15 - 25 base pairs which are most probably distributed over several short double helical stretches. A tentative model for the secondary structure of viroids isproposed and the possible functional implications of their physicochemical properties are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:866175", "title": "5' Terminal noncoding sequence heterogeneity in reovirus mRNA.", "content": "The nucleotide sequences of the mRNAs of reovirus appear to diverge near the 5' termini. Ribonuclease T1 digestion of methylated mRNA synthesized in vitro yielded seven different 5' terminal fragments of the form m7G5'pp5' GmpCpUp(Np)nGp. Chain length analysis showed that the parameter \"n\" in this structural formula assumes the values 3, 4 and 5.", "contents": "5' Terminal noncoding sequence heterogeneity in reovirus mRNA. The nucleotide sequences of the mRNAs of reovirus appear to diverge near the 5' termini. Ribonuclease T1 digestion of methylated mRNA synthesized in vitro yielded seven different 5' terminal fragments of the form m7G5'pp5' GmpCpUp(Np)nGp. Chain length analysis showed that the parameter \"n\" in this structural formula assumes the values 3, 4 and 5."}
{"id": "PMID:866176", "title": "Removal of RNase activity from DNase by affinity chromatography on agarose coupled aminophenylphosphoryl-uridine-2' (3')-phosphate.", "content": "Severe degradation of high molecular weight RNA was shown to occur during incubation with commercially purified DNase. Most of the RNase activity could be removed by passage of the DNase through a column of agarose-coupled amino phenylphosphoryl-uridine-2' (3')-phosphate. Incubation with the treated DNase caused only minimal alteration of the sedimentation pattern of high molecular weight nuclear RNA, determined under partially denturing conditions. No impairment of DNase activity was detected.", "contents": "Removal of RNase activity from DNase by affinity chromatography on agarose coupled aminophenylphosphoryl-uridine-2' (3')-phosphate. Severe degradation of high molecular weight RNA was shown to occur during incubation with commercially purified DNase. Most of the RNase activity could be removed by passage of the DNase through a column of agarose-coupled amino phenylphosphoryl-uridine-2' (3')-phosphate. Incubation with the treated DNase caused only minimal alteration of the sedimentation pattern of high molecular weight nuclear RNA, determined under partially denturing conditions. No impairment of DNase activity was detected."}
{"id": "PMID:866177", "title": "Characterization of foldback sequences in hamster DNA using electron microsocpy.", "content": "Foldback sequences in nuclear DNA from cultured Hamster fibroblasts (BHK-21/C13 cells) have been characterized by electron microscopy. One half of the structures observed when denatured hamster DNA is allowed to anneal in the range O less than Cot1 less than 1 x 10(-4) M sec result from the annealing of inverted sequences forming foldback DNA. The remainder have a probable bimolecular origin.  arising from rapidly-annealing sequences of satellite-like complexity. The average length of the inverted sequences in the foldback molecules is about 0.9 kilobases. There  is estimated to be about 42,000 such sequences (21,000 pairs) in the hamster genome, approximately 45% of which form looped structures with a mean loop length of 1.74 kilobases. Contrary to previous reports, binding of the renatured duplex molecules to hydroxyapatite results in a poor recovery of structures containing identifiable foldback sequences, due to preferential enrichment of the bound fraction with duplexes formed by intermolecular annealing.", "contents": "Characterization of foldback sequences in hamster DNA using electron microsocpy. Foldback sequences in nuclear DNA from cultured Hamster fibroblasts (BHK-21/C13 cells) have been characterized by electron microscopy. One half of the structures observed when denatured hamster DNA is allowed to anneal in the range O less than Cot1 less than 1 x 10(-4) M sec result from the annealing of inverted sequences forming foldback DNA. The remainder have a probable bimolecular origin.  arising from rapidly-annealing sequences of satellite-like complexity. The average length of the inverted sequences in the foldback molecules is about 0.9 kilobases. There  is estimated to be about 42,000 such sequences (21,000 pairs) in the hamster genome, approximately 45% of which form looped structures with a mean loop length of 1.74 kilobases. Contrary to previous reports, binding of the renatured duplex molecules to hydroxyapatite results in a poor recovery of structures containing identifiable foldback sequences, due to preferential enrichment of the bound fraction with duplexes formed by intermolecular annealing."}
{"id": "PMID:866178", "title": "Content of N-6 methyl adenylic acid in heterogeneous nuclear and messenger RNA of HeLa cells.", "content": "With the aid of a suitable thin layer chromatographic procedure, the N-6 methyl adenylic acid (m6A), content of a variety of 32P labeled RNA species from HeLa cells has been measured. Poly(A)-containing (poly(A)+) cytoplasmic RNA has on the average one m6Ap per 800 to 900 nucleotides. This value is independent of the length of the molecules. The proportion of  m6Ap in poly(A)+ cytoplasmic RNA does not change between 4 and 18 hours of labeling with 32P, suggesting that the majority of the messenger RNA molecules may have a similar level of internal methylation regardless of their half-life. The non-polyadenylated, non-ribosomal cytoplasmic RNA fraction sedimenting from 10S TO 28S is less methylated with approximately one m6A per 2,700 nucleotides. Heterogeneous nuclear RNA molecules (DMSO treated) which sediment from 28S to 45S have approximately one m6Ap per 3,000 nucleotides. The hnRNA molecules sedimenting from 10S to 28S have one m6Ap per 1,800 nucleotides. Poly(A)+ nuclear RNA is enriched in m6A, containing 1 residue of m6A per 700 to 800 nucleotides, a value close to that obtained for the polyadenylated cytoplasmic RNA.", "contents": "Content of N-6 methyl adenylic acid in heterogeneous nuclear and messenger RNA of HeLa cells. With the aid of a suitable thin layer chromatographic procedure, the N-6 methyl adenylic acid (m6A), content of a variety of 32P labeled RNA species from HeLa cells has been measured. Poly(A)-containing (poly(A)+) cytoplasmic RNA has on the average one m6Ap per 800 to 900 nucleotides. This value is independent of the length of the molecules. The proportion of  m6Ap in poly(A)+ cytoplasmic RNA does not change between 4 and 18 hours of labeling with 32P, suggesting that the majority of the messenger RNA molecules may have a similar level of internal methylation regardless of their half-life. The non-polyadenylated, non-ribosomal cytoplasmic RNA fraction sedimenting from 10S TO 28S is less methylated with approximately one m6A per 2,700 nucleotides. Heterogeneous nuclear RNA molecules (DMSO treated) which sediment from 28S to 45S have approximately one m6Ap per 3,000 nucleotides. The hnRNA molecules sedimenting from 10S to 28S have one m6Ap per 1,800 nucleotides. Poly(A)+ nuclear RNA is enriched in m6A, containing 1 residue of m6A per 700 to 800 nucleotides, a value close to that obtained for the polyadenylated cytoplasmic RNA."}
{"id": "PMID:866179", "title": "Isolation of specific messenger RNA by adsorption of polysomes to matrix-bound antibody.", "content": "A procedure is presented for the purification of specific mRNAs, which exploits the ability of antibodies prepared against a native protein to bind to the nascent polypeptide on the polysome. Rather than precipitating these soluble antibody-polysome complexes with anti-antibody, which can lead to nonspecific trapping of polysomes, we have linked the anti-antibody to an insoluble matrix. Thus, the antibody-polysome complex binds to the anti-antibody support and nonspecific polysomes can easily be removed by several washes. We have found para-aminobenzyl cellulose (PAB cellulose), to be a suitable matrix for this purpose. This support can bind large quantities of anti-antibody and it displayed no detectable nonspecific affinity for polysomes or RNA. Using this procedure, we have obtained an apparently homogeneous preparation of ovalbumin mRNA.", "contents": "Isolation of specific messenger RNA by adsorption of polysomes to matrix-bound antibody. A procedure is presented for the purification of specific mRNAs, which exploits the ability of antibodies prepared against a native protein to bind to the nascent polypeptide on the polysome. Rather than precipitating these soluble antibody-polysome complexes with anti-antibody, which can lead to nonspecific trapping of polysomes, we have linked the anti-antibody to an insoluble matrix. Thus, the antibody-polysome complex binds to the anti-antibody support and nonspecific polysomes can easily be removed by several washes. We have found para-aminobenzyl cellulose (PAB cellulose), to be a suitable matrix for this purpose. This support can bind large quantities of anti-antibody and it displayed no detectable nonspecific affinity for polysomes or RNA. Using this procedure, we have obtained an apparently homogeneous preparation of ovalbumin mRNA."}
{"id": "PMID:866180", "title": "Theoretical study on the proton chemical shifts of hydrogen bonded nucleic acid bases.", "content": "The variation of the proton chemical shifts due to the formation intermolecular hydrogen bonds is computed for a number of complexes which can be formed between the bases of the nucleic acids. The shifts expected for the isolated base pairs, in particular for the G-N1 H, T(or U)-N3H protons and the protons of the amino groups of A, G c, when combined with previous computations on the shifts to be expected upon base stacking, may enable a refined analysis of the high resolution NMR spectra of self complementary polynucleotides or tRNAs. Two examples are presented of a direct computation of proton shits associated with helix-coil transitions, helpful for deducing the helical structure in solution.", "contents": "Theoretical study on the proton chemical shifts of hydrogen bonded nucleic acid bases. The variation of the proton chemical shifts due to the formation intermolecular hydrogen bonds is computed for a number of complexes which can be formed between the bases of the nucleic acids. The shifts expected for the isolated base pairs, in particular for the G-N1 H, T(or U)-N3H protons and the protons of the amino groups of A, G c, when combined with previous computations on the shifts to be expected upon base stacking, may enable a refined analysis of the high resolution NMR spectra of self complementary polynucleotides or tRNAs. Two examples are presented of a direct computation of proton shits associated with helix-coil transitions, helpful for deducing the helical structure in solution."}
{"id": "PMID:866181", "title": "Proflavine sensitivity of RNA processing in isolated nuclei.", "content": "The intercalating agent proflavine inhibits the processing and subsequent release of preformed messenger RNA and ribosomal RNA from isolated liver nuclei to surrogate cytoplasm. The direct effect of proflavine on these processes, as monitored in a reconstituted cell-free system, supports the theory that base-paired segments (i.e. hairpin loops) in the precursor RNA's are involved as recognition sites in nuclear RNA processing.", "contents": "Proflavine sensitivity of RNA processing in isolated nuclei. The intercalating agent proflavine inhibits the processing and subsequent release of preformed messenger RNA and ribosomal RNA from isolated liver nuclei to surrogate cytoplasm. The direct effect of proflavine on these processes, as monitored in a reconstituted cell-free system, supports the theory that base-paired segments (i.e. hairpin loops) in the precursor RNA's are involved as recognition sites in nuclear RNA processing."}
{"id": "PMID:866182", "title": "Lac repressor purification without inactivation of DNA binding activity.", "content": "A procedure has been developed which eliminates the commonly observed inactivation of the DNA binding activity of the lac repressor during purification. The operator binding activity of the repressor obtained by this method is 100 +/- 10%. The repressor can be stored frozen indefinitely without losing its affinity for DNA.", "contents": "Lac repressor purification without inactivation of DNA binding activity. A procedure has been developed which eliminates the commonly observed inactivation of the DNA binding activity of the lac repressor during purification. The operator binding activity of the repressor obtained by this method is 100 +/- 10%. The repressor can be stored frozen indefinitely without losing its affinity for DNA."}
{"id": "PMID:866183", "title": "Messenger ribonucleoprotein complexes of cryptobiotic embryos of Artemia salina.", "content": "Poly(A)-containing ribonucleoprotein (poly(A)+-RNP) particles in the post-mitochondrial supernatant of cryptobiotic embryos of Artemia salina were characterized by hybridization to [3H]-poly(U). By sucrose isopycnic centrifugation, approximately 2/3 of poly(A)+-RNPs was found to band at 1.27-1.30 (g/cm3) and the rest 1+/3 at 1.20-1.23 (g/cm3) and below 1.20 (g/cm3). The 1.27-1.30 RNPs could be separated into two density classes, 1.27-1.28 and 1.30 (g/cm3) respectively. The latter RNP class was apparently complexed with ribosomal components because they were completely converted to the former RNP class (free RNPs) by 25 mM EDTA treatment. Further, the 1.30 (g/cm3) RNPs were resolved into several RNP species having sedimentation coefficients above 50 S. which were transformed mostly to 20-30 S rnps in the presence of 25 mM EDTA. The free 20-30 S RNPs contained 8-14 S poly(A)+-RNAs, having the highest template activity in a wheat embryo cell-free system, whereas the 1.20-1.23 poly(A)+-RNPs consisted of 10 S and 16 S RNPs, both of which contained 4 S poly(A)-containing sequences without any template activity.", "contents": "Messenger ribonucleoprotein complexes of cryptobiotic embryos of Artemia salina. Poly(A)-containing ribonucleoprotein (poly(A)+-RNP) particles in the post-mitochondrial supernatant of cryptobiotic embryos of Artemia salina were characterized by hybridization to [3H]-poly(U). By sucrose isopycnic centrifugation, approximately 2/3 of poly(A)+-RNPs was found to band at 1.27-1.30 (g/cm3) and the rest 1+/3 at 1.20-1.23 (g/cm3) and below 1.20 (g/cm3). The 1.27-1.30 RNPs could be separated into two density classes, 1.27-1.28 and 1.30 (g/cm3) respectively. The latter RNP class was apparently complexed with ribosomal components because they were completely converted to the former RNP class (free RNPs) by 25 mM EDTA treatment. Further, the 1.30 (g/cm3) RNPs were resolved into several RNP species having sedimentation coefficients above 50 S. which were transformed mostly to 20-30 S rnps in the presence of 25 mM EDTA. The free 20-30 S RNPs contained 8-14 S poly(A)+-RNAs, having the highest template activity in a wheat embryo cell-free system, whereas the 1.20-1.23 poly(A)+-RNPs consisted of 10 S and 16 S RNPs, both of which contained 4 S poly(A)-containing sequences without any template activity."}
{"id": "PMID:866184", "title": "Endogenous DNA-directed DNA synthesising system in a microsomal fraction of embryonic chick brain.", "content": "A DNA polymerising complex directed by endogenous DNA has been partially purified from 11-day-old embryonic chick brain microsomes by DEAE-cellulose and phosphocellulose column chromatography. The active fractions are eluted together with an exogenous DNA-directed DNA polymerase; after Sephadex gel filtration, the endogenous activity remains associated with a high molecular weight DNA-directed DNA polymerase. The endogenous activity of the complex has been shown to be RNase-resistant and actinomycin-sensitive. It requires potassium, an ATP-regenerating system and all four deoxyribonucleoside triphosphates for full activity. The significance of this activity with regard to the protovirus hypothesis is discussed.", "contents": "Endogenous DNA-directed DNA synthesising system in a microsomal fraction of embryonic chick brain. A DNA polymerising complex directed by endogenous DNA has been partially purified from 11-day-old embryonic chick brain microsomes by DEAE-cellulose and phosphocellulose column chromatography. The active fractions are eluted together with an exogenous DNA-directed DNA polymerase; after Sephadex gel filtration, the endogenous activity remains associated with a high molecular weight DNA-directed DNA polymerase. The endogenous activity of the complex has been shown to be RNase-resistant and actinomycin-sensitive. It requires potassium, an ATP-regenerating system and all four deoxyribonucleoside triphosphates for full activity. The significance of this activity with regard to the protovirus hypothesis is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:866185", "title": "Isolation of a chromatin fraction from calf endometrium highly enriched in estradiol binding sites.", "content": "The intranuclear distribution of [3H]-estradiol binding sites was studied in highly purified nuclei isolated from calf endometrial tissue pre-incubated with the labeled hormone. The major part (approximately 85%) of the receptor bound estradiol was found associated with the extranucleolar chromatin; only a negligible amount of [3H]-estradiol (approximately 8%) sedimented with the nucleolar fraction. [3H]-estradiol labeled chromatin was then fragmented by sonication and fractionated by sucrose density gradient sedimentation under different conditions of centrifugation. The vast majority of the [3H]-estradiol was invariably found to be associated with a fast sedimenting fraction which contained only 5 to 10% of the nuclear DNA. The concentration of estradiol receptors (per weight of DNA) in this fraction was 25- to 50-fold higher than that found in the slow sedimenting major chromatin component. Chemical analysis showed this fraction to have a high protein/DNA ratio but no phospholipids were detected.", "contents": "Isolation of a chromatin fraction from calf endometrium highly enriched in estradiol binding sites. The intranuclear distribution of [3H]-estradiol binding sites was studied in highly purified nuclei isolated from calf endometrial tissue pre-incubated with the labeled hormone. The major part (approximately 85%) of the receptor bound estradiol was found associated with the extranucleolar chromatin; only a negligible amount of [3H]-estradiol (approximately 8%) sedimented with the nucleolar fraction. [3H]-estradiol labeled chromatin was then fragmented by sonication and fractionated by sucrose density gradient sedimentation under different conditions of centrifugation. The vast majority of the [3H]-estradiol was invariably found to be associated with a fast sedimenting fraction which contained only 5 to 10% of the nuclear DNA. The concentration of estradiol receptors (per weight of DNA) in this fraction was 25- to 50-fold higher than that found in the slow sedimenting major chromatin component. Chemical analysis showed this fraction to have a high protein/DNA ratio but no phospholipids were detected."}
{"id": "PMID:866186", "title": "Wheat embryo mitochondrial 18S ribosomal RNA: evidence for its prokaryotic nature.", "content": "We present a catalog of sequences of oligonucleotides produced by T1 ribonuclease digestion of 32P-labeled small-ribosomal-subunit RNA (\"18S rRNA) isolated from purified wheat embryo mitochondria. This catalog is compared to catalogs published for prokaryotic and chloroplast 16S rRNAs and to preliminary results for wheat cytosol 18S rRNA. These comparisons indicate that: (1) wheat mitochondrial 18S rRNA is clearly prokaryotic in nature, showing significantly more sequence homology with 16S rRNAs than can be expected to arise by chance (p less than 0.000001); (2) shared oligonucleotide sequences include an especially high proportion of those identified as conserved in the evolution of prokaryotic rRNAs; and (3) wheat embryo mitochondrial and cytosol 18S rRNAs retain no more, and perhaps less, than the minimum sequence homology detectable by this sensitive method. These results argue in favor of an endosymbiotic origin for mitochondria.", "contents": "Wheat embryo mitochondrial 18S ribosomal RNA: evidence for its prokaryotic nature. We present a catalog of sequences of oligonucleotides produced by T1 ribonuclease digestion of 32P-labeled small-ribosomal-subunit RNA (\"18S rRNA) isolated from purified wheat embryo mitochondria. This catalog is compared to catalogs published for prokaryotic and chloroplast 16S rRNAs and to preliminary results for wheat cytosol 18S rRNA. These comparisons indicate that: (1) wheat mitochondrial 18S rRNA is clearly prokaryotic in nature, showing significantly more sequence homology with 16S rRNAs than can be expected to arise by chance (p less than 0.000001); (2) shared oligonucleotide sequences include an especially high proportion of those identified as conserved in the evolution of prokaryotic rRNAs; and (3) wheat embryo mitochondrial and cytosol 18S rRNAs retain no more, and perhaps less, than the minimum sequence homology detectable by this sensitive method. These results argue in favor of an endosymbiotic origin for mitochondria."}
{"id": "PMID:866187", "title": "Studies of gene control regions. III. Binding of synthetic and modified synthetic lac operator DNAs to lactose repressor.", "content": "Chemically synthesized lactose operator DNA was tested for binding with lactose repressor protein. These operator DNAs were found to (1) bind specifically to lactose SQ repressor as measured by release of binding with the inducing ligand isopropyl-beta-D-thiogalactoside, (2) have dissociation half-lives of 37 seconds (21 base-paired duplex) and 46 seconds (26 base-paired duplex) and (3) have dissociation half-lives with x86 repressor of 9 minutes (21 base-paired duplex) and 18 minutes (26 base paired duplex). Modified operators containing 5-bromodeoxyuridine and deoxyuridine at specific sites were also prepared. These analogs bound both repressors about as tightly as the wild type sequence.", "contents": "Studies of gene control regions. III. Binding of synthetic and modified synthetic lac operator DNAs to lactose repressor. Chemically synthesized lactose operator DNA was tested for binding with lactose repressor protein. These operator DNAs were found to (1) bind specifically to lactose SQ repressor as measured by release of binding with the inducing ligand isopropyl-beta-D-thiogalactoside, (2) have dissociation half-lives of 37 seconds (21 base-paired duplex) and 46 seconds (26 base-paired duplex) and (3) have dissociation half-lives with x86 repressor of 9 minutes (21 base-paired duplex) and 18 minutes (26 base paired duplex). Modified operators containing 5-bromodeoxyuridine and deoxyuridine at specific sites were also prepared. These analogs bound both repressors about as tightly as the wild type sequence."}
{"id": "PMID:866188", "title": "Preliminary morphological and X-ray diffraction studies of the crystals of the DNA cetyltrimethylammonium salt.", "content": "Double-stranded DNA molecules (molecular weight 2.5 X 10(5) - 5 X 10(5) daltons) have been crystallized from water-salt solutions as cetyltrimethylammonium salts (CTA-DNA). Variation of crystallization conditions results in a production of different types of CTA-DNA crystals: spherulits, dendrites, needle-shaped and faceted rhombic crystals, the latter beeing up to 0.3 mm on a side. X-ray diffraction data indicate that DNA molecules in the crystals form a hexagonal lattice which parameters vary slightly with the morphological type of the crystal. Comparison of the melting curves of the DNA preparation before and after crystallization suggests that DNA molecules are partially fractionated in the course of crystallization. Crystals of the CTA-DNA-proflavine complex have also been obtained.", "contents": "Preliminary morphological and X-ray diffraction studies of the crystals of the DNA cetyltrimethylammonium salt. Double-stranded DNA molecules (molecular weight 2.5 X 10(5) - 5 X 10(5) daltons) have been crystallized from water-salt solutions as cetyltrimethylammonium salts (CTA-DNA). Variation of crystallization conditions results in a production of different types of CTA-DNA crystals: spherulits, dendrites, needle-shaped and faceted rhombic crystals, the latter beeing up to 0.3 mm on a side. X-ray diffraction data indicate that DNA molecules in the crystals form a hexagonal lattice which parameters vary slightly with the morphological type of the crystal. Comparison of the melting curves of the DNA preparation before and after crystallization suggests that DNA molecules are partially fractionated in the course of crystallization. Crystals of the CTA-DNA-proflavine complex have also been obtained."}
{"id": "PMID:866189", "title": "Rapid synthesis of oligodeoxyribonucleotides: a new solid-phase method.", "content": "A method is described that makes use of a new polyamide resin for the rapid synthesis of short oligodeoxyribonucleotides. The method is illustrated by the preparation of two heptadeoxyribonucleotides, d(pT6-C) and d(pC-A-G-T-G-A-T) using a phosphodiester approach. A further development involved use of phenyl isocyanate as an in situ drying agent, which obviated the need for solvent co-evaporation prior tothe internucleotidic coupling steps. Improved fractionation of thymidyl oligonucleotides was obtained by use of a new microparticulate, silica-based anion-exchanger.", "contents": "Rapid synthesis of oligodeoxyribonucleotides: a new solid-phase method. A method is described that makes use of a new polyamide resin for the rapid synthesis of short oligodeoxyribonucleotides. The method is illustrated by the preparation of two heptadeoxyribonucleotides, d(pT6-C) and d(pC-A-G-T-G-A-T) using a phosphodiester approach. A further development involved use of phenyl isocyanate as an in situ drying agent, which obviated the need for solvent co-evaporation prior tothe internucleotidic coupling steps. Improved fractionation of thymidyl oligonucleotides was obtained by use of a new microparticulate, silica-based anion-exchanger."}
{"id": "PMID:866190", "title": "Structural repeat units of Chinese hamster ovary chromatin. Evidence for variations in repeat unit DNA size in higher eukaryotes.", "content": "DNA lengths in the structural repeat units of Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) and chicken erythrocyte chromatin were compared by analyzing the sizes of DNA fragments produced after treatment of nuclei with staphylococcal nuclease. The repeat length of CHO chromatin (173 +- 4 BP) is about 20 base pairs (BP) smaller than that of chicken erythrocyte chromatin (194 +- 8 BP). Repeat lengths of rat liver and calf thymus chromatin were found to be about 10 BP shorter than that of chicken erythrocyte chromatin. Thus significant variations occur in repeat units of chromatin of higher eukaryotes. These variations occur in the lengths of \"spacer\" (or \"internucleosomal\") DNA segments, not in \"core particle\" (or \"nucleosomal\") DNA lengths. The concept of spacer regions and the possible influence of H1 histones is discussed.", "contents": "Structural repeat units of Chinese hamster ovary chromatin. Evidence for variations in repeat unit DNA size in higher eukaryotes. DNA lengths in the structural repeat units of Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) and chicken erythrocyte chromatin were compared by analyzing the sizes of DNA fragments produced after treatment of nuclei with staphylococcal nuclease. The repeat length of CHO chromatin (173 +- 4 BP) is about 20 base pairs (BP) smaller than that of chicken erythrocyte chromatin (194 +- 8 BP). Repeat lengths of rat liver and calf thymus chromatin were found to be about 10 BP shorter than that of chicken erythrocyte chromatin. Thus significant variations occur in repeat units of chromatin of higher eukaryotes. These variations occur in the lengths of \"spacer\" (or \"internucleosomal\") DNA segments, not in \"core particle\" (or \"nucleosomal\") DNA lengths. The concept of spacer regions and the possible influence of H1 histones is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:866191", "title": "Polylysine titration of rat liver chromatin fractions after DNase II digestion.", "content": "The concentration of free phosphate groups is measured in rat liver chromatin after DNase II digestion using polylysine titration. The unsheared chromatin completely precipitates at lysine/DNA phosphate ratios of 0.5 to 0.6. Digestion of the chromatin reduces the lysine/DNA phosphate ratio of complete precipitation by about 0.2 units suggesting  the removal of free phosphate groups. The two chromatin fractions: MgC12 insoluble (template-inactive) and Mg12 soluble (template-active) chromatins precipitate at about the same lysine/DNA phosphate ratio. Some 15% of the MgC12 soluble chromatin remains in solution at any polylysine concentration. The removal of histone H 1 FROM THE MgC12 insoluble chromatin increases the lysine/DNA phosphate ratio by about 0.2 units suggesting that 20% of the DNA phosphate groups in nucleosomes are masked by histone H 1.", "contents": "Polylysine titration of rat liver chromatin fractions after DNase II digestion. The concentration of free phosphate groups is measured in rat liver chromatin after DNase II digestion using polylysine titration. The unsheared chromatin completely precipitates at lysine/DNA phosphate ratios of 0.5 to 0.6. Digestion of the chromatin reduces the lysine/DNA phosphate ratio of complete precipitation by about 0.2 units suggesting  the removal of free phosphate groups. The two chromatin fractions: MgC12 insoluble (template-inactive) and Mg12 soluble (template-active) chromatins precipitate at about the same lysine/DNA phosphate ratio. Some 15% of the MgC12 soluble chromatin remains in solution at any polylysine concentration. The removal of histone H 1 FROM THE MgC12 insoluble chromatin increases the lysine/DNA phosphate ratio by about 0.2 units suggesting that 20% of the DNA phosphate groups in nucleosomes are masked by histone H 1."}
{"id": "PMID:866192", "title": "Histone mRNA in Xenopus laevis ovaries: identification of the H4 messenger.", "content": "RNA extracted from ovaries of adult Xenopus laevis and introduced into a wheat germ cell-free system, directs the synthesis of polypeptides co-electrophoresing with all five histones. By frationation of total ovary RNA through Sephadex G-200 and polyacrylamide gel, RNA was isolated that is translated into histones 4 (H4) only. In addition, this RNA labelled in vitro with [I125] hybridizes to a restriction fragment of cloned sea urchin DNA known to contain the H4 gene.", "contents": "Histone mRNA in Xenopus laevis ovaries: identification of the H4 messenger. RNA extracted from ovaries of adult Xenopus laevis and introduced into a wheat germ cell-free system, directs the synthesis of polypeptides co-electrophoresing with all five histones. By frationation of total ovary RNA through Sephadex G-200 and polyacrylamide gel, RNA was isolated that is translated into histones 4 (H4) only. In addition, this RNA labelled in vitro with [I125] hybridizes to a restriction fragment of cloned sea urchin DNA known to contain the H4 gene."}
{"id": "PMID:866193", "title": "Monocistronic translation of alfalfa mosaic virus RNAs.", "content": "The four alfalfa mosaic virus RNAs (respectively 24 S, 20 S, 17 S and 12 S) have been used separately as messengers in two in vitro protein synthesizing systems: wheat germ and rabbit reticulocyte lysate. In both systems a polypeptide corresponding to the translation of the entire length of the RNA can be found for RNAs 24 S, 20 S and 12 S, but not for 17 S RNA, the translation product of which is only 35,000 daltons. The number of initiation sites has been determined for each RNA by analyzing the initiation peptides synthesized in the presence of spasomycin and show that there is only one initiation or binding site perRNA. We thus conclude that each AMV RNA behaves as a monocistronic messenger in in vitro translating systems.", "contents": "Monocistronic translation of alfalfa mosaic virus RNAs. The four alfalfa mosaic virus RNAs (respectively 24 S, 20 S, 17 S and 12 S) have been used separately as messengers in two in vitro protein synthesizing systems: wheat germ and rabbit reticulocyte lysate. In both systems a polypeptide corresponding to the translation of the entire length of the RNA can be found for RNAs 24 S, 20 S and 12 S, but not for 17 S RNA, the translation product of which is only 35,000 daltons. The number of initiation sites has been determined for each RNA by analyzing the initiation peptides synthesized in the presence of spasomycin and show that there is only one initiation or binding site perRNA. We thus conclude that each AMV RNA behaves as a monocistronic messenger in in vitro translating systems."}
{"id": "PMID:866194", "title": "CD studies on ribonuclease A - oligonucleotides interactions.", "content": "The interaction of ApU, Aps4U, Aps4Up, ApAps4Up and Gps4U with RNase A was studied by CD difference spectroscopy. The use of 4-thiouridine (s4U) containing oligonucleotides enables to distinguish between the interaction of the different components of the ligand with the enzyme. The mode of binding of the oligonucleotides to the enzyme is described. From this mode of binding it is explained why Aps4U, for example, inhibits RNase A, while s4UpA serves as a substrate.", "contents": "CD studies on ribonuclease A - oligonucleotides interactions. The interaction of ApU, Aps4U, Aps4Up, ApAps4Up and Gps4U with RNase A was studied by CD difference spectroscopy. The use of 4-thiouridine (s4U) containing oligonucleotides enables to distinguish between the interaction of the different components of the ligand with the enzyme. The mode of binding of the oligonucleotides to the enzyme is described. From this mode of binding it is explained why Aps4U, for example, inhibits RNase A, while s4UpA serves as a substrate."}
{"id": "PMID:866195", "title": "Salt-induced structural changes in nucleosomes.", "content": "Nucleosomes and oligonucleosomes were prepared by digestion of human placental nuclei with staphlococcal nuclease and fractionated by gel filtration chromatography. The effect of increasing salt on the structure of nucleosomes was examined in the presence and absence of 10 mM MgCl2. Nucleosomes and oligonucleosomes are insoluble over a broad range of salt concentration. Nucleosomes are insoluble in larger than or equal to 120 mM (NH4)2SO4 containing 10 mM MgCl2 allowing analyses of changes in nucleosomal DNA by C.D. spectroscopy. Nucleosomes are insoluble in less than or equal to 120 mM (NH4)2SO4 containing 10 mM MgCl2 as demonstrated by turbidity measurements. We conclude that the insolubility of nucleosomes accompanies salt-induced structural changes possibly due to individual particle condensation. As the salt concentration is increased the nucleosomes condense and then relax at higher salt concentrations.", "contents": "Salt-induced structural changes in nucleosomes. Nucleosomes and oligonucleosomes were prepared by digestion of human placental nuclei with staphlococcal nuclease and fractionated by gel filtration chromatography. The effect of increasing salt on the structure of nucleosomes was examined in the presence and absence of 10 mM MgCl2. Nucleosomes and oligonucleosomes are insoluble over a broad range of salt concentration. Nucleosomes are insoluble in larger than or equal to 120 mM (NH4)2SO4 containing 10 mM MgCl2 allowing analyses of changes in nucleosomal DNA by C.D. spectroscopy. Nucleosomes are insoluble in less than or equal to 120 mM (NH4)2SO4 containing 10 mM MgCl2 as demonstrated by turbidity measurements. We conclude that the insolubility of nucleosomes accompanies salt-induced structural changes possibly due to individual particle condensation. As the salt concentration is increased the nucleosomes condense and then relax at higher salt concentrations."}
{"id": "PMID:866196", "title": "Renaturation kinetics of cDNA complementary to cytoplamic polyadenylated RNA from rainbow trout testis. Accessibility of transcribed genes to pancreatic DNase.", "content": "We have determined the fraction of polyadenylated cytoplasmic RNA from trout testis complementary to unique and repetitive DNA. Some 21% of the cDNA probe representative of this RNA population renatures with rapid kinetics, characteristics of repetitive sequences. The major proportion of the cDNA renatures with unique sequence DNA. Experiments with fractionated cDNA probes allow us to conclude that, in trout testis, the most abundant polyadenylated mRNAs are not preferentially transcribed from repetitive DNA, as it has shown to be the case in two eukaryotic cell lines. Treatment of trout testis nuclei with DNase I, under conditions in which 10% of the total DNA is digested, preferentially depletes the DNA of sequences being transcribed into polyadenylated mRNA. These data confirm the results of H. Weintraub and M. Groundine [(1976) Science 193, 848-856] and those of A. Garel and R. Axel [(1976) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 73, 3966-3970] and suggest that the conformation of DNA in the active genes of chromatin is such that it is more susceptible to digestion by DNaseI.", "contents": "Renaturation kinetics of cDNA complementary to cytoplamic polyadenylated RNA from rainbow trout testis. Accessibility of transcribed genes to pancreatic DNase. We have determined the fraction of polyadenylated cytoplasmic RNA from trout testis complementary to unique and repetitive DNA. Some 21% of the cDNA probe representative of this RNA population renatures with rapid kinetics, characteristics of repetitive sequences. The major proportion of the cDNA renatures with unique sequence DNA. Experiments with fractionated cDNA probes allow us to conclude that, in trout testis, the most abundant polyadenylated mRNAs are not preferentially transcribed from repetitive DNA, as it has shown to be the case in two eukaryotic cell lines. Treatment of trout testis nuclei with DNase I, under conditions in which 10% of the total DNA is digested, preferentially depletes the DNA of sequences being transcribed into polyadenylated mRNA. These data confirm the results of H. Weintraub and M. Groundine [(1976) Science 193, 848-856] and those of A. Garel and R. Axel [(1976) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 73, 3966-3970] and suggest that the conformation of DNA in the active genes of chromatin is such that it is more susceptible to digestion by DNaseI."}
{"id": "PMID:866197", "title": "Characterization of mRNA-protein complexes from mammalian cells.", "content": "In a previous report we described the use of oligo(dT)-cellulose for the isolation of mRNA-protein complexes from EDTA-dissociated polysomes extracted from normally growing or adenovirus infected KB-cells (I). Experiments presented here provide evidence that proteins involved in these complexes bind specifically to mRNA since: a) the proteins and mRNA cosediment through sucrose gradients, b) they adsorb and elute from oligo(dT)-cellulose together, and c) analysis of the products from ribonuclease digestion experiments show that the poly (A) end and a separate small fraction of the mRNA are resistant to the enzymes and attached to protein.", "contents": "Characterization of mRNA-protein complexes from mammalian cells. In a previous report we described the use of oligo(dT)-cellulose for the isolation of mRNA-protein complexes from EDTA-dissociated polysomes extracted from normally growing or adenovirus infected KB-cells (I). Experiments presented here provide evidence that proteins involved in these complexes bind specifically to mRNA since: a) the proteins and mRNA cosediment through sucrose gradients, b) they adsorb and elute from oligo(dT)-cellulose together, and c) analysis of the products from ribonuclease digestion experiments show that the poly (A) end and a separate small fraction of the mRNA are resistant to the enzymes and attached to protein."}
{"id": "PMID:866198", "title": "Effect of homopolyribonucleotides on messenger ribonucleoprotein particles.", "content": "A discrete set of polypeptides copurify with and appear to be specifically attached to mRNA from polysomes of eukaryotic cells. This report describes the effect of homopolyribonucleotides on mRNA-protein complexes separated from ribosome subunits by oligo(dT)-cellulose chromatography. It is shown that poly (U) and poly (A) can release mRNA-protein complexes adsorbed to oligo(dT)-cellulose, whereas poly (C) and poly(I) are much less effective in this process. Analysis of polyribonucleotide released material showed that poly(U) effectively dissociated the mRNA-protein complexes while poly(A) caused no or only partial derangement of these particles. The specificities seen in the polyribonucleotide effects in turn suggest a high degree of specificity in the interaction between the proteins and mRNA.", "contents": "Effect of homopolyribonucleotides on messenger ribonucleoprotein particles. A discrete set of polypeptides copurify with and appear to be specifically attached to mRNA from polysomes of eukaryotic cells. This report describes the effect of homopolyribonucleotides on mRNA-protein complexes separated from ribosome subunits by oligo(dT)-cellulose chromatography. It is shown that poly (U) and poly (A) can release mRNA-protein complexes adsorbed to oligo(dT)-cellulose, whereas poly (C) and poly(I) are much less effective in this process. Analysis of polyribonucleotide released material showed that poly(U) effectively dissociated the mRNA-protein complexes while poly(A) caused no or only partial derangement of these particles. The specificities seen in the polyribonucleotide effects in turn suggest a high degree of specificity in the interaction between the proteins and mRNA."}
{"id": "PMID:866199", "title": "5-Nitrouridine-monohydrate: crystal structure and conformation.", "content": "The crystal structure of 5-nitrouridine was determined by X-ray analysis. The pyrimidine ring is slightly non-planar, showing a shallow boat conformation. The nitro group has no influence on the C4 - O4 bond length as compared to uridine. The ribose shows the C3'-endo conformation and the base is in the anti orientation to the sugar with a torsion angle of 25.6 degrees. This conformation is stabilized by a hydrogen bond from the base to the ribosyl moiety (H6 ... 05'). Stacking interactions between neighboring bases are almost negligible in the crystal. A water molecule is involved in a bifurcated donating hydrogen bond to 04 and to 052 of the nitro group of the one base and an accepting bond from the H3 of the other base. Two more hydrogen bonds are formed between the water molecule and the ribose. The structural aspects of 5-nitrouridine are discussed with respect to the special stacking features found for 5-nitro-1-(beta-D-ribosyluronic acid)-uracil monohydrate in the crystal (1).", "contents": "5-Nitrouridine-monohydrate: crystal structure and conformation. The crystal structure of 5-nitrouridine was determined by X-ray analysis. The pyrimidine ring is slightly non-planar, showing a shallow boat conformation. The nitro group has no influence on the C4 - O4 bond length as compared to uridine. The ribose shows the C3'-endo conformation and the base is in the anti orientation to the sugar with a torsion angle of 25.6 degrees. This conformation is stabilized by a hydrogen bond from the base to the ribosyl moiety (H6 ... 05'). Stacking interactions between neighboring bases are almost negligible in the crystal. A water molecule is involved in a bifurcated donating hydrogen bond to 04 and to 052 of the nitro group of the one base and an accepting bond from the H3 of the other base. Two more hydrogen bonds are formed between the water molecule and the ribose. The structural aspects of 5-nitrouridine are discussed with respect to the special stacking features found for 5-nitro-1-(beta-D-ribosyluronic acid)-uracil monohydrate in the crystal (1)."}
{"id": "PMID:866200", "title": "The photochemistry of purine components of nucleic acids. II. Photolysis of deoxyguanosine.", "content": "UV-irradiation (lambda = 254 nm) of liquid aqueous solutions of deoxyguanosine in the presence of oxygen at pH less than 7 causes an intensive degradation of nucleoside. The quantum yield estimated from A254 decrease for the reaction mixture was found to be 1.5X10(-4) at doses to 150 E/mole. The rate of A254 decrease was found to grow with increasing doses. The structures of the products isolated from the reaction mixture after irradiation suggest that one of the ways of deoxyguanosine degradation is a breakdown of a purine cycle without splitting of N-glycoside bond. Simultaneously another type of photoinduced modification of guanine nucleus takes place, which is followed by appearance of free 2-deoxyribose. Deoxyguanosine degradation in both directions is kinetically one-step process proceeding with comparable quantum yields of approximately 1X10(-4).", "contents": "The photochemistry of purine components of nucleic acids. II. Photolysis of deoxyguanosine. UV-irradiation (lambda = 254 nm) of liquid aqueous solutions of deoxyguanosine in the presence of oxygen at pH less than 7 causes an intensive degradation of nucleoside. The quantum yield estimated from A254 decrease for the reaction mixture was found to be 1.5X10(-4) at doses to 150 E/mole. The rate of A254 decrease was found to grow with increasing doses. The structures of the products isolated from the reaction mixture after irradiation suggest that one of the ways of deoxyguanosine degradation is a breakdown of a purine cycle without splitting of N-glycoside bond. Simultaneously another type of photoinduced modification of guanine nucleus takes place, which is followed by appearance of free 2-deoxyribose. Deoxyguanosine degradation in both directions is kinetically one-step process proceeding with comparable quantum yields of approximately 1X10(-4)."}
{"id": "PMID:866201", "title": "Selective breakage of DNA alongside 5-bromodeoxyuridine nucleotide residues by high temperature hydrolysis.", "content": "The substitution of thymine mucleotides (pT) in oligodeoxynucleotides by bromouracil nucleotides (pBU) changes the properties of the oligonucleotides in two ways: (1) It alters their mobility during DEAE-Cellulose homochromatography1. (2) It substantially enhances their sensitivity to high temperature hydrolysis under mildly alkaline conditions (pH 8.9). The resultant breaks occur adjacent to pBU residues and leave terminal phosphates on the breakage products. With more extreme conditions some loss of terminal phosphates can occur. Heating at 100 degrees for 16 hr at pH 8.9 produces cleavage at about half of the pBU residues with minimal loss of terminal phosphates. The properties described here may explain the thermal sensitivity of bacteria grown in 5BU2 and may have a use in DNA sequencing technology.", "contents": "Selective breakage of DNA alongside 5-bromodeoxyuridine nucleotide residues by high temperature hydrolysis. The substitution of thymine mucleotides (pT) in oligodeoxynucleotides by bromouracil nucleotides (pBU) changes the properties of the oligonucleotides in two ways: (1) It alters their mobility during DEAE-Cellulose homochromatography1. (2) It substantially enhances their sensitivity to high temperature hydrolysis under mildly alkaline conditions (pH 8.9). The resultant breaks occur adjacent to pBU residues and leave terminal phosphates on the breakage products. With more extreme conditions some loss of terminal phosphates can occur. Heating at 100 degrees for 16 hr at pH 8.9 produces cleavage at about half of the pBU residues with minimal loss of terminal phosphates. The properties described here may explain the thermal sensitivity of bacteria grown in 5BU2 and may have a use in DNA sequencing technology."}
{"id": "PMID:866279", "title": "Interdigital athlete's foot: new concepts in pathogenesis.", "content": "In our view, interdigital athlete's foot usually begins with invasion of the horny layer by dermatophytes. Because of hot weather, sweating, exercise, or tight shoes, enough moisture accumulates to stimulate an overgrowth of bacteria. Large numbers of normally resident aerobic diphtheroids cause the common wet, macerated type of athlete's foot, while an overgrowth of Gram-negative organisms, such as Pseudomonas and Proteus, is responsible for the more serious cases. The dry, scaly type (dermatophytosis simplex) often alternates with the wet, macerated type (dermatophytosis complex). Flare-ups are common in summer and can be experimentally induced by occlusion of fungus-infected feet. Suppression of bacteria is essential in treating symptomatic athlete's foot. This can be accomplished by exposing the feet to air (eg, wearing sandals) to enhance evaporation of water and prevent the accumulation of excess moisture that stimulates bacterial overgrowth. Topical antibiotics are another approach, with the ideal perhaps being an agent with both broad-spectrum antibacterial and antifungal activity. The newer imidazoles are broad-spectrum compounds but have limited activity against Gram-negative organisms. Our agent of choice, aluminum chloride, combines broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity with chemical drying, a two-pronged attack. We view drying as the decisive element. We doubt that any local treatment can permanently eradicate athlete's foot. Potent antifungal agents can virtually exterminate interdigital dermatophytes, but the inevitable presence of infection in the nails or on the soles assures reinfection. In shoe-wearing populations living in temperate climates, interdigital athlete's foot is mainly a seasonal disease. The various therapies discussed provide a variety of approaches to prevent or ameliorate hot-weather exacerbations.", "contents": "Interdigital athlete's foot: new concepts in pathogenesis. In our view, interdigital athlete's foot usually begins with invasion of the horny layer by dermatophytes. Because of hot weather, sweating, exercise, or tight shoes, enough moisture accumulates to stimulate an overgrowth of bacteria. Large numbers of normally resident aerobic diphtheroids cause the common wet, macerated type of athlete's foot, while an overgrowth of Gram-negative organisms, such as Pseudomonas and Proteus, is responsible for the more serious cases. The dry, scaly type (dermatophytosis simplex) often alternates with the wet, macerated type (dermatophytosis complex). Flare-ups are common in summer and can be experimentally induced by occlusion of fungus-infected feet. Suppression of bacteria is essential in treating symptomatic athlete's foot. This can be accomplished by exposing the feet to air (eg, wearing sandals) to enhance evaporation of water and prevent the accumulation of excess moisture that stimulates bacterial overgrowth. Topical antibiotics are another approach, with the ideal perhaps being an agent with both broad-spectrum antibacterial and antifungal activity. The newer imidazoles are broad-spectrum compounds but have limited activity against Gram-negative organisms. Our agent of choice, aluminum chloride, combines broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity with chemical drying, a two-pronged attack. We view drying as the decisive element. We doubt that any local treatment can permanently eradicate athlete's foot. Potent antifungal agents can virtually exterminate interdigital dermatophytes, but the inevitable presence of infection in the nails or on the soles assures reinfection. In shoe-wearing populations living in temperate climates, interdigital athlete's foot is mainly a seasonal disease. The various therapies discussed provide a variety of approaches to prevent or ameliorate hot-weather exacerbations."}
{"id": "PMID:866280", "title": "Dermatoses: common in blacks.", "content": "Some skin disorders are more common in blacks than in whites or are so rare in whites as to be almost peculiar to blacks. Pigmentary abnormalities, either dark or light spots, often occur in association with inflammatory skin diseases. Curvature of the hair follicle is thought to be at the root of two other painful conditions, pseudofolliculitis of the beard and keloidal folliculitis. Certain hairstyles and treatments are damaging and can even cause alopecia if continued.", "contents": "Dermatoses: common in blacks. Some skin disorders are more common in blacks than in whites or are so rare in whites as to be almost peculiar to blacks. Pigmentary abnormalities, either dark or light spots, often occur in association with inflammatory skin diseases. Curvature of the hair follicle is thought to be at the root of two other painful conditions, pseudofolliculitis of the beard and keloidal folliculitis. Certain hairstyles and treatments are damaging and can even cause alopecia if continued."}
{"id": "PMID:866281", "title": "Normocytic normochromic anemia.", "content": "The first steps in managing a patient with suspected anemia are to confirm the diagnosis and to determine the morphologic type. The normocytic normochromic type has many causes, two of the most common being chronic disease and drug therapy. The anemia of chronic disease is often mistaken for iron-deficiency anemia and treated with iron supplements.", "contents": "Normocytic normochromic anemia. The first steps in managing a patient with suspected anemia are to confirm the diagnosis and to determine the morphologic type. The normocytic normochromic type has many causes, two of the most common being chronic disease and drug therapy. The anemia of chronic disease is often mistaken for iron-deficiency anemia and treated with iron supplements."}
{"id": "PMID:866282", "title": "Microcytic hypochromic anemias.", "content": "Iron deficiency, by far the most common cause of microcytic anemia, may be traced to abnormal bleeding, rapid growth, or rarely, inadequate diet. A search for the source of abnormal bleeding is particularly important because it may lead to detection of an ulcer or cancer. Orally administered iron supplements usually are effective; parenteral therapy is rarely needed.", "contents": "Microcytic hypochromic anemias. Iron deficiency, by far the most common cause of microcytic anemia, may be traced to abnormal bleeding, rapid growth, or rarely, inadequate diet. A search for the source of abnormal bleeding is particularly important because it may lead to detection of an ulcer or cancer. Orally administered iron supplements usually are effective; parenteral therapy is rarely needed."}
{"id": "PMID:866283", "title": "Macrocytic anemias.", "content": "Macrocytic anemias are not uncommon in clinical practice, and precise etiologic diagnosis is mandatory for proper management. Measurement of serum levels of vitamin B12 and folic acid may obviate the need for extensive diagnostic studies.", "contents": "Macrocytic anemias. Macrocytic anemias are not uncommon in clinical practice, and precise etiologic diagnosis is mandatory for proper management. Measurement of serum levels of vitamin B12 and folic acid may obviate the need for extensive diagnostic studies."}
{"id": "PMID:866286", "title": "Hyperbaric oxygen treatment of refractory osteomyelitis.", "content": "Of 70 patients with refractory osteomyelitis who received treatment with hyperbaric oxygen, all improved and 63% have remained free of disease. Treatment is supplemental to properly timed surgery and antibiotic therapy.", "contents": "Hyperbaric oxygen treatment of refractory osteomyelitis. Of 70 patients with refractory osteomyelitis who received treatment with hyperbaric oxygen, all improved and 63% have remained free of disease. Treatment is supplemental to properly timed surgery and antibiotic therapy."}
{"id": "PMID:866287", "title": "Melanoma: value of early detection and treatment.", "content": "Recent studies confirm that the prognosis in patients with melanoma depends on the level of invasion by the tumor at diagnosis. Superficial spreading melanomas usually are detected during the initial radial growth phase, when simple excision usually effects a cure. Nodular melanomas extend vertically from inception and often are not detected until they have penetrated to relatively deep levels. Because the possibility of recurrence is higher with deeper tumors, lymph node dissection may also be necessary. Fortunately, superficial spreading melanomas are considerably more common than the nodular type. Therefore, increased efforts at earlier detection and diagnosis of melanoma will be rewarded by increased cure rates.", "contents": "Melanoma: value of early detection and treatment. Recent studies confirm that the prognosis in patients with melanoma depends on the level of invasion by the tumor at diagnosis. Superficial spreading melanomas usually are detected during the initial radial growth phase, when simple excision usually effects a cure. Nodular melanomas extend vertically from inception and often are not detected until they have penetrated to relatively deep levels. Because the possibility of recurrence is higher with deeper tumors, lymph node dissection may also be necessary. Fortunately, superficial spreading melanomas are considerably more common than the nodular type. Therefore, increased efforts at earlier detection and diagnosis of melanoma will be rewarded by increased cure rates."}
{"id": "PMID:866297", "title": "[Role of ammonium nitrogen in the biogenesis of vitamin B12 by Propionibacterium shermanii].", "content": "The effect of different nitrogen sources on the biosynthesis of vitamin B12 ano porphyrins by suspensions of resting cells of Propionibacterium shermanii was investigated. In the absence of ammonium nitrogen vitamin B12 was not accumulated by the bacterial cell. This was also the case when its nitrogen containing precursor--delta-aminolevulinic acid was added to the incubation medium. The porphyrins biosynthesis was not changed. When amino acids and their amides were used as the sole nitrogen source, an intensive formation of vitamin B12 developed, if the medium contained aspartic acid, asparagine and cystein subjected to distinct deamination, and glutamine. The study of the composition of extracellular tetrapyrrole compounds showed an accumulation of corrinoil with free carboxyl groups in the incubation medium in the absence of ammonium salts. This corrinoid was identical to cobyrinic acid with respect to its spectral characteristics and behaviour during electrophoresis in phosphate buffer. Possible pathways of the involvement of ammonium nitrogen and glutamine in the biosynthesis of vitamin B12 and the role of amide groups in the binding of corrinoids with cell proteins are discussed.", "contents": "[Role of ammonium nitrogen in the biogenesis of vitamin B12 by Propionibacterium shermanii]. The effect of different nitrogen sources on the biosynthesis of vitamin B12 ano porphyrins by suspensions of resting cells of Propionibacterium shermanii was investigated. In the absence of ammonium nitrogen vitamin B12 was not accumulated by the bacterial cell. This was also the case when its nitrogen containing precursor--delta-aminolevulinic acid was added to the incubation medium. The porphyrins biosynthesis was not changed. When amino acids and their amides were used as the sole nitrogen source, an intensive formation of vitamin B12 developed, if the medium contained aspartic acid, asparagine and cystein subjected to distinct deamination, and glutamine. The study of the composition of extracellular tetrapyrrole compounds showed an accumulation of corrinoil with free carboxyl groups in the incubation medium in the absence of ammonium salts. This corrinoid was identical to cobyrinic acid with respect to its spectral characteristics and behaviour during electrophoresis in phosphate buffer. Possible pathways of the involvement of ammonium nitrogen and glutamine in the biosynthesis of vitamin B12 and the role of amide groups in the binding of corrinoids with cell proteins are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:866298", "title": "[Effect of cyanocobalamin, cobamide coenzyme and the cytostatic hispen on changes in cobalamin levels in healthy rats and rats with transplanted sarcoma M-1].", "content": "The influence of cyanocobalamine (CN-B12), cobamide coenzyme (5'-deoxyadenosyl-B12, DBC) and the cytostatic hisphen on the level of cobalamines in the blood serum, liver, kidney, heart and in the tumor of healthy and sarcoma M-1 implanted rats was studied. In the above organs and tissues cobalamines were found to occur in the free and protein-bound state (cobalamine-protein complexes). The complexes were of different stability. The ratio of free to protein-bound cobalamines varied. The content of cobalamine-protein complexes in healthy and tumorous tissues was different. CN-B12, DBC and hisphen influenced specifically the redistribution of cobalamine and protein-bound complexes.", "contents": "[Effect of cyanocobalamin, cobamide coenzyme and the cytostatic hispen on changes in cobalamin levels in healthy rats and rats with transplanted sarcoma M-1]. The influence of cyanocobalamine (CN-B12), cobamide coenzyme (5'-deoxyadenosyl-B12, DBC) and the cytostatic hisphen on the level of cobalamines in the blood serum, liver, kidney, heart and in the tumor of healthy and sarcoma M-1 implanted rats was studied. In the above organs and tissues cobalamines were found to occur in the free and protein-bound state (cobalamine-protein complexes). The complexes were of different stability. The ratio of free to protein-bound cobalamines varied. The content of cobalamine-protein complexes in healthy and tumorous tissues was different. CN-B12, DBC and hisphen influenced specifically the redistribution of cobalamine and protein-bound complexes."}
{"id": "PMID:866299", "title": "[Fungiotoxic properties of steroid saponins from the rhizomes of deltoid dioscorea].", "content": "Experiments were carried to test the fungitoxic effect of steroid glycosides--deltoside and deltonine--(representatives of spiro and furostanol saponins) on the growth of conidia F. solani and zoospores Ph. infestans. Both saponins inhibited the growth of test-objects in a different degree. A correlation between the membranolytic effect of the tested compounds on the mobile envelope-free zoospores of F. solani and their capacity to form cholesterol complexes was established. There was no direct relationship between the degree of fungal toxicity and membranolytic activity of the compounds.", "contents": "[Fungiotoxic properties of steroid saponins from the rhizomes of deltoid dioscorea]. Experiments were carried to test the fungitoxic effect of steroid glycosides--deltoside and deltonine--(representatives of spiro and furostanol saponins) on the growth of conidia F. solani and zoospores Ph. infestans. Both saponins inhibited the growth of test-objects in a different degree. A correlation between the membranolytic effect of the tested compounds on the mobile envelope-free zoospores of F. solani and their capacity to form cholesterol complexes was established. There was no direct relationship between the degree of fungal toxicity and membranolytic activity of the compounds."}
{"id": "PMID:866302", "title": "[Gas chromatographic determination of S-methylmethionine (vitamin U) in plants].", "content": "A quantitative gas-chromatographic method to assay S-methyl methionine (vitamin U) in plants has been developed. The method is based on the disintegration of S-methyl methionine in the alkaline medium to form equimolecular quantities of dimethyl sulphide and homoserine. Dimethyl sulphide is distilled in the flow of an inert gas (nitrogen) and trapped in the toluene trap cooled to--78 degrees. The toluene solution containing dimethyl sulphide and carbon tetrachloride as an inner reference is analyzed in a gas chromatograph. Optimal conditions for the reaction to form 91.1% dimethyl sulphide from S-methyl methionine sulphonium chloirde at concentrations ranging from 0.1--5.0 mg% have been established. The standard error of measurements is +/- 1.5%.", "contents": "[Gas chromatographic determination of S-methylmethionine (vitamin U) in plants]. A quantitative gas-chromatographic method to assay S-methyl methionine (vitamin U) in plants has been developed. The method is based on the disintegration of S-methyl methionine in the alkaline medium to form equimolecular quantities of dimethyl sulphide and homoserine. Dimethyl sulphide is distilled in the flow of an inert gas (nitrogen) and trapped in the toluene trap cooled to--78 degrees. The toluene solution containing dimethyl sulphide and carbon tetrachloride as an inner reference is analyzed in a gas chromatograph. Optimal conditions for the reaction to form 91.1% dimethyl sulphide from S-methyl methionine sulphonium chloirde at concentrations ranging from 0.1--5.0 mg% have been established. The standard error of measurements is +/- 1.5%."}
{"id": "PMID:866301", "title": "[Hydroxylation of indolyl-3-acetic acid by the fungus aspergillus niger IBFM-F-12].", "content": "Physiological and biochemical properties of the culture of Aspergillus niger IBPM F 12 carrying out hydroxylation IAA in the 4-, 5-, 6-positions of the indole nucleus were studied. The optimal composition of the medium for the cultivation was established. The transformation was performed by the washed fungal mycelium taken in the middle of the growth log-phase at a substrate concentration of I g/l. The correlation between the hydroxylase activity and pH, temperaure and biomass quantity was shown. The method of isolating 4-, 5- and 6-hydroxyindolyl-3-acetic acids in preparative amounts was developed.", "contents": "[Hydroxylation of indolyl-3-acetic acid by the fungus aspergillus niger IBFM-F-12]. Physiological and biochemical properties of the culture of Aspergillus niger IBPM F 12 carrying out hydroxylation IAA in the 4-, 5-, 6-positions of the indole nucleus were studied. The optimal composition of the medium for the cultivation was established. The transformation was performed by the washed fungal mycelium taken in the middle of the growth log-phase at a substrate concentration of I g/l. The correlation between the hydroxylase activity and pH, temperaure and biomass quantity was shown. The method of isolating 4-, 5- and 6-hydroxyindolyl-3-acetic acids in preparative amounts was developed."}
{"id": "PMID:866382", "title": "Synthesis of some 3.4.5-trimethoxybenzyl derivatives of certain amino compounds likely to posses cns activity.", "content": "The condensation of 3.4.5-trimethoxybenzyl chloride with certain amines is described. Reacting the aralkyl chloride with 4-aminophenazone, 2-aminopyridine, piperidine, N-methylpiperazine, pyrrolidine and morpholine yielded the corresponding trimethoxybenzyl derivatives la--f. On the other hand, alpha-[3.4.5-trimethoxybenzamido]-glutarimide (2) was synthesized via the acylation of glutamic acid with trimethoxybenzoyl chloride, dehydration of the N-acyl derivative and finally imidation of the inner anhydride thus formed.", "contents": "Synthesis of some 3.4.5-trimethoxybenzyl derivatives of certain amino compounds likely to posses cns activity. The condensation of 3.4.5-trimethoxybenzyl chloride with certain amines is described. Reacting the aralkyl chloride with 4-aminophenazone, 2-aminopyridine, piperidine, N-methylpiperazine, pyrrolidine and morpholine yielded the corresponding trimethoxybenzyl derivatives la--f. On the other hand, alpha-[3.4.5-trimethoxybenzamido]-glutarimide (2) was synthesized via the acylation of glutamic acid with trimethoxybenzoyl chloride, dehydration of the N-acyl derivative and finally imidation of the inner anhydride thus formed."}
{"id": "PMID:866384", "title": "Synthesis of some quinoline derivatives of potential antiamebic activity.", "content": "New compounds derived from cinchoninic acid esters and amides were prepared. The esters are those derived from p-hydroxy-N-methyldichloroacetanilide (diloxanide) whereas the amides are from piperazine whose hydrogen is substituted by a dichloroacetyl group. The dichloroacetamido group is responsible for the amebicidal activity in several related compounds.", "contents": "Synthesis of some quinoline derivatives of potential antiamebic activity. New compounds derived from cinchoninic acid esters and amides were prepared. The esters are those derived from p-hydroxy-N-methyldichloroacetanilide (diloxanide) whereas the amides are from piperazine whose hydrogen is substituted by a dichloroacetyl group. The dichloroacetamido group is responsible for the amebicidal activity in several related compounds."}
{"id": "PMID:866385", "title": "Methadone salts. Part 1: preparation and identification.", "content": "The preparation of two methadone salts, namely: methadone-alpha-naphthalenesulfonate and methadone-o-benzoyl-benzoate is described. The prepared compounds were confirmed by t.l.c. and IR spectroscopic studies.", "contents": "Methadone salts. Part 1: preparation and identification. The preparation of two methadone salts, namely: methadone-alpha-naphthalenesulfonate and methadone-o-benzoyl-benzoate is described. The prepared compounds were confirmed by t.l.c. and IR spectroscopic studies."}
{"id": "PMID:866397", "title": "Triiodothyronine in rat submaxillary salivary gland: effects of altered adrenergic function.", "content": "To determine whether changes in adrenergic nerve terminal activity may influence tissue metabolism of iodothyronines, sympathetic nervous function of the rat submaxillary salivary gland was altered, and effects on salivary gland triiodothyronine (T3) uptake and retention measured. Following unilateral superior cervical ganglionectomy, denervated salivary gland contained 24% less (p less than 0.02) radioimmunoassayable T3/mg and took up 20% less (p less than 0.001) intravenously administered 125I-T3/mg than the contralateral innervated gland. Effects were similar at 7, 14 and 56 days following ganglionectomy and could not be accounted for by post-denervation changes in the delivery of the isotope, in total salivary gland water, in vascular volume or in extracellular or intracellular fluid spaces. When reserpine was administered to unilaterally ganglionectomized animals, uptake of 125I-T3/mg in the innvervated gland was reduced by 10% (p less than 0.005), relative to the denervated gland. The results suggest that loss or diminution of peripheral adrenergic nerve terminal activity reduces tissue uptake and retention of T3.", "contents": "Triiodothyronine in rat submaxillary salivary gland: effects of altered adrenergic function. To determine whether changes in adrenergic nerve terminal activity may influence tissue metabolism of iodothyronines, sympathetic nervous function of the rat submaxillary salivary gland was altered, and effects on salivary gland triiodothyronine (T3) uptake and retention measured. Following unilateral superior cervical ganglionectomy, denervated salivary gland contained 24% less (p less than 0.02) radioimmunoassayable T3/mg and took up 20% less (p less than 0.001) intravenously administered 125I-T3/mg than the contralateral innervated gland. Effects were similar at 7, 14 and 56 days following ganglionectomy and could not be accounted for by post-denervation changes in the delivery of the isotope, in total salivary gland water, in vascular volume or in extracellular or intracellular fluid spaces. When reserpine was administered to unilaterally ganglionectomized animals, uptake of 125I-T3/mg in the innvervated gland was reduced by 10% (p less than 0.005), relative to the denervated gland. The results suggest that loss or diminution of peripheral adrenergic nerve terminal activity reduces tissue uptake and retention of T3."}
{"id": "PMID:866398", "title": "Analysis of the mechanism of the protective activity of some sympathomimetic amines in experimental ulcers.", "content": "Apomorphine administered in reserpine-induced as well as in restraint ulcers in rats, failed to afford protection. Pimozide, moperone, trifluperidol and chlorpromazine fail to influence the development of the experimental ulcers. Pimozide and moperone although antagonizing the behavioral changes of amphetamine, maintained its antiulcer activity. Amitryptiline, cocaine and morphine had a protective activity. L-Dopa afforded a significant protection which was abolished if this compound was administered together with FLA-63, a specific dopamine-beta-hydroxilase inhibitor. These results were explained by admitting that not dopamine, but noradrenaline was responsible for the antiulcer activity. alpha-Methyl-dopa produced a significant protection in both experimental models.", "contents": "Analysis of the mechanism of the protective activity of some sympathomimetic amines in experimental ulcers. Apomorphine administered in reserpine-induced as well as in restraint ulcers in rats, failed to afford protection. Pimozide, moperone, trifluperidol and chlorpromazine fail to influence the development of the experimental ulcers. Pimozide and moperone although antagonizing the behavioral changes of amphetamine, maintained its antiulcer activity. Amitryptiline, cocaine and morphine had a protective activity. L-Dopa afforded a significant protection which was abolished if this compound was administered together with FLA-63, a specific dopamine-beta-hydroxilase inhibitor. These results were explained by admitting that not dopamine, but noradrenaline was responsible for the antiulcer activity. alpha-Methyl-dopa produced a significant protection in both experimental models."}
{"id": "PMID:866399", "title": "Influence of some sympathomimetic amines on the experimental gastric ulcers in rats.", "content": "In reserpine-induced ulcers in rats, the centrally acting sympathomimetic \u00e1mines (amphetamine, mephentermine and ephedrine) produced a significant protection. Only amphetamine had a beneficial effect in restraint ulcers. Tyramine, a preponderant peripherally acting sympathominetic amine, was inefficient in both experimental models. It is suggested that the protective activity is due to the influence of these amines on the adrenergic structures, mainly at central level.", "contents": "Influence of some sympathomimetic amines on the experimental gastric ulcers in rats. In reserpine-induced ulcers in rats, the centrally acting sympathomimetic \u00e1mines (amphetamine, mephentermine and ephedrine) produced a significant protection. Only amphetamine had a beneficial effect in restraint ulcers. Tyramine, a preponderant peripherally acting sympathominetic amine, was inefficient in both experimental models. It is suggested that the protective activity is due to the influence of these amines on the adrenergic structures, mainly at central level."}
{"id": "PMID:866400", "title": "Effects of sammarium on the contractile response of the isolated guinea pig ileum to acetylcholine, histamine, potassium and barium.", "content": "The effects of sammarium (Sm3+) on drug responsiveness of the isolated guinea pig ileum were studied. The lanthanid at the concentration of 2x10(-4) M reduced responsiveness to acetylcholine, histamine and submaximal concentrations of potassium. The maximum response to potassium and the responsiveness to barium remained unaffected. 2x10(-3) M Sm3+ reduced barium-induced contractions and smooth muscle response to potassium Ringer. Equipotent submaximal concentration of acetylcholine, histamine, potassium and barium were analysed in order to try to establish a Sm3+-induced differential reduction in smooth muscle responvisiveness. The lanthanid imparied tissue responsiveness to acetylcholine, histamine and potassium, but did not alter reponsiveness to barium. The results seem to be consistent with the hypothesis that in the guinea pig ileum responsivenesses to acetylcholine, histamine and potassium are, probably, supported by a calcium store(s) located at the cell membrane. The persistence of responsiveness to barium could indicated that this agonist acts upon a cellular calcium store(s) insensitive to Sm3+.", "contents": "Effects of sammarium on the contractile response of the isolated guinea pig ileum to acetylcholine, histamine, potassium and barium. The effects of sammarium (Sm3+) on drug responsiveness of the isolated guinea pig ileum were studied. The lanthanid at the concentration of 2x10(-4) M reduced responsiveness to acetylcholine, histamine and submaximal concentrations of potassium. The maximum response to potassium and the responsiveness to barium remained unaffected. 2x10(-3) M Sm3+ reduced barium-induced contractions and smooth muscle response to potassium Ringer. Equipotent submaximal concentration of acetylcholine, histamine, potassium and barium were analysed in order to try to establish a Sm3+-induced differential reduction in smooth muscle responvisiveness. The lanthanid imparied tissue responsiveness to acetylcholine, histamine and potassium, but did not alter reponsiveness to barium. The results seem to be consistent with the hypothesis that in the guinea pig ileum responsivenesses to acetylcholine, histamine and potassium are, probably, supported by a calcium store(s) located at the cell membrane. The persistence of responsiveness to barium could indicated that this agonist acts upon a cellular calcium store(s) insensitive to Sm3+."}
{"id": "PMID:866402", "title": "Effect of cocaine and desmethylimipramine on the uptake, retention and metabolism of 3H-5-hydroxytryptamine in rat brain slices.", "content": "Uptake and metabolism of 3H-5-dydroxytryptamine (3H-5-HT) in slices of hypothalamus, brain stem caudate nucleus and parietal cortex were examined in vitro. The results indicate that 3H-5-HT taken up by neurons is firmly retained and that there are regional differences in the uptake and retention of 3H-5-HT. For example, the caudate had a significantly greater maximum rate of uptake and binding (Vmax) than the other brain areas tested, particularly the cortex. In contrast the caudate appeared to have the lowest apparent for 3H-5-HT uptake (Km). Uptake and retention of 3H-5-HT by four brain areas were markedly inhibited by cocaine and desmethylimipramine (DMI) in vitro. The inhibitory effect of both drugs was noncompetitive in nature, with exception of thct that cocaine and DMI failed to reduce the formation of 3H-5-hydroxy-indoleacetic acid despite ther potent blocking action of 3H-5-HT uptake suggests that a significant amount of 3H-5-HT is oxidatively deaminated at extraneouronal sites. This extraneuronal metabolism of 5-hydroxytryptamine may play an play an important role in regulating the action of this neurotransmitter.", "contents": "Effect of cocaine and desmethylimipramine on the uptake, retention and metabolism of 3H-5-hydroxytryptamine in rat brain slices. Uptake and metabolism of 3H-5-dydroxytryptamine (3H-5-HT) in slices of hypothalamus, brain stem caudate nucleus and parietal cortex were examined in vitro. The results indicate that 3H-5-HT taken up by neurons is firmly retained and that there are regional differences in the uptake and retention of 3H-5-HT. For example, the caudate had a significantly greater maximum rate of uptake and binding (Vmax) than the other brain areas tested, particularly the cortex. In contrast the caudate appeared to have the lowest apparent for 3H-5-HT uptake (Km). Uptake and retention of 3H-5-HT by four brain areas were markedly inhibited by cocaine and desmethylimipramine (DMI) in vitro. The inhibitory effect of both drugs was noncompetitive in nature, with exception of thct that cocaine and DMI failed to reduce the formation of 3H-5-hydroxy-indoleacetic acid despite ther potent blocking action of 3H-5-HT uptake suggests that a significant amount of 3H-5-HT is oxidatively deaminated at extraneouronal sites. This extraneuronal metabolism of 5-hydroxytryptamine may play an play an important role in regulating the action of this neurotransmitter."}
{"id": "PMID:866403", "title": "Morphine and brain growth retardation in the rat.", "content": "Fetal and infant rats were maternally exposed to morphine sulfate during gestation and lactation. Drug was administered twice daily by i.p. injection, with dosages gradually increased from 10 mg/kg/injection to a maintenance level of 40 mg/kg/injection. Offspring during the preweaning period had a reduction in body, brain and cerebellar weights, as well as in brain length and cerebral and cerebellar widths. Deficits persisted in young rats observed 51/2 weeks after cessation of drug exposure and in animals continuing to receive twice daily i.p. injections of 20 mg/kg/injection. These results indicate that maternal morphine treatment retards the growth of young rats and impairs brain development.", "contents": "Morphine and brain growth retardation in the rat. Fetal and infant rats were maternally exposed to morphine sulfate during gestation and lactation. Drug was administered twice daily by i.p. injection, with dosages gradually increased from 10 mg/kg/injection to a maintenance level of 40 mg/kg/injection. Offspring during the preweaning period had a reduction in body, brain and cerebellar weights, as well as in brain length and cerebral and cerebellar widths. Deficits persisted in young rats observed 51/2 weeks after cessation of drug exposure and in animals continuing to receive twice daily i.p. injections of 20 mg/kg/injection. These results indicate that maternal morphine treatment retards the growth of young rats and impairs brain development."}
{"id": "PMID:866404", "title": "Binding of mescaline with subcellular fractions upon incubation of brain cortex slices with [14C] mescaline.", "content": "Incubation of brain cortex slices in the presence of glucose resulted in the permeation of about 65% of [14C] mescaline into slices. Of this, about one-third radioactivity was bound with nuclei, mitochondria, microsomes, and ribosomes. Dialysis of subcellular fractions did not markedly reduce the amounts of radioactivity bound to the fractions. The permeation into slices and the binding of mescaline to subcellular fractions were fairly time-dependent, but were inhibited by the presence of potassium cyanide, or by the absence of glucose and by heating to 80 degrees C for 1 min.", "contents": "Binding of mescaline with subcellular fractions upon incubation of brain cortex slices with [14C] mescaline. Incubation of brain cortex slices in the presence of glucose resulted in the permeation of about 65% of [14C] mescaline into slices. Of this, about one-third radioactivity was bound with nuclei, mitochondria, microsomes, and ribosomes. Dialysis of subcellular fractions did not markedly reduce the amounts of radioactivity bound to the fractions. The permeation into slices and the binding of mescaline to subcellular fractions were fairly time-dependent, but were inhibited by the presence of potassium cyanide, or by the absence of glucose and by heating to 80 degrees C for 1 min."}
{"id": "PMID:866405", "title": "The effects of split dose radiations on the mechanical properties of the skin.", "content": "A series of split dose experiments in which the interval between doses was varied from 1 to 7 d is reported. In vitro measurements of the mechanical properties of skin are made 50 and 120 d after the first irradiation. The variation of the skin thickness, load at rupture, extension at rupture, stress at rupture and skin stiffness with dose and with time interval between doses is examined. The results suggest that after the highest doses of irradiation the skin is matted in structure and the fractionation pattern is insignificant. Different fractionation patterns only influence the radiation effects at lower doses where the skin retains an open mesh structure. The experiments indicate that a maximum skin sparing effect is obtained with a two day interval between the split doses.", "contents": "The effects of split dose radiations on the mechanical properties of the skin. A series of split dose experiments in which the interval between doses was varied from 1 to 7 d is reported. In vitro measurements of the mechanical properties of skin are made 50 and 120 d after the first irradiation. The variation of the skin thickness, load at rupture, extension at rupture, stress at rupture and skin stiffness with dose and with time interval between doses is examined. The results suggest that after the highest doses of irradiation the skin is matted in structure and the fractionation pattern is insignificant. Different fractionation patterns only influence the radiation effects at lower doses where the skin retains an open mesh structure. The experiments indicate that a maximum skin sparing effect is obtained with a two day interval between the split doses."}
{"id": "PMID:866406", "title": "Kinetics of protein adsorption and immunological reactions at a liquid/solid interface by ellipsometry.", "content": "The adsorption of bovine serum albumin and the subsequent reaction with it of rabbit anti-bovine serum albumin at a saline solution/gold interface are observed in vitro by ellipsometry. By suitable choice of protein concentrations, the processes of adsorption and immunological reaction can be followed in detail by an ordinary null ellipsometer. A simple kinetic model for the formation of a monolayer of protein at the saline solution/gold interface provides adequate explanation for the experimental results. It is shown that ellipsometry is capable of providing information on molecular dimensions, molecular diffusion velocities and adsorption rates.", "contents": "Kinetics of protein adsorption and immunological reactions at a liquid/solid interface by ellipsometry. The adsorption of bovine serum albumin and the subsequent reaction with it of rabbit anti-bovine serum albumin at a saline solution/gold interface are observed in vitro by ellipsometry. By suitable choice of protein concentrations, the processes of adsorption and immunological reaction can be followed in detail by an ordinary null ellipsometer. A simple kinetic model for the formation of a monolayer of protein at the saline solution/gold interface provides adequate explanation for the experimental results. It is shown that ellipsometry is capable of providing information on molecular dimensions, molecular diffusion velocities and adsorption rates."}
{"id": "PMID:866407", "title": "Echo structure in medical ultrasonic pulse-echo scanning.", "content": "The factors contributing to the structure (i.e. amplitude and shape) of echoes from major reflecting boundaries in tissues are reviewed. It is shown that the pulsed nature of a scanner's emitted sound field introduces complex variations in echo shape which are not usually taken into account. Moreover, echo structure is strongly modified by the geometry of the interface and not only by the physical composition of the adjacent materials. These effects are shown to be characteristic of the basic reflection process with pulsed fields. The influence of some receiver transfer properties on the displayed echo is also indicated. It is suggested that the analysis of sound fields scattered from small-scale internal structures (echo ensemble analysis) is a preferred method of tissue characterization.", "contents": "Echo structure in medical ultrasonic pulse-echo scanning. The factors contributing to the structure (i.e. amplitude and shape) of echoes from major reflecting boundaries in tissues are reviewed. It is shown that the pulsed nature of a scanner's emitted sound field introduces complex variations in echo shape which are not usually taken into account. Moreover, echo structure is strongly modified by the geometry of the interface and not only by the physical composition of the adjacent materials. These effects are shown to be characteristic of the basic reflection process with pulsed fields. The influence of some receiver transfer properties on the displayed echo is also indicated. It is suggested that the analysis of sound fields scattered from small-scale internal structures (echo ensemble analysis) is a preferred method of tissue characterization."}
{"id": "PMID:866408", "title": "A constant-flow calorimeter for the measurement of acoustic power at megahertz frequencies.", "content": "The calorimeter absorbs, in a flow of castor oil, a fraction of the acoustic power output of an ultrasound transducer. It has been used to measure powere of between 1 mW and 10 W at frequencies from 1-5 to 3 MHz. Examples are given of results obtained for an ultrasound therapy unit and an ultrasonic pulse--echo scanner. Sources of inaccuracy are defined. It appears that constant-flow calorimetry offers a potentially very sensitive method for the absolute measurement of acoustic power.", "contents": "A constant-flow calorimeter for the measurement of acoustic power at megahertz frequencies. The calorimeter absorbs, in a flow of castor oil, a fraction of the acoustic power output of an ultrasound transducer. It has been used to measure powere of between 1 mW and 10 W at frequencies from 1-5 to 3 MHz. Examples are given of results obtained for an ultrasound therapy unit and an ultrasonic pulse--echo scanner. Sources of inaccuracy are defined. It appears that constant-flow calorimetry offers a potentially very sensitive method for the absolute measurement of acoustic power."}
{"id": "PMID:866409", "title": "Dose and LET distributions due to neutrons and photons emitted from stopped negative pions.", "content": "Computer calculations are made of the dose and LET distributions due to neutrons and photons produced when negative pions are stopped in a phantom. When negative pions are stopped in a material they undergo nuclear capture, resulting in the disintegration of the nucleus and the emission of short range charged particles and longer range neutrons and photons. The uncharged radiation constitutes a potentially large source of dose outside the treatment volume. A simple phantom consisting of a 0-25 m cube of either tissue or bone-equivalent material is set up with a 0-05 m cube in the centre to represent the treatment volume. Neutrons and photons are started in this central volume and transported across the phantom using Monte Carlo transport codes. Several different initial energy spectra for the neutrons are used, taken from experimental and theoretical data. These different spectra are found to give significant differences in dose, though the distance to the 80% dose level is always about 0-015 m. Order of magnitude differences in some LET regions are also found. The dose deposited by neutrons in bone is about 24% less than in soft tissue, the photon dose being small compared with the neutron dose.", "contents": "Dose and LET distributions due to neutrons and photons emitted from stopped negative pions. Computer calculations are made of the dose and LET distributions due to neutrons and photons produced when negative pions are stopped in a phantom. When negative pions are stopped in a material they undergo nuclear capture, resulting in the disintegration of the nucleus and the emission of short range charged particles and longer range neutrons and photons. The uncharged radiation constitutes a potentially large source of dose outside the treatment volume. A simple phantom consisting of a 0-25 m cube of either tissue or bone-equivalent material is set up with a 0-05 m cube in the centre to represent the treatment volume. Neutrons and photons are started in this central volume and transported across the phantom using Monte Carlo transport codes. Several different initial energy spectra for the neutrons are used, taken from experimental and theoretical data. These different spectra are found to give significant differences in dose, though the distance to the 80% dose level is always about 0-015 m. Order of magnitude differences in some LET regions are also found. The dose deposited by neutrons in bone is about 24% less than in soft tissue, the photon dose being small compared with the neutron dose."}
{"id": "PMID:866410", "title": "Determination of some parameters for pion radiobiology studies.", "content": "An experimental investigation of the central axis depth-dose and stopping rate distribution of the SIN biomedical pion beam is reported. The pion stopping rate in a thin disc of tissue-equivalent plastic was determined using a counter telescope. The dose rate at the position of this dic 'target' was measured using a specially designed parallel-plate tissue-equivalent ionization chamber. Both dose rate and pion stopping rate are given as a function of depth for beams of two different momenta spread. The energy deposition required per pion stop to fit the measured dose rate curves was calculated and found to be between 37 and 40 MeV. From the stopping rate measurements the depth-dose distribution of pion interaction dose (star-dose) and the dose due to the pion slowing down have been evaluated. The maximum star-dose is found at a depth of about 2 g cm-2 beyound the maximum of the ionization dose.", "contents": "Determination of some parameters for pion radiobiology studies. An experimental investigation of the central axis depth-dose and stopping rate distribution of the SIN biomedical pion beam is reported. The pion stopping rate in a thin disc of tissue-equivalent plastic was determined using a counter telescope. The dose rate at the position of this dic 'target' was measured using a specially designed parallel-plate tissue-equivalent ionization chamber. Both dose rate and pion stopping rate are given as a function of depth for beams of two different momenta spread. The energy deposition required per pion stop to fit the measured dose rate curves was calculated and found to be between 37 and 40 MeV. From the stopping rate measurements the depth-dose distribution of pion interaction dose (star-dose) and the dose due to the pion slowing down have been evaluated. The maximum star-dose is found at a depth of about 2 g cm-2 beyound the maximum of the ionization dose."}
{"id": "PMID:866411", "title": "Measurement of the fast neutron sensitivities of Geiger-Mueller counter gamma dosemeters.", "content": "An associated-particle coincidence technique was used to measure the sensitivity of 14-7 MeV neutrons of three types of energy-compensated Geiger--Mueller counters used in mixed field dosimetry. These were then used to measure the gamma-dose component of a 14-7 MeV neutron flux. The thermal neutron sensitivities were also measured.", "contents": "Measurement of the fast neutron sensitivities of Geiger-Mueller counter gamma dosemeters. An associated-particle coincidence technique was used to measure the sensitivity of 14-7 MeV neutrons of three types of energy-compensated Geiger--Mueller counters used in mixed field dosimetry. These were then used to measure the gamma-dose component of a 14-7 MeV neutron flux. The thermal neutron sensitivities were also measured."}
{"id": "PMID:866412", "title": "Lyoluminescence dosimetry with some saccharides.", "content": "Lyoluminescent properties of mannose, glucose monohydrate, sucrose and trehalose dihydrate were investigated from the point of view of suitability as dosimetric materials in a new system of solid state dosimetry. Distilled water was used as a solvent. With a reader equipped with an uncooled PM tube it was possible to measure doses of X- and gamma-rays in the range from a few rad to about 100 krad. Various experimental factors which could affect the dose measurements using lyoluminescence are discussed, including the energy response for X-rays. Some preliminary information on the response of saccharides to fast neutrons is also included.", "contents": "Lyoluminescence dosimetry with some saccharides. Lyoluminescent properties of mannose, glucose monohydrate, sucrose and trehalose dihydrate were investigated from the point of view of suitability as dosimetric materials in a new system of solid state dosimetry. Distilled water was used as a solvent. With a reader equipped with an uncooled PM tube it was possible to measure doses of X- and gamma-rays in the range from a few rad to about 100 krad. Various experimental factors which could affect the dose measurements using lyoluminescence are discussed, including the energy response for X-rays. Some preliminary information on the response of saccharides to fast neutrons is also included."}
{"id": "PMID:866413", "title": "An approach to an analysis of the energy response of LiF-TLD to high energy electrons.", "content": "Responses of LiF-TLD to high energy electrons relative to 60Co gamma-rays were investigated experimentally and theoretically. The Burlin et al. theory, its modified version by Almond and McCray and the Holt et al. semi-empirical theory were examined in comparison with each experiment. An approximate approach to theoretical analysis of energy response of LiF-TLD was attempted and compared with some experimental results.", "contents": "An approach to an analysis of the energy response of LiF-TLD to high energy electrons. Responses of LiF-TLD to high energy electrons relative to 60Co gamma-rays were investigated experimentally and theoretically. The Burlin et al. theory, its modified version by Almond and McCray and the Holt et al. semi-empirical theory were examined in comparison with each experiment. An approximate approach to theoretical analysis of energy response of LiF-TLD was attempted and compared with some experimental results."}
{"id": "PMID:866414", "title": "Thermoluminescence in CaF2:Dy and CaF2:Mn induced by monoenergetic, parallel beam, 81-0 meV diffracted neutrons.", "content": "The thermal neutron thermoluminescent response of CaF2 : Dy (TLD-200, 0-35% wt Dy) and CaF2 : mn (TLD-400, 2% wt Mn) has been measured by exposure to a monoenergetic, parallel beam of 81-0 meV neutrons from a Kandi-II diffractometer. The TL dosemeters were rectangular and of 0-165 X 0-165 X 0-83 cm dimensions. The measured integral TLD-200 response for a neutron fluence of 10(10) n cm-2 was 0-21 +/- 0-013 R of 60Co which translates to 0-33 +/- 0-021 R 60Co for a Maxwellian neutron energy distribution at T = 293-6 K. The measured integral TLD-400 response for a neutron fluence of 10(10) n cm-2 was 0-09 +/- 0-006 R 60Co which similarly translates to 0-14 +/- 0-010 R 60Co for a Maxwellian neutron energy distribution at T = 293-6 K. The thermoluminescent response of both materials is both theoretically and experimentally shown to be composed of a thermal neutron induced prompt gamma component (approximately 20%) as well as the major component due to the thermal neutron induced beta decay of 165Dy and 56Mn. It is pointed out that the thermal neutron thermoluminescent response of both materials is size and geometry dependent.", "contents": "Thermoluminescence in CaF2:Dy and CaF2:Mn induced by monoenergetic, parallel beam, 81-0 meV diffracted neutrons. The thermal neutron thermoluminescent response of CaF2 : Dy (TLD-200, 0-35% wt Dy) and CaF2 : mn (TLD-400, 2% wt Mn) has been measured by exposure to a monoenergetic, parallel beam of 81-0 meV neutrons from a Kandi-II diffractometer. The TL dosemeters were rectangular and of 0-165 X 0-165 X 0-83 cm dimensions. The measured integral TLD-200 response for a neutron fluence of 10(10) n cm-2 was 0-21 +/- 0-013 R of 60Co which translates to 0-33 +/- 0-021 R 60Co for a Maxwellian neutron energy distribution at T = 293-6 K. The measured integral TLD-400 response for a neutron fluence of 10(10) n cm-2 was 0-09 +/- 0-006 R 60Co which similarly translates to 0-14 +/- 0-010 R 60Co for a Maxwellian neutron energy distribution at T = 293-6 K. The thermoluminescent response of both materials is both theoretically and experimentally shown to be composed of a thermal neutron induced prompt gamma component (approximately 20%) as well as the major component due to the thermal neutron induced beta decay of 165Dy and 56Mn. It is pointed out that the thermal neutron thermoluminescent response of both materials is size and geometry dependent."}
{"id": "PMID:866415", "title": "The effects of a finite number of projection angles and finite lateral sampling of projections on the propagation of statistical errors in transverse section reconstruction.", "content": "The dependence of noise amplification on the nuber of projection angles and on the lateral sampling interval of projections is presented. It is shown that about 1-5D/d angles and a sampling interval of about 0-5d are required in order that the data be efficiently utilized. D is the linear dimension of the reconstruction region and d is the linear dimension of the cells into which the reconstruction region is subdivided (resolution length). Values for noise amplification are given for various combinations of projection angles and lateral sampling intervals.", "contents": "The effects of a finite number of projection angles and finite lateral sampling of projections on the propagation of statistical errors in transverse section reconstruction. The dependence of noise amplification on the nuber of projection angles and on the lateral sampling interval of projections is presented. It is shown that about 1-5D/d angles and a sampling interval of about 0-5d are required in order that the data be efficiently utilized. D is the linear dimension of the reconstruction region and d is the linear dimension of the cells into which the reconstruction region is subdivided (resolution length). Values for noise amplification are given for various combinations of projection angles and lateral sampling intervals."}
{"id": "PMID:866423", "title": "Maximum isometric knee flexor and extensor muscle contractions: normal patterns of torque versus time.", "content": "Isometric torque of the knee flexor and extensor muscles were recorded for 5 seconds at three knee joint positions. The subjects included healthy men in age groups from 20 to 35 and 45 to 65 years of age. The amplitudes and duration of peak torque and the time to peak torque were measured for each contraction. Peak torque was usually maintaned less than 0.1 second and never longer than 0.9 second. At each of the three angles, the mean extensor muscle torque was higher than the mean flexor muscle torque in both age groups, and the mean torque for both muscle group was higher among the younger than among the older man. The highest average torque was recorded at the knee angle of 60 degrees for the extensor muscles and 45 degrees for the flexor muscles, but this was not always a stereotyped response either for a given individual or among individuals.", "contents": "Maximum isometric knee flexor and extensor muscle contractions: normal patterns of torque versus time. Isometric torque of the knee flexor and extensor muscles were recorded for 5 seconds at three knee joint positions. The subjects included healthy men in age groups from 20 to 35 and 45 to 65 years of age. The amplitudes and duration of peak torque and the time to peak torque were measured for each contraction. Peak torque was usually maintaned less than 0.1 second and never longer than 0.9 second. At each of the three angles, the mean extensor muscle torque was higher than the mean flexor muscle torque in both age groups, and the mean torque for both muscle group was higher among the younger than among the older man. The highest average torque was recorded at the knee angle of 60 degrees for the extensor muscles and 45 degrees for the flexor muscles, but this was not always a stereotyped response either for a given individual or among individuals."}
{"id": "PMID:866424", "title": "Empathy: can it be learned and retained?", "content": "The effects of a one-semester course aimed at empathic discrimination and communication was measured 18 months after its completion. An experimental group of physical therapy students who had participated in the course and a control group who had not were given the Allied Health Professions Empathy Discrimination index and the Cartoon Listening Test. The results indicate that students who participated in the course were better able to respond empathically. Formal preparation in communication skills as described was both effective and lasting.", "contents": "Empathy: can it be learned and retained? The effects of a one-semester course aimed at empathic discrimination and communication was measured 18 months after its completion. An experimental group of physical therapy students who had participated in the course and a control group who had not were given the Allied Health Professions Empathy Discrimination index and the Cartoon Listening Test. The results indicate that students who participated in the course were better able to respond empathically. Formal preparation in communication skills as described was both effective and lasting."}
{"id": "PMID:866425", "title": "Cardiopulmonary rehabilitation specialization: survey and suggested curriculum.", "content": "Findings exploring further educational commitment and job potential in the carciopulmonary rehabilitation area are presented based on a nationwide survey to 100 physical therapy departments. Results show 1) 99 percent of the sample population believed postgraduate work was necessary; 2) 72 percent indicated that caridac and plumonary rehabilitation techniques should be offered together; 3) 51 percent idinicated willingness to complete a clinical internship; and 4) 79 percent indicated that this specialty training could be utilized effectively in their respective hospital settings, with 20 percent indicating that hospital administrators would willingly pay salary differentials for this clinical specialty. A clinical Master of Arts degree curriculum design is presented with brief course descriptions currently in progess in the Department of Physical Therapy, New York University School of Education, Health, Nursing, and the Arts, Professions.", "contents": "Cardiopulmonary rehabilitation specialization: survey and suggested curriculum. Findings exploring further educational commitment and job potential in the carciopulmonary rehabilitation area are presented based on a nationwide survey to 100 physical therapy departments. Results show 1) 99 percent of the sample population believed postgraduate work was necessary; 2) 72 percent indicated that caridac and plumonary rehabilitation techniques should be offered together; 3) 51 percent idinicated willingness to complete a clinical internship; and 4) 79 percent indicated that this specialty training could be utilized effectively in their respective hospital settings, with 20 percent indicating that hospital administrators would willingly pay salary differentials for this clinical specialty. A clinical Master of Arts degree curriculum design is presented with brief course descriptions currently in progess in the Department of Physical Therapy, New York University School of Education, Health, Nursing, and the Arts, Professions."}
{"id": "PMID:866426", "title": "Load cell: a device to monitor weight bearing for lower extremity amputees.", "content": "The PRS-Moore Load Cell for use in immediate postoperative prosthetic fitting for above- and below-knee amputees is described. The design incorporates an audible warning device which will sound whenever the wearer applies more than the predetermined weight on the affected limb. The device is easy to use in a clinical setting and can be incorporated into any endoskeletal pylon. The cost per unit is approximately $125, and the cell can be reused for successive patients.", "contents": "Load cell: a device to monitor weight bearing for lower extremity amputees. The PRS-Moore Load Cell for use in immediate postoperative prosthetic fitting for above- and below-knee amputees is described. The design incorporates an audible warning device which will sound whenever the wearer applies more than the predetermined weight on the affected limb. The device is easy to use in a clinical setting and can be incorporated into any endoskeletal pylon. The cost per unit is approximately $125, and the cell can be reused for successive patients."}
{"id": "PMID:866431", "title": "[76 cases of thromboangitis obliterans].", "content": "In a group of 156 patients with arteriopathy, 87 (aged between 10 and 40 years) exhibited thromboangiitis obliterans and 9 (aged 40 to 50 years) arteritis of middle age, according to Van der Stricht's classification. The lesions of thromboangiitis obliterans have their onset in the distal arteries of the extremities and are frequently associated with hyperhidrosis and hypersympathicotonia. Marked clinical improvement may be obtained after treatment by lumbar sympathectomy combined with adrenalectomy and cessation of smoking. Tobacco appears to be a more important etiological factor than race : none of the patients in this group was a Jew. \"Middle-age arteritis\" involves primarily the femoral arteries and affects smokers in the first place. The same type of treatment has given less convincing results in these cases, owing possibly to a lack of sufficient experience with such techniques as endarteriectomy and grafting.", "contents": "[76 cases of thromboangitis obliterans]. In a group of 156 patients with arteriopathy, 87 (aged between 10 and 40 years) exhibited thromboangiitis obliterans and 9 (aged 40 to 50 years) arteritis of middle age, according to Van der Stricht's classification. The lesions of thromboangiitis obliterans have their onset in the distal arteries of the extremities and are frequently associated with hyperhidrosis and hypersympathicotonia. Marked clinical improvement may be obtained after treatment by lumbar sympathectomy combined with adrenalectomy and cessation of smoking. Tobacco appears to be a more important etiological factor than race : none of the patients in this group was a Jew. \"Middle-age arteritis\" involves primarily the femoral arteries and affects smokers in the first place. The same type of treatment has given less convincing results in these cases, owing possibly to a lack of sufficient experience with such techniques as endarteriectomy and grafting."}
{"id": "PMID:866433", "title": "[2 recent cases of ambulatory phlebitis].", "content": "The author describes two cases of ambulatory iliac phlebitis occurring in young women, one pregnant, the other taking synthetic oestrogen-progestogen drugs. Anti-coagulants were contraindicated because of the pregnancy in the first case, and because of practical obstacles to their correct use in the second. In consequence both cases were treated as outpatients by physical compression (Nard's method), without any anticoagulant medication : the results were striking and lasting.", "contents": "[2 recent cases of ambulatory phlebitis]. The author describes two cases of ambulatory iliac phlebitis occurring in young women, one pregnant, the other taking synthetic oestrogen-progestogen drugs. Anti-coagulants were contraindicated because of the pregnancy in the first case, and because of practical obstacles to their correct use in the second. In consequence both cases were treated as outpatients by physical compression (Nard's method), without any anticoagulant medication : the results were striking and lasting."}
{"id": "PMID:866447", "title": "[On \"VOT\": the case of Bourouchaski (author's transl)].", "content": "Our phonetic study of Bourouchaski shows that the homorganic plosives of this language cannot be distinguished by a specific difference in voice onset time (VOT). This finding leads us to the question whether this phonetic feature is of real interest not only for the phonological description of a language, but also in a more general sense for the theory of phonology.", "contents": "[On \"VOT\": the case of Bourouchaski (author's transl)]. Our phonetic study of Bourouchaski shows that the homorganic plosives of this language cannot be distinguished by a specific difference in voice onset time (VOT). This finding leads us to the question whether this phonetic feature is of real interest not only for the phonological description of a language, but also in a more general sense for the theory of phonology."}
{"id": "PMID:866442", "title": "[Phlebitis of effort of the lower limb].", "content": "Effort phlebitis of the lower extremity is rare but does occur : a patient was seen who suffered sudden swelling of the left leg when he had almost finished unloading a lorry. Phlebography, which was carried out five months later, revealed lesions of the deep veins of the lower leg and of the thigh, in which vascular permeability was in the process of being restored. The hypothesis is advanced that a sudden pronounced rise of the venous pressure had led to the rupture of a valvular perforating vein with secondary formation of a clot.", "contents": "[Phlebitis of effort of the lower limb]. Effort phlebitis of the lower extremity is rare but does occur : a patient was seen who suffered sudden swelling of the left leg when he had almost finished unloading a lorry. Phlebography, which was carried out five months later, revealed lesions of the deep veins of the lower leg and of the thigh, in which vascular permeability was in the process of being restored. The hypothesis is advanced that a sudden pronounced rise of the venous pressure had led to the rupture of a valvular perforating vein with secondary formation of a clot."}
{"id": "PMID:866443", "title": "[Ambulatory recurring or migrating phlebitis of subacute appearance (analysis of 30 cases)].", "content": "An analysis was made of 30 cases of recurrent migrating phlebitis, mostly of the subacute type, some of them superficial, others deep-seated; the various, well-known predisposing causes could be identified, as well as in some cases the precipitating causes, which might be single or multiple. If these causes were definite or secondary, this pathology was only rarely a malignant tumor but more often, listed in the order of their frequency : a post-phlebitic conditions, arteritis (often with concomitant polyglobulia or hyperuricemia), hernia of the diaphragm, gout, venous anomalies (Klippel-Tr\u00e9naunay syndrome or avalvularity), polycythemia and periarteritis nodosa. Another possibility is nodular vasculitis.", "contents": "[Ambulatory recurring or migrating phlebitis of subacute appearance (analysis of 30 cases)]. An analysis was made of 30 cases of recurrent migrating phlebitis, mostly of the subacute type, some of them superficial, others deep-seated; the various, well-known predisposing causes could be identified, as well as in some cases the precipitating causes, which might be single or multiple. If these causes were definite or secondary, this pathology was only rarely a malignant tumor but more often, listed in the order of their frequency : a post-phlebitic conditions, arteritis (often with concomitant polyglobulia or hyperuricemia), hernia of the diaphragm, gout, venous anomalies (Klippel-Tr\u00e9naunay syndrome or avalvularity), polycythemia and periarteritis nodosa. Another possibility is nodular vasculitis."}
{"id": "PMID:866444", "title": "[Septic phlebitis. Its consequences and its treatment].", "content": "Septic phlebitis is characterized clinically by a local syndrome in an arm, the chest or a leg, by an irregular temperature (toothsaw curve), by blood cultures that are simultaneously or successively positive for one or several pathogenic microorganisms, by repeated, multiple infected embolism and by the possibility of endocarditis as a complication. Septic phlebitis occurs either spontaneously (staphylococcosis, syndrome of angina pectoris and infarction), or through secondary infection by secondary microbial colonization of a thrombosis of gynecological or obstetrical origin or, thirdly, as the consequence of venous catheterization (perfusion, pacemaker, explorations). Prevention is based on the selection of the material (silastic piercing catheters), the choice of the site of injection, the observation of strict surgical asepsis and of choice of the fluid injected (no corticoids, nor heparin which inactivates the oligosaccharides). As regards the curative treatment, no use should be made either of heparin or of anti-inflammatory agents (especially no corticoids); first of all, the material that has caused the thrombophlebitis should be withdrawn immediately; secondly, 24 to 36 hours later, a specific antibiotic treatment should be instituted and after two weeks, if still necessary, surgical ligation may be carried out of the inferior vena cava, the subclavian vein or the brachiocephalic venous trunk, depending on the localization of the phlebitis.", "contents": "[Septic phlebitis. Its consequences and its treatment]. Septic phlebitis is characterized clinically by a local syndrome in an arm, the chest or a leg, by an irregular temperature (toothsaw curve), by blood cultures that are simultaneously or successively positive for one or several pathogenic microorganisms, by repeated, multiple infected embolism and by the possibility of endocarditis as a complication. Septic phlebitis occurs either spontaneously (staphylococcosis, syndrome of angina pectoris and infarction), or through secondary infection by secondary microbial colonization of a thrombosis of gynecological or obstetrical origin or, thirdly, as the consequence of venous catheterization (perfusion, pacemaker, explorations). Prevention is based on the selection of the material (silastic piercing catheters), the choice of the site of injection, the observation of strict surgical asepsis and of choice of the fluid injected (no corticoids, nor heparin which inactivates the oligosaccharides). As regards the curative treatment, no use should be made either of heparin or of anti-inflammatory agents (especially no corticoids); first of all, the material that has caused the thrombophlebitis should be withdrawn immediately; secondly, 24 to 36 hours later, a specific antibiotic treatment should be instituted and after two weeks, if still necessary, surgical ligation may be carried out of the inferior vena cava, the subclavian vein or the brachiocephalic venous trunk, depending on the localization of the phlebitis."}
{"id": "PMID:866497", "title": "[Serum phenytoin determination, its value in the treatment of epilepsy].", "content": "The concentration of phenytoin in serum was determined by gas chromatography for a total of 101 patients treated on an outpatient basis. In contrast to data reported in the literature, six patients (6 percent) showed therapeutically effective serum concentrations which were far below 7.0 microng/ml. In the majority of cases, however, the therapeutically effective range was from 7.0 to 20.0 microng/ml. A considerable reduction in the frequency of fits was obtained for 23 out of 32 patients who were treated in this manner. Examinations made on patients treated on an inpatient basis showed a definite correlation of daily dose, body weight, and serum concentration. However, interindividual differences were so high that the serum concentration cannot, in general, be safely concluded from the daily dose and body weight. Four percent of the patients showed toxic serum concentrations when normal doses of phenytoin were used. About 50 percent of the patients treated on an outpatient basis showed values indicating very irregular use of the drugs.", "contents": "[Serum phenytoin determination, its value in the treatment of epilepsy]. The concentration of phenytoin in serum was determined by gas chromatography for a total of 101 patients treated on an outpatient basis. In contrast to data reported in the literature, six patients (6 percent) showed therapeutically effective serum concentrations which were far below 7.0 microng/ml. In the majority of cases, however, the therapeutically effective range was from 7.0 to 20.0 microng/ml. A considerable reduction in the frequency of fits was obtained for 23 out of 32 patients who were treated in this manner. Examinations made on patients treated on an inpatient basis showed a definite correlation of daily dose, body weight, and serum concentration. However, interindividual differences were so high that the serum concentration cannot, in general, be safely concluded from the daily dose and body weight. Four percent of the patients showed toxic serum concentrations when normal doses of phenytoin were used. About 50 percent of the patients treated on an outpatient basis showed values indicating very irregular use of the drugs."}
{"id": "PMID:866498", "title": "[Spinal cord tumor in childhood--case report on an extradural cyst in the spinal cord].", "content": "The present paper is concerned with special aspects of the incidence, type-specificity, age distribution, and symptomatology of spinal tumors in childhood. Differences from similar processes observed in adults agre discussed. Difficulties of diagnosis are reported, and the advantages and disadvantages of various diagnostic methods are described. The case of an eleven-year-old child who was diagnosed as having developed an extradural spinal cyst has been restored to for a discussion of this rare phenomenon. The usually unfavorable prognosis in the case of childhood spinal tumors underscores the need for early recognition and immediate surgical therapy.", "contents": "[Spinal cord tumor in childhood--case report on an extradural cyst in the spinal cord]. The present paper is concerned with special aspects of the incidence, type-specificity, age distribution, and symptomatology of spinal tumors in childhood. Differences from similar processes observed in adults agre discussed. Difficulties of diagnosis are reported, and the advantages and disadvantages of various diagnostic methods are described. The case of an eleven-year-old child who was diagnosed as having developed an extradural spinal cyst has been restored to for a discussion of this rare phenomenon. The usually unfavorable prognosis in the case of childhood spinal tumors underscores the need for early recognition and immediate surgical therapy."}
{"id": "PMID:866499", "title": "[Postoperative paralysis of the bronchial plexus due to positioning].", "content": "A survey of the literature on problems of postoperative Duchenne-Erb paralyses caused by particular forms of arm positioning is followed by a report on observations made by the authors on a total of eleven patients. The paralyses observed were above all those of muscles of the Duchenne-Erb group. In four cases there were observed musculocutaneous paralyses. The tendency for reinnervation was good to excellent. Responsible for the development of paralysis was, in eight cases, the unphysiologic positioning of the arm during anesthesia and, as an additional straining moment, either the pressing down of the shoulders for Trendelenburg's position of the retroflection of the head in operations for struma. In three cases there was observed an involvement of that arm which had to be subjected to hyperabduction for the purpose of insuring free access to the site of operation. The careful analysis of causes requires important prophylactic considerations to be made. Also, consideration should be given to consequences in connection with insurance law, since the development of paralyses is in direct contradistinction to the risk involved in a surgical operation.", "contents": "[Postoperative paralysis of the bronchial plexus due to positioning]. A survey of the literature on problems of postoperative Duchenne-Erb paralyses caused by particular forms of arm positioning is followed by a report on observations made by the authors on a total of eleven patients. The paralyses observed were above all those of muscles of the Duchenne-Erb group. In four cases there were observed musculocutaneous paralyses. The tendency for reinnervation was good to excellent. Responsible for the development of paralysis was, in eight cases, the unphysiologic positioning of the arm during anesthesia and, as an additional straining moment, either the pressing down of the shoulders for Trendelenburg's position of the retroflection of the head in operations for struma. In three cases there was observed an involvement of that arm which had to be subjected to hyperabduction for the purpose of insuring free access to the site of operation. The careful analysis of causes requires important prophylactic considerations to be made. Also, consideration should be given to consequences in connection with insurance law, since the development of paralyses is in direct contradistinction to the risk involved in a surgical operation."}
{"id": "PMID:866500", "title": "[Tuberous sclerosis--early diagnosis and its significance in juvenile epilepsy].", "content": "Twenty-three cases of tuberous sclerosis, found in the ten years' material of the authors among 2900 epileptics between o-16 years of age, are presented. 11 patients were treated before the age of 3 years, all showing infantile spasms. The earliest, in most cases congenital extraneural signs were depigmented areas on the skin. They were absent only in one case. They allowed, together with the Westsyndrome to establish the diagnosis if tuberous sclerosis before the appearance of other characteristic symptoms. Sebaceous adenoma, generally accepted as pathognostic for tuberous sclerosis, presented itself in all 12 early cases later then the leukoderma and the epileptic fits. Tuberous sclerosis is one of the important causes of epilepsy in childhood, primarily in early childhood. In this period of life the West-syndrome is the most frequent type of epileptic manifestations of tuberous sclerosis", "contents": "[Tuberous sclerosis--early diagnosis and its significance in juvenile epilepsy]. Twenty-three cases of tuberous sclerosis, found in the ten years' material of the authors among 2900 epileptics between o-16 years of age, are presented. 11 patients were treated before the age of 3 years, all showing infantile spasms. The earliest, in most cases congenital extraneural signs were depigmented areas on the skin. They were absent only in one case. They allowed, together with the Westsyndrome to establish the diagnosis if tuberous sclerosis before the appearance of other characteristic symptoms. Sebaceous adenoma, generally accepted as pathognostic for tuberous sclerosis, presented itself in all 12 early cases later then the leukoderma and the epileptic fits. Tuberous sclerosis is one of the important causes of epilepsy in childhood, primarily in early childhood. In this period of life the West-syndrome is the most frequent type of epileptic manifestations of tuberous sclerosis"}
{"id": "PMID:866501", "title": "[Current aspects of neurocysticercosis. Clinical and pathological report on 3 cases].", "content": "This is a clinical and pathological report on three cases (one 48-year-old male, one 57-year-old female, and one 59-year-old male) of neurocysticercosis where postmortem examinations were made between 1972 and 1974. In all of these three cases invasion of the body by the larva of Taenia solium and, more specifically, of the interpeduncular cisterns had led to chronic lymphocytic and granulomatous leptomeningitis and severe hydrocephalus. Complicating the disease picture in one case each were an occlusive granular ependymitis in the aqueduct and a nonspecific endangiitis. The great importance of liquor eosinophilia to the clinical diagnosis of neurocysticercosis is again demonstrated by reference to these cases. The complement fixation reaction is recommended as the most reliable method of diagnosing. This should be should in all ases of etiologically uncertain chronic leptomeningitis", "contents": "[Current aspects of neurocysticercosis. Clinical and pathological report on 3 cases]. This is a clinical and pathological report on three cases (one 48-year-old male, one 57-year-old female, and one 59-year-old male) of neurocysticercosis where postmortem examinations were made between 1972 and 1974. In all of these three cases invasion of the body by the larva of Taenia solium and, more specifically, of the interpeduncular cisterns had led to chronic lymphocytic and granulomatous leptomeningitis and severe hydrocephalus. Complicating the disease picture in one case each were an occlusive granular ependymitis in the aqueduct and a nonspecific endangiitis. The great importance of liquor eosinophilia to the clinical diagnosis of neurocysticercosis is again demonstrated by reference to these cases. The complement fixation reaction is recommended as the most reliable method of diagnosing. This should be should in all ases of etiologically uncertain chronic leptomeningitis"}
{"id": "PMID:866502", "title": "[Electroencephalographic curves in diseases of the basomedian cerebral structures].", "content": "In twenty-two patients bilaterosymmetric, slow frequencies occurring in groups frontoprecentrally and frontoparietally, respectively, were found for a total of thirty-four spaceoccupying processes of basomedian structures. Such alterations should not be considered to be characteristic of tumors located adjacent to the median line, but may be regarded as an important indication. The changes themselves are due to the diffuse thalamocortical system as well as the reticular activating system. The overlapping of functions of these systems and the different responses of equal structures to different intensities of stimulation make it impossible for clinicians to assign them to individual basomedian structural levels even if necropsy records and reports on surgical operations are taken into consideration.", "contents": "[Electroencephalographic curves in diseases of the basomedian cerebral structures]. In twenty-two patients bilaterosymmetric, slow frequencies occurring in groups frontoprecentrally and frontoparietally, respectively, were found for a total of thirty-four spaceoccupying processes of basomedian structures. Such alterations should not be considered to be characteristic of tumors located adjacent to the median line, but may be regarded as an important indication. The changes themselves are due to the diffuse thalamocortical system as well as the reticular activating system. The overlapping of functions of these systems and the different responses of equal structures to different intensities of stimulation make it impossible for clinicians to assign them to individual basomedian structural levels even if necropsy records and reports on surgical operations are taken into consideration."}
{"id": "PMID:866542", "title": "Human contact and cardiac arrhythmia in a coronary care unit.", "content": "In a sample of 225 coronary care patients it was observed that a significant reduction in ventricular arrhythmias occurred following pulse palpation. These data suggest that significant changes in ventricular arrhythmia can occur as a result of even minimally arousing psychosocial interactions.", "contents": "Human contact and cardiac arrhythmia in a coronary care unit. In a sample of 225 coronary care patients it was observed that a significant reduction in ventricular arrhythmias occurred following pulse palpation. These data suggest that significant changes in ventricular arrhythmia can occur as a result of even minimally arousing psychosocial interactions."}
{"id": "PMID:866543", "title": "Prolactin levels in mild depression.", "content": "To determine if serum prolactin levels were correlated with the level of depression in an ambulatory medical clinic population, prolactin was measured by immunoassay in all new medical patients completing the Langer Scale and the Popoff Index of Depression. Thirty-four of 71 patients (48%) were found to be depressed with a positive Popoff Scale. There was no difference in the prolactin levels in the depressed and nondepressed patients, who were matched for age and sex. Thus, depression, as seen in an ambulatory medical population, is not associated with increased prolactin release.", "contents": "Prolactin levels in mild depression. To determine if serum prolactin levels were correlated with the level of depression in an ambulatory medical clinic population, prolactin was measured by immunoassay in all new medical patients completing the Langer Scale and the Popoff Index of Depression. Thirty-four of 71 patients (48%) were found to be depressed with a positive Popoff Scale. There was no difference in the prolactin levels in the depressed and nondepressed patients, who were matched for age and sex. Thus, depression, as seen in an ambulatory medical population, is not associated with increased prolactin release."}
{"id": "PMID:866541", "title": "Urinary cortisol excretion rates and anxiety in normal 1-year-old infants.", "content": "Urinary cortisol excretion rates were determined for each voiding during 8 hours on 3 days for 20 infants. The first day served as the control. On the second day stress was imposed by having the mother leave the infant for an hour. On a third day the child was stimulated by novel toys and socialization for an hour in the mother's presence. There was no significant difference between mean cortisol excretion rates on control and stress days. Variability in cortisol levels was significantly greater on the day of stress than on the other 2 days. Ratings of separation anxiety and levels of cortisol excreted 40 to 160 min after the imposed stress were positively correlated (r = 0.46, P less than 0.01). Cortisol levels also differentiated between anxious infants who were agitated from those who were withdrawn. No altered levels of cortisol were associated with excitement.", "contents": "Urinary cortisol excretion rates and anxiety in normal 1-year-old infants. Urinary cortisol excretion rates were determined for each voiding during 8 hours on 3 days for 20 infants. The first day served as the control. On the second day stress was imposed by having the mother leave the infant for an hour. On a third day the child was stimulated by novel toys and socialization for an hour in the mother's presence. There was no significant difference between mean cortisol excretion rates on control and stress days. Variability in cortisol levels was significantly greater on the day of stress than on the other 2 days. Ratings of separation anxiety and levels of cortisol excreted 40 to 160 min after the imposed stress were positively correlated (r = 0.46, P less than 0.01). Cortisol levels also differentiated between anxious infants who were agitated from those who were withdrawn. No altered levels of cortisol were associated with excitement."}
{"id": "PMID:866540", "title": "Cortisol and growth hormone responses to psychological stress during the menstrual cycle.", "content": "Twenty-one healthy women were studied during one menstrual cycle in order to determine whether cortisol and growth hormone responsivity to psychological stress was related to estrogen levels. Blood was drawn approximately three times per week for analysis of estradiol, progesterone, cortisol, and human growth hormone. During either the menstrual or intermenstrual phase, each subject participated in an interview that was designed to be mildly stressful. State and trait anxiety were assessed using the Spielberger State-Trait Anxiety Inventory. Anxiety state was measured prior to and immediately following exposure to the psychological stress; trait anxiety was assessed at the end of the study. Cortisol and growth hormone responses to the psychological stress were not related to menstrual cycle phase. Anxiety levels were also independent of menstrual cycle phase. Subjects who displayed significant cortisol and/or growth hormone responsivity to the interview had significantly higher anxiety levels post stress than did nonresponders, although anxiety level prior to the interview was not different for the two groups.", "contents": "Cortisol and growth hormone responses to psychological stress during the menstrual cycle. Twenty-one healthy women were studied during one menstrual cycle in order to determine whether cortisol and growth hormone responsivity to psychological stress was related to estrogen levels. Blood was drawn approximately three times per week for analysis of estradiol, progesterone, cortisol, and human growth hormone. During either the menstrual or intermenstrual phase, each subject participated in an interview that was designed to be mildly stressful. State and trait anxiety were assessed using the Spielberger State-Trait Anxiety Inventory. Anxiety state was measured prior to and immediately following exposure to the psychological stress; trait anxiety was assessed at the end of the study. Cortisol and growth hormone responses to the psychological stress were not related to menstrual cycle phase. Anxiety levels were also independent of menstrual cycle phase. Subjects who displayed significant cortisol and/or growth hormone responsivity to the interview had significantly higher anxiety levels post stress than did nonresponders, although anxiety level prior to the interview was not different for the two groups."}
{"id": "PMID:866557", "title": "Control of a measles outbreak in an elementary school. Baltimore County, Md. 1975.", "content": "Between April 18 and May 20, 1975, 16 cases of measles occurred in pupils in an elementary school in Baltimore County, Md., and 1 case occurred in a sibling at a junior high school. Measles was serologically confirmed in 16 of these pupils. Attack rates were determined by grade and by vaccine status. The measles attack rate was 2.1 percent for the 377 children who had been given measles vaccine at 1 year of age or later. The rates were 27.8 percent (13 times higher) for those vaccinated at less than 10 months of age and 20.0 percent (10 times higher) for those with no definite history of vaccine. The higher attack rates for children who were vaccinated only before 10 months of age supports the 1972 recommendation of the Public Health Service Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices that children vaccinated before this age need to be revaccinated with live measles virus vaccine to assure full protection. The finding that 2 of 10 children with a history of measles became ill during the outbreak suggests that such histories are not a totally reliable indicator of immunity. Containment of the outbreak was attributed to the high level of immunity in the community and prompt initiation of control measures.", "contents": "Control of a measles outbreak in an elementary school. Baltimore County, Md. 1975. Between April 18 and May 20, 1975, 16 cases of measles occurred in pupils in an elementary school in Baltimore County, Md., and 1 case occurred in a sibling at a junior high school. Measles was serologically confirmed in 16 of these pupils. Attack rates were determined by grade and by vaccine status. The measles attack rate was 2.1 percent for the 377 children who had been given measles vaccine at 1 year of age or later. The rates were 27.8 percent (13 times higher) for those vaccinated at less than 10 months of age and 20.0 percent (10 times higher) for those with no definite history of vaccine. The higher attack rates for children who were vaccinated only before 10 months of age supports the 1972 recommendation of the Public Health Service Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices that children vaccinated before this age need to be revaccinated with live measles virus vaccine to assure full protection. The finding that 2 of 10 children with a history of measles became ill during the outbreak suggests that such histories are not a totally reliable indicator of immunity. Containment of the outbreak was attributed to the high level of immunity in the community and prompt initiation of control measures."}
{"id": "PMID:866559", "title": "Suicide: who's counting?", "content": "A study of suicide certifications explored their accuracy in the light of the difficulties inherent in the certification of death. The primary question addressed was whether the variation in reported suicide rates was significantly related to the structure, function, and procedures of coroners' offices, in comparison with traditional social aspects of the community, such as demographic factors, socioeconomic status, and residential mobility. A stratified sample of 202 counties in the 11 continental western States was selected, and data on coroners' offices were obtained from 191 of these counties. These data were analyzed by means of weighted least squares, which separately related coroner's office variables and community variables to indirectly age-standardized suicide rates. Data for counties with populations of 30,000 or more and those with less than 30,000 were also separately analyzed. Assessment of the multiple regression analyses suggests that the coroner's office variables compare favorably with the community variables in predicting suicide rates, provided a distinction is made between large and small counties. The coroner's office variables in counties with 30,000 or more population explained 37 percent of the variation in reported suicide rates, whereas the community characteristics explained 41 percent. In the counties with less than 30,000 coroner's office variables explained 24 percent of the variation, while community variables explained 13 percent. In the more populous counties, the characteristics of the coroners most predictive of the suicide rates were a nonrejecting attitude toward suicide, an interest in the personal aspects of the deceased, and concern with the physical circumstances of the death. In the less populous counties, the variables most predictive of the suicide rates were related to the physical aspects of the death.", "contents": "Suicide: who's counting? A study of suicide certifications explored their accuracy in the light of the difficulties inherent in the certification of death. The primary question addressed was whether the variation in reported suicide rates was significantly related to the structure, function, and procedures of coroners' offices, in comparison with traditional social aspects of the community, such as demographic factors, socioeconomic status, and residential mobility. A stratified sample of 202 counties in the 11 continental western States was selected, and data on coroners' offices were obtained from 191 of these counties. These data were analyzed by means of weighted least squares, which separately related coroner's office variables and community variables to indirectly age-standardized suicide rates. Data for counties with populations of 30,000 or more and those with less than 30,000 were also separately analyzed. Assessment of the multiple regression analyses suggests that the coroner's office variables compare favorably with the community variables in predicting suicide rates, provided a distinction is made between large and small counties. The coroner's office variables in counties with 30,000 or more population explained 37 percent of the variation in reported suicide rates, whereas the community characteristics explained 41 percent. In the counties with less than 30,000 coroner's office variables explained 24 percent of the variation, while community variables explained 13 percent. In the more populous counties, the characteristics of the coroners most predictive of the suicide rates were a nonrejecting attitude toward suicide, an interest in the personal aspects of the deceased, and concern with the physical circumstances of the death. In the less populous counties, the variables most predictive of the suicide rates were related to the physical aspects of the death."}
{"id": "PMID:866565", "title": "Systemic lupus erythematosus. A review of 110 cases with reference to nephritis, the nervous system, infections, aseptic necrosis and prognosis.", "content": "Observations made on 110 patients with SLE over a four and a half year period have been reviewed. The patients were seen at intervals of two months when, both clinical and serological findings were recorded, according to a set protocol. The results have been presented with particular reference to nephritis, neurological manifestations, infections, aseptic necrosis, mortality and predicted survival. Such studies have led to the identification of various prognosis factors in SLE, and assisted in providing better directed therapy. The results indicate a milder from of SLE in the patients of this series when compared with previously published studies, and is more representative of the wide spectrum of disease severity seen in the general population.", "contents": "Systemic lupus erythematosus. A review of 110 cases with reference to nephritis, the nervous system, infections, aseptic necrosis and prognosis. Observations made on 110 patients with SLE over a four and a half year period have been reviewed. The patients were seen at intervals of two months when, both clinical and serological findings were recorded, according to a set protocol. The results have been presented with particular reference to nephritis, neurological manifestations, infections, aseptic necrosis, mortality and predicted survival. Such studies have led to the identification of various prognosis factors in SLE, and assisted in providing better directed therapy. The results indicate a milder from of SLE in the patients of this series when compared with previously published studies, and is more representative of the wide spectrum of disease severity seen in the general population."}
{"id": "PMID:866566", "title": "The treatment of Cushing's disease by trans-sphenoidal hypophysectomy.", "content": "Thirteen patients aged 24 to 65 with Cushing's disease have been treated by transphenoidal hypophysectomy. There was one incident of meningitis and one late death from myocarditis. No radiotherapy was given. In 12 patients pituitary histology showed Crooke's changes and an adenoma was present in seven. On review of the 12 survivors two to 11 years later, 11 are in complete remission. One patient still showed some clinical features of Cushing's syndrome but steroid levels were normal. In five of the seven premenopausal women normal menstruation has returned and pregnancy has occurred in three. In four patients replacement hormone therapy is no longer required and a further four take only partial treatment. We conclude that transphenoidal hypophysectomy is an effective treatment for Cushing's disease.", "contents": "The treatment of Cushing's disease by trans-sphenoidal hypophysectomy. Thirteen patients aged 24 to 65 with Cushing's disease have been treated by transphenoidal hypophysectomy. There was one incident of meningitis and one late death from myocarditis. No radiotherapy was given. In 12 patients pituitary histology showed Crooke's changes and an adenoma was present in seven. On review of the 12 survivors two to 11 years later, 11 are in complete remission. One patient still showed some clinical features of Cushing's syndrome but steroid levels were normal. In five of the seven premenopausal women normal menstruation has returned and pregnancy has occurred in three. In four patients replacement hormone therapy is no longer required and a further four take only partial treatment. We conclude that transphenoidal hypophysectomy is an effective treatment for Cushing's disease."}
{"id": "PMID:866562", "title": "Waterborne gastrointestinal illness at a ski resort. --Isolation of Yersinia enterocolitica from drinking water--.", "content": "Approximately 41 percent of the visitors and employees who were at a ski resort in Montana between December 23, 1974, and January 17, 1975, became ill with diarrhea and other gastrointestinal symptoms. The association between illness and water consumption proved to be significant, and the previously noncontaminated water supply was found to contain coliforms. No pathogens except Yersinia enterocolitica were isolated, and it was isolated from two wells serving the area. The role of Y. enterocolitica in this outbreak is not clear, but it was the only organism isolated that is known to be pathogenic.", "contents": "Waterborne gastrointestinal illness at a ski resort. --Isolation of Yersinia enterocolitica from drinking water--. Approximately 41 percent of the visitors and employees who were at a ski resort in Montana between December 23, 1974, and January 17, 1975, became ill with diarrhea and other gastrointestinal symptoms. The association between illness and water consumption proved to be significant, and the previously noncontaminated water supply was found to contain coliforms. No pathogens except Yersinia enterocolitica were isolated, and it was isolated from two wells serving the area. The role of Y. enterocolitica in this outbreak is not clear, but it was the only organism isolated that is known to be pathogenic."}
{"id": "PMID:866563", "title": "Acceptance of auxiliary health worker in rural Iran.", "content": "A pilot project to train and deploy low-level rural health auxiliaries is being carried out in southern Iran. This first group of 16 village health workers (VHW) went to work in the initial 16 project villages early in 1974. The group consisted of 11 men and 5 women ranging in age from 15 to 45. These workers are taught to treat simple medical conditions, to practice preventive health measures, and to conduct health education and visit programs. Six months after initial deployment to the villages, a sample survey of 226 villagers was carried out to determine what characteristics of the VHW and of the consumers were associated with greater acceptance of the VHW's work and his or her role in the village. The results indicated that both male and female health workers are accepted in an equivalent role, and that workers returning to their own villages are no more or no less likely to have difficulties in gaining acceptance than are those returning to a different village. It was found that experience with a VHW of a particular sex could significantly alter attitudes toward the preferred for the VHW. The age of the worker was the only variable closely associated with the villagers' confidence in the worker--the older the VHW, the higher the villagers tended to rate his or her knowledge. In Iran, as in many developing countries, the rural village tends to be a closed, male-dominated group. The experience of the VHWs in Iran makes it apparent that the health worker, regardless of sex, age, or village of origin, can gain the confidence and respect of the villagers.", "contents": "Acceptance of auxiliary health worker in rural Iran. A pilot project to train and deploy low-level rural health auxiliaries is being carried out in southern Iran. This first group of 16 village health workers (VHW) went to work in the initial 16 project villages early in 1974. The group consisted of 11 men and 5 women ranging in age from 15 to 45. These workers are taught to treat simple medical conditions, to practice preventive health measures, and to conduct health education and visit programs. Six months after initial deployment to the villages, a sample survey of 226 villagers was carried out to determine what characteristics of the VHW and of the consumers were associated with greater acceptance of the VHW's work and his or her role in the village. The results indicated that both male and female health workers are accepted in an equivalent role, and that workers returning to their own villages are no more or no less likely to have difficulties in gaining acceptance than are those returning to a different village. It was found that experience with a VHW of a particular sex could significantly alter attitudes toward the preferred for the VHW. The age of the worker was the only variable closely associated with the villagers' confidence in the worker--the older the VHW, the higher the villagers tended to rate his or her knowledge. In Iran, as in many developing countries, the rural village tends to be a closed, male-dominated group. The experience of the VHWs in Iran makes it apparent that the health worker, regardless of sex, age, or village of origin, can gain the confidence and respect of the villagers."}
{"id": "PMID:866567", "title": "Practolol peritonitis. A study of 16 cases and a survey of small bowel function in patients taking beta adrenergic blockers.", "content": "Sixteen patients with practolol peritonitis are described. Dense peritoneal thickening and adhesions caused small bowel stasis and obstruction with characteristic radiology and histology. The disease was best treated by surgery though complications were frequent and three of 16 patients died. Ocular and skin involvement were common. Fifty four asymptomatic patients who had taken a beta adrenoceptor blocking drug for more than 12 months were studied. Seven were found to have radiological abnormalities of the small bowel. These changes were associated with propranolol, oxprenolol and practolol therapy. It is not known whether they are related to practolol peritonitis.", "contents": "Practolol peritonitis. A study of 16 cases and a survey of small bowel function in patients taking beta adrenergic blockers. Sixteen patients with practolol peritonitis are described. Dense peritoneal thickening and adhesions caused small bowel stasis and obstruction with characteristic radiology and histology. The disease was best treated by surgery though complications were frequent and three of 16 patients died. Ocular and skin involvement were common. Fifty four asymptomatic patients who had taken a beta adrenoceptor blocking drug for more than 12 months were studied. Seven were found to have radiological abnormalities of the small bowel. These changes were associated with propranolol, oxprenolol and practolol therapy. It is not known whether they are related to practolol peritonitis."}
{"id": "PMID:866568", "title": "Poisoning by bites of the saw-scaled or carpet viper (Echis carinatus) in Nigeria.", "content": "The Saw-scaled or Carpet Viper (Echis carinatus) whose range extends from Senegal to Bengal probably bites and kills more people than any other species of snake. One hundred and fifteen patients with poisoning caused by its bite were studied in the savanna region of Nigeria, where victims of this snake may occupy 10 per cent of hospital beds. Patients showing no signs of envenoming were excluded. All patients had local swelling at the site of the bite. Other features included local blistering (13 per cent), local necrosis (11 per cent), incoagulable blood (93 per cent), and spontaneous systemic bleeding (57 per cent). There was evidence of disseminated intravascular coagulation in all cases; fibrinogen was severely depleted, fibrin degradation products were increased (mean 1711 +/- 904 micron per ml), but significant thrombocytopenia (less than 103 000 per mm3) was seen in only ten severe cases. Clotting factors V, VIII, II and XIII were depleted, while X and VII were usually normal. Fibrinolytic activity was rarely increased, so it seems likely that a procoagulant action (direct activation of prothrombin) is principal effect of E. carinatus venom on blood coagulation in man. Development of the haemostatic defect was observed as early as 75 minutes and as late as 27 hours after the bite. Spontaneous haemorrhage is clinically the most important effect of E. carinatus venom, causing the five deaths in this series. The relative importance of procoagulant and haemorrhagic components of the venom in causing haemorrhage is discussed. Complement activation via the classical and alternative pathways may have contributed to vascular damage. Mortality was reduced from the untreated level of between 10 and 20 per cent to 2.8 per cent in a group of 107 patients treated with 10 to 110 ml of specific antivenom. The dose was controlled using a simple clotting test. Blood coagulability was restored in two to 39 (mean 12) hours after the first dose of antivenom. Immediate-type serum reactions were observed in 21 per cent of cases. Additional treatment included blood transfusion for patients in haemorrhagic shock and ealry surgical d\u00e9bridement of necrotic tissue at the site of the bite.", "contents": "Poisoning by bites of the saw-scaled or carpet viper (Echis carinatus) in Nigeria. The Saw-scaled or Carpet Viper (Echis carinatus) whose range extends from Senegal to Bengal probably bites and kills more people than any other species of snake. One hundred and fifteen patients with poisoning caused by its bite were studied in the savanna region of Nigeria, where victims of this snake may occupy 10 per cent of hospital beds. Patients showing no signs of envenoming were excluded. All patients had local swelling at the site of the bite. Other features included local blistering (13 per cent), local necrosis (11 per cent), incoagulable blood (93 per cent), and spontaneous systemic bleeding (57 per cent). There was evidence of disseminated intravascular coagulation in all cases; fibrinogen was severely depleted, fibrin degradation products were increased (mean 1711 +/- 904 micron per ml), but significant thrombocytopenia (less than 103 000 per mm3) was seen in only ten severe cases. Clotting factors V, VIII, II and XIII were depleted, while X and VII were usually normal. Fibrinolytic activity was rarely increased, so it seems likely that a procoagulant action (direct activation of prothrombin) is principal effect of E. carinatus venom on blood coagulation in man. Development of the haemostatic defect was observed as early as 75 minutes and as late as 27 hours after the bite. Spontaneous haemorrhage is clinically the most important effect of E. carinatus venom, causing the five deaths in this series. The relative importance of procoagulant and haemorrhagic components of the venom in causing haemorrhage is discussed. Complement activation via the classical and alternative pathways may have contributed to vascular damage. Mortality was reduced from the untreated level of between 10 and 20 per cent to 2.8 per cent in a group of 107 patients treated with 10 to 110 ml of specific antivenom. The dose was controlled using a simple clotting test. Blood coagulability was restored in two to 39 (mean 12) hours after the first dose of antivenom. Immediate-type serum reactions were observed in 21 per cent of cases. Additional treatment included blood transfusion for patients in haemorrhagic shock and ealry surgical d\u00e9bridement of necrotic tissue at the site of the bite."}
{"id": "PMID:866569", "title": "Pregnancy in Wilson's disease.", "content": "The effect of pregnancy has been studied in 10 mothers with Wilson's disease. Three were presymptomatic but had the typical biochemical lesion, two of these were receiving penicillamine treatment at the time of conception, the third had yet to be diagnosed. The remaining seven mothers had had symptoms of Wilson's disease and had been receiving treatment for periods ranging from two and a half to 19 years. These mothers had 15 pregnancies between them, 13 went to full term but two ended prematurely at 26 and 30 weeks. In only one did pregnancy have an unfavourable effect on the Wilson's disease; this mother had been on penicillamine for only two and a half years in a suboptimal dose because of drug induced thrombocytopoenia. In addition she had extensive oesophageal varices and pregnancy was complicated by toxaemia. The other nine patients remained well and two had three pregnancies each. On six occasions penicillamine was taken throughout pregnancy, but in seven it was discontinued from the sixth to the twelfth week. All 15 babies were normal but one died of extreme prematurity (26 weeks gestation). Pregnancy does not appear to be contraindicated in well treated Wilson's disease and penicillamine does not seem to pose an undue risk to the foetus.", "contents": "Pregnancy in Wilson's disease. The effect of pregnancy has been studied in 10 mothers with Wilson's disease. Three were presymptomatic but had the typical biochemical lesion, two of these were receiving penicillamine treatment at the time of conception, the third had yet to be diagnosed. The remaining seven mothers had had symptoms of Wilson's disease and had been receiving treatment for periods ranging from two and a half to 19 years. These mothers had 15 pregnancies between them, 13 went to full term but two ended prematurely at 26 and 30 weeks. In only one did pregnancy have an unfavourable effect on the Wilson's disease; this mother had been on penicillamine for only two and a half years in a suboptimal dose because of drug induced thrombocytopoenia. In addition she had extensive oesophageal varices and pregnancy was complicated by toxaemia. The other nine patients remained well and two had three pregnancies each. On six occasions penicillamine was taken throughout pregnancy, but in seven it was discontinued from the sixth to the twelfth week. All 15 babies were normal but one died of extreme prematurity (26 weeks gestation). Pregnancy does not appear to be contraindicated in well treated Wilson's disease and penicillamine does not seem to pose an undue risk to the foetus."}
{"id": "PMID:866570", "title": "The clinical and surgical feature in 40 patients with primary cerebellar ectopia (adult Chiari malformation).", "content": "This paper reports 40 patients with primary cerebellar ectopia investigated in the University of Manchester departments of neurology and neurosurgery over the five years, 1968-1973. A review of the clinical and surgical findings showed that (a) pain of varying type was the most common symptom, (b) four main clinical groups could be recognized--syringomyelia, paraparesis, cerebellar syndrome and 'raised pressure' syndrome and (c) surgical decompression of the posterior fossa and upper cervical spine resulted in improvement in over 70 per cent of patients with a small incidence of post-operative complications. It should be emphasised that primary cerebellar ectopia is not uncommon and is an important syndrome in its own right. It is often not accompanied by syringomyelia and in these patients the diagnosis can be difficult without supine myelography.", "contents": "The clinical and surgical feature in 40 patients with primary cerebellar ectopia (adult Chiari malformation). This paper reports 40 patients with primary cerebellar ectopia investigated in the University of Manchester departments of neurology and neurosurgery over the five years, 1968-1973. A review of the clinical and surgical findings showed that (a) pain of varying type was the most common symptom, (b) four main clinical groups could be recognized--syringomyelia, paraparesis, cerebellar syndrome and 'raised pressure' syndrome and (c) surgical decompression of the posterior fossa and upper cervical spine resulted in improvement in over 70 per cent of patients with a small incidence of post-operative complications. It should be emphasised that primary cerebellar ectopia is not uncommon and is an important syndrome in its own right. It is often not accompanied by syringomyelia and in these patients the diagnosis can be difficult without supine myelography."}
{"id": "PMID:866571", "title": "Jaundice associated with lobar pneumonia. A clinical, laboratory and histological study.", "content": "Twenty-eight patients with jaundice associated with lobar pneumonia have been studied. The epidemiological and clinical features were compared with 70 patients with lobar pneumonia without jaundice. Jaundice was associated with a predominance of males, a high incidence of right lower lobe consolidation and hepatic tenderness. Although the jaundiced patients remained pyrexial for longer it was not associated with a poor prognosis. There was no evidence of immunological deficiency although pneumococcal polysaccharide antigenaemia was commoner in jaundiced patients. Laboratory investigations showed evidence of haemolysis in the majority of jaundiced patients and the cause of this was found to be G6PD deficiency. Starch-yel electrophoresis demonstrated that the phenotype was A- in deficient patients. Hepatic function tests were unhelpful. Light and electron microscopical changes consistent with haemolysis were present in liver biopsies from G6PD deficient patients although hepatocellular damage and cholestasis were also present.", "contents": "Jaundice associated with lobar pneumonia. A clinical, laboratory and histological study. Twenty-eight patients with jaundice associated with lobar pneumonia have been studied. The epidemiological and clinical features were compared with 70 patients with lobar pneumonia without jaundice. Jaundice was associated with a predominance of males, a high incidence of right lower lobe consolidation and hepatic tenderness. Although the jaundiced patients remained pyrexial for longer it was not associated with a poor prognosis. There was no evidence of immunological deficiency although pneumococcal polysaccharide antigenaemia was commoner in jaundiced patients. Laboratory investigations showed evidence of haemolysis in the majority of jaundiced patients and the cause of this was found to be G6PD deficiency. Starch-yel electrophoresis demonstrated that the phenotype was A- in deficient patients. Hepatic function tests were unhelpful. Light and electron microscopical changes consistent with haemolysis were present in liver biopsies from G6PD deficient patients although hepatocellular damage and cholestasis were also present."}
{"id": "PMID:866572", "title": "Addison's disease with renal microangiopathy and renal failure (a new syndrome).", "content": "A syndrome comprising Addison's disease, renal microangiopathy and renal failure is described in two patients. The renal lesions manifested despite corticosteroid replacement therapy and were characterized by glomerular damage and thrombo-microangiopathic changes in afferent arterioles and intralobular arteries. Both patients died as a result of their renal disease.", "contents": "Addison's disease with renal microangiopathy and renal failure (a new syndrome). A syndrome comprising Addison's disease, renal microangiopathy and renal failure is described in two patients. The renal lesions manifested despite corticosteroid replacement therapy and were characterized by glomerular damage and thrombo-microangiopathic changes in afferent arterioles and intralobular arteries. Both patients died as a result of their renal disease."}
{"id": "PMID:866573", "title": "Idiopathic membranous nephropathy.", "content": "The clinical and histopathological features of 37 patients with idiopathic membranous nephropathy are presented. Males were four times as commonly affected as females and the age at presentation ranged from nine to 70 years. The period of observation varied from three months to 23 years. Twenty-eight patients (76 percent) presented with the nephrotic syndrome and nine patients (24 per cent) presented with non-nephrotic proteinuria. At the end of the study, of the patients presenting with the nephrotic syndrome, seven (25 per cent) were in remission, seven (25 per cent) remained nephrotic, nine (32 per cent) showed only proteinuria and five (18 per cent) were dead or on dialysis. Altogether eight patients (28 per cent) developed renal failure. The nine patients who presented with non-nephrotic proteinuria appeared to do better, and none developed renal failure. The occurrence of spontaneous remission makes assessment of benefit from immunosuppressive therapy difficult. However, analysis of our data and a review of the literature suggest that in this condition oral prednisone, cyclophosphamide and azathioprine have no significant therapeutic properties. Histological assessment confirmed the occurrence of mild (Grade 1) changes in patients biopsied soon after presentation, and tubular atrophy increased with the duration of illness. Immunofluorescence confirmed deposition of mainly IgG and complement. Repeat biopsies in 14 patients showed no histological improvement and remission was not accompanied by resolution of histological abnormalities.", "contents": "Idiopathic membranous nephropathy. The clinical and histopathological features of 37 patients with idiopathic membranous nephropathy are presented. Males were four times as commonly affected as females and the age at presentation ranged from nine to 70 years. The period of observation varied from three months to 23 years. Twenty-eight patients (76 percent) presented with the nephrotic syndrome and nine patients (24 per cent) presented with non-nephrotic proteinuria. At the end of the study, of the patients presenting with the nephrotic syndrome, seven (25 per cent) were in remission, seven (25 per cent) remained nephrotic, nine (32 per cent) showed only proteinuria and five (18 per cent) were dead or on dialysis. Altogether eight patients (28 per cent) developed renal failure. The nine patients who presented with non-nephrotic proteinuria appeared to do better, and none developed renal failure. The occurrence of spontaneous remission makes assessment of benefit from immunosuppressive therapy difficult. However, analysis of our data and a review of the literature suggest that in this condition oral prednisone, cyclophosphamide and azathioprine have no significant therapeutic properties. Histological assessment confirmed the occurrence of mild (Grade 1) changes in patients biopsied soon after presentation, and tubular atrophy increased with the duration of illness. Immunofluorescence confirmed deposition of mainly IgG and complement. Repeat biopsies in 14 patients showed no histological improvement and remission was not accompanied by resolution of histological abnormalities."}
{"id": "PMID:866574", "title": "The relationship between central carbon dioxide sensitivity and clinical features in patients with chronic airways obstruction.", "content": "A technique has been developed which enables respiratory motor output to be measured independently of lung mechanics. The maximum rate of change of pressure at the mouth during initial transient occlusion of the airway, (d P/dt) max., represents the rate of isometric force development by the inspiratory muscles. This technique was used to study central CO2 sensitivity in 40 patients with chronic airways obstruction. Subnormal CO2 sensitivity was associated with chronic cough and sputum production, relatively mild dyspnoea, raised arterial CO2 tension, hypoxaemia, polycythaemia and cor pulmonale. Normal CO2 sensitivity was associated with severe dyspnoea, normal blood gas tensions, and allergic features.", "contents": "The relationship between central carbon dioxide sensitivity and clinical features in patients with chronic airways obstruction. A technique has been developed which enables respiratory motor output to be measured independently of lung mechanics. The maximum rate of change of pressure at the mouth during initial transient occlusion of the airway, (d P/dt) max., represents the rate of isometric force development by the inspiratory muscles. This technique was used to study central CO2 sensitivity in 40 patients with chronic airways obstruction. Subnormal CO2 sensitivity was associated with chronic cough and sputum production, relatively mild dyspnoea, raised arterial CO2 tension, hypoxaemia, polycythaemia and cor pulmonale. Normal CO2 sensitivity was associated with severe dyspnoea, normal blood gas tensions, and allergic features."}
{"id": "PMID:866575", "title": "Sarcoidosis of bone.", "content": "Sarcoidosis of bone has been observed in 29 patients for up to 43 years. It was present in the hands and/or feet in 26 patients, in the nasal bone in three and once each in the hard palate and temporal bones. There were three types of bone lesion: (a) lytic in 25 patients; rounded cortical or medullary lesions ranging in size from 1 mm to 1 cm in diameter, which on healing left a residual punched-out 'cyst'; (b) permeative in nine patients; these showed progressive cortical 'tunnelling' with remodelling of trabecular and cortical architecture; (c) destructive in three patients: rapidly progressive with pathological fractures and secondary joint surface involvement. Soft tissue swelling preceded the radiological abnormality for up to four yearts in 10 patients, accompanied it twice, followed it once and was absent on 16 (55 percent) occasions. Bone involvement was usually an incidental finding when sarcoidosis presented elsewhere. Other features included intrathoracic sarcoid (86 per cent), lupus pernio (48 per cent), skin plaques (41 per cent), ocular inflammation (48 per cent), nasal mucosal disease (24 per cent), lymphadenopathy (24 per cent), hepatomegaly (13 per cent), splenomegaly (10 per cent), and parotid enlargement (10 per cent). Pulmonary infiltration with or without lymphadenopathy was observed in three fifths and hilar adenopathy alone in one third of patients. Abnormalities in chest radiographs of patients with bone sarcoid resolved in only 20 per cent. Hypercalciuria was noted in one and hypercalcaemia in the other two patients with bone distruction.", "contents": "Sarcoidosis of bone. Sarcoidosis of bone has been observed in 29 patients for up to 43 years. It was present in the hands and/or feet in 26 patients, in the nasal bone in three and once each in the hard palate and temporal bones. There were three types of bone lesion: (a) lytic in 25 patients; rounded cortical or medullary lesions ranging in size from 1 mm to 1 cm in diameter, which on healing left a residual punched-out 'cyst'; (b) permeative in nine patients; these showed progressive cortical 'tunnelling' with remodelling of trabecular and cortical architecture; (c) destructive in three patients: rapidly progressive with pathological fractures and secondary joint surface involvement. Soft tissue swelling preceded the radiological abnormality for up to four yearts in 10 patients, accompanied it twice, followed it once and was absent on 16 (55 percent) occasions. Bone involvement was usually an incidental finding when sarcoidosis presented elsewhere. Other features included intrathoracic sarcoid (86 per cent), lupus pernio (48 per cent), skin plaques (41 per cent), ocular inflammation (48 per cent), nasal mucosal disease (24 per cent), lymphadenopathy (24 per cent), hepatomegaly (13 per cent), splenomegaly (10 per cent), and parotid enlargement (10 per cent). Pulmonary infiltration with or without lymphadenopathy was observed in three fifths and hilar adenopathy alone in one third of patients. Abnormalities in chest radiographs of patients with bone sarcoid resolved in only 20 per cent. Hypercalciuria was noted in one and hypercalcaemia in the other two patients with bone distruction."}
{"id": "PMID:866576", "title": "Hereditary coproporphyria. Demonstration of the abnormalities in haem biosynthesis in peripheral blood.", "content": "Hereditary coproporphyria is biochemically distinct from the other porphyrias and is characterized by excessive excretion of coproporphyrin in faeces and usually in urine. The laboratory findings in 28 patients with this disease are presented and the clinical details of eight patients who have been in attack summarised. The remaining 20 patients were latent for the disease. In all patients studied the activity of delta-aminolaevulinic acid synthase was raised and coproporphyrinogen oxidase depressed in the leucocyte. This indicates the partial enzyme block in the haem biosynthetic pathway in this disease. The activities of the other enzymes in the pathway, leucocyte ferrochelatase and erythrocyte delta-aminolaevulinic acid dehydratase, porphobilinogen deaminase and uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase showed no consistent change. On review of 111 cases, 35 per cent presented in acute attack: 80 per cent had abdominal pain, 34 per cent vomiting, 29 per cent solar sensitivity, 23 per cent neurological involvement, 23 per cent psychiatric symptoms and 20 per cent severe constipation. Only two fatalities have been published, both from respiratory failure. There was a female preponderance of cases in attack of 2-5:1 and in the latent cases of 1-5:1 suggesting hormonal provocation in the uncovering of the disease. Drugs were implicated as precipitating 54 per cent of acute attacks and in 34 per cent of cases, these were barbiturates. This study demonstrates the reduction in activity of coproporphyrinogen oxidase in the haem biosynthetic pathway and the elevation of delta-aminolaevulinic acid synthase in the peripheral blood. These features, together with the typical abnormal porphyrin excretion pattern, appear to be diagnostic of hereditary coproporphyria whether in attack, remission, or in the latent form.", "contents": "Hereditary coproporphyria. Demonstration of the abnormalities in haem biosynthesis in peripheral blood. Hereditary coproporphyria is biochemically distinct from the other porphyrias and is characterized by excessive excretion of coproporphyrin in faeces and usually in urine. The laboratory findings in 28 patients with this disease are presented and the clinical details of eight patients who have been in attack summarised. The remaining 20 patients were latent for the disease. In all patients studied the activity of delta-aminolaevulinic acid synthase was raised and coproporphyrinogen oxidase depressed in the leucocyte. This indicates the partial enzyme block in the haem biosynthetic pathway in this disease. The activities of the other enzymes in the pathway, leucocyte ferrochelatase and erythrocyte delta-aminolaevulinic acid dehydratase, porphobilinogen deaminase and uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase showed no consistent change. On review of 111 cases, 35 per cent presented in acute attack: 80 per cent had abdominal pain, 34 per cent vomiting, 29 per cent solar sensitivity, 23 per cent neurological involvement, 23 per cent psychiatric symptoms and 20 per cent severe constipation. Only two fatalities have been published, both from respiratory failure. There was a female preponderance of cases in attack of 2-5:1 and in the latent cases of 1-5:1 suggesting hormonal provocation in the uncovering of the disease. Drugs were implicated as precipitating 54 per cent of acute attacks and in 34 per cent of cases, these were barbiturates. This study demonstrates the reduction in activity of coproporphyrinogen oxidase in the haem biosynthetic pathway and the elevation of delta-aminolaevulinic acid synthase in the peripheral blood. These features, together with the typical abnormal porphyrin excretion pattern, appear to be diagnostic of hereditary coproporphyria whether in attack, remission, or in the latent form."}
{"id": "PMID:866577", "title": "Renal vein thrombosis as the major cause of renal failure in familial Mediterranean fever.", "content": "Eighteen out of 57 patients (31-6 per cent) suffering from Familial Mediterranean Fever (FMF) were found to have the nephrotic syndrome, histologically proven amyloidosis and progressive renal failure. In 14 cases renal function deteriorated rapidly after the first appearance of significant proteinuria, and 12 cases (66-7 per cent) required regular haemodialysis. Seven of these patients, seen in the early stages of renal impairment, were subsequently diagnosed clinically as probably having developed renal vein thrombosis. There was radiological proof of intrarenal or major renal vein occlusion in five which in one patient progressed to inferior vena cave obstruction. Treatment with heparin, plasminogen activators and fibrinogenolytic agents was disappointing although renal function has stabilized in one patient on long term oral anticoagulant therapy. It is suggested that renal vein thrombosis is common in FMF with renal amyloidosis and usually causes rapid deterioration of function and irreversible renal failure requiring dialysis. Renal phlebography may delineate clot in the main renal veins or indicate areas of reduced blood flow due to thromboses in intrarenal venules. Treatment is only partially satisfactory but there is some evidence to suggest that renal phlebography should be undertaken promptly when renal function begins to fall followed by anticoagulant therapy to prevent further thromboembolic complications.", "contents": "Renal vein thrombosis as the major cause of renal failure in familial Mediterranean fever. Eighteen out of 57 patients (31-6 per cent) suffering from Familial Mediterranean Fever (FMF) were found to have the nephrotic syndrome, histologically proven amyloidosis and progressive renal failure. In 14 cases renal function deteriorated rapidly after the first appearance of significant proteinuria, and 12 cases (66-7 per cent) required regular haemodialysis. Seven of these patients, seen in the early stages of renal impairment, were subsequently diagnosed clinically as probably having developed renal vein thrombosis. There was radiological proof of intrarenal or major renal vein occlusion in five which in one patient progressed to inferior vena cave obstruction. Treatment with heparin, plasminogen activators and fibrinogenolytic agents was disappointing although renal function has stabilized in one patient on long term oral anticoagulant therapy. It is suggested that renal vein thrombosis is common in FMF with renal amyloidosis and usually causes rapid deterioration of function and irreversible renal failure requiring dialysis. Renal phlebography may delineate clot in the main renal veins or indicate areas of reduced blood flow due to thromboses in intrarenal venules. Treatment is only partially satisfactory but there is some evidence to suggest that renal phlebography should be undertaken promptly when renal function begins to fall followed by anticoagulant therapy to prevent further thromboembolic complications."}
{"id": "PMID:866578", "title": "Long-term haematological complications of thorotrast.", "content": "Six cases representing the spectrum of haematological complications due to systemic administration of Thorotrast are reposted. Two patients suffered from acute leukaemia, one patient had marrow failure and three patients presented with haematological features of hyposplenism; two of these also had solid tumours. The literature is reviewed.", "contents": "Long-term haematological complications of thorotrast. Six cases representing the spectrum of haematological complications due to systemic administration of Thorotrast are reposted. Two patients suffered from acute leukaemia, one patient had marrow failure and three patients presented with haematological features of hyposplenism; two of these also had solid tumours. The literature is reviewed."}
{"id": "PMID:866579", "title": "Clinical and biochemical studies in Engelmann's disease (progressive diaphyseal dysplasia).", "content": "The clinical and biochemical features of four adults with Engelmann's disease (Camurati-Engelmann disease; progressive diaphyseal dysplasia) are presented. One young patient, with a particularly severe form of the disease, is discussed in detail. Biochemical abnormalities were found in three of the patients. In two of them, one with localized hyperostosis and one with generalized bone disease, the only changes were an increase in the plasma alkaline phosphatase and urinary total hydroxyproline excretion. The most severely affected patients, who had had progressive and generalized bone disease from age two and a half years, also had persistent hypocalcaemia and hyperphosphataemia, a positive calcium balance, and a very low urine calcium excretion. It is suggested that some patients with Engelmann's disease may have a previously unrecognized metabolic disorder associated with increased retention of calcium and excessive bone formation. The possible role of abnormal phosphate metabolism in this increased formation of bone, and the relationship of Engelmann's disease to other hyperostoses, are discussed.", "contents": "Clinical and biochemical studies in Engelmann's disease (progressive diaphyseal dysplasia). The clinical and biochemical features of four adults with Engelmann's disease (Camurati-Engelmann disease; progressive diaphyseal dysplasia) are presented. One young patient, with a particularly severe form of the disease, is discussed in detail. Biochemical abnormalities were found in three of the patients. In two of them, one with localized hyperostosis and one with generalized bone disease, the only changes were an increase in the plasma alkaline phosphatase and urinary total hydroxyproline excretion. The most severely affected patients, who had had progressive and generalized bone disease from age two and a half years, also had persistent hypocalcaemia and hyperphosphataemia, a positive calcium balance, and a very low urine calcium excretion. It is suggested that some patients with Engelmann's disease may have a previously unrecognized metabolic disorder associated with increased retention of calcium and excessive bone formation. The possible role of abnormal phosphate metabolism in this increased formation of bone, and the relationship of Engelmann's disease to other hyperostoses, are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:866580", "title": "A comparative kinetic study on the conversion of fluoresceindiacetate to fluorescein in living cells and in vitro.", "content": "The kinetics of fluoresceindiacetate (FDA)-hydrolysis in erythrocytes, CHO-cells and homogenized cells was investigated by means of fluorescence spectroscopy. At a 10(-6)m FDA concentration the enzymatic conversion in the homogenized cells can be described by first order reactions. When studying intact cells, total kinetics requires the addition of a first order transport term. Consequently, the total hydrolytic process can be described by three exponentials. The following model was set up on the basis of the data obtained: FDA, which exists in two sterically differing conformations, reaches the cell via an \"active transport mechanism\", where the two conformations are converted at different rates into fluorescein by an enzymatic reaction. Intracellular FDA-enrichment factors of 100-6-- were derived. In addition, the action of chemical inhibitors and of elevated temperatures on the individual reaction steps was investigated.", "contents": "A comparative kinetic study on the conversion of fluoresceindiacetate to fluorescein in living cells and in vitro. The kinetics of fluoresceindiacetate (FDA)-hydrolysis in erythrocytes, CHO-cells and homogenized cells was investigated by means of fluorescence spectroscopy. At a 10(-6)m FDA concentration the enzymatic conversion in the homogenized cells can be described by first order reactions. When studying intact cells, total kinetics requires the addition of a first order transport term. Consequently, the total hydrolytic process can be described by three exponentials. The following model was set up on the basis of the data obtained: FDA, which exists in two sterically differing conformations, reaches the cell via an \"active transport mechanism\", where the two conformations are converted at different rates into fluorescein by an enzymatic reaction. Intracellular FDA-enrichment factors of 100-6-- were derived. In addition, the action of chemical inhibitors and of elevated temperatures on the individual reaction steps was investigated."}
{"id": "PMID:866581", "title": "Changes of fluoresceindiacetate-hydrolysis and transport in mammalian cells after ultra-violet- and gamma irradiation.", "content": "Changes in the permeability of cell membranes and in the enzymatic activity of intact cells and their homogenates after irradiation were studied. CHO-cells, erythrocytes and their homogenates were irradiated with cobalt-gamma radiation and UV-light. It was found that the esterases are more radio-sensitive in intact cells than in the corresponding homogenates. The decrease of the enzymatic activity after irradiation can be described by a one-hit curve, whereas the loss of transport activity can be resolved into two one-hit curves. The slope associated with the more sensitive target mainly determines the course of the composed transport curve. Mechanisms for the decreases in the rate constants are discussed.", "contents": "Changes of fluoresceindiacetate-hydrolysis and transport in mammalian cells after ultra-violet- and gamma irradiation. Changes in the permeability of cell membranes and in the enzymatic activity of intact cells and their homogenates after irradiation were studied. CHO-cells, erythrocytes and their homogenates were irradiated with cobalt-gamma radiation and UV-light. It was found that the esterases are more radio-sensitive in intact cells than in the corresponding homogenates. The decrease of the enzymatic activity after irradiation can be described by a one-hit curve, whereas the loss of transport activity can be resolved into two one-hit curves. The slope associated with the more sensitive target mainly determines the course of the composed transport curve. Mechanisms for the decreases in the rate constants are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:866582", "title": "[The effect of roentgen rays on the transmembrane potential and on the electrophoretic mobility of polymorphonuclear granulocytes and FL-cells (author's transl)].", "content": "Two hours after X-irradiation at 37 degrees C in vitro at doses ranging from 50 rad to 20 krad the transmembrane potential and the surface charge of polymorphonuclear granulocytes and FL-cells showed a dose-dependent decrease. However, between two and four days after irradiation at 10 krad FL-cells revealed an increase in both transmembrane potential and surface charge. Small doses of ionizing radiation (e.g. 10 rad) resulted in aperiodically damped oszillations of membrane polarisation in leucocytes.", "contents": "[The effect of roentgen rays on the transmembrane potential and on the electrophoretic mobility of polymorphonuclear granulocytes and FL-cells (author's transl)]. Two hours after X-irradiation at 37 degrees C in vitro at doses ranging from 50 rad to 20 krad the transmembrane potential and the surface charge of polymorphonuclear granulocytes and FL-cells showed a dose-dependent decrease. However, between two and four days after irradiation at 10 krad FL-cells revealed an increase in both transmembrane potential and surface charge. Small doses of ionizing radiation (e.g. 10 rad) resulted in aperiodically damped oszillations of membrane polarisation in leucocytes."}
{"id": "PMID:866583", "title": "Immediate X-radiation induced contractions of the isolated guinea pig terminal ileum: the localization of the effect by drugs.", "content": "Tone and motility of the isolated guinea pig ileum were increased by irradiation with a dose of 10 krd. The maximal effect corresponds to that induced by 0.001 microng/ml acetylcholine or 0.3 microng/ml nicotine. The pharmacological analysis of this effect performed with acetylcholine and nicotine and several blocking agents including hexamethonium, atropine, tetrodotoxin, diphenhydramine, and verapamil suggests that radiation acts on the postganglionic parasympathetic neuron and the neuromuscular synapse. The mechanism of radiation is likely to consist of both an increased release of acetylcholine from the postganglionic neuron and a sensibilization of the cholinergic receptor site at the smooth muscle cell. The latter effect is thought to result from an increased contractile action induced by acetylcholine or nicotine in the irradiated ileal smooth muscle.", "contents": "Immediate X-radiation induced contractions of the isolated guinea pig terminal ileum: the localization of the effect by drugs. Tone and motility of the isolated guinea pig ileum were increased by irradiation with a dose of 10 krd. The maximal effect corresponds to that induced by 0.001 microng/ml acetylcholine or 0.3 microng/ml nicotine. The pharmacological analysis of this effect performed with acetylcholine and nicotine and several blocking agents including hexamethonium, atropine, tetrodotoxin, diphenhydramine, and verapamil suggests that radiation acts on the postganglionic parasympathetic neuron and the neuromuscular synapse. The mechanism of radiation is likely to consist of both an increased release of acetylcholine from the postganglionic neuron and a sensibilization of the cholinergic receptor site at the smooth muscle cell. The latter effect is thought to result from an increased contractile action induced by acetylcholine or nicotine in the irradiated ileal smooth muscle."}
{"id": "PMID:866584", "title": "Factors modifying radiation induced stimulation in plants: pre-irradiation seed moisture content.", "content": "The effect of moisture content of seeds at the time of irradiation in relation to radiation-induced stimulation was investigated on rice (Oryza sativa c.v. D-6-2-2). The optimum moisture content was 8% for stimulation measured as seedling height. It is concluded that seed moisture at the time of irradiation plays an important role in the expression of stimulation and its reproducibility.", "contents": "Factors modifying radiation induced stimulation in plants: pre-irradiation seed moisture content. The effect of moisture content of seeds at the time of irradiation in relation to radiation-induced stimulation was investigated on rice (Oryza sativa c.v. D-6-2-2). The optimum moisture content was 8% for stimulation measured as seedling height. It is concluded that seed moisture at the time of irradiation plays an important role in the expression of stimulation and its reproducibility."}
{"id": "PMID:866585", "title": "Absorption of different amino acids by an intestinal preparation from normal rats and from rats exposed to supralethal X-irradiation.", "content": "Absorption of different amino acids [lysine, alpha-amino isobutyrate (AIB), methionine, alanine, glycine] was studied in an intestinal in vivo preparation from normal and X-irradiated rats (1 and 3 days after 2000 R). Absorption of amino acids under loading and in presence of other amino acids was also followed. Lysine and AIB absorption follow a saturation kinetics with a maximal velocity of 35 and 85.6 micronmoles/min and a Kt of 10 and 67 micronmoles for lysine and AIB respectively. Interference in  absorption exists not only between amino acids of the same class, but also by lysine on neutral amino acids. One day after irradiation, absorption is normal or even enhanced, although active transport appears impaired as indicated by the increase in Kt. Three days after exposure absorption, particularly the active one, is severely depressed. This is indicated by the low Vm and high Kt as well as by the fact that loading has little influence on absorption.", "contents": "Absorption of different amino acids by an intestinal preparation from normal rats and from rats exposed to supralethal X-irradiation. Absorption of different amino acids [lysine, alpha-amino isobutyrate (AIB), methionine, alanine, glycine] was studied in an intestinal in vivo preparation from normal and X-irradiated rats (1 and 3 days after 2000 R). Absorption of amino acids under loading and in presence of other amino acids was also followed. Lysine and AIB absorption follow a saturation kinetics with a maximal velocity of 35 and 85.6 micronmoles/min and a Kt of 10 and 67 micronmoles for lysine and AIB respectively. Interference in  absorption exists not only between amino acids of the same class, but also by lysine on neutral amino acids. One day after irradiation, absorption is normal or even enhanced, although active transport appears impaired as indicated by the increase in Kt. Three days after exposure absorption, particularly the active one, is severely depressed. This is indicated by the low Vm and high Kt as well as by the fact that loading has little influence on absorption."}
{"id": "PMID:866586", "title": "Localisation of the site of action of tube growth stimulation by micro UV-irradiation of pine pollen.", "content": "Micro-irradiation of pine pollen grains was carried out with different doses at four different dose rates and the tube growth was observed. The irradiation of the whole pollen grains in the dehydrated state and dorsal position and of those in the hydrated state and ventral position induced stimulated tube growth after receiving low doses of UV light. The effect of stimulation depended on the ratio between dose and dose rate. After partial irradiation of pollen grains at low doses, carried out with the technique of \"blind shot\", a stimulation effect could also be observed. It was calculated that the irradiation of the cytoplasm had a strong, the irradiation of the active nucleus (vegetative) had a moderate and the irradiation of the dormant nucleus (generative) had little or no dose rate dependance. The dose effect of the nuclei showed a reverse tendency to the dose effect of the cytoplasm. Experiments with different light filters suggested that the dose rate dependence of the cytoplasm is probably not caused by a repair mechanism. The vegetative nucleus showed an effect of photoreactivation and probably also of a dark repair. The generative nucleus exhibited only an effect of photoreactivation.", "contents": "Localisation of the site of action of tube growth stimulation by micro UV-irradiation of pine pollen. Micro-irradiation of pine pollen grains was carried out with different doses at four different dose rates and the tube growth was observed. The irradiation of the whole pollen grains in the dehydrated state and dorsal position and of those in the hydrated state and ventral position induced stimulated tube growth after receiving low doses of UV light. The effect of stimulation depended on the ratio between dose and dose rate. After partial irradiation of pollen grains at low doses, carried out with the technique of \"blind shot\", a stimulation effect could also be observed. It was calculated that the irradiation of the cytoplasm had a strong, the irradiation of the active nucleus (vegetative) had a moderate and the irradiation of the dormant nucleus (generative) had little or no dose rate dependance. The dose effect of the nuclei showed a reverse tendency to the dose effect of the cytoplasm. Experiments with different light filters suggested that the dose rate dependence of the cytoplasm is probably not caused by a repair mechanism. The vegetative nucleus showed an effect of photoreactivation and probably also of a dark repair. The generative nucleus exhibited only an effect of photoreactivation."}
{"id": "PMID:866587", "title": "Influence of neutron collimation on the energy deposition in a tissue equivalent sphere.", "content": "The influence of neutron collimation on the shape of energy deposition spectra was investigated using a spherical walled proportional counter. Experimental dose averaged lineal energies were obtained and compared with theoretical values. The fractions of total absorbed dose corresponding to various intervals of lineal energies were also deduced from the measured distributions.", "contents": "Influence of neutron collimation on the energy deposition in a tissue equivalent sphere. The influence of neutron collimation on the shape of energy deposition spectra was investigated using a spherical walled proportional counter. Experimental dose averaged lineal energies were obtained and compared with theoretical values. The fractions of total absorbed dose corresponding to various intervals of lineal energies were also deduced from the measured distributions."}
{"id": "PMID:866619", "title": "133 Xenon air contamination: a radiation safety aspect of pulmonary ventilation imaging.", "content": "Potential leakage of 133 xenon is a covert, insidious facet of ventilation imaging procedures. Airborne xenon is often unrecognized and, consequently, unmanaged. The presence of xenon in air is usually unrecognized because it is not sought! Ventilation imaging procedures should incorporate safeguards for the protection of people against the internal exposure of radiation due to the inadvertent release of xenon gas in the air. Protective measures include surveillance by area survey and air monitoring, maintenance of equipment, establishment and preservation of safety procedures, and management of airborne contamination. The need to follow the accepted health physics objective to reduce radiation exposure of humans to the lowest practicable level is reaffirmed!", "contents": "133 Xenon air contamination: a radiation safety aspect of pulmonary ventilation imaging. Potential leakage of 133 xenon is a covert, insidious facet of ventilation imaging procedures. Airborne xenon is often unrecognized and, consequently, unmanaged. The presence of xenon in air is usually unrecognized because it is not sought! Ventilation imaging procedures should incorporate safeguards for the protection of people against the internal exposure of radiation due to the inadvertent release of xenon gas in the air. Protective measures include surveillance by area survey and air monitoring, maintenance of equipment, establishment and preservation of safety procedures, and management of airborne contamination. The need to follow the accepted health physics objective to reduce radiation exposure of humans to the lowest practicable level is reaffirmed!"}
{"id": "PMID:866625", "title": "Risk versus benefit in mammography.", "content": "Controversy surrounds the use of mammography in asymptomatic women 35-49 years of age. There is agreement that routine mammography is useful beyond 50 years. By extrapolating data from relatively high radiation exposures, a radiation carcinogenic risk at diagnostic levels has been calculated by some workers. Benefit for asymptomatic women in the 35-49 year age group has been questioned. This paper presents evidence that significant numbers of breast cancers are found in this age period on the basis of x-ray examination alone. Data also indicate absorbed dose from modern-day mammography is half to one quarter of that previously assumed. Based on these data, mammography is recommended as a tool for diagnosis of nonpalpable carcinomas of the breast.", "contents": "Risk versus benefit in mammography. Controversy surrounds the use of mammography in asymptomatic women 35-49 years of age. There is agreement that routine mammography is useful beyond 50 years. By extrapolating data from relatively high radiation exposures, a radiation carcinogenic risk at diagnostic levels has been calculated by some workers. Benefit for asymptomatic women in the 35-49 year age group has been questioned. This paper presents evidence that significant numbers of breast cancers are found in this age period on the basis of x-ray examination alone. Data also indicate absorbed dose from modern-day mammography is half to one quarter of that previously assumed. Based on these data, mammography is recommended as a tool for diagnosis of nonpalpable carcinomas of the breast."}
{"id": "PMID:866626", "title": "Computed tomography of the lower lumbar vertebral column. Normal anatomy and the stenotic canal.", "content": "Computed tomography (CT) was used to obtain images of the vertebrae and spinal canal. The normal CT anatomy of the lower spinal canal is demonstrated. Examples of spinal stenosis caused by degenerative spondylosis, post-fusion hypertrophy, and pseudospondylolisthesis are presented.", "contents": "Computed tomography of the lower lumbar vertebral column. Normal anatomy and the stenotic canal. Computed tomography (CT) was used to obtain images of the vertebrae and spinal canal. The normal CT anatomy of the lower spinal canal is demonstrated. Examples of spinal stenosis caused by degenerative spondylosis, post-fusion hypertrophy, and pseudospondylolisthesis are presented."}
{"id": "PMID:866627", "title": "Computed tomography of systemic lupus erythematosus.", "content": "Computed tomographic (CT) findings in 14 patients with systemic lupus erythematosus are correlated with clinical symptomatology. Microinfarction (manifested by perisuical atrophy) large infarcts, and hematomas are the major abnormalities demonstrated by CT. The neuropathology of these changes is discussed.", "contents": "Computed tomography of systemic lupus erythematosus. Computed tomographic (CT) findings in 14 patients with systemic lupus erythematosus are correlated with clinical symptomatology. Microinfarction (manifested by perisuical atrophy) large infarcts, and hematomas are the major abnormalities demonstrated by CT. The neuropathology of these changes is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:866622", "title": "Students or employees: a federal threat to radiologic technology education.", "content": "The Fair Labor Standards Act, also known as the \"Wage and Hour Law,\" has been expanded to include health professionals in radiologic technology programs as interpreted by functionaries of the Department of Labor. This interpretation is diametrically opposed to that of hospital administrators and program directors. It remains for federal courts to decide whether technology students are indeed students or hospital employees, deserving of minimum wages by their \"employers.\" Program directors are advised to litigate any claims by field representatives of the Department of Labor who claim that technology students are hospital employees and not legitimate students in a bona fide school. The federal loan program recognized technology students as true students rather than employees, thereby exempting them from qualification for the minimum wage rules. If students in programs of radiologic technology are viewed as employees, the additional cost to most hospitals could destroy the system of training as we now know it.", "contents": "Students or employees: a federal threat to radiologic technology education. The Fair Labor Standards Act, also known as the \"Wage and Hour Law,\" has been expanded to include health professionals in radiologic technology programs as interpreted by functionaries of the Department of Labor. This interpretation is diametrically opposed to that of hospital administrators and program directors. It remains for federal courts to decide whether technology students are indeed students or hospital employees, deserving of minimum wages by their \"employers.\" Program directors are advised to litigate any claims by field representatives of the Department of Labor who claim that technology students are hospital employees and not legitimate students in a bona fide school. The federal loan program recognized technology students as true students rather than employees, thereby exempting them from qualification for the minimum wage rules. If students in programs of radiologic technology are viewed as employees, the additional cost to most hospitals could destroy the system of training as we now know it."}
{"id": "PMID:866628", "title": "Demonstration of the superior ophthalmic vein by high resolution computed tomography.", "content": "Computed tomography has revolutionized the diagnosis of ophthalmologic and neuro-ophthalmologic disease. High resolution CT with thin-section techniques has made available the depiction of finer anatomic orbital detail and permits radiologic detection of more subtle lesions than was previously available. The display of normal-sized superior ophthalmic veins by CT is further evidence of the resolving power of the currently available machines. A segment of the superior ophthalmic vein was identified in 18 of 64 orbits examined by CT. Virtually the entire superior ophthalmic vein was identified in three orbits.", "contents": "Demonstration of the superior ophthalmic vein by high resolution computed tomography. Computed tomography has revolutionized the diagnosis of ophthalmologic and neuro-ophthalmologic disease. High resolution CT with thin-section techniques has made available the depiction of finer anatomic orbital detail and permits radiologic detection of more subtle lesions than was previously available. The display of normal-sized superior ophthalmic veins by CT is further evidence of the resolving power of the currently available machines. A segment of the superior ophthalmic vein was identified in 18 of 64 orbits examined by CT. Virtually the entire superior ophthalmic vein was identified in three orbits."}
{"id": "PMID:866629", "title": "Pulmonary sequestration associated with a gastric duplication cyst.", "content": "A case of right subdiaphragmatic extralobar pulmonary sequestration (PS) associated with a gastric duplication cyst is reported. To the authors' knowledge such a case has not been reported previously in the English literature. PS was first noted as a defect on a nuclear liver image. The duplication cyst was defined by ultrasonography. A review of the English literature is included.", "contents": "Pulmonary sequestration associated with a gastric duplication cyst. A case of right subdiaphragmatic extralobar pulmonary sequestration (PS) associated with a gastric duplication cyst is reported. To the authors' knowledge such a case has not been reported previously in the English literature. PS was first noted as a defect on a nuclear liver image. The duplication cyst was defined by ultrasonography. A review of the English literature is included."}
{"id": "PMID:866623", "title": "The mysterious wall around exposure.", "content": "The quantity, exposure, and its associated unit, the roentgen, have been employed for approximately 50 years for the practical measurement of x- and gamma-ray source \"output.\" Practical exposure-measuring devices must be provided with a wall of critical thickness and composition. Confusion arises since the wall is not mentioned in the definition of \"exposure.\" This mystery can be dispelled by the fact that exposure never is measured in the manner in which it is defined.", "contents": "The mysterious wall around exposure. The quantity, exposure, and its associated unit, the roentgen, have been employed for approximately 50 years for the practical measurement of x- and gamma-ray source \"output.\" Practical exposure-measuring devices must be provided with a wall of critical thickness and composition. Confusion arises since the wall is not mentioned in the definition of \"exposure.\" This mystery can be dispelled by the fact that exposure never is measured in the manner in which it is defined."}
{"id": "PMID:866624", "title": "Collective bargaining challenge to college and university allied health educators.", "content": "Within the scope of teachers' collective negotiations and the futuristic trends, an attempt has been made in this paper to alert college-based, allied health educators to one of the most important activities on the college/university scene today. The purpose has been to arouse our curiosity and to get us to consider the possible implications and ramifications such an activity will have on programs in allied health. Various health disciplines entering the world of academia must constantly be aware of the many forces at play, one of which is collective negotiations. The objective has been to initiate this process of awareness.", "contents": "Collective bargaining challenge to college and university allied health educators. Within the scope of teachers' collective negotiations and the futuristic trends, an attempt has been made in this paper to alert college-based, allied health educators to one of the most important activities on the college/university scene today. The purpose has been to arouse our curiosity and to get us to consider the possible implications and ramifications such an activity will have on programs in allied health. Various health disciplines entering the world of academia must constantly be aware of the many forces at play, one of which is collective negotiations. The objective has been to initiate this process of awareness."}
{"id": "PMID:866631", "title": "Cranial chondrosarcomas. Report of four cases and review of the literature.", "content": "Four cases of chondrosarcoma of the skull are presented. The clinical and radiographic features and differential diagnosis are discussed. The previous literature is reviewed and all cases tabulated. Computed tomography and angiography are important radiologic tools in suggesting the correct diagnosis prior to operation. Stippled, finely speckled, or amorphous calcification or bony erosion on radiographic studies and an avascular mass angiographically may suggest the diagnosis.", "contents": "Cranial chondrosarcomas. Report of four cases and review of the literature. Four cases of chondrosarcoma of the skull are presented. The clinical and radiographic features and differential diagnosis are discussed. The previous literature is reviewed and all cases tabulated. Computed tomography and angiography are important radiologic tools in suggesting the correct diagnosis prior to operation. Stippled, finely speckled, or amorphous calcification or bony erosion on radiographic studies and an avascular mass angiographically may suggest the diagnosis."}
{"id": "PMID:866632", "title": "Evaluation of bronchospasm during excretory urography.", "content": "Mean pulmonary function was significantly decreased in 57 patients during excretory urography. Patients with a history of allergy had significantly greater mean decreases in flow rates than those without. Twelve did not have significant decreases in pulmonary function after needle puncture and intravenous injection of 5% dextrose in water. Eight healthy subjects did not have significant mean decreases after intravenous injection of 5% saline. Most patients undergoing excretory urography have bronchospasm that is greater in magnitude in those with a history of allergy.", "contents": "Evaluation of bronchospasm during excretory urography. Mean pulmonary function was significantly decreased in 57 patients during excretory urography. Patients with a history of allergy had significantly greater mean decreases in flow rates than those without. Twelve did not have significant decreases in pulmonary function after needle puncture and intravenous injection of 5% dextrose in water. Eight healthy subjects did not have significant mean decreases after intravenous injection of 5% saline. Most patients undergoing excretory urography have bronchospasm that is greater in magnitude in those with a history of allergy."}
{"id": "PMID:866633", "title": "Hepatic emboli following inferior vena caval ligation. Brief report.", "content": "Radionuclide venography performed by foot vein injection of 99mTc MAA and 99mTc DTPA in a 34-year-old man approximately one year after inferior vena caval ligation demonstrated an unusual collateral pathway between the veins of the lower extremities and the portal vein, and also evidence for multiple hepatic emboli. This is a newly recognized sequela of inferior vena caval ligation.", "contents": "Hepatic emboli following inferior vena caval ligation. Brief report. Radionuclide venography performed by foot vein injection of 99mTc MAA and 99mTc DTPA in a 34-year-old man approximately one year after inferior vena caval ligation demonstrated an unusual collateral pathway between the veins of the lower extremities and the portal vein, and also evidence for multiple hepatic emboli. This is a newly recognized sequela of inferior vena caval ligation."}
{"id": "PMID:866634", "title": "Asymptomatic bacteriuria in schoolgirls. VII. A follow-up study of the urinary tract in treated and untreated schoolgirls with asymptomatic bacteriuria.", "content": "The urinary tracts of 116 schoolgirls with asymptomatic bacteriuria detected at screening were investigated by excretory urography and micturition cystourethrography. Three years later the studies were repeated in 11 patients with scarred kidneys, 11 patients with unscarred kidneys plus reflux, and 14 untreated patients with radiologically normal urinary tracts. Exceptionally small scarred kidneys showed little growth. Unscarred kidneys with vesico-ureteral reflux exhibited normal growth, as did unscarred kidneys in untreated patients. The risk of kidney damage developing as a result of asymptomatic bacteriuria in a schoolgirl with a radiologically normal urinary tract seems to be small.", "contents": "Asymptomatic bacteriuria in schoolgirls. VII. A follow-up study of the urinary tract in treated and untreated schoolgirls with asymptomatic bacteriuria. The urinary tracts of 116 schoolgirls with asymptomatic bacteriuria detected at screening were investigated by excretory urography and micturition cystourethrography. Three years later the studies were repeated in 11 patients with scarred kidneys, 11 patients with unscarred kidneys plus reflux, and 14 untreated patients with radiologically normal urinary tracts. Exceptionally small scarred kidneys showed little growth. Unscarred kidneys with vesico-ureteral reflux exhibited normal growth, as did unscarred kidneys in untreated patients. The risk of kidney damage developing as a result of asymptomatic bacteriuria in a schoolgirl with a radiologically normal urinary tract seems to be small."}
{"id": "PMID:866635", "title": "Capillary hemangioma of the lung. Radiological quiz.", "content": "Capillary hemangiomas of the lung are very rare, usually presenting solitary circumscribed lesions on chest radiographs. Hemoptysis is frequently present. All 7 known patients with isolated pulmonary capillary hemangiomas have been females. The authors describe a girl followed up from 2 months to 3 1/2 years of age with a large lesion which at times appeared as a mass of water density and at other times as air-filled cysts. This changing radiological pattern correlated well with the pathological evidence of repeated hemorrhage, scarring, air trapping, and cyst formation.", "contents": "Capillary hemangioma of the lung. Radiological quiz. Capillary hemangiomas of the lung are very rare, usually presenting solitary circumscribed lesions on chest radiographs. Hemoptysis is frequently present. All 7 known patients with isolated pulmonary capillary hemangiomas have been females. The authors describe a girl followed up from 2 months to 3 1/2 years of age with a large lesion which at times appeared as a mass of water density and at other times as air-filled cysts. This changing radiological pattern correlated well with the pathological evidence of repeated hemorrhage, scarring, air trapping, and cyst formation."}
{"id": "PMID:866636", "title": "Absence of vesico-ureteral reflux in children with ureteral jets.", "content": "The jet phenomenon is a normal finding in excretory urography. The presence of such a jet is a good sign that vesico-ureteral reflux is not present. Of 19 ureters with a jet sign, only one had minimal transient ureteral reflux, while in 39 ureters without a jet sign 15 had reflux.", "contents": "Absence of vesico-ureteral reflux in children with ureteral jets. The jet phenomenon is a normal finding in excretory urography. The presence of such a jet is a good sign that vesico-ureteral reflux is not present. Of 19 ureters with a jet sign, only one had minimal transient ureteral reflux, while in 39 ureters without a jet sign 15 had reflux."}
{"id": "PMID:866637", "title": "Radiographic findings in Wolman's disease.", "content": "A case of Wolman's disease or primary familial xanthomatosis with calcification of the adrenals is presented. The bilaterally enlarged, calcified adrenals are virtually pathognomonic of this condition.", "contents": "Radiographic findings in Wolman's disease. A case of Wolman's disease or primary familial xanthomatosis with calcification of the adrenals is presented. The bilaterally enlarged, calcified adrenals are virtually pathognomonic of this condition."}
{"id": "PMID:866638", "title": "Patent ductus arteriosus in preterm infants with idiopathic respiratory distress syndrome. Radiographic and echocardiographic evaluation.", "content": "Clinical, radiographic, echocardiographic and operative findings were evaluated in 55 preterm infants with idiopathic respiratory distress syndrome (IRDS) complicated by patent ductus arteriosus (PDA). Pulmonary plethora was detected prior to age seven days in 52 infants, and prior to murmur detection in 42 infants. In those with large shunts, only 35% had cardiomegaly while 78% had a significant increase in cardiothoracic ratio (C/T) on sequential radiographs. Moreover, within 48 hours after ligation, 91% of infants had a significant decrease in C/T. Echocardiographic left atrial to aortic ratio (LA/Ao) was elevated in 71% with large shunts. In one patient with a large shunt there was neither a sequential increase in C/T nor an increased LA/Ao. Severity of left-to-right shunting across a PDA in the newborn was reliably gauged by combined radiographic and echocardiographic evaluation. Either modality alone failed to reflect the presence of a large volume shunt in a number of infants.", "contents": "Patent ductus arteriosus in preterm infants with idiopathic respiratory distress syndrome. Radiographic and echocardiographic evaluation. Clinical, radiographic, echocardiographic and operative findings were evaluated in 55 preterm infants with idiopathic respiratory distress syndrome (IRDS) complicated by patent ductus arteriosus (PDA). Pulmonary plethora was detected prior to age seven days in 52 infants, and prior to murmur detection in 42 infants. In those with large shunts, only 35% had cardiomegaly while 78% had a significant increase in cardiothoracic ratio (C/T) on sequential radiographs. Moreover, within 48 hours after ligation, 91% of infants had a significant decrease in C/T. Echocardiographic left atrial to aortic ratio (LA/Ao) was elevated in 71% with large shunts. In one patient with a large shunt there was neither a sequential increase in C/T nor an increased LA/Ao. Severity of left-to-right shunting across a PDA in the newborn was reliably gauged by combined radiographic and echocardiographic evaluation. Either modality alone failed to reflect the presence of a large volume shunt in a number of infants."}
{"id": "PMID:866639", "title": "Techniques for improved delineation of normal anatomy of the upper abdomen and high retroperitoneum with gray-scale ultrasound.", "content": "Improved scanning techniques, positioning, and adjustments in instrumentation have been developed on the basis of more than 1,500 ultrasound examinations of the upper abdomen and high retroperitoneum. The latest instrumentation was employed, including gray-scale signal processing and focused transducers. These methods have resulted in improved visualization of normal anatomical structures, including the aorta, inferior vena cava, portal venous system, and major branches of these vessels as well as the common bile duct. Aspects of these techniques are illustrated and their applications and limitations in the differential diagnosis of upper abdominal disease are discussed.", "contents": "Techniques for improved delineation of normal anatomy of the upper abdomen and high retroperitoneum with gray-scale ultrasound. Improved scanning techniques, positioning, and adjustments in instrumentation have been developed on the basis of more than 1,500 ultrasound examinations of the upper abdomen and high retroperitoneum. The latest instrumentation was employed, including gray-scale signal processing and focused transducers. These methods have resulted in improved visualization of normal anatomical structures, including the aorta, inferior vena cava, portal venous system, and major branches of these vessels as well as the common bile duct. Aspects of these techniques are illustrated and their applications and limitations in the differential diagnosis of upper abdominal disease are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:866640", "title": "Gray scale ultrasound evaluation of hepatic neoplasms: patterns and correlations.", "content": "Ninety malignant hepatic neoplasms were studied by gray scale ultrasound. Four different ultrasonic patterns were observed: (a) discrete, relatively echo-free masses; (b) discrete, relatively echogenic masses; (c) totally echo-free masses; and (d) a diffuse alteration of echo architecture without discrete masses. There has been no apparent association of ultrasonic pattern with either the histologic type of neoplasm or the angiographic vascularity. Corresponding isotopic data is discussed.", "contents": "Gray scale ultrasound evaluation of hepatic neoplasms: patterns and correlations. Ninety malignant hepatic neoplasms were studied by gray scale ultrasound. Four different ultrasonic patterns were observed: (a) discrete, relatively echo-free masses; (b) discrete, relatively echogenic masses; (c) totally echo-free masses; and (d) a diffuse alteration of echo architecture without discrete masses. There has been no apparent association of ultrasonic pattern with either the histologic type of neoplasm or the angiographic vascularity. Corresponding isotopic data is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:866641", "title": "Immunologic competence in adults following thymic irradiation in infancy.", "content": "Removal of, or irradiation to, the thymus during the neonatal period in man has resulted in no reported adverse effects on cellular immunity, although thymectomy in neonatal experimental animals is known to produce profound immunological disturbances. Adverse effects in humans may not be recognized until several decades have passed. The immunological capabilities of 7 adults with histories of thymic irradiation as infants were evaluated; normal tests results indicated intact immune systems in all cases. The 3 women tested, however, had abnormal clinical histories, including 2 with multiple tumors and 1 with chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis.", "contents": "Immunologic competence in adults following thymic irradiation in infancy. Removal of, or irradiation to, the thymus during the neonatal period in man has resulted in no reported adverse effects on cellular immunity, although thymectomy in neonatal experimental animals is known to produce profound immunological disturbances. Adverse effects in humans may not be recognized until several decades have passed. The immunological capabilities of 7 adults with histories of thymic irradiation as infants were evaluated; normal tests results indicated intact immune systems in all cases. The 3 women tested, however, had abnormal clinical histories, including 2 with multiple tumors and 1 with chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis."}
{"id": "PMID:866642", "title": "Five years' experience with the gold button technique for intraoral interstitial implants with iridium-192 seeds.", "content": "To simulate crossing of the ends in standard removable interstitial implants, we used the loop technique for intraoral tumors when treating them with afterloading interstitial removable implants. Because of technical problems, we changed to a straight tube method with heavy end-loading to compensate for the uncrossed ends. High doses to the normal mucosa close to heavy end-loading is reduced 2.5 times by the use of gold buttons in place of standard stainless steel buttons, thus decreasing unnecessary mucosal reactions and morbidity.", "contents": "Five years' experience with the gold button technique for intraoral interstitial implants with iridium-192 seeds. To simulate crossing of the ends in standard removable interstitial implants, we used the loop technique for intraoral tumors when treating them with afterloading interstitial removable implants. Because of technical problems, we changed to a straight tube method with heavy end-loading to compensate for the uncrossed ends. High doses to the normal mucosa close to heavy end-loading is reduced 2.5 times by the use of gold buttons in place of standard stainless steel buttons, thus decreasing unnecessary mucosal reactions and morbidity."}
{"id": "PMID:866643", "title": "Perforated duodenal ulcer and pneumomediastinum.", "content": "Two cases of anterior wall perforation of a duodenal ulcer, resulting in pneumomediastinum and pneumoperitoneum, are presented. The literature regarding perforation of the gastrointestinal tract with associated mediastinal emphysema is reviewed.", "contents": "Perforated duodenal ulcer and pneumomediastinum. Two cases of anterior wall perforation of a duodenal ulcer, resulting in pneumomediastinum and pneumoperitoneum, are presented. The literature regarding perforation of the gastrointestinal tract with associated mediastinal emphysema is reviewed."}
{"id": "PMID:866644", "title": "A comparison of fluoroscopically controlled patient positioning and conventional positioning, including comparative dosimetry.", "content": "The size of the area of exposure on the skin during excretory urography was determined by either technician-controlled fluoroscopy or conventional assessment in 2 comparable groups of patients. The mean skin exposure to radiation per patient was the same in each group. The time required for a urogram was 10% less when fluoroscopy was employed. Since accurate, tightly shuttered exposure areas improve radiographic quality, fluoroscopically controlled determination of patient positioning is justified.", "contents": "A comparison of fluoroscopically controlled patient positioning and conventional positioning, including comparative dosimetry. The size of the area of exposure on the skin during excretory urography was determined by either technician-controlled fluoroscopy or conventional assessment in 2 comparable groups of patients. The mean skin exposure to radiation per patient was the same in each group. The time required for a urogram was 10% less when fluoroscopy was employed. Since accurate, tightly shuttered exposure areas improve radiographic quality, fluoroscopically controlled determination of patient positioning is justified."}
{"id": "PMID:866645", "title": "Computed tomography of the mediastinum. Normal anatomy and indications for the use of CT.", "content": "Correlative CT studies of a cadaver and a statistical analysis of all thoracic scans performed in the first year of operation of a delta-Scan 50 were undertaken in order to better understand normal mediastinal anatomy as displayed by computed tomography. Several levels are illustrated, and the results of the analysis are reported. The authors propose a list of indications for which CT of the mediastinum seems to be helpful.", "contents": "Computed tomography of the mediastinum. Normal anatomy and indications for the use of CT. Correlative CT studies of a cadaver and a statistical analysis of all thoracic scans performed in the first year of operation of a delta-Scan 50 were undertaken in order to better understand normal mediastinal anatomy as displayed by computed tomography. Several levels are illustrated, and the results of the analysis are reported. The authors propose a list of indications for which CT of the mediastinum seems to be helpful."}
{"id": "PMID:866646", "title": "The role of computed tomography in the management of cancer of the larynx.", "content": "Computed tomography (CT) offers a unique method of displaying the anatomy of laryngeal cancer. Asymmetrical contours of the thyroid cartilages have been found as a normal variant. Marked asymmetry may indicate buckling of the cartilage which could contribute to acute airway obstruction following radiation therapy. A low-density, soft-tissue plane medial to the thyroid cartilages may prove valuable in evaluating cartilaginous involvement with tumor. Computed tomography should make a significant contribution to more accurate planning of radiation therapy portals by showing the relationship of lymphatic spread to the primary tumors.", "contents": "The role of computed tomography in the management of cancer of the larynx. Computed tomography (CT) offers a unique method of displaying the anatomy of laryngeal cancer. Asymmetrical contours of the thyroid cartilages have been found as a normal variant. Marked asymmetry may indicate buckling of the cartilage which could contribute to acute airway obstruction following radiation therapy. A low-density, soft-tissue plane medial to the thyroid cartilages may prove valuable in evaluating cartilaginous involvement with tumor. Computed tomography should make a significant contribution to more accurate planning of radiation therapy portals by showing the relationship of lymphatic spread to the primary tumors."}
{"id": "PMID:866647", "title": "The double contrast shoulder arthrogram: evaluation of rotary cuff tears.", "content": "Double contrast shoulder arthrograms revealed rotator cuff abnormalities in 14 of 31 cases. Although both the single and double contrast methods provide a means of diagnosing complete tears of the cuff, or partial tears of its inferior surface, the double contrast study provides additional information regarding the width of the tear, the presence of degenerative changes in the cuff, and the condition of the articular cartilages.", "contents": "The double contrast shoulder arthrogram: evaluation of rotary cuff tears. Double contrast shoulder arthrograms revealed rotator cuff abnormalities in 14 of 31 cases. Although both the single and double contrast methods provide a means of diagnosing complete tears of the cuff, or partial tears of its inferior surface, the double contrast study provides additional information regarding the width of the tear, the presence of degenerative changes in the cuff, and the condition of the articular cartilages."}
{"id": "PMID:866648", "title": "Radiosensitization of normal tissue by chloroquine.", "content": "Severe radiation reaction with chest wall necrosis occurred following 5,000 rads of 60Co irradiation. The patient was arthritic and on chloroquine therapy. This delayed reaction was due to chloroquine radiosensitization. Rats treated with combined chloroquine and chest wall irradiation were compared to rats receiving irradiation alone. The acute radiation reaction was greater in the drug treated animals.", "contents": "Radiosensitization of normal tissue by chloroquine. Severe radiation reaction with chest wall necrosis occurred following 5,000 rads of 60Co irradiation. The patient was arthritic and on chloroquine therapy. This delayed reaction was due to chloroquine radiosensitization. Rats treated with combined chloroquine and chest wall irradiation were compared to rats receiving irradiation alone. The acute radiation reaction was greater in the drug treated animals."}
{"id": "PMID:866649", "title": "Thin-section computed tomography in the evaluation of third ventricular colloid cysts.", "content": "The computed tomographic (CT) scan findings in 4 cases of third ventricular colloid cyst are presented, and the importance of thin-section CT in the evaluation of this lesion is discussed. Overlapping 8-mm sections are helpful in differentiating normal vasculature adjacent to the foramen of Monro from a third ventricular colloid cyst.", "contents": "Thin-section computed tomography in the evaluation of third ventricular colloid cysts. The computed tomographic (CT) scan findings in 4 cases of third ventricular colloid cyst are presented, and the importance of thin-section CT in the evaluation of this lesion is discussed. Overlapping 8-mm sections are helpful in differentiating normal vasculature adjacent to the foramen of Monro from a third ventricular colloid cyst."}
{"id": "PMID:866650", "title": "Clostridium-produced gas gangrene of the colon.", "content": "A case of radiologically demonstrable gas gangrene of the colon was proved pathologically to be caused by C. perfringens. The case was radiologically indistinguishable from that of bowel infarction. When intramural gas is seen in patients with the symptoms of toxemia but without the bloody diarrhea associated with bowel infarction, infectious gas gangrene should be considered.", "contents": "Clostridium-produced gas gangrene of the colon. A case of radiologically demonstrable gas gangrene of the colon was proved pathologically to be caused by C. perfringens. The case was radiologically indistinguishable from that of bowel infarction. When intramural gas is seen in patients with the symptoms of toxemia but without the bloody diarrhea associated with bowel infarction, infectious gas gangrene should be considered."}
{"id": "PMID:866651", "title": "Evaluation of the atretic distal esophageal segment.", "content": "In infants with congenital esophageal atresia with a gasless abdomen, we have determined the length of the distal esophageal segment by injecting air into the stomach through a gastrostomy tube and causing the infant to burp. It is a safe and accurate method and can be done with or without fluoroscopic control.", "contents": "Evaluation of the atretic distal esophageal segment. In infants with congenital esophageal atresia with a gasless abdomen, we have determined the length of the distal esophageal segment by injecting air into the stomach through a gastrostomy tube and causing the infant to burp. It is a safe and accurate method and can be done with or without fluoroscopic control."}
{"id": "PMID:866652", "title": "Evaluation of benefits and risks of breast cancer screening.", "content": "Benefit/risk ratios derived by another study group for a population screened at a breast cancer detection center during the first year of operation are analyzed. The authors of the present paper look at the problem in a somewhat different manner. Benefit/risk ratios derived using this approach are significantly lower than those reported in the previous study. The results of the present study indicate that annual mass screening of women under the age of 50 is of questionable value.", "contents": "Evaluation of benefits and risks of breast cancer screening. Benefit/risk ratios derived by another study group for a population screened at a breast cancer detection center during the first year of operation are analyzed. The authors of the present paper look at the problem in a somewhat different manner. Benefit/risk ratios derived using this approach are significantly lower than those reported in the previous study. The results of the present study indicate that annual mass screening of women under the age of 50 is of questionable value."}
{"id": "PMID:866653", "title": "Long-term effects of urinary tract infections. The need for a controlled trial.", "content": "Two series of children with urinary tract infections are compared: in one the infections were primarily covert, while in the other they were predominantly overt. Grade III reflux occurred only in the overt infection group, and the development or progression of renal clubbing and scarring was much more common in these patients. Now that effective, long-term prophylactic therapy for infection is available, the author urges that controlled trials be established to determine whether or not sterile reflux is harmful and whether or not ureteral reimplantation for reflux is of value.", "contents": "Long-term effects of urinary tract infections. The need for a controlled trial. Two series of children with urinary tract infections are compared: in one the infections were primarily covert, while in the other they were predominantly overt. Grade III reflux occurred only in the overt infection group, and the development or progression of renal clubbing and scarring was much more common in these patients. Now that effective, long-term prophylactic therapy for infection is available, the author urges that controlled trials be established to determine whether or not sterile reflux is harmful and whether or not ureteral reimplantation for reflux is of value."}
{"id": "PMID:866654", "title": "Cholecystographic diagnosis of duodenal ulcer: the incomplete ring sign.", "content": "Three patients are described with unusual collections of cholecystographic contrast material in the right upper abdomen medial and posterior to the gallbladder, in a characteristic \"incomplete ring\" configuration. Subsequent barium examinations of the upper gastrointestinal tract proved each of these collections to represent contrast material trapped in active duodenal ulcer craters. This cholecystographic sign, though uncommon, is believed to be fairly specific for duodenal ulcer. Recognition of the \"incomplete ring\" sign should prompt the radiologist to obtain barium studies necessary to confirm the presence of ulcer.", "contents": "Cholecystographic diagnosis of duodenal ulcer: the incomplete ring sign. Three patients are described with unusual collections of cholecystographic contrast material in the right upper abdomen medial and posterior to the gallbladder, in a characteristic \"incomplete ring\" configuration. Subsequent barium examinations of the upper gastrointestinal tract proved each of these collections to represent contrast material trapped in active duodenal ulcer craters. This cholecystographic sign, though uncommon, is believed to be fairly specific for duodenal ulcer. Recognition of the \"incomplete ring\" sign should prompt the radiologist to obtain barium studies necessary to confirm the presence of ulcer."}
{"id": "PMID:866655", "title": "Intra-arterial lidocaine: an effective analgesic for peripheral angiography.", "content": "Intra-arterial lidocaine was found to be an effective and safe method for reducing pain associated with peripheral angiography. A convenient method for delivery is to directly mix 2% lidocaine and contrast material in a ratio of 1:10 by volume. In a comparative evaluation, 25 of 29 patients experienced significantly less discomfort when the lidocaine-contrast mixture was used as compared to contrast material alone. There were no apparent complications from the use of intra-arterial lidocaine.", "contents": "Intra-arterial lidocaine: an effective analgesic for peripheral angiography. Intra-arterial lidocaine was found to be an effective and safe method for reducing pain associated with peripheral angiography. A convenient method for delivery is to directly mix 2% lidocaine and contrast material in a ratio of 1:10 by volume. In a comparative evaluation, 25 of 29 patients experienced significantly less discomfort when the lidocaine-contrast mixture was used as compared to contrast material alone. There were no apparent complications from the use of intra-arterial lidocaine."}
{"id": "PMID:866656", "title": "The angiographic appearance of thymic tumors.", "content": "Angiography of the internal mammary artery was performed in 30 patients with suspected tumors in the anterior mediastinum. In 3 patients, thymic venography was also performed. In 13 lymphoepithelial thymomas, a smooth outline with the arteries penetrating the periphery of the tumor was demonstrated. Frequently, neovascularity but never encasement of large arteries or arteriovenous (AV) shunting was exhibited. In the lymphoepithelial thymomas of the cell-rich type, the accumulation of contrast medium and neovascularity were pronounced. This type of thymoma may possibly be locally more invasive than others. In carcinomas, the arteries penetrated the tumor and AV shunting was common. Arteriography was superior to venography in the few patients in whom both examinations were performed. Angiographically, it should be possible to differentiate thymomas from carcinomas.", "contents": "The angiographic appearance of thymic tumors. Angiography of the internal mammary artery was performed in 30 patients with suspected tumors in the anterior mediastinum. In 3 patients, thymic venography was also performed. In 13 lymphoepithelial thymomas, a smooth outline with the arteries penetrating the periphery of the tumor was demonstrated. Frequently, neovascularity but never encasement of large arteries or arteriovenous (AV) shunting was exhibited. In the lymphoepithelial thymomas of the cell-rich type, the accumulation of contrast medium and neovascularity were pronounced. This type of thymoma may possibly be locally more invasive than others. In carcinomas, the arteries penetrated the tumor and AV shunting was common. Arteriography was superior to venography in the few patients in whom both examinations were performed. Angiographically, it should be possible to differentiate thymomas from carcinomas."}
{"id": "PMID:866657", "title": "Angiography of nonfunctioning pheochromocytomas of the adrenal gland.", "content": "Two patients with clinically nonfunctioning pheochromocytomas of the adrenal gland were studied angiographically. The radiological characteristics were indistinguishable from those of functioning pheochromocytomas. In patients with hypervascular adrenal masses, the diagnosis of pheochromocytoma should be considered even in the absence of customary signs and symptoms.", "contents": "Angiography of nonfunctioning pheochromocytomas of the adrenal gland. Two patients with clinically nonfunctioning pheochromocytomas of the adrenal gland were studied angiographically. The radiological characteristics were indistinguishable from those of functioning pheochromocytomas. In patients with hypervascular adrenal masses, the diagnosis of pheochromocytoma should be considered even in the absence of customary signs and symptoms."}
{"id": "PMID:866658", "title": "Angiographic features of fibromas and fibrosarcomas.", "content": "Angiography was done in 38 cases of pathologically-confirmed fibrous-tissue tumor. All benign fibromatous tumors and one case of desmoid fibroma were angiographically normal. A great spectrum of angioarchitecture exists in fibrosarcomas, whether they are of bone or soft-tissue origin. Heterogeneous vascularity was seen in 55% of these cases, and was related to the cell composition of the tumor. There exists a close relationship between the number of vessels in a tumor and its degree of clinical and histopathological malignancy. The most vascular part of a tumor is the least differentiated and should be used for biopsies. Angiography can be used for the grading of fibrosarcomas, and probably for assessing clinical prognosis.", "contents": "Angiographic features of fibromas and fibrosarcomas. Angiography was done in 38 cases of pathologically-confirmed fibrous-tissue tumor. All benign fibromatous tumors and one case of desmoid fibroma were angiographically normal. A great spectrum of angioarchitecture exists in fibrosarcomas, whether they are of bone or soft-tissue origin. Heterogeneous vascularity was seen in 55% of these cases, and was related to the cell composition of the tumor. There exists a close relationship between the number of vessels in a tumor and its degree of clinical and histopathological malignancy. The most vascular part of a tumor is the least differentiated and should be used for biopsies. Angiography can be used for the grading of fibrosarcomas, and probably for assessing clinical prognosis."}
{"id": "PMID:866659", "title": "Differences in the velocity-displacement relationship of systolic contraction of normal and ischemic canine myocardium.", "content": "In the canine model there exist major differences in the velocity-displacement relationships of systolic contraction between normal and ischemic myocardium. These differences are noninvasively measurable in vivo from video recordings of the fluoroscopic image of the heart, and can be detected within the time period of one cardiac cycle. Velocity data is plotted against the corresponding wall displacement on orthogonal axes (phase-space), producing characteristic loops which give an immediate visual indication of myocardial dysfunction.", "contents": "Differences in the velocity-displacement relationship of systolic contraction of normal and ischemic canine myocardium. In the canine model there exist major differences in the velocity-displacement relationships of systolic contraction between normal and ischemic myocardium. These differences are noninvasively measurable in vivo from video recordings of the fluoroscopic image of the heart, and can be detected within the time period of one cardiac cycle. Velocity data is plotted against the corresponding wall displacement on orthogonal axes (phase-space), producing characteristic loops which give an immediate visual indication of myocardial dysfunction."}
{"id": "PMID:866660", "title": "Sodium nitroprusside in the treatment of ergotism.", "content": "Severe peripheral vasoconstriction of the legs due to hypersensitivity to small doses of ergotamine tartrate developed in a patient with migraine headaches. The vasospasm was successfully treated with continuous intra-arterial and intravenous infusion of sodium nitroprusside. The contribution of angiography in the diagnosis and treatment of ergotism is stressed.", "contents": "Sodium nitroprusside in the treatment of ergotism. Severe peripheral vasoconstriction of the legs due to hypersensitivity to small doses of ergotamine tartrate developed in a patient with migraine headaches. The vasospasm was successfully treated with continuous intra-arterial and intravenous infusion of sodium nitroprusside. The contribution of angiography in the diagnosis and treatment of ergotism is stressed."}
{"id": "PMID:866661", "title": "Computed tomography of acoustic neuroma.", "content": "Review of computed tomographic (CT) scans of 49 consecutive patients with surgically excised acoustic neuromas revealed positive scans in 80% following contrast enhancement, with 20% false negative scans. All tumors over 2 cm in diameter were shown by optimal scans with contrast enhancement. The positive scans were evaluated to determine the accuracy of the size of the lesions as predicted by the scan. A radiological approach to the evaluation of suspected acoustic neuromas is suggested.", "contents": "Computed tomography of acoustic neuroma. Review of computed tomographic (CT) scans of 49 consecutive patients with surgically excised acoustic neuromas revealed positive scans in 80% following contrast enhancement, with 20% false negative scans. All tumors over 2 cm in diameter were shown by optimal scans with contrast enhancement. The positive scans were evaluated to determine the accuracy of the size of the lesions as predicted by the scan. A radiological approach to the evaluation of suspected acoustic neuromas is suggested."}
{"id": "PMID:866662", "title": "An inaccuracy in computed tomography: the energy dependence of CT values.", "content": "The CT values of a variety of materials were studied in an EMI and a Syntex head scanner. The presence of bone-simulating rings changed the CT values despite the use of constant length water paths and software corrections. Errors due to beam hardening in CT scanning are discussed. These errors could be of significance, particularly in quantitative studies. The changes in CT values with KV setting of the scanner are used to illustrate their energy dependence and the peculiarities of the scaling system introduced by EMI. The difficulty in specifying a standard scale or unit for CT scanners is discussed.", "contents": "An inaccuracy in computed tomography: the energy dependence of CT values. The CT values of a variety of materials were studied in an EMI and a Syntex head scanner. The presence of bone-simulating rings changed the CT values despite the use of constant length water paths and software corrections. Errors due to beam hardening in CT scanning are discussed. These errors could be of significance, particularly in quantitative studies. The changes in CT values with KV setting of the scanner are used to illustrate their energy dependence and the peculiarities of the scaling system introduced by EMI. The difficulty in specifying a standard scale or unit for CT scanners is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:866663", "title": "Factors affecting the use of quantitative information from a CT scanner.", "content": "Computed tomography can be used quantitatively in a variety of ways in both diagnosis and therapy. However, the successful use of CT numbers depends on the appreciation of several features of CT scanning, including the diagnostic viewer. It is also possible to employ the quantitative output of a CT scanner to improve the accuracy of isodase curve computations for photon (or electron) beam radiotherapy. A quality-control program is mandatory for anyone wishing to use CT numbers for this purpose.", "contents": "Factors affecting the use of quantitative information from a CT scanner. Computed tomography can be used quantitatively in a variety of ways in both diagnosis and therapy. However, the successful use of CT numbers depends on the appreciation of several features of CT scanning, including the diagnostic viewer. It is also possible to employ the quantitative output of a CT scanner to improve the accuracy of isodase curve computations for photon (or electron) beam radiotherapy. A quality-control program is mandatory for anyone wishing to use CT numbers for this purpose."}
{"id": "PMID:866665", "title": "Long-term results in surgical treatment of cleft lips and palates.", "content": "Of a total of 3681 operations for hare lip and cleft palate, 139 patients operated between 1951 and 1975 were compared with the aid of exact measurements of the impressions to ascertain whether early orthodontic treatment had an influence on the growing maxilla. 49% of 200 patients who were followed up had normal speach, 39% had minimal disturbances of articulation, in 12% of the patients the speach was poor. In 13 out of 16 of these patients pharyngoplasty improved the speach.", "contents": "Long-term results in surgical treatment of cleft lips and palates. Of a total of 3681 operations for hare lip and cleft palate, 139 patients operated between 1951 and 1975 were compared with the aid of exact measurements of the impressions to ascertain whether early orthodontic treatment had an influence on the growing maxilla. 49% of 200 patients who were followed up had normal speach, 39% had minimal disturbances of articulation, in 12% of the patients the speach was poor. In 13 out of 16 of these patients pharyngoplasty improved the speach."}
{"id": "PMID:866666", "title": "Hirschsprung's disease--long-term results in non-operated cases.", "content": "1. In cases of Hirschsprung's disease with aganglionic segment confined to the rectum, even severe symptoms can subside considerably at some time or other usually before the age of 20. 2. Very slight symptoms may occur in spite of considerable radiological dilatation of the colon. 3. A period--even of several years--with only slight symptoms is no assurance against later aggravation. Severe and even fatal symptoms can suddenly appear.", "contents": "Hirschsprung's disease--long-term results in non-operated cases. 1. In cases of Hirschsprung's disease with aganglionic segment confined to the rectum, even severe symptoms can subside considerably at some time or other usually before the age of 20. 2. Very slight symptoms may occur in spite of considerable radiological dilatation of the colon. 3. A period--even of several years--with only slight symptoms is no assurance against later aggravation. Severe and even fatal symptoms can suddenly appear."}
{"id": "PMID:866667", "title": "Imperforate Anus: a five to thirty year follow-up perspective.", "content": "A twenty-five year experience with 284 patients with imperforate anus has been reviewed, with a 5 to 30 year assessment after surgical intervention. The following conclusions seem to be suggested by the study: 1. There was a 20% mortality overall, with the greatest number of these occurring in the Type III high lesions. Eighty per cent of the deaths were unrelated to imperforate anus and resulted from associated anomalies. 2. Eighty-eight per cent of the overall series achieved socially acceptable continence. Four out of five poor results occurred in the Type III high lesions. 3. Functional results achieved in imperforate anus surgery seem more closely related to the anatomy presented to the surgeon than by his choice of operative procedure. 4. Continence is more slowly achieved in an imperforate anus patient than in a normal child. It is an evolutionary process which seems to improve with age, being especially influenced by the social motivation that comes with puberty. 5. An appreciable number of patients with poor musculature for continence remain clean by promptly heeding the defection signals, by avoiding laxative foods, and by enforced constipation. 6. Secondary surgery when the levator sling muscles have been missed or partially bypassed seems to improve continence in a high percentage of patients.", "contents": "Imperforate Anus: a five to thirty year follow-up perspective. A twenty-five year experience with 284 patients with imperforate anus has been reviewed, with a 5 to 30 year assessment after surgical intervention. The following conclusions seem to be suggested by the study: 1. There was a 20% mortality overall, with the greatest number of these occurring in the Type III high lesions. Eighty per cent of the deaths were unrelated to imperforate anus and resulted from associated anomalies. 2. Eighty-eight per cent of the overall series achieved socially acceptable continence. Four out of five poor results occurred in the Type III high lesions. 3. Functional results achieved in imperforate anus surgery seem more closely related to the anatomy presented to the surgeon than by his choice of operative procedure. 4. Continence is more slowly achieved in an imperforate anus patient than in a normal child. It is an evolutionary process which seems to improve with age, being especially influenced by the social motivation that comes with puberty. 5. An appreciable number of patients with poor musculature for continence remain clean by promptly heeding the defection signals, by avoiding laxative foods, and by enforced constipation. 6. Secondary surgery when the levator sling muscles have been missed or partially bypassed seems to improve continence in a high percentage of patients."}
{"id": "PMID:866668", "title": "Long-term results of simple removal of pigment gallstones in childhood.", "content": "Twelve patients with gallstones were operated at Our Lady's Hospital for Sick Children in Dublin from 1960 to 1973. Seven patients were dealt with by cholecystolithotomy and followed up for periods ranging from 18 months to 13 years. All cases were in good health without any evidence of recurrences of calculi. Three cases 11 to 13 years after cholecystolithotomy showed normally functioning gall bladder on cholecystography.", "contents": "Long-term results of simple removal of pigment gallstones in childhood. Twelve patients with gallstones were operated at Our Lady's Hospital for Sick Children in Dublin from 1960 to 1973. Seven patients were dealt with by cholecystolithotomy and followed up for periods ranging from 18 months to 13 years. All cases were in good health without any evidence of recurrences of calculi. Three cases 11 to 13 years after cholecystolithotomy showed normally functioning gall bladder on cholecystography."}
{"id": "PMID:866669", "title": "Megacolon: long-term results of surgical treatment.", "content": "The 10-year follow-up results for operations for Hirschsprung's disease from 24 pediatric surgical clinics are reviewed. Some of the bad results achieved are probably due mainly to operative technical errors. Many of the problems occured rather early during the follow-up period.", "contents": "Megacolon: long-term results of surgical treatment. The 10-year follow-up results for operations for Hirschsprung's disease from 24 pediatric surgical clinics are reviewed. Some of the bad results achieved are probably due mainly to operative technical errors. Many of the problems occured rather early during the follow-up period."}
{"id": "PMID:866670", "title": "Long-term results in treatment of biliary atresia.", "content": "The 10-year follow-up results of operation for biliary atresia from 11 pediatric surgical clinics are evaluated; 638 cases were analyzed. The results for non-correctable biliary atresia before Kasa\u00ef's operation were uniformly bad, and even now only a very small percentage of the cases is cured.", "contents": "Long-term results in treatment of biliary atresia. The 10-year follow-up results of operation for biliary atresia from 11 pediatric surgical clinics are evaluated; 638 cases were analyzed. The results for non-correctable biliary atresia before Kasa\u00ef's operation were uniformly bad, and even now only a very small percentage of the cases is cured."}
{"id": "PMID:866671", "title": "The upper urinary tract in neurogenic bladders without diversion---a ten-year follow-up.", "content": "Within the first 5 years of life, 50% of children with neurogenic bladders developed subvesical obstruction. Children with neurogenic bladders who did not developed subvesical obstruction (according to group I) up to the age of 5 years are not likely to develop obstruction unit they reach the age of 10 years. Children who do develop such an obstruction before the age of 5 years are possible candidates for urinary diversion.", "contents": "The upper urinary tract in neurogenic bladders without diversion---a ten-year follow-up. Within the first 5 years of life, 50% of children with neurogenic bladders developed subvesical obstruction. Children with neurogenic bladders who did not developed subvesical obstruction (according to group I) up to the age of 5 years are not likely to develop obstruction unit they reach the age of 10 years. Children who do develop such an obstruction before the age of 5 years are possible candidates for urinary diversion."}
{"id": "PMID:866672", "title": "Late results of chemical oesophageal burns in childhood.", "content": "1. Systematic conservative treatment leads to the complete recovery of 75 to 76% of patients with chemical oesophageal burns. The surgeon should be skilled in the techniques and methods of treatment. 2. Recurrences after a sufficiently long treatment by bouginage were observed in 0.6% of all cases. In 22% of cases (the patients came late), a continous control was required. 3. The criteria for operation (not more than 1% of the cases) are as follows: Atresia of the oesophagus, ineffectiveness of skilled conservative treatment, too frequent exacerbations after bouginage. 4. The preferred method of operation is retorsternal prefascial operation employing the right or left sides of the colon. 5. The danger of scarring of the oesophagus and subsequent malignancy is not higher than the risk of completely resecting the damaged oesophagus.", "contents": "Late results of chemical oesophageal burns in childhood. 1. Systematic conservative treatment leads to the complete recovery of 75 to 76% of patients with chemical oesophageal burns. The surgeon should be skilled in the techniques and methods of treatment. 2. Recurrences after a sufficiently long treatment by bouginage were observed in 0.6% of all cases. In 22% of cases (the patients came late), a continous control was required. 3. The criteria for operation (not more than 1% of the cases) are as follows: Atresia of the oesophagus, ineffectiveness of skilled conservative treatment, too frequent exacerbations after bouginage. 4. The preferred method of operation is retorsternal prefascial operation employing the right or left sides of the colon. 5. The danger of scarring of the oesophagus and subsequent malignancy is not higher than the risk of completely resecting the damaged oesophagus."}
{"id": "PMID:866673", "title": "Long-term results in surgical treatment of posterior urethral valves.", "content": "In a series of 44 boys operated on for urethral valves more than 10 years ago two died. In the surviving patients, hydronephrosis and hydroureters improved markedly in 4/5, infection disappeared in 3/4, renal function seemed to normalize in more than 1/2. All valves arose from the anterior wall of the prostatic urethra. Consequently, transurethral resections were done anteriorly. Preoperative treatment was restricted to temporary correction of dehydration and acidosis for some hours or a few days. Otherwise, uremia is no contraindication.", "contents": "Long-term results in surgical treatment of posterior urethral valves. In a series of 44 boys operated on for urethral valves more than 10 years ago two died. In the surviving patients, hydronephrosis and hydroureters improved markedly in 4/5, infection disappeared in 3/4, renal function seemed to normalize in more than 1/2. All valves arose from the anterior wall of the prostatic urethra. Consequently, transurethral resections were done anteriorly. Preoperative treatment was restricted to temporary correction of dehydration and acidosis for some hours or a few days. Otherwise, uremia is no contraindication."}
{"id": "PMID:866675", "title": "Long-term results of ureterosigmoidostomy for ectopia vesicae.", "content": "Ureterosigmoidostomy was performed on 31 children with ectopia vesicae between 1941 and 1964. Two of the children died as a result of the operation and 25 of the remaining 29 were followed up in detail. Contrary to what is sometimes believed, the long-term results leave much to be desired, whether a Coffey or a Mathisen technique is used. Only four of the patients are perfectly normal, but here the end result is very good indeed. The remaining patients suffer from moderate to severe complications or are incontinent or both. It is essential that after ureterosigmoidostomy the patients are carefully followed up for the rest of their lives.", "contents": "Long-term results of ureterosigmoidostomy for ectopia vesicae. Ureterosigmoidostomy was performed on 31 children with ectopia vesicae between 1941 and 1964. Two of the children died as a result of the operation and 25 of the remaining 29 were followed up in detail. Contrary to what is sometimes believed, the long-term results leave much to be desired, whether a Coffey or a Mathisen technique is used. Only four of the patients are perfectly normal, but here the end result is very good indeed. The remaining patients suffer from moderate to severe complications or are incontinent or both. It is essential that after ureterosigmoidostomy the patients are carefully followed up for the rest of their lives."}
{"id": "PMID:866678", "title": "Birth fractures of the femur.", "content": "Even though we dealt with only a few cases, we can conclude that: 1. The elongation, which is sometimes feared, does not occur. 2. Due to the lack of adequate X-ray techniques, the question of rotary failures in newborn infants cannot be discussed in a satisfactory way. Based on these cases, even though there might be some undetected rotary failures, there is no reason to stop conservative therapy. 3. Even large axial displacements are corrected. The fact that in two cases an antecurvature persisted is interesting, especially if we see that in our cases only axial displacements of more than 30 degrees were not totally corrected. Perhaps one should keep an eye on this form of dislocation in the future.", "contents": "Birth fractures of the femur. Even though we dealt with only a few cases, we can conclude that: 1. The elongation, which is sometimes feared, does not occur. 2. Due to the lack of adequate X-ray techniques, the question of rotary failures in newborn infants cannot be discussed in a satisfactory way. Based on these cases, even though there might be some undetected rotary failures, there is no reason to stop conservative therapy. 3. Even large axial displacements are corrected. The fact that in two cases an antecurvature persisted is interesting, especially if we see that in our cases only axial displacements of more than 30 degrees were not totally corrected. Perhaps one should keep an eye on this form of dislocation in the future."}
{"id": "PMID:866679", "title": "Fundoplication in hiatal hernia--results after 10 years.", "content": "Of the 194 fundoplications for hiatus hernia published by the authors at an earlier date, 66 were done before 1965 and 61 were available for an evaluation of the results after 10 years. Clinical results are good, 58 patients being free of symptoms. Only 3 complained of diarrhea or slight dysphagia. The radiological check up was ideal in 59 cases. 2 patients showed an \"en bloc\" herniation, but the fundoplication worked still very well as a reflux-preventive mechanism. 40 patients were no'longer able to vomit, a fact that has been suspected by other authors. Only 14 of them resented this as an inconvenience.", "contents": "Fundoplication in hiatal hernia--results after 10 years. Of the 194 fundoplications for hiatus hernia published by the authors at an earlier date, 66 were done before 1965 and 61 were available for an evaluation of the results after 10 years. Clinical results are good, 58 patients being free of symptoms. Only 3 complained of diarrhea or slight dysphagia. The radiological check up was ideal in 59 cases. 2 patients showed an \"en bloc\" herniation, but the fundoplication worked still very well as a reflux-preventive mechanism. 40 patients were no'longer able to vomit, a fact that has been suspected by other authors. Only 14 of them resented this as an inconvenience."}
{"id": "PMID:866681", "title": "Cause of funnel chest recurrences---operative treatment and long-term results.", "content": "We found that 2-3 years after operation the result is final. If a partial or total recurrence develops, this will take place within the first 2 to 3 years after operation. Local deformities of the cut ribs or the cartilages will enlarge and bulge the skin during the first 24 months. There is no overgrowth after that time. There is no reason to leave the metal strut in place longer than 1 year. All the cut and resutured ribs have grown together after that time, and there is no interference with the growth of the ribs or the further development of the chest wall. Our recurrences are due to local infections, removing the metal strut too early, i.e. within the first 4 to 5 months after operation, using a metal strut too small, and not resuturing the cut ribs themselves.", "contents": "Cause of funnel chest recurrences---operative treatment and long-term results. We found that 2-3 years after operation the result is final. If a partial or total recurrence develops, this will take place within the first 2 to 3 years after operation. Local deformities of the cut ribs or the cartilages will enlarge and bulge the skin during the first 24 months. There is no overgrowth after that time. There is no reason to leave the metal strut in place longer than 1 year. All the cut and resutured ribs have grown together after that time, and there is no interference with the growth of the ribs or the further development of the chest wall. Our recurrences are due to local infections, removing the metal strut too early, i.e. within the first 4 to 5 months after operation, using a metal strut too small, and not resuturing the cut ribs themselves."}
{"id": "PMID:866682", "title": "Long-term results of pulmonary resections in childhood.", "content": "We have found that following lung resection in childhood, one-third of the patients followed-up at least 10 years postoperatively presented mainly minor complaints. Compared with follow-up examinations about 8 years age [4], findings had changed only in two bronchiectasis patients. In both cases a moderate exertion dyspnea had occured. Although pulmonary function tests still showed normal values, the radiologic findings according to residual bronchiectasis had increased. Altogether, pulmonary function tests, however, sometimes show a considerable interference with lung ventilation, which seems to be astonishingly well compensated in childhood. They should not be neglected, however, with regard to strains and physiological changes in later life. Therefore, the indications for pulmonary resection in childhood have to be evaluated very carefully and the extent of the resection should be kept as small as possible.", "contents": "Long-term results of pulmonary resections in childhood. We have found that following lung resection in childhood, one-third of the patients followed-up at least 10 years postoperatively presented mainly minor complaints. Compared with follow-up examinations about 8 years age [4], findings had changed only in two bronchiectasis patients. In both cases a moderate exertion dyspnea had occured. Although pulmonary function tests still showed normal values, the radiologic findings according to residual bronchiectasis had increased. Altogether, pulmonary function tests, however, sometimes show a considerable interference with lung ventilation, which seems to be astonishingly well compensated in childhood. They should not be neglected, however, with regard to strains and physiological changes in later life. Therefore, the indications for pulmonary resection in childhood have to be evaluated very carefully and the extent of the resection should be kept as small as possible."}
{"id": "PMID:866683", "title": "Long-term results of the surgical treatment for pulmonary malformations and disorders.", "content": "Of the 1029 thoracic surgeries carried out since 1950 at the Second and later at the Third Surgical, University Clinic in Budapest on infants, children, and adolescents 215 were cases to correct some developmental anomaly. Pulmonary cysts--both single and multiple--represent the largest number, followed by lung-sequestration, lobar emphysema, and bronchial arterioma. To assess the late results, 106 ex-patients were invited to the clinic for check-up. They had beed operated at least 10 years before; the longest follow-up time was 23 years. Eighty-nine (83.9%) of the 106 patients appeared at the clinic. One pulmonectomized for a polycystic lung (0.9%) died in the meantime; 16 were not available. The 89 patients were submitted to a clinical examination, including radiological examination, spirometry, and ECG. With one exception (Kartagener syndrome), they were found in good condition and free of complaints. They carried on some studies or worked in different jobs. There were no relapses. They developed very satisfactorily no matter whether their operations took place in infancy, childhood or adolescence. The surgical intervention did not affect growth and development. Congenital pulmonary malformations and disorders should be treated by surgery, and the long-term results are better if the operation is performed at the proper time.", "contents": "Long-term results of the surgical treatment for pulmonary malformations and disorders. Of the 1029 thoracic surgeries carried out since 1950 at the Second and later at the Third Surgical, University Clinic in Budapest on infants, children, and adolescents 215 were cases to correct some developmental anomaly. Pulmonary cysts--both single and multiple--represent the largest number, followed by lung-sequestration, lobar emphysema, and bronchial arterioma. To assess the late results, 106 ex-patients were invited to the clinic for check-up. They had beed operated at least 10 years before; the longest follow-up time was 23 years. Eighty-nine (83.9%) of the 106 patients appeared at the clinic. One pulmonectomized for a polycystic lung (0.9%) died in the meantime; 16 were not available. The 89 patients were submitted to a clinical examination, including radiological examination, spirometry, and ECG. With one exception (Kartagener syndrome), they were found in good condition and free of complaints. They carried on some studies or worked in different jobs. There were no relapses. They developed very satisfactorily no matter whether their operations took place in infancy, childhood or adolescence. The surgical intervention did not affect growth and development. Congenital pulmonary malformations and disorders should be treated by surgery, and the long-term results are better if the operation is performed at the proper time."}
{"id": "PMID:866684", "title": "Congenital lobar emphysema.", "content": "The aetiology of congenital lobar emphysema is not always evident. In the group with demonstrable check-valve mechanism, which allows the air to enter but not to leave the lung, there is either internal stenosis or external compression of the bronchus. When no cause can be found, the condition is called idiopathic, although in some cases alveolar fibrosis has been demonstrated, the check-valve mechanism being in these cases at an alveolar level. In the small group of rare cases of bronchial atresia, air which enters through a collateral ventilation cannot be removed by the same route; in these case too, the check-valve mechanism exists at the alveolar level. Five cases of \"congenital lobar emphysema\" are presented. One case showed no bronchial anomaly; another case showed an increase in interstitial connective tissue in the lung; tow cases showed hypoplasia or absence of bronchial cartilage; in one case, bronchial atresia was found at operation. Infants show a typical symptomatology of dyspnoea and cyanosis, and a typical chest X-ray with unilateral radiolucency and a delicate lung pattern, collapse of surrounding lung tissue, and mediastinal hernia. In older children, the diagnosis is made either incidently or following a complication. The condition is usually found in the left upper and the right middle lobe. Treatment is surgical and consists of resection of the emphysematous segments.", "contents": "Congenital lobar emphysema. The aetiology of congenital lobar emphysema is not always evident. In the group with demonstrable check-valve mechanism, which allows the air to enter but not to leave the lung, there is either internal stenosis or external compression of the bronchus. When no cause can be found, the condition is called idiopathic, although in some cases alveolar fibrosis has been demonstrated, the check-valve mechanism being in these cases at an alveolar level. In the small group of rare cases of bronchial atresia, air which enters through a collateral ventilation cannot be removed by the same route; in these case too, the check-valve mechanism exists at the alveolar level. Five cases of \"congenital lobar emphysema\" are presented. One case showed no bronchial anomaly; another case showed an increase in interstitial connective tissue in the lung; tow cases showed hypoplasia or absence of bronchial cartilage; in one case, bronchial atresia was found at operation. Infants show a typical symptomatology of dyspnoea and cyanosis, and a typical chest X-ray with unilateral radiolucency and a delicate lung pattern, collapse of surrounding lung tissue, and mediastinal hernia. In older children, the diagnosis is made either incidently or following a complication. The condition is usually found in the left upper and the right middle lobe. Treatment is surgical and consists of resection of the emphysematous segments."}
{"id": "PMID:866685", "title": "Posterolateral diaphragmatic hernia--long-term results.", "content": "During the years 1965--1974, 125 cases of posterolateral diaphragmatic hernia have been operated at five departments of pediatric surgery in Sweden. The overall operative mortality was 50%. A follow-up investigation included 19 cases, where in 12 cases spirometry and in 11 cases studies of the mobility of the diaphragm were included. Physical examination revealed excellent results in most cases. Lung function studies, however, show a moderate (20--30%) reduction, which is not surprising with regard to lung hypoplasia and impaired movement of the diaphragm on the operated side. In adolescence and younger age, these patients are mostly in excellent condition; but later, when lung function is also reduced by the age factor, their neonatal condition may be of importance.", "contents": "Posterolateral diaphragmatic hernia--long-term results. During the years 1965--1974, 125 cases of posterolateral diaphragmatic hernia have been operated at five departments of pediatric surgery in Sweden. The overall operative mortality was 50%. A follow-up investigation included 19 cases, where in 12 cases spirometry and in 11 cases studies of the mobility of the diaphragm were included. Physical examination revealed excellent results in most cases. Lung function studies, however, show a moderate (20--30%) reduction, which is not surprising with regard to lung hypoplasia and impaired movement of the diaphragm on the operated side. In adolescence and younger age, these patients are mostly in excellent condition; but later, when lung function is also reduced by the age factor, their neonatal condition may be of importance."}
{"id": "PMID:866687", "title": "Oesophageal atresia with distal tracheo-oesophageal fistula--a long-term follow-up.", "content": "At the Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, 375 patients with oesophageal atresia and/or tracheo-oesophageal fistula have been admitted under the care of one surgical unit and, as with other reported series, there has been a predominance of the type with proximal atresia and distal tracheo-oesophageal fistula. With the object of evaluating the long-term follow-up, a review of the patients seen before 1963 has been made. During the period 1948 - 1962, 132 babies with oesophageal atresia and distal tracheo-oesophageal fistula were treated surgically with 72 survivals. A complete follow-up has been possible in 58 of these patients for periods varying from 13 to 26 years. This follow-up has shown that although oesophageal function is not normal, dysphagia is an early problem, the children are subject to recurrent respiratory infections in the early years of life, there are demonstrable radiological changes and there are demonstrable manometric abnormalities, the end result is, by and large, very satisfactory.", "contents": "Oesophageal atresia with distal tracheo-oesophageal fistula--a long-term follow-up. At the Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, 375 patients with oesophageal atresia and/or tracheo-oesophageal fistula have been admitted under the care of one surgical unit and, as with other reported series, there has been a predominance of the type with proximal atresia and distal tracheo-oesophageal fistula. With the object of evaluating the long-term follow-up, a review of the patients seen before 1963 has been made. During the period 1948 - 1962, 132 babies with oesophageal atresia and distal tracheo-oesophageal fistula were treated surgically with 72 survivals. A complete follow-up has been possible in 58 of these patients for periods varying from 13 to 26 years. This follow-up has shown that although oesophageal function is not normal, dysphagia is an early problem, the children are subject to recurrent respiratory infections in the early years of life, there are demonstrable radiological changes and there are demonstrable manometric abnormalities, the end result is, by and large, very satisfactory."}
{"id": "PMID:866688", "title": "Duodenal atresia--60 years of follow-up (case report).", "content": "The first surviving patient with duodenal atresia operated upon by Dr. Ernst Copenhagen has been followed up for 60 years and is perfectly well.", "contents": "Duodenal atresia--60 years of follow-up (case report). The first surviving patient with duodenal atresia operated upon by Dr. Ernst Copenhagen has been followed up for 60 years and is perfectly well."}
{"id": "PMID:866689", "title": "Intestinal anastomosis.", "content": "The long-term results of 370 cases of intestinal anastomosis are described. 121 cases were studied in detail. There were 61 duodenal, 43 small intestinal, and 17 colon anastomoses. The follow-up examinations permitted the following conclusions: 1. The long-term results of duodenoduodenostomy and duodenojejunostomy are similar. 2. Resection of a duodenal membrane was often followed by stenosis. 3. End-to-end anastomosis of small intestine and colon give good long-term results, but after side-to-side anastomoses, 24% of the cases will develop a closed loop syndrome.", "contents": "Intestinal anastomosis. The long-term results of 370 cases of intestinal anastomosis are described. 121 cases were studied in detail. There were 61 duodenal, 43 small intestinal, and 17 colon anastomoses. The follow-up examinations permitted the following conclusions: 1. The long-term results of duodenoduodenostomy and duodenojejunostomy are similar. 2. Resection of a duodenal membrane was often followed by stenosis. 3. End-to-end anastomosis of small intestine and colon give good long-term results, but after side-to-side anastomoses, 24% of the cases will develop a closed loop syndrome."}
{"id": "PMID:866690", "title": "Late results following to side-to-side anastomosis of the small intestine in infancy and childhood.", "content": "1. Malabsorptions and anemia can be used by ulceration or stenosis of the anastomosis, also well known in other anastomotic techniques. 2. Long-term problems are seldom seen in children secondary to side-to-side anastomosis if the technique is satifactory. Blind pouches may result from unsatisfactory technique, or may develop just as in the adult. They may or may not be symptomatic. We surely have to ask whether the blind loop will really grow with the growing child. Nevertheless this study only has historical character because since 1965 we only use end-to-end anastomosis and its modifications with the well known good results.", "contents": "Late results following to side-to-side anastomosis of the small intestine in infancy and childhood. 1. Malabsorptions and anemia can be used by ulceration or stenosis of the anastomosis, also well known in other anastomotic techniques. 2. Long-term problems are seldom seen in children secondary to side-to-side anastomosis if the technique is satifactory. Blind pouches may result from unsatisfactory technique, or may develop just as in the adult. They may or may not be symptomatic. We surely have to ask whether the blind loop will really grow with the growing child. Nevertheless this study only has historical character because since 1965 we only use end-to-end anastomosis and its modifications with the well known good results."}
{"id": "PMID:866691", "title": "Long-term results of Swenson's operation for Hirschsprung's disease.", "content": "84 of 89 cases were traced 18 to 27 years after Swenson's operation. Seven had long segments. All were alive and in good general health except one who had renal transplant for hypertension due to pyelonephritis in a residual solitary kidney. 61 are married of whom 34 have children. None of the children have Hirshsprung's disease. 48 were fully normal within one year of operation. 29 had constipation enough to require treatment. Seven had diarrhoea which in three required hospitalisation for electrolyte disturbances and dehydration. 39 had some degree of soiling, but in only nine was this troublesome. Recovery of normal bowel control was more rapid in those with a good social background. Eight had postoperative strictures, but treatment has remained successful in the long-term in seven of these. Five patients had inadequate resections and are well after further surgery. Nine had urinary incontinence of which seven had only nocturnal enuresis. All are fully recovered. Two male patients have absence of ejaculation and two females are infertile with scarred Fallopian tubes. 83 of the 84 now have normal bowel control and good health. One has a permanent ileostomy.", "contents": "Long-term results of Swenson's operation for Hirschsprung's disease. 84 of 89 cases were traced 18 to 27 years after Swenson's operation. Seven had long segments. All were alive and in good general health except one who had renal transplant for hypertension due to pyelonephritis in a residual solitary kidney. 61 are married of whom 34 have children. None of the children have Hirshsprung's disease. 48 were fully normal within one year of operation. 29 had constipation enough to require treatment. Seven had diarrhoea which in three required hospitalisation for electrolyte disturbances and dehydration. 39 had some degree of soiling, but in only nine was this troublesome. Recovery of normal bowel control was more rapid in those with a good social background. Eight had postoperative strictures, but treatment has remained successful in the long-term in seven of these. Five patients had inadequate resections and are well after further surgery. Nine had urinary incontinence of which seven had only nocturnal enuresis. All are fully recovered. Two male patients have absence of ejaculation and two females are infertile with scarred Fallopian tubes. 83 of the 84 now have normal bowel control and good health. One has a permanent ileostomy."}
{"id": "PMID:866692", "title": "13--25 Years follow-up after Swenson's operation for Hirschsprung's Disease.", "content": "77 patients with Hirschsprung's disease, operated according to the Swenson procedure in the period from 1949--1960 have been followed up in 1961 and 1975. 6 were dead, all from operative complications (a mortality of 8%). The results in the survivors were assessessed with regard to their bowel function and genito-urinary symptoms. The results in 1961 were 37 good (48%), 25 satisfactory (32%) and 9 poor (11%). In 1975, 8 patients were untraceable (10%), of the remainder 34 were good (44%), 22 satisfactory (29%) and 4 poor (5%), while 3 had been reoperated (4%). Two of the patients in the \"poor\" group had permanent enterostomy. The detailed assessment seems to indicate that diarrhoea and especially soiling in the first postoperative years are symptoms with a tendency to subside spontaneously. A residual constipation did subside in a few cases, but on a whole was much less likely to do so. In some instances, patients who for a long period had had normal stool passage again developed slight constipation, but only in one case a real recurrence with severe constipation was seen. tthere were no sexual complaints among the patients, and their fertility seemed normal. Only 5 patients had very moderate urinary symptoms, although a somewhat larger proportion of urinary anomalies might have been expected. (At the time of admission, a complete urological survey was not routine in these patients).", "contents": "13--25 Years follow-up after Swenson's operation for Hirschsprung's Disease. 77 patients with Hirschsprung's disease, operated according to the Swenson procedure in the period from 1949--1960 have been followed up in 1961 and 1975. 6 were dead, all from operative complications (a mortality of 8%). The results in the survivors were assessessed with regard to their bowel function and genito-urinary symptoms. The results in 1961 were 37 good (48%), 25 satisfactory (32%) and 9 poor (11%). In 1975, 8 patients were untraceable (10%), of the remainder 34 were good (44%), 22 satisfactory (29%) and 4 poor (5%), while 3 had been reoperated (4%). Two of the patients in the \"poor\" group had permanent enterostomy. The detailed assessment seems to indicate that diarrhoea and especially soiling in the first postoperative years are symptoms with a tendency to subside spontaneously. A residual constipation did subside in a few cases, but on a whole was much less likely to do so. In some instances, patients who for a long period had had normal stool passage again developed slight constipation, but only in one case a real recurrence with severe constipation was seen. tthere were no sexual complaints among the patients, and their fertility seemed normal. Only 5 patients had very moderate urinary symptoms, although a somewhat larger proportion of urinary anomalies might have been expected. (At the time of admission, a complete urological survey was not routine in these patients)."}
{"id": "PMID:866693", "title": "The treatment of the hepatorenal syndrome with intra-renal administration of prostaglandin E1.", "content": "Three patients with the hepatorenal syndrome were treated with prostaglandin E1 administered through a selective renal arterial catheter. Prostaglandin E1 was given in progressively increasing doses (2 to 100 ng/kg/min) over a 60-minute period. Control plasma prostaglandin E levels were elevated in all three patients, 0.98, 0.91, and 0.83 ng/ml, respectively. At the end of the infusion, plasma prostaglandin E levels had risen to 10.4, 2.63, and 10.3 ng/ml in the three patients respectively. Plasma renin activity increased during the course of the infusion in two of the patients. The plasma aldosterone concentration did not change during the prostaglandin E1 infusion. Intrarenal prostaglandin E1 failed to increase urine volume or urinary sodium concentration in three patients with the hepatorenal syndrome.", "contents": "The treatment of the hepatorenal syndrome with intra-renal administration of prostaglandin E1. Three patients with the hepatorenal syndrome were treated with prostaglandin E1 administered through a selective renal arterial catheter. Prostaglandin E1 was given in progressively increasing doses (2 to 100 ng/kg/min) over a 60-minute period. Control plasma prostaglandin E levels were elevated in all three patients, 0.98, 0.91, and 0.83 ng/ml, respectively. At the end of the infusion, plasma prostaglandin E levels had risen to 10.4, 2.63, and 10.3 ng/ml in the three patients respectively. Plasma renin activity increased during the course of the infusion in two of the patients. The plasma aldosterone concentration did not change during the prostaglandin E1 infusion. Intrarenal prostaglandin E1 failed to increase urine volume or urinary sodium concentration in three patients with the hepatorenal syndrome."}
{"id": "PMID:866696", "title": "The effect of prostaglandins of cultured lapine articular chondrocytes.", "content": "The effect of B protaglandins (PG) on growth and sulfate incorportation by monolayer and spinner-cultured rabbit articular chondrocytes has been measured. PGA1, PGB1, PGE1 and PGE2 reduced synthesis of sulfated glycosaminoglycans (GAG) but the PGF series did not. PGA1 was the most potent, being effective at a concentration of 2.5 microng/ml [6.8 micronM] while the others required 25 microng/ml. These compounds had no effect on degradation of GAG. All 8 PGs augmented growth slightly but significantly at 2.5 microng/ml. At the higher concentration, PGA1 was highly cytotoxic, and PGB1 as well as PGE2 reduced cell growth. The cytotoxicity of PGA1 was also observed in two additional types of cultured connective tissue cells, but the inhibition of sulfated-GAG synthesis by PGA1 and PGB1 was confined to the chondrocytes. The response of cultured chondrocytes to exogenous PGs, albeit at apparently unphysiologically high concentrations, together with other evidence, suggests that these compounds may conceivably play a direct role in cartilage metabolism in vivo.", "contents": "The effect of prostaglandins of cultured lapine articular chondrocytes. The effect of B protaglandins (PG) on growth and sulfate incorportation by monolayer and spinner-cultured rabbit articular chondrocytes has been measured. PGA1, PGB1, PGE1 and PGE2 reduced synthesis of sulfated glycosaminoglycans (GAG) but the PGF series did not. PGA1 was the most potent, being effective at a concentration of 2.5 microng/ml [6.8 micronM] while the others required 25 microng/ml. These compounds had no effect on degradation of GAG. All 8 PGs augmented growth slightly but significantly at 2.5 microng/ml. At the higher concentration, PGA1 was highly cytotoxic, and PGB1 as well as PGE2 reduced cell growth. The cytotoxicity of PGA1 was also observed in two additional types of cultured connective tissue cells, but the inhibition of sulfated-GAG synthesis by PGA1 and PGB1 was confined to the chondrocytes. The response of cultured chondrocytes to exogenous PGs, albeit at apparently unphysiologically high concentrations, together with other evidence, suggests that these compounds may conceivably play a direct role in cartilage metabolism in vivo."}
{"id": "PMID:866697", "title": "Neurological and electroencephalographic changes in newborns treated with prostaglandins E1 and E2.", "content": "Six newborns with obstructive right heart lesions were examined neurologically and electroencephalographically during treatment with prostaglandin (PG) E1 or E2 given to maintain patency of the ductus arteriosus and to increase pulmonary blood flow. PG was administered intravenously or intraarterially in the aortic isthmus proximal to the ductus arteriosus. Besides a rise in arterial oxygen saturation, all patients had some sign of central nervous system involvement. The electroencephalogram showed minor changes suggestive of sedation. In addition, three patients in whom PG  was given intravenously presented various combinations of neurological abnormalities (\"myoclonic jerks\", apnoeic spells, hiccup) of subcortical origin. Side-effects subsided after stopping the treatment and posed no problem in the management of the patients. These findings confirm the usefulness and safety of the PG therapy and indicate that the intraaortic route of administration is preferable.", "contents": "Neurological and electroencephalographic changes in newborns treated with prostaglandins E1 and E2. Six newborns with obstructive right heart lesions were examined neurologically and electroencephalographically during treatment with prostaglandin (PG) E1 or E2 given to maintain patency of the ductus arteriosus and to increase pulmonary blood flow. PG was administered intravenously or intraarterially in the aortic isthmus proximal to the ductus arteriosus. Besides a rise in arterial oxygen saturation, all patients had some sign of central nervous system involvement. The electroencephalogram showed minor changes suggestive of sedation. In addition, three patients in whom PG  was given intravenously presented various combinations of neurological abnormalities (\"myoclonic jerks\", apnoeic spells, hiccup) of subcortical origin. Side-effects subsided after stopping the treatment and posed no problem in the management of the patients. These findings confirm the usefulness and safety of the PG therapy and indicate that the intraaortic route of administration is preferable."}
{"id": "PMID:866698", "title": "Effects of prostaglandin endoperoxide analogs on contractile elements in lung and gastrointestinal tract.", "content": "Prostaglandin endoperoxides are formed in the lung as intermediate compounds in the biosynthesis of prostaglandins and thromboxanes. The effects of different doses of two analogs of prostaglandin endoperoxide PGH2 were compared with those of PGF2alpha and PGE2 on superfused preparations of isolated trachea, bronchiole, peripheral lung, pulmonary artery and gastrointestinal smooth-muscle tissues. Endoperoxide analogs induced contraction of all smooth-muscle structures in the lung and airway. Compared to PGF2alpha, analog I was approximately 71 times as potent on guinea-pig trachea, 214 times as potent on guinea-pig lung, and 57 times as potent on guinea-pig pulmonary artery. Analog II was moderately less potent on all tissues than analog I. On gastrointestinal smooth-muscle organs, the PGH2 analogs were generally closer in activity to PGF2alpha and PGE2, or even weaker. The findings show that PG endoperoxide analogs are potent constrictors of airways, lung and pulmonary vessels, and suggest that the naturally occurring compounds may participate in the mediation of bronchoconstriction and pulmonary vasoconstriction in disease states.", "contents": "Effects of prostaglandin endoperoxide analogs on contractile elements in lung and gastrointestinal tract. Prostaglandin endoperoxides are formed in the lung as intermediate compounds in the biosynthesis of prostaglandins and thromboxanes. The effects of different doses of two analogs of prostaglandin endoperoxide PGH2 were compared with those of PGF2alpha and PGE2 on superfused preparations of isolated trachea, bronchiole, peripheral lung, pulmonary artery and gastrointestinal smooth-muscle tissues. Endoperoxide analogs induced contraction of all smooth-muscle structures in the lung and airway. Compared to PGF2alpha, analog I was approximately 71 times as potent on guinea-pig trachea, 214 times as potent on guinea-pig lung, and 57 times as potent on guinea-pig pulmonary artery. Analog II was moderately less potent on all tissues than analog I. On gastrointestinal smooth-muscle organs, the PGH2 analogs were generally closer in activity to PGF2alpha and PGE2, or even weaker. The findings show that PG endoperoxide analogs are potent constrictors of airways, lung and pulmonary vessels, and suggest that the naturally occurring compounds may participate in the mediation of bronchoconstriction and pulmonary vasoconstriction in disease states."}
{"id": "PMID:866699", "title": "The role of prostaglandins in the excitatory innervation of the rat urinary bladder.", "content": "The possible role of PGs in hyoscine-resistant nerve mediated responses of the rat urinary bladder was investigated. Responses to electrical stimulation were inhibited by cinchocaine (30 micronmol/1) but were only partially inhibited by a high concentration of hyoscine (25 micronmol/1) or by the choline uptake inhibitors, hemicholinium-3 (500 micronmol/1) and troxypyrrolidinium (500 micronmol/1). Indomethacin (50 micronmol/1) produced partial blockade (30%) of responses to electrical stimulation without markedly affecting responses to acetylcholine and the degree of blockade was of a similar order in the presence of hyoscine or troxypyrrolidinium. PGE2 (0.028 -2.8 micronmol/1) or F2alpha (0.029 -2.9 micronmol/1) produced a slowly developing increase in tone and spontaneous activity. Responses to electrical stimulation were at most only slightly increased in the presence of either PG. However, the PGs always increased the responses to electrical stimulation after indomethacin, indomethacin plus hyoscine or indomethacin plus troxypyrrolidinium. Responses to acetylcholine in the presence of indomethacin were not increased by PGE2. It is concluded that PGE2 and F2alpha do not function is transmitters responsible for resistance to anti-muscarinic drugs in the bladder but may exert a modulating effect on nervous transmission.", "contents": "The role of prostaglandins in the excitatory innervation of the rat urinary bladder. The possible role of PGs in hyoscine-resistant nerve mediated responses of the rat urinary bladder was investigated. Responses to electrical stimulation were inhibited by cinchocaine (30 micronmol/1) but were only partially inhibited by a high concentration of hyoscine (25 micronmol/1) or by the choline uptake inhibitors, hemicholinium-3 (500 micronmol/1) and troxypyrrolidinium (500 micronmol/1). Indomethacin (50 micronmol/1) produced partial blockade (30%) of responses to electrical stimulation without markedly affecting responses to acetylcholine and the degree of blockade was of a similar order in the presence of hyoscine or troxypyrrolidinium. PGE2 (0.028 -2.8 micronmol/1) or F2alpha (0.029 -2.9 micronmol/1) produced a slowly developing increase in tone and spontaneous activity. Responses to electrical stimulation were at most only slightly increased in the presence of either PG. However, the PGs always increased the responses to electrical stimulation after indomethacin, indomethacin plus hyoscine or indomethacin plus troxypyrrolidinium. Responses to acetylcholine in the presence of indomethacin were not increased by PGE2. It is concluded that PGE2 and F2alpha do not function is transmitters responsible for resistance to anti-muscarinic drugs in the bladder but may exert a modulating effect on nervous transmission."}
{"id": "PMID:866700", "title": "The pharmacology of prostaglandin-like substances released from guinea-pig lungs during anaphylaxis.", "content": "The pharmacology of the prostaglandins (PGs) and thromboxanes (Txs) released from immunologically challenged guinea-pig lungs is related to their roles in the anaphylactic response. 6-oxo-PGF1alpha probably contibutes substantially to bronchoconstriction during anaphylaxis. TxB2 may contribute to the anaphylactic response by increasing SRA-A release and by stimulating leucotaxis. The 15-oxo metabolites of PGE2 and PGF2alpha are rather weak spasmogens, but might modify respiratory muscle contractions and pulmonary vascular resistance. The 15-oxo 13,14 dihydro metabolites of PGE2 PGF2alpha and TxB2 were inactive in the systems studied, suggesting an important inactivating role for the 13:14 reductase enzyme.", "contents": "The pharmacology of prostaglandin-like substances released from guinea-pig lungs during anaphylaxis. The pharmacology of the prostaglandins (PGs) and thromboxanes (Txs) released from immunologically challenged guinea-pig lungs is related to their roles in the anaphylactic response. 6-oxo-PGF1alpha probably contibutes substantially to bronchoconstriction during anaphylaxis. TxB2 may contribute to the anaphylactic response by increasing SRA-A release and by stimulating leucotaxis. The 15-oxo metabolites of PGE2 and PGF2alpha are rather weak spasmogens, but might modify respiratory muscle contractions and pulmonary vascular resistance. The 15-oxo 13,14 dihydro metabolites of PGE2 PGF2alpha and TxB2 were inactive in the systems studied, suggesting an important inactivating role for the 13:14 reductase enzyme."}
{"id": "PMID:866701", "title": "The effects of prostaglandin F2alpha on sperm output in boars.", "content": "The effect of prostaglandin F2alpha (PGF2alpha) on the sperm output of six boars was investigated in two studies. Although PGF2alpha did not significantly affect sperm numbers in the ejaculate, a significantly longer (P less than 0.05) ejaculation of the sperm rich fraction occurred following injection of PGF2alpha. In the second study it was found that PGF2alpha produced a 49% increase (P less than 0.05) in the number of sperm in the sperm rich fraction of the ejaculate. The implications of these results on artificial breeding are discussed.", "contents": "The effects of prostaglandin F2alpha on sperm output in boars. The effect of prostaglandin F2alpha (PGF2alpha) on the sperm output of six boars was investigated in two studies. Although PGF2alpha did not significantly affect sperm numbers in the ejaculate, a significantly longer (P less than 0.05) ejaculation of the sperm rich fraction occurred following injection of PGF2alpha. In the second study it was found that PGF2alpha produced a 49% increase (P less than 0.05) in the number of sperm in the sperm rich fraction of the ejaculate. The implications of these results on artificial breeding are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:866702", "title": "Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2)-induced growth hormone (GH) release: effect of intrahypothalamic and intrapituitary implants.", "content": "Ovariectomized rats were unilaterally implanted with a 23-gauge stainless steel cannula in different hypothalamic areas or in the pituitary gland and subsequently were treated with estrogen (sc, 10 micron g estradiol benzoate, Eb). Two days after the estrogen injection, an inner cannula containing PGE2 or PGF2alpha at its tip was inserted into the cannula. Other animals were implanted with an empty inner cannula. Plasma GH concentrations were measured by RIA in blood samples drawn from the jugular vein while the animals were lightly etherized before (-2) and at 20, 40, 60 and 120 min following the implantation. Plasma GH levels in control animals bearing an empty cannula in the body of the arcuate nucleus-median eminence region (BARH-ME) were significantly depressed by the ether stress. The implantation of PGF2alpha in this area was completely ineffective in preventing ether stress-induced decline in plasma GH. By contrast, PGE2 implanted in BARH-ME or the post-chiasmatic region of the hypothalamus (HARH-ME) elevated plasma GH 20 min following its implantation and partially prevented the subsequent decrease in GH levels induced by ether stress. PGE2 implants located in several other hypothalamic areas failed to induce GH release or to prevent the decline in GH levels induced by ether stress. However, PGE2 implanted in the pituitary gland elicited a marked increase in plasma GH at 20 min and completely prevented the subsequent ether stress-induced decline in GH levels. The results suggest that PGE2 can act at both hypothalamic (ARH-ME) and pituitary levels to stimulate GH release. At the hypothalamus, PGE2 may inhibit GH-inhibiting factor (GIF) release or induce release of GH releasing factor (GHRF).", "contents": "Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2)-induced growth hormone (GH) release: effect of intrahypothalamic and intrapituitary implants. Ovariectomized rats were unilaterally implanted with a 23-gauge stainless steel cannula in different hypothalamic areas or in the pituitary gland and subsequently were treated with estrogen (sc, 10 micron g estradiol benzoate, Eb). Two days after the estrogen injection, an inner cannula containing PGE2 or PGF2alpha at its tip was inserted into the cannula. Other animals were implanted with an empty inner cannula. Plasma GH concentrations were measured by RIA in blood samples drawn from the jugular vein while the animals were lightly etherized before (-2) and at 20, 40, 60 and 120 min following the implantation. Plasma GH levels in control animals bearing an empty cannula in the body of the arcuate nucleus-median eminence region (BARH-ME) were significantly depressed by the ether stress. The implantation of PGF2alpha in this area was completely ineffective in preventing ether stress-induced decline in plasma GH. By contrast, PGE2 implanted in BARH-ME or the post-chiasmatic region of the hypothalamus (HARH-ME) elevated plasma GH 20 min following its implantation and partially prevented the subsequent decrease in GH levels induced by ether stress. PGE2 implants located in several other hypothalamic areas failed to induce GH release or to prevent the decline in GH levels induced by ether stress. However, PGE2 implanted in the pituitary gland elicited a marked increase in plasma GH at 20 min and completely prevented the subsequent ether stress-induced decline in GH levels. The results suggest that PGE2 can act at both hypothalamic (ARH-ME) and pituitary levels to stimulate GH release. At the hypothalamus, PGE2 may inhibit GH-inhibiting factor (GIF) release or induce release of GH releasing factor (GHRF)."}
{"id": "PMID:866703", "title": "Effect of indomethacin on estrogen-induced luteolysis in the ewe.", "content": "Three groups of 6 ewes were laparotomized on day 9 of an estrous cycle (estrus = day 0) and the corpor\u00e0 lutea (CL) were marked with India ink. Indwelling cannulae were inserted into the uterine horn adjacent to the CL in groups 2 and 3. Group 1 was injected intramuscularly (i.m.) with corn oil twice daily on day 9. Group 2 received 750 microng 17beta-estradiol (E2) i.m. twice daily on day 9 plus intrauterine injections of indomethacin (INDO) vehicle on days 9 through 13. Group 3 received in the same estrogen treatment plus the injection of 20 mg INDO twice daily on days 9 through 13. Jugular venous samples were taken once daily on days 9 through 14 for progesterone analysis. At re-laparotmy on day 14, the ovaries were examined for new ovulations, and the ovary bearing the marked CL was removed. Results showed that E2 induced premature luteal regression as indicated by decreased CL weights and plasma progesterone levels. INDO when given in conjunction with E2 effectively blocked the luteolytic action of E2. These results suggest that the luteolytic action of E2 is mediated via increased prostaglandin secretion and release from the uterus.", "contents": "Effect of indomethacin on estrogen-induced luteolysis in the ewe. Three groups of 6 ewes were laparotomized on day 9 of an estrous cycle (estrus = day 0) and the corpor\u00e0 lutea (CL) were marked with India ink. Indwelling cannulae were inserted into the uterine horn adjacent to the CL in groups 2 and 3. Group 1 was injected intramuscularly (i.m.) with corn oil twice daily on day 9. Group 2 received 750 microng 17beta-estradiol (E2) i.m. twice daily on day 9 plus intrauterine injections of indomethacin (INDO) vehicle on days 9 through 13. Group 3 received in the same estrogen treatment plus the injection of 20 mg INDO twice daily on days 9 through 13. Jugular venous samples were taken once daily on days 9 through 14 for progesterone analysis. At re-laparotmy on day 14, the ovaries were examined for new ovulations, and the ovary bearing the marked CL was removed. Results showed that E2 induced premature luteal regression as indicated by decreased CL weights and plasma progesterone levels. INDO when given in conjunction with E2 effectively blocked the luteolytic action of E2. These results suggest that the luteolytic action of E2 is mediated via increased prostaglandin secretion and release from the uterus."}
{"id": "PMID:866704", "title": "The effects of ovariectomy and stretch on the regulatory profile and activity of the uterus.", "content": "Following ovariectomy of five New Zealand white rabbits at day 25 of pregnancy, the intrauterine pressure (IUP) and uterine progesterone (P) and prostaglandin (PG) levels were measured sequentially at days 25, 26 and 27. At day 25, when the uterine P and PGE and PGF were high, massive intrauterine treatment with 500 microng PGF2alpha provoked only a sustained contracture on which only low level oscillation in IUP was superimposed. At day 26, when the P levels had decreased significantly (P less than 0.001) and the PG levels had not changed significantly, 50 microng PGF2alpha significantly increased cyclic IUP as compared with the day 25 value (P less than 0.001). At day 27, when the P levels decreased further, as little as 5 microng PGF2alpha provoked still higher cyclic IUP, in spite of a significant reduction in PG levels (P less than o.05). Stretching the uterus of six post partum and six 26 days pregnant rabbits (after removing the uterine contents) significantly increased the uterine PGF levels (P less than o.001). However, stretch increased only cyclic IUP of the post partum uterus and was without effect on the pregnant uterus, which still had high P levels. These results indicate that the myometrium is activated by exogenous PG or stretch, regardless of whether the uterine PG levels increase, remain unchanged or even moderately decrease, provided that the uterine P levels are reduced to a critical value.", "contents": "The effects of ovariectomy and stretch on the regulatory profile and activity of the uterus. Following ovariectomy of five New Zealand white rabbits at day 25 of pregnancy, the intrauterine pressure (IUP) and uterine progesterone (P) and prostaglandin (PG) levels were measured sequentially at days 25, 26 and 27. At day 25, when the uterine P and PGE and PGF were high, massive intrauterine treatment with 500 microng PGF2alpha provoked only a sustained contracture on which only low level oscillation in IUP was superimposed. At day 26, when the P levels had decreased significantly (P less than 0.001) and the PG levels had not changed significantly, 50 microng PGF2alpha significantly increased cyclic IUP as compared with the day 25 value (P less than 0.001). At day 27, when the P levels decreased further, as little as 5 microng PGF2alpha provoked still higher cyclic IUP, in spite of a significant reduction in PG levels (P less than o.05). Stretching the uterus of six post partum and six 26 days pregnant rabbits (after removing the uterine contents) significantly increased the uterine PGF levels (P less than o.001). However, stretch increased only cyclic IUP of the post partum uterus and was without effect on the pregnant uterus, which still had high P levels. These results indicate that the myometrium is activated by exogenous PG or stretch, regardless of whether the uterine PG levels increase, remain unchanged or even moderately decrease, provided that the uterine P levels are reduced to a critical value."}
{"id": "PMID:866705", "title": "The kinetics of extraamniotically injected prostaglandins to induce midtrimester abortion.", "content": "In an attempt to improve the extraamniotic administration of prostaglandins in effecting abortion, the movement of injected prostaglandins in a high or low viscosity medium has been observed by radiological studies and radioimmunoassy of PGE and PGFalpha in amniotic fluid and maternal plasma in association with intrauterine tocographic responses. Results obtained suggest that the immediate response by the uterus is a reflection of the speed of absorption of prostaglandins from the chorio-decidual space and that this influences the outcome in inducing abortion within 24 hours. By giving the prostaglandins in a viscous medium a slower release of prostaglandins was produced in most cases, which probably accounts for the greater efficacy obtained using single injections of prostaglandins in this vehicle compared with normal saline.", "contents": "The kinetics of extraamniotically injected prostaglandins to induce midtrimester abortion. In an attempt to improve the extraamniotic administration of prostaglandins in effecting abortion, the movement of injected prostaglandins in a high or low viscosity medium has been observed by radiological studies and radioimmunoassy of PGE and PGFalpha in amniotic fluid and maternal plasma in association with intrauterine tocographic responses. Results obtained suggest that the immediate response by the uterus is a reflection of the speed of absorption of prostaglandins from the chorio-decidual space and that this influences the outcome in inducing abortion within 24 hours. By giving the prostaglandins in a viscous medium a slower release of prostaglandins was produced in most cases, which probably accounts for the greater efficacy obtained using single injections of prostaglandins in this vehicle compared with normal saline."}
{"id": "PMID:866706", "title": "Second trimester abortion: single dose intra-amniotic injection of prostaglandin F2alpha with intravenous oxytocin augmentation.", "content": "One hundred-sixty mid-trimester pregnancies were terminated by intra-amniotic injection of Prostaglandin F2alpha with concomitant intravenous oxytocin. Only four of 77 nulliparas and one of 83 multiparas required a second prostaglandin injection. Mean injection-abortion interval was 22.8 hours, and 17.0 hours respectively. This difference between groups was statistically significant. Four nulliparas sustained uterine trauma, a high incidence suggesting that this method may be ill-advised in these women. Because of the predictable short injection-abortion interval in the multipara, this method can be combined conveniently with surgical sterilization.", "contents": "Second trimester abortion: single dose intra-amniotic injection of prostaglandin F2alpha with intravenous oxytocin augmentation. One hundred-sixty mid-trimester pregnancies were terminated by intra-amniotic injection of Prostaglandin F2alpha with concomitant intravenous oxytocin. Only four of 77 nulliparas and one of 83 multiparas required a second prostaglandin injection. Mean injection-abortion interval was 22.8 hours, and 17.0 hours respectively. This difference between groups was statistically significant. Four nulliparas sustained uterine trauma, a high incidence suggesting that this method may be ill-advised in these women. Because of the predictable short injection-abortion interval in the multipara, this method can be combined conveniently with surgical sterilization."}
{"id": "PMID:866707", "title": "Arachidonate-induced thrombosis in mice: effects of gender or testosterone and estradiol administration.", "content": "Sodium arachidonate (i.v.) has previously been shown to induce pulmonary emboli formation and a dose dependent cyanosis and respiratory depression in mice. Subsequently, we found that male mice are significantly more sensitive to arachidonate than females. Aspirin given orally 2 hours prior to arachidonate administration inhibits the responses of both males and females. Pretreatment with depo-testosterone markedly increases the effect of arachidonate in both males and females and depo-estradiol pretreatment reduces the responses in all mice. This exacerbation by testosterone of the arachidonate response and the attenuating effects of estradiol is consistent with data reported using other thrombogenic techniques.", "contents": "Arachidonate-induced thrombosis in mice: effects of gender or testosterone and estradiol administration. Sodium arachidonate (i.v.) has previously been shown to induce pulmonary emboli formation and a dose dependent cyanosis and respiratory depression in mice. Subsequently, we found that male mice are significantly more sensitive to arachidonate than females. Aspirin given orally 2 hours prior to arachidonate administration inhibits the responses of both males and females. Pretreatment with depo-testosterone markedly increases the effect of arachidonate in both males and females and depo-estradiol pretreatment reduces the responses in all mice. This exacerbation by testosterone of the arachidonate response and the attenuating effects of estradiol is consistent with data reported using other thrombogenic techniques."}
{"id": "PMID:866733", "title": "[Abnormal pulmonary vein outlet. Radiological aspects (author's transl)].", "content": "6 cases of abnormal pulmonary venous outlet, 5 of them partial anomalies without cardiocirculatory symptoms, are reported. Diagnosis was formulated by means of angiocardiography resorted to on the basis of the radiographic picture: retraction of the right hemithorax (left in 1 case), heart attraction, pulmonary veiling, tomographic pictures of anomalous vessels.", "contents": "[Abnormal pulmonary vein outlet. Radiological aspects (author's transl)]. 6 cases of abnormal pulmonary venous outlet, 5 of them partial anomalies without cardiocirculatory symptoms, are reported. Diagnosis was formulated by means of angiocardiography resorted to on the basis of the radiographic picture: retraction of the right hemithorax (left in 1 case), heart attraction, pulmonary veiling, tomographic pictures of anomalous vessels."}
{"id": "PMID:866734", "title": "[Anomalies of the vena cava inferior: report on four cases associated with congenital heart disease (author's transl)].", "content": "Infrahepatic interruption of the inferior vena cava with azygos continuation has been demonstrated by angiography in three patients; in a fourth case an anomalous venous channel connected the patent azygos vein and the inferior vena cava at the renal level. Cardiac defects were present in all cases.", "contents": "[Anomalies of the vena cava inferior: report on four cases associated with congenital heart disease (author's transl)]. Infrahepatic interruption of the inferior vena cava with azygos continuation has been demonstrated by angiography in three patients; in a fourth case an anomalous venous channel connected the patent azygos vein and the inferior vena cava at the renal level. Cardiac defects were present in all cases."}
{"id": "PMID:866784", "title": "On the classification of penis carcinoma and its 10-year survival.", "content": "With respect to the primary tumor there is no difference between the proposal of the UICC and the Heidelberg version for TNM classification of the penis carcinoma. Clinically the Heidelberg scheme seems more practical, but there were no statistical differences between them. With respect to the prognosis for the patient,  the size and localization of the primary tumor are of secondary importance. What is important is the degree of tumor spreading in the lymph system. From this point of view, one needs only to differentiate between T1 (tumor restricted to the penis) and T2 (tumor extending the bounds of the penis). On the other hand, size, localization, and degree of infiltration of penis carcinoma do have different therapeutic consequences, so from this point of view the differentiation of the primary tumor from T1 up to T4 should be retained. With respect to the classification of the state of the corresponding lymph system it is our opinion that the UICC proposal is too differentiated and has little meaning. In its stead, the Heidelberg scheme is clear and simple. Any examiner can complete it. With the help of life tables extending beyond 10 years after diagnosis we were able to determine that 5 years is not a sufficiently long time to clsoe a case of penis cancer. Even with proper treatment, the patient may suffer up to 10 years or more from the disease. In patients aged between 50 and 59 years of age the cancer seems to grow faster; in spite of proper and intensive treatment those patients had a clearly limited life expectancy. In patients aged 60-69 and more so in those between 70 and 79 years of age the tumor seemed to grow slowly and often had no effect on the survival rate.", "contents": "On the classification of penis carcinoma and its 10-year survival. With respect to the primary tumor there is no difference between the proposal of the UICC and the Heidelberg version for TNM classification of the penis carcinoma. Clinically the Heidelberg scheme seems more practical, but there were no statistical differences between them. With respect to the prognosis for the patient,  the size and localization of the primary tumor are of secondary importance. What is important is the degree of tumor spreading in the lymph system. From this point of view, one needs only to differentiate between T1 (tumor restricted to the penis) and T2 (tumor extending the bounds of the penis). On the other hand, size, localization, and degree of infiltration of penis carcinoma do have different therapeutic consequences, so from this point of view the differentiation of the primary tumor from T1 up to T4 should be retained. With respect to the classification of the state of the corresponding lymph system it is our opinion that the UICC proposal is too differentiated and has little meaning. In its stead, the Heidelberg scheme is clear and simple. Any examiner can complete it. With the help of life tables extending beyond 10 years after diagnosis we were able to determine that 5 years is not a sufficiently long time to clsoe a case of penis cancer. Even with proper treatment, the patient may suffer up to 10 years or more from the disease. In patients aged between 50 and 59 years of age the cancer seems to grow faster; in spite of proper and intensive treatment those patients had a clearly limited life expectancy. In patients aged 60-69 and more so in those between 70 and 79 years of age the tumor seemed to grow slowly and often had no effect on the survival rate."}
{"id": "PMID:866785", "title": "Treatment of penis carcinoma with interstitially administered iridium; comparison with radium therapy.", "content": "The results of treatment of 30 patients with penis carcinoma cured with radium and 18 patients treated with 192Ir were compared. In both groups of patients, core assessed at 3 years was obtained for a similar percentage of patients (89% and 83%). After treatment with 192Ir, radiation necrosis was observed in 16%, and after treatment with radium in 50% of patients. In both groups a similar high percentage of patients (88%) with organs preserved after treatment was found. In group of patients treated with 192Ir the percentage of very good functional effects (69%) was much higher in the group of patients treated with radium (28%).", "contents": "Treatment of penis carcinoma with interstitially administered iridium; comparison with radium therapy. The results of treatment of 30 patients with penis carcinoma cured with radium and 18 patients treated with 192Ir were compared. In both groups of patients, core assessed at 3 years was obtained for a similar percentage of patients (89% and 83%). After treatment with 192Ir, radiation necrosis was observed in 16%, and after treatment with radium in 50% of patients. In both groups a similar high percentage of patients (88%) with organs preserved after treatment was found. In group of patients treated with 192Ir the percentage of very good functional effects (69%) was much higher in the group of patients treated with radium (28%)."}
{"id": "PMID:866786", "title": "Endocurietherapy of penis cancer.", "content": "Forty-five carcinomas of the penis have been treated with curietherapy using 192Ir to a dose of 6500 rad. With a minimum follow-up of 4 years, it appears that small lesions (less than 30 mm) have excellent local results (2 recurrences in 14 cases). With only a slight potential for lympatic extension, these patients are alive without evidence of disease after 4 years. The lesions of moderate size (30-40 mm) have a poorer prognosis because of more frequent lymphatic extention and disseminated metastases; in contrast, the local results are still quite satisfactory (4 recurrences in 24 cases). The large lesions (more than 40 mm) recur or necrotize (5 recurrences and 2 necroses in 7 cases). In conclusion, curietherapy of epidermoid carcinomas of the penis is an excellent primary treatment for small or moderate lesions (T1, T2, and T3a) if one wishes to avoid surgical mutilation.", "contents": "Endocurietherapy of penis cancer. Forty-five carcinomas of the penis have been treated with curietherapy using 192Ir to a dose of 6500 rad. With a minimum follow-up of 4 years, it appears that small lesions (less than 30 mm) have excellent local results (2 recurrences in 14 cases). With only a slight potential for lympatic extension, these patients are alive without evidence of disease after 4 years. The lesions of moderate size (30-40 mm) have a poorer prognosis because of more frequent lymphatic extention and disseminated metastases; in contrast, the local results are still quite satisfactory (4 recurrences in 24 cases). The large lesions (more than 40 mm) recur or necrotize (5 recurrences and 2 necroses in 7 cases). In conclusion, curietherapy of epidermoid carcinomas of the penis is an excellent primary treatment for small or moderate lesions (T1, T2, and T3a) if one wishes to avoid surgical mutilation."}
{"id": "PMID:866788", "title": "Tumors of the epididymis.", "content": "Tumors of the epididymis, both primary and secondary, whether benign or malignant are very rare. The elements of the spermatic duct system, whether inside the testis or outside it in the epididymis and spermatic cord, exhibit only 1/20th of that of the germinal epithelium. In accordance with the mesodermal, or mesothelial origin of the whole spermatic ducr system, tumors of the epididymis and spermatic cord are - with few exceptions - mesenchymal tumors, the most frequent of these being the so-called adenomatoid tumor, a benign slowly growing tumor. With regard to the relative frequency of the various extratesticular tumors, a British panel has shown that one quarter of its cases are adenomatoid tumors, a second quarter sarcomas of children and juveniles (rhabdomyosarcomas and embryonic sarcomas), a third quarter sarcomas of adults and aged, while the last quarter includes simple benign mesenchymal tumors, mixed tumors, metastatic tumors, and others. There is only one extremely rare epithelial tumor of the epididymis, the papillary cystadenoma, which seems to be a partial menifestation or forme fuste of Hippel-Lindau's disease. So far only 40 cases have been described in the world literature. Therapy of intrascrotal but extratesticular tumors always ought to be surgical: if the tumor proves to be benign, simple excision suffices. In cases of malignancy, immediate inguinal lymphadenectomy and - as with testicular tumors - lymphography followed by retroperitoneal lymphadenectomy. Whether one should, in principle, then continue treatment either chemotherapeutically or radiotherapeutically, or do so only when there is evidence of metastasis, is a question whiich still remains open.", "contents": "Tumors of the epididymis. Tumors of the epididymis, both primary and secondary, whether benign or malignant are very rare. The elements of the spermatic duct system, whether inside the testis or outside it in the epididymis and spermatic cord, exhibit only 1/20th of that of the germinal epithelium. In accordance with the mesodermal, or mesothelial origin of the whole spermatic ducr system, tumors of the epididymis and spermatic cord are - with few exceptions - mesenchymal tumors, the most frequent of these being the so-called adenomatoid tumor, a benign slowly growing tumor. With regard to the relative frequency of the various extratesticular tumors, a British panel has shown that one quarter of its cases are adenomatoid tumors, a second quarter sarcomas of children and juveniles (rhabdomyosarcomas and embryonic sarcomas), a third quarter sarcomas of adults and aged, while the last quarter includes simple benign mesenchymal tumors, mixed tumors, metastatic tumors, and others. There is only one extremely rare epithelial tumor of the epididymis, the papillary cystadenoma, which seems to be a partial menifestation or forme fuste of Hippel-Lindau's disease. So far only 40 cases have been described in the world literature. Therapy of intrascrotal but extratesticular tumors always ought to be surgical: if the tumor proves to be benign, simple excision suffices. In cases of malignancy, immediate inguinal lymphadenectomy and - as with testicular tumors - lymphography followed by retroperitoneal lymphadenectomy. Whether one should, in principle, then continue treatment either chemotherapeutically or radiotherapeutically, or do so only when there is evidence of metastasis, is a question whiich still remains open."}
{"id": "PMID:866789", "title": "Testicular cancer, histologic classification and staging, topography of lymph node metastases.", "content": "From the clinical point of view, histologic classification is intended to give suggestions for therapy (therapeutic classification) and to provide the basis for an assessment of end results (prognostic classification). In adults, the essential therapeutic question is: seminoma (only seminoma) or non-seminoma? The frequency of seminoma among the germinal testicular tumours influenced by the subtlety of the histologic examination. The histologic report should include the MOSTOFI (25) classification and the prognostic group classification of DIXON and MOORE (7). Staging of testicular cancer and criteria for the comparison of treatment results are discussed. The topography of lymphatic metastases of testicular cancer was investigated. The great majority of testicular cancers metastasize regularly, i.e., primarily into the testicular lymph center and/or along the testicular vein, and only secondarily in other lymph nodes. This provides a foundation for the increasing tendency to modified bilateral retroperitioneal node dissection.", "contents": "Testicular cancer, histologic classification and staging, topography of lymph node metastases. From the clinical point of view, histologic classification is intended to give suggestions for therapy (therapeutic classification) and to provide the basis for an assessment of end results (prognostic classification). In adults, the essential therapeutic question is: seminoma (only seminoma) or non-seminoma? The frequency of seminoma among the germinal testicular tumours influenced by the subtlety of the histologic examination. The histologic report should include the MOSTOFI (25) classification and the prognostic group classification of DIXON and MOORE (7). Staging of testicular cancer and criteria for the comparison of treatment results are discussed. The topography of lymphatic metastases of testicular cancer was investigated. The great majority of testicular cancers metastasize regularly, i.e., primarily into the testicular lymph center and/or along the testicular vein, and only secondarily in other lymph nodes. This provides a foundation for the increasing tendency to modified bilateral retroperitioneal node dissection."}
{"id": "PMID:866791", "title": "Surgical treatment of non-seminomatous germinal testes tumors.", "content": "Surgical management of germinal testis tumors other than seminoma is presented. Phase I consists of removal of the primary tumor; phase II, the surgical removal of retroperitoneal metastatic disease, and phase III, surgical management of chest metastasis. Seventy-two patients were explored with the intent of performing a simultaneous bilateral retroperitoneal lymphadenectomy. Each had a radical orchiectomy prior to exploration. Seven patients were found unresectable because of extensive disease above the renal pedicle and lymphadenectomy was not performed. The remaining 65 were found resectable and a transabdominal bilateral retroperitoneal lymphadenectomy was done. Of this number, 20, or 30%, had metastatic nodes. No other treatment was used. All had a 3-year follow-up and 53 were followed for 5 years or more. The 3-year survivals for stage I is 93%, and for stage II, 75%. Survivals of 5 or more years in stage I are 86% and in stage II, 70%. Thus, this experience with pathologic stage II cases clearly demonstrates the capability of surgery as a primary treatment to control 70% of patients with retroperitoneal lymph node metastases. This surgical technique is therfore recommended as primary therapy in stage I and II non-seminomatous geminal testis tumors.", "contents": "Surgical treatment of non-seminomatous germinal testes tumors. Surgical management of germinal testis tumors other than seminoma is presented. Phase I consists of removal of the primary tumor; phase II, the surgical removal of retroperitoneal metastatic disease, and phase III, surgical management of chest metastasis. Seventy-two patients were explored with the intent of performing a simultaneous bilateral retroperitoneal lymphadenectomy. Each had a radical orchiectomy prior to exploration. Seven patients were found unresectable because of extensive disease above the renal pedicle and lymphadenectomy was not performed. The remaining 65 were found resectable and a transabdominal bilateral retroperitoneal lymphadenectomy was done. Of this number, 20, or 30%, had metastatic nodes. No other treatment was used. All had a 3-year follow-up and 53 were followed for 5 years or more. The 3-year survivals for stage I is 93%, and for stage II, 75%. Survivals of 5 or more years in stage I are 86% and in stage II, 70%. Thus, this experience with pathologic stage II cases clearly demonstrates the capability of surgery as a primary treatment to control 70% of patients with retroperitoneal lymph node metastases. This surgical technique is therfore recommended as primary therapy in stage I and II non-seminomatous geminal testis tumors."}
{"id": "PMID:866792", "title": "Retroperitoneal lymphadectomy: indications, complications and expectations.", "content": "The use of retroperitoneal lymphadenectomy in the management of 152 patients with nonseminomatous germ cell tumors of the testis treated at Anderson Hospital has been reviewed. Complications consisting of wound infection (six cases), acute pancreatitis (two cases), lymphocyst formation (two cases), and chylous ascites (one case) developed in 6.4% of patients. Although ejaculatory impotence is common postoperatively, only 12 marriage units were desirous of having children and 7 of these have had uncomplicated and successful pregnancies. No instances of erectile impotence developed in this series. The indications for the procedure have been defined with regard to accurate staging, combined therapy, and, in selected instances of advanced disease, as a means of monitoring the effects of chemotherapy. The importance of this operative procedure in the multimodal management of patients with nonseminomatous germ cell tumors of the testis cannot be overemphasized.", "contents": "Retroperitoneal lymphadectomy: indications, complications and expectations. The use of retroperitoneal lymphadenectomy in the management of 152 patients with nonseminomatous germ cell tumors of the testis treated at Anderson Hospital has been reviewed. Complications consisting of wound infection (six cases), acute pancreatitis (two cases), lymphocyst formation (two cases), and chylous ascites (one case) developed in 6.4% of patients. Although ejaculatory impotence is common postoperatively, only 12 marriage units were desirous of having children and 7 of these have had uncomplicated and successful pregnancies. No instances of erectile impotence developed in this series. The indications for the procedure have been defined with regard to accurate staging, combined therapy, and, in selected instances of advanced disease, as a means of monitoring the effects of chemotherapy. The importance of this operative procedure in the multimodal management of patients with nonseminomatous germ cell tumors of the testis cannot be overemphasized."}
{"id": "PMID:866793", "title": "The combined surgical and chemotherapeutic approach to non-seminomatous cancer of the testicle.", "content": "Of 250 testicular tumors treated up to May 1975 233 (93.2%) were germ cell and 17 (6.8%) non-germ cell tumors. Reexamining the histology of the last 123 patients only 29.3% had pure seminomas and 70.7% had non-seminomatous tumors. The results of regimens of combined surgical (extended semicastration and lymphadenectomy) and chemotherapeutic (triple-drug as well as Ifosfamid in combinations with low-dose radiafor stage II (37.5%) and stage II (16.7%). There were good results after 96 transperitoneal bilateral lymphadenectomies. But even in stages II and III results were achieved which would not have been possible without lymphadenectomy. It is pointed out that in the future, with improvements in cytostatic therapy, even better results including treatment of stage IV tumors can be expected.", "contents": "The combined surgical and chemotherapeutic approach to non-seminomatous cancer of the testicle. Of 250 testicular tumors treated up to May 1975 233 (93.2%) were germ cell and 17 (6.8%) non-germ cell tumors. Reexamining the histology of the last 123 patients only 29.3% had pure seminomas and 70.7% had non-seminomatous tumors. The results of regimens of combined surgical (extended semicastration and lymphadenectomy) and chemotherapeutic (triple-drug as well as Ifosfamid in combinations with low-dose radiafor stage II (37.5%) and stage II (16.7%). There were good results after 96 transperitoneal bilateral lymphadenectomies. But even in stages II and III results were achieved which would not have been possible without lymphadenectomy. It is pointed out that in the future, with improvements in cytostatic therapy, even better results including treatment of stage IV tumors can be expected."}
{"id": "PMID:866794", "title": "Chemotherapy of seminoma.", "content": "1. Seminoma may occasionally be rapidly growing, aggressive, radioresistant, and chemotherapy-resistant tumor. 2. Alkylating agents have had the greatest number of trials and have produced the best response rates in the management of seminoma, but a wide range of other agents warrants trials. 3. Adjunct chemotherapy is a logical consideration in patients with stage II and stage III seminoma.", "contents": "Chemotherapy of seminoma. 1. Seminoma may occasionally be rapidly growing, aggressive, radioresistant, and chemotherapy-resistant tumor. 2. Alkylating agents have had the greatest number of trials and have produced the best response rates in the management of seminoma, but a wide range of other agents warrants trials. 3. Adjunct chemotherapy is a logical consideration in patients with stage II and stage III seminoma."}
{"id": "PMID:866796", "title": "Aspiration biopsy cytology of prostate carcinoma.", "content": "Fine needle aspiration biopsy cytology allows safe morphologic tumor diagnosis in the prostate based on cytologic and histologic criteria. Specific technical difficulties of the procedure are not greater than in surgical pathology. The standardized equipment developed by FRANZEN is recommended. Aspiration biopsy is atraumatic and without complications. The method introduces a new clinical approach to the application of recent advances in cell research. Among other improvements, aspiration biopsy may falicitate cytologic classification of prostate carcinoma. The method should be adapted to screening programs.", "contents": "Aspiration biopsy cytology of prostate carcinoma. Fine needle aspiration biopsy cytology allows safe morphologic tumor diagnosis in the prostate based on cytologic and histologic criteria. Specific technical difficulties of the procedure are not greater than in surgical pathology. The standardized equipment developed by FRANZEN is recommended. Aspiration biopsy is atraumatic and without complications. The method introduces a new clinical approach to the application of recent advances in cell research. Among other improvements, aspiration biopsy may falicitate cytologic classification of prostate carcinoma. The method should be adapted to screening programs."}
{"id": "PMID:866798", "title": "Estramustine phosphate therapy in carcinoma of the prostate.", "content": "Estramustine phosphate, a nor nitrogen mustard derivative of estradiol 17-beta-phosphate, was introduced in the treatment of prostatic carcinoma in 1966. Until March 1975, 466 patients have been reported on this treatment in open clinical trials: 82% of the patients were in stage IV. In 402 patients, nonresponsive to previous estrogen therapy, signigicant improvement occurred in 55%. In 64 previously untreated patients there was a favourable response in 83%. Side-effects were mainly bone marrow suppression. liver disturbance, thrombophlebitis following intravenous injection, and gastrointestinal troubles, mainly following oral administration. A prospective, randomized study comparing oral estramustine phosphate and conventional estrogen therapy in carcinoma of the prostate is in progress.", "contents": "Estramustine phosphate therapy in carcinoma of the prostate. Estramustine phosphate, a nor nitrogen mustard derivative of estradiol 17-beta-phosphate, was introduced in the treatment of prostatic carcinoma in 1966. Until March 1975, 466 patients have been reported on this treatment in open clinical trials: 82% of the patients were in stage IV. In 402 patients, nonresponsive to previous estrogen therapy, signigicant improvement occurred in 55%. In 64 previously untreated patients there was a favourable response in 83%. Side-effects were mainly bone marrow suppression. liver disturbance, thrombophlebitis following intravenous injection, and gastrointestinal troubles, mainly following oral administration. A prospective, randomized study comparing oral estramustine phosphate and conventional estrogen therapy in carcinoma of the prostate is in progress."}
{"id": "PMID:866800", "title": "[Rehabilitation of rheumatoid arthritis and ankylosing spondylitis: a study of the pre-requisites (author's transl)].", "content": "Rheumatoid arthritis/chronic polyarthritis and ankylosing spondylitis belong to the most common inflammatory rheumatic diseases. Owing to their progressive character they can result in morphological and functional defective conditions making rehabilitation procedures necessary. In contrast to other diseases calling for rehabilitation treatment the rehabilitation of these two diseases is in the majority of cases a life-long process, during which a change in rehabilitation goals and procedures is not seldom. Hence, rehabilitation is a dynamic process which requires flexible adjustment. A positive rehabilitation outcome is dependent upon the following factors: (1) the patient's disease (duration, stage, type of affection, progression, inflammatory and immunological activity, general condition and drug tolerance), (2) the patient's personality (age, intelligence, motivation), (3) the patient's home and vocational environments. In addition to technical pre-requisites, which are also important, the following medical ones have to be outlined: early diagnosis and initiation of therapy and the availability of a comprehensive treatment programme embracing drug, surgical, physical and balneological therapies, also as an in-patient. A further pre-requisite is the high rheumatological qualification of the responsible physician, who must maintain good contacts with the other members of the rehabilitation team. In the long run, this qualification can only be achieved with the provision of adequate training programmes, and if rheumatology is accepted as an independent discipline.", "contents": "[Rehabilitation of rheumatoid arthritis and ankylosing spondylitis: a study of the pre-requisites (author's transl)]. Rheumatoid arthritis/chronic polyarthritis and ankylosing spondylitis belong to the most common inflammatory rheumatic diseases. Owing to their progressive character they can result in morphological and functional defective conditions making rehabilitation procedures necessary. In contrast to other diseases calling for rehabilitation treatment the rehabilitation of these two diseases is in the majority of cases a life-long process, during which a change in rehabilitation goals and procedures is not seldom. Hence, rehabilitation is a dynamic process which requires flexible adjustment. A positive rehabilitation outcome is dependent upon the following factors: (1) the patient's disease (duration, stage, type of affection, progression, inflammatory and immunological activity, general condition and drug tolerance), (2) the patient's personality (age, intelligence, motivation), (3) the patient's home and vocational environments. In addition to technical pre-requisites, which are also important, the following medical ones have to be outlined: early diagnosis and initiation of therapy and the availability of a comprehensive treatment programme embracing drug, surgical, physical and balneological therapies, also as an in-patient. A further pre-requisite is the high rheumatological qualification of the responsible physician, who must maintain good contacts with the other members of the rehabilitation team. In the long run, this qualification can only be achieved with the provision of adequate training programmes, and if rheumatology is accepted as an independent discipline."}
{"id": "PMID:866801", "title": "[Some thoughts on the adaptation of technical aids for children with cerebral palsy (author's transl)].", "content": "The technical aids used by children undergoing inpatient treatment at a centre for the cerebral palsied were critically assessed over a one-year period. Of the evaluated technical aids 50% were optimal for the child under consideration, the remainder was inappropriate for one or more reasons. The most frequent amongst the non-optimal were either not medically prescribed or adequately adapted and tested. The children in question are hence threatened with unnecessary deformations, an insufficient utilisation of their development potential and a lower degree of independence. Also, the financially responsible agencies have to cope with considerably larger expenditures.", "contents": "[Some thoughts on the adaptation of technical aids for children with cerebral palsy (author's transl)]. The technical aids used by children undergoing inpatient treatment at a centre for the cerebral palsied were critically assessed over a one-year period. Of the evaluated technical aids 50% were optimal for the child under consideration, the remainder was inappropriate for one or more reasons. The most frequent amongst the non-optimal were either not medically prescribed or adequately adapted and tested. The children in question are hence threatened with unnecessary deformations, an insufficient utilisation of their development potential and a lower degree of independence. Also, the financially responsible agencies have to cope with considerably larger expenditures."}
{"id": "PMID:866802", "title": "[Total aphasia and speech therapy: a case history (author's transl)].", "content": "The medical profession and therapists continue to believe that total aphasia is untreable. A case report is used to demonstrate the diagnostic features of aphasia and describe the course of the impairment from the complete loss of speech, via the learning of highly automated expressions to the aquisition of single words which the patient uses independently in the different contexts. This development involves all language functions equally. The therapy is based on conventional methods, deblocking stategies, speech therapeutic talks - principal item of the treatment - and dialogue exercises carried out under normal conditions. The problems relating to deblocking methods are discussed. A description is made of the methods which have been developed from a combined audiovisual, tactile and writing motoric speech activation programme. The article presents the linguistic signs of the syndrome in an advanced stage and demonstrates the development of the thinking structure and the psychic problems with the help of the tree drawings.", "contents": "[Total aphasia and speech therapy: a case history (author's transl)]. The medical profession and therapists continue to believe that total aphasia is untreable. A case report is used to demonstrate the diagnostic features of aphasia and describe the course of the impairment from the complete loss of speech, via the learning of highly automated expressions to the aquisition of single words which the patient uses independently in the different contexts. This development involves all language functions equally. The therapy is based on conventional methods, deblocking stategies, speech therapeutic talks - principal item of the treatment - and dialogue exercises carried out under normal conditions. The problems relating to deblocking methods are discussed. A description is made of the methods which have been developed from a combined audiovisual, tactile and writing motoric speech activation programme. The article presents the linguistic signs of the syndrome in an advanced stage and demonstrates the development of the thinking structure and the psychic problems with the help of the tree drawings."}
{"id": "PMID:866803", "title": "[Clerical work therapy at a psychiatric hospital - a hitherto neglected rehabilitation aid (author's transl)].", "content": "As a rule, rehabilitation programmes provided at state psychiatric hospitals and sheltered workshops in the Federal Republic of Germany suffer from a lack of training possibilities for patients from commercial, administrative and clerical occupations. The situation is the same for school pupils and students. With the introduction of a work therapy concentrating on clerical activities into the rehabilitation programme of a psychiatric hospital, patients from jobs requiring particular intellectual skills can benefit from an appropriate and graded programme designed to re-develop previously trained skills, orient in a new occupational field and provide the opportunity of trying out jobs. In particular cases this therapy also assumes the function of a useful form of occupational therapy and enlarges the range of available occupational and work therapeutic methods.", "contents": "[Clerical work therapy at a psychiatric hospital - a hitherto neglected rehabilitation aid (author's transl)]. As a rule, rehabilitation programmes provided at state psychiatric hospitals and sheltered workshops in the Federal Republic of Germany suffer from a lack of training possibilities for patients from commercial, administrative and clerical occupations. The situation is the same for school pupils and students. With the introduction of a work therapy concentrating on clerical activities into the rehabilitation programme of a psychiatric hospital, patients from jobs requiring particular intellectual skills can benefit from an appropriate and graded programme designed to re-develop previously trained skills, orient in a new occupational field and provide the opportunity of trying out jobs. In particular cases this therapy also assumes the function of a useful form of occupational therapy and enlarges the range of available occupational and work therapeutic methods."}
{"id": "PMID:866804", "title": "Induction of hemosome formation and hemoglobin biosynthesis in HeLa cells.", "content": "Tissue cultures of HeLa cells in Hank's medium suspension, previously mixed with a solution containing reticulocyte polysomes and/or free globin, hemoglobin and blood plasma from bled rabbits, were homogenized, and an electrophoretic pattern of hemoglobin band was obtained from the supernatant; hemoglobin denatures under the tissue culture conditions. HeLa cells show typical hemosomes, identidical to those found in immature erythrocytes of embryos, and adult mammals with hemolytic anemias. When HeLa cell suspensions are mixed with solutions void of anemic blood plasma, or containing normal rabbit blood plasma, anomalous organelles are formed in the cells, and no hemoglobin biosynthesis occurs.", "contents": "Induction of hemosome formation and hemoglobin biosynthesis in HeLa cells. Tissue cultures of HeLa cells in Hank's medium suspension, previously mixed with a solution containing reticulocyte polysomes and/or free globin, hemoglobin and blood plasma from bled rabbits, were homogenized, and an electrophoretic pattern of hemoglobin band was obtained from the supernatant; hemoglobin denatures under the tissue culture conditions. HeLa cells show typical hemosomes, identidical to those found in immature erythrocytes of embryos, and adult mammals with hemolytic anemias. When HeLa cell suspensions are mixed with solutions void of anemic blood plasma, or containing normal rabbit blood plasma, anomalous organelles are formed in the cells, and no hemoglobin biosynthesis occurs."}
{"id": "PMID:866805", "title": "[The effect of ethanol-applications on uric acid-metabolism in minipigs (author's transl)].", "content": "The effect of several drugs on minipigs was examined over a period of upto 3 months. The drugs applied were: ethanol, etacryn acid (per os), ethanol, maleic acid, physiological NaCl--solution (by infusion). The creatinin-, uric acid-, lactat- and haematocrit-values of the serum and blood as well as the creatinin- and uric-excretion were followed. For ethanol and maleine acid an increase of the creatinin- and uric acid-excretion was found. This was accompanied by an increase of the haematocrit value. If the diuresis was augmented by certain substances, a more or less pronounced uricosuria was found. The measured values will be discussed, especially how the renal function may be involved.", "contents": "[The effect of ethanol-applications on uric acid-metabolism in minipigs (author's transl)]. The effect of several drugs on minipigs was examined over a period of upto 3 months. The drugs applied were: ethanol, etacryn acid (per os), ethanol, maleic acid, physiological NaCl--solution (by infusion). The creatinin-, uric acid-, lactat- and haematocrit-values of the serum and blood as well as the creatinin- and uric-excretion were followed. For ethanol and maleine acid an increase of the creatinin- and uric acid-excretion was found. This was accompanied by an increase of the haematocrit value. If the diuresis was augmented by certain substances, a more or less pronounced uricosuria was found. The measured values will be discussed, especially how the renal function may be involved."}
{"id": "PMID:866808", "title": "Impulse activity in afferent vagal C-fibres with endings in the intrapulmonary airways of dogs.", "content": "We recorded impulses from afferent vagal C-fibres (conduction velocities 0.8-2.4 m/sec) arising from endings in the lungs of anesthetized dogs with open chest. Endings were of two types ('pulmonary' and 'bronchial') distinguished by their response and accessibility to capsaicin and phenyl diguanide injected into the right or left atrium. 'Pulmonary' endings, stimulated only by capsaicin and accessible through the pulmonary circulation, have been described previously. 'Bronchial' endings were stimulated by both capsicin and phenyl diguanide and were accessible through the bronchial circulation. Eight of 28 'bronchial' endings were located in large airways within 4 cm of the hilum, and two were in small airways near the edge of the lung. The precise location of the remaining 'bronchial' endings was not determined but we think that many were in the airways. 'Bronchial' endings had a sparse and irregular spontaneous discharge. They were stimulated by the inhalation of 5% histamine aerosol, the evoked discharge having no obvious relation to the phase of ventilation. A few were weakly stimulated by hyperinflating the lungs; deflation was without effect. The function of these endings is unknown.", "contents": "Impulse activity in afferent vagal C-fibres with endings in the intrapulmonary airways of dogs. We recorded impulses from afferent vagal C-fibres (conduction velocities 0.8-2.4 m/sec) arising from endings in the lungs of anesthetized dogs with open chest. Endings were of two types ('pulmonary' and 'bronchial') distinguished by their response and accessibility to capsaicin and phenyl diguanide injected into the right or left atrium. 'Pulmonary' endings, stimulated only by capsaicin and accessible through the pulmonary circulation, have been described previously. 'Bronchial' endings were stimulated by both capsicin and phenyl diguanide and were accessible through the bronchial circulation. Eight of 28 'bronchial' endings were located in large airways within 4 cm of the hilum, and two were in small airways near the edge of the lung. The precise location of the remaining 'bronchial' endings was not determined but we think that many were in the airways. 'Bronchial' endings had a sparse and irregular spontaneous discharge. They were stimulated by the inhalation of 5% histamine aerosol, the evoked discharge having no obvious relation to the phase of ventilation. A few were weakly stimulated by hyperinflating the lungs; deflation was without effect. The function of these endings is unknown."}
{"id": "PMID:866809", "title": "Patterns of bulbar respiratory neurons during and after artifical hyperventilation.", "content": "Single bulbar respiratory unit activity was recorded in urethane-anesthetized rabbits. During artificial ventilation, reflex contractions of the diaphragm were elicited by the forced deflations of the respirator. Out of 44 neurons, four I, one E and two EI units exhibited a shift of their discharge relative to the contractile phase of the diaphragm, compared to normal respiration. During hypocapnic apnea, some I, IE and E neurons became silent. Other cells belonging to all phase types, however, continued to fire tonically at a rate less than the peak rate in normal bursts. When rhythmic respiration resumed after termination of the apneic pause, five (I, IE and E) units exhibited a transient phase shift of their burst discharge compared to normal respiration. The results of simultaneous recordings of two neurons belonging to different phase types are compatible with the assumption that inspiratory units are periodically inhibited by inspiratory-expiratory cells.", "contents": "Patterns of bulbar respiratory neurons during and after artifical hyperventilation. Single bulbar respiratory unit activity was recorded in urethane-anesthetized rabbits. During artificial ventilation, reflex contractions of the diaphragm were elicited by the forced deflations of the respirator. Out of 44 neurons, four I, one E and two EI units exhibited a shift of their discharge relative to the contractile phase of the diaphragm, compared to normal respiration. During hypocapnic apnea, some I, IE and E neurons became silent. Other cells belonging to all phase types, however, continued to fire tonically at a rate less than the peak rate in normal bursts. When rhythmic respiration resumed after termination of the apneic pause, five (I, IE and E) units exhibited a transient phase shift of their burst discharge compared to normal respiration. The results of simultaneous recordings of two neurons belonging to different phase types are compatible with the assumption that inspiratory units are periodically inhibited by inspiratory-expiratory cells."}
{"id": "PMID:866811", "title": "Theoretical analysis of independent VA and Q inequalities upon pulmonary gas exchange.", "content": "A 10-compartment model is used to study the effects independent regional inequalities in ventilation (VA) and blood flow (Q) upon overall gas exchange in the lung. For the particular distribution considered, it is demonstrated that unequal ventilation always gives rise to a greater degree of hypoxaemia than unequal blood flow, and that these differences become more marked when minute volume is high. In contrast, hypercarbia is more pronounced in situations where blood flow is unequal; however, the differences diminish with increases in minute volume. Increases in cardiac output are found to have a lesser effect upon the gas exchange process. The reasons for the findings are explained by reference to the gas dissociation curves, the spread of VA/Q ratios, and the weighting influence of regional blood flow. The apparent disparity of the present results with those obtained by assuming a log normal distribution of the respiratory parameters (VA and Q) are reconciled.", "contents": "Theoretical analysis of independent VA and Q inequalities upon pulmonary gas exchange. A 10-compartment model is used to study the effects independent regional inequalities in ventilation (VA) and blood flow (Q) upon overall gas exchange in the lung. For the particular distribution considered, it is demonstrated that unequal ventilation always gives rise to a greater degree of hypoxaemia than unequal blood flow, and that these differences become more marked when minute volume is high. In contrast, hypercarbia is more pronounced in situations where blood flow is unequal; however, the differences diminish with increases in minute volume. Increases in cardiac output are found to have a lesser effect upon the gas exchange process. The reasons for the findings are explained by reference to the gas dissociation curves, the spread of VA/Q ratios, and the weighting influence of regional blood flow. The apparent disparity of the present results with those obtained by assuming a log normal distribution of the respiratory parameters (VA and Q) are reconciled."}
{"id": "PMID:866810", "title": "Role of prostaglandins in alveolar hypoxic vasoconstriction.", "content": "The role of prostaglandins as mediators of alveolar hypoxic vasoconstriction was investigated in dogs with the use of the prostaglandin synthesis inhibitors, aspirin and indomethacin. Alveolar hypoxia was induced by inserting double-lumened endotracheal tube into the carina and ventilating one lung with nigrogen while maintaining normal systemic oxygenation with 100% O(2) ventilation to the other lung. Relative perfusion to each lung was determined with 133Xenon and external counters. Infusions up to 25 mg/kg of indomethacin and up to 250 mg/kg of aspirin did not block the shift in perfusion from the alveolar hypoxic lung. In fact, the shift in perfusion from the alveolar hypoxic lung was slightly augmented by aspirin (P = 0.03). Thus, no positive role was demonstrated in the dog for prostaglandins in producing the vasoconstriction of alveolar hypoxia.", "contents": "Role of prostaglandins in alveolar hypoxic vasoconstriction. The role of prostaglandins as mediators of alveolar hypoxic vasoconstriction was investigated in dogs with the use of the prostaglandin synthesis inhibitors, aspirin and indomethacin. Alveolar hypoxia was induced by inserting double-lumened endotracheal tube into the carina and ventilating one lung with nigrogen while maintaining normal systemic oxygenation with 100% O(2) ventilation to the other lung. Relative perfusion to each lung was determined with 133Xenon and external counters. Infusions up to 25 mg/kg of indomethacin and up to 250 mg/kg of aspirin did not block the shift in perfusion from the alveolar hypoxic lung. In fact, the shift in perfusion from the alveolar hypoxic lung was slightly augmented by aspirin (P = 0.03). Thus, no positive role was demonstrated in the dog for prostaglandins in producing the vasoconstriction of alveolar hypoxia."}
{"id": "PMID:866812", "title": "Morphology of branching trees related to entropy.", "content": "Analyses of river systems by geomorphologists have suggested that for minimal entropy production in the movement of water down the river the fall in altitude should be equal in each order of branching of the tributaries. In this paper the same concepts have been applied to the bronchial tree and pulmonary arterial tree, assuming that the energy associated with pressure difference is analogous to that associated with altitude difference in rivers. The morphology of the bronchial tree is such that, given laminar flow or air, the calculated pressure difference across each order is equal. This may indicate that the bronchial tree is designed for minimal entropy production. In the arterial tree, however, this result is not obtained, probably because we do not know how to calculate the pressure drop in blood flowing through a branching system. It is therefore not currently possible, on the basis of this approach, to say whether the pulmonary arterial tree is designed for minimal entropy production or not.", "contents": "Morphology of branching trees related to entropy. Analyses of river systems by geomorphologists have suggested that for minimal entropy production in the movement of water down the river the fall in altitude should be equal in each order of branching of the tributaries. In this paper the same concepts have been applied to the bronchial tree and pulmonary arterial tree, assuming that the energy associated with pressure difference is analogous to that associated with altitude difference in rivers. The morphology of the bronchial tree is such that, given laminar flow or air, the calculated pressure difference across each order is equal. This may indicate that the bronchial tree is designed for minimal entropy production. In the arterial tree, however, this result is not obtained, probably because we do not know how to calculate the pressure drop in blood flowing through a branching system. It is therefore not currently possible, on the basis of this approach, to say whether the pulmonary arterial tree is designed for minimal entropy production or not."}
{"id": "PMID:866813", "title": "Postnatal growth of the dog's bronchial tree.", "content": "Polyester resin casts of the bronchial tree were made from the lungs of four Labrador dogs which weighed 0.5, 3.4, 7.5 and 30.0 kg, respectively. The branching trees were ordered by the method of Strahler and plots made of number, mean diameter and mean length of branches in each order. The four length plots were found to lie parallel to each other, as did three of the four diameter plots. When data are divided by the cube root of body weight the length plots almost coincide, as do the diameter plots. This indicates that the bronchial tree grows in constant proportion to the cube root of body weight.", "contents": "Postnatal growth of the dog's bronchial tree. Polyester resin casts of the bronchial tree were made from the lungs of four Labrador dogs which weighed 0.5, 3.4, 7.5 and 30.0 kg, respectively. The branching trees were ordered by the method of Strahler and plots made of number, mean diameter and mean length of branches in each order. The four length plots were found to lie parallel to each other, as did three of the four diameter plots. When data are divided by the cube root of body weight the length plots almost coincide, as do the diameter plots. This indicates that the bronchial tree grows in constant proportion to the cube root of body weight."}
{"id": "PMID:866814", "title": "Quantitative lung morphology in newborn mammals.", "content": "We have examined the lungs of eleven species of newborn mammals by quantitative morphometric techniques and related the findings to body weight (BW) and O(2) consumption (Vo2 is found to be proportional to BW(0.88); this exponent is significantly greater than the value of about 0.73, repeatedly found for adult mammals. Lung volume (LV) is essentially proportional to BW, and neonatal alveolar size - as indicated by mean chord length - is nearly constant among species and independent of BW. Thus the respiratory surface area (SA) is not proportional to Vo2, as in adult mammals, but to Vo2(1.23). Neonates of small species have lower SA/Vo2 ratios than adult mammals, possibly owing to constraints of surface forces on alveolar size. Newborn members of larger species have SA/Vo2 values in excess of the adult range. Published data on human newborn lung dimensions suggest that the human infant may have an unexpectedly low SA/Vo2 value in relation to BW. Whether this is a valid finding, or whether it derives from methodological differences between studies cannot be ascertained from the available data.", "contents": "Quantitative lung morphology in newborn mammals. We have examined the lungs of eleven species of newborn mammals by quantitative morphometric techniques and related the findings to body weight (BW) and O(2) consumption (Vo2 is found to be proportional to BW(0.88); this exponent is significantly greater than the value of about 0.73, repeatedly found for adult mammals. Lung volume (LV) is essentially proportional to BW, and neonatal alveolar size - as indicated by mean chord length - is nearly constant among species and independent of BW. Thus the respiratory surface area (SA) is not proportional to Vo2, as in adult mammals, but to Vo2(1.23). Neonates of small species have lower SA/Vo2 ratios than adult mammals, possibly owing to constraints of surface forces on alveolar size. Newborn members of larger species have SA/Vo2 values in excess of the adult range. Published data on human newborn lung dimensions suggest that the human infant may have an unexpectedly low SA/Vo2 value in relation to BW. Whether this is a valid finding, or whether it derives from methodological differences between studies cannot be ascertained from the available data."}
{"id": "PMID:866815", "title": "Effect of histamine on the length-tension properties of guinea pig trachealis muscle.", "content": "The isotonic length-tension properties of excised live guinea pig trachealis muscle have been determined as a function of histamine concentration. Over the range of histamine concentrations studied, a family of curves corresponding to the total and active tensions were obtained. Reciprocal plots of the tension-concentration data revealed a length dependence of the affinity constant of histamine for its receptor The tensions and lengths below resting were considered to be of special importance because of the role of muscle contraction in airway closure. A mechanochemical model for shortening and reelongation of the trachealis muscle during anaphylaxis has been proposed on the basis of this data. By comparing the force-length properties of the muscle at the lowest histamine concentration, it was suggested that the formation of a histamine-Ca++ receptor complex causes an increase in the rigidity of the muscle membrane. The complete range of lengths, tensions, and concentrations must be employed in order to propose a mechanism of action from mechanical data alone.", "contents": "Effect of histamine on the length-tension properties of guinea pig trachealis muscle. The isotonic length-tension properties of excised live guinea pig trachealis muscle have been determined as a function of histamine concentration. Over the range of histamine concentrations studied, a family of curves corresponding to the total and active tensions were obtained. Reciprocal plots of the tension-concentration data revealed a length dependence of the affinity constant of histamine for its receptor The tensions and lengths below resting were considered to be of special importance because of the role of muscle contraction in airway closure. A mechanochemical model for shortening and reelongation of the trachealis muscle during anaphylaxis has been proposed on the basis of this data. By comparing the force-length properties of the muscle at the lowest histamine concentration, it was suggested that the formation of a histamine-Ca++ receptor complex causes an increase in the rigidity of the muscle membrane. The complete range of lengths, tensions, and concentrations must be employed in order to propose a mechanism of action from mechanical data alone."}
{"id": "PMID:866816", "title": "Selected oxygen transport parameters in captive elk.", "content": "Five captive elk (cervus canadensis) were immobilized with a mixture of etorphine HC1-acepromazine maleate, and measurements were taken of selected oxygen transport paraments. Heart mass/body mass, hematocrit, hemoglobin, blood volume, mean corpuscular volume and airway resistance were measured and the values compared to other ungulates. It was concluded that the O2 transport system of elk is not as well developed as that in pronghorn but is superior to that found in the goat or ox.", "contents": "Selected oxygen transport parameters in captive elk. Five captive elk (cervus canadensis) were immobilized with a mixture of etorphine HC1-acepromazine maleate, and measurements were taken of selected oxygen transport paraments. Heart mass/body mass, hematocrit, hemoglobin, blood volume, mean corpuscular volume and airway resistance were measured and the values compared to other ungulates. It was concluded that the O2 transport system of elk is not as well developed as that in pronghorn but is superior to that found in the goat or ox."}
{"id": "PMID:866817", "title": "Role of pulmonary stretch receptors during breathing in rabbits, cats and dogs.", "content": "In order to mimic and then modify the input to the respiratory centre from pulmonary stretch receptors, the central ends of the cut cervical vagus nerves were electrically stimulated with a frequency determined by transpulmonary pressure through a voltage to frequency converter. At appropriate end-expiratory stimulation frequency and gain of the voltage to frequency converter, such stimulation restored the pre-vagotomised patterns of breathing in rabbits, cats and dogs. Mimicking the changes in activity from pulmonary stretch receptors that would be produced by such manoeuvres as hypercapnia, inflations and deflations, reproduced the responses in inspiratory duration that occurred with natural stimuli in the same animals with intact. There were some differences between the responses of expiratory durations to the natural and mimicked interventions; these may be related to the presence of increased expiratory muscle activity in the former. The results demonstrate that transpulmonary pressure-controlled stimulation of the afferent vagus nerves is a satisfactory method of mimicking and controlling the pulmonary stretch receptor feedback mechanism in studies on the control of breathing.", "contents": "Role of pulmonary stretch receptors during breathing in rabbits, cats and dogs. In order to mimic and then modify the input to the respiratory centre from pulmonary stretch receptors, the central ends of the cut cervical vagus nerves were electrically stimulated with a frequency determined by transpulmonary pressure through a voltage to frequency converter. At appropriate end-expiratory stimulation frequency and gain of the voltage to frequency converter, such stimulation restored the pre-vagotomised patterns of breathing in rabbits, cats and dogs. Mimicking the changes in activity from pulmonary stretch receptors that would be produced by such manoeuvres as hypercapnia, inflations and deflations, reproduced the responses in inspiratory duration that occurred with natural stimuli in the same animals with intact. There were some differences between the responses of expiratory durations to the natural and mimicked interventions; these may be related to the presence of increased expiratory muscle activity in the former. The results demonstrate that transpulmonary pressure-controlled stimulation of the afferent vagus nerves is a satisfactory method of mimicking and controlling the pulmonary stretch receptor feedback mechanism in studies on the control of breathing."}
{"id": "PMID:866861", "title": "[Quantitative study of the peripheral nerve in semi-thin section by the Nomarski interference contrast technic].", "content": "The Normarski interference-contrast microscope is well suited to observations of transverse thick sections of epon-embedded peripheral nerves. The quantitative study of myelinated fibers is possible on photomicrographs with a final magnification of X 500. The induced distorsion is very small as compared with the results obtained by conventional bright field and positive phase contrast optics. The comparative study of the same field with the three devices allows a better interpretation of marginal pictures.", "contents": "[Quantitative study of the peripheral nerve in semi-thin section by the Nomarski interference contrast technic]. The Normarski interference-contrast microscope is well suited to observations of transverse thick sections of epon-embedded peripheral nerves. The quantitative study of myelinated fibers is possible on photomicrographs with a final magnification of X 500. The induced distorsion is very small as compared with the results obtained by conventional bright field and positive phase contrast optics. The comparative study of the same field with the three devices allows a better interpretation of marginal pictures."}
{"id": "PMID:866862", "title": "[A new case of chronic progressive bulbo-pontine paralysis and deafness].", "content": "The author reports a new case of chronic progressive bulbo-pontine paralysis with deafness. This case differed from other cases previously published on the basis of the later age of onset of labio-glosso-laryn-geal paralysis, by the absence of any vestibular changes despite bilateral involvement of the acoustic centres and above all by the normality of deep tendon reflexes. The author feels that chronic progressive vulvo-pontine paralysis with deafness is a specific individual condition, worthy of consideration as an autonomic clinical entity.", "contents": "[A new case of chronic progressive bulbo-pontine paralysis and deafness]. The author reports a new case of chronic progressive bulbo-pontine paralysis with deafness. This case differed from other cases previously published on the basis of the later age of onset of labio-glosso-laryn-geal paralysis, by the absence of any vestibular changes despite bilateral involvement of the acoustic centres and above all by the normality of deep tendon reflexes. The author feels that chronic progressive vulvo-pontine paralysis with deafness is a specific individual condition, worthy of consideration as an autonomic clinical entity."}
{"id": "PMID:866863", "title": "[Muscular atrophy associated with a contralateral parietal lobe lesions. Apropos of 2 cases].", "content": "Two cases of parietal lobe tumours with contralateral muscle atrophy are discussed. Muscle biopsy demonstrated selective atrophy of Type II fibres. E.M.G. shows brief small polyphasic potentials. At autopsy in the second case no neurological lesion was found outside the brain, muscles and pyramidal tract.", "contents": "[Muscular atrophy associated with a contralateral parietal lobe lesions. Apropos of 2 cases]. Two cases of parietal lobe tumours with contralateral muscle atrophy are discussed. Muscle biopsy demonstrated selective atrophy of Type II fibres. E.M.G. shows brief small polyphasic potentials. At autopsy in the second case no neurological lesion was found outside the brain, muscles and pyramidal tract."}
{"id": "PMID:866864", "title": "[Headache simulating meningeal hemorrhage].", "content": "That migraine can present with a severe headache of sudden onset mimicking that of subarachnoid hemorrhage--the so-called \"complicated migraine with meningeal manifestations\" of Pearce and Foster--is not readily appreciated. Over the past three years, seven patients have been referred to us with a presumable diagnosis of subarachmoid hemorrage. In each one of these patients, the clinical features (an explosive headache, relapsing in three, and a normal neurological examination) together with appropriate laboratory investigations (cerebro-spinal fluid analysis, electroencephalography, echoencephalography, brain scan, arteriography, pneumoencephalography) have ruled out the diagnosis of subarachnoid hemorrhage, as well as less common causes of explosive headaches such as ball-valve tumors of the ventricular system, intra-cerebral hemorrhage, hemorrhage into a tumor. In three out of these seven patients, there was no history of migraine. Bening explosive headaches mimicking subarachnoid hemorrhage, occurring in patients with or without antecedents of migraine, are not as unusual as one might conclude from a review of the literature. Proper recognition of this syndrome is important since it might help to sort out those patients with explosive headaches who need not be submitted indiscriminately to risk-fraught procedures.", "contents": "[Headache simulating meningeal hemorrhage]. That migraine can present with a severe headache of sudden onset mimicking that of subarachnoid hemorrhage--the so-called \"complicated migraine with meningeal manifestations\" of Pearce and Foster--is not readily appreciated. Over the past three years, seven patients have been referred to us with a presumable diagnosis of subarachmoid hemorrage. In each one of these patients, the clinical features (an explosive headache, relapsing in three, and a normal neurological examination) together with appropriate laboratory investigations (cerebro-spinal fluid analysis, electroencephalography, echoencephalography, brain scan, arteriography, pneumoencephalography) have ruled out the diagnosis of subarachnoid hemorrhage, as well as less common causes of explosive headaches such as ball-valve tumors of the ventricular system, intra-cerebral hemorrhage, hemorrhage into a tumor. In three out of these seven patients, there was no history of migraine. Bening explosive headaches mimicking subarachnoid hemorrhage, occurring in patients with or without antecedents of migraine, are not as unusual as one might conclude from a review of the literature. Proper recognition of this syndrome is important since it might help to sort out those patients with explosive headaches who need not be submitted indiscriminately to risk-fraught procedures."}
{"id": "PMID:866865", "title": "[Recording of visual evoked potentials in the diagnosis of multiple sclerosis].", "content": "The authors report the results of recording EVP obtained by pattern reversal in 20 controls and 43 patients with \"established\", \"probable\" or \"possible\" MS on the basis of MacAlpine's criteria. Whilst the latency of the wave 1 of the EVP appeared stable in the controls (107.5 msec +/- 7.46), lengthening of the latency of the EVP was seen in 77p. 100 of cases, confirming involvement of the visual pathways, though bulbar neuritis had been known clinically in only 28 p. 100 of patients. The value of this method of recording EVP in contributing to the diagnosis of DS is discussed.", "contents": "[Recording of visual evoked potentials in the diagnosis of multiple sclerosis]. The authors report the results of recording EVP obtained by pattern reversal in 20 controls and 43 patients with \"established\", \"probable\" or \"possible\" MS on the basis of MacAlpine's criteria. Whilst the latency of the wave 1 of the EVP appeared stable in the controls (107.5 msec +/- 7.46), lengthening of the latency of the EVP was seen in 77p. 100 of cases, confirming involvement of the visual pathways, though bulbar neuritis had been known clinically in only 28 p. 100 of patients. The value of this method of recording EVP in contributing to the diagnosis of DS is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:866866", "title": "[Centro-pontine myelinolysis associated with diffuse lesions of the white matter. Water-electrolyte disturbances associated with diuretic therapy].", "content": "The authors report a case of centropontine myelinosis associated with demyelinising lesions of the tectum mesencephali, the cerebellum, the central grey nuclei and the white matter of the hemispheres. This case is compared with similar observations already studied in the literature. From an aetiological standpoint, attention is drawn to the apparent causative role of diuretic therapy which had resulted in severe water and electrolyte disturbances.", "contents": "[Centro-pontine myelinolysis associated with diffuse lesions of the white matter. Water-electrolyte disturbances associated with diuretic therapy]. The authors report a case of centropontine myelinosis associated with demyelinising lesions of the tectum mesencephali, the cerebellum, the central grey nuclei and the white matter of the hemispheres. This case is compared with similar observations already studied in the literature. From an aetiological standpoint, attention is drawn to the apparent causative role of diuretic therapy which had resulted in severe water and electrolyte disturbances."}
{"id": "PMID:866884", "title": "[Renal pancreatic venous anastomosis: anatomical, clinical and radiological study].", "content": "Abnormalities in the left urinary tract have been observed secondary to pancreatopathies. Venous connections between the distal spenopancreatic venous bed and the left adrenal-renal venous system have been demonstrated by cast corrosion technique and by radiographic studies in the cadaver. In all of our anatomic studies, except on one occasion, numerous venous connections between the portal and systemic veins were demonstrated. The intravenous pyelogram and particularly nephrotomography have great value when pathology of the body and/or tail of the pancreas is suspected. Indirect sign on the left renal vein thrombosis on the left side may suggest the presence of a pancreatopathy. With acute and chronic pancreatitis, pseudocyst of the pancreas, and pancreatic carcinomas, we have noticed changes in the left urinary tract.", "contents": "[Renal pancreatic venous anastomosis: anatomical, clinical and radiological study]. Abnormalities in the left urinary tract have been observed secondary to pancreatopathies. Venous connections between the distal spenopancreatic venous bed and the left adrenal-renal venous system have been demonstrated by cast corrosion technique and by radiographic studies in the cadaver. In all of our anatomic studies, except on one occasion, numerous venous connections between the portal and systemic veins were demonstrated. The intravenous pyelogram and particularly nephrotomography have great value when pathology of the body and/or tail of the pancreas is suspected. Indirect sign on the left renal vein thrombosis on the left side may suggest the presence of a pancreatopathy. With acute and chronic pancreatitis, pseudocyst of the pancreas, and pancreatic carcinomas, we have noticed changes in the left urinary tract."}
{"id": "PMID:866885", "title": "A review of the findings on computed cranial tomography following intravenous contrast media.", "content": "The diagnostic contribution of contrast enhancement by intravenous injection of meglumine diatrizoate was assessed in 121 patients who received both plain and contrast enhanced cranial CT scans. The use of contrast enhancement was found to provide both an increased sensitivity in detection of lesions and some improvement in pathological differentiation of lesions. The use of contrast enhancement in addition to plain CT scans increases the reliability of CT scans in excluding such conditions as neoplasms, abscesses, and vascular malformations. Because the use of contrast medium is associated with morbidity (and significantly extends the length of the total study), the decision to employ contrast enhancement must be based upon a careful evaluation of the clinical, other radiological, and plain CT findings in the individual patient.", "contents": "A review of the findings on computed cranial tomography following intravenous contrast media. The diagnostic contribution of contrast enhancement by intravenous injection of meglumine diatrizoate was assessed in 121 patients who received both plain and contrast enhanced cranial CT scans. The use of contrast enhancement was found to provide both an increased sensitivity in detection of lesions and some improvement in pathological differentiation of lesions. The use of contrast enhancement in addition to plain CT scans increases the reliability of CT scans in excluding such conditions as neoplasms, abscesses, and vascular malformations. Because the use of contrast medium is associated with morbidity (and significantly extends the length of the total study), the decision to employ contrast enhancement must be based upon a careful evaluation of the clinical, other radiological, and plain CT findings in the individual patient."}
{"id": "PMID:866886", "title": "Cerebral angiography in acute cerebral infarction.", "content": "Cerebral angiography in the acute phase of clinically diagnosed stroke syndromes was evaluated in a prospective study of 104 consecutive patients over an eight month period at the Massachusetts General Hospital to determine the diagnostic yield. Of 68 patients subsequently documented to have retinal or cerebral hemispheric infarction, 63 (92.6%) had angiographic demonstration of occlusive lesions which appeared to correlate with the clinical deficit. These results are discordant with prior angiographic reports, 2,17,18,20 suggesting that delayed carotid artery angiography fails to show occlusive lesions (embolic) which may be shown acutely.", "contents": "Cerebral angiography in acute cerebral infarction. Cerebral angiography in the acute phase of clinically diagnosed stroke syndromes was evaluated in a prospective study of 104 consecutive patients over an eight month period at the Massachusetts General Hospital to determine the diagnostic yield. Of 68 patients subsequently documented to have retinal or cerebral hemispheric infarction, 63 (92.6%) had angiographic demonstration of occlusive lesions which appeared to correlate with the clinical deficit. These results are discordant with prior angiographic reports, 2,17,18,20 suggesting that delayed carotid artery angiography fails to show occlusive lesions (embolic) which may be shown acutely."}
{"id": "PMID:866887", "title": "Adult respiratory distress syndrome.", "content": "The authors correlated and presented clinical, radiological and pathological findings in 6 patients with Adult Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS): It is a distinct syndrome with characteristic clinical, radiological presentations and pathological findings. It is a unique response of lung to a variety of primary insults. If unrecognized, patients with this syndrome are often fatal. Its possible pathognesis is discussed.", "contents": "Adult respiratory distress syndrome. The authors correlated and presented clinical, radiological and pathological findings in 6 patients with Adult Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS): It is a distinct syndrome with characteristic clinical, radiological presentations and pathological findings. It is a unique response of lung to a variety of primary insults. If unrecognized, patients with this syndrome are often fatal. Its possible pathognesis is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:866888", "title": "The radiographic wall-signs of ovarian dermoids.", "content": "Ovarian dermoids posses a distinct fibrous capsule which may be recognized radiographically by virtue of the contrasting effect of the greasy dermoid matter and the surrounding peritoneal fat. Part or all of the wall may be outlined in some projections even when the dermoid contents are not radiolucent enough to be recognized as such. Occasionally the wall of a dermoid cyst, heavily calcified or ossified, may be easily recognized radiographicaly.", "contents": "The radiographic wall-signs of ovarian dermoids. Ovarian dermoids posses a distinct fibrous capsule which may be recognized radiographically by virtue of the contrasting effect of the greasy dermoid matter and the surrounding peritoneal fat. Part or all of the wall may be outlined in some projections even when the dermoid contents are not radiolucent enough to be recognized as such. Occasionally the wall of a dermoid cyst, heavily calcified or ossified, may be easily recognized radiographicaly."}
{"id": "PMID:866889", "title": "Ultrasonic localization for renal biopsy in infants and children.", "content": "The authors describe a simple method of sonographic localizaiton for renal biopsy in unanaesthetized pediatric patients. Adequate biopsies have been obtained in 6 of 7 patients who ranged from 2 months of 8 years in age.", "contents": "Ultrasonic localization for renal biopsy in infants and children. The authors describe a simple method of sonographic localizaiton for renal biopsy in unanaesthetized pediatric patients. Adequate biopsies have been obtained in 6 of 7 patients who ranged from 2 months of 8 years in age."}
{"id": "PMID:866890", "title": "Epidermoid inclusion cysts of the phalanx, radiological and clinical correlation.", "content": "A patient with an epithelial inclusion cyst of the distal phalanx has been presented. The radiographic and clinical findings have been described and are felt to be pathognomonic. The importance of recognizing its benign nature has been stressed.", "contents": "Epidermoid inclusion cysts of the phalanx, radiological and clinical correlation. A patient with an epithelial inclusion cyst of the distal phalanx has been presented. The radiographic and clinical findings have been described and are felt to be pathognomonic. The importance of recognizing its benign nature has been stressed."}
{"id": "PMID:866891", "title": "Toxopachyosteose diaphysaire tibio-peroniere (Weismann-Netter-Stuhl syndrome): two case reports.", "content": "Two patients with the Weismann-Netter-Stuhl syndrome are presented, one with classic and widespread findings, the other with minimal changes. Subsequent to its initial description in the French literature seven cases have been reported in English. The syndrome is characterized by anterior bowing of the tibia and fibula with posterior cortical thickening and trabecular irregularity in the region of bowing. Other long bones may be similarly affected. Scoliosis and pelvic findings are frequent. Short stature is usually present. The syndrome appears to be a generalized diaphyseal dysplasia.", "contents": "Toxopachyosteose diaphysaire tibio-peroniere (Weismann-Netter-Stuhl syndrome): two case reports. Two patients with the Weismann-Netter-Stuhl syndrome are presented, one with classic and widespread findings, the other with minimal changes. Subsequent to its initial description in the French literature seven cases have been reported in English. The syndrome is characterized by anterior bowing of the tibia and fibula with posterior cortical thickening and trabecular irregularity in the region of bowing. Other long bones may be similarly affected. Scoliosis and pelvic findings are frequent. Short stature is usually present. The syndrome appears to be a generalized diaphyseal dysplasia."}
{"id": "PMID:866892", "title": "Clinical concepts of contrast enhancement in computed cranial tomography.", "content": "Infusion of intravenous contrast medium with computed cranial tomography must be utilized judiciously. It is indicated to improve the detectability of lesions and to assist in differntial diagnosis.", "contents": "Clinical concepts of contrast enhancement in computed cranial tomography. Infusion of intravenous contrast medium with computed cranial tomography must be utilized judiciously. It is indicated to improve the detectability of lesions and to assist in differntial diagnosis."}
{"id": "PMID:866893", "title": "Extrarenal pelvic hydronephrosis: report of five cases.", "content": "Five patients are reported with uretropelvic obstruction and hydronephrosis in which the renal pelvis is predominantly involved. Because of the extrarenal position of the pelvis in these patients, its dilatation is apt to cause distortion and displacement of the calyces and infundibulae simulating an intrarenal mass. Calyceal and infundibular dilatation is much less apparent and general renal outline and cortical thickness is better preserved in these patients than in those with classical hydronephrosis. Careful attention to radiographic technique including delayed films, ultrasonography and occasional arteriography should prevent any confusion with a solid mass lesion.", "contents": "Extrarenal pelvic hydronephrosis: report of five cases. Five patients are reported with uretropelvic obstruction and hydronephrosis in which the renal pelvis is predominantly involved. Because of the extrarenal position of the pelvis in these patients, its dilatation is apt to cause distortion and displacement of the calyces and infundibulae simulating an intrarenal mass. Calyceal and infundibular dilatation is much less apparent and general renal outline and cortical thickness is better preserved in these patients than in those with classical hydronephrosis. Careful attention to radiographic technique including delayed films, ultrasonography and occasional arteriography should prevent any confusion with a solid mass lesion."}
{"id": "PMID:866894", "title": "Carotid--cavernous fistula--iatrogenic carotid--cavernous fistula due to thrombectomy with a Fogarty catheter.", "content": "Removal of thrombus from a totally occluded internal carotid artery with a patent siphon by means of a balloon-tipped Fogarty catheter has been an acceptable technique. There have, however, been five reported cases of carotid-cavernous fistula following this procedure (Barker et al., 1968; Davie and Richardson, 1967; Motarjeme and Keifer, 1973; Newton and Potts, 1974). The purpose of this report is to add a sixth case to the literature and to suggest that this surgical method be abandoned.", "contents": "Carotid--cavernous fistula--iatrogenic carotid--cavernous fistula due to thrombectomy with a Fogarty catheter. Removal of thrombus from a totally occluded internal carotid artery with a patent siphon by means of a balloon-tipped Fogarty catheter has been an acceptable technique. There have, however, been five reported cases of carotid-cavernous fistula following this procedure (Barker et al., 1968; Davie and Richardson, 1967; Motarjeme and Keifer, 1973; Newton and Potts, 1974). The purpose of this report is to add a sixth case to the literature and to suggest that this surgical method be abandoned."}
{"id": "PMID:866898", "title": "Pulmonary disorders associated with Sjogren's syndrome.", "content": "Pulmonary disorders occur in 25 to 47 per cent of the patients with Sjogren's Syndrome. These are of two types: 1. related to the major connective tissue disorders which commonly accompany this syndrome, and 2. secondary to the peculiar underlying pathology of Sjogren's Syndrome i.e. sicca disorders of the lung. The latter is the more frequent type, occurring mainly in patients with protected sicca complex unaccompanied by a systemic connective tissue disorder, and consists of chronic bronchitis, subsegmental atelectasis, pneumonia, bronchiectasis, lymphoproliferative pulmonary infiltrates and chronic interstitial pneumonitis which may lead to pulmonary fibrosis. 21 cases of Sjogren's Syndrome, 9 of whom had evidence of pulmonary abnormality, are presented, including a case of interstitial pneumonitis leading to diffuse interstitial pulmonary fibrosis. A review of the literature is included.", "contents": "Pulmonary disorders associated with Sjogren's syndrome. Pulmonary disorders occur in 25 to 47 per cent of the patients with Sjogren's Syndrome. These are of two types: 1. related to the major connective tissue disorders which commonly accompany this syndrome, and 2. secondary to the peculiar underlying pathology of Sjogren's Syndrome i.e. sicca disorders of the lung. The latter is the more frequent type, occurring mainly in patients with protected sicca complex unaccompanied by a systemic connective tissue disorder, and consists of chronic bronchitis, subsegmental atelectasis, pneumonia, bronchiectasis, lymphoproliferative pulmonary infiltrates and chronic interstitial pneumonitis which may lead to pulmonary fibrosis. 21 cases of Sjogren's Syndrome, 9 of whom had evidence of pulmonary abnormality, are presented, including a case of interstitial pneumonitis leading to diffuse interstitial pulmonary fibrosis. A review of the literature is included."}
{"id": "PMID:866897", "title": "[Evaluation of multiple myeloma with bone scintigraphy using Tc 99 diphosphonate. Review of the literature].", "content": "Bone Scanning using 99m Tc-Diphosphonate is another diagnostic modality in the evaluation of multiple mieloma which allows the identification of bone lesions not demonstrable by conventional radiography. The use of 99m Tc-Diphosphonate is more convenient and less harmful than other radioactive isotopes utilized before.", "contents": "[Evaluation of multiple myeloma with bone scintigraphy using Tc 99 diphosphonate. Review of the literature]. Bone Scanning using 99m Tc-Diphosphonate is another diagnostic modality in the evaluation of multiple mieloma which allows the identification of bone lesions not demonstrable by conventional radiography. The use of 99m Tc-Diphosphonate is more convenient and less harmful than other radioactive isotopes utilized before."}
{"id": "PMID:866899", "title": "Improved musculoskeletal angiography with large volume contrast injection and priscoline.", "content": "Previously published studies of musculoskeletal angiography have not discussed the technical details of how the angiograms were performed. In the present report, two series of 57 consecutive angiograms were compared with respect to radiologic quality and clinical usefulness. The second series differed from the first in closer consultation between angiographer and orthopaedist and the use of intra-arterial Priscoline, large volume contrast injection, multiple views, geometric magnification, and photographic subtraction. These efforts were rewarded by greater vascular detail and better delineation of tumors on the angiograms. Especially with respect to soft tissue lesions, the surgeon found the studies more accurate and more useful in planning surgical management.", "contents": "Improved musculoskeletal angiography with large volume contrast injection and priscoline. Previously published studies of musculoskeletal angiography have not discussed the technical details of how the angiograms were performed. In the present report, two series of 57 consecutive angiograms were compared with respect to radiologic quality and clinical usefulness. The second series differed from the first in closer consultation between angiographer and orthopaedist and the use of intra-arterial Priscoline, large volume contrast injection, multiple views, geometric magnification, and photographic subtraction. These efforts were rewarded by greater vascular detail and better delineation of tumors on the angiograms. Especially with respect to soft tissue lesions, the surgeon found the studies more accurate and more useful in planning surgical management."}
{"id": "PMID:866900", "title": "Metastases in colo-rectal carcinoma by isotope bone scanning.", "content": "Eight of ten cases of colo-rectal cancer having positive radionuclide bone scans were observed in a Radiation Oncology Clinic in one year. Eight were referred to the institution after treatment elsewhere. In a series of fifty cases with their definitive therapy and evaluation at this institution, 33% of those with bone scans were positive. Review of recent literature shows that 50% of colo-rectal carcinoma have positive bone scans, usually following a multiple and widespread distribution including ribs, pelvis, vertebrae, skull or extremities. These studies indicate that bone scanning may greatly increase precision in staging of colo-rectal carcinoma and aid in the recognition of the truly localized primary lesion. The mechanism of spread of bone metastases in colo-rectal carcinoma was presumably through Batson's plexus.", "contents": "Metastases in colo-rectal carcinoma by isotope bone scanning. Eight of ten cases of colo-rectal cancer having positive radionuclide bone scans were observed in a Radiation Oncology Clinic in one year. Eight were referred to the institution after treatment elsewhere. In a series of fifty cases with their definitive therapy and evaluation at this institution, 33% of those with bone scans were positive. Review of recent literature shows that 50% of colo-rectal carcinoma have positive bone scans, usually following a multiple and widespread distribution including ribs, pelvis, vertebrae, skull or extremities. These studies indicate that bone scanning may greatly increase precision in staging of colo-rectal carcinoma and aid in the recognition of the truly localized primary lesion. The mechanism of spread of bone metastases in colo-rectal carcinoma was presumably through Batson's plexus."}
{"id": "PMID:866901", "title": "Significance of vascularity of the breast: a quantitative approach using xeromammography.", "content": "Vascularity of the breast was assessed from Xeromammograms by calculating the venous diameter ratio (ratio of the diameter of the largest vein in either breast to the diameter of a comparable vein in the opposite breast) for 60 patients (32 carcinomas and 28 benign conditions). Vein diameter was easier to measure on Xeromammograms than on conventional mammograms. If the venous diameter ratio was 1.4:1, or greater, the possibility of malignancy was increased.", "contents": "Significance of vascularity of the breast: a quantitative approach using xeromammography. Vascularity of the breast was assessed from Xeromammograms by calculating the venous diameter ratio (ratio of the diameter of the largest vein in either breast to the diameter of a comparable vein in the opposite breast) for 60 patients (32 carcinomas and 28 benign conditions). Vein diameter was easier to measure on Xeromammograms than on conventional mammograms. If the venous diameter ratio was 1.4:1, or greater, the possibility of malignancy was increased."}
{"id": "PMID:866902", "title": "A new low dose mammography technique.", "content": "Reduction of radiation dosage to patients undergoing mammography is very important, especially when large-scale screening projects for early detection of breast carcinoma are considered. A new low dose mammographic technique employing Kodak XG film and Industrex F2 intensifying screen in a vacuum package has been evaluated in 533 patients. This Kodak system was found to provide excellent diagnostic quality image, and to be an acceptable technique for mammography.", "contents": "A new low dose mammography technique. Reduction of radiation dosage to patients undergoing mammography is very important, especially when large-scale screening projects for early detection of breast carcinoma are considered. A new low dose mammographic technique employing Kodak XG film and Industrex F2 intensifying screen in a vacuum package has been evaluated in 533 patients. This Kodak system was found to provide excellent diagnostic quality image, and to be an acceptable technique for mammography."}
{"id": "PMID:866903", "title": "Protracted arthritis in familial Mediterranean fever.", "content": "A review of the files of familial Mediterranean fever (FMF) confirmed the rarity of patients suffering protracted arthritic attacks and the propensity of the joints, in general, to recover. While 70% of those afflicted suffered bouts of synovitis, only 57 patients (5% of the FMF-population) experienced protracted attacks involving a total of 84 joints, 36 of them knees and 25 hips. Functional and, usually, anatomical integrity was regained in all but 27 joints. Of the 27 joints producing residual incapacity, 21 were hips. Seven hips showed roentgenologically typical aseptic necrosis of the femoral head and 14 only sclerosis and narrowing of the joint space. Eight hips eventually required total prosthetic replacement. We suggest that the poor prognosis of the hip, in contrast to other joints affected by protracted FMF-arthritis, is related not directly to the metabolic aberrration underlying the disease but to attenuation of the arterial blood supply of the femoral head by synovial exudation. Early aspiration of exudate could alter the prognosis by preventing the complication of aseptic necrosis.", "contents": "Protracted arthritis in familial Mediterranean fever. A review of the files of familial Mediterranean fever (FMF) confirmed the rarity of patients suffering protracted arthritic attacks and the propensity of the joints, in general, to recover. While 70% of those afflicted suffered bouts of synovitis, only 57 patients (5% of the FMF-population) experienced protracted attacks involving a total of 84 joints, 36 of them knees and 25 hips. Functional and, usually, anatomical integrity was regained in all but 27 joints. Of the 27 joints producing residual incapacity, 21 were hips. Seven hips showed roentgenologically typical aseptic necrosis of the femoral head and 14 only sclerosis and narrowing of the joint space. Eight hips eventually required total prosthetic replacement. We suggest that the poor prognosis of the hip, in contrast to other joints affected by protracted FMF-arthritis, is related not directly to the metabolic aberrration underlying the disease but to attenuation of the arterial blood supply of the femoral head by synovial exudation. Early aspiration of exudate could alter the prognosis by preventing the complication of aseptic necrosis."}
{"id": "PMID:866904", "title": "Night medication in rheumatoid arthritis: II. Combined therapy with indomethacin and diazepam.", "content": "Seventeen of eighteen patients hospitalized for active rheumatoid arthritis completed a three-day randomized, double-blind comparison of 100 mg indomethacin, 100 mg indomethacin with 10 mg diazepam and matching placebo as night medication. The results showed a consistent pattern in the four functions measured--pain, morning stiffness, sleep score and patient preference. In each, indomethacin proved superior to placebo and the combined therapy better than indomethacin alone. From this it has been concluded that the combination of indomethacin and diazepam should now be considered the treatment of choice for maximum control of night pain and morning stiffness in rheumatoid arthritis.", "contents": "Night medication in rheumatoid arthritis: II. Combined therapy with indomethacin and diazepam. Seventeen of eighteen patients hospitalized for active rheumatoid arthritis completed a three-day randomized, double-blind comparison of 100 mg indomethacin, 100 mg indomethacin with 10 mg diazepam and matching placebo as night medication. The results showed a consistent pattern in the four functions measured--pain, morning stiffness, sleep score and patient preference. In each, indomethacin proved superior to placebo and the combined therapy better than indomethacin alone. From this it has been concluded that the combination of indomethacin and diazepam should now be considered the treatment of choice for maximum control of night pain and morning stiffness in rheumatoid arthritis."}
{"id": "PMID:866905", "title": "Reumatoid arthritis in Iraq.", "content": "Altogether 198 patients (149 female and 49 male) with rheumatoid arthritis, 133 classical and 65 definite by A.R.A. diagnostic criteria, have been studied in Baghdad. The disease pattern and the joint distribution are similar to those in Europe but the disease appears to be generally less destructive; hands are involved more often than the feet, and rheumatoid nodules, severe systemic upset and extra-articular manifestations appear to be less common.", "contents": "Reumatoid arthritis in Iraq. Altogether 198 patients (149 female and 49 male) with rheumatoid arthritis, 133 classical and 65 definite by A.R.A. diagnostic criteria, have been studied in Baghdad. The disease pattern and the joint distribution are similar to those in Europe but the disease appears to be generally less destructive; hands are involved more often than the feet, and rheumatoid nodules, severe systemic upset and extra-articular manifestations appear to be less common."}
{"id": "PMID:866906", "title": "Lactoferrin in synovial fluid.", "content": "The synovial lactoferrin (LF) concentrations of 59 patients with active rheumatoid arthritis were determined. The median value of LF was 4.64+/-3.59 mg/100 ml, but in degenerative arthropathy the levels of the metal-protein were much lower and often not titratable. These variations in the LF concentration explain the low blood-iron levels in inflammatory states, even when the concentration of the metal-protein is not statistically correlated in inflammatory tests, IgG, complement fractions (of the normal or alternate pathway), or variations of other protein fractions of leucocyte origin.", "contents": "Lactoferrin in synovial fluid. The synovial lactoferrin (LF) concentrations of 59 patients with active rheumatoid arthritis were determined. The median value of LF was 4.64+/-3.59 mg/100 ml, but in degenerative arthropathy the levels of the metal-protein were much lower and often not titratable. These variations in the LF concentration explain the low blood-iron levels in inflammatory states, even when the concentration of the metal-protein is not statistically correlated in inflammatory tests, IgG, complement fractions (of the normal or alternate pathway), or variations of other protein fractions of leucocyte origin."}
{"id": "PMID:866907", "title": "HL-A as a diagnostic aid in incomplete rheumatic syndromes.", "content": "Incomplete Reiter's syndrome (ICRS) and incomplete Beh\u00e7et's disease (ICBD) have many similar clinical features, making the diagnosis difficult. The association of RS and BD with different HL-A antigens is a help in differentiating between the two diseases. Eight patients with incomplete rheumatic syndrome are described. The results of HL-A typing suggest that five patients had incomplete RS and the other three incomplete BD. The value of tissue typing in the correct diagnosis of incomplete rheumatic syndrome is stressed.", "contents": "HL-A as a diagnostic aid in incomplete rheumatic syndromes. Incomplete Reiter's syndrome (ICRS) and incomplete Beh\u00e7et's disease (ICBD) have many similar clinical features, making the diagnosis difficult. The association of RS and BD with different HL-A antigens is a help in differentiating between the two diseases. Eight patients with incomplete rheumatic syndrome are described. The results of HL-A typing suggest that five patients had incomplete RS and the other three incomplete BD. The value of tissue typing in the correct diagnosis of incomplete rheumatic syndrome is stressed."}
{"id": "PMID:866908", "title": "Haemopexin behaviour in an acute hyperhaemolytic crisis secondary to favism (erythrocyte glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency).", "content": "The behaviour of serum haemopexin was studied in patients with hyperhaemolysis after ingestion of fava beans. The linear increase in this substance after a crisis is particularly emphasized. This finding is of special importance for G-6-PD subjects with various haematological disorders.", "contents": "Haemopexin behaviour in an acute hyperhaemolytic crisis secondary to favism (erythrocyte glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency). The behaviour of serum haemopexin was studied in patients with hyperhaemolysis after ingestion of fava beans. The linear increase in this substance after a crisis is particularly emphasized. This finding is of special importance for G-6-PD subjects with various haematological disorders."}
{"id": "PMID:866909", "title": "Oestrogen receptors in relation to human breast cancer.", "content": "Work leading to the concept of hormone responsiveness of human breast cancer and current views of the mode of action of oestrogens in target tissues are reviewed. Results of oestrogen receptor assays are considered in relation to clinical response to tumours to endocrine therapy and difficulties encountered in the interpretation of receptor determinations are discussed. Recent work on the distribution of different forms of the oestrogen receptors in human tumours and their relation to clinical response may lead to better selection of patients for endocrine therapy. Results of receptor assays in male patients with breast cancer, in benign breast tumours and in malignant tumours at sites other than breast are reviewed, and work on receptors for hormones other than oestrogens is discussed briefly. Further work is needed on the integrity of the receptor mechanism in tumour cells and on the effects of hormone treatment. Methods for the separation and estimation of oestrogen receptors in human tumour tissue are reviewed and discussed. Errors arising during collection, storage and analysis are considered. Different ways of calculating and expressing results of these assays are mentioned. It is suggested that more accurate determinations of oestrogen receptors may lead to better discrimination between hormone responsive and unresponsive human breast tumours.", "contents": "Oestrogen receptors in relation to human breast cancer. Work leading to the concept of hormone responsiveness of human breast cancer and current views of the mode of action of oestrogens in target tissues are reviewed. Results of oestrogen receptor assays are considered in relation to clinical response to tumours to endocrine therapy and difficulties encountered in the interpretation of receptor determinations are discussed. Recent work on the distribution of different forms of the oestrogen receptors in human tumours and their relation to clinical response may lead to better selection of patients for endocrine therapy. Results of receptor assays in male patients with breast cancer, in benign breast tumours and in malignant tumours at sites other than breast are reviewed, and work on receptors for hormones other than oestrogens is discussed briefly. Further work is needed on the integrity of the receptor mechanism in tumour cells and on the effects of hormone treatment. Methods for the separation and estimation of oestrogen receptors in human tumour tissue are reviewed and discussed. Errors arising during collection, storage and analysis are considered. Different ways of calculating and expressing results of these assays are mentioned. It is suggested that more accurate determinations of oestrogen receptors may lead to better discrimination between hormone responsive and unresponsive human breast tumours."}
{"id": "PMID:866910", "title": "Evaluation of the operative parameters for a human prolactin radioimmunoassay in serum.", "content": "A sensitive homologous radioimmunoassay (RIA) for human prolactin (hPRL) was evaluated. The experimental parameters of this double antibody solid phase (DASP)-hPRL-RIA are discribed. The RIA measures concentrations of hPRL as low as 1 ng/ml of human serum and allows repetitive measurements and accurate delineation of serum hPRL. The assay is specific for hRPL; only HGH shows a weak cross-reaction. The antigen recovery tests are quantitative. The serum concentrations of hPRL in a group of randomly selected male and female individuals averaged 6.7 +/- 3.3 ng/ml, respectively. In a chronobiological study performed on 21 subjects (5 male and 16 female), a statistically significant rhythm with a 24-h period was detected.", "contents": "Evaluation of the operative parameters for a human prolactin radioimmunoassay in serum. A sensitive homologous radioimmunoassay (RIA) for human prolactin (hPRL) was evaluated. The experimental parameters of this double antibody solid phase (DASP)-hPRL-RIA are discribed. The RIA measures concentrations of hPRL as low as 1 ng/ml of human serum and allows repetitive measurements and accurate delineation of serum hPRL. The assay is specific for hRPL; only HGH shows a weak cross-reaction. The antigen recovery tests are quantitative. The serum concentrations of hPRL in a group of randomly selected male and female individuals averaged 6.7 +/- 3.3 ng/ml, respectively. In a chronobiological study performed on 21 subjects (5 male and 16 female), a statistically significant rhythm with a 24-h period was detected."}
{"id": "PMID:866911", "title": "Preoperative diagnosis of Meckel's diverticulum with 99mTc-pertechnetate.", "content": "99mTc-pertechnetate scintigraphy of the digestive tract was performed on 4 children with intestinal bleeding. Two of them showed a focal uptake in the right lower abdominal quadrant and a diagnosis of bleeding Meckel's diverticulum was confirmed by surgery. This procedure being easy to perform, non-invasive and remunerative, should be systematically applied in paediatric intestinal bleeding.", "contents": "Preoperative diagnosis of Meckel's diverticulum with 99mTc-pertechnetate. 99mTc-pertechnetate scintigraphy of the digestive tract was performed on 4 children with intestinal bleeding. Two of them showed a focal uptake in the right lower abdominal quadrant and a diagnosis of bleeding Meckel's diverticulum was confirmed by surgery. This procedure being easy to perform, non-invasive and remunerative, should be systematically applied in paediatric intestinal bleeding."}
{"id": "PMID:866925", "title": "[Spinal subarachnoid hemorrhage in a case of stenosis of the aorta (author's transl)].", "content": "A case of aortic coarctation was reported. This vascular malformation caused a dilatation of the vessels of the thoracic segment of the spinal cord, subarachnoid hemorrhage and paraplegia. These pathological alterations are due to cystic arachnoidal modifications.", "contents": "[Spinal subarachnoid hemorrhage in a case of stenosis of the aorta (author's transl)]. A case of aortic coarctation was reported. This vascular malformation caused a dilatation of the vessels of the thoracic segment of the spinal cord, subarachnoid hemorrhage and paraplegia. These pathological alterations are due to cystic arachnoidal modifications."}
{"id": "PMID:866927", "title": "[SI-units in radiotherapy and radiation protection (author's transl)].", "content": "A review is given about SI units as they will be used in future in radiotherapy and health physics. The paper includes conversion tables for the units used in these fields and presents some somments on possible difficulties by using these units in practical work.", "contents": "[SI-units in radiotherapy and radiation protection (author's transl)]. A review is given about SI units as they will be used in future in radiotherapy and health physics. The paper includes conversion tables for the units used in these fields and presents some somments on possible difficulties by using these units in practical work."}
{"id": "PMID:866987", "title": "Inhibition by somatostatin of gastrin release and gastric acid responses to meals and to pentagastrin in man.", "content": "The inhibitory actions of intravenous somatostatin on the gastric secretory responses to pentagastrin (1.5 microng/kg-h i.v.) and to a meal (10% peptone, pH 5.5) were studied in six healthy subjects. Meal-induced gastric acid output was estimated by means of a modified Fordtran and Walsh method of intragastric titration. Somatostatin (5 microng/kg-h; cyclic form) significantly inhibited the total 1-hour acid response to pentagastrin by about 70% (inhibition of pepsin secretion: about 70%) and that to a test meal by about 75%. During the last 30 min of somatostatin infusion the pentagastrin-stimulated secretion of acid was significantly reduced by about 90% (inhibition of pepsin output: about 85%) while the corresponding figure in the test with meal-induced secretion was about 95%. Serum gastric--elevated in response to the test meal--was found to be merely lowered by about 30% during somatostatin infusion. Consequently, it is tempting to assume that inhibition of human gastric acid secretion by exogenous somatostatin largely results from a direct antisecretory effect upon parietal cells and, only to a minor extent, from an indirect action via reduction of gastrin release.", "contents": "Inhibition by somatostatin of gastrin release and gastric acid responses to meals and to pentagastrin in man. The inhibitory actions of intravenous somatostatin on the gastric secretory responses to pentagastrin (1.5 microng/kg-h i.v.) and to a meal (10% peptone, pH 5.5) were studied in six healthy subjects. Meal-induced gastric acid output was estimated by means of a modified Fordtran and Walsh method of intragastric titration. Somatostatin (5 microng/kg-h; cyclic form) significantly inhibited the total 1-hour acid response to pentagastrin by about 70% (inhibition of pepsin secretion: about 70%) and that to a test meal by about 75%. During the last 30 min of somatostatin infusion the pentagastrin-stimulated secretion of acid was significantly reduced by about 90% (inhibition of pepsin output: about 85%) while the corresponding figure in the test with meal-induced secretion was about 95%. Serum gastric--elevated in response to the test meal--was found to be merely lowered by about 30% during somatostatin infusion. Consequently, it is tempting to assume that inhibition of human gastric acid secretion by exogenous somatostatin largely results from a direct antisecretory effect upon parietal cells and, only to a minor extent, from an indirect action via reduction of gastrin release."}
{"id": "PMID:866988", "title": "Plasma secretin concentration and pancreatic exocrine secretion after intravenous secretin or intraduodenal HC1 in anaesthetized pigs.", "content": "The concentration of immunoreactive secretin in arterial blood and the exocrine pancreatic secretion were measured during intraportal infusion of secretin in doses of 0.03, 0.06, 0.1 and 3.0 clinical units kg-1 h-1, and during intraduodenal instillation of 50 ml 0.1 mol 1(-1) HC1. The lowest dose of exogenous secretin to significantly increase secretin concentration in blood was 0.03 clinical units kg-1 h-1, which was a subthreshold dose of exocrin pancreatic secretion. A linear relation was found between the dose secretin and the secretin concentrations measured. On the basis of secretin concentrations, release of secretin during instillation of HC1 was estimated to be 0.22 clinical units kg-1 h-1. Maximum pancreatic bicarbonate secretion was obtained with a dose of 1.0 clinical units kg-1 h-1, and the minimal effective dose was between 0.06 and 0.1 clinical units kg-1 h-1. On the basis of the flow rate of pancreatic juice and the pancreatic bicarbonate output, secretin during instillation of HC1 was estimated to be 0.3 clinical unit kg-1 h-1. It is concluded that the radioimmunoassay used has the sensitivity and accuracy necessary for measurements of secretin concentrations in plasma during physiological conditions.", "contents": "Plasma secretin concentration and pancreatic exocrine secretion after intravenous secretin or intraduodenal HC1 in anaesthetized pigs. The concentration of immunoreactive secretin in arterial blood and the exocrine pancreatic secretion were measured during intraportal infusion of secretin in doses of 0.03, 0.06, 0.1 and 3.0 clinical units kg-1 h-1, and during intraduodenal instillation of 50 ml 0.1 mol 1(-1) HC1. The lowest dose of exogenous secretin to significantly increase secretin concentration in blood was 0.03 clinical units kg-1 h-1, which was a subthreshold dose of exocrin pancreatic secretion. A linear relation was found between the dose secretin and the secretin concentrations measured. On the basis of secretin concentrations, release of secretin during instillation of HC1 was estimated to be 0.22 clinical units kg-1 h-1. Maximum pancreatic bicarbonate secretion was obtained with a dose of 1.0 clinical units kg-1 h-1, and the minimal effective dose was between 0.06 and 0.1 clinical units kg-1 h-1. On the basis of the flow rate of pancreatic juice and the pancreatic bicarbonate output, secretin during instillation of HC1 was estimated to be 0.3 clinical unit kg-1 h-1. It is concluded that the radioimmunoassay used has the sensitivity and accuracy necessary for measurements of secretin concentrations in plasma during physiological conditions."}
{"id": "PMID:866989", "title": "Coenzyme-A-dependent esterification of cholesterol in intestinal mucosa from guinea-pig. Influence of diet on the enzyme activity.", "content": "Guinea-pig intestinal mucosa contains a microsomal enzyme which catalyses the esterification of cholesterol. The enzyme is CoA-dependent and probably an acyl-CoA-cholesterol acyltransferase (ACAT) (E.C. 2.3.1.26). The apparent Km for the CoA in the combined enzyme reaction is 3.3 x 10(-5)M. The specific activity of cholesterol esterification is about five times higher in young suckling animals than in ordinary fed adult animals. Feeding fat and fat/cholesterol diets increases the activity two- to five-fold. Concomitantly the fat/cholesterol fed animals get a marked accumulation of free and esterified cholesterol in mucosal cells.", "contents": "Coenzyme-A-dependent esterification of cholesterol in intestinal mucosa from guinea-pig. Influence of diet on the enzyme activity. Guinea-pig intestinal mucosa contains a microsomal enzyme which catalyses the esterification of cholesterol. The enzyme is CoA-dependent and probably an acyl-CoA-cholesterol acyltransferase (ACAT) (E.C. 2.3.1.26). The apparent Km for the CoA in the combined enzyme reaction is 3.3 x 10(-5)M. The specific activity of cholesterol esterification is about five times higher in young suckling animals than in ordinary fed adult animals. Feeding fat and fat/cholesterol diets increases the activity two- to five-fold. Concomitantly the fat/cholesterol fed animals get a marked accumulation of free and esterified cholesterol in mucosal cells."}
{"id": "PMID:866990", "title": "The prognosis of chronic aggressive hepatitis. A clinical and morphological follow-up study.", "content": "In a follow-up study of 85 patients with chronic aggressive (active) hepatitis (CAH) repeated liver biopsies and/or autopsy liver sections were available in 74 cases. The median time of observation was 45 months. Cirrhosis was demonstrated in 38 patients, and cirrhosis was suspected in a further five cases. Fifteen patients showed convincing histological improvement; and the remaining 16 still had chronic hepatitis. Twenty-six patients died during the observation period, seven of these of liver failure after development of cirrhosis. The clinical follow-up of the 59 survivors (median observation time 69 months) showed biochemically active liver disease in 11 cases, all having cirrhosis or chronic aggressive hepatitis in the last biopsy. The clinical findings were correlated with the morphological follow-up diagnosis and the immunosuppressive treatment. Comparison of the initial histological, clinical, and serological variables was made in two well-defined follow-up groups. There were more females, and marked portal inflammation, abnormal bile duct epithelium, and circulating autoantibodies occurred more frequently in the group with later development of cirrhosis than among the patients with subsequent morphological improvement. The results thus suggest candidates for thorough follow-up and more intensive immunosupressive or other treatment.", "contents": "The prognosis of chronic aggressive hepatitis. A clinical and morphological follow-up study. In a follow-up study of 85 patients with chronic aggressive (active) hepatitis (CAH) repeated liver biopsies and/or autopsy liver sections were available in 74 cases. The median time of observation was 45 months. Cirrhosis was demonstrated in 38 patients, and cirrhosis was suspected in a further five cases. Fifteen patients showed convincing histological improvement; and the remaining 16 still had chronic hepatitis. Twenty-six patients died during the observation period, seven of these of liver failure after development of cirrhosis. The clinical follow-up of the 59 survivors (median observation time 69 months) showed biochemically active liver disease in 11 cases, all having cirrhosis or chronic aggressive hepatitis in the last biopsy. The clinical findings were correlated with the morphological follow-up diagnosis and the immunosuppressive treatment. Comparison of the initial histological, clinical, and serological variables was made in two well-defined follow-up groups. There were more females, and marked portal inflammation, abnormal bile duct epithelium, and circulating autoantibodies occurred more frequently in the group with later development of cirrhosis than among the patients with subsequent morphological improvement. The results thus suggest candidates for thorough follow-up and more intensive immunosupressive or other treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:866991", "title": "Serum immunoglobulins and organ non-specific antibodies in diseases of the liver.", "content": "Serum immunoglobulins and C3 levels, auto-antibodies to smooth muscle (SMA), mitochondria (MA), and nuclei (ANA), rheumatoid factors (RF), HB-antigen and HB-antibody were studied in 9 groups of liver disease. Hypergammaglobulinaemia was a prominent feature in most groups, IgG being particularly raised in active chronic hepatitis, IgM in primary biliary cirrhosis, and IgA in alcoholic liver disease, respectively. IgE was often increased in alcoholic liver disease and was frequently low in hepatic tumours, whereas IgD showed no typical pattern in any liver disorder. SMA was most frequently found in active chronic hepatitis (68%), and MA  in primary biliary cirrhosis (58%), while ANA was detected in 50% of the patients with active chronic hepatitis. However, a pronounced over-lap of tissue antibodies was observed among the various groups of liver disease, particularly in active chronic hepatitis and primary biliary cirrhosis. The concurrent presence of SMA and ANA was most frequent in active chronic hepatitis. It was not excluded that antibody titres might have provided better diagnostic discrimination, since titration of antibodies was not performed. Low C3 levels in active chronic hepatitis were correlated with low levels of other liver-synthetized proteins, and no evidence was found of increased consumption by immunologic reactions.", "contents": "Serum immunoglobulins and organ non-specific antibodies in diseases of the liver. Serum immunoglobulins and C3 levels, auto-antibodies to smooth muscle (SMA), mitochondria (MA), and nuclei (ANA), rheumatoid factors (RF), HB-antigen and HB-antibody were studied in 9 groups of liver disease. Hypergammaglobulinaemia was a prominent feature in most groups, IgG being particularly raised in active chronic hepatitis, IgM in primary biliary cirrhosis, and IgA in alcoholic liver disease, respectively. IgE was often increased in alcoholic liver disease and was frequently low in hepatic tumours, whereas IgD showed no typical pattern in any liver disorder. SMA was most frequently found in active chronic hepatitis (68%), and MA  in primary biliary cirrhosis (58%), while ANA was detected in 50% of the patients with active chronic hepatitis. However, a pronounced over-lap of tissue antibodies was observed among the various groups of liver disease, particularly in active chronic hepatitis and primary biliary cirrhosis. The concurrent presence of SMA and ANA was most frequent in active chronic hepatitis. It was not excluded that antibody titres might have provided better diagnostic discrimination, since titration of antibodies was not performed. Low C3 levels in active chronic hepatitis were correlated with low levels of other liver-synthetized proteins, and no evidence was found of increased consumption by immunologic reactions."}
{"id": "PMID:866992", "title": "Chronic hepatic encephalopathy. A psychometrical study.", "content": "Psychometric tests were performed in 41 patients with cirrhosis of the liver and suspected hepatic encephalopathy and compared with EEG-examinations and clinical investigations. Marked intellectual impairment was noted frequently even when the clinical investigation was normal. This difference was mainly due to the preserved verbal ability of the patient. The etiology of the cirrhosis did not influence the test results. Male cirrhotic patients with and without alcoholism showed significantly more intellectual impairment then alcoholics without cirrhosis. Patients Patients with constructed porto-systemic shunts showed only slightly reduced intellectual ability compared to those without shunts.", "contents": "Chronic hepatic encephalopathy. A psychometrical study. Psychometric tests were performed in 41 patients with cirrhosis of the liver and suspected hepatic encephalopathy and compared with EEG-examinations and clinical investigations. Marked intellectual impairment was noted frequently even when the clinical investigation was normal. This difference was mainly due to the preserved verbal ability of the patient. The etiology of the cirrhosis did not influence the test results. Male cirrhotic patients with and without alcoholism showed significantly more intellectual impairment then alcoholics without cirrhosis. Patients Patients with constructed porto-systemic shunts showed only slightly reduced intellectual ability compared to those without shunts."}
{"id": "PMID:866993", "title": "Influence of age and stomach function on serum vitamin B12 concentration.", "content": "Serum vitamin B12 (B12), maximal gastric acid output (MAO), and B12 absorption were determined in 82 subjects, age 32 to 85 years, who had normal absorption of radiocyanocobalamin. In 46 of the patients the gastric intrinsic factor (IF) was also measured. Serum B12 concentration and MAO varied widely in all age groups from abnormally low to definitely normal. The mean values for serum B12 and MAO, however, declined very similarly with advancing age owing to an increased incidence of low values for these two measurerment in the aged. There was no significant fall in the mean B12 absorption or IF secretion as a function of old age. Achlorhydric and hypochlorhydric patients invariably had lower mean serum B12 concentrations than those with adequate MAO. Conversely, patients with normal MAO all had normal serum B12 levels. Serum B12 concentration, although correlating with both MAO and IF secretion, showed a closer relationship to the former than to the latter. These findings suggest that the stomach, aside from producing the IF, plays an important role in maintaining a normal serum B12 concentration.", "contents": "Influence of age and stomach function on serum vitamin B12 concentration. Serum vitamin B12 (B12), maximal gastric acid output (MAO), and B12 absorption were determined in 82 subjects, age 32 to 85 years, who had normal absorption of radiocyanocobalamin. In 46 of the patients the gastric intrinsic factor (IF) was also measured. Serum B12 concentration and MAO varied widely in all age groups from abnormally low to definitely normal. The mean values for serum B12 and MAO, however, declined very similarly with advancing age owing to an increased incidence of low values for these two measurerment in the aged. There was no significant fall in the mean B12 absorption or IF secretion as a function of old age. Achlorhydric and hypochlorhydric patients invariably had lower mean serum B12 concentrations than those with adequate MAO. Conversely, patients with normal MAO all had normal serum B12 levels. Serum B12 concentration, although correlating with both MAO and IF secretion, showed a closer relationship to the former than to the latter. These findings suggest that the stomach, aside from producing the IF, plays an important role in maintaining a normal serum B12 concentration."}
{"id": "PMID:866994", "title": "Dynamics of antral and fundal gastritis in an Estonian rural population sample.", "content": "The random population sample collected from an Estonian rural district, and in which antral and fundal gastritis was studied by means of direct vision biopsy technique, was subjected to stochastic analysis identical to that performed earlier on a Finnish representative population sample. Antral gastritis started at an earlier age than fundal gastritis. The antral and fundal age-dependent score lines, which illustrate the dynamic behaviour of each population sample as a whole, nearly meet at later age, indicating that the progression of fundal gastritis is more rapid than that of antral gastritis. The prevalence of fundal gastritis was somewhat lower in this material than in the Finnish rural population sample. However, the age-adjusted score values did not significantly differ in these population samples.", "contents": "Dynamics of antral and fundal gastritis in an Estonian rural population sample. The random population sample collected from an Estonian rural district, and in which antral and fundal gastritis was studied by means of direct vision biopsy technique, was subjected to stochastic analysis identical to that performed earlier on a Finnish representative population sample. Antral gastritis started at an earlier age than fundal gastritis. The antral and fundal age-dependent score lines, which illustrate the dynamic behaviour of each population sample as a whole, nearly meet at later age, indicating that the progression of fundal gastritis is more rapid than that of antral gastritis. The prevalence of fundal gastritis was somewhat lower in this material than in the Finnish rural population sample. However, the age-adjusted score values did not significantly differ in these population samples."}
{"id": "PMID:866995", "title": "e System and intrahepatocelullar HBcAG and HBsAG in HBsAG positive patients with liver diseases and healthy carriers.", "content": "Patients with hepatitis-B surface antigen positive liver diseases and healthy carriers were studied for the presence of e-antigen and anti-e as well as for intrahepatocellular HBsAG and hepatitis-B core antigen. The e-antigen was demonstrated in 9 out of 12 patients with chronic perisitent hepatitis, in 15 out of 39 patients with chronic active hepatitis, in 3 out of 40 patients with acute type B hepatitis, and in 2 out of 9 patients with a protracted course of type B hepatitis. No e-antigen was found in healthy HBsAG carriers nor in patients with complete recovery from type B hepatitis one year after onset of the disease. Anti-e was detected in 24 out of 61 healthy HBsAG carriers with a normal liver histology and in one patient with a mild form of a chronic persistent hepatitis. The presence of e-antigen in serum was highly associated with the presence of HBcAG in the nuclei of the liver cells. Twenty-seven out of 29 e-positive patients had HBcAG in the liver cell nuclei. In contrast, none of 20 patients with anti-e in serum had HBcAG in the liver cells.", "contents": "e System and intrahepatocelullar HBcAG and HBsAG in HBsAG positive patients with liver diseases and healthy carriers. Patients with hepatitis-B surface antigen positive liver diseases and healthy carriers were studied for the presence of e-antigen and anti-e as well as for intrahepatocellular HBsAG and hepatitis-B core antigen. The e-antigen was demonstrated in 9 out of 12 patients with chronic perisitent hepatitis, in 15 out of 39 patients with chronic active hepatitis, in 3 out of 40 patients with acute type B hepatitis, and in 2 out of 9 patients with a protracted course of type B hepatitis. No e-antigen was found in healthy HBsAG carriers nor in patients with complete recovery from type B hepatitis one year after onset of the disease. Anti-e was detected in 24 out of 61 healthy HBsAG carriers with a normal liver histology and in one patient with a mild form of a chronic persistent hepatitis. The presence of e-antigen in serum was highly associated with the presence of HBcAG in the nuclei of the liver cells. Twenty-seven out of 29 e-positive patients had HBcAG in the liver cell nuclei. In contrast, none of 20 patients with anti-e in serum had HBcAG in the liver cells."}
{"id": "PMID:866996", "title": "Colonic propulsion in diverticular disease, idiopathic constipation, and the irritable colon syndrome.", "content": "Colonic intraluminal pressure and intestinal transit were examined in diverticular disease, idiopathic constipation, and the irritable colon syndrome. Small bowel transit was normal. Total gastrointestinal transit was prolonged. Colonic transit showed an equal delay in all segments, expedited by bran. In constipation, transit was the more prolonged, but in the irritable colon syndrome, pressure was more affected. Diverticular disease patients showed features resembling each of these two groups. Pressure and transit showed an inverse relationship maintained after bran.", "contents": "Colonic propulsion in diverticular disease, idiopathic constipation, and the irritable colon syndrome. Colonic intraluminal pressure and intestinal transit were examined in diverticular disease, idiopathic constipation, and the irritable colon syndrome. Small bowel transit was normal. Total gastrointestinal transit was prolonged. Colonic transit showed an equal delay in all segments, expedited by bran. In constipation, transit was the more prolonged, but in the irritable colon syndrome, pressure was more affected. Diverticular disease patients showed features resembling each of these two groups. Pressure and transit showed an inverse relationship maintained after bran."}
{"id": "PMID:866997", "title": "Treatment of retained bile duct calculi with T-tube infusion of sodium cholate and heparin.", "content": "A series of 26 patients with retained radiolucent bile duct calculi diagnosed at postoperative cholangiagrophy through the T-tube is presented. All patients were treated with infusion of 15-20 g sodium cholate in 1000 ml saline and 20,000 units of heparin in 1000 ml saline per 24 hours. In 19 of 26 patients (73 per cent) the calculi disappeared. No complications were encountered. This treatment is recommended prior to reoperation in all patients with retained radiolucent bile duct calculi diagnosed by postoperative cholangiography through the T-tube.", "contents": "Treatment of retained bile duct calculi with T-tube infusion of sodium cholate and heparin. A series of 26 patients with retained radiolucent bile duct calculi diagnosed at postoperative cholangiagrophy through the T-tube is presented. All patients were treated with infusion of 15-20 g sodium cholate in 1000 ml saline and 20,000 units of heparin in 1000 ml saline per 24 hours. In 19 of 26 patients (73 per cent) the calculi disappeared. No complications were encountered. This treatment is recommended prior to reoperation in all patients with retained radiolucent bile duct calculi diagnosed by postoperative cholangiography through the T-tube."}
{"id": "PMID:866998", "title": "Frequency of gallstone disease in a well-defined Swedish population. A prospective necropsy study in Malm\u00f6.", "content": "In a necropsy series from Malm\u00f6 of 2,218 subjects above 20 years of age, and composing 88.2% of all persons above 20 who died that year in Malm\u00f6, the frequency of diseases of the gallbladder and bile ducts was studied. The frequency of gallstone disease (gallstone at necropsy or postoperative state) was 44%; 32% for males and 57% for females, with a maximum frequency for males of 57% in the 90-99 year age group and for women-about 63%-in all age groups above 70. Of subjects with cholecystolithiasis 27% had 1 stone, 36% 2-10 stones, and 8% had more than 100 stones. The same proportion-about one-fifth--of both men and women with gallstone disease had been operated upon, and in 11% of the operated cases stones were found in the remaining bile ducts. Chronic cholecystitis was noted in 17% of the cases. Cancer of the gallbladder was observed in 20 subjects with marked female preponderance. Cancer of the bile duct was noted in 12 cases. In 3.2% of the cases with gallstone disease this disease had been the cause of death (chief or contributory).", "contents": "Frequency of gallstone disease in a well-defined Swedish population. A prospective necropsy study in Malm\u00f6. In a necropsy series from Malm\u00f6 of 2,218 subjects above 20 years of age, and composing 88.2% of all persons above 20 who died that year in Malm\u00f6, the frequency of diseases of the gallbladder and bile ducts was studied. The frequency of gallstone disease (gallstone at necropsy or postoperative state) was 44%; 32% for males and 57% for females, with a maximum frequency for males of 57% in the 90-99 year age group and for women-about 63%-in all age groups above 70. Of subjects with cholecystolithiasis 27% had 1 stone, 36% 2-10 stones, and 8% had more than 100 stones. The same proportion-about one-fifth--of both men and women with gallstone disease had been operated upon, and in 11% of the operated cases stones were found in the remaining bile ducts. Chronic cholecystitis was noted in 17% of the cases. Cancer of the gallbladder was observed in 20 subjects with marked female preponderance. Cancer of the bile duct was noted in 12 cases. In 3.2% of the cases with gallstone disease this disease had been the cause of death (chief or contributory)."}
{"id": "PMID:866999", "title": "Acid secretory responses to histamine, pentagastrin, and feeding before and after vagal denervation of fundic pouches in cats.", "content": "Dose-response curves for acid output to histamine, pentagastrin and feeding were determined in cat before and after vagal denervation of the fundic pouch. Before denervation, the maximal response to the three stimulants was equal. Denervation reduced the acid response to histamine by decreasing the secretory capacity, and to pentagastrin by decreasing both the secretory capacity and sensitivity of the oxyntic glands. In this respect the effect of local and truncal vagotomy is equal in cats. The reduction of the response to feeding was greater than to histamine and pentagastrin. In the denervated pouch, the maximal response to feeding amounted to two-thirds of that to histamine and pentagastrin. This demonstrates that feeding does not release enough gastrin to induce maximal rate of acid secretion in the absence of vagal impulses. Nevertheless, feeding and pentagastrin produced equal maximal responses before denervation. This suggests that vagal impulses during feeding produce greater enhancement than basal vagal tone of the acid response to submaximal doses of gastrin.", "contents": "Acid secretory responses to histamine, pentagastrin, and feeding before and after vagal denervation of fundic pouches in cats. Dose-response curves for acid output to histamine, pentagastrin and feeding were determined in cat before and after vagal denervation of the fundic pouch. Before denervation, the maximal response to the three stimulants was equal. Denervation reduced the acid response to histamine by decreasing the secretory capacity, and to pentagastrin by decreasing both the secretory capacity and sensitivity of the oxyntic glands. In this respect the effect of local and truncal vagotomy is equal in cats. The reduction of the response to feeding was greater than to histamine and pentagastrin. In the denervated pouch, the maximal response to feeding amounted to two-thirds of that to histamine and pentagastrin. This demonstrates that feeding does not release enough gastrin to induce maximal rate of acid secretion in the absence of vagal impulses. Nevertheless, feeding and pentagastrin produced equal maximal responses before denervation. This suggests that vagal impulses during feeding produce greater enhancement than basal vagal tone of the acid response to submaximal doses of gastrin."}
{"id": "PMID:867000", "title": "Rectal mucosal adrenergic innervation and enterochromaffin cells in ulcerative colitis and irritable colon.", "content": "Rectal mucosal biopsies of 13 patients suffering from ulcerative colitis, 7 patients presenting symptomatology typical of irritable colon, and 7 control persons were studied by the recently introduced glyoxylic-acid-induced fluorescence histochemical method. In ulcerative colitis, compared to control specimens: 1) the density of the adrenergic nerve network was significantly pronounced; 2) the mean diameter of the varicosities and the proportional share of large varicosities were increased, as well as the number of varicosities per a given length of an axon; 3) the intensity of the fluorescence of varicosities of comparable size was significantly increased; 4) the number of enterochromaffin cells was significantly decreased. In irritable colon, compared to control specimens, the number of enterochromaffin cells was significantly increased. These findings suggest that biogenic amines are somehow involved in both ulcerative colitis and irritable colon. The fluorescence histochemical method used was found sensitive, specific, and suitable for comparative studies on human clinical material.", "contents": "Rectal mucosal adrenergic innervation and enterochromaffin cells in ulcerative colitis and irritable colon. Rectal mucosal biopsies of 13 patients suffering from ulcerative colitis, 7 patients presenting symptomatology typical of irritable colon, and 7 control persons were studied by the recently introduced glyoxylic-acid-induced fluorescence histochemical method. In ulcerative colitis, compared to control specimens: 1) the density of the adrenergic nerve network was significantly pronounced; 2) the mean diameter of the varicosities and the proportional share of large varicosities were increased, as well as the number of varicosities per a given length of an axon; 3) the intensity of the fluorescence of varicosities of comparable size was significantly increased; 4) the number of enterochromaffin cells was significantly decreased. In irritable colon, compared to control specimens, the number of enterochromaffin cells was significantly increased. These findings suggest that biogenic amines are somehow involved in both ulcerative colitis and irritable colon. The fluorescence histochemical method used was found sensitive, specific, and suitable for comparative studies on human clinical material."}
{"id": "PMID:867001", "title": "Diabetes and hypoglycemia in chronic pancreatitis.", "content": "Fifty-nine patients with chronic pancreatitis were studied in retrospect. The incidence of overt diabetes was high, 36/59. Half of the diabetics were insulin-dependent, and among these labile diabetes with hyperglycemia and high amounts of glucose in the urine was not uncommon. Hypoglycemic episodes were noted in 14 of the 18 insulin-treated patients, and in 3 patients severe hypoglycemia was believed to be the cause of death. Mechanisms leading to such disastrous hypoglycemia are discussed, and a hypothesis regarding lack of glucagon as the cause of severe hypoglycemic attacks was experimentally tested by measuring pancreatic glucagon in plasma in two patients with pancreatic diabetes and severe brain damage following hypoglycemic coma. Low basal glucagon values were found, and the normal rise upon insulin-induced hypoglycemia was not seen. From these results it may be justified to suggest, firstly that glucagon should be used in the management of severe hypoglycemia in chronic pancreatitis, and secondly that a certain degree of hyperglycemia should be allowed in the treatment of diabetes in these patients.", "contents": "Diabetes and hypoglycemia in chronic pancreatitis. Fifty-nine patients with chronic pancreatitis were studied in retrospect. The incidence of overt diabetes was high, 36/59. Half of the diabetics were insulin-dependent, and among these labile diabetes with hyperglycemia and high amounts of glucose in the urine was not uncommon. Hypoglycemic episodes were noted in 14 of the 18 insulin-treated patients, and in 3 patients severe hypoglycemia was believed to be the cause of death. Mechanisms leading to such disastrous hypoglycemia are discussed, and a hypothesis regarding lack of glucagon as the cause of severe hypoglycemic attacks was experimentally tested by measuring pancreatic glucagon in plasma in two patients with pancreatic diabetes and severe brain damage following hypoglycemic coma. Low basal glucagon values were found, and the normal rise upon insulin-induced hypoglycemia was not seen. From these results it may be justified to suggest, firstly that glucagon should be used in the management of severe hypoglycemia in chronic pancreatitis, and secondly that a certain degree of hyperglycemia should be allowed in the treatment of diabetes in these patients."}
{"id": "PMID:867002", "title": "Effects of cholecystokinin on the motility of the distal duodenum and the proximal jujunum in man.", "content": "Electrical spike potentials and intraluminal pressure variations were recorded in the distal part of the duodenum and proximal part of the jejunum in 5 normal human subjects before and after a bolus injection of cholecystokinin. A considerable increase in activity was observed in the jejunum after the hormone, whereas there was no response in the distal duodenum. Absence of reaction in the proximal duodenum and an increase in the motility in the distal ileum has previously been demonstrated after cholecystokinin administration. It is concluded that the human duodenum differs from the rest of the small intestine in its reaction to cholecystokinin. The change in reaction appears to occur on a level with the ligament of Treitz.", "contents": "Effects of cholecystokinin on the motility of the distal duodenum and the proximal jujunum in man. Electrical spike potentials and intraluminal pressure variations were recorded in the distal part of the duodenum and proximal part of the jejunum in 5 normal human subjects before and after a bolus injection of cholecystokinin. A considerable increase in activity was observed in the jejunum after the hormone, whereas there was no response in the distal duodenum. Absence of reaction in the proximal duodenum and an increase in the motility in the distal ileum has previously been demonstrated after cholecystokinin administration. It is concluded that the human duodenum differs from the rest of the small intestine in its reaction to cholecystokinin. The change in reaction appears to occur on a level with the ligament of Treitz."}
{"id": "PMID:867006", "title": "[Ways for the evaluation of the infectivity of HBS-Ag positive subjects].", "content": "It is highly desirable for the subject with HBsAg-positive blood and his contacts to be aware of the attendant infectivity. It appears that only blood containing DANE particles is infective. Today it is known that the blood of patients with chronic active hepatitis, of HBsAg-positive patients under immunosuppression, and during the early phase of acute viral hepatitis, contains large amounts of DANA particles. Therefore, from clinical data and histological evaluation of the liver it is possible to deduce the level of infectivity risk in a given patient. It is still an open question whether DNA-polymerase, HBc-antigen or the E-antigen provide helpful information on the infectivity of HBsAg blood.", "contents": "[Ways for the evaluation of the infectivity of HBS-Ag positive subjects]. It is highly desirable for the subject with HBsAg-positive blood and his contacts to be aware of the attendant infectivity. It appears that only blood containing DANE particles is infective. Today it is known that the blood of patients with chronic active hepatitis, of HBsAg-positive patients under immunosuppression, and during the early phase of acute viral hepatitis, contains large amounts of DANA particles. Therefore, from clinical data and histological evaluation of the liver it is possible to deduce the level of infectivity risk in a given patient. It is still an open question whether DNA-polymerase, HBc-antigen or the E-antigen provide helpful information on the infectivity of HBsAg blood."}
{"id": "PMID:867007", "title": "[Epidemiology of amebiasis and of tropical malaria].", "content": "The steady growth of intercontinental travel is causing an increasing incidence of tropical diseases in Switzerland. Malaria and amebiasis deserve special attention, due to their frequency and potential fatality. The epidemiology, clinical findings, diagnostic approach, and current treatment of malaria and amebiasis are briefly reviewed. If these infections are recognized in time and treated according to modern standards, fatal outcome is extremely rare.", "contents": "[Epidemiology of amebiasis and of tropical malaria]. The steady growth of intercontinental travel is causing an increasing incidence of tropical diseases in Switzerland. Malaria and amebiasis deserve special attention, due to their frequency and potential fatality. The epidemiology, clinical findings, diagnostic approach, and current treatment of malaria and amebiasis are briefly reviewed. If these infections are recognized in time and treated according to modern standards, fatal outcome is extremely rare."}
{"id": "PMID:867010", "title": "[Dihydralazine-induced acute hepatitis with IgM deficiency].", "content": "Two patients with IgM-deficiency developed acute, recurrent HB3-Ag negative hepatitis with bridging necrosis following ingestion of low daily doses of dihydralazine. The association between the drug and the liver disease appears probable, as recurrence of hepatitis followed each exposure. One patient developed high titers of antimitochondrial antibodies and the other low titers of antibodies against smooth muscles. The relationship between IgM-deficiency and dihydralazine hepatitis is not clear. Investigation of patients with IgM-deficiency for drug hypersensitivity and liver disease may provide additional information.", "contents": "[Dihydralazine-induced acute hepatitis with IgM deficiency]. Two patients with IgM-deficiency developed acute, recurrent HB3-Ag negative hepatitis with bridging necrosis following ingestion of low daily doses of dihydralazine. The association between the drug and the liver disease appears probable, as recurrence of hepatitis followed each exposure. One patient developed high titers of antimitochondrial antibodies and the other low titers of antibodies against smooth muscles. The relationship between IgM-deficiency and dihydralazine hepatitis is not clear. Investigation of patients with IgM-deficiency for drug hypersensitivity and liver disease may provide additional information."}
{"id": "PMID:867011", "title": "[Liver damage caused by adelphan].", "content": "Hepatic damage due to Adelphan or to one of its two components (Rauwolfia alkaloids [Reserpin] and 1,4-dihydrazinophthalazine [Nepresol]) has not thus far been described. A patient is presented who repeatedly reacted to Adelphan with fever, chills and hepatic damage. Adelphan should therefore be added to the list of drugs which may cause hepatic damage.", "contents": "[Liver damage caused by adelphan]. Hepatic damage due to Adelphan or to one of its two components (Rauwolfia alkaloids [Reserpin] and 1,4-dihydrazinophthalazine [Nepresol]) has not thus far been described. A patient is presented who repeatedly reacted to Adelphan with fever, chills and hepatic damage. Adelphan should therefore be added to the list of drugs which may cause hepatic damage."}
{"id": "PMID:867012", "title": "[Clinical study of the biological availability of lanatoside C and digoxin in long-term tests].", "content": "The bioavailability of digoxin and lanatoside C from tablets and dragees and from solutions of the two substances has been investigated intraindividually in patients on maintenance therapy. Plasma levels and urinary excretion were analyzed by radioimmunoassay. Both plasma concentrations and urinary excretion were significantly higher after digoxin tablets (1.5+/-0.17 ng/ml; 0.15 mg/24 h) than after lanatoside C dragees (0.98+/-0.15 ng/ml; 0.1 mg/24 h). When equimolar solutions of both drugs, corresponding to 0.5 mg digoxin, were given, plasma concentrations and urinary excretion after digoxin (1.6+/-0.08 ng/ml; 0.14 mg/24 h) were again significantly higher than after lanatoside C (1.18+/-0.09 ng/ml; 0.1 mg/24 h). These results suggest that while the absorption of lanatoside C is lower than that of digoxin, it is better than has been generally assummed. The variability in the absorption of lanatoside C between patients is no greater than with digoxin.", "contents": "[Clinical study of the biological availability of lanatoside C and digoxin in long-term tests]. The bioavailability of digoxin and lanatoside C from tablets and dragees and from solutions of the two substances has been investigated intraindividually in patients on maintenance therapy. Plasma levels and urinary excretion were analyzed by radioimmunoassay. Both plasma concentrations and urinary excretion were significantly higher after digoxin tablets (1.5+/-0.17 ng/ml; 0.15 mg/24 h) than after lanatoside C dragees (0.98+/-0.15 ng/ml; 0.1 mg/24 h). When equimolar solutions of both drugs, corresponding to 0.5 mg digoxin, were given, plasma concentrations and urinary excretion after digoxin (1.6+/-0.08 ng/ml; 0.14 mg/24 h) were again significantly higher than after lanatoside C (1.18+/-0.09 ng/ml; 0.1 mg/24 h). These results suggest that while the absorption of lanatoside C is lower than that of digoxin, it is better than has been generally assummed. The variability in the absorption of lanatoside C between patients is no greater than with digoxin."}
{"id": "PMID:867013", "title": "[Effect of the angiotensin antagonist saralasin on blood pressure and hemodynamics in patients with terminal renal insufficiency].", "content": "The angiotensin antagonist saralasin was infused both before and 10 hrs after dialysis in 10 hypertensive and 4 normotensive patients hemodialyzed for terminal renal failure. A significant increase in mean arterial pressure (MAP) and total peripheral resistance (TPR) without change in cardiac output measured by impedance cardiography were observed during the first few minutes of saralasin infusion. MAP and TPR decreased during the second half of the infusion in 4 hypertensive patients and remained at the preinfusion levels in 6 hypertensive and 4 normotensive patients. Plasma renin activity (PRA) was significantly higher in patients in whom MAP fell both before and after hemodialysis. There was a significant correlation between PRA before saralasin and the fall in MAP and TPR. The fall in MAP in 4 of 10 hypertensive patients demonstrates that inappropriately high renin and angiotensin levels are involved in the pathogenesis of hypertension in some patients with terminal renal failure. Volume factors are probably of primary importance in the other patients.", "contents": "[Effect of the angiotensin antagonist saralasin on blood pressure and hemodynamics in patients with terminal renal insufficiency]. The angiotensin antagonist saralasin was infused both before and 10 hrs after dialysis in 10 hypertensive and 4 normotensive patients hemodialyzed for terminal renal failure. A significant increase in mean arterial pressure (MAP) and total peripheral resistance (TPR) without change in cardiac output measured by impedance cardiography were observed during the first few minutes of saralasin infusion. MAP and TPR decreased during the second half of the infusion in 4 hypertensive patients and remained at the preinfusion levels in 6 hypertensive and 4 normotensive patients. Plasma renin activity (PRA) was significantly higher in patients in whom MAP fell both before and after hemodialysis. There was a significant correlation between PRA before saralasin and the fall in MAP and TPR. The fall in MAP in 4 of 10 hypertensive patients demonstrates that inappropriately high renin and angiotensin levels are involved in the pathogenesis of hypertension in some patients with terminal renal failure. Volume factors are probably of primary importance in the other patients."}
{"id": "PMID:867015", "title": "[Familial primary chronic type ventilation].", "content": "Primary hypoventilation (Ondine's curse), due to diminished sensitivity ofthe respiratory center to CO2, is very rare. Up to now only a few patients have been observed, ten of whom were children. Familial occurrence was reported in 1976 for the first time. The cases are described of a 10-year-old girl and her mother who both showed the typical clinical and pathophysiological symptoms. Our own observation also suggests that this unknown defect of respiratory regulation could be inherited. Sedation, anesthesia, or severe respiratory tract infection are life-threatening situations in these patients. Pulmonary hypertension and right heart failure are possible long-term complications.", "contents": "[Familial primary chronic type ventilation]. Primary hypoventilation (Ondine's curse), due to diminished sensitivity ofthe respiratory center to CO2, is very rare. Up to now only a few patients have been observed, ten of whom were children. Familial occurrence was reported in 1976 for the first time. The cases are described of a 10-year-old girl and her mother who both showed the typical clinical and pathophysiological symptoms. Our own observation also suggests that this unknown defect of respiratory regulation could be inherited. Sedation, anesthesia, or severe respiratory tract infection are life-threatening situations in these patients. Pulmonary hypertension and right heart failure are possible long-term complications."}
{"id": "PMID:867016", "title": "[Thyroid neoplasms before and after the prophylactic supplementation of table salt with iodine].", "content": "Fifty years ago Switzerland was known to be an endemic goiter area. Iodine deficiency has since been abolished by supplementation of table salt with iodine and increasing consumption of imported food. On the basis of the large number of specimens in the University Institute of Pathology in Z\u00fcrich, an attempt has been made to determine whether morphological aspects of malignant thyroid tumors have changed in the intervening perified according to the WHO nomenclature of 1974. Comparison of these results with those of a similar study covering the period from 1962 and 1973 showed that the relative incidence of some tumor types definitely changed following the introduction of iodine prophylaxis. Follicular and anaplastic carcinomas have decreased in number, while papillary carcinomas are nowadays more frequent. The sex-ratio distribution has also been modified, female patients being now in the majority. Altogether the proportion of differentiated carcinomas has increased during the period from 1962 onwards, and their far more favourable prognosis will probably lead to retrogressive mortality rates for malignant thyroid tumors.", "contents": "[Thyroid neoplasms before and after the prophylactic supplementation of table salt with iodine]. Fifty years ago Switzerland was known to be an endemic goiter area. Iodine deficiency has since been abolished by supplementation of table salt with iodine and increasing consumption of imported food. On the basis of the large number of specimens in the University Institute of Pathology in Z\u00fcrich, an attempt has been made to determine whether morphological aspects of malignant thyroid tumors have changed in the intervening perified according to the WHO nomenclature of 1974. Comparison of these results with those of a similar study covering the period from 1962 and 1973 showed that the relative incidence of some tumor types definitely changed following the introduction of iodine prophylaxis. Follicular and anaplastic carcinomas have decreased in number, while papillary carcinomas are nowadays more frequent. The sex-ratio distribution has also been modified, female patients being now in the majority. Altogether the proportion of differentiated carcinomas has increased during the period from 1962 onwards, and their far more favourable prognosis will probably lead to retrogressive mortality rates for malignant thyroid tumors."}
{"id": "PMID:867029", "title": "[Inside and outside particulate pollution of a locality].", "content": "The present study of the suspended matter concentration within and outside premises has shown: that inside premises, the filtrating effect of the walls during non-occupation periods (week-end) is apparent, thus the inside concentration remains below the outside concentration; that during the hours and the days when the premises are occupied, the inside concentration is significantly above the outside concentration; that the increase in concentration may be expressed by an \"occupation index\" depending on the number of people within the premises; that chemical composition and grain size spectrum undergo changes which seem to indicate the appearance of less acid particles which contain more ammonia and nitrates and less SO4, Ca, Fe and Pb than those to be found outside. These particles seem to originate from condensation and recent abrasion. This final point of the conclusions, based on preliminary experimental evidence, has not the pretention to be definite.", "contents": "[Inside and outside particulate pollution of a locality]. The present study of the suspended matter concentration within and outside premises has shown: that inside premises, the filtrating effect of the walls during non-occupation periods (week-end) is apparent, thus the inside concentration remains below the outside concentration; that during the hours and the days when the premises are occupied, the inside concentration is significantly above the outside concentration; that the increase in concentration may be expressed by an \"occupation index\" depending on the number of people within the premises; that chemical composition and grain size spectrum undergo changes which seem to indicate the appearance of less acid particles which contain more ammonia and nitrates and less SO4, Ca, Fe and Pb than those to be found outside. These particles seem to originate from condensation and recent abrasion. This final point of the conclusions, based on preliminary experimental evidence, has not the pretention to be definite."}
{"id": "PMID:867030", "title": "Environmental asbestos pollution related to use of quarried serpentine rock.", "content": "Crushed serpentinite quarried in Montgomery County, Maryland, has been extensively used for paving roads and other surfaces. The mineral assemblage includes antigorite or lizardite as well as chrysotile and tremolite. Air samples taken in the vicinity of serpentine-paved roads show that chrysotile concentrations are about 10(3) times greater than those typically found in urban ambient air in the United States.", "contents": "Environmental asbestos pollution related to use of quarried serpentine rock. Crushed serpentinite quarried in Montgomery County, Maryland, has been extensively used for paving roads and other surfaces. The mineral assemblage includes antigorite or lizardite as well as chrysotile and tremolite. Air samples taken in the vicinity of serpentine-paved roads show that chrysotile concentrations are about 10(3) times greater than those typically found in urban ambient air in the United States."}
{"id": "PMID:867031", "title": "Pathogenic amoebas from brackish and ocean sediments, with a description of Acanthamoeba hatchetti, n. sp.", "content": "Acanthamoeba culbertsoni was isolated from a sewage-spoil dump site near Ambrose Light, New York Bight. A second species, Acanthamoeba hatchetti, n. sp., was isolated from Brewerton Channel, Baltimore Harbor, Maryland. Both species killed laboratory mice after infection by the intranasal route.", "contents": "Pathogenic amoebas from brackish and ocean sediments, with a description of Acanthamoeba hatchetti, n. sp. Acanthamoeba culbertsoni was isolated from a sewage-spoil dump site near Ambrose Light, New York Bight. A second species, Acanthamoeba hatchetti, n. sp., was isolated from Brewerton Channel, Baltimore Harbor, Maryland. Both species killed laboratory mice after infection by the intranasal route."}
{"id": "PMID:867032", "title": "Radioimmunoassay for abnormal hemoglobins.", "content": "A sensitive and specific radioimmunoassay has been developed for the identification or quantification of the human hemoglobin variants S, C, D-Los Angeles, E, G Philadelphia, Russ, O Arab, Beograd, J Paris I, G San Jose, Q Iran, Korle Bu, and F Malta I. In the immunoassay, monospecific antibody preparations are used which recognize the single amino acid substitution in the variant polypeptide chail and do not cross-react with normal hemoglobins or hemoglobin variants containing a different amino acid exchange at the same position.", "contents": "Radioimmunoassay for abnormal hemoglobins. A sensitive and specific radioimmunoassay has been developed for the identification or quantification of the human hemoglobin variants S, C, D-Los Angeles, E, G Philadelphia, Russ, O Arab, Beograd, J Paris I, G San Jose, Q Iran, Korle Bu, and F Malta I. In the immunoassay, monospecific antibody preparations are used which recognize the single amino acid substitution in the variant polypeptide chail and do not cross-react with normal hemoglobins or hemoglobin variants containing a different amino acid exchange at the same position."}
{"id": "PMID:867033", "title": "Potential operating region for ultrasoft x-ray microscopy of biological materials.", "content": "Calculations are presented which indicate an extensive suboptical region in the microscopy of biological materials in their natural state which is accessible to ultrasoft x-ray transmission microscopy. Throughout most of the region, radiation dosage levels to the specimen are lower than in electron microscopy.", "contents": "Potential operating region for ultrasoft x-ray microscopy of biological materials. Calculations are presented which indicate an extensive suboptical region in the microscopy of biological materials in their natural state which is accessible to ultrasoft x-ray transmission microscopy. Throughout most of the region, radiation dosage levels to the specimen are lower than in electron microscopy."}
{"id": "PMID:867034", "title": "Synthetic peptides form ion channels in artificial lipid bilayer membranes.", "content": "Ion permeability of cell membranes is considered to be mediated by ion channels. The synthesis and testing of four peptides having the sequence (Leu-Ser-Leu-Gly)n and expected to form beta126,6-helical ion channels in lipid bilayer membranes is reported. The two peptides capable of forming helices four turns in length have been demonstrated to form ion channels in an artificial lipid bilayer membrane system. The ion selectivity of the channels is consistent with the predicted beta12-helical model in which ions traversing the channel are coordinated by serine hydroxyl groups arrayed in the interior of the channel.", "contents": "Synthetic peptides form ion channels in artificial lipid bilayer membranes. Ion permeability of cell membranes is considered to be mediated by ion channels. The synthesis and testing of four peptides having the sequence (Leu-Ser-Leu-Gly)n and expected to form beta126,6-helical ion channels in lipid bilayer membranes is reported. The two peptides capable of forming helices four turns in length have been demonstrated to form ion channels in an artificial lipid bilayer membrane system. The ion selectivity of the channels is consistent with the predicted beta12-helical model in which ions traversing the channel are coordinated by serine hydroxyl groups arrayed in the interior of the channel."}
{"id": "PMID:867038", "title": "Laser fluorimetry: subpicogram detection of aflatoxins using high-pressure liquid chromatography.", "content": "The use of high-pressure liquid chromatographic separation in conjunction with laser-induced fluorescence detection permits the analysis of trace fluorescent species at new limits of sensitivity. This technique was applied to the carcinogens aflatoxins B1, B2, G1, and G2, which were linearly quantitated to 7.5 x 10(-13) gram. The procedure consists of forming more fluorescent aflatoxin derivatives, eluting the aflatoxins from a reverse-phase column, focusing the 325-nanometer output of a helium-cadmium ion laser into a suspended droplet of the eluent, and measuring the resulting fluorescence using phase-sensitive detection.", "contents": "Laser fluorimetry: subpicogram detection of aflatoxins using high-pressure liquid chromatography. The use of high-pressure liquid chromatographic separation in conjunction with laser-induced fluorescence detection permits the analysis of trace fluorescent species at new limits of sensitivity. This technique was applied to the carcinogens aflatoxins B1, B2, G1, and G2, which were linearly quantitated to 7.5 x 10(-13) gram. The procedure consists of forming more fluorescent aflatoxin derivatives, eluting the aflatoxins from a reverse-phase column, focusing the 325-nanometer output of a helium-cadmium ion laser into a suspended droplet of the eluent, and measuring the resulting fluorescence using phase-sensitive detection."}
{"id": "PMID:867039", "title": "Monomeric forms of the acid ionophore lasalocid A (X-537A) from polar solvents.", "content": "X-ray structural analyses have been carried out on the free acid of lasalocid A (X-537A) and on the sodium salt, both crystallized from methanol solution. In each case the structure is monomeric with one molecule of methanol complexing to the free acid and to the salt.", "contents": "Monomeric forms of the acid ionophore lasalocid A (X-537A) from polar solvents. X-ray structural analyses have been carried out on the free acid of lasalocid A (X-537A) and on the sodium salt, both crystallized from methanol solution. In each case the structure is monomeric with one molecule of methanol complexing to the free acid and to the salt."}
{"id": "PMID:867040", "title": "Increasing photosynthesis by inhibiting photorespiration with glyoxylate.", "content": "Glyoxylate treatment doubles net photosynthetic carbon dioxide fixation by tobacco leaf disks because inhibition of glycolate synthesis by glyoxylate results in decreased photorespiration. These observations show that photorespiration can be metabolically regulated and suggest that genetic or chemical alteration of pool sizes of certain metabolites can produce plants with increased photosynthesis.", "contents": "Increasing photosynthesis by inhibiting photorespiration with glyoxylate. Glyoxylate treatment doubles net photosynthetic carbon dioxide fixation by tobacco leaf disks because inhibition of glycolate synthesis by glyoxylate results in decreased photorespiration. These observations show that photorespiration can be metabolically regulated and suggest that genetic or chemical alteration of pool sizes of certain metabolites can produce plants with increased photosynthesis."}
{"id": "PMID:867041", "title": "Persistence of Hong Kong influenza virus variants in pigs.", "content": "The A/Hong Kong/1/68 (H3N2) influenza virus which has not been isolated from man for several years, was recently isolated from pigs in Hong Kong. Influenza viruses similar to A/Victoria/3/75, which are currently circulating in man, were also isolated from pigs. Both above-mentioned viruses could be transmitted readily from pig to pig in experimental studies. The isolation of influenza viruses similar to A/Hong Kong/68 from pigs in 1976 suggests that pigs may serve as a potential reservoir for future human pandemics as well as a possible source of genetic information for recombination between human and porcine strains of influenza virus.", "contents": "Persistence of Hong Kong influenza virus variants in pigs. The A/Hong Kong/1/68 (H3N2) influenza virus which has not been isolated from man for several years, was recently isolated from pigs in Hong Kong. Influenza viruses similar to A/Victoria/3/75, which are currently circulating in man, were also isolated from pigs. Both above-mentioned viruses could be transmitted readily from pig to pig in experimental studies. The isolation of influenza viruses similar to A/Hong Kong/68 from pigs in 1976 suggests that pigs may serve as a potential reservoir for future human pandemics as well as a possible source of genetic information for recombination between human and porcine strains of influenza virus."}
{"id": "PMID:867042", "title": "Tumor antigen and human chorionic gonadotropin in CaSki cells: a new epidermoid cervical cancer cell line.", "content": "Epidermoid cervical carcinoma cells (CaSki line) have been established in continuous culture. When leukocytes from cervical cancer patients were incubated with CaSki culture fluid concentrates, inhibition of leukocyte migration was observed in more than 70 percent of the patients tested. By contrast, significantly less inhibition was observed with normal donor leukocytes or leukocytes from patients with other types of cancer. These results were consistent with the expression of tumor-associated antigen by CaSki cells. Analysis of the serum from the donor of the cell line at the time of tumor biopsy, and of CaSki culture fluids, demonstrated the presence of the beta subunit of human chorionic gonadotropin.", "contents": "Tumor antigen and human chorionic gonadotropin in CaSki cells: a new epidermoid cervical cancer cell line. Epidermoid cervical carcinoma cells (CaSki line) have been established in continuous culture. When leukocytes from cervical cancer patients were incubated with CaSki culture fluid concentrates, inhibition of leukocyte migration was observed in more than 70 percent of the patients tested. By contrast, significantly less inhibition was observed with normal donor leukocytes or leukocytes from patients with other types of cancer. These results were consistent with the expression of tumor-associated antigen by CaSki cells. Analysis of the serum from the donor of the cell line at the time of tumor biopsy, and of CaSki culture fluids, demonstrated the presence of the beta subunit of human chorionic gonadotropin."}
{"id": "PMID:867043", "title": "Steroid contraceptive use and cervical dysplasia: increased risk of progression.", "content": "In a prospective study of women with dysplasia of the cervix, there was an increase in severity of dysplasia and of conversion to cancer in situ in users of the contraceptive pill compared with users of other contraceptive methods. There was a delay in this adverse response. Nonreversal of dysplasia within the first 6 months of pill use is predictive of progression after prolonged exposure.", "contents": "Steroid contraceptive use and cervical dysplasia: increased risk of progression. In a prospective study of women with dysplasia of the cervix, there was an increase in severity of dysplasia and of conversion to cancer in situ in users of the contraceptive pill compared with users of other contraceptive methods. There was a delay in this adverse response. Nonreversal of dysplasia within the first 6 months of pill use is predictive of progression after prolonged exposure."}
{"id": "PMID:867044", "title": "Motor vehicle fatalities increase just after publicized suicide stories.", "content": "The average increase in motor vehicle fatalities is 9.12 percent in the week after a suicide story. The more publicity given to the story, the greater the rise in motor vehicle deaths thereafter. This rise apparently occurs because suicide stories stimulate a wave of imitative suicides, some of which are disguised as motor vehicle accidents.", "contents": "Motor vehicle fatalities increase just after publicized suicide stories. The average increase in motor vehicle fatalities is 9.12 percent in the week after a suicide story. The more publicity given to the story, the greater the rise in motor vehicle deaths thereafter. This rise apparently occurs because suicide stories stimulate a wave of imitative suicides, some of which are disguised as motor vehicle accidents."}
{"id": "PMID:867045", "title": "Somatostatin: analogs with selected biological activities.", "content": "[D-Cys14]-Somatostatin is the first analog of somatostatin found to be more potent in inhibiting glucagon and growth hormone secretion that it is in inhibiting insulin secretion. [D-Trp8]-Somatostatin is eight to ten times more potent than somatostatin in inhibiting insulin, glucagon, and growth hormone secretion. [D-Trp8, D-Cys14]-Somatostatin is more potent than [D-Cys14]-Somatostatin, but retains its relative selectivity in being a more potent inhibitor of the secretion of glucagon and growth hormone than of insulin.", "contents": "Somatostatin: analogs with selected biological activities. [D-Cys14]-Somatostatin is the first analog of somatostatin found to be more potent in inhibiting glucagon and growth hormone secretion that it is in inhibiting insulin secretion. [D-Trp8]-Somatostatin is eight to ten times more potent than somatostatin in inhibiting insulin, glucagon, and growth hormone secretion. [D-Trp8, D-Cys14]-Somatostatin is more potent than [D-Cys14]-Somatostatin, but retains its relative selectivity in being a more potent inhibitor of the secretion of glucagon and growth hormone than of insulin."}
{"id": "PMID:867046", "title": "Somatostatin: electron microscope immunohistochemical localization in secretory neurons of rat hypothalamus.", "content": "Somatostatin, the hypothalamic hormone which inhibits the secretion of growth hormone by the pituitary, has been localized in the rat hypothalamus by using electron microscope immunohistochemistry. Somatostatin occurs in secretory granules (80 to 110 nm in diameter) of a few neurons located in the hypothalamic periventricular nucleus. These observations establish the identity of neurosecretory neurons involved in the regulation of adenohypophyseal secretion.", "contents": "Somatostatin: electron microscope immunohistochemical localization in secretory neurons of rat hypothalamus. Somatostatin, the hypothalamic hormone which inhibits the secretion of growth hormone by the pituitary, has been localized in the rat hypothalamus by using electron microscope immunohistochemistry. Somatostatin occurs in secretory granules (80 to 110 nm in diameter) of a few neurons located in the hypothalamic periventricular nucleus. These observations establish the identity of neurosecretory neurons involved in the regulation of adenohypophyseal secretion."}
{"id": "PMID:867047", "title": "Birth order and intellectual development: the confluence model in the light of cross-cultural evidence.", "content": "For Israeli eighth-grade students of Asian-African origin, achievement decreases as a function of birth order in small families and increases as a function of birth order in large families. This finding cannot be accounted for by differences in developmental rate or size of birth intervals. It can be accounted for by considering the effect of external influences, such as schooling, on intellectual development.", "contents": "Birth order and intellectual development: the confluence model in the light of cross-cultural evidence. For Israeli eighth-grade students of Asian-African origin, achievement decreases as a function of birth order in small families and increases as a function of birth order in large families. This finding cannot be accounted for by differences in developmental rate or size of birth intervals. It can be accounted for by considering the effect of external influences, such as schooling, on intellectual development."}
{"id": "PMID:867048", "title": "Cannabinoids inhibit testosterone secretion by mouse testes in vitro.", "content": "Addition of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol or cannabinol to an incubation medium containing decapsulated mouse testes caused a significant reduction in the accumulation of testosterone in the medium. This result suggests that the reported effects of cannabis on male sexual and reproductive function may result from direct inhibition of testicular steroidogenesis by both psychoactive and nonpsychoactive constituents of marihuana.", "contents": "Cannabinoids inhibit testosterone secretion by mouse testes in vitro. Addition of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol or cannabinol to an incubation medium containing decapsulated mouse testes caused a significant reduction in the accumulation of testosterone in the medium. This result suggests that the reported effects of cannabis on male sexual and reproductive function may result from direct inhibition of testicular steroidogenesis by both psychoactive and nonpsychoactive constituents of marihuana."}
{"id": "PMID:867049", "title": "Suppression of sympathetic nervous system during fasting.", "content": "Two days of fasting in rats significantly reduces the turnover of norepinephrine in the heart. In contrast to the effects of ganglionic blockade in fed controls, similar blockade in fasted animals is without significant effect on [3H]-norepinephrine retention or endogenous norepinephrine in the heart. These data are consistent with suppression of centrally mediated sympathetic activity in the fasted state. The decrease in norepinephrine turnover during fasting is completely reversed by 1 day of refeeding.", "contents": "Suppression of sympathetic nervous system during fasting. Two days of fasting in rats significantly reduces the turnover of norepinephrine in the heart. In contrast to the effects of ganglionic blockade in fed controls, similar blockade in fasted animals is without significant effect on [3H]-norepinephrine retention or endogenous norepinephrine in the heart. These data are consistent with suppression of centrally mediated sympathetic activity in the fasted state. The decrease in norepinephrine turnover during fasting is completely reversed by 1 day of refeeding."}
{"id": "PMID:867050", "title": "2-Deoxy-alpha-ecdysone from ovaries and eggs of the silkworm, Bombyx mori.", "content": "From ovaries dissected from developing and emerged adults of the silkworm, Bombyx mori, two substances having high molting hormone activity were isolated. One of these was identified as 2-deoxy-alpha-ecdysone by means of high-pressure liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry. Although this compound had previously been isolated from the fern Blechnum minus and postulated to be the precursor of alpha-ecdysone, it had not been obtained from insect material. The compound is also contained in the form of a conjugate in ovaries as well as in diapausing silkworm embryos.", "contents": "2-Deoxy-alpha-ecdysone from ovaries and eggs of the silkworm, Bombyx mori. From ovaries dissected from developing and emerged adults of the silkworm, Bombyx mori, two substances having high molting hormone activity were isolated. One of these was identified as 2-deoxy-alpha-ecdysone by means of high-pressure liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry. Although this compound had previously been isolated from the fern Blechnum minus and postulated to be the precursor of alpha-ecdysone, it had not been obtained from insect material. The compound is also contained in the form of a conjugate in ovaries as well as in diapausing silkworm embryos."}
{"id": "PMID:867051", "title": "Cardiac glycosides in the defensive secretion of chrysomelid beetles: evidence for their production by the insects.", "content": "The defensive secretions of some chrysomelid beetles belonging to the genera Chrysolina, Chrysochloa, and Dlochrysa contain complex mixtures of cardenolides. The spectral data for some of these compounds suggest that they are monohydroxylated digitoxigenin derivatives linked to a pentose (such as xylose or arabinose). Evidence indicates that the beetles do not sequester these steroid glycosides from their host plants.", "contents": "Cardiac glycosides in the defensive secretion of chrysomelid beetles: evidence for their production by the insects. The defensive secretions of some chrysomelid beetles belonging to the genera Chrysolina, Chrysochloa, and Dlochrysa contain complex mixtures of cardenolides. The spectral data for some of these compounds suggest that they are monohydroxylated digitoxigenin derivatives linked to a pentose (such as xylose or arabinose). Evidence indicates that the beetles do not sequester these steroid glycosides from their host plants."}
{"id": "PMID:867052", "title": "Freeze-fractured purple membrane particles: protein content.", "content": "Optical diffraction and image reconstruction can be used to correlate the electron microscope image of the biological membrane with its electron density projection. Such correlation shows that a single purple membrane particle contains 9 to 12 protein molecules--63 to 84 transmembrane alpha helices--a complexity two to ten times greater than that previously suggested for membrane particles.", "contents": "Freeze-fractured purple membrane particles: protein content. Optical diffraction and image reconstruction can be used to correlate the electron microscope image of the biological membrane with its electron density projection. Such correlation shows that a single purple membrane particle contains 9 to 12 protein molecules--63 to 84 transmembrane alpha helices--a complexity two to ten times greater than that previously suggested for membrane particles."}
{"id": "PMID:867053", "title": "Androgen concentration in motor neurons of cranial nerves and spinal cord.", "content": "After injection of [3H]dihydrotestosterone, a major testosterone metabolite, radioactivity is concentrated in nuclei of certain cells in the midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata, cerebellum, and spinal cord. While there is some overlap between androgen and estrogen target neuron distribution, certain motor neurons appear to be selectively labeled by androgen; in contrast, estrogen localization prevails in sensory neurons. These results may help to explain why male sexual behavior in some rodents is not fully activated with dihydrotestosterone alone but in addition requires estradiol, a testosterone metabolite.", "contents": "Androgen concentration in motor neurons of cranial nerves and spinal cord. After injection of [3H]dihydrotestosterone, a major testosterone metabolite, radioactivity is concentrated in nuclei of certain cells in the midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata, cerebellum, and spinal cord. While there is some overlap between androgen and estrogen target neuron distribution, certain motor neurons appear to be selectively labeled by androgen; in contrast, estrogen localization prevails in sensory neurons. These results may help to explain why male sexual behavior in some rodents is not fully activated with dihydrotestosterone alone but in addition requires estradiol, a testosterone metabolite."}
{"id": "PMID:867054", "title": "Stereopsis in the falcon.", "content": "Stereoscopic depth perception is demonstrated in the falcon, a non-mammalian with binocular vision. This result complements recent physiological evidence for binocular interaction in the bird visual system, and suggests that stereopsis may be a general attribute of vertebrate vision and not an exclusive product of mammalian evolution.", "contents": "Stereopsis in the falcon. Stereoscopic depth perception is demonstrated in the falcon, a non-mammalian with binocular vision. This result complements recent physiological evidence for binocular interaction in the bird visual system, and suggests that stereopsis may be a general attribute of vertebrate vision and not an exclusive product of mammalian evolution."}
{"id": "PMID:867055", "title": "Homosexual rape and sexual selection in acanthocephalan worms.", "content": "Acanthocephalan males have cement glands associated with the vas deferens, secretions from which seal the female vagina with a cap after copulation and so prevent subsequent insemination. Homosexual rape results in the male victim having the genital region sealed off with cement and effectively removed from the reproductive population. Sperm and cement are transferred to females during copulation, but apparently only cement is transferred to males during homosexual rape. Acanthocephalans conform to a parental investment model, and we interpret the evolution of the cement gland and sexual behavior as the result of sexual selection.", "contents": "Homosexual rape and sexual selection in acanthocephalan worms. Acanthocephalan males have cement glands associated with the vas deferens, secretions from which seal the female vagina with a cap after copulation and so prevent subsequent insemination. Homosexual rape results in the male victim having the genital region sealed off with cement and effectively removed from the reproductive population. Sperm and cement are transferred to females during copulation, but apparently only cement is transferred to males during homosexual rape. Acanthocephalans conform to a parental investment model, and we interpret the evolution of the cement gland and sexual behavior as the result of sexual selection."}
{"id": "PMID:867056", "title": "Morphine and enkephalin: analgesic and epileptic properties.", "content": "Systemic and intracerebroventricular administration of analgesic doses of morphine resulted in large increments of spontaneous multiple unit activity in the periaqueductal gray matter of the awake rat. Intracerebroventricular injection of methionine enkephalin gave analgesia in only 8 of 19 rats, but in all 8, and in no others, increased periaqueductal multiple unit firing was also seen. These findings support the view that the periaqueductal gray matter is actively involved in endogenous mechanisms of analgesia. A striking observation was that enkephalin caused electrographic and behavioral epileptic phenomena in most animals. This observation together with other recent findings suggests that endogenous enkephalin may play some role in epileptogenesis.", "contents": "Morphine and enkephalin: analgesic and epileptic properties. Systemic and intracerebroventricular administration of analgesic doses of morphine resulted in large increments of spontaneous multiple unit activity in the periaqueductal gray matter of the awake rat. Intracerebroventricular injection of methionine enkephalin gave analgesia in only 8 of 19 rats, but in all 8, and in no others, increased periaqueductal multiple unit firing was also seen. These findings support the view that the periaqueductal gray matter is actively involved in endogenous mechanisms of analgesia. A striking observation was that enkephalin caused electrographic and behavioral epileptic phenomena in most animals. This observation together with other recent findings suggests that endogenous enkephalin may play some role in epileptogenesis."}
{"id": "PMID:867057", "title": "Efferent optic nerve fibers mediate circadian rhythms in the Limulus eye.", "content": "When the horseshoe crab is kept in constant darkness, the lateral eye produces larger electroretinographic and optic nerve responses at night than during the day. These circadian rhythms are mediated by synchronous bursts of efferent impulses in the optic nerve trunk. The endogenous efferent activity appears to increase both the gain and the quantum catch of the photoreceptors.", "contents": "Efferent optic nerve fibers mediate circadian rhythms in the Limulus eye. When the horseshoe crab is kept in constant darkness, the lateral eye produces larger electroretinographic and optic nerve responses at night than during the day. These circadian rhythms are mediated by synchronous bursts of efferent impulses in the optic nerve trunk. The endogenous efferent activity appears to increase both the gain and the quantum catch of the photoreceptors."}
{"id": "PMID:867172", "title": "Toxic hepatitis in black patients in natal.", "content": "The clinical and pathological features of toxic centrilobular zonal necrosis in Natal Blacks are described. It is suggested that this condition may be caused by the toxic action of Callilepis laureola (known to the Zulu as 'impila'). This plant and other herbs are used by many Blacks for self-medication or are prescribed by herbalists and witchdoctors.", "contents": "Toxic hepatitis in black patients in natal. The clinical and pathological features of toxic centrilobular zonal necrosis in Natal Blacks are described. It is suggested that this condition may be caused by the toxic action of Callilepis laureola (known to the Zulu as 'impila'). This plant and other herbs are used by many Blacks for self-medication or are prescribed by herbalists and witchdoctors."}
{"id": "PMID:867173", "title": "Bence Jones myelomatosis and intravenous pyelography.", "content": "The consequences of intravenous pyelography are described in 3 patients with unsuspected myelomatosis. One patient died, and 1 surviving patient showed unusual solubility of Bence Jones protein to acid pH in vitro. The urine of a third patient was negative for Bence Jones protein. Simple chemical screening of urine, to detect Bence Jones protein, is essential before patients undergo urography.", "contents": "Bence Jones myelomatosis and intravenous pyelography. The consequences of intravenous pyelography are described in 3 patients with unsuspected myelomatosis. One patient died, and 1 surviving patient showed unusual solubility of Bence Jones protein to acid pH in vitro. The urine of a third patient was negative for Bence Jones protein. Simple chemical screening of urine, to detect Bence Jones protein, is essential before patients undergo urography."}
{"id": "PMID:867174", "title": "Serum levels of 25-hydroxycholecalciferol as a diagnostic aid in vitamin D deficiency states.", "content": "The measurement of serum levels of 25-hydroxycholecalciferol in the diagnosis of rickets is discussed in the light of recently acquired knowledge of vitamin D metabolism. A useful clinicopathological classification of rickets is presented and various aetiological mechanisms are discussed.", "contents": "Serum levels of 25-hydroxycholecalciferol as a diagnostic aid in vitamin D deficiency states. The measurement of serum levels of 25-hydroxycholecalciferol in the diagnosis of rickets is discussed in the light of recently acquired knowledge of vitamin D metabolism. A useful clinicopathological classification of rickets is presented and various aetiological mechanisms are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:867175", "title": "Sick leave--honour or expediency?", "content": "Experience has shown that doctors tend to be overgenerous when awarding sick leave. Quite rightly their first consideration is their patient, but frequently too little thought is given to the overall effect that excessive absence because of illness may have have on the patient, on the company in which he works, and on the country as a whole. Economically, these effects may be profound. A tempered industrial viewpoint is put forward and South African law regarding sick leave is outlined. A plea is made to doctors to safeguard their sick leave notes, prescription pads or letterhead paper, to award sick leave on merit, giving legible sick leave notes containing the necessary information, and to the profession not to overlook the wider aspects of the matter.", "contents": "Sick leave--honour or expediency? Experience has shown that doctors tend to be overgenerous when awarding sick leave. Quite rightly their first consideration is their patient, but frequently too little thought is given to the overall effect that excessive absence because of illness may have have on the patient, on the company in which he works, and on the country as a whole. Economically, these effects may be profound. A tempered industrial viewpoint is put forward and South African law regarding sick leave is outlined. A plea is made to doctors to safeguard their sick leave notes, prescription pads or letterhead paper, to award sick leave on merit, giving legible sick leave notes containing the necessary information, and to the profession not to overlook the wider aspects of the matter."}
{"id": "PMID:867176", "title": "Studies on Bermuda grass pollen allergens.", "content": "Two allergens, BGP-1 and BGP-2, were identified in crude Bermuda grass pollen extract. BGP-1 was a major allergen and elicited a skin reaction in all subjects sensitive to the crude extract, whereas BGP-2 was a minor allergen and elicited a reaction in only 75% of such subjects. Calibrated column chromatography was used to determine the molecular weights and Stokes radii of the allergens. For BGP-1 they were 30 000 daltons and 24,3 X 10(-8) cm respectively and for BGP-2 they were 14 000 daltons and 18,1 X 10(-8) respectively. The sedimentation coefficient (S20,w) of BGP-1 on sucrose density gradient ultracentrifugation was 3,1 and on iso-electric focusing its iso-electric point was found to be pH 5,4. The reason why only certain individuals sensitive to BGP-1 are sensitive to BGP-2 is discussed. It is possible that the former is a dimer of the latter.", "contents": "Studies on Bermuda grass pollen allergens. Two allergens, BGP-1 and BGP-2, were identified in crude Bermuda grass pollen extract. BGP-1 was a major allergen and elicited a skin reaction in all subjects sensitive to the crude extract, whereas BGP-2 was a minor allergen and elicited a reaction in only 75% of such subjects. Calibrated column chromatography was used to determine the molecular weights and Stokes radii of the allergens. For BGP-1 they were 30 000 daltons and 24,3 X 10(-8) cm respectively and for BGP-2 they were 14 000 daltons and 18,1 X 10(-8) respectively. The sedimentation coefficient (S20,w) of BGP-1 on sucrose density gradient ultracentrifugation was 3,1 and on iso-electric focusing its iso-electric point was found to be pH 5,4. The reason why only certain individuals sensitive to BGP-1 are sensitive to BGP-2 is discussed. It is possible that the former is a dimer of the latter."}
{"id": "PMID:867179", "title": "Tuberculosis of the breast.", "content": "Twenty-one cases of mammary tuberculosis are reported and the attendant clinical and histological difficulties described. It is probable that contemporary clinicians would now make the clinical diagnosis of breast abscess or carcinoma. Furthermore, the histological features (without demonstration or culture of the organism) may be confused with those granulomatous epithelloid reactions seen in mammary duct ectasia (comedo cell mastitis, plasma cell mastitis) and in traumatic fat necrosis.", "contents": "Tuberculosis of the breast. Twenty-one cases of mammary tuberculosis are reported and the attendant clinical and histological difficulties described. It is probable that contemporary clinicians would now make the clinical diagnosis of breast abscess or carcinoma. Furthermore, the histological features (without demonstration or culture of the organism) may be confused with those granulomatous epithelloid reactions seen in mammary duct ectasia (comedo cell mastitis, plasma cell mastitis) and in traumatic fat necrosis."}
{"id": "PMID:867180", "title": "The changing epidemiology of serum albumin levels in Southern Africa.", "content": "It is generally accepted that serum albumin levels are the best criterion of protein nutritional status. In order to investigate this situation in the Black populations of South Africa, serum albumin concentrations were determined in several hundred normal individuals during each of three large-scale epidemiological surveys. The populations, who lived at very different socio-economic levels, were a tribal Xhosa group, a rural Tswana community and a sample of the detribalized urban population of Soweto. In each group males and females had similar serum albumin levels, which decreased with advancing age; however, there were significant overall differences between each of these populations (P less than 0,05). In distinction to the findings in other surveys, the rural group had the highest serum albumin level, while the tribal population had the lowest. It is apparent that the semi-westernized rural Tswana group enjoy an adequate standard of protein nutrition, the urban community is in a marginal situation, and the tribal Xhosa group is seriously undernourished.", "contents": "The changing epidemiology of serum albumin levels in Southern Africa. It is generally accepted that serum albumin levels are the best criterion of protein nutritional status. In order to investigate this situation in the Black populations of South Africa, serum albumin concentrations were determined in several hundred normal individuals during each of three large-scale epidemiological surveys. The populations, who lived at very different socio-economic levels, were a tribal Xhosa group, a rural Tswana community and a sample of the detribalized urban population of Soweto. In each group males and females had similar serum albumin levels, which decreased with advancing age; however, there were significant overall differences between each of these populations (P less than 0,05). In distinction to the findings in other surveys, the rural group had the highest serum albumin level, while the tribal population had the lowest. It is apparent that the semi-westernized rural Tswana group enjoy an adequate standard of protein nutrition, the urban community is in a marginal situation, and the tribal Xhosa group is seriously undernourished."}
{"id": "PMID:867181", "title": "The perinatal infective environment and infants of very low birth weight.", "content": "Evidence of an infective environment was frequently found in infants weighing less than 1 500 g at birth. Bacterial cultures from multiple sites bore no correlation to pus cells in the gastric aspirate or to placental histology. Positive cultures of ear swabs correlated with mortality, as did placental infection. The presence of pus cells in the gastric aspirate was related to histological evidence of placental infection. The duration or rupture of membranes and the serum IgM levels were not significantly associated with other findings.", "contents": "The perinatal infective environment and infants of very low birth weight. Evidence of an infective environment was frequently found in infants weighing less than 1 500 g at birth. Bacterial cultures from multiple sites bore no correlation to pus cells in the gastric aspirate or to placental histology. Positive cultures of ear swabs correlated with mortality, as did placental infection. The presence of pus cells in the gastric aspirate was related to histological evidence of placental infection. The duration or rupture of membranes and the serum IgM levels were not significantly associated with other findings."}
{"id": "PMID:867182", "title": "Familial hyperchylomicronaemia in four families. Problems in diagnosis, management, and aetiology reviewed.", "content": "We report on the clinical and biochemical findings of 8 patients with familial hyperchylomicronaemia (type I hyperlipoproteinaemia) from 4 separate kindreds. The diagnosis is generally easily established by the presence, in standing plasma, of a creamy chylomicron layer over a clear infranatant and by the large predominance of triglycerides over cholesterol in the plasma. Additional aids are the presence of chylomicrons on lipoprotein electrophoresis and the markedly reduced liberation of lipolytic activity into the plasma of these patients, after the administration of heparin. Difficulties in diagnosis may arise in patients on reduced fat diets, resulting in an increase of very low density lipoproteins and a type IV or V phenotype. The precise nature of the primary genetic defect remains to be established but the disorder appears to be aetiologically distinct from type IV or V hyperlipoproteinaemia. Reduction of chylomicron, and hence of triglyceride values in the plasma, is wholly dietary.", "contents": "Familial hyperchylomicronaemia in four families. Problems in diagnosis, management, and aetiology reviewed. We report on the clinical and biochemical findings of 8 patients with familial hyperchylomicronaemia (type I hyperlipoproteinaemia) from 4 separate kindreds. The diagnosis is generally easily established by the presence, in standing plasma, of a creamy chylomicron layer over a clear infranatant and by the large predominance of triglycerides over cholesterol in the plasma. Additional aids are the presence of chylomicrons on lipoprotein electrophoresis and the markedly reduced liberation of lipolytic activity into the plasma of these patients, after the administration of heparin. Difficulties in diagnosis may arise in patients on reduced fat diets, resulting in an increase of very low density lipoproteins and a type IV or V phenotype. The precise nature of the primary genetic defect remains to be established but the disorder appears to be aetiologically distinct from type IV or V hyperlipoproteinaemia. Reduction of chylomicron, and hence of triglyceride values in the plasma, is wholly dietary."}
{"id": "PMID:867183", "title": "Portal vein thrombosis in adults.", "content": "Idiopathic thrombotic occlusion of the extrahepatic portal vein is one of the commonest causes of portal hypertension in adult Blacks. The condition occurs more frequently in men and may be accompanied by evidence of minor functional impairment of the liver. Associated pancytopenia is quantitatively related to the degree of splenomegaly. Assessment of a spectrum of variables of blood coagulation and fibrinolysis, while failing to shed light on  the possible pathogenesis, does suggest a rational basis for thrombolytic therapy.", "contents": "Portal vein thrombosis in adults. Idiopathic thrombotic occlusion of the extrahepatic portal vein is one of the commonest causes of portal hypertension in adult Blacks. The condition occurs more frequently in men and may be accompanied by evidence of minor functional impairment of the liver. Associated pancytopenia is quantitatively related to the degree of splenomegaly. Assessment of a spectrum of variables of blood coagulation and fibrinolysis, while failing to shed light on  the possible pathogenesis, does suggest a rational basis for thrombolytic therapy."}
{"id": "PMID:867184", "title": "Cavernous haemangioma of the spleen. A case report.", "content": "Splenic cavernous haemangioma is a rare cause of splenomegaly. It is a benign tumour which has seldom been diagnosed pre-operatively, because the clinical presentation is usually atypical. This is reflected in a patient who presented with splenomegaly, and in whom cavernous haemangioma of the spleen was diagnosed only after operation.", "contents": "Cavernous haemangioma of the spleen. A case report. Splenic cavernous haemangioma is a rare cause of splenomegaly. It is a benign tumour which has seldom been diagnosed pre-operatively, because the clinical presentation is usually atypical. This is reflected in a patient who presented with splenomegaly, and in whom cavernous haemangioma of the spleen was diagnosed only after operation."}
{"id": "PMID:867191", "title": "Clinical experience with the contraction stress test.", "content": "During a period of 16 months, 1 170 contraction stress tests (CST) were performed on 767 women who were at high risk of losing their babies. The tests were positive in 42 patients, of whom 29 were subsequently delivered by caesarean section. Fetal distress, which necessitated caesarean section, occurred in 5 of 6 cases of intra-uterine growth retardation in which labour was induced. Abruptio placentae caused the intra-uterine death of 4 fetuses, 3 of which died within 7 days of a negative CST. The low perinatal mortality rate of 13 demonstrates the reliability of the CST in the evaluation of placental function in obstetric patients who are at high risk.", "contents": "Clinical experience with the contraction stress test. During a period of 16 months, 1 170 contraction stress tests (CST) were performed on 767 women who were at high risk of losing their babies. The tests were positive in 42 patients, of whom 29 were subsequently delivered by caesarean section. Fetal distress, which necessitated caesarean section, occurred in 5 of 6 cases of intra-uterine growth retardation in which labour was induced. Abruptio placentae caused the intra-uterine death of 4 fetuses, 3 of which died within 7 days of a negative CST. The low perinatal mortality rate of 13 demonstrates the reliability of the CST in the evaluation of placental function in obstetric patients who are at high risk."}
{"id": "PMID:867193", "title": "Pressure necrosis of a caesarean section scar with exteriorization of the gravid uterus. A case report.", "content": "A case of pressure necrosis of a caesarean section scar with protrusion of the gravid uterus through the wound is described. We can find no mention of a similar case in the literature. The management during the pregnancy presented some alarming problems, all of which were overcome, and the pregnancy was terminated by caesarean hysterectomy at 38 weeks. A healthy baby was delivered and the mother recovered.", "contents": "Pressure necrosis of a caesarean section scar with exteriorization of the gravid uterus. A case report. A case of pressure necrosis of a caesarean section scar with protrusion of the gravid uterus through the wound is described. We can find no mention of a similar case in the literature. The management during the pregnancy presented some alarming problems, all of which were overcome, and the pregnancy was terminated by caesarean hysterectomy at 38 weeks. A healthy baby was delivered and the mother recovered."}
{"id": "PMID:867194", "title": "Perinatal mortality in Cape Town.", "content": "Perinatal mortality in Cape Town has progressively decreased in all racial groups over the past 60 years. The perinatal mortality rate for Coloureds and Blacks, however, remains at 20 per 1 000 more than for Whites. While the stillbirth rate approximates the early neonatal death rate in Whites, the stillbirth rate for Coloureds and Blacks is double the rate for early neonatal deaths. Although there is a significantly higher early neonatal death rate for Coloureds and Blacks, the major component of perinatal loss is stillbirth and 80% of stillbirths occur before the onset of labour. Focus should be on the detection of the fetus at risk, with, perhaps, earlier intervention.", "contents": "Perinatal mortality in Cape Town. Perinatal mortality in Cape Town has progressively decreased in all racial groups over the past 60 years. The perinatal mortality rate for Coloureds and Blacks, however, remains at 20 per 1 000 more than for Whites. While the stillbirth rate approximates the early neonatal death rate in Whites, the stillbirth rate for Coloureds and Blacks is double the rate for early neonatal deaths. Although there is a significantly higher early neonatal death rate for Coloureds and Blacks, the major component of perinatal loss is stillbirth and 80% of stillbirths occur before the onset of labour. Focus should be on the detection of the fetus at risk, with, perhaps, earlier intervention."}
{"id": "PMID:867195", "title": "The relationship between maternal height and weight at booking and perinatal mortality.", "content": "In this study, more of the Coloured women weighed less than 45 kg and more of them were significantly shorter than Black and White women. The short (less than 149 cm) Coloureds had a high perinatal mortality, as did the thin Coloureds (less than 45 kg). The short, thin Coloured women had the highest perinatal mortality, and fetal loss in this group was associated with preterm delivery, stillbirths before labour and fetoplacental inadequacy. Maternal height is an indicator of nutrition in childhood and maternal weight an indicator of more recent nutrition. Weight gain in pregnancy is particularly important in short, thin individuals.", "contents": "The relationship between maternal height and weight at booking and perinatal mortality. In this study, more of the Coloured women weighed less than 45 kg and more of them were significantly shorter than Black and White women. The short (less than 149 cm) Coloureds had a high perinatal mortality, as did the thin Coloureds (less than 45 kg). The short, thin Coloured women had the highest perinatal mortality, and fetal loss in this group was associated with preterm delivery, stillbirths before labour and fetoplacental inadequacy. Maternal height is an indicator of nutrition in childhood and maternal weight an indicator of more recent nutrition. Weight gain in pregnancy is particularly important in short, thin individuals."}
{"id": "PMID:867196", "title": "Hypertension in pregnancy and perinatal mortality.", "content": "The effect of various forms of hypertension on perinatal mortality has been investigated. Non-essential, non-proteinuric hypertension had relatively little effect on perinatal mortality, whereas essential and proteinuric forms of hypertension had a marked influence. Diastolic blood pressures of less than 110 mmHg did not influence perinatal mortality. Fetal loss from hypertensive disease was largely accounted for by fetoplacental inadequacy, accidental haemorrhage and preterm delivery. Management more suited to individual needs and induction of labour, once biological and lung maturity has been achieved, is advocated.", "contents": "Hypertension in pregnancy and perinatal mortality. The effect of various forms of hypertension on perinatal mortality has been investigated. Non-essential, non-proteinuric hypertension had relatively little effect on perinatal mortality, whereas essential and proteinuric forms of hypertension had a marked influence. Diastolic blood pressures of less than 110 mmHg did not influence perinatal mortality. Fetal loss from hypertensive disease was largely accounted for by fetoplacental inadequacy, accidental haemorrhage and preterm delivery. Management more suited to individual needs and induction of labour, once biological and lung maturity has been achieved, is advocated."}
{"id": "PMID:867197", "title": "The challenge of obstetrics in a developing country.", "content": "For the 13 months between 1 May 1975 and 31 May 1976 a prospective study was made in a maternity wing of a hospital in a developing country. Out of 2196 mothers who gave birth, 278 were classified as requiring special care. The rate of caesarean section showed a steep fall, from 30,76% in 1967 to 2,98% in 1976. The rate for the present series was just over 3%. The series has highlighted the challenges the obstetrician has to meet in a developing country. Patients with pre-eclampsia rank high in the admissions, as do patients with a bad obstetric history, Venereal disease is commonly encountered and requires adequate treatment. Lack of adequate medical services is among the important factors responsible for the obstetric difficulties encountered. Lack of communication and transport facilities aggravates the problems of midwives and obstetricians in developing countries. This study shows how a simple plan and hard work by all concerned can achieve commendable results in spite of the overwhelming inadequacies.", "contents": "The challenge of obstetrics in a developing country. For the 13 months between 1 May 1975 and 31 May 1976 a prospective study was made in a maternity wing of a hospital in a developing country. Out of 2196 mothers who gave birth, 278 were classified as requiring special care. The rate of caesarean section showed a steep fall, from 30,76% in 1967 to 2,98% in 1976. The rate for the present series was just over 3%. The series has highlighted the challenges the obstetrician has to meet in a developing country. Patients with pre-eclampsia rank high in the admissions, as do patients with a bad obstetric history, Venereal disease is commonly encountered and requires adequate treatment. Lack of adequate medical services is among the important factors responsible for the obstetric difficulties encountered. Lack of communication and transport facilities aggravates the problems of midwives and obstetricians in developing countries. This study shows how a simple plan and hard work by all concerned can achieve commendable results in spite of the overwhelming inadequacies."}
{"id": "PMID:867200", "title": "Lymphogranuloma venereum presenting as superclavicular and inguinal lymphadenopathy.", "content": "A 46-year-old woman developed a febrile illness characterized by supraclavicular and inguinal lymphadopathy. The diagnosis of lymphogranuloma venereum was made by a fourfold rise in complement fixing antibody titer. Treatment with tetracycline was successful. Lymphogranuloma venereum can yield protean manifestations, and should be considered in the differential diagnosis of patients with constitutional symptoms and lymphadenopathy at any site.", "contents": "Lymphogranuloma venereum presenting as superclavicular and inguinal lymphadenopathy. A 46-year-old woman developed a febrile illness characterized by supraclavicular and inguinal lymphadopathy. The diagnosis of lymphogranuloma venereum was made by a fourfold rise in complement fixing antibody titer. Treatment with tetracycline was successful. Lymphogranuloma venereum can yield protean manifestations, and should be considered in the differential diagnosis of patients with constitutional symptoms and lymphadenopathy at any site."}
{"id": "PMID:867201", "title": "An evaluation of microcult g.c. in venereal disease clinics.", "content": "Microcult G.C. is a kit for cultivation and identification of Neisseria gonorrhoeae. ue of this kit was compared with the cultivation and identification methods of the Neisseria Department, Statens Seruminstitut, Copenhagen (WHO collaborating center for reference and research in gonococci). The investigation included 203 men and 80 women who appeared for examination at our veneral disease clinics. For examination of urethral specimens from men the predictive value of positive tests was found to be 93% and the predictive value of negative tests was 94%. For specimens from the urethra and cervix of women, the predictive value of positive tests was 95% and the predictive value of negative tests was 90%. The reliability of these results makes Microocult G.C. a valuable supplement to microscopy in venereal disease clinics with a relative high prevalence of gonorrhoea. The predictive value of positive tests from the anal canal was 21% and from the tonsils 3%; in these locations the test is not suitable for diagnostic purposes.", "contents": "An evaluation of microcult g.c. in venereal disease clinics. Microcult G.C. is a kit for cultivation and identification of Neisseria gonorrhoeae. ue of this kit was compared with the cultivation and identification methods of the Neisseria Department, Statens Seruminstitut, Copenhagen (WHO collaborating center for reference and research in gonococci). The investigation included 203 men and 80 women who appeared for examination at our veneral disease clinics. For examination of urethral specimens from men the predictive value of positive tests was found to be 93% and the predictive value of negative tests was 94%. For specimens from the urethra and cervix of women, the predictive value of positive tests was 95% and the predictive value of negative tests was 90%. The reliability of these results makes Microocult G.C. a valuable supplement to microscopy in venereal disease clinics with a relative high prevalence of gonorrhoea. The predictive value of positive tests from the anal canal was 21% and from the tonsils 3%; in these locations the test is not suitable for diagnostic purposes."}
{"id": "PMID:867202", "title": "Inhibition of Corynebacterium vaginale by metronidazole.", "content": "Metronidazole [1-(2-hydroxyethyl)-2-methyl-5-nitroimidazole], previously thought to only inhibit obligately anaerobic bacteria, was found in vitro, to inhibit the growth of 15 facultatively anaerobic strains of Corynebacterium vaginale (Haemophilus vaginalis) using agar disk diffusion and broth dilution methods.", "contents": "Inhibition of Corynebacterium vaginale by metronidazole. Metronidazole [1-(2-hydroxyethyl)-2-methyl-5-nitroimidazole], previously thought to only inhibit obligately anaerobic bacteria, was found in vitro, to inhibit the growth of 15 facultatively anaerobic strains of Corynebacterium vaginale (Haemophilus vaginalis) using agar disk diffusion and broth dilution methods."}
{"id": "PMID:867203", "title": "An evaluation of the microcult gonorrhea detection system.", "content": "The Microcult Gonorrhea Detection System employs a dehydrated selective medium adsorbed into a cellulose matrix. The medium is rehydrated before use, then incubated in a foil pouch with a tablet that releases carbon dioxide. Duplicate specimens were plated in parallel on modified Thayer-Martin media and Microcult media. In all, 131 urethral specimens which contained gram-negative intracellular diplococci, 311 cervical specimens and 308 anal specimens were studied. Gonococci were isolated on modified Thayer-Martin media from 128 urethral, 63 cervical, and 29 anal specimens. In contrast 109 urethral, 48 cervical, and 5 anal specimens were shown to contain gonococci using the Microcult system. The Microcult system is inferior to fresh modified Thayer-Martin media for detecting gonococci.", "contents": "An evaluation of the microcult gonorrhea detection system. The Microcult Gonorrhea Detection System employs a dehydrated selective medium adsorbed into a cellulose matrix. The medium is rehydrated before use, then incubated in a foil pouch with a tablet that releases carbon dioxide. Duplicate specimens were plated in parallel on modified Thayer-Martin media and Microcult media. In all, 131 urethral specimens which contained gram-negative intracellular diplococci, 311 cervical specimens and 308 anal specimens were studied. Gonococci were isolated on modified Thayer-Martin media from 128 urethral, 63 cervical, and 29 anal specimens. In contrast 109 urethral, 48 cervical, and 5 anal specimens were shown to contain gonococci using the Microcult system. The Microcult system is inferior to fresh modified Thayer-Martin media for detecting gonococci."}
{"id": "PMID:867204", "title": "Serologic testing for gonorrhea.", "content": "A simple, adequately evaluated serologic test is not now available for use in gonorrhea screening programs. Some of the factors responsible for the relatively low sensitivity and specificity of serologic tests for gonorrhea as compared to cultural techniques are discussed. These include the time required for development of an immunologic response after infection, cross-reactivity with other antigens, and the persistence of antibody after therapy. At present, gonococcal serologic tests may be useful to the clinician in establishing the diagnosis of disseminated gonococcal infection, especially if paired sera demonstrate a change in antibody titer. Current research on the antigenic structure of the gonococcus may lead to the development of improved serologic tests for use in screening programs. However, the performance of any test may vary according to sex of the patient, presence of symptoms, history of prior gonococcal infection, and duration of the current infection. The physician must understand these factors when considering the use of any serologic test for gonorrhea.", "contents": "Serologic testing for gonorrhea. A simple, adequately evaluated serologic test is not now available for use in gonorrhea screening programs. Some of the factors responsible for the relatively low sensitivity and specificity of serologic tests for gonorrhea as compared to cultural techniques are discussed. These include the time required for development of an immunologic response after infection, cross-reactivity with other antigens, and the persistence of antibody after therapy. At present, gonococcal serologic tests may be useful to the clinician in establishing the diagnosis of disseminated gonococcal infection, especially if paired sera demonstrate a change in antibody titer. Current research on the antigenic structure of the gonococcus may lead to the development of improved serologic tests for use in screening programs. However, the performance of any test may vary according to sex of the patient, presence of symptoms, history of prior gonococcal infection, and duration of the current infection. The physician must understand these factors when considering the use of any serologic test for gonorrhea."}
{"id": "PMID:867205", "title": "The etiology of nongonococcal urethritis in men attending a venereal disease clinic.", "content": "Nongonococcal urethritis was identified as a major reason that men attended our Venereal Disease Clinic. The prevalence of several agents that  might cause nongonococcal urethritis was determined. Attempts were made to isolate gonococci; chlamydiae, Ureaplasms urealyticum, trichmonads, Candida sp., and Corynebacterium vaginale from urethral swabs from 307 men. Chlamydiae were recovered from 31% of the 67 men with nongonococcal urethritis compared to only 4% of 86 asymptomatic men without pyuria. Unexpectedly, cultures from only 4% of the 99 men with gonorrhea also yielded chlamydiae. Ureaplasma urealyticum was recovered from 9 of 27 asymptomatic men (33%), 16 of 30 men with nongonococcal urethritis (53%) and 16 of 68 men with gonorrhea (42%). These differences were not statistically significant. However, when chlamydiae-positive men were excluded from the analysis urethritis. Twelve of 18 (76%) men with nononchlamdial nongonococcal urethritis yielded the organism compared to 8 of 26 (31%) men without urethritis. The other organisms sought were recovered infrequently and could not be associated with  nongonococcal urethritis.", "contents": "The etiology of nongonococcal urethritis in men attending a venereal disease clinic. Nongonococcal urethritis was identified as a major reason that men attended our Venereal Disease Clinic. The prevalence of several agents that  might cause nongonococcal urethritis was determined. Attempts were made to isolate gonococci; chlamydiae, Ureaplasms urealyticum, trichmonads, Candida sp., and Corynebacterium vaginale from urethral swabs from 307 men. Chlamydiae were recovered from 31% of the 67 men with nongonococcal urethritis compared to only 4% of 86 asymptomatic men without pyuria. Unexpectedly, cultures from only 4% of the 99 men with gonorrhea also yielded chlamydiae. Ureaplasma urealyticum was recovered from 9 of 27 asymptomatic men (33%), 16 of 30 men with nongonococcal urethritis (53%) and 16 of 68 men with gonorrhea (42%). These differences were not statistically significant. However, when chlamydiae-positive men were excluded from the analysis urethritis. Twelve of 18 (76%) men with nononchlamdial nongonococcal urethritis yielded the organism compared to 8 of 26 (31%) men without urethritis. The other organisms sought were recovered infrequently and could not be associated with  nongonococcal urethritis."}
{"id": "PMID:867206", "title": "Gonococcal meningitis and ventriculitis in the presence of a ventriculoperitoneal shunt.", "content": "This report describes a young woman with a ventriculoperitoneal shunt who developed gonococcal meningitis and ventriculitis. Her infection responded to treatment with antimicrobial agents without removal of the shunt.", "contents": "Gonococcal meningitis and ventriculitis in the presence of a ventriculoperitoneal shunt. This report describes a young woman with a ventriculoperitoneal shunt who developed gonococcal meningitis and ventriculitis. Her infection responded to treatment with antimicrobial agents without removal of the shunt."}
{"id": "PMID:867221", "title": "Surgical treatment for thyroid cancer.", "content": "Thyroid cancer, although a rare disease, may cause significant disability and even death. Its proper surgical management is based on an understanding of the different biolgoic behavior of the four subtypes. Papillary and follicular cancers are best managed by total lobectomy on the side of the lesion and subtotal lobectomy on the contralateral side, unless there is gross disease bilaterally or distant metastasis (in which circumstances total thyroidectomy is performed). Cervical lymph node metastasis, when present, is handled satisfactorily by modified neck dissection. Because of its high incidence of multicentricity and its more serious prognosis, medullary thyroid carcinoma is managed by total thyroidectomy and--usually--radical neck dissection for involved nodes. For anaplastic carcinoma, there is no effective treatment at present. Postoperatively, all patients should be given suppressive doses of thyroid hormone to prevent myxedema and to prevent cancer from recurring. Radioiodine therapy may be of value in suppressing metastasis of some papillary and follicular cancers that exhibit a high degree of follicular differentiation.", "contents": "Surgical treatment for thyroid cancer. Thyroid cancer, although a rare disease, may cause significant disability and even death. Its proper surgical management is based on an understanding of the different biolgoic behavior of the four subtypes. Papillary and follicular cancers are best managed by total lobectomy on the side of the lesion and subtotal lobectomy on the contralateral side, unless there is gross disease bilaterally or distant metastasis (in which circumstances total thyroidectomy is performed). Cervical lymph node metastasis, when present, is handled satisfactorily by modified neck dissection. Because of its high incidence of multicentricity and its more serious prognosis, medullary thyroid carcinoma is managed by total thyroidectomy and--usually--radical neck dissection for involved nodes. For anaplastic carcinoma, there is no effective treatment at present. Postoperatively, all patients should be given suppressive doses of thyroid hormone to prevent myxedema and to prevent cancer from recurring. Radioiodine therapy may be of value in suppressing metastasis of some papillary and follicular cancers that exhibit a high degree of follicular differentiation."}
{"id": "PMID:867224", "title": "Paragangliomas of the neck: clinical and pathologic analysis of 116 cases.", "content": "Neck tumors developing from the paraganglion system are best called paragangliomas. They may be described further as to site of origin and as to whether they are functioning or nonfunctioning. Review was made of 116 cases in which operation for paraganglioma was performed at the Mayo Clinic. The diagnosis depends upon demonstration of a lateral neck mass, elimination of other causes, and a tumor blush on angiography. Screening tests should be done to determine whether the tumor is producing epinephrine. Surgical management should be selective, depending upon the location and involvement of surrounding structures, particularly the carotid artery system. A conservative approach is indicated for those patients whose tumor surrounds the carotid vessels, because the risk of complications is greater than the risk of leaving the tumor in the neck. Conservatism is also indicated for patients in the older age group, because of the slow growth of these tumors and the low incidence of malignancy.", "contents": "Paragangliomas of the neck: clinical and pathologic analysis of 116 cases. Neck tumors developing from the paraganglion system are best called paragangliomas. They may be described further as to site of origin and as to whether they are functioning or nonfunctioning. Review was made of 116 cases in which operation for paraganglioma was performed at the Mayo Clinic. The diagnosis depends upon demonstration of a lateral neck mass, elimination of other causes, and a tumor blush on angiography. Screening tests should be done to determine whether the tumor is producing epinephrine. Surgical management should be selective, depending upon the location and involvement of surrounding structures, particularly the carotid artery system. A conservative approach is indicated for those patients whose tumor surrounds the carotid vessels, because the risk of complications is greater than the risk of leaving the tumor in the neck. Conservatism is also indicated for patients in the older age group, because of the slow growth of these tumors and the low incidence of malignancy."}
{"id": "PMID:867273", "title": "The influence of D-penicillamine on the proliferation rate of cells from the upper limb bud of mouse embryos in vitro.", "content": "D-Penicillamine was given on the fourth day of culture of limb buds from 11-day mouse embryos at a dose of 100 microng/ml medium and allowed to react for 24 hours. On day 5 there was found a significant decrease in the [3H] thymidine labeling index of cartilage cells and of cells of the perichondrium, whereas mesenchyme cells showed no decrease in proliferation under these conditions. The toxic effects of D-penicillamine on prenatal skeletal developement in vivo could therefore result not only from direct action on collagen but also via inhibition of proliferation of cartilage cells.", "contents": "The influence of D-penicillamine on the proliferation rate of cells from the upper limb bud of mouse embryos in vitro. D-Penicillamine was given on the fourth day of culture of limb buds from 11-day mouse embryos at a dose of 100 microng/ml medium and allowed to react for 24 hours. On day 5 there was found a significant decrease in the [3H] thymidine labeling index of cartilage cells and of cells of the perichondrium, whereas mesenchyme cells showed no decrease in proliferation under these conditions. The toxic effects of D-penicillamine on prenatal skeletal developement in vivo could therefore result not only from direct action on collagen but also via inhibition of proliferation of cartilage cells."}
{"id": "PMID:867274", "title": "Descriptive system for congenital limb anomalies.", "content": "A descriptive system for the nomenclature, notation and classification of congenital limb malformations, suitable for clinical, epidemiological and experimental use is presented. Every developmental limb anomaly is described by stating the type of anomaly and the affected anatomic structure. All anomalies are classified into three basic types: excess, deficiency and fusion. The anatomic structure of the affected limb is defined within a two dimensional order. This system was used to describe 652 cases with isolated developmental limb anomalies obtained from two series of observations. The observed data are presented in a progressively expanded classification ranging from 4 to 497 diagnostic categories. Observed incidence rates for the four main types of anomaly from a sample of 297,299 consecutive livebirths, are: excess: 1.22; deficiency: 0.17; fusion: 0.20; combined: 0.24 per thousand.", "contents": "Descriptive system for congenital limb anomalies. A descriptive system for the nomenclature, notation and classification of congenital limb malformations, suitable for clinical, epidemiological and experimental use is presented. Every developmental limb anomaly is described by stating the type of anomaly and the affected anatomic structure. All anomalies are classified into three basic types: excess, deficiency and fusion. The anatomic structure of the affected limb is defined within a two dimensional order. This system was used to describe 652 cases with isolated developmental limb anomalies obtained from two series of observations. The observed data are presented in a progressively expanded classification ranging from 4 to 497 diagnostic categories. Observed incidence rates for the four main types of anomaly from a sample of 297,299 consecutive livebirths, are: excess: 1.22; deficiency: 0.17; fusion: 0.20; combined: 0.24 per thousand."}
{"id": "PMID:867275", "title": "Craniomyeloschisis: a spontaneous mutation of the rat.", "content": "Craniomyeloschisis (proposed gene symbol cms) was a spontaneous mutation of the rat inherited as an autosomal recessive trait with complete penetrance. Homozygous offspring died at birth with failure of closure of the neural tube caudal to the midbrain. Neural crest derivatives were relatively normal. There were associated severe malformations of the axial skeleton including skull, vertebral column, and ribs. The pattern of malformations was quite uniform. Heterozygotes were anatomically normal. The mutation is extinct.", "contents": "Craniomyeloschisis: a spontaneous mutation of the rat. Craniomyeloschisis (proposed gene symbol cms) was a spontaneous mutation of the rat inherited as an autosomal recessive trait with complete penetrance. Homozygous offspring died at birth with failure of closure of the neural tube caudal to the midbrain. Neural crest derivatives were relatively normal. There were associated severe malformations of the axial skeleton including skull, vertebral column, and ribs. The pattern of malformations was quite uniform. Heterozygotes were anatomically normal. The mutation is extinct."}
{"id": "PMID:867276", "title": "Trypan blue accumulation in the embryonic gut of rats and mice during the teratogenic phase.", "content": "Four to 48 hours after iv and sc administration of teratogenic doses of trypan blue to rats and mice the uterus was removed and rapidly frozen, after having been placed in a horizontal plane, and frozen sections were attached to tape and dried at a low temperature. By this procedure embryos and placental structures were present in the same sections and loss or redistribution of the dye was minimized. The dye was found in the yolk-sac cavity and to be accumulated in the visceral (proximal) endoderm. It was also acculmulated in the embryonic endoderm--forming the embryonic gut. This accumulation occurred after the administration of the trypan blue up to the time of closure of the vitelline duct, which occurs at 11 days postconception in rats and 9.5 days in mice. None was found when injection was made after this closure. No dye was detected in the ecto- and mesodermal layers. The period of embryonic uptake of trypan blue largely corresponds with the period of teratogenic sensitivity in these species as reported by others.", "contents": "Trypan blue accumulation in the embryonic gut of rats and mice during the teratogenic phase. Four to 48 hours after iv and sc administration of teratogenic doses of trypan blue to rats and mice the uterus was removed and rapidly frozen, after having been placed in a horizontal plane, and frozen sections were attached to tape and dried at a low temperature. By this procedure embryos and placental structures were present in the same sections and loss or redistribution of the dye was minimized. The dye was found in the yolk-sac cavity and to be accumulated in the visceral (proximal) endoderm. It was also acculmulated in the embryonic endoderm--forming the embryonic gut. This accumulation occurred after the administration of the trypan blue up to the time of closure of the vitelline duct, which occurs at 11 days postconception in rats and 9.5 days in mice. None was found when injection was made after this closure. No dye was detected in the ecto- and mesodermal layers. The period of embryonic uptake of trypan blue largely corresponds with the period of teratogenic sensitivity in these species as reported by others."}
{"id": "PMID:867277", "title": "Drug-induced limb dysplasias in fetal rabbits.", "content": "Pregnant New Zealand White rabbits were treated on gestation day 12 with 19.2 mg/kg methotrexate (MTX), 750 mg/kg hydroxyurea (HU), or 1,500 mg/kg acetazolamide. Rabbits were killed either 2-32 hours posttreatment for histological analysis of embryos or at day 29 for gross and skeletal examination of fetuses. tmtx produced cleft palate, hydrocephalus, and fore- and hindlimb reduction defects. Histological analysis revealed pyknosis and edema in mesenchymal tissues at four to eight hours following treatment. The apical ectodermal ridges (AER) of treated embryos permanently lost their characteristic pseudostratified organization. By 32 hours the limb buds had regained their normal appearance except for the AER. HU affected all fetuses with skull and facial anomalies as well as severe reduction deformities of all limbs. Histologically HU-treated embryos had numerous, basophilic, intercellular granules (presumably cell debris) which appeared within two to four hours in the limb bud mesenchyme, neural tube, and dorsal root ganglion. The architecture of the AER was unchanged. Acetazolamide produced bilateral retarded ossification or possible aplasia of the first metacarpal and talus in nearly 80% of fetuses. Microscopic examination disclosed no apparent alterations in limb-bud morphology. Methyl green-pyronin Y staining called attention to green intracellular droplets within the endoderm of the trachea and bronchi at two hours posttreatment. It was concluded that the three drugs do not produce limb dysplasias by a common teratogenic mechanism.", "contents": "Drug-induced limb dysplasias in fetal rabbits. Pregnant New Zealand White rabbits were treated on gestation day 12 with 19.2 mg/kg methotrexate (MTX), 750 mg/kg hydroxyurea (HU), or 1,500 mg/kg acetazolamide. Rabbits were killed either 2-32 hours posttreatment for histological analysis of embryos or at day 29 for gross and skeletal examination of fetuses. tmtx produced cleft palate, hydrocephalus, and fore- and hindlimb reduction defects. Histological analysis revealed pyknosis and edema in mesenchymal tissues at four to eight hours following treatment. The apical ectodermal ridges (AER) of treated embryos permanently lost their characteristic pseudostratified organization. By 32 hours the limb buds had regained their normal appearance except for the AER. HU affected all fetuses with skull and facial anomalies as well as severe reduction deformities of all limbs. Histologically HU-treated embryos had numerous, basophilic, intercellular granules (presumably cell debris) which appeared within two to four hours in the limb bud mesenchyme, neural tube, and dorsal root ganglion. The architecture of the AER was unchanged. Acetazolamide produced bilateral retarded ossification or possible aplasia of the first metacarpal and talus in nearly 80% of fetuses. Microscopic examination disclosed no apparent alterations in limb-bud morphology. Methyl green-pyronin Y staining called attention to green intracellular droplets within the endoderm of the trachea and bronchi at two hours posttreatment. It was concluded that the three drugs do not produce limb dysplasias by a common teratogenic mechanism."}
{"id": "PMID:867323", "title": "Quantitative structural study of pulmonary circulation in the newborn with aortic atresia, stenosis, or coarctation.", "content": "Study of the structural features of the pulmonary circulation in various types of congenital heart disease makes it possible to correlate function and structure in the fetal and newborn lung. We applied quantitative morphometric techniques to the injected and inflated lungs of newborn infants who had died with obstruction to left ventricular outflow from aortic atresia, stenosis, or coarctation. The structure and development of the pulmonary circulation was judged by the number of arteries and veins and their size and wall structure, with particular attention to vessels within the respiratory unit. The study established for the first time that the structure of the pulmonary circulation is modified by the antenatal abnormalities in blood flow that occur through the heart and great vessels in the presence of congenital heart disease. Fetal multiplication of intra-acinar arteries in aortic atresia and stenosis is increased as also is the muscularity of both pre- and intra-acinar arteries and veins, muscle extending into smaller and more peripheral vessels than is normal at birth. When the pulmonary circulation is normal before birth but arterial pressure and flow are abnormally increased at birth, as in coarctation with patent ductus and ventricular septal defect, an increase in arterial diameter and muscularity is apparent within the first week of life.", "contents": "Quantitative structural study of pulmonary circulation in the newborn with aortic atresia, stenosis, or coarctation. Study of the structural features of the pulmonary circulation in various types of congenital heart disease makes it possible to correlate function and structure in the fetal and newborn lung. We applied quantitative morphometric techniques to the injected and inflated lungs of newborn infants who had died with obstruction to left ventricular outflow from aortic atresia, stenosis, or coarctation. The structure and development of the pulmonary circulation was judged by the number of arteries and veins and their size and wall structure, with particular attention to vessels within the respiratory unit. The study established for the first time that the structure of the pulmonary circulation is modified by the antenatal abnormalities in blood flow that occur through the heart and great vessels in the presence of congenital heart disease. Fetal multiplication of intra-acinar arteries in aortic atresia and stenosis is increased as also is the muscularity of both pre- and intra-acinar arteries and veins, muscle extending into smaller and more peripheral vessels than is normal at birth. When the pulmonary circulation is normal before birth but arterial pressure and flow are abnormally increased at birth, as in coarctation with patent ductus and ventricular septal defect, an increase in arterial diameter and muscularity is apparent within the first week of life."}
{"id": "PMID:867324", "title": "Quantitative structural study of pulmonary circulation in the newborn with pulmonary atresia.", "content": "The lungs of eight newborn infants who had died from pulmonary atresia were studied by quantitative morphometric techniques. It was established for the first time that the abnormal pattern of blood flow through the heart and great vessels in a fetus with pulmonary atresia is associated with impaired lung development as shown by arteries that are too few, too small, and with an abnormally thin muscle coat, although the distribution of muscle along the arterial pathway is normal. Differences between the cases in the degree of impairment of lung development could be detected and related to the degree of reduction in pressure and flow before birth in the individual case. Although blood flow through the pulmonary circulation is small before birth lung development seems sensitive to any further reduction.", "contents": "Quantitative structural study of pulmonary circulation in the newborn with pulmonary atresia. The lungs of eight newborn infants who had died from pulmonary atresia were studied by quantitative morphometric techniques. It was established for the first time that the abnormal pattern of blood flow through the heart and great vessels in a fetus with pulmonary atresia is associated with impaired lung development as shown by arteries that are too few, too small, and with an abnormally thin muscle coat, although the distribution of muscle along the arterial pathway is normal. Differences between the cases in the degree of impairment of lung development could be detected and related to the degree of reduction in pressure and flow before birth in the individual case. Although blood flow through the pulmonary circulation is small before birth lung development seems sensitive to any further reduction."}
{"id": "PMID:867325", "title": "A case of pulmonary veno-occlusive disease respondong to treatment with azathioprine.", "content": "Histological features of a lung biopsy specimen from a 46-year-old woman showed all the characteristics described in veno-occlusive disease. The clinical features, however, were distinctive in that in addition to the lung involvement there was alopecia, digital vasculitic ulcers, Raynaud's phenomenon, polyarthritis, and muscle weakness. Treatment with azathioprine resulted in a progressive improvement in her condition. It is suggested that pulmonary small vein occlusion may occur as a pattern of tissue response in more than one situation and that is sometimes more amenable to therapy than has been previously reported.", "contents": "A case of pulmonary veno-occlusive disease respondong to treatment with azathioprine. Histological features of a lung biopsy specimen from a 46-year-old woman showed all the characteristics described in veno-occlusive disease. The clinical features, however, were distinctive in that in addition to the lung involvement there was alopecia, digital vasculitic ulcers, Raynaud's phenomenon, polyarthritis, and muscle weakness. Treatment with azathioprine resulted in a progressive improvement in her condition. It is suggested that pulmonary small vein occlusion may occur as a pattern of tissue response in more than one situation and that is sometimes more amenable to therapy than has been previously reported."}
{"id": "PMID:867326", "title": "Late-onset post-pneumonectomy empyema.", "content": "Nine cases of empyema developing more than three months after pneumonectomy are presented. Diagnosis is difficult; with one exception, all the patients had been ill for at least three weeks and some for several months before the cause was discovered. In four, the radiological demonstration of gas in a previously opaque hemithorax led to the diagnosis. One of these had a bronchial fistula, two had oesophageal fistulae, and one had both. The remaining patients had no fistulae and the diagnoses were not made until empyema necessitatis had developed. Two from this group yielded pure cultures of pneumococci and one a pure culture of Streptococcus viridans. Except for one patient admitted moribund, all were treated in the first instance by rib resection and open drainage without tubes and all survived. Four of the five without fistulae subsequently had their drainage sinuses successfully closed after the infection of the chest wall had cleared. The belief that a pneumonectomy space normally becomes obliterated is challenged. The history and mode of onset of some of these cases suggested that infection of the residual fluid was bloodborne.", "contents": "Late-onset post-pneumonectomy empyema. Nine cases of empyema developing more than three months after pneumonectomy are presented. Diagnosis is difficult; with one exception, all the patients had been ill for at least three weeks and some for several months before the cause was discovered. In four, the radiological demonstration of gas in a previously opaque hemithorax led to the diagnosis. One of these had a bronchial fistula, two had oesophageal fistulae, and one had both. The remaining patients had no fistulae and the diagnoses were not made until empyema necessitatis had developed. Two from this group yielded pure cultures of pneumococci and one a pure culture of Streptococcus viridans. Except for one patient admitted moribund, all were treated in the first instance by rib resection and open drainage without tubes and all survived. Four of the five without fistulae subsequently had their drainage sinuses successfully closed after the infection of the chest wall had cleared. The belief that a pneumonectomy space normally becomes obliterated is challenged. The history and mode of onset of some of these cases suggested that infection of the residual fluid was bloodborne."}
{"id": "PMID:867327", "title": "A difference in the composition of bronchial mucus between smokers and non-smokers.", "content": "The ratio of the amount of sulphated to sialic acid mucin (Su/Si) in the mucous glands of the human tracheobronchial tree has been investigated in seven smokers and seven non-smokers. The two mucins were studied in histological sections stained by the high iron diamine/Alcian blue pH 2-5 sequence and assessed by a point-counting method. Su/Si was greater in the smokers than in the non-smokers, who were almost completely distinguished by this ratio. A decrease in the ratio with each generation of branching from the trachea down the inferior lingular bronchial segmental pathway was seen in both the smoking and non-smoking groups. Analysis of the logarithm of Su/Si showed the smoking group means to be 2-3 times that of the non-smokers at each generation, and over both groups the average decrease down successive generations was given by a factor of 0-9.", "contents": "A difference in the composition of bronchial mucus between smokers and non-smokers. The ratio of the amount of sulphated to sialic acid mucin (Su/Si) in the mucous glands of the human tracheobronchial tree has been investigated in seven smokers and seven non-smokers. The two mucins were studied in histological sections stained by the high iron diamine/Alcian blue pH 2-5 sequence and assessed by a point-counting method. Su/Si was greater in the smokers than in the non-smokers, who were almost completely distinguished by this ratio. A decrease in the ratio with each generation of branching from the trachea down the inferior lingular bronchial segmental pathway was seen in both the smoking and non-smoking groups. Analysis of the logarithm of Su/Si showed the smoking group means to be 2-3 times that of the non-smokers at each generation, and over both groups the average decrease down successive generations was given by a factor of 0-9."}
{"id": "PMID:867328", "title": "Distribution of acid mucus in the bronchial mucous glands.", "content": "The percentage area of the bronchial glands taking up the Alcian blue (pH 2-6) stain for acid mucin was obtained from sections from the trachea and from each generation down the inferior lingular axial bronchial pathway in five non-smokers and five cigarette smokers. The mean percentage value for the smokers (59-5%) was significantly less than for the non-smokers (74-4%). The percentage increased between successive generations from the trachea by an average of 6-5. This gradient did not differ significantly between the smoking and non-smoking groups. It was not possible to attribute these differences to any specific mechanism because many interacting variables were involved which could not be measured. Nevertheless the percentage mucin retention or storage provides an introduction to consideration of these variables and their response to cigarette smoke.", "contents": "Distribution of acid mucus in the bronchial mucous glands. The percentage area of the bronchial glands taking up the Alcian blue (pH 2-6) stain for acid mucin was obtained from sections from the trachea and from each generation down the inferior lingular axial bronchial pathway in five non-smokers and five cigarette smokers. The mean percentage value for the smokers (59-5%) was significantly less than for the non-smokers (74-4%). The percentage increased between successive generations from the trachea by an average of 6-5. This gradient did not differ significantly between the smoking and non-smoking groups. It was not possible to attribute these differences to any specific mechanism because many interacting variables were involved which could not be measured. Nevertheless the percentage mucin retention or storage provides an introduction to consideration of these variables and their response to cigarette smoke."}
{"id": "PMID:867329", "title": "Intrasubject variability of maximal expiratory flow volume curve.", "content": "Analysis of airflow in the terminal portion of the maximal expiratory flow volume curve has been suggested as a useful test for the early diagnosis of chronic airways obstruction. Whether such an analysis can identify early disease, and whether any subsequent action can prevent the progress of chronic airways obstruction, is unknown and will require prospective studies. As a precursor of such a study we have tried to establish the intrasubject variability of those tests of forced expiration which may be used for screening. We therefore measured expiratory flow volume curves of five healthy males and five healthy females aged 20-30 years as this is an age-group in which early detection of airways obstruction may be of value. Flow volume curves were obtained on the same day of the week for six weeks, and on three separate days during this period we carried out three flow volume curves every hour from 9 am to 6 pm. The data were subjected to analysis of variance to determine the variability of each measurement. Data were collected from forced expired volume in one second (FEV1) forced vital capacity (FVC), maximum expiratory flow rates at 50% and 75% of expired vital capacity, and forced expiratory time (FET). The results showed no consistent pattern of diurnal variation over the working day. The variation in any subject for FEV1 and FVC over the study period was considerably less than variations detected in the maximal expiratory flow rates at 50% and 75% of the expired vital capacity and FET. Our results suggest that the intrasubject variation found in flow rates of the terminal portion of the maximal expiratory flow volume curve and forced expiratory time may limit the usefulness of these tests in detecting early airways obstruction. FEV1 and FVC are more reproducible tests and are therefore particularly suited for cross-sectional screening. The more sensitive maximal expiratory flow volume curve may, however, be more useful for long-term studies in individuals when the onset of disease is sought, or for short-term challenge studies requiring the most sensitive index of change in airway characteristics.", "contents": "Intrasubject variability of maximal expiratory flow volume curve. Analysis of airflow in the terminal portion of the maximal expiratory flow volume curve has been suggested as a useful test for the early diagnosis of chronic airways obstruction. Whether such an analysis can identify early disease, and whether any subsequent action can prevent the progress of chronic airways obstruction, is unknown and will require prospective studies. As a precursor of such a study we have tried to establish the intrasubject variability of those tests of forced expiration which may be used for screening. We therefore measured expiratory flow volume curves of five healthy males and five healthy females aged 20-30 years as this is an age-group in which early detection of airways obstruction may be of value. Flow volume curves were obtained on the same day of the week for six weeks, and on three separate days during this period we carried out three flow volume curves every hour from 9 am to 6 pm. The data were subjected to analysis of variance to determine the variability of each measurement. Data were collected from forced expired volume in one second (FEV1) forced vital capacity (FVC), maximum expiratory flow rates at 50% and 75% of expired vital capacity, and forced expiratory time (FET). The results showed no consistent pattern of diurnal variation over the working day. The variation in any subject for FEV1 and FVC over the study period was considerably less than variations detected in the maximal expiratory flow rates at 50% and 75% of the expired vital capacity and FET. Our results suggest that the intrasubject variation found in flow rates of the terminal portion of the maximal expiratory flow volume curve and forced expiratory time may limit the usefulness of these tests in detecting early airways obstruction. FEV1 and FVC are more reproducible tests and are therefore particularly suited for cross-sectional screening. The more sensitive maximal expiratory flow volume curve may, however, be more useful for long-term studies in individuals when the onset of disease is sought, or for short-term challenge studies requiring the most sensitive index of change in airway characteristics."}
{"id": "PMID:867330", "title": "How mild is mild asthma?", "content": "Nineteen asthmatic volunteers underwent methacholine-induced asthma to the point when tightness in the chest was just sensed (threshold symptom). Changes in the following indices of lung function were measured--static lung volumes, forced expiratory volume in one second, and airways conductance. The increase in airways resistance necessary for threshold detection was at least double that previously reported in experiments using external resistive loads. Despite the mildness of the symptom, increases in lung volumes to the levels previously described during acute and severe asthma were occasionally found. It is emphasised that there may be little leeway in respiratory reserve between the development of minor and severe symptoms in some asthmatic patients.", "contents": "How mild is mild asthma? Nineteen asthmatic volunteers underwent methacholine-induced asthma to the point when tightness in the chest was just sensed (threshold symptom). Changes in the following indices of lung function were measured--static lung volumes, forced expiratory volume in one second, and airways conductance. The increase in airways resistance necessary for threshold detection was at least double that previously reported in experiments using external resistive loads. Despite the mildness of the symptom, increases in lung volumes to the levels previously described during acute and severe asthma were occasionally found. It is emphasised that there may be little leeway in respiratory reserve between the development of minor and severe symptoms in some asthmatic patients."}
{"id": "PMID:867331", "title": "Metabolic response to intravenous salbutamol therapy in acute asthma.", "content": "In patients suffering from an acute attack of asthma the effects of salbutamol infusion (10 microng/min) on their plasma concentrations of non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA), triglyceride, insulin, and glucose were compared with those in a group of asthmatics not requiring infusion. Salbutamol was found significantly to increase the plasma concentrations of glucose and insulin while having little effect on NEFA or triglyceride. However, NEFA concentrations were found to be significantly increased in patients with an acute attack of asthma at the time of their admission to hospital. This increase is attributed to the stress of the asthmatic attack itself.", "contents": "Metabolic response to intravenous salbutamol therapy in acute asthma. In patients suffering from an acute attack of asthma the effects of salbutamol infusion (10 microng/min) on their plasma concentrations of non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA), triglyceride, insulin, and glucose were compared with those in a group of asthmatics not requiring infusion. Salbutamol was found significantly to increase the plasma concentrations of glucose and insulin while having little effect on NEFA or triglyceride. However, NEFA concentrations were found to be significantly increased in patients with an acute attack of asthma at the time of their admission to hospital. This increase is attributed to the stress of the asthmatic attack itself."}
{"id": "PMID:867333", "title": "Effect of lung function and mode of inhalation on penetration of aerosol into the human lung.", "content": "The method using radioactive tracer particles has been applied to study the effect of the mode of inhalation of aerosols on the depth of deposition in the lungs of 50 patients with airways obstruction. The findings show that the penetration of particles is directly related to: (1) volume inspired per breath (VI); (2) forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1); and inversely related to (3) flow rate during inhalation (V). In mathematical terms, alveolar deposition (%) = 40-3 (VI)+10-98 (FEV1)--0-75 (V)+40-4; for this regression F = 4-41 and P less than 0-01.", "contents": "Effect of lung function and mode of inhalation on penetration of aerosol into the human lung. The method using radioactive tracer particles has been applied to study the effect of the mode of inhalation of aerosols on the depth of deposition in the lungs of 50 patients with airways obstruction. The findings show that the penetration of particles is directly related to: (1) volume inspired per breath (VI); (2) forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1); and inversely related to (3) flow rate during inhalation (V). In mathematical terms, alveolar deposition (%) = 40-3 (VI)+10-98 (FEV1)--0-75 (V)+40-4; for this regression F = 4-41 and P less than 0-01."}
{"id": "PMID:867332", "title": "Protective effect of methylprednisolone on ischaemic myocardium assessed by ventricular function.", "content": "Intracardiac surgical procedures are best carried out when the heart is still and bloodless. This condition, however, produces myocardial cellular damage with loss of contractility and compliance unless some protection can be provided. Myocardial contractility and compliance is best studied by isovolumic ventricular function tests, which were used to evaluate the protective effect of methylprednisolone on the isolated cross-perfused canine heart made ischaemic for 2 hours. Control experiments included 2 hours of ischaemia without methylprednisolone, and 2 hours of continuous normothermic cross-perfusion. The methylprednisolone-treated hearts had probably significantly better ventricular function after 2 hours of ischaemia than did hearts without the methylprednisolone, while the cross-perfused hearts were best overall. This work suggests that methylprednisolone may have a protective effect on the ischaemic myocardium of the intact canine heart.", "contents": "Protective effect of methylprednisolone on ischaemic myocardium assessed by ventricular function. Intracardiac surgical procedures are best carried out when the heart is still and bloodless. This condition, however, produces myocardial cellular damage with loss of contractility and compliance unless some protection can be provided. Myocardial contractility and compliance is best studied by isovolumic ventricular function tests, which were used to evaluate the protective effect of methylprednisolone on the isolated cross-perfused canine heart made ischaemic for 2 hours. Control experiments included 2 hours of ischaemia without methylprednisolone, and 2 hours of continuous normothermic cross-perfusion. The methylprednisolone-treated hearts had probably significantly better ventricular function after 2 hours of ischaemia than did hearts without the methylprednisolone, while the cross-perfused hearts were best overall. This work suggests that methylprednisolone may have a protective effect on the ischaemic myocardium of the intact canine heart."}
{"id": "PMID:867334", "title": "Shape changes in static V-P loops from children's lungs related to growth.", "content": "Sixty-eight sets of deflation data from the left lungs of children who had died from non-pulmonary causes were analysed by the exponential equation model to derive theoretical values of Pst(1) for 50, 60, and 90% of the observed maximum inflation volume. The resultant P50, 60, and 90 values were compared to the same values measured from graphic displays of the V-P data. The graphically derived Pst(1) data at 50, 60, and 90% of TLC were then plotted against the crown-heel length to demonstrate a shape change related to physical growth. It was found that the form of the deflation curve in preterm infants did not fit an exponential model as satisfactorily as did the deflation curve from older children. The exponential model should be used with caution in small infants where Pst(1) values below P90 are sought. A maximum inflation pressure of +30 cm H2O was found to produce a Vmax within 98% of the hypothetical VINF value.", "contents": "Shape changes in static V-P loops from children's lungs related to growth. Sixty-eight sets of deflation data from the left lungs of children who had died from non-pulmonary causes were analysed by the exponential equation model to derive theoretical values of Pst(1) for 50, 60, and 90% of the observed maximum inflation volume. The resultant P50, 60, and 90 values were compared to the same values measured from graphic displays of the V-P data. The graphically derived Pst(1) data at 50, 60, and 90% of TLC were then plotted against the crown-heel length to demonstrate a shape change related to physical growth. It was found that the form of the deflation curve in preterm infants did not fit an exponential model as satisfactorily as did the deflation curve from older children. The exponential model should be used with caution in small infants where Pst(1) values below P90 are sought. A maximum inflation pressure of +30 cm H2O was found to produce a Vmax within 98% of the hypothetical VINF value."}
{"id": "PMID:867335", "title": "Obstructed tilting disc mitral valve prosthesis associated with placenta praevia.", "content": "The occurrence of a bleeding placenta praevia in a young woman, with a viable fetus and an acutely obstructed Lillehei-Kaster valve, provided serious difficulties in priorities and decision making. This has prompted an analysis of the problems which others may encounter.", "contents": "Obstructed tilting disc mitral valve prosthesis associated with placenta praevia. The occurrence of a bleeding placenta praevia in a young woman, with a viable fetus and an acutely obstructed Lillehei-Kaster valve, provided serious difficulties in priorities and decision making. This has prompted an analysis of the problems which others may encounter."}
{"id": "PMID:867336", "title": "Comparison of occlusion pressure and ventilatory responses.", "content": "The airway pressure 100 msec after the onset of an inspiratory effort against a closed airway (P100, occlusion pressure) is theoretically a more accurate index of respiratory neuron motor output than ventilation. Occlusion pressure and ventilation responses to hypercapnia were compared in repeated trials in 10 normal subjects while in the seated and supine positions. During progressive hypercapnia changes in P100 were also compared to changes in tidal volume and inspiratory airflow. These studies show that occlusion pressure increases linearly with hypercapnia in both sitting and supine subjects. Changing from the seated to the supine position, or vice versa, had no significant effect on either ventilation or occlusion pressure responses to CO2. Correlations between P100 and ventilation or airflow rate were significantly higher than correlations between P100 and tidal volume or breathing frequency. Intermittent random airway occlusion had no effect on either ventilation or pattern of breathing during hypercapnia. Occlusion pressure responses were no less variable than ventilation responses in groups of subjects whether studied seated or supine. However, maintenance of a constant moderate breathing frequency (20 breaths per minute) reduced the interindividual variability in ventilation and occlusion pressure responses to hypercapnia.", "contents": "Comparison of occlusion pressure and ventilatory responses. The airway pressure 100 msec after the onset of an inspiratory effort against a closed airway (P100, occlusion pressure) is theoretically a more accurate index of respiratory neuron motor output than ventilation. Occlusion pressure and ventilation responses to hypercapnia were compared in repeated trials in 10 normal subjects while in the seated and supine positions. During progressive hypercapnia changes in P100 were also compared to changes in tidal volume and inspiratory airflow. These studies show that occlusion pressure increases linearly with hypercapnia in both sitting and supine subjects. Changing from the seated to the supine position, or vice versa, had no significant effect on either ventilation or occlusion pressure responses to CO2. Correlations between P100 and ventilation or airflow rate were significantly higher than correlations between P100 and tidal volume or breathing frequency. Intermittent random airway occlusion had no effect on either ventilation or pattern of breathing during hypercapnia. Occlusion pressure responses were no less variable than ventilation responses in groups of subjects whether studied seated or supine. However, maintenance of a constant moderate breathing frequency (20 breaths per minute) reduced the interindividual variability in ventilation and occlusion pressure responses to hypercapnia."}
{"id": "PMID:867337", "title": "A conservative approach in selected cases of late diagnosed oesophageal perforation.", "content": "A conservative method is presented for the treatment of oesophageal perforation where the diagnosis has been delayed. A system of tubes is described which allows the patient to be fed and at the same time prevents swallowed material from reaching the fistula. A case is reported which was successfully managed using the method.", "contents": "A conservative approach in selected cases of late diagnosed oesophageal perforation. A conservative method is presented for the treatment of oesophageal perforation where the diagnosis has been delayed. A system of tubes is described which allows the patient to be fed and at the same time prevents swallowed material from reaching the fistula. A case is reported which was successfully managed using the method."}
{"id": "PMID:867396", "title": "[Productive life-span of dairy cows and its economic significance. I. Disposal of dairy cows: the current situation (author's transl)].", "content": "The current situation regarding the replacement of dairy cows is discussed. Attention is successively paid to the duration of herd life and the replacement rate, the reasons for disposal and the relationship between age and the probability of disposal. Little research including all the required elements at the same time has been done in this field. Therefore, the literature can offer only a rough idea of the current situation regarding the replacement of dairy cows (Tables 1 and 2). Further research along a few lines presented in this paper is advocated. However, the findings derived from the literature may be used in an economic model to quantify the economic significance of differences in the herd life of dairy cows. This subject will be elaborated in two subsequent papers.", "contents": "[Productive life-span of dairy cows and its economic significance. I. Disposal of dairy cows: the current situation (author's transl)]. The current situation regarding the replacement of dairy cows is discussed. Attention is successively paid to the duration of herd life and the replacement rate, the reasons for disposal and the relationship between age and the probability of disposal. Little research including all the required elements at the same time has been done in this field. Therefore, the literature can offer only a rough idea of the current situation regarding the replacement of dairy cows (Tables 1 and 2). Further research along a few lines presented in this paper is advocated. However, the findings derived from the literature may be used in an economic model to quantify the economic significance of differences in the herd life of dairy cows. This subject will be elaborated in two subsequent papers."}
{"id": "PMID:867399", "title": "[The use of a dry cow preparation for the prevention of summer mastitis in maiden heifers (author's transl)].", "content": "An investigation was made of the preventive value of topical application to juvenile udders of a dry cow preparation containing 300,000 IU of procaine penicillin G (Penzal N 300). Penicillin concentrations in udder secretions of 30 young cows were examined. In calves up to 10 weeks and in maiden heifers up to 7 weeks after application an average concentration of 0.05 ml IU per ml of secretion was found. In the same groups, 12 and 9 weeks respectively after application, the concentration was 0.01 IU per ml of secretion. Experiences in practice in an area with a high infection rate have shown an obvious protection in 700 maiden heifers. Some cases of infection did occur both shortly (1.0%) and from 5 weeks after application (1.9%). The clinical character of the latter was much milder than is usual for summer mastitis. When administered in time and in the correct manner the dry cow preparation examined showed reasonable protection against summer mastitis.", "contents": "[The use of a dry cow preparation for the prevention of summer mastitis in maiden heifers (author's transl)]. An investigation was made of the preventive value of topical application to juvenile udders of a dry cow preparation containing 300,000 IU of procaine penicillin G (Penzal N 300). Penicillin concentrations in udder secretions of 30 young cows were examined. In calves up to 10 weeks and in maiden heifers up to 7 weeks after application an average concentration of 0.05 ml IU per ml of secretion was found. In the same groups, 12 and 9 weeks respectively after application, the concentration was 0.01 IU per ml of secretion. Experiences in practice in an area with a high infection rate have shown an obvious protection in 700 maiden heifers. Some cases of infection did occur both shortly (1.0%) and from 5 weeks after application (1.9%). The clinical character of the latter was much milder than is usual for summer mastitis. When administered in time and in the correct manner the dry cow preparation examined showed reasonable protection against summer mastitis."}
{"id": "PMID:867400", "title": "[Productive life-span of dairy cows and its economic significance. II. The replacement of dairy cows: an economic model (author's transl)].", "content": "A model, initially based on the work of Zeddies (10), is presented , by which the economic aspects of the replacement problem may be studied. First, the principle underlying the replacement decision is discussed. Then, the data to be included in the model are determined. This mainly concerns the elements associated with age, such as milk production, the value of newborn calves, the slaughter of the cows, the feed cost and the cost of a pregnant heifer just before calving. The age-associated probability of culling is also included in the model. A number of questions regarding the economic importance of the duration of herd life have been studied using this model. In the third paper, the results of this application of the model will be presented.", "contents": "[Productive life-span of dairy cows and its economic significance. II. The replacement of dairy cows: an economic model (author's transl)]. A model, initially based on the work of Zeddies (10), is presented , by which the economic aspects of the replacement problem may be studied. First, the principle underlying the replacement decision is discussed. Then, the data to be included in the model are determined. This mainly concerns the elements associated with age, such as milk production, the value of newborn calves, the slaughter of the cows, the feed cost and the cost of a pregnant heifer just before calving. The age-associated probability of culling is also included in the model. A number of questions regarding the economic importance of the duration of herd life have been studied using this model. In the third paper, the results of this application of the model will be presented."}
{"id": "PMID:867401", "title": "[Assisted delivery of the calf by manual or mechanical traction (author's transl)].", "content": "During the past few years, an increasing number of farmers examined cows at parturition and attempted delivery of calves. Frequently, the veterinarian is merely called in to perform caesarean section. From the point of view of obstetrics, quite a number of caesarean sections could have been avoided if a thorough examination of the cow had been made. Examination and treatment of cows at parturition is described in detail. Particular attention is paid to the mechanical features of delivery. The advantages and disadvantages of manual and mechanical traction are discussed.", "contents": "[Assisted delivery of the calf by manual or mechanical traction (author's transl)]. During the past few years, an increasing number of farmers examined cows at parturition and attempted delivery of calves. Frequently, the veterinarian is merely called in to perform caesarean section. From the point of view of obstetrics, quite a number of caesarean sections could have been avoided if a thorough examination of the cow had been made. Examination and treatment of cows at parturition is described in detail. Particular attention is paid to the mechanical features of delivery. The advantages and disadvantages of manual and mechanical traction are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:867402", "title": "[Experiments in animals (author's transl)].", "content": "Experiments in laboratory animals are designed to safeguard patients and subjects from possible injury which might be caused by an experiment. It is also expected, however, that results will be more rapidly obtainable, more accurate and more reliable in laboratory animals. Since the beginning of the twentieth century, small animals in particular have been adapted for research by standardization of the genetic pattern, the microflora, the feed and the environment. This was primarily done for the benefit of particular forms of research; subsequently, the need of adapted experimental animals for all research in behalf of medicine, biology, public health and veterinary medicine was recognized. A number of future developments in the field of experimental studies in animals are the following:  standardization of large animals such as monkeys, increasing attention devoted to the choice of the animal model and to controlling the conditions in which an experiment is carried out and the coming into operation of the Experiments in Animals Act. These developments will require increasing expertness and close co-operation between investigators, laboratory animal scientists and animal technicians.", "contents": "[Experiments in animals (author's transl)]. Experiments in laboratory animals are designed to safeguard patients and subjects from possible injury which might be caused by an experiment. It is also expected, however, that results will be more rapidly obtainable, more accurate and more reliable in laboratory animals. Since the beginning of the twentieth century, small animals in particular have been adapted for research by standardization of the genetic pattern, the microflora, the feed and the environment. This was primarily done for the benefit of particular forms of research; subsequently, the need of adapted experimental animals for all research in behalf of medicine, biology, public health and veterinary medicine was recognized. A number of future developments in the field of experimental studies in animals are the following:  standardization of large animals such as monkeys, increasing attention devoted to the choice of the animal model and to controlling the conditions in which an experiment is carried out and the coming into operation of the Experiments in Animals Act. These developments will require increasing expertness and close co-operation between investigators, laboratory animal scientists and animal technicians."}
{"id": "PMID:867405", "title": "[Productive life-span of dairy cows and its economic significance. III. Economic evaluation: results obtained by model calculations (authors transl)].", "content": "A reduction of the forced replacement rate is found to be of major economic importance on the farm level. In the model, the income earned from a fifth lactation of a cow showing an average production is approximately Dfl 440 higher than the earned income per annum over the average herd life of 4.3 lactations. A farm with a herd of fifty cows showing average production and an average herd life of 5.3 years will have approximately Dfl 9600 more earned income each year than a similar farm with an average herd life of 3.3 years. The yield resulting from a longer herd life is subject to the law of diminishing returns. For the annual income from a dairy herd, a sixth lactation is of less importance than a fifth lactation, etc. The economic importance of a long herd life appears to be remarkably stable, i.e. hardly affected by: (a) The average productive capacity of the herd as regards milk and/or meat. (Note: Differences in milk-producing capacity within a herd have a marked effect on the economic value of an additional lactation by an individual cow). (b) The presence or absence of a moderate genetic improvement (1 per cent per annum) in milk-yield.", "contents": "[Productive life-span of dairy cows and its economic significance. III. Economic evaluation: results obtained by model calculations (authors transl)]. A reduction of the forced replacement rate is found to be of major economic importance on the farm level. In the model, the income earned from a fifth lactation of a cow showing an average production is approximately Dfl 440 higher than the earned income per annum over the average herd life of 4.3 lactations. A farm with a herd of fifty cows showing average production and an average herd life of 5.3 years will have approximately Dfl 9600 more earned income each year than a similar farm with an average herd life of 3.3 years. The yield resulting from a longer herd life is subject to the law of diminishing returns. For the annual income from a dairy herd, a sixth lactation is of less importance than a fifth lactation, etc. The economic importance of a long herd life appears to be remarkably stable, i.e. hardly affected by: (a) The average productive capacity of the herd as regards milk and/or meat. (Note: Differences in milk-producing capacity within a herd have a marked effect on the economic value of an additional lactation by an individual cow). (b) The presence or absence of a moderate genetic improvement (1 per cent per annum) in milk-yield."}
{"id": "PMID:867418", "title": "The occurrence of electron dense intercellular materials and gap junctions in the human intestinal epithelium.", "content": "Electron microscopy of biopsy specimens from the small intestines in infants and children with various gastrointestinal disturbances revealed that the intercellular space of the mucosal epithelium was often filled with electron dense materials. Here apposed cell membranes were arranged almost parallel with each other. The dense materials also filled the space just subjacent to the epithelium to form a thick, dense layer in which the basal lamina was completely buried. The gap junctions were especially well developed in the epithelia filled with these materials. Long-period fasting of patients seemed to facilitate the occurrence of the dense materials and the formation of gap junctions.", "contents": "The occurrence of electron dense intercellular materials and gap junctions in the human intestinal epithelium. Electron microscopy of biopsy specimens from the small intestines in infants and children with various gastrointestinal disturbances revealed that the intercellular space of the mucosal epithelium was often filled with electron dense materials. Here apposed cell membranes were arranged almost parallel with each other. The dense materials also filled the space just subjacent to the epithelium to form a thick, dense layer in which the basal lamina was completely buried. The gap junctions were especially well developed in the epithelia filled with these materials. Long-period fasting of patients seemed to facilitate the occurrence of the dense materials and the formation of gap junctions."}
{"id": "PMID:867419", "title": "The effect of atropine on ventriculoatrial conduction during ventricular pacing in patients with and without Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome.", "content": "Electrophysiological studies were performed in five patients, two with the three without Wolff-Parkinson-White (WPW) syndrome. In the former patients group, the paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia (PSVT) was concluded to reflect the circus movement utilizing the normal atrioventricular (A-V) conduction system for antegrade conduction and the Kent bundle for the retrograde conduction. Ventriculoatrial conduction time (VACT) was measured during ventricular pacing before and after the administration of atropine sulfate. In patients without WPW syndrome, the VACT prolonged and subsequently second degree ventriculoatrial block developed when the pacing rate was increased progressively and atropine facilitated the retrograde conduction, suggesting the ventriculoatrial conduction took place via the normal A-V pathway. In contrast, the VACT in patients with WPW syndrome remained unchanged during ventricular pacing at rates of 145/min and more before and after atropine, indicating the retrograde conduction was taking place through the Kent bundle. It is discussed that the analysis of the VACT before and after atropine serves as an aid to differentiate the underlying mechanisms of PSVT in patients with WPW syndrome.", "contents": "The effect of atropine on ventriculoatrial conduction during ventricular pacing in patients with and without Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome. Electrophysiological studies were performed in five patients, two with the three without Wolff-Parkinson-White (WPW) syndrome. In the former patients group, the paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia (PSVT) was concluded to reflect the circus movement utilizing the normal atrioventricular (A-V) conduction system for antegrade conduction and the Kent bundle for the retrograde conduction. Ventriculoatrial conduction time (VACT) was measured during ventricular pacing before and after the administration of atropine sulfate. In patients without WPW syndrome, the VACT prolonged and subsequently second degree ventriculoatrial block developed when the pacing rate was increased progressively and atropine facilitated the retrograde conduction, suggesting the ventriculoatrial conduction took place via the normal A-V pathway. In contrast, the VACT in patients with WPW syndrome remained unchanged during ventricular pacing at rates of 145/min and more before and after atropine, indicating the retrograde conduction was taking place through the Kent bundle. It is discussed that the analysis of the VACT before and after atropine serves as an aid to differentiate the underlying mechanisms of PSVT in patients with WPW syndrome."}
{"id": "PMID:867420", "title": "Intra-His bundle block following ligation of anterior septal artery in dog.", "content": "Intra-His bundle block was produced by ligation of the anterior septal artery in dogs. The duration of the His bundle potential was gradually increased following the ligation, and an obvious splitting of the His bundle deflection was observed thereafter. Finally, spontaneous second and/or third degree intra-His bundle block appeared. Before the development of spontaneous block, a pacing induced intra-His bundle block was observed when the duration of the His bundle deflection was prolonged approximately to twice the control value. Careful measurements of the intervals between two split His bundle deflections (H1-H2) in spontaneous as well as in pacing induced block revealed atypical Wenckebach periodicity in all analyzed periods except in one. Repeating and/or transient decreases of H1-H2 intervals were frequently observed as atypical findings.", "contents": "Intra-His bundle block following ligation of anterior septal artery in dog. Intra-His bundle block was produced by ligation of the anterior septal artery in dogs. The duration of the His bundle potential was gradually increased following the ligation, and an obvious splitting of the His bundle deflection was observed thereafter. Finally, spontaneous second and/or third degree intra-His bundle block appeared. Before the development of spontaneous block, a pacing induced intra-His bundle block was observed when the duration of the His bundle deflection was prolonged approximately to twice the control value. Careful measurements of the intervals between two split His bundle deflections (H1-H2) in spontaneous as well as in pacing induced block revealed atypical Wenckebach periodicity in all analyzed periods except in one. Repeating and/or transient decreases of H1-H2 intervals were frequently observed as atypical findings."}
{"id": "PMID:867422", "title": "Statistical study on malignant melanoma in Japan (1970-1976).", "content": "The authors reported in 1972 a statistical study based on 501 cases of malignant melanoma. As continouous study this review was carried out on 456 cases of melanoma which were reported during six years between 1970 and 1976. These two studies showed quite similar results as follows: (1) Yearly incidnece of malignant melanoma indicated a definite upward trend and the average number of patients was 71.1 per year. (2) Distribution by age showed one peak in the seventh decade. (3) Sex ratio was 1.1: 1. (4) The number of cases per total population in Japan showed great increase in over fifth decades and two peaks in the 7th and 8th decades. (5) Average age of the onset of all melanoma was 51.6 years old, while, that of brain and spinal cord melanoma was 25.4 years old. In the skin melanoma with preexisting pigmented skin lesions, the median age of the onset of primary melanoma on the foot was 38.7 years old and that of originated melanoma except foot was 65.9 years old. (6) Incidence of the melanoma was high in the sole considering the number of melanocytes per unit skin area.", "contents": "Statistical study on malignant melanoma in Japan (1970-1976). The authors reported in 1972 a statistical study based on 501 cases of malignant melanoma. As continouous study this review was carried out on 456 cases of melanoma which were reported during six years between 1970 and 1976. These two studies showed quite similar results as follows: (1) Yearly incidnece of malignant melanoma indicated a definite upward trend and the average number of patients was 71.1 per year. (2) Distribution by age showed one peak in the seventh decade. (3) Sex ratio was 1.1: 1. (4) The number of cases per total population in Japan showed great increase in over fifth decades and two peaks in the 7th and 8th decades. (5) Average age of the onset of all melanoma was 51.6 years old, while, that of brain and spinal cord melanoma was 25.4 years old. In the skin melanoma with preexisting pigmented skin lesions, the median age of the onset of primary melanoma on the foot was 38.7 years old and that of originated melanoma except foot was 65.9 years old. (6) Incidence of the melanoma was high in the sole considering the number of melanocytes per unit skin area."}
{"id": "PMID:867423", "title": "Estimation of the distribution of ellipsoids with random test lines.", "content": "The distribution F(lambda) of the length lambda of chords delivered by a random test line of unit length, which intersects a sufficiently large number of ellipsoids of different sizes but of uniform shape randomly oriented and dispersed in a three-dimensional space of unit volume, is give by (formula: see text). In this equation, phi(e) is a coefficient determined by two eccentricities of the ellipsoids and N(r) is the distribution function of their major semi-axes r. In the case of spheres phi(e) is 1, but otherwise it is always smaller than 1. N(r) can be further expressed as the product of the probability distribution p(r) of r and the total number Nvo of the ellipsoids in a unit volume. On account of the above equation, it is possible to extend the application of the histometrical methods of spheres with the use of chord length immediately to a group of ellipsoids of uniform shape, so far as the estimation of the parameters of p(r) is concerned. Even with a group of ellipsoids of different shapes, the same principle is valid, provided that all the subgroups of ellipsoids of different eccentricities have a common p(r). Nvo is most practically estimated from Nvo=Tv(h)/2h, in which Tv(h) is the number of tangential points made by ellipsoids with a test plane of unit surface area during its transit h in the direction perpendicular to itself.", "contents": "Estimation of the distribution of ellipsoids with random test lines. The distribution F(lambda) of the length lambda of chords delivered by a random test line of unit length, which intersects a sufficiently large number of ellipsoids of different sizes but of uniform shape randomly oriented and dispersed in a three-dimensional space of unit volume, is give by (formula: see text). In this equation, phi(e) is a coefficient determined by two eccentricities of the ellipsoids and N(r) is the distribution function of their major semi-axes r. In the case of spheres phi(e) is 1, but otherwise it is always smaller than 1. N(r) can be further expressed as the product of the probability distribution p(r) of r and the total number Nvo of the ellipsoids in a unit volume. On account of the above equation, it is possible to extend the application of the histometrical methods of spheres with the use of chord length immediately to a group of ellipsoids of uniform shape, so far as the estimation of the parameters of p(r) is concerned. Even with a group of ellipsoids of different shapes, the same principle is valid, provided that all the subgroups of ellipsoids of different eccentricities have a common p(r). Nvo is most practically estimated from Nvo=Tv(h)/2h, in which Tv(h) is the number of tangential points made by ellipsoids with a test plane of unit surface area during its transit h in the direction perpendicular to itself."}
{"id": "PMID:867424", "title": "Chronotropic effects of coronary vasodilators as assessed in the isolated, blood-perfused sino-atrial node preparation of the dog.", "content": "Chronotropic effects of 6 coronary vasodilators, carbochromen, dilazep, diltiazem, dipyridamole, nifedipine and verapamil, were compared by close-arterial administration to the isolated, blood-perfused sino-atrial node preparation of the dog. All drugs produced a dose-related decrease in sinus rate, and the order of negative chronotropic potency determined on a weight basis was as follows: (formula: see text). Higher doses of these drugs except dipyridamole caused atrial standstill. The order of potency causing atrial standstill determined on a weight basis was as follows: (formula: see text). Dipyridamole in lower doses produced a negative chronotropic effect alone, but with higher doses a positive chronotropic effect preceded a negative one. Carbochromen in a wide range of doses produced a triphasic response consisting of initial brief positive, succeeding main negative and final gradually-developing slight positive components.", "contents": "Chronotropic effects of coronary vasodilators as assessed in the isolated, blood-perfused sino-atrial node preparation of the dog. Chronotropic effects of 6 coronary vasodilators, carbochromen, dilazep, diltiazem, dipyridamole, nifedipine and verapamil, were compared by close-arterial administration to the isolated, blood-perfused sino-atrial node preparation of the dog. All drugs produced a dose-related decrease in sinus rate, and the order of negative chronotropic potency determined on a weight basis was as follows: (formula: see text). Higher doses of these drugs except dipyridamole caused atrial standstill. The order of potency causing atrial standstill determined on a weight basis was as follows: (formula: see text). Dipyridamole in lower doses produced a negative chronotropic effect alone, but with higher doses a positive chronotropic effect preceded a negative one. Carbochromen in a wide range of doses produced a triphasic response consisting of initial brief positive, succeeding main negative and final gradually-developing slight positive components."}
{"id": "PMID:867443", "title": "Radiobromine labeled norcholesterol analogs. Synthesis and tissue distribution study in rats of bromine-82 labeled 6beta-bromomethyl-19-norcholest-5(10)-EN-38-OL.", "content": "6beta-Bromomethyl-19-norcholest-5(10)-en-3beta-ol (NCL-6-Br) was synthesized directly from cholest-5-ene-3beta,19-diol 19-toluene-p-sulfonate via homoallylic rearrangement with ammonium bromide or sodium bromide in acetonitrile. This method was applied to the radiolabeling of NCL-6-Br with bromine-82. Tissue distribution of bromine-82 labeled NCL-6-Br (NCL-6-Br-82) in rats was determined. The mean percent dose per gram uptake in adrenal at 24 and 120 h was 98 and 80 %/gm, respectively, which indicated a higher adrenal uptake as compared to iodine-131 labeled 19-iodocholest-5-en-3beta-ol (CL-19-I-131), but was at a lower level than that achieved with iodine-131 labeled 6beta-iodomethyl-19-norcholest-5(10)-en-3beta-ol (NCL-6-I-131). The ratio of radioactivity in the adrenal-to-liver concentration was also lower than that of CL-19-I-131 or NCL-6-I 131.", "contents": "Radiobromine labeled norcholesterol analogs. Synthesis and tissue distribution study in rats of bromine-82 labeled 6beta-bromomethyl-19-norcholest-5(10)-EN-38-OL. 6beta-Bromomethyl-19-norcholest-5(10)-en-3beta-ol (NCL-6-Br) was synthesized directly from cholest-5-ene-3beta,19-diol 19-toluene-p-sulfonate via homoallylic rearrangement with ammonium bromide or sodium bromide in acetonitrile. This method was applied to the radiolabeling of NCL-6-Br with bromine-82. Tissue distribution of bromine-82 labeled NCL-6-Br (NCL-6-Br-82) in rats was determined. The mean percent dose per gram uptake in adrenal at 24 and 120 h was 98 and 80 %/gm, respectively, which indicated a higher adrenal uptake as compared to iodine-131 labeled 19-iodocholest-5-en-3beta-ol (CL-19-I-131), but was at a lower level than that achieved with iodine-131 labeled 6beta-iodomethyl-19-norcholest-5(10)-en-3beta-ol (NCL-6-I-131). The ratio of radioactivity in the adrenal-to-liver concentration was also lower than that of CL-19-I-131 or NCL-6-I 131."}
{"id": "PMID:867444", "title": "Characterization of C-4-methylated sterols by pyridine-induced solvent shifts in proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy.", "content": "The proton magnetic resonance (PMR) spectra were measured in deuterochloroform (CDC13) and pyridine solutions for some 4-desmethyl, 4alpha-methyl, 4beta-methyl, and 4,4-dimethyl sterols related to 5alpha-cholestane series as well as for their C-3-oxo derivatives. The influence of pyridine, relative to CDC13, on methyl group chemical shifts was discusssed.  The technique utilizing pyridine-induced solvent shifts in PMR spectroscopy was found useful in characterizing the individual classes of sterols.", "contents": "Characterization of C-4-methylated sterols by pyridine-induced solvent shifts in proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The proton magnetic resonance (PMR) spectra were measured in deuterochloroform (CDC13) and pyridine solutions for some 4-desmethyl, 4alpha-methyl, 4beta-methyl, and 4,4-dimethyl sterols related to 5alpha-cholestane series as well as for their C-3-oxo derivatives. The influence of pyridine, relative to CDC13, on methyl group chemical shifts was discusssed.  The technique utilizing pyridine-induced solvent shifts in PMR spectroscopy was found useful in characterizing the individual classes of sterols."}
{"id": "PMID:867445", "title": "Synthesis of new steroid haptens for radioimmunossay. Part IV. 3-O-Carboxymethyl ether derivatives of estrogens. Specific antisera for radioimmunossay of estrone, estradiol-17beta, and estriol.", "content": "The syntheses of 3-O-carboxymethyl ether derivatives of estrone, estradiol-17beta, and estriol and the preparation of their bovine serum albumin (BSA) conjugates are described. These conjugates were employed for the generation of specific antisera suitable for radioimmunoassay (RIA) of estrone, estradiol-17beta, and estriol. The previous concept that specific antisera for estrogens cannot be obtained by employing estrogens derivatized at the 3-position is unfounded.", "contents": "Synthesis of new steroid haptens for radioimmunossay. Part IV. 3-O-Carboxymethyl ether derivatives of estrogens. Specific antisera for radioimmunossay of estrone, estradiol-17beta, and estriol. The syntheses of 3-O-carboxymethyl ether derivatives of estrone, estradiol-17beta, and estriol and the preparation of their bovine serum albumin (BSA) conjugates are described. These conjugates were employed for the generation of specific antisera suitable for radioimmunoassay (RIA) of estrone, estradiol-17beta, and estriol. The previous concept that specific antisera for estrogens cannot be obtained by employing estrogens derivatized at the 3-position is unfounded."}
{"id": "PMID:867446", "title": "Correlation of serum testosterone levels with age in male chimpanzees.", "content": "Serum testosterone was measured in a group of male chimpanzees of varying ages by radioimmunoassay using a specific antiserum to testosterone-3-carboxym ethyloxime-bovine serum albumin. The juvenile age group, ranging from one through six years (n=26), had a mean serum testosterone value of 13ng/100ml (range 3.5-59ng/100ml). The adolescent age group, spanning years seven through ten (n=19), had a mean value of 178ng/100ml (range 14.6-238ng/100ml). The adult group, comprised of animals over eleven years of age (n=29), had a mean peripheral serum testosterone value of 397ng/100ml (range 92-680ng/100ml). These data suggest that serum testosterone levels may be useful in determing the age and sexual maturity of chimpanzees of unknown age.", "contents": "Correlation of serum testosterone levels with age in male chimpanzees. Serum testosterone was measured in a group of male chimpanzees of varying ages by radioimmunoassay using a specific antiserum to testosterone-3-carboxym ethyloxime-bovine serum albumin. The juvenile age group, ranging from one through six years (n=26), had a mean serum testosterone value of 13ng/100ml (range 3.5-59ng/100ml). The adolescent age group, spanning years seven through ten (n=19), had a mean value of 178ng/100ml (range 14.6-238ng/100ml). The adult group, comprised of animals over eleven years of age (n=29), had a mean peripheral serum testosterone value of 397ng/100ml (range 92-680ng/100ml). These data suggest that serum testosterone levels may be useful in determing the age and sexual maturity of chimpanzees of unknown age."}
{"id": "PMID:867448", "title": "Simultaneous radioimmunoassay of tesosterone, dihydrotestosterone, 5 alpha-androstane-3alpha, 17beta-diol and 5alpha-androstane-3beta, 17beta-diol in the plasms of adult male rats.", "content": "A single thin layer chromatography and three antibodies were used for the specific radioimmunoassay of four androgens in pooled rat plasma (Sprague-Dawley adult males). The following values were found (pg/ml +/- SD). Testosterone: 3, 138 +/-173; dihydrotestosterone: 374 +/-20; 5alpha-androstane-3alpha, 17beta-diol: 284+/-24; 5alpha-androstane-3beta, 17beta-diol: 223+/-11.", "contents": "Simultaneous radioimmunoassay of tesosterone, dihydrotestosterone, 5 alpha-androstane-3alpha, 17beta-diol and 5alpha-androstane-3beta, 17beta-diol in the plasms of adult male rats. A single thin layer chromatography and three antibodies were used for the specific radioimmunoassay of four androgens in pooled rat plasma (Sprague-Dawley adult males). The following values were found (pg/ml +/- SD). Testosterone: 3, 138 +/-173; dihydrotestosterone: 374 +/-20; 5alpha-androstane-3alpha, 17beta-diol: 284+/-24; 5alpha-androstane-3beta, 17beta-diol: 223+/-11."}
{"id": "PMID:867447", "title": "Direct measurement of androgen receptors in cultured Sertoli cells.", "content": "Cytoplasmic and nuclear forms of macromolecules with the properties of androgen receptors have been demonstrated by direct labeling techniques in cultured Sertoli cells. The cytoplasmic form was excluded from Sephadex G-200 and could be distinguished from androgen binding protein (ABP) on the basis of size, heat stability, relative electrophoretic mobility, and binding complex dissociation rate. When cultured Sertoli cells were incubated with 3H-testosterone, a time- and temperature-dependent accumulation of label into the nuclear fraction was observed, 46% of which crystallized as authentic testosterone. Specific binding was saturable with an apparent association constant of 0.4nM-1. Approximately 30% of the nuclear bound hormone was extracted within 1 h by 0.4M KCl and 34% of this was associated with macromolecular species as measured by gel filtration. Unlabeled androgens and to some degree progestogens competed with 3H-testosterone for binding sites. These data constitute direct evidence that Sertoli cells contain androgen receptors.", "contents": "Direct measurement of androgen receptors in cultured Sertoli cells. Cytoplasmic and nuclear forms of macromolecules with the properties of androgen receptors have been demonstrated by direct labeling techniques in cultured Sertoli cells. The cytoplasmic form was excluded from Sephadex G-200 and could be distinguished from androgen binding protein (ABP) on the basis of size, heat stability, relative electrophoretic mobility, and binding complex dissociation rate. When cultured Sertoli cells were incubated with 3H-testosterone, a time- and temperature-dependent accumulation of label into the nuclear fraction was observed, 46% of which crystallized as authentic testosterone. Specific binding was saturable with an apparent association constant of 0.4nM-1. Approximately 30% of the nuclear bound hormone was extracted within 1 h by 0.4M KCl and 34% of this was associated with macromolecular species as measured by gel filtration. Unlabeled androgens and to some degree progestogens competed with 3H-testosterone for binding sites. These data constitute direct evidence that Sertoli cells contain androgen receptors."}
{"id": "PMID:867449", "title": "Formation of a steroidal allyl alcohol in the mammary glands of mice.", "content": "After incubation of [4-14C]progesterone with cell-free homogenates of mouse mammary gland in the presence of NADPH, [14C]-labeled 4-pregnene-3alpha, 20alpha-diol was identified as a metabolite, besides 20alpha-hydroxy-4-pregnene-3-one which was the major metabolite.", "contents": "Formation of a steroidal allyl alcohol in the mammary glands of mice. After incubation of [4-14C]progesterone with cell-free homogenates of mouse mammary gland in the presence of NADPH, [14C]-labeled 4-pregnene-3alpha, 20alpha-diol was identified as a metabolite, besides 20alpha-hydroxy-4-pregnene-3-one which was the major metabolite."}
{"id": "PMID:867450", "title": "Metabolism of estradiol by uterine peroxidase: nature of the water-soluble products.", "content": "The nature of the water-soluble products formed by incubating labelled estradiol with uterine peroxidase in the presence of H2O2 and tyrosine was examined by two-dimensional thin-layer chromatography and high voltage electrophoresis. It was shown that the steroid and amino acid were associated in a 1:2 or 1:3 ratio and evidence was provided by 3H-exchange for the interaction of tyrosine with ring A of estradiol at C-2 and C-4. The possible role of estrogen-induced peroxidase in the uterus in vivo is discussed.", "contents": "Metabolism of estradiol by uterine peroxidase: nature of the water-soluble products. The nature of the water-soluble products formed by incubating labelled estradiol with uterine peroxidase in the presence of H2O2 and tyrosine was examined by two-dimensional thin-layer chromatography and high voltage electrophoresis. It was shown that the steroid and amino acid were associated in a 1:2 or 1:3 ratio and evidence was provided by 3H-exchange for the interaction of tyrosine with ring A of estradiol at C-2 and C-4. The possible role of estrogen-induced peroxidase in the uterus in vivo is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:867452", "title": "Tritium nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Distribution patterns and nuclear Overhauser enhancements in some tritiated steroids.", "content": "The distribution of tritium atoms in some labeled steroids has been determined by tritium nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. In addition, the distribution of molecular types (mono vs. polytritiated) and nuclear Overhauser enhancements have been determined. As near maximal NOE's were observed, quantitative distribution information was derived from NOE suppressed spectra.", "contents": "Tritium nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Distribution patterns and nuclear Overhauser enhancements in some tritiated steroids. The distribution of tritium atoms in some labeled steroids has been determined by tritium nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. In addition, the distribution of molecular types (mono vs. polytritiated) and nuclear Overhauser enhancements have been determined. As near maximal NOE's were observed, quantitative distribution information was derived from NOE suppressed spectra."}
{"id": "PMID:867453", "title": "The safety of local anesthesia and outpatient treatment: a controlled study of induced abortion by vacuum aspiration.", "content": "The safety of early vacuum aspiration performed as an outpatient procedure using local anesthesia was examined in a controlled study sponsored by the World Health Organization and undertaken in two centers in Yugoslavia and Singapore. The sample consisted of healthy women whose pregnancies were between 7 and 12 weeks in duration. Follow-up four weeks after abortion was nearly 100 percent in both centers. No important differences in complication rates were found between the different types of services and anesthesia, even though overall complication rates differed markedly between centers. Overnight postabortion observation was not associated with any decrease in complications.", "contents": "The safety of local anesthesia and outpatient treatment: a controlled study of induced abortion by vacuum aspiration. The safety of early vacuum aspiration performed as an outpatient procedure using local anesthesia was examined in a controlled study sponsored by the World Health Organization and undertaken in two centers in Yugoslavia and Singapore. The sample consisted of healthy women whose pregnancies were between 7 and 12 weeks in duration. Follow-up four weeks after abortion was nearly 100 percent in both centers. No important differences in complication rates were found between the different types of services and anesthesia, even though overall complication rates differed markedly between centers. Overnight postabortion observation was not associated with any decrease in complications."}
{"id": "PMID:867454", "title": "Complications following induced abortion by vacuum aspiration: patient characteristics and procedures.", "content": "Complications following early induced abortion by vacuum aspiration were examined in a controlled study. Data were collected on healthy women 7--12 weeks pregnant at the time of abortion. No association was found between complication rates and age, marital status, or parity. However, women in their first pregnancies and those who had experienced an induced or spontaneous abortion in their previous pregnancy had a higher rate of complications following the current induced abortion.", "contents": "Complications following induced abortion by vacuum aspiration: patient characteristics and procedures. Complications following early induced abortion by vacuum aspiration were examined in a controlled study. Data were collected on healthy women 7--12 weeks pregnant at the time of abortion. No association was found between complication rates and age, marital status, or parity. However, women in their first pregnancies and those who had experienced an induced or spontaneous abortion in their previous pregnancy had a higher rate of complications following the current induced abortion."}
{"id": "PMID:867455", "title": "Patients' evaluation of family planning services: the case of inner-city clinics.", "content": "The acceptability of family planning services was studied at 12 federally funded clinics in the poor, inner-city area of Detroit by means of a questionnaire given to 535 patients selected at random. The majority of respondents judged clinic care acceptable, but ratings varied among individual clinics, types of clinics (hospital or community-based, single-purpose or multipurpose), and characteristics of patients. Ratings also varied among the factors identified from the 24 questionnaire items as the criteria of acceptability: (1) doctor's care and (2) nurse's care, which were found to be closely correlated with patient's satisfaction with their clinic experience, and (3) waiting time, (4) accessibility, and (5) comfortableness, which were not correlated with overall satisfaction. Overall clinic acceptability was positively correlated with revisits for some of the clinics.", "contents": "Patients' evaluation of family planning services: the case of inner-city clinics. The acceptability of family planning services was studied at 12 federally funded clinics in the poor, inner-city area of Detroit by means of a questionnaire given to 535 patients selected at random. The majority of respondents judged clinic care acceptable, but ratings varied among individual clinics, types of clinics (hospital or community-based, single-purpose or multipurpose), and characteristics of patients. Ratings also varied among the factors identified from the 24 questionnaire items as the criteria of acceptability: (1) doctor's care and (2) nurse's care, which were found to be closely correlated with patient's satisfaction with their clinic experience, and (3) waiting time, (4) accessibility, and (5) comfortableness, which were not correlated with overall satisfaction. Overall clinic acceptability was positively correlated with revisits for some of the clinics."}
{"id": "PMID:867458", "title": "Platelet preservation V. Survival, serotonin uptake velocity, and response to hypotonic stress of fresh and cryopreserved human platelets.", "content": "The survival in vivo of 51Cr-labeled autologous human platelets, the serotonin uptake velocity, and the response to hypotonic stress were determined both before and after cryopreservation. Changes in platelet survival corresponded to changes in serotonin uptake velocity and response to hypotonic stress. No correlation was observed between the values of the survivla in vivo, the serotonin uptake velocity, and the response to hypotonic stress within the separate suspensions of fresh and cryopreserved platelets. There was no indication that hypercoagulability was induced by infusion of small amounts of cryopreserved platelets.", "contents": "Platelet preservation V. Survival, serotonin uptake velocity, and response to hypotonic stress of fresh and cryopreserved human platelets. The survival in vivo of 51Cr-labeled autologous human platelets, the serotonin uptake velocity, and the response to hypotonic stress were determined both before and after cryopreservation. Changes in platelet survival corresponded to changes in serotonin uptake velocity and response to hypotonic stress. No correlation was observed between the values of the survivla in vivo, the serotonin uptake velocity, and the response to hypotonic stress within the separate suspensions of fresh and cryopreserved platelets. There was no indication that hypercoagulability was induced by infusion of small amounts of cryopreserved platelets."}
{"id": "PMID:867460", "title": "A highly specialized and motivated volunteer population: platelet donors.", "content": "The plateletpheresis program of the M.D. Anderson Hospital was established in 1963. Approximately 20,000 units of platelet concentrates are produced per year. Credit for the nonreplacement fee generates the greatest number of donors. No organized recruitment campaign exists. Each donor becomes a recruiter for the program. Also involved in donor recruitment are all laboratory personnel, as well as Donor Room exployees.", "contents": "A highly specialized and motivated volunteer population: platelet donors. The plateletpheresis program of the M.D. Anderson Hospital was established in 1963. Approximately 20,000 units of platelet concentrates are produced per year. Credit for the nonreplacement fee generates the greatest number of donors. No organized recruitment campaign exists. Each donor becomes a recruiter for the program. Also involved in donor recruitment are all laboratory personnel, as well as Donor Room exployees."}
{"id": "PMID:867461", "title": "How donors and nondonors view people who do not give blood.", "content": "Ninety Australian college students, both donors and nondonors, were asked why they felt other people did not give blood. Donors tended to stress fears, possible ill-effects, and the inconvenience of giving blood. Nondonors tended to dismiss most reasons, although more than half of them agreed with Fear of Being Pricked with a Neddle, Never Been Asked to Give, and Inconvenience such as Loss of Time.", "contents": "How donors and nondonors view people who do not give blood. Ninety Australian college students, both donors and nondonors, were asked why they felt other people did not give blood. Donors tended to stress fears, possible ill-effects, and the inconvenience of giving blood. Nondonors tended to dismiss most reasons, although more than half of them agreed with Fear of Being Pricked with a Neddle, Never Been Asked to Give, and Inconvenience such as Loss of Time."}
{"id": "PMID:867463", "title": "Hemagglutination inhibiton in capillary tubes--a simple and reliable test for HBsAg.", "content": "A technique is described which allows testing for HBsAg by hemagglutination inhibition in capillary tubes. The test is rapid, and compares favorably in sensitivity to radioimmunoassay. The equipment is simple, and its design eliminates the risk of infection from the HBsAg reagents.", "contents": "Hemagglutination inhibiton in capillary tubes--a simple and reliable test for HBsAg. A technique is described which allows testing for HBsAg by hemagglutination inhibition in capillary tubes. The test is rapid, and compares favorably in sensitivity to radioimmunoassay. The equipment is simple, and its design eliminates the risk of infection from the HBsAg reagents."}
{"id": "PMID:867464", "title": "Blood storage XXIII: 2,3-DPG maintenance for six weeks in a CPD-adenine-inosine preservative with and without methylene blue.", "content": "In a pilot study the optimal concentration of inosine for 2,3-DPG maintenance in a CPD-adenine (0.25 mM) preservative was confirmed to be at lease 10 mM. In these experiments, 2,3-DPG maintenance was nearly normal for six weeks of storage in CPD-adenine-inosine (10 mM) preservative with or without methylene blue. The control preservative lacking inosine showed a statistically significant decrease in 2,3-DPG concentrations after the 3rd week. Finally, 2,3-DPG levels were significantly better maintained in CPD-adenine preservatives that contained 15 mM concentrations of inosine, whether methylene blue was present or not (10(-6)M), compared to CPD-adenine-inosine preservatives that contained 5 mM inosine, with or without methylene blue. The methylene blue effect, while it can be demonstrated in most experiments to help the red blood cell maintain 2,3-DPG during prolonged blood storage, is judges to be a slight value. However, inosine is of great value in maintaining 2,3-DPG for prolonged (five to six weeks) liquid storage.", "contents": "Blood storage XXIII: 2,3-DPG maintenance for six weeks in a CPD-adenine-inosine preservative with and without methylene blue. In a pilot study the optimal concentration of inosine for 2,3-DPG maintenance in a CPD-adenine (0.25 mM) preservative was confirmed to be at lease 10 mM. In these experiments, 2,3-DPG maintenance was nearly normal for six weeks of storage in CPD-adenine-inosine (10 mM) preservative with or without methylene blue. The control preservative lacking inosine showed a statistically significant decrease in 2,3-DPG concentrations after the 3rd week. Finally, 2,3-DPG levels were significantly better maintained in CPD-adenine preservatives that contained 15 mM concentrations of inosine, whether methylene blue was present or not (10(-6)M), compared to CPD-adenine-inosine preservatives that contained 5 mM inosine, with or without methylene blue. The methylene blue effect, while it can be demonstrated in most experiments to help the red blood cell maintain 2,3-DPG during prolonged blood storage, is judges to be a slight value. However, inosine is of great value in maintaining 2,3-DPG for prolonged (five to six weeks) liquid storage."}
{"id": "PMID:867465", "title": "Blood storage XXIV: red blood cell 2,3-DPG and ATP maintenance for six weeks in CPD-adenine with higher phosphate, pyruvate, and dihydroxyacetone.", "content": "The individual and collective effects of various phosphate, pyruvate and dihydroxyacetone concentrations on 2,3-DPG and ATP maintenance during blood storage with CPD-adenine (0.25 mM), were studied. Phosphate concentrations ranged from 2 to 100 mM. Low concentations were best for 2,3-DPG maintenance during the first three weeks, after which there was no difference. ATP concentrations were better maintained by the highest phosphate concentrations in the first week. After the second week the lower concentrations of phosphate were better. With pyruvate 40 and 60 mM were the best for 2,3-DPG levels through six weeks of storage. ATP concentrations were poorest with high pyruvate. Maintenance of 2,3-DPG was above half normal for six weeks of storage in the 60, 80 and 100 mM DHA preservatives. ATP concentrations were best maintained in the preservative lacking DHA. Combinations of phosphate, pyruvate and DHA in concentrations which had been found to be effective when used individually were studied. Best maintenance of 2,3-DPG (above half normal levels) for six weeks was afforded by pyruvate, phosphate and DHA, and by pyruvate and DHA. ATP maintenance was best afforded by CPD-adenine alone and CPD-adenine with pyruvate and phosphate. Pyruvate alone maintained ATP less well and the pyruvate-DHA was worst. Intermediate in maintenance of ATP was the preservative containing pyruvate, phosphate and DHA.", "contents": "Blood storage XXIV: red blood cell 2,3-DPG and ATP maintenance for six weeks in CPD-adenine with higher phosphate, pyruvate, and dihydroxyacetone. The individual and collective effects of various phosphate, pyruvate and dihydroxyacetone concentrations on 2,3-DPG and ATP maintenance during blood storage with CPD-adenine (0.25 mM), were studied. Phosphate concentrations ranged from 2 to 100 mM. Low concentations were best for 2,3-DPG maintenance during the first three weeks, after which there was no difference. ATP concentrations were better maintained by the highest phosphate concentrations in the first week. After the second week the lower concentrations of phosphate were better. With pyruvate 40 and 60 mM were the best for 2,3-DPG levels through six weeks of storage. ATP concentrations were poorest with high pyruvate. Maintenance of 2,3-DPG was above half normal for six weeks of storage in the 60, 80 and 100 mM DHA preservatives. ATP concentrations were best maintained in the preservative lacking DHA. Combinations of phosphate, pyruvate and DHA in concentrations which had been found to be effective when used individually were studied. Best maintenance of 2,3-DPG (above half normal levels) for six weeks was afforded by pyruvate, phosphate and DHA, and by pyruvate and DHA. ATP maintenance was best afforded by CPD-adenine alone and CPD-adenine with pyruvate and phosphate. Pyruvate alone maintained ATP less well and the pyruvate-DHA was worst. Intermediate in maintenance of ATP was the preservative containing pyruvate, phosphate and DHA."}
{"id": "PMID:867467", "title": "Platelet transfusion survey in a regional blood program.", "content": "We studied the pattern of use of platelets stored at 4 C. About half of 2,168 platelet concentrates were transfused to achieve hemostasis in 360 transfusion episodes. More than half of the platelet concentrates were given during the second and third day after collection. Of 164 prophylactic transfusion episodes including 44 plateletpheresis packs, 74 percent were given to patients with leukemia. Reactions to platelet transfusion occurred in about 4 per cent of the transfusion episodes. Considering our survey findings, the generally accepted properties of cold stored platelets and the capabilities and limitations of this blood bank, we plan to continue to store platelets at 4 C.", "contents": "Platelet transfusion survey in a regional blood program. We studied the pattern of use of platelets stored at 4 C. About half of 2,168 platelet concentrates were transfused to achieve hemostasis in 360 transfusion episodes. More than half of the platelet concentrates were given during the second and third day after collection. Of 164 prophylactic transfusion episodes including 44 plateletpheresis packs, 74 percent were given to patients with leukemia. Reactions to platelet transfusion occurred in about 4 per cent of the transfusion episodes. Considering our survey findings, the generally accepted properties of cold stored platelets and the capabilities and limitations of this blood bank, we plan to continue to store platelets at 4 C."}
{"id": "PMID:867468", "title": "Hemoglobin screening in prospective blood donors: a comparison of methods.", "content": "The microhematocrit (MHCT) (MHCT) of blood obtained by ear lobe puncture (ELP) was found to be higher than that obtained by fingerstick (FS). Using copper sulfate solution to estimate hemoglobin concentration of ELP blood will lead to accepting prospective blood donors that would be rejected by fingerstick obtained samples. Raising the specific gravity of the copper sulfate solution from 1.053 to 1.055 for females and from 1.055 to 1.057 for males eliminates the discordance for males but leads to rejection of females at a high rate (20 per cent). The use of FS/MHCT to recheck those failing the gravimetric test with higher specific gravity copper sulfate is suggested. The MHCT of venous samples obtained via the needle at the conclusion of phlebotomy will be lower than the  MHCT of a capillary sample obtained during screening because of a combination of : 1) hemodilution due to assumption of the recumbent position and 2) hemodilution in response to phlebotomy.", "contents": "Hemoglobin screening in prospective blood donors: a comparison of methods. The microhematocrit (MHCT) (MHCT) of blood obtained by ear lobe puncture (ELP) was found to be higher than that obtained by fingerstick (FS). Using copper sulfate solution to estimate hemoglobin concentration of ELP blood will lead to accepting prospective blood donors that would be rejected by fingerstick obtained samples. Raising the specific gravity of the copper sulfate solution from 1.053 to 1.055 for females and from 1.055 to 1.057 for males eliminates the discordance for males but leads to rejection of females at a high rate (20 per cent). The use of FS/MHCT to recheck those failing the gravimetric test with higher specific gravity copper sulfate is suggested. The MHCT of venous samples obtained via the needle at the conclusion of phlebotomy will be lower than the  MHCT of a capillary sample obtained during screening because of a combination of : 1) hemodilution due to assumption of the recumbent position and 2) hemodilution in response to phlebotomy."}
{"id": "PMID:867470", "title": "Exchange transfusion in sickle cell disease using a continuous-flow blood cell separator.", "content": "An exchange transfusion was performed preoperatively on a patient with sickle cell disease using a continuous-flow blood cell separator. An exchange of 2,825 ml red blood cells achieved a hemoglobin A level of 90.8 per cent. The continuous-flow blood cell separator appears to offer a safe and effective method of exchange transfusion in sickling disorders.", "contents": "Exchange transfusion in sickle cell disease using a continuous-flow blood cell separator. An exchange transfusion was performed preoperatively on a patient with sickle cell disease using a continuous-flow blood cell separator. An exchange of 2,825 ml red blood cells achieved a hemoglobin A level of 90.8 per cent. The continuous-flow blood cell separator appears to offer a safe and effective method of exchange transfusion in sickling disorders."}
{"id": "PMID:867469", "title": "Unacceptable variability of hemoglobin estimation on samples obtained from ear punctures.", "content": "Sampling techniques were studied for the determination of the hemoglobin in volunteer blood donors. First, finger, ear, and venous samples were collected from 50 volunteers. Then five volunteers were monitored for a three-day period and finger, ear, and venous samples were collected daily. Thirdly, microhematocrits were done on the postdonation EDTA samples of 500 donors who had been screened using ear puncture copper sulfate hemoglobin estimations. Fourth, 25,437 donations were followed up to see whether capillary sampling techniques affected the rate of donor deferral. And finally, the ear sampling technique was varied using vigorous rubbing and manipulation to see if there was abnormal circulation that would affect the hematocrit results from capillary blood from the ear. We found that the microhematocrits averaged 7 per cent higher from blood obtained from ear puncture than from either finger puncture or venous puncture. Microhematocrits obtained from blood obtained by ear puncture were less accurate and less precise than blood from finger punctures. Finger puncture samples exclude approximately 6 per cent more donors than does blood from ear punctures.", "contents": "Unacceptable variability of hemoglobin estimation on samples obtained from ear punctures. Sampling techniques were studied for the determination of the hemoglobin in volunteer blood donors. First, finger, ear, and venous samples were collected from 50 volunteers. Then five volunteers were monitored for a three-day period and finger, ear, and venous samples were collected daily. Thirdly, microhematocrits were done on the postdonation EDTA samples of 500 donors who had been screened using ear puncture copper sulfate hemoglobin estimations. Fourth, 25,437 donations were followed up to see whether capillary sampling techniques affected the rate of donor deferral. And finally, the ear sampling technique was varied using vigorous rubbing and manipulation to see if there was abnormal circulation that would affect the hematocrit results from capillary blood from the ear. We found that the microhematocrits averaged 7 per cent higher from blood obtained from ear puncture than from either finger puncture or venous puncture. Microhematocrits obtained from blood obtained by ear puncture were less accurate and less precise than blood from finger punctures. Finger puncture samples exclude approximately 6 per cent more donors than does blood from ear punctures."}
{"id": "PMID:867474", "title": "An elapsed time-temperature monitor for blood storage.", "content": "Blood should not be allowed to exceed 10 C while being stored or transported. However, one cannot test the internal temperature of a unit of blood without contaminating it. Most blood banks have established an arbitrary time limit beyond which a blood unit cannot be kept out of the refrigerator. This method is ineffective if blood is stored in a satellite refrigerator, since the blood may be moved in and out of the refrigerator and the blood bank personnel will be unaware of it. An elapsed time indicator is described which employs a small condenser (E-Cell-Plessey Electronics) charged with a known amount of electricity. If the device is removed from the refrigerator, it begins to discharge at a known rate. The amount of time subsequently can be determined by the loss of charge. The prototype of this instrument has been found to be quite accurate and small (2 inches X 2 inches X 1 inch). It would be rather inexpensive if made in considerable numbers.", "contents": "An elapsed time-temperature monitor for blood storage. Blood should not be allowed to exceed 10 C while being stored or transported. However, one cannot test the internal temperature of a unit of blood without contaminating it. Most blood banks have established an arbitrary time limit beyond which a blood unit cannot be kept out of the refrigerator. This method is ineffective if blood is stored in a satellite refrigerator, since the blood may be moved in and out of the refrigerator and the blood bank personnel will be unaware of it. An elapsed time indicator is described which employs a small condenser (E-Cell-Plessey Electronics) charged with a known amount of electricity. If the device is removed from the refrigerator, it begins to discharge at a known rate. The amount of time subsequently can be determined by the loss of charge. The prototype of this instrument has been found to be quite accurate and small (2 inches X 2 inches X 1 inch). It would be rather inexpensive if made in considerable numbers."}
{"id": "PMID:867480", "title": "Studies into the transplantation biology of ultraviolet light-induced tumors.", "content": "The majority of skin tumors induced in mice by ultraviolet (UV) light are rejected when implanted into normal syngeneic recipients. Subcarcinogenic levels of UV light exposure render the normally resistant mice susceptible to tumor challenge. The immunoregulatory effect of UV light appears to be additive, since the growth rate of a tumor transplant is dependent upon the length of UV exposure administered prior to implantation. This suppressive influence does not appear to be directly mediated by the UV light, because the amputation of UV-irradiated tail skin allows for a retention of tumor resistance in otherwise tumor-susceptible hosts. UV-irradiated mice could also be immunized against UV tumors, which suggests that immune recognition of tumor-specific transplantation antigens has not been inhibited. The ability of UV exposure to alter normal immunological reactivity to UV-induced tumors is possibly an integral factor in the mechanism underlying UV carcinogenesis.", "contents": "Studies into the transplantation biology of ultraviolet light-induced tumors. The majority of skin tumors induced in mice by ultraviolet (UV) light are rejected when implanted into normal syngeneic recipients. Subcarcinogenic levels of UV light exposure render the normally resistant mice susceptible to tumor challenge. The immunoregulatory effect of UV light appears to be additive, since the growth rate of a tumor transplant is dependent upon the length of UV exposure administered prior to implantation. This suppressive influence does not appear to be directly mediated by the UV light, because the amputation of UV-irradiated tail skin allows for a retention of tumor resistance in otherwise tumor-susceptible hosts. UV-irradiated mice could also be immunized against UV tumors, which suggests that immune recognition of tumor-specific transplantation antigens has not been inhibited. The ability of UV exposure to alter normal immunological reactivity to UV-induced tumors is possibly an integral factor in the mechanism underlying UV carcinogenesis."}
{"id": "PMID:867481", "title": "Application of laser cytometry to the analysis of immunologically induced in vitro lymphocyte responsiveness.", "content": "This study defines an assay (laser analysis) that is a significant advance in our ability to quantitate and analyze immunologically induced in vitro lymphocyte responsiveness. Laser analysis is demonstrated to parallel radionucleotide incorporation (3H-thymidine) in terms of kinetic pattern, dose response characteristics, and statistical accuracy while exeeding radionucleotide incorporation in sensitivity. Direct quantitation of lymphocyte responsiveness, in terms of cellular proliferation, disclosed that substantial numbers of small lymphocytes were produced during in vitro stimulation with mitogen (concanavalin A) or antigen (streptokinase-streptodornase) in addition to the expected increase in lymphoblasts. The magnitude of this \"total cellular response\" (lymphocytes plus lymphoblasts) was found to be similar for antigen and mitogen stimulation, a finding not suggested by routine radionucleotide incorporation or morphological assays.", "contents": "Application of laser cytometry to the analysis of immunologically induced in vitro lymphocyte responsiveness. This study defines an assay (laser analysis) that is a significant advance in our ability to quantitate and analyze immunologically induced in vitro lymphocyte responsiveness. Laser analysis is demonstrated to parallel radionucleotide incorporation (3H-thymidine) in terms of kinetic pattern, dose response characteristics, and statistical accuracy while exeeding radionucleotide incorporation in sensitivity. Direct quantitation of lymphocyte responsiveness, in terms of cellular proliferation, disclosed that substantial numbers of small lymphocytes were produced during in vitro stimulation with mitogen (concanavalin A) or antigen (streptokinase-streptodornase) in addition to the expected increase in lymphoblasts. The magnitude of this \"total cellular response\" (lymphocytes plus lymphoblasts) was found to be similar for antigen and mitogen stimulation, a finding not suggested by routine radionucleotide incorporation or morphological assays."}
{"id": "PMID:867475", "title": "Simplified quality assurance of floor model centrifuges.", "content": "Present methods for calibration of the rotor speed of large floor model centrifuges used for blood component preparation can be cumbersome and/or dangerous. This report describes a safe and inexpensive method of modifying a centrifuge lid so that calibration of the machine with a photoelectric tachometer is a simple and safe procedure.", "contents": "Simplified quality assurance of floor model centrifuges. Present methods for calibration of the rotor speed of large floor model centrifuges used for blood component preparation can be cumbersome and/or dangerous. This report describes a safe and inexpensive method of modifying a centrifuge lid so that calibration of the machine with a photoelectric tachometer is a simple and safe procedure."}
{"id": "PMID:867482", "title": "Altered immune responses in pregnant mice.", "content": "The immune responses of pregnant mice to alloantigens were studied using the 51chromiun release assay. Four populations of lymphoid effector cells were studied. Control lymphoid cells were from normal, virgin BALB/c females, and BALB/c females specifically immunized to (BALB/c X C3H) F1 spleen cells. Experimental lymphoid cells were from BALB/c females pregnant by BALB/c males (syngeneically pregnant) or C3H males (allogeneically pregnant). Target cells were 51chromiumlabeled phytohemagglutinin-induced lymphoblasts from BALB/c and (BALB/c X C3H) F1 animals. Pooled lymph node and spleen cells from BALB/c females pregnant by C3H males were not cytotoxic for (BALB/c X C3H) F1 target cells. Lymphoid cells were transferred to sublethally irradiated syngeneic recipients that were simultaneously challenged with (BALB/c X C3H) F1 alloantigens. One week later, the spleen cells of the recipient animals were used as effector lymphoid cells. Lymphoid cells from normal, syngeneically  pregnant, and allogeneically pregnant animals were equally cytotoxic for (BALB/c X C3H) F, target cells. Lymphoid cells from BALB/c animals specifically immunized to (BALB/c X C3H) F, alloantigens were highly cytotoxic for these target cells. Compared with the unmixed cell populations, mixtures of lymphoid cells from norman and syngeneically or allogeneically pregnant animals were hyporesponsive to alloantigenic challenge. Serum from neither syngeneically pregnant nor allogeneically pregnant animals inhibited the response of normal lymphoid cells to alloantigen. Immunoregulation in pregnancy was discussed.", "contents": "Altered immune responses in pregnant mice. The immune responses of pregnant mice to alloantigens were studied using the 51chromiun release assay. Four populations of lymphoid effector cells were studied. Control lymphoid cells were from normal, virgin BALB/c females, and BALB/c females specifically immunized to (BALB/c X C3H) F1 spleen cells. Experimental lymphoid cells were from BALB/c females pregnant by BALB/c males (syngeneically pregnant) or C3H males (allogeneically pregnant). Target cells were 51chromiumlabeled phytohemagglutinin-induced lymphoblasts from BALB/c and (BALB/c X C3H) F1 animals. Pooled lymph node and spleen cells from BALB/c females pregnant by C3H males were not cytotoxic for (BALB/c X C3H) F1 target cells. Lymphoid cells were transferred to sublethally irradiated syngeneic recipients that were simultaneously challenged with (BALB/c X C3H) F1 alloantigens. One week later, the spleen cells of the recipient animals were used as effector lymphoid cells. Lymphoid cells from normal, syngeneically  pregnant, and allogeneically pregnant animals were equally cytotoxic for (BALB/c X C3H) F, target cells. Lymphoid cells from BALB/c animals specifically immunized to (BALB/c X C3H) F, alloantigens were highly cytotoxic for these target cells. Compared with the unmixed cell populations, mixtures of lymphoid cells from norman and syngeneically or allogeneically pregnant animals were hyporesponsive to alloantigenic challenge. Serum from neither syngeneically pregnant nor allogeneically pregnant animals inhibited the response of normal lymphoid cells to alloantigen. Immunoregulation in pregnancy was discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:867471", "title": "Tn-polyagglutinability of red blood cells and acquired A-like specificity.", "content": "A woman whose red blood cells are polyagglutinable due to Tn-activation is reported. The true blood group of the patient is B but her cells have an acquired A-like specificity. The importance of the lectins, especially of Salvia sclarae extract, for the identification of Tn-polyagglutinability is demonstrated. The possibilities of A-like specificity of Tn-activated group B red blood cells is discussed.", "contents": "Tn-polyagglutinability of red blood cells and acquired A-like specificity. A woman whose red blood cells are polyagglutinable due to Tn-activation is reported. The true blood group of the patient is B but her cells have an acquired A-like specificity. The importance of the lectins, especially of Salvia sclarae extract, for the identification of Tn-polyagglutinability is demonstrated. The possibilities of A-like specificity of Tn-activated group B red blood cells is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:867472", "title": "Genetic independence of the Lutheran and Diego blood group loci.", "content": "The Diego locus had been shown to be genetically distinct from the loci for all the established blood group systems save that for Lutheran. This gap has now been filled, after 21 years, by studies of a Cree Indian family which demonstrates that Diego is separate also from the Lutheran locus.", "contents": "Genetic independence of the Lutheran and Diego blood group loci. The Diego locus had been shown to be genetically distinct from the loci for all the established blood group systems save that for Lutheran. This gap has now been filled, after 21 years, by studies of a Cree Indian family which demonstrates that Diego is separate also from the Lutheran locus."}
{"id": "PMID:867485", "title": "Tumor-associated lymphoid cells: analysis of host cells that bind to syngeneic and allogeneic tumor cells shortly after tumor administration.", "content": "A single intraperitoneal injection of irradiated EL-4 leukemia into syngeneic hosts induced in vivo immunity and in vitro cell-mediated response against EL-4. A nonadherent, theta-positive, peritoneal exudate lymphocyte fraction that bound to and lysed EL-4 in vitro was isolated from the tumor site. This system allowed the study of immune processes involving host lymphocytes as early as 3 days after tumor inoculation.", "contents": "Tumor-associated lymphoid cells: analysis of host cells that bind to syngeneic and allogeneic tumor cells shortly after tumor administration. A single intraperitoneal injection of irradiated EL-4 leukemia into syngeneic hosts induced in vivo immunity and in vitro cell-mediated response against EL-4. A nonadherent, theta-positive, peritoneal exudate lymphocyte fraction that bound to and lysed EL-4 in vitro was isolated from the tumor site. This system allowed the study of immune processes involving host lymphocytes as early as 3 days after tumor inoculation."}
{"id": "PMID:867506", "title": "Lymphocyte differentiation and allograft reactivity. Experimental studies on the origin of thymic lymphocytes.", "content": "The generalization that the developing vertebrate thymus is colonized by circulating stem cells that originate in the yolk sac blood islands is questionable. The view that the yolk sac is the primary source of thymic lymphocytes is based largely on inferences drawn from experimental protocols that are highly artificial.", "contents": "Lymphocyte differentiation and allograft reactivity. Experimental studies on the origin of thymic lymphocytes. The generalization that the developing vertebrate thymus is colonized by circulating stem cells that originate in the yolk sac blood islands is questionable. The view that the yolk sac is the primary source of thymic lymphocytes is based largely on inferences drawn from experimental protocols that are highly artificial."}
{"id": "PMID:867509", "title": "Artificial colonization as a method for studying the normal habitat of mycobacteria.", "content": "Sixteen species of mycobacteria were inoculated into samples of earth which were cultured immediately afterwards and then monthly for six months. Five species, and possibility a sixth, colonized the habitat suggesting that it was natural to them. Experiments of this type should provide a useful approach to field studies of the sources of opportunist mycobacteria.", "contents": "Artificial colonization as a method for studying the normal habitat of mycobacteria. Sixteen species of mycobacteria were inoculated into samples of earth which were cultured immediately afterwards and then monthly for six months. Five species, and possibility a sixth, colonized the habitat suggesting that it was natural to them. Experiments of this type should provide a useful approach to field studies of the sources of opportunist mycobacteria."}
{"id": "PMID:867510", "title": "A case of non-pulmonary tuberculosis due to Mycobacterium africanum.", "content": "A case is reported of tuberculous osteitis of the ileum in an Asian woman who arrived in the United Kingdom from Uganda in 1970. The causative organism was M. africanum.", "contents": "A case of non-pulmonary tuberculosis due to Mycobacterium africanum. A case is reported of tuberculous osteitis of the ileum in an Asian woman who arrived in the United Kingdom from Uganda in 1970. The causative organism was M. africanum."}
{"id": "PMID:867511", "title": "Solitary tuberculoma of the larynx: a case report.", "content": "A case of solitary tuberculoma of the larynx in a 56-year-old man from Calabar, Nigeria, is presented. He had upper respiratory tract obstruction severe enough to necessitate a tracheostomy. It is suggested that tuberculoma of the larynx may not be as rare as a review of the currently available medical literature would suggest. More may be discovered if all cases of polypoid masses in the larynx, however innocent they look, are histologically examined.", "contents": "Solitary tuberculoma of the larynx: a case report. A case of solitary tuberculoma of the larynx in a 56-year-old man from Calabar, Nigeria, is presented. He had upper respiratory tract obstruction severe enough to necessitate a tracheostomy. It is suggested that tuberculoma of the larynx may not be as rare as a review of the currently available medical literature would suggest. More may be discovered if all cases of polypoid masses in the larynx, however innocent they look, are histologically examined."}
{"id": "PMID:867512", "title": "[Effect of heparin on nitrogen metabolism in the myocardium of dogs under normal conditions and following an experimental myocardial infarct].", "content": "Heparin administered at the initial stage of myocardium infarction is shown to prevent a number of shifts in the metabolism of protein and polynucleotides of the injured heart. It does not promote the development of some changes, but intensifies only a few of those evoked by the ligation of coronary artery in the myocardium nitrogen metabolism. The preparation inhibitory effects are also slightly pronounced in the normal myocardium where the preparation activates many metabolic reactions of nitrogen-containing biopolymers. Inactivation of enzymatic systems in a cell is likely to be not the basic, as some researchers consider, but one of the secondary mechanisms of heparin incorporation into metabolism proceeding in normal and pathologically changed tissues.", "contents": "[Effect of heparin on nitrogen metabolism in the myocardium of dogs under normal conditions and following an experimental myocardial infarct]. Heparin administered at the initial stage of myocardium infarction is shown to prevent a number of shifts in the metabolism of protein and polynucleotides of the injured heart. It does not promote the development of some changes, but intensifies only a few of those evoked by the ligation of coronary artery in the myocardium nitrogen metabolism. The preparation inhibitory effects are also slightly pronounced in the normal myocardium where the preparation activates many metabolic reactions of nitrogen-containing biopolymers. Inactivation of enzymatic systems in a cell is likely to be not the basic, as some researchers consider, but one of the secondary mechanisms of heparin incorporation into metabolism proceeding in normal and pathologically changed tissues."}
{"id": "PMID:867513", "title": "[Fractional composition and methylation of liver cell nucleus histones during the early stages of radiation injury].", "content": "The radiation injury affects the quantitative ratio of histone fractions. The most pronounced changes in the percentage content towards a decrease are observed for the fractions F2a1 and F2a2 as well as for F2a 12 h and 24 h after irradiation, respectively. An increase by 41.8% is observed in the content of the fractions F2b+F3 12 h after irradiation. The methylation for all histones of the fractions increases considerably 2 h after irradiation, drops 12 h later in the fractions F2a1 and F3 and 24 h later in the fractions F3 and F1 as compared to the normal level.", "contents": "[Fractional composition and methylation of liver cell nucleus histones during the early stages of radiation injury]. The radiation injury affects the quantitative ratio of histone fractions. The most pronounced changes in the percentage content towards a decrease are observed for the fractions F2a1 and F2a2 as well as for F2a 12 h and 24 h after irradiation, respectively. An increase by 41.8% is observed in the content of the fractions F2b+F3 12 h after irradiation. The methylation for all histones of the fractions increases considerably 2 h after irradiation, drops 12 h later in the fractions F2a1 and F3 and 24 h later in the fractions F3 and F1 as compared to the normal level."}
{"id": "PMID:867515", "title": "[Conformational changes in rabbit muscle aldolase under normal conditions and following prolonged starvation].", "content": "The experiments were aimed at studying conformation differences of muscle aldolase in normal rabbits and those fasting for a long time and at finding the areas of polypeptide chains affected by the changes. For this purpose the difference, temperature- and solvent-perturbation spectra of the compared proteins were examined. On the basis of the data obtained on the same amount of chromophore groups in both proteins a conclusion is drawn on a more hydrophobic surrounding of tyrosine and tryptophan residues in aldolase of the long-fasting animals. When determing the content of the tyrosine and tryptophan surface residues an increase (from 13 to 21) was found in the number of the tyrosine residues in aldolase of the long-fasting animals. An assumption is advanced on localization of the primary structure changes in the molecule sites rich in chromophore groups or those located closer to them.", "contents": "[Conformational changes in rabbit muscle aldolase under normal conditions and following prolonged starvation]. The experiments were aimed at studying conformation differences of muscle aldolase in normal rabbits and those fasting for a long time and at finding the areas of polypeptide chains affected by the changes. For this purpose the difference, temperature- and solvent-perturbation spectra of the compared proteins were examined. On the basis of the data obtained on the same amount of chromophore groups in both proteins a conclusion is drawn on a more hydrophobic surrounding of tyrosine and tryptophan residues in aldolase of the long-fasting animals. When determing the content of the tyrosine and tryptophan surface residues an increase (from 13 to 21) was found in the number of the tyrosine residues in aldolase of the long-fasting animals. An assumption is advanced on localization of the primary structure changes in the molecule sites rich in chromophore groups or those located closer to them."}
{"id": "PMID:867520", "title": "[Aspartate-carbamoyltransferase activity of rabbit liver tissue following x-irradiation and vitamin and ATP administration].", "content": "Under the effect of total X-ray irradiation (450 R) the changes in activity of aspartate-carbamoyltransferase in the rabbit liver are of wavy character depending on the time passed after irradiation. Administration of vitamin B (with ATP, in combination with ATP and B1 as well as with FMN and PP) is shown to produce an activating effect on the enzyme function in the irradiated animals.", "contents": "[Aspartate-carbamoyltransferase activity of rabbit liver tissue following x-irradiation and vitamin and ATP administration]. Under the effect of total X-ray irradiation (450 R) the changes in activity of aspartate-carbamoyltransferase in the rabbit liver are of wavy character depending on the time passed after irradiation. Administration of vitamin B (with ATP, in combination with ATP and B1 as well as with FMN and PP) is shown to produce an activating effect on the enzyme function in the irradiated animals."}
{"id": "PMID:867516", "title": "[Relationship between tissue mitotic activity, animal age and defects in the secondary structure of DNA].", "content": "The content of defects of the secondary structure of DNA native and gamma-irradiated preparations from the intestinal mucosa and liver of adult (6-8 months) and old (24-26 months) rats was studied by the kinetic formaldehyde method. The content of the native DNA secondary structure defects does not depend on the animal and tissue mitotic activity. After gamma-irradiation in vitro (60Co, 550 R/min, 3 and 6 krad) of intestinal mucosa DNA solutions (tissues with a high mitotic activity) the content of the DNA defects is higher in old animals than in young ones. The injuring effect of gamma-rays is more pronounced in experiments with intestinal mucosa DNA than with liver DNA (tissue with a low mitotic activity). In liver DNA the content of the defects caused by gamma-rays does not depend on the animal age.", "contents": "[Relationship between tissue mitotic activity, animal age and defects in the secondary structure of DNA]. The content of defects of the secondary structure of DNA native and gamma-irradiated preparations from the intestinal mucosa and liver of adult (6-8 months) and old (24-26 months) rats was studied by the kinetic formaldehyde method. The content of the native DNA secondary structure defects does not depend on the animal and tissue mitotic activity. After gamma-irradiation in vitro (60Co, 550 R/min, 3 and 6 krad) of intestinal mucosa DNA solutions (tissues with a high mitotic activity) the content of the DNA defects is higher in old animals than in young ones. The injuring effect of gamma-rays is more pronounced in experiments with intestinal mucosa DNA than with liver DNA (tissue with a low mitotic activity). In liver DNA the content of the defects caused by gamma-rays does not depend on the animal age."}
{"id": "PMID:867521", "title": "[Physico-chemical state of DNA after long-term storage].", "content": "A physicochemical state of DNA was studied during 1-2 years when stored under different conditions: in the citric-salt solution and in the solution of 0.9% NaCl in the cold, in the citric-salt solution at frozen state (biopolymer concentration in the solution being approximately 2 mg/ml) and under 80% ethanol as a loose filamentous precipitate at 40 degrees C. It is shown that DNA retains its macromolecular structure for a long time under given conditions of conservation. These conditions of DNA preparations storage may be used for biopolymer conservation.", "contents": "[Physico-chemical state of DNA after long-term storage]. A physicochemical state of DNA was studied during 1-2 years when stored under different conditions: in the citric-salt solution and in the solution of 0.9% NaCl in the cold, in the citric-salt solution at frozen state (biopolymer concentration in the solution being approximately 2 mg/ml) and under 80% ethanol as a loose filamentous precipitate at 40 degrees C. It is shown that DNA retains its macromolecular structure for a long time under given conditions of conservation. These conditions of DNA preparations storage may be used for biopolymer conservation."}
{"id": "PMID:867517", "title": "[Degree of polymerization of rat cerebral hemisphere and testicular DNP-complex during hyperoxia and following it].", "content": "The concentration-related viscosity (formula: see text) of DNP-solutions in 4.0 M urea, 0.0005 M tris-buffer (pH 7.5) isolated from cell nuclei of cerebral hemispheres and testicles was determined for mongrel and Wistar rats of 5 groups: I -- normal, II -- after the action of 6 gauge atmospheres of pure oxygen before convulsions beginning, III -- 1 hour, IV -- 4 hours, V -- 12 hours after decompression. It was noted that the concentration-related viscosity of these DNP was equal both for mongrel and inbred rats. No differences in the polymerity degree of brain DNP were detected in all groups of animals under study. The viscosity of testicular DNP was found to decrease by 13.3% 1 hour and 10.3% 4 hours after decompression, whereas 12 hours after it does not differ from the control. Differences in the resistance degree of the brain and testicular DNP to the action of hyperoxia may depend on the cell division rates in these tissues.", "contents": "[Degree of polymerization of rat cerebral hemisphere and testicular DNP-complex during hyperoxia and following it]. The concentration-related viscosity (formula: see text) of DNP-solutions in 4.0 M urea, 0.0005 M tris-buffer (pH 7.5) isolated from cell nuclei of cerebral hemispheres and testicles was determined for mongrel and Wistar rats of 5 groups: I -- normal, II -- after the action of 6 gauge atmospheres of pure oxygen before convulsions beginning, III -- 1 hour, IV -- 4 hours, V -- 12 hours after decompression. It was noted that the concentration-related viscosity of these DNP was equal both for mongrel and inbred rats. No differences in the polymerity degree of brain DNP were detected in all groups of animals under study. The viscosity of testicular DNP was found to decrease by 13.3% 1 hour and 10.3% 4 hours after decompression, whereas 12 hours after it does not differ from the control. Differences in the resistance degree of the brain and testicular DNP to the action of hyperoxia may depend on the cell division rates in these tissues."}
{"id": "PMID:867522", "title": "[Effect of pyruvate and alpha-ketoglutarate on protein and lipid synthesis in rat tissues].", "content": "The in vivo and in vitro experiments on rats showed that administration of pyruvate and alpha-ketoglutarate causes stimulation of protein and lipid synthesis displayed in intensification of incorporation of the label from 1-14C lysine and NaCH14O3 into the mentioned components of the liver, kidneys, spleen, myocardium and femur muscles tissues. The stimulating effect of the studied ketoacids is much higher when incubating the slices in the Krebs-Ringer medium on the bicarbonate buffer than on the phosphate one (pH 7.4), that evidences for an important role of carbonic acid in biosynthetic processes.", "contents": "[Effect of pyruvate and alpha-ketoglutarate on protein and lipid synthesis in rat tissues]. The in vivo and in vitro experiments on rats showed that administration of pyruvate and alpha-ketoglutarate causes stimulation of protein and lipid synthesis displayed in intensification of incorporation of the label from 1-14C lysine and NaCH14O3 into the mentioned components of the liver, kidneys, spleen, myocardium and femur muscles tissues. The stimulating effect of the studied ketoacids is much higher when incubating the slices in the Krebs-Ringer medium on the bicarbonate buffer than on the phosphate one (pH 7.4), that evidences for an important role of carbonic acid in biosynthetic processes."}
{"id": "PMID:867523", "title": "[14C-nicotinate and 35S-thiamine distribution in the bodies of mice following acceleration].", "content": "Radioactivity of some tissues and subcellular fractions of the liver was studied in the control mice and those subjected to the action of acceleration at the different times after intra-abdominal injections of 35S-thiamine and 14C-nicotinate. The vitamins injections were single 20 min after the effect of overload. The overload is established to evoke essential changes in interorgan and intracellular distribution of the vitamins under study, 35S-thiamine in particular. At early periods of the experiment (5-20 min) after injection of 35S-thiamine radioactivity is observed to increase radioactivity in most tissues. In experiments with 14C-nicotinate the changes towards both an increase and decrease in radioactivity of certain tissues are marked to be less essential. The changes in the metabolic processes and permeability of biomembranes under conditions of overload action are a possible reason of the mentioned disturbances.", "contents": "[14C-nicotinate and 35S-thiamine distribution in the bodies of mice following acceleration]. Radioactivity of some tissues and subcellular fractions of the liver was studied in the control mice and those subjected to the action of acceleration at the different times after intra-abdominal injections of 35S-thiamine and 14C-nicotinate. The vitamins injections were single 20 min after the effect of overload. The overload is established to evoke essential changes in interorgan and intracellular distribution of the vitamins under study, 35S-thiamine in particular. At early periods of the experiment (5-20 min) after injection of 35S-thiamine radioactivity is observed to increase radioactivity in most tissues. In experiments with 14C-nicotinate the changes towards both an increase and decrease in radioactivity of certain tissues are marked to be less essential. The changes in the metabolic processes and permeability of biomembranes under conditions of overload action are a possible reason of the mentioned disturbances."}
{"id": "PMID:867518", "title": "[Nucleic acid concentration and ribonuclease activity in muscles during their activity].", "content": "The content of RNA, activity of RNase and content of amino acids in skeletal muscles were studied as affected by muscular activity. The RNA level is shown to increase in the muscles of trained and untrained animals. The RNase activity lowers in animals of both groups. The load causes quantitative changes in amino acidic composition of the muscles; the content of cystine, cysteine, asparaginic acid, lysin and leucine decreases.", "contents": "[Nucleic acid concentration and ribonuclease activity in muscles during their activity]. The content of RNA, activity of RNase and content of amino acids in skeletal muscles were studied as affected by muscular activity. The RNA level is shown to increase in the muscles of trained and untrained animals. The RNase activity lowers in animals of both groups. The load causes quantitative changes in amino acidic composition of the muscles; the content of cystine, cysteine, asparaginic acid, lysin and leucine decreases."}
{"id": "PMID:867526", "title": "[Concentration of free nucleotides and turnover of adenine nucleotides in the liver of birds of different ages].", "content": "The content of free nucleotides and exchangeability of adenine nucleotides were studied in the liver of 1- and 18-month cocks. It is established that adenine nucleotides in the young cocks liver account for 40%, uridine nucleotides for 29%, cytidine nucleotides for 13% of the total amount of nucleotides. These ratios are maintained with age but the amount of adenine nucleotides decreases by 35% and that of uridine nucleotides by 22%. Against a background of a relatively constant level of adenine and uridine nucleotides the content of cytidine and guanine nucleotides varies synchronously within wide ranges, which can evidence for the presence of a common mechanism of regulating synthesis of these metabolites. A direct correlation is detected between the amount of adenine nucleotides and their specific radioactivity. This is due to a higher intensity of synthetic processes in young cocks. The inverse correlation is observed in adult cocks, that results from the effect of \"label dilution\".", "contents": "[Concentration of free nucleotides and turnover of adenine nucleotides in the liver of birds of different ages]. The content of free nucleotides and exchangeability of adenine nucleotides were studied in the liver of 1- and 18-month cocks. It is established that adenine nucleotides in the young cocks liver account for 40%, uridine nucleotides for 29%, cytidine nucleotides for 13% of the total amount of nucleotides. These ratios are maintained with age but the amount of adenine nucleotides decreases by 35% and that of uridine nucleotides by 22%. Against a background of a relatively constant level of adenine and uridine nucleotides the content of cytidine and guanine nucleotides varies synchronously within wide ranges, which can evidence for the presence of a common mechanism of regulating synthesis of these metabolites. A direct correlation is detected between the amount of adenine nucleotides and their specific radioactivity. This is due to a higher intensity of synthetic processes in young cocks. The inverse correlation is observed in adult cocks, that results from the effect of \"label dilution\"."}
{"id": "PMID:867527", "title": "[Alterations in the excess synthesis of riboflavin in Pichia guilliermondii under the influence of branched-chain amino acids].", "content": "The effect of the branched-chain amino acids: L-valine, L-isoleucine and L-leucine on riboflavin overproduction was studied in the Pichia (Candida) guilliermondii (Cast.) Lang. et G. yeast, L-Val, L-Ile and L-Leu were found to inhibit riboflavin overproduction only under iron-deficient growth conditions. Other amino acids used did not show this effect. In crude extracts of P. guilliermondii the specific activity of the alpha-acetolactate forming enzyme, pH 8.0, is inhibited by L-Val. It is revealed that the activity of alpha-acetolactate synthetase in iron-deficient riboflavin-overproduction cells was exceedingly higher than in the valine-inhibited cells. Under iron deficiency alpha-acetolactate synthetase shows maximal activity after 48 h of growth. It was possible to detect diacetyl (and aceton) in the culture fluid.", "contents": "[Alterations in the excess synthesis of riboflavin in Pichia guilliermondii under the influence of branched-chain amino acids]. The effect of the branched-chain amino acids: L-valine, L-isoleucine and L-leucine on riboflavin overproduction was studied in the Pichia (Candida) guilliermondii (Cast.) Lang. et G. yeast, L-Val, L-Ile and L-Leu were found to inhibit riboflavin overproduction only under iron-deficient growth conditions. Other amino acids used did not show this effect. In crude extracts of P. guilliermondii the specific activity of the alpha-acetolactate forming enzyme, pH 8.0, is inhibited by L-Val. It is revealed that the activity of alpha-acetolactate synthetase in iron-deficient riboflavin-overproduction cells was exceedingly higher than in the valine-inhibited cells. Under iron deficiency alpha-acetolactate synthetase shows maximal activity after 48 h of growth. It was possible to detect diacetyl (and aceton) in the culture fluid."}
{"id": "PMID:867528", "title": "[Guinea pig spinal cord sterols in allergic encephalomyelitis].", "content": "Composition of sterols of the guinea pigs spinal cord unsaponifiables fraction was studied with experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE). It is established that under conditions of EAE the cholesterol content is decreased by 48% as compared to normal. The amount of latosterol lowers as well and is 2.64 mg/g under normal conditions and 1.61 mg/g with EAE. A steroid compound which is more polar than cholesterol is found in the spinal cord. It is supposed to be cholesterol ether.", "contents": "[Guinea pig spinal cord sterols in allergic encephalomyelitis]. Composition of sterols of the guinea pigs spinal cord unsaponifiables fraction was studied with experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE). It is established that under conditions of EAE the cholesterol content is decreased by 48% as compared to normal. The amount of latosterol lowers as well and is 2.64 mg/g under normal conditions and 1.61 mg/g with EAE. A steroid compound which is more polar than cholesterol is found in the spinal cord. It is supposed to be cholesterol ether."}
{"id": "PMID:867529", "title": "[Amperometric titration of erythrocyte membrane sulfhydryl groups].", "content": "The best conditions are selected for amperometric titration of erythrocyte membranes SH-groups by means of silver ions. On the basis of the experimental data, two types of SH-groups according to their capacity of binding Ag+ are found in the membranes. Dynamics of transition of SH-groups of types I into SH-groups of type II is studied. The chemical model explaining the presence of two bends in the course of the membranes amperometric titration curve is created. Calculations were made for the products of R-S-Ag solubility for SH-groups of type I and SH-groups of types I and II as well as for entropy and heat of formation of silver compounds with the membranes sulphydryl groups.", "contents": "[Amperometric titration of erythrocyte membrane sulfhydryl groups]. The best conditions are selected for amperometric titration of erythrocyte membranes SH-groups by means of silver ions. On the basis of the experimental data, two types of SH-groups according to their capacity of binding Ag+ are found in the membranes. Dynamics of transition of SH-groups of types I into SH-groups of type II is studied. The chemical model explaining the presence of two bends in the course of the membranes amperometric titration curve is created. Calculations were made for the products of R-S-Ag solubility for SH-groups of type I and SH-groups of types I and II as well as for entropy and heat of formation of silver compounds with the membranes sulphydryl groups."}
{"id": "PMID:867530", "title": "[Isolation and identification of desmosterol and its concentration in animal brain tissue].", "content": "A method is developed for isolating desmosterol fro the brain of some animals. Sterols with Rf 0.37 and 0.51 are identified. Desmosterol is found in the brain unsaponifiable fraction of calves, piggies, chickens and rats. Its content in the mentioned animals brain is compared. Desmosterol content is shown to rise sharply in the rat brain during the first 12 days after birth. Interrelation between the level of sterols in the brain and formation of the nerve tissue myelin sheath is discussed.", "contents": "[Isolation and identification of desmosterol and its concentration in animal brain tissue]. A method is developed for isolating desmosterol fro the brain of some animals. Sterols with Rf 0.37 and 0.51 are identified. Desmosterol is found in the brain unsaponifiable fraction of calves, piggies, chickens and rats. Its content in the mentioned animals brain is compared. Desmosterol content is shown to rise sharply in the rat brain during the first 12 days after birth. Interrelation between the level of sterols in the brain and formation of the nerve tissue myelin sheath is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:867531", "title": "[Specific proteins of synaptic structures].", "content": "The article deals with the data concerning localization, properties and functions of specific proteins of nerve endings, especially in the synaptic vesicles and synaptic membranes, as well as concerning their metabolism. In the fractions of the synaptic vesicles and synaptic membranes simple and conjugated proteins (glycoproteids) typical of these high-specialized structures only are localized. Acid polypeptides, contractile proteins and neurospecific proteins of S-100, 14-3-2 type and glycoproteids are such specific proteins of the studied structures. Their possible function in the mechaninsm of secretion and circulation of mediators in synapses is discussed.", "contents": "[Specific proteins of synaptic structures]. The article deals with the data concerning localization, properties and functions of specific proteins of nerve endings, especially in the synaptic vesicles and synaptic membranes, as well as concerning their metabolism. In the fractions of the synaptic vesicles and synaptic membranes simple and conjugated proteins (glycoproteids) typical of these high-specialized structures only are localized. Acid polypeptides, contractile proteins and neurospecific proteins of S-100, 14-3-2 type and glycoproteids are such specific proteins of the studied structures. Their possible function in the mechaninsm of secretion and circulation of mediators in synapses is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:867532", "title": "[Concentration of sulfhydryl groups and spectral properties of solutions of oxyhemoglobin modified by sodium dodecyl sulfate and UV-irradiation].", "content": "The content of sulphydryl groups and spectral properties of mice oxyhemoglobin (a concentration of 3.38 10(-6) M) were studied as affected by sodium dodecyl sulphate in a concentration of 1.38-10(-1) M. It is established that addition of the mentioned detergent to hemoproteid results in an essential decrease in the amount of SH-groups in it and in the disappearance of the globin absorption peak. An integral flow of UV-irradiation (0.36 = 1.8-10(8) erg/cm2) does not change the content of SH-groups in oxyhemoglobin preliminarily modified by sodium dodecyl sulphate; radiation doses of 3.6 = 10.8-10(8) erg/cm2 decrease it. The effect of long-wave UV-irradiation, inducing changes in the heme electron state, on hemoglobin modified by sodium dodecyl sulphate causes a rise in the number of SH-groups determined by amperometric titration. UV-irradiation of modified oxyhemoglobin, in contrast to irradiation of the native oxyhemoglobin, produces no shifts in the Soret band.", "contents": "[Concentration of sulfhydryl groups and spectral properties of solutions of oxyhemoglobin modified by sodium dodecyl sulfate and UV-irradiation]. The content of sulphydryl groups and spectral properties of mice oxyhemoglobin (a concentration of 3.38 10(-6) M) were studied as affected by sodium dodecyl sulphate in a concentration of 1.38-10(-1) M. It is established that addition of the mentioned detergent to hemoproteid results in an essential decrease in the amount of SH-groups in it and in the disappearance of the globin absorption peak. An integral flow of UV-irradiation (0.36 = 1.8-10(8) erg/cm2) does not change the content of SH-groups in oxyhemoglobin preliminarily modified by sodium dodecyl sulphate; radiation doses of 3.6 = 10.8-10(8) erg/cm2 decrease it. The effect of long-wave UV-irradiation, inducing changes in the heme electron state, on hemoglobin modified by sodium dodecyl sulphate causes a rise in the number of SH-groups determined by amperometric titration. UV-irradiation of modified oxyhemoglobin, in contrast to irradiation of the native oxyhemoglobin, produces no shifts in the Soret band."}
{"id": "PMID:867533", "title": "[Influence of adaptation to supercooling on the fatty acid composition of rat tissue lipids].", "content": "Adaptation to supercooling produces a considerable effect on composition and quantitative content of certain fatty acids in all the studied tissues. In lipids of the myocardium and skeletal muscles adaptation causes an increase in the content of unsaturated fatty acids in particular of polyenic ones. In lipids of the lungs, vice versa, the content of saturated fatty acids increases, chiefly due to palmitic acids. In lipids of the liver a ratio of certain unsaturated fatty acids changes noticeably: the content of monoenic acids rises but the content of polyenic acids is more than 5 times as low.", "contents": "[Influence of adaptation to supercooling on the fatty acid composition of rat tissue lipids]. Adaptation to supercooling produces a considerable effect on composition and quantitative content of certain fatty acids in all the studied tissues. In lipids of the myocardium and skeletal muscles adaptation causes an increase in the content of unsaturated fatty acids in particular of polyenic ones. In lipids of the lungs, vice versa, the content of saturated fatty acids increases, chiefly due to palmitic acids. In lipids of the liver a ratio of certain unsaturated fatty acids changes noticeably: the content of monoenic acids rises but the content of polyenic acids is more than 5 times as low."}
{"id": "PMID:867534", "title": "[Activity of DNAase I inhibitor in subcellular fractions of rat tissues].", "content": "The inhibitory activity in the mitochondrial and postmitochondrial fractions of the liver, spleen and thymus of albino rats was studied with respect to pancreatic DNase I. It is shown to be due to the presence of thermolabile substances of protein nature (natural inhibitors of DNase I) in the subcellular fractions of the organs under study. A higher inhibitory activity is detected in the postmitochondrial fraction of all the tissues under investigation. The lowest inhibitory activity is found in the mitochondrial and postmitochondrial fractions of the liver. The data of a simultaneous study of changes in the activity of tissue DNase and inhibitory activity in the subcellular fractions give reasons to suppose the presence of the nuclease-inhibitory complex in the tissues.", "contents": "[Activity of DNAase I inhibitor in subcellular fractions of rat tissues]. The inhibitory activity in the mitochondrial and postmitochondrial fractions of the liver, spleen and thymus of albino rats was studied with respect to pancreatic DNase I. It is shown to be due to the presence of thermolabile substances of protein nature (natural inhibitors of DNase I) in the subcellular fractions of the organs under study. A higher inhibitory activity is detected in the postmitochondrial fraction of all the tissues under investigation. The lowest inhibitory activity is found in the mitochondrial and postmitochondrial fractions of the liver. The data of a simultaneous study of changes in the activity of tissue DNase and inhibitory activity in the subcellular fractions give reasons to suppose the presence of the nuclease-inhibitory complex in the tissues."}
{"id": "PMID:867538", "title": "[Methylation of liver tissue amino acyl-tRNA-synthetases under different experimental conditions].", "content": "Incorporation of 14CH3-methionine into the total preparations of aminoacyl-tRNA-synthetases (ARSases) of the rat liver was studied under conditions of X-irradiation as well as with administration of neostigmine methylsulphate and nicotinic acid to the normal and irradiated animals. 3 h after irradiation of animals with a dose of 800 R specific radioactivity of the enzymic preparation increases on the average by 70%, and irradiation against a background of neostigmine methylsulphate administration causes its decrease on the average by 65% as compared to the norm. Thin-layer chromatography on silicagel showed the presence of such methyllated amino acids as lysine, histidine and arginine in acidic hydrolyzate of ARSase total preparations under all the studied experimental conditions.", "contents": "[Methylation of liver tissue amino acyl-tRNA-synthetases under different experimental conditions]. Incorporation of 14CH3-methionine into the total preparations of aminoacyl-tRNA-synthetases (ARSases) of the rat liver was studied under conditions of X-irradiation as well as with administration of neostigmine methylsulphate and nicotinic acid to the normal and irradiated animals. 3 h after irradiation of animals with a dose of 800 R specific radioactivity of the enzymic preparation increases on the average by 70%, and irradiation against a background of neostigmine methylsulphate administration causes its decrease on the average by 65% as compared to the norm. Thin-layer chromatography on silicagel showed the presence of such methyllated amino acids as lysine, histidine and arginine in acidic hydrolyzate of ARSase total preparations under all the studied experimental conditions."}
{"id": "PMID:867540", "title": "[Label incorporation from 2-14C-glycine into the collagen proteins of the bones of rats with rickets].", "content": "The content of collagen in the bone tissue of rats and incorporation of 14C from 2-14C-glycin into it were studied as affected by vitamin D deficiency. It is established that under experimental rachitis intensity of the radioactive label incorporation into soluble collagen is 1.7 times as low as in the norm. A decrease in the amount of the collagen soluble fraction and accumulation of its insoluble fraction and distribution of radioactivity in these fractions might evidence for rapid \"ripening\" of soluble collagen in the rats with D-hypovitaminosis.", "contents": "[Label incorporation from 2-14C-glycine into the collagen proteins of the bones of rats with rickets]. The content of collagen in the bone tissue of rats and incorporation of 14C from 2-14C-glycin into it were studied as affected by vitamin D deficiency. It is established that under experimental rachitis intensity of the radioactive label incorporation into soluble collagen is 1.7 times as low as in the norm. A decrease in the amount of the collagen soluble fraction and accumulation of its insoluble fraction and distribution of radioactivity in these fractions might evidence for rapid \"ripening\" of soluble collagen in the rats with D-hypovitaminosis."}
{"id": "PMID:867535", "title": "[Age and changes in the concentration of dicarboxylic amino acids and GABA in different portions of the dog cerebral cortex and cerebellum].", "content": "The content of dicarboxylic amino acids lowers with age in all the structures of cerebral cortex and cerebellum under study when calculating per I g of fresh tissue and 100 mg of protein. The greatest decrease in the amount of glutaminic and aspartic acids is found in the parietal region at the senile age. The content of GABA in all the brain  structures of three-year dogs is significantly higher than in the one-year dogs and at the senile age it is somewhat lower as compared to the three-year animals when calculating per 1 g of fresh tissue, the degree of the decrease in all the studied regions being practically the same.", "contents": "[Age and changes in the concentration of dicarboxylic amino acids and GABA in different portions of the dog cerebral cortex and cerebellum]. The content of dicarboxylic amino acids lowers with age in all the structures of cerebral cortex and cerebellum under study when calculating per I g of fresh tissue and 100 mg of protein. The greatest decrease in the amount of glutaminic and aspartic acids is found in the parietal region at the senile age. The content of GABA in all the brain  structures of three-year dogs is significantly higher than in the one-year dogs and at the senile age it is somewhat lower as compared to the three-year animals when calculating per 1 g of fresh tissue, the degree of the decrease in all the studied regions being practically the same."}
{"id": "PMID:867541", "title": "[Incorporation of 1-14C-acetate into unsaponifiable lipids of slices of regenerating rat liver].", "content": "Incorporation of 14C into unsaponifiable lipids, sterols and their presursors, hydrocarbons, isolated from sections of the rat regenerating liver studied after their 6-hour incubation with 1-14C-acetate. Intensity of the label incorporation into unsaponifiable lipids and sterols increases significantly the first three days after hepatectomy and decreases on the 15th day, intensity of incorporation into hydrocarbons rises significantly the first six days and lowers on the 15th days after hepatectomy. The label is observed to be incorporated more intensively into the total unsaponifiable lipids and hydrocarbon fraction as compared to sterols, that may evidence for activation of these compounds biosynthesis at initial stages.", "contents": "[Incorporation of 1-14C-acetate into unsaponifiable lipids of slices of regenerating rat liver]. Incorporation of 14C into unsaponifiable lipids, sterols and their presursors, hydrocarbons, isolated from sections of the rat regenerating liver studied after their 6-hour incubation with 1-14C-acetate. Intensity of the label incorporation into unsaponifiable lipids and sterols increases significantly the first three days after hepatectomy and decreases on the 15th day, intensity of incorporation into hydrocarbons rises significantly the first six days and lowers on the 15th days after hepatectomy. The label is observed to be incorporated more intensively into the total unsaponifiable lipids and hydrocarbon fraction as compared to sterols, that may evidence for activation of these compounds biosynthesis at initial stages."}
{"id": "PMID:867542", "title": "[Mechanism of labilization of Penicillium vitale glucose oxidase].", "content": "The article deals with conditions for splitting the Penicillium vitale glucosooxidase molecule into apoenzyme and coenzyme, for reconstruction of the enzyme from apoenzyme and FAD as well as for the effect of some factors (\"labilizing\" fraction, dithiotreitol) on it. Specific activity of the reconstructed enzyme is on the average 85% of the initial enzyme specific activity: \"the labilizing\" fraction inhibits reconstruction of glucosooxidase from apoenzyme and FAD, that is due to oxidation of the apoenzyme sulphydryl groups. Possible participation of sulphydryl groups in adding FAD to apoenzyme is under discussion.", "contents": "[Mechanism of labilization of Penicillium vitale glucose oxidase]. The article deals with conditions for splitting the Penicillium vitale glucosooxidase molecule into apoenzyme and coenzyme, for reconstruction of the enzyme from apoenzyme and FAD as well as for the effect of some factors (\"labilizing\" fraction, dithiotreitol) on it. Specific activity of the reconstructed enzyme is on the average 85% of the initial enzyme specific activity: \"the labilizing\" fraction inhibits reconstruction of glucosooxidase from apoenzyme and FAD, that is due to oxidation of the apoenzyme sulphydryl groups. Possible participation of sulphydryl groups in adding FAD to apoenzyme is under discussion."}
{"id": "PMID:867536", "title": "[Changes in the lipid composition of mitochondrial membranes following exposure to low temperatures].", "content": "The phospholipid composition of the membranes of the albino rat liver mitochondria was studied by the method of thin-layer chromatography before and after rapid freezing down to --196 degree C and rapid (at 37 degree C) and slow (at room temperature) thawing. Significant reduction of lecithine and ethanolamine phosphatide composition is observed in the mitochondria exposed to rapid freezing and slow thawing. A simultaneous accumulation of diglycerides is found in the membranes. No reliable changes in phospholipid composition of the mitochondria membranes are observed after exposure to rapid freezing and rapid thawing.", "contents": "[Changes in the lipid composition of mitochondrial membranes following exposure to low temperatures]. The phospholipid composition of the membranes of the albino rat liver mitochondria was studied by the method of thin-layer chromatography before and after rapid freezing down to --196 degree C and rapid (at 37 degree C) and slow (at room temperature) thawing. Significant reduction of lecithine and ethanolamine phosphatide composition is observed in the mitochondria exposed to rapid freezing and slow thawing. A simultaneous accumulation of diglycerides is found in the membranes. No reliable changes in phospholipid composition of the mitochondria membranes are observed after exposure to rapid freezing and rapid thawing."}
{"id": "PMID:867537", "title": "[Effect of hyperoxia on RNA and protein concentration in cortical and spinal motor neurons and surrounding neuroglia].", "content": "Double-beam recording visible cytospectrophotometry showed that 30-minute convulsions due to 6 at. ga. hyperoxia result in a decrease in the RNA and protein content per cell in layer V neurons of the cerebral motor cortex and in the motoneurons of spinal cord anterior horn in albino rats. A decrease is also found in the glial cells, except for a spinal cord neuroglia. A decrease in the RNA content in the neurons as well as the protein content in the neurons and glia of the spinal cord is more pronounced than in similar structures of the cerebral motor cortex. The quantity of RNA and protein in the neurons and neuroglia of the cerebral cortex remins decreased for 24 h after hyperoxia cessation. In the spinal cord motoneurons the level of the RNA and protein becomes normal 3 h after hyperoxia, and 24 h later it exceeds the initial one.", "contents": "[Effect of hyperoxia on RNA and protein concentration in cortical and spinal motor neurons and surrounding neuroglia]. Double-beam recording visible cytospectrophotometry showed that 30-minute convulsions due to 6 at. ga. hyperoxia result in a decrease in the RNA and protein content per cell in layer V neurons of the cerebral motor cortex and in the motoneurons of spinal cord anterior horn in albino rats. A decrease is also found in the glial cells, except for a spinal cord neuroglia. A decrease in the RNA content in the neurons as well as the protein content in the neurons and glia of the spinal cord is more pronounced than in similar structures of the cerebral motor cortex. The quantity of RNA and protein in the neurons and neuroglia of the cerebral cortex remins decreased for 24 h after hyperoxia cessation. In the spinal cord motoneurons the level of the RNA and protein becomes normal 3 h after hyperoxia, and 24 h later it exceeds the initial one."}
{"id": "PMID:867543", "title": "[Use of angular rotors for analysis and fractionization of calf thymus DNA].", "content": "Behaviour of calf thymus heterogenous DNA was studied in the angular rotor Ti50 of the preparation ultracentrifuge. A drop in DNA polymericity from 8-10(6) to 4-10(5) daltons and decrease in the amount of the applied material result in detecting the known satellite component with delta1 = 1.714 g/cm3, the value of the floating density of the main peak takes on the \"true\" value delta = 1.699 g/cm3. The method of digging up affects the symmetry of polymeric sample profiles. The satellite component is not found when digging up from the tube bottom. The values of GG content of the light and \"heavy\" fractions calculated from their floating densities during repeated centrifugation in the angular rotor and from fusing temperatures are in good agrrement.", "contents": "[Use of angular rotors for analysis and fractionization of calf thymus DNA]. Behaviour of calf thymus heterogenous DNA was studied in the angular rotor Ti50 of the preparation ultracentrifuge. A drop in DNA polymericity from 8-10(6) to 4-10(5) daltons and decrease in the amount of the applied material result in detecting the known satellite component with delta1 = 1.714 g/cm3, the value of the floating density of the main peak takes on the \"true\" value delta = 1.699 g/cm3. The method of digging up affects the symmetry of polymeric sample profiles. The satellite component is not found when digging up from the tube bottom. The values of GG content of the light and \"heavy\" fractions calculated from their floating densities during repeated centrifugation in the angular rotor and from fusing temperatures are in good agrrement."}
{"id": "PMID:867539", "title": "[Influence of different carbon dioxide concentrations on protein, lipid and nucleic acid metabolism in rat liver].", "content": "When the content of carbonic acid in the incubation media increases from 10 up to 40 mM at pH 7.2, 7.4 and 7.6, incorporation of 14C into lipids is twice as high due to such precursors as glycine-2-14C, acetate-2-14C and valine-1-14C. A stimulating effect of carbonic acid high concentrations on the intensity of 14C incorporation from the mentioned precursors into proteins and from glycine-2-14C into RNA is observed at all the studied values of pH of the incubation medium, whereas the same activation with respect to DNA is the most pronounced at pH 7.2 and 7.6.", "contents": "[Influence of different carbon dioxide concentrations on protein, lipid and nucleic acid metabolism in rat liver]. When the content of carbonic acid in the incubation media increases from 10 up to 40 mM at pH 7.2, 7.4 and 7.6, incorporation of 14C into lipids is twice as high due to such precursors as glycine-2-14C, acetate-2-14C and valine-1-14C. A stimulating effect of carbonic acid high concentrations on the intensity of 14C incorporation from the mentioned precursors into proteins and from glycine-2-14C into RNA is observed at all the studied values of pH of the incubation medium, whereas the same activation with respect to DNA is the most pronounced at pH 7.2 and 7.6."}
{"id": "PMID:867621", "title": "Some consequences of ciliary process swelling in the rabbit and in the human.", "content": "Experimental and clinical observations have been evaluated in an attempt to gain further information about the effect of ciliary process enlargement on the angle of the anterior chamber. Swelling of the ciliary processes produced by the topical instillation of prostaglandin E2 into the eyes of rabbits has been described and compared to similar changes in a patient with ciliary block glaucoma. There seems little question but that most of what is manifest in the anterior chamber is but a reflection of very significant pathologic change in the posterior chamber.", "contents": "Some consequences of ciliary process swelling in the rabbit and in the human. Experimental and clinical observations have been evaluated in an attempt to gain further information about the effect of ciliary process enlargement on the angle of the anterior chamber. Swelling of the ciliary processes produced by the topical instillation of prostaglandin E2 into the eyes of rabbits has been described and compared to similar changes in a patient with ciliary block glaucoma. There seems little question but that most of what is manifest in the anterior chamber is but a reflection of very significant pathologic change in the posterior chamber."}
{"id": "PMID:867622", "title": "Pseudo-Duane's retraction syndrome.", "content": "Five patients presented with signs that were similar to but opposite from Duane's retraction syndrome. Most had a history of orbital trauma. On attempted abduction a narrowing of the palpebral fissure and retraction of the globe was observed. Diplopia with lateral gaze was present. Roentgenograms (polytomograms) showed involvement of the medial orbital wall. Forced ductuin tests were positive. Surgical repair of the fracture and release of the entrapped muscle as determined by forced duction tests and by postoperative motility led to successful results.", "contents": "Pseudo-Duane's retraction syndrome. Five patients presented with signs that were similar to but opposite from Duane's retraction syndrome. Most had a history of orbital trauma. On attempted abduction a narrowing of the palpebral fissure and retraction of the globe was observed. Diplopia with lateral gaze was present. Roentgenograms (polytomograms) showed involvement of the medial orbital wall. Forced ductuin tests were positive. Surgical repair of the fracture and release of the entrapped muscle as determined by forced duction tests and by postoperative motility led to successful results."}
{"id": "PMID:867623", "title": "En bloc removal of intrinsic neoplasms of the lacrimal gland.", "content": "The management of intrinsic neoplasms primary in the lacrimal gland is of serious concern because (1) some of the most malignant primary tumors of the orbit occur in this glandular structure and (2) present surgical techniques may easily disseminate the neoplasm and contribute to death or recurrences. We propose a surgical approach in which the tumor and adjacent adnexa are removed in a one-stage procedure, that is, an en bloc resection of the neoplasm, its periorbital base, and surrounding bone. This technique will minimize seeding of the tumor, provide a more complete eradication of the neoplasm without loss of the eye, and hopefully, assure either a cure or a longer interval free of local recurrences or metastasis than is presently attainable.", "contents": "En bloc removal of intrinsic neoplasms of the lacrimal gland. The management of intrinsic neoplasms primary in the lacrimal gland is of serious concern because (1) some of the most malignant primary tumors of the orbit occur in this glandular structure and (2) present surgical techniques may easily disseminate the neoplasm and contribute to death or recurrences. We propose a surgical approach in which the tumor and adjacent adnexa are removed in a one-stage procedure, that is, an en bloc resection of the neoplasm, its periorbital base, and surrounding bone. This technique will minimize seeding of the tumor, provide a more complete eradication of the neoplasm without loss of the eye, and hopefully, assure either a cure or a longer interval free of local recurrences or metastasis than is presently attainable."}
{"id": "PMID:867624", "title": "Retinal atheromatous plaques: their recognition by elevating the intraocular pressure.", "content": "Recognition and further study of existing retinal atheromatous plaques in the central retinal artery may be enhanced by pressure on the globe. This simple maneuver should be used when patients with transient ischemic attacks (cerebral or ocular) are examined with or without atheromatous disease of the carotid artery. Previously unseen or suspected plaques may be brought into view. Plaques already visible may appear larger or vary greatly in both color and texture giving indication of their composition. The recognition of these atheromatous plaques is important in the diagnosis of atheromatous disease.", "contents": "Retinal atheromatous plaques: their recognition by elevating the intraocular pressure. Recognition and further study of existing retinal atheromatous plaques in the central retinal artery may be enhanced by pressure on the globe. This simple maneuver should be used when patients with transient ischemic attacks (cerebral or ocular) are examined with or without atheromatous disease of the carotid artery. Previously unseen or suspected plaques may be brought into view. Plaques already visible may appear larger or vary greatly in both color and texture giving indication of their composition. The recognition of these atheromatous plaques is important in the diagnosis of atheromatous disease."}
{"id": "PMID:867626", "title": "Cryosurgery for treatment of trichiasis.", "content": "We cryosurgically destroyed eyelashes in rabbits and applied the technique to treat 23 selected patients with trichiasis. Liquid nitrogen was sprayed on the eyelid margin by using a double, rapid-freeze, slow-thaw cycle monitored by a subcutaneous thermocouple to -30 degrees C. It was an improvement on electrolysis and a simple alternative to surgery.", "contents": "Cryosurgery for treatment of trichiasis. We cryosurgically destroyed eyelashes in rabbits and applied the technique to treat 23 selected patients with trichiasis. Liquid nitrogen was sprayed on the eyelid margin by using a double, rapid-freeze, slow-thaw cycle monitored by a subcutaneous thermocouple to -30 degrees C. It was an improvement on electrolysis and a simple alternative to surgery."}
{"id": "PMID:867627", "title": "The nystagmus blockage syndrome.", "content": "A previously unrecognized form of nystagmus associated with esotropia was described in the German literature by Adelstein and C\u00fcppers in 1966 as the nystagmus blockage syndrome. Even though widely publicized in the European ophthalmic literature, this entity has remained virtually unrecognized in this country. We have identified the nystagmus blockage syndrome in 12 of 247 consecutive patients with congenital esotropia. The following characteristic features were encountered: onset of esotropia in early infancy, pseudoabducens paralysis, head turn toward the side of the fixating eye, absence of nystagmus with the fixating eye in adduction, and appearance of a manifest jerky nystagmus as the fixating eye moves into primary position and abduction. It has been suggested that the nystagmus is actively blocked by convergence innervation, the esotropia thus being caused by sustained convergence and secondary changes in the medial rectus muscles. The differential diagnosis includes crossed fixation and bilateral sixth nerve paralysis.", "contents": "The nystagmus blockage syndrome. A previously unrecognized form of nystagmus associated with esotropia was described in the German literature by Adelstein and C\u00fcppers in 1966 as the nystagmus blockage syndrome. Even though widely publicized in the European ophthalmic literature, this entity has remained virtually unrecognized in this country. We have identified the nystagmus blockage syndrome in 12 of 247 consecutive patients with congenital esotropia. The following characteristic features were encountered: onset of esotropia in early infancy, pseudoabducens paralysis, head turn toward the side of the fixating eye, absence of nystagmus with the fixating eye in adduction, and appearance of a manifest jerky nystagmus as the fixating eye moves into primary position and abduction. It has been suggested that the nystagmus is actively blocked by convergence innervation, the esotropia thus being caused by sustained convergence and secondary changes in the medial rectus muscles. The differential diagnosis includes crossed fixation and bilateral sixth nerve paralysis."}
{"id": "PMID:867628", "title": "Bone changes in the adult anophthalmic orbit influencing oculoplastic reconstructive considerations.", "content": "Decreased orbital development following enucleation is a well recognized condition in the young person and is lessened by orbital implantation at the time of inital surgery. Pfeiffer, some 30 years ago, suggested that bone changes as well as the soft tissue changes could also continue to take place in the adult resulting in added orbital changes. While this has been questioned, the findings originally reported by Pfeiffer are firmly substantiated by roentgenograms and documented in this report. If there has been a significant interval of time following the enucleation, careful roentgenographic evaluation prior to cosmetic oculoplastic revision of the orbit should be done even in the adult.", "contents": "Bone changes in the adult anophthalmic orbit influencing oculoplastic reconstructive considerations. Decreased orbital development following enucleation is a well recognized condition in the young person and is lessened by orbital implantation at the time of inital surgery. Pfeiffer, some 30 years ago, suggested that bone changes as well as the soft tissue changes could also continue to take place in the adult resulting in added orbital changes. While this has been questioned, the findings originally reported by Pfeiffer are firmly substantiated by roentgenograms and documented in this report. If there has been a significant interval of time following the enucleation, careful roentgenographic evaluation prior to cosmetic oculoplastic revision of the orbit should be done even in the adult."}
{"id": "PMID:867629", "title": "Combined trabeculotomy and cataract extraction as a single operation.", "content": "A technique for combined trabeculotomy and cataract extraction is described. The application of the combined procedure in 17 eyes with chronic glaucoma and immature senile cataract is described. The results were uniformly good, and only one patient required further treatment for glaucoma.", "contents": "Combined trabeculotomy and cataract extraction as a single operation. A technique for combined trabeculotomy and cataract extraction is described. The application of the combined procedure in 17 eyes with chronic glaucoma and immature senile cataract is described. The results were uniformly good, and only one patient required further treatment for glaucoma."}
{"id": "PMID:867631", "title": "Disciform lesion overlying melanocytoma simulating progression of choroidal melanoma.", "content": "A 49-year-old white patient presented with a small pigmented lesion nasal to the disc. The clinical appearance of the area in question was noted to change over a four year period and simulated a progressively enlarging choroidal melanoma. On enucleation, the lesion was histopathologically proved to be a melanocytoma located nasal to the optic nerve head. It caused--or was at least associated with--an overlying disciform hemorrhagic and transudative response secondary to a neovascular ingrowth through Bruch's membrane. Thus, a melanocytoma must now be considered another of the possible causes of a disciform-shaped fundus lesion.", "contents": "Disciform lesion overlying melanocytoma simulating progression of choroidal melanoma. A 49-year-old white patient presented with a small pigmented lesion nasal to the disc. The clinical appearance of the area in question was noted to change over a four year period and simulated a progressively enlarging choroidal melanoma. On enucleation, the lesion was histopathologically proved to be a melanocytoma located nasal to the optic nerve head. It caused--or was at least associated with--an overlying disciform hemorrhagic and transudative response secondary to a neovascular ingrowth through Bruch's membrane. Thus, a melanocytoma must now be considered another of the possible causes of a disciform-shaped fundus lesion."}
{"id": "PMID:867632", "title": "A clinical pathologic study of mercurialentis medicamentosus.", "content": "Thirty-one patients who used eye drops containing the preservative, phenylmercuric nitrate for from 3 to 15 years, developed a brownish pigmentation of the anterior capsule of the pupillary area. Light and electron microscopic studies on two lenses demonstrated deposits of dense particulate material resembling melanin pigment on and in the anterior capsule of the lens in the area of the pupil. Special studies, including electron microprobe analysis and neutron activation analysis established the presence of mercury in a lens with mercurialentis. No mercury was found in two lenses used as controls.", "contents": "A clinical pathologic study of mercurialentis medicamentosus. Thirty-one patients who used eye drops containing the preservative, phenylmercuric nitrate for from 3 to 15 years, developed a brownish pigmentation of the anterior capsule of the pupillary area. Light and electron microscopic studies on two lenses demonstrated deposits of dense particulate material resembling melanin pigment on and in the anterior capsule of the lens in the area of the pupil. Special studies, including electron microprobe analysis and neutron activation analysis established the presence of mercury in a lens with mercurialentis. No mercury was found in two lenses used as controls."}
{"id": "PMID:867633", "title": "Total lower lid reconstruction: technical details.", "content": "The main complications of this type of lower lid reconstruction are lash loss or malposition, entropion of the upper lid, upper lid retraction, undue laxity of the lower lid, and lid margin deformities. These can all be avioded by meticulous attention to surgical details and dressing techniques. I believe that this is the best and simplest method of providing a lid of acceptable function and appearance. The advantages of this type of operation are: (1) The new lower lid is constructed of lid tissue including the tarsus and conjunctiva from the upper lid. (2) The function and appearance of the new lower lid are acceptable with practically no tendency to late retraction. (3) The function and appearance of the upper lid need not be interfered with. (4) No external scars are produced except when a lash transplant is done. This transplant leaves a small, hardly noticeable scar in the lower part of the opposite brow. (5) The technique is relatively simple and well within the realm of any well-trained ophthalmic surgeon. The obvious disadvantages are the surgeon's inability to inspect the eye for two to four months and the inconvenience to the patient of having one eye closed for such a long period of time.", "contents": "Total lower lid reconstruction: technical details. The main complications of this type of lower lid reconstruction are lash loss or malposition, entropion of the upper lid, upper lid retraction, undue laxity of the lower lid, and lid margin deformities. These can all be avioded by meticulous attention to surgical details and dressing techniques. I believe that this is the best and simplest method of providing a lid of acceptable function and appearance. The advantages of this type of operation are: (1) The new lower lid is constructed of lid tissue including the tarsus and conjunctiva from the upper lid. (2) The function and appearance of the new lower lid are acceptable with practically no tendency to late retraction. (3) The function and appearance of the upper lid need not be interfered with. (4) No external scars are produced except when a lash transplant is done. This transplant leaves a small, hardly noticeable scar in the lower part of the opposite brow. (5) The technique is relatively simple and well within the realm of any well-trained ophthalmic surgeon. The obvious disadvantages are the surgeon's inability to inspect the eye for two to four months and the inconvenience to the patient of having one eye closed for such a long period of time."}
{"id": "PMID:867634", "title": "Progressive bilateral essential iris atrophy.", "content": "A case of bilateral progressive essential iris atrophy, more advanced in one eye than the other, has been studied. Histopathologic examination of the iris from the eye with the more advanced iris atrophy failed to find any vascular abnormalities in that the vessels were patent and appeared normal except for accumulated perivascular connective tissue. Fluorescein angiographic examination of the right eye which was undergoing the earliest changes of iris atrophy failed to show any vascular abnormalities. However, tonographic examination indicated a markedly decreased outflow facility. There does not appear to be any vascular abnormality involved in the pathogenesis of this case.", "contents": "Progressive bilateral essential iris atrophy. A case of bilateral progressive essential iris atrophy, more advanced in one eye than the other, has been studied. Histopathologic examination of the iris from the eye with the more advanced iris atrophy failed to find any vascular abnormalities in that the vessels were patent and appeared normal except for accumulated perivascular connective tissue. Fluorescein angiographic examination of the right eye which was undergoing the earliest changes of iris atrophy failed to show any vascular abnormalities. However, tonographic examination indicated a markedly decreased outflow facility. There does not appear to be any vascular abnormality involved in the pathogenesis of this case."}
{"id": "PMID:867637", "title": "Mucoceles of the sphenoid sinus: neuro-ophthalmologic manifestations.", "content": "Seven examples of mucocele of the sphenoid sinus have been described. The characteristic symptoms and signs have been described, and the diagnostic neuroradiologic features have been demonstrated. The condition is not a benign one, as is demonstrated by total blindness which occurred in one patient (Case 2). A high index of suspicion for this condition with early referral for neuroradiologic diagnosis leads to proper management and treatment which is usually successful.", "contents": "Mucoceles of the sphenoid sinus: neuro-ophthalmologic manifestations. Seven examples of mucocele of the sphenoid sinus have been described. The characteristic symptoms and signs have been described, and the diagnostic neuroradiologic features have been demonstrated. The condition is not a benign one, as is demonstrated by total blindness which occurred in one patient (Case 2). A high index of suspicion for this condition with early referral for neuroradiologic diagnosis leads to proper management and treatment which is usually successful."}
{"id": "PMID:867638", "title": "Variability of expert observers in evaluating the optic disc.", "content": "A significant amount of variability exists between observers in designating cup/diac (C/D) ratios. Further, different methods are used for evaluating the size of the cup. On method uses a combination of contour and color, the other specifically measures contour and pallor separately. This study confirms that these methods yeild different numerical results. Interestingly, the \"cupping/pallor\" observers show no significant difference among one another in C/D determination which may support the notion that cupping observations are more consistent than \"standard\" C/D ratios. Though both groups feel the cup is larger on stereo compared to monocular viewing, the \"cupping/pallor\" group demonstrated much greater differences in this regard. However, the evaluation of pallor by the latter group corresponded closely to the C/D ratios of the \"standard\" group both for nonstereo and stereo. An individual observer is reasonably consistent on repeat evaluation, but at times, inconsistency is quite substantial. These inconsistencies lead to the conclusion that C/D ratios are an inexact method of recording the status of a disc. Except for considerable changes over time, this numerical method is probably not reliable in checking for small disc changes. However, the disc alone can provide clues as to whether it is physiologic or pathologic. Nevertheless, even with expert observers, significant variability exists in interpretation of an optic disc in this regard. Individuals who evaluate the disc cup by cupping and pallor tend to call discs more pathologic than other observers. The clinical implications of this study suggest that certain observers are more accurate than others and certain discs are more easily evaluated than others. Yet, no one method seems foolproof and no specific criteria can as yet distinguish a normal from an abnormal disc. Stereo color transparencies are evaluated more accurately than are nonstereo color prints. Vessel detail and pallor patterns are probably the most useful disc characteristics to observe. In this regard, a C/D ratio does nothing to indicate whether a disc is normal or not. A statement as to the observer's opinion should be made for each disc evaluation in addition to recording the appearance of the disc.", "contents": "Variability of expert observers in evaluating the optic disc. A significant amount of variability exists between observers in designating cup/diac (C/D) ratios. Further, different methods are used for evaluating the size of the cup. On method uses a combination of contour and color, the other specifically measures contour and pallor separately. This study confirms that these methods yeild different numerical results. Interestingly, the \"cupping/pallor\" observers show no significant difference among one another in C/D determination which may support the notion that cupping observations are more consistent than \"standard\" C/D ratios. Though both groups feel the cup is larger on stereo compared to monocular viewing, the \"cupping/pallor\" group demonstrated much greater differences in this regard. However, the evaluation of pallor by the latter group corresponded closely to the C/D ratios of the \"standard\" group both for nonstereo and stereo. An individual observer is reasonably consistent on repeat evaluation, but at times, inconsistency is quite substantial. These inconsistencies lead to the conclusion that C/D ratios are an inexact method of recording the status of a disc. Except for considerable changes over time, this numerical method is probably not reliable in checking for small disc changes. However, the disc alone can provide clues as to whether it is physiologic or pathologic. Nevertheless, even with expert observers, significant variability exists in interpretation of an optic disc in this regard. Individuals who evaluate the disc cup by cupping and pallor tend to call discs more pathologic than other observers. The clinical implications of this study suggest that certain observers are more accurate than others and certain discs are more easily evaluated than others. Yet, no one method seems foolproof and no specific criteria can as yet distinguish a normal from an abnormal disc. Stereo color transparencies are evaluated more accurately than are nonstereo color prints. Vessel detail and pallor patterns are probably the most useful disc characteristics to observe. In this regard, a C/D ratio does nothing to indicate whether a disc is normal or not. A statement as to the observer's opinion should be made for each disc evaluation in addition to recording the appearance of the disc."}
{"id": "PMID:867640", "title": "Pseudotendons after extraocular muscle surgery.", "content": "Following recession of a rectus muscle, a band of connective tissue designated as a pseudotendon may form between the recessed muscle tendon and the former insertion. The cut edges of the episclera at the former insertion and the sheath of the recessed muscle seem to be the primary sources of this vascularized connective tissue which replaces the avascular episclera which normally underlies the muscles. Repeated operations, excessive inflammatory reaction, injury to the sheath and intermingling of the conjunctiva and deeper wounds are predisposing factors. Pseudotendon formation does not reduce the effectiveness of a recession, because simple excision has little effect on the alignment of the eyes. Sometimes a well-formed pseudotendon can be used as a tendon to achieve additional recession of a previously recessed insertion.", "contents": "Pseudotendons after extraocular muscle surgery. Following recession of a rectus muscle, a band of connective tissue designated as a pseudotendon may form between the recessed muscle tendon and the former insertion. The cut edges of the episclera at the former insertion and the sheath of the recessed muscle seem to be the primary sources of this vascularized connective tissue which replaces the avascular episclera which normally underlies the muscles. Repeated operations, excessive inflammatory reaction, injury to the sheath and intermingling of the conjunctiva and deeper wounds are predisposing factors. Pseudotendon formation does not reduce the effectiveness of a recession, because simple excision has little effect on the alignment of the eyes. Sometimes a well-formed pseudotendon can be used as a tendon to achieve additional recession of a previously recessed insertion."}
{"id": "PMID:867741", "title": "Efficacy of levamisole hydrochloride administered subcutaneously against Oesophagostomum dentatum infection in pigs.", "content": "Critical and controlled anthelmintic trials in pigs were carried out with levamisole hydrochloride administered subcutaneously at 7-5 mg per kg against adult, immature and larval infections of Oesophagostomum denatum. Anthelmintic efficiencies of 79-1-96-3, 83-6-99-4 and 64-7-91-6 respectively were recorded.", "contents": "Efficacy of levamisole hydrochloride administered subcutaneously against Oesophagostomum dentatum infection in pigs. Critical and controlled anthelmintic trials in pigs were carried out with levamisole hydrochloride administered subcutaneously at 7-5 mg per kg against adult, immature and larval infections of Oesophagostomum denatum. Anthelmintic efficiencies of 79-1-96-3, 83-6-99-4 and 64-7-91-6 respectively were recorded."}
{"id": "PMID:867742", "title": "Acute myopathy in outwintered cattle.", "content": "An outbreak of acute myopathy occurred in a group of 23 Hereford cross and Aberdeen Angus cross 18-month-old heifers, running outside with a bull in February. One morning two were found recumbent, five were ataxic and one had fallen into a river and drowned. Subsequently two of the ataxic ones became recumbent. Serum creatine phosphokinase values were found to be directly proportional to the severity of the clinical manifestations. Myoglobinuria was not observed. Serum calcium, magnesium and inorganic phosphate levels were all within the normal ranges. Treatment of affected animals with selenium and/or alpha-tocopherol had no clear effect; from biochemical estimations carried out, the selenium and alpha-tocopherol status of both affected and unaffected animals was considered adequate. Five recovered, two spontaneously without treatment, but the two most severely affected did not improve with therapy and had to be slaughtered 13 and 25 days respectively after the onset of symptoms.", "contents": "Acute myopathy in outwintered cattle. An outbreak of acute myopathy occurred in a group of 23 Hereford cross and Aberdeen Angus cross 18-month-old heifers, running outside with a bull in February. One morning two were found recumbent, five were ataxic and one had fallen into a river and drowned. Subsequently two of the ataxic ones became recumbent. Serum creatine phosphokinase values were found to be directly proportional to the severity of the clinical manifestations. Myoglobinuria was not observed. Serum calcium, magnesium and inorganic phosphate levels were all within the normal ranges. Treatment of affected animals with selenium and/or alpha-tocopherol had no clear effect; from biochemical estimations carried out, the selenium and alpha-tocopherol status of both affected and unaffected animals was considered adequate. Five recovered, two spontaneously without treatment, but the two most severely affected did not improve with therapy and had to be slaughtered 13 and 25 days respectively after the onset of symptoms."}
{"id": "PMID:867757", "title": "Heifer sterility associated with single-birth freemartinism.", "content": "Thirty-four heifers not conceiving to three or more inseminations or natural service were bled and karyotyped by leucocyte culture. Twelve were found to be sex-chromosome chimeras of which five were single-born. Three out of the five singleton sex-chromosome chimeric heifers were slaughtered and at post mortem examination abnormalities of the reproductive tract were observed. Two the the slaughtered animals were Friesian heifers that had shown normal oestrous cycles and had reproductive organs apparently normal on clinical examination; however, one of them with 5 per cent male cells had a nonpatent cervix, while the other with 12 per cent male cells had non-patent uterine horns. Both heifers possessed functional ovaries, the former had an active corpus luteum and the latter had a developing follicle. The third heifer with 45 per cent male cells had a normal vagina, enlarged clitoris, seminal vesicles and gonads resembling fetal testes with both primitive ovarian and testicular structures. The Old Gloucester and Friesian heifers with 2-5 per cent and 12-0 per cent male cells are alive and have normal external genitalia but rudimentary uterine horns with no palpable gonads. Cytogenetic examination has demonstrated for the first time the existence of single-born freemartins resulting from the death of their male co-twins after fetal vascular anastomosis has been established.", "contents": "Heifer sterility associated with single-birth freemartinism. Thirty-four heifers not conceiving to three or more inseminations or natural service were bled and karyotyped by leucocyte culture. Twelve were found to be sex-chromosome chimeras of which five were single-born. Three out of the five singleton sex-chromosome chimeric heifers were slaughtered and at post mortem examination abnormalities of the reproductive tract were observed. Two the the slaughtered animals were Friesian heifers that had shown normal oestrous cycles and had reproductive organs apparently normal on clinical examination; however, one of them with 5 per cent male cells had a nonpatent cervix, while the other with 12 per cent male cells had non-patent uterine horns. Both heifers possessed functional ovaries, the former had an active corpus luteum and the latter had a developing follicle. The third heifer with 45 per cent male cells had a normal vagina, enlarged clitoris, seminal vesicles and gonads resembling fetal testes with both primitive ovarian and testicular structures. The Old Gloucester and Friesian heifers with 2-5 per cent and 12-0 per cent male cells are alive and have normal external genitalia but rudimentary uterine horns with no palpable gonads. Cytogenetic examination has demonstrated for the first time the existence of single-born freemartins resulting from the death of their male co-twins after fetal vascular anastomosis has been established."}
{"id": "PMID:867758", "title": "Transmissible gastroenteritis in pigs: some observations on laboratory aids to diagnosis.", "content": "Thirty seven piglets with transmissible gastroenteritis (TGE) and 41 with other enteric diseases were examined for evidence of villous atrophy and reduced lactase activity. Widespread villous atrophy appeared indicative of TGE whereas normal lactase activity tended to exclude this possibility. However, both tests are far from specific and neither is recommended to practitioners as an aid to clinical diagnosis.", "contents": "Transmissible gastroenteritis in pigs: some observations on laboratory aids to diagnosis. Thirty seven piglets with transmissible gastroenteritis (TGE) and 41 with other enteric diseases were examined for evidence of villous atrophy and reduced lactase activity. Widespread villous atrophy appeared indicative of TGE whereas normal lactase activity tended to exclude this possibility. However, both tests are far from specific and neither is recommended to practitioners as an aid to clinical diagnosis."}
{"id": "PMID:867759", "title": "Anoestrous conditions in the mare, their diagnosis and treatment.", "content": "The condition of anoestrus in the mare is described and the various causes of this syndrome are discussed. A regimen for examining systematically the clinically anoestrus mare is proposed, and methods of treatment are suggested.", "contents": "Anoestrous conditions in the mare, their diagnosis and treatment. The condition of anoestrus in the mare is described and the various causes of this syndrome are discussed. A regimen for examining systematically the clinically anoestrus mare is proposed, and methods of treatment are suggested."}
{"id": "PMID:867769", "title": "Immature stages of Trichonema spp as a cause of diarrhoea in adult horses in spring.", "content": "Several incidents of diarrhoea and loss of weight occurred in adult horses during the spring of 1976. Detailed investigation of one typical case suggested that maturation of inhibited larvae of Trichonema spp was responsible.", "contents": "Immature stages of Trichonema spp as a cause of diarrhoea in adult horses in spring. Several incidents of diarrhoea and loss of weight occurred in adult horses during the spring of 1976. Detailed investigation of one typical case suggested that maturation of inhibited larvae of Trichonema spp was responsible."}
{"id": "PMID:867770", "title": "Swine vesicular disease: continuing serological surveys of pigs presented for slaughter in the United Kingdom.", "content": "Following the first serum survey for swine vesicular disease [SVD] in Great Britain in 1974 (Watson and Hedger 1974), three further surveys have been carried out. In these four surveys an overall total of 9760 sera have been examined, involving pigs from 958 premises in the first three surveys and an unknown number of premises in the fourth survey taken on a national basis. Forty-three farms were visited as sources of origin or possible sources of origin of the pigs from which positive or inconclusive results were obtained. Subsequent to the one clinical case of disease already reported with the results of the first survey, no further clinical cases of SVD have been confirmed, although lesions suggestive of the disease were found in some pigs on four of the premises visited. SVD quarantine restrictions on these four farms were removed subsequent to further serological sampling and when there was no indication that a spreading vesicular condition existed.", "contents": "Swine vesicular disease: continuing serological surveys of pigs presented for slaughter in the United Kingdom. Following the first serum survey for swine vesicular disease [SVD] in Great Britain in 1974 (Watson and Hedger 1974), three further surveys have been carried out. In these four surveys an overall total of 9760 sera have been examined, involving pigs from 958 premises in the first three surveys and an unknown number of premises in the fourth survey taken on a national basis. Forty-three farms were visited as sources of origin or possible sources of origin of the pigs from which positive or inconclusive results were obtained. Subsequent to the one clinical case of disease already reported with the results of the first survey, no further clinical cases of SVD have been confirmed, although lesions suggestive of the disease were found in some pigs on four of the premises visited. SVD quarantine restrictions on these four farms were removed subsequent to further serological sampling and when there was no indication that a spreading vesicular condition existed."}
{"id": "PMID:867771", "title": "Epiglottic entrapment in the horse.", "content": "The diagnosis and surgical correction of epiglottic entrapment is described. Four cases are presented each with a different history. They serve to illustrate that the aetiology is complex, being either congenital or acquired. The use of a thorough endoscope examination is stressed in order to successfully diagnose this condition.", "contents": "Epiglottic entrapment in the horse. The diagnosis and surgical correction of epiglottic entrapment is described. Four cases are presented each with a different history. They serve to illustrate that the aetiology is complex, being either congenital or acquired. The use of a thorough endoscope examination is stressed in order to successfully diagnose this condition."}
{"id": "PMID:867778", "title": "Haemorrhagic syndrome of cattle of suspected mycotoxic origin.", "content": "An outbreak of disease characterised by haemorrhages, anaemia, leucopenia, thrombocytopenia, skin lesions, degenerative and inflammatory tissue changes and death was investigated in herd of dairy cows. A tentative diagnosis based on circumstantial evidence was of mycotoxicosis arising from the feeding of mouldy barley.", "contents": "Haemorrhagic syndrome of cattle of suspected mycotoxic origin. An outbreak of disease characterised by haemorrhages, anaemia, leucopenia, thrombocytopenia, skin lesions, degenerative and inflammatory tissue changes and death was investigated in herd of dairy cows. A tentative diagnosis based on circumstantial evidence was of mycotoxicosis arising from the feeding of mouldy barley."}
{"id": "PMID:867779", "title": "Animal welfare and the law.", "content": "A description of farm animal welfare legislation in Great Britain is given followed by a discussion of similar legislation in Europe. Methods of unifying legislation for the protection of animals in Europe and a summary of current activities are outlined.", "contents": "Animal welfare and the law. A description of farm animal welfare legislation in Great Britain is given followed by a discussion of similar legislation in Europe. Methods of unifying legislation for the protection of animals in Europe and a summary of current activities are outlined."}
{"id": "PMID:867801", "title": "An antigen for the diagnosis of M. pneumoniae infections by passive hemagglutination.", "content": "The authors establish the optimal conditions (protein concentration, temperature) for the coupling of purified mycoplasma antigen to sheep red blood cells, in order to obtain an antigenic complex stable for at least 1 year. This comples allows specific determination by passive hemagglutination--a simple and rapid technique--of anti-mycoplasma antibodies in the sera of men or animals suspected of mycoplasma infections. Under the stated experimental conditions, antibody titers equal to or higher than 1/128 indicate an infection with M. pneumoniae.", "contents": "An antigen for the diagnosis of M. pneumoniae infections by passive hemagglutination. The authors establish the optimal conditions (protein concentration, temperature) for the coupling of purified mycoplasma antigen to sheep red blood cells, in order to obtain an antigenic complex stable for at least 1 year. This comples allows specific determination by passive hemagglutination--a simple and rapid technique--of anti-mycoplasma antibodies in the sera of men or animals suspected of mycoplasma infections. Under the stated experimental conditions, antibody titers equal to or higher than 1/128 indicate an infection with M. pneumoniae."}
{"id": "PMID:867802", "title": "Studies on the different properties of adenovirus penton.", "content": "The physical, chemical, immunological and biological properties of the soluble penton antigen of adenovirus strains types 1, 5, 7, 8 and 9, belonging to three distinct subgroups of human adenoviruses, were analysed. Mono-, di-, and polymers of the penton were studied by complete and incomplete hemagglutination and a method was developed to separate pentons of subgroup II. Immunological techniques were developed for the rapid detection of penton antigen. Elution characteristics of the pentons of various types were studied by anion exchange chromatography and the amino acid composition and isoelectric point of the purified adenovirus type 1 penton were determined. The virion-associated endonuclease activity and its correlation with the penton of this adenovirus type were demonstrated.", "contents": "Studies on the different properties of adenovirus penton. The physical, chemical, immunological and biological properties of the soluble penton antigen of adenovirus strains types 1, 5, 7, 8 and 9, belonging to three distinct subgroups of human adenoviruses, were analysed. Mono-, di-, and polymers of the penton were studied by complete and incomplete hemagglutination and a method was developed to separate pentons of subgroup II. Immunological techniques were developed for the rapid detection of penton antigen. Elution characteristics of the pentons of various types were studied by anion exchange chromatography and the amino acid composition and isoelectric point of the purified adenovirus type 1 penton were determined. The virion-associated endonuclease activity and its correlation with the penton of this adenovirus type were demonstrated."}
{"id": "PMID:867805", "title": "Incidence of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) in some areas of Romania.", "content": "The incidence of HBsAg in several areas of Romania was studied by 253,460 routine determinations performed from 1973 to 1975. HBsAg incidence was of 1.5% in blood donors and reached the highest value in acute viral hepatitis patients undifferentiated according to the clinical form. The values obtained were in agreement with the results of other studies covering more limited zones of the country. Considerable differences in HBsAg incidence depending on geographic area were observed.", "contents": "Incidence of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) in some areas of Romania. The incidence of HBsAg in several areas of Romania was studied by 253,460 routine determinations performed from 1973 to 1975. HBsAg incidence was of 1.5% in blood donors and reached the highest value in acute viral hepatitis patients undifferentiated according to the clinical form. The values obtained were in agreement with the results of other studies covering more limited zones of the country. Considerable differences in HBsAg incidence depending on geographic area were observed."}
{"id": "PMID:867803", "title": "Study of chromosomal alterations in bovine leukosis.", "content": "The results of a cytogenetic study of the \"CT 384\" cell line obtained from bovine leukemic lymph nodes are presented. Multiple chromosomal alterations were found in the 265 metaphases examined: numeric anomalies (aneuploidy and polyploidy), morphologic aberrations (dicentric, annular, giant, filamentous chromosomes) and chromosomal lesions (arm breaks).", "contents": "Study of chromosomal alterations in bovine leukosis. The results of a cytogenetic study of the \"CT 384\" cell line obtained from bovine leukemic lymph nodes are presented. Multiple chromosomal alterations were found in the 265 metaphases examined: numeric anomalies (aneuploidy and polyploidy), morphologic aberrations (dicentric, annular, giant, filamentous chromosomes) and chromosomal lesions (arm breaks)."}
{"id": "PMID:867804", "title": "Hepatitis B antibodies in hospital personnel.", "content": "Sera from 544 hospital personnel members with different degrees of exposure to the agent of hepatitis B were tested for HB8Ag and anti-HB8 by counterelectrophoresis, radioimmunoassay and passive hemagglutination. The laboratory staff and persons having direct contact with patients exhibited a significantly higher prevalence of anti-HB8 (16.2%) as compared with the other groups: administrative staff (4.4%), healthy persons (4.6%) and blood donors (7.9%). These data prove the relationship between exposure to HB8Ag and anti-HB8 prevalence, more obvious in the laboratory staff handling human serum and plasma specimens (anti-HB8 incidence--25%).", "contents": "Hepatitis B antibodies in hospital personnel. Sera from 544 hospital personnel members with different degrees of exposure to the agent of hepatitis B were tested for HB8Ag and anti-HB8 by counterelectrophoresis, radioimmunoassay and passive hemagglutination. The laboratory staff and persons having direct contact with patients exhibited a significantly higher prevalence of anti-HB8 (16.2%) as compared with the other groups: administrative staff (4.4%), healthy persons (4.6%) and blood donors (7.9%). These data prove the relationship between exposure to HB8Ag and anti-HB8 prevalence, more obvious in the laboratory staff handling human serum and plasma specimens (anti-HB8 incidence--25%)."}
{"id": "PMID:867981", "title": "Agranulocytosis and antithyroid drugs.", "content": "Propylthiouracil and methimazole are used widely in the treatment of hyperthyroid disorders. The most important complication of the use of these drugs is depression of the neutrophilic granulocyte count. Granulocytopenia occurs in about 4 percent and agranulocytosis occurs in about 0.3 percent of treated patients. Although this depression of the granulocyte count is reversible after the drug is discontinued, serious infection frequently accompanies agranulocytosis and accounts for almost all deaths related to the drugs. It is important to be aware of the clinical features of granulocytopenic reactions due to antithyroid drugs.", "contents": "Agranulocytosis and antithyroid drugs. Propylthiouracil and methimazole are used widely in the treatment of hyperthyroid disorders. The most important complication of the use of these drugs is depression of the neutrophilic granulocyte count. Granulocytopenia occurs in about 4 percent and agranulocytosis occurs in about 0.3 percent of treated patients. Although this depression of the granulocyte count is reversible after the drug is discontinued, serious infection frequently accompanies agranulocytosis and accounts for almost all deaths related to the drugs. It is important to be aware of the clinical features of granulocytopenic reactions due to antithyroid drugs."}
{"id": "PMID:867982", "title": "The absolute granulocyte count in ascites fluid. An aid to the diagnosis of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis.", "content": "The absolute granulocyte count of peritoneal fluid was determined for 98 consecutive patients with ascites in order to assess its value as an early indication of bacterial infection. The absolute granulocyte count was found to be more sensitive and specific than either the total leukocyte count or differential count alone. When the absolute granulocyte count in ascites fluid is greater than 250 per cu mm, then it is likely that infection is present.", "contents": "The absolute granulocyte count in ascites fluid. An aid to the diagnosis of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis. The absolute granulocyte count of peritoneal fluid was determined for 98 consecutive patients with ascites in order to assess its value as an early indication of bacterial infection. The absolute granulocyte count was found to be more sensitive and specific than either the total leukocyte count or differential count alone. When the absolute granulocyte count in ascites fluid is greater than 250 per cu mm, then it is likely that infection is present."}
{"id": "PMID:867983", "title": "Acute spinal-cord lesions from diving--epidemiological and clinical features.", "content": "The aquatic activity that produces the greatest number of spinal-cord lesions is diving. Persons in the general population at greatest risk are males aged 15 to 19 years. Of the cases identified, 45 percent resulted from diving into a river or stream, 27 percent into swimming pools and 28 percent into lakes, reservoirs or the ocean. Distribution by age differed for the major groups of bodies of water. The incidence of spinal-cord injuries was related to season (spring-summer) and day of the week (weekends). The incidence of injuries was highest in those county areas with the least opportunity for exposure to swimming pools or rivers. Of the injured persons, 60 percent were tetraplegic at hospital admission. The most frequent radiologic finding was wedge fracture. This finding, in the absence of objective evidence that most divers struck the bottom of the water reservoir or a hard object, suggests that hyperventroflexion was the mechanism responsible for injury in most of the cases. Physicians and others should be aware of strategy options for preventing or reducing such injuries.", "contents": "Acute spinal-cord lesions from diving--epidemiological and clinical features. The aquatic activity that produces the greatest number of spinal-cord lesions is diving. Persons in the general population at greatest risk are males aged 15 to 19 years. Of the cases identified, 45 percent resulted from diving into a river or stream, 27 percent into swimming pools and 28 percent into lakes, reservoirs or the ocean. Distribution by age differed for the major groups of bodies of water. The incidence of spinal-cord injuries was related to season (spring-summer) and day of the week (weekends). The incidence of injuries was highest in those county areas with the least opportunity for exposure to swimming pools or rivers. Of the injured persons, 60 percent were tetraplegic at hospital admission. The most frequent radiologic finding was wedge fracture. This finding, in the absence of objective evidence that most divers struck the bottom of the water reservoir or a hard object, suggests that hyperventroflexion was the mechanism responsible for injury in most of the cases. Physicians and others should be aware of strategy options for preventing or reducing such injuries."}
{"id": "PMID:868028", "title": "[Effects of experimental hypovolaemic shock on platelets in the pig (author's transl)].", "content": "The effects of standardized blood loss on the platelets, as well as on coagulation, fibrinolysis and complement parameters were studied in the pig. A simultaneous fall in arterial and venous platelet counts was demonstrated during the initial phase of blood loss, with a concomitat rise in pulmonary vascular resistance. After exsanguination to the extent of about 40% of the blood volume, the arterial platelet counts increased significantly, whilst the pulmonary vascular resistance, which was negatively correlated with the arterial platelet counts throughout the experiment, fell. Venous platelet counts, on the other hand, remained low during this experimental period and were correlated with cardiac output, but not with pulmonary vascular resistance.", "contents": "[Effects of experimental hypovolaemic shock on platelets in the pig (author's transl)]. The effects of standardized blood loss on the platelets, as well as on coagulation, fibrinolysis and complement parameters were studied in the pig. A simultaneous fall in arterial and venous platelet counts was demonstrated during the initial phase of blood loss, with a concomitat rise in pulmonary vascular resistance. After exsanguination to the extent of about 40% of the blood volume, the arterial platelet counts increased significantly, whilst the pulmonary vascular resistance, which was negatively correlated with the arterial platelet counts throughout the experiment, fell. Venous platelet counts, on the other hand, remained low during this experimental period and were correlated with cardiac output, but not with pulmonary vascular resistance."}
{"id": "PMID:868029", "title": "[Formation of sub-units of antihaemophilic globulin (factor VIII) by means of high centrifugal force (author's transl)].", "content": "The human coagulation factor VIII with a molecular weight greater than 1 X 10(6) Daltons forms active subunits under conditions of high centrifugal force, namely, 200.000 g at 20 degrees C for 32 minutes, as demonstrated by sedimentation analysis. This result was confirmed by Sepharose 4 B gel filtration analysis of the ultracentrifuged product, which revealed, in additon to mateial with a molecular weight of more than 1 X 10(6) Daltons, three F VIII-active fractions with smaller molecular weight values. These observations indicate that these sub-units so produced are not united in the starting matrial by covalent bonds.", "contents": "[Formation of sub-units of antihaemophilic globulin (factor VIII) by means of high centrifugal force (author's transl)]. The human coagulation factor VIII with a molecular weight greater than 1 X 10(6) Daltons forms active subunits under conditions of high centrifugal force, namely, 200.000 g at 20 degrees C for 32 minutes, as demonstrated by sedimentation analysis. This result was confirmed by Sepharose 4 B gel filtration analysis of the ultracentrifuged product, which revealed, in additon to mateial with a molecular weight of more than 1 X 10(6) Daltons, three F VIII-active fractions with smaller molecular weight values. These observations indicate that these sub-units so produced are not united in the starting matrial by covalent bonds."}
{"id": "PMID:868030", "title": "[Experimental investigations on the effect of various doses of streptokinase on blood viscosity (author's transl)].", "content": "The decrease in blood viscosity induced by streptokinase (SK) in the present investigation in proportional to the streptokinase concentration up to a concentration of 2000 IE/ml blood. A maximum decrease in viscosity is attained with a dosage of between 200 and 300 IE/ml blood. The decrease in viscosity is already clearly detectable at 10 minutes at all investigated doses and is completed after 20 to 30 minutes. An increase in SK resistance delays the decrease in viscosity. Prevention of the decrease, however, only seems to occur with a very high SK resistance and a very low SK dosage (50 IE/ml blood). The optimum dosage of SK to achieve a maximum decrease in viscosity is 200 IE/ml blood.", "contents": "[Experimental investigations on the effect of various doses of streptokinase on blood viscosity (author's transl)]. The decrease in blood viscosity induced by streptokinase (SK) in the present investigation in proportional to the streptokinase concentration up to a concentration of 2000 IE/ml blood. A maximum decrease in viscosity is attained with a dosage of between 200 and 300 IE/ml blood. The decrease in viscosity is already clearly detectable at 10 minutes at all investigated doses and is completed after 20 to 30 minutes. An increase in SK resistance delays the decrease in viscosity. Prevention of the decrease, however, only seems to occur with a very high SK resistance and a very low SK dosage (50 IE/ml blood). The optimum dosage of SK to achieve a maximum decrease in viscosity is 200 IE/ml blood."}
{"id": "PMID:868031", "title": "[Newborn mass-screening programme for histidinaemia: increased efficiency through selective thin-layer chromatography (author's transl)].", "content": "Histidinaemia, detected on urinary screening in cases which had not been discovered by neonatal blood screening induced us to lower the control limit for histidine from 6 to 4 mg/dl. This was possible by the development of a thin-layer chromatographic control method for the Guthrie test. The combination of thin-layer chromatography (TLC) and the Guthrie test (GT) proved to be considerably more efficient than the Guthrie test alone: among 44,510 newborn infants tested in the first six months of 1975 twice as many cases of histidinaemia were found (TLC + GT 6, GT 3) in spite of a gready lowered control rate (TLC + GT 0.4%, GT 2.4%). Of 87,729 newborn infants tested in 1975, 9 cases of histidinaemia were detected (incidence: 1 in 9,748). Only 4 of these infants showed initial blood levels of larger than or equal to 6 mg/dl. 5 children with histidinaemia, 3 with an initial level of 4 mg/dl and one each with 5 and 8 mg/dl, respectively, had to be put on a histidine-restricted diet becuase the blood histidine level was constantly elevated above 8 mg/dl. The further course of histidinaemia does not appear to correlated with the height of the initial blood histidine level.", "contents": "[Newborn mass-screening programme for histidinaemia: increased efficiency through selective thin-layer chromatography (author's transl)]. Histidinaemia, detected on urinary screening in cases which had not been discovered by neonatal blood screening induced us to lower the control limit for histidine from 6 to 4 mg/dl. This was possible by the development of a thin-layer chromatographic control method for the Guthrie test. The combination of thin-layer chromatography (TLC) and the Guthrie test (GT) proved to be considerably more efficient than the Guthrie test alone: among 44,510 newborn infants tested in the first six months of 1975 twice as many cases of histidinaemia were found (TLC + GT 6, GT 3) in spite of a gready lowered control rate (TLC + GT 0.4%, GT 2.4%). Of 87,729 newborn infants tested in 1975, 9 cases of histidinaemia were detected (incidence: 1 in 9,748). Only 4 of these infants showed initial blood levels of larger than or equal to 6 mg/dl. 5 children with histidinaemia, 3 with an initial level of 4 mg/dl and one each with 5 and 8 mg/dl, respectively, had to be put on a histidine-restricted diet becuase the blood histidine level was constantly elevated above 8 mg/dl. The further course of histidinaemia does not appear to correlated with the height of the initial blood histidine level."}
{"id": "PMID:868047", "title": "Survival of patients with duodenal fistulas from necrotizing pancreatitis.", "content": "Acute necrotizing pancreatitis associated with occult duodenal necrosis and perforation developed in 3 patients 2 to 4 weeks after initially successful treatment of hemorrhagic pancreatitis. Exploration was required for fever, abdominal mass, or X-ray findings of an intra-abdominal abscess. At operation all pancreatic and retroperitoneal abscesses were drained with sump tubes, and the duodenal fistula was closed. An intraluminal tube, placed via a gastrostomy, was used for decompression of the duodenum. Postoperative management included total parenteral nutrition, antibiotics specific for aerobic and anaerobic flora, and frequent X-rays to locate new intra-abdominal abscesses. One to 4 reoperations were necessary because of continuing pancreatic necrosis and abscess formation in each patient. Necrotizing pancreatitis with unrelenting retroperitoneal sepsis and fistula formation results in serious morbidity, hospital stays of several months, and is now the major cause of death in patients with pancreatitis. Survival of all 3 patients resulted from drainage of evolving retroperitoneal abscesses and improvement in our technique for management of large duodenal fistulas.", "contents": "Survival of patients with duodenal fistulas from necrotizing pancreatitis. Acute necrotizing pancreatitis associated with occult duodenal necrosis and perforation developed in 3 patients 2 to 4 weeks after initially successful treatment of hemorrhagic pancreatitis. Exploration was required for fever, abdominal mass, or X-ray findings of an intra-abdominal abscess. At operation all pancreatic and retroperitoneal abscesses were drained with sump tubes, and the duodenal fistula was closed. An intraluminal tube, placed via a gastrostomy, was used for decompression of the duodenum. Postoperative management included total parenteral nutrition, antibiotics specific for aerobic and anaerobic flora, and frequent X-rays to locate new intra-abdominal abscesses. One to 4 reoperations were necessary because of continuing pancreatic necrosis and abscess formation in each patient. Necrotizing pancreatitis with unrelenting retroperitoneal sepsis and fistula formation results in serious morbidity, hospital stays of several months, and is now the major cause of death in patients with pancreatitis. Survival of all 3 patients resulted from drainage of evolving retroperitoneal abscesses and improvement in our technique for management of large duodenal fistulas."}
{"id": "PMID:868049", "title": "Prevention of pulmonary embolism by inferior vena cava filters: results in 62 cases.", "content": "The most effective methods of preventing recurrent pulmonary embolism involve interruption of the pathway of emboli through the inferior vena cava. Of the several procedures that interrupt vana caval blood flow, percutaneous implantation of a screen filter is associated with the lowest risk and appears to be as effective as any of the other procedures in preventing recurrent emboli. This article describes the experience with 62 cases of screen filter implantation performed between 1971 and 1975. Pulmonary embolism recurred in 1.6% of the patients, and 10% of the patients developed swelling of the lower extremities that did not exist preoperatively. Inferior vena cava phlebography performed 6 to 24 months postoperatively in 25 patients showed a patent inferior vena cava in 9 patients, partial occlusion of the vana cava in 8 patients, and complete occlusion of the vena cava with extensive collateral veins in 8 patients.", "contents": "Prevention of pulmonary embolism by inferior vena cava filters: results in 62 cases. The most effective methods of preventing recurrent pulmonary embolism involve interruption of the pathway of emboli through the inferior vena cava. Of the several procedures that interrupt vana caval blood flow, percutaneous implantation of a screen filter is associated with the lowest risk and appears to be as effective as any of the other procedures in preventing recurrent emboli. This article describes the experience with 62 cases of screen filter implantation performed between 1971 and 1975. Pulmonary embolism recurred in 1.6% of the patients, and 10% of the patients developed swelling of the lower extremities that did not exist preoperatively. Inferior vena cava phlebography performed 6 to 24 months postoperatively in 25 patients showed a patent inferior vena cava in 9 patients, partial occlusion of the vana cava in 8 patients, and complete occlusion of the vena cava with extensive collateral veins in 8 patients."}
{"id": "PMID:868056", "title": "Surgery for gastric ulcer.", "content": "Despite the initial healing achieved by medical treatment with carbenoxolone, surgery is frequently needed in the management of gastric ulcer. We have studied 150 patients over the past 10 years in an attempt to define the place of conservative surgery compared with the standard partial gastrectomy of the Billroth I type. Functional results have not been significantly different and the individual surgeon's choice will depend on his philosophy with regard to the risk of cancer in the postoperative stomach, and his technical expertise with the newer kinds of vagotomy. To my mind it is perfectly justifiable to use highly selective vagotomy with excision of the ulcer to treat gastric ulcer alone, especially if the patient is one in whom postgastrectomy symptoms could be disabling. Further follow-up is needed to decide whether it should replace partial gastrectomy as the standard procedure.", "contents": "Surgery for gastric ulcer. Despite the initial healing achieved by medical treatment with carbenoxolone, surgery is frequently needed in the management of gastric ulcer. We have studied 150 patients over the past 10 years in an attempt to define the place of conservative surgery compared with the standard partial gastrectomy of the Billroth I type. Functional results have not been significantly different and the individual surgeon's choice will depend on his philosophy with regard to the risk of cancer in the postoperative stomach, and his technical expertise with the newer kinds of vagotomy. To my mind it is perfectly justifiable to use highly selective vagotomy with excision of the ulcer to treat gastric ulcer alone, especially if the patient is one in whom postgastrectomy symptoms could be disabling. Further follow-up is needed to decide whether it should replace partial gastrectomy as the standard procedure."}
{"id": "PMID:868060", "title": "Geographical aspects of peptic ulcer surgery.", "content": "The geographic distribution of duodenal ulcer and its characteristics in rural areas of high incidence in developing countries are reviewed. The choice of surgical procedures is discussed in light of the bulky diet and nutritional problems of these countries. A vagotomy procedure is advised for  duodenal ulcer and a Billroth I gastrectomy for gastric ulcers of the body of the stomach.", "contents": "Geographical aspects of peptic ulcer surgery. The geographic distribution of duodenal ulcer and its characteristics in rural areas of high incidence in developing countries are reviewed. The choice of surgical procedures is discussed in light of the bulky diet and nutritional problems of these countries. A vagotomy procedure is advised for  duodenal ulcer and a Billroth I gastrectomy for gastric ulcers of the body of the stomach."}
{"id": "PMID:868062", "title": "Surgery of hemophiliacs--20 years' experience.", "content": "Seventy-seven hemophilic patients of type A or type B were subjected to a total of 108 major surgical procedures mainly in the field of general surgery, orthopedic surgery, or neurosurgery. The principles for the substitution therapy in the different types of procedures and different types of hemophilic diseases are described, as well as the indications for surgery and the surgical technique. The importance of prolonged substitution therapy postoperatively to avoid late hematoma, particularly in patients with severe hemophilia undergoing major surgery, is stressed. With this type of management there has been no increased intraoperative hemorrhage, and very few cases of late hematoma formation. By combining the substitution therapy with immunosuppression, it has been possible to operate also on patients with inhibitors against factor VIII or IX. The rate of complications, particularly the incidence of hepatitis, has been low with the type of substitution given in this series of patients. It is concluded that major surgery can be carried out even in severe hemophilia without significantly increased risk. The handling of the substitution therapy, and the surgical judgment and technique, offers however, special problems, necessitating centralization of elective cases.", "contents": "Surgery of hemophiliacs--20 years' experience. Seventy-seven hemophilic patients of type A or type B were subjected to a total of 108 major surgical procedures mainly in the field of general surgery, orthopedic surgery, or neurosurgery. The principles for the substitution therapy in the different types of procedures and different types of hemophilic diseases are described, as well as the indications for surgery and the surgical technique. The importance of prolonged substitution therapy postoperatively to avoid late hematoma, particularly in patients with severe hemophilia undergoing major surgery, is stressed. With this type of management there has been no increased intraoperative hemorrhage, and very few cases of late hematoma formation. By combining the substitution therapy with immunosuppression, it has been possible to operate also on patients with inhibitors against factor VIII or IX. The rate of complications, particularly the incidence of hepatitis, has been low with the type of substitution given in this series of patients. It is concluded that major surgery can be carried out even in severe hemophilia without significantly increased risk. The handling of the substitution therapy, and the surgical judgment and technique, offers however, special problems, necessitating centralization of elective cases."}
{"id": "PMID:868067", "title": "Bronchobiliary fistula due to echinococcosis of the liver.", "content": "In Greece, which has the second highest incidence of echinococcosis in the world, there has been an overall decrease in the frequency of this disease and its complications during the past 15 years. Between 1920 and 1960, approximately 46 patients per year were operated on for echinococcosis at the Hellenic Red Cross Hospital, and 1.8% of 1037 hepatic hydatid cysts had ruptured into the bronchi. From 1960 to 1975, the number of patients requiring operation decreased to approximately 25 per year, and incidence of rupture into the bronchi declined to 1% of 288 liver cysts. The reduction has resulted from improvements in preventive medicine and surgical care and a decrease in the frequency of infected cysts. Bronchobiliary fistula is a serious complication of hydatid cyst of the liver and it must be treated surgically. A right thoracotomy or thoracoabdominal approach offers the possibility of dealing simultaneously with the hepatic cyst and the pulmonary lesions. The choice of operation depends on the findings and ranges from simple drainage of the hepatic cavity with division of the bronchobiliary communication, to resection of the lung (usually lobectomy) when a chronically infected pulmonary cavity is present. If a hydatid cyst of the liver ruptures simultaneously into the lung and the extra-hepatic biliary tree with resultant obstruction of the common bile duct, unblocking of the common duct by evacuation of cysts and debris through a laparotomy takes priority over any other surgical action. Of 3 patients with bronchobiliary fistulas treated during the past 15 years, 2 were cured by simple drainage through a transabdominal approach.", "contents": "Bronchobiliary fistula due to echinococcosis of the liver. In Greece, which has the second highest incidence of echinococcosis in the world, there has been an overall decrease in the frequency of this disease and its complications during the past 15 years. Between 1920 and 1960, approximately 46 patients per year were operated on for echinococcosis at the Hellenic Red Cross Hospital, and 1.8% of 1037 hepatic hydatid cysts had ruptured into the bronchi. From 1960 to 1975, the number of patients requiring operation decreased to approximately 25 per year, and incidence of rupture into the bronchi declined to 1% of 288 liver cysts. The reduction has resulted from improvements in preventive medicine and surgical care and a decrease in the frequency of infected cysts. Bronchobiliary fistula is a serious complication of hydatid cyst of the liver and it must be treated surgically. A right thoracotomy or thoracoabdominal approach offers the possibility of dealing simultaneously with the hepatic cyst and the pulmonary lesions. The choice of operation depends on the findings and ranges from simple drainage of the hepatic cavity with division of the bronchobiliary communication, to resection of the lung (usually lobectomy) when a chronically infected pulmonary cavity is present. If a hydatid cyst of the liver ruptures simultaneously into the lung and the extra-hepatic biliary tree with resultant obstruction of the common bile duct, unblocking of the common duct by evacuation of cysts and debris through a laparotomy takes priority over any other surgical action. Of 3 patients with bronchobiliary fistulas treated during the past 15 years, 2 were cured by simple drainage through a transabdominal approach."}
{"id": "PMID:868079", "title": "Metabolic disposition of chlorambucil in rats.", "content": "1. The metabolic dispositionof chlorambucil, 4-p-(di-2-chloroethyl)aminophenylbutyric acid, was studied in the rat. 2. After oral administration of [14C]chlorambucil to rats, plasma, liver, and kidney showed the highest concentration of 14C. After intravenous administration, plasma and kidney were heavily labelled. Although plasma contained as much as 10% of the administered dose in the first few hours after administration, the level decreased to 1% by 24 h. Elimination of radioactivity was mainly through the kidney. 3. Ten metabolites were isolated and characterized by mass spectrometry. Most metabolites had undergone oxidation on the butyric acid side-chain to form phenylacetic acid and benzoic acid derivatives. Spontaneous degradation products of [14C]chlorambucil were analysed and compared with the metabolites.", "contents": "Metabolic disposition of chlorambucil in rats. 1. The metabolic dispositionof chlorambucil, 4-p-(di-2-chloroethyl)aminophenylbutyric acid, was studied in the rat. 2. After oral administration of [14C]chlorambucil to rats, plasma, liver, and kidney showed the highest concentration of 14C. After intravenous administration, plasma and kidney were heavily labelled. Although plasma contained as much as 10% of the administered dose in the first few hours after administration, the level decreased to 1% by 24 h. Elimination of radioactivity was mainly through the kidney. 3. Ten metabolites were isolated and characterized by mass spectrometry. Most metabolites had undergone oxidation on the butyric acid side-chain to form phenylacetic acid and benzoic acid derivatives. Spontaneous degradation products of [14C]chlorambucil were analysed and compared with the metabolites."}
{"id": "PMID:868080", "title": "Identification of 3-methyl-2-thiohydantoin, a metabolite of carbimazole, in man.", "content": "1. Classical and high-pressure liquid chromatographic separations were devised for the separation and isolation of the metabolite 3-methyl-2-thiohydantoin from the urine of patients receiving carbimazole orally. 2. 3-methyl-2-thiohydantoin was identified by comparing its absorption and mass spectral properties with authentic material. 3. 3-methyl-2-thiohydantoin was also detected in the plasma of patients receiving methimazole intravenously.", "contents": "Identification of 3-methyl-2-thiohydantoin, a metabolite of carbimazole, in man. 1. Classical and high-pressure liquid chromatographic separations were devised for the separation and isolation of the metabolite 3-methyl-2-thiohydantoin from the urine of patients receiving carbimazole orally. 2. 3-methyl-2-thiohydantoin was identified by comparing its absorption and mass spectral properties with authentic material. 3. 3-methyl-2-thiohydantoin was also detected in the plasma of patients receiving methimazole intravenously."}
{"id": "PMID:868081", "title": "[Protein crystals and tubuli bundles in yeast cells. VI. Light-and electron microscopy studies as well as biochemical studies on alcohol dehydrogenase activity of isolated crystals].", "content": "Isolated crystals from Saccharomyces carlsbergensis, stabilized by Cd2+ or Zn2+, retain their enzymatic activity as shown by topochemical reactions. During these reactions the crystals disintegrate characteristically. Stages of this disintegration and deposition of reaction products have been demonstrated by light and electron microscopy. Ground plasmatic and mitochondrial alcoholdhydrogenase has been solubilized by means of 0.01 M EDTA from Zn2+ stabilized crystals separated by gel electrophoresis and proved to be active.", "contents": "[Protein crystals and tubuli bundles in yeast cells. VI. Light-and electron microscopy studies as well as biochemical studies on alcohol dehydrogenase activity of isolated crystals]. Isolated crystals from Saccharomyces carlsbergensis, stabilized by Cd2+ or Zn2+, retain their enzymatic activity as shown by topochemical reactions. During these reactions the crystals disintegrate characteristically. Stages of this disintegration and deposition of reaction products have been demonstrated by light and electron microscopy. Ground plasmatic and mitochondrial alcoholdhydrogenase has been solubilized by means of 0.01 M EDTA from Zn2+ stabilized crystals separated by gel electrophoresis and proved to be active."}
{"id": "PMID:868082", "title": "[Mode of action of terrazoleon Mucor mucedo].", "content": "It is assumed that the fungistatic effect of terrazol in Mucor mucedo is induced by a liberation of phospholipases within within the mitochondria and perhaps at other membranes. In isolated mitochondria a rapid formation of lysolecithin can be demonstrated at low concentrations of terrazol. This would explain the lytic symptoms in mitochondria visible by electron microscopy. Lipid peroxidation could not be demonstrated. The only antidots at present known for the growth inhibiting effect of terrazol and on its ultrastructural effects are impure saccharose, which seems to contain an unknown factor, and procain hydrochloride or to a lesser extent lidocain, which are well-known inhibitors of phospholipases. The pathological thickening of the cell wall induced by terazol seems to be an unspecific side effect reflecting a diminished phosphorylating activity of the mitochondria.", "contents": "[Mode of action of terrazoleon Mucor mucedo]. It is assumed that the fungistatic effect of terrazol in Mucor mucedo is induced by a liberation of phospholipases within within the mitochondria and perhaps at other membranes. In isolated mitochondria a rapid formation of lysolecithin can be demonstrated at low concentrations of terrazol. This would explain the lytic symptoms in mitochondria visible by electron microscopy. Lipid peroxidation could not be demonstrated. The only antidots at present known for the growth inhibiting effect of terrazol and on its ultrastructural effects are impure saccharose, which seems to contain an unknown factor, and procain hydrochloride or to a lesser extent lidocain, which are well-known inhibitors of phospholipases. The pathological thickening of the cell wall induced by terazol seems to be an unspecific side effect reflecting a diminished phosphorylating activity of the mitochondria."}
{"id": "PMID:868083", "title": "[Physiology of aniline catabolism by achromobacter Ir2].", "content": "A bacterium was isolated from soil which utilizes aniline as sole source of carbon and nitrogen. It was identified as Achromobacter sp. The cells grow at concentrations in the range of 0.5 to 1.25 mg aniline/ml with a growth rate of 0.3 h-1. Substrate inhibition was observed at concentrations higher than 1.5 mg/ml, 3.0 mg/ml completely inhibit the growth. The yield coefficient was 0.63. Aniline was degraded with an activity of 200 microng/mg cell dry weight/hour. Aniline was assimilated and completely degraded. The remaining nitrogen was quantitatively detected as ammonia. The enzyme system involved in aniline degradation was induced by aniline but not repressed by succinate and ammonia.", "contents": "[Physiology of aniline catabolism by achromobacter Ir2]. A bacterium was isolated from soil which utilizes aniline as sole source of carbon and nitrogen. It was identified as Achromobacter sp. The cells grow at concentrations in the range of 0.5 to 1.25 mg aniline/ml with a growth rate of 0.3 h-1. Substrate inhibition was observed at concentrations higher than 1.5 mg/ml, 3.0 mg/ml completely inhibit the growth. The yield coefficient was 0.63. Aniline was degraded with an activity of 200 microng/mg cell dry weight/hour. Aniline was assimilated and completely degraded. The remaining nitrogen was quantitatively detected as ammonia. The enzyme system involved in aniline degradation was induced by aniline but not repressed by succinate and ammonia."}
{"id": "PMID:868084", "title": "[Physiology and biochemistry of streptomycetes. IX. Hydrolysis of cyclohexyl, carbohydrate-and aryl-esters by a carboxyl-esterase from cultures of Streptomyces hygroscopicus JA 6599].", "content": "Carboxylesterase in cell-free extracts of Streptomyces hygroscopicus was characterized with cyclohexylacetate and beta-penta-acetyl-D-glucose as as substrates. After concentrating the enzyme, activity with alpha/beta-methyl-4-O-propionyl-L-mycarosid as substrate was also observed. The influence of enzyme effectors was studied. Esterase activity was also found in the culture filtrate of. S. hygroscopicus.", "contents": "[Physiology and biochemistry of streptomycetes. IX. Hydrolysis of cyclohexyl, carbohydrate-and aryl-esters by a carboxyl-esterase from cultures of Streptomyces hygroscopicus JA 6599]. Carboxylesterase in cell-free extracts of Streptomyces hygroscopicus was characterized with cyclohexylacetate and beta-penta-acetyl-D-glucose as as substrates. After concentrating the enzyme, activity with alpha/beta-methyl-4-O-propionyl-L-mycarosid as substrate was also observed. The influence of enzyme effectors was studied. Esterase activity was also found in the culture filtrate of. S. hygroscopicus."}
{"id": "PMID:868133", "title": "[The role of preventive chemotherapy in the present tuberculosis epidemiology of GDR (author's transl)].", "content": "The risk of \"Gesunde Befundtr\u00e4ger\" (healthy carriers of pulmonary lesions) to develop pulmonary tuberculosis is compared with that of persons with X-ray shadows in the lung. In the group of \"Gesunde Befundtr\u00e4ger\" this risk can be further differentiated, being highest among males with positive tuberculin skin test and more extended X-ray shadows in the lung. Judging from a follow-up of 4 years in the double-blind trial on isoniazid preventive treatment in persons with fibrotic lesions, the risk of developing pulmonary tuberculosis is reduced by 2/3 by giving 300 mg isoniazid daily during 24 weeks. In the present epidemiological stage of tuberculosis in GDR, preventive treatment of persons with highest risk of developing tuberculosis disease is the most promising prophylactic measure. The recommedations to reduce side-effects must be observed.", "contents": "[The role of preventive chemotherapy in the present tuberculosis epidemiology of GDR (author's transl)]. The risk of \"Gesunde Befundtr\u00e4ger\" (healthy carriers of pulmonary lesions) to develop pulmonary tuberculosis is compared with that of persons with X-ray shadows in the lung. In the group of \"Gesunde Befundtr\u00e4ger\" this risk can be further differentiated, being highest among males with positive tuberculin skin test and more extended X-ray shadows in the lung. Judging from a follow-up of 4 years in the double-blind trial on isoniazid preventive treatment in persons with fibrotic lesions, the risk of developing pulmonary tuberculosis is reduced by 2/3 by giving 300 mg isoniazid daily during 24 weeks. In the present epidemiological stage of tuberculosis in GDR, preventive treatment of persons with highest risk of developing tuberculosis disease is the most promising prophylactic measure. The recommedations to reduce side-effects must be observed."}
{"id": "PMID:868134", "title": "[Hilar lymph node swelling as a reaction to BCG-hypersensitivity (author's transl)].", "content": "Report on an uncommon reaction to BCG-vaccination in a 7 years old child. A general BCG-allergy occurred manifesting by far extended alterations of the skin and by swelling of the hilar lymph nodes. In connection with this case the author recommends to apply only the intracutaneous testing in tuberculin diagnostics. Repeated BCG-vaccination should be done only with the greatest caution.", "contents": "[Hilar lymph node swelling as a reaction to BCG-hypersensitivity (author's transl)]. Report on an uncommon reaction to BCG-vaccination in a 7 years old child. A general BCG-allergy occurred manifesting by far extended alterations of the skin and by swelling of the hilar lymph nodes. In connection with this case the author recommends to apply only the intracutaneous testing in tuberculin diagnostics. Repeated BCG-vaccination should be done only with the greatest caution."}
{"id": "PMID:868135", "title": "[Unilateral aplasia and hypoplasia of pulmonary artery in childhood (author's transl)].", "content": "In the light of 8 observations, made by the authors, vasoanomalies underlying the syndrome of the unilateral hyperlucent lung are discussed in their correlation to homolateral bronchial lesions. There were 3 cases with unilateral aplasia of the pulmonary artery in which the unilateral hyperlucency was found always on the healthy side. In these cases there was a normal bronchogram on both sides. The vascularization by the bronchial arteries causes characteristic changes both in the X-ray-picture and endoscopy. Hypoplasia of the pulmonary artery occurring simultaneously with hyperlucency of the affected side  of the lung was found in five cases, 4 times in connection with homolateral, severe, diffuse deforming bronchitis and bronchiectases and 1 case with congenital bronchus stenosis. There is the opinion that besides a congenital form of the hypoplasia of the pulmonary artery a (virus?) --pneumonia, acquired in early childhood, can lead to a pulmonary hypoplasia and a bronchopulmonary dysplasia. The diagnosis can be made only after several special examinations performed in a multi-step system. The significance of the lung scintigraphy within the scope of this complex diagnostics is especially emphasized. Indication for surgery should be made very cautiously. Antibiotic long-term therapy and dsipensary care are considered to be essential.", "contents": "[Unilateral aplasia and hypoplasia of pulmonary artery in childhood (author's transl)]. In the light of 8 observations, made by the authors, vasoanomalies underlying the syndrome of the unilateral hyperlucent lung are discussed in their correlation to homolateral bronchial lesions. There were 3 cases with unilateral aplasia of the pulmonary artery in which the unilateral hyperlucency was found always on the healthy side. In these cases there was a normal bronchogram on both sides. The vascularization by the bronchial arteries causes characteristic changes both in the X-ray-picture and endoscopy. Hypoplasia of the pulmonary artery occurring simultaneously with hyperlucency of the affected side  of the lung was found in five cases, 4 times in connection with homolateral, severe, diffuse deforming bronchitis and bronchiectases and 1 case with congenital bronchus stenosis. There is the opinion that besides a congenital form of the hypoplasia of the pulmonary artery a (virus?) --pneumonia, acquired in early childhood, can lead to a pulmonary hypoplasia and a bronchopulmonary dysplasia. The diagnosis can be made only after several special examinations performed in a multi-step system. The significance of the lung scintigraphy within the scope of this complex diagnostics is especially emphasized. Indication for surgery should be made very cautiously. Antibiotic long-term therapy and dsipensary care are considered to be essential."}
{"id": "PMID:868136", "title": "[Metastatic pleural effusions from MAMMA carcinoma (author's transl)].", "content": "43,7% of 1262 pleural effusions investigated between 1958 to 1975 proved to be malignant. In females the malignant effusions caused by mamma carcinoma ranged at the first place. The diagnostic and therapeutic possibilities were studied in 60 cases of these effusions. For etiological diagnosis the criteria of clinical findings, chemical parameters and cytology proved to be important. Cytostatic treatment was more effective in cases of mamma carcinoma than in other tumours of the thoracic organs.", "contents": "[Metastatic pleural effusions from MAMMA carcinoma (author's transl)]. 43,7% of 1262 pleural effusions investigated between 1958 to 1975 proved to be malignant. In females the malignant effusions caused by mamma carcinoma ranged at the first place. The diagnostic and therapeutic possibilities were studied in 60 cases of these effusions. For etiological diagnosis the criteria of clinical findings, chemical parameters and cytology proved to be important. Cytostatic treatment was more effective in cases of mamma carcinoma than in other tumours of the thoracic organs."}
{"id": "PMID:868137", "title": "[Possible development of pulmonary scar cancers in patients with pulmonary fibrosis due to cytostatica and X-ray therapy (case-study) (author's transl)].", "content": "In two patients with chronic pulmonary fibrosis their history and findings of autopsy suggested, that X-ray therapy in a 31-year old male and Cytostatica-drug therapy in a 52 years old female have had an influence to development of a scar cancer. These cases are discussed with informations of the literature.", "contents": "[Possible development of pulmonary scar cancers in patients with pulmonary fibrosis due to cytostatica and X-ray therapy (case-study) (author's transl)]. In two patients with chronic pulmonary fibrosis their history and findings of autopsy suggested, that X-ray therapy in a 31-year old male and Cytostatica-drug therapy in a 52 years old female have had an influence to development of a scar cancer. These cases are discussed with informations of the literature."}
{"id": "PMID:868138", "title": "[Surgical bronchoscopic interventions (author's transl)].", "content": "The author reports about he indications, procedures and results of surgical bronchoscopic interventions in 10 patients with bronchial papilloma due to broncholithiasis, primary amyloid tumor, tracheal adenoma, oesophageal carcinoma perforated into the trachea, bronchial chondroma, tracheal haemangioma, bronchoadenitis tuberculosis perforans, broncholithiasis majoris gradus. Patient's history of 4 cases is demonstrated in detail.", "contents": "[Surgical bronchoscopic interventions (author's transl)]. The author reports about he indications, procedures and results of surgical bronchoscopic interventions in 10 patients with bronchial papilloma due to broncholithiasis, primary amyloid tumor, tracheal adenoma, oesophageal carcinoma perforated into the trachea, bronchial chondroma, tracheal haemangioma, bronchoadenitis tuberculosis perforans, broncholithiasis majoris gradus. Patient's history of 4 cases is demonstrated in detail."}
{"id": "PMID:868139", "title": "[The anteroposterior (a--p) X-ray-picture in lateral radiographic position in patients after thoracic surgery (author's transl)].", "content": "A new approach to the X-ray checking after chest operations is described. Instead of sitting upright the patient is lying on his nonoperated side, the operated side of the chest upward. By this way it is easy to differentiate pleural effusions from basal infiltrations of the remaining lung segments. Furthermore it is possible to check the diaphragm and the lateral portions of the lung much easier than with the conventional X-ray pictures taken in sitting position.", "contents": "[The anteroposterior (a--p) X-ray-picture in lateral radiographic position in patients after thoracic surgery (author's transl)]. A new approach to the X-ray checking after chest operations is described. Instead of sitting upright the patient is lying on his nonoperated side, the operated side of the chest upward. By this way it is easy to differentiate pleural effusions from basal infiltrations of the remaining lung segments. Furthermore it is possible to check the diaphragm and the lateral portions of the lung much easier than with the conventional X-ray pictures taken in sitting position."}
{"id": "PMID:868176", "title": "[Improvement of the endogenous creatinine clearance by blocking the tubules].", "content": "In the endogenic creatinine clearance at present a blocking of the tubuli with phenol red cannot be achieved. The elimination follows in the 20th and 40th minute after the injection of a simple exponential function and thus allows the determination of the half-life period. The phenol red 60/60 value lies in the phase of the backflow of phenol red from the space of distribution.", "contents": "[Improvement of the endogenous creatinine clearance by blocking the tubules]. In the endogenic creatinine clearance at present a blocking of the tubuli with phenol red cannot be achieved. The elimination follows in the 20th and 40th minute after the injection of a simple exponential function and thus allows the determination of the half-life period. The phenol red 60/60 value lies in the phase of the backflow of phenol red from the space of distribution."}
{"id": "PMID:868179", "title": "[Current problems in the pathology of the thyroid gland].", "content": "22 chloramphenicol allergics, 10 penicillin allergics and 6 patients with a chromate eczema as well as altogether 34 non-allergic control persons with healthy skin were examined according to the skin chamber method. After addition of the adequate antigen (chloramphenicol, penicillin, ammonium bichromate) into one of the two simultaneously applied skin chambers in sensitized persons an inhibition of the leucocyte migration in the antigen chamber develops. The polymorphonuclear neutrophilic granulocytes mobilised into the inflammation field were regarded as indicator cells. 5 chloramphenicol allergics with eczematous skin abnormalities and all control persons were negative. The investigation method is simply to be performed and therefore it is particularly suitable for clinical routine work.", "contents": "[Current problems in the pathology of the thyroid gland]. 22 chloramphenicol allergics, 10 penicillin allergics and 6 patients with a chromate eczema as well as altogether 34 non-allergic control persons with healthy skin were examined according to the skin chamber method. After addition of the adequate antigen (chloramphenicol, penicillin, ammonium bichromate) into one of the two simultaneously applied skin chambers in sensitized persons an inhibition of the leucocyte migration in the antigen chamber develops. The polymorphonuclear neutrophilic granulocytes mobilised into the inflammation field were regarded as indicator cells. 5 chloramphenicol allergics with eczematous skin abnormalities and all control persons were negative. The investigation method is simply to be performed and therefore it is particularly suitable for clinical routine work."}
{"id": "PMID:868181", "title": "[Significance of the determination of serum and urinary creatinine for the clinical use, dispensatory care and screening of patients with kidney diseases].", "content": "In the early recognition, control of course and therapy of patients with chronic renal diseases the proof of disturbances of the renal functions has a particular value. Here the determination of creatinine in the serum and in the urine increasingly gains significance, since an automatisation stood the test. The creatinine values may be used as orientation values for the clearance method in the dispensary or in the screening as well as in the sense of reference values for other substances normally contained in the urine. In patients with chronic renal diseases a shift of the daily variation of the renal function according to the development of a nycturia is to be observed still before the formation of an isosthenuria. In female test persons the excretion of creatinine is on an average lower than in male ones. This may be based on the differently developed muscle masses. When creatinine is used as reference value for other substances the dependence on age and sex must be taken into consideration in the case that the substance concerned does not reveal the same age- and sex-specific course of behaviour.", "contents": "[Significance of the determination of serum and urinary creatinine for the clinical use, dispensatory care and screening of patients with kidney diseases]. In the early recognition, control of course and therapy of patients with chronic renal diseases the proof of disturbances of the renal functions has a particular value. Here the determination of creatinine in the serum and in the urine increasingly gains significance, since an automatisation stood the test. The creatinine values may be used as orientation values for the clearance method in the dispensary or in the screening as well as in the sense of reference values for other substances normally contained in the urine. In patients with chronic renal diseases a shift of the daily variation of the renal function according to the development of a nycturia is to be observed still before the formation of an isosthenuria. In female test persons the excretion of creatinine is on an average lower than in male ones. This may be based on the differently developed muscle masses. When creatinine is used as reference value for other substances the dependence on age and sex must be taken into consideration in the case that the substance concerned does not reveal the same age- and sex-specific course of behaviour."}
{"id": "PMID:868182", "title": "[A model of cooperative analytical diagnosis].", "content": "The special branch of clinical chemistry and laboratory diagnostics as an independent speciality has specific comprehensive tasks in research, teaching and education as well as in medical care. Here the organisation of scientific work in the branch of public health concerned is of great importance. For the territory of Leipzig a model a cooperation of medical diagnostics was developed in which a central automation laboratory, a district laboratory and 22 corrdination area laboratories whith all institutions have achieve a high level according to the conditions existing at present.", "contents": "[A model of cooperative analytical diagnosis]. The special branch of clinical chemistry and laboratory diagnostics as an independent speciality has specific comprehensive tasks in research, teaching and education as well as in medical care. Here the organisation of scientific work in the branch of public health concerned is of great importance. For the territory of Leipzig a model a cooperation of medical diagnostics was developed in which a central automation laboratory, a district laboratory and 22 corrdination area laboratories whith all institutions have achieve a high level according to the conditions existing at present."}
{"id": "PMID:868183", "title": "[Proof of drug hypersensitivity using an in vivo leukocyte migration inhibition test].", "content": "22 chloramphenicol allergics, 10 penicillin allergics and 6 patients with a chromate eczema as well as altogether 34 non-allergic control persons with healthy skin were examined according to the skin chamber method. After addition of the adequate antigen (chloramphenicol, penicillin, ammonium bichromate) into one of the two simultaneously applied skin chambers in sensitized persons an inhibition of the leucocyte migration in the antigen chamber develops. The polymorphonuclear neutrophilic granulocytes mobilised into the inflammation field were regarded as indicator cells. 5 chloramphenicol allergics with eczematous skin abnormalities and all control persons were negative. The investigation method is simply to be performed and therefore it is particularly suitable for clinical routine work.", "contents": "[Proof of drug hypersensitivity using an in vivo leukocyte migration inhibition test]. 22 chloramphenicol allergics, 10 penicillin allergics and 6 patients with a chromate eczema as well as altogether 34 non-allergic control persons with healthy skin were examined according to the skin chamber method. After addition of the adequate antigen (chloramphenicol, penicillin, ammonium bichromate) into one of the two simultaneously applied skin chambers in sensitized persons an inhibition of the leucocyte migration in the antigen chamber develops. The polymorphonuclear neutrophilic granulocytes mobilised into the inflammation field were regarded as indicator cells. 5 chloramphenicol allergics with eczematous skin abnormalities and all control persons were negative. The investigation method is simply to be performed and therefore it is particularly suitable for clinical routine work."}
{"id": "PMID:868184", "title": "[Diagnosis of paranephritic abscess].", "content": "The paranephritic absecess belongs to the more infrequent clinical pictures. On the basis of a not common fistulography of the lumbar region on the right, in which we succeeded in a complete description of the cavitary system of the kidneys retrospectively the diagnostic approach in the paranephritic abscess is briefly described. Hereby, as a rule, no too extensive investigations are necessary, as far is at all thought of the possibility of a paranephritic abscess. With typical clinical findings alone - pain and exteriorly visible swelling - the diagnosis seems to be nearly ascertained. Radiologically in many cases the general radiograph of the abdomen (references to radio-positive concrements) and the intravenous pyelogramme are enough. When a fistula is present one tries to find the starting point of the process by means of a contrast remedy filling. In the majority of patients an operative treatment follows.", "contents": "[Diagnosis of paranephritic abscess]. The paranephritic absecess belongs to the more infrequent clinical pictures. On the basis of a not common fistulography of the lumbar region on the right, in which we succeeded in a complete description of the cavitary system of the kidneys retrospectively the diagnostic approach in the paranephritic abscess is briefly described. Hereby, as a rule, no too extensive investigations are necessary, as far is at all thought of the possibility of a paranephritic abscess. With typical clinical findings alone - pain and exteriorly visible swelling - the diagnosis seems to be nearly ascertained. Radiologically in many cases the general radiograph of the abdomen (references to radio-positive concrements) and the intravenous pyelogramme are enough. When a fistula is present one tries to find the starting point of the process by means of a contrast remedy filling. In the majority of patients an operative treatment follows."}
{"id": "PMID:868185", "title": "[Differential diagnosis of malabsorption syndrome].", "content": "On the basis of two cases the development of a severe postoperative malabsorption syndrome after resection of the stomach with predisposition to a gastroenterostomia ileoterminalis. The fatal course in one of the patients is made the occasion to discuss the causes of the operatively conditioned failures and to demonstrate the symptomatology of a gastrointestinal anastomosis with a lower ileum loop. The duration of the disease can be retarded by insufficient examination technique. In  postoperative distrubances of the passage as soon as possible the radiological control of the condition of the anastomosis including the whole samll intestine should be carried out.", "contents": "[Differential diagnosis of malabsorption syndrome]. On the basis of two cases the development of a severe postoperative malabsorption syndrome after resection of the stomach with predisposition to a gastroenterostomia ileoterminalis. The fatal course in one of the patients is made the occasion to discuss the causes of the operatively conditioned failures and to demonstrate the symptomatology of a gastrointestinal anastomosis with a lower ileum loop. The duration of the disease can be retarded by insufficient examination technique. In  postoperative distrubances of the passage as soon as possible the radiological control of the condition of the anastomosis including the whole samll intestine should be carried out."}
{"id": "PMID:868187", "title": "[Therapy of thyroid diseases].", "content": "A survey is given on the therapy of hyperthyroidism, hypothyroidism and the bland struma including the thyrogenic crises. Indications and contraindications of the therapeutic measures available are described. During the therapy of hyperthyroidism the suppression test for the control of the course is recommended. Furthermore it is shown that the thyroxine is more favourable for the long-term treatment than triiodine thyronine or the combination preparations offered at present. But the rules described for the treatment of diseases of the thyroid gland must always be adapted to the individual case.", "contents": "[Therapy of thyroid diseases]. A survey is given on the therapy of hyperthyroidism, hypothyroidism and the bland struma including the thyrogenic crises. Indications and contraindications of the therapeutic measures available are described. During the therapy of hyperthyroidism the suppression test for the control of the course is recommended. Furthermore it is shown that the thyroxine is more favourable for the long-term treatment than triiodine thyronine or the combination preparations offered at present. But the rules described for the treatment of diseases of the thyroid gland must always be adapted to the individual case."}
{"id": "PMID:868188", "title": "[Studies on stress-conditioned secretion of somatotropin].", "content": "72 of 413 adults and 55 of 112 children with intact function of the hypophysis revealed secretions of the growth hormone already in the preparation time for a clinical test. These variations of the HGH basal levels must be regarded as conditioned on test. In the judgment of the function of the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland with the help of the dynamics of the HGH-secretion the changes in the pretest-period should be included in order to avoid false diagnoses. From the secretion of the growth hormone conditioned on stress hitherto no conclusions can be made to the following course of the HGH-secretion.", "contents": "[Studies on stress-conditioned secretion of somatotropin]. 72 of 413 adults and 55 of 112 children with intact function of the hypophysis revealed secretions of the growth hormone already in the preparation time for a clinical test. These variations of the HGH basal levels must be regarded as conditioned on test. In the judgment of the function of the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland with the help of the dynamics of the HGH-secretion the changes in the pretest-period should be included in order to avoid false diagnoses. From the secretion of the growth hormone conditioned on stress hitherto no conclusions can be made to the following course of the HGH-secretion."}
{"id": "PMID:868189", "title": "[Radioimmunological determination of aldosterone in the serum. New method for the localization of aldosteronism].", "content": "It is described a radioimmunologic method for the determination of aldosterone in the plasma and the urine. The method possesses a high specifity, so that a chromatographic prepurification can be given up. The achieved sensitivity allows an analysis in 0.2 ml plasma. This radioimmunoassay can be used for the determination of the aldosterone concentration in the blood after side-separated taking from the adrenal veins by means of the catheter technique. With this a localisation diagnostics of the aldosteronoma is possible.", "contents": "[Radioimmunological determination of aldosterone in the serum. New method for the localization of aldosteronism]. It is described a radioimmunologic method for the determination of aldosterone in the plasma and the urine. The method possesses a high specifity, so that a chromatographic prepurification can be given up. The achieved sensitivity allows an analysis in 0.2 ml plasma. This radioimmunoassay can be used for the determination of the aldosterone concentration in the blood after side-separated taking from the adrenal veins by means of the catheter technique. With this a localisation diagnostics of the aldosteronoma is possible."}
{"id": "PMID:868191", "title": "[Effect of ultraviolet and visible light on nucleic acids and proteins].", "content": "Three possible photochemical reaction mechanisms have been discussed which might cause changes in biological materials: 1. Photoreactions induced in that constituents of cell substrates absorb UV-light by themselves, i. e. heteroaromatic moieties of nucleic acids and proteins. 2. Photoreactions induced in that constituents not belonging to the natural biological system absorb UV-light, i. e. furocoumarins or cancer producing hydrocarbons. 3. Photoreactions induced in that proper sensitizer molecules absorb UV-light or visible light. The latter type of photoreactions consumes molecular oxygen but does not consume sensitizer molecules (photodynamic action). Examples have been given for the three possibilities concerning photochemistry of nucleic acids and proteins. Damages of biopolymers were discussed with respect to their biological consequences. Photodynamic changes in the blood system might be caused either after addition of sensitizers to blood or by sensitizers which are constituents of blood itself, i. e. porphytines.", "contents": "[Effect of ultraviolet and visible light on nucleic acids and proteins]. Three possible photochemical reaction mechanisms have been discussed which might cause changes in biological materials: 1. Photoreactions induced in that constituents of cell substrates absorb UV-light by themselves, i. e. heteroaromatic moieties of nucleic acids and proteins. 2. Photoreactions induced in that constituents not belonging to the natural biological system absorb UV-light, i. e. furocoumarins or cancer producing hydrocarbons. 3. Photoreactions induced in that proper sensitizer molecules absorb UV-light or visible light. The latter type of photoreactions consumes molecular oxygen but does not consume sensitizer molecules (photodynamic action). Examples have been given for the three possibilities concerning photochemistry of nucleic acids and proteins. Damages of biopolymers were discussed with respect to their biological consequences. Photodynamic changes in the blood system might be caused either after addition of sensitizers to blood or by sensitizers which are constituents of blood itself, i. e. porphytines."}
{"id": "PMID:868192", "title": "[Studies on blood traumatization following heart-valve prosthesis].", "content": "In 47 patients blood traumatisation was checked after interventions on cardiac valves. The cases in question were: 34 implantations of valve prostheses, 10 valve reconstructions and 3 re-operations because of paravalvular leakages. The tested valve prostheses according to Starr-Edwards, Bj\u00f6rk-Shiley and Beall revealed subclinical haemolyses of various degrees. In aortic position the values for Bj\u00f6rk-Shirley prostheses showed advantages as compared to the Starr-Edwards valve. Of all tested valve types the Beall prostheses caused the highest blood traumatisation. Manifest haemolytic anaemia was found only in 3 cases, two of them showing paravalvular leakage. In the cases of double valve replacement performed with combined Starr-Edwards and Beall prostheses the haemolysis was only slightly higher than in cases of mitral valve replacement with Beall valves only. In three cases with paravalvular leakage the parameters of haemolysis increased very much, returning to normal in 2 patients after successful correction. The assessment of the parameters of blood traumatisation is indispensible for the choice and improvement of the different types of valves and essential for the diagnosis of paravalvular leakage as well as for the control after leakage repair.", "contents": "[Studies on blood traumatization following heart-valve prosthesis]. In 47 patients blood traumatisation was checked after interventions on cardiac valves. The cases in question were: 34 implantations of valve prostheses, 10 valve reconstructions and 3 re-operations because of paravalvular leakages. The tested valve prostheses according to Starr-Edwards, Bj\u00f6rk-Shiley and Beall revealed subclinical haemolyses of various degrees. In aortic position the values for Bj\u00f6rk-Shirley prostheses showed advantages as compared to the Starr-Edwards valve. Of all tested valve types the Beall prostheses caused the highest blood traumatisation. Manifest haemolytic anaemia was found only in 3 cases, two of them showing paravalvular leakage. In the cases of double valve replacement performed with combined Starr-Edwards and Beall prostheses the haemolysis was only slightly higher than in cases of mitral valve replacement with Beall valves only. In three cases with paravalvular leakage the parameters of haemolysis increased very much, returning to normal in 2 patients after successful correction. The assessment of the parameters of blood traumatisation is indispensible for the choice and improvement of the different types of valves and essential for the diagnosis of paravalvular leakage as well as for the control after leakage repair."}
{"id": "PMID:868193", "title": "[Osmolar and mechanic resistance of erythrocytes in chronic liver diseases].", "content": "Out of 120 patients with chronic liver diseases (45 liver cirrhosis, 38 chronic hepatitis, 15 fatty degeneration of the liver and 22 stasis liver) the osmotic resistance of the erythrocytes after Hennemann and the mechanic resistance after Schubothe was determined. 24% of the patients had a decreased osmotic resistance of the erythrocytes, even 55% a decreased incubation resistance. 16% of the patients with liver diseases had a decreased mechanic resistance of the erythrocytes. The comparison of the groups of disease and the stages of the diseases resulted in an increased mechanical resistance of the erythrocytes only for the decompensated liver cirrhosis. A positive correlation was the result between the degree of the haemolysis and the spherical index of the erythrocytes.", "contents": "[Osmolar and mechanic resistance of erythrocytes in chronic liver diseases]. Out of 120 patients with chronic liver diseases (45 liver cirrhosis, 38 chronic hepatitis, 15 fatty degeneration of the liver and 22 stasis liver) the osmotic resistance of the erythrocytes after Hennemann and the mechanic resistance after Schubothe was determined. 24% of the patients had a decreased osmotic resistance of the erythrocytes, even 55% a decreased incubation resistance. 16% of the patients with liver diseases had a decreased mechanic resistance of the erythrocytes. The comparison of the groups of disease and the stages of the diseases resulted in an increased mechanical resistance of the erythrocytes only for the decompensated liver cirrhosis. A positive correlation was the result between the degree of the haemolysis and the spherical index of the erythrocytes."}
{"id": "PMID:868194", "title": "[Cis-polyenecarboxylic acids and other fat-metabolism parameters in carcinoma of the digestive tract].", "content": "In 24 patients with a neoplasm of the gastro-intestinal tract cis-poly-unsaturated fatty acids were determined in the serum together with cholesterol, free and total glycerin as well as with neutral fats. In the cis-polyene acids a statistically ascertained diminution occurs, all the other parameters remain practically unchanged. To what extent very low values of poly-unsaturated fatty acids are to be connected must still be tested. It cannot be judged about a correlation of cancer and values of neutral fats, since the breadth of the normal area of this parameter of fatty metabolism is very large and the number of test persons is relatively small. The content of cholesterol of patients with cancer is prettily constant and deviated only little from the normal.", "contents": "[Cis-polyenecarboxylic acids and other fat-metabolism parameters in carcinoma of the digestive tract]. In 24 patients with a neoplasm of the gastro-intestinal tract cis-poly-unsaturated fatty acids were determined in the serum together with cholesterol, free and total glycerin as well as with neutral fats. In the cis-polyene acids a statistically ascertained diminution occurs, all the other parameters remain practically unchanged. To what extent very low values of poly-unsaturated fatty acids are to be connected must still be tested. It cannot be judged about a correlation of cancer and values of neutral fats, since the breadth of the normal area of this parameter of fatty metabolism is very large and the number of test persons is relatively small. The content of cholesterol of patients with cancer is prettily constant and deviated only little from the normal."}
{"id": "PMID:868195", "title": "[Hematuria due to foreign bodies in a woman-patient with the Munchhausen syndrome].", "content": "It is reported on a female patient with M\u00fcnchhausen syndrome who was referred by the family doctor for the clarification of a haematuria. As cause of the haematuria two stones of about 1 cm in diameter each were found which were artificially brought into the bladder.", "contents": "[Hematuria due to foreign bodies in a woman-patient with the Munchhausen syndrome]. It is reported on a female patient with M\u00fcnchhausen syndrome who was referred by the family doctor for the clarification of a haematuria. As cause of the haematuria two stones of about 1 cm in diameter each were found which were artificially brought into the bladder."}
{"id": "PMID:868204", "title": "[Interferon and herpes].", "content": "Interferon, a protein produced by cells, is the only non-toxic antiviral inhibiting virus multiplication in the cell. Although the industrial-technical production of the substance is more expensive the exogenic interferon treatment (interferon which is produced in cell cultures is being administered to the organism) is preferred to the endogenous interferon therapy (by application of slightly-toxic substances the organism is stimulated to produce interferon) since with the first therapy the factor toxicity can be neglected. Clinical trials with exogenous interferon treatment of herpes virus infections of men gave encouraging results, they must however be confirmed by double blind studies. Should it come to a clinical application of interferon on a large scale, first of all methods of production must be worked out to make available sufficient exogenous interferon for treatment of patients.", "contents": "[Interferon and herpes]. Interferon, a protein produced by cells, is the only non-toxic antiviral inhibiting virus multiplication in the cell. Although the industrial-technical production of the substance is more expensive the exogenic interferon treatment (interferon which is produced in cell cultures is being administered to the organism) is preferred to the endogenous interferon therapy (by application of slightly-toxic substances the organism is stimulated to produce interferon) since with the first therapy the factor toxicity can be neglected. Clinical trials with exogenous interferon treatment of herpes virus infections of men gave encouraging results, they must however be confirmed by double blind studies. Should it come to a clinical application of interferon on a large scale, first of all methods of production must be worked out to make available sufficient exogenous interferon for treatment of patients."}
{"id": "PMID:868205", "title": "A micro-method for PHA-induced stimulation of human lymphocytes. II. communication: effect of splenectomy on the inhibitory activity of serum in patients with Hodgkin's disease.", "content": "Lymphocytes of 19 unselected patients with Hodgkin's disease were stimulated with PHA in vitro using a microculture system. The sera of these donors were simultaneously tested for their ability to support PHA-induced stimulation of normal lymphocytes as compared to sera drawn from healthy volumteers. Wheras DNA synthesis in Hodgkin's disease using normal sera was almost uniformly decreased, transformation of normal lymphocytes was suppressed in 9 of 11 sera from patients with Hodgkin's disease without splenectomy, but only in 1 of 8 sera from patients tested after removal of the spleen. 3 donors could be tested both before and after splenectomy, 2 showed a complete disappearance of inhibiting substances in their sera. These findings are discussed as to the immunological significance of inhibiting factors and splenectomy in Hodgkin's disease.", "contents": "A micro-method for PHA-induced stimulation of human lymphocytes. II. communication: effect of splenectomy on the inhibitory activity of serum in patients with Hodgkin's disease. Lymphocytes of 19 unselected patients with Hodgkin's disease were stimulated with PHA in vitro using a microculture system. The sera of these donors were simultaneously tested for their ability to support PHA-induced stimulation of normal lymphocytes as compared to sera drawn from healthy volumteers. Wheras DNA synthesis in Hodgkin's disease using normal sera was almost uniformly decreased, transformation of normal lymphocytes was suppressed in 9 of 11 sera from patients with Hodgkin's disease without splenectomy, but only in 1 of 8 sera from patients tested after removal of the spleen. 3 donors could be tested both before and after splenectomy, 2 showed a complete disappearance of inhibiting substances in their sera. These findings are discussed as to the immunological significance of inhibiting factors and splenectomy in Hodgkin's disease."}
{"id": "PMID:868206", "title": "Deviated lysis: transfer of complement lytic activity to unsensitized cells. IV. Parital isolation of the activity.", "content": "Deviated lysis (d.l.) was previously characterized as the lysis of non-sensitized erythrocytes by activated complement (C) in the presence of EDTA (1, 2, 3). The lytic activity was present in serum fractions of a m.w. in the proximity of 220,000. All the C factors C5 through C9 were found in these fractions and they were all needed for lysis. It is proposed that in d.l. small aggregates of the C components C5 through C9 coexist in the reaction mixture without further interaction. Only when appropriate receptors such as present on target cells surfaces are available, the factors react in a sequential order eventually to result in lysis of the target cell.", "contents": "Deviated lysis: transfer of complement lytic activity to unsensitized cells. IV. Parital isolation of the activity. Deviated lysis (d.l.) was previously characterized as the lysis of non-sensitized erythrocytes by activated complement (C) in the presence of EDTA (1, 2, 3). The lytic activity was present in serum fractions of a m.w. in the proximity of 220,000. All the C factors C5 through C9 were found in these fractions and they were all needed for lysis. It is proposed that in d.l. small aggregates of the C components C5 through C9 coexist in the reaction mixture without further interaction. Only when appropriate receptors such as present on target cells surfaces are available, the factors react in a sequential order eventually to result in lysis of the target cell."}
{"id": "PMID:868207", "title": "Age-dependent appearance of A-specific ovarian glycolipids and syngeneic \"natural\" anti-A hemolysin in mice.", "content": "C57BL/10 inbred mice produce a \"natural\" antibody which in the presence of complement selectively lyses human blood group A erythrocytes, and the sera of females display significantly higher levels than the sera of males. This pronounced anti-A hemolysin production in females follows the appearance of specific endogenous A-determinants which are associated with water-soluble ovarian glycolipids specifically blocking the syngeneic anti-A hemolysin activity. Moreover, this hemolysin activity develops poorly in mice ovariectomized at the age of 20 days. The coincidental production of (auto)antigenic structures in morphologically and functionally normal ovarian tissue and of antibodies against them is thought to be tolerated through the modulation of a thymusdirected control mechanism.", "contents": "Age-dependent appearance of A-specific ovarian glycolipids and syngeneic \"natural\" anti-A hemolysin in mice. C57BL/10 inbred mice produce a \"natural\" antibody which in the presence of complement selectively lyses human blood group A erythrocytes, and the sera of females display significantly higher levels than the sera of males. This pronounced anti-A hemolysin production in females follows the appearance of specific endogenous A-determinants which are associated with water-soluble ovarian glycolipids specifically blocking the syngeneic anti-A hemolysin activity. Moreover, this hemolysin activity develops poorly in mice ovariectomized at the age of 20 days. The coincidental production of (auto)antigenic structures in morphologically and functionally normal ovarian tissue and of antibodies against them is thought to be tolerated through the modulation of a thymusdirected control mechanism."}
{"id": "PMID:868208", "title": "HLA-D typing with homozygous lymphoblastoid cell lines.", "content": "Lymphoblastoid cell lines (LCL) was established from peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) of 2 HLA-DW 3 homozygous siblings. HLA-D typing was performed with the homozygous LCL and PBL in a group of 51 unrelated individuals selected according to their HLA-A,B locus antigens. All the individuals who were typed positive for DW3 with PBL typing cells could also be typed positive with the LCL typing cells. Both homozygous LCL behave very similarly in the tested population. These experiments showed that the same HLA-D determinants were represented both on LCL and PBL cells and that LCL derived from MLC homozygous donors can be used for HLA-D typing.", "contents": "HLA-D typing with homozygous lymphoblastoid cell lines. Lymphoblastoid cell lines (LCL) was established from peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) of 2 HLA-DW 3 homozygous siblings. HLA-D typing was performed with the homozygous LCL and PBL in a group of 51 unrelated individuals selected according to their HLA-A,B locus antigens. All the individuals who were typed positive for DW3 with PBL typing cells could also be typed positive with the LCL typing cells. Both homozygous LCL behave very similarly in the tested population. These experiments showed that the same HLA-D determinants were represented both on LCL and PBL cells and that LCL derived from MLC homozygous donors can be used for HLA-D typing."}
{"id": "PMID:868280", "title": "[Effect of early food deprivation on elaboration and preservation of a defensive conditioned reflex in rats].", "content": "A study was made of the influence of unlimited vs. insufficient feeding with mother's milk of fifteen litters of rats in early postnatal period on the rate of \"incomplete\" twofold learning (elaboration of a conditioned avoidance reflex) at the age of 30 and 90 days, and the degree of retention of conditioned reflexes in 30-second, 24-hour and two months intervals. The experiments were carried out in Fyodorov's modification of the apparatus with program control. A conditioned reflex of active avoidance of electric current was elaborated in response to a photic signal. It has been established that unlimited feeding of young rats with mother's milk has a positive influence in the early postnatal period on the general development, on the rate of twofold learning and the level of retention of a conditioned reflex, while unsufficient feeding has a negative influence on these characteristics.", "contents": "[Effect of early food deprivation on elaboration and preservation of a defensive conditioned reflex in rats]. A study was made of the influence of unlimited vs. insufficient feeding with mother's milk of fifteen litters of rats in early postnatal period on the rate of \"incomplete\" twofold learning (elaboration of a conditioned avoidance reflex) at the age of 30 and 90 days, and the degree of retention of conditioned reflexes in 30-second, 24-hour and two months intervals. The experiments were carried out in Fyodorov's modification of the apparatus with program control. A conditioned reflex of active avoidance of electric current was elaborated in response to a photic signal. It has been established that unlimited feeding of young rats with mother's milk has a positive influence in the early postnatal period on the general development, on the rate of twofold learning and the level of retention of a conditioned reflex, while unsufficient feeding has a negative influence on these characteristics."}
{"id": "PMID:868281", "title": "[Conditioned trace reactions of hypothalamic neurons following exposure to vibration].", "content": "Trace reactions were studied in 112 hypothalamic units in rabbits during motor defensive conditioning to time after vibration action of two intensities. A later formation of conditioned trace reactions was observed as compared to the control. Vibration of lesser intensity improved the course of trace processes and slightly increased the number of neurones responding to the conditioned stimulus (45% as against 43% in the control); after a stronger vibration action, conditioned reactions to time were recorded only in 29% of the hypothalamic cells eith a simultaneous diminution of the trace response. It has been assumed that the observed transformations result from changes of the significance of the reinforcing factor in the formation of a motor defensive conditioned reflex after the action of vibration.", "contents": "[Conditioned trace reactions of hypothalamic neurons following exposure to vibration]. Trace reactions were studied in 112 hypothalamic units in rabbits during motor defensive conditioning to time after vibration action of two intensities. A later formation of conditioned trace reactions was observed as compared to the control. Vibration of lesser intensity improved the course of trace processes and slightly increased the number of neurones responding to the conditioned stimulus (45% as against 43% in the control); after a stronger vibration action, conditioned reactions to time were recorded only in 29% of the hypothalamic cells eith a simultaneous diminution of the trace response. It has been assumed that the observed transformations result from changes of the significance of the reinforcing factor in the formation of a motor defensive conditioned reflex after the action of vibration."}
{"id": "PMID:868282", "title": "[Simultaneous differentiation of visual stimuli in chickens].", "content": "Differentiation of colour stimuli and geometrical figures was studied in chickens by the food-procuring reflex method with simultaneous presentation of the stimuli. The percentage of correct selections of the positive conditioned stimulus was chosen as a measure of the degree of differentiation. Stable differentiation of colour stimuli appeared after 15.44 +/- 0.6 presentations of the conditioned stimuli reaching 97.66 +/- 0.69% of correct responses. Incomplete differentiation of geometrical figures appeared after 39.07 +/- 3.6 presentations, attaining 67.69 +/- 2.64%. Differentiation of geometrical figures became stable after training, its level rising up to 80.37 +/- 3.89%.", "contents": "[Simultaneous differentiation of visual stimuli in chickens]. Differentiation of colour stimuli and geometrical figures was studied in chickens by the food-procuring reflex method with simultaneous presentation of the stimuli. The percentage of correct selections of the positive conditioned stimulus was chosen as a measure of the degree of differentiation. Stable differentiation of colour stimuli appeared after 15.44 +/- 0.6 presentations of the conditioned stimuli reaching 97.66 +/- 0.69% of correct responses. Incomplete differentiation of geometrical figures appeared after 39.07 +/- 3.6 presentations, attaining 67.69 +/- 2.64%. Differentiation of geometrical figures became stable after training, its level rising up to 80.37 +/- 3.89%."}
{"id": "PMID:868279", "title": "[EEG-correlates of direct and reverse conditioned connections in a food-getting reflex formed to electric stimulation of the lateral geniculate body].", "content": "In the course of formation of a food-procuring conditioned reflex to low-frequency electrical stimulation of the cat LGB, the corresponding evoked potentials underwent a change: the main negative component of the evoked potential in the visual area of the cerebral cortex increased; a distinct evoked potential not recorded before conditioning appeared in the sensorimotor area. The changes are regarded as EEG-correlates of formation of a forward conditioned connection. In tests with an isolated presentation of the reinforcing stimulus, a 6--8 c/s rhythm was recorded in the visual cortical area, similar to that of conditioned stimulation of LGB and considered as an EEG-correlate of a backward conditioned connection.", "contents": "[EEG-correlates of direct and reverse conditioned connections in a food-getting reflex formed to electric stimulation of the lateral geniculate body]. In the course of formation of a food-procuring conditioned reflex to low-frequency electrical stimulation of the cat LGB, the corresponding evoked potentials underwent a change: the main negative component of the evoked potential in the visual area of the cerebral cortex increased; a distinct evoked potential not recorded before conditioning appeared in the sensorimotor area. The changes are regarded as EEG-correlates of formation of a forward conditioned connection. In tests with an isolated presentation of the reinforcing stimulus, a 6--8 c/s rhythm was recorded in the visual cortical area, similar to that of conditioned stimulation of LGB and considered as an EEG-correlate of a backward conditioned connection."}
{"id": "PMID:868284", "title": "[Effect of sectioning cortico-hippocampal connections on the impulse activity of dorsal hippocampal neurons].", "content": "Characteristics of spontaneous and evoked neuronal activity in the fields CA1 and CA3 of the dorsal hippocampus were studied on alert rabbits aged from 30 to 40 days, intact and with an undercutting of the entorhinal cortex (EC) on the 15th to 20th day. The nature of neuronal reactivity depends on the pattern of spontaneous spike activity (three types of cells). Elimination of the afferent input from the EC leads to a sharp drop in the field CA3 of the spontaneous activity of II type neurones with spike complexes achieving inhibitory reactions and, accordingly, to the absence of these reactions. The frequency of background activity of I and III type neurones, which give activating responses, increases. At the same time their reactivity and duration of feactions to indifferent acoustic stimuli increase, especially in the field CA3. The number of phasic and forming responses diminishes. The data obtained attest that the elimination of the cortical input disturbs the capacity of hippocampal neurones to form adequate reactions to indifferent stimuli, which may be due to reduced lability in the system of the orienting reflex owing to a deficit of inhibitory mechanisms.", "contents": "[Effect of sectioning cortico-hippocampal connections on the impulse activity of dorsal hippocampal neurons]. Characteristics of spontaneous and evoked neuronal activity in the fields CA1 and CA3 of the dorsal hippocampus were studied on alert rabbits aged from 30 to 40 days, intact and with an undercutting of the entorhinal cortex (EC) on the 15th to 20th day. The nature of neuronal reactivity depends on the pattern of spontaneous spike activity (three types of cells). Elimination of the afferent input from the EC leads to a sharp drop in the field CA3 of the spontaneous activity of II type neurones with spike complexes achieving inhibitory reactions and, accordingly, to the absence of these reactions. The frequency of background activity of I and III type neurones, which give activating responses, increases. At the same time their reactivity and duration of feactions to indifferent acoustic stimuli increase, especially in the field CA3. The number of phasic and forming responses diminishes. The data obtained attest that the elimination of the cortical input disturbs the capacity of hippocampal neurones to form adequate reactions to indifferent stimuli, which may be due to reduced lability in the system of the orienting reflex owing to a deficit of inhibitory mechanisms."}
{"id": "PMID:868283", "title": "[Interrelationships between the background impulse activity of cortical neurons and the EEG].", "content": "Spike activity of cortical units and EEG on the surface of the cortex near the microelectrode were recorded simultaneously in alert non-immobilized rabbits. The technique of synchronous summation used in the data processing has revealed a statistically significant interrelation between background spike activity of the cortical units and the surface biopotentials. A predominant tendency was revealed toward generation of a spike during the maximal surface-positive deviation of slow biopotentials. The average level of cross-correlation between the spike and slow processes in the background has a magnitude of the order of +/- 10(-2), while individual cross correlation coefficients attain the magnitude of 10-1.", "contents": "[Interrelationships between the background impulse activity of cortical neurons and the EEG]. Spike activity of cortical units and EEG on the surface of the cortex near the microelectrode were recorded simultaneously in alert non-immobilized rabbits. The technique of synchronous summation used in the data processing has revealed a statistically significant interrelation between background spike activity of the cortical units and the surface biopotentials. A predominant tendency was revealed toward generation of a spike during the maximal surface-positive deviation of slow biopotentials. The average level of cross-correlation between the spike and slow processes in the background has a magnitude of the order of +/- 10(-2), while individual cross correlation coefficients attain the magnitude of 10-1."}
{"id": "PMID:868299", "title": "[The relevance of spontaneous ruptures of the aorta in forensic medicine (author's transl)].", "content": "Report on 42 cases of \"spontaneous rupture of the aorta\" (0.4% of the examined autopsies in the case of 9817 court-ordered post mortem examinations, or 1.4% of the deaths by \"natural causes\"). The ratio of sexes male to female was 2:1. The cause of changes in blood vessels were arteriosclerosis (53.6%) and medionecrosis (31.7%). In 57.1% of cases, ruptures were in the ascending part, in 11.9% in the arch, in 7.1% in the thoracic descending part and in 21.4% in the abdominal descending part. With the exception of 3 cases with  incomplete rupture and death due to circulation failure, the commonest causes of death were pericardial tamponade or hemorrhage into the thoracic or abdominal cavity. In 6 cases (1 X arteriosclerosis, 5 X medionecrosis) the question had to be examined as to whether external influences were only an initiating factor or whether they constituted a legally relevant cause for the rupture and subsequent death. In 4 cases such a relationship was ruled out after examination of the circumstances and autopsy findings. In 2 cases (cases 3 and 4) the role of an external influence could not be ruled out for the moment. The penal and insurance problems are discussed in depth on the basis of the literature.", "contents": "[The relevance of spontaneous ruptures of the aorta in forensic medicine (author's transl)]. Report on 42 cases of \"spontaneous rupture of the aorta\" (0.4% of the examined autopsies in the case of 9817 court-ordered post mortem examinations, or 1.4% of the deaths by \"natural causes\"). The ratio of sexes male to female was 2:1. The cause of changes in blood vessels were arteriosclerosis (53.6%) and medionecrosis (31.7%). In 57.1% of cases, ruptures were in the ascending part, in 11.9% in the arch, in 7.1% in the thoracic descending part and in 21.4% in the abdominal descending part. With the exception of 3 cases with  incomplete rupture and death due to circulation failure, the commonest causes of death were pericardial tamponade or hemorrhage into the thoracic or abdominal cavity. In 6 cases (1 X arteriosclerosis, 5 X medionecrosis) the question had to be examined as to whether external influences were only an initiating factor or whether they constituted a legally relevant cause for the rupture and subsequent death. In 4 cases such a relationship was ruled out after examination of the circumstances and autopsy findings. In 2 cases (cases 3 and 4) the role of an external influence could not be ruled out for the moment. The penal and insurance problems are discussed in depth on the basis of the literature."}
{"id": "PMID:868300", "title": "[On the suitability of spectrophotometric analyses for the estimation of blood stain age (author's transl)].", "content": "The spectrophotometric methods of Kind et al. and Kleihauer et al. were checked by more than 900 experiments on 85 blood stains on different material (cotton, nyltest and paper) from native and citrate blood, aged at room temperature up to 5 years. As a result, the variation of values within one age-group exceeded the differences between the values of samples of different age. Therefore, both methods are thought to be unsuitable for the estimation of blood stain age in practical forensic medicine, although the general trend described by the above authors could be confirmed.", "contents": "[On the suitability of spectrophotometric analyses for the estimation of blood stain age (author's transl)]. The spectrophotometric methods of Kind et al. and Kleihauer et al. were checked by more than 900 experiments on 85 blood stains on different material (cotton, nyltest and paper) from native and citrate blood, aged at room temperature up to 5 years. As a result, the variation of values within one age-group exceeded the differences between the values of samples of different age. Therefore, both methods are thought to be unsuitable for the estimation of blood stain age in practical forensic medicine, although the general trend described by the above authors could be confirmed."}
{"id": "PMID:868301", "title": "[The gaschromatographic mass spectrometric detection of amphetaminile (author's transl)].", "content": "Detection of Amphetaminile by GC/MS is presented. In diethyl ether solution the main peak is that of 2-benzylidenamio-1-phenylpropane, which has a retention time of 23,2 minutes under the condition delineated. Under these conditions HCN is eliminated from the Amphetaminile.", "contents": "[The gaschromatographic mass spectrometric detection of amphetaminile (author's transl)]. Detection of Amphetaminile by GC/MS is presented. In diethyl ether solution the main peak is that of 2-benzylidenamio-1-phenylpropane, which has a retention time of 23,2 minutes under the condition delineated. Under these conditions HCN is eliminated from the Amphetaminile."}
{"id": "PMID:868302", "title": "[Calculation of retention indices with the pocket calculator HP 65 (author's transl)].", "content": "An universal measuring system for retention datas in Gas Chromatography using retention indices (RI) by Kovats is well established. The meaning of RI is explained and a simple calculation by programmable pocket calculator is proposed.", "contents": "[Calculation of retention indices with the pocket calculator HP 65 (author's transl)]. An universal measuring system for retention datas in Gas Chromatography using retention indices (RI) by Kovats is well established. The meaning of RI is explained and a simple calculation by programmable pocket calculator is proposed."}
{"id": "PMID:868303", "title": "[Demonstration of air inclusions in human hair by light and UV microscopy (author's transl)].", "content": "Cranial hairs of 47 randomly selected probands were examined for the presence of air inclusions by conventional light microscopy and by short-wave ultraviolet-light microscopy. The air inclusions seen in UV light stand out as brightly luminous regions against the surrounding hair substance. Two sorts of air inclusions were observed-strips-like or cleft-like regions running parallel to the longitudinal axis localized inthe cortex of the hair and air containing pores on the hair surface. The presence and amount of the air inclusions is independent of the hair colour.", "contents": "[Demonstration of air inclusions in human hair by light and UV microscopy (author's transl)]. Cranial hairs of 47 randomly selected probands were examined for the presence of air inclusions by conventional light microscopy and by short-wave ultraviolet-light microscopy. The air inclusions seen in UV light stand out as brightly luminous regions against the surrounding hair substance. Two sorts of air inclusions were observed-strips-like or cleft-like regions running parallel to the longitudinal axis localized inthe cortex of the hair and air containing pores on the hair surface. The presence and amount of the air inclusions is independent of the hair colour."}
{"id": "PMID:868304", "title": "[Additional post-mortem examination techniques to detect patho-morphological findings of nose and throat in cases of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) (author's transl)].", "content": "To detect histopathological findings in nose and throat. These methods are especially advisable in cases of sudden infant death syndrome, as it could be proved, that in 25 of 30 in this manner examined cases there were inflammatory processes of different extent up to necrotic rhinitis. The morphological findings as well as the accompanying information of anamnesis and the bacteriological findings are discussed. We consider, it advisable, to make use of  the described additional investigational methods.", "contents": "[Additional post-mortem examination techniques to detect patho-morphological findings of nose and throat in cases of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) (author's transl)]. To detect histopathological findings in nose and throat. These methods are especially advisable in cases of sudden infant death syndrome, as it could be proved, that in 25 of 30 in this manner examined cases there were inflammatory processes of different extent up to necrotic rhinitis. The morphological findings as well as the accompanying information of anamnesis and the bacteriological findings are discussed. We consider, it advisable, to make use of  the described additional investigational methods."}
{"id": "PMID:868305", "title": "[The liver and the so-called absorption deficit. Results of animal experiments (author's transl)].", "content": "Experiments with ethanol were performed in two dogs with indwelling catheters in the portal vein, in the hepatic vein and the aorta. 2.5, 2.0 and 1.5 g ethanol per kg bodyweight in 10% aqueous solution were administered via stomach tube. A loss of ethanol during the first pass through the liver could be measured both in experiments after 24 hours fasting and after feeding. However, these findings do not completely explain the problem of the socalled \"Resorptionsdefizit\" of ethanol. It is concluded that the absorption of ethanol from the gastrointestinal tract is mainly influenced by factors related to foodintake.", "contents": "[The liver and the so-called absorption deficit. Results of animal experiments (author's transl)]. Experiments with ethanol were performed in two dogs with indwelling catheters in the portal vein, in the hepatic vein and the aorta. 2.5, 2.0 and 1.5 g ethanol per kg bodyweight in 10% aqueous solution were administered via stomach tube. A loss of ethanol during the first pass through the liver could be measured both in experiments after 24 hours fasting and after feeding. However, these findings do not completely explain the problem of the socalled \"Resorptionsdefizit\" of ethanol. It is concluded that the absorption of ethanol from the gastrointestinal tract is mainly influenced by factors related to foodintake."}
{"id": "PMID:868306", "title": "[Determination of morphine in the vitreous and cerebrospinal fluid by radioimmunoassay (author's transl)].", "content": "In 12 cases of fatal poisoning with morphine or heroin a radioimmunological determination of morphine was carried out in vitreous humor, cerebrospinal fluid and urine. The concentrations varied between 30 and 350 ng of morphine-equivalents/ml in the cerebrospinal fluid and between 45 and 280 ng/ml in the vitreous humor (urine concentrations: 120-100.000 ng/ml). The counts per minute differed significantly for samples with and without prior ingestion of morphine, when vitreous and cerebrospinal fluids were tested by the morphine (3H) radioimmunoassay. Thereby it was clearly demonstrated, that radioimmunoassay is a valuable screening procedure for the rapid identification of morphine in corpses, even when urine is not available.", "contents": "[Determination of morphine in the vitreous and cerebrospinal fluid by radioimmunoassay (author's transl)]. In 12 cases of fatal poisoning with morphine or heroin a radioimmunological determination of morphine was carried out in vitreous humor, cerebrospinal fluid and urine. The concentrations varied between 30 and 350 ng of morphine-equivalents/ml in the cerebrospinal fluid and between 45 and 280 ng/ml in the vitreous humor (urine concentrations: 120-100.000 ng/ml). The counts per minute differed significantly for samples with and without prior ingestion of morphine, when vitreous and cerebrospinal fluids were tested by the morphine (3H) radioimmunoassay. Thereby it was clearly demonstrated, that radioimmunoassay is a valuable screening procedure for the rapid identification of morphine in corpses, even when urine is not available."}
{"id": "PMID:868307", "title": "[Concerning the casuistics by aspiration of waste oil sediments (author's transl)].", "content": "When cleaning an underground waste oil dump, an 18 year old worker suffered loss of consciousness by inhaling vapours of trichloroethylene and then suffocated by aspiration of waste oil sediments. Histological examination of the lungs proved the copious presence of partly granulous darkish-brown and of rather light coloured crystalloid foreign substances up to the multiple size of erythrocytes. \"Chemical examination of blood, brain and urine showed the presence of trichloroethylene and its metabolites, respectively. The trichloroethylene concentration has been determined in the brain.\"", "contents": "[Concerning the casuistics by aspiration of waste oil sediments (author's transl)]. When cleaning an underground waste oil dump, an 18 year old worker suffered loss of consciousness by inhaling vapours of trichloroethylene and then suffocated by aspiration of waste oil sediments. Histological examination of the lungs proved the copious presence of partly granulous darkish-brown and of rather light coloured crystalloid foreign substances up to the multiple size of erythrocytes. \"Chemical examination of blood, brain and urine showed the presence of trichloroethylene and its metabolites, respectively. The trichloroethylene concentration has been determined in the brain.\""}
{"id": "PMID:868308", "title": "[Problems and possibilities of documentation in the field of analytic psychotherapy].", "content": "The article is concerned with the problems of documentation in the field of psychotherapy and psychoanalysis. A report is given about the different ways of documentation which have been used in the Institut for Psychogenic Diseases, Berlin. It is described which facts are important to be recorded, what kind of informations about the patients can be collected without to much bias of the facts, and which kind of theoretical systems will create difficulties if they are used for data collection.", "contents": "[Problems and possibilities of documentation in the field of analytic psychotherapy]. The article is concerned with the problems of documentation in the field of psychotherapy and psychoanalysis. A report is given about the different ways of documentation which have been used in the Institut for Psychogenic Diseases, Berlin. It is described which facts are important to be recorded, what kind of informations about the patients can be collected without to much bias of the facts, and which kind of theoretical systems will create difficulties if they are used for data collection."}
{"id": "PMID:868315", "title": "[Urological symptoms in aneurysms of the abdominal aorta and its branches].", "content": "The clinical symptomatology of the sclerotic aneurysms of the abdominal aorta and its large branches is described, especially are described symptoms which are erroneously referred to the urinary tract. In our own clinical material of 47 patients with an aneurysm of the abdominal aorta 11 patients (23%) were primarily transferred to the urological treatment. The typical clinical picture, especially characteristic radiological changes are characterised in detail. It is referred to the early diagnosis and thus to the improvement of the prognosis of the aneurysms of the aorta.", "contents": "[Urological symptoms in aneurysms of the abdominal aorta and its branches]. The clinical symptomatology of the sclerotic aneurysms of the abdominal aorta and its large branches is described, especially are described symptoms which are erroneously referred to the urinary tract. In our own clinical material of 47 patients with an aneurysm of the abdominal aorta 11 patients (23%) were primarily transferred to the urological treatment. The typical clinical picture, especially characteristic radiological changes are characterised in detail. It is referred to the early diagnosis and thus to the improvement of the prognosis of the aneurysms of the aorta."}
{"id": "PMID:868310", "title": "[Study on the behavior of a female patient during psycho analysis].", "content": "1. This paper studies the meaning of an \"acting\" and its effect in the development of the analytical process. 2. Two phases can be discerned in this analysis: one before the \"acting\" and the other after it. The first one, with little development of insight. The second, of frank progress. 3. The study of countertransferencial reactions of the therapist became a valuable of the understanding of the motives of the patient's acting. 4. The therapist, unconciously, hindered the patient's freedom of expression and her specific fantasies, dealing only with the material inside the limits imposed by him. 5. The \"acting\" seen as a protest of the patients against the imposed limitation, contributed for the development of the analysis.", "contents": "[Study on the behavior of a female patient during psycho analysis]. 1. This paper studies the meaning of an \"acting\" and its effect in the development of the analytical process. 2. Two phases can be discerned in this analysis: one before the \"acting\" and the other after it. The first one, with little development of insight. The second, of frank progress. 3. The study of countertransferencial reactions of the therapist became a valuable of the understanding of the motives of the patient's acting. 4. The therapist, unconciously, hindered the patient's freedom of expression and her specific fantasies, dealing only with the material inside the limits imposed by him. 5. The \"acting\" seen as a protest of the patients against the imposed limitation, contributed for the development of the analysis."}
{"id": "PMID:868316", "title": "[Preoperative embolization of the renal artery in kidney neoplasms].", "content": "In 15 patients with extensive malignant renal tumours before operation the artery of the kidney concerned was closed by foam substance particles (ivalon) after percutaneous selective catheterisation. The occurring ischaemic pain was controllable by medicaments and eased off after hours. In most cases the nephrectomy followed on the same day, but it can be performed also on the following day. The operation was principally performed from the transverse flank cut in practically bloodless kidney. Compared with the major interventions (transthoraco-abdominal or transabdominal) of the tumour nephrectomy the procedure described in this paper as a more careful one which at the same time meets the principles of modern surgery of cancer and which can also suggested to patients suffering from a severe disease.", "contents": "[Preoperative embolization of the renal artery in kidney neoplasms]. In 15 patients with extensive malignant renal tumours before operation the artery of the kidney concerned was closed by foam substance particles (ivalon) after percutaneous selective catheterisation. The occurring ischaemic pain was controllable by medicaments and eased off after hours. In most cases the nephrectomy followed on the same day, but it can be performed also on the following day. The operation was principally performed from the transverse flank cut in practically bloodless kidney. Compared with the major interventions (transthoraco-abdominal or transabdominal) of the tumour nephrectomy the procedure described in this paper as a more careful one which at the same time meets the principles of modern surgery of cancer and which can also suggested to patients suffering from a severe disease."}
{"id": "PMID:868317", "title": "[Rapid healing of a chronic drainage fistula after nephrectomy using the paragalalith technic (tissue adhesive)].", "content": "The paragalalith technique satisfied the expectations as method of treatment for the obliteration of a fistula also in an incomplete 12 cm long nephrectomy fistula in a 61-year-old patient. More than 13 months this drainage fistula resisted to every other conservative measure. During 2 weeks we achieved a gradual obliteration of the fistula by a filling of the fistula with the subtrate developed by us performed five times. This method for the obliteration of the fistula we applied successfully in closing more than 30 different fistulae in the abdominal and anogluteal region.", "contents": "[Rapid healing of a chronic drainage fistula after nephrectomy using the paragalalith technic (tissue adhesive)]. The paragalalith technique satisfied the expectations as method of treatment for the obliteration of a fistula also in an incomplete 12 cm long nephrectomy fistula in a 61-year-old patient. More than 13 months this drainage fistula resisted to every other conservative measure. During 2 weeks we achieved a gradual obliteration of the fistula by a filling of the fistula with the subtrate developed by us performed five times. This method for the obliteration of the fistula we applied successfully in closing more than 30 different fistulae in the abdominal and anogluteal region."}
{"id": "PMID:868312", "title": "[Importance of external reality on the psychoanalytic situation. Contribution to the problem of psychoanalytical setting].", "content": "This paper deals with the influence of the \"external\" arrangement of the psychoanalytic setting on transference/counter-transference. It is based upon a comparison between the classical psychoanalytic situation and that of the analytically orientated treatment in the hospital. Its theme is that the theory behind the psychoanalytic technique contains no concept for handling a variable external reality. Continuing Leo Stones study of the psychoanalytic situation, in this paper the \"immanent suggestion\" of the structure of the external arrangement is more closely investigated and defined as a primary and general valence of transference. A particular emphasis of this study lies in the discussion of that specific level of information exchange between analyst and patient which is dependent on setting and which is stimulated by the \"positional structure\" of the external arrangement. Positional structure is defined and described in detail. Further the following questions are discussed: to which forms of communication does the psychoanalytic setting per se give most support; which forms of transference and counter--transference follow \"logically\" from the external arrangement and are consciously or unconsciously allowed by analyst and patient in the selection of the classical psychoanalytic setting? The paper reaches the conclusion that the setting of the psychoanalytic situation reproduces primarily pre-oedipal conflicts and early experiences of separation in the mother-child-relationship. In contrast, the face-to-face situation reproduces primarily pre-oedipal conflicts and early experiences of bring into focus a priori oedipal conflicts. Both analyst and patient are subject to the influence of the setting on the unconscious. This study suggests further investigations of those transference and counter-transference valences which are dependent on setting and to take into consideration their technical implications.", "contents": "[Importance of external reality on the psychoanalytic situation. Contribution to the problem of psychoanalytical setting]. This paper deals with the influence of the \"external\" arrangement of the psychoanalytic setting on transference/counter-transference. It is based upon a comparison between the classical psychoanalytic situation and that of the analytically orientated treatment in the hospital. Its theme is that the theory behind the psychoanalytic technique contains no concept for handling a variable external reality. Continuing Leo Stones study of the psychoanalytic situation, in this paper the \"immanent suggestion\" of the structure of the external arrangement is more closely investigated and defined as a primary and general valence of transference. A particular emphasis of this study lies in the discussion of that specific level of information exchange between analyst and patient which is dependent on setting and which is stimulated by the \"positional structure\" of the external arrangement. Positional structure is defined and described in detail. Further the following questions are discussed: to which forms of communication does the psychoanalytic setting per se give most support; which forms of transference and counter--transference follow \"logically\" from the external arrangement and are consciously or unconsciously allowed by analyst and patient in the selection of the classical psychoanalytic setting? The paper reaches the conclusion that the setting of the psychoanalytic situation reproduces primarily pre-oedipal conflicts and early experiences of separation in the mother-child-relationship. In contrast, the face-to-face situation reproduces primarily pre-oedipal conflicts and early experiences of bring into focus a priori oedipal conflicts. Both analyst and patient are subject to the influence of the setting on the unconscious. This study suggests further investigations of those transference and counter-transference valences which are dependent on setting and to take into consideration their technical implications."}
{"id": "PMID:868318", "title": "[Urethral carcinoma in the female].", "content": "It is reported on a case of the rare carcinoma of the female urethra. In the 68-year-old patient the tumour was removed by electrocaustic excision, a suprapubic incision into the bladder was made and local radiotherapy was performed.", "contents": "[Urethral carcinoma in the female]. It is reported on a case of the rare carcinoma of the female urethra. In the 68-year-old patient the tumour was removed by electrocaustic excision, a suprapubic incision into the bladder was made and local radiotherapy was performed."}
{"id": "PMID:868313", "title": "[Aspects of patient selection in psychosomatic ambulatory care].", "content": "A study of selective social factors was conducted among a sample of 350 out-patients of the Psychosomatic Clinic Heidelberg. The findings indicate that the age of a patient, his education and the type of his contacting the psychosomatic ambulance are relevant to a further therapeutical treatment by the clinic. A higher education, an age under 30 and a contact with the ambulance on one's own initiative were found as factors of positive influence for a further therapy. A subsequent study showed an obvious correlation between these aspects of selection and the therapeutical situation, in particular the frequency of a psychotherapeutical treatment, of all patients after 6 months.", "contents": "[Aspects of patient selection in psychosomatic ambulatory care]. A study of selective social factors was conducted among a sample of 350 out-patients of the Psychosomatic Clinic Heidelberg. The findings indicate that the age of a patient, his education and the type of his contacting the psychosomatic ambulance are relevant to a further therapeutical treatment by the clinic. A higher education, an age under 30 and a contact with the ambulance on one's own initiative were found as factors of positive influence for a further therapy. A subsequent study showed an obvious correlation between these aspects of selection and the therapeutical situation, in particular the frequency of a psychotherapeutical treatment, of all patients after 6 months."}
{"id": "PMID:868319", "title": "[Results of the Anderson-Hynes kidney/calix plasty in 102 ureteral efferent stenoses].", "content": "In 102 patients with ectasia of the renal calyx from degree I to III a pyelograft after Anderson-Hynes was performed. The leading clinical symptoms were, arranged according to frequency: flank pain, recurrent infections of the urinary tract, macrohaematurias, diffuse abdominal pain, palpable flank tumours. In general the diagnosis was made on the basis of the infusion urogramme; a retrograde pyelography was indicated only in cases of missing or insufficient excretion of the contrast remedy. According to the results of the operation apart from the Anderson-Hynes-graft in a lower pole vessel compressing the ureteral passage a ventral deposition of the anastomosis or resection of the lower pole vessel with or without simultaneous resection of the pole was performed. The results of the Anderson-Hynes pyelograft correlated with the degree of the preoperative ectasia of the renal calyx; with increasing degree of severity the good results decreased from 90% to 38%, whereas the bad results increased from 3% to 46%. Judging the success of the operation, a good correspondence between the clinical and radiological parameters was revealed in the degrees I and II. In degree III the numbers of cases were too slight, to secure a diverging tendency of these criteria.", "contents": "[Results of the Anderson-Hynes kidney/calix plasty in 102 ureteral efferent stenoses]. In 102 patients with ectasia of the renal calyx from degree I to III a pyelograft after Anderson-Hynes was performed. The leading clinical symptoms were, arranged according to frequency: flank pain, recurrent infections of the urinary tract, macrohaematurias, diffuse abdominal pain, palpable flank tumours. In general the diagnosis was made on the basis of the infusion urogramme; a retrograde pyelography was indicated only in cases of missing or insufficient excretion of the contrast remedy. According to the results of the operation apart from the Anderson-Hynes-graft in a lower pole vessel compressing the ureteral passage a ventral deposition of the anastomosis or resection of the lower pole vessel with or without simultaneous resection of the pole was performed. The results of the Anderson-Hynes pyelograft correlated with the degree of the preoperative ectasia of the renal calyx; with increasing degree of severity the good results decreased from 90% to 38%, whereas the bad results increased from 3% to 46%. Judging the success of the operation, a good correspondence between the clinical and radiological parameters was revealed in the degrees I and II. In degree III the numbers of cases were too slight, to secure a diverging tendency of these criteria."}
{"id": "PMID:868309", "title": "[Comparative psychological studies on disease management and attitude to life in patients with hemophilia with special reference to their motor disabilities].", "content": "The motor skills of 39 haemofiliacs are examined under the question to what extent they are permanently disabled and how this disability is subjectively experienced. Besides the question is followed how far the restriction of the motorial functions in relation to other psychological stress within this illness reduces and neurotizises their attitude to life. The results are discussed unter depth-psychological points of view and with regard to the Psychology of Neurosis.", "contents": "[Comparative psychological studies on disease management and attitude to life in patients with hemophilia with special reference to their motor disabilities]. The motor skills of 39 haemofiliacs are examined under the question to what extent they are permanently disabled and how this disability is subjectively experienced. Besides the question is followed how far the restriction of the motorial functions in relation to other psychological stress within this illness reduces and neurotizises their attitude to life. The results are discussed unter depth-psychological points of view and with regard to the Psychology of Neurosis."}
{"id": "PMID:868320", "title": "The importance of human odour in non-verbal communication.", "content": "Approximately one-third of the human subjects could identify their own odour and that of their partner among 10 subjects. Nearly 50% consistently identified their own odour, or that of their partner, incorrectly. One-third of the subjects were capable of distinguishing between male and femal odour. Asked to attach the attributes 'pleasant', 'indifferent' or 'unpleasant' to several odour, the subjects judged femal odours more often pleasant and less often unpleasant than male odours. Women judged their own odours more often pleasant and less than unpleasant, men on the contrary their own odours more often unpleasant and less often pleasant. Both sexes judged the odour of their partner more often pleasant than unpleasant.", "contents": "The importance of human odour in non-verbal communication. Approximately one-third of the human subjects could identify their own odour and that of their partner among 10 subjects. Nearly 50% consistently identified their own odour, or that of their partner, incorrectly. One-third of the subjects were capable of distinguishing between male and femal odour. Asked to attach the attributes 'pleasant', 'indifferent' or 'unpleasant' to several odour, the subjects judged femal odours more often pleasant and less often unpleasant than male odours. Women judged their own odours more often pleasant and less than unpleasant, men on the contrary their own odours more often unpleasant and less often pleasant. Both sexes judged the odour of their partner more often pleasant than unpleasant."}
{"id": "PMID:868324", "title": "[Anaesthesiologic problems in old age (author's transl)].", "content": "Elective surgical procedures in old age can be planned and the patient be prepared for surgery. In contrast to this emergency procedures have a much higher risk. Beyond the 7th decade the mortality rate has a steep increase and in the 9th decade comes to more than 50%. In cases of ileus and peritonitis with preoperative shock the mortality is about 90%. The operation time ist of decisive importance, it should be as short as possible. Having an experience anaesthesiologist at disposal, the used anaesthesiologic method is of less interest.", "contents": "[Anaesthesiologic problems in old age (author's transl)]. Elective surgical procedures in old age can be planned and the patient be prepared for surgery. In contrast to this emergency procedures have a much higher risk. Beyond the 7th decade the mortality rate has a steep increase and in the 9th decade comes to more than 50%. In cases of ileus and peritonitis with preoperative shock the mortality is about 90%. The operation time ist of decisive importance, it should be as short as possible. Having an experience anaesthesiologist at disposal, the used anaesthesiologic method is of less interest."}
{"id": "PMID:868325", "title": "[Risk and postoperative complications in abdominal surgery in elderly patients (author;s transl)].", "content": "1005 case histories of patients, older than 70 years, were studied retrospectively: 496 abdominal interventions (lethality - 29%), 509 extraabdominal interventions (lethality - 14%). In each patient 75 preoperative data are compared to 50 data of the intraoperative and postoperative period. There is a correlation between preoperative findings and postoperative complications and lethality. The main factors of risk are: Hb less than 10 g%, Creatinine greater than 1,5 mg%. The analysis implies the necessity of intensive preoperative therapy as well as the immediate correction of even slight post-operative deviations of the \"norm\".", "contents": "[Risk and postoperative complications in abdominal surgery in elderly patients (author;s transl)]. 1005 case histories of patients, older than 70 years, were studied retrospectively: 496 abdominal interventions (lethality - 29%), 509 extraabdominal interventions (lethality - 14%). In each patient 75 preoperative data are compared to 50 data of the intraoperative and postoperative period. There is a correlation between preoperative findings and postoperative complications and lethality. The main factors of risk are: Hb less than 10 g%, Creatinine greater than 1,5 mg%. The analysis implies the necessity of intensive preoperative therapy as well as the immediate correction of even slight post-operative deviations of the \"norm\"."}
{"id": "PMID:868326", "title": "[On biliary surgery in old age: indications, risk groups, results (author's transl)].", "content": "Report on 179 operations on the biliary tract of patients over 70 years old. The significance of a preparation specific to the case, general anaesthesia and a quick technique of operation avoiding additional stress is emphasized. Special attention is devoted to postoperative treatment. The main complications in old age patients are still caused by postoperative azotemia due to the hepatorenal syndrome. The concentration of geriatric surgery at decentralized service units is suggested.", "contents": "[On biliary surgery in old age: indications, risk groups, results (author's transl)]. Report on 179 operations on the biliary tract of patients over 70 years old. The significance of a preparation specific to the case, general anaesthesia and a quick technique of operation avoiding additional stress is emphasized. Special attention is devoted to postoperative treatment. The main complications in old age patients are still caused by postoperative azotemia due to the hepatorenal syndrome. The concentration of geriatric surgery at decentralized service units is suggested."}
{"id": "PMID:868327", "title": "[Surgical intensive care].", "content": "Patients for intensive care in surgery can be divided into 3 groups: 1. Patients in poor preoperative conditions which should be corrected before surgery is performed; 2. Patients with extensive operations and expected or unexpected postoperative complications; 3. Patients with extensive traumas. --In the postwar period medicine developed at a tremendous speed. Modern intensive treatment of those patients with managed by a new group of doctors who had based their primary training in Surgery and continued their professional career in Anaesthesiology. In the last two decades, however, pathophysiologic thinking found its way and a new type of surgeon emerged. Special fields such as cardiovascular-endocrinological-gastroenterological surgery etc, appeared. Nowadays preoperative as well as postoperative treatment is considered to be an important factor in surgery and applied by all specialists. --Anaesthiologists however still play a major role in intensive medicine for surgical patients. But due to the fact that surgical training only plays a little or no part in their professional training, their role is hardly more than that of an important and necessary consultant. A new type of a doctor for surgical intensive medicine may perhaps develop somewhere in the future, but at present successful intensive care in surgical patients can only be achieved by perfect cooperation.", "contents": "[Surgical intensive care]. Patients for intensive care in surgery can be divided into 3 groups: 1. Patients in poor preoperative conditions which should be corrected before surgery is performed; 2. Patients with extensive operations and expected or unexpected postoperative complications; 3. Patients with extensive traumas. --In the postwar period medicine developed at a tremendous speed. Modern intensive treatment of those patients with managed by a new group of doctors who had based their primary training in Surgery and continued their professional career in Anaesthesiology. In the last two decades, however, pathophysiologic thinking found its way and a new type of surgeon emerged. Special fields such as cardiovascular-endocrinological-gastroenterological surgery etc, appeared. Nowadays preoperative as well as postoperative treatment is considered to be an important factor in surgery and applied by all specialists. --Anaesthiologists however still play a major role in intensive medicine for surgical patients. But due to the fact that surgical training only plays a little or no part in their professional training, their role is hardly more than that of an important and necessary consultant. A new type of a doctor for surgical intensive medicine may perhaps develop somewhere in the future, but at present successful intensive care in surgical patients can only be achieved by perfect cooperation."}
{"id": "PMID:868328", "title": "[Pathology and clinical treatment of the carcinoma of the urachus (author's transl)].", "content": "A case of a carcinoma of the urachus is described with particular reference to special pathological anatomy and clinical treatment. Due to the rareness of this kind of tumour and its unspecific symptoms its diagnosis is difficult. The therapy corresponds to the general rules of carcinoma surgery.", "contents": "[Pathology and clinical treatment of the carcinoma of the urachus (author's transl)]. A case of a carcinoma of the urachus is described with particular reference to special pathological anatomy and clinical treatment. Due to the rareness of this kind of tumour and its unspecific symptoms its diagnosis is difficult. The therapy corresponds to the general rules of carcinoma surgery."}
{"id": "PMID:868329", "title": "[Surgical treatment of obesity by jejuno-ileal bypass (author's transl)].", "content": "50 patients were operated on; 42 women and 8 men at the age of 17 to 57. The weight of the patients was 100 to 184 kg. and the overweight amounted in most cases to 70 to 188%. Long lasting conservative treatment proved to be inefficient. The endocrynological basis of the obesity was excluded. 6 patients were operated upon according to the Salmon-method and 44 according to the Payne-De Wind-method. 3 patients died. 47 patients recovered without complications. For two years after the operation the loss of weight was 28 to 50% compared with the initial weight. Diarrhoe stopped six months after the operation. During this time a decrease in the concentration of potassium and calcium in the blood serum was observed. Judging from the positive changes the decrease of the cholesterol concentration in the blood was observed as well as the general improvement of the patients health. All patients are in good health and have taken up their jobs again.", "contents": "[Surgical treatment of obesity by jejuno-ileal bypass (author's transl)]. 50 patients were operated on; 42 women and 8 men at the age of 17 to 57. The weight of the patients was 100 to 184 kg. and the overweight amounted in most cases to 70 to 188%. Long lasting conservative treatment proved to be inefficient. The endocrynological basis of the obesity was excluded. 6 patients were operated upon according to the Salmon-method and 44 according to the Payne-De Wind-method. 3 patients died. 47 patients recovered without complications. For two years after the operation the loss of weight was 28 to 50% compared with the initial weight. Diarrhoe stopped six months after the operation. During this time a decrease in the concentration of potassium and calcium in the blood serum was observed. Judging from the positive changes the decrease of the cholesterol concentration in the blood was observed as well as the general improvement of the patients health. All patients are in good health and have taken up their jobs again."}
{"id": "PMID:868330", "title": "[Influence of jejunoileostomy on the lipid fractions in morbidly obese patients (author's transl)].", "content": "In 35 morbidly obese patients, operated by Payne-De Wind's jejunoileostomy, the serum concentration of the lipid fractions was examined before and after operation. Before the operation an increase of total cholesterol and beta-lipoproteins was noted in 1/3 of the patients. Six months after the jejunoileostomy a considerable decrease of total cholesterol, beta-lipoproteins, total lipids and free fatty acids has been observed.", "contents": "[Influence of jejunoileostomy on the lipid fractions in morbidly obese patients (author's transl)]. In 35 morbidly obese patients, operated by Payne-De Wind's jejunoileostomy, the serum concentration of the lipid fractions was examined before and after operation. Before the operation an increase of total cholesterol and beta-lipoproteins was noted in 1/3 of the patients. Six months after the jejunoileostomy a considerable decrease of total cholesterol, beta-lipoproteins, total lipids and free fatty acids has been observed."}
{"id": "PMID:868331", "title": "[Liverfunction and serum concentration of electrolytes in patients operated for morbid obesity (author's transl)].", "content": "50 patients with morbid obesity underwent a Jejuno-Ileostomy. The liver function was tested before operation and postoperatively up to 24 months. Simultaneously the concentration of potassium, natrium, calcium, magnesium and chloride was examined. The concentration of bilirubin did not show any important changes. Thymol turbidity was within the limit. 3 months after the operation an increase of the activity of SGPT and SGOT was noted, as well as the increase of BSP retention. 6 months after the operation a decrease of concentration of potassium and calcium in serum was observed. 3 patients developed tetany. 12 months after the operation no changes in the concentrations of ions in the blood serum have been noted and the tests of the liver showed an improved function compared with the pre-operative period.", "contents": "[Liverfunction and serum concentration of electrolytes in patients operated for morbid obesity (author's transl)]. 50 patients with morbid obesity underwent a Jejuno-Ileostomy. The liver function was tested before operation and postoperatively up to 24 months. Simultaneously the concentration of potassium, natrium, calcium, magnesium and chloride was examined. The concentration of bilirubin did not show any important changes. Thymol turbidity was within the limit. 3 months after the operation an increase of the activity of SGPT and SGOT was noted, as well as the increase of BSP retention. 6 months after the operation a decrease of concentration of potassium and calcium in serum was observed. 3 patients developed tetany. 12 months after the operation no changes in the concentrations of ions in the blood serum have been noted and the tests of the liver showed an improved function compared with the pre-operative period."}
{"id": "PMID:868332", "title": "[Radiation exposure to personnel during fluoroscopy in operating rooms (author's transl)].", "content": "The radiation doses to various sites of the body received by physicians and nurses during fluoroscopic work in the operating room have been measured by using LF/teflon dosimeters. The results are presented separately for skeleton and bile operation as well as implantations of cardiac pacemakers. The doses to hands, head, dorsum and gonads decrease in the given sequence. As to the radiation protection, the use of lead-rubber aprons is considered to be adequate.", "contents": "[Radiation exposure to personnel during fluoroscopy in operating rooms (author's transl)]. The radiation doses to various sites of the body received by physicians and nurses during fluoroscopic work in the operating room have been measured by using LF/teflon dosimeters. The results are presented separately for skeleton and bile operation as well as implantations of cardiac pacemakers. The doses to hands, head, dorsum and gonads decrease in the given sequence. As to the radiation protection, the use of lead-rubber aprons is considered to be adequate."}
{"id": "PMID:868333", "title": "[Nuclear alterations on organ cultures of human malignant melanomas (author's transl)].", "content": "Report on ultrastructurally striking nuclear anomalies in organ cultures obtained from amelanotic and pigmented human melanomas. These nuclear anomalies are more impressive than the nuclear invaginations present in tumours cells of several other malignant growths. Numerous nuclear fragments varying in size and held together by nuclear membrane bands may occur. The karyoplasm of these nuclei reveals nothing unusual no degenerative changes can be found.", "contents": "[Nuclear alterations on organ cultures of human malignant melanomas (author's transl)]. Report on ultrastructurally striking nuclear anomalies in organ cultures obtained from amelanotic and pigmented human melanomas. These nuclear anomalies are more impressive than the nuclear invaginations present in tumours cells of several other malignant growths. Numerous nuclear fragments varying in size and held together by nuclear membrane bands may occur. The karyoplasm of these nuclei reveals nothing unusual no degenerative changes can be found."}
{"id": "PMID:868334", "title": "[The diagnosis of hepatic metastases (author's transl)].", "content": "The report deals with 404 patients suffering from hepatic metastases. Average age is 62,2 years. The primary tumour was situated in the stomach in 43,8%, followed by extrahepatic bile ducts or the gallbladder, rectum, pancreas and colon. Hepatomegaly is the most frequent symptom. 72,2% of all patients had a positive liver-scan, 78% a pathological bromsulfalein test.", "contents": "[The diagnosis of hepatic metastases (author's transl)]. The report deals with 404 patients suffering from hepatic metastases. Average age is 62,2 years. The primary tumour was situated in the stomach in 43,8%, followed by extrahepatic bile ducts or the gallbladder, rectum, pancreas and colon. Hepatomegaly is the most frequent symptom. 72,2% of all patients had a positive liver-scan, 78% a pathological bromsulfalein test."}
{"id": "PMID:868335", "title": "[Machine output of standardized operation reports. Rationatlization by means of small computers (author's transl)].", "content": "Report on measures of rationalization in daily surgery by using the small computer C8205 for printing of standardized operation reports. Description of the questionnaire, explanation of the machine programme and the organisational process in making the operation reports.", "contents": "[Machine output of standardized operation reports. Rationatlization by means of small computers (author's transl)]. Report on measures of rationalization in daily surgery by using the small computer C8205 for printing of standardized operation reports. Description of the questionnaire, explanation of the machine programme and the organisational process in making the operation reports."}
{"id": "PMID:868338", "title": "[Interlocking nailing; indication an technique (author's transl)].", "content": "This procedure is efficient, inexpensive and technically easy to perform. It can be used for fractures and pseudoarthroses of the femur and tibia.", "contents": "[Interlocking nailing; indication an technique (author's transl)]. This procedure is efficient, inexpensive and technically easy to perform. It can be used for fractures and pseudoarthroses of the femur and tibia."}
{"id": "PMID:868339", "title": "[X-ray diagnosis of fractures of the facial part of the skull in a small country hospital (author's transl)].", "content": "Tomography is of special value for diagnosing fractures of the facial part of the skull. These tomograms permit exact decisions to be made about the existence and size of traumatic alterations.", "contents": "[X-ray diagnosis of fractures of the facial part of the skull in a small country hospital (author's transl)]. Tomography is of special value for diagnosing fractures of the facial part of the skull. These tomograms permit exact decisions to be made about the existence and size of traumatic alterations."}
{"id": "PMID:868340", "title": "[Solitary plasmocytoma (author's transl)].", "content": "The problem of solitary plasmacytoma is demonstrated in a rare case. The diagnosis was delayed for different causes. The course was followed up over 6 years. The difficulties of diagnosis and further treatment are discussed.", "contents": "[Solitary plasmocytoma (author's transl)]. The problem of solitary plasmacytoma is demonstrated in a rare case. The diagnosis was delayed for different causes. The course was followed up over 6 years. The difficulties of diagnosis and further treatment are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:868341", "title": "[Ambulant surgical treatment of Dupuytren's contracture (author's transl)].", "content": "Since 1973 we have increasingly performed Dupuytren's contracture as an outpatient procedure. The results are the same as after hopital care. No prolongation of the out of work time.", "contents": "[Ambulant surgical treatment of Dupuytren's contracture (author's transl)]. Since 1973 we have increasingly performed Dupuytren's contracture as an outpatient procedure. The results are the same as after hopital care. No prolongation of the out of work time."}
{"id": "PMID:868342", "title": "[Two unusual bone tumours of the hand (author's transl)].", "content": "Two unusual cases of bone tumours of the fingers are described: an isolated metastasis of the bronchial carcinoma and an ossifying osteofibroma. Brief review of the literature, clinical picture and histological findings.", "contents": "[Two unusual bone tumours of the hand (author's transl)]. Two unusual cases of bone tumours of the fingers are described: an isolated metastasis of the bronchial carcinoma and an ossifying osteofibroma. Brief review of the literature, clinical picture and histological findings."}
{"id": "PMID:868343", "title": "[Secondary peritonitis in urological diseases (author's transl)].", "content": "Report on 11 cases of diffuse peritonitis following diseases of the efferent urinary tract. This relatively rare form of peritonitis originates either in a disease of the kidney or the bladder with about the same percentage. The invasion of germs took place either by way of perforation or in a lymphogenous way. 9 patients died.", "contents": "[Secondary peritonitis in urological diseases (author's transl)]. Report on 11 cases of diffuse peritonitis following diseases of the efferent urinary tract. This relatively rare form of peritonitis originates either in a disease of the kidney or the bladder with about the same percentage. The invasion of germs took place either by way of perforation or in a lymphogenous way. 9 patients died."}
{"id": "PMID:868348", "title": "[Interpretation and misinterpretation of sperm findings as fertility criterion].", "content": "In any case of sterility the andrological examination is absolutely necessary; firstly because 50 per cent of the examined men don't show normospermic ejaculate and secondly because nearly 14 per cent of the examined men are infertil. Fertility of man is normal in hypospermia (20 to 40 mill. spermatozoa per ml); it is decreased in oligospermia (less than 20 mill per ml), but real possible. Even kryptospermia (less than one million spermatozoa per ml) can not be identified absolutely with infertility. Hypokinesis and increase of pathomorphic spermatozoa apparently prevent the opportunity of conceptions. It is doubtful that fructose of spermaplasma is a certain criterion of fertility. Extra-matrimonial conceptions probably often occur, for that reason any statement about fertility of man is inaccurately.", "contents": "[Interpretation and misinterpretation of sperm findings as fertility criterion]. In any case of sterility the andrological examination is absolutely necessary; firstly because 50 per cent of the examined men don't show normospermic ejaculate and secondly because nearly 14 per cent of the examined men are infertil. Fertility of man is normal in hypospermia (20 to 40 mill. spermatozoa per ml); it is decreased in oligospermia (less than 20 mill per ml), but real possible. Even kryptospermia (less than one million spermatozoa per ml) can not be identified absolutely with infertility. Hypokinesis and increase of pathomorphic spermatozoa apparently prevent the opportunity of conceptions. It is doubtful that fructose of spermaplasma is a certain criterion of fertility. Extra-matrimonial conceptions probably often occur, for that reason any statement about fertility of man is inaccurately."}
{"id": "PMID:868349", "title": "[First results and experiences with artificial donor insemination (ADI) in the treatment of sterile and infertile couples].", "content": "Statement of the importance, indications, contraindications and conditions of the artifical donor insemination (ADI) as a possibility of therapy in sterile and infertile married couples. Report about 34 wifes, in which hitherto in 12 cases the ADI led to a desired pregnancy. One of the pregnancies resulted in abortion, in 7 cases after a normal pregnancy and a normal delivery 7 normal developing infants were born and in 4 wifes present exists regular pregnancy in the 15 th to 30 th week. From these are 3 pregnancies, which obtained with helps of frozen semen (cryo-sperm). The successes  are hitherto exclusive in the first cycles of the treatment. The biggest number of conceptions (8) have been reached, if the ADI have been led one day before rise in morning temperature. After strict consideration of all conditions and conscientious selection of the donors, ADI belongs a stable place in the therapy of sterility and infertility", "contents": "[First results and experiences with artificial donor insemination (ADI) in the treatment of sterile and infertile couples]. Statement of the importance, indications, contraindications and conditions of the artifical donor insemination (ADI) as a possibility of therapy in sterile and infertile married couples. Report about 34 wifes, in which hitherto in 12 cases the ADI led to a desired pregnancy. One of the pregnancies resulted in abortion, in 7 cases after a normal pregnancy and a normal delivery 7 normal developing infants were born and in 4 wifes present exists regular pregnancy in the 15 th to 30 th week. From these are 3 pregnancies, which obtained with helps of frozen semen (cryo-sperm). The successes  are hitherto exclusive in the first cycles of the treatment. The biggest number of conceptions (8) have been reached, if the ADI have been led one day before rise in morning temperature. After strict consideration of all conditions and conscientious selection of the donors, ADI belongs a stable place in the therapy of sterility and infertility"}
{"id": "PMID:868350", "title": "[Cytological accuracy of intraepithelial atypical findings on the uterine cervix].", "content": "At the municipal hospital for women in Darmstadt 223 prestages and commencing phases of the cervix-carcinoma were determined histologically from 1/1/1972 to 31/3/1976. In almost half of all low-grade dysplasias we were at first surprised due to our prospective cytologic statement. Examining all preparations, we found cytomorphologic criteria indicating dysplastic alterations. These are cytologic cell complexes with a distinct anisonucleosis without tumordiathesis. By this knowledge the registration quota of slightly dysplastic alterations could be raised to abt. 65%. The failure quota regarding the prospective cytologic statement \"pre-invasion\" amounts to abt. a quarter of all preformations. The results will be discussed in the connection with cytologic alterations and the histomorphologic building of intraepithelial atypias.", "contents": "[Cytological accuracy of intraepithelial atypical findings on the uterine cervix]. At the municipal hospital for women in Darmstadt 223 prestages and commencing phases of the cervix-carcinoma were determined histologically from 1/1/1972 to 31/3/1976. In almost half of all low-grade dysplasias we were at first surprised due to our prospective cytologic statement. Examining all preparations, we found cytomorphologic criteria indicating dysplastic alterations. These are cytologic cell complexes with a distinct anisonucleosis without tumordiathesis. By this knowledge the registration quota of slightly dysplastic alterations could be raised to abt. 65%. The failure quota regarding the prospective cytologic statement \"pre-invasion\" amounts to abt. a quarter of all preformations. The results will be discussed in the connection with cytologic alterations and the histomorphologic building of intraepithelial atypias."}
{"id": "PMID:868351", "title": "[Therapeutic procedure in prospective cytodiagnosis].", "content": "If the prospective cytology speaks for an intraepithelial atypia, it is possible, due to an extended gynecologic indication, (descensus uterus myomatosus, etc.) to make a primary hysterectomy, avoiding a conisation. As well the complication of the conisation and the eventually following hysterectomy, as as second hospitalisation will thus be avoided. Only twice in 101 cases the cytologic prospective statement of pre-invasion could not be confirmed. These were cases of microinvasion in the sense of a \"reticular infiltration\". We made no further error \"upwards\". This proceeding for the diagnosis and therapy of early alterations at the portio uteri can only be carried out in clinics with gynecologically-clinically experienced cytologists. The clearing by conisation of cytologically not definite findings continues to remain the leading principle.", "contents": "[Therapeutic procedure in prospective cytodiagnosis]. If the prospective cytology speaks for an intraepithelial atypia, it is possible, due to an extended gynecologic indication, (descensus uterus myomatosus, etc.) to make a primary hysterectomy, avoiding a conisation. As well the complication of the conisation and the eventually following hysterectomy, as as second hospitalisation will thus be avoided. Only twice in 101 cases the cytologic prospective statement of pre-invasion could not be confirmed. These were cases of microinvasion in the sense of a \"reticular infiltration\". We made no further error \"upwards\". This proceeding for the diagnosis and therapy of early alterations at the portio uteri can only be carried out in clinics with gynecologically-clinically experienced cytologists. The clearing by conisation of cytologically not definite findings continues to remain the leading principle."}
{"id": "PMID:868352", "title": "[Experiences with cesium contact therapy in uterine cancer].", "content": "Till the end of 1969 contact therapy (CT) of the cervix and corpus carcinomas was performed with radium at the gynecological clinic of the Medical Academy Dresden. After taking out the radium of the gynecological CT we continued the therapy with cesium. Iitally, there were no experiences with respect to isodoses, periods of storage and efficiency on the tumor. On direct measurement of the provided cesium containers an essential higher dose rate than that of radium was found. This dose rate was twice the rate of radium at a distance of 3 cm. Thereupon the periods of storage were shortened half the time at constant carrier activities. A measurement of the radiation exposure of the bladder and the rectum was performed on priciple. In evaluating the patients radiated with cesium from 1970 to 1972 we discuss the results of the patients treated with radium from 1968 to 1970 by way of comparison. The 5-year healing quotients attained did not show any significant differences.", "contents": "[Experiences with cesium contact therapy in uterine cancer]. Till the end of 1969 contact therapy (CT) of the cervix and corpus carcinomas was performed with radium at the gynecological clinic of the Medical Academy Dresden. After taking out the radium of the gynecological CT we continued the therapy with cesium. Iitally, there were no experiences with respect to isodoses, periods of storage and efficiency on the tumor. On direct measurement of the provided cesium containers an essential higher dose rate than that of radium was found. This dose rate was twice the rate of radium at a distance of 3 cm. Thereupon the periods of storage were shortened half the time at constant carrier activities. A measurement of the radiation exposure of the bladder and the rectum was performed on priciple. In evaluating the patients radiated with cesium from 1970 to 1972 we discuss the results of the patients treated with radium from 1968 to 1970 by way of comparison. The 5-year healing quotients attained did not show any significant differences."}
{"id": "PMID:868353", "title": "[Therapy and healing results in corpus cancer (1954-1968)].", "content": "It is reported on the results of the therapy and healing of 603 female patients, who suffered from carcinoma corporis uteri and were treated in the period from 1954 to 1968. Operation with following irradiation was and is still the method of choice. In primary radiotherapy it is prefered applying endo-cavernous contact therapy in combination with percutaneous irradiation. The absolute healing rate was 60.4 per cent. But if the cases are evaluated, it will become evident that the total healing rate can only give evidence to a certain extent. Thus, stagerelated and relative healing should be considered much more important.", "contents": "[Therapy and healing results in corpus cancer (1954-1968)]. It is reported on the results of the therapy and healing of 603 female patients, who suffered from carcinoma corporis uteri and were treated in the period from 1954 to 1968. Operation with following irradiation was and is still the method of choice. In primary radiotherapy it is prefered applying endo-cavernous contact therapy in combination with percutaneous irradiation. The absolute healing rate was 60.4 per cent. But if the cases are evaluated, it will become evident that the total healing rate can only give evidence to a certain extent. Thus, stagerelated and relative healing should be considered much more important."}
{"id": "PMID:868355", "title": "[Malignant hemangiopericytoma in the uterus].", "content": "Case report of a 80 years old woman having undergone hysterectomy for myoma of the uterus. Histopathological examination revealed a malignant hemangiopericytoma in the uterus. Pathology, including electron microscopy, and clinical behaviour of these vascular tumor, normally situated outside of the uterus, are discussed with reference to the literature.", "contents": "[Malignant hemangiopericytoma in the uterus]. Case report of a 80 years old woman having undergone hysterectomy for myoma of the uterus. Histopathological examination revealed a malignant hemangiopericytoma in the uterus. Pathology, including electron microscopy, and clinical behaviour of these vascular tumor, normally situated outside of the uterus, are discussed with reference to the literature."}
{"id": "PMID:868356", "title": "[A specific radioimmunologi determination of plasma estradiol without chromatography during the cycle and in pregnancy and determination of the free non-protein-bound fraction using dialysis].", "content": "The plasma concentrations of estradiol were measured by radioimmunoassay without chromatography. The antibody against estradiol was produced in rabbits immunized with 17beta-estra-diol-6-(0-carboxymethyloxime): bovine-serum-albumin. The lower limit of quantitation is 2.6 pg estradiol. A coefficient of variation of 5.9% was ascertained. The recovery of this method is 93% in the range of 89.8 to 95.2%. The concentrations of estradiol during the menstrual cycle are from 30 pg/ml to 300 pg/ml. Estradiol levels during the anovulatory cycle were found below 70 pg/ml. Similar values (2.0 to 2.5%) of percent of unbound estradiol in normal and anovulatory cycle were calculated. The concentrations of estradiol increase in pregnancy on an average of 16 ng/ml. The percentage of free estradiol decreases (up to the 24 weeks of pregnancy) from 2.3% to 1.2%.", "contents": "[A specific radioimmunologi determination of plasma estradiol without chromatography during the cycle and in pregnancy and determination of the free non-protein-bound fraction using dialysis]. The plasma concentrations of estradiol were measured by radioimmunoassay without chromatography. The antibody against estradiol was produced in rabbits immunized with 17beta-estra-diol-6-(0-carboxymethyloxime): bovine-serum-albumin. The lower limit of quantitation is 2.6 pg estradiol. A coefficient of variation of 5.9% was ascertained. The recovery of this method is 93% in the range of 89.8 to 95.2%. The concentrations of estradiol during the menstrual cycle are from 30 pg/ml to 300 pg/ml. Estradiol levels during the anovulatory cycle were found below 70 pg/ml. Similar values (2.0 to 2.5%) of percent of unbound estradiol in normal and anovulatory cycle were calculated. The concentrations of estradiol increase in pregnancy on an average of 16 ng/ml. The percentage of free estradiol decreases (up to the 24 weeks of pregnancy) from 2.3% to 1.2%."}
{"id": "PMID:868357", "title": "[Magnesium level in the serum and erythrocytes during pregnancy, delivery and puerperium].", "content": "Complexometric determinations of serum magnesium levels, moreover partly of Mg concentrations in whole blood, and withal determinations of hematocrit in 489 healthy pregnancies, parturients, puerperants (1 to 10 days post partum), and nonpregnant women were performed. By aid of these values we were able to calculate Mg concentrations in 100 ml erythrocytes (Mg E 100). The apparent decrease of serum Mg during pregnancy may be founded according to the changes of the plasma volume. However, actually the total (absolute) ammount of serum Mg is increased in pregnancy. We suppose some influences on serum Mg due to stimulation of the thyroid gland in pregnancy and further those of Mg being released from the muscular cells of uterus those been destroyed after delivery. The increased erythrocyte Mg during pregnancy and post partum confirm the view that there are no corresponding relations between Mg concentrations of serum and those of erythrocytes. The possible causes of the increase of erythrocyte Mg in pregnancy are discussed in detail.", "contents": "[Magnesium level in the serum and erythrocytes during pregnancy, delivery and puerperium]. Complexometric determinations of serum magnesium levels, moreover partly of Mg concentrations in whole blood, and withal determinations of hematocrit in 489 healthy pregnancies, parturients, puerperants (1 to 10 days post partum), and nonpregnant women were performed. By aid of these values we were able to calculate Mg concentrations in 100 ml erythrocytes (Mg E 100). The apparent decrease of serum Mg during pregnancy may be founded according to the changes of the plasma volume. However, actually the total (absolute) ammount of serum Mg is increased in pregnancy. We suppose some influences on serum Mg due to stimulation of the thyroid gland in pregnancy and further those of Mg being released from the muscular cells of uterus those been destroyed after delivery. The increased erythrocyte Mg during pregnancy and post partum confirm the view that there are no corresponding relations between Mg concentrations of serum and those of erythrocytes. The possible causes of the increase of erythrocyte Mg in pregnancy are discussed in detail."}
{"id": "PMID:868358", "title": "[Subcellular distribution of adenosine-, adenosine-5-monophosphate- and cytidine-5-monophosphate desaminase activity in the humna placenta and amnion tissue].", "content": "With the method of pH-Stat the adenosinedeaminase-, adenosine-5'-monophosphate deaminase-, cytidine-5'-monophosphate deaminase activities are determined in the nucleus-, mitochondrial-, microsomalfractions and in the cytoplasmatic fractions of the human termplacental and amniotic tissues. The desaminase activities were higher in the amniotic fractions. The possible importance of the adenosinedesaminase and adenosine-5'-monophosphate desaminase for the fetal-placental blood circulation is discussed.", "contents": "[Subcellular distribution of adenosine-, adenosine-5-monophosphate- and cytidine-5-monophosphate desaminase activity in the humna placenta and amnion tissue]. With the method of pH-Stat the adenosinedeaminase-, adenosine-5'-monophosphate deaminase-, cytidine-5'-monophosphate deaminase activities are determined in the nucleus-, mitochondrial-, microsomalfractions and in the cytoplasmatic fractions of the human termplacental and amniotic tissues. The desaminase activities were higher in the amniotic fractions. The possible importance of the adenosinedesaminase and adenosine-5'-monophosphate desaminase for the fetal-placental blood circulation is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:868359", "title": "[Barbiturate determination in maternal as well as fetal serum during anesthesia of diabetic and non-diabetic pregnancies].", "content": "The rapid decrease of the hexobarbituralnatrium level is observed in the course of narcosis carried out on occasions of Caesarean section, when examining the development of the barbiturate blood level in the maternal, and umbilical blood taken at delivery, whilst in diabetic patients a delay and dragging tendency is observed in the decomposition rate of the hexobarbituralnatrium. The difference manifesting itself in the barbiturate elimination among diabetic and non-diabetic pregnancies, draws attention to the conscientious selection of drugs and doses employed in the course of narcosis during Caesarean section.", "contents": "[Barbiturate determination in maternal as well as fetal serum during anesthesia of diabetic and non-diabetic pregnancies]. The rapid decrease of the hexobarbituralnatrium level is observed in the course of narcosis carried out on occasions of Caesarean section, when examining the development of the barbiturate blood level in the maternal, and umbilical blood taken at delivery, whilst in diabetic patients a delay and dragging tendency is observed in the decomposition rate of the hexobarbituralnatrium. The difference manifesting itself in the barbiturate elimination among diabetic and non-diabetic pregnancies, draws attention to the conscientious selection of drugs and doses employed in the course of narcosis during Caesarean section."}
{"id": "PMID:868361", "title": "[Pregnancy and delivery in a case of osteogenesis imperfecta].", "content": "After a short description about the symptoms of Osteogenesis imperfecta a case of pregnancy and delivery in Osteogenesis imperfecta tarda is reported.", "contents": "[Pregnancy and delivery in a case of osteogenesis imperfecta]. After a short description about the symptoms of Osteogenesis imperfecta a case of pregnancy and delivery in Osteogenesis imperfecta tarda is reported."}
{"id": "PMID:868360", "title": "[Delivery in adolescents].", "content": "The course of delivery to patients aged 16 and under during 1957 to 1961 and 1967 to 1971 is reported. The frequency of deliveries has not changed. Vaginal delivery occurred in 140 of 142 patients. The delivery of the young girls was characterized by an uncomplicated course. The incidence of breech, cesarean section and assisted deliveries was low. Neonatal complications and the perinatal mortality rate are attributed to prematurity and malformation. Prematurity might be reduced by an intensive care of pregnancy.", "contents": "[Delivery in adolescents]. The course of delivery to patients aged 16 and under during 1957 to 1961 and 1967 to 1971 is reported. The frequency of deliveries has not changed. Vaginal delivery occurred in 140 of 142 patients. The delivery of the young girls was characterized by an uncomplicated course. The incidence of breech, cesarean section and assisted deliveries was low. Neonatal complications and the perinatal mortality rate are attributed to prematurity and malformation. Prematurity might be reduced by an intensive care of pregnancy."}
{"id": "PMID:868362", "title": "[Structure and ultrastructure of the endometrium with the depot contraceptive Depositon].", "content": "Endometrium was investigated histologically in 55 fertile women and by electron-microscope in 6 women under the influence of Deposiston (Jenapharm), a sequential contraceptive containing a long acting oestrogen--ethinyloestradiolsulfonate. The drug was administered orally in 1 mg doses on the 5., 12. and 19. day of each cycle. To achieve proper withdrawal bleeding a single oral dose of 10 mg norethisteronacetate was given on the 26. day of the cycle. Whereas Sequenz- Ovosiston (Jenapharm), a \"classical\" sequential preparation causes only insignificant variations from the physiological endometrium of fertile women, Deposiston developes irregularly proliferated patterns in more than 50% of the patients, due to differences of the elimination rate of ethinyloestradiolsulfonate. The degree of proliferation covers a wide range from a slightly proliferated endometrium to changes similar to hyperplasia of the endometrium with cystically enlarged glands. The secretory transformation takes place 2 or 3 days following the progestogen application. In 2 of the cases a secretory pattern could be found several days before the intake of the progestogen. This indicates break-through-ovulations.", "contents": "[Structure and ultrastructure of the endometrium with the depot contraceptive Depositon]. Endometrium was investigated histologically in 55 fertile women and by electron-microscope in 6 women under the influence of Deposiston (Jenapharm), a sequential contraceptive containing a long acting oestrogen--ethinyloestradiolsulfonate. The drug was administered orally in 1 mg doses on the 5., 12. and 19. day of each cycle. To achieve proper withdrawal bleeding a single oral dose of 10 mg norethisteronacetate was given on the 26. day of the cycle. Whereas Sequenz- Ovosiston (Jenapharm), a \"classical\" sequential preparation causes only insignificant variations from the physiological endometrium of fertile women, Deposiston developes irregularly proliferated patterns in more than 50% of the patients, due to differences of the elimination rate of ethinyloestradiolsulfonate. The degree of proliferation covers a wide range from a slightly proliferated endometrium to changes similar to hyperplasia of the endometrium with cystically enlarged glands. The secretory transformation takes place 2 or 3 days following the progestogen application. In 2 of the cases a secretory pattern could be found several days before the intake of the progestogen. This indicates break-through-ovulations."}
{"id": "PMID:868363", "title": "[Results of high dosage progesterone therapy in carcinoma corporis uteri].", "content": "The authors report their results on the treatment of progressive endometrial carcinomas of cases not suitable for conventional therapy by means of long term progestogen application in high doses. It is demonstrated the effectiveness of this method of treatment if the progestogen is given in necessary doses without stopping the application. An additional short term treatment in low doses in all cases of operated endometrial carcinomas is assesed not to be useful.", "contents": "[Results of high dosage progesterone therapy in carcinoma corporis uteri]. The authors report their results on the treatment of progressive endometrial carcinomas of cases not suitable for conventional therapy by means of long term progestogen application in high doses. It is demonstrated the effectiveness of this method of treatment if the progestogen is given in necessary doses without stopping the application. An additional short term treatment in low doses in all cases of operated endometrial carcinomas is assesed not to be useful."}
{"id": "PMID:868364", "title": "[Early mortality in geriatric-gynecologic surgery].", "content": "The death rate of 6662 major gynaecological operations on women of 60 years or more in 17 West-Berlin Gynaecological Departments (1960--1969) was 7,7% (512 cases). Of these, 89 women (16,8%) died either during operation or within 3 days after the operation. In all cases there was an adequate indications for surgical intervention. With few exceptions the procedures of the operations could not be criticized. Only a very small part of the intra- and postoperative mortality could be attributed to the anesthesia. In some cases medication was insulfficient (e.g. lack of preoperative treatment with digitalis or postoperative replacement with substitutes or blood). This may partly be explained by the fact that during the period under investigation in many cases the anesthesia had to be done by the gynaecologists. Publications on early postoperative mortailty supply better information on the quality of medical care given to the gynaecological patients, than surveys of so called \"Anaesthetic dealths\".", "contents": "[Early mortality in geriatric-gynecologic surgery]. The death rate of 6662 major gynaecological operations on women of 60 years or more in 17 West-Berlin Gynaecological Departments (1960--1969) was 7,7% (512 cases). Of these, 89 women (16,8%) died either during operation or within 3 days after the operation. In all cases there was an adequate indications for surgical intervention. With few exceptions the procedures of the operations could not be criticized. Only a very small part of the intra- and postoperative mortality could be attributed to the anesthesia. In some cases medication was insulfficient (e.g. lack of preoperative treatment with digitalis or postoperative replacement with substitutes or blood). This may partly be explained by the fact that during the period under investigation in many cases the anesthesia had to be done by the gynaecologists. Publications on early postoperative mortailty supply better information on the quality of medical care given to the gynaecological patients, than surveys of so called \"Anaesthetic dealths\"."}
{"id": "PMID:868365", "title": "[Is uterine excision indicated in uterine prolapse?].", "content": "The authors investigated pathohistological changes of uterus of 591 women over forty years that have been operated in the 1966-1974 period using the Mayo-Ward technic. In one third of all cases there were found pathological changes either on the endometrium (9,2%) or they were cases of myoma uteri (21,8%). Only once it was a case of cancer in situ and another time microinvasive cervical cancer. The authors have come to the conclusion that vaginal hysterectomy with plastic correction of the pelvic floor is the method of choice.", "contents": "[Is uterine excision indicated in uterine prolapse?]. The authors investigated pathohistological changes of uterus of 591 women over forty years that have been operated in the 1966-1974 period using the Mayo-Ward technic. In one third of all cases there were found pathological changes either on the endometrium (9,2%) or they were cases of myoma uteri (21,8%). Only once it was a case of cancer in situ and another time microinvasive cervical cancer. The authors have come to the conclusion that vaginal hysterectomy with plastic correction of the pelvic floor is the method of choice."}
{"id": "PMID:868366", "title": "[Prophylactic gynecologic examinations in a stationary region].", "content": "We prophylactically examined female patients on the occasion of clinical treatment by other medical branches. Our gynaecological examinations were performed corresponding to a recommendation of the common decision of the SUP Central Committee, the GDR government and the TUF Central Board of Sept. 25th, 1973. From April 1th, 1974 to April 1th., 1975 2960 patients from 26 other clinics were screened. The  frequency of histologically confirmed diseases of tumors due to registration (56 cases = 18,9(0/00) was higher than supposed compared with similiar screening programs. Under the cases were 5 carcinomas in situ, 3 microcarcinomas and 3 cervical carcinomas of stage Ib and higher. The share of discovery was 1,7 (0/00) for carcinomas in situ and 2 (0/00) for invasive cervical carcinomas. 28,6(0/00) of all women had a benign disease due to treatment or control. These examinations support, screening programs of a whole territory. The requisite expense is less than for similar programs on the outside of clinics.", "contents": "[Prophylactic gynecologic examinations in a stationary region]. We prophylactically examined female patients on the occasion of clinical treatment by other medical branches. Our gynaecological examinations were performed corresponding to a recommendation of the common decision of the SUP Central Committee, the GDR government and the TUF Central Board of Sept. 25th, 1973. From April 1th, 1974 to April 1th., 1975 2960 patients from 26 other clinics were screened. The  frequency of histologically confirmed diseases of tumors due to registration (56 cases = 18,9(0/00) was higher than supposed compared with similiar screening programs. Under the cases were 5 carcinomas in situ, 3 microcarcinomas and 3 cervical carcinomas of stage Ib and higher. The share of discovery was 1,7 (0/00) for carcinomas in situ and 2 (0/00) for invasive cervical carcinomas. 28,6(0/00) of all women had a benign disease due to treatment or control. These examinations support, screening programs of a whole territory. The requisite expense is less than for similar programs on the outside of clinics."}
{"id": "PMID:868367", "title": "[Determination of heat stable alkaline phosphatase].", "content": "In this work the method for determination of serum heat-stable alkaline phosphatase (HSAP)--valuable as a placenta function test in pregnancy--is discussed. There are different informations about the optimal conditions for inactivating the nonplacental heat labile isoenzyms, and therefore the opinions on the clinical efficiency of HSAP vary in different studies. Sera of nonpregnant and pregnant females were heated at 40 degrees to 65 degrees C for 5 to 60 minutes. It is demonstrated, that in opposite to suggested opinions in several reports a temperature of 56 degrees C for 30 minutes is notsufficient to inactivate all nonplacental alkaline phosphatase isoenzymes. At 60 degrees C for 20 minutes and at 65 degrees C for 5 minutes in sera of pregnant and nonpregnant female controls we could find concordant results, so that these two conditions of inactivation are regarded as the best. We prefer a temperature of 60 degrees C and inactivate for 20 minutes, since these conditions are to reproduce more easy and allow a beter precision of the results, than 65 degrees C for 5 minutes.", "contents": "[Determination of heat stable alkaline phosphatase]. In this work the method for determination of serum heat-stable alkaline phosphatase (HSAP)--valuable as a placenta function test in pregnancy--is discussed. There are different informations about the optimal conditions for inactivating the nonplacental heat labile isoenzyms, and therefore the opinions on the clinical efficiency of HSAP vary in different studies. Sera of nonpregnant and pregnant females were heated at 40 degrees to 65 degrees C for 5 to 60 minutes. It is demonstrated, that in opposite to suggested opinions in several reports a temperature of 56 degrees C for 30 minutes is notsufficient to inactivate all nonplacental alkaline phosphatase isoenzymes. At 60 degrees C for 20 minutes and at 65 degrees C for 5 minutes in sera of pregnant and nonpregnant female controls we could find concordant results, so that these two conditions of inactivation are regarded as the best. We prefer a temperature of 60 degrees C and inactivate for 20 minutes, since these conditions are to reproduce more easy and allow a beter precision of the results, than 65 degrees C for 5 minutes."}
{"id": "PMID:868368", "title": "[Cold preservation of human sperm].", "content": "The authors report the development and investigation of a new technique for freezing and storage of human spermatozoa. Utilizing isolated container of different kind the average rate of freezing was between 1,3 grd/min and 14 grd/min in the sphere from 5 degrees C to--10 degrees C and between 2,9 grd/min to 55 grd/min in the sphere from--10 degrees C to--60 degrees C. The technical expense was low. Semen specime were provided by 33 andrological patients. A total of 53 samples of human semen were frozen and stored for periods of time up to 25 days. The authors used the cryoprotective medium from Behrman and Sawada. The best results were obtained in the mode of freezing at 2,8 grd/min respectively 12 grd/min in ejaculates of original motility about 80%. The recovery of motility and fertilizability of spermatozoa was 50% of original motility, in cases of oligospermia only 34%. The results of this new technique of freezing and storage of human spermatozoa are similar to other new reports in literature.", "contents": "[Cold preservation of human sperm]. The authors report the development and investigation of a new technique for freezing and storage of human spermatozoa. Utilizing isolated container of different kind the average rate of freezing was between 1,3 grd/min and 14 grd/min in the sphere from 5 degrees C to--10 degrees C and between 2,9 grd/min to 55 grd/min in the sphere from--10 degrees C to--60 degrees C. The technical expense was low. Semen specime were provided by 33 andrological patients. A total of 53 samples of human semen were frozen and stored for periods of time up to 25 days. The authors used the cryoprotective medium from Behrman and Sawada. The best results were obtained in the mode of freezing at 2,8 grd/min respectively 12 grd/min in ejaculates of original motility about 80%. The recovery of motility and fertilizability of spermatozoa was 50% of original motility, in cases of oligospermia only 34%. The results of this new technique of freezing and storage of human spermatozoa are similar to other new reports in literature."}
{"id": "PMID:868370", "title": "Distribution of resistances to metals and antibiotics of staphylococcal strains in Japan.", "content": "Clinical isolates of 565 staphylococcal strains were studied for the resistance to four metals and eight antibiotics. Distribution patterns of their susceptibilities to Hg, As and Pb clearly revealed two peaks. But in the case of Cd resistance, there were three groups of Cd sensitivity. Frequencies of metal resistances were 36.6% to Hg, 95.6% to Cd, 48.8% to As and 91.9% to Pb. On the other hand, those of drug resistances were 87.3% to PC, 28.5% to SM, 33.5% to TC, 22.7% to CP, 23.9% to KM, 43.0% to EM, 38.8% to JM and 0% to GM. Most of tested cultures were metal-resistant (92.9%), moreover, these multiple-metal-resistant strains were also found to be multiple-drug-resistant. And about 10% of total isolates were metal-resistant and drug-senstitive strains, whereas the frequency of the metal-sensitive and drug-resistant strains was only 1.8%.", "contents": "Distribution of resistances to metals and antibiotics of staphylococcal strains in Japan. Clinical isolates of 565 staphylococcal strains were studied for the resistance to four metals and eight antibiotics. Distribution patterns of their susceptibilities to Hg, As and Pb clearly revealed two peaks. But in the case of Cd resistance, there were three groups of Cd sensitivity. Frequencies of metal resistances were 36.6% to Hg, 95.6% to Cd, 48.8% to As and 91.9% to Pb. On the other hand, those of drug resistances were 87.3% to PC, 28.5% to SM, 33.5% to TC, 22.7% to CP, 23.9% to KM, 43.0% to EM, 38.8% to JM and 0% to GM. Most of tested cultures were metal-resistant (92.9%), moreover, these multiple-metal-resistant strains were also found to be multiple-drug-resistant. And about 10% of total isolates were metal-resistant and drug-senstitive strains, whereas the frequency of the metal-sensitive and drug-resistant strains was only 1.8%."}
{"id": "PMID:868371", "title": "[\"Clumping factor\"-reactions using staphylococci after their extraction with guanidiniumchloride (author's transl)].", "content": "Staphylococci of strain K 807 (ATCC: 31243) have much \"clumping factor\" (CF) on their surface. Extraction of the staphylococci with 6 M guanidinium chloride, removed all soluble substances, including coagulase, without reduction in CF-activity. The extracted staphylococci proved to be most suitable for the quantitative determination of fibrinogen and fibrin degradation products in a microtiter procedure (fig. 2). The CF-test with staphylococci of strain K 807 was more sensitive compared with the hitherto used strain Newman D2C (table 1). After staining with \"Astrazonrot (BBL)\" no loss of CF occurred. With the stained staphylococci the CF-reactions became more distinctly visible and gave sharp endpoints.", "contents": "[\"Clumping factor\"-reactions using staphylococci after their extraction with guanidiniumchloride (author's transl)]. Staphylococci of strain K 807 (ATCC: 31243) have much \"clumping factor\" (CF) on their surface. Extraction of the staphylococci with 6 M guanidinium chloride, removed all soluble substances, including coagulase, without reduction in CF-activity. The extracted staphylococci proved to be most suitable for the quantitative determination of fibrinogen and fibrin degradation products in a microtiter procedure (fig. 2). The CF-test with staphylococci of strain K 807 was more sensitive compared with the hitherto used strain Newman D2C (table 1). After staining with \"Astrazonrot (BBL)\" no loss of CF occurred. With the stained staphylococci the CF-reactions became more distinctly visible and gave sharp endpoints."}
{"id": "PMID:868372", "title": "[Investigations of amino acid metabolism by thin layer chromatography for differentiation of Brucella (author's transl)].", "content": "The amino acid metabolism of 23 different Brucella strains was investigated for differentiation purposes. The results were evaluated by thin layer chromatography, after enzymatic incubation. The organisms (Tab. 1) were grown on Tryptose blood agar at 37 degree C for 24 or 48h. Two mg wet weight of bacteria in 0.2 ml PBS, 0.01 M, were incubated with 12.5 microng (0.025 ml) amino acid in  small tubes for 16h at 37 degree C, and centrifuged for 15 min at 7500 X g. For controls, bacterial suspensions were heated for 15 min at 100 degree C to destroy enzymatic activity, and also contrifuged for 15 min at 7500 X g. Usually 4 micronl of the supernatant fluids (6 micronl for L-asparagine, and 10 micronl for L-proline) were pipetted on the thin layer plate. The tests were run in n-butanol acetic acid water, 20:5:5, with a distance of 8 cm. Amino acids were stained with ninhydrine. The tests were repeated 3-5 times with identical results. Amino acid metabolism was indicated by different staining intesities (+ to ++) in comparison to control preparations. All species could be exactly differentiated from each other, with the exception of B. suis, biotype 2, and B canis, which could not be differentiated by their amino acid metabolism. Biotyps of the same species were mostly identical. The results of these investigations could be reproduced qualitatively as well as quantitatively. The method described is recommended for routine investigations.", "contents": "[Investigations of amino acid metabolism by thin layer chromatography for differentiation of Brucella (author's transl)]. The amino acid metabolism of 23 different Brucella strains was investigated for differentiation purposes. The results were evaluated by thin layer chromatography, after enzymatic incubation. The organisms (Tab. 1) were grown on Tryptose blood agar at 37 degree C for 24 or 48h. Two mg wet weight of bacteria in 0.2 ml PBS, 0.01 M, were incubated with 12.5 microng (0.025 ml) amino acid in  small tubes for 16h at 37 degree C, and centrifuged for 15 min at 7500 X g. For controls, bacterial suspensions were heated for 15 min at 100 degree C to destroy enzymatic activity, and also contrifuged for 15 min at 7500 X g. Usually 4 micronl of the supernatant fluids (6 micronl for L-asparagine, and 10 micronl for L-proline) were pipetted on the thin layer plate. The tests were run in n-butanol acetic acid water, 20:5:5, with a distance of 8 cm. Amino acids were stained with ninhydrine. The tests were repeated 3-5 times with identical results. Amino acid metabolism was indicated by different staining intesities (+ to ++) in comparison to control preparations. All species could be exactly differentiated from each other, with the exception of B. suis, biotype 2, and B canis, which could not be differentiated by their amino acid metabolism. Biotyps of the same species were mostly identical. The results of these investigations could be reproduced qualitatively as well as quantitatively. The method described is recommended for routine investigations."}
{"id": "PMID:868373", "title": "The immune adherence phenomenon in experimental candidiasis.", "content": "The immune adherence reaction was shown in experimental candidiasis. This phenomenon has not been previously described for candidiasis, to the best of our knowledge. Forty-eight sera of guinea pigs inoculated with a single or several inoculations of live Candida albicans were tested at different time intervals after inoculation for anti C. albicans antibodies detectable by the immune adherence reaction. From the 14th day after inoculation, a positive immune adherence reaction was observed with titer and strength increasing as time passed after inoculation and as the number of inoculations increased. All the sera were tested parallely in agglutination and indirect mast cell degranulation tests. The significance of the data obtained is discussed.", "contents": "The immune adherence phenomenon in experimental candidiasis. The immune adherence reaction was shown in experimental candidiasis. This phenomenon has not been previously described for candidiasis, to the best of our knowledge. Forty-eight sera of guinea pigs inoculated with a single or several inoculations of live Candida albicans were tested at different time intervals after inoculation for anti C. albicans antibodies detectable by the immune adherence reaction. From the 14th day after inoculation, a positive immune adherence reaction was observed with titer and strength increasing as time passed after inoculation and as the number of inoculations increased. All the sera were tested parallely in agglutination and indirect mast cell degranulation tests. The significance of the data obtained is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:868374", "title": "[Temperature decolorization of the rhodopsin of bulls and Theragra chalcogramma fish].", "content": "It has been demonstrated that fish rhodopsin is less resistant to thermal treatment and it is more readily bleached as compared to bovine rhodopsin. At 18 degrees C, the stability of both rhodopsins decreased in the following sequence: fragments of the outer segments--digitonin extracts-triton X-100 extracts-cetyltrimethylammonium bromide extracts-At higher temperatures (47-56 degrees), this sequence was the following: fragments of the outer segments-digitonin extracts-cetyltrimethylammonium bromide extracts-triton X-100 extracts. Kinetic and thermodynamic parameters (k, Ea, deltaH, delta S*, delta F*) of rhodopsin bleaching at high temperatures were calculated. It is suggested that at 18 degrees C rhodopsin bleaching includes two steps. Possible causes of idfferent stability of the investigated rhodopsins are discussed.", "contents": "[Temperature decolorization of the rhodopsin of bulls and Theragra chalcogramma fish]. It has been demonstrated that fish rhodopsin is less resistant to thermal treatment and it is more readily bleached as compared to bovine rhodopsin. At 18 degrees C, the stability of both rhodopsins decreased in the following sequence: fragments of the outer segments--digitonin extracts-triton X-100 extracts-cetyltrimethylammonium bromide extracts-At higher temperatures (47-56 degrees), this sequence was the following: fragments of the outer segments-digitonin extracts-cetyltrimethylammonium bromide extracts-triton X-100 extracts. Kinetic and thermodynamic parameters (k, Ea, deltaH, delta S*, delta F*) of rhodopsin bleaching at high temperatures were calculated. It is suggested that at 18 degrees C rhodopsin bleaching includes two steps. Possible causes of idfferent stability of the investigated rhodopsins are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:868375", "title": "[Characteristics of the afferent activity of the cardiac nerves of Agrionemys horsfieldi turtles].", "content": "On the basis of changes in afferent impulsation emerging from the heart of the tortoise A. horsfieldi under various conditions of cardiac haemodynamics, it was shown that bursting activity of the superior cardiac nerves belongs to mechanoreceptors which are located in the ventricle and the adjacent arterial vessels. The discharge in these mechano-receptors coincides with ventricular systole. The second, predominant, type of afferentation is presented by irregular continued activity in both the superior and inferior vagal branches. The origin of this activity remains uncertain.", "contents": "[Characteristics of the afferent activity of the cardiac nerves of Agrionemys horsfieldi turtles]. On the basis of changes in afferent impulsation emerging from the heart of the tortoise A. horsfieldi under various conditions of cardiac haemodynamics, it was shown that bursting activity of the superior cardiac nerves belongs to mechanoreceptors which are located in the ventricle and the adjacent arterial vessels. The discharge in these mechano-receptors coincides with ventricular systole. The second, predominant, type of afferentation is presented by irregular continued activity in both the superior and inferior vagal branches. The origin of this activity remains uncertain."}
{"id": "PMID:868376", "title": "[Induced locomotion in the myriapod Julus sp].", "content": "Coordinated locomotor activity in the decapitated millipede Julus sp. was induced either by mechanical stimulation of the legs with the aid of a treadmile band, or by electrical stimulation of separate parts of the abdominal nervous cord. For the walking induced by mechanical stimulation of the legs, it was shown that: 1) after the \"support phase\", an additional phase of locomoter cycle, i. e. a \"pause phase\", is registered; 2) the relationships between kinematic parameters are similar to those recorded during normal walking of the intact millipede and correspond to walking at the lowest velocity. In the case of locomotion induced by electrical stimulation, a \"start locomotion threshold\" was observed: if stimulation level exceeds this threshold, forward walking is induced being the faster the stronger this stimulation. Besides, the second threshold phenomenon was found - a \"threshold of the reversion of locomotion direction\". When this threshold is exceeded, forward walking is replaced by backward one. The relationships between kinematic parameters of locomotion induced by electrical stimulation are also similar to corresponding relationships of normal spontaneous walking in the intact millipede, although in this case a \"pause phase\" is absent.", "contents": "[Induced locomotion in the myriapod Julus sp]. Coordinated locomotor activity in the decapitated millipede Julus sp. was induced either by mechanical stimulation of the legs with the aid of a treadmile band, or by electrical stimulation of separate parts of the abdominal nervous cord. For the walking induced by mechanical stimulation of the legs, it was shown that: 1) after the \"support phase\", an additional phase of locomoter cycle, i. e. a \"pause phase\", is registered; 2) the relationships between kinematic parameters are similar to those recorded during normal walking of the intact millipede and correspond to walking at the lowest velocity. In the case of locomotion induced by electrical stimulation, a \"start locomotion threshold\" was observed: if stimulation level exceeds this threshold, forward walking is induced being the faster the stronger this stimulation. Besides, the second threshold phenomenon was found - a \"threshold of the reversion of locomotion direction\". When this threshold is exceeded, forward walking is replaced by backward one. The relationships between kinematic parameters of locomotion induced by electrical stimulation are also similar to corresponding relationships of normal spontaneous walking in the intact millipede, although in this case a \"pause phase\" is absent."}
{"id": "PMID:868378", "title": "[Cholinoreception in the ambulacral legs of the starfish Asterias rubens].", "content": "Muscles of the ambulacral legs of the starfish A. rubens are sensitive to the effect of ACh, reacting to its injection by shortening of the contracture type. Amplitude of the contractile response is directly related to ACh concentration. The highest sensitivity was observed during complete stretching of the leg from the body of the starfish, threshold contractions being recorded in response to 1-10(-8) M. During incomplete stretching of the leg, the sensitivity was found to be lower. Carbocholine sensitivity is higher than acetylcholine one. Proserine increased ACh sensitivity; the increase was very significant (1, 000 times) provided the leg was completely stretched. Atropine and D-tubocurarine decreased muscle sensitivity to ACh, shifting dose effect curves to the right. The data obtained suggest that muscles of the ambulacral leg possess the system ACh-cholinoreceptor, its concentration being the highest at the base of the leg. Cholinoreception is not limited by M- and H-types only.", "contents": "[Cholinoreception in the ambulacral legs of the starfish Asterias rubens]. Muscles of the ambulacral legs of the starfish A. rubens are sensitive to the effect of ACh, reacting to its injection by shortening of the contracture type. Amplitude of the contractile response is directly related to ACh concentration. The highest sensitivity was observed during complete stretching of the leg from the body of the starfish, threshold contractions being recorded in response to 1-10(-8) M. During incomplete stretching of the leg, the sensitivity was found to be lower. Carbocholine sensitivity is higher than acetylcholine one. Proserine increased ACh sensitivity; the increase was very significant (1, 000 times) provided the leg was completely stretched. Atropine and D-tubocurarine decreased muscle sensitivity to ACh, shifting dose effect curves to the right. The data obtained suggest that muscles of the ambulacral leg possess the system ACh-cholinoreceptor, its concentration being the highest at the base of the leg. Cholinoreception is not limited by M- and H-types only."}
{"id": "PMID:868379", "title": "[Influence of the subesophageal ganglion on the electrical activity of neurons of the metathoracic ganglion of the cockroach Periplaneta americana].", "content": "Studies have been made of non-specific effect of suboesophageal gnaglion on excitability of the segmental centers in the cockroach P. americana. It was shown that the electrical stimulation of the ganglion increases the frequency of the spontaneous activity and decreases the threshold of the evoked reactions in neurons of the metathoracic ganglion. The level of activation depends on the intensity of stimulation. Application of GABA (0.1 M) to the suboesophageal ganglion decreases the frequency of the background activity in the segmental neurons, this effect being presumably due to activation of the inhibitory structures. The descending influences from the suboesophageal ganglion may spread to centers of the metathoracic ganglion along monosynaptic pathways.", "contents": "[Influence of the subesophageal ganglion on the electrical activity of neurons of the metathoracic ganglion of the cockroach Periplaneta americana]. Studies have been made of non-specific effect of suboesophageal gnaglion on excitability of the segmental centers in the cockroach P. americana. It was shown that the electrical stimulation of the ganglion increases the frequency of the spontaneous activity and decreases the threshold of the evoked reactions in neurons of the metathoracic ganglion. The level of activation depends on the intensity of stimulation. Application of GABA (0.1 M) to the suboesophageal ganglion decreases the frequency of the background activity in the segmental neurons, this effect being presumably due to activation of the inhibitory structures. The descending influences from the suboesophageal ganglion may spread to centers of the metathoracic ganglion along monosynaptic pathways."}
{"id": "PMID:868380", "title": "[Neuronal spike responses to visual stimuli in the hyperstriatal region of the brains of Corvus corone crows].", "content": "Studies of impulse activity in 452 neurons of the hyperstriatal part of the forebrain in crows revealed visual projectional zone within Wulst. With deepening of microelectrode, the receptive fields shifted upward and increased in the diameter from 3--4 to 30--50 and even 90 degrees; the relative amount of directionally sensitive neurons with the preferred movement of the stimuli backward and upward increased. In rostral regions, neurons with the receptive fields in temporal areas of the visual field are located, whereas nasal areas are projected to caudal parts of the Wulst. Selectivity of neuronal reactions to changes in illumination, the size and the rate of movement of the stimuli, as well as neuronal sensitivity to repeated stimulation were demonstrated.", "contents": "[Neuronal spike responses to visual stimuli in the hyperstriatal region of the brains of Corvus corone crows]. Studies of impulse activity in 452 neurons of the hyperstriatal part of the forebrain in crows revealed visual projectional zone within Wulst. With deepening of microelectrode, the receptive fields shifted upward and increased in the diameter from 3--4 to 30--50 and even 90 degrees; the relative amount of directionally sensitive neurons with the preferred movement of the stimuli backward and upward increased. In rostral regions, neurons with the receptive fields in temporal areas of the visual field are located, whereas nasal areas are projected to caudal parts of the Wulst. Selectivity of neuronal reactions to changes in illumination, the size and the rate of movement of the stimuli, as well as neuronal sensitivity to repeated stimulation were demonstrated."}
{"id": "PMID:868382", "title": "[Generation of electrical discharges by the European star-fish Uranoscopus scaber].", "content": "In experiments on determination of salinity preference in the starfish Asteras amurensis it has been shown that 90% of the animals detect the decrease of the salinity by 3.4% at 4--8 degrees C. This decrease was compensated by the addition of salt mixtures. Salinity preference was optimal if the added mixture included K2SO4. It is suggested that potassium ion plays key role in the avoidance reaction of the starfish to the decrease of the salinity.", "contents": "[Generation of electrical discharges by the European star-fish Uranoscopus scaber]. In experiments on determination of salinity preference in the starfish Asteras amurensis it has been shown that 90% of the animals detect the decrease of the salinity by 3.4% at 4--8 degrees C. This decrease was compensated by the addition of salt mixtures. Salinity preference was optimal if the added mixture included K2SO4. It is suggested that potassium ion plays key role in the avoidance reaction of the starfish to the decrease of the salinity."}
{"id": "PMID:868377", "title": "[Turning over in the ophiuroid Amphipholis kochii].", "content": "The reaction of turning over in the ophiuroid A. kochii L\u00fctken begins when the ambulacral legs are detached from the substrate. At the bottom, when aboral side of the animal touches the substrate, turning over begins with oral flexion of three arms. In water, turning over begins with aboral flexion of all the arms. The organism takes the shape of a ball, its center of gravity being shifted to the side of a disc which outer surface is formed by the oral part. As a result, when dropped into the water with its oral side upwards, the ophiuroid passively turns over due to the gravity force. Single arm isolated together with the adjacent part of the nervous ring is capable of turning over. After sectioning the nervous ring, coordinated activity of the arms during turning over is disturbed.", "contents": "[Turning over in the ophiuroid Amphipholis kochii]. The reaction of turning over in the ophiuroid A. kochii L\u00fctken begins when the ambulacral legs are detached from the substrate. At the bottom, when aboral side of the animal touches the substrate, turning over begins with oral flexion of three arms. In water, turning over begins with aboral flexion of all the arms. The organism takes the shape of a ball, its center of gravity being shifted to the side of a disc which outer surface is formed by the oral part. As a result, when dropped into the water with its oral side upwards, the ophiuroid passively turns over due to the gravity force. Single arm isolated together with the adjacent part of the nervous ring is capable of turning over. After sectioning the nervous ring, coordinated activity of the arms during turning over is disturbed."}
{"id": "PMID:868384", "title": "[Electrical activity of the hearts of Hypophthalmichtus molitrix fish during cooling and warming].", "content": "In cold-unadapted H. molitrix, studies have been made on the electrical activity of the heart during cooling from 28 to 0 degrees. Cooling of the fish results in the increase of the duration of all ECG components and the decrease in their amplitude. The spontaneous activity gradually disappears, first in sino-atrium zone, then in atrium-ventricular one. Sinus rhythm disappeared at the abdominal temperature 3 degrees. The decrease in the heart rate was followed by its complete block without any extrasystoles and fibrillation. Warming of the fish up to the initial temperature (28 degrees) resulted in the recovery of cardiac activity, first in the atrium-ventricular zone, then in sino-atrium one.", "contents": "[Electrical activity of the hearts of Hypophthalmichtus molitrix fish during cooling and warming]. In cold-unadapted H. molitrix, studies have been made on the electrical activity of the heart during cooling from 28 to 0 degrees. Cooling of the fish results in the increase of the duration of all ECG components and the decrease in their amplitude. The spontaneous activity gradually disappears, first in sino-atrium zone, then in atrium-ventricular one. Sinus rhythm disappeared at the abdominal temperature 3 degrees. The decrease in the heart rate was followed by its complete block without any extrasystoles and fibrillation. Warming of the fish up to the initial temperature (28 degrees) resulted in the recovery of cardiac activity, first in the atrium-ventricular zone, then in sino-atrium one."}
{"id": "PMID:868388", "title": "[Abiogenic photochemical synthesis of amino acids in an aqueous medium containing carbohydrates and nitrates].", "content": "Ultraviolet light (PRK-2) induces the formation of various amino acids (lysine, asparaginic, as well as traces of some other acids) in mannose, glucose and arabinose solutions containing various nitrates. K+, Co2+, Ni2+ and Fe3+ significantly sensitize the formation of amino acids. In the atmosphere of N2, synthesis of appreciable amounts of glutamic acid takes place, wherease in the atmosphere of O2 or CO2 the latter is produced only in traces. Photolysis of glucose and mannose in nitrate-free solutions in the atmosphere of N2 results in the formation of lysine and glutamic acid. The data obtained show that in pre-biologic conditions in the hydrosphere of Earth (possibly, of other planets as well), abiogenically formed organic substances, e. g. carbohydrates, unter the influence of UV irradiation could be transformed into amino acids. Nitrates present in the water milieu could serve as a source of nitrogen in the amino acids synthesis.", "contents": "[Abiogenic photochemical synthesis of amino acids in an aqueous medium containing carbohydrates and nitrates]. Ultraviolet light (PRK-2) induces the formation of various amino acids (lysine, asparaginic, as well as traces of some other acids) in mannose, glucose and arabinose solutions containing various nitrates. K+, Co2+, Ni2+ and Fe3+ significantly sensitize the formation of amino acids. In the atmosphere of N2, synthesis of appreciable amounts of glutamic acid takes place, wherease in the atmosphere of O2 or CO2 the latter is produced only in traces. Photolysis of glucose and mannose in nitrate-free solutions in the atmosphere of N2 results in the formation of lysine and glutamic acid. The data obtained show that in pre-biologic conditions in the hydrosphere of Earth (possibly, of other planets as well), abiogenically formed organic substances, e. g. carbohydrates, unter the influence of UV irradiation could be transformed into amino acids. Nitrates present in the water milieu could serve as a source of nitrogen in the amino acids synthesis."}
{"id": "PMID:868389", "title": "[Relationship between the surface properties of phosphoglycerides and the structure of the phosphorus part of the molecule].", "content": "Comparative studies have been made on surface properties of phospholipids with different chemical composition and different structure of the hydrophylic moiety of the molecule. Substitution of phosphoroyl oxygen by sulfur, as in diacetyl lecithins, makes thiolecithin molecules in monolayer more compact. In case of an analogous substitution of oxygen by sulfur in phosphodiglycerides, packing of molecules in a monolayer remains unaffected. It may be suggested that this fact is associated with different position of hydrophobic radicals in the compounds investigated. In contrast to classic neutral and phosphorus-containing phosphoglycerides, diolphospholipids form more condensed monolayers. It was shown that alpha- and beta-phosphatidic acids with the same composition exhibit identical surface activity. Incorporation of hydrophobic groups of aromatic type into synthetic phospholipid analogues increases surface activity, the effect being dependent on the location of these groups with the molecule.", "contents": "[Relationship between the surface properties of phosphoglycerides and the structure of the phosphorus part of the molecule]. Comparative studies have been made on surface properties of phospholipids with different chemical composition and different structure of the hydrophylic moiety of the molecule. Substitution of phosphoroyl oxygen by sulfur, as in diacetyl lecithins, makes thiolecithin molecules in monolayer more compact. In case of an analogous substitution of oxygen by sulfur in phosphodiglycerides, packing of molecules in a monolayer remains unaffected. It may be suggested that this fact is associated with different position of hydrophobic radicals in the compounds investigated. In contrast to classic neutral and phosphorus-containing phosphoglycerides, diolphospholipids form more condensed monolayers. It was shown that alpha- and beta-phosphatidic acids with the same composition exhibit identical surface activity. Incorporation of hydrophobic groups of aromatic type into synthetic phospholipid analogues increases surface activity, the effect being dependent on the location of these groups with the molecule."}
{"id": "PMID:868390", "title": "[Carotenoids and marine mollusk resistance to environmental pollution].", "content": "Studies have been made on the relationship between total carotenoid content of marine molluscs and their resistance to the decrease of oxygen and the increase of various toxic substances in sea water. It was found that molluscs with high carotenoid content exhibit high resistance to sea pollution. Their population increase in number, in contrast to species with low carotenoid concentration in the body which show a decrease in their population in the polluted environment. Molluscs of the same species, e. g. the common mussel, increase their carotenoid content when inhabiting a polluted region of the sea. Under experimental conditions, it was shown that 6--8 hours after exposure of mussels to pollution, their carotenoid content increases two fold. Close correlation between the resistance of marine molluscs to sea pollution and carotenoid content of their body favours the idea suggesting the role of carotenoids in oxidative metabolism of animal cells and in the adaptation of these cells to hypoxic conditions.", "contents": "[Carotenoids and marine mollusk resistance to environmental pollution]. Studies have been made on the relationship between total carotenoid content of marine molluscs and their resistance to the decrease of oxygen and the increase of various toxic substances in sea water. It was found that molluscs with high carotenoid content exhibit high resistance to sea pollution. Their population increase in number, in contrast to species with low carotenoid concentration in the body which show a decrease in their population in the polluted environment. Molluscs of the same species, e. g. the common mussel, increase their carotenoid content when inhabiting a polluted region of the sea. Under experimental conditions, it was shown that 6--8 hours after exposure of mussels to pollution, their carotenoid content increases two fold. Close correlation between the resistance of marine molluscs to sea pollution and carotenoid content of their body favours the idea suggesting the role of carotenoids in oxidative metabolism of animal cells and in the adaptation of these cells to hypoxic conditions."}
{"id": "PMID:868391", "title": "[Free amino acids in the central nervous system of skates (Batomorpha)].", "content": "The distribution of free amino acids in strongly and weakly electric fishes (skates and rays) varies in relation to species, brain region and functional peculiarities. In comparison to the weakly electric fishes (Raja clavata and Myliobatis aquila) a number of brain regions of the strongly electric species (Torpedo marmorata and T. ocellata) show considerably higher concentrations of arginine, glycine and tyrosine, and lower concentrations of aspartic acid. The electric organ of the strongly electric fishes was characterized by the lack of tyrosine and glycine, by traces of GABA, and by considerably higher concentrations of alanine, serine, cysteine, and histidine than in the brain of the same species. The electromotor center Lobus electricus of the stronlgy electric fishes, in contrast to other brain regions, shows exceptionally high concentrations of tyrosine and alanine. In comparison to the mammalian brain, levels of brain alanine, glycine, cysteine and cystine are higher in the four fish species studied. The results are discussed in relation to the morphophysiological organization of the fish central nervous system and of the mechanisms of electrogenesis.", "contents": "[Free amino acids in the central nervous system of skates (Batomorpha)]. The distribution of free amino acids in strongly and weakly electric fishes (skates and rays) varies in relation to species, brain region and functional peculiarities. In comparison to the weakly electric fishes (Raja clavata and Myliobatis aquila) a number of brain regions of the strongly electric species (Torpedo marmorata and T. ocellata) show considerably higher concentrations of arginine, glycine and tyrosine, and lower concentrations of aspartic acid. The electric organ of the strongly electric fishes was characterized by the lack of tyrosine and glycine, by traces of GABA, and by considerably higher concentrations of alanine, serine, cysteine, and histidine than in the brain of the same species. The electromotor center Lobus electricus of the stronlgy electric fishes, in contrast to other brain regions, shows exceptionally high concentrations of tyrosine and alanine. In comparison to the mammalian brain, levels of brain alanine, glycine, cysteine and cystine are higher in the four fish species studied. The results are discussed in relation to the morphophysiological organization of the fish central nervous system and of the mechanisms of electrogenesis."}
{"id": "PMID:868393", "title": "[Comparative study of the myoglobin of the reindeer Rangifer tarandus, the elk Alces alces and the deer Cervus elaphus xanthopygus].", "content": "Myoglobin preparations from muscles of A. alces, R. tarandus and C. elaphus xanthopygus were isolated by Sephadex gel filtration (G-75). Their Fe content was found to be equal to 0.303--0.308%, which corresponds to the molecular weight of 18, 000. It was shown that splitting of heme from the globin results in an increase of the area occupied by the molecule on the phase boarderline from 36-10(2) to 47-10(2) A2. By the peptide charts method of tryptic hydrolysates combined with the detection of separate amino acid residues in peptides, strong similarities in the primary structure of the myoglobins investigated were found. However, data were obtained which indicate species specificity of this respiratory protein in the animals studied.", "contents": "[Comparative study of the myoglobin of the reindeer Rangifer tarandus, the elk Alces alces and the deer Cervus elaphus xanthopygus]. Myoglobin preparations from muscles of A. alces, R. tarandus and C. elaphus xanthopygus were isolated by Sephadex gel filtration (G-75). Their Fe content was found to be equal to 0.303--0.308%, which corresponds to the molecular weight of 18, 000. It was shown that splitting of heme from the globin results in an increase of the area occupied by the molecule on the phase boarderline from 36-10(2) to 47-10(2) A2. By the peptide charts method of tryptic hydrolysates combined with the detection of separate amino acid residues in peptides, strong similarities in the primary structure of the myoglobins investigated were found. However, data were obtained which indicate species specificity of this respiratory protein in the animals studied."}
{"id": "PMID:868396", "title": "[Cholinergic mechanisms in the central nervous system of the sipunculoid Physcosoma japonicum].", "content": "Acetylcholine (ACh) content of the central nervous system in the sipunculid P. japonicum was estimated by application of extracts from the nervous tissue to dental retractor of the sea urchin using ACh solutions with known concentration as a standard. It was shown that the nervous tissue contains 46 (from 41 to 51) microng of ACh (calculated as cation) per 1 g of wet material. In the presence of the nervous homogenate from Physcosoma, 880 micronM of ACh are hydrolyzed by 1 g of wet tissue per 1 hour. The content of ACh and the activity of cholinesterase are comparable with those in the brain of molluscs, arthropods and mammals. Anticholinesterase drugs (physostigmine and neostigmine) evoked spontaneous contractions of the proboscis retractor when applied to the nervous cord and enhanced the response of this muscle to electrical stimulation of this cord. Cholinolytics (arpenal and pentaphen) also caused spontaneous muscle contractions, but prevented the increase in muscular activity in response to electrical stimulation in presence of physotigmine. The data obtained suggest cholinergic nature of the transmission in the central nervous system of sipunculids.", "contents": "[Cholinergic mechanisms in the central nervous system of the sipunculoid Physcosoma japonicum]. Acetylcholine (ACh) content of the central nervous system in the sipunculid P. japonicum was estimated by application of extracts from the nervous tissue to dental retractor of the sea urchin using ACh solutions with known concentration as a standard. It was shown that the nervous tissue contains 46 (from 41 to 51) microng of ACh (calculated as cation) per 1 g of wet material. In the presence of the nervous homogenate from Physcosoma, 880 micronM of ACh are hydrolyzed by 1 g of wet tissue per 1 hour. The content of ACh and the activity of cholinesterase are comparable with those in the brain of molluscs, arthropods and mammals. Anticholinesterase drugs (physostigmine and neostigmine) evoked spontaneous contractions of the proboscis retractor when applied to the nervous cord and enhanced the response of this muscle to electrical stimulation of this cord. Cholinolytics (arpenal and pentaphen) also caused spontaneous muscle contractions, but prevented the increase in muscular activity in response to electrical stimulation in presence of physotigmine. The data obtained suggest cholinergic nature of the transmission in the central nervous system of sipunculids."}
{"id": "PMID:868392", "title": "[Immunoelectrophoretic study of serum proteins of swine embryos].", "content": "During embryonic development, antigenic spectrum of serum proteins from porcine foetuses gradually become more complex, the number of antigens increasing from 4 in 1-month embryos to 12--13 in mature foetuses. Immunoelectrophoretic analysis of the serum reveals prealbumin, alpha- and beta-globulins. It was shown that with respect to its immunological properties, procine fetuin is not presented by a true stage-specific protein, since together with ESA-glogulin it contains antigens which are identical to those in the blood serum of adult animals. Immunoelectrophoresis did not reveal gamma-globulins in embryonic serum. It is suggested that porcine foetuses may synthesize the main proteins of the blood serum; however, final formation of antigenic spectrum is accomplished in postembryonic period.", "contents": "[Immunoelectrophoretic study of serum proteins of swine embryos]. During embryonic development, antigenic spectrum of serum proteins from porcine foetuses gradually become more complex, the number of antigens increasing from 4 in 1-month embryos to 12--13 in mature foetuses. Immunoelectrophoretic analysis of the serum reveals prealbumin, alpha- and beta-globulins. It was shown that with respect to its immunological properties, procine fetuin is not presented by a true stage-specific protein, since together with ESA-glogulin it contains antigens which are identical to those in the blood serum of adult animals. Immunoelectrophoresis did not reveal gamma-globulins in embryonic serum. It is suggested that porcine foetuses may synthesize the main proteins of the blood serum; however, final formation of antigenic spectrum is accomplished in postembryonic period."}
{"id": "PMID:868405", "title": "[Properties of C1. perfringens toxoids obtained from purified toxins].", "content": "The authors present the results of comparative study of the properties of experimental perfringens toxoids obtained from purified alpha-toxoids of different degrees of purity. Experimental toxoids proved to possess a greater immunogenicity than preparations obtained by detoxication of alpha-toxin under conditions of cultural fluid, the greater--the more the purity of alpha-toxin used for procuring the experimental toxoid. C1. perfringens alpha-toxin recovered as a result of two-stage alpha-toxin purification, including its primary concentration and fractionation on DEAE-cellulose under conditions of negative alpha-toxin sorption, changed during detoxication into toxoid whose immunogenicity exceeded that of manufactured preparations 3--4 fold. The toxoid was harmless and sorbed in a dose of 100 BU on 2--3 mg of aluminium hydroxide; stability of its antigenic properties and its yield was not less than those of manufactured toxoids. Perfringens toxoid prepared from highly purified alpha-toxoid was 10 times greater by immunogenicity than the manufactured preparation, and was sorbed on 1--2 mg of aluminium hydroxide.", "contents": "[Properties of C1. perfringens toxoids obtained from purified toxins]. The authors present the results of comparative study of the properties of experimental perfringens toxoids obtained from purified alpha-toxoids of different degrees of purity. Experimental toxoids proved to possess a greater immunogenicity than preparations obtained by detoxication of alpha-toxin under conditions of cultural fluid, the greater--the more the purity of alpha-toxin used for procuring the experimental toxoid. C1. perfringens alpha-toxin recovered as a result of two-stage alpha-toxin purification, including its primary concentration and fractionation on DEAE-cellulose under conditions of negative alpha-toxin sorption, changed during detoxication into toxoid whose immunogenicity exceeded that of manufactured preparations 3--4 fold. The toxoid was harmless and sorbed in a dose of 100 BU on 2--3 mg of aluminium hydroxide; stability of its antigenic properties and its yield was not less than those of manufactured toxoids. Perfringens toxoid prepared from highly purified alpha-toxoid was 10 times greater by immunogenicity than the manufactured preparation, and was sorbed on 1--2 mg of aluminium hydroxide."}
{"id": "PMID:868395", "title": "[Effect of monoamines, heat shock and other factors on the binding of several neuropharmacologic preparations by sea urchin embryos].", "content": "Early embryos of the sea urchins Arbacia lixula and Paracentrotus lividus being subjected to an osmotic or heat shock (10 min at 70 degrees C or higher) do not longer bind cytotoxic pharmaca and do not affect the sensitivity of normal indicator embryos to these drugs. After exposure for 10 min at 40 degrees C, the binding of neuropharmaca by embryos is not affected, although their ability to protect indicator embryos from the action of these neuropharmaca is inhibited 4--5 times. Serotonin and adrenaline inhibit the binding of neuropharmaca by 10--20%, while meterazine, noveryl and an amphetamine derivative--IEM-567--inhibit it by 50--60%. Antimycin A, rotenone and mercuric chloride do not affect the binding of neuropharmaca by sea urchin embryos.", "contents": "[Effect of monoamines, heat shock and other factors on the binding of several neuropharmacologic preparations by sea urchin embryos]. Early embryos of the sea urchins Arbacia lixula and Paracentrotus lividus being subjected to an osmotic or heat shock (10 min at 70 degrees C or higher) do not longer bind cytotoxic pharmaca and do not affect the sensitivity of normal indicator embryos to these drugs. After exposure for 10 min at 40 degrees C, the binding of neuropharmaca by embryos is not affected, although their ability to protect indicator embryos from the action of these neuropharmaca is inhibited 4--5 times. Serotonin and adrenaline inhibit the binding of neuropharmaca by 10--20%, while meterazine, noveryl and an amphetamine derivative--IEM-567--inhibit it by 50--60%. Antimycin A, rotenone and mercuric chloride do not affect the binding of neuropharmaca by sea urchin embryos."}
{"id": "PMID:868406", "title": "[Characteristics of bacteria of the genus Citrobacter, isolated from healthy children and children with different acute gastrointestinal diseases].", "content": "The authors examined 250 children suffering from various acute gastrointestinal diseases, and 100 healthy children. Positive cultures of bacteria belonging to the Citrobacter genus were obtained in 38% of the patients and in 20% of the healthy persons. There were revealed no cultural or biochemical differences between the strains isolated from the sick and healthy individuals. There were revealed no cultural or biochemical differences between the strains isolated from the sich and healthy persons. A total of 189 strains were identified serologically. Serological types 01, 03, 04, 08, 021, 022, the ones most frequently encountered in sick children, were absent or rarely found in the healthy. Sensitivity of the majority of the strians to the main antibiotics used in medical practice was weak; the strain isolated from the sick and healthy children failed to differ by the antibiotic sensitivity.", "contents": "[Characteristics of bacteria of the genus Citrobacter, isolated from healthy children and children with different acute gastrointestinal diseases]. The authors examined 250 children suffering from various acute gastrointestinal diseases, and 100 healthy children. Positive cultures of bacteria belonging to the Citrobacter genus were obtained in 38% of the patients and in 20% of the healthy persons. There were revealed no cultural or biochemical differences between the strains isolated from the sick and healthy individuals. There were revealed no cultural or biochemical differences between the strains isolated from the sich and healthy persons. A total of 189 strains were identified serologically. Serological types 01, 03, 04, 08, 021, 022, the ones most frequently encountered in sick children, were absent or rarely found in the healthy. Sensitivity of the majority of the strians to the main antibiotics used in medical practice was weak; the strain isolated from the sick and healthy children failed to differ by the antibiotic sensitivity."}
{"id": "PMID:868398", "title": "[Changes in the retino-tectal system of the turtle Testudo horsfieldi following enucleation].", "content": "Studies have been made on.morpho-functional changes in the optic nerve and midbrain tectum after enucleation of the tortoise T. horsfieldi. It was found that intensive degeneration of terminals which follows \"dark\" type (3--31/2 months after enucleation) corresponds to degeneration of myelinated fibers. Terminals degenerating accordingly to \"light\" type (2--3 months) presumably belong to unmyelinated fibers, which degenerate at this period in the nerve. Terminals which follow \"vesicular\" degeneration, survive up to 6--61/2 months, probably due to survival of some unmyelinated fibers in the nerve. During degeneration of the optic fibers, corresponding changes in amplitude-temporal parameters of the evoked potentials in the midbrain tectum were observed during electrical stimulation of the optic nerve. These changes include the increase of the interval between the stimulus and the peak of both components, as well as the decrease of the amplitude of the responses. These changes were originally observed 11/2--2 months after enucleation, becoming more evident at later stages; 6--61/2 months after enucleation, both components of the evoked potential disappeared almost simultaneously.", "contents": "[Changes in the retino-tectal system of the turtle Testudo horsfieldi following enucleation]. Studies have been made on.morpho-functional changes in the optic nerve and midbrain tectum after enucleation of the tortoise T. horsfieldi. It was found that intensive degeneration of terminals which follows \"dark\" type (3--31/2 months after enucleation) corresponds to degeneration of myelinated fibers. Terminals degenerating accordingly to \"light\" type (2--3 months) presumably belong to unmyelinated fibers, which degenerate at this period in the nerve. Terminals which follow \"vesicular\" degeneration, survive up to 6--61/2 months, probably due to survival of some unmyelinated fibers in the nerve. During degeneration of the optic fibers, corresponding changes in amplitude-temporal parameters of the evoked potentials in the midbrain tectum were observed during electrical stimulation of the optic nerve. These changes include the increase of the interval between the stimulus and the peak of both components, as well as the decrease of the amplitude of the responses. These changes were originally observed 11/2--2 months after enucleation, becoming more evident at later stages; 6--61/2 months after enucleation, both components of the evoked potential disappeared almost simultaneously."}
{"id": "PMID:868394", "title": "[Photoreceptors and visual pigments of Black Sea elasmobranchs].", "content": "The retina of rays Dasyatis pastinaca and Raja clavata, as well as the dogfish Squalus acanthias was studied by electron microscopy, light colour differentiation technique and by electrophysiological methods. The retina of D. pastinaca contains about one cone per four rods. Cone and rod outer segments exhibit the ultrastructure typical of those cells in higher vertebrates. After treatment by Hartwig's method [5], cone outer segments are stained by thiasine red, rod outer segments sorbed the water-blue dye. The retina possesses both the scotopic and photopic systems, the latter reveals colour vision. With the method based on the registration of the early receptor potential it has been shown that D. pastinaca has three visual pigments with the absorption maxima near 540, 502 and 476 nm. The retina of R. clavata and S. acanthias contains only rhodopsin with lambda max= =495--497 nm. Photoreceptors of these animals are typical rods. Literature data on the Cyclostomes and results obtained for Elasmobranchs indicate that the photopic vision is phylogenetically more ancient than the scotopic system.", "contents": "[Photoreceptors and visual pigments of Black Sea elasmobranchs]. The retina of rays Dasyatis pastinaca and Raja clavata, as well as the dogfish Squalus acanthias was studied by electron microscopy, light colour differentiation technique and by electrophysiological methods. The retina of D. pastinaca contains about one cone per four rods. Cone and rod outer segments exhibit the ultrastructure typical of those cells in higher vertebrates. After treatment by Hartwig's method [5], cone outer segments are stained by thiasine red, rod outer segments sorbed the water-blue dye. The retina possesses both the scotopic and photopic systems, the latter reveals colour vision. With the method based on the registration of the early receptor potential it has been shown that D. pastinaca has three visual pigments with the absorption maxima near 540, 502 and 476 nm. The retina of R. clavata and S. acanthias contains only rhodopsin with lambda max= =495--497 nm. Photoreceptors of these animals are typical rods. Literature data on the Cyclostomes and results obtained for Elasmobranchs indicate that the photopic vision is phylogenetically more ancient than the scotopic system."}
{"id": "PMID:868401", "title": "[Early experience and the development of reflex mechanisms of behavior in rabbits and children].", "content": "Studies have been made on the possibility of influence of some external stimuli on the development of the inborn reflexes which maturate in postnatal life (knee jerk and plantar reflexes in infants, cleaning reflexes in rabbits). It was shown that external stimuli experienced by the organism in early ontogenesis may affect the development of immature inborn elements of behaviour. Repetitive evoking of the developing reflex increases the rate of formation of its definitive pattern. Elaboration of the conditioned reflex on the basis of such developing inborn one, on the contrary, leads to retardation of the latter. Early handling and repetitive placing the animal into experimental camera affect the development of total cleaning behaviour of rabbits.", "contents": "[Early experience and the development of reflex mechanisms of behavior in rabbits and children]. Studies have been made on the possibility of influence of some external stimuli on the development of the inborn reflexes which maturate in postnatal life (knee jerk and plantar reflexes in infants, cleaning reflexes in rabbits). It was shown that external stimuli experienced by the organism in early ontogenesis may affect the development of immature inborn elements of behaviour. Repetitive evoking of the developing reflex increases the rate of formation of its definitive pattern. Elaboration of the conditioned reflex on the basis of such developing inborn one, on the contrary, leads to retardation of the latter. Early handling and repetitive placing the animal into experimental camera affect the development of total cleaning behaviour of rabbits."}
{"id": "PMID:868397", "title": "[Functional connections between symmetrical segemental systems for controlling the claw muscles of the crayfish Astacus leptodactylus].", "content": "Studies have been made on functional connections between symmetric neuronal ensembles in the 1st thoracal ganglion realizing segmentary control of muscles in the claw dactylopodite. During moderate adequate stimulation of the receptive field, symmetric ensembles of efferent neurons operate independently from each other. Intensive stimulation of the receptive field results in the reflex dactylopodite abduction and in associated excitation of the symmetric contralateral group of corresponding neurons. Interaction of the symmetric ensembles is realized on both the segmentary and supersegmentary levels.", "contents": "[Functional connections between symmetrical segemental systems for controlling the claw muscles of the crayfish Astacus leptodactylus]. Studies have been made on functional connections between symmetric neuronal ensembles in the 1st thoracal ganglion realizing segmentary control of muscles in the claw dactylopodite. During moderate adequate stimulation of the receptive field, symmetric ensembles of efferent neurons operate independently from each other. Intensive stimulation of the receptive field results in the reflex dactylopodite abduction and in associated excitation of the symmetric contralateral group of corresponding neurons. Interaction of the symmetric ensembles is realized on both the segmentary and supersegmentary levels."}
{"id": "PMID:868400", "title": "[Differential participation of midbrain structures regulating voice in chicks].", "content": "Vocal reactions in chicks are controlled by the same midbrain structures as those in adult hens, namely n. intercollicularis (ICO), n. mesencephalicus lateralis, pars dorsalis (MLD), n. isthmi, pars principalis magnocellularis (IMC), n. mesencephalicus lateralis ventralis (MLV), n. isthmi, pars principalis parvocellularis (IPC). The nuclei ICO, MLO, IPC, IMC control the duration and form of vocal messages, as well as frequency parameters of the spectrum--i.e. the specific components of bioacoustic signals. The reticular formation and MLV are responsible for the amplitude of vocal messages and the interval between the latter.", "contents": "[Differential participation of midbrain structures regulating voice in chicks]. Vocal reactions in chicks are controlled by the same midbrain structures as those in adult hens, namely n. intercollicularis (ICO), n. mesencephalicus lateralis, pars dorsalis (MLD), n. isthmi, pars principalis magnocellularis (IMC), n. mesencephalicus lateralis ventralis (MLV), n. isthmi, pars principalis parvocellularis (IPC). The nuclei ICO, MLO, IPC, IMC control the duration and form of vocal messages, as well as frequency parameters of the spectrum--i.e. the specific components of bioacoustic signals. The reticular formation and MLV are responsible for the amplitude of vocal messages and the interval between the latter."}
{"id": "PMID:868409", "title": "[Cholerogenicity of L-forms of cholera vibrios].", "content": "Dutta and Habbu's method was applied to comparative study of cholerogenic properties of the L-strains of cholera vibrios and their initial bacterial variants. In difference from the initial strains, L-forms of cholera vibrios possessed no cholerogenic properties. A possibility of reversion of the stable L-form of cholera vibrios into bacterial form in vivo was revealed. This reversion was accompanied by the restoration of the cholerogenic properties and the change of the biotype of the cholera vibrio.", "contents": "[Cholerogenicity of L-forms of cholera vibrios]. Dutta and Habbu's method was applied to comparative study of cholerogenic properties of the L-strains of cholera vibrios and their initial bacterial variants. In difference from the initial strains, L-forms of cholera vibrios possessed no cholerogenic properties. A possibility of reversion of the stable L-form of cholera vibrios into bacterial form in vivo was revealed. This reversion was accompanied by the restoration of the cholerogenic properties and the change of the biotype of the cholera vibrio."}
{"id": "PMID:868411", "title": "[Ultrastructure of parasitic forms of the agent of coccidioidomycosis].", "content": "The authors studied the ultrastructure of the Coccidiodes immitis spherules in the sections of the abdominal cavity foci and pneumonic foci of Cricetus auratus W. and in albino mice infected intraperitoneally with a lethal dose of the mycelium fungus phase. It was found that the spherules of coccidiod fungus represented multinuclear cells with a well-organized protoplast included into a complicated supermembrane structure--the cell wall. Endospores (which copied the spherule structure in miniature) formed as a result of division of the cytoplasm by entire sections into polygonal segments with the subsequent separation of the latter. Due to the rupture of the cell wall of mature sporulating spherules the endospores are released into the surrounding tissue and are attacked there and phagocytized by polynuclears and macrophages. Phygocytosis of the fungi is mostly incomplete.", "contents": "[Ultrastructure of parasitic forms of the agent of coccidioidomycosis]. The authors studied the ultrastructure of the Coccidiodes immitis spherules in the sections of the abdominal cavity foci and pneumonic foci of Cricetus auratus W. and in albino mice infected intraperitoneally with a lethal dose of the mycelium fungus phase. It was found that the spherules of coccidiod fungus represented multinuclear cells with a well-organized protoplast included into a complicated supermembrane structure--the cell wall. Endospores (which copied the spherule structure in miniature) formed as a result of division of the cytoplasm by entire sections into polygonal segments with the subsequent separation of the latter. Due to the rupture of the cell wall of mature sporulating spherules the endospores are released into the surrounding tissue and are attacked there and phagocytized by polynuclears and macrophages. Phygocytosis of the fungi is mostly incomplete."}
{"id": "PMID:868413", "title": "[Rate of formation of postvaccinal immunity to plague in animal experiments].", "content": "The authors present the results of experimental studies on guinea pigs of the dynamics of plague immunity formation after a single inhalation immunization of the animals with live plague vaccine. Plague immunity proved to develop as soon as 24 hours after the application of the preparation; by the 3rd day the resistance level was 68 times greater than the control one. Immunity reached the maximal intensity by the 20th day after the vaccination. The level of specific resistance decreased 1.6 by the 3rd month.", "contents": "[Rate of formation of postvaccinal immunity to plague in animal experiments]. The authors present the results of experimental studies on guinea pigs of the dynamics of plague immunity formation after a single inhalation immunization of the animals with live plague vaccine. Plague immunity proved to develop as soon as 24 hours after the application of the preparation; by the 3rd day the resistance level was 68 times greater than the control one. Immunity reached the maximal intensity by the 20th day after the vaccination. The level of specific resistance decreased 1.6 by the 3rd month."}
{"id": "PMID:868414", "title": "[Variants of congenital fusion of the cranio-vertebral portion of the osteoarticular apparatus, adjacent cervical segments and their pathogenetic significance].", "content": "The report contains some results of a clinicoroentgenological study of 1208 individuals where in 107 (8.8%) cases there was a fusion of the cranio-vertebral area and adjacent segments. This pathology was expressed in the form of concrescence in 66 cases (61.6%) and in the form of assimilation--in 41 cases (38.3%). The fusion was mainly in the form of concrescense in the segment C2--C3 (in 62 cases). Less frequent was a fusion of the atlant with the occipital bone in the form of assimilation, (in 27 cases), concrescense (in 4 cases), and significantly less frequent a fusion of the atlant with the axis (in 3 cases in the form of assimilation, in 1 case in the form of concrescence). A fusion of the fragments of the atlant arc and axis was seen in 3 cases, a fusion of the type of the Clippel--Feil syndrome in 8 examined individuals. Concrescence irrespective of localization rarely creates a pathological neurological situation. Assimilation on the contrary was quite frequently accompanied by severe neurological disturbances and led to stable working incapacity.", "contents": "[Variants of congenital fusion of the cranio-vertebral portion of the osteoarticular apparatus, adjacent cervical segments and their pathogenetic significance]. The report contains some results of a clinicoroentgenological study of 1208 individuals where in 107 (8.8%) cases there was a fusion of the cranio-vertebral area and adjacent segments. This pathology was expressed in the form of concrescence in 66 cases (61.6%) and in the form of assimilation--in 41 cases (38.3%). The fusion was mainly in the form of concrescense in the segment C2--C3 (in 62 cases). Less frequent was a fusion of the atlant with the occipital bone in the form of assimilation, (in 27 cases), concrescense (in 4 cases), and significantly less frequent a fusion of the atlant with the axis (in 3 cases in the form of assimilation, in 1 case in the form of concrescence). A fusion of the fragments of the atlant arc and axis was seen in 3 cases, a fusion of the type of the Clippel--Feil syndrome in 8 examined individuals. Concrescence irrespective of localization rarely creates a pathological neurological situation. Assimilation on the contrary was quite frequently accompanied by severe neurological disturbances and led to stable working incapacity."}
{"id": "PMID:868416", "title": "[Autonomic-vascular and visceral crises in patients with climacteric spondylopathy].", "content": "The paper deals with the results of observations over 62 patients (55 females and 7 males) from the age of 42-76 with climacteric spondilopathy. The following syndromes of the nervous system lesions were revealed: neuralgic syndrome, middle and lower thoracal radiculoneuritis, the syndrome of vegetative sympatoganglionitis, myelopathy. Special attetion was given to the specificity of the nervous system lesions in patients with climacteric spondilopathy which was characterized by a tendency to vegetative-visceral crises. The author recommends a scheme of a comprehensive treatment of patients with climacteric spondilopathy with vegetative-vascular and visceral crises. This treatment includes androgen-estrogen preparations, anabolic steroids, thyrocalcitonine and symptomatic treatment.", "contents": "[Autonomic-vascular and visceral crises in patients with climacteric spondylopathy]. The paper deals with the results of observations over 62 patients (55 females and 7 males) from the age of 42-76 with climacteric spondilopathy. The following syndromes of the nervous system lesions were revealed: neuralgic syndrome, middle and lower thoracal radiculoneuritis, the syndrome of vegetative sympatoganglionitis, myelopathy. Special attetion was given to the specificity of the nervous system lesions in patients with climacteric spondilopathy which was characterized by a tendency to vegetative-visceral crises. The author recommends a scheme of a comprehensive treatment of patients with climacteric spondilopathy with vegetative-vascular and visceral crises. This treatment includes androgen-estrogen preparations, anabolic steroids, thyrocalcitonine and symptomatic treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:868417", "title": "[Changes in the perineurium in experimental allergic polyneuritis].", "content": "The perineurium performs the role of a diffuse neurotissue barrier, protecting the nervous fibres from extra neuronal pathological processes. The changes in the cellular layers of the perineurium in experimental allergic polyneuritis appear secondarily and are directly connected with the severity and localization of the demyelinating process. As a result of a developing demyelinization in the foci of allergic inflammation there is an accumulation of biologically active substances which lead to disturbances of permeability and the intactness of cellular layers of the perineurium. In its turn this leads to the proliferation of a protein exudate from the endobeurium into its intracellular spaces. The dystrophic changes were in the form of large vacuoles, spaces, lacunes of an incorrect form filled with proteins and a large amount of lysosome-like bodies. The cell nuclei were subjected to pycnosis and perinuclear swelling. In the other 3-5 layers there were only processes of a reactive character: a swelling of the cytoplasma, an enlargement of the cysterns in the endoplasmatic reticulum, an increase of the amount of free ribosomes and pynocytic vesicles.", "contents": "[Changes in the perineurium in experimental allergic polyneuritis]. The perineurium performs the role of a diffuse neurotissue barrier, protecting the nervous fibres from extra neuronal pathological processes. The changes in the cellular layers of the perineurium in experimental allergic polyneuritis appear secondarily and are directly connected with the severity and localization of the demyelinating process. As a result of a developing demyelinization in the foci of allergic inflammation there is an accumulation of biologically active substances which lead to disturbances of permeability and the intactness of cellular layers of the perineurium. In its turn this leads to the proliferation of a protein exudate from the endobeurium into its intracellular spaces. The dystrophic changes were in the form of large vacuoles, spaces, lacunes of an incorrect form filled with proteins and a large amount of lysosome-like bodies. The cell nuclei were subjected to pycnosis and perinuclear swelling. In the other 3-5 layers there were only processes of a reactive character: a swelling of the cytoplasma, an enlargement of the cysterns in the endoplasmatic reticulum, an increase of the amount of free ribosomes and pynocytic vesicles."}
{"id": "PMID:868418", "title": "[Neurologic manifestations of ischemia of the lower extremities following vascular injury].", "content": "Disorders of magistral vessels are accompanied by disturbances of motor and sensorial functions which may be erroneously qualified as traumas of the nervous stems. Such mistakes may lead to a late restitution of the magistral vessels and consequently to a necrosis of the extremities or severe disorders of functions. These disorders are not always climineted after a late renewal of the magistral blood. In this relation a clarification of the diagnosis may exert a certain indluence on the selection of treatment, inasmuct as traumas of the magistral arteries urgen surgical treatment while as injury of the nerves are not in need of such special measures.", "contents": "[Neurologic manifestations of ischemia of the lower extremities following vascular injury]. Disorders of magistral vessels are accompanied by disturbances of motor and sensorial functions which may be erroneously qualified as traumas of the nervous stems. Such mistakes may lead to a late restitution of the magistral vessels and consequently to a necrosis of the extremities or severe disorders of functions. These disorders are not always climineted after a late renewal of the magistral blood. In this relation a clarification of the diagnosis may exert a certain indluence on the selection of treatment, inasmuct as traumas of the magistral arteries urgen surgical treatment while as injury of the nerves are not in need of such special measures."}
{"id": "PMID:868419", "title": "[Functional state of the spinal cord in syringomyelia and tuberculous spondylitis with spinal disorders].", "content": "In patients with syringomyelia and tuberculous spondilitis accompanied by spinal disturbances (which are in accordance with clinical data considered as models with prevalent signs of disintegration and irritation in the spinal cord) the authors studied separate parameters of the H-reflex and 2 functionally different muscles: m. gastrocnemium and m. soleus. It was possible to show certain differences in the parameters of the H-reflex between the two groups of patients and between the indices of the 2 studied motoneuron pools within each group. The report contains some ideas in relation to the possible causes of these phenomena.", "contents": "[Functional state of the spinal cord in syringomyelia and tuberculous spondylitis with spinal disorders]. In patients with syringomyelia and tuberculous spondilitis accompanied by spinal disturbances (which are in accordance with clinical data considered as models with prevalent signs of disintegration and irritation in the spinal cord) the authors studied separate parameters of the H-reflex and 2 functionally different muscles: m. gastrocnemium and m. soleus. It was possible to show certain differences in the parameters of the H-reflex between the two groups of patients and between the indices of the 2 studied motoneuron pools within each group. The report contains some ideas in relation to the possible causes of these phenomena."}
{"id": "PMID:868420", "title": "[Functional rehabilitation of the upper extremity in children with sequelae of birth injuries to the brachial plexus using the method of adaptive bioregulation].", "content": "The authors report of their experience in the rehabilitation of active functions in the upper extremities of 22 children with sequelae of birth injuries of the shoulder plexi of the Erb type. In order to accelerate the reconstruction of the function of the transplanted trapezius muscle a method of adaptive bioregulations is suggested which permitted to quantify the doses of developed muscular tension and control the movements. The obtained results give ground to positively evaluate this method, based on the principle of external reverse connection in the rehabilitative period following an operation of myolavsanoplastics in children with spquelae of birth injuries of the shoulder joint of the Erb's type.", "contents": "[Functional rehabilitation of the upper extremity in children with sequelae of birth injuries to the brachial plexus using the method of adaptive bioregulation]. The authors report of their experience in the rehabilitation of active functions in the upper extremities of 22 children with sequelae of birth injuries of the shoulder plexi of the Erb type. In order to accelerate the reconstruction of the function of the transplanted trapezius muscle a method of adaptive bioregulations is suggested which permitted to quantify the doses of developed muscular tension and control the movements. The obtained results give ground to positively evaluate this method, based on the principle of external reverse connection in the rehabilitative period following an operation of myolavsanoplastics in children with spquelae of birth injuries of the shoulder joint of the Erb's type."}
{"id": "PMID:868421", "title": "[State of the nervous systems and cerebral vessels in several forms of dwarfism].", "content": "The authors studied the state of the nervous system in 29 patients with hypophyseal and 25 patients with cerebral nanism. In was demonstrated that in cerebral nanism, unlike hypophyseal, there are signs of the nervous system lesions on different levels. A REG study of the state of cerebral vessels in 14 patients with hypophyseal and 17 patients with cerebral nanism demonstrated that in patients with hypophyseal nanism the vascular condition practically did not differ from normal children of the same age, while in cerebral nanism there was an irregularity of the rheographic waves, an increased cerebral-vascular tone and a significant intrahemispheric asymmetry of the pulse blood flow. These data may be used for differential diagnosis of hypophyseal and cerebral nanism.", "contents": "[State of the nervous systems and cerebral vessels in several forms of dwarfism]. The authors studied the state of the nervous system in 29 patients with hypophyseal and 25 patients with cerebral nanism. In was demonstrated that in cerebral nanism, unlike hypophyseal, there are signs of the nervous system lesions on different levels. A REG study of the state of cerebral vessels in 14 patients with hypophyseal and 17 patients with cerebral nanism demonstrated that in patients with hypophyseal nanism the vascular condition practically did not differ from normal children of the same age, while in cerebral nanism there was an irregularity of the rheographic waves, an increased cerebral-vascular tone and a significant intrahemispheric asymmetry of the pulse blood flow. These data may be used for differential diagnosis of hypophyseal and cerebral nanism."}
{"id": "PMID:868422", "title": "[Clinical picture and diagnosis of leptomeningeal sarcomatosis].", "content": "The study is based on the analysis of 10 cases of sarcomatosis of the brain and spinal pia mater. A progressive development of the disease, cachaxia, the existence of focal symptoms, radicle pain, xantochromia in the CSF, protein-cell dissociation and some other signs are characteristic of primary sarcomatosis of the pia mater. On the basis of clinical symptoms and CSF changes it is possible vitaly to perform a differential diagnosis with chronic infectious diseases and especially with tubercular meningitis and polyradiculomyelitis. Pathomorphological studies revealed tissue infiltration of the surrounding intracerebral vessels by tumors cells without proliferation into the dura mater and radicles of the spinal cord.", "contents": "[Clinical picture and diagnosis of leptomeningeal sarcomatosis]. The study is based on the analysis of 10 cases of sarcomatosis of the brain and spinal pia mater. A progressive development of the disease, cachaxia, the existence of focal symptoms, radicle pain, xantochromia in the CSF, protein-cell dissociation and some other signs are characteristic of primary sarcomatosis of the pia mater. On the basis of clinical symptoms and CSF changes it is possible vitaly to perform a differential diagnosis with chronic infectious diseases and especially with tubercular meningitis and polyradiculomyelitis. Pathomorphological studies revealed tissue infiltration of the surrounding intracerebral vessels by tumors cells without proliferation into the dura mater and radicles of the spinal cord."}
{"id": "PMID:868423", "title": "[Clinico-diagnostic features of hemorrhagic strokes in late toxemias of pregnancy].", "content": "The paper deals with clinical studies concerning 128 cases of hemorrhagic strokes which complicated the development of a pregnancy with late toxicosis (nephropathy, preeclampsia, eclampsia). The pathogenesis of cerebral hemorrhages is discussed in relation to disturbances of hemodynamics and the coagulative blood system and is confirmed by the data of mechanocardiography and indices of blood coagulation. The author gives a clinical description of different forms of the hemorrhagic syndrome (hemorrhage of the retina, into the subcutaneous fat, gastric, renal-vesicular, nasal uterine hemorrhages). The author also discusses correlations with cerebral hemorrhages. Their clinical and diagnostical significance are determined along with the use of coagulant therapy of such cases.", "contents": "[Clinico-diagnostic features of hemorrhagic strokes in late toxemias of pregnancy]. The paper deals with clinical studies concerning 128 cases of hemorrhagic strokes which complicated the development of a pregnancy with late toxicosis (nephropathy, preeclampsia, eclampsia). The pathogenesis of cerebral hemorrhages is discussed in relation to disturbances of hemodynamics and the coagulative blood system and is confirmed by the data of mechanocardiography and indices of blood coagulation. The author gives a clinical description of different forms of the hemorrhagic syndrome (hemorrhage of the retina, into the subcutaneous fat, gastric, renal-vesicular, nasal uterine hemorrhages). The author also discusses correlations with cerebral hemorrhages. Their clinical and diagnostical significance are determined along with the use of coagulant therapy of such cases."}
{"id": "PMID:868424", "title": "[Methodology of psychopathologic research at the present time].", "content": "The modern level in the development of psychological experiments in psychiatry is characterized by stages of the traditional problem of the representativeness of pathopsychological data and by new stages related to the development of the general theory of experiments (the planning and type of experiment, processing of data, classification and control of errors). That is why instead of a search of a one-to-one correlation between the data of pathopsychological experiments and nozological forms there enters into action not only a psychopathological, but a methodological analysis of complicated interrelations between the syndrome structure, the acquired knowledge and the structure of the process of investigation.", "contents": "[Methodology of psychopathologic research at the present time]. The modern level in the development of psychological experiments in psychiatry is characterized by stages of the traditional problem of the representativeness of pathopsychological data and by new stages related to the development of the general theory of experiments (the planning and type of experiment, processing of data, classification and control of errors). That is why instead of a search of a one-to-one correlation between the data of pathopsychological experiments and nozological forms there enters into action not only a psychopathological, but a methodological analysis of complicated interrelations between the syndrome structure, the acquired knowledge and the structure of the process of investigation."}
{"id": "PMID:868425", "title": "[Psychological study of the intellectual-personality characteristics of neurotic patients (according to findings from use of the experimental Vygotskii-Sakhorov method)].", "content": "The author describes some special traits in accomplishing the modified techniques for a formation of conceptions according to Vigotsky-Sakharov's test in patients with different forms of neuroses (neurasthenia, hysteria, psychasthenia). A study of conceptual thinking in such patients revealed a dissociation between the possibility of a practical mastering of the task and its verbalization on a conceptual level which is characteristic of hysteria.", "contents": "[Psychological study of the intellectual-personality characteristics of neurotic patients (according to findings from use of the experimental Vygotskii-Sakhorov method)]. The author describes some special traits in accomplishing the modified techniques for a formation of conceptions according to Vigotsky-Sakharov's test in patients with different forms of neuroses (neurasthenia, hysteria, psychasthenia). A study of conceptual thinking in such patients revealed a dissociation between the possibility of a practical mastering of the task and its verbalization on a conceptual level which is characteristic of hysteria."}
{"id": "PMID:868426", "title": "[Personality changes in patients with periodic psychoses].", "content": "The author studied some personality changes in 35 patients with psychoses of periodical development (affective and schizoaffective psychoses), which are important for the rehabilitation period. It was demonstrated that following acute psychotic states there may be a significant distortion of the personality traits giving ground to qualify this state as \"a defect\", which in the opinion of the author is not justified. Adequate treatment to a large degree removes the personality changes. However, during the remission period there may be some irreversible changes of the personality. The author believes that in some cases there may be peculiar postpsychotic reactions and personality development.", "contents": "[Personality changes in patients with periodic psychoses]. The author studied some personality changes in 35 patients with psychoses of periodical development (affective and schizoaffective psychoses), which are important for the rehabilitation period. It was demonstrated that following acute psychotic states there may be a significant distortion of the personality traits giving ground to qualify this state as \"a defect\", which in the opinion of the author is not justified. Adequate treatment to a large degree removes the personality changes. However, during the remission period there may be some irreversible changes of the personality. The author believes that in some cases there may be peculiar postpsychotic reactions and personality development."}
{"id": "PMID:868427", "title": "[Premorbid personality of patients with adolescent seizure-like schizophrenia].", "content": "The premorbid personality, features of early ontogenesis and childhood crises periods were studied in 226 patients with attack-like forms of schizophrenia, manifesting itself in adolescence with florid psychotic attacks. The authors describe 8 types of the premorbid personality: 1) hyperthymic; 2) sthenic; 3) sensitive; 4) dissociated; 5) passive; schizoid; 6) explosive; 7) model and 8) deficitary personalities. A clinical analysis of the studied cases deomnstrated that the premorbid type of the patient, along with some other factor may be considered as one of the important indices when making a probability prognosis of the development of the disease.", "contents": "[Premorbid personality of patients with adolescent seizure-like schizophrenia]. The premorbid personality, features of early ontogenesis and childhood crises periods were studied in 226 patients with attack-like forms of schizophrenia, manifesting itself in adolescence with florid psychotic attacks. The authors describe 8 types of the premorbid personality: 1) hyperthymic; 2) sthenic; 3) sensitive; 4) dissociated; 5) passive; schizoid; 6) explosive; 7) model and 8) deficitary personalities. A clinical analysis of the studied cases deomnstrated that the premorbid type of the patient, along with some other factor may be considered as one of the important indices when making a probability prognosis of the development of the disease."}
{"id": "PMID:868428", "title": "[Clinical features of alcoholism in patients with the heboid form of schizophrenia].", "content": "By means of a clinical and follow-up method the author studied 74 patients with adolescent slowly progressive psychopath-like schizophrenia and prevalence of alcohol abuse in the clinical picture. It was established that in the period of the active development of the process in the framework of a protracted schizophrenic attack there are no signs of chronic alcoholism. Massive alcohol abuse is a symptom of the main psychopath-like state limited in time by the period of an attack and disappears with the outcome of the attack. In a relatively sluggish development of schizophrenia it would be justified to speak of co-existence of 2 diseases where schizophrenia is the main and it sharply modifies the picture of chronic alcoholism. These patients demonstrate a shorter period in the formation of chronic alcoholism and a distinct prevalence of its somatic signs over the mental.", "contents": "[Clinical features of alcoholism in patients with the heboid form of schizophrenia]. By means of a clinical and follow-up method the author studied 74 patients with adolescent slowly progressive psychopath-like schizophrenia and prevalence of alcohol abuse in the clinical picture. It was established that in the period of the active development of the process in the framework of a protracted schizophrenic attack there are no signs of chronic alcoholism. Massive alcohol abuse is a symptom of the main psychopath-like state limited in time by the period of an attack and disappears with the outcome of the attack. In a relatively sluggish development of schizophrenia it would be justified to speak of co-existence of 2 diseases where schizophrenia is the main and it sharply modifies the picture of chronic alcoholism. These patients demonstrate a shorter period in the formation of chronic alcoholism and a distinct prevalence of its somatic signs over the mental."}
{"id": "PMID:868429", "title": "[Schizophrenia with a favorable course and its significance in forensic psychiatry].", "content": "A clinico-catamnestical study of 357 schizophrenic patients revealed a necessity for a more careful approach in considering schizophrenic patients responsible. clinically justified such qualifications appeared only in 30.4% (mainly in recurrent schizophrenia and less frequently in attack-like-progressive). A sluggish schizophreinic process irrespective of its rate is a contraindication to acknowledge the patients responsible.", "contents": "[Schizophrenia with a favorable course and its significance in forensic psychiatry]. A clinico-catamnestical study of 357 schizophrenic patients revealed a necessity for a more careful approach in considering schizophrenic patients responsible. clinically justified such qualifications appeared only in 30.4% (mainly in recurrent schizophrenia and less frequently in attack-like-progressive). A sluggish schizophreinic process irrespective of its rate is a contraindication to acknowledge the patients responsible."}
{"id": "PMID:868430", "title": "[Findings from a psychiatrist's screening of selected groups of the adult population in a number of regions of the USSR].", "content": "The paper is concerned with the results of a total study of representative sample groups of the population made by a psychiatrist. During such examinations 1872 individuals who demonstrated mental disorders were found. Only a part of them were previously registered in a psychoneurological dispensary. A comparison of the number of previously registered patients in the different groups of population made it possible to conclude that the detection of patients is associated with severity of the disease and with social activity of different groups of population.", "contents": "[Findings from a psychiatrist's screening of selected groups of the adult population in a number of regions of the USSR]. The paper is concerned with the results of a total study of representative sample groups of the population made by a psychiatrist. During such examinations 1872 individuals who demonstrated mental disorders were found. Only a part of them were previously registered in a psychoneurological dispensary. A comparison of the number of previously registered patients in the different groups of population made it possible to conclude that the detection of patients is associated with severity of the disease and with social activity of different groups of population."}
{"id": "PMID:868432", "title": "[Pathogenesis of chronic alcohosim].", "content": "The paper is concerned with a study of the enzyme activity which reflects the functional state of the liver in 123 patients with chronic alcoholism (without clinical signs of disturbed liver function). The blood serum was studied for sorbitdehydrogenase, frutose-I-phosphataldolase, glutamino-asparagine and glutamine-alanine transamine. It was established that there is an increase in the activity of specific and nonspecific liver enzymes. This increase was in a direct correlation with the clinical expression and severity of the disease (withdrawal syndrome, delirious condition). It is being concluded that the indices of the level of enzyme activity may be used for the evaluation of the state of the patients and its change under the effect of treatment.", "contents": "[Pathogenesis of chronic alcohosim]. The paper is concerned with a study of the enzyme activity which reflects the functional state of the liver in 123 patients with chronic alcoholism (without clinical signs of disturbed liver function). The blood serum was studied for sorbitdehydrogenase, frutose-I-phosphataldolase, glutamino-asparagine and glutamine-alanine transamine. It was established that there is an increase in the activity of specific and nonspecific liver enzymes. This increase was in a direct correlation with the clinical expression and severity of the disease (withdrawal syndrome, delirious condition). It is being concluded that the indices of the level of enzyme activity may be used for the evaluation of the state of the patients and its change under the effect of treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:868433", "title": "[Use of long-acting lithium carbonate--micalite--in the treatment of affective psychoses].", "content": "Micalite (microcapsulated lithium carbonate with a retarded action) was used for the treatment of manic states and the prevention of attacks of manic-depressive psychosis in 40 patients. The preparation was administered once daily. This provided the necessary concentration of lithium in the blood on a stable level. According to its therapeutical effectiveness and the frequency of side-effects micalite does not differ from other lithium preparations with a simgle daily administration of micalite there are much less distubrances in the treament regime.", "contents": "[Use of long-acting lithium carbonate--micalite--in the treatment of affective psychoses]. Micalite (microcapsulated lithium carbonate with a retarded action) was used for the treatment of manic states and the prevention of attacks of manic-depressive psychosis in 40 patients. The preparation was administered once daily. This provided the necessary concentration of lithium in the blood on a stable level. According to its therapeutical effectiveness and the frequency of side-effects micalite does not differ from other lithium preparations with a simgle daily administration of micalite there are much less distubrances in the treament regime."}
{"id": "PMID:868434", "title": "The determination of tryptophan and tyrosine in native proteins on the basis of inner filter effect in spectrofluorimetry.", "content": "Determination of tryptophan content in proteins, or tyrosine in proteins not containing tryptophan, is described. The method was applied to five proteins containing from 2 to 8 tryptophan residues per molecule. It was found that the simultaneous presence of a large amount of tyrosine in the protein has no influence on the accuracy of tryptophan determination.", "contents": "The determination of tryptophan and tyrosine in native proteins on the basis of inner filter effect in spectrofluorimetry. Determination of tryptophan content in proteins, or tyrosine in proteins not containing tryptophan, is described. The method was applied to five proteins containing from 2 to 8 tryptophan residues per molecule. It was found that the simultaneous presence of a large amount of tyrosine in the protein has no influence on the accuracy of tryptophan determination."}
{"id": "PMID:868435", "title": "Substrate specificity of succinyl-CoA transferase from rat kidney mitochondria.", "content": "1. Succinyl-CoA: 3-oxoacid transferase (EC 2.8.3.5) from rat kidney mitochondria, purified about 200-fold, catalyses the CoA transfer from acetoacetyl-CoA to succinate, acetoacetate, maleate, glutarate and malonate; maleate proved to be a true substrate of the enzyme. 2. Double-reciprocal plots of the initial reaction rates against substrates concentrations arb best fitted by parallel  lines. Inhibition by each acid product of the reaction is competitive with respect to the acid acceptor of CoA. 3. CoA-transferase from rat kidney shows similar kinetics as, but different substrate specificity than, the enzyme from other sources.", "contents": "Substrate specificity of succinyl-CoA transferase from rat kidney mitochondria. 1. Succinyl-CoA: 3-oxoacid transferase (EC 2.8.3.5) from rat kidney mitochondria, purified about 200-fold, catalyses the CoA transfer from acetoacetyl-CoA to succinate, acetoacetate, maleate, glutarate and malonate; maleate proved to be a true substrate of the enzyme. 2. Double-reciprocal plots of the initial reaction rates against substrates concentrations arb best fitted by parallel  lines. Inhibition by each acid product of the reaction is competitive with respect to the acid acceptor of CoA. 3. CoA-transferase from rat kidney shows similar kinetics as, but different substrate specificity than, the enzyme from other sources."}
{"id": "PMID:868436", "title": "Structure of acridines and their effect on RNA synthesis in vitro.", "content": "1. Ledakrin (C-283), a 1-nitro-9-aminopropylacridine derivative, inhibits RNA synthesis in vitro if the complex with DNA is formed in the presence of thiol. 2. Using several analogues of Ledakrin, it has been found that the 1-nitro group is essential for enhancement of the inhibition by thiol; the length of 9-aminoalkyl side chain also plays a role in the reaction between DNA and the dye. 3. It is suggested that the low inhibitory effect of Ledakrin in the absence of thiol compounds is due to a steric hindrance between neighbouring 1-nitro and 9-aminoalkyl groups. This hypothesis has been confirmed by assaying inhibition of RNA synthesis by several analogues of Ledakrin.", "contents": "Structure of acridines and their effect on RNA synthesis in vitro. 1. Ledakrin (C-283), a 1-nitro-9-aminopropylacridine derivative, inhibits RNA synthesis in vitro if the complex with DNA is formed in the presence of thiol. 2. Using several analogues of Ledakrin, it has been found that the 1-nitro group is essential for enhancement of the inhibition by thiol; the length of 9-aminoalkyl side chain also plays a role in the reaction between DNA and the dye. 3. It is suggested that the low inhibitory effect of Ledakrin in the absence of thiol compounds is due to a steric hindrance between neighbouring 1-nitro and 9-aminoalkyl groups. This hypothesis has been confirmed by assaying inhibition of RNA synthesis by several analogues of Ledakrin."}
{"id": "PMID:868437", "title": "Appearance of poly(A)-rich RNA in germinating pea seeds.", "content": "1. The affinity chromatography on poly(U)-Sepharose 4B provided evidence for the absence of poly(A)-rich fragments in RNA from embryo axes of dry pea seeds, and for appearance of these fragments after 2 h of swelling. 2. The percentage of the poly(A)-rich RNA fraction remained unchanged in the initial phase of germination (up to 68 h). 3. The poly(A)-rich RNA fraction was found to promote protein synthesis in vitro more than did the poly(A)-poor fraction. 4. Ribonuclease A and T1-resistant fragments isolated from the poly(A)-rich RNA contain 70-80 nucleotides, 78% of which are adenine nucleotides. 5. It seems that polyadenylation of a part of mRNA preexisting in dry pea seeds precedes the initiation of protein biosynthesis.", "contents": "Appearance of poly(A)-rich RNA in germinating pea seeds. 1. The affinity chromatography on poly(U)-Sepharose 4B provided evidence for the absence of poly(A)-rich fragments in RNA from embryo axes of dry pea seeds, and for appearance of these fragments after 2 h of swelling. 2. The percentage of the poly(A)-rich RNA fraction remained unchanged in the initial phase of germination (up to 68 h). 3. The poly(A)-rich RNA fraction was found to promote protein synthesis in vitro more than did the poly(A)-poor fraction. 4. Ribonuclease A and T1-resistant fragments isolated from the poly(A)-rich RNA contain 70-80 nucleotides, 78% of which are adenine nucleotides. 5. It seems that polyadenylation of a part of mRNA preexisting in dry pea seeds precedes the initiation of protein biosynthesis."}
{"id": "PMID:868438", "title": "DNA polymerase gamma of rabbit intestinal epithelial cells.", "content": "1. DNA-directed DNA polymerase gamma was isolated from epithelial cells of the rabbit small intestine, and characterized. 2. The molecular weight of the enzyme, determined by Sephadex G-200 filtration was 105 000 +/- 15%. 3. The enzyme showed preference for poly(A) replication on poly(A)-poly(dT) or poly(A)-oligo(dT) 12-18 templates, as compared with activated DNA. Poly(C)-oligo(dG)12-18 replication was not observed. 4. The Michaelis constants for dTTP in replication of activated DNA and poly(A)-oligo(dT)12-18 were 3.3 and 2.0 micron, respectively.", "contents": "DNA polymerase gamma of rabbit intestinal epithelial cells. 1. DNA-directed DNA polymerase gamma was isolated from epithelial cells of the rabbit small intestine, and characterized. 2. The molecular weight of the enzyme, determined by Sephadex G-200 filtration was 105 000 +/- 15%. 3. The enzyme showed preference for poly(A) replication on poly(A)-poly(dT) or poly(A)-oligo(dT) 12-18 templates, as compared with activated DNA. Poly(C)-oligo(dG)12-18 replication was not observed. 4. The Michaelis constants for dTTP in replication of activated DNA and poly(A)-oligo(dT)12-18 were 3.3 and 2.0 micron, respectively."}
{"id": "PMID:868439", "title": "Compartmentation of the amino acid pool in Saccharomycopsis lipolytica.", "content": "1. The size of the free amino acid pool in S. lipolytica varies from 250 to 350 micronmoles/g dry wt., and it accounts for about 10% of the total amino acid content; 80-90% of free amino acids, including methionine, is compartmentized in vacuole. S-Adenosylmethionine (SAM) occurs in equal proportions in vacuole and cytoplasm while aspartate and glutamate are mainly cytosolic. 2. The bulk of the methionine overproduced in the ethionine-resistant mutant Etr-13, and of the exogenous methionine derived from the methionine-enriched medium, is stored in vacuole. The amount and distribution of SAM is not affected. 3. Overloading with endogenous methionine results in a significant increase in the total cytosolic amino acid pool and is associated with the increased concentration of arginine, glutamine and lysin; on overloading with exogenous methionine, only lysine is elevated.", "contents": "Compartmentation of the amino acid pool in Saccharomycopsis lipolytica. 1. The size of the free amino acid pool in S. lipolytica varies from 250 to 350 micronmoles/g dry wt., and it accounts for about 10% of the total amino acid content; 80-90% of free amino acids, including methionine, is compartmentized in vacuole. S-Adenosylmethionine (SAM) occurs in equal proportions in vacuole and cytoplasm while aspartate and glutamate are mainly cytosolic. 2. The bulk of the methionine overproduced in the ethionine-resistant mutant Etr-13, and of the exogenous methionine derived from the methionine-enriched medium, is stored in vacuole. The amount and distribution of SAM is not affected. 3. Overloading with endogenous methionine results in a significant increase in the total cytosolic amino acid pool and is associated with the increased concentration of arginine, glutamine and lysin; on overloading with exogenous methionine, only lysine is elevated."}
{"id": "PMID:868453", "title": "Histological and biochemical changes in the female genital tract of rats and mice after methallibure treatment.", "content": "Methallibure administration caused reduction of gonadal weights in female rats and mice indicative of suppression of pituitary gonadotrophins. In the ovaries of the methallibure treated females, there was a great atresia of the follicles and of the corpora lutea. Methalbure caused atrophic changes in the endometrial lining of the vagina. Uterine horns became thin after methallibure treatment. A significant decrease in protein, RNA and sialic acid concentration in uterus and vagina was observed following methallibure treatment. Uterus of treated animals showed decreased glycogen contents. Histological and biochemical changes in the female genital tract of rats and mice suggested that the drug caused antifertility effect due to its possible antiestrogenic action.", "contents": "Histological and biochemical changes in the female genital tract of rats and mice after methallibure treatment. Methallibure administration caused reduction of gonadal weights in female rats and mice indicative of suppression of pituitary gonadotrophins. In the ovaries of the methallibure treated females, there was a great atresia of the follicles and of the corpora lutea. Methalbure caused atrophic changes in the endometrial lining of the vagina. Uterine horns became thin after methallibure treatment. A significant decrease in protein, RNA and sialic acid concentration in uterus and vagina was observed following methallibure treatment. Uterus of treated animals showed decreased glycogen contents. Histological and biochemical changes in the female genital tract of rats and mice suggested that the drug caused antifertility effect due to its possible antiestrogenic action."}
{"id": "PMID:868454", "title": "Restriction on the indications for metroplasty.", "content": "When a congenital uterine anomaly has been diagnosed, surgical correction of the malformed uterus is usually carried out. However, minor disturbances of glucose metabolism are easily overlooked in the presence of major congenital uterine malformation. In this paper we studied the obstetrical histories of 76 patients with congenital uterine anomalies. In the group with repeated pregnancy failure we found significantly more disturbances in carbohydrate metabolism than in the group with uneventful pregnancies (P less than 0.001). Treatment of any disturbances of carbohydrate metabolism greatly improves the fetal outcome. This suggests that such treatment is essential in the management of patients with a bad obstetrical history and may even make surgical correction unnecessary.", "contents": "Restriction on the indications for metroplasty. When a congenital uterine anomaly has been diagnosed, surgical correction of the malformed uterus is usually carried out. However, minor disturbances of glucose metabolism are easily overlooked in the presence of major congenital uterine malformation. In this paper we studied the obstetrical histories of 76 patients with congenital uterine anomalies. In the group with repeated pregnancy failure we found significantly more disturbances in carbohydrate metabolism than in the group with uneventful pregnancies (P less than 0.001). Treatment of any disturbances of carbohydrate metabolism greatly improves the fetal outcome. This suggests that such treatment is essential in the management of patients with a bad obstetrical history and may even make surgical correction unnecessary."}
{"id": "PMID:868455", "title": "The use of cyclofenil in menopausal women.", "content": "On the basis of some reports, a double-blind experimental trial comparing the activity of cyclofenil, estradiol valerate and placebo in post-menopausal disturbances was carried out. 60 women among those attending the menopausal clinic and affected by climateric disorders have been treated. The objective criterium for the admission had been established on the basis of the value of plasma FSH (greater or equal to 800 ng/ml). Besides the gynecological examination (including objective and subjective examination, hormone dosage, endometrial biopsy) patients underwent psychological examination (individual interview and psychometric tests) before and after 28 days of therapy The statistical evaluation of the results obtained with the 3 drugs showed a statistically significant difference between the placebo and the active compounds: no significant difference between cyclofenil and estradiol valerate was observed.", "contents": "The use of cyclofenil in menopausal women. On the basis of some reports, a double-blind experimental trial comparing the activity of cyclofenil, estradiol valerate and placebo in post-menopausal disturbances was carried out. 60 women among those attending the menopausal clinic and affected by climateric disorders have been treated. The objective criterium for the admission had been established on the basis of the value of plasma FSH (greater or equal to 800 ng/ml). Besides the gynecological examination (including objective and subjective examination, hormone dosage, endometrial biopsy) patients underwent psychological examination (individual interview and psychometric tests) before and after 28 days of therapy The statistical evaluation of the results obtained with the 3 drugs showed a statistically significant difference between the placebo and the active compounds: no significant difference between cyclofenil and estradiol valerate was observed."}
{"id": "PMID:868458", "title": "[Age dependence of chromosomal findings].", "content": "Relations between aging and chromosomal aberrations are reviewed, comparing own results with those of other investigators. The increase of hypodiploidy in aging women described by Jacobs et al. 1961 could be confirmed by several authors, whereas the age dependence of the rate of hypodiploidy in men, seems to be uncertain. It can be assumed that the hypodiploidy in female cells is caused by loss of X-chromosomes. Primarily, with regard to the observation of Fitzgerald in 1975, that X-chromosomes with premature centromere division (an anomaly which seems to be associated with a high tendency to non-disjunction) could be found more frequent in old, rather than in young females. This result is confirmed by our own studies. In agreement with other investigators we were able to establish a significant difference between the rates of structural aberrations of two age groups of \"normal\" females: An age-dependent increase of structural aberrations in vivo, could be concluded from the fact that dicentric chromosomes were most frequent in 48-hour cultures of the old females. The high frequency of single chromatid breaks in 72-hour cultures in the same age group, led us to the assumption of an age-dependent chromosomal instability in relation to in vitro conditions. Since numerical and structural aberrations indicate mutagenic alterations, the reviewed cytogenetic results may be an important support for the mutation theories of aging.", "contents": "[Age dependence of chromosomal findings]. Relations between aging and chromosomal aberrations are reviewed, comparing own results with those of other investigators. The increase of hypodiploidy in aging women described by Jacobs et al. 1961 could be confirmed by several authors, whereas the age dependence of the rate of hypodiploidy in men, seems to be uncertain. It can be assumed that the hypodiploidy in female cells is caused by loss of X-chromosomes. Primarily, with regard to the observation of Fitzgerald in 1975, that X-chromosomes with premature centromere division (an anomaly which seems to be associated with a high tendency to non-disjunction) could be found more frequent in old, rather than in young females. This result is confirmed by our own studies. In agreement with other investigators we were able to establish a significant difference between the rates of structural aberrations of two age groups of \"normal\" females: An age-dependent increase of structural aberrations in vivo, could be concluded from the fact that dicentric chromosomes were most frequent in 48-hour cultures of the old females. The high frequency of single chromatid breaks in 72-hour cultures in the same age group, led us to the assumption of an age-dependent chromosomal instability in relation to in vitro conditions. Since numerical and structural aberrations indicate mutagenic alterations, the reviewed cytogenetic results may be an important support for the mutation theories of aging."}
{"id": "PMID:868459", "title": "[Behavior of pulmonary artery pressure in the egometric exercise test in chronic coronary disease].", "content": "Bicycle exercise stress tests of 39 patients with coronary heart disease are compared to those of 33 healthy persons. The difference in enddiastolic pulmonary artery pressure (PAEDP) of the patients compared to the healthy is low at rest (PAEDPhec healthy = 8.49 +/- 2.80, PAEDPCHD = 10.51 +/- 5.09, p = 0.05). Stress testing (50 Watts) brings significant differences of the average enddiastolic pressures (PAEDP healthy = 12.76 +/- 3.61, PAEDPCHD = 19.38 +/- 7.96, p = 0.001). More important than this (already well known difference) is the wide divergence of results within the group of patients with CHD. For this reason this type of investigation seems to be a good \"screening method\" regarding selection for coronary arteriography. The reason for the pathological rise of PAEDP can be found in a decrease of compliance due to ischaemia (\"coronary factor\"), or in exercise induced temporary heart failure (\"myocardial factor\"), or both.", "contents": "[Behavior of pulmonary artery pressure in the egometric exercise test in chronic coronary disease]. Bicycle exercise stress tests of 39 patients with coronary heart disease are compared to those of 33 healthy persons. The difference in enddiastolic pulmonary artery pressure (PAEDP) of the patients compared to the healthy is low at rest (PAEDPhec healthy = 8.49 +/- 2.80, PAEDPCHD = 10.51 +/- 5.09, p = 0.05). Stress testing (50 Watts) brings significant differences of the average enddiastolic pressures (PAEDP healthy = 12.76 +/- 3.61, PAEDPCHD = 19.38 +/- 7.96, p = 0.001). More important than this (already well known difference) is the wide divergence of results within the group of patients with CHD. For this reason this type of investigation seems to be a good \"screening method\" regarding selection for coronary arteriography. The reason for the pathological rise of PAEDP can be found in a decrease of compliance due to ischaemia (\"coronary factor\"), or in exercise induced temporary heart failure (\"myocardial factor\"), or both."}
{"id": "PMID:868460", "title": "[Exercise therapy in coronary disease. An overall practical model for long-term rehabilitation].", "content": "This report concerns a model for multifactorial rehabilitation after myocardial infarction (MI), with minimum requirements of personnel, space and equipment. Groups of patients are treated twice weekly, in a gymnasium of a school. Survivors of MI increased their exercise capacity from 77% to 93% of sex- and age adjusted normal within 3 to 6 months of therapy (mean values, P less than 0.001). A similar improvement was observed regardless of whether exercise training was started soon (less than 6 months) or late (greater than 12 months) after MI, indicating that exercise capacity increased with training, but was not dependent on time alone. The majority of 87 patients who answered a questionnaire, indicated that in their opinion a strictly organized program requiring a regular attendance was important for the rehabilitation and 89% thought that their participation had resulted in physical and psychological benefits. Two groups of survivors of MI were compared by use of the \"Freiburger personality inventory\" (FPI). Patients who were more physically impaired, showed a greater degree of a sort of psychosomatic disorder as indicated by the ratings of scale 1 of the FPI. The described program has proved successful, as it resulted in an increase of exercise capacity. This may have a favorable influence on a sort of psychosomatic disorder encountered in patients with healed MI. Beneficial physical and psychological effects were reported by the participants.", "contents": "[Exercise therapy in coronary disease. An overall practical model for long-term rehabilitation]. This report concerns a model for multifactorial rehabilitation after myocardial infarction (MI), with minimum requirements of personnel, space and equipment. Groups of patients are treated twice weekly, in a gymnasium of a school. Survivors of MI increased their exercise capacity from 77% to 93% of sex- and age adjusted normal within 3 to 6 months of therapy (mean values, P less than 0.001). A similar improvement was observed regardless of whether exercise training was started soon (less than 6 months) or late (greater than 12 months) after MI, indicating that exercise capacity increased with training, but was not dependent on time alone. The majority of 87 patients who answered a questionnaire, indicated that in their opinion a strictly organized program requiring a regular attendance was important for the rehabilitation and 89% thought that their participation had resulted in physical and psychological benefits. Two groups of survivors of MI were compared by use of the \"Freiburger personality inventory\" (FPI). Patients who were more physically impaired, showed a greater degree of a sort of psychosomatic disorder as indicated by the ratings of scale 1 of the FPI. The described program has proved successful, as it resulted in an increase of exercise capacity. This may have a favorable influence on a sort of psychosomatic disorder encountered in patients with healed MI. Beneficial physical and psychological effects were reported by the participants."}
{"id": "PMID:868461", "title": "[Long-term ambulatory rehabilitation of patients with infarct. Clinical studies on patients during 1974 and 1975].", "content": "An out-patients long-term rehabilitation program is performed in myocardial infarction for 6 to 12 months. It comprises all kinds of rehabilitation and secondary prevention. The working capacity measured by exercise tests can be improved and stabilized (mean improvement: 20%). 75.8% of office employees and 58% of workers return to work. There was not positive influence on plasma cholesterol and triglyzeride level, to be noticed. Upon inquiry, one year after myocardial infarction, 85% of patients had stopped cigarette smoking.", "contents": "[Long-term ambulatory rehabilitation of patients with infarct. Clinical studies on patients during 1974 and 1975]. An out-patients long-term rehabilitation program is performed in myocardial infarction for 6 to 12 months. It comprises all kinds of rehabilitation and secondary prevention. The working capacity measured by exercise tests can be improved and stabilized (mean improvement: 20%). 75.8% of office employees and 58% of workers return to work. There was not positive influence on plasma cholesterol and triglyzeride level, to be noticed. Upon inquiry, one year after myocardial infarction, 85% of patients had stopped cigarette smoking."}
{"id": "PMID:868462", "title": "[Rehabilitation after myocardial infarct. Assessment of result and possibilities for the prognosis of success].", "content": "Data of 253 patients with acute myocardial infarction (data collected from primary hospital, from the rehabilitation center-- R.C.-- and from a questionnaire dealing with the individual problems of the rehabilitation period; response rate 77%) were correlated in order to derive criteria for the estimation of the success of rehabilitation. It could be shown that the increase in physical performance and the clinical judgement in the R.C. are well paralleled by the further course of the rehabilitation period (return to work etc.). On the other hand it seemed difficult to predict rehabilitative results from the hospital data alone. It was only shown that the severity of the disease had a major influence upon rate of and interval, before return to work.", "contents": "[Rehabilitation after myocardial infarct. Assessment of result and possibilities for the prognosis of success]. Data of 253 patients with acute myocardial infarction (data collected from primary hospital, from the rehabilitation center-- R.C.-- and from a questionnaire dealing with the individual problems of the rehabilitation period; response rate 77%) were correlated in order to derive criteria for the estimation of the success of rehabilitation. It could be shown that the increase in physical performance and the clinical judgement in the R.C. are well paralleled by the further course of the rehabilitation period (return to work etc.). On the other hand it seemed difficult to predict rehabilitative results from the hospital data alone. It was only shown that the severity of the disease had a major influence upon rate of and interval, before return to work."}
{"id": "PMID:868463", "title": "Studies on the binding of androgens to the cytosol proteins and nuclei of the rat seminal vesicle.", "content": "Mince of the seminal vesicles of rats castrated 5--6 days before the experiment was incubated at 37 degree C with 3H-testosterone. Ater 60 min incubation with 10 nM testosterone 73% of the label bound to cytosol proteins and 83% of the label attached to nuclei was in 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone while unbound steroids contained only 29% dihydrotestosterone. The amount of dihydrotestosterone bound to cytosol proteins and nuclei was 0.4 pmol/g tissue and 1 pmol/g tissue, respectively. On the basis of the nuclear binding of this steroid about 1900 binding sites per nucleus were calculated. Both cytosolic and nuclear binding sites were half saturated at about 1 nM testosterone concentration. Most of the binding to cytosol proteins occurred during the first 10 min, while the maximum binding to nuclei was attained after 40 min of incubation. Nuclei were found to bind considerable amounts of testosterone. Binding of testosterone to nuclei reached its maximum between 10--20 min of incubation and declined then to a comparatively low level during the ensuing 40--50 min. Various experimental results suggest that testosterone and dihydrotestosterone are accumulated in the nuclei by independent mechanisms.", "contents": "Studies on the binding of androgens to the cytosol proteins and nuclei of the rat seminal vesicle. Mince of the seminal vesicles of rats castrated 5--6 days before the experiment was incubated at 37 degree C with 3H-testosterone. Ater 60 min incubation with 10 nM testosterone 73% of the label bound to cytosol proteins and 83% of the label attached to nuclei was in 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone while unbound steroids contained only 29% dihydrotestosterone. The amount of dihydrotestosterone bound to cytosol proteins and nuclei was 0.4 pmol/g tissue and 1 pmol/g tissue, respectively. On the basis of the nuclear binding of this steroid about 1900 binding sites per nucleus were calculated. Both cytosolic and nuclear binding sites were half saturated at about 1 nM testosterone concentration. Most of the binding to cytosol proteins occurred during the first 10 min, while the maximum binding to nuclei was attained after 40 min of incubation. Nuclei were found to bind considerable amounts of testosterone. Binding of testosterone to nuclei reached its maximum between 10--20 min of incubation and declined then to a comparatively low level during the ensuing 40--50 min. Various experimental results suggest that testosterone and dihydrotestosterone are accumulated in the nuclei by independent mechanisms."}
{"id": "PMID:868464", "title": "Investigation of peptides containing half-cystine in pig pancreas amylase.", "content": "Sequence analysis of the carboxymethyl-cystein-containing tryptic peptides isolated after the total reduction and carboxymethylation of pig pancreas amylase has shown that the half-cystine-containing tryptic peptides of the isozymes have identical sequences. The fact that 10 tryptic peptides containing carboxymethyl-cystein could be isolated, supports the generally accepted view that pig pancreas amylase contains single polypeptide chain.", "contents": "Investigation of peptides containing half-cystine in pig pancreas amylase. Sequence analysis of the carboxymethyl-cystein-containing tryptic peptides isolated after the total reduction and carboxymethylation of pig pancreas amylase has shown that the half-cystine-containing tryptic peptides of the isozymes have identical sequences. The fact that 10 tryptic peptides containing carboxymethyl-cystein could be isolated, supports the generally accepted view that pig pancreas amylase contains single polypeptide chain."}
{"id": "PMID:868466", "title": "Study on the biological effect of fast neutrons 1. Effect of fast neutrons on germinability of barley seeds and on the chlorophyll content of the seedlings according to the dose used.", "content": "Barley seeds were irradiated in the active zone of the reactor at 500 watt, at favourable flux of fast neutrons in the dose interval of 823--2144 rad. Seeds after irradiation were \"cooled\" for 48 hours, then germinated, and the length of shoots of the seven days old seedings was measured. The value of the half lethal dose is 1130 rad, estimated from the growth curve. There is a well-defined relation of chlorophyll content (calculated for fresh weight unit) to the dose used. It was concluded from the phenotype of the leaves that the decrease of chlorophyll content was due first of all to the presence of chlorophyll-less cells and cell lines and not to the decrease of chlorophyll content of the individual cells. Irradiation yielded genetically defected cells.", "contents": "Study on the biological effect of fast neutrons 1. Effect of fast neutrons on germinability of barley seeds and on the chlorophyll content of the seedlings according to the dose used. Barley seeds were irradiated in the active zone of the reactor at 500 watt, at favourable flux of fast neutrons in the dose interval of 823--2144 rad. Seeds after irradiation were \"cooled\" for 48 hours, then germinated, and the length of shoots of the seven days old seedings was measured. The value of the half lethal dose is 1130 rad, estimated from the growth curve. There is a well-defined relation of chlorophyll content (calculated for fresh weight unit) to the dose used. It was concluded from the phenotype of the leaves that the decrease of chlorophyll content was due first of all to the presence of chlorophyll-less cells and cell lines and not to the decrease of chlorophyll content of the individual cells. Irradiation yielded genetically defected cells."}
{"id": "PMID:868467", "title": "Sodium and potassium content of cataractous human lenses.", "content": "The sodium and potassium content of human senile cataractous lenses was investigated by flame photometry. A parallelism was found between the severity of the senile cataractous disorder and the increase of sodium and decrease of potassium content of lenses. The changes in ion concentration were not entirely continuous; gaps were found for both cations in a certain concentration range. The involvement of lens proteins in maintaining the gradients for sodium and potassium is also discussed.", "contents": "Sodium and potassium content of cataractous human lenses. The sodium and potassium content of human senile cataractous lenses was investigated by flame photometry. A parallelism was found between the severity of the senile cataractous disorder and the increase of sodium and decrease of potassium content of lenses. The changes in ion concentration were not entirely continuous; gaps were found for both cations in a certain concentration range. The involvement of lens proteins in maintaining the gradients for sodium and potassium is also discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:868468", "title": "Effect of stretching on the water-binding of muscle.", "content": "Frog muscles stretched to a length about 1.2 times greater than the original one lost 19 per cent of their water content on the average when kept in normal Ringer solution at a temperature of 2 degrees C for 24 hours. In NaHCO3-free Ringer solution containing 1.5 x 10(-4) per cent lactic acid (pH 6.8) the water content increased by 6 per cent. The change in the weight of non-stretched control muscles taken from the opposite side was insignificant in normal Ringer solution. The increase of water content in Ringer solution containing lactic acid was 22 per cent on the average. The conclusion is drawn that muscle is not an osmotic sack of water-medium and muscle water is bound, a least in part, through swelling.", "contents": "Effect of stretching on the water-binding of muscle. Frog muscles stretched to a length about 1.2 times greater than the original one lost 19 per cent of their water content on the average when kept in normal Ringer solution at a temperature of 2 degrees C for 24 hours. In NaHCO3-free Ringer solution containing 1.5 x 10(-4) per cent lactic acid (pH 6.8) the water content increased by 6 per cent. The change in the weight of non-stretched control muscles taken from the opposite side was insignificant in normal Ringer solution. The increase of water content in Ringer solution containing lactic acid was 22 per cent on the average. The conclusion is drawn that muscle is not an osmotic sack of water-medium and muscle water is bound, a least in part, through swelling."}
{"id": "PMID:868470", "title": "[Neurological complications in sickle cell disease (author's transl)].", "content": "The various neurological manifestations encountered in 40 zairians out of a total of 500 with homozygous (SS) Sickle cell disease were described. These included convulsions, vascular accidents, mental changes, increased intracranial pressure and meningism. The literature on the involvement of the nervous system in Sickle cell disease is briefly reviewed.", "contents": "[Neurological complications in sickle cell disease (author's transl)]. The various neurological manifestations encountered in 40 zairians out of a total of 500 with homozygous (SS) Sickle cell disease were described. These included convulsions, vascular accidents, mental changes, increased intracranial pressure and meningism. The literature on the involvement of the nervous system in Sickle cell disease is briefly reviewed."}
{"id": "PMID:868476", "title": "Zinc content of human cancellous bone.", "content": "The zinc content of cancellous bone from the iliac crest was determined by the X-ray fluorescence technique in an autopsy series of 28 women and 66 men. The bone-zinc content was statistically related to age, but there was a large variation. It reached a maximum value in the fifth decade and thereafter decreased with age in both sexes. Men with a chronic disease had a lower zinc content than those who had died suddenly. There was a significant correlation between the zinc content and the bone strength in women (p less than 0.01) and in men (p less than 0.05). Zinc is thought to play a part in osteoporosis.", "contents": "Zinc content of human cancellous bone. The zinc content of cancellous bone from the iliac crest was determined by the X-ray fluorescence technique in an autopsy series of 28 women and 66 men. The bone-zinc content was statistically related to age, but there was a large variation. It reached a maximum value in the fifth decade and thereafter decreased with age in both sexes. Men with a chronic disease had a lower zinc content than those who had died suddenly. There was a significant correlation between the zinc content and the bone strength in women (p less than 0.01) and in men (p less than 0.05). Zinc is thought to play a part in osteoporosis."}
{"id": "PMID:868471", "title": "[Occurrence of triphasic waves in two cases of thyrotoxic crisis (author's transl)].", "content": "An electroencephalogram taken on two patients suffering from a thyrotoxic crisis, showed the presence of typical triphasic waves. This pattern was first described in 1950 by Foley et al., who believed that it occurred specifically in patients with hepatic encephalopathy. Since then, however, it has been shown that triphasic waves can be identified in other (e.g. renal) metabolic brain diseases and, less commonly, in a variety of either organic or functional cerebral disorders.", "contents": "[Occurrence of triphasic waves in two cases of thyrotoxic crisis (author's transl)]. An electroencephalogram taken on two patients suffering from a thyrotoxic crisis, showed the presence of typical triphasic waves. This pattern was first described in 1950 by Foley et al., who believed that it occurred specifically in patients with hepatic encephalopathy. Since then, however, it has been shown that triphasic waves can be identified in other (e.g. renal) metabolic brain diseases and, less commonly, in a variety of either organic or functional cerebral disorders."}
{"id": "PMID:868477", "title": "Muscle blood flow after amputation with special reference to the influence of the amputation level. Assessed by 133 xenon and histamine. An animal experiment.", "content": "Amputation on rabbits was found to change the muscle blood flow (MBF) in the limb subjected to surgery as well as in the contralateral extremity, depending on the technique used for amputation and the level at which it was carried out. Amputation was immediately followed by a reduction in MBF in the stump. After amputation of the crus and knee disarticulation, the flow was normalized a few days later and exceeded the preoperative mean flow. After amputation of the femur such an increase in flow was not seen, but when osseous plugging of the medullary cavity was applied, the MBF in the stump was intensified even after amputation of the femur.", "contents": "Muscle blood flow after amputation with special reference to the influence of the amputation level. Assessed by 133 xenon and histamine. An animal experiment. Amputation on rabbits was found to change the muscle blood flow (MBF) in the limb subjected to surgery as well as in the contralateral extremity, depending on the technique used for amputation and the level at which it was carried out. Amputation was immediately followed by a reduction in MBF in the stump. After amputation of the crus and knee disarticulation, the flow was normalized a few days later and exceeded the preoperative mean flow. After amputation of the femur such an increase in flow was not seen, but when osseous plugging of the medullary cavity was applied, the MBF in the stump was intensified even after amputation of the femur."}
{"id": "PMID:868473", "title": "The arterial angioarchitecture of cerebral infarctions.", "content": "The arterial angioarchitecture of twenty post mortem brains, containing thirty infarctions, was examined by means of the translucidation technique after filling the arterial system with a collo\u00efdal barium sulphate solution. Although the large as well as the small arteries and arterioles were filled to a variable degree in the infarcted areas, the angioarchitecture was generally severely affected. Their differences were compared in red and white softenings and in cases of thrombosis, embolism, hemodynamic disturbances and compression of arteries. Also the influence of arterial hypertension and of the age and the location of the infarction was determined.", "contents": "The arterial angioarchitecture of cerebral infarctions. The arterial angioarchitecture of twenty post mortem brains, containing thirty infarctions, was examined by means of the translucidation technique after filling the arterial system with a collo\u00efdal barium sulphate solution. Although the large as well as the small arteries and arterioles were filled to a variable degree in the infarcted areas, the angioarchitecture was generally severely affected. Their differences were compared in red and white softenings and in cases of thrombosis, embolism, hemodynamic disturbances and compression of arteries. Also the influence of arterial hypertension and of the age and the location of the infarction was determined."}
{"id": "PMID:868479", "title": "Reimplantation of a traumatically expelled tibial diaphysis.", "content": "The successful reimplantation and healing of a traumatically expelled tibial diaphysis in a 16-year-old boy is presented. Radionuclide scintimetry with 87mSr and 85Sr during the following months showed a pronounced diaphyseal activity corresponding to abundant periosteal bone formation around the dead cortical bone, increased activities over the fractures and the growth plates. Microscopical investigation after tetracycline labelling about 1 year after the accident showed a pronounced osteoblastic and osteoclastic activity in the superficial part of the cortex of the reimplanted bone. The endosteal part consisted of necrotic bone and was only to a small extent replaced by new bone. The uncomplicated healing process observed in this case can be attributed to the youth of the patient, the absence of infection and, most important of all, the preservation of the periosteum and its blood supply.", "contents": "Reimplantation of a traumatically expelled tibial diaphysis. The successful reimplantation and healing of a traumatically expelled tibial diaphysis in a 16-year-old boy is presented. Radionuclide scintimetry with 87mSr and 85Sr during the following months showed a pronounced diaphyseal activity corresponding to abundant periosteal bone formation around the dead cortical bone, increased activities over the fractures and the growth plates. Microscopical investigation after tetracycline labelling about 1 year after the accident showed a pronounced osteoblastic and osteoclastic activity in the superficial part of the cortex of the reimplanted bone. The endosteal part consisted of necrotic bone and was only to a small extent replaced by new bone. The uncomplicated healing process observed in this case can be attributed to the youth of the patient, the absence of infection and, most important of all, the preservation of the periosteum and its blood supply."}
{"id": "PMID:868480", "title": "Fractures of the neck of the talus.", "content": "One hundred and twenty-three patients with fracture of the neck of the talus were followed up over an average of 22 months. Ffity-four fractures were undisplaced, 53 associated with subtaler dislocation, and 16 associated with dislocation of the talus in both ankle joint and subtalar joint. Of the total 123 patients, 21% (26/123) developed avascular necrosis, 31% (38/123) developed talo-crural and 47% (58/123) subtalar osteoarthrosis. Fifteen per cent (18/123) of the fractures united with considerable deformity, and four per cent (5/123) exhibited non-union of the neck. Out of 63 patients with isolated fracture of the neck of the talus, 65% (41/63) reported moderate or severe complaints, and 52% (33/63) complained of functional disability often resulting in a change to lighter work. Even among the 54 undisplaced cases there were unexpected numbers of late sequelae, such as osteoarthrosis, subjective complaints and disablement.", "contents": "Fractures of the neck of the talus. One hundred and twenty-three patients with fracture of the neck of the talus were followed up over an average of 22 months. Ffity-four fractures were undisplaced, 53 associated with subtaler dislocation, and 16 associated with dislocation of the talus in both ankle joint and subtalar joint. Of the total 123 patients, 21% (26/123) developed avascular necrosis, 31% (38/123) developed talo-crural and 47% (58/123) subtalar osteoarthrosis. Fifteen per cent (18/123) of the fractures united with considerable deformity, and four per cent (5/123) exhibited non-union of the neck. Out of 63 patients with isolated fracture of the neck of the talus, 65% (41/63) reported moderate or severe complaints, and 52% (33/63) complained of functional disability often resulting in a change to lighter work. Even among the 54 undisplaced cases there were unexpected numbers of late sequelae, such as osteoarthrosis, subjective complaints and disablement."}
{"id": "PMID:868481", "title": "Post-traumatic sinus tarsi syndrome. An anatomical and radiological study.", "content": "Four cases of sinus tarsi syndrome are presented. They were studied by means of arthrography of the posterior subtalar joint and histological examination of sinus tarsi soft tissue. The obliteration of synovial recesses on posterior subtalar joint arthrography can be explained by synovial hyperplasia and by cicatricial remodelling of ligament tissue.", "contents": "Post-traumatic sinus tarsi syndrome. An anatomical and radiological study. Four cases of sinus tarsi syndrome are presented. They were studied by means of arthrography of the posterior subtalar joint and histological examination of sinus tarsi soft tissue. The obliteration of synovial recesses on posterior subtalar joint arthrography can be explained by synovial hyperplasia and by cicatricial remodelling of ligament tissue."}
{"id": "PMID:868482", "title": "Superior mesenteric artery syndrome complicating treatment with balanced traction. A case report.", "content": "A brief review of the superior mesenteric artery syndrome is given. A case is reported which occurred after 9 weeks of treatment of a fractured femur by continuous traction with balanced suspension. The condition was successfully treated by conservative measures including a plaster hip spica allowing frequent changes of position. The importance of early diagnosis and prompt treatment is emphasized.", "contents": "Superior mesenteric artery syndrome complicating treatment with balanced traction. A case report. A brief review of the superior mesenteric artery syndrome is given. A case is reported which occurred after 9 weeks of treatment of a fractured femur by continuous traction with balanced suspension. The condition was successfully treated by conservative measures including a plaster hip spica allowing frequent changes of position. The importance of early diagnosis and prompt treatment is emphasized."}
{"id": "PMID:868484", "title": "Ultrastructure of prolapsed disc.", "content": "Prolapsed tissue and removed interspace contents were obtained during hemilaminectomy for disc prolapse. The ultrastructure of the tissue was studied. Division of the material into annulus fibrosus and nucleus pulposus proved to be inaccurate. Chondrocytes were always the predominant cell type and could be classified into normal, cloning and necrotized types. Matrix vesicles were found in relation to the haloes of chondrocytes and seemed to be products of disintegrated chondrocytes. Findings of crystals in the vesicles were rare. The intercellular substance showed degraded collagen fibrils, which could be seen in spindle shaped cells as well. A dense amorphous material interpersed with collagen fibrils seemed to be a glycoprotein. A few elastic fibres were found, but without any evidence of severe degeneration. These findings represent changes occuring in cells and in the intercellular substance.", "contents": "Ultrastructure of prolapsed disc. Prolapsed tissue and removed interspace contents were obtained during hemilaminectomy for disc prolapse. The ultrastructure of the tissue was studied. Division of the material into annulus fibrosus and nucleus pulposus proved to be inaccurate. Chondrocytes were always the predominant cell type and could be classified into normal, cloning and necrotized types. Matrix vesicles were found in relation to the haloes of chondrocytes and seemed to be products of disintegrated chondrocytes. Findings of crystals in the vesicles were rare. The intercellular substance showed degraded collagen fibrils, which could be seen in spindle shaped cells as well. A dense amorphous material interpersed with collagen fibrils seemed to be a glycoprotein. A few elastic fibres were found, but without any evidence of severe degeneration. These findings represent changes occuring in cells and in the intercellular substance."}
{"id": "PMID:868485", "title": "Posterior versus lateral approach for hip arthroplasty.", "content": "In a study of two groups of 100 patients each, with a similar composition (age, sex and indications for surgery), operations for total hip arthroplasty took half as long and the blood loss was clearly less when using the posterior route in one group compared with Charnley's conventional approach in the other group. These are important considerations for elderly patients with a high operative risk. Radiologic assessments showed that with the posterior approach there was a wider variation in the location of the cup in the frontal plane. However, this has not caused any inconvenience during the short observation period to date. No comparison has been made of the functional results over an extended period.", "contents": "Posterior versus lateral approach for hip arthroplasty. In a study of two groups of 100 patients each, with a similar composition (age, sex and indications for surgery), operations for total hip arthroplasty took half as long and the blood loss was clearly less when using the posterior route in one group compared with Charnley's conventional approach in the other group. These are important considerations for elderly patients with a high operative risk. Radiologic assessments showed that with the posterior approach there was a wider variation in the location of the cup in the frontal plane. However, this has not caused any inconvenience during the short observation period to date. No comparison has been made of the functional results over an extended period."}
{"id": "PMID:868486", "title": "Serum electrophoretic pattern in osteoarticular tuberculosis.", "content": "A serum electrophoretic study was carried out in 37 established osteoarticular tuberculosis cases. The result of this study has been analysed according to severity and chronicity and also after treatment, including certain streptomycin-resistant cases. It has been observed that there was a decrease in albumin and an increase in Alpha2 and gamma-globulin fractions of serum protein as the disease became more advanced and chronic in nature. The administration of known antitubercular drugs reverses this phenomenon. The resistant cases revealed an increase in gamma-globulin fraction at almost the same level as observed in the untreated cases.", "contents": "Serum electrophoretic pattern in osteoarticular tuberculosis. A serum electrophoretic study was carried out in 37 established osteoarticular tuberculosis cases. The result of this study has been analysed according to severity and chronicity and also after treatment, including certain streptomycin-resistant cases. It has been observed that there was a decrease in albumin and an increase in Alpha2 and gamma-globulin fractions of serum protein as the disease became more advanced and chronic in nature. The administration of known antitubercular drugs reverses this phenomenon. The resistant cases revealed an increase in gamma-globulin fraction at almost the same level as observed in the untreated cases."}
{"id": "PMID:868487", "title": "The use of bone cement as an adjunct to internal fixation of supracondylar fractures of osteoporotic femurs.", "content": "Bone cement was used as an adjunct to internal fixation of 14 supracondylar femoral fractures. The fractures were stabilized with ASIF plates. In all these fractures severe osteoporosis made a stable fixation impossible without the use of bone cement. The average age of the patients was 75 years. Eight of the patients had previously been operated on because of fractures of the same extremity and three suffered from disabling diseases. Twelve fractures healed without complications, despite early mobilization. One fracture needed additional external fixation before it healed and one lead to non-union. No infections were seen. It is concluded that use of bone cement as an adjunct to the internal fixation of supracondylar fractures secures a stable fixation of even the most severe osteoporotic femora, and this aids healing in most cases of such fractures. The method is recommended in selected cases of elderly patients.", "contents": "The use of bone cement as an adjunct to internal fixation of supracondylar fractures of osteoporotic femurs. Bone cement was used as an adjunct to internal fixation of 14 supracondylar femoral fractures. The fractures were stabilized with ASIF plates. In all these fractures severe osteoporosis made a stable fixation impossible without the use of bone cement. The average age of the patients was 75 years. Eight of the patients had previously been operated on because of fractures of the same extremity and three suffered from disabling diseases. Twelve fractures healed without complications, despite early mobilization. One fracture needed additional external fixation before it healed and one lead to non-union. No infections were seen. It is concluded that use of bone cement as an adjunct to the internal fixation of supracondylar fractures secures a stable fixation of even the most severe osteoporotic femora, and this aids healing in most cases of such fractures. The method is recommended in selected cases of elderly patients."}
{"id": "PMID:868488", "title": "Osteosynthesis of medial fractures of the femoral neck by sliding nail-plate fixation.", "content": "Sliding-nail-plate osteosynthesis of displaced medial fractures of the femoral neck was carried out in 65 consecutive cases. The appliance presented here differs from other sliding-nail plates as it has no fixed angle between the nail and the plate. Immediate postoperative weight-bearing was permitted. The average follow-up period was 2.2 years. Union of the fractures was seen in 74% and avascular necrosis in 21%. Complications were few, which we attribute to the early mobilization of the patients.", "contents": "Osteosynthesis of medial fractures of the femoral neck by sliding nail-plate fixation. Sliding-nail-plate osteosynthesis of displaced medial fractures of the femoral neck was carried out in 65 consecutive cases. The appliance presented here differs from other sliding-nail plates as it has no fixed angle between the nail and the plate. Immediate postoperative weight-bearing was permitted. The average follow-up period was 2.2 years. Union of the fractures was seen in 74% and avascular necrosis in 21%. Complications were few, which we attribute to the early mobilization of the patients."}
{"id": "PMID:868489", "title": "Quantitative histologic analyses of articular cartilage and subchondral bone from osteoarthritic and normal human hips.", "content": "Twelve femoral heads (two normal, four after fracture and six osteo-arthritic) were obtained at surgery or autopsy. Circumferential slices were obtained and five separate areas were analyzed in each for ash content; histological-histochemical grading of the severity of the cartilage changes; and quantitative morphometric analyses to establish the percentage of trabecular area, osteoblastic area and osteoclastic area. Analyses were performed to compare weight-bearing and non-weight-bearing areas of the femoral heads and to determine correlations between the bony and cartilaginous alterations. The data obtained showed wide variations in all parameters in the osteoarthritic specimens but consistently more marked cartilage and bony changes in the weight-bearing areas. Bone structures and metabolic parameters were distinctly increased for the osteoarthrities, differing significantly from both normal and fracture control groups. The bony change correlated directly with the severity of the cartilage lesions, as determined by the histological-histochemical grade.", "contents": "Quantitative histologic analyses of articular cartilage and subchondral bone from osteoarthritic and normal human hips. Twelve femoral heads (two normal, four after fracture and six osteo-arthritic) were obtained at surgery or autopsy. Circumferential slices were obtained and five separate areas were analyzed in each for ash content; histological-histochemical grading of the severity of the cartilage changes; and quantitative morphometric analyses to establish the percentage of trabecular area, osteoblastic area and osteoclastic area. Analyses were performed to compare weight-bearing and non-weight-bearing areas of the femoral heads and to determine correlations between the bony and cartilaginous alterations. The data obtained showed wide variations in all parameters in the osteoarthritic specimens but consistently more marked cartilage and bony changes in the weight-bearing areas. Bone structures and metabolic parameters were distinctly increased for the osteoarthrities, differing significantly from both normal and fracture control groups. The bony change correlated directly with the severity of the cartilage lesions, as determined by the histological-histochemical grade."}
{"id": "PMID:868490", "title": "Early and late results of Brackett's operation for pseudarthrosis of the neck of the femur in infantile coxa vara. A review of 30 operations.", "content": "The early and late results of 30 Brackett operations for pseudarthrosis of the neck of the femur are reviewed. The cause of the pseudarthrosis in 28 hips was congenital or infantile coxa vara. The patients' ages at the time of the operation ranged from 2 to 43 years. The early results were good. Only three out of a total of 30 cases failed to unite; 27 hips became stable. Necrosis of the femoral head occurred in six hips. Late results, on average 13 years after the operation, differed greatly from the early results. The majority of the hips were stable but only three completely painless. All but four were affected by secondary osteoarthritis which in six cases was slight.", "contents": "Early and late results of Brackett's operation for pseudarthrosis of the neck of the femur in infantile coxa vara. A review of 30 operations. The early and late results of 30 Brackett operations for pseudarthrosis of the neck of the femur are reviewed. The cause of the pseudarthrosis in 28 hips was congenital or infantile coxa vara. The patients' ages at the time of the operation ranged from 2 to 43 years. The early results were good. Only three out of a total of 30 cases failed to unite; 27 hips became stable. Necrosis of the femoral head occurred in six hips. Late results, on average 13 years after the operation, differed greatly from the early results. The majority of the hips were stable but only three completely painless. All but four were affected by secondary osteoarthritis which in six cases was slight."}
{"id": "PMID:868491", "title": "The effect of fenestration on intraosseous drainage in osteoarthritis of the hip.", "content": "Eight patients with osteoarthritis of the hip, rest pain and intraosseous hypertension of the proximal femur obtained ameliorated rest pain and reduced intraosseous hypertension 3 months after a fenestration operation in the region of the greater trochanter. They were investigated with intraosseous phlebography of the proximal femur. Six patients showed delayed intraosseous drainage and 7 had altered patterns of drainage before the operation. Three months after the operation the phlebograms showed an even more prolonged drainage time. However, this difference was not of a statistically significant magnitude. Drainage patterns remained mainly unchanged.", "contents": "The effect of fenestration on intraosseous drainage in osteoarthritis of the hip. Eight patients with osteoarthritis of the hip, rest pain and intraosseous hypertension of the proximal femur obtained ameliorated rest pain and reduced intraosseous hypertension 3 months after a fenestration operation in the region of the greater trochanter. They were investigated with intraosseous phlebography of the proximal femur. Six patients showed delayed intraosseous drainage and 7 had altered patterns of drainage before the operation. Three months after the operation the phlebograms showed an even more prolonged drainage time. However, this difference was not of a statistically significant magnitude. Drainage patterns remained mainly unchanged."}
{"id": "PMID:868492", "title": "Knee instability and tibial osteotomy. A clinical study.", "content": "Twenty-one gonarthrosis patients were preoperatively assessed according to a newly developed orthoradiographic technique (\"three-point measurement\") and followed up for 2-3 years postoperatively using this technique. The medio-lateral instability of the knee joints was not influenced by the operation. The varus/valgus deviation was under-corrected, on average, but the deviation did not increase significantly with time after the operation. Judging from this pilot study the three-point measurement technique supplies relevant information and it is now being used in a prospective study on high tibial osteotomy in gonarthrosis.", "contents": "Knee instability and tibial osteotomy. A clinical study. Twenty-one gonarthrosis patients were preoperatively assessed according to a newly developed orthoradiographic technique (\"three-point measurement\") and followed up for 2-3 years postoperatively using this technique. The medio-lateral instability of the knee joints was not influenced by the operation. The varus/valgus deviation was under-corrected, on average, but the deviation did not increase significantly with time after the operation. Judging from this pilot study the three-point measurement technique supplies relevant information and it is now being used in a prospective study on high tibial osteotomy in gonarthrosis."}
{"id": "PMID:868493", "title": "Arthroplasty of the knee in osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis.", "content": "147 cases of arthroplasty of the knee were reviewed. Three types of prostheses were used, viz., St. Georg, Geomedic and hinge (Shier and Gu\u00e9par). Pain was the most common indication for the operation which produced complete or almost complete relief in 90% of the cases. In half of the joints with a mobility of less than 80 degrees preoperatively, the range of movement was increased to more than 80 degrees by the operation. Lack of extension, deformity and instability could be largely corrected. Two cases of deep infection were observed, both in patients treated with a hinge prosthesis. In one of them the complication led to amputation above the knee and in the other to arthrodesis.", "contents": "Arthroplasty of the knee in osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis. 147 cases of arthroplasty of the knee were reviewed. Three types of prostheses were used, viz., St. Georg, Geomedic and hinge (Shier and Gu\u00e9par). Pain was the most common indication for the operation which produced complete or almost complete relief in 90% of the cases. In half of the joints with a mobility of less than 80 degrees preoperatively, the range of movement was increased to more than 80 degrees by the operation. Lack of extension, deformity and instability could be largely corrected. Two cases of deep infection were observed, both in patients treated with a hinge prosthesis. In one of them the complication led to amputation above the knee and in the other to arthrodesis."}
{"id": "PMID:868494", "title": "Total radiation dosage from X-ray examinations in rheumatoid arthritis and other chronic skeletal diseases. A study of two cases.", "content": "Young patients with rheumatoid arthritis and other chronic diseases of the skeleton are increasingly being operated on with replacement of major joints. The great number of associated X-ray examinations performed on these patients has caused some anxiety amongst orthopaedic surgeons. Two patients with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis have been studied. An attempt was made to calculate the total radiation dose to bone marrow and gonads. For lack of recommendations for the maximum permissible radiation dose to patients, the dose calculated has been compared with the maximum permissible dose of radiation workers, and with the dose limit for non-occupational irradiation of individuals. The yearly absorbed dose in these two patients is much lower than the maximum permissible dose of radiation workers and only slightly higher than the dose limit for non-occupational exposure of individuals.", "contents": "Total radiation dosage from X-ray examinations in rheumatoid arthritis and other chronic skeletal diseases. A study of two cases. Young patients with rheumatoid arthritis and other chronic diseases of the skeleton are increasingly being operated on with replacement of major joints. The great number of associated X-ray examinations performed on these patients has caused some anxiety amongst orthopaedic surgeons. Two patients with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis have been studied. An attempt was made to calculate the total radiation dose to bone marrow and gonads. For lack of recommendations for the maximum permissible radiation dose to patients, the dose calculated has been compared with the maximum permissible dose of radiation workers, and with the dose limit for non-occupational irradiation of individuals. The yearly absorbed dose in these two patients is much lower than the maximum permissible dose of radiation workers and only slightly higher than the dose limit for non-occupational exposure of individuals."}
{"id": "PMID:868495", "title": "Papain-induced changes in the knee joints of adult rabbits.", "content": "Rapidly progressing joint disease can be produced in the rabbit by intra-articular injection of concentrated papain. With the use of radioactive thymidine it is possible to demonstrate that the cartilage cells recover their ability to divide by mitosis at the same time as degenerative changes appear in the cartilage. Clusters of chondrocytes arise by mitosis of chondrocytes and not by a floating together of cartilage cells.", "contents": "Papain-induced changes in the knee joints of adult rabbits. Rapidly progressing joint disease can be produced in the rabbit by intra-articular injection of concentrated papain. With the use of radioactive thymidine it is possible to demonstrate that the cartilage cells recover their ability to divide by mitosis at the same time as degenerative changes appear in the cartilage. Clusters of chondrocytes arise by mitosis of chondrocytes and not by a floating together of cartilage cells."}
{"id": "PMID:868496", "title": "Porous ceramics as a bone substitute in the medial condyle of the tibia. An experimental study in sheep. Long-term observations.", "content": "A recent 3-month implantation study indicated that a new porous ceramic material might be suitable as a bone substitute in regions exposed mainly to compressive forces. The porous ceramics were implanted into the medial condyle of the tibia of sheep. In the present study the implants were left for 10 months in three animals, and 12 months in two. In the two animals with 12 months' observation, the plate which had been used to stabilize the implant was removed at 10 months. The implants and the adjacent bone tissue were studied macroscopically, radiographically and by microradiography and transmitted light microscopy. All the implants were bound to the adjacent bone by ingrowth of bony tissue. The depth of the bony invasion was slightly greater than that observed at 3 months, being maximally 3-4 mm. Some signs of ossification were still seen within the pores. The bony bridges between the implants and the surrounding bone were particularly well developed in regions of maximal stress. This was interpreted as a sign of active adaption of the bone formation to the actual stress to which the shearing surfaces were exposed. It is concluded that the properties of the porous ceramic implants justify a clinical trial in man.", "contents": "Porous ceramics as a bone substitute in the medial condyle of the tibia. An experimental study in sheep. Long-term observations. A recent 3-month implantation study indicated that a new porous ceramic material might be suitable as a bone substitute in regions exposed mainly to compressive forces. The porous ceramics were implanted into the medial condyle of the tibia of sheep. In the present study the implants were left for 10 months in three animals, and 12 months in two. In the two animals with 12 months' observation, the plate which had been used to stabilize the implant was removed at 10 months. The implants and the adjacent bone tissue were studied macroscopically, radiographically and by microradiography and transmitted light microscopy. All the implants were bound to the adjacent bone by ingrowth of bony tissue. The depth of the bony invasion was slightly greater than that observed at 3 months, being maximally 3-4 mm. Some signs of ossification were still seen within the pores. The bony bridges between the implants and the surrounding bone were particularly well developed in regions of maximal stress. This was interpreted as a sign of active adaption of the bone formation to the actual stress to which the shearing surfaces were exposed. It is concluded that the properties of the porous ceramic implants justify a clinical trial in man."}
{"id": "PMID:868497", "title": "Pain relieving effect of scalenotomy.", "content": "A follow-up was made of 37 patients treated by section of the anterior scalenus muscle. They complained of pain and/or paraesthesia in the upper extremities and tenderness over the muscle. All experienced relief of pain after injection of a local anaesthetic into the anterior scalenus muscle. Twenty-five patients were markedly improved. Patients with neurological signs seem to have a better result than those without (P = 0.06).", "contents": "Pain relieving effect of scalenotomy. A follow-up was made of 37 patients treated by section of the anterior scalenus muscle. They complained of pain and/or paraesthesia in the upper extremities and tenderness over the muscle. All experienced relief of pain after injection of a local anaesthetic into the anterior scalenus muscle. Twenty-five patients were markedly improved. Patients with neurological signs seem to have a better result than those without (P = 0.06)."}
{"id": "PMID:868498", "title": "Lateral dislocation of the elbow.", "content": "A rare case of a pure lateral dislocation of the elbow joint is presented. Attempts at closed reduction were unsuccessful. At operation the anconeus muscle was found to be interposed between the articular surfaces of the joint preventing reduction.", "contents": "Lateral dislocation of the elbow. A rare case of a pure lateral dislocation of the elbow joint is presented. Attempts at closed reduction were unsuccessful. At operation the anconeus muscle was found to be interposed between the articular surfaces of the joint preventing reduction."}
{"id": "PMID:868499", "title": "Compression neuritis of the ulnar nerve treated with simple decompression.", "content": "The purpose of this investigation was to test the hypothesis submitted by Osborne (1957), which proposed that the symptoms of compression ulnar neuritis, in most cases, result from compression on the ulnar nerve at the proximal border of the aponeurosis of the flexor carpi ulnaris muscle. Thirty-two simple decompression operations were performed on 31 patients, diagnosed as suffering from compression neuritis of the ulnar nerve. They were subsequently examined over a period of 5 years. Relief from symptoms was achieved in 28 cases, whilst four patients derived no improvement from the operation. Three of the four unsuccessful cases were judged to have been incorrectly diagnosed and were not suffering from compression of the ulnar nerve in the elbow. A second operation was required in two patients, in one a second decompression and in the other anteposition. No surgical or post-surgical complications occurred.", "contents": "Compression neuritis of the ulnar nerve treated with simple decompression. The purpose of this investigation was to test the hypothesis submitted by Osborne (1957), which proposed that the symptoms of compression ulnar neuritis, in most cases, result from compression on the ulnar nerve at the proximal border of the aponeurosis of the flexor carpi ulnaris muscle. Thirty-two simple decompression operations were performed on 31 patients, diagnosed as suffering from compression neuritis of the ulnar nerve. They were subsequently examined over a period of 5 years. Relief from symptoms was achieved in 28 cases, whilst four patients derived no improvement from the operation. Three of the four unsuccessful cases were judged to have been incorrectly diagnosed and were not suffering from compression of the ulnar nerve in the elbow. A second operation was required in two patients, in one a second decompression and in the other anteposition. No surgical or post-surgical complications occurred."}
{"id": "PMID:868500", "title": "Operative treatment of ulnar nerve neuropathy in the elbow region. A clinical and electrophysiological study.", "content": "Thirty-three patients with ulnar nerve neuropathy due to a lesion in the ulnar groove were operated upon during a 5-year period. All the patients were analyzed preoperatively. One-third of the patients had a history of alcohol abuse. Twenty-five of the patients were subjected to anterior transposition of the ulnar nerve. The results after transposition have been compiled according to etiology, duration, age and alcohol abuse. All seven patients with only subjective symptoms improved; 11 out of 18 (61 per cent) with motor and/or sensory loss also improved but only six (33 per cent) recovered completely. Overall, 21 patients (84 per cent) were improved by the operation. In 11 of the transposition cases the ulnar nerve was examined electrophysiologically before and after operation and an improvement of the motor conduction velocity within the elbow segment of the nerve was found in 10 cases.", "contents": "Operative treatment of ulnar nerve neuropathy in the elbow region. A clinical and electrophysiological study. Thirty-three patients with ulnar nerve neuropathy due to a lesion in the ulnar groove were operated upon during a 5-year period. All the patients were analyzed preoperatively. One-third of the patients had a history of alcohol abuse. Twenty-five of the patients were subjected to anterior transposition of the ulnar nerve. The results after transposition have been compiled according to etiology, duration, age and alcohol abuse. All seven patients with only subjective symptoms improved; 11 out of 18 (61 per cent) with motor and/or sensory loss also improved but only six (33 per cent) recovered completely. Overall, 21 patients (84 per cent) were improved by the operation. In 11 of the transposition cases the ulnar nerve was examined electrophysiologically before and after operation and an improvement of the motor conduction velocity within the elbow segment of the nerve was found in 10 cases."}
{"id": "PMID:868502", "title": "Bladder function after hemipelvectomy.", "content": "Bladder function was studied in seven patients, 5 to 90 months after hemipelvectomy. The urological investigation comprised i.v. urography, micturition-cysto-urethrography, cystoscopy, cystometry and urodynamic investigations in terms of simultaneous flow and pressure measurements. Hemipelvectomy was found not to give rise to disturbances in micturition.", "contents": "Bladder function after hemipelvectomy. Bladder function was studied in seven patients, 5 to 90 months after hemipelvectomy. The urological investigation comprised i.v. urography, micturition-cysto-urethrography, cystoscopy, cystometry and urodynamic investigations in terms of simultaneous flow and pressure measurements. Hemipelvectomy was found not to give rise to disturbances in micturition."}
{"id": "PMID:868503", "title": "Limitation of abduction of hips in the newborn. Is it a clinical sign or a phenocopy of congenital hip dislocation?", "content": "Until recently the possibility of a connection between maternal thyroid disorders and congenital hip pathology in the newborn has not been given any attention. However, from this study it is evident that there is a close relationship between maternal thyroid disorders and limitation of abduction of the hips in the newborn. The histological findings are suggestive of a neonatal thyrotoxic myopathy or periodic paralysis which might give rise to an error in muscle balance around the hips. The high proportion of affected children without a family history of congenital hip dislocation suggests that genetic factors have in the past been overemphasized.", "contents": "Limitation of abduction of hips in the newborn. Is it a clinical sign or a phenocopy of congenital hip dislocation? Until recently the possibility of a connection between maternal thyroid disorders and congenital hip pathology in the newborn has not been given any attention. However, from this study it is evident that there is a close relationship between maternal thyroid disorders and limitation of abduction of the hips in the newborn. The histological findings are suggestive of a neonatal thyrotoxic myopathy or periodic paralysis which might give rise to an error in muscle balance around the hips. The high proportion of affected children without a family history of congenital hip dislocation suggests that genetic factors have in the past been overemphasized."}
{"id": "PMID:868504", "title": "Arthroscopy in acute injuries of the knee joint.", "content": "Arthroscopy was performed during the acute phase of injury in 84 knees (79 patients). A satisfactory view of the joint was obtained in all cases, and no complications occurred. About two-thirds of the patients had injuries associated with violent rotation-abduction. In about one-third of the patients operation could be avoided. In cases with haemarthrosis, serious ligament injury was present in nearly 50 per cent. Complete arthroscopy was associated with few diagnostic errors. Clinical examination often led to uncertain or incorrect diagnosis even when performed under anaesthesia by experienced surgeons. In contrast, arthroscopy led to rapid diagnosis and treatment, thus shortening the period of disability. We recommend arthroscopy in acute knee injuries, but the examination must be performed by an experienced arthroscopist.", "contents": "Arthroscopy in acute injuries of the knee joint. Arthroscopy was performed during the acute phase of injury in 84 knees (79 patients). A satisfactory view of the joint was obtained in all cases, and no complications occurred. About two-thirds of the patients had injuries associated with violent rotation-abduction. In about one-third of the patients operation could be avoided. In cases with haemarthrosis, serious ligament injury was present in nearly 50 per cent. Complete arthroscopy was associated with few diagnostic errors. Clinical examination often led to uncertain or incorrect diagnosis even when performed under anaesthesia by experienced surgeons. In contrast, arthroscopy led to rapid diagnosis and treatment, thus shortening the period of disability. We recommend arthroscopy in acute knee injuries, but the examination must be performed by an experienced arthroscopist."}
{"id": "PMID:868505", "title": "Total hip replacement by the Brunswik prosthesis. A preliminary report of 189 operations.", "content": "The results of 189 Brunswik total hip replacements, performed at the Orthopaedic Hospital of the Invalid Foundation, Helsinki, Finland, and followed up for 2-3 years, are presented. According to the modified system of Merle D'Aubigne & Postel excellent results were achieved in 11.1 per cent (21/189), good in 56.6 per cent (107/189) and fair in 27.5 per cent (52/189). The failure rate was 4.8 per cent (9/189) and consisted of four deep infections, four cases of aseptic loosening and one case of allergic loosening. Local complications occurred after primary operations in 7.5 per cent (12/159) and after revision operations in 26.7 per cent (8/30) and the difference was statistically significant (P less than 0.01). Among the complications, deep infections were encountered in 2.6 per cent (5/189), aseptic loosenings in 2.1 per cent (4/189). Other local complications were: ectopic ossification in 1.6 per cent (3/189), nerve injuries in 1.6 per cent (3/189), dislocations in 1.1 per cent (2/189), and peroperative fractures in 1.1 per cent (2/189). General complications were observed in 8.9 per cent (17/189). Thromboembolic complications were only seen in 2.6 per cent (5/189). A possible explanation for this low figure was the early ambulation of the patients on the first postoperative day. No deaths related to the operation occurred.", "contents": "Total hip replacement by the Brunswik prosthesis. A preliminary report of 189 operations. The results of 189 Brunswik total hip replacements, performed at the Orthopaedic Hospital of the Invalid Foundation, Helsinki, Finland, and followed up for 2-3 years, are presented. According to the modified system of Merle D'Aubigne & Postel excellent results were achieved in 11.1 per cent (21/189), good in 56.6 per cent (107/189) and fair in 27.5 per cent (52/189). The failure rate was 4.8 per cent (9/189) and consisted of four deep infections, four cases of aseptic loosening and one case of allergic loosening. Local complications occurred after primary operations in 7.5 per cent (12/159) and after revision operations in 26.7 per cent (8/30) and the difference was statistically significant (P less than 0.01). Among the complications, deep infections were encountered in 2.6 per cent (5/189), aseptic loosenings in 2.1 per cent (4/189). Other local complications were: ectopic ossification in 1.6 per cent (3/189), nerve injuries in 1.6 per cent (3/189), dislocations in 1.1 per cent (2/189), and peroperative fractures in 1.1 per cent (2/189). General complications were observed in 8.9 per cent (17/189). Thromboembolic complications were only seen in 2.6 per cent (5/189). A possible explanation for this low figure was the early ambulation of the patients on the first postoperative day. No deaths related to the operation occurred."}
{"id": "PMID:868506", "title": "Tibial shaft fractures. A comparison of conservative treatment and internal fixation with conventional plates or AO compression plates.", "content": "Out of a series of 207 consecutive fractures of the tibial shaft, 102 were treated conservatively, 64 fractures were treated by AO compression plate osteosynthesis and 41 by internal fixation using Eggers or Lane plates. The choice of method was independent of the extent of soft tissue damage. A follow-up examination of 199 fractures, with a mean observation time of 3.4 years, revealed residual malalignment in 21 per cent of conservatively treated cases and in 8 per cent after conventional plate fixation, while the AO method resulted in anatomical restoration of the axis of the tibia in all cases. However, removal of the compression plates was followed by re-fractures, early and late, in 11 per cent. Implant failure occurred in 5 per cent of both types of plate fixation, and 3 per cent of the conservatively treated cases redislocated. Infection developed in 5 per cent of closed fractures and in 11 per cent of open fractures treated by operative means. Of the conservatively treated cases, only 3 per cent of the open fractures developed infection. The risk of infection following acute internal fixation is thus four times greater than with conservative treatment. AO compression plate fixation shortened the time of fracture healing considerably. The rate of non-union after conservative treatment was 6 per cent in closed and 21 per cent in open fractures. Similarly in conventional plate fixation there was non-union in 8 and 24 per cent, respectively. Non-union was not encountered after AO compression plate osteosynthesis. It is concluded that AO plate osteosynthesis is justified in the treatment of open tibial shaft fractures and also useful in closed fractures when conservative treatment does not lead to stable reduction with a good alignment.", "contents": "Tibial shaft fractures. A comparison of conservative treatment and internal fixation with conventional plates or AO compression plates. Out of a series of 207 consecutive fractures of the tibial shaft, 102 were treated conservatively, 64 fractures were treated by AO compression plate osteosynthesis and 41 by internal fixation using Eggers or Lane plates. The choice of method was independent of the extent of soft tissue damage. A follow-up examination of 199 fractures, with a mean observation time of 3.4 years, revealed residual malalignment in 21 per cent of conservatively treated cases and in 8 per cent after conventional plate fixation, while the AO method resulted in anatomical restoration of the axis of the tibia in all cases. However, removal of the compression plates was followed by re-fractures, early and late, in 11 per cent. Implant failure occurred in 5 per cent of both types of plate fixation, and 3 per cent of the conservatively treated cases redislocated. Infection developed in 5 per cent of closed fractures and in 11 per cent of open fractures treated by operative means. Of the conservatively treated cases, only 3 per cent of the open fractures developed infection. The risk of infection following acute internal fixation is thus four times greater than with conservative treatment. AO compression plate fixation shortened the time of fracture healing considerably. The rate of non-union after conservative treatment was 6 per cent in closed and 21 per cent in open fractures. Similarly in conventional plate fixation there was non-union in 8 and 24 per cent, respectively. Non-union was not encountered after AO compression plate osteosynthesis. It is concluded that AO plate osteosynthesis is justified in the treatment of open tibial shaft fractures and also useful in closed fractures when conservative treatment does not lead to stable reduction with a good alignment."}
{"id": "PMID:868508", "title": "Cord blood porphyrins. A quantitative assay in newborn infants.", "content": "A quantitative assay of free erythrocyte porphyrins was done in umbilical cord blood of 30 newborn babies by a spectrophotometric method. The mean value of free erythrocyte protoporphyrin in umbilical cord blood was found to be 74.58 microng/100 ml packed erythrocytes and that of free erythrocyte coproporphyrin to be 0.77 microng/100 ml packed erythrocytes with a standard deviation of +/-29.99 and +/-1.48 respectively. Relationship between free erythrocyte protoporphyrin and free erythrocyte comproporphyrin and their correlations with birth weight and sex of the newborn baby were found to be statistically significant.", "contents": "Cord blood porphyrins. A quantitative assay in newborn infants. A quantitative assay of free erythrocyte porphyrins was done in umbilical cord blood of 30 newborn babies by a spectrophotometric method. The mean value of free erythrocyte protoporphyrin in umbilical cord blood was found to be 74.58 microng/100 ml packed erythrocytes and that of free erythrocyte coproporphyrin to be 0.77 microng/100 ml packed erythrocytes with a standard deviation of +/-29.99 and +/-1.48 respectively. Relationship between free erythrocyte protoporphyrin and free erythrocyte comproporphyrin and their correlations with birth weight and sex of the newborn baby were found to be statistically significant."}
{"id": "PMID:868509", "title": "Physical health of 7-year-old children. An epidemiological study of school entrants and a comparison with their preschool health.", "content": "At 7 years of age, all 649 7-year-old children in a school district underwent a physical examination, a vision screening and an auditory screening. 210 of the children were previously examined in an extensive health control at 4 years of age. The purpose of the present study was to describe the children's health situation and to evaluate the special health control performed at 4 years of age. In 15% of the children, functionally important health problems were found. Visual defects were most common, comprising 7.5%, then came physical health problems such as motor disturbances, obesity, bacteriuria in 6.5%, and hearing defects in 1%. About half of the important health problems were previously known. Children who had passed the special health control at 4 years of age had fewer newly detected important health problems and more previously known ones than other children, which means that many children with above all visual defects but also motor disturbances, bacteriuria and testis retention, were detected and treated earlier than would have happened without the special control at 4 years. It is concluded that the \"ordinary\" preschool Child Health Services did fulfill their purpose to detect handicapping disorders in an acceptable way; by the introduction of the special health control at 4 years of age, this function was further improved.", "contents": "Physical health of 7-year-old children. An epidemiological study of school entrants and a comparison with their preschool health. At 7 years of age, all 649 7-year-old children in a school district underwent a physical examination, a vision screening and an auditory screening. 210 of the children were previously examined in an extensive health control at 4 years of age. The purpose of the present study was to describe the children's health situation and to evaluate the special health control performed at 4 years of age. In 15% of the children, functionally important health problems were found. Visual defects were most common, comprising 7.5%, then came physical health problems such as motor disturbances, obesity, bacteriuria in 6.5%, and hearing defects in 1%. About half of the important health problems were previously known. Children who had passed the special health control at 4 years of age had fewer newly detected important health problems and more previously known ones than other children, which means that many children with above all visual defects but also motor disturbances, bacteriuria and testis retention, were detected and treated earlier than would have happened without the special control at 4 years. It is concluded that the \"ordinary\" preschool Child Health Services did fulfill their purpose to detect handicapping disorders in an acceptable way; by the introduction of the special health control at 4 years of age, this function was further improved."}
{"id": "PMID:868510", "title": "Physical mass examinations in the school health service.", "content": "At 7 years of age, all 649 children in a school district underwent a physical examination, a vision screening and an auditory screening. The purpose of the present study was to analyse the value of the routine physical examination within the school health services. In 15% of the children functionally important health problems were found. Visual defects were most common, comprising 7.5%, then came physical health problems such as motor disturbances, obesity, bacteriuria in 6.5%, and hearing defects in 1%. About half of the important health problems were previously known. Most disorders of importance were detected by the nurse's screening examination and rather few by the doctor's physical examination. It seems advisable to introduce screening procedures in the hands of nurses also for the physical examination. The role of the school physician in the general health surveillance would then be mainly to control and verify specific observations or suspicions of disease or handicap noted by the school nurse. His time and attention could instead be directed towards important tasks, which are now often neglected, e.g. health education, and care of sick and handicapped children in the school setting.", "contents": "Physical mass examinations in the school health service. At 7 years of age, all 649 children in a school district underwent a physical examination, a vision screening and an auditory screening. The purpose of the present study was to analyse the value of the routine physical examination within the school health services. In 15% of the children functionally important health problems were found. Visual defects were most common, comprising 7.5%, then came physical health problems such as motor disturbances, obesity, bacteriuria in 6.5%, and hearing defects in 1%. About half of the important health problems were previously known. Most disorders of importance were detected by the nurse's screening examination and rather few by the doctor's physical examination. It seems advisable to introduce screening procedures in the hands of nurses also for the physical examination. The role of the school physician in the general health surveillance would then be mainly to control and verify specific observations or suspicions of disease or handicap noted by the school nurse. His time and attention could instead be directed towards important tasks, which are now often neglected, e.g. health education, and care of sick and handicapped children in the school setting."}
{"id": "PMID:868511", "title": "Excessive hepatic glycogen storage in glucosephosphate isomerase deficiency.", "content": "Excessive amounts of glycogen were found in liver and erythrocytes of a patient suffering from generalized glucosephosphate isomerase deficiency. A low carbohydrate diet, frequent meals and avoidance of peak carbohydrate challenges resulted in a significant decrease of liver volume without affecting the haematological condition. The possible mechanism of these findings are discussed.", "contents": "Excessive hepatic glycogen storage in glucosephosphate isomerase deficiency. Excessive amounts of glycogen were found in liver and erythrocytes of a patient suffering from generalized glucosephosphate isomerase deficiency. A low carbohydrate diet, frequent meals and avoidance of peak carbohydrate challenges resulted in a significant decrease of liver volume without affecting the haematological condition. The possible mechanism of these findings are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:868512", "title": "Sisomicin treatment of serious neonatal infections. A clinical and pharmacokinetic study.", "content": "23 infants, 20 of which had verified or clinically highly suspected serious infections in the neonatal period, were treated with a new antibiotic aminoglycoside, sisomicin, i.m. in doses from 2.8 to 6.6 mg/kg/24 h. Clinical cure was obtained in 18 of 20 caes, and marked improvement in one case. Adverse effects were only observed in two infants with tenderness at the injection sites. Serum concentrations and half-life estimations showed that the concentrations were similar to those obtained for gentamicin, and that half-life was independent of postnatal age, but highly correlated to the gestational age and to body weight. Consideration should therefore be given to the prolonged half-life of the drug in immature and low birth weight infants.", "contents": "Sisomicin treatment of serious neonatal infections. A clinical and pharmacokinetic study. 23 infants, 20 of which had verified or clinically highly suspected serious infections in the neonatal period, were treated with a new antibiotic aminoglycoside, sisomicin, i.m. in doses from 2.8 to 6.6 mg/kg/24 h. Clinical cure was obtained in 18 of 20 caes, and marked improvement in one case. Adverse effects were only observed in two infants with tenderness at the injection sites. Serum concentrations and half-life estimations showed that the concentrations were similar to those obtained for gentamicin, and that half-life was independent of postnatal age, but highly correlated to the gestational age and to body weight. Consideration should therefore be given to the prolonged half-life of the drug in immature and low birth weight infants."}
{"id": "PMID:868513", "title": "Congenital rickets. Study of the evolution of secondary hyperparathyroidism.", "content": "A case of congenital rickets of nutritional origin is described in a light-for-date premature infant (gestational age 34 weeks, birthweight 1 100 g). X-rays of the long bones showed spread, frayed and cupped metaphyses at birth and at the age of 16 days. Serum calcium was 8.2 mg/100 ml, phosphorus 3.4 mg/100 ml and alkaline phosphatase (A.P):323 IU/ml (N less than or equal to 200) at the age of 3 days. Very high level of serum immunoreactive parathroid hormone (iPTH) was found at the age of 16 days=295 micronlEq/ml (N less than or equal to 50). Evidence of maternal vitamin D deficiency was demostrated by low plasma 25-hydroxycholecalciferol (25-OH-CC):1.0 ng/ml (N:13.2+/-4.2) soon after delivery; it was found to be normal (10.2 ng/ml) six months later. Ca infusion (15 mg/kg/3 h) resulted in a marked fall of serum iPTH (280 to 84 micronlEq/ml). Administration of vitamin D2 (2400 IU/day for 10 days) induced some healing of the metaphyses; A. P. remained elevated (400 IU/ml); plasma 25-OH-CC was normal 10.2 ng/ml and serum iPTH was 115 micronlEq/ml. When 25-OH-CC was given orally for ten days (15 microng/day), plasma 25-OH-CC rose to 64.5 ng/ml with a minor change of serum iPTH (94 micronlEq/ml); X-rays of the bones showed osteoporosis. These results suggest a reduced convertion of 25-OH-CC into 1-25-(OH)2-CC.", "contents": "Congenital rickets. Study of the evolution of secondary hyperparathyroidism. A case of congenital rickets of nutritional origin is described in a light-for-date premature infant (gestational age 34 weeks, birthweight 1 100 g). X-rays of the long bones showed spread, frayed and cupped metaphyses at birth and at the age of 16 days. Serum calcium was 8.2 mg/100 ml, phosphorus 3.4 mg/100 ml and alkaline phosphatase (A.P):323 IU/ml (N less than or equal to 200) at the age of 3 days. Very high level of serum immunoreactive parathroid hormone (iPTH) was found at the age of 16 days=295 micronlEq/ml (N less than or equal to 50). Evidence of maternal vitamin D deficiency was demostrated by low plasma 25-hydroxycholecalciferol (25-OH-CC):1.0 ng/ml (N:13.2+/-4.2) soon after delivery; it was found to be normal (10.2 ng/ml) six months later. Ca infusion (15 mg/kg/3 h) resulted in a marked fall of serum iPTH (280 to 84 micronlEq/ml). Administration of vitamin D2 (2400 IU/day for 10 days) induced some healing of the metaphyses; A. P. remained elevated (400 IU/ml); plasma 25-OH-CC was normal 10.2 ng/ml and serum iPTH was 115 micronlEq/ml. When 25-OH-CC was given orally for ten days (15 microng/day), plasma 25-OH-CC rose to 64.5 ng/ml with a minor change of serum iPTH (94 micronlEq/ml); X-rays of the bones showed osteoporosis. These results suggest a reduced convertion of 25-OH-CC into 1-25-(OH)2-CC."}
{"id": "PMID:868514", "title": "Effect of maternal parity and infant sex upon the haematological values of cord blood.", "content": "Coulter Counter (Model S) analysis of 400 cord blood samples are presented, together with differential white cell counts for 249 of these. The mean values for haemoglobin and red cell count are somewhat higher than previous values determined by manual methods, while those for haematocrit and mean cell volume are slightly lower. An unexpected finding was that the red cell count, haemoglobin concentration, and haematocrit, are significantly higher in male than in female infants. A parity effect was also demonstrated: infants of both sexes born as second or subsequent births had lower values for total white cell count, haemoglobin concentration and haematocrit, than first-born infants.", "contents": "Effect of maternal parity and infant sex upon the haematological values of cord blood. Coulter Counter (Model S) analysis of 400 cord blood samples are presented, together with differential white cell counts for 249 of these. The mean values for haemoglobin and red cell count are somewhat higher than previous values determined by manual methods, while those for haematocrit and mean cell volume are slightly lower. An unexpected finding was that the red cell count, haemoglobin concentration, and haematocrit, are significantly higher in male than in female infants. A parity effect was also demonstrated: infants of both sexes born as second or subsequent births had lower values for total white cell count, haemoglobin concentration and haematocrit, than first-born infants."}
{"id": "PMID:868515", "title": "On indications for treatment of the hyperphenylalaninemic neonate.", "content": "Of 488 006 neonates tested by Guthrie screening 58 showed values above 2.5 mg/100 ml. Thirty-two showed values between 2.5 mg/100 ml and 15 mg/100 ml. Eighteen of these infants appeared to have phenylketonuria (PKU) and fourteen to have persistent hyperphenylalaninemia (HPA). Neither the initial Guthrie test-value nor the confirmatory test were able to differentiate between these two conditions. Consequently a phenylalanine restricted diet is started in any child with serumphenylalanine values exceeding 10 mh/100 ml (605 micronmol/l). The data show that the course of the dietary tolerance of phenylalanine and a 24-hour phenylalanine load test will differentiate infants with PKU from those with HPA.", "contents": "On indications for treatment of the hyperphenylalaninemic neonate. Of 488 006 neonates tested by Guthrie screening 58 showed values above 2.5 mg/100 ml. Thirty-two showed values between 2.5 mg/100 ml and 15 mg/100 ml. Eighteen of these infants appeared to have phenylketonuria (PKU) and fourteen to have persistent hyperphenylalaninemia (HPA). Neither the initial Guthrie test-value nor the confirmatory test were able to differentiate between these two conditions. Consequently a phenylalanine restricted diet is started in any child with serumphenylalanine values exceeding 10 mh/100 ml (605 micronmol/l). The data show that the course of the dietary tolerance of phenylalanine and a 24-hour phenylalanine load test will differentiate infants with PKU from those with HPA."}
{"id": "PMID:868516", "title": "Severe mental retardation in a Swedish county. I. Epidemiology, gestational age, birth weight and associated CNS handicaps in children born 1959--70.", "content": "In a unselected series of children born in 1959--70 with severe mental retardation (MR)---defined as IQ less than 50---in a Swedish county, the incidence, prevalence, gestational length, birth weight and associated CNS handicaps were analysed. The cumulative incidence at 1-16 years of age was calculated at 3.3% and the prevalence at 11-16 years at 2.8%. These figures were lower than in most other previous studies. In the great majority of cases the pathogenesis was of prenatal origin. The mean gestational lengths and birth weights were decreased compared with those of an average Swedish population. Severe MR affected large and small for date babies more often than could be expected. On the other hand, babies, with a low birth weight, appropriate for gestational age, and with an uncomplicated history, were found not to run a special risk of severe MR. Among the 122 children, 42% had one or more associated CNS handicaps---epilepsy (30%) and cerebral palsy (18%) being the most common.", "contents": "Severe mental retardation in a Swedish county. I. Epidemiology, gestational age, birth weight and associated CNS handicaps in children born 1959--70. In a unselected series of children born in 1959--70 with severe mental retardation (MR)---defined as IQ less than 50---in a Swedish county, the incidence, prevalence, gestational length, birth weight and associated CNS handicaps were analysed. The cumulative incidence at 1-16 years of age was calculated at 3.3% and the prevalence at 11-16 years at 2.8%. These figures were lower than in most other previous studies. In the great majority of cases the pathogenesis was of prenatal origin. The mean gestational lengths and birth weights were decreased compared with those of an average Swedish population. Severe MR affected large and small for date babies more often than could be expected. On the other hand, babies, with a low birth weight, appropriate for gestational age, and with an uncomplicated history, were found not to run a special risk of severe MR. Among the 122 children, 42% had one or more associated CNS handicaps---epilepsy (30%) and cerebral palsy (18%) being the most common."}
{"id": "PMID:868517", "title": "Complete heart block in a young child presumably due to mycoplasma pneumoniae myocarditis.", "content": "The case is described of an 18 months old boy with sudden onset complete heart block, heralded by Stokes-Adams attacks. General signs of viral illness preceded and accompanied the syndrome; this, along with angiographic evidence of poorly contracting left ventricle, led to the diagnosis of non bacterial myocarditis. Serologic tests disclosed a significant rise in antibodies against mycoplasma pneumoniae (1/16 to 1/128). The His-bundle electrogram showed a block above the His-bundle, but fairly widespread damage to the conduction system is suspected. The complete heart block proved to be permanent and a fixed rate pacemaker had to be implanted.", "contents": "Complete heart block in a young child presumably due to mycoplasma pneumoniae myocarditis. The case is described of an 18 months old boy with sudden onset complete heart block, heralded by Stokes-Adams attacks. General signs of viral illness preceded and accompanied the syndrome; this, along with angiographic evidence of poorly contracting left ventricle, led to the diagnosis of non bacterial myocarditis. Serologic tests disclosed a significant rise in antibodies against mycoplasma pneumoniae (1/16 to 1/128). The His-bundle electrogram showed a block above the His-bundle, but fairly widespread damage to the conduction system is suspected. The complete heart block proved to be permanent and a fixed rate pacemaker had to be implanted."}
{"id": "PMID:868520", "title": "Effects of strychnine and picrotoxin on the activity of laryngeal and phrenic motoneurons during stimulation of vagus nerve.", "content": "Effects of strychnine and picrotoxin on the activity of laryngeal and phrenic motoneurons during stimulation of vagus nerve. Acta Physiol. Pol., 1977, 28 (1): 1-11. In paralyzed cats the activity of \"single fibres\" in the recurrent laryngeal nerve and phrenic nerve was recorded. The afferent part of the vagus nerve was stimulated electrically at a frequency of 200 Hz, the duration of one impulse was 1 msec and voltage values used were 0.1, 0.2 and 0.3 V. Stimulation was carried out in paralyzed animals and then after intravenous administration of strychnine 0.3 mg/kg and picrotoxin 1.0 mg/kg. Administration of the drugs was sufficient to induce in both nerves appearance of additional impulses of varying amplitude. Stimulation after administration of strychnine and picrotoxin caused partial inhibition of the activity of both nerves (less significant than before administration of drugs). The authors believe that the mechanisms of presynaptic and postsynaptic inhibition participate in the activity of nervous pathways conveying the inhibitory effect of the vagus nerve to the laryngeal and phrenic motor neurons.", "contents": "Effects of strychnine and picrotoxin on the activity of laryngeal and phrenic motoneurons during stimulation of vagus nerve. Effects of strychnine and picrotoxin on the activity of laryngeal and phrenic motoneurons during stimulation of vagus nerve. Acta Physiol. Pol., 1977, 28 (1): 1-11. In paralyzed cats the activity of \"single fibres\" in the recurrent laryngeal nerve and phrenic nerve was recorded. The afferent part of the vagus nerve was stimulated electrically at a frequency of 200 Hz, the duration of one impulse was 1 msec and voltage values used were 0.1, 0.2 and 0.3 V. Stimulation was carried out in paralyzed animals and then after intravenous administration of strychnine 0.3 mg/kg and picrotoxin 1.0 mg/kg. Administration of the drugs was sufficient to induce in both nerves appearance of additional impulses of varying amplitude. Stimulation after administration of strychnine and picrotoxin caused partial inhibition of the activity of both nerves (less significant than before administration of drugs). The authors believe that the mechanisms of presynaptic and postsynaptic inhibition participate in the activity of nervous pathways conveying the inhibitory effect of the vagus nerve to the laryngeal and phrenic motor neurons."}
{"id": "PMID:868522", "title": "Spontaneous synthesis of acetylcholine in the rat brain after beta adrenergic receptor blockade.", "content": "Spontaneous synthesis of acetylcholine in the rat brain after beta adrenergic receptor blockade. Acta Physiol. Pol., 1977, 28 (1): 31-38. The purpose of this work was to determine the effects of propranolol, oxprenolol and practolol on acetylcholine synthesis in the cerebral cortex and brain stem of rats in vitro and in vivo. Propranolol and oxprenolol inhibited acetylcholine synthesis in slices of cerebral cortex and brain stem in vitro but not in vivo. Practolol reduced the synthesis of acetylcholine in cortical neurons but was without effect on acetylcholine synthesis in brain stem neurons. The authors suppose that the inhibition of acetylcholine synthesis in vitro by the beta-adrenergic blocking agents used in this experiment was due to disturbances either in glycolysis or in the transport of sodium, potassium and calcium ions across cell membranes.", "contents": "Spontaneous synthesis of acetylcholine in the rat brain after beta adrenergic receptor blockade. Spontaneous synthesis of acetylcholine in the rat brain after beta adrenergic receptor blockade. Acta Physiol. Pol., 1977, 28 (1): 31-38. The purpose of this work was to determine the effects of propranolol, oxprenolol and practolol on acetylcholine synthesis in the cerebral cortex and brain stem of rats in vitro and in vivo. Propranolol and oxprenolol inhibited acetylcholine synthesis in slices of cerebral cortex and brain stem in vitro but not in vivo. Practolol reduced the synthesis of acetylcholine in cortical neurons but was without effect on acetylcholine synthesis in brain stem neurons. The authors suppose that the inhibition of acetylcholine synthesis in vitro by the beta-adrenergic blocking agents used in this experiment was due to disturbances either in glycolysis or in the transport of sodium, potassium and calcium ions across cell membranes."}
{"id": "PMID:868523", "title": "The effect of propranolol-administration on the electroencephalogram in the rabbit.", "content": "The effect of propranolol-administration on the electroencephalogram in the rabbit. Acta Physiol. Pol., 1977, 28 (1): 45-50. The influence of propranolol on EEG of the rabbits, with electrodes chronically implanted into different brain structures, was studied. Propranolol in the doses of 1, 2 and 3 mg/kg was injected intravenously. The bioelectrical brain activity of the rabbits was measured several times after the drug injection. In the next period of experiments propranolol (2 mg/kg i.v.) was administered every day for 10 days. Moreover the influence of the same doses of this drug on ECG and arterial pressure was studied. It was found that propranolol-administration changes the bioelectrical activity of the brain. Such phenomenon as, voltage increase, irregular and slower rhythm, an increase in slow activity and spikes, fast activity was perceived. The changes in EEG were particularly well pronounced in subcortical structures. The described effects of propranolol do not depend on the influence of this drug on the circulatory system.", "contents": "The effect of propranolol-administration on the electroencephalogram in the rabbit. The effect of propranolol-administration on the electroencephalogram in the rabbit. Acta Physiol. Pol., 1977, 28 (1): 45-50. The influence of propranolol on EEG of the rabbits, with electrodes chronically implanted into different brain structures, was studied. Propranolol in the doses of 1, 2 and 3 mg/kg was injected intravenously. The bioelectrical brain activity of the rabbits was measured several times after the drug injection. In the next period of experiments propranolol (2 mg/kg i.v.) was administered every day for 10 days. Moreover the influence of the same doses of this drug on ECG and arterial pressure was studied. It was found that propranolol-administration changes the bioelectrical activity of the brain. Such phenomenon as, voltage increase, irregular and slower rhythm, an increase in slow activity and spikes, fast activity was perceived. The changes in EEG were particularly well pronounced in subcortical structures. The described effects of propranolol do not depend on the influence of this drug on the circulatory system."}
{"id": "PMID:868521", "title": "5-hydroxydopamine, unspecific centrally acting false neurotransmitter.", "content": "5-hydroxydopamine, unspecific centrally acting false neurotransmitter. Acta Physiol. Pol., 1977, 28 (1): 13-22. 3,4,5-trihydroxyphenetylamine-5-hydroxydopamine (5-OHDA) injected intracerebro-ventricularly decreases the level of noradrenaline, 5-hydroxytryptamine and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid in different parts of the rat brain. It does not affect acetylcholine level. 5-OHDA causes dose-dependent hypothermia, transient hypertension and depression of locomotor and exploratory activity in rats. This behavioral phenomena are reversed by central chemical sympathectomy elicited by 6-hydroxydopamine. It is concluded that 5-OHDA is an unspecific centrally acting false transmitter.", "contents": "5-hydroxydopamine, unspecific centrally acting false neurotransmitter. 5-hydroxydopamine, unspecific centrally acting false neurotransmitter. Acta Physiol. Pol., 1977, 28 (1): 13-22. 3,4,5-trihydroxyphenetylamine-5-hydroxydopamine (5-OHDA) injected intracerebro-ventricularly decreases the level of noradrenaline, 5-hydroxytryptamine and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid in different parts of the rat brain. It does not affect acetylcholine level. 5-OHDA causes dose-dependent hypothermia, transient hypertension and depression of locomotor and exploratory activity in rats. This behavioral phenomena are reversed by central chemical sympathectomy elicited by 6-hydroxydopamine. It is concluded that 5-OHDA is an unspecific centrally acting false transmitter."}
{"id": "PMID:868525", "title": "Variability of the averaged evoked potentials in healthy subjects after 24-hour sleep deprivation.", "content": "Variability of the averaged evoked visual potentials in healthy subjects after 24-hour sleep deprivation. Acta Physiol. Pol., 1977, 28 (1): 61-69. The authors evaluated the effects of 24-hour sleep deprivation on visual evoked potentials in 20 pilots aged 20 to 40 years, clinically healthy and with normal bioelectric cerebral activity. A slight reduction in the latency time of components was observed, mainly in the non-specific part of the visual evoked potentials, and a rise in the P3-N4 amplitude. An analysis of the duration of potential components suggests that sleep deprivation causes disturbances in the equilibrium between the processes of excitation and inhibition from non-specific structures (with increased excitation). All parameters assessed may evidence increased excitation of the central nervous system after activation with insomnia + light flashes, and may be useful for extending the diagnostic possibilities in cases of borderline pathological changes in cerebral bioelectric activity.", "contents": "Variability of the averaged evoked potentials in healthy subjects after 24-hour sleep deprivation. Variability of the averaged evoked visual potentials in healthy subjects after 24-hour sleep deprivation. Acta Physiol. Pol., 1977, 28 (1): 61-69. The authors evaluated the effects of 24-hour sleep deprivation on visual evoked potentials in 20 pilots aged 20 to 40 years, clinically healthy and with normal bioelectric cerebral activity. A slight reduction in the latency time of components was observed, mainly in the non-specific part of the visual evoked potentials, and a rise in the P3-N4 amplitude. An analysis of the duration of potential components suggests that sleep deprivation causes disturbances in the equilibrium between the processes of excitation and inhibition from non-specific structures (with increased excitation). All parameters assessed may evidence increased excitation of the central nervous system after activation with insomnia + light flashes, and may be useful for extending the diagnostic possibilities in cases of borderline pathological changes in cerebral bioelectric activity."}
{"id": "PMID:868526", "title": "Content of vasopressin in the neurohypophysis of long-term dehydrated rats as influenced by carbachol treatment.", "content": "Content of vasopressin in the neurohypophysis of long-term dehydrated rats as influenced by carbachol treatment. Acta Physiol. Pol., 1977, 28 (1): 71-75. Rats dehydrated up to 12 days were treated with carbachol given intraperitoneally in daily doses of 20 microng/100 g of the initial body weight. Under extreme dehydration (8 and 12 days) the vasopressin depletion in the neurohypophysis was significantly inhibited in the carbachol-treated animals.", "contents": "Content of vasopressin in the neurohypophysis of long-term dehydrated rats as influenced by carbachol treatment. Content of vasopressin in the neurohypophysis of long-term dehydrated rats as influenced by carbachol treatment. Acta Physiol. Pol., 1977, 28 (1): 71-75. Rats dehydrated up to 12 days were treated with carbachol given intraperitoneally in daily doses of 20 microng/100 g of the initial body weight. Under extreme dehydration (8 and 12 days) the vasopressin depletion in the neurohypophysis was significantly inhibited in the carbachol-treated animals."}
{"id": "PMID:868524", "title": "Hormonal regulation of thermogenesis in goslings. The effects of blockade with thiouracil and propranolol.", "content": "Hormonal regulation of thermogenesis in goslings. The effects of blockade with thiouracil and propranolol. Acta Physiol. Pol. 1977, 28 (1): 51-60. The experiments were carried out on 90 male goslings of White Italian breed. In goslings 5 to 7 and 18 to 21-day-old thiouracil (6 mg/100 g i.p., for 3 consecutive days) diminished the cold-induced increase in the metabolic rate. At the end of 1.5 h exposure to 5 degrees C a small but statistically significant drop of body temperature in the thiouracil-treated goslings was noted. Propranolol treatment (2 mg/kg s.c.) had no clear effect neither on body temperature of cold exposed goslings nor on the cold-induced increase in the metabolic rate. The drug caused a significant decrease in the plasma free fatty acid (FFA) levels only in the goslings kept at thermoneutrality. In those exposed to 5 degrees C the plasma FFA levels rose both in the control and propranolol-treated goslings. This suggests that the cold-induced lipolysis in the goslings may be accomplished without mediation of noradrenaline.", "contents": "Hormonal regulation of thermogenesis in goslings. The effects of blockade with thiouracil and propranolol. Hormonal regulation of thermogenesis in goslings. The effects of blockade with thiouracil and propranolol. Acta Physiol. Pol. 1977, 28 (1): 51-60. The experiments were carried out on 90 male goslings of White Italian breed. In goslings 5 to 7 and 18 to 21-day-old thiouracil (6 mg/100 g i.p., for 3 consecutive days) diminished the cold-induced increase in the metabolic rate. At the end of 1.5 h exposure to 5 degrees C a small but statistically significant drop of body temperature in the thiouracil-treated goslings was noted. Propranolol treatment (2 mg/kg s.c.) had no clear effect neither on body temperature of cold exposed goslings nor on the cold-induced increase in the metabolic rate. The drug caused a significant decrease in the plasma free fatty acid (FFA) levels only in the goslings kept at thermoneutrality. In those exposed to 5 degrees C the plasma FFA levels rose both in the control and propranolol-treated goslings. This suggests that the cold-induced lipolysis in the goslings may be accomplished without mediation of noradrenaline."}
{"id": "PMID:868528", "title": "The effects of etorphine, fentanyl and morphine on noradrenaline and dopamine concentrations in the striatum of rat.", "content": "The effects of etorphine, fentanyl and morphine on noradrenaline and dopamine concentrations in the striatum of rat. Acta Physiol. Pol. 1977, 28 (2): 107--112. Dopamine (DA) concentrations were determined after administration of etorphine (M 99--0.008 mg/kg), fentanyl (0.006 mg/kg) and very high doses of morphine (20.0 mg/kg). DA was chosen as a striatal neurotransmitter playing the main role in the extrapyramidal system. The concentrations of noradrenaline (NA) were determined for comparison. Etorphine in therapeutic doses and morphine in subtoxic doses increased the concentration of DA in striatal neurons. Since, under these conditions, the behavior of animals resembles the symptom complex characteristic of the so-called parkinsonian or postneuroleptic syndrome in which a deficiency of absence of DA has been found in striatum, it might be supposed that the cataleptic action of etorphine and morphine may be due to inhibition of presynaptic striatal structures, with consequent disturbances in DA release from its stores.", "contents": "The effects of etorphine, fentanyl and morphine on noradrenaline and dopamine concentrations in the striatum of rat. The effects of etorphine, fentanyl and morphine on noradrenaline and dopamine concentrations in the striatum of rat. Acta Physiol. Pol. 1977, 28 (2): 107--112. Dopamine (DA) concentrations were determined after administration of etorphine (M 99--0.008 mg/kg), fentanyl (0.006 mg/kg) and very high doses of morphine (20.0 mg/kg). DA was chosen as a striatal neurotransmitter playing the main role in the extrapyramidal system. The concentrations of noradrenaline (NA) were determined for comparison. Etorphine in therapeutic doses and morphine in subtoxic doses increased the concentration of DA in striatal neurons. Since, under these conditions, the behavior of animals resembles the symptom complex characteristic of the so-called parkinsonian or postneuroleptic syndrome in which a deficiency of absence of DA has been found in striatum, it might be supposed that the cataleptic action of etorphine and morphine may be due to inhibition of presynaptic striatal structures, with consequent disturbances in DA release from its stores."}
{"id": "PMID:868530", "title": "Isolation of a peptide inhibiting glucose absorption by red blood cells from plasma of healthy subjects performing physical exercise.", "content": "Isolation of a peptide inhibiting glucose absorption by red blood cells from plasma of healthy subjects performing physical exercise. Acta Physiol. Pol. 1977, 28 (2): 117--125. A peptide inhibiting glucose absorption by erythrocytes was isolated from the plasma of healthy males age 23-24 years subjected to physical exercise of increasing intensity from 1 to 3 W/kg of body weight during 18 min. This peptide was not found in the blood plasma obtained from these subjects before exercise as well as in the initial stage of exercise. It appeared in the plasma at the end of the exercise period when symptoms of fatigue were already evident. In view of this it is suggested to call it \"fatigue peptide\".", "contents": "Isolation of a peptide inhibiting glucose absorption by red blood cells from plasma of healthy subjects performing physical exercise. Isolation of a peptide inhibiting glucose absorption by red blood cells from plasma of healthy subjects performing physical exercise. Acta Physiol. Pol. 1977, 28 (2): 117--125. A peptide inhibiting glucose absorption by erythrocytes was isolated from the plasma of healthy males age 23-24 years subjected to physical exercise of increasing intensity from 1 to 3 W/kg of body weight during 18 min. This peptide was not found in the blood plasma obtained from these subjects before exercise as well as in the initial stage of exercise. It appeared in the plasma at the end of the exercise period when symptoms of fatigue were already evident. In view of this it is suggested to call it \"fatigue peptide\"."}
{"id": "PMID:868531", "title": "The intestinal calcium and phosphate transport under conditions of experimental hypercalcemia.", "content": "The intestinal calcium and phosphate transport under conditions of experimental hypercalcemia. Acta Physiol. Pol., 1977, 28 (2): 127--134. Intestinal calcium and phosphate transport was examined in various segments of small intestine under two differently processed hypercalcemic conditions. The analysis of the serum calcium and phosphate level changes, showed the increasing serum calcium values without any concomitant change in the serum phosphate concentration during the course of the experiment. The observed discrepancy of the intestinal phosphate transport when compared the in vitro and in vivo studies, suggests the presence of phosphate transport regulatory mechanism acting on the intestinal level.", "contents": "The intestinal calcium and phosphate transport under conditions of experimental hypercalcemia. The intestinal calcium and phosphate transport under conditions of experimental hypercalcemia. Acta Physiol. Pol., 1977, 28 (2): 127--134. Intestinal calcium and phosphate transport was examined in various segments of small intestine under two differently processed hypercalcemic conditions. The analysis of the serum calcium and phosphate level changes, showed the increasing serum calcium values without any concomitant change in the serum phosphate concentration during the course of the experiment. The observed discrepancy of the intestinal phosphate transport when compared the in vitro and in vivo studies, suggests the presence of phosphate transport regulatory mechanism acting on the intestinal level."}
{"id": "PMID:868529", "title": "Entropic properties of the neural signal space, the neurodynamic basis of Weber's and Steven's law.", "content": "Entropic properties of the neural signal space, the neurodynamic basis of Weber's and Steven's law. Acta Physiol. Pol., 1977, 28 (2): 113--116. Taking into account the number of neural units, number of their efferent synapses and the average impulse frequency as well as the notion of neural momentum the dependence of neural entropy on neural tonus was examined. Based on the above model the neurodynamic basis of the Weber's and Steven's law was considered.", "contents": "Entropic properties of the neural signal space, the neurodynamic basis of Weber's and Steven's law. Entropic properties of the neural signal space, the neurodynamic basis of Weber's and Steven's law. Acta Physiol. Pol., 1977, 28 (2): 113--116. Taking into account the number of neural units, number of their efferent synapses and the average impulse frequency as well as the notion of neural momentum the dependence of neural entropy on neural tonus was examined. Based on the above model the neurodynamic basis of the Weber's and Steven's law was considered."}
{"id": "PMID:868527", "title": "Radiological method for investigation of the motor activity of the reticulum in sheep.", "content": "Radiological method for investigation of the motor activity of the reticulum in sheep. Acta Physiol. Pol., 1977, 28 (1): 85-91. Using a TUR-D 1001 X-ray apparatus, Chirana electronic image intensifier equipped with an Admira 16 film camera the authors studied the motor activity of the reticulum in sheep. The investigations were carried out on 5 young sheep. Barium suspension was used as contrast medium. The successive phases of reticulum contractions were visualized on X-ray films obtained with a seriograph. The authors determined the time of complete reticulum contraction in films obtained at a rate of 16 frames per second. It was found that the mean time of reticulum contractions in sheep is 6 seconds. The high accuracy and usefulness of radiocinematography for studying reticulum contractions in sheep is stressed.", "contents": "Radiological method for investigation of the motor activity of the reticulum in sheep. Radiological method for investigation of the motor activity of the reticulum in sheep. Acta Physiol. Pol., 1977, 28 (1): 85-91. Using a TUR-D 1001 X-ray apparatus, Chirana electronic image intensifier equipped with an Admira 16 film camera the authors studied the motor activity of the reticulum in sheep. The investigations were carried out on 5 young sheep. Barium suspension was used as contrast medium. The successive phases of reticulum contractions were visualized on X-ray films obtained with a seriograph. The authors determined the time of complete reticulum contraction in films obtained at a rate of 16 frames per second. It was found that the mean time of reticulum contractions in sheep is 6 seconds. The high accuracy and usefulness of radiocinematography for studying reticulum contractions in sheep is stressed."}
{"id": "PMID:868532", "title": "Plasma oxytocic activity after ovariectomy and stilboestrol or progesterone implantation in female rats.", "content": "Plasma oxytocic activity after ovariectomy and stillboestrol or progesterone implantation in female rats. Acta Physiol. Pol. 1977, 28 (2): 135--142. The purpose of this work was to compare the oxytocic activity of plasma in the intact rats, after ovariectomy, and in ovariectomized rats after subcutaneous implantation of stilboestrol or progesterone tablets. On the 22nd day after ovariectomy and implantation of hormones 2 ml of blood were obtained under urethane anaesthesia from the cephalad portion of the right external jugular vein. Plasma oxytocic activity was determined by the method of Van Dongen and Hays in Fragments of the rat mammary tissue at the time of lactation. The plasma oxytocic activity of ovariectomized female rats did not differ significantly from that found in the rats with implanted hormones. Cytological analysis of vaginal smears demonstrated stimulation of vaginal epithelium by exogenous hormones which lasted up to 10 days after implantation. Ovariectomy caused a threefold rise in the plasma oxytocic activity as compared with the control values.", "contents": "Plasma oxytocic activity after ovariectomy and stilboestrol or progesterone implantation in female rats. Plasma oxytocic activity after ovariectomy and stillboestrol or progesterone implantation in female rats. Acta Physiol. Pol. 1977, 28 (2): 135--142. The purpose of this work was to compare the oxytocic activity of plasma in the intact rats, after ovariectomy, and in ovariectomized rats after subcutaneous implantation of stilboestrol or progesterone tablets. On the 22nd day after ovariectomy and implantation of hormones 2 ml of blood were obtained under urethane anaesthesia from the cephalad portion of the right external jugular vein. Plasma oxytocic activity was determined by the method of Van Dongen and Hays in Fragments of the rat mammary tissue at the time of lactation. The plasma oxytocic activity of ovariectomized female rats did not differ significantly from that found in the rats with implanted hormones. Cytological analysis of vaginal smears demonstrated stimulation of vaginal epithelium by exogenous hormones which lasted up to 10 days after implantation. Ovariectomy caused a threefold rise in the plasma oxytocic activity as compared with the control values."}
{"id": "PMID:868534", "title": "Pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of psycholeptic drugs in the course of radiation disease. The effect of premedication with cystamine on pharmacodynamics and Pharmacokinetics of nitrazepam.", "content": "Pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of psycholeptic drugs in the course of radiation disease (I). Effect of premedication with cystamine on pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of nitrazepam. Acta Physiol. Pol. 1977, 28 (2): 161--168. In the experiments carried out on rats the radiation disease was evoked by exposure to 600 R. The strongest radioprotective action of cystamine was found on the 3-rd day of radiation disease. The tendency to normalization of both the pharmacodynamics (exploring mobility and anticonvulsant action) and pharmacokinetics of nitrazepam in the animals premedicated with cystamine was described.", "contents": "Pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of psycholeptic drugs in the course of radiation disease. The effect of premedication with cystamine on pharmacodynamics and Pharmacokinetics of nitrazepam. Pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of psycholeptic drugs in the course of radiation disease (I). Effect of premedication with cystamine on pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of nitrazepam. Acta Physiol. Pol. 1977, 28 (2): 161--168. In the experiments carried out on rats the radiation disease was evoked by exposure to 600 R. The strongest radioprotective action of cystamine was found on the 3-rd day of radiation disease. The tendency to normalization of both the pharmacodynamics (exploring mobility and anticonvulsant action) and pharmacokinetics of nitrazepam in the animals premedicated with cystamine was described."}
{"id": "PMID:868536", "title": "Effect of deterlon (DBS) on the electrocardiogram of eel Anguilla anguilla (L).", "content": "Effect of Deterlon (DBS) on the electrocardiogram of eel Anguilla anguilla (L). Acta Physiol. Pol. 1977, 28 (2): 179--186. The investigations of the effect of a detergent Deterlon-DBS present in industrial and community sewage on ECG changes in the eel Anguilla anguilla (L) showed that it causes disturbances in the impulse-generating centres and in the mechanism of impulse conduction in the heart. It was found that the threshold concentration of Deterlon-DBS in aqueous medium is 3 mg SA/1 for the eel, the lethal concentration lying in the range of 60--100 mg SA/1.", "contents": "Effect of deterlon (DBS) on the electrocardiogram of eel Anguilla anguilla (L). Effect of Deterlon (DBS) on the electrocardiogram of eel Anguilla anguilla (L). Acta Physiol. Pol. 1977, 28 (2): 179--186. The investigations of the effect of a detergent Deterlon-DBS present in industrial and community sewage on ECG changes in the eel Anguilla anguilla (L) showed that it causes disturbances in the impulse-generating centres and in the mechanism of impulse conduction in the heart. It was found that the threshold concentration of Deterlon-DBS in aqueous medium is 3 mg SA/1 for the eel, the lethal concentration lying in the range of 60--100 mg SA/1."}
{"id": "PMID:868533", "title": "Effect of fibrinogen degradation products on the rat blood vessels.", "content": "Effect of fibrinogen degradation products on the rat blood vessels. Acta Physiol. Pol. 1977, 28 (2): 153--159. It was found that fibrinogen degradation products (FDP) exert a slight hypotensive effect and increase the flow of Tyrode's solution through isolated hindpaw of rat. The investigated peptides failed to change significantly the action of noradrenaline and had an additive effect with isoprenaline. Propranolol reduced the effects of FDP and isoprenaline. It is suggested that the described effects may be due to stimulation of the vascular beta-adrenergic receptors by FDP.", "contents": "Effect of fibrinogen degradation products on the rat blood vessels. Effect of fibrinogen degradation products on the rat blood vessels. Acta Physiol. Pol. 1977, 28 (2): 153--159. It was found that fibrinogen degradation products (FDP) exert a slight hypotensive effect and increase the flow of Tyrode's solution through isolated hindpaw of rat. The investigated peptides failed to change significantly the action of noradrenaline and had an additive effect with isoprenaline. Propranolol reduced the effects of FDP and isoprenaline. It is suggested that the described effects may be due to stimulation of the vascular beta-adrenergic receptors by FDP."}
{"id": "PMID:868535", "title": "Changes in pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of psycholeptic drugs in the course of radiation disease. Effects of premedication with cystamine on dynamics and kinetics of thioridazine.", "content": "Changes in pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of psycholeptic drugs in the course of radiation disease. Effect of premedication with cystamine on dynamics and kinetics of thioridazine. Acta Physiol. Pol. 1977, 28 (2): 169--179. The effect of premedication with cystamine (100 mg/kg) applied before irradiation (600 R) on exploring mobility and cataleptic action of thioridazine was investigated in rats. The levels of thioridazine in blood serum, brain tissue and in bile were determined. It was found that cystamine prevents the changes in dynamics of thioridazine action in radiation disease through abolition of disturbances in kinetics of this drug. Half-life period of thioridazine was found to be reduced and its level in the brain tissue was diminished in the irradiated, cystamine-pretreated animals in comparison with the irradiated, untreated ones.", "contents": "Changes in pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of psycholeptic drugs in the course of radiation disease. Effects of premedication with cystamine on dynamics and kinetics of thioridazine. Changes in pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of psycholeptic drugs in the course of radiation disease. Effect of premedication with cystamine on dynamics and kinetics of thioridazine. Acta Physiol. Pol. 1977, 28 (2): 169--179. The effect of premedication with cystamine (100 mg/kg) applied before irradiation (600 R) on exploring mobility and cataleptic action of thioridazine was investigated in rats. The levels of thioridazine in blood serum, brain tissue and in bile were determined. It was found that cystamine prevents the changes in dynamics of thioridazine action in radiation disease through abolition of disturbances in kinetics of this drug. Half-life period of thioridazine was found to be reduced and its level in the brain tissue was diminished in the irradiated, cystamine-pretreated animals in comparison with the irradiated, untreated ones."}
{"id": "PMID:868560", "title": "[Psychodramatic experiences with psychotic patients].", "content": "This paper describes an experience carried out at Braulio Moyano Psychiatric Hospital between 1972 and 1976. Two psychodramatic groups were formed. One, according with Moreno's theories; the other, following the doctrines of the \"Grupo Experimental Psicodram\u00e1tico Latino-americano\". The experience proved to be fruitful. Psychodrama allows, by means of the use of \"intermediate objects\" the patient to discriminate several entities: reality from dramatization, dramatic spaces from real spaces, inner world from outer world. As soon as the patient is in position to discriminate the images and fantasies that pervade his inner world leading it to chaos, he becomes able to interrelate with other people and to include himself into the real world. Several examples are given of particular cases and the effects of psychodramatic techniques on them, within the limitations of a psychiatric institution. The results show the possibility to lessen psychotic segregation and to improve the possibilities to establish relationships with the outer world.", "contents": "[Psychodramatic experiences with psychotic patients]. This paper describes an experience carried out at Braulio Moyano Psychiatric Hospital between 1972 and 1976. Two psychodramatic groups were formed. One, according with Moreno's theories; the other, following the doctrines of the \"Grupo Experimental Psicodram\u00e1tico Latino-americano\". The experience proved to be fruitful. Psychodrama allows, by means of the use of \"intermediate objects\" the patient to discriminate several entities: reality from dramatization, dramatic spaces from real spaces, inner world from outer world. As soon as the patient is in position to discriminate the images and fantasies that pervade his inner world leading it to chaos, he becomes able to interrelate with other people and to include himself into the real world. Several examples are given of particular cases and the effects of psychodramatic techniques on them, within the limitations of a psychiatric institution. The results show the possibility to lessen psychotic segregation and to improve the possibilities to establish relationships with the outer world."}
{"id": "PMID:868562", "title": "[The outcome of conflict in psychotherapy].", "content": "The authors examine several problems arising from the need to assess the psychotherapeutic processes and their effects, and the difficulties for finding valuable criteria to carry out the assessments. They propose a method centered on evaluation the changes that undergoes the central conflict: [Edipus complex, by means of several psychological tests to be taken at regular intervals during the course of psychotherapy. The tests are: a) House-Tree-Person; b) Wechsler; c) Bender; d) Rohrshach; e) Phillipson. The central thesis is that focal oedipical conflicts envolve necessarily together with defensive systems, objectal inner world, identifications, global structures of the ego, etecetera. That means the focal conflict can be used as an indicator to assess the state, evolution and functionning for the whole psychic apparatus. In support of those theses, several clinical cases are presented, together with some fragments of Phillipson test for each of them. The general conclusions stress the validity of the proposed method.", "contents": "[The outcome of conflict in psychotherapy]. The authors examine several problems arising from the need to assess the psychotherapeutic processes and their effects, and the difficulties for finding valuable criteria to carry out the assessments. They propose a method centered on evaluation the changes that undergoes the central conflict: [Edipus complex, by means of several psychological tests to be taken at regular intervals during the course of psychotherapy. The tests are: a) House-Tree-Person; b) Wechsler; c) Bender; d) Rohrshach; e) Phillipson. The central thesis is that focal oedipical conflicts envolve necessarily together with defensive systems, objectal inner world, identifications, global structures of the ego, etecetera. That means the focal conflict can be used as an indicator to assess the state, evolution and functionning for the whole psychic apparatus. In support of those theses, several clinical cases are presented, together with some fragments of Phillipson test for each of them. The general conclusions stress the validity of the proposed method."}
{"id": "PMID:868564", "title": "Birthweights of male and female schizoprenics' offspring.", "content": "The live birthweights and the birthweight Z score equivalents based upon state averages of 130 offspring of male and female schizophrenics were compared with state averages and with those of 150 offspring of nonschizophrenic psychiatric patient controls. Offspring of schizophrenics resembled the controls and the state averages with few exceptions. Schizophrenic fathers produced heavier birthweight children and the expected proportion of lower birthweight children. Offspring of schizophrenics born a year or more before onset of the parental disorder were significantly heavier than control offspring, although groups did not differ when birth was near or after breakdown.", "contents": "Birthweights of male and female schizoprenics' offspring. The live birthweights and the birthweight Z score equivalents based upon state averages of 130 offspring of male and female schizophrenics were compared with state averages and with those of 150 offspring of nonschizophrenic psychiatric patient controls. Offspring of schizophrenics resembled the controls and the state averages with few exceptions. Schizophrenic fathers produced heavier birthweight children and the expected proportion of lower birthweight children. Offspring of schizophrenics born a year or more before onset of the parental disorder were significantly heavier than control offspring, although groups did not differ when birth was near or after breakdown."}
{"id": "PMID:868565", "title": "Group models, group dynamics, sociological and psychological aspects of group formation and evaluation.", "content": "Several group models are defined: a mechanistic model, a model of conflicts, a cybernetic model, a field-theoretical model, an organismic model, an interactionistic model. In all these models the group is a dynamic entity which is based on a mutual dependence of the members. From this sociological-horizontal-interactional point of view the group is therefore an entity. From a psychological-vertical aspect the group is rather a common situation in which the individual members remain in their experience separated from each other. To understand the group therapeutic dynamics it is necessary to keep in mind these two levels. From the sociological aspect, e.g. the frequency and kinds of interactions, the relationship of the inside-distances between the members to the distances of the members to the outside is decisive for group cohesion. The more the total interaction in a group augments, the more the emotionally loaded interactions increase. The significance of group cohesion in the therapeutic process is documented also by means of standardized rating scales. The normative effect of the group, the different roles in it, the group structure have to be considered if the group is to be used as a therapeutic mean. From the psychological point of view five phases of group development can be differentiated: 1) explorative contact, 2) regression, 3) catharsis, 4) insight, 5) social learning. By a factor analysis Lieberman et al. have found out that independent of the method used, the following types of group leaders were successful: the \"provider\", the \"social engineer\", the \"energizer\".", "contents": "Group models, group dynamics, sociological and psychological aspects of group formation and evaluation. Several group models are defined: a mechanistic model, a model of conflicts, a cybernetic model, a field-theoretical model, an organismic model, an interactionistic model. In all these models the group is a dynamic entity which is based on a mutual dependence of the members. From this sociological-horizontal-interactional point of view the group is therefore an entity. From a psychological-vertical aspect the group is rather a common situation in which the individual members remain in their experience separated from each other. To understand the group therapeutic dynamics it is necessary to keep in mind these two levels. From the sociological aspect, e.g. the frequency and kinds of interactions, the relationship of the inside-distances between the members to the distances of the members to the outside is decisive for group cohesion. The more the total interaction in a group augments, the more the emotionally loaded interactions increase. The significance of group cohesion in the therapeutic process is documented also by means of standardized rating scales. The normative effect of the group, the different roles in it, the group structure have to be considered if the group is to be used as a therapeutic mean. From the psychological point of view five phases of group development can be differentiated: 1) explorative contact, 2) regression, 3) catharsis, 4) insight, 5) social learning. By a factor analysis Lieberman et al. have found out that independent of the method used, the following types of group leaders were successful: the \"provider\", the \"social engineer\", the \"energizer\"."}
{"id": "PMID:868566", "title": "The different kinds of group psychotherapy with patients with different diagnoses.", "content": "Group psychotherapy is a treatment method in which in addition to the therapist(s) the participating individuals are, autocentrically, active in attaining a therapeutic effect. The different kinds of group psychotherapy are described: 1) activity group psychotherapy, 2) analytic group psychotherapy, 3) directive-suggestive-group psychotherapy, 4) psychodrama, 5) accelerating/focal methods of group psychotherapy. Group psychotherapeutic techniques with patients of different diagnoses are discussed, e.g. group psychotherapy with drug dependants and alcoholics, in which it is not possible to use a pure analytic method of group psychotherapy. Their oral tendencies and narcissistic desires of undergoing a fusion with the therapist have to a certain degree to be fulfilled. Schizophrenics should encounter is group psychotherapy an unconditioned emotional response  from the therapist. These patients on the one hand expect to be understood in their psychotic experience, but on the other hand they seem to be glad when the measures of the outside reality are maintained in the group. The relatives of schizoprenics wanting to co-operate are taken in a parallel group. Depressives, especially endogenous depressives, need a longer time to be integrated in a therapeutic group than other patients, but if they can be integrated, it helps them to tolerate their sufferings. To the neurotics, group psychotherapy offers insight and a chance to \"translate\" this insight into a new social behaviour. Analytic self-experience groups with staff members give them an opportunity to recognise from their own experience the conflicts and the behaviour patterns from which their patients suffer.", "contents": "The different kinds of group psychotherapy with patients with different diagnoses. Group psychotherapy is a treatment method in which in addition to the therapist(s) the participating individuals are, autocentrically, active in attaining a therapeutic effect. The different kinds of group psychotherapy are described: 1) activity group psychotherapy, 2) analytic group psychotherapy, 3) directive-suggestive-group psychotherapy, 4) psychodrama, 5) accelerating/focal methods of group psychotherapy. Group psychotherapeutic techniques with patients of different diagnoses are discussed, e.g. group psychotherapy with drug dependants and alcoholics, in which it is not possible to use a pure analytic method of group psychotherapy. Their oral tendencies and narcissistic desires of undergoing a fusion with the therapist have to a certain degree to be fulfilled. Schizophrenics should encounter is group psychotherapy an unconditioned emotional response  from the therapist. These patients on the one hand expect to be understood in their psychotic experience, but on the other hand they seem to be glad when the measures of the outside reality are maintained in the group. The relatives of schizoprenics wanting to co-operate are taken in a parallel group. Depressives, especially endogenous depressives, need a longer time to be integrated in a therapeutic group than other patients, but if they can be integrated, it helps them to tolerate their sufferings. To the neurotics, group psychotherapy offers insight and a chance to \"translate\" this insight into a new social behaviour. Analytic self-experience groups with staff members give them an opportunity to recognise from their own experience the conflicts and the behaviour patterns from which their patients suffer."}
{"id": "PMID:868567", "title": "Traffic accidents involving psychiatric patients. Description of the material and general results.", "content": "The present investigation analyzes the characteristics of traffic accidents involving psychiatric patients and comprises all persons who during the period 1970-74 have been admitted to a psychiatric in-patient institution and who during the period 1972-74 have been involved in a traffic accident causing bodily injury. Accidents with psychiatric patients involved constitute about 5.7% of all traffic accidents reported in Denmark. Compared with the total group of accidents, they are characterized by an over-representation of women and of persons in the age group 25-54 years. Accidents with psychiatric patients are over-represented during the period July-September, and in areas densely built up. The accidents tend to be more complicated, and the psychiatric patients are more likely to get injured and be hopitalized due to the accident. The investigation is based exclusively on routinely collected data. The limitations with which the results are encumbered and the problems concerning methodology and comparison of different studies are discussed.", "contents": "Traffic accidents involving psychiatric patients. Description of the material and general results. The present investigation analyzes the characteristics of traffic accidents involving psychiatric patients and comprises all persons who during the period 1970-74 have been admitted to a psychiatric in-patient institution and who during the period 1972-74 have been involved in a traffic accident causing bodily injury. Accidents with psychiatric patients involved constitute about 5.7% of all traffic accidents reported in Denmark. Compared with the total group of accidents, they are characterized by an over-representation of women and of persons in the age group 25-54 years. Accidents with psychiatric patients are over-represented during the period July-September, and in areas densely built up. The accidents tend to be more complicated, and the psychiatric patients are more likely to get injured and be hopitalized due to the accident. The investigation is based exclusively on routinely collected data. The limitations with which the results are encumbered and the problems concerning methodology and comparison of different studies are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:868568", "title": "Demographic aspects of functional psychoses in Canada.", "content": "Canadian national data for functional psychoses (classified as schizophrenia, effective psychoses, paranoid states and reactive psychoses) are analyzed for age, sex, marital status, expectancy for first admissions and length of stay for discharges. Differences are found such that each psychosis can be distinguished from the others, thus providing indirect evidence supporting the use of the different diagnoses. The demographic characteristics of reactive psychoses from North American data have not been previously described, and are found to be similar to Scandinavian descriptions. Sex ratios for subgroup diagnoses whow similarities between catatonic schizophrenics, manic (bipolar) affectives, and reactive psychoses. Schizoaffective psychoses resemble affectives more than schizophrenia, and paraphrenia is similar to affectives. Total expectancies for functional psychosis (4.4% for males, 5.5% for females) are similar to Scandinavian figures, but the distribution by diagnosis differs, perhaps representing different diagnostic practices, but generally similar sex ratios and high rates in single persons are found.", "contents": "Demographic aspects of functional psychoses in Canada. Canadian national data for functional psychoses (classified as schizophrenia, effective psychoses, paranoid states and reactive psychoses) are analyzed for age, sex, marital status, expectancy for first admissions and length of stay for discharges. Differences are found such that each psychosis can be distinguished from the others, thus providing indirect evidence supporting the use of the different diagnoses. The demographic characteristics of reactive psychoses from North American data have not been previously described, and are found to be similar to Scandinavian descriptions. Sex ratios for subgroup diagnoses whow similarities between catatonic schizophrenics, manic (bipolar) affectives, and reactive psychoses. Schizoaffective psychoses resemble affectives more than schizophrenia, and paraphrenia is similar to affectives. Total expectancies for functional psychosis (4.4% for males, 5.5% for females) are similar to Scandinavian figures, but the distribution by diagnosis differs, perhaps representing different diagnostic practices, but generally similar sex ratios and high rates in single persons are found."}
{"id": "PMID:868569", "title": "Three-year follow-up of 100 vagrant adolescent drug abusers in Oslo.", "content": "One hundred homeless adolescents were interviewed in 1971 when they still were active drug abusers. The same group was followed-up 3 years later in 1974 with personal interviews. All were traced, with the exception of three individuals residing in foreign countries and four who had died. At follow-up one third were abstinent and were well adapted socially, one third showed an uncertain social adaptation, and one third were still addicted and had a poor social adaptation. The various factors responsible for their psycho-social development and relation to drug abuse are discussed.", "contents": "Three-year follow-up of 100 vagrant adolescent drug abusers in Oslo. One hundred homeless adolescents were interviewed in 1971 when they still were active drug abusers. The same group was followed-up 3 years later in 1974 with personal interviews. All were traced, with the exception of three individuals residing in foreign countries and four who had died. At follow-up one third were abstinent and were well adapted socially, one third showed an uncertain social adaptation, and one third were still addicted and had a poor social adaptation. The various factors responsible for their psycho-social development and relation to drug abuse are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:868570", "title": "Cerebral dysfunction in alcoholism and presenile dementia. A comparison of two groups of patients with similar reduction of the cerebral blood flow.", "content": "Fifteen chronic alcoholics and 15 presenile patients were matched in pairs with regard to their mean hemisphere cerebral blood parameters-an index of brain metabolism. The distribution of the regional cerebral blood flow was similar in the two groups. The alcoholics performed significantly better in all psychometric tests than the presenile patients and more alcoholics than presenile patients were still employed and working. Nine presenile patients and one alcoholic showed symptoms indicating brain stem dysfunction. The measurements of the cerebral blood blow were made at rest while the psychometric testings and the evaluation of the social performance gave information about the brain at work. It is suggested that cerebral dysfunction in alcoholics to some extent can be partly overcome by brain activation procedures. In contrast, the defects of higher mental functions in presenile dementia cannot be compensated for.", "contents": "Cerebral dysfunction in alcoholism and presenile dementia. A comparison of two groups of patients with similar reduction of the cerebral blood flow. Fifteen chronic alcoholics and 15 presenile patients were matched in pairs with regard to their mean hemisphere cerebral blood parameters-an index of brain metabolism. The distribution of the regional cerebral blood flow was similar in the two groups. The alcoholics performed significantly better in all psychometric tests than the presenile patients and more alcoholics than presenile patients were still employed and working. Nine presenile patients and one alcoholic showed symptoms indicating brain stem dysfunction. The measurements of the cerebral blood blow were made at rest while the psychometric testings and the evaluation of the social performance gave information about the brain at work. It is suggested that cerebral dysfunction in alcoholics to some extent can be partly overcome by brain activation procedures. In contrast, the defects of higher mental functions in presenile dementia cannot be compensated for."}
{"id": "PMID:868571", "title": "Influence of temperature on the activity of ciliated cells during exposure to ionizing radiation.", "content": "The influence of temperature on the early effects ionizing irradiation has been analysed using the trachea of the rabbit. ATP is assumed to be released by the effect of irradiation on the mitochondrial membranes, which increases the mucociliary activity in the epithelium, registered second-by-second during irradiation performed at 20 degrees C, 30 degrees C, 37 degrees C and 40 degrees C. The early effects of irradiation depended on the temperature, while hyperthermia does not potentiate this condition. A possible explanation is that phosphofructokinase, which is probably stimulated by irradiation, is inactivated at lower temperatures.", "contents": "Influence of temperature on the activity of ciliated cells during exposure to ionizing radiation. The influence of temperature on the early effects ionizing irradiation has been analysed using the trachea of the rabbit. ATP is assumed to be released by the effect of irradiation on the mitochondrial membranes, which increases the mucociliary activity in the epithelium, registered second-by-second during irradiation performed at 20 degrees C, 30 degrees C, 37 degrees C and 40 degrees C. The early effects of irradiation depended on the temperature, while hyperthermia does not potentiate this condition. A possible explanation is that phosphofructokinase, which is probably stimulated by irradiation, is inactivated at lower temperatures."}
{"id": "PMID:868572", "title": "Squamous cell carcinoma of the uterine cervix.", "content": "The healing among patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the uterine cervix in stages I B and II has been calculated in 189 patients from the 1950's and in 271 patients from 1969 to 1973. The observation period was 2 years. The first material was treated using the Stockholm technique. Extraperitoneal lymphadenesctomy was also performed in 59 per cent. The second material was treated with whole-pelvis irradiation using external high-voltage technique without central shielding, compelemented with intracavitary treatment using modified Stockholm applicators. The frequency of central recurrences, metastases on the pelvic wall after completion of treatment and deaths from carcinoma for stages I B and II were in material I approximately 6 and 20 per cent, approximately 8 and 14 per cent, and approximately 12 and 22 per cent, respectively; and in material II 9 and 20 per cent, 3 and 11 per cent, and 9 and 22 per cent, respectively.", "contents": "Squamous cell carcinoma of the uterine cervix. The healing among patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the uterine cervix in stages I B and II has been calculated in 189 patients from the 1950's and in 271 patients from 1969 to 1973. The observation period was 2 years. The first material was treated using the Stockholm technique. Extraperitoneal lymphadenesctomy was also performed in 59 per cent. The second material was treated with whole-pelvis irradiation using external high-voltage technique without central shielding, compelemented with intracavitary treatment using modified Stockholm applicators. The frequency of central recurrences, metastases on the pelvic wall after completion of treatment and deaths from carcinoma for stages I B and II were in material I approximately 6 and 20 per cent, approximately 8 and 14 per cent, and approximately 12 and 22 per cent, respectively; and in material II 9 and 20 per cent, 3 and 11 per cent, and 9 and 22 per cent, respectively."}
{"id": "PMID:868573", "title": "Complications after radiation therapy for cervical carcinoma.", "content": "A series of 1 139 patients with invasive carcinoma of the cervix uteri who received a complete course of treatment by means of external irradiation followed by intracavitary curietherapy was evaluated in order to assess the results of treatment and, in particular, the radiation complications induced. Complications developed in 145 instances (12.7%). Severe complications occurred in only 3 per cent. Twenty-four cases had more than one complication. Rectosigmoidal injuries accounted for 72 per cent of all complications, and appeared earlier than did bladder complications and within the first two years after treatment. No apparent correlation between age and the occurrence of complications was found. The rate was higher in early stages. The radiation complications did not adversely affect the survival results.", "contents": "Complications after radiation therapy for cervical carcinoma. A series of 1 139 patients with invasive carcinoma of the cervix uteri who received a complete course of treatment by means of external irradiation followed by intracavitary curietherapy was evaluated in order to assess the results of treatment and, in particular, the radiation complications induced. Complications developed in 145 instances (12.7%). Severe complications occurred in only 3 per cent. Twenty-four cases had more than one complication. Rectosigmoidal injuries accounted for 72 per cent of all complications, and appeared earlier than did bladder complications and within the first two years after treatment. No apparent correlation between age and the occurrence of complications was found. The rate was higher in early stages. The radiation complications did not adversely affect the survival results."}
{"id": "PMID:868574", "title": "Malignant tumours of the oropharynx.", "content": "An analysis of a series of 127 patients with malignant tumours of the oropharynx is presented. All cases of epidermoid carcinoma were retrospectively classified according to the TNM system. Primary treatment consisted in irradiation in all cases of malignant lymphoma and epidermoid carcinoma. The corrected 5-year survival rate for patients with malignant lymphoma was 53 per cent, and for those with epidermoid carcinoma 40 per cent. In epidermoid carcinoma, 60Co treatment seemed to result in a better prognosis than 250 kV radiation therapy. Both in malignant lymphoma and epidermoid carcinoma, the prognosis was definitely related to the spread to regional lymph nodes.", "contents": "Malignant tumours of the oropharynx. An analysis of a series of 127 patients with malignant tumours of the oropharynx is presented. All cases of epidermoid carcinoma were retrospectively classified according to the TNM system. Primary treatment consisted in irradiation in all cases of malignant lymphoma and epidermoid carcinoma. The corrected 5-year survival rate for patients with malignant lymphoma was 53 per cent, and for those with epidermoid carcinoma 40 per cent. In epidermoid carcinoma, 60Co treatment seemed to result in a better prognosis than 250 kV radiation therapy. Both in malignant lymphoma and epidermoid carcinoma, the prognosis was definitely related to the spread to regional lymph nodes."}
{"id": "PMID:868575", "title": "Radiation therapy in Burkitt's lymphoma of the central nervous system.", "content": "Involvement of the central nervous system in patients with with Burkitt's lymphoma was treated by superfractionated irradiation. The primary effect in 20 patients is reported. In 3 of 5 patients with paraplegia, complete regression was achieved. Only one patient of 6 with cranial neuropathy and irradiated to the brain improved. In 8 patients with either cranial neuropathy or other neurologic symptoms of signs, the brain and spinal cord were irradiated. Three of these patients, with recurrences after previous intrathecal chemotherapy, responded with complete regression.", "contents": "Radiation therapy in Burkitt's lymphoma of the central nervous system. Involvement of the central nervous system in patients with with Burkitt's lymphoma was treated by superfractionated irradiation. The primary effect in 20 patients is reported. In 3 of 5 patients with paraplegia, complete regression was achieved. Only one patient of 6 with cranial neuropathy and irradiated to the brain improved. In 8 patients with either cranial neuropathy or other neurologic symptoms of signs, the brain and spinal cord were irradiated. Three of these patients, with recurrences after previous intrathecal chemotherapy, responded with complete regression."}
{"id": "PMID:868576", "title": "75Se-Selenite scrintigraphy in the clinical staging of malignant lymphomas.", "content": "The value of 75Se-selenite scintigraphy in clinical staging was investigated in 45 patients with Hodgkin's disease and in 28 patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Of these, 9 patients had recurrence of previously treated lymphomas. The scintigraphic results were compared with clinical, cytologic, histologic and radiographic findings in different anatomic regions. 75Se-selenite scintigraphy resulted in 6 to 20 per cent false negative findings, 15 to 43 per cent false positive and 12 to 20 per cent equivocal evaluations, the accuracy being least in the abdominal region. The relatively high rediation dose delivered by 75Se-selenite, furthermore, makes it less attractive for use in the primary diagnosis of malignant lymphomas.", "contents": "75Se-Selenite scrintigraphy in the clinical staging of malignant lymphomas. The value of 75Se-selenite scintigraphy in clinical staging was investigated in 45 patients with Hodgkin's disease and in 28 patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Of these, 9 patients had recurrence of previously treated lymphomas. The scintigraphic results were compared with clinical, cytologic, histologic and radiographic findings in different anatomic regions. 75Se-selenite scintigraphy resulted in 6 to 20 per cent false negative findings, 15 to 43 per cent false positive and 12 to 20 per cent equivocal evaluations, the accuracy being least in the abdominal region. The relatively high rediation dose delivered by 75Se-selenite, furthermore, makes it less attractive for use in the primary diagnosis of malignant lymphomas."}
{"id": "PMID:868577", "title": "In vivo absorption of carbohydrates in rats with gastro-intestinal radiation syndrome.", "content": "Absorption of glucose and sucrose by intestine from supralethally irradiated rats was investigated using an in vivo preparation. An activation of glucose absorption one day day after exposure is followed by a marked fall in glucose and sucrose absorption on day 3. Experiments under different conditions of loading indicate that at 20 hours active transport of glucose is already impaired although the maximum velocity is increased. After 3 days maximum velocity and active transport decrease markedly. Inverstase activity increases after 20 hours, but this is not accompanied by an increased sucrose absorption. The defect in sucrose absorption 72 hours after irradiation is paralleled by a decrease in invertase activity.", "contents": "In vivo absorption of carbohydrates in rats with gastro-intestinal radiation syndrome. Absorption of glucose and sucrose by intestine from supralethally irradiated rats was investigated using an in vivo preparation. An activation of glucose absorption one day day after exposure is followed by a marked fall in glucose and sucrose absorption on day 3. Experiments under different conditions of loading indicate that at 20 hours active transport of glucose is already impaired although the maximum velocity is increased. After 3 days maximum velocity and active transport decrease markedly. Inverstase activity increases after 20 hours, but this is not accompanied by an increased sucrose absorption. The defect in sucrose absorption 72 hours after irradiation is paralleled by a decrease in invertase activity."}
{"id": "PMID:868578", "title": "Retinoblastoma treated with a 60CO applicator.", "content": "The 60Co applicator for treatment of retinoblastoma, described in 1963, has the advantage of exact local positioning. It is suitable in cases with solitary small tumours. The complications and the results of treatment in 20 patients followed up for at least 2 years are reported and discussed.", "contents": "Retinoblastoma treated with a 60CO applicator. The 60Co applicator for treatment of retinoblastoma, described in 1963, has the advantage of exact local positioning. It is suitable in cases with solitary small tumours. The complications and the results of treatment in 20 patients followed up for at least 2 years are reported and discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:868580", "title": "Endocrine influences on the activity ratio of 90Y to 90Sr in the rat skeleton after incorporation of 90Sr.", "content": "The quantitative distribution of 90Y to 90Sr was affected after surgical removal of the parathyroids, adrenals, and male and female gonads. The activity ratio of 90Y to 90Sr (Q) and the concentration in bone of 90Sr, expressed in per cent of injected dose per 100 mg of bone ash, were determined. Parathyroidectomy and adrenalectomy reduced while ovariectomy raised the value of Q. Adrenalectomy and ovariectomy increased the concentration of 90Sr in bone. Some aspects of the metabolism of the two nuclides are discussed.", "contents": "Endocrine influences on the activity ratio of 90Y to 90Sr in the rat skeleton after incorporation of 90Sr. The quantitative distribution of 90Y to 90Sr was affected after surgical removal of the parathyroids, adrenals, and male and female gonads. The activity ratio of 90Y to 90Sr (Q) and the concentration in bone of 90Sr, expressed in per cent of injected dose per 100 mg of bone ash, were determined. Parathyroidectomy and adrenalectomy reduced while ovariectomy raised the value of Q. Adrenalectomy and ovariectomy increased the concentration of 90Sr in bone. Some aspects of the metabolism of the two nuclides are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:868581", "title": "Survival rates for pre- and postmenopausal Danish women with mammary carcinoma.", "content": "Survival rates for mammary carcinoma, based on the data of the Danish Cancer Registry for women admitted 1960 to 1966, show about the same values for women aged under 55 in stage I, whether surgical treatment has been combined with radiation therapy or not. For women aged over 55, combined treatment is followed by better survival rates than surgery or radiation therapy alone. For stage II, this applies both to younger and older women.", "contents": "Survival rates for pre- and postmenopausal Danish women with mammary carcinoma. Survival rates for mammary carcinoma, based on the data of the Danish Cancer Registry for women admitted 1960 to 1966, show about the same values for women aged under 55 in stage I, whether surgical treatment has been combined with radiation therapy or not. For women aged over 55, combined treatment is followed by better survival rates than surgery or radiation therapy alone. For stage II, this applies both to younger and older women."}
{"id": "PMID:868582", "title": "Phantom measurements of absorbed doses in dental radiography.", "content": "Some phantom measurements of absorbed doses from Norwegian dental radiography are presented. The mean bone-marrow dose from a single molar bite-wing projection was assessed to 1 mrad, a conventional full mouth examination (10 exposures) 7 mrad and an orthopantomographic exposure 2 mrad. The population dose from Norwegian dental radiography was estimated to be: mean bone-marrow dose 1 mrad and genetically significant dose 0.012 mrad.", "contents": "Phantom measurements of absorbed doses in dental radiography. Some phantom measurements of absorbed doses from Norwegian dental radiography are presented. The mean bone-marrow dose from a single molar bite-wing projection was assessed to 1 mrad, a conventional full mouth examination (10 exposures) 7 mrad and an orthopantomographic exposure 2 mrad. The population dose from Norwegian dental radiography was estimated to be: mean bone-marrow dose 1 mrad and genetically significant dose 0.012 mrad."}
{"id": "PMID:868583", "title": "Bone mineral content of the forearm in a healthy population.", "content": "The bone mineral content in the distal radius, in the midshaft radius and ulna was measured in 83 healthy males and 89 females from 11 to 87 years old using the 241Am gamma ray attenuation method. The age distributions of different 'density' quantities characterizing bone mineral are presented and the usefulness of these quantities is discussed.", "contents": "Bone mineral content of the forearm in a healthy population. The bone mineral content in the distal radius, in the midshaft radius and ulna was measured in 83 healthy males and 89 females from 11 to 87 years old using the 241Am gamma ray attenuation method. The age distributions of different 'density' quantities characterizing bone mineral are presented and the usefulness of these quantities is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:868584", "title": "Cervicofacial actinomycosis in man.", "content": "Two cases of advanced jaw destruction due to Actinomyces is reported; one with diabetic diathesis and a history of tooth extraction the other had a trauma of the mandible with the fracture; good results were obtained with penicillin therapy.", "contents": "Cervicofacial actinomycosis in man. Two cases of advanced jaw destruction due to Actinomyces is reported; one with diabetic diathesis and a history of tooth extraction the other had a trauma of the mandible with the fracture; good results were obtained with penicillin therapy."}
{"id": "PMID:868585", "title": "Two cases of polycystic kidneys in two siblings.", "content": "Polycystic disease of the kidneys is a generalized lesion of characteristic clinico-pathological entity. It has two clincial forms: adult and infantile. The adult type is transmitted as a dominant disease where the latter is recessive trait. The infantile form had two pathological patterns. Form \"A\" in which the kidney is large and spongy, of normal shape and the cysts are numerous. Microscopically the connective tissue is not increased. The cysts are of equal size and shape. The nephrons are not reduced. In the form \"B\" the kidney may not have a normal shape and is not as large as the form \"A\". Microscopically the connective tissue is increased intensively. The cysts are of spherical shape and different sizes. The nephrons are reduced in number. We are reporting two cases of infantile polycystic kidneys in two siblings, one of whom represented form \"A\" and the other was similar to form \"B\". These two cases are interesting from the genetical point of view. We want to know whether the two forms are different manifestations of one disease with one genetic factor or they are two different diseases with two genetic factors? One can assume that the infantile polycystic kidney is a genetical disease with two different pathological manifestations or two different genetic disorders due to two different genetic factors.", "contents": "Two cases of polycystic kidneys in two siblings. Polycystic disease of the kidneys is a generalized lesion of characteristic clinico-pathological entity. It has two clincial forms: adult and infantile. The adult type is transmitted as a dominant disease where the latter is recessive trait. The infantile form had two pathological patterns. Form \"A\" in which the kidney is large and spongy, of normal shape and the cysts are numerous. Microscopically the connective tissue is not increased. The cysts are of equal size and shape. The nephrons are not reduced. In the form \"B\" the kidney may not have a normal shape and is not as large as the form \"A\". Microscopically the connective tissue is increased intensively. The cysts are of spherical shape and different sizes. The nephrons are reduced in number. We are reporting two cases of infantile polycystic kidneys in two siblings, one of whom represented form \"A\" and the other was similar to form \"B\". These two cases are interesting from the genetical point of view. We want to know whether the two forms are different manifestations of one disease with one genetic factor or they are two different diseases with two genetic factors? One can assume that the infantile polycystic kidney is a genetical disease with two different pathological manifestations or two different genetic disorders due to two different genetic factors."}
{"id": "PMID:868586", "title": "Cyclic hormonal changes in patients with congenital abscence of the uterus.", "content": "Our studies have shown normal cyclical patterns of ovarian steroids and pituitary gonadotropines in patients with congenital absence of the uterus. It appears that the life-long abscence of a functioning uterus has no effect on the functional life span of the corpus luterum, but may have some effect in the level of estrogenes in the second half of the cycle.", "contents": "Cyclic hormonal changes in patients with congenital abscence of the uterus. Our studies have shown normal cyclical patterns of ovarian steroids and pituitary gonadotropines in patients with congenital absence of the uterus. It appears that the life-long abscence of a functioning uterus has no effect on the functional life span of the corpus luterum, but may have some effect in the level of estrogenes in the second half of the cycle."}
{"id": "PMID:868587", "title": "Birth order and family size in schizophrenia.", "content": "In attempt to investigate the relationship of birth rank and family size with the incidence of schizophrenic in an Iranian culture, case notes of 644 schizophernic patient as (432 males and 212 females) admitted to Roozbeh Hospital, University of Tehran were studied. The incidence of schizophrenic appeared to be significantly more frequent among the first-half position of birth orders in the families of 4 children and over; this being more marked in males than in females; and the first and second births comprising the lightest incidence of the illness.", "contents": "Birth order and family size in schizophrenia. In attempt to investigate the relationship of birth rank and family size with the incidence of schizophrenic in an Iranian culture, case notes of 644 schizophernic patient as (432 males and 212 females) admitted to Roozbeh Hospital, University of Tehran were studied. The incidence of schizophrenic appeared to be significantly more frequent among the first-half position of birth orders in the families of 4 children and over; this being more marked in males than in females; and the first and second births comprising the lightest incidence of the illness."}
{"id": "PMID:868588", "title": "Determination of serum lithium by flame emission spectroscopy.", "content": "Lithium can be determined both by atomic absorption spectroscopy and flame emission spectroscopy. We have used the later method with a Zeiss Model PMQII spectrophotometer fitted with ante-chamber atomizer and a potensiometric line recorder. Accurate analysis for the element was accomplished due to a sophistacated measuring instrument.", "contents": "Determination of serum lithium by flame emission spectroscopy. Lithium can be determined both by atomic absorption spectroscopy and flame emission spectroscopy. We have used the later method with a Zeiss Model PMQII spectrophotometer fitted with ante-chamber atomizer and a potensiometric line recorder. Accurate analysis for the element was accomplished due to a sophistacated measuring instrument."}
{"id": "PMID:868621", "title": "Locus of control and law knowledge: a comparison of normal, retarded and learning disabled adolescents.", "content": "Individualization of instruction of mentally handicapped adolescents may be facilitated by understanding of relevant variables associated with the learning skills required for coping with community life. This study explores the relationship between knowledge of such skills and locus of control (belief concerning the relative contribution of chance or others to outcomes and events which follow one's behavior). Comparisons of scores of 94 high school students on the Bialer-Cromwell Locus of Control Scale and a test of knowledge of law about such matters as credit, theft, and marriage, indicated that: (1) High school students in standard and college preparatory programs were more likely to see outcomes as determined by their own behaviors than were retarded and learning disabled students; (2) High school students in standard and college preparatory programs were better informed about legal matters crucial to community life than were mentally retarded and learning disabled students; (3) Mentally retarded and learning disabled students did not differ in law knowledge or on locus of control; (4) Locus of control was not directly related to IQ within the retarded-learning disabled group; (5) A moderate positive correlation was found between locus of control and law knowledge for the total group. Findings support Rotter's social learning theory. These findings also suggest that educators may need to provide more direct and specific training in critical aspects of layman's law for most retarded and learning disabled adolescents, as well as for average students who manifest external locus of control beliefs.", "contents": "Locus of control and law knowledge: a comparison of normal, retarded and learning disabled adolescents. Individualization of instruction of mentally handicapped adolescents may be facilitated by understanding of relevant variables associated with the learning skills required for coping with community life. This study explores the relationship between knowledge of such skills and locus of control (belief concerning the relative contribution of chance or others to outcomes and events which follow one's behavior). Comparisons of scores of 94 high school students on the Bialer-Cromwell Locus of Control Scale and a test of knowledge of law about such matters as credit, theft, and marriage, indicated that: (1) High school students in standard and college preparatory programs were more likely to see outcomes as determined by their own behaviors than were retarded and learning disabled students; (2) High school students in standard and college preparatory programs were better informed about legal matters crucial to community life than were mentally retarded and learning disabled students; (3) Mentally retarded and learning disabled students did not differ in law knowledge or on locus of control; (4) Locus of control was not directly related to IQ within the retarded-learning disabled group; (5) A moderate positive correlation was found between locus of control and law knowledge for the total group. Findings support Rotter's social learning theory. These findings also suggest that educators may need to provide more direct and specific training in critical aspects of layman's law for most retarded and learning disabled adolescents, as well as for average students who manifest external locus of control beliefs."}
{"id": "PMID:868623", "title": "Paraprofessional treatment of school phobia in a young adolescent girl.", "content": "Debbie, a 14-year-old girl, was referred one year ago to a rural mental health center by her parents, essentially due to continued refusal to attend school. It was readily apparent that the symptoms were those of a classic case of school phobia, i.e., refusal to attend school, nausea and/or vomiting on school days but not on weekends, the overprotective mother, the distraught family, and other rather predictable concomitants. Following careful professional assessment, the assignment of a paraprofessional was made (a senior elementary education major taking part in a field experience course in psychology), and treatment was begun. The multiple involvement of a school personnel, and the parents for purposes of resolution of the case is discussed, with particular emphasis on paraprofessional effects. Data concerning school attendance, academic marks, school personnel reaction, peer response, and parental attitude before and after is noted. Though the immediate problem of school phobia was resolved, the underlying problems still remained. An up-to-date summary of the case as it stands today is provided. A brief survey of pertinent literature is also included.", "contents": "Paraprofessional treatment of school phobia in a young adolescent girl. Debbie, a 14-year-old girl, was referred one year ago to a rural mental health center by her parents, essentially due to continued refusal to attend school. It was readily apparent that the symptoms were those of a classic case of school phobia, i.e., refusal to attend school, nausea and/or vomiting on school days but not on weekends, the overprotective mother, the distraught family, and other rather predictable concomitants. Following careful professional assessment, the assignment of a paraprofessional was made (a senior elementary education major taking part in a field experience course in psychology), and treatment was begun. The multiple involvement of a school personnel, and the parents for purposes of resolution of the case is discussed, with particular emphasis on paraprofessional effects. Data concerning school attendance, academic marks, school personnel reaction, peer response, and parental attitude before and after is noted. Though the immediate problem of school phobia was resolved, the underlying problems still remained. An up-to-date summary of the case as it stands today is provided. A brief survey of pertinent literature is also included."}
{"id": "PMID:868625", "title": "School-age parents: how permanent a relationship?", "content": "One hundred eighty school-age girls who registered for care in a prenatal clinic were studied through two years postpartum. At registration, the mean age of the pregnant girls was 15.6 and the putative fathers was 18.5 years. Many of the fathers continued to see the young mothers, to provide financial support, and to visit their children. By 26 months after delivery, however, only 23% of the mothers had married the putative fathers, 23% still were seeing them regularly, 18% saw them occasionally, and 35% either never saw them or had married someone else. Only 25% of the mothers who expected to marry the putative father did so. The study findings have significant implications for the inclusion of putative fathers in programs for school-age mothers.", "contents": "School-age parents: how permanent a relationship? One hundred eighty school-age girls who registered for care in a prenatal clinic were studied through two years postpartum. At registration, the mean age of the pregnant girls was 15.6 and the putative fathers was 18.5 years. Many of the fathers continued to see the young mothers, to provide financial support, and to visit their children. By 26 months after delivery, however, only 23% of the mothers had married the putative fathers, 23% still were seeing them regularly, 18% saw them occasionally, and 35% either never saw them or had married someone else. Only 25% of the mothers who expected to marry the putative father did so. The study findings have significant implications for the inclusion of putative fathers in programs for school-age mothers."}
{"id": "PMID:868627", "title": "Graffiti and adolescent personality.", "content": "Graffiti has been studied for many years from many viewpoints. They have been used to explain accounts of people, styles of life, and assumed relationships. The present paper reports an attempt to analyze graffiti as outward manifestations of adolescent personality. Results suggested that different forms of graffiti could be interpreted from five characterizations of early adolescent personality: sexual maturity, self-identity, idealism, iconoclasm, and rebelliousness. Significant differences were found between boys and girls in numbers of inscriptions for each category. Further, the graffiti were analyzed in relation to early adolescent stages of development.", "contents": "Graffiti and adolescent personality. Graffiti has been studied for many years from many viewpoints. They have been used to explain accounts of people, styles of life, and assumed relationships. The present paper reports an attempt to analyze graffiti as outward manifestations of adolescent personality. Results suggested that different forms of graffiti could be interpreted from five characterizations of early adolescent personality: sexual maturity, self-identity, idealism, iconoclasm, and rebelliousness. Significant differences were found between boys and girls in numbers of inscriptions for each category. Further, the graffiti were analyzed in relation to early adolescent stages of development."}
{"id": "PMID:868628", "title": "Traditional religious orthodoxy, respect for authority and nonconformity in adolescence.", "content": "Broad generalizations regarding youth cultures must take into account the relative impact of conventional beliefs on adolescent behavior. Data obtained from 4,220 boys and girls from grades 8-12, in communities of different socioeconomic status, show that traditional religious orthodoxy and respect for authority represent viable social forces. The general assumption of a drastic decline with age in the commitment to these conventional orientations during adolescence requires some qualification. Beliefs dealing with respect for authority which lack specificity in regard to the institutional lucos of authority remain substantially unchanged with increasing age. Several traditional religious orthodox and respect for authority items either did not show a consistent decline with increasing age or showed only a slight decline. Commitment to these conventional beliefs is inversely associated with nonconforming behavior.", "contents": "Traditional religious orthodoxy, respect for authority and nonconformity in adolescence. Broad generalizations regarding youth cultures must take into account the relative impact of conventional beliefs on adolescent behavior. Data obtained from 4,220 boys and girls from grades 8-12, in communities of different socioeconomic status, show that traditional religious orthodoxy and respect for authority represent viable social forces. The general assumption of a drastic decline with age in the commitment to these conventional orientations during adolescence requires some qualification. Beliefs dealing with respect for authority which lack specificity in regard to the institutional lucos of authority remain substantially unchanged with increasing age. Several traditional religious orthodox and respect for authority items either did not show a consistent decline with increasing age or showed only a slight decline. Commitment to these conventional beliefs is inversely associated with nonconforming behavior."}
{"id": "PMID:868631", "title": "Personality characteristics of black adolescents.", "content": "Four hundred and forty-six poor, Black, urban and rural adolescents ages 15-18 enrolled in a summer poverty-work program were administered Gough's Adjective Checklist (ACL) and Holland's Vocational Preference Inventory (VPI). Significant sex differences were found on 12 of the 24 ACL scales with Black females tending to score higher on all differing scales. The VPI scores were compared with Black College students' scores and significant differences were found on most of the 11 VPI scales.", "contents": "Personality characteristics of black adolescents. Four hundred and forty-six poor, Black, urban and rural adolescents ages 15-18 enrolled in a summer poverty-work program were administered Gough's Adjective Checklist (ACL) and Holland's Vocational Preference Inventory (VPI). Significant sex differences were found on 12 of the 24 ACL scales with Black females tending to score higher on all differing scales. The VPI scores were compared with Black College students' scores and significant differences were found on most of the 11 VPI scales."}
{"id": "PMID:868632", "title": "Ideal sex roles for children and acceptance of variation from stereotypic sex roles.", "content": "In a sample of 50 child psychology students, 40% preferred that there be no differences between male and female children on 14 personality characteristics, while 60% preferred differences resembling current sex role stereotypes. For the latter students there was some preference for dominance, aggression, autonomy, exhibition, heterosexuality, and achievement to be more characteristic of males, and order, succorance, deference, nurturance, and abasement to be more characteristic of females. Both groups observed male and female peers describing themselves in a manner appropriate or not appropriate to current stereotypes. The students with a stated preference for no sex role difference among children did in fact express a more equal attraction to male or female peers whether they depicted sex appropriate or inappropriate roles.", "contents": "Ideal sex roles for children and acceptance of variation from stereotypic sex roles. In a sample of 50 child psychology students, 40% preferred that there be no differences between male and female children on 14 personality characteristics, while 60% preferred differences resembling current sex role stereotypes. For the latter students there was some preference for dominance, aggression, autonomy, exhibition, heterosexuality, and achievement to be more characteristic of males, and order, succorance, deference, nurturance, and abasement to be more characteristic of females. Both groups observed male and female peers describing themselves in a manner appropriate or not appropriate to current stereotypes. The students with a stated preference for no sex role difference among children did in fact express a more equal attraction to male or female peers whether they depicted sex appropriate or inappropriate roles."}
{"id": "PMID:868633", "title": "Ultrastructure of elastin coacervates.", "content": "Electron micrographs of negatively stained coacervates of supernatant from sonicated-elastin showed the presence of filamentous structure with the center to center distance typical of tropoelastin, synthetic polypentapeptide as in peptide T1 of tropoelastin, and alpha-elastin. Electron micrographs of negatively stained coacervates of the polypentapeptide, alpha-elastin and sonicated elastin exhibit banded fibers when coacervates are formed, stained and dried at temperatures greater than 50 degrees C.", "contents": "Ultrastructure of elastin coacervates. Electron micrographs of negatively stained coacervates of supernatant from sonicated-elastin showed the presence of filamentous structure with the center to center distance typical of tropoelastin, synthetic polypentapeptide as in peptide T1 of tropoelastin, and alpha-elastin. Electron micrographs of negatively stained coacervates of the polypentapeptide, alpha-elastin and sonicated elastin exhibit banded fibers when coacervates are formed, stained and dried at temperatures greater than 50 degrees C."}
{"id": "PMID:868635", "title": "Chymotrypsinogen D, a new zymogen from porcine pancreas with proelastolytic activity.", "content": "During the purification of propancreatopeptidase E, a proATEEase activity is always copurified. The proelastolytic and proesterolytic activities can be separated on a hydroxylapatite column. The zymogen with potential ATEEase activity has a basic isoelectric point, can be activated by trypsin, and can hydrolyse elastin and ATEE but not ATAME. Its molecular weight is about 26,500 and the NH2-terminal sequence indicates clearly that it belongs to the chymotrypsinogen family, but that it is not chymotrypsinogen A, B, or C. We call it chymotrypsinogen D. Although both pancreatopeptidase E and chymotrypsin D can hydrolyse elastin, the synthetic substrate ATAME is attacked only by pancreatopeptidase E. Therefore, the peptide bonds in elastin cleaved by these two enzymes should be different.", "contents": "Chymotrypsinogen D, a new zymogen from porcine pancreas with proelastolytic activity. During the purification of propancreatopeptidase E, a proATEEase activity is always copurified. The proelastolytic and proesterolytic activities can be separated on a hydroxylapatite column. The zymogen with potential ATEEase activity has a basic isoelectric point, can be activated by trypsin, and can hydrolyse elastin and ATEE but not ATAME. Its molecular weight is about 26,500 and the NH2-terminal sequence indicates clearly that it belongs to the chymotrypsinogen family, but that it is not chymotrypsinogen A, B, or C. We call it chymotrypsinogen D. Although both pancreatopeptidase E and chymotrypsin D can hydrolyse elastin, the synthetic substrate ATAME is attacked only by pancreatopeptidase E. Therefore, the peptide bonds in elastin cleaved by these two enzymes should be different."}
{"id": "PMID:868636", "title": "Proteolysis of tropoelastin.", "content": "The presence of an enzyme associated with tropoelastin is described. The enzyme has a pH optimum between 7 and 9 and trypsin-like specificity. Upon incubation, tropoelastin (72,000 molecular weight) is cleaved into relatively high molecular weight fragments. In addition to the parent molecule, five discrete polypeptide bands are usually observed on SDS gels with molecular weights of approximately 57,000, 45,000, 36,000, 25,000 and 13-14,000.", "contents": "Proteolysis of tropoelastin. The presence of an enzyme associated with tropoelastin is described. The enzyme has a pH optimum between 7 and 9 and trypsin-like specificity. Upon incubation, tropoelastin (72,000 molecular weight) is cleaved into relatively high molecular weight fragments. In addition to the parent molecule, five discrete polypeptide bands are usually observed on SDS gels with molecular weights of approximately 57,000, 45,000, 36,000, 25,000 and 13-14,000."}
{"id": "PMID:868638", "title": "The fate of intratracheal 14C-guanidinated pancreatic elastase in hamster lung.", "content": "Native pancreatic elastase and guanidinated elastase have similar in vitro and in vivo properties and produce emphysema of similar severity in hamsters. 14C-guanidinated pancreatic elastase (16,000 cpm/0.2 mg) was instilled into the trachea of anesthetized hamsters. Within 24 hours the radiolabel found in the lungs rapidly decreases to 12% of the original 16,000 cpm and to 1% after 96 hours. Most of the radiolabel and elastase activity found in the lungs can be removed by bronchopulmonary lavage up to 48 hours after installation. Although seemingly very small, there is a significant amount of radiolabel (1-2%) which cannot be removed from the lungs by extensive bronchopulmonary lavage.", "contents": "The fate of intratracheal 14C-guanidinated pancreatic elastase in hamster lung. Native pancreatic elastase and guanidinated elastase have similar in vitro and in vivo properties and produce emphysema of similar severity in hamsters. 14C-guanidinated pancreatic elastase (16,000 cpm/0.2 mg) was instilled into the trachea of anesthetized hamsters. Within 24 hours the radiolabel found in the lungs rapidly decreases to 12% of the original 16,000 cpm and to 1% after 96 hours. Most of the radiolabel and elastase activity found in the lungs can be removed by bronchopulmonary lavage up to 48 hours after installation. Although seemingly very small, there is a significant amount of radiolabel (1-2%) which cannot be removed from the lungs by extensive bronchopulmonary lavage."}
{"id": "PMID:868639", "title": "Comparison of the elastolytic effects of human leukocyte elastase and porcine pancreatic elastase.", "content": "Porcine and bovine elastins were digested by human leukocyte elastase and porcine pancreatic elastase. The enzymes showed similarities in the extent to which they digested elastin and the pattern and quantitative distribution of N-terminal amino acids in the digests. However, fingerprints of the digests showed differences between the products of leukocyte elastase and pancreatic elastase. Each enzyme produced its characteristic fingerprint irrespective of whether the elastin substrate was obtained from ligament, pleura or lung parenchyma. The enzymes also digested tropoelastin differently. The results suggest that leukocyte elastase and pancreatic elastase should not be considered interchangeable in experimental models of tissue injury.", "contents": "Comparison of the elastolytic effects of human leukocyte elastase and porcine pancreatic elastase. Porcine and bovine elastins were digested by human leukocyte elastase and porcine pancreatic elastase. The enzymes showed similarities in the extent to which they digested elastin and the pattern and quantitative distribution of N-terminal amino acids in the digests. However, fingerprints of the digests showed differences between the products of leukocyte elastase and pancreatic elastase. Each enzyme produced its characteristic fingerprint irrespective of whether the elastin substrate was obtained from ligament, pleura or lung parenchyma. The enzymes also digested tropoelastin differently. The results suggest that leukocyte elastase and pancreatic elastase should not be considered interchangeable in experimental models of tissue injury."}
{"id": "PMID:868643", "title": "Evolution of elastin structure.", "content": "The aortae of a number of vertebrates and invertebrates were tested for the presence of elastin to determine when this protein first appears phylogenetically. Using several criteria, including amino acid composition, presence of desmosines, and histological characteristics, we found that all representative vertebrate groups have elastin except the primitive jawless fishes (lampreys and hagfishes). All the invertebrates tested, representing most major phyla, were found lackin in elastin as well. Comparison of purified elastins from several vertebrate groups reveals some striking differences in their amino acid compositions and properties, including the arrangement of the elastic fibers in the aorta. The patterns of variations in amino acid composition suggest a mode of evolution which is different from the slow accumulation of point mutations observed with globular proteins.", "contents": "Evolution of elastin structure. The aortae of a number of vertebrates and invertebrates were tested for the presence of elastin to determine when this protein first appears phylogenetically. Using several criteria, including amino acid composition, presence of desmosines, and histological characteristics, we found that all representative vertebrate groups have elastin except the primitive jawless fishes (lampreys and hagfishes). All the invertebrates tested, representing most major phyla, were found lackin in elastin as well. Comparison of purified elastins from several vertebrate groups reveals some striking differences in their amino acid compositions and properties, including the arrangement of the elastic fibers in the aorta. The patterns of variations in amino acid composition suggest a mode of evolution which is different from the slow accumulation of point mutations observed with globular proteins."}
{"id": "PMID:868644", "title": "Ultrastructural studies of developing pulmonary alveolar septal elastin.", "content": "Eighteen fetal lambs have been studied at six different gestational ages ranging from 90 days to term. At 90 days gestation, only the microfibrillar component of elastin is present in pulmonary alveolar septal elastic fibers. The amorphous component appears at 110 days and gradually increases in amount, relative to microfibrils. At term (150 days), the composition of the pulmonary alveolar septal elastin resembles that of the adult ewe.", "contents": "Ultrastructural studies of developing pulmonary alveolar septal elastin. Eighteen fetal lambs have been studied at six different gestational ages ranging from 90 days to term. At 90 days gestation, only the microfibrillar component of elastin is present in pulmonary alveolar septal elastic fibers. The amorphous component appears at 110 days and gradually increases in amount, relative to microfibrils. At term (150 days), the composition of the pulmonary alveolar septal elastin resembles that of the adult ewe."}
{"id": "PMID:868645", "title": "Role of crosslinking in fiber formation.", "content": "The synthesis of elastin by smooth muscle cells is demostrated by amino acid analyses and the presence of lysine-derived crosslinks. The data reveal that the ratio of allysine to aldol decreases with time in culture. The presence of insoluble elastin correlates well with the presence of the reduced aldol condensate in these cells. If the formation of the desmosines occurs by the condensation of the aldol and dehyrolysinonorleucine, the presence of the latter may be rate-limiting since the cells display little or no dehydrolysinonorleucine. Several peptides containing the desmosine crosslink were purified and partially sequenced. The data indicate that desmosines crosslink two polypeptide chains and that both desmosine and isodesmosine are present in the same primary sequence approximately equally substituted. A possible role for tyrosine in the regulation of desmosine formation is presented.", "contents": "Role of crosslinking in fiber formation. The synthesis of elastin by smooth muscle cells is demostrated by amino acid analyses and the presence of lysine-derived crosslinks. The data reveal that the ratio of allysine to aldol decreases with time in culture. The presence of insoluble elastin correlates well with the presence of the reduced aldol condensate in these cells. If the formation of the desmosines occurs by the condensation of the aldol and dehyrolysinonorleucine, the presence of the latter may be rate-limiting since the cells display little or no dehydrolysinonorleucine. Several peptides containing the desmosine crosslink were purified and partially sequenced. The data indicate that desmosines crosslink two polypeptide chains and that both desmosine and isodesmosine are present in the same primary sequence approximately equally substituted. A possible role for tyrosine in the regulation of desmosine formation is presented."}
{"id": "PMID:868647", "title": "Crosslinking profiles of elastin from anatomically defined regions of the lung.", "content": "Elastin was isolated and purified by a procedure which sequentially removed lipids, collagen, structural glycoproteins and the microfibrillar proteins. Crosslinking profiles were obtained by column chromatography either after reduction with 3[H]NaBH4 or after reaction with 14[C]NaCN and NH3. Examination of the crosslinking profiles of the elastins from various tissue regions revealed differences in the type, distribution and quality of crosslinks.", "contents": "Crosslinking profiles of elastin from anatomically defined regions of the lung. Elastin was isolated and purified by a procedure which sequentially removed lipids, collagen, structural glycoproteins and the microfibrillar proteins. Crosslinking profiles were obtained by column chromatography either after reduction with 3[H]NaBH4 or after reaction with 14[C]NaCN and NH3. Examination of the crosslinking profiles of the elastins from various tissue regions revealed differences in the type, distribution and quality of crosslinks."}
{"id": "PMID:868648", "title": "Studies on the major fucosylated glycoprotein released into the medium by cultured human skin fibroblasts.", "content": "Electrophoretic analysis of the proteins synthesized by cultured human skin fibroblasts demonstrated that the major component released into the medium is a high molecular weight fucosylated glycoprotein (MFGP). Gel filtration chromatography under denaturing and reducing conditions indicated that MFGP has a molecular weight of approx. 250,000; but appears to behave as a disulphide-linked dimer when unreduced. MFGP is further distinguished as the major labelled macromolecule  in the medium after incubation of fibroblasts with [35S]cysteine. The role of this glycoprotein is unknown but it bears a striking resemblance to a presumptive  structural glycoprotein recently shown to be secreted by arterial smooth muscle cells in culture, and may also be related to a group of much studied cell surface glycoproteins.", "contents": "Studies on the major fucosylated glycoprotein released into the medium by cultured human skin fibroblasts. Electrophoretic analysis of the proteins synthesized by cultured human skin fibroblasts demonstrated that the major component released into the medium is a high molecular weight fucosylated glycoprotein (MFGP). Gel filtration chromatography under denaturing and reducing conditions indicated that MFGP has a molecular weight of approx. 250,000; but appears to behave as a disulphide-linked dimer when unreduced. MFGP is further distinguished as the major labelled macromolecule  in the medium after incubation of fibroblasts with [35S]cysteine. The role of this glycoprotein is unknown but it bears a striking resemblance to a presumptive  structural glycoprotein recently shown to be secreted by arterial smooth muscle cells in culture, and may also be related to a group of much studied cell surface glycoproteins."}
{"id": "PMID:868649", "title": "Studies of the biosynthesis of a soluble precursor of elastin.", "content": "A salt soluble protein, isolated from the aortas of copper-deficient swine, has been characterized as a precursor of elastin by its amino acid composition and its incorporation into insoluble aortic elastin in vitro.", "contents": "Studies of the biosynthesis of a soluble precursor of elastin. A salt soluble protein, isolated from the aortas of copper-deficient swine, has been characterized as a precursor of elastin by its amino acid composition and its incorporation into insoluble aortic elastin in vitro."}
{"id": "PMID:868650", "title": "The biosynthesis of elastin by an aortic medial cell culture.", "content": "A long term culture of aortic medial cells, derived from newborn pig aorta, has been established. The ability of these cells to synthesize soluble elastin has been demonstrated by isolation and characterization of the radioactively labeled protein, using soluble elastin of copper-deficient pig aorta as the carrier. The synthesis of corsslinked elastin was shown by the isolation and identification of the lysine-derived crosslinks after incubating the cultures with [14C]-labeled lysine. The precursor relationship of soluble to insoluble elastin was demonstrated by incubating the [3H]-labeled soluble elastin from copper-deficient pig aorta with the culture and isolating labeled crosslinks from the insoluble elastin residue.", "contents": "The biosynthesis of elastin by an aortic medial cell culture. A long term culture of aortic medial cells, derived from newborn pig aorta, has been established. The ability of these cells to synthesize soluble elastin has been demonstrated by isolation and characterization of the radioactively labeled protein, using soluble elastin of copper-deficient pig aorta as the carrier. The synthesis of corsslinked elastin was shown by the isolation and identification of the lysine-derived crosslinks after incubating the cultures with [14C]-labeled lysine. The precursor relationship of soluble to insoluble elastin was demonstrated by incubating the [3H]-labeled soluble elastin from copper-deficient pig aorta with the culture and isolating labeled crosslinks from the insoluble elastin residue."}
{"id": "PMID:868656", "title": "Isolation of lung alveolar walls.", "content": "Disintegration of peripheral lung tissue followed by filtration through an 80 mesh stainless steel screen yields a filtrate containing tissue particles with properties consistent with their identification as fragments of alveolar walls. Application of this procedure readily yields large quantities of alveolar wall tissue.", "contents": "Isolation of lung alveolar walls. Disintegration of peripheral lung tissue followed by filtration through an 80 mesh stainless steel screen yields a filtrate containing tissue particles with properties consistent with their identification as fragments of alveolar walls. Application of this procedure readily yields large quantities of alveolar wall tissue."}
{"id": "PMID:868663", "title": "Calorimetric studies of elastin solvation.", "content": "The interaction of ox ligamentum nuchae elastin (native, purified and soluble) with four different solvents was investigated by Differential Scanning Calorimetry. The freezable solvent content was determined, at different total solvent contents, from the melting endotherms, and the amount of unfreezable solvent was obtained by extrapolation. For two bifunctional solvents, water and ethylene glycol, the molar ratio \"bound solvent/elastin residue\" was the same for all the elastin samples investigated, and very close to 1.5. This result is identical to that obtained by other workers for the \"water/CO-NH group\" of synthetic amorphous polyamides, and it can suggest that the hydration of elastin is interpretable on the basis of a similar model. The model is based on a direct interaction of water with the peptide group, and suggests that 0.5 moles of water are strongly bound, and 1.0 moles are loosely bound to the CO-NH group. The ratio \"bound water/elastin residue\" is larger for the soluble beta elastin. Different molar ratios are also obtained for monofunctional solvents such as methanol and trifluoroethanol.", "contents": "Calorimetric studies of elastin solvation. The interaction of ox ligamentum nuchae elastin (native, purified and soluble) with four different solvents was investigated by Differential Scanning Calorimetry. The freezable solvent content was determined, at different total solvent contents, from the melting endotherms, and the amount of unfreezable solvent was obtained by extrapolation. For two bifunctional solvents, water and ethylene glycol, the molar ratio \"bound solvent/elastin residue\" was the same for all the elastin samples investigated, and very close to 1.5. This result is identical to that obtained by other workers for the \"water/CO-NH group\" of synthetic amorphous polyamides, and it can suggest that the hydration of elastin is interpretable on the basis of a similar model. The model is based on a direct interaction of water with the peptide group, and suggests that 0.5 moles of water are strongly bound, and 1.0 moles are loosely bound to the CO-NH group. The ratio \"bound water/elastin residue\" is larger for the soluble beta elastin. Different molar ratios are also obtained for monofunctional solvents such as methanol and trifluoroethanol."}
{"id": "PMID:868664", "title": "A 13C magnetic resonance study of embryonic chick aorta.", "content": "13C nmr spectra of defatted aorta, obtained  from chick embryos, ranging in age from 13 to 20 days, showed that linewidths were independent of the age of the embryo, this, in spite of the fact that crosslinking increases with age. As expected the dipolar decoupled spectrum of defatted aorta had a larger C-H signal intensity than the scalar decoupled spectrum, since collagen in the sample contributes signal intensity only in the former case. Significantly, the dipolar decoupled spectrum of autoclaved aorta also had a larger C-H signal intensity. This result indicates that ca. 30% of the carbons in the tissue, swollen by 0.15 M NaCl, has restricted motion at 37 degrees. Preliminary data indicate that tissue culture techniques can be used to enrich specific amino acids in chick aorta with 13C, thereby affording a means to study possible differences in molecular structure of the chemically distinct regions in elastin.", "contents": "A 13C magnetic resonance study of embryonic chick aorta. 13C nmr spectra of defatted aorta, obtained  from chick embryos, ranging in age from 13 to 20 days, showed that linewidths were independent of the age of the embryo, this, in spite of the fact that crosslinking increases with age. As expected the dipolar decoupled spectrum of defatted aorta had a larger C-H signal intensity than the scalar decoupled spectrum, since collagen in the sample contributes signal intensity only in the former case. Significantly, the dipolar decoupled spectrum of autoclaved aorta also had a larger C-H signal intensity. This result indicates that ca. 30% of the carbons in the tissue, swollen by 0.15 M NaCl, has restricted motion at 37 degrees. Preliminary data indicate that tissue culture techniques can be used to enrich specific amino acids in chick aorta with 13C, thereby affording a means to study possible differences in molecular structure of the chemically distinct regions in elastin."}
{"id": "PMID:868667", "title": "The morphogenesis of elastic fibers.", "content": "Elastic fibers have been shown to contain two proteins, insoluble elastin and the elastic fiber microfibril, a glycoprotein. The microfibril has been suggested to play a morphogenetic role in determining the presumptive shape and direction of the forming elastic fiber. The principal alteration seen in individuals with the disease Pseudoxanthoma Elasticum is in insoluble elastin which loses its amorphous appearance and affinity for anionic stains, and takes on a finely granular appearance and shows increased affinity for cationic stains. Normal elastic fiber microfibrils are sometimes associated with this material; although, in general, these structures are not present in the elastic fibers that are markedly altered in this disease.", "contents": "The morphogenesis of elastic fibers. Elastic fibers have been shown to contain two proteins, insoluble elastin and the elastic fiber microfibril, a glycoprotein. The microfibril has been suggested to play a morphogenetic role in determining the presumptive shape and direction of the forming elastic fiber. The principal alteration seen in individuals with the disease Pseudoxanthoma Elasticum is in insoluble elastin which loses its amorphous appearance and affinity for anionic stains, and takes on a finely granular appearance and shows increased affinity for cationic stains. Normal elastic fiber microfibrils are sometimes associated with this material; although, in general, these structures are not present in the elastic fibers that are markedly altered in this disease."}
{"id": "PMID:868670", "title": "The ultrastructure and mechanics of elastic ligaments.", "content": "The major central part of elastic ligaments is constituted by longitudinally orientated elastic fibres, each surrounded by a sheath of spirally orientated collagen fibrils with an intervening thin layer of microfibrils. In the terminal region of such ligaments the orientation of the collagen fibrils is longitudinal and the elastic fibres end within the ligament without any attachment to bone. The ligament response to a first, unphysiologically high load produces a continuous stress-strain curve. On the other hand the curve becomes biphasic after repeated application of such loads. It is suggested that three factors are involved in this mechanical response, namely, frictional forces between elastic fibres and their sheaths, compressive forces exerted upon elastic fibres by their sheaths, and intre-sheath friction due to rearrangement of the constituent collagen fibrils.", "contents": "The ultrastructure and mechanics of elastic ligaments. The major central part of elastic ligaments is constituted by longitudinally orientated elastic fibres, each surrounded by a sheath of spirally orientated collagen fibrils with an intervening thin layer of microfibrils. In the terminal region of such ligaments the orientation of the collagen fibrils is longitudinal and the elastic fibres end within the ligament without any attachment to bone. The ligament response to a first, unphysiologically high load produces a continuous stress-strain curve. On the other hand the curve becomes biphasic after repeated application of such loads. It is suggested that three factors are involved in this mechanical response, namely, frictional forces between elastic fibres and their sheaths, compressive forces exerted upon elastic fibres by their sheaths, and intre-sheath friction due to rearrangement of the constituent collagen fibrils."}
{"id": "PMID:868684", "title": "[Testing of the \"retinal acuity\" with the laser interference apparatus as a routine clinical method].", "content": "The retinal function may be tested by laser-interference-fringes formed on the retina independently of the refraction status of the eye. The perception of these fringes is a subjective test for the retinal function even in case of moderate opacities of the optical media. Experiences with a new apparatus described here showed that the determination of this \"retinal acuity\" is very simple to perform. The comparison of retinal acuity and visula acuity of several hundred cataratous eyes and the measurement before and after cataract extraction in about 100 cases are discussed. The method gives useful prognostic and diagnostic information to the ophthalmologist.", "contents": "[Testing of the \"retinal acuity\" with the laser interference apparatus as a routine clinical method]. The retinal function may be tested by laser-interference-fringes formed on the retina independently of the refraction status of the eye. The perception of these fringes is a subjective test for the retinal function even in case of moderate opacities of the optical media. Experiences with a new apparatus described here showed that the determination of this \"retinal acuity\" is very simple to perform. The comparison of retinal acuity and visula acuity of several hundred cataratous eyes and the measurement before and after cataract extraction in about 100 cases are discussed. The method gives useful prognostic and diagnostic information to the ophthalmologist."}
{"id": "PMID:868686", "title": "Prostaglandins and ocular trauma.", "content": "Laser irradiation of the iris in rabbits causes miosis, a rise in intraocular pressure and an increase in the protein content of the aqueous humour. These effects on intraocular pressure and the blood-aqueous barrier are partly due to the release of prostaglandins of the E type and can be very much reduced by pretreatment with prostaglandin synthetase inhibitors such as indomethacin. The miosis and part of the rise in intraocular pressure and breakdown of the blood-aqueous barrier may be due to antidromic stimulation of sensory nerves, and they are reduced by nerve-blocking drugs. A combination of indomethacin and local anaesthetic can block the miosis and rise in intraocular pressure and greatly reduce the increase in protein content of the aqueous humour. It is probable that the human eye reacts in a similar way to laser irradiation of the iris, but so far the rise in intraocular pressure has not had serious results clinically in the treatment of glaucomatous eyes.", "contents": "Prostaglandins and ocular trauma. Laser irradiation of the iris in rabbits causes miosis, a rise in intraocular pressure and an increase in the protein content of the aqueous humour. These effects on intraocular pressure and the blood-aqueous barrier are partly due to the release of prostaglandins of the E type and can be very much reduced by pretreatment with prostaglandin synthetase inhibitors such as indomethacin. The miosis and part of the rise in intraocular pressure and breakdown of the blood-aqueous barrier may be due to antidromic stimulation of sensory nerves, and they are reduced by nerve-blocking drugs. A combination of indomethacin and local anaesthetic can block the miosis and rise in intraocular pressure and greatly reduce the increase in protein content of the aqueous humour. It is probable that the human eye reacts in a similar way to laser irradiation of the iris, but so far the rise in intraocular pressure has not had serious results clinically in the treatment of glaucomatous eyes."}
{"id": "PMID:868688", "title": "Q-switched ruby laser damage of the rabbit eye lens.", "content": "Results on Q-switched ruby laser damage to lenses of Chinchilla grey rabbits are reported. Threshold irradiances of about 10(10)W/cm2 are shown to be necessary for lens damage. The minimal lesions consist of empty bubbles about 1 mm in diameter. Energy consideration as well as histologic investigation of the lesions indicate a mechanical damage process following a light-induced absorption in the focus. Retinal damage accompanied lenticular damage in all cases", "contents": "Q-switched ruby laser damage of the rabbit eye lens. Results on Q-switched ruby laser damage to lenses of Chinchilla grey rabbits are reported. Threshold irradiances of about 10(10)W/cm2 are shown to be necessary for lens damage. The minimal lesions consist of empty bubbles about 1 mm in diameter. Energy consideration as well as histologic investigation of the lesions indicate a mechanical damage process following a light-induced absorption in the focus. Retinal damage accompanied lenticular damage in all cases"}
{"id": "PMID:868693", "title": "The new glaucoma research laser.", "content": "This new pulsed argon laser has only been in use for a comparatively short time. Thbrefor, this information can only be valued as a preliminary study. But due to its high efficiency and its good steering possibilities, it offers new vistas and aspects in the application of laser.", "contents": "The new glaucoma research laser. This new pulsed argon laser has only been in use for a comparatively short time. Thbrefor, this information can only be valued as a preliminary study. But due to its high efficiency and its good steering possibilities, it offers new vistas and aspects in the application of laser."}
{"id": "PMID:868698", "title": "Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo and rotatory-induced nystagmus.", "content": "The study of 25 cases of 'benign paroxysmal position vertigo' showed us that irrigation of the ear opposed to the injured side inhibited this nystagmus. In these patients, it is difficult, not to say impossible, to provoke rotatory nystagmus, either by the caloric test (Br\u00fcnings position II) or by the rotatory test in frontal plane. The significance of these observation is discussed and ascribed to a central compensation system.", "contents": "Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo and rotatory-induced nystagmus. The study of 25 cases of 'benign paroxysmal position vertigo' showed us that irrigation of the ear opposed to the injured side inhibited this nystagmus. In these patients, it is difficult, not to say impossible, to provoke rotatory nystagmus, either by the caloric test (Br\u00fcnings position II) or by the rotatory test in frontal plane. The significance of these observation is discussed and ascribed to a central compensation system."}
{"id": "PMID:868708", "title": "Cochlear otospongiosis etiology, diagnosis and therapeutic implications.", "content": "First, the authors discuss the most valuable way to correlate specific morphological changes encountered in cochlear otospongiosis with sensorineural hearing loss. They think that biochemical factors may be responsible for this association of cochlear otospongiosis and histopathologic changes, and they explain their enzymatic concept resulting from experimental findings and cyto-clinical relationship. Second, the authors analyze clinical, audiometric and X-Rays investigations enabling the diagnosis of cochlear otospongiosis, in its pure pereceptive form as well as in the perceptive component added to the conductive loss in far-advanced mixed audiometric types in surgical otospongiosis. They present two typical cases of cochlear otospongiosis: one combines clinical history, audiometric test and post mortem investigations;-the other shows the passage from a pure cochlear otospongiosis to a secondary stapedial fixation, ten years later, thus confirming by audiometric data and by stapedectomy the otospongiotic etiology of this previous pure sensorineural loss. Finally, they insist upon the great interest of establishing an early diagnosis in cochlear otospongiosis on account of its therapeutic implication, particularly from the enzymatic point of view.", "contents": "Cochlear otospongiosis etiology, diagnosis and therapeutic implications. First, the authors discuss the most valuable way to correlate specific morphological changes encountered in cochlear otospongiosis with sensorineural hearing loss. They think that biochemical factors may be responsible for this association of cochlear otospongiosis and histopathologic changes, and they explain their enzymatic concept resulting from experimental findings and cyto-clinical relationship. Second, the authors analyze clinical, audiometric and X-Rays investigations enabling the diagnosis of cochlear otospongiosis, in its pure pereceptive form as well as in the perceptive component added to the conductive loss in far-advanced mixed audiometric types in surgical otospongiosis. They present two typical cases of cochlear otospongiosis: one combines clinical history, audiometric test and post mortem investigations;-the other shows the passage from a pure cochlear otospongiosis to a secondary stapedial fixation, ten years later, thus confirming by audiometric data and by stapedectomy the otospongiotic etiology of this previous pure sensorineural loss. Finally, they insist upon the great interest of establishing an early diagnosis in cochlear otospongiosis on account of its therapeutic implication, particularly from the enzymatic point of view."}
{"id": "PMID:868712", "title": "[Pregnant teenagers - what do they know about health? (author's transl)].", "content": "399 pregnant women have been interviewed for their attitudes towards pregnancy. The group of teenagers (up to 18 years) has some pecularities, e.g. mostly unmarried, apprenticeship or other professional training not completed, no own home, excessive smoking, only few interested in courses of mother and child-health, stronger wishes for an interruption of pregnancy. It is important therefore, to help them not only by medical care and health-education, but to give them more self-consciousness and social integration.", "contents": "[Pregnant teenagers - what do they know about health? (author's transl)]. 399 pregnant women have been interviewed for their attitudes towards pregnancy. The group of teenagers (up to 18 years) has some pecularities, e.g. mostly unmarried, apprenticeship or other professional training not completed, no own home, excessive smoking, only few interested in courses of mother and child-health, stronger wishes for an interruption of pregnancy. It is important therefore, to help them not only by medical care and health-education, but to give them more self-consciousness and social integration."}
{"id": "PMID:868713", "title": "[The importance of height of parents for correct estimation of growth of their children (author's transl)].", "content": "Linear dependence was found between the height of children and average height of both parents in the group of 100 619 children and parents (Fetter et al. 1951). Equations of regression lines are recorded for every age-class of both boys and girls from 6 to 18 years. Decisive deviations of children's height in individual groups of parents in every class do not significantly differ from standard deviations of the whole class. Decisive deviation valid for the whole class may therefore be used for height standards of children of equal class in all height groups of parents. Age difference between standards of children with equal body height but different average height of parents from 152,5 cm to 180,0 cm is at ages from 6 to 8 years in both sexes, at least 1 year in boys between 9 to 12 years, and in girls from 12 to 18 years up to 4 years. Per 1 cm difference of average parental age from average standard height of adult population either in the positive or negative sense there exists the shift in children height from given class standards. In boys from 6 to 8 years and in girls from 6 to 9 years it makes 4 mm. In boys from 9 to 16 years and in girls from 10 to 14 years it is 5 mm. In boys from 17 to 18 and in girls from 15 to 18 it makes 6 mm in equal sense. The validity of the conclusions may be presumed for both the contemporary generation and groups from other European states as well. Eventual incorporation of assessing criteria after standard parental height into some existing aids used in estimating the growth of children may be anticipated.", "contents": "[The importance of height of parents for correct estimation of growth of their children (author's transl)]. Linear dependence was found between the height of children and average height of both parents in the group of 100 619 children and parents (Fetter et al. 1951). Equations of regression lines are recorded for every age-class of both boys and girls from 6 to 18 years. Decisive deviations of children's height in individual groups of parents in every class do not significantly differ from standard deviations of the whole class. Decisive deviation valid for the whole class may therefore be used for height standards of children of equal class in all height groups of parents. Age difference between standards of children with equal body height but different average height of parents from 152,5 cm to 180,0 cm is at ages from 6 to 8 years in both sexes, at least 1 year in boys between 9 to 12 years, and in girls from 12 to 18 years up to 4 years. Per 1 cm difference of average parental age from average standard height of adult population either in the positive or negative sense there exists the shift in children height from given class standards. In boys from 6 to 8 years and in girls from 6 to 9 years it makes 4 mm. In boys from 9 to 16 years and in girls from 10 to 14 years it is 5 mm. In boys from 17 to 18 and in girls from 15 to 18 it makes 6 mm in equal sense. The validity of the conclusions may be presumed for both the contemporary generation and groups from other European states as well. Eventual incorporation of assessing criteria after standard parental height into some existing aids used in estimating the growth of children may be anticipated."}
{"id": "PMID:868714", "title": "[A nomogram for determination of \"midparents height\" and for correction of the height of children refering to the stature of their parents (author's transl)].", "content": "A monomgram is given to find graphically the mean between the stature of the father and the stature of the mother (midparents height) and to correct (in an additive or reducing manner) the height of children of a certain age refering to their midparents height. Using such correction terms may be an approximative method to exclude the genetic factors of growth if one wishes to compare groups of children growing up in different environments.", "contents": "[A nomogram for determination of \"midparents height\" and for correction of the height of children refering to the stature of their parents (author's transl)]. A monomgram is given to find graphically the mean between the stature of the father and the stature of the mother (midparents height) and to correct (in an additive or reducing manner) the height of children of a certain age refering to their midparents height. Using such correction terms may be an approximative method to exclude the genetic factors of growth if one wishes to compare groups of children growing up in different environments."}
{"id": "PMID:868715", "title": "[A map on recent menarcheal age research in Europe (author's transl)].", "content": "Publications on menarcheal age from 1965 to 1974 are reviewed. The menarcheal data are shown on a map, in comparison to a former map, published 1967. It seems, that presently socio-economic conditions are more strongly modifying the action of genetic factors of sexual development than \"natural\" factors of environment as climate, level of height a.s.o.", "contents": "[A map on recent menarcheal age research in Europe (author's transl)]. Publications on menarcheal age from 1965 to 1974 are reviewed. The menarcheal data are shown on a map, in comparison to a former map, published 1967. It seems, that presently socio-economic conditions are more strongly modifying the action of genetic factors of sexual development than \"natural\" factors of environment as climate, level of height a.s.o."}
{"id": "PMID:868716", "title": "[Group therapy of obesity in children and youth (author's transl)].", "content": "There are social, family-bound and individual factors as a cause of obesity. Changes of weight in 326 pupils are demonstrated as results of a longitudinal control during their school-life. The need of prevention and therapy of obesity in children and youth is stressed. The author deals with the effect of a group therapy in 19 boys and 24 girls. She has proposals to help solving the social problems of obesity.", "contents": "[Group therapy of obesity in children and youth (author's transl)]. There are social, family-bound and individual factors as a cause of obesity. Changes of weight in 326 pupils are demonstrated as results of a longitudinal control during their school-life. The need of prevention and therapy of obesity in children and youth is stressed. The author deals with the effect of a group therapy in 19 boys and 24 girls. She has proposals to help solving the social problems of obesity."}
{"id": "PMID:868717", "title": "Oral hyposensitization of children with pollinosis or house-dust asthma.", "content": "25 years of experience have proven oral hyposensitization to be an effective and safe method for specific treatment of respiratory allergies in children up to the age of 10-12 years. For pollinosis aqueous extracts or pollen powder are used. Results after at least two cures are comparable to those observed after subcutaneous hyposensitization. In house-dust asthma oral hyposensitization is performed either with commercially available extracts or with extracts prepared from the patient's own house-dust. The way to collect such dust samples, their use in testing and the preparation of extracts from it are described. Long-term results with oral hyposensitization of children with house-dust asthma are good.", "contents": "Oral hyposensitization of children with pollinosis or house-dust asthma. 25 years of experience have proven oral hyposensitization to be an effective and safe method for specific treatment of respiratory allergies in children up to the age of 10-12 years. For pollinosis aqueous extracts or pollen powder are used. Results after at least two cures are comparable to those observed after subcutaneous hyposensitization. In house-dust asthma oral hyposensitization is performed either with commercially available extracts or with extracts prepared from the patient's own house-dust. The way to collect such dust samples, their use in testing and the preparation of extracts from it are described. Long-term results with oral hyposensitization of children with house-dust asthma are good."}
{"id": "PMID:868726", "title": "Surgical diseases of the adrenal gland.", "content": "Abnormal levels of adrenal hormones, or their metabolities, in the urine or blood are found in most patients with surgical diseases of the adrenal gland, including neoplastic and some hyperplastic states. Neuroblastomas and nonfunctioning adrenocortical tumors often present as abdominal masses. Surgery is required for the majority of these disorders, particularly for the malignant tumors.", "contents": "Surgical diseases of the adrenal gland. Abnormal levels of adrenal hormones, or their metabolities, in the urine or blood are found in most patients with surgical diseases of the adrenal gland, including neoplastic and some hyperplastic states. Neuroblastomas and nonfunctioning adrenocortical tumors often present as abdominal masses. Surgery is required for the majority of these disorders, particularly for the malignant tumors."}
{"id": "PMID:868730", "title": "Bacterial shock.", "content": "Bacterial shock due to Gram-negative bacilli is best managed by prompt control of the infection with appropriate antibiotics and surgical drainage or excision. Corticosteroids for purposes of controlling systemic reactions to bacteria and their toxins constitute adjunctive therapy. Volume repletion and respiratory support may be of the greatest importance for temporary support of these critically ill patients. Vasoactive drugs including dopamine and isoproterenol should be used very sparingly and only as very temporary expedients.", "contents": "Bacterial shock. Bacterial shock due to Gram-negative bacilli is best managed by prompt control of the infection with appropriate antibiotics and surgical drainage or excision. Corticosteroids for purposes of controlling systemic reactions to bacteria and their toxins constitute adjunctive therapy. Volume repletion and respiratory support may be of the greatest importance for temporary support of these critically ill patients. Vasoactive drugs including dopamine and isoproterenol should be used very sparingly and only as very temporary expedients."}
{"id": "PMID:868738", "title": "Accelerated atrioventricular conduction during acute myocardial infarction.", "content": "Three cases are described in which accelerated atrioventricular conduction occurred during an acute myocardial infarction. The first patient, an 82-year-old woman, developed a WPW syndrome suggesting posterior right ventricular preexcitation, a pattern which persisted for four months until her death. An accessory bundle was found on autopsy. Fibrotic changes, associated with acute lesions (hemorrhage, polymorphonuclear infiltrates) were present in the atrioventricular node and His-Purkinje system. Two men, of 47 and 74 years, developed a short PR interval associated with supraventricular tachycardia during the course of an acute myocardial infarction. The PR interval returned to its initial value in one case and remained unchanged for three months in the other. Accessory atrioventricular connections which became functional during myocardial ischemia may explain the various electrocardiographic patterns of preexcitation.", "contents": "Accelerated atrioventricular conduction during acute myocardial infarction. Three cases are described in which accelerated atrioventricular conduction occurred during an acute myocardial infarction. The first patient, an 82-year-old woman, developed a WPW syndrome suggesting posterior right ventricular preexcitation, a pattern which persisted for four months until her death. An accessory bundle was found on autopsy. Fibrotic changes, associated with acute lesions (hemorrhage, polymorphonuclear infiltrates) were present in the atrioventricular node and His-Purkinje system. Two men, of 47 and 74 years, developed a short PR interval associated with supraventricular tachycardia during the course of an acute myocardial infarction. The PR interval returned to its initial value in one case and remained unchanged for three months in the other. Accessory atrioventricular connections which became functional during myocardial ischemia may explain the various electrocardiographic patterns of preexcitation."}
{"id": "PMID:868740", "title": "Pulmonary valve fluttering in subpulmonic ventricular septal defect.", "content": "Three patients with subpulmonic ventricular septal defect and pulmonary valve fluttering by echocardiography are presented. The echographic changes appear identical to that reported with infundibular pulmonic stenosis and the mechanism causing this fluttering is probably similar.", "contents": "Pulmonary valve fluttering in subpulmonic ventricular septal defect. Three patients with subpulmonic ventricular septal defect and pulmonary valve fluttering by echocardiography are presented. The echographic changes appear identical to that reported with infundibular pulmonic stenosis and the mechanism causing this fluttering is probably similar."}
{"id": "PMID:868741", "title": "The value and limitations of echocardiography in recording mitral valve vegetations.", "content": "The echocardiographic findings and case reports of three patients with active Streptococcal endocarditis and severe congestive heart failure are presented. All three had pathologically proven vegetations on the mitral valve; however, only the two with calcification of the vegetations were successfully demonstrated on echocardiography. Clinical and pathological differences are highlighted and prior case reports in the literature are reviewed. The nonspecific nature of echoes recorded from valvular vegetation is stressed and factors in their echocardiographic detection are discussed.", "contents": "The value and limitations of echocardiography in recording mitral valve vegetations. The echocardiographic findings and case reports of three patients with active Streptococcal endocarditis and severe congestive heart failure are presented. All three had pathologically proven vegetations on the mitral valve; however, only the two with calcification of the vegetations were successfully demonstrated on echocardiography. Clinical and pathological differences are highlighted and prior case reports in the literature are reviewed. The nonspecific nature of echoes recorded from valvular vegetation is stressed and factors in their echocardiographic detection are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:868743", "title": "Influence of test site on ventricular fibrillation threshold.", "content": "An influence of VFT test site location on measured values of VFT was demonstrated in dogs with coronary occlusions, in dogs with localized areas of short recovery properties induced by warm thermal lesions, and with a computer simulation of fibrillation threshold. Under these experimental conditions VFT did not significantly change from control values when the measurement was made at a site distant to the lesion. Differences in the temporal relationship of time of recovery following application of VFT test stimuli to various locations are probably responsible for the observed differences in effects of lesions on VFT measured at these sites.", "contents": "Influence of test site on ventricular fibrillation threshold. An influence of VFT test site location on measured values of VFT was demonstrated in dogs with coronary occlusions, in dogs with localized areas of short recovery properties induced by warm thermal lesions, and with a computer simulation of fibrillation threshold. Under these experimental conditions VFT did not significantly change from control values when the measurement was made at a site distant to the lesion. Differences in the temporal relationship of time of recovery following application of VFT test stimuli to various locations are probably responsible for the observed differences in effects of lesions on VFT measured at these sites."}
{"id": "PMID:868744", "title": "Clinical toxicity of furosemide in hospitalized patients. A report from the Boston Collaborative Drug Surveillance Program.", "content": "Of 17,068 hospitalized medical patients monitored in a drug surveillance program, 2,367 (13.9 per cent) received furosemide. Of these patients, 53 per cent were hospitalized with a primary (first) diagnosis of cardiovascular disease; many other patients had cardiovascular disorders coincident with other diseases. In 78 per cent of cases the indication for furosemide therapy was congestive heart failure. Adverse reactions were attributed to furosemide in 239 patients (10.1 per cent), but in only 14 instances were the unwanted effects considered life-threatening. The most common adverse reactions were: intravascular volume depletion (4.6 per cent of furosemide recipients), hypokalemia (3.6 per cent), and other eletrolyte disturbances (1.5 per cent). Many patients experienced more than one manifestation of toxicity. The over-all frequency of adverse reactions increased progressively with higher daily doses of furosemide, but was not correlated with total furosemide dose. Among furosemide recipients who also recieved potassium-supplements or potassium-sparing diuretics, hypokalemia was less frequent, less severe, and of slower onset. Coadministration of other diuretics with furosemide was associated with a higher frequency of volume depletion. The findings indicate that furosemide is a relatively safe diuretic in a wide range of clinical situations. Serious adverse reactions are uncommon, and occur primarily in the seriously ill.", "contents": "Clinical toxicity of furosemide in hospitalized patients. A report from the Boston Collaborative Drug Surveillance Program. Of 17,068 hospitalized medical patients monitored in a drug surveillance program, 2,367 (13.9 per cent) received furosemide. Of these patients, 53 per cent were hospitalized with a primary (first) diagnosis of cardiovascular disease; many other patients had cardiovascular disorders coincident with other diseases. In 78 per cent of cases the indication for furosemide therapy was congestive heart failure. Adverse reactions were attributed to furosemide in 239 patients (10.1 per cent), but in only 14 instances were the unwanted effects considered life-threatening. The most common adverse reactions were: intravascular volume depletion (4.6 per cent of furosemide recipients), hypokalemia (3.6 per cent), and other eletrolyte disturbances (1.5 per cent). Many patients experienced more than one manifestation of toxicity. The over-all frequency of adverse reactions increased progressively with higher daily doses of furosemide, but was not correlated with total furosemide dose. Among furosemide recipients who also recieved potassium-supplements or potassium-sparing diuretics, hypokalemia was less frequent, less severe, and of slower onset. Coadministration of other diuretics with furosemide was associated with a higher frequency of volume depletion. The findings indicate that furosemide is a relatively safe diuretic in a wide range of clinical situations. Serious adverse reactions are uncommon, and occur primarily in the seriously ill."}
{"id": "PMID:868745", "title": "The thoracic windows for electrical ventricular defibrillation current.", "content": "The thoraces of dogs were mapped out to identify those areas where defibrillating current gains easiest access to the heart. Of all of the transchest and chest-to-back electrode locations, the lowest current dose (0.6 amp. per kilogram of body weight) was found with one electrode over the apex-beat area with transchest electrodes and slightly anterior to the apex-beat area with chest-to-back electrodes.", "contents": "The thoracic windows for electrical ventricular defibrillation current. The thoraces of dogs were mapped out to identify those areas where defibrillating current gains easiest access to the heart. Of all of the transchest and chest-to-back electrode locations, the lowest current dose (0.6 amp. per kilogram of body weight) was found with one electrode over the apex-beat area with transchest electrodes and slightly anterior to the apex-beat area with chest-to-back electrodes."}
{"id": "PMID:868746", "title": "Pulmonary and left atrial hemodynamics in mital stenosis.", "content": "A laboratory model has been utilized to evaluate left atrial and pulmoanry hemodynamics while comparing atria of three different compliances, five valve orifices, four pulmonary complicances, two venous pressures, and a predetermined pulmonary vascular resistance. The data demonstrate significant relationships between these variables and cardiac output, pulmonary artery pressure, and left atrial pressure and between the variables themselves. The complexity of these interrelationships is consistent with the lack of simple linear relations between current clinical measurements and emphasizes the need for measurements of compliance if the hemodynamic consequences of mitral stenosis are to be better understood.", "contents": "Pulmonary and left atrial hemodynamics in mital stenosis. A laboratory model has been utilized to evaluate left atrial and pulmoanry hemodynamics while comparing atria of three different compliances, five valve orifices, four pulmonary complicances, two venous pressures, and a predetermined pulmonary vascular resistance. The data demonstrate significant relationships between these variables and cardiac output, pulmonary artery pressure, and left atrial pressure and between the variables themselves. The complexity of these interrelationships is consistent with the lack of simple linear relations between current clinical measurements and emphasizes the need for measurements of compliance if the hemodynamic consequences of mitral stenosis are to be better understood."}
{"id": "PMID:868748", "title": "Measurements of right ventricular volumes in man from single plane cineangiograms. A comparison to the biplane approach.", "content": "An area-length expression for RV volume determination from single plane cineangiograms has been developed and verified against the biplane volumes with the aid of the RV human casts. A close correlation was found to exist between the two methods (r = 0.93). Ten patients with normal hearts were subsequently studied. Biplane and single plane RV cineangiogrpahic analyses yielded virtually identical results. The single plane expression was equally valid in the end-systolic and the end-diastolic volume analysis.", "contents": "Measurements of right ventricular volumes in man from single plane cineangiograms. A comparison to the biplane approach. An area-length expression for RV volume determination from single plane cineangiograms has been developed and verified against the biplane volumes with the aid of the RV human casts. A close correlation was found to exist between the two methods (r = 0.93). Ten patients with normal hearts were subsequently studied. Biplane and single plane RV cineangiogrpahic analyses yielded virtually identical results. The single plane expression was equally valid in the end-systolic and the end-diastolic volume analysis."}
{"id": "PMID:868749", "title": "Double outlet left ventricle associated with situs inversus and atrioventricular concordance.", "content": "A case is described in which the ventriculo-arterial connection of double-outlet left ventricle was associated with situs inversus and atrioventricular concordance. The case additionally exhibited l-malposition of the aorta, a subaortic ventricular septal defect, and valvar and subvalvar pulmonary stenosis. Originally diagnosed as transposition of the great arteries, a Rastelli type correction was attempted. This was not successful, owing to hypoplasia of the morphological tricuspid valve orifice.", "contents": "Double outlet left ventricle associated with situs inversus and atrioventricular concordance. A case is described in which the ventriculo-arterial connection of double-outlet left ventricle was associated with situs inversus and atrioventricular concordance. The case additionally exhibited l-malposition of the aorta, a subaortic ventricular septal defect, and valvar and subvalvar pulmonary stenosis. Originally diagnosed as transposition of the great arteries, a Rastelli type correction was attempted. This was not successful, owing to hypoplasia of the morphological tricuspid valve orifice."}
{"id": "PMID:868750", "title": "Pre-excitation of the ventricle associated with total intra His bundle block.", "content": "A case with total intra-His bundle block and intermittent pre-excitation syndrome is presented. During A-V conduction there was a P-delta interval of 130 msec. with a P-A interval of 20 msec., an A-H interval of 60 msec. and an H-V interval of 50 msec. During rapid atrial pacing the P-delta interval increased primarily due to an A-H1 prolongation and a Mobitz type 2 block and total A-V block occured at increasing rates showing H1 following every A spike. The escape beats showed a normal width of the QRS complexes with preceding H2 spikes. After administration of Ajmaline the bypass tract was blocked and constant total A-V block occurred. It was concluded that there was a constant total intra-His bundle block and a nodoventricular or fasciculoventricular bypass tract with prolonged conduction to the ventricle. This bypass tract blocked sometimes spontaneously and could also be blocked by rapid atrial pacing and administration of drugs. The close anatomic proximity of the His bundle and Mahaim fibers is responsible for the simultaneous block resulting in total atrioventricular block.", "contents": "Pre-excitation of the ventricle associated with total intra His bundle block. A case with total intra-His bundle block and intermittent pre-excitation syndrome is presented. During A-V conduction there was a P-delta interval of 130 msec. with a P-A interval of 20 msec., an A-H interval of 60 msec. and an H-V interval of 50 msec. During rapid atrial pacing the P-delta interval increased primarily due to an A-H1 prolongation and a Mobitz type 2 block and total A-V block occured at increasing rates showing H1 following every A spike. The escape beats showed a normal width of the QRS complexes with preceding H2 spikes. After administration of Ajmaline the bypass tract was blocked and constant total A-V block occurred. It was concluded that there was a constant total intra-His bundle block and a nodoventricular or fasciculoventricular bypass tract with prolonged conduction to the ventricle. This bypass tract blocked sometimes spontaneously and could also be blocked by rapid atrial pacing and administration of drugs. The close anatomic proximity of the His bundle and Mahaim fibers is responsible for the simultaneous block resulting in total atrioventricular block."}
{"id": "PMID:868753", "title": "Risk-benefit analysis for industrial and social needs.", "content": "This study develops a decision method for evaluating the social acceptability of industrial controls on hazardous materials. Decisions are based on a \"multiple criteria approach\" that jointly considers measures such as risk-benefit tradeoff, minimum reducible health risk, maximum acceptable cost and implicit value of human life. Health risks are calculated by combining separate estimates of production and usage patterns, emissions to air and water, effectiveness of controls, pollutant dispersion and human susceptibility. Economic benefits consider employment, trade and consumer impacts, as well as direct costs of controls. The analysis focuses on asbestos as an example hazard. Relative values of hazard reduction alternatives are examined for asbestos manufacturing exhaust filters and for asbestos substitutes in brake linings. Preliminary calculations indicate risk reductions of these alternatives cannot justify their social costs.", "contents": "Risk-benefit analysis for industrial and social needs. This study develops a decision method for evaluating the social acceptability of industrial controls on hazardous materials. Decisions are based on a \"multiple criteria approach\" that jointly considers measures such as risk-benefit tradeoff, minimum reducible health risk, maximum acceptable cost and implicit value of human life. Health risks are calculated by combining separate estimates of production and usage patterns, emissions to air and water, effectiveness of controls, pollutant dispersion and human susceptibility. Economic benefits consider employment, trade and consumer impacts, as well as direct costs of controls. The analysis focuses on asbestos as an example hazard. Relative values of hazard reduction alternatives are examined for asbestos manufacturing exhaust filters and for asbestos substitutes in brake linings. Preliminary calculations indicate risk reductions of these alternatives cannot justify their social costs."}
{"id": "PMID:868754", "title": "Performance characteristics of the 10 mm respirable mass sampler: Part II--coal dust studies.", "content": "The 10 mm cyclone respirable mass sampler was evaluated to determine the flow rate which best matched the BMRC and the LASL-ACGIH criteria, and to determine effects of pulsating flow, particle charge, mass loading, and sampler orientation. Part II, this paper, presents the work with coal dust. There is no significant difference between results obtained, for normal ranges of airborne dust concentration and size distribution, due to particle charge, sampler orientation or position (except upside down, which was not investigated), dust concentration, and ambient air velocity.", "contents": "Performance characteristics of the 10 mm respirable mass sampler: Part II--coal dust studies. The 10 mm cyclone respirable mass sampler was evaluated to determine the flow rate which best matched the BMRC and the LASL-ACGIH criteria, and to determine effects of pulsating flow, particle charge, mass loading, and sampler orientation. Part II, this paper, presents the work with coal dust. There is no significant difference between results obtained, for normal ranges of airborne dust concentration and size distribution, due to particle charge, sampler orientation or position (except upside down, which was not investigated), dust concentration, and ambient air velocity."}
{"id": "PMID:868755", "title": "Nonideal collection characteristics of single stage and cascade impactors.", "content": "Experimental studies of single stage and cascade impactors showed that bounce was severe for dry particles on dry solid surfaces. Oil drops on dry surfaces or dry particles on oil coated surfaces were collected as predicted by theory. While glass fiber media collection surfaces reduced particle bounce, the impactor collection efficiency characteristics were changed.", "contents": "Nonideal collection characteristics of single stage and cascade impactors. Experimental studies of single stage and cascade impactors showed that bounce was severe for dry particles on dry solid surfaces. Oil drops on dry surfaces or dry particles on oil coated surfaces were collected as predicted by theory. While glass fiber media collection surfaces reduced particle bounce, the impactor collection efficiency characteristics were changed."}
{"id": "PMID:868756", "title": "Thermal stress: the need for an international standard.", "content": "There is a universal need for a single index of heat stress. Such an index would make it possible to standardize thermal working conditions on a global basis. It is proposed that the WBGT index, corrected for energy expenditure and airflow, can fill this need. A review of available indices suggests that for all practical purposes the WGBT index is most likely to find universal acceptance.", "contents": "Thermal stress: the need for an international standard. There is a universal need for a single index of heat stress. Such an index would make it possible to standardize thermal working conditions on a global basis. It is proposed that the WBGT index, corrected for energy expenditure and airflow, can fill this need. A review of available indices suggests that for all practical purposes the WGBT index is most likely to find universal acceptance."}
{"id": "PMID:868757", "title": "Metrication and AIHA.", "content": "AIHA supports a planned orderly national program for conversion to the metric system and will cooperate with other technical societies and organizations in implementing this voluntary conversion. The Association will use the International System of Units (SI) as modified by the Secretary of Commerce for use in the United States in all official publications, papers and documents. U.S. customary units can be presented in parentheses following the appropriate SI unit, when it is necessary for clarity.", "contents": "Metrication and AIHA. AIHA supports a planned orderly national program for conversion to the metric system and will cooperate with other technical societies and organizations in implementing this voluntary conversion. The Association will use the International System of Units (SI) as modified by the Secretary of Commerce for use in the United States in all official publications, papers and documents. U.S. customary units can be presented in parentheses following the appropriate SI unit, when it is necessary for clarity."}
{"id": "PMID:868758", "title": "Improvements in the validity of charcoal tube sampling by the use of a unique low flow true total volume sampling pump.", "content": "Standard methods of determining toxic vapor exposures rely heavily on charcoal tube sampling. The validity of results depends critically on accurate determination of the total air volume and avoidance of saturation breakthrough. The difficulty of substantiating sampling validity has stimulated a search for more absolute methods. A novel pump will be described which fulfills the requirement of true total volume measurement and has a flowrate capability down to 1 cc/min. This low flow feature lends itself to a variety of new detection techniques which will be outlined together with a detailed description of the unit's function.", "contents": "Improvements in the validity of charcoal tube sampling by the use of a unique low flow true total volume sampling pump. Standard methods of determining toxic vapor exposures rely heavily on charcoal tube sampling. The validity of results depends critically on accurate determination of the total air volume and avoidance of saturation breakthrough. The difficulty of substantiating sampling validity has stimulated a search for more absolute methods. A novel pump will be described which fulfills the requirement of true total volume measurement and has a flowrate capability down to 1 cc/min. This low flow feature lends itself to a variety of new detection techniques which will be outlined together with a detailed description of the unit's function."}
{"id": "PMID:868759", "title": "Air sampling and analysis in a rubber vulcanization area.", "content": "Results of sampling and analysis of air in a rubber vulcanization area are described. Organic compounds were collected on activated charcoal, desorbed with carbon disulfide and analyzed by gas chromatography. Several previously identified substances were quantitated, including styrene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and several oligomers of 1,3-butadiene. Concentrations ranged from 0.007 to 1.1 ppm.", "contents": "Air sampling and analysis in a rubber vulcanization area. Results of sampling and analysis of air in a rubber vulcanization area are described. Organic compounds were collected on activated charcoal, desorbed with carbon disulfide and analyzed by gas chromatography. Several previously identified substances were quantitated, including styrene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and several oligomers of 1,3-butadiene. Concentrations ranged from 0.007 to 1.1 ppm."}
{"id": "PMID:868760", "title": "Aging of impregnated charcoal studied by powder x-ray diffraction.", "content": "The effects of aging, naturally and artificially, on the cyanogen chloride capacity of copper and chromium impregnated charcoals were demonstrated by means of an x-ray technique. The results reveal that crystallite growth of water soluble impregnants seems to be the primary cause of the capacity loss.", "contents": "Aging of impregnated charcoal studied by powder x-ray diffraction. The effects of aging, naturally and artificially, on the cyanogen chloride capacity of copper and chromium impregnated charcoals were demonstrated by means of an x-ray technique. The results reveal that crystallite growth of water soluble impregnants seems to be the primary cause of the capacity loss."}
{"id": "PMID:868762", "title": "Analysis of the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon content of airborne particulate pollutants in a S\u00f8derberg paste plant.", "content": "A method of enrichment and separation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) in air samples is described. Airborne particulate samples from the work atmosphere of a Soderberg carbon-paste plant were collected on glass fiber and Acropor filters using high volume samplers. The filters were Soxhlet-extracted using cyclohexane and extractable matter was subject to a liquid/liquid separation. The PAH-fraction was concentrated and separated on a gas chromatographic system with the possibility of mass spectrometric identification. More than 40 PAH compounds and some heterocyclic compounds having from 3-6 rings have been separated and identified. Quantitative determinations show that some of the PAH-components are 2-3 decades more abundant than recently reported data from urban air samples. The results are presented as a PAH-profile. It is suggested that the PAH-profile may be a characteristic of the process involved. Furthermore, the profile has a potential use of the profile in evaluating potentially hazardous risk of the PAH's.", "contents": "Analysis of the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon content of airborne particulate pollutants in a S\u00f8derberg paste plant. A method of enrichment and separation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) in air samples is described. Airborne particulate samples from the work atmosphere of a Soderberg carbon-paste plant were collected on glass fiber and Acropor filters using high volume samplers. The filters were Soxhlet-extracted using cyclohexane and extractable matter was subject to a liquid/liquid separation. The PAH-fraction was concentrated and separated on a gas chromatographic system with the possibility of mass spectrometric identification. More than 40 PAH compounds and some heterocyclic compounds having from 3-6 rings have been separated and identified. Quantitative determinations show that some of the PAH-components are 2-3 decades more abundant than recently reported data from urban air samples. The results are presented as a PAH-profile. It is suggested that the PAH-profile may be a characteristic of the process involved. Furthermore, the profile has a potential use of the profile in evaluating potentially hazardous risk of the PAH's."}
{"id": "PMID:868768", "title": "Pulmonary valve vegetations detected with echocardiography.", "content": "In a patient with pseudomonas endocarditis a pulmonary regurgitant murmur developed. Sequential echocardiography demonstrated the initial absence of vegetations, the evolution of pulmonary valve vegetations with relapse and finally the apperance of vegetations on all cardiac valves. The findings were confirmed at autopsy. Echocardiography, a useful technique for evaluating mitral, aortic and tricuspid vegetations, can also detect pulmonary valve vegetations.", "contents": "Pulmonary valve vegetations detected with echocardiography. In a patient with pseudomonas endocarditis a pulmonary regurgitant murmur developed. Sequential echocardiography demonstrated the initial absence of vegetations, the evolution of pulmonary valve vegetations with relapse and finally the apperance of vegetations on all cardiac valves. The findings were confirmed at autopsy. Echocardiography, a useful technique for evaluating mitral, aortic and tricuspid vegetations, can also detect pulmonary valve vegetations."}
{"id": "PMID:868769", "title": "Clinical significance of the V wave in the main pulmonary artery.", "content": "Among 68 patients with mitral insufficiency who had right and left cardiac catheterization and left ventriculography, 6 had retrograde transmission of the left atrial V wave into the main pulmonary artery. All of these patients had mitral insufficiency of acute onset. The remaining 62 patients had chronic mitral insufficiency that was considered severe in 17. Pulmonary vascular resistance was lower in the group with acute insufficiency (mean 139 dynes sec cm-5) than in the group with chronic severe insufficiency (mean 631 dynes cm-5) (P less than 0.005). Nondistensibility of the left atrium and low pulmonary vascular resistance were the two factors favoring retrograde transmission of V waves. Because both factors are present in acute mitral regurgitation, this finding is helpful in differentiating patients with acute mitral insufficiency.", "contents": "Clinical significance of the V wave in the main pulmonary artery. Among 68 patients with mitral insufficiency who had right and left cardiac catheterization and left ventriculography, 6 had retrograde transmission of the left atrial V wave into the main pulmonary artery. All of these patients had mitral insufficiency of acute onset. The remaining 62 patients had chronic mitral insufficiency that was considered severe in 17. Pulmonary vascular resistance was lower in the group with acute insufficiency (mean 139 dynes sec cm-5) than in the group with chronic severe insufficiency (mean 631 dynes cm-5) (P less than 0.005). Nondistensibility of the left atrium and low pulmonary vascular resistance were the two factors favoring retrograde transmission of V waves. Because both factors are present in acute mitral regurgitation, this finding is helpful in differentiating patients with acute mitral insufficiency."}
{"id": "PMID:868772", "title": "Fine structural features of adrenergic nerve fibers and endings in the pineal gland of the rat, ground squirrel and chinchilla.", "content": "The ultrastructural features of the adrenergic nerve fibers in the pineal glands of the rat, ground squirrel and chinchilla are described. Frequency distribution histograms of diameters of granulated and non-granulated vesicles in the adrenergic nerve endings demonstrate that the pineal nerve endings in the chinchilla contain a considerable number of large granulated and non-granulated vesicles, in contrast to those in the rat and ground squirrel. Synaptic ribbons seen in the pinealocytes of the ground squirrel were often localized near that plasma membrane which lay in close proximity to the axolemma of adrenergic nerve fibers. This observation may indicate that the synaptic ribbons are involved in the functional interconnection between pinealocytes and adrenergic nerve fibers. Localized dilations of the adrenergic nerve fibers were commonly observed in the pineal glands of all species examined. In addition to a variety of axonal constituents, various forms of inclusion bodies were tightly packed within these axonal dilations. The accumulation of the inclusion bodies may represent degenerative changes which occur in the pineal adrenergic nerve fibers in relation to the functional activity of the pineal gland.", "contents": "Fine structural features of adrenergic nerve fibers and endings in the pineal gland of the rat, ground squirrel and chinchilla. The ultrastructural features of the adrenergic nerve fibers in the pineal glands of the rat, ground squirrel and chinchilla are described. Frequency distribution histograms of diameters of granulated and non-granulated vesicles in the adrenergic nerve endings demonstrate that the pineal nerve endings in the chinchilla contain a considerable number of large granulated and non-granulated vesicles, in contrast to those in the rat and ground squirrel. Synaptic ribbons seen in the pinealocytes of the ground squirrel were often localized near that plasma membrane which lay in close proximity to the axolemma of adrenergic nerve fibers. This observation may indicate that the synaptic ribbons are involved in the functional interconnection between pinealocytes and adrenergic nerve fibers. Localized dilations of the adrenergic nerve fibers were commonly observed in the pineal glands of all species examined. In addition to a variety of axonal constituents, various forms of inclusion bodies were tightly packed within these axonal dilations. The accumulation of the inclusion bodies may represent degenerative changes which occur in the pineal adrenergic nerve fibers in relation to the functional activity of the pineal gland."}
{"id": "PMID:868774", "title": "The thyroid in the spontaneously hypertensive rat: a light and electron microscopic study.", "content": "The present study was undertaken to seek ultrastructural changes in the thyroid gland of the spontaneously hypertensive rat which would contribute to the understanding of previously reported abnormalities in thyroid function. Light and electron microscopic observations and measurements of plasma T3 and systolic blood pressure were recorded from a colony of Wistar Kyoto rats (WKY) and of spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). The systolic blood pressure of SHR was significantly higher than that of WKY but the plasma T3 levels of the two groups did not differ significantly. After administration of propylthiouracil (PTU), serum T3 levels and systolic pressure of both groups decreased. The size of the thyroid follicles in SHR was highly variable throughout the gland, and the colloid contained unevenly dense areas and cell debris. The follicular cells contained slightly dilated rough surfaced endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and numerous pleomorphic bodies of uneven density. After treatment with PTU, the vessels between the follicles of SHR did not become as dilated as those in WKY but the fine structure of follicular cells in SHR was similar to that of WKY and was characteristic of the typical thyroid response to PTU administration. We suggest that the thyroid in SHR does not respond adequately to the elevated TSH levels reported to be present in these animals, although it can respond to the highly elevated TSH levels which occur with PTU administration. This impairment most probably involves defects in synthesis and/or secretion of thyroid hormones in response to TSH stimulation.", "contents": "The thyroid in the spontaneously hypertensive rat: a light and electron microscopic study. The present study was undertaken to seek ultrastructural changes in the thyroid gland of the spontaneously hypertensive rat which would contribute to the understanding of previously reported abnormalities in thyroid function. Light and electron microscopic observations and measurements of plasma T3 and systolic blood pressure were recorded from a colony of Wistar Kyoto rats (WKY) and of spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). The systolic blood pressure of SHR was significantly higher than that of WKY but the plasma T3 levels of the two groups did not differ significantly. After administration of propylthiouracil (PTU), serum T3 levels and systolic pressure of both groups decreased. The size of the thyroid follicles in SHR was highly variable throughout the gland, and the colloid contained unevenly dense areas and cell debris. The follicular cells contained slightly dilated rough surfaced endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and numerous pleomorphic bodies of uneven density. After treatment with PTU, the vessels between the follicles of SHR did not become as dilated as those in WKY but the fine structure of follicular cells in SHR was similar to that of WKY and was characteristic of the typical thyroid response to PTU administration. We suggest that the thyroid in SHR does not respond adequately to the elevated TSH levels reported to be present in these animals, although it can respond to the highly elevated TSH levels which occur with PTU administration. This impairment most probably involves defects in synthesis and/or secretion of thyroid hormones in response to TSH stimulation."}
{"id": "PMID:868775", "title": "Disposition of 14C-nicotine in the fertilized chick egg.", "content": "14C-Nicotine-HCl (4.5 mg) was injected into the air space of chick eggs after one day of incubation and the distribution of radioactivity measured on days 3, 5, 7 and 12. By day 3, 98% of the dose had passed from the air space into the egg, proper. The quantity of nicotine in the yolk was highest on day 3 (74% of dose) and decreased steadily until day 12 (52%). The quantity in the albumen increased from 16% on day 3 to a maximum on day 7 and remained constant at 34% until day 12. The embryo contained 0.03% of the nicotine on day 3, and this level increased to 5% by day 12. Nicotine in the allantois increased throughout the study period (0.01% on day 3 to 3% on day 12). Although only 5% of the dose was present in the embryo, the highest concentrations within these components of the embryo ranged from a minimum of 0.85 microng nicotine/mg dry wt in the heart to a maximum of 2.00 microng nicotine/mg dry wt in the carcass. These levels within the embryo were two to five times higher than the greatest concentrations in the yolk and albumen. The dynamics of nicotine passage from the air space into other components of the fertilized chick egg were clarified. Whereas the conventional expression of teratogenic doses of drugs in chick eggs (i.e., ppm of egg weight) assumes that the compound is distributed uniformly, this study indicates that such expressions are inaccurate.", "contents": "Disposition of 14C-nicotine in the fertilized chick egg. 14C-Nicotine-HCl (4.5 mg) was injected into the air space of chick eggs after one day of incubation and the distribution of radioactivity measured on days 3, 5, 7 and 12. By day 3, 98% of the dose had passed from the air space into the egg, proper. The quantity of nicotine in the yolk was highest on day 3 (74% of dose) and decreased steadily until day 12 (52%). The quantity in the albumen increased from 16% on day 3 to a maximum on day 7 and remained constant at 34% until day 12. The embryo contained 0.03% of the nicotine on day 3, and this level increased to 5% by day 12. Nicotine in the allantois increased throughout the study period (0.01% on day 3 to 3% on day 12). Although only 5% of the dose was present in the embryo, the highest concentrations within these components of the embryo ranged from a minimum of 0.85 microng nicotine/mg dry wt in the heart to a maximum of 2.00 microng nicotine/mg dry wt in the carcass. These levels within the embryo were two to five times higher than the greatest concentrations in the yolk and albumen. The dynamics of nicotine passage from the air space into other components of the fertilized chick egg were clarified. Whereas the conventional expression of teratogenic doses of drugs in chick eggs (i.e., ppm of egg weight) assumes that the compound is distributed uniformly, this study indicates that such expressions are inaccurate."}
{"id": "PMID:868776", "title": "The assessment of prenatal age from the crown-rump length determined ultrasonically.", "content": "Crown-rump lengths determined ultrasonically in vivo and in utero in cases of known postovulatory age (33-86 days) agree well with those in length/age tables in current embryological usage. Within the embryonic period proper, however, for a given age, the ultrasonic lengths are usually 1 to 5 mm longer than those of fixed specimens. The probable reasons for this are discussed.", "contents": "The assessment of prenatal age from the crown-rump length determined ultrasonically. Crown-rump lengths determined ultrasonically in vivo and in utero in cases of known postovulatory age (33-86 days) agree well with those in length/age tables in current embryological usage. Within the embryonic period proper, however, for a given age, the ultrasonic lengths are usually 1 to 5 mm longer than those of fixed specimens. The probable reasons for this are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:868781", "title": "Determination of zinc availability in foods by the extrinsic label technique.", "content": "The absorption of intrinsic 65Zn and extrinsic 65Zn from corn and liver was measured in rats. No significant difference between the absorption of intrinsic- and extrinsic-label was observed. These results indicate that endogenous zinc and exogenous 65Zn enter a common pool prior to being absorbed from the intestine. Since extrinsic 65Zn enters a common pool with intrinsic zinc, whole-body absorption of extrinsic 65Zn can be used to obtain an accurate estimate of the availability of zinc in food. The availability of zinc in human breast milk, in cow's milk, in infant formulas, and in reconstituted dry milk was analyzed by use of the extrinsic label. The zinc in human breast milk was most available (59%) while the zinc in the infant formulas was the least available (26 to 37%). Zinc from both raw and cooked corn was more available than zinc from either cooked or uncooked rat liver.", "contents": "Determination of zinc availability in foods by the extrinsic label technique. The absorption of intrinsic 65Zn and extrinsic 65Zn from corn and liver was measured in rats. No significant difference between the absorption of intrinsic- and extrinsic-label was observed. These results indicate that endogenous zinc and exogenous 65Zn enter a common pool prior to being absorbed from the intestine. Since extrinsic 65Zn enters a common pool with intrinsic zinc, whole-body absorption of extrinsic 65Zn can be used to obtain an accurate estimate of the availability of zinc in food. The availability of zinc in human breast milk, in cow's milk, in infant formulas, and in reconstituted dry milk was analyzed by use of the extrinsic label. The zinc in human breast milk was most available (59%) while the zinc in the infant formulas was the least available (26 to 37%). Zinc from both raw and cooked corn was more available than zinc from either cooked or uncooked rat liver."}
{"id": "PMID:868782", "title": "The relationship of zinc to protein utilization in the preadolescent child.", "content": "The effects of zinc intake on nitrogen utilization was investigated during a 20-day balance study with 23 preadolescent girls. The children were fed a diet which provided 4.17 g of nitrogen and 5.5 mg of zinc daily; the diet was supplemented with a combination of 5 mg of zinc and/or nitrogen supplied from either amino acids or nonspecific nitrogen. Complete collections of excreta were made throughout the study. Neither the supplementation of amino acids nor zinc improved the retention of nitrogen. Urinary excretion of urea nitrogen, uric acid, and creatinine were not different as a result of zinc supplementation. Subjects consuming the lower level of zinc were in negative zinc balance, but the subjects consuming 10.5 mg of zinc were in positive balance. The supplementation of this low protein diet with amino acids did not improve nitrogen retention.", "contents": "The relationship of zinc to protein utilization in the preadolescent child. The effects of zinc intake on nitrogen utilization was investigated during a 20-day balance study with 23 preadolescent girls. The children were fed a diet which provided 4.17 g of nitrogen and 5.5 mg of zinc daily; the diet was supplemented with a combination of 5 mg of zinc and/or nitrogen supplied from either amino acids or nonspecific nitrogen. Complete collections of excreta were made throughout the study. Neither the supplementation of amino acids nor zinc improved the retention of nitrogen. Urinary excretion of urea nitrogen, uric acid, and creatinine were not different as a result of zinc supplementation. Subjects consuming the lower level of zinc were in negative zinc balance, but the subjects consuming 10.5 mg of zinc were in positive balance. The supplementation of this low protein diet with amino acids did not improve nitrogen retention."}
{"id": "PMID:868786", "title": "Amino acid maintenance requirements of young women and of adult rats fed different dietary amino acid patterns.", "content": "Adult rats were fed isonitrogenous diets (5% protein equivalent) providing indispensable amino acids either in the whole-egg protein pattern or in the adult rat maintenance pattern of Smith and Johnson (S & J. Brit. J. Nutr. 21:17, 1967). In two separate experiments the threonine and the methionine (total sulfur amino acid) requirements were assessed. Similar responses were obtained with rats on the threonine experiment independent of the pattern of indispensable amino acids fed. In the methionine experiment the rats fed the S & J pattern showed a lower need for this amino acid than the rats fed the egg pattern. When the latter group was switched to the S & J pattern, they too required less methionine. In the experiment with college students (female) fed 7 g of nitrogen/subject per day, the lysine requirement on the whole-egg pattern was compared to the requirement on a pattern equal to twice the previously published requirements for young women. No evidence was obtained over the relatively short experimental period that the lysine requirement differed substantially with change in the pattern of indispensable amino acids.", "contents": "Amino acid maintenance requirements of young women and of adult rats fed different dietary amino acid patterns. Adult rats were fed isonitrogenous diets (5% protein equivalent) providing indispensable amino acids either in the whole-egg protein pattern or in the adult rat maintenance pattern of Smith and Johnson (S & J. Brit. J. Nutr. 21:17, 1967). In two separate experiments the threonine and the methionine (total sulfur amino acid) requirements were assessed. Similar responses were obtained with rats on the threonine experiment independent of the pattern of indispensable amino acids fed. In the methionine experiment the rats fed the S & J pattern showed a lower need for this amino acid than the rats fed the egg pattern. When the latter group was switched to the S & J pattern, they too required less methionine. In the experiment with college students (female) fed 7 g of nitrogen/subject per day, the lysine requirement on the whole-egg pattern was compared to the requirement on a pattern equal to twice the previously published requirements for young women. No evidence was obtained over the relatively short experimental period that the lysine requirement differed substantially with change in the pattern of indispensable amino acids."}
{"id": "PMID:868787", "title": "Nitrogen balance studies with normal children.", "content": "A total of 1148 nitrogen balance studies were conducted in 100 boys and 23 girls 1 to 11 years old. Mixed, customary diets supplied between 8.9 and 21.4% of calories from protein. Duration of balance studies ranged from 72 hr in the youngest subjects to 120 hr in older children. Regressions and 95% confidence intervals of nitrogen retention on nitrogen intake are presented. The slope of the regression was significantly greater for children 12 to 18 months old than for children of other age groups. Correlation coefficients between various parameters of nitrogen balance and energy intake are presented. Although variability in results of nitrogen balances within subjects appears to be rather large, a significant difference between subjects was observed.", "contents": "Nitrogen balance studies with normal children. A total of 1148 nitrogen balance studies were conducted in 100 boys and 23 girls 1 to 11 years old. Mixed, customary diets supplied between 8.9 and 21.4% of calories from protein. Duration of balance studies ranged from 72 hr in the youngest subjects to 120 hr in older children. Regressions and 95% confidence intervals of nitrogen retention on nitrogen intake are presented. The slope of the regression was significantly greater for children 12 to 18 months old than for children of other age groups. Correlation coefficients between various parameters of nitrogen balance and energy intake are presented. Although variability in results of nitrogen balances within subjects appears to be rather large, a significant difference between subjects was observed."}
{"id": "PMID:868788", "title": "Anemia in urban underprivileged children. Iron, folate, and vitamin B12 nutrition.", "content": "The prevalence and type of nutritional anemia was investigated in 344 children aged 1 to 16 years of mixed race and living in a poor urban setting. Iron deficiency anemia was common in 1-year-old children (23%) as was biochemical evidence of iron deficiency (53%). Anemia rates were minimal in older children and the prevalence of iron deficiency decreased with age. Folate deficiency did not appear to contribute to the etiology of anemia, and nutritional vitamin B12 deficiency was not present. No-relationship could be found between a number of familial variables and hematological nutritional status. It is suggested that to identify families whose children are at risk for nutritional anemia new approaches will be needed to define their characteristics.", "contents": "Anemia in urban underprivileged children. Iron, folate, and vitamin B12 nutrition. The prevalence and type of nutritional anemia was investigated in 344 children aged 1 to 16 years of mixed race and living in a poor urban setting. Iron deficiency anemia was common in 1-year-old children (23%) as was biochemical evidence of iron deficiency (53%). Anemia rates were minimal in older children and the prevalence of iron deficiency decreased with age. Folate deficiency did not appear to contribute to the etiology of anemia, and nutritional vitamin B12 deficiency was not present. No-relationship could be found between a number of familial variables and hematological nutritional status. It is suggested that to identify families whose children are at risk for nutritional anemia new approaches will be needed to define their characteristics."}
{"id": "PMID:868789", "title": "Effect of income and geographic region on the nutritional value of diets in Brazil.", "content": "The nutritional quality of dietary patterns in Brazil was examined as influenced by income level, region, and urbanization by calculating nutrient to calorie ratios and amino acid scores. In general, income level had only a minor influence on diet quality. Riboflavin and calcium were generally low in the low income groups in all regions, especially in urban areas. Thiamin intake was marginal in urban areas at all income levels. Protein quality appeared to be relatively independent of income, with two exceptions. These were the dietary patterns of the lowest income groups in the rural Northeast and the City of Sao Paulo which were somewhat limiting in methionine and lysine, respectively. In contrast, the total availability of calories and protein was greatly dependent on income and the lowest income families were seriously short of food. Income, therefore, appeared to be more important in determining the total amount of food available to a family in Brazil than in affecting the nutritional quality of the diet.", "contents": "Effect of income and geographic region on the nutritional value of diets in Brazil. The nutritional quality of dietary patterns in Brazil was examined as influenced by income level, region, and urbanization by calculating nutrient to calorie ratios and amino acid scores. In general, income level had only a minor influence on diet quality. Riboflavin and calcium were generally low in the low income groups in all regions, especially in urban areas. Thiamin intake was marginal in urban areas at all income levels. Protein quality appeared to be relatively independent of income, with two exceptions. These were the dietary patterns of the lowest income groups in the rural Northeast and the City of Sao Paulo which were somewhat limiting in methionine and lysine, respectively. In contrast, the total availability of calories and protein was greatly dependent on income and the lowest income families were seriously short of food. Income, therefore, appeared to be more important in determining the total amount of food available to a family in Brazil than in affecting the nutritional quality of the diet."}
{"id": "PMID:868790", "title": "Prospects of cure in lymphocyte-predominant Hodgkin's disease.", "content": "This report concerns a particular benign histologic variant of Hodgkin's disease, the lymphocyte-predominant category of the Rye classification. The group of 24 cases, all involving localized disease, was first reported in 1960, and is now reappraised, incorporating subsequent data. The interpretations of the original findings are confirmed and elaborated. A characteristic feature had been the long relapse-free and symptom-free survival period, which gave a false impression of security but was followed in some instances by disseminated disease, usually after 5-15 years. The proportion of such cases is now shown to be greater, and the possible quiescent period extended. Cure was suspected in some instances, and can now be considered likely in about half of the cases. The present results include a substantial number of patients who have survived for very long periods and who must be regarded as cured, though careful confirmatory autopsies are still unavailable.", "contents": "Prospects of cure in lymphocyte-predominant Hodgkin's disease. This report concerns a particular benign histologic variant of Hodgkin's disease, the lymphocyte-predominant category of the Rye classification. The group of 24 cases, all involving localized disease, was first reported in 1960, and is now reappraised, incorporating subsequent data. The interpretations of the original findings are confirmed and elaborated. A characteristic feature had been the long relapse-free and symptom-free survival period, which gave a false impression of security but was followed in some instances by disseminated disease, usually after 5-15 years. The proportion of such cases is now shown to be greater, and the possible quiescent period extended. Cure was suspected in some instances, and can now be considered likely in about half of the cases. The present results include a substantial number of patients who have survived for very long periods and who must be regarded as cured, though careful confirmatory autopsies are still unavailable."}
{"id": "PMID:868791", "title": "Hodgkin's disease of the thymus (granulomatous thymoma) and myasthenia gravis: a unique association.", "content": "A 19-year-old girl who had myasthenia gravis was found to have thymic Hodgkin's disease or \"granulomatous thymoma.\" The myasthenia regressed completely following surgical removal of the thymic lesion. This association of Hodgkin's disease of the thymus and myasthenia appears unique. Possibly pathogenetic implications are discussed.", "contents": "Hodgkin's disease of the thymus (granulomatous thymoma) and myasthenia gravis: a unique association. A 19-year-old girl who had myasthenia gravis was found to have thymic Hodgkin's disease or \"granulomatous thymoma.\" The myasthenia regressed completely following surgical removal of the thymic lesion. This association of Hodgkin's disease of the thymus and myasthenia appears unique. Possibly pathogenetic implications are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:868792", "title": "An improved procedure for quantitation of platelet factor 4.", "content": "Platelet factor 4 (heparin neutralizing) activity shortens the thrombin time of a heparinized plasma. In the proposed procedure (I) a heparin thrombin time curve is constructed by adding gradually increasing amounts of heparin to a commercial plasma substrate and determining thrombin times, (2) a suitable concentration of heparin that gives highest reproducible thrombin time is selected and added to the substrate, (3) thrombin times are determined for the heparinized substrate before and after addition of a test material containing platelet factor 4. The two thrombin times are converted to heparin concentration by reference to the heparin thrombin time curve. The difference in heparin concentrations represents platelet factor 4 activity. When lyophilized commercial plasma is used as substrate larger quantities of heparin can be employed in the system, resulting in improved sensitivity and precision.", "contents": "An improved procedure for quantitation of platelet factor 4. Platelet factor 4 (heparin neutralizing) activity shortens the thrombin time of a heparinized plasma. In the proposed procedure (I) a heparin thrombin time curve is constructed by adding gradually increasing amounts of heparin to a commercial plasma substrate and determining thrombin times, (2) a suitable concentration of heparin that gives highest reproducible thrombin time is selected and added to the substrate, (3) thrombin times are determined for the heparinized substrate before and after addition of a test material containing platelet factor 4. The two thrombin times are converted to heparin concentration by reference to the heparin thrombin time curve. The difference in heparin concentrations represents platelet factor 4 activity. When lyophilized commercial plasma is used as substrate larger quantities of heparin can be employed in the system, resulting in improved sensitivity and precision."}
{"id": "PMID:868793", "title": "Epitheloid germinal centers: an acquired immunologic deficit?", "content": "The histologic structure of lymphoid tissue in cases of fatal infection was reviewed, and epithelioid germinal centers, completely devoid of the usual dark zone of rapidly dividing blast cells, were found in 16 infants and children, one of whom also had Reye's syndrome. Epithelioid change has been previously reported to occur in various childhood infections and in the sudden infant death syndrome. All reported cases have been fatal. In four additional cases there was toxic follicle alteration, or massive necrosis of germinal center cells. Toxic follicle alteration and epithelioid change have been found in childhood infections and sudden infant death syndrome, and some evidence of a pathogenetic relationship between the two was found in this study. It is concluded that epithelioid change represents a definite pathologic alteration of germinal centers associated with total destruction of a whole population of cells. It probably represents an acutely acquired immunologic deficit and therefore may well contribute to the thus far uniformly fatal outcome of the associated diseases.", "contents": "Epitheloid germinal centers: an acquired immunologic deficit? The histologic structure of lymphoid tissue in cases of fatal infection was reviewed, and epithelioid germinal centers, completely devoid of the usual dark zone of rapidly dividing blast cells, were found in 16 infants and children, one of whom also had Reye's syndrome. Epithelioid change has been previously reported to occur in various childhood infections and in the sudden infant death syndrome. All reported cases have been fatal. In four additional cases there was toxic follicle alteration, or massive necrosis of germinal center cells. Toxic follicle alteration and epithelioid change have been found in childhood infections and sudden infant death syndrome, and some evidence of a pathogenetic relationship between the two was found in this study. It is concluded that epithelioid change represents a definite pathologic alteration of germinal centers associated with total destruction of a whole population of cells. It probably represents an acutely acquired immunologic deficit and therefore may well contribute to the thus far uniformly fatal outcome of the associated diseases."}
{"id": "PMID:868794", "title": "Microgranulomas in grossly normal rectal mucosa in Crohn's disease.", "content": "Rectal biopsies of sigmoidoscopically normal mucosa from 99 patients with Crohn's disease of the ileum, colon, or both were studied histologically, with particular reference to the presence of granulomas. Among the 14 cases of granulomas, some were of the usual sarcoid type and could easily be detected. Other microgranulomas were less well defined and were found only by mid- or high-power microscopic screening of serial sections. The morphologic characteristics, the relationship to ordinary Crohn's-disease granulomas and the possible significance of microgranulomas are discussed.", "contents": "Microgranulomas in grossly normal rectal mucosa in Crohn's disease. Rectal biopsies of sigmoidoscopically normal mucosa from 99 patients with Crohn's disease of the ileum, colon, or both were studied histologically, with particular reference to the presence of granulomas. Among the 14 cases of granulomas, some were of the usual sarcoid type and could easily be detected. Other microgranulomas were less well defined and were found only by mid- or high-power microscopic screening of serial sections. The morphologic characteristics, the relationship to ordinary Crohn's-disease granulomas and the possible significance of microgranulomas are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:868795", "title": "Leydig-cell tumor of the testis with gynecomastia and elevated estrogen levels.", "content": "A normally-virilized 24-year-old white man who had gynecomastia was found to have a Leydig-cell tumor of the testis, without demonstrable metastases. Hormonal evaluation revealed negative serum and urine tests for human chorionic gonadotropin, and normal steroid excretion. Prior to orchiectomy, serum estradiol was elevated and serum testosterone depressed; postoperatively these values reverted to normal. Attempts to quantitative the estradiol content of the tumor failed to show a significant increase over normal testicular tissue, however. Histologically, the tumor showed classic Reinke crystalloids, the nature of which remains undefined. Electron-microscopic studies showed these crystals to have a regular hexagonal pattern.", "contents": "Leydig-cell tumor of the testis with gynecomastia and elevated estrogen levels. A normally-virilized 24-year-old white man who had gynecomastia was found to have a Leydig-cell tumor of the testis, without demonstrable metastases. Hormonal evaluation revealed negative serum and urine tests for human chorionic gonadotropin, and normal steroid excretion. Prior to orchiectomy, serum estradiol was elevated and serum testosterone depressed; postoperatively these values reverted to normal. Attempts to quantitative the estradiol content of the tumor failed to show a significant increase over normal testicular tissue, however. Histologically, the tumor showed classic Reinke crystalloids, the nature of which remains undefined. Electron-microscopic studies showed these crystals to have a regular hexagonal pattern."}
{"id": "PMID:868796", "title": "Measurement of urinary and serous-fluid glycosaminoglycans and urinary hydroxyproline.", "content": "Although analytic measurements of connective tissue components in biological fluids would frequently be useful in diagnosis and/or management of many inflammatory, neoplastic and metabolic diseases, such information is often unavailable due to the methodologic problems posed by these natural products. This report outlines relatively simple procedures leading to the colorimetric measurement of glycosaminoglycans in urine and other body fluids and to measurement of hydroxyproline in urine. Normal values and potential applications are presented.", "contents": "Measurement of urinary and serous-fluid glycosaminoglycans and urinary hydroxyproline. Although analytic measurements of connective tissue components in biological fluids would frequently be useful in diagnosis and/or management of many inflammatory, neoplastic and metabolic diseases, such information is often unavailable due to the methodologic problems posed by these natural products. This report outlines relatively simple procedures leading to the colorimetric measurement of glycosaminoglycans in urine and other body fluids and to measurement of hydroxyproline in urine. Normal values and potential applications are presented."}
{"id": "PMID:868797", "title": "Steroid profile in a case of adrenal carcinoma with severe hypertension.", "content": "The case of a young boy who had Cushing's syndrome and severe hypertension in association with metastatic adrenal carcinoma is described. Marked elevation of the mineralocorticoid 11-deoxycorticosterone was demonstrated in the plasma. 11-Deoxycortisol, 17alpha-hydroxyprogesterone, and urinary tetrahydro-11-deoxycortisol and pregnanetriol were also elevated. Aldosterone excretion was low. The data implicate defective 11beta hydroxylation and suggest that excessive 11-deoxycorticosterone production may have been responsible for the hypertension.", "contents": "Steroid profile in a case of adrenal carcinoma with severe hypertension. The case of a young boy who had Cushing's syndrome and severe hypertension in association with metastatic adrenal carcinoma is described. Marked elevation of the mineralocorticoid 11-deoxycorticosterone was demonstrated in the plasma. 11-Deoxycortisol, 17alpha-hydroxyprogesterone, and urinary tetrahydro-11-deoxycortisol and pregnanetriol were also elevated. Aldosterone excretion was low. The data implicate defective 11beta hydroxylation and suggest that excessive 11-deoxycorticosterone production may have been responsible for the hypertension."}
{"id": "PMID:868798", "title": "Evaluation of clinical chemistry laboratory performance in twenty Veterans Administration hospitals.", "content": "Twenty highly automated Veterans Administration (VA) Hospital laboratories participated in a study to evaluate their performances of routine chemistry tests. Ten of the laboratories had been identified as \"superior\" on the basis of previous College of American Pathologists Surveys. Several aspects of proficiency surveys were simultaneously examined: use of masked vs. unmasked survey specimens, methods of ranking, and comparison of medically useful performance criteria. The laboratories were found in general to be performing at the level of the state of the art and, more importantly, realistically meeting the criteria for medical needs for most routine tests. There was no difference between results obtained with masked and unmasked specimens. The ten \"superior\" laboratories showed slightly greater precision than the others, but were not more accurate, and two of them performed very poorly in the present study. The sum of squared SDI's was found to be a helpful technic for ranking and identifying outstanding and poor performances.", "contents": "Evaluation of clinical chemistry laboratory performance in twenty Veterans Administration hospitals. Twenty highly automated Veterans Administration (VA) Hospital laboratories participated in a study to evaluate their performances of routine chemistry tests. Ten of the laboratories had been identified as \"superior\" on the basis of previous College of American Pathologists Surveys. Several aspects of proficiency surveys were simultaneously examined: use of masked vs. unmasked survey specimens, methods of ranking, and comparison of medically useful performance criteria. The laboratories were found in general to be performing at the level of the state of the art and, more importantly, realistically meeting the criteria for medical needs for most routine tests. There was no difference between results obtained with masked and unmasked specimens. The ten \"superior\" laboratories showed slightly greater precision than the others, but were not more accurate, and two of them performed very poorly in the present study. The sum of squared SDI's was found to be a helpful technic for ranking and identifying outstanding and poor performances."}
{"id": "PMID:868801", "title": "Evaluation of transbronchial biopsy of the lung.", "content": "Transbronchial biopsy of the lung through the fiberoptic bronchoscope is becoming a widely utilized clinical diagnostic technic. The authors reviewed the histologic features of 109 consecutive cases. The primary problem is the small size of the pulmonary tissue samples obtained, which is further compounded by an apparent mechanical inability to enter the biopsy forceps into dense nodules of neoplastic tissue. The diagnosis of carcinoma can best be made by examining the periphery of the cancer for microscopic extension into adjacent pulmonary parenchyma; however, multiple levels of the tissue block are needed to find such foci. A second problem reflects the use of transbronchial biopsy in the early clinical evolution of various infectious diseases in which pulmonary tissue may contain organisms without a fully developed inflammatory response, which would ordinarily provide the clue to the infective agent. The latter problem appears in cases of infections by Pneumocystis carinii. Close cooperation between the clinician and the pathologist is particularly important in all of these clinical situations.", "contents": "Evaluation of transbronchial biopsy of the lung. Transbronchial biopsy of the lung through the fiberoptic bronchoscope is becoming a widely utilized clinical diagnostic technic. The authors reviewed the histologic features of 109 consecutive cases. The primary problem is the small size of the pulmonary tissue samples obtained, which is further compounded by an apparent mechanical inability to enter the biopsy forceps into dense nodules of neoplastic tissue. The diagnosis of carcinoma can best be made by examining the periphery of the cancer for microscopic extension into adjacent pulmonary parenchyma; however, multiple levels of the tissue block are needed to find such foci. A second problem reflects the use of transbronchial biopsy in the early clinical evolution of various infectious diseases in which pulmonary tissue may contain organisms without a fully developed inflammatory response, which would ordinarily provide the clue to the infective agent. The latter problem appears in cases of infections by Pneumocystis carinii. Close cooperation between the clinician and the pathologist is particularly important in all of these clinical situations."}
{"id": "PMID:868802", "title": "The perilobular hemangioma. A benign microscopic vascular lesion of the breast.", "content": "Vascular tumors of the breast are rare, and reports in the literature suggest that most are malignant. The present study is concerned with a benign vascular tumor of the breast, a lesion generally known as perilobular hemangioma. This microscopic lesion consists of a meshwork of thin-walled, dilated vascular channels that may be situated within a breast lobule or in the extralobular mammary stroma. Hemangiomas of this type were found in seven or 1.2% or 555 mastectomies performed in 1974 in female patients who had mammary carcinoma. There was no association with a specific type of mammary carcinoma. Similar hemangiomas were observed as often in a series of breast biopsies performed for benign conditions. None of the angiomas showed any significant atypia or anaplasia.", "contents": "The perilobular hemangioma. A benign microscopic vascular lesion of the breast. Vascular tumors of the breast are rare, and reports in the literature suggest that most are malignant. The present study is concerned with a benign vascular tumor of the breast, a lesion generally known as perilobular hemangioma. This microscopic lesion consists of a meshwork of thin-walled, dilated vascular channels that may be situated within a breast lobule or in the extralobular mammary stroma. Hemangiomas of this type were found in seven or 1.2% or 555 mastectomies performed in 1974 in female patients who had mammary carcinoma. There was no association with a specific type of mammary carcinoma. Similar hemangiomas were observed as often in a series of breast biopsies performed for benign conditions. None of the angiomas showed any significant atypia or anaplasia."}
{"id": "PMID:868804", "title": "Comparison of the reaction-rate and clot-density methods for determination of plasma fibrinogen.", "content": "The reaction-rate (Dade) and clot-density (Sherwood) methods for determining plasma fibrinogen were compared. Both require small sample volumes, are economical, and may be performed using commercially standardized instruments and reagents. Equivalent times were required for sample preparation. The results of the fibrinogen determinations were similar for plasmas of normal subjects, reference plasmas, those from patients with and without disseminated intravascular coagulation, and solutions of bovine fibrinogen. Both procedures could be made more economical by adjusting the amounts of certain reagents in the kits. High fibrin degradation product levels had no effect on the fibrinogen determination by either method. Advantages of the Sherwood method included digital readout (obviating further calculations) and the fact that the change in clot density could be plotted. The Dade method had the advantages of being less affected by high concentrations of heparin, being applicable to either citrated or oxalated plasma, requiring considerably less time (especially for certain abnormal plasmas), and requiring less technical sophistication.", "contents": "Comparison of the reaction-rate and clot-density methods for determination of plasma fibrinogen. The reaction-rate (Dade) and clot-density (Sherwood) methods for determining plasma fibrinogen were compared. Both require small sample volumes, are economical, and may be performed using commercially standardized instruments and reagents. Equivalent times were required for sample preparation. The results of the fibrinogen determinations were similar for plasmas of normal subjects, reference plasmas, those from patients with and without disseminated intravascular coagulation, and solutions of bovine fibrinogen. Both procedures could be made more economical by adjusting the amounts of certain reagents in the kits. High fibrin degradation product levels had no effect on the fibrinogen determination by either method. Advantages of the Sherwood method included digital readout (obviating further calculations) and the fact that the change in clot density could be plotted. The Dade method had the advantages of being less affected by high concentrations of heparin, being applicable to either citrated or oxalated plasma, requiring considerably less time (especially for certain abnormal plasmas), and requiring less technical sophistication."}
{"id": "PMID:868805", "title": "An evaluation of a kinetic acid phosphatase method.", "content": "The authors have evaluated a new kinetic acid phosphatase method in which the substrate is alpha-naphthyl phosphate. The original claim that this substrate was highly specific for the prostatic isozyme has been strongly challenged. Therefore, large numbers of patients in the following groupings were included in the evaluation: 52 urology clinic patients, 17 patients with uremia, 11 patients with multiple myeloma and 231 patients who had undergone prostatic biopsies. Two hundred seventy of these patients were found to be free of prostatic cancer. Of these, seven had acid phosphatase values above the upper limit of normal. Five of these seven patients had diagnoses of fibromuscular glandular hyperplasia. One was a woman who had multiple myeloma, and one was a uremic patient. Fifteen of 17 patients who had metastatic cancer of the prostate had elevated acid phosphatase activities, whereas one of 24 patients who had cancer of the prostate but no evidence of metastases had an elevated value.", "contents": "An evaluation of a kinetic acid phosphatase method. The authors have evaluated a new kinetic acid phosphatase method in which the substrate is alpha-naphthyl phosphate. The original claim that this substrate was highly specific for the prostatic isozyme has been strongly challenged. Therefore, large numbers of patients in the following groupings were included in the evaluation: 52 urology clinic patients, 17 patients with uremia, 11 patients with multiple myeloma and 231 patients who had undergone prostatic biopsies. Two hundred seventy of these patients were found to be free of prostatic cancer. Of these, seven had acid phosphatase values above the upper limit of normal. Five of these seven patients had diagnoses of fibromuscular glandular hyperplasia. One was a woman who had multiple myeloma, and one was a uremic patient. Fifteen of 17 patients who had metastatic cancer of the prostate had elevated acid phosphatase activities, whereas one of 24 patients who had cancer of the prostate but no evidence of metastases had an elevated value."}
{"id": "PMID:868806", "title": "Upper cervical myelopathy in achondroplasia.", "content": "Two achondroplastic infants had small foramina magna with lethal compression of the corresponding upper cervical spinal cords. The damage was histologically comparable to the hyperextension type of spinal cord injury. An anterior displacement of the foramen magnum was demonstrated in one of the two cases. The displacement is considered worthy of future verification as it may be an additional factor in susceptibility to hyperextension injury to the spinal cord. The second patient survived 6 months, demonstrating that not all upper cervical spinal cord injuries are immediately fatal. Patients who have sublethal lesions are potentially salvageable by surgery. It is also speculated that there might be more cases of nonlethal upper cervical spinal-cord damage in achondroplasia, especially in early infancy when infants are unable to hold their heads erect. The true incidence of slight upper cervical spinal cord damage is not known, although it is considered rare at present. As a result of the findings in these two cases, it is suggested that hyperextension of the head be avoided, when possible.", "contents": "Upper cervical myelopathy in achondroplasia. Two achondroplastic infants had small foramina magna with lethal compression of the corresponding upper cervical spinal cords. The damage was histologically comparable to the hyperextension type of spinal cord injury. An anterior displacement of the foramen magnum was demonstrated in one of the two cases. The displacement is considered worthy of future verification as it may be an additional factor in susceptibility to hyperextension injury to the spinal cord. The second patient survived 6 months, demonstrating that not all upper cervical spinal cord injuries are immediately fatal. Patients who have sublethal lesions are potentially salvageable by surgery. It is also speculated that there might be more cases of nonlethal upper cervical spinal-cord damage in achondroplasia, especially in early infancy when infants are unable to hold their heads erect. The true incidence of slight upper cervical spinal cord damage is not known, although it is considered rare at present. As a result of the findings in these two cases, it is suggested that hyperextension of the head be avoided, when possible."}
{"id": "PMID:868807", "title": "False-negative test for fibrinogen--fibrin degradation products.", "content": "The tanned red cell hemagglutination inhibition immunoassay has proved to be a sensitive test for the measurement of fibrinogen-fibrin degradation products (FDP-fdp). The case of a patient who initially had a negative test for FDP-fdp due to the presence of an anti-D antibody and the use of O-positive tanned erythrocytes in the hemagglutination inhibition immunoassay is presented. When a control consisting of buffer substituted for the anti-fibrinogen antiserum, tanned erythrocytes and patient's serum is used, the agglutination due to incompatibility will be recognized. The irregular antibody can then be removed by absorption, and the titer for FDP-fdp can be accurately measured.", "contents": "False-negative test for fibrinogen--fibrin degradation products. The tanned red cell hemagglutination inhibition immunoassay has proved to be a sensitive test for the measurement of fibrinogen-fibrin degradation products (FDP-fdp). The case of a patient who initially had a negative test for FDP-fdp due to the presence of an anti-D antibody and the use of O-positive tanned erythrocytes in the hemagglutination inhibition immunoassay is presented. When a control consisting of buffer substituted for the anti-fibrinogen antiserum, tanned erythrocytes and patient's serum is used, the agglutination due to incompatibility will be recognized. The irregular antibody can then be removed by absorption, and the titer for FDP-fdp can be accurately measured."}
{"id": "PMID:868815", "title": "Hepatitis B surface antigen and chronic hepatitis in infants born to asymptomatic carrier mothers.", "content": "Twenty-three infants born to asymptomatic hepatitis B surface antigen (HBSAg) carrier mothers were followed up to determine the vertical transmission of hepatitis B virus. Four infants became positive for HBSAg within four months after birth. Three showed hepatic dysfunction; liver biopsy specimens demonstrated mild chronic hepatitis in one and persistent hepatitis in another. In six infants followed up for more than six months after birth, antibody to HBSAg (anti-HBS) without antigenemia could be detected. Antigenemia of cord blood strongly suggested that hepatitis B viral infection of the infant would occur. HBSAg was also demonstrated in breast milk by radioimmunoassay in three cases. These findings indicate that vertical transmission of hepatitis B virus occurs in many infants born to asymptomatic HBSAg carrier mothers, and that some of them become persistent carriers or develop chronic hepatitis without showing any signs suggesting hepatic involvement.", "contents": "Hepatitis B surface antigen and chronic hepatitis in infants born to asymptomatic carrier mothers. Twenty-three infants born to asymptomatic hepatitis B surface antigen (HBSAg) carrier mothers were followed up to determine the vertical transmission of hepatitis B virus. Four infants became positive for HBSAg within four months after birth. Three showed hepatic dysfunction; liver biopsy specimens demonstrated mild chronic hepatitis in one and persistent hepatitis in another. In six infants followed up for more than six months after birth, antibody to HBSAg (anti-HBS) without antigenemia could be detected. Antigenemia of cord blood strongly suggested that hepatitis B viral infection of the infant would occur. HBSAg was also demonstrated in breast milk by radioimmunoassay in three cases. These findings indicate that vertical transmission of hepatitis B virus occurs in many infants born to asymptomatic HBSAg carrier mothers, and that some of them become persistent carriers or develop chronic hepatitis without showing any signs suggesting hepatic involvement."}
{"id": "PMID:868816", "title": "Androgens, estrogens, and the ultimate height in XO gonadal dysgenesis.", "content": "We observed 40 patients with 45,X gonadal dysgenesis from the age of 13 to 15 years until the age of 18 to 21 years. The ultimate height of the 12 nontreated patients was 143.2 cm. Of 15 patients treated with nandrolone phenpropionate or methandrostenolone, the ultimate height was 143.3 cm, and of 13 patients treated with ethinyl estradiol, the height reached was 144.1 cm. The mean height of ten patients first seen at the age of 25 to 31 years was 140.1 cm. The mean height at any age was almost identical in all the groups. The growth velocity was somewhat accelerated by anabolic steroids and to a lesser extent, by estrogens only during the first year of therapy, and this did not influence the ultimate height. We saw no deleterious effects of the estrogens. In all the groups, there were patients who grew for some time at rates of up to 4 to 6 cm/yr. Therefore, long-term follow-up studies are needed for the evaluation of the effects of any treatment.", "contents": "Androgens, estrogens, and the ultimate height in XO gonadal dysgenesis. We observed 40 patients with 45,X gonadal dysgenesis from the age of 13 to 15 years until the age of 18 to 21 years. The ultimate height of the 12 nontreated patients was 143.2 cm. Of 15 patients treated with nandrolone phenpropionate or methandrostenolone, the ultimate height was 143.3 cm, and of 13 patients treated with ethinyl estradiol, the height reached was 144.1 cm. The mean height of ten patients first seen at the age of 25 to 31 years was 140.1 cm. The mean height at any age was almost identical in all the groups. The growth velocity was somewhat accelerated by anabolic steroids and to a lesser extent, by estrogens only during the first year of therapy, and this did not influence the ultimate height. We saw no deleterious effects of the estrogens. In all the groups, there were patients who grew for some time at rates of up to 4 to 6 cm/yr. Therefore, long-term follow-up studies are needed for the evaluation of the effects of any treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:868817", "title": "'Myelokathexis'. Neutropenia with marrow hyperplasia.", "content": "A 10-year-old girl was first seen at age 5 years with pneumonia and neutropenia. Since then, she has remained leukopenic, although manifesting a leukocytosis only when she has pulmonary infection. A rapid fall in her peripheral WBC count occurs with initiation of antibiotic therapy. Despite her neutropenia, marked myeloid hyperplasia is evident on marrow smear examination; many cells being hypersegmented with fine intralobular bridging with chromatin strands and cytoplasmic vacuolation. The peripheral WBC response to epinephrine adminstration did not indicate a shift from the circulating to marginal neutrophil pool. Results from a Rebuck skin window test suggested poor neutrophil tissue migration. A defect in granulocyte release from the patient's marrow may explain these bizarre hematologic findings.", "contents": "'Myelokathexis'. Neutropenia with marrow hyperplasia. A 10-year-old girl was first seen at age 5 years with pneumonia and neutropenia. Since then, she has remained leukopenic, although manifesting a leukocytosis only when she has pulmonary infection. A rapid fall in her peripheral WBC count occurs with initiation of antibiotic therapy. Despite her neutropenia, marked myeloid hyperplasia is evident on marrow smear examination; many cells being hypersegmented with fine intralobular bridging with chromatin strands and cytoplasmic vacuolation. The peripheral WBC response to epinephrine adminstration did not indicate a shift from the circulating to marginal neutrophil pool. Results from a Rebuck skin window test suggested poor neutrophil tissue migration. A defect in granulocyte release from the patient's marrow may explain these bizarre hematologic findings."}
{"id": "PMID:868818", "title": "Aspirin-induced hepatotoxicity and its effect on juvenile rheumatoid arthritis.", "content": "Evidence of hepatic disease was sought in 102 children with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (JRA) who were treated with aspirin. Serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase level was elevated (greater than 39 IU/liter) in 59% of the children. The degree and prevalence of SGOT elevations correlated with aspirin dose and serum salicylate level. Nevertheless, increased SGOT values were frequently present in children receiving moderate aspirin doses and having serum salicylate levels less than 25 mg/100 ml. Elevated SGOT values decreased in proportion to the degree of reduction in aspirin dose. The SGOT values above the 100 IU/liter were statistically associated with reduced sedimentation rates. Concomitant improvement in the clinical manifestations of JRA was noted in some children.", "contents": "Aspirin-induced hepatotoxicity and its effect on juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. Evidence of hepatic disease was sought in 102 children with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (JRA) who were treated with aspirin. Serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase level was elevated (greater than 39 IU/liter) in 59% of the children. The degree and prevalence of SGOT elevations correlated with aspirin dose and serum salicylate level. Nevertheless, increased SGOT values were frequently present in children receiving moderate aspirin doses and having serum salicylate levels less than 25 mg/100 ml. Elevated SGOT values decreased in proportion to the degree of reduction in aspirin dose. The SGOT values above the 100 IU/liter were statistically associated with reduced sedimentation rates. Concomitant improvement in the clinical manifestations of JRA was noted in some children."}
{"id": "PMID:868819", "title": "The serendipitous diagnosis of mild hypothyroidism during childhood. A roentgenographic approach.", "content": "Roentgenograms of the chest, hip, or hand performed for a variety of reasons, may provide findings indicative of hypothyroidism even before there are any clear clinical signs of the disorder. It is stressed that the alertness of the roentgenologist and/or the physician is an important factor in discovering mild changes of the disease. We present such roentgenologic findings and illustrative cases of patients who were examined because of repeated respiratory tract infections, suspected hip joint dislocation and, sluggish behavior.", "contents": "The serendipitous diagnosis of mild hypothyroidism during childhood. A roentgenographic approach. Roentgenograms of the chest, hip, or hand performed for a variety of reasons, may provide findings indicative of hypothyroidism even before there are any clear clinical signs of the disorder. It is stressed that the alertness of the roentgenologist and/or the physician is an important factor in discovering mild changes of the disease. We present such roentgenologic findings and illustrative cases of patients who were examined because of repeated respiratory tract infections, suspected hip joint dislocation and, sluggish behavior."}
{"id": "PMID:868820", "title": "Fibrous dysplasia of bone with proptosis.", "content": "A case of fibrous dysplasia of the bone presented as monocular proptosis in a 10-year-old boy. The characteristics of the disease entity, differential diagnosis, and treatment are discussed.", "contents": "Fibrous dysplasia of bone with proptosis. A case of fibrous dysplasia of the bone presented as monocular proptosis in a 10-year-old boy. The characteristics of the disease entity, differential diagnosis, and treatment are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:868821", "title": "Agammaglobulinemia, plasma cell dyscrasia, and amyloidosis in a 12-year-old child.", "content": "A 12-year-old boy suffered from recurrent respiratory infections, an immune deficiency characterized by the complete absence of IgG, IgA, IgD, and the salivary \"secretory component\" associated with a plasma cell dyscrasia. Rectal and kidney biopsy specimens showed amyloid deposits. Amyloidosis has been extensively studied by several groups of investigators in patients with plasma cell dyscrasia in general, and in patients with lambda-Bence Jones proteinuria in particular, but the finding of a monocional serum IgM-lambda component in an agammaglobulinemic child with Bence Jones proteinuria and amyloidosis represents a puzzling clinical syndrome. Searching for monoclonal components in patients with amyloidosis, even if they are agammaglobulinemic, is important. We also discuss here the \"mixed type\" of amyloid deposition and its relation to the recurrent infections and the plasma cell dyscrasia in this patient.", "contents": "Agammaglobulinemia, plasma cell dyscrasia, and amyloidosis in a 12-year-old child. A 12-year-old boy suffered from recurrent respiratory infections, an immune deficiency characterized by the complete absence of IgG, IgA, IgD, and the salivary \"secretory component\" associated with a plasma cell dyscrasia. Rectal and kidney biopsy specimens showed amyloid deposits. Amyloidosis has been extensively studied by several groups of investigators in patients with plasma cell dyscrasia in general, and in patients with lambda-Bence Jones proteinuria in particular, but the finding of a monocional serum IgM-lambda component in an agammaglobulinemic child with Bence Jones proteinuria and amyloidosis represents a puzzling clinical syndrome. Searching for monoclonal components in patients with amyloidosis, even if they are agammaglobulinemic, is important. We also discuss here the \"mixed type\" of amyloid deposition and its relation to the recurrent infections and the plasma cell dyscrasia in this patient."}
{"id": "PMID:868822", "title": "High-altitude pulmonary edema in children.", "content": "A 15-year-old boy with recurrent high-altitude pulmonary edema had previously been mistakenly treated for asthma and pneumonia. Clinical manifestations of this disorder, its etiology, treatment, and prevention are discussed.", "contents": "High-altitude pulmonary edema in children. A 15-year-old boy with recurrent high-altitude pulmonary edema had previously been mistakenly treated for asthma and pneumonia. Clinical manifestations of this disorder, its etiology, treatment, and prevention are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:868823", "title": "Acute posterior fossa epidural hematomas in children.", "content": "Epidural hematoma in the posterior fossa is a rare clinical entity requiring immediate surgical intervention to prevent rapid and fatal deterioration. This diagnosis should be considered in children with occipital head trauma who have altered sensorium and evidence of compression of structures within the posterior fossa. Such a clinical setting demands close neurologic observation in a facility where contrast studies and neurosurgical intervention are available. The absence of an occipital skull fracture or the presence of normal pulse rate and blood pressure should not influence the decision. Lumbar puncture is absolutely contraindicated.", "contents": "Acute posterior fossa epidural hematomas in children. Epidural hematoma in the posterior fossa is a rare clinical entity requiring immediate surgical intervention to prevent rapid and fatal deterioration. This diagnosis should be considered in children with occipital head trauma who have altered sensorium and evidence of compression of structures within the posterior fossa. Such a clinical setting demands close neurologic observation in a facility where contrast studies and neurosurgical intervention are available. The absence of an occipital skull fracture or the presence of normal pulse rate and blood pressure should not influence the decision. Lumbar puncture is absolutely contraindicated."}
{"id": "PMID:868824", "title": "Benzocaine-induced methemoglobinemia.", "content": "Severe methemoglobinemia developed in a healthy 14-month-old infant following the topical application of a benzocaine-containing gel administered for the relief of the discomfort of teething. Congenital methemoglobinemia and hemoglobin M disease were excluded by appropriate laboratory studies. The patient is considered to have a normal methemoglobin-reducing capacity and her response to the drug is one that presumably could occur in any other child of comparable age on receiving an equivalent dose of benzocaine. Parents should be cautioned against the indiscriminate use of similar medications, particularly since the process for which these medications are administered is both benign and physiologic.", "contents": "Benzocaine-induced methemoglobinemia. Severe methemoglobinemia developed in a healthy 14-month-old infant following the topical application of a benzocaine-containing gel administered for the relief of the discomfort of teething. Congenital methemoglobinemia and hemoglobin M disease were excluded by appropriate laboratory studies. The patient is considered to have a normal methemoglobin-reducing capacity and her response to the drug is one that presumably could occur in any other child of comparable age on receiving an equivalent dose of benzocaine. Parents should be cautioned against the indiscriminate use of similar medications, particularly since the process for which these medications are administered is both benign and physiologic."}
{"id": "PMID:868825", "title": "Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome. Another cause of the \"floppy infant\".", "content": "We report a 4 1/2-month-old female infant with subacute onset of hypotonia. Symmetrical weakness, association with a viral illness, high CSF protein level, diminished nerve conduction velocities, and a prompt recovery were compatible with the diagnosis of Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome. The possibility that this disorder may occur in young infants with weakness should be considered.", "contents": "Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome. Another cause of the \"floppy infant\". We report a 4 1/2-month-old female infant with subacute onset of hypotonia. Symmetrical weakness, association with a viral illness, high CSF protein level, diminished nerve conduction velocities, and a prompt recovery were compatible with the diagnosis of Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome. The possibility that this disorder may occur in young infants with weakness should be considered."}
{"id": "PMID:868834", "title": "Hepatic sensitivity to imipramine.", "content": "A case of significant hepatic reaction related to imipramine is presented, documented by challenge with imipramine and liver biopsy. The mechanism, while not entirely clear, is presumed to involve hypersensitivity or induction of toxic metabolites.", "contents": "Hepatic sensitivity to imipramine. A case of significant hepatic reaction related to imipramine is presented, documented by challenge with imipramine and liver biopsy. The mechanism, while not entirely clear, is presumed to involve hypersensitivity or induction of toxic metabolites."}
{"id": "PMID:868835", "title": "Hypertrophic protein-losing gastropathy and vitiligo. Report of a second case.", "content": "A second patient with hypertrophic protein-losing gastropathy and extensive vitiligo was studied. Upper gastrointestinal radiographs and endoscopy revealed multiple polyps of the upper half of the stomach. The patient was achlorhydric to pentagastrin stimulation. Clearance of 51Cr-labeled protein by the gastrointestinal tract was about 15 times normal. A total gastrectomy was done for relief of persistent epigastric pain and correction of hypoproteinemia. Histologically the polyps consisted of hypertrophied mucosal glands with cystic dilatation deep to the glandular layer. The similarity of this patient to a patient previously seen at our hospital led us to report the possible association of hypertrophic protein-losing gastropathy with vitiligo.", "contents": "Hypertrophic protein-losing gastropathy and vitiligo. Report of a second case. A second patient with hypertrophic protein-losing gastropathy and extensive vitiligo was studied. Upper gastrointestinal radiographs and endoscopy revealed multiple polyps of the upper half of the stomach. The patient was achlorhydric to pentagastrin stimulation. Clearance of 51Cr-labeled protein by the gastrointestinal tract was about 15 times normal. A total gastrectomy was done for relief of persistent epigastric pain and correction of hypoproteinemia. Histologically the polyps consisted of hypertrophied mucosal glands with cystic dilatation deep to the glandular layer. The similarity of this patient to a patient previously seen at our hospital led us to report the possible association of hypertrophic protein-losing gastropathy with vitiligo."}
{"id": "PMID:868836", "title": "Cruveilhier-Baumgarten disease with associated splenic artery aneurysms.", "content": "Cruveilhier-Baumgarten Disease is a rare clinical entity. The distinction between C-B Disease and C-B syndrome rests solely on the liver morphology. In C-B Disease, the liver is morphologically normal. A case of a 27-year-old juvenile diabetic female with C-B Disease is presented. She manifested many of the metabolic and hemodynamic changes of cirrhosis including portal hypertension, encephalopathy, and a hyperdynamic cardiovascular state. There was also associated splenomegaly, hypersplenism, and splenic artery aneurysms. Splenectomy and splenic artery ligation were performed. Liver biopsies had normal morphology. The patient has had no recurrence of her symptoms. The pathogenesis of C-B Disease is unknown.", "contents": "Cruveilhier-Baumgarten disease with associated splenic artery aneurysms. Cruveilhier-Baumgarten Disease is a rare clinical entity. The distinction between C-B Disease and C-B syndrome rests solely on the liver morphology. In C-B Disease, the liver is morphologically normal. A case of a 27-year-old juvenile diabetic female with C-B Disease is presented. She manifested many of the metabolic and hemodynamic changes of cirrhosis including portal hypertension, encephalopathy, and a hyperdynamic cardiovascular state. There was also associated splenomegaly, hypersplenism, and splenic artery aneurysms. Splenectomy and splenic artery ligation were performed. Liver biopsies had normal morphology. The patient has had no recurrence of her symptoms. The pathogenesis of C-B Disease is unknown."}
{"id": "PMID:868842", "title": "The absence of bacteremia during colonoscopy.", "content": "Seventy-nine blood cultures were obtained from 15 patients undergoing diagnostic colonoscopy. Aerobic and anaerobic culture technics showed no evidence of bacteremia during or after the procedure. The colonoscope was passed to the cecum in 12 of the 15 patients. The time of the procedure varied from 15-60 minutes with an average of 30 minutes. The results of this study supplies further evidence that bacteremia during colonoscopy is an infrequent occurrence.", "contents": "The absence of bacteremia during colonoscopy. Seventy-nine blood cultures were obtained from 15 patients undergoing diagnostic colonoscopy. Aerobic and anaerobic culture technics showed no evidence of bacteremia during or after the procedure. The colonoscope was passed to the cecum in 12 of the 15 patients. The time of the procedure varied from 15-60 minutes with an average of 30 minutes. The results of this study supplies further evidence that bacteremia during colonoscopy is an infrequent occurrence."}
{"id": "PMID:868843", "title": "Serum lysozyme levels in inflammatory bowel disease.", "content": "Serum lysozyme levels were compared in patients with Crohn's disease (CD) and chronic ulcerative colitis (CUC) to determine if the two diseases could be differentiated by this parameter. The lysozyme concentrations were measured by three different methods: 1. the turbidimetric clearance of Micrococcus lysodeikticus utilizing egg white lysozyme as a standard; 2. the lysoplate assay of Osserman and Lawlor using a human lysozyme standard obtained from Dr. Osserman and 3. the lysoplate assay obtained as a commercial kit using human lysozyme as a standard. A series of 19 CD and 23 CUC patients were compared. Contrary to the report of Falchuk, et al, the serum lysozyme levels by any of the three methods were not statistically significantly different in the two diseases. The serum levels of those with severe, moderate, or inactive disease were also not significant for CD or CUC nor in serially followed patients did levels always correspont to changes in clinical course.", "contents": "Serum lysozyme levels in inflammatory bowel disease. Serum lysozyme levels were compared in patients with Crohn's disease (CD) and chronic ulcerative colitis (CUC) to determine if the two diseases could be differentiated by this parameter. The lysozyme concentrations were measured by three different methods: 1. the turbidimetric clearance of Micrococcus lysodeikticus utilizing egg white lysozyme as a standard; 2. the lysoplate assay of Osserman and Lawlor using a human lysozyme standard obtained from Dr. Osserman and 3. the lysoplate assay obtained as a commercial kit using human lysozyme as a standard. A series of 19 CD and 23 CUC patients were compared. Contrary to the report of Falchuk, et al, the serum lysozyme levels by any of the three methods were not statistically significantly different in the two diseases. The serum levels of those with severe, moderate, or inactive disease were also not significant for CD or CUC nor in serially followed patients did levels always correspont to changes in clinical course."}
{"id": "PMID:868844", "title": "Infarction of the gallbladder: a complication of hypertension. Case report.", "content": "A case of gallbladder infarction, occurring in a 34-year old man with severe hypertension is described, with uneventful recovery following cholecystectomy. In the absence of other obvious etiologic factors, the gallbladder infarction is presumed to be directly related to hypertensive vascular disease. Infarction of the gallbladder is rare; a few cases associated with hypertension have been previously reported. Other types of vascular disease including embolization, thrombosis complicating atherosclerosis and celiac angiography, polyarteritis nodosa, occlusion following torsion and cystic vein thrombosis have been reported to cause gallbladder infarction.", "contents": "Infarction of the gallbladder: a complication of hypertension. Case report. A case of gallbladder infarction, occurring in a 34-year old man with severe hypertension is described, with uneventful recovery following cholecystectomy. In the absence of other obvious etiologic factors, the gallbladder infarction is presumed to be directly related to hypertensive vascular disease. Infarction of the gallbladder is rare; a few cases associated with hypertension have been previously reported. Other types of vascular disease including embolization, thrombosis complicating atherosclerosis and celiac angiography, polyarteritis nodosa, occlusion following torsion and cystic vein thrombosis have been reported to cause gallbladder infarction."}
{"id": "PMID:868845", "title": "Pancreatic ascites. Calcification as a clue to diagnosis.", "content": "Pancreatic ascitis in a 31-year old black male is described. The diagnosis was suspected by the presence of pancreatic calcifications and confirmed by an elevated ascitic fluid amylase and protein content. Ascites was successfully treated by caudal pancreatectomy followed by a Roux-en-y pancreatojejunostomy.", "contents": "Pancreatic ascites. Calcification as a clue to diagnosis. Pancreatic ascitis in a 31-year old black male is described. The diagnosis was suspected by the presence of pancreatic calcifications and confirmed by an elevated ascitic fluid amylase and protein content. Ascites was successfully treated by caudal pancreatectomy followed by a Roux-en-y pancreatojejunostomy."}
{"id": "PMID:868846", "title": "Risk factors and early diagnosis in pancreatic carcinoma.", "content": "A case is reported of pancreatic carcinoma recognized four years after bile peritonitis complicated cholecystectomy. The patient possessed all the known significant risk factors associated with pancreatic carcinoma. The wider recognition of risk factors for pancreatic adenocarcinoma might lead to closer follow-up of patients with multiple factors and possible earlier diagnosis and treatment leading to increased survival in patients with the disease.", "contents": "Risk factors and early diagnosis in pancreatic carcinoma. A case is reported of pancreatic carcinoma recognized four years after bile peritonitis complicated cholecystectomy. The patient possessed all the known significant risk factors associated with pancreatic carcinoma. The wider recognition of risk factors for pancreatic adenocarcinoma might lead to closer follow-up of patients with multiple factors and possible earlier diagnosis and treatment leading to increased survival in patients with the disease."}
{"id": "PMID:868847", "title": "Adult hypertrophic pyloric stenosis. Report of an unusual case detected by saline load test.", "content": "A case of adult idiopathic hypertropic pyloric stenosis whose radiographic study was repeatedly normal is presented. Only a functional test of gastric emptying disclosed the degree of outlet obstruction present. Vagotomy and pyloroplasty resulted in prolonged relief of obstructive symptoms and a return of the saline load test to normal. The saline load test may be of value when gastroduodenal x-rays or endoscopy do not reveal the cause or extent of gastric outlet obstruction.", "contents": "Adult hypertrophic pyloric stenosis. Report of an unusual case detected by saline load test. A case of adult idiopathic hypertropic pyloric stenosis whose radiographic study was repeatedly normal is presented. Only a functional test of gastric emptying disclosed the degree of outlet obstruction present. Vagotomy and pyloroplasty resulted in prolonged relief of obstructive symptoms and a return of the saline load test to normal. The saline load test may be of value when gastroduodenal x-rays or endoscopy do not reveal the cause or extent of gastric outlet obstruction."}
{"id": "PMID:868848", "title": "Giardia lamblia. A case presentation of chronic cholecystitis and duodenitis.", "content": "A case of chronic cholecystitis and duodenojejunitis secondary to Giardia lamblia is presented. Though well documented as a cause of duodenitis, this condition is not a common finding in the United States and hence the diagnosis is not made routinely. This case illustrates an instance where giarditic duodenojejunitis may have been masquerading as a chronic cholecystitis.", "contents": "Giardia lamblia. A case presentation of chronic cholecystitis and duodenitis. A case of chronic cholecystitis and duodenojejunitis secondary to Giardia lamblia is presented. Though well documented as a cause of duodenitis, this condition is not a common finding in the United States and hence the diagnosis is not made routinely. This case illustrates an instance where giarditic duodenojejunitis may have been masquerading as a chronic cholecystitis."}
{"id": "PMID:868849", "title": "Vascular compression of the duodenum.", "content": "A successfully treated case of vascular compression of the duodenum is presented. The associated factors that might have been involved in predisposing this patient to the development of an acute intermittent, yet worsening clinical picture, are discussed, as well as the possible precipitating factor. Diagnosis and management of this disease entity are discussed.", "contents": "Vascular compression of the duodenum. A successfully treated case of vascular compression of the duodenum is presented. The associated factors that might have been involved in predisposing this patient to the development of an acute intermittent, yet worsening clinical picture, are discussed, as well as the possible precipitating factor. Diagnosis and management of this disease entity are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:868850", "title": "Long-term results in the treatment of regional ileitis with coherin.", "content": "Nineteen patients with severe symptoms of ileitis, not responsive to other forms of therapy, have been treated with coherin, a peptide isolated from bovine posterior pituitary glands. This study encompasses observations over a total of 50-patient years. tcoherin has proven efficacious by three criteria: As a result of coherin treatment those patients receiving steroids could either eliminate them or reduce the dosage to safe levels. A significant number of patients whose symptoms have been controlled by coherin have demonstrated their therapeutic dependence on coherin for relief of symptoms by multiple unsuccessful attempts to discontinue treatment over a long period of time. Diarrhea, in patients with ileitis symptoms, is effectively controlled by coherin therapy on a long-term basis.", "contents": "Long-term results in the treatment of regional ileitis with coherin. Nineteen patients with severe symptoms of ileitis, not responsive to other forms of therapy, have been treated with coherin, a peptide isolated from bovine posterior pituitary glands. This study encompasses observations over a total of 50-patient years. tcoherin has proven efficacious by three criteria: As a result of coherin treatment those patients receiving steroids could either eliminate them or reduce the dosage to safe levels. A significant number of patients whose symptoms have been controlled by coherin have demonstrated their therapeutic dependence on coherin for relief of symptoms by multiple unsuccessful attempts to discontinue treatment over a long period of time. Diarrhea, in patients with ileitis symptoms, is effectively controlled by coherin therapy on a long-term basis."}
{"id": "PMID:868852", "title": "The roentgenographic demonstration of a gastric mucosal laceration (Mallory-Weiss Lesion).", "content": "The Mallory-Weiss lesion is responsible for many cases of upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage. Rapid diagnosis should be obtainable by endoscopic procedures. During active bleeding, angiography is the radiologic procedure of choice. The upper gastrointestinal series has been considered of little diagnostic use. Our case emphasizes that it may add valuable information when particular attention and careful technic are paid to the esophagogastric area.", "contents": "The roentgenographic demonstration of a gastric mucosal laceration (Mallory-Weiss Lesion). The Mallory-Weiss lesion is responsible for many cases of upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage. Rapid diagnosis should be obtainable by endoscopic procedures. During active bleeding, angiography is the radiologic procedure of choice. The upper gastrointestinal series has been considered of little diagnostic use. Our case emphasizes that it may add valuable information when particular attention and careful technic are paid to the esophagogastric area."}
{"id": "PMID:868853", "title": "Epidemiologic characteristics of benign breast disease.", "content": "To see if the risk factors associated with fibroadenoma and cystic disease were similar to those reported for breast cancer, a retrospective study of benign breast tumor in a general population was conducted in Washington County, Maryland. The study population consisted of 320 white women 20 to 49 years of age who had had benign breast disease and 320 age-matched controls. More cystic disease cases than controls had the following characteristics, which had been reported to have been associated with breast cancer in other studies: higher socioeconomic status; fewer pregnancies; and a lack of association with lactation patterns. Nulliparity, late natural menopause and a maternal history of breast cancer were also more common among cystic cases than controls, although these differences could have occurred by chance. Cystic disease cases and controls did not differ with respect to other factors associated with breast cancer, such as early age at menarche, late age at first pregnancy, and negative history of artificial menopause. In contrast to cystic breast disease, fibroadenoma was not associated with most of the risk factors of breast cancer.", "contents": "Epidemiologic characteristics of benign breast disease. To see if the risk factors associated with fibroadenoma and cystic disease were similar to those reported for breast cancer, a retrospective study of benign breast tumor in a general population was conducted in Washington County, Maryland. The study population consisted of 320 white women 20 to 49 years of age who had had benign breast disease and 320 age-matched controls. More cystic disease cases than controls had the following characteristics, which had been reported to have been associated with breast cancer in other studies: higher socioeconomic status; fewer pregnancies; and a lack of association with lactation patterns. Nulliparity, late natural menopause and a maternal history of breast cancer were also more common among cystic cases than controls, although these differences could have occurred by chance. Cystic disease cases and controls did not differ with respect to other factors associated with breast cancer, such as early age at menarche, late age at first pregnancy, and negative history of artificial menopause. In contrast to cystic breast disease, fibroadenoma was not associated with most of the risk factors of breast cancer."}
{"id": "PMID:868854", "title": "Maternal smoking and birth weight.", "content": "To determine whether it is the smoker or smoking per se that explains the observed reduction in birth weight of infants of mothers who smoked during pregnancy, data collected on 1016 pairs of successive births which occurred between 1946 and 1963 in Washington County, Maryland, were studied. The mean birth weight difference between first and second members of pairs of consecutive live births of the same mother was examined in relation to her smoking habits during both pregnancies. A multiple regression technique was used to simultaneously adjust for the effects of maternal smoking habits during pregnancy, infant sex, maternal age, and birth order on birth weight difference. There were no significant differences in mean birth weight difference among pairs in which the mother smoked throughout both pregnancies, pairs in which the mother was a nonsmoker during both pregnancies, and pairs in which the mother smoked during the second pregnancy of the pair, but not the first. When birth weights of only first members of the pair were studied, the mean birth weight of infants of women who were nonsmokers throughout both pregnancies was higher than that of infants of women who smoked during both pregnancies. Infants of first members of pairs in which the mothers smoked only during the second pregnancy tended to have birth weights which were lower than that of infants of nonsmokers and higher than that of infants of smokers. These findings neither confirm nor deny the hypothesis that the smoker rather than the smoking per se causes a reduction in birth weight.", "contents": "Maternal smoking and birth weight. To determine whether it is the smoker or smoking per se that explains the observed reduction in birth weight of infants of mothers who smoked during pregnancy, data collected on 1016 pairs of successive births which occurred between 1946 and 1963 in Washington County, Maryland, were studied. The mean birth weight difference between first and second members of pairs of consecutive live births of the same mother was examined in relation to her smoking habits during both pregnancies. A multiple regression technique was used to simultaneously adjust for the effects of maternal smoking habits during pregnancy, infant sex, maternal age, and birth order on birth weight difference. There were no significant differences in mean birth weight difference among pairs in which the mother smoked throughout both pregnancies, pairs in which the mother was a nonsmoker during both pregnancies, and pairs in which the mother smoked during the second pregnancy of the pair, but not the first. When birth weights of only first members of the pair were studied, the mean birth weight of infants of women who were nonsmokers throughout both pregnancies was higher than that of infants of women who smoked during both pregnancies. Infants of first members of pairs in which the mothers smoked only during the second pregnancy tended to have birth weights which were lower than that of infants of nonsmokers and higher than that of infants of smokers. These findings neither confirm nor deny the hypothesis that the smoker rather than the smoking per se causes a reduction in birth weight."}
{"id": "PMID:868855", "title": "Change in respiratory symptom prevalence in adults who alter their smoking habits.", "content": "The prevalence of chronic cough and phlegm production has been studied in 3916 young married adults, with recent new births and young children in their families, on six consecutive annual occasions. Among those who were smokers, in all years of the study more men than women reported respiratory symptoms. Respiratory symptoms were also reported more commonly among men than among women who did not smoke at all, whereas no sex difference in symptom prevalence was apparent among men and women who changed their smoking habits during the study. Equal numbers of men stopped or started smoking on their own initiative during the second three years of the study, whereas twice as many women started smoking as stopped in the same period. Men who had been smokers in the first three years and who spontaneously stopped smoking during the second three years showed a progressive decline in respiratory symptoms to a level similar to that of nonsmokers.", "contents": "Change in respiratory symptom prevalence in adults who alter their smoking habits. The prevalence of chronic cough and phlegm production has been studied in 3916 young married adults, with recent new births and young children in their families, on six consecutive annual occasions. Among those who were smokers, in all years of the study more men than women reported respiratory symptoms. Respiratory symptoms were also reported more commonly among men than among women who did not smoke at all, whereas no sex difference in symptom prevalence was apparent among men and women who changed their smoking habits during the study. Equal numbers of men stopped or started smoking on their own initiative during the second three years of the study, whereas twice as many women started smoking as stopped in the same period. Men who had been smokers in the first three years and who spontaneously stopped smoking during the second three years showed a progressive decline in respiratory symptoms to a level similar to that of nonsmokers."}
{"id": "PMID:868856", "title": "Respiratory symptom prevalence in adults: the comparative importance of smoking and family factors.", "content": "In a study of the prevalence of chronic cough and phlegm production in a group of nearly 4000 young adults, those adults who had several children had a higher prevalvalence of these symptoms than those with few children, especially if the children suffered from bronchitis or pneumonia. Nevertheless, cigarette smoking was the factor most strongly associated with chronic cough and phlegm production in young adults in this study.", "contents": "Respiratory symptom prevalence in adults: the comparative importance of smoking and family factors. In a study of the prevalence of chronic cough and phlegm production in a group of nearly 4000 young adults, those adults who had several children had a higher prevalvalence of these symptoms than those with few children, especially if the children suffered from bronchitis or pneumonia. Nevertheless, cigarette smoking was the factor most strongly associated with chronic cough and phlegm production in young adults in this study."}
{"id": "PMID:868857", "title": "Smoking habits and changes in smoking habits as they relate to chronic conditions and respiratory symptoms.", "content": "The relation of smoking to chronic lung disease has been documented in several studies. Several conclusions have been drawn about the type of smoking associated withdisease, including inhalation, filter tip use, and reduction in smoking. These factors were examined in a community epidemiologic study of chronic obstructive lung diseases. It was found that the community population exhibited greater filter tip use and higher rates of exsmoking than often seen elsewhere. Smoking habits and the changes in smoking habits over time were related to physician-diagnosed emphysema and/or chronic bronchitis, but not asthma. Some relation was seen also with present heart trouble. There was dose-relationship to pack-years of smoking in both present and ex-smokers. There were more ex-smokers among males. Most male ex-smokers quit due to symptoms. Ex-smokers were found to have high rates of diagnosed disease but reduced rates of symptoms. The incidence of diagnosed disease was found to be associated with smoking, both in intensity and duration. Changes in smoking over time were found to be correlated with symptomatology.", "contents": "Smoking habits and changes in smoking habits as they relate to chronic conditions and respiratory symptoms. The relation of smoking to chronic lung disease has been documented in several studies. Several conclusions have been drawn about the type of smoking associated withdisease, including inhalation, filter tip use, and reduction in smoking. These factors were examined in a community epidemiologic study of chronic obstructive lung diseases. It was found that the community population exhibited greater filter tip use and higher rates of exsmoking than often seen elsewhere. Smoking habits and the changes in smoking habits over time were related to physician-diagnosed emphysema and/or chronic bronchitis, but not asthma. Some relation was seen also with present heart trouble. There was dose-relationship to pack-years of smoking in both present and ex-smokers. There were more ex-smokers among males. Most male ex-smokers quit due to symptoms. Ex-smokers were found to have high rates of diagnosed disease but reduced rates of symptoms. The incidence of diagnosed disease was found to be associated with smoking, both in intensity and duration. Changes in smoking over time were found to be correlated with symptomatology."}
{"id": "PMID:868858", "title": "The relationship of acute respiratory illness history to the prevalence and incidence of obstructive lung disorders.", "content": "Several studies have suggested that acute respiratory illnesses (ARI) may be precursors to chronic obstructive lung diseases, as well as being exacerbations of such diseases. The relationship of retrospective and prospective data on ARI to the prevalence and incidence of obstructive lung disorders has been examined in the community epidemiologic study of obstructive diseases a longitudinal study in Tucson. It has been determined that both the previous and subsequent history of ARI are significantly associated with the prevalence and incidence of airways obstructive diseases, those diagnosed by physicians and those inferred by symptoms. Lung function impairment also appears to be associated with such illnesses. This study implicates ARI as one of the major factors associated with the etiology as well as the natural history of chronic obstructive lung disease.", "contents": "The relationship of acute respiratory illness history to the prevalence and incidence of obstructive lung disorders. Several studies have suggested that acute respiratory illnesses (ARI) may be precursors to chronic obstructive lung diseases, as well as being exacerbations of such diseases. The relationship of retrospective and prospective data on ARI to the prevalence and incidence of obstructive lung disorders has been examined in the community epidemiologic study of obstructive diseases a longitudinal study in Tucson. It has been determined that both the previous and subsequent history of ARI are significantly associated with the prevalence and incidence of airways obstructive diseases, those diagnosed by physicians and those inferred by symptoms. Lung function impairment also appears to be associated with such illnesses. This study implicates ARI as one of the major factors associated with the etiology as well as the natural history of chronic obstructive lung disease."}
{"id": "PMID:868859", "title": "The sudden infant death syndrome among Alaskan natives.", "content": "Among Alaskian natives the sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) occurs at a rate somewhat less than that reported for native Americans indigenous to temperate latitudes. Cases occurred in both the arctic and subarctic regions of the state and among all but one of the ethnically distinct native population groups. No striking male predisposition was evident. These findings are, in general, similar to previously reported accounts from the states of California and Washington. Any theory of SIDS epidemiogenesis must take into account its wide geoethnic and peculiar sex distribution.", "contents": "The sudden infant death syndrome among Alaskan natives. Among Alaskian natives the sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) occurs at a rate somewhat less than that reported for native Americans indigenous to temperate latitudes. Cases occurred in both the arctic and subarctic regions of the state and among all but one of the ethnically distinct native population groups. No striking male predisposition was evident. These findings are, in general, similar to previously reported accounts from the states of California and Washington. Any theory of SIDS epidemiogenesis must take into account its wide geoethnic and peculiar sex distribution."}
{"id": "PMID:868860", "title": "Army rank and subsequent mortality by cause: 23-year follow-up.", "content": "Mortality among veterans has been studied in relation to military rank at separation in a series of 85,491 men discharged from the US Army in 1946 and traced through 1969. It was found that although the mortality of privates was very close to expectation based on population rates, non-commissioned officers had a 23% advantage and commissioned officers about a 40% advantage. The relative advantage of the veterans who had higher rank held not only for deaths from all causes but also for most of the specific causes examined and there was only a small tendency for the differences to diminish with the passage of time during the 23-year period of follow-up.", "contents": "Army rank and subsequent mortality by cause: 23-year follow-up. Mortality among veterans has been studied in relation to military rank at separation in a series of 85,491 men discharged from the US Army in 1946 and traced through 1969. It was found that although the mortality of privates was very close to expectation based on population rates, non-commissioned officers had a 23% advantage and commissioned officers about a 40% advantage. The relative advantage of the veterans who had higher rank held not only for deaths from all causes but also for most of the specific causes examined and there was only a small tendency for the differences to diminish with the passage of time during the 23-year period of follow-up."}
{"id": "PMID:868861", "title": "Analysis of prospective epidemiologic studies by minimum distance case-control matching.", "content": "This paper presents the use of a matching method for analysis of prospective epidemiologic studies which generate a relatively small number of cases of a given disease. In such studies, matching in the manner presented may be of a given disease. In such studies, matching in the manner presented may be superior to other methods of analysis in removing bias due to confounding. A multivariate minimum-distance matching algorithm is used for computer selection of controls for the cases and the method is illustrated by application to a prospective cardiovascular disease study. The main advantages are that the results are easy to understand and interpret, and that there is no possibiligy of bias due to confounding variables when close matches are obtained. In contrast, the results of multivariate analysis may be difficult to understand and interpret, and the removal of bias due to confounding is dependent on the assumptions of the mode. It is recommended that the matching method should be used in addition to and at times stead of other methods of analysis whenever a study involves a relatively small number of cases and a large source of controls of controls on whom relevant study variables have already been documented.", "contents": "Analysis of prospective epidemiologic studies by minimum distance case-control matching. This paper presents the use of a matching method for analysis of prospective epidemiologic studies which generate a relatively small number of cases of a given disease. In such studies, matching in the manner presented may be of a given disease. In such studies, matching in the manner presented may be superior to other methods of analysis in removing bias due to confounding. A multivariate minimum-distance matching algorithm is used for computer selection of controls for the cases and the method is illustrated by application to a prospective cardiovascular disease study. The main advantages are that the results are easy to understand and interpret, and that there is no possibiligy of bias due to confounding variables when close matches are obtained. In contrast, the results of multivariate analysis may be difficult to understand and interpret, and the removal of bias due to confounding is dependent on the assumptions of the mode. It is recommended that the matching method should be used in addition to and at times stead of other methods of analysis whenever a study involves a relatively small number of cases and a large source of controls of controls on whom relevant study variables have already been documented."}
{"id": "PMID:868862", "title": "Epidemiologic screening: a method to add efficiency to epidemiologic research.", "content": "The concept of power loss through misclassification is well known. A simple method developed here yields a means for determing by how much power is lost. The method provides the basis for the development of an efficient screening methodology for the identification of high and low risk cohorts. This screening procedure is built on the well established retrospective cohort methodology and utilizes general records of mortality and morbidity for determination of the frequency of disease in the exposed and non-exposed cohorts. The size and power of the testing procedure compare favorably to that of a study with complete follow-up, while reducing the time and costs of study. This is particularly important in aiding epidemiologists in determining research and program priorities from among many areas of possible concern.", "contents": "Epidemiologic screening: a method to add efficiency to epidemiologic research. The concept of power loss through misclassification is well known. A simple method developed here yields a means for determing by how much power is lost. The method provides the basis for the development of an efficient screening methodology for the identification of high and low risk cohorts. This screening procedure is built on the well established retrospective cohort methodology and utilizes general records of mortality and morbidity for determination of the frequency of disease in the exposed and non-exposed cohorts. The size and power of the testing procedure compare favorably to that of a study with complete follow-up, while reducing the time and costs of study. This is particularly important in aiding epidemiologists in determining research and program priorities from among many areas of possible concern."}
{"id": "PMID:868863", "title": "The reporting of communicable diseases.", "content": "Surveillance of communicable diseases in the United States depends on the reporting of cases by primary physicians. It is widely recognized, however, that significant numbers of such cases are not reported. Reporting rates for many communicable diseases have never been determined. In this study, discharge records of 11 hospitals in Washington, DC were searched for cases of selected communicable diseases, and the percentage of these cases reported was determined. Five hundred and seventy of 93,563 (0.61%) patients hospitalized over the study period had one of these communicable diseases. Reporting rates for each were as follows: viral hepatitis, 11%; H. influenzae meningitis, 32%; salmonellosis, 42%; meningococcal meningitis, 50%; shigellosis, 62%; tuberculosis, 63%; total cases, 35%. There is indirect evidence that low reporting rates are not restricted to the area studied. Supplemental reporting by medical laboratories, hospital infection control, and record room personnel were suggested as additional soruces of case reports.", "contents": "The reporting of communicable diseases. Surveillance of communicable diseases in the United States depends on the reporting of cases by primary physicians. It is widely recognized, however, that significant numbers of such cases are not reported. Reporting rates for many communicable diseases have never been determined. In this study, discharge records of 11 hospitals in Washington, DC were searched for cases of selected communicable diseases, and the percentage of these cases reported was determined. Five hundred and seventy of 93,563 (0.61%) patients hospitalized over the study period had one of these communicable diseases. Reporting rates for each were as follows: viral hepatitis, 11%; H. influenzae meningitis, 32%; salmonellosis, 42%; meningococcal meningitis, 50%; shigellosis, 62%; tuberculosis, 63%; total cases, 35%. There is indirect evidence that low reporting rates are not restricted to the area studied. Supplemental reporting by medical laboratories, hospital infection control, and record room personnel were suggested as additional soruces of case reports."}
{"id": "PMID:868864", "title": "alpha-Thalassemia and beta-thalassemia in a Turkish family.", "content": "A Turkish family is described in which three children have a clinical picture similar to that of thalassemia major, with typical red cell morphology and indices, and with about 10% Hb Bart's but without measurable amounts of Hb H. Hematological evaluation of six members of this family that included in vitro hemoglobin synthesis suggests that beta-(or delta beta-) thalassemia, beta-silent thalassemia, and mild and severe alpha-thalassemia genes are present in different combinations. The data indicate that beta/alpha chain ratios in patients with more than one type of thalassemia should be evaluated in relationship to values obtained for several relatives even though some of the thalassemia determinants may be silent in the parents.", "contents": "alpha-Thalassemia and beta-thalassemia in a Turkish family. A Turkish family is described in which three children have a clinical picture similar to that of thalassemia major, with typical red cell morphology and indices, and with about 10% Hb Bart's but without measurable amounts of Hb H. Hematological evaluation of six members of this family that included in vitro hemoglobin synthesis suggests that beta-(or delta beta-) thalassemia, beta-silent thalassemia, and mild and severe alpha-thalassemia genes are present in different combinations. The data indicate that beta/alpha chain ratios in patients with more than one type of thalassemia should be evaluated in relationship to values obtained for several relatives even though some of the thalassemia determinants may be silent in the parents."}
{"id": "PMID:868865", "title": "Sickle cell anemia: erythrokinetics, blood volumes, and a study of possible determinants of severity.", "content": "The variability in the clinical expression of sickle cell anemia led us to study factors which might influence the course of this disease. We examined erythrokinetics, blood volumes, and variables which influence hemoglobin function in a group of adults with sickle cell anemia of varying degrees of clinical severity. We were unable to correlate any single measurement with the clinical course; however, our patient sample was small and the data suggested areas for further study. An expansion of plasma volume noted in all patients. This made it difficult to predict red cell mass from the hemoglobin level, which consistently underestimated its magnitude. The red cell production index and iron turnover values indicated that there is often a suboptimal erythropoietic response to anemia in sickle cell disease.", "contents": "Sickle cell anemia: erythrokinetics, blood volumes, and a study of possible determinants of severity. The variability in the clinical expression of sickle cell anemia led us to study factors which might influence the course of this disease. We examined erythrokinetics, blood volumes, and variables which influence hemoglobin function in a group of adults with sickle cell anemia of varying degrees of clinical severity. We were unable to correlate any single measurement with the clinical course; however, our patient sample was small and the data suggested areas for further study. An expansion of plasma volume noted in all patients. This made it difficult to predict red cell mass from the hemoglobin level, which consistently underestimated its magnitude. The red cell production index and iron turnover values indicated that there is often a suboptimal erythropoietic response to anemia in sickle cell disease."}
{"id": "PMID:868866", "title": "Sickle cell anemia and trait in a population of southern India.", "content": "In an ethnic group in southern India, the Irula, seven individuals with sickle cell anemia were found to manifest only mild illness. Although a relatively high level of fetal hemoglobin was present in one, none of the factors thought to ameliorate the course of sickling disorders could be identified in the remaining six. In a random population survey, sickle hemoglobin was found in 90 of 292 Irula (31%). In those with sickle cell trait, the proportion of sickle hemoglobin in hemolysates (mean = 26%, range 19-32%) was substantially lower than that reported for any other population.", "contents": "Sickle cell anemia and trait in a population of southern India. In an ethnic group in southern India, the Irula, seven individuals with sickle cell anemia were found to manifest only mild illness. Although a relatively high level of fetal hemoglobin was present in one, none of the factors thought to ameliorate the course of sickling disorders could be identified in the remaining six. In a random population survey, sickle hemoglobin was found in 90 of 292 Irula (31%). In those with sickle cell trait, the proportion of sickle hemoglobin in hemolysates (mean = 26%, range 19-32%) was substantially lower than that reported for any other population."}
{"id": "PMID:868867", "title": "A family study of a patient with idiopathic hemochromatosis.", "content": "A family study of a patient with idiopathic hemochromatosis using noninvasive techniques is presented. All 6 of the patient's asymptomatic children had an increase in transferrin saturation and/or an increase in the absorption of Co57. The Co57 absorption test was the most sensitive index of family involvement since one of the children had an increase in absorption at a time when transferring saturation was normal. The family data strongly support the hereditary nature of the disorder, with the mode of inheritance not clearly established from the available data.", "contents": "A family study of a patient with idiopathic hemochromatosis. A family study of a patient with idiopathic hemochromatosis using noninvasive techniques is presented. All 6 of the patient's asymptomatic children had an increase in transferrin saturation and/or an increase in the absorption of Co57. The Co57 absorption test was the most sensitive index of family involvement since one of the children had an increase in absorption at a time when transferring saturation was normal. The family data strongly support the hereditary nature of the disorder, with the mode of inheritance not clearly established from the available data."}
{"id": "PMID:868868", "title": "Hydrogen peroxide, an inhibitor of platelet function: effect on adenine nucleotide metabolism, and the release reaction.", "content": "The in vitro effects of H2O2 on platelet adenine nucleotide metabolism and on the ADP-induced platelet release reaction were examined. All studies were performed on human platelet-rich plasma (PRP) preincubated with (3H)-adenine. Within 3 min of incubation with PRP, H2O2 (100-500 micronM) caused an irreversible reduction in the (3H)-ATP level with a concomitant increase in (3H)-IMP and (3H)-inosine and hypoxanthine levels. The adenylate energy charge (AEC) initially decreased while the ATP level fell. The AEC, however, returned to levels slightly lower than the control during further incubation. No leakage of ATP and ADP to plasma was observed. The fall in the steady-state levels of (3H)-ATP increased with increase of the H2O2 concentration (decrease of 8.7-40% at H2O2 concentrations from 5 to 600 micronM). H2O2 pretreatment of PRP caused absence of ADP-induced biphasic aggregation, partial inhibition of the primary wave, and complete inhibition of release of platelet nonmetabolic ATP and ADP. Our in vitro findings support the view that part of the inhibitory effect of H2O2 may be related to the lowering of metabolic ATP levels in platelets.", "contents": "Hydrogen peroxide, an inhibitor of platelet function: effect on adenine nucleotide metabolism, and the release reaction. The in vitro effects of H2O2 on platelet adenine nucleotide metabolism and on the ADP-induced platelet release reaction were examined. All studies were performed on human platelet-rich plasma (PRP) preincubated with (3H)-adenine. Within 3 min of incubation with PRP, H2O2 (100-500 micronM) caused an irreversible reduction in the (3H)-ATP level with a concomitant increase in (3H)-IMP and (3H)-inosine and hypoxanthine levels. The adenylate energy charge (AEC) initially decreased while the ATP level fell. The AEC, however, returned to levels slightly lower than the control during further incubation. No leakage of ATP and ADP to plasma was observed. The fall in the steady-state levels of (3H)-ATP increased with increase of the H2O2 concentration (decrease of 8.7-40% at H2O2 concentrations from 5 to 600 micronM). H2O2 pretreatment of PRP caused absence of ADP-induced biphasic aggregation, partial inhibition of the primary wave, and complete inhibition of release of platelet nonmetabolic ATP and ADP. Our in vitro findings support the view that part of the inhibitory effect of H2O2 may be related to the lowering of metabolic ATP levels in platelets."}
{"id": "PMID:868869", "title": "Detection of drug-dependent antibodies by the 51Cr platelet lysis test: documentation of immune thrombocytopenia induced by diphenylhydantoin, diazepam, and sulfisoxazole.", "content": "Sudden, severe thrombocytopenia developed in each of three patients receiving diphenylhydantion, diazepam, and sulfisoxazole, respectively. Recovery followed discontinuance of the drugs. An antiplatelet antibody requiring the presence of an appropriate drug for interaction with platelets was deomonstrated in each case by the 51Cr platelet lysis test using normal, paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuric, or enzyme-treated normal platelets as target cells. These antibodies could not be detected by techniques that depend on clot retraction inhibition, complement fixation, or platelet factor-3 activation. Quinine-and quinidine-dependent antiplatelet antibodies in the serum of 16 patients who developed acute thrombocytopenia while taking either quinine or quinidine could be demonstrated readily with the 51Cr platelet lysis test and could also be detected by other methods employed.", "contents": "Detection of drug-dependent antibodies by the 51Cr platelet lysis test: documentation of immune thrombocytopenia induced by diphenylhydantoin, diazepam, and sulfisoxazole. Sudden, severe thrombocytopenia developed in each of three patients receiving diphenylhydantion, diazepam, and sulfisoxazole, respectively. Recovery followed discontinuance of the drugs. An antiplatelet antibody requiring the presence of an appropriate drug for interaction with platelets was deomonstrated in each case by the 51Cr platelet lysis test using normal, paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuric, or enzyme-treated normal platelets as target cells. These antibodies could not be detected by techniques that depend on clot retraction inhibition, complement fixation, or platelet factor-3 activation. Quinine-and quinidine-dependent antiplatelet antibodies in the serum of 16 patients who developed acute thrombocytopenia while taking either quinine or quinidine could be demonstrated readily with the 51Cr platelet lysis test and could also be detected by other methods employed."}
{"id": "PMID:868870", "title": "Chronic lymphocytic leukemia: correlation of clinical course and therapeutic response with in vitro testing and morphology of lymphocytes.", "content": "Forty-two patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) were studied for morphology of lymphocytes by light and electron microscopy (EM), in vitro responses of lymphocytes to a battery of physical and chemical agents, overall clinical status, immunologic status, course, and response to therapy. CLL lymphocytes could be classified by EM into four groups on the basis of cell size and nuclear contour and by light microscopy into two groups, small cells and large cells (lymphosarcoma cells). Patient survival did not vary with cell size or morphology as determined by light or electron microscopy. In vitro testing of CLL lymphocytes following exposure to X-ray, PHA, DMSO 2 hr at 43 degrees C, prednisolone, glutaminase, and asparaginase permitted a separation of patients into categories of normal and abnormal in vitro responses. A normal in vitro response predicted a good response to therapy but an abnormal in vitro response did not preclude a good response to therapy. Following therapy, normalization of abnormal EM morphology and in vitro response was seen in some patients. Most patients tested had decreased serum immunoglobulins and abnormal PHA responses. There was a high incidence of infections and second neoplasms. Immunologic deficits could not be correlated with variations in lymphocyte morphology or in vitro response.", "contents": "Chronic lymphocytic leukemia: correlation of clinical course and therapeutic response with in vitro testing and morphology of lymphocytes. Forty-two patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) were studied for morphology of lymphocytes by light and electron microscopy (EM), in vitro responses of lymphocytes to a battery of physical and chemical agents, overall clinical status, immunologic status, course, and response to therapy. CLL lymphocytes could be classified by EM into four groups on the basis of cell size and nuclear contour and by light microscopy into two groups, small cells and large cells (lymphosarcoma cells). Patient survival did not vary with cell size or morphology as determined by light or electron microscopy. In vitro testing of CLL lymphocytes following exposure to X-ray, PHA, DMSO 2 hr at 43 degrees C, prednisolone, glutaminase, and asparaginase permitted a separation of patients into categories of normal and abnormal in vitro responses. A normal in vitro response predicted a good response to therapy but an abnormal in vitro response did not preclude a good response to therapy. Following therapy, normalization of abnormal EM morphology and in vitro response was seen in some patients. Most patients tested had decreased serum immunoglobulins and abnormal PHA responses. There was a high incidence of infections and second neoplasms. Immunologic deficits could not be correlated with variations in lymphocyte morphology or in vitro response."}
{"id": "PMID:868871", "title": "Bloom's syndrome. IV. Sister-chromatid exchanges in lymphocytes.", "content": "An abnormally great amount of exhange between both sister and nonsister-but-homologous chromatids is a highly characteristic feature of cultured blood lymphocytes from individuals with Bloom's syndrome. However, a population of lymphocytes which exhibit a normal amount of exchange can be detected in the blood of some individuals with this syndrome. This coexistence of cells with a greatly increased number of sister-chromatid exchanges and others with a normal number results in a phenotypic dimorphism, in apparent contradiction to the autosomal recessive mode of inheritance of the syndrome.", "contents": "Bloom's syndrome. IV. Sister-chromatid exchanges in lymphocytes. An abnormally great amount of exhange between both sister and nonsister-but-homologous chromatids is a highly characteristic feature of cultured blood lymphocytes from individuals with Bloom's syndrome. However, a population of lymphocytes which exhibit a normal amount of exchange can be detected in the blood of some individuals with this syndrome. This coexistence of cells with a greatly increased number of sister-chromatid exchanges and others with a normal number results in a phenotypic dimorphism, in apparent contradiction to the autosomal recessive mode of inheritance of the syndrome."}
{"id": "PMID:868872", "title": "Inheritance of F cell frequency in heterocellular hereditary persistence of fetal hemoglobin: an example of allelic exclusion.", "content": "Two kindreds are described in which F cell frequency is inherited. These families differ in ethnic origin, the mean quantity of HbF per F cell, and in G gamma: A gamma ratios. Heterozygotes have approximately 50% F cells while homozygotes have close to 100%. Semiquantitative single cell immunodiffusion assays establish that F cells contain all of the HbF found in heterozygotes. Our finding that the gene for this heterocellular form of hereditary persistence of fetal hemoglobin is expressed in only half the cells provides the first example of allelic exclusion known apart from immunoglobulin expression.", "contents": "Inheritance of F cell frequency in heterocellular hereditary persistence of fetal hemoglobin: an example of allelic exclusion. Two kindreds are described in which F cell frequency is inherited. These families differ in ethnic origin, the mean quantity of HbF per F cell, and in G gamma: A gamma ratios. Heterozygotes have approximately 50% F cells while homozygotes have close to 100%. Semiquantitative single cell immunodiffusion assays establish that F cells contain all of the HbF found in heterozygotes. Our finding that the gene for this heterocellular form of hereditary persistence of fetal hemoglobin is expressed in only half the cells provides the first example of allelic exclusion known apart from immunoglobulin expression."}
{"id": "PMID:868873", "title": "Maple syrup urine disease: branched-chain keto acid decarboxylation in fibroblasts as measured with amino acids and keto acids.", "content": "Branched-chain keto acid decarboxylase activity in skin fibroblasts from control subjects and from patients with classical and variant forms of maple syrup urine disease (MSUD) was measured with leucine and alpha-ketoisocaproic acid. When the keto acid was used as substrate in high concentrations (more than 5 mM), the three groups overlapped extensively, even classical cases of MSUD exhibiting decarboxylase activity. With leucine as substrate, decarboxylase activity plateaued at about 1.5 mM, and the three groups could be clearly differentiated. Classical cases of MSUD had minimal or no decarboxylase activity.", "contents": "Maple syrup urine disease: branched-chain keto acid decarboxylation in fibroblasts as measured with amino acids and keto acids. Branched-chain keto acid decarboxylase activity in skin fibroblasts from control subjects and from patients with classical and variant forms of maple syrup urine disease (MSUD) was measured with leucine and alpha-ketoisocaproic acid. When the keto acid was used as substrate in high concentrations (more than 5 mM), the three groups overlapped extensively, even classical cases of MSUD exhibiting decarboxylase activity. With leucine as substrate, decarboxylase activity plateaued at about 1.5 mM, and the three groups could be clearly differentiated. Classical cases of MSUD had minimal or no decarboxylase activity."}
{"id": "PMID:868874", "title": "Polymorphisms of the haptoglobin peptide chains in Pyrenean populations.", "content": "This study has analyzed the haptoglobin genotype frequencies in over 900 samples from populations living on the Northern slopes of the Pyrenees. The results emphasize the importance of systematically determining the frequencies of the Hp1S, Hp1F, Hp2SS, Hp2FF, Hp2FS alleles. Hp1S was the predominant allele, the HpIS/Hp1 distribution varying between .5 and .69 as in most European populations. Hp2 alleles were observed in low frequency with differences in geographically distinct samples. Pyrenean populations in the western zones (Basques and Baronnies) were found to contain the Hp2FF allele while those in eastern regions, the Hp2SS allele. We have speculated that Hp2SS is as old as the Hp2FF, arising from southern Mediterranean areas, and suggest that Pyrenean groups have different origins.", "contents": "Polymorphisms of the haptoglobin peptide chains in Pyrenean populations. This study has analyzed the haptoglobin genotype frequencies in over 900 samples from populations living on the Northern slopes of the Pyrenees. The results emphasize the importance of systematically determining the frequencies of the Hp1S, Hp1F, Hp2SS, Hp2FF, Hp2FS alleles. Hp1S was the predominant allele, the HpIS/Hp1 distribution varying between .5 and .69 as in most European populations. Hp2 alleles were observed in low frequency with differences in geographically distinct samples. Pyrenean populations in the western zones (Basques and Baronnies) were found to contain the Hp2FF allele while those in eastern regions, the Hp2SS allele. We have speculated that Hp2SS is as old as the Hp2FF, arising from southern Mediterranean areas, and suggest that Pyrenean groups have different origins."}
{"id": "PMID:868875", "title": "Characterization of a variant of beta-hexosaminidase: \"hexosaminidase Paris\".", "content": "A family (father and daughter) was found with a deficiency of hexosaminidase (HEX A and HEX B). Residual HEX A activity was about 30% of usual heterozygotes with very little HEX B activity. Thermostability of HEX A was decreased. No immunological cross reacting material was found for HEX A or B. The mechanism seems to be the production of abnormal, unstable beta subunits, which are still capable of combining with alpha subunits to form functional HEX A.", "contents": "Characterization of a variant of beta-hexosaminidase: \"hexosaminidase Paris\". A family (father and daughter) was found with a deficiency of hexosaminidase (HEX A and HEX B). Residual HEX A activity was about 30% of usual heterozygotes with very little HEX B activity. Thermostability of HEX A was decreased. No immunological cross reacting material was found for HEX A or B. The mechanism seems to be the production of abnormal, unstable beta subunits, which are still capable of combining with alpha subunits to form functional HEX A."}
{"id": "PMID:868876", "title": "The origin and behavior of two isodicentric bisatellited chromosomes.", "content": "Karyotyping revealed three cell lines in a boy with mental retardation and few other abnormalities. Thirty cells exhibited a normal karyotype, and 54 had an extra acrocentric chromosome of E group size with satellites on the long and short arms. The remaining 20 cells each had, in addition to the first marker (M1), a second tiny bisatellited chromosome (M2). C-banding demonstrated that both markers were dicentric. G-, C-, and Q-banding and satellite association data were consistent with the markers having originated from chromosome 15 material. We propose that M1 was formed from a meiotic breakage and a chromatid fusion in the proximal long arms of an acrocentric pair. This would have produced a symmetrical isodicentric chromosomes, plus one or two acentric fragments. M2 then could have resulted from a dicentric bridge-break-synthesis-reunion phenomenon. This model of abnormal meiotic exchange can be generalized to encompass the formation of other dicentric isochromosome cases of isochromosome X.", "contents": "The origin and behavior of two isodicentric bisatellited chromosomes. Karyotyping revealed three cell lines in a boy with mental retardation and few other abnormalities. Thirty cells exhibited a normal karyotype, and 54 had an extra acrocentric chromosome of E group size with satellites on the long and short arms. The remaining 20 cells each had, in addition to the first marker (M1), a second tiny bisatellited chromosome (M2). C-banding demonstrated that both markers were dicentric. G-, C-, and Q-banding and satellite association data were consistent with the markers having originated from chromosome 15 material. We propose that M1 was formed from a meiotic breakage and a chromatid fusion in the proximal long arms of an acrocentric pair. This would have produced a symmetrical isodicentric chromosomes, plus one or two acentric fragments. M2 then could have resulted from a dicentric bridge-break-synthesis-reunion phenomenon. This model of abnormal meiotic exchange can be generalized to encompass the formation of other dicentric isochromosome cases of isochromosome X."}
{"id": "PMID:868882", "title": "The battle over blood collection.", "content": "The struggle for control of this nation's life-giving blood resources was, up until five years ago, largely a private affair between representative organizations of the blood collectors. The system that emerged from that struggle was declared unhealthy by several experts who complained that blood was too often unsafe or unavailable. Then in 1972 the government, predominantly the federal government, responded to public pressure and joined the fray. This Comment examines some legal, political, and policy aspects of the battle over blood collection--a battle from which no stable guiding force has yet evolved.", "contents": "The battle over blood collection. The struggle for control of this nation's life-giving blood resources was, up until five years ago, largely a private affair between representative organizations of the blood collectors. The system that emerged from that struggle was declared unhealthy by several experts who complained that blood was too often unsafe or unavailable. Then in 1972 the government, predominantly the federal government, responded to public pressure and joined the fray. This Comment examines some legal, political, and policy aspects of the battle over blood collection--a battle from which no stable guiding force has yet evolved."}
{"id": "PMID:868888", "title": "Comprehensive pharmaceutical services in an 85-bed hospital: a one-year evaluation.", "content": "The economics of a comprehensive pharmaceutical service in a small hospital was evaluated. The pharmacy program includes total unit dose drug distribution, centralized compounding of intravenous admixtures, and clinical involvement. Data were collected for two fiscal years prior to the development of formal pharmaceutical services (FY 72-73 and FY 73-74), the fiscal year during the implementation phase (FY 74-75) and the fiscal year following full development (FY 75-76). The total cost of the pharmaceutical services for FY 75-76 was $5.66 per patient day, a 106% increase over the previous year. The revenue per patient day in FY 75-76 was $7.77, a 72% increase over FY 74-75. Inventory costs decreased during and after implementation of comprehensive pharmaceutical services. The evaluation emphasizes the need for assessing pharmacy programs as an integrated system representative of the service of pharmacy. The need for an equitable method of third party payment for pharmaceutical services is discussed.", "contents": "Comprehensive pharmaceutical services in an 85-bed hospital: a one-year evaluation. The economics of a comprehensive pharmaceutical service in a small hospital was evaluated. The pharmacy program includes total unit dose drug distribution, centralized compounding of intravenous admixtures, and clinical involvement. Data were collected for two fiscal years prior to the development of formal pharmaceutical services (FY 72-73 and FY 73-74), the fiscal year during the implementation phase (FY 74-75) and the fiscal year following full development (FY 75-76). The total cost of the pharmaceutical services for FY 75-76 was $5.66 per patient day, a 106% increase over the previous year. The revenue per patient day in FY 75-76 was $7.77, a 72% increase over FY 74-75. Inventory costs decreased during and after implementation of comprehensive pharmaceutical services. The evaluation emphasizes the need for assessing pharmacy programs as an integrated system representative of the service of pharmacy. The need for an equitable method of third party payment for pharmaceutical services is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:868889", "title": "Pharmacist's role in loss and grief.", "content": "The role of the pharmacist in helping to guide the patient and his family through the grief and bereavement process of death is described. The somatic and psychological components of grief and the five psychological stages of dying--denial and isolation, anger, bargaining, depression, and acceptance--are discussed. The pharmacist's role is one of understanding, tolerance and empathy for the dying patient and his family.", "contents": "Pharmacist's role in loss and grief. The role of the pharmacist in helping to guide the patient and his family through the grief and bereavement process of death is described. The somatic and psychological components of grief and the five psychological stages of dying--denial and isolation, anger, bargaining, depression, and acceptance--are discussed. The pharmacist's role is one of understanding, tolerance and empathy for the dying patient and his family."}
{"id": "PMID:868890", "title": "Drug interference with the Schack and Waxler plasma theophylline assay.", "content": "Drug-induced modification of the spectrophotometric theophylline plasma measurement was investigated in vitro using 14 drugs which coextract with theophylline and absorb ultraviolet light in the same wavelength region. Plasma samples spiked with 15 microng/ml theophylline and other potentially interfering drugs in therapeutic concentrations were analyzed according to the Schack and Waxler procedure. The absorbance of the alkalinized aqueous layer was read on a scanning spectrophotometer at 275 and 310 nm. Allopurinol, caffeine, phenobarbital, ampicillin and phenytoin did not appear to interfere with the measurement of theophylline. In contrast, furosemide, sulfathiazole, phenylbutazone, probenecid and theobromine produced potentially clinically significant false positive elevations of the theophylline plasma concentration. Warfarin, bishydroxycoumarin and salicylic acid produced an underestimation in the theophylline plasma concentration. The Schack and Waxler sectrophotometric method of measuring theophylline plasma concentration should be used with caution when patients are taking drugs which are weak acids which absorb in the 250-350 nm range.", "contents": "Drug interference with the Schack and Waxler plasma theophylline assay. Drug-induced modification of the spectrophotometric theophylline plasma measurement was investigated in vitro using 14 drugs which coextract with theophylline and absorb ultraviolet light in the same wavelength region. Plasma samples spiked with 15 microng/ml theophylline and other potentially interfering drugs in therapeutic concentrations were analyzed according to the Schack and Waxler procedure. The absorbance of the alkalinized aqueous layer was read on a scanning spectrophotometer at 275 and 310 nm. Allopurinol, caffeine, phenobarbital, ampicillin and phenytoin did not appear to interfere with the measurement of theophylline. In contrast, furosemide, sulfathiazole, phenylbutazone, probenecid and theobromine produced potentially clinically significant false positive elevations of the theophylline plasma concentration. Warfarin, bishydroxycoumarin and salicylic acid produced an underestimation in the theophylline plasma concentration. The Schack and Waxler sectrophotometric method of measuring theophylline plasma concentration should be used with caution when patients are taking drugs which are weak acids which absorb in the 250-350 nm range."}
{"id": "PMID:868892", "title": "Effect of NLRB rulings on collective bargaining by hospital pharmacists.", "content": "The implications for hospital pharmacists of recent National Labor Relations Board (NLRB) rulings are discussed. The history of hospital coverage under federal labor laws is reviewed, including the removal of the exemption of nonprofit hospitals from the Taft-Hartley Act in 1974. Also discussed is the ruling of the NLRB in the case of Mercy Hospitals of Sacramento wherein appropriate bargaining units of hospital workers were defined. Finally, the question of exclusive bargaining units for hospital pharmacists, as addressed in NLRB rulings in the Kaiser Foundation Hospitals and San Jose Hospital and Medical Center cases, is reviewed. Apparently, the NLRB did not rule in favor of exclusive hospital pharmacist units primarily because of an insufficient history of such units. Although there are inconsistencies in the NLRB's rulings in Mercy Hospitals and San Jose, it is unlikely that the policy expressed in these cases will be changed in the near future.", "contents": "Effect of NLRB rulings on collective bargaining by hospital pharmacists. The implications for hospital pharmacists of recent National Labor Relations Board (NLRB) rulings are discussed. The history of hospital coverage under federal labor laws is reviewed, including the removal of the exemption of nonprofit hospitals from the Taft-Hartley Act in 1974. Also discussed is the ruling of the NLRB in the case of Mercy Hospitals of Sacramento wherein appropriate bargaining units of hospital workers were defined. Finally, the question of exclusive bargaining units for hospital pharmacists, as addressed in NLRB rulings in the Kaiser Foundation Hospitals and San Jose Hospital and Medical Center cases, is reviewed. Apparently, the NLRB did not rule in favor of exclusive hospital pharmacist units primarily because of an insufficient history of such units. Although there are inconsistencies in the NLRB's rulings in Mercy Hospitals and San Jose, it is unlikely that the policy expressed in these cases will be changed in the near future."}
{"id": "PMID:868891", "title": "Absolute bioavailability of oral theophylline.", "content": "The absolute bioavailability of theophylline was investigated by comparing the areas under concentration-time curves for intravenous theophylline with a plain uncoated anhydrous theophylline tablet and a theophylline solution. Twenty asthmatic adults received approximately 7.5 mg/kg theophylline intravenously over 30 minutes; either seven days before or after the i.v. dose, 10 of these patients received tablets and the remainder solution in a similar dose. Blood samples were obtained at 0, 10, 20, 30, 45, 60, 90, 120, 180 and 240 minutes and then every two hours for at least 12 hours. Theophylline concentration was measured in serum by high-pressure cation exchange chromatography. The fraction of the dose absorbed averaged 0.96 +/- 0.03 for the tablet while the value for the solution was 0.99 +/- 0.02. The time of peak absorption averaged 2 +/- 0.3 hours for the tablets and 1.4 +/- 0.3 hours for the solution. The maximum serum concentration attained was 15.3 +/- 0.7 microng/ml after a dose of 7.6 +/- 0.4 mg/kg of the tablet, and 14.6 +/- 0.6 microng/ml after a dose of 7.3 +/- 0.2 mg/kg of the solution. Absorption of the tested theophylline tablets and solution approached 100% of the available drug.", "contents": "Absolute bioavailability of oral theophylline. The absolute bioavailability of theophylline was investigated by comparing the areas under concentration-time curves for intravenous theophylline with a plain uncoated anhydrous theophylline tablet and a theophylline solution. Twenty asthmatic adults received approximately 7.5 mg/kg theophylline intravenously over 30 minutes; either seven days before or after the i.v. dose, 10 of these patients received tablets and the remainder solution in a similar dose. Blood samples were obtained at 0, 10, 20, 30, 45, 60, 90, 120, 180 and 240 minutes and then every two hours for at least 12 hours. Theophylline concentration was measured in serum by high-pressure cation exchange chromatography. The fraction of the dose absorbed averaged 0.96 +/- 0.03 for the tablet while the value for the solution was 0.99 +/- 0.02. The time of peak absorption averaged 2 +/- 0.3 hours for the tablets and 1.4 +/- 0.3 hours for the solution. The maximum serum concentration attained was 15.3 +/- 0.7 microng/ml after a dose of 7.6 +/- 0.4 mg/kg of the tablet, and 14.6 +/- 0.6 microng/ml after a dose of 7.3 +/- 0.2 mg/kg of the solution. Absorption of the tested theophylline tablets and solution approached 100% of the available drug."}
{"id": "PMID:868893", "title": "Principles of echocardiography.", "content": "Echocardiography is basically a diagnostic procedure whereby images of the heart are produced using ultrasound. It can be considered a natural means of sensing one's environment in that this basic technic is used by several animals as sonar. The manner in which the images are created is in many ways similar to light. With the standard M-mode examination one obtains a one-dimensional view of the heart whereby distance is plotted against time on a strip chart recorder. Cross-sectional or two-dimensional echocardiography plots distance against distance, and one more accurately recreates a spatially oriented heart on either movie film or videotape. All the availability information thus far indicates that echocardiography offers very little, if any, hazard to the patient.", "contents": "Principles of echocardiography. Echocardiography is basically a diagnostic procedure whereby images of the heart are produced using ultrasound. It can be considered a natural means of sensing one's environment in that this basic technic is used by several animals as sonar. The manner in which the images are created is in many ways similar to light. With the standard M-mode examination one obtains a one-dimensional view of the heart whereby distance is plotted against time on a strip chart recorder. Cross-sectional or two-dimensional echocardiography plots distance against distance, and one more accurately recreates a spatially oriented heart on either movie film or videotape. All the availability information thus far indicates that echocardiography offers very little, if any, hazard to the patient."}
{"id": "PMID:868894", "title": "Echocardiographic evaluation of patients with mitral stenosis.", "content": "Since the introduction of ultrasound technics to study the heart, echocardiographic evaluation of the mitral valve has become the most sensitive and specific noninvasive method for diagnosing mitral stenosis. Identification of the anterior mitral leaflet and the reduction of its velocity of motion was the first clinical application of M-mode echocardiography. Although simultaneous visualization of both mitral leaflets aids in the diagnosis of mitral stenosis, quantitation was not achieved until real-time imaging systems were developed to produce cross-sectional images of the mitral orifice. Currently, M-mode echocardiography remains the technic of choice for routinely diagnosing mitral stenosis. It is also useful in confirming mitral stenosis when associated abnormalities, such as aortic regurgitation, are present. Mitral orifice area is best determined with cross-sectional (two-dimensional) imaging systems. This method correlates well with hemodynamic parameters. Both methods offer the clinician serial evaluation before and after operative intervention.", "contents": "Echocardiographic evaluation of patients with mitral stenosis. Since the introduction of ultrasound technics to study the heart, echocardiographic evaluation of the mitral valve has become the most sensitive and specific noninvasive method for diagnosing mitral stenosis. Identification of the anterior mitral leaflet and the reduction of its velocity of motion was the first clinical application of M-mode echocardiography. Although simultaneous visualization of both mitral leaflets aids in the diagnosis of mitral stenosis, quantitation was not achieved until real-time imaging systems were developed to produce cross-sectional images of the mitral orifice. Currently, M-mode echocardiography remains the technic of choice for routinely diagnosing mitral stenosis. It is also useful in confirming mitral stenosis when associated abnormalities, such as aortic regurgitation, are present. Mitral orifice area is best determined with cross-sectional (two-dimensional) imaging systems. This method correlates well with hemodynamic parameters. Both methods offer the clinician serial evaluation before and after operative intervention."}
{"id": "PMID:868895", "title": "Echocardiographic identification of the mitral valve prolapse syndrome.", "content": "The data presented herein would indicate that mitral valve prolapse may be represented by a variable spectrum of abnormalities on the echocardiogram. Utilizing all the abnormalities described, echographic evidence of mitral valve prolapse may be detected in most patients with this disorder. However, evidence of mitral valve prolapse may also be observed in a large contingent of asymptomatic patients without other clinical manifestations of cardiac disease. The biologic significance of these echographic abnormalities remains uncertain and constitutes an important area for future investigation.", "contents": "Echocardiographic identification of the mitral valve prolapse syndrome. The data presented herein would indicate that mitral valve prolapse may be represented by a variable spectrum of abnormalities on the echocardiogram. Utilizing all the abnormalities described, echographic evidence of mitral valve prolapse may be detected in most patients with this disorder. However, evidence of mitral valve prolapse may also be observed in a large contingent of asymptomatic patients without other clinical manifestations of cardiac disease. The biologic significance of these echographic abnormalities remains uncertain and constitutes an important area for future investigation."}
{"id": "PMID:868896", "title": "Echocardiography of the aortic root.", "content": "The anterior and posterior walls of the aortic root are recognized as a pair of parallel linear signals which move anteriorly in systole and posteriorly in diastole. Valve cusps appear as thin lines which move briskly toward the periphery of the aortic lumen in systole and coapt in the middle in diastole producing a box-like configuration. Cusp calcification results in the appearance of multiple, linear echoes within the aortic root. Mild aortic stenosis is characterized by lightly calcified leaflets whereas heavy calcification, which completely obscures cusp motion, signifies severe stenosis. Aortic aneurysms produce significant enlargement of the aortic root image; marked widening of the aortic walls indicates the presence of aortic root dissection, but there are important limitations and pitfalls in the diagnosis of this condition. A markedly eccentric diastolic cusp position within the aortic lumen resulting in asymmetric images of the leaflets in systole is the hallmark of a bicuspid aortic valve. An abrupt premature closure of the valve leaflets in early systole is typical of subaortic membranous stenosis. In tetralogy of Fallot the aortic root is dilated and overrides the ventricular septum.", "contents": "Echocardiography of the aortic root. The anterior and posterior walls of the aortic root are recognized as a pair of parallel linear signals which move anteriorly in systole and posteriorly in diastole. Valve cusps appear as thin lines which move briskly toward the periphery of the aortic lumen in systole and coapt in the middle in diastole producing a box-like configuration. Cusp calcification results in the appearance of multiple, linear echoes within the aortic root. Mild aortic stenosis is characterized by lightly calcified leaflets whereas heavy calcification, which completely obscures cusp motion, signifies severe stenosis. Aortic aneurysms produce significant enlargement of the aortic root image; marked widening of the aortic walls indicates the presence of aortic root dissection, but there are important limitations and pitfalls in the diagnosis of this condition. A markedly eccentric diastolic cusp position within the aortic lumen resulting in asymmetric images of the leaflets in systole is the hallmark of a bicuspid aortic valve. An abrupt premature closure of the valve leaflets in early systole is typical of subaortic membranous stenosis. In tetralogy of Fallot the aortic root is dilated and overrides the ventricular septum."}
{"id": "PMID:868897", "title": "Pulmonary valve echo motion in clinical practice.", "content": "Examination of the pattern of pulmonary valve echo motion provides useful diagnostic information in a variety of clinical situations. This report describes the normal patterns and variations in pulmonary valve echo motion. It further discusses the applications and  limitations of M-mode and cross-sectional echocardiography in detecting obstruction to right ventricular outflow at both the valvular and infundibular level; the wide ranging effects of increases in pulmonary artery pressure on the pulmonary valve echogram; and alterations in right ventricular compliance and volume which may combine to produce diastolic opening of the pulmonary valve. It is emphasized that the thin pliable pulmonary leaflets move in response to local alterations in pressure and flow. The patterns of pulmonary valve echo motion, therefore, although not specific for any particular clinical disorder, may provide valuable, indirect information concerning local pressure and flow characteristics and, as such, may prove extremely helpful when applied to a specific clinical situation.", "contents": "Pulmonary valve echo motion in clinical practice. Examination of the pattern of pulmonary valve echo motion provides useful diagnostic information in a variety of clinical situations. This report describes the normal patterns and variations in pulmonary valve echo motion. It further discusses the applications and  limitations of M-mode and cross-sectional echocardiography in detecting obstruction to right ventricular outflow at both the valvular and infundibular level; the wide ranging effects of increases in pulmonary artery pressure on the pulmonary valve echogram; and alterations in right ventricular compliance and volume which may combine to produce diastolic opening of the pulmonary valve. It is emphasized that the thin pliable pulmonary leaflets move in response to local alterations in pressure and flow. The patterns of pulmonary valve echo motion, therefore, although not specific for any particular clinical disorder, may provide valuable, indirect information concerning local pressure and flow characteristics and, as such, may prove extremely helpful when applied to a specific clinical situation."}
{"id": "PMID:868898", "title": "Echocardiography in valvular vegetations.", "content": "Echocardiography represents the only noninvasive technic available for detecting vegetations. In fact, the technic is more sensitive in indentifying these lesions than even angiography. The invasive examination is only capable of detecting very large valvular vegetations. Although echocardiography frequently discloses no abnormalities in patients with clinically suspected or proved bacterial endocarditis, the presence of vegetations can be very helpful in the management of these patients. In addition to identifying vegetations echocardiography can be of great assistance in demonstrating disruption of the affected valve and in identifying that valve which might require surgical replacement.", "contents": "Echocardiography in valvular vegetations. Echocardiography represents the only noninvasive technic available for detecting vegetations. In fact, the technic is more sensitive in indentifying these lesions than even angiography. The invasive examination is only capable of detecting very large valvular vegetations. Although echocardiography frequently discloses no abnormalities in patients with clinically suspected or proved bacterial endocarditis, the presence of vegetations can be very helpful in the management of these patients. In addition to identifying vegetations echocardiography can be of great assistance in demonstrating disruption of the affected valve and in identifying that valve which might require surgical replacement."}
{"id": "PMID:868900", "title": "Mechanisms of resistance to aminoglycosides.", "content": "Bacterial resistance to aminoglycoside antibiotics occurs by a variety of mechanisms. In clinical situations the most common mechanism is plasmid-determined modification of the drug that leads to a block of transport of the antibiotic into the cell. Amikacin, a semisynthetic aminoglycoside, is effective against a number of resistant strains because it has fewer sites of modification.", "contents": "Mechanisms of resistance to aminoglycosides. Bacterial resistance to aminoglycoside antibiotics occurs by a variety of mechanisms. In clinical situations the most common mechanism is plasmid-determined modification of the drug that leads to a block of transport of the antibiotic into the cell. Amikacin, a semisynthetic aminoglycoside, is effective against a number of resistant strains because it has fewer sites of modification."}
{"id": "PMID:868901", "title": "Resistance to gentamicin, tobramycin and amikacin among clinical isolates of bacteria.", "content": "Susceptibility to the administration of gentamicin, tobramycin and amikacin was determined for all isolates of aerobic and facultative gram-negative bacilli submitted for testing to the clinical bacteriology laboratory of the Massachusetts General Hospital between July 1, 1974, and June 30, 1976. In this 24-month period more than 46,000 isolates of bacteria were tested by the single-disc diffusion (Bauer-Kirby) method. Resistance to one or more of the aforementioned aminoglycosidic aminocyclitol antibiotics was found among 4,114 stains. Correlation with quantitative susceptibility test methods revealed that disc-diffusion methods using 10 microng discs accurately predicted resistance to gentamicin and tobramycin, but overestimated the prevalence of resistance to amikacin by 20 to 60%. Most of the gentamicin-resistant Enterobacteriaceae in this study were also cross-resistant to tobramycin but were susceptible to amikacin. Many gentamicin-resistant strains of Ps. aeruginosa were susceptible to both tobramycin and amikacin. Resistance to amikacin tended to be of relatively low magnitude (most had minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC's) between 31 and 125 microng/ml), but organisms which were resistant to the administration of amikacin were usually resistant to the other two aminoglycosidic antibiotics as well.", "contents": "Resistance to gentamicin, tobramycin and amikacin among clinical isolates of bacteria. Susceptibility to the administration of gentamicin, tobramycin and amikacin was determined for all isolates of aerobic and facultative gram-negative bacilli submitted for testing to the clinical bacteriology laboratory of the Massachusetts General Hospital between July 1, 1974, and June 30, 1976. In this 24-month period more than 46,000 isolates of bacteria were tested by the single-disc diffusion (Bauer-Kirby) method. Resistance to one or more of the aforementioned aminoglycosidic aminocyclitol antibiotics was found among 4,114 stains. Correlation with quantitative susceptibility test methods revealed that disc-diffusion methods using 10 microng discs accurately predicted resistance to gentamicin and tobramycin, but overestimated the prevalence of resistance to amikacin by 20 to 60%. Most of the gentamicin-resistant Enterobacteriaceae in this study were also cross-resistant to tobramycin but were susceptible to amikacin. Many gentamicin-resistant strains of Ps. aeruginosa were susceptible to both tobramycin and amikacin. Resistance to amikacin tended to be of relatively low magnitude (most had minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC's) between 31 and 125 microng/ml), but organisms which were resistant to the administration of amikacin were usually resistant to the other two aminoglycosidic antibiotics as well."}
{"id": "PMID:868903", "title": "Treatment of hospita-acquired infections with amikacin.", "content": "Amikacin was used in the treatment of 56 serious gram-negative infections in 54 patients of whom 47 survived. In six of the seven nonsurvivors, the infections were under control at the time of death. The clinical isolates were multiple drug-resistant gram-negative organisms, with Proteus rettgeri being most common. Forty-five (80%) of these infections were nosocomial in origin, and the genitourinary tract was the source in 39 (70%). Complications directly related to amikacin therapy were few and suggested renal or otologic toxicity. In this series of patients, amikacin appeared to be of therapeutic benefit in the treatment of serious gram-negative infections.", "contents": "Treatment of hospita-acquired infections with amikacin. Amikacin was used in the treatment of 56 serious gram-negative infections in 54 patients of whom 47 survived. In six of the seven nonsurvivors, the infections were under control at the time of death. The clinical isolates were multiple drug-resistant gram-negative organisms, with Proteus rettgeri being most common. Forty-five (80%) of these infections were nosocomial in origin, and the genitourinary tract was the source in 39 (70%). Complications directly related to amikacin therapy were few and suggested renal or otologic toxicity. In this series of patients, amikacin appeared to be of therapeutic benefit in the treatment of serious gram-negative infections."}
{"id": "PMID:868906", "title": "Comparative clinical studies of ototoxicity and nephrotoxicity of amikacin and gentamicin.", "content": "A comparative study of the oto- and nephrotoxicity of amikacin and gentamicin was carried out prospectively. Twenty-six gentamicin-treated patients and 27 amikacin-treated patients were monitored for changes in auditory and renal function during and after therapy. Thirteen of those treated with gentamicin and 20 of those treated with amikacin underwent vestibular caloric testing which could be evaluated for evidence of toxicity. In four (15.4%) of the gentamicin-treated patients, nephrotoxicity developed; no such toxicity was seen in the amikacin-treated patients. This difference may have been due to a fortuitously higher incidence of pretreatment renal impairment in the gentamicin-treated group. In two gentamicin-treated patients (7.7%), ototoxicity developed (one auditory, one vestibular), and in two amikacin-treated patients (7.4%), auditory toxicity developed. Statistical analysis of oto- and nephrotoxicity and their risk factors was not attempted because of the small numbers of patients who could be evaluated. Additional patients are being studied.", "contents": "Comparative clinical studies of ototoxicity and nephrotoxicity of amikacin and gentamicin. A comparative study of the oto- and nephrotoxicity of amikacin and gentamicin was carried out prospectively. Twenty-six gentamicin-treated patients and 27 amikacin-treated patients were monitored for changes in auditory and renal function during and after therapy. Thirteen of those treated with gentamicin and 20 of those treated with amikacin underwent vestibular caloric testing which could be evaluated for evidence of toxicity. In four (15.4%) of the gentamicin-treated patients, nephrotoxicity developed; no such toxicity was seen in the amikacin-treated patients. This difference may have been due to a fortuitously higher incidence of pretreatment renal impairment in the gentamicin-treated group. In two gentamicin-treated patients (7.7%), ototoxicity developed (one auditory, one vestibular), and in two amikacin-treated patients (7.4%), auditory toxicity developed. Statistical analysis of oto- and nephrotoxicity and their risk factors was not attempted because of the small numbers of patients who could be evaluated. Additional patients are being studied."}
{"id": "PMID:868908", "title": "Amikacin therapy for gram-negative septicemia.", "content": "Amikacin was administered to 18 patients with gram-negative septicemia. Ten of the patients had blood culture isolates highly resistant to gentamicin; six of these patients had persistent bacteremia while receiving gentamicin alone or in combination with other agents. Fourteen of the 18 patients were cured with amikacin therapy and adjunctive measures. Nine of the 10 patients with gentamicin-resistant pathogens were cured. The occurrence of nephrotoxicity in four patients with elevated amikacin serum levels and serious underlying disease indicates the desirability of monitoring serum amikacin levels. Minor ototoxicity occurred in two patients and was associated with prolonged therapy and high serum amikacin levels. Amikacin is a highly effective agent for treating patients with gram-negative bacteremia; it is the agent of choice in the therapy of patients with suspected or documented gram-negative bacteremia caused by pathogens resistant to gentamicin and susceptible to amikacin.", "contents": "Amikacin therapy for gram-negative septicemia. Amikacin was administered to 18 patients with gram-negative septicemia. Ten of the patients had blood culture isolates highly resistant to gentamicin; six of these patients had persistent bacteremia while receiving gentamicin alone or in combination with other agents. Fourteen of the 18 patients were cured with amikacin therapy and adjunctive measures. Nine of the 10 patients with gentamicin-resistant pathogens were cured. The occurrence of nephrotoxicity in four patients with elevated amikacin serum levels and serious underlying disease indicates the desirability of monitoring serum amikacin levels. Minor ototoxicity occurred in two patients and was associated with prolonged therapy and high serum amikacin levels. Amikacin is a highly effective agent for treating patients with gram-negative bacteremia; it is the agent of choice in the therapy of patients with suspected or documented gram-negative bacteremia caused by pathogens resistant to gentamicin and susceptible to amikacin."}
{"id": "PMID:868909", "title": "Amikacin therapy of gram-negative bacteremia.", "content": "Treatment with amikacin was evaluated in 15 patients with gram-negative bacteremia. The sources of sepsis were urinary tract (in six patients), abdomen (in five) and miscellaneous sites (in four). Sixteen bacterial pathogens were recovered, including three gentamicin-resistant organisms. All isolates were susceptible to amikacin. Eleven of the 14 patients who could be evaluated fulfilled the criteria for cure, including the three patients with gentamicin-resistant organisms. Three patients failed to respond to amikacin therapy. Monitoring untoward effects revealed eighth nerve toxicity in one patient and nephrotoxicity in one patient. These results indicate that amikacin is effective in the treatment of patients with gram-negative bacteremia, even when caused by gentamicin-resistant bacteria.", "contents": "Amikacin therapy of gram-negative bacteremia. Treatment with amikacin was evaluated in 15 patients with gram-negative bacteremia. The sources of sepsis were urinary tract (in six patients), abdomen (in five) and miscellaneous sites (in four). Sixteen bacterial pathogens were recovered, including three gentamicin-resistant organisms. All isolates were susceptible to amikacin. Eleven of the 14 patients who could be evaluated fulfilled the criteria for cure, including the three patients with gentamicin-resistant organisms. Three patients failed to respond to amikacin therapy. Monitoring untoward effects revealed eighth nerve toxicity in one patient and nephrotoxicity in one patient. These results indicate that amikacin is effective in the treatment of patients with gram-negative bacteremia, even when caused by gentamicin-resistant bacteria."}
{"id": "PMID:868910", "title": "Review of 152 patients with bacteremias treated with amikacin.", "content": "The efficacy of amikacin treatment of 152 patients with bacteremia was reviewed from case reports submitted by 53 investigators. Eighty-one per cent of these patients had a favorable outcome; 73% were cured and 8% partially cured. Analysis of the 29 treatment failures revealed that the majority (21) were in patients with either pneumonia, leukemia or mixed aerobic-anaerobic infections. Forty-five patients were infected with gentamicin-resistant organisms; 66% of these patients were cured following amikacin therapy, and 14% had a partial cure. These results indicate that amikacin is effective in the therapy of gram-negative bacteremia, even in  seriously ill patients with gentamicin-resistant pathogens.", "contents": "Review of 152 patients with bacteremias treated with amikacin. The efficacy of amikacin treatment of 152 patients with bacteremia was reviewed from case reports submitted by 53 investigators. Eighty-one per cent of these patients had a favorable outcome; 73% were cured and 8% partially cured. Analysis of the 29 treatment failures revealed that the majority (21) were in patients with either pneumonia, leukemia or mixed aerobic-anaerobic infections. Forty-five patients were infected with gentamicin-resistant organisms; 66% of these patients were cured following amikacin therapy, and 14% had a partial cure. These results indicate that amikacin is effective in the therapy of gram-negative bacteremia, even in  seriously ill patients with gentamicin-resistant pathogens."}
{"id": "PMID:868911", "title": "Amikacin treatment of pulmonary infections involving gentamicin-resistant gram-negative bacilli.", "content": "Twelve patients with pulmonary infections presumably involving gentamicin-resistant gram-negative bacilli were evaluated for their response to amikacin therapy. All patients had hospital-acquired infections for which they had been previously treated and were considered therapeutic failures with gentamicin or tobramycin. Assessment of response to amikacin therapy showed objective evidence of clinical improvement in 11. The gentamicin-resistant organism was eradicated in nine patients although, in the majority, other gram-negative bacilli persisted in respiratory tract secretions both during and after treatment. There was one clinical failure.", "contents": "Amikacin treatment of pulmonary infections involving gentamicin-resistant gram-negative bacilli. Twelve patients with pulmonary infections presumably involving gentamicin-resistant gram-negative bacilli were evaluated for their response to amikacin therapy. All patients had hospital-acquired infections for which they had been previously treated and were considered therapeutic failures with gentamicin or tobramycin. Assessment of response to amikacin therapy showed objective evidence of clinical improvement in 11. The gentamicin-resistant organism was eradicated in nine patients although, in the majority, other gram-negative bacilli persisted in respiratory tract secretions both during and after treatment. There was one clinical failure."}
{"id": "PMID:868912", "title": "Amikacin in the treatment of gram-negative pneumonia.", "content": "A clinical efficacy study of amikacin in the treatment of 15 adults with nonbacteremic, gram-negative bacillary pneumonia is presented. All patients had serious underlying illnesses (11 organic heart disease, five chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, one cancer); 11 had undergone major surgical procedures. All had required respiratory assistance during their hospitalization and all had recently received other antibiotics. Thirteen of 15 patients showed clinical improvement with amikacin therapy; the pathogen was also eradicated in 10 of the 13. The mean minimum inhibitory concentration of amikacin for the 17 isolated pathogens was 3.13 microng/ml. The mean peak serum concentration of amikacin was 17.7 microng/ml. No evidence of ototoxicity or nephrotoxicity was seen. Seventy-three case reports submitted to the manufacturer by multiple investigators of patients with gram-negative pneumonia, treated with amikacin, are also reviewed. All isolated pathogens were sensitive to both amikacin and gentamicin. Fifty-four (74%) of these patients showed improvement with amikacin therapy.", "contents": "Amikacin in the treatment of gram-negative pneumonia. A clinical efficacy study of amikacin in the treatment of 15 adults with nonbacteremic, gram-negative bacillary pneumonia is presented. All patients had serious underlying illnesses (11 organic heart disease, five chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, one cancer); 11 had undergone major surgical procedures. All had required respiratory assistance during their hospitalization and all had recently received other antibiotics. Thirteen of 15 patients showed clinical improvement with amikacin therapy; the pathogen was also eradicated in 10 of the 13. The mean minimum inhibitory concentration of amikacin for the 17 isolated pathogens was 3.13 microng/ml. The mean peak serum concentration of amikacin was 17.7 microng/ml. No evidence of ototoxicity or nephrotoxicity was seen. Seventy-three case reports submitted to the manufacturer by multiple investigators of patients with gram-negative pneumonia, treated with amikacin, are also reviewed. All isolated pathogens were sensitive to both amikacin and gentamicin. Fifty-four (74%) of these patients showed improvement with amikacin therapy."}
{"id": "PMID:868914", "title": "Pathogenic carrier rate in diabetes mellitus.", "content": "Thirty patients with diabetes mellitus were compared in terms of carrier rate of four pathogens to a group of matched controls. The diabetics were found to have a significantly increased carrier rate (p less than 0.005). When the blood glucose level was used as an indicator of control an increased rate was found in those with the poorest control (p less than 0.0005). An increased carriage of Candida albicans might be attributed to hypovitaminosis A and its effect on mucous membranes and the skin. Ten percent of diabetics were carrying beta-hemolytic group A streptococci. In a future study these patients will be checked for persistence of these organisms as well as to see if the strains are of the nephritogenic type. A significantly increased carriage rate in diabetes of coagulase-positive Staphylococcus aureus was found. These findings suggest an additional risk factor in the outpatient diabetic population.", "contents": "Pathogenic carrier rate in diabetes mellitus. Thirty patients with diabetes mellitus were compared in terms of carrier rate of four pathogens to a group of matched controls. The diabetics were found to have a significantly increased carrier rate (p less than 0.005). When the blood glucose level was used as an indicator of control an increased rate was found in those with the poorest control (p less than 0.0005). An increased carriage of Candida albicans might be attributed to hypovitaminosis A and its effect on mucous membranes and the skin. Ten percent of diabetics were carrying beta-hemolytic group A streptococci. In a future study these patients will be checked for persistence of these organisms as well as to see if the strains are of the nephritogenic type. A significantly increased carriage rate in diabetes of coagulase-positive Staphylococcus aureus was found. These findings suggest an additional risk factor in the outpatient diabetic population."}
{"id": "PMID:868922", "title": "Scientific explanation and ecological validity: a reply to Brooks and Baumeister.", "content": "There are two different goals a researcher might have in studying behavior of retarded persons. One is to gain a scientific understanding of low intelligence as a subcategory of human intellectual functioning. The other is to develop practical techniques for prediction, control, and remediation of retardation in daily life. Brooks and Baumeister (1977) have confused the two and have advocated methods suitable for practical application to answer questions about the nature of retardation. They have done a disservice to the field in disparaging basic research.", "contents": "Scientific explanation and ecological validity: a reply to Brooks and Baumeister. There are two different goals a researcher might have in studying behavior of retarded persons. One is to gain a scientific understanding of low intelligence as a subcategory of human intellectual functioning. The other is to develop practical techniques for prediction, control, and remediation of retardation in daily life. Brooks and Baumeister (1977) have confused the two and have advocated methods suitable for practical application to answer questions about the nature of retardation. They have done a disservice to the field in disparaging basic research."}
{"id": "PMID:868916", "title": "Ultrastructural observations in myopathy complicating Cushing's disease.", "content": "The ultrastructural findings in a muscle biopsy of a patient with Cushing's disease associated with severe myopathy are described. They included pronounced mitochondrial damage, thickening and deep invaginations of the sarcolemmal basement membrane, and thickening of the basement membrane of the capillaries. In addition, the muscle fibers showed a marked degree of disarray and wide interfibrillar spaces, containing large numbers of vacuoles, which presented degenerated mitochondria. The similarity between these findings and the ultrastructural features of corticosteroid-induced myopathy is discussed.", "contents": "Ultrastructural observations in myopathy complicating Cushing's disease. The ultrastructural findings in a muscle biopsy of a patient with Cushing's disease associated with severe myopathy are described. They included pronounced mitochondrial damage, thickening and deep invaginations of the sarcolemmal basement membrane, and thickening of the basement membrane of the capillaries. In addition, the muscle fibers showed a marked degree of disarray and wide interfibrillar spaces, containing large numbers of vacuoles, which presented degenerated mitochondria. The similarity between these findings and the ultrastructural features of corticosteroid-induced myopathy is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:868923", "title": "Are we making a science of missing the point?", "content": "Our basic point of contention with House concerns the form we ultimately expect our sceintific explanations of retarded behavior to take. It is our view that mental retardation, which is basically a social phenomenon, can be meaningfully understood only to the extent that ecological validity and other related issues are assigned prominence in our theories and experiments.", "contents": "Are we making a science of missing the point? Our basic point of contention with House concerns the form we ultimately expect our sceintific explanations of retarded behavior to take. It is our view that mental retardation, which is basically a social phenomenon, can be meaningfully understood only to the extent that ecological validity and other related issues are assigned prominence in our theories and experiments."}
{"id": "PMID:868917", "title": "Chronic eosinophilic pneumonia: a report of four cases and a review of the literature.", "content": "The clinical and radiological findings of four patients with chronic eosinophilic pneumonia are presented. This brings the total number of cases in the English literature to 27. A comparison of all 27 patients is given. The syndrome can readily be distinguished from other eosinophilic pneumonias. After appropriate evaluation, a therapeutic trial can often be initiated with corticosteroids without the necessity for histologic confirmation of the diagnosis.", "contents": "Chronic eosinophilic pneumonia: a report of four cases and a review of the literature. The clinical and radiological findings of four patients with chronic eosinophilic pneumonia are presented. This brings the total number of cases in the English literature to 27. A comparison of all 27 patients is given. The syndrome can readily be distinguished from other eosinophilic pneumonias. After appropriate evaluation, a therapeutic trial can often be initiated with corticosteroids without the necessity for histologic confirmation of the diagnosis."}
{"id": "PMID:868918", "title": "Uremia with low serum creatinine-an entity produced by marked creatinine secretion.", "content": "Two patients are presented who were uremic requiring dialysis despite steady state serum creatinine levels (Cr) of 4.0 and 4.4 mg percent. Their blood urea nitrogen/creatinine (BUN/Cr) ratios of 54 and 44 were shown to be due to excessive creatinine secretion and urea reabsorption. Evaluation of serum creatinine alone may occasionally give misleading information regarding the level of renal function. If clinical evidence of uremia is present while serum creatinine value is relatively low, measurement of glomerular filtration rate (GFR) by Na-iothalamate 125I (OIT) or inulin is essential.", "contents": "Uremia with low serum creatinine-an entity produced by marked creatinine secretion. Two patients are presented who were uremic requiring dialysis despite steady state serum creatinine levels (Cr) of 4.0 and 4.4 mg percent. Their blood urea nitrogen/creatinine (BUN/Cr) ratios of 54 and 44 were shown to be due to excessive creatinine secretion and urea reabsorption. Evaluation of serum creatinine alone may occasionally give misleading information regarding the level of renal function. If clinical evidence of uremia is present while serum creatinine value is relatively low, measurement of glomerular filtration rate (GFR) by Na-iothalamate 125I (OIT) or inulin is essential."}
{"id": "PMID:868919", "title": "Serum ferritin, free erythrocyte protoporphyrin, and urinary iron excretion in patients with iron disorders.", "content": "Tests to evaluate body iron stores were compared in patients with iron deficiency and the anemia of chronic disease. The serum ferritin assay separated these disorders in 20 of 22 patients. One discrepancy was explained by the concomitant association of both disorders. From this study and review of literature a low serum ferritin level is a good indication for iron therapy. The serum ferritin assay is a clinically useful test in lieu of bone marrow estimation of body iron stores to detect patients with iron deficiency. Total iron binding capacity levels when high-normal or elevated are sometimes helpful as a screening test in separating iron deficiency from the anemia of chronic disorders. Free erythrocyte protoporphyrin values were elevated in both conditions but were higher in iron deficiency than in the anemia of chronic disorders with considerable overlap of values. Urinary iron excretion with deferoxamine was not helpful in separating these disorders but is a useful test to establish iron overload. An elevated serum ferritin level is usually found with disease of iron overload but serum iron levels, deferoxamine iron excretion tests, and liver biopsy for estimation of iron stores are still beneficial diagnostic aids.", "contents": "Serum ferritin, free erythrocyte protoporphyrin, and urinary iron excretion in patients with iron disorders. Tests to evaluate body iron stores were compared in patients with iron deficiency and the anemia of chronic disease. The serum ferritin assay separated these disorders in 20 of 22 patients. One discrepancy was explained by the concomitant association of both disorders. From this study and review of literature a low serum ferritin level is a good indication for iron therapy. The serum ferritin assay is a clinically useful test in lieu of bone marrow estimation of body iron stores to detect patients with iron deficiency. Total iron binding capacity levels when high-normal or elevated are sometimes helpful as a screening test in separating iron deficiency from the anemia of chronic disorders. Free erythrocyte protoporphyrin values were elevated in both conditions but were higher in iron deficiency than in the anemia of chronic disorders with considerable overlap of values. Urinary iron excretion with deferoxamine was not helpful in separating these disorders but is a useful test to establish iron overload. An elevated serum ferritin level is usually found with disease of iron overload but serum iron levels, deferoxamine iron excretion tests, and liver biopsy for estimation of iron stores are still beneficial diagnostic aids."}
{"id": "PMID:868924", "title": "Effects of the label \"mentally retarded\" on causal explanations for success and failure outcomes.", "content": "Previous research has been inconclusive in demonstrating the effects of the label \"mentally retarded\" on the reactions and evaluations of others toward the labeled person. The present study derived predictions from attribution theory regarding the effects of the label on the perceptions of observers. Specifically, we hypothesized that the presence of the label would reduce the likelihood that observers would credit successful task outcomes to the labeled person's ability but enhance the likelihood that observers would credit unsuccessful task outcomes to the labeled person's ability. Such effects were not anticipated in the absence of the label. A factorial design varying Labels (mentally retarded us. no label), Task Outcomes (success v. failure), and Sex of Target Person was employed. Dependent variables measured observers' assessments of the causes of the target person's outcomes. The results strongly confirmed the hypothesis by showing that ability, effort, and task difficulty are all perceived differently for labeled than for nonlabeled target persons. The results were discussed in terms of implications for future research and proper use of the label \"mentally retarded.\"", "contents": "Effects of the label \"mentally retarded\" on causal explanations for success and failure outcomes. Previous research has been inconclusive in demonstrating the effects of the label \"mentally retarded\" on the reactions and evaluations of others toward the labeled person. The present study derived predictions from attribution theory regarding the effects of the label on the perceptions of observers. Specifically, we hypothesized that the presence of the label would reduce the likelihood that observers would credit successful task outcomes to the labeled person's ability but enhance the likelihood that observers would credit unsuccessful task outcomes to the labeled person's ability. Such effects were not anticipated in the absence of the label. A factorial design varying Labels (mentally retarded us. no label), Task Outcomes (success v. failure), and Sex of Target Person was employed. Dependent variables measured observers' assessments of the causes of the target person's outcomes. The results strongly confirmed the hypothesis by showing that ability, effort, and task difficulty are all perceived differently for labeled than for nonlabeled target persons. The results were discussed in terms of implications for future research and proper use of the label \"mentally retarded.\""}
{"id": "PMID:868920", "title": "Hyperviscosity syndrome in a patient with systemic lupus erythematosus.", "content": "The occurrence of hyperviscosity syndrome in a 22-year-old woman with systemic lupus erythematosus was reported. Ultracentrifuge study of her serum revealed the presence of intermediate complexes with sedimentation coefficients of 10.9S to 14.2S. The complexes were shown to consist of immunoglobulin G and immunoglobulin A and considered to be mainly responsible for the increased serum viscosity. This unusual protein abnormality responded remarkably well to the treatment with prednisolone.", "contents": "Hyperviscosity syndrome in a patient with systemic lupus erythematosus. The occurrence of hyperviscosity syndrome in a 22-year-old woman with systemic lupus erythematosus was reported. Ultracentrifuge study of her serum revealed the presence of intermediate complexes with sedimentation coefficients of 10.9S to 14.2S. The complexes were shown to consist of immunoglobulin G and immunoglobulin A and considered to be mainly responsible for the increased serum viscosity. This unusual protein abnormality responded remarkably well to the treatment with prednisolone."}
{"id": "PMID:868915", "title": "The echocardiographic diagnosis of calcified mitral annulus.", "content": "Echocardiograms were recorded in six patients with calcification of the mitral annulus. Echocardiographic sweep from the aorta to the left ventricular cavity revealed dense echoes, representing annulus calcification, posterior to the mitral valve. Characteristic calcium deposits in the region of the mitral annulus were detected on the chest roentgenogram of only a single subject. Cardiac fluoroscopy fluoroscopy demonstrated calcified mitral annulus in all patients. In one patient, coexisting calcified mitral annulus and proven pericardial effusion were diagnosed echocardiographically. It is concluded that the echocardiogram represents a useful noninvasive technic for the diagnosis of calcified mitral annulus.", "contents": "The echocardiographic diagnosis of calcified mitral annulus. Echocardiograms were recorded in six patients with calcification of the mitral annulus. Echocardiographic sweep from the aorta to the left ventricular cavity revealed dense echoes, representing annulus calcification, posterior to the mitral valve. Characteristic calcium deposits in the region of the mitral annulus were detected on the chest roentgenogram of only a single subject. Cardiac fluoroscopy fluoroscopy demonstrated calcified mitral annulus in all patients. In one patient, coexisting calcified mitral annulus and proven pericardial effusion were diagnosed echocardiographically. It is concluded that the echocardiogram represents a useful noninvasive technic for the diagnosis of calcified mitral annulus."}
{"id": "PMID:868925", "title": "Being imitated by an adult and the subsequent imitative behavior of retarded children.", "content": "Institutionalized retarded subjects (N=57) were assigned to one of three experimental conditions during a simple three-choice task in which the subjects and the experimenter took turns feeding colored plastic \"Cookie Monster.\" In the imitation condition, the experimenter imitated the subject's choice, and in the ninimtation condition, the experimenter avoided imitating the subject. Following imitation or nonimitation, the subject was given opportunities to imitate the experimenter. In the modeling only condition, the subject's choice always followed the experimenter's so that the subject always had the opportunity to imitate. Analysis of variance revealed a significant difference among the three conditions (p less than .008) in the subjects' tendency to imitate the experimenter. Paired comparisons between conditions showed that subjects in the imitation condition imitated significantly more (p less than .05) than subjects in either the nonimitation or modeling only condition. The nonimitation and modeling only conditions did not differ significantly. Theoretical and practical implications of the findings were discussed.", "contents": "Being imitated by an adult and the subsequent imitative behavior of retarded children. Institutionalized retarded subjects (N=57) were assigned to one of three experimental conditions during a simple three-choice task in which the subjects and the experimenter took turns feeding colored plastic \"Cookie Monster.\" In the imitation condition, the experimenter imitated the subject's choice, and in the ninimtation condition, the experimenter avoided imitating the subject. Following imitation or nonimitation, the subject was given opportunities to imitate the experimenter. In the modeling only condition, the subject's choice always followed the experimenter's so that the subject always had the opportunity to imitate. Analysis of variance revealed a significant difference among the three conditions (p less than .008) in the subjects' tendency to imitate the experimenter. Paired comparisons between conditions showed that subjects in the imitation condition imitated significantly more (p less than .05) than subjects in either the nonimitation or modeling only condition. The nonimitation and modeling only conditions did not differ significantly. Theoretical and practical implications of the findings were discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:868921", "title": "Effects of alterations in arterial pressure and heart rate on ST-segment elevation in a patient with acute myocardial infarction.", "content": "This report describes a 70-year-old male with an anterior transmural myocardial infarction who showed major alterations in the magnitude of ST-segment elevation of his electrocardiogram, when an abrupt change of his heart rate (reduction) and blood pressure (increase) occurred when he reverted to normal sinus rhythm from atrial fibrillation. No concomitant change of other parameters of his clinical status was observed. This report stresses the significance of monitoring serially blood pressure, heart rate, and clinical symptomatology, in addition to electrocardiographic ST-segment elevations in patients with myocardial infarction, when therapeutic interventions aimed at reducing the infarct size are evaluated.", "contents": "Effects of alterations in arterial pressure and heart rate on ST-segment elevation in a patient with acute myocardial infarction. This report describes a 70-year-old male with an anterior transmural myocardial infarction who showed major alterations in the magnitude of ST-segment elevation of his electrocardiogram, when an abrupt change of his heart rate (reduction) and blood pressure (increase) occurred when he reverted to normal sinus rhythm from atrial fibrillation. No concomitant change of other parameters of his clinical status was observed. This report stresses the significance of monitoring serially blood pressure, heart rate, and clinical symptomatology, in addition to electrocardiographic ST-segment elevations in patients with myocardial infarction, when therapeutic interventions aimed at reducing the infarct size are evaluated."}
{"id": "PMID:868926", "title": "Performance of retarded adolescents and nonretarded children on the Tower of Hanoi Problem.", "content": "Groups of retarded adolescents and nonretarded children, varying in MA were presented with 2-disk and 3-disk Tower of Hanoi puzzles, solutions to which require a certain amount of logical foresight. Nonretarded 8- to 11-year-old children performed at close to ceiling on the 2-disk task but had difficulty with the 3-disk task. Retarded groups with MAs ranging from 8 to 11 years performed no differently than nonretarded 6- and 7-year-old children. They had some difficulty on the 2-disk task, and very few reached criterion on the 3-risk task. They tended to preseverate in their errors and frequently resorted to game-rule viole perform many years below MA expectations on tasks requiring foresight and logic.", "contents": "Performance of retarded adolescents and nonretarded children on the Tower of Hanoi Problem. Groups of retarded adolescents and nonretarded children, varying in MA were presented with 2-disk and 3-disk Tower of Hanoi puzzles, solutions to which require a certain amount of logical foresight. Nonretarded 8- to 11-year-old children performed at close to ceiling on the 2-disk task but had difficulty with the 3-disk task. Retarded groups with MAs ranging from 8 to 11 years performed no differently than nonretarded 6- and 7-year-old children. They had some difficulty on the 2-disk task, and very few reached criterion on the 3-risk task. They tended to preseverate in their errors and frequently resorted to game-rule viole perform many years below MA expectations on tasks requiring foresight and logic."}
{"id": "PMID:868927", "title": "Aides' involvement in decision-making and the quality of care in institutional settings.", "content": "Using two measures of the quality of care in institutional settings, we found much variance in the care provided within three institutional settings. Factors that might account for this variance were examined. Aides' perception of their involvement in certain areas of decision-making was shown to be of major importance in accounting for the variance in quality of care.", "contents": "Aides' involvement in decision-making and the quality of care in institutional settings. Using two measures of the quality of care in institutional settings, we found much variance in the care provided within three institutional settings. Factors that might account for this variance were examined. Aides' perception of their involvement in certain areas of decision-making was shown to be of major importance in accounting for the variance in quality of care."}
{"id": "PMID:868928", "title": "Temporal extrapolation of unimodal and multimodal stimulus sequences in retarded and nonretarded persons.", "content": "Retarded adolescents, CA-matched nonretarded adolescents, and MA-matched nonretarded children attempted to match the repetition rate of 10-second stimulus sequences presented under four modality switching conditions and at two pusle frequencies. Error magnitudes were least for the CA-matched subjects and under the faster pulse rate increased from the no-switching to maximum-switching condition in all groups. Error increases from the no-switching to maximum-switching condition were preponderantly underestimations. No differences between groups were obtained for a switching condition in which the modality-sequence pattern was aperiodic. A hypothesis of longer psycholoical refractory periods in retarded adolescents was rejected in favor of one explaining their inferior performance on sequential enumeration and tracking tasks in terms of inefficient organizational abilities.", "contents": "Temporal extrapolation of unimodal and multimodal stimulus sequences in retarded and nonretarded persons. Retarded adolescents, CA-matched nonretarded adolescents, and MA-matched nonretarded children attempted to match the repetition rate of 10-second stimulus sequences presented under four modality switching conditions and at two pusle frequencies. Error magnitudes were least for the CA-matched subjects and under the faster pulse rate increased from the no-switching to maximum-switching condition in all groups. Error increases from the no-switching to maximum-switching condition were preponderantly underestimations. No differences between groups were obtained for a switching condition in which the modality-sequence pattern was aperiodic. A hypothesis of longer psycholoical refractory periods in retarded adolescents was rejected in favor of one explaining their inferior performance on sequential enumeration and tracking tasks in terms of inefficient organizational abilities."}
{"id": "PMID:868929", "title": "Communication style and effectiveness in homogeneous and heterogeneous dyads of retarded children.", "content": "The channels, styles, and successfulness of communication used by retarded children when teaching a simple board game to a listener of similar or dissimilar age and ability to themselves were investigated. Forty children, half of high level and half of low level (means MAs=6.6 and 3.7 years, mean CAs-15.5 and 11.2 years, respectively) instructed a naive listener either at their own or at the other level, after they had been taught the game by the experimenter. Both high- and low-level speakers altered their channels and styles of communication to low-level listeners along the dimensions found by Shatz and Gelman (1973) with nonretarded children. However, the communication shifts, particularly those produced by high-level speakers, were ineffective in producing listener understanding. We concluded than communication-skills training for retarded children must be concentrated not only on the linguistic form, but also on the functional appropriateness of the children's utterances.", "contents": "Communication style and effectiveness in homogeneous and heterogeneous dyads of retarded children. The channels, styles, and successfulness of communication used by retarded children when teaching a simple board game to a listener of similar or dissimilar age and ability to themselves were investigated. Forty children, half of high level and half of low level (means MAs=6.6 and 3.7 years, mean CAs-15.5 and 11.2 years, respectively) instructed a naive listener either at their own or at the other level, after they had been taught the game by the experimenter. Both high- and low-level speakers altered their channels and styles of communication to low-level listeners along the dimensions found by Shatz and Gelman (1973) with nonretarded children. However, the communication shifts, particularly those produced by high-level speakers, were ineffective in producing listener understanding. We concluded than communication-skills training for retarded children must be concentrated not only on the linguistic form, but also on the functional appropriateness of the children's utterances."}
{"id": "PMID:868930", "title": "Reliability and validity of the Social and Prevocational Information Battery for mildly retarded individuals.", "content": "The reliability and validity of the Social and Prevocational Information Battery (SPIB) for EMR individuals was evaluated with samples other than those on whom the battery was developed. Results substantiated initially reported reliability and validity indices and provided encouraging evidence  for the general appropriateness of the SPIB for use with mildly retarded adolescents and young adults.", "contents": "Reliability and validity of the Social and Prevocational Information Battery for mildly retarded individuals. The reliability and validity of the Social and Prevocational Information Battery (SPIB) for EMR individuals was evaluated with samples other than those on whom the battery was developed. Results substantiated initially reported reliability and validity indices and provided encouraging evidence  for the general appropriateness of the SPIB for use with mildly retarded adolescents and young adults."}
{"id": "PMID:868931", "title": "Partial trisomy of chromosome 15.", "content": "Chromosome analysis of a moderately mentally retarded female revealed a 47,XX,+G? karyotype. Giemsa-trypsin banding showed the extra chromosome to be a deleted chromosome 15 (47,XX,+15q-). This case points out the importance of cytogenetic studies in moderately retarded individuals without significant physical anomalies.", "contents": "Partial trisomy of chromosome 15. Chromosome analysis of a moderately mentally retarded female revealed a 47,XX,+G? karyotype. Giemsa-trypsin banding showed the extra chromosome to be a deleted chromosome 15 (47,XX,+15q-). This case points out the importance of cytogenetic studies in moderately retarded individuals without significant physical anomalies."}
{"id": "PMID:868934", "title": "Plasma unconjugated estriol values in high-risk pregnancy.", "content": "The usefulness of plasma estriol concentrations in the management of high-risk pregnancy is controversial. In this study, serial plasma unconjugated estriol (E3) concentrations determined by radioimmunoassay were evaluated in 321 patients with high-risk pregnancy for correlation with fetal and neonatal performance. A plasma E3 concentration of 4 ng. per milliliter or less in late pregnancy correlated significantly with low one-and five-minute Apgar scores and selected neonatal problems in pregnancies complicated by chronic hypertension and intrauterine growth retardation, with a similar trend for pregnancies complicated by moderate and severe pre-eclampsia. Most perinatal deaths in the study were associated with acute problems which began during labor and delivery, or fetal death occurred before early intervention was practical. Therefore, the perinatal mortality rate is not likely to be influenced by the use of E3 values, and the perinatal mortality rate is not a realistic measure of the usefulness of plasma E3 values in management of high-risk pregnancy. Low plasma E3 values were not always ominous, and for this reason it is suggested that clinical indications and the results of other tests for fetal-placental function be considered along with plasma E3 values in the selection of patients for early delivery to reduce the possibility of inappropriate intervention.", "contents": "Plasma unconjugated estriol values in high-risk pregnancy. The usefulness of plasma estriol concentrations in the management of high-risk pregnancy is controversial. In this study, serial plasma unconjugated estriol (E3) concentrations determined by radioimmunoassay were evaluated in 321 patients with high-risk pregnancy for correlation with fetal and neonatal performance. A plasma E3 concentration of 4 ng. per milliliter or less in late pregnancy correlated significantly with low one-and five-minute Apgar scores and selected neonatal problems in pregnancies complicated by chronic hypertension and intrauterine growth retardation, with a similar trend for pregnancies complicated by moderate and severe pre-eclampsia. Most perinatal deaths in the study were associated with acute problems which began during labor and delivery, or fetal death occurred before early intervention was practical. Therefore, the perinatal mortality rate is not likely to be influenced by the use of E3 values, and the perinatal mortality rate is not a realistic measure of the usefulness of plasma E3 values in management of high-risk pregnancy. Low plasma E3 values were not always ominous, and for this reason it is suggested that clinical indications and the results of other tests for fetal-placental function be considered along with plasma E3 values in the selection of patients for early delivery to reduce the possibility of inappropriate intervention."}
{"id": "PMID:868937", "title": "Pulmonary thromboembolism associated with gynecologic surgery and pregnancy.", "content": "Pulmonary thromboembolism continues to be an infrequent but serious complication of gynecologic surgery and pregnancy. The record of each patient with such a complication treated in two community hospitals during the 10 year period to 1976 was examined in detail. An attempt was made to identify weaknesses in past management and suggest changes to improve future care. Embolism will continue to occur unexpectedly and be of such magnitude as to cause death before effective treatment. can be instituted. Patients at risk can often be identified and prophylactic anticoagulants and antibiotics are appropriate in selected cases. An understanding of the pathology of embolism of and principles of genital sepsis combined with vigorous treatment will save some patients who now would die. If the risks are appreciated, anticoagulants may be used in pregnant patients who are closely monitored. These patients must be alerted to the dangers of both embolism and the treatment.", "contents": "Pulmonary thromboembolism associated with gynecologic surgery and pregnancy. Pulmonary thromboembolism continues to be an infrequent but serious complication of gynecologic surgery and pregnancy. The record of each patient with such a complication treated in two community hospitals during the 10 year period to 1976 was examined in detail. An attempt was made to identify weaknesses in past management and suggest changes to improve future care. Embolism will continue to occur unexpectedly and be of such magnitude as to cause death before effective treatment. can be instituted. Patients at risk can often be identified and prophylactic anticoagulants and antibiotics are appropriate in selected cases. An understanding of the pathology of embolism of and principles of genital sepsis combined with vigorous treatment will save some patients who now would die. If the risks are appreciated, anticoagulants may be used in pregnant patients who are closely monitored. These patients must be alerted to the dangers of both embolism and the treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:868938", "title": "Liver neoplasms and the oral contraceptives.", "content": "For sixteen years (1954 to 1970) oral steroids had been used for contraception by millions of women. We were unable in this time span to find any cases of liver neoplasms in women using oral contraceptives. However, since 1970, there have been 138 cases reported in the English literature. We will add nine cases to this number, including an unusual case report. Evidence for the oral contraceptive as an etiologic agent in causing liver neoplasms is circumstantial but but nevertheless substantial. The literature is reviewed, and our case is presented. At present, the etiology of liver neoplasms is an enigma. Close clinical surveillance with an awareness of this potentially fatal pathologic entity is essential in women who have ingested oral contraceptives.", "contents": "Liver neoplasms and the oral contraceptives. For sixteen years (1954 to 1970) oral steroids had been used for contraception by millions of women. We were unable in this time span to find any cases of liver neoplasms in women using oral contraceptives. However, since 1970, there have been 138 cases reported in the English literature. We will add nine cases to this number, including an unusual case report. Evidence for the oral contraceptive as an etiologic agent in causing liver neoplasms is circumstantial but but nevertheless substantial. The literature is reviewed, and our case is presented. At present, the etiology of liver neoplasms is an enigma. Close clinical surveillance with an awareness of this potentially fatal pathologic entity is essential in women who have ingested oral contraceptives."}
{"id": "PMID:868943", "title": "Autoimmune phenomena in ocular cicatricial pemphigoid.", "content": "Twelve patients with various stages of ocular cicatricial pemphigoid were studied. Tear volumes measured by Schirmer tests and visual acuities were generally reduced in proportion to disease severity. Mannitol-positive staphylococcus was recovered from 67% (16/24) of the eyelids cultured. Immunoglobulins were bound to the basement membrane of clinically involved conjunctivae in 67% of the patients (8/12). Eighty percent (8/10) of the clinically normal conjunctivae had no immunoglobulins bound to the basement membrane or epithelium, further reinforcing the importance of tissue-fixed immunoglobulins in the pathogenesis of this condition. Four of eight patients with immunoglobulins bound to basement membrane also had C3 complement bound to basement membrane. Acute disease may be associated with the presence of complement in the conjunctiva. In addition, three of the eight patients with basement membrane staining, and three without, showed marked epithelial intercellular and intracellular staining for immunoglobulins. Indirect immunofluorescence of patients' sera showed no circulating antibodies to basement membrane, but three patients had circulating antibodies directed to the conjunctival epithelium in an intercellular or intracellular location. No significant association of ocular pemphigoid with other circulating autoantibodies. HLA aantigens, or abnormal serum immunoglobulin levels was realized.", "contents": "Autoimmune phenomena in ocular cicatricial pemphigoid. Twelve patients with various stages of ocular cicatricial pemphigoid were studied. Tear volumes measured by Schirmer tests and visual acuities were generally reduced in proportion to disease severity. Mannitol-positive staphylococcus was recovered from 67% (16/24) of the eyelids cultured. Immunoglobulins were bound to the basement membrane of clinically involved conjunctivae in 67% of the patients (8/12). Eighty percent (8/10) of the clinically normal conjunctivae had no immunoglobulins bound to the basement membrane or epithelium, further reinforcing the importance of tissue-fixed immunoglobulins in the pathogenesis of this condition. Four of eight patients with immunoglobulins bound to basement membrane also had C3 complement bound to basement membrane. Acute disease may be associated with the presence of complement in the conjunctiva. In addition, three of the eight patients with basement membrane staining, and three without, showed marked epithelial intercellular and intracellular staining for immunoglobulins. Indirect immunofluorescence of patients' sera showed no circulating antibodies to basement membrane, but three patients had circulating antibodies directed to the conjunctival epithelium in an intercellular or intracellular location. No significant association of ocular pemphigoid with other circulating autoantibodies. HLA aantigens, or abnormal serum immunoglobulin levels was realized."}
{"id": "PMID:868944", "title": "Electroretinographic changes and choroidal defects in a case of central retinal artery occlusion.", "content": "A 62-year-old white woman with hypertensive diabetes had central retinal artery occlusion of her right eye. Serial electroretinographic (ERG) studies demonstrated reversible changes in the scotopic components but permanent reduction of the photopic b-wave. Serial simultaneous fluorescein and indocyanine green angiographic studies demonstrated a perfusion defect in the choroid involving part of the macula which subsided after reopening the retinal circulation. Differential hypoxic susceptibility of the ERG photopic and scotopic b-waves was demonstrated, and changes in the patient's retinal tissue oxygenation were postulated on the basis of retinal and choroidal angiographic studies performed during and after central retinal artery occlusion to account for the observed changes in serial ERGS.", "contents": "Electroretinographic changes and choroidal defects in a case of central retinal artery occlusion. A 62-year-old white woman with hypertensive diabetes had central retinal artery occlusion of her right eye. Serial electroretinographic (ERG) studies demonstrated reversible changes in the scotopic components but permanent reduction of the photopic b-wave. Serial simultaneous fluorescein and indocyanine green angiographic studies demonstrated a perfusion defect in the choroid involving part of the macula which subsided after reopening the retinal circulation. Differential hypoxic susceptibility of the ERG photopic and scotopic b-waves was demonstrated, and changes in the patient's retinal tissue oxygenation were postulated on the basis of retinal and choroidal angiographic studies performed during and after central retinal artery occlusion to account for the observed changes in serial ERGS."}
{"id": "PMID:868945", "title": "Ultrasonographic diagnosis of massive periretinal proliferation in eyes with opaque media (triangular retinal detachment).", "content": "A triangular pattern of retinal detachment, as seen by B-scan ultrasonography in eyes with opaque media has been correlated with advanced massive periretinal proliferation (MPP). The ultrasonographic triangular configuration was created by a proliferative membrane that united detached retina anteriorly. Thirteen eyes with opaque media and a triangular retinal detachment by ultrasound had severe MPP at vitrectomy or enucleation. Twelve eyes with clear media with advanced MPP were also studies by B-scan ultrasonography and a triangular detachment could be demonstrated in each case. The finding of a triangular retinal detachment by B-scan ultrasonography in eyes with opaque media is diagnostic of advanced MPP. Eyes with this type of retinal detachment have a poor surgical prognosis even with modern vitrectomy techniques.", "contents": "Ultrasonographic diagnosis of massive periretinal proliferation in eyes with opaque media (triangular retinal detachment). A triangular pattern of retinal detachment, as seen by B-scan ultrasonography in eyes with opaque media has been correlated with advanced massive periretinal proliferation (MPP). The ultrasonographic triangular configuration was created by a proliferative membrane that united detached retina anteriorly. Thirteen eyes with opaque media and a triangular retinal detachment by ultrasound had severe MPP at vitrectomy or enucleation. Twelve eyes with clear media with advanced MPP were also studies by B-scan ultrasonography and a triangular detachment could be demonstrated in each case. The finding of a triangular retinal detachment by B-scan ultrasonography in eyes with opaque media is diagnostic of advanced MPP. Eyes with this type of retinal detachment have a poor surgical prognosis even with modern vitrectomy techniques."}
{"id": "PMID:868946", "title": "Optic neuropathy associated with vitamin B12 deficiency.", "content": "A 17-year-old boy with vitamin B12 deficiency that occurred after a small bowel resection developed bilateral centrocecal scotomas during folic acid therapy and improved on therapy including vitamin B complex.", "contents": "Optic neuropathy associated with vitamin B12 deficiency. A 17-year-old boy with vitamin B12 deficiency that occurred after a small bowel resection developed bilateral centrocecal scotomas during folic acid therapy and improved on therapy including vitamin B complex."}
{"id": "PMID:868947", "title": "Amaurosis fugax caused by a prolapsed mitral valve leaflet in the midsystolic click, late systolic murmur syndrome.", "content": "A 28-year-old man had recurrent episodes of amaurosis fugax of eight years' duration and had a congenital, late systolic mitral insufficiency murmur with the characteristics of the midsystolic click, late systolic murmur syndrome. The ophthalmologist must consider the clinical entity of the midsystolic click, late systolic murmur syndrome in the differential diagnosis of amaurosis fugax, especially when such attacks occur in young patients.", "contents": "Amaurosis fugax caused by a prolapsed mitral valve leaflet in the midsystolic click, late systolic murmur syndrome. A 28-year-old man had recurrent episodes of amaurosis fugax of eight years' duration and had a congenital, late systolic mitral insufficiency murmur with the characteristics of the midsystolic click, late systolic murmur syndrome. The ophthalmologist must consider the clinical entity of the midsystolic click, late systolic murmur syndrome in the differential diagnosis of amaurosis fugax, especially when such attacks occur in young patients."}
{"id": "PMID:868948", "title": "Neuroretinitis associated with herpes simplex encephalitis in an adult.", "content": "A 48-year-old man who died of herpes simplex encephalitis had a bilateral papillitis at autopsy. Intranuclear inclusion bodies were especially numerous within the ganglion cells and inner nuclear layer of the macula and consisted of typical virions by electron microscopy. Contiguous spread from the brain to the eyes may have occurred via the optic nerves. Clinically, the disk and retinal changes were misinterpreted as being caused by papilledema. Papillitis should be included in the differential diagnosis of disk swelling in adults with suspected Herpesvirus hominis infection of the central nervous system.", "contents": "Neuroretinitis associated with herpes simplex encephalitis in an adult. A 48-year-old man who died of herpes simplex encephalitis had a bilateral papillitis at autopsy. Intranuclear inclusion bodies were especially numerous within the ganglion cells and inner nuclear layer of the macula and consisted of typical virions by electron microscopy. Contiguous spread from the brain to the eyes may have occurred via the optic nerves. Clinically, the disk and retinal changes were misinterpreted as being caused by papilledema. Papillitis should be included in the differential diagnosis of disk swelling in adults with suspected Herpesvirus hominis infection of the central nervous system."}
{"id": "PMID:868949", "title": "Acute macular neuroretinopathy.", "content": "A 24-year-old white woman convalescing from a viral upper respiratory infection suddenly developed three positive scotomas around the fixation point in her left eye. The fundus had three corresponding lesions that appeared to be characteristic of acute macular neuroretinopathy. Situated in the fovea, subtle, reddish-brown, wedge- or tear-shaped lesions were best seen with the direct ophthalmoscope using red-free light. Visual acuity was 6/6 (20/20), and peripheral fields were normal. The patient's reproduction of the scotomas on an Amsler grid sheet mirrored the observed ophthalmoscopic findings. Fluorescein angiograms were normal. She had been taking oral contraceptives for many years. Although viral illness and oral contraceptives have been associated with acute macular neuroretinopathy, no etiology was proven, and no treatment is known. The patient remains symptomatic after a six-month follow-up.", "contents": "Acute macular neuroretinopathy. A 24-year-old white woman convalescing from a viral upper respiratory infection suddenly developed three positive scotomas around the fixation point in her left eye. The fundus had three corresponding lesions that appeared to be characteristic of acute macular neuroretinopathy. Situated in the fovea, subtle, reddish-brown, wedge- or tear-shaped lesions were best seen with the direct ophthalmoscope using red-free light. Visual acuity was 6/6 (20/20), and peripheral fields were normal. The patient's reproduction of the scotomas on an Amsler grid sheet mirrored the observed ophthalmoscopic findings. Fluorescein angiograms were normal. She had been taking oral contraceptives for many years. Although viral illness and oral contraceptives have been associated with acute macular neuroretinopathy, no etiology was proven, and no treatment is known. The patient remains symptomatic after a six-month follow-up."}
{"id": "PMID:868950", "title": "The Westheimer function as an indicator of fixation locus.", "content": "The dimensions of the Westheimer function are stable across populations and in time and vary with the eccentricity of fixation. The function is thus useful to assess whether an individual is fixing centrally and if not to estimate the degree of eccentricity of fixation. We identified both summation and inhibition-like regions in a 66-year-old woman with senile macular degeneration and estimated that the extent of eccentric fixation was approximately 4 degrees.", "contents": "The Westheimer function as an indicator of fixation locus. The dimensions of the Westheimer function are stable across populations and in time and vary with the eccentricity of fixation. The function is thus useful to assess whether an individual is fixing centrally and if not to estimate the degree of eccentricity of fixation. We identified both summation and inhibition-like regions in a 66-year-old woman with senile macular degeneration and estimated that the extent of eccentric fixation was approximately 4 degrees."}
{"id": "PMID:868951", "title": "Cystoid macular edema occurring 13 years after cataract extraction.", "content": "Thirteen years after cataract extraction, a patient complained of diminished visual acuity. In the interim visual acuity was 6/6 (20/20), or 6/7.5 (20/25+2). Fluorescein angiography demonstrated cystoid macular edema. Except for vitreous adherence to the inner surface of the cataract wound, no ocular cause for the macular edema was apparent.", "contents": "Cystoid macular edema occurring 13 years after cataract extraction. Thirteen years after cataract extraction, a patient complained of diminished visual acuity. In the interim visual acuity was 6/6 (20/20), or 6/7.5 (20/25+2). Fluorescein angiography demonstrated cystoid macular edema. Except for vitreous adherence to the inner surface of the cataract wound, no ocular cause for the macular edema was apparent."}
{"id": "PMID:868952", "title": "Intrusion of scleral implant associated with conjunctival epithelial ingrowth.", "content": "A 26-year-old boxer sustained a rhegmatogenous retinal detachment that was repaired successfully. Repeated blunt trauma caused a second retinal detachment two years later. Three attempts at repair by scleral buckling with diathermy and drainage of subretinal fluid were unsuccessful, and the eye was enucleated. Pathologic examination showed internal erosion of the intrascleral silicone implant into the vitreous compartment. Conjunctival-like epithelium lined the intrascleral bed of the implant and extended through the internal erosion onto intraocular structures, and this conjunctival epithelium was traced onto the external surface of the eye. Repeated dissection and applications of diathermy, combined with drainage of subretinal fluid, had weakened the sclera so that the silicone implant eroded internally and epithelium grew into the eye.", "contents": "Intrusion of scleral implant associated with conjunctival epithelial ingrowth. A 26-year-old boxer sustained a rhegmatogenous retinal detachment that was repaired successfully. Repeated blunt trauma caused a second retinal detachment two years later. Three attempts at repair by scleral buckling with diathermy and drainage of subretinal fluid were unsuccessful, and the eye was enucleated. Pathologic examination showed internal erosion of the intrascleral silicone implant into the vitreous compartment. Conjunctival-like epithelium lined the intrascleral bed of the implant and extended through the internal erosion onto intraocular structures, and this conjunctival epithelium was traced onto the external surface of the eye. Repeated dissection and applications of diathermy, combined with drainage of subretinal fluid, had weakened the sclera so that the silicone implant eroded internally and epithelium grew into the eye."}
{"id": "PMID:868953", "title": "Microvascular injection studies in rubeosis iridis and neovascular glaucoma.", "content": "Microvascular silicone injection, tissue clearing, and histologic examination were used to demonstrate the origin, distribution, and interconnections of newly formed iris and chamber angle blood vessels in four eyes with rubeosis iridis and neovascular glaucoma associated with diabetic retinopathy and central retinal vessel occlusion. The newly formed iris vessels that formed either a tight, evenly distributed (diabetic) or loose, irregularly distributed (central vessel occlusion) network in the iris originated from the normal iris arteries that were branches of either the major arterial circle or of the perforating branches of the anterior ciliary arteries, and drained into the normal iris and ciliary body veins and occasionally into the paralimbal episcleral veins. These newly formed iris vessels appeared to shunt intravascular fluid from arteries to veins. The newly formed anterior chamber angle vessels that formed tufts and arcades at the trabecular meshwork also originated from the roots of the iris arteries and the ciliary body arteries and connected with the peripheral neovascular iris network. In addition, the circumferentially running angle vessels that coursed within the trabecular meshwork branched into and coursed within a fibrosed Schlemm's canal and into two of its intrascleral collector channels. No open communication between these newly formed vessels and the Schlemm's canal-aqueous outflow system was seen.", "contents": "Microvascular injection studies in rubeosis iridis and neovascular glaucoma. Microvascular silicone injection, tissue clearing, and histologic examination were used to demonstrate the origin, distribution, and interconnections of newly formed iris and chamber angle blood vessels in four eyes with rubeosis iridis and neovascular glaucoma associated with diabetic retinopathy and central retinal vessel occlusion. The newly formed iris vessels that formed either a tight, evenly distributed (diabetic) or loose, irregularly distributed (central vessel occlusion) network in the iris originated from the normal iris arteries that were branches of either the major arterial circle or of the perforating branches of the anterior ciliary arteries, and drained into the normal iris and ciliary body veins and occasionally into the paralimbal episcleral veins. These newly formed iris vessels appeared to shunt intravascular fluid from arteries to veins. The newly formed anterior chamber angle vessels that formed tufts and arcades at the trabecular meshwork also originated from the roots of the iris arteries and the ciliary body arteries and connected with the peripheral neovascular iris network. In addition, the circumferentially running angle vessels that coursed within the trabecular meshwork branched into and coursed within a fibrosed Schlemm's canal and into two of its intrascleral collector channels. No open communication between these newly formed vessels and the Schlemm's canal-aqueous outflow system was seen."}
{"id": "PMID:868954", "title": "Broad scleral buckle in the management of retinal detachments with giant tears.", "content": "One of us (T.R.S.) operated on 24 patients with 26 retinal detachments caused by giant tears between 1969 and 1975 with the use of a broad silicone implant and diathermy. Minimum follow-up was six months. The technique included a scleral dissection extending at least three circumferential rows of diathermy posterior to the folded edge of the retinal flap, up onto the ora serrata, and two hours of the clock beyond each end of the tear. The retina was intentionally incarcerated on the buckle when subretinal fluid was drained. Sixty-nine percent of the cases were successfully reattached. If those patients with radial tears extending from the circumferential tears to the disk were excluded, the success rate rose to 75%. Seventeen percent of the successful reattachments required a second scleral buckle operation. Giant tears with radial tears extending to the disk, tears greater than 180 degrees, and immobile posteriorly everted flaps were poor prognostic signs. Thirty-five percent of the eyes with giant tears and a detachment had other holes or tears in the retina of that eye.", "contents": "Broad scleral buckle in the management of retinal detachments with giant tears. One of us (T.R.S.) operated on 24 patients with 26 retinal detachments caused by giant tears between 1969 and 1975 with the use of a broad silicone implant and diathermy. Minimum follow-up was six months. The technique included a scleral dissection extending at least three circumferential rows of diathermy posterior to the folded edge of the retinal flap, up onto the ora serrata, and two hours of the clock beyond each end of the tear. The retina was intentionally incarcerated on the buckle when subretinal fluid was drained. Sixty-nine percent of the cases were successfully reattached. If those patients with radial tears extending from the circumferential tears to the disk were excluded, the success rate rose to 75%. Seventeen percent of the successful reattachments required a second scleral buckle operation. Giant tears with radial tears extending to the disk, tears greater than 180 degrees, and immobile posteriorly everted flaps were poor prognostic signs. Thirty-five percent of the eyes with giant tears and a detachment had other holes or tears in the retina of that eye."}
{"id": "PMID:868955", "title": "Successful lens removal in congenital corneolenticular adhesion (Peters' anomaly).", "content": "A 6-month-old infant girl with congenital biomicroscopically visible corneolenticular adhesions underwent bilateral cataract aspiration and secondary capsulectomy resulting in bilaterally corrected visual acuity of 6/18 (20/60) at age 6 years.", "contents": "Successful lens removal in congenital corneolenticular adhesion (Peters' anomaly). A 6-month-old infant girl with congenital biomicroscopically visible corneolenticular adhesions underwent bilateral cataract aspiration and secondary capsulectomy resulting in bilaterally corrected visual acuity of 6/18 (20/60) at age 6 years."}
{"id": "PMID:868956", "title": "Clinical evaluation of continuous-wear hydrophilic lenses.", "content": "Twenty patients who had previously not worn contact lenses were fitted with a thin, continuous-wear hydrophilic contact lens in the right eye for 12 weeks. Seventeen patients completed the study and tolerated the lenses well. Some patients developed changes in corneal thickness, corneal curvature, and refraction, and some changes in visual acuity were reversed when the lens was removed. Many developed lens opacities that did not interfere with vision. We encountered no infections or corneal neovascularization in this study.", "contents": "Clinical evaluation of continuous-wear hydrophilic lenses. Twenty patients who had previously not worn contact lenses were fitted with a thin, continuous-wear hydrophilic contact lens in the right eye for 12 weeks. Seventeen patients completed the study and tolerated the lenses well. Some patients developed changes in corneal thickness, corneal curvature, and refraction, and some changes in visual acuity were reversed when the lens was removed. Many developed lens opacities that did not interfere with vision. We encountered no infections or corneal neovascularization in this study."}
{"id": "PMID:868957", "title": "The effect of hyperthermia on aqueous humor dynamics in rabbits.", "content": "Hyperthermia increased intraocular pressure (Po) by approximately 5 mm Hg in rabbit eyes. This increase was not associated with changes in plasma osmolarity, blood lactate, or pH. Episcleral venous pressure (Pv) decreased from a baseline of 11 +/- 1 mm Hg(mean +/- SEM) to 8 +/- 1 mm Hg after one hour of hyperthermia. Outflow facility (c) as measured by tonography remained unchanged. Aqueous humor flow [c(Po - Pv)] as estimated by tonography increased by about 126%. The elevation of intraocular pressure was not prevented by aspirin pretreatment nor altered by unilateral optic nerve transection.", "contents": "The effect of hyperthermia on aqueous humor dynamics in rabbits. Hyperthermia increased intraocular pressure (Po) by approximately 5 mm Hg in rabbit eyes. This increase was not associated with changes in plasma osmolarity, blood lactate, or pH. Episcleral venous pressure (Pv) decreased from a baseline of 11 +/- 1 mm Hg(mean +/- SEM) to 8 +/- 1 mm Hg after one hour of hyperthermia. Outflow facility (c) as measured by tonography remained unchanged. Aqueous humor flow [c(Po - Pv)] as estimated by tonography increased by about 126%. The elevation of intraocular pressure was not prevented by aspirin pretreatment nor altered by unilateral optic nerve transection."}
{"id": "PMID:868958", "title": "Adenoid cystic carcinoma of the antrum and epiphora.", "content": "Tearing was the initial symptom in two patients who subsequently developed a mass over the anterior lacrimal crest area caused by adenoid cystic carcinoma of the antrum. In a 76-year-old woman, a paranasal sinus X-ray film revealed an antral mass, and the histopathologic diagnosis was made by incisional biopsy. She refused further examination and treatment. In a 62-year-old woman, a paranasal sinus X-ray film and computed axial tomography examination revealed an antral mass. Epiphora caused by obstruction of the nasolacrimal sac was shown by dacryocystography. Bony destruction of the medial orbital floor was shown by paranasal sinus X-ray film, and confirmed at the time of initial biopsy. Orbital exenteration and radical maxillectomy and ethmoidectomy were performed, and the histopathologic diagnosis and primary site of the tumor were confirmed. There was no recurrence 24 months postoperatively.", "contents": "Adenoid cystic carcinoma of the antrum and epiphora. Tearing was the initial symptom in two patients who subsequently developed a mass over the anterior lacrimal crest area caused by adenoid cystic carcinoma of the antrum. In a 76-year-old woman, a paranasal sinus X-ray film revealed an antral mass, and the histopathologic diagnosis was made by incisional biopsy. She refused further examination and treatment. In a 62-year-old woman, a paranasal sinus X-ray film and computed axial tomography examination revealed an antral mass. Epiphora caused by obstruction of the nasolacrimal sac was shown by dacryocystography. Bony destruction of the medial orbital floor was shown by paranasal sinus X-ray film, and confirmed at the time of initial biopsy. Orbital exenteration and radical maxillectomy and ethmoidectomy were performed, and the histopathologic diagnosis and primary site of the tumor were confirmed. There was no recurrence 24 months postoperatively."}
{"id": "PMID:868959", "title": "Giant, mushroom-shaped osteoma of the orbit originating from the maxillary sinus.", "content": "A 53-year-old woman had a six-month history of proptosis, pain, and decreased vision in the right eye. Skull X-ray films and polytomography demonstrated a giant, mushroom-shaped osteoma originating from the roof of the maxillary sinus and invading the orbit. The tumor was removed by a lateral orbital approach with prompt resolution of proptosis and pain, and recovery of normal vision and ocular motility. This patient is one of 34 patients with 38 paranasal sinus osteomas examined here in the last 25 years. Only six patients have had orbital symptoms or signs.", "contents": "Giant, mushroom-shaped osteoma of the orbit originating from the maxillary sinus. A 53-year-old woman had a six-month history of proptosis, pain, and decreased vision in the right eye. Skull X-ray films and polytomography demonstrated a giant, mushroom-shaped osteoma originating from the roof of the maxillary sinus and invading the orbit. The tumor was removed by a lateral orbital approach with prompt resolution of proptosis and pain, and recovery of normal vision and ocular motility. This patient is one of 34 patients with 38 paranasal sinus osteomas examined here in the last 25 years. Only six patients have had orbital symptoms or signs."}
{"id": "PMID:868962", "title": "Ocular findings in I-cell disease (mucolipidosis type II).", "content": "The ultrastructural study of the eyes in seven patients affected with I-cell disease (mucolipidosis type II) revealed important changes in the corneal, scleral, and uveal fibroblasts, while other cells were rarely involved. This explains the inconstant corneal clouding and the absence of ophthalmoscopic abnormalities clinically. At any moment of a patient's life, conjunctival biopsy specimens show characteristic alterations and allow the rapid and secure diagnosis of I-cell disease. This examination should be widely used in the screening of lysosomal diseases.", "contents": "Ocular findings in I-cell disease (mucolipidosis type II). The ultrastructural study of the eyes in seven patients affected with I-cell disease (mucolipidosis type II) revealed important changes in the corneal, scleral, and uveal fibroblasts, while other cells were rarely involved. This explains the inconstant corneal clouding and the absence of ophthalmoscopic abnormalities clinically. At any moment of a patient's life, conjunctival biopsy specimens show characteristic alterations and allow the rapid and secure diagnosis of I-cell disease. This examination should be widely used in the screening of lysosomal diseases."}
{"id": "PMID:868963", "title": "Thyroid function and the intraocular pressure response to topical corticosteroids.", "content": "Baseline thyroxine, thyrotropin (TSH), and triiodothyronine (T3) resin uptake levels were measured in patients classified according to their topical intraocular response to corticosteroids. Results of thyroid studies were similar in patients with primary open-angle glaucoma and noncorticosteroid responsive (NN, intraocular pressure less than 20 mmHg after six weeks of topical 0.1% dexamethasone eyedrops) subjects. Primary open-angle glaucoma was not associated with the increased prevalence of low thyroid function values. The TSH suppression induced by oral dexamethasone was similar in NN subjects and patients with primary open-angle glaucoma. Patients with primary open-angle glaucoma did not demonstrate an increased glucocorticoid sensitivity as related to thyroid function. Thus, the adenohypophysial thyrotropic cell, the major site of dexamethasone inhibition of TSH secretion, does not appear to share the enhanced corticosteroid sensitivity of the eye, the hypothalamus, and the lymphocyte in patients with primary open-angle glaucoma.", "contents": "Thyroid function and the intraocular pressure response to topical corticosteroids. Baseline thyroxine, thyrotropin (TSH), and triiodothyronine (T3) resin uptake levels were measured in patients classified according to their topical intraocular response to corticosteroids. Results of thyroid studies were similar in patients with primary open-angle glaucoma and noncorticosteroid responsive (NN, intraocular pressure less than 20 mmHg after six weeks of topical 0.1% dexamethasone eyedrops) subjects. Primary open-angle glaucoma was not associated with the increased prevalence of low thyroid function values. The TSH suppression induced by oral dexamethasone was similar in NN subjects and patients with primary open-angle glaucoma. Patients with primary open-angle glaucoma did not demonstrate an increased glucocorticoid sensitivity as related to thyroid function. Thus, the adenohypophysial thyrotropic cell, the major site of dexamethasone inhibition of TSH secretion, does not appear to share the enhanced corticosteroid sensitivity of the eye, the hypothalamus, and the lymphocyte in patients with primary open-angle glaucoma."}
{"id": "PMID:868964", "title": "Iris transillumination and variable expression in ectopia lentis et pupillae.", "content": "Six children in three families showed variations of the rare genetic syndrome, ectopia lentis et pupillae. The siblings in two affected families demonstrated intermingling of simple lens ectopia with ectopia lentis et pupillae, suggesting that some types of simple ectopia lentis represent an incompletely expressed form of the full ectopia lentis et pupillae syndrome. Those patients with simple lens ectopia as well as those with ectopic lenses and pupils had striking transillumination of the iris periphery. Microphakia, cataract, and other anterior segment abnormalities were also observed.", "contents": "Iris transillumination and variable expression in ectopia lentis et pupillae. Six children in three families showed variations of the rare genetic syndrome, ectopia lentis et pupillae. The siblings in two affected families demonstrated intermingling of simple lens ectopia with ectopia lentis et pupillae, suggesting that some types of simple ectopia lentis represent an incompletely expressed form of the full ectopia lentis et pupillae syndrome. Those patients with simple lens ectopia as well as those with ectopic lenses and pupils had striking transillumination of the iris periphery. Microphakia, cataract, and other anterior segment abnormalities were also observed."}
{"id": "PMID:868965", "title": "Rapid development of band keratopathy in dry eyes.", "content": "In three patients, calcium deposits rapidly developed within the superficial corneal stroma. All eyes had severe desiccation, a bacterial corneal ulcer, and frequent instillation of an artificial tear preparation. Calcium deposition within the ulcer base occurred within two to three weeks.", "contents": "Rapid development of band keratopathy in dry eyes. In three patients, calcium deposits rapidly developed within the superficial corneal stroma. All eyes had severe desiccation, a bacterial corneal ulcer, and frequent instillation of an artificial tear preparation. Calcium deposition within the ulcer base occurred within two to three weeks."}
{"id": "PMID:868966", "title": "Experimental retinal neovascularization induced by intravitreal tumors.", "content": "Adult rabbit retinal vessels underwent neovascularization in response to tumor implantation within the vitreous body. The neovascular response was presumably elicited by the tumor angiogenesis factor (TAF). The response of adult retinal vessels to an angiogenic stimulus raises the possibility that a similar substance may cause retinal neovascularization in humans, and that in normal conditions the vitreous may be able to suppress angiogenic activity.", "contents": "Experimental retinal neovascularization induced by intravitreal tumors. Adult rabbit retinal vessels underwent neovascularization in response to tumor implantation within the vitreous body. The neovascular response was presumably elicited by the tumor angiogenesis factor (TAF). The response of adult retinal vessels to an angiogenic stimulus raises the possibility that a similar substance may cause retinal neovascularization in humans, and that in normal conditions the vitreous may be able to suppress angiogenic activity."}
{"id": "PMID:868967", "title": "Dominant slowly progressive macular dystrophy.", "content": "Twenty-three members of one white family were studied for a new form of dominant slowly progressive macular dystrophy in which visual acuity remained good until the seventh decade. Ten patients had positive signs of this entity. Eight patients had possible early forms. Five had no signs. Several patients had visual acuity fluctuations, documented by their ophthalmologists who saw associated pigment epithelial alterations in some cases. Obvious macular changes included perifoveal pigment epithelial atrophy, posterior pole flecks, and fundus lesions resembling an atrophic form of senile macular degeneration. We suggest a possible hereditary predisposition to senile macular degeneration in our patients.", "contents": "Dominant slowly progressive macular dystrophy. Twenty-three members of one white family were studied for a new form of dominant slowly progressive macular dystrophy in which visual acuity remained good until the seventh decade. Ten patients had positive signs of this entity. Eight patients had possible early forms. Five had no signs. Several patients had visual acuity fluctuations, documented by their ophthalmologists who saw associated pigment epithelial alterations in some cases. Obvious macular changes included perifoveal pigment epithelial atrophy, posterior pole flecks, and fundus lesions resembling an atrophic form of senile macular degeneration. We suggest a possible hereditary predisposition to senile macular degeneration in our patients."}
{"id": "PMID:868968", "title": "Relationship of iris nevi to malignant melanoma of the uvea.", "content": "To test the hypothesis that there is an increased number of iris nevi in eyes with a posterior uveal melanoma, we performed slit-lamp examinations on 50 patients with choroidal or ciliary body melanomas to note the presence and number of iris nevi in both eyes. We compared these patients to 50 age-matched control subjects who had cataracts. No relationship was found between the number of iris nevi and posterior uveal melanoma.", "contents": "Relationship of iris nevi to malignant melanoma of the uvea. To test the hypothesis that there is an increased number of iris nevi in eyes with a posterior uveal melanoma, we performed slit-lamp examinations on 50 patients with choroidal or ciliary body melanomas to note the presence and number of iris nevi in both eyes. We compared these patients to 50 age-matched control subjects who had cataracts. No relationship was found between the number of iris nevi and posterior uveal melanoma."}
{"id": "PMID:868969", "title": "Giant papillary conjunctivitis in contact lens wearers.", "content": "A syndrome that occurred in both hard and soft contact lens wearers was characterized by increased mucus, itching, decreased lens tolerance, and giant papillae in the upper tarsal conjunctiva. It developed in as few as three weeks with soft lens wearers but also occurred after months or even years of successful wear. The histology was characterized by basophils, eosinophils, and mast cells in the epithelium, and these cells as well as increased numbers of lymphocytes, plasma cells, and polymorphonuclear leukocytes in the stroma. The syndrome may be immunologic in origin with deposits on the lenses as the antigen, and the syndrome may be a major cause of difficulty in wearing contact lenses once they have been successfully fit.", "contents": "Giant papillary conjunctivitis in contact lens wearers. A syndrome that occurred in both hard and soft contact lens wearers was characterized by increased mucus, itching, decreased lens tolerance, and giant papillae in the upper tarsal conjunctiva. It developed in as few as three weeks with soft lens wearers but also occurred after months or even years of successful wear. The histology was characterized by basophils, eosinophils, and mast cells in the epithelium, and these cells as well as increased numbers of lymphocytes, plasma cells, and polymorphonuclear leukocytes in the stroma. The syndrome may be immunologic in origin with deposits on the lenses as the antigen, and the syndrome may be a major cause of difficulty in wearing contact lenses once they have been successfully fit."}
{"id": "PMID:868970", "title": "Familial aniridia with preserved ocular function.", "content": "Of 76 members of a large pedigree with familial aniridia, 61% of the 38 affected patients had visual acuity of 6/9 (20/30) or better and only 5% had acuity of 6/60 (20/200) or worse. Cataracts were present in 18% of affected patients; glaucoma in 13%; and strabismus in 34%. Sixteen percent of affected patients had strabismic amblyopia. No patient had nystagmus or corneal pannus. The good visual acuity in this family, as compared to that in others, indicates that the absence of iris tissue alone cannot account for the severe visual problems usually associated with aniridia.", "contents": "Familial aniridia with preserved ocular function. Of 76 members of a large pedigree with familial aniridia, 61% of the 38 affected patients had visual acuity of 6/9 (20/30) or better and only 5% had acuity of 6/60 (20/200) or worse. Cataracts were present in 18% of affected patients; glaucoma in 13%; and strabismus in 34%. Sixteen percent of affected patients had strabismic amblyopia. No patient had nystagmus or corneal pannus. The good visual acuity in this family, as compared to that in others, indicates that the absence of iris tissue alone cannot account for the severe visual problems usually associated with aniridia."}
{"id": "PMID:868971", "title": "A soluble sustained-release ophthalmic delivery unit.", "content": "Four studies carried out in normal volunteers assessed the characteristics and acceptability of the matrix of a soluble sustained-release delivery system. Fourteen volunteers in the first study received crossover single applications of a rod- and oval-shaped soluble unit at 8 AM. Fifteen normal volunteers in the second study received soluble units at 9 PM in the inferior cul-de-sac. During the crossover phase, the units were placed into the superior cul-de-sac rather than the inferior cul-de-sac. In the third study, 15 normal volunteers received a rod-shaped unit in one eye and an oval-shaped insert in the opposite eye nightly for five successive nights. In Study 4, 24 normal volunteers subdivided into four groups of 12 eyes received an 18-mg rod, 24-mg rod, 18 mg-oval, or 24-mg oval unit at 9 PM. We concluded that the disappearance rate of these soluble units from the conjunctival sac depended on the size rather than shape and was not influenced by sleep. The soluble units were well tolerated.", "contents": "A soluble sustained-release ophthalmic delivery unit. Four studies carried out in normal volunteers assessed the characteristics and acceptability of the matrix of a soluble sustained-release delivery system. Fourteen volunteers in the first study received crossover single applications of a rod- and oval-shaped soluble unit at 8 AM. Fifteen normal volunteers in the second study received soluble units at 9 PM in the inferior cul-de-sac. During the crossover phase, the units were placed into the superior cul-de-sac rather than the inferior cul-de-sac. In the third study, 15 normal volunteers received a rod-shaped unit in one eye and an oval-shaped insert in the opposite eye nightly for five successive nights. In Study 4, 24 normal volunteers subdivided into four groups of 12 eyes received an 18-mg rod, 24-mg rod, 18 mg-oval, or 24-mg oval unit at 9 PM. We concluded that the disappearance rate of these soluble units from the conjunctival sac depended on the size rather than shape and was not influenced by sleep. The soluble units were well tolerated."}
{"id": "PMID:868972", "title": "Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada syndrome.", "content": "We studied 51 patients who developed Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada (V-K-H) syndrome after corticosteroid therapy. The final visual acuity was better than 6/15 (20/50) in 50%, and less than 6/60 (20/200) in 25% of the patients. The severity and extraocular manifestations of this disease also appeared to be less than observed in patients before the clinical use of corticosteroids. Corticosteroid therapy probably altered the clinical picture in this disease, although other possibilities, including a skewed patient population, may account for these differences.", "contents": "Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada syndrome. We studied 51 patients who developed Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada (V-K-H) syndrome after corticosteroid therapy. The final visual acuity was better than 6/15 (20/50) in 50%, and less than 6/60 (20/200) in 25% of the patients. The severity and extraocular manifestations of this disease also appeared to be less than observed in patients before the clinical use of corticosteroids. Corticosteroid therapy probably altered the clinical picture in this disease, although other possibilities, including a skewed patient population, may account for these differences."}
{"id": "PMID:868973", "title": "A histologic study of regional choroidal dystrophy.", "content": "Light and electron microscopy studies of eyes removed from an 84-year-old man after death indicated a normal optic nerve despite severe peripapillary choroidal atrophy. In the area of atrophy, the choriocapillaris, retinal pigment epithelium, and photoreceptors were absent and there was a marked decrease in choroidal arteries and veins. Bruch's membrane was intact except for several breaks in the peripapillary region. M\u00fcller cells, in the region of atrophy, produced an aberrant, thick basement membrane either in the outer layers of the neurosensory retina or directly applied to Bruch's membrane. On the basis of this study, we postulate that the primary abnormality in this disease is of the choroidal vasculature.", "contents": "A histologic study of regional choroidal dystrophy. Light and electron microscopy studies of eyes removed from an 84-year-old man after death indicated a normal optic nerve despite severe peripapillary choroidal atrophy. In the area of atrophy, the choriocapillaris, retinal pigment epithelium, and photoreceptors were absent and there was a marked decrease in choroidal arteries and veins. Bruch's membrane was intact except for several breaks in the peripapillary region. M\u00fcller cells, in the region of atrophy, produced an aberrant, thick basement membrane either in the outer layers of the neurosensory retina or directly applied to Bruch's membrane. On the basis of this study, we postulate that the primary abnormality in this disease is of the choroidal vasculature."}
{"id": "PMID:868978", "title": "Oculomotor disturbances associated with 5-fluorouracil chemotherapy.", "content": "Two patients treated with 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) for disseminated adenocarcinoma of the colon developed cerebellar dysfunction typical of 5-FU neurotoxicity. The neurotoxicity was associated with oculomotor disturbances expressed primarily as weakness of convergence and divergence. Detailed postmortem examination of one patient revealed no anatomical abnormalities of the central nervous system. The ocular motor disturbances are probably an expression of regional 5-FU neurotoxicity primarily affecting the brain stem.", "contents": "Oculomotor disturbances associated with 5-fluorouracil chemotherapy. Two patients treated with 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) for disseminated adenocarcinoma of the colon developed cerebellar dysfunction typical of 5-FU neurotoxicity. The neurotoxicity was associated with oculomotor disturbances expressed primarily as weakness of convergence and divergence. Detailed postmortem examination of one patient revealed no anatomical abnormalities of the central nervous system. The ocular motor disturbances are probably an expression of regional 5-FU neurotoxicity primarily affecting the brain stem."}
{"id": "PMID:868979", "title": "Corneal opacification occurring after phacoemulsification and phacofragmentation.", "content": "Four patients developed progressive corneal opacification five to eight months after ultrasonic cataract extraction. Transmission electron microscopy was performed in all patients. Scanning electron microscopy, performed in only one patient, showed radiating folds of Descemet's membrane with pits on its posterior surface as well as focal traumatic disruption probably caused by probe contact. Bullous keratopathy was present in one patient. Two other patients had folds of Descemet's membrane and a thin retrocorneal fibrous layer. All four tumor specimens showed secondary epithelial and stromal changes. The common denominator was the total or partial absence of endothelium or marked alterations of its remnants.", "contents": "Corneal opacification occurring after phacoemulsification and phacofragmentation. Four patients developed progressive corneal opacification five to eight months after ultrasonic cataract extraction. Transmission electron microscopy was performed in all patients. Scanning electron microscopy, performed in only one patient, showed radiating folds of Descemet's membrane with pits on its posterior surface as well as focal traumatic disruption probably caused by probe contact. Bullous keratopathy was present in one patient. Two other patients had folds of Descemet's membrane and a thin retrocorneal fibrous layer. All four tumor specimens showed secondary epithelial and stromal changes. The common denominator was the total or partial absence of endothelium or marked alterations of its remnants."}
{"id": "PMID:868980", "title": "Phacocryolysis and phacoemulsification.", "content": "The effect of rapid freezing and thawing was tested in vitro on 100 human hard nuclear cataracts before ultrasonic emulsification. After phacocryolysis the interspace between lens fibers increased, and the normally closely packed fibers appeared to loosen. This seemed to soften the hard cataract, thereby facilitating ultrasonic emulsification.", "contents": "Phacocryolysis and phacoemulsification. The effect of rapid freezing and thawing was tested in vitro on 100 human hard nuclear cataracts before ultrasonic emulsification. After phacocryolysis the interspace between lens fibers increased, and the normally closely packed fibers appeared to loosen. This seemed to soften the hard cataract, thereby facilitating ultrasonic emulsification."}
{"id": "PMID:868981", "title": "Intraocular fibrous proliferation as an incisional complication in pars plana vitrectomy.", "content": "We enucleated an eye of a 39-year-old white man four weeks after partial pars plana vitrectomy was carried out for removal of an amagnetic foreign body which failed. Vitreous clouding complicated the perforating injury. Histological findings included massive ingrowth of fibrous tissue into the vitreous space and along preretinal planes, total retinal detachment with degenerations, and localized proliferations of the pigmentary epithelium. All proliferations originated at the site of the sclerotomy incision.", "contents": "Intraocular fibrous proliferation as an incisional complication in pars plana vitrectomy. We enucleated an eye of a 39-year-old white man four weeks after partial pars plana vitrectomy was carried out for removal of an amagnetic foreign body which failed. Vitreous clouding complicated the perforating injury. Histological findings included massive ingrowth of fibrous tissue into the vitreous space and along preretinal planes, total retinal detachment with degenerations, and localized proliferations of the pigmentary epithelium. All proliferations originated at the site of the sclerotomy incision."}
{"id": "PMID:868982", "title": "Ultrastructure of epiretinal membrane removed by pars plana vitreoretinal surgery.", "content": "Electron microscopic study of an epiretinal membrane obtained from a 69-year-old black woman during pars plana vitreoretinal surgery with vitreous hemorrhage complicating a retinal vein obstruction revealed extensive proliferations of fibrous astrocytes that had secreted fibrillar and basement-membrane collagens. Hemosiderin-containing macrophages were also found. Neovascular elements were present and appeared identical to normal retinal capillaries.", "contents": "Ultrastructure of epiretinal membrane removed by pars plana vitreoretinal surgery. Electron microscopic study of an epiretinal membrane obtained from a 69-year-old black woman during pars plana vitreoretinal surgery with vitreous hemorrhage complicating a retinal vein obstruction revealed extensive proliferations of fibrous astrocytes that had secreted fibrillar and basement-membrane collagens. Hemosiderin-containing macrophages were also found. Neovascular elements were present and appeared identical to normal retinal capillaries."}
{"id": "PMID:868983", "title": "Pigmented preretinal membranes.", "content": "Continuous growth and an increase in pigmentation of a preretinal membrane occurred in a 46-year-old woman after a scleral buckling procedure for rhegmatogenous retinal detachment. Ten additional patients had pigmented preretinal membranes in eyes treated for rhegmatogenous retinal detachment. Although we made no attempts to determine the incidence of pigmented preretinal membrane formation in eyes with retinal detachments, these 11 cases, in a consecutive series of 500 eyes treated for rhegmatogenous retinal detachment, indicated that the development of pigmented preretinal membranes is not uncommon. Our clinical observations supported recent experimental findings implicating retinal pigment epithelial cells as a cause of preretinal membrane formation.", "contents": "Pigmented preretinal membranes. Continuous growth and an increase in pigmentation of a preretinal membrane occurred in a 46-year-old woman after a scleral buckling procedure for rhegmatogenous retinal detachment. Ten additional patients had pigmented preretinal membranes in eyes treated for rhegmatogenous retinal detachment. Although we made no attempts to determine the incidence of pigmented preretinal membrane formation in eyes with retinal detachments, these 11 cases, in a consecutive series of 500 eyes treated for rhegmatogenous retinal detachment, indicated that the development of pigmented preretinal membranes is not uncommon. Our clinical observations supported recent experimental findings implicating retinal pigment epithelial cells as a cause of preretinal membrane formation."}
{"id": "PMID:868984", "title": "Follow-up study in eyes with choroidal neovascularization caused by presumed ocular histoplasmosis.", "content": "Sixty-four eyes of 60 patients with ocular histoplasmosis, and choroidal neovascularization documented by fluorescein angiography, and not treated with photocoagulation, were followed for an average of 29 months. The primary determinant of visual outcome was the proximity of the neovascular membrane to the fovea. Sixty-four percent of eyes with membranes 0.25 disk diameter or greater from the fovea had a final visual acuity of 6/12 (20/40) or better, and 71% of such eyes maintained or improved initial visual acuity. All eyes with subfoveal neovascularization had a poor visual result. Other factors related to visual prognosis included initial visual acuity, size of the neovascular membrane, size of sensory retinal detachment, and presence of hemorrhage.", "contents": "Follow-up study in eyes with choroidal neovascularization caused by presumed ocular histoplasmosis. Sixty-four eyes of 60 patients with ocular histoplasmosis, and choroidal neovascularization documented by fluorescein angiography, and not treated with photocoagulation, were followed for an average of 29 months. The primary determinant of visual outcome was the proximity of the neovascular membrane to the fovea. Sixty-four percent of eyes with membranes 0.25 disk diameter or greater from the fovea had a final visual acuity of 6/12 (20/40) or better, and 71% of such eyes maintained or improved initial visual acuity. All eyes with subfoveal neovascularization had a poor visual result. Other factors related to visual prognosis included initial visual acuity, size of the neovascular membrane, size of sensory retinal detachment, and presence of hemorrhage."}
{"id": "PMID:868986", "title": "Geographic dark posterior fundus patches.", "content": "Nine cases of a newly recognized, probably not uncommon, anomaly of the retinal pigment epithelium have been observed over a four-year period. The lesions occur predominantly in black subjects. Some degree of hemoglobinopathy was present in all the black patients with geographic dark posterior fundus patches. Almost all of the patients were young (6 to 26 years old) but two were 50 years of age. In three patients the patches grew larger. They did not interfere with vision or visual fields and did not appear to be involved with vitreous abnormalities. Fluorescein angiography was normal. In three patients, an electroretinogram gave subnormal results to all stimulus intensities; it was normal in one patient.", "contents": "Geographic dark posterior fundus patches. Nine cases of a newly recognized, probably not uncommon, anomaly of the retinal pigment epithelium have been observed over a four-year period. The lesions occur predominantly in black subjects. Some degree of hemoglobinopathy was present in all the black patients with geographic dark posterior fundus patches. Almost all of the patients were young (6 to 26 years old) but two were 50 years of age. In three patients the patches grew larger. They did not interfere with vision or visual fields and did not appear to be involved with vitreous abnormalities. Fluorescein angiography was normal. In three patients, an electroretinogram gave subnormal results to all stimulus intensities; it was normal in one patient."}
{"id": "PMID:868987", "title": "X-chromosone-linked juvenile retinoschisis with hemorrhagic retinal cyst.", "content": "A 6-year-old boy with X-chromosome-linked juvenile retinoschisis had a large blood-filled retinal cyst surrounded by a rim of exudate which had infiltrated the macula. Spontaneous clearing of the blood and exudate was associated with improvement in vision.", "contents": "X-chromosone-linked juvenile retinoschisis with hemorrhagic retinal cyst. A 6-year-old boy with X-chromosome-linked juvenile retinoschisis had a large blood-filled retinal cyst surrounded by a rim of exudate which had infiltrated the macula. Spontaneous clearing of the blood and exudate was associated with improvement in vision."}
{"id": "PMID:868989", "title": "A tentative mechanism for inferior punctate keratopathy.", "content": "We analyzed the blinking motions of ten patients with inferior punctate keratopathy and ten normal subjects by means of time-lapse motion pictures. We also determined the frequency of blinking during one-minute intervals for each individual. Four types of blinking were distinguished: complete, incomplete, twitch, and forced blink. The average blinking frequency was about the same for both groups: 16 to 17 blinks per minute. The relative proportion of complete blinks, however, was much lower in patients with inferior punctate keratopathy than in normal subjects. The impaired blinking motion may be responsible for the punctate staining of the inferior corneal epithelium by producing exposure and inadequacies in the tear film. For this reason, these patients may benefit from blink training, application of tear substitutes, or soft contact lenses more than from the customary prescription of topical cortisone eyedrops.", "contents": "A tentative mechanism for inferior punctate keratopathy. We analyzed the blinking motions of ten patients with inferior punctate keratopathy and ten normal subjects by means of time-lapse motion pictures. We also determined the frequency of blinking during one-minute intervals for each individual. Four types of blinking were distinguished: complete, incomplete, twitch, and forced blink. The average blinking frequency was about the same for both groups: 16 to 17 blinks per minute. The relative proportion of complete blinks, however, was much lower in patients with inferior punctate keratopathy than in normal subjects. The impaired blinking motion may be responsible for the punctate staining of the inferior corneal epithelium by producing exposure and inadequacies in the tear film. For this reason, these patients may benefit from blink training, application of tear substitutes, or soft contact lenses more than from the customary prescription of topical cortisone eyedrops."}
{"id": "PMID:868990", "title": "Luxation of the globe in Engelmann's disease.", "content": "A 35-year-old woman with Engelmann's disease and systemic lupus erythematosus developed spontaneous luxation of the globe and glaucoma. Radiological studies demonstrated increased sclerosis of the orbital bones and decreased orbital volumes, the probable cause of the luxation and the glaucoma. The glaucoma was controlled with pilocarpine eyedrops and the luxation spontaneously reduced. The systemic administration of corticosteroids for the control of Engelmann's disease and systemic lupus erythematosus may have been a contributory factor in the etiology and management of glaucoma.", "contents": "Luxation of the globe in Engelmann's disease. A 35-year-old woman with Engelmann's disease and systemic lupus erythematosus developed spontaneous luxation of the globe and glaucoma. Radiological studies demonstrated increased sclerosis of the orbital bones and decreased orbital volumes, the probable cause of the luxation and the glaucoma. The glaucoma was controlled with pilocarpine eyedrops and the luxation spontaneously reduced. The systemic administration of corticosteroids for the control of Engelmann's disease and systemic lupus erythematosus may have been a contributory factor in the etiology and management of glaucoma."}
{"id": "PMID:868991", "title": "Vascular tufts of pupillary margin of iris.", "content": "A 71-year-old woman complained of \"smoky\" vision, which was found to be caused by a hyphema with blood dripping from a vascular tuft located in the 12 o'clock meridian of the iris. Fluorescein angiography delineated vascular tufts and argon laser photocoagulation eradicated one of the tufts that bled. Histopathologic studies of iris obtained at the time of cataract extraction showed an aggregate of small vessels at the pupillary margin. Most patients with vascular tufts of the pupillary margin have no systemic disease but they are also observed in diabetes mellitus and myotonic dystrophy.", "contents": "Vascular tufts of pupillary margin of iris. A 71-year-old woman complained of \"smoky\" vision, which was found to be caused by a hyphema with blood dripping from a vascular tuft located in the 12 o'clock meridian of the iris. Fluorescein angiography delineated vascular tufts and argon laser photocoagulation eradicated one of the tufts that bled. Histopathologic studies of iris obtained at the time of cataract extraction showed an aggregate of small vessels at the pupillary margin. Most patients with vascular tufts of the pupillary margin have no systemic disease but they are also observed in diabetes mellitus and myotonic dystrophy."}
{"id": "PMID:868992", "title": "Solitary iris nevus associated with peripheral anterior synechiae and iris endothelialization.", "content": "Two middle-aged patients developed pigmented intrastromal iris nevi and an associated loss of the surrounding iris stromal markings suggestive of a surface iris membrane. Because of the fear of malignant melanoma with superficial growth, we excised the lesions. Histopathologic examination of the specimens revealed that the pigmented lesions were benign iris nevi and that the surrounding membrane was caused by endothelial cell growth onto the iris from peripheral anterior synechiae. These synechiae occurred anterior to Schwalbe's line in the same sector as the nevi and had been noted preoperatively at gonioscopic examination, but their diagnostic significance was not appreciated.", "contents": "Solitary iris nevus associated with peripheral anterior synechiae and iris endothelialization. Two middle-aged patients developed pigmented intrastromal iris nevi and an associated loss of the surrounding iris stromal markings suggestive of a surface iris membrane. Because of the fear of malignant melanoma with superficial growth, we excised the lesions. Histopathologic examination of the specimens revealed that the pigmented lesions were benign iris nevi and that the surrounding membrane was caused by endothelial cell growth onto the iris from peripheral anterior synechiae. These synechiae occurred anterior to Schwalbe's line in the same sector as the nevi and had been noted preoperatively at gonioscopic examination, but their diagnostic significance was not appreciated."}
{"id": "PMID:868994", "title": "Cryotherapy in phthiriasis palpebrarum.", "content": "A 5-year-old white girl had phthiriasis palpebrarum of both upper eyelids. Excellent cooperation by the patient permitted the destruction of adult lice and the nits by cryoapplication under the slit lamp. Cryotherapy seems to be a promising method of treating phthiriasis palpebrarum in a single office visit.", "contents": "Cryotherapy in phthiriasis palpebrarum. A 5-year-old white girl had phthiriasis palpebrarum of both upper eyelids. Excellent cooperation by the patient permitted the destruction of adult lice and the nits by cryoapplication under the slit lamp. Cryotherapy seems to be a promising method of treating phthiriasis palpebrarum in a single office visit."}
{"id": "PMID:868995", "title": "Ectopic lymph node of the orbit simulating a lacrimal gland tumor.", "content": "A 47-year-old woman had a tumor in the lacrimal gland region of the orbit for 20 years which was histologically diagnosed as a large lymph node. The ectopic lymph node was probably congenital.", "contents": "Ectopic lymph node of the orbit simulating a lacrimal gland tumor. A 47-year-old woman had a tumor in the lacrimal gland region of the orbit for 20 years which was histologically diagnosed as a large lymph node. The ectopic lymph node was probably congenital."}
{"id": "PMID:868996", "title": "Traumatic eye and intracranial air-movement from a subconjunctival to an intracranial position.", "content": "In a 12-year-old boy, air accidentally introduced subconjunctivally from the pointed tip of an air compressor hose, moved to an intracranial position over the sella turcica as demonstrated by x-ray films. The globe and a portion of the optic nerve were also outlined by air contrast. A minor corneal abrasion and traumatic iritis cleared promptly and no fractures or other damage occurred.", "contents": "Traumatic eye and intracranial air-movement from a subconjunctival to an intracranial position. In a 12-year-old boy, air accidentally introduced subconjunctivally from the pointed tip of an air compressor hose, moved to an intracranial position over the sella turcica as demonstrated by x-ray films. The globe and a portion of the optic nerve were also outlined by air contrast. A minor corneal abrasion and traumatic iritis cleared promptly and no fractures or other damage occurred."}
{"id": "PMID:868997", "title": "A binocular perimeter.", "content": "A newly designed visual field testing instrument may be used either binocularly, as a quick screening test, or uniocularly, for plotting field defects. During binocular testing, the patient views a single target light at various points in the binocular central field. The eyepieces through which the patient looks and which contain weak prisms induce an artificial diplopia, and the patient sees two target lights. If the patient responds that he sees only one, then a field defect is present in one eye. Further analysis of the fields is then tested uniocularly. The instrument is simply constructed, yet should provide the means for assessing visual fields quickly and accurately.", "contents": "A binocular perimeter. A newly designed visual field testing instrument may be used either binocularly, as a quick screening test, or uniocularly, for plotting field defects. During binocular testing, the patient views a single target light at various points in the binocular central field. The eyepieces through which the patient looks and which contain weak prisms induce an artificial diplopia, and the patient sees two target lights. If the patient responds that he sees only one, then a field defect is present in one eye. Further analysis of the fields is then tested uniocularly. The instrument is simply constructed, yet should provide the means for assessing visual fields quickly and accurately."}
{"id": "PMID:868998", "title": "Tangent screen perimetry using twin test objects.", "content": "A T-shaped carrier with twin test objects is an inexpensive efficient visual field screening device which facilitated identification of a nasal steppe, a paracentral scotoma, an enlarged blind spot, an arcuate scotoma, macular sparing, or hemianopic defects.", "contents": "Tangent screen perimetry using twin test objects. A T-shaped carrier with twin test objects is an inexpensive efficient visual field screening device which facilitated identification of a nasal steppe, a paracentral scotoma, an enlarged blind spot, an arcuate scotoma, macular sparing, or hemianopic defects."}
{"id": "PMID:868999", "title": "A stable base for an operating microscope.", "content": "We developed a 1/4-inch mild steel plate underbase with reinforced steel angles and three-inch diameter casters for our nonmotorized operating microscope floorstand. When fully weighted with an automatic focus zoom microscope head, a stereoscopic assistant scope, and a television camera, the unit proved stable and safe. It can be moved more easily than the existing floorstand.", "contents": "A stable base for an operating microscope. We developed a 1/4-inch mild steel plate underbase with reinforced steel angles and three-inch diameter casters for our nonmotorized operating microscope floorstand. When fully weighted with an automatic focus zoom microscope head, a stereoscopic assistant scope, and a television camera, the unit proved stable and safe. It can be moved more easily than the existing floorstand."}
{"id": "PMID:869003", "title": "Peripheral area-intensity interaction in scotopic visual reaction time.", "content": "Two observers performed simple reaction-time responses to peripheral stimuli of varying intensity (-2.5 to +1.0 log td) and angular subtense (10 to 210 min). The area-intensity combinations that produced each of three scotopic reaction-time criteria were calculated. Analysis of these combinations showed that the area-intensity reciprocity could not be predicted by traditional theories of spatial summation. Like earlier findings for peripheral photopic reaction-time criteria, the results indicated that for small stimulus sizes, area has a greater effect than intensity in determining the scotopic reaction-time responses.", "contents": "Peripheral area-intensity interaction in scotopic visual reaction time. Two observers performed simple reaction-time responses to peripheral stimuli of varying intensity (-2.5 to +1.0 log td) and angular subtense (10 to 210 min). The area-intensity combinations that produced each of three scotopic reaction-time criteria were calculated. Analysis of these combinations showed that the area-intensity reciprocity could not be predicted by traditional theories of spatial summation. Like earlier findings for peripheral photopic reaction-time criteria, the results indicated that for small stimulus sizes, area has a greater effect than intensity in determining the scotopic reaction-time responses."}
{"id": "PMID:869004", "title": "Lens correction of infantile myopia in identical twins: a case report.", "content": "Spectacles were prescribed for 5-year-old identical twins with similar high, uncorrected, isometropic myopia. One received the full correction, and the other was undercorrected by 4 D. The fully corrected subject was a constant esotrope at distance and near; the undercorrected subject exhibited exotropia at near only. Evaluations over a 5-month period indicated that the full correction was the treatment of choice.", "contents": "Lens correction of infantile myopia in identical twins: a case report. Spectacles were prescribed for 5-year-old identical twins with similar high, uncorrected, isometropic myopia. One received the full correction, and the other was undercorrected by 4 D. The fully corrected subject was a constant esotrope at distance and near; the undercorrected subject exhibited exotropia at near only. Evaluations over a 5-month period indicated that the full correction was the treatment of choice."}
{"id": "PMID:869005", "title": "Differential diagnosis of an iris melanoma: a case report.", "content": "A large, inferior-sector melanoma occupying about one-fifth of the iris area in a 65-year-old white man is described. Pigmented lesions of the iris (freckles, nevi, and benign and malignant melanomas) and their signs are reviewed. The iris lesion shows signs of being both malignant and benign. Periodic monitoring of the defect is being continued.", "contents": "Differential diagnosis of an iris melanoma: a case report. A large, inferior-sector melanoma occupying about one-fifth of the iris area in a 65-year-old white man is described. Pigmented lesions of the iris (freckles, nevi, and benign and malignant melanomas) and their signs are reviewed. The iris lesion shows signs of being both malignant and benign. Periodic monitoring of the defect is being continued."}
{"id": "PMID:869007", "title": "Astigmatism in Zuni and Navajo indians.", "content": "Data provided by a practicing optometrist in Gallup, New Mexico indicate a greater than expected frequency of astigmatism among first- and second-grade Zuni and Navajo Indian children. Zuni children displayed a greater frequency of high astigmatism (3.00 D) than Navajo children. In an effort to understand the etiology of this prevalence of high astigmatism, a study of corneal astigmatism in 22 Zuni families was undertaken. The results suggest both genetic and environmental causes. A very high frequency of albinism was also observed among the Zuni.", "contents": "Astigmatism in Zuni and Navajo indians. Data provided by a practicing optometrist in Gallup, New Mexico indicate a greater than expected frequency of astigmatism among first- and second-grade Zuni and Navajo Indian children. Zuni children displayed a greater frequency of high astigmatism (3.00 D) than Navajo children. In an effort to understand the etiology of this prevalence of high astigmatism, a study of corneal astigmatism in 22 Zuni families was undertaken. The results suggest both genetic and environmental causes. A very high frequency of albinism was also observed among the Zuni."}
{"id": "PMID:869008", "title": "Results with the Bausch and Lomb F3 series Soflens contact lens.", "content": "We wanted to determine whether the Bausch and Lomb F3 series Soflens contact lens increases the number of patients who can successfully wear Soflenses. Thirty-two patients (64 eyes) who could not successfully wear 12.5-mm-diameter B, F, J, or N series Soflenses were fitted with the 13.6-mm-diameter F3 series lenses. For 40 of the 64 eyes, the F3 series lenses were successfully worn. Use of this lens series clearly increased the number of patients who could be fitted with Bausch and Lomb Soflens contact lenses. For many patients, this flatter, larger lens centered better and improved vision and comfort compared with the best-fitting Soflens of the 12.5-mm-diameter series.", "contents": "Results with the Bausch and Lomb F3 series Soflens contact lens. We wanted to determine whether the Bausch and Lomb F3 series Soflens contact lens increases the number of patients who can successfully wear Soflenses. Thirty-two patients (64 eyes) who could not successfully wear 12.5-mm-diameter B, F, J, or N series Soflenses were fitted with the 13.6-mm-diameter F3 series lenses. For 40 of the 64 eyes, the F3 series lenses were successfully worn. Use of this lens series clearly increased the number of patients who could be fitted with Bausch and Lomb Soflens contact lenses. For many patients, this flatter, larger lens centered better and improved vision and comfort compared with the best-fitting Soflens of the 12.5-mm-diameter series."}
{"id": "PMID:869010", "title": "Neuro-optometry: an evolving specialty clinic.", "content": "Neuro-optometry is evolving as an optometric clinical specialty focusing on neurological dysfunctions of the visual system. Initially, we focused upon abnormalities of ocular movements, and our investigations have now broadened to include static and dynamic measurements of eye movements, accommodation, and the pupil. We feel the clinic serves three fundamental purposes: (1) to provide service to the patient, (2) to perform clinical research, and (3) to broaden the scope of the students' clinical experience. Operation of the clinic, technical methods of measurement, the testing protocol, and examples of interesting clinical recordings are described.", "contents": "Neuro-optometry: an evolving specialty clinic. Neuro-optometry is evolving as an optometric clinical specialty focusing on neurological dysfunctions of the visual system. Initially, we focused upon abnormalities of ocular movements, and our investigations have now broadened to include static and dynamic measurements of eye movements, accommodation, and the pupil. We feel the clinic serves three fundamental purposes: (1) to provide service to the patient, (2) to perform clinical research, and (3) to broaden the scope of the students' clinical experience. Operation of the clinic, technical methods of measurement, the testing protocol, and examples of interesting clinical recordings are described."}
{"id": "PMID:869011", "title": "Focal mesangial proliferative glomerulonephritis in the rat caused by habu snake venom. A morphologic study.", "content": "A new model of focal mesangial proliferative glomerulonephritis in the rat has been produced by intravenous habu snake venom. Glomerulonephritis developed in 70% of rats surviving the first 6 hours after venom administration. The earliest ultrastructural change (10 minutes after venom) was the presence of loose platelet aggregates and free granules in the capillary lumen and mesangium. This was followed by dissolution of the matrix and endothelial damage. Between 4 and 24 hours, a characteristic focal and segmental ballooned lesion of glomerular capillaries developed. In these lesions, from 3 days onwards a segmental mesangial proliferation occurred, which persisted until sacrifice at 21 days.", "contents": "Focal mesangial proliferative glomerulonephritis in the rat caused by habu snake venom. A morphologic study. A new model of focal mesangial proliferative glomerulonephritis in the rat has been produced by intravenous habu snake venom. Glomerulonephritis developed in 70% of rats surviving the first 6 hours after venom administration. The earliest ultrastructural change (10 minutes after venom) was the presence of loose platelet aggregates and free granules in the capillary lumen and mesangium. This was followed by dissolution of the matrix and endothelial damage. Between 4 and 24 hours, a characteristic focal and segmental ballooned lesion of glomerular capillaries developed. In these lesions, from 3 days onwards a segmental mesangial proliferation occurred, which persisted until sacrifice at 21 days."}
{"id": "PMID:869012", "title": "The effect of ethchlorvynol on pulmonary ultrastructure in dogs.", "content": "The ultrastructure of alveolar septae in dogs is investigated at times ranging from 30 seconds to 60 minutes after intravenous injection of ethchlorvynol (Placidyl). Pulmonary edematous fluid first appears in alveolar spaces 5 minutes after injection and becomes progressively more prominent with increasing time. Alveolar septae are initially somewhat fibrotic, and subsequently, most interstitial spaces become swollen and hydrated. Vesicles in endothelial cells increase with postinjectional time, and they seem to form channels or pores interconnecting capillaries and interstitial spaces. Similar vesicles in epithelial cells (Type 1) show an increase after 30 minutes, and they also seem to form channels or pores interconnecting interstitial spaces and the alveolus. Vesicles, whether in endothelial or epithelial cells, contain a flocculent filamentous material similar to plasma protein and the filamentous proteinaceous material in edematous fluid in alveolar spaces. Ethchlorvynol injection rapidly induces a non-hemodynamic form of pulmonary edema. Since cell junctions of both endothelial and epithelial cells remained intact, it is proposed that transalveolar transport of edematous proteinaceous fluid is mediated by means of endothelial and epithelial vesicles.", "contents": "The effect of ethchlorvynol on pulmonary ultrastructure in dogs. The ultrastructure of alveolar septae in dogs is investigated at times ranging from 30 seconds to 60 minutes after intravenous injection of ethchlorvynol (Placidyl). Pulmonary edematous fluid first appears in alveolar spaces 5 minutes after injection and becomes progressively more prominent with increasing time. Alveolar septae are initially somewhat fibrotic, and subsequently, most interstitial spaces become swollen and hydrated. Vesicles in endothelial cells increase with postinjectional time, and they seem to form channels or pores interconnecting capillaries and interstitial spaces. Similar vesicles in epithelial cells (Type 1) show an increase after 30 minutes, and they also seem to form channels or pores interconnecting interstitial spaces and the alveolus. Vesicles, whether in endothelial or epithelial cells, contain a flocculent filamentous material similar to plasma protein and the filamentous proteinaceous material in edematous fluid in alveolar spaces. Ethchlorvynol injection rapidly induces a non-hemodynamic form of pulmonary edema. Since cell junctions of both endothelial and epithelial cells remained intact, it is proposed that transalveolar transport of edematous proteinaceous fluid is mediated by means of endothelial and epithelial vesicles."}
{"id": "PMID:869013", "title": "Changes in bone and bone marrow of rabbits bearing the VX-2 carcinoma. A comparison of local and distant effects.", "content": "The VX-2 carcinoma in 32 New Zealand white rabbits was studied morphologically with respect to the osseous effects induced by the innoculation and subsequent growth of tumour in the soft tissues over periods ranging from 1 to 5 weeks. Although more severe changes were noted in bones of tumor-bearing than in non-tumor-bearing limbs, effects could be seen in both experimental situations. Severe bone marrow hyperplasia was noted consistently in tumor-bearing animals. A marked increase in numbers of osteoclasts over control rabbit bones was observed along the surface of bones near and distant from the tumor. Resorptive changes were also noted in the cortex of tumor-bearing rabbits. The increase in osteoclast numbers was related chronologically to the development of hypercalcemia and was proportional to the degree of hypercalcemia at the time the animals died. The number of osteoclasts was inversely proportional to the serum creatinine. A diminution of osteoclast numbers was noted in the latter stages of the disease. These changes may be the morphologic expression of humoral hypercalcemia accompanying the VX-2 carcinoma.", "contents": "Changes in bone and bone marrow of rabbits bearing the VX-2 carcinoma. A comparison of local and distant effects. The VX-2 carcinoma in 32 New Zealand white rabbits was studied morphologically with respect to the osseous effects induced by the innoculation and subsequent growth of tumour in the soft tissues over periods ranging from 1 to 5 weeks. Although more severe changes were noted in bones of tumor-bearing than in non-tumor-bearing limbs, effects could be seen in both experimental situations. Severe bone marrow hyperplasia was noted consistently in tumor-bearing animals. A marked increase in numbers of osteoclasts over control rabbit bones was observed along the surface of bones near and distant from the tumor. Resorptive changes were also noted in the cortex of tumor-bearing rabbits. The increase in osteoclast numbers was related chronologically to the development of hypercalcemia and was proportional to the degree of hypercalcemia at the time the animals died. The number of osteoclasts was inversely proportional to the serum creatinine. A diminution of osteoclast numbers was noted in the latter stages of the disease. These changes may be the morphologic expression of humoral hypercalcemia accompanying the VX-2 carcinoma."}
{"id": "PMID:869014", "title": "Disruption of the Golgi zone and inhibition of the conversion of proparathyroid hormone to parathyroid hormone in human parathyroid tissue by tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane.", "content": "Tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane (Tris, Tromethamine, THAM) and other non-amphoteric amines were previously reported to inhibit the conversion of proparathyroid hormone to parathyroid hormone in bovine parathyroid glands incubated in vitro. This inhibition correlated with a striking dilation of the Golgi complex. This work has now been extended to normal, hyperplastic, and adenomatous parathyroid glands from human subjects. The tissues were incubated for up to 3 hours with 3H-leucine in physiologic solutions (control) or in the same solutions containing 50 mM Tris. In one case, diethylamine also was tested. Electron microscopy revealed that the amines produced a dilation of the Golgi complex and swelling of vesicles, predominantly in the region of the Golgi zone. Other organelles were normal in appearance. During the same period, Tris reduced by sixfold the ratio of the parathyroid hormone to proparathyroid hormone, from a control value of 2:1 to 1:3. It was apparent that Tris exerted the same biochemical and morphologic actions in human parathyroid tissues as it was previously shown to do in bovine glands. These studies support the concept that the Golgi zone is that region in the parathyroid gland in which proparathyroid hormone to parathyroid hormone conversion is initiated and that Tris inhibits this conversion through disruption of the converting site.", "contents": "Disruption of the Golgi zone and inhibition of the conversion of proparathyroid hormone to parathyroid hormone in human parathyroid tissue by tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane. Tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane (Tris, Tromethamine, THAM) and other non-amphoteric amines were previously reported to inhibit the conversion of proparathyroid hormone to parathyroid hormone in bovine parathyroid glands incubated in vitro. This inhibition correlated with a striking dilation of the Golgi complex. This work has now been extended to normal, hyperplastic, and adenomatous parathyroid glands from human subjects. The tissues were incubated for up to 3 hours with 3H-leucine in physiologic solutions (control) or in the same solutions containing 50 mM Tris. In one case, diethylamine also was tested. Electron microscopy revealed that the amines produced a dilation of the Golgi complex and swelling of vesicles, predominantly in the region of the Golgi zone. Other organelles were normal in appearance. During the same period, Tris reduced by sixfold the ratio of the parathyroid hormone to proparathyroid hormone, from a control value of 2:1 to 1:3. It was apparent that Tris exerted the same biochemical and morphologic actions in human parathyroid tissues as it was previously shown to do in bovine glands. These studies support the concept that the Golgi zone is that region in the parathyroid gland in which proparathyroid hormone to parathyroid hormone conversion is initiated and that Tris inhibits this conversion through disruption of the converting site."}
{"id": "PMID:869015", "title": "Metaplasia of smooth muscle cells into juxtaglomerular cells in the juxtaglomerular apparatus, arteries, and arterioles of the ischemic (endocrine) kidney. An ultrastructural-cytochemical and autoradiographic study.", "content": "Partial ligation of the aorta between the renal arteries induces marked atrophy of the cortical tubules of the left (endocrine) kidney with a remarkable increase in the number and granularity of hypersecretory juxtaglomerular cells (JGC), which are found not only at the glomerular pole of arterioles but also in the walls of arteries and arterioles far removed from the glomerulus. Typical vascular smooth muscle cells (SMC), in which secretory granules appear, show a concomitant development of their Golgi complex and rough endoplasmic reticulum, with a gradual decrease in the number of their filaments. Microtubules also appear in the Golgi area. Thiery's periodic acid-thiocarbohydrazide-silver proteinate technique demonstrates that in these \"intermediate\" cells, as in mature JGC, the amount of glycogen is greater than in SMC. The newly-developed secretory granules of intermediate cells are stained by phosphotungstic acid at a low pH, as are the mature granules of JGC, an indication that both types contain glycoproteins. Light and electron microscopic autoradiography reveal that both JGC and \"intermediate\" cells of the vascular wall do not incorporate radioactive thymidine (injected during the 10-day observation period). Thus, they develop by metaplasia of preexistent SMC. In control kidneys, radioactive thymidine is practically never incorporated into the nuclei of SMC but is found in a few glomerular and tubular cells of all zones except the papilla.The endocrine kidney shows virtually no reactive nuclei in vascular SMC, glomeruli, or tubular cells of the outer cortex. Thymidine is incorporated into practically all nuclei of the straight portion of proximal tubules and into about half the nuclei of all medullary tubular cells including the papilla.", "contents": "Metaplasia of smooth muscle cells into juxtaglomerular cells in the juxtaglomerular apparatus, arteries, and arterioles of the ischemic (endocrine) kidney. An ultrastructural-cytochemical and autoradiographic study. Partial ligation of the aorta between the renal arteries induces marked atrophy of the cortical tubules of the left (endocrine) kidney with a remarkable increase in the number and granularity of hypersecretory juxtaglomerular cells (JGC), which are found not only at the glomerular pole of arterioles but also in the walls of arteries and arterioles far removed from the glomerulus. Typical vascular smooth muscle cells (SMC), in which secretory granules appear, show a concomitant development of their Golgi complex and rough endoplasmic reticulum, with a gradual decrease in the number of their filaments. Microtubules also appear in the Golgi area. Thiery's periodic acid-thiocarbohydrazide-silver proteinate technique demonstrates that in these \"intermediate\" cells, as in mature JGC, the amount of glycogen is greater than in SMC. The newly-developed secretory granules of intermediate cells are stained by phosphotungstic acid at a low pH, as are the mature granules of JGC, an indication that both types contain glycoproteins. Light and electron microscopic autoradiography reveal that both JGC and \"intermediate\" cells of the vascular wall do not incorporate radioactive thymidine (injected during the 10-day observation period). Thus, they develop by metaplasia of preexistent SMC. In control kidneys, radioactive thymidine is practically never incorporated into the nuclei of SMC but is found in a few glomerular and tubular cells of all zones except the papilla.The endocrine kidney shows virtually no reactive nuclei in vascular SMC, glomeruli, or tubular cells of the outer cortex. Thymidine is incorporated into practically all nuclei of the straight portion of proximal tubules and into about half the nuclei of all medullary tubular cells including the papilla."}
{"id": "PMID:869016", "title": "Ultrastructural evaluation of parathyroid glands and thyroid C cells of cattle fed Solanum malacoxylon.", "content": "Fine structural alterations of thyroid C cells and parathyroid chief cells were evaluated after feeding dried leaves of the calcinogenic plant, Solanum malacoxylon, to cattle for 1, 6 and 32 days. Thyroid C cells initially were degranulated in response to the hypercalcemia, and parathyroid chief cells accumulated secretory granules. There was hypertrophy of thyroid C cells with well-developed secretory organelles but few secretory granules in the  cytoplasm after 6 days of feeding S. malacoxylon. Inactive chief cells with dispersed profiles of endoplasmic reticulum and increased lysosomal bodies predominated in the parathyroid glands. Multiple foci of soft tissue mineralization were present in the heart, lung, and kidney. Thyroid C cells underwent hypertrophy and hyperplasia after 32 days of S. malacoxylon, and parathyroid chief cells were inactive or atrophic in response to the long-term hypercalcemia. Severe soft tissue mineralization was present throughout the cardiovascular system, lung, kidney, and spleen. These ultrastructural changes in thyroid C cells and parathyroid chief cells plus the widespread soft tissue mineralization observed after feeding cattle small amounts of S. malacoxylon are consistent with the recent evidence that leaves of this plant are a potent source of the active metabolite, 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol, of vitamin D.", "contents": "Ultrastructural evaluation of parathyroid glands and thyroid C cells of cattle fed Solanum malacoxylon. Fine structural alterations of thyroid C cells and parathyroid chief cells were evaluated after feeding dried leaves of the calcinogenic plant, Solanum malacoxylon, to cattle for 1, 6 and 32 days. Thyroid C cells initially were degranulated in response to the hypercalcemia, and parathyroid chief cells accumulated secretory granules. There was hypertrophy of thyroid C cells with well-developed secretory organelles but few secretory granules in the  cytoplasm after 6 days of feeding S. malacoxylon. Inactive chief cells with dispersed profiles of endoplasmic reticulum and increased lysosomal bodies predominated in the parathyroid glands. Multiple foci of soft tissue mineralization were present in the heart, lung, and kidney. Thyroid C cells underwent hypertrophy and hyperplasia after 32 days of S. malacoxylon, and parathyroid chief cells were inactive or atrophic in response to the long-term hypercalcemia. Severe soft tissue mineralization was present throughout the cardiovascular system, lung, kidney, and spleen. These ultrastructural changes in thyroid C cells and parathyroid chief cells plus the widespread soft tissue mineralization observed after feeding cattle small amounts of S. malacoxylon are consistent with the recent evidence that leaves of this plant are a potent source of the active metabolite, 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol, of vitamin D."}
{"id": "PMID:869017", "title": "3-methylindole-induced pulmonary injury in goats.", "content": "Ruminal administration of 3-methylindole in goats severe pulmonary edema and respiratory distress. Electron microscopic studies of lungs reveal extensive degeneration and necrosis of alveolar membranous pneumocytes and bronchiolar epithelium. The necrosis of the pneumocytes is followed by proliferation of granular pneumocytes, which repopulate the alveolar basal lamina scaffold. 3-Methylindole may also induce proliferation of smooth endoplasmic reticulum in the remaining membranous pneumocytes and nonciliated columnar cells, indicating that these two cell types are involved in the xenobiotic function of the lung. The results suggest that 3-methylindole in cigarette smoke may play an important role in the pathogenesis of small airway disease and emphysema, and that patients with severe liver diseases or portocaval shunt may be predisposed to diffuse alveolar damage by 3-methylindole produced in the intestinal tract.", "contents": "3-methylindole-induced pulmonary injury in goats. Ruminal administration of 3-methylindole in goats severe pulmonary edema and respiratory distress. Electron microscopic studies of lungs reveal extensive degeneration and necrosis of alveolar membranous pneumocytes and bronchiolar epithelium. The necrosis of the pneumocytes is followed by proliferation of granular pneumocytes, which repopulate the alveolar basal lamina scaffold. 3-Methylindole may also induce proliferation of smooth endoplasmic reticulum in the remaining membranous pneumocytes and nonciliated columnar cells, indicating that these two cell types are involved in the xenobiotic function of the lung. The results suggest that 3-methylindole in cigarette smoke may play an important role in the pathogenesis of small airway disease and emphysema, and that patients with severe liver diseases or portocaval shunt may be predisposed to diffuse alveolar damage by 3-methylindole produced in the intestinal tract."}
{"id": "PMID:869019", "title": "Dynamic properties of human motor units in the Hoffmann--reflex and M response.", "content": "The dynamic properties of motor units involved in unrestrained H-reflexes and M responses have been studied in seven normal adult males. A linear relationship was observed between the peak to peak EMG of the M response and its twitch tension. Linear relationships were also noted between the EMG and peak displacement, velocity, and acceleration of the evoked muscle twitch for both the H-reflex and the M response. Contraction times for motor units recruited in the H-reflex were longer than those for the M response at low levels of motor unit recruitment. For both responses, however, the contraction times (time to peak force) were markedly shorter than those reported for isometric conditions. Differences were also noted between the H-reflex and M response in the absolute values of the tension to EMG ratio. These differences, together with the longer contraction times for the H-reflex, are quite consistent with the view that different motor unit subpopulations are recruited in the early stages of the two responses. The results and their interpretation, in terms of differential motor unit recruitment, generally confirm the conclusions of studies in which isometric twitch contractions have been investigated.", "contents": "Dynamic properties of human motor units in the Hoffmann--reflex and M response. The dynamic properties of motor units involved in unrestrained H-reflexes and M responses have been studied in seven normal adult males. A linear relationship was observed between the peak to peak EMG of the M response and its twitch tension. Linear relationships were also noted between the EMG and peak displacement, velocity, and acceleration of the evoked muscle twitch for both the H-reflex and the M response. Contraction times for motor units recruited in the H-reflex were longer than those for the M response at low levels of motor unit recruitment. For both responses, however, the contraction times (time to peak force) were markedly shorter than those reported for isometric conditions. Differences were also noted between the H-reflex and M response in the absolute values of the tension to EMG ratio. These differences, together with the longer contraction times for the H-reflex, are quite consistent with the view that different motor unit subpopulations are recruited in the early stages of the two responses. The results and their interpretation, in terms of differential motor unit recruitment, generally confirm the conclusions of studies in which isometric twitch contractions have been investigated."}
{"id": "PMID:869026", "title": "The effect of alcohol and smoking on testosterone function and aggression in chronic alcoholics.", "content": "Forty alcoholics without other significant medical or psychiatric problems were studied on a research ward for two weeks. All subjects abstained from alcohol and cigarettes during the first week; 30 randomly selected subjects were permitted unlimited alcohol and/or cigarettes during the second week. Plasma testosterone levels were normal during the first week but decreased rapidly and significantly in those subjects allowed alcohol. A variety of measures of affect failed to show a significant correlation between hostility/aggression and plasma testosterone levels or alcohol ingestion.", "contents": "The effect of alcohol and smoking on testosterone function and aggression in chronic alcoholics. Forty alcoholics without other significant medical or psychiatric problems were studied on a research ward for two weeks. All subjects abstained from alcohol and cigarettes during the first week; 30 randomly selected subjects were permitted unlimited alcohol and/or cigarettes during the second week. Plasma testosterone levels were normal during the first week but decreased rapidly and significantly in those subjects allowed alcohol. A variety of measures of affect failed to show a significant correlation between hostility/aggression and plasma testosterone levels or alcohol ingestion."}
{"id": "PMID:869027", "title": "Illustrious psychiatric administrators.", "content": "The authors found several common themes in intensive interviews with 20 prominent psychiatric administrators. The decision to go into administrative work resulted from strong interest in public service, frustration in other roles, and/or situational factors. Administration was learned by doing and by interaction with colleagues in the field or other knowledgeable individuals. The job of administrator is often perceived as stressful, but it offers rewards such as increased autonomy, opportunities for self-growth, prestige, and the potential for a broader contribution to mental health.", "contents": "Illustrious psychiatric administrators. The authors found several common themes in intensive interviews with 20 prominent psychiatric administrators. The decision to go into administrative work resulted from strong interest in public service, frustration in other roles, and/or situational factors. Administration was learned by doing and by interaction with colleagues in the field or other knowledgeable individuals. The job of administrator is often perceived as stressful, but it offers rewards such as increased autonomy, opportunities for self-growth, prestige, and the potential for a broader contribution to mental health."}
{"id": "PMID:869028", "title": "Trends in the frequency of schizophrenia by different diagnostic criteria.", "content": "The authors report results of rediagnoses of 128 cases from two decades (1932-1941 and 1947-1956) by clinicians using the Research Diagnostic Criteria as guidelines and compare these results to rediagnoses by clinicians in a previous study using more general guidelines. Although hospital records indicated an increased frequency of schizophrenia over the two decades, the rediagnosticians found no change or a decrease. Severity of symptoms did not change during the two decades, but patients in the second decade showed more borderline symptoms, leading to more diagnostic disagreement. The authors conclude that changes in diagnostic criteria and pateints' conditions influence admission trends for schizophrenia.", "contents": "Trends in the frequency of schizophrenia by different diagnostic criteria. The authors report results of rediagnoses of 128 cases from two decades (1932-1941 and 1947-1956) by clinicians using the Research Diagnostic Criteria as guidelines and compare these results to rediagnoses by clinicians in a previous study using more general guidelines. Although hospital records indicated an increased frequency of schizophrenia over the two decades, the rediagnosticians found no change or a decrease. Severity of symptoms did not change during the two decades, but patients in the second decade showed more borderline symptoms, leading to more diagnostic disagreement. The authors conclude that changes in diagnostic criteria and pateints' conditions influence admission trends for schizophrenia."}
{"id": "PMID:869029", "title": "Psychiatry in crisis.", "content": "Psychiatry today faces sociopolitical, economic, and philosophical pressures that threaten its existence as a valued medical specialty. Recent legislation that decreases the numbers of foreign medical graduates eligible to practice in the United States, increases the numbers of community mental health centers and types of services they offer, and limits federal support of psychiatric education will affect the future of psychiatry as a profession and discipline. Forthcoming legislation and federal health policies will be related to the ability of the profession to demonstrate its unique role in the provision of mental health and health services. The authors offer suggestions for the education of the American public regarding the important role of psychiatry in America's health and mental health care system.", "contents": "Psychiatry in crisis. Psychiatry today faces sociopolitical, economic, and philosophical pressures that threaten its existence as a valued medical specialty. Recent legislation that decreases the numbers of foreign medical graduates eligible to practice in the United States, increases the numbers of community mental health centers and types of services they offer, and limits federal support of psychiatric education will affect the future of psychiatry as a profession and discipline. Forthcoming legislation and federal health policies will be related to the ability of the profession to demonstrate its unique role in the provision of mental health and health services. The authors offer suggestions for the education of the American public regarding the important role of psychiatry in America's health and mental health care system."}
{"id": "PMID:869030", "title": "Sexual dysfunctions and psychoanalysis.", "content": "The authors examine the major factors involved in recent changes in the social standards and attitudes related to homosexuality. The principal influences investigated include the misconstrued emphasis given to the humanist ideology, which properly stresses the dignity of the individual; the social sciences' relativization of the cultural norms defining homosexuality; the influence of the mass media in disseminating these perspectives and thereby tending to create an acceptable image of homosexuality, and the tendency of all these changes to result in a substantial increase in public acceptance and tolerance of homosexuality. The authors suggest that this trend in public opinion has begun to isolate psychoanalytic knowledge, to reduce its status and acceptability among the public, and to replace it with popular views concerning the meaning of sexual dysfunctions.", "contents": "Sexual dysfunctions and psychoanalysis. The authors examine the major factors involved in recent changes in the social standards and attitudes related to homosexuality. The principal influences investigated include the misconstrued emphasis given to the humanist ideology, which properly stresses the dignity of the individual; the social sciences' relativization of the cultural norms defining homosexuality; the influence of the mass media in disseminating these perspectives and thereby tending to create an acceptable image of homosexuality, and the tendency of all these changes to result in a substantial increase in public acceptance and tolerance of homosexuality. The authors suggest that this trend in public opinion has begun to isolate psychoanalytic knowledge, to reduce its status and acceptability among the public, and to replace it with popular views concerning the meaning of sexual dysfunctions."}
{"id": "PMID:869031", "title": "Evaluating antianxiety agents in humans: experimental paradigms.", "content": "Conventional clinical trials using parallel groups are relatively insensitive to the effects of psychotropic drugs, especially antianxiety agents. Experimental paradigms based on the single organism research strategy offer an alternative. A free operant avoidance procedure clearly distinguished representative psychotropic compounds, including diazepam and pentobarbital, in normal subjects, and a multiple crossover procedure clearly detected antianxiety effects of diazepam in 11 psychoneurotic patients and antipsychotic effects of chlordiazepoxide in individual schizophrenic patients. Such procedures may serve to evaluate the effectiveness of therapeutic interventions in clinical practice as well as in research.", "contents": "Evaluating antianxiety agents in humans: experimental paradigms. Conventional clinical trials using parallel groups are relatively insensitive to the effects of psychotropic drugs, especially antianxiety agents. Experimental paradigms based on the single organism research strategy offer an alternative. A free operant avoidance procedure clearly distinguished representative psychotropic compounds, including diazepam and pentobarbital, in normal subjects, and a multiple crossover procedure clearly detected antianxiety effects of diazepam in 11 psychoneurotic patients and antipsychotic effects of chlordiazepoxide in individual schizophrenic patients. Such procedures may serve to evaluate the effectiveness of therapeutic interventions in clinical practice as well as in research."}
{"id": "PMID:869032", "title": "Dysmorphophobia: symptom or disease?", "content": "Although dysmorphophobia, a subjective feeling of ugliness in a person of normal appearance, constitutes a distinctive symptom cluster occasionally seen in patients requesting cosmetic surgery, it is not included in current major psychiatric diagnostic systems. Patients with dysmorphophobia are usually young and perfectionistic and have both schizoid and narcissistic traits. The authors present two representative case histories and suggest that study of more patients with dysmorphophobia is needed to determine whether it is a symptom of an underlying disease or is itself a separate disease entity.", "contents": "Dysmorphophobia: symptom or disease? Although dysmorphophobia, a subjective feeling of ugliness in a person of normal appearance, constitutes a distinctive symptom cluster occasionally seen in patients requesting cosmetic surgery, it is not included in current major psychiatric diagnostic systems. Patients with dysmorphophobia are usually young and perfectionistic and have both schizoid and narcissistic traits. The authors present two representative case histories and suggest that study of more patients with dysmorphophobia is needed to determine whether it is a symptom of an underlying disease or is itself a separate disease entity."}
{"id": "PMID:869033", "title": "Newborn dopamine-beta-hydroxylase, minor physical anomalies, and infant temperament.", "content": "The authors examined newborn anomaly scores for 193 normal infants in relation to obstetrical history, newborn dopamine-beta-hydroxylase (DBH), and 5-month (N=185) and 1-year (N=123) infant behavior, determined by a questionnaire completed by their mothers. There was no significant relationship between anomaly score and obstetrical history or 5-month infant temperament; low significant correlations were found between newborn DBH and 1) infant irritability and unsociable response and 2) 1-year anomaly scores and reported activity levels. The authors discuss the possible importance of these findings.", "contents": "Newborn dopamine-beta-hydroxylase, minor physical anomalies, and infant temperament. The authors examined newborn anomaly scores for 193 normal infants in relation to obstetrical history, newborn dopamine-beta-hydroxylase (DBH), and 5-month (N=185) and 1-year (N=123) infant behavior, determined by a questionnaire completed by their mothers. There was no significant relationship between anomaly score and obstetrical history or 5-month infant temperament; low significant correlations were found between newborn DBH and 1) infant irritability and unsociable response and 2) 1-year anomaly scores and reported activity levels. The authors discuss the possible importance of these findings."}
{"id": "PMID:869034", "title": "Primary and secondary benefits from treatment for alcoholism.", "content": "The authors recorded diagnoses and total number of sick days for 148 men before and after treatment for alcoholism in a Navy alcoholic rehabilitation center. Over a 4-year period (2 years before and 2 years after treatment), there was a reduction of sick days for each man and a reduction of alcohol-and nonalcohol-related complaints. The authors stress the importance of valid evaluation criteria for alcohol rehabilitation programs.", "contents": "Primary and secondary benefits from treatment for alcoholism. The authors recorded diagnoses and total number of sick days for 148 men before and after treatment for alcoholism in a Navy alcoholic rehabilitation center. Over a 4-year period (2 years before and 2 years after treatment), there was a reduction of sick days for each man and a reduction of alcohol-and nonalcohol-related complaints. The authors stress the importance of valid evaluation criteria for alcohol rehabilitation programs."}
{"id": "PMID:869048", "title": "Auditory evoked potentials and selective attention in formerly hyperactive adolescent boys.", "content": "Although many of the prominent symptoms of minimal brain dysfunction (MBD) subside during pubescence, adolescents who had MBD during childhood may have persistent neuropsychological dysfunctions. The authors studied the auditory average cortical evoked potentials and behavioral responses of 9 formerly hyperactive adolescent boys and 9 matched control subjects who performed a selective attention task. Experimental subjects showed indications of impairment on both electrophysiological and behavioral measures of selective attention. Although the findings are consistent with a neurodevelopmental lag interpretation of MBD, they may also imply a persistent dysfunction related to the frontal association cortex.", "contents": "Auditory evoked potentials and selective attention in formerly hyperactive adolescent boys. Although many of the prominent symptoms of minimal brain dysfunction (MBD) subside during pubescence, adolescents who had MBD during childhood may have persistent neuropsychological dysfunctions. The authors studied the auditory average cortical evoked potentials and behavioral responses of 9 formerly hyperactive adolescent boys and 9 matched control subjects who performed a selective attention task. Experimental subjects showed indications of impairment on both electrophysiological and behavioral measures of selective attention. Although the findings are consistent with a neurodevelopmental lag interpretation of MBD, they may also imply a persistent dysfunction related to the frontal association cortex."}
{"id": "PMID:869049", "title": "Borderline rage and the therapist's reponse.", "content": "Borderline patients often engender feelings ranging from apathy to rage in therapists. The author views the borderline patient's rage as defensive against fear of total negation resulting from projective identification with hostile part objects. The therapist's withdrawal or anger parallels the patient's projection of affect. Countertransference offers the potential for understanding a patient's terror, but therapists may become fixed in identifications that distort their understanding. Clarity often comes slowly as the therapist directs attention to his/her own affective state in order to understand the patient's vulnerability.", "contents": "Borderline rage and the therapist's reponse. Borderline patients often engender feelings ranging from apathy to rage in therapists. The author views the borderline patient's rage as defensive against fear of total negation resulting from projective identification with hostile part objects. The therapist's withdrawal or anger parallels the patient's projection of affect. Countertransference offers the potential for understanding a patient's terror, but therapists may become fixed in identifications that distort their understanding. Clarity often comes slowly as the therapist directs attention to his/her own affective state in order to understand the patient's vulnerability."}
{"id": "PMID:869050", "title": "Collaboration between Ohio psychiatrists and the legislature to update commitment laws.", "content": "The author describes how the Ohio Psychiatric Association (OPA) worked with the state legislature to ensure that the revision of Ohio's laws regarding involuntary commitment of the mentally ill reflected what psychiatrists felt to be in the best interests of patients. The OPA was successful in changing the definition of \"persons subject to hospitalization by court order,\" in abolishing suggested 90-day and 180-day limits on the hospitalization of certain kinds of patients, in supporting the participation of psychologists in the admission process after the presence of a medical examiner had been affirmed, and in protecting the confidentiality of private patients' records.", "contents": "Collaboration between Ohio psychiatrists and the legislature to update commitment laws. The author describes how the Ohio Psychiatric Association (OPA) worked with the state legislature to ensure that the revision of Ohio's laws regarding involuntary commitment of the mentally ill reflected what psychiatrists felt to be in the best interests of patients. The OPA was successful in changing the definition of \"persons subject to hospitalization by court order,\" in abolishing suggested 90-day and 180-day limits on the hospitalization of certain kinds of patients, in supporting the participation of psychologists in the admission process after the presence of a medical examiner had been affirmed, and in protecting the confidentiality of private patients' records."}
{"id": "PMID:869051", "title": "The prevention of tardive dyskinesia.", "content": "The publication of numerous articles on tardive dyskinesia has had little effect on the excessive use of neurolepic drugs in psychiatric populations. If current prescribing patterns are not drastically changed, larger numbers of patients will be afflicted by conspicuous, sometimes disabling neurological side effects. The risk of permanent neurological disorder can be minimized by monitoring side effects and systematically reducing drug doses in hospitals, outpatient centers, and private practice. However, one should not underestimate the difficulty in implementing such a program in facilities that rely heavily on chemotherapy.", "contents": "The prevention of tardive dyskinesia. The publication of numerous articles on tardive dyskinesia has had little effect on the excessive use of neurolepic drugs in psychiatric populations. If current prescribing patterns are not drastically changed, larger numbers of patients will be afflicted by conspicuous, sometimes disabling neurological side effects. The risk of permanent neurological disorder can be minimized by monitoring side effects and systematically reducing drug doses in hospitals, outpatient centers, and private practice. However, one should not underestimate the difficulty in implementing such a program in facilities that rely heavily on chemotherapy."}
{"id": "PMID:869052", "title": "Clinical research techniques in tardive dyskinesia.", "content": "The authors have developed standardized assessment and control techniques designed to provide objective measures of tardive dyskinesia in patients progressing through an experimental treatment program. Standardized videotaping is carried out and blind ratings on the Abnormal Involuntary Movement Scale are made by a team of psychiatrists and neurologists. Other assessments include several measurements of vocal function and a quantitative acceleration profile standardized on normal subjects. Such measures allow quantifiable determination of response to drug treatment and may provide clues to the etiology and definition of the dyskinetic syndrome.", "contents": "Clinical research techniques in tardive dyskinesia. The authors have developed standardized assessment and control techniques designed to provide objective measures of tardive dyskinesia in patients progressing through an experimental treatment program. Standardized videotaping is carried out and blind ratings on the Abnormal Involuntary Movement Scale are made by a team of psychiatrists and neurologists. Other assessments include several measurements of vocal function and a quantitative acceleration profile standardized on normal subjects. Such measures allow quantifiable determination of response to drug treatment and may provide clues to the etiology and definition of the dyskinetic syndrome."}
{"id": "PMID:869053", "title": "Effects of dopamine agonists in tardive dyskinesia.", "content": "The authors used a combined behavioral and neuroendocrinological strategy to investigate the relevance of abnormalities in the brain dopaminergic systems to the pathophysiology of tardive dyskinesia by assessing the effects of apomorphine, a directly acting dopamine agonist, and d-amphetamine, an indirectly acting dopamine agonist, in patients with tardive dyskinesia. Administration of I.V. d-amphetamine increased dyskinetic movements in most patients with tardive dyskinesia, a finding consistent with the dopaminergic hypothesis. Contrary to predictions based on animal models, apomorphine did not increase dyskinetic movements in these patients but instead substantially reduced dyskinesia in some patients. Patients with tardive dyskinesia did not have a greater drop in serum prolactin or a greater rise in serum growth hormone after apomorphine than normal or chronic schizophrenic subjects without tardive dyskinesia.", "contents": "Effects of dopamine agonists in tardive dyskinesia. The authors used a combined behavioral and neuroendocrinological strategy to investigate the relevance of abnormalities in the brain dopaminergic systems to the pathophysiology of tardive dyskinesia by assessing the effects of apomorphine, a directly acting dopamine agonist, and d-amphetamine, an indirectly acting dopamine agonist, in patients with tardive dyskinesia. Administration of I.V. d-amphetamine increased dyskinetic movements in most patients with tardive dyskinesia, a finding consistent with the dopaminergic hypothesis. Contrary to predictions based on animal models, apomorphine did not increase dyskinetic movements in these patients but instead substantially reduced dyskinesia in some patients. Patients with tardive dyskinesia did not have a greater drop in serum prolactin or a greater rise in serum growth hormone after apomorphine than normal or chronic schizophrenic subjects without tardive dyskinesia."}
{"id": "PMID:869054", "title": "Cholinergic influences in tardive dyskinesia.", "content": "The authors conducted placebo-controlled double-blind studies of physostigmine, choline, and deanol in 12 patients with tardive dyskinesia. Physostigmine and choline both had a positive therapeutic effect on tardive dyskinesia, but the authors note that interpretation of these results is not entirely clear because they found that the sedation effect of physostigmine may nonspecifically reduce the intensity of tardive dyskinesia symptoms. Deanol was not found to be effective in this group of patients; the authors suggest that this drug should not be assumed to be generally effective unless effectiveness is verified by a large placebo-controlled double-blind study.", "contents": "Cholinergic influences in tardive dyskinesia. The authors conducted placebo-controlled double-blind studies of physostigmine, choline, and deanol in 12 patients with tardive dyskinesia. Physostigmine and choline both had a positive therapeutic effect on tardive dyskinesia, but the authors note that interpretation of these results is not entirely clear because they found that the sedation effect of physostigmine may nonspecifically reduce the intensity of tardive dyskinesia symptoms. Deanol was not found to be effective in this group of patients; the authors suggest that this drug should not be assumed to be generally effective unless effectiveness is verified by a large placebo-controlled double-blind study."}
{"id": "PMID:869055", "title": "Electrophysiological (H-reflex) studies of patients with tardive dyskinesia.", "content": "The authors studied the H-reflex recovery curves of 31 schizophrenic patients with tardive dyskinesia in response to acute administrations of apomorphine, amphetamine, or physostigmine and compared them with curves of chronic schizophrenic patients without tardive dyskinesia and normal volunteers. Their most unexpected finding was the absence of an H-reflex in 9 of the 31 patients with tardive dyskinesia. They also found a relationship between severity of tardive dyskinesia and the value of the facilitatory peak Hchi: patients with more severe tardive dyskinesia symptoms had significantly higher values for Hchi.", "contents": "Electrophysiological (H-reflex) studies of patients with tardive dyskinesia. The authors studied the H-reflex recovery curves of 31 schizophrenic patients with tardive dyskinesia in response to acute administrations of apomorphine, amphetamine, or physostigmine and compared them with curves of chronic schizophrenic patients without tardive dyskinesia and normal volunteers. Their most unexpected finding was the absence of an H-reflex in 9 of the 31 patients with tardive dyskinesia. They also found a relationship between severity of tardive dyskinesia and the value of the facilitatory peak Hchi: patients with more severe tardive dyskinesia symptoms had significantly higher values for Hchi."}
{"id": "PMID:869056", "title": "The relationship between parkinsonism and tardive dyskinesia.", "content": "The author analyzes parkinsonism and hyperkinesia in psychiatric patients with tardive dyskinesia before and during treatment with alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine (AMPT, a dopamine antagonist), biperiden (an acetylcholine antagonist), and baclofen (a GABA agonist); and in patients with paralysis agitans and L-dopa-induced hyperkinesia. AMPT and baclofen had similar influences on oral dyskinesia, resulting in reduced frequency, unchanged or slightly reduced amplitude, and increased duration of each movement. The author concludes that: 1) reduced dopaminergic activity may be the primary pathogenetic background for tardive dyskinesia; 2) dopaminergic hypersensitivity and/or cholinergic hypofunction is necessary before hyperkinesia breaks through; and 3) the neurotoxic effects of neuroleptics may be associated with age-dependent changes in nigrostriatal regions representing oral innervation.", "contents": "The relationship between parkinsonism and tardive dyskinesia. The author analyzes parkinsonism and hyperkinesia in psychiatric patients with tardive dyskinesia before and during treatment with alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine (AMPT, a dopamine antagonist), biperiden (an acetylcholine antagonist), and baclofen (a GABA agonist); and in patients with paralysis agitans and L-dopa-induced hyperkinesia. AMPT and baclofen had similar influences on oral dyskinesia, resulting in reduced frequency, unchanged or slightly reduced amplitude, and increased duration of each movement. The author concludes that: 1) reduced dopaminergic activity may be the primary pathogenetic background for tardive dyskinesia; 2) dopaminergic hypersensitivity and/or cholinergic hypofunction is necessary before hyperkinesia breaks through; and 3) the neurotoxic effects of neuroleptics may be associated with age-dependent changes in nigrostriatal regions representing oral innervation."}
{"id": "PMID:869057", "title": "Relationship between age and tricyclic antidepressant plasma levels.", "content": "Older depressed patients treated with imipramine or amitriptyline developed higher steady-state plasma levels of imipramine, desipramine, and amitriptyline. In imipramine-treated patients this finding was associated with a decreased rate of drug elimination from plasma. These findings provide at least a partial explanation for the increased susceptibility of the older patient to tricyclic antidepressant side effects and also provide a pharmacological rationale for use of lower dosages in this age group.", "contents": "Relationship between age and tricyclic antidepressant plasma levels. Older depressed patients treated with imipramine or amitriptyline developed higher steady-state plasma levels of imipramine, desipramine, and amitriptyline. In imipramine-treated patients this finding was associated with a decreased rate of drug elimination from plasma. These findings provide at least a partial explanation for the increased susceptibility of the older patient to tricyclic antidepressant side effects and also provide a pharmacological rationale for use of lower dosages in this age group."}
{"id": "PMID:869058", "title": "Anhedonia and schizophrenia.", "content": "The authors administered semi-structured interviews to 187 psychiatric inpatients to determine the role of anhedonia in schizophrenia. The interviews were taperecorded and then given blind ratings for anhedonia on a 7-point scale. Schizophrenic patients had significantly more anhedonia than nonschizophrenics, although many of the latter group had anhedonic tendencies. Most of the difference between the groups resulted from high anhedonia scores for chronic schizophrenics; less anhedonia was found in the acute schizophrenic patients. The data indicate that anhedonia is not necessary or unique to schizophrenia but is a prominent factor in chronic schizophrenia.", "contents": "Anhedonia and schizophrenia. The authors administered semi-structured interviews to 187 psychiatric inpatients to determine the role of anhedonia in schizophrenia. The interviews were taperecorded and then given blind ratings for anhedonia on a 7-point scale. Schizophrenic patients had significantly more anhedonia than nonschizophrenics, although many of the latter group had anhedonic tendencies. Most of the difference between the groups resulted from high anhedonia scores for chronic schizophrenics; less anhedonia was found in the acute schizophrenic patients. The data indicate that anhedonia is not necessary or unique to schizophrenia but is a prominent factor in chronic schizophrenia."}
{"id": "PMID:869059", "title": "Social adjustment profiles of female drivers involved in fatal and nonfatal accidents.", "content": "Previous research by the authors has shown that male drivers involved in fatal and nonfatal accidents can be differentiated from the general population on the basis of background, behavior, and social adjustment. The results of the present study suggest that female drivers involved in serious crashes do not differ from the overall female driving population.", "contents": "Social adjustment profiles of female drivers involved in fatal and nonfatal accidents. Previous research by the authors has shown that male drivers involved in fatal and nonfatal accidents can be differentiated from the general population on the basis of background, behavior, and social adjustment. The results of the present study suggest that female drivers involved in serious crashes do not differ from the overall female driving population."}
{"id": "PMID:869083", "title": "The geographic and functional distribution of black physicians: some research and policy considerations.", "content": "Studies of the geographic and functional distribution of physicians rarely include race of the physicians as a study variable. For black physicians, there are some rather strong justifications for doing just that: 1) their services are directed almost exclusively to black and often medically underserved communities; 2) recent efforts to reduce constraints to medical education based on race, sex, ethnicity, and income have resulted in a substantial increase in the proportion of black medical students; 3) inferring about black physicians from information on the general population of physicians given the differences in biographical and experimental characteristics is tenuous at best. Hence, an adequate information base and focused conceptualization on the educational and career patterns of black physicians are indicated. At the policy level there is a need to clarify the relationship between equity in educational (and career) opportunity and efforts to redistribute physicians.", "contents": "The geographic and functional distribution of black physicians: some research and policy considerations. Studies of the geographic and functional distribution of physicians rarely include race of the physicians as a study variable. For black physicians, there are some rather strong justifications for doing just that: 1) their services are directed almost exclusively to black and often medically underserved communities; 2) recent efforts to reduce constraints to medical education based on race, sex, ethnicity, and income have resulted in a substantial increase in the proportion of black medical students; 3) inferring about black physicians from information on the general population of physicians given the differences in biographical and experimental characteristics is tenuous at best. Hence, an adequate information base and focused conceptualization on the educational and career patterns of black physicians are indicated. At the policy level there is a need to clarify the relationship between equity in educational (and career) opportunity and efforts to redistribute physicians."}
{"id": "PMID:869084", "title": "Studies of ambulance patients with ischemic heart disease. 1. The outcome of pre-hospital life-threatening arrhythmias in patients receiving electrocardiographic telemetry and therapeutic interventions.", "content": "Patient delay in seeking medical assistance for acute ischemic heart disease and the incidence of potentially life-threatening arrhythmias en route to the hospital were examined in a 22-month community trial of ambulance telemetry. Of 7,654 patients transported, 179 who had electrocardiograms (ECGS) transmitted were found to have had acute MIs or acute myocardial ischemic events. Fifty per cent of these patients summoned an ambulance within 30 minutes and 72 per cent within two hours after the onset of acute symptoms. Fifty-eight patients had potentially life-threatening arrhythmias. Interventions with drugs and/or defibrillation was required in 22 patients with or without cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR); intervention with CPR alone was required in six patients. Twelve of these 28 patients survived through hospital admission and six were alive at three months. The relatively low outcome/input ratio of this experience necessitates re-evaluation of the epidemiological characteristics and patient selection criteria in populations considered for telemetry.", "contents": "Studies of ambulance patients with ischemic heart disease. 1. The outcome of pre-hospital life-threatening arrhythmias in patients receiving electrocardiographic telemetry and therapeutic interventions. Patient delay in seeking medical assistance for acute ischemic heart disease and the incidence of potentially life-threatening arrhythmias en route to the hospital were examined in a 22-month community trial of ambulance telemetry. Of 7,654 patients transported, 179 who had electrocardiograms (ECGS) transmitted were found to have had acute MIs or acute myocardial ischemic events. Fifty per cent of these patients summoned an ambulance within 30 minutes and 72 per cent within two hours after the onset of acute symptoms. Fifty-eight patients had potentially life-threatening arrhythmias. Interventions with drugs and/or defibrillation was required in 22 patients with or without cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR); intervention with CPR alone was required in six patients. Twelve of these 28 patients survived through hospital admission and six were alive at three months. The relatively low outcome/input ratio of this experience necessitates re-evaluation of the epidemiological characteristics and patient selection criteria in populations considered for telemetry."}
{"id": "PMID:869085", "title": "Studies of ambulance patients with ischemic heart disease. 11. Selection of patients for ambulance telemetry.", "content": "One hundred eighty-two of 1,928 patients (9.4 per cent) transported by ambulance during a six-month period in Baltimore had ECGs transmitted. Review of the remaining 1,746 records by two cardiologists indicated that an additional 113 patients should have had their ECGs transmitted because of life-threatening conditions. Of patients with acute ischemic heart disease, 47 had ECG monitoring and 24 did not. There were 22 per cent more Killip 111/1V patients with a 19 per cent higher mortality at three months among the \"non-transmitted\" patients as compared to the \"transmitted\" patients, controlling for all other relevant variables. Critical presentations inappropriately affect ambulance staffs' selection of patients for monitoring.", "contents": "Studies of ambulance patients with ischemic heart disease. 11. Selection of patients for ambulance telemetry. One hundred eighty-two of 1,928 patients (9.4 per cent) transported by ambulance during a six-month period in Baltimore had ECGs transmitted. Review of the remaining 1,746 records by two cardiologists indicated that an additional 113 patients should have had their ECGs transmitted because of life-threatening conditions. Of patients with acute ischemic heart disease, 47 had ECG monitoring and 24 did not. There were 22 per cent more Killip 111/1V patients with a 19 per cent higher mortality at three months among the \"non-transmitted\" patients as compared to the \"transmitted\" patients, controlling for all other relevant variables. Critical presentations inappropriately affect ambulance staffs' selection of patients for monitoring."}
{"id": "PMID:869086", "title": "Five year follow-up of a smoking withdrawal clinic population.", "content": "Eight hundred volunteers who attended smoking clinics at Roswell Park Memorial Institute from 1964-1965 were followed up five years later to ascertain their current smoking status. From three waves of a mailed questionnaire, plus a telephone campaign, we obtained 559 usable responses. The relationship between smoking status at the five-year follow-up and clinic protocols and selected social and psychological characteristics as determined during the clinics were examined. Of those individuals contacted five years after the clinic, 17.8 per cent were not smoking. Variations in clinic protocol in terms of drugs and education methods had no relation to long-term smoking withdrawal. Several social and psychological variables, however, were related to smoking behavior five years after the clinics. Non-smokers were more likely than smokers to be males, to be older, to have smoked less before the clinic, to have started smoking at a later age, to have a milieu that was supportive of their stopping, and to have fewer indices of neurosis and fewer psychosomatic symptoms.", "contents": "Five year follow-up of a smoking withdrawal clinic population. Eight hundred volunteers who attended smoking clinics at Roswell Park Memorial Institute from 1964-1965 were followed up five years later to ascertain their current smoking status. From three waves of a mailed questionnaire, plus a telephone campaign, we obtained 559 usable responses. The relationship between smoking status at the five-year follow-up and clinic protocols and selected social and psychological characteristics as determined during the clinics were examined. Of those individuals contacted five years after the clinic, 17.8 per cent were not smoking. Variations in clinic protocol in terms of drugs and education methods had no relation to long-term smoking withdrawal. Several social and psychological variables, however, were related to smoking behavior five years after the clinics. Non-smokers were more likely than smokers to be males, to be older, to have smoked less before the clinic, to have started smoking at a later age, to have a milieu that was supportive of their stopping, and to have fewer indices of neurosis and fewer psychosomatic symptoms."}
{"id": "PMID:869087", "title": "Expired air carbon monoxide and serum thiocyanate as objective measures of cigarette exposure.", "content": "Expired air carbon monoxide (CO) and serum thiocyanate (SCN) were used to asses exposure to cigarettes in 139 middle-aged men. Subjects who reported smoking cigarettes generally had CO levels exceeding 8ppm and SCN levels exceeding 100umol/L; non-smokers had lower levels. For both tests the mean concentration among men smoking more than one pack daily was three times that of non-smokers. The is a high correlation between the two tests (r=.571 for smokers), an association that was largely independent of the smaller correlations between either test and reported smoking frequency (r=.476 for CO; r=.479 for SCN). The ability to distinguish between individuals who reported \"typical\" smoking habits and non-smokers was best when the CO and SCN analyses were used together to take advantage of their separate sources of variance; it was 99 per cent when the two tests were mutually concordant (91 per cent of cases). The CO and SCN measurements allowed 16 individuals who reported light smoking habits to be categorized into high and low presumptive tobacco exposure groups. The two tests are inexpensive and suitable for use in epidemiologic and health care delivery programs.", "contents": "Expired air carbon monoxide and serum thiocyanate as objective measures of cigarette exposure. Expired air carbon monoxide (CO) and serum thiocyanate (SCN) were used to asses exposure to cigarettes in 139 middle-aged men. Subjects who reported smoking cigarettes generally had CO levels exceeding 8ppm and SCN levels exceeding 100umol/L; non-smokers had lower levels. For both tests the mean concentration among men smoking more than one pack daily was three times that of non-smokers. The is a high correlation between the two tests (r=.571 for smokers), an association that was largely independent of the smaller correlations between either test and reported smoking frequency (r=.476 for CO; r=.479 for SCN). The ability to distinguish between individuals who reported \"typical\" smoking habits and non-smokers was best when the CO and SCN analyses were used together to take advantage of their separate sources of variance; it was 99 per cent when the two tests were mutually concordant (91 per cent of cases). The CO and SCN measurements allowed 16 individuals who reported light smoking habits to be categorized into high and low presumptive tobacco exposure groups. The two tests are inexpensive and suitable for use in epidemiologic and health care delivery programs."}
{"id": "PMID:869097", "title": "The nature of a cytopathogenic material present in amebae of the genus Naegleria.", "content": "The Naegleria ameba cytopathogenic material (NACM) obtained from free-living and/or pathogenic amebae has been partially isolated and characterized. The evidence indicates that the material is a protein or has a protein component, and is in the estimated molecular weight range of 50,000 daltons. The partially isolated NACM, like its counterpart in the amebic lysates, is capable of sustaining itself in tissue cultures at a temperature which otherwise would inactivate it, and in serial passages through multiple dilutions. No distinctions between the NACMs from amebae of different Naegleria species or strains have been found in the biological response to the various treatments studied.", "contents": "The nature of a cytopathogenic material present in amebae of the genus Naegleria. The Naegleria ameba cytopathogenic material (NACM) obtained from free-living and/or pathogenic amebae has been partially isolated and characterized. The evidence indicates that the material is a protein or has a protein component, and is in the estimated molecular weight range of 50,000 daltons. The partially isolated NACM, like its counterpart in the amebic lysates, is capable of sustaining itself in tissue cultures at a temperature which otherwise would inactivate it, and in serial passages through multiple dilutions. No distinctions between the NACMs from amebae of different Naegleria species or strains have been found in the biological response to the various treatments studied."}
{"id": "PMID:869098", "title": "Mesocercaria in the skin of man in Louisiana.", "content": "Two areas of intradermal swelling removed from the upper thigh and iliac crest of a 43-year-old man in Louisiana were each found to contain a larval trematode about 0.5 mm in length. Based on morphology reconstructed from serial sections, the two worms were identified as a mesocercaria of an undescribed species belonging to the subfamily Alariinae.", "contents": "Mesocercaria in the skin of man in Louisiana. Two areas of intradermal swelling removed from the upper thigh and iliac crest of a 43-year-old man in Louisiana were each found to contain a larval trematode about 0.5 mm in length. Based on morphology reconstructed from serial sections, the two worms were identified as a mesocercaria of an undescribed species belonging to the subfamily Alariinae."}
{"id": "PMID:869099", "title": "Prevalence and morbidity of Schistosoma haematobium in Egyptian children. A controlled study.", "content": "The prevalence and morbidity of schistosomiasis haematobium were studied in three geographically different villages in Giza governorate in Egypt. The survey included 786 children ranging in age from 6 months to 10 years. There was a marked variation in the prevalence of infection in the three areas, correlated with the socioeconomic standards and sanitary habits, emphasizing their role in the spread of the disease. The youngest child infected was a 14-month-old boy, while the peak of prevalence of infection was in children 8 to 10 years old. The intensity of infection, as indicated by the heaviness of urinary egg output (mean of 3 successive days), was unrelated to the degree of prevalence in the area concerned. On the other hand, such intensity of infection correlated well with the severity of the clinical picture. Immediate skin-test reactivity was related to the intensity of infection, though unreliable as a single diagnostic test in children. Delayed reactivity was less sensitive. Stool examination showed a higher prevalence of other helminthic infections in schistosome-infected children aged 6 to 10 years than in uninfected children. The impact of schistosomiasis on the general health of children as shown by the anthropometric measurements was mild, except in heavily infected children in whom it was significant. The study focused on the overshadowed young age period when infection can be radically cured and even easily avoided. The data point to the importance of considering the intensity of infection, and not the prevalence, in weighing the need for therapy against its toxic effects in children, or in discussing the priorities of treatment in an endemic area.", "contents": "Prevalence and morbidity of Schistosoma haematobium in Egyptian children. A controlled study. The prevalence and morbidity of schistosomiasis haematobium were studied in three geographically different villages in Giza governorate in Egypt. The survey included 786 children ranging in age from 6 months to 10 years. There was a marked variation in the prevalence of infection in the three areas, correlated with the socioeconomic standards and sanitary habits, emphasizing their role in the spread of the disease. The youngest child infected was a 14-month-old boy, while the peak of prevalence of infection was in children 8 to 10 years old. The intensity of infection, as indicated by the heaviness of urinary egg output (mean of 3 successive days), was unrelated to the degree of prevalence in the area concerned. On the other hand, such intensity of infection correlated well with the severity of the clinical picture. Immediate skin-test reactivity was related to the intensity of infection, though unreliable as a single diagnostic test in children. Delayed reactivity was less sensitive. Stool examination showed a higher prevalence of other helminthic infections in schistosome-infected children aged 6 to 10 years than in uninfected children. The impact of schistosomiasis on the general health of children as shown by the anthropometric measurements was mild, except in heavily infected children in whom it was significant. The study focused on the overshadowed young age period when infection can be radically cured and even easily avoided. The data point to the importance of considering the intensity of infection, and not the prevalence, in weighing the need for therapy against its toxic effects in children, or in discussing the priorities of treatment in an endemic area."}
{"id": "PMID:869100", "title": "Prevalence and intensity of Schistosoma haematobium and S. mansoni infection in Qalyub, Egypt.", "content": "We report the preliminary findings of a comprehensive schistosomiasis survey in the Qalyub region of the Nile Delta. A systematic sample of households in eight villages was studied, and 8,712 individuals submitted stool and urine specimens for parasitologic examinations. The prevalence of Schistosoma mansoni infection (40.5%) was much higher than that reported previously in this area, and the prevalence of S. haematobium (27%) was much lower. The geometric mean egg output for both parasites was surprisingly low. The apparent increase in S. mansoni infection may be largely due to the use of a very sensitive parasitologic technique, but the decrease in S. haematobium prevalence is unexplained. Preliminary results of snail surveys, however, indicate a profound decrease in the population levels of Bulinus species, a phenomenon which may be related to ecological changes since construction of the Aswan High Dam.", "contents": "Prevalence and intensity of Schistosoma haematobium and S. mansoni infection in Qalyub, Egypt. We report the preliminary findings of a comprehensive schistosomiasis survey in the Qalyub region of the Nile Delta. A systematic sample of households in eight villages was studied, and 8,712 individuals submitted stool and urine specimens for parasitologic examinations. The prevalence of Schistosoma mansoni infection (40.5%) was much higher than that reported previously in this area, and the prevalence of S. haematobium (27%) was much lower. The geometric mean egg output for both parasites was surprisingly low. The apparent increase in S. mansoni infection may be largely due to the use of a very sensitive parasitologic technique, but the decrease in S. haematobium prevalence is unexplained. Preliminary results of snail surveys, however, indicate a profound decrease in the population levels of Bulinus species, a phenomenon which may be related to ecological changes since construction of the Aswan High Dam."}
{"id": "PMID:869102", "title": "Proteolytic, antigenic and immunogenic properties of Schistosoma mansoni cercarial secretion material.", "content": "Schistosoma mansoni cercariae secrete preacetabular gland material in association with skin penetration. The material is heterogeneous and contains proteolytic enzyme(s) which comprise a small proportion of the total protein. We have immunized mice with cercarial secretion material in several protocols designed to induce a variety of antibody responses. The cercarial secretion material is sufficiently immunogenic to induce precipitating and reaginic antibody production. The antibodies obtained were not of the necessary quantity and/or quality to afford protection from a challenge infection.", "contents": "Proteolytic, antigenic and immunogenic properties of Schistosoma mansoni cercarial secretion material. Schistosoma mansoni cercariae secrete preacetabular gland material in association with skin penetration. The material is heterogeneous and contains proteolytic enzyme(s) which comprise a small proportion of the total protein. We have immunized mice with cercarial secretion material in several protocols designed to induce a variety of antibody responses. The cercarial secretion material is sufficiently immunogenic to induce precipitating and reaginic antibody production. The antibodies obtained were not of the necessary quantity and/or quality to afford protection from a challenge infection."}
{"id": "PMID:869103", "title": "Inhibition of the immune response to whooping cough and tetanus vaccines by malaria infection, and the effect of pertussis adjuvant.", "content": "Plasmodium yoelii infection of mice depressed their capacity to build up humoral immune response to diphteria vaccine and protective immunity against tetanus toxin. This immunodepression was overcome by Freund's complete adjuvant or killed pertussis bacilli (whooping cough vaccine). These results suggest that vaccines should be given in association in malaria endemic area.", "contents": "Inhibition of the immune response to whooping cough and tetanus vaccines by malaria infection, and the effect of pertussis adjuvant. Plasmodium yoelii infection of mice depressed their capacity to build up humoral immune response to diphteria vaccine and protective immunity against tetanus toxin. This immunodepression was overcome by Freund's complete adjuvant or killed pertussis bacilli (whooping cough vaccine). These results suggest that vaccines should be given in association in malaria endemic area."}
{"id": "PMID:869104", "title": "Fibrinogen metabolism and disseminated intravascular coagulation in dengue hemorrhagic fever.", "content": "In 29 patients with dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF), 12 with grade 2 and 17 with grades 3 and 4, fibrinogen metabolism was studied by using 125I-fibrinogen; 11 of these patients were studied during shock. Hemostatic studies were also performed to search for evidence of disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC). Increased intravascular coagulation, as judged by rapid T1/2 of 125I-fibrinogen, as well as evidence of DIC by hemostatic patients with DHF grade 2 had rapid T1/2 and only 17% had DIC. Of the 11 patients studied during shock, 91% had both rapid T1/2 and evidence of DIC, whereas 63% of the 18 patients without shock had rapid T1/2 and only 11% of this latter group had DIC. A correlation between the increased fibrinogen consumption as judged by rapid T1/2 of 125I-fibrinogen, DIC, clinical severity, and shock was demonstrated. The role of DIC in the pathogenesis of DHF is discussed, and heparin is suggested for patients with prolonged shock and severe acidosis when DIC becomes clinically apparent.", "contents": "Fibrinogen metabolism and disseminated intravascular coagulation in dengue hemorrhagic fever. In 29 patients with dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF), 12 with grade 2 and 17 with grades 3 and 4, fibrinogen metabolism was studied by using 125I-fibrinogen; 11 of these patients were studied during shock. Hemostatic studies were also performed to search for evidence of disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC). Increased intravascular coagulation, as judged by rapid T1/2 of 125I-fibrinogen, as well as evidence of DIC by hemostatic patients with DHF grade 2 had rapid T1/2 and only 17% had DIC. Of the 11 patients studied during shock, 91% had both rapid T1/2 and evidence of DIC, whereas 63% of the 18 patients without shock had rapid T1/2 and only 11% of this latter group had DIC. A correlation between the increased fibrinogen consumption as judged by rapid T1/2 of 125I-fibrinogen, DIC, clinical severity, and shock was demonstrated. The role of DIC in the pathogenesis of DHF is discussed, and heparin is suggested for patients with prolonged shock and severe acidosis when DIC becomes clinically apparent."}
{"id": "PMID:869106", "title": "Single inoculation immune hamster sera for typing California group arboviruses by the complement-fixation test.", "content": "Eight reference California group viruses of North America were typed using sera of immune hamsters bled 21 days after a single inoculation. The complement-fixation test reactions were relatively specific, although only 2-fold differences were observed reciprocally with the closely-related La Crosse and snowshoe hare viruses. Hamster serum taken 10 days post inoculation was more specific than a 21-day serum. Sepcificity after second inoculation was lost with some antigens. Jamestown Canyon and South River viruses were identical by complement-fixation test and showed minor differences in the plaque reduction neutralization test.", "contents": "Single inoculation immune hamster sera for typing California group arboviruses by the complement-fixation test. Eight reference California group viruses of North America were typed using sera of immune hamsters bled 21 days after a single inoculation. The complement-fixation test reactions were relatively specific, although only 2-fold differences were observed reciprocally with the closely-related La Crosse and snowshoe hare viruses. Hamster serum taken 10 days post inoculation was more specific than a 21-day serum. Sepcificity after second inoculation was lost with some antigens. Jamestown Canyon and South River viruses were identical by complement-fixation test and showed minor differences in the plaque reduction neutralization test."}
{"id": "PMID:869107", "title": "Sterility introduced by release of genetically altered males to a domestic population of Aedes aegypti at the Kenya coast.", "content": "The release of males heterozygous for one or two sex-linked translocations was effective in introducing a high level of sterility into a domestic population of Aedes aegypti at a Rabai village. The effect of the releases continued for several weeks after the release period.", "contents": "Sterility introduced by release of genetically altered males to a domestic population of Aedes aegypti at the Kenya coast. The release of males heterozygous for one or two sex-linked translocations was effective in introducing a high level of sterility into a domestic population of Aedes aegypti at a Rabai village. The effect of the releases continued for several weeks after the release period."}
{"id": "PMID:869108", "title": "Efficacy of various drugs for treatment of giardiasis. A comparative study.", "content": "A total of 172 patients with giardiasis were treated with four of the drugs most commonly used for this infection. All drugs were used in their usual posologic schedules. The cure rates achieved with furazolidone, nimorazole, metronidazole, and tinidazole were; respectively, 72%, 94%, 87%, and 97%, while in a control group given no medication stools of only 35% of the patients became negative. Side effects were of minor importance in patients treated with nimorazole and metronidazole, and were somewhat more frequent and severe in those treated with furazolidone. Tinidazole produced no side effects.", "contents": "Efficacy of various drugs for treatment of giardiasis. A comparative study. A total of 172 patients with giardiasis were treated with four of the drugs most commonly used for this infection. All drugs were used in their usual posologic schedules. The cure rates achieved with furazolidone, nimorazole, metronidazole, and tinidazole were; respectively, 72%, 94%, 87%, and 97%, while in a control group given no medication stools of only 35% of the patients became negative. Side effects were of minor importance in patients treated with nimorazole and metronidazole, and were somewhat more frequent and severe in those treated with furazolidone. Tinidazole produced no side effects."}
{"id": "PMID:869109", "title": "Oral infection of mice with trophozoites of Giardia muris.", "content": "Giardia muris has been maintained for years in the mouse by administering by gavage 10,000 trophozoites taken from the small intestine of infected mice. Despite the growth of numerous protozoa in the intestine, absorption of tetracycline hydrochloride in infected mice was not changed to a statistically significant extent, as blood drug levels increased only slightly: behavior was similarly unaffected. Reasons for the apparent lack of virulence of this strain are discussed.", "contents": "Oral infection of mice with trophozoites of Giardia muris. Giardia muris has been maintained for years in the mouse by administering by gavage 10,000 trophozoites taken from the small intestine of infected mice. Despite the growth of numerous protozoa in the intestine, absorption of tetracycline hydrochloride in infected mice was not changed to a statistically significant extent, as blood drug levels increased only slightly: behavior was similarly unaffected. Reasons for the apparent lack of virulence of this strain are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:869110", "title": "Ectopic ascariasis: report of a case with adult worms in the kidney.", "content": "Six adult Ascaris lumbricoides were found in the pelvis and calyces of the left kidney of a 25-year-old woman in Mexico. Prior to death three worms had emerged from a subcutaneous abscess which at autopsy was found to communicate with the colon through fistulas to the upper ureter above an occluding calculus, and from the renal capsule to the skin near the left iliac crest.", "contents": "Ectopic ascariasis: report of a case with adult worms in the kidney. Six adult Ascaris lumbricoides were found in the pelvis and calyces of the left kidney of a 25-year-old woman in Mexico. Prior to death three worms had emerged from a subcutaneous abscess which at autopsy was found to communicate with the colon through fistulas to the upper ureter above an occluding calculus, and from the renal capsule to the skin near the left iliac crest."}
{"id": "PMID:869111", "title": "Microfilarial granuloma of the breast in a patient with tropical pulmonary eosinophilia.", "content": "Microfilariae found in a breast nodule of a patient with tropical pulmonary eosinophilia were identified as Wuchereria bancrofti, confirming that the tropical pulmonary eosinophilia syndrome may be associated with infections caused by this species of filarial worm.", "contents": "Microfilarial granuloma of the breast in a patient with tropical pulmonary eosinophilia. Microfilariae found in a breast nodule of a patient with tropical pulmonary eosinophilia were identified as Wuchereria bancrofti, confirming that the tropical pulmonary eosinophilia syndrome may be associated with infections caused by this species of filarial worm."}
{"id": "PMID:869113", "title": "Malignant duodenocolic fistulas.", "content": "Five cases of malignant duodenocolic fistula seen at the Massachusetts General Hospital in the past thirty years are reviewed. Rarely encountered, these lesions are characterized by diarrhea, weight loss, abdominal pain, anemia, and sometimes feculent vomiting. Barium enemas are more likely to demonstrate the fistula tract than upper gastrointestinal series. Nutritional deficiencies may be profound, and the use of preoperative hyperalimentation is encouraged. Operations that accomplish only bypass of the fistula are of minimal palliative value, and the fistula should be divided or resected if possible. When feasible, wide resection is the procedure of choice, and a fourteen year survival is reported after this operation.", "contents": "Malignant duodenocolic fistulas. Five cases of malignant duodenocolic fistula seen at the Massachusetts General Hospital in the past thirty years are reviewed. Rarely encountered, these lesions are characterized by diarrhea, weight loss, abdominal pain, anemia, and sometimes feculent vomiting. Barium enemas are more likely to demonstrate the fistula tract than upper gastrointestinal series. Nutritional deficiencies may be profound, and the use of preoperative hyperalimentation is encouraged. Operations that accomplish only bypass of the fistula are of minimal palliative value, and the fistula should be divided or resected if possible. When feasible, wide resection is the procedure of choice, and a fourteen year survival is reported after this operation."}
{"id": "PMID:869114", "title": "Operative complications of abdominal vagotomy.", "content": "To assess the incidence of operative complications, mortality, and accuracy of vagotomy in transabdominal vagotomy, 733 cases were reviewed. Statistics are compared with those of other authors. A loose comparison of patients operated on by resident surgeons versus those operated on by attending surgeons is also made. Our preference for immediate microscopic examination of vagotomy specimens is stressed. One unusual complication is described.", "contents": "Operative complications of abdominal vagotomy. To assess the incidence of operative complications, mortality, and accuracy of vagotomy in transabdominal vagotomy, 733 cases were reviewed. Statistics are compared with those of other authors. A loose comparison of patients operated on by resident surgeons versus those operated on by attending surgeons is also made. Our preference for immediate microscopic examination of vagotomy specimens is stressed. One unusual complication is described."}
{"id": "PMID:869115", "title": "Gallium 67 citrate scanning in the diagnosis of intraabdominal abscess.", "content": "Fifty-one consecutive gallium scans in fifty patients with suspected intraabdominal abscess are reviewed. There were twelve true-positive, seven false-positive, twenty-nine true-negative, and two false-negative scans. Accumulation of gallium in the colon and in areas of healing and repair caused soem interpretive difficulty. Despite a significant number of false-positive results, we believe that gallium scanning is a valuable diagnostic tool. Careful attention to technic and cautious interpretation should significantly reduce false-positive and false-negative scans.", "contents": "Gallium 67 citrate scanning in the diagnosis of intraabdominal abscess. Fifty-one consecutive gallium scans in fifty patients with suspected intraabdominal abscess are reviewed. There were twelve true-positive, seven false-positive, twenty-nine true-negative, and two false-negative scans. Accumulation of gallium in the colon and in areas of healing and repair caused soem interpretive difficulty. Despite a significant number of false-positive results, we believe that gallium scanning is a valuable diagnostic tool. Careful attention to technic and cautious interpretation should significantly reduce false-positive and false-negative scans."}
{"id": "PMID:869116", "title": "Familial retrocecal appendicitis.", "content": "A family pedigree containing sixteen individuals with acute appendicitis is presented. In all but one the position of the appendix was retrocecal. In two other members explored for abdominal pain wherein acute appendicitis was not the cause, the appendix was also found to be retrocecal. The anatomic retrocecal location of the appendix in this pedigree shows a degree of uniformity that implies a common predisposing factor inherited as a simple, dominant unit-character.", "contents": "Familial retrocecal appendicitis. A family pedigree containing sixteen individuals with acute appendicitis is presented. In all but one the position of the appendix was retrocecal. In two other members explored for abdominal pain wherein acute appendicitis was not the cause, the appendix was also found to be retrocecal. The anatomic retrocecal location of the appendix in this pedigree shows a degree of uniformity that implies a common predisposing factor inherited as a simple, dominant unit-character."}
{"id": "PMID:869117", "title": "Phytobezoar: a recurring abdominal problem.", "content": "Phytobezoars often follow gastric surgery for peptic ulcer disease. Billroth I resections have a high incidence of gastric bezoars, especially if accompanied by vagotomy. The larger opening of a Billroth II resection may result in intestinal bezoars with obstruction in the narrow terminal ileum. Gastric bezoars can be treated with enzymes or can be broken up by endoscopy; only rarely is operative removal required. Intestinal bezoars can be treated by long-tube and enzyme instillation but usually require laparotomy. If possible, the bolus should be milked into the cecum, but enterotomy or even resection may be required. Prevention is the best treatment and can be carried out by instructing patients who have had gastric surgery to avoid the fibrous portion of oranges and grapefruit and to avoid persimmons.", "contents": "Phytobezoar: a recurring abdominal problem. Phytobezoars often follow gastric surgery for peptic ulcer disease. Billroth I resections have a high incidence of gastric bezoars, especially if accompanied by vagotomy. The larger opening of a Billroth II resection may result in intestinal bezoars with obstruction in the narrow terminal ileum. Gastric bezoars can be treated with enzymes or can be broken up by endoscopy; only rarely is operative removal required. Intestinal bezoars can be treated by long-tube and enzyme instillation but usually require laparotomy. If possible, the bolus should be milked into the cecum, but enterotomy or even resection may be required. Prevention is the best treatment and can be carried out by instructing patients who have had gastric surgery to avoid the fibrous portion of oranges and grapefruit and to avoid persimmons."}
{"id": "PMID:869118", "title": "A community-wide experience with jejunoileal bypass for obesity.", "content": "The records of seventy-nine patients who had jejunoileal bypass operations for morbid obesity were reviewed. The data represent the entire experience of surgeons in the Louisville, Kentucky metropolitan area for the period studied. Retrospective evaluations of criteria for selecting patients for bypass operation, type of shunt done, and clinical results were recorded. Sixty-eight patients (86 per cent) weighed more than 100 pounds over ideal weight. Operative mortality was 5 per cent. Only 31 patients (47 per cent) were judged as having satisfactory results. Two patients died of hepatic failure and five required restoration of intestinal continuity. Comparison of this community experience with published data supports the concept that these operations are best confined to those institutions where there is special interest in the full range of medical and surgical care of obese patients.", "contents": "A community-wide experience with jejunoileal bypass for obesity. The records of seventy-nine patients who had jejunoileal bypass operations for morbid obesity were reviewed. The data represent the entire experience of surgeons in the Louisville, Kentucky metropolitan area for the period studied. Retrospective evaluations of criteria for selecting patients for bypass operation, type of shunt done, and clinical results were recorded. Sixty-eight patients (86 per cent) weighed more than 100 pounds over ideal weight. Operative mortality was 5 per cent. Only 31 patients (47 per cent) were judged as having satisfactory results. Two patients died of hepatic failure and five required restoration of intestinal continuity. Comparison of this community experience with published data supports the concept that these operations are best confined to those institutions where there is special interest in the full range of medical and surgical care of obese patients."}
{"id": "PMID:869119", "title": "Surgical treatment of the celiac axis compression syndrome.", "content": "Six patients with symptomatic celiac axis compression syndrome are reported on. Four were treated surgically with arterial reconstruction. None of these four patients was benefited more than temporarily by the corrective surgery. One patient had an abdominal exploration and highly selective vagotomy unrelated to the celiac axis and is symptom-free ten months after surgery. One patient had no surgery and remains symptomatic. Angiographic evaluation in all patients demonstrated that despite high grade stenosis of the celiac axis, there was no radiographically discernible reduction in constrast flow to the celiac axis because of well developed collaterals from the superior mesenteric artery. These results indicate that compression of the celiac axis may be merely an incidental angiographic finding, so this syndrome needs cautious evaluation.", "contents": "Surgical treatment of the celiac axis compression syndrome. Six patients with symptomatic celiac axis compression syndrome are reported on. Four were treated surgically with arterial reconstruction. None of these four patients was benefited more than temporarily by the corrective surgery. One patient had an abdominal exploration and highly selective vagotomy unrelated to the celiac axis and is symptom-free ten months after surgery. One patient had no surgery and remains symptomatic. Angiographic evaluation in all patients demonstrated that despite high grade stenosis of the celiac axis, there was no radiographically discernible reduction in constrast flow to the celiac axis because of well developed collaterals from the superior mesenteric artery. These results indicate that compression of the celiac axis may be merely an incidental angiographic finding, so this syndrome needs cautious evaluation."}
{"id": "PMID:869121", "title": "The healing of below-knee amputations: a comparison of soft and plaster dressing.", "content": "To evaluate the effect of wound dressing upon wound healing, fifty-one patients undergoing below-knee amputation using a long posterior myocutaneous flap technic were randomly allocated into a soft or plaster dressing group. Neither wound dressing technic proved superior, as wounds healed in 85.2 per cent of the plaster dressing group and 83.3 per cent of the soft dressing group.", "contents": "The healing of below-knee amputations: a comparison of soft and plaster dressing. To evaluate the effect of wound dressing upon wound healing, fifty-one patients undergoing below-knee amputation using a long posterior myocutaneous flap technic were randomly allocated into a soft or plaster dressing group. Neither wound dressing technic proved superior, as wounds healed in 85.2 per cent of the plaster dressing group and 83.3 per cent of the soft dressing group."}
{"id": "PMID:869122", "title": "The relative merits of temporary gastrostomy and nasogastric suction of the stomach.", "content": "Nasogastric suction is usually employed for gastric decompression because of its ease of application. However, it is associated with greater discomfort and more complications than temporary gastrostomy, especially in the young, the elderly, those who smoke, and those in whom prolonged decompression is necessary.", "contents": "The relative merits of temporary gastrostomy and nasogastric suction of the stomach. Nasogastric suction is usually employed for gastric decompression because of its ease of application. However, it is associated with greater discomfort and more complications than temporary gastrostomy, especially in the young, the elderly, those who smoke, and those in whom prolonged decompression is necessary."}
{"id": "PMID:869123", "title": "Carcinoma of the colon in the adolescent: a report of survival and an analysis of the literature.", "content": "A case of adenocarcinoma of the transverse colon in a fourteen year old girl is presented. Five years after radical resection of this Dukes' C2 lesion, the patient is alive and well without recurrent disease. The incidence of large bowel carcinoma in adolescents remains low, but there is an increasing tendency toward neoplasia in younger patients. Factors that affect patient survival included late stage at presentation, delay in treatment, paucity of symptoms, and a higher incidence of tumors of the transverse colon. An increased incidence of colloid carcinoma is noted. The etiology and pathogenesis of large bowel cancer as it pertains to childhood are reviewed.", "contents": "Carcinoma of the colon in the adolescent: a report of survival and an analysis of the literature. A case of adenocarcinoma of the transverse colon in a fourteen year old girl is presented. Five years after radical resection of this Dukes' C2 lesion, the patient is alive and well without recurrent disease. The incidence of large bowel carcinoma in adolescents remains low, but there is an increasing tendency toward neoplasia in younger patients. Factors that affect patient survival included late stage at presentation, delay in treatment, paucity of symptoms, and a higher incidence of tumors of the transverse colon. An increased incidence of colloid carcinoma is noted. The etiology and pathogenesis of large bowel cancer as it pertains to childhood are reviewed."}
{"id": "PMID:869124", "title": "Stenosis after stapler anastomosis.", "content": "Two cases of anastomotic stenosis after the use of the GIA Auto Suture Stapler are presented as examples of the potential problem that does exist in using this instrument. Possible causes and a suggestion for eliminating this complication have been outlined.", "contents": "Stenosis after stapler anastomosis. Two cases of anastomotic stenosis after the use of the GIA Auto Suture Stapler are presented as examples of the potential problem that does exist in using this instrument. Possible causes and a suggestion for eliminating this complication have been outlined."}
{"id": "PMID:869125", "title": "A simple guideline to facilitate axial alignment of vascular grafts.", "content": "The proper orientation of vascular prostheses is essential for successful performance of vascular reconstructions. To prevent axial rotation of grafts, particularly in long tunnels such as in the axillo-femoral or subsartorial position, vascular prostheses with a simple guideline incorporated within their fibers were employed. The advantages of these grafts are discussed.", "contents": "A simple guideline to facilitate axial alignment of vascular grafts. The proper orientation of vascular prostheses is essential for successful performance of vascular reconstructions. To prevent axial rotation of grafts, particularly in long tunnels such as in the axillo-femoral or subsartorial position, vascular prostheses with a simple guideline incorporated within their fibers were employed. The advantages of these grafts are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:869127", "title": "A practical method of autotransfusion in the emergency center.", "content": "A new mobile autotransfusion device, modified for use in the Emergency Center, is described. Preliminary usage in thirty trauma patients who underwent autotransfusion of 60 units of blood indicated the device was simple to utilize, efficacious, inexpensive, cost-effective, and safe.", "contents": "A practical method of autotransfusion in the emergency center. A new mobile autotransfusion device, modified for use in the Emergency Center, is described. Preliminary usage in thirty trauma patients who underwent autotransfusion of 60 units of blood indicated the device was simple to utilize, efficacious, inexpensive, cost-effective, and safe."}
{"id": "PMID:869143", "title": "Anaesthesia and blood loss in total hip replacement.", "content": "Twenty-seven consecutive patients scheduled for total hip replacement were randomly divided into three groups. The first group had their operations under epidural analgesia, the second whilst breathing halothane spontaneously and patients in the third group were anaesthetised using a modified neuroleptoanaesthetic (NLA) technique. Blood lost during the operation was measured by a colorimetric technique. Closed suction drains were used and all blood lost after the operation collected for measurement. Deliberate hypotensive techniques were not employed. The mean operative blood loss of patients who had their operations under epidural anaesthesia was significantly less than that of patients in the other two groups, being 341-6 +/- 59-1 ml (s.e.m.) for the epidural group, 648-4 +/- 58-3 ml (s.e.m.) for the halothane group and 744 +/- 98-9 ml (s.e.m.) for the NLA group. There was no significant difference in the amounts of blood collected by closed suction drainage in any of the three groups and the mean values for total overall blood loss incurred by procedure were 734-1 +/- 40-7 ml (s.e.m.) for the epidural group, 986-3 +/- 94-9 ml (s.e.m.) for the halothane group and 1168-4 +/- 126 ml (s.e.m.) for the NLA group. In this series only 3 of 10 patients (30%) who had their operation under epidural anaesthesia required transfusion with whole blood, compared with 7 of 9 (78%) in the halothane group, and 7 of 8 (87-5%) in the neuroleptoanalgesia group. From this series it is evident that the need for transfusion of whole blood in total hip replacement can be significantly reduced by the use of epidural analgesia.", "contents": "Anaesthesia and blood loss in total hip replacement. Twenty-seven consecutive patients scheduled for total hip replacement were randomly divided into three groups. The first group had their operations under epidural analgesia, the second whilst breathing halothane spontaneously and patients in the third group were anaesthetised using a modified neuroleptoanaesthetic (NLA) technique. Blood lost during the operation was measured by a colorimetric technique. Closed suction drains were used and all blood lost after the operation collected for measurement. Deliberate hypotensive techniques were not employed. The mean operative blood loss of patients who had their operations under epidural anaesthesia was significantly less than that of patients in the other two groups, being 341-6 +/- 59-1 ml (s.e.m.) for the epidural group, 648-4 +/- 58-3 ml (s.e.m.) for the halothane group and 744 +/- 98-9 ml (s.e.m.) for the NLA group. There was no significant difference in the amounts of blood collected by closed suction drainage in any of the three groups and the mean values for total overall blood loss incurred by procedure were 734-1 +/- 40-7 ml (s.e.m.) for the epidural group, 986-3 +/- 94-9 ml (s.e.m.) for the halothane group and 1168-4 +/- 126 ml (s.e.m.) for the NLA group. In this series only 3 of 10 patients (30%) who had their operation under epidural anaesthesia required transfusion with whole blood, compared with 7 of 9 (78%) in the halothane group, and 7 of 8 (87-5%) in the neuroleptoanalgesia group. From this series it is evident that the need for transfusion of whole blood in total hip replacement can be significantly reduced by the use of epidural analgesia."}
{"id": "PMID:869144", "title": "Femoral artery pressure monitoring. Use of the Seldinger technique.", "content": "A case of bilateral femoral arterial occlusion following the Seldinger technique of arterial puncture for monitoring blood pressure is described. Sixty patients were closely studied for possible complications of this technique, using pedal blood pressure, and skin temperature to supplement clinical observation. Despite the occasional complications which are described we consider this to be a safe and valuable technique in selected circumstances.", "contents": "Femoral artery pressure monitoring. Use of the Seldinger technique. A case of bilateral femoral arterial occlusion following the Seldinger technique of arterial puncture for monitoring blood pressure is described. Sixty patients were closely studied for possible complications of this technique, using pedal blood pressure, and skin temperature to supplement clinical observation. Despite the occasional complications which are described we consider this to be a safe and valuable technique in selected circumstances."}
{"id": "PMID:869145", "title": "The use of sodium nitroprusside in children.", "content": "The hypotensive response to sodium nitroprusside was investigated in 30 children, age range 5-15 years, weight range 14-60 kg, who were undergoing spinal surgery for kyphoscoliosis. It was possible to achieve a constant level of satisfactory hypotension within the range 70-80 mmHg systolic arterial pressure using sodium nitroprusside infused at a rate of 10 microng/kg/minute and no serious side effects were experienced at this dose rate.", "contents": "The use of sodium nitroprusside in children. The hypotensive response to sodium nitroprusside was investigated in 30 children, age range 5-15 years, weight range 14-60 kg, who were undergoing spinal surgery for kyphoscoliosis. It was possible to achieve a constant level of satisfactory hypotension within the range 70-80 mmHg systolic arterial pressure using sodium nitroprusside infused at a rate of 10 microng/kg/minute and no serious side effects were experienced at this dose rate."}
{"id": "PMID:869146", "title": "Forced expiratory flow-volume relationships. Changes after upper abdominal surgery.", "content": "Forced expiratory flow-volume relationships have been used to investigate changes in lung mechanics caused by upper abdominal operations. The slope of the 'effort independent' portion of the flow-volume curve increases after operation, suggesting that restriction of respiratory movement is associated with an increase in lung recoil.", "contents": "Forced expiratory flow-volume relationships. Changes after upper abdominal surgery. Forced expiratory flow-volume relationships have been used to investigate changes in lung mechanics caused by upper abdominal operations. The slope of the 'effort independent' portion of the flow-volume curve increases after operation, suggesting that restriction of respiratory movement is associated with an increase in lung recoil."}
{"id": "PMID:869147", "title": "Treatment of porcine malignant hyperpyrexia. The successful use of dantrolene in the Pietrain pig.", "content": "The effect of dantrolene on porcine malignant hyperthermia in the Pietrain pig was studied. Five out of six pigs were successfully treated with dantrolene and the alkaline solvent was found to have no therapeutic effect.", "contents": "Treatment of porcine malignant hyperpyrexia. The successful use of dantrolene in the Pietrain pig. The effect of dantrolene on porcine malignant hyperthermia in the Pietrain pig was studied. Five out of six pigs were successfully treated with dantrolene and the alkaline solvent was found to have no therapeutic effect."}
{"id": "PMID:869148", "title": "Measurement of neuromuscular blockade in man. A simple modification of a clinical pressure transducer.", "content": "A simple modification of a clinical blood pressure transducer is described, which permits it to be used for the quantitative estimation of neuromuscular blockade in man. The instrument remains available for other pressure measurements since only the plastic dome is modified.", "contents": "Measurement of neuromuscular blockade in man. A simple modification of a clinical pressure transducer. A simple modification of a clinical blood pressure transducer is described, which permits it to be used for the quantitative estimation of neuromuscular blockade in man. The instrument remains available for other pressure measurements since only the plastic dome is modified."}
{"id": "PMID:869149", "title": "The immediate care of cases of poisoning.", "content": "The immediate management of poisoned patients has been discussed with regard to supportive and specific treatment. Details are given of the information services available in the United Kingdom.", "contents": "The immediate care of cases of poisoning. The immediate management of poisoned patients has been discussed with regard to supportive and specific treatment. Details are given of the information services available in the United Kingdom."}
{"id": "PMID:869151", "title": "Continuous epidural analgesia in the obstetric patient: a feasibility study using a mechanical infusion pump.", "content": "Eleven patients in uncomplicated labour received a continuous infusion of 0-125 or 0-25% bupivacaine solutions into the epidural space, using a simple rotary pump. Maternal and umbilical cord venous plasma bupivacaine levels were measured and were found to be within safe limits for mother and baby. Incidence of complications were noted.", "contents": "Continuous epidural analgesia in the obstetric patient: a feasibility study using a mechanical infusion pump. Eleven patients in uncomplicated labour received a continuous infusion of 0-125 or 0-25% bupivacaine solutions into the epidural space, using a simple rotary pump. Maternal and umbilical cord venous plasma bupivacaine levels were measured and were found to be within safe limits for mother and baby. Incidence of complications were noted."}
{"id": "PMID:869155", "title": "Methods of conserving carbon dioxide in artificially ventilated patients:  a clinical investigation.", "content": "A technique is described for maintaining the PaCO2 within, or close to, the normal range in patients hyperventilated using the Mapleson D Circuit or the Circle system with the soda-lime excluded. Control is achieved by limiting the fresh gas inflow to 4-5 litres/minute.", "contents": "Methods of conserving carbon dioxide in artificially ventilated patients:  a clinical investigation. A technique is described for maintaining the PaCO2 within, or close to, the normal range in patients hyperventilated using the Mapleson D Circuit or the Circle system with the soda-lime excluded. Control is achieved by limiting the fresh gas inflow to 4-5 litres/minute."}
{"id": "PMID:869156", "title": "Effect of buprenorphine on the ventilatory response to carbon dioxide.", "content": "Buprenorphine is a potent synthetic opioid-partial antagonist analgesic drug currently under clinical trial. When administered intravenously to human volunteers buprenorphine produced a significant depression of the ventilatory response to carbon dioxide stimulus for a period in excess of six hours.", "contents": "Effect of buprenorphine on the ventilatory response to carbon dioxide. Buprenorphine is a potent synthetic opioid-partial antagonist analgesic drug currently under clinical trial. When administered intravenously to human volunteers buprenorphine produced a significant depression of the ventilatory response to carbon dioxide stimulus for a period in excess of six hours."}
{"id": "PMID:869157", "title": "Technical considerations in the use of the membrane oxygenator (Lande'-Edwards) for open heart surgery.", "content": "Experience has shown that successful cardio-pulmonary bypass depends upon an efficient oxygenator which causes minimum blood damage. Experience with 1,600 Lande'-Edwards membrane oxygenators in more than 1,000 patients has led to the development of a simple and safe routine for their use in open heart surgery. The circuitry, method of preparation for perfusion, and management of perfusion are described in detail.", "contents": "Technical considerations in the use of the membrane oxygenator (Lande'-Edwards) for open heart surgery. Experience has shown that successful cardio-pulmonary bypass depends upon an efficient oxygenator which causes minimum blood damage. Experience with 1,600 Lande'-Edwards membrane oxygenators in more than 1,000 patients has led to the development of a simple and safe routine for their use in open heart surgery. The circuitry, method of preparation for perfusion, and management of perfusion are described in detail."}
{"id": "PMID:869158", "title": "Post-operative flow-volume loops.", "content": "A study of flow-volume curves pre- and post-operatively demonstrated a marked difference between bronchitic and non-bronchitic patients. All bronchitic patients showed lower flow rates at low lung volumes post-operatively, when compared with their pre-operative values. Non-bronchitic patients all had higher flow rates for the same comparison.", "contents": "Post-operative flow-volume loops. A study of flow-volume curves pre- and post-operatively demonstrated a marked difference between bronchitic and non-bronchitic patients. All bronchitic patients showed lower flow rates at low lung volumes post-operatively, when compared with their pre-operative values. Non-bronchitic patients all had higher flow rates for the same comparison."}
{"id": "PMID:869159", "title": "Post operative pulmonary compliance.", "content": "Lung compliance was studied pre-operatively and post-operatively in a group of patients having abdominal surgery. Lung compliance was shown to be markedly reduced post-operatively especially in the patients with chronic bronchitis.", "contents": "Post operative pulmonary compliance. Lung compliance was studied pre-operatively and post-operatively in a group of patients having abdominal surgery. Lung compliance was shown to be markedly reduced post-operatively especially in the patients with chronic bronchitis."}
{"id": "PMID:869160", "title": "Ketamine and paediatric radiotherapy.", "content": "Two hundred and seventy-two ketamine anesthetics have been given to sixteen children undergoing radiotherapy. Satisfactory conditions were provided in every case and the incidence of complications was low. At the present time ketamine would appear to be the most satisfactory agent in thos children who require sedation in order to undergo radiotherapy.", "contents": "Ketamine and paediatric radiotherapy. Two hundred and seventy-two ketamine anesthetics have been given to sixteen children undergoing radiotherapy. Satisfactory conditions were provided in every case and the incidence of complications was low. At the present time ketamine would appear to be the most satisfactory agent in thos children who require sedation in order to undergo radiotherapy."}
{"id": "PMID:869161", "title": "Flow through venous cannulae.", "content": "Fluid flow through modern cannulae is not simple and cannot be expressed in classical terms. Progressively increasing the length of a cannula diminishes flow predictably but altering the bore of the cannula does not give a fourth power improvement in flow but rather a linear one. A reasonable working value for the relative viscosity  of ACD blood in infusions would seem to be 2-6 below about 125 ml/minute flow (saline). The decline in relative viscosity above this may be caused by turbulence in the saline flow.", "contents": "Flow through venous cannulae. Fluid flow through modern cannulae is not simple and cannot be expressed in classical terms. Progressively increasing the length of a cannula diminishes flow predictably but altering the bore of the cannula does not give a fourth power improvement in flow but rather a linear one. A reasonable working value for the relative viscosity  of ACD blood in infusions would seem to be 2-6 below about 125 ml/minute flow (saline). The decline in relative viscosity above this may be caused by turbulence in the saline flow."}
{"id": "PMID:869162", "title": "Postoperative arterial hypoxaemia.", "content": "Postoperative arterial oxygen tension was measured in a group of patients. Unacceptably low levels were found in 32% of the patients and this hypoxaemia persisted in some cases for three days. The results enforce the principle that some patients whould be given prolonged oxygen therapy and this should cease only when blood gas analysis demonstrate the patients ability to maintain a safe PaO2 breathing air.", "contents": "Postoperative arterial hypoxaemia. Postoperative arterial oxygen tension was measured in a group of patients. Unacceptably low levels were found in 32% of the patients and this hypoxaemia persisted in some cases for three days. The results enforce the principle that some patients whould be given prolonged oxygen therapy and this should cease only when blood gas analysis demonstrate the patients ability to maintain a safe PaO2 breathing air."}
{"id": "PMID:869163", "title": "Radiological lung volume in surgical patients.", "content": "Radiological total lung capacity (T.L.C.) was measured preoperatively and postoperatively in a group of patients. A decrease in T.L.C. postoperatively in patients who smoke was demonstrated. The use of radiological T.L.C. in the study of postoperative respiratory dysfunction is suggested.", "contents": "Radiological lung volume in surgical patients. Radiological total lung capacity (T.L.C.) was measured preoperatively and postoperatively in a group of patients. A decrease in T.L.C. postoperatively in patients who smoke was demonstrated. The use of radiological T.L.C. in the study of postoperative respiratory dysfunction is suggested."}
{"id": "PMID:869164", "title": "Efficacy of high volume low pressure cuffs in preventing aspiration.", "content": "The incidence of aspiration in patients with indwelling high volume, low pressure cuff endotracheal and tracheostomy tubes was assessed. A simple technique to routinely determine the correct inflation pressure of cuffs is recommended.", "contents": "Efficacy of high volume low pressure cuffs in preventing aspiration. The incidence of aspiration in patients with indwelling high volume, low pressure cuff endotracheal and tracheostomy tubes was assessed. A simple technique to routinely determine the correct inflation pressure of cuffs is recommended."}
{"id": "PMID:869214", "title": "Comparative histochemical study of the succinic dehydrogenase (SDH) activity in the respiratory muscles of an air-breathing siluroid fish, Clarias batrachus (Linn.).", "content": "1. Funcitonal morphology including origin, insertion, innervation and action of the respiratory muscles in relation to the respiratory pumps and the movement of barbels and gill filaments have been studied in a fresh-water air-breathing siluroid fish, Clarias batrachus (Linn.). 2. Cytochemical studies were made on the succinic dehydrogenase (SDH) activity of:--Abductor hyomandibularis, Adductor arcus palatini, Adductor hyomandibularis, Adductor mandibularis, Intermandibularis anterior and posterior, Interhyoideus, and Rectus cervicis (all concerned with buccal pressure pump), Adductor operculi, Dilator operculi, Levator operculi, Inferior hyohyoideus, Superior hyohyoieus (all concerned with opercular suction pumps), Extensor tentaculi, Protractor tentaculi, Retractor tentaculi (movement of barbels), adductor and abductor muscle sheets of the Constrictor branchialis (movement of gill filaments). 3. The intensity of SDH reaction reveals that except the Adductor mandibularis, Intermandibularis anterior and the Protractor tentaculi all muscles are made up of red as well as white muscle fibers. 4. The muscle innervated by the branches of Vth (trigeminal) nerve is dominated by white fibres, whereas those innervated by the branches of VIIth (facialis) contain more red muscle fibres. 5. The Retractor tentaculi (concerned with the movement of maxillary barbel) consists of superficial white fibers and its interior deeper part is dominanted by red and intermediate muscle fibres. 6. The adductor muscle sheet of the Constrictor branchialis is made up of red fibres, whereas the abductor muscle sheet is entirely made up of white muscle fibres.", "contents": "Comparative histochemical study of the succinic dehydrogenase (SDH) activity in the respiratory muscles of an air-breathing siluroid fish, Clarias batrachus (Linn.). 1. Funcitonal morphology including origin, insertion, innervation and action of the respiratory muscles in relation to the respiratory pumps and the movement of barbels and gill filaments have been studied in a fresh-water air-breathing siluroid fish, Clarias batrachus (Linn.). 2. Cytochemical studies were made on the succinic dehydrogenase (SDH) activity of:--Abductor hyomandibularis, Adductor arcus palatini, Adductor hyomandibularis, Adductor mandibularis, Intermandibularis anterior and posterior, Interhyoideus, and Rectus cervicis (all concerned with buccal pressure pump), Adductor operculi, Dilator operculi, Levator operculi, Inferior hyohyoideus, Superior hyohyoieus (all concerned with opercular suction pumps), Extensor tentaculi, Protractor tentaculi, Retractor tentaculi (movement of barbels), adductor and abductor muscle sheets of the Constrictor branchialis (movement of gill filaments). 3. The intensity of SDH reaction reveals that except the Adductor mandibularis, Intermandibularis anterior and the Protractor tentaculi all muscles are made up of red as well as white muscle fibers. 4. The muscle innervated by the branches of Vth (trigeminal) nerve is dominated by white fibres, whereas those innervated by the branches of VIIth (facialis) contain more red muscle fibres. 5. The Retractor tentaculi (concerned with the movement of maxillary barbel) consists of superficial white fibers and its interior deeper part is dominanted by red and intermediate muscle fibres. 6. The adductor muscle sheet of the Constrictor branchialis is made up of red fibres, whereas the abductor muscle sheet is entirely made up of white muscle fibres."}
{"id": "PMID:869215", "title": "Postnatal enzymorphology of the albino-rat kidney.", "content": "In the present attempt, kidney from newly born albino-rat litters has been examined for few enzymes. Those selected for the study include, alkaline phosphatase, acid phosphatase; adenosine monophosphatase, nonspecific osterase and leucine amino peptidase. All the enzymes were observed exhibiting strong positive reactions except moderate acid phosphatase. Furthermore, a comparison of relative enzyme activities with adult rat kidney has been made. Variations in the distribution and intensity of reactions this observed have been discussed in relation to the hypothesis that redistribution of enzymes occurs as the animal becomes older. Functional role of these enzymes in the young kidney have also been discussed.", "contents": "Postnatal enzymorphology of the albino-rat kidney. In the present attempt, kidney from newly born albino-rat litters has been examined for few enzymes. Those selected for the study include, alkaline phosphatase, acid phosphatase; adenosine monophosphatase, nonspecific osterase and leucine amino peptidase. All the enzymes were observed exhibiting strong positive reactions except moderate acid phosphatase. Furthermore, a comparison of relative enzyme activities with adult rat kidney has been made. Variations in the distribution and intensity of reactions this observed have been discussed in relation to the hypothesis that redistribution of enzymes occurs as the animal becomes older. Functional role of these enzymes in the young kidney have also been discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:869216", "title": "Connective tissue fibers in the liver of squirrel, after carbon tetrachloride poisoning. A histochemical study.", "content": "Attempt has been made to study histochemically the disposition of connective tissue fibrils in the liver of common ground squirrel, Funambulus pennanti in cirrhotic and necrotic conditions caused by carbon tetrachloride treatment. Evidence has been put forward to show that no reticulin remains in the liver during these conditions. However the percentage of elastin and collagen increases with a change in arrangement. Probable causes of this topographical change in localization are discussed comparing the results with controls.", "contents": "Connective tissue fibers in the liver of squirrel, after carbon tetrachloride poisoning. A histochemical study. Attempt has been made to study histochemically the disposition of connective tissue fibrils in the liver of common ground squirrel, Funambulus pennanti in cirrhotic and necrotic conditions caused by carbon tetrachloride treatment. Evidence has been put forward to show that no reticulin remains in the liver during these conditions. However the percentage of elastin and collagen increases with a change in arrangement. Probable causes of this topographical change in localization are discussed comparing the results with controls."}
{"id": "PMID:869217", "title": "Submassive necrosis of liver of Channa gachua, a fresh water fish during experimental alloxan diabetes.", "content": "An extensive change in the liver architecture leading to submassive necrosis has been observed in Channa gachua toxicated with alloxan. An intramuscular dosage of 10 mg/kg of the toxicant mobilized liver glycogen after 4 h of application leading to hyperglycaemia of blood. The serial changes occurring in the liver have been discussed at intervals of 24, 48, 96 and 100 h, when the fish reached to comasate condition and finally died.", "contents": "Submassive necrosis of liver of Channa gachua, a fresh water fish during experimental alloxan diabetes. An extensive change in the liver architecture leading to submassive necrosis has been observed in Channa gachua toxicated with alloxan. An intramuscular dosage of 10 mg/kg of the toxicant mobilized liver glycogen after 4 h of application leading to hyperglycaemia of blood. The serial changes occurring in the liver have been discussed at intervals of 24, 48, 96 and 100 h, when the fish reached to comasate condition and finally died."}
{"id": "PMID:869218", "title": "Branching of the coeliac artery in some domestic birds. iii. A comparison of the pattern of the coeliac artery in three breeds of the domestic fowl (Gallus gallus f. domestica).", "content": "The authors examined the pattern of the coeliac artery and its branches in 100 females of the domestic fowl of three breeds: White Leghorn (33 females), Brown Leghorn (34 females) and White Plymouth (33 females). The arterial pattern was injected by red-dyed latex. An exact analysis of the pattern of branches of the coeliac artery in the individual breeds was made, the individual signs were compared and the level of statistical significance in the differen breed-related findings was determined. On the basis of study of the material it is possible to state that: a) There exist certain differences in the pattern of branches of the coeliac artery in various breeds of the domestic fowl.  b) These differences comprise especially the way of origin of the A. proventricularis dorsalis, the origin of spleen arteries, the existence of the accessory arteries for the gall bladder, bile ducts and the duodenum, the origin of the Aa. ileocaecales and the way of branching of the A. gastrica sin. c) It will be possible to compare the pattern of the coeliac artery in various species of birds no sooner than the breed-related differences are determined.", "contents": "Branching of the coeliac artery in some domestic birds. iii. A comparison of the pattern of the coeliac artery in three breeds of the domestic fowl (Gallus gallus f. domestica). The authors examined the pattern of the coeliac artery and its branches in 100 females of the domestic fowl of three breeds: White Leghorn (33 females), Brown Leghorn (34 females) and White Plymouth (33 females). The arterial pattern was injected by red-dyed latex. An exact analysis of the pattern of branches of the coeliac artery in the individual breeds was made, the individual signs were compared and the level of statistical significance in the differen breed-related findings was determined. On the basis of study of the material it is possible to state that: a) There exist certain differences in the pattern of branches of the coeliac artery in various breeds of the domestic fowl.  b) These differences comprise especially the way of origin of the A. proventricularis dorsalis, the origin of spleen arteries, the existence of the accessory arteries for the gall bladder, bile ducts and the duodenum, the origin of the Aa. ileocaecales and the way of branching of the A. gastrica sin. c) It will be possible to compare the pattern of the coeliac artery in various species of birds no sooner than the breed-related differences are determined."}
{"id": "PMID:869219", "title": "Regional and age associated changes in the umbilical artery of goat.", "content": "The umbilical arteries from 42 goate ranging between 1 day to over 6 years of age have been studied serially throughout their length. The histomorphology at the point of its origin and the progressive changes in the artery during its course towards its termination as well as with age have been discussed.", "contents": "Regional and age associated changes in the umbilical artery of goat. The umbilical arteries from 42 goate ranging between 1 day to over 6 years of age have been studied serially throughout their length. The histomorphology at the point of its origin and the progressive changes in the artery during its course towards its termination as well as with age have been discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:869220", "title": "[The chondrocranium in sheep and goat. I. (author's transl)].", "content": "The morphogenesis of primordial cranium was studied in 12 merino-sheep fetuses (between 25th and 67th day of development) and in 10 goat fetuses (between 24th and 52nd day of development). On the base of histological sections a reconstructional model of the nasal capsule was made.from a 67-day old sheep fetus. In the work, the stages of chondrocranial development in both the two small ruminats were indicated, and the main differences in the construction of chondrocranium in sheep and goat, are like wise shown.", "contents": "[The chondrocranium in sheep and goat. I. (author's transl)]. The morphogenesis of primordial cranium was studied in 12 merino-sheep fetuses (between 25th and 67th day of development) and in 10 goat fetuses (between 24th and 52nd day of development). On the base of histological sections a reconstructional model of the nasal capsule was made.from a 67-day old sheep fetus. In the work, the stages of chondrocranial development in both the two small ruminats were indicated, and the main differences in the construction of chondrocranium in sheep and goat, are like wise shown."}
{"id": "PMID:869221", "title": "The fine structure of human digital arterio-venous anastomoses (Hoyer-Grosser's organs).", "content": "Hoyer-Grosser's organs were studied in human digital biopsies. The fine structure of both the supplying arteries and collecting veins was found to be inconspicuous. Endothelial cells in the AV canals form a continuous layer. They are characterized by their rich content of specific organelles (Weibel-Palade bodies), especially in the venous segments. The epitheloid zone is composed of a variety of ramified smooth muscle cells (RSM). These appear either dense, when well provided with bundles of myofilaments, or clear, when including only a few myofilaments. The nuclei of dense RSM show condensed chromatin, while those of clear RSM are larger with loose chromatin texture. In addition, all transitional forms occur. Cell organelles are rarely seen within all types of RSM. The cytoplasmic processes reach other as well as endothelial cells. The preservation of our material did not allow observation of specialized membrane contacts in these zones. All RSM are invested with a regular basal lamina and well provided with surface vesicles. Profiles of free basal lamina material and faint collagen (argyrophil) fibers are seen in the wide intercellular spaces. RSM poor in myofilaments are interpreted to represent \"epitheloid cells\" of light microscopy. Their number constantly decreases from the arterial segment of the AV canal to the venous segment. Here the cytoplasmic processes of RSM become less pronounced and the wall of the anastomotic segment continuously changes to that of the collecting vein. Dense RSM rich in myofilaments are compared with pacemaker cells found inthe ureter. Both internal and external elastic membranes are absent in AV canals. A dense network of unmyelinated nerve fibers is found in the adventitial layer of the AV canal, especially in its arterial segment. The axons branch out from small dermal nerves which also contain two or three myelinated axons. The myelin sheaths terminate where the axons reach the adventitia of the AV canals. Axon varicosities filled with mitochondria are thought to be terminals of myelinated axons and are interpreted as receptory. Axon varicosities with synaptic-type vesicles are assumed to be terminals of sympathetic and para sympathetic fibers. All axon profiles are confined to the adventitial layer of the anastomotic segment.", "contents": "The fine structure of human digital arterio-venous anastomoses (Hoyer-Grosser's organs). Hoyer-Grosser's organs were studied in human digital biopsies. The fine structure of both the supplying arteries and collecting veins was found to be inconspicuous. Endothelial cells in the AV canals form a continuous layer. They are characterized by their rich content of specific organelles (Weibel-Palade bodies), especially in the venous segments. The epitheloid zone is composed of a variety of ramified smooth muscle cells (RSM). These appear either dense, when well provided with bundles of myofilaments, or clear, when including only a few myofilaments. The nuclei of dense RSM show condensed chromatin, while those of clear RSM are larger with loose chromatin texture. In addition, all transitional forms occur. Cell organelles are rarely seen within all types of RSM. The cytoplasmic processes reach other as well as endothelial cells. The preservation of our material did not allow observation of specialized membrane contacts in these zones. All RSM are invested with a regular basal lamina and well provided with surface vesicles. Profiles of free basal lamina material and faint collagen (argyrophil) fibers are seen in the wide intercellular spaces. RSM poor in myofilaments are interpreted to represent \"epitheloid cells\" of light microscopy. Their number constantly decreases from the arterial segment of the AV canal to the venous segment. Here the cytoplasmic processes of RSM become less pronounced and the wall of the anastomotic segment continuously changes to that of the collecting vein. Dense RSM rich in myofilaments are compared with pacemaker cells found inthe ureter. Both internal and external elastic membranes are absent in AV canals. A dense network of unmyelinated nerve fibers is found in the adventitial layer of the AV canal, especially in its arterial segment. The axons branch out from small dermal nerves which also contain two or three myelinated axons. The myelin sheaths terminate where the axons reach the adventitia of the AV canals. Axon varicosities filled with mitochondria are thought to be terminals of myelinated axons and are interpreted as receptory. Axon varicosities with synaptic-type vesicles are assumed to be terminals of sympathetic and para sympathetic fibers. All axon profiles are confined to the adventitial layer of the anastomotic segment."}
{"id": "PMID:869222", "title": "Scanning electron microscopy of the development of the mesoderm layer in chick embryos.", "content": "The distribution of mesoderm, the structure of mesoderm cells and relationship between mesoderm and ectoderm were examined by SEM in embryos at stages 3 to 5. The mesoderm was displayed by removal of the endoderm and by fracturing the embryos through mesoderm containing regions. Within the mesoderm layer four zones could be distinguished by their cell shape and arrangement--the primitive streak, a multilayered compact area around the margins of the area pellucida, multilayered and loosely arranged cells near the primitive streak and a flattened monolayer of cells around the advancing lateral and anterior edges of the mesoderm sheet. Secretion of basement membrane by the ectoderm was seen to precede the arrival of mesoderm cells. This suggests that ectoderm alone can synthesize basement membrane without mesodermal contribution.", "contents": "Scanning electron microscopy of the development of the mesoderm layer in chick embryos. The distribution of mesoderm, the structure of mesoderm cells and relationship between mesoderm and ectoderm were examined by SEM in embryos at stages 3 to 5. The mesoderm was displayed by removal of the endoderm and by fracturing the embryos through mesoderm containing regions. Within the mesoderm layer four zones could be distinguished by their cell shape and arrangement--the primitive streak, a multilayered compact area around the margins of the area pellucida, multilayered and loosely arranged cells near the primitive streak and a flattened monolayer of cells around the advancing lateral and anterior edges of the mesoderm sheet. Secretion of basement membrane by the ectoderm was seen to precede the arrival of mesoderm cells. This suggests that ectoderm alone can synthesize basement membrane without mesodermal contribution."}
{"id": "PMID:869223", "title": "Population and structure of nerve cells in mouse submandibular ganglion.", "content": "The anatomy of the mouse submandibular ganglion, and population and fine structure of nerve cells were studied by light and electron microscopy. The submandibular ganglion is a plexus containing up to forty ganglia along the main and the smaller excretory ducts of the  submandibular gland. Measurements of the volume of nerve cell bodies display a pattern of distribution with two main peaks, suggesting the presence of large and small types of the intraganglionic neuron. The large neurons mainly have axo-dendritic synapses in which the postsynaptic element is a small spine-like process, while axo-somatic synapses are more common in the small neurons. In some small neurons nuclear chromatin is unusually conspicuous, and accumulations of vesicles of fairly uniform size occur within the cell body. Decentralized ganglia contain almost no synapses showing the absence of definite interneurons.", "contents": "Population and structure of nerve cells in mouse submandibular ganglion. The anatomy of the mouse submandibular ganglion, and population and fine structure of nerve cells were studied by light and electron microscopy. The submandibular ganglion is a plexus containing up to forty ganglia along the main and the smaller excretory ducts of the  submandibular gland. Measurements of the volume of nerve cell bodies display a pattern of distribution with two main peaks, suggesting the presence of large and small types of the intraganglionic neuron. The large neurons mainly have axo-dendritic synapses in which the postsynaptic element is a small spine-like process, while axo-somatic synapses are more common in the small neurons. In some small neurons nuclear chromatin is unusually conspicuous, and accumulations of vesicles of fairly uniform size occur within the cell body. Decentralized ganglia contain almost no synapses showing the absence of definite interneurons."}
{"id": "PMID:869224", "title": "Local secretory response by the mouse uterine epithelium to the presence of a blastocyst or a blastocyst-like bead.", "content": "The ultrastructure of the uterine secretion appearing locally at the site of a blastocyst or a blastocyst-like bead was compared to the ultrastructure of the secretion present in a sterile horn of similarly treated mice. The secretion consisted of a homogeneous substance with small vesicles. The secretion was sparse and only slightly electron dense in a sterile horn, while it was more abundant and denser in a horn with a luminal object. Around a blastocyst, the secretion appeared more dense than it did around a bead, while the small vesicles of the secretion were more frequently occurring around a bead than around a blastocyst. It is concluded that a luminal object like a blastocyst is capable of eliciting a local secretory activity in the uterine epithelium, and it is suggested that this secretion is rich in hydrolytic enzymes.", "contents": "Local secretory response by the mouse uterine epithelium to the presence of a blastocyst or a blastocyst-like bead. The ultrastructure of the uterine secretion appearing locally at the site of a blastocyst or a blastocyst-like bead was compared to the ultrastructure of the secretion present in a sterile horn of similarly treated mice. The secretion consisted of a homogeneous substance with small vesicles. The secretion was sparse and only slightly electron dense in a sterile horn, while it was more abundant and denser in a horn with a luminal object. Around a blastocyst, the secretion appeared more dense than it did around a bead, while the small vesicles of the secretion were more frequently occurring around a bead than around a blastocyst. It is concluded that a luminal object like a blastocyst is capable of eliciting a local secretory activity in the uterine epithelium, and it is suggested that this secretion is rich in hydrolytic enzymes."}
{"id": "PMID:869225", "title": "A stereological approach to the study of neural organogenesis in Xenopus laevis.", "content": "Stereological methods are applied to the study of structural changes undergone, during neurulation, by the neuroepithelium of early embryos of Xenopus laevis. In light microscopy, we evaluate: the section area of the neuroepithelium, the nucleocytoplasmic ratio, the volume fraction of the intercellular spaces, of the nuclei and of the cytoplasm. In electron microscopy, the volumetric density and the surface ratio of mitochondria as well as the surface density of the endoplasmic reticulum are measured. Occasionally, the data found for Xenopus are compared to those found earlier in a similar study of the chicken embryo.", "contents": "A stereological approach to the study of neural organogenesis in Xenopus laevis. Stereological methods are applied to the study of structural changes undergone, during neurulation, by the neuroepithelium of early embryos of Xenopus laevis. In light microscopy, we evaluate: the section area of the neuroepithelium, the nucleocytoplasmic ratio, the volume fraction of the intercellular spaces, of the nuclei and of the cytoplasm. In electron microscopy, the volumetric density and the surface ratio of mitochondria as well as the surface density of the endoplasmic reticulum are measured. Occasionally, the data found for Xenopus are compared to those found earlier in a similar study of the chicken embryo."}
{"id": "PMID:869226", "title": "An electron microscopic study of the developing caudate nucleus in  euthyroid and hypothyroid states.", "content": "Thyroid hormone exerts a powerful influence on CNS growth and maturation. Hypothyroidism early in life has long been known to cause disturbances in innate behavior, motor performance, severe and frequently irreversible mental retardation. In this deficiency, depressed caudate neurogenesis, cell migration and neuropil development during the rapid period of CNS growth may contribute to the clinical picture of perceptual handicaps often seen in cretins. Light microscopic and Golgi studies of the developing caudate nucleus in thyroid deficiency have been carried out to help attain insights into the mechanisms whereby the extrapyramidal system regulates motor function. The ultrastructural study of caudate nuclear cytogenesis and synaptogenesis in normal and hypothyroid states provides more detailed information for further analysis of the problem. Hypothyroidism was induced from birth by adding prophylthiouracil to the food and drinking water of lactating dams. Linear development of the caudate nucleus of both normal and hypothyroid rats at ages 8, 14, 20, 30 and 42 days was studied by electron microscopy. Thyroid glands were examined by light microscopy to assess the normal and deficient states. Immature cells, primitive processes and synapses were the characteristic features of the 8-day-old normal caudate nucleus. Distinctively wide cisternae of the rough endoplasmic reticulum, loosley packed Golgi apparatus and chromatin clumps throughout the nuclei of the neurons were significant early morphologic variations. The dramatic cytoarchitectural maturation in the 14- and 20-day normal caudate neuropil points to the rapidity of developmental rate. After the growth spurt of the first three weeks a maturational plateau occurs which is characterized by well-formed neuronal cytoplasmic organelles, myelinated and non-myelinated axons, axon terminals, dendrites and their spines, and synapses. Thyroid deficiency causes a marked maturational delay of approximately 7 days in caudate neuronal proliferation, the elaboration of neuronal networks and the attainment of mature synaptic contents and membranes. This delay is evidenced by comparison of the structural similarities between 8-day-old normal and 14-day-old deficient rats; and additional comparisons between the 14-day-old normal and 20-day-old hypothyroid rats. A rapid \"catch up\" process in fine structural morphogenesis takes place in the period between days 14 and 30 in the deficient animals. Repression of thyroid function does not entirely prevent development of the caudate nucleus but allows a fairly extensive, though critically incomplete degree of maturation. This imperfection is manifested by a decrease in the number of synaptic contacts that persists even after the rapid \"catch up\" phenomenon of caudate synaptogenesis.", "contents": "An electron microscopic study of the developing caudate nucleus in  euthyroid and hypothyroid states. Thyroid hormone exerts a powerful influence on CNS growth and maturation. Hypothyroidism early in life has long been known to cause disturbances in innate behavior, motor performance, severe and frequently irreversible mental retardation. In this deficiency, depressed caudate neurogenesis, cell migration and neuropil development during the rapid period of CNS growth may contribute to the clinical picture of perceptual handicaps often seen in cretins. Light microscopic and Golgi studies of the developing caudate nucleus in thyroid deficiency have been carried out to help attain insights into the mechanisms whereby the extrapyramidal system regulates motor function. The ultrastructural study of caudate nuclear cytogenesis and synaptogenesis in normal and hypothyroid states provides more detailed information for further analysis of the problem. Hypothyroidism was induced from birth by adding prophylthiouracil to the food and drinking water of lactating dams. Linear development of the caudate nucleus of both normal and hypothyroid rats at ages 8, 14, 20, 30 and 42 days was studied by electron microscopy. Thyroid glands were examined by light microscopy to assess the normal and deficient states. Immature cells, primitive processes and synapses were the characteristic features of the 8-day-old normal caudate nucleus. Distinctively wide cisternae of the rough endoplasmic reticulum, loosley packed Golgi apparatus and chromatin clumps throughout the nuclei of the neurons were significant early morphologic variations. The dramatic cytoarchitectural maturation in the 14- and 20-day normal caudate neuropil points to the rapidity of developmental rate. After the growth spurt of the first three weeks a maturational plateau occurs which is characterized by well-formed neuronal cytoplasmic organelles, myelinated and non-myelinated axons, axon terminals, dendrites and their spines, and synapses. Thyroid deficiency causes a marked maturational delay of approximately 7 days in caudate neuronal proliferation, the elaboration of neuronal networks and the attainment of mature synaptic contents and membranes. This delay is evidenced by comparison of the structural similarities between 8-day-old normal and 14-day-old deficient rats; and additional comparisons between the 14-day-old normal and 20-day-old hypothyroid rats. A rapid \"catch up\" process in fine structural morphogenesis takes place in the period between days 14 and 30 in the deficient animals. Repression of thyroid function does not entirely prevent development of the caudate nucleus but allows a fairly extensive, though critically incomplete degree of maturation. This imperfection is manifested by a decrease in the number of synaptic contacts that persists even after the rapid \"catch up\" phenomenon of caudate synaptogenesis."}
{"id": "PMID:869227", "title": "Fine morphological changes in the penicillate nerve endings of human hairy skin during prolonged itching.", "content": "Morphological changes in cutaneous nerve endings were investigated electron microscopically in patients suffering from certain kinds of urticaria with associated itching and in normal skin in which wheals and local itching were induced either by application of nettle hairs or by intracutaneous injections of a timothy pollen extract. Skin samples were obtained with a high speed dermal punch without anesthesia from the wheal areas. It was found that some subepidermal free nerve endings derived from non-myelinated nerve fibers (penicillate endings) showed accumulations of extra-cytoplasmic glycogen which was localized in the distended spaces between the axolemma, the Schwann cell membrane and the nerve basement membrane. In some cases, the glycogen was found to be so abundant that it occupied most of the cross sectional area of the ending. No morphological changes were observed in the pappilary endings, in nerve endings of the hairs or in the autonomic terminals. The conducting segments of all cutaneous nerve fibers showed normal morphology. The unusual morphological changes that occur in some penicillate nerve endings during the wheal development indicate that these endings are involved in the skin reaction and therefore they may be the specific end organs that are associated with itch, at least in urticaria.", "contents": "Fine morphological changes in the penicillate nerve endings of human hairy skin during prolonged itching. Morphological changes in cutaneous nerve endings were investigated electron microscopically in patients suffering from certain kinds of urticaria with associated itching and in normal skin in which wheals and local itching were induced either by application of nettle hairs or by intracutaneous injections of a timothy pollen extract. Skin samples were obtained with a high speed dermal punch without anesthesia from the wheal areas. It was found that some subepidermal free nerve endings derived from non-myelinated nerve fibers (penicillate endings) showed accumulations of extra-cytoplasmic glycogen which was localized in the distended spaces between the axolemma, the Schwann cell membrane and the nerve basement membrane. In some cases, the glycogen was found to be so abundant that it occupied most of the cross sectional area of the ending. No morphological changes were observed in the pappilary endings, in nerve endings of the hairs or in the autonomic terminals. The conducting segments of all cutaneous nerve fibers showed normal morphology. The unusual morphological changes that occur in some penicillate nerve endings during the wheal development indicate that these endings are involved in the skin reaction and therefore they may be the specific end organs that are associated with itch, at least in urticaria."}
{"id": "PMID:869228", "title": "Ultrastructural alterations in neuroepithelial cells of mouse embryos exposed to cytotoxic doses of hydroxyurea.", "content": "Developing neuroepithelial cells from the cranial region of neural folds were examined at various intervals from 15 minutes to four hours after administration of teratogenic (250 mg/kg) or embryolethal (500 mg/kg) doses of HU to ICR/DUB mice on ninth day of gestation. Thirty percent of surviving fetuses showed extencephaly after the teratogenic dose. The initial ultrastructural change in some neuroepithelial cells occurred within 15 minutes to one hour after treatment with the teratogenic dose and involved a breakdown of polyribosomes into monosomes which were dispersed evenly in the cytosome. At one to two hours, condensation of the cytoplasm and chromatin was observed along with distorted nuclear shape. At two to four hours, cells exhibited extremely condensed cytoplasm and fragmentation of the cells occurred. The affected cells showed pyknotic nuclei and segregation of fibrillar and granular components of the nucleolus. In some nuclei, particularly after treatment with the higher dose of HU, a condensation of the nucleolus was observed. At this stage images were obtained which indicated that neighboring cells phagocytosed the cellular fragments derived from the HU affected cells.", "contents": "Ultrastructural alterations in neuroepithelial cells of mouse embryos exposed to cytotoxic doses of hydroxyurea. Developing neuroepithelial cells from the cranial region of neural folds were examined at various intervals from 15 minutes to four hours after administration of teratogenic (250 mg/kg) or embryolethal (500 mg/kg) doses of HU to ICR/DUB mice on ninth day of gestation. Thirty percent of surviving fetuses showed extencephaly after the teratogenic dose. The initial ultrastructural change in some neuroepithelial cells occurred within 15 minutes to one hour after treatment with the teratogenic dose and involved a breakdown of polyribosomes into monosomes which were dispersed evenly in the cytosome. At one to two hours, condensation of the cytoplasm and chromatin was observed along with distorted nuclear shape. At two to four hours, cells exhibited extremely condensed cytoplasm and fragmentation of the cells occurred. The affected cells showed pyknotic nuclei and segregation of fibrillar and granular components of the nucleolus. In some nuclei, particularly after treatment with the higher dose of HU, a condensation of the nucleolus was observed. At this stage images were obtained which indicated that neighboring cells phagocytosed the cellular fragments derived from the HU affected cells."}
{"id": "PMID:869229", "title": "Concanavalin A binding to the epithelial surface of the developing mouse olfactory placode.", "content": "Concanavalin A (Con A), a lectin binding to mannosyl and glucosyl residues of glycoproteins and glycolipids, was used to study the appearance of carbohydrate-rich cell surface material on the olfactory placode and nasal processes which contribute to formidine was also used in an attempt to correlate changes in labeling index with formation of the olfactory placode and nasal processes. The cell surface of the early frontonasal epithelium binds Con A very little, if at all, but Con A binding was observed when the olfactory placode could be identified as a plate of cuboidal cells that exhibited a reduced labeling index. During the period of formation of the nasal processes, Con A binding was observed on the facial epithelium including the presumptive contact region. There was also a decline in the labeling index throughout primary palate formation. This study provides three criteria by which the olfactory placode can be identified: a morphological change of placode cells to a cuboidal shape, a synthesis or rearrangement of surface coat material that binds Con A, and a reduced labeling index.", "contents": "Concanavalin A binding to the epithelial surface of the developing mouse olfactory placode. Concanavalin A (Con A), a lectin binding to mannosyl and glucosyl residues of glycoproteins and glycolipids, was used to study the appearance of carbohydrate-rich cell surface material on the olfactory placode and nasal processes which contribute to formidine was also used in an attempt to correlate changes in labeling index with formation of the olfactory placode and nasal processes. The cell surface of the early frontonasal epithelium binds Con A very little, if at all, but Con A binding was observed when the olfactory placode could be identified as a plate of cuboidal cells that exhibited a reduced labeling index. During the period of formation of the nasal processes, Con A binding was observed on the facial epithelium including the presumptive contact region. There was also a decline in the labeling index throughout primary palate formation. This study provides three criteria by which the olfactory placode can be identified: a morphological change of placode cells to a cuboidal shape, a synthesis or rearrangement of surface coat material that binds Con A, and a reduced labeling index."}
{"id": "PMID:869230", "title": "Pulmonary circulation--vertebral venous interconnections in the chickens.", "content": "Injections of India ink colored blood, latex, and plastic followed by study of corrosion casts and dissections were used to determine the interconnections of the vertebral venous system and pulmonary circulation in the chicken. Multiple, minute connections are found to the intercostal veins, small mesenteric veins and others connected to the vertebral venous system. Thus, blood can flow in quantities between the vertebral venous system and the pulmonary circulation depending upon pressure gradients.", "contents": "Pulmonary circulation--vertebral venous interconnections in the chickens. Injections of India ink colored blood, latex, and plastic followed by study of corrosion casts and dissections were used to determine the interconnections of the vertebral venous system and pulmonary circulation in the chicken. Multiple, minute connections are found to the intercostal veins, small mesenteric veins and others connected to the vertebral venous system. Thus, blood can flow in quantities between the vertebral venous system and the pulmonary circulation depending upon pressure gradients."}
{"id": "PMID:869231", "title": "The vertebral level of origin of spinal nerves in the rat.", "content": "Several dissections were performed to determine the level of spinal cord termination and the vertebral level at which the dorsal and ventral roots of spinal nerves C1-S4 emerged from the spinal cord in the rat. These levels of emergence were then compared to the level of exit from the vertebral canal. The dissections demonstrated that the effect of differential growth between spinal cord and vertebral column begins in the lower cervical region and becomes progressively more pronounced throughout thoracic and lumbar levels. The disparity between the vertebral level of emergence of spinal roots from the spinal cord and their level of exit via intervertebral foramina was found to be considerably larger than was previously reported by Greene ('68). It was further noted that the spinal cord terminated at the level of the intervertebral disc between the third and fourth lumbar vertebrae, not between the fourth and fifth lumbar vertebrae as reported by Greene ('68).", "contents": "The vertebral level of origin of spinal nerves in the rat. Several dissections were performed to determine the level of spinal cord termination and the vertebral level at which the dorsal and ventral roots of spinal nerves C1-S4 emerged from the spinal cord in the rat. These levels of emergence were then compared to the level of exit from the vertebral canal. The dissections demonstrated that the effect of differential growth between spinal cord and vertebral column begins in the lower cervical region and becomes progressively more pronounced throughout thoracic and lumbar levels. The disparity between the vertebral level of emergence of spinal roots from the spinal cord and their level of exit via intervertebral foramina was found to be considerably larger than was previously reported by Greene ('68). It was further noted that the spinal cord terminated at the level of the intervertebral disc between the third and fourth lumbar vertebrae, not between the fourth and fifth lumbar vertebrae as reported by Greene ('68)."}
{"id": "PMID:869232", "title": "Development of Meissner corpuscle of mouse toe pad.", "content": "The cytologic development of Meissner corpuscles of the mouse toe pad has been studied using light and electron microscopy, and correlated with silver impregnations of frozen sections. By 18 days of gestation, neurites are seen near the epidermis, but intraepidermal neurites are few. One day after birth, the number of intraepidermal neurites increases, and some accompanying Schwann cells extend their cytoplasmic processes penetrating the basal lamina of the epidermis. Four days after birth, Schwann cells invade the epidermis further, extending many cytoplasmic processes which are intimately associated with basal cells of epidermis. These specialized Schwann cells which contact the epidermis proper also begin to develop cytoplasmic lamellae and thus denote the onset of lamellar cell development. By eight days after birth, the developing lamellar cells become more elaborated, and their cytoplasmic processes contain caveolae and filaments, characteristic features of lamellar cells. This developmental sequence supports the concept that lamellar cells are derived from Schwann cells. Through all stages of development, neurites and Schwann cells interact closely with epidermal cells. Epidermal cells may be essential for corpuscle formation. By 20 to 25 days after birth, mouse toe pad Meissner corpuscles are cytologically mature.", "contents": "Development of Meissner corpuscle of mouse toe pad. The cytologic development of Meissner corpuscles of the mouse toe pad has been studied using light and electron microscopy, and correlated with silver impregnations of frozen sections. By 18 days of gestation, neurites are seen near the epidermis, but intraepidermal neurites are few. One day after birth, the number of intraepidermal neurites increases, and some accompanying Schwann cells extend their cytoplasmic processes penetrating the basal lamina of the epidermis. Four days after birth, Schwann cells invade the epidermis further, extending many cytoplasmic processes which are intimately associated with basal cells of epidermis. These specialized Schwann cells which contact the epidermis proper also begin to develop cytoplasmic lamellae and thus denote the onset of lamellar cell development. By eight days after birth, the developing lamellar cells become more elaborated, and their cytoplasmic processes contain caveolae and filaments, characteristic features of lamellar cells. This developmental sequence supports the concept that lamellar cells are derived from Schwann cells. Through all stages of development, neurites and Schwann cells interact closely with epidermal cells. Epidermal cells may be essential for corpuscle formation. By 20 to 25 days after birth, mouse toe pad Meissner corpuscles are cytologically mature."}
{"id": "PMID:869233", "title": "Cell kinetics in the small intestine of suckling rats. I. Influence of hypophysectomy.", "content": "Cell kinetics have been examined in the duodena of intact rats at 6, 16, and 22 days of age, and of hypophysectomized rats at 22 days. In intact rats the crypt population per villus increases more than 10-fold, the greater part of the increase occurring late in the third week. The labelling index does not differ between 6 (28.3%) and 16 (27.6%) days, but increases to 37.8% at 22 days. Generation time also does not differ between 6 (18.0 hours) and 16 (17.7 hours) days, but falls to 10.8 hours at 22 days by shortening of both the presynthetic and synthetic phases. Acceleration of cell migration rate between 18 and 19 days of age results in shortening of cell transit time from seven days in rats younger than 18 days to two days in those older than 18 days. When rats are hypophysectomized at six days, the duodenal crypt population per villus at 22 days is comparable to that of intact rats at 16 days. The labelling index at 22 days is 19% below that of intact rats at six days. Generation time at 22 days is slightly shortened by  a decrease of the presynthetic phase, but the duration of 15.5 hours is 43% longer than in intact rats at the same age. Despite the small crypt population and the low cell production rate, the cell-transient time in 22-day-old hypophysectomized animals is only three days.", "contents": "Cell kinetics in the small intestine of suckling rats. I. Influence of hypophysectomy. Cell kinetics have been examined in the duodena of intact rats at 6, 16, and 22 days of age, and of hypophysectomized rats at 22 days. In intact rats the crypt population per villus increases more than 10-fold, the greater part of the increase occurring late in the third week. The labelling index does not differ between 6 (28.3%) and 16 (27.6%) days, but increases to 37.8% at 22 days. Generation time also does not differ between 6 (18.0 hours) and 16 (17.7 hours) days, but falls to 10.8 hours at 22 days by shortening of both the presynthetic and synthetic phases. Acceleration of cell migration rate between 18 and 19 days of age results in shortening of cell transit time from seven days in rats younger than 18 days to two days in those older than 18 days. When rats are hypophysectomized at six days, the duodenal crypt population per villus at 22 days is comparable to that of intact rats at 16 days. The labelling index at 22 days is 19% below that of intact rats at six days. Generation time at 22 days is slightly shortened by  a decrease of the presynthetic phase, but the duration of 15.5 hours is 43% longer than in intact rats at the same age. Despite the small crypt population and the low cell production rate, the cell-transient time in 22-day-old hypophysectomized animals is only three days."}
{"id": "PMID:869234", "title": "Alterations in the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi complex of intestinal epithelial cells during fat absorption and after termination of this process: a morphological and morphometric study.", "content": "Earlier investigations of intestinal fat-absorption have stressed the importance of continued protein synthesis to provide membranes which are utilized for the intracellular transport of resynthesized lipid. The resulting membranes, when incorporated into the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and Golgi complex, serve as vehicles for the movement of fat within the cell and for its release to the extracellular space. In the current study, attention was focused on the morphological changes in the ER and Golgi complex both during fat absorption and at successive time intervals after fat-absorption termination. Morphological interpretations were confirmed by morphometric analysis. This investigation supports the interpretation that during fat absorption, membrane synthesis by the rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) is insufficient to accomodate membrane utilization and intraconversion, resulting in a decrease of both ER and Golgi complex components. However, following fat-absorption termination, and cell is able to replace previously depleted components of the ER and Golgi complex and regain the full membrane complement of the fasted state. Replenishment of cellular membranes is postulated as resulting from a continued synthesis of new membranes by the RER which eventually exceeds membrane utilized during lipid transport.", "contents": "Alterations in the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi complex of intestinal epithelial cells during fat absorption and after termination of this process: a morphological and morphometric study. Earlier investigations of intestinal fat-absorption have stressed the importance of continued protein synthesis to provide membranes which are utilized for the intracellular transport of resynthesized lipid. The resulting membranes, when incorporated into the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and Golgi complex, serve as vehicles for the movement of fat within the cell and for its release to the extracellular space. In the current study, attention was focused on the morphological changes in the ER and Golgi complex both during fat absorption and at successive time intervals after fat-absorption termination. Morphological interpretations were confirmed by morphometric analysis. This investigation supports the interpretation that during fat absorption, membrane synthesis by the rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) is insufficient to accomodate membrane utilization and intraconversion, resulting in a decrease of both ER and Golgi complex components. However, following fat-absorption termination, and cell is able to replace previously depleted components of the ER and Golgi complex and regain the full membrane complement of the fasted state. Replenishment of cellular membranes is postulated as resulting from a continued synthesis of new membranes by the RER which eventually exceeds membrane utilized during lipid transport."}
{"id": "PMID:869235", "title": "Location of progenitor cells in periodontal ligament of mouse molar stimulated by wounding.", "content": "Wounds were made in the alveolar process overlying the mesial root of the mandibular first molar of 35-g mice to expose periodontal ligament. Dividing cells were arrested in metaphase by injection of vinblastine sulphate three hours before death three, five and seven days after wounding. Serial 1-micron plastic sections of the wound were stained with hematoxylin and eosin. The distance between the mitotic figures and the nearest blood vessel, bone and cementum was measured in every fourth section. No mitotic figure was measured twice. The distances of at least 500 interphase cells from the closest blood vessel were measured in each wound. At all time periods the distribution of mitotic cells was significantly closer to blood vessels than that of interphase cells (p less than 0.01). From three days to seven days after wounding there was a significant shift of mitotic activity away from the bone side of the ligament, but not away from blood vessels (p less than 0.05). Approximately 10% of all mitotic cells lay close to cementum, but not close to blood vessels. The majority of the dividing cells were confirmed to be paravascular, and appeared to belong to two populations, one adjacent to bone, the other in the body of the ligament. A third population, not paravascular, lay adjacent to cementum.", "contents": "Location of progenitor cells in periodontal ligament of mouse molar stimulated by wounding. Wounds were made in the alveolar process overlying the mesial root of the mandibular first molar of 35-g mice to expose periodontal ligament. Dividing cells were arrested in metaphase by injection of vinblastine sulphate three hours before death three, five and seven days after wounding. Serial 1-micron plastic sections of the wound were stained with hematoxylin and eosin. The distance between the mitotic figures and the nearest blood vessel, bone and cementum was measured in every fourth section. No mitotic figure was measured twice. The distances of at least 500 interphase cells from the closest blood vessel were measured in each wound. At all time periods the distribution of mitotic cells was significantly closer to blood vessels than that of interphase cells (p less than 0.01). From three days to seven days after wounding there was a significant shift of mitotic activity away from the bone side of the ligament, but not away from blood vessels (p less than 0.05). Approximately 10% of all mitotic cells lay close to cementum, but not close to blood vessels. The majority of the dividing cells were confirmed to be paravascular, and appeared to belong to two populations, one adjacent to bone, the other in the body of the ligament. A third population, not paravascular, lay adjacent to cementum."}
{"id": "PMID:869237", "title": "Myogenic cell formation in regenerating rat skeletal muscle injured by mincing. I. A fine structural study.", "content": "The degenerative and early regenerative events following mincing and autotransplantation of rat skeletal muscle were examined at the ultrastructural level. During the first eight hours after injury, myonuclei undergo pyknosis, mitochondria become enlarged and vesiculated, myofilaments appear less distinct than normal and the sarcolemmata either disappear or become extensively fragmented. Further degeneration of the myofibers progresses slowly until macrophages and polymorphonuclear neutrophils invade the degenerating sarcoplasm between one to four days after mincing. Scattered throughout the minced muscle implant during the first 24 hours after injury are small, viable-appearing, undifferentiated cells located between the external lamina and degenerating sarcoplasm. Such cells, which are structurally similar to satellite cells seen in uninjured muscle, are believed to be regenerating presumptive myoblasts due to their mesenchymal-like morphology and sublaminar position. External laminae of the injured muscle fibers do not undergo immediate degenerative changes, but rather persist during the first three to six days as laminar tubes within which spindle-shaped myoblasts and newly formed myotubes are frequently observed. Examples of regenerating myoblasts in the process of budding-off from damaged muscle fibers were not observed in this study. Therefore, the evidence suggests that satellite cells are the major source of regenerating myoblasts in skeletal muscle of the rat.", "contents": "Myogenic cell formation in regenerating rat skeletal muscle injured by mincing. I. A fine structural study. The degenerative and early regenerative events following mincing and autotransplantation of rat skeletal muscle were examined at the ultrastructural level. During the first eight hours after injury, myonuclei undergo pyknosis, mitochondria become enlarged and vesiculated, myofilaments appear less distinct than normal and the sarcolemmata either disappear or become extensively fragmented. Further degeneration of the myofibers progresses slowly until macrophages and polymorphonuclear neutrophils invade the degenerating sarcoplasm between one to four days after mincing. Scattered throughout the minced muscle implant during the first 24 hours after injury are small, viable-appearing, undifferentiated cells located between the external lamina and degenerating sarcoplasm. Such cells, which are structurally similar to satellite cells seen in uninjured muscle, are believed to be regenerating presumptive myoblasts due to their mesenchymal-like morphology and sublaminar position. External laminae of the injured muscle fibers do not undergo immediate degenerative changes, but rather persist during the first three to six days as laminar tubes within which spindle-shaped myoblasts and newly formed myotubes are frequently observed. Examples of regenerating myoblasts in the process of budding-off from damaged muscle fibers were not observed in this study. Therefore, the evidence suggests that satellite cells are the major source of regenerating myoblasts in skeletal muscle of the rat."}
{"id": "PMID:869238", "title": "Myogenic cell formation in regenerating rat skeletal muscle injured by mincing. II. An autoradiographic study.", "content": "Myonuclei and satellite cell nuclei were differentially labelled with 3H-thymidine in uninjured skeletal muscle of young rats and then traced autoradiographically at intervals after mincing the radioactive hindlimb muscles to determine the source of regenerating presumptive myoblasts. Labelled nuclei were detected by light microscopic examination of 1-micron thick autoradiographs and identified by electron microscopic examination of an adjacent section. Repeated injections of 3H-thymidine during fetal and neonatal development, followed by a 4- to 5-week maturation period, resulted in labelling of 20% of the myonuclei. Satellite cells were not observed to be labelled in this series. Eight to sixteen hours after mincing, 20% of the pyknotic myonuclei were labelled, whereas none of the regenerating presumptive myoblasts appeared labelled. A single injection of 3H-thymidine administered to 18-day-old rats, followed by sacrifice within ten hours, resulted in labelling of 23% of the satellite cell nuclei. Myonuclei were not observed to be labelled in this series. Eight to sixteen hours after mincing, silver grains were detected over both pyknotic and regenerating cell nuclei. These experiments indicate that many satellite cells survive muscle injury and transplantation to become regenerating myogenic cells at a time when most, if not all, myonuclei are undergoing pyknosis.", "contents": "Myogenic cell formation in regenerating rat skeletal muscle injured by mincing. II. An autoradiographic study. Myonuclei and satellite cell nuclei were differentially labelled with 3H-thymidine in uninjured skeletal muscle of young rats and then traced autoradiographically at intervals after mincing the radioactive hindlimb muscles to determine the source of regenerating presumptive myoblasts. Labelled nuclei were detected by light microscopic examination of 1-micron thick autoradiographs and identified by electron microscopic examination of an adjacent section. Repeated injections of 3H-thymidine during fetal and neonatal development, followed by a 4- to 5-week maturation period, resulted in labelling of 20% of the myonuclei. Satellite cells were not observed to be labelled in this series. Eight to sixteen hours after mincing, 20% of the pyknotic myonuclei were labelled, whereas none of the regenerating presumptive myoblasts appeared labelled. A single injection of 3H-thymidine administered to 18-day-old rats, followed by sacrifice within ten hours, resulted in labelling of 23% of the satellite cell nuclei. Myonuclei were not observed to be labelled in this series. Eight to sixteen hours after mincing, silver grains were detected over both pyknotic and regenerating cell nuclei. These experiments indicate that many satellite cells survive muscle injury and transplantation to become regenerating myogenic cells at a time when most, if not all, myonuclei are undergoing pyknosis."}
{"id": "PMID:869239", "title": "Intraperitoneal transplants of taste buds in the newt.", "content": "Autografts of tongue onto the liver contained taste buds without nerves for up to 30 days. However, these denervated taste buds were generally smaller than normal and distorted in structure. Nerve fibers invaded the graft from the liver and after 30 days normal appearing taste buds were found only in implants of tongue which contained extensive nerve fibers. Thus it appears that certain visceral nerves can maintain and possibly induce taste bud formation in implants of tongue. This is interpreted as additional evidence for the trophic influence of nerves upon taste buds. Moreover, this ability to maintain taste buds is not restricted to gustatory nerves in the newt.", "contents": "Intraperitoneal transplants of taste buds in the newt. Autografts of tongue onto the liver contained taste buds without nerves for up to 30 days. However, these denervated taste buds were generally smaller than normal and distorted in structure. Nerve fibers invaded the graft from the liver and after 30 days normal appearing taste buds were found only in implants of tongue which contained extensive nerve fibers. Thus it appears that certain visceral nerves can maintain and possibly induce taste bud formation in implants of tongue. This is interpreted as additional evidence for the trophic influence of nerves upon taste buds. Moreover, this ability to maintain taste buds is not restricted to gustatory nerves in the newt."}
{"id": "PMID:869241", "title": "Innervation of the rat Harderian gland by adrenergic and cholinergic nerve fibres.", "content": "The innervation of the rat Harderian gland was studied using histochemical methods for catecholamines and acetylcholinesterase (AChE). Selective denervations were performed to investigate the neural connections of this gland with various ganglia. Light microscopically the AChE-positive nerves seemed to run as thick bundles in the intertubular connective tissue. These bundles sent finer branches around the acini. The blood vessels, localized in the connective tissue septa, were surrounded by a dense plexus of AChE-containing fibres. By electron microscopy, the AChE-positive fibres were seen to terminate near the myoepithelial cells surrounding secretory cells. These fibres were also observed in contact with the blood vessels and occasionally close to the secretory cells. Fluorescent adrenergic nerves surrounded the blood vessels. Some fibres were also observed in the interlobular tissue. All the AChE-containing nerves degenerated after cutting the zygomatic nerve. On the other hand, removal of the ciliary ganglion or the superior cervical ganglion, or stereotactic coagulation of the ophthalmic nerve did not affect these nerves. The fluorescent adrenergic fibres disappeared following both removal of the superior cervical ganglion and coagulation of the ophthalmic nerve. These fibres were intact after removal of the ciliary ganglion.", "contents": "Innervation of the rat Harderian gland by adrenergic and cholinergic nerve fibres. The innervation of the rat Harderian gland was studied using histochemical methods for catecholamines and acetylcholinesterase (AChE). Selective denervations were performed to investigate the neural connections of this gland with various ganglia. Light microscopically the AChE-positive nerves seemed to run as thick bundles in the intertubular connective tissue. These bundles sent finer branches around the acini. The blood vessels, localized in the connective tissue septa, were surrounded by a dense plexus of AChE-containing fibres. By electron microscopy, the AChE-positive fibres were seen to terminate near the myoepithelial cells surrounding secretory cells. These fibres were also observed in contact with the blood vessels and occasionally close to the secretory cells. Fluorescent adrenergic nerves surrounded the blood vessels. Some fibres were also observed in the interlobular tissue. All the AChE-containing nerves degenerated after cutting the zygomatic nerve. On the other hand, removal of the ciliary ganglion or the superior cervical ganglion, or stereotactic coagulation of the ophthalmic nerve did not affect these nerves. The fluorescent adrenergic fibres disappeared following both removal of the superior cervical ganglion and coagulation of the ophthalmic nerve. These fibres were intact after removal of the ciliary ganglion."}
{"id": "PMID:869242", "title": "A method for quantitative histological evaluation of neural cell populations.", "content": "In an attempt to facilitate quantitative analysis of neural perikarya, an inexpensive system of gridded coverslips has been developed to permanently map sections of tissue on microscopic slides. Utilizing common photographic copying techniques with Kodalith film, a mylar coverslip is produced which is imprinted with a grid of known dimensions. The exact scale of the grid can be varied precisely for compatibility with a particular field of magnification. The versatility and economy of this technique make it useful in many microscopic studies requiring superimposition of discrete landmarks.", "contents": "A method for quantitative histological evaluation of neural cell populations. In an attempt to facilitate quantitative analysis of neural perikarya, an inexpensive system of gridded coverslips has been developed to permanently map sections of tissue on microscopic slides. Utilizing common photographic copying techniques with Kodalith film, a mylar coverslip is produced which is imprinted with a grid of known dimensions. The exact scale of the grid can be varied precisely for compatibility with a particular field of magnification. The versatility and economy of this technique make it useful in many microscopic studies requiring superimposition of discrete landmarks."}
{"id": "PMID:869244", "title": "The actions of neuromuscular relaxants at hyperbaric pressures.", "content": "Previous studies have shown that high pressures increase the twitch tension of directly or indirectly stimulated mammalian muscle, while depressing transmission at the neuromuscular junction. The present paper explores the interaction between high pressures and muscle relaxants on the indirectly stimulated rat phrenic nerve--diaphragm preparation. Two muscle relaxants, d-tubocurarine and succinylcholine, were studied. Measurements of the electromyogram and twitch tension amplitudes were made before and after application of the muscle relaxants and compared with results of measurements of those two variables under hyperbaric conditions. High pressures tended to enhance neuromuscular blockade by d-tubocurarine more than that by succinylcholine, as indicated by electromyographic suppression, and high pressures tended to antagonize the succinylcholine effect on twitch tension more than that of d-tubocurarine. The findings are in agreement with previous observations that high pressures increase muscular twitch tension and depress excitatory synapses. They further demonstrate a complex interaction between hyperbaric pressures and neuromuscular blocking drugs.", "contents": "The actions of neuromuscular relaxants at hyperbaric pressures. Previous studies have shown that high pressures increase the twitch tension of directly or indirectly stimulated mammalian muscle, while depressing transmission at the neuromuscular junction. The present paper explores the interaction between high pressures and muscle relaxants on the indirectly stimulated rat phrenic nerve--diaphragm preparation. Two muscle relaxants, d-tubocurarine and succinylcholine, were studied. Measurements of the electromyogram and twitch tension amplitudes were made before and after application of the muscle relaxants and compared with results of measurements of those two variables under hyperbaric conditions. High pressures tended to enhance neuromuscular blockade by d-tubocurarine more than that by succinylcholine, as indicated by electromyographic suppression, and high pressures tended to antagonize the succinylcholine effect on twitch tension more than that of d-tubocurarine. The findings are in agreement with previous observations that high pressures increase muscular twitch tension and depress excitatory synapses. They further demonstrate a complex interaction between hyperbaric pressures and neuromuscular blocking drugs."}
{"id": "PMID:869245", "title": "Cerebral blood flow and metabolism during morphine--nitrous oxide anesthesia in man.", "content": "The effects of two levels of morphine-nitrous oxide anesthesia on cerebral blood flow (CBF) and cerebral metabolism (CMRO2) were measured in healthy male volunteers. CBF and metabolic measurements were made in the awake control state, after morphine, 1 mg/kg, with 70 per cent nitrous oxide and 30 per cent oxygen, and at a total dose of 3 mg/kg morphine with the same concentrations of nitrous oxide and oxygen. Ventilation was controlled and carbon dioxide added to inspired gas to maintain PaCO2 constant at 40 torr. CBF was 48.2 +/- 4.4 (SEM) ml/100 g/min during the control phase; 45.7 +/- 6.4 ml/100 g/min after 1 mg/kg morphine, and 44.3 +/- 4.9 ml/100 g/min after 3 mg/kg morphine. The latter values are not significantly different from control. Cerebral metabolic rates for oxygen, glucose, and lactate were normal in the control phase and did not change significantly when morphine was present at either level. It is concluded that morphine-nitrous oxide anesthesia produces no alteration of cerebral blood flow or metabolism in normal man at the two dose levels studies.", "contents": "Cerebral blood flow and metabolism during morphine--nitrous oxide anesthesia in man. The effects of two levels of morphine-nitrous oxide anesthesia on cerebral blood flow (CBF) and cerebral metabolism (CMRO2) were measured in healthy male volunteers. CBF and metabolic measurements were made in the awake control state, after morphine, 1 mg/kg, with 70 per cent nitrous oxide and 30 per cent oxygen, and at a total dose of 3 mg/kg morphine with the same concentrations of nitrous oxide and oxygen. Ventilation was controlled and carbon dioxide added to inspired gas to maintain PaCO2 constant at 40 torr. CBF was 48.2 +/- 4.4 (SEM) ml/100 g/min during the control phase; 45.7 +/- 6.4 ml/100 g/min after 1 mg/kg morphine, and 44.3 +/- 4.9 ml/100 g/min after 3 mg/kg morphine. The latter values are not significantly different from control. Cerebral metabolic rates for oxygen, glucose, and lactate were normal in the control phase and did not change significantly when morphine was present at either level. It is concluded that morphine-nitrous oxide anesthesia produces no alteration of cerebral blood flow or metabolism in normal man at the two dose levels studies."}
{"id": "PMID:869247", "title": "Effects of trimethaphan and sodium nitroprusside on hydrolysis of succinylcholine in vitro.", "content": "The use of hypotensive agents in combination with succinylcholine may be necessary. Since trimethaphan has been reported to prolong the action of succinylcholine, the authors studied the abilities of trimethaphan and sodium nitroprusside to inhibit hydrolysis of succinylcholine by pseudocholinesterase in vitro. Trimethaphan was found to be a potent noncompetitive inhibitor of pseudocholinesterase (KI = 0.24 micronM). It could be calculated that a typical dose of trimethaphan would approximately double the duration of paralysis produced by the usual dose of succinylcholine. Nitroprusside had no inhibitory effect in vitro. It is concluded that nitroprusside is preferable when a hypotensive agent must be used in conjunction with succinylcholine.", "contents": "Effects of trimethaphan and sodium nitroprusside on hydrolysis of succinylcholine in vitro. The use of hypotensive agents in combination with succinylcholine may be necessary. Since trimethaphan has been reported to prolong the action of succinylcholine, the authors studied the abilities of trimethaphan and sodium nitroprusside to inhibit hydrolysis of succinylcholine by pseudocholinesterase in vitro. Trimethaphan was found to be a potent noncompetitive inhibitor of pseudocholinesterase (KI = 0.24 micronM). It could be calculated that a typical dose of trimethaphan would approximately double the duration of paralysis produced by the usual dose of succinylcholine. Nitroprusside had no inhibitory effect in vitro. It is concluded that nitroprusside is preferable when a hypotensive agent must be used in conjunction with succinylcholine."}
{"id": "PMID:869248", "title": "Potencies of neuromuscular blocking agents at the receptors of the atrial pacemaker and the motor endplate of the guinea pig.", "content": "Drug receptor dissociation constants (KB) were determined for four neuromuscular relaxants at the cardiac pacemaker as well as at the motor endplate. The ratios KB(atrium)/KB(lumbrical) were found to be high for d-tubocurarine and dimethyltubocurarine, 264 and 136, respectively. Thus, interaction at muscarinic sites would occur only with large doses of these drugs. In contrast, the ratios were low for pancuronium and gallamine, 5.3 and 2.4, respectively. Hence, the concentrations of these drugs needed for clinical neuromuscular blockade would occupy appreciable fractions of cardiac muscarinic receptors, and thus might produce vagal blockade and thereby produce the tachycardia seen clinically with these two agents.", "contents": "Potencies of neuromuscular blocking agents at the receptors of the atrial pacemaker and the motor endplate of the guinea pig. Drug receptor dissociation constants (KB) were determined for four neuromuscular relaxants at the cardiac pacemaker as well as at the motor endplate. The ratios KB(atrium)/KB(lumbrical) were found to be high for d-tubocurarine and dimethyltubocurarine, 264 and 136, respectively. Thus, interaction at muscarinic sites would occur only with large doses of these drugs. In contrast, the ratios were low for pancuronium and gallamine, 5.3 and 2.4, respectively. Hence, the concentrations of these drugs needed for clinical neuromuscular blockade would occupy appreciable fractions of cardiac muscarinic receptors, and thus might produce vagal blockade and thereby produce the tachycardia seen clinically with these two agents."}
{"id": "PMID:869249", "title": "Radial arterial function following percutaneous cannulation with 18- and 20-gauge catheters.", "content": "Radial arterial function was evaluated in 108 patients following 24 hours of percutaneous cannulation with either 18- or 20-gauge cannulas. Arteriography, Doppler ultrasound examination, and Allen's test disclosed an 8 per cent incidence of radial-artery occlusion following cannulation with 20-gauge cannulas, compared with a 34 per cent incidence of occlusion with 18-gauge cannulas (P less than .05). Vessels that occluded were significantly smaller in diameter than were patent vessels (mean 2.00 +/- .09 mm SE vs. 2.22 +/- .05 mm, P less than .05). Occluded vessels also contained significantly greater amounts of thrombotic material (0-3+) just prior to decannulation than those that remained patent (2.42 +/- .13 vs. 1.20 +/- .11,P less than .001). The incidence of arterial occlusion increases linearly as the ratio of cannula outer diameter to vessel-lumen diameter increases.", "contents": "Radial arterial function following percutaneous cannulation with 18- and 20-gauge catheters. Radial arterial function was evaluated in 108 patients following 24 hours of percutaneous cannulation with either 18- or 20-gauge cannulas. Arteriography, Doppler ultrasound examination, and Allen's test disclosed an 8 per cent incidence of radial-artery occlusion following cannulation with 20-gauge cannulas, compared with a 34 per cent incidence of occlusion with 18-gauge cannulas (P less than .05). Vessels that occluded were significantly smaller in diameter than were patent vessels (mean 2.00 +/- .09 mm SE vs. 2.22 +/- .05 mm, P less than .05). Occluded vessels also contained significantly greater amounts of thrombotic material (0-3+) just prior to decannulation than those that remained patent (2.42 +/- .13 vs. 1.20 +/- .11,P less than .001). The incidence of arterial occlusion increases linearly as the ratio of cannula outer diameter to vessel-lumen diameter increases."}
{"id": "PMID:869253", "title": "Partition coefficients of volatile anesthetics in Kreb's solution.", "content": "Partition coefficients of volatile anesthetics between Krebs' solution and air were determined at 37 C. The mean values obtained were: enflurane, 0.74; diethyl ether, 11.9; fluroxene, 0.81; halothane, 0.75; isoflurane, 0.55; methoxyflurane, 3.8.", "contents": "Partition coefficients of volatile anesthetics in Kreb's solution. Partition coefficients of volatile anesthetics between Krebs' solution and air were determined at 37 C. The mean values obtained were: enflurane, 0.74; diethyl ether, 11.9; fluroxene, 0.81; halothane, 0.75; isoflurane, 0.55; methoxyflurane, 3.8."}
{"id": "PMID:869263", "title": "Slow ventricular tachycardia complicating acute myocardial infarction.", "content": "Among 200 consecutive cases of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) treated in a CCU, 117 episodes of slow ventricular tachycardia were observed in 72 patients. This figure represents a 36% rate of incidence. It is a relatively high figure because of the close monitoring to which the patient is submitted and because of the early admission to the unit. There were no significant differences of age, sex, or localization of the myocardial necrosis between patients with SVT and those without it. The different mechanisms of production described support an active origin in most of the patients for the following reasons: (1) coexistence of SVT and PVT in 51.3% of the patients; (2) identical QRS morphology in both rhythms; (3) onset of the SVT after a nonprolonged diastole in 70% of the tracings; (4) inhibition of the SVT after increase of the sinus discharge in only 14 occasions; and (5) irregular SVT rhythm in 76.9% of the recordings and ectopic mechanisms with different degrees of exit block. Because of the potential hazard of the SVT, especially if it is assumed to be of an active origin, we recommend lidocaine for patients with a sinus rate faster than 60 per minute or coexisting PVT. Atropine should be used when the sinus rate is slower than 60 per minute assuming a possible escape or passive origin.", "contents": "Slow ventricular tachycardia complicating acute myocardial infarction. Among 200 consecutive cases of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) treated in a CCU, 117 episodes of slow ventricular tachycardia were observed in 72 patients. This figure represents a 36% rate of incidence. It is a relatively high figure because of the close monitoring to which the patient is submitted and because of the early admission to the unit. There were no significant differences of age, sex, or localization of the myocardial necrosis between patients with SVT and those without it. The different mechanisms of production described support an active origin in most of the patients for the following reasons: (1) coexistence of SVT and PVT in 51.3% of the patients; (2) identical QRS morphology in both rhythms; (3) onset of the SVT after a nonprolonged diastole in 70% of the tracings; (4) inhibition of the SVT after increase of the sinus discharge in only 14 occasions; and (5) irregular SVT rhythm in 76.9% of the recordings and ectopic mechanisms with different degrees of exit block. Because of the potential hazard of the SVT, especially if it is assumed to be of an active origin, we recommend lidocaine for patients with a sinus rate faster than 60 per minute or coexisting PVT. Atropine should be used when the sinus rate is slower than 60 per minute assuming a possible escape or passive origin."}
{"id": "PMID:869264", "title": "Diagnosis of ventricular conduction defects.", "content": "A total of 1342 electrocardiograms demonstrating intraventricular conduction defects were reviewed. Criteria for distinguishing different types of conduction defects and combinations of such defects are presented. The time of intrinsicoid deflection was of great value and may be used to distinguish lesions of the main fascicles and peripheral Purkinje conduction defects. However multiple peripheral defects affecting a large area of myocardium can produce a pattern identical to left bundle branch block. It is suggested that intrinsicoid deflection time should be measured from the beginning of the QRS to the onset of the longest downslope at or after the peak of the R wave. It should be carefully related to the voltage of the dominant wave of the QRS complex in each lead. If intrinsicoid deflection is delayed in a limb lead that does not show the maximum voltage of the QRS, a peripheral left ventricular conduction defect is present; but if the lead does show the maximum voltage of the QRS, the defect may be central or peripheral. Another useful electrocardiographic feature was the direction of both the initial and terminal QRS forces in the 12-lead electrocardiogram. Such analysis often resolved the diagnosis of hemiblocks when the axis was indeterminate.", "contents": "Diagnosis of ventricular conduction defects. A total of 1342 electrocardiograms demonstrating intraventricular conduction defects were reviewed. Criteria for distinguishing different types of conduction defects and combinations of such defects are presented. The time of intrinsicoid deflection was of great value and may be used to distinguish lesions of the main fascicles and peripheral Purkinje conduction defects. However multiple peripheral defects affecting a large area of myocardium can produce a pattern identical to left bundle branch block. It is suggested that intrinsicoid deflection time should be measured from the beginning of the QRS to the onset of the longest downslope at or after the peak of the R wave. It should be carefully related to the voltage of the dominant wave of the QRS complex in each lead. If intrinsicoid deflection is delayed in a limb lead that does not show the maximum voltage of the QRS, a peripheral left ventricular conduction defect is present; but if the lead does show the maximum voltage of the QRS, the defect may be central or peripheral. Another useful electrocardiographic feature was the direction of both the initial and terminal QRS forces in the 12-lead electrocardiogram. Such analysis often resolved the diagnosis of hemiblocks when the axis was indeterminate."}
{"id": "PMID:869265", "title": "The central venous O2 saturation test in acute pulmonary fat embolism.", "content": "1. The central venous oxygen saturation appears to be a reliable method of assessing the prognosis of patients with pulmonary fat embolism. 2. There was an inverse relationship to the A-a gradient and A-V oxygen difference in this group of patients. Further additional hemodynamic studies concomitantly with central venous oxygen saturation are being investigated. 3. The patients with depressed central venous oxygen saturation should be closely observed and diligently treated earlier, with combined respiratory and pharmacological therapy. 4. Such an approach might prevent the development of pulmonary fat embolism in traumatic patients.", "contents": "The central venous O2 saturation test in acute pulmonary fat embolism. 1. The central venous oxygen saturation appears to be a reliable method of assessing the prognosis of patients with pulmonary fat embolism. 2. There was an inverse relationship to the A-a gradient and A-V oxygen difference in this group of patients. Further additional hemodynamic studies concomitantly with central venous oxygen saturation are being investigated. 3. The patients with depressed central venous oxygen saturation should be closely observed and diligently treated earlier, with combined respiratory and pharmacological therapy. 4. Such an approach might prevent the development of pulmonary fat embolism in traumatic patients."}
{"id": "PMID:869266", "title": "Death due to gross vascular perforation by pulmonary carcinoma.", "content": "This brief historical data of a patient dying of severe hematemesis as a result of broncho-esophago-aortal fistula in primary pulmonary cavitating carcinoma is presented. It indicates that the elastic wall of the arteries even that of the aorta, is not a barrier to the penetration of the malignant cells. The neoplasm was in an advanced stage with gross vascular involvement but distant metastases did not occur even in microscopic examination. Liomyoma of the uterus was associated with lung carcinoma.", "contents": "Death due to gross vascular perforation by pulmonary carcinoma. This brief historical data of a patient dying of severe hematemesis as a result of broncho-esophago-aortal fistula in primary pulmonary cavitating carcinoma is presented. It indicates that the elastic wall of the arteries even that of the aorta, is not a barrier to the penetration of the malignant cells. The neoplasm was in an advanced stage with gross vascular involvement but distant metastases did not occur even in microscopic examination. Liomyoma of the uterus was associated with lung carcinoma."}
{"id": "PMID:869267", "title": "Arteriosclerotic coronary arterial aneurysms in a 49-year-old man with crescendo angina: family history, natural course and prevalence.", "content": "In a 49-year-old man with crescendo angina, elevated serum cholesterol level and an old posterior myocardial infarction, selective coronary arteriography showed multiple arteriosclerotic aneurysms of the right coronary artery associated with extensive and severe arteriosclerotic disease of the left coronary artery. The patient's mother and brother have both died of a myocardial infarction. Another brother suffers from angina and has documented arteriosclerotic coronary artery disease. Two sisters suffer from angina as well. The possibility of embolization of distal vessels from a friable clot of the aneurysms as a cause of the patient's infarction is discussed. To the best of our knowledge, this is the tenth patient with nonfistulous arteriosclerotic coronary artery aneurysm diagnosed and documented angiographically ante mortem. Including the present case and reviewing the literature, the prevalence of this condition among nonfistulous coronary aneurysms diagnosed ante mortem is 35 per cent and henceforth cannot be regarded as an incidental autopsy finding in cardiac asymptomatic patients.", "contents": "Arteriosclerotic coronary arterial aneurysms in a 49-year-old man with crescendo angina: family history, natural course and prevalence. In a 49-year-old man with crescendo angina, elevated serum cholesterol level and an old posterior myocardial infarction, selective coronary arteriography showed multiple arteriosclerotic aneurysms of the right coronary artery associated with extensive and severe arteriosclerotic disease of the left coronary artery. The patient's mother and brother have both died of a myocardial infarction. Another brother suffers from angina and has documented arteriosclerotic coronary artery disease. Two sisters suffer from angina as well. The possibility of embolization of distal vessels from a friable clot of the aneurysms as a cause of the patient's infarction is discussed. To the best of our knowledge, this is the tenth patient with nonfistulous arteriosclerotic coronary artery aneurysm diagnosed and documented angiographically ante mortem. Including the present case and reviewing the literature, the prevalence of this condition among nonfistulous coronary aneurysms diagnosed ante mortem is 35 per cent and henceforth cannot be regarded as an incidental autopsy finding in cardiac asymptomatic patients."}
{"id": "PMID:869268", "title": "Isolated T wave alternans progressing to QRS-T alternation after ventricular defibrillation.", "content": "A 54-year-old woman underwent replacement of a thrombosed Bj\u00f6rk-Shiley aortic valve prosthesis. Post operative electrical defibrillation resulted in isolated T wave alternation which progressed to total QRS-T electrical alternans. This report represents the first description of such a phenomenon.", "contents": "Isolated T wave alternans progressing to QRS-T alternation after ventricular defibrillation. A 54-year-old woman underwent replacement of a thrombosed Bj\u00f6rk-Shiley aortic valve prosthesis. Post operative electrical defibrillation resulted in isolated T wave alternation which progressed to total QRS-T electrical alternans. This report represents the first description of such a phenomenon."}
{"id": "PMID:869270", "title": "Graphic findings in acute aortic regurgitation caused by destruction of aortic cusp. The origin of first heart sound.", "content": "The diagnosis of ruptured aortic cusp leading to acute aortic insufficiency was made by echophonocardiographic techniques in a patient with nonvegetative aortic valvular endocarditis and a negative clinical history. Early closure of the mitral valve, weak first heart sound, tall A wave of apexcardiogram, and early diastolic murmur indicated acute aortic regurgitation. Fine high frequency echoes of the aortic root and aortic leaflets suggested ruptured aortic leafet unlike that reported in the presence of vegetations. Timing of S1 in acute aortic regurgitation by phonocardiogram, echocardiogram, and pulse techniques could not establish a single causative valvular relation in the genesis of this sound.", "contents": "Graphic findings in acute aortic regurgitation caused by destruction of aortic cusp. The origin of first heart sound. The diagnosis of ruptured aortic cusp leading to acute aortic insufficiency was made by echophonocardiographic techniques in a patient with nonvegetative aortic valvular endocarditis and a negative clinical history. Early closure of the mitral valve, weak first heart sound, tall A wave of apexcardiogram, and early diastolic murmur indicated acute aortic regurgitation. Fine high frequency echoes of the aortic root and aortic leaflets suggested ruptured aortic leafet unlike that reported in the presence of vegetations. Timing of S1 in acute aortic regurgitation by phonocardiogram, echocardiogram, and pulse techniques could not establish a single causative valvular relation in the genesis of this sound."}
{"id": "PMID:869271", "title": "Oxygen pressure in ischemic muscle tissue of patients with chronic occlusive arterial diseases.", "content": "Local tissue oxygen pressure was measured with micro-Pt-electrodes in the resting tibialis anterior muscles of 10 patients with chronic occlusive arterial disease and in 9 healthy subjects. The mean pO2 values in the patient group was 13.3 +/- 5.4 Torr, and 27.2 +/- 4.4 Torr in the control group. The difference is highly statistically significant. Preliminary results of treatment of 10 patients with the rheologically-active drug Ancrod show a statistically significant increase of oxygen pressure in the ischemic muscle tissue. Measurement of muscle tissue pO2 with microelectrodes seems to be an objective and quantitative method to investigate the oxygen supply to ischemic muscles and to judge the effects of therapeutic measures.", "contents": "Oxygen pressure in ischemic muscle tissue of patients with chronic occlusive arterial diseases. Local tissue oxygen pressure was measured with micro-Pt-electrodes in the resting tibialis anterior muscles of 10 patients with chronic occlusive arterial disease and in 9 healthy subjects. The mean pO2 values in the patient group was 13.3 +/- 5.4 Torr, and 27.2 +/- 4.4 Torr in the control group. The difference is highly statistically significant. Preliminary results of treatment of 10 patients with the rheologically-active drug Ancrod show a statistically significant increase of oxygen pressure in the ischemic muscle tissue. Measurement of muscle tissue pO2 with microelectrodes seems to be an objective and quantitative method to investigate the oxygen supply to ischemic muscles and to judge the effects of therapeutic measures."}
{"id": "PMID:869274", "title": "Systolic pressure slope: system for automated display and calculation.", "content": "The rate of rise of arterial blood pressure--the systolic pressure slope--has been measured noninvasively at the ankle and has been shown to be reduced by minor degrees of peripheral arterial stenosis. This report describes an electronic system used to display the systolic part of the arterial pressure wave. The system uses noninvasive data from an ECG, a blood pressure cuff, and a Doppler ultrasound detector. From these data the systolic pressure slope is measured automatically. One hundred and sixty-eight recordings from the limbs of 10 normal subjects were analyzed in detail and confirmed the reproducibility of the system. The points used to calculate the systolic slope fell close to a straight line, with correlation coefficients averaging 0.96. An average of eight repeat measurements were made per limb, and the coefficients of variation averaged 6.5%. Mean values for the normalized systolic pressure slope agreed with previously published data.", "contents": "Systolic pressure slope: system for automated display and calculation. The rate of rise of arterial blood pressure--the systolic pressure slope--has been measured noninvasively at the ankle and has been shown to be reduced by minor degrees of peripheral arterial stenosis. This report describes an electronic system used to display the systolic part of the arterial pressure wave. The system uses noninvasive data from an ECG, a blood pressure cuff, and a Doppler ultrasound detector. From these data the systolic pressure slope is measured automatically. One hundred and sixty-eight recordings from the limbs of 10 normal subjects were analyzed in detail and confirmed the reproducibility of the system. The points used to calculate the systolic slope fell close to a straight line, with correlation coefficients averaging 0.96. An average of eight repeat measurements were made per limb, and the coefficients of variation averaged 6.5%. Mean values for the normalized systolic pressure slope agreed with previously published data."}
{"id": "PMID:869276", "title": "Double mitral valve. Report of a case and review of the literature.", "content": "A case of double mitral valve orifice associated with atrioventricular canal was found at operation. These two anomalies are frequently associated. Double mitral valve is usually subclinical and does not necessarily need to be corrected, depending on the associated anomalies, the extent of the defect, and the personal experience of the surgeon. The embryology of double mitral valve is complicated and still needs to be clarified.", "contents": "Double mitral valve. Report of a case and review of the literature. A case of double mitral valve orifice associated with atrioventricular canal was found at operation. These two anomalies are frequently associated. Double mitral valve is usually subclinical and does not necessarily need to be corrected, depending on the associated anomalies, the extent of the defect, and the personal experience of the surgeon. The embryology of double mitral valve is complicated and still needs to be clarified."}
{"id": "PMID:869277", "title": "New approaches to resolving diagnostic problems in patients with angina pectoris.", "content": "Several new noninvasive techniques are now available to evaluate the patient with chest pain to determine if myocardial ischemia is present. Continuous ambulatory ECG monitoring can detect myocardial ischemia in some patients who have normal ECG responses to graded exercise tests. Defects in myocardial perfusion can be visualized by radionuclide imaging at rest and after exercise. Also, abnormal left ventricular wall motion due to myocardial ischemia can be detected by gated blood pool scanning at the same time. Other techniques can olso be valuable in evaluating wall motion. Standard M-mode echocardiography can detect anteroseptal and posteroinferior wall motion abnormalities with remarkable anatomic detail, and newer echo techniques are promising for delineating the motion of other parts of the left ventricle. Finally, abnormal contractile areas can be assessed by videotracking the fluoroscopic cardiac silhouette and by a new noninvasive technique, the displacement cardiograph, which does not involve radiation exposure. Although none of these tests are both highly sensitive and highly specific for myocardial ischemia, their combined application in a symptomatic patient may provide considerable useful information which will help to determine who should be subjected to the risk and expense of coronary arteriography.", "contents": "New approaches to resolving diagnostic problems in patients with angina pectoris. Several new noninvasive techniques are now available to evaluate the patient with chest pain to determine if myocardial ischemia is present. Continuous ambulatory ECG monitoring can detect myocardial ischemia in some patients who have normal ECG responses to graded exercise tests. Defects in myocardial perfusion can be visualized by radionuclide imaging at rest and after exercise. Also, abnormal left ventricular wall motion due to myocardial ischemia can be detected by gated blood pool scanning at the same time. Other techniques can olso be valuable in evaluating wall motion. Standard M-mode echocardiography can detect anteroseptal and posteroinferior wall motion abnormalities with remarkable anatomic detail, and newer echo techniques are promising for delineating the motion of other parts of the left ventricle. Finally, abnormal contractile areas can be assessed by videotracking the fluoroscopic cardiac silhouette and by a new noninvasive technique, the displacement cardiograph, which does not involve radiation exposure. Although none of these tests are both highly sensitive and highly specific for myocardial ischemia, their combined application in a symptomatic patient may provide considerable useful information which will help to determine who should be subjected to the risk and expense of coronary arteriography."}
{"id": "PMID:869278", "title": "Stress testing in the prognosis and management of ischemic heart disease.", "content": "Stress testing is by no means perfect as far diagnosing coronary artery disease, but at this time it is the single best noninvasive method for establishing the presence of ischemic heart disease. From the data shown here, one can see that it adds some important prognostic features as well. The American Heart Association has published a \"Coronary Risk Handbook\" which can be used to predict the likelihood of a future coronary event by means of accepted risk factors such as hypertension, cholesterol level, and smoking. If we include a positive stress test as a risk factor and compare it to the others, it is clear that a positive stress test has a much higher correlation with future coronary events than any of the other risk factors alone or in combination (Figure 12). Physicians should pay close attention to all of the mentioned factors while carrying out a stress test rather than just looking for ST depression alone. The occurrence of anginal pain, the time of onset, the degree of ST depression, and the patient's pulse and blood pressure response are all useful in assessing the degree of coronary involvement and in predicting an individual's chances of suffering some form of coronary event.", "contents": "Stress testing in the prognosis and management of ischemic heart disease. Stress testing is by no means perfect as far diagnosing coronary artery disease, but at this time it is the single best noninvasive method for establishing the presence of ischemic heart disease. From the data shown here, one can see that it adds some important prognostic features as well. The American Heart Association has published a \"Coronary Risk Handbook\" which can be used to predict the likelihood of a future coronary event by means of accepted risk factors such as hypertension, cholesterol level, and smoking. If we include a positive stress test as a risk factor and compare it to the others, it is clear that a positive stress test has a much higher correlation with future coronary events than any of the other risk factors alone or in combination (Figure 12). Physicians should pay close attention to all of the mentioned factors while carrying out a stress test rather than just looking for ST depression alone. The occurrence of anginal pain, the time of onset, the degree of ST depression, and the patient's pulse and blood pressure response are all useful in assessing the degree of coronary involvement and in predicting an individual's chances of suffering some form of coronary event."}
{"id": "PMID:869279", "title": "Long-term results of the medical treatment of coronary artery disease.", "content": "The natural history of patients with ischemic heart disease varies widely depending upon the anatomic lesion and extent of left ventricular dysfunction. Several clinical variables may also be used to help determine the likelihood of long-term survival. Individuals with high-grade isolated disease of the left anterior descending coronary artery, without significant impairment of ventricular function, have little morbidity and mortality for the 2-year period after arteriography. At the other end of the spectrum, medically treated patients with stenosis of the left main coronary artery or three-vessel disease without such involvement have a reduced life expectancy compared with patients treated surgically. Global judgments on long-term results of the medical treatment of coronary artery disease are meaningless. Efforts should be made to delineate optimal treatment for various subgroups of patients under the broad rubric of ischemic heart disease.", "contents": "Long-term results of the medical treatment of coronary artery disease. The natural history of patients with ischemic heart disease varies widely depending upon the anatomic lesion and extent of left ventricular dysfunction. Several clinical variables may also be used to help determine the likelihood of long-term survival. Individuals with high-grade isolated disease of the left anterior descending coronary artery, without significant impairment of ventricular function, have little morbidity and mortality for the 2-year period after arteriography. At the other end of the spectrum, medically treated patients with stenosis of the left main coronary artery or three-vessel disease without such involvement have a reduced life expectancy compared with patients treated surgically. Global judgments on long-term results of the medical treatment of coronary artery disease are meaningless. Efforts should be made to delineate optimal treatment for various subgroups of patients under the broad rubric of ischemic heart disease."}
{"id": "PMID:869283", "title": "Fibromuscular dysplasia of the superior mesenteric artery and coexisting cerebral berry aneurysms.", "content": "Fibromuscular dysplasia of the systemic artery and cerebral \"berry\" (saccular) aneurysm are nonatheromatous lesions of uncertain etiology. The coexistence of these vascular disorders in the individual reported here is unusual and may provide a possible explanation of their pathogenesis.", "contents": "Fibromuscular dysplasia of the superior mesenteric artery and coexisting cerebral berry aneurysms. Fibromuscular dysplasia of the systemic artery and cerebral \"berry\" (saccular) aneurysm are nonatheromatous lesions of uncertain etiology. The coexistence of these vascular disorders in the individual reported here is unusual and may provide a possible explanation of their pathogenesis."}
{"id": "PMID:869285", "title": "Utilization of a tomographic attachment for \"moving band\" arteriography.", "content": "By using a slit plate, scanographic arterial studies can be performed with a tomographic attachment of an X-ray unit that is normally used for routine radiographic examinations. The expense is minimal and no structural changes are necessary.", "contents": "Utilization of a tomographic attachment for \"moving band\" arteriography. By using a slit plate, scanographic arterial studies can be performed with a tomographic attachment of an X-ray unit that is normally used for routine radiographic examinations. The expense is minimal and no structural changes are necessary."}
{"id": "PMID:869291", "title": "Clinical experience with pentoxifylline in occlusive cerebrovascular disorders.", "content": "Pentoxifylline--3,7-dimethyl-1(5-oxo-hexyl) xanthine--a new vasodilator compound, was tried in 28 cases of occlusive cerebrovascular disease. A similar group of 24 patients were given xanthinol nicotinate. Although in terms of degree of improvement there was no significant difference in the two treatment groups, improvement was earlier in the group treated with pentoxifylline. No significant side effects were observed with any of the two drugs used in the present study.", "contents": "Clinical experience with pentoxifylline in occlusive cerebrovascular disorders. Pentoxifylline--3,7-dimethyl-1(5-oxo-hexyl) xanthine--a new vasodilator compound, was tried in 28 cases of occlusive cerebrovascular disease. A similar group of 24 patients were given xanthinol nicotinate. Although in terms of degree of improvement there was no significant difference in the two treatment groups, improvement was earlier in the group treated with pentoxifylline. No significant side effects were observed with any of the two drugs used in the present study."}
{"id": "PMID:869293", "title": "Hypereosinophilic multiple thrombosis. A proposal of a new designation of disseminated eosinophilic \"collagen disease\".", "content": "A case of marked chronic mature eosinophilia associated with multiple thrombosis in 30-year-old male is presented. Hitherto this sort of the disease has been categorized as DECD. Reviewing the autopsied cases of DECD, including our own case, DECD should not be categorized as a collagen disease because of the absent connective tissue degeneration and absent connective tissue degeneration and absent serological abnormalities. We rather noticed a certain relation between marked chronic mature eosinophilia and thrombus formation. Therefore, we propose here the term hypereosinophilic multiple thrombosis to express the pathomorphogenesis more precisely.", "contents": "Hypereosinophilic multiple thrombosis. A proposal of a new designation of disseminated eosinophilic \"collagen disease\". A case of marked chronic mature eosinophilia associated with multiple thrombosis in 30-year-old male is presented. Hitherto this sort of the disease has been categorized as DECD. Reviewing the autopsied cases of DECD, including our own case, DECD should not be categorized as a collagen disease because of the absent connective tissue degeneration and absent connective tissue degeneration and absent serological abnormalities. We rather noticed a certain relation between marked chronic mature eosinophilia and thrombus formation. Therefore, we propose here the term hypereosinophilic multiple thrombosis to express the pathomorphogenesis more precisely."}
{"id": "PMID:869295", "title": "The inside-out electrocardiographic stress test: a view from the left ventricular cavity.", "content": "A new method is described for measuring the unipolar left ventricular cavitary electrogram by means of a standard pigtail ventriculography catheter. Experiences with this technique in 30 patients are described with particular reference to changes in the S-T segment of the cavitary electrogram during cardiac stress by atrial pacing. This method allows convenient recording of His bundle potentials from the left ventricular outflow tract in most patients.", "contents": "The inside-out electrocardiographic stress test: a view from the left ventricular cavity. A new method is described for measuring the unipolar left ventricular cavitary electrogram by means of a standard pigtail ventriculography catheter. Experiences with this technique in 30 patients are described with particular reference to changes in the S-T segment of the cavitary electrogram during cardiac stress by atrial pacing. This method allows convenient recording of His bundle potentials from the left ventricular outflow tract in most patients."}
{"id": "PMID:869297", "title": "Angiographic manifestations of renal hamartoma.", "content": "Two types of renal hamartoma (angiomyolipoma) are presented with emphasis on angiographic findings. Careful analysis of the angiograms can suggest a specific diagnosis. Two important considerations other than angiographic findings are (1) multiplicity of tumors in patients with tuberous sclerosis, and (2) a solitary mass in 40-60-year-old women.", "contents": "Angiographic manifestations of renal hamartoma. Two types of renal hamartoma (angiomyolipoma) are presented with emphasis on angiographic findings. Careful analysis of the angiograms can suggest a specific diagnosis. Two important considerations other than angiographic findings are (1) multiplicity of tumors in patients with tuberous sclerosis, and (2) a solitary mass in 40-60-year-old women."}
{"id": "PMID:869298", "title": "Choice of ophthalmic artery branch for Doppler cerebrovascular examination: advantages of the frontal artery.", "content": "One hundred normal young adult volunteers were assessed by directional Doppler ultrasound to determine which branch of the ophthalmic artery was most suitable for assessment of the patency of the extracranial internal carotid artery. Each frontal artery of all subjects had normal flow direction and response to compression of the temporal, facial, and common carotid arteries. One supraorbital artery of 2 subjects had reversed flow supplied by the ipsilateral temporal artery and was probably a palpebral artery in each of these individuals. The nasal artery carried reversed flow in 39% of the individuals and was undetectable unilaterally in 2 subjects. From these data we conclude that the frontal artery is the most suitable branch of the ophthalmic artery for Doppler ultrasonic examination. Evaluation of directional flow in the frontal artery and of the influence of compression of all branches of the external carotid artery as well as the common carotid artery is a highly reliable technique to identify significant obstruction of the extracranial internal carotid artery.", "contents": "Choice of ophthalmic artery branch for Doppler cerebrovascular examination: advantages of the frontal artery. One hundred normal young adult volunteers were assessed by directional Doppler ultrasound to determine which branch of the ophthalmic artery was most suitable for assessment of the patency of the extracranial internal carotid artery. Each frontal artery of all subjects had normal flow direction and response to compression of the temporal, facial, and common carotid arteries. One supraorbital artery of 2 subjects had reversed flow supplied by the ipsilateral temporal artery and was probably a palpebral artery in each of these individuals. The nasal artery carried reversed flow in 39% of the individuals and was undetectable unilaterally in 2 subjects. From these data we conclude that the frontal artery is the most suitable branch of the ophthalmic artery for Doppler ultrasonic examination. Evaluation of directional flow in the frontal artery and of the influence of compression of all branches of the external carotid artery as well as the common carotid artery is a highly reliable technique to identify significant obstruction of the extracranial internal carotid artery."}
{"id": "PMID:869299", "title": "Aspects of humoral and cellular immunity in asthmatics.", "content": "Grove et al of Australia studied humoral and cellular immunity in 91 asthmatic patients and found that 18% failed to have an adequate humoral response to a booster dose of tetanus and 9% failed to react to five delayed type hypersensitivity testing antigens. The authors, Gaillard and Larkin, were unable to corroborate these results in their office.", "contents": "Aspects of humoral and cellular immunity in asthmatics. Grove et al of Australia studied humoral and cellular immunity in 91 asthmatic patients and found that 18% failed to have an adequate humoral response to a booster dose of tetanus and 9% failed to react to five delayed type hypersensitivity testing antigens. The authors, Gaillard and Larkin, were unable to corroborate these results in their office."}
{"id": "PMID:869300", "title": "Serum IgE levels in forty families studied for two or three years.", "content": "Serum IgE levels have been measured over two to three years in 210 individuals. In one-fifth IgE levels remained remarkably constant, in one-quarter they rose and in half they fell. A rise was usually associated with the development of fresh atopic disease, exacerbation of established disease or dependence on symptomatic treatment. A fall was associated with a diminution in the severity of symptoms occurring spontaneously as a result of good environmental control or of appropriate immunotherapy. Sequential IgE levels provide confirmatory evidence of the success of either environmental control or of immunotherapy.", "contents": "Serum IgE levels in forty families studied for two or three years. Serum IgE levels have been measured over two to three years in 210 individuals. In one-fifth IgE levels remained remarkably constant, in one-quarter they rose and in half they fell. A rise was usually associated with the development of fresh atopic disease, exacerbation of established disease or dependence on symptomatic treatment. A fall was associated with a diminution in the severity of symptoms occurring spontaneously as a result of good environmental control or of appropriate immunotherapy. Sequential IgE levels provide confirmatory evidence of the success of either environmental control or of immunotherapy."}
{"id": "PMID:869301", "title": "Pulsus paradoxus in childhood asthma--its prognostic value.", "content": "One hundred asthmatic children were examined for pulsus paradoxus, a palpable diminution or obliteration of the peripheral pulse during inspiration, while in bronchospasm. Pulsus was measured with a sphygmomanometer and the difference in systolic pressure between inspiration and expiration was noted. Seventy-five children with mild asthma had no palpable pulsus and responded with complete subsidence of symptoms with one or two injections of aqueous epinephrine, 1-1000. Twenty-five children had palpable pulsus ranging from 10 mm to 30 mm. Five patients with pulsus between 10 and 15 mm were admitted to the hospital with status asthmaticus and pneumonia; eight other patients responded to parenteral epinephrine. Twelve children had pulsus of 20 mm or greater and all were hospitalized for uncomplicated status asthmaticus. Pulsus paradoxus may be found in acute exacerbation of childhood asthma and its degree correlates with both the severity and response to bronchodilating agents.", "contents": "Pulsus paradoxus in childhood asthma--its prognostic value. One hundred asthmatic children were examined for pulsus paradoxus, a palpable diminution or obliteration of the peripheral pulse during inspiration, while in bronchospasm. Pulsus was measured with a sphygmomanometer and the difference in systolic pressure between inspiration and expiration was noted. Seventy-five children with mild asthma had no palpable pulsus and responded with complete subsidence of symptoms with one or two injections of aqueous epinephrine, 1-1000. Twenty-five children had palpable pulsus ranging from 10 mm to 30 mm. Five patients with pulsus between 10 and 15 mm were admitted to the hospital with status asthmaticus and pneumonia; eight other patients responded to parenteral epinephrine. Twelve children had pulsus of 20 mm or greater and all were hospitalized for uncomplicated status asthmaticus. Pulsus paradoxus may be found in acute exacerbation of childhood asthma and its degree correlates with both the severity and response to bronchodilating agents."}
{"id": "PMID:869306", "title": "The identification of mild and severe strains of tobacco mosaic virus in doubly inoculated tomato plants.", "content": "Using specific antisera, it was possible to identify mild (MII-I6) and the O and I strains of tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) in tomato plants infected with the mild strain following challenge inoculation with the wild strains. In addition, with single lesion isolates of the MII-I6 and O strains it has been shown that both strains can be assayed simultaneously in mixed isolates on Nicotiana glutinisa based on differences in local lesion size. The accuracy of this differential local lesion assay was c. 90% as determined by back inoculation of single lesion isolates into susceptible tomato cultivars.", "contents": "The identification of mild and severe strains of tobacco mosaic virus in doubly inoculated tomato plants. Using specific antisera, it was possible to identify mild (MII-I6) and the O and I strains of tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) in tomato plants infected with the mild strain following challenge inoculation with the wild strains. In addition, with single lesion isolates of the MII-I6 and O strains it has been shown that both strains can be assayed simultaneously in mixed isolates on Nicotiana glutinisa based on differences in local lesion size. The accuracy of this differential local lesion assay was c. 90% as determined by back inoculation of single lesion isolates into susceptible tomato cultivars."}
{"id": "PMID:869326", "title": "Changing patterns of abdominal aortic aneurysm operation in a community hospital.", "content": "Careful analysis of results of abdominal aortic aneurysm surgery in a community hospital over a 10-year period demonstrates results that are comparable to major centers. In addition, continued improvement in the care of patients with nonruptured aneurysms is well documented as experience is gained and techniques are standardized. The continued poor results in those patients with ruptured aneurysms once again emphasizes the need for definitive surgical care before rupture. The decreasing number of ruptured aneurysms and the relative increase in elective cases indicate that a greater percentage of these patients are being referred before rupture. This probably is due to the improvement in results which this study certainly substantiates.", "contents": "Changing patterns of abdominal aortic aneurysm operation in a community hospital. Careful analysis of results of abdominal aortic aneurysm surgery in a community hospital over a 10-year period demonstrates results that are comparable to major centers. In addition, continued improvement in the care of patients with nonruptured aneurysms is well documented as experience is gained and techniques are standardized. The continued poor results in those patients with ruptured aneurysms once again emphasizes the need for definitive surgical care before rupture. The decreasing number of ruptured aneurysms and the relative increase in elective cases indicate that a greater percentage of these patients are being referred before rupture. This probably is due to the improvement in results which this study certainly substantiates."}
{"id": "PMID:869327", "title": "Asymptomatic angiographic occlusion of the internal carotid artery: an indication for emergency endarterectomy.", "content": "A 56-year-old man had retinal artery embolization from a carotid artery atheroma. Complete occlusion of the internal carotid artery occurred during cerebral angiography, but the patient developed no acute symptoms of cerebral ischemia. The patient immediately underwent emergency carotid endarterectomy which he tolerated well, and follow-up angiography nine days later demonstrated continued patency. The patient has remained neurologically unchanged.", "contents": "Asymptomatic angiographic occlusion of the internal carotid artery: an indication for emergency endarterectomy. A 56-year-old man had retinal artery embolization from a carotid artery atheroma. Complete occlusion of the internal carotid artery occurred during cerebral angiography, but the patient developed no acute symptoms of cerebral ischemia. The patient immediately underwent emergency carotid endarterectomy which he tolerated well, and follow-up angiography nine days later demonstrated continued patency. The patient has remained neurologically unchanged."}
{"id": "PMID:869328", "title": "Uses of mediastinoscopy.", "content": "The value of mediastinoscopy based on experience gained in over 100 patients is reviewed. Reasons for the routine use of mediastinoscopy in the preoperative evaluation of carcinoma of the lung are presented. This modality is useful in the diagnosis of other nonvascular superior mediastinal masses, especially sarcoidosis and the lymphomas.", "contents": "Uses of mediastinoscopy. The value of mediastinoscopy based on experience gained in over 100 patients is reviewed. Reasons for the routine use of mediastinoscopy in the preoperative evaluation of carcinoma of the lung are presented. This modality is useful in the diagnosis of other nonvascular superior mediastinal masses, especially sarcoidosis and the lymphomas."}
{"id": "PMID:869329", "title": "Long-term morbidity of jejunoileal bypass.", "content": "A total of 169 patients who had jejunoileal bypass for morbid obesity were available for study more than 24 months after operation. Continuing high morbidity, especially \"the bloats\" and the regaining of weight, are arguments against the use of jejunoileal bypass unless clear medical indications exist.", "contents": "Long-term morbidity of jejunoileal bypass. A total of 169 patients who had jejunoileal bypass for morbid obesity were available for study more than 24 months after operation. Continuing high morbidity, especially \"the bloats\" and the regaining of weight, are arguments against the use of jejunoileal bypass unless clear medical indications exist."}
{"id": "PMID:869330", "title": "Acute appendicitis associated with pregnancy, labor and the puerperium.", "content": "Eleven patients were operated on for acute appendicitis during pregnancy, in labor or during the puerperium. All patients had acute, gangrenous or perforated appendicitis. There was no fetal or maternal mortality, although three patients developed postoperative pneumonia, pelvic phlegmon or wound infection. The physical findings of appendicitis are altered by the displacement of the appendix by the uterus. The white blood counts must be interpreted with the leukocytosis of pregnancy in mind.", "contents": "Acute appendicitis associated with pregnancy, labor and the puerperium. Eleven patients were operated on for acute appendicitis during pregnancy, in labor or during the puerperium. All patients had acute, gangrenous or perforated appendicitis. There was no fetal or maternal mortality, although three patients developed postoperative pneumonia, pelvic phlegmon or wound infection. The physical findings of appendicitis are altered by the displacement of the appendix by the uterus. The white blood counts must be interpreted with the leukocytosis of pregnancy in mind."}
{"id": "PMID:869332", "title": "Morbidity of appendectomy in patients with acute salpingitis.", "content": "Diagnosis of right lower quadrant pain in a woman is frequently confusing. The course of 53 patients who had operation with a normal appendix and no other intra-abdominal pathology is compared with a group of 50 patients with a normal appendix and acute salpingitis. Appendectomies were performed in all cases and there was a lower mortality and morbidity rate in the group of patients with salpingitis. It is, therefore, concluded that appendectomy is a safe procedure in patients with acute salpingitis.", "contents": "Morbidity of appendectomy in patients with acute salpingitis. Diagnosis of right lower quadrant pain in a woman is frequently confusing. The course of 53 patients who had operation with a normal appendix and no other intra-abdominal pathology is compared with a group of 50 patients with a normal appendix and acute salpingitis. Appendectomies were performed in all cases and there was a lower mortality and morbidity rate in the group of patients with salpingitis. It is, therefore, concluded that appendectomy is a safe procedure in patients with acute salpingitis."}
{"id": "PMID:869333", "title": "Management of noncalcified aneurysms of the abdominal aorta.", "content": "Occasionally a previously undiagnosed aneurysm of the abdominal aorta will be found during the course of surgical procedure. When circumstances prevent extending the procedure to include resection and grafting of the aneurysm, the proper placement of silver clips as radiopaque markers may be of substantial benefit in managing this patient until definitive therapy can be instituted.", "contents": "Management of noncalcified aneurysms of the abdominal aorta. Occasionally a previously undiagnosed aneurysm of the abdominal aorta will be found during the course of surgical procedure. When circumstances prevent extending the procedure to include resection and grafting of the aneurysm, the proper placement of silver clips as radiopaque markers may be of substantial benefit in managing this patient until definitive therapy can be instituted."}
{"id": "PMID:869334", "title": "Carcinoembryonic antigen levels in pancreatic carcinoma.", "content": "Plasma carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) levels were correlated with the stage of the tumor in 43 patients who underwent laparotomy for histologically proven pancreatic adenocarcinoma. Elevated CEA levels were noted in one third of the patients with tumors localized to the pancreas. When the carcinoma had extended beyond the pancreas or distant metastases were present, 78% of patients had elevated levels. Of the entire group of patients, 72% had elevated CEA levels.", "contents": "Carcinoembryonic antigen levels in pancreatic carcinoma. Plasma carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) levels were correlated with the stage of the tumor in 43 patients who underwent laparotomy for histologically proven pancreatic adenocarcinoma. Elevated CEA levels were noted in one third of the patients with tumors localized to the pancreas. When the carcinoma had extended beyond the pancreas or distant metastases were present, 78% of patients had elevated levels. Of the entire group of patients, 72% had elevated CEA levels."}
{"id": "PMID:869336", "title": "Convulsions associated with sodium cefazolin: a case report.", "content": "Our patient was severely injured, and had a prolonged period of hypotension. After operation she received moderate doses of cefazolin, intravenously, in the face of acute renal failure. Seizures associated with a serum cefazolin level of 455 mg/ml were observed. Although a cause and effect relationship between high cefazolin levels and neurotoxicity cannot be proven conclusively, the implication of this relationship exists. The clinician should be aware of the potential neurotoxicity of this commonly used drug. The importance of adjusting the dose in patients with renal failure is re-emphasized.", "contents": "Convulsions associated with sodium cefazolin: a case report. Our patient was severely injured, and had a prolonged period of hypotension. After operation she received moderate doses of cefazolin, intravenously, in the face of acute renal failure. Seizures associated with a serum cefazolin level of 455 mg/ml were observed. Although a cause and effect relationship between high cefazolin levels and neurotoxicity cannot be proven conclusively, the implication of this relationship exists. The clinician should be aware of the potential neurotoxicity of this commonly used drug. The importance of adjusting the dose in patients with renal failure is re-emphasized."}
{"id": "PMID:869337", "title": "Extraperitoneal inguinal endometriosis.", "content": "Two instances of extraperitoneal inguinal endometriosis are presented with a review of the previous reports of proven diagnosis. A high index of suspicion is needed to avoid needless prolonged observation. The diagnosis must be considered in any woman of childbearing age especially if the groin mass is associated with menstrual variability in size and in tenderness of the mass. Excision is curative and should result in permanent relief of pain.", "contents": "Extraperitoneal inguinal endometriosis. Two instances of extraperitoneal inguinal endometriosis are presented with a review of the previous reports of proven diagnosis. A high index of suspicion is needed to avoid needless prolonged observation. The diagnosis must be considered in any woman of childbearing age especially if the groin mass is associated with menstrual variability in size and in tenderness of the mass. Excision is curative and should result in permanent relief of pain."}
{"id": "PMID:869339", "title": "[Intestinal immunity system and alimentary allergy (author's transl)].", "content": "Thirty seven intestinal biopsies from twenty-one food-allergic and sixteen control children were studied by immunofluorescence and the density of IgA, IgM, IgG and IgE forming cells (F.C.) in the lamina propria determined. In order to compare the results in allergic and normals the authors establish three age-groups: under 9 mo., 9 to 24 mo. and older than 24 mo. A higher density of IgM F.C. were found in allergic patients from the first group. Allergic children from all groups had more IgE F.C. but the figures were only significant for children older these two years. IgA F.C./IgE F.C. ratio was bover in allergic than in controls (p than less 0.02) after the age of 10 mo. Sone comments on these findings are made.", "contents": "[Intestinal immunity system and alimentary allergy (author's transl)]. Thirty seven intestinal biopsies from twenty-one food-allergic and sixteen control children were studied by immunofluorescence and the density of IgA, IgM, IgG and IgE forming cells (F.C.) in the lamina propria determined. In order to compare the results in allergic and normals the authors establish three age-groups: under 9 mo., 9 to 24 mo. and older than 24 mo. A higher density of IgM F.C. were found in allergic patients from the first group. Allergic children from all groups had more IgE F.C. but the figures were only significant for children older these two years. IgA F.C./IgE F.C. ratio was bover in allergic than in controls (p than less 0.02) after the age of 10 mo. Sone comments on these findings are made."}
{"id": "PMID:869340", "title": "[Bone scanning in the diagnosis of infection bone disease (author's transl)].", "content": "Authors report their experience in bone scanning in patients with a diagnosis of osteomyelitis. Classical X-Ray and bacteriologic studies are of poor diagnostic value in cases early diagnosed and treated. Bone scanning is certainly a valuable alternative, but since gammagraphic pictures are not specific, they must be interpreted together with the clinical and analytical date.", "contents": "[Bone scanning in the diagnosis of infection bone disease (author's transl)]. Authors report their experience in bone scanning in patients with a diagnosis of osteomyelitis. Classical X-Ray and bacteriologic studies are of poor diagnostic value in cases early diagnosed and treated. Bone scanning is certainly a valuable alternative, but since gammagraphic pictures are not specific, they must be interpreted together with the clinical and analytical date."}
{"id": "PMID:869341", "title": "[Toxic hepatitis caused by rifampin and isoniazid in treatment of tuberculosis (author's transl)].", "content": "Five children with tuberculosis were treated with isoniazid (20 mg./Kg./day) and rifampin (15 mg./Kg./day). After five to twenty seven days of treatment they presented anorexia, vomiting and jaundice. Hepatomegaly was found in two of them. High indirect bilirubin, S.G.O.T. and S.G.P.T. and low prothrombin levels were present in all of them. Eight to thirty one days after withdrawal of rifampin, all patients were well and their laboratory data was normal.", "contents": "[Toxic hepatitis caused by rifampin and isoniazid in treatment of tuberculosis (author's transl)]. Five children with tuberculosis were treated with isoniazid (20 mg./Kg./day) and rifampin (15 mg./Kg./day). After five to twenty seven days of treatment they presented anorexia, vomiting and jaundice. Hepatomegaly was found in two of them. High indirect bilirubin, S.G.O.T. and S.G.P.T. and low prothrombin levels were present in all of them. Eight to thirty one days after withdrawal of rifampin, all patients were well and their laboratory data was normal."}
{"id": "PMID:869342", "title": "[Duodenal stenosis in the newborn (author's transl)].", "content": "Authors review fourteen cases of duodenal stenosis. A close observation can disclose early signs and enable an early diagnosis. A comment of the surgical technique is made.", "contents": "[Duodenal stenosis in the newborn (author's transl)]. Authors review fourteen cases of duodenal stenosis. A close observation can disclose early signs and enable an early diagnosis. A comment of the surgical technique is made."}
{"id": "PMID:869343", "title": "[Alport-Perkoff's syndrome (two cases report)].", "content": "Two patients affected with Alport's syndrome belonging respectively to two families with a high incidence of urinary, auditive and ocular symtoms, are described. The most relevant features are commented pointing out that Alport's syndrome could be a structural malformation of the whole or only one part of a type of colagen probably specific of the basal membrane of the glomerulus which could be more easily affected forming toxic metabolites. Finally a reference to the histologic study is made.", "contents": "[Alport-Perkoff's syndrome (two cases report)]. Two patients affected with Alport's syndrome belonging respectively to two families with a high incidence of urinary, auditive and ocular symtoms, are described. The most relevant features are commented pointing out that Alport's syndrome could be a structural malformation of the whole or only one part of a type of colagen probably specific of the basal membrane of the glomerulus which could be more easily affected forming toxic metabolites. Finally a reference to the histologic study is made."}
{"id": "PMID:869344", "title": "[West's syndrome after Reye's syndrome (author's transl)].", "content": "A four month old boy with typical clinical, biochemical and pathological picture of Reye's syndrome is reported. He was treated with peritoneal dialysis and survived. He presented flexor-spasms with hipsarrythmic E.E.G. one month after the beginning of the clinical picture. Some coments are made on the relation of both conditions and prognostic data on the Reve's syndrome.", "contents": "[West's syndrome after Reye's syndrome (author's transl)]. A four month old boy with typical clinical, biochemical and pathological picture of Reye's syndrome is reported. He was treated with peritoneal dialysis and survived. He presented flexor-spasms with hipsarrythmic E.E.G. one month after the beginning of the clinical picture. Some coments are made on the relation of both conditions and prognostic data on the Reve's syndrome."}
{"id": "PMID:869345", "title": "[Tanatophoric dwarfism. A case report (author's transl)].", "content": "A new case of atipic chondrodystrophies classified as tanatophoric dwarfism, with pathologic studies is presented. At the same time a revision of the most important works of literature is made. Genetic, clinic and pathologic aspects of the picture have being studied, presenting the differential diagnosis with other osteochondrodysplasias of the newborn.", "contents": "[Tanatophoric dwarfism. A case report (author's transl)]. A new case of atipic chondrodystrophies classified as tanatophoric dwarfism, with pathologic studies is presented. At the same time a revision of the most important works of literature is made. Genetic, clinic and pathologic aspects of the picture have being studied, presenting the differential diagnosis with other osteochondrodysplasias of the newborn."}
{"id": "PMID:869348", "title": "Erythema chronicum migrans and Lyme arthritis. The enlarging clinical spectrum.", "content": "Thirty-two patients with the onset of erythema chronicum migrans, Lyme arthritis, or both in mid-1976 were studied prospectively. The skin lesion (24 patients) typically lasted about 3 weeks, beginning as a red macule or papule that expanded to form a large ring with central clearing. Associated symptoms ranged from none to malaise, fatigue, chills and fever, headache, stiff neck, backache, myalgias, nausea, vomiting, and sore throat. Three patients had been bitten by ticks at the site of the initial lesion 4 to 20 days before its onset. Nineteen patients suddenly developed a monoarticular or oligoarticular arthritis 4 days to 22 weeks (median, 4 weeks) after onset of the skin lesion; eight developed arthritis without a preceding skin lesion. Seven of these 27 experienced migratory joint pains. Arthritis attacks, most commonly in the knee, were typically short (median, 8 days) but sometimes persisted for months. Other manifestations included neurologic abnormalties, myocardial conduction abnormalities, serum cryoprecipitates, elevated serum IgM levels, and elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rates. The diagnostic marker is the skin lesion; without it, geographic clustering is the most important clue.", "contents": "Erythema chronicum migrans and Lyme arthritis. The enlarging clinical spectrum. Thirty-two patients with the onset of erythema chronicum migrans, Lyme arthritis, or both in mid-1976 were studied prospectively. The skin lesion (24 patients) typically lasted about 3 weeks, beginning as a red macule or papule that expanded to form a large ring with central clearing. Associated symptoms ranged from none to malaise, fatigue, chills and fever, headache, stiff neck, backache, myalgias, nausea, vomiting, and sore throat. Three patients had been bitten by ticks at the site of the initial lesion 4 to 20 days before its onset. Nineteen patients suddenly developed a monoarticular or oligoarticular arthritis 4 days to 22 weeks (median, 4 weeks) after onset of the skin lesion; eight developed arthritis without a preceding skin lesion. Seven of these 27 experienced migratory joint pains. Arthritis attacks, most commonly in the knee, were typically short (median, 8 days) but sometimes persisted for months. Other manifestations included neurologic abnormalties, myocardial conduction abnormalities, serum cryoprecipitates, elevated serum IgM levels, and elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rates. The diagnostic marker is the skin lesion; without it, geographic clustering is the most important clue."}
{"id": "PMID:869349", "title": "HLA B27 in rheumatoid factor-negative polyarthritis.", "content": "Eighty-three consecutive patients with rheumatoid factor-negative polyarthritis seen during a 1-year period were evaluated clinically, radiologically, and with the B27 test. Patients with definite spondylitis, juvenile chronic polyarthritis, a collagen disease, a known metabolic arthropathy, or primary generalized osteoarthritis were excluded. The patients could be classified into two groups independent of any knowledge of B27 testing. Twenty-five had a spondylitic \"variant\" syndrome. These could be diagnosed on clinical grounds, and included a male preponderance and a high frequency of B27 positivity. Fifty-eight patients, who could generally be classified by American Rheumatism Association criteria as having definite or classic rheumatoid arthritis, included a female preponderance and a normal prevalence of B27. Thus the B27 test was not more helpful than clinical diagnosis in the classic spondylitic variant syndromes, nor did it separate out a population of patients from among the seronegative rheumatoid arthritis group.", "contents": "HLA B27 in rheumatoid factor-negative polyarthritis. Eighty-three consecutive patients with rheumatoid factor-negative polyarthritis seen during a 1-year period were evaluated clinically, radiologically, and with the B27 test. Patients with definite spondylitis, juvenile chronic polyarthritis, a collagen disease, a known metabolic arthropathy, or primary generalized osteoarthritis were excluded. The patients could be classified into two groups independent of any knowledge of B27 testing. Twenty-five had a spondylitic \"variant\" syndrome. These could be diagnosed on clinical grounds, and included a male preponderance and a high frequency of B27 positivity. Fifty-eight patients, who could generally be classified by American Rheumatism Association criteria as having definite or classic rheumatoid arthritis, included a female preponderance and a normal prevalence of B27. Thus the B27 test was not more helpful than clinical diagnosis in the classic spondylitic variant syndromes, nor did it separate out a population of patients from among the seronegative rheumatoid arthritis group."}
{"id": "PMID:869350", "title": "Liver biopsy in hemophilia A.", "content": "Hepatitis is a significant complication of the treatment of hemophilia A with factor VIII concentrates. Chronic liver disease in these patients is infrequently documented in the literature. The results of percutaneous liver biopsy, under the coverage of glycine-precipitated factor VIII, in six patients with hemophilia A who had the persistence of abnormal liver-function tests for at least 6 months, are described. Three patients had chronic active hepatitis, and three had chronic persistent hepatitis. No complications were encountered as a result of the biopsy procedure. These results suggest that percutaneous liver biopsy should be considered in patients with hemophilia A with continuously abnormal liver-function tests to establish a histologic diagnosis and to guide further therapy.", "contents": "Liver biopsy in hemophilia A. Hepatitis is a significant complication of the treatment of hemophilia A with factor VIII concentrates. Chronic liver disease in these patients is infrequently documented in the literature. The results of percutaneous liver biopsy, under the coverage of glycine-precipitated factor VIII, in six patients with hemophilia A who had the persistence of abnormal liver-function tests for at least 6 months, are described. Three patients had chronic active hepatitis, and three had chronic persistent hepatitis. No complications were encountered as a result of the biopsy procedure. These results suggest that percutaneous liver biopsy should be considered in patients with hemophilia A with continuously abnormal liver-function tests to establish a histologic diagnosis and to guide further therapy."}
{"id": "PMID:869351", "title": "Antibiotic concentrations in ascitic fluid of patients with ascites and bacterial peritonitis.", "content": "Thirty-six paired specimens of serum and ascitic fluid from 21 patients with peritonitis and ascites, most with sponetaneous bacterial peritonitis and alcoholic cirrhosis, were assayed for antibiotic content. Antibiotics assayed and number of determinations were gentamicin, 14; tobramycin, 7; ampicillin, 5; clindamycin, 3; penicillin G, 2; cephalothin, 2; chloramphenico, 2; and cefazolin, 1. In 31 pared specimens the ascitic fluid antibiotic concentration was about one half or more of the simultaneous serum level and in 17 assays exceeded 90% of the serum level. All antibiotics studied penetrated ascitic fluid equally well. Clinical response to antibiotic therapy was good in 12 of 16 patients with culture-proven bacterial peritonitis. Antibiotic levels in ascitic fluid exceeded the minimal inhibitory concentration of the infecting organisms in all but one patient who responded. Direct intraperitoneal instillation of antibiotics does not appear to be necessary routinely; however, there may be an initial lag of several hours before antibiotic concentrations is ascites achieve therapeutic levels.", "contents": "Antibiotic concentrations in ascitic fluid of patients with ascites and bacterial peritonitis. Thirty-six paired specimens of serum and ascitic fluid from 21 patients with peritonitis and ascites, most with sponetaneous bacterial peritonitis and alcoholic cirrhosis, were assayed for antibiotic content. Antibiotics assayed and number of determinations were gentamicin, 14; tobramycin, 7; ampicillin, 5; clindamycin, 3; penicillin G, 2; cephalothin, 2; chloramphenico, 2; and cefazolin, 1. In 31 pared specimens the ascitic fluid antibiotic concentration was about one half or more of the simultaneous serum level and in 17 assays exceeded 90% of the serum level. All antibiotics studied penetrated ascitic fluid equally well. Clinical response to antibiotic therapy was good in 12 of 16 patients with culture-proven bacterial peritonitis. Antibiotic levels in ascitic fluid exceeded the minimal inhibitory concentration of the infecting organisms in all but one patient who responded. Direct intraperitoneal instillation of antibiotics does not appear to be necessary routinely; however, there may be an initial lag of several hours before antibiotic concentrations is ascites achieve therapeutic levels."}
{"id": "PMID:869352", "title": "Continuous in-vivo monitoring of arterial oxygenation in chronic obstructive lung disease.", "content": "We monitored arterial oxygen saturation (SaO2) in 10 patients with severe chronic obstructive lung disease during 24 h of breathing room air followed by 24 h of breathing two litres of oxygen per minute. Three subjects without chronic obstructive lung disease were monitored while breathing room air. Greatest declines in SaO2 occurred during sleep, with intermittent decreases as great as 44% saturation (range, 12% to 44% saturation. Baseline SaO2 was significantly higher while patients breathed low-flow oxygen (94% versus 86% saturated), and declines in SaO2 during sleep were less noteworthy (1% to 27% saturation). Subjects without chronic obstructive lung disease showed declines in SaO2 of much lesser magnitude (3% to 11% saturation) with sleep. These declines were not primarily due to alveolar hypoventilation. Our data indicate that there are patients with chronic airways obstruction who suffer profound intermittent desaturation at night that can readily be relieved with low-flow oxygen administration.", "contents": "Continuous in-vivo monitoring of arterial oxygenation in chronic obstructive lung disease. We monitored arterial oxygen saturation (SaO2) in 10 patients with severe chronic obstructive lung disease during 24 h of breathing room air followed by 24 h of breathing two litres of oxygen per minute. Three subjects without chronic obstructive lung disease were monitored while breathing room air. Greatest declines in SaO2 occurred during sleep, with intermittent decreases as great as 44% saturation (range, 12% to 44% saturation. Baseline SaO2 was significantly higher while patients breathed low-flow oxygen (94% versus 86% saturated), and declines in SaO2 during sleep were less noteworthy (1% to 27% saturation). Subjects without chronic obstructive lung disease showed declines in SaO2 of much lesser magnitude (3% to 11% saturation) with sleep. These declines were not primarily due to alveolar hypoventilation. Our data indicate that there are patients with chronic airways obstruction who suffer profound intermittent desaturation at night that can readily be relieved with low-flow oxygen administration."}
{"id": "PMID:869353", "title": "Accumulation of normeperidine, an active metabolite of meperidine, in patients with renal failure of cancer.", "content": "Concentrations of meperidine and its active metabolite, normeperidine, were measured in plasma of patients receiving the drug for analgesia. Meperidine levels in cancer patients were 0.10 to 0.55 microng/ml 1 h after a dose and were 0.05 to 0.14 in patients in the oliguric period after renal transplantation. Normeperidine levels were 0.05 to 0.28 microng/ml in the cancer patients and 0.13 to 0.36 in the renal failure patients. The ratio of normeperidine to meperidine levels was always higher in the renal failure patients than in the cancer patients. Additionally, two patients receiving multiple doses of meperidine had high normeperidine levels and very high normeperidine/meperidine ratios when they showed signs of central nervous system excitation. These data indicate that normeperidine can contribute to the excitatory effects seen after multiple doses of meperidine and suggest that patients with renal failure are particularly susceptible to this problem.", "contents": "Accumulation of normeperidine, an active metabolite of meperidine, in patients with renal failure of cancer. Concentrations of meperidine and its active metabolite, normeperidine, were measured in plasma of patients receiving the drug for analgesia. Meperidine levels in cancer patients were 0.10 to 0.55 microng/ml 1 h after a dose and were 0.05 to 0.14 in patients in the oliguric period after renal transplantation. Normeperidine levels were 0.05 to 0.28 microng/ml in the cancer patients and 0.13 to 0.36 in the renal failure patients. The ratio of normeperidine to meperidine levels was always higher in the renal failure patients than in the cancer patients. Additionally, two patients receiving multiple doses of meperidine had high normeperidine levels and very high normeperidine/meperidine ratios when they showed signs of central nervous system excitation. These data indicate that normeperidine can contribute to the excitatory effects seen after multiple doses of meperidine and suggest that patients with renal failure are particularly susceptible to this problem."}
{"id": "PMID:869359", "title": "Guidelines for drug therapy in renal failure.", "content": "Five tables are presented that provide guidelines for drug usage in patients with renal insufficiency. The data are derived from the current medical literature. If specific information about a drug is unavailable, emphasis is given to normal pharmacokinetic variables in arriving at recommendations for therapy. Nephrotoxicity of adverse effects in patients with renal disease are noted and adjustments for dialysis suggested.", "contents": "Guidelines for drug therapy in renal failure. Five tables are presented that provide guidelines for drug usage in patients with renal insufficiency. The data are derived from the current medical literature. If specific information about a drug is unavailable, emphasis is given to normal pharmacokinetic variables in arriving at recommendations for therapy. Nephrotoxicity of adverse effects in patients with renal disease are noted and adjustments for dialysis suggested."}
{"id": "PMID:869360", "title": "Perspectives in the treatment of breast cancer: 1976.", "content": "Breast cancer is the major cancer killer of women in the United States. Recent advances in therapy promise more effective control of this illness. The development of hormone receptor analysis permits us to better understand the mechanisms of action of steroid and peptide hormones and increases the likelihood of using there hormonal agents effectively. Prospective surgical and surgical adjuvant trials offer the opportunity to define accurately the appropriate surgical procedure and most effective postoperative therapy after initial surgery. The development of chemotherapy, first singly and now in combination, has led to improved treatment of patients with advanced disease and defined better chemotherapy for use in adjuvant settings. The investigation of a matrix of marker substances in breast cancer may uncover new methods to assess residual disease and to monitor disease recurrence.", "contents": "Perspectives in the treatment of breast cancer: 1976. Breast cancer is the major cancer killer of women in the United States. Recent advances in therapy promise more effective control of this illness. The development of hormone receptor analysis permits us to better understand the mechanisms of action of steroid and peptide hormones and increases the likelihood of using there hormonal agents effectively. Prospective surgical and surgical adjuvant trials offer the opportunity to define accurately the appropriate surgical procedure and most effective postoperative therapy after initial surgery. The development of chemotherapy, first singly and now in combination, has led to improved treatment of patients with advanced disease and defined better chemotherapy for use in adjuvant settings. The investigation of a matrix of marker substances in breast cancer may uncover new methods to assess residual disease and to monitor disease recurrence."}
{"id": "PMID:869361", "title": "Treatment of tuberculosis by the nonpulmonary physician.", "content": "Because tuberculosis is currently being treated in many instances by the nonpulmonary physician, an evaluation of the skill with which he performs in this capacity was made. A group of 130 patients who had been treated by such physicians was analyzed, using generally accepted criteria for appropriate therapy. Seventy-three of the group were found to have been treated inappropriately. The use of isoniazid in those likely to be resistant to that drug, the use of a single drug in bacteriologically positive disease, and inadequate or excessive drug dosages were among the more common errors. Two thirds of the physicians caring for these patients were internal medicine specialists, half of them board certified. Increased education efforts in regard to this disease at all levels of training must be made.", "contents": "Treatment of tuberculosis by the nonpulmonary physician. Because tuberculosis is currently being treated in many instances by the nonpulmonary physician, an evaluation of the skill with which he performs in this capacity was made. A group of 130 patients who had been treated by such physicians was analyzed, using generally accepted criteria for appropriate therapy. Seventy-three of the group were found to have been treated inappropriately. The use of isoniazid in those likely to be resistant to that drug, the use of a single drug in bacteriologically positive disease, and inadequate or excessive drug dosages were among the more common errors. Two thirds of the physicians caring for these patients were internal medicine specialists, half of them board certified. Increased education efforts in regard to this disease at all levels of training must be made."}
{"id": "PMID:869362", "title": "How to be a clinician in a socialist country.", "content": "Some of the events that have contributed to the development of the present Swedish health care system are reviewed. Although there are several useful elements in system--and these are the ones usually presented by official channels--the impact on the freedom of the medical profession and on the patient-physician relationship is considerable and destructive to the concepts of a free profession. It is necessary to take such effects into account in the planning for nationalized health services anywhere in the world.", "contents": "How to be a clinician in a socialist country. Some of the events that have contributed to the development of the present Swedish health care system are reviewed. Although there are several useful elements in system--and these are the ones usually presented by official channels--the impact on the freedom of the medical profession and on the patient-physician relationship is considerable and destructive to the concepts of a free profession. It is necessary to take such effects into account in the planning for nationalized health services anywhere in the world."}
{"id": "PMID:869391", "title": "[Diagnostic approach to prolonged fever (apropos of 72 cases)].", "content": "A report of 72 case histories of prolonged feven (more than three weeks, diagnosis not obvious on admission). The writers review the frequency of occurrence of the various etiologies. Infections are the most frequent cause (43 cases). A good number of them are easy to diagnose based on clinical exams and routine tests. Others are a great deal more difficult to diagnose, and in particular deep, suppurative foci. Collagen diseases then follow with 10 cases, the diagnosis of which is made by immunology and histology. Cancers are not very numerous (4 cases) and poorly represent the usual breakdown (kidney, lungs, liver, colon, pancreas). There were no cases of involvement of the blood and reticuloendothelial systems. With regard to examination of these patients, the writers discuss the merits of lymphography and laparatomies, and they set limits to therapeutic tests.", "contents": "[Diagnostic approach to prolonged fever (apropos of 72 cases)]. A report of 72 case histories of prolonged feven (more than three weeks, diagnosis not obvious on admission). The writers review the frequency of occurrence of the various etiologies. Infections are the most frequent cause (43 cases). A good number of them are easy to diagnose based on clinical exams and routine tests. Others are a great deal more difficult to diagnose, and in particular deep, suppurative foci. Collagen diseases then follow with 10 cases, the diagnosis of which is made by immunology and histology. Cancers are not very numerous (4 cases) and poorly represent the usual breakdown (kidney, lungs, liver, colon, pancreas). There were no cases of involvement of the blood and reticuloendothelial systems. With regard to examination of these patients, the writers discuss the merits of lymphography and laparatomies, and they set limits to therapeutic tests."}
{"id": "PMID:869392", "title": "[Determination of first signs of pacemaker failure. Oscilloscopic study before and after removal].", "content": "An oscilloscopic study aimed at determining the first signs of pacemaker failure was carried out in vitro after removal in 95 cases. Using a differential apparatus with a 1 megahertz passing band, the following parameters were measured: interspike interval, amplitude, duration and morphology of the spike. During the course of the study, signs of pacemaker failure were seen in 66 cases. It may be concluded that the interspike interval represents the easiest and most precise measurement, making it possible alone to detect dysfunction in 70 per 100 of cases. However, in 30 per 100 of cases, represented by certain types of pacemaker, its alteration is preceded by a decrease in voltage. Whilst the latter may be precisely and easily measured in vitro, the same does not apply when the pacemaker is in situ and only large changes may be taken to be significant and interpreted in relation to the number of batteries in the model studied. Study of the vectrocardiogram should be added to the measurements mentioned above, any sudden change in axis of the spike being an argument in favour of a fault in the conductor. In the future, measurement of the area of the spike, a reflection of the energy delivered the histogram of the RR intervals giving an idea of the respective durations of function and of inhibition in demand models will provide additional information.", "contents": "[Determination of first signs of pacemaker failure. Oscilloscopic study before and after removal]. An oscilloscopic study aimed at determining the first signs of pacemaker failure was carried out in vitro after removal in 95 cases. Using a differential apparatus with a 1 megahertz passing band, the following parameters were measured: interspike interval, amplitude, duration and morphology of the spike. During the course of the study, signs of pacemaker failure were seen in 66 cases. It may be concluded that the interspike interval represents the easiest and most precise measurement, making it possible alone to detect dysfunction in 70 per 100 of cases. However, in 30 per 100 of cases, represented by certain types of pacemaker, its alteration is preceded by a decrease in voltage. Whilst the latter may be precisely and easily measured in vitro, the same does not apply when the pacemaker is in situ and only large changes may be taken to be significant and interpreted in relation to the number of batteries in the model studied. Study of the vectrocardiogram should be added to the measurements mentioned above, any sudden change in axis of the spike being an argument in favour of a fault in the conductor. In the future, measurement of the area of the spike, a reflection of the energy delivered the histogram of the RR intervals giving an idea of the respective durations of function and of inhibition in demand models will provide additional information."}
{"id": "PMID:869393", "title": "[Systemic mastocytosis with myeloid splenomegaly type hematological manifestations].", "content": "The authors report the case of a patient suffering from systemic mastocytosis with cutaneous, medullary, bone, hepatic and splenic involvement, the clinical and haematological picture of which was that of myeloid splenomegaly. Furthermore, this picture included hypersplenism, clearly demonstrated by isotopic study and the successful results of splenectomy. Blood histamine levels were normal though urinary excretion of histamine was increased. Histamine levels in the spleen were greatly increased. Serotonin levels in the blood and its urinary metabolites were normal. Heparin activity was demonstrated in the spleen, but not in the blood.", "contents": "[Systemic mastocytosis with myeloid splenomegaly type hematological manifestations]. The authors report the case of a patient suffering from systemic mastocytosis with cutaneous, medullary, bone, hepatic and splenic involvement, the clinical and haematological picture of which was that of myeloid splenomegaly. Furthermore, this picture included hypersplenism, clearly demonstrated by isotopic study and the successful results of splenectomy. Blood histamine levels were normal though urinary excretion of histamine was increased. Histamine levels in the spleen were greatly increased. Serotonin levels in the blood and its urinary metabolites were normal. Heparin activity was demonstrated in the spleen, but not in the blood."}
{"id": "PMID:869402", "title": "[About the infection of Drosophila female germ line cells by sigma virus (author's transl)].", "content": "The results which have been presented by Bregliano (1973) and Bregliano et Fleuriet (1975) in this \"Annales\" are discussed. The author's conclusion is that there are two distinct mechanisms for contamination of the cysts of non-stabilized females (in stabilized females, all cells, including oogonial cells, are infected in carrier state by sigma). Hypotheses are discussed.", "contents": "[About the infection of Drosophila female germ line cells by sigma virus (author's transl)]. The results which have been presented by Bregliano (1973) and Bregliano et Fleuriet (1975) in this \"Annales\" are discussed. The author's conclusion is that there are two distinct mechanisms for contamination of the cysts of non-stabilized females (in stabilized females, all cells, including oogonial cells, are infected in carrier state by sigma). Hypotheses are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:869403", "title": "Amino sugar contents and phage inactivating properties of lipopolysaccharide from cholera and El Tor vibrios.", "content": "Cholera and El Tor lipopolysaccharide (LPS) were identical in respect of chemical composition except that the hexosamine content was significantly lower and galactosamine was absent in El Tor LPS. Mukerjee's group IV cholera phage phi149 was inactivated by cholera LPS but was resistant to El Tor LPS.", "contents": "Amino sugar contents and phage inactivating properties of lipopolysaccharide from cholera and El Tor vibrios. Cholera and El Tor lipopolysaccharide (LPS) were identical in respect of chemical composition except that the hexosamine content was significantly lower and galactosamine was absent in El Tor LPS. Mukerjee's group IV cholera phage phi149 was inactivated by cholera LPS but was resistant to El Tor LPS."}
{"id": "PMID:869404", "title": "[Trimethoprim resistance plasmids: transferability and incompatibility groups (author's transl)].", "content": "Over a three year period, 119 strains of enterobacteria isolated from patients have been found resistant to trimethoprim (TMP) and sulfonamides (Su); 11 strains were resistant to TMP only. MIC of TMP were between 32 and 2048 microng/ml. Three groups of strains are described: (1) thymineless variants (2 strains); (2) TMP resistance non-transferable into Escherichia coli K12 (95 strains); (3) TMP resistance transferable into E. coli K12 (33 strains). TMP marker and Su marker have been transferred independantly from 13 strains; they were cotransferred from 20 strains. The incompatibility group of 31 plasmids has been determined: 10 belong to the fi+ type, group FII; 21 belong to the fi--type, group 6, group 7, group 10, group N and group I1. Epidemiological implications of such a wide range of incompatibility groups among a small number of plasmids specifying TMP resistance are discussed.", "contents": "[Trimethoprim resistance plasmids: transferability and incompatibility groups (author's transl)]. Over a three year period, 119 strains of enterobacteria isolated from patients have been found resistant to trimethoprim (TMP) and sulfonamides (Su); 11 strains were resistant to TMP only. MIC of TMP were between 32 and 2048 microng/ml. Three groups of strains are described: (1) thymineless variants (2 strains); (2) TMP resistance non-transferable into Escherichia coli K12 (95 strains); (3) TMP resistance transferable into E. coli K12 (33 strains). TMP marker and Su marker have been transferred independantly from 13 strains; they were cotransferred from 20 strains. The incompatibility group of 31 plasmids has been determined: 10 belong to the fi+ type, group FII; 21 belong to the fi--type, group 6, group 7, group 10, group N and group I1. Epidemiological implications of such a wide range of incompatibility groups among a small number of plasmids specifying TMP resistance are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:869405", "title": "[Study of a \"Rickettsiella\" (Rickettsia) pathogen of the spider \"Pisaura mirabilis\" (author's transl)].", "content": "A rickettsiella-like organism has been described in the spider Pisaura mirabilis Cl., and placed into the genus Rickettsiella on the basis of its cycle and ultrastructure. A chlamydial cycle takes place in the digestive cells and becomes more complex in the interstitial cells where giant bodies appear. The latter have been considered up to now as caracteristic of the genus Rickettsiella but, in fact, seem to be in relation with the metabolism of the parasitized cell. Consequently their presence and structure can no longer be retained as specific characters. A study of the host and tissue specificity of the various Rickettsiella actually known must be defined forehand the impact of the metabolism of host cells on the appearance and structure of these bodies.", "contents": "[Study of a \"Rickettsiella\" (Rickettsia) pathogen of the spider \"Pisaura mirabilis\" (author's transl)]. A rickettsiella-like organism has been described in the spider Pisaura mirabilis Cl., and placed into the genus Rickettsiella on the basis of its cycle and ultrastructure. A chlamydial cycle takes place in the digestive cells and becomes more complex in the interstitial cells where giant bodies appear. The latter have been considered up to now as caracteristic of the genus Rickettsiella but, in fact, seem to be in relation with the metabolism of the parasitized cell. Consequently their presence and structure can no longer be retained as specific characters. A study of the host and tissue specificity of the various Rickettsiella actually known must be defined forehand the impact of the metabolism of host cells on the appearance and structure of these bodies."}
{"id": "PMID:869406", "title": "Six new Salmonella sub-genus III serotypes isolated from snakes in Israel.", "content": "Six new Salmonella sub-genus III serotypes (Arizona) were isolated from snakes in Israel. Their antigenic structure was established as follows: S. arizonae 16:Z52:Z35 (Ar.25:26-21); S. arizonae 18:1,v:e,n,x,z15 (Ar.7a,7b:23-28); S. arizonae 21:i:1,5(7) (Ar.22:33-30); S. arizonae 41:c:e,n,x,z15 (Ar.13:32-28); S. arizonae 51:k:z35 (Ar.1,2:29-21); and S. arizonae 53:1,v:z35 (Ar.1,4:23-21).", "contents": "Six new Salmonella sub-genus III serotypes isolated from snakes in Israel. Six new Salmonella sub-genus III serotypes (Arizona) were isolated from snakes in Israel. Their antigenic structure was established as follows: S. arizonae 16:Z52:Z35 (Ar.25:26-21); S. arizonae 18:1,v:e,n,x,z15 (Ar.7a,7b:23-28); S. arizonae 21:i:1,5(7) (Ar.22:33-30); S. arizonae 41:c:e,n,x,z15 (Ar.13:32-28); S. arizonae 51:k:z35 (Ar.1,2:29-21); and S. arizonae 53:1,v:z35 (Ar.1,4:23-21)."}
{"id": "PMID:869407", "title": "[Study of 14 denitrifying soil bacteria of the \"pseudomonas stutzeri\" group isolated by enrichment culture in the presence of nitrous oxide (author's transl)].", "content": "The strains were isolated from soil by enrichment in a liquid minimal medium containing ethanol, acetate, succinate, L-malate or tartrate, under an N2O atmosphere at 32 degrees C. All fourteen strains can use the following 25 sources of carbon and energy under aerobic conditions: glycerate, ethanol, propanol, acetate, butyrate, malonate, succinate, glutarate, sebacate, glycollate, L-lactate, D-lactate, L-malate, DL-3-hydroxybutyrate, pyruvate, fumarate, itaconate, mesaconate, crotonate, L-alpha-alanine, D-alpha-alanine, L-leucine, asparagine, L-tyrosine, and L-proline. They hydrolyze Tween 80 but not gelatin. Nitrate is used as nitrogen source. Nitrate reductase A and respiratory nitrite reductase are present. Four of the strains are clearly and easily distinguishable from the others on the basis of six characters: special morphology of colonies; in ability to use isovalerate and DL-valine, inability to use glucose, absence of exocellular amylase, and high level of metapyrocatechase. Their G + C content is 66-67%. One of the strains is distinct from the others by the yellow pigmentation of its colonies, its ability to use D-glucuronate, trehalose, D-sorbitol and citraconate, ability to grow at 4 degrees but not at 40 degrees, and a lower G + C content: 63%. One strain accumulates poly-beta-hydroxybutyrate. This work confirms the well-known, wide variability of the bacteria belonging to the P. stutzeri group. Denitrification by two of the strains was quantitatively studied using cell suspensions. Cells from NO-3-containing anaerobic cultures reduce NO-3, NO-2 and NO to N2O and N2; they reduce slowly N2O to N2. Cells grown in anaerobic cultures under N2O also reduce NO-3, NO-2 and NO to N2O and N2 but they reduce N2O rapidly to N2.", "contents": "[Study of 14 denitrifying soil bacteria of the \"pseudomonas stutzeri\" group isolated by enrichment culture in the presence of nitrous oxide (author's transl)]. The strains were isolated from soil by enrichment in a liquid minimal medium containing ethanol, acetate, succinate, L-malate or tartrate, under an N2O atmosphere at 32 degrees C. All fourteen strains can use the following 25 sources of carbon and energy under aerobic conditions: glycerate, ethanol, propanol, acetate, butyrate, malonate, succinate, glutarate, sebacate, glycollate, L-lactate, D-lactate, L-malate, DL-3-hydroxybutyrate, pyruvate, fumarate, itaconate, mesaconate, crotonate, L-alpha-alanine, D-alpha-alanine, L-leucine, asparagine, L-tyrosine, and L-proline. They hydrolyze Tween 80 but not gelatin. Nitrate is used as nitrogen source. Nitrate reductase A and respiratory nitrite reductase are present. Four of the strains are clearly and easily distinguishable from the others on the basis of six characters: special morphology of colonies; in ability to use isovalerate and DL-valine, inability to use glucose, absence of exocellular amylase, and high level of metapyrocatechase. Their G + C content is 66-67%. One of the strains is distinct from the others by the yellow pigmentation of its colonies, its ability to use D-glucuronate, trehalose, D-sorbitol and citraconate, ability to grow at 4 degrees but not at 40 degrees, and a lower G + C content: 63%. One strain accumulates poly-beta-hydroxybutyrate. This work confirms the well-known, wide variability of the bacteria belonging to the P. stutzeri group. Denitrification by two of the strains was quantitatively studied using cell suspensions. Cells from NO-3-containing anaerobic cultures reduce NO-3, NO-2 and NO to N2O and N2; they reduce slowly N2O to N2. Cells grown in anaerobic cultures under N2O also reduce NO-3, NO-2 and NO to N2O and N2 but they reduce N2O rapidly to N2."}
{"id": "PMID:869408", "title": "Immune responses to influenza virus in rabbits after local immunization. i.--Local and systemic humoral response.", "content": "IgA was found to be the predominant immunoglobulin in the bronchoalveolar secretions of rabbits. Significant quantities of IgG antibodies were also present in these secretions after intratracheal immunization with live influenza virus, but IgA/IgG ratios in the secretions were always higher than in corresponding sera, whether the rabbits were immunized or not. The relative excretion coefficients of IgA in these secretions were also found to be higher. In vitro culture of broncho-alveolar wash cells showed active synthesis of all the three major immunoglobulins with IgG as the predominant one. Immunization with live influenza virus induced a higher and more persistant antibody response in the respiratory secretions than the inactivated virus. A rapid and more intense production of IgA and IgG antibodies in these secretions after intratracheal booster antigen strongly suggests the presence of immunological memory in the secretory immune system of the respiratory tract. The role of secretory antiviral antibodies in protection against respiratory infections is also discussed.", "contents": "Immune responses to influenza virus in rabbits after local immunization. i.--Local and systemic humoral response. IgA was found to be the predominant immunoglobulin in the bronchoalveolar secretions of rabbits. Significant quantities of IgG antibodies were also present in these secretions after intratracheal immunization with live influenza virus, but IgA/IgG ratios in the secretions were always higher than in corresponding sera, whether the rabbits were immunized or not. The relative excretion coefficients of IgA in these secretions were also found to be higher. In vitro culture of broncho-alveolar wash cells showed active synthesis of all the three major immunoglobulins with IgG as the predominant one. Immunization with live influenza virus induced a higher and more persistant antibody response in the respiratory secretions than the inactivated virus. A rapid and more intense production of IgA and IgG antibodies in these secretions after intratracheal booster antigen strongly suggests the presence of immunological memory in the secretory immune system of the respiratory tract. The role of secretory antiviral antibodies in protection against respiratory infections is also discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:869410", "title": "Fungus implantation with wooden intraocular foreign bodies.", "content": "Four cases of wooden intraocular foreign bodies are presented. In each case the foreign body was found to be contaminated by fungi which may have contributed to the intraocular inflammatory response but did not actively invade ocular tissues. Tolerance of the eyes to the retained wooden material was very poor.", "contents": "Fungus implantation with wooden intraocular foreign bodies. Four cases of wooden intraocular foreign bodies are presented. In each case the foreign body was found to be contaminated by fungi which may have contributed to the intraocular inflammatory response but did not actively invade ocular tissues. Tolerance of the eyes to the retained wooden material was very poor."}
{"id": "PMID:869411", "title": "Prophylactic cryotherapy of retinal breaks.", "content": "All 100 eyes treated with transconjunctival cryotherapy to seal peripheral retinal breaks had a final vision as good or better than when they were first seen. Three of the 100 eyes developed clinical retinal detachments subsequent to the initial cryotherapy, necessitating scleral buckling procedures; all 3 had a final vision of 6/6 in the involved eye. No other complications occurred. Indications for treating retinal breaks or for not treating, are presented. In general, all symptomatic retinal breaks and asymptomatic ones if in aphakic eyes, when crescentic or linear at the margin of lattice, or if horseshoe, are treated. Other instances in which asymptomatic retinal breaks are treated are the following: (1) eyes on long-term miotics: (2) cases in which a retinal detachment is present in the fellow eye: (3) the break(s) are in an only eye; (4) cataract extraction is being considered; (5) 4 diopters of myopia or greater are present; or (6) subretinal fluid of more than 1 but less than 2 disc diameters in size is noted. Other retinal breaks not associated with subclinical or clinical retinal detachments are placed under observation at periodic intervals.", "contents": "Prophylactic cryotherapy of retinal breaks. All 100 eyes treated with transconjunctival cryotherapy to seal peripheral retinal breaks had a final vision as good or better than when they were first seen. Three of the 100 eyes developed clinical retinal detachments subsequent to the initial cryotherapy, necessitating scleral buckling procedures; all 3 had a final vision of 6/6 in the involved eye. No other complications occurred. Indications for treating retinal breaks or for not treating, are presented. In general, all symptomatic retinal breaks and asymptomatic ones if in aphakic eyes, when crescentic or linear at the margin of lattice, or if horseshoe, are treated. Other instances in which asymptomatic retinal breaks are treated are the following: (1) eyes on long-term miotics: (2) cases in which a retinal detachment is present in the fellow eye: (3) the break(s) are in an only eye; (4) cataract extraction is being considered; (5) 4 diopters of myopia or greater are present; or (6) subretinal fluid of more than 1 but less than 2 disc diameters in size is noted. Other retinal breaks not associated with subclinical or clinical retinal detachments are placed under observation at periodic intervals."}
{"id": "PMID:869413", "title": "A simplified technique for macrodacryocystography.", "content": "A simple method for radiographic visualization of the lacrimal drainage apparatus is presented. Equipment necessary is explained and normal radiographic anatomy of the system illustrated. Several cases of high- and mid-level obstructions are shown via this technique and a discussion follows.", "contents": "A simplified technique for macrodacryocystography. A simple method for radiographic visualization of the lacrimal drainage apparatus is presented. Equipment necessary is explained and normal radiographic anatomy of the system illustrated. Several cases of high- and mid-level obstructions are shown via this technique and a discussion follows."}
{"id": "PMID:869414", "title": "Anterior chamber depths of Nigerians.", "content": "Anterior chamber depths of 1,646 eyes of 823 Nigerians were measured to determine the distribution of chamber depths in Nigerians, and to compare the findings with previous observations in Caucasians. The persons examined included normal subjects and other groups with ocular pathology, such as glaucoma. The mean chamber depth in normal persons was 3.23 mm. Anterior chambers were deeper in males than females and significant shallowing occurred with age. Mean chamber depths were less in glaucomatous eyes than normotensive eyes. When compared with previous studies in Caucasians no significant differences could be found in the two ethnic groups. It was concluded that the alleged differences in the incidence of angle closure glaucoma in Caucasians and Negroes is not due to differences in the anterior chamber depths in the two groups.", "contents": "Anterior chamber depths of Nigerians. Anterior chamber depths of 1,646 eyes of 823 Nigerians were measured to determine the distribution of chamber depths in Nigerians, and to compare the findings with previous observations in Caucasians. The persons examined included normal subjects and other groups with ocular pathology, such as glaucoma. The mean chamber depth in normal persons was 3.23 mm. Anterior chambers were deeper in males than females and significant shallowing occurred with age. Mean chamber depths were less in glaucomatous eyes than normotensive eyes. When compared with previous studies in Caucasians no significant differences could be found in the two ethnic groups. It was concluded that the alleged differences in the incidence of angle closure glaucoma in Caucasians and Negroes is not due to differences in the anterior chamber depths in the two groups."}
{"id": "PMID:869415", "title": "Use of drugs in ointment for routine mydriasis.", "content": "The mydriatic effect produced by ointment preparations of cyclopentolate 1%, tropicamide 1%, and phenylephrine hydrochloride 10% was compared to the mydriasis elicited by the aqueous solutions of the same concentrations of drugs in children and adults. There was no difference in the amount of mydriasis produced by one instillation of a very small volume of the drug in ointment in one eye when compared to multiple instillations of the aqueous solution of the same drug in the contralateral eye in 30 minutes. There were no complaints of ocular irritation when the ointment preparations were instilled into the eye; however, there were frequent complaints with the use of these drugs in aqueous solutions.", "contents": "Use of drugs in ointment for routine mydriasis. The mydriatic effect produced by ointment preparations of cyclopentolate 1%, tropicamide 1%, and phenylephrine hydrochloride 10% was compared to the mydriasis elicited by the aqueous solutions of the same concentrations of drugs in children and adults. There was no difference in the amount of mydriasis produced by one instillation of a very small volume of the drug in ointment in one eye when compared to multiple instillations of the aqueous solution of the same drug in the contralateral eye in 30 minutes. There were no complaints of ocular irritation when the ointment preparations were instilled into the eye; however, there were frequent complaints with the use of these drugs in aqueous solutions."}
{"id": "PMID:869416", "title": "Retinal detachment following branch vein occlusion: case report.", "content": "A case is presented of a patient with the unusual situation of a rhegmatogenous retinal detachment from an old branch vein occlusion, who in addition, had a macular hole. The detachment was cured by a scleral buckle involving the peripheral hole only.", "contents": "Retinal detachment following branch vein occlusion: case report. A case is presented of a patient with the unusual situation of a rhegmatogenous retinal detachment from an old branch vein occlusion, who in addition, had a macular hole. The detachment was cured by a scleral buckle involving the peripheral hole only."}
{"id": "PMID:869417", "title": "Unsafe without a hole: a dangerous cryoextractor.", "content": "Due to the absence of an exhaust hole for the expanding gas, a disposable cryoextractor shot its activator button like a bullet out of its top against the ceiling--barely missing the head of the assisting surgeon.", "contents": "Unsafe without a hole: a dangerous cryoextractor. Due to the absence of an exhaust hole for the expanding gas, a disposable cryoextractor shot its activator button like a bullet out of its top against the ceiling--barely missing the head of the assisting surgeon."}
{"id": "PMID:869421", "title": "Visual recovery after central retinal artery occlusion: two cases.", "content": "Two cases of central retinal artery occlusion of prolonged duration (greater than 6 hours) were treated with retrobulbar anesthesia, anterior chamber paracentesis, and high-dose carbon dioxide and oxygen inhalation. Both cases recovered excellent vision and illustrate that visual recovery after relatively prolonged central retinal artery occlusion is possible.", "contents": "Visual recovery after central retinal artery occlusion: two cases. Two cases of central retinal artery occlusion of prolonged duration (greater than 6 hours) were treated with retrobulbar anesthesia, anterior chamber paracentesis, and high-dose carbon dioxide and oxygen inhalation. Both cases recovered excellent vision and illustrate that visual recovery after relatively prolonged central retinal artery occlusion is possible."}
{"id": "PMID:869422", "title": "A possible cause of chronic cystic maculopathy.", "content": "An apparent increase in incidence of chronic cystic maculopathy following cataract surgery in our patients prompted an analysis of changes in surgical procedure. The important change was in the increased amount and duration of exposure to the operating lights. Previous animal research by various authors suggested to us the precipitating factor was a photic maculopathy. Various methods of avoiding excessive exposure of the patient's eye to the operating lights are discussed.", "contents": "A possible cause of chronic cystic maculopathy. An apparent increase in incidence of chronic cystic maculopathy following cataract surgery in our patients prompted an analysis of changes in surgical procedure. The important change was in the increased amount and duration of exposure to the operating lights. Previous animal research by various authors suggested to us the precipitating factor was a photic maculopathy. Various methods of avoiding excessive exposure of the patient's eye to the operating lights are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:869424", "title": "The office retinal electrophysiology laboratory.", "content": "The \"Visual Retinal Profile\" can be obtained in the complete office evaluation of patients with night vision disorders, unexplained poor visual acuity, or undiagnosed retinal and/or choroidal diseases. This profile allows later follow-up evaluations and comparisons of previous tests to document improvement or progression of disease. The profile consists of the usual ophthalmologic evaluation plus color vision testing Amsler grid, stereoacuity, visual fields, electroretinogram (ERG), and electrooculogram (EOG). This entire set of tests, though time consuming, can be performed in the office by an ophthalmic assistant and greatly add to the ophthalmologists ability to evaluate and diagnose subtle retinal and/or choroidal diseases. A portable ERG/EOG and light source will be described that can be used in the office, clinic, nursing home, or operating room by trained office personnel.", "contents": "The office retinal electrophysiology laboratory. The \"Visual Retinal Profile\" can be obtained in the complete office evaluation of patients with night vision disorders, unexplained poor visual acuity, or undiagnosed retinal and/or choroidal diseases. This profile allows later follow-up evaluations and comparisons of previous tests to document improvement or progression of disease. The profile consists of the usual ophthalmologic evaluation plus color vision testing Amsler grid, stereoacuity, visual fields, electroretinogram (ERG), and electrooculogram (EOG). This entire set of tests, though time consuming, can be performed in the office by an ophthalmic assistant and greatly add to the ophthalmologists ability to evaluate and diagnose subtle retinal and/or choroidal diseases. A portable ERG/EOG and light source will be described that can be used in the office, clinic, nursing home, or operating room by trained office personnel."}
{"id": "PMID:869425", "title": "Massive cataract relief in eye camps.", "content": "The concept of \"eye camp\" represents a revolutionary approach to the massive problem of cataract-related blindness and visual disability. The \"eye camp\" involves comprehensive cooperative relief efforts on a large scale to combat the widespread incidence of cataract as it affects residents of rural areas, especially in developing nations. We worked in an eye camp in Johilpatti, India, in the rural province of Tamil Nadu. On this site, 216 cataract operations were performed in one morning by 8 doctors and 16 nurses. In this province alone, an estimated 700,000 persons have cataract requiring operation. However, presently existing facilities are equipped to handle a maximum of only 20,000 cases annually. But from June 1972 to June 1973, approximately 50,000 cataract operations were performed in the eye camps. Evidently, the eye camp idea has great potential to significantly reduce the incidence of untreated cataract in rural areas where there are chronic shortages of treatment facilities and medical personnel.", "contents": "Massive cataract relief in eye camps. The concept of \"eye camp\" represents a revolutionary approach to the massive problem of cataract-related blindness and visual disability. The \"eye camp\" involves comprehensive cooperative relief efforts on a large scale to combat the widespread incidence of cataract as it affects residents of rural areas, especially in developing nations. We worked in an eye camp in Johilpatti, India, in the rural province of Tamil Nadu. On this site, 216 cataract operations were performed in one morning by 8 doctors and 16 nurses. In this province alone, an estimated 700,000 persons have cataract requiring operation. However, presently existing facilities are equipped to handle a maximum of only 20,000 cases annually. But from June 1972 to June 1973, approximately 50,000 cataract operations were performed in the eye camps. Evidently, the eye camp idea has great potential to significantly reduce the incidence of untreated cataract in rural areas where there are chronic shortages of treatment facilities and medical personnel."}
{"id": "PMID:869428", "title": "Lash excision in trichiasis.", "content": "A simple technique for lash excision in the surgical management of trichiasis is described. Of 13 patients treated with this technique, 11 had complete relief of symptoms and 2 had significant improvement in symptoms with the remaining symptoms attributable to other manifestations of their underlying disease. There were no complications in any of the cases from the surgical procedure itself. This procedure is quickly and easily performed and has been found to be particularly useful in elderly and debilitated patients, and in those patients whose trichiasis is associated with conjunctival scarring.", "contents": "Lash excision in trichiasis. A simple technique for lash excision in the surgical management of trichiasis is described. Of 13 patients treated with this technique, 11 had complete relief of symptoms and 2 had significant improvement in symptoms with the remaining symptoms attributable to other manifestations of their underlying disease. There were no complications in any of the cases from the surgical procedure itself. This procedure is quickly and easily performed and has been found to be particularly useful in elderly and debilitated patients, and in those patients whose trichiasis is associated with conjunctival scarring."}
{"id": "PMID:869429", "title": "Sudden deafness: histopathologic correlation in temporal bone.", "content": "The histopathological study of two cases of sudden deafness is presented. The temporal bones showed cochleosaccular abnormality. The most striking pathological changes were collapse of the organ of Corti, atrophy of the tectorial membrane, atrophy of the stria vascularis, decrease in the number of the cochlear nerves, collapse of the saccular membrane and partial absence of the sensory epithelial layer in the saccular macula. These changes are quite similar in type to those occurring in labyrinthitis of known viral etiology and to those in previously reported cases of sudden deafness which were assumed to be of viral origin. This evidence suggests that a viral infection was the most probable etiology of sudden deafness in these ears. In addition, unusual findings of endolymphatic hydrops limited to the extreme basal end of the cochlear duct were found in Case 1. A patent cochlear aqueduct and circumscribed perilymphatic labyrinthine ossification in  the superior seimicircular canal were also observed. With these histopathological findings, the possibility of viral infection via the meninges as well as via the hematogenous route into the inner ear is proposed.", "contents": "Sudden deafness: histopathologic correlation in temporal bone. The histopathological study of two cases of sudden deafness is presented. The temporal bones showed cochleosaccular abnormality. The most striking pathological changes were collapse of the organ of Corti, atrophy of the tectorial membrane, atrophy of the stria vascularis, decrease in the number of the cochlear nerves, collapse of the saccular membrane and partial absence of the sensory epithelial layer in the saccular macula. These changes are quite similar in type to those occurring in labyrinthitis of known viral etiology and to those in previously reported cases of sudden deafness which were assumed to be of viral origin. This evidence suggests that a viral infection was the most probable etiology of sudden deafness in these ears. In addition, unusual findings of endolymphatic hydrops limited to the extreme basal end of the cochlear duct were found in Case 1. A patent cochlear aqueduct and circumscribed perilymphatic labyrinthine ossification in  the superior seimicircular canal were also observed. With these histopathological findings, the possibility of viral infection via the meninges as well as via the hematogenous route into the inner ear is proposed."}
{"id": "PMID:869431", "title": "Immunological concept for Bell's palsy: further experimental study.", "content": "This report concerns itself with additional experimental evidence to support the immunologic concept for the pathogenesis of Bell's palsy, using the mast cell as an index of immunological activity. In a previous experimental study, we postulated that degranulation of mast cells activated by complement or specific allergens with release of histamine and other substances may be the mechanism leading to nerve edema, ischemia, and paralysis. In this study we observed a loss of granulated mast cells in the more severely damaged facial nerves of immunized dogs after the intrafallopian canal injection of various substances, in contrast with the relative abundance of these cells in nerves that showed little or no evidence of injury. In addition, we demonstrated that cromolyn sodium, a mast cell degranulation inhibitor, when infused intravenously at the time of the intrafacial canal injection of horse serum, very effectively lessened the degree of experimental paralysis and histologic nerve injury.", "contents": "Immunological concept for Bell's palsy: further experimental study. This report concerns itself with additional experimental evidence to support the immunologic concept for the pathogenesis of Bell's palsy, using the mast cell as an index of immunological activity. In a previous experimental study, we postulated that degranulation of mast cells activated by complement or specific allergens with release of histamine and other substances may be the mechanism leading to nerve edema, ischemia, and paralysis. In this study we observed a loss of granulated mast cells in the more severely damaged facial nerves of immunized dogs after the intrafallopian canal injection of various substances, in contrast with the relative abundance of these cells in nerves that showed little or no evidence of injury. In addition, we demonstrated that cromolyn sodium, a mast cell degranulation inhibitor, when infused intravenously at the time of the intrafacial canal injection of horse serum, very effectively lessened the degree of experimental paralysis and histologic nerve injury."}
{"id": "PMID:869432", "title": "Primary carcinoma of the mastoid bone.", "content": "The diagnosis of carcinoma primary in the mastoid bone is usually made while performing a mastoidectomy in an effort to control presumed chronic mastoiditis. The association of chronic infection, serosanguineous otorrhea, and severe otalgia, common warning signs of carcinoma of the middle ear or external auditory canal, may or may not be present with a carcinoma primary in the mastoid bone. If the amount of bony mastoid destruction seen by roentgenography is out of proportion to the degree of clinical infection, malignancy should be strongly suspected. The authors present a case of primary carcinoma of the mastoid bone, and review the diagnosis and treatment.", "contents": "Primary carcinoma of the mastoid bone. The diagnosis of carcinoma primary in the mastoid bone is usually made while performing a mastoidectomy in an effort to control presumed chronic mastoiditis. The association of chronic infection, serosanguineous otorrhea, and severe otalgia, common warning signs of carcinoma of the middle ear or external auditory canal, may or may not be present with a carcinoma primary in the mastoid bone. If the amount of bony mastoid destruction seen by roentgenography is out of proportion to the degree of clinical infection, malignancy should be strongly suspected. The authors present a case of primary carcinoma of the mastoid bone, and review the diagnosis and treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:869433", "title": "Equilibrium disorder in carbamazepine toxicity.", "content": "Three cases of acute carbamazepine intoxication were evaluated neurotologically and neurologically. Findings included symptoms of equilibrium, gait and speech disorders, drowsiness, gaze nystagmus, depressed optokinetic nystagmus and disturbances of smooth pursuit eye movement. These findings, suggestive of a space-occupying lesion, disappeared after the cessation of the medication. On the basis of the clinical findings it is felt that carbamazepine affects structures within the brain stem and the cerebellum. It is well known that equilibrium disorders caused by anticonvulsant intoxication are due to cerebellar disorders, but from our present study it should be noted that they originate not only from cerebellar lesions but also from brain stem lesions.", "contents": "Equilibrium disorder in carbamazepine toxicity. Three cases of acute carbamazepine intoxication were evaluated neurotologically and neurologically. Findings included symptoms of equilibrium, gait and speech disorders, drowsiness, gaze nystagmus, depressed optokinetic nystagmus and disturbances of smooth pursuit eye movement. These findings, suggestive of a space-occupying lesion, disappeared after the cessation of the medication. On the basis of the clinical findings it is felt that carbamazepine affects structures within the brain stem and the cerebellum. It is well known that equilibrium disorders caused by anticonvulsant intoxication are due to cerebellar disorders, but from our present study it should be noted that they originate not only from cerebellar lesions but also from brain stem lesions."}
{"id": "PMID:869434", "title": "Hearing loss from acute carbon monoxide intoxication.", "content": "A case of fluctuating sensorineural hearing loss from acute carbon monoxide (CO) poisoning with presentation of a U-shaped audiogram is reported. Acute CO intoxication seems to involve vestibular function more frequently than auditory function. Hearing loss is uncommon, but when present, may often display a U-shaped audiometric curve. Decrease in hearing sensitivity probably results from hypoxia to the cochlea, VIII nerve and brain stem nuclei. Fluctuation in hearing sensitivity may be an early manifestation of acute CO exposure, and requires periodic audiometric examination until the hearing has stabilized.", "contents": "Hearing loss from acute carbon monoxide intoxication. A case of fluctuating sensorineural hearing loss from acute carbon monoxide (CO) poisoning with presentation of a U-shaped audiogram is reported. Acute CO intoxication seems to involve vestibular function more frequently than auditory function. Hearing loss is uncommon, but when present, may often display a U-shaped audiometric curve. Decrease in hearing sensitivity probably results from hypoxia to the cochlea, VIII nerve and brain stem nuclei. Fluctuation in hearing sensitivity may be an early manifestation of acute CO exposure, and requires periodic audiometric examination until the hearing has stabilized."}
{"id": "PMID:869430", "title": "Middle components of the auditory evoked potentials in infants.", "content": "Middle components of the averaged auditory evoked potentials (AEP) were recorded from 18 infants, 6 each at one, four and eight months of age, during natural sleep, Tone bursts centered at 1000 Hz were presented from a loudspeaker at 15, 30, 45 and 60 dB HL (re: normal adult tone burst threshold). In addition, an equal duration no stimulus control AEP was also obtained. Each averaged response consisted of the sum of 400 stimuli presented at a rate of about 6/sec. Latencies and amplitudes of the three peaks, Na, Pa and Nb, were analyzed as a function of age and intensity. There were no significant differences in latency as a function of age, and only peak Pa showed a significant increase in amplitude as a function of increasing age. The latency of peak Pa decreased significantly as a function of intensity, while the amplitude of all three peaks showed significant differences as a function of intensity. Judges' scores of the presence of responses showed that at 60 dB HL, all infants yielded patterns which were scored as \"response present.\" Smaller percentages of \"response present\" were scored for the successively lower intensity levels. The results from the 18 infants in this study were similar to those obtained from six normal, sleeping adults tested under identical stimulating and recording conditions in this laboratory.", "contents": "Middle components of the auditory evoked potentials in infants. Middle components of the averaged auditory evoked potentials (AEP) were recorded from 18 infants, 6 each at one, four and eight months of age, during natural sleep, Tone bursts centered at 1000 Hz were presented from a loudspeaker at 15, 30, 45 and 60 dB HL (re: normal adult tone burst threshold). In addition, an equal duration no stimulus control AEP was also obtained. Each averaged response consisted of the sum of 400 stimuli presented at a rate of about 6/sec. Latencies and amplitudes of the three peaks, Na, Pa and Nb, were analyzed as a function of age and intensity. There were no significant differences in latency as a function of age, and only peak Pa showed a significant increase in amplitude as a function of increasing age. The latency of peak Pa decreased significantly as a function of intensity, while the amplitude of all three peaks showed significant differences as a function of intensity. Judges' scores of the presence of responses showed that at 60 dB HL, all infants yielded patterns which were scored as \"response present.\" Smaller percentages of \"response present\" were scored for the successively lower intensity levels. The results from the 18 infants in this study were similar to those obtained from six normal, sleeping adults tested under identical stimulating and recording conditions in this laboratory."}
{"id": "PMID:869435", "title": "Differential diagnosis of xerostomia by quantitative salivary gland scintigraphy.", "content": "A new and rapid method of quantitative salivary gland scintigraphy has been developed. The uptake of pertechnetate in the glandular tissue and in a reference area in the neck are measured. The ratio between these measurements gives an index of salivary gland activity. By using this activity index, quantitative information on the functional state of the parotid and submandibular glands can be obtained. In cases of xerostomia such measurements may be particularly helpful in differentiating Sj\u00f6gren's syndrome and sialosis and hence in the choice of appropriate treatment.", "contents": "Differential diagnosis of xerostomia by quantitative salivary gland scintigraphy. A new and rapid method of quantitative salivary gland scintigraphy has been developed. The uptake of pertechnetate in the glandular tissue and in a reference area in the neck are measured. The ratio between these measurements gives an index of salivary gland activity. By using this activity index, quantitative information on the functional state of the parotid and submandibular glands can be obtained. In cases of xerostomia such measurements may be particularly helpful in differentiating Sj\u00f6gren's syndrome and sialosis and hence in the choice of appropriate treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:869437", "title": "Properties of acoustic reflex adaptation.", "content": "The dynamic behavior of the acoustic reflex to continuous sinusoidal stimuli was investigated. The major purpose was to determine the temporal characteristics of reflex adaptation as frequency (0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0 kHz) and suprathreshold level (6, +12, +18 dB re reflex threshold) were systematically varied. Repeated measurements were made with an impedance bridge on six normal listeners. Both relative and absolute impedance changes were analyzed. The results revealed large intersubject variability. Four general conclusions were reached regarding the effect of stimulus frequency and suprathreshold level on adaptation: 1) as the stimulus frequency increases, the rate of adaptation increases; 2) the adaptation curves appear to form distinct groups, at the low frequencies adaptation rates are significantly slower than those at 2.0 kHz and above; 3) the onset of adaptation occurs at an earlier time for the higher frequencies; and 4) the rate of adaptation was found to be independent of suprathreshold level. The changes in adaptation with frequency of the stimulus may be expressed by an equation involving inter-related time constants for the growth and adaptation portions of the reflex curve in accordance with a descriptive model suggested by Tietze.", "contents": "Properties of acoustic reflex adaptation. The dynamic behavior of the acoustic reflex to continuous sinusoidal stimuli was investigated. The major purpose was to determine the temporal characteristics of reflex adaptation as frequency (0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0 kHz) and suprathreshold level (6, +12, +18 dB re reflex threshold) were systematically varied. Repeated measurements were made with an impedance bridge on six normal listeners. Both relative and absolute impedance changes were analyzed. The results revealed large intersubject variability. Four general conclusions were reached regarding the effect of stimulus frequency and suprathreshold level on adaptation: 1) as the stimulus frequency increases, the rate of adaptation increases; 2) the adaptation curves appear to form distinct groups, at the low frequencies adaptation rates are significantly slower than those at 2.0 kHz and above; 3) the onset of adaptation occurs at an earlier time for the higher frequencies; and 4) the rate of adaptation was found to be independent of suprathreshold level. The changes in adaptation with frequency of the stimulus may be expressed by an equation involving inter-related time constants for the growth and adaptation portions of the reflex curve in accordance with a descriptive model suggested by Tietze."}
{"id": "PMID:869438", "title": "Hearing aids & hearing deterioration.", "content": "The literature contains articles which report that the deterioration of hearing is increased by the use of hearing aids, and others which show that there is no increase. The results of our experience with 261 patients over a ten-year period show that there is no increase in hearing loss in the aided ear which can be attributed to the use of a hearing aid.", "contents": "Hearing aids & hearing deterioration. The literature contains articles which report that the deterioration of hearing is increased by the use of hearing aids, and others which show that there is no increase. The results of our experience with 261 patients over a ten-year period show that there is no increase in hearing loss in the aided ear which can be attributed to the use of a hearing aid."}
{"id": "PMID:869439", "title": "Dilator naris muscle.", "content": "The human nose is an important organ of respiration which by virtue of its valvular influence becomes a significant effector of respiratory resistance over a wide range of ventilatory requirements. In man its effectiveness in this regard is related to its flow limiting segment (FLS) located at the limen nasi. Its passive valvular effect is additionally modified by active respiratory contractions of the dilator naris muscle (DNM) controlled through the VII cranial nerve by the brain stem respiratory center. Its behavior, quantitatively determined in human beings and experimental animals, is summarized. 1) In man, phasic DNM activity operates during eupneic nasal breathing and varies directly with  ventilatory resistance. 2) The elimination of all measurable ventilatory resistance results in complete cessation of DNM activity. 3) Over time, reduced resistance produces difficulty in reestablishing dilator function once it is physiologically lost. 4) DNM respiratory activity is modified by pulmonary mechano- and pressure-receptors via afferent vagal pathways. The response of nasal dilators in valvular control, therefore, appears dependent on the physiologic integrity of the vagus nerves. It is our belief that nasal valvular control has not previously been appreciated in this context.", "contents": "Dilator naris muscle. The human nose is an important organ of respiration which by virtue of its valvular influence becomes a significant effector of respiratory resistance over a wide range of ventilatory requirements. In man its effectiveness in this regard is related to its flow limiting segment (FLS) located at the limen nasi. Its passive valvular effect is additionally modified by active respiratory contractions of the dilator naris muscle (DNM) controlled through the VII cranial nerve by the brain stem respiratory center. Its behavior, quantitatively determined in human beings and experimental animals, is summarized. 1) In man, phasic DNM activity operates during eupneic nasal breathing and varies directly with  ventilatory resistance. 2) The elimination of all measurable ventilatory resistance results in complete cessation of DNM activity. 3) Over time, reduced resistance produces difficulty in reestablishing dilator function once it is physiologically lost. 4) DNM respiratory activity is modified by pulmonary mechano- and pressure-receptors via afferent vagal pathways. The response of nasal dilators in valvular control, therefore, appears dependent on the physiologic integrity of the vagus nerves. It is our belief that nasal valvular control has not previously been appreciated in this context."}
{"id": "PMID:869440", "title": "Impression materials for removal of aural foreign bodies.", "content": "A new method for removal of aural foreign bodies is introduced, employing the injection of a semifluid impression material into the external auditory canal, and its removal after curing with the engulfed foreign matter. This technique obviated the need for a general anesthetic in some pediatric cases, while in others it was just a more pleasant experience.", "contents": "Impression materials for removal of aural foreign bodies. A new method for removal of aural foreign bodies is introduced, employing the injection of a semifluid impression material into the external auditory canal, and its removal after curing with the engulfed foreign matter. This technique obviated the need for a general anesthetic in some pediatric cases, while in others it was just a more pleasant experience."}
{"id": "PMID:869445", "title": "[Hereditary Sipple syndrome (author's transl)].", "content": "This entity, isolated by Gorlin, is characterized by the presence of cutaneous and mucous neuromas, facial disfiguration resembling acromegalia as well as morphological changes to the extremities similar to those produced by Marfan's disease. These factors are also associated with multiple endocrinological neoplasms type II of Sipple's syndrome. In other words, malignant tumors developing from thyroid \"C\" cells as well as from bilateral benign pheochromocytoma (neoplasias which derive from the A.P.U.D. system). It is considered to be hereditary in nature and transmitted as a dominant trait. Its evolution is triphasic, and the prognosis is extremely dismal. There may exist incomplete or benign forms, in the course of which the endocrinological neoplasms may appear very late or not at all. Generally, the diagnosis is easy. This entity can be calssified with other diseases stemming from the neural ridge, in other words \"neurocristopathies\" but in spite of these similarities with disease of the same embryological origin, it would seem that this particular entity is genetically autonomous. The only effective treatment is surgical, for thyroid neoplasms, as well as neoplasms occurring in the medullo-adrenal glands. It should be noted that this line of treatment must be undertaken with the utmost precaution.", "contents": "[Hereditary Sipple syndrome (author's transl)]. This entity, isolated by Gorlin, is characterized by the presence of cutaneous and mucous neuromas, facial disfiguration resembling acromegalia as well as morphological changes to the extremities similar to those produced by Marfan's disease. These factors are also associated with multiple endocrinological neoplasms type II of Sipple's syndrome. In other words, malignant tumors developing from thyroid \"C\" cells as well as from bilateral benign pheochromocytoma (neoplasias which derive from the A.P.U.D. system). It is considered to be hereditary in nature and transmitted as a dominant trait. Its evolution is triphasic, and the prognosis is extremely dismal. There may exist incomplete or benign forms, in the course of which the endocrinological neoplasms may appear very late or not at all. Generally, the diagnosis is easy. This entity can be calssified with other diseases stemming from the neural ridge, in other words \"neurocristopathies\" but in spite of these similarities with disease of the same embryological origin, it would seem that this particular entity is genetically autonomous. The only effective treatment is surgical, for thyroid neoplasms, as well as neoplasms occurring in the medullo-adrenal glands. It should be noted that this line of treatment must be undertaken with the utmost precaution."}
{"id": "PMID:869441", "title": "Temporal bone showing otosclerosis, paget's disease and adenocarcinoma.", "content": "In a pair of temporal bones serial sectioning revealed widespread Paget's disease with otosclerosis on both sides and, at the right side, adenocarcinoma added. Stapedial fixation was produced on the right by otosclerosis, and on the left by Paget's disease. In the contest to reach the inner cochlear space, Paget was the winner on the left, where, at the tympanic scala, otosclerosis and Paget's disease almost met, while the immediately adjacent organ o Corti was uninvolved.", "contents": "Temporal bone showing otosclerosis, paget's disease and adenocarcinoma. In a pair of temporal bones serial sectioning revealed widespread Paget's disease with otosclerosis on both sides and, at the right side, adenocarcinoma added. Stapedial fixation was produced on the right by otosclerosis, and on the left by Paget's disease. In the contest to reach the inner cochlear space, Paget was the winner on the left, where, at the tympanic scala, otosclerosis and Paget's disease almost met, while the immediately adjacent organ o Corti was uninvolved."}
{"id": "PMID:869446", "title": "[Cutaneous symptoms of thrombocytemia (author's transl)].", "content": "By the study of 4 personal cases and a review of the literature, the authors describe the symptoms which may complicate and even reveal an essential thrombocythemia. They are: painful symptoms which indicate a permanent or paroxystic vasculomotor syndrome by their localization and their course: -erythematous lesions of an inflammatory livedo type located on the legs and blue-red reticular spots on the sole of the foot: --occurrence of gangrene on finger ends or of necrotic ulcerations of the legs. Etiological conditions, exploration of primary hemostasis, physiopathology of the troubles are described. As for therapeutics the antiaggregants have a suspensive effect on the symptoms but only the control of the hematological status may allow recovery.", "contents": "[Cutaneous symptoms of thrombocytemia (author's transl)]. By the study of 4 personal cases and a review of the literature, the authors describe the symptoms which may complicate and even reveal an essential thrombocythemia. They are: painful symptoms which indicate a permanent or paroxystic vasculomotor syndrome by their localization and their course: -erythematous lesions of an inflammatory livedo type located on the legs and blue-red reticular spots on the sole of the foot: --occurrence of gangrene on finger ends or of necrotic ulcerations of the legs. Etiological conditions, exploration of primary hemostasis, physiopathology of the troubles are described. As for therapeutics the antiaggregants have a suspensive effect on the symptoms but only the control of the hematological status may allow recovery."}
{"id": "PMID:869447", "title": "[Plasmocytic proliferative lesions of the foreskin. A variety of Zoon's benign circumscribed balanitis (author's transl)].", "content": "A peculiar anatomoclinic form is described about the Balanoposthite chronique circonscrite b\u00e9nigne \u00e0 plasmocytes (Zoon): the pimpled, erosive, nodular and pseudoangiomatous form. Clinically this balantis realizes a pseudo-oedematous infiltration (which belongs to the usual form) and especially botriomycome-like nodules (obs. 2) or pseudo-neoplastic tumors (obs. 1). Histologically, the lesions consist of a pure plasmocytar infiltration, with total disappearance of the epithelium. In spite of its pseudo-tumoral aspect and of the abundance of plasmocytes, this kind of balanitis is quite benign and chronic, may persist many years without transformation, and is never a sign of dysglobulinemia.", "contents": "[Plasmocytic proliferative lesions of the foreskin. A variety of Zoon's benign circumscribed balanitis (author's transl)]. A peculiar anatomoclinic form is described about the Balanoposthite chronique circonscrite b\u00e9nigne \u00e0 plasmocytes (Zoon): the pimpled, erosive, nodular and pseudoangiomatous form. Clinically this balantis realizes a pseudo-oedematous infiltration (which belongs to the usual form) and especially botriomycome-like nodules (obs. 2) or pseudo-neoplastic tumors (obs. 1). Histologically, the lesions consist of a pure plasmocytar infiltration, with total disappearance of the epithelium. In spite of its pseudo-tumoral aspect and of the abundance of plasmocytes, this kind of balanitis is quite benign and chronic, may persist many years without transformation, and is never a sign of dysglobulinemia."}
{"id": "PMID:869436", "title": "Metabolism of intranasally applied cocaine.", "content": "Surprisingly little is known about the metabolism and toxicity of cocaine in man. In this study serum obtained following nasal surgery was assayed for benzoylecgonine (the major metabolite of cocaine) by radioimmunoassay. It was found that cocaine was rapidly hydrolyzed in the serum. Benzoylecgonine was detectable in the serum at 15 minutes. The peak blood level of the metabolite appeared at 4.5 hours with a peak concentrations of 872.9 ng/ml. The half time clearance of the metabolite from the serum was 5.5 hours. A discussion of variables which must be considered in deriving, by a scientific method, a maximum safe clinical dose is presented.", "contents": "Metabolism of intranasally applied cocaine. Surprisingly little is known about the metabolism and toxicity of cocaine in man. In this study serum obtained following nasal surgery was assayed for benzoylecgonine (the major metabolite of cocaine) by radioimmunoassay. It was found that cocaine was rapidly hydrolyzed in the serum. Benzoylecgonine was detectable in the serum at 15 minutes. The peak blood level of the metabolite appeared at 4.5 hours with a peak concentrations of 872.9 ng/ml. The half time clearance of the metabolite from the serum was 5.5 hours. A discussion of variables which must be considered in deriving, by a scientific method, a maximum safe clinical dose is presented."}
{"id": "PMID:869448", "title": "[Lichen striatus; histologic features (author's transl)].", "content": "The histologic picture of lichen striatus is not uniform and changes, as it seems, with the \"oldness\" of the lesion; showing: sometimes a dense lympho-histiocytic infiltrate of the papillary dermis and epidermis, sometimes features of atypical lichen planus. The existence of spongiotic vesicles in the low epidermis and in certain late forms, pictures of disruption of the basal layer with residual cavities compose particular data of the disease.", "contents": "[Lichen striatus; histologic features (author's transl)]. The histologic picture of lichen striatus is not uniform and changes, as it seems, with the \"oldness\" of the lesion; showing: sometimes a dense lympho-histiocytic infiltrate of the papillary dermis and epidermis, sometimes features of atypical lichen planus. The existence of spongiotic vesicles in the low epidermis and in certain late forms, pictures of disruption of the basal layer with residual cavities compose particular data of the disease."}
{"id": "PMID:869449", "title": "[Teutschlaender lipo-calcino-granulomatosis or tumoral calcinosis of Inclan (author's transl)].", "content": "The present report describes a typical case of tumoral calcinosis. Differential diagnosis was initially directed towards sarcoma suggested by fibrous connective tissue surrounding cystlike cavities. The course of this disease led to chronic multiple fistulae with secondary infection in spite of two attempts of surgical excision. This case adds further support to the results of earlier reports showing no specific biological abnormalities. The present sutyd indicates otherwise that tumoral calcinosis and lipo-calcino-granulomatosis of Teutschlaender are the same condition. The pathogenesis of this affection remains enigmatic; there is no evidence that the lipidic excess should be the beginning of the process, but this disease must be considered as a distinctive form of calcinosis. The surgical exeresis is the only possible treatment, even if it doesn't prevent recurrence.", "contents": "[Teutschlaender lipo-calcino-granulomatosis or tumoral calcinosis of Inclan (author's transl)]. The present report describes a typical case of tumoral calcinosis. Differential diagnosis was initially directed towards sarcoma suggested by fibrous connective tissue surrounding cystlike cavities. The course of this disease led to chronic multiple fistulae with secondary infection in spite of two attempts of surgical excision. This case adds further support to the results of earlier reports showing no specific biological abnormalities. The present sutyd indicates otherwise that tumoral calcinosis and lipo-calcino-granulomatosis of Teutschlaender are the same condition. The pathogenesis of this affection remains enigmatic; there is no evidence that the lipidic excess should be the beginning of the process, but this disease must be considered as a distinctive form of calcinosis. The surgical exeresis is the only possible treatment, even if it doesn't prevent recurrence."}
{"id": "PMID:869450", "title": "[Multiple, continuous and progressive fibromatosis (author's transl)].", "content": "Fibromatoses--a subgroup within the group formed by various disorders of fibroblastic origin--have been reviewed. The existence of cases which defy an easy classification has been pointed out. The case of a patient, aged 44, in whom multiple, continuous and progressive tumours, some with considerable invagination, have kept appearing since the age of 10, has been reported.", "contents": "[Multiple, continuous and progressive fibromatosis (author's transl)]. Fibromatoses--a subgroup within the group formed by various disorders of fibroblastic origin--have been reviewed. The existence of cases which defy an easy classification has been pointed out. The case of a patient, aged 44, in whom multiple, continuous and progressive tumours, some with considerable invagination, have kept appearing since the age of 10, has been reported."}
{"id": "PMID:869451", "title": "[Follicular tumidus retro-auricular lichen planus (author's transl)].", "content": "Referring to three comparable cases, a new form of lichen planus is described. This form is characterized by a prominent lesion, violaceus in color or pigmented, with white yellowish specks mimicking milia. The histologic picture of lichen follicularis, the presence of typical papules of lichen distant from the retro-auricular lesion make it possible to consider this clinical aspect as a variety of lichen planus.", "contents": "[Follicular tumidus retro-auricular lichen planus (author's transl)]. Referring to three comparable cases, a new form of lichen planus is described. This form is characterized by a prominent lesion, violaceus in color or pigmented, with white yellowish specks mimicking milia. The histologic picture of lichen follicularis, the presence of typical papules of lichen distant from the retro-auricular lesion make it possible to consider this clinical aspect as a variety of lichen planus."}
{"id": "PMID:869442", "title": "Proplast tracheal prosthesis: a preliminary report.", "content": "Proplast, a recently developed biologically acceptable synthetic polymer has been utilized in replacement of the cervical tracheas of five dogs. The results of this initial study are encouraging and, in the opinion of the authors, justify further experimentation with this refined prosthetic model.", "contents": "Proplast tracheal prosthesis: a preliminary report. Proplast, a recently developed biologically acceptable synthetic polymer has been utilized in replacement of the cervical tracheas of five dogs. The results of this initial study are encouraging and, in the opinion of the authors, justify further experimentation with this refined prosthetic model."}
{"id": "PMID:869458", "title": "[Keratoacanthomas and xeroderma pigmentosum (author's transl)].", "content": "A girl with xeroderma pigmentosum has developed seven successive keratoacanthomas on the face, since the age of 5, during a period of two and a half years. The clinical diagnosis of keratoacanthoma was obvious for most lesions. Three keratoacanthomas have been removed and the diagnosis has been confirmed histologically. The four more recent lesions have regressed without any surgical treatment. No impairment of the cell-mediated immune function has been noticed (there is no failure in D.N.C.B. sensitization; the level of the blastogenic transformation after phytohaemagglutinin stimulation lies within limits of normal values obtained from control subjects). Keratoacanthoma is an uncommon complication of xeroderma pigmentosum, since only 15 other cases (2 of them are successive keratoacanthomas) have been reported in the literature. In a recent publication, it has been stressed that a deficit of cell mediated immunity can be associated with xeroderma pigmentosum. Such a deficit has also been observed in a patient with multiple keratoacanthomas. In contrast with those reports, no failure of cell mediated immunity has been observed in our patient, as far as provocative tests are concerned.", "contents": "[Keratoacanthomas and xeroderma pigmentosum (author's transl)]. A girl with xeroderma pigmentosum has developed seven successive keratoacanthomas on the face, since the age of 5, during a period of two and a half years. The clinical diagnosis of keratoacanthoma was obvious for most lesions. Three keratoacanthomas have been removed and the diagnosis has been confirmed histologically. The four more recent lesions have regressed without any surgical treatment. No impairment of the cell-mediated immune function has been noticed (there is no failure in D.N.C.B. sensitization; the level of the blastogenic transformation after phytohaemagglutinin stimulation lies within limits of normal values obtained from control subjects). Keratoacanthoma is an uncommon complication of xeroderma pigmentosum, since only 15 other cases (2 of them are successive keratoacanthomas) have been reported in the literature. In a recent publication, it has been stressed that a deficit of cell mediated immunity can be associated with xeroderma pigmentosum. Such a deficit has also been observed in a patient with multiple keratoacanthomas. In contrast with those reports, no failure of cell mediated immunity has been observed in our patient, as far as provocative tests are concerned."}
{"id": "PMID:869459", "title": "[Essential melanic pigmentation of the mouth and the lips].", "content": "Lenticular or linear, buccal or labial, slate-coloured or melanic black spots are noticed in healthy subjects with no racial, hormonal or drug factor. Histological examination shows a pigmentary excess of the basement membrane without anomaly or dystrophy or nevus cells. Ultrastructural study shows a great number of intracyto-plasmic melanosomes, isolated or in group in all the keratinocytes in the third inferior part of the epidermis. No explanation can be given to this melanocyte hyperactivity. An excision can be done without danger for esthetical purpose.", "contents": "[Essential melanic pigmentation of the mouth and the lips]. Lenticular or linear, buccal or labial, slate-coloured or melanic black spots are noticed in healthy subjects with no racial, hormonal or drug factor. Histological examination shows a pigmentary excess of the basement membrane without anomaly or dystrophy or nevus cells. Ultrastructural study shows a great number of intracyto-plasmic melanosomes, isolated or in group in all the keratinocytes in the third inferior part of the epidermis. No explanation can be given to this melanocyte hyperactivity. An excision can be done without danger for esthetical purpose."}
{"id": "PMID:869460", "title": "[Adult papular acrodermatitis (Gianotti's disease). Report of 3 cases].", "content": "The authors report three cases of adult papular acrodermatitis with circulating HBs antigen. The eruption was followed by a benign icteric hepatitis which lasted from 30 to 45 days. In two cases, HBs antigen disappeared in a one month period, in one case the antigen has been present for more than three months. Direct immunofluorescence staining exhibits c3 deposits in the vessels of the dermal lesions, without any deposition of immunoglobulins or fibrinogen. We were unable to demonstrate the presence of HBs and \" e \" antigens in the skin lesions (using FITC conjugated specific antiserums). Serum protein concentrations of complement components C1q, C4,C3, C3PA were normal as measured by radial immunodiffusion. The percentage of circulating B and T cells was normal, as essayed by E-RFC, EAC-RFC and sIg. Thus, adult papular acrodermatitis, as well as the infantile form, does represent a sign of invasion of a benign viral hepatitis.", "contents": "[Adult papular acrodermatitis (Gianotti's disease). Report of 3 cases]. The authors report three cases of adult papular acrodermatitis with circulating HBs antigen. The eruption was followed by a benign icteric hepatitis which lasted from 30 to 45 days. In two cases, HBs antigen disappeared in a one month period, in one case the antigen has been present for more than three months. Direct immunofluorescence staining exhibits c3 deposits in the vessels of the dermal lesions, without any deposition of immunoglobulins or fibrinogen. We were unable to demonstrate the presence of HBs and \" e \" antigens in the skin lesions (using FITC conjugated specific antiserums). Serum protein concentrations of complement components C1q, C4,C3, C3PA were normal as measured by radial immunodiffusion. The percentage of circulating B and T cells was normal, as essayed by E-RFC, EAC-RFC and sIg. Thus, adult papular acrodermatitis, as well as the infantile form, does represent a sign of invasion of a benign viral hepatitis."}
{"id": "PMID:869461", "title": "[Hyperkeratosis punctata of the palmar creases].", "content": "The authors have collected 6 cases (one personal case and 5 cases from the literature) of hyperkeratosis punctata of the palmar creases, an affection which seems to be a new type of keratosis punctata. It is characterized by the development of small horny plugs in small cup-like depressions which are electively and exclusively found in the palmar flexion creases of the fingers. Histological examination shows a plug-like hyperkeratosis penetrating, more or less deeply, the depressed, funnel-like Malpighi's mucous layer which sometimes consists of one layer of cells. This affection might be compared to Kyrle's disease (and the hyperkeratotic plugs of mechanical origin). The histological evidence of non-rupture of the dermis by the horny plugs may not be considered as a sufficient factor of differentiation: however, other clinical criteria differentiate these various affections. In the absence of a known etiology we must conclude that this type of keratosis punctata confined to the palmar creases is an autonomous disease.", "contents": "[Hyperkeratosis punctata of the palmar creases]. The authors have collected 6 cases (one personal case and 5 cases from the literature) of hyperkeratosis punctata of the palmar creases, an affection which seems to be a new type of keratosis punctata. It is characterized by the development of small horny plugs in small cup-like depressions which are electively and exclusively found in the palmar flexion creases of the fingers. Histological examination shows a plug-like hyperkeratosis penetrating, more or less deeply, the depressed, funnel-like Malpighi's mucous layer which sometimes consists of one layer of cells. This affection might be compared to Kyrle's disease (and the hyperkeratotic plugs of mechanical origin). The histological evidence of non-rupture of the dermis by the horny plugs may not be considered as a sufficient factor of differentiation: however, other clinical criteria differentiate these various affections. In the absence of a known etiology we must conclude that this type of keratosis punctata confined to the palmar creases is an autonomous disease."}
{"id": "PMID:869462", "title": "[Serum IgE levels in scabies. Study about 100 cases].", "content": "IgE levels were determinated in 100 cases of human scabies. In 85 cases, the values are normal (mean value =160 UI/ml, 2 S.D.=528). In 15 cases with raised values, an associated disease (cirrhosis, atopic dermatitis) was always found. The results were compared with those of other authors.", "contents": "[Serum IgE levels in scabies. Study about 100 cases]. IgE levels were determinated in 100 cases of human scabies. In 85 cases, the values are normal (mean value =160 UI/ml, 2 S.D.=528). In 15 cases with raised values, an associated disease (cirrhosis, atopic dermatitis) was always found. The results were compared with those of other authors."}
{"id": "PMID:869463", "title": "[Familial epithelioma of Ferguson-Smith about two familial cases].", "content": "Two cases of multiple self-healing epithelioma (Ferguson-Smith) are reported in a French family. This dermatosis has been present since the age of 30 in both father and son. The father aged 66 years, farmer, had suffered since 1939 from recurrent spontaneously healing tumors of the face and neck, with deeply pitted scars on the face. He was treated during fifteen years in a cancer institute for multiple well-differentiated \" squamous cell carcinoma \" on the neck, face, and tongue; local recurrence did not occur after treatment of the active tumors and there was no clinical evidence of secondary lymphnode involvement. His son, aged 30, teacher, came in July with a papular active tumour on the cheek, which was surgically removed; his face and ears soon became affected. In the two cases, numerous biopsies showed in the early stage a great down growth of the epidermis with a central horny plug, like in keratotic papules or small kerato-acan-thomas and in more active lesions, typical appearances of squamous cell epithelioma grade I. The familial incidence is proved in the majority of the 30 cases reported since the first description by Ferguson-Smith in 1934. Only caucasians are concerned, most of them being Scottish. There is no sex predominance. First changes generally occur in young adults on light exposed areas but mucous membranes can be affected. The individual lesions last for several months, but fresh ones appear continuously, so that the disease remains extensive. The cause of these tumors is still unknown; histological and ultrastructural findings cannot explain this condition. Our ultrastructural study is parallel to previous works and fails to find viral particles in keratinocyte nuclei or cytoplasma.", "contents": "[Familial epithelioma of Ferguson-Smith about two familial cases]. Two cases of multiple self-healing epithelioma (Ferguson-Smith) are reported in a French family. This dermatosis has been present since the age of 30 in both father and son. The father aged 66 years, farmer, had suffered since 1939 from recurrent spontaneously healing tumors of the face and neck, with deeply pitted scars on the face. He was treated during fifteen years in a cancer institute for multiple well-differentiated \" squamous cell carcinoma \" on the neck, face, and tongue; local recurrence did not occur after treatment of the active tumors and there was no clinical evidence of secondary lymphnode involvement. His son, aged 30, teacher, came in July with a papular active tumour on the cheek, which was surgically removed; his face and ears soon became affected. In the two cases, numerous biopsies showed in the early stage a great down growth of the epidermis with a central horny plug, like in keratotic papules or small kerato-acan-thomas and in more active lesions, typical appearances of squamous cell epithelioma grade I. The familial incidence is proved in the majority of the 30 cases reported since the first description by Ferguson-Smith in 1934. Only caucasians are concerned, most of them being Scottish. There is no sex predominance. First changes generally occur in young adults on light exposed areas but mucous membranes can be affected. The individual lesions last for several months, but fresh ones appear continuously, so that the disease remains extensive. The cause of these tumors is still unknown; histological and ultrastructural findings cannot explain this condition. Our ultrastructural study is parallel to previous works and fails to find viral particles in keratinocyte nuclei or cytoplasma."}
{"id": "PMID:869464", "title": "[Centrifugal annular erythema of Colcott-Fox type (erythema gyratum perstans)].", "content": "The case of a child with Colcott-Fox type of centrifugal annular chronic erythema is reported. It is a sporadic, non-familial form, associated with a bullous eruption, and an atrophic conjonctivitis with trichiasis. A review is made of 11 previously published cases, allowing a synthesis of their essential features. The action played by the slow reactive substances (S. R. S. A.) in the extension of the erythematous margin is discussed. The clinical diagnosis of centrifugal annular erythema is exposed.", "contents": "[Centrifugal annular erythema of Colcott-Fox type (erythema gyratum perstans)]. The case of a child with Colcott-Fox type of centrifugal annular chronic erythema is reported. It is a sporadic, non-familial form, associated with a bullous eruption, and an atrophic conjonctivitis with trichiasis. A review is made of 11 previously published cases, allowing a synthesis of their essential features. The action played by the slow reactive substances (S. R. S. A.) in the extension of the erythematous margin is discussed. The clinical diagnosis of centrifugal annular erythema is exposed."}
{"id": "PMID:869465", "title": "[Lymphomatoid granulomatosis: cyclic nodular lymphomatoid panniculitis with immunologic deficiency].", "content": "The case of a 66 years old woman having presented an unusual cyclic dermatosis of 11 months duration is reported. The cutaneous elements were successively located in a subcutaneous, dermal and epidermal situation, and presented a spontaneous healing with sometimes deep retractive residual scars after an ulceration or not. Pathologically, the lesions consisted in dense mononuclear infiltrates and vascular lesions. This disease was associated with an immuno-deficiency state characterized by extremely low levels of circulating IgM. This deficit was found to be persistant as it was still present two years later. However during this lapse of observation no cutaneous lesions recurred. The possible connexions of such a case with those of lymphomatous granulomatosis are discussed. In the absence of pulmonary lesion in the case reported here, no identification to the syndrome isolated by Liebow seems permitted. The authors offer a new denomination for this unusual entity.", "contents": "[Lymphomatoid granulomatosis: cyclic nodular lymphomatoid panniculitis with immunologic deficiency]. The case of a 66 years old woman having presented an unusual cyclic dermatosis of 11 months duration is reported. The cutaneous elements were successively located in a subcutaneous, dermal and epidermal situation, and presented a spontaneous healing with sometimes deep retractive residual scars after an ulceration or not. Pathologically, the lesions consisted in dense mononuclear infiltrates and vascular lesions. This disease was associated with an immuno-deficiency state characterized by extremely low levels of circulating IgM. This deficit was found to be persistant as it was still present two years later. However during this lapse of observation no cutaneous lesions recurred. The possible connexions of such a case with those of lymphomatous granulomatosis are discussed. In the absence of pulmonary lesion in the case reported here, no identification to the syndrome isolated by Liebow seems permitted. The authors offer a new denomination for this unusual entity."}
{"id": "PMID:869466", "title": "[Erythrosis interfollicularis colli de Leder].", "content": "The authors have studied clinically and histologically two cases of \" erythrosis interfollicularis colli de Leder \". It's a frequent affection, principally between 40 and 50 years of age but not very known because the patients rarely consult for it. Clinically they insist on the respect of a triangulary and lozengical median zone, and on the sight in \"plucked chicken skin\"; histologically on the dilatation of sebaceous glands, the frequency of a folliculary corneous plug and the elastic tissue alterations. On the etiological plan, the part of the age, the sun exposure, and in their two cases on the possible photosensibilisative part of the scents.", "contents": "[Erythrosis interfollicularis colli de Leder]. The authors have studied clinically and histologically two cases of \" erythrosis interfollicularis colli de Leder \". It's a frequent affection, principally between 40 and 50 years of age but not very known because the patients rarely consult for it. Clinically they insist on the respect of a triangulary and lozengical median zone, and on the sight in \"plucked chicken skin\"; histologically on the dilatation of sebaceous glands, the frequency of a folliculary corneous plug and the elastic tissue alterations. On the etiological plan, the part of the age, the sun exposure, and in their two cases on the possible photosensibilisative part of the scents."}
{"id": "PMID:869480", "title": "Secondary amyloidosis developing after pancreaticoduodenal resection.", "content": "Necropsy of a 34-year-old women four years after she had undergone pancreaticoduodenal resection showed amyloidosis, fatty liver, and cachexia. In life a malabsorption syndrome had been diagnosed two years after the resection, but at this stage tests for amyloidosis were still negative. Besides the fatty liver, positive histochemical tests for lipids (lipoproteins) in amyloid deposits were also found. Taken together with other findings these features reinforce the suggestion that lipprotein accumulation plays an essential part in the formation of amyloid.", "contents": "Secondary amyloidosis developing after pancreaticoduodenal resection. Necropsy of a 34-year-old women four years after she had undergone pancreaticoduodenal resection showed amyloidosis, fatty liver, and cachexia. In life a malabsorption syndrome had been diagnosed two years after the resection, but at this stage tests for amyloidosis were still negative. Besides the fatty liver, positive histochemical tests for lipids (lipoproteins) in amyloid deposits were also found. Taken together with other findings these features reinforce the suggestion that lipprotein accumulation plays an essential part in the formation of amyloid."}
{"id": "PMID:869481", "title": "Surgical treatment of peptic oesophageal stricture with Nissen fundoplication and intraoperative dilatation.", "content": "6 patients whose peptic oesophageal stricture caused by reflux oesophagitis was treated surgically with Nissen fundoplication and oesophageal dilatation are reported. In 5 patients oesophageal dilatation was performed intraoperatively and in one postoperatively 2 months after Nissen fundoplication. One patient whose stricture had been treated for 12 years with repeated dilatation required several dilatations postoperatively as well, but now, 6 months after operation, the need and frequency of dilatations are definitely decreasing. Our results of the Nissen fundoplication operation and simultaneous oesophageal dilatation are very promising. We feel that in the surgical treatment of benign peptic oesophageal stricture, particularly if the aetiology of the stricture isgastro-oesophageal reflux, more conservative operations of this type will displace other procedures consisting of resection of the stricture with or without intestinal interposition.", "contents": "Surgical treatment of peptic oesophageal stricture with Nissen fundoplication and intraoperative dilatation. 6 patients whose peptic oesophageal stricture caused by reflux oesophagitis was treated surgically with Nissen fundoplication and oesophageal dilatation are reported. In 5 patients oesophageal dilatation was performed intraoperatively and in one postoperatively 2 months after Nissen fundoplication. One patient whose stricture had been treated for 12 years with repeated dilatation required several dilatations postoperatively as well, but now, 6 months after operation, the need and frequency of dilatations are definitely decreasing. Our results of the Nissen fundoplication operation and simultaneous oesophageal dilatation are very promising. We feel that in the surgical treatment of benign peptic oesophageal stricture, particularly if the aetiology of the stricture isgastro-oesophageal reflux, more conservative operations of this type will displace other procedures consisting of resection of the stricture with or without intestinal interposition."}
{"id": "PMID:869482", "title": "A study of disseminated intravascular coagulation with the ethanol gelation test in severely injured patients.", "content": "The role of intravascular coagulation in severely injured patients was studied by the ethanol gelation test (EGT). Increased frequency of positive EGT's was observed following trauma, the highest on the fifth posttraumatic day (25 %). A positive test did not correlate with the quantity of blood received and the severity of the trauma. Patients with higher haematocrit, serum protein and platelet values showed a positive test more frequently.", "contents": "A study of disseminated intravascular coagulation with the ethanol gelation test in severely injured patients. The role of intravascular coagulation in severely injured patients was studied by the ethanol gelation test (EGT). Increased frequency of positive EGT's was observed following trauma, the highest on the fifth posttraumatic day (25 %). A positive test did not correlate with the quantity of blood received and the severity of the trauma. Patients with higher haematocrit, serum protein and platelet values showed a positive test more frequently."}
{"id": "PMID:869483", "title": "Intraoperative determination of the aortic valve area (Gorlin) by flowmetry.", "content": "The aortic area (Torlin) for diseased stenotic aortic valves was calculated in 10 patients using two different methods; data obtained in preoperative cardiac catheterization and by intraoperative flowmetric and aortic and left ventricular pressure-recording measurements, and their mutual correlation was tested. The correlation between the aortic valve areas obtained by these methods was very good (r = 0.992), confirming the valve and reliability of the intraoperative flowmetric and pressure recording measurements in clinical work.", "contents": "Intraoperative determination of the aortic valve area (Gorlin) by flowmetry. The aortic area (Torlin) for diseased stenotic aortic valves was calculated in 10 patients using two different methods; data obtained in preoperative cardiac catheterization and by intraoperative flowmetric and aortic and left ventricular pressure-recording measurements, and their mutual correlation was tested. The correlation between the aortic valve areas obtained by these methods was very good (r = 0.992), confirming the valve and reliability of the intraoperative flowmetric and pressure recording measurements in clinical work."}
{"id": "PMID:869485", "title": "Plasma renin activity, renal artery blood flow and cortical tissue oxygen tensionin haemorrhagic hypotension.", "content": "The changes occurring in plasma renin activity (PRA), tissue oxygen tension of the renal cortex and the change in renal total blood flow were studied during haemorrhagic hypotension in six dogs. The flow was measured with an electromagnetic flowmeter, the plasma renin activity was determined by radioimmunoassay and tissue oxygen tension with IBC oxygen electrodes. Haemorrhagic hypotension led to a significan increase in PRA. The fall in renal total blood flow and cortical tissue oxygen tension were significant after all three epizodes of bleeding (each of 10 ml/kg. Metabolic acidosis increased after every bleed. The correlation between PRA, renal blood flow and cortical tissue oxygen tension is evaluated in the discussion.", "contents": "Plasma renin activity, renal artery blood flow and cortical tissue oxygen tensionin haemorrhagic hypotension. The changes occurring in plasma renin activity (PRA), tissue oxygen tension of the renal cortex and the change in renal total blood flow were studied during haemorrhagic hypotension in six dogs. The flow was measured with an electromagnetic flowmeter, the plasma renin activity was determined by radioimmunoassay and tissue oxygen tension with IBC oxygen electrodes. Haemorrhagic hypotension led to a significan increase in PRA. The fall in renal total blood flow and cortical tissue oxygen tension were significant after all three epizodes of bleeding (each of 10 ml/kg. Metabolic acidosis increased after every bleed. The correlation between PRA, renal blood flow and cortical tissue oxygen tension is evaluated in the discussion."}
{"id": "PMID:869486", "title": "Pneumatosis cystoides intestinalis. Report of two cases.", "content": "The histories of two patients with pneumatosis cystoides intestinalis are reported. In the first case a left hemicolectomy was performed because of suspicion of polyposis coli. The other patients was given symptomatic treatment. Conservative treatment is recommended by most authors, but since the disorder is seldom seen, unnecessary surgery is often performed because of incorrect preoperative diagnosis.", "contents": "Pneumatosis cystoides intestinalis. Report of two cases. The histories of two patients with pneumatosis cystoides intestinalis are reported. In the first case a left hemicolectomy was performed because of suspicion of polyposis coli. The other patients was given symptomatic treatment. Conservative treatment is recommended by most authors, but since the disorder is seldom seen, unnecessary surgery is often performed because of incorrect preoperative diagnosis."}
{"id": "PMID:869488", "title": "Different phenotypes for phenylalanine hydroxylase deficiency.", "content": "Abnormalities related to the hydroxylation of phenylalanine to tyrosine are classified into three phenotypes based on the amount of dietary phenylalanine tolerated to keep serum phenylalanine within therapeutic levels, i.e., 180-425 micronmol/l(3-7 mg/100 ml) : (1) Classical phenylketonuria (PKU) tolerating approximately 17% of a normal intake of phenylalanine or approximately 0.12 mmol per kg body weight; (2) mild PKU with a tolerance some 50% higher; and (3) persistent hyperphenylalaninaemia (HPA) with serum phenylalanine values within therapeutic levels on a daily intake of greater than or equal to 0.7 mmol phenylalanine per kg body weight. Oral phenylalanine loading was performed on 100 heterozygotes for these abnormalities and 33 normal homozygotes. The slope of the rise in serum tyrosine multiplied by the maximum serum tyrosine concentration over the maximum phenylalanine concentration was the most powerful discriminant (D/-s, 3.54; overlapping 2.4%). Three heterozygous phenotypes were distinguished by this discriminant, and a significant correlation was observed between the phenotypic combination of the parents and the phenotype of their affected child. In particular, parents of children with classical PKU were clearly distinguished from heterozygotes for the other two abnormalities.", "contents": "Different phenotypes for phenylalanine hydroxylase deficiency. Abnormalities related to the hydroxylation of phenylalanine to tyrosine are classified into three phenotypes based on the amount of dietary phenylalanine tolerated to keep serum phenylalanine within therapeutic levels, i.e., 180-425 micronmol/l(3-7 mg/100 ml) : (1) Classical phenylketonuria (PKU) tolerating approximately 17% of a normal intake of phenylalanine or approximately 0.12 mmol per kg body weight; (2) mild PKU with a tolerance some 50% higher; and (3) persistent hyperphenylalaninaemia (HPA) with serum phenylalanine values within therapeutic levels on a daily intake of greater than or equal to 0.7 mmol phenylalanine per kg body weight. Oral phenylalanine loading was performed on 100 heterozygotes for these abnormalities and 33 normal homozygotes. The slope of the rise in serum tyrosine multiplied by the maximum serum tyrosine concentration over the maximum phenylalanine concentration was the most powerful discriminant (D/-s, 3.54; overlapping 2.4%). Three heterozygous phenotypes were distinguished by this discriminant, and a significant correlation was observed between the phenotypic combination of the parents and the phenotype of their affected child. In particular, parents of children with classical PKU were clearly distinguished from heterozygotes for the other two abnormalities."}
{"id": "PMID:869495", "title": "A comprehensive screening method for detecting organic acidurias and other metabolic diseases in acutely sick infants and children.", "content": "A protocol is described for the comprehensive screening of acutely ill neonates and infants for inherited metabolic diseases, with particular reference to the organic acidurias. A group of simple initial tests provide positive pointers to metabolic disorders, leading to comprehensive screening tests for the aminoacidopathies and organic acidurias. Specimen chromatograms of urinary organic acids in the normal neonate, infant, and child, obtained using the methods described, are given and compared with that from the urine of a child with previously unreported 2-hydroxyglutaric aciduria. The place of the scheme in the management of inherited metabolic disease in the perinatal period and its relationship to other screening programmes are discussed. It is estimated that use of the protocol would allow the detection of about one-half of the known inborn errors of metabolism, including the aminoacidopathies, the organic acidurias, the hyperammonaemias, and several disorders of carbohydrate metabolism, many of which present acutely in the neonate and infant.", "contents": "A comprehensive screening method for detecting organic acidurias and other metabolic diseases in acutely sick infants and children. A protocol is described for the comprehensive screening of acutely ill neonates and infants for inherited metabolic diseases, with particular reference to the organic acidurias. A group of simple initial tests provide positive pointers to metabolic disorders, leading to comprehensive screening tests for the aminoacidopathies and organic acidurias. Specimen chromatograms of urinary organic acids in the normal neonate, infant, and child, obtained using the methods described, are given and compared with that from the urine of a child with previously unreported 2-hydroxyglutaric aciduria. The place of the scheme in the management of inherited metabolic disease in the perinatal period and its relationship to other screening programmes are discussed. It is estimated that use of the protocol would allow the detection of about one-half of the known inborn errors of metabolism, including the aminoacidopathies, the organic acidurias, the hyperammonaemias, and several disorders of carbohydrate metabolism, many of which present acutely in the neonate and infant."}
{"id": "PMID:869497", "title": "Problems associated with measuring sweat chloride concentration with an ion-specific electrode.", "content": "The measurement of sweat chloride concentration was investigated by using the Orion 417 skin chloride electrode. The effects of variation in pilocarpine concentration, iontophoresis period, and sweat collection period were also investigated. The results show that the sweat chloride concentration is directly related to the amount of sweat produced. When the amount of sweat collected falls below a certain level, there is an apparent increase in sweat chloride concentration. A procedure is recommended for the measurement of sweat chloride concentration which offers good precision (coefficient of variation 9.8%) and the minimum of inconvenience to the patient.", "contents": "Problems associated with measuring sweat chloride concentration with an ion-specific electrode. The measurement of sweat chloride concentration was investigated by using the Orion 417 skin chloride electrode. The effects of variation in pilocarpine concentration, iontophoresis period, and sweat collection period were also investigated. The results show that the sweat chloride concentration is directly related to the amount of sweat produced. When the amount of sweat collected falls below a certain level, there is an apparent increase in sweat chloride concentration. A procedure is recommended for the measurement of sweat chloride concentration which offers good precision (coefficient of variation 9.8%) and the minimum of inconvenience to the patient."}
{"id": "PMID:869506", "title": "The geography of marriage in Britain, 1920-1960.", "content": "In 1959 the Population Investigation Committee at the London School of Economics instituted a nationwide survey of attitudes of marriage, contraception and family size. Questions were also asked about the birthplace of the partners and where they were living when they first met each other. These four place names provide the basis for marital mobility data whose geographical distribution is described here. A simple model of marital mobility is presented and the data are analysed according to (1) the propensity to marry outside the individual's birthplace or home town and (2) the distribution of the distan(e separating the partners when they come from different places. The data are very heterogeneous, so they are broken down for further analysis according to the population sizes of the birthplaces and home towns of each partner. The propensity to marry within the same place is strongly and positively associated with its population size. If the partners come from different places when the distance between their birthplaces, or between their home towns when they met, is associated with the population size of these places. Similar associations were found between the probability of migration from the birthplace, the distance moved, and population size. Men are more likely to move from their birthplaces than are women, and if they move they are more likely to move further. Marriage distance, as defined here, is also strongly influenced by population size. The geographical theory of central places offers a suitable framework for understanding the relation of marital mobility and population size and the results of this study are discussed in the context of geographical theories.", "contents": "The geography of marriage in Britain, 1920-1960. In 1959 the Population Investigation Committee at the London School of Economics instituted a nationwide survey of attitudes of marriage, contraception and family size. Questions were also asked about the birthplace of the partners and where they were living when they first met each other. These four place names provide the basis for marital mobility data whose geographical distribution is described here. A simple model of marital mobility is presented and the data are analysed according to (1) the propensity to marry outside the individual's birthplace or home town and (2) the distribution of the distan(e separating the partners when they come from different places. The data are very heterogeneous, so they are broken down for further analysis according to the population sizes of the birthplaces and home towns of each partner. The propensity to marry within the same place is strongly and positively associated with its population size. If the partners come from different places when the distance between their birthplaces, or between their home towns when they met, is associated with the population size of these places. Similar associations were found between the probability of migration from the birthplace, the distance moved, and population size. Men are more likely to move from their birthplaces than are women, and if they move they are more likely to move further. Marriage distance, as defined here, is also strongly influenced by population size. The geographical theory of central places offers a suitable framework for understanding the relation of marital mobility and population size and the results of this study are discussed in the context of geographical theories."}
{"id": "PMID:869507", "title": "Sibling correlations in growth and adult morphology in a rural Colombian population.", "content": "Correlations for body measurement between members of 207 pairs of school-aged and 116 pairs of adult siblings in a mestizo farming community of the Colombian Andes are comparable to those from previous studies of well nourished urban-industrial samples, both in magnitude and pattern of heritabilities. While the genetic potential in physical growth is impeded by undernutrition and disease in childhood in samples such as the present one, hereditary influences on the variability of growth and adult size appear to be as important in such populations as they are in well nourished ones. School-aged sibs have significantly higher correlations than adult sibs and parent-offspring pairs for some measurements, suggesting environmental contributions in physical resemblance of siblings. Fatfold correlations between adult sisters are persistently higher than those of other sib pairings when socio-economic differences, age, and seasonal variation in nutrition are held constant, implying a greater genetic basis for adipose tissue in females.", "contents": "Sibling correlations in growth and adult morphology in a rural Colombian population. Correlations for body measurement between members of 207 pairs of school-aged and 116 pairs of adult siblings in a mestizo farming community of the Colombian Andes are comparable to those from previous studies of well nourished urban-industrial samples, both in magnitude and pattern of heritabilities. While the genetic potential in physical growth is impeded by undernutrition and disease in childhood in samples such as the present one, hereditary influences on the variability of growth and adult size appear to be as important in such populations as they are in well nourished ones. School-aged sibs have significantly higher correlations than adult sibs and parent-offspring pairs for some measurements, suggesting environmental contributions in physical resemblance of siblings. Fatfold correlations between adult sisters are persistently higher than those of other sib pairings when socio-economic differences, age, and seasonal variation in nutrition are held constant, implying a greater genetic basis for adipose tissue in females."}
{"id": "PMID:869508", "title": "Ventilatory capacity if healthy Chinese children: relation to habitual activity.", "content": "Ventilatory capacity, including forced expiratory volume (FEV 1-0) and forced vital capacity (FVC), and selected anthropometric indices have been obtained for 36 boys and 19 girls aged 5-10 years from a working class district in Kowloon. The ventilatory capacity is related to stature and is 13 per cent larger for boys than girls. After allowing for stature and sex the residual variation is significantly reduced by also allowing for the children's habitual activity. The ventilatory capacity of the more active children, including those who have lived all their lives in squatter huts on the hillsides, is on average 8 per cent larger than for the inactive children including those who have lived all their lives in tenement flats with lifts. The groups are apparently similar with respect to income, dietary pattern, intelligence and disease incidence, so that findings provide independent support for the hypothesis that the level of habitual activity during childhood contributes to the ventilatory capacity. The absolute level of ventilatory capacity resembles that of Nepalese children and differs from that of some other groups.", "contents": "Ventilatory capacity if healthy Chinese children: relation to habitual activity. Ventilatory capacity, including forced expiratory volume (FEV 1-0) and forced vital capacity (FVC), and selected anthropometric indices have been obtained for 36 boys and 19 girls aged 5-10 years from a working class district in Kowloon. The ventilatory capacity is related to stature and is 13 per cent larger for boys than girls. After allowing for stature and sex the residual variation is significantly reduced by also allowing for the children's habitual activity. The ventilatory capacity of the more active children, including those who have lived all their lives in squatter huts on the hillsides, is on average 8 per cent larger than for the inactive children including those who have lived all their lives in tenement flats with lifts. The groups are apparently similar with respect to income, dietary pattern, intelligence and disease incidence, so that findings provide independent support for the hypothesis that the level of habitual activity during childhood contributes to the ventilatory capacity. The absolute level of ventilatory capacity resembles that of Nepalese children and differs from that of some other groups."}
{"id": "PMID:869509", "title": "A study of menarcheal age in India.", "content": "A study of menarcheal age was carried out in southern India. A logit method of analysis was applied to status quo data on 1267 Tamil and Telugu speaking girls aged 9 to 18 years in 3 schools catering for different socio-economic groups. There appears to be no relationship of menarcheal age with dietary pattern classified simply as vegetarian and non-vegetarian. Differences in median age at menarche between schools correspond well with the socio-economic differences between them. The median age in the most advantaged school (12-86 years) is comparable with that in recent studies in southern and eastern Europe, and may perhaps be in advance of some recent north-west European samples.", "contents": "A study of menarcheal age in India. A study of menarcheal age was carried out in southern India. A logit method of analysis was applied to status quo data on 1267 Tamil and Telugu speaking girls aged 9 to 18 years in 3 schools catering for different socio-economic groups. There appears to be no relationship of menarcheal age with dietary pattern classified simply as vegetarian and non-vegetarian. Differences in median age at menarche between schools correspond well with the socio-economic differences between them. The median age in the most advantaged school (12-86 years) is comparable with that in recent studies in southern and eastern Europe, and may perhaps be in advance of some recent north-west European samples."}
{"id": "PMID:869510", "title": "The age at menarche in some populations of the Veneto, North Italy.", "content": "The mean age at menarche in 6252 girls from secondary schools in six areas of the Veneto (Northern Italy) in 1975-1976, was estimated by probit analysis as 12-77 +/- 0-038 years. This mean is the highest known for Italy. Sexual maturation appears late in girls from large families and early in girls from small families: mean menarcheal ages were respectively 12-81 +/- 0-057 and 12-64 +/- 0-036 years.", "contents": "The age at menarche in some populations of the Veneto, North Italy. The mean age at menarche in 6252 girls from secondary schools in six areas of the Veneto (Northern Italy) in 1975-1976, was estimated by probit analysis as 12-77 +/- 0-038 years. This mean is the highest known for Italy. Sexual maturation appears late in girls from large families and early in girls from small families: mean menarcheal ages were respectively 12-81 +/- 0-057 and 12-64 +/- 0-036 years."}
{"id": "PMID:869511", "title": "Sex ratio in a sample of human fetuses in Denmark, 1962-1973.", "content": "The sex ratio was determined in 791 fetuses from pregnant women in the Copenhagen area 1962-1973. All the mothers were sterilized in connection with an induced abortion. Eighty percent of the fetuses had a crown-rump length between 50 mm and 150 mm corresponding to postmenstrual age of 11-19 weeks. The sex ratio was 138. There was no association between length and sex ratio. The difference between this sex ratio and that for live births in Denmark 1962-1973 (105-9) is substantial.", "contents": "Sex ratio in a sample of human fetuses in Denmark, 1962-1973. The sex ratio was determined in 791 fetuses from pregnant women in the Copenhagen area 1962-1973. All the mothers were sterilized in connection with an induced abortion. Eighty percent of the fetuses had a crown-rump length between 50 mm and 150 mm corresponding to postmenstrual age of 11-19 weeks. The sex ratio was 138. There was no association between length and sex ratio. The difference between this sex ratio and that for live births in Denmark 1962-1973 (105-9) is substantial."}
{"id": "PMID:869517", "title": "The effect of varying sea salt concentration in the growth medium on the chemical composition of a purified membrane fraction from Planococcus citreus Migula.", "content": "Membrane preparations were prepared from cells of Planococcus citreus grown in the presence of three final concentrations of sea salt in a basic growth medium. The concentration of salt in the medium affects the amount of membrane in the cell. The three preparations were subjected to chemical analysis and no significant changes in chemical composition were seen as the salt concentration in the medium was increased. Values for the various components generally were within normal ranges and were similar to those of non-halophiles rather than extreme halophiles. The protein levels were slightly higher and it it cellular ion balance. Atomic absorption analysis of the major cations associated with the membranes showed that divalent ions were present in a 2:1 ratio with ...", "contents": "The effect of varying sea salt concentration in the growth medium on the chemical composition of a purified membrane fraction from Planococcus citreus Migula. Membrane preparations were prepared from cells of Planococcus citreus grown in the presence of three final concentrations of sea salt in a basic growth medium. The concentration of salt in the medium affects the amount of membrane in the cell. The three preparations were subjected to chemical analysis and no significant changes in chemical composition were seen as the salt concentration in the medium was increased. Values for the various components generally were within normal ranges and were similar to those of non-halophiles rather than extreme halophiles. The protein levels were slightly higher and it it cellular ion balance. Atomic absorption analysis of the major cations associated with the membranes showed that divalent ions were present in a 2:1 ratio with ..."}
{"id": "PMID:869512", "title": "Stimulation of human lymphocytes in vitro by purified autologous DNA.", "content": "Addition of increasing concentrations of autologous DNA, but not of allogeneic DNA, in culture media of human lymphocytes induces a parallel increase of thymidine incorporation into leucocytes and of lymphocytes transformation into blast cells. Specificity of DNA action was analysed by different DNase and RNase treatments. DNase or RNase alone neither stimulates blastic transformation of lymphocytes and incorporation of thymidine into leucocytes, nor inhibits PHA-induced stimulations of these cells. However Dnase--but almost not RNase--clearly inhibits thymidine incorporation and blast transformation induced by autologous DNA.", "contents": "Stimulation of human lymphocytes in vitro by purified autologous DNA. Addition of increasing concentrations of autologous DNA, but not of allogeneic DNA, in culture media of human lymphocytes induces a parallel increase of thymidine incorporation into leucocytes and of lymphocytes transformation into blast cells. Specificity of DNA action was analysed by different DNase and RNase treatments. DNase or RNase alone neither stimulates blastic transformation of lymphocytes and incorporation of thymidine into leucocytes, nor inhibits PHA-induced stimulations of these cells. However Dnase--but almost not RNase--clearly inhibits thymidine incorporation and blast transformation induced by autologous DNA."}
{"id": "PMID:869519", "title": "Electron microscopy of sporulation in Schwanniomyces alluvius.", "content": "Sporulation in Schwanniomyces alluvius appeared to be preceded by fusion of a mother and daughter cell. Meiosis probably occurred in the mother cell and one or two spores were formed in the latter. A study of thin sections showed that the spore wall developed from a prospore wall. The mature spore wall consisted of a broad light inner layer and a thinner dark outer layer including warts. An equatorial ledge was present. During germination in the ascus, a new light inner layer was formed and the old layers of the spore wall partly broke up. Ascospores in a strain of S. persoonii had a different wall structure in that the dark layer had changed into light areas separated by dark material which formed bulges at the surface.", "contents": "Electron microscopy of sporulation in Schwanniomyces alluvius. Sporulation in Schwanniomyces alluvius appeared to be preceded by fusion of a mother and daughter cell. Meiosis probably occurred in the mother cell and one or two spores were formed in the latter. A study of thin sections showed that the spore wall developed from a prospore wall. The mature spore wall consisted of a broad light inner layer and a thinner dark outer layer including warts. An equatorial ledge was present. During germination in the ascus, a new light inner layer was formed and the old layers of the spore wall partly broke up. Ascospores in a strain of S. persoonii had a different wall structure in that the dark layer had changed into light areas separated by dark material which formed bulges at the surface."}
{"id": "PMID:869513", "title": "Relationship between chemical structure and adjuvant activity of some synthetic analogues of N-acetyl-muramyl-L-alanyl-D-isoglutamine (MDP).", "content": "Synthetic N-acetyl-muramyl-L-alanyl-D-isoglutamine, hereafter referred to as muramyl dipeptide or MDP, represents the minimal structure which can replace mycobacterial cells in Freund's complete adjuvant. This synthetic adjuvant can also enhance the humoral antibody response when administered to mice with an antigen in water by various routes including the oral route. The present paper reports some new results concerning the relationship between the structure and the adjuvant activity of MDP. Synthetic analogues of MDP were tested either in a water-in-oil emulsion in guinea-pigs or in saline in mice. The chemical modifications concerned essentially the D-glutamyl residue. The results obtained confirm the importance of maintaining the intact structure of the D-Glu residue and show that adjuvant activity can be abolished by certain modifications at the level of both carboxyl functions.", "contents": "Relationship between chemical structure and adjuvant activity of some synthetic analogues of N-acetyl-muramyl-L-alanyl-D-isoglutamine (MDP). Synthetic N-acetyl-muramyl-L-alanyl-D-isoglutamine, hereafter referred to as muramyl dipeptide or MDP, represents the minimal structure which can replace mycobacterial cells in Freund's complete adjuvant. This synthetic adjuvant can also enhance the humoral antibody response when administered to mice with an antigen in water by various routes including the oral route. The present paper reports some new results concerning the relationship between the structure and the adjuvant activity of MDP. Synthetic analogues of MDP were tested either in a water-in-oil emulsion in guinea-pigs or in saline in mice. The chemical modifications concerned essentially the D-glutamyl residue. The results obtained confirm the importance of maintaining the intact structure of the D-Glu residue and show that adjuvant activity can be abolished by certain modifications at the level of both carboxyl functions."}
{"id": "PMID:869514", "title": "In vitro measurement of specific rat IgE antibodies.", "content": "A radioimmunoassay has been developed for measuring specific rat IgE antibodies. The method used in base on the principle of the paper radio allergo sorbent technique (PRAST) as described by Wide et al. [11]. There is a good correlation between PRAST results and passive cutaneous anaphylaxis (PCA) titer. Inhibition tests with different purified monoclonal immunoglobulins show the specificity of this in vitro technique for measuring IgE antibodies. PRAST is in general somewhat more sensitive than the PCA test.", "contents": "In vitro measurement of specific rat IgE antibodies. A radioimmunoassay has been developed for measuring specific rat IgE antibodies. The method used in base on the principle of the paper radio allergo sorbent technique (PRAST) as described by Wide et al. [11]. There is a good correlation between PRAST results and passive cutaneous anaphylaxis (PCA) titer. Inhibition tests with different purified monoclonal immunoglobulins show the specificity of this in vitro technique for measuring IgE antibodies. PRAST is in general somewhat more sensitive than the PCA test."}
{"id": "PMID:869520", "title": "Coenzyme Q system in the classification of some ascosporogenous yeast genera in the families Saccharomycetaceae and Spermophthoraceae.", "content": "The Co-Q systems of 11 strains representing the genera Schwanniomyces, Lodderomyces, Lipomyces, Nematospora and Metschnikowia were determined. All the genera were characterized by the Q-9 system except for the genus Nematospora with needle-shaped ascospores. The only species, Nem. coryli, was found to have the Q-6 system. These results are discussed from the taxonomic point of view.", "contents": "Coenzyme Q system in the classification of some ascosporogenous yeast genera in the families Saccharomycetaceae and Spermophthoraceae. The Co-Q systems of 11 strains representing the genera Schwanniomyces, Lodderomyces, Lipomyces, Nematospora and Metschnikowia were determined. All the genera were characterized by the Q-9 system except for the genus Nematospora with needle-shaped ascospores. The only species, Nem. coryli, was found to have the Q-6 system. These results are discussed from the taxonomic point of view."}
{"id": "PMID:869521", "title": "Internal standards for gas chromatographic analysis of metabolic end products from anaerobic bacteria.", "content": "2-Methylpentanoic acid and benzoic acid are suggested for use as routine internal standards for gas chromatographic analysis of microbial end products.", "contents": "Internal standards for gas chromatographic analysis of metabolic end products from anaerobic bacteria. 2-Methylpentanoic acid and benzoic acid are suggested for use as routine internal standards for gas chromatographic analysis of microbial end products."}
{"id": "PMID:869522", "title": "Technique for isolating phage for Azotobacter vinelandii.", "content": "An enrichment technique was developed whereby azotophage could readily be isolated after inoculation of soil sites with Azotobacter vinelandii.", "contents": "Technique for isolating phage for Azotobacter vinelandii. An enrichment technique was developed whereby azotophage could readily be isolated after inoculation of soil sites with Azotobacter vinelandii."}
{"id": "PMID:869523", "title": "Isolation of a cellulotytic Bacteroides sp. from human feces.", "content": "An anaerobic cellulolytic bacterium, identified as a Bacteroides sp., was present in 10(-8) g of feces from only one of five human subjects.", "contents": "Isolation of a cellulotytic Bacteroides sp. from human feces. An anaerobic cellulolytic bacterium, identified as a Bacteroides sp., was present in 10(-8) g of feces from only one of five human subjects."}
{"id": "PMID:869524", "title": "Characteristics of Bacteroides isolates from the cecum of conventional mice.", "content": "Bacteroides isolates from the cecum of conventional mice were characterized and grouped according to their ability to ferment or hydrolyze carbohydrates and other compounds believed to be present in the intestinal ecosystem. The isolates were divided into 11 groups on the basis of the fermentation of glucose, cellobiose, gum arabic and xylan (hemicelluloses), N-acetylglucosamine, and dextrin; the hydrolysis of starch and casein (proteolysis); and the production of indole. Stock cultures of B. fragilis, B. distasonis, B. ovatus, B. vulgatus, and B. ruminicola were characterized in the same way. The strains isolated most frequently from the mouse cecum resembled B. fragilis (except that arabinose was fermented) and B. thetaiotaomicron.", "contents": "Characteristics of Bacteroides isolates from the cecum of conventional mice. Bacteroides isolates from the cecum of conventional mice were characterized and grouped according to their ability to ferment or hydrolyze carbohydrates and other compounds believed to be present in the intestinal ecosystem. The isolates were divided into 11 groups on the basis of the fermentation of glucose, cellobiose, gum arabic and xylan (hemicelluloses), N-acetylglucosamine, and dextrin; the hydrolysis of starch and casein (proteolysis); and the production of indole. Stock cultures of B. fragilis, B. distasonis, B. ovatus, B. vulgatus, and B. ruminicola were characterized in the same way. The strains isolated most frequently from the mouse cecum resembled B. fragilis (except that arabinose was fermented) and B. thetaiotaomicron."}
{"id": "PMID:869525", "title": "Use of an axenic medium for differentiation between pathogenic and nonpathogenic Naegleria fowleri isolates.", "content": "Growth in an axenic medium composed by Chang (3rd Int. Congr. Parasitol. Munich Abstr. ICPIII 1:187-188, 1974) allowed separation of pathogenic from nonpathogenic Naegleria fowleri strains, since only the former show luxuriant growth in this medium. On the basis of these results, this medium was used in early screening for virulent Naegleria isolates. During an extensive ecological study, data were obtained on 102 Naegleria strains. Twenty of these strains grew luxuriantly in this liquid medium. Seventeen of them were tested by intranasal instillation in mice, and all proved to be highly pathogenic. Strains showing only moderate growth or no growth at all in this axenic medium were found to be nonpathogenic for mice. Moreover, it was found that using this medium in the early stage of Naegleria sampling favors isolation of pathogenic strains in mixtures of Naegleria. During these experiments, further evidence was obtained that thermal polluted waters are the main origin of N. fowleri in the environment.", "contents": "Use of an axenic medium for differentiation between pathogenic and nonpathogenic Naegleria fowleri isolates. Growth in an axenic medium composed by Chang (3rd Int. Congr. Parasitol. Munich Abstr. ICPIII 1:187-188, 1974) allowed separation of pathogenic from nonpathogenic Naegleria fowleri strains, since only the former show luxuriant growth in this medium. On the basis of these results, this medium was used in early screening for virulent Naegleria isolates. During an extensive ecological study, data were obtained on 102 Naegleria strains. Twenty of these strains grew luxuriantly in this liquid medium. Seventeen of them were tested by intranasal instillation in mice, and all proved to be highly pathogenic. Strains showing only moderate growth or no growth at all in this axenic medium were found to be nonpathogenic for mice. Moreover, it was found that using this medium in the early stage of Naegleria sampling favors isolation of pathogenic strains in mixtures of Naegleria. During these experiments, further evidence was obtained that thermal polluted waters are the main origin of N. fowleri in the environment."}
{"id": "PMID:869526", "title": "Recovery of clostridia on catalase-treated plating media.", "content": "Four plating media commonly used for culturing clostridia were tested for their ability to support growth of several Clostridium species after storage of the plates for 1 to 10 days at 4 and 25 degrees C with and without subsequent addition of catalase. Liver-veal (LV) agar and brain heart infusion (BHI) agar rapidly became incapable of supporting growth after storage without added catalase, whereas Shahidi Ferguson perfringens agar base and Brewer anaerobic agar were less affected. Plate counts of vegetative cells of nine of the less fastidious Clostridium species on untreated LV and BHI agars, stored for 3 days at 4 degrees C, were 60 to 90% lower than counts on catalase-treated media. Counts on Shahidi Ferguson perfringens agar base were only 1 to 24% lower on untreated medium with the same species. Addition of 500 U of purified beef liver catalase to the surface of the 3-day-old agars before inoculation resulted in substantial restoration of the ability of the media to support colony formation from vegetative cells except with the most strictly anaerobic species (nonproteolytic C. botulinum types B, E, and F, and C. novyii types A and B). A similar response was obtained with spores of the less fastidious species on catalase-treated media. Our results suggest that inhibition of most Clostridium species on LV and BHI agars may be due to accumulation of peroxide during preparation, storage, and incubation of the media, and also suggest that the presence of glucose in these media is a major factor contributing to their inability to support growth. It is believed that the addition of exogenous catalase prevents the accumulation of peroxide(s), thus allowing colony formation from vegetative cells of the clostridia under what would otherwise be unsuitable cultural conditions.", "contents": "Recovery of clostridia on catalase-treated plating media. Four plating media commonly used for culturing clostridia were tested for their ability to support growth of several Clostridium species after storage of the plates for 1 to 10 days at 4 and 25 degrees C with and without subsequent addition of catalase. Liver-veal (LV) agar and brain heart infusion (BHI) agar rapidly became incapable of supporting growth after storage without added catalase, whereas Shahidi Ferguson perfringens agar base and Brewer anaerobic agar were less affected. Plate counts of vegetative cells of nine of the less fastidious Clostridium species on untreated LV and BHI agars, stored for 3 days at 4 degrees C, were 60 to 90% lower than counts on catalase-treated media. Counts on Shahidi Ferguson perfringens agar base were only 1 to 24% lower on untreated medium with the same species. Addition of 500 U of purified beef liver catalase to the surface of the 3-day-old agars before inoculation resulted in substantial restoration of the ability of the media to support colony formation from vegetative cells except with the most strictly anaerobic species (nonproteolytic C. botulinum types B, E, and F, and C. novyii types A and B). A similar response was obtained with spores of the less fastidious species on catalase-treated media. Our results suggest that inhibition of most Clostridium species on LV and BHI agars may be due to accumulation of peroxide during preparation, storage, and incubation of the media, and also suggest that the presence of glucose in these media is a major factor contributing to their inability to support growth. It is believed that the addition of exogenous catalase prevents the accumulation of peroxide(s), thus allowing colony formation from vegetative cells of the clostridia under what would otherwise be unsuitable cultural conditions."}
{"id": "PMID:869527", "title": "Oxidation of linear terpenes and squalene variants by Arthrobacter sp.", "content": "Cells of Arthrobacter sp. that had been isolated from soil were used to study oxidation of some linear terpenes and squalene variants. The cells oxidized geraniol, nerol, and farnesol to the corresponding aldehydes, with partial conversion of the geometrical isomerism of the alpha,beta-double bond. The squalene variant, squalene-2,3-oxide, was cleaved to 9,10-epoxygeranylacetone and geranylacetone. Squalene-2,3-22,23-dioxide was cleaved to 9,10-epoxygeranylacetone. These products were optically active, and their stereochemistry and optical purity were determined.", "contents": "Oxidation of linear terpenes and squalene variants by Arthrobacter sp. Cells of Arthrobacter sp. that had been isolated from soil were used to study oxidation of some linear terpenes and squalene variants. The cells oxidized geraniol, nerol, and farnesol to the corresponding aldehydes, with partial conversion of the geometrical isomerism of the alpha,beta-double bond. The squalene variant, squalene-2,3-oxide, was cleaved to 9,10-epoxygeranylacetone and geranylacetone. Squalene-2,3-22,23-dioxide was cleaved to 9,10-epoxygeranylacetone. These products were optically active, and their stereochemistry and optical purity were determined."}
{"id": "PMID:869528", "title": "Muramic acid as a measure of microbial biomass in estuarine and marine samples.", "content": "Muramic acid, a component of the muramyl peptide found only in the cell walls of bacteria and blue-green algae, furnishes a measure of detrital or sedimentary procaryotic biomass. A reproducible assay involving acid hydrolysis, preparative thin-layer chromatographic purification, and colorimetric analysis of lactate released from muramic acid by alkaline hydrolysis is described. Comparison of semitropical estuarine detritus, estuarine muds, and sediments from anaerobic Black Sea cores showed muramic acid levels of 100 to 700 microng/g (dry weight), 34 microng/g, and 1.5 to 14.9 microng/g, respectively. Enzymatic assays of lactate from muramic acid gave results 10- to 20-fold higher. Radioactive pulse-labeling studies showed that [14C]acetate is rapidly incorporated into muramic acid by the detrital microflora. Subsequent loss of 14C, accompanied by nearly constant levels of total muramic acid, indicated active metabolism in procaryotic cell walls.", "contents": "Muramic acid as a measure of microbial biomass in estuarine and marine samples. Muramic acid, a component of the muramyl peptide found only in the cell walls of bacteria and blue-green algae, furnishes a measure of detrital or sedimentary procaryotic biomass. A reproducible assay involving acid hydrolysis, preparative thin-layer chromatographic purification, and colorimetric analysis of lactate released from muramic acid by alkaline hydrolysis is described. Comparison of semitropical estuarine detritus, estuarine muds, and sediments from anaerobic Black Sea cores showed muramic acid levels of 100 to 700 microng/g (dry weight), 34 microng/g, and 1.5 to 14.9 microng/g, respectively. Enzymatic assays of lactate from muramic acid gave results 10- to 20-fold higher. Radioactive pulse-labeling studies showed that [14C]acetate is rapidly incorporated into muramic acid by the detrital microflora. Subsequent loss of 14C, accompanied by nearly constant levels of total muramic acid, indicated active metabolism in procaryotic cell walls."}
{"id": "PMID:869529", "title": "Resistance of Rhizobium strains to phygon, spergon, and thiram.", "content": "Strains of Rhizobium meliloti, Rhizobium sp. nodulating cowpeas, and R. phaseoli derived from cultures susceptible to tetramethylthiuram disulfide (thiram), 2,3-dichloro-1,4-naphthoquinone (phygon), and 2,3,5,6-tetrachloro-p-benzoquinone (spergon), respectively, grew in the presence of high concentrations of the fungicides and converted them to products not toxic to the sensitive rhizobia. The results of chemical assays demonstrated that the pesticides were destroyed by the resistant bacteria but not by the susceptible parent rhizobia. Resting cells of thiram-metabolizing R. meliloti formed large quantities of dimethyldithiocarbamate, dimethylamine, and CS2 from the pesticide. The products were characterized by gas and thin-layer chromatography, colorimetric reactions, and ultraviolet spectrometry. Dimethylamine and CS2 were formed spontaneously from dimethyldithiocarbamate, but the yield was higher in the presence of R. meliloti. The phygon-resistant bacterium converted the fungicide to five metabolites and thereby rendered the chemical nontoxic to a test fungus. The resistant strain of R. phaseoli generated at least one organic product and released about one-third of the chlorine during its detoxication of spergon.", "contents": "Resistance of Rhizobium strains to phygon, spergon, and thiram. Strains of Rhizobium meliloti, Rhizobium sp. nodulating cowpeas, and R. phaseoli derived from cultures susceptible to tetramethylthiuram disulfide (thiram), 2,3-dichloro-1,4-naphthoquinone (phygon), and 2,3,5,6-tetrachloro-p-benzoquinone (spergon), respectively, grew in the presence of high concentrations of the fungicides and converted them to products not toxic to the sensitive rhizobia. The results of chemical assays demonstrated that the pesticides were destroyed by the resistant bacteria but not by the susceptible parent rhizobia. Resting cells of thiram-metabolizing R. meliloti formed large quantities of dimethyldithiocarbamate, dimethylamine, and CS2 from the pesticide. The products were characterized by gas and thin-layer chromatography, colorimetric reactions, and ultraviolet spectrometry. Dimethylamine and CS2 were formed spontaneously from dimethyldithiocarbamate, but the yield was higher in the presence of R. meliloti. The phygon-resistant bacterium converted the fungicide to five metabolites and thereby rendered the chemical nontoxic to a test fungus. The resistant strain of R. phaseoli generated at least one organic product and released about one-third of the chlorine during its detoxication of spergon."}
{"id": "PMID:869530", "title": "Production of [14C]patulin by Penicillium patulum.", "content": "Factors affecting the production of [14C]patulin from [1-14C]acetate by replacement cultures of Penicillium patulum have been investigated. Incorporation of [1-14C]acetate into patulin reached a maximum with 6- to 8-day-old cultures incubated at 28 degrees C for 8 h in a replacement medium containing 0.1 M glucose, inorganic salts, and undiluted [1-14C]acetate. The specific activity of [14C]patulin obtained from this method was 34 mCi/mmol when 0.5 mCi of [1-14C]acetate was supplied to the replacement medium.", "contents": "Production of [14C]patulin by Penicillium patulum. Factors affecting the production of [14C]patulin from [1-14C]acetate by replacement cultures of Penicillium patulum have been investigated. Incorporation of [1-14C]acetate into patulin reached a maximum with 6- to 8-day-old cultures incubated at 28 degrees C for 8 h in a replacement medium containing 0.1 M glucose, inorganic salts, and undiluted [1-14C]acetate. The specific activity of [14C]patulin obtained from this method was 34 mCi/mmol when 0.5 mCi of [1-14C]acetate was supplied to the replacement medium."}
{"id": "PMID:869531", "title": "Cell growth and catecholase production for Polyporus versicolor in submerged culture.", "content": "Cell growth and catecholase production for Polyporus veriscolor (ATCC 12679) were studied in mechanically agitated submerged culture, as functions of temperature. The exponential-phase growth rate exhibited a maximum at 28 degrees C. Over the range of 20 degrees C to approximately 30 degrees C, both cell mass and enzyme yield factors were constant. At higher temperatures (30 to 40 degrees C) cell mass yield factor decreased and enzyme yield factor increased. Specific respiration rate of P. versicolor was determined. Thermal deactivation of catecholase was investigated between 30 and 50 degrees C, and deactivation rates were fit to an Arrhenius rate expression.", "contents": "Cell growth and catecholase production for Polyporus versicolor in submerged culture. Cell growth and catecholase production for Polyporus veriscolor (ATCC 12679) were studied in mechanically agitated submerged culture, as functions of temperature. The exponential-phase growth rate exhibited a maximum at 28 degrees C. Over the range of 20 degrees C to approximately 30 degrees C, both cell mass and enzyme yield factors were constant. At higher temperatures (30 to 40 degrees C) cell mass yield factor decreased and enzyme yield factor increased. Specific respiration rate of P. versicolor was determined. Thermal deactivation of catecholase was investigated between 30 and 50 degrees C, and deactivation rates were fit to an Arrhenius rate expression."}
{"id": "PMID:869532", "title": "Microbiological characteristics of Pacific shrimp (Pandalus jordani).", "content": "Microorganisms associated with Pacific shrimp (Pandalus jordani) were isolated and identified. Those on the iced raw shrimp, which yielded an average count of 1.6 x 10(6), were predominantly Moraxella, Pseudomonas, Acinetobacter, Arthrobacter, and Flavobacterium-Cytophaga spp. The blanching and peeling reduced the microbial level to 3.3 x 10(4) and also selectively eliminated Moraxella spp. The microbial flora changed after each processing sequence, and the heat sensitivity and growth characteristics of the representative microbial groups suggested that the presence of Arthrobacter and Acinetobacter spp. in peeled shrimp may indicate inadequate cleaning of raw shrimp or a shorter blanching time. The presence of Moraxella and Flavobacterium-Cytophaga spp. would indicate the degree of secondary contamination, and the presence of Pseudomonas spp. would indicate the shelf-age of the processed shrimp.", "contents": "Microbiological characteristics of Pacific shrimp (Pandalus jordani). Microorganisms associated with Pacific shrimp (Pandalus jordani) were isolated and identified. Those on the iced raw shrimp, which yielded an average count of 1.6 x 10(6), were predominantly Moraxella, Pseudomonas, Acinetobacter, Arthrobacter, and Flavobacterium-Cytophaga spp. The blanching and peeling reduced the microbial level to 3.3 x 10(4) and also selectively eliminated Moraxella spp. The microbial flora changed after each processing sequence, and the heat sensitivity and growth characteristics of the representative microbial groups suggested that the presence of Arthrobacter and Acinetobacter spp. in peeled shrimp may indicate inadequate cleaning of raw shrimp or a shorter blanching time. The presence of Moraxella and Flavobacterium-Cytophaga spp. would indicate the degree of secondary contamination, and the presence of Pseudomonas spp. would indicate the shelf-age of the processed shrimp."}
{"id": "PMID:869533", "title": "Pyrolysis gas-liquid chromatography of the genus Bacillus: effect of growth media on pyrochromatogram reproducibility.", "content": "Pyrolysis gas-liquid chromatography was performed on dried Bacillus microorganisms to evaluate the effects of growth media. Six cultures of Bacillus and six lot numbers of Trypticase soy agar (BBL) were used to test the hypothesis that a microorganism grown on various lot numbers of the same chromatogram. Also tested was the effect of three different media on chromatogram reproduction using the same six cultures. Results show little or no differences observed between the chromatograms of the individual Bacillus spp. grown on the six lot numbers of Trypticase soy agar. When chromatograms of the three different media were compared, several differences were observed, particularly in the areas most characteristic of individual species. Pryolysis gas-liquid chromatography can be a useful tool for the characterization or identification of the genus Bacillus if the chromatographic and cultural conditions are maintained.", "contents": "Pyrolysis gas-liquid chromatography of the genus Bacillus: effect of growth media on pyrochromatogram reproducibility. Pyrolysis gas-liquid chromatography was performed on dried Bacillus microorganisms to evaluate the effects of growth media. Six cultures of Bacillus and six lot numbers of Trypticase soy agar (BBL) were used to test the hypothesis that a microorganism grown on various lot numbers of the same chromatogram. Also tested was the effect of three different media on chromatogram reproduction using the same six cultures. Results show little or no differences observed between the chromatograms of the individual Bacillus spp. grown on the six lot numbers of Trypticase soy agar. When chromatograms of the three different media were compared, several differences were observed, particularly in the areas most characteristic of individual species. Pryolysis gas-liquid chromatography can be a useful tool for the characterization or identification of the genus Bacillus if the chromatographic and cultural conditions are maintained."}
{"id": "PMID:869534", "title": "Bioassay for homogeneous parasporal crystal of Bacillus thuringiensis using the tobacco hornworm, Manduca sexta.", "content": "A method for determining the toxicity of Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki parasporal crystal to the tabocco hornworm, Manduca sexta, is described. The use of both mortality and weight loss data have provided a highly sensitive and reproducible bioassay that can be used to compare relative toxicities of crystals from other subspecies as well as toxic components contained therein.", "contents": "Bioassay for homogeneous parasporal crystal of Bacillus thuringiensis using the tobacco hornworm, Manduca sexta. A method for determining the toxicity of Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki parasporal crystal to the tabocco hornworm, Manduca sexta, is described. The use of both mortality and weight loss data have provided a highly sensitive and reproducible bioassay that can be used to compare relative toxicities of crystals from other subspecies as well as toxic components contained therein."}
{"id": "PMID:869535", "title": "N-Alkane oxidation enzymes of a pseudomonad.", "content": "A nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD)-dependent n-alkane dehydrogenase and an NAD phosphate (reduced form)-dependent alkane hydroxylase have been purified from cell-free extracts of Pseudomonas sp. strain 196Aa grown anaerobically on n-alkane. The n-alkane dehydrogenase (fraction R-3), obtained as a single peak from Bio-Gel P-60, showed an overall 135-fold purification and was demonstrated by infrared spectroscopy and gas chromatography to convert n-decane to 1-decene. The alkene hydroxylase activity in the S-3 fraction, purified 167 times from diethylaminoethyl-cellulose, was shown by the same methodology to convert decene to decanol. Commercial ferredoxin has been shown to increase the alkane dehydrogenase activity. An NAD-, flavine adenine dinucleotide-, and iron-dependent alcohol dehydrogenase was demonstrated in the R-3 fraction. A mechanism for the anaerobic conversion of n-alkane to fatty acid has been proposed.", "contents": "N-Alkane oxidation enzymes of a pseudomonad. A nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD)-dependent n-alkane dehydrogenase and an NAD phosphate (reduced form)-dependent alkane hydroxylase have been purified from cell-free extracts of Pseudomonas sp. strain 196Aa grown anaerobically on n-alkane. The n-alkane dehydrogenase (fraction R-3), obtained as a single peak from Bio-Gel P-60, showed an overall 135-fold purification and was demonstrated by infrared spectroscopy and gas chromatography to convert n-decane to 1-decene. The alkene hydroxylase activity in the S-3 fraction, purified 167 times from diethylaminoethyl-cellulose, was shown by the same methodology to convert decene to decanol. Commercial ferredoxin has been shown to increase the alkane dehydrogenase activity. An NAD-, flavine adenine dinucleotide-, and iron-dependent alcohol dehydrogenase was demonstrated in the R-3 fraction. A mechanism for the anaerobic conversion of n-alkane to fatty acid has been proposed."}
{"id": "PMID:869536", "title": "Oxidative coupling of aromatic pesticide intermediates by a fungal phenol oxidase.", "content": "The soil fungus Rhizoctonia praticola produced an enzyme that accumulated in the growth medium and caused the polymerization of phenolic and naphtholic intermediates of various pesticides. The dialyzed crude enzyme was purified by ion-exhange column chromatography with diethylaminoethyl-cellulose, followed by gel filtration with Sephadex G-200. The enzyme, a phenol oxidase, was capable of polymerizing 2-chlorophenol, 4-chlorophenol, 2,4-dichlorophenol, and 4-bromo-2-chlorophenol. 1-Naphthol, 2-naphthol, and some of their derivatives formed oligomers or polymers when incubated with the enzyme, but 4-nitrophenol and 2,4-dinitriphenol were not oxidized. Chlorinated and brominated anilines, which are derivatives of herbicides, were not altered by the phenol oxidase from R. praticola, but 4-methoxyaniline was transformed by the enzyme to 2-amino-5-p-anisidinobenzoquinone-di-p-methoxyphenylimine. The formation of polymeric products was determined by mass spectrometric analysis.", "contents": "Oxidative coupling of aromatic pesticide intermediates by a fungal phenol oxidase. The soil fungus Rhizoctonia praticola produced an enzyme that accumulated in the growth medium and caused the polymerization of phenolic and naphtholic intermediates of various pesticides. The dialyzed crude enzyme was purified by ion-exhange column chromatography with diethylaminoethyl-cellulose, followed by gel filtration with Sephadex G-200. The enzyme, a phenol oxidase, was capable of polymerizing 2-chlorophenol, 4-chlorophenol, 2,4-dichlorophenol, and 4-bromo-2-chlorophenol. 1-Naphthol, 2-naphthol, and some of their derivatives formed oligomers or polymers when incubated with the enzyme, but 4-nitrophenol and 2,4-dinitriphenol were not oxidized. Chlorinated and brominated anilines, which are derivatives of herbicides, were not altered by the phenol oxidase from R. praticola, but 4-methoxyaniline was transformed by the enzyme to 2-amino-5-p-anisidinobenzoquinone-di-p-methoxyphenylimine. The formation of polymeric products was determined by mass spectrometric analysis."}
{"id": "PMID:869537", "title": "Nitrification in histosols: a potential role for the heterotrophic nitrifier.", "content": "Insufficient populations of Nitrosomonas and Nitrobacter were found in a Pahokee muck soil (Lithic medidaprit) to account for the nitrate concentration observed. To determine if heterotrophic nitrifiers could account for some of this discrepancy, a method was developed to measure the levels of heterotrophic nitrifiers in soil. A population of 4.1 X 10(5) Arthrobacter per g of dry fallow soil, capable of producing nitrite and/or nitrate from reduced nitrogenous compounds, was observed. Amendment of the much with 0.5% (wt/wt) sodium acetate and 0.1% (wt/wt) ammonium-nitrogen as ammonium sulfate (final concentrations) not only resulted in the usual increase in autotrophic nitrifiers, but also in a fourfold increase in the heterotrophic nitrifying Arrthrobacter. Amendment of like samples with N-Serve [2-chloro-6(trichloromethyl) pyridinel] prevented the increase in Nitrosomonas, but not that in the heterotrophic nitrifiers. Nitrate production in the presence of the inhibitor was diminished but not prevented. An Arthrobacter sp., isolated from the muck, produced nitrite when inoculated at high densities into sterile soil, unamended or amended with sodium acetate and/or ammomium sulfate. These data suggest that the heterotrophic population may be responsible for some of the nitrate produced in these Histosols.", "contents": "Nitrification in histosols: a potential role for the heterotrophic nitrifier. Insufficient populations of Nitrosomonas and Nitrobacter were found in a Pahokee muck soil (Lithic medidaprit) to account for the nitrate concentration observed. To determine if heterotrophic nitrifiers could account for some of this discrepancy, a method was developed to measure the levels of heterotrophic nitrifiers in soil. A population of 4.1 X 10(5) Arthrobacter per g of dry fallow soil, capable of producing nitrite and/or nitrate from reduced nitrogenous compounds, was observed. Amendment of the much with 0.5% (wt/wt) sodium acetate and 0.1% (wt/wt) ammonium-nitrogen as ammonium sulfate (final concentrations) not only resulted in the usual increase in autotrophic nitrifiers, but also in a fourfold increase in the heterotrophic nitrifying Arrthrobacter. Amendment of like samples with N-Serve [2-chloro-6(trichloromethyl) pyridinel] prevented the increase in Nitrosomonas, but not that in the heterotrophic nitrifiers. Nitrate production in the presence of the inhibitor was diminished but not prevented. An Arthrobacter sp., isolated from the muck, produced nitrite when inoculated at high densities into sterile soil, unamended or amended with sodium acetate and/or ammomium sulfate. These data suggest that the heterotrophic population may be responsible for some of the nitrate produced in these Histosols."}
{"id": "PMID:869538", "title": "Factors affecting nitrification in situ in a heated stream.", "content": "Nitrification, previously shown to occur in the stream under study, ensued only when the stream received heated (28 degree C or above) discharges and was negligible when water temperatures were 17 degree C or lower. The most probable number os ammonium oxidizer in stream bed sediments exceeded intrite oxidizers by ratios of 43:1 to 1,113:1, and the average rate of ammonium oxidation in this stream, 0.50 mg of NH4-N/liter per h exceeded the rate of nitrite oxidation, 0.29 mg of NO2-N/liter per h, resulting in an accumulation of nitrite. Nitrification rates were influenced by the dissolved oxygen concentration, increasing during daylight hours and exhibiting maximum rates during the summer months.", "contents": "Factors affecting nitrification in situ in a heated stream. Nitrification, previously shown to occur in the stream under study, ensued only when the stream received heated (28 degree C or above) discharges and was negligible when water temperatures were 17 degree C or lower. The most probable number os ammonium oxidizer in stream bed sediments exceeded intrite oxidizers by ratios of 43:1 to 1,113:1, and the average rate of ammonium oxidation in this stream, 0.50 mg of NH4-N/liter per h exceeded the rate of nitrite oxidation, 0.29 mg of NO2-N/liter per h, resulting in an accumulation of nitrite. Nitrification rates were influenced by the dissolved oxygen concentration, increasing during daylight hours and exhibiting maximum rates during the summer months."}
{"id": "PMID:869539", "title": "Numerically dominant denitrifying bacteria from world soils.", "content": "Nineteen soils, three freshwater lake sediments, and oxidized poultry manure were examined to determine the dominant denitrifier populations. The samples, most shown or expected to support active denitrification, were from eight countries and included rice paddy, temperate agricultural, rain forest, organic, and waste-treated soils. Over 1,500 organisms that could grow anaerobically on nitrate agar were isolated. After purification, 146 denitrifiers were obtained, as verified by production of N(2) from NO(3) (-). These isolates were characterized by 52 properties appropriate for the Pseudomonas-Alcaligenes group. Numerical taxonomic procedures were used to group the isolates and compare them with nine known denitrifier species. The major group isolated was representative of Pseudonomas fluorescens biotype II. The second most prevalent group was representative of Alcaligenes. Other Pseudomonas species as well as members of the genus Flavobacterium, the latter previously not known to denitrify, also were identified. One-third of the isolates could not utilize glucose or other carbohydrates as sole carbon sources. Significantly, none of the numerically dominant denitrifiers we isolated resembled the most studied species: Pseudomonas denitrificans, Pseudomonas perfectomarinus, and Paracoccus denitrificans. Denitrification appears to be a property of a very diverse group of gram-negative, motile bacteria, as shown by the large number (22.6%) of ungrouped organisms. The diversity of denitrifiers from a given sample was usually high, with at least two groups present. Denitrifiers, nitrite accumulators, and organisms capable of anaerobic growth were present in the ratio of 0.20+/-0.23:0.81+/-0.23:1. There were few correlations between their numbers and the sample characteristics measured. However, the temperatures at which isolates could grow were significantly related to the temperatures of the environments from which they were isolated. Regression analysis revealed few relationships between physical parameters and bacterial types, save for the anaerobe numbers, in which 94% of the variance could be accounted for.", "contents": "Numerically dominant denitrifying bacteria from world soils. Nineteen soils, three freshwater lake sediments, and oxidized poultry manure were examined to determine the dominant denitrifier populations. The samples, most shown or expected to support active denitrification, were from eight countries and included rice paddy, temperate agricultural, rain forest, organic, and waste-treated soils. Over 1,500 organisms that could grow anaerobically on nitrate agar were isolated. After purification, 146 denitrifiers were obtained, as verified by production of N(2) from NO(3) (-). These isolates were characterized by 52 properties appropriate for the Pseudomonas-Alcaligenes group. Numerical taxonomic procedures were used to group the isolates and compare them with nine known denitrifier species. The major group isolated was representative of Pseudonomas fluorescens biotype II. The second most prevalent group was representative of Alcaligenes. Other Pseudomonas species as well as members of the genus Flavobacterium, the latter previously not known to denitrify, also were identified. One-third of the isolates could not utilize glucose or other carbohydrates as sole carbon sources. Significantly, none of the numerically dominant denitrifiers we isolated resembled the most studied species: Pseudomonas denitrificans, Pseudomonas perfectomarinus, and Paracoccus denitrificans. Denitrification appears to be a property of a very diverse group of gram-negative, motile bacteria, as shown by the large number (22.6%) of ungrouped organisms. The diversity of denitrifiers from a given sample was usually high, with at least two groups present. Denitrifiers, nitrite accumulators, and organisms capable of anaerobic growth were present in the ratio of 0.20+/-0.23:0.81+/-0.23:1. There were few correlations between their numbers and the sample characteristics measured. However, the temperatures at which isolates could grow were significantly related to the temperatures of the environments from which they were isolated. Regression analysis revealed few relationships between physical parameters and bacterial types, save for the anaerobe numbers, in which 94% of the variance could be accounted for."}
{"id": "PMID:869540", "title": "Citrate, a specific substrate for the isolation of Clostridium sphenoides.", "content": "With a medium containing citrate as the carbon and energy source, 10 clostridial strains were isolated from various mud samples. Characterization of these strains revealed that they all belonged to the same species, Clostridium sphenoides. Strains of this organism obtained from culture collections were also able to grow citrate, whereas 15 other clostridial species tested were not. Citrate was fermented by C. sphenoides to acetate, ethanol, carbon dioxide, and hydrogen. Experiments with stereospecifically 14C-labeled citrate indicated that citrate lyase was involved in citrate degradation.", "contents": "Citrate, a specific substrate for the isolation of Clostridium sphenoides. With a medium containing citrate as the carbon and energy source, 10 clostridial strains were isolated from various mud samples. Characterization of these strains revealed that they all belonged to the same species, Clostridium sphenoides. Strains of this organism obtained from culture collections were also able to grow citrate, whereas 15 other clostridial species tested were not. Citrate was fermented by C. sphenoides to acetate, ethanol, carbon dioxide, and hydrogen. Experiments with stereospecifically 14C-labeled citrate indicated that citrate lyase was involved in citrate degradation."}
{"id": "PMID:869541", "title": "Ethylene production by soil microorganisms.", "content": "Ethylene-producing strains of Penicillium cyclopium and P. crustosum were isolated from soil. These isolates produced ethylene on a variety of carbon growth substrates including phenolic acids. The quantities of ethylene produced on the various substrates varied, and the subtrate-ethylene prosuction pattern for P. cyclopium strains differed significantly from that of P. crustosum strains.", "contents": "Ethylene production by soil microorganisms. Ethylene-producing strains of Penicillium cyclopium and P. crustosum were isolated from soil. These isolates produced ethylene on a variety of carbon growth substrates including phenolic acids. The quantities of ethylene produced on the various substrates varied, and the subtrate-ethylene prosuction pattern for P. cyclopium strains differed significantly from that of P. crustosum strains."}
{"id": "PMID:869542", "title": "Rapid tube test for detecting fungal cellulase production.", "content": "A simple procedure is described for the detection of cellulolytic activity in fungi, utilizing dyed cellulose powder as substrate. The powder, incorporated into a basal medium containing agar, mineral salts, and growth factors, is layered onto basal medium minus cellulose. Cellulase production results in release of the dye which diffuses into the lower layer.", "contents": "Rapid tube test for detecting fungal cellulase production. A simple procedure is described for the detection of cellulolytic activity in fungi, utilizing dyed cellulose powder as substrate. The powder, incorporated into a basal medium containing agar, mineral salts, and growth factors, is layered onto basal medium minus cellulose. Cellulase production results in release of the dye which diffuses into the lower layer."}
{"id": "PMID:869543", "title": "Production and antibacterial activity of malforming C, a toxic metabolite of Aspergillus niger.", "content": "The production of the new mycotoxin malformin C by a solid substrate fermentation is described. Malformin C is highly toxic (mean lethal dose = 0.9 mg/kg) and exerts antibacterial activity against a variety of gram-positive and gram-negative organisms.", "contents": "Production and antibacterial activity of malforming C, a toxic metabolite of Aspergillus niger. The production of the new mycotoxin malformin C by a solid substrate fermentation is described. Malformin C is highly toxic (mean lethal dose = 0.9 mg/kg) and exerts antibacterial activity against a variety of gram-positive and gram-negative organisms."}
{"id": "PMID:869544", "title": "Glucose-1-phosphate as a selective substrate for enumeration of Bacteroides species in the rumen.", "content": "When glucose-1-phosphate was used as the only added energy source in a selective roll tube medium, colony counts for rumen contents ranged from 17.8 to 84.8% of the total culturable count. Percentages were highest in rumen contents from sheep fed high-concentrate rations. From a total of 73 cultures isolated from glucose-1-phosphate roll rubes, only 15.1% were presumptively identified as Bacteroides species. Strains presumptively identified as Butyrivibrio, Selenomonas, Treponema, Streptococcus bovis, and Lachnospira also fermented glucose-1-phosphate. Thus, glucose-1-phosphate would not be useful as a selective substrate for isolation or enumeration of Bacteroides species from the rumen.", "contents": "Glucose-1-phosphate as a selective substrate for enumeration of Bacteroides species in the rumen. When glucose-1-phosphate was used as the only added energy source in a selective roll tube medium, colony counts for rumen contents ranged from 17.8 to 84.8% of the total culturable count. Percentages were highest in rumen contents from sheep fed high-concentrate rations. From a total of 73 cultures isolated from glucose-1-phosphate roll rubes, only 15.1% were presumptively identified as Bacteroides species. Strains presumptively identified as Butyrivibrio, Selenomonas, Treponema, Streptococcus bovis, and Lachnospira also fermented glucose-1-phosphate. Thus, glucose-1-phosphate would not be useful as a selective substrate for isolation or enumeration of Bacteroides species from the rumen."}
{"id": "PMID:869545", "title": "Ultrastructural studies of vitiligo, Vogt-Koyanagi syndrome, and incontinentia pigmenti achromians.", "content": "Studies of early progressive vitiligo, Vogt-Koyanagi syndrome, and incontinentia pigmenti achromians were made by electron microscopy. At the periphery of the depigmented lesion, the melanocytes had several subcellular abnormalities, ie, vacuolization of the cytoplasm, aggregation of melanosomes, autophagic vacuoles, fatty degeneration, pyknosis or homogeneous cytoplasmic degeneration, and others. Numerous nerve endings were seen in close contact with the basal lamina of the epidermis or even within the epidermis. Direct continuities between Schwann cell basal lamina of nerve endings and the basal lamina of the melanocytes were observed. Nerve endings could be associated with either normal or abnormal melanocytes.", "contents": "Ultrastructural studies of vitiligo, Vogt-Koyanagi syndrome, and incontinentia pigmenti achromians. Studies of early progressive vitiligo, Vogt-Koyanagi syndrome, and incontinentia pigmenti achromians were made by electron microscopy. At the periphery of the depigmented lesion, the melanocytes had several subcellular abnormalities, ie, vacuolization of the cytoplasm, aggregation of melanosomes, autophagic vacuoles, fatty degeneration, pyknosis or homogeneous cytoplasmic degeneration, and others. Numerous nerve endings were seen in close contact with the basal lamina of the epidermis or even within the epidermis. Direct continuities between Schwann cell basal lamina of nerve endings and the basal lamina of the melanocytes were observed. Nerve endings could be associated with either normal or abnormal melanocytes."}
{"id": "PMID:869546", "title": "Inflammatory linear verrucose epidermal nevus. A pathologic study.", "content": "We saw three patients with inflammatory linear verrucose epidermal nevus (ILVEN). The purpose of this study is to better delineate the histopathologic features of this type of nevus. In fact, in all three cases very particular, specific histologic lesions have been noted that permit us to better distinguish this recently outlined entity. The histologic features were depressed, cup-like areas of hyper-granulosis with overlying orthokeratotic hyperkeratosis, alternating (with sharp dermacation) with raised, level areas of agranulosis with overlying parakeratotic hyperkeratosis.", "contents": "Inflammatory linear verrucose epidermal nevus. A pathologic study. We saw three patients with inflammatory linear verrucose epidermal nevus (ILVEN). The purpose of this study is to better delineate the histopathologic features of this type of nevus. In fact, in all three cases very particular, specific histologic lesions have been noted that permit us to better distinguish this recently outlined entity. The histologic features were depressed, cup-like areas of hyper-granulosis with overlying orthokeratotic hyperkeratosis, alternating (with sharp dermacation) with raised, level areas of agranulosis with overlying parakeratotic hyperkeratosis."}
{"id": "PMID:869547", "title": "Phototoxicity occurring during the manufacture of ultraviolet-cured ink.", "content": "Four workers employed in the manufacture of ultraviolet-cured inks complained of photosensitivity characterized by an intense burning sensation during sun exposure. Three of these workers developed dermatitis on exposed areas following sun exposure. Six compounds used as photoinitiators in the ink formulations were found to absorb solar ultraviolet radiation. Two preparations of mixed isomers (ortho and para) of amyl dimethylaminobenzoate were found to be phototoxic to Ehrlich ascites cells in vitro and to produce diphasic phototoxic reactions in vivo after topical application on symptomatic workers, asymptomatic workers, or previously unexposed subjects. These responses could be prevented in two subjects by the application of a 10% sulizobenzone sunscreen prior to sun exposure. Two other photoinitiators, Michler's ketone and thioxanthone were phototoxic in vitro but not after topical application in vivo.", "contents": "Phototoxicity occurring during the manufacture of ultraviolet-cured ink. Four workers employed in the manufacture of ultraviolet-cured inks complained of photosensitivity characterized by an intense burning sensation during sun exposure. Three of these workers developed dermatitis on exposed areas following sun exposure. Six compounds used as photoinitiators in the ink formulations were found to absorb solar ultraviolet radiation. Two preparations of mixed isomers (ortho and para) of amyl dimethylaminobenzoate were found to be phototoxic to Ehrlich ascites cells in vitro and to produce diphasic phototoxic reactions in vivo after topical application on symptomatic workers, asymptomatic workers, or previously unexposed subjects. These responses could be prevented in two subjects by the application of a 10% sulizobenzone sunscreen prior to sun exposure. Two other photoinitiators, Michler's ketone and thioxanthone were phototoxic in vitro but not after topical application in vivo."}
{"id": "PMID:869548", "title": "Vegetables responsible for contact dermatitis of the hands.", "content": "Fifty-three patients having contact dermatitis on the fingertips showed positive patch tests with several vegetables the commonest being garlic, onion, tomato, and carrot in that order of frequency. Of several preparations, made from garlic onion, tomato, and carrot, the juices used as such gave the maximum number of positive patch test reactions. Lyophilization of the juices led to false-negative patch tests in some cases. Patch tests in the controls were positive in some cases but these were probably cases of latent hypersensitivity, because some of them, like the patients, showed positive reactions even with the diluted juices. The antigens in garlic and onion were extractable in water, ether, acetone, or alcohol and were also present in the essential oils of these vegetables. Infrared spectra of the essential oils of garlic and onion were similar and showed straight chain acids, esters, and methylene groups. Clinically, there was no suggestion of cross-sensitivity between onion and garlic.", "contents": "Vegetables responsible for contact dermatitis of the hands. Fifty-three patients having contact dermatitis on the fingertips showed positive patch tests with several vegetables the commonest being garlic, onion, tomato, and carrot in that order of frequency. Of several preparations, made from garlic onion, tomato, and carrot, the juices used as such gave the maximum number of positive patch test reactions. Lyophilization of the juices led to false-negative patch tests in some cases. Patch tests in the controls were positive in some cases but these were probably cases of latent hypersensitivity, because some of them, like the patients, showed positive reactions even with the diluted juices. The antigens in garlic and onion were extractable in water, ether, acetone, or alcohol and were also present in the essential oils of these vegetables. Infrared spectra of the essential oils of garlic and onion were similar and showed straight chain acids, esters, and methylene groups. Clinically, there was no suggestion of cross-sensitivity between onion and garlic."}
{"id": "PMID:869549", "title": "Treatment of morphea-type basal cell carcinomas with radiation therapy.", "content": "Eight patients received superficial x-ray therapy for morphea-type basal cell carcinomas. Seven lesions did not recur. One recurrence adjacent to an irradiated field was observed; it was considered to be a geographic miss and has led us to include a wider field (10 mm) of normal-appearing skin beyond the clinical perimeter of the tumor when the lesion is ill-defined. The cosmetic results after treatment were poorer than anticipated for this schedule of radiation therapy, based on our extensive experience with other types of basal cell carcinomas. To obtain the best long-term results we believe that, where technically feasible Mohs surgery and conventional surgical excision with histologic verification of free margins are the treatments of choice for morphea-type basal cell carcinomas. However, our experience indicates that morphea-type basal-cell carcinomas can be cured with radiation therapy; therefore, x-rays have a place in the armamentarium of therapeutic modalities for this tumor if surgery is not feasible or if it is refused by the patient.", "contents": "Treatment of morphea-type basal cell carcinomas with radiation therapy. Eight patients received superficial x-ray therapy for morphea-type basal cell carcinomas. Seven lesions did not recur. One recurrence adjacent to an irradiated field was observed; it was considered to be a geographic miss and has led us to include a wider field (10 mm) of normal-appearing skin beyond the clinical perimeter of the tumor when the lesion is ill-defined. The cosmetic results after treatment were poorer than anticipated for this schedule of radiation therapy, based on our extensive experience with other types of basal cell carcinomas. To obtain the best long-term results we believe that, where technically feasible Mohs surgery and conventional surgical excision with histologic verification of free margins are the treatments of choice for morphea-type basal cell carcinomas. However, our experience indicates that morphea-type basal-cell carcinomas can be cured with radiation therapy; therefore, x-rays have a place in the armamentarium of therapeutic modalities for this tumor if surgery is not feasible or if it is refused by the patient."}
{"id": "PMID:869550", "title": "Cutaneous neural proliferation in highly pruritic lesions of chronic prurigo.", "content": "Nodular lesions of chronic prurigo correspond to highly sensitive pruritic areas of neural proliferation. This has been shown by light and electron microscopic studies in four patients. Axons and Schwann cells were participating in this process. Their ultrastructure appeared mostly normal; however, some disorganization, axonal swelling, and dystrophy were also observed. At places, newly formed nervous tissue imitated neuromas, surrounded by mononuclear cells and a peculiar cell type which we called \"spider cell.\" The noninvolved skin near the nodules showed no alterations. Occlusion with elastic bandages for four weeks betters the clinical and histological picture. According to these findings, it seems that the neural proliferation in prurigo is a secondary phenomenon due to chronic traumatization by scratching. We also feel that the extreme pruritus in chronic lesions is related to the increased number of dermal nerves.", "contents": "Cutaneous neural proliferation in highly pruritic lesions of chronic prurigo. Nodular lesions of chronic prurigo correspond to highly sensitive pruritic areas of neural proliferation. This has been shown by light and electron microscopic studies in four patients. Axons and Schwann cells were participating in this process. Their ultrastructure appeared mostly normal; however, some disorganization, axonal swelling, and dystrophy were also observed. At places, newly formed nervous tissue imitated neuromas, surrounded by mononuclear cells and a peculiar cell type which we called \"spider cell.\" The noninvolved skin near the nodules showed no alterations. Occlusion with elastic bandages for four weeks betters the clinical and histological picture. According to these findings, it seems that the neural proliferation in prurigo is a secondary phenomenon due to chronic traumatization by scratching. We also feel that the extreme pruritus in chronic lesions is related to the increased number of dermal nerves."}
{"id": "PMID:869551", "title": "Arcuate dermal erythema in a carrier of chronic granulomatous disease.", "content": "A female carrier of chronic granulomatous disease developed arcuate, erythematous dermal plaques on her back and face. The lesions were clinically and histopathologically suggestive of Jessner benign lymphocytic infiltration of the skin. Some women with relatively fixed arcuate or annular, erythematous, dermal plaques may be carriers of chronic granulomatous disease.", "contents": "Arcuate dermal erythema in a carrier of chronic granulomatous disease. A female carrier of chronic granulomatous disease developed arcuate, erythematous dermal plaques on her back and face. The lesions were clinically and histopathologically suggestive of Jessner benign lymphocytic infiltration of the skin. Some women with relatively fixed arcuate or annular, erythematous, dermal plaques may be carriers of chronic granulomatous disease."}
{"id": "PMID:869552", "title": "Atopic dermatitis and impaired neutrophil chemotaxis in Job's syndrome.", "content": "A 22-year-old white woman with Job's syndrome was found to have atopic dermatitis and impaired neutrophil chemotaxis in vitro. Major clinical features of Job's syndrome included large, \"cold\" and recurrent staphylococcal abscesses, and intermittent bacterial and yeast infections. Evidence for atopic disease included infantile eczema progressing to flexural dermatitis, a family history of atopy, positive immediate hypersensitivity skin tests, and hyperimmunoglobulinemia E. Defective erythema responses to histamine, methyl niacinate, and methacholine (Mecholyl) chloride may explain the lack of redness, heat, or pain signalling the development of abscesses (hence the term \"cold\"). Impaired chemotaxis was probably due to an intrinsic neutrophil defect since patient's serum generated normal amounts of chemotactic factors and did not contain an inhibitor of neutrophil chemotaxis. A delay in neutrophil exudation in vivo may explain the abscess formations and the atopic diathesis may explain the absence of clinical signs of inflammation that have been described in this and other patients with Job's syndrome.", "contents": "Atopic dermatitis and impaired neutrophil chemotaxis in Job's syndrome. A 22-year-old white woman with Job's syndrome was found to have atopic dermatitis and impaired neutrophil chemotaxis in vitro. Major clinical features of Job's syndrome included large, \"cold\" and recurrent staphylococcal abscesses, and intermittent bacterial and yeast infections. Evidence for atopic disease included infantile eczema progressing to flexural dermatitis, a family history of atopy, positive immediate hypersensitivity skin tests, and hyperimmunoglobulinemia E. Defective erythema responses to histamine, methyl niacinate, and methacholine (Mecholyl) chloride may explain the lack of redness, heat, or pain signalling the development of abscesses (hence the term \"cold\"). Impaired chemotaxis was probably due to an intrinsic neutrophil defect since patient's serum generated normal amounts of chemotactic factors and did not contain an inhibitor of neutrophil chemotaxis. A delay in neutrophil exudation in vivo may explain the abscess formations and the atopic diathesis may explain the absence of clinical signs of inflammation that have been described in this and other patients with Job's syndrome."}
{"id": "PMID:869553", "title": "Erythema elevatum diutinum. Response to dapsone.", "content": "A patient with a 20-year history is presented as a classic example of erythema elevatum diutinum, with a dramatic response to dapsone therapy, and with interesting features of improvement during pregnancies and occurrence of giant cell tumors of soft tissue, neither of these latter features having been previously reported.", "contents": "Erythema elevatum diutinum. Response to dapsone. A patient with a 20-year history is presented as a classic example of erythema elevatum diutinum, with a dramatic response to dapsone therapy, and with interesting features of improvement during pregnancies and occurrence of giant cell tumors of soft tissue, neither of these latter features having been previously reported."}
{"id": "PMID:869554", "title": "Supernumerary areolae.", "content": "One of the more unusual forms of supernumerary breast tissue is characterized by the presence of areolar tissue only. The case presented describes a patient with three supernumerary areolae, including one located outside the embryonic milk line. There is a possibility that this finding represents an atavistic phenomenon.", "contents": "Supernumerary areolae. One of the more unusual forms of supernumerary breast tissue is characterized by the presence of areolar tissue only. The case presented describes a patient with three supernumerary areolae, including one located outside the embryonic milk line. There is a possibility that this finding represents an atavistic phenomenon."}
{"id": "PMID:869564", "title": "Evaluation of children with ventricular arrhythmias.", "content": "Ventricular arrhythmias are rare in childhood but may be associated with syncope and sudden death. This report describes 8 children with ventricular arrhythmias, 6 of whom suffered syncopal episodes. Ventricular tachycardia was documented in 5. One boy died suddenly. Complete cardiac investigation was carried out with exercise testing, Holter monitoring, echocardiography, cardiac catheterization, angiography, and electrophysiological studies. The spectrum of abnormalities related to the arrhythmias included prolapsing mitral valve, prolonged QT syndrome, sick sinus syndrome, congenital heart disease, cardiomyopathy, and idiopathic ventricular tachycardia. Exercise testing and Holter monitoring were particularly useful in documenting the arrhythmias and monitoring response to therapy.", "contents": "Evaluation of children with ventricular arrhythmias. Ventricular arrhythmias are rare in childhood but may be associated with syncope and sudden death. This report describes 8 children with ventricular arrhythmias, 6 of whom suffered syncopal episodes. Ventricular tachycardia was documented in 5. One boy died suddenly. Complete cardiac investigation was carried out with exercise testing, Holter monitoring, echocardiography, cardiac catheterization, angiography, and electrophysiological studies. The spectrum of abnormalities related to the arrhythmias included prolapsing mitral valve, prolonged QT syndrome, sick sinus syndrome, congenital heart disease, cardiomyopathy, and idiopathic ventricular tachycardia. Exercise testing and Holter monitoring were particularly useful in documenting the arrhythmias and monitoring response to therapy."}
{"id": "PMID:869565", "title": "Prognosis of babies with neonatal hepatitis.", "content": "105 babies with neonatal hepatitis were studied carefully and followed for up to 11 1/2 years. Ascertainment was complete for those with severe and persistent jaundice, but less complete for mild or anicteric cases. Prognosis was found to be poor (40% death or cirrhosis) in babies with perisitently acholic stools, but relatively good (less than 15% death or cirrhosis) in those with jaundice which was less persistent and less obstructive. The presence of second diseases (including alpha1-antitrypsin deficiency or a family history of other affected children) seemed to play a part in determining poor prognosis. A distinctive group of babies (22 cases) presented with acute fulminant illness (with or without jaundice) in the neonatal period. Cytomegalovirus infection carried a relatively good prognosis. Guidelines for selection of patients for therapeutic trials are suggested.", "contents": "Prognosis of babies with neonatal hepatitis. 105 babies with neonatal hepatitis were studied carefully and followed for up to 11 1/2 years. Ascertainment was complete for those with severe and persistent jaundice, but less complete for mild or anicteric cases. Prognosis was found to be poor (40% death or cirrhosis) in babies with perisitently acholic stools, but relatively good (less than 15% death or cirrhosis) in those with jaundice which was less persistent and less obstructive. The presence of second diseases (including alpha1-antitrypsin deficiency or a family history of other affected children) seemed to play a part in determining poor prognosis. A distinctive group of babies (22 cases) presented with acute fulminant illness (with or without jaundice) in the neonatal period. Cytomegalovirus infection carried a relatively good prognosis. Guidelines for selection of patients for therapeutic trials are suggested."}
{"id": "PMID:869566", "title": "Apnoea induced by airflow obstruction.", "content": "Total obstruction of the airways caused all respiratory efforts to stop on 15 occasions in 10 preterm babies. This was not seen in 60 studies on 38 term babies. These findings suggest that failure to achieve an oral airway may not be the only mechanism by which upper airway obstruction might cause the cot death syndrome.", "contents": "Apnoea induced by airflow obstruction. Total obstruction of the airways caused all respiratory efforts to stop on 15 occasions in 10 preterm babies. This was not seen in 60 studies on 38 term babies. These findings suggest that failure to achieve an oral airway may not be the only mechanism by which upper airway obstruction might cause the cot death syndrome."}
{"id": "PMID:869567", "title": "Congenital abnormalities associated with extrahepatic portal hypertension.", "content": "Congenital abnormalities were present in 12 out of 30 (40%) children with extrahepatic portal hypertension of unknown cause, but in only 2 out of 17 (12%) children with extnahepatic portal hypertension secondary to umbilical vein catheterization or omphalitis. The most frequent abnormalities in this series and in published reports were atrial septal defect, malformation of the biliary tract, and anomalous inferior vena cava. These findings are consistent with the view that some cases with extrahepatic portal hypertension are congenital in origin.", "contents": "Congenital abnormalities associated with extrahepatic portal hypertension. Congenital abnormalities were present in 12 out of 30 (40%) children with extrahepatic portal hypertension of unknown cause, but in only 2 out of 17 (12%) children with extnahepatic portal hypertension secondary to umbilical vein catheterization or omphalitis. The most frequent abnormalities in this series and in published reports were atrial septal defect, malformation of the biliary tract, and anomalous inferior vena cava. These findings are consistent with the view that some cases with extrahepatic portal hypertension are congenital in origin."}
{"id": "PMID:869568", "title": "Serotonin metabolism in cystic fibrosis.", "content": "The average blood serotonin level of 67 children with cystic fibrosis was found to be about twice that of age-matched normal children. There was no corresponding increase in the urinary excretion of 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA). Children with cystic fibrosis were well able to metabolize serotonin taken by mouth. No significant correlations were found between the blood serotonin level and the platelet count, height, weight, skinfold thickness, and pulmonary function test, 5 out of 44 patients had raised serum IgE levels, and their mean blood serotonin was higher than in those with normal IgE levels. No explanation for this emerged. Comparable findings (raised blood serotonin normal platelet count, normal urinary 5-HIAA) have been reported only in severe mental retardation. Further study of this phenomenon is warranted because (a) a raised blood serotonin level is sufficiently characteristic of cystic fibrosis to explore its use in diagnosis, and (b) it may help to explain the pathogenesis of cystic fibrosis and (c) the metabolism and function of serotonin.", "contents": "Serotonin metabolism in cystic fibrosis. The average blood serotonin level of 67 children with cystic fibrosis was found to be about twice that of age-matched normal children. There was no corresponding increase in the urinary excretion of 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA). Children with cystic fibrosis were well able to metabolize serotonin taken by mouth. No significant correlations were found between the blood serotonin level and the platelet count, height, weight, skinfold thickness, and pulmonary function test, 5 out of 44 patients had raised serum IgE levels, and their mean blood serotonin was higher than in those with normal IgE levels. No explanation for this emerged. Comparable findings (raised blood serotonin normal platelet count, normal urinary 5-HIAA) have been reported only in severe mental retardation. Further study of this phenomenon is warranted because (a) a raised blood serotonin level is sufficiently characteristic of cystic fibrosis to explore its use in diagnosis, and (b) it may help to explain the pathogenesis of cystic fibrosis and (c) the metabolism and function of serotonin."}
{"id": "PMID:869569", "title": "Errors arising through using the Harvard tables and percentage levels of median weight-for-age in assessing nutritional status.", "content": "A self-selected sample of 417 urban and 379 rural preschool children attending the under-5s clinics was weighed in Sierra Leone. The individual weights were related to the weight-for-age Harvard 3rd centiles and 80% levels of the Harvard medians. In this analysis there were considerable discrepancies between the sexes. Further investigation showed that the distribution of the weight-for-age Harvard centiles for girls is much wider than the distribution of the Harvard centiles for boys. These distributions appear to be unusual when compared with those from London and Hong Kong studies. Accordingly, use of the weight-for-age Harvard centiles may lead to inaccuracy in the assessment of the nutritional status of preschool children. The \"percentage method\" as suggested by Jelliffe (1966) and Gomez et al. (1956) does not take account of the normal range of distribution of the standards. This study has shown that the 80% levels of sex-specific median weight-for-age occupy positions as much as 600 g below the sex-specific 3rd centiles for Hong Kong Chinese children, while the 80% levels closely follow the 3rd centiles for London children in the preschool age group. Thus the Hong Kong 80% levels are not comparable with the London 80% levels. Therefore, the \"percentage  method\" appears to be misleading in the assessment of nutritional status using weight measurements.", "contents": "Errors arising through using the Harvard tables and percentage levels of median weight-for-age in assessing nutritional status. A self-selected sample of 417 urban and 379 rural preschool children attending the under-5s clinics was weighed in Sierra Leone. The individual weights were related to the weight-for-age Harvard 3rd centiles and 80% levels of the Harvard medians. In this analysis there were considerable discrepancies between the sexes. Further investigation showed that the distribution of the weight-for-age Harvard centiles for girls is much wider than the distribution of the Harvard centiles for boys. These distributions appear to be unusual when compared with those from London and Hong Kong studies. Accordingly, use of the weight-for-age Harvard centiles may lead to inaccuracy in the assessment of the nutritional status of preschool children. The \"percentage method\" as suggested by Jelliffe (1966) and Gomez et al. (1956) does not take account of the normal range of distribution of the standards. This study has shown that the 80% levels of sex-specific median weight-for-age occupy positions as much as 600 g below the sex-specific 3rd centiles for Hong Kong Chinese children, while the 80% levels closely follow the 3rd centiles for London children in the preschool age group. Thus the Hong Kong 80% levels are not comparable with the London 80% levels. Therefore, the \"percentage  method\" appears to be misleading in the assessment of nutritional status using weight measurements."}
{"id": "PMID:869570", "title": "Neurological abnormalities in congenital amaurosis of Leber. Review of 30 cases.", "content": "A retrospective study was made of 30 children with Leber's amaurosis (congenital retinal blindness). 24 presented with severe visual impairment, typical ophalmological findings, and absent electroretinograms. 6 other children, though presenting with marked visual loss and absent electroetinograms were later shown to be less severely affected. Some of the more severely affected children had associated neurodevelopmental or renal abnormalities.", "contents": "Neurological abnormalities in congenital amaurosis of Leber. Review of 30 cases. A retrospective study was made of 30 children with Leber's amaurosis (congenital retinal blindness). 24 presented with severe visual impairment, typical ophalmological findings, and absent electroretinograms. 6 other children, though presenting with marked visual loss and absent electroetinograms were later shown to be less severely affected. Some of the more severely affected children had associated neurodevelopmental or renal abnormalities."}
{"id": "PMID:869571", "title": "Tinidazole in treatment of amoebic liver abscess in children.", "content": "Tinidazole as a single drug therapy given in a single dose daily for 5 or 3 days was put to rigorous test in malnourished children. Of 25 children with amoebic liver abscess, 23 were cured. The 2 remaining cases required surgical drainage followed by other amoebicides, one subsequently dying from complicating bronchopneumonia.", "contents": "Tinidazole in treatment of amoebic liver abscess in children. Tinidazole as a single drug therapy given in a single dose daily for 5 or 3 days was put to rigorous test in malnourished children. Of 25 children with amoebic liver abscess, 23 were cured. The 2 remaining cases required surgical drainage followed by other amoebicides, one subsequently dying from complicating bronchopneumonia."}
{"id": "PMID:869573", "title": "Congenital oesophageal stenosis.", "content": "A case of congenital oesophageal stenosis presenting shortly after birth is reported. Treatment by daily dilatation with a bead on a continuous thread loop was carried on at home over several months. This proved to be a simple, safe, and effective treatment.", "contents": "Congenital oesophageal stenosis. A case of congenital oesophageal stenosis presenting shortly after birth is reported. Treatment by daily dilatation with a bead on a continuous thread loop was carried on at home over several months. This proved to be a simple, safe, and effective treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:869574", "title": "Leptospirosis presenting with erythema nodosum.", "content": "An illness due to a leptospiral infection in a boy aged 12 years is described which, in addition to presenting with severe fever, malaise, and aseptic meningitis, showed the rare features of severe bradycardia and erythema nodosum.", "contents": "Leptospirosis presenting with erythema nodosum. An illness due to a leptospiral infection in a boy aged 12 years is described which, in addition to presenting with severe fever, malaise, and aseptic meningitis, showed the rare features of severe bradycardia and erythema nodosum."}
{"id": "PMID:869575", "title": "Electron microscopic cytochemical demonstration of adenyl cyclase activity in psoriatic epidermis.", "content": "Isoproterenol and sodium fluoride stimulated adenyl cyclase activity was detected in epidermal tissue from 2 patients with untreated psoriasis by an electron microscopic cytochemical technique. Adenyl cyclase activity was present on the outer surface of the cell membranes, predominantly in the basal cells and in the 4-5 lower Malpighian cell layers, while the superficial layers, stratum granulosum and stratum corneum showed no activity. The precipitates (lead-PPi complexes) after isoproterenol stimulation were larger and fewer in number than those seen after sodium fluoride stimulation. Isoproterenol stimulation was abolished by propranolol. Neither the uninvolved epidermis from the 2 patients with psoriasis nor the normal skin from 2 volunteer individuals showed any difference from the psoriatic epidermis.", "contents": "Electron microscopic cytochemical demonstration of adenyl cyclase activity in psoriatic epidermis. Isoproterenol and sodium fluoride stimulated adenyl cyclase activity was detected in epidermal tissue from 2 patients with untreated psoriasis by an electron microscopic cytochemical technique. Adenyl cyclase activity was present on the outer surface of the cell membranes, predominantly in the basal cells and in the 4-5 lower Malpighian cell layers, while the superficial layers, stratum granulosum and stratum corneum showed no activity. The precipitates (lead-PPi complexes) after isoproterenol stimulation were larger and fewer in number than those seen after sodium fluoride stimulation. Isoproterenol stimulation was abolished by propranolol. Neither the uninvolved epidermis from the 2 patients with psoriasis nor the normal skin from 2 volunteer individuals showed any difference from the psoriatic epidermis."}
{"id": "PMID:869576", "title": "DNA content of mycosis fungoides cells.", "content": "DNA content of mycosis infiltrate cells was measured in 5 patients with the Feulgen cytophotometric method in the plaque and tumor stages. In addition, the infiltrate cells were differentiated cytochemically into histiocytes and atypical lymphoid cells with NaF-sensitive naphthol-AS-D-acetate esterase. In no case was an aneuploid stem line demonstrated. However, increasing duration of the tumor stage was associated with a larger proportion of tetraploid and octoploid cells. The DNA histograms also exhibited a local proliferation of atypical lymphoid cells. This proliferation was arrested by cytostatic therapy. Comparison with semi-thin-sections of tumor tissue showed that the mycosis fungoides cells are atypical lymphoid cells. These DNA measurements do not contradict the concept of limited aneuploidy, as reported in cytogenic studies. Thus mycosis fungoides fits in with the DNA distribution pattern in the group of lymphomas.", "contents": "DNA content of mycosis fungoides cells. DNA content of mycosis infiltrate cells was measured in 5 patients with the Feulgen cytophotometric method in the plaque and tumor stages. In addition, the infiltrate cells were differentiated cytochemically into histiocytes and atypical lymphoid cells with NaF-sensitive naphthol-AS-D-acetate esterase. In no case was an aneuploid stem line demonstrated. However, increasing duration of the tumor stage was associated with a larger proportion of tetraploid and octoploid cells. The DNA histograms also exhibited a local proliferation of atypical lymphoid cells. This proliferation was arrested by cytostatic therapy. Comparison with semi-thin-sections of tumor tissue showed that the mycosis fungoides cells are atypical lymphoid cells. These DNA measurements do not contradict the concept of limited aneuploidy, as reported in cytogenic studies. Thus mycosis fungoides fits in with the DNA distribution pattern in the group of lymphomas."}
{"id": "PMID:869577", "title": "Analysis of the low part of stress-strain curves in rat skin. Influence of age and desmotropic drugs.", "content": "Stress-strain behaviour of skin strips in rats at different ages or after treatment with prednisolone or D-penicillamine has been analyzed. Special attention has been paid to the lower part of the stress-strain curves. A \"hump\" at an extension degree of 30% of original length was noted. When rats of different ages were compared this phenomenon was observed predominantly at an age of 2 months. Futhermore, this hump was remarkable in rats treated with prednisolone. When the stress-strain curves of rats at different ages or after treatment were averaged and normalized, the most pronounced deviations were found at an age of 2 months or after prednisolone treatment. The maximum of deviation from Hooke's law occurred at a relative extension degree of 70%. Thus, the maturation process and the influence of corticosteroid affected mostly the second part of the stress-strain curve. In order to evaluate further the stress-strain curves 3 consecutive tangents of the stress-strain curves indicating modules of elasticity were evaluated. The first and second modules of elasticity showed a minimum at an age of 2 months, whereas the ultimate elasticity modules increased with maturation up to a maximum at 12 months followed by a decrease similar to that observed in tensile strength at an age of 24 months.", "contents": "Analysis of the low part of stress-strain curves in rat skin. Influence of age and desmotropic drugs. Stress-strain behaviour of skin strips in rats at different ages or after treatment with prednisolone or D-penicillamine has been analyzed. Special attention has been paid to the lower part of the stress-strain curves. A \"hump\" at an extension degree of 30% of original length was noted. When rats of different ages were compared this phenomenon was observed predominantly at an age of 2 months. Futhermore, this hump was remarkable in rats treated with prednisolone. When the stress-strain curves of rats at different ages or after treatment were averaged and normalized, the most pronounced deviations were found at an age of 2 months or after prednisolone treatment. The maximum of deviation from Hooke's law occurred at a relative extension degree of 70%. Thus, the maturation process and the influence of corticosteroid affected mostly the second part of the stress-strain curve. In order to evaluate further the stress-strain curves 3 consecutive tangents of the stress-strain curves indicating modules of elasticity were evaluated. The first and second modules of elasticity showed a minimum at an age of 2 months, whereas the ultimate elasticity modules increased with maturation up to a maximum at 12 months followed by a decrease similar to that observed in tensile strength at an age of 24 months."}
{"id": "PMID:869578", "title": "The ultrastructure of lymphadenosis benigna cutis (pseudolymphoma cutis).", "content": "In an ultrastructural study supplementing previous histological, cytochemical and immunocytological investigations of lymphadenosis benigna cutis, the tumor is shown to consist mainly of two cell types: Lymphocytes and macrophagocytic (reticulum?) cells. The tendency to spontaneous regression is manifested on the ultrastructural level by pronounced degenerative alterations.", "contents": "The ultrastructure of lymphadenosis benigna cutis (pseudolymphoma cutis). In an ultrastructural study supplementing previous histological, cytochemical and immunocytological investigations of lymphadenosis benigna cutis, the tumor is shown to consist mainly of two cell types: Lymphocytes and macrophagocytic (reticulum?) cells. The tendency to spontaneous regression is manifested on the ultrastructural level by pronounced degenerative alterations."}
{"id": "PMID:869579", "title": "Effects of alkaline on horny layer cellularity.", "content": "The microscopical changes of plantar Str. corneum after immersion in alkaline were investigated. For this purpose a test system was used in which unexcised skin of guinea pig hind feet was exposed and subsequently analysed by the FITC-staining method. The effect of KOH on the Str. corneum consisted in an immediate swelling of the outer cell layers which was followed by a further increase in cell volume. Cells became separated layer by layer after maximal swelling. There is a high and constant rate of cell loss, when treated superficial cells are repeatedly removed as compared to permanent immersion. Thus, the buffering capacity of the treated outer cell layers has a rate limiting effect upon alkaline-induced cell loss in the Str. corneum.", "contents": "Effects of alkaline on horny layer cellularity. The microscopical changes of plantar Str. corneum after immersion in alkaline were investigated. For this purpose a test system was used in which unexcised skin of guinea pig hind feet was exposed and subsequently analysed by the FITC-staining method. The effect of KOH on the Str. corneum consisted in an immediate swelling of the outer cell layers which was followed by a further increase in cell volume. Cells became separated layer by layer after maximal swelling. There is a high and constant rate of cell loss, when treated superficial cells are repeatedly removed as compared to permanent immersion. Thus, the buffering capacity of the treated outer cell layers has a rate limiting effect upon alkaline-induced cell loss in the Str. corneum."}
{"id": "PMID:869580", "title": "[Light- and electron microscopical investigation on the pathogenesis of Kaposi's sarcoma (author's transl)].", "content": "In Kaposi's sarcoma (K.S.) the regular metabolism between endothelial cell, extracellular matrix and fibrocyte is disturbed. Thereby the composition of the extracellular matrix change and via a feed-back to the CNS and hormonal system in return changes of endothelial cells and fibrocytes appear. Processing of misinformation sum up in transformation of fibrocytes to tumor cells and destruction of endothelial cells. Initial a widening of the interendothelial borders of the capillary bed seem to be of great importance for the pathogenesis of K.S., because for long time spaces lymphedemas preceed the tumor. With this immunoreactions occur which probably are accompanied by autoimmuno-processes", "contents": "[Light- and electron microscopical investigation on the pathogenesis of Kaposi's sarcoma (author's transl)]. In Kaposi's sarcoma (K.S.) the regular metabolism between endothelial cell, extracellular matrix and fibrocyte is disturbed. Thereby the composition of the extracellular matrix change and via a feed-back to the CNS and hormonal system in return changes of endothelial cells and fibrocytes appear. Processing of misinformation sum up in transformation of fibrocytes to tumor cells and destruction of endothelial cells. Initial a widening of the interendothelial borders of the capillary bed seem to be of great importance for the pathogenesis of K.S., because for long time spaces lymphedemas preceed the tumor. With this immunoreactions occur which probably are accompanied by autoimmuno-processes"}
{"id": "PMID:869581", "title": "[The ultrastructure and acid phosphatase activity in the sweat glands with \"clear, reticulated cytoplasm\" (author's transl)].", "content": "Investigations were carried out on the ultrastructure and distribution of acid phosphatase in the human sweat glands with \"clear, reticulated cytoplasm\". It is probable that the gland cells with vacuolized cytoplasm develop from the serous gland cells through a morphologically recognizable intermediate state. An extralysosomal activity of acid phosphatase occurs in the vacuolized gland cells. The free distribution of the enzyme activity is focal. A correlation between these findings and a possible holocrine mode of secretion is discussed.", "contents": "[The ultrastructure and acid phosphatase activity in the sweat glands with \"clear, reticulated cytoplasm\" (author's transl)]. Investigations were carried out on the ultrastructure and distribution of acid phosphatase in the human sweat glands with \"clear, reticulated cytoplasm\". It is probable that the gland cells with vacuolized cytoplasm develop from the serous gland cells through a morphologically recognizable intermediate state. An extralysosomal activity of acid phosphatase occurs in the vacuolized gland cells. The free distribution of the enzyme activity is focal. A correlation between these findings and a possible holocrine mode of secretion is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:869582", "title": "Modification of experimental UV erythema by external steroids--a reflex photometric study.", "content": "A method for reflex photometric detection of the modification of a model of inflammation (UV erythema) by external corticoids is presented. The steroids which most effectively suppress erythema formation are those which have the strongest vasoconstrictor potency also on unchanged skin. A tachyphylaxis phenomenon can also be demonstrated after several applications of a synthetic steroid to the inflammation model.", "contents": "Modification of experimental UV erythema by external steroids--a reflex photometric study. A method for reflex photometric detection of the modification of a model of inflammation (UV erythema) by external corticoids is presented. The steroids which most effectively suppress erythema formation are those which have the strongest vasoconstrictor potency also on unchanged skin. A tachyphylaxis phenomenon can also be demonstrated after several applications of a synthetic steroid to the inflammation model."}
{"id": "PMID:869583", "title": "Disturbance of DNA-Synthesis in early psoriasis.", "content": "In earlier studies we have shown that there is a significant prolongation of DNA-synthesis time (ts) in the epidermal cells of fully developed psoriatic lesions. The present study shows that this prolongation is to be observed even in very early plaques. The prolongation of ts precedes the development of acanthosis. A dermal infiltrate with increased proliferative activity seems to be a stimulus, in the sense of a Koebner-phenomenon. There is no pronounced prolongation of ts in other acute or chronic inflammatory processes of the skin. The behaviour of the infiltrate in psoriasis is similar to that in allergic patch test reaction. However, the abnormal psoriatic epidermis, with disturbed DNA-synthesis, does not react to the above mentioned infiltrate with a limited hyperproliferation but with the development of a psoriatic plaque. There is obviously congenital disturbances of metabolism within the epidermal cells in psoriasis.", "contents": "Disturbance of DNA-Synthesis in early psoriasis. In earlier studies we have shown that there is a significant prolongation of DNA-synthesis time (ts) in the epidermal cells of fully developed psoriatic lesions. The present study shows that this prolongation is to be observed even in very early plaques. The prolongation of ts precedes the development of acanthosis. A dermal infiltrate with increased proliferative activity seems to be a stimulus, in the sense of a Koebner-phenomenon. There is no pronounced prolongation of ts in other acute or chronic inflammatory processes of the skin. The behaviour of the infiltrate in psoriasis is similar to that in allergic patch test reaction. However, the abnormal psoriatic epidermis, with disturbed DNA-synthesis, does not react to the above mentioned infiltrate with a limited hyperproliferation but with the development of a psoriatic plaque. There is obviously congenital disturbances of metabolism within the epidermal cells in psoriasis."}
{"id": "PMID:869586", "title": "Dynamics of mirex and its principal photoproducts in a simulated marsh system.", "content": "Three simulated marsh systems were constructed, containing sediment, marsh plants, oysters, blue crabs, fiddler crabs, and two species of top minnows. Seawater entered each of the pools by flowing across a trough, two of which contained Mirex bait. Tidal fluctuations were simulated. Samples of water, bait, and animals were periodically analyzed. All animals concentrated Mirex. Three photoproducts accumulated on the bait particles, and both oysters and one species of fish accumulated one of the photoproducts.", "contents": "Dynamics of mirex and its principal photoproducts in a simulated marsh system. Three simulated marsh systems were constructed, containing sediment, marsh plants, oysters, blue crabs, fiddler crabs, and two species of top minnows. Seawater entered each of the pools by flowing across a trough, two of which contained Mirex bait. Tidal fluctuations were simulated. Samples of water, bait, and animals were periodically analyzed. All animals concentrated Mirex. Three photoproducts accumulated on the bait particles, and both oysters and one species of fish accumulated one of the photoproducts."}
{"id": "PMID:869587", "title": "Effect of tetramethyl lead on freshwater green algae.", "content": "The toxicity of tetramethyl lead (Me4Pb) towards freshwater algae was studied by bubbling biologically generated Me4Pb from one flask containing 5 mg of Pb 1-1 as Me3PbOAc into the culture medium in another flask where a test alga Scenedesmus quadricauda was grown. As Me4Pb is not soluble in water and is volatile, the exposure of an alga to this lead compound was only momentary. It was estimated that less than 0.5 mg of Pb(Me4Pb) had passed through the culture medium. The primary productivity and cell growth (determined by dry weight), however, decreased by 85% and 32% respectively, as compared with the controls without exposure to Me4Pb. Furthermore, cells exposed to Me4Pb tended to clump together and striking alterations in cell fine-structure were observed. An electron microscopic analysis by an energy dispersive spectrometer revealed that Pb ions had penetrated the cell and were deposited within concretion bodies. Similar results were obtained with the green algae Ankistrodesmus falcatus and Chlorella pyrenoidosa.", "contents": "Effect of tetramethyl lead on freshwater green algae. The toxicity of tetramethyl lead (Me4Pb) towards freshwater algae was studied by bubbling biologically generated Me4Pb from one flask containing 5 mg of Pb 1-1 as Me3PbOAc into the culture medium in another flask where a test alga Scenedesmus quadricauda was grown. As Me4Pb is not soluble in water and is volatile, the exposure of an alga to this lead compound was only momentary. It was estimated that less than 0.5 mg of Pb(Me4Pb) had passed through the culture medium. The primary productivity and cell growth (determined by dry weight), however, decreased by 85% and 32% respectively, as compared with the controls without exposure to Me4Pb. Furthermore, cells exposed to Me4Pb tended to clump together and striking alterations in cell fine-structure were observed. An electron microscopic analysis by an energy dispersive spectrometer revealed that Pb ions had penetrated the cell and were deposited within concretion bodies. Similar results were obtained with the green algae Ankistrodesmus falcatus and Chlorella pyrenoidosa."}
{"id": "PMID:869589", "title": "Some effects of dieldrin and mirex on Ehrlich ascites tumor cells in vivo and in vitro.", "content": "The effects of dieldrin and mirex on Ehrlich ascites tumor cells were assessed, using certain in vivo (in mice) and in vitro measurements. Mirex retarded the development of Ehrlich ascites tumor in vivo, but dieldrin did not. Effects of dieldrin on de nova RNA purine synthesis from formate in vivo were slight, while mirex inhibited the synthesis of both RNA purines. Dieldrin inhibited the in vitro incorporation if thymidine, uridine, and L-leucine into DNA, RNA, and protein, respectively, but mirex was virtually without effect.", "contents": "Some effects of dieldrin and mirex on Ehrlich ascites tumor cells in vivo and in vitro. The effects of dieldrin and mirex on Ehrlich ascites tumor cells were assessed, using certain in vivo (in mice) and in vitro measurements. Mirex retarded the development of Ehrlich ascites tumor in vivo, but dieldrin did not. Effects of dieldrin on de nova RNA purine synthesis from formate in vivo were slight, while mirex inhibited the synthesis of both RNA purines. Dieldrin inhibited the in vitro incorporation if thymidine, uridine, and L-leucine into DNA, RNA, and protein, respectively, but mirex was virtually without effect."}
{"id": "PMID:869591", "title": "Mucociliary transport in chickens infected with Newcastle disease virus and exposed to sulfur dioxide.", "content": "Mucociliary transport was studied in the nasal mucous membranes and sinuses of 3-week-old chickens which were either exposed to sulfur dioxide (SO2), infected intranasally with the mesogenic strain of Newcastle disease virus (NDV), or exposed to SO2 after NDV infection. A newly developed apparatus was used to follow intranasal transport rates over time in the same animal, and to follow sinus transport rates over time in a separate group of animals. Intermittent exposure to concentrations of 1.4-66.0 ppm SO2 produced peaks of increased intranasal transport time, with intervening recovery periods. This suggests a homeostatic mechanism. Transport was also decelerated in the sinus when concentrations of SO2 were above 10 ppm. NDV infection produced decelerated intranasal transport rates but did not decelerate sinus rates. Combined NDV and SO2 interacted to produced persistent deceleration of the intransal transport rate. In the sinus, the combination seemed to conteract the decelerating effect of SO2 alone, suggesting a separate mechanism of homeostasis.", "contents": "Mucociliary transport in chickens infected with Newcastle disease virus and exposed to sulfur dioxide. Mucociliary transport was studied in the nasal mucous membranes and sinuses of 3-week-old chickens which were either exposed to sulfur dioxide (SO2), infected intranasally with the mesogenic strain of Newcastle disease virus (NDV), or exposed to SO2 after NDV infection. A newly developed apparatus was used to follow intranasal transport rates over time in the same animal, and to follow sinus transport rates over time in a separate group of animals. Intermittent exposure to concentrations of 1.4-66.0 ppm SO2 produced peaks of increased intranasal transport time, with intervening recovery periods. This suggests a homeostatic mechanism. Transport was also decelerated in the sinus when concentrations of SO2 were above 10 ppm. NDV infection produced decelerated intranasal transport rates but did not decelerate sinus rates. Combined NDV and SO2 interacted to produced persistent deceleration of the intransal transport rate. In the sinus, the combination seemed to conteract the decelerating effect of SO2 alone, suggesting a separate mechanism of homeostasis."}
{"id": "PMID:869594", "title": "Fever of undetermined etiology after cleaning of steam turbine condensers.", "content": "Two outbreaks of a febrile syndrome marked by chills, headaches, myalgia, nausea, and malaise occurred in workers who had cleaned the steam condensers of electric power turbines. Mean incubation period was 38 hours. Twenty-two of twenty-three exposed men became ill. Clinical and environmental investigation failed to reveal the etiology of the outbreaks. The circumstances and clinical syndrome have points of similarity to fever following inhalation of metal fumes and low-grade, stained cotton dust, and to Pontiac fever.", "contents": "Fever of undetermined etiology after cleaning of steam turbine condensers. Two outbreaks of a febrile syndrome marked by chills, headaches, myalgia, nausea, and malaise occurred in workers who had cleaned the steam condensers of electric power turbines. Mean incubation period was 38 hours. Twenty-two of twenty-three exposed men became ill. Clinical and environmental investigation failed to reveal the etiology of the outbreaks. The circumstances and clinical syndrome have points of similarity to fever following inhalation of metal fumes and low-grade, stained cotton dust, and to Pontiac fever."}
{"id": "PMID:869595", "title": "Induced rhinovirus infection under controlled exposure to sulfur dioxide.", "content": "The interaction between short-term sulfur dioxide (SO2) exposure and experimentally induced rhinovirus infection was studied in thirty-two volunteers divided into two groups balanced with respect to age, antibody levels, and nasal mucus flow rates. One group was exposed to SO2 exposure at the threshold limit value (TLV) of 5 ppm during 4 hours; the other group served as controls exposed to pollution-free air under the same conditions. The SO2 exposure caused a 50% decrease in nasal mucus flow rate in the anterior parts of the nose, but there was no difference in the number of colds which developed in the two groups. The group exposed to SO2 had fewer symptoms and a possibly shorter incubation period (P = .06), and virus shedding was at a lower level but more persistent than in the control group. No differences were found in antibody response. The rhinovirus infection in the control group caused a gradual decrease in nasal mucus flow rate starting 2 days after the virus instillation, and after 5 days the rate was less than half its initial value. For future experiments on the interaction between airborne pollutants and rhinovirus infections, a virus challenge by aerosol inhalation is recommended. Our study supports an earlier observation that growth of influenza virus in the nasal cavity of mice was inhibited by exposure to SO2 concentrations of 6 or 20 ppm.", "contents": "Induced rhinovirus infection under controlled exposure to sulfur dioxide. The interaction between short-term sulfur dioxide (SO2) exposure and experimentally induced rhinovirus infection was studied in thirty-two volunteers divided into two groups balanced with respect to age, antibody levels, and nasal mucus flow rates. One group was exposed to SO2 exposure at the threshold limit value (TLV) of 5 ppm during 4 hours; the other group served as controls exposed to pollution-free air under the same conditions. The SO2 exposure caused a 50% decrease in nasal mucus flow rate in the anterior parts of the nose, but there was no difference in the number of colds which developed in the two groups. The group exposed to SO2 had fewer symptoms and a possibly shorter incubation period (P = .06), and virus shedding was at a lower level but more persistent than in the control group. No differences were found in antibody response. The rhinovirus infection in the control group caused a gradual decrease in nasal mucus flow rate starting 2 days after the virus instillation, and after 5 days the rate was less than half its initial value. For future experiments on the interaction between airborne pollutants and rhinovirus infections, a virus challenge by aerosol inhalation is recommended. Our study supports an earlier observation that growth of influenza virus in the nasal cavity of mice was inhibited by exposure to SO2 concentrations of 6 or 20 ppm."}
{"id": "PMID:869592", "title": "Trypsin-inhibiting activity in sera of two strains of inbred mice.", "content": "Trypsin-inhibiting activity in sera of mice of two inbred strains, AHeJ and P/J, was determined. The mean activities in both groups were identical, namely 0.77 mg of trypsin inhibited by 1 ml of serum. This finding is at variance with an earlier report.", "contents": "Trypsin-inhibiting activity in sera of two strains of inbred mice. Trypsin-inhibiting activity in sera of mice of two inbred strains, AHeJ and P/J, was determined. The mean activities in both groups were identical, namely 0.77 mg of trypsin inhibited by 1 ml of serum. This finding is at variance with an earlier report."}
{"id": "PMID:869596", "title": "Aerosol inhalation and depth of deposition in the human lung. The effect of airway obstruction and tidal volume inhaled.", "content": "Ten patients with chronic bronchitis, whose FEV1.0 varied between 0.48 and 3.00 1, inhaled uniform 5-micronm particles tagged with technetium-99 in tidal volumes (VT) varying between 750 and 1830 ml. Their  chests were scanned after inhalation to ascertain depth of deposition of the particles, and clearance from the lungs was monitored for 5 hr by serial whole-lung gamma counting. A significant inverse relationship (P less than .05) was found between depth of deposition after inhalation (D), measured horizontally across the lung as percentage per inch, and rate of clearance of the particles (5-hr retention [%] = 100- % cleared at 5 hr=69.12-3.02D). This confirmed previous findings. The depth of deposition depended directly on the FEV1.0 and VT (5-hr retention [%] = 0.026VT + 12.67FEV1.0-4.13); this resulted in a 14%-75% range for 5-hr retention. Regression slopes for VT and FEV1.0 were independently significant (P less than .05). The findings suggest that, as commonly administered at present, the therapeutic efficiency of most drugs given be aerosol will be reduced in proportion to the degree of airway obstruction as measured by the FEV1.0. The efficiency can be enhanced by increasing the depth of inspiration of the aerosol.", "contents": "Aerosol inhalation and depth of deposition in the human lung. The effect of airway obstruction and tidal volume inhaled. Ten patients with chronic bronchitis, whose FEV1.0 varied between 0.48 and 3.00 1, inhaled uniform 5-micronm particles tagged with technetium-99 in tidal volumes (VT) varying between 750 and 1830 ml. Their  chests were scanned after inhalation to ascertain depth of deposition of the particles, and clearance from the lungs was monitored for 5 hr by serial whole-lung gamma counting. A significant inverse relationship (P less than .05) was found between depth of deposition after inhalation (D), measured horizontally across the lung as percentage per inch, and rate of clearance of the particles (5-hr retention [%] = 100- % cleared at 5 hr=69.12-3.02D). This confirmed previous findings. The depth of deposition depended directly on the FEV1.0 and VT (5-hr retention [%] = 0.026VT + 12.67FEV1.0-4.13); this resulted in a 14%-75% range for 5-hr retention. Regression slopes for VT and FEV1.0 were independently significant (P less than .05). The findings suggest that, as commonly administered at present, the therapeutic efficiency of most drugs given be aerosol will be reduced in proportion to the degree of airway obstruction as measured by the FEV1.0. The efficiency can be enhanced by increasing the depth of inspiration of the aerosol."}
{"id": "PMID:869605", "title": "Species differentiation in the genus Leishmania by morphometric studies with the electron microscope.", "content": "Morphometric comparison of some ultrastructural features of leishmanial amastigotes demonstrated species-characteristic differences. These occurred in parameters relating to size, such as diameter and microtubule number; statistical analysis resolved four groups from the seven isolates studied. The results were not inconsistent with previous measurements, mostly with the light microscope, by other workers. The unqualified assertion that Leishmania species are morphologically identical is therefore no longer valid.", "contents": "Species differentiation in the genus Leishmania by morphometric studies with the electron microscope. Morphometric comparison of some ultrastructural features of leishmanial amastigotes demonstrated species-characteristic differences. These occurred in parameters relating to size, such as diameter and microtubule number; statistical analysis resolved four groups from the seven isolates studied. The results were not inconsistent with previous measurements, mostly with the light microscope, by other workers. The unqualified assertion that Leishmania species are morphologically identical is therefore no longer valid."}
{"id": "PMID:869593", "title": "Effects of ozone exposure in Canadians and Southern Californians. Evidence for adaptation?", "content": "Comparison of published reports on physiological effects of exposure to ozone (O3) suggests that Canadians are more reactive than southern Californians. Responses of subjects and experimental methods were compared in a cooperative investigation of this apparent difference in reactivity. Four Canadians and four Californians were exposed to 0.37 ppm O3 in purified air at 21 degrees C and 50% relative humidity for 2 hours with intermittent light exercise. Exposures to purified air alone served as controls. Responses of subjects were similar to those observed previously: Canadians on the average showed greater clinical and physiological reactivity to exposure than did Californians, who were no more than minimally reactive. Canadians also showed larger increases in erythrocyte fragility following exposure. No methodological differences sufficient to explain different results of previous studies were found. Although other possible explanations have not been ruled out entirely, adaptation of southern Californians to chronic ambient O3 exposure is a rational hypothesis to explain these results.", "contents": "Effects of ozone exposure in Canadians and Southern Californians. Evidence for adaptation? Comparison of published reports on physiological effects of exposure to ozone (O3) suggests that Canadians are more reactive than southern Californians. Responses of subjects and experimental methods were compared in a cooperative investigation of this apparent difference in reactivity. Four Canadians and four Californians were exposed to 0.37 ppm O3 in purified air at 21 degrees C and 50% relative humidity for 2 hours with intermittent light exercise. Exposures to purified air alone served as controls. Responses of subjects were similar to those observed previously: Canadians on the average showed greater clinical and physiological reactivity to exposure than did Californians, who were no more than minimally reactive. Canadians also showed larger increases in erythrocyte fragility following exposure. No methodological differences sufficient to explain different results of previous studies were found. Although other possible explanations have not been ruled out entirely, adaptation of southern Californians to chronic ambient O3 exposure is a rational hypothesis to explain these results."}
{"id": "PMID:869606", "title": "The ultrastructural changes of Leishmania tropica after treatment with pentamidine.", "content": "The effect of the antiprotozoal drug pentamidine on the ultrastructure of the amastigote stage of Leishmania tropica was studied. The most remarkable change introduced by the treatment occurred in the kinetoplast-mitochondrion complex. All mitochondria were extremely enlarged and most kinetoplasts disintegrated into a network of fine filaments. The flagellar pocket was frequently dilated and filled with various quantities of double-membrane bounded bodies ejected from the pocket wall. The multivesicular bodies and lipid droplets were enlarged. The number of ribosomal granules decreased. Many protozoa had an irregular shape and damaged internal structure. The drug-induced changes of L. tropica are discussed in relation to similar effects previously observed in trypanosomes.", "contents": "The ultrastructural changes of Leishmania tropica after treatment with pentamidine. The effect of the antiprotozoal drug pentamidine on the ultrastructure of the amastigote stage of Leishmania tropica was studied. The most remarkable change introduced by the treatment occurred in the kinetoplast-mitochondrion complex. All mitochondria were extremely enlarged and most kinetoplasts disintegrated into a network of fine filaments. The flagellar pocket was frequently dilated and filled with various quantities of double-membrane bounded bodies ejected from the pocket wall. The multivesicular bodies and lipid droplets were enlarged. The number of ribosomal granules decreased. Many protozoa had an irregular shape and damaged internal structure. The drug-induced changes of L. tropica are discussed in relation to similar effects previously observed in trypanosomes."}
{"id": "PMID:869607", "title": "The distribution and significance of hepatitis B surface antigen in a rural population in Kenya.", "content": "A rural population in Kenya was studied and a prevalence of HBsAg of 5-0% and an antibody prevalence of 50% in HBsAg in negative subjects has been found; 1-2% of the negative subjects converted to positive over a six-month period. A group of HBsAg positive subjects was compared with a matched group of HBsAg negative controls clinically in liver function tests and past medical history. No statistically significant differences were found between the two groups and neither group had experienced in the past significantly more skin scarification, injections or illness with jaundice. Both ad and ay subtypes occurred in the population. This is an unexpected and important finding, which gives scope for further detailed epidemiological studies in this population.", "contents": "The distribution and significance of hepatitis B surface antigen in a rural population in Kenya. A rural population in Kenya was studied and a prevalence of HBsAg of 5-0% and an antibody prevalence of 50% in HBsAg in negative subjects has been found; 1-2% of the negative subjects converted to positive over a six-month period. A group of HBsAg positive subjects was compared with a matched group of HBsAg negative controls clinically in liver function tests and past medical history. No statistically significant differences were found between the two groups and neither group had experienced in the past significantly more skin scarification, injections or illness with jaundice. Both ad and ay subtypes occurred in the population. This is an unexpected and important finding, which gives scope for further detailed epidemiological studies in this population."}
{"id": "PMID:869608", "title": "Schistosoma haematobium in a Gambian community. III. The prevalence of bacteriuria and of hypertension.", "content": "A field study in an area of intense infection with Schistosoma haematobium showed a 6-6% prevalence of bacteriuria in males under 25 which was significantly greater than in a non-endemic area where no cases were found. In older subjects the prevalence in both areas was less than 1%. Similarly designed studies showed a slight increase in mean blood pressure levels and in the prevalence of hypertension in the endemic area. This could not with certainty be attributed to the effects of S. haematobium and the levels recorded were unlikely to be associated with a poor prognosis. The findings suggest that bacteriuria but not hypertension, may sometimes determine the outcome of S. haematobium infection in this community.", "contents": "Schistosoma haematobium in a Gambian community. III. The prevalence of bacteriuria and of hypertension. A field study in an area of intense infection with Schistosoma haematobium showed a 6-6% prevalence of bacteriuria in males under 25 which was significantly greater than in a non-endemic area where no cases were found. In older subjects the prevalence in both areas was less than 1%. Similarly designed studies showed a slight increase in mean blood pressure levels and in the prevalence of hypertension in the endemic area. This could not with certainty be attributed to the effects of S. haematobium and the levels recorded were unlikely to be associated with a poor prognosis. The findings suggest that bacteriuria but not hypertension, may sometimes determine the outcome of S. haematobium infection in this community."}
{"id": "PMID:869610", "title": "Cysticercosis of the spine.", "content": "A former regular soldier who had served in India before the second World War was in 1953-1955 diagnosed as suffering from cysticercosis affecting the brain and spinal cord as well as the muscles. Twenty years later he was found to have sustained severe damage to the lumbar spine, eventually proved due to cysticercosis involving the bones, joints and psoas muscles. The problem of why and how the disease remained active 40 years after the initial exposure remains unexplained. A search of the literature and enquiries from appropriate specialists have failed to produce any record of a similar case.", "contents": "Cysticercosis of the spine. A former regular soldier who had served in India before the second World War was in 1953-1955 diagnosed as suffering from cysticercosis affecting the brain and spinal cord as well as the muscles. Twenty years later he was found to have sustained severe damage to the lumbar spine, eventually proved due to cysticercosis involving the bones, joints and psoas muscles. The problem of why and how the disease remained active 40 years after the initial exposure remains unexplained. A search of the literature and enquiries from appropriate specialists have failed to produce any record of a similar case."}
{"id": "PMID:869611", "title": "Cytogenetic observations on translocations in species A of the Anopheles gambiae complex.", "content": "The ovarian polytene chromosomes of females of species A of the Anopheles gambiae complex, from colonies suspected of containing heterozygous translocations, were examined. In three lines, the presence of translocations was confirmed and the chromosomes involved in the interchanges identified. The usefulness of cytogenetic methods for the detection of translocations is discussed.", "contents": "Cytogenetic observations on translocations in species A of the Anopheles gambiae complex. The ovarian polytene chromosomes of females of species A of the Anopheles gambiae complex, from colonies suspected of containing heterozygous translocations, were examined. In three lines, the presence of translocations was confirmed and the chromosomes involved in the interchanges identified. The usefulness of cytogenetic methods for the detection of translocations is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:869612", "title": "A new Anopheles (Dipt., Culicidae) from Nigeria together with a note on An. brohieri Edwards.", "content": "A new Anopheles species of the subgenus Cellia Theobald, named An. cristipalpis, is described from five females caught in human bait catches in Nigeria. A description is also given of three females that are apparently an atypical form of An. brohieri Edwards.", "contents": "A new Anopheles (Dipt., Culicidae) from Nigeria together with a note on An. brohieri Edwards. A new Anopheles species of the subgenus Cellia Theobald, named An. cristipalpis, is described from five females caught in human bait catches in Nigeria. A description is also given of three females that are apparently an atypical form of An. brohieri Edwards."}
{"id": "PMID:869619", "title": "A new operation for far-advanced cystic medial necrosis of the aortic root.", "content": "Three patients with far-advanced cystic medial necrosis of the aorta, which had produced giant bulbous enlargement of the aortic root and severe aortic regurgitation, were operated on using a procedure not previously described. Measurements of the aortic valve annulus and ascending aorta were made from aortograms. A knitted polyester arterial prosthesis was sewn together to form a circle. This circular prosthesis was sewn to a 31 mm Bj\u00f6rk-Shiley aortic valve prosthesis in the way that a tire is fitted onto a wheel. The resulting composite prosthesis, which had the same diameter as the aortic root, was used to replace the excised valve. In all cases a composite prosthesis measuring greater than 50 mm in diameter was used. In 2 of the 3 patients the ascending aorta was replaced with a tubular graft reshaped as a truncated cone. This reshaping was done by inserting multiple gussets into one end of the aortic prosthesis so that the flanged end fit precisely to the transverse aortic arch. Two patients are asymptomatic more than two years following operation. The third patient died suddenly of a ventricular arrhythmia on the twenty-third postoperative day.", "contents": "A new operation for far-advanced cystic medial necrosis of the aortic root. Three patients with far-advanced cystic medial necrosis of the aorta, which had produced giant bulbous enlargement of the aortic root and severe aortic regurgitation, were operated on using a procedure not previously described. Measurements of the aortic valve annulus and ascending aorta were made from aortograms. A knitted polyester arterial prosthesis was sewn together to form a circle. This circular prosthesis was sewn to a 31 mm Bj\u00f6rk-Shiley aortic valve prosthesis in the way that a tire is fitted onto a wheel. The resulting composite prosthesis, which had the same diameter as the aortic root, was used to replace the excised valve. In all cases a composite prosthesis measuring greater than 50 mm in diameter was used. In 2 of the 3 patients the ascending aorta was replaced with a tubular graft reshaped as a truncated cone. This reshaping was done by inserting multiple gussets into one end of the aortic prosthesis so that the flanged end fit precisely to the transverse aortic arch. Two patients are asymptomatic more than two years following operation. The third patient died suddenly of a ventricular arrhythmia on the twenty-third postoperative day."}
{"id": "PMID:869620", "title": "The heparin-coated vascular shunt for thoracic aortic and great vessel procedures: a ten-year experience.", "content": "From 1966 to 1976 a flexible, heparin-coated shunt was used for operative procedures on the thoracic aorta and great vessels in 25 patients aged 15 to 78 years. Twenty patients had resection of aneurysms of the descending thoracic aorta. There was 1 death in 15 patients undergoing elective resection and 2 deaths (both from rupturing aneurysms) in 5 patients having emergency resection. The shunt was used in 5 patients who had procedures involving involving the great vessels. There have been no complications attributable to the shunt in either group. The advantages of this shunt include elimination of the need for systemic heparin, avoidance of hypertension during cross-clamping, and adequate perfusion of the distal cirulation without an interposed pump. Because of the ease of handling, low risk, and versatility, we consider the use of this shunt the preferred method for support in elective procedures of the thoracic aorta and great vessels.", "contents": "The heparin-coated vascular shunt for thoracic aortic and great vessel procedures: a ten-year experience. From 1966 to 1976 a flexible, heparin-coated shunt was used for operative procedures on the thoracic aorta and great vessels in 25 patients aged 15 to 78 years. Twenty patients had resection of aneurysms of the descending thoracic aorta. There was 1 death in 15 patients undergoing elective resection and 2 deaths (both from rupturing aneurysms) in 5 patients having emergency resection. The shunt was used in 5 patients who had procedures involving involving the great vessels. There have been no complications attributable to the shunt in either group. The advantages of this shunt include elimination of the need for systemic heparin, avoidance of hypertension during cross-clamping, and adequate perfusion of the distal cirulation without an interposed pump. Because of the ease of handling, low risk, and versatility, we consider the use of this shunt the preferred method for support in elective procedures of the thoracic aorta and great vessels."}
{"id": "PMID:869621", "title": "Effects of conventional hypothermic ischemic arrest and pharmacological arrest on myocardial supply/demand balance during aortic cross-clamping.", "content": "Aortic cross-clamping may produce ischemic damage due to a discrepancy between supply and demand. Supply is determined by noncoronary collateral flow and substrate stores, and demand by electromechanical activity, wall tension, and temperature. The effects of 60 minutes of conventional hypothermic ischemic arrest were compared to those of pharmacological arrest. Noncoronary collateral blood supply was comparable in both groups during cross-clamping. With ischemic arest, mechanical activity and endocardial electrical activity persisted and wall tension fell progressively. With pharmacological arrest, electromechanical activity stopped in less than 1 minute but returned (with increased wall tension) nearly 1 hour. Thirty minutes following reperfusion, coronary flow was redistributed away from subendocardium after ischemic arrest and toward endocardium after pharmacological arrest. Myocardial performance was depressed severely after conventional arrest and only mildy after pharmacological arrest. We conclude that aortic cross-clamping is safer with pharmacological arrest than with ischemic arrest. The cardioplegic solution modifies the supply/demand balance favorably, but it is washed out by noncoronary collateral blood supply.", "contents": "Effects of conventional hypothermic ischemic arrest and pharmacological arrest on myocardial supply/demand balance during aortic cross-clamping. Aortic cross-clamping may produce ischemic damage due to a discrepancy between supply and demand. Supply is determined by noncoronary collateral flow and substrate stores, and demand by electromechanical activity, wall tension, and temperature. The effects of 60 minutes of conventional hypothermic ischemic arrest were compared to those of pharmacological arrest. Noncoronary collateral blood supply was comparable in both groups during cross-clamping. With ischemic arest, mechanical activity and endocardial electrical activity persisted and wall tension fell progressively. With pharmacological arrest, electromechanical activity stopped in less than 1 minute but returned (with increased wall tension) nearly 1 hour. Thirty minutes following reperfusion, coronary flow was redistributed away from subendocardium after ischemic arrest and toward endocardium after pharmacological arrest. Myocardial performance was depressed severely after conventional arrest and only mildy after pharmacological arrest. We conclude that aortic cross-clamping is safer with pharmacological arrest than with ischemic arrest. The cardioplegic solution modifies the supply/demand balance favorably, but it is washed out by noncoronary collateral blood supply."}
{"id": "PMID:869622", "title": "Thromboembolic complications with the cloth-covered Starr-Edwards aortic prosthesis in patients not receiving anticoagulants.", "content": "A comparison of the incidence of thromboembolic (TE) episodes was made in three groups of patient who underwent aortic valve replacement with the cloth-covered Starr-Edwards prostheses. Group 1 consisted of patients who received anticoagulants for either the entire period of follow-up or for a period of variable duration, after which these agents were no longer administered. When anticoagulants were stopped, 22 patients were categorized as Group 3 for study. Group 2 comprised patients who never received anticoagulants. Of the 147 patients followed in Group 1, 14 suffered one episode of TE. Six patients experienced major emboli; 3 of them died. Twenty of the 82 patients followed in Group 2 (no anticoagulants) suffered TE complications. There were 10 episodes of major emboli. Five of the 22 patients in Group 3 suffered an episode (all major) of TE. It is concluded from this study that anticoagulants should be given permanently to all patients with cloth-covered Starr-Edwards prostheses. Indeed, there is no period after operation when the incidence of TE is so low that anticoagulation may be safely discontinued.", "contents": "Thromboembolic complications with the cloth-covered Starr-Edwards aortic prosthesis in patients not receiving anticoagulants. A comparison of the incidence of thromboembolic (TE) episodes was made in three groups of patient who underwent aortic valve replacement with the cloth-covered Starr-Edwards prostheses. Group 1 consisted of patients who received anticoagulants for either the entire period of follow-up or for a period of variable duration, after which these agents were no longer administered. When anticoagulants were stopped, 22 patients were categorized as Group 3 for study. Group 2 comprised patients who never received anticoagulants. Of the 147 patients followed in Group 1, 14 suffered one episode of TE. Six patients experienced major emboli; 3 of them died. Twenty of the 82 patients followed in Group 2 (no anticoagulants) suffered TE complications. There were 10 episodes of major emboli. Five of the 22 patients in Group 3 suffered an episode (all major) of TE. It is concluded from this study that anticoagulants should be given permanently to all patients with cloth-covered Starr-Edwards prostheses. Indeed, there is no period after operation when the incidence of TE is so low that anticoagulation may be safely discontinued."}
{"id": "PMID:869623", "title": "Safety and efficacy of continuous flush systems for arterial and pulmonary artery catheters.", "content": "Air embolism and static pressure errors have been attributed to continuous infusion systems. Experiments show that the primary source of air bubbles in such a system is the drip chamber. A drip chamber that minimizes this problem was tested and is recommended. Pressure errors due to the flush system are shown to be clinically insignificant. Fast flushing through a central arterial catheter is shown to be a minimal hazard.", "contents": "Safety and efficacy of continuous flush systems for arterial and pulmonary artery catheters. Air embolism and static pressure errors have been attributed to continuous infusion systems. Experiments show that the primary source of air bubbles in such a system is the drip chamber. A drip chamber that minimizes this problem was tested and is recommended. Pressure errors due to the flush system are shown to be clinically insignificant. Fast flushing through a central arterial catheter is shown to be a minimal hazard."}
{"id": "PMID:869624", "title": "Gore-Tex grafts for replacement of the superior vena cava.", "content": "In an effort to evaluate polytetrafluoroethylene (Gore-Tex) as a replacement for large veins, tubular grafts of the material were substituted for the precava in 33 mongrel dogs weighing 15 to 30 kg. Thirteen dogs had grafts 10 cm long by 12 mm wide with a 15-to 30 micron pore size; 15 dogs had grafts of the same length and width from 90-micron pore size material; and 5 dogs had grafts 5 cm long by 12 mm wide, of 90-micron pore size Gore-Tex. The effect of Gore-Tex tubes with and without spiral support and the differences in anatomical positions of the grafts were evaluated in terms of patency. Dogs were killed if a venogram showed occlusion of the graft. Twelve dogs survived 90 days; the longest survivor was killed at eleven months. At postmortem examination, the graft was patent but extremely narrow at the atrial end. Modification in the fabrication of Gore-Tex may eliminate factors contributing to graft failure; experiments longer than 90 days are necessary to evaluate Gore-Tex as a large vein replacement material. The 90-micron pore size material used in this experiment was unsuitable as a canine venous substitute.", "contents": "Gore-Tex grafts for replacement of the superior vena cava. In an effort to evaluate polytetrafluoroethylene (Gore-Tex) as a replacement for large veins, tubular grafts of the material were substituted for the precava in 33 mongrel dogs weighing 15 to 30 kg. Thirteen dogs had grafts 10 cm long by 12 mm wide with a 15-to 30 micron pore size; 15 dogs had grafts of the same length and width from 90-micron pore size material; and 5 dogs had grafts 5 cm long by 12 mm wide, of 90-micron pore size Gore-Tex. The effect of Gore-Tex tubes with and without spiral support and the differences in anatomical positions of the grafts were evaluated in terms of patency. Dogs were killed if a venogram showed occlusion of the graft. Twelve dogs survived 90 days; the longest survivor was killed at eleven months. At postmortem examination, the graft was patent but extremely narrow at the atrial end. Modification in the fabrication of Gore-Tex may eliminate factors contributing to graft failure; experiments longer than 90 days are necessary to evaluate Gore-Tex as a large vein replacement material. The 90-micron pore size material used in this experiment was unsuitable as a canine venous substitute."}
{"id": "PMID:869625", "title": "Subxiphoid pericardial window in patients with suspected traumatic pericardial tamponade.", "content": "The technique, indications, and results of subxiphoid pericardial window in penetrating chest wounds with suspected traumatic pericardial tamponade are reported. The classic signs of pericardial tamponade (elevated central venous pressure, muffled heart sounds, and paradoxical pulse) are unreliable in an emergency situation. Chest roentgenograms and electrocardiograms are of little diagnostic value. Pericardicentesis was either falsely positive or negative in 50% of our patients. Therefore, unexplained high central venous pressure and hypotension were considered to be pericardial tamponade until disproved by the results of a subxiphoid pericardial window. There were 4 negative and 46 positive findings of tamponade in 50 consecutive patients with suspected traumatic pericardial tamponade who underwent creation of a subxiphoid pericardial window. There were no deaths or complications from the procedures. The early use of subxiphoid pericardial window has been a major factor in reducing our mortality rate from penetrating heart wounds to 12% overall, and 8% in the past three years.", "contents": "Subxiphoid pericardial window in patients with suspected traumatic pericardial tamponade. The technique, indications, and results of subxiphoid pericardial window in penetrating chest wounds with suspected traumatic pericardial tamponade are reported. The classic signs of pericardial tamponade (elevated central venous pressure, muffled heart sounds, and paradoxical pulse) are unreliable in an emergency situation. Chest roentgenograms and electrocardiograms are of little diagnostic value. Pericardicentesis was either falsely positive or negative in 50% of our patients. Therefore, unexplained high central venous pressure and hypotension were considered to be pericardial tamponade until disproved by the results of a subxiphoid pericardial window. There were 4 negative and 46 positive findings of tamponade in 50 consecutive patients with suspected traumatic pericardial tamponade who underwent creation of a subxiphoid pericardial window. There were no deaths or complications from the procedures. The early use of subxiphoid pericardial window has been a major factor in reducing our mortality rate from penetrating heart wounds to 12% overall, and 8% in the past three years."}
{"id": "PMID:869626", "title": "The natural history of long-term cardiac pacing.", "content": "During the past ten years, 504 patients have received one or more pacemakers for complete heart block or other arrhythmia. Of these patients, 306 (61%) are alive. Actuarial analysis shows a steady attrition of 9.4% per year for the first five years, decreasing to 7% per year for the second five years. The overall survival was decreased for patients with congestive heart failure and advanced age and was not affected by the history of Stokes-Adams attacks, initial pulse rate below 50 per minute, or a QRS duration greater than 0.12 second prior to pacing. Cardiac problems were the primary cause of death in 71% of the patients. The natural history of patients with permanent pacemakers depends, more than any other factor, on the function of the left ventricle.", "contents": "The natural history of long-term cardiac pacing. During the past ten years, 504 patients have received one or more pacemakers for complete heart block or other arrhythmia. Of these patients, 306 (61%) are alive. Actuarial analysis shows a steady attrition of 9.4% per year for the first five years, decreasing to 7% per year for the second five years. The overall survival was decreased for patients with congestive heart failure and advanced age and was not affected by the history of Stokes-Adams attacks, initial pulse rate below 50 per minute, or a QRS duration greater than 0.12 second prior to pacing. Cardiac problems were the primary cause of death in 71% of the patients. The natural history of patients with permanent pacemakers depends, more than any other factor, on the function of the left ventricle."}
{"id": "PMID:869627", "title": "Myocardial revascularization and carotid endarterectomy: a combined approach.", "content": "The approach to the patient with combined carotid and coronary artery occlusive disease has been evolving since corornary bypass procedures became feasible. When neurological and cardiac symptoms are remote, sequential procedures are adequate. Neurological symptoms or severe carotid stenoses (or both) appearing simultaneously with symptoms of myocardial ischemia present a more difficult problem. Simultaneous operation has been performed in 16 patients with 1 early death (low output) and 2 cerebral complications (1 patient with residual hand weakness and 1 without neurological risidua). The morbidity and mortality seemed unrelated to the fact that procedures were done at one operation. Therapy, however, must be tailored to the individual patient.", "contents": "Myocardial revascularization and carotid endarterectomy: a combined approach. The approach to the patient with combined carotid and coronary artery occlusive disease has been evolving since corornary bypass procedures became feasible. When neurological and cardiac symptoms are remote, sequential procedures are adequate. Neurological symptoms or severe carotid stenoses (or both) appearing simultaneously with symptoms of myocardial ischemia present a more difficult problem. Simultaneous operation has been performed in 16 patients with 1 early death (low output) and 2 cerebral complications (1 patient with residual hand weakness and 1 without neurological risidua). The morbidity and mortality seemed unrelated to the fact that procedures were done at one operation. Therapy, however, must be tailored to the individual patient."}
{"id": "PMID:869628", "title": "Ligation of the patent ductus arteriousus in the newborn intensive care unit.", "content": "During a two-year period, 21 premature infants (weight at birth, 680 to 2,340 gm) had operative closure of patent ductus arteriosus (PDA). The first 6 infants had ligation performed in the operating room (OR); the subsequent 15 had ligation in the Newborn Intensive Care Unit. There were no immediate postoperative deaths. Two infants died from problems presnet preoperatively within 30 days postoperatively. There were no infections. Technique in the unit utilizes an open warmer with local anesthesia and a paralyzing agent. By eliminating transportation to the OR one avoids problems with thermoregulation, loss of lines, malfunction of monitors, poorly controlled ventilation, and fluid overload. Additional advantages to ligation in the unit are that the infant is already monitored, intubated, and on a respirator, and that venous and usually umbilical arterial lines are in place. At the conclusion of operation, management is returned to the neonatologists for optimal continuity of care.", "contents": "Ligation of the patent ductus arteriousus in the newborn intensive care unit. During a two-year period, 21 premature infants (weight at birth, 680 to 2,340 gm) had operative closure of patent ductus arteriosus (PDA). The first 6 infants had ligation performed in the operating room (OR); the subsequent 15 had ligation in the Newborn Intensive Care Unit. There were no immediate postoperative deaths. Two infants died from problems presnet preoperatively within 30 days postoperatively. There were no infections. Technique in the unit utilizes an open warmer with local anesthesia and a paralyzing agent. By eliminating transportation to the OR one avoids problems with thermoregulation, loss of lines, malfunction of monitors, poorly controlled ventilation, and fluid overload. Additional advantages to ligation in the unit are that the infant is already monitored, intubated, and on a respirator, and that venous and usually umbilical arterial lines are in place. At the conclusion of operation, management is returned to the neonatologists for optimal continuity of care."}
{"id": "PMID:869629", "title": "Predictable correction of tricuspid insufficiency by semicircular annuloplasty.", "content": "During surgical correction of multivalvular lesions, acquired tricuspid insufficiency is best treated by a semicircular annuloplasty technique. In order to achieve an individualized and accurate correction, the tricuspid annuloplasty suture is tied around an obturator, the dimensions of which are based upon Carpentier's tricuspid ring.", "contents": "Predictable correction of tricuspid insufficiency by semicircular annuloplasty. During surgical correction of multivalvular lesions, acquired tricuspid insufficiency is best treated by a semicircular annuloplasty technique. In order to achieve an individualized and accurate correction, the tricuspid annuloplasty suture is tied around an obturator, the dimensions of which are based upon Carpentier's tricuspid ring."}
{"id": "PMID:869630", "title": "Repair of left ventricular-aortic discontinuity complicating endocarditis from an aortic valve prosthesis.", "content": "A case of bacterial endocarditis from an aortic valve prosthesis is described in which subannular pseudoaneurysm caused discontinuity of the aorta and left ventricle. Successful repair was accomplished using compound sponge-felt to bolster the left ventricular outflow tract and to obliterate the aneurysm.", "contents": "Repair of left ventricular-aortic discontinuity complicating endocarditis from an aortic valve prosthesis. A case of bacterial endocarditis from an aortic valve prosthesis is described in which subannular pseudoaneurysm caused discontinuity of the aorta and left ventricle. Successful repair was accomplished using compound sponge-felt to bolster the left ventricular outflow tract and to obliterate the aneurysm."}
{"id": "PMID:869631", "title": "Amyloid pseudotumor treated by tracheal resection.", "content": "Primary amyloidosis is a rare disease, and even more so when it appears as a tumorlike formation in the lung or tracheobronchial tree. On rare occasions it has been treated by pulmonary resection but never before by tracheal or bronchial sleeve resection. A case of tracheal sleeve resection for tumorlike amyloidosis is reported. If the lesion is well circumscribed to a relatively short tracheal or bronchial segment, sleeve resection appears to be a satisfactory and economical solution. However, the problem of a mucosa undermined by amyloid deposits above and below the tumorlike lesion entails the risk of anastomotic stenosis. For this reason in future cases, particularly those with extensive involvement, piecemeal endoscopic removal should be considered as the method offering the best prognosis and least risk.", "contents": "Amyloid pseudotumor treated by tracheal resection. Primary amyloidosis is a rare disease, and even more so when it appears as a tumorlike formation in the lung or tracheobronchial tree. On rare occasions it has been treated by pulmonary resection but never before by tracheal or bronchial sleeve resection. A case of tracheal sleeve resection for tumorlike amyloidosis is reported. If the lesion is well circumscribed to a relatively short tracheal or bronchial segment, sleeve resection appears to be a satisfactory and economical solution. However, the problem of a mucosa undermined by amyloid deposits above and below the tumorlike lesion entails the risk of anastomotic stenosis. For this reason in future cases, particularly those with extensive involvement, piecemeal endoscopic removal should be considered as the method offering the best prognosis and least risk."}
{"id": "PMID:869632", "title": "Tandem coarctations of thoracic and abdominal aorta with intervening hypoplastic thoracic aorta: treatment with unilateral axillofemoral graft.", "content": "Tandem coarctations of the thoracic and abdominal aorta with an intervening segment of hypoplastic thoracic aorta were discovered unexpectedly in a 14-year-old boy brought to the emergency room for a displaced fracture of the radius. After the fracture healed, the boy's potentially dangerous anomalies were treated successfully with a unilateral axillofemoral prosthetic graft. This has remained patent for 42 months, and the boy has done well.", "contents": "Tandem coarctations of thoracic and abdominal aorta with intervening hypoplastic thoracic aorta: treatment with unilateral axillofemoral graft. Tandem coarctations of the thoracic and abdominal aorta with an intervening segment of hypoplastic thoracic aorta were discovered unexpectedly in a 14-year-old boy brought to the emergency room for a displaced fracture of the radius. After the fracture healed, the boy's potentially dangerous anomalies were treated successfully with a unilateral axillofemoral prosthetic graft. This has remained patent for 42 months, and the boy has done well."}
{"id": "PMID:869633", "title": "An infant intracardiac suction instrument.", "content": "An infant intracardiac suction instrument that neither sticks against the heart wall nor obscures the operative field is described.", "contents": "An infant intracardiac suction instrument. An infant intracardiac suction instrument that neither sticks against the heart wall nor obscures the operative field is described."}
{"id": "PMID:869634", "title": "Effects of adrenaline, angiotensin, potassium and calcium on lanthanum treated portal veins.", "content": "Lanthanum (La) [3 X 10(-4M] suppressed spontaneous phasic contractions of the islated rat portal vein. Removal of La from the bath solution did not restore this effect. La treated quiescent veins developed dose-dependent contractures after cumulative exposure to adrenaline, angiotensin or K. It then became possible to obtain S-shaped curves relating K concentration to tension development. This relationship was shifted to the left by increasing Ca or decreasing Na concentrations of the incubation medium. Ca dose-response curves were obtained out on previously Ca-depleted La treated veins after stimulation by K, adrenaline or angiotensin. Curves from veins exposed to adrenaline were placed to the left compared with those exposed to depolarizing solutions. This observation supports the view that drugs such as adrenaline may act by increasing Ca inward movement through the plasma membrane beyong that elicited by mere depolarization. Angiotensin evoked small contractile responses, thus showing that La treatment exerts differential blocking effects on the responses to vasoactive compounds.", "contents": "Effects of adrenaline, angiotensin, potassium and calcium on lanthanum treated portal veins. Lanthanum (La) [3 X 10(-4M] suppressed spontaneous phasic contractions of the islated rat portal vein. Removal of La from the bath solution did not restore this effect. La treated quiescent veins developed dose-dependent contractures after cumulative exposure to adrenaline, angiotensin or K. It then became possible to obtain S-shaped curves relating K concentration to tension development. This relationship was shifted to the left by increasing Ca or decreasing Na concentrations of the incubation medium. Ca dose-response curves were obtained out on previously Ca-depleted La treated veins after stimulation by K, adrenaline or angiotensin. Curves from veins exposed to adrenaline were placed to the left compared with those exposed to depolarizing solutions. This observation supports the view that drugs such as adrenaline may act by increasing Ca inward movement through the plasma membrane beyong that elicited by mere depolarization. Angiotensin evoked small contractile responses, thus showing that La treatment exerts differential blocking effects on the responses to vasoactive compounds."}
{"id": "PMID:869636", "title": "Hemodynamic profile of a new cerebral vasodilator, vincamine and of one of its derivatives, apovincaminic acid ethylester (RGH-4405).", "content": "The hemodynamic modifications induced by vincamine and by one of its derivatives, apovincaminic acid ethylester (RGH-4405), have been studied in anesthetized and conscious dogs. The two alkaloids induced peripheral vasodilatation in all the experimental models, but their action on systemic blood pressure and heart rate was clearly influenced by anesthesia and was different according to the anesthetic used. In the conscious animals an increase of both heart rate and systemic blood pressure was observed, concomitantly with an increase in femoral and vertebral blood flow and a decrease in renal blood flow. In the renal vascular bed a subsequent decrease in resistance was shown, when all the other measured hemodynamic parameters had returned to control values. The greater increase of vertebral blood flow than of femoral blood flow for the same increment of cardiac output was taken as an indirect demonstration of the selectivity of the two drugs for the cerebral circulation.", "contents": "Hemodynamic profile of a new cerebral vasodilator, vincamine and of one of its derivatives, apovincaminic acid ethylester (RGH-4405). The hemodynamic modifications induced by vincamine and by one of its derivatives, apovincaminic acid ethylester (RGH-4405), have been studied in anesthetized and conscious dogs. The two alkaloids induced peripheral vasodilatation in all the experimental models, but their action on systemic blood pressure and heart rate was clearly influenced by anesthesia and was different according to the anesthetic used. In the conscious animals an increase of both heart rate and systemic blood pressure was observed, concomitantly with an increase in femoral and vertebral blood flow and a decrease in renal blood flow. In the renal vascular bed a subsequent decrease in resistance was shown, when all the other measured hemodynamic parameters had returned to control values. The greater increase of vertebral blood flow than of femoral blood flow for the same increment of cardiac output was taken as an indirect demonstration of the selectivity of the two drugs for the cerebral circulation."}
{"id": "PMID:869637", "title": "Hypotensive effects of pentobarbital and diuretics on sympathectomized spontaneously hypertensive rats.", "content": "The upper abdominal sympathetic chain with the splanchnic nerve was removed bilaterally in spontaneously hypertensive rats(Okamoto-Aoki). After recovery from the operation, the sympathectomized spontaneously hypertensive rats were as hypertensive as intact or sham operated ones. However, anesthesia with pentobarbital or administration of diuretics induced a significantly greater fall of pressure in the sympathectomized hypertensive rats. The hypotensive effect of either drug was insignificant or considerably small, if present at all, in sympathectomized normotensive control rats. It seems that, in intact spontaneously hypertensive rats, the hypotensive effects of pentrobarvital and diuretics are compensated for by a reflex activation of the abdominal sympathetic nerves.", "contents": "Hypotensive effects of pentobarbital and diuretics on sympathectomized spontaneously hypertensive rats. The upper abdominal sympathetic chain with the splanchnic nerve was removed bilaterally in spontaneously hypertensive rats(Okamoto-Aoki). After recovery from the operation, the sympathectomized spontaneously hypertensive rats were as hypertensive as intact or sham operated ones. However, anesthesia with pentobarbital or administration of diuretics induced a significantly greater fall of pressure in the sympathectomized hypertensive rats. The hypotensive effect of either drug was insignificant or considerably small, if present at all, in sympathectomized normotensive control rats. It seems that, in intact spontaneously hypertensive rats, the hypotensive effects of pentrobarvital and diuretics are compensated for by a reflex activation of the abdominal sympathetic nerves."}
{"id": "PMID:869638", "title": "Effect of indomethacin and cyproheptadine on onset of labour in rats.", "content": "An attempt was made to postpone term in 59 pregnant rats by s.c. injections of indomethacin or cyproheptadine, or a combination of both. The cyproheptadine group gave birth to their litters on days 20-22, yet indomethacin postponed labour to the 23rd day, both when given alone or in combination with cyproheptadine. As the fourth saline group went into labour on the 20--23rd day the indomethacin postponement cannot be considered significant. Indomethacin being a prostaglandin antagonist and cyproheptadine a serotinin antagonist, it may be concluded that neither prostaglandin nor serotonin are decisive for the intricate process which triggers parturition. Other factors, such as decrease of progesterone, increase of oestrogen and perhaps foetal oxytocin, as well as placental ACTH, seem to concur in inducing labour, their effect being fortified by serotonin and prostaglandins during parturition.", "contents": "Effect of indomethacin and cyproheptadine on onset of labour in rats. An attempt was made to postpone term in 59 pregnant rats by s.c. injections of indomethacin or cyproheptadine, or a combination of both. The cyproheptadine group gave birth to their litters on days 20-22, yet indomethacin postponed labour to the 23rd day, both when given alone or in combination with cyproheptadine. As the fourth saline group went into labour on the 20--23rd day the indomethacin postponement cannot be considered significant. Indomethacin being a prostaglandin antagonist and cyproheptadine a serotinin antagonist, it may be concluded that neither prostaglandin nor serotonin are decisive for the intricate process which triggers parturition. Other factors, such as decrease of progesterone, increase of oestrogen and perhaps foetal oxytocin, as well as placental ACTH, seem to concur in inducing labour, their effect being fortified by serotonin and prostaglandins during parturition."}
{"id": "PMID:869639", "title": "Electrocorticographic effects of topically applied ouabain, epinephrine and bicuculline.", "content": "The effects of topically applied ouabain, epinephrine and bicuculline on the electrocorticographic activity were studied in unanesthetized cats with high cervical transection. Ouabain in a concentration of 25 X 10(-6) induced single intermittent spikes or paroxysms lasting for about 4-10 min. A 5% solution of bicuculline also induced paroxyms which lasted for many hours and were suppressed by topical epinephrine. Ouabain paroxysms became more vigorous when applied after epinephrine and bicuculline. Topical epinephrine dimished the ouabain discharges and the click evoked cortical responses. It is suggested that the epileptogenic activity of ouabain and bicuculline and its antagonization by epinephrine can be accounted for by the antagonistic effects of these agents on the electrogenic ion pumps such as inhibition and stimulation of the (Na + K) ATPase activity, respectively.", "contents": "Electrocorticographic effects of topically applied ouabain, epinephrine and bicuculline. The effects of topically applied ouabain, epinephrine and bicuculline on the electrocorticographic activity were studied in unanesthetized cats with high cervical transection. Ouabain in a concentration of 25 X 10(-6) induced single intermittent spikes or paroxysms lasting for about 4-10 min. A 5% solution of bicuculline also induced paroxyms which lasted for many hours and were suppressed by topical epinephrine. Ouabain paroxysms became more vigorous when applied after epinephrine and bicuculline. Topical epinephrine dimished the ouabain discharges and the click evoked cortical responses. It is suggested that the epileptogenic activity of ouabain and bicuculline and its antagonization by epinephrine can be accounted for by the antagonistic effects of these agents on the electrogenic ion pumps such as inhibition and stimulation of the (Na + K) ATPase activity, respectively."}
{"id": "PMID:869640", "title": "Inhibition of glucosamine synthesis by salicylates, hydrocortisone and two non-ulcerogenic drugs.", "content": "The in vitro inhibition of the glucosamine synthetase activity of rat gastric mucosal homogenates by sodium salicylate and phenylbutazone has been previously reported and has been adduced as a possible mechanism for the ulcerogenic effect of these drugs. This inhibition has been confirmed in human gastric and colonic mucosal homogenates and it is also shown by acetylsalicylic acid and by hydrocortisone hemisuccinate. However, paracetamol and gentamicin, neither of which is known to be ulcerogenic, also inhibited the enzyme to a similar degree to the ulcergenic drugs. This refutes glucosamine synthetase inhibition as the mechanism of the ulcerogenic action of anti-inflammatory drugs.", "contents": "Inhibition of glucosamine synthesis by salicylates, hydrocortisone and two non-ulcerogenic drugs. The in vitro inhibition of the glucosamine synthetase activity of rat gastric mucosal homogenates by sodium salicylate and phenylbutazone has been previously reported and has been adduced as a possible mechanism for the ulcerogenic effect of these drugs. This inhibition has been confirmed in human gastric and colonic mucosal homogenates and it is also shown by acetylsalicylic acid and by hydrocortisone hemisuccinate. However, paracetamol and gentamicin, neither of which is known to be ulcerogenic, also inhibited the enzyme to a similar degree to the ulcergenic drugs. This refutes glucosamine synthetase inhibition as the mechanism of the ulcerogenic action of anti-inflammatory drugs."}
{"id": "PMID:869641", "title": "Mediation of enhanced reflex vagal bradycardia by L-dopa via central dopamine formation in dogs.", "content": "L-Dopa (5 mg/kg i.v.) decreased blood pressure and heart rate after extracerebral decarboxylase inhibition with MK-486 (25 mg/kg i.v.) in anesthetize MAO-inhibited dogs. In addition, reflex bradycardia caused by injected norepinephrine was significantly enhanced by L-dopa, DL-Threo-dihydroxyphenylserine had no effect on blood pressure, heart rate or reflex responses to norepinephrine. FLA-63, a dopamine-beta-oxidase inhibitor, did not have any effect on the hypotension, bradycardia or reflex-enhancing effect of L-dopa. Pimozide did not affect the actions of L-dopa on blood pressure and heart rate but completely blocked the enhancement of reflexes. Removal of the carotid sinuses caused an elevation blood pressure and heart rate and abolished the negative chronotropic effect of norepinephrine. However, L-dopa restored the bradycardia caused by norepinephrine in addition to decreasing blood pressure and heart rate. 5-HTP (5 mg/kg i.v.) decreased blood pressure and heart rate and decreased the reflex bradycardia to norepinephrine. It is concluded that L-dopa enhances reflex bradycardia through central alpha-receptor stimulation. Furthermore, the effects are mediated through dopamine rather than norepinephrine and do not require the carotid sinus baroreceptors.", "contents": "Mediation of enhanced reflex vagal bradycardia by L-dopa via central dopamine formation in dogs. L-Dopa (5 mg/kg i.v.) decreased blood pressure and heart rate after extracerebral decarboxylase inhibition with MK-486 (25 mg/kg i.v.) in anesthetize MAO-inhibited dogs. In addition, reflex bradycardia caused by injected norepinephrine was significantly enhanced by L-dopa, DL-Threo-dihydroxyphenylserine had no effect on blood pressure, heart rate or reflex responses to norepinephrine. FLA-63, a dopamine-beta-oxidase inhibitor, did not have any effect on the hypotension, bradycardia or reflex-enhancing effect of L-dopa. Pimozide did not affect the actions of L-dopa on blood pressure and heart rate but completely blocked the enhancement of reflexes. Removal of the carotid sinuses caused an elevation blood pressure and heart rate and abolished the negative chronotropic effect of norepinephrine. However, L-dopa restored the bradycardia caused by norepinephrine in addition to decreasing blood pressure and heart rate. 5-HTP (5 mg/kg i.v.) decreased blood pressure and heart rate and decreased the reflex bradycardia to norepinephrine. It is concluded that L-dopa enhances reflex bradycardia through central alpha-receptor stimulation. Furthermore, the effects are mediated through dopamine rather than norepinephrine and do not require the carotid sinus baroreceptors."}
{"id": "PMID:869644", "title": "Acute glomerulonephritis complicating diabetic nephropathy.", "content": "Diabetes mellitus is a systemic disorder that affects many organs in the body. Diabetic nephropathy occurs a number of years after the onset of the disease, and it is usually manifested by the development of the nephrotic syndrome. However, the sudden onset of massive proteinuria or the rapid deterioration of renal function in the stable diabetic patient should suggest that an additional pathologic condition is affecting the kidneys. We report three cases of diabetic nephropathy complicated by other superimposed renal diseases.", "contents": "Acute glomerulonephritis complicating diabetic nephropathy. Diabetes mellitus is a systemic disorder that affects many organs in the body. Diabetic nephropathy occurs a number of years after the onset of the disease, and it is usually manifested by the development of the nephrotic syndrome. However, the sudden onset of massive proteinuria or the rapid deterioration of renal function in the stable diabetic patient should suggest that an additional pathologic condition is affecting the kidneys. We report three cases of diabetic nephropathy complicated by other superimposed renal diseases."}
{"id": "PMID:869645", "title": "Diagnostic value of bone marrow iron deposits in idiopathic hemochromatosis.", "content": "The stainable iron content of the bone marrow of four patients with documented idiopathic hemochromatosis were reviewed. There was a moderate increase in hemosiderin deposits in each case, but the striking difference in the morphologic appearance of these deposits was more important. These consisted of small, uniform, closely packed granules that may be readily distinguished from the bone marrow iron found in normal persons and in persons with other disorders. This should serve as an additional simple diagnostic aid in patients with idiopathic hemochromatosis.", "contents": "Diagnostic value of bone marrow iron deposits in idiopathic hemochromatosis. The stainable iron content of the bone marrow of four patients with documented idiopathic hemochromatosis were reviewed. There was a moderate increase in hemosiderin deposits in each case, but the striking difference in the morphologic appearance of these deposits was more important. These consisted of small, uniform, closely packed granules that may be readily distinguished from the bone marrow iron found in normal persons and in persons with other disorders. This should serve as an additional simple diagnostic aid in patients with idiopathic hemochromatosis."}
{"id": "PMID:869646", "title": "Pancreatolithiasis and pancreatic carcinoma. Evaluation of pancreatic excretion test with 5,5-dimethyl-2,4-oxazolidinedione.", "content": "The pancreatic excretion test with a weak acid of 5, 5-dimethyl-2,4-oxazolidinedione (DMO) was performed concomitantly with the pancreozymin-secretin test in 28 patients with pancreatolithiasis, 14 patients with pancreatic carcinoma, and 67 healthy subjects. The DMO concentration and total output of duodenal content after secretin stimulation, when corrected to the simultaneously determined plasma DMO concentration, were significantly reduced in the patients. While the pancreozymin-secretin test was abnormal in 96% of patients with pancreatolithiasis and in 86% of those with pancreatic carcinoma, the pancreatic DMO excretion test gave abnormal results in 100% of the patients. This suggests that the new test may well become effective in detecting early stages of pancreatic disease including carcinoma and chronic pancreatitis.", "contents": "Pancreatolithiasis and pancreatic carcinoma. Evaluation of pancreatic excretion test with 5,5-dimethyl-2,4-oxazolidinedione. The pancreatic excretion test with a weak acid of 5, 5-dimethyl-2,4-oxazolidinedione (DMO) was performed concomitantly with the pancreozymin-secretin test in 28 patients with pancreatolithiasis, 14 patients with pancreatic carcinoma, and 67 healthy subjects. The DMO concentration and total output of duodenal content after secretin stimulation, when corrected to the simultaneously determined plasma DMO concentration, were significantly reduced in the patients. While the pancreozymin-secretin test was abnormal in 96% of patients with pancreatolithiasis and in 86% of those with pancreatic carcinoma, the pancreatic DMO excretion test gave abnormal results in 100% of the patients. This suggests that the new test may well become effective in detecting early stages of pancreatic disease including carcinoma and chronic pancreatitis."}
{"id": "PMID:869647", "title": "Aspergillus pneumonia in hematologic malignancy. Improvements in diagnosis and therapy.", "content": "Pulmonary aspergillosis in patients with leukemia or lymphoma is usually a fatal infection. However, difficulty in obtaining a premortem diagnosis has often prevented an adequate trial of anti-fungal chemotherapy. In this report, nine cases of aspergillus pneumonia in patients with hematologic malignancy were diagnosed during a one-year period. Five of nine patients had a premortem diagnosis (56%) and eight of nine (89%) received a premortem trial of amphotericin B. Two of nine patients survived infection, including one patient with prolonged neutropenia. Better diagnostic methods and wider use of antifungal chemotherapy may improve prognosis for aspergillus infection in patients with hematologic malignancy.", "contents": "Aspergillus pneumonia in hematologic malignancy. Improvements in diagnosis and therapy. Pulmonary aspergillosis in patients with leukemia or lymphoma is usually a fatal infection. However, difficulty in obtaining a premortem diagnosis has often prevented an adequate trial of anti-fungal chemotherapy. In this report, nine cases of aspergillus pneumonia in patients with hematologic malignancy were diagnosed during a one-year period. Five of nine patients had a premortem diagnosis (56%) and eight of nine (89%) received a premortem trial of amphotericin B. Two of nine patients survived infection, including one patient with prolonged neutropenia. Better diagnostic methods and wider use of antifungal chemotherapy may improve prognosis for aspergillus infection in patients with hematologic malignancy."}
{"id": "PMID:869648", "title": "Essential hypertension. Pathophysiological mechanisms and therapy.", "content": "It is now possible, with the variety of available antihypertensive drugs, to treat patients with essential hypertension according to which physiologic mechanism seems to be participating most in elevating arterial pressure. This mechanistic concept of hypertension is not new. Page described it in his Mosaic Theory, and thereby suggested that hypertension may be considered a disease of disregulation. This concept is extremely valuable to the physician in understanding the altered function in his patient caused by disease, and in understanding how judicious selection of antihypertensive therapy will reverse the dire consequences.", "contents": "Essential hypertension. Pathophysiological mechanisms and therapy. It is now possible, with the variety of available antihypertensive drugs, to treat patients with essential hypertension according to which physiologic mechanism seems to be participating most in elevating arterial pressure. This mechanistic concept of hypertension is not new. Page described it in his Mosaic Theory, and thereby suggested that hypertension may be considered a disease of disregulation. This concept is extremely valuable to the physician in understanding the altered function in his patient caused by disease, and in understanding how judicious selection of antihypertensive therapy will reverse the dire consequences."}
{"id": "PMID:869649", "title": "Treatment of sickle cell disease.", "content": "The treatment of sickle cell disease requires familiarity with the medical manifestations of the vaso-occlusive and hematologic crises and their complications. This discussion deals with treatment of the sickle cell crises and major clinical manifestations of the disease. At present, treatment is primarily symptomatic despite intensive efforts during the past decade to provide more definitive therapy.", "contents": "Treatment of sickle cell disease. The treatment of sickle cell disease requires familiarity with the medical manifestations of the vaso-occlusive and hematologic crises and their complications. This discussion deals with treatment of the sickle cell crises and major clinical manifestations of the disease. At present, treatment is primarily symptomatic despite intensive efforts during the past decade to provide more definitive therapy."}
{"id": "PMID:869650", "title": "Pheochromocytoma and autonomic dysfunction.", "content": "Patients with hypertension due to the release of large amounts of NE from a pheochromocytoma and patients with PAD and postural hypotension due to diminished NE release from adrenergic axon terminals represent the extremes of the spectrum of adrenergic pathophysiolgic findings. It is reasonable to suspect that some more common disorders lie between these extremes and to anticipate that potential roles of the adrenergic nervous system in the pathogenesis of these disorders will be extensively studied with the availability of sensitive isotope-derivative methods for the measurement of catecholamine levels in plasma and in tissue.", "contents": "Pheochromocytoma and autonomic dysfunction. Patients with hypertension due to the release of large amounts of NE from a pheochromocytoma and patients with PAD and postural hypotension due to diminished NE release from adrenergic axon terminals represent the extremes of the spectrum of adrenergic pathophysiolgic findings. It is reasonable to suspect that some more common disorders lie between these extremes and to anticipate that potential roles of the adrenergic nervous system in the pathogenesis of these disorders will be extensively studied with the availability of sensitive isotope-derivative methods for the measurement of catecholamine levels in plasma and in tissue."}
{"id": "PMID:869651", "title": "Vegetative bacterial endocarditis on the prolapsing mitral valve. Echocardiographic evaluation.", "content": "Vegetative endocarditis on the prolapsing mitral valve can be diagnosed with an echocardiogram and the response to therapy can be followed with this technique. A dense mass of fuzzy echoes was noted on the prolapsing posterior leaflet of an echocardiogram from a patient with endocarditis. Three months after the initiation of antibiotic therapy, the mass of echoes had disappeared and was replaced by a dense linear echo, suggesting fibrosis of the part of the mitral valve that had been infected previously. Persistence of the echocardiographic evidence of endocarditis, despite negative blood cultures, may indicate persistence of the risk of peripheral embolization.", "contents": "Vegetative bacterial endocarditis on the prolapsing mitral valve. Echocardiographic evaluation. Vegetative endocarditis on the prolapsing mitral valve can be diagnosed with an echocardiogram and the response to therapy can be followed with this technique. A dense mass of fuzzy echoes was noted on the prolapsing posterior leaflet of an echocardiogram from a patient with endocarditis. Three months after the initiation of antibiotic therapy, the mass of echoes had disappeared and was replaced by a dense linear echo, suggesting fibrosis of the part of the mitral valve that had been infected previously. Persistence of the echocardiographic evidence of endocarditis, despite negative blood cultures, may indicate persistence of the risk of peripheral embolization."}
{"id": "PMID:869652", "title": "Hepatic necrobacillosis. Report of a case resembling metastatic tumor.", "content": "A 47-year-old man had multiple pyogenic liver abscesses from which the anaerobic bacteria Fusobacterium nucleatum and Peptostreptococcus were isolated. The clinical course, diagnostic evaluation, and appearance of the lesions at surgery suggested metastatic tumor. Histologically, the lesions consisted of necrotic liver tissue surrounded by zones of acute and chronic inflammation and fibrous connective tissue closely resembling the lesions of hepatic necrobacillosis attributable to F necrophorum. Treatment with high doses of penicillin was curative.", "contents": "Hepatic necrobacillosis. Report of a case resembling metastatic tumor. A 47-year-old man had multiple pyogenic liver abscesses from which the anaerobic bacteria Fusobacterium nucleatum and Peptostreptococcus were isolated. The clinical course, diagnostic evaluation, and appearance of the lesions at surgery suggested metastatic tumor. Histologically, the lesions consisted of necrotic liver tissue surrounded by zones of acute and chronic inflammation and fibrous connective tissue closely resembling the lesions of hepatic necrobacillosis attributable to F necrophorum. Treatment with high doses of penicillin was curative."}
{"id": "PMID:869653", "title": "Growth hormone levels in acromegaly after external radiotherapy.", "content": "A 56-year-old acromegalic patient was treated with conventional radiotherapy. One year after treatment, the patient's growth hormone level was normal and remained so for a full year. Subsequently, the growth hormone level returned to the pretreatment, acromegalic range. The attainment of a normal growth hormone level after treatment of acromegaly is no assurance that the level will remain normal. Repeated growth hormone level determinations are necessary before cure can be considered permanent.", "contents": "Growth hormone levels in acromegaly after external radiotherapy. A 56-year-old acromegalic patient was treated with conventional radiotherapy. One year after treatment, the patient's growth hormone level was normal and remained so for a full year. Subsequently, the growth hormone level returned to the pretreatment, acromegalic range. The attainment of a normal growth hormone level after treatment of acromegaly is no assurance that the level will remain normal. Repeated growth hormone level determinations are necessary before cure can be considered permanent."}
{"id": "PMID:869663", "title": "[Adrenal cysts in the newborn. Apropos of 2 cases].", "content": "Cysts of the adrenal gland are very rare in the neonatal period and are always diagnosed either at surgery or at autopsy. Two patients are reported. One is an infant born at term in whom a mass in the left loin was discovered on the 3rd day of life. At surgery a suprarenal tumour was discovered and a polycystic adrenal was removed: recovery was uneventful. Histology showed a cystic haemangioma in the adrenocortical tissue. The diagnosis made was that of a cystic haemangioma. The other patient is an infant born at 38 weeks gestation who became jaundiced and developed a haemolytic streptococcal septicaemia. A mass was found in the right lumbar region on the 3rd day. The calcified egg-shell appearance, renal arteriography and an intravenous pyelogram demonstrated the cystic appearance of the adrenal. The cystic mass and the adrenal gland were removed and the patient recovered. Histological examination suggested that a pseudocyst had arisen secondary to a haemorrhagic infarct caused by a septic embolus. Adrenal cysts are classified as true cysts and pseudocysts (which must be distinguished from unilateral haematomas). The histological appearances are reviewed. These patients may be added to the 11 neonatal case reports in the literature (9 haemorrhagic pseudocysts, only 2 true cysts). To our knowledge cystic haemangioma has not previously been reported.", "contents": "[Adrenal cysts in the newborn. Apropos of 2 cases]. Cysts of the adrenal gland are very rare in the neonatal period and are always diagnosed either at surgery or at autopsy. Two patients are reported. One is an infant born at term in whom a mass in the left loin was discovered on the 3rd day of life. At surgery a suprarenal tumour was discovered and a polycystic adrenal was removed: recovery was uneventful. Histology showed a cystic haemangioma in the adrenocortical tissue. The diagnosis made was that of a cystic haemangioma. The other patient is an infant born at 38 weeks gestation who became jaundiced and developed a haemolytic streptococcal septicaemia. A mass was found in the right lumbar region on the 3rd day. The calcified egg-shell appearance, renal arteriography and an intravenous pyelogram demonstrated the cystic appearance of the adrenal. The cystic mass and the adrenal gland were removed and the patient recovered. Histological examination suggested that a pseudocyst had arisen secondary to a haemorrhagic infarct caused by a septic embolus. Adrenal cysts are classified as true cysts and pseudocysts (which must be distinguished from unilateral haematomas). The histological appearances are reviewed. These patients may be added to the 11 neonatal case reports in the literature (9 haemorrhagic pseudocysts, only 2 true cysts). To our knowledge cystic haemangioma has not previously been reported."}
{"id": "PMID:869664", "title": "Hypotension due to chlorpromazine. Relation to cigarette smoking, blood pressure, and dosage.", "content": "The frequency of hypotension attributed to orally administered chlorpromazine hydrochloride was compared among 187 nonsmokers, 223 \"light\" smokers, 87 \"intermediate\" smokers, and 18 \"heavy\" smokers. Hypotension attributed to the drug occurred in10%, 8%, 5% and 0%, respectively. Other factors found to be independently related to hypotension were high diastolic blood pressure on admission and high dosage of chlorpromazine. The results suggest that smoking status, dosage, and blood pressure must be evaluated in order to estimate the likelihood that a patient may become hypotensive after receiving chlorpromazine.", "contents": "Hypotension due to chlorpromazine. Relation to cigarette smoking, blood pressure, and dosage. The frequency of hypotension attributed to orally administered chlorpromazine hydrochloride was compared among 187 nonsmokers, 223 \"light\" smokers, 87 \"intermediate\" smokers, and 18 \"heavy\" smokers. Hypotension attributed to the drug occurred in10%, 8%, 5% and 0%, respectively. Other factors found to be independently related to hypotension were high diastolic blood pressure on admission and high dosage of chlorpromazine. The results suggest that smoking status, dosage, and blood pressure must be evaluated in order to estimate the likelihood that a patient may become hypotensive after receiving chlorpromazine."}
{"id": "PMID:869665", "title": "A comparison of voluntary and committed psychiatric patients.", "content": "This study compares a set of voluntary and committed patients. At the time of hospitalization, the committed patients had fewer social and economic resources and more serious impairments. In general, the type of hospitalization appeared to be primarily a consequence of the nature and severity of the patient's disorder. In the hospital the two sets of patients received fairly comparable treatment and the differences that did occur would appear to be attributable to a difference in the patients' disorders. Both types of patients experienced some improvement following hospitalization in their instrumental roles, and a very discernible improvement in their interpersonal roles. As the very slight differences between the two types of patients tended to favor the committed patients it seems quite clear that the commitment process did not have long detrimental effects.", "contents": "A comparison of voluntary and committed psychiatric patients. This study compares a set of voluntary and committed patients. At the time of hospitalization, the committed patients had fewer social and economic resources and more serious impairments. In general, the type of hospitalization appeared to be primarily a consequence of the nature and severity of the patient's disorder. In the hospital the two sets of patients received fairly comparable treatment and the differences that did occur would appear to be attributable to a difference in the patients' disorders. Both types of patients experienced some improvement following hospitalization in their instrumental roles, and a very discernible improvement in their interpersonal roles. As the very slight differences between the two types of patients tended to favor the committed patients it seems quite clear that the commitment process did not have long detrimental effects."}
{"id": "PMID:869666", "title": "An assessment of hostility in a population of adolescents.", "content": "In the course of an epidemiological survey of adolescents, the Hostility and Direction of Hostility Questionnaire was administered to 6,709 persons aged 13 to 18 years, representing 89% of secondary school students in Hobart, Tasmania. Extrapunitiveness was found to decrease substantially between the ages of 15 and 17 years in both sexes. Intropunitiveness also decreased, although to a lesser extent. Girls were less extrapunitive and more intropunitive than boys over the whole age range. These findings are discussed in relation to their clinical relevance and to the understanding of psychiatric disorder in adolescents.", "contents": "An assessment of hostility in a population of adolescents. In the course of an epidemiological survey of adolescents, the Hostility and Direction of Hostility Questionnaire was administered to 6,709 persons aged 13 to 18 years, representing 89% of secondary school students in Hobart, Tasmania. Extrapunitiveness was found to decrease substantially between the ages of 15 and 17 years in both sexes. Intropunitiveness also decreased, although to a lesser extent. Girls were less extrapunitive and more intropunitive than boys over the whole age range. These findings are discussed in relation to their clinical relevance and to the understanding of psychiatric disorder in adolescents."}
{"id": "PMID:869667", "title": "Early- and late-onset bipolar affective disorder. A genetic study.", "content": "A group of 46 bipolar probands was divided equally into those with early (before age 30) and later onset. The only significant difference found was a higher morbidity risk for the relatives of the early-onset group. Slater's model for a polygenic transmission was found compatible with this group, but insufficient data prevented its application in the older-onset group. In all other respects, however, no significant differences were found. Age of onset of illness may be unhelpful in elucidating the genetic basis of affective disorder. Further progress will depend on the development of more sensitive mathematical models and the finding of specific genetic markers.", "contents": "Early- and late-onset bipolar affective disorder. A genetic study. A group of 46 bipolar probands was divided equally into those with early (before age 30) and later onset. The only significant difference found was a higher morbidity risk for the relatives of the early-onset group. Slater's model for a polygenic transmission was found compatible with this group, but insufficient data prevented its application in the older-onset group. In all other respects, however, no significant differences were found. Age of onset of illness may be unhelpful in elucidating the genetic basis of affective disorder. Further progress will depend on the development of more sensitive mathematical models and the finding of specific genetic markers."}
{"id": "PMID:869668", "title": "In vitro effects of imipramine on proliferation of human leukocytes.", "content": "The effects of imipramine hydrochloride on cell proliferation were investigated in leukocyte cultures derived from normal volunteers. Nine different doses of imipramine were added in vitro at random for 4, 24, 48, and 68 hours, the three lowest concentrations being within the range of plasma levels reported in psychiatric patients receiving the drug therapeutically. Cell proliferations, as measured by mitotic index, was affected by both the concentration and the duration of drug exposure; the higher the dose and/or the longer the drug in culture, the lower the mitotic index. Imipramine concentrations corresponding to therapeutic plasma levels had no effect on mitotic index regardless of the length of exposure.", "contents": "In vitro effects of imipramine on proliferation of human leukocytes. The effects of imipramine hydrochloride on cell proliferation were investigated in leukocyte cultures derived from normal volunteers. Nine different doses of imipramine were added in vitro at random for 4, 24, 48, and 68 hours, the three lowest concentrations being within the range of plasma levels reported in psychiatric patients receiving the drug therapeutically. Cell proliferations, as measured by mitotic index, was affected by both the concentration and the duration of drug exposure; the higher the dose and/or the longer the drug in culture, the lower the mitotic index. Imipramine concentrations corresponding to therapeutic plasma levels had no effect on mitotic index regardless of the length of exposure."}
{"id": "PMID:869669", "title": "Plasma MAO activity unrelated to genetic vulnerability to primary affective illness.", "content": "Plasma monoamine oxidase (MAO) activity was studied in 37 patients with primary affective illness, 105 relatives and spouses, and 37 normal controls, using carbon 14-labeled benzylamine as substrate. No differences between patients and controls were found, and there was no association of altered enzyme activity with the ill or well persons within families. Plasma MAO activity is heritable, and there are no effects of sex or of age in the observed age range (18 to 82 years).", "contents": "Plasma MAO activity unrelated to genetic vulnerability to primary affective illness. Plasma monoamine oxidase (MAO) activity was studied in 37 patients with primary affective illness, 105 relatives and spouses, and 37 normal controls, using carbon 14-labeled benzylamine as substrate. No differences between patients and controls were found, and there was no association of altered enzyme activity with the ill or well persons within families. Plasma MAO activity is heritable, and there are no effects of sex or of age in the observed age range (18 to 82 years)."}
{"id": "PMID:869670", "title": "CNS monoamine metabolism in bipolar affective disorder. Evaluation using a peripheral decarboxylase inhibitor.", "content": "Carbidopa, a decarboxylase inhibitor that does not cross the blood-brain barrier, inhibits the peripheral synthesis of nor-adrenaline, serotonin, and tryptamine. By reducing the peripheral component of end-products of these amines in urine, a more accurate assessment of central nervous system (CNS) amine metabolism is provided. Urinary 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA), tryptamine, and 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol (MHPG) were measured over ten days in ten normal controls and eight bipolar depressives. After a three-day baseline period, carbidopa, 100 mg three times a day, was given for seven days. While the patients tended to excrete less MHPG in the baseline period, these differences became somewhat larger, and statistically significant when peripheral contributions were reduced with carbidopa. While carbidopa resulted in striking inhibition of tryptamine excretion, and smaller decreases in the excretion of 5-HIAA and MHPG, evidently from storage pools, there were no significant differences in degree of inhibition between patients and controls. Absolute values of 5-HIAA and tryptamine were similar for both groups, during the baseline and again with carbidopa. These results after carbidopa are compatible with a central catecholaminergic deficit in bipolar depressives and the use of urinary MHPG as an index of CNS catecholamine function.", "contents": "CNS monoamine metabolism in bipolar affective disorder. Evaluation using a peripheral decarboxylase inhibitor. Carbidopa, a decarboxylase inhibitor that does not cross the blood-brain barrier, inhibits the peripheral synthesis of nor-adrenaline, serotonin, and tryptamine. By reducing the peripheral component of end-products of these amines in urine, a more accurate assessment of central nervous system (CNS) amine metabolism is provided. Urinary 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA), tryptamine, and 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol (MHPG) were measured over ten days in ten normal controls and eight bipolar depressives. After a three-day baseline period, carbidopa, 100 mg three times a day, was given for seven days. While the patients tended to excrete less MHPG in the baseline period, these differences became somewhat larger, and statistically significant when peripheral contributions were reduced with carbidopa. While carbidopa resulted in striking inhibition of tryptamine excretion, and smaller decreases in the excretion of 5-HIAA and MHPG, evidently from storage pools, there were no significant differences in degree of inhibition between patients and controls. Absolute values of 5-HIAA and tryptamine were similar for both groups, during the baseline and again with carbidopa. These results after carbidopa are compatible with a central catecholaminergic deficit in bipolar depressives and the use of urinary MHPG as an index of CNS catecholamine function."}
{"id": "PMID:869671", "title": "[Histochemical and ultrastructural investigations on the activity of methylglyoxal (bis)-guanylhydrozan (methyl-GAG) on organ cultures of malignant tumors (author's transl)].", "content": "Methyl-GAG was tested in organotypic cultures of malignant tumors of human and mice. In 3 cases, a reduction of the activity of two oxydoreductases (lactate dehydrogenase and NADH-diaphorase) after treatment with methyl-GAG was observed whereas in 19 other cultivated tumors no change of enzyme activity was induced by methyl-GAG. Electronmicroscopy revealed only minor structural alterations of tumor cells after application of methyl-GAG as compared with control cultures.", "contents": "[Histochemical and ultrastructural investigations on the activity of methylglyoxal (bis)-guanylhydrozan (methyl-GAG) on organ cultures of malignant tumors (author's transl)]. Methyl-GAG was tested in organotypic cultures of malignant tumors of human and mice. In 3 cases, a reduction of the activity of two oxydoreductases (lactate dehydrogenase and NADH-diaphorase) after treatment with methyl-GAG was observed whereas in 19 other cultivated tumors no change of enzyme activity was induced by methyl-GAG. Electronmicroscopy revealed only minor structural alterations of tumor cells after application of methyl-GAG as compared with control cultures."}
{"id": "PMID:869672", "title": "[On the epidemiology of malignant neoplasms in the German Democratic Republic in the period of 1962 to 1972 (author's transl)].", "content": "On the basis of the model for the evaluation of mass attendance, described in (2), a first survey is given on the epidemiology of malignant neoplasms (sum of all diagnoses 140-209 ICD, 8. Rev.) from 1962 to 1972. The development of prevalence in male and female populations is about the same (a clear increase during 1967 and 1969). In spite of a lower incidence of care by women than by men, the mass attendence of women is clearly greater than of men, because the prognosis for women is better than for men. The 5-years-survival rates are for women about 38% and for men only 14%. The cancer prevalence in the GDR (population about 17 Mio.) is nearly 400000, supposed that medical care for cancer patients ends only by death of the patient. An analysis of single diagnosis is not given in this paper.", "contents": "[On the epidemiology of malignant neoplasms in the German Democratic Republic in the period of 1962 to 1972 (author's transl)]. On the basis of the model for the evaluation of mass attendance, described in (2), a first survey is given on the epidemiology of malignant neoplasms (sum of all diagnoses 140-209 ICD, 8. Rev.) from 1962 to 1972. The development of prevalence in male and female populations is about the same (a clear increase during 1967 and 1969). In spite of a lower incidence of care by women than by men, the mass attendence of women is clearly greater than of men, because the prognosis for women is better than for men. The 5-years-survival rates are for women about 38% and for men only 14%. The cancer prevalence in the GDR (population about 17 Mio.) is nearly 400000, supposed that medical care for cancer patients ends only by death of the patient. An analysis of single diagnosis is not given in this paper."}
{"id": "PMID:869673", "title": "[An epidemiological study of cancer of the ovary (author's transl)].", "content": "A study of 149 patients with ovarian cancer compared to 149 age-matched women out of the population is analyzed. There were no statistically significant differences in nearly all extragenital and all gynaecological diseases. No differences were found in menstrual history, history of hormonotherapy, age of menarche and menopause, number od nulliparous women, number of deliveries and abortions, radiation exposure, double primaries, blood groups, family history and consumption of nicotine. The findings in this study showed a difference in two variables: There were more women with hypertension and more never married women among the patients with ovarian cancer. It is not possible to define a group of high risk with these findings. It is suggested that endocrine factors influence the onset of ovarian cancer. Therefore these factors more should be taken into consideration in further epidemiological studies.", "contents": "[An epidemiological study of cancer of the ovary (author's transl)]. A study of 149 patients with ovarian cancer compared to 149 age-matched women out of the population is analyzed. There were no statistically significant differences in nearly all extragenital and all gynaecological diseases. No differences were found in menstrual history, history of hormonotherapy, age of menarche and menopause, number od nulliparous women, number of deliveries and abortions, radiation exposure, double primaries, blood groups, family history and consumption of nicotine. The findings in this study showed a difference in two variables: There were more women with hypertension and more never married women among the patients with ovarian cancer. It is not possible to define a group of high risk with these findings. It is suggested that endocrine factors influence the onset of ovarian cancer. Therefore these factors more should be taken into consideration in further epidemiological studies."}
{"id": "PMID:869674", "title": "[Scientific foundation of gastric cancer control (author's transl)].", "content": "Although many facts on epidemiology of gastric cancer and on the preceding atrophic gastritis are known, sufficient scientific foundations for planning primary prevention are lacking. It is suggested that with rising standards of living and hygiene and with dissemination of optimal nutrition according to physiologic aspects, incidence of gastric cancer will further decrease. 2. It is possible to identify some high risk groups: elderly persons with familial aggregation of stomach cancer, blood group A, pernicious anemia, atrophic gastritis and intestinal metaplasia, anacidity, and patients operated upon for benign epithelial neoplasms or gastric ulcer. Prophylactic supervision of this segment of the population seems mandatory but by this means, only a small percentage of all gastric cancer can be detected early. 3. Our knowledge is sufficient for the  planning of intervention studies, e.g. long tome prophylactic application of ascorbic acid or vitamin A or intensive drug treatment of atrophic gastritis. Therefore we have started such a trial using carbenoxolon. 4. Screening methods for detection of early gastric cancer in asymptomatic persons have been evaluated in Japan. Their application in Europe cannot be generally recommended. The cost-benefit ratio is prohibiting. 5. Today, the main route to detect stomach cancer when curable is the thorough examination of persons with dyspeptic complaints. Radiological examination holds the first place and is supplemented by fibergastroscopy which enables aimed biopsy and cytologic examination of gastric juice. All other methods have only limited value in selected situations. 6. Without resignation we must realize that a solution of the problem cannot be expected in the near future. Further efforts are necessary in order to gain solid scientific foundations and to introduce research results into medical practice.", "contents": "[Scientific foundation of gastric cancer control (author's transl)]. Although many facts on epidemiology of gastric cancer and on the preceding atrophic gastritis are known, sufficient scientific foundations for planning primary prevention are lacking. It is suggested that with rising standards of living and hygiene and with dissemination of optimal nutrition according to physiologic aspects, incidence of gastric cancer will further decrease. 2. It is possible to identify some high risk groups: elderly persons with familial aggregation of stomach cancer, blood group A, pernicious anemia, atrophic gastritis and intestinal metaplasia, anacidity, and patients operated upon for benign epithelial neoplasms or gastric ulcer. Prophylactic supervision of this segment of the population seems mandatory but by this means, only a small percentage of all gastric cancer can be detected early. 3. Our knowledge is sufficient for the  planning of intervention studies, e.g. long tome prophylactic application of ascorbic acid or vitamin A or intensive drug treatment of atrophic gastritis. Therefore we have started such a trial using carbenoxolon. 4. Screening methods for detection of early gastric cancer in asymptomatic persons have been evaluated in Japan. Their application in Europe cannot be generally recommended. The cost-benefit ratio is prohibiting. 5. Today, the main route to detect stomach cancer when curable is the thorough examination of persons with dyspeptic complaints. Radiological examination holds the first place and is supplemented by fibergastroscopy which enables aimed biopsy and cytologic examination of gastric juice. All other methods have only limited value in selected situations. 6. Without resignation we must realize that a solution of the problem cannot be expected in the near future. Further efforts are necessary in order to gain solid scientific foundations and to introduce research results into medical practice."}
{"id": "PMID:869675", "title": "Influence of cystamine on pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of nitrazepam.", "content": "The influence of cystamine on pharmacokinetics of nitrazepam was studied. Experiments were performed on the third day after the administration of cystamine, since the author's previous investigations showed that the protective action of cystamine in radiation sickness was strongest at this time. CA premedication resulted in more rapid resorption, lower level of nitrazepam in blood, and more rapid elimination of the drug.", "contents": "Influence of cystamine on pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of nitrazepam. The influence of cystamine on pharmacokinetics of nitrazepam was studied. Experiments were performed on the third day after the administration of cystamine, since the author's previous investigations showed that the protective action of cystamine in radiation sickness was strongest at this time. CA premedication resulted in more rapid resorption, lower level of nitrazepam in blood, and more rapid elimination of the drug."}
{"id": "PMID:869676", "title": "Effect of O-ethylrutoside on serum and hepatic lipids in acute ethanal-treated rats.", "content": "The serum total lipids, triglycerides, total cholesterol and free fatty acid concentrations, as well as hepatic triglyceride and cholesterol levels, were increased in acutely ethanol-treated rats. Treatment of ethanol-given animals with o-ethylrutoside resulted in a significant reduction in all examined fractions of serum lipids and in the hepatic total cholesterol level.", "contents": "Effect of O-ethylrutoside on serum and hepatic lipids in acute ethanal-treated rats. The serum total lipids, triglycerides, total cholesterol and free fatty acid concentrations, as well as hepatic triglyceride and cholesterol levels, were increased in acutely ethanol-treated rats. Treatment of ethanol-given animals with o-ethylrutoside resulted in a significant reduction in all examined fractions of serum lipids and in the hepatic total cholesterol level."}
{"id": "PMID:869677", "title": "The central action of gamma-aminobutyric acid in rats.", "content": "The influence of 100--600 microng of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) injected into the right lateral ventricle of the brain on behavior and activity of the cerebral cholinergic system was studied in Wistar rats. Proportionally to dosage, GABA inhibited motor and exploratory activity in the rats. Reduction in the content of acetylcholine in the pons and medulla oblongata was accompanied by increased acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity. GABA changed AChE activity differently in various parts of the brain. GABA depressed motor and exploratory activity in rats in a degree dependent on its dosage and inborn exploratory of the rats, and this effect was accompanied by changes in the cerebral cholinergic system.", "contents": "The central action of gamma-aminobutyric acid in rats. The influence of 100--600 microng of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) injected into the right lateral ventricle of the brain on behavior and activity of the cerebral cholinergic system was studied in Wistar rats. Proportionally to dosage, GABA inhibited motor and exploratory activity in the rats. Reduction in the content of acetylcholine in the pons and medulla oblongata was accompanied by increased acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity. GABA changed AChE activity differently in various parts of the brain. GABA depressed motor and exploratory activity in rats in a degree dependent on its dosage and inborn exploratory of the rats, and this effect was accompanied by changes in the cerebral cholinergic system."}
{"id": "PMID:869678", "title": "Relations between glycogen phosphorylase activity and activities of amylolytic enzymes in rabbit skeletal muscle.", "content": "In previous studies an inverse relation was found between glycogen phosphorylase activity and activities of amylolytic enzymes (a-amylase, neutral and acid glucoamylase) in extracts from various muscles. The present study was carried out in an attempt to explain this phenomenon in enzyme systems isolated from rabbit skeletal muscles: glycogen phosphorylase--a-amylase, glycogen phosphorylase--neutral glucoamylase, and a-amylase--neutral glucoamylase. Inhibition of a-amylase activity in presence of glycogen phosphorylase, as previously observed in muscle extracts, was absent in the system of purified enzymes, but was restored by addition of proteins of the muscle extract, particularly proteins of the mitochondrial fraction which form a complex with glycogen. The mechanism of inhibition of a-amylase activity depends on competition for the altered substrate: glycogen phosphorylase degrades the glycogen-protein complex as well as free glycogen, whereas a-amylase acts mainly on the free polysaccharide. In presence of glucoamylase, activity of glycogen phosphorylase decreases, mainly because of the inhibitory influence of glucose liberated by glycoamylase. In the a-amylase--glucoamylase system, activity of glucoamylase increases due to its greater affinity to the breakdown products of glycogen by a-amylase compared with affinity to intact molecules of the polysaccharide. These results explain the antagonism between glycogen phosphorylase and amylolytic enzymes and permit its schematic presentation.", "contents": "Relations between glycogen phosphorylase activity and activities of amylolytic enzymes in rabbit skeletal muscle. In previous studies an inverse relation was found between glycogen phosphorylase activity and activities of amylolytic enzymes (a-amylase, neutral and acid glucoamylase) in extracts from various muscles. The present study was carried out in an attempt to explain this phenomenon in enzyme systems isolated from rabbit skeletal muscles: glycogen phosphorylase--a-amylase, glycogen phosphorylase--neutral glucoamylase, and a-amylase--neutral glucoamylase. Inhibition of a-amylase activity in presence of glycogen phosphorylase, as previously observed in muscle extracts, was absent in the system of purified enzymes, but was restored by addition of proteins of the muscle extract, particularly proteins of the mitochondrial fraction which form a complex with glycogen. The mechanism of inhibition of a-amylase activity depends on competition for the altered substrate: glycogen phosphorylase degrades the glycogen-protein complex as well as free glycogen, whereas a-amylase acts mainly on the free polysaccharide. In presence of glucoamylase, activity of glycogen phosphorylase decreases, mainly because of the inhibitory influence of glucose liberated by glycoamylase. In the a-amylase--glucoamylase system, activity of glucoamylase increases due to its greater affinity to the breakdown products of glycogen by a-amylase compared with affinity to intact molecules of the polysaccharide. These results explain the antagonism between glycogen phosphorylase and amylolytic enzymes and permit its schematic presentation."}
{"id": "PMID:869679", "title": "Erythrocyte lipids in chronic renal failure.", "content": "The erythrocyte cholesterol, total phospholipid and individual phospholipids content have been determined in patients with chronic renal failure, resulting from glomerulonephritis and pyelonephritis. The rise in total phospholipid, confined predominantly to the sphingomyelin and lecithin classes was found. It was often accompanied by decrease in the phosphatidylethanol-amine content. The cholesterol/phospholipid ratio was found to be reduced. The excessive lipid loss during incubation of erythrocytes in glucose-rich medium has been observed in some patients.", "contents": "Erythrocyte lipids in chronic renal failure. The erythrocyte cholesterol, total phospholipid and individual phospholipids content have been determined in patients with chronic renal failure, resulting from glomerulonephritis and pyelonephritis. The rise in total phospholipid, confined predominantly to the sphingomyelin and lecithin classes was found. It was often accompanied by decrease in the phosphatidylethanol-amine content. The cholesterol/phospholipid ratio was found to be reduced. The excessive lipid loss during incubation of erythrocytes in glucose-rich medium has been observed in some patients."}
{"id": "PMID:869680", "title": "Changes in the lymphoreticular system of Swiss mice subjected to antigenic stimulation, immunosuppression, or both.", "content": "The influence of chronic antigenic stimulation, immunosuppression with azathioprine, or both acting simultaneously on the lymphoreticular system in Swiss mice was studied. The response consisted of abnormal hyperplasia of the lymphoreticular system with the character of malignant lymphoma. On the basis of the microscopic pattern of the changes, three types were distinguished. Chronic immunization by humoral-cellular dysregulation, can cause abnormal hyperplasia of the lymphatic system.", "contents": "Changes in the lymphoreticular system of Swiss mice subjected to antigenic stimulation, immunosuppression, or both. The influence of chronic antigenic stimulation, immunosuppression with azathioprine, or both acting simultaneously on the lymphoreticular system in Swiss mice was studied. The response consisted of abnormal hyperplasia of the lymphoreticular system with the character of malignant lymphoma. On the basis of the microscopic pattern of the changes, three types were distinguished. Chronic immunization by humoral-cellular dysregulation, can cause abnormal hyperplasia of the lymphatic system."}
{"id": "PMID:869681", "title": "Sesquiterpene lactones. XIX. Preliminary studies on the mode of action. Inhibition of synthesis of tumor cell protein and RNA.", "content": "The isotopic examinations of the mode of action of cytostatic active acid 8a-isobuetyric-14,15-dihydroxy-germacran-1 (10),4,11(13)-trienolide 12(6) (alatolide) have demonstrated that the compound at concentration 5-6 X 10(-5) M induces defective changes in HeLa cells resulting in the inhibition of protein synthesis in 93-8% and RNA in 91-9% and, in consequence, cell death. At lower concentrations 2-8 X 10(-6) M, the compound inhibits protein synthesis in 73% and RNA in 5-7%. The direct influence of alatolide on DNA synthesis is doubtful.", "contents": "Sesquiterpene lactones. XIX. Preliminary studies on the mode of action. Inhibition of synthesis of tumor cell protein and RNA. The isotopic examinations of the mode of action of cytostatic active acid 8a-isobuetyric-14,15-dihydroxy-germacran-1 (10),4,11(13)-trienolide 12(6) (alatolide) have demonstrated that the compound at concentration 5-6 X 10(-5) M induces defective changes in HeLa cells resulting in the inhibition of protein synthesis in 93-8% and RNA in 91-9% and, in consequence, cell death. At lower concentrations 2-8 X 10(-6) M, the compound inhibits protein synthesis in 73% and RNA in 5-7%. The direct influence of alatolide on DNA synthesis is doubtful."}
{"id": "PMID:869682", "title": "A search for antitumor compounds. XII. Biologic studies. Antitumor properties of 12 new 1-nitro-9alkylaminoalkylaminoacridines.", "content": "Results of the studies on antitumor activity of 12 new 1-nitro-9-alkylaminoalkylaminacridines in mice bearing Sa-180 are presented. Only one of these compounds, viz. C-846 was active repeatedly in Sa-180 test; the activity of 5 other compounds tested (C-845, C-848, C-852, C-865 and C-866) requires further elucidation by means of new tests with Sa-180. The remaining 6 compounds were inactive. Some other general effects in mice bearing Sa-180 and some aspects of the structure-activity relationship are discussed.", "contents": "A search for antitumor compounds. XII. Biologic studies. Antitumor properties of 12 new 1-nitro-9alkylaminoalkylaminoacridines. Results of the studies on antitumor activity of 12 new 1-nitro-9-alkylaminoalkylaminacridines in mice bearing Sa-180 are presented. Only one of these compounds, viz. C-846 was active repeatedly in Sa-180 test; the activity of 5 other compounds tested (C-845, C-848, C-852, C-865 and C-866) requires further elucidation by means of new tests with Sa-180. The remaining 6 compounds were inactive. Some other general effects in mice bearing Sa-180 and some aspects of the structure-activity relationship are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:869683", "title": "Synthesis of N-alkyloamino- or arylo-imide derivatives of succinic acid.", "content": "10 new imide derivatives of phenylsuccinic acid possessing alkyloamine, alkyloaryl or aryl groups at nitrogen atom were obtained.", "contents": "Synthesis of N-alkyloamino- or arylo-imide derivatives of succinic acid. 10 new imide derivatives of phenylsuccinic acid possessing alkyloamine, alkyloaryl or aryl groups at nitrogen atom were obtained."}
{"id": "PMID:869684", "title": "Synthesis of 3-aminoalkyl derivatives of 5-5-diphenylhydantoin.", "content": "The nucleophilic substitution of 3-bromoalkyl-5,5-diphenylhydantoins will appropriate amines gave new 3-aminoalkyl derivatives of 5,5-diphenylhydantoin.", "contents": "Synthesis of 3-aminoalkyl derivatives of 5-5-diphenylhydantoin. The nucleophilic substitution of 3-bromoalkyl-5,5-diphenylhydantoins will appropriate amines gave new 3-aminoalkyl derivatives of 5,5-diphenylhydantoin."}
{"id": "PMID:869698", "title": "[The liver and drugs. Blood chemical and ultrastructural findings after experimental administration of 7-cromanol-3-methyl-taxifoline].", "content": "An experimental model which, unlike classical animal pharmacology models, stresses behaviour not of the organ or organism as a whole but of the cell ultrastructures of linked metabolic areas, is proposed. The new model would appear capable, within limits, of surmounting some of the main objections made when extrapolating animal data and referring it to humans. The application of the model to the analysis of the effects induced by administration of 7C3MT at the level of the liver cell metabolic areas described. Electron microscope observations show the substance has a positive influence on the functioning of structures engaged in synthesis and those occupied in breaking down drugs, thus supporting the hypothesis that the substance improves the liver's functional kinetics.", "contents": "[The liver and drugs. Blood chemical and ultrastructural findings after experimental administration of 7-cromanol-3-methyl-taxifoline]. An experimental model which, unlike classical animal pharmacology models, stresses behaviour not of the organ or organism as a whole but of the cell ultrastructures of linked metabolic areas, is proposed. The new model would appear capable, within limits, of surmounting some of the main objections made when extrapolating animal data and referring it to humans. The application of the model to the analysis of the effects induced by administration of 7C3MT at the level of the liver cell metabolic areas described. Electron microscope observations show the substance has a positive influence on the functioning of structures engaged in synthesis and those occupied in breaking down drugs, thus supporting the hypothesis that the substance improves the liver's functional kinetics."}
{"id": "PMID:869699", "title": "[Bacteriuria. Bacteriological diagnosis and sensitivity to chemotherapeutic agents].", "content": "In a brief introduction, methods for collecting urine and diagnosis criteria are reviewed. Data relative to a study of about 10,000 samples of urine from patients admitted to various departments of the Milan Ca' Granda Hospital in 1975 are then reported. The frequencies of the various species of bacteria isolated in cases of bacteriuria are reported. Those occurring most frequently were Proteus (40.7%) of whose four species, Proteus mirabilis and Proteus rettgeri cover almost all cases, and Escherichia coli (26.1%). As for individual isolated microrganisms, the sensitivity to 13 chemotherapeutic agents was tested. E. coli, Klebsiella and Enterococcus demonstrated a high degree of sensitivity with respect to the majority of antibiotics considered.", "contents": "[Bacteriuria. Bacteriological diagnosis and sensitivity to chemotherapeutic agents]. In a brief introduction, methods for collecting urine and diagnosis criteria are reviewed. Data relative to a study of about 10,000 samples of urine from patients admitted to various departments of the Milan Ca' Granda Hospital in 1975 are then reported. The frequencies of the various species of bacteria isolated in cases of bacteriuria are reported. Those occurring most frequently were Proteus (40.7%) of whose four species, Proteus mirabilis and Proteus rettgeri cover almost all cases, and Escherichia coli (26.1%). As for individual isolated microrganisms, the sensitivity to 13 chemotherapeutic agents was tested. E. coli, Klebsiella and Enterococcus demonstrated a high degree of sensitivity with respect to the majority of antibiotics considered."}
{"id": "PMID:869700", "title": "[Evaluation of cellular DNA in the study of the relations between fibrocystic disease of the breast and breast cancer].", "content": "Two cases of breast carcinoma observed four years after breast biopsy for fibrocystic mastopathy are presented. These two cases have been subjected to microspectrophotometric measurement of cell DNA as an objective test for the evaluation of risk in breast fibrocystic disease. Tissue specimens of the two carcinoma cases showed in some lesions aneuploid DNA, while control groups always showed a typical diploid situation. This technique is suggested when epithelial proliferative pictures in adenose-cystic mastopathy seem to reach serious histopathological levels.", "contents": "[Evaluation of cellular DNA in the study of the relations between fibrocystic disease of the breast and breast cancer]. Two cases of breast carcinoma observed four years after breast biopsy for fibrocystic mastopathy are presented. These two cases have been subjected to microspectrophotometric measurement of cell DNA as an objective test for the evaluation of risk in breast fibrocystic disease. Tissue specimens of the two carcinoma cases showed in some lesions aneuploid DNA, while control groups always showed a typical diploid situation. This technique is suggested when epithelial proliferative pictures in adenose-cystic mastopathy seem to reach serious histopathological levels."}
{"id": "PMID:869706", "title": "A comparison of professionally employed lesbians and heterosexual women on the MMPI.", "content": "The hypothesis tested is whether lesbianism implies psychopathology. The MMPI was given to 26 nonpatient lesbians who were professionally employed full time, and the results were compared to those for a group of 29 similarly employed heterosexual women. With the exception of the Sc scale, no difference was found on the clinical scales. The lesbian group achieved a significantly higher elevation than the nonlesbians on the Mf and Sc scales. Further analysis of the data on the Sc subscales indicated no difference on the pathological part of the scale, but rather a difference in degree of social alienation. Analysis of the data according to a second variable, living status, found significant differences and has important implications for future studies of the lesbian population. Single women, regardless of sexual orientation, scored significantly higher on scales K and Pa and on the Pa subscale naivete. A significant interaction between sexual orientation and living status was achieved on one scale, the F scale.", "contents": "A comparison of professionally employed lesbians and heterosexual women on the MMPI. The hypothesis tested is whether lesbianism implies psychopathology. The MMPI was given to 26 nonpatient lesbians who were professionally employed full time, and the results were compared to those for a group of 29 similarly employed heterosexual women. With the exception of the Sc scale, no difference was found on the clinical scales. The lesbian group achieved a significantly higher elevation than the nonlesbians on the Mf and Sc scales. Further analysis of the data on the Sc subscales indicated no difference on the pathological part of the scale, but rather a difference in degree of social alienation. Analysis of the data according to a second variable, living status, found significant differences and has important implications for future studies of the lesbian population. Single women, regardless of sexual orientation, scored significantly higher on scales K and Pa and on the Pa subscale naivete. A significant interaction between sexual orientation and living status was achieved on one scale, the F scale."}
{"id": "PMID:869707", "title": "Attitudes toward sex in the aged.", "content": "Eighty university students and 40 staff members of a nursing home for the aged rated their reactions to three stories: a neutral (decision-making) story, a coital story, and a masturbatory story. For each story, the age and gender of the main character were varied. Results indicated an absence of negative attitudes toward sex in the aged. However, sex in the aged was less credible than sex in young people. Nursing home staff members had more negative attitudes toward sexual stories than did the students. Gender of rater had little effect. Coitus was rated more favorably for the male character than for the female character, and the reverse was true for masturbation.", "contents": "Attitudes toward sex in the aged. Eighty university students and 40 staff members of a nursing home for the aged rated their reactions to three stories: a neutral (decision-making) story, a coital story, and a masturbatory story. For each story, the age and gender of the main character were varied. Results indicated an absence of negative attitudes toward sex in the aged. However, sex in the aged was less credible than sex in young people. Nursing home staff members had more negative attitudes toward sexual stories than did the students. Gender of rater had little effect. Coitus was rated more favorably for the male character than for the female character, and the reverse was true for masturbation."}
{"id": "PMID:869708", "title": "The polycystic ovary syndrome:psychosexual correlates.", "content": "Eleven women with the polycystic ovary syndrome (POS) were interviewed prior to treatment to assess psychosexual and behavioral characteristics. Because the polycystic ovary syndrome is characterized by an elevated plasma level of free testosterone that presumably develops after birth, we examined specifically the six areas traditionally explored in prenatally androgenized women--play preference, energy expenditure level, interest in dress and appearance, career vs. family preference, sexual arousal to narrative and visual stimuli, and sexual initiative.  While these women described patterns in all categories similar to those reported in the earlier studies of prenatally androgenized women, their behavior was significantly different only in sexual initiative from that of two normal groups. These findings suggest that increased sexual initiative may be a heretofore unemphasized clinical feature of the polycystic ovary syndrome and conceivably a concomitant of elevated free plasma testosterone.", "contents": "The polycystic ovary syndrome:psychosexual correlates. Eleven women with the polycystic ovary syndrome (POS) were interviewed prior to treatment to assess psychosexual and behavioral characteristics. Because the polycystic ovary syndrome is characterized by an elevated plasma level of free testosterone that presumably develops after birth, we examined specifically the six areas traditionally explored in prenatally androgenized women--play preference, energy expenditure level, interest in dress and appearance, career vs. family preference, sexual arousal to narrative and visual stimuli, and sexual initiative.  While these women described patterns in all categories similar to those reported in the earlier studies of prenatally androgenized women, their behavior was significantly different only in sexual initiative from that of two normal groups. These findings suggest that increased sexual initiative may be a heretofore unemphasized clinical feature of the polycystic ovary syndrome and conceivably a concomitant of elevated free plasma testosterone."}
{"id": "PMID:869703", "title": "[Traumatic lesions of the peripheral arteries. Personal case studies].", "content": "Twenty cases of peripheral artery lesion observed over a period of 2 yr are presented. The reasons--other than technical faults--leading to surgical failure are considered. The most common of these are: over-long waiting time, failure to reconstruct the vein, and infection.", "contents": "[Traumatic lesions of the peripheral arteries. Personal case studies]. Twenty cases of peripheral artery lesion observed over a period of 2 yr are presented. The reasons--other than technical faults--leading to surgical failure are considered. The most common of these are: over-long waiting time, failure to reconstruct the vein, and infection."}
{"id": "PMID:869709", "title": "Can fetishism occur in transsexuals?", "content": "The literature concerning the relationships between transsexualism and transvestism and their association with fetishism is reviewed. Sexual activity, including sexual arousal to women's clothes, is frequently reported in histories of transsexuals. Characteristics are reported of 12 male subjects who have shown sexual arousal to women's clothes and who have a sustained cross-gender identity combined with a desire for a change-of-sex operation. Diagnostic categories alternative to transsexualism for subjects who cross-dress are inadequate to classify at least some of the 12 subjects reported. Restricting the definition of transsexualism so as to exclude those who have shown fetishistic features is considered premature.", "contents": "Can fetishism occur in transsexuals? The literature concerning the relationships between transsexualism and transvestism and their association with fetishism is reviewed. Sexual activity, including sexual arousal to women's clothes, is frequently reported in histories of transsexuals. Characteristics are reported of 12 male subjects who have shown sexual arousal to women's clothes and who have a sustained cross-gender identity combined with a desire for a change-of-sex operation. Diagnostic categories alternative to transsexualism for subjects who cross-dress are inadequate to classify at least some of the 12 subjects reported. Restricting the definition of transsexualism so as to exclude those who have shown fetishistic features is considered premature."}
{"id": "PMID:869704", "title": "[Hematological findings and blood coagulation tests in anorexia nervosa].", "content": "Red cell and haemoglobin values in 44 women with a typical picutre of anorexia nervosa showed that 20.5% presented a picture of true anaemia. Blood iron was low, sometimes very low, with a mean value of 66 mg 0/0. Clotting parameters: PTT, TT, PT, circulating platelets and TEG were normal. This finding serves to explain the low incidence of haemorrhage and the ready haemostasis noted in this disease, in spite of the considerable food deficit.", "contents": "[Hematological findings and blood coagulation tests in anorexia nervosa]. Red cell and haemoglobin values in 44 women with a typical picutre of anorexia nervosa showed that 20.5% presented a picture of true anaemia. Blood iron was low, sometimes very low, with a mean value of 66 mg 0/0. Clotting parameters: PTT, TT, PT, circulating platelets and TEG were normal. This finding serves to explain the low incidence of haemorrhage and the ready haemostasis noted in this disease, in spite of the considerable food deficit."}
{"id": "PMID:869710", "title": "On an empirical calculus of reinforcement magnitude.", "content": "Current available measures of sexual orientation are briefly reviewed. A novel sexual orientation measure is proposed, based on experiments in operant psychology. Previous relevant studies are reviewed, and it is suggested that a deficiency is their reliance on a single response as the dependent variable. The matching law is introduced, and it is argued that this provides a potentially powerful framework within which the relative reinforcement magnitudes of sexual stimuli may be computed, using as the dependent variable the relative rates of two responses. The proposed assessment method provides a means of answering the question \"What is the reinforcement magnitude of various classes of erotic stimuli for a given individual?\"", "contents": "On an empirical calculus of reinforcement magnitude. Current available measures of sexual orientation are briefly reviewed. A novel sexual orientation measure is proposed, based on experiments in operant psychology. Previous relevant studies are reviewed, and it is suggested that a deficiency is their reliance on a single response as the dependent variable. The matching law is introduced, and it is argued that this provides a potentially powerful framework within which the relative reinforcement magnitudes of sexual stimuli may be computed, using as the dependent variable the relative rates of two responses. The proposed assessment method provides a means of answering the question \"What is the reinforcement magnitude of various classes of erotic stimuli for a given individual?\""}
{"id": "PMID:869711", "title": "The Peruvian brothel as sexual dispensary and social arena.", "content": "This ethnographic description of a Peruvian brothel suggests that the organization of the brothel is determined to a considerable extent by social considerations as well as sexual needs. The authors describe a temporal arrangement that provides for a separation and differential treatment of two social groupings or classes that patronize the brothel. The wealthier and older clients are provided with sexual services within a setting that might be described as a \"macho theater\" in which social needs are also allowed expression. The less wealthy classes are served in almost purely biological fashion and can ill-afford within this setting the \"macho\" practices provided to other more wealthy clients.", "contents": "The Peruvian brothel as sexual dispensary and social arena. This ethnographic description of a Peruvian brothel suggests that the organization of the brothel is determined to a considerable extent by social considerations as well as sexual needs. The authors describe a temporal arrangement that provides for a separation and differential treatment of two social groupings or classes that patronize the brothel. The wealthier and older clients are provided with sexual services within a setting that might be described as a \"macho theater\" in which social needs are also allowed expression. The less wealthy classes are served in almost purely biological fashion and can ill-afford within this setting the \"macho\" practices provided to other more wealthy clients."}
{"id": "PMID:869702", "title": "[Comparative human studies of a new anti-hypertensive drug (2,6-dichloro-benzylidene-aminoguanidine acetate) and methyldopa in hypertensive patients].", "content": "A between-patients trial between a new anti-hypertensive drug (Guanabenz) and methyldopa in subjects with essential hypertension showed the new preparation to be active and endowed with a satisfactory therapeutic index.", "contents": "[Comparative human studies of a new anti-hypertensive drug (2,6-dichloro-benzylidene-aminoguanidine acetate) and methyldopa in hypertensive patients]. A between-patients trial between a new anti-hypertensive drug (Guanabenz) and methyldopa in subjects with essential hypertension showed the new preparation to be active and endowed with a satisfactory therapeutic index."}
{"id": "PMID:869701", "title": "[Parietal tumors of the stomach].", "content": "The preoperative diagnosis, histopathology, clinical picture and treatment of tumours originating in the muscle and nerves of the stomach wall are described in the light of a series of cases collected over a period of 12 yr at the B Surgery Division, Varese District Hospital. Differential diagnosis and histological assessment of malignancy are not always easy. Transition forms exist in addition to those that are typically malignant or benign. Surgical management must take into account the extent, histological features and progess of the tumour. It can range from simple removal by enucleation to resection of the wall around the point of insertion of the tumour, or to distal, proximal or total gastroresection.", "contents": "[Parietal tumors of the stomach]. The preoperative diagnosis, histopathology, clinical picture and treatment of tumours originating in the muscle and nerves of the stomach wall are described in the light of a series of cases collected over a period of 12 yr at the B Surgery Division, Varese District Hospital. Differential diagnosis and histological assessment of malignancy are not always easy. Transition forms exist in addition to those that are typically malignant or benign. Surgical management must take into account the extent, histological features and progess of the tumour. It can range from simple removal by enucleation to resection of the wall around the point of insertion of the tumour, or to distal, proximal or total gastroresection."}
{"id": "PMID:869712", "title": "[In-vitro studies on the catabolism of acetyl urea in liver tissue].", "content": "In vitro-studies were carried out with hepatic tissue from freshley slaughtered cows using 14C acetyl urea (in which the urea-C-atom was labelled). Methods of thin-layer chromatography were used to investigate the process of acetyl urea degradation. The cows had not previouslybeen adapted to acetyl urea. The test mixtures used contained 3.3 mg or 20 mg acetyl urea per 100 ml of the homogenate. The pattern of acetyl urea degradation in these mixtures was investigated after 1 min, 3 mins, 10 mins and 30 mins. The degradation rates were found to be the same for both types of test mixtures. This indicated that a saturation of the substrate had not been accomplished, even when higher concentrations of acetyl urea were used. Supplementary addition of urease to the test mixture for decomposing the quantity of urea always produced did not alter the rates of acetyl urea degradation. From this it may be concluded that  even under in vivo-conditions some urea will be liberated when acetyl urea passes through the liver.", "contents": "[In-vitro studies on the catabolism of acetyl urea in liver tissue]. In vitro-studies were carried out with hepatic tissue from freshley slaughtered cows using 14C acetyl urea (in which the urea-C-atom was labelled). Methods of thin-layer chromatography were used to investigate the process of acetyl urea degradation. The cows had not previouslybeen adapted to acetyl urea. The test mixtures used contained 3.3 mg or 20 mg acetyl urea per 100 ml of the homogenate. The pattern of acetyl urea degradation in these mixtures was investigated after 1 min, 3 mins, 10 mins and 30 mins. The degradation rates were found to be the same for both types of test mixtures. This indicated that a saturation of the substrate had not been accomplished, even when higher concentrations of acetyl urea were used. Supplementary addition of urease to the test mixture for decomposing the quantity of urea always produced did not alter the rates of acetyl urea degradation. From this it may be concluded that  even under in vivo-conditions some urea will be liberated when acetyl urea passes through the liver."}
{"id": "PMID:869713", "title": "[Energy requirements for the synthesis of body proteins during growth as determined in model experiments in rats. 2. Studies with dietary casein and wheat gluten used unsupplemented or supplemented with methionine or lysine].", "content": "Rats were used in 7 trials each comprising 9 animals (197 total metabolism trials carried out at an environmental temperature of 30 degree). The animals received casein, casein+methionine, wheat gluten, wheat gluten+lysine as protein sources and were investigated for their nitrogen and energy turnover. The rations fed contained between 10% and 27% protein. Supplementation of the natural proteins with synthetic amino acids positively influenced the growth rate and the rate of N retention. The feeding of wheat gluten as sole protein source induced an absolute depression of the food and energy intake. The rates of tetention of protein and fat energy per animal/day showed opposing trends, in dependence upon the protein levels in the rations. It was found in the trials with casein that the proteins yielded 25%, or 18% of the total energy retention if the rats received low protein rations while the percentage of protein energy retention increased to 49-53%, if the rations contained high protein levels. The rats utilized between 67% and 84% of the metabolizable energy for the turnover of body energy. A negative correlation was found between the levels of energy utilization and protein intake. The energy demends for protein retention were calculated (mean of all trials) to be 1.67 kcal of metabolizable energy while those for fat retention amounted to 1.15 kcal. The energy demands for protein retention were not found to be dependent on the type of protein source used. The maintenance requirements of the rats were 102 kcal of metabolizable energy per kg LM0,75.", "contents": "[Energy requirements for the synthesis of body proteins during growth as determined in model experiments in rats. 2. Studies with dietary casein and wheat gluten used unsupplemented or supplemented with methionine or lysine]. Rats were used in 7 trials each comprising 9 animals (197 total metabolism trials carried out at an environmental temperature of 30 degree). The animals received casein, casein+methionine, wheat gluten, wheat gluten+lysine as protein sources and were investigated for their nitrogen and energy turnover. The rations fed contained between 10% and 27% protein. Supplementation of the natural proteins with synthetic amino acids positively influenced the growth rate and the rate of N retention. The feeding of wheat gluten as sole protein source induced an absolute depression of the food and energy intake. The rates of tetention of protein and fat energy per animal/day showed opposing trends, in dependence upon the protein levels in the rations. It was found in the trials with casein that the proteins yielded 25%, or 18% of the total energy retention if the rats received low protein rations while the percentage of protein energy retention increased to 49-53%, if the rations contained high protein levels. The rats utilized between 67% and 84% of the metabolizable energy for the turnover of body energy. A negative correlation was found between the levels of energy utilization and protein intake. The energy demends for protein retention were calculated (mean of all trials) to be 1.67 kcal of metabolizable energy while those for fat retention amounted to 1.15 kcal. The energy demands for protein retention were not found to be dependent on the type of protein source used. The maintenance requirements of the rats were 102 kcal of metabolizable energy per kg LM0,75."}
{"id": "PMID:869714", "title": "[Estimation of the net energy using volatile acids produced in the process of in-vitro digestion with ruminal fluid].", "content": "47 types of green feeds and roughages were subjected to an in-vitro fermentation with dilute ruminal fluid. The volatile fatty acids produced in this process were determined quantitatively in accordance with the method of digestibility estimation proposed by Tilley and Terry (1963). An average of 5 Mol FFS (FFS=volatile fatty acids) was found per kg of dried feed, a value is also reported in the literature. The ratios of acetate to propionate to n-butyrate to iso-butyrate to n-valerianate were 64.2 : 25.4 : 6.6 : 0.8 : 1.5 : 1.5. In this ratio, propionic acid predominated so that acetic acid and n-butyric acid were misrepresented compared with the data of in-vivo measurements made for the corresponding foodstuffs. Consequently, it is only within certain limits that values of FFS concentrations obtained in vitro may be used for estimating net energy data, disregardful of the fact that the FFS are the main source of metabolizable energy in ruminants. The reliability index for an estimation of Starch Equivalents and NEFr based on the above-mentioned method was found to be considerable lower (0.71 and 0.80) than that based on in-vitro digestibility measurements (0.86).", "contents": "[Estimation of the net energy using volatile acids produced in the process of in-vitro digestion with ruminal fluid]. 47 types of green feeds and roughages were subjected to an in-vitro fermentation with dilute ruminal fluid. The volatile fatty acids produced in this process were determined quantitatively in accordance with the method of digestibility estimation proposed by Tilley and Terry (1963). An average of 5 Mol FFS (FFS=volatile fatty acids) was found per kg of dried feed, a value is also reported in the literature. The ratios of acetate to propionate to n-butyrate to iso-butyrate to n-valerianate were 64.2 : 25.4 : 6.6 : 0.8 : 1.5 : 1.5. In this ratio, propionic acid predominated so that acetic acid and n-butyric acid were misrepresented compared with the data of in-vivo measurements made for the corresponding foodstuffs. Consequently, it is only within certain limits that values of FFS concentrations obtained in vitro may be used for estimating net energy data, disregardful of the fact that the FFS are the main source of metabolizable energy in ruminants. The reliability index for an estimation of Starch Equivalents and NEFr based on the above-mentioned method was found to be considerable lower (0.71 and 0.80) than that based on in-vitro digestibility measurements (0.86)."}
{"id": "PMID:869715", "title": "[Data on artifical rearing of dual-purpose calves belonging to the dairy-beef type. 2. Effect of single or twice daily milk feeding and omission of Sunday milk feeding].", "content": "The authors carried out a 2x2 factor trial to investigate in which way different regimes of drinking and the feeding of a concentrate mixture at 2 levels of nutrition would affect the general development, food consumption and nutrient utilization of the calves or would influence their state of health and their behaviour in the period of milk feeding, and after weaning, up to the age of 6 months. No significant differences in the average liveweight were noted between th groups of calves that were milk fed once or twice daily and those milk fed once or twice daily with the exception of Sundays. The feeding of 2 types of concentrated food significantly influenced the liverweight of the calves only at the time of weaning. Significant differences in weight increases were only noticed with regal to the average daily weight increases until weaning, i.e. between the groups of animals receiving milk feeds twice daily, with the exception of Sundays, and the groups fed different types of concentrate mixtures. The different kinds of feeding did not influence the amount of solid food consumed by the animals, nor did it affect the level of nutrient utilization and the general behaviour of the animals. It was found that in the animals receiving milk once daily,except Sundays, the symptoms of diarrhea observed in the early phase of milk nutrition disappeared more slowly than in the outher animals.", "contents": "[Data on artifical rearing of dual-purpose calves belonging to the dairy-beef type. 2. Effect of single or twice daily milk feeding and omission of Sunday milk feeding]. The authors carried out a 2x2 factor trial to investigate in which way different regimes of drinking and the feeding of a concentrate mixture at 2 levels of nutrition would affect the general development, food consumption and nutrient utilization of the calves or would influence their state of health and their behaviour in the period of milk feeding, and after weaning, up to the age of 6 months. No significant differences in the average liveweight were noted between th groups of calves that were milk fed once or twice daily and those milk fed once or twice daily with the exception of Sundays. The feeding of 2 types of concentrated food significantly influenced the liverweight of the calves only at the time of weaning. Significant differences in weight increases were only noticed with regal to the average daily weight increases until weaning, i.e. between the groups of animals receiving milk feeds twice daily, with the exception of Sundays, and the groups fed different types of concentrate mixtures. The different kinds of feeding did not influence the amount of solid food consumed by the animals, nor did it affect the level of nutrient utilization and the general behaviour of the animals. It was found that in the animals receiving milk once daily,except Sundays, the symptoms of diarrhea observed in the early phase of milk nutrition disappeared more slowly than in the outher animals."}
{"id": "PMID:869705", "title": "[Primary sclerosing cholangitis].", "content": "A case of intermittent cholostatic icterus has been observed at the Civil Hospital of Castellamonte. Clinical and laboratory examinations did not permit precise diagnosis, hence the decision to carry out exploratory surgery. The finding was hepato-choledochic fibrosis with severe stenosis of the lumen and patency of Vater's tubercle, with no calculosis or previous bile way operations. Transcholedochic and transpapillary biliary drainage was therefore performed with a T tube. The patient is in good condition about two years after the operation and cholangiocarcinoma can be excluded. It is therefore considered that the case can be classified as a \"primary sclerosing cholangitis\".", "contents": "[Primary sclerosing cholangitis]. A case of intermittent cholostatic icterus has been observed at the Civil Hospital of Castellamonte. Clinical and laboratory examinations did not permit precise diagnosis, hence the decision to carry out exploratory surgery. The finding was hepato-choledochic fibrosis with severe stenosis of the lumen and patency of Vater's tubercle, with no calculosis or previous bile way operations. Transcholedochic and transpapillary biliary drainage was therefore performed with a T tube. The patient is in good condition about two years after the operation and cholangiocarcinoma can be excluded. It is therefore considered that the case can be classified as a \"primary sclerosing cholangitis\"."}
{"id": "PMID:869716", "title": "[Transketolase activity in thiamine deficiency of the kidney in rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) following continous feeding with raw hearring].", "content": "The feeding of crude, thiaminase-containing herring to rainbow trout produced external symptoms of thiamine deficiency after a period of 150 days. The level of transketolase activity in the kidney decreased continuously until the first appearance of deficiency symptoms, while the TPP effect showed an upward trend. After prolonged feeding of crude herring the decline of transketolase activity is accompanied by a deficiency of the apoenzyme of transketolase. The administration of thiamine-containing food to the thiamine-deficient animals induced an immediate increase n transketolase activity. Once the external deficiency symptoms are very pronounced the death of the animal can only, if at all, be prevented by an injectionof thiaminie.", "contents": "[Transketolase activity in thiamine deficiency of the kidney in rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) following continous feeding with raw hearring]. The feeding of crude, thiaminase-containing herring to rainbow trout produced external symptoms of thiamine deficiency after a period of 150 days. The level of transketolase activity in the kidney decreased continuously until the first appearance of deficiency symptoms, while the TPP effect showed an upward trend. After prolonged feeding of crude herring the decline of transketolase activity is accompanied by a deficiency of the apoenzyme of transketolase. The administration of thiamine-containing food to the thiamine-deficient animals induced an immediate increase n transketolase activity. Once the external deficiency symptoms are very pronounced the death of the animal can only, if at all, be prevented by an injectionof thiaminie."}
{"id": "PMID:869717", "title": "Heterogeneity among flavivirus proteins separated in slab gels.", "content": "35S-methionine-labeled proteins specified in Vero cells by flaviviruses were analysed by SDS-phosphate electrophoresis in polyacrylamide slab gels. The clarity of the profile produced by Kunjin virus permitted designation of the nonstructural proteins, and confirmed the identity of NV21/2; the profile included a protein previously designated V2 (core protein) but now named NV11/2 because it migrates perceptibly faster than V2. Despite a varying background of labeled host proteins, identifiable profiles were obtained for 11 of 12 flaviviruses.  The large non-structural proteins NV5 and NV4 migrated at apparently the same rates for all viruses. Profiles of the remaining proteins displayed varying amounts of heterogeneity, notably in the migration of the envelope protein V3 which showed no evidence of subgroup specificity.", "contents": "Heterogeneity among flavivirus proteins separated in slab gels. 35S-methionine-labeled proteins specified in Vero cells by flaviviruses were analysed by SDS-phosphate electrophoresis in polyacrylamide slab gels. The clarity of the profile produced by Kunjin virus permitted designation of the nonstructural proteins, and confirmed the identity of NV21/2; the profile included a protein previously designated V2 (core protein) but now named NV11/2 because it migrates perceptibly faster than V2. Despite a varying background of labeled host proteins, identifiable profiles were obtained for 11 of 12 flaviviruses.  The large non-structural proteins NV5 and NV4 migrated at apparently the same rates for all viruses. Profiles of the remaining proteins displayed varying amounts of heterogeneity, notably in the migration of the envelope protein V3 which showed no evidence of subgroup specificity."}
{"id": "PMID:869718", "title": "[Macroscopic structure of the bulbourethral glands of man].", "content": "Certain features of the topography and structure of human bulbourethral glands (b.u.g.) were studied in 200 objects. The following parameters are described: 1. the main types of configuration of b.u.g.; 2. average size (without statistical deviations in different age groups of adults); 3. dense, lobular and scattered types of structure. Topographically the b.u.g. can be characterized as diaphragmal, diaphragm-bulbar and bulbar. According to anomalies of mutual disposition of twin glands they can be classified into separated, connected and inosculated ones. In single cases there occurred additional b.u.g. disposed in the bulb of penis, except normal glands localized in the urogenital diaphragm.", "contents": "[Macroscopic structure of the bulbourethral glands of man]. Certain features of the topography and structure of human bulbourethral glands (b.u.g.) were studied in 200 objects. The following parameters are described: 1. the main types of configuration of b.u.g.; 2. average size (without statistical deviations in different age groups of adults); 3. dense, lobular and scattered types of structure. Topographically the b.u.g. can be characterized as diaphragmal, diaphragm-bulbar and bulbar. According to anomalies of mutual disposition of twin glands they can be classified into separated, connected and inosculated ones. In single cases there occurred additional b.u.g. disposed in the bulb of penis, except normal glands localized in the urogenital diaphragm."}
{"id": "PMID:869719", "title": "[Choline acetyltransferase in the neural plexus of the main artery of cat's brain].", "content": "Methods of Burt (1961, 1970) and K\u00e1sa (1970) were used in order to study localization of choline acetyltransferase (ChAT 2.3.1.6) and method of Koelle to study the activity of acetylcholinesterase (AChE 3.1.1.7) in nerve plexuses of the cat's brain major artery. It has been established that ChAT is detected mainly in preterminal and terminal fibres of the plexus while AChE is detected along the total length of the fibre. The activity of AChE is higher than that of ChAT.", "contents": "[Choline acetyltransferase in the neural plexus of the main artery of cat's brain]. Methods of Burt (1961, 1970) and K\u00e1sa (1970) were used in order to study localization of choline acetyltransferase (ChAT 2.3.1.6) and method of Koelle to study the activity of acetylcholinesterase (AChE 3.1.1.7) in nerve plexuses of the cat's brain major artery. It has been established that ChAT is detected mainly in preterminal and terminal fibres of the plexus while AChE is detected along the total length of the fibre. The activity of AChE is higher than that of ChAT."}
{"id": "PMID:869720", "title": "[Changes in the functional activity of the hypothalamo-hypophyseal neurosecretory system in acute experimental pancreatitis].", "content": "Changes in the hypothalamo-hypophyseal neurosecretory system were studied in 29 dogs 6 h and 1, 7, 30 days after development of acute experimental pancreatitis against the background of treatment with single paranephral novocaine blockade and without treatment. Pancreatitis was caused by K. D. Toskin's method. The disease was accompanied by a sharp increase of the neurosecretory system activity which found its manifestation in hypersecretion of the neurosecretory nuclei cells increased moderately, a considerable quantity of neurosecretion was preserved in neurohypophysis, i.e. there were no signs of overstrain of the neurosecretory system.", "contents": "[Changes in the functional activity of the hypothalamo-hypophyseal neurosecretory system in acute experimental pancreatitis]. Changes in the hypothalamo-hypophyseal neurosecretory system were studied in 29 dogs 6 h and 1, 7, 30 days after development of acute experimental pancreatitis against the background of treatment with single paranephral novocaine blockade and without treatment. Pancreatitis was caused by K. D. Toskin's method. The disease was accompanied by a sharp increase of the neurosecretory system activity which found its manifestation in hypersecretion of the neurosecretory nuclei cells increased moderately, a considerable quantity of neurosecretion was preserved in neurohypophysis, i.e. there were no signs of overstrain of the neurosecretory system."}
{"id": "PMID:869721", "title": "[Characteristics of neuronal structure and afferent connections of the central gray matter of cat's brain stem].", "content": "The central grey matter was studied in kittens and adult cats by Golgi method after destruction of the reticular formation. Two types of neurons have been shown. One of them--similar to those of the reticular formation--from the external two thirds of the substance. Others--similar to neuroblasts--lie near the wall of the aqueduct of Sylvius. Afferent fibres running to neurons of the vertebral and lateral parts of the external zone of the central grey matter from the reticular formation zone adjacent to nuclei of the spinal pathway of the trigeminal nerve and from the caudal reticular nucleus of the pons were detected. The neurons of the internal, parietal zone of the substance are considered as haemoreceptors of the liquid cerebral medium. The material is discussed from the viewpoint of participation of the structures in question in the functional system controlling behavior of man and animals during starvation.", "contents": "[Characteristics of neuronal structure and afferent connections of the central gray matter of cat's brain stem]. The central grey matter was studied in kittens and adult cats by Golgi method after destruction of the reticular formation. Two types of neurons have been shown. One of them--similar to those of the reticular formation--from the external two thirds of the substance. Others--similar to neuroblasts--lie near the wall of the aqueduct of Sylvius. Afferent fibres running to neurons of the vertebral and lateral parts of the external zone of the central grey matter from the reticular formation zone adjacent to nuclei of the spinal pathway of the trigeminal nerve and from the caudal reticular nucleus of the pons were detected. The neurons of the internal, parietal zone of the substance are considered as haemoreceptors of the liquid cerebral medium. The material is discussed from the viewpoint of participation of the structures in question in the functional system controlling behavior of man and animals during starvation."}
{"id": "PMID:869722", "title": "[Morphofunctional rearrangement of the drainage system of the limbs in acute disorders of blood- and lymph circulation].", "content": "The state of venous and lymphatic beds of extremities was studied in rabbits after resection of fragments of main veins and extirpation of popliteal lymph nodes in different series of experiments or in a single step. It has been established that independent of the kind of surgery the total drainage bed of the extremity is changed. Compensation of the disturbed outflow is realized due to development of collateral pathways and direct anastomoses in both beds as well as due to inclusion of paravasal collectors. The terms of recovery of the oxygen strain in muscles, chronaxy and rheobase of muscles as well as the time of passing labeled albumin through the foot-pelvis region (radio-isotope method) are objective criteria for estimation of the functional sufficiency of collateral pathways.", "contents": "[Morphofunctional rearrangement of the drainage system of the limbs in acute disorders of blood- and lymph circulation]. The state of venous and lymphatic beds of extremities was studied in rabbits after resection of fragments of main veins and extirpation of popliteal lymph nodes in different series of experiments or in a single step. It has been established that independent of the kind of surgery the total drainage bed of the extremity is changed. Compensation of the disturbed outflow is realized due to development of collateral pathways and direct anastomoses in both beds as well as due to inclusion of paravasal collectors. The terms of recovery of the oxygen strain in muscles, chronaxy and rheobase of muscles as well as the time of passing labeled albumin through the foot-pelvis region (radio-isotope method) are objective criteria for estimation of the functional sufficiency of collateral pathways."}
{"id": "PMID:869723", "title": "[Regularities and differences in the structure of the circulatory bed of the sternum].", "content": "The investigation has been carried out in 95 preparations of the anterior chest wall of corpses of humans of either sex aged from newborns to 90. It has been established that the blood supply of all the layers of sternum is brought about by the anterior and medial branches of the internal sternum artery forming subperiosteal plexuses on its anterior and posterior surfaces. The posterior plexus is better developed. Its loops are of less size and denser per a square surface unit. Three types of blood supply of the manubrium sterni posterior surface have been distinguished (right-side, balanced and left-side types) as well as two variations of blood supply of the sternum body (in the first variant two sternal branches approach the sternum at the level of every intercostal space, in the second variant--only one does). The outflow of the venous blood from the sternum is brought about into the anterior and posterior venous subperiosteal plexuses and then via one of the three anatomical variations into the internal thoracic veins. The subperiosteal network of the sternum in newborns and infants is of segmentary character and is formed in relation with developing ossification nuclei. With age, in the process of fusion of the ossification nuclei the subperiosteal network looses its segmentary character and acquires a common total character.", "contents": "[Regularities and differences in the structure of the circulatory bed of the sternum]. The investigation has been carried out in 95 preparations of the anterior chest wall of corpses of humans of either sex aged from newborns to 90. It has been established that the blood supply of all the layers of sternum is brought about by the anterior and medial branches of the internal sternum artery forming subperiosteal plexuses on its anterior and posterior surfaces. The posterior plexus is better developed. Its loops are of less size and denser per a square surface unit. Three types of blood supply of the manubrium sterni posterior surface have been distinguished (right-side, balanced and left-side types) as well as two variations of blood supply of the sternum body (in the first variant two sternal branches approach the sternum at the level of every intercostal space, in the second variant--only one does). The outflow of the venous blood from the sternum is brought about into the anterior and posterior venous subperiosteal plexuses and then via one of the three anatomical variations into the internal thoracic veins. The subperiosteal network of the sternum in newborns and infants is of segmentary character and is formed in relation with developing ossification nuclei. With age, in the process of fusion of the ossification nuclei the subperiosteal network looses its segmentary character and acquires a common total character."}
{"id": "PMID:869724", "title": "[Reaction of the conducting vessels of the liver to experimental venous congestion at the early period of the experiment].", "content": "Effects of experimental venous congestion on the vessel wall and liver parenchyma were studied in rats. The development of venous arterial reactions, dilatation of lymph capillaries and vessels were found to occur in response to venous congestion. Inspite of these reactions the disturbance of the capillary blood flow increased. The instant sharp restriction of the blood outflow from the organ and direct proximity to the obstacle for blood outflow seemed to prevent the organ from compensating the effects of experiments.", "contents": "[Reaction of the conducting vessels of the liver to experimental venous congestion at the early period of the experiment]. Effects of experimental venous congestion on the vessel wall and liver parenchyma were studied in rats. The development of venous arterial reactions, dilatation of lymph capillaries and vessels were found to occur in response to venous congestion. Inspite of these reactions the disturbance of the capillary blood flow increased. The instant sharp restriction of the blood outflow from the organ and direct proximity to the obstacle for blood outflow seemed to prevent the organ from compensating the effects of experiments."}
{"id": "PMID:869725", "title": "[Study of microcirculation of the human mouth mucosa by the method of contact microscopy].", "content": "The work presents a new installation and a method for intravital investigation of microcirculation in man. The installation is a modification of the contact fluorescent microscope MLK-1 produced by the Leningrad Optico-Mechanical Amalgamation which consists of the introduction of a polarization light-dividing prism into the optical scheme of the microscope for examination of the object in polarized falling rays and of substitution of the illumination source of the microscope (lamp KLM9-75) for the xenon lamp DKSSh-120, working both in the standard and given impulse regimen. The latter opens opportunties for determination of the blood flow rate in capillaries. The determination principle is that the effect of bloodflow \"stop\" is observed in the case of \"coincidence\" of the bloodflow in the capillary and the lamp modulation rate. The mucouse membrane of the oral cavity (cheek) was used as the object for investigation. It has been shown that its microcirculatory bed in normality is represented by capillary loops in the shape of a hair-pin having the diameter of 2;92--7,74 mkm. Their amount in the view field fluctuates between 8 and 20. The average blood flow rate in the capillaries under study is 0,4 mm/sec.", "contents": "[Study of microcirculation of the human mouth mucosa by the method of contact microscopy]. The work presents a new installation and a method for intravital investigation of microcirculation in man. The installation is a modification of the contact fluorescent microscope MLK-1 produced by the Leningrad Optico-Mechanical Amalgamation which consists of the introduction of a polarization light-dividing prism into the optical scheme of the microscope for examination of the object in polarized falling rays and of substitution of the illumination source of the microscope (lamp KLM9-75) for the xenon lamp DKSSh-120, working both in the standard and given impulse regimen. The latter opens opportunties for determination of the blood flow rate in capillaries. The determination principle is that the effect of bloodflow \"stop\" is observed in the case of \"coincidence\" of the bloodflow in the capillary and the lamp modulation rate. The mucouse membrane of the oral cavity (cheek) was used as the object for investigation. It has been shown that its microcirculatory bed in normality is represented by capillary loops in the shape of a hair-pin having the diameter of 2;92--7,74 mkm. Their amount in the view field fluctuates between 8 and 20. The average blood flow rate in the capillaries under study is 0,4 mm/sec."}
{"id": "PMID:869726", "title": "[Structure of the mastoid process in children].", "content": "The structure of the mastoid process of the temporal bone was studied in 138 total preparations obtained from children who had died of different causes except otogenic diseases at the age of from 1 to 16. The final formation of the pneumatic part of the mastoid process was found to occur at the age of 8--12. Further differentiation of the mastoid process structure occurs without an increase of pneumatization and is characterized by rearrangement of the cellulae mastoideae towards the thickening of intercellular septa and isolation of cells. Variants in the structure of the mastoid process in every children age are likely to depend on the intensity of the osteogenic process taking place in criminal bones, in the temporal bone in particular.", "contents": "[Structure of the mastoid process in children]. The structure of the mastoid process of the temporal bone was studied in 138 total preparations obtained from children who had died of different causes except otogenic diseases at the age of from 1 to 16. The final formation of the pneumatic part of the mastoid process was found to occur at the age of 8--12. Further differentiation of the mastoid process structure occurs without an increase of pneumatization and is characterized by rearrangement of the cellulae mastoideae towards the thickening of intercellular septa and isolation of cells. Variants in the structure of the mastoid process in every children age are likely to depend on the intensity of the osteogenic process taking place in criminal bones, in the temporal bone in particular."}
{"id": "PMID:869734", "title": "[Suppression of drug therapy in epilepsies].", "content": "A group of 36 epileptic patients is studied; in 35 the drug was suppressed and in 1 the treatment was not started. The group was compared with epilepsy in general regarding to the age of onset, the time of the disease, the frequency of the seizures, the clinical manifestations and the EEG pattern. In view of the results attained by the investigation the author draws the following conclusions: 1) in the group studied the onset of the disease prevailed at the second decade of life; 2) the disease duration was lower than 1 year in 55% of the cases; 3) the cases submitted to early treatment predominate in the group studied; 4) the patients with pure convulsive seizures predominate when compared to those with focal convulsive fits; significant differences were not found when the EEG pattern of the group studied was compared with epilepsy in general; the rate of normal EEG was similar in both groups.", "contents": "[Suppression of drug therapy in epilepsies]. A group of 36 epileptic patients is studied; in 35 the drug was suppressed and in 1 the treatment was not started. The group was compared with epilepsy in general regarding to the age of onset, the time of the disease, the frequency of the seizures, the clinical manifestations and the EEG pattern. In view of the results attained by the investigation the author draws the following conclusions: 1) in the group studied the onset of the disease prevailed at the second decade of life; 2) the disease duration was lower than 1 year in 55% of the cases; 3) the cases submitted to early treatment predominate in the group studied; 4) the patients with pure convulsive seizures predominate when compared to those with focal convulsive fits; significant differences were not found when the EEG pattern of the group studied was compared with epilepsy in general; the rate of normal EEG was similar in both groups."}
{"id": "PMID:869735", "title": "Mechanical responses of human hypothenar and calf muscles in normal and pathological states.", "content": "A study has been made of the isometric twitches of hypothenar and calf muscles in man. The twitch contraction time for hypothenar muscles ranged between 55 78 ms, while for the calf muscles it ranged between 90 and 125 ms. According to their speed of contractions the hypothenar muscles were considered belonging to the so called intermedious group while the calf muscles integrate the slow group. It has been also demonstrated that these techniques can successfully be applied to the investigation of several neuromuscular disorders.", "contents": "Mechanical responses of human hypothenar and calf muscles in normal and pathological states. A study has been made of the isometric twitches of hypothenar and calf muscles in man. The twitch contraction time for hypothenar muscles ranged between 55 78 ms, while for the calf muscles it ranged between 90 and 125 ms. According to their speed of contractions the hypothenar muscles were considered belonging to the so called intermedious group while the calf muscles integrate the slow group. It has been also demonstrated that these techniques can successfully be applied to the investigation of several neuromuscular disorders."}
{"id": "PMID:869736", "title": "[Neurologic involvement caused by insecticides. Study of chronic manifestations in 13 cases].", "content": "The clinical study of 13 patients with chronic neurological manifestation induced by insecticides (organophosphorades and organochlorades compounds) is reported. Twelve patients were male and farmers and one was a saleslady. The authors adopted five conditions for diagnosis: frequent contact with insecticides, synaptomatology directly related to the compounds exposition, clinical and laboratorial exclusion of others pathologies, quickly improvement of the symptoms when the patients were away from their original environment and high levels of insecticides in blood and urine determination. The clinical data was not uniform and the manifestation include pure motor neuropathy, mixed sensory-motor neuropathy, mielopathy and cranial nerves palsies. No relationship could be established between the insecticides (type, frequency of number of exposition) to the clinical picture. The insecticides determination was positive (moderated or elevated levels) in all patients and in 40% of controls (traces). Eletromyographic studies showed a neuropathic pattern in the majority of cases and reduced motor nerve conduction velocities. The authors believe that insecticides determination has a relative value and others criterion must be used in the diagnosis of chronic illness caused by insecticides. They think that others factors can be related with the symptomatology (hypersensibility, malnutrition, previous sensibilization or cumulative effect).", "contents": "[Neurologic involvement caused by insecticides. Study of chronic manifestations in 13 cases]. The clinical study of 13 patients with chronic neurological manifestation induced by insecticides (organophosphorades and organochlorades compounds) is reported. Twelve patients were male and farmers and one was a saleslady. The authors adopted five conditions for diagnosis: frequent contact with insecticides, synaptomatology directly related to the compounds exposition, clinical and laboratorial exclusion of others pathologies, quickly improvement of the symptoms when the patients were away from their original environment and high levels of insecticides in blood and urine determination. The clinical data was not uniform and the manifestation include pure motor neuropathy, mixed sensory-motor neuropathy, mielopathy and cranial nerves palsies. No relationship could be established between the insecticides (type, frequency of number of exposition) to the clinical picture. The insecticides determination was positive (moderated or elevated levels) in all patients and in 40% of controls (traces). Eletromyographic studies showed a neuropathic pattern in the majority of cases and reduced motor nerve conduction velocities. The authors believe that insecticides determination has a relative value and others criterion must be used in the diagnosis of chronic illness caused by insecticides. They think that others factors can be related with the symptomatology (hypersensibility, malnutrition, previous sensibilization or cumulative effect)."}
{"id": "PMID:869737", "title": "[Isaacs' syndrome. Report of a case and review of the literature].", "content": "The case of a 17-year-old boy who had been well until the age of four when progressive stiffness of lower limbs developed is reported. Soon walking became difficult and on on his thighs, buttocks and calves one could notice the appearance of myokymia. Painful and intermittent spasms were often present specially after physical strain. This was followed by profuse sweating. Strength was normal but muscle relaxing was slow mainly in the quadriceps. The familiar history for neuromuscular pathology was negative. Muscle enzymes, thyroid function tests were within normal limits and muscular biopsy showed no abnormalities. The EMG disclosed a permanent spontaneous activity, more evident in the quadriceps, which was normal in shape, amplitude and duration. In association to this activity multiplets discharges and low motor units were also observed; in interferencial pattern appeared at maximum contraction but the multiplets and low motor units potentials kept on showing even though voluntary muscular activity ceased. The therapeutic essay with carbamazepin had a dramatic effect upon the course of the patient's conditions. He showed a great improvement with this drug and today leads a normal life being able even to play soccer and ride a bicycle. An interesting remark which should be done is the fact that the flexion of the neck inhibits the quadriceps myokymia whereas the extension makes them to appear and even worsen. Unfortunately is was not possible to carry out a more accurate investigation concerning electropharmacology and hystopathology as the patient was uncooperative and refused to undergo such examinations. However the authors believe that this clinical picture can be considered as a case of \"continuous muscle-fibre activity\" due to the great similarity it bears to the cases related by Isaacs in 1961. An extensive review concerning the pertinent literature has been done.", "contents": "[Isaacs' syndrome. Report of a case and review of the literature]. The case of a 17-year-old boy who had been well until the age of four when progressive stiffness of lower limbs developed is reported. Soon walking became difficult and on on his thighs, buttocks and calves one could notice the appearance of myokymia. Painful and intermittent spasms were often present specially after physical strain. This was followed by profuse sweating. Strength was normal but muscle relaxing was slow mainly in the quadriceps. The familiar history for neuromuscular pathology was negative. Muscle enzymes, thyroid function tests were within normal limits and muscular biopsy showed no abnormalities. The EMG disclosed a permanent spontaneous activity, more evident in the quadriceps, which was normal in shape, amplitude and duration. In association to this activity multiplets discharges and low motor units were also observed; in interferencial pattern appeared at maximum contraction but the multiplets and low motor units potentials kept on showing even though voluntary muscular activity ceased. The therapeutic essay with carbamazepin had a dramatic effect upon the course of the patient's conditions. He showed a great improvement with this drug and today leads a normal life being able even to play soccer and ride a bicycle. An interesting remark which should be done is the fact that the flexion of the neck inhibits the quadriceps myokymia whereas the extension makes them to appear and even worsen. Unfortunately is was not possible to carry out a more accurate investigation concerning electropharmacology and hystopathology as the patient was uncooperative and refused to undergo such examinations. However the authors believe that this clinical picture can be considered as a case of \"continuous muscle-fibre activity\" due to the great similarity it bears to the cases related by Isaacs in 1961. An extensive review concerning the pertinent literature has been done."}
{"id": "PMID:869738", "title": "[Behcet's syndrome with neurologic involvement. Report of a case in a pregnant women].", "content": "A case of Behcet's disease in a pregnant patient is reported. The patient showed central nervous system involvement as well eyes, mouth, external genitalia and skin lesions. The neurological signs were cranial nerves palsies and pyramidal tract involvement. The cerebrospinal fluid showed hypercytosis and hyper-gammaglobulin. The patient was treated with sistemic dexamethasone and eye drops of atropine and fluorometolone. The delivery was by elective cesarean section at 8th and a half month of pregnancy. In the examination of 6 month-old the infant was normal. The patient improved but remained with important visual loss. The authors think that the pregnancy helped the partial recovery and the good evolution; similar cases have been reported in the literature. A rapid review about the central nervous system involvement and treatment of Beh\u00e7et's disease is made.", "contents": "[Behcet's syndrome with neurologic involvement. Report of a case in a pregnant women]. A case of Behcet's disease in a pregnant patient is reported. The patient showed central nervous system involvement as well eyes, mouth, external genitalia and skin lesions. The neurological signs were cranial nerves palsies and pyramidal tract involvement. The cerebrospinal fluid showed hypercytosis and hyper-gammaglobulin. The patient was treated with sistemic dexamethasone and eye drops of atropine and fluorometolone. The delivery was by elective cesarean section at 8th and a half month of pregnancy. In the examination of 6 month-old the infant was normal. The patient improved but remained with important visual loss. The authors think that the pregnancy helped the partial recovery and the good evolution; similar cases have been reported in the literature. A rapid review about the central nervous system involvement and treatment of Beh\u00e7et's disease is made."}
{"id": "PMID:869739", "title": "[Chondrosarcoma of the orbit. Report of a case].", "content": "A case of chondrosarcoma of the orbit is reported. The patient complained of marked deterioration of her vision, pain and presented exophatalmus of the left eye. Chondrosarcoma of the orbit are rare and this is the first case reported in the Brazilian literature. Diagnostic and prognostic are discussed.", "contents": "[Chondrosarcoma of the orbit. Report of a case]. A case of chondrosarcoma of the orbit is reported. The patient complained of marked deterioration of her vision, pain and presented exophatalmus of the left eye. Chondrosarcoma of the orbit are rare and this is the first case reported in the Brazilian literature. Diagnostic and prognostic are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:869740", "title": "[Brothers affected by the Charcot-Marie-Tooth peroneal muscular atrophy with a positive variant of the anticipation phenomenon].", "content": "Considering the genetical peculiarity of Charcot-Marie-Tooth's muscular atrophy, a family with three affected brothers was investigated, in which beginning date was discovered to be progressively antedated. Afterwards, this possible variant of anticipation is discussed, because such condition is quite ununsual, not only in this disease, but in Human Genetics, in a general sense.", "contents": "[Brothers affected by the Charcot-Marie-Tooth peroneal muscular atrophy with a positive variant of the anticipation phenomenon]. Considering the genetical peculiarity of Charcot-Marie-Tooth's muscular atrophy, a family with three affected brothers was investigated, in which beginning date was discovered to be progressively antedated. Afterwards, this possible variant of anticipation is discussed, because such condition is quite ununsual, not only in this disease, but in Human Genetics, in a general sense."}
{"id": "PMID:869741", "title": "[Microsurgical cerebral revascularization].", "content": "Techniques of microsurgical revascularization are reviewed. A series of 5 cases, submitted to 6 anastomosis of the superficial temporal artery is presented.", "contents": "[Microsurgical cerebral revascularization]. Techniques of microsurgical revascularization are reviewed. A series of 5 cases, submitted to 6 anastomosis of the superficial temporal artery is presented."}
{"id": "PMID:869742", "title": "[Bifrontal decompressive craniotomy as the treatment for severe cerebral edema].", "content": "The authors present the results observed with large bifrontal decompressive craniotomy performed on 12 patients with severe cerebral edema, 10 of them related to cerebral contusion, which did not respond to conventional methods of therapy. All patients had before surgery very bad prognosis, with severe neurological signs of higher brain stem compression. Bilateral carotid angiography was sistematically performed before and after surgery, constituting as a matter of fact the decisive element indicating cerebral decompression. Six patients (50 per cent) survived and 5 of them (41.6 per cent) had an excellent neurological and mental improvement. Considering these results, we think that a large bifrontal decompressive craniotomy is the best method of treatment in such cases, specially when performed precociously. These patients, however, need very special care after surgery, if possible in units of intensive therapy, owing to the large incidence of complications.", "contents": "[Bifrontal decompressive craniotomy as the treatment for severe cerebral edema]. The authors present the results observed with large bifrontal decompressive craniotomy performed on 12 patients with severe cerebral edema, 10 of them related to cerebral contusion, which did not respond to conventional methods of therapy. All patients had before surgery very bad prognosis, with severe neurological signs of higher brain stem compression. Bilateral carotid angiography was sistematically performed before and after surgery, constituting as a matter of fact the decisive element indicating cerebral decompression. Six patients (50 per cent) survived and 5 of them (41.6 per cent) had an excellent neurological and mental improvement. Considering these results, we think that a large bifrontal decompressive craniotomy is the best method of treatment in such cases, specially when performed precociously. These patients, however, need very special care after surgery, if possible in units of intensive therapy, owing to the large incidence of complications."}
{"id": "PMID:869743", "title": "Signs of essential blepharospasm: a motion-picture analysis.", "content": "Motion pictures of 15 patients with essential blepharospasm were studied. Previously unrecognized signs indicated multiple cranial nerve involvement. These signs include impersistence of gaze, lid retraction, tongue thrust, head tilts, head jerks, vertical gaze spasms, and asymmetry. The sugns were also observed in a patient with bilateral blepharospasm who had a history of Bell's palsy suggesting facial nerve injury as a possible factor in blepharospasm. The presence of these signs can be explained by known neural pathways, but the site, or sites, of the lesion remains obscure. These signs may be important in assessing severity and in treatment evaluation.", "contents": "Signs of essential blepharospasm: a motion-picture analysis. Motion pictures of 15 patients with essential blepharospasm were studied. Previously unrecognized signs indicated multiple cranial nerve involvement. These signs include impersistence of gaze, lid retraction, tongue thrust, head tilts, head jerks, vertical gaze spasms, and asymmetry. The sugns were also observed in a patient with bilateral blepharospasm who had a history of Bell's palsy suggesting facial nerve injury as a possible factor in blepharospasm. The presence of these signs can be explained by known neural pathways, but the site, or sites, of the lesion remains obscure. These signs may be important in assessing severity and in treatment evaluation."}
{"id": "PMID:869744", "title": "The outflow tract in pigmentary glaucoma: a light and electron microscopic study.", "content": "Buttons obtained by trephination from both eyes of a 44-year-old myopic man with pigmentary glaucoma were studied by light and electron microscopy. Although clinically both eyes exhibited heavy pigmentation of the trabecular meshwork in the whole circumference, microscopically the trabecular meshwork of the left eye contained more pigment granules than that of the right eye, which appeared relatively acellular with collapse of the trabecular sheets. In both eyes endothelial cells covering the trabecular sheets were filled with pigment and showed various stages of degeneration. The intertrabecular spaces contained free pigment granules as well as cell debris. These observations suggest that plugging of the trabecular spaces by pigment and cell debris together with fragmentation and collapse of trabecular sheets contribute to the decrease in the facility of outflow that occurs in pigmentary glaucoma.", "contents": "The outflow tract in pigmentary glaucoma: a light and electron microscopic study. Buttons obtained by trephination from both eyes of a 44-year-old myopic man with pigmentary glaucoma were studied by light and electron microscopy. Although clinically both eyes exhibited heavy pigmentation of the trabecular meshwork in the whole circumference, microscopically the trabecular meshwork of the left eye contained more pigment granules than that of the right eye, which appeared relatively acellular with collapse of the trabecular sheets. In both eyes endothelial cells covering the trabecular sheets were filled with pigment and showed various stages of degeneration. The intertrabecular spaces contained free pigment granules as well as cell debris. These observations suggest that plugging of the trabecular spaces by pigment and cell debris together with fragmentation and collapse of trabecular sheets contribute to the decrease in the facility of outflow that occurs in pigmentary glaucoma."}
{"id": "PMID:869745", "title": "Reconstruction of lower fornix: a new approach.", "content": "A new procedure has been devised to deepen the inferior fornix of anophthalmic sockets. It is useful when there is fore-shortening due to shifting or relaxation of tissues rather than contracted scar tissue or absence of mucosal lining.", "contents": "Reconstruction of lower fornix: a new approach. A new procedure has been devised to deepen the inferior fornix of anophthalmic sockets. It is useful when there is fore-shortening due to shifting or relaxation of tissues rather than contracted scar tissue or absence of mucosal lining."}
{"id": "PMID:869746", "title": "Experimental photocoagulation of the human retina. I. Correlation of physical, clinical, and pathologic data.", "content": "Thirty-eight retinal burns were inflicted by a modified xenon-arc photocoagulator in the eyes of eight human volunteers. The ophthalmoscopic characteristics of these lesions were correlated with the degree of histopathologic damage. Definitive clinical criteria that helped to predict the severity of the retinal burns were established. The dose of radiant energy received was further correlated with the histopathologic changes in determining the threshold of safety standards of bright flashes of white light to the human eye. Lesions from patients with blue irises were produced by considerably higher dose rates than comparable lesions from patients with brown irises and the fovea was more susceptible to damage than the rest of the retina.", "contents": "Experimental photocoagulation of the human retina. I. Correlation of physical, clinical, and pathologic data. Thirty-eight retinal burns were inflicted by a modified xenon-arc photocoagulator in the eyes of eight human volunteers. The ophthalmoscopic characteristics of these lesions were correlated with the degree of histopathologic damage. Definitive clinical criteria that helped to predict the severity of the retinal burns were established. The dose of radiant energy received was further correlated with the histopathologic changes in determining the threshold of safety standards of bright flashes of white light to the human eye. Lesions from patients with blue irises were produced by considerably higher dose rates than comparable lesions from patients with brown irises and the fovea was more susceptible to damage than the rest of the retina."}
{"id": "PMID:869747", "title": "Experimental photocoagulation of the human retina. II. Electron microscopic study.", "content": "Minimal retinal damage in xenon-arc photocoagulation lesions in man 14 hours to three days after exposure was confined to the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) and consisted of accumulation of lysosome-related bodies in the cytoplasm. Slightly more intense damage consisted of dilation, vacuolization, and breakdown of the lamellae of the smooth-surfaced endoplasmic reticulum, preferentially around melanin-rich cell portions. Underneath more heavily vacuolated cells of the RPE, already in the periphery of ophthalmoscopically just-visible lesions, damage extended into the endothelial cells of the choriocapillaris and into the photoreceptor elements. Macrophages escaped from the choroidal circulation to appear on both sides of the Bruch membrane and within the subretinal space. More intense lesions showed features identical to those described in monkeys and are expected to show the same morphologic pattern of healing.", "contents": "Experimental photocoagulation of the human retina. II. Electron microscopic study. Minimal retinal damage in xenon-arc photocoagulation lesions in man 14 hours to three days after exposure was confined to the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) and consisted of accumulation of lysosome-related bodies in the cytoplasm. Slightly more intense damage consisted of dilation, vacuolization, and breakdown of the lamellae of the smooth-surfaced endoplasmic reticulum, preferentially around melanin-rich cell portions. Underneath more heavily vacuolated cells of the RPE, already in the periphery of ophthalmoscopically just-visible lesions, damage extended into the endothelial cells of the choriocapillaris and into the photoreceptor elements. Macrophages escaped from the choroidal circulation to appear on both sides of the Bruch membrane and within the subretinal space. More intense lesions showed features identical to those described in monkeys and are expected to show the same morphologic pattern of healing."}
{"id": "PMID:869748", "title": "Experimental siderosis in the rabbit: correlation between electroretinography and histopathology.", "content": "An iron foreign body was placed into the vitreous cavity of 22 rabbits' eyes. The electroretinographic (ERG) changes over a-15-week period were recorded. These changes were compared to those in a group of 12 normal rabbits and a group of 5 animals in whom a sham operation was performed. Twelve eyes were enucleated during this period and examined histopathologically. Histopathologic and functional changes in siderosis were both progressive in time, but the ERG values were more consistent among the 22 animals than the morphologic changes. Iron oxidation (Fe0 leads to Fe2 leads to Fe3) was found and suggested to be the mediating factor of the direct iron cytotoxic effect on the retina.", "contents": "Experimental siderosis in the rabbit: correlation between electroretinography and histopathology. An iron foreign body was placed into the vitreous cavity of 22 rabbits' eyes. The electroretinographic (ERG) changes over a-15-week period were recorded. These changes were compared to those in a group of 12 normal rabbits and a group of 5 animals in whom a sham operation was performed. Twelve eyes were enucleated during this period and examined histopathologically. Histopathologic and functional changes in siderosis were both progressive in time, but the ERG values were more consistent among the 22 animals than the morphologic changes. Iron oxidation (Fe0 leads to Fe2 leads to Fe3) was found and suggested to be the mediating factor of the direct iron cytotoxic effect on the retina."}
{"id": "PMID:869749", "title": "Noninvasive copper measurement in chalcosis: comparison with electroretinography and ophthalmoscopy.", "content": "The developement of chalcosis bulbi in rabbits' eyes is investigated by ophthalmoscopy, electroretinography, and diagnostic x-ray spectrometry (DXS), a new method for in vivo analysis and quantitation of metals. The DXS is shown to provide an effective method for the early detection of intraocular foreign bodies (IOFB) dissolution. The ophthalmoscopic changes observed in chalcosis are discussed in relation to dissolution of IOFB and electroretinographic findings.", "contents": "Noninvasive copper measurement in chalcosis: comparison with electroretinography and ophthalmoscopy. The developement of chalcosis bulbi in rabbits' eyes is investigated by ophthalmoscopy, electroretinography, and diagnostic x-ray spectrometry (DXS), a new method for in vivo analysis and quantitation of metals. The DXS is shown to provide an effective method for the early detection of intraocular foreign bodies (IOFB) dissolution. The ophthalmoscopic changes observed in chalcosis are discussed in relation to dissolution of IOFB and electroretinographic findings."}
{"id": "PMID:869750", "title": "Quantitative antibiotic sensitivity determinations of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from eye cultures.", "content": "The sensitivities of 108 strains of Staphylococcus aureus, isolated from patients with a variety of ocular conditions, were tested quantitatively against nine antibiotics by means of a microtiter broth-dilution method. Of the nine antibiotics, cephalothin sodium had the lowest (and therefore the best) minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). The MBC and MIC of gentamicin sulfate were very close to those of cephalothin. The MBCs and MICs of erythromycin, ampicillin sodium, penicillin, tetracycline, methicillin sodium, and carbenicillin disodium were moderately good. Chloramphenicol had the poorest response.", "contents": "Quantitative antibiotic sensitivity determinations of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from eye cultures. The sensitivities of 108 strains of Staphylococcus aureus, isolated from patients with a variety of ocular conditions, were tested quantitatively against nine antibiotics by means of a microtiter broth-dilution method. Of the nine antibiotics, cephalothin sodium had the lowest (and therefore the best) minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). The MBC and MIC of gentamicin sulfate were very close to those of cephalothin. The MBCs and MICs of erythromycin, ampicillin sodium, penicillin, tetracycline, methicillin sodium, and carbenicillin disodium were moderately good. Chloramphenicol had the poorest response."}
{"id": "PMID:869755", "title": "The early phase in Leber hereditary optic atrophy.", "content": "Clinical, ophthalmoscopic, perimetric, and color vision tests and visual evoked responses were recorded in symptomatic and asymptomatic eyes in five members of a family with Leber hereditary optic atrophy. The presymptomatic eyes showed abnormalities in the retinal nerve fiber layer. Optic nerve dysfunction was found before central vision failed. The appearance of degenerating retinal nerve fibers, particularly in the papillomacular bundle, was documented photographically in the weeks after the onset of visual symptoms. Treatment with prednisone and hydroxocobalamin did not reverse or halt serious impairment of vision.", "contents": "The early phase in Leber hereditary optic atrophy. Clinical, ophthalmoscopic, perimetric, and color vision tests and visual evoked responses were recorded in symptomatic and asymptomatic eyes in five members of a family with Leber hereditary optic atrophy. The presymptomatic eyes showed abnormalities in the retinal nerve fiber layer. Optic nerve dysfunction was found before central vision failed. The appearance of degenerating retinal nerve fibers, particularly in the papillomacular bundle, was documented photographically in the weeks after the onset of visual symptoms. Treatment with prednisone and hydroxocobalamin did not reverse or halt serious impairment of vision."}
{"id": "PMID:869756", "title": "Hereditary vitelliform macular degeneration: variable fundus findings within a single pedigree.", "content": "A pedigree of 141 persons with hereditary vitelliform macular degeneration was studied. Of the 80 patients examined, 20 were affected. Fundus photographs of selected lesions in this pedigree demonstrated the broad spectrum of phenotypic expression of this hereditary disorder. This entity has an extremely variable expression even among affected members of the same family.", "contents": "Hereditary vitelliform macular degeneration: variable fundus findings within a single pedigree. A pedigree of 141 persons with hereditary vitelliform macular degeneration was studied. Of the 80 patients examined, 20 were affected. Fundus photographs of selected lesions in this pedigree demonstrated the broad spectrum of phenotypic expression of this hereditary disorder. This entity has an extremely variable expression even among affected members of the same family."}
{"id": "PMID:869757", "title": "Multifocal Best's vitelliform dystrophy.", "content": "Three members of a family had multifocal, macular and extramacular--Best's vitelliform dystrophy. The lesion in one patient was observed over a ten-year period. A striking symmetry of locale and evolution of these lesions is noted between the eyes of a patient as well as among the three members of the family. The pseudohypopyon of the vitelliform cyst and the vitelliform deposits showed fluorescence before fluorescein injection. A hypofluorescent halo surrounded most lesions.", "contents": "Multifocal Best's vitelliform dystrophy. Three members of a family had multifocal, macular and extramacular--Best's vitelliform dystrophy. The lesion in one patient was observed over a ten-year period. A striking symmetry of locale and evolution of these lesions is noted between the eyes of a patient as well as among the three members of the family. The pseudohypopyon of the vitelliform cyst and the vitelliform deposits showed fluorescence before fluorescein injection. A hypofluorescent halo surrounded most lesions."}
{"id": "PMID:869758", "title": "Flicker fusion thresholds in Best macular dystrophy.", "content": "Flicker fusion threshold intensities were measured as a function of flicker frequency for patients with Best macular dystrophy having normal or near-normal Snellen visual acuity. These data were found to differ from normal in ways that may be interpreted to be an abnormal elevation of the foveal cone threshold, a loss of cone temporal resolution, or both. The results led to the conclusion that Best macular dystrophy affects the neurosensory retina even when Snellen visual acuity is normal.", "contents": "Flicker fusion thresholds in Best macular dystrophy. Flicker fusion threshold intensities were measured as a function of flicker frequency for patients with Best macular dystrophy having normal or near-normal Snellen visual acuity. These data were found to differ from normal in ways that may be interpreted to be an abnormal elevation of the foveal cone threshold, a loss of cone temporal resolution, or both. The results led to the conclusion that Best macular dystrophy affects the neurosensory retina even when Snellen visual acuity is normal."}
{"id": "PMID:869759", "title": "Optic disc neovascularization of uveal (choroidal or posterior ciliary)  origin.", "content": "Fluorescein angiography during the choroidal phase of perfusion has been used to study the origin of blood vessels comprising neovascular tissue of the disc. These newly formed vessels were shown to derive their blood supply primarily from the uveal circulation rather than from the retinal circulation. This is related to the observation that many normal disc blood vessels originate from the choroidal or posterior ciliary circulation.", "contents": "Optic disc neovascularization of uveal (choroidal or posterior ciliary)  origin. Fluorescein angiography during the choroidal phase of perfusion has been used to study the origin of blood vessels comprising neovascular tissue of the disc. These newly formed vessels were shown to derive their blood supply primarily from the uveal circulation rather than from the retinal circulation. This is related to the observation that many normal disc blood vessels originate from the choroidal or posterior ciliary circulation."}
{"id": "PMID:869761", "title": "Role of computerized tomography in the diagnosis of acoustic neuromas.", "content": "Computerized tomography has manifest usefulness in the roentgenologic identification of intracranial masses, and acoustic neuromas are no exception. Nonetheless, traditional roentgenographic examinations for the workup of acoustic neuromas should not yet be completely discarded in favor of this new modality. Computerized tomography scanning is an insensitive and unreliable technique for delineating the size and configuration of the internal acoustic canals. With current technology, it will not reliably show neuromas less than 1.5 cm in cross-sectional dimension. Technical artifacts may also contribute to false-negative and though rare to false-positive findings. The false-negative rate will be unacceptably high in the presence of small lesions if this technique is treated as a definitive examination rather than a screening one. Though uncommon, it may also be negative in the presence of relatively large lesions.", "contents": "Role of computerized tomography in the diagnosis of acoustic neuromas. Computerized tomography has manifest usefulness in the roentgenologic identification of intracranial masses, and acoustic neuromas are no exception. Nonetheless, traditional roentgenographic examinations for the workup of acoustic neuromas should not yet be completely discarded in favor of this new modality. Computerized tomography scanning is an insensitive and unreliable technique for delineating the size and configuration of the internal acoustic canals. With current technology, it will not reliably show neuromas less than 1.5 cm in cross-sectional dimension. Technical artifacts may also contribute to false-negative and though rare to false-positive findings. The false-negative rate will be unacceptably high in the presence of small lesions if this technique is treated as a definitive examination rather than a screening one. Though uncommon, it may also be negative in the presence of relatively large lesions."}
{"id": "PMID:869762", "title": "Effect of a new antithrombotic agent at microvenous anastomotic sites.", "content": "In the search for a suitable agent to prevent thrombosis at microvenous anastomotic sites, a double-blind sequential trial was performed to evaluate the effect of a new potent antithrombotic agent, 6-methyl-1,2,3,5-tetrahydroimidazo [2, 1-b] quinazolin-2-one hydrochloride monohydrate (BL3459). Rabbit neck veins 1.5 mm in diameter, were chosen for study and were anastomosed with Nakayama ring pins. In a comparison with heparin, the results show a highly statistical diminution in thrombosis rates when using BL3459. It would appear that this new compound would substantially improve tissue survival if it were adopted for use clinically for grafting autologous tissue that is based on an anastomosed microvascular pedicle. It could also prove to be clinically useful to treat a variety of problems requiring an antithrombotic agent.", "contents": "Effect of a new antithrombotic agent at microvenous anastomotic sites. In the search for a suitable agent to prevent thrombosis at microvenous anastomotic sites, a double-blind sequential trial was performed to evaluate the effect of a new potent antithrombotic agent, 6-methyl-1,2,3,5-tetrahydroimidazo [2, 1-b] quinazolin-2-one hydrochloride monohydrate (BL3459). Rabbit neck veins 1.5 mm in diameter, were chosen for study and were anastomosed with Nakayama ring pins. In a comparison with heparin, the results show a highly statistical diminution in thrombosis rates when using BL3459. It would appear that this new compound would substantially improve tissue survival if it were adopted for use clinically for grafting autologous tissue that is based on an anastomosed microvascular pedicle. It could also prove to be clinically useful to treat a variety of problems requiring an antithrombotic agent."}
{"id": "PMID:869763", "title": "Prediction of auditory sensitivity. Small sample confirmation using acoustic reflex thresholds.", "content": "The purpose of this investigation was to determine whether the accuracy of a previously described method for predicting hearing loss, using a comparison of acoustic reflex thresholds for pure tones and broad-band noise, would occur in a small sample under clinical test conditions. Fifty subjects, whose hearing levels ranged from normal to profound hearing loss, contributed acoustic reflex threshold data on 100 ears. Auditory sensitivity predictions calculated from these data were compared to the degree of auditory sensitivity evidence with use of conventional audiometry. The results indicate that the primary advantage in using acoustic reflex thresholds as a means of predicting auditory sensitivity seems to be the differentiation between ears with normal hearing and sensorineurally impaired ears.", "contents": "Prediction of auditory sensitivity. Small sample confirmation using acoustic reflex thresholds. The purpose of this investigation was to determine whether the accuracy of a previously described method for predicting hearing loss, using a comparison of acoustic reflex thresholds for pure tones and broad-band noise, would occur in a small sample under clinical test conditions. Fifty subjects, whose hearing levels ranged from normal to profound hearing loss, contributed acoustic reflex threshold data on 100 ears. Auditory sensitivity predictions calculated from these data were compared to the degree of auditory sensitivity evidence with use of conventional audiometry. The results indicate that the primary advantage in using acoustic reflex thresholds as a means of predicting auditory sensitivity seems to be the differentiation between ears with normal hearing and sensorineurally impaired ears."}
{"id": "PMID:869764", "title": "Scalp distribution of early (0 to 10 msec) auditory evoked responses.", "content": "Auditory nerve and brain stem evoked responses were summated from multiple scalp and earlobe electrodes from five subjects with normal hearing to determine the spatial voltage relationships along the coronal and/or sagital planes that make up the electrode array. All recordings maintained their positive polarity, and polarity inversions were not observed at any cephalic sites; thus, a null potential line was not identified for these short-latency potentials at the scalp. Less distinct potentials were derived from the earlobes when referenced to the chin. Linked earlobes generated some potentials of negative polarity. These observations lend additional support to the concept that early auditory scalp potentials are most likely generated from far field neural aggregates located caudally to the auditory cortex.", "contents": "Scalp distribution of early (0 to 10 msec) auditory evoked responses. Auditory nerve and brain stem evoked responses were summated from multiple scalp and earlobe electrodes from five subjects with normal hearing to determine the spatial voltage relationships along the coronal and/or sagital planes that make up the electrode array. All recordings maintained their positive polarity, and polarity inversions were not observed at any cephalic sites; thus, a null potential line was not identified for these short-latency potentials at the scalp. Less distinct potentials were derived from the earlobes when referenced to the chin. Linked earlobes generated some potentials of negative polarity. These observations lend additional support to the concept that early auditory scalp potentials are most likely generated from far field neural aggregates located caudally to the auditory cortex."}
{"id": "PMID:869765", "title": "Endotracheal intubation. Complications in neonates.", "content": "Different opinions have developed on the use of endotracheal intubation in newborns and neonates for airway distress syndrome. The ensuing complications of the prolonged use of these airway tubes are drawing increased interest. This article reviews the case reports of 88 patients who received endotracheal intubation for airway problems and evaluates the complication rate as it correlates to the various contributing factors of duration of intubation, size of endotracheal tube, frequency of intubation, concomitant infections, and age of patient, which all lead to the complication rate.", "contents": "Endotracheal intubation. Complications in neonates. Different opinions have developed on the use of endotracheal intubation in newborns and neonates for airway distress syndrome. The ensuing complications of the prolonged use of these airway tubes are drawing increased interest. This article reviews the case reports of 88 patients who received endotracheal intubation for airway problems and evaluates the complication rate as it correlates to the various contributing factors of duration of intubation, size of endotracheal tube, frequency of intubation, concomitant infections, and age of patient, which all lead to the complication rate."}
{"id": "PMID:869766", "title": "Headdress. Unrecognized cause of neck mass.", "content": "The principal lymphatic drainage of the scalp is into the posterior cervical lymph chain. Recent experiences in the differential diagnosis of neck mass have implicated the scalp as a common source of cervical lymphadenopathy. Specific attention is drawn to a popular ethnic headdress called \"corn-rows\" as a source of dependent lymphadenitis.", "contents": "Headdress. Unrecognized cause of neck mass. The principal lymphatic drainage of the scalp is into the posterior cervical lymph chain. Recent experiences in the differential diagnosis of neck mass have implicated the scalp as a common source of cervical lymphadenopathy. Specific attention is drawn to a popular ethnic headdress called \"corn-rows\" as a source of dependent lymphadenitis."}
{"id": "PMID:869767", "title": "Effect of tympanic neurectomy on human parotid salivary gland. Histopathologic, Histochemical, and Clinical Study.", "content": "Five patients with bilateral chronic recurrent parotiditis and ten patients with unilateral persistent paratoid gland fistulas underwent tympanic neurectomies. Two biopsy specimens from the diseased gland were examined. The first biopsy specimen was taken at the time of operation, while the second one was taken six months later. All specimens were subjected to both histopathologic and histochemical investigations. Definite degenerative and atrophic changes occured in all parotid gland specimens taken six months after selective tympanic neurectomy. All patients were completely cured at about that time. This supported the practical indication of the selective tympanic neurectomy for treating certain benign disorders or diseases of the parotid gland that require persistent arrest of the function of its secretory units.", "contents": "Effect of tympanic neurectomy on human parotid salivary gland. Histopathologic, Histochemical, and Clinical Study. Five patients with bilateral chronic recurrent parotiditis and ten patients with unilateral persistent paratoid gland fistulas underwent tympanic neurectomies. Two biopsy specimens from the diseased gland were examined. The first biopsy specimen was taken at the time of operation, while the second one was taken six months later. All specimens were subjected to both histopathologic and histochemical investigations. Definite degenerative and atrophic changes occured in all parotid gland specimens taken six months after selective tympanic neurectomy. All patients were completely cured at about that time. This supported the practical indication of the selective tympanic neurectomy for treating certain benign disorders or diseases of the parotid gland that require persistent arrest of the function of its secretory units."}
{"id": "PMID:869768", "title": "B\u00e9k\u00e9sy audiometry and tone and reflex decay tests in diabetics.", "content": "The responses of nine diabetics (without substantial hearing loss) to B\u00e9k\u00e9sy audiometry and tone and reflex decay tests at 250, 1,000, 4,000 and 8,000 Hz were determined. Excessive tone decay was found at 8,000 Hz in two subjects. This was found to be significant when compared with a normal group of 19 subjects tested at this frequency. Two diabetics had a 25 to 30-dB separation of the B\u00e9k\u00e9sy tracing at 8,000 Hz. All other findings were normal. It was concluded that excessive adaptation at threshold is to be expected at 8,000 Hz in diabetic subjects.", "contents": "B\u00e9k\u00e9sy audiometry and tone and reflex decay tests in diabetics. The responses of nine diabetics (without substantial hearing loss) to B\u00e9k\u00e9sy audiometry and tone and reflex decay tests at 250, 1,000, 4,000 and 8,000 Hz were determined. Excessive tone decay was found at 8,000 Hz in two subjects. This was found to be significant when compared with a normal group of 19 subjects tested at this frequency. Two diabetics had a 25 to 30-dB separation of the B\u00e9k\u00e9sy tracing at 8,000 Hz. All other findings were normal. It was concluded that excessive adaptation at threshold is to be expected at 8,000 Hz in diabetic subjects."}
{"id": "PMID:869769", "title": "Double lateral osteotomy in rhinoplasty.", "content": "Double lateral osteotomy has proved to be useful in the management of broad, thick, and heavy maxillary processes. The technique of performing two lateral ostotomies and the indications for its application are described. The results obtained from cadaver dissection and clinical experience with this technique are discussed.", "contents": "Double lateral osteotomy in rhinoplasty. Double lateral osteotomy has proved to be useful in the management of broad, thick, and heavy maxillary processes. The technique of performing two lateral ostotomies and the indications for its application are described. The results obtained from cadaver dissection and clinical experience with this technique are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:869770", "title": "Cementomas--aggressive or innocuous neoplasms?", "content": "No class of tumor is so inadequately discussed in the otolaryngology literature as the \"cementomas\". Until recent years, four distinctly different benign fibro-osseouslesions containing cementum were clumped together under the heading of cementoma. The separate entities in this tumor class are benign cementoblastoma (true cementoma), cementifying fibroma, peripical cemental dysplasia, and gigantiform cementoma (florid osseous dysplasia). Only an occasional case of the gigantiform variant or an unusually aggressive cementifying fibroma requires an extensive operation for complete excision.", "contents": "Cementomas--aggressive or innocuous neoplasms? No class of tumor is so inadequately discussed in the otolaryngology literature as the \"cementomas\". Until recent years, four distinctly different benign fibro-osseouslesions containing cementum were clumped together under the heading of cementoma. The separate entities in this tumor class are benign cementoblastoma (true cementoma), cementifying fibroma, peripical cemental dysplasia, and gigantiform cementoma (florid osseous dysplasia). Only an occasional case of the gigantiform variant or an unusually aggressive cementifying fibroma requires an extensive operation for complete excision."}
{"id": "PMID:869771", "title": "Eustachian tube blockage and Meniere's disease.", "content": "On the basis of our clinical experience, it has been noted that an unusually large proportion of patients with Meniere's disease have intermittent eustachian tube blockage. A review of the tympanograms of 81 patients with Meniere's disease, representing 107 ears, showed that 25 (30.9%) of the patients and 35 (32.7%) of the ears had abnormal negative middle ear pressure. The maximum compliance peak was in at a pressure point in excess of --100 mm H2O. Further investigation of these patients has led us to conclude that intermittent eustachian tube blockage frequently accompanies Meniere's disease, yet it is not necessarily the cause of the symptomatic disorder.", "contents": "Eustachian tube blockage and Meniere's disease. On the basis of our clinical experience, it has been noted that an unusually large proportion of patients with Meniere's disease have intermittent eustachian tube blockage. A review of the tympanograms of 81 patients with Meniere's disease, representing 107 ears, showed that 25 (30.9%) of the patients and 35 (32.7%) of the ears had abnormal negative middle ear pressure. The maximum compliance peak was in at a pressure point in excess of --100 mm H2O. Further investigation of these patients has led us to conclude that intermittent eustachian tube blockage frequently accompanies Meniere's disease, yet it is not necessarily the cause of the symptomatic disorder."}
{"id": "PMID:869772", "title": "Modified technique of iontophoretic anesthesia for myringotomy in children.", "content": "A modified technique is described for iontophoretic anesthesia in children who require myringotomy and insertion of a tube (tympanostomy). Principal modifications include the following procedures: (1) preoperative parenteral sedation; (2) relatively painless injection of lidocaine hydrochloride-epinephrine hydrochloride solution into the external auditory canal skin after iontophoresis alone to eliminate the extreme bony canal wall tenderness; (3) injection of lidocaine-epinephrine solution into an atelectatic middle ear to anesthetize the promontory for painless tube insertion; (4) substitution of a disposable ECG electrode for a metal plate electrode to eliminate the possibility of electrical burn from metal-to-skin contact. These modifications enhance the effectiveness and the safety of iontophoretic anesthesia, minimize the need for general anesthesia, and liberalize the indications for tympanostomy.", "contents": "Modified technique of iontophoretic anesthesia for myringotomy in children. A modified technique is described for iontophoretic anesthesia in children who require myringotomy and insertion of a tube (tympanostomy). Principal modifications include the following procedures: (1) preoperative parenteral sedation; (2) relatively painless injection of lidocaine hydrochloride-epinephrine hydrochloride solution into the external auditory canal skin after iontophoresis alone to eliminate the extreme bony canal wall tenderness; (3) injection of lidocaine-epinephrine solution into an atelectatic middle ear to anesthetize the promontory for painless tube insertion; (4) substitution of a disposable ECG electrode for a metal plate electrode to eliminate the possibility of electrical burn from metal-to-skin contact. These modifications enhance the effectiveness and the safety of iontophoretic anesthesia, minimize the need for general anesthesia, and liberalize the indications for tympanostomy."}
{"id": "PMID:869773", "title": "Soft-tissue sarcoma of the head and neck after puberty.", "content": "The most frequent soft-tissue sarcomas in the head and neck are are embryonal rhabdomyosarcomas and neurofibrosarcomas. Histological grading and the staging of the lesions bear on the prognosis of the disease. The use of sequential surgical resection plus postoperative radiation therapy has considerably improved the local control of these sarcomas. The use of multiple-drug systemic chemotherapy as an adjuvant to radiation therapy is fraught with considerate complications in this seris of patients. Studies are ongoing for a better understanding of the immunologic changes that occur in patients with sarcoma.", "contents": "Soft-tissue sarcoma of the head and neck after puberty. The most frequent soft-tissue sarcomas in the head and neck are are embryonal rhabdomyosarcomas and neurofibrosarcomas. Histological grading and the staging of the lesions bear on the prognosis of the disease. The use of sequential surgical resection plus postoperative radiation therapy has considerably improved the local control of these sarcomas. The use of multiple-drug systemic chemotherapy as an adjuvant to radiation therapy is fraught with considerate complications in this seris of patients. Studies are ongoing for a better understanding of the immunologic changes that occur in patients with sarcoma."}
{"id": "PMID:869774", "title": "Sickle cell anemia and sudden deafness.", "content": "Little is known about the relationship between sickle cell anemia and hearing loss. The case reported here illustrates the potential hazard to hearing during a sickle cell crisis. The audiometric findings are suggestive of possible cochlear and neural involvement.", "contents": "Sickle cell anemia and sudden deafness. Little is known about the relationship between sickle cell anemia and hearing loss. The case reported here illustrates the potential hazard to hearing during a sickle cell crisis. The audiometric findings are suggestive of possible cochlear and neural involvement."}
{"id": "PMID:869775", "title": "Cementomas. II. Aggressive cemento-ossifying fibroma of the ethmoid region.", "content": "Aggressive cemento-ossifying fibroma is the most aggressive tumor of all cementum-containing neoplasms. An extensive, destructive cemento-ossifying fibroma of the ethmoid region was found in a patient. To our knowledge, this is the first case of a cemento-ossifying fibroma in this location. A radical maxillectomy was ultimately required to control the tumor, preserving orbital contents. The unique site of origin is thought to be the result of an ectopic periodontal membrane or of  a primitive mesenchymal cell rest.", "contents": "Cementomas. II. Aggressive cemento-ossifying fibroma of the ethmoid region. Aggressive cemento-ossifying fibroma is the most aggressive tumor of all cementum-containing neoplasms. An extensive, destructive cemento-ossifying fibroma of the ethmoid region was found in a patient. To our knowledge, this is the first case of a cemento-ossifying fibroma in this location. A radical maxillectomy was ultimately required to control the tumor, preserving orbital contents. The unique site of origin is thought to be the result of an ectopic periodontal membrane or of  a primitive mesenchymal cell rest."}
{"id": "PMID:869777", "title": "Quality obstetric care: the ideal.", "content": "The various, apparently often conflicting interests of the patient, the doctor and the health service are examined in a general fashion fashion in this personal view of what constitutes the ideal in obstetric care. No statistics are invoked, as it is contended that it is well nigh impossible to gainfully compare specialist and general practitioner obstetric services.", "contents": "Quality obstetric care: the ideal. The various, apparently often conflicting interests of the patient, the doctor and the health service are examined in a general fashion fashion in this personal view of what constitutes the ideal in obstetric care. No statistics are invoked, as it is contended that it is well nigh impossible to gainfully compare specialist and general practitioner obstetric services."}
{"id": "PMID:869778", "title": "What is meant by the \"at risk\" pregnancy?", "content": "Monitoring to detect the \"at risk\" foetus has advanced dramatically in the last decade; clinical as well as more sophisticated methods have been discussed. Some of these are well within the scope of the general practitioner who has undergone further training in obstetrics. If all practitioners are aware of these advances, ready consultation for the continued monitoring of the foetus at risk will decrease the avoidable perinatal loss and quality of the neonate, which at the present time is showing  virtually no improvement.", "contents": "What is meant by the \"at risk\" pregnancy? Monitoring to detect the \"at risk\" foetus has advanced dramatically in the last decade; clinical as well as more sophisticated methods have been discussed. Some of these are well within the scope of the general practitioner who has undergone further training in obstetrics. If all practitioners are aware of these advances, ready consultation for the continued monitoring of the foetus at risk will decrease the avoidable perinatal loss and quality of the neonate, which at the present time is showing  virtually no improvement."}
{"id": "PMID:869779", "title": "Perinatal mortality: a social or obstetric problem?", "content": "Perinatal mortality results from a combination of both social and obstetric factors. These are age, parity, stature, race, legitimacy, education, social status and the utilization of skilled medical care.", "contents": "Perinatal mortality: a social or obstetric problem? Perinatal mortality results from a combination of both social and obstetric factors. These are age, parity, stature, race, legitimacy, education, social status and the utilization of skilled medical care."}
{"id": "PMID:869780", "title": "The doctor and the patient in early breast cancer diagnosis.", "content": "Breast cancer mortality has not fallen in 30 years, and a renewed attempt at early diagnosis should be made. A study of women's attitudes to breast cancer and surgery has shown their behaviour to be influenced mainly by unconscious factors, including ego-defences, anxiety and depression. Doctors know that early breast cancer treatment is desirable, but the proportion of women having their breasts examined, or being taught breast self-examination, is small. Further attempts at reducing delay in breast cancer treatment must take into account the unconscious processes affecting behaviour, and individual doctors could play a greater part by the education of women in their surgeries.", "contents": "The doctor and the patient in early breast cancer diagnosis. Breast cancer mortality has not fallen in 30 years, and a renewed attempt at early diagnosis should be made. A study of women's attitudes to breast cancer and surgery has shown their behaviour to be influenced mainly by unconscious factors, including ego-defences, anxiety and depression. Doctors know that early breast cancer treatment is desirable, but the proportion of women having their breasts examined, or being taught breast self-examination, is small. Further attempts at reducing delay in breast cancer treatment must take into account the unconscious processes affecting behaviour, and individual doctors could play a greater part by the education of women in their surgeries."}
{"id": "PMID:869781", "title": "Cancer: prevention, screening and early diagnosis.", "content": "The priniciples for setting up early detection and screening programmes are set out. Outlines are given of procedures available, at the time of the writing, in respect of some commonly occurring cancers; these sites being the lung, the female breast, the large bowel and the uterine cervix. The family doctor's role in the field of cancer is an important one. Some aspects for this role are discussed.", "contents": "Cancer: prevention, screening and early diagnosis. The priniciples for setting up early detection and screening programmes are set out. Outlines are given of procedures available, at the time of the writing, in respect of some commonly occurring cancers; these sites being the lung, the female breast, the large bowel and the uterine cervix. The family doctor's role in the field of cancer is an important one. Some aspects for this role are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:869782", "title": "Insulin resistance and new insulins.", "content": "Insulin therapy is required in the treatment of diabetic patients manifesting persistent ketosis. Although most patients in this category are young, many elderly diabetics fall into this group. In patients without ketosis, the indications for insulin therapy are less easy to define. In general, insulin is required if blood glucose levels cannot be maintained below 200mg/100ml following adequate diet, attainment of ideal body weight, and oral hypoglycaemic therapy.", "contents": "Insulin resistance and new insulins. Insulin therapy is required in the treatment of diabetic patients manifesting persistent ketosis. Although most patients in this category are young, many elderly diabetics fall into this group. In patients without ketosis, the indications for insulin therapy are less easy to define. In general, insulin is required if blood glucose levels cannot be maintained below 200mg/100ml following adequate diet, attainment of ideal body weight, and oral hypoglycaemic therapy."}
{"id": "PMID:869797", "title": "Trichlorfon toxicity in pigs.", "content": "A field outbreak of suspected poisoning is recorded from feed medicated with the organophosphorus insecticide trichlorfon. A controlled experiment showed that toxicity could occur when trichlorfon was fed from 3-5 days at levels greater than that recommended. Signs recorded were inappetence, muscle tremor, ataxia and deaths. Attention is drawn to conditions which could result in overdosage and toxicity when used on the farm.", "contents": "Trichlorfon toxicity in pigs. A field outbreak of suspected poisoning is recorded from feed medicated with the organophosphorus insecticide trichlorfon. A controlled experiment showed that toxicity could occur when trichlorfon was fed from 3-5 days at levels greater than that recommended. Signs recorded were inappetence, muscle tremor, ataxia and deaths. Attention is drawn to conditions which could result in overdosage and toxicity when used on the farm."}
{"id": "PMID:869798", "title": "The effects of diarrhoea, tail length and sex on the incidence of breech strike in modified mulesed Merino sheep.", "content": "Merino sheep were treated with purgative to induce scouring and the effects of tail length and sex on the incidence and origin of breech strike were examined. In sheep treated with the modified Mules operation, those with tails docked very short were strongly predisposed to tail strike, and to a lesser extent, crutch strike. Tails docked level with, or just below, the tip of the vulva in ewes, and at the equivalent length in wethers, were struck far less frequently. Within each tail length group, wethers tended to be more susceptible than ewes. L. cuprina was the principal species of fly involved in strikes, although the presence of L. sericata and C. augur was conspicuous.", "contents": "The effects of diarrhoea, tail length and sex on the incidence of breech strike in modified mulesed Merino sheep. Merino sheep were treated with purgative to induce scouring and the effects of tail length and sex on the incidence and origin of breech strike were examined. In sheep treated with the modified Mules operation, those with tails docked very short were strongly predisposed to tail strike, and to a lesser extent, crutch strike. Tails docked level with, or just below, the tip of the vulva in ewes, and at the equivalent length in wethers, were struck far less frequently. Within each tail length group, wethers tended to be more susceptible than ewes. L. cuprina was the principal species of fly involved in strikes, although the presence of L. sericata and C. augur was conspicuous."}
{"id": "PMID:869799", "title": "Histophilus ovis infection in sheep in Western Victoria.", "content": "Organisms resembling Histophilus ovis were isolated from sheep in Western Victoria in association with synovitis, septicaemia and/or abscessation in 2 to 8 week old lambs. Histopathological lesions in these lambs were indicative of bacterial embolism with thrombosis. Similar organisms were also isolated from sheep in 2 flocks with a high neonatal mortality rate. These isolations were from vaginal swabs from the ewes, placentas and from one lamb which had meningitis, ependymitis, choroid plexitis, hepatic necrosis and focal myocarditis. The morphology, cultural characteristics and biochemical activity of the organisms are described and it is suggested that the organisms may be better classified in the genus Actinobacillus.", "contents": "Histophilus ovis infection in sheep in Western Victoria. Organisms resembling Histophilus ovis were isolated from sheep in Western Victoria in association with synovitis, septicaemia and/or abscessation in 2 to 8 week old lambs. Histopathological lesions in these lambs were indicative of bacterial embolism with thrombosis. Similar organisms were also isolated from sheep in 2 flocks with a high neonatal mortality rate. These isolations were from vaginal swabs from the ewes, placentas and from one lamb which had meningitis, ependymitis, choroid plexitis, hepatic necrosis and focal myocarditis. The morphology, cultural characteristics and biochemical activity of the organisms are described and it is suggested that the organisms may be better classified in the genus Actinobacillus."}
{"id": "PMID:869800", "title": "The prevalence of bovine keratoconjuctivitis in a beef cattle herd in north eastern Queensland.", "content": "The prevalnece and severity of IBK in a group of Shorthorn and crossbred (approximately 50% B. indicus) cows, steers and calves were observed during a 31-month period, from November 1970 to May 1973, in North Queensland. In both the wet summer and dry winter seasons, IBK prevalence was significantly higher for all classes of Shorthorn than crossbred animals. Prevalence was consistently highest during the wet summer months (peak February-March). Ninety-six per cent of Shorthorn cows contracted IBK and 53% severe IBK, compared with 53% and 7% respectively, of crossbreds. Permanent and temporary blindness occurred in 3% and 10% of Shorthorn cows, but not crossbreds were affected. The implications of these findings are also discussed.", "contents": "The prevalence of bovine keratoconjuctivitis in a beef cattle herd in north eastern Queensland. The prevalnece and severity of IBK in a group of Shorthorn and crossbred (approximately 50% B. indicus) cows, steers and calves were observed during a 31-month period, from November 1970 to May 1973, in North Queensland. In both the wet summer and dry winter seasons, IBK prevalence was significantly higher for all classes of Shorthorn than crossbred animals. Prevalence was consistently highest during the wet summer months (peak February-March). Ninety-six per cent of Shorthorn cows contracted IBK and 53% severe IBK, compared with 53% and 7% respectively, of crossbreds. Permanent and temporary blindness occurred in 3% and 10% of Shorthorn cows, but not crossbreds were affected. The implications of these findings are also discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:869801", "title": "Incidence of Tritrichomonas foetus in young replacement bulls following introduction into an infected herd.", "content": "Three hundred 8-year-old Shorthorn and Santa Gertrudis bulls, with a 47% incidence of Tritrichomonas foetus infection in the 30 surveyed, were removed from a herd of approximately 6000 cows and replaced by 325 two-year-old Brahman bulls. A sample of 50 of the replacement bulls was examined at introduction and found to be uninfected. After 2 years, the incidence of infection in a sample of 80 of the replacement bulls was 4%. The results suggests that a major reduction in incidence of infection in extensively managed herds might be achieved by the exclusive use of young bulls for mating.", "contents": "Incidence of Tritrichomonas foetus in young replacement bulls following introduction into an infected herd. Three hundred 8-year-old Shorthorn and Santa Gertrudis bulls, with a 47% incidence of Tritrichomonas foetus infection in the 30 surveyed, were removed from a herd of approximately 6000 cows and replaced by 325 two-year-old Brahman bulls. A sample of 50 of the replacement bulls was examined at introduction and found to be uninfected. After 2 years, the incidence of infection in a sample of 80 of the replacement bulls was 4%. The results suggests that a major reduction in incidence of infection in extensively managed herds might be achieved by the exclusive use of young bulls for mating."}
{"id": "PMID:869802", "title": "The distribution and biology of Austrosimulium pestilens, a serious biting-fly pest following flooding.", "content": "The distribution of A. pestilens is expanded with records from the southern Gulf of Carpentaria Rivers. The value of sampling specific adult resting sites for the assessment of host range and vector potential is recorded. The value of CO2 as an attractant and the truck trap, or modifications thereof, as a collector of A. pestilens is also demonstrated.", "contents": "The distribution and biology of Austrosimulium pestilens, a serious biting-fly pest following flooding. The distribution of A. pestilens is expanded with records from the southern Gulf of Carpentaria Rivers. The value of sampling specific adult resting sites for the assessment of host range and vector potential is recorded. The value of CO2 as an attractant and the truck trap, or modifications thereof, as a collector of A. pestilens is also demonstrated."}
{"id": "PMID:869803", "title": "A complement fixation test for the detection of Eperythrozoon infection in sheep.", "content": "A method is described for preparation of an antigen from E. ovis-infected blood first lysed by freezing and thawing, and then followed by sonic disruption of the centrifuged deposit. It was then used in a complement fixation test to demonstrate antibodies in sheep infected with E. ovis. The antigen was not anti-complementary and it retained its potency for long periods when stored concentrated, at about -20 degrees C. Repeated freezing and thawing also has had no effect on the potency of the concentrated antigen. The testing of 668 serums from commercial flocks where E. ovis infection has been diagnosed microscopically has shown the CFT to be a valuable diagnostic aid mainly on a flock sample basis, though the test could be of value on an individual sample basis if the sample were taken from a recently infected sheep.", "contents": "A complement fixation test for the detection of Eperythrozoon infection in sheep. A method is described for preparation of an antigen from E. ovis-infected blood first lysed by freezing and thawing, and then followed by sonic disruption of the centrifuged deposit. It was then used in a complement fixation test to demonstrate antibodies in sheep infected with E. ovis. The antigen was not anti-complementary and it retained its potency for long periods when stored concentrated, at about -20 degrees C. Repeated freezing and thawing also has had no effect on the potency of the concentrated antigen. The testing of 668 serums from commercial flocks where E. ovis infection has been diagnosed microscopically has shown the CFT to be a valuable diagnostic aid mainly on a flock sample basis, though the test could be of value on an individual sample basis if the sample were taken from a recently infected sheep."}
{"id": "PMID:869804", "title": "Hypertrophic osteopathy and dysgerminoma in a mare.", "content": "A case of hypertrophic osteopathy is described in a mare with a vague history of abdominal discomfort over the preceding 12 months. Bony swellings were obvious in the pastern area of both forelegs. There was a dysgerminoma of the left ovary that had metastasised to several abdominal lymph nodes and had infiltrated the posterior vena cava. There was no gross thoracic involvement although there was histologic evidence of tumour metastasis in pulmonary arterioles.", "contents": "Hypertrophic osteopathy and dysgerminoma in a mare. A case of hypertrophic osteopathy is described in a mare with a vague history of abdominal discomfort over the preceding 12 months. Bony swellings were obvious in the pastern area of both forelegs. There was a dysgerminoma of the left ovary that had metastasised to several abdominal lymph nodes and had infiltrated the posterior vena cava. There was no gross thoracic involvement although there was histologic evidence of tumour metastasis in pulmonary arterioles."}
{"id": "PMID:869810", "title": "A method for indirect measurement of arterial blood pressure in the horse.", "content": "A method using the Doppler ultrasound principle for indirect determination of arterial blood pressure in the horse is described. The method is simple and suitable for field situations. Validation studies show that systolic and diastolic blood pressure measurements bear a close relationship to true values obtained by direct measurement.", "contents": "A method for indirect measurement of arterial blood pressure in the horse. A method using the Doppler ultrasound principle for indirect determination of arterial blood pressure in the horse is described. The method is simple and suitable for field situations. Validation studies show that systolic and diastolic blood pressure measurements bear a close relationship to true values obtained by direct measurement."}
{"id": "PMID:869811", "title": "Isolation of mycoplasmas from the genital tract of horses.", "content": "Vaginal swabs from 19 mares and penile swabs from 4 stallions were cultured for mycoplasmas. A single semen sample from one of the stallions was also examined. Twelve vaginal swabs and 2 penile swabs yielded mycoplasmas. Ten of the positive vaginal swabs were from mares with vaginitis, or with a history of failure of conception. Two were from apparently healthy mares, but one had been served by an infected stallion. One positive penile swab was from a stallion with ulcerative lesions and the other from a stallion with breeding difficulties. All 14 strains of mycoplasma utilised arginine, and the growth of 11 strains was inhibited by hyperimmune serum against one strain.", "contents": "Isolation of mycoplasmas from the genital tract of horses. Vaginal swabs from 19 mares and penile swabs from 4 stallions were cultured for mycoplasmas. A single semen sample from one of the stallions was also examined. Twelve vaginal swabs and 2 penile swabs yielded mycoplasmas. Ten of the positive vaginal swabs were from mares with vaginitis, or with a history of failure of conception. Two were from apparently healthy mares, but one had been served by an infected stallion. One positive penile swab was from a stallion with ulcerative lesions and the other from a stallion with breeding difficulties. All 14 strains of mycoplasma utilised arginine, and the growth of 11 strains was inhibited by hyperimmune serum against one strain."}
{"id": "PMID:869812", "title": "Studies on the transmission of Tritrichomonas foetus.", "content": "Although 2 experiments showed that non-infected bulls can passively transmit Tritrichomonas foestus from infected to non-infected cows during mating, the rates of transmission were low. The results of the second experiment, in which time intervals between services were recorded, suggested that T. foetus was most likely to become established in previously non-infected cows when the interval was less than 20 minutes. Application of 2 X 10(6) active cells of T. foetus to the vulva failed to cause genital infection in 10 cows.", "contents": "Studies on the transmission of Tritrichomonas foetus. Although 2 experiments showed that non-infected bulls can passively transmit Tritrichomonas foestus from infected to non-infected cows during mating, the rates of transmission were low. The results of the second experiment, in which time intervals between services were recorded, suggested that T. foetus was most likely to become established in previously non-infected cows when the interval was less than 20 minutes. Application of 2 X 10(6) active cells of T. foetus to the vulva failed to cause genital infection in 10 cows."}
{"id": "PMID:869813", "title": "Tolerance to imidocarb induced experimentally in tick-transmitted Babesia argentina.", "content": "Babesia argentina was repeatedly exposed to imidocarb by transmitting parasites from infected ticks in a series of 4 groups of nonsplenectomised calves that had been treated prophylactically at 2 mg/kg. As the number of exposures to imidocarb increased, the parasites more readily infected the treated calves, indicating increased tolerance to the drug. Tests comparing parasites not previously exposed to imidocarb with those exposed 4 times showed that a dose of 3 mg/kg imidocarb completely cured subclinical infections with non-exposed, but not exposed, parasites; a dose of 1 mg/kg controlled acute infections with either nonexposed or exposed parasites; and the virulence of the parasite was apparently unaffected by the exposures.", "contents": "Tolerance to imidocarb induced experimentally in tick-transmitted Babesia argentina. Babesia argentina was repeatedly exposed to imidocarb by transmitting parasites from infected ticks in a series of 4 groups of nonsplenectomised calves that had been treated prophylactically at 2 mg/kg. As the number of exposures to imidocarb increased, the parasites more readily infected the treated calves, indicating increased tolerance to the drug. Tests comparing parasites not previously exposed to imidocarb with those exposed 4 times showed that a dose of 3 mg/kg imidocarb completely cured subclinical infections with non-exposed, but not exposed, parasites; a dose of 1 mg/kg controlled acute infections with either nonexposed or exposed parasites; and the virulence of the parasite was apparently unaffected by the exposures."}
{"id": "PMID:869814", "title": "The occurrence and apparent effect on reproduction of a constriction of the vagina in the merino ewe.", "content": "The incidence and effect on reproduction of a constriction of the vagina was studied in 12 maiden merino flocks on 5 commercial properties in Western Australia. The overall incidence of the constriction was 11% with a range of from 2% to 27%. Ewes with a constriction of the vagina exhibited inferior reproductive capacity; fewer ewes lambed and of those that did fewer reared their lambs. A higher lamb mortality was recorded in lambs born to such ewes.", "contents": "The occurrence and apparent effect on reproduction of a constriction of the vagina in the merino ewe. The incidence and effect on reproduction of a constriction of the vagina was studied in 12 maiden merino flocks on 5 commercial properties in Western Australia. The overall incidence of the constriction was 11% with a range of from 2% to 27%. Ewes with a constriction of the vagina exhibited inferior reproductive capacity; fewer ewes lambed and of those that did fewer reared their lambs. A higher lamb mortality was recorded in lambs born to such ewes."}
{"id": "PMID:869815", "title": "The use of preserved milk samples in the Brucella milk ring test.", "content": "Brucella milk ring tests (BMRT's) were performed on fresh herd milk samples and pooled samples, preserved at a processing factory with potassium dichromate. Preserved milk from samples pooled over a 10-day period, gave results that were similar to an average result for individual fresh daily samples over the same period. When fresh samples gave variable results and the pooled preserved sample gave a negative result, it was considered that the latter result was more reliable, possibly due to factors causing false positive reactions being diluted. Blood testing of herds for circulating antibody indicated that the use of either fresh or preserved milk samples could occasionally produce false negative or false positive results.", "contents": "The use of preserved milk samples in the Brucella milk ring test. Brucella milk ring tests (BMRT's) were performed on fresh herd milk samples and pooled samples, preserved at a processing factory with potassium dichromate. Preserved milk from samples pooled over a 10-day period, gave results that were similar to an average result for individual fresh daily samples over the same period. When fresh samples gave variable results and the pooled preserved sample gave a negative result, it was considered that the latter result was more reliable, possibly due to factors causing false positive reactions being diluted. Blood testing of herds for circulating antibody indicated that the use of either fresh or preserved milk samples could occasionally produce false negative or false positive results."}
{"id": "PMID:869816", "title": "Neurologic lesions in young captive lions associated with vitamin A deficiency.", "content": "Ataxia and incoordination occurred in 7 lion cubs in a lion park. Postmortem examination of 3 cubs revealed thickened skull bones which compressed the brain and lead to prolapse of the posterior vermis of the cerebellum through the foramen magnum. In 2 of the lions compression of the anterior cervical spinal cord caused marked damage particularly in the dorsal funiculi. In both cubs the central canal of the spinal cord was abnormal being extended laterally. The pathological changes in the bones and the brain together with low liver vitamin A levels lead to a diagnosis of hypovitaminosis A.", "contents": "Neurologic lesions in young captive lions associated with vitamin A deficiency. Ataxia and incoordination occurred in 7 lion cubs in a lion park. Postmortem examination of 3 cubs revealed thickened skull bones which compressed the brain and lead to prolapse of the posterior vermis of the cerebellum through the foramen magnum. In 2 of the lions compression of the anterior cervical spinal cord caused marked damage particularly in the dorsal funiculi. In both cubs the central canal of the spinal cord was abnormal being extended laterally. The pathological changes in the bones and the brain together with low liver vitamin A levels lead to a diagnosis of hypovitaminosis A."}
{"id": "PMID:869824", "title": "Epidemiologic studies of the 1975 avian influenza outbreak in chickens in Alabama.", "content": "The epidemiology of the first reported non-fowl-plague avian influenza (AI) virus, A/Chicken/Alabama/75 (Hav4Neq2), isolated from chickens in the United States is discussed. The signs and pathologic changes have been described. The environment, nutrition, and stress factors are discussed as possible contributors to the disease syndrome observed in 3 commercial egg-laying flocks. Avian influenza antibody was demonstrated by agargel precipitation in convalescent chickens through 83 days postinfection. A serological survey of 321 additional poultry flocks was negative for antibodies against avian influenza. A survey was made by serology and virus isolation techniques on 387 wild free-flying birds that fed and roosted in the area. Wild waterfowl are discussed as a possible source of the AI virus.", "contents": "Epidemiologic studies of the 1975 avian influenza outbreak in chickens in Alabama. The epidemiology of the first reported non-fowl-plague avian influenza (AI) virus, A/Chicken/Alabama/75 (Hav4Neq2), isolated from chickens in the United States is discussed. The signs and pathologic changes have been described. The environment, nutrition, and stress factors are discussed as possible contributors to the disease syndrome observed in 3 commercial egg-laying flocks. Avian influenza antibody was demonstrated by agargel precipitation in convalescent chickens through 83 days postinfection. A serological survey of 321 additional poultry flocks was negative for antibodies against avian influenza. A survey was made by serology and virus isolation techniques on 387 wild free-flying birds that fed and roosted in the area. Wild waterfowl are discussed as a possible source of the AI virus."}
{"id": "PMID:869823", "title": "Comparison of low-level rofenaid, low-level chlortetracycline, and vaccination with commercial bacterin for preventing pulmonary form of fowl cholera in turkeys.", "content": "The pulmonary form of experimentally induced fowl cholera was controlled effectively either by Rofenaid, a potentiated sulfadimethoxine, at 0.01% in feed, chlortetracycline at 0.0055% in feed, vaccination with a commercial fowl cholera bacterin and a combination of Rofenaid and vaccination. The medicated or/and vaccinated turkeys had a significantly (P less than 0.05) better livability than the unmedicated or unvaccinated exposed turkeys. Turkeys were exposed by contact with carriers and administration of Pasteurella multocida in drinking water. Transmission from carriers to recipients through the water was demonstrated. P. multocida was isolated from the mouths of recipient turkeys receiving low-level medication one week after carriers were introduced.", "contents": "Comparison of low-level rofenaid, low-level chlortetracycline, and vaccination with commercial bacterin for preventing pulmonary form of fowl cholera in turkeys. The pulmonary form of experimentally induced fowl cholera was controlled effectively either by Rofenaid, a potentiated sulfadimethoxine, at 0.01% in feed, chlortetracycline at 0.0055% in feed, vaccination with a commercial fowl cholera bacterin and a combination of Rofenaid and vaccination. The medicated or/and vaccinated turkeys had a significantly (P less than 0.05) better livability than the unmedicated or unvaccinated exposed turkeys. Turkeys were exposed by contact with carriers and administration of Pasteurella multocida in drinking water. Transmission from carriers to recipients through the water was demonstrated. P. multocida was isolated from the mouths of recipient turkeys receiving low-level medication one week after carriers were introduced."}
{"id": "PMID:869825", "title": "Evaluation of two avirulent vaccines for preventing experimental fowl cholera in turkeys, and use of one vaccine in the field.", "content": "The Clemson University (CU) strain of live cholera vaccine administered in water (LCVW) was effective in immunizing turkeys against the pulmonary, arthritic, and cranial forms of fowl cholera. The Missouri strain of LCVW immunized turkeys against the pulmonary and septicemic forms of fowl cholera. Pasteurella multocida was isolated from the orifice of the auditory tube of 5% of the turkeys vaccinated with the CU strain 2 weeks postvaccination, but not 4 weeks after challenge. Mortality was not increased by administering the CU strain of LCVW at 5, 10, 20, and 40 x the standard dose of 4 x 10(8) P. multocida. A low concentration of Rofenaid (providing 0.01% potentiated sulfadimethoxine) had no perceptible effect on the development of immunity with the CU vaccine.", "contents": "Evaluation of two avirulent vaccines for preventing experimental fowl cholera in turkeys, and use of one vaccine in the field. The Clemson University (CU) strain of live cholera vaccine administered in water (LCVW) was effective in immunizing turkeys against the pulmonary, arthritic, and cranial forms of fowl cholera. The Missouri strain of LCVW immunized turkeys against the pulmonary and septicemic forms of fowl cholera. Pasteurella multocida was isolated from the orifice of the auditory tube of 5% of the turkeys vaccinated with the CU strain 2 weeks postvaccination, but not 4 weeks after challenge. Mortality was not increased by administering the CU strain of LCVW at 5, 10, 20, and 40 x the standard dose of 4 x 10(8) P. multocida. A low concentration of Rofenaid (providing 0.01% potentiated sulfadimethoxine) had no perceptible effect on the development of immunity with the CU vaccine."}
{"id": "PMID:869832", "title": "Effects of three kinds of hypoxias on vigilance performance.", "content": "The consequences for vigilance performance of inhaling carbon monoxide at altitude were examined. In addition, the effects of altitude and CO at an equivalent reduction in O2-carrying capacity were compared. Ten subjects performed a visual vigilance task under four atmospheric conditions. Physiological measures included heart rate, blood pressure, and ventilation. Blood hemoglobin and CO levels were measured directly from blood samples drawn after 0,50 and 120 min of exposure. The physiological variables measured and subjective responses of subjects showed no changes attributable to the atmospheric conditions. A statistically significant change in vigilance performance as measured by precentage of signals detected, was found between control and low oxygen; however, performance under CO and the combination of CO and low oxygen was not different from control. The lack of deterioration in performance under the combination of CO and low oxygen suggested that the increased severity of the stress resulted in activation of compensatory mechanisms which counterbalanced the decreased O2 available to the tissues.", "contents": "Effects of three kinds of hypoxias on vigilance performance. The consequences for vigilance performance of inhaling carbon monoxide at altitude were examined. In addition, the effects of altitude and CO at an equivalent reduction in O2-carrying capacity were compared. Ten subjects performed a visual vigilance task under four atmospheric conditions. Physiological measures included heart rate, blood pressure, and ventilation. Blood hemoglobin and CO levels were measured directly from blood samples drawn after 0,50 and 120 min of exposure. The physiological variables measured and subjective responses of subjects showed no changes attributable to the atmospheric conditions. A statistically significant change in vigilance performance as measured by precentage of signals detected, was found between control and low oxygen; however, performance under CO and the combination of CO and low oxygen was not different from control. The lack of deterioration in performance under the combination of CO and low oxygen suggested that the increased severity of the stress resulted in activation of compensatory mechanisms which counterbalanced the decreased O2 available to the tissues."}
{"id": "PMID:869826", "title": "Avian lymphoid leukosis prophylaxis with mibolerone.", "content": "Duplicate trials with mibolerone at a dose of 1 microng/g of diet for the first 49 days of age reduced the incidence of lymphoid leukosis (LL) significantly (P less than .005) in chickens inoculated as day-old chicks with Rous-associated virus type 1 (RAV-1). The incidence of LL was not reduced in virus-challenged chickens administered mibolerone at 4 microng per gram of diet during days 29 through 49 of age. The bursal lymphocytic follicles atrophied significantly with both the 1- and 4-microng doses; but, on the basis of histologic examination, atrophy was more complete with the 1-microng dose of mibolerone administered during the first 49 days of age. Mibolerone appears to prevent LL development by producing early bursal atrophy of key target cells. These data suggest that mibolerone orally administered at 1 microng/g of diet during the first 49 days of age appears to be useful for LL prophylaxis. Field trials are under way to assess the effectiveness of mibolerone under natural conditions.", "contents": "Avian lymphoid leukosis prophylaxis with mibolerone. Duplicate trials with mibolerone at a dose of 1 microng/g of diet for the first 49 days of age reduced the incidence of lymphoid leukosis (LL) significantly (P less than .005) in chickens inoculated as day-old chicks with Rous-associated virus type 1 (RAV-1). The incidence of LL was not reduced in virus-challenged chickens administered mibolerone at 4 microng per gram of diet during days 29 through 49 of age. The bursal lymphocytic follicles atrophied significantly with both the 1- and 4-microng doses; but, on the basis of histologic examination, atrophy was more complete with the 1-microng dose of mibolerone administered during the first 49 days of age. Mibolerone appears to prevent LL development by producing early bursal atrophy of key target cells. These data suggest that mibolerone orally administered at 1 microng/g of diet during the first 49 days of age appears to be useful for LL prophylaxis. Field trials are under way to assess the effectiveness of mibolerone under natural conditions."}
{"id": "PMID:869827", "title": "Inexpensive collapsible covered pen with slatted floor for turkeys.", "content": "Designed to confine turkeys for fowl cholera research was a collapsible pen with a hinged steel roof, wire sides, and slatted wooden floors. It is inexpensive to build; conserves labor in feeding, watering, and disposal of manure; protects against rain, sun, and predators; provides ventilation against heat; gives easy access to turkeys; and is collapsible", "contents": "Inexpensive collapsible covered pen with slatted floor for turkeys. Designed to confine turkeys for fowl cholera research was a collapsible pen with a hinged steel roof, wire sides, and slatted wooden floors. It is inexpensive to build; conserves labor in feeding, watering, and disposal of manure; protects against rain, sun, and predators; provides ventilation against heat; gives easy access to turkeys; and is collapsible"}
{"id": "PMID:869833", "title": "Cold-induced vasodilatation and peripheral blood flow under local cold stress in man at altitude.", "content": "The cold-induced vasodilatation (CIVD) response was studied on 17 lowlanders (20-30 years) at Delhi, using a water bath maintained at 4 degrees+/-0.2 degreesC. The temperatures were measured at the tip of the index finger, centre of the palm, over a prominent wrist vein, and orally. Then the subjects were air-lifted to an altitude of 3500 m, where the measurements were repeated at weekly intervals for a period of 3 weeks. After this, they were flown back and retested. For comparison, the study at altitude was done on 10 acclimatised lowlanders and on 10 high-altitude natives. The peripheral blood flow under a local cold stress was calculated. Three types of CIVD responses--viz. typical hunting, proportional control, and continuous rewarmin--were observed. At altitude, the pattern was more or less the same but there was a significant reduction in the response. The responses of the natives were more or less identical to those of the lowlanders at sea level, and responses of the acclimatized lowlanders were better than the fresh inductees, but much less than the natives. The changes in peripheral blood flow was in accordance with the CIVD response.", "contents": "Cold-induced vasodilatation and peripheral blood flow under local cold stress in man at altitude. The cold-induced vasodilatation (CIVD) response was studied on 17 lowlanders (20-30 years) at Delhi, using a water bath maintained at 4 degrees+/-0.2 degreesC. The temperatures were measured at the tip of the index finger, centre of the palm, over a prominent wrist vein, and orally. Then the subjects were air-lifted to an altitude of 3500 m, where the measurements were repeated at weekly intervals for a period of 3 weeks. After this, they were flown back and retested. For comparison, the study at altitude was done on 10 acclimatised lowlanders and on 10 high-altitude natives. The peripheral blood flow under a local cold stress was calculated. Three types of CIVD responses--viz. typical hunting, proportional control, and continuous rewarmin--were observed. At altitude, the pattern was more or less the same but there was a significant reduction in the response. The responses of the natives were more or less identical to those of the lowlanders at sea level, and responses of the acclimatized lowlanders were better than the fresh inductees, but much less than the natives. The changes in peripheral blood flow was in accordance with the CIVD response."}
{"id": "PMID:869828", "title": "The inhibitory effect of Corynebacterium parvum and Pasteurella multocida pretreatment on staphylococcal synovitis in turkeys.", "content": "Corynebacterium parvum and Pasteurella multocida were shown to be immunostimulants in turkeys, increasing the ability of whole blood to kill Staphylococcus aureus and prolonging the incubation time of experimental staphylococcal synovitis.", "contents": "The inhibitory effect of Corynebacterium parvum and Pasteurella multocida pretreatment on staphylococcal synovitis in turkeys. Corynebacterium parvum and Pasteurella multocida were shown to be immunostimulants in turkeys, increasing the ability of whole blood to kill Staphylococcus aureus and prolonging the incubation time of experimental staphylococcal synovitis."}
{"id": "PMID:869834", "title": "Somatosensory motion after-effect following earth-horizontal rotation about the Z-axis: a new illusion.", "content": "During rotation about the Z-axos while recumbent one is exposed to a changing pattern of pressure cues over the body surface. If the body is only loosely padded in the experimental apparatus, then apparent motion of part of the body surface may be experienced sometime after rotation has been terminated. This somatosensory motion aftereffect of opposite sign is temporarily abolished if one looks at the affected body area, but is again re-experienced when the gaze is shifted elswhere. The similarity of this motion aftereffect to those contingent on vestibular and visual stimulation is discussed.", "contents": "Somatosensory motion after-effect following earth-horizontal rotation about the Z-axis: a new illusion. During rotation about the Z-axos while recumbent one is exposed to a changing pattern of pressure cues over the body surface. If the body is only loosely padded in the experimental apparatus, then apparent motion of part of the body surface may be experienced sometime after rotation has been terminated. This somatosensory motion aftereffect of opposite sign is temporarily abolished if one looks at the affected body area, but is again re-experienced when the gaze is shifted elswhere. The similarity of this motion aftereffect to those contingent on vestibular and visual stimulation is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:869835", "title": "Characteristics in the atmosphere of long-range transport aircraft cabins.", "content": "In the long run, the fatigue in aircrews performing frequent, long-range flights is linked to factors connected to the aircraft, such as noise, temperature, cabin pressure, atmosphere quality, and flight characteristics. These are the factors inherent to the aircraft which we have investigated during six long-range flights without time zone changes in DC-8 and DC-10 aircraft of the U.T.A. Cie. The results show that none of the pollutants researched reach doses considered hazardous by FAR 25 or by French legislation. This fact is due to the effective ventilation in the cabins. In flight, thermal comfort is limited by a too-low hygrometry RH = 12%. Even in a modern aircraft, the noise level remains high, but acoustical energy is spread over the less detrimental frequencies.", "contents": "Characteristics in the atmosphere of long-range transport aircraft cabins. In the long run, the fatigue in aircrews performing frequent, long-range flights is linked to factors connected to the aircraft, such as noise, temperature, cabin pressure, atmosphere quality, and flight characteristics. These are the factors inherent to the aircraft which we have investigated during six long-range flights without time zone changes in DC-8 and DC-10 aircraft of the U.T.A. Cie. The results show that none of the pollutants researched reach doses considered hazardous by FAR 25 or by French legislation. This fact is due to the effective ventilation in the cabins. In flight, thermal comfort is limited by a too-low hygrometry RH = 12%. Even in a modern aircraft, the noise level remains high, but acoustical energy is spread over the less detrimental frequencies."}
{"id": "PMID:869836", "title": "Spirometric assessment of potential respiratory impairment in general aviation airmen.", "content": "Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease continues to manifest an increasing prevalence in male Americans. A recent study of commercial airline pilots revealed a 12% prevalence of more-than-minor spirometric impairment. Because commensurate data were not available for general aviation pilots, in whom such impairment could also compromise flight safety, a parallel study was made. The BMRC and smoking questionnaires, chest expansion, and spirometric measurements of FEV1, FVC, FEV1%, MVV, and FFF 25-75% were assessed in 181 male general aviation pilots. All showed a general relationship to increasing age and smoking amount. Based on FEV1% and FEF 25-75% combined, minor or more-than-minor degrees of spirometric impairment were manifested by 25.4% of the pilots and moderate degrees by 12.7%. Very little impairment was reflected in the remaining spirometric parameters. Subsequent testing of such spirometrically impaired pilots for altitude, fatigue, and orthostatic tolerances related to general aviation flight safety is planned.", "contents": "Spirometric assessment of potential respiratory impairment in general aviation airmen. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease continues to manifest an increasing prevalence in male Americans. A recent study of commercial airline pilots revealed a 12% prevalence of more-than-minor spirometric impairment. Because commensurate data were not available for general aviation pilots, in whom such impairment could also compromise flight safety, a parallel study was made. The BMRC and smoking questionnaires, chest expansion, and spirometric measurements of FEV1, FVC, FEV1%, MVV, and FFF 25-75% were assessed in 181 male general aviation pilots. All showed a general relationship to increasing age and smoking amount. Based on FEV1% and FEF 25-75% combined, minor or more-than-minor degrees of spirometric impairment were manifested by 25.4% of the pilots and moderate degrees by 12.7%. Very little impairment was reflected in the remaining spirometric parameters. Subsequent testing of such spirometrically impaired pilots for altitude, fatigue, and orthostatic tolerances related to general aviation flight safety is planned."}
{"id": "PMID:869829", "title": "An outbreak of fowl cholera due to Pasteurella gallinarum in Uttar Pradesh (India).", "content": "An acute outbreak of fowl cholera in one-month-old chickens was investigated. Pasteurella gallinarum was isolated in pure culture from the heart blood of two moribund chicks. One of the isolants on experimental inoculation was found to be nonpathogenic for rabbits, mice, and chickens. It did not provide protection in rabbits against a virulent strain of P. multocida. This seems to be the first record of the isolation of P. gallinarum in India.", "contents": "An outbreak of fowl cholera due to Pasteurella gallinarum in Uttar Pradesh (India). An acute outbreak of fowl cholera in one-month-old chickens was investigated. Pasteurella gallinarum was isolated in pure culture from the heart blood of two moribund chicks. One of the isolants on experimental inoculation was found to be nonpathogenic for rabbits, mice, and chickens. It did not provide protection in rabbits against a virulent strain of P. multocida. This seems to be the first record of the isolation of P. gallinarum in India."}
{"id": "PMID:869837", "title": "Left ventricular function during lower body negative pressure.", "content": "The purpose of this study was to characterize the response of the human left ventricle to lower body negative pressure (LBNP) and to delineate the relation between left ventricular function and hemodynamic response. Ventricular function curves relating stroke volume to end-diastolic volum were obtained in 12 normal men. Volume data were derived from echocardiographic measurements of left ventricular end-systolic and end-diastolic diameters at rest and during LBNP at -40 mm Hg. End-diastolic volume decreased by 19% (p less than 0.01) and stroke volume by 22% (p less than 0.05). There were no significant changes in heart rate, arterial blood pressure, or end-systolic volume. Thus, moderate levels of LBNP significantly reduce preload and stroke volume, i.e. produce a Starling effect, without affecting contractile state. The absence of significant changes in heart rate and arterial blood pressure in the presence of a significant reduction in stroke volume is consistent with an increase in systemic peripheral resistance medicated by low-pressure baroreceptors.", "contents": "Left ventricular function during lower body negative pressure. The purpose of this study was to characterize the response of the human left ventricle to lower body negative pressure (LBNP) and to delineate the relation between left ventricular function and hemodynamic response. Ventricular function curves relating stroke volume to end-diastolic volum were obtained in 12 normal men. Volume data were derived from echocardiographic measurements of left ventricular end-systolic and end-diastolic diameters at rest and during LBNP at -40 mm Hg. End-diastolic volume decreased by 19% (p less than 0.01) and stroke volume by 22% (p less than 0.05). There were no significant changes in heart rate, arterial blood pressure, or end-systolic volume. Thus, moderate levels of LBNP significantly reduce preload and stroke volume, i.e. produce a Starling effect, without affecting contractile state. The absence of significant changes in heart rate and arterial blood pressure in the presence of a significant reduction in stroke volume is consistent with an increase in systemic peripheral resistance medicated by low-pressure baroreceptors."}
{"id": "PMID:869838", "title": "Studies on the hematologic effects of long-term, low-dose microwave exposure.", "content": "Hematologic and morphologic investigations were carried out in order to discover changes during and after prolonged exposure to microwave radiation. A 12-cm wavelength CW microwave generator was used as a source of radiation and the mean power density was 5 mW/cm2. The rats were exposed to microwaves for a period of 90 d for 1 h/d. Before, during, and after the irradiation period, hematologic examinations were carried out. The histological examinations of various organs and tissues of irradiated rats were carried out after the experimental period. No significant difference in any of the observed biological parameters was detected in experimental animals in comparison with control. It was concluded that these results indicate that it is unlikely that prolonged microwave exposure to low-intensity (around 5 mW/cm2) will cause marked changes in the peripheral blood counts of the irradiated organism.", "contents": "Studies on the hematologic effects of long-term, low-dose microwave exposure. Hematologic and morphologic investigations were carried out in order to discover changes during and after prolonged exposure to microwave radiation. A 12-cm wavelength CW microwave generator was used as a source of radiation and the mean power density was 5 mW/cm2. The rats were exposed to microwaves for a period of 90 d for 1 h/d. Before, during, and after the irradiation period, hematologic examinations were carried out. The histological examinations of various organs and tissues of irradiated rats were carried out after the experimental period. No significant difference in any of the observed biological parameters was detected in experimental animals in comparison with control. It was concluded that these results indicate that it is unlikely that prolonged microwave exposure to low-intensity (around 5 mW/cm2) will cause marked changes in the peripheral blood counts of the irradiated organism."}
{"id": "PMID:869839", "title": "Heat stress in an aircraft cockpit during ground standby.", "content": "Measurements have been made of cockpit temperatures in a Buccaneer aircraft exposed to high air temperatures and radiation loads. With the canopy open 8 cm, and with the wind direction unfavourable for convective cooling, air temperatures inside the cockpit exceeded those outside by approximately 20 degrees C. This reduced to 10 degrees C with a favourable wind direction. An assessment of the likely heating effect of cockpit avionic equipment indicated that the addition of 1 kW and 2 kW of heat would raise cockpit temperatures by 20 degrees C and 30 degrees C respectively. Prediction of the combined effect of solar and avionic heat suggests that, in hot weather conditions, cockpit temperatures will be considerably in excess of the upper limit for effective physiological temperature regulation. Therefore, if aircrews are to be required to remain on ground standby within their aircraft under such conditions, maximum use must be made of convective cooling of the cockpit by the prevailing wind, and of sun shades to eliminate the greenhouse effect completely.", "contents": "Heat stress in an aircraft cockpit during ground standby. Measurements have been made of cockpit temperatures in a Buccaneer aircraft exposed to high air temperatures and radiation loads. With the canopy open 8 cm, and with the wind direction unfavourable for convective cooling, air temperatures inside the cockpit exceeded those outside by approximately 20 degrees C. This reduced to 10 degrees C with a favourable wind direction. An assessment of the likely heating effect of cockpit avionic equipment indicated that the addition of 1 kW and 2 kW of heat would raise cockpit temperatures by 20 degrees C and 30 degrees C respectively. Prediction of the combined effect of solar and avionic heat suggests that, in hot weather conditions, cockpit temperatures will be considerably in excess of the upper limit for effective physiological temperature regulation. Therefore, if aircrews are to be required to remain on ground standby within their aircraft under such conditions, maximum use must be made of convective cooling of the cockpit by the prevailing wind, and of sun shades to eliminate the greenhouse effect completely."}
{"id": "PMID:869840", "title": "Psycho-physiological assessment of acceleration-induced changes in various seat configurations.", "content": "Ten subjects were exposed to high-G on the human centrifuge using seatback angles of 13 degrees, 30 degrees, 45 degrees, 60 degrees, and 75 degrees from the vertical, and body configurations of the lower portion of the body with pelvis and legs elevated, pelvis, elevated, and pelvis elevated with knees on chest (fetal position). Tolerance was measured by peripheral light loss. Mental status, respirations, core and ambient temperatures, and ECG were monitored. Daily physio-chemical data included: creatinine, bilirubin, phosphorus, alkaline phosphatase, uric acid, cholesterol, total protein, albumin, BUN, glucose, LDH cardiac isoenzyme No. 5, SGOT, SGPT, CPK, CBC, and urinalysis. Tiredness, pressure on the chest, and general discomfort in the fetal position were reported. Physical examination demonstrated petechiae. Heart rate, respiratory rate, and temperature increased post-session. There was a significant rise in values for albumin, chloride ion, creatinine, calcium, LDH, BUN, and immature white cells; and a decrease in values for phosphorus, SGOT, SGPT, protein, uric acid CO2, globulin, hematocrit, monocytes, and eosinophils.", "contents": "Psycho-physiological assessment of acceleration-induced changes in various seat configurations. Ten subjects were exposed to high-G on the human centrifuge using seatback angles of 13 degrees, 30 degrees, 45 degrees, 60 degrees, and 75 degrees from the vertical, and body configurations of the lower portion of the body with pelvis and legs elevated, pelvis, elevated, and pelvis elevated with knees on chest (fetal position). Tolerance was measured by peripheral light loss. Mental status, respirations, core and ambient temperatures, and ECG were monitored. Daily physio-chemical data included: creatinine, bilirubin, phosphorus, alkaline phosphatase, uric acid, cholesterol, total protein, albumin, BUN, glucose, LDH cardiac isoenzyme No. 5, SGOT, SGPT, CPK, CBC, and urinalysis. Tiredness, pressure on the chest, and general discomfort in the fetal position were reported. Physical examination demonstrated petechiae. Heart rate, respiratory rate, and temperature increased post-session. There was a significant rise in values for albumin, chloride ion, creatinine, calcium, LDH, BUN, and immature white cells; and a decrease in values for phosphorus, SGOT, SGPT, protein, uric acid CO2, globulin, hematocrit, monocytes, and eosinophils."}
{"id": "PMID:869841", "title": "Treatise on aeromedical evacuation: I. Administration and some medical considerations.", "content": "Well conceived administrative procedures must be considered the backbone of a good, strong aeromedical evacuation system. These procedures must insure 1) centralized control of patient transportation by aircraft, 2) specialized medical attendants and equipment for inflight medical care, 3) facilities for limited medical care of patients entering, en route in, or leaving the system, and 4) communications with destination and enroute medical facilities concerning patient transportation. There are no absolute contraindications to aeromedical evacuation. However, patients with the following conditions require special consideration. Such conditions are 1) severe anemia, less than 2.5 million RBC/cc or less than 7.0 g hemoglobin/100 ml, 2) respiratory embarrassment, and 3) trapped gas within any of the body cavities. Medical problems in aeromedical evacuation defy resolution only when patient preparation has been improper. When the patient is properly evaluated, then unnecessary, costly, hazardous, and special flights are avoided. Aeromedical evacuation presents no problem so long as one remembers that man is adapted for life at or near sea level and that changes in pressure with increasing altitude affect his physiological processes. This invisible barrier will continue to challenge human ingenuity in the conquest of high altitude.", "contents": "Treatise on aeromedical evacuation: I. Administration and some medical considerations. Well conceived administrative procedures must be considered the backbone of a good, strong aeromedical evacuation system. These procedures must insure 1) centralized control of patient transportation by aircraft, 2) specialized medical attendants and equipment for inflight medical care, 3) facilities for limited medical care of patients entering, en route in, or leaving the system, and 4) communications with destination and enroute medical facilities concerning patient transportation. There are no absolute contraindications to aeromedical evacuation. However, patients with the following conditions require special consideration. Such conditions are 1) severe anemia, less than 2.5 million RBC/cc or less than 7.0 g hemoglobin/100 ml, 2) respiratory embarrassment, and 3) trapped gas within any of the body cavities. Medical problems in aeromedical evacuation defy resolution only when patient preparation has been improper. When the patient is properly evaluated, then unnecessary, costly, hazardous, and special flights are avoided. Aeromedical evacuation presents no problem so long as one remembers that man is adapted for life at or near sea level and that changes in pressure with increasing altitude affect his physiological processes. This invisible barrier will continue to challenge human ingenuity in the conquest of high altitude."}
{"id": "PMID:869842", "title": "Treatise on aeromedical evacuation: II. Some surgical considerations.", "content": "Preventive medicine is the primary responsibility of every physician. When prevention fails and therapeutic measures are required, the initial approach tends to be along a conservative line. When this approach fails, surgical intervention becomes a necessity. Surgical patients, both pre- and post-surgical, may be moved by aircraft providing that one is aware of the hazards in a hostile atmosphere in which pressure and temperature change with increasing altitude. Air or gas trapped in the body cavities expands in direct proportion to the decrease in pressure. This increased volume becomes significant at 5500 m, where the volume of air or gas in the body is doubled. Quite apart form intense discomfort and actual pain caused in certain types of injury, this expansion of gas at high altitude may constitue a real danger, such as in the probability of rupturing a recently sutured intestine and, in cases of pneumothorax, by disturbance of cardiopulmonary dynamics. Thus, aeromedical evacuation of the surgical patient becomes a challenge to those responsible for the medical care between the originating and destination hospitals.", "contents": "Treatise on aeromedical evacuation: II. Some surgical considerations. Preventive medicine is the primary responsibility of every physician. When prevention fails and therapeutic measures are required, the initial approach tends to be along a conservative line. When this approach fails, surgical intervention becomes a necessity. Surgical patients, both pre- and post-surgical, may be moved by aircraft providing that one is aware of the hazards in a hostile atmosphere in which pressure and temperature change with increasing altitude. Air or gas trapped in the body cavities expands in direct proportion to the decrease in pressure. This increased volume becomes significant at 5500 m, where the volume of air or gas in the body is doubled. Quite apart form intense discomfort and actual pain caused in certain types of injury, this expansion of gas at high altitude may constitue a real danger, such as in the probability of rupturing a recently sutured intestine and, in cases of pneumothorax, by disturbance of cardiopulmonary dynamics. Thus, aeromedical evacuation of the surgical patient becomes a challenge to those responsible for the medical care between the originating and destination hospitals."}
{"id": "PMID:869843", "title": "Psychiatric syndromes and the airport.", "content": "The occurrence of psychiatric reactions at a large airport was studied in terms of both dynamic elements operating in the patients as well as aspects of the airport that might attract patients  who are in an acutely decompensated state. Three types of phenomena are delineated--the transient, neurotic and psychotic syndromes. The focus is on the last group and clinical examples are offered regarding the choice of the airport and the magnetic effect this setting has for a particular group of disturbed patients. The relationships of irrationally formulated ideas associated with separation from the family and wishes for reuniting are discussed.", "contents": "Psychiatric syndromes and the airport. The occurrence of psychiatric reactions at a large airport was studied in terms of both dynamic elements operating in the patients as well as aspects of the airport that might attract patients  who are in an acutely decompensated state. Three types of phenomena are delineated--the transient, neurotic and psychotic syndromes. The focus is on the last group and clinical examples are offered regarding the choice of the airport and the magnetic effect this setting has for a particular group of disturbed patients. The relationships of irrationally formulated ideas associated with separation from the family and wishes for reuniting are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:869844", "title": "Subjective stress assessment: a new, simple method to determine pilot workload.", "content": "Charged with the preparation of an expert opinion concerning psychophysical workload on pilots, the Aviation Psychology Branch of the GAF/IAM studied the \"Subjective Stress Assessment\" in which 217 Army, Air Force and Navy pilots filled in a standardized questionnaire. This questionnaire included 170 items to force the pilots into rating their on- and off-duty life; the answers of these people (117 jet, 41 multiple-prop, 14 single-engine, and 45 helicopter pilots) were evaluated quantitatively and qualitatively. It may be said--with all reservations towards subjectivity of pilots' opinions---that the pilots' image certainly requires some corrections, in particular as it relates to the ideal and material assessment of the activities of the separate groups of jet, helicopter, and prop pilots. It was the purpose of the study to show that the evaluation of pilots' workload by means of subjective interviews is a valuable method, aside from the assessment of difficulty of tasks by experts, aside from registration and evaluation of certain physiological parameters, and aside from the application of the Second-Task-Method-Registration.", "contents": "Subjective stress assessment: a new, simple method to determine pilot workload. Charged with the preparation of an expert opinion concerning psychophysical workload on pilots, the Aviation Psychology Branch of the GAF/IAM studied the \"Subjective Stress Assessment\" in which 217 Army, Air Force and Navy pilots filled in a standardized questionnaire. This questionnaire included 170 items to force the pilots into rating their on- and off-duty life; the answers of these people (117 jet, 41 multiple-prop, 14 single-engine, and 45 helicopter pilots) were evaluated quantitatively and qualitatively. It may be said--with all reservations towards subjectivity of pilots' opinions---that the pilots' image certainly requires some corrections, in particular as it relates to the ideal and material assessment of the activities of the separate groups of jet, helicopter, and prop pilots. It was the purpose of the study to show that the evaluation of pilots' workload by means of subjective interviews is a valuable method, aside from the assessment of difficulty of tasks by experts, aside from registration and evaluation of certain physiological parameters, and aside from the application of the Second-Task-Method-Registration."}
{"id": "PMID:869845", "title": "Aeromedical considerations for flight operations from high-elevation airfields.", "content": "High-elevation airfields are available to commercial and military aviation. Rapid ascent to locations at high elevations may result in symptoms of altitude sickness in aircrew, support personnel, and passengers. In the United States there are 302 airfields at altitudes in excess of 1,524 m (5,000 ft); in other areas of the world, field elevations can exceed 4,267 m. The symptom complex which may occur at altitude is reviewed and recommendations are offered to prevent, ameliorate, or manage the symptoms.", "contents": "Aeromedical considerations for flight operations from high-elevation airfields. High-elevation airfields are available to commercial and military aviation. Rapid ascent to locations at high elevations may result in symptoms of altitude sickness in aircrew, support personnel, and passengers. In the United States there are 302 airfields at altitudes in excess of 1,524 m (5,000 ft); in other areas of the world, field elevations can exceed 4,267 m. The symptom complex which may occur at altitude is reviewed and recommendations are offered to prevent, ameliorate, or manage the symptoms."}
{"id": "PMID:869846", "title": "Any nurse can prevent dehumanization by the CCU experience.", "content": "This presentation deals with the Air Force Nurse as a movice assigned to a CCU area and her contributions to patient care as a member of the Air Force Health Care Team. The novice nurse's contributions to the patients care lie in her ability to manage expected behavioral responses to the CCU experience even with a basic working knowledge of normal sinus rhythm and CPR procedure. The expected responses to the CCU expereince discussed are: anxiety, denial, depression, and aggressive sexual behavior. These usual behavioral responses have, at times, been referred to as \"a disease of medical progress\" or the so-called \"intensive care syndrome\". The nurse is in a key position to observe the patient's behavioral responses since she spends most of the time with the patient. When these behavioral patterns are considered as part of a normal patterns of adaptation, the nurse can utilize these for effective management of the patient's hospitalization experience as well as an indicator to the patient standpoint in his process of adaptation. It would be wise to mention that the detailed manifestations and primary causes of these behavioral responses should be part of the nurse's working knowledge and can be easily referred to in recent texts on coronary care nursing. The presentation progresses to specific discussion on nursing intervention of the behavioral responses. In summary, the Air Force novice nurse to a CCU area can be an equally contributory member on the Health Care Team if not compelled to place an exaggerated amount of attention on equipment, but focus more on the patient, leaving more technical learning until she becomes more aware of the unit administration and has the opportunity to attend a coronary training course.", "contents": "Any nurse can prevent dehumanization by the CCU experience. This presentation deals with the Air Force Nurse as a movice assigned to a CCU area and her contributions to patient care as a member of the Air Force Health Care Team. The novice nurse's contributions to the patients care lie in her ability to manage expected behavioral responses to the CCU experience even with a basic working knowledge of normal sinus rhythm and CPR procedure. The expected responses to the CCU expereince discussed are: anxiety, denial, depression, and aggressive sexual behavior. These usual behavioral responses have, at times, been referred to as \"a disease of medical progress\" or the so-called \"intensive care syndrome\". The nurse is in a key position to observe the patient's behavioral responses since she spends most of the time with the patient. When these behavioral patterns are considered as part of a normal patterns of adaptation, the nurse can utilize these for effective management of the patient's hospitalization experience as well as an indicator to the patient standpoint in his process of adaptation. It would be wise to mention that the detailed manifestations and primary causes of these behavioral responses should be part of the nurse's working knowledge and can be easily referred to in recent texts on coronary care nursing. The presentation progresses to specific discussion on nursing intervention of the behavioral responses. In summary, the Air Force novice nurse to a CCU area can be an equally contributory member on the Health Care Team if not compelled to place an exaggerated amount of attention on equipment, but focus more on the patient, leaving more technical learning until she becomes more aware of the unit administration and has the opportunity to attend a coronary training course."}
{"id": "PMID:869854", "title": "Intellegence among persons with Turner's syndrome.", "content": "Wechsler intelligence scale IQ distributions from a representative sample of 67 persons with Turner's syndrome are compared with distributions from a control sample of subjects individually matched for age, race, education, and other social characteristics. Among the probands, there is no increased incidence of either severe or moderate retardation, intelligence is similar regardless of karyotype or somatic stigmata, and the characteristic cognitive deficit is similar among both children and young adults.", "contents": "Intellegence among persons with Turner's syndrome. Wechsler intelligence scale IQ distributions from a representative sample of 67 persons with Turner's syndrome are compared with distributions from a control sample of subjects individually matched for age, race, education, and other social characteristics. Among the probands, there is no increased incidence of either severe or moderate retardation, intelligence is similar regardless of karyotype or somatic stigmata, and the characteristic cognitive deficit is similar among both children and young adults."}
{"id": "PMID:869855", "title": "Light intensity and phototaxis in the house fly: photonegativity in a yellow-eyed mutant.", "content": "Y-tube tests of phototactic behavior of house flies (Musca domestica L.) involving wild-type, yellow-eyed, and hybrid individuals were conducted under low (8 ft-candles, 86.1 lux) and high (1600 ft-candles, 17,222.8 lux) light intensities. The Y-tube design utilized either a clear or a dark stem leading to the branches where the photochoice was made. No significant differences were found in the responses of the wild-type and hybrid lines to either light intensity or Y-tube design. Significant differences were recorded for the yellow-eyed individuals only under high light intensities, whereas their behavior under low light conditions was indistinguishable from that of the wild phenotypes. Yellow-eyed flies showed a 68.6% photopositive response when tested in dark-stemmed Y-tubes under 1600 ft-candles intensity as compared to the 86.0% and 83.3% photopositive responses of the wild and hybrid lines, respectively. However, the yellow-eyed flies tested in the clear-stemmed Y-tubes under 1600 ft-candles showed only a 28.7% photopositive response--a clear reversal toward photonegativity. Light-dark adaptation of the highly sensitive yellow-pigmented eye while in the stem of the Y-tube is responsible for this switch toward photonegative behavior.", "contents": "Light intensity and phototaxis in the house fly: photonegativity in a yellow-eyed mutant. Y-tube tests of phototactic behavior of house flies (Musca domestica L.) involving wild-type, yellow-eyed, and hybrid individuals were conducted under low (8 ft-candles, 86.1 lux) and high (1600 ft-candles, 17,222.8 lux) light intensities. The Y-tube design utilized either a clear or a dark stem leading to the branches where the photochoice was made. No significant differences were found in the responses of the wild-type and hybrid lines to either light intensity or Y-tube design. Significant differences were recorded for the yellow-eyed individuals only under high light intensities, whereas their behavior under low light conditions was indistinguishable from that of the wild phenotypes. Yellow-eyed flies showed a 68.6% photopositive response when tested in dark-stemmed Y-tubes under 1600 ft-candles intensity as compared to the 86.0% and 83.3% photopositive responses of the wild and hybrid lines, respectively. However, the yellow-eyed flies tested in the clear-stemmed Y-tubes under 1600 ft-candles showed only a 28.7% photopositive response--a clear reversal toward photonegativity. Light-dark adaptation of the highly sensitive yellow-pigmented eye while in the stem of the Y-tube is responsible for this switch toward photonegative behavior."}
{"id": "PMID:869856", "title": "Causal analysis of academic performance.", "content": "Maximum likelihood methods are presented to test for the relations between causes and effects in linear path diagrams, without assuming that estimates of causes are free of error. Causal analysis is illustrated by published data of the Equal Educational Opportunity Survey, which show that American schools do not significantly modify socioeconomic differences in academic performance and that little of the observed racial difference in academic performance is causal. For two races differing by 15 IQ points, the differential if social class were randomized would be only about 3 points. The principle is stressed that a racial effect in a causal system may be environmental and that its etiology can be studied only by analysis of family resemblance in hybrid populations.", "contents": "Causal analysis of academic performance. Maximum likelihood methods are presented to test for the relations between causes and effects in linear path diagrams, without assuming that estimates of causes are free of error. Causal analysis is illustrated by published data of the Equal Educational Opportunity Survey, which show that American schools do not significantly modify socioeconomic differences in academic performance and that little of the observed racial difference in academic performance is causal. For two races differing by 15 IQ points, the differential if social class were randomized would be only about 3 points. The principle is stressed that a racial effect in a causal system may be environmental and that its etiology can be studied only by analysis of family resemblance in hybrid populations."}
{"id": "PMID:869857", "title": "Specific anosmia in the laboratory mouse.", "content": "As an approach to a general theory of olfaction, different specific anosmia phenotypes characterized by different profiles of odorant sensitivities have been proposed for humans. In the present experiments, male inbred mice were tested for relative odorant sensitivity using a conditioned aversion technique and odors classified as primary or complex for humans. C57BL/6J and C57BL/10J mice appeared to be less sensitive to the primary odorant isovaleric acid than were males of seven other inbred strains (A/J, AKR/J, BALB/cJ,C3HeB/FeJ, DBA/2J, SJL/J, and SWR/J). In comparisons of C57BL/6J and AKR/J strains, the relative insensitivity of C57 to isovaleric acid did not generalize to the musklike primary odor of pentadecalactone or to the complex odor of amyl acetate. The C57BL/6J genotype may provide an animal model of a specific anosmia as characterized among humans.", "contents": "Specific anosmia in the laboratory mouse. As an approach to a general theory of olfaction, different specific anosmia phenotypes characterized by different profiles of odorant sensitivities have been proposed for humans. In the present experiments, male inbred mice were tested for relative odorant sensitivity using a conditioned aversion technique and odors classified as primary or complex for humans. C57BL/6J and C57BL/10J mice appeared to be less sensitive to the primary odorant isovaleric acid than were males of seven other inbred strains (A/J, AKR/J, BALB/cJ,C3HeB/FeJ, DBA/2J, SJL/J, and SWR/J). In comparisons of C57BL/6J and AKR/J strains, the relative insensitivity of C57 to isovaleric acid did not generalize to the musklike primary odor of pentadecalactone or to the complex odor of amyl acetate. The C57BL/6J genotype may provide an animal model of a specific anosmia as characterized among humans."}
{"id": "PMID:869858", "title": "Behavioral differences among isogenic strains of Drosophila mercatorum.", "content": "Mating propensity in eight all-female laboratory lines was measured. The lines are completely isogenic, but each has a different past history. In all cases, mating propensity was significantly lower than in the bisexual controls; in some cases, mating speed was less by a factor of 10. Three of the four lines deriving from the same wild strain are not only different from the parent strain but also different from each other. A highly significant difference exists between two strains recently obtained by selection for parthenogenesis from the same natural population. One strain appears to produce a substance which reduces mating propensity of control females if females from the two strains are reared together in the same vial. As none of the strains was behaviorally selected prior to testing, these behaviors appear to be incidental accompaniments of the very powerful isogenizing effect of the genetic system in these parthenogenetic strains. Indeed, the data show that partial isolation from sexual reproduction can arise wholly by chance. This may have some relevance to theories of species origin which are accompanied by a strong initial founder effect.", "contents": "Behavioral differences among isogenic strains of Drosophila mercatorum. Mating propensity in eight all-female laboratory lines was measured. The lines are completely isogenic, but each has a different past history. In all cases, mating propensity was significantly lower than in the bisexual controls; in some cases, mating speed was less by a factor of 10. Three of the four lines deriving from the same wild strain are not only different from the parent strain but also different from each other. A highly significant difference exists between two strains recently obtained by selection for parthenogenesis from the same natural population. One strain appears to produce a substance which reduces mating propensity of control females if females from the two strains are reared together in the same vial. As none of the strains was behaviorally selected prior to testing, these behaviors appear to be incidental accompaniments of the very powerful isogenizing effect of the genetic system in these parthenogenetic strains. Indeed, the data show that partial isolation from sexual reproduction can arise wholly by chance. This may have some relevance to theories of species origin which are accompanied by a strong initial founder effect."}
{"id": "PMID:869859", "title": "Quantitative analysis of orb web patterns in four species of spiders.", "content": "The orb webs of the four species Araneus pima (species nova), Araneus diadematus (Clerck), Argiope aurantia (Lucas), and Neoscona domiciliorum (Hentz) built under controlled laboratory conditions were compared and evaluated quantitatively at two different points in the life cycle in regard to size, regularity, shape, and fine structure. Orb webs of two species from one genus can be distinguished, but are more alike than webs from different genera. Mature spiders built highly specific webs, a fact which may play a role in species isolation during courtship. In adults, web measures correlated in size with the spiders' taxon; young spiders' web size measurements corresponded rather to their body weight or leg length. A web's regularity seemed to be closely related to age. Adult and young spiders built oval-shaped webs with eccentric hubs. Mesh width was correlated with leg length at both age levels. Web data support the likelihood of a monophyletic evolution of the four species.", "contents": "Quantitative analysis of orb web patterns in four species of spiders. The orb webs of the four species Araneus pima (species nova), Araneus diadematus (Clerck), Argiope aurantia (Lucas), and Neoscona domiciliorum (Hentz) built under controlled laboratory conditions were compared and evaluated quantitatively at two different points in the life cycle in regard to size, regularity, shape, and fine structure. Orb webs of two species from one genus can be distinguished, but are more alike than webs from different genera. Mature spiders built highly specific webs, a fact which may play a role in species isolation during courtship. In adults, web measures correlated in size with the spiders' taxon; young spiders' web size measurements corresponded rather to their body weight or leg length. A web's regularity seemed to be closely related to age. Adult and young spiders built oval-shaped webs with eccentric hubs. Mesh width was correlated with leg length at both age levels. Web data support the likelihood of a monophyletic evolution of the four species."}
{"id": "PMID:869860", "title": "Multivariate and behavior genetic analysis of avoidance of complex visual stimuli and activity in recombinant inbred strains of mice.", "content": "Sixty-six mice of 11 genetic stocks (the Bailey recombinant inbred strains CXBD, CXBE, CXBG, CXBH, CXBI, CXBJ, CXBK; their progenitor strains, BALB/cBy and C57BL/6By: and the reciprocal hybrids, B6CF and CB6F) were tested in a two-compartment apparatus and in a shuttlebox, with five measures taken relating to activity and to approaches to novel and complex stimuli. A factor analysis of these measures revealed two factors, the first involving behavior relating to novel stimuli and the second relating to locomotor activity. In a second experiment, 132 mice of the same strains were tested on four of the measures used previously. On the two measures which had high loadings on the first factor and very low loadings on the second, it was possible to determine a strain distribution pattern (SDP), with the same SDP being found for both measures. When confirmed by testing mice from two congenic histocompatibility strains H(w54) and H(w80), we were able to determine that avoidance of novel/complex stimuli (neophobia) is controlled by a gene or genes at chromosomal segments H-24c and H-1b. It was also found that a polygenic model is consistent with behavior measured by the second (activity) factor.", "contents": "Multivariate and behavior genetic analysis of avoidance of complex visual stimuli and activity in recombinant inbred strains of mice. Sixty-six mice of 11 genetic stocks (the Bailey recombinant inbred strains CXBD, CXBE, CXBG, CXBH, CXBI, CXBJ, CXBK; their progenitor strains, BALB/cBy and C57BL/6By: and the reciprocal hybrids, B6CF and CB6F) were tested in a two-compartment apparatus and in a shuttlebox, with five measures taken relating to activity and to approaches to novel and complex stimuli. A factor analysis of these measures revealed two factors, the first involving behavior relating to novel stimuli and the second relating to locomotor activity. In a second experiment, 132 mice of the same strains were tested on four of the measures used previously. On the two measures which had high loadings on the first factor and very low loadings on the second, it was possible to determine a strain distribution pattern (SDP), with the same SDP being found for both measures. When confirmed by testing mice from two congenic histocompatibility strains H(w54) and H(w80), we were able to determine that avoidance of novel/complex stimuli (neophobia) is controlled by a gene or genes at chromosomal segments H-24c and H-1b. It was also found that a polygenic model is consistent with behavior measured by the second (activity) factor."}
{"id": "PMID:869861", "title": "Assortative marriage for cognitive abilities.", "content": "One hundred and twenty-three spouse pairs gathered as part of a family study of the genetics of special abilities were examined on a battery of ability tests. Four principal components were interpreted after rotation: Spatial, Verbal, Perceptual Speed, and Memory. In addition, the first factor from a common factor analysis (unrotated) was taken as an estimate of g. Assortive marriage was measured by the spouse correlations on the test and factor scores. Three multiple regression models were designed to determine whether phenotypic convergence during marriage occurs and whether resemblance between spouses in cognitive ability is related to fertility. The following independent variables were partialed out in the models: (1) sex and age; (2) sex, age, and length of marriage; and (3) sex, age, and number of children. Model 1 (age and sex) accounted for part of the correlation between spouses on the spatial tests, the verbal tests and the spatial and general factors. The perceptual speed and memory tests and factors were largely unaffected by partialing out the independent variables. No evidence of phenotypic convergence over years of marriage or of a relationship between fertility and resemblance in abilities was found.", "contents": "Assortative marriage for cognitive abilities. One hundred and twenty-three spouse pairs gathered as part of a family study of the genetics of special abilities were examined on a battery of ability tests. Four principal components were interpreted after rotation: Spatial, Verbal, Perceptual Speed, and Memory. In addition, the first factor from a common factor analysis (unrotated) was taken as an estimate of g. Assortive marriage was measured by the spouse correlations on the test and factor scores. Three multiple regression models were designed to determine whether phenotypic convergence during marriage occurs and whether resemblance between spouses in cognitive ability is related to fertility. The following independent variables were partialed out in the models: (1) sex and age; (2) sex, age, and length of marriage; and (3) sex, age, and number of children. Model 1 (age and sex) accounted for part of the correlation between spouses on the spatial tests, the verbal tests and the spatial and general factors. The perceptual speed and memory tests and factors were largely unaffected by partialing out the independent variables. No evidence of phenotypic convergence over years of marriage or of a relationship between fertility and resemblance in abilities was found."}
{"id": "PMID:869888", "title": "[Clinico-experimental testing for anti-inflammatory activity of external corticosteroids].", "content": "Clinical trials of the anti-inflammatory activity of corticosteroids for external use The influence on skin temperature of 4 corticoid-containing formulations and 3 steroid-free bases was tested in 9 subjects in whom no pathological skin changes were present but who were known to be sensitive to metal ions (chromium and nickel). The effect of the preparations on the healthy skin (vasoconstrictive effect) after a duration of action of 2 and 6 h was compared with the effect on skin sites treated subsequently with the contact allergens for a period of 24 h. In the procedure used the trial preparations were allowed to act for 2 and 6 h under occlusive dressing, or for 4 and 8 h, the dressing being removed for 2 h in each case. The allergization produced an increase in temperature at the skin surface which was influenced in various ways by the trial preparations. Whereas no statistically significant differences in the effect of the individual steroid topicals were found the healthy skin, in the evaluatin of the overall anti-inflammatory effect on the pathological skin processes, some distinct differences in effect were found. On comparing the results the following lowing order was obtained for the overall anti-inflammatory effect: 1. Fluprednylidene acetate 0.1% score 4.5, 2. Difluocortolone-valerate 0.1% score 8.5, 3. Fluocortolone trimethylacetate 0.25% + fluocortolone caproate 0.25% score 12, 4. Desoxymethasone 0.1% score 15, The steroid-free bases tested simultaneously did not exhibit clear effects on the temperature in the normal or inflamed skin. The results of the test procedure described are reproducible and can be evaluated by statistical method; the method thus seems appropriate for comparative studies of steroid-containing topicals. The special value in the procedure is the possibility of testing the effect of the preparations directly in a standardised inflammation model which is directly related to use in patients with inflammatory skin diseases, and of establishing in this way in which preparations the anti-inflammatory effect obtained exceeds the general effect common to all steroids.", "contents": "[Clinico-experimental testing for anti-inflammatory activity of external corticosteroids]. Clinical trials of the anti-inflammatory activity of corticosteroids for external use The influence on skin temperature of 4 corticoid-containing formulations and 3 steroid-free bases was tested in 9 subjects in whom no pathological skin changes were present but who were known to be sensitive to metal ions (chromium and nickel). The effect of the preparations on the healthy skin (vasoconstrictive effect) after a duration of action of 2 and 6 h was compared with the effect on skin sites treated subsequently with the contact allergens for a period of 24 h. In the procedure used the trial preparations were allowed to act for 2 and 6 h under occlusive dressing, or for 4 and 8 h, the dressing being removed for 2 h in each case. The allergization produced an increase in temperature at the skin surface which was influenced in various ways by the trial preparations. Whereas no statistically significant differences in the effect of the individual steroid topicals were found the healthy skin, in the evaluatin of the overall anti-inflammatory effect on the pathological skin processes, some distinct differences in effect were found. On comparing the results the following lowing order was obtained for the overall anti-inflammatory effect: 1. Fluprednylidene acetate 0.1% score 4.5, 2. Difluocortolone-valerate 0.1% score 8.5, 3. Fluocortolone trimethylacetate 0.25% + fluocortolone caproate 0.25% score 12, 4. Desoxymethasone 0.1% score 15, The steroid-free bases tested simultaneously did not exhibit clear effects on the temperature in the normal or inflamed skin. The results of the test procedure described are reproducible and can be evaluated by statistical method; the method thus seems appropriate for comparative studies of steroid-containing topicals. The special value in the procedure is the possibility of testing the effect of the preparations directly in a standardised inflammation model which is directly related to use in patients with inflammatory skin diseases, and of establishing in this way in which preparations the anti-inflammatory effect obtained exceeds the general effect common to all steroids."}
{"id": "PMID:869889", "title": "[Urea : properties, effects, use].", "content": "If urea, a physiologic substance, is applied locally, it has a favorable effect on the skin, it keeps the horny layer moist. However, high concentrations might impair the functions of the skin, for urea penetrates easily into the skin, exerts mucolytic and keratolytic effects, changes the keratin structure, and promotes just like dimethylsulfoxide, the permeation and the resorption of active ingredients. Moreover, urea causes a thinning of the epidermis by influencing the epidermal prolifertion. The properties of urea are of considerable interest in dermatotherapy. However, high concentrations of urea should only be applied for long periods of time, and on large surfaces of the skin, for instance in the treatment of dry skin, in the form of cosmetics, under medical supervision.", "contents": "[Urea : properties, effects, use]. If urea, a physiologic substance, is applied locally, it has a favorable effect on the skin, it keeps the horny layer moist. However, high concentrations might impair the functions of the skin, for urea penetrates easily into the skin, exerts mucolytic and keratolytic effects, changes the keratin structure, and promotes just like dimethylsulfoxide, the permeation and the resorption of active ingredients. Moreover, urea causes a thinning of the epidermis by influencing the epidermal prolifertion. The properties of urea are of considerable interest in dermatotherapy. However, high concentrations of urea should only be applied for long periods of time, and on large surfaces of the skin, for instance in the treatment of dry skin, in the form of cosmetics, under medical supervision."}
{"id": "PMID:869890", "title": "[Industrial medicine aspects of lesions due to vinyl chloride].", "content": "The VC-disease is another example of the constant threat working people are exposed to. A resonable collaboation of all competent bodies will allow to minimize the hazards or to remove them, and thus to \"humanize\" the working conditions. The VC-disease should be recognized as an occupational disease, the maximal concentration of VC at the working place should be standardized. New chemical products of considerable economic importance such as VC should be examined carefully before being commercialized.", "contents": "[Industrial medicine aspects of lesions due to vinyl chloride]. The VC-disease is another example of the constant threat working people are exposed to. A resonable collaboation of all competent bodies will allow to minimize the hazards or to remove them, and thus to \"humanize\" the working conditions. The VC-disease should be recognized as an occupational disease, the maximal concentration of VC at the working place should be standardized. New chemical products of considerable economic importance such as VC should be examined carefully before being commercialized."}
{"id": "PMID:869891", "title": "Clinical factors promoting the development of allergic contact dermatitis.", "content": "Some clinically recognized factors promoting allergic contact dermatitis include the colour and structure of the skin, disorders affecting blood-vessels, the microclimate, friction and implantation. A survey is given according to the areas of the body which are influenced more or less by one of these factors. The area around an ulcer is especially easily sensitized by many applied chemicals. The part played by the microclimate in sensitization mainly depends on the amount of sweat and the hyperhydration of the skin. Some recent publications concerning friction and implantation are reviewed.", "contents": "Clinical factors promoting the development of allergic contact dermatitis. Some clinically recognized factors promoting allergic contact dermatitis include the colour and structure of the skin, disorders affecting blood-vessels, the microclimate, friction and implantation. A survey is given according to the areas of the body which are influenced more or less by one of these factors. The area around an ulcer is especially easily sensitized by many applied chemicals. The part played by the microclimate in sensitization mainly depends on the amount of sweat and the hyperhydration of the skin. Some recent publications concerning friction and implantation are reviewed."}
{"id": "PMID:869894", "title": "Polymorphism of esterase 11 in Mus musculus, a further esterase locus on chromosome 8.", "content": "A further esterase, esterase 11, which exhibits a polymorphism detectable by electrophoresis, has been observed in the house mouse, Mus musculus. In 15 inbred strains and two outbred strains, the ES-11A phenotype has been found, composed of two bands of enzyme activity of greater anodal electrophoretic mobility than the two bands of the ES-11B phenotype found in one inbred strain, one wild stock, and 101 wild mice. In F1 hybrids (IS/Cam X C57BL/Gr), the phenotype shown corresponds to a mixture of the two parental phenotypes. In backcrosses, ES-11 segregates as an autosomal gene, designated Es-11, closely linked to Es-2 and Es-5 on chromosome 8.", "contents": "Polymorphism of esterase 11 in Mus musculus, a further esterase locus on chromosome 8. A further esterase, esterase 11, which exhibits a polymorphism detectable by electrophoresis, has been observed in the house mouse, Mus musculus. In 15 inbred strains and two outbred strains, the ES-11A phenotype has been found, composed of two bands of enzyme activity of greater anodal electrophoretic mobility than the two bands of the ES-11B phenotype found in one inbred strain, one wild stock, and 101 wild mice. In F1 hybrids (IS/Cam X C57BL/Gr), the phenotype shown corresponds to a mixture of the two parental phenotypes. In backcrosses, ES-11 segregates as an autosomal gene, designated Es-11, closely linked to Es-2 and Es-5 on chromosome 8."}
{"id": "PMID:869895", "title": "Esterases of laboratory-reared and field-collected cotton boll weevils, Anthonomus grandis Boh.: polymorphism of adult esterases and formal genetics of esterase II.", "content": "The esterases of the cotton boll weevil were separated by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis into four major regions. These were named Est I-IV in order of migration from anode to origin. Polymorphism was observed in all regions. The Est II region was shown to consist of no more than two bands (fast and slow). The inheritance of the fast and slow bands of Est II was demonstrated to be controlled by codominant autosomal alleles. Analysis of the gene frequency of the Est II region showed that one field population was consistent with the Hardy-Weinberg law (P = 0.995), while a second field population was not at equilibrium (P less than 0.001).", "contents": "Esterases of laboratory-reared and field-collected cotton boll weevils, Anthonomus grandis Boh.: polymorphism of adult esterases and formal genetics of esterase II. The esterases of the cotton boll weevil were separated by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis into four major regions. These were named Est I-IV in order of migration from anode to origin. Polymorphism was observed in all regions. The Est II region was shown to consist of no more than two bands (fast and slow). The inheritance of the fast and slow bands of Est II was demonstrated to be controlled by codominant autosomal alleles. Analysis of the gene frequency of the Est II region showed that one field population was consistent with the Hardy-Weinberg law (P = 0.995), while a second field population was not at equilibrium (P less than 0.001)."}
{"id": "PMID:869896", "title": "Adenine phosphoribosyltransferase: a simple spectrophotometric assay and the incidence of mutation in the normal population.", "content": "The significance of partial deficiency of erythrocyte adenine phosphoribosyltransferase (APRT), reported in a number of subjects with gout, has been investigated by studying its incidence in 700 normal blood donors. Three clearly deficient subjects were found, an incidence not significantly different from that in patients with abnormalities of urate metabolism. A new assay method for APRT is described in which an erythrocyte lysate is incubated with adenine and phosphoribosylpyrophosphate (PRPP) for a given time; both hemoglobin and adenine nucleotide (AMP) are then precipitated with lanthanum phosphate; the change in absorbance of adenine at 260 nm reflects the extent of its conversion to AMP by APRT.", "contents": "Adenine phosphoribosyltransferase: a simple spectrophotometric assay and the incidence of mutation in the normal population. The significance of partial deficiency of erythrocyte adenine phosphoribosyltransferase (APRT), reported in a number of subjects with gout, has been investigated by studying its incidence in 700 normal blood donors. Three clearly deficient subjects were found, an incidence not significantly different from that in patients with abnormalities of urate metabolism. A new assay method for APRT is described in which an erythrocyte lysate is incubated with adenine and phosphoribosylpyrophosphate (PRPP) for a given time; both hemoglobin and adenine nucleotide (AMP) are then precipitated with lanthanum phosphate; the change in absorbance of adenine at 260 nm reflects the extent of its conversion to AMP by APRT."}
{"id": "PMID:869897", "title": "Nuclear and cytoplasmic genome relationships in the genus Avena: analysis by isoelectric focusing of ribulose biphosphate carboxylase subunits.", "content": "Comparisons of the isoelectric points of small and large subunits of ribulose biphosphate carboxylase extracted from a number of diploid, tetraploid, and hexaploid Avena species have been used to obtain information on the nuclear and cytoplasmic genome relationships within the genus. All species tested had small subunits with similar isoelectric points, so their analysis provided no information of taxonomic value. Three types of large subunits could be distinguished by this method, and the distribution of each among the available species provides strong evidence against the involvement of a C genome diploid (such as A. ventricosa) as the maternal parent in the formation of either tetraploid or hexaploid species. One type of large subunit was confined to the perennial tetraploid, A. macrostachya, and its position in the genus and possible origin are discussed. The value of this approach in studying genome relationships within the genus Avena and related genera is assessed.", "contents": "Nuclear and cytoplasmic genome relationships in the genus Avena: analysis by isoelectric focusing of ribulose biphosphate carboxylase subunits. Comparisons of the isoelectric points of small and large subunits of ribulose biphosphate carboxylase extracted from a number of diploid, tetraploid, and hexaploid Avena species have been used to obtain information on the nuclear and cytoplasmic genome relationships within the genus. All species tested had small subunits with similar isoelectric points, so their analysis provided no information of taxonomic value. Three types of large subunits could be distinguished by this method, and the distribution of each among the available species provides strong evidence against the involvement of a C genome diploid (such as A. ventricosa) as the maternal parent in the formation of either tetraploid or hexaploid species. One type of large subunit was confined to the perennial tetraploid, A. macrostachya, and its position in the genus and possible origin are discussed. The value of this approach in studying genome relationships within the genus Avena and related genera is assessed."}
{"id": "PMID:869898", "title": "Control of anthocyanin synthesis by the C locus in maize.", "content": "Alleles at the C locus in maize include C, one of the complementary genes required for anthocyanin pigmentation in the aleurone tissue of the mature kernel; C-I, dominant inhibitor of pigmentation; and c, recessive colorless. The recessive colorless alleles can be differentiated into two distinct forms: c-p (p for positive), conditional colored, develops pigment in the light during germination; c-n (n for negative), colorless, fails to develop pigment at any time. Four-point linkage data support the differentiation of c-p (in the alleles derived from either W22 or K55 inbreds) from c-n. Light and germination conditions are both required for anthocyanin synthesis in c-p tissue, but light \"induction\" and germination \"induction\" are two separable events inasmuch as the light stimulus can be stored. The ratio between the two major pigments, cyanidin and pelargonidin, is lowered in c-p tissue relative to that in dominant colored (C) tissue for the W22 allele and background but not for the K55 allele and background. Segregation tests reveal that the difference in the cyanidin-to-pelargonidin ratio in the C and the c-p tissue of W22 background is associated with the C locus. Several properties of the C locus, including anomalous allelic functions, stage- and properties of the C locus, including anomalous allelic functions, stage- and condition-dependent anthocyanin synthesis controlled by its multiple allelic series, and tissue-specific function, suggest that C may be a regulatory locus in the control of anthocyanin synthesis in aleurone tissue.", "contents": "Control of anthocyanin synthesis by the C locus in maize. Alleles at the C locus in maize include C, one of the complementary genes required for anthocyanin pigmentation in the aleurone tissue of the mature kernel; C-I, dominant inhibitor of pigmentation; and c, recessive colorless. The recessive colorless alleles can be differentiated into two distinct forms: c-p (p for positive), conditional colored, develops pigment in the light during germination; c-n (n for negative), colorless, fails to develop pigment at any time. Four-point linkage data support the differentiation of c-p (in the alleles derived from either W22 or K55 inbreds) from c-n. Light and germination conditions are both required for anthocyanin synthesis in c-p tissue, but light \"induction\" and germination \"induction\" are two separable events inasmuch as the light stimulus can be stored. The ratio between the two major pigments, cyanidin and pelargonidin, is lowered in c-p tissue relative to that in dominant colored (C) tissue for the W22 allele and background but not for the K55 allele and background. Segregation tests reveal that the difference in the cyanidin-to-pelargonidin ratio in the C and the c-p tissue of W22 background is associated with the C locus. Several properties of the C locus, including anomalous allelic functions, stage- and properties of the C locus, including anomalous allelic functions, stage- and condition-dependent anthocyanin synthesis controlled by its multiple allelic series, and tissue-specific function, suggest that C may be a regulatory locus in the control of anthocyanin synthesis in aleurone tissue."}
{"id": "PMID:869899", "title": "Alcohol dehydrogenase polymorphism in Apis mellifera.", "content": "A polymorphic system of ADH isozymes is described in the honeybee Apis mellifera. Three and six different electrophoretic patterns were found, respectively, in drone and worker pupae analysis. The data indicate that the ADH isozymes are controlled by three alleles, Adh-1(1), Adh-1(2), and Adh-1(3). The frequency of the Adh-1 alleles is different in two analyzed subspecies, Apis mellifera adansonii (African bees) and Apis mellifera ligustica (Italian bees). In the African bees, the frequencies are 0.256 and 0.697 for Adh-1(1) and Adh-1(2), respectively. In the Italian bees, these values are shown to be 0.902 and 0.098, respectively. The allele Adh-1(3) was not detected in the Italian bee population. The effect of NAD on the resolution of this system was investigated, and only one region of ADH activity was obtained in drone pupae analysis when NAD was used in the gels. However, two different regions of activity were observed in the same samples, in the absence of the coenzyme. ADH activity was not detected in young larvae, but it increased to a maximum in prepupal and white-eyed pupal phases. It then declined progressively to total absence in the emerging bees.", "contents": "Alcohol dehydrogenase polymorphism in Apis mellifera. A polymorphic system of ADH isozymes is described in the honeybee Apis mellifera. Three and six different electrophoretic patterns were found, respectively, in drone and worker pupae analysis. The data indicate that the ADH isozymes are controlled by three alleles, Adh-1(1), Adh-1(2), and Adh-1(3). The frequency of the Adh-1 alleles is different in two analyzed subspecies, Apis mellifera adansonii (African bees) and Apis mellifera ligustica (Italian bees). In the African bees, the frequencies are 0.256 and 0.697 for Adh-1(1) and Adh-1(2), respectively. In the Italian bees, these values are shown to be 0.902 and 0.098, respectively. The allele Adh-1(3) was not detected in the Italian bee population. The effect of NAD on the resolution of this system was investigated, and only one region of ADH activity was obtained in drone pupae analysis when NAD was used in the gels. However, two different regions of activity were observed in the same samples, in the absence of the coenzyme. ADH activity was not detected in young larvae, but it increased to a maximum in prepupal and white-eyed pupal phases. It then declined progressively to total absence in the emerging bees."}
{"id": "PMID:869900", "title": "Genetic control and racial variation of beta-glucosidase isozymes in maize (Zea mays L.)", "content": "beta-Glucosidase (beta-D-glucoside glucohydrolase, E.C. 3.2.1.21, beta-Glu) isozyme variants were studied in a large number of inbred lines, crosses, and races of maize (Zea mays L.). The pattern of Mendelian inheritance demonstrated for beta-GLU variants indicated that they are under nuclear gene control. Twenty-two allelic forms at a single locus were identified in the materials studied by starch gel electrophoresis. Genetic data indicate that beta-GLU in maize is functionally a dimer. Variation of beta-GLU isozymes in 51 racial collections of maize from Mexico showed little correlation with morphological or geographical data. In 39 collections from Central America, variation patterns appeared to have some association with altitude.", "contents": "Genetic control and racial variation of beta-glucosidase isozymes in maize (Zea mays L.). beta-Glucosidase (beta-D-glucoside glucohydrolase, E.C. 3.2.1.21, beta-Glu) isozyme variants were studied in a large number of inbred lines, crosses, and races of maize (Zea mays L.). The pattern of Mendelian inheritance demonstrated for beta-GLU variants indicated that they are under nuclear gene control. Twenty-two allelic forms at a single locus were identified in the materials studied by starch gel electrophoresis. Genetic data indicate that beta-GLU in maize is functionally a dimer. Variation of beta-GLU isozymes in 51 racial collections of maize from Mexico showed little correlation with morphological or geographical data. In 39 collections from Central America, variation patterns appeared to have some association with altitude."}
{"id": "PMID:869901", "title": "Argininosuccinate synthetase activity in cultured human lymphocytes.", "content": "The activity of argininosuccinate synthetase (E.C. 6.3.4.5), a urea cycle enzyme, was measured in cultured human lymphocytes using a new radioactive assay. Control cells had a maximum specific activity of 15.7 +/- 8.7 nmoles per hour per milligram of protein and an apparent Km for citrulline of 2 X 10(-4) M, whereas cells derived from a patient with citrullinemia had no detectable activity. A nutritional variant, selected out of the citrullinemic lymphocyte population by ability to grow in citrulline, had a maximum specific activity of 10.7 +/- 3.8 nmoles/hr/mg and an apparent Km for citrulline of 2 X 10(-2) M. These measurements confirm the observation that citrullinemia is associated with a defect in argininosuccinate synthetase activity and provide further evidence that citrullinemia is expressed in cultured lymphocytes. The emergence of a nutritional variant with a partial defect in argininosuccinate synthetase enzyme suggests that this citrullinemic patient has a heterogeneous population of cells, some totally defective and others only partially defective in argininosuccinate synthetase. The new activity assay is described in detail.", "contents": "Argininosuccinate synthetase activity in cultured human lymphocytes. The activity of argininosuccinate synthetase (E.C. 6.3.4.5), a urea cycle enzyme, was measured in cultured human lymphocytes using a new radioactive assay. Control cells had a maximum specific activity of 15.7 +/- 8.7 nmoles per hour per milligram of protein and an apparent Km for citrulline of 2 X 10(-4) M, whereas cells derived from a patient with citrullinemia had no detectable activity. A nutritional variant, selected out of the citrullinemic lymphocyte population by ability to grow in citrulline, had a maximum specific activity of 10.7 +/- 3.8 nmoles/hr/mg and an apparent Km for citrulline of 2 X 10(-2) M. These measurements confirm the observation that citrullinemia is associated with a defect in argininosuccinate synthetase activity and provide further evidence that citrullinemia is expressed in cultured lymphocytes. The emergence of a nutritional variant with a partial defect in argininosuccinate synthetase enzyme suggests that this citrullinemic patient has a heterogeneous population of cells, some totally defective and others only partially defective in argininosuccinate synthetase. The new activity assay is described in detail."}
{"id": "PMID:869902", "title": "Regulation of mammalian protein synthesis in vivo. Stimulated protein synthesis in liver in vivo after cycloheximide treatment.", "content": "Protein synthesis in rat liver in vivo was measured between 0 and 72 h after administration of a non-lethal dose of cycloheximide. There was a period of inhibition of [3H]leucine incorporation into both intra- and extra-cellular proteins at 2 h after administration of the drug, which was followed by a recovery phase in which amino acid incorporation varied significantly among the various proteins evaluated. At 12 h there was a marked stimulation of incorporation into nascent polypeptides released from polyribosomes and plasma fibrinogen, but incorporation into ribosomal proteins as well as albumin was still inhibited. Between 12 and 48 h, nascent-polypeptide synthesis remained elevated, but ribosomal-protein synthesis recovered slowly from the inhibition to normal rates only, and plasma-albumin synthesis increased slowly to above control values up to 48 h before returning to normal. A differential pattern of incorporation was also observed for incorporation into free and membrane-bound polyribosomes.", "contents": "Regulation of mammalian protein synthesis in vivo. Stimulated protein synthesis in liver in vivo after cycloheximide treatment. Protein synthesis in rat liver in vivo was measured between 0 and 72 h after administration of a non-lethal dose of cycloheximide. There was a period of inhibition of [3H]leucine incorporation into both intra- and extra-cellular proteins at 2 h after administration of the drug, which was followed by a recovery phase in which amino acid incorporation varied significantly among the various proteins evaluated. At 12 h there was a marked stimulation of incorporation into nascent polypeptides released from polyribosomes and plasma fibrinogen, but incorporation into ribosomal proteins as well as albumin was still inhibited. Between 12 and 48 h, nascent-polypeptide synthesis remained elevated, but ribosomal-protein synthesis recovered slowly from the inhibition to normal rates only, and plasma-albumin synthesis increased slowly to above control values up to 48 h before returning to normal. A differential pattern of incorporation was also observed for incorporation into free and membrane-bound polyribosomes."}
{"id": "PMID:869903", "title": "The effects of hyperphenylalaninaemia on the concentrations of aminoacyl-transfer ribonucleic acid in vivo. A mechanism for the inhibition of neural protein synthesis by phenylalanine.", "content": "An acute administration of phenylalanine to neonatal animals has been reported to result in large decreases in the intracellular concentrations of several essential amino acids in neural tissue, as well as an inhibition of neural protein synthesis. The present report evaluates the effects of the loss of amino acids on the concentrations of aminoacyl-tRNA in vivo, with the view that an alteration in the concentrations of specific aminoacyl-tRNA molecules could be the rate-limiting step in brain protein metabolism during hyperphenylalaninaemia. tRNA was isolated from saline- and phenylalanine-injected mice 30-45 min after injection, by using a procedure designed to maintain the concentrations of aminoacyl-tRNA present in vivo. Periodate oxidation of the non-acylated tRNA and aminoacylation with radioactively labelled amino acids was used to determine the proportion of tRNA that was present in vivo as aminoacyl-tRNA. Although decreases in the intracellular concentrations of alanine, lysine and leucine were observed after phenylalanine administration, the concentrations of alanyl-tRNA, lysyl-tRNA and leucyl-tRNA actually increased by 15%. Although tryptophan has been suggested to be rate-limiting during hyperphenylalaninaemia, the proportion of tryptophan tRNA that was acylated was maximal in both normal and hyperphenylalaninaemic animals. This unexpected increase in aminoacyl-tRNA concentration is discussed as perhaps a secondary effect resulting from the phenylalanine-induced inhibition of protein synthesis. In contrast, the proportion of methionine tRNA that was acylated in vivo after phenylalanine administration was demonstrated to be decreased by approx. 17%. When the isoaccepting species of methionine tRNA were separated by reverse-phase column chromatography, three species were separated, one of which was demonstrated to be the initiator species, tRNAfMet, by the selective aminoacylation and formylation with Escherichia coli enzymes. After the administration of phenylalanine, the acylation of each of the three methionine tRNA species was decreased, with the initiator species being lowered by 10%. This effect on aminoacylation of tRNAfMet may be the primary step by which phenylalanine affects neural protein synthesis, and this is consistent with previous reports that re-initiation may be inhibited during hyperphenylalaninaemia.", "contents": "The effects of hyperphenylalaninaemia on the concentrations of aminoacyl-transfer ribonucleic acid in vivo. A mechanism for the inhibition of neural protein synthesis by phenylalanine. An acute administration of phenylalanine to neonatal animals has been reported to result in large decreases in the intracellular concentrations of several essential amino acids in neural tissue, as well as an inhibition of neural protein synthesis. The present report evaluates the effects of the loss of amino acids on the concentrations of aminoacyl-tRNA in vivo, with the view that an alteration in the concentrations of specific aminoacyl-tRNA molecules could be the rate-limiting step in brain protein metabolism during hyperphenylalaninaemia. tRNA was isolated from saline- and phenylalanine-injected mice 30-45 min after injection, by using a procedure designed to maintain the concentrations of aminoacyl-tRNA present in vivo. Periodate oxidation of the non-acylated tRNA and aminoacylation with radioactively labelled amino acids was used to determine the proportion of tRNA that was present in vivo as aminoacyl-tRNA. Although decreases in the intracellular concentrations of alanine, lysine and leucine were observed after phenylalanine administration, the concentrations of alanyl-tRNA, lysyl-tRNA and leucyl-tRNA actually increased by 15%. Although tryptophan has been suggested to be rate-limiting during hyperphenylalaninaemia, the proportion of tryptophan tRNA that was acylated was maximal in both normal and hyperphenylalaninaemic animals. This unexpected increase in aminoacyl-tRNA concentration is discussed as perhaps a secondary effect resulting from the phenylalanine-induced inhibition of protein synthesis. In contrast, the proportion of methionine tRNA that was acylated in vivo after phenylalanine administration was demonstrated to be decreased by approx. 17%. When the isoaccepting species of methionine tRNA were separated by reverse-phase column chromatography, three species were separated, one of which was demonstrated to be the initiator species, tRNAfMet, by the selective aminoacylation and formylation with Escherichia coli enzymes. After the administration of phenylalanine, the acylation of each of the three methionine tRNA species was decreased, with the initiator species being lowered by 10%. This effect on aminoacylation of tRNAfMet may be the primary step by which phenylalanine affects neural protein synthesis, and this is consistent with previous reports that re-initiation may be inhibited during hyperphenylalaninaemia."}
{"id": "PMID:869904", "title": "Steroid glucuronyltransferases of rat liver. Properties of oestrone and testosterone glucuronyltransferases and the effect of ovariectomy, castration and administration of steroids on the enzymes.", "content": "1. Microsomal preparations from rat liver, kidney and intestine were tested for UDP-glucuronyltransferase activity by using oestrone, oestradiol-17 beta, oestriol, testosterone, cortisol, cortisone, corticosterone, aldosterone, tetrahydrocortisol and tetrahydrocortisone as substrates. The microsomal preparation from the liver glucuronidated oestrone, oestradiol-17 beta and testosterone. 2. The specific activity of the enzyme was significantly higher in livers from female rats than in those from male rats. 3. Testosterone was actively glucuronidated by both sexes. Cortisol, cortisone, corticosterone, aldosterone, tetrahydrocortisol and tetrahydrocortisone were not glucuronidated by any of the three tissues. 4. The non-ionic detergent Lubrol WX activates liver microsomal UDP-glucuronyltransferase 2-3-fold with oestrone and testosterone as substrates. 5. Oestrone glucuronyltransferase was inhibited by oestradiol-17 beta, predominantly competitively and by testosterone non-competitively. Bilirubin was a non-competitive inhibitor of oestrone glucuronidation. p-Nitrophenol had no effect. 6. Oestrone glucuronyltransferase could not be stimulated by either acute or prolonged treatment of animals with phenobarbital, whereas a single dose of 3-methylcholanthrene led to a moderate stimulation. 7. Ovariectomy leads to a 56% decrease in oestrone glucuronyltransferase activity; administration of oestradiol-17 beta induces the enzyme to normal activity after 12 days, and after 15 days the activity is twice the control value. Actinomycin D and cycloheximide block the oestradiol-17 beta-induced increase in enzyme activity. 8. Castration has no effect on the activity of testosterone glucuronyltransferase, nor does administration of testosterone influence enzyme activity. The results provide strong evidence for the existence of multiple steroid glucuronyltransferases in the liver of the rat.", "contents": "Steroid glucuronyltransferases of rat liver. Properties of oestrone and testosterone glucuronyltransferases and the effect of ovariectomy, castration and administration of steroids on the enzymes. 1. Microsomal preparations from rat liver, kidney and intestine were tested for UDP-glucuronyltransferase activity by using oestrone, oestradiol-17 beta, oestriol, testosterone, cortisol, cortisone, corticosterone, aldosterone, tetrahydrocortisol and tetrahydrocortisone as substrates. The microsomal preparation from the liver glucuronidated oestrone, oestradiol-17 beta and testosterone. 2. The specific activity of the enzyme was significantly higher in livers from female rats than in those from male rats. 3. Testosterone was actively glucuronidated by both sexes. Cortisol, cortisone, corticosterone, aldosterone, tetrahydrocortisol and tetrahydrocortisone were not glucuronidated by any of the three tissues. 4. The non-ionic detergent Lubrol WX activates liver microsomal UDP-glucuronyltransferase 2-3-fold with oestrone and testosterone as substrates. 5. Oestrone glucuronyltransferase was inhibited by oestradiol-17 beta, predominantly competitively and by testosterone non-competitively. Bilirubin was a non-competitive inhibitor of oestrone glucuronidation. p-Nitrophenol had no effect. 6. Oestrone glucuronyltransferase could not be stimulated by either acute or prolonged treatment of animals with phenobarbital, whereas a single dose of 3-methylcholanthrene led to a moderate stimulation. 7. Ovariectomy leads to a 56% decrease in oestrone glucuronyltransferase activity; administration of oestradiol-17 beta induces the enzyme to normal activity after 12 days, and after 15 days the activity is twice the control value. Actinomycin D and cycloheximide block the oestradiol-17 beta-induced increase in enzyme activity. 8. Castration has no effect on the activity of testosterone glucuronyltransferase, nor does administration of testosterone influence enzyme activity. The results provide strong evidence for the existence of multiple steroid glucuronyltransferases in the liver of the rat."}
{"id": "PMID:869905", "title": "Effect of acetoacetate on glucose metabolism in the soleus and extensor digitorum longus muscles of the rat.", "content": "1. The effect of acetoacetate on glucose metabolism was compared in the soleus, a slow-twitch red muscle, and the extensor digitorum longus, a muscle composed of 50% fast-twitch red and 50% white fibres. 2. When incubated for 2h in a medium containing 5 mM-glucose and 0.1 unit of insulin/ml, rates of glucose uptake, lactate release and glucose oxidation in the soleus were 19.6, 18.6 and 1.47 micronmol/h per g respectively. Acetoacetate (1.7 mM) diminished all three rates by 25-50%; however, it increased glucose conversion into glycogen. In addition, it caused increases in tissue glucose, glucose 6-phosphate and fructose 6-phosphate, suggesting inhibition of phosphofructokinase. The concentrations of citrate, an inhibitor of phosphofructokinase, and of malate were also increased. 3. Rates of glucose uptake and lactate release in the extensor digitorum longus were 50-80% of those in the soleus. Acetoacetate caused moderate increases in tissue glucose 6-phosphate and possibly citrate, but it did not decrease glucose uptake or lactate release. 4. The rate of glycolysis in the soleus was approximately five times that previously observed in the perfused rat hindquarter, a muscle preparation in which acetoacetate inhibits glucose oxidation, but does not alter glucose uptake or glycolysis. A similar rate of glycolysis was observed when the soleus was incubated with a glucose-free medium. Under these conditions, tissue malate and the lactate/pyruvate ratio in the medium were decreased, and acetoacetate did not decrease lactate release or increase tissue citrate or glucose 6-phosphate. An intermediate rate of glycolysis, which was not decreased by acetoacetate, was observed when the soleus was incubated with glucose, but not insulin. 5. The data suggest that acetoacetate glucose inhibits uptake and glycolysis in red muscle under conditions that resemble mild to moderate exercise. They also suggest that the accumulation of citrate in these circumstances is linked to the rate of glycolysis, possibly through the generation of cytosolic NADH and malate formation.", "contents": "Effect of acetoacetate on glucose metabolism in the soleus and extensor digitorum longus muscles of the rat. 1. The effect of acetoacetate on glucose metabolism was compared in the soleus, a slow-twitch red muscle, and the extensor digitorum longus, a muscle composed of 50% fast-twitch red and 50% white fibres. 2. When incubated for 2h in a medium containing 5 mM-glucose and 0.1 unit of insulin/ml, rates of glucose uptake, lactate release and glucose oxidation in the soleus were 19.6, 18.6 and 1.47 micronmol/h per g respectively. Acetoacetate (1.7 mM) diminished all three rates by 25-50%; however, it increased glucose conversion into glycogen. In addition, it caused increases in tissue glucose, glucose 6-phosphate and fructose 6-phosphate, suggesting inhibition of phosphofructokinase. The concentrations of citrate, an inhibitor of phosphofructokinase, and of malate were also increased. 3. Rates of glucose uptake and lactate release in the extensor digitorum longus were 50-80% of those in the soleus. Acetoacetate caused moderate increases in tissue glucose 6-phosphate and possibly citrate, but it did not decrease glucose uptake or lactate release. 4. The rate of glycolysis in the soleus was approximately five times that previously observed in the perfused rat hindquarter, a muscle preparation in which acetoacetate inhibits glucose oxidation, but does not alter glucose uptake or glycolysis. A similar rate of glycolysis was observed when the soleus was incubated with a glucose-free medium. Under these conditions, tissue malate and the lactate/pyruvate ratio in the medium were decreased, and acetoacetate did not decrease lactate release or increase tissue citrate or glucose 6-phosphate. An intermediate rate of glycolysis, which was not decreased by acetoacetate, was observed when the soleus was incubated with glucose, but not insulin. 5. The data suggest that acetoacetate glucose inhibits uptake and glycolysis in red muscle under conditions that resemble mild to moderate exercise. They also suggest that the accumulation of citrate in these circumstances is linked to the rate of glycolysis, possibly through the generation of cytosolic NADH and malate formation."}
{"id": "PMID:869906", "title": "The mechanism of adenosine triphosphate depletion in the liver after a load of fructose. A kinetic study of liver adenylate deaminase.", "content": "1. The hepatic concentration of several nucleotides and metabolites was measured during the first few minutes after an intravenous load of fructose to mice. The first changes, observed at 30s, were a decrease in the concentration of Pi and a simultaneous accumulation of fructose 1-phosphate. The decrease in the concentrations of ATP and GTP proceeded more slowly. An increase in the concentration of IMP was detected only after 1 min and could therefore not be considered to be the cause of the accumulation of fructose 1-phosphate. 2. To explain the temporary burst of adenine nucleotide breakdown that occurs after a load of fructose, the kinetics of AMP deaminase (EC 3.5.4.6) from rat liver were reinvestigated at physiological (0.2 mM) concentration of substrate. For this purpose, a new radiochemical-assay procedure was developed. At 0.2mM-AMP a low activity could be measured, which was more than 90% inhibited by 5mM-Pi. ATP (3MM) increased the enzyme activity over 200-fold. Pi alone did not influence the ATP-activated enzyme, but 0.5mM-GTP caused a 60% inhibition. The combined effect of both inhibitors at their physiological concentrations reached 95%. 3. It is proposed that the rapid degradation of adenine nucleotides that occurs after a load of fructose is caused by a decrease in the concentration of both inhibitors, Pi and GTP, soon counteracted by the decrease in the concentration of ATP. 4. Some of the kinetic parameters of liver AMP deaminase were computed in terms of the concerted transition theory of Monod, Wyman & Changeux (1965) (J. Mol. Biol. 12, 88-118).", "contents": "The mechanism of adenosine triphosphate depletion in the liver after a load of fructose. A kinetic study of liver adenylate deaminase. 1. The hepatic concentration of several nucleotides and metabolites was measured during the first few minutes after an intravenous load of fructose to mice. The first changes, observed at 30s, were a decrease in the concentration of Pi and a simultaneous accumulation of fructose 1-phosphate. The decrease in the concentrations of ATP and GTP proceeded more slowly. An increase in the concentration of IMP was detected only after 1 min and could therefore not be considered to be the cause of the accumulation of fructose 1-phosphate. 2. To explain the temporary burst of adenine nucleotide breakdown that occurs after a load of fructose, the kinetics of AMP deaminase (EC 3.5.4.6) from rat liver were reinvestigated at physiological (0.2 mM) concentration of substrate. For this purpose, a new radiochemical-assay procedure was developed. At 0.2mM-AMP a low activity could be measured, which was more than 90% inhibited by 5mM-Pi. ATP (3MM) increased the enzyme activity over 200-fold. Pi alone did not influence the ATP-activated enzyme, but 0.5mM-GTP caused a 60% inhibition. The combined effect of both inhibitors at their physiological concentrations reached 95%. 3. It is proposed that the rapid degradation of adenine nucleotides that occurs after a load of fructose is caused by a decrease in the concentration of both inhibitors, Pi and GTP, soon counteracted by the decrease in the concentration of ATP. 4. Some of the kinetic parameters of liver AMP deaminase were computed in terms of the concerted transition theory of Monod, Wyman & Changeux (1965) (J. Mol. Biol. 12, 88-118)."}
{"id": "PMID:869907", "title": "Metabolism of glucose, fructose and lactate in vivo in chronically cannulated foetuses and in suckling lambs.", "content": "1. Chronically cannulated sheep foetuses and suckling lambs were injected with 14C-labelled glucose, fructose or lactate, and sequential blood samples taken under conditions of minimal stress and without anaesthesia. 2. Gluconeogenesis from lactate was not detectable in foetal sheep, but the pathway was active in suckling lambs. 3. Fructose utilization rates were low in foetal sheep, with no measurable conversion into glucose or lactate. 4. The high rates of irreversible loss of both glucose and lactate in the foetus were decreased in suckling lambs. Radioactivity from labelled glucose entered both the lactate and fructose pools in foetal sheep, and entered the lactate pool in suckling lambs. 5. A model is proposed in which carbon flow between glucose, fructose and lactate has been quantified in foetal sheep.", "contents": "Metabolism of glucose, fructose and lactate in vivo in chronically cannulated foetuses and in suckling lambs. 1. Chronically cannulated sheep foetuses and suckling lambs were injected with 14C-labelled glucose, fructose or lactate, and sequential blood samples taken under conditions of minimal stress and without anaesthesia. 2. Gluconeogenesis from lactate was not detectable in foetal sheep, but the pathway was active in suckling lambs. 3. Fructose utilization rates were low in foetal sheep, with no measurable conversion into glucose or lactate. 4. The high rates of irreversible loss of both glucose and lactate in the foetus were decreased in suckling lambs. Radioactivity from labelled glucose entered both the lactate and fructose pools in foetal sheep, and entered the lactate pool in suckling lambs. 5. A model is proposed in which carbon flow between glucose, fructose and lactate has been quantified in foetal sheep."}
{"id": "PMID:869908", "title": "Rates of glucose utilization and glucogenesis in rats in the basal state induced by halothane anaesthesia.", "content": "1. Rates and rate coefficients of glucose utilization and replacement were determined with [5-3H]- and [U-14C]-glucose in rats starved for 24h, either conscious or under halothane anaesthesia, in a thermoneutral environment. Plasma insulin concentrations were also measured. 2. Halothane anaesthesia decreased the turnover rate by 20%, which was similar to previously reported decreases in metabolic rates caused by natural sleep. 3. Fractional recycling of glucose carbon was little affected by halothane. 4. Comparison of values in one rat with those in another, among both conscious rats and those under halothane anaesthesia, showed that rate coefficients were inversely correlated with plasma glucose concentrations. 5. These findings indicated that halothane, in the concentration used (1.25%, v/v), had little specific effect on glucose metabolism. 6. Although equilibrium plasma glucose concentrations in different rats under halothane were widely different (4-8 mmol/l) the rates of utilization were very similar (2.5-3.1 micronmol/min per 100 g), indicating that these rates were determined by the production of glucose from gluconeogenic precursors released by basal metabolism, the rate of which is necessarily similar in different rats. 7. Among rats under halothane anaesthesia plasma insulin concentrations were negatively correlated with rate coefficients, showing that the differences between rate coefficients were mostly accounted for by differences between rats in tissue sensitivities to insulin. Thus in each 24h-starved rat, sleeping or resting, the main regulators of the plasma glucose concentrations were the rate of supply of gluconeogenic substrates from energy metabolism and the intrinsic sensitivity of the tissues to insulin. 8. We found that a commonly used deionization method of purifying glucose for determination of its specific radioactivity was inadequate.", "contents": "Rates of glucose utilization and glucogenesis in rats in the basal state induced by halothane anaesthesia. 1. Rates and rate coefficients of glucose utilization and replacement were determined with [5-3H]- and [U-14C]-glucose in rats starved for 24h, either conscious or under halothane anaesthesia, in a thermoneutral environment. Plasma insulin concentrations were also measured. 2. Halothane anaesthesia decreased the turnover rate by 20%, which was similar to previously reported decreases in metabolic rates caused by natural sleep. 3. Fractional recycling of glucose carbon was little affected by halothane. 4. Comparison of values in one rat with those in another, among both conscious rats and those under halothane anaesthesia, showed that rate coefficients were inversely correlated with plasma glucose concentrations. 5. These findings indicated that halothane, in the concentration used (1.25%, v/v), had little specific effect on glucose metabolism. 6. Although equilibrium plasma glucose concentrations in different rats under halothane were widely different (4-8 mmol/l) the rates of utilization were very similar (2.5-3.1 micronmol/min per 100 g), indicating that these rates were determined by the production of glucose from gluconeogenic precursors released by basal metabolism, the rate of which is necessarily similar in different rats. 7. Among rats under halothane anaesthesia plasma insulin concentrations were negatively correlated with rate coefficients, showing that the differences between rate coefficients were mostly accounted for by differences between rats in tissue sensitivities to insulin. Thus in each 24h-starved rat, sleeping or resting, the main regulators of the plasma glucose concentrations were the rate of supply of gluconeogenic substrates from energy metabolism and the intrinsic sensitivity of the tissues to insulin. 8. We found that a commonly used deionization method of purifying glucose for determination of its specific radioactivity was inadequate."}
{"id": "PMID:869909", "title": "Glucose turnover in the post-absorptive rat and the effects of halothane anaesthesia.", "content": "1. Rates and rate coefficients of glucose utilization and replacement in post-absorptive rats, either conscious or under halothane anaesthesia, were determined in a thermoneutral environment by using [5-3H]- and [U-14C]glucose. Label was not injected into rats under halothane until about 0.5h after anaesthesia was initiated. 2. Comparison with the results for 24h-starved rats in the preceding paper [Heath et al. (1977) Biochem. J. 162, 643-651] showed that insulin concentrations were considerably higher but rate coefficients for glucose utilization were little altered in post-absorptive rats. Sensitivity to insulin was thus considerably increased by a 24h period of starvation in the rat. 3. Fractional recycling of glucose carbon in post-absorptive rats was under one-half of that in starved rats, reflecting the larger contribution of liver glycogenolysis to glucose production in the former. 4. In post-absorptive rats halothane decreased the mean rate of glucose utilization by about 17%. This decrease was associated with an increase in mean plasma insulin concentration, showing that halothane decreased sensitivity to insulin. 5. Recycling was slightly increased by halothane, indicating that the contribution of liver glycogen to the total glucogenic rate was decreased, probably because liver glycogen concentration were about 40% lower throughout the rate determinations in halothane. 6. Comparison of our results with earlier work shows that during and shortly after induction of halothane anaesthesia glucose turnover must have been greatly increased whereas from about 0.5h after induction it was decreased.", "contents": "Glucose turnover in the post-absorptive rat and the effects of halothane anaesthesia. 1. Rates and rate coefficients of glucose utilization and replacement in post-absorptive rats, either conscious or under halothane anaesthesia, were determined in a thermoneutral environment by using [5-3H]- and [U-14C]glucose. Label was not injected into rats under halothane until about 0.5h after anaesthesia was initiated. 2. Comparison with the results for 24h-starved rats in the preceding paper [Heath et al. (1977) Biochem. J. 162, 643-651] showed that insulin concentrations were considerably higher but rate coefficients for glucose utilization were little altered in post-absorptive rats. Sensitivity to insulin was thus considerably increased by a 24h period of starvation in the rat. 3. Fractional recycling of glucose carbon in post-absorptive rats was under one-half of that in starved rats, reflecting the larger contribution of liver glycogenolysis to glucose production in the former. 4. In post-absorptive rats halothane decreased the mean rate of glucose utilization by about 17%. This decrease was associated with an increase in mean plasma insulin concentration, showing that halothane decreased sensitivity to insulin. 5. Recycling was slightly increased by halothane, indicating that the contribution of liver glycogen to the total glucogenic rate was decreased, probably because liver glycogen concentration were about 40% lower throughout the rate determinations in halothane. 6. Comparison of our results with earlier work shows that during and shortly after induction of halothane anaesthesia glucose turnover must have been greatly increased whereas from about 0.5h after induction it was decreased."}
{"id": "PMID:869910", "title": "Binding of bile acids by 100 000g supernatants from rat liver.", "content": "1. The binding of glycocholic acid, chenodeoxycholic acid and lithocholic acid to rat liver 1000 000g supernatants was studied by equilibrium dialysis. 2. The binding characteristics of the bile acids suggest that the binding components are involved in bile acid transport. 3. When mixtures of [14C]lithocholic acid and liver supernatants were eluted from columns of Sephadex G-75, a prominent peak of [14C]lithocholic acid appeared with proteins of mol.wt. approx. 40000. A second, smaller, peak of [14C]lithocholic acid was eluted with proteins of mol.wt. approx. 100000. 4. The inclusion of cholic acid, glycocholic acid or chenodeoxycholic acid in the eluting buffer decreased the amount of [14C]lithocholic acid that was eluted with the higher-molecular-weight component.", "contents": "Binding of bile acids by 100 000g supernatants from rat liver. 1. The binding of glycocholic acid, chenodeoxycholic acid and lithocholic acid to rat liver 1000 000g supernatants was studied by equilibrium dialysis. 2. The binding characteristics of the bile acids suggest that the binding components are involved in bile acid transport. 3. When mixtures of [14C]lithocholic acid and liver supernatants were eluted from columns of Sephadex G-75, a prominent peak of [14C]lithocholic acid appeared with proteins of mol.wt. approx. 40000. A second, smaller, peak of [14C]lithocholic acid was eluted with proteins of mol.wt. approx. 100000. 4. The inclusion of cholic acid, glycocholic acid or chenodeoxycholic acid in the eluting buffer decreased the amount of [14C]lithocholic acid that was eluted with the higher-molecular-weight component."}
{"id": "PMID:869911", "title": "Evolution of enzyme catalytic power. Characteristics of optimal catalysis evaluated for the simplest plausible kinetic model.", "content": "1. Evolutionary changes in the structure of an enzyme that provide an increase in its K(m) value are considered. Provided that K(m) increases as a result of increases in the forward rate constants of the catalysis relative to the reverse rate constants, the enzyme catalyses the conversion of a fixed concentration of its substrate more rapidly when its structure provides that K(m)>[S] than when K(m)<[S]. 2. Catalytic efficiency of enzymes is discussed in terms of the simplest plausible model, the Haldane [(1930) Enzymes, Longmans, London] reversible three-step model: [Formula: see text] The rate equation for the forward reaction of this model (formation of P) may be written in the simple form: [Formula: see text] K(eq.) is the equilibrium constant (=[P](eq.)/[S](eq.)), and k(cat.)=V/[E](T), where [E](T) is the total enzyme concentration. 3. To assess the effectiveness of an enzyme, it is necessary only to determine the extent to which the constraints of a particular kinetic mechanism permit v(2) (v when K(m)>>[S]) to approach v(d) (the diffusion-limited rate). 4. The value of the optimal rate of catalysis (v(opt.), the maximal value of v(2)) is dictated by the equilibrium constant for the reaction, K(eq.); v(2)=v(d)/a, where [Formula: see text] when k(+1) is assumed equal to k(-3), and v(opt.)=v(d)/a(min.). When K(eq.)>/=1, it is necessary that k(+2)>>k(-1) for a to take its minimum value, a(min.); when K(eq.)<<1, it is necessary only that k(+2)>>K(eq.).k(-1), i.e. a can equal a(min.) even if k(+2)<k(-1). When K(eq.)>>1, v(opt.)=v(d); when K(eq.)=1, v(opt.)=v(d)/2, and when K(eq.)<<1, v(opt.)=K(eq.).v(d). 5. The analysis, together with predicted effects of evolutionary pressure, suggests that in practice the rates of the fastest enzyme-catalysed freely reversible reactions might be expected to be lower than the value of k(+1)[E](T)[S] by about an order of magnitude, particularly if K(eq.)<1. 6. The existing literature suggests that, in general, appropriate values of K(m) have evolved for the provision of high rates of catalysis but that many values of k(cat.) are not large enough to provide optimal rates of catalysis unless the value of k(+1)in vivo is lower than its value in free solution.", "contents": "Evolution of enzyme catalytic power. Characteristics of optimal catalysis evaluated for the simplest plausible kinetic model. 1. Evolutionary changes in the structure of an enzyme that provide an increase in its K(m) value are considered. Provided that K(m) increases as a result of increases in the forward rate constants of the catalysis relative to the reverse rate constants, the enzyme catalyses the conversion of a fixed concentration of its substrate more rapidly when its structure provides that K(m)>[S] than when K(m)<[S]. 2. Catalytic efficiency of enzymes is discussed in terms of the simplest plausible model, the Haldane [(1930) Enzymes, Longmans, London] reversible three-step model: [Formula: see text] The rate equation for the forward reaction of this model (formation of P) may be written in the simple form: [Formula: see text] K(eq.) is the equilibrium constant (=[P](eq.)/[S](eq.)), and k(cat.)=V/[E](T), where [E](T) is the total enzyme concentration. 3. To assess the effectiveness of an enzyme, it is necessary only to determine the extent to which the constraints of a particular kinetic mechanism permit v(2) (v when K(m)>>[S]) to approach v(d) (the diffusion-limited rate). 4. The value of the optimal rate of catalysis (v(opt.), the maximal value of v(2)) is dictated by the equilibrium constant for the reaction, K(eq.); v(2)=v(d)/a, where [Formula: see text] when k(+1) is assumed equal to k(-3), and v(opt.)=v(d)/a(min.). When K(eq.)>/=1, it is necessary that k(+2)>>k(-1) for a to take its minimum value, a(min.); when K(eq.)<<1, it is necessary only that k(+2)>>K(eq.).k(-1), i.e. a can equal a(min.) even if k(+2)<k(-1). When K(eq.)>>1, v(opt.)=v(d); when K(eq.)=1, v(opt.)=v(d)/2, and when K(eq.)<<1, v(opt.)=K(eq.).v(d). 5. The analysis, together with predicted effects of evolutionary pressure, suggests that in practice the rates of the fastest enzyme-catalysed freely reversible reactions might be expected to be lower than the value of k(+1)[E](T)[S] by about an order of magnitude, particularly if K(eq.)<1. 6. The existing literature suggests that, in general, appropriate values of K(m) have evolved for the provision of high rates of catalysis but that many values of k(cat.) are not large enough to provide optimal rates of catalysis unless the value of k(+1)in vivo is lower than its value in free solution."}
{"id": "PMID:869912", "title": "Analysis of nucleosomal deoxyribonucleic acid in a higher plant.", "content": "Comparisons of nuclease digestions of chromatin in nuclei from rye embryos and rat liver show that their nucleosomal DNA is similar, i.e. DNA subunits consist of 200 base-pair repeats with 140 base-pair cores of identical substructure. The identical nucleosome structure is present in nuclei from cells of rye embryos that have been non-viable (i.e. dead) for more than 7 years. These findings indicate a high degree of stability of the DNA-histone complex and are consistent with conservation of the nucleosomal structure of chromatin during evolution.", "contents": "Analysis of nucleosomal deoxyribonucleic acid in a higher plant. Comparisons of nuclease digestions of chromatin in nuclei from rye embryos and rat liver show that their nucleosomal DNA is similar, i.e. DNA subunits consist of 200 base-pair repeats with 140 base-pair cores of identical substructure. The identical nucleosome structure is present in nuclei from cells of rye embryos that have been non-viable (i.e. dead) for more than 7 years. These findings indicate a high degree of stability of the DNA-histone complex and are consistent with conservation of the nucleosomal structure of chromatin during evolution."}
{"id": "PMID:869913", "title": "The proteoglycan content and the axial periodicity of collagen in tendon.", "content": "The glycosaminoglycan content and the axial periodicity of collagen was determined in various regions of the rabbit flexor digitorum profundus tendon. This tendon, which passes from the calf to the toes round the inner side of the ankle, contains a thickened sesamoid-like pad where it is subjected to friction and pressure. Other regions of the tendon are subject only to longitudinal tension. In tensional areas the axial periodicity of collagen was of the order of 62 nm and the tissue contained less than 0.2% proteoglycan on a dry weight basis. In the sesamoid-like region, however, the axial periodicity was a significant 13-15% less, and the proteoglycan constituted about 3.5% of the dry weight. Also, in the tensional areas the predominant glycosaminoglycan was dermatan sulphate, whereas in the sesamoid the predominant glycosaminoglycan was chondroitin sulphate. The possible interrelationships between collagen axial peroidicity and proteoglycan content in this tissue are discussed.", "contents": "The proteoglycan content and the axial periodicity of collagen in tendon. The glycosaminoglycan content and the axial periodicity of collagen was determined in various regions of the rabbit flexor digitorum profundus tendon. This tendon, which passes from the calf to the toes round the inner side of the ankle, contains a thickened sesamoid-like pad where it is subjected to friction and pressure. Other regions of the tendon are subject only to longitudinal tension. In tensional areas the axial periodicity of collagen was of the order of 62 nm and the tissue contained less than 0.2% proteoglycan on a dry weight basis. In the sesamoid-like region, however, the axial periodicity was a significant 13-15% less, and the proteoglycan constituted about 3.5% of the dry weight. Also, in the tensional areas the predominant glycosaminoglycan was dermatan sulphate, whereas in the sesamoid the predominant glycosaminoglycan was chondroitin sulphate. The possible interrelationships between collagen axial peroidicity and proteoglycan content in this tissue are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:869914", "title": "The interaction of chromophoric nucleotides with subfragment 1 of myosin.", "content": "The interaction of a series of chromophoric nucleotides derived from 6-mercapto-9-beta-ribofuranosylpurine (thioinosine, thiol) and 2-amino-6-mercapto-9-beta-ribofuranosyl-purine (thioguanosine, thioG) with myosin subfragment 1 isolated from rabbit skeletal muscle was investigated kinetically and spectroscopically. The Mg2+-dependent hydrolyses of thioITP and thioGTP are catalysed by subfragment 1 and probably proceed by a similar mechanism as for ATP hydrolysis, although with different rate constants. For example, the binary thioGDP-protein complex only comprises 8% of the steady-state intermediate of the thioGTPase at 5 degrees C and pH 6.5. Long-lived analogues of intermediates of the thioGTPase were generated by using thioGTP(gammaS) [thioguanosine 5'-(3-thio)-triphosphate], thioGMP-P(NH)P (5'-thioguanylylimidodiphosphate) and thioGDP. The near-u.v. spectra of the thioguanosine nucleotides bound to subfragment 1 were measured and showed that in all cases the purine ring is bound to the protein in a hydrophobic environment, although the pK of the purine thiol group only increases by 0.2-0.3. ThioGTP caused glycerinated rabbit psoas muscle to contract, but in contrast with thioITP was not able to relax muscle. The applications of these chromophoric nucleotides for investigating the mechanism of muscle contraction and other biological systems, particularly those involving guanosine nucleotide regulation, are discussed.", "contents": "The interaction of chromophoric nucleotides with subfragment 1 of myosin. The interaction of a series of chromophoric nucleotides derived from 6-mercapto-9-beta-ribofuranosylpurine (thioinosine, thiol) and 2-amino-6-mercapto-9-beta-ribofuranosyl-purine (thioguanosine, thioG) with myosin subfragment 1 isolated from rabbit skeletal muscle was investigated kinetically and spectroscopically. The Mg2+-dependent hydrolyses of thioITP and thioGTP are catalysed by subfragment 1 and probably proceed by a similar mechanism as for ATP hydrolysis, although with different rate constants. For example, the binary thioGDP-protein complex only comprises 8% of the steady-state intermediate of the thioGTPase at 5 degrees C and pH 6.5. Long-lived analogues of intermediates of the thioGTPase were generated by using thioGTP(gammaS) [thioguanosine 5'-(3-thio)-triphosphate], thioGMP-P(NH)P (5'-thioguanylylimidodiphosphate) and thioGDP. The near-u.v. spectra of the thioguanosine nucleotides bound to subfragment 1 were measured and showed that in all cases the purine ring is bound to the protein in a hydrophobic environment, although the pK of the purine thiol group only increases by 0.2-0.3. ThioGTP caused glycerinated rabbit psoas muscle to contract, but in contrast with thioITP was not able to relax muscle. The applications of these chromophoric nucleotides for investigating the mechanism of muscle contraction and other biological systems, particularly those involving guanosine nucleotide regulation, are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:869915", "title": "A novel system for the two-dimensional electrophoresis of membrane proteins.", "content": "Membrane proteins were resolved in two dimensions by a novel technique that uses discontinuous electrophoresis in both directions. After electrophoresis in the first direction in chloral hydrate, the membrane proteins were further resolved by a novel system that used organic-base dodecyl sulphates to stack and then resolve them. This latter system has several advantages over conventional electrophoresis in sodium dodecyl sulphate, notably that it avoids the production of artifacts generated by other systems.", "contents": "A novel system for the two-dimensional electrophoresis of membrane proteins. Membrane proteins were resolved in two dimensions by a novel technique that uses discontinuous electrophoresis in both directions. After electrophoresis in the first direction in chloral hydrate, the membrane proteins were further resolved by a novel system that used organic-base dodecyl sulphates to stack and then resolve them. This latter system has several advantages over conventional electrophoresis in sodium dodecyl sulphate, notably that it avoids the production of artifacts generated by other systems."}
{"id": "PMID:869916", "title": "A glycopeptide isolated from human gastric juice.", "content": "A glycopeptide containing 69% carbohydrate was isolated from human gastric juice. The complex was found to be homogeneous and to have mol.wt. 9600. The glycopeptide consisted of a protein core to which were linked, by O-glycosidic linkages to threonine and N-glycosidic linkages, carbohydrate side chains composed of N-acetylgalactosamine, N-acetylglucosamine, galactose, mannose, fucose and sialic acid, in the proportions 2:10:7:4:12:1.", "contents": "A glycopeptide isolated from human gastric juice. A glycopeptide containing 69% carbohydrate was isolated from human gastric juice. The complex was found to be homogeneous and to have mol.wt. 9600. The glycopeptide consisted of a protein core to which were linked, by O-glycosidic linkages to threonine and N-glycosidic linkages, carbohydrate side chains composed of N-acetylgalactosamine, N-acetylglucosamine, galactose, mannose, fucose and sialic acid, in the proportions 2:10:7:4:12:1."}
{"id": "PMID:869917", "title": "Presence of 3-O-methyl-l-xylose in the lipopolysaccharide of Pseudomonas maltophilia N.C.T.C. 10257.", "content": "3-O-Methyl-L-xylose was isolated from whole cells of Pseudomonas maltophilia N.C.T.C. 10257. The sugar is a component of lipopolysaccharide from which a polysaccharide also containing L-rhamnose and L-xylose was released by mild acid hydrolysis. 3-O-Methyl-L-xylose was absent from five other strains of Ps. maltophilia and one strain of Pseudomonas geniculata.", "contents": "Presence of 3-O-methyl-l-xylose in the lipopolysaccharide of Pseudomonas maltophilia N.C.T.C. 10257. 3-O-Methyl-L-xylose was isolated from whole cells of Pseudomonas maltophilia N.C.T.C. 10257. The sugar is a component of lipopolysaccharide from which a polysaccharide also containing L-rhamnose and L-xylose was released by mild acid hydrolysis. 3-O-Methyl-L-xylose was absent from five other strains of Ps. maltophilia and one strain of Pseudomonas geniculata."}
{"id": "PMID:869918", "title": "Kinetic studies on the enzymes conjugating bile acids with taurine and glycine in bovine liver.", "content": "Synthesis of glyco- or tauro-cholate from choloyl-CoA and the respective amino acid is shown to be catalysed by the soluble fraction of liver cells. Kinetic evidence supports the conclusion that there are separate enzymes for the synthesis of glycocholate and taurocholate. The kinetic parameters of these enzymes were determined.", "contents": "Kinetic studies on the enzymes conjugating bile acids with taurine and glycine in bovine liver. Synthesis of glyco- or tauro-cholate from choloyl-CoA and the respective amino acid is shown to be catalysed by the soluble fraction of liver cells. Kinetic evidence supports the conclusion that there are separate enzymes for the synthesis of glycocholate and taurocholate. The kinetic parameters of these enzymes were determined."}
{"id": "PMID:869920", "title": "The preparation and characterization of bile pigments.", "content": "Brief reduction of bilirubin with dilute sodium amalgam was shown to give chromogens containing both vinyl and ethylidene beta-substituents. Acid-catalysed rearrangement of these chromogens with bilirubin or mesobilirubin and subsequent dehydrogenation gave a range of new violins containing unconjugated ethylidene and vinyl substitutents. Rearrangements between mesobilirubinogen, bilirubin and mesobilirubin gave dihydrobiliviolins, mesobiliviolins, biliverdins, dihydrobiliverdins and mesobiliverdins of the IIIalpha, IXalpha and XIIIalpha series. In this way 30 compounds were prepared, purified by t.l.c. as dimethyl esters, and characterized by n.m.r., mass and electronic spectroscopy, and by chemical interconversion and degradation.", "contents": "The preparation and characterization of bile pigments. Brief reduction of bilirubin with dilute sodium amalgam was shown to give chromogens containing both vinyl and ethylidene beta-substituents. Acid-catalysed rearrangement of these chromogens with bilirubin or mesobilirubin and subsequent dehydrogenation gave a range of new violins containing unconjugated ethylidene and vinyl substitutents. Rearrangements between mesobilirubinogen, bilirubin and mesobilirubin gave dihydrobiliviolins, mesobiliviolins, biliverdins, dihydrobiliverdins and mesobiliverdins of the IIIalpha, IXalpha and XIIIalpha series. In this way 30 compounds were prepared, purified by t.l.c. as dimethyl esters, and characterized by n.m.r., mass and electronic spectroscopy, and by chemical interconversion and degradation."}
{"id": "PMID:869919", "title": "Stereochemical considerations for constructing alpha-helical protein bundles with particular application to membrane proteins.", "content": "The stereochemical constraints originally used to construct two- and three-stranded alpha-helical coiled-coils were generalized for aggregates of alpha-helices containing from 4 to 14 alpha-helices in tubular bundles. Certain features of bacteriorhodopsin show excellent correlations with these stereochemical constraints.", "contents": "Stereochemical considerations for constructing alpha-helical protein bundles with particular application to membrane proteins. The stereochemical constraints originally used to construct two- and three-stranded alpha-helical coiled-coils were generalized for aggregates of alpha-helices containing from 4 to 14 alpha-helices in tubular bundles. Certain features of bacteriorhodopsin show excellent correlations with these stereochemical constraints."}
{"id": "PMID:869921", "title": "Measurement of 1-aspartamido-beta-N-acetylglucosamine amidohydrolase activity in human tissues.", "content": "The activity of 1-aspartamido-beta-N-acetylglucosamine amidohydrolase (aspartylglucosylaminase, EC 3.5.1.26) was measured in normal and diseased human liver, brain and kidney. Organs from patients with aspartylglucosaminuria show very little activity. Crude homogenates of human organs show a reaction catalysed by a complex enzyme system. With homogenate, the formation of product was linear with time up to about 6 h. Reaction times longer than 6-7h resulted in a decrease in the total concentration of product. This phenomenon was not found with the partially purified enzyme fraction. Linearity of the enzyme activity with different protein concentrations was found, independent of the incubation time. Longer incubation of the crude homogenate resulted in the utilization of the product, N-acetylglucosamine. This phenomenon was not observed with the partially purified enzyme fraction. This amidase from human organs differs from that obtained from other sources and apparently represents a rather complex enzyme system.", "contents": "Measurement of 1-aspartamido-beta-N-acetylglucosamine amidohydrolase activity in human tissues. The activity of 1-aspartamido-beta-N-acetylglucosamine amidohydrolase (aspartylglucosylaminase, EC 3.5.1.26) was measured in normal and diseased human liver, brain and kidney. Organs from patients with aspartylglucosaminuria show very little activity. Crude homogenates of human organs show a reaction catalysed by a complex enzyme system. With homogenate, the formation of product was linear with time up to about 6 h. Reaction times longer than 6-7h resulted in a decrease in the total concentration of product. This phenomenon was not found with the partially purified enzyme fraction. Linearity of the enzyme activity with different protein concentrations was found, independent of the incubation time. Longer incubation of the crude homogenate resulted in the utilization of the product, N-acetylglucosamine. This phenomenon was not observed with the partially purified enzyme fraction. This amidase from human organs differs from that obtained from other sources and apparently represents a rather complex enzyme system."}
{"id": "PMID:869922", "title": "The influence of lysosomes on glycogen metabolism.", "content": "Lysosome-rich fractions were isolated from rat liver homogenates. In some fractions the lysosomes were separated from the contaminating mitchondria by the use of discontinuous Ficoll/sucrose gradients. Some glycogen was associated with lysosome fractions. This glycogen was of very large molecular size and of a quite different molecular-weight distribution from that isolated from the cytosol. It is suggested that appreciably more than 10% of cellular glycogen is located within the lysosome.", "contents": "The influence of lysosomes on glycogen metabolism. Lysosome-rich fractions were isolated from rat liver homogenates. In some fractions the lysosomes were separated from the contaminating mitchondria by the use of discontinuous Ficoll/sucrose gradients. Some glycogen was associated with lysosome fractions. This glycogen was of very large molecular size and of a quite different molecular-weight distribution from that isolated from the cytosol. It is suggested that appreciably more than 10% of cellular glycogen is located within the lysosome."}
{"id": "PMID:869923", "title": "The molecular size and shape of liver glycogen.", "content": "The molecular-weight distribution of liver glycogen has been established from the analysis of sedimentation rates of fractions separated on sucrose density gradients and from the direct measurement of the diffusion coefficients of these fractions by laser-intensity-fluctuation spectroscopy. Hydrodynamic studies indicated that all fractions of glycogen of mol.wt.exceeding 25x10(6) had about 1.1 g of water per g of polysaccharide associated with them. The hydration and hydrodynamic behaviour of all fractions of mol.wt. exceeding 25x10(6) was similar, whereas smaller fractions behaved anomalously, indicating a substantially different overall structure.", "contents": "The molecular size and shape of liver glycogen. The molecular-weight distribution of liver glycogen has been established from the analysis of sedimentation rates of fractions separated on sucrose density gradients and from the direct measurement of the diffusion coefficients of these fractions by laser-intensity-fluctuation spectroscopy. Hydrodynamic studies indicated that all fractions of glycogen of mol.wt.exceeding 25x10(6) had about 1.1 g of water per g of polysaccharide associated with them. The hydration and hydrodynamic behaviour of all fractions of mol.wt. exceeding 25x10(6) was similar, whereas smaller fractions behaved anomalously, indicating a substantially different overall structure."}
{"id": "PMID:869924", "title": "The structure and enzymic activities of the C1r and C1s subcomponents of C1, the first component of human serum complement.", "content": "The subcomponents C1r and C1s and their activated forms C-1r and C-1s were each found to have mol.wts. in dissociating solvents of about 83000. The amino acid compositions of each were similar, but there were significant differences in the monosaccharide analyses of subcomponents C1r and C1s, whether activated or not. Subcomponents C1r and C1s have only one polypeptide chain, but subcomponents C-1r and C-1s each contain two peptide chains of approx. mol.wts. 56000 (\"a\" chain) and 27000 (\"b\" chain). The amino acid analyses of the \"a\" chains from each activated subcomponent are similar, as are those of the \"b\" chains. The N-terminal amino acid sequence of 29 residues of the C-1s \"a\" chain was determined, but the C-1r \"a\" chain has blocked N-terminal amino acid. The 20 N-terminal residues of both \"b\" chains are similar, but not identical, and both show obvious homology with other serine proteinases. The difference in polysaccharide content of the subcomponents C-1r and C-1s is most marked in the 'b' chains. When tested on synthetic amino acid esters, subcomponent C-1r hydrolysed both lysine and tyrosine ester bonds, but subcomponent C-1r did not hydrolyse any amino acid esters tested nor any protein substrate except subcomponent C1s. The lysine esterase activity of subcomponent C1s provides a rapid and sensitive assay of the subcomponent.", "contents": "The structure and enzymic activities of the C1r and C1s subcomponents of C1, the first component of human serum complement. The subcomponents C1r and C1s and their activated forms C-1r and C-1s were each found to have mol.wts. in dissociating solvents of about 83000. The amino acid compositions of each were similar, but there were significant differences in the monosaccharide analyses of subcomponents C1r and C1s, whether activated or not. Subcomponents C1r and C1s have only one polypeptide chain, but subcomponents C-1r and C-1s each contain two peptide chains of approx. mol.wts. 56000 (\"a\" chain) and 27000 (\"b\" chain). The amino acid analyses of the \"a\" chains from each activated subcomponent are similar, as are those of the \"b\" chains. The N-terminal amino acid sequence of 29 residues of the C-1s \"a\" chain was determined, but the C-1r \"a\" chain has blocked N-terminal amino acid. The 20 N-terminal residues of both \"b\" chains are similar, but not identical, and both show obvious homology with other serine proteinases. The difference in polysaccharide content of the subcomponents C-1r and C-1s is most marked in the 'b' chains. When tested on synthetic amino acid esters, subcomponent C-1r hydrolysed both lysine and tyrosine ester bonds, but subcomponent C-1r did not hydrolyse any amino acid esters tested nor any protein substrate except subcomponent C1s. The lysine esterase activity of subcomponent C1s provides a rapid and sensitive assay of the subcomponent."}
{"id": "PMID:869925", "title": "Chemical and physical characterization of a phosphoprotein, Protein C, from human saliva and comparison with a related protein A.", "content": "The isolation of a highly purified phosphoprotein, previously named protein C, from human parotid saliva is described. A chemical and physical characterization of protein C was undertaken and the properties of protein C were compared with those of a related protein A. The content of glycine, proline and dicarboxylicamino acids accounts for 83% of the total resideus of protein C and it contains 2.0 mol of P/mol of protein, most likely as phosphoserine. The protein also contains 1.2% glucose, but no hexosamine. The N-terminus is blocked and the proposed C-terminal sequence is -Ser(Gly, Pro)Gln. The molecular weight determined from ultracentrifugation is 16300. Circular dichroism and nuclear magnetic resonance fail to demonstrate the presence of polyproline structure, and there are no conformational changes under a variety of conditions. With specific antisera to protein C the protein can be detected in submandibular as well as in parotid saliva, but there is only reaction of partial identity of proteins A and C. It is proposed that at least part of the difference between proteins A and C is due to the presence of an additional length of peptide at the C-terminus of protein C.", "contents": "Chemical and physical characterization of a phosphoprotein, Protein C, from human saliva and comparison with a related protein A. The isolation of a highly purified phosphoprotein, previously named protein C, from human parotid saliva is described. A chemical and physical characterization of protein C was undertaken and the properties of protein C were compared with those of a related protein A. The content of glycine, proline and dicarboxylicamino acids accounts for 83% of the total resideus of protein C and it contains 2.0 mol of P/mol of protein, most likely as phosphoserine. The protein also contains 1.2% glucose, but no hexosamine. The N-terminus is blocked and the proposed C-terminal sequence is -Ser(Gly, Pro)Gln. The molecular weight determined from ultracentrifugation is 16300. Circular dichroism and nuclear magnetic resonance fail to demonstrate the presence of polyproline structure, and there are no conformational changes under a variety of conditions. With specific antisera to protein C the protein can be detected in submandibular as well as in parotid saliva, but there is only reaction of partial identity of proteins A and C. It is proposed that at least part of the difference between proteins A and C is due to the presence of an additional length of peptide at the C-terminus of protein C."}
{"id": "PMID:869926", "title": "A serological investigation into the acidic alpha-D-mannosidase in normal Angus cattle and in a calf with mannosidosis.", "content": "Antiserum was raised in a rabbit against bovine kidney acidic alpha-mannosidase that had been purified 570-fold by affinity chromatography on concanavalin A--Sepharose and Sepharose 4B-xi-aminohexanoylmannosylamine. The antiserum precipitated the acidic but not the neutral alpha-mannosidase in normal calf tissues. Human acidic alpha-mannosidase cross-reacted partially with the antiserum, emphasizing the close structural resemblance between the enzyme in the two species. The residual acidic alpha-mannosidase in the tissues of a calf with mannosidosis was also precipitated by the antiserum, the same volume of antiserum being required to precipitate a unit of alpha-mannosidase activity from the normal and pathological tissues. The concentration of cross-reacting material detected by antibody-consumption experiments in the organs of the calf with mannosidosis appeared to be proportional to the concentration of the residual acidic alpha-mannosidase. It is suggested that the residual acidic alpha-mannosidase in mannosidosis accounts for the cross-reacting material detected and that it is unlikely that enzymically inactive but cross-reacting material is present. The residual acidic alpha-mannosidase could be a decreased concentration of the normal gene product or an altered enzyme with a decreased specific enzymic activity and a correspondingly decreased antigenicity.", "contents": "A serological investigation into the acidic alpha-D-mannosidase in normal Angus cattle and in a calf with mannosidosis. Antiserum was raised in a rabbit against bovine kidney acidic alpha-mannosidase that had been purified 570-fold by affinity chromatography on concanavalin A--Sepharose and Sepharose 4B-xi-aminohexanoylmannosylamine. The antiserum precipitated the acidic but not the neutral alpha-mannosidase in normal calf tissues. Human acidic alpha-mannosidase cross-reacted partially with the antiserum, emphasizing the close structural resemblance between the enzyme in the two species. The residual acidic alpha-mannosidase in the tissues of a calf with mannosidosis was also precipitated by the antiserum, the same volume of antiserum being required to precipitate a unit of alpha-mannosidase activity from the normal and pathological tissues. The concentration of cross-reacting material detected by antibody-consumption experiments in the organs of the calf with mannosidosis appeared to be proportional to the concentration of the residual acidic alpha-mannosidase. It is suggested that the residual acidic alpha-mannosidase in mannosidosis accounts for the cross-reacting material detected and that it is unlikely that enzymically inactive but cross-reacting material is present. The residual acidic alpha-mannosidase could be a decreased concentration of the normal gene product or an altered enzyme with a decreased specific enzymic activity and a correspondingly decreased antigenicity."}
{"id": "PMID:869927", "title": "Oxidation--reduction potentials of turkey liver xanthine dehydrogenase and the origins of oxidase and dehydrogenase behaviour in molybdenum-containing hydroxylases.", "content": "Redox potentials for the various centres in the enzyme xanthine dehydrogenase (EC 1.2.1.37) from turkey liver determined by potentiometric titration in the presence of mediator dyes, with low-temperature electron-paramagnetic-resonance spectroscopy. Values at 25 degrees C in pyrophosphate buffer, pH 8.2, are: Mo(VI)/Mo(V)(Rapid),-350 +/- 20mV; Mo(V) (Rapid)/Mo(IV), -362 +/- 20mV; Fe-S Iox./Fe-S Ired., -295 +/- 15mV; Fe-S IIox./Fe-S IIred., -292 +/- 15mV; FAD/FADH,-359+-20mV; FADH/FADH2, -366 +/- 20mV. This value of the FADH/FADH2 potential, which is 130mV lower than the corresponding one for milk xanthine oxidase [Cammack, Barber & Bray (1976) Biochem. J. 157, 469-478], accounts for many of the differences between the two enzymes. When allowance is made for some interference by desulpho enzyme, then differences in the enzymes' behaviour in titration with xanthine [Barber, Bray, Lowe & Coughlan (1976) Biochem. J. 153, 297-307] are accounted for by the potentials. Increases in the molybdenum potentials of the enzymes caused by the binding of uric acid are discussed. Though the potential of uric acid/xanthine (-440mV) is favourable for full reduction of the dehydrogenase, nevertheless, during turnover, for kinetic reasons, only FADH and very little FADH2 is produced from it. Since only FADH2 is expected to react with O2, lack of oxidase activity by the dehydrogenase is explained. Reactivity of the two enzymes with NAD+ as electron acceptor is discussed in relation to the potentials.", "contents": "Oxidation--reduction potentials of turkey liver xanthine dehydrogenase and the origins of oxidase and dehydrogenase behaviour in molybdenum-containing hydroxylases. Redox potentials for the various centres in the enzyme xanthine dehydrogenase (EC 1.2.1.37) from turkey liver determined by potentiometric titration in the presence of mediator dyes, with low-temperature electron-paramagnetic-resonance spectroscopy. Values at 25 degrees C in pyrophosphate buffer, pH 8.2, are: Mo(VI)/Mo(V)(Rapid),-350 +/- 20mV; Mo(V) (Rapid)/Mo(IV), -362 +/- 20mV; Fe-S Iox./Fe-S Ired., -295 +/- 15mV; Fe-S IIox./Fe-S IIred., -292 +/- 15mV; FAD/FADH,-359+-20mV; FADH/FADH2, -366 +/- 20mV. This value of the FADH/FADH2 potential, which is 130mV lower than the corresponding one for milk xanthine oxidase [Cammack, Barber & Bray (1976) Biochem. J. 157, 469-478], accounts for many of the differences between the two enzymes. When allowance is made for some interference by desulpho enzyme, then differences in the enzymes' behaviour in titration with xanthine [Barber, Bray, Lowe & Coughlan (1976) Biochem. J. 153, 297-307] are accounted for by the potentials. Increases in the molybdenum potentials of the enzymes caused by the binding of uric acid are discussed. Though the potential of uric acid/xanthine (-440mV) is favourable for full reduction of the dehydrogenase, nevertheless, during turnover, for kinetic reasons, only FADH and very little FADH2 is produced from it. Since only FADH2 is expected to react with O2, lack of oxidase activity by the dehydrogenase is explained. Reactivity of the two enzymes with NAD+ as electron acceptor is discussed in relation to the potentials."}
{"id": "PMID:869928", "title": "Characterization of two triacylglycerol lipase activities in pig post-heparin plasma.", "content": "Two triacylglycerol lipase activities were characterized after partial purification from pig post-heparin plasma. These two lipase activities were eluted sequentially with a NaCl gradient from columns containing Sepharose with covalently linked heparin. The first lipase activity, which was eluted at 0.75M-NaCl, was not inhibited at 28 degrees C in the presence of 1M-NaCl and was not further activated by plasma apolipoproteins. The absence of this lipase activity from post-heparin plasma from hepatectomized pigs indicates that the liver plays a role in the synthesis of this enzyme. A second lipase activity, which was eluted at 1.2M-NaCl, was inhibited when assayed in the presence of 1.0M-NaCl and was activated 14-fold by an apolipoprotein isolated from human very-low-density lipoprotein. The characteristics are identical with those of lipoprotein lipase purified from pig adipose tissue.", "contents": "Characterization of two triacylglycerol lipase activities in pig post-heparin plasma. Two triacylglycerol lipase activities were characterized after partial purification from pig post-heparin plasma. These two lipase activities were eluted sequentially with a NaCl gradient from columns containing Sepharose with covalently linked heparin. The first lipase activity, which was eluted at 0.75M-NaCl, was not inhibited at 28 degrees C in the presence of 1M-NaCl and was not further activated by plasma apolipoproteins. The absence of this lipase activity from post-heparin plasma from hepatectomized pigs indicates that the liver plays a role in the synthesis of this enzyme. A second lipase activity, which was eluted at 1.2M-NaCl, was inhibited when assayed in the presence of 1.0M-NaCl and was activated 14-fold by an apolipoprotein isolated from human very-low-density lipoprotein. The characteristics are identical with those of lipoprotein lipase purified from pig adipose tissue."}
{"id": "PMID:869929", "title": "The action of proteolytic enzymes on the glycoprotein from pig gastric mucus.", "content": "A glycoprotein of mol.wt. 2x10(6) was isolated in homogeneous form from pig gastric mucus by isopycnic centrifugation in CsCl but without enzymic digestion or reductive cleavage of disulphide bonds. Digestion of the purified glycoprotein with trypsin, pepsin or Pronase resulted in the formation of glycoprotein subunits, of mol.wt. 5.2x10(5)-5.8x10(5), one-quarter that of the undigested glycoprotein. The glycoprotein subunits were isolated by gel filtration and shown to contain all the carbohydrate present in the undigested glycoprotein, but 18.6-25.6% of the total amino acids originally present were lost on digestion. The relative amount of threonine, serine and proline had increased from 41% (w/w) in the undigested glycoprotein to 61-67% of the total amino acids in the glycoprotein subunits after digestion. The results support the previously proposed structure for the glycoprotein, namely that of four subunits joined by disulphide bridges. These results show the presence of two distinct regions in the glycoprotein molecule, one rich in threonine, serine and proline, which is glycosylated and resistant to proteolyis, whereas the other, with an amino acid composition more characteristic of a globular protein, is not glycosylated and is susceptible to proteolysis. In addition, the region that is susceptible to proteolysis contains the disulphide bridges which join the glycoprotein subunits together to form the gastric glycoprotein.", "contents": "The action of proteolytic enzymes on the glycoprotein from pig gastric mucus. A glycoprotein of mol.wt. 2x10(6) was isolated in homogeneous form from pig gastric mucus by isopycnic centrifugation in CsCl but without enzymic digestion or reductive cleavage of disulphide bonds. Digestion of the purified glycoprotein with trypsin, pepsin or Pronase resulted in the formation of glycoprotein subunits, of mol.wt. 5.2x10(5)-5.8x10(5), one-quarter that of the undigested glycoprotein. The glycoprotein subunits were isolated by gel filtration and shown to contain all the carbohydrate present in the undigested glycoprotein, but 18.6-25.6% of the total amino acids originally present were lost on digestion. The relative amount of threonine, serine and proline had increased from 41% (w/w) in the undigested glycoprotein to 61-67% of the total amino acids in the glycoprotein subunits after digestion. The results support the previously proposed structure for the glycoprotein, namely that of four subunits joined by disulphide bridges. These results show the presence of two distinct regions in the glycoprotein molecule, one rich in threonine, serine and proline, which is glycosylated and resistant to proteolyis, whereas the other, with an amino acid composition more characteristic of a globular protein, is not glycosylated and is susceptible to proteolysis. In addition, the region that is susceptible to proteolysis contains the disulphide bridges which join the glycoprotein subunits together to form the gastric glycoprotein."}
{"id": "PMID:869931", "title": "A simple method for purification of epoxide hydratase from rat liver.", "content": "Rat liver epoxide hydratase was purified 460-fold to homogeneity by detergent solubilization and ion-exchange chromatography. The enzyme obtained in high yield (36%) exhibited a specific activity of 479nmol of styrene glycol formed/min per mg of protein, with styrene oxide as substrate. Only one polypeptide-staining band, mol.wt. 49500, was visible after sodium dodecyl sulphate/polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis.", "contents": "A simple method for purification of epoxide hydratase from rat liver. Rat liver epoxide hydratase was purified 460-fold to homogeneity by detergent solubilization and ion-exchange chromatography. The enzyme obtained in high yield (36%) exhibited a specific activity of 479nmol of styrene glycol formed/min per mg of protein, with styrene oxide as substrate. Only one polypeptide-staining band, mol.wt. 49500, was visible after sodium dodecyl sulphate/polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis."}
{"id": "PMID:869930", "title": "Phosphorylation of synaptic-membrane proteins from ox cerebral cortex in vitro. Preparation of fractions enriched in phosphorylated proteins by using extraction with detergents and urea, and gel filtration.", "content": "Synaptic-membrane fragments from ox cerebral cortex contain basal and cyclic AMP-stimulated protein kinase(s) that transfer 32P from [gamma-32P]ATP to hydroxyl groups of serine and threonine residues in membrane-protein substrates. In the present work, labelled membrane fragments were partitioned into soluble and insoluble fractions with Triton X-100, Nonidet P. 40, sodium deoxycholate and urea, and the distribution of 32P-labelled protein in the fractions was determined by polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis and radioautography. A high percentage of phosphorylated protein sustrates remained insoluble, including those whose phosphorylation was most highly stimulated by cyclic AMP. Whole membrane fragments and samples prepared by detergent extraction were fractionated on Sepharose 6B columns in the presence of low concentrations of sodium dodecyl sulphate and pooled fractions were analysed by polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis and radioautography. Phosphorylated proteins were fractionated on the basis of their molecular weight, but homogeneous protein was not obtained. The results are discussed in relation to the techniques used and the results obtained in other laboratories.", "contents": "Phosphorylation of synaptic-membrane proteins from ox cerebral cortex in vitro. Preparation of fractions enriched in phosphorylated proteins by using extraction with detergents and urea, and gel filtration. Synaptic-membrane fragments from ox cerebral cortex contain basal and cyclic AMP-stimulated protein kinase(s) that transfer 32P from [gamma-32P]ATP to hydroxyl groups of serine and threonine residues in membrane-protein substrates. In the present work, labelled membrane fragments were partitioned into soluble and insoluble fractions with Triton X-100, Nonidet P. 40, sodium deoxycholate and urea, and the distribution of 32P-labelled protein in the fractions was determined by polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis and radioautography. A high percentage of phosphorylated protein sustrates remained insoluble, including those whose phosphorylation was most highly stimulated by cyclic AMP. Whole membrane fragments and samples prepared by detergent extraction were fractionated on Sepharose 6B columns in the presence of low concentrations of sodium dodecyl sulphate and pooled fractions were analysed by polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis and radioautography. Phosphorylated proteins were fractionated on the basis of their molecular weight, but homogeneous protein was not obtained. The results are discussed in relation to the techniques used and the results obtained in other laboratories."}
{"id": "PMID:869932", "title": "The role of the imidazolyl nitrogen atoms of histidine-12 in ribonuclease S.", "content": "S-peptide (residues 1--14) analogues in which the active histidine-12 residue is replaced by Npi-methyl-L-histidine, Ntau-methyl-L-histidine and beta-(pyrid-3-yl)-L-alanine were synthesized and tested for their capacity to bind to S-protein and to activate it. The results show that both imidazolyl nitrogen atoms are required for optimal catalytic functioning, Ntau being essential to the catalytic reaction itself, Npi playing a role in keeping the imidazole ring in the correct position.", "contents": "The role of the imidazolyl nitrogen atoms of histidine-12 in ribonuclease S. S-peptide (residues 1--14) analogues in which the active histidine-12 residue is replaced by Npi-methyl-L-histidine, Ntau-methyl-L-histidine and beta-(pyrid-3-yl)-L-alanine were synthesized and tested for their capacity to bind to S-protein and to activate it. The results show that both imidazolyl nitrogen atoms are required for optimal catalytic functioning, Ntau being essential to the catalytic reaction itself, Npi playing a role in keeping the imidazole ring in the correct position."}
{"id": "PMID:869933", "title": "Different reactivities of free and bound amino groups in deoxy-and liganded haemoglobin.", "content": "The technique of competitive double-labelling [H. Kaplan, K.J. Stevenson & B.S. Hartley, (1971) Biochem. J. 124, 289-299; L.P. Visentin & H. Kaplan (1975) Biochemistry 14, 463-468] was used to determine the reactivity of some amino groups towards acetic anhydride in deoxy-and liganded haemoglobin. Only those amino groups known to form salt bridges in deoxy-but not in liganded haemoglobin (i.e. the alpha-amino group of valine-1 alpha and the xi-amino group of lysine-40 alpha and lysine-127 alpha [M. F. Perutz (1970) Nature (London) 228, 726-739]) and different reactivities in the two structures.", "contents": "Different reactivities of free and bound amino groups in deoxy-and liganded haemoglobin. The technique of competitive double-labelling [H. Kaplan, K.J. Stevenson & B.S. Hartley, (1971) Biochem. J. 124, 289-299; L.P. Visentin & H. Kaplan (1975) Biochemistry 14, 463-468] was used to determine the reactivity of some amino groups towards acetic anhydride in deoxy-and liganded haemoglobin. Only those amino groups known to form salt bridges in deoxy-but not in liganded haemoglobin (i.e. the alpha-amino group of valine-1 alpha and the xi-amino group of lysine-40 alpha and lysine-127 alpha [M. F. Perutz (1970) Nature (London) 228, 726-739]) and different reactivities in the two structures."}
{"id": "PMID:869934", "title": "Protein chromatography on adsorbents with hydrophobic and ionic groups. Purification of human erythrocyte glycophorin.", "content": "Human erythrocyte glycophorin was purified rapidly by (a) chromatography of a Triton X-100 extract of erythrocyte 'ghosts' on N-(3-carboxypropionyl)aminodecyl-Sepharose in buffers containing Triton X-100 or sodium dodecyl sulphate, or (b) chromatography of whole 'ghosts', solubilized in sodium dodecyl sulphate, on dodecyl-Sepharose, in buffers containing sodium dodecyl sulphate. The products contained 85-95% glycophorin (electrophoretic band PAS-1) and the major contaminants were glycoproteins PAS-2 (possibly a subunit of glycophorin) and PAS-3.", "contents": "Protein chromatography on adsorbents with hydrophobic and ionic groups. Purification of human erythrocyte glycophorin. Human erythrocyte glycophorin was purified rapidly by (a) chromatography of a Triton X-100 extract of erythrocyte 'ghosts' on N-(3-carboxypropionyl)aminodecyl-Sepharose in buffers containing Triton X-100 or sodium dodecyl sulphate, or (b) chromatography of whole 'ghosts', solubilized in sodium dodecyl sulphate, on dodecyl-Sepharose, in buffers containing sodium dodecyl sulphate. The products contained 85-95% glycophorin (electrophoretic band PAS-1) and the major contaminants were glycoproteins PAS-2 (possibly a subunit of glycophorin) and PAS-3."}
{"id": "PMID:869952", "title": "Increased frequency of HLA-Cw3 and HLA-Dw4 in rheumatoid arthritis.", "content": "Thirty-nine patients with rheumatoid arthritis were HLA typed for the full range of A and B locus specificities and for Cw3 and Dw4. HLA-Dw4 was significantly more frequent in patients (36%) than in controls (13%). The frequency of Cw3 was also increased, probably because this allele is in linkage disequilibrium with Dw4.", "contents": "Increased frequency of HLA-Cw3 and HLA-Dw4 in rheumatoid arthritis. Thirty-nine patients with rheumatoid arthritis were HLA typed for the full range of A and B locus specificities and for Cw3 and Dw4. HLA-Dw4 was significantly more frequent in patients (36%) than in controls (13%). The frequency of Cw3 was also increased, probably because this allele is in linkage disequilibrium with Dw4."}
{"id": "PMID:869954", "title": "Pulmonary function in scleroderma.", "content": "Pulmonary function tests were performed in 45 patients with scleroderma. Thirteen patients (29%) were found to have restrictive disease, 12 patients (27%) were found to have obstructive disease, and 19 patients (42%) had small airway disease (SAD). Smoking did not seem to be a factor underlying either obstructive or small airway disease in these patients. A low diffusing capacity was most common in patients with restrictive disease and rarely the only abnormality in pulmonary function. SAD was usually found in patients who had normal chest radiographs and no pulmonary symptoms and was often the only abnormality. SAD is therefore an early and sensitive indicator of pulmonary involvement in scleroderma.", "contents": "Pulmonary function in scleroderma. Pulmonary function tests were performed in 45 patients with scleroderma. Thirteen patients (29%) were found to have restrictive disease, 12 patients (27%) were found to have obstructive disease, and 19 patients (42%) had small airway disease (SAD). Smoking did not seem to be a factor underlying either obstructive or small airway disease in these patients. A low diffusing capacity was most common in patients with restrictive disease and rarely the only abnormality in pulmonary function. SAD was usually found in patients who had normal chest radiographs and no pulmonary symptoms and was often the only abnormality. SAD is therefore an early and sensitive indicator of pulmonary involvement in scleroderma."}
{"id": "PMID:869955", "title": "Brown's syndrome. An unusual manifestation of rheumatoid arthritis.", "content": "Two patients presented with an ocular complication of rheumatoid arthritis that was extraocular in location. Clinical manifestations include vertical diplopia, an intermittent nature, a clicking sensation, and apparent inferior oblique palsy. A stenosing tenovaginitis of the superior oblique tendon and its sheath is the probable underlying pathologic mechanism.", "contents": "Brown's syndrome. An unusual manifestation of rheumatoid arthritis. Two patients presented with an ocular complication of rheumatoid arthritis that was extraocular in location. Clinical manifestations include vertical diplopia, an intermittent nature, a clicking sensation, and apparent inferior oblique palsy. A stenosing tenovaginitis of the superior oblique tendon and its sheath is the probable underlying pathologic mechanism."}
{"id": "PMID:869956", "title": "Surface ultrastructure of rheumatoid articular cartilage.", "content": "Six rheumatoid articular cartilage specimens, which appeared grossly normal and were shown to be free of pannus when examined under the light microscope, were examined electron microscopically. For comparison, normal-appearing cartilage specimens from 2 patients with meniscus injury and 2 with degenerative joint disease (DJD) were also examined. In all cases the normal-appearing joint surface of rheumatoid cartilage was abnormal. Amorphous-appearing material was present to a depth varying between 6 and 25 micron. Some of this material had the appearance of fibrin deposited at the cartilage surface, but much appeared to represent breakdown products of the cartilage matrix, i.e. degraded collagen and proteoglycan. DJD cartilage did not show similar changes. The findings suggest that the surface of rheumatoid articular cartilage, even when grossly normal in appearance, is degraded by enzymes either present in the synovial fluid or released by polymorphonuclear cells in close contact with the cartilage surface.", "contents": "Surface ultrastructure of rheumatoid articular cartilage. Six rheumatoid articular cartilage specimens, which appeared grossly normal and were shown to be free of pannus when examined under the light microscope, were examined electron microscopically. For comparison, normal-appearing cartilage specimens from 2 patients with meniscus injury and 2 with degenerative joint disease (DJD) were also examined. In all cases the normal-appearing joint surface of rheumatoid cartilage was abnormal. Amorphous-appearing material was present to a depth varying between 6 and 25 micron. Some of this material had the appearance of fibrin deposited at the cartilage surface, but much appeared to represent breakdown products of the cartilage matrix, i.e. degraded collagen and proteoglycan. DJD cartilage did not show similar changes. The findings suggest that the surface of rheumatoid articular cartilage, even when grossly normal in appearance, is degraded by enzymes either present in the synovial fluid or released by polymorphonuclear cells in close contact with the cartilage surface."}
{"id": "PMID:869957", "title": "Hip joint restoration in juvenile rheumatoid arthritis.", "content": "Six children with long-standing juvenile rheumatoid arthritis and radiographic evidence of severe hip joint damage were found 6 months to 5 years afterward to have radiographic evidence of significant hip joint space widening and remodeling of articular surfaces. The disease activity had decreased and hip joint function had improved in all children. Each child had received various antiinflammatory drugs, but no specific medication could be implicated in the improvement. Evidence from animal studies suggests that intensive physical therapy with emphasis on continued weight bearing may have been important in promoting healing in these children. It appears that restoration of severely damaged hip joints in JRA can occur when the disease activity is controlled. Restoration may be favored by a child's greater potential for bone remodeling and by vigorous physical therapy with emphasis upon continued ambulation.", "contents": "Hip joint restoration in juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. Six children with long-standing juvenile rheumatoid arthritis and radiographic evidence of severe hip joint damage were found 6 months to 5 years afterward to have radiographic evidence of significant hip joint space widening and remodeling of articular surfaces. The disease activity had decreased and hip joint function had improved in all children. Each child had received various antiinflammatory drugs, but no specific medication could be implicated in the improvement. Evidence from animal studies suggests that intensive physical therapy with emphasis on continued weight bearing may have been important in promoting healing in these children. It appears that restoration of severely damaged hip joints in JRA can occur when the disease activity is controlled. Restoration may be favored by a child's greater potential for bone remodeling and by vigorous physical therapy with emphasis upon continued ambulation."}
{"id": "PMID:869958", "title": "Relation between HLA-B27 and clinical features in patients with yersinia arthritis.", "content": "A study of 74 yersinia arthritis patients implied that the clinical picture of the disease may be modified by genetic background associated with the histocompatibility antigen B27 (HLA-B27). Sixty-six percent of patients were B27 positive. Joint symptoms were somewhat more severe in B27+ patients. Iritis, conjunctivitis, carditis, signs of urologic inflammation, and complete Reiter's triad occurred only in the B27 + group, whereas erythema nodosum was more common in B27 - group. Several B27 + patients also had \"B27 + rheumatic diseases,\" such as ankylosing spondylitis or Reiter's disease, in their history.", "contents": "Relation between HLA-B27 and clinical features in patients with yersinia arthritis. A study of 74 yersinia arthritis patients implied that the clinical picture of the disease may be modified by genetic background associated with the histocompatibility antigen B27 (HLA-B27). Sixty-six percent of patients were B27 positive. Joint symptoms were somewhat more severe in B27+ patients. Iritis, conjunctivitis, carditis, signs of urologic inflammation, and complete Reiter's triad occurred only in the B27 + group, whereas erythema nodosum was more common in B27 - group. Several B27 + patients also had \"B27 + rheumatic diseases,\" such as ankylosing spondylitis or Reiter's disease, in their history."}
{"id": "PMID:869959", "title": "Plant thorn synovitis.", "content": "Five children with an inflammatory monarthritis due to penetration of the joint by plant thorns are presented. The clinical presentation was that of a transient acute synovitis followed by a relatively asymptomatic period, and later by chronic arthritis often after the thorn injury was forgotten. Histopathology demonstrated a granulomatous synovitis. Polarized light microscopy facilitated identification of the plant tissue within the synovium. Conservative medical therapy was ineffective, but surgical excision of the affected synovium resulted in normal joint function. The differential diagnosis of monarthritis in children in extensive, and awareness of this condition is necessary to elicit a comprehensive history and to avoid delay in treatment.", "contents": "Plant thorn synovitis. Five children with an inflammatory monarthritis due to penetration of the joint by plant thorns are presented. The clinical presentation was that of a transient acute synovitis followed by a relatively asymptomatic period, and later by chronic arthritis often after the thorn injury was forgotten. Histopathology demonstrated a granulomatous synovitis. Polarized light microscopy facilitated identification of the plant tissue within the synovium. Conservative medical therapy was ineffective, but surgical excision of the affected synovium resulted in normal joint function. The differential diagnosis of monarthritis in children in extensive, and awareness of this condition is necessary to elicit a comprehensive history and to avoid delay in treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:869960", "title": "Thoracic duct drainage in SLE with cutaneous vasculitis. A case report.", "content": "A 25-year-old woman had systemic lupus erythematosus manifested primarily by severe cutaneous vasculitis that was unresponsive to oral prednisone and azathioprine. She was treated with thoracic duct drainage (TDD). Her course was followed by serial photographs, skin biopsies, and serum immunoglobulin, antinuclear antibody, and complement levels. After 1 week of drainage there was obvious clinical improvement. During the remainder of her drainage, the vasculitis continued to improve. It was possible to taper oral corticosteroids and to discontinue azathioprine during TDD without any clinical or laboratory evidence of exacerbation. The patient had no recurrence of vasculitis 22 weeks after the termination of TDD.", "contents": "Thoracic duct drainage in SLE with cutaneous vasculitis. A case report. A 25-year-old woman had systemic lupus erythematosus manifested primarily by severe cutaneous vasculitis that was unresponsive to oral prednisone and azathioprine. She was treated with thoracic duct drainage (TDD). Her course was followed by serial photographs, skin biopsies, and serum immunoglobulin, antinuclear antibody, and complement levels. After 1 week of drainage there was obvious clinical improvement. During the remainder of her drainage, the vasculitis continued to improve. It was possible to taper oral corticosteroids and to discontinue azathioprine during TDD without any clinical or laboratory evidence of exacerbation. The patient had no recurrence of vasculitis 22 weeks after the termination of TDD."}
{"id": "PMID:869961", "title": "Mechanisms underlying the suppression of adjuvant-induced arthritis by 6-mercaptopurine.", "content": "Daily oral administration of 6-mercaptopurine suppressed the development of the secondary (immune) lesions of adjuvant arthritis in a dose-related manner. The degrees of arthritis suppression corresponded closely to suppressions of concurrent development of the humoral and the cellular immune response to El4 cells. A short course of therapy during the sensitization period (day - 1 to day 5 when the day of adjuvant injection is designated as day 0) appeared to be almost as effective as continued daily dosing (day - 1 to day 15). The drug did not influence the development of the primary (nonimmune) lesions of adjuvant arthritis at all dosage levels investigated. Chronic pretreatment with 10 mg/kg/day PO for 17 days had no effect on the development of carrageenin-induced acute inflammation in the rat. The suppression of adjuvant arthritis by 6-mercaptopurine, unlike suppression by cyclophosphamide, appears to result primarily from its suppressive action on the immune response.", "contents": "Mechanisms underlying the suppression of adjuvant-induced arthritis by 6-mercaptopurine. Daily oral administration of 6-mercaptopurine suppressed the development of the secondary (immune) lesions of adjuvant arthritis in a dose-related manner. The degrees of arthritis suppression corresponded closely to suppressions of concurrent development of the humoral and the cellular immune response to El4 cells. A short course of therapy during the sensitization period (day - 1 to day 5 when the day of adjuvant injection is designated as day 0) appeared to be almost as effective as continued daily dosing (day - 1 to day 15). The drug did not influence the development of the primary (nonimmune) lesions of adjuvant arthritis at all dosage levels investigated. Chronic pretreatment with 10 mg/kg/day PO for 17 days had no effect on the development of carrageenin-induced acute inflammation in the rat. The suppression of adjuvant arthritis by 6-mercaptopurine, unlike suppression by cyclophosphamide, appears to result primarily from its suppressive action on the immune response."}
{"id": "PMID:869970", "title": "The public health implications of ethnomedical practices.", "content": "The public health implications of ethnomedical practices are extensive. In particular, there is the need to research the cultural and social behaviour patterns relevant to health care in order to utilise aspects of ethnomedical practices within a comprehensive health care system. To exploit the positive aspects of the ethnomedical practices successfully, health education for the consumers (the population) and the producers (the health workers) must be developed. Because of the limited resources of most developing countries and as a part of the movement away from \"industrialized medicine\", a large number of health auxiliary workers, including ethnomedical practitioners, need to be trained and deployed to develop and maintain this new health care system.", "contents": "The public health implications of ethnomedical practices. The public health implications of ethnomedical practices are extensive. In particular, there is the need to research the cultural and social behaviour patterns relevant to health care in order to utilise aspects of ethnomedical practices within a comprehensive health care system. To exploit the positive aspects of the ethnomedical practices successfully, health education for the consumers (the population) and the producers (the health workers) must be developed. Because of the limited resources of most developing countries and as a part of the movement away from \"industrialized medicine\", a large number of health auxiliary workers, including ethnomedical practitioners, need to be trained and deployed to develop and maintain this new health care system."}
{"id": "PMID:869972", "title": "The teaspoon dose.", "content": "A teaspoon dose (5 ml) is not necessarily a paediatric dose, since the amount of a drug in 5 ml of a preparation may not be the same as that in a tablet. Suggestions for standardizing the quantities of medicine in liquid form are given and the 'Ten Commandments' for safe prescribing for infants and children are stated.", "contents": "The teaspoon dose. A teaspoon dose (5 ml) is not necessarily a paediatric dose, since the amount of a drug in 5 ml of a preparation may not be the same as that in a tablet. Suggestions for standardizing the quantities of medicine in liquid form are given and the 'Ten Commandments' for safe prescribing for infants and children are stated."}
{"id": "PMID:869973", "title": "Acute coronary insufficiency. Review of 46 patients.", "content": "Forty-six patients admitted with acute coronary insufficiency are reviewed. All were investigated by coronary angiography; 4 had normal coronary arteries and are included in this study; the remainder had a distribution of coronary artery disease similar to other angina patients. The clinical and angiographic findings, management, and subsequent course of the other 42 patients are presented. Fourteen patients (33%) in whom rest pain persisted after 48 hours underwent emergency coronary angiography, with 3 deaths; of the surviving 11 who had acute saphenous vein bypass grafting, 2 died at operation and 3 had perioperative myocardial infarctions. Seventeen patients (41%) who initially improved required surgery within 6 months because of symptoms. Eleven patients (26%) were not operated on. It is concluded that acute coronary insufficiency is best managed initially by intensive medical therapy but a high proportion will require surgery later because of disabling angina. Early investigation and surgery are associated with a high mortality and incidence of myocardial infarction. Survivors of surgery are symptomatically improved and there is a low incidence of late infarction and death.", "contents": "Acute coronary insufficiency. Review of 46 patients. Forty-six patients admitted with acute coronary insufficiency are reviewed. All were investigated by coronary angiography; 4 had normal coronary arteries and are included in this study; the remainder had a distribution of coronary artery disease similar to other angina patients. The clinical and angiographic findings, management, and subsequent course of the other 42 patients are presented. Fourteen patients (33%) in whom rest pain persisted after 48 hours underwent emergency coronary angiography, with 3 deaths; of the surviving 11 who had acute saphenous vein bypass grafting, 2 died at operation and 3 had perioperative myocardial infarctions. Seventeen patients (41%) who initially improved required surgery within 6 months because of symptoms. Eleven patients (26%) were not operated on. It is concluded that acute coronary insufficiency is best managed initially by intensive medical therapy but a high proportion will require surgery later because of disabling angina. Early investigation and surgery are associated with a high mortality and incidence of myocardial infarction. Survivors of surgery are symptomatically improved and there is a low incidence of late infarction and death."}
{"id": "PMID:869974", "title": "Serum myoglobin level as diagnostic test in patients with acute myocardial infarction.", "content": "Serum myoglobin levels were measured in normal subjects and patients by means of a newly developed radioimmunoassay. Myoglobin was identified in all of 135 sera from normal adults and ranged between 6 and 85 ng/ml (mean +/- SE 31 +/- 1.3). Raised myoglobin levels were present in 62 of 64 patients with documented acute myocardial infarction, the mean serum concentration being 528 +/- 76 ng/ml. Serial determinations in 46 patients with acute infarct showed that maximum values usually occurred within 4 hours after admission. In 19 of 42 cases, raised myoglobin levels preceded the rise in creatine kinase (CK) values; in the remaining patients, both serum myoglobin and creatine kinase were increased on admission. Only 2 of an additional 44 patients admitted with chest pain but without subsequent electrocardiographic, enzyme, or technetium-99m stannous pyrophosphate myocardial scintigraphic evidence of acute myocardial infarction had raised myoglobin levels; the mean value for this group was within the normal range (44 +/- 6 ng/ml). Serum myoglobin values also were normal in patients with congestive heart failure without acute myocardial infarction, and in patients after moderate exercise and cardiac catheterisation. Trasient myoglobinaemia appears to be one of the earliest laboratory abnormalities occurring in acute myocardial infarction and, therefore, should prove useful as a diagnostic aid in patients.", "contents": "Serum myoglobin level as diagnostic test in patients with acute myocardial infarction. Serum myoglobin levels were measured in normal subjects and patients by means of a newly developed radioimmunoassay. Myoglobin was identified in all of 135 sera from normal adults and ranged between 6 and 85 ng/ml (mean +/- SE 31 +/- 1.3). Raised myoglobin levels were present in 62 of 64 patients with documented acute myocardial infarction, the mean serum concentration being 528 +/- 76 ng/ml. Serial determinations in 46 patients with acute infarct showed that maximum values usually occurred within 4 hours after admission. In 19 of 42 cases, raised myoglobin levels preceded the rise in creatine kinase (CK) values; in the remaining patients, both serum myoglobin and creatine kinase were increased on admission. Only 2 of an additional 44 patients admitted with chest pain but without subsequent electrocardiographic, enzyme, or technetium-99m stannous pyrophosphate myocardial scintigraphic evidence of acute myocardial infarction had raised myoglobin levels; the mean value for this group was within the normal range (44 +/- 6 ng/ml). Serum myoglobin values also were normal in patients with congestive heart failure without acute myocardial infarction, and in patients after moderate exercise and cardiac catheterisation. Trasient myoglobinaemia appears to be one of the earliest laboratory abnormalities occurring in acute myocardial infarction and, therefore, should prove useful as a diagnostic aid in patients."}
{"id": "PMID:869975", "title": "Reproducibility of echocardiographic estimates of left ventricular dimensions.", "content": "Although echocardiography is ideally suited for repetitive use on a patient for evaluation of left ventricular function, the value of this application is minimised by the uncertainty as to whether changes in left ventricular dimensions observed on a patient at different times or by different observers are real or result from the ultrasonic beam penetrating the left ventricle at different angles. Accordingly, an instrument was designed and constructed in our laboratory to improve the reproducibility of echocardiographic measurements of left ventricular dimensions. The instrument represents an orthogonal reference frame by means of which the spatial orientation of the ultrasonic beam relative to the chest is determined and reproduced in subsequent studies, while the point of entrance of the beam is marked on the chest wall. Using this instrument, left ventricular echograms were initially recorded on a group (I) of 23 subjects with or without heart disease and the study was repeated 8 hours to 49 (mean 7) days later by the same observer and also, in 16 cases, by an independent observer. The average values from 2 to 6 (mean 4) heart cycles were used for the left ventricular end-diastolic dimension (Dd), end-systolic (Ds) dimension, and their difference (delta D). Differences in all three variables between studies were random and statistically insignificant, never exceeding 3-5 mm for Dd or Ds, and 4 mm for deltaD. For comparison, left ventricular internal dimensions were also obtained in a seprate group (II) of 14 subjects by the standard method of using the mitral valve as an internal landmark, without the benefit of this instrument. All 14 subjects had the initial study repeated within 8 hours to 11 (mean 3-8) days later by the same and also by an independent observer. Though in the group as a whole there was no significant difference in left ventricular dimensions between studies, individual variations reached 11 mm for Dd, 9 mm for Ds, and 9 mm for deltaD, and the degree of scatter was significantly larger than in group I. This initial experience indicates that the use of this instrument improves the reproducibility and enhances the reliability of estimates of echocardiographic left ventricular dimensions and function on a patient examined at different times by the same or independent observers.", "contents": "Reproducibility of echocardiographic estimates of left ventricular dimensions. Although echocardiography is ideally suited for repetitive use on a patient for evaluation of left ventricular function, the value of this application is minimised by the uncertainty as to whether changes in left ventricular dimensions observed on a patient at different times or by different observers are real or result from the ultrasonic beam penetrating the left ventricle at different angles. Accordingly, an instrument was designed and constructed in our laboratory to improve the reproducibility of echocardiographic measurements of left ventricular dimensions. The instrument represents an orthogonal reference frame by means of which the spatial orientation of the ultrasonic beam relative to the chest is determined and reproduced in subsequent studies, while the point of entrance of the beam is marked on the chest wall. Using this instrument, left ventricular echograms were initially recorded on a group (I) of 23 subjects with or without heart disease and the study was repeated 8 hours to 49 (mean 7) days later by the same observer and also, in 16 cases, by an independent observer. The average values from 2 to 6 (mean 4) heart cycles were used for the left ventricular end-diastolic dimension (Dd), end-systolic (Ds) dimension, and their difference (delta D). Differences in all three variables between studies were random and statistically insignificant, never exceeding 3-5 mm for Dd or Ds, and 4 mm for deltaD. For comparison, left ventricular internal dimensions were also obtained in a seprate group (II) of 14 subjects by the standard method of using the mitral valve as an internal landmark, without the benefit of this instrument. All 14 subjects had the initial study repeated within 8 hours to 11 (mean 3-8) days later by the same and also by an independent observer. Though in the group as a whole there was no significant difference in left ventricular dimensions between studies, individual variations reached 11 mm for Dd, 9 mm for Ds, and 9 mm for deltaD, and the degree of scatter was significantly larger than in group I. This initial experience indicates that the use of this instrument improves the reproducibility and enhances the reliability of estimates of echocardiographic left ventricular dimensions and function on a patient examined at different times by the same or independent observers."}
{"id": "PMID:869976", "title": "Primary restrictive cardiomyopathy. Non-tropical endomyocardial fibrosis and hypereosinophilic heart disease.", "content": "Eleven patients with a restrictive cardiomyopathy are described. Seven of these had biventricular disease and in them the haemodynamic abnormality resembled that in constrictive pericarditis but the condition was distinguishable because of unequal involvement of the two ventricles, murmurs of atrioventricular valve regurgitation, or characteristic ventricular deformity on angiography. Two of these patients had eosinophilia with the clinical features of L\u00f6ffer's endocarditis. In 4 patients the disease was apparently confined to the left ventricle; they were investigated on account of atypical chest pain, third heart sound, or abnormal electrocardiogram. Simultaneous measurements of left ventricular pressure and volume throughout diastole were made in 3 patients and showed rapid but abruptly curtailed left ventricular filling. Transvenous endomyocardial biopsy in 2 patients showed fibrous tissue with collagen and irregular elastic fibrils. Surgical biopsy in 3 patients excluded pericardial constriction but was diagnostically unhelpful because of failure to obtain endocardium. Necropsy in one patient showed that the heart had features indistinguishable from tropical endomyocardial fibrosis. It is suggested that the spectrum of ventricular abnormalities in these patients results from endomyocardial fibrosis of varying severity and probably of differing cause. This study has shown that \"tropical\" endomyocardial fibrosis may occur outside the tropics and suggests that eosinophilia may play a leading role or associated part in the genesis of some cases.", "contents": "Primary restrictive cardiomyopathy. Non-tropical endomyocardial fibrosis and hypereosinophilic heart disease. Eleven patients with a restrictive cardiomyopathy are described. Seven of these had biventricular disease and in them the haemodynamic abnormality resembled that in constrictive pericarditis but the condition was distinguishable because of unequal involvement of the two ventricles, murmurs of atrioventricular valve regurgitation, or characteristic ventricular deformity on angiography. Two of these patients had eosinophilia with the clinical features of L\u00f6ffer's endocarditis. In 4 patients the disease was apparently confined to the left ventricle; they were investigated on account of atypical chest pain, third heart sound, or abnormal electrocardiogram. Simultaneous measurements of left ventricular pressure and volume throughout diastole were made in 3 patients and showed rapid but abruptly curtailed left ventricular filling. Transvenous endomyocardial biopsy in 2 patients showed fibrous tissue with collagen and irregular elastic fibrils. Surgical biopsy in 3 patients excluded pericardial constriction but was diagnostically unhelpful because of failure to obtain endocardium. Necropsy in one patient showed that the heart had features indistinguishable from tropical endomyocardial fibrosis. It is suggested that the spectrum of ventricular abnormalities in these patients results from endomyocardial fibrosis of varying severity and probably of differing cause. This study has shown that \"tropical\" endomyocardial fibrosis may occur outside the tropics and suggests that eosinophilia may play a leading role or associated part in the genesis of some cases."}
{"id": "PMID:869977", "title": "Atresia of the right atrioventricular orifice.", "content": "The results are reported of a study of 83 necropsied hearts with atresia of the right atrioventricular orifice. It is emphasised that right atrial or atrioventricular orificial atresia is a better term to describe this anomaly than \"tricuspid atresia\". Use of the latter term can be confusing when the morphologically tricuspid valve is located beneath the left atrium. It is accepted that the definition employed may include cases in which the mitral valve may be atretic, blocking normal exit from the right atrium, but it is argued that such cases would present clinically as \"tricuspid atresia\" and therefore are correctly designated as right atrial orificial atresia. The results show that the majority of hearts with right atrial orificial atresia have the ventricular morphology of primitive ventricle, most with, but a few without an outlet chamber. However, in a minority of hearts an imperforate membrane interposes between the right atrium and a formed but hypoplastic right ventricle. In two of the hearts, the imperforate membrane showed features of Ebstein's malformation. The hearts could be further subdivided according to the ventriculoarterial connection. Most had normally connected arteries (66 of 83), and all but 2 also had normal relations between the arteries; in these 2 hearts there was \"anatomically corrected malposition\". Twelve hearts showed transposition, one had double-outlet outlet chamber, and another persistent truncus arteriosus. The remaining 3 hearts, all without outlet chamber, had by definition a double outlet connection. A segmental approach provides the best way of classifying this anomaly, and an embryological explanation is offered for the variations in anatomy observed.", "contents": "Atresia of the right atrioventricular orifice. The results are reported of a study of 83 necropsied hearts with atresia of the right atrioventricular orifice. It is emphasised that right atrial or atrioventricular orificial atresia is a better term to describe this anomaly than \"tricuspid atresia\". Use of the latter term can be confusing when the morphologically tricuspid valve is located beneath the left atrium. It is accepted that the definition employed may include cases in which the mitral valve may be atretic, blocking normal exit from the right atrium, but it is argued that such cases would present clinically as \"tricuspid atresia\" and therefore are correctly designated as right atrial orificial atresia. The results show that the majority of hearts with right atrial orificial atresia have the ventricular morphology of primitive ventricle, most with, but a few without an outlet chamber. However, in a minority of hearts an imperforate membrane interposes between the right atrium and a formed but hypoplastic right ventricle. In two of the hearts, the imperforate membrane showed features of Ebstein's malformation. The hearts could be further subdivided according to the ventriculoarterial connection. Most had normally connected arteries (66 of 83), and all but 2 also had normal relations between the arteries; in these 2 hearts there was \"anatomically corrected malposition\". Twelve hearts showed transposition, one had double-outlet outlet chamber, and another persistent truncus arteriosus. The remaining 3 hearts, all without outlet chamber, had by definition a double outlet connection. A segmental approach provides the best way of classifying this anomaly, and an embryological explanation is offered for the variations in anatomy observed."}
{"id": "PMID:869978", "title": "Total anomalous pulmonary venous drainage in infancy.", "content": "Between May 1971 and December 1975, 39 infants had operations for correction of total anomalous pulmonary venous drainage. Fourteen of the 39 patients were under 1 month of age at the time of operation. Twenty-four patients had supracardiac, 7 intracardiac, and 6 infracardiac total anomalous pulmonary venous drainage, and 2 had a mixed type. The overall hospital mortality was 36 per cent. There have been no late deaths. The improvement in survival rate in this series is attributed to: (1) earlier recognition and prompt referral, (2) an aggressive approach to diagnosis involving complete cardiac catheterisation and angiocardiography, (3) vigorous preoperative care, (4) early complete correction including construction of a large anastomosis and enlargement of the left atrium when indicated, and (5) intensive postoperative management paying particular attention to fluid balance and treatment of pulmonary complications. Operative mortality was highest in patients with total anomalous pulmonary venous drainage directly to the superior vena cava, and in those with infradiaphragmatic drainage of whom all had pulmonary venous obstruction. Mortality was not closely related to age, body weight, or severity of pulmonary hypertension.", "contents": "Total anomalous pulmonary venous drainage in infancy. Between May 1971 and December 1975, 39 infants had operations for correction of total anomalous pulmonary venous drainage. Fourteen of the 39 patients were under 1 month of age at the time of operation. Twenty-four patients had supracardiac, 7 intracardiac, and 6 infracardiac total anomalous pulmonary venous drainage, and 2 had a mixed type. The overall hospital mortality was 36 per cent. There have been no late deaths. The improvement in survival rate in this series is attributed to: (1) earlier recognition and prompt referral, (2) an aggressive approach to diagnosis involving complete cardiac catheterisation and angiocardiography, (3) vigorous preoperative care, (4) early complete correction including construction of a large anastomosis and enlargement of the left atrium when indicated, and (5) intensive postoperative management paying particular attention to fluid balance and treatment of pulmonary complications. Operative mortality was highest in patients with total anomalous pulmonary venous drainage directly to the superior vena cava, and in those with infradiaphragmatic drainage of whom all had pulmonary venous obstruction. Mortality was not closely related to age, body weight, or severity of pulmonary hypertension."}
{"id": "PMID:869979", "title": "Two unusual cases of intra-atrial gap.", "content": "Two cases are described in which, during investigation of rhythm disturbances, it was shown that, by delivering atrial stimuli of increasing prematurity, a point was reached where the artificial stimulus failed to induce an atrial response. However, with even more premature stimulations, atrial responses were again observed. These observations are best explained by a gap phenomenon in which very early stimuli delivered during the effective refractory period of the atria were delayed long enough in the exit area around the pacing electrode to allow atrial recovery.", "contents": "Two unusual cases of intra-atrial gap. Two cases are described in which, during investigation of rhythm disturbances, it was shown that, by delivering atrial stimuli of increasing prematurity, a point was reached where the artificial stimulus failed to induce an atrial response. However, with even more premature stimulations, atrial responses were again observed. These observations are best explained by a gap phenomenon in which very early stimuli delivered during the effective refractory period of the atria were delayed long enough in the exit area around the pacing electrode to allow atrial recovery."}
{"id": "PMID:869980", "title": "Infective endocarditis caused by Streptococcus mutans.", "content": "Members of the viridans group of streptococci are the commonest causes of bacterial endocarditis. However, Streptococcus mutans, a member of this group associated with dental caries which might be expected to be commonly associated with endocarditis, has only rarely been reported. This is possibly because of difficulties in isolation and identification. Differing blood culture media may affect the chances of isolation of these organisms, and, though brain-heart infusion, thiol, tryptic soy, and glucose-brain infusion broths have all proved satisfactory, subcultures may require increased CO2 concentrations for growth. Plemorphism in the resultant colonies and in the individual organisms may give rise to a hazardous misinterpretation of this appearance as contamination. Strep. mutans and the similarly penicillin sensitive Strep. bovis may be differentiated from the penicillin resistant enterococci by their lincomycin sensitivity and intolerance of 6-3 per cent sodium chloride. Precise differentiation of streptococci in bacterial endocarditis is of value both epidemiologically and in the management of the disease.", "contents": "Infective endocarditis caused by Streptococcus mutans. Members of the viridans group of streptococci are the commonest causes of bacterial endocarditis. However, Streptococcus mutans, a member of this group associated with dental caries which might be expected to be commonly associated with endocarditis, has only rarely been reported. This is possibly because of difficulties in isolation and identification. Differing blood culture media may affect the chances of isolation of these organisms, and, though brain-heart infusion, thiol, tryptic soy, and glucose-brain infusion broths have all proved satisfactory, subcultures may require increased CO2 concentrations for growth. Plemorphism in the resultant colonies and in the individual organisms may give rise to a hazardous misinterpretation of this appearance as contamination. Strep. mutans and the similarly penicillin sensitive Strep. bovis may be differentiated from the penicillin resistant enterococci by their lincomycin sensitivity and intolerance of 6-3 per cent sodium chloride. Precise differentiation of streptococci in bacterial endocarditis is of value both epidemiologically and in the management of the disease."}
{"id": "PMID:869981", "title": "Further studies of the relationship between lymphatic dissemination and lymphnodal metastasis in non-immunogenic murine tumours.", "content": "In all 6 different murine tumours of spontaneous origin, a high proportion (22-95%) of the regional lympgh nodes draining small intradermal tumours gave rise to tumours after their isogeneic transplantation as whole nodes. In separate experiments with 4 of these tumours, equivalent tumour-bearing mice had their tumours surgically excised and were observed for the development of regional nodal corresponding frequency of tumour formation by transplanted nodes. After high-dose radiotherapy of intradermal carcinomas, there was a progressive fall in the incidence of positive regional node transplants from 48 to 96 h after irradiation. It is concluded that continual lymphatic dissemination of viable cancer cells is characteristic of malignant tumours, but that there is a relatively small chance of such cells giving rise to nodal metastatic growth. Related studies showed that the ability of a small number of cancer cells to give rise to tumours was very much greater if they were incorporated in a lymph node at transplantation than if they were transplanted directly as a suspension.", "contents": "Further studies of the relationship between lymphatic dissemination and lymphnodal metastasis in non-immunogenic murine tumours. In all 6 different murine tumours of spontaneous origin, a high proportion (22-95%) of the regional lympgh nodes draining small intradermal tumours gave rise to tumours after their isogeneic transplantation as whole nodes. In separate experiments with 4 of these tumours, equivalent tumour-bearing mice had their tumours surgically excised and were observed for the development of regional nodal corresponding frequency of tumour formation by transplanted nodes. After high-dose radiotherapy of intradermal carcinomas, there was a progressive fall in the incidence of positive regional node transplants from 48 to 96 h after irradiation. It is concluded that continual lymphatic dissemination of viable cancer cells is characteristic of malignant tumours, but that there is a relatively small chance of such cells giving rise to nodal metastatic growth. Related studies showed that the ability of a small number of cancer cells to give rise to tumours was very much greater if they were incorporated in a lymph node at transplantation than if they were transplanted directly as a suspension."}
{"id": "PMID:869982", "title": "Effects of dexamethasone and betamethasone on in vitro cultures from human astrocytoma.", "content": "Cultures of human astrocytoma have been derived by collagenase digestion and are presumed, from their aneuploid karyotypes, to be predominantly neoplastic. Early passage cultures in proliferative phase have been cloned in the presence of dexamethasone and betamethasone, both commonly used in management of patients with brain tumours. These steroids raise both the cloning efficiency and the proliferative capacity of cells within each clone. Inhibition was detected only in very high steroid concentrations (25-50 microng/ml). Since these concentrations are unlikely to be attained in vivo it is concluded that anticipated physiological levels of these steroids enhance cell survival at low densities in culture. The significance of this in vivo is discussed.", "contents": "Effects of dexamethasone and betamethasone on in vitro cultures from human astrocytoma. Cultures of human astrocytoma have been derived by collagenase digestion and are presumed, from their aneuploid karyotypes, to be predominantly neoplastic. Early passage cultures in proliferative phase have been cloned in the presence of dexamethasone and betamethasone, both commonly used in management of patients with brain tumours. These steroids raise both the cloning efficiency and the proliferative capacity of cells within each clone. Inhibition was detected only in very high steroid concentrations (25-50 microng/ml). Since these concentrations are unlikely to be attained in vivo it is concluded that anticipated physiological levels of these steroids enhance cell survival at low densities in culture. The significance of this in vivo is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:869983", "title": "Effect of ascorbic acid on tumour growth.", "content": "The growth of tumours in guinea-pigs was observed for 20 weeks after placing them on various doses of vitamin C. Complete tumour regression occurred in 55% of those animals receiving 0-3 mg/kg/day ascorbic acid, whereas animals given 10 mg/kg/day showed tumour inhibition but no regression. In contrast, tumours in animals maintained on 1 g/kg/day ascorbic acid grew without sign of retardation. When increased amounts of ascorbic acid were restored to the diet of scorbutic tumour-bearing animals, tumours which had not regressed responded with enhanced growth. Likewise, animals previously maintained on 10 mg/kg ascorbic acid responded in turn to the additional vitamin with enhanced tumour growth. In contrast, all tumour-bearing animals maintained on 1 g/kh ascorbic acid died within 3 weeks when this dose was replaced with 0-3 mg/kg.", "contents": "Effect of ascorbic acid on tumour growth. The growth of tumours in guinea-pigs was observed for 20 weeks after placing them on various doses of vitamin C. Complete tumour regression occurred in 55% of those animals receiving 0-3 mg/kg/day ascorbic acid, whereas animals given 10 mg/kg/day showed tumour inhibition but no regression. In contrast, tumours in animals maintained on 1 g/kg/day ascorbic acid grew without sign of retardation. When increased amounts of ascorbic acid were restored to the diet of scorbutic tumour-bearing animals, tumours which had not regressed responded with enhanced growth. Likewise, animals previously maintained on 10 mg/kg ascorbic acid responded in turn to the additional vitamin with enhanced tumour growth. In contrast, all tumour-bearing animals maintained on 1 g/kh ascorbic acid died within 3 weeks when this dose was replaced with 0-3 mg/kg."}
{"id": "PMID:869984", "title": "Radiosensitizing and cytocidal effects on hypoxic cells of RO-07-0582, and repair of x-ray injury, in an experimental mouse tumour.", "content": "The delay in regrowth to 10 mm diameter of a transplanted carcinoma in mice was used to estimate the effect of the hypoxic-cell radiosensitizer Ro-07-0582. When 1 mg/g body wt. was given before a single dose of X-rays, a dose-enhancement ratio of 2-0 was found. When the drug was given immediately after irradiation, a large cytotoxic effect was observed, equivalent to an enhancement ratio of 1-3. These results were confirmed by determining the X-ray doses required for the local control of 50% of the tumours at 80 days after irradiation. The capacity of the tumour for repair of sublethal X-ray injury within 24 h was similar to that for several normal tissues.", "contents": "Radiosensitizing and cytocidal effects on hypoxic cells of RO-07-0582, and repair of x-ray injury, in an experimental mouse tumour. The delay in regrowth to 10 mm diameter of a transplanted carcinoma in mice was used to estimate the effect of the hypoxic-cell radiosensitizer Ro-07-0582. When 1 mg/g body wt. was given before a single dose of X-rays, a dose-enhancement ratio of 2-0 was found. When the drug was given immediately after irradiation, a large cytotoxic effect was observed, equivalent to an enhancement ratio of 1-3. These results were confirmed by determining the X-ray doses required for the local control of 50% of the tumours at 80 days after irradiation. The capacity of the tumour for repair of sublethal X-ray injury within 24 h was similar to that for several normal tissues."}
{"id": "PMID:869985", "title": "Growth kinetics of Kaposi's sacroma.", "content": "This is a study of cell kinetics in nodular and florid (fungating) Kaposi's sarcomas. One or more tumours from 9 patients were examined at the Uganda Cancer Institute. The very variable clinical doubling time was assessed by direct measurements of tumour diameters, and an average obtained. The mitotic count, rate of entry of cells into mitosis and cell cycle time were measured in biopsy material, and use to estimate the potential doubling time. From the difference between the potential and the actual doubling times, the rate of cell loss and the cell loss factor were calculated. The average actual clinical doubling time was slightly, but not significantly, higher for growing nodular tumours than for florid tumours. Some nodular tumours were similar to those reported in the literature for other human malignacies. Kinetic studies of static and regressing human tumours have not been reported previously. The rate of cell production found in this tumour is lower than the values reported in the literature for other malignancies. The calculated mitotic duration is long, but similar to previously reported values. The cell loss factor is high: in the static tumours it is 1.0, and in the regressing tumours greater than 1.0. In regressing tumours, the rate of cell loss was 30% higher than the rate of cell production. These tumours did not differ histologically from nearly florid tumours which were increasing in size. It is postulated that regression is determined by local vascular or mechanical factors, supplemented possibly by delayed hypersensitivity responses in some patients.", "contents": "Growth kinetics of Kaposi's sacroma. This is a study of cell kinetics in nodular and florid (fungating) Kaposi's sarcomas. One or more tumours from 9 patients were examined at the Uganda Cancer Institute. The very variable clinical doubling time was assessed by direct measurements of tumour diameters, and an average obtained. The mitotic count, rate of entry of cells into mitosis and cell cycle time were measured in biopsy material, and use to estimate the potential doubling time. From the difference between the potential and the actual doubling times, the rate of cell loss and the cell loss factor were calculated. The average actual clinical doubling time was slightly, but not significantly, higher for growing nodular tumours than for florid tumours. Some nodular tumours were similar to those reported in the literature for other human malignacies. Kinetic studies of static and regressing human tumours have not been reported previously. The rate of cell production found in this tumour is lower than the values reported in the literature for other malignancies. The calculated mitotic duration is long, but similar to previously reported values. The cell loss factor is high: in the static tumours it is 1.0, and in the regressing tumours greater than 1.0. In regressing tumours, the rate of cell loss was 30% higher than the rate of cell production. These tumours did not differ histologically from nearly florid tumours which were increasing in size. It is postulated that regression is determined by local vascular or mechanical factors, supplemented possibly by delayed hypersensitivity responses in some patients."}
{"id": "PMID:869986", "title": "Burkitt's lymphoma in British adults: clinical features and response to chemotherapy.", "content": "Eight British adults with tumours histologically and cytochemically identical to African Burkitt's lymphoma are described. In each case there was an acute clinical onset and similar tumour distribution, with involvement of the intra-abdominal organs, bone marrow and central nervous system. Jaw tumours were only present in 3 cases, and were never gross. Four patients presented as acute leukaemia. Combination chemotherapy and cranial irradiation were used to eradicate disease, but complete remissions were obtained in only 3 patients, and survival of over 1 year in only 2. The remainder died with disease present, less than 5 months from diagnosis.", "contents": "Burkitt's lymphoma in British adults: clinical features and response to chemotherapy. Eight British adults with tumours histologically and cytochemically identical to African Burkitt's lymphoma are described. In each case there was an acute clinical onset and similar tumour distribution, with involvement of the intra-abdominal organs, bone marrow and central nervous system. Jaw tumours were only present in 3 cases, and were never gross. Four patients presented as acute leukaemia. Combination chemotherapy and cranial irradiation were used to eradicate disease, but complete remissions were obtained in only 3 patients, and survival of over 1 year in only 2. The remainder died with disease present, less than 5 months from diagnosis."}
{"id": "PMID:869987", "title": "The effect of intracutaneous injections of micronized crystalline suspensions of nandrolone phenyl-propionate in the skin of female hairless hamsters.", "content": "Single intracutaneous injections of micronized crystalline suspensions of nandrolone phenylpro-pionate have been shown to induce local thickening of the epidermis of female hairless hamsters, accompanied by a marked increase in sebaceous gland volume over a period of 7 days. It is known that certain materials, when injected intracutaneously, may produce a diffuse inflammatory response in the dermis which in turn causes hyperplasia in the adjacent epidermis. The response observed in the present case, however, is clearly specific to nandrolone phenylpropionate, and cannot be attributed to an inflammatory response of the dermis to intracutaneously injected crystalline material.", "contents": "The effect of intracutaneous injections of micronized crystalline suspensions of nandrolone phenyl-propionate in the skin of female hairless hamsters. Single intracutaneous injections of micronized crystalline suspensions of nandrolone phenylpro-pionate have been shown to induce local thickening of the epidermis of female hairless hamsters, accompanied by a marked increase in sebaceous gland volume over a period of 7 days. It is known that certain materials, when injected intracutaneously, may produce a diffuse inflammatory response in the dermis which in turn causes hyperplasia in the adjacent epidermis. The response observed in the present case, however, is clearly specific to nandrolone phenylpropionate, and cannot be attributed to an inflammatory response of the dermis to intracutaneously injected crystalline material."}
{"id": "PMID:869988", "title": "The effect of various treatments on the size of sebaceous glands of hairless mice and hairless hamsters.", "content": "The effect of castration on the size of sebaceous glands of male hairless mice and male hairless hamsters was studied over a period of 4 weeks. Statistically significant decreases in the size of sebaceous glands were observed. The effects of intracutaneous injections of micronized crystalline suspensions of testosterone, testosterone propionate, testosterone phenylpropionate, testosterone decanoate and nandrolone phenylpropionate on the sebaceous glands of castrated hairless mice, castrated hairless hamsters and intact female hairless hamsters were studied over a period of one week. Highly significant increases in sebaceous gland volume were observed 6-7 days after treatment. The effects of subcutaneous and intracutaneous injections of micronized crystalline suspensions of testosterone on the sebaceous glands of intact male and female hairless hamsters were examined at sites local and distal to the injection. Increases in sebaceous gland volume were limited to local sites in the male but increases were observed locally and distally in the female. There was no difference between subcutaneous and intracutaneous injections.", "contents": "The effect of various treatments on the size of sebaceous glands of hairless mice and hairless hamsters. The effect of castration on the size of sebaceous glands of male hairless mice and male hairless hamsters was studied over a period of 4 weeks. Statistically significant decreases in the size of sebaceous glands were observed. The effects of intracutaneous injections of micronized crystalline suspensions of testosterone, testosterone propionate, testosterone phenylpropionate, testosterone decanoate and nandrolone phenylpropionate on the sebaceous glands of castrated hairless mice, castrated hairless hamsters and intact female hairless hamsters were studied over a period of one week. Highly significant increases in sebaceous gland volume were observed 6-7 days after treatment. The effects of subcutaneous and intracutaneous injections of micronized crystalline suspensions of testosterone on the sebaceous glands of intact male and female hairless hamsters were examined at sites local and distal to the injection. Increases in sebaceous gland volume were limited to local sites in the male but increases were observed locally and distally in the female. There was no difference between subcutaneous and intracutaneous injections."}
{"id": "PMID:869989", "title": "Maffucci's syndrome: amesenchymal dysplasia and multiple tumour syndrome.", "content": "A case of Maffucci's syndrome with cutaneous, bony and neurological complications is reported. The patient had lymphangiomatosis at birth and developed multiple cutaneous haemangiomas and osteochondromas during childhood. She also developed multiple neurological defects, including cranial nerve palsies due to an intracranial osteochondroma. The occurence of mesodermal dysplasias and neoplasias in the Maffucci syndrome is emphasized, and it is suggested that there is a close relationship between this disorder and Ollier's disease (multiple enchondromatosis).", "contents": "Maffucci's syndrome: amesenchymal dysplasia and multiple tumour syndrome. A case of Maffucci's syndrome with cutaneous, bony and neurological complications is reported. The patient had lymphangiomatosis at birth and developed multiple cutaneous haemangiomas and osteochondromas during childhood. She also developed multiple neurological defects, including cranial nerve palsies due to an intracranial osteochondroma. The occurence of mesodermal dysplasias and neoplasias in the Maffucci syndrome is emphasized, and it is suggested that there is a close relationship between this disorder and Ollier's disease (multiple enchondromatosis)."}
{"id": "PMID:869990", "title": "Platelet antibodies in thrombocytopenic patients.", "content": "Platelet antibodies either bound to the surface of platelets or free in the serum were sought in patients who had low platelet counts for a variety of reasons. They were detected by finding excess IgG on the surface of washed platelets either directly or after incubation of the serum with normal platelets. The technique used was a modification of that described recently (Dixon et al, 1975) in which the greater the amount of anti-IgG consumed by the reaction with platelets the less the subsequent lysis of sheep red cells coated with IgG. This test could be calibrated by adding known quantities of IgG to the  antisera and thus the amount of bound IgG could be measured. Platelets from normal donors and those with thrombocytopenia due to non-immunological causes such as aplastic anaemia or acute leukaemia were found to have 15-70 ng IgG/10(7) platelets (mean 53 ng). 37 out of 38 thrombocytopenic patients in whom immune destruction of platelets was suspected were found to have excess IgG on their platelets ranging from 70 to 720 ng/10(7) (mean 297 ng, P less than 0.001) and there was a significant inverse correlation between this amount and the platelet count (r = 0.85, P less than 0.001). Antibody in the serum was found in 14 of 22 patients with 'idiopathic' thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP), three of four patients with underlying lymphoma and in all five cases of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Four non-thrombocytopenic patients with autoimmune haemolytic anaemia (AIHA) due to IgG on the red cells were also studied and were shown to have no increase in platelet-bound IgG. Our results confirm the work of Dixon et al (1975) that platelet antibody as excess IgG can be readily detected on the surface of platelets in patients with immune thrombocytopenia. The clinical implications of these findings are discussed.", "contents": "Platelet antibodies in thrombocytopenic patients. Platelet antibodies either bound to the surface of platelets or free in the serum were sought in patients who had low platelet counts for a variety of reasons. They were detected by finding excess IgG on the surface of washed platelets either directly or after incubation of the serum with normal platelets. The technique used was a modification of that described recently (Dixon et al, 1975) in which the greater the amount of anti-IgG consumed by the reaction with platelets the less the subsequent lysis of sheep red cells coated with IgG. This test could be calibrated by adding known quantities of IgG to the  antisera and thus the amount of bound IgG could be measured. Platelets from normal donors and those with thrombocytopenia due to non-immunological causes such as aplastic anaemia or acute leukaemia were found to have 15-70 ng IgG/10(7) platelets (mean 53 ng). 37 out of 38 thrombocytopenic patients in whom immune destruction of platelets was suspected were found to have excess IgG on their platelets ranging from 70 to 720 ng/10(7) (mean 297 ng, P less than 0.001) and there was a significant inverse correlation between this amount and the platelet count (r = 0.85, P less than 0.001). Antibody in the serum was found in 14 of 22 patients with 'idiopathic' thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP), three of four patients with underlying lymphoma and in all five cases of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Four non-thrombocytopenic patients with autoimmune haemolytic anaemia (AIHA) due to IgG on the red cells were also studied and were shown to have no increase in platelet-bound IgG. Our results confirm the work of Dixon et al (1975) that platelet antibody as excess IgG can be readily detected on the surface of platelets in patients with immune thrombocytopenia. The clinical implications of these findings are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:869991", "title": "Platelet antithrombins: role of thrombin binding and the release of platelet fibrinogen.", "content": "The nature of platelet antithrombin was elucidated by comparison of thrombin binding and antithrombin activities of intact platelets and by purification of antithrombin from platelet lysates using glycerol osmotic lysis, ethanol precipitation and Sephadex gel filtration techniques. The major portion of the antithrombin and thrombin binding activity of intact platelets is lost after brief sonication. The antithrombin activity in destroyed platelets is found to be due to platelet fibrinogen. Treatment of platelets with PGE1 (100 microng/ml) markedly inhibits (greater than 80%) the release of platelet fibrinogen induced by thrombin. However, the PGE1 treatment produced slight (less than 30%) but significant decrease of antithrombin activity of intact platelets, whereas the binding of thrombin to platelets was not affected by PGE1 treatment. The amounts of thrombin bound to and inactivated by PGE1-treated platelets at the same cell concentration are identical. The above results suggest that platelets contain at least two antithrombin activities. One, which accounts for the major portion of platelet antithrombin is mediated by thrombin binding to platelets. The other, which attributes to a lesser extent to platelet antithrombin activity, is due to the release of platelet fibrinogen. Also, antithrombin is readily demonstrated in a plasma medium indicating physiological significance of platelet antithrombin.", "contents": "Platelet antithrombins: role of thrombin binding and the release of platelet fibrinogen. The nature of platelet antithrombin was elucidated by comparison of thrombin binding and antithrombin activities of intact platelets and by purification of antithrombin from platelet lysates using glycerol osmotic lysis, ethanol precipitation and Sephadex gel filtration techniques. The major portion of the antithrombin and thrombin binding activity of intact platelets is lost after brief sonication. The antithrombin activity in destroyed platelets is found to be due to platelet fibrinogen. Treatment of platelets with PGE1 (100 microng/ml) markedly inhibits (greater than 80%) the release of platelet fibrinogen induced by thrombin. However, the PGE1 treatment produced slight (less than 30%) but significant decrease of antithrombin activity of intact platelets, whereas the binding of thrombin to platelets was not affected by PGE1 treatment. The amounts of thrombin bound to and inactivated by PGE1-treated platelets at the same cell concentration are identical. The above results suggest that platelets contain at least two antithrombin activities. One, which accounts for the major portion of platelet antithrombin is mediated by thrombin binding to platelets. The other, which attributes to a lesser extent to platelet antithrombin activity, is due to the release of platelet fibrinogen. Also, antithrombin is readily demonstrated in a plasma medium indicating physiological significance of platelet antithrombin."}
{"id": "PMID:869992", "title": "Effects of cephalothin and penicillin G on platelet function in vitro.", "content": "High concentrations of cephalothin or penicillin G inhibit a number of the functions of human or rabbit platelets in citrated platelet-rich plasma (PRP) and in suspensions of washed platelets. The reactions shown to be inhibited are: ADP-induced shape change and the primary and secondary phases of aggregation and release induced by ADP or adrenaline in human cirtated PRP; release and aggregation of washed human platelets exposed to collagen, thrombin, vasopressin, or the ionophore A 23,187; aggregation of washed human platelets exposed to phytohaemagglutinin from Phaseolus vulgaris (PHA) or polylysine; release induced by concanavalin A or PHA in suspensions of washed platelets from rabbits; platelet adherence to a collagen-coated surface or to the damaged intimal surface of the rabbit aorta; platelet factor 3 availability; lysis of rabbit platelets by an antiserum directed against them; and clot retraction. Neither antibiotic affected serotonin-induced aggregation; a high concentration of cephalothin slightly inhibited the initial rate of serotonin uptake. Penicilloic acid showed about half the inhibitory effect of penicillin G on ADP-induced aggregation. In citrated human platelet-rich plasma, ampicillin and oxacillin inhibited ADP-induced aggregation to the same extent as similar concentrations of penicillin G; in suspensions of washed platelets, however, ampicillin was less inhibitory than penicillin G or oxacillin. Platelet ultrastructure, assessed by transmission electron microscopy, was not visibly altered. Evidence that the antibiotics become bound to platelets is the finding that platelets incubated with the antibiotics ans resuspended in fresh media showed less response to aggregating agents compared with control platelets. Penicillin G and related antibiotics may be inhibitory because they coat the platelet surface. Their effects on platelet functions are probably responsible for excessive bleeding and increased bleeding times observed in patients and volunteers receiving high doses of these antibiotics.", "contents": "Effects of cephalothin and penicillin G on platelet function in vitro. High concentrations of cephalothin or penicillin G inhibit a number of the functions of human or rabbit platelets in citrated platelet-rich plasma (PRP) and in suspensions of washed platelets. The reactions shown to be inhibited are: ADP-induced shape change and the primary and secondary phases of aggregation and release induced by ADP or adrenaline in human cirtated PRP; release and aggregation of washed human platelets exposed to collagen, thrombin, vasopressin, or the ionophore A 23,187; aggregation of washed human platelets exposed to phytohaemagglutinin from Phaseolus vulgaris (PHA) or polylysine; release induced by concanavalin A or PHA in suspensions of washed platelets from rabbits; platelet adherence to a collagen-coated surface or to the damaged intimal surface of the rabbit aorta; platelet factor 3 availability; lysis of rabbit platelets by an antiserum directed against them; and clot retraction. Neither antibiotic affected serotonin-induced aggregation; a high concentration of cephalothin slightly inhibited the initial rate of serotonin uptake. Penicilloic acid showed about half the inhibitory effect of penicillin G on ADP-induced aggregation. In citrated human platelet-rich plasma, ampicillin and oxacillin inhibited ADP-induced aggregation to the same extent as similar concentrations of penicillin G; in suspensions of washed platelets, however, ampicillin was less inhibitory than penicillin G or oxacillin. Platelet ultrastructure, assessed by transmission electron microscopy, was not visibly altered. Evidence that the antibiotics become bound to platelets is the finding that platelets incubated with the antibiotics ans resuspended in fresh media showed less response to aggregating agents compared with control platelets. Penicillin G and related antibiotics may be inhibitory because they coat the platelet surface. Their effects on platelet functions are probably responsible for excessive bleeding and increased bleeding times observed in patients and volunteers receiving high doses of these antibiotics."}
{"id": "PMID:869993", "title": "Ferrokinetics and erythropoiesis in man: red-cell production and destruction in normal and anaemic subjects.", "content": "Recent advances in the analysis of plasma 59Fe clearance have produced a unified method for measuring effective and ineffective erythropoiesis (Ricketts et al, 1975). We have used this method to investigate the balance between red-cell production and destruction in normal subjects and in patients with megaloblastic anaemia, iron deficiency anaemia, and refractory hypoplastic anaemia. The results show that the normal marrow can maintain an appropriate red-cell mass by altering red-cell production to match destruction. In the anaemias we have studied there is an increased rate of either intra- or extra-medullary red-cell destruction. The response of the marrow may be limited by iron supply, by defective nuclear maturation or by some intrinsic marrow defect.", "contents": "Ferrokinetics and erythropoiesis in man: red-cell production and destruction in normal and anaemic subjects. Recent advances in the analysis of plasma 59Fe clearance have produced a unified method for measuring effective and ineffective erythropoiesis (Ricketts et al, 1975). We have used this method to investigate the balance between red-cell production and destruction in normal subjects and in patients with megaloblastic anaemia, iron deficiency anaemia, and refractory hypoplastic anaemia. The results show that the normal marrow can maintain an appropriate red-cell mass by altering red-cell production to match destruction. In the anaemias we have studied there is an increased rate of either intra- or extra-medullary red-cell destruction. The response of the marrow may be limited by iron supply, by defective nuclear maturation or by some intrinsic marrow defect."}
{"id": "PMID:869994", "title": "Ferrokinetics and erythropoiesis in man: an evaluation of ferrokinetic measurements.", "content": "The plasma iron clearance half-time and plasma iron turnover have usually been interpreted as measures of total erythroid activity and the red-cell utilization of 59Fe has been equated with effective red-cell production. Erythrocyte iron turnover has sometimes been calculated as the product of plasma iron turnover and percentage utilization. We have assessed these measurements as estimates of erythroid activity by comparing them with total marrow iron turnover and red-cell iron turnover determined by the method of Ricketts et al (1975) in 10 normal subjects and 51 patients with an uncomplicated haematological disorder. The results show that the plasma iron clearance half-time does not reflect erythroid activity and that plasma iron turnover can be particularly misleading in patients with reduced marrow activity. Red-cell utilization and erythrocyte iron turnover give a distorted reflection of effective erythropoiesis except in patients with erythroid hypoplasia. Marrow iron turnover and red-cell iron turnover provide more realistic and generally applicable assessments of the degree and effectiveness of erythroid activity.", "contents": "Ferrokinetics and erythropoiesis in man: an evaluation of ferrokinetic measurements. The plasma iron clearance half-time and plasma iron turnover have usually been interpreted as measures of total erythroid activity and the red-cell utilization of 59Fe has been equated with effective red-cell production. Erythrocyte iron turnover has sometimes been calculated as the product of plasma iron turnover and percentage utilization. We have assessed these measurements as estimates of erythroid activity by comparing them with total marrow iron turnover and red-cell iron turnover determined by the method of Ricketts et al (1975) in 10 normal subjects and 51 patients with an uncomplicated haematological disorder. The results show that the plasma iron clearance half-time does not reflect erythroid activity and that plasma iron turnover can be particularly misleading in patients with reduced marrow activity. Red-cell utilization and erythrocyte iron turnover give a distorted reflection of effective erythropoiesis except in patients with erythroid hypoplasia. Marrow iron turnover and red-cell iron turnover provide more realistic and generally applicable assessments of the degree and effectiveness of erythroid activity."}
{"id": "PMID:869995", "title": "Aplastic anaemia. Histological investigation of methacrylate embedded bone marrow biopsy specimens; correlation with survival after conventional treatment in 15 adult patients.", "content": "Aplastic anaemia is a rare disease with a poor prognosis: 40% of the patients die within 6 months after diagnosis. The clinical condition and laboratory data show only a poor correlation with the chance of survival for longer than 6 months. Conventional bone marrow biopsy investigations did not have any predictive value, but methyl-methacrylate embedded biopsy material from 15 patients given only supportive care showed histological features considered important for the assessment of the prognosis. In 3 micron methacrylate sections non-myeloid cells, like lymphocytes, could be readily distinguished from erythropoietic cells. Three types of inflammatory infiltrate were easily distinguished according to amount and distribution. Seven of the eight patients with marked infiltration (Grade III) died within 6 months after biopsy, but none of the patients with a sparse infiltrate (Grade I), including five patients in remission. In six of 10 patients, who were not in remission, histological data permitted correction of the clinically estimated prognosis.", "contents": "Aplastic anaemia. Histological investigation of methacrylate embedded bone marrow biopsy specimens; correlation with survival after conventional treatment in 15 adult patients. Aplastic anaemia is a rare disease with a poor prognosis: 40% of the patients die within 6 months after diagnosis. The clinical condition and laboratory data show only a poor correlation with the chance of survival for longer than 6 months. Conventional bone marrow biopsy investigations did not have any predictive value, but methyl-methacrylate embedded biopsy material from 15 patients given only supportive care showed histological features considered important for the assessment of the prognosis. In 3 micron methacrylate sections non-myeloid cells, like lymphocytes, could be readily distinguished from erythropoietic cells. Three types of inflammatory infiltrate were easily distinguished according to amount and distribution. Seven of the eight patients with marked infiltration (Grade III) died within 6 months after biopsy, but none of the patients with a sparse infiltrate (Grade I), including five patients in remission. In six of 10 patients, who were not in remission, histological data permitted correction of the clinically estimated prognosis."}
{"id": "PMID:869996", "title": "Factor-VIII activity and antigen, platelet count and biochemical changes after adrenoceptor stimulation.", "content": "Adrenaline, isoprenaline and salbutamol were administered by intravenous infusion to human subjects. Isoprenaline was covered with practolol in an attempt to reduce the unpleasantness of the circulatory effects. Changes were recorded in pulse rate and blood pressure, and in blood levels of factors V, VIII, X, XI, and XII, platelet count, lactate, pyruvate, potassium and free fatty acids. Factor VIII was studied by clotting assays, by reactions with two rabbit antisera and two human antibodies, and by desulphated agarose chromatography. At the rate at which they were adiminstered, all three drugs increased the pulse rate by 20-40 beats/min. Factor VIII rose c. 2.5 X with adrenaline but only c. 1.5 X with isoprenaline and salbutamol; but other clotting factors did not alter. Chromatography provided no evidence of a change in the size of the molecule carrying factor-VIII clotting activity. The rate of clearance of the heightened plasma activity could not be shown to differ from that of \"ordinary\" factor VIII infused into haemophiliacs. The platelet count rose after adrenaline, fell after salbutamol and did not change significantly after isoprenaline. Among the biochemical responses, the only significant difference between the drugs was that lactate rose after adrenaline and salbutamol but did not change after isoprenaline. The rise in factor-VIII clotting activity after adrenaline is considered to represent a real increase in blood concentration, presumably by release of additional factor VIII from stores. The evidence suggests that this could be classified as a beta2 effect; and that the quantity which can be released is unrelated to the current plasma level. The rise in platelet count produced by adrenaline may be the resultant of an alpha-mediated rise due to contraction of the exchangeable splenic pool and a beta2-mediated fall, the alpha effect predominating.", "contents": "Factor-VIII activity and antigen, platelet count and biochemical changes after adrenoceptor stimulation. Adrenaline, isoprenaline and salbutamol were administered by intravenous infusion to human subjects. Isoprenaline was covered with practolol in an attempt to reduce the unpleasantness of the circulatory effects. Changes were recorded in pulse rate and blood pressure, and in blood levels of factors V, VIII, X, XI, and XII, platelet count, lactate, pyruvate, potassium and free fatty acids. Factor VIII was studied by clotting assays, by reactions with two rabbit antisera and two human antibodies, and by desulphated agarose chromatography. At the rate at which they were adiminstered, all three drugs increased the pulse rate by 20-40 beats/min. Factor VIII rose c. 2.5 X with adrenaline but only c. 1.5 X with isoprenaline and salbutamol; but other clotting factors did not alter. Chromatography provided no evidence of a change in the size of the molecule carrying factor-VIII clotting activity. The rate of clearance of the heightened plasma activity could not be shown to differ from that of \"ordinary\" factor VIII infused into haemophiliacs. The platelet count rose after adrenaline, fell after salbutamol and did not change significantly after isoprenaline. Among the biochemical responses, the only significant difference between the drugs was that lactate rose after adrenaline and salbutamol but did not change after isoprenaline. The rise in factor-VIII clotting activity after adrenaline is considered to represent a real increase in blood concentration, presumably by release of additional factor VIII from stores. The evidence suggests that this could be classified as a beta2 effect; and that the quantity which can be released is unrelated to the current plasma level. The rise in platelet count produced by adrenaline may be the resultant of an alpha-mediated rise due to contraction of the exchangeable splenic pool and a beta2-mediated fall, the alpha effect predominating."}
{"id": "PMID:869997", "title": "Congenital dyserythropoietic anaemia, types I and II: aberrant pattern of erythrocyte membrane proteins in CDA II, as revealed by two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis.", "content": "The protein composition of the erythrocyte membrane of two patients with CDA I and four patients with CDA II has been investigated by two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The two-dimensional patterns of erythrocyte membrane proteins of the patients with CDA were compared with the well-established pattern of normal individuals. No alterations could be detected in the patients with CDA I, but a striking deviation from normal was observed in all patients with CDA II. The major aberrations of the erythrocyte membrane proteins in CDA II are the lack of protein B1.1, the drastically increased concentration of protein B1.4 and the presence of a new component, C2'. These results are discussed in relation to the known morphological and immunological abnormalities of the erythrocyte membrane in CDA II.", "contents": "Congenital dyserythropoietic anaemia, types I and II: aberrant pattern of erythrocyte membrane proteins in CDA II, as revealed by two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The protein composition of the erythrocyte membrane of two patients with CDA I and four patients with CDA II has been investigated by two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The two-dimensional patterns of erythrocyte membrane proteins of the patients with CDA were compared with the well-established pattern of normal individuals. No alterations could be detected in the patients with CDA I, but a striking deviation from normal was observed in all patients with CDA II. The major aberrations of the erythrocyte membrane proteins in CDA II are the lack of protein B1.1, the drastically increased concentration of protein B1.4 and the presence of a new component, C2'. These results are discussed in relation to the known morphological and immunological abnormalities of the erythrocyte membrane in CDA II."}
{"id": "PMID:869998", "title": "Effect of hypertransfusion on granulopoiesis in bone marrow depression: studies in the irradiated mouse.", "content": "The response of granulopoietic activity in bone marrow depression to a reduction in the demand for erythropoiesis has been examined by means of hypertransfusing C-57B mice which had been exposed to sublethal whole body irradiation. Multiple intraperitoneal injections of 0.5 ml packed red cells from irradiated donors were employed to maintain the haematocrit sufficiently above the normal range to produce significant suppression of erythropoietic activity for the duration of the bone marrow depression. This was associated with elevation above control values of 32--102% in the blood granulocyte count, 22--78% in total cells of the granulocytic series per femur, and up to 44% in total agar colony forming units per femur. Restoration of essentially normal values occurred 13 d after irradiation in contrast to 17--18 d in controls. Single transfusions which produced less suppression of erythroblast numbers per femur resulted in an intermediate degree of improvement in these parameters. Such changes in the granulocyte compartment indicate improved granulopoietic capacity in the hypertransfused group. It is suggested that this effect reflects increased production of granulocyte progenitors due to the reduction in competing demands on the compromised multipotential stem cell compartment for progenitors of the erythroid series. The findings raise the possibility that hypertransfusion might be capable of producing a beneficial effect on granulopoiesis in human bone marrow depression.", "contents": "Effect of hypertransfusion on granulopoiesis in bone marrow depression: studies in the irradiated mouse. The response of granulopoietic activity in bone marrow depression to a reduction in the demand for erythropoiesis has been examined by means of hypertransfusing C-57B mice which had been exposed to sublethal whole body irradiation. Multiple intraperitoneal injections of 0.5 ml packed red cells from irradiated donors were employed to maintain the haematocrit sufficiently above the normal range to produce significant suppression of erythropoietic activity for the duration of the bone marrow depression. This was associated with elevation above control values of 32--102% in the blood granulocyte count, 22--78% in total cells of the granulocytic series per femur, and up to 44% in total agar colony forming units per femur. Restoration of essentially normal values occurred 13 d after irradiation in contrast to 17--18 d in controls. Single transfusions which produced less suppression of erythroblast numbers per femur resulted in an intermediate degree of improvement in these parameters. Such changes in the granulocyte compartment indicate improved granulopoietic capacity in the hypertransfused group. It is suggested that this effect reflects increased production of granulocyte progenitors due to the reduction in competing demands on the compromised multipotential stem cell compartment for progenitors of the erythroid series. The findings raise the possibility that hypertransfusion might be capable of producing a beneficial effect on granulopoiesis in human bone marrow depression."}
{"id": "PMID:869999", "title": "Biphasic thrombopoietic response to severe hypobaric hypoxia.", "content": "Thrombopoiesis has been studied during and after an 11 d exposure to discontinuous hypobaric hypoxia. Exposure of rats to 0.4 atmospheres for 16--17 h daily initially caused an increase in platelet count which reached a peak of 1.5 times baseline on days 4 and 5. This thrombocytosis was followed by a decrease in platelets to a nadir of 50--60% of baseline on days 12 and 13. That thrombocytosis results from increased platelet production is supported by increased [35S]sulphate incorporation into platelets and increased megakaryocyte size and turnover. The thrombocytopenia with continued hypoxia seems to result from decreased platelet production since 51Cr-platelet survival was normal while megakaryocyte concentration was decreased to one-half that of untreated controls. These observations suggest that differentiation of precursors into megakaryocytes was decreased during the thrombocytopenic period, although the fewer remaining megakaryocytes appeared stimulated because of their larger size and increased [3H]thymidine labelling. Thus, hypobaric hypoxia had a biphasic effect on thrombopoiesis with increased platelet production in the first few days of exposure followed by subnormal production.", "contents": "Biphasic thrombopoietic response to severe hypobaric hypoxia. Thrombopoiesis has been studied during and after an 11 d exposure to discontinuous hypobaric hypoxia. Exposure of rats to 0.4 atmospheres for 16--17 h daily initially caused an increase in platelet count which reached a peak of 1.5 times baseline on days 4 and 5. This thrombocytosis was followed by a decrease in platelets to a nadir of 50--60% of baseline on days 12 and 13. That thrombocytosis results from increased platelet production is supported by increased [35S]sulphate incorporation into platelets and increased megakaryocyte size and turnover. The thrombocytopenia with continued hypoxia seems to result from decreased platelet production since 51Cr-platelet survival was normal while megakaryocyte concentration was decreased to one-half that of untreated controls. These observations suggest that differentiation of precursors into megakaryocytes was decreased during the thrombocytopenic period, although the fewer remaining megakaryocytes appeared stimulated because of their larger size and increased [3H]thymidine labelling. Thus, hypobaric hypoxia had a biphasic effect on thrombopoiesis with increased platelet production in the first few days of exposure followed by subnormal production."}
{"id": "PMID:870000", "title": "Acquired dysfibrinogenaemia in acute and chronic liver disease.", "content": "Plasma from patients with both acute and chronic liver disease has been examined for evidence of acquired dysfibrinogenaemia, using electrophoretic methods and coagulation tests. An examination of isolated fibrins upon SDS polyacryamide gel electrophoresis failed to demonstrate any molecular or structural defect associated with the polypeptide chains of the patients' fibrinogen or fibrinogen derivatives produced by thrombin or plasmin. However, purified fibrin monomers isolated from plasma using both Reptilase and thrombin exhibited delayed polymerization rates and the occurrence of acquired dysfibrinogenaemia in liver disease is therefore confirmed.", "contents": "Acquired dysfibrinogenaemia in acute and chronic liver disease. Plasma from patients with both acute and chronic liver disease has been examined for evidence of acquired dysfibrinogenaemia, using electrophoretic methods and coagulation tests. An examination of isolated fibrins upon SDS polyacryamide gel electrophoresis failed to demonstrate any molecular or structural defect associated with the polypeptide chains of the patients' fibrinogen or fibrinogen derivatives produced by thrombin or plasmin. However, purified fibrin monomers isolated from plasma using both Reptilase and thrombin exhibited delayed polymerization rates and the occurrence of acquired dysfibrinogenaemia in liver disease is therefore confirmed."}
{"id": "PMID:870001", "title": "Mucosal iron-binding proteins in mice with X-linked anaemia.", "content": "The mouse with X-linked anaemia [sla] has a defect in iron absorption which can be temporarily reversee by feeding a low iron diet. Duodenal non-haem iron was significantly higher in the sla than in the normal mouse on an iron supplemented diet but non-haem iron was reduced to minute amounts when the mice were fed a low iron diet. Gel chromatography on Sephadex G-200 of th partial-free supernatant of pooled mucosal homogenates revealed the presence of three proteins binding 59Fe. Fraction I [mol wt 450 000] resembled ferritin and was present in both normal and sla mice fed an iron supplemented diet. Fraction II [mol wt 78 ooo] eluted in a similar position to transferrin and was evident in both normal and sla mice fed an iron deficient diet. Fraction III [mol wt less than 15 000] contained equivalent amounts of radioiron in normal and sla mice fed the iron deficient diet, whereas this fraction contained less radioactivity in sla animals in two of three experiments in which the animals were fed an iron supplemented diet. The iron transport defect in sla mice does not appear to reside in the iron-binding proteins in the supernatant fraction of the intestinal mucosa and the cause of the defect in iron absorption remains to be elucidated.", "contents": "Mucosal iron-binding proteins in mice with X-linked anaemia. The mouse with X-linked anaemia [sla] has a defect in iron absorption which can be temporarily reversee by feeding a low iron diet. Duodenal non-haem iron was significantly higher in the sla than in the normal mouse on an iron supplemented diet but non-haem iron was reduced to minute amounts when the mice were fed a low iron diet. Gel chromatography on Sephadex G-200 of th partial-free supernatant of pooled mucosal homogenates revealed the presence of three proteins binding 59Fe. Fraction I [mol wt 450 000] resembled ferritin and was present in both normal and sla mice fed an iron supplemented diet. Fraction II [mol wt 78 ooo] eluted in a similar position to transferrin and was evident in both normal and sla mice fed an iron deficient diet. Fraction III [mol wt less than 15 000] contained equivalent amounts of radioiron in normal and sla mice fed the iron deficient diet, whereas this fraction contained less radioactivity in sla animals in two of three experiments in which the animals were fed an iron supplemented diet. The iron transport defect in sla mice does not appear to reside in the iron-binding proteins in the supernatant fraction of the intestinal mucosa and the cause of the defect in iron absorption remains to be elucidated."}
{"id": "PMID:870002", "title": "Splenic red cell pooling in hairy cell leukaemia.", "content": "The splenic red cell volume has been measured directly by an isotope method with quantitative scanning in 10 patients with leukaemic reticuloendotheliosis (hairy cell leukaemia). The volume ranged between 211 and 726 ml (mean 410 ml, SD 158) and this constituted 15--48% (mean 28.1%, SD 9.5) of the total circulating red cell volume. This is an exceptionally large pool when compared with that found in myeloproliferative and lymphoproliferative disorders with the same degree of splenomegaly. It is consistent with the histological features which show marked red cell accumulation in the splenic cord areas. The red cell pooling in the spleen thus appears to be a significant factor in the anaemia and there was fairly good correlation between the percentage of improvement in the anaemia and the percentage of red cell volume contained in the spleen. By direct measurement of the splenic red cell pool, it is possible to predict the extent to which splenectomy will benefit the anaemia and this may also provide an indirect measure of the extent of bone marrow dysfunction in the causation of the anaemia.", "contents": "Splenic red cell pooling in hairy cell leukaemia. The splenic red cell volume has been measured directly by an isotope method with quantitative scanning in 10 patients with leukaemic reticuloendotheliosis (hairy cell leukaemia). The volume ranged between 211 and 726 ml (mean 410 ml, SD 158) and this constituted 15--48% (mean 28.1%, SD 9.5) of the total circulating red cell volume. This is an exceptionally large pool when compared with that found in myeloproliferative and lymphoproliferative disorders with the same degree of splenomegaly. It is consistent with the histological features which show marked red cell accumulation in the splenic cord areas. The red cell pooling in the spleen thus appears to be a significant factor in the anaemia and there was fairly good correlation between the percentage of improvement in the anaemia and the percentage of red cell volume contained in the spleen. By direct measurement of the splenic red cell pool, it is possible to predict the extent to which splenectomy will benefit the anaemia and this may also provide an indirect measure of the extent of bone marrow dysfunction in the causation of the anaemia."}
{"id": "PMID:870003", "title": "Evidence for rapid loss of newly synthesized haemoglobin S molecules in sickle cell anaemia and sickle cell trait.", "content": "The present study indicates that newly completed haemoglobin S molecules rather than free betas-chains are preferentially bound to the reticulocyte stroma of individuals with sickle cell trait and sickle cell anaemia. Reticulocytes from indivdiuals with HbAA, AS and SS were incubated with [3H]eucine from 1.25 min to 120 min. Unlike the stroma-free haemolysates, the stroma of all individuals contained an excess of labelled beta-chains relative to alpha-chains after short incubation times. In haemoglobin AA and AS individuals, the stromal betaA radioactivity was 1--2% of the total cellular betaA radioactivity. In haemoglobin AS and SS individuals, the stromal betaS radioactivity was 3--5% and 10--20% of the total cellular betaS radioactivity, respectively. All of the stroma beta-chain radioactivity was associated with completed haemoglobin molecules. Because of the unlabelled free alpha-chain pool found in reticulocytes, after short incubation times newly completed haemoglobin molecules have predominantly labelled beta-chains and unlabelled alpha-chains. These findings suggest that part of the discrepancy between the stroma and stroma-free haemolysate alpha/beta radioactivities seen in HbAS and HbSS individuals may result from normal labelling kinetics. A pulse chase experiment performed on an individual with HbSS revealed that comleted HbS molecules, in addition to being associated with the stroma, were lost from the cell.", "contents": "Evidence for rapid loss of newly synthesized haemoglobin S molecules in sickle cell anaemia and sickle cell trait. The present study indicates that newly completed haemoglobin S molecules rather than free betas-chains are preferentially bound to the reticulocyte stroma of individuals with sickle cell trait and sickle cell anaemia. Reticulocytes from indivdiuals with HbAA, AS and SS were incubated with [3H]eucine from 1.25 min to 120 min. Unlike the stroma-free haemolysates, the stroma of all individuals contained an excess of labelled beta-chains relative to alpha-chains after short incubation times. In haemoglobin AA and AS individuals, the stromal betaA radioactivity was 1--2% of the total cellular betaA radioactivity. In haemoglobin AS and SS individuals, the stromal betaS radioactivity was 3--5% and 10--20% of the total cellular betaS radioactivity, respectively. All of the stroma beta-chain radioactivity was associated with completed haemoglobin molecules. Because of the unlabelled free alpha-chain pool found in reticulocytes, after short incubation times newly completed haemoglobin molecules have predominantly labelled beta-chains and unlabelled alpha-chains. These findings suggest that part of the discrepancy between the stroma and stroma-free haemolysate alpha/beta radioactivities seen in HbAS and HbSS individuals may result from normal labelling kinetics. A pulse chase experiment performed on an individual with HbSS revealed that comleted HbS molecules, in addition to being associated with the stroma, were lost from the cell."}
{"id": "PMID:870004", "title": "Abnormal folate polyglutamate ratios in untreated pernicious anaemia corrected by therapy.", "content": "The relative amounts of folate compounds having 1--3--, 4--, 5-- and 6--glutamic acid residues in the molecule were measured in red blood cells. The results were expressed in relation to methyltetrahydrofolate pentaglutamate (5-glutamic acid residues) which is the analogue present in highest concentration. When the concentration of pentaglutamate is given a value of 100 the relative concentration of folates with 1--3--, 4--, 5-- and 6--glutamic acid residues in control subjects are 48, 48, 100 and 50 respectively. In folate deficiency there is a fall in the relative amount of the short chain glutamic acid chain compounds in addition to having an overall fall in the amount of folate present, the values for 1--3, 4, 5 and 6 chain folates being 16, 14, 100 and 39. By contrast, in untreated pernicious anaemia there is an accumulation of the short chain folates as well as an overall fall in polyglutamate concentration and the relative concentrations were 72, 44, 100 and 30. Folate polyglutamate appears to be the active coenzyme and the reltive amounts of glutamic acid residues may serve to regulate the rate of enzyme activity. In pernicious anaemia the amount of enzyme is reduced and on this hypothesis the regulatory function impaired.", "contents": "Abnormal folate polyglutamate ratios in untreated pernicious anaemia corrected by therapy. The relative amounts of folate compounds having 1--3--, 4--, 5-- and 6--glutamic acid residues in the molecule were measured in red blood cells. The results were expressed in relation to methyltetrahydrofolate pentaglutamate (5-glutamic acid residues) which is the analogue present in highest concentration. When the concentration of pentaglutamate is given a value of 100 the relative concentration of folates with 1--3--, 4--, 5-- and 6--glutamic acid residues in control subjects are 48, 48, 100 and 50 respectively. In folate deficiency there is a fall in the relative amount of the short chain glutamic acid chain compounds in addition to having an overall fall in the amount of folate present, the values for 1--3, 4, 5 and 6 chain folates being 16, 14, 100 and 39. By contrast, in untreated pernicious anaemia there is an accumulation of the short chain folates as well as an overall fall in polyglutamate concentration and the relative concentrations were 72, 44, 100 and 30. Folate polyglutamate appears to be the active coenzyme and the reltive amounts of glutamic acid residues may serve to regulate the rate of enzyme activity. In pernicious anaemia the amount of enzyme is reduced and on this hypothesis the regulatory function impaired."}
{"id": "PMID:870005", "title": "Clinical course and survival after elective splenectomy in 19 patients with primary myelofibrosis.", "content": "Nineteen patients with primary myelofibrosis and myeloid metaplasia (MMM), who fulfilled well-defined criteria, underwent elective splenectomy as soon as the diagnosis was confirmed. Nine patients developed postoperative complications such as intra-abdominal bleeding (three), rupture of the inferior vena cava (one), ascites (two), Australia antigen-positive hepatitis (three), mesenteric artery thrombosis (one) and pneumonia (one). One patient died within a month of the operation due to secondary intra-abdominal infection. The mean age of the patients at splenectomy was 56 years and the mean duration of their disease 2.4 years. The median actuarial survival after operation was 51 months. Although the series of patients is small, it seems that splenectomy did not have an adverse effect on life expectancy. The haematological status and the quality of life improved after splenectomy in 17 of 19 patients. The results warrant a further trial with elective splenectomy in an early stage of MMM.", "contents": "Clinical course and survival after elective splenectomy in 19 patients with primary myelofibrosis. Nineteen patients with primary myelofibrosis and myeloid metaplasia (MMM), who fulfilled well-defined criteria, underwent elective splenectomy as soon as the diagnosis was confirmed. Nine patients developed postoperative complications such as intra-abdominal bleeding (three), rupture of the inferior vena cava (one), ascites (two), Australia antigen-positive hepatitis (three), mesenteric artery thrombosis (one) and pneumonia (one). One patient died within a month of the operation due to secondary intra-abdominal infection. The mean age of the patients at splenectomy was 56 years and the mean duration of their disease 2.4 years. The median actuarial survival after operation was 51 months. Although the series of patients is small, it seems that splenectomy did not have an adverse effect on life expectancy. The haematological status and the quality of life improved after splenectomy in 17 of 19 patients. The results warrant a further trial with elective splenectomy in an early stage of MMM."}
{"id": "PMID:870006", "title": "The conformation of fibrinogen and fibrin: an electron microscopy study.", "content": "A mica adsorption technique was used to prepare fibrinogen and early fibrin polymers for examination in the transmission electron microscope. Globular particles 10 +/- 3 nm in diameter were observed and a model for the process of aggregation of these globules into fibrous units is proposed. A comparison is made between the results obtained by the mica adsorption technique and those obtained by conventional preparation techniques involving fixation and staining.", "contents": "The conformation of fibrinogen and fibrin: an electron microscopy study. A mica adsorption technique was used to prepare fibrinogen and early fibrin polymers for examination in the transmission electron microscope. Globular particles 10 +/- 3 nm in diameter were observed and a model for the process of aggregation of these globules into fibrous units is proposed. A comparison is made between the results obtained by the mica adsorption technique and those obtained by conventional preparation techniques involving fixation and staining."}
{"id": "PMID:870007", "title": "Specific interaction of HLA antibodies (eluates) with washed platelets.", "content": "The mechanism of complement-independent action of HLA-A2 antibodies (eluates) on washed platelets was investigated. HLA-specific alteration was confirmed by serological (platelet micro-complement fixation), morphological (platelet spreading) and functional parameters (platelet aggregation, inhibition of collagen-induced platelet aggregation, [14C]serotonin release). In the presence of fibrinogen and calcium ions, HLA antibodies induced instantaneous platelet aggregation and release. Although no morphological (spreading) and functional changes (collagen-induded aggregation) were seen, these platelets did not aggregate or release when fibrinogen was subsequently added. When platelets--in the presence of fibrinogen--were incubated with antibody concentrations too low to induce platelet aggregation or release, specific reduction of platelet reactivity was observed by subsequent collagen aggregation. HLA-specific action of antibodies on washed platelets was inhibited by apyrase and acetyl-salicylic acid, indicating an active participation of platelets in HLA antibody-induced platelet alteration.", "contents": "Specific interaction of HLA antibodies (eluates) with washed platelets. The mechanism of complement-independent action of HLA-A2 antibodies (eluates) on washed platelets was investigated. HLA-specific alteration was confirmed by serological (platelet micro-complement fixation), morphological (platelet spreading) and functional parameters (platelet aggregation, inhibition of collagen-induced platelet aggregation, [14C]serotonin release). In the presence of fibrinogen and calcium ions, HLA antibodies induced instantaneous platelet aggregation and release. Although no morphological (spreading) and functional changes (collagen-induded aggregation) were seen, these platelets did not aggregate or release when fibrinogen was subsequently added. When platelets--in the presence of fibrinogen--were incubated with antibody concentrations too low to induce platelet aggregation or release, specific reduction of platelet reactivity was observed by subsequent collagen aggregation. HLA-specific action of antibodies on washed platelets was inhibited by apyrase and acetyl-salicylic acid, indicating an active participation of platelets in HLA antibody-induced platelet alteration."}
{"id": "PMID:870008", "title": "A circadian variation of melphalan (L-phenylalanine nitrogen mustard) toxicity to murine bone marrow: relevance to cancer treatment protocols.", "content": "The toxicity of Melphalan to murine bone marrow was assessed by automated Coulter counts of femoral marrow nucleated cells. A significant dose-response slope (p less than 0.001) was shown and also a significant variation along the 24 h scale. With food available ad libitum and light from 06.00 to 18.00 hours, the minimum marrow depression occurred around 16.00 hours. Extrapolating these findings to human chemotherapy it would appear that prescription of the drug during the early part of the activity span (usually breakfast) will minimize marrow depression. This differs from a human study in which Melphalan was given at 'bedtime' as an adjuvant to mastectomy in breast carcinoma and in which there was leucopenia at some stage of treatment in all 103 patients. It is recommended that in future cancer therapy protocols test for circadian variability of white cell depression by varying treatment times systematically along the 24 h scale.", "contents": "A circadian variation of melphalan (L-phenylalanine nitrogen mustard) toxicity to murine bone marrow: relevance to cancer treatment protocols. The toxicity of Melphalan to murine bone marrow was assessed by automated Coulter counts of femoral marrow nucleated cells. A significant dose-response slope (p less than 0.001) was shown and also a significant variation along the 24 h scale. With food available ad libitum and light from 06.00 to 18.00 hours, the minimum marrow depression occurred around 16.00 hours. Extrapolating these findings to human chemotherapy it would appear that prescription of the drug during the early part of the activity span (usually breakfast) will minimize marrow depression. This differs from a human study in which Melphalan was given at 'bedtime' as an adjuvant to mastectomy in breast carcinoma and in which there was leucopenia at some stage of treatment in all 103 patients. It is recommended that in future cancer therapy protocols test for circadian variability of white cell depression by varying treatment times systematically along the 24 h scale."}
{"id": "PMID:870009", "title": "Management of hyperprolactinaemic amenorrhoea.", "content": "Results of treatment of 52 patients with amenorrhoea associated with hyperprolactinaemia are presented. All patients had a detailed radiological examination of the pituitary fossa, including lateral tomography in every patient and air encephalography in those in whom a pituitary tumour was suspected. There were 17 patients with untreated pituitary tumours, 5 patients with previously treated pituitary tumours and persisting hyperprolactinaemia, and 30 patients with normal pituitary radiology. Patients with pituitary tumours were treated either by transsphenoidal or transfrontal surgical extirpation of the tumour, followed, if necessary, by external irradiation and/or bromocriptine, Four patients were treated with external irradiation as primary therapy, and three patients who did not wish to conceive were treated with bromocriptine as primary therapy. Patients with normal radiological appearances were treated with bromocriptine as primary treatment. Ovulatory menstrual cycles developed in 42 patients and there were 19 pregnancies. Those ovulating but not conceiving had adequate nonendocrine factors to account for the disparity. Failure of response was seen in 10 patients and was due to inadequate fall of prolactin in response to surgery (2 patients), external irradiation (3 patients) and bromocriptine (1 patient), and gonadotrophin deficiency which developed after surgery in 3 patients but was present pre-operatively in 1. The relative merits of treatment by surgery, external irradiation and bromocriptine are discussed and a policy of treatment outlined.", "contents": "Management of hyperprolactinaemic amenorrhoea. Results of treatment of 52 patients with amenorrhoea associated with hyperprolactinaemia are presented. All patients had a detailed radiological examination of the pituitary fossa, including lateral tomography in every patient and air encephalography in those in whom a pituitary tumour was suspected. There were 17 patients with untreated pituitary tumours, 5 patients with previously treated pituitary tumours and persisting hyperprolactinaemia, and 30 patients with normal pituitary radiology. Patients with pituitary tumours were treated either by transsphenoidal or transfrontal surgical extirpation of the tumour, followed, if necessary, by external irradiation and/or bromocriptine, Four patients were treated with external irradiation as primary therapy, and three patients who did not wish to conceive were treated with bromocriptine as primary therapy. Patients with normal radiological appearances were treated with bromocriptine as primary treatment. Ovulatory menstrual cycles developed in 42 patients and there were 19 pregnancies. Those ovulating but not conceiving had adequate nonendocrine factors to account for the disparity. Failure of response was seen in 10 patients and was due to inadequate fall of prolactin in response to surgery (2 patients), external irradiation (3 patients) and bromocriptine (1 patient), and gonadotrophin deficiency which developed after surgery in 3 patients but was present pre-operatively in 1. The relative merits of treatment by surgery, external irradiation and bromocriptine are discussed and a policy of treatment outlined."}
{"id": "PMID:870010", "title": "Plasma levels of pregnancy-specific beta 1-glycoprotein in complicated pregnancies.", "content": "Maternal plasma levels of the trophoblast product, pregnancy-specific beta 1-glycoprotein (PS beta G), have been measured both in normal pregnancies and in pregnancies complicated by pre-eclampsia and/or fetal growth retardation. PS beta G levels correlate significantly with placental and fetal weight and fall below the normal range in about 60 per cent of all patients with fetal growth retardation. PS beta G measurements appear to give a considerably better indication of fetal size than measurements of either human placental lactogen (HPL) or plasma oestriol.", "contents": "Plasma levels of pregnancy-specific beta 1-glycoprotein in complicated pregnancies. Maternal plasma levels of the trophoblast product, pregnancy-specific beta 1-glycoprotein (PS beta G), have been measured both in normal pregnancies and in pregnancies complicated by pre-eclampsia and/or fetal growth retardation. PS beta G levels correlate significantly with placental and fetal weight and fall below the normal range in about 60 per cent of all patients with fetal growth retardation. PS beta G measurements appear to give a considerably better indication of fetal size than measurements of either human placental lactogen (HPL) or plasma oestriol."}
{"id": "PMID:870011", "title": "Vaginal administration of a single dose of 16, 16 dimethyl prostaglandin E2 p-benzaldehyde semicarbazone ester for pre-operative cervical dilatation in first trimester nulliparae.", "content": "A single pessary containing 0-5 mg 16, 16 dimethyl prostaglandin E2 p-benzaldehyde semicarbazone ester was used for cervical dilatation prior to vacuum aspiration in 124 first trimester nulliparae. Five hours after prostaglandin administration the cervix had dilated to 8 mm or more in 87 patients (70 per cent). The uterus was evacuated in these patients without mechanical dilatation of the cervix. In the remaining 37 patients the cervix had become soft and dilated 5 to 7 mm and further mechanical dilatation could be carried out easily. Side effects were minor and included vomiting in two patients, diarrhoea in one and transient pyrexia in two patients. There were no complications and no damage to the cervix or uterus during evacuation.", "contents": "Vaginal administration of a single dose of 16, 16 dimethyl prostaglandin E2 p-benzaldehyde semicarbazone ester for pre-operative cervical dilatation in first trimester nulliparae. A single pessary containing 0-5 mg 16, 16 dimethyl prostaglandin E2 p-benzaldehyde semicarbazone ester was used for cervical dilatation prior to vacuum aspiration in 124 first trimester nulliparae. Five hours after prostaglandin administration the cervix had dilated to 8 mm or more in 87 patients (70 per cent). The uterus was evacuated in these patients without mechanical dilatation of the cervix. In the remaining 37 patients the cervix had become soft and dilated 5 to 7 mm and further mechanical dilatation could be carried out easily. Side effects were minor and included vomiting in two patients, diarrhoea in one and transient pyrexia in two patients. There were no complications and no damage to the cervix or uterus during evacuation."}
{"id": "PMID:870012", "title": "Fetal heart rate monitoring during caesarean section.", "content": "The fetal heart rate was monitored during 30 deliveries by Caesarean section. General anaesthesia, but not epidural analgesia, caused a loss of beat-to-beat variation, but appeared to have no other adverse effects on fetal heart rate. The loss of beat-to-beat variation occurred after intravenous thiopentone and was most marked when atropine was used as premedication.", "contents": "Fetal heart rate monitoring during caesarean section. The fetal heart rate was monitored during 30 deliveries by Caesarean section. General anaesthesia, but not epidural analgesia, caused a loss of beat-to-beat variation, but appeared to have no other adverse effects on fetal heart rate. The loss of beat-to-beat variation occurred after intravenous thiopentone and was most marked when atropine was used as premedication."}
{"id": "PMID:870013", "title": "Treosulfan (dihydroxybusulphan) in the management of ovarian carcinoma.", "content": "Of 36 patients with ovarian carcinoma treated with treosulfan (dihydroxybusulphan) 30-5 per cent had a complete response for a mean of 19-0 months and 33-3 per cent had a partial response. Treosulfan may have a role in the management of ascites associated with ovarian neoplasm.", "contents": "Treosulfan (dihydroxybusulphan) in the management of ovarian carcinoma. Of 36 patients with ovarian carcinoma treated with treosulfan (dihydroxybusulphan) 30-5 per cent had a complete response for a mean of 19-0 months and 33-3 per cent had a partial response. Treosulfan may have a role in the management of ascites associated with ovarian neoplasm."}
{"id": "PMID:870014", "title": "Ileo-uterine fistula as a complication of myomectomy. Case report.", "content": "A patient is described who developed an ileo-uterine fistula after myomectomy. The fistula caused no symptoms and was discovered at hysterosalpingography for infertility.", "contents": "Ileo-uterine fistula as a complication of myomectomy. Case report. A patient is described who developed an ileo-uterine fistula after myomectomy. The fistula caused no symptoms and was discovered at hysterosalpingography for infertility."}
{"id": "PMID:870015", "title": "Intraocular gentamicin as intraoperative prophylaxis in South India eye camps.", "content": "The incidence of bacterial endophthalmitis has been 3-6% after cataract extraction in the eye camps of South India from 1961-75. During this time 50 791 cases were operated using systemic and topical chloramphenicol prophylaxis. This study evaluated the prophylactic intracameral injection of 50 microng of gentamicin in eye camp cataract extractions. Only 6 of 1626 patients treated with intracameral gentamicin at operation developed bacterial endophthalmitis, an incidence of 0-37%.", "contents": "Intraocular gentamicin as intraoperative prophylaxis in South India eye camps. The incidence of bacterial endophthalmitis has been 3-6% after cataract extraction in the eye camps of South India from 1961-75. During this time 50 791 cases were operated using systemic and topical chloramphenicol prophylaxis. This study evaluated the prophylactic intracameral injection of 50 microng of gentamicin in eye camp cataract extractions. Only 6 of 1626 patients treated with intracameral gentamicin at operation developed bacterial endophthalmitis, an incidence of 0-37%."}
{"id": "PMID:870016", "title": "The association of rubeosis iridis with endothelialisation of the anterior chamber: report of a clinical case with histopathological review of 16 additional cases.", "content": "A patient is reported in whom the clinical observation of extension of the corneal endothelium and Descemet's membrane in association with rubeosis iridis was confirmed by histopathological examination. In a study of eyes which had been removed and demonstrated rubeosis iridis and secondary glaucoma in 16 additional eyes revealed extension of the corneal endothelium and Descemet's membrane on to the anterior iris surface. In all instances the transition occurred at the pseudoangle formed by the attachment of peripheral anterior synechiae. The suggestion is made that the fibrovascular membrane of rubeosis iridis is the stimulus which excites the extension of the endothelium on to the iris surface. The association between rubeosis iridis and extension of the corneal endothelium and Descemet's membrane on to the iris has not been previously appreciated.", "contents": "The association of rubeosis iridis with endothelialisation of the anterior chamber: report of a clinical case with histopathological review of 16 additional cases. A patient is reported in whom the clinical observation of extension of the corneal endothelium and Descemet's membrane in association with rubeosis iridis was confirmed by histopathological examination. In a study of eyes which had been removed and demonstrated rubeosis iridis and secondary glaucoma in 16 additional eyes revealed extension of the corneal endothelium and Descemet's membrane on to the anterior iris surface. In all instances the transition occurred at the pseudoangle formed by the attachment of peripheral anterior synechiae. The suggestion is made that the fibrovascular membrane of rubeosis iridis is the stimulus which excites the extension of the endothelium on to the iris surface. The association between rubeosis iridis and extension of the corneal endothelium and Descemet's membrane on to the iris has not been previously appreciated."}
{"id": "PMID:870017", "title": "Preliminary report on effect of retinal panphotocoagulation on rubeosis iridis and neovascular glaucoma.", "content": "Eight eyes with central retinal vein occlusion one eye with old central retinal artery occlusion complicated by rubeosis iridis or increased intraocular pressure, or both; and one eye with diabetic retinopathy and rubeosis iridis were treated by retinal panphotocoagulation. Vision did not improve but intraocular pressure was lower and iris neovascularisation regressed in most cases, supporting the hypothesis that retinal hypoxia is a cause of iris neovascularisation and suggesting that retinal panphotocoagulation has a potential prophylactic and therapeutic role in rubeosis iridis and early neovascular glaucoma.", "contents": "Preliminary report on effect of retinal panphotocoagulation on rubeosis iridis and neovascular glaucoma. Eight eyes with central retinal vein occlusion one eye with old central retinal artery occlusion complicated by rubeosis iridis or increased intraocular pressure, or both; and one eye with diabetic retinopathy and rubeosis iridis were treated by retinal panphotocoagulation. Vision did not improve but intraocular pressure was lower and iris neovascularisation regressed in most cases, supporting the hypothesis that retinal hypoxia is a cause of iris neovascularisation and suggesting that retinal panphotocoagulation has a potential prophylactic and therapeutic role in rubeosis iridis and early neovascular glaucoma."}
{"id": "PMID:870018", "title": "Nitrogen retention in the pig.", "content": "I. Published results have been used to study the relationships between nitrogen retention (NR), body-weight (W) and N intake in the pig. 2. The general decrease in maximal NR (g/d per kg W0.75) with increasing W (kg) was curvilinear for values of W from 1-5 to 45: NR = 3.324--0.098 W + 0.001 W2; and rectilinear for values of W from 45 to 165: NR = 1.252--0.006 W. Values for protein requirements derived from these equations agreed closely with published estimates. 3. The slopes of the curves for NR (g/d per kg W0.75) v. N intake (g/d) decreased as W (kg) increased from about 2.5 to 190. After extrapolation to a proposed common intercept on the NR axis of--150 mg N/d per kg W0.75, regression analysis of the intercepts of these curves on the N-intake axis v. W gave an estimate of N requirements for maintenance of 246 + 19 mg/d per kg W0.75. 4. The results also indicated that at low N intakes net protein utilization (N retention + total obligatory N losses divided by N intake) was essentially independent of W, whereas the gross efficiency of N utilization (NR divided by N intake) was influenced by both W and N intake.", "contents": "Nitrogen retention in the pig. I. Published results have been used to study the relationships between nitrogen retention (NR), body-weight (W) and N intake in the pig. 2. The general decrease in maximal NR (g/d per kg W0.75) with increasing W (kg) was curvilinear for values of W from 1-5 to 45: NR = 3.324--0.098 W + 0.001 W2; and rectilinear for values of W from 45 to 165: NR = 1.252--0.006 W. Values for protein requirements derived from these equations agreed closely with published estimates. 3. The slopes of the curves for NR (g/d per kg W0.75) v. N intake (g/d) decreased as W (kg) increased from about 2.5 to 190. After extrapolation to a proposed common intercept on the NR axis of--150 mg N/d per kg W0.75, regression analysis of the intercepts of these curves on the N-intake axis v. W gave an estimate of N requirements for maintenance of 246 + 19 mg/d per kg W0.75. 4. The results also indicated that at low N intakes net protein utilization (N retention + total obligatory N losses divided by N intake) was essentially independent of W, whereas the gross efficiency of N utilization (NR divided by N intake) was influenced by both W and N intake."}
{"id": "PMID:870019", "title": "Fat mobilization in Pietrain and Large White pigs.", "content": "I. Two experiments were done with Pietrain and Large White pigs (about 50 kg body-weight) to determine whether fat mobilization is enhanced in the stress-sensitive Pietrains (which also produce pale, soft, exudative (PSE) meat). 2. In Expt I, plasma glucose and insulin concentrations and free fatty acid (FFA) concentrations and composition were measured in five Pietrains and five Large Whites after feeding, during an infusion of norepinephrine (2.5 microng/kg body-weight per min), 16 and 21 h after the withdrawal of food and following insulin administration (0.3 IU/kg body-weight). The entry rate of oleic acid was measured 4 h after feeding. Body composition and longissimus dorsi pH measurements were made on killing the pigs 4 d after the experiment. 3. After feeding, the Pietrans tended to have lower concentrations of glucose and insulin in plasma compared with the Large Whites, and higher concentrations of FFA. The Pietrans also had a faster entry rate of oleic acid into body tissues. In fasting (16 h) these differences in hormone and metabolite concentrations were also present and relationships between them and body development could be detected. Pietrains had higher concentrations of FFA and lower concentrations of insulin than Large Whites at a particular stage of the development of fat and muscle (subcutaneous fat weight divided by longissimus muscle weight). 4. The fatty acid composition of FFA resembled that of the backfat triglycerides in fasting and during norepinephrine infusion but not in the fed state. In particular the proportion of fatty acid 18:I was low in the fed pigs and that of 18:2 was high. The contrast in FFA composition between the fed and stimulated state was greater in the Large Whites. 5. The Pietrains were less sensitive to the antilipolytic action of insulin. Glucose and FFA concentrations were similar in both breeds during the norepinephrine infusion although insulin concentrations were increased to a larger extent in Large Whites at the termination of the infusion. 6. In Expt 2, anaesthetized Pietrain and Large White pigs were given constant infusions of norepinephrine alone (2.5 microng/kg body-weight per min) and norepinephrine + propranolol (2, 10 and 20 microng/kg body-weight per min) or phentolamine (2 and 10 microng/kg body-weight per min). The aim was to determine whether the breeds differed in their sensitivity to norepinephrine when conscious responses to the hormone were prevented. 7. When norepinephrine alone was infused, fat mobilization was greater in the Pietrain pigs and glucose concentrations were greater in the Large Whites. Propranolol markedly reduced the lipolytic action of norepinephrine, particularly in the Pietrain pigs studied, and phentolamine reduced its glycogenolytic action, particularly in the Large White pig. 8...", "contents": "Fat mobilization in Pietrain and Large White pigs. I. Two experiments were done with Pietrain and Large White pigs (about 50 kg body-weight) to determine whether fat mobilization is enhanced in the stress-sensitive Pietrains (which also produce pale, soft, exudative (PSE) meat). 2. In Expt I, plasma glucose and insulin concentrations and free fatty acid (FFA) concentrations and composition were measured in five Pietrains and five Large Whites after feeding, during an infusion of norepinephrine (2.5 microng/kg body-weight per min), 16 and 21 h after the withdrawal of food and following insulin administration (0.3 IU/kg body-weight). The entry rate of oleic acid was measured 4 h after feeding. Body composition and longissimus dorsi pH measurements were made on killing the pigs 4 d after the experiment. 3. After feeding, the Pietrans tended to have lower concentrations of glucose and insulin in plasma compared with the Large Whites, and higher concentrations of FFA. The Pietrans also had a faster entry rate of oleic acid into body tissues. In fasting (16 h) these differences in hormone and metabolite concentrations were also present and relationships between them and body development could be detected. Pietrains had higher concentrations of FFA and lower concentrations of insulin than Large Whites at a particular stage of the development of fat and muscle (subcutaneous fat weight divided by longissimus muscle weight). 4. The fatty acid composition of FFA resembled that of the backfat triglycerides in fasting and during norepinephrine infusion but not in the fed state. In particular the proportion of fatty acid 18:I was low in the fed pigs and that of 18:2 was high. The contrast in FFA composition between the fed and stimulated state was greater in the Large Whites. 5. The Pietrains were less sensitive to the antilipolytic action of insulin. Glucose and FFA concentrations were similar in both breeds during the norepinephrine infusion although insulin concentrations were increased to a larger extent in Large Whites at the termination of the infusion. 6. In Expt 2, anaesthetized Pietrain and Large White pigs were given constant infusions of norepinephrine alone (2.5 microng/kg body-weight per min) and norepinephrine + propranolol (2, 10 and 20 microng/kg body-weight per min) or phentolamine (2 and 10 microng/kg body-weight per min). The aim was to determine whether the breeds differed in their sensitivity to norepinephrine when conscious responses to the hormone were prevented. 7. When norepinephrine alone was infused, fat mobilization was greater in the Pietrain pigs and glucose concentrations were greater in the Large Whites. Propranolol markedly reduced the lipolytic action of norepinephrine, particularly in the Pietrain pigs studied, and phentolamine reduced its glycogenolytic action, particularly in the Large White pig. 8..."}
{"id": "PMID:870020", "title": "Nitrogen retention in rats fed on diets enriched with arginine and glycine. 1. Improved N retention after trauma.", "content": "1. Nitrogen retention was measured in adult rats (250-350 g) subjected to the trauma of hind-leg fracture and given diets with or without arginine plus glycine supplementation. Observations were also recorded on excretion of creatine, creatinine, allantoin, and orotic acid. Liver and skeletal muscle transaminase activities were also determined. 2. When traumatized rats weighing approximately 250 g were given a diet with 200 g casein/kg, supplemented with 20 g arginine and 10 g glycine/kg (EC diet) or a casein diet made isonitrogenous with the EC diet by addition of aspartic acid (C diet), a 60-70% increase in N retention was observed for the first 5 d post-injury for animals consuming the EC diet. A soya-bean (S) diet, isonitrogenous to the diet containing 20% casein, supplemented with arginine and glycine was as effective as the EC diet in promoting significantly better N retention of traumatized rats (350 g) in comparison to rats given the C diet. 3. When the dietary casein content was reduced to 100 g/kg, supplements of 10 g arginine and 5 g glycine or 20 g arginine and 10 g glycine/kg did not improve N retention. It is suggested that both protein quality and protein quantity are important following injury. 4. An increased excretion of creatine was observed in traumatized rats given the high-protein diets supplemented with arginine and glycine. No consistent changes were noted for urine creatinine. 5. 5. Urine allantoin levels remained stable after leg-fracture in rats consuming either the C or EC diets. Differences in the levels of urine orotic acid were found during both the pre- and post-injury periods in rats given the C, EC or S diets. 6. The mechanisms responsible for the improved N retention of traumatized rats consuming the high-protein diets with supplements of arginine and glycine may be related to the role of arginine both as a constituent of muscle tissue and as an intermediate in the urea cycle. 7. In traumatized rats fed the C or EC diets, liver transaminase activity increased whereas the transaminase activity in skeletal muscle decreased. These results support the recent concept that the increased excretion of N following injury arises from diminished reutilization of amino acids by muscle tissue without an acute increase in the rate of muscle catabolism.", "contents": "Nitrogen retention in rats fed on diets enriched with arginine and glycine. 1. Improved N retention after trauma. 1. Nitrogen retention was measured in adult rats (250-350 g) subjected to the trauma of hind-leg fracture and given diets with or without arginine plus glycine supplementation. Observations were also recorded on excretion of creatine, creatinine, allantoin, and orotic acid. Liver and skeletal muscle transaminase activities were also determined. 2. When traumatized rats weighing approximately 250 g were given a diet with 200 g casein/kg, supplemented with 20 g arginine and 10 g glycine/kg (EC diet) or a casein diet made isonitrogenous with the EC diet by addition of aspartic acid (C diet), a 60-70% increase in N retention was observed for the first 5 d post-injury for animals consuming the EC diet. A soya-bean (S) diet, isonitrogenous to the diet containing 20% casein, supplemented with arginine and glycine was as effective as the EC diet in promoting significantly better N retention of traumatized rats (350 g) in comparison to rats given the C diet. 3. When the dietary casein content was reduced to 100 g/kg, supplements of 10 g arginine and 5 g glycine or 20 g arginine and 10 g glycine/kg did not improve N retention. It is suggested that both protein quality and protein quantity are important following injury. 4. An increased excretion of creatine was observed in traumatized rats given the high-protein diets supplemented with arginine and glycine. No consistent changes were noted for urine creatinine. 5. 5. Urine allantoin levels remained stable after leg-fracture in rats consuming either the C or EC diets. Differences in the levels of urine orotic acid were found during both the pre- and post-injury periods in rats given the C, EC or S diets. 6. The mechanisms responsible for the improved N retention of traumatized rats consuming the high-protein diets with supplements of arginine and glycine may be related to the role of arginine both as a constituent of muscle tissue and as an intermediate in the urea cycle. 7. In traumatized rats fed the C or EC diets, liver transaminase activity increased whereas the transaminase activity in skeletal muscle decreased. These results support the recent concept that the increased excretion of N following injury arises from diminished reutilization of amino acids by muscle tissue without an acute increase in the rate of muscle catabolism."}
{"id": "PMID:870021", "title": "Effect of diet on the metabolism of labelled tocopherol in sheep.", "content": "1. Eighteen crossbred wethers were allotted at random (six per treatment) to each of the following diets: (1) maize-silage; (2) grass-silage; and (3) chopped hay. After 6 months a single oral dose of D-alpha-[5-Me-3H]tocopherol was given to each sheep on these three treatments. 2. Blood plasma, rumen liquor and urine radioactivity were measured for 4 d and, at the end of this period, the animals were killed and tissue distribution of 3H was determined. 3. Maize-silage generally contained less alpha-tocopherol than grass-silage or hay. Tissue uptake of 3H was greater on maize-silage than other diets. 4. In muscle, spleen and liver, tocopherol concentrations were lower in the maize-silage than the grass-silage fed animals. 5. A tendency to higher uptake of radioactivity was recorded at all times in the plasma and its lipid extract of sheep fed on maize-silage than those fed on grass-silage or hay. 6. Urine clearance of radioactivity tended to be higher in animals fed on the maize-silage than those fed on grass-silage or hay. This difference of magnitude in urinary excretion was probably related to the rate of metabolism of the ingested radiotocopherol.", "contents": "Effect of diet on the metabolism of labelled tocopherol in sheep. 1. Eighteen crossbred wethers were allotted at random (six per treatment) to each of the following diets: (1) maize-silage; (2) grass-silage; and (3) chopped hay. After 6 months a single oral dose of D-alpha-[5-Me-3H]tocopherol was given to each sheep on these three treatments. 2. Blood plasma, rumen liquor and urine radioactivity were measured for 4 d and, at the end of this period, the animals were killed and tissue distribution of 3H was determined. 3. Maize-silage generally contained less alpha-tocopherol than grass-silage or hay. Tissue uptake of 3H was greater on maize-silage than other diets. 4. In muscle, spleen and liver, tocopherol concentrations were lower in the maize-silage than the grass-silage fed animals. 5. A tendency to higher uptake of radioactivity was recorded at all times in the plasma and its lipid extract of sheep fed on maize-silage than those fed on grass-silage or hay. 6. Urine clearance of radioactivity tended to be higher in animals fed on the maize-silage than those fed on grass-silage or hay. This difference of magnitude in urinary excretion was probably related to the rate of metabolism of the ingested radiotocopherol."}
{"id": "PMID:870022", "title": "Concurrent studies of the flow of digesta in the duodenum and of exocrine pancreatic secretion in calves. 5. The effect of giving milk once and twice daily, and of weaning.", "content": "1. The effects of giving milk once or twice daily (Expt 1) and of weaning (Expt 2) on the flow rate of digesta through the duodenum and on pancreatic secretion were studied in four and two Ayrshire calves respectively. The calves were prepared with duodenal re-entrant and pancreatic sac cannulas. 2. In Expt 1, when whole milk was offered ad lib. once daily, the calves ingested 141 g/kg live weight (46 g dry matter (DM)/kg live weight 0.75) at a single meal. The subsequent pattern of flow and total recovery of polyethylene glycol from the duodenum suggested that none of the ingested milk passed into the rumeno-reticulum. As the total daily quantity of milk ingested when the calves were fed once and twice daily was similar, it was concluded that abomasal distension is unlikely to be the sole factor limiting milk intake in the preruminant calf. 3. With twice-daily feeding, there were no differences in the pattern or total flow of fluid, electrolytes, nitrogen or fat through the duodenum of the calves following the 09.00 and 21.00 hours meals. The pattern of flow of duodenal and pancreatic fluids and the concentration of electrolytes, N and fat were markedly different when the calves were fed once or twice daily. The patterns of flow of fluid and the concentration of electrolytes in the duodenal digesta reflected the frequency of feeding and the size of the meal and the consequent balance between feed and endogenous components of the digesta. The quantity of the apparent endogenous secretion and pancreatic secretion was markedly less when the calves were fed once daily. 4. In Expt 2, the two Ayshire calves were given whole milk twice daily (diet MM), whole milk once daily with concentrates (diet MC), concentrates alone (diet CC) or dried grass alone (diet DG). The calves consumed 46, 49, 45 and 51 g DM/kg live weight 0.75 when given diets MM, MC, CC and DG respectively. 5. The twice-daily fluctuations in the flow and concentration of fluid, electrolytes, N and fat in the duodenal digesta and the pancreatic fluid observed when diet MM was given were replaced by relatively constant flow rates and composition when diet CC or DG was given. 6. Over the 24 h experimental period 97, 70, 50 and 58% of the DM and 112, 98, 99 and 84% of the N in the feed passed through the duodenum of calves when given diets MM, MC, CC and DG respectively. 7. When dry food was given, the rate of pancreatic fluid secretion  was markedly lower (11.3 and 13.5 ml/kg live weight for diets CC and DG respectively) than when diet MM (19.7 ml/kg live weight) was given.", "contents": "Concurrent studies of the flow of digesta in the duodenum and of exocrine pancreatic secretion in calves. 5. The effect of giving milk once and twice daily, and of weaning. 1. The effects of giving milk once or twice daily (Expt 1) and of weaning (Expt 2) on the flow rate of digesta through the duodenum and on pancreatic secretion were studied in four and two Ayrshire calves respectively. The calves were prepared with duodenal re-entrant and pancreatic sac cannulas. 2. In Expt 1, when whole milk was offered ad lib. once daily, the calves ingested 141 g/kg live weight (46 g dry matter (DM)/kg live weight 0.75) at a single meal. The subsequent pattern of flow and total recovery of polyethylene glycol from the duodenum suggested that none of the ingested milk passed into the rumeno-reticulum. As the total daily quantity of milk ingested when the calves were fed once and twice daily was similar, it was concluded that abomasal distension is unlikely to be the sole factor limiting milk intake in the preruminant calf. 3. With twice-daily feeding, there were no differences in the pattern or total flow of fluid, electrolytes, nitrogen or fat through the duodenum of the calves following the 09.00 and 21.00 hours meals. The pattern of flow of duodenal and pancreatic fluids and the concentration of electrolytes, N and fat were markedly different when the calves were fed once or twice daily. The patterns of flow of fluid and the concentration of electrolytes in the duodenal digesta reflected the frequency of feeding and the size of the meal and the consequent balance between feed and endogenous components of the digesta. The quantity of the apparent endogenous secretion and pancreatic secretion was markedly less when the calves were fed once daily. 4. In Expt 2, the two Ayshire calves were given whole milk twice daily (diet MM), whole milk once daily with concentrates (diet MC), concentrates alone (diet CC) or dried grass alone (diet DG). The calves consumed 46, 49, 45 and 51 g DM/kg live weight 0.75 when given diets MM, MC, CC and DG respectively. 5. The twice-daily fluctuations in the flow and concentration of fluid, electrolytes, N and fat in the duodenal digesta and the pancreatic fluid observed when diet MM was given were replaced by relatively constant flow rates and composition when diet CC or DG was given. 6. Over the 24 h experimental period 97, 70, 50 and 58% of the DM and 112, 98, 99 and 84% of the N in the feed passed through the duodenum of calves when given diets MM, MC, CC and DG respectively. 7. When dry food was given, the rate of pancreatic fluid secretion  was markedly lower (11.3 and 13.5 ml/kg live weight for diets CC and DG respectively) than when diet MM (19.7 ml/kg live weight) was given."}
{"id": "PMID:870023", "title": "Megadosage of ascorbic acid in an Antarctic expedition.", "content": "1. No difference in health was observed between men on megadosage of ascorbic acid and controls during the year of an Antarctic expedition. 2. All men appeared to have a satisfactory intake of ascorbic acid throughout the year. 3. There was a statistically significant decrease in excretion of ascorbic acid by men on megadosage over the year, and by the controls. 4. The decline in excretion by the control group may be explained by dietary change, but the decline in those on megadosage may be due to altered handling of ascorbic acid by the body. 5. No complications due to megadosage of ascorbic acid were observed.", "contents": "Megadosage of ascorbic acid in an Antarctic expedition. 1. No difference in health was observed between men on megadosage of ascorbic acid and controls during the year of an Antarctic expedition. 2. All men appeared to have a satisfactory intake of ascorbic acid throughout the year. 3. There was a statistically significant decrease in excretion of ascorbic acid by men on megadosage over the year, and by the controls. 4. The decline in excretion by the control group may be explained by dietary change, but the decline in those on megadosage may be due to altered handling of ascorbic acid by the body. 5. No complications due to megadosage of ascorbic acid were observed."}
{"id": "PMID:870024", "title": "Effect of environmental temperature and food intake on the distribution of fat in growing hairless mice.", "content": "1. The fat content of the skin and of the skin-free carcass was measured in young, growing hairless mice about 4-8 weeks old kept at either 22 degrees (cool environment, i.e. below their critical temperature) or at 33 degrees (warm environment; i.e. within their thermoneutral range). The food intake of groups of the mice reared at each temperature was restricted to between 77 and 89% of that of a litter-mate fed ab lib. 2. In all the mice, whether fed ad lib. or on a restricted intake, those reared in the warm environment contained about 1-5 times as much fat as those reared in the cool environment. At both temperatures and feeding levels, approximately 25% of the total body fat was present in the skin. 3. Each mouse reared at 33 degrees on an ad lib. regimen reached about the same plateau weight in the same period as its litter-mate reared at 22 degrees. However its food intake during this period of growth was only about half that of the mouse reared at the lower temperature, so its food conversion ratio (dry food intake:body-weight gain) was twice as efficient. 4. It is concluded that neither the growth rate nor the distribution of fat within the body of the growing mouse can be influenced by rearing the animals at these different environmental temperatures. Rearing at the higher temperature, however, both decreases food intake and also promotes deposition of more fat within the body.", "contents": "Effect of environmental temperature and food intake on the distribution of fat in growing hairless mice. 1. The fat content of the skin and of the skin-free carcass was measured in young, growing hairless mice about 4-8 weeks old kept at either 22 degrees (cool environment, i.e. below their critical temperature) or at 33 degrees (warm environment; i.e. within their thermoneutral range). The food intake of groups of the mice reared at each temperature was restricted to between 77 and 89% of that of a litter-mate fed ab lib. 2. In all the mice, whether fed ad lib. or on a restricted intake, those reared in the warm environment contained about 1-5 times as much fat as those reared in the cool environment. At both temperatures and feeding levels, approximately 25% of the total body fat was present in the skin. 3. Each mouse reared at 33 degrees on an ad lib. regimen reached about the same plateau weight in the same period as its litter-mate reared at 22 degrees. However its food intake during this period of growth was only about half that of the mouse reared at the lower temperature, so its food conversion ratio (dry food intake:body-weight gain) was twice as efficient. 4. It is concluded that neither the growth rate nor the distribution of fat within the body of the growing mouse can be influenced by rearing the animals at these different environmental temperatures. Rearing at the higher temperature, however, both decreases food intake and also promotes deposition of more fat within the body."}
{"id": "PMID:870025", "title": "Scope and mechanism of carbohydrase action: stereospecific hydration of D-glucal catalyzed by alpha- and beta-glucosidase.", "content": "A unique demonstration is presented of the capacity of glycosidases to create anomeric configuration de novo. Purifed Candida tropicalis alpha-glucosidase and sweet almond beta-glucosidase have been found to attack the same substrate, D-glucal, and to convert this unusual glycosyl substrate (which lacks alpha or beta anomeric configuration) to 2-deoxy-alpha-(or beta-) D-glucose, respectively. The stereospecificity of the hydration reaction catalyzed by each enzyme in D2O was revealed by the use of high-resolution (270 MHz) 1H magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The alpha-glucosidase caused a specific axial protonation (deuteration) of D-glucal at C-2, and formation of 2-deoxy-alpha-D-[2(a)-2H]glucose. The beta-glucosidase catalyzed an oppositely directed axial protonation at C-2 and formation of 2-deoxy-beta-D-[2(e)-2H]glucose. These results are not accounted for by the generally accepted mechanisms of carbohydrase action derived from studies with glycosidically linked substrates alone. D-Glucal apparently binds to the enzymes with essentially the same overall orientation as the D-glucosyl moiety of glycosidically linked substrates (with the double bond of D-glucal lying essentially in the plane of the similarly bound D-glucosyl group). Thus, the alpha-glucosidase evidently protonates D-glucal from above the double bond and alpha-D-glucosidic substrates from below the glycosidic oxygen; beta-glucosidase apparently protonates D-glucal from below the double bond and beta-D-glucosides from above the glycosidic oxygen. A detailed mechanism is proposed for the hydration of D-glucal by each enzyme, involving an incipient glycosyl carbonium ion and assuming the presence at the active site of two carboxyl groups arranged to account for catalysis of glycosylations from glycosidically linked substrates. That D-glucal serves as a glycosyl substrate for these enzymes strongly supports the concept that glycosidases and glycosyltransferases are catalysts of glycosylation (i.e., glycosylases), since this concept does not make the usual assumption that carbohydrases are restricted to acting on substrates having a glycosidic bond and either alph- or beta-anomeric configuration.", "contents": "Scope and mechanism of carbohydrase action: stereospecific hydration of D-glucal catalyzed by alpha- and beta-glucosidase. A unique demonstration is presented of the capacity of glycosidases to create anomeric configuration de novo. Purifed Candida tropicalis alpha-glucosidase and sweet almond beta-glucosidase have been found to attack the same substrate, D-glucal, and to convert this unusual glycosyl substrate (which lacks alpha or beta anomeric configuration) to 2-deoxy-alpha-(or beta-) D-glucose, respectively. The stereospecificity of the hydration reaction catalyzed by each enzyme in D2O was revealed by the use of high-resolution (270 MHz) 1H magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The alpha-glucosidase caused a specific axial protonation (deuteration) of D-glucal at C-2, and formation of 2-deoxy-alpha-D-[2(a)-2H]glucose. The beta-glucosidase catalyzed an oppositely directed axial protonation at C-2 and formation of 2-deoxy-beta-D-[2(e)-2H]glucose. These results are not accounted for by the generally accepted mechanisms of carbohydrase action derived from studies with glycosidically linked substrates alone. D-Glucal apparently binds to the enzymes with essentially the same overall orientation as the D-glucosyl moiety of glycosidically linked substrates (with the double bond of D-glucal lying essentially in the plane of the similarly bound D-glucosyl group). Thus, the alpha-glucosidase evidently protonates D-glucal from above the double bond and alpha-D-glucosidic substrates from below the glycosidic oxygen; beta-glucosidase apparently protonates D-glucal from below the double bond and beta-D-glucosides from above the glycosidic oxygen. A detailed mechanism is proposed for the hydration of D-glucal by each enzyme, involving an incipient glycosyl carbonium ion and assuming the presence at the active site of two carboxyl groups arranged to account for catalysis of glycosylations from glycosidically linked substrates. That D-glucal serves as a glycosyl substrate for these enzymes strongly supports the concept that glycosidases and glycosyltransferases are catalysts of glycosylation (i.e., glycosylases), since this concept does not make the usual assumption that carbohydrases are restricted to acting on substrates having a glycosidic bond and either alph- or beta-anomeric configuration."}
{"id": "PMID:870026", "title": "Deoxyribonucleic acid chain growth and organization of replicating units in HeLa cells.", "content": "A method for studying DNA chain growth and chromosomal organization of replicons in HeLa cells has been developed. DNA replication is initiated with bromodeoxyuridine followed by pulse labeling of active replicons with [3H]thymidine and growth of chains for finite intervals in unlabeled thymidine. Photolysis of the bromodeoxyuridine-DNA leader with 313-nm light releases the newly replicated chains that are then analyzed by sedimentation in alkaline sucrose gradients. This method of analysis provides data on the rate of chain growth, the bidirectionality of replication, and the distribution of the active replicons at specific intervals in the S period. Applying this method to cells caused to synthesize DNA at a lowered temperature (27 degrees C) or with protein synthesis restricted by cycloheximide revealed that the immediate reduction in the rate of DNA replication in both instances was due to a decreased rate of chain growth without derangement of the overall process.", "contents": "Deoxyribonucleic acid chain growth and organization of replicating units in HeLa cells. A method for studying DNA chain growth and chromosomal organization of replicons in HeLa cells has been developed. DNA replication is initiated with bromodeoxyuridine followed by pulse labeling of active replicons with [3H]thymidine and growth of chains for finite intervals in unlabeled thymidine. Photolysis of the bromodeoxyuridine-DNA leader with 313-nm light releases the newly replicated chains that are then analyzed by sedimentation in alkaline sucrose gradients. This method of analysis provides data on the rate of chain growth, the bidirectionality of replication, and the distribution of the active replicons at specific intervals in the S period. Applying this method to cells caused to synthesize DNA at a lowered temperature (27 degrees C) or with protein synthesis restricted by cycloheximide revealed that the immediate reduction in the rate of DNA replication in both instances was due to a decreased rate of chain growth without derangement of the overall process."}
{"id": "PMID:870027", "title": "Optical activity and conformation of cobra neurotoxin.", "content": "Cobra neurotoxin from Formosan cobra (Naja naja atra) venom is a compact globular protein having an intrinsic viscosity of 4.5 mL/g. The protein is stable in 7.5 M urea but can be denatured in 4.1 M guanidine hydrochloride or at elevated temperature (above 70 degrees C). Its conformation remains virtually the same in solvents of lower polarity than water such as 1,2-ethanediol or a mixed solvent of 1-propanol-1,2-ethanediol-water (5:1:1 by volume). The circular dichroism spectrum is \"atypical\" in water in that the peptide chromophores show a small negative circular dichroic (CD) band at 215 nm, a large positive one at 199 nm, and another large negative one below 190 nm. The CD pattern resembles to some extent that of a beta form but differs in both positions and magnitudes from the latter. It agrees qualitatively with the theoretical calculations of the reverse beta bends, suggesting that cobra toxin contains a considerable amount of beta turns and possibly a mixture of beta form and beta turns.", "contents": "Optical activity and conformation of cobra neurotoxin. Cobra neurotoxin from Formosan cobra (Naja naja atra) venom is a compact globular protein having an intrinsic viscosity of 4.5 mL/g. The protein is stable in 7.5 M urea but can be denatured in 4.1 M guanidine hydrochloride or at elevated temperature (above 70 degrees C). Its conformation remains virtually the same in solvents of lower polarity than water such as 1,2-ethanediol or a mixed solvent of 1-propanol-1,2-ethanediol-water (5:1:1 by volume). The circular dichroism spectrum is \"atypical\" in water in that the peptide chromophores show a small negative circular dichroic (CD) band at 215 nm, a large positive one at 199 nm, and another large negative one below 190 nm. The CD pattern resembles to some extent that of a beta form but differs in both positions and magnitudes from the latter. It agrees qualitatively with the theoretical calculations of the reverse beta bends, suggesting that cobra toxin contains a considerable amount of beta turns and possibly a mixture of beta form and beta turns."}
{"id": "PMID:870028", "title": "Evidence for topographical analogy between methionine-enkephalin and morphine derivatives.", "content": "Analogues of the endogenous opiate-receptor ligand [5-methionine]enkephalin (H-Tyr-Gly-Gly-Phe-Met-OH) were designed and synthesized for the purpose of testing the proposed similarity in spatial structure between this peptide and morphine derivatives. In the bioassay (inhibition of electrically induced contractions of the mouse vas deferens) [1-O-methyltyrosine,5-methionine]enkephalin, [1-N-methyltyrosine,5-methionine]enkephalin, [4-tryptophan,5-methionine]enkephalin, and [5-methionine sulfoxide]enkephalin possess, respectively, 0.4, 21, 27, and 67% activity of [5-methionine]enkephalin. These morphinomimetic activities correlate well with the opiate receptor affinities determined by displacement of [3H]naloxone in a guinea pig brain membrane preparation. The effects of O-methylation of the tyrosine residue and N-methylation of the terminal amino group on biological activity and receptor affinity support the hypothesis that the latter two moieties in the peptide correspond to the phenol group and the tertiary nitrogen, respectively, in morphine. Determination of the efficiency of energy transfer from tyrosine in position 1 to tryptophan in position 4 in [4-tryptophan,5-methionine]enkephalin from both tyrosine fluorescence quenching and relative enhancement of tryptophan fluorescence by means of a modified procedure permitted the calculation of an average intramolecular tyrosine-tryptophan separation of 10.0 +/- 1.1 A. Inspection of CPK models showed excellent agreement between this value and both the intrafluorophore distance in the 4 leads to 1 and 5 leads to 2 hydrogen bonded betaI-bend models of [4-tryptophan,5-methionine]enkephalin (9-11 A) and the phenol-phenyl separation in the potent morphine derivative 7alpha-(1(R)-hydroxy-1-methyl-3-phenylpropyl)-6,14-endo-ethenotetrahydrooripavine (8-10.5 A). The ensemble of these findings suggests an analogous topography for [5-methionine]enkephalin and morphine-oripavine derivatives.", "contents": "Evidence for topographical analogy between methionine-enkephalin and morphine derivatives. Analogues of the endogenous opiate-receptor ligand [5-methionine]enkephalin (H-Tyr-Gly-Gly-Phe-Met-OH) were designed and synthesized for the purpose of testing the proposed similarity in spatial structure between this peptide and morphine derivatives. In the bioassay (inhibition of electrically induced contractions of the mouse vas deferens) [1-O-methyltyrosine,5-methionine]enkephalin, [1-N-methyltyrosine,5-methionine]enkephalin, [4-tryptophan,5-methionine]enkephalin, and [5-methionine sulfoxide]enkephalin possess, respectively, 0.4, 21, 27, and 67% activity of [5-methionine]enkephalin. These morphinomimetic activities correlate well with the opiate receptor affinities determined by displacement of [3H]naloxone in a guinea pig brain membrane preparation. The effects of O-methylation of the tyrosine residue and N-methylation of the terminal amino group on biological activity and receptor affinity support the hypothesis that the latter two moieties in the peptide correspond to the phenol group and the tertiary nitrogen, respectively, in morphine. Determination of the efficiency of energy transfer from tyrosine in position 1 to tryptophan in position 4 in [4-tryptophan,5-methionine]enkephalin from both tyrosine fluorescence quenching and relative enhancement of tryptophan fluorescence by means of a modified procedure permitted the calculation of an average intramolecular tyrosine-tryptophan separation of 10.0 +/- 1.1 A. Inspection of CPK models showed excellent agreement between this value and both the intrafluorophore distance in the 4 leads to 1 and 5 leads to 2 hydrogen bonded betaI-bend models of [4-tryptophan,5-methionine]enkephalin (9-11 A) and the phenol-phenyl separation in the potent morphine derivative 7alpha-(1(R)-hydroxy-1-methyl-3-phenylpropyl)-6,14-endo-ethenotetrahydrooripavine (8-10.5 A). The ensemble of these findings suggests an analogous topography for [5-methionine]enkephalin and morphine-oripavine derivatives."}
{"id": "PMID:870029", "title": "Association products and conformations of salt-dissociated and acid-extracted histones. A two-phase procedure for isolating salt-dissociated histones.", "content": "We present an extremely rapid and efficient method for the separation of salt-dissociated histones from DNA in which the macromolecular components of chicken erythrocyte chromatin are partitioned in a two-phase system of the water-soluble, nonionic polymers, poly(ethylene glycol) and dextran. We have compared the association products and conformations of salt-dissociated histones purified with the two-phase procedure and histones that had been extracted with 0.4 M H2SO4. In the gel chromatography system of D. R. vander Westhuyzen and C. von Holt (1971), FEBS Lett. 14, 333-337] the association products of salt-dissociated and acid-extracted histones are indistinguishable. Furthermore, the circular dichroism spectra of histones prepared with the two methods are identical within experimental error. These results indicate that histones extracted, with sulfuric acid can adopt conformations at least very similar to those of salt-dissociated preperties of total erythrocyte histones are the same in 2 M NaCl as those of these histones bound to DNA in chromatin in 1 mM Tris-Cl (pH 7.5). This result and the studies of Weintraub et al. [Weintraub, H., Palter, K., and Van Lente, F. (1975), Cell 6, 68-110] on the patterns of tryptic digest products of histones strongly suggest that in 2 M NaCl the histones exist in conformations very similar to their conformations when bound to DNA. The concept of native histone conformations is discussed in light of our results.", "contents": "Association products and conformations of salt-dissociated and acid-extracted histones. A two-phase procedure for isolating salt-dissociated histones. We present an extremely rapid and efficient method for the separation of salt-dissociated histones from DNA in which the macromolecular components of chicken erythrocyte chromatin are partitioned in a two-phase system of the water-soluble, nonionic polymers, poly(ethylene glycol) and dextran. We have compared the association products and conformations of salt-dissociated histones purified with the two-phase procedure and histones that had been extracted with 0.4 M H2SO4. In the gel chromatography system of D. R. vander Westhuyzen and C. von Holt (1971), FEBS Lett. 14, 333-337] the association products of salt-dissociated and acid-extracted histones are indistinguishable. Furthermore, the circular dichroism spectra of histones prepared with the two methods are identical within experimental error. These results indicate that histones extracted, with sulfuric acid can adopt conformations at least very similar to those of salt-dissociated preperties of total erythrocyte histones are the same in 2 M NaCl as those of these histones bound to DNA in chromatin in 1 mM Tris-Cl (pH 7.5). This result and the studies of Weintraub et al. [Weintraub, H., Palter, K., and Van Lente, F. (1975), Cell 6, 68-110] on the patterns of tryptic digest products of histones strongly suggest that in 2 M NaCl the histones exist in conformations very similar to their conformations when bound to DNA. The concept of native histone conformations is discussed in light of our results."}
{"id": "PMID:870030", "title": "Investigation of the aggregation and activation of prothrombin using quasi-elastic light scattering.", "content": "The technique of quasi-elastic light scattering was used to measure the translational diffusion coefficient, D, of purified human prothrombin in buffered aqueous solutions and to monitor for the first time the fragmentation of this protein as it is converted to thrombin. The values of D20,w, measured at two different concentrations, are 4.72 X 10(-7) CM2/S at 2MG/CM3 and 4.51 X 10(-7) CM2/S at 5MG/CM3; the corresponding molecular weights (Mw of 92 000 and 120 000), obtained by combining sedimentation velocity measurements with the diffusion data, confirm the presence of molecular aggregates of prothrombin in these solutions. These results, as well as analysis of the intensity-intensity autocorrelation functions from two-component systems with various dimer conformations, indicated the presence of end-to-end dimers in these prothrombin solutions. The values obtained for D indicate a dimer weight fraction of 0.4 to 0.5 in the 2 mg/cm3 solution and 0.6 or greater in the 5 mg/cm3 solution. The fragmentation of prothrombin was monitored in a nonphysiologic activation system, containing taipan snake venom, dihexanoylphosphatidylcholine, and CaCl2. At a temperature of 15 degrees C, conversion to thrombin proceeded very slowly and was still incomplete after 90 h. A method for determing the percentage of converted prothrombin is an activated system containing aggregates from the average value of D and light scattering data is discussed.", "contents": "Investigation of the aggregation and activation of prothrombin using quasi-elastic light scattering. The technique of quasi-elastic light scattering was used to measure the translational diffusion coefficient, D, of purified human prothrombin in buffered aqueous solutions and to monitor for the first time the fragmentation of this protein as it is converted to thrombin. The values of D20,w, measured at two different concentrations, are 4.72 X 10(-7) CM2/S at 2MG/CM3 and 4.51 X 10(-7) CM2/S at 5MG/CM3; the corresponding molecular weights (Mw of 92 000 and 120 000), obtained by combining sedimentation velocity measurements with the diffusion data, confirm the presence of molecular aggregates of prothrombin in these solutions. These results, as well as analysis of the intensity-intensity autocorrelation functions from two-component systems with various dimer conformations, indicated the presence of end-to-end dimers in these prothrombin solutions. The values obtained for D indicate a dimer weight fraction of 0.4 to 0.5 in the 2 mg/cm3 solution and 0.6 or greater in the 5 mg/cm3 solution. The fragmentation of prothrombin was monitored in a nonphysiologic activation system, containing taipan snake venom, dihexanoylphosphatidylcholine, and CaCl2. At a temperature of 15 degrees C, conversion to thrombin proceeded very slowly and was still incomplete after 90 h. A method for determing the percentage of converted prothrombin is an activated system containing aggregates from the average value of D and light scattering data is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:870031", "title": "Association-dissociation of transcarboxylase.", "content": "Transcarboxylase consists of a central subunit to which two sets of three subunits each are attached at opposite faces. Evidence obtained by various ultracentrifugal techniques has shown that there is an equilibrium between active forms of the enzyme with six, five, four, three, two, and one subunits attached to the central subunit. Since each attached subunit contains two biotins, the biotin content of these forms varies from 12 to 2. By reactive enzyme sedimentation at pH 5.5, it has been shown that the largest form of the enzyme (with 12 biotins and a molecular weight of 1.2 X 10(6) is active and that at pH 6.8 this form of the enzyme dissociates to an enzymatically active form containing three attached subunits. This result is in accord with previous observations (Wood, H.G., Chiao, J.P., and Poto, E.M.(1977), J Biol. Chem. 252, 1490; Wrigley, N.G., Chiao, J.P., and Wood, H.G. (1977), J Biol. Chem. 252, 1500) which showed that dissociation of three of the six attache subunits occurs preferentially from one face of the central subunit and that the remaining three attached subunits are quite firmly bound to the second face of the central subunit. Multiple peaks are obtained in sedimentation velocity experiments at 60 000 rpm because the rate of sedimentation outstrips the rate of equilibration of the different forms of transcarboxylase, whereas at 30 000 rpm a single peak of the multiple form of the enzyme is observed, since equilibration of the different forms keeps abreast of the sedimentation. The rate and extent of dissociation are increased by increase in temperature. It has been shown by centrifugation under oil that the association-dissociation of the large form of the enzymes with six, five, and four attached subunits is not affected by hydrostatic pressure. In contrast, the association-dissociation of the enzyme with three and two attached subunits appears to be affected by pressure. The accumulated results indicate that the native form of the enzyme in the cytosol of the cell consists of a series of enzymatically active forms with one to six attached subunits. The predominant forms in the cytosol will depend on the concentration of the constituent subunits, the pH, the concentration of ions (particularly divalent anions), and the temperature.", "contents": "Association-dissociation of transcarboxylase. Transcarboxylase consists of a central subunit to which two sets of three subunits each are attached at opposite faces. Evidence obtained by various ultracentrifugal techniques has shown that there is an equilibrium between active forms of the enzyme with six, five, four, three, two, and one subunits attached to the central subunit. Since each attached subunit contains two biotins, the biotin content of these forms varies from 12 to 2. By reactive enzyme sedimentation at pH 5.5, it has been shown that the largest form of the enzyme (with 12 biotins and a molecular weight of 1.2 X 10(6) is active and that at pH 6.8 this form of the enzyme dissociates to an enzymatically active form containing three attached subunits. This result is in accord with previous observations (Wood, H.G., Chiao, J.P., and Poto, E.M.(1977), J Biol. Chem. 252, 1490; Wrigley, N.G., Chiao, J.P., and Wood, H.G. (1977), J Biol. Chem. 252, 1500) which showed that dissociation of three of the six attache subunits occurs preferentially from one face of the central subunit and that the remaining three attached subunits are quite firmly bound to the second face of the central subunit. Multiple peaks are obtained in sedimentation velocity experiments at 60 000 rpm because the rate of sedimentation outstrips the rate of equilibration of the different forms of transcarboxylase, whereas at 30 000 rpm a single peak of the multiple form of the enzyme is observed, since equilibration of the different forms keeps abreast of the sedimentation. The rate and extent of dissociation are increased by increase in temperature. It has been shown by centrifugation under oil that the association-dissociation of the large form of the enzymes with six, five, and four attached subunits is not affected by hydrostatic pressure. In contrast, the association-dissociation of the enzyme with three and two attached subunits appears to be affected by pressure. The accumulated results indicate that the native form of the enzyme in the cytosol of the cell consists of a series of enzymatically active forms with one to six attached subunits. The predominant forms in the cytosol will depend on the concentration of the constituent subunits, the pH, the concentration of ions (particularly divalent anions), and the temperature."}
{"id": "PMID:870032", "title": "Identification of retinal isomers isolated from bacteriorhodopsin.", "content": "The purple membrane of Halobacterium halobium contains the protein bacteriorhodopsin which resembles the visual pigment, rhodopsin, in many aspects. The isomeric configurations of its chromophore, retinal, were studied by a combination of methylene chloride extraction and analysis by high-pressure liquid chromatography. The light-adapted form bR570LA yields solely all-trans-retinal, while the dark-adapted form of bacteriorhodopsin, bR560DA, yields a mixture of 13-cis and all-trans with a ratio of similar to 1;1. The photointermediate M412 in a membrane modified by ether at high NaCl concentration also yields an approximately 1:1 mixture of 13-cis-and all-trans-retinals, while a similar M405 species produced by illumination in 2 M guanidine hydrochloride at high pH yields mainly 13-cis-retinal. These results indicate that the photochemical cycle of bR570LA may involve an isomerization of the retinal chromophore from the all-trans to the 13-cis form.", "contents": "Identification of retinal isomers isolated from bacteriorhodopsin. The purple membrane of Halobacterium halobium contains the protein bacteriorhodopsin which resembles the visual pigment, rhodopsin, in many aspects. The isomeric configurations of its chromophore, retinal, were studied by a combination of methylene chloride extraction and analysis by high-pressure liquid chromatography. The light-adapted form bR570LA yields solely all-trans-retinal, while the dark-adapted form of bacteriorhodopsin, bR560DA, yields a mixture of 13-cis and all-trans with a ratio of similar to 1;1. The photointermediate M412 in a membrane modified by ether at high NaCl concentration also yields an approximately 1:1 mixture of 13-cis-and all-trans-retinals, while a similar M405 species produced by illumination in 2 M guanidine hydrochloride at high pH yields mainly 13-cis-retinal. These results indicate that the photochemical cycle of bR570LA may involve an isomerization of the retinal chromophore from the all-trans to the 13-cis form."}
{"id": "PMID:870033", "title": "Estrogen photoaffinity labels. 1. Chemical and radiochemical synthesis of hexestrol diazoketone and azide derivatives; photochemical studies in solution.", "content": "Two photosensitive estrogen derivatives, hexestrol diazoketopropyl ether (5) and hexestrol azide (8a), have been synthesized in radiolabeled form, and their photochemical behavior in solution has been studied. The radiolabeled compounds were prepared in good yields according to improved synthetic procedures; they are stable and were obtained with specific activities in the range of 50-100 Ci per mmol and radiochemical purities in excess of 95%. A simpler model system, phenyl diazoketoprophyl ether, was used to study the photochemical behavior of the diazoketopropyl ether group. Direct irradiation of this compound at 254 nm in methanol led to 33% insertion product (methoxyketone) and 67% Wolff rearrangement product (ester). Irradiation of [3H]hexestrol diazoketopropyl ether (5) in methanol gives mainly nonpolar photoproducts (presumed to be the methoxy ketone and ester); however, irradiation in aqueous medium leads to large amounts of free hexestrol (52%). Photolysis of hexestrol azide (8a) in either methanol or water gives the corresponding amine in low yield as the only identifiable photoproduct.", "contents": "Estrogen photoaffinity labels. 1. Chemical and radiochemical synthesis of hexestrol diazoketone and azide derivatives; photochemical studies in solution. Two photosensitive estrogen derivatives, hexestrol diazoketopropyl ether (5) and hexestrol azide (8a), have been synthesized in radiolabeled form, and their photochemical behavior in solution has been studied. The radiolabeled compounds were prepared in good yields according to improved synthetic procedures; they are stable and were obtained with specific activities in the range of 50-100 Ci per mmol and radiochemical purities in excess of 95%. A simpler model system, phenyl diazoketoprophyl ether, was used to study the photochemical behavior of the diazoketopropyl ether group. Direct irradiation of this compound at 254 nm in methanol led to 33% insertion product (methoxyketone) and 67% Wolff rearrangement product (ester). Irradiation of [3H]hexestrol diazoketopropyl ether (5) in methanol gives mainly nonpolar photoproducts (presumed to be the methoxy ketone and ester); however, irradiation in aqueous medium leads to large amounts of free hexestrol (52%). Photolysis of hexestrol azide (8a) in either methanol or water gives the corresponding amine in low yield as the only identifiable photoproduct."}
{"id": "PMID:870034", "title": "Estrogen photoaffinity labels. 2. Reversible binding and covalent attachment of photosensitive hexestrol derivatives to the uterine estrogen receptor.", "content": "The ability of two radiolabeled, photoreactive estrogen analogues, [3H]hexestrol diazoketopropyl ether ([3H]Hex-DKP) and [3H]hexestrol azide ([3H]Hex-N3), to covalently label the uterine estrogen receptor is studied. Lamb uterine estrogen receptor preparations that have been partially purified (ammonium sulfate precipitation, Sephadex G-200 chromatography) and disaggregated by limited trypsinization can be electrophoresed on polyacrylamide gels under conditions where binding activity is preserved. This electrophoretic procedure was used to fractionate the proteins labeled by the two photoreactive estrogen analogues. Prior to photolysis, peaks of radioactivity indicating estrogen specific binding of [3H]-Hex-N3 and [3H]Hex-DKP are evident on the gels, although dissociation of the latter compound is extensive. When preparations of uterine estrogen receptor that contain the photoreactive derivatives are irradiated and then electrophoresed, reversibly labeled proteins can be distinguished from irreversibly labeled ones (covalently bonded), by extraction of the individual gel slices with organic solvents. While no irreversible binding to receptor appears to result from irradiation with [3H]Hex-DKP, irradiation with [3H]Hex-N3 does covalently label the estrogen receptor. The receptor covalently labeled with [3H]Hex-N3 has the same electrophoretic mobility as the unlabeled receptor; the covalent labeling process is estrogen-site specific, and the efficiency of labeling (15-20%) is consistent with the inactivation efficiency of Hex-N3, previously measured by an indirect assay. This is the first example of the labeling of a steroid hormone receptor by photoaffinity labeling.", "contents": "Estrogen photoaffinity labels. 2. Reversible binding and covalent attachment of photosensitive hexestrol derivatives to the uterine estrogen receptor. The ability of two radiolabeled, photoreactive estrogen analogues, [3H]hexestrol diazoketopropyl ether ([3H]Hex-DKP) and [3H]hexestrol azide ([3H]Hex-N3), to covalently label the uterine estrogen receptor is studied. Lamb uterine estrogen receptor preparations that have been partially purified (ammonium sulfate precipitation, Sephadex G-200 chromatography) and disaggregated by limited trypsinization can be electrophoresed on polyacrylamide gels under conditions where binding activity is preserved. This electrophoretic procedure was used to fractionate the proteins labeled by the two photoreactive estrogen analogues. Prior to photolysis, peaks of radioactivity indicating estrogen specific binding of [3H]-Hex-N3 and [3H]Hex-DKP are evident on the gels, although dissociation of the latter compound is extensive. When preparations of uterine estrogen receptor that contain the photoreactive derivatives are irradiated and then electrophoresed, reversibly labeled proteins can be distinguished from irreversibly labeled ones (covalently bonded), by extraction of the individual gel slices with organic solvents. While no irreversible binding to receptor appears to result from irradiation with [3H]Hex-DKP, irradiation with [3H]Hex-N3 does covalently label the estrogen receptor. The receptor covalently labeled with [3H]Hex-N3 has the same electrophoretic mobility as the unlabeled receptor; the covalent labeling process is estrogen-site specific, and the efficiency of labeling (15-20%) is consistent with the inactivation efficiency of Hex-N3, previously measured by an indirect assay. This is the first example of the labeling of a steroid hormone receptor by photoaffinity labeling."}
{"id": "PMID:870035", "title": "Conformational properties of purine-pyrimidine and pyrimidine-purine dinucleoside monophosphates.", "content": "The detailed conformational features and dynamics of heterodinucleoside monophosphates ApU, ApC, GpU, GpC, UpA, CpA, UpG, and CpG have been studied in aqueous solution by high field nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. Analysis of the resultant NMR parameters leads to a number of discernible trends throughout the series. Thus the ribose rings of the dimers exist as equilibrium mixtures of C(2')-endo(2E) in equilibrium C(3')-endo(3E) conformers with a proclivity for the 3E pucker in most cases; the C(4')-C(5') bonds of both nucleotidyl units show significant preference (74-96%) for a gg conformation and the dominant conformer (85-89%) about C(5')-O(5') is g'g'. Orientation about the C(3')-O(3') bond is coupled to the ribose conformational equilibrium and the system exists with a bias for the 3Eg- coupled conformation in which the H(3')-C(3')-O(3')-P dihedral angle occupies the narrow range of 33-35 degrees. Dimerization, on the average, causes about 10% increase in gg and g'g' populations and the g-domain becomes increasingly populated about the C(3')-O(3') bond. The ribose equilibrium 2E in equilibrium 3E shifts in favor of 3E upon dimerization, the effect being very conspicuous for the pu-py series (similar to 40 yields 60%) and less noticeable for the py-pu systems (similar to 47 yields 58%), clearly suggesting a correlation between sequence and ribose conformational equilibrium. The temperature and dimerization data for the heterodinucleoside monophosphates show that the transition 2E yields 3E is directly related to XCN changes induced by dimerization and stacking. Analysis of the ribose coupling data shows that the percentage populations of stacked species vary from dimer to dimer with GpC displaying a maximum of 45% stacked population and UpG about 10%. However, in general, the pu-py dimers show a higher preference (27-45%) for stacked conformations than py-pu dimers (10-25%). It is proposed that the pronounced deshielding of H(5') of the 5'-nucleotidyl units upon dimerization is associated with the presence of right-handed stacks (g-g-), whereas the chemical shift trends of H(5') and H(5') of 3'-nucleotidyl units are due to the presence of left-handed stacks (g+g+) in all the dimers. In pu-py dimers, the population of the g-g- species is found to be greater than that of g+g+. Also the population of g-g- stacks in pu-py dimers is generally greater than in their corresponding matched py-pu dimers. Thus the base sequence has not only an explicit effect on the overall populations of stacked species, but also on the handedness of the stacks. The present results further confirm the interdependence of conformational bonds throughout the nucleotidyl framework.", "contents": "Conformational properties of purine-pyrimidine and pyrimidine-purine dinucleoside monophosphates. The detailed conformational features and dynamics of heterodinucleoside monophosphates ApU, ApC, GpU, GpC, UpA, CpA, UpG, and CpG have been studied in aqueous solution by high field nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. Analysis of the resultant NMR parameters leads to a number of discernible trends throughout the series. Thus the ribose rings of the dimers exist as equilibrium mixtures of C(2')-endo(2E) in equilibrium C(3')-endo(3E) conformers with a proclivity for the 3E pucker in most cases; the C(4')-C(5') bonds of both nucleotidyl units show significant preference (74-96%) for a gg conformation and the dominant conformer (85-89%) about C(5')-O(5') is g'g'. Orientation about the C(3')-O(3') bond is coupled to the ribose conformational equilibrium and the system exists with a bias for the 3Eg- coupled conformation in which the H(3')-C(3')-O(3')-P dihedral angle occupies the narrow range of 33-35 degrees. Dimerization, on the average, causes about 10% increase in gg and g'g' populations and the g-domain becomes increasingly populated about the C(3')-O(3') bond. The ribose equilibrium 2E in equilibrium 3E shifts in favor of 3E upon dimerization, the effect being very conspicuous for the pu-py series (similar to 40 yields 60%) and less noticeable for the py-pu systems (similar to 47 yields 58%), clearly suggesting a correlation between sequence and ribose conformational equilibrium. The temperature and dimerization data for the heterodinucleoside monophosphates show that the transition 2E yields 3E is directly related to XCN changes induced by dimerization and stacking. Analysis of the ribose coupling data shows that the percentage populations of stacked species vary from dimer to dimer with GpC displaying a maximum of 45% stacked population and UpG about 10%. However, in general, the pu-py dimers show a higher preference (27-45%) for stacked conformations than py-pu dimers (10-25%). It is proposed that the pronounced deshielding of H(5') of the 5'-nucleotidyl units upon dimerization is associated with the presence of right-handed stacks (g-g-), whereas the chemical shift trends of H(5') and H(5') of 3'-nucleotidyl units are due to the presence of left-handed stacks (g+g+) in all the dimers. In pu-py dimers, the population of the g-g- species is found to be greater than that of g+g+. Also the population of g-g- stacks in pu-py dimers is generally greater than in their corresponding matched py-pu dimers. Thus the base sequence has not only an explicit effect on the overall populations of stacked species, but also on the handedness of the stacks. The present results further confirm the interdependence of conformational bonds throughout the nucleotidyl framework."}
{"id": "PMID:870036", "title": "Dependence of the deactivation reactions of photosystem II on the redox state of plastoquinone pool A varied under anaerobic conditions; Equilibria on the acceptor side of photosystem II.", "content": "Dark adapted spinach chloroplasts and Chlorella with variably reduced plastoquinone pools were given 1 or 2 saturating flashes. Under these conditions the rate of deactivation of state S2 of the oxygen evolving site of Photosystem II (B, Kok, B, Forbush, M. McGloin (1970) Photochem. Photobiol. 11, 457-475) is highly dependent on the pool redox state, undergoing a nearly 10-fold acceleration upon transforming the plastoquinone pool (A) from 100% oxidized to 90% reduced. Deactivation of state S3 is unaffected by the same variation of the pool redox state. These observations are attributed to a high concentration of Photosystem II reduced primary electron acceptor, Q-, coincident with the formation of S2 and a low concentration coincident with the formation of S3, under the conditions of highly reduced plastoquinone pool. Simultaneous determination of Q- and A2- result in an estimated equilibrium constant of 15-20 for reaction Q-B in equilibrium QB- and a value greater than 50 for equilibrium Q-B- in equilibrium QB2-, where B is the secondary electron acceptor described by B. Bouges-Bocquet ((1973) Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 314, 250-256) and B.R. Velthuys and J. Amesz ((1974) Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 333, 85-94). It is proposed that doubly reduced B becomes protonated in the last reaction.", "contents": "Dependence of the deactivation reactions of photosystem II on the redox state of plastoquinone pool A varied under anaerobic conditions; Equilibria on the acceptor side of photosystem II. Dark adapted spinach chloroplasts and Chlorella with variably reduced plastoquinone pools were given 1 or 2 saturating flashes. Under these conditions the rate of deactivation of state S2 of the oxygen evolving site of Photosystem II (B, Kok, B, Forbush, M. McGloin (1970) Photochem. Photobiol. 11, 457-475) is highly dependent on the pool redox state, undergoing a nearly 10-fold acceleration upon transforming the plastoquinone pool (A) from 100% oxidized to 90% reduced. Deactivation of state S3 is unaffected by the same variation of the pool redox state. These observations are attributed to a high concentration of Photosystem II reduced primary electron acceptor, Q-, coincident with the formation of S2 and a low concentration coincident with the formation of S3, under the conditions of highly reduced plastoquinone pool. Simultaneous determination of Q- and A2- result in an estimated equilibrium constant of 15-20 for reaction Q-B in equilibrium QB- and a value greater than 50 for equilibrium Q-B- in equilibrium QB2-, where B is the secondary electron acceptor described by B. Bouges-Bocquet ((1973) Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 314, 250-256) and B.R. Velthuys and J. Amesz ((1974) Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 333, 85-94). It is proposed that doubly reduced B becomes protonated in the last reaction."}
{"id": "PMID:870037", "title": "The distribution of metabolites between spinach chloroplasts and medium during photosynthesis in vitro.", "content": "1. The formation of metabolites in the stroma compartment of isolated chloroplasts during carbon fixation, and their export to the medium, have been investigated using improved techniques. 2. Rapid separation of photosynthesising chloroplasts from the medium, accompanied by simultaneous quenching of metabolism was achieved by using silicone oil layer filtering centrifugation under illumination. Metabolites were separated by microscale ion-exchange chromatography. Quantitative determination of each metabolite was based on labelling with 32P. 3. It was found that fixed carbon was exported from the chloroplasts only as triose phosphate and phosphoglycerate, and to a minor extent, as pentose monophosphate. The main compounds accumulating in the stroma were hexose and heptose monophosphates and phosphoglycerate. A marked decrease in the concentration of inorganic phosphate in the stroma during the first 5 min of illumination was accompanied by a complementary increase in organic phosphate so that the total amount of phosphate within the chloroplasts remained constant. 4. The concentration difference for phosphoglycerate between the stroma and the medium was much higher than for triose phosphate or inorganic phosphate, although all three compounds are transported across the inner membrane of the chloroplast envelope by the same carrier. It was concluded that the efflux of phosphoglycerate was restricted.", "contents": "The distribution of metabolites between spinach chloroplasts and medium during photosynthesis in vitro. 1. The formation of metabolites in the stroma compartment of isolated chloroplasts during carbon fixation, and their export to the medium, have been investigated using improved techniques. 2. Rapid separation of photosynthesising chloroplasts from the medium, accompanied by simultaneous quenching of metabolism was achieved by using silicone oil layer filtering centrifugation under illumination. Metabolites were separated by microscale ion-exchange chromatography. Quantitative determination of each metabolite was based on labelling with 32P. 3. It was found that fixed carbon was exported from the chloroplasts only as triose phosphate and phosphoglycerate, and to a minor extent, as pentose monophosphate. The main compounds accumulating in the stroma were hexose and heptose monophosphates and phosphoglycerate. A marked decrease in the concentration of inorganic phosphate in the stroma during the first 5 min of illumination was accompanied by a complementary increase in organic phosphate so that the total amount of phosphate within the chloroplasts remained constant. 4. The concentration difference for phosphoglycerate between the stroma and the medium was much higher than for triose phosphate or inorganic phosphate, although all three compounds are transported across the inner membrane of the chloroplast envelope by the same carrier. It was concluded that the efflux of phosphoglycerate was restricted."}
{"id": "PMID:870038", "title": "Isolation and spectral characteristics of the photochemical reaction center of Rhodopseudomonas viridis.", "content": "A method is described for isolation of the Rhodopseudomonas viridis reaction center complex free of altered, 685 nm absorbing pigment. This improved preparation contains two c-type cytochromes in the ratio P-960: cytochrome c-558: cytochrome c-553 of 1:2:2 to 3. The near infrared spectral forms of the reduced preparation are located at 790, 832, 846, and 987 nm at 77 K; the oxidized complex absorbs at 790, 808, 829 and approx. 1310 nm. The 790 nm band is attributed to bacteriophaeophytin b and the other absorbances to bacteriochlorophyll b, The visible absorption bands may be assigned to these pigments and to the cytochromes present and, probably to a carotenoid. The presence of two bacteriochlorophyll b spectral forms in the P+-830 band suggests that exciton interactions occur among pigments in the oxidized, as well as the reduced, reaction center. Changes in the 790 and 544 nm bands upon illumination of the reaction center preparation at low redox potential may be indicative of a role for bacteriophaeophytin b in primary photochemical events.", "contents": "Isolation and spectral characteristics of the photochemical reaction center of Rhodopseudomonas viridis. A method is described for isolation of the Rhodopseudomonas viridis reaction center complex free of altered, 685 nm absorbing pigment. This improved preparation contains two c-type cytochromes in the ratio P-960: cytochrome c-558: cytochrome c-553 of 1:2:2 to 3. The near infrared spectral forms of the reduced preparation are located at 790, 832, 846, and 987 nm at 77 K; the oxidized complex absorbs at 790, 808, 829 and approx. 1310 nm. The 790 nm band is attributed to bacteriophaeophytin b and the other absorbances to bacteriochlorophyll b, The visible absorption bands may be assigned to these pigments and to the cytochromes present and, probably to a carotenoid. The presence of two bacteriochlorophyll b spectral forms in the P+-830 band suggests that exciton interactions occur among pigments in the oxidized, as well as the reduced, reaction center. Changes in the 790 and 544 nm bands upon illumination of the reaction center preparation at low redox potential may be indicative of a role for bacteriophaeophytin b in primary photochemical events."}
{"id": "PMID:870039", "title": "The molecular organization of asymmetric lipid bilayers and lipid-peptide complexes.", "content": "Oriented fatty acid bilayers with asymmetric distributions of lipid head group types, hydrocarbon chain lengths, and associated polypeptides have been analyzed by a combined use of high resolution electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction techniques. The exclusion of fixatives, stains, and embedding materials has made it possible to relate unequivocally microscopic images to molecular composition. The ultrastructure of asymmetric bilayers has been determined by a novel analysis in which one half of the bilayer serves as a structural reference for the entire bilayer. Absolute electron density profiles at 7 A resolution have been computed for bilayers formed from long and short chain length lipids either segregated to opposite sides or mixed together in both sides of the bilayer. The data indicate that the two lipids self organize in a specific paired configuration. Detailed analysis of bilayers associated with poly-L-lysine shows that although this hydrophilic peptide resides near the lipid head group region, its presence alters the arrangement of the bilayer hydrocarbon chains.", "contents": "The molecular organization of asymmetric lipid bilayers and lipid-peptide complexes. Oriented fatty acid bilayers with asymmetric distributions of lipid head group types, hydrocarbon chain lengths, and associated polypeptides have been analyzed by a combined use of high resolution electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction techniques. The exclusion of fixatives, stains, and embedding materials has made it possible to relate unequivocally microscopic images to molecular composition. The ultrastructure of asymmetric bilayers has been determined by a novel analysis in which one half of the bilayer serves as a structural reference for the entire bilayer. Absolute electron density profiles at 7 A resolution have been computed for bilayers formed from long and short chain length lipids either segregated to opposite sides or mixed together in both sides of the bilayer. The data indicate that the two lipids self organize in a specific paired configuration. Detailed analysis of bilayers associated with poly-L-lysine shows that although this hydrophilic peptide resides near the lipid head group region, its presence alters the arrangement of the bilayer hydrocarbon chains."}
{"id": "PMID:870040", "title": "Separation of plasma membrane markers by glycerol-induced blistering of muscle cells.", "content": "Glycerol (50%, w/w) was found to cause blistering of chick primary myoblast and fibroblast plasma membranes and extensive blistering of 5--6-day-old-myotube plasma plasma membranes in tissue culture. The tips of myoblasts and fibroblasts appeared to be the most sensitive portion of the plasma membrane to the blistering effect of glycerol. The glycerol-induced blistering of myotubes was reduced and delayed by brief EDTA pretreatment. Glycerol treatment (50, 15 and 8% sequentially) of myotubes was used to remove plasma membrane blisters and a plasma membrane-enriched fraction was isolated from these blisters using a modified Dextran T500-polyethylene-glycol 6000 aqueous two-phase polymer system. This fraction was found to be enriched 4.1-fold for 5'-nucleotidase activity, but not for other putative plasma membrane markers, (Na+ + K+)-ATPase activity or alpha-[125I]bungarotoxin binding material. Autoradiographs of alpha-[125I]bungarotoxin, glycerol-treated (50%, w/w) myotubes showed the plasma membrane blisters to be devoid of reduced silver grains. 5'-Nucleotidase was shown to be an ectoenzyme on myoblasts and 5-day-old myotubes and the total cellular activity was present on the cell surface. During the period of myoblast fusion and myotube formation, cell surface activity decreased to a low level while total cellular activity was elevated.", "contents": "Separation of plasma membrane markers by glycerol-induced blistering of muscle cells. Glycerol (50%, w/w) was found to cause blistering of chick primary myoblast and fibroblast plasma membranes and extensive blistering of 5--6-day-old-myotube plasma plasma membranes in tissue culture. The tips of myoblasts and fibroblasts appeared to be the most sensitive portion of the plasma membrane to the blistering effect of glycerol. The glycerol-induced blistering of myotubes was reduced and delayed by brief EDTA pretreatment. Glycerol treatment (50, 15 and 8% sequentially) of myotubes was used to remove plasma membrane blisters and a plasma membrane-enriched fraction was isolated from these blisters using a modified Dextran T500-polyethylene-glycol 6000 aqueous two-phase polymer system. This fraction was found to be enriched 4.1-fold for 5'-nucleotidase activity, but not for other putative plasma membrane markers, (Na+ + K+)-ATPase activity or alpha-[125I]bungarotoxin binding material. Autoradiographs of alpha-[125I]bungarotoxin, glycerol-treated (50%, w/w) myotubes showed the plasma membrane blisters to be devoid of reduced silver grains. 5'-Nucleotidase was shown to be an ectoenzyme on myoblasts and 5-day-old myotubes and the total cellular activity was present on the cell surface. During the period of myoblast fusion and myotube formation, cell surface activity decreased to a low level while total cellular activity was elevated."}
{"id": "PMID:870041", "title": "Crystalline patterns of myelin lipids visualized by freeze fracture.", "content": "Freeze fracture of rat optic nerve reveals smooth, particle-free regions on the lammellar fracture faces of myelin when prepared by standard procedures. When the fixed, glycerin-impregnated tissue is incubated at 6 degrees C for two or more days, crystalline patterns indicative of a phase transition can be seen in the particle-free regions. The crystalline patterns can be destroyed by subsequent incubation at 37 degrees C and are not seen when the initial incubation is at room temperature or 37 degrees C. Butylated hydroxytoluene has no effect on the formation of the crystalline patterns. The time course of the formation of the crystalline patterns suggest that the rate-limiting step in the process is not the phase transition itself. We propose that the lipids associated with the particles in vivo are involved in the formation of the crystalline patterns.", "contents": "Crystalline patterns of myelin lipids visualized by freeze fracture. Freeze fracture of rat optic nerve reveals smooth, particle-free regions on the lammellar fracture faces of myelin when prepared by standard procedures. When the fixed, glycerin-impregnated tissue is incubated at 6 degrees C for two or more days, crystalline patterns indicative of a phase transition can be seen in the particle-free regions. The crystalline patterns can be destroyed by subsequent incubation at 37 degrees C and are not seen when the initial incubation is at room temperature or 37 degrees C. Butylated hydroxytoluene has no effect on the formation of the crystalline patterns. The time course of the formation of the crystalline patterns suggest that the rate-limiting step in the process is not the phase transition itself. We propose that the lipids associated with the particles in vivo are involved in the formation of the crystalline patterns."}
{"id": "PMID:870042", "title": "Qualitative and quantitative variations of membrane lipid species in Acholeplasma laidlawii A.", "content": "In Acholeplasma laidlawii A, strain EF 22, the relative amounts of the membrane polar lipids vary as a consequence of different fatty acid supplements to the growth medium. The number of lipid species also varies; a new apolar monoglucolipid containing four fatty acid residues was present only when saturated fatty acids dominated in the growth medium. A new phosphoglucolipid, probably with a glycerophosphoryl-monoglucosyldiglyceride structure, was also found. The most pronounced variations occurred between the two dominating glucolipids, monoglucosyldiglyceride and diglucosyldiglyceride; the former being found in larger amounts when a saturated or a trans-unsaturated fatty acid was present in the medium. The amount of diglucosyldiglyceride decreased accordingly. A qualitative relationship between fatty acid properties and membrane lipid variations was established over a wide fatty acid concentration range. Incorporation of supplied fatty acids reached higher levels than normally found in other acholeplasmas. The ratio between membrane protein and lipids exhibited significant and coherent variations during growth and was to some extent influenced by the fatty acids in the medium. These changes indicate variations in lipid-protein organization in  the membranes during growth.", "contents": "Qualitative and quantitative variations of membrane lipid species in Acholeplasma laidlawii A. In Acholeplasma laidlawii A, strain EF 22, the relative amounts of the membrane polar lipids vary as a consequence of different fatty acid supplements to the growth medium. The number of lipid species also varies; a new apolar monoglucolipid containing four fatty acid residues was present only when saturated fatty acids dominated in the growth medium. A new phosphoglucolipid, probably with a glycerophosphoryl-monoglucosyldiglyceride structure, was also found. The most pronounced variations occurred between the two dominating glucolipids, monoglucosyldiglyceride and diglucosyldiglyceride; the former being found in larger amounts when a saturated or a trans-unsaturated fatty acid was present in the medium. The amount of diglucosyldiglyceride decreased accordingly. A qualitative relationship between fatty acid properties and membrane lipid variations was established over a wide fatty acid concentration range. Incorporation of supplied fatty acids reached higher levels than normally found in other acholeplasmas. The ratio between membrane protein and lipids exhibited significant and coherent variations during growth and was to some extent influenced by the fatty acids in the medium. These changes indicate variations in lipid-protein organization in  the membranes during growth."}
{"id": "PMID:870043", "title": "Molecular mechanisms of odor-sensing. II. Studies of fractions from olfactory tissue scrapings capable of sensitizing artificial lipid membranes to action of odorants.", "content": "From the preparation obtained by ultrasonic disintegration of frog olfactory epithelium scraping, a fraction capable of sensitizing artificial phospholipid membranes to the action of some chemicals assumed to be odorants in frogs was isolated. In the presence of the active fraction, the membranes respond to the addition of camphor, linalool and musk ambrette by an increased permeability to Na+ and Ca2+. The main component of the active fraction is a nucleo-protein with molecular weight of no less than 100 000.", "contents": "Molecular mechanisms of odor-sensing. II. Studies of fractions from olfactory tissue scrapings capable of sensitizing artificial lipid membranes to action of odorants. From the preparation obtained by ultrasonic disintegration of frog olfactory epithelium scraping, a fraction capable of sensitizing artificial phospholipid membranes to the action of some chemicals assumed to be odorants in frogs was isolated. In the presence of the active fraction, the membranes respond to the addition of camphor, linalool and musk ambrette by an increased permeability to Na+ and Ca2+. The main component of the active fraction is a nucleo-protein with molecular weight of no less than 100 000."}
{"id": "PMID:870044", "title": "The effect of cell membrane alteration on glucocorticoid uptake by the AtT-20/D-1 target cell.", "content": "The glucocorticoid-sensitive AtT-20/D-1 cell line was used to study cellular uptake of glucocorticoids. A previous observation that glucocorticoid uptake by these cells was temperature dependent had prompted us to postulate that glucocorticoids entered the cell by a temperature-sensitive transport process located in the cell membrane. Attempts were then made to perturb the membrane mechanism. In some of these experiments, intact cells were treated with neuraminidase or pronase. The release of sialic acid in the case of neuraminidase treatment and of sialic acid and cell surface peptides in the case of pronase treatment demonstrated that the enzymes were effective. Approx. 60% of total cellular sialic acid was released by a 15 min incubation with 20 microng/ml neuraminidase at 25 degrees C. The treated cells appeared to be viable, in that they continued to produce corticotropin at a normal rate, yet intact cell glucocorticoid binding at both 4 and 25 degrees C was only 20-30% of that of untreated cells. Treatment with pronase also caused steroid uptake at 4 and 25 degrees C to be reduced, although the extent of reduction was less than that seen following neuraminidase treatment. In other experiments, the effect of exposure of AtT-20/D-1 cells to ethanol or dimethyl sulfoxide was determined. The solvent concentrations used (0.5-10%) did not alter cell viability significantly, and the ability of the cytosol receptor to bind steroid in a cell-free preparation was unimpaired. However, incubation of intact cells with 10% (v/v) dimethyl sulfoxide or ethanol resulted in an 80-90% decrease in steroid uptake at 25 degrees C. We conclude that steroid uptake by the intact cell can be perturbed by treatments which do not affect the cytosol receptor or alter cell viability. These results support the postulate that glucocorticoids enter the AtT-20/D-1 cell by a specific membrane-associated mechanism.", "contents": "The effect of cell membrane alteration on glucocorticoid uptake by the AtT-20/D-1 target cell. The glucocorticoid-sensitive AtT-20/D-1 cell line was used to study cellular uptake of glucocorticoids. A previous observation that glucocorticoid uptake by these cells was temperature dependent had prompted us to postulate that glucocorticoids entered the cell by a temperature-sensitive transport process located in the cell membrane. Attempts were then made to perturb the membrane mechanism. In some of these experiments, intact cells were treated with neuraminidase or pronase. The release of sialic acid in the case of neuraminidase treatment and of sialic acid and cell surface peptides in the case of pronase treatment demonstrated that the enzymes were effective. Approx. 60% of total cellular sialic acid was released by a 15 min incubation with 20 microng/ml neuraminidase at 25 degrees C. The treated cells appeared to be viable, in that they continued to produce corticotropin at a normal rate, yet intact cell glucocorticoid binding at both 4 and 25 degrees C was only 20-30% of that of untreated cells. Treatment with pronase also caused steroid uptake at 4 and 25 degrees C to be reduced, although the extent of reduction was less than that seen following neuraminidase treatment. In other experiments, the effect of exposure of AtT-20/D-1 cells to ethanol or dimethyl sulfoxide was determined. The solvent concentrations used (0.5-10%) did not alter cell viability significantly, and the ability of the cytosol receptor to bind steroid in a cell-free preparation was unimpaired. However, incubation of intact cells with 10% (v/v) dimethyl sulfoxide or ethanol resulted in an 80-90% decrease in steroid uptake at 25 degrees C. We conclude that steroid uptake by the intact cell can be perturbed by treatments which do not affect the cytosol receptor or alter cell viability. These results support the postulate that glucocorticoids enter the AtT-20/D-1 cell by a specific membrane-associated mechanism."}
{"id": "PMID:870045", "title": "Preparation of uniform haemoglobin free human erythrocyte ghosts in isotonic solution.", "content": "A method is described for the preparation of haemoglobin free human erythrocyte ghosts in isotonic solutions using dielectric breakdown technique. In this single haemolytic procedure, almost complete removal of haemoglobin (less than or equal to 0.1%) was achieved by subjecting the erythrocytes suspended in phosphate buffered, isotonic KCl solution at 0 degrees C to three consecutive electrical field pulses of 16 kV/cm in the presence of 10 mM EDTA; EDTA was used to prevent electrical haemolysis. Haemolysis is induced by subsequent dilution with isotonic and isoionic solution to lower the EDTA concentration. Haemolysis is complete after 5 min; the cells are centrifuged, washed and resuspended in a solution of the same composition and osmolarity containing 4 mM MgCl2, but no EDTA. The resealing process, carried out at 37 degrees C, was complete in about 1 h. Measurements of the size distribution of the ghost cells in the hydrodynamically focusing Coulter Counter at varying field strengths in the orifice revealed that the ghost population is nearly uniform. The mean (modal) volume of the ghost cells was 110--120 micronm3 when suspended in phosphate buffered NaCl solution. The apparent breakdown voltage was about 1.3 V.", "contents": "Preparation of uniform haemoglobin free human erythrocyte ghosts in isotonic solution. A method is described for the preparation of haemoglobin free human erythrocyte ghosts in isotonic solutions using dielectric breakdown technique. In this single haemolytic procedure, almost complete removal of haemoglobin (less than or equal to 0.1%) was achieved by subjecting the erythrocytes suspended in phosphate buffered, isotonic KCl solution at 0 degrees C to three consecutive electrical field pulses of 16 kV/cm in the presence of 10 mM EDTA; EDTA was used to prevent electrical haemolysis. Haemolysis is induced by subsequent dilution with isotonic and isoionic solution to lower the EDTA concentration. Haemolysis is complete after 5 min; the cells are centrifuged, washed and resuspended in a solution of the same composition and osmolarity containing 4 mM MgCl2, but no EDTA. The resealing process, carried out at 37 degrees C, was complete in about 1 h. Measurements of the size distribution of the ghost cells in the hydrodynamically focusing Coulter Counter at varying field strengths in the orifice revealed that the ghost population is nearly uniform. The mean (modal) volume of the ghost cells was 110--120 micronm3 when suspended in phosphate buffered NaCl solution. The apparent breakdown voltage was about 1.3 V."}
{"id": "PMID:870046", "title": "A method for demonstrating the heterogeneity of pigeon red cell membrane vesicles based on their glycine transport activity.", "content": "A procedure is described which is capable of detecting the changes in size and/or density of small membrane vesicles resulting from solute uptake. Vesicles which have taken up solute sediment more slowly in a density gradient, the ratio of glycine uptake/vesicle-trapped space is not uniform in the vesicle population, and vesicles with higher uptake/space ratios are preferentially retarded upon centrifugation. Alanine transport activity is associated with glycine transport activity in that retardation of vesicles due to glycine uptake equally retards vesicles possessing alanine uptake activity.", "contents": "A method for demonstrating the heterogeneity of pigeon red cell membrane vesicles based on their glycine transport activity. A procedure is described which is capable of detecting the changes in size and/or density of small membrane vesicles resulting from solute uptake. Vesicles which have taken up solute sediment more slowly in a density gradient, the ratio of glycine uptake/vesicle-trapped space is not uniform in the vesicle population, and vesicles with higher uptake/space ratios are preferentially retarded upon centrifugation. Alanine transport activity is associated with glycine transport activity in that retardation of vesicles due to glycine uptake equally retards vesicles possessing alanine uptake activity."}
{"id": "PMID:870047", "title": "The analysis of progress curves for enzyme-catalysed reactions by non-linear regression.", "content": "A procedure, based on the Gauss-Newton method for non-linear regression, has been developed to obtain enzyme kinetic constants from the analysis of progress curve data. Rules are presented which greatly simplify the derivation of the necessary equations. The method has been applied to the reactions catalysed by prephenate dehydratase, acid phosphatase and lactate dehydrogenase and has yielded values for kinetic parameters which agree well with those obtained from steady-state rate measurements.", "contents": "The analysis of progress curves for enzyme-catalysed reactions by non-linear regression. A procedure, based on the Gauss-Newton method for non-linear regression, has been developed to obtain enzyme kinetic constants from the analysis of progress curve data. Rules are presented which greatly simplify the derivation of the necessary equations. The method has been applied to the reactions catalysed by prephenate dehydratase, acid phosphatase and lactate dehydrogenase and has yielded values for kinetic parameters which agree well with those obtained from steady-state rate measurements."}
{"id": "PMID:870048", "title": "The interaction of tetraiodofluorescein with creatine kinase.", "content": "The dye 2',4',5',7'-tetraiodofluorescein is a potent inhibitor of creatine kinase (ATP:creatine N-phosphotransferase, EC 2.7.3.2) with an apparent competitive inhibition constant with respect to MgATP2- of 2.6 - 10(-5) M. The association of the dye with the enzyme elicited a red shift in the dye's spectrum, indicative of a binding site less polar than water. The dye binds to the enzyme with an equilibrium constant of dissociation of 1.7 - 10(-5) M. MgATP or MgADP competes for the dye-binding site. Creatine binds to creatine kinase-tetraiodofluorescein complex to form a ternary complex and further causes a blue-shift in the spectrum of the bound dye. The binding of the dye to fully active creatine kinase causes conformational change that was monitored by enzyme-bound 2-mercuri-4-nitrophenol, a conformation-dependent \"reporter group\".", "contents": "The interaction of tetraiodofluorescein with creatine kinase. The dye 2',4',5',7'-tetraiodofluorescein is a potent inhibitor of creatine kinase (ATP:creatine N-phosphotransferase, EC 2.7.3.2) with an apparent competitive inhibition constant with respect to MgATP2- of 2.6 - 10(-5) M. The association of the dye with the enzyme elicited a red shift in the dye's spectrum, indicative of a binding site less polar than water. The dye binds to the enzyme with an equilibrium constant of dissociation of 1.7 - 10(-5) M. MgATP or MgADP competes for the dye-binding site. Creatine binds to creatine kinase-tetraiodofluorescein complex to form a ternary complex and further causes a blue-shift in the spectrum of the bound dye. The binding of the dye to fully active creatine kinase causes conformational change that was monitored by enzyme-bound 2-mercuri-4-nitrophenol, a conformation-dependent \"reporter group\"."}
{"id": "PMID:870049", "title": "Arylsulfatase of human tissue. Studies on a form of arylsulfatase B found predominantly in brain.", "content": "The distribution of soluble arylsulfatase (aryl-sulfate sulfohydrolases, EC 3.1.6.1) in human tissues was investigated by DEAE-cellulose chromatography, All tissues examined contained arylsulfatase A and arylsulfatase B. In addition, brain singularly contained significant quantities (15-25% of total arylsulfatase) of a minor anionic arylsulfatase from designated arylsulfatase Bm, whereas only trace amounts of arylsulfatase Bm were found in liver, kidney, testis and placenta. Arylsulfatase B and arylsulfatase Bm had equal activity toward methyl-umbelliferyl sulfate, nitrocatechol sulfate and a physiological substrate UDP-N-acetylgalactosamine 4-sulfate, but both forms were inactive toward the arylsulfatase A substrates cerebroside sulfate and ascorbic acid 2-sulfate. Purified preparations of placental arylsulfatase B, brain arylsulfatase Bm, and urinary arylsulfatase A did not hydrolyze estrone sulfate, dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate or pregnenolone sulfate. The physico-chemical properties of arylsulfatase Band arylsulfatase Bm differed with respect to thermal lability, DEAE-cellulose chromatography, polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and isoelectric focussing. In the latter technique, utilizing thin polyacrylamide slab gels, the isoelectric point for placental arylsulfatase B was 8.2, while brain arylsulfatase Bm resolved into 3 activity bands with pI values 6.8, 7.0 and 7.2. Although the physico-chemical properties differed, arylsulfatase B and arylsulfatase Bm appear to be functionally equivalent as well as generically related.", "contents": "Arylsulfatase of human tissue. Studies on a form of arylsulfatase B found predominantly in brain. The distribution of soluble arylsulfatase (aryl-sulfate sulfohydrolases, EC 3.1.6.1) in human tissues was investigated by DEAE-cellulose chromatography, All tissues examined contained arylsulfatase A and arylsulfatase B. In addition, brain singularly contained significant quantities (15-25% of total arylsulfatase) of a minor anionic arylsulfatase from designated arylsulfatase Bm, whereas only trace amounts of arylsulfatase Bm were found in liver, kidney, testis and placenta. Arylsulfatase B and arylsulfatase Bm had equal activity toward methyl-umbelliferyl sulfate, nitrocatechol sulfate and a physiological substrate UDP-N-acetylgalactosamine 4-sulfate, but both forms were inactive toward the arylsulfatase A substrates cerebroside sulfate and ascorbic acid 2-sulfate. Purified preparations of placental arylsulfatase B, brain arylsulfatase Bm, and urinary arylsulfatase A did not hydrolyze estrone sulfate, dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate or pregnenolone sulfate. The physico-chemical properties of arylsulfatase Band arylsulfatase Bm differed with respect to thermal lability, DEAE-cellulose chromatography, polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and isoelectric focussing. In the latter technique, utilizing thin polyacrylamide slab gels, the isoelectric point for placental arylsulfatase B was 8.2, while brain arylsulfatase Bm resolved into 3 activity bands with pI values 6.8, 7.0 and 7.2. Although the physico-chemical properties differed, arylsulfatase B and arylsulfatase Bm appear to be functionally equivalent as well as generically related."}
{"id": "PMID:870050", "title": "Studies on the enzymatic hydrolysis of polyglutamyl folates by chicken liver folyl poly-gamma-glutamyl carboxypeptidase. I. Intracellular localization, purification and partial characterization of the enzyme.", "content": "Intracellular distribution, purification and properties of a folyl poly-gamma-glutamyl carboxypeptidase (peptidyl-L-glutamate hydrolase, EC 3.4.12.10) from chicken liver have been investigated. The post-nuclear particulate and cell supernatant fractions showed activity. The particulate enzyme exhibited characteristics suggestive of its lysosomal origin; on solubilization, however, it cannot be distinguished from the cell cytosol activity. The bulk enzyme was purified about 80-fold to apparent homogeneity by 50--90% ammonium sulfate fractional precipitation, dialysis and chromatography on a 'mixed column' of Sephadex G-100 superimposed on CM-Sephadex C-50. The purified enzyme behaved homogeneously on Sephadex G-100 chromatography, sucrose density gradient centrifugation analyses and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. However, polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence of mercaptoethanol dissociated the native enzyme into two separable isoenzymic components. The enzyme exhibits two pH optima (4.1 and 5.2) and a temperature optimum of 35--40 degrees C. The reaction is linear for 20 min. The enzyme sequentially cleaves the terminal gamma-glutamyl residues of polyglutamylfolates, finally releasing a monoglutamyl end-product. An apparent Km value of 0.83 - 10(-6) M and a V of 1.50 mmol/min were determined for N5-methyltetrahydropteroyltetraglutamate with 0.20 mg enzyme protein/ml reaction. The enzyme is substantially stimulated in the presence of mercaptoethanol, Na+, Mn2+ and low concentrations of denaturing agents (urea). Citrate potently inhibits and phosphate inactivates the enzyme.", "contents": "Studies on the enzymatic hydrolysis of polyglutamyl folates by chicken liver folyl poly-gamma-glutamyl carboxypeptidase. I. Intracellular localization, purification and partial characterization of the enzyme. Intracellular distribution, purification and properties of a folyl poly-gamma-glutamyl carboxypeptidase (peptidyl-L-glutamate hydrolase, EC 3.4.12.10) from chicken liver have been investigated. The post-nuclear particulate and cell supernatant fractions showed activity. The particulate enzyme exhibited characteristics suggestive of its lysosomal origin; on solubilization, however, it cannot be distinguished from the cell cytosol activity. The bulk enzyme was purified about 80-fold to apparent homogeneity by 50--90% ammonium sulfate fractional precipitation, dialysis and chromatography on a 'mixed column' of Sephadex G-100 superimposed on CM-Sephadex C-50. The purified enzyme behaved homogeneously on Sephadex G-100 chromatography, sucrose density gradient centrifugation analyses and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. However, polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence of mercaptoethanol dissociated the native enzyme into two separable isoenzymic components. The enzyme exhibits two pH optima (4.1 and 5.2) and a temperature optimum of 35--40 degrees C. The reaction is linear for 20 min. The enzyme sequentially cleaves the terminal gamma-glutamyl residues of polyglutamylfolates, finally releasing a monoglutamyl end-product. An apparent Km value of 0.83 - 10(-6) M and a V of 1.50 mmol/min were determined for N5-methyltetrahydropteroyltetraglutamate with 0.20 mg enzyme protein/ml reaction. The enzyme is substantially stimulated in the presence of mercaptoethanol, Na+, Mn2+ and low concentrations of denaturing agents (urea). Citrate potently inhibits and phosphate inactivates the enzyme."}
{"id": "PMID:870051", "title": "Recovery of brain from deficiency of essential fatty acids in rats.", "content": "Rats were made visibly deficient in essential fatty acids by feeding a deficient diet and were then fed a diet containing 5.0 per cent by weight corn oil as a source of essential fatty acids. After 11-13 weeks on deficient diet the weights of the brain were 25% less than those of rats on control diets. After 5 weeks on the control diet, deficient animals had regained normal brain weight and composition and had lost the deficiency symptoms. Lipids were extracted from the brains and analysed qualitatively and quantitatively, the overall effect of essential fatty acid deficiency being a reduction in the proportion of cerebrosides and sphingomyelin, the appearance of a high proportion of eicosatrienoic acid (20:3) and the reduction of arachidonic acid (20: 4) and the other essential fatty acids. It is considered that essential fatty acid deficiency retards maturing of brains and the present data show that this effect is reversible.", "contents": "Recovery of brain from deficiency of essential fatty acids in rats. Rats were made visibly deficient in essential fatty acids by feeding a deficient diet and were then fed a diet containing 5.0 per cent by weight corn oil as a source of essential fatty acids. After 11-13 weeks on deficient diet the weights of the brain were 25% less than those of rats on control diets. After 5 weeks on the control diet, deficient animals had regained normal brain weight and composition and had lost the deficiency symptoms. Lipids were extracted from the brains and analysed qualitatively and quantitatively, the overall effect of essential fatty acid deficiency being a reduction in the proportion of cerebrosides and sphingomyelin, the appearance of a high proportion of eicosatrienoic acid (20:3) and the reduction of arachidonic acid (20: 4) and the other essential fatty acids. It is considered that essential fatty acid deficiency retards maturing of brains and the present data show that this effect is reversible."}
{"id": "PMID:870052", "title": "Modification of fatty acid composition of rat heart lipids by feeding cod liver oil.", "content": "Modification of the fatty acid composition of cardiac phospholipids and neutral lipids was studied in rats fed a diet containing 10% cod liver oil. The results reflect the dynamic state of esterified fatty acids in neutral lipids and phospholipids of heart muscle. In cardiac neutral lipids there was a moderate but significant increase in exogenous fatty acids, 20:1(n--9), 22:1(n--11), 20:5(n--3) and 22:6(n--3), in animals fed cod liver oil, and a relative decrease in endogenous fatty acids, 16:0, 18:2(n--6 and 20:4(n--6). Increased dietary availability of 22: 6(n--3) resulted in a major increase in the content of this fatty acid in phospholipids and replacement of 18:2(n--6) and 20:4(n--6). The 22:6(n--3) was able to replace one third of 18:2(n--6): further increase in 22: 6n--3) was accompanied by a decrease in 18:0. An inverse relationship between (n--6) and (n--3) polyene fatty acids in cardiac phospholipids suggests a replacement of (n--6) acids by (n--3) fatty acids.", "contents": "Modification of fatty acid composition of rat heart lipids by feeding cod liver oil. Modification of the fatty acid composition of cardiac phospholipids and neutral lipids was studied in rats fed a diet containing 10% cod liver oil. The results reflect the dynamic state of esterified fatty acids in neutral lipids and phospholipids of heart muscle. In cardiac neutral lipids there was a moderate but significant increase in exogenous fatty acids, 20:1(n--9), 22:1(n--11), 20:5(n--3) and 22:6(n--3), in animals fed cod liver oil, and a relative decrease in endogenous fatty acids, 16:0, 18:2(n--6 and 20:4(n--6). Increased dietary availability of 22: 6(n--3) resulted in a major increase in the content of this fatty acid in phospholipids and replacement of 18:2(n--6) and 20:4(n--6). The 22:6(n--3) was able to replace one third of 18:2(n--6): further increase in 22: 6n--3) was accompanied by a decrease in 18:0. An inverse relationship between (n--6) and (n--3) polyene fatty acids in cardiac phospholipids suggests a replacement of (n--6) acids by (n--3) fatty acids."}
{"id": "PMID:870053", "title": "Effect of fasting and feeding a high-sucrose, fat-free diet on the synthesis of hepatic glycerolipids in vivo and in isolated hepatocytes.", "content": "1. The synthesis of glycerolipids from a number of radioactive precursors, such as [2-3H] glycerol, [32P]phosphate, [Me-14C]choline and [1,2-14C2]ethanolamine proceeds in enzymatically isolated hepatocytes with a specificity that agrees very well with that observed in the liver in vivo. 2. The nutritional state of the rat has a profound influence on the glycerolipid metabolism of isolated hepatocytes. Fasting strongly decreased the incorporation of glycerol via sn-glycerol 3-phosphate into triacylglycerols whereas the formation of phosphatidylcholine and, particularly, phosphatidylethanolamine was much less affected by food deprivation. Refeeding a high-sucrose, fat-free diet caused a tremendous increase in the synthesis of diacylglycerols and triacylglycerols to values exceeding those found in hepatocytes from normally fed animals. The formation of phosphatidylcholine increased more slowly and the synthesis of phosphatidylethanolamine was even depressed by refeeding a high-sucrose, fat-free diet. 3. Alteration of the nutritional state resulted in similar changes in the amounts and metabolism of hepatic glycerolipids in vivo. The formation and, consequently, the amount of diacyglycerol and triacylglycerol were decreased by fasting and increased to values above normal in rats refed a high-sucrose, fat-free diet. The formation and the amounts of phospholipids in the liver decreased slightly by fasting which was mainly due to a decrease in phosphatidylcholine. Refeeding caused a significant increase in the formation and amount of phosphatidylcholine. The amount of phosphatidylethanolamine was even further diminished by feeding a high-sucrose, fat-free diet to 48-h-fasted rats. 4. These results show that the alterations, induced in the in vivo metabolism of hepatic glycerolipids, by changes of the dietary state, are also reflected in the isolated hepatocytes. This finding strengthens the potential significance of isolated hepatocytes in studies on the regulation of hepatic lipid metabolism.", "contents": "Effect of fasting and feeding a high-sucrose, fat-free diet on the synthesis of hepatic glycerolipids in vivo and in isolated hepatocytes. 1. The synthesis of glycerolipids from a number of radioactive precursors, such as [2-3H] glycerol, [32P]phosphate, [Me-14C]choline and [1,2-14C2]ethanolamine proceeds in enzymatically isolated hepatocytes with a specificity that agrees very well with that observed in the liver in vivo. 2. The nutritional state of the rat has a profound influence on the glycerolipid metabolism of isolated hepatocytes. Fasting strongly decreased the incorporation of glycerol via sn-glycerol 3-phosphate into triacylglycerols whereas the formation of phosphatidylcholine and, particularly, phosphatidylethanolamine was much less affected by food deprivation. Refeeding a high-sucrose, fat-free diet caused a tremendous increase in the synthesis of diacylglycerols and triacylglycerols to values exceeding those found in hepatocytes from normally fed animals. The formation of phosphatidylcholine increased more slowly and the synthesis of phosphatidylethanolamine was even depressed by refeeding a high-sucrose, fat-free diet. 3. Alteration of the nutritional state resulted in similar changes in the amounts and metabolism of hepatic glycerolipids in vivo. The formation and, consequently, the amount of diacyglycerol and triacylglycerol were decreased by fasting and increased to values above normal in rats refed a high-sucrose, fat-free diet. The formation and the amounts of phospholipids in the liver decreased slightly by fasting which was mainly due to a decrease in phosphatidylcholine. Refeeding caused a significant increase in the formation and amount of phosphatidylcholine. The amount of phosphatidylethanolamine was even further diminished by feeding a high-sucrose, fat-free diet to 48-h-fasted rats. 4. These results show that the alterations, induced in the in vivo metabolism of hepatic glycerolipids, by changes of the dietary state, are also reflected in the isolated hepatocytes. This finding strengthens the potential significance of isolated hepatocytes in studies on the regulation of hepatic lipid metabolism."}
{"id": "PMID:870054", "title": "The effect of bile salts on the formation and hydrolysis of cholesterol esters by rat liver enzymes.", "content": "To determine the effects of different bile salts on the enzymic esterification of cholesterol and the hydrolysis of cholesterol esters rat liver homogenates and rat liver microsomes were incubated with varying amounts of different bile salts. Bile salts inhibited the formation of radioactive cholesterol esters in incubations of either rat liver homogenates or rat liver microsomes containing [14C]cholesterol. Chenodeoxycholate, glycochenodeoxycholate and taurochenodeoxycholate were more potent inhibitors than their comparable cholate analogues. Bile salts stimulated the hydrolysis of cholesterol esters when incubation were carried out with the liver homogenates. The dihydroxy bile salts were again more potent in this regard than the trihydroxylated bile salts. When the effects of bile salts on cholesterol ester hydrolysis were studied in in vitro incubations of hepatic microsomes a biphasic mode of acion was observed. In the absence of Na+ or K+ bile salts stimulated the hydrolysis of cholesterol oleate. However, following the addition of either Na+ or K+ to the microsomal incubations, bile salts caused an inhibition of cholesterol ester hydrolysis. Since cholesterol esterification was also inhibited under these conditions a direct inhibitory effect (not attributable to enhanced hydrolase activity) of the bile salts on the formation of cholesterol esters by the microsomes was established. Furthermore, this inhibition takes place at the transacylation step involving the fatty acyl-CoA ester and the sterol. These results suggest that bile salts can significantly alter the cholesterol-cholesterol ester profile in the liver, and furthermore, that these effects may be influenced by small changes in the intracellular environment in the region where these reactions occur.", "contents": "The effect of bile salts on the formation and hydrolysis of cholesterol esters by rat liver enzymes. To determine the effects of different bile salts on the enzymic esterification of cholesterol and the hydrolysis of cholesterol esters rat liver homogenates and rat liver microsomes were incubated with varying amounts of different bile salts. Bile salts inhibited the formation of radioactive cholesterol esters in incubations of either rat liver homogenates or rat liver microsomes containing [14C]cholesterol. Chenodeoxycholate, glycochenodeoxycholate and taurochenodeoxycholate were more potent inhibitors than their comparable cholate analogues. Bile salts stimulated the hydrolysis of cholesterol esters when incubation were carried out with the liver homogenates. The dihydroxy bile salts were again more potent in this regard than the trihydroxylated bile salts. When the effects of bile salts on cholesterol ester hydrolysis were studied in in vitro incubations of hepatic microsomes a biphasic mode of acion was observed. In the absence of Na+ or K+ bile salts stimulated the hydrolysis of cholesterol oleate. However, following the addition of either Na+ or K+ to the microsomal incubations, bile salts caused an inhibition of cholesterol ester hydrolysis. Since cholesterol esterification was also inhibited under these conditions a direct inhibitory effect (not attributable to enhanced hydrolase activity) of the bile salts on the formation of cholesterol esters by the microsomes was established. Furthermore, this inhibition takes place at the transacylation step involving the fatty acyl-CoA ester and the sterol. These results suggest that bile salts can significantly alter the cholesterol-cholesterol ester profile in the liver, and furthermore, that these effects may be influenced by small changes in the intracellular environment in the region where these reactions occur."}
{"id": "PMID:870055", "title": "Purification and characterization of two types of esterase from rat liver microsomes.", "content": "It was found that about 90% of the triacylglycerol lipase activity of a rat liver microsomal fraction was released by heparin treatment. The residual microsomal fraction contained about 95% of the esterase activity but little triacylglycerol lipase activity. Two kinds of esterase (esterases I and II) were purified from this residual fraction by DEAE-cellulose chromatography, hydroxyapatite chromatography, isoelectric focusing and Sephadex G-200 chromatography. The final preparations of esterases I and II, which were puri fied 70-and 140-fold, respectively, gave single protein bands on polyacrylamide gel and sodium dodecyl sulfate-gel electrophoreses. The molecular weights of esterases I and II were calculated to be about 70 000 and 160 000 by gel filtration of Sephadex G-200. Their isoelectric points were 5.82 and 6.32. Both esterases completely hydrolyzed short-chain triacylglycerols, such as tributyrylglycerol, but did not hydrolyze long-chain triacylglycerols. They preferentially hydrolyzed medium-chain-length 1-monoacylglycerols, such as 1-monocaprylylglycerol. Esterase I differed immunologically from esterase II and it was found to constitute about 30% of the total esterase activity in the microsomal fraction; esterase II constituted 50--60%. These results show the existence of two isozymes of esterase in the microsomal fraction.", "contents": "Purification and characterization of two types of esterase from rat liver microsomes. It was found that about 90% of the triacylglycerol lipase activity of a rat liver microsomal fraction was released by heparin treatment. The residual microsomal fraction contained about 95% of the esterase activity but little triacylglycerol lipase activity. Two kinds of esterase (esterases I and II) were purified from this residual fraction by DEAE-cellulose chromatography, hydroxyapatite chromatography, isoelectric focusing and Sephadex G-200 chromatography. The final preparations of esterases I and II, which were puri fied 70-and 140-fold, respectively, gave single protein bands on polyacrylamide gel and sodium dodecyl sulfate-gel electrophoreses. The molecular weights of esterases I and II were calculated to be about 70 000 and 160 000 by gel filtration of Sephadex G-200. Their isoelectric points were 5.82 and 6.32. Both esterases completely hydrolyzed short-chain triacylglycerols, such as tributyrylglycerol, but did not hydrolyze long-chain triacylglycerols. They preferentially hydrolyzed medium-chain-length 1-monoacylglycerols, such as 1-monocaprylylglycerol. Esterase I differed immunologically from esterase II and it was found to constitute about 30% of the total esterase activity in the microsomal fraction; esterase II constituted 50--60%. These results show the existence of two isozymes of esterase in the microsomal fraction."}
{"id": "PMID:870056", "title": "Incorporation of [14c] arachidonate in pig thyroid lipids and prostaglandins.", "content": "In pig and sheep thyroid, the arachidonate content of phosphatidylinositol (14.3--17.5%) is much higher than in the other phospholipids. In the thyroid, phosphatidylinositol seems to play an important role in the biosynthesis of prostaglandins. In neutral thyroid lipids, the arachidonate content is much higher in diacylglycerols (15.8%) than in monoacylglycerols (2.9%) or triacylglycerols (4.2%). However, the most important pool of esterified arachidonate is triacylglycerols (1030 nmol of arachidonate/g tissue). Arachidonate represents a very small part of total free fatty acids measured in the presence of albumin and indomethacin (0.65% or 16.4 nmol/g tissue). Thyrotropin (50 munits/ml) causes after 1 h a 2-fold increase in the level of free arachidonate (37.3 nmol/g tissue). Pig thyroid slices rapidly take up [14C]arachidonate and incorporate it into neutral lipids and phospholipids. Specific activity of phosphatidylinositol is 3-fold higher than that of phosphatidylcholine after an hour incubation. Specific activity of diacylglycerols is 8-fold higher than that of triacylglycerols. Thyrotropin (50 munits/ml) causes a significant decrease (32--33%) of incorporation of radioactivity in lipids as compared with standard incubation. This result is compatible with the isotopic dilution of the labeled [14C]arachidonate by nonradioactive arachidonate liberated in the incubation medium under thyrotropin action. Slices and homogenates of pig thyroid weakly convert [14C]arachidonate to prostaglandins E2 and F2alpha (1--2%. Thyrotropin (50 munits/ml) always diminishes the conversion of radioactivity to prostaglandins as compared with standard incubation. This result is compatible with the above-mentioned hypothesis.", "contents": "Incorporation of [14c] arachidonate in pig thyroid lipids and prostaglandins. In pig and sheep thyroid, the arachidonate content of phosphatidylinositol (14.3--17.5%) is much higher than in the other phospholipids. In the thyroid, phosphatidylinositol seems to play an important role in the biosynthesis of prostaglandins. In neutral thyroid lipids, the arachidonate content is much higher in diacylglycerols (15.8%) than in monoacylglycerols (2.9%) or triacylglycerols (4.2%). However, the most important pool of esterified arachidonate is triacylglycerols (1030 nmol of arachidonate/g tissue). Arachidonate represents a very small part of total free fatty acids measured in the presence of albumin and indomethacin (0.65% or 16.4 nmol/g tissue). Thyrotropin (50 munits/ml) causes after 1 h a 2-fold increase in the level of free arachidonate (37.3 nmol/g tissue). Pig thyroid slices rapidly take up [14C]arachidonate and incorporate it into neutral lipids and phospholipids. Specific activity of phosphatidylinositol is 3-fold higher than that of phosphatidylcholine after an hour incubation. Specific activity of diacylglycerols is 8-fold higher than that of triacylglycerols. Thyrotropin (50 munits/ml) causes a significant decrease (32--33%) of incorporation of radioactivity in lipids as compared with standard incubation. This result is compatible with the isotopic dilution of the labeled [14C]arachidonate by nonradioactive arachidonate liberated in the incubation medium under thyrotropin action. Slices and homogenates of pig thyroid weakly convert [14C]arachidonate to prostaglandins E2 and F2alpha (1--2%. Thyrotropin (50 munits/ml) always diminishes the conversion of radioactivity to prostaglandins as compared with standard incubation. This result is compatible with the above-mentioned hypothesis."}
{"id": "PMID:870057", "title": "Monoethlenic C20 and C22 fatty acids in marine oil and rapeseed oil. Studies on their oxidation and on their relative ability to inhibit palmitate oxidation in heart and liver mitochondria.", "content": "1. Carnitine esters of erucic acid (22:1 n-9 cis), cetoleic acid (22:1 n-11 cis), brassidic acid (22:1 n-9 trans), gadoleic acid (20:1 n-9 cis) and oleic acid (18:1 n-9 cis) have been compared as mitochondrial substrates and as inhibitors of palmitoylcarnitine oxidation in heart and liver mitochondria. 2. Both the rate of intramitochondrial-CoA acylation and the rate of beta-oxidation decreases as the chain length increases from C18 to C22. There are no significant differences among the three C22 isomers as oxidizable substrates. 3. All the tested acylcarnitines inhibit palmitoylcarnitine oxidation. The C18 and C20 acylcarnitines inhibit by virtue of being competing substrates; i.e. the respiration is not inhibited. The C22-isomers inhibit also respiration; this shows that the inhibition of palmitolycarnitine oxidation is not compensated for by oxidation of C22-acylcarnitines. Brassidoylcarnitine inhibits the oxidation of palmitoylcarnitine and respiration less than erucoyl-and cetoleoylcarnitine. The different behaviour of the C22-isomers is probably due to the difference in their competitive properties with respect to long-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase. 4. All C22 acylcarnitines seem to be relatively better oxidized in the liver than in the heart mitochondria while their inhibitory effect on the usage of the radioactive palmitoylcarnitine is very similar. 5. Palmitoylcarnitine inhibits almost completely the \"endogenous\" formation of acetyl-CoA presumably from malate via pyruvate in the liver mitochondria while the C22-acylcarnitines cause only a partial inhibiton of this acetyl-CaO formation.", "contents": "Monoethlenic C20 and C22 fatty acids in marine oil and rapeseed oil. Studies on their oxidation and on their relative ability to inhibit palmitate oxidation in heart and liver mitochondria. 1. Carnitine esters of erucic acid (22:1 n-9 cis), cetoleic acid (22:1 n-11 cis), brassidic acid (22:1 n-9 trans), gadoleic acid (20:1 n-9 cis) and oleic acid (18:1 n-9 cis) have been compared as mitochondrial substrates and as inhibitors of palmitoylcarnitine oxidation in heart and liver mitochondria. 2. Both the rate of intramitochondrial-CoA acylation and the rate of beta-oxidation decreases as the chain length increases from C18 to C22. There are no significant differences among the three C22 isomers as oxidizable substrates. 3. All the tested acylcarnitines inhibit palmitoylcarnitine oxidation. The C18 and C20 acylcarnitines inhibit by virtue of being competing substrates; i.e. the respiration is not inhibited. The C22-isomers inhibit also respiration; this shows that the inhibition of palmitolycarnitine oxidation is not compensated for by oxidation of C22-acylcarnitines. Brassidoylcarnitine inhibits the oxidation of palmitoylcarnitine and respiration less than erucoyl-and cetoleoylcarnitine. The different behaviour of the C22-isomers is probably due to the difference in their competitive properties with respect to long-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase. 4. All C22 acylcarnitines seem to be relatively better oxidized in the liver than in the heart mitochondria while their inhibitory effect on the usage of the radioactive palmitoylcarnitine is very similar. 5. Palmitoylcarnitine inhibits almost completely the \"endogenous\" formation of acetyl-CoA presumably from malate via pyruvate in the liver mitochondria while the C22-acylcarnitines cause only a partial inhibiton of this acetyl-CaO formation."}
{"id": "PMID:870058", "title": "Rat intestinal glycolipids. III. Fatty acids and long chain bases of glycolipids from villus and crypt cells.", "content": "Previous studies from this laboratory have demonstrated a striking difference in rat intestinal glycolipids between differentiated villus cells and immature crypt cells. Villus cells contained proportionally greater amounts of glucosylceramide and hematoside while crypt cells were deficient in hematoside, but contained proportionally greater amounts of trihexosylceramide. In order to further elucidate possible differences between villus and crypt cell glycolipids, a study of the sphingosine and fatty acids of rat intestinal glycolipids was conducted. Villus and crypt cells were separated from rat intestine and the glycolipids purified. Fatty acids and long chain bases of the three major glycolipids (glucosylceramide, trihexosylceramide, hematoside) extracted from these cells were characterized. Phytosphingosine accounted for 63-73% of the total long chain bases in all glycolipids whether from villus or crypt cells. Hydroxy fatty acids represented 70% of total fatty acids in the glucosylceramide and in the hematoside but accounted for only 30% in the trihexosylceramide. In addition, trihexosylceramide contained a larger percentage of fatty acids with 20-carbon atoms than glucosylceramide and hematoside isolated from villus cells. These fatty acids were more concentrated in crypt cells than in villus cells glycolipids. These results suggest that hematoside and trihexosylceramide, respectively abundant in villus and in crypt cells, may be derived from a different lactosylceramide precursor and further underscore differences in villus and crypt cell glycolipid synthesis.", "contents": "Rat intestinal glycolipids. III. Fatty acids and long chain bases of glycolipids from villus and crypt cells. Previous studies from this laboratory have demonstrated a striking difference in rat intestinal glycolipids between differentiated villus cells and immature crypt cells. Villus cells contained proportionally greater amounts of glucosylceramide and hematoside while crypt cells were deficient in hematoside, but contained proportionally greater amounts of trihexosylceramide. In order to further elucidate possible differences between villus and crypt cell glycolipids, a study of the sphingosine and fatty acids of rat intestinal glycolipids was conducted. Villus and crypt cells were separated from rat intestine and the glycolipids purified. Fatty acids and long chain bases of the three major glycolipids (glucosylceramide, trihexosylceramide, hematoside) extracted from these cells were characterized. Phytosphingosine accounted for 63-73% of the total long chain bases in all glycolipids whether from villus or crypt cells. Hydroxy fatty acids represented 70% of total fatty acids in the glucosylceramide and in the hematoside but accounted for only 30% in the trihexosylceramide. In addition, trihexosylceramide contained a larger percentage of fatty acids with 20-carbon atoms than glucosylceramide and hematoside isolated from villus cells. These fatty acids were more concentrated in crypt cells than in villus cells glycolipids. These results suggest that hematoside and trihexosylceramide, respectively abundant in villus and in crypt cells, may be derived from a different lactosylceramide precursor and further underscore differences in villus and crypt cell glycolipid synthesis."}
{"id": "PMID:870059", "title": "Glycolipid composition of human testis at different ages and the stereochemical configuration of seminolipid.", "content": "1. The sterochemical configuration of glycerol moiety of seminolipid (1-O-alkyl-2-O-beta-D-(3'-sulfo) galactopyranosylglycerol: Ishizuka, I., Suzuki, A. and Yamakawa, T. (1973). J. Biochem. 73, 77--87) from mammalian testis was determined by measurement of optical rotatory dispersion of alkylglyceryl ether moiety, establishing the final structure of the major glycolipid from mature testis of mammals as 1-O-alkyl-2-O-beta-D-(3'-sulfo)-galactopyranosyl-sn-glycerol. 2. The simple and sensitive modification of fluorometric determination of galactolipids and sphingolipids was described. This method does not require lipid extraction from silica gel of thin-layer chromatography, and allows a quantitative assessment of the sphingoglycolipids and galactosyl glycerides using a small amount of testicular tissue. 3. Various lipid classes from human testis of varying age groups were compared. The total lipid and seminolipid content was highest in adult (40-years-old) testis amounting to 39.0 mg and 158.7 nmol/g tissue, respectively. Seminolipid was not detected in infant (2 years old) or child (9 years old) and found only at the concentration of 25.3 nmol/g in the testis of aged (60--90 years of age) supporting the postulated relation of seminolipid with spermatogenesis and sexual activity. In contrast, ganglioside content was highest in the testis of aged probably reflecting fibrosis of the testis. The main ganglioside was found to be hematoside with N-acetylneuraminic acid. Gangliosides Gm1 and GD1a were also detected.", "contents": "Glycolipid composition of human testis at different ages and the stereochemical configuration of seminolipid. 1. The sterochemical configuration of glycerol moiety of seminolipid (1-O-alkyl-2-O-beta-D-(3'-sulfo) galactopyranosylglycerol: Ishizuka, I., Suzuki, A. and Yamakawa, T. (1973). J. Biochem. 73, 77--87) from mammalian testis was determined by measurement of optical rotatory dispersion of alkylglyceryl ether moiety, establishing the final structure of the major glycolipid from mature testis of mammals as 1-O-alkyl-2-O-beta-D-(3'-sulfo)-galactopyranosyl-sn-glycerol. 2. The simple and sensitive modification of fluorometric determination of galactolipids and sphingolipids was described. This method does not require lipid extraction from silica gel of thin-layer chromatography, and allows a quantitative assessment of the sphingoglycolipids and galactosyl glycerides using a small amount of testicular tissue. 3. Various lipid classes from human testis of varying age groups were compared. The total lipid and seminolipid content was highest in adult (40-years-old) testis amounting to 39.0 mg and 158.7 nmol/g tissue, respectively. Seminolipid was not detected in infant (2 years old) or child (9 years old) and found only at the concentration of 25.3 nmol/g in the testis of aged (60--90 years of age) supporting the postulated relation of seminolipid with spermatogenesis and sexual activity. In contrast, ganglioside content was highest in the testis of aged probably reflecting fibrosis of the testis. The main ganglioside was found to be hematoside with N-acetylneuraminic acid. Gangliosides Gm1 and GD1a were also detected."}
{"id": "PMID:870060", "title": "The polar lipids of group B Streptococci. II. Composition and positional distribution of fatty acids.", "content": "1. The polar lipids from group B Streptococci have been isolated. Unless overlapping fractions are worked up on each step molecular species can be lost resulting in a fatty acid composition different from the original one. 2. The lipids were shown to be 1(3),2-diacyl-3(1)-O-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl-sn-glycerol, 1(3),2-diacyl-3(1)-O-[alpha--D-glucopyranosyl-(1,2)-O-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl]-sn-glycerol, 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho-1'-sn-glycerol, lysylphosphatidylglycerol and 1'-3'-bis(1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho-glycerol. The sterochemical configuration of the phospholipids was achieved by combinations of chemical degradations. 3. The fatty acid composition of group B Streptococci lipids is qualitatively the same as in other Streptococci, but differs by a high content of stearic acid and by a low degree of unsaturation and cyclopropanization. 4. The forementioned polar lipids as well as the glucosyldiphsphatidylglycerol,, which is also found in this organism, showed a very similar composition and the same non-radom positional distribution of fatty acids. Apart from short chain fatty acids the positioning differentiates between saturated and unsaturated fatty acids: short chain and unsaturated fatty acids are accumulated at Position 2, saturated acids are preferentially linked to Position 1. 5. The uniform fatty acid make-up in all polar lipids favours the hypothesis that their diacylglycerol portions are derived from a common phosphatidic acid precursor with negligible postsynthetic rearrangements of the constituent fatty acids.", "contents": "The polar lipids of group B Streptococci. II. Composition and positional distribution of fatty acids. 1. The polar lipids from group B Streptococci have been isolated. Unless overlapping fractions are worked up on each step molecular species can be lost resulting in a fatty acid composition different from the original one. 2. The lipids were shown to be 1(3),2-diacyl-3(1)-O-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl-sn-glycerol, 1(3),2-diacyl-3(1)-O-[alpha--D-glucopyranosyl-(1,2)-O-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl]-sn-glycerol, 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho-1'-sn-glycerol, lysylphosphatidylglycerol and 1'-3'-bis(1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho-glycerol. The sterochemical configuration of the phospholipids was achieved by combinations of chemical degradations. 3. The fatty acid composition of group B Streptococci lipids is qualitatively the same as in other Streptococci, but differs by a high content of stearic acid and by a low degree of unsaturation and cyclopropanization. 4. The forementioned polar lipids as well as the glucosyldiphsphatidylglycerol,, which is also found in this organism, showed a very similar composition and the same non-radom positional distribution of fatty acids. Apart from short chain fatty acids the positioning differentiates between saturated and unsaturated fatty acids: short chain and unsaturated fatty acids are accumulated at Position 2, saturated acids are preferentially linked to Position 1. 5. The uniform fatty acid make-up in all polar lipids favours the hypothesis that their diacylglycerol portions are derived from a common phosphatidic acid precursor with negligible postsynthetic rearrangements of the constituent fatty acids."}
{"id": "PMID:870062", "title": "Isolation and purification of calcium-binding proteins from bovine neurohypophyses.", "content": "An acidic calcium-binding protein was isolated from the soluble fraction of the homogenate of ox neurohypophyses. The protein has a molecular weight of 35 000 and a subunit weight of 15 000. The purification procedure involved ammonium sulphate fractionation, DEAE-cellulose chromatography and gel filtration on Sephadex G-100 and Sephadex G-50. Conventional and sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis demonstrated it to be a protein distinct from the S-100 protein and the soluble hormone-binding proteins (neurophysins) abundant in the neurohypophysis. This appears to be the only Ca2+-binding protein in the soluble part of the homogenate, with an apparent Kdiss for Ca2+ of 1.1 X 10(-5) M (at 22 degrees C) and a binding capacity of 2 mol of calcium per mol of protein. Two different Ca2+-binding proteins of molecular weights 16 500 and 68 000, respectively, were identified in the sodium-deoxycholate-soluble proteins from an ox neurohypophysial microsome fraction. One of them (the former) has been isolated in high purity by DEAE-cellulose chromatography and gel filtration on Sephadex G-200. This protein binds 4 mol of calcium per mol of protein with an apparent Kdiss of 1.0 X 10(-5) M (at 22 degrees C). The sodium-deoxycholate-insoluble proteins from the microsomal fraction also have Ca2+-binding components. The soluble Ca2+-binding protein has properties similar to and may be identical to Ca2+-binding proteins which have been isolated from bovine brain and have been demonstrated to be modulators of brain cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase and of actinomyosin ATPase. It also resembles Ca2+-binding proteins isolated from bovine adrenals and the electroplax from electrophorus electricus.", "contents": "Isolation and purification of calcium-binding proteins from bovine neurohypophyses. An acidic calcium-binding protein was isolated from the soluble fraction of the homogenate of ox neurohypophyses. The protein has a molecular weight of 35 000 and a subunit weight of 15 000. The purification procedure involved ammonium sulphate fractionation, DEAE-cellulose chromatography and gel filtration on Sephadex G-100 and Sephadex G-50. Conventional and sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis demonstrated it to be a protein distinct from the S-100 protein and the soluble hormone-binding proteins (neurophysins) abundant in the neurohypophysis. This appears to be the only Ca2+-binding protein in the soluble part of the homogenate, with an apparent Kdiss for Ca2+ of 1.1 X 10(-5) M (at 22 degrees C) and a binding capacity of 2 mol of calcium per mol of protein. Two different Ca2+-binding proteins of molecular weights 16 500 and 68 000, respectively, were identified in the sodium-deoxycholate-soluble proteins from an ox neurohypophysial microsome fraction. One of them (the former) has been isolated in high purity by DEAE-cellulose chromatography and gel filtration on Sephadex G-200. This protein binds 4 mol of calcium per mol of protein with an apparent Kdiss of 1.0 X 10(-5) M (at 22 degrees C). The sodium-deoxycholate-insoluble proteins from the microsomal fraction also have Ca2+-binding components. The soluble Ca2+-binding protein has properties similar to and may be identical to Ca2+-binding proteins which have been isolated from bovine brain and have been demonstrated to be modulators of brain cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase and of actinomyosin ATPase. It also resembles Ca2+-binding proteins isolated from bovine adrenals and the electroplax from electrophorus electricus."}
{"id": "PMID:870061", "title": "The neutralization mechanism of Vipera palaestinae neurotoxin by a purified factor from homologous serum.", "content": "The serum of Vipera palaestinae contains two separate factors which neutralize the hemorrhagic and the neurotoxic activities of its venom. The purified antineurotoxic factor shows one major band in disc electrophoresis and an 800-fold increase in specific activity. Its molecular weight is approximately 56 000 and the isoelectric point is 4.0. These data, together with the failure to form precipitin lines in immuno-diffusion tests, suggest that the antineurotoxic factor of Vipera palaestinae serum is probably an albumin-like or alpha-globulin fraction rather than an immunoglobulin fraction. In vivo experiments show that the neutralizing protein does not protect or block the neurotoxin target sites. When the  neurotoxic fraction is injected into mice intravenously at different intervals following injection of the snake serum, the neutralizing activity decreases with time. Experiments carried out in vitro show that the antineurotoxic factor is inactivated upon heating at 95 degrees C for 10 min but resists boiling when mixed with the neurotoxic component, suggesting the formation of a thermostable complex between the two components. This assumed complex dissociates at pH 2.5 and the neurotoxic activity reappears. Further investigation of the reaction with 131I-labeled neurotoxin and neurotoxin components shows that a stable complex is formed between the neutralizing protein and one of the synergistic components of the neurotoxic fraction.", "contents": "The neutralization mechanism of Vipera palaestinae neurotoxin by a purified factor from homologous serum. The serum of Vipera palaestinae contains two separate factors which neutralize the hemorrhagic and the neurotoxic activities of its venom. The purified antineurotoxic factor shows one major band in disc electrophoresis and an 800-fold increase in specific activity. Its molecular weight is approximately 56 000 and the isoelectric point is 4.0. These data, together with the failure to form precipitin lines in immuno-diffusion tests, suggest that the antineurotoxic factor of Vipera palaestinae serum is probably an albumin-like or alpha-globulin fraction rather than an immunoglobulin fraction. In vivo experiments show that the neutralizing protein does not protect or block the neurotoxin target sites. When the  neurotoxic fraction is injected into mice intravenously at different intervals following injection of the snake serum, the neutralizing activity decreases with time. Experiments carried out in vitro show that the antineurotoxic factor is inactivated upon heating at 95 degrees C for 10 min but resists boiling when mixed with the neurotoxic component, suggesting the formation of a thermostable complex between the two components. This assumed complex dissociates at pH 2.5 and the neurotoxic activity reappears. Further investigation of the reaction with 131I-labeled neurotoxin and neurotoxin components shows that a stable complex is formed between the neutralizing protein and one of the synergistic components of the neurotoxic fraction."}
{"id": "PMID:870063", "title": "Laser Raman spectra of calf thymus histones H1, H2A, and H2B.", "content": "Laser Raman spectra of the calf thymus histones H1, H2A, and H2B in aqueous solutions are presented. The amide III band in the spectrum of the very lysine-rich histone H1 in aqueous solution appears at 1245 cm-1, which is almost at the same frequency as the corresponding vibration of the ionized form of poly(L-lysine). Upon increasing the NaCl concentration to 1 M, the frequency of the amide III vibration shifts to 1250 cm-1 as a result of the formation of a more compact disordered structure of at least the N-terminal region of the protein. Changing the pH from 3 to 5 induces the same frequency shift. The amide III regions of the Raman spectra of the slightly lysine-rich histones H2A and H2B shows two bands at 1247 and 1265 cm-1 for H2A, and at 1254 and 1265 cm-1 for H2B. These doublets are attributed to vibrations involving the backbone of at least two structurally distinct parts of the histone molecules. The low frequency component is assigned to the random-coil regions of the proteins which appear to have similar conformations for H1 and H2A. The frequency of this component also suggest that the structure of the disordered regions of H2B are more compact and less extended. These conclusions confirm the conformation predictions based on the primary structures of these proteins. The high frequency component at 1265 cm-1 is assigned to the alpha-helical and rigid disordered structures of H2A and H2B, since this band increases in intensity upon addition of NaCl. The amide I' region of the histone spectra is also presented but appears to be much less sensitive to the conformation than the amide III region. The intensity of the bands due to the single bond C-C stretching modes, as well as the intensity ratio of the tyrosine Fermi doublet at 855 and 830 cm-1, are also discussed.", "contents": "Laser Raman spectra of calf thymus histones H1, H2A, and H2B. Laser Raman spectra of the calf thymus histones H1, H2A, and H2B in aqueous solutions are presented. The amide III band in the spectrum of the very lysine-rich histone H1 in aqueous solution appears at 1245 cm-1, which is almost at the same frequency as the corresponding vibration of the ionized form of poly(L-lysine). Upon increasing the NaCl concentration to 1 M, the frequency of the amide III vibration shifts to 1250 cm-1 as a result of the formation of a more compact disordered structure of at least the N-terminal region of the protein. Changing the pH from 3 to 5 induces the same frequency shift. The amide III regions of the Raman spectra of the slightly lysine-rich histones H2A and H2B shows two bands at 1247 and 1265 cm-1 for H2A, and at 1254 and 1265 cm-1 for H2B. These doublets are attributed to vibrations involving the backbone of at least two structurally distinct parts of the histone molecules. The low frequency component is assigned to the random-coil regions of the proteins which appear to have similar conformations for H1 and H2A. The frequency of this component also suggest that the structure of the disordered regions of H2B are more compact and less extended. These conclusions confirm the conformation predictions based on the primary structures of these proteins. The high frequency component at 1265 cm-1 is assigned to the alpha-helical and rigid disordered structures of H2A and H2B, since this band increases in intensity upon addition of NaCl. The amide I' region of the histone spectra is also presented but appears to be much less sensitive to the conformation than the amide III region. The intensity of the bands due to the single bond C-C stretching modes, as well as the intensity ratio of the tyrosine Fermi doublet at 855 and 830 cm-1, are also discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:870064", "title": "Thermodynamics of the isothermal interaction of beta-lactoglobulin with guanidinium chloride and urea.", "content": "A thermodynamic study of the isothermal interaction of beta-lactoglobulin with guanidinium chloride and urea has been performed. Enthalpies of interaction of the two denaturants have been obtained by calorimetric measurements, and the free energy of interaction calculated from previously determined preferential binding of denaturants. In separate dilatometric experiments the volume changes accompanying the interaction of guanidinium chloride with beta-lactoglobulin have also been determined.", "contents": "Thermodynamics of the isothermal interaction of beta-lactoglobulin with guanidinium chloride and urea. A thermodynamic study of the isothermal interaction of beta-lactoglobulin with guanidinium chloride and urea has been performed. Enthalpies of interaction of the two denaturants have been obtained by calorimetric measurements, and the free energy of interaction calculated from previously determined preferential binding of denaturants. In separate dilatometric experiments the volume changes accompanying the interaction of guanidinium chloride with beta-lactoglobulin have also been determined."}
{"id": "PMID:870065", "title": "Characterization of in vivo effects of dilithium carbamyl phosphate on dog hemoglobin structure and function.", "content": "The effect of oral administration of dilithium carbamyl phosphate on adult beagle dogs is dose related. The levels of carbamylation as mol valine hydantoin/mol hemoglobin tetramer reaches a plateau of 0.3-0.38 with daily doses of 100 mg/kg body weight. Related changes in oxygen binding by whole blood and hemoglobin amount to a 5-15% left shift in oxygen isotherms. After discontinuing the administration of carbamyl phosphate, the disappearance of modified hemoglobin with a return to normal oxygen binding values follows the gradual replacement of old cells by new cells in the circulation. When the level of in vivo carbamylation in dog blood is greater than 0.16, it is similar to the levels of in vitro carbamylation of hemoglobin SS which result in the interference with sickling of erythrocytes at low levelsof oxygen.", "contents": "Characterization of in vivo effects of dilithium carbamyl phosphate on dog hemoglobin structure and function. The effect of oral administration of dilithium carbamyl phosphate on adult beagle dogs is dose related. The levels of carbamylation as mol valine hydantoin/mol hemoglobin tetramer reaches a plateau of 0.3-0.38 with daily doses of 100 mg/kg body weight. Related changes in oxygen binding by whole blood and hemoglobin amount to a 5-15% left shift in oxygen isotherms. After discontinuing the administration of carbamyl phosphate, the disappearance of modified hemoglobin with a return to normal oxygen binding values follows the gradual replacement of old cells by new cells in the circulation. When the level of in vivo carbamylation in dog blood is greater than 0.16, it is similar to the levels of in vitro carbamylation of hemoglobin SS which result in the interference with sickling of erythrocytes at low levelsof oxygen."}
{"id": "PMID:870066", "title": "An analysis of molecular interactions involved in the assembly of tropomyosin tactoids.", "content": "Arrangements of parallel and antiparallel tropomyosin molecules are examined for residue interactions which might explain the paracrystal forms observed by electron microscopy. Molecular arrays which produce interaction maxima and corresponding computer graphics-simulated staining patterns are compared with observd electron micrographs. The best correlation of interactions with staining pattern occurs when cationic bridging of acid residues is maximized and supported by favourable ion pair interactions. In the antiparallel case, two main maxima occur and appear to correspond to divalent ion tactoids which have been previously reported. For the Cohen-Longley Mg2+ tactoid the best fit is obtained with a molecular overlap of 201 residues and an end overlap of 17-18 residues (based on a rational 287 peptide sequence). Secondary maxima correspond to other known tactoid forms. Binding of tropomyosin molecules to actin may involve hydrogen bonding to six serine residues which occur at approx. 40-residue intervals.", "contents": "An analysis of molecular interactions involved in the assembly of tropomyosin tactoids. Arrangements of parallel and antiparallel tropomyosin molecules are examined for residue interactions which might explain the paracrystal forms observed by electron microscopy. Molecular arrays which produce interaction maxima and corresponding computer graphics-simulated staining patterns are compared with observd electron micrographs. The best correlation of interactions with staining pattern occurs when cationic bridging of acid residues is maximized and supported by favourable ion pair interactions. In the antiparallel case, two main maxima occur and appear to correspond to divalent ion tactoids which have been previously reported. For the Cohen-Longley Mg2+ tactoid the best fit is obtained with a molecular overlap of 201 residues and an end overlap of 17-18 residues (based on a rational 287 peptide sequence). Secondary maxima correspond to other known tactoid forms. Binding of tropomyosin molecules to actin may involve hydrogen bonding to six serine residues which occur at approx. 40-residue intervals."}
{"id": "PMID:870067", "title": "A direct radioimmunoassay for plasma renin in mice and its evaluation.", "content": "The pioneering work of Cohen, S., Taylor J.M., Murakami, K., Michelakis, A.M. and Inagami, T. ((1972) Biochemistry 11 4286-4293) with isolation of submaxillary renin and the first direct radioimmunoassay for renin subsequently described by Michelakis A.M. Yoshida H., Menzie, J., Murakami, K. and Inagami, T ((1974) Endocrinology 94, 1101-1105) was reinvestigated and confirmed. In addition a detailed evaluation of the assay is described by characterization of the immunoreactivity of the labelled renin and demonstration of immunological identity between plasma renin and purified renin standards. Assay and equilibrium conditions were characterized and optimized and the association constant for the antibodies determined to be of the order of 10(11)1/mol. The validity of the direct assay for renin was further investigated by a comparison with another radioimmunoassay for renin; the antibody trapping method, which measures the enzymatic activity of renin in plasma. The correlation coefficient is high (0.91) but does not exclude that the direct assay measures a hypothetical prorenin in plasma as well.", "contents": "A direct radioimmunoassay for plasma renin in mice and its evaluation. The pioneering work of Cohen, S., Taylor J.M., Murakami, K., Michelakis, A.M. and Inagami, T. ((1972) Biochemistry 11 4286-4293) with isolation of submaxillary renin and the first direct radioimmunoassay for renin subsequently described by Michelakis A.M. Yoshida H., Menzie, J., Murakami, K. and Inagami, T ((1974) Endocrinology 94, 1101-1105) was reinvestigated and confirmed. In addition a detailed evaluation of the assay is described by characterization of the immunoreactivity of the labelled renin and demonstration of immunological identity between plasma renin and purified renin standards. Assay and equilibrium conditions were characterized and optimized and the association constant for the antibodies determined to be of the order of 10(11)1/mol. The validity of the direct assay for renin was further investigated by a comparison with another radioimmunoassay for renin; the antibody trapping method, which measures the enzymatic activity of renin in plasma. The correlation coefficient is high (0.91) but does not exclude that the direct assay measures a hypothetical prorenin in plasma as well."}
{"id": "PMID:870068", "title": "Direct measurement of high molecular weight forms of renin in plasma.", "content": "Gel filtration of normal mouse serum revealed the presence of high molecular-weight forms of renin, in addition to the well-recognized 40 000 dalton form. The distribution of renin was measured by using both the antibody trapping method, which measures renin's enzymatic reactivity, and by a direct radio-immunoassay, which detects the renin molecule by its antigenic properties. A well characterized and distinct peak corresponding to a molecular weight of 200 000 or greater was always present. A less distinct peak was seen between 70 000 and 140 000 daltons. The well separated and symmetrical peak at 40 000-45 000 daltons was secreted from both kidneys and submaxillary glands and disappeared almost completely after combined nephrectomy and sialoadenectomy in contrast to the forms of higher molecular weight. The higher the molecular weight the lower was the specific enzymatic reactivity found to be. The 200 000-dalton peak was mainly detectable by the direct assay, although it was demonstrated to contain enzymatic reactivity to a small extent. The 40 000-dalton peak had a specific enzymatic reactivity and molecular weight identical to that of pure submaxillary renin.", "contents": "Direct measurement of high molecular weight forms of renin in plasma. Gel filtration of normal mouse serum revealed the presence of high molecular-weight forms of renin, in addition to the well-recognized 40 000 dalton form. The distribution of renin was measured by using both the antibody trapping method, which measures renin's enzymatic reactivity, and by a direct radio-immunoassay, which detects the renin molecule by its antigenic properties. A well characterized and distinct peak corresponding to a molecular weight of 200 000 or greater was always present. A less distinct peak was seen between 70 000 and 140 000 daltons. The well separated and symmetrical peak at 40 000-45 000 daltons was secreted from both kidneys and submaxillary glands and disappeared almost completely after combined nephrectomy and sialoadenectomy in contrast to the forms of higher molecular weight. The higher the molecular weight the lower was the specific enzymatic reactivity found to be. The 200 000-dalton peak was mainly detectable by the direct assay, although it was demonstrated to contain enzymatic reactivity to a small extent. The 40 000-dalton peak had a specific enzymatic reactivity and molecular weight identical to that of pure submaxillary renin."}
{"id": "PMID:870069", "title": "Quantitative polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and specific activities of human somatotropin and its derivatives.", "content": "A preparation of human pituitary somatotropin examined in quantitative polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis is conformationally compact. The derived molecular weight by quantitative electrophoresis is consistant with the known mass of the hormone and value obtained by other methods. A plasmin-modified somatotropin is more compact and shows full activity in immunoassay, and in lymphocyte binding and somatotropic assays, with enhanced lactogenic activity. The N-terminal 134-amino acid fragment and a hendekakaihekaton fragment exist in non-monomeric forms. The N-terminal fragment has immunologic and biologic activity, with greatest activity in the in vivo somatotropic assay. The hendekakaihekaton fragment exhibited only marginal activity. All preparations showed heterogeneity of charge in quantitative electrophoresis with discreet charge isomerism recognizable for the native and plasmin-modified preparations.", "contents": "Quantitative polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and specific activities of human somatotropin and its derivatives. A preparation of human pituitary somatotropin examined in quantitative polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis is conformationally compact. The derived molecular weight by quantitative electrophoresis is consistant with the known mass of the hormone and value obtained by other methods. A plasmin-modified somatotropin is more compact and shows full activity in immunoassay, and in lymphocyte binding and somatotropic assays, with enhanced lactogenic activity. The N-terminal 134-amino acid fragment and a hendekakaihekaton fragment exist in non-monomeric forms. The N-terminal fragment has immunologic and biologic activity, with greatest activity in the in vivo somatotropic assay. The hendekakaihekaton fragment exhibited only marginal activity. All preparations showed heterogeneity of charge in quantitative electrophoresis with discreet charge isomerism recognizable for the native and plasmin-modified preparations."}
{"id": "PMID:870070", "title": "Primary structures of alpha-crystallin A chains of elephant, whale, hyrax and rhinoceros.", "content": "As part of a study of the evolutionary development of the eye lens protein alpha-crystallin the 173-residue A chain of this protein has been studied in elephant, whale, hyrax and rhinoceros. The primary structures were inferred mainly from amino acid compositions of peptides obtained by enzymic digestions and CNBr cleavage. The positions of substitutions, as compared to the known bovine A chain, were confirmed by Edman degradation. In accordance with the previously observed slow rate of evolution of the A chain only a small number of substitutions was found among these species. Elephant and hyrax share a number of unique substitutions, strongly indicating a common ancestry of these two species within the mammalian class.", "contents": "Primary structures of alpha-crystallin A chains of elephant, whale, hyrax and rhinoceros. As part of a study of the evolutionary development of the eye lens protein alpha-crystallin the 173-residue A chain of this protein has been studied in elephant, whale, hyrax and rhinoceros. The primary structures were inferred mainly from amino acid compositions of peptides obtained by enzymic digestions and CNBr cleavage. The positions of substitutions, as compared to the known bovine A chain, were confirmed by Edman degradation. In accordance with the previously observed slow rate of evolution of the A chain only a small number of substitutions was found among these species. Elephant and hyrax share a number of unique substitutions, strongly indicating a common ancestry of these two species within the mammalian class."}
{"id": "PMID:870071", "title": "Rat liver alpha-tocopherol binding protein.", "content": "1. The properties of rat liver cytoplasmic alpha-tocopherol binding protein have been studied. 2. The binding protein sedimented in the 3 S region of sucrose density gradients, and gel filtration indicated an approximate molecular weight of 30 500. 3. Of the tissues examined by the present assay, binding was detectable only in the liver. 4. Optimal binding was achieved by incubation at 26 degrees C for 4 h and was independent of pH between 7.4 and 9.0. 5. Pronase completely abolished binding. The binding protein was, however, almost completely resistant to trypsin, and unaffected by RNAase, DNAase, triacylglycerol lipase, and phospholipase C. 6. A variety of tocopherol analogues and other lipid-soluble compounds were tested for their ability to compete for binding. Only alpha-tocopherol and to a lesser extent alpha-tocotrienol and gamma-tocopherol exhibited competition. alpha-Tocopherol acetate, alpha-tocopherol quinone and 6-hydroxy-2,5,7,8-tetramethylchroman-2-carboxylic acid had no effect on binding. 7. Tocopherol binding was reversible, and the tocopherol was not metabolized during incubation.", "contents": "Rat liver alpha-tocopherol binding protein. 1. The properties of rat liver cytoplasmic alpha-tocopherol binding protein have been studied. 2. The binding protein sedimented in the 3 S region of sucrose density gradients, and gel filtration indicated an approximate molecular weight of 30 500. 3. Of the tissues examined by the present assay, binding was detectable only in the liver. 4. Optimal binding was achieved by incubation at 26 degrees C for 4 h and was independent of pH between 7.4 and 9.0. 5. Pronase completely abolished binding. The binding protein was, however, almost completely resistant to trypsin, and unaffected by RNAase, DNAase, triacylglycerol lipase, and phospholipase C. 6. A variety of tocopherol analogues and other lipid-soluble compounds were tested for their ability to compete for binding. Only alpha-tocopherol and to a lesser extent alpha-tocotrienol and gamma-tocopherol exhibited competition. alpha-Tocopherol acetate, alpha-tocopherol quinone and 6-hydroxy-2,5,7,8-tetramethylchroman-2-carboxylic acid had no effect on binding. 7. Tocopherol binding was reversible, and the tocopherol was not metabolized during incubation."}
{"id": "PMID:870072", "title": "Studies on the flavins in rat liver mitochondrial outer membranes.", "content": "The incorporation of radioactivity derived from [2-14C] riboflavin into the flavins of rat liver mitochondrial outer membranes was studied. These membranes were found to contain about 0.6 nmol of non-covalently bound flavins per mg protein; the majority is in the form of FAD (73%) and FMN (24%). The membranes also contain about 1.5 nmol per mg of covalently bound flavins. After labeling, radioactive flavins appeared in the non-covalently bound flavins for about 4 h. Most of this radioactivity was in FAC (77%). Neither the rate nor extent of this labeling was affected by cycloheximide (1 mg/kg) administered 30 min prior to the radioactive riboflavin. With the covalently bound flavins, radioactivity was incorporated into the coenzymes for at least 18 h, but the rate of incorporation was much slower. After cycloheximide, radioactive flavins continued to appear in covalently bound flavins for about 2 h, but then stopped. Labeling of both types of flavins after [14C] riboflavin was considerably slower than the incorporation of [3H] leucine into outer membrane proteins. These results suggest that with flavoproteins from the mitochondrial outer membranes, the incorporation of flavins occurs after synthesis of the various apoenzymes is complete.", "contents": "Studies on the flavins in rat liver mitochondrial outer membranes. The incorporation of radioactivity derived from [2-14C] riboflavin into the flavins of rat liver mitochondrial outer membranes was studied. These membranes were found to contain about 0.6 nmol of non-covalently bound flavins per mg protein; the majority is in the form of FAD (73%) and FMN (24%). The membranes also contain about 1.5 nmol per mg of covalently bound flavins. After labeling, radioactive flavins appeared in the non-covalently bound flavins for about 4 h. Most of this radioactivity was in FAC (77%). Neither the rate nor extent of this labeling was affected by cycloheximide (1 mg/kg) administered 30 min prior to the radioactive riboflavin. With the covalently bound flavins, radioactivity was incorporated into the coenzymes for at least 18 h, but the rate of incorporation was much slower. After cycloheximide, radioactive flavins continued to appear in covalently bound flavins for about 2 h, but then stopped. Labeling of both types of flavins after [14C] riboflavin was considerably slower than the incorporation of [3H] leucine into outer membrane proteins. These results suggest that with flavoproteins from the mitochondrial outer membranes, the incorporation of flavins occurs after synthesis of the various apoenzymes is complete."}
{"id": "PMID:870073", "title": "Iron removal from transferrin. An experimental study.", "content": "We have studied the facilitation of iron transfer from transferrin to desferrioxamine by various anions. Most of the anions which can substitute for HCO-3 in the ternary complex of transferrin - Fe - HCO3 do not facilitate iron transfer; anions which do facilitate iron transfer do not necessarily form stable ternary complexes. Combinations of anions effective in transfer have a less-than-additive effect, suggesting a common reaction pathway. We suggest that the transfer of iron from transferrin to desferrioxamine involves a substitution step and a subsequent chelation step, and that the efficiency of the overall reaction is a function of both these attributes of the anion.", "contents": "Iron removal from transferrin. An experimental study. We have studied the facilitation of iron transfer from transferrin to desferrioxamine by various anions. Most of the anions which can substitute for HCO-3 in the ternary complex of transferrin - Fe - HCO3 do not facilitate iron transfer; anions which do facilitate iron transfer do not necessarily form stable ternary complexes. Combinations of anions effective in transfer have a less-than-additive effect, suggesting a common reaction pathway. We suggest that the transfer of iron from transferrin to desferrioxamine involves a substitution step and a subsequent chelation step, and that the efficiency of the overall reaction is a function of both these attributes of the anion."}
{"id": "PMID:870074", "title": "Formation and characteristics of hepatic dexamethasone-receptor complexes of different molecular weight.", "content": "The dexamethasone-binding receptor protein in rat liver cytosol has a Stokes radius of 61 A and a sedimentation coefficient of 4.0 S. In contrast, cell nuclei labelled with [3H]dexamethasone in vivo or in vitro (reconstitution experiments with [3H]dexamethasone-labelled cytosol and isolated unlabelled nuclei) contain a high-salt-extractable dexamethasone-receptor complex with a Stokes radius of 30-36 A and a sedimentation  coefficient of 3.2 S. Exposure of liver homogenate or 1000 X g homogenate supernatant to low ionic strength during preparation of cytosol resulted in conversion of the 61 A to a 36 A complex very similar to the intranuclear form of dexamethasone receptor. 61 leads to 36 A complex-converting activity was present in both the 100 X g-10 000 X g sediment of liver homogenate, from which it could be extracted by hypotonic media, and in the liver cell nuclei, from which it could be extracted by hypertonic media. Mild digestion of the 61 A dexamethasone-receptor complex with trypsin also gave rise to a complex with a Stokes radius of 36 A. Reconstitution experiments with isolated liver cell nuclei indicated that both the 61 A and 36 A dexamethasone-receptor complexes were taken up by the nuclei; reextraction of the nuclei incubated with the 61 A complex revealed that this form had been converted to the 30-36 A complex. Further digestion of the 61 and 36 A [3H]dexamethasone-receptor complexes with hypotonic extract of the 1000 X g-10 000 X g sediment of liver homogenate or with trypsin resulted in formation of a third complex with Stokes radius of 19 A and a sedimentation coefficient of 2.5 S. The approximate molecular weights of the 61, 36 and 19 A dexamethasone-receptor complexes were calculated as 102 000, 46 000 and 19 000, respectively, and the frictional ratios of the molecules as 1.84, 1.38 and 1.00, respectively. It is concluded that the nuclear 30-36 A dexamethasone-receptor complex is formed from the cytosol 61 A complex by proteolytic digestion and that this latter protein contains at least two sites with a relatively high sensitivity to protelytic cleavage.", "contents": "Formation and characteristics of hepatic dexamethasone-receptor complexes of different molecular weight. The dexamethasone-binding receptor protein in rat liver cytosol has a Stokes radius of 61 A and a sedimentation coefficient of 4.0 S. In contrast, cell nuclei labelled with [3H]dexamethasone in vivo or in vitro (reconstitution experiments with [3H]dexamethasone-labelled cytosol and isolated unlabelled nuclei) contain a high-salt-extractable dexamethasone-receptor complex with a Stokes radius of 30-36 A and a sedimentation  coefficient of 3.2 S. Exposure of liver homogenate or 1000 X g homogenate supernatant to low ionic strength during preparation of cytosol resulted in conversion of the 61 A to a 36 A complex very similar to the intranuclear form of dexamethasone receptor. 61 leads to 36 A complex-converting activity was present in both the 100 X g-10 000 X g sediment of liver homogenate, from which it could be extracted by hypotonic media, and in the liver cell nuclei, from which it could be extracted by hypertonic media. Mild digestion of the 61 A dexamethasone-receptor complex with trypsin also gave rise to a complex with a Stokes radius of 36 A. Reconstitution experiments with isolated liver cell nuclei indicated that both the 61 A and 36 A dexamethasone-receptor complexes were taken up by the nuclei; reextraction of the nuclei incubated with the 61 A complex revealed that this form had been converted to the 30-36 A complex. Further digestion of the 61 and 36 A [3H]dexamethasone-receptor complexes with hypotonic extract of the 1000 X g-10 000 X g sediment of liver homogenate or with trypsin resulted in formation of a third complex with Stokes radius of 19 A and a sedimentation coefficient of 2.5 S. The approximate molecular weights of the 61, 36 and 19 A dexamethasone-receptor complexes were calculated as 102 000, 46 000 and 19 000, respectively, and the frictional ratios of the molecules as 1.84, 1.38 and 1.00, respectively. It is concluded that the nuclear 30-36 A dexamethasone-receptor complex is formed from the cytosol 61 A complex by proteolytic digestion and that this latter protein contains at least two sites with a relatively high sensitivity to protelytic cleavage."}
{"id": "PMID:870075", "title": "Regulation of extracellular protease production in Candida lipolytica.", "content": "Production of extracellular protease by Candida lipolytica NRRL Y-1094 was derepressed upon transfer to carbon-, nitrogen- or sulphur-free medium but not upon transfer to phosphorus-free medium. The protease activities produced under the three nutrient limitations had alkaline pH optima and similar substrate and inhibitor specificities. Any one of the following three conditions was found to be sufficient for derepression of extracellular protease: (a) \"poor\" carbon source, (b) cysteine intracellular pool below 0.5 micronmol/g dry weight cells and (c) ammonia intracellular pool below 10 micronmol/g dry weight cells. Thus, extracellular protease production in C. lipolytica was subject to at least three different regulatory controls, carbon, sulphur and nitrogen repression. Intracellular cysteine and ammonia appeared to be the metabolic signals for sulphur and nitrogen repression, respectively. Anabolic glutamate dehydrogenase did not act as a regulatory protein mediating nitrogen repression. Exogenous protein had an inductive effect on extracellular protease production.", "contents": "Regulation of extracellular protease production in Candida lipolytica. Production of extracellular protease by Candida lipolytica NRRL Y-1094 was derepressed upon transfer to carbon-, nitrogen- or sulphur-free medium but not upon transfer to phosphorus-free medium. The protease activities produced under the three nutrient limitations had alkaline pH optima and similar substrate and inhibitor specificities. Any one of the following three conditions was found to be sufficient for derepression of extracellular protease: (a) \"poor\" carbon source, (b) cysteine intracellular pool below 0.5 micronmol/g dry weight cells and (c) ammonia intracellular pool below 10 micronmol/g dry weight cells. Thus, extracellular protease production in C. lipolytica was subject to at least three different regulatory controls, carbon, sulphur and nitrogen repression. Intracellular cysteine and ammonia appeared to be the metabolic signals for sulphur and nitrogen repression, respectively. Anabolic glutamate dehydrogenase did not act as a regulatory protein mediating nitrogen repression. Exogenous protein had an inductive effect on extracellular protease production."}
{"id": "PMID:870076", "title": "The partition of glycosaminoglycan-quaternary ammonium complexes, II. The effects of polymer molecular weight and sulfation.", "content": "Previous results have shown the possibility for obtaining high-resolution separations of glycosaminoglycans by partition in butanol/aqueous two-phase systems containing quaternary ammonium salts. In this paper, the effects on partition behavior of both polymer molecular weight and sulfation were examined. Two series of fractionated chondroitin sulfate polymers were isolated in which the molecular weight and sulfation varied systematically. In the molecular weight series the six samples, spanned the range from 3200 +/- 300 to 19 700 +/- 500 and each sample carried 0.8 sulfate groups per uronic acid residue. In the sulfation series, each sample had an essentially constant molecular weight of 13 000, but the sulfation varied from 0.58 to 0.88 sulfate groups per uronic acid. The C50 of each of these samples was determined in the 1-butanol/aqueous NaCl phase system containing 1% hexadecylpyridinium chloride. In the series wherein the molecular weight varied, the C50 increased with molecular weight up to 12 000 where a limiting value was reached. In the series wherein the sulfation varied, a linear relationship was found between the C50 and the square of the number of anionic substituents per disaccharide. These results show that fractionation by partition techniques will be sensitive to the anionic nature of the polymer, but for the common connective tissue glycosaminoglycan, there will be no fractionation according to molecular weight.", "contents": "The partition of glycosaminoglycan-quaternary ammonium complexes, II. The effects of polymer molecular weight and sulfation. Previous results have shown the possibility for obtaining high-resolution separations of glycosaminoglycans by partition in butanol/aqueous two-phase systems containing quaternary ammonium salts. In this paper, the effects on partition behavior of both polymer molecular weight and sulfation were examined. Two series of fractionated chondroitin sulfate polymers were isolated in which the molecular weight and sulfation varied systematically. In the molecular weight series the six samples, spanned the range from 3200 +/- 300 to 19 700 +/- 500 and each sample carried 0.8 sulfate groups per uronic acid residue. In the sulfation series, each sample had an essentially constant molecular weight of 13 000, but the sulfation varied from 0.58 to 0.88 sulfate groups per uronic acid. The C50 of each of these samples was determined in the 1-butanol/aqueous NaCl phase system containing 1% hexadecylpyridinium chloride. In the series wherein the molecular weight varied, the C50 increased with molecular weight up to 12 000 where a limiting value was reached. In the series wherein the sulfation varied, a linear relationship was found between the C50 and the square of the number of anionic substituents per disaccharide. These results show that fractionation by partition techniques will be sensitive to the anionic nature of the polymer, but for the common connective tissue glycosaminoglycan, there will be no fractionation according to molecular weight."}
{"id": "PMID:870077", "title": "Subcellular localization of enterokinase (enteropeptidase EC 3.4.21.9) in rat small intestine.", "content": "The subcellular localization of enterokinase is controversial. In this study, enterokinase was extracted from a soluble fraction and a brush border fraction of rat small intestine by differential centrifugation. The soluble fraction contained 41% of the initial enterokinase activity while the brush border fraction contained only 4.6% of the initial activity. In contrast, alkaline phosphatase monitored as a brush border marker, yielded 26.3% in the brush border fraction and only 6% in the soluble fraction. Further separation of the soluble fraction on a Sepharose 4B column revealed three peaks of enterokinase activity. One small peak (3%) of a bound enzyme (Mr, 2 - 10(6)) and two larger peaks of free enzyme (Mr, 3 - 10(5) and 9 -10). In contrast, alkaline phosphatase major fraction was in a high molecular weight peak of bound enzyme. When the brush border fraction was chromatographed only a single peak of bound enterokinase and alkaline phosphatase were found. In the lower part of the small intestine, no brush border-bound enterokinase was found, while the peak of alkaline phosphatase was the same as in the upper intestine. These data suggest that enterokinase activity in the rat intestine is mainly in a free form localized in the mucin and soluble fraction and to a negligible extent in the brush border.", "contents": "Subcellular localization of enterokinase (enteropeptidase EC 3.4.21.9) in rat small intestine. The subcellular localization of enterokinase is controversial. In this study, enterokinase was extracted from a soluble fraction and a brush border fraction of rat small intestine by differential centrifugation. The soluble fraction contained 41% of the initial enterokinase activity while the brush border fraction contained only 4.6% of the initial activity. In contrast, alkaline phosphatase monitored as a brush border marker, yielded 26.3% in the brush border fraction and only 6% in the soluble fraction. Further separation of the soluble fraction on a Sepharose 4B column revealed three peaks of enterokinase activity. One small peak (3%) of a bound enzyme (Mr, 2 - 10(6)) and two larger peaks of free enzyme (Mr, 3 - 10(5) and 9 -10). In contrast, alkaline phosphatase major fraction was in a high molecular weight peak of bound enzyme. When the brush border fraction was chromatographed only a single peak of bound enterokinase and alkaline phosphatase were found. In the lower part of the small intestine, no brush border-bound enterokinase was found, while the peak of alkaline phosphatase was the same as in the upper intestine. These data suggest that enterokinase activity in the rat intestine is mainly in a free form localized in the mucin and soluble fraction and to a negligible extent in the brush border."}
{"id": "PMID:870078", "title": "Rapidly metabolized glycoproteins in a neuroblastoma cell line.", "content": "The metabolism of neuroblastoma cell glycoproteins was examined using L-E13H]fucose. Incubation of monolayer cultures with [3H]fucose resulted in a rapid uptake of the radioactive precursor and its incorporation into acid-insoluble macromolecules. Less than 3% of the [3H]fucose that was isolated from neuroblastoma cells by trichloroacetic acid precipitation was associated with glycolipids. The metabolism of fucosylated macromolecules was studied in cells which were labelled to a steady state, and then reincubated under conditions which limited reutilization of the radioactive precursor (40 mM unlabelled fucose). During reincubation of the cells, we observed a rapid metabolism (27% by 2 h) of the prelabelled macromolecules which stabilized within a cell generation time to give an overall rate of turnover of 9%. This rapid loss of radioactivity from the cells was not due to exocytosis since less than 4% of the [3H]-fucose was lost into the media as macromolecules during a 5 h reincubation period. The presence of 40 mM fucose in the media did not affect cell growth until after 24 h of incubation or cellular protein synthesis until after 15 h of incubation. When the metabolism of neuroblastoma cell glycoproteins was measured in the presence of 1.8 - 10(-4) M cycloheximide, there appeared to be a less rapid decrease in cell-associated specific activity, and an increased reutilization of [3H]fucose. Although the major proportion of the radioactivity remained as e13H]fucose, extensive incubation of neuroblastoma cells with this radioactive precursor led to increased amounts of tritium associated with other cellular components; However, a rapid rate of glycoprotein metabolism could also be demonstrated with cells incubated with [14C]fucose. This eliminated the possibility that the above results were restricted to the tritiated precursor and merely a reflection of hydrogen-tritium exchange.", "contents": "Rapidly metabolized glycoproteins in a neuroblastoma cell line. The metabolism of neuroblastoma cell glycoproteins was examined using L-E13H]fucose. Incubation of monolayer cultures with [3H]fucose resulted in a rapid uptake of the radioactive precursor and its incorporation into acid-insoluble macromolecules. Less than 3% of the [3H]fucose that was isolated from neuroblastoma cells by trichloroacetic acid precipitation was associated with glycolipids. The metabolism of fucosylated macromolecules was studied in cells which were labelled to a steady state, and then reincubated under conditions which limited reutilization of the radioactive precursor (40 mM unlabelled fucose). During reincubation of the cells, we observed a rapid metabolism (27% by 2 h) of the prelabelled macromolecules which stabilized within a cell generation time to give an overall rate of turnover of 9%. This rapid loss of radioactivity from the cells was not due to exocytosis since less than 4% of the [3H]-fucose was lost into the media as macromolecules during a 5 h reincubation period. The presence of 40 mM fucose in the media did not affect cell growth until after 24 h of incubation or cellular protein synthesis until after 15 h of incubation. When the metabolism of neuroblastoma cell glycoproteins was measured in the presence of 1.8 - 10(-4) M cycloheximide, there appeared to be a less rapid decrease in cell-associated specific activity, and an increased reutilization of [3H]fucose. Although the major proportion of the radioactivity remained as e13H]fucose, extensive incubation of neuroblastoma cells with this radioactive precursor led to increased amounts of tritium associated with other cellular components; However, a rapid rate of glycoprotein metabolism could also be demonstrated with cells incubated with [14C]fucose. This eliminated the possibility that the above results were restricted to the tritiated precursor and merely a reflection of hydrogen-tritium exchange."}
{"id": "PMID:870079", "title": "Metabolism of naturally occurring propenylbenzene derivatives. III. Allylbenzene, propenyl benzene, and related metabolic products.", "content": "The acidic and neutral urinary metabolites of allylbenzene, propenylbenzene, 1'-hydroxyallylbenzene, and cynnamyl alcohol were identified and related through a common metabolic scheme. The rat metabolizes allylbenzene to 1'-hydroxyallylbenzene which can rearrange to yield cinnamyl alcohol whick is further metabolized. This mechanism is proposed to account for the appearance of \"propenyl type\" metabolites from allylbenzene compounds. Propenylbenzene is oxidized to cynnamyl alcohol. Both 1'-hydroxyallylbenzene and cunnamyl alcohol are excreted unchanged in the neutral extract when given to rats. Allylbenzene and 1'-hydroxyallylbenzene yield basic ninhydrin-positive metabolites. Allylbenzene is first oxidized on the benzylic carbon to form 1'-hydroxyallylbenzene, which is further oxidized to form phenyl vinyl ketone, which condenses with the secondary amines piperidine and dimethylamine to form tertiary aminopropiophenones (Mannich bases). Analogous compounds, cinnamyl alcohol and propenylbenzene, do not yield Mannich base metabolites. This proposed metabolic scheme is consistent with the chemical mechanism operative in the synthesis of Mannich base from allylbenzene via chromic acid oxidation followed by amine addition.", "contents": "Metabolism of naturally occurring propenylbenzene derivatives. III. Allylbenzene, propenyl benzene, and related metabolic products. The acidic and neutral urinary metabolites of allylbenzene, propenylbenzene, 1'-hydroxyallylbenzene, and cynnamyl alcohol were identified and related through a common metabolic scheme. The rat metabolizes allylbenzene to 1'-hydroxyallylbenzene which can rearrange to yield cinnamyl alcohol whick is further metabolized. This mechanism is proposed to account for the appearance of \"propenyl type\" metabolites from allylbenzene compounds. Propenylbenzene is oxidized to cynnamyl alcohol. Both 1'-hydroxyallylbenzene and cunnamyl alcohol are excreted unchanged in the neutral extract when given to rats. Allylbenzene and 1'-hydroxyallylbenzene yield basic ninhydrin-positive metabolites. Allylbenzene is first oxidized on the benzylic carbon to form 1'-hydroxyallylbenzene, which is further oxidized to form phenyl vinyl ketone, which condenses with the secondary amines piperidine and dimethylamine to form tertiary aminopropiophenones (Mannich bases). Analogous compounds, cinnamyl alcohol and propenylbenzene, do not yield Mannich base metabolites. This proposed metabolic scheme is consistent with the chemical mechanism operative in the synthesis of Mannich base from allylbenzene via chromic acid oxidation followed by amine addition."}
{"id": "PMID:870080", "title": "Effect of the protein synthesis inhibitor cycloheximide on RNA synthesis in radish seedlings.", "content": "The effect of cycloheximide on rRNA and poly (A) (+) RNA synthesis is studied in radish seedlings. When used at a concentration of 50 microng/ml cycloheximide selectively blocks rRNA synthesis without altering poly (A) (+) RNA synthesis. Processing of the 2.3 X 10(6) dalton pre-rRNA is severely impaired. This observation should help in studies of mRNA metabolism in plants. When the concentration of cycloheximide is lowered, it is possible to completely block protein synthesis without preventing RNA synthesis. This implies that the effect of cycloheximide on RNA synthesis is probably more complex than usually assumed.", "contents": "Effect of the protein synthesis inhibitor cycloheximide on RNA synthesis in radish seedlings. The effect of cycloheximide on rRNA and poly (A) (+) RNA synthesis is studied in radish seedlings. When used at a concentration of 50 microng/ml cycloheximide selectively blocks rRNA synthesis without altering poly (A) (+) RNA synthesis. Processing of the 2.3 X 10(6) dalton pre-rRNA is severely impaired. This observation should help in studies of mRNA metabolism in plants. When the concentration of cycloheximide is lowered, it is possible to completely block protein synthesis without preventing RNA synthesis. This implies that the effect of cycloheximide on RNA synthesis is probably more complex than usually assumed."}
{"id": "PMID:870081", "title": "Differentiation in vivo and in vitro of pyruvate kinase isozymes in rat muscle.", "content": "The M type isozymes of Pyruvate-kinase have been studied by isoelectrofocusing in thin layer acrylamide ampholine gel, during the ontogeny of rat muscle in vivo and during the differentiation in vitro of myoblasts of a line established by Yaffe. In both cases, multiple subbands have been seen; the most acid (pHi 5.2) was the predominant band in myoblasts and in fetal muscle at the 15th day. Several more cathodic bands appear sequentially in vitro as in vivo, one of them corresponding to the \"M2\" or \"K\" band (predominant in kidney). The most cathodic band M1 (pHi 7.3), characteristic of the adult muscle, appears at the 9th day of culture in vitro in multinucleated myotubes and at the 20th day of fetal life in vivo. Kinetic results confirm these electrofocusing results, showing in fetal muscle and in myoblasts a sigmoid saturation curve of pyruvate kinase activity with phosphoenolpyruvate as substrate. This allosteric kinetic is progressively replaced by a Micha\u00eblian kinetics in vitro as in vivo. Consequently, the studies in vitro may serve as a model for myogenesis in vivo, and may contribute to the understanding of the significance of the multiple forms of pyruvate-kinase during this myogenesis.", "contents": "Differentiation in vivo and in vitro of pyruvate kinase isozymes in rat muscle. The M type isozymes of Pyruvate-kinase have been studied by isoelectrofocusing in thin layer acrylamide ampholine gel, during the ontogeny of rat muscle in vivo and during the differentiation in vitro of myoblasts of a line established by Yaffe. In both cases, multiple subbands have been seen; the most acid (pHi 5.2) was the predominant band in myoblasts and in fetal muscle at the 15th day. Several more cathodic bands appear sequentially in vitro as in vivo, one of them corresponding to the \"M2\" or \"K\" band (predominant in kidney). The most cathodic band M1 (pHi 7.3), characteristic of the adult muscle, appears at the 9th day of culture in vitro in multinucleated myotubes and at the 20th day of fetal life in vivo. Kinetic results confirm these electrofocusing results, showing in fetal muscle and in myoblasts a sigmoid saturation curve of pyruvate kinase activity with phosphoenolpyruvate as substrate. This allosteric kinetic is progressively replaced by a Micha\u00eblian kinetics in vitro as in vivo. Consequently, the studies in vitro may serve as a model for myogenesis in vivo, and may contribute to the understanding of the significance of the multiple forms of pyruvate-kinase during this myogenesis."}
{"id": "PMID:870082", "title": "B\u00e9pridil a new effector of oxidative phosphorylations.", "content": "B\u00e9pridil action on oxidative phosphorylations depends on the nature of the oxidized substrate. Thus it seemed to act as an uncoupler on the FAD-linked substrates as we have shown with succinate. But this property could not be applied to the NAD-linked substrates. Thus, in the presence of B\u00e9pridil, ADP would have opposite effects on the electron flow across the first site of oxidative phosphorylations; from one side the direct electron flow was decreased while from the other side, the reverse one was increased. Confirming this difference in its action, B\u00e9pridil did not affect the oxidative phosphorylation property of the cytochrome oxidase as could be deduced from the invariability of TMPD + ascorbate oxidation whether B\u00e9pridil was added or not. Moreover the effect of B\u00e9pridil on the P/O ratio was a dramatic demonstration of its selectivity. As a matter of fact this ratio was increased to a value near 5 for the NAD-linked substrate while it was decreased to near 0.4 with the FAD-linked substrate.", "contents": "B\u00e9pridil a new effector of oxidative phosphorylations. B\u00e9pridil action on oxidative phosphorylations depends on the nature of the oxidized substrate. Thus it seemed to act as an uncoupler on the FAD-linked substrates as we have shown with succinate. But this property could not be applied to the NAD-linked substrates. Thus, in the presence of B\u00e9pridil, ADP would have opposite effects on the electron flow across the first site of oxidative phosphorylations; from one side the direct electron flow was decreased while from the other side, the reverse one was increased. Confirming this difference in its action, B\u00e9pridil did not affect the oxidative phosphorylation property of the cytochrome oxidase as could be deduced from the invariability of TMPD + ascorbate oxidation whether B\u00e9pridil was added or not. Moreover the effect of B\u00e9pridil on the P/O ratio was a dramatic demonstration of its selectivity. As a matter of fact this ratio was increased to a value near 5 for the NAD-linked substrate while it was decreased to near 0.4 with the FAD-linked substrate."}
{"id": "PMID:870083", "title": "[Presence of a pathway for biosynthesis of UDP-glucose in the Golgi apparatus of rat hepatocytes].", "content": "Glucokinase, phosphoglucomutase and glucose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase are the three enzymes involved in a microsomic pathway for the synthesis of UDP glucose. Evidence is given, in this paper, for the localization of these three enzymes in a Golgi-rich fraction of rat liver. This fraction is prepared, from smooth microsomes, by the means of a discontinuous four-step sucrose gradient. Three of the lighter fractions (d = 1.08-1.13) are enriched in the Golgi markers (galactosyltransferase, sialytransferase and thiamin pyrophosphatase), especially the one with density 1.13. The three enzymes we are interested in are enriched in the two upper hands (d 1.08-1.11), which display an activity for the biosynthesis of UDP-glucose from glucose equivalent to the one obtained in a crude microsomic preparation, and which are not contaminated by other subcellular components.", "contents": "[Presence of a pathway for biosynthesis of UDP-glucose in the Golgi apparatus of rat hepatocytes]. Glucokinase, phosphoglucomutase and glucose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase are the three enzymes involved in a microsomic pathway for the synthesis of UDP glucose. Evidence is given, in this paper, for the localization of these three enzymes in a Golgi-rich fraction of rat liver. This fraction is prepared, from smooth microsomes, by the means of a discontinuous four-step sucrose gradient. Three of the lighter fractions (d = 1.08-1.13) are enriched in the Golgi markers (galactosyltransferase, sialytransferase and thiamin pyrophosphatase), especially the one with density 1.13. The three enzymes we are interested in are enriched in the two upper hands (d 1.08-1.11), which display an activity for the biosynthesis of UDP-glucose from glucose equivalent to the one obtained in a crude microsomic preparation, and which are not contaminated by other subcellular components."}
{"id": "PMID:870084", "title": "Lipids of the yeast Hansenula anomala.", "content": "An analysis of the free lipids of Hansenula anomala was performed. The main fatty acids obtained by saponification of whole cell crude lipids were palmitic, C18:1, C18:2 and C18:3 acids. In mitochondrial lipids the tri-unsaturated acid was present as traces. Fatty acid composition of each class of lipids was also determined. Phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine were the main phospholipids; phosphatidylserine, phosphatidylinositol and cardiolipin were also characterized. The most abundant sterols were ergosterol and lanosterol. An acetate of a 24-ethyl cholesterol was also isolated. Two glycolipids, a galactosyl diglyceride and a glucosyl ceramide were identified; concerning the galactosyl diglyceride, the content of C18:3 acid was higher than in other lipid classes. In the glucosyl ceramide, the main fatty acid was alpha-hydroxy C18:0 acid; C16:0, C18:1, C18:2 and C18:3 acids were present too. The long chain base was shown to be C18-phytosphingosine (4-hydroxy C18 sphinganine). Some similarities and differences with Saccharomyces cerevisiae are discussed.", "contents": "Lipids of the yeast Hansenula anomala. An analysis of the free lipids of Hansenula anomala was performed. The main fatty acids obtained by saponification of whole cell crude lipids were palmitic, C18:1, C18:2 and C18:3 acids. In mitochondrial lipids the tri-unsaturated acid was present as traces. Fatty acid composition of each class of lipids was also determined. Phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine were the main phospholipids; phosphatidylserine, phosphatidylinositol and cardiolipin were also characterized. The most abundant sterols were ergosterol and lanosterol. An acetate of a 24-ethyl cholesterol was also isolated. Two glycolipids, a galactosyl diglyceride and a glucosyl ceramide were identified; concerning the galactosyl diglyceride, the content of C18:3 acid was higher than in other lipid classes. In the glucosyl ceramide, the main fatty acid was alpha-hydroxy C18:0 acid; C16:0, C18:1, C18:2 and C18:3 acids were present too. The long chain base was shown to be C18-phytosphingosine (4-hydroxy C18 sphinganine). Some similarities and differences with Saccharomyces cerevisiae are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:870085", "title": "Origin of the acetyl moiety of acetylcholine synthesized in rat striatal synaptosomes.", "content": "The subcellular localization of the AcCoA compartment supplying the cytoplasmic choline acetyltransferase (ChAc, EC 2.3.1.6) was investigated using a purified preparation of rat striatal synaptosomes (B fraction). It was first demonstrated that the SRA of the [14C]ACh synthesized during a 10 min incubation period was equal to the SRA of the [2-14C] and the [3-14C]pyruvate added to the isolated nerve terminal suspension. The experimental results can be summarised as follows: (i) No modification in the amount of [14C]ACh synthesized from [2-14C]pyruvatetion in the amount of [14C]ACh synthesized from [2-13C]pyruvate could be detected after the addition of high concentrations of either carnitine, acetylcarnitine or acetyl phosphate to the synaptosomal suspension. (ii) Under experimental conditions in which the amount of [1,5-14C]citrate taken up by passive diffusion into the cholinergic nerve endings would allow detection of the possible formation of the labelled ester, no [14C]ACh could be recovered. (iii) The SRA's of the individual carbon atoms of the Krebs cycle intermediary compounds when the cycle is fed with [2-14C] and [3-14C]pyruvate were calculated as a function of the STA's of each of these two precursors (a and a' respectively), of the number of 14CO2 dpm produced in the Krebs cycle from each of these two labelled compounds (D2 and D3 respectively), and as the function of the rate y of exchanges of molecules between the tricarboxylic acid cycle and other metabolic compartments. The experimental value obtained from a 10 min incubation, after the nerve endings had reached a steady metabolic activity, indicate that if the acetyl moiety of ACh was derived from some Krebs cycle intermediary compounds, its SRA could never exceed 55 per cent that of the [2-14C]pyruvate from which it is produced, (iv) No correlation could be found between the rate of [14C]ACh formation and changes in the Krebs cycle activity induced by sodium cyanide, 2-4 dinitrophenol and Ca2+ free medium. (v) The lack of significant [14C]ACh synthesis from [1-14C]acetate in striatal synaptosomes is consistent with the failure of fluoroacetate to modify the amounts of 14CO2 as well as of [14C]ACh formed from [2-14C]pyruvate. These results were interpreted as a confirmation of the presence of a low AcCoA synthetase activity in the nerve terminals. To reconcile all these data, it is proposed that pyruvate is transformed into AcCoA outside the mitochondria by the action of some cytoplasmic pyruvate dehydrogenase-like enzyme.", "contents": "Origin of the acetyl moiety of acetylcholine synthesized in rat striatal synaptosomes. The subcellular localization of the AcCoA compartment supplying the cytoplasmic choline acetyltransferase (ChAc, EC 2.3.1.6) was investigated using a purified preparation of rat striatal synaptosomes (B fraction). It was first demonstrated that the SRA of the [14C]ACh synthesized during a 10 min incubation period was equal to the SRA of the [2-14C] and the [3-14C]pyruvate added to the isolated nerve terminal suspension. The experimental results can be summarised as follows: (i) No modification in the amount of [14C]ACh synthesized from [2-14C]pyruvatetion in the amount of [14C]ACh synthesized from [2-13C]pyruvate could be detected after the addition of high concentrations of either carnitine, acetylcarnitine or acetyl phosphate to the synaptosomal suspension. (ii) Under experimental conditions in which the amount of [1,5-14C]citrate taken up by passive diffusion into the cholinergic nerve endings would allow detection of the possible formation of the labelled ester, no [14C]ACh could be recovered. (iii) The SRA's of the individual carbon atoms of the Krebs cycle intermediary compounds when the cycle is fed with [2-14C] and [3-14C]pyruvate were calculated as a function of the STA's of each of these two precursors (a and a' respectively), of the number of 14CO2 dpm produced in the Krebs cycle from each of these two labelled compounds (D2 and D3 respectively), and as the function of the rate y of exchanges of molecules between the tricarboxylic acid cycle and other metabolic compartments. The experimental value obtained from a 10 min incubation, after the nerve endings had reached a steady metabolic activity, indicate that if the acetyl moiety of ACh was derived from some Krebs cycle intermediary compounds, its SRA could never exceed 55 per cent that of the [2-14C]pyruvate from which it is produced, (iv) No correlation could be found between the rate of [14C]ACh formation and changes in the Krebs cycle activity induced by sodium cyanide, 2-4 dinitrophenol and Ca2+ free medium. (v) The lack of significant [14C]ACh synthesis from [1-14C]acetate in striatal synaptosomes is consistent with the failure of fluoroacetate to modify the amounts of 14CO2 as well as of [14C]ACh formed from [2-14C]pyruvate. These results were interpreted as a confirmation of the presence of a low AcCoA synthetase activity in the nerve terminals. To reconcile all these data, it is proposed that pyruvate is transformed into AcCoA outside the mitochondria by the action of some cytoplasmic pyruvate dehydrogenase-like enzyme."}
{"id": "PMID:870086", "title": "[A comparative study of the role of creatine phosphokinase isoenzymes in energy metabolism of skeletal and heart muscle].", "content": "It has been shown that the contents of mitochondria and mitochondrial isoenzyme of creatine phosphokinase are almost identical in skeletal and heart muscles. In mitochondria from both types of muscle creatine phosphokinase is functionally coupled to ATP-ADP translocase. This kind of coupling ensures complete conversion of mitochondrial ATP energy into the energy of creatine phosphate and effective control of oxidative phosphorylation by the creatine phosphokinase reaction. It has also been shown that all isoenzymes of creatine phosphokinase from heart and skeletal muscle have very similar kinetic properties. Significant differences have been found to exist between isoenzyme patterns of these muscles and also in distribution of different isoenzymes in the cells. In skeletal muscle cells creatine phosphokinase is present mainly as cytosolic MM isoenzyme; about 6% of total cellular activity is localised also in mitochondria. Due to high activity of cytosolic isoenzyme the total activity of creatine phosphokinase is about three times higher in skeletal muscle than in cardiac muscle. It has been also shown that phosphoenolpyruvate and glucose-6-phosphate do not have any inhibitory effect on creatine phosphokinase.", "contents": "[A comparative study of the role of creatine phosphokinase isoenzymes in energy metabolism of skeletal and heart muscle]. It has been shown that the contents of mitochondria and mitochondrial isoenzyme of creatine phosphokinase are almost identical in skeletal and heart muscles. In mitochondria from both types of muscle creatine phosphokinase is functionally coupled to ATP-ADP translocase. This kind of coupling ensures complete conversion of mitochondrial ATP energy into the energy of creatine phosphate and effective control of oxidative phosphorylation by the creatine phosphokinase reaction. It has also been shown that all isoenzymes of creatine phosphokinase from heart and skeletal muscle have very similar kinetic properties. Significant differences have been found to exist between isoenzyme patterns of these muscles and also in distribution of different isoenzymes in the cells. In skeletal muscle cells creatine phosphokinase is present mainly as cytosolic MM isoenzyme; about 6% of total cellular activity is localised also in mitochondria. Due to high activity of cytosolic isoenzyme the total activity of creatine phosphokinase is about three times higher in skeletal muscle than in cardiac muscle. It has been also shown that phosphoenolpyruvate and glucose-6-phosphate do not have any inhibitory effect on creatine phosphokinase."}
{"id": "PMID:870087", "title": "[Substrate inhibition as a cause of oscillations in an open irreversible enzymic reaction S1 + S2 in the presence of E(R,T) leads to S1' + S2'. A mathematical model].", "content": "A mathematical model of an open irreversible reaction S1 + S2 (formula: see text) catalysed by an olygomeric enzyme E(R, T) has been analysed. It is assumed that the enzyme undergoes the concerted conformational transitions R in equilibrium T in conformity with the theory of Monod, Wyman and Changeux, and one of the substrates (S2) produces inhibition of the enzyme, thus shifting the equilibrium between the two enzyme forms in the direction of T formation. A simple graphical explanation is given to the hysteresis of the input characteristic approximately v ([S1]) (approximately v is the reaction rate at d[S2]/dt=O) which gives rise to self--oscillations. The hysteresis occurs both in the case of allosteric and isosteric substrate inhibition.", "contents": "[Substrate inhibition as a cause of oscillations in an open irreversible enzymic reaction S1 + S2 in the presence of E(R,T) leads to S1' + S2'. A mathematical model]. A mathematical model of an open irreversible reaction S1 + S2 (formula: see text) catalysed by an olygomeric enzyme E(R, T) has been analysed. It is assumed that the enzyme undergoes the concerted conformational transitions R in equilibrium T in conformity with the theory of Monod, Wyman and Changeux, and one of the substrates (S2) produces inhibition of the enzyme, thus shifting the equilibrium between the two enzyme forms in the direction of T formation. A simple graphical explanation is given to the hysteresis of the input characteristic approximately v ([S1]) (approximately v is the reaction rate at d[S2]/dt=O) which gives rise to self--oscillations. The hysteresis occurs both in the case of allosteric and isosteric substrate inhibition."}
{"id": "PMID:870088", "title": "[The phospholipid composition of organs and tissues of rabbit].", "content": "The phospholipid compositions of 11 organs and tissues of rabbit (brain, heart, lung, liver, muscles, kidney, spleen, bone marrow, pancreas, adrenula, and blood plasma) were comparatively studied by micro-thin-layer chromatography. Total lipid extracts of liver and brain are the most abundant in phospholipid (61,8% and 56,3%, respectively) and that of bone marrow and spleen are the poorest (1,6% and 7,1%, respectively). All the organs and tissues, except blood plasma, contain phosphatidyl choline, phosphatidyl ethanolamine, phosphatidyl serine, phosphatidylinositol, sphingomyelin and diphosphatidylglicerol; the majority of organs contain phosphatidic acid. Lyso-phosphatidyl-choline was detected in blood plasma, bone marrow, adrenula and liver. Phosphatidylglicerol was found only in the lungs. Brain has the lowest content of phosphatidyl choline (34,3%) and the highest contents of phosphatidyl ethanolamine (36,2%) and phosphatidyl serine (12,6%), whereas the heart is the richest in DPG (about 11%). Diphosphatidyl glycerol is the most abundant in the heart (approximately 11%) and phosphatidyl inositol-- in the adrenula (8,1%). Plasma is found to have a high content of choline-containing lipids; however, phosphatidyl serine and phosphatidic acid are absent altogether. Some of the organs and tissues have a similar phospholipid composition; namely brain and kidney, spleen and bone marrow, adrenula and liver.", "contents": "[The phospholipid composition of organs and tissues of rabbit]. The phospholipid compositions of 11 organs and tissues of rabbit (brain, heart, lung, liver, muscles, kidney, spleen, bone marrow, pancreas, adrenula, and blood plasma) were comparatively studied by micro-thin-layer chromatography. Total lipid extracts of liver and brain are the most abundant in phospholipid (61,8% and 56,3%, respectively) and that of bone marrow and spleen are the poorest (1,6% and 7,1%, respectively). All the organs and tissues, except blood plasma, contain phosphatidyl choline, phosphatidyl ethanolamine, phosphatidyl serine, phosphatidylinositol, sphingomyelin and diphosphatidylglicerol; the majority of organs contain phosphatidic acid. Lyso-phosphatidyl-choline was detected in blood plasma, bone marrow, adrenula and liver. Phosphatidylglicerol was found only in the lungs. Brain has the lowest content of phosphatidyl choline (34,3%) and the highest contents of phosphatidyl ethanolamine (36,2%) and phosphatidyl serine (12,6%), whereas the heart is the richest in DPG (about 11%). Diphosphatidyl glycerol is the most abundant in the heart (approximately 11%) and phosphatidyl inositol-- in the adrenula (8,1%). Plasma is found to have a high content of choline-containing lipids; however, phosphatidyl serine and phosphatidic acid are absent altogether. Some of the organs and tissues have a similar phospholipid composition; namely brain and kidney, spleen and bone marrow, adrenula and liver."}
{"id": "PMID:870089", "title": "[Structural studies on D-glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase from rat skeletal muscle].", "content": "The amino acid composition of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase isolated from rat skeletal muscle was determined. Tryptic peptide maps of the carboxymethylated protein were compared with those of the corresponding derivative of the rabbit muscle dehydrogenase. Evidence from the amino acid analysis, N-terminal amino acid and the position of the peptides in two-dimensional chromatography-electrophoresis suggests a high degree of homology between the two enzymes. However, the rat muscle glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase is characterised by a markedly lower histidine content. Some differences are also revealed in the peptide maps of the rat and rabbit dehydrogenases. Four cysteine residues per subunit of rat apoenzyme may be carboxymethylated in the absence of denaturing agents (pH 8,4 75 min). Two of them are modified at pH8,0 within 30 min and are both found in the peptide, which has been demonstrated to contain the most reactive cysteine residue. This suggests cysteine residue N 153 to be the second in order of reactivity towards iodacetate. No difference in the accessibility of SH groups to iodacetic acid has been found between apoenzyme samples incubated in 0,15 M NaCl at 20 degrees and 4 degrees respectively. This indicates that enzyme inactivation caused by dissociation which occurs at low temperature brings about no measurable alterations in the SH group reactivity as compared to that observed at 20 degrees.", "contents": "[Structural studies on D-glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase from rat skeletal muscle]. The amino acid composition of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase isolated from rat skeletal muscle was determined. Tryptic peptide maps of the carboxymethylated protein were compared with those of the corresponding derivative of the rabbit muscle dehydrogenase. Evidence from the amino acid analysis, N-terminal amino acid and the position of the peptides in two-dimensional chromatography-electrophoresis suggests a high degree of homology between the two enzymes. However, the rat muscle glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase is characterised by a markedly lower histidine content. Some differences are also revealed in the peptide maps of the rat and rabbit dehydrogenases. Four cysteine residues per subunit of rat apoenzyme may be carboxymethylated in the absence of denaturing agents (pH 8,4 75 min). Two of them are modified at pH8,0 within 30 min and are both found in the peptide, which has been demonstrated to contain the most reactive cysteine residue. This suggests cysteine residue N 153 to be the second in order of reactivity towards iodacetate. No difference in the accessibility of SH groups to iodacetic acid has been found between apoenzyme samples incubated in 0,15 M NaCl at 20 degrees and 4 degrees respectively. This indicates that enzyme inactivation caused by dissociation which occurs at low temperature brings about no measurable alterations in the SH group reactivity as compared to that observed at 20 degrees."}
{"id": "PMID:870090", "title": "[Studies of oxygen uptake (Mehler reactions) in chloroplasts in the presence of silico-molybdic acid].", "content": "Silico-molybdic acid (SiMo) alone or in combination with diurone is known to provide for the functioning of various sites of electron transport within photosystem II (PS-II). Using SiMo, the ability of PS-II to competitive reduction of O2 with SiMo in the presence of some activators of O2 uptake (e. g. catalase\"ethanol, malonate, oxalate and glyoxalate) was shown. Oxygen uptake (Mehler reaction) with those compounds may be accomplished against the diurone block. The Mehler reactions studied occur in PS-II at the site, uncoupled with phosphorylation, up to the primary acceptor Q, The Mehler reactions with FMN and ferredoxin confirm the fact that PS-II functioning in the presence of SiMo is possible only after its reduction. Photoreduction of NADP is inhibited irrespective of whether the oxidized or reduced form of SiMo is added.", "contents": "[Studies of oxygen uptake (Mehler reactions) in chloroplasts in the presence of silico-molybdic acid]. Silico-molybdic acid (SiMo) alone or in combination with diurone is known to provide for the functioning of various sites of electron transport within photosystem II (PS-II). Using SiMo, the ability of PS-II to competitive reduction of O2 with SiMo in the presence of some activators of O2 uptake (e. g. catalase\"ethanol, malonate, oxalate and glyoxalate) was shown. Oxygen uptake (Mehler reaction) with those compounds may be accomplished against the diurone block. The Mehler reactions studied occur in PS-II at the site, uncoupled with phosphorylation, up to the primary acceptor Q, The Mehler reactions with FMN and ferredoxin confirm the fact that PS-II functioning in the presence of SiMo is possible only after its reduction. Photoreduction of NADP is inhibited irrespective of whether the oxidized or reduced form of SiMo is added."}
{"id": "PMID:870091", "title": "[Benzoyl-DL-arginine-p-nitroanilidase from buckwheat seeds. Properties and substrate specificity].", "content": "A proteolytic enzyme, hydrolyzing N-benzoyl-D,L-arginine-p-nitro-anilide (BAPAase), has been isolated from the buckwheat seeds (Fagopyrum esculentum). The enzyme was purified 400-fold and was homogeneous according to isoelectrofocusing and disc electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gel. The molecular weight of the BAPAase was determined to be 65000 by gel-chromatography and 70000 by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The sedimentation coefficient of the BAPAase was found to be 4.3 S, the isoelectric point--pH 4.5. The enzyme split peptide, esteric and amide bonds formed by carboxyl groups of lysine and arginine in synthetic substrates. The enzyme did not hydrolyse fibrinogen, did not activate chimotrypsinogen, weakly hydrolyzed histones and casein and strongly--protamine. The BAPAase did not hydrolyse albumins and globulins from the buckwheat seeds, and weakly hydrolyzed glutelins. The study of the products of the hydrolysis of salmine and sturine by BAPAase showed that the enzyme split internal peptide bonds in these substrates, and, thus, it is an endopeptidase.", "contents": "[Benzoyl-DL-arginine-p-nitroanilidase from buckwheat seeds. Properties and substrate specificity]. A proteolytic enzyme, hydrolyzing N-benzoyl-D,L-arginine-p-nitro-anilide (BAPAase), has been isolated from the buckwheat seeds (Fagopyrum esculentum). The enzyme was purified 400-fold and was homogeneous according to isoelectrofocusing and disc electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gel. The molecular weight of the BAPAase was determined to be 65000 by gel-chromatography and 70000 by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The sedimentation coefficient of the BAPAase was found to be 4.3 S, the isoelectric point--pH 4.5. The enzyme split peptide, esteric and amide bonds formed by carboxyl groups of lysine and arginine in synthetic substrates. The enzyme did not hydrolyse fibrinogen, did not activate chimotrypsinogen, weakly hydrolyzed histones and casein and strongly--protamine. The BAPAase did not hydrolyse albumins and globulins from the buckwheat seeds, and weakly hydrolyzed glutelins. The study of the products of the hydrolysis of salmine and sturine by BAPAase showed that the enzyme split internal peptide bonds in these substrates, and, thus, it is an endopeptidase."}
{"id": "PMID:870092", "title": "[Effect of dissociating agents on Chlorella glutamate dehydrogenases].", "content": "Effect of urea beta-mercaptoethanol and guanidine--hydrochloride on two Chlorella glutamate dehydrogenases (GDH's) have been studied. Both GDH's are inactivated irreversibly by 2-3 M guanidine hydrochloride. Urea above 4 M rapidly inactivates only NH+4-induced NADP--GDH. Constitutive NAD(P)--GDH is stable in 8M urea solution at room temperature for a long time. beta-Mercaptoethanol does not effect significantly the stability of constitutive GDH in 8m urea. Urea above 1M being in reaction mixture inhibits constitutive GDH in a competitive manner to L-glutamate and uncompetitively regards to alpha-oxoglutarate. Taking this into account, one may conclude that L-glutamate and alpha-oxoglutarate seems to bind to different groups on the enzyme molecule.", "contents": "[Effect of dissociating agents on Chlorella glutamate dehydrogenases]. Effect of urea beta-mercaptoethanol and guanidine--hydrochloride on two Chlorella glutamate dehydrogenases (GDH's) have been studied. Both GDH's are inactivated irreversibly by 2-3 M guanidine hydrochloride. Urea above 4 M rapidly inactivates only NH+4-induced NADP--GDH. Constitutive NAD(P)--GDH is stable in 8M urea solution at room temperature for a long time. beta-Mercaptoethanol does not effect significantly the stability of constitutive GDH in 8m urea. Urea above 1M being in reaction mixture inhibits constitutive GDH in a competitive manner to L-glutamate and uncompetitively regards to alpha-oxoglutarate. Taking this into account, one may conclude that L-glutamate and alpha-oxoglutarate seems to bind to different groups on the enzyme molecule."}
{"id": "PMID:870093", "title": "Tissue-binding factor in schizophrenic sera: a clinical and genetic study.", "content": "The hypothesis that pathologic immune mechanisms, characterized by production of brain autoantibodies, operate in schizophrenia, was the basis for this study. Binding of serum globulin substance by human brain septal region obtained at autopsy was measured by radioimmunofixation assay in 27 schizophrenic probands, 28 first-degree relatives, 12 patients with primary affective disorder (depression), and 117 normal controls. Schizophrenic individuals tended to have higher levels of brain-serum affinity than controls. Age and sex did not appear to affect results. Within families, elevation of serum-binding activity showed intra sib-pair resemblance, distinguished healthy relatives from probands and ill relatives and relatives of probands with positive sera from relatives of probands with negative serum activity. Serum activity distinguished well relatives from normal controls and was independent of clinical state. This suggests that brain-serum affinity may be compatible with characteristics of a genetic marker of vulnerability to schizophrenia. Within sib-pairs, concordance rates for elevated serum activity and for subtype diagnosis, mode, and age of illness onset were positively related. This finding supports clinico-genetic disposition in a subgroup of schizophrenic persons. To determine distribution patterns of antigenic components, selected schizophrenic and normal sera were tested against human liver and mouse brain, thymus, and liver. Wide tissue cross-reactivity was observed in schizophrenic, but not in normal sera, a finding consistent with overlap of serological reactions affecting specific tissues in autoimmune processes. The assay employed in the present study and investigation of inheritance of brain-serum affinity have not previously been reported.", "contents": "Tissue-binding factor in schizophrenic sera: a clinical and genetic study. The hypothesis that pathologic immune mechanisms, characterized by production of brain autoantibodies, operate in schizophrenia, was the basis for this study. Binding of serum globulin substance by human brain septal region obtained at autopsy was measured by radioimmunofixation assay in 27 schizophrenic probands, 28 first-degree relatives, 12 patients with primary affective disorder (depression), and 117 normal controls. Schizophrenic individuals tended to have higher levels of brain-serum affinity than controls. Age and sex did not appear to affect results. Within families, elevation of serum-binding activity showed intra sib-pair resemblance, distinguished healthy relatives from probands and ill relatives and relatives of probands with positive sera from relatives of probands with negative serum activity. Serum activity distinguished well relatives from normal controls and was independent of clinical state. This suggests that brain-serum affinity may be compatible with characteristics of a genetic marker of vulnerability to schizophrenia. Within sib-pairs, concordance rates for elevated serum activity and for subtype diagnosis, mode, and age of illness onset were positively related. This finding supports clinico-genetic disposition in a subgroup of schizophrenic persons. To determine distribution patterns of antigenic components, selected schizophrenic and normal sera were tested against human liver and mouse brain, thymus, and liver. Wide tissue cross-reactivity was observed in schizophrenic, but not in normal sera, a finding consistent with overlap of serological reactions affecting specific tissues in autoimmune processes. The assay employed in the present study and investigation of inheritance of brain-serum affinity have not previously been reported."}
{"id": "PMID:870094", "title": "Evoked potentials of schizophrenics in several sensory modalities.", "content": "This is the initial report of results obtained by a comprehensive approach to investigation of evoked potential (EP) characteristics of psychiatric patients. EP to left and right medion nerve, visual (checkerboard flash), and auditory (click) stimuli were obtained for 14 monopolar scalp and one EOG derivation in 32 schizophrenics and 16 nonpatients, matched for age and sex. Results showed amplitude attenuation of EP events 100 msec poststimulus or later in the patients' EPs of all modalities and in most lead locations. Attenuation of later EP events thus appears to be a general characteristic of schizophrenia. Comparisons of chronic paranoid and undifferentiated with other patient subtypes revealed a relatively specific correlate of the chronic subgroup, increased negativity of a negative somatosensory peak occurring 60 msec poststimulus (N60) at contralateral central leads.", "contents": "Evoked potentials of schizophrenics in several sensory modalities. This is the initial report of results obtained by a comprehensive approach to investigation of evoked potential (EP) characteristics of psychiatric patients. EP to left and right medion nerve, visual (checkerboard flash), and auditory (click) stimuli were obtained for 14 monopolar scalp and one EOG derivation in 32 schizophrenics and 16 nonpatients, matched for age and sex. Results showed amplitude attenuation of EP events 100 msec poststimulus or later in the patients' EPs of all modalities and in most lead locations. Attenuation of later EP events thus appears to be a general characteristic of schizophrenia. Comparisons of chronic paranoid and undifferentiated with other patient subtypes revealed a relatively specific correlate of the chronic subgroup, increased negativity of a negative somatosensory peak occurring 60 msec poststimulus (N60) at contralateral central leads."}
{"id": "PMID:870095", "title": "ECT versus chlorpromazine in mania.", "content": "The efficacy of ECT in the treatment of depression is well recognized. In mania its efficacy is less well acknowledged. This report compares ECT, chlorpromazine, and no active treatment in mania. Twenty-eight control patients diagnosed as manic were selected from consecutive admissions to the University of Iowa Psychiatric Hospital in the period 1935-1941 when there was no active treatment given. Twenty-eight patients treated with ECT were selected from the period 1945-1949, and 28 chlorpromazine-treated patients were selected from the period 1958-1964. Symptoms sufficient to fulfill a research diagnosis of mania had to be documented in the record for all patients. Results compare symptomatology, duration of hospital admission, discharge condition, discharge category, social recovery, and follow-up. Both ECT and chlorpromazine were superior to no active treatment for outcome measures considered. Ten chlorpromazine-treated patients did not respond satisfactorily to the chlorpromazine treatment but recovered with ECT treatment.", "contents": "ECT versus chlorpromazine in mania. The efficacy of ECT in the treatment of depression is well recognized. In mania its efficacy is less well acknowledged. This report compares ECT, chlorpromazine, and no active treatment in mania. Twenty-eight control patients diagnosed as manic were selected from consecutive admissions to the University of Iowa Psychiatric Hospital in the period 1935-1941 when there was no active treatment given. Twenty-eight patients treated with ECT were selected from the period 1945-1949, and 28 chlorpromazine-treated patients were selected from the period 1958-1964. Symptoms sufficient to fulfill a research diagnosis of mania had to be documented in the record for all patients. Results compare symptomatology, duration of hospital admission, discharge condition, discharge category, social recovery, and follow-up. Both ECT and chlorpromazine were superior to no active treatment for outcome measures considered. Ten chlorpromazine-treated patients did not respond satisfactorily to the chlorpromazine treatment but recovered with ECT treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:870096", "title": "Effect of marijuana and placebo-marijuana smoking on psychological state and on psychophysiological cardiovascular functioning in anginal patients.", "content": "Ten male anginal patients with angiographically documented coronary artery disease, in a randomized double-blind crossover study, smoked one marijuana cigarette (containing 18 mg of delta-9-THC) on one morning and one placebo marijuana cigarette (containing 0.05 mg of delta-9-THC) on a successive morning. Significant increases occurred in average cognitive and intellectual impairment scores, derived from the objective content analysis of 5 min of speech, 30 mins after smoking the marijuana cigarette as compared to the placebo marijuana cigarette, and these scores decreased to near presmoking levels 60 min after smoking. No significant average changes occurred in anxiety or three hostility scale scores following smoking marijuana. Sizable individual differences were noted in the psychological responses to marijuana smoking due, presumably, to personality differences and/or differences in THC pharmacokinetics. Significant psychocardiovascular hemodynamic correlations, as measured by echocardiography, were observed during placebo-marijuana smoking between hostility inward scores and systolic blood pressure and ejection fraction, overt hostility outward scores and diastolic blood pressure, as well as between anxiety scores and stroke volume and left ventricular end-diastolic dimension and left ventricular diastolic volume. These significant psychophysiologic correlations were all eliminated during marijuana smoking. In view of associated findings that marijuana smoking decreased myocardial oxygen delivery, decreased exercise time until the onset of anginal pain, and increased myocardial oxygen demand in anginal patients, the use of marijuana by such patients is clearly inadvisable.", "contents": "Effect of marijuana and placebo-marijuana smoking on psychological state and on psychophysiological cardiovascular functioning in anginal patients. Ten male anginal patients with angiographically documented coronary artery disease, in a randomized double-blind crossover study, smoked one marijuana cigarette (containing 18 mg of delta-9-THC) on one morning and one placebo marijuana cigarette (containing 0.05 mg of delta-9-THC) on a successive morning. Significant increases occurred in average cognitive and intellectual impairment scores, derived from the objective content analysis of 5 min of speech, 30 mins after smoking the marijuana cigarette as compared to the placebo marijuana cigarette, and these scores decreased to near presmoking levels 60 min after smoking. No significant average changes occurred in anxiety or three hostility scale scores following smoking marijuana. Sizable individual differences were noted in the psychological responses to marijuana smoking due, presumably, to personality differences and/or differences in THC pharmacokinetics. Significant psychocardiovascular hemodynamic correlations, as measured by echocardiography, were observed during placebo-marijuana smoking between hostility inward scores and systolic blood pressure and ejection fraction, overt hostility outward scores and diastolic blood pressure, as well as between anxiety scores and stroke volume and left ventricular end-diastolic dimension and left ventricular diastolic volume. These significant psychophysiologic correlations were all eliminated during marijuana smoking. In view of associated findings that marijuana smoking decreased myocardial oxygen delivery, decreased exercise time until the onset of anginal pain, and increased myocardial oxygen demand in anginal patients, the use of marijuana by such patients is clearly inadvisable."}
{"id": "PMID:870097", "title": "Can callosal speed of transmission be inferred from verbal reaction times?", "content": "Filbey and Gazzaniga (1969) found that verbal reaction times were shorter to right than to left visual field stimuli. They interpreted this reaction time difference (30 to 40 msec) to reflect callosal transmission time, i.e., the delay required for information received in the right hemisphere to be acted upon by the verbal left hemisphere. We have performed four verbal reaction time experiments with normal subjects, utilizing differing hemifield stimulus presentations and task requirements. Stimuli were: small lights (light-emitting diodes); checkerboard pattern briefly flashed; small circles; consonant-vowel-consonant triads, either meaningful or nonsense. Contrary to Filbey and Gazzaniga's observations, we found no difference between verbal reaction times to left and right half-field presentations, or a significantly shorter reaction time with left-field presentations, depending upon experimental conditions. Faster reaction times with left-field stimuli were found in left-handed as well as right-handed subjects. Our data indicate that it may be premature to infer callosal speed of transmission from verbal reaction times to half-field stimuli. The paradoxical finding of faster verbal reactions to right hemisphere visual inputs does not appear to be related to handedness, and it occurs with meaningful stimuli; this finding remains unexplained.", "contents": "Can callosal speed of transmission be inferred from verbal reaction times? Filbey and Gazzaniga (1969) found that verbal reaction times were shorter to right than to left visual field stimuli. They interpreted this reaction time difference (30 to 40 msec) to reflect callosal transmission time, i.e., the delay required for information received in the right hemisphere to be acted upon by the verbal left hemisphere. We have performed four verbal reaction time experiments with normal subjects, utilizing differing hemifield stimulus presentations and task requirements. Stimuli were: small lights (light-emitting diodes); checkerboard pattern briefly flashed; small circles; consonant-vowel-consonant triads, either meaningful or nonsense. Contrary to Filbey and Gazzaniga's observations, we found no difference between verbal reaction times to left and right half-field presentations, or a significantly shorter reaction time with left-field presentations, depending upon experimental conditions. Faster reaction times with left-field stimuli were found in left-handed as well as right-handed subjects. Our data indicate that it may be premature to infer callosal speed of transmission from verbal reaction times to half-field stimuli. The paradoxical finding of faster verbal reactions to right hemisphere visual inputs does not appear to be related to handedness, and it occurs with meaningful stimuli; this finding remains unexplained."}
{"id": "PMID:870098", "title": "Concentrations of adenine nucleotides in erythrocytes of patients with gout.", "content": "Gout has long been known as a disease of the high social class or of those with achieved social status. Brooks and Mueller (1966) studied the relationships between behavior and serum uric acid levels among university professors. They indicated that personal characteristics of drive, achievement, and leadership are positively associated with the uric acid levels in plasma. Hansen and Dimitrakondi (1974) reported a marked decrease in ATP levels in psychotic depression and significant correlation between ATP concentration and mood scores. We estimated the adenine nucleotides in erythrocytes of gouty patients.", "contents": "Concentrations of adenine nucleotides in erythrocytes of patients with gout. Gout has long been known as a disease of the high social class or of those with achieved social status. Brooks and Mueller (1966) studied the relationships between behavior and serum uric acid levels among university professors. They indicated that personal characteristics of drive, achievement, and leadership are positively associated with the uric acid levels in plasma. Hansen and Dimitrakondi (1974) reported a marked decrease in ATP levels in psychotic depression and significant correlation between ATP concentration and mood scores. We estimated the adenine nucleotides in erythrocytes of gouty patients."}
{"id": "PMID:870099", "title": "Control of the pilocarpine release rate through hydrogels by plasma treatment.", "content": "The rate of release of an aqueous solution of pilocarpine hydrochloride sequestered in hydrogel-type materials can be reduced by plasma treatment of the polymer surface. Two plasma techniques were used. The first involves exposure of the hydrogel to the effects of a glow discharge sustained in argon, a process known as CASING. (Crosslinking by Active Species of Inert Gases). The second technique involves the deposition of a thin film by plasma polymerization of organic gases. The gases used in this study were ethane, ethylene and tetrafluoroethylene. Hydrogels were prepared by photopolymerization of 2-hydroxymethyl methacrylate (HEMA), and copolymerization of HEMA with methyl acrylate. The CASING treatment was found to be least effective. The most successful method was the plasma polymerization of tetrafluoroethylene, which yielded an order of magnitude reduction in the flux rate of pilocarpine with a film thickness of 0.25micronm. Polymerization conditions bringing about a crack-resistant film were critical in obtaining the best results.", "contents": "Control of the pilocarpine release rate through hydrogels by plasma treatment. The rate of release of an aqueous solution of pilocarpine hydrochloride sequestered in hydrogel-type materials can be reduced by plasma treatment of the polymer surface. Two plasma techniques were used. The first involves exposure of the hydrogel to the effects of a glow discharge sustained in argon, a process known as CASING. (Crosslinking by Active Species of Inert Gases). The second technique involves the deposition of a thin film by plasma polymerization of organic gases. The gases used in this study were ethane, ethylene and tetrafluoroethylene. Hydrogels were prepared by photopolymerization of 2-hydroxymethyl methacrylate (HEMA), and copolymerization of HEMA with methyl acrylate. The CASING treatment was found to be least effective. The most successful method was the plasma polymerization of tetrafluoroethylene, which yielded an order of magnitude reduction in the flux rate of pilocarpine with a film thickness of 0.25micronm. Polymerization conditions bringing about a crack-resistant film were critical in obtaining the best results."}
{"id": "PMID:870100", "title": "Studies on copolymers of collagen and a synthetic polymer. First report--experimental study on biocompatibility of laminar copolymers of collagen and a synthetic polymer.", "content": "To develop biomaterials for semiparmanent substitution, we are studying copolymers of collagen and a synthetic polymer. In this study, in order to test tissue compatibility, the laminar copolymers were prepared from bovine collagen treated with proctase to remove telopeptides and synthetic polymers such as polyethylene, polyvinylalcohol, silicon gum etc., by the OKAMURA-HINO metthod, namely polymerization achieved by the introduction of cross-lincages, applying plasma discharge and gamma-irradiation. These copolymers were implanted into dorsal subcutaneous tissue in rabbits and removed after 1, 2, 3, 4 and 6 weeks to be examined by light microscope and electron microscope. One or two weeks after implantation, we observed that a large number of fibroblasts gathered on the surface of the grafted collagen. After 3 or 4 weeks, bridges of collagen fibrils were observed between the copolymers and rabbit tissue. These copolymers were firmly adhered to the tissues and separable only with difficulty. These results showed that the copolymers maintain the capacity for extreme strong bonding for at least 6 weeks and possess high tissue compatibility. From that we concluded copolymers are useful as a biomedical material.", "contents": "Studies on copolymers of collagen and a synthetic polymer. First report--experimental study on biocompatibility of laminar copolymers of collagen and a synthetic polymer. To develop biomaterials for semiparmanent substitution, we are studying copolymers of collagen and a synthetic polymer. In this study, in order to test tissue compatibility, the laminar copolymers were prepared from bovine collagen treated with proctase to remove telopeptides and synthetic polymers such as polyethylene, polyvinylalcohol, silicon gum etc., by the OKAMURA-HINO metthod, namely polymerization achieved by the introduction of cross-lincages, applying plasma discharge and gamma-irradiation. These copolymers were implanted into dorsal subcutaneous tissue in rabbits and removed after 1, 2, 3, 4 and 6 weeks to be examined by light microscope and electron microscope. One or two weeks after implantation, we observed that a large number of fibroblasts gathered on the surface of the grafted collagen. After 3 or 4 weeks, bridges of collagen fibrils were observed between the copolymers and rabbit tissue. These copolymers were firmly adhered to the tissues and separable only with difficulty. These results showed that the copolymers maintain the capacity for extreme strong bonding for at least 6 weeks and possess high tissue compatibility. From that we concluded copolymers are useful as a biomedical material."}
{"id": "PMID:870101", "title": "Biogenesis of the purple membrane of Halobacterium halobium.", "content": "A protein closely resembling the purple membrane protein pre-exists in the cell membrane of H. halobium prior to the appearance of functional bacteriorhodopsin. It is associated with a differentiated membranous structure which has been isolated on a sucrose gradient and appears to be a precursor of the purple membrane. The identity of the precursor protein as a form of the purple membrane protein was established in different ways: (1) The cell proteins were labelled in vivo with 14C-proline during dark aerobic growth, the label was \"chased\", and the cells transferred to the illuminated near-anaerobic conditions under which purple membrane is optimally synthesised (induction conditions). Cell lysates were fractionated on sucrose gradients at different times after induction. Label first found in the precursor fraction appeared within 24 h in the purple membrane fraction. (2) SDS-urea-acrylamide gel electrophoresis of the purple membrane protein and the precursor showed only one protein band whose migration coincided with that of the purple membrane band. (3) The amino-acid analysis of the purified precursor was very similar to that of the purple membrane. The absorption spectrum of the precursor showed little of the characteristic absorption of bacteriorhodopsin at 570 nm. A major band appears at 412 nm, the exact nature of which is not known. The difference spectrum (reduced versus oxidised) of a purified fraction showed only traces of cytochrome. Thin-layer chromatography of an acetone-soluble lipid extract indicated the presence of retinal and beta-carotene. Cells grown in the presence of nicotine did not develop purple membrane after induction: the species absorbing at 412 nm was much less abundant than in non-inhibited cells, but a new fraction was present with a sharp peak at 345 nm consisting mainly of lycopene.", "contents": "Biogenesis of the purple membrane of Halobacterium halobium. A protein closely resembling the purple membrane protein pre-exists in the cell membrane of H. halobium prior to the appearance of functional bacteriorhodopsin. It is associated with a differentiated membranous structure which has been isolated on a sucrose gradient and appears to be a precursor of the purple membrane. The identity of the precursor protein as a form of the purple membrane protein was established in different ways: (1) The cell proteins were labelled in vivo with 14C-proline during dark aerobic growth, the label was \"chased\", and the cells transferred to the illuminated near-anaerobic conditions under which purple membrane is optimally synthesised (induction conditions). Cell lysates were fractionated on sucrose gradients at different times after induction. Label first found in the precursor fraction appeared within 24 h in the purple membrane fraction. (2) SDS-urea-acrylamide gel electrophoresis of the purple membrane protein and the precursor showed only one protein band whose migration coincided with that of the purple membrane band. (3) The amino-acid analysis of the purified precursor was very similar to that of the purple membrane. The absorption spectrum of the precursor showed little of the characteristic absorption of bacteriorhodopsin at 570 nm. A major band appears at 412 nm, the exact nature of which is not known. The difference spectrum (reduced versus oxidised) of a purified fraction showed only traces of cytochrome. Thin-layer chromatography of an acetone-soluble lipid extract indicated the presence of retinal and beta-carotene. Cells grown in the presence of nicotine did not develop purple membrane after induction: the species absorbing at 412 nm was much less abundant than in non-inhibited cells, but a new fraction was present with a sharp peak at 345 nm consisting mainly of lycopene."}
{"id": "PMID:870102", "title": "The sarcoplasmic calcium pump - a most efficient ion translocating system.", "content": "In contrast to the sodium-potassium transporting plasma membranes, the sarcoplasmic membranes (SR) are highly specialized structures into which only two major intrinsic proteins, a calcium transporting protein and a calcium binding protein are embedded. The calcium transporting protein is a highly asymmetric molecule. It binds two calcium ions with a very high affinity at its external, and two calcium ions with low affinity at the internal section of the molecule. ATP is bound with high afffinity to an external binding site, inducing a conformational change. When the vesicular membranes are exposed to solutions containing Ca++, Mg++ and ATP, ATP is hydrolyzed and simultaneously calcium ions are translocated from the external medium into the vesicular space. When calcium ions are translocated in the opposite direction, ATP is synthesized. The calcium-ATP ratio for ATP cleavage as well as for ATP synthesis is 2. Thus, the SR membranes can transform reversibly chemical into osmotical energy. Inward and outward movements of calcium ions are relatively slow processes connected with the appearance and disappearance of different phosphorylated intermediates. One phosphorylated intermediate is formed by phosphoryltransfer from ATP when calcium ions are present in the medium. In contrast, when calcium ions are absent from the external medium, two different intermediates can be formed by the incorporation of inorganic phosphate. Only when calcium ions present in the internal space of the vesicles are released, the incorporation of inorganic phosphate gives rise to an intermediate who phosphoryl group can be transferred to ADP.", "contents": "The sarcoplasmic calcium pump - a most efficient ion translocating system. In contrast to the sodium-potassium transporting plasma membranes, the sarcoplasmic membranes (SR) are highly specialized structures into which only two major intrinsic proteins, a calcium transporting protein and a calcium binding protein are embedded. The calcium transporting protein is a highly asymmetric molecule. It binds two calcium ions with a very high affinity at its external, and two calcium ions with low affinity at the internal section of the molecule. ATP is bound with high afffinity to an external binding site, inducing a conformational change. When the vesicular membranes are exposed to solutions containing Ca++, Mg++ and ATP, ATP is hydrolyzed and simultaneously calcium ions are translocated from the external medium into the vesicular space. When calcium ions are translocated in the opposite direction, ATP is synthesized. The calcium-ATP ratio for ATP cleavage as well as for ATP synthesis is 2. Thus, the SR membranes can transform reversibly chemical into osmotical energy. Inward and outward movements of calcium ions are relatively slow processes connected with the appearance and disappearance of different phosphorylated intermediates. One phosphorylated intermediate is formed by phosphoryltransfer from ATP when calcium ions are present in the medium. In contrast, when calcium ions are absent from the external medium, two different intermediates can be formed by the incorporation of inorganic phosphate. Only when calcium ions present in the internal space of the vesicles are released, the incorporation of inorganic phosphate gives rise to an intermediate who phosphoryl group can be transferred to ADP."}
{"id": "PMID:870103", "title": "Drosophila mutant with a transducer defect.", "content": "The trp is a conditional phototransduction mutant of Drosophila. Direct electrical measurements and shot noise analysis suggest that a prolonged intense light causes in the mutant a reduction in the quantum efficiency for quantum bump production that does not arise from bleaching of the visual pigment. This effect depends on the duration of the light and only weakly on its intensity. In the normal fly, an intense blue light that shifts the visual pigment from rhodopsin to metarhodopsin, induces an excitatory process manifested by a prolonged depolarizing after potential (PDA). In the mutant, the PDA has a small amplitude and bump noise is superimposed on the response. It can thus be shown that the excitatory process underlying the PDA is also present in those trp mutants where the PDA voltage response is small or absent. It is suggested that the absence of the PDA voltage response in the mutant is probably due to a defect in an intermediate process, which links the excitatory process to the membrane conductance change.", "contents": "Drosophila mutant with a transducer defect. The trp is a conditional phototransduction mutant of Drosophila. Direct electrical measurements and shot noise analysis suggest that a prolonged intense light causes in the mutant a reduction in the quantum efficiency for quantum bump production that does not arise from bleaching of the visual pigment. This effect depends on the duration of the light and only weakly on its intensity. In the normal fly, an intense blue light that shifts the visual pigment from rhodopsin to metarhodopsin, induces an excitatory process manifested by a prolonged depolarizing after potential (PDA). In the mutant, the PDA has a small amplitude and bump noise is superimposed on the response. It can thus be shown that the excitatory process underlying the PDA is also present in those trp mutants where the PDA voltage response is small or absent. It is suggested that the absence of the PDA voltage response in the mutant is probably due to a defect in an intermediate process, which links the excitatory process to the membrane conductance change."}
{"id": "PMID:870104", "title": "Assimilation of liquid hydrocarbon by microorganisms. II. Growth kinetics.", "content": "The growth kinetics of a microorganism with high affinity for liquid hydrocarbon which has a low solubility in water was investigated for Candida intermedia IFO 0761 in our previous work. The microorganism contained a hydrocarbon pool in and/or on the cell. The transfer of water-soluble substrates to the cell was not the rate-limiting step in the growth of C. intermedia accompanied by clump formation with liquid hydrocarbon. The operating conditions necessary for the oxygen supply for the growth were adequate for the growth of C. intermedia on n-tetradecane. The saturation kinetics was valid for the specific growth rate of C. intermedia and specific concentration of hydrocarbon per unit cell mass; the specific growth rate was expressed by the following equation: (formula: see text).", "contents": "Assimilation of liquid hydrocarbon by microorganisms. II. Growth kinetics. The growth kinetics of a microorganism with high affinity for liquid hydrocarbon which has a low solubility in water was investigated for Candida intermedia IFO 0761 in our previous work. The microorganism contained a hydrocarbon pool in and/or on the cell. The transfer of water-soluble substrates to the cell was not the rate-limiting step in the growth of C. intermedia accompanied by clump formation with liquid hydrocarbon. The operating conditions necessary for the oxygen supply for the growth were adequate for the growth of C. intermedia on n-tetradecane. The saturation kinetics was valid for the specific growth rate of C. intermedia and specific concentration of hydrocarbon per unit cell mass; the specific growth rate was expressed by the following equation: (formula: see text)."}
{"id": "PMID:870105", "title": "[State of nutritive circulation in rats following long-term limitation of motor activity].", "content": "Experiments were conducted on rats. It was shown that long (80-100-day) hypokinesia led to the following significant disturbances of the nutritive circulation: reduction of the true capillary plexus, emptiness of the terminal arterioles and arteries, the direction of the terminal circulation chiefly through the arterio-venous anastomoses, avoiding the nutritive vessels. A tendency to reduction of the buffer bases in the venous blood and to the respiratory alkalosis in the arterial blood was noted. Hemorheological changes were insignificant.", "contents": "[State of nutritive circulation in rats following long-term limitation of motor activity]. Experiments were conducted on rats. It was shown that long (80-100-day) hypokinesia led to the following significant disturbances of the nutritive circulation: reduction of the true capillary plexus, emptiness of the terminal arterioles and arteries, the direction of the terminal circulation chiefly through the arterio-venous anastomoses, avoiding the nutritive vessels. A tendency to reduction of the buffer bases in the venous blood and to the respiratory alkalosis in the arterial blood was noted. Hemorheological changes were insignificant."}
{"id": "PMID:870106", "title": "[Effectiveness and adaptation to food quality of the starch-glucose conveyor following section of the bile and pancreatic ducts in rats].", "content": "Membrane hydrolysis and carbohydrate transport were determined 2 hours after bread or meat feeding of rats on the 4th, 7th, and 14th day after the ligation of the bile-pancreatic duct in various segments of the small intestine. Even with a sharp reduction of the amylolytic activity of the mucosa surface, the transport of glucose released during the membrane hydrolysis of starch was retarded much less. During observation for two weeks the intensity of starch glucose transport increased sharply in preparations of the intestine in bread-fed rats, but fell in meat-fed rats. The differences between the sucrose hydrolysis level and the free-glucose transport were insignificant in both groups of rats. The data obtained are discussed in the light of A. M. Ugolev's hypothesis on plastic organization of the digestive-transport conveyer.", "contents": "[Effectiveness and adaptation to food quality of the starch-glucose conveyor following section of the bile and pancreatic ducts in rats]. Membrane hydrolysis and carbohydrate transport were determined 2 hours after bread or meat feeding of rats on the 4th, 7th, and 14th day after the ligation of the bile-pancreatic duct in various segments of the small intestine. Even with a sharp reduction of the amylolytic activity of the mucosa surface, the transport of glucose released during the membrane hydrolysis of starch was retarded much less. During observation for two weeks the intensity of starch glucose transport increased sharply in preparations of the intestine in bread-fed rats, but fell in meat-fed rats. The differences between the sucrose hydrolysis level and the free-glucose transport were insignificant in both groups of rats. The data obtained are discussed in the light of A. M. Ugolev's hypothesis on plastic organization of the digestive-transport conveyer."}
{"id": "PMID:870107", "title": "[Response of the body to a combination of severe cranio-cerebral trauma and acute massive blood loss].", "content": "It was shown in acute experiments on 54 dogs that peculiarities of body reaction to the combination of a severe craniocerebral trauma with acute blood loss depended on the sequency of the extreme influences inflication. The craniocerebal trauma inflicted at the early period of hemorrhagic shock failed to influence significantly the dynamics and results of the main pathological process. Against the background of the craniocerebral trauma hemorrhagic shock appeared with a much less blood loss and its course was more severe.", "contents": "[Response of the body to a combination of severe cranio-cerebral trauma and acute massive blood loss]. It was shown in acute experiments on 54 dogs that peculiarities of body reaction to the combination of a severe craniocerebral trauma with acute blood loss depended on the sequency of the extreme influences inflication. The craniocerebal trauma inflicted at the early period of hemorrhagic shock failed to influence significantly the dynamics and results of the main pathological process. Against the background of the craniocerebral trauma hemorrhagic shock appeared with a much less blood loss and its course was more severe."}
{"id": "PMID:870108", "title": "[Role of cerebral nitrogen metabolism in the mechanisms of the therapeutic action of oxygen under elevated pressure in hemorrhagic shock].", "content": "The hyperbaric oxygen therapy (3 ata O2, 60 min exposure) of hemorrhagic shock in cats (arterial pressure--60/50 mm Hg) prevents a sharp increase of ammonia, urea, alanin, gamma-aminobutyric acid content in the brain, typical of oxygen deficiency, and activates glutamine formation. The processes of ammonia detoxication connected with glutamate and glutamine synthesis intensification course more intensively in the sensory-motor cortex than in the limbic brain structures.", "contents": "[Role of cerebral nitrogen metabolism in the mechanisms of the therapeutic action of oxygen under elevated pressure in hemorrhagic shock]. The hyperbaric oxygen therapy (3 ata O2, 60 min exposure) of hemorrhagic shock in cats (arterial pressure--60/50 mm Hg) prevents a sharp increase of ammonia, urea, alanin, gamma-aminobutyric acid content in the brain, typical of oxygen deficiency, and activates glutamine formation. The processes of ammonia detoxication connected with glutamate and glutamine synthesis intensification course more intensively in the sensory-motor cortex than in the limbic brain structures."}
{"id": "PMID:870109", "title": "[Possiblity of using immobilized urease for degradation of urea in blood plasma].", "content": "As revealed the velocities of urea decomposition in the citrate donor plasma with soluble urease and urease immobilized by addition to carboxymethyl ester of cellulose, 2-(3'-amino-4'-methoxyphenyl)-sulphonylethyl ester of cellulose, diethylaminoester of cellulose, stained with dichlortriazine stain, or graft copolymere of cellulose and polyglycidylmetacrylate were sufficiently close to one another. Preparations of immobilized urease can be repeatedly used for urea decomposition in the citrate donor blood. Periodical treatment of the mentioned preparations with cystein solution led to a lesser decrease of enzymatic activity of the immobilized urease after repeated use.", "contents": "[Possiblity of using immobilized urease for degradation of urea in blood plasma]. As revealed the velocities of urea decomposition in the citrate donor plasma with soluble urease and urease immobilized by addition to carboxymethyl ester of cellulose, 2-(3'-amino-4'-methoxyphenyl)-sulphonylethyl ester of cellulose, diethylaminoester of cellulose, stained with dichlortriazine stain, or graft copolymere of cellulose and polyglycidylmetacrylate were sufficiently close to one another. Preparations of immobilized urease can be repeatedly used for urea decomposition in the citrate donor blood. Periodical treatment of the mentioned preparations with cystein solution led to a lesser decrease of enzymatic activity of the immobilized urease after repeated use."}
{"id": "PMID:870110", "title": "[Influence of psychotropic substances on the self stimulation response].", "content": "D-amphetamine and cocaine were found to facilitate septal self-stimulation. In low doses morphine, imipramine, benactyzine, meprobamat, diazepam, chlordiazepoxide, phenobarbital, LSD-25 failed to influence this index, but in high doses they depressed the self-stimulation. It is supposed that d-amphetamine and cocaine exerted a direct stimulating action of the positive reinforcement system of the septum. Inefficiency of the other above-mentioned agents was due to the absence of the nervous substrate of negative reinforcement at the septum level. A comparative study of the above results and the influence of neurotropic agents on the hypothalamic self-stimulation (literature data) indicated that the activating effect of psychotropic agents on the systems of positive reinforcement depended upon their  influence on the emotiogenic brain structures and not on the structures responsible for the formation of motivations.", "contents": "[Influence of psychotropic substances on the self stimulation response]. D-amphetamine and cocaine were found to facilitate septal self-stimulation. In low doses morphine, imipramine, benactyzine, meprobamat, diazepam, chlordiazepoxide, phenobarbital, LSD-25 failed to influence this index, but in high doses they depressed the self-stimulation. It is supposed that d-amphetamine and cocaine exerted a direct stimulating action of the positive reinforcement system of the septum. Inefficiency of the other above-mentioned agents was due to the absence of the nervous substrate of negative reinforcement at the septum level. A comparative study of the above results and the influence of neurotropic agents on the hypothalamic self-stimulation (literature data) indicated that the activating effect of psychotropic agents on the systems of positive reinforcement depended upon their  influence on the emotiogenic brain structures and not on the structures responsible for the formation of motivations."}
{"id": "PMID:870111", "title": "[Directed attacks on the specific activity of leukemia cells].", "content": "Different means of attenuating the leukemogenic activity were studied comparatively with a continuous strain of bone marrow cells derived from mice infected with Rauscher leukemia virus. Treatment of leukemic cells with neuraminidase, like their cultivation at suboptimal temperature resulted in a complete loss of leukemogenic activity, as evidenced by 100% survival of experimental animals and the absence of splenomegaly. In parallel experiments with concanavallin A and 5-bromdeoxyuridine treatment, development of splenomegaly was retarded and lethality of the animals reduced by 70 and 20%, rnd 20%, respectively. These results permit to raise the problem of using the above-memtioned methods for the attenuation of leukemogenic activity as an approach to prepare material with the immunizing activity.", "contents": "[Directed attacks on the specific activity of leukemia cells]. Different means of attenuating the leukemogenic activity were studied comparatively with a continuous strain of bone marrow cells derived from mice infected with Rauscher leukemia virus. Treatment of leukemic cells with neuraminidase, like their cultivation at suboptimal temperature resulted in a complete loss of leukemogenic activity, as evidenced by 100% survival of experimental animals and the absence of splenomegaly. In parallel experiments with concanavallin A and 5-bromdeoxyuridine treatment, development of splenomegaly was retarded and lethality of the animals reduced by 70 and 20%, rnd 20%, respectively. These results permit to raise the problem of using the above-memtioned methods for the attenuation of leukemogenic activity as an approach to prepare material with the immunizing activity."}
{"id": "PMID:870112", "title": "[Characteristics of hematopoiesis in athymic nude mice].", "content": "The bone marrow, peripheral blood and spleen state was studied from the age aspect in Nude mice characterized by recessive nu mutation. A number of blood system peculiarities were revealed in homozygotic (nu/nu) mice by which they differed from the heterozygotic (nu/+) animals: low peripheral blood, bone marrow and spleen lymphocyte count, erythropoiesis depression in the bone marrow and erythroid element hyperplasia in the spleen.", "contents": "[Characteristics of hematopoiesis in athymic nude mice]. The bone marrow, peripheral blood and spleen state was studied from the age aspect in Nude mice characterized by recessive nu mutation. A number of blood system peculiarities were revealed in homozygotic (nu/nu) mice by which they differed from the heterozygotic (nu/+) animals: low peripheral blood, bone marrow and spleen lymphocyte count, erythropoiesis depression in the bone marrow and erythroid element hyperplasia in the spleen."}
{"id": "PMID:870113", "title": "[Effect of poly-4-vinylpyridine on the quantity of colony-forming cells in the bone marrow and spleen of mice].", "content": "Administration of poly-4-vinylpyridine to mice in the maximal tolerance dose doubled the colony-forming units (CFU) and decreased the cell count by 22% in the bone marrow. The increase of CFU number takes place from 2 to 7 days. The cell count in the bone marrow began to decreased 2 hours after the administration of the polymer and remained below the initial level for 5 days; however it began to return to the normal from the second day, reaching the normal figures by the 7th day. In the spleen the CFU rose 9-fold, with a simultaneous development of splenomegaly on account of increased cell count.", "contents": "[Effect of poly-4-vinylpyridine on the quantity of colony-forming cells in the bone marrow and spleen of mice]. Administration of poly-4-vinylpyridine to mice in the maximal tolerance dose doubled the colony-forming units (CFU) and decreased the cell count by 22% in the bone marrow. The increase of CFU number takes place from 2 to 7 days. The cell count in the bone marrow began to decreased 2 hours after the administration of the polymer and remained below the initial level for 5 days; however it began to return to the normal from the second day, reaching the normal figures by the 7th day. In the spleen the CFU rose 9-fold, with a simultaneous development of splenomegaly on account of increased cell count."}
{"id": "PMID:870114", "title": "[State of the pituitary--thyroid gland system in pregnant rabbits, fetuses and newborn rabbits].", "content": "The paper deals with the study of the functional condition of the hypophysis-thyroid system in pregnant rabbits and their fetuses during last trimester of gestation. The 131I uptake and the hormonal synthesis proved to be increased in the maternal and fetal thyroid glands during the 12rd--27th days of pregnancy; this was confirmed by the changes in the histostructure of the gland and was apparently connected with the increased thyroxin requirement in the maternal-fetal system at this period. These changes were preceded by the enhancement of the thyrotropic function of the hypophysis. No such correlation was present in the fetus. These data served as the evidence that the functional activity of the maternal hypophysis-at the functional activity of the maternal hypophysis-thyroid system rapidly changed depending on the requirement of the pregnant organism in thyroid hormone.", "contents": "[State of the pituitary--thyroid gland system in pregnant rabbits, fetuses and newborn rabbits]. The paper deals with the study of the functional condition of the hypophysis-thyroid system in pregnant rabbits and their fetuses during last trimester of gestation. The 131I uptake and the hormonal synthesis proved to be increased in the maternal and fetal thyroid glands during the 12rd--27th days of pregnancy; this was confirmed by the changes in the histostructure of the gland and was apparently connected with the increased thyroxin requirement in the maternal-fetal system at this period. These changes were preceded by the enhancement of the thyrotropic function of the hypophysis. No such correlation was present in the fetus. These data served as the evidence that the functional activity of the maternal hypophysis-at the functional activity of the maternal hypophysis-thyroid system rapidly changed depending on the requirement of the pregnant organism in thyroid hormone."}
{"id": "PMID:870115", "title": "[Relationship between the muscle and connective tissue components of the heart in rats with experimental myocardial infarct].", "content": "As soon as the first 24 hours of experimental myocardial infarction in rats the \"intact\" portions of the left ventricle displayed an increase in volume and mean amount of the elements of the connective tissue stroma of the heart. On the second day of the experiment these indices reached the maximum, and on the 20th day--they were similar to those in the control animals myocardium. On the 3rd day the number of muscle nuclei per standard section area proved to increase; this can be attributed to the amitotic division of the myocyte nuclei, since the number of double nuclei increased at the same periods.", "contents": "[Relationship between the muscle and connective tissue components of the heart in rats with experimental myocardial infarct]. As soon as the first 24 hours of experimental myocardial infarction in rats the \"intact\" portions of the left ventricle displayed an increase in volume and mean amount of the elements of the connective tissue stroma of the heart. On the second day of the experiment these indices reached the maximum, and on the 20th day--they were similar to those in the control animals myocardium. On the 3rd day the number of muscle nuclei per standard section area proved to increase; this can be attributed to the amitotic division of the myocyte nuclei, since the number of double nuclei increased at the same periods."}
{"id": "PMID:870116", "title": "[Decrease in the tissue-specific resistance of gastric epithelium to acute cell death following inhibition of DNA synthesis].", "content": "Administration to mice of hydroxyurea caused an acute death of an insignificant number of DNA-synthesizing cells in the epithelium of the glandular stomach. When actinomycin D was injected 8 hours prior to hydroxyurea there occurred a sharp intensification of cell degeneration: about 80% of the cells which synthesized DNA during the hydroxyurea administration proved to degenerate. No intensifying action was produced when actinomycin D was injected simultaneously with hydroxyruea. It is supposed that actinomycin D intensified the protein synthesis in the cells of the stomach (the \"superinduction\" effect), this increasing their sensitivity to the inhibition of the DNA synthesis.", "contents": "[Decrease in the tissue-specific resistance of gastric epithelium to acute cell death following inhibition of DNA synthesis]. Administration to mice of hydroxyurea caused an acute death of an insignificant number of DNA-synthesizing cells in the epithelium of the glandular stomach. When actinomycin D was injected 8 hours prior to hydroxyurea there occurred a sharp intensification of cell degeneration: about 80% of the cells which synthesized DNA during the hydroxyurea administration proved to degenerate. No intensifying action was produced when actinomycin D was injected simultaneously with hydroxyruea. It is supposed that actinomycin D intensified the protein synthesis in the cells of the stomach (the \"superinduction\" effect), this increasing their sensitivity to the inhibition of the DNA synthesis."}
{"id": "PMID:870117", "title": "[Ultrastructural analysis of the cortical substances of the adrenal glands of rats under conditions of bilateral subdiaphragmatic vagotomy].", "content": "Electron-microscopic study of zona fasciculata and zona reticularis of the adrenal cortex showed that 7 days after bilateral subphrenic vagotomy there occurred a diatation of the perinuclear space of adrenocorticocytes and endothelial cells; there was also a dilatation of the tubules in the smooth cytoplasmic reticulum, edema of the mitochondria, reduction of their cristae, and increase in the number and size of lipid drops. In 45 days there are encountered mitochondria with the beginning myelinization, lipid drops form accumulations, and electron-transparent vacuoles are revealed in them. The functional activity of adrenocorticocytes in zona fasciculata and zona reticularis of the adrenal cortex diminished in rats after vagotomy.", "contents": "[Ultrastructural analysis of the cortical substances of the adrenal glands of rats under conditions of bilateral subdiaphragmatic vagotomy]. Electron-microscopic study of zona fasciculata and zona reticularis of the adrenal cortex showed that 7 days after bilateral subphrenic vagotomy there occurred a diatation of the perinuclear space of adrenocorticocytes and endothelial cells; there was also a dilatation of the tubules in the smooth cytoplasmic reticulum, edema of the mitochondria, reduction of their cristae, and increase in the number and size of lipid drops. In 45 days there are encountered mitochondria with the beginning myelinization, lipid drops form accumulations, and electron-transparent vacuoles are revealed in them. The functional activity of adrenocorticocytes in zona fasciculata and zona reticularis of the adrenal cortex diminished in rats after vagotomy."}
{"id": "PMID:870118", "title": "The management of cardiac arrhythmias.", "content": "The first and most important aspect of the management of a cardiac arrhythmia is its precise identification, and intracardiac recordings should be made in cases of doubt. When confronted with a patient with an arrhythmia the first decision is whether it needs treating at all. If it does the next problem is to decide whether to begin with electrical or pharmacological treatment, and here the important feature is the clinical state of the patient: the more ill the patient and the larger the haemodynamic disturbance, the greater the relative indication for electrical (cardioversion or pacing) therapy. Although there has been some progress in the understanding of the pathological physiology of arrhythmias and attempts have been made to rationalize the classification of cardioactive drugs, these sciences have not so far provided information of clinical value. The drug therapy of arrhythmias is largely arbitrary, but few drugs are involved. The most important thing of all is for an individual clinician to become familiar with the most significant of these drugs and not to indulge in polypharmacy, because all antiarrhythmic drugs can lead to either depression or overexcitation of the myocardium.", "contents": "The management of cardiac arrhythmias. The first and most important aspect of the management of a cardiac arrhythmia is its precise identification, and intracardiac recordings should be made in cases of doubt. When confronted with a patient with an arrhythmia the first decision is whether it needs treating at all. If it does the next problem is to decide whether to begin with electrical or pharmacological treatment, and here the important feature is the clinical state of the patient: the more ill the patient and the larger the haemodynamic disturbance, the greater the relative indication for electrical (cardioversion or pacing) therapy. Although there has been some progress in the understanding of the pathological physiology of arrhythmias and attempts have been made to rationalize the classification of cardioactive drugs, these sciences have not so far provided information of clinical value. The drug therapy of arrhythmias is largely arbitrary, but few drugs are involved. The most important thing of all is for an individual clinician to become familiar with the most significant of these drugs and not to indulge in polypharmacy, because all antiarrhythmic drugs can lead to either depression or overexcitation of the myocardium."}
{"id": "PMID:870119", "title": "Directional variations in the extensibility of human skin.", "content": "When an extending load is applied to human skin in vivo or in vitro the skin stretches with small increases in load until a limit is reached (limit strain) after which much greater increases in load are required to extend it further (terminal stiffness). At many sites there are marked directional variations, the direction of maximum limit strain being the same as that of minimum terminal stiffness and vice versa. The directional variations of extensibility at constant load on a young male body have been measured and recorded.", "contents": "Directional variations in the extensibility of human skin. When an extending load is applied to human skin in vivo or in vitro the skin stretches with small increases in load until a limit is reached (limit strain) after which much greater increases in load are required to extend it further (terminal stiffness). At many sites there are marked directional variations, the direction of maximum limit strain being the same as that of minimum terminal stiffness and vice versa. The directional variations of extensibility at constant load on a young male body have been measured and recorded."}
{"id": "PMID:870120", "title": "Effects of N-methylamino acids and convulsants on spontaneous action potentials in guinea-pig cerebellar slices.", "content": "1. N-methyl-gamma-aminobutyrate (N-methylGABA), N-methylglycine, N-methyltaurine and N-methylbeta-alanine diminished the frequency of spontaneous spike discharges in guinea-pig cerebellar slices. Usually a weak excitatory effect preceded the inhibition. 2. The inhibitory effects of N-methylGABA and N-methylbeta-alanine were competitively antagonized by both picrotoxin and strychnine. 3. The inhibitory action of N-methyltaurine was competitively suppressed by strychnine and by low concentrations of picrotoxin. 4. The inhibitory action of N-methylglycine was suppressed by strychnine but not by picrotoxin. The suppression was competitive at low concentrations of strychnine. 5. N-methylDL-glutamate brought about a strong inhibition followed by a strong excitation of the neurones. The inhibitory effects were competitively suppressed by both picrotoxin and strychnine. Neither convulsant affected the excitation. 6. Whereas L- or D-glutamate caused only excitation in the majority of cells examined, a small proportion of the cells exhibited inhibition preceding the excitation by L- or D-glutamate. Such inhibitory effects were suppressed by picrotoxin but not by strychnine. 7. Kinetic analyses of the dose-response curves for the N-methylamino acid in the presence or absence of the convulsant indicated that the number of molecules of the amino acid combining with the receptor site to produce a response was 3 for N-methylGABA, 2 for N-methylglycine, 3 for N-methyltaurine, 3 for N-methylbeta-alanine. The corresponding value was 1 for N-methylDL-glutamate (inhibition). The number of molecules of convulsant combining with the receptor site was calculated to be 2 for picrotoxin with N-methylGABA, N-methylbeta-alanine and N-methylDL-glutamate and 1 for strychnine with all N-methylamino acids examined.", "contents": "Effects of N-methylamino acids and convulsants on spontaneous action potentials in guinea-pig cerebellar slices. 1. N-methyl-gamma-aminobutyrate (N-methylGABA), N-methylglycine, N-methyltaurine and N-methylbeta-alanine diminished the frequency of spontaneous spike discharges in guinea-pig cerebellar slices. Usually a weak excitatory effect preceded the inhibition. 2. The inhibitory effects of N-methylGABA and N-methylbeta-alanine were competitively antagonized by both picrotoxin and strychnine. 3. The inhibitory action of N-methyltaurine was competitively suppressed by strychnine and by low concentrations of picrotoxin. 4. The inhibitory action of N-methylglycine was suppressed by strychnine but not by picrotoxin. The suppression was competitive at low concentrations of strychnine. 5. N-methylDL-glutamate brought about a strong inhibition followed by a strong excitation of the neurones. The inhibitory effects were competitively suppressed by both picrotoxin and strychnine. Neither convulsant affected the excitation. 6. Whereas L- or D-glutamate caused only excitation in the majority of cells examined, a small proportion of the cells exhibited inhibition preceding the excitation by L- or D-glutamate. Such inhibitory effects were suppressed by picrotoxin but not by strychnine. 7. Kinetic analyses of the dose-response curves for the N-methylamino acid in the presence or absence of the convulsant indicated that the number of molecules of the amino acid combining with the receptor site to produce a response was 3 for N-methylGABA, 2 for N-methylglycine, 3 for N-methyltaurine, 3 for N-methylbeta-alanine. The corresponding value was 1 for N-methylDL-glutamate (inhibition). The number of molecules of convulsant combining with the receptor site was calculated to be 2 for picrotoxin with N-methylGABA, N-methylbeta-alanine and N-methylDL-glutamate and 1 for strychnine with all N-methylamino acids examined."}
{"id": "PMID:870121", "title": "Renal blood flow autoregulation and renal venous prostaglandins in the pump-perfused canine kidney (in situ).", "content": "1. Renal autoregulation of blood flow was re-examined in the pump-perfused canine kidney and concentrations of prostaglandins E and F in the renal venous plasma were measured by radioimmunoassay. 2. At low perfusion pressures, below the range of autoregulation, prostaglandin E and F concentrations rose and calculated prostaglandin E secretion rate fell. 3. Meclofenamate (10 mg/kg i.v.) reduced renal blood flow and prostaglandin E and F secretion rates, but did not abolish autoregulation. 4. Renal prostaglandins do not appear to mediate autoregulation in the kidney but may affect the level at which flow is controlled.", "contents": "Renal blood flow autoregulation and renal venous prostaglandins in the pump-perfused canine kidney (in situ). 1. Renal autoregulation of blood flow was re-examined in the pump-perfused canine kidney and concentrations of prostaglandins E and F in the renal venous plasma were measured by radioimmunoassay. 2. At low perfusion pressures, below the range of autoregulation, prostaglandin E and F concentrations rose and calculated prostaglandin E secretion rate fell. 3. Meclofenamate (10 mg/kg i.v.) reduced renal blood flow and prostaglandin E and F secretion rates, but did not abolish autoregulation. 4. Renal prostaglandins do not appear to mediate autoregulation in the kidney but may affect the level at which flow is controlled."}
{"id": "PMID:870122", "title": "The effect of systemically and topically applied drugs on ultraviolet-induced erythema in the rat.", "content": "1. Exposure of the skin of rats to u.v. light (greater than 295 nm) for 30 s or longer elicited a delayed erythema response, the rate of onset increasing with period of irradiation. The erythema was still present at 24 h and was replaced by scab formation in 48 hours. 2. Both topically applied steroidal and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs reduced the erythema formation when administered immediately after u.v. exposure. Propyl gallate, an antioxidant with sun screening properties in man, also possessed topical anti-erythemic activity. 3. Both steroidal and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, systemically administered 1 h before u.v. exposure, reduced and erythema. However, the steroidal compounds were less effective than the non-steroids and reduced the intensity of erythema by less than 50%. Antagonists of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) reduced the erythema but several other drugs with different pharmacological activities were ineffective. 4. Neither topical nor systemic treatments of any of the drugs examined suppressed the scab formation at 48 hours. 5. These results and those using other selective blocking agents indicate that in the mediation of the erythema reaction prostaglandins may play a major role and 5-HT perhaps a minor one but that H1 histamine receptors and alpha- and beta-adrenoceptors have no significant role.", "contents": "The effect of systemically and topically applied drugs on ultraviolet-induced erythema in the rat. 1. Exposure of the skin of rats to u.v. light (greater than 295 nm) for 30 s or longer elicited a delayed erythema response, the rate of onset increasing with period of irradiation. The erythema was still present at 24 h and was replaced by scab formation in 48 hours. 2. Both topically applied steroidal and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs reduced the erythema formation when administered immediately after u.v. exposure. Propyl gallate, an antioxidant with sun screening properties in man, also possessed topical anti-erythemic activity. 3. Both steroidal and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, systemically administered 1 h before u.v. exposure, reduced and erythema. However, the steroidal compounds were less effective than the non-steroids and reduced the intensity of erythema by less than 50%. Antagonists of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) reduced the erythema but several other drugs with different pharmacological activities were ineffective. 4. Neither topical nor systemic treatments of any of the drugs examined suppressed the scab formation at 48 hours. 5. These results and those using other selective blocking agents indicate that in the mediation of the erythema reaction prostaglandins may play a major role and 5-HT perhaps a minor one but that H1 histamine receptors and alpha- and beta-adrenoceptors have no significant role."}
{"id": "PMID:870123", "title": "Effects of sympathetic innervation and temperature on the properties of rat heart adrenoceptors.", "content": "1. The pharmacological characteristics of adrenoceptors at different temperatures were assessed on the basis of the effects of various alpha- and beta-adrenoceptor agonists and antagonists on electrically-driven left atria and spontaneously-beating pairs of atria from rats. 2. Phenoxybenzamine (Pbz) potentiated inotropic responses of left atria to noradrenaline (NA) at 31 degrees C, produced significantly less potentiation at 24 degrees C and inhibited responses at 17 degrees C; it had little effect on responses to CaCl2. Both Pbz and phentolamine inhibited responses to phenylephrine more effectively at 17 than at 31 degrees C. N-cyclohexylmethyl-N-ethyl-beta-chloroethylamine hydrochloride (GD-131), a haloalkylamine with negligible alpha-adrenoceptor blocking activity, caused only potentiation of responses to NA at 17 degrees C. 3. The presence of phentolamine during incubation with Pbz eliminated block of responses to NA and revealed a potentiation that was equivalent at all three temperatures tested. Phentolamine did not alter the block of responses to 5-hydroxytryptamine by Pbz. Protection of alpha-adrenoceptors by phentolamine during exposure to [3H]-Pbz significantly decreased the amount of label bound to the myocardium at 17 degrees C, but did not alter binding at 31 degrees C. 4. Inhibition of responses to NA by propranolol decreased with temperature, and the magnitude of the change increased with the concentration of propranolol. Compared to 31 degrees C, the effect of the highest concentration of propranolol. (4.0 micronM) was significantly decreased at 24 degrees C, and the effects of all except the lowest concentration (0.04 micronM) were significantly decreased at 17 degrees C. 5. The potency of isoprenaline decreased and that of phenylephrine increased at low temperatures, and their potency ratio was much lower at 17 than at 31 degrees C for both the inotropic and chronotropic responses of spontaneously-beating atria. However, the ratio was unaffected by temperature in electrically-driven left atria. A similar difference between spontaneously-beating and driven preparations is apparent in the data of other workers, but its basis is not clear. 6. Atria from rats pretreated with 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) were sensitized to the effects of NA, and there was no increase in alpha-adrenoceptor properties at low temperatures. Little alpha-adrenoceptor activity could be demonstrated in chemically denervated atria at any temperature, 6-OHDA pretreatment did not alter the binding of [3H]-Pbz at 31 degrees C, but decreased it significantly at 17 degrees C. Pretreatment with reserpine caused some sensitization, but not significantly after the characteristics of the adrenoceptors or their responses to temperature. 7. It is concluded that the adrenoceptors of atria are affected by temperature in much the same way as those of frog hearts, although the transition from beta- to alpha-adrenoceptor properties may begin at a slightly higher temperature...", "contents": "Effects of sympathetic innervation and temperature on the properties of rat heart adrenoceptors. 1. The pharmacological characteristics of adrenoceptors at different temperatures were assessed on the basis of the effects of various alpha- and beta-adrenoceptor agonists and antagonists on electrically-driven left atria and spontaneously-beating pairs of atria from rats. 2. Phenoxybenzamine (Pbz) potentiated inotropic responses of left atria to noradrenaline (NA) at 31 degrees C, produced significantly less potentiation at 24 degrees C and inhibited responses at 17 degrees C; it had little effect on responses to CaCl2. Both Pbz and phentolamine inhibited responses to phenylephrine more effectively at 17 than at 31 degrees C. N-cyclohexylmethyl-N-ethyl-beta-chloroethylamine hydrochloride (GD-131), a haloalkylamine with negligible alpha-adrenoceptor blocking activity, caused only potentiation of responses to NA at 17 degrees C. 3. The presence of phentolamine during incubation with Pbz eliminated block of responses to NA and revealed a potentiation that was equivalent at all three temperatures tested. Phentolamine did not alter the block of responses to 5-hydroxytryptamine by Pbz. Protection of alpha-adrenoceptors by phentolamine during exposure to [3H]-Pbz significantly decreased the amount of label bound to the myocardium at 17 degrees C, but did not alter binding at 31 degrees C. 4. Inhibition of responses to NA by propranolol decreased with temperature, and the magnitude of the change increased with the concentration of propranolol. Compared to 31 degrees C, the effect of the highest concentration of propranolol. (4.0 micronM) was significantly decreased at 24 degrees C, and the effects of all except the lowest concentration (0.04 micronM) were significantly decreased at 17 degrees C. 5. The potency of isoprenaline decreased and that of phenylephrine increased at low temperatures, and their potency ratio was much lower at 17 than at 31 degrees C for both the inotropic and chronotropic responses of spontaneously-beating atria. However, the ratio was unaffected by temperature in electrically-driven left atria. A similar difference between spontaneously-beating and driven preparations is apparent in the data of other workers, but its basis is not clear. 6. Atria from rats pretreated with 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) were sensitized to the effects of NA, and there was no increase in alpha-adrenoceptor properties at low temperatures. Little alpha-adrenoceptor activity could be demonstrated in chemically denervated atria at any temperature, 6-OHDA pretreatment did not alter the binding of [3H]-Pbz at 31 degrees C, but decreased it significantly at 17 degrees C. Pretreatment with reserpine caused some sensitization, but not significantly after the characteristics of the adrenoceptors or their responses to temperature. 7. It is concluded that the adrenoceptors of atria are affected by temperature in much the same way as those of frog hearts, although the transition from beta- to alpha-adrenoceptor properties may begin at a slightly higher temperature..."}
{"id": "PMID:870124", "title": "The sympathomimetic activity of fenfluramine hydrochloride on rat vas deferens.", "content": "1. The peripheral, pharmacological effects of the anorexigenic agent, fenfluramine hydrochloride, have been investigated on rat isolated vas deferens. 2. Characteristic spiked contractions were observed within 2 to 3 min after exposure to fenfluramine; these contractions reached a rate of around 13 per min and were of variable height. 3. Pre-treatment of vasa with the indirectly acting sympathomimetic amine, tyramine, greatly reduced both the height and rate of contraction induced by fenfluramine. 4. The uptake inhibitor, desipramine, required a concentration in excess of 10 micronM to affect fenfluramine-induced contractions. Effects of desipramine on fenfluramine contractions were of equal magnitude whether desipramine was administered before fenfluramine or at the height of the fenfluramine-induced contractions. 5. Pre-treatment with debrisoquine (0.5 mM), reduced the contractions in response to fenfluramine over a period of time. 6. Fenfluramine, added to vasa from rats which had been injected intraperitoneally with 5 mg/kg reserpine 24 h and 48 h previously, failed to induce its characteristic contractions. 7. It is concluded that fenfluramine can be classed as an indirectly acting sympathomimetic amine on peripheral adrenergic nerve terminals.", "contents": "The sympathomimetic activity of fenfluramine hydrochloride on rat vas deferens. 1. The peripheral, pharmacological effects of the anorexigenic agent, fenfluramine hydrochloride, have been investigated on rat isolated vas deferens. 2. Characteristic spiked contractions were observed within 2 to 3 min after exposure to fenfluramine; these contractions reached a rate of around 13 per min and were of variable height. 3. Pre-treatment of vasa with the indirectly acting sympathomimetic amine, tyramine, greatly reduced both the height and rate of contraction induced by fenfluramine. 4. The uptake inhibitor, desipramine, required a concentration in excess of 10 micronM to affect fenfluramine-induced contractions. Effects of desipramine on fenfluramine contractions were of equal magnitude whether desipramine was administered before fenfluramine or at the height of the fenfluramine-induced contractions. 5. Pre-treatment with debrisoquine (0.5 mM), reduced the contractions in response to fenfluramine over a period of time. 6. Fenfluramine, added to vasa from rats which had been injected intraperitoneally with 5 mg/kg reserpine 24 h and 48 h previously, failed to induce its characteristic contractions. 7. It is concluded that fenfluramine can be classed as an indirectly acting sympathomimetic amine on peripheral adrenergic nerve terminals."}
{"id": "PMID:870125", "title": "Evidence for a visceral smooth muscle abnormality in Okamoto spontaneous hypertension.", "content": "1. In order to discover whether the changes in reactivity are related to the primary cause of hypertension in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) or are just an adaptation induced by the high arterial blood pressure we tested the contractile response of a visceral smooth muscle from such rats. 2. Longitudinal strips of the fundus from 20 week old male and female SHR and  Wistar normotensive (NW) rats were used. Dose-response curves to Ba2+ in SHR strips were displaced to the right as compared to NW rats. Maximal responses were identical. Male SHR fundus strips contracted much more with Sr2+ (SHR: 42+/-3% of maximum response to Ba2+, n=10; NW: 19+/-4%, n=10, P less than 0.01) than NW strips. There was no difference in the response to both BaCl2 and SrCl2 between female SHR and NW fundus strips, and MnCl2 and LaCl3 were relaxant in all cases. 3. Dose-response curves to Ca2+ of depolarized SHR and NW fundus strips were obtained and the effect of diazoxide on Ca2+ contractions was observed. The contractile action of Ca2+ in depolarized preparations was enhanced in  both male and female SHR strips. The effect of diazoxide was more marked in SHR strips than in NW fundus strips. 4. SHR fundus smooth muscle shows the same modification of reactivity to Ba2+, Sr2+, Ca2+ and diazoxide that was previously described in arterial smooth muscle. This indicates that the cellular modification responsible for the increase of vascular tonus in SHR is not an adaptive reaction to high blood pressure. The differences between female SHR and male SHR responses are not unexpected, considering the natural evolution of hypertension in Okamoto rats which is milder in the female.", "contents": "Evidence for a visceral smooth muscle abnormality in Okamoto spontaneous hypertension. 1. In order to discover whether the changes in reactivity are related to the primary cause of hypertension in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) or are just an adaptation induced by the high arterial blood pressure we tested the contractile response of a visceral smooth muscle from such rats. 2. Longitudinal strips of the fundus from 20 week old male and female SHR and  Wistar normotensive (NW) rats were used. Dose-response curves to Ba2+ in SHR strips were displaced to the right as compared to NW rats. Maximal responses were identical. Male SHR fundus strips contracted much more with Sr2+ (SHR: 42+/-3% of maximum response to Ba2+, n=10; NW: 19+/-4%, n=10, P less than 0.01) than NW strips. There was no difference in the response to both BaCl2 and SrCl2 between female SHR and NW fundus strips, and MnCl2 and LaCl3 were relaxant in all cases. 3. Dose-response curves to Ca2+ of depolarized SHR and NW fundus strips were obtained and the effect of diazoxide on Ca2+ contractions was observed. The contractile action of Ca2+ in depolarized preparations was enhanced in  both male and female SHR strips. The effect of diazoxide was more marked in SHR strips than in NW fundus strips. 4. SHR fundus smooth muscle shows the same modification of reactivity to Ba2+, Sr2+, Ca2+ and diazoxide that was previously described in arterial smooth muscle. This indicates that the cellular modification responsible for the increase of vascular tonus in SHR is not an adaptive reaction to high blood pressure. The differences between female SHR and male SHR responses are not unexpected, considering the natural evolution of hypertension in Okamoto rats which is milder in the female."}
{"id": "PMID:870126", "title": "A comparison in rabbit isolated hearts of the dysrhythmogenic potential of amitriptyline, maprotiline and mianserin in relation to their ability to block noradrenaline uptake.", "content": "1. In isolated hearts of rabbits, perfusion with (-)-noradrenaline (0.0059 to 5.9 micronM) resulted in chronotropic and inotropic responses and a shortening of the interval between peak atrial and peak ventricular tensions (the A-V contraction interval). No dysrhythmias developed but at higher concentrations (590 micronM) 2 out of 7 hearts developed dysrhythmias (extrasystoles). 2. Perfusion with the antidepressants amitriptyline or maprotiline (4.8 micronM) or mianserin (28.8 micronM) reduced ventricular force, did not change heart rate and only amitriptyline reduced atrial force and lengthened the A-V contraction interval. At 4.8 micronM mianserin produced only a marginal shortening of the A-V contraction interval. 3. At these concentrations no dysrhythmias developed but at higher concentrations (amitriptyline 8 micronM, maprotiline 8 micronM, mianserin 60 micronM) all the agents produced dysrhythmias involving an interference with atrio-ventricular synchronization. 4. In the presence of mianserin (4.8 micronM) perfusion with noradrenaline (0.0059 to 5.9 micronM) shortened the A-V contraction interval and did not produce dysrhythmias. In the presence of amitriptyline or maprotiline (4.8 micronM) or mianserin (28.8 micronM) the A-V contraction interval generally lengthened and most hearts developed dysrhythmias (usually involving interference with atrio-ventricular synchronization). 5. [3H]-(-)-Noradrenaline uptake in perfused rabbit hearts and in mouse isolated atria or vasa deferentia was inhibited by the antidepressants to a similar extent, amitriptyline being marginally most potent (molar potency taken as 1.0), maprotiline being less potent (1.5) and mianserin least potent (2.0)). 6. It is concluded that of these three antidepressants, mianserin is least cardiotoxic in this preparation and that the ability of these antidepressants to predispose to noradrenaline-induced dysrhythmias is not related to blockade of noradrenaline uptake.", "contents": "A comparison in rabbit isolated hearts of the dysrhythmogenic potential of amitriptyline, maprotiline and mianserin in relation to their ability to block noradrenaline uptake. 1. In isolated hearts of rabbits, perfusion with (-)-noradrenaline (0.0059 to 5.9 micronM) resulted in chronotropic and inotropic responses and a shortening of the interval between peak atrial and peak ventricular tensions (the A-V contraction interval). No dysrhythmias developed but at higher concentrations (590 micronM) 2 out of 7 hearts developed dysrhythmias (extrasystoles). 2. Perfusion with the antidepressants amitriptyline or maprotiline (4.8 micronM) or mianserin (28.8 micronM) reduced ventricular force, did not change heart rate and only amitriptyline reduced atrial force and lengthened the A-V contraction interval. At 4.8 micronM mianserin produced only a marginal shortening of the A-V contraction interval. 3. At these concentrations no dysrhythmias developed but at higher concentrations (amitriptyline 8 micronM, maprotiline 8 micronM, mianserin 60 micronM) all the agents produced dysrhythmias involving an interference with atrio-ventricular synchronization. 4. In the presence of mianserin (4.8 micronM) perfusion with noradrenaline (0.0059 to 5.9 micronM) shortened the A-V contraction interval and did not produce dysrhythmias. In the presence of amitriptyline or maprotiline (4.8 micronM) or mianserin (28.8 micronM) the A-V contraction interval generally lengthened and most hearts developed dysrhythmias (usually involving interference with atrio-ventricular synchronization). 5. [3H]-(-)-Noradrenaline uptake in perfused rabbit hearts and in mouse isolated atria or vasa deferentia was inhibited by the antidepressants to a similar extent, amitriptyline being marginally most potent (molar potency taken as 1.0), maprotiline being less potent (1.5) and mianserin least potent (2.0)). 6. It is concluded that of these three antidepressants, mianserin is least cardiotoxic in this preparation and that the ability of these antidepressants to predispose to noradrenaline-induced dysrhythmias is not related to blockade of noradrenaline uptake."}
{"id": "PMID:870127", "title": "Treatment settings in psychiatry. The use of hospital services: long term follow-up.", "content": "Ninety-eight matched pairs of patients treated respectively on first admission in a general hospital psychiatric unit or a psychiatric hospital have been followed-up for from five to eight years. The periods of treatment received in either setting remained comparable, and only 3 per cent of patients were in-patients or day patients at five years, while 14 per cent were out-patients and 20 per cent attended their family doctor. There was no evidence in these patients of a transfer of chromicity to the psychiatric hospital, but patients with longer periods of treatment were noted to change hospital from both the general hospital unit to the psychiatric hospital, and in the reverse direction.", "contents": "Treatment settings in psychiatry. The use of hospital services: long term follow-up. Ninety-eight matched pairs of patients treated respectively on first admission in a general hospital psychiatric unit or a psychiatric hospital have been followed-up for from five to eight years. The periods of treatment received in either setting remained comparable, and only 3 per cent of patients were in-patients or day patients at five years, while 14 per cent were out-patients and 20 per cent attended their family doctor. There was no evidence in these patients of a transfer of chromicity to the psychiatric hospital, but patients with longer periods of treatment were noted to change hospital from both the general hospital unit to the psychiatric hospital, and in the reverse direction."}
{"id": "PMID:870128", "title": "Suicidal intent in self-injury.", "content": "The difficulties in measuring suicidal intent in cases of self-injury are discussed, and a scale is described to measure this intent. This scale has been used in 500 cases of self-injury. It is practical and reliable. Results show that the scores derived from it are closely related to the similar Beck Scale; they are also related to age, sex, social isolation method of self-injury, previous history of self-injury or of psychiatric treatment, physical health at the time of self-injury and alcohol abuse. These results are discussed with particular reference to suicide prediction and the future validation of the scale by long-term follow-up.", "contents": "Suicidal intent in self-injury. The difficulties in measuring suicidal intent in cases of self-injury are discussed, and a scale is described to measure this intent. This scale has been used in 500 cases of self-injury. It is practical and reliable. Results show that the scores derived from it are closely related to the similar Beck Scale; they are also related to age, sex, social isolation method of self-injury, previous history of self-injury or of psychiatric treatment, physical health at the time of self-injury and alcohol abuse. These results are discussed with particular reference to suicide prediction and the future validation of the scale by long-term follow-up."}
{"id": "PMID:870129", "title": "Reflective processes and anxiety.", "content": "Three hypotheses are abstracted from Laing's writings on the inter-relationships between self-consciousness, anxiety, and self-evaluation. Indicators of self-consciousness are obtained from an open-ended instrument which requires the respondent to provide twenty answers to the question (asked of himself): \"Who am I?\" Statements indicative of self-consciousness are those on which the respondent inserts a self-reference into the statement made about himself and are distinguished from statements in which no explicit self-reference is found. The data indicate that the mark of the self-conscious person is anxiety and that anxiety is largely restricted to those statements devoid of self-consciousness. The structure of a system likely to produce this configuration is considered by drawing upon Kierkegaard's conjectures on the joint emergence of consciousness and anxiety. Equating self-consciousness with \"reflection\", it is suggested that while reflection brings about anxiety in a system as a whole, the act of reflection deters the emergence of anxiety at the particular points within the system upon which it is deployed. Thus the function of reflection is two-fold, creating anxiety at the same time (but not at the same place) as anxiety is reduced.", "contents": "Reflective processes and anxiety. Three hypotheses are abstracted from Laing's writings on the inter-relationships between self-consciousness, anxiety, and self-evaluation. Indicators of self-consciousness are obtained from an open-ended instrument which requires the respondent to provide twenty answers to the question (asked of himself): \"Who am I?\" Statements indicative of self-consciousness are those on which the respondent inserts a self-reference into the statement made about himself and are distinguished from statements in which no explicit self-reference is found. The data indicate that the mark of the self-conscious person is anxiety and that anxiety is largely restricted to those statements devoid of self-consciousness. The structure of a system likely to produce this configuration is considered by drawing upon Kierkegaard's conjectures on the joint emergence of consciousness and anxiety. Equating self-consciousness with \"reflection\", it is suggested that while reflection brings about anxiety in a system as a whole, the act of reflection deters the emergence of anxiety at the particular points within the system upon which it is deployed. Thus the function of reflection is two-fold, creating anxiety at the same time (but not at the same place) as anxiety is reduced."}
{"id": "PMID:870130", "title": "A comparison of radiography and radioisotope scanning in the detection of Paget's disease and in the assessment of response to human calcitonin.", "content": "In eight patients with symptomatic Paget's disease, radiographs and radioisotope bone scans have been compared before treatment by high dose synthetic human calcitonin (CIBA 47175-Ba) and three months and 12 months later. In six patients quantitative radioisotope scans allowed calculation of relative radioactivity in normal bone, Paget's disease and bone adjacent to osteoarthritic joints. Comparison of radiographs and scans showed 69 sites diagnosed as Paget's disease on both examinations; nine sites showed radiographic changes of Paget's disease but had negative radioisotope scans and two sites were abnormal on the scan but radiologically normal. One of these two reverted towards normal during treatment with calcitonin. Comparison of analogue scans done at three months and 12 months with initial scans showed diminished uptake in Paget's disease compared with normal bone, and quantitation showed this was due to decreased absolute uptake in Paget's disease and a slight increase in normal bone. Osteoarthritic bone showed no significant response to calcitonin.", "contents": "A comparison of radiography and radioisotope scanning in the detection of Paget's disease and in the assessment of response to human calcitonin. In eight patients with symptomatic Paget's disease, radiographs and radioisotope bone scans have been compared before treatment by high dose synthetic human calcitonin (CIBA 47175-Ba) and three months and 12 months later. In six patients quantitative radioisotope scans allowed calculation of relative radioactivity in normal bone, Paget's disease and bone adjacent to osteoarthritic joints. Comparison of radiographs and scans showed 69 sites diagnosed as Paget's disease on both examinations; nine sites showed radiographic changes of Paget's disease but had negative radioisotope scans and two sites were abnormal on the scan but radiologically normal. One of these two reverted towards normal during treatment with calcitonin. Comparison of analogue scans done at three months and 12 months with initial scans showed diminished uptake in Paget's disease compared with normal bone, and quantitation showed this was due to decreased absolute uptake in Paget's disease and a slight increase in normal bone. Osteoarthritic bone showed no significant response to calcitonin."}
{"id": "PMID:870131", "title": "The \"negative chest radiograph\" in acute pancreatitis.", "content": "Twenty-six patients with acute pancreatitis and normal chest radiographs on admission were studied. Twelve (46%) developed abnormalities in the first five days of illness. Twenty-four of the 25 patients tested developed an arterial pO2 of less than 10.6 kPa (80 mmHg) but severe hypoxia was present in a greater percentage of patients whose chest radiology became abnormal. Blood gases and chest radiographs should be checked on a regular basis in patients with acute pancreatitis.", "contents": "The \"negative chest radiograph\" in acute pancreatitis. Twenty-six patients with acute pancreatitis and normal chest radiographs on admission were studied. Twelve (46%) developed abnormalities in the first five days of illness. Twenty-four of the 25 patients tested developed an arterial pO2 of less than 10.6 kPa (80 mmHg) but severe hypoxia was present in a greater percentage of patients whose chest radiology became abnormal. Blood gases and chest radiographs should be checked on a regular basis in patients with acute pancreatitis."}
{"id": "PMID:870132", "title": "Tumour regression as a guide to prognosis: a study with experimental animals.", "content": "An analysis has been made of the relationship between regression during therapy and the probability of local control in a group of mice treated with single doses and fractionated doses of X rays. The tumours were first generation transplants from spontaneous mammary carcinomas in C3H mice and were irradiated with single doses 3F/4 days, 9F/10 days, 9F/18 days or 15F/18 days. The size of the smallest radiation dose approached those encountered in clinical radiotherapy. A significant correlation was observed between the shrinkage during the treatment period and the local control at 150 days, for three of the four fractionated schedules. A weaker correlation was observed for shrinkage within a week after single doses, and for shrinkage during treatment with nine fractions in 18 days. It is postulated that the rate of shrinkage is an inherent characteristic of each individual tumour and does not reflect the number of cells killed. However, the shrinkage in some tumours during the course of therapy may result in more extensive reoxygenation which makes these tumours more sensitive to subsequent doses of fractionated course. The degree of shrinkage within the period of fractionated irradiation was found to be a useful prognostic guide to ultimate local control in individual tumours.", "contents": "Tumour regression as a guide to prognosis: a study with experimental animals. An analysis has been made of the relationship between regression during therapy and the probability of local control in a group of mice treated with single doses and fractionated doses of X rays. The tumours were first generation transplants from spontaneous mammary carcinomas in C3H mice and were irradiated with single doses 3F/4 days, 9F/10 days, 9F/18 days or 15F/18 days. The size of the smallest radiation dose approached those encountered in clinical radiotherapy. A significant correlation was observed between the shrinkage during the treatment period and the local control at 150 days, for three of the four fractionated schedules. A weaker correlation was observed for shrinkage within a week after single doses, and for shrinkage during treatment with nine fractions in 18 days. It is postulated that the rate of shrinkage is an inherent characteristic of each individual tumour and does not reflect the number of cells killed. However, the shrinkage in some tumours during the course of therapy may result in more extensive reoxygenation which makes these tumours more sensitive to subsequent doses of fractionated course. The degree of shrinkage within the period of fractionated irradiation was found to be a useful prognostic guide to ultimate local control in individual tumours."}
{"id": "PMID:870133", "title": "The reconstruction and dose-rate calculation of radium needle implants.", "content": "A comprehensive computer program has been developed for carrying out the various tasks associated with radium needle implants. Data input for the program are obtained by digitizing an orthogonal pair of radiographs with an analogue tracing system. Corresponding needles in the two radiographs are automatically located, and the implant may be rotated to any desired position in three dimensional space, at the same time presenting a view of the rotation on a storage oscilloscope. Automatic determination of the mean plane of a planar implant is possible, and the dose-rate distribution may be calculated in any specified plane. A Paterson--Parker exposure rate calculation may be performed with a biological dose and treatment time correction incorporated. The program is written in Fortran and runs on a small interactive computer system.", "contents": "The reconstruction and dose-rate calculation of radium needle implants. A comprehensive computer program has been developed for carrying out the various tasks associated with radium needle implants. Data input for the program are obtained by digitizing an orthogonal pair of radiographs with an analogue tracing system. Corresponding needles in the two radiographs are automatically located, and the implant may be rotated to any desired position in three dimensional space, at the same time presenting a view of the rotation on a storage oscilloscope. Automatic determination of the mean plane of a planar implant is possible, and the dose-rate distribution may be calculated in any specified plane. A Paterson--Parker exposure rate calculation may be performed with a biological dose and treatment time correction incorporated. The program is written in Fortran and runs on a small interactive computer system."}
{"id": "PMID:870134", "title": "The management of ureteric reflux in children.", "content": "A series of 262 children suffering from vesico-ureteric reflux is presented. Nearly all presented with a urinary tract infection and the age at onset of symptoms was predominantly in the pre-school years. The reflux was not diagnosed in the majority until after the children started attending school. Over one-third had symptoms for more than half their lives before reflux was diagnosed. The incidence of hypertension and renal insufficiency in the series were 4% and 7-8% respectively. Nearly 60% of the children were selected by defined criteria for operation as their initial treatment. The remainder were treated conservatively in the first instance but 30% of these subsequently required operation. Reflux was eliminated in 96.3% of the children at the first operation and 5.5% developed postoperative ureteric dilatation, none of them permanently. Reflux disappeared spontaneously in two-thirds of the children treated conservatively but took more than 3 years in 46%. Infection recurred in 24% of children treated by operation and in 29% treated conservatively. The incidence with which reflux disappeared spontaneously in the children treated conservatively was related to time, not to the infection recurrence rate.", "contents": "The management of ureteric reflux in children. A series of 262 children suffering from vesico-ureteric reflux is presented. Nearly all presented with a urinary tract infection and the age at onset of symptoms was predominantly in the pre-school years. The reflux was not diagnosed in the majority until after the children started attending school. Over one-third had symptoms for more than half their lives before reflux was diagnosed. The incidence of hypertension and renal insufficiency in the series were 4% and 7-8% respectively. Nearly 60% of the children were selected by defined criteria for operation as their initial treatment. The remainder were treated conservatively in the first instance but 30% of these subsequently required operation. Reflux was eliminated in 96.3% of the children at the first operation and 5.5% developed postoperative ureteric dilatation, none of them permanently. Reflux disappeared spontaneously in two-thirds of the children treated conservatively but took more than 3 years in 46%. Infection recurred in 24% of children treated by operation and in 29% treated conservatively. The incidence with which reflux disappeared spontaneously in the children treated conservatively was related to time, not to the infection recurrence rate."}
{"id": "PMID:870135", "title": "Vesico-ureteral reflux in children.", "content": "A total of 126 children with 193 refluxing renal units were treated for vesico-ureteral reflux during the period 1966-74. The grading of the cases into mild, moderate and severe reflux revealed renal scarring in 5, 22 and 28% of the three groups. Conservative treatment was used in 10% of the patients, surgery on the urethra in 25%, and reimplantation of the ureter by the Politano-Leadbetter technique in the last two-thirds of the patients. Reflux was eliminated in 50% of the renal units treated conservatively, in 60% of renal units treated with surgery on the urethra, and in 86% of units treated with reimplantation. The overall results seemed to be better in mild than in moderate or severe reflux. The dilatation of the upper urinary tract returned to or approached normal in 85%. Of the children, 80% were without symptoms postoperatively, whereas urinary-tract infection persisted in 36%. The value of the grading of reflux is emphasised, and indications for treatment are discussed.", "contents": "Vesico-ureteral reflux in children. A total of 126 children with 193 refluxing renal units were treated for vesico-ureteral reflux during the period 1966-74. The grading of the cases into mild, moderate and severe reflux revealed renal scarring in 5, 22 and 28% of the three groups. Conservative treatment was used in 10% of the patients, surgery on the urethra in 25%, and reimplantation of the ureter by the Politano-Leadbetter technique in the last two-thirds of the patients. Reflux was eliminated in 50% of the renal units treated conservatively, in 60% of renal units treated with surgery on the urethra, and in 86% of units treated with reimplantation. The overall results seemed to be better in mild than in moderate or severe reflux. The dilatation of the upper urinary tract returned to or approached normal in 85%. Of the children, 80% were without symptoms postoperatively, whereas urinary-tract infection persisted in 36%. The value of the grading of reflux is emphasised, and indications for treatment are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:870136", "title": "Guided dilatation and transurethral resection in one session for treatment of post-prostatectomy obstructive complications.", "content": "53 patients presenting with post-prostatectomy obstructive complications above the colliculus seminalis were treated in a single session by means of guided dilatation of the stricture followed by transurethral resection of the stenosing fibrotic tissue. No failures or complications with the guided dilatation technique have been observed. The results obtained after resection in cases of bladder neck stenosis were very encourging. Unsatisfactory results were observed in cases of prostatic urethral stenosis because resection is not a technique sufficient for stable resolution of the obstruction.", "contents": "Guided dilatation and transurethral resection in one session for treatment of post-prostatectomy obstructive complications. 53 patients presenting with post-prostatectomy obstructive complications above the colliculus seminalis were treated in a single session by means of guided dilatation of the stricture followed by transurethral resection of the stenosing fibrotic tissue. No failures or complications with the guided dilatation technique have been observed. The results obtained after resection in cases of bladder neck stenosis were very encourging. Unsatisfactory results were observed in cases of prostatic urethral stenosis because resection is not a technique sufficient for stable resolution of the obstruction."}
{"id": "PMID:870137", "title": "Hormonal pattern in prostatic carcinoma following orchidectomy: 5-year follow-up.", "content": "Clinical and hormonal findings have been collected from 14 patients affected by carcinoma of the prostate observed over a 5-year period following orchidectomy. Plasma testosterone decreased significantly after surgery (62 ng +/- 21 SD/100 ml), remaining below 100 ng/100 ml even in cases showing only a partial regression or increase of the tumour. Gonadotropin FSH increased 1 year after orchidectomy to 28 mIU +/- 5/ml and remained constantly elevated up to the 5th year, whilst LH increased progressively up to the 5th year (30 mIU +/- 12/ml). Finally, plasma cortisol increased progressively up to 23.2 microng +/- 17.4/100 ml at the 5th year post-orchidectomy, especially in those cases showing partial regression or increase of the tumoral mass, indicating an adrenal hyperfunction which is probably responsible for increased production of weak androgens that can be transformed in the prostate into more active compounds. These results suggest therefore that after orchidectomy, cortisol and adrenal androgen determination may be of value in detecting the potential activation of prostatic adenocarcinoma.", "contents": "Hormonal pattern in prostatic carcinoma following orchidectomy: 5-year follow-up. Clinical and hormonal findings have been collected from 14 patients affected by carcinoma of the prostate observed over a 5-year period following orchidectomy. Plasma testosterone decreased significantly after surgery (62 ng +/- 21 SD/100 ml), remaining below 100 ng/100 ml even in cases showing only a partial regression or increase of the tumour. Gonadotropin FSH increased 1 year after orchidectomy to 28 mIU +/- 5/ml and remained constantly elevated up to the 5th year, whilst LH increased progressively up to the 5th year (30 mIU +/- 12/ml). Finally, plasma cortisol increased progressively up to 23.2 microng +/- 17.4/100 ml at the 5th year post-orchidectomy, especially in those cases showing partial regression or increase of the tumoral mass, indicating an adrenal hyperfunction which is probably responsible for increased production of weak androgens that can be transformed in the prostate into more active compounds. These results suggest therefore that after orchidectomy, cortisol and adrenal androgen determination may be of value in detecting the potential activation of prostatic adenocarcinoma."}
{"id": "PMID:870138", "title": "The urethral syndrome: experience with the Richardson urethroplasty.", "content": "The technique of urethroplasty described by Richardson has been used to treat 40 patients with the urethral syndrome. 38 patients have had improvement in clinical symptoms and urine flow rate following this procedure. 2 patients have had a relapse of symptoms but both have been improved by further surgery.", "contents": "The urethral syndrome: experience with the Richardson urethroplasty. The technique of urethroplasty described by Richardson has been used to treat 40 patients with the urethral syndrome. 38 patients have had improvement in clinical symptoms and urine flow rate following this procedure. 2 patients have had a relapse of symptoms but both have been improved by further surgery."}
{"id": "PMID:870139", "title": "The interrelationship between vesico-ureteric reflux, trigonal abnormalities and a bifid pelvicalyceal collecting system: a family study.", "content": "3 investigations have been undertaken to study the interrelationship between a bifid pelvicalyceal collecting system, vesico-ureteric reflux and lateral ectopia of the ureteric orifice. Firstly, in 30 families investigated to confirm the familial incidence of bifid and double ureters there were 3 families in which siblings were found with primary reflux. Secondly, reflux was found in 62 of 110 patients investigated with a duplex pelvicalyceal system. Reflux was to the ipsilateral kidney in 48 patients but occurred to the contralateral kidney, unaffected by duplicity, in 14. This high incidence of reflux is related to lateral ectopia of the ureteric orifice which may be either bilateral or unilateral. Thirdly, the incidence of a bifid pelvicalyceal system was determined in the parents and siblings of a series of 32 patients with primary reflux. The results support the hypothesis that primary reflux may be inherited by an autosomal dominant gene of variable penetrance in a manner similar to the inheritance of a duplex urinary tract. Thus there is a direct genetic relationship between primary vesico-ureteric reflux, lateral ectopia of the ureteric orifices and a duplex pelvicalyceal system.", "contents": "The interrelationship between vesico-ureteric reflux, trigonal abnormalities and a bifid pelvicalyceal collecting system: a family study. 3 investigations have been undertaken to study the interrelationship between a bifid pelvicalyceal collecting system, vesico-ureteric reflux and lateral ectopia of the ureteric orifice. Firstly, in 30 families investigated to confirm the familial incidence of bifid and double ureters there were 3 families in which siblings were found with primary reflux. Secondly, reflux was found in 62 of 110 patients investigated with a duplex pelvicalyceal system. Reflux was to the ipsilateral kidney in 48 patients but occurred to the contralateral kidney, unaffected by duplicity, in 14. This high incidence of reflux is related to lateral ectopia of the ureteric orifice which may be either bilateral or unilateral. Thirdly, the incidence of a bifid pelvicalyceal system was determined in the parents and siblings of a series of 32 patients with primary reflux. The results support the hypothesis that primary reflux may be inherited by an autosomal dominant gene of variable penetrance in a manner similar to the inheritance of a duplex urinary tract. Thus there is a direct genetic relationship between primary vesico-ureteric reflux, lateral ectopia of the ureteric orifices and a duplex pelvicalyceal system."}
{"id": "PMID:870140", "title": "Death during recovery from severe malnutrition and its possible relationship to sodium pump activity in the leucocyte.", "content": "The leucocyte data on four malnourished children who died suddenly when high-energy feeding was started were retrospectively analysed. The pretreatment rate constant for sodium efflux in leucocytes was higher and the intracellular sodium concentration lower in this group than in 13 malnourished children who recovered uneventfully with feeding. Two other children with unusual leucocyte electrolyte values and sodium pump activity were identified and closely monitored when high-energy treatment was begun. They rapidly developed the syndrome of extracellular fluid overload but were successfully treated with diuretics and digoxin. Though the precise relation between the findings in the leucocytes and the development of this overload syndrome is not clear, the pretreatment leucocyte values are nevertheless valuable in predicting which malnourished children are at risk of sudden death when refeeding is started.", "contents": "Death during recovery from severe malnutrition and its possible relationship to sodium pump activity in the leucocyte. The leucocyte data on four malnourished children who died suddenly when high-energy feeding was started were retrospectively analysed. The pretreatment rate constant for sodium efflux in leucocytes was higher and the intracellular sodium concentration lower in this group than in 13 malnourished children who recovered uneventfully with feeding. Two other children with unusual leucocyte electrolyte values and sodium pump activity were identified and closely monitored when high-energy treatment was begun. They rapidly developed the syndrome of extracellular fluid overload but were successfully treated with diuretics and digoxin. Though the precise relation between the findings in the leucocytes and the development of this overload syndrome is not clear, the pretreatment leucocyte values are nevertheless valuable in predicting which malnourished children are at risk of sudden death when refeeding is started."}
{"id": "PMID:870141", "title": "Oral talampicillin in the treatment of gonorrhoea.", "content": "Talampicillin was effective in eradicating the causitive organism in uncomplicated gonorrhoea, with only four treatment failures (1-6%) in 245 patients seen at least once after treatment. Symptoms, such as discharge, were seen in 61 patients at some stage after treatment but 31 of these cases were clear after one or two follow-up visits. The anitbiotic was well tolerated. One patient developed a maculopapular rash, penicillin allergy was reported in two patients, and a generalised itch (possibly penicillin allergy) in one further patient. A total of 241 out of 245 (98%) cases had the urethral gonococcus successfully eradicated with talampicillin. Talampicillin given in single doses appears to be an extremely good choice of antibiotic in the treatment of uncomplicated gonorrhoea in men.", "contents": "Oral talampicillin in the treatment of gonorrhoea. Talampicillin was effective in eradicating the causitive organism in uncomplicated gonorrhoea, with only four treatment failures (1-6%) in 245 patients seen at least once after treatment. Symptoms, such as discharge, were seen in 61 patients at some stage after treatment but 31 of these cases were clear after one or two follow-up visits. The anitbiotic was well tolerated. One patient developed a maculopapular rash, penicillin allergy was reported in two patients, and a generalised itch (possibly penicillin allergy) in one further patient. A total of 241 out of 245 (98%) cases had the urethral gonococcus successfully eradicated with talampicillin. Talampicillin given in single doses appears to be an extremely good choice of antibiotic in the treatment of uncomplicated gonorrhoea in men."}
{"id": "PMID:870142", "title": "Recurrent genital candidosis and iron metabolism.", "content": "It was thought possible that recurrent genital candidosis, like chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis, might be related to abnormalities in iron metabolism. Haemoglobin, serum iron, and serum ferritin levels of patients with recurrent genital candidosis were compared with those of patients who harboured yeasts but had no history of 'thrush', and with a control group of patients with no evidence of yeasts or history of 'thrush'. The mean haemoglobin level in patients with recurrent genital candidosis was significantly lower than in the control group (P less than 0-05) but it was thought that this difference did not have much practical meaning. There was no significant difference in the serum iron and serum ferritin levels between the three groups.", "contents": "Recurrent genital candidosis and iron metabolism. It was thought possible that recurrent genital candidosis, like chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis, might be related to abnormalities in iron metabolism. Haemoglobin, serum iron, and serum ferritin levels of patients with recurrent genital candidosis were compared with those of patients who harboured yeasts but had no history of 'thrush', and with a control group of patients with no evidence of yeasts or history of 'thrush'. The mean haemoglobin level in patients with recurrent genital candidosis was significantly lower than in the control group (P less than 0-05) but it was thought that this difference did not have much practical meaning. There was no significant difference in the serum iron and serum ferritin levels between the three groups."}
{"id": "PMID:870143", "title": "Three-day clotrimazole treatment in candidal vulvovaginitis.", "content": "The accepted modern practice is to treat each sexually transmitted disease with the shortest possible course of treatment consistent with success. In candidal vulvovaginitis, six days is the minimum period that has so far been found to be successful, but we report here a further reduction to three days. Patients were given two clotrimazole pessaries nightly for three consecutive nights; the overall success rate was 89-4% one month after treatment. This compares favourably with the 93% cure rate reported with the six-day course of clotrimazole. With both the long and short courses, patients having their first attack of genital candidosis responded better than those with a history of previous infection. Short courses of clotrimazole treatment are particularly valuable in dealing with uncooperative women who stop treatment at the earliest possible moment. Clinical and laboratory diagnostic pitfalls and their possible influence upon the therapeutic outcome are also discussed.", "contents": "Three-day clotrimazole treatment in candidal vulvovaginitis. The accepted modern practice is to treat each sexually transmitted disease with the shortest possible course of treatment consistent with success. In candidal vulvovaginitis, six days is the minimum period that has so far been found to be successful, but we report here a further reduction to three days. Patients were given two clotrimazole pessaries nightly for three consecutive nights; the overall success rate was 89-4% one month after treatment. This compares favourably with the 93% cure rate reported with the six-day course of clotrimazole. With both the long and short courses, patients having their first attack of genital candidosis responded better than those with a history of previous infection. Short courses of clotrimazole treatment are particularly valuable in dealing with uncooperative women who stop treatment at the earliest possible moment. Clinical and laboratory diagnostic pitfalls and their possible influence upon the therapeutic outcome are also discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:870144", "title": "Hepatitis B antigen and antibody in a male homosexual population.", "content": "Sera from 600 male homosexual patients were tested for hepatitis B antigen (HBs Ag) and its antibody (HBs Ab). Thirty-one men (5-2%) were positive for HBs Ag. Testing for HBs Ab by immuno-osmoelectrophoresis 33 men (5-5%) were positive. However, sera of 85 patients negative for HBs Ab by routine methods were examined for HBs Ab by radioimmune assay. Thirty (35%) sera were found to be positive. No absolute correlation between the detection of HBs Ag, or previous history of hepatitis, jaundice, or current hepatitis was found. Similarly there was little correlation between presence of HBs Ab and this history. These observations suggest that the male homosexual population represents a pool of individuals within which the hepatitis B virus is readily transmitted, mainly as a subclinical infection although clinical hepatitis does occur in some patients. It is suggested that further work is necessary to determine whether the high antibody rate in male homosexuals is related more to sexual practice than to promiscuity.", "contents": "Hepatitis B antigen and antibody in a male homosexual population. Sera from 600 male homosexual patients were tested for hepatitis B antigen (HBs Ag) and its antibody (HBs Ab). Thirty-one men (5-2%) were positive for HBs Ag. Testing for HBs Ab by immuno-osmoelectrophoresis 33 men (5-5%) were positive. However, sera of 85 patients negative for HBs Ab by routine methods were examined for HBs Ab by radioimmune assay. Thirty (35%) sera were found to be positive. No absolute correlation between the detection of HBs Ag, or previous history of hepatitis, jaundice, or current hepatitis was found. Similarly there was little correlation between presence of HBs Ab and this history. These observations suggest that the male homosexual population represents a pool of individuals within which the hepatitis B virus is readily transmitted, mainly as a subclinical infection although clinical hepatitis does occur in some patients. It is suggested that further work is necessary to determine whether the high antibody rate in male homosexuals is related more to sexual practice than to promiscuity."}
{"id": "PMID:870145", "title": "Isolation of Chlamydia trachomatis from the male urethra.", "content": "Chlamydia trachomatis was isolated from 26% of urethral swabs taken from 509 men with urethritis. The highest yield of 68% was obtained from a selected group of men with nonspecific urethritis (NSU) who had a frank urethral discharge. This is a higher than in previous reports, and is significantly higher than the isolation of C. trachomatis from men with less severe urethritis. The higher yield was similar to C. trachomatis isolation rates reported among patients with severe trachoma in hyperendemic areas. Men with a previous history of NSU had low isolation rates. Overall, 30% of 385 men with NSU had positive chlamydial culture results, 7% of 59 men with gonococcal urethritis alone were Chlamydia-positive, 15% of 59 men with gonorrhoea followed by NSU (post-gonococcal urethritis) were Chlamydia-positive, and only 3% of 61 men without urethritis harboured Chlamydia. Swabs taken from the cervical os of 28 of 108 female contacts of men with NSU had a positive result for C. trachomatis. Significantly more pairs of sexual partners had the same chlamydial culture result than had different results. The chlamydial isolation rate was higher among men admitting a casual sexual contact than in men claiming only regular partnerships. The findings provide further evidence for the sexual transmission of C. trachomatis and for its aetiological role in NSU.", "contents": "Isolation of Chlamydia trachomatis from the male urethra. Chlamydia trachomatis was isolated from 26% of urethral swabs taken from 509 men with urethritis. The highest yield of 68% was obtained from a selected group of men with nonspecific urethritis (NSU) who had a frank urethral discharge. This is a higher than in previous reports, and is significantly higher than the isolation of C. trachomatis from men with less severe urethritis. The higher yield was similar to C. trachomatis isolation rates reported among patients with severe trachoma in hyperendemic areas. Men with a previous history of NSU had low isolation rates. Overall, 30% of 385 men with NSU had positive chlamydial culture results, 7% of 59 men with gonococcal urethritis alone were Chlamydia-positive, 15% of 59 men with gonorrhoea followed by NSU (post-gonococcal urethritis) were Chlamydia-positive, and only 3% of 61 men without urethritis harboured Chlamydia. Swabs taken from the cervical os of 28 of 108 female contacts of men with NSU had a positive result for C. trachomatis. Significantly more pairs of sexual partners had the same chlamydial culture result than had different results. The chlamydial isolation rate was higher among men admitting a casual sexual contact than in men claiming only regular partnerships. The findings provide further evidence for the sexual transmission of C. trachomatis and for its aetiological role in NSU."}
{"id": "PMID:870146", "title": "Human pituitary thyrotropin and gonadotropins: a comparative study of their in vitro lipolytic activity.", "content": "Highly purified preparations of human thyrotropin, follitropin, lutropin, and choriogondotropin were evaluated for their ability to stimulate lipolysis in isolated rat adipocytes. Thyrotropin was the most active of all while follitropin showed some activity. Lutropin and choriogonadotropin were essentially inactive. The isolated subunits of thyrotropin were inactive and 60-100% activity was regenerated upon recombination. The results provide direct evidence that lipolytic activity is intrinsic to human thyrotropin. The hybrid of human lutropin alpha + thyrotropin beta was considerably less active than the natural recombinant (thyrotropin alpha + beta), possibly indicating the presence of some differences in the alpha subunits.", "contents": "Human pituitary thyrotropin and gonadotropins: a comparative study of their in vitro lipolytic activity. Highly purified preparations of human thyrotropin, follitropin, lutropin, and choriogondotropin were evaluated for their ability to stimulate lipolysis in isolated rat adipocytes. Thyrotropin was the most active of all while follitropin showed some activity. Lutropin and choriogonadotropin were essentially inactive. The isolated subunits of thyrotropin were inactive and 60-100% activity was regenerated upon recombination. The results provide direct evidence that lipolytic activity is intrinsic to human thyrotropin. The hybrid of human lutropin alpha + thyrotropin beta was considerably less active than the natural recombinant (thyrotropin alpha + beta), possibly indicating the presence of some differences in the alpha subunits."}
{"id": "PMID:870147", "title": "Phosphatidic acid synthesis in the heart. 1. Effect of age and species difference in the mitochondrial and microsomal synthesis.", "content": "Rates of syntheses of monoacyl- and diacyl-glycerol 3-P (phosphate) were determined in the mitochondrial and microsomal fractions prepared from hearts of rats and rabbits, to compare characteristics of the acylation reactions by the two subcellular fractions. The assays were carried out with the subcellular fractions prepared from (i) hearts of hyperthyroid animals, and (ii) hearts of newborn and weanling rats. In addition, the effect of an addition of bovine serum albumin in the assay system was examined. (1) Administration of thyroid hormones increased the acyltransferase activity in rabbit hearts but not that in rat hearts. (2) Mitochondrial and microsomal fractions of hearts of newborn rats acylated glycerol 3-P at a rate 1.3-4 times greater than those of adult rats. The rate of acylation by the mitochondrial fraction of weanling rats was also high, but the rate of microsomal acylation was slightly lower than that of adult rats. By contrast, in newborn rats, diacylglycerol 3-P formation by the liver microsomes was not greater than that of the adults, although its formation by the newborn liver mitochondria was greater. (3) The accumulation of monoacylglycerol 3-P during the assay was accelerated by the addition of increasing amounts of bovine serum albumin. Therefore, the monoacylglycerol 3-P formation was less than 10% of the diacylglycerol 3-P formation in the assay containing no albumin and with the rat subcellular fractions, whereas nearly four times more monoacyl- than diacyl-glycerol 3-P was synthesized in the presence of 20 mg albumin. (4) The ratio of monoacyl- to diacyl-glycerol 3-P formation by the mitochondrial fraction was greater than that of microsomal fraction at any concentration of albumin in both rats and rabbits. At an equal albumin concentration in the assay, relatively more diacyl- than monoacyl-glycerol 3-P was formed in the mitochondrial fraction of newborn rat hearts as compared with adult hearts; (5) In conclusion, our data concerning the age and species differences in acyltransferase activities support a view that the mitochondrial fraction of both rat and rabbit hearts, in addition to the microsomal enzymes, is capable of catalyzing the de novo synthesis of phosphatidic acid.", "contents": "Phosphatidic acid synthesis in the heart. 1. Effect of age and species difference in the mitochondrial and microsomal synthesis. Rates of syntheses of monoacyl- and diacyl-glycerol 3-P (phosphate) were determined in the mitochondrial and microsomal fractions prepared from hearts of rats and rabbits, to compare characteristics of the acylation reactions by the two subcellular fractions. The assays were carried out with the subcellular fractions prepared from (i) hearts of hyperthyroid animals, and (ii) hearts of newborn and weanling rats. In addition, the effect of an addition of bovine serum albumin in the assay system was examined. (1) Administration of thyroid hormones increased the acyltransferase activity in rabbit hearts but not that in rat hearts. (2) Mitochondrial and microsomal fractions of hearts of newborn rats acylated glycerol 3-P at a rate 1.3-4 times greater than those of adult rats. The rate of acylation by the mitochondrial fraction of weanling rats was also high, but the rate of microsomal acylation was slightly lower than that of adult rats. By contrast, in newborn rats, diacylglycerol 3-P formation by the liver microsomes was not greater than that of the adults, although its formation by the newborn liver mitochondria was greater. (3) The accumulation of monoacylglycerol 3-P during the assay was accelerated by the addition of increasing amounts of bovine serum albumin. Therefore, the monoacylglycerol 3-P formation was less than 10% of the diacylglycerol 3-P formation in the assay containing no albumin and with the rat subcellular fractions, whereas nearly four times more monoacyl- than diacyl-glycerol 3-P was synthesized in the presence of 20 mg albumin. (4) The ratio of monoacyl- to diacyl-glycerol 3-P formation by the mitochondrial fraction was greater than that of microsomal fraction at any concentration of albumin in both rats and rabbits. At an equal albumin concentration in the assay, relatively more diacyl- than monoacyl-glycerol 3-P was formed in the mitochondrial fraction of newborn rat hearts as compared with adult hearts; (5) In conclusion, our data concerning the age and species differences in acyltransferase activities support a view that the mitochondrial fraction of both rat and rabbit hearts, in addition to the microsomal enzymes, is capable of catalyzing the de novo synthesis of phosphatidic acid."}
{"id": "PMID:870148", "title": "Histone 5 from carp erythrocytes.", "content": "Histone 5 (H5) has been isolated from carp (Cyprinus carpio) erythrocytes and identified by its amino acid composition. It was found in very small relative amounts, despite the use of either 50 mM sodium bisulfite or 1.0 mM phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride to inhibit endogenous protease activity. Carp H5 differed significantly from H5's of other lower vertebrates in its amino acid composition, position of elution from Amberlite CG-50 ion-exchange columns, and its unusually high electrophoretic mobility. The extensive quantitative and qualtitative variability of H5 from different species must be reconciled with the presumed functional homology of these cells.", "contents": "Histone 5 from carp erythrocytes. Histone 5 (H5) has been isolated from carp (Cyprinus carpio) erythrocytes and identified by its amino acid composition. It was found in very small relative amounts, despite the use of either 50 mM sodium bisulfite or 1.0 mM phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride to inhibit endogenous protease activity. Carp H5 differed significantly from H5's of other lower vertebrates in its amino acid composition, position of elution from Amberlite CG-50 ion-exchange columns, and its unusually high electrophoretic mobility. The extensive quantitative and qualtitative variability of H5 from different species must be reconciled with the presumed functional homology of these cells."}
{"id": "PMID:870149", "title": "In vitro and in vivo studies on the metabolism of estrogens and their sulfates in guinea pigs.", "content": "Labelled estradiol-17 beta(E2) or estrone (E1), when incubated with guinea pig liver slices, is metabolized by two main pathways. Part of each substrate is converted to estrone-3-glucuronide and estradiol-3-glucuronide. A further part of each is metabolized to estradiol-3-sulfate (E23S) and estrone-3-sulfate (E13S), which are interconverted. The latter conjugate appears to be the substrate for a 16 alpha-hydroxylase forming 16 alpha-hydroxyestrone-3-sulfate (16 alpha OHE13S). This, in turn, is further sulfurylated to yield 16 alpha-hydroxyestrone-3, 16-disulfate, accompanied by estriol-3,16-disulfate. A relatively small amount of tentatively indentified '6-hydroxyestrone disulfate accompanies these other two diconjugates. The guinea pig liver system suggests itself as a useful and relatively simple model for further study of 16 alpha-hydroxylation of E13S. The use of the latter as a natural subd E23S are present in liver, kidney, blood, gallbladder bile, intestine, uterus, and placenta after injection of labelled E2 into mature male and female guinea pigs. Some evidence has been obtained for the disulfate fraction (above) in liver and bile after injection of labelled E1.", "contents": "In vitro and in vivo studies on the metabolism of estrogens and their sulfates in guinea pigs. Labelled estradiol-17 beta(E2) or estrone (E1), when incubated with guinea pig liver slices, is metabolized by two main pathways. Part of each substrate is converted to estrone-3-glucuronide and estradiol-3-glucuronide. A further part of each is metabolized to estradiol-3-sulfate (E23S) and estrone-3-sulfate (E13S), which are interconverted. The latter conjugate appears to be the substrate for a 16 alpha-hydroxylase forming 16 alpha-hydroxyestrone-3-sulfate (16 alpha OHE13S). This, in turn, is further sulfurylated to yield 16 alpha-hydroxyestrone-3, 16-disulfate, accompanied by estriol-3,16-disulfate. A relatively small amount of tentatively indentified '6-hydroxyestrone disulfate accompanies these other two diconjugates. The guinea pig liver system suggests itself as a useful and relatively simple model for further study of 16 alpha-hydroxylation of E13S. The use of the latter as a natural subd E23S are present in liver, kidney, blood, gallbladder bile, intestine, uterus, and placenta after injection of labelled E2 into mature male and female guinea pigs. Some evidence has been obtained for the disulfate fraction (above) in liver and bile after injection of labelled E1."}
{"id": "PMID:870150", "title": "Studies on the site of addition of sialic acid and glucosamine to rat alpha 1-acid glycoprotein.", "content": "Ultrasonic extracts of rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum fraction and Golgi fractions from rat liver were examined by immunoelectrophoresis using antiserum to alpha 1-acid glycoprotein. Rough endoplasmic reticulum fractions contained only sialic acid free alpha 1-acid glycoprotein, whereas smooth endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi fractions also contained sialic acid containing alpha 1-acid glycoprotein. Determination of the sialic acid contents of immune precipitates isolated from the extracts suggested that the Golgi complex was the main site of addition of sialic acid to alpha 1-acid glycoprotein. Immunological studies on puromycin extracts of polyribosomes showed that polypeptide chains of alpha 1-acid glycoprotein and albumin were assemble mainly on membrane-bound polyribosomes. Evidence is presented from incorporation studies with labelled leucine and glucosamine that initial glycosylation of alpha 1-acid glycoprotein occurs mainly or entirely after release of nascent polypeptide from the ribosomal site.", "contents": "Studies on the site of addition of sialic acid and glucosamine to rat alpha 1-acid glycoprotein. Ultrasonic extracts of rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum fraction and Golgi fractions from rat liver were examined by immunoelectrophoresis using antiserum to alpha 1-acid glycoprotein. Rough endoplasmic reticulum fractions contained only sialic acid free alpha 1-acid glycoprotein, whereas smooth endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi fractions also contained sialic acid containing alpha 1-acid glycoprotein. Determination of the sialic acid contents of immune precipitates isolated from the extracts suggested that the Golgi complex was the main site of addition of sialic acid to alpha 1-acid glycoprotein. Immunological studies on puromycin extracts of polyribosomes showed that polypeptide chains of alpha 1-acid glycoprotein and albumin were assemble mainly on membrane-bound polyribosomes. Evidence is presented from incorporation studies with labelled leucine and glucosamine that initial glycosylation of alpha 1-acid glycoprotein occurs mainly or entirely after release of nascent polypeptide from the ribosomal site."}
{"id": "PMID:870151", "title": "Sequential chemical modification of a histidyl and a cysteinyl residue in bacterial luciferase.", "content": "Sequential modification of two amino acid residues (a histidyl and a cysteinyl residue), both essential for the enzymatic function of bacterial luciferase from Beneckea harveyi, has been conducted to determine if the inactivation arising from the chemical modification of either of these residues is due to a conformational change. This experimental approach has shown that modification of the histidyl or cysteinyl residue did not affect the reactivity of the remaining 'essential' residue, suggesting that chemical modification had not caused a change in conformation. Furthermore, since substrates protect luciferase against inactivation due to modification of either of these residues, it was possible to determine if the initial modification of the histidyl or cysteinyl residue prevented substrate binding by conducting the modification of the remaining residue (i.e., the cysteinyl or histidyl residue, respectively) in the presence of substrates. The results have shown that after modification of the histidyl residue substrates no longer protected the cysteinyl residue against modification, whereas after modification of the cysteinyl residue substrates still protected the histidyl residue against modification. These results have provided evidence that the histidyl residue and not the cysteinyl residue of luciferase is essential for the binding of substrates in the bacterial bioluminescent reaction.", "contents": "Sequential chemical modification of a histidyl and a cysteinyl residue in bacterial luciferase. Sequential modification of two amino acid residues (a histidyl and a cysteinyl residue), both essential for the enzymatic function of bacterial luciferase from Beneckea harveyi, has been conducted to determine if the inactivation arising from the chemical modification of either of these residues is due to a conformational change. This experimental approach has shown that modification of the histidyl or cysteinyl residue did not affect the reactivity of the remaining 'essential' residue, suggesting that chemical modification had not caused a change in conformation. Furthermore, since substrates protect luciferase against inactivation due to modification of either of these residues, it was possible to determine if the initial modification of the histidyl or cysteinyl residue prevented substrate binding by conducting the modification of the remaining residue (i.e., the cysteinyl or histidyl residue, respectively) in the presence of substrates. The results have shown that after modification of the histidyl residue substrates no longer protected the cysteinyl residue against modification, whereas after modification of the cysteinyl residue substrates still protected the histidyl residue against modification. These results have provided evidence that the histidyl residue and not the cysteinyl residue of luciferase is essential for the binding of substrates in the bacterial bioluminescent reaction."}
{"id": "PMID:870152", "title": "An essential arginine residue in the active-site pocket of glycogen phosporylase.", "content": "Phosphorylases a and b (EC 2.4.1.1) were inactivated by selective modification of arginyl residues on reaction with 2,3-butanedione in sodium borate buffer. The rate of inactivation was slightly greater for phosphorylase a than b. The course of inactivation followed pseudo-first-order kinetics with some deviations at low rates or at more than 60% inactivation. The rate of inactivation was first order with respect to butanedione concentration. The inactivation was partially reversible, and ultracentrifugal studies showed no change in subunit association or dissociation. Amino acid analyses indicated that several arginines were modified during inactivation and that no other amino acid was affected. Protection from inactivation was provided by the substrate glucose 1-phosphate (G1P), alone or together with the allosteric activator AMP, as well as by the competitive inhibitor UDP-glucose. The rate of inactivation of phosphorylase b was also retarded by the presence of AMP alone. Glycogen did not have any appreciable effect on inactivation. The Km of G1P for phosphorylase a remained constant over the course of inactivation, while the Km values of G1P and AMP for phosphorylase b increased. The modification of cross-linked tetragonal microcrystals of phosphorylase a followed the same trend as the enzyme in solution, although the rate of inactivation was slower. The X-ray crystallography studies at 6 A (1 A = 0.1 nm) resolution, of butanedione-treated cross-linked tetragonal crystals of phosphorylase a showed a large new peak of electron density at the end of a long side chain in the active-site pocket. The substrates G1P and arsenate, as well as UDP-glucose, had previously been shown to bind in that location. Other, small peaks of electron density were found in locations on the outside of the protein molecule. UDP-glucose failed to bind to the active site of crystals which had been treated with butanedione, while AMP, which also binds in the active-site pocket, showed a lower occupancy. This work indicates the presence of a functional arginine residue at the binding site for G1P in glycogen phosphorylases a and b.", "contents": "An essential arginine residue in the active-site pocket of glycogen phosporylase. Phosphorylases a and b (EC 2.4.1.1) were inactivated by selective modification of arginyl residues on reaction with 2,3-butanedione in sodium borate buffer. The rate of inactivation was slightly greater for phosphorylase a than b. The course of inactivation followed pseudo-first-order kinetics with some deviations at low rates or at more than 60% inactivation. The rate of inactivation was first order with respect to butanedione concentration. The inactivation was partially reversible, and ultracentrifugal studies showed no change in subunit association or dissociation. Amino acid analyses indicated that several arginines were modified during inactivation and that no other amino acid was affected. Protection from inactivation was provided by the substrate glucose 1-phosphate (G1P), alone or together with the allosteric activator AMP, as well as by the competitive inhibitor UDP-glucose. The rate of inactivation of phosphorylase b was also retarded by the presence of AMP alone. Glycogen did not have any appreciable effect on inactivation. The Km of G1P for phosphorylase a remained constant over the course of inactivation, while the Km values of G1P and AMP for phosphorylase b increased. The modification of cross-linked tetragonal microcrystals of phosphorylase a followed the same trend as the enzyme in solution, although the rate of inactivation was slower. The X-ray crystallography studies at 6 A (1 A = 0.1 nm) resolution, of butanedione-treated cross-linked tetragonal crystals of phosphorylase a showed a large new peak of electron density at the end of a long side chain in the active-site pocket. The substrates G1P and arsenate, as well as UDP-glucose, had previously been shown to bind in that location. Other, small peaks of electron density were found in locations on the outside of the protein molecule. UDP-glucose failed to bind to the active site of crystals which had been treated with butanedione, while AMP, which also binds in the active-site pocket, showed a lower occupancy. This work indicates the presence of a functional arginine residue at the binding site for G1P in glycogen phosphorylases a and b."}
{"id": "PMID:870153", "title": "The inhibition by substrate analogues of gamma-aminobutyrate aminotransferase from mitochondria of different subcellular fractions of rat brain.", "content": "Cytoplasmic-mitochondria-enriched and synaptosome-enriched subcellular fractions were prepared from rat brain to study certain kinetic properties of gamma-aminobutyrate: alpha-oxoglutarate aminotransferase (GABA-T) (EC 2.6.1.19) from each of the sources. From this study two differences emerged. Firstly, the cytoplasmic enzyme exhibited an eightfold greater affinity for gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) than did the synaptosomal GABA-T; the Km being 6.5 mM and 53 mM, respectively. Secondly, synaptosomal GABA-T is comparatively more susceptible to inhibition by the substrate analogues 2,4-diaminobutyric acid (DABA) and aminooxyacetic acid (AOAA) than is the enzyme from the cytoplasmic mitochondrial fraction. In each case the inhibition was of a competitive nature with respect to GABA. The Ki for the DABA was 13 mM for the cytoplasmic-derived enzyme and 8mM for the synaptosomal enzyme. With AOAA the Ki was 0.1 muM and 0.06 muM for the synaptosomal and cytoplasmic mitochondrial enzyme, respectively. These results provide further evidence that GABA-T from cytoplasmic mitochondria is different in several respects from the enzyme found in synaptosomes.", "contents": "The inhibition by substrate analogues of gamma-aminobutyrate aminotransferase from mitochondria of different subcellular fractions of rat brain. Cytoplasmic-mitochondria-enriched and synaptosome-enriched subcellular fractions were prepared from rat brain to study certain kinetic properties of gamma-aminobutyrate: alpha-oxoglutarate aminotransferase (GABA-T) (EC 2.6.1.19) from each of the sources. From this study two differences emerged. Firstly, the cytoplasmic enzyme exhibited an eightfold greater affinity for gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) than did the synaptosomal GABA-T; the Km being 6.5 mM and 53 mM, respectively. Secondly, synaptosomal GABA-T is comparatively more susceptible to inhibition by the substrate analogues 2,4-diaminobutyric acid (DABA) and aminooxyacetic acid (AOAA) than is the enzyme from the cytoplasmic mitochondrial fraction. In each case the inhibition was of a competitive nature with respect to GABA. The Ki for the DABA was 13 mM for the cytoplasmic-derived enzyme and 8mM for the synaptosomal enzyme. With AOAA the Ki was 0.1 muM and 0.06 muM for the synaptosomal and cytoplasmic mitochondrial enzyme, respectively. These results provide further evidence that GABA-T from cytoplasmic mitochondria is different in several respects from the enzyme found in synaptosomes."}
{"id": "PMID:870154", "title": "Effect of ribonucleotides on substrate availability for DNA polymerase assays in cytoplasmic fractions of rat intestinal mucosa.", "content": "The deoxyribonucleoside triphosphate substrates for DNA synthesis were hydrolysed during the DNA polymerase (EC 2.7.7.7) assay with cytoplasmic subcellular fractions of rat intestinal mucosa. Presumably because of phosphatase (EC 3.1.3.2) activity in these fractions, inorganic phosphate was liberated from the nucleotides, and radioactive thymidine triphosphate was shown to be degraded to thymidine di-and mono-phosphate, thymidine, and thymine. Addition of ATP to the postmicrosomal supernatant increased its DNA polymerase activity by sparing the deoxyribonucleotide precursors from enzymatic degradation.", "contents": "Effect of ribonucleotides on substrate availability for DNA polymerase assays in cytoplasmic fractions of rat intestinal mucosa. The deoxyribonucleoside triphosphate substrates for DNA synthesis were hydrolysed during the DNA polymerase (EC 2.7.7.7) assay with cytoplasmic subcellular fractions of rat intestinal mucosa. Presumably because of phosphatase (EC 3.1.3.2) activity in these fractions, inorganic phosphate was liberated from the nucleotides, and radioactive thymidine triphosphate was shown to be degraded to thymidine di-and mono-phosphate, thymidine, and thymine. Addition of ATP to the postmicrosomal supernatant increased its DNA polymerase activity by sparing the deoxyribonucleotide precursors from enzymatic degradation."}
{"id": "PMID:870155", "title": "Surgical treatment for pulmonary emphysema.", "content": "Three in-vivo observations stimulated interest in surgical treatment for emphysema: (a) the destructive changes are rarely generalized, (b) the central portions of the lungs are frequently less seriously affected, and (c) marginal folding produces obstructive change in the more normal lung tissue. If destroyed avascular space-occupying areas can be removed, the compressed lung tissue may be stretched to fill pleural space in a functionally effective fashion. Residual elastic tissue will them maintain patency of terminal bronchioles. Preoperatively the extent of the destructive change can be defined most accurately by pulmonary angiography, and zones of functioning capilary circulation can be identified. Forty-seven patients with multifocal space-occupying emphysematous change have been treated surgically. The postoperative mortality was 21% but worthwhile long-term improvement has been obtained in 45% of patients presenting with disabling dyspnea. In these patients, surgical treatment warrants consideration if significant space occupation accompanies the bullous disease, provided alveolar vascularization can be demonstrated in the compressed adjacent normal lung tissue. Limited resections that preserve all vascularized and potentially functioning lung tissue are preferable. It is essential that obliteration of the hemithorax be obtained promptly in view of the high incidence of postoperative complications requiring secondary operative procedures, if 'leaks' and residual spaces are allowed to persist. Postoperative care in a respiratory intensive care unit is mandatory.", "contents": "Surgical treatment for pulmonary emphysema. Three in-vivo observations stimulated interest in surgical treatment for emphysema: (a) the destructive changes are rarely generalized, (b) the central portions of the lungs are frequently less seriously affected, and (c) marginal folding produces obstructive change in the more normal lung tissue. If destroyed avascular space-occupying areas can be removed, the compressed lung tissue may be stretched to fill pleural space in a functionally effective fashion. Residual elastic tissue will them maintain patency of terminal bronchioles. Preoperatively the extent of the destructive change can be defined most accurately by pulmonary angiography, and zones of functioning capilary circulation can be identified. Forty-seven patients with multifocal space-occupying emphysematous change have been treated surgically. The postoperative mortality was 21% but worthwhile long-term improvement has been obtained in 45% of patients presenting with disabling dyspnea. In these patients, surgical treatment warrants consideration if significant space occupation accompanies the bullous disease, provided alveolar vascularization can be demonstrated in the compressed adjacent normal lung tissue. Limited resections that preserve all vascularized and potentially functioning lung tissue are preferable. It is essential that obliteration of the hemithorax be obtained promptly in view of the high incidence of postoperative complications requiring secondary operative procedures, if 'leaks' and residual spaces are allowed to persist. Postoperative care in a respiratory intensive care unit is mandatory."}
{"id": "PMID:870156", "title": "Comparison of cryotherapy and surgery for treatment of spontaneous mouse tumour.", "content": "Spontaneous mammary adenocarcinoma was implanted subcutaneously into the flank or leg of inbred C3H/HeJ mice. Excision or cryotherapy of flank tumours was followed by cure in 47 and 52% respectively. Amputation or cryotherapy of tumours of the hind leg resulted in a cure in 70% for each method. Rechallenge of surviving mice resulted in initial delay of growth in mice treated by cryotherapy, but final host acceptance and survival were the same for each method of treatment. The tumour was grown in tissue culture; significant antibody levels after cryotherapy could not be detected by a mixed antiglobulin technique. It is concluded that cryotherapy can destroy the tumour, but this method offers little immunologic advance for weakly antigenic tumours. Careful monitoring of temperature is essential for successful cryotherapy. In the same series of experiments barbiturate anesthesia and tumour exploration did not alter tumour growth or mortality.", "contents": "Comparison of cryotherapy and surgery for treatment of spontaneous mouse tumour. Spontaneous mammary adenocarcinoma was implanted subcutaneously into the flank or leg of inbred C3H/HeJ mice. Excision or cryotherapy of flank tumours was followed by cure in 47 and 52% respectively. Amputation or cryotherapy of tumours of the hind leg resulted in a cure in 70% for each method. Rechallenge of surviving mice resulted in initial delay of growth in mice treated by cryotherapy, but final host acceptance and survival were the same for each method of treatment. The tumour was grown in tissue culture; significant antibody levels after cryotherapy could not be detected by a mixed antiglobulin technique. It is concluded that cryotherapy can destroy the tumour, but this method offers little immunologic advance for weakly antigenic tumours. Careful monitoring of temperature is essential for successful cryotherapy. In the same series of experiments barbiturate anesthesia and tumour exploration did not alter tumour growth or mortality."}
{"id": "PMID:870157", "title": "Preoperative hair removal.", "content": "This study compares the efficiency, safety and cost of hair removal before surgery, with a safety razor, an electric clipper and a depilatory. It was found that both the razor and the clipper damaged the surface of the skin, while the depilatory caused a mild lymphocytic reaction in the upper dermis. The depilatory was expensive and may cause sensitivity reactions in a few individuals, but was found to be the easiest and most efficient method of removing hair. It was concluded that if hair has to be removed a depilatory is the agent of choice.", "contents": "Preoperative hair removal. This study compares the efficiency, safety and cost of hair removal before surgery, with a safety razor, an electric clipper and a depilatory. It was found that both the razor and the clipper damaged the surface of the skin, while the depilatory caused a mild lymphocytic reaction in the upper dermis. The depilatory was expensive and may cause sensitivity reactions in a few individuals, but was found to be the easiest and most efficient method of removing hair. It was concluded that if hair has to be removed a depilatory is the agent of choice."}
{"id": "PMID:870158", "title": "The health of the very aged.", "content": "Little information is available on the health status of persons 85 years or over. Recent United States data indicate that 20% of individuals 85 years of age or over reside in nursing and personal care homes and that among these institutional residents 31% are bedfast, 11% are chairfast and 71% manifest evidence of senility. An investigation into the health of persons 85 years of age or over in two Ontario counties revealed that 39% resided in long-stay institutions, and that one of the main differences between old people living independently in the community and those in institutions was the higher proportion of the latter needing help with the activities of daily living and showing mental disorientation. Of those individuals 85 years of age or over in institutions for 1 year, 26% acknowledged often feeling depressed and 18% acknowledged often wishing they were dead, but these tendencies were not more frequent in those 85 years of age or over than in those 65 to 84 years of age. These findings have implications for service and research needs and attitudes towards death.", "contents": "The health of the very aged. Little information is available on the health status of persons 85 years or over. Recent United States data indicate that 20% of individuals 85 years of age or over reside in nursing and personal care homes and that among these institutional residents 31% are bedfast, 11% are chairfast and 71% manifest evidence of senility. An investigation into the health of persons 85 years of age or over in two Ontario counties revealed that 39% resided in long-stay institutions, and that one of the main differences between old people living independently in the community and those in institutions was the higher proportion of the latter needing help with the activities of daily living and showing mental disorientation. Of those individuals 85 years of age or over in institutions for 1 year, 26% acknowledged often feeling depressed and 18% acknowledged often wishing they were dead, but these tendencies were not more frequent in those 85 years of age or over than in those 65 to 84 years of age. These findings have implications for service and research needs and attitudes towards death."}
{"id": "PMID:870159", "title": "Vascular involvement in relapsing polychondritis.", "content": "Review of four cases of relapsing polychondritis (RP) seen at one hospital in the 12-year period 1963 to 1974 revealed that one patient had aortic insufficiency with large artery involvement, two others had involvement of medium and large arteries and the fourth may have had mucocutaneous vasculitis. Valvular disease has occurred in 9% of all cases of RP reported in the literature and, if vasculitis beyong the aortic root is included, 25% of cases of RP manifested inflammatory vascular disease. The frequency of pseudotumour of the orbit and cochlear-labyrinthine dysfunction is also high and may be a manifestation of vasculitis.", "contents": "Vascular involvement in relapsing polychondritis. Review of four cases of relapsing polychondritis (RP) seen at one hospital in the 12-year period 1963 to 1974 revealed that one patient had aortic insufficiency with large artery involvement, two others had involvement of medium and large arteries and the fourth may have had mucocutaneous vasculitis. Valvular disease has occurred in 9% of all cases of RP reported in the literature and, if vasculitis beyong the aortic root is included, 25% of cases of RP manifested inflammatory vascular disease. The frequency of pseudotumour of the orbit and cochlear-labyrinthine dysfunction is also high and may be a manifestation of vasculitis."}
{"id": "PMID:870160", "title": "[Health services priorities in Quebec].", "content": "The reform of health services in Quebec, of which the most important stage was the creation of the Department of Social Affairs and the Quebec Health Insurance Board, has solved certain problems such as the inaccessibility to care because of the cost, the paucity of medical personnel and the excessive increase in the cost of the services offered to hospital patients. A critical analysis of both the reform and its practical consequences points to certain conclusions which, far from rejecting the principle of the reform, indicate none the less various possibilities for reorienting its priorities. Observing the rate of recourse to health services as well as the attitudes and conduct of health professionals have helped us to identify the causes of certain tendencies inspired by the incentives inherent in the reform. The organization of health services in Quebec must be oriented toward new priorities: the prevention and treatment both of environmental diseases and diseases associated with ageing plus the definition of a global approach to public health.", "contents": "[Health services priorities in Quebec]. The reform of health services in Quebec, of which the most important stage was the creation of the Department of Social Affairs and the Quebec Health Insurance Board, has solved certain problems such as the inaccessibility to care because of the cost, the paucity of medical personnel and the excessive increase in the cost of the services offered to hospital patients. A critical analysis of both the reform and its practical consequences points to certain conclusions which, far from rejecting the principle of the reform, indicate none the less various possibilities for reorienting its priorities. Observing the rate of recourse to health services as well as the attitudes and conduct of health professionals have helped us to identify the causes of certain tendencies inspired by the incentives inherent in the reform. The organization of health services in Quebec must be oriented toward new priorities: the prevention and treatment both of environmental diseases and diseases associated with ageing plus the definition of a global approach to public health."}
{"id": "PMID:870161", "title": "Direct leukocyte migration inhibition by myelin basic protein in exacerbations of multiple sclerosis.", "content": "Studies in 13 normal subjects, 9 patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) within 3 weeks of exacerbation and 16 others 1 to 6 months after onset were carried out for evidence of cell-mediated hypersensitivity to myelin basic protein. Ten patients with stroke and 10 with Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome were studied as additional controls. Peripheral leukocytes obtained by leukapheresis were packed into capillary tubes and allowed to migrate out onto glass in the presence or absence of myelin basic protein. Cells of patients within 3 weeks of an MS episode gave a mean migration index of 68 +/- 9%, and those 1 to 6 months after onset, 93 +/- 21%. For the entire MS group the mean index was 88 +/- 20%, for those with Guillain-Barr\u00e9, 103 +/- 7%; and for the stroke patients, 107 +/- 11%. Results for the acutely ill MS patients were significant (P less than 0.005). The data are similar to those obtained using the migration inhibition factor assay but show that sensitized lymphocytes also elaborate a second mediator during acute exacerbations of illness. These observations strengthen evidence that sensitization to this potent encephalitogen occurs simultaneously with exacerbations of clinical illness.", "contents": "Direct leukocyte migration inhibition by myelin basic protein in exacerbations of multiple sclerosis. Studies in 13 normal subjects, 9 patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) within 3 weeks of exacerbation and 16 others 1 to 6 months after onset were carried out for evidence of cell-mediated hypersensitivity to myelin basic protein. Ten patients with stroke and 10 with Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome were studied as additional controls. Peripheral leukocytes obtained by leukapheresis were packed into capillary tubes and allowed to migrate out onto glass in the presence or absence of myelin basic protein. Cells of patients within 3 weeks of an MS episode gave a mean migration index of 68 +/- 9%, and those 1 to 6 months after onset, 93 +/- 21%. For the entire MS group the mean index was 88 +/- 20%, for those with Guillain-Barr\u00e9, 103 +/- 7%; and for the stroke patients, 107 +/- 11%. Results for the acutely ill MS patients were significant (P less than 0.005). The data are similar to those obtained using the migration inhibition factor assay but show that sensitized lymphocytes also elaborate a second mediator during acute exacerbations of illness. These observations strengthen evidence that sensitization to this potent encephalitogen occurs simultaneously with exacerbations of clinical illness."}
{"id": "PMID:870162", "title": "Cyclophosphamide, vinblastine, procarbazine and prednisone with CCNU and vinblastine maintenance for advanced Hodgkin's disease.", "content": "Fifty patients with advanced Hodgkin's disease were treated with a combination of cyclophosphamide, vinblastine, procarbazine and prednisone (CVPP) in a 21-day cyclic regimen. Thirty-one patients (62%) achieved a pathologically documented complete remission (CR). Of the 23 previously untreated patients, 13 obtained CR. Twenty-seven patients had been previously treated and 15/19 (79%) of those with prior major radiation therapy and 3/8 (37.5%) of those who had received both irradiation and chemotherapy achieved CR. Sixteen of the patients who attained CR received maintenance therapy with monthly alternating CCNU and vinblastine but as of this report, neither remission duration nor survival is significantly prolonged when compared to the 14 patients followed in remission on no therapy. Patients who received more than six courses of induction therapy (median 9.5, range 8-12) have had significantly fewer relapses and longer remissions than have those patients who received only six courses of therapy. It is concluded that: 1) CVPP is an effective regimen at inducing CR in patients with advanced Hodgkin's disease and has less gastrointestinal and neurologic toxicity than MOPP; 2) maintenance therapy with CCNU and vinblastine to date has not been beneficial; and 3) greater than six courses of induction chemotherapy prolongs remission duration and is associated with fewer disease relapses.", "contents": "Cyclophosphamide, vinblastine, procarbazine and prednisone with CCNU and vinblastine maintenance for advanced Hodgkin's disease. Fifty patients with advanced Hodgkin's disease were treated with a combination of cyclophosphamide, vinblastine, procarbazine and prednisone (CVPP) in a 21-day cyclic regimen. Thirty-one patients (62%) achieved a pathologically documented complete remission (CR). Of the 23 previously untreated patients, 13 obtained CR. Twenty-seven patients had been previously treated and 15/19 (79%) of those with prior major radiation therapy and 3/8 (37.5%) of those who had received both irradiation and chemotherapy achieved CR. Sixteen of the patients who attained CR received maintenance therapy with monthly alternating CCNU and vinblastine but as of this report, neither remission duration nor survival is significantly prolonged when compared to the 14 patients followed in remission on no therapy. Patients who received more than six courses of induction therapy (median 9.5, range 8-12) have had significantly fewer relapses and longer remissions than have those patients who received only six courses of therapy. It is concluded that: 1) CVPP is an effective regimen at inducing CR in patients with advanced Hodgkin's disease and has less gastrointestinal and neurologic toxicity than MOPP; 2) maintenance therapy with CCNU and vinblastine to date has not been beneficial; and 3) greater than six courses of induction chemotherapy prolongs remission duration and is associated with fewer disease relapses."}
{"id": "PMID:870163", "title": "Significance of quantitative assessment of estrogen receptors for endocrine therapy in advanced breast cancer.", "content": "The predictive significance of quantitative assessment of estrogen receptors in tumor tissue was analyzed in women with advanced breast carcinoma. Receptor concentration was measured by the 3H-estradiol binding capacity of the cytosol fraction of biopsies taken before initiation of the treatment. The E. O. R. T. C. criteria for the assessment of the patients' response were used. In a total of 34 assessments, 25 biopsies contained receptors; the remaining ones were negative. Objective remission to various endocrine therapies was recorded in only eight of the receptor-positive patients. Responses occurred along the whole scale of receptor concentrations with an apparent crowding in the region of the higher values. Linear logistic regression analysis revealed that among 12 variables of known prognostic value, receptor concentration was the most significant in relation to therapeutic response. Other significant variables were bone involvement and age. Computations yielded formulas that are presented in graph form and provide an estimate of the probability of a given patient to respond to endocrine treatments. On the other hand, the results suggest that all patients are possibly hormone dependent, although to variable degrees. The latter concept has very definite therapeutic implications.", "contents": "Significance of quantitative assessment of estrogen receptors for endocrine therapy in advanced breast cancer. The predictive significance of quantitative assessment of estrogen receptors in tumor tissue was analyzed in women with advanced breast carcinoma. Receptor concentration was measured by the 3H-estradiol binding capacity of the cytosol fraction of biopsies taken before initiation of the treatment. The E. O. R. T. C. criteria for the assessment of the patients' response were used. In a total of 34 assessments, 25 biopsies contained receptors; the remaining ones were negative. Objective remission to various endocrine therapies was recorded in only eight of the receptor-positive patients. Responses occurred along the whole scale of receptor concentrations with an apparent crowding in the region of the higher values. Linear logistic regression analysis revealed that among 12 variables of known prognostic value, receptor concentration was the most significant in relation to therapeutic response. Other significant variables were bone involvement and age. Computations yielded formulas that are presented in graph form and provide an estimate of the probability of a given patient to respond to endocrine treatments. On the other hand, the results suggest that all patients are possibly hormone dependent, although to variable degrees. The latter concept has very definite therapeutic implications."}
{"id": "PMID:870164", "title": "Conventional mammography, physical examination, thermography and xeroradiography in the detection of breast cancer.", "content": "From July 1, 1973, through January 15, 1975, at the Emory University Clinic independent physical examinations, conventional mammography, thermography and xeroradiography of the breast were carried out on 1,003 symptomatic patients by both physicians and radiologic technologists. One year after completion of the study there had been 360 breasts biopsied with 53 malignant and 307 benign lesions demonstrated. Seventy-three percent of the cancers were histologically Stage 0 or Stage I. The detection rate of the cancers by physician and technologist respectively were: 1) conventional mammography 87 and 74%; 2) xeroradiography 65 and 46%; 3) physical examination 62 and 51%; and 4) thermography 29 and 27%. In non-malignant breasts the physician and technologist designated cancer respectively in: 1) thermography 4 and 6%; 2) conventional mammography 6 and 6%; 3) xeroradiography 8 and 10%; and 4) physical examination 11 and 12%.", "contents": "Conventional mammography, physical examination, thermography and xeroradiography in the detection of breast cancer. From July 1, 1973, through January 15, 1975, at the Emory University Clinic independent physical examinations, conventional mammography, thermography and xeroradiography of the breast were carried out on 1,003 symptomatic patients by both physicians and radiologic technologists. One year after completion of the study there had been 360 breasts biopsied with 53 malignant and 307 benign lesions demonstrated. Seventy-three percent of the cancers were histologically Stage 0 or Stage I. The detection rate of the cancers by physician and technologist respectively were: 1) conventional mammography 87 and 74%; 2) xeroradiography 65 and 46%; 3) physical examination 62 and 51%; and 4) thermography 29 and 27%. In non-malignant breasts the physician and technologist designated cancer respectively in: 1) thermography 4 and 6%; 2) conventional mammography 6 and 6%; 3) xeroradiography 8 and 10%; and 4) physical examination 11 and 12%."}
{"id": "PMID:870165", "title": "Retinoblastoma and intracranial malignancy.", "content": "The occurrence of independent brain tumors in two patients with retinoblastoma is described. One patient with well-differentiated biliteral retinoblastomas developed, over two years later, a pineal tumor but no other metastatic lesions. The pineal tumor was composed of small neuroblastic cells and a second population of larger cells with vesicular nuclei and more abundant cytoplasm. This feature is not characteristic of either primary or metastatic retinoblastoma. In the second patient the symptoms of a brain tumor led to the discovery of a small uniocular, well-differentiated retinoblastoma. The brain tumor was retrochiasmal, highly differentiated (showing areas of photoreceptor differentiation), and interpreted as an ectopic nonmetastatic retinoblastoma. The possible histogenetic origins of the brain tumors are discussed. Patients who develop symptoms of a brain tumor after a prolonged interval since the treatment of their ocular tumors should be suspected of harboring a second intracranial primary.", "contents": "Retinoblastoma and intracranial malignancy. The occurrence of independent brain tumors in two patients with retinoblastoma is described. One patient with well-differentiated biliteral retinoblastomas developed, over two years later, a pineal tumor but no other metastatic lesions. The pineal tumor was composed of small neuroblastic cells and a second population of larger cells with vesicular nuclei and more abundant cytoplasm. This feature is not characteristic of either primary or metastatic retinoblastoma. In the second patient the symptoms of a brain tumor led to the discovery of a small uniocular, well-differentiated retinoblastoma. The brain tumor was retrochiasmal, highly differentiated (showing areas of photoreceptor differentiation), and interpreted as an ectopic nonmetastatic retinoblastoma. The possible histogenetic origins of the brain tumors are discussed. Patients who develop symptoms of a brain tumor after a prolonged interval since the treatment of their ocular tumors should be suspected of harboring a second intracranial primary."}
{"id": "PMID:870166", "title": "Malignant fibrous mesothelioma of the tunica vaginalis: a histologic and ultrastructural study.", "content": "An unusual malignant fibrous tumor of the testicular tunic in a 35-year-old Japanese man is presented. It apparently arose from the visceral layer of the tunica vaginalis where focal mesothelial hyperplasia was seen. Microscopically the tumor consisted of interlacing bundles of spindle cells and numerous polygonal cells with variable amounts of collagen fibers. The electron microscopic study demonstrated the former cell type closely resembling the fibroblast and the latter to be more epithelial having very plump cytoplasm with fairly well developed desmosomes. The tumor was diagnosed as malignant fibrous mesothelioma upon histopathologic and ultrastructural comparison with the similar tumors in the pleura and peritoneum. Because of the scarcity of the diagnosis in the region it is suggested that fibrous paratesticular tumors are critically reviewed.", "contents": "Malignant fibrous mesothelioma of the tunica vaginalis: a histologic and ultrastructural study. An unusual malignant fibrous tumor of the testicular tunic in a 35-year-old Japanese man is presented. It apparently arose from the visceral layer of the tunica vaginalis where focal mesothelial hyperplasia was seen. Microscopically the tumor consisted of interlacing bundles of spindle cells and numerous polygonal cells with variable amounts of collagen fibers. The electron microscopic study demonstrated the former cell type closely resembling the fibroblast and the latter to be more epithelial having very plump cytoplasm with fairly well developed desmosomes. The tumor was diagnosed as malignant fibrous mesothelioma upon histopathologic and ultrastructural comparison with the similar tumors in the pleura and peritoneum. Because of the scarcity of the diagnosis in the region it is suggested that fibrous paratesticular tumors are critically reviewed."}
{"id": "PMID:870167", "title": "Mesectodermal leiomyoma of the ciliary body: a tumor of presumed neural crest origin.", "content": "Two benign tumors of the ciliary body diagnosed as neurogenic tumors by light microscopy were shown by electron microscopy to be composed of smooth muscle cells with unusual morphologic features. The light-microscopic appearance of a background fibrillary matrix imparting a \"neural\" appearance was the result of the interweaving of myriad cell processes filled with thin cytoplasmic filaments possessing fusiform densities. The perikaryon of the tumor cells was relatively free of filaments and displayed mitochondria and stacks of rough-surfaced endoplasmic reticulum suggestive of Nissl substance. The basis for these remarkable \"hybrid\" tumor cells--combining myogenic and neurogenic characteristics--is believed to reside in the neural crest origin of the smooth muscle of the ciliary body (mesectoderm). The histogenetic implications of mesectodermal tissue and the tumors that it spawns are discussed.", "contents": "Mesectodermal leiomyoma of the ciliary body: a tumor of presumed neural crest origin. Two benign tumors of the ciliary body diagnosed as neurogenic tumors by light microscopy were shown by electron microscopy to be composed of smooth muscle cells with unusual morphologic features. The light-microscopic appearance of a background fibrillary matrix imparting a \"neural\" appearance was the result of the interweaving of myriad cell processes filled with thin cytoplasmic filaments possessing fusiform densities. The perikaryon of the tumor cells was relatively free of filaments and displayed mitochondria and stacks of rough-surfaced endoplasmic reticulum suggestive of Nissl substance. The basis for these remarkable \"hybrid\" tumor cells--combining myogenic and neurogenic characteristics--is believed to reside in the neural crest origin of the smooth muscle of the ciliary body (mesectoderm). The histogenetic implications of mesectodermal tissue and the tumors that it spawns are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:870168", "title": "Pleomorphic carcinoma of the pancreas: an analysis of 15 cases.", "content": "Pleomorphic carcinoma of the pancreas is a well defined histopathological entity characterized by non-cohesive, sarcoma-like growth pattern, and bizarre mono- and multinucleated tumor giant cells with abundant eosinophilic cytoplasm. Fifteen cases are identified in autopsy files of the Department of Pathology, Washington University School of Medicine, which represent 7.1% of all the non-endocrine pancreatic malignancies found at autopsy. Pleomorphic carcinoma is comparable to pancreatic adenocarcinoma in clinical features such as age, sex, and presenting symptoms except that it is more likely to occur in the body and tail of the pancreas, metastases invariably develop, hematogenous spread is more common, and the median survival is worse. Pleomorphic carcinoma could be distinguished from the pancreatic tumors that resemble giant cell tumor of the bone. Differential diagnostic features between it and amelanotic melanoma, hepatocellular carcinoma, choriocarcinoma, pleomorphic liposarcoma, pleomorphic rhabdomyosarcoma, fibroxanthosarcoma, poorly differentiated epidermoid carcinoma, and giant cell carcinomas of the lung and thyroid are discussed.", "contents": "Pleomorphic carcinoma of the pancreas: an analysis of 15 cases. Pleomorphic carcinoma of the pancreas is a well defined histopathological entity characterized by non-cohesive, sarcoma-like growth pattern, and bizarre mono- and multinucleated tumor giant cells with abundant eosinophilic cytoplasm. Fifteen cases are identified in autopsy files of the Department of Pathology, Washington University School of Medicine, which represent 7.1% of all the non-endocrine pancreatic malignancies found at autopsy. Pleomorphic carcinoma is comparable to pancreatic adenocarcinoma in clinical features such as age, sex, and presenting symptoms except that it is more likely to occur in the body and tail of the pancreas, metastases invariably develop, hematogenous spread is more common, and the median survival is worse. Pleomorphic carcinoma could be distinguished from the pancreatic tumors that resemble giant cell tumor of the bone. Differential diagnostic features between it and amelanotic melanoma, hepatocellular carcinoma, choriocarcinoma, pleomorphic liposarcoma, pleomorphic rhabdomyosarcoma, fibroxanthosarcoma, poorly differentiated epidermoid carcinoma, and giant cell carcinomas of the lung and thyroid are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:870169", "title": "Estrogen receptor protein (ERP) in multiple tumor specimens from individual patients with breast cancer.", "content": "We have studied 29 patients from whom two or more spatially and temporally separate samples of breast carcinoma were obtained for ERP analysis. Differences in ERP were obtained in 24% of all cases studied. The greatest degree of variation was found when comparing a primary tumor with a subsequent metastasis (38%). Among eight patients with ERP negative (-) primary tumors, six had ERP (-) and two ERP positive (+) metastases. Among 11 patients with ERP (+) primaries eight had ERP (+) and three ERP (-) metastases. Variations were found in 20% of multiple nonsimultaneous metastases from individual patients. The difference in average interval between cases that did not show variation (9.6 months) and those that did vary (19.3 months) suggests that variation may be more likely to occur with later metastases. However, there was considerable overlap in the range of intervals. These findings underscore the need to biopsy readily accessible recurrences rather than to rely on the results of prior specimens. There was no apparent consistent relationship of these variations to age, site of specimen, interval between specimens or the histologic features of the tissues submitted for analysis. Two patients with an ERP (+) primary tumor had ERP (-) metastases after interval therapy. Similar variations were observed in patients who did not have interval therapy. The data do not perimit any definite conclusions as to the effect of chemotherapy or radiation on the ERP properties of mammary carcinoma.", "contents": "Estrogen receptor protein (ERP) in multiple tumor specimens from individual patients with breast cancer. We have studied 29 patients from whom two or more spatially and temporally separate samples of breast carcinoma were obtained for ERP analysis. Differences in ERP were obtained in 24% of all cases studied. The greatest degree of variation was found when comparing a primary tumor with a subsequent metastasis (38%). Among eight patients with ERP negative (-) primary tumors, six had ERP (-) and two ERP positive (+) metastases. Among 11 patients with ERP (+) primaries eight had ERP (+) and three ERP (-) metastases. Variations were found in 20% of multiple nonsimultaneous metastases from individual patients. The difference in average interval between cases that did not show variation (9.6 months) and those that did vary (19.3 months) suggests that variation may be more likely to occur with later metastases. However, there was considerable overlap in the range of intervals. These findings underscore the need to biopsy readily accessible recurrences rather than to rely on the results of prior specimens. There was no apparent consistent relationship of these variations to age, site of specimen, interval between specimens or the histologic features of the tissues submitted for analysis. Two patients with an ERP (+) primary tumor had ERP (-) metastases after interval therapy. Similar variations were observed in patients who did not have interval therapy. The data do not perimit any definite conclusions as to the effect of chemotherapy or radiation on the ERP properties of mammary carcinoma."}
{"id": "PMID:870170", "title": "Plasma ribonuclease: a marker for the detection of ovarian cancer.", "content": "There were no significant differences between the mean blood plasma (leukocyte-free) RNAase activity among 128 healthy women volunteers age 13-70 and 49 women with benign gynecological tumors. Exceptions to this finding were three apparently healthy women volunteers who had plasma enzyme activity which was higher than two standard deviations from the mean of the control subjects. Increased plasma RNAase activity was also demonstrated for 21 of 22 patients with ovarian carcinomas of differential histological types. This group included two patients with Stage IA, two patients with Stage IC ovarian carcinoma, and 17 patients with advanced ovarian carcinoma. The one exception was a patient with a well encapsulated, mucinous cystadenocarcinoma, Stage IA. The plasma RNAase activity returned to normal values in all of the cancer patients who had no clinical evidence of residual malignant tissue after surgical treatment. However, the enzyme activity also returned to a normal value in one of the 17 women in whom all of the malignant tissue was not removed. These data indicate that plasma RNAase activity can be utilized as a tumor marker for the presence of ovarian malignancies of various histological types, and to differentiate between malignant and benign neoplasms.", "contents": "Plasma ribonuclease: a marker for the detection of ovarian cancer. There were no significant differences between the mean blood plasma (leukocyte-free) RNAase activity among 128 healthy women volunteers age 13-70 and 49 women with benign gynecological tumors. Exceptions to this finding were three apparently healthy women volunteers who had plasma enzyme activity which was higher than two standard deviations from the mean of the control subjects. Increased plasma RNAase activity was also demonstrated for 21 of 22 patients with ovarian carcinomas of differential histological types. This group included two patients with Stage IA, two patients with Stage IC ovarian carcinoma, and 17 patients with advanced ovarian carcinoma. The one exception was a patient with a well encapsulated, mucinous cystadenocarcinoma, Stage IA. The plasma RNAase activity returned to normal values in all of the cancer patients who had no clinical evidence of residual malignant tissue after surgical treatment. However, the enzyme activity also returned to a normal value in one of the 17 women in whom all of the malignant tissue was not removed. These data indicate that plasma RNAase activity can be utilized as a tumor marker for the presence of ovarian malignancies of various histological types, and to differentiate between malignant and benign neoplasms."}
{"id": "PMID:870171", "title": "The epidemiology of colorectal polyps: prevalence in New Orleans and international comparisons.", "content": "Based on a study of the prevalence of intestinal polyps in New Orleans and on international comparisons, the following conclusions are reached. 1) There is a close parallelism in the epidemiology of colon cancer and adenomatous polyps. Both conditions are statistically associated with respect to geography, anatomic localization, socioeconomic class, migration experience and time trends. 2) The strength of the association favors the notion of a direct, positive correlation between multiplicity, size and atypia of polyps, and cancer risk, equivalent to \"dose-effect\". 3) The epidemiologic findings are coherent with other biologic facts derived from clinical, morphological and experimental studies. 4) Adenomatous polyps are a good epidemiologic indicator of colon cancer risk and their presence should be helpful in advancing from studies of the epidemiology of colon cancer to the epidemiology of precursor lesions.", "contents": "The epidemiology of colorectal polyps: prevalence in New Orleans and international comparisons. Based on a study of the prevalence of intestinal polyps in New Orleans and on international comparisons, the following conclusions are reached. 1) There is a close parallelism in the epidemiology of colon cancer and adenomatous polyps. Both conditions are statistically associated with respect to geography, anatomic localization, socioeconomic class, migration experience and time trends. 2) The strength of the association favors the notion of a direct, positive correlation between multiplicity, size and atypia of polyps, and cancer risk, equivalent to \"dose-effect\". 3) The epidemiologic findings are coherent with other biologic facts derived from clinical, morphological and experimental studies. 4) Adenomatous polyps are a good epidemiologic indicator of colon cancer risk and their presence should be helpful in advancing from studies of the epidemiology of colon cancer to the epidemiology of precursor lesions."}
{"id": "PMID:870172", "title": "Spontaneous streptococcus pneumonia peritonitis in a patient with metastatic gastric cancer: a case report and etiologic consideration.", "content": "Spontaneous peritonitis in adults has not been previously reported to occur in association with ascites of neoplastic origin. We report a patient with metastatic gastric adenocarcinoma in whom spontaneous streptococcus pneumonia peritonitis occurred as a terminal event. Massive metastases may have resulted in significant loss of the hepatic reticuloendothelial system and impaired the capability of the liver to function as an effective bacterial filter, predisposing the patient to bacterial peritonitis.", "contents": "Spontaneous streptococcus pneumonia peritonitis in a patient with metastatic gastric cancer: a case report and etiologic consideration. Spontaneous peritonitis in adults has not been previously reported to occur in association with ascites of neoplastic origin. We report a patient with metastatic gastric adenocarcinoma in whom spontaneous streptococcus pneumonia peritonitis occurred as a terminal event. Massive metastases may have resulted in significant loss of the hepatic reticuloendothelial system and impaired the capability of the liver to function as an effective bacterial filter, predisposing the patient to bacterial peritonitis."}
{"id": "PMID:870173", "title": "Stomach carcinoma among Hawaiians and Caucasians in Hawaii.", "content": "A review of Caucasian and Hawaiian patients with stomach carcinoma in Honolulu reinforces observations in other racial groups that the Lauren diffuse histopathological type of gastric cancer is more frequent in females and younger patients, while the so-called intestinal type is more common in older patients and men; that the intestinal form has a better prognosis; and that there are more long-term survivors among women than men with diffuse carcinoma. Prognosis and the level of cancer risk are not associated in Hawaii, since Hawaiians share high risk with Japanese and poor prognosis with Caucasians. There is no apparent association of cancer risk with the ratio of intestinal to diffuse forms among Hawaiians, Caucasians, and Japanese. In addition to the known high risk of stomach carcinoma in Hawaiians and Japanese, this study has identified a high risk among people of Portuguese ancestry.", "contents": "Stomach carcinoma among Hawaiians and Caucasians in Hawaii. A review of Caucasian and Hawaiian patients with stomach carcinoma in Honolulu reinforces observations in other racial groups that the Lauren diffuse histopathological type of gastric cancer is more frequent in females and younger patients, while the so-called intestinal type is more common in older patients and men; that the intestinal form has a better prognosis; and that there are more long-term survivors among women than men with diffuse carcinoma. Prognosis and the level of cancer risk are not associated in Hawaii, since Hawaiians share high risk with Japanese and poor prognosis with Caucasians. There is no apparent association of cancer risk with the ratio of intestinal to diffuse forms among Hawaiians, Caucasians, and Japanese. In addition to the known high risk of stomach carcinoma in Hawaiians and Japanese, this study has identified a high risk among people of Portuguese ancestry."}
{"id": "PMID:870174", "title": "Familial testicular cancer in a father (bilateral seminoma-embryonal cell carcinoma) and son (teratocarcinoma): a case report and review of the literature.", "content": "Familial testicular neoplasia is reported in a father and his son. This represents only the fifth published case of father-son testicular cancer. The father had bilateral testicular seminoma with embryonal cell elements while the son had teratocarcinoma. The clinical significance of familial testicular neoplasia is discussed and the subject of father and son testicular cancer is reviewed. This case of father-son testicular neoplasia illustrates the following important points: 1) there is a continuing need to document and describe each case of familial testicular cancer in order to better evaluate the pathogenesis of this familial occurrence; 2) prospective genetic and laboratory studies will be needed to definitively clarify the specific factors involved in the familial clustering or transmission of this type of cancer; and 3) this tendency for testicular cancer to affect multiple kindred must be considered in the proper guidance and counseling of affected patients and their high-risk family members.", "contents": "Familial testicular cancer in a father (bilateral seminoma-embryonal cell carcinoma) and son (teratocarcinoma): a case report and review of the literature. Familial testicular neoplasia is reported in a father and his son. This represents only the fifth published case of father-son testicular cancer. The father had bilateral testicular seminoma with embryonal cell elements while the son had teratocarcinoma. The clinical significance of familial testicular neoplasia is discussed and the subject of father and son testicular cancer is reviewed. This case of father-son testicular neoplasia illustrates the following important points: 1) there is a continuing need to document and describe each case of familial testicular cancer in order to better evaluate the pathogenesis of this familial occurrence; 2) prospective genetic and laboratory studies will be needed to definitively clarify the specific factors involved in the familial clustering or transmission of this type of cancer; and 3) this tendency for testicular cancer to affect multiple kindred must be considered in the proper guidance and counseling of affected patients and their high-risk family members."}
{"id": "PMID:870175", "title": "Relative biochemical aspects of low and high doses of methotrexate in mice.", "content": "During low infusion rates of methotrexate (1.0 microng/hr/mouse; plateau plasma concentration, 2 X 10(-8) M), [3H]deoxyuridine incorporation into DNA was inhibited to a significant degree in small intestine and femur marrows. However, incorporation of [3H]thymidine into intestinal DNA was stimulated at this low infusion rate. During high infusion rates of methotrexate (10 microng/hr/mouse, plateau plasma concentration, 4 X 10(-7) M), inhibition of the incorporation of [3H]deoxyuridine at the steady state levels of plasma methotrexate in both the small intestine and femur marrow was significant. In contrast to stimulation at the low infusion rate, incorporation of [3H]thymidine into intestinal DNA at this high infusion rate was inhibited to a significant degree. Inhibition was not statistically significant in femur marrow DNA. The inhibition of [3H]thymidine into intestinal DNA could be reversed by the simultaneous infusion of inosine. Thus, in the in vivo system, an antipurine effect on DNA Synthesis at high methotrexate plasma concentration in the small intestine was observed. This antipurine effect was not apparent at the lower concentrations. The lower concentration, however, could still inhibit [3H]deoxyuridine incorporation into intestinal and femur marrow DNA to a significant enough degree that, if prolonged, it would resultin lethality to the mice. The thymineless state can be maintained for at most 60 hr in mice without lethal toxicity, whereas the antipurine state can be maintained for no longer than 18 hr in mice without some lethal toxicity. These data have important implications in rescue studies using thymidine or leucovorin.", "contents": "Relative biochemical aspects of low and high doses of methotrexate in mice. During low infusion rates of methotrexate (1.0 microng/hr/mouse; plateau plasma concentration, 2 X 10(-8) M), [3H]deoxyuridine incorporation into DNA was inhibited to a significant degree in small intestine and femur marrows. However, incorporation of [3H]thymidine into intestinal DNA was stimulated at this low infusion rate. During high infusion rates of methotrexate (10 microng/hr/mouse, plateau plasma concentration, 4 X 10(-7) M), inhibition of the incorporation of [3H]deoxyuridine at the steady state levels of plasma methotrexate in both the small intestine and femur marrow was significant. In contrast to stimulation at the low infusion rate, incorporation of [3H]thymidine into intestinal DNA at this high infusion rate was inhibited to a significant degree. Inhibition was not statistically significant in femur marrow DNA. The inhibition of [3H]thymidine into intestinal DNA could be reversed by the simultaneous infusion of inosine. Thus, in the in vivo system, an antipurine effect on DNA Synthesis at high methotrexate plasma concentration in the small intestine was observed. This antipurine effect was not apparent at the lower concentrations. The lower concentration, however, could still inhibit [3H]deoxyuridine incorporation into intestinal and femur marrow DNA to a significant enough degree that, if prolonged, it would resultin lethality to the mice. The thymineless state can be maintained for at most 60 hr in mice without lethal toxicity, whereas the antipurine state can be maintained for no longer than 18 hr in mice without some lethal toxicity. These data have important implications in rescue studies using thymidine or leucovorin."}
{"id": "PMID:870176", "title": "DNA excision repair in ultraviolet-irradiated normal and malignantly transformed mouse epidermal cell cultures.", "content": "Pyrimidine dimer production and excision was studied in ultraviolet light (UV)-irradiated primary cultures of epidermal cells derived from perinatal mouse skin and in an in vitro malignantly transformed epidermal cell line. Dimer production increased linearly with UV dose level for both cell types. However, at any given UV dose level, there were 20% fewer thymine-containing dimers induced in the primary cultures compared to the transformed cell line. The reduced dimer yield in the primary cultures was attributed to the multilayer (three cell layers) of these cultures. The primary cultures were found to exicse no more than 10% of the original dimers in a 24-hr period, while the malignantly transformed cells excised 34%. Nonsemiconservative DNA repair synthesis was also studied as a function of dimer yields in the first 3 hr after irradiation. When the levels of repair replication in both cell types were compared at equal yields of UV-induced dimers, the malignantly transformed cells exhibited a higher level of repair than did the primary epidermal cells. There was no difference in the kinetics of repair replication between the two cell types at a UV dose level of 10 J/sq m over the first 6 hr after irradiation.", "contents": "DNA excision repair in ultraviolet-irradiated normal and malignantly transformed mouse epidermal cell cultures. Pyrimidine dimer production and excision was studied in ultraviolet light (UV)-irradiated primary cultures of epidermal cells derived from perinatal mouse skin and in an in vitro malignantly transformed epidermal cell line. Dimer production increased linearly with UV dose level for both cell types. However, at any given UV dose level, there were 20% fewer thymine-containing dimers induced in the primary cultures compared to the transformed cell line. The reduced dimer yield in the primary cultures was attributed to the multilayer (three cell layers) of these cultures. The primary cultures were found to exicse no more than 10% of the original dimers in a 24-hr period, while the malignantly transformed cells excised 34%. Nonsemiconservative DNA repair synthesis was also studied as a function of dimer yields in the first 3 hr after irradiation. When the levels of repair replication in both cell types were compared at equal yields of UV-induced dimers, the malignantly transformed cells exhibited a higher level of repair than did the primary epidermal cells. There was no difference in the kinetics of repair replication between the two cell types at a UV dose level of 10 J/sq m over the first 6 hr after irradiation."}
{"id": "PMID:870177", "title": "The interaction between radiation and adriamycin damage in mammalian cells.", "content": "Interaction between radiation and Adriamycin damage reduced the width of the shoulder of the X-ray survival curve. This effect was found to persist for at least 24 hr after Adriamycin treatment. Adriamycin did not affect radiation damage when cells were treated either before two-dose fractionation or with the drug present between X-ray exposures. Adriamycin is unique in that its major effect on radiation response is to reduce the survival curve shoulder without affecting two-dose recovery. It is suggested that Adriamycin and radiation produce independent classes of damage that are expressed mutually for killing, with regard to the registration of sublethal radiation damage, but that repair of the latter is unaffected by Adriamycin.", "contents": "The interaction between radiation and adriamycin damage in mammalian cells. Interaction between radiation and Adriamycin damage reduced the width of the shoulder of the X-ray survival curve. This effect was found to persist for at least 24 hr after Adriamycin treatment. Adriamycin did not affect radiation damage when cells were treated either before two-dose fractionation or with the drug present between X-ray exposures. Adriamycin is unique in that its major effect on radiation response is to reduce the survival curve shoulder without affecting two-dose recovery. It is suggested that Adriamycin and radiation produce independent classes of damage that are expressed mutually for killing, with regard to the registration of sublethal radiation damage, but that repair of the latter is unaffected by Adriamycin."}
{"id": "PMID:870178", "title": "Pharmacology of 5'-esters of 1-beta-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine.", "content": "Pharmacological studies of 5'-esters of 1 beta-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine (ara-C) were performed in three species (mouse, pig, and man). In mice, after a single i.p. injection of a suspension of tritiated 1-beta-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine 5'-palmitate (PalmO-ara-C) at a therapeutic dose of 150 mg/kg, 30% of the administered radioactivity was recovered in the urine in 24 hr and 56% was recovered after 7 days. Excretion was less rapid after s.c. administration. ara-C and 1-beta-D-arabino furanosyluracil each accounted for about 50% of the excreted radioactivity, and no PalmO-ara-C was found. Plasma ara-C concentrations of greater than 0.1 microng/ml were detected 24 hr after i.p. administration of PalmO-ara-C (150 mg/kg). Single doses of PalmO-ara-C were effective against L1210 leukemic mice when administered 5 to 7 days before tumor inoculation. In a pig, after i.m. injection of tritiated PalmO-ara-C (60 mg/kg, two sites), only 7% of the administered radioactivity was recovered in the urine over a 1-week period. Similar low rates of excretion were also observed in patients treated i.m. with PalmO-ara-C or 1-beta-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine 5'-benzoate. N ara-C was detected in the plasma, which is consistent with the absence of clinical toxicity or myelosuppression in Phase 1 trials of PalmO-ara-C at doses up to 1500 mg/sq m every 3 weeks for as many as eight courses.", "contents": "Pharmacology of 5'-esters of 1-beta-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine. Pharmacological studies of 5'-esters of 1 beta-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine (ara-C) were performed in three species (mouse, pig, and man). In mice, after a single i.p. injection of a suspension of tritiated 1-beta-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine 5'-palmitate (PalmO-ara-C) at a therapeutic dose of 150 mg/kg, 30% of the administered radioactivity was recovered in the urine in 24 hr and 56% was recovered after 7 days. Excretion was less rapid after s.c. administration. ara-C and 1-beta-D-arabino furanosyluracil each accounted for about 50% of the excreted radioactivity, and no PalmO-ara-C was found. Plasma ara-C concentrations of greater than 0.1 microng/ml were detected 24 hr after i.p. administration of PalmO-ara-C (150 mg/kg). Single doses of PalmO-ara-C were effective against L1210 leukemic mice when administered 5 to 7 days before tumor inoculation. In a pig, after i.m. injection of tritiated PalmO-ara-C (60 mg/kg, two sites), only 7% of the administered radioactivity was recovered in the urine over a 1-week period. Similar low rates of excretion were also observed in patients treated i.m. with PalmO-ara-C or 1-beta-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine 5'-benzoate. N ara-C was detected in the plasma, which is consistent with the absence of clinical toxicity or myelosuppression in Phase 1 trials of PalmO-ara-C at doses up to 1500 mg/sq m every 3 weeks for as many as eight courses."}
{"id": "PMID:870179", "title": "Selective growth of transformed cell lines by rat liver perfusate.", "content": "Perfused rat liver releases growth-promoting activity for viral, spontaneous, and chemically transformed cells. After 5 days of incubation with perfusate, cell lines 3T12-NY (a spontaneous fibroblast transformant), NQ-T1 (a chemically transformed fibroblast line), W-8 (a chemically transformed epithelial rat liver cell line increase in cell growth above controls. Their respective normal counterparts: 3T3 Cl 42, A31-714, K-16, and HEF are not so stimulated. Within another set, the virally transformed mouse fibroblast cell line, SV3T3, exhibits a 27-fold increase in growth; however, 3T3 (mouse, fibroblasts), Py3T3 (polyomatransformed 3T3 cells), SV-Fl2-101 (a flat revertant line), and SV-Py-3T3 (a doubly transformed line) are nonresponsive. Perfused rat liver also release survival activity for SV-3T3 cells. The growth-stimulating activity in liver perfusate is selective for transformed cells. It is suggested that the liver may play a role in suporting neoplasia in vivo.", "contents": "Selective growth of transformed cell lines by rat liver perfusate. Perfused rat liver releases growth-promoting activity for viral, spontaneous, and chemically transformed cells. After 5 days of incubation with perfusate, cell lines 3T12-NY (a spontaneous fibroblast transformant), NQ-T1 (a chemically transformed fibroblast line), W-8 (a chemically transformed epithelial rat liver cell line increase in cell growth above controls. Their respective normal counterparts: 3T3 Cl 42, A31-714, K-16, and HEF are not so stimulated. Within another set, the virally transformed mouse fibroblast cell line, SV3T3, exhibits a 27-fold increase in growth; however, 3T3 (mouse, fibroblasts), Py3T3 (polyomatransformed 3T3 cells), SV-Fl2-101 (a flat revertant line), and SV-Py-3T3 (a doubly transformed line) are nonresponsive. Perfused rat liver also release survival activity for SV-3T3 cells. The growth-stimulating activity in liver perfusate is selective for transformed cells. It is suggested that the liver may play a role in suporting neoplasia in vivo."}
{"id": "PMID:870180", "title": "Antitumor activity and preliminary drug disposition studies on chartreusin (NSC 5159).", "content": "Chartreusin has exhibited significant therapeutic activity against three experimental mouse tumors (ascitic P388, L1210 leukemia, and B16 melanoma) when tumor cells were inoculated i.p. and drug was administered i.p. In further testing against P388 leukemia, no activity was observed when drug was administered p.o., s.c., or i.v. Chartreusin was very slowly absorbed from the small intestine, thus explaining the lack of activity when administered p.o. When given i.p., the drug precipitated in the peritoneal cavity and was slowly absorbed over several hr. The strong activity observed by this route was related to the prolonged and intimate contact of drug with tumor cells in the peritoneal cavity. Upon s.c. administration, extensive precipitation occurred. Subsequent dissolution and absorption from the injection site were very slow, and measured plasma and tissue levels were quite low. Biliary excretion of chartreusin, the predominant route of elimination. was very rapid, with 80 to 100% of the dose appearing as unchanged drug in the bile within 6 hr after i.v. administration. Rapid biliary excretion after i.v. administration was reflected in a rapid decline in plasma and tissue concentrations to levels (shown by in vitro cell kill experiments) less than those necessary to kill P388 cells. When the bile ducts of i.v.-dosed leukemic mice were ligated, therapeutic activity was observed, confirming that the physiological disposition of chartreusin exerts a major influence on its therapeutic utility.", "contents": "Antitumor activity and preliminary drug disposition studies on chartreusin (NSC 5159). Chartreusin has exhibited significant therapeutic activity against three experimental mouse tumors (ascitic P388, L1210 leukemia, and B16 melanoma) when tumor cells were inoculated i.p. and drug was administered i.p. In further testing against P388 leukemia, no activity was observed when drug was administered p.o., s.c., or i.v. Chartreusin was very slowly absorbed from the small intestine, thus explaining the lack of activity when administered p.o. When given i.p., the drug precipitated in the peritoneal cavity and was slowly absorbed over several hr. The strong activity observed by this route was related to the prolonged and intimate contact of drug with tumor cells in the peritoneal cavity. Upon s.c. administration, extensive precipitation occurred. Subsequent dissolution and absorption from the injection site were very slow, and measured plasma and tissue levels were quite low. Biliary excretion of chartreusin, the predominant route of elimination. was very rapid, with 80 to 100% of the dose appearing as unchanged drug in the bile within 6 hr after i.v. administration. Rapid biliary excretion after i.v. administration was reflected in a rapid decline in plasma and tissue concentrations to levels (shown by in vitro cell kill experiments) less than those necessary to kill P388 cells. When the bile ducts of i.v.-dosed leukemic mice were ligated, therapeutic activity was observed, confirming that the physiological disposition of chartreusin exerts a major influence on its therapeutic utility."}
{"id": "PMID:870181", "title": "The distribution and persistence in vivo of Corynebacterium parvum in relation to its antitumor activity.", "content": "Killed Corynebacterium parvum was labeled with fluorescein isothiocyanate or 125I, and both preparations were shown to retain lymphoreticular stimulatory and antitumor activity. Large amounts of C. parvum injected i.v. were found in the liver, spleen, and lungs with less in bone marrow and lymph nodes. Apart from a rapid loss from the lungs within 24 hr, the persistence of killed C. parvum was striking, and some intact bacteria were still detectable in the liver and spleen at 15 days. (By contrast, the breakdown of an inactive C. parvum strain in the liver was considerably faster). The blood clearance of 125I-labeled C. parvum injected i.v. into tumor-bearing mice was more rapid than in normal mice, and the absolute, but not the unit, amounts of C. parvum taken up by the spleen and tumor-draining node were increased. 125I-labeled C. parvum was found within the body of established solid tumor, but there was no correlation between the amounts of C. parvum taken up by various mouse solid tumors after i.v. injection and their susceptibility to i.v. C. parvum therapy. The distribution and persistence of C. parvum injected into a tumor lesion was similar to that after s.c. injection. The bulk of the inoculum was retained at the injection site and draining lymph node. Contralateral nodes were unlabeled, and uptake in the liver and spleen was considerably less than after i.v. injection. Although no C. parvum was found in peritoneal cells after i.v. injection, the macrophages in this population became activated and were capable of nonspecifically inhibiting tumor cell growth in vitro.", "contents": "The distribution and persistence in vivo of Corynebacterium parvum in relation to its antitumor activity. Killed Corynebacterium parvum was labeled with fluorescein isothiocyanate or 125I, and both preparations were shown to retain lymphoreticular stimulatory and antitumor activity. Large amounts of C. parvum injected i.v. were found in the liver, spleen, and lungs with less in bone marrow and lymph nodes. Apart from a rapid loss from the lungs within 24 hr, the persistence of killed C. parvum was striking, and some intact bacteria were still detectable in the liver and spleen at 15 days. (By contrast, the breakdown of an inactive C. parvum strain in the liver was considerably faster). The blood clearance of 125I-labeled C. parvum injected i.v. into tumor-bearing mice was more rapid than in normal mice, and the absolute, but not the unit, amounts of C. parvum taken up by the spleen and tumor-draining node were increased. 125I-labeled C. parvum was found within the body of established solid tumor, but there was no correlation between the amounts of C. parvum taken up by various mouse solid tumors after i.v. injection and their susceptibility to i.v. C. parvum therapy. The distribution and persistence of C. parvum injected into a tumor lesion was similar to that after s.c. injection. The bulk of the inoculum was retained at the injection site and draining lymph node. Contralateral nodes were unlabeled, and uptake in the liver and spleen was considerably less than after i.v. injection. Although no C. parvum was found in peritoneal cells after i.v. injection, the macrophages in this population became activated and were capable of nonspecifically inhibiting tumor cell growth in vitro."}
{"id": "PMID:870182", "title": "Early changes in the dynamics of crypt cell populations in mouse colon following administration of 1,2-dimethylhydrazine.", "content": "The effects of the carcinogen, 1,2-dimethylhydrazine (DMH), on the proliferative characteristics of the crypt cell population of mouse colon were studied. DMH (20 mg/kg body weight) was injected s.c., weekly, for 2, 8, 16, 20, or 26 weeks. At the end of each treatment period, a group of animals was injected with [3H]thymidine and killed. After 2 weeks of DMH treatment, the crypts appeared normal histologically, but the total number of cells, the number of labeled cells, and the percentage of labeled cells per crypt column had increased. The relative distribution of labeled cells in crypt columns was not changed. DMH treatment did not affect the phases of the cell cycle of epithelial cells and the transit time of these cells through the crypt. None of the indices of crypt dynamics were altered further with the appearance of focal atypias (after 16 weeks of DMH). However, the total number of cells per crypt increased and the percentage of labeled cells decreased as adenocarcinomas developed in adjacent areas of the mucosa (after 20 to 26 weeks of DMH). The exact role of these early mucosal changes in the eventual development of malignant tumor has not been established. However, it appears that DMH carcinogenesis may involve two steps; (a) an initial increase in the number of mitotocally active cells leading to an enlarged cell population; and (b) an eventual transformation of at least some of the crypt cells of the enlarged population.", "contents": "Early changes in the dynamics of crypt cell populations in mouse colon following administration of 1,2-dimethylhydrazine. The effects of the carcinogen, 1,2-dimethylhydrazine (DMH), on the proliferative characteristics of the crypt cell population of mouse colon were studied. DMH (20 mg/kg body weight) was injected s.c., weekly, for 2, 8, 16, 20, or 26 weeks. At the end of each treatment period, a group of animals was injected with [3H]thymidine and killed. After 2 weeks of DMH treatment, the crypts appeared normal histologically, but the total number of cells, the number of labeled cells, and the percentage of labeled cells per crypt column had increased. The relative distribution of labeled cells in crypt columns was not changed. DMH treatment did not affect the phases of the cell cycle of epithelial cells and the transit time of these cells through the crypt. None of the indices of crypt dynamics were altered further with the appearance of focal atypias (after 16 weeks of DMH). However, the total number of cells per crypt increased and the percentage of labeled cells decreased as adenocarcinomas developed in adjacent areas of the mucosa (after 20 to 26 weeks of DMH). The exact role of these early mucosal changes in the eventual development of malignant tumor has not been established. However, it appears that DMH carcinogenesis may involve two steps; (a) an initial increase in the number of mitotocally active cells leading to an enlarged cell population; and (b) an eventual transformation of at least some of the crypt cells of the enlarged population."}
{"id": "PMID:870183", "title": "4-methyl-5-amino-1-formylisoquinoline thiosemicarbazone, a second-generation antineoplastic agent of the alpha-(N)-heterocyclic carboxaldehyde thiosemicarbazone series.", "content": "4-Methyl-5-amino-1-formylisoquinoline thiosemicarbazone (MAIQ-1) was studied to determine its potential for clinical trail as a second-generation antineoplastic agent of the alpha-(N)-heterocyclic carboxaldehyde thiosemicarbazone class. MAIQ-1 was shown to be among the most potent known inhibitors of the major target for the expression of antineoplastic activity by this class of agents, the enzyme ribonucleoside diphosphate reductase, requiring only 0.06 micronM for 50% inhibition. This potency at the enzymatic level was consistent with its antineoplastic activity against the murine neoplasms Sarcoma 180, Leukemia L1210, Leukemia P388, and the B16 melanoma. The acetylation of the 5-amino group of the model substrate 5-amino-1,4-dimethylisoquinoline was lower than that of 5-amino-1-methylisoquinoline when incubated with acetyl-coenzyme A and rat liver homogenate. This finding suggests that the presence of the 4-methyl function offers steric hinderance to enzymatic substitution of the adjacent 5-amino group. In vivo metabolism of MAIQ-1 in mice, studied with [3'-14C]MAIQ-1 showed that relatively slow excretion of this agent occurred, since the cumulative urinary excretion of radioactivity was only 35% in 48 HR. About 51% of excreted urinary radioactivity was present in chromatograms in an area corresponding to the iron chelate of MAIQ-1, and only a minor quantity of material migrating like acetylated MAIQ-1 was present in urine, a finding consistent with enzymatic data with liver homogenates. The results indicate that MAIQ-1 has the antineoplastic activity, enzyme inhibitory potency, and relative resistance to metabolic inactivation required of an agent of this class for clinical trials.", "contents": "4-methyl-5-amino-1-formylisoquinoline thiosemicarbazone, a second-generation antineoplastic agent of the alpha-(N)-heterocyclic carboxaldehyde thiosemicarbazone series. 4-Methyl-5-amino-1-formylisoquinoline thiosemicarbazone (MAIQ-1) was studied to determine its potential for clinical trail as a second-generation antineoplastic agent of the alpha-(N)-heterocyclic carboxaldehyde thiosemicarbazone class. MAIQ-1 was shown to be among the most potent known inhibitors of the major target for the expression of antineoplastic activity by this class of agents, the enzyme ribonucleoside diphosphate reductase, requiring only 0.06 micronM for 50% inhibition. This potency at the enzymatic level was consistent with its antineoplastic activity against the murine neoplasms Sarcoma 180, Leukemia L1210, Leukemia P388, and the B16 melanoma. The acetylation of the 5-amino group of the model substrate 5-amino-1,4-dimethylisoquinoline was lower than that of 5-amino-1-methylisoquinoline when incubated with acetyl-coenzyme A and rat liver homogenate. This finding suggests that the presence of the 4-methyl function offers steric hinderance to enzymatic substitution of the adjacent 5-amino group. In vivo metabolism of MAIQ-1 in mice, studied with [3'-14C]MAIQ-1 showed that relatively slow excretion of this agent occurred, since the cumulative urinary excretion of radioactivity was only 35% in 48 HR. About 51% of excreted urinary radioactivity was present in chromatograms in an area corresponding to the iron chelate of MAIQ-1, and only a minor quantity of material migrating like acetylated MAIQ-1 was present in urine, a finding consistent with enzymatic data with liver homogenates. The results indicate that MAIQ-1 has the antineoplastic activity, enzyme inhibitory potency, and relative resistance to metabolic inactivation required of an agent of this class for clinical trials."}
{"id": "PMID:870184", "title": "Multi-hit kinetics of tumor formation, with special reference to experimental liver and human lung carcinogenesis and some gneral conclusions.", "content": "On the basis of the multi-hit concept of cancer formation, the relationships between tumor incidence and dose and time of administration of carcinogen have been analyzed. Simple mathematics have been used, since the available data, in our opinion, hardly justify more sophisticated formularization. The exponential relationship between the cumulative tumor incidence and the dose and time of administration of carcinogen can be described as l(d,t) approximately dmtr. With use of Druckrey's formula, dtn=k, it was derived that the exponent of time, r, is equal to m-n, in which m is the power of the dose dependency of tumor formation [l(d) approximately dm measured at a fixed time] and n is the autonomous time factor featured in the former formula. The factor m is interpretable in terms of the number of discrete events (hits) required for tumor formation, whereas the factor n is mainly determined by the rate of proliferation of intermediate cell populations participating in the carcinogenic process. Since r and n can be experimentally determined, the formula allows the calculation of the exponent (m) of the dose dependency of tumor formation. Analysis of malignant liver tumor formation in the rat by continuous administration of diethylnitrosamine yeilded m = 7, from which it was concluded that seven hits were instrumental in the induction of these liver-cell tumors. Analysis of the formation of less malignant liver tumors after one pulse exposure to the same carcinogen suggested that the process was initiated by at most two concomitant hits in a liver cell and brought to completion by three spontaneous events (changes). The view was advanced that tumor formation in general may result from hits inflicted by the carcinogen applied and from \"background\" hits (i.e., spontaneous changes and/or hits by carcinogenic stimuli from the environment or present endogenously) and that the relative contribution of these two types of hits to the end effect may depend on dose level and potency of the carcinogen under consideration. It was pointed out that the direct measurement of the dose-response relation (l(d) approximately dm) yields only the number of hits contributed by the carcinogen applied anose rate is low or very low, the contribution of background process becomes significant, and these hits contribute to the power of time, r, of the incidence-time relation. Under these conditions, the formula m-n=r becomes (mex + mb)n=r, where mex and mb denote the number of hits scored by extrinsic carcinogen and background processes, respectively. It is argued that the epidemiological data on lung cancer caused by smoking [l(d) approximately d with respect to smoke dose, mex= 1; l(t) approximately t5 with respect to duration of smoking] are not compatible unless at least one additional background hit (mb greater than or equal to 1) is postulated...", "contents": "Multi-hit kinetics of tumor formation, with special reference to experimental liver and human lung carcinogenesis and some gneral conclusions. On the basis of the multi-hit concept of cancer formation, the relationships between tumor incidence and dose and time of administration of carcinogen have been analyzed. Simple mathematics have been used, since the available data, in our opinion, hardly justify more sophisticated formularization. The exponential relationship between the cumulative tumor incidence and the dose and time of administration of carcinogen can be described as l(d,t) approximately dmtr. With use of Druckrey's formula, dtn=k, it was derived that the exponent of time, r, is equal to m-n, in which m is the power of the dose dependency of tumor formation [l(d) approximately dm measured at a fixed time] and n is the autonomous time factor featured in the former formula. The factor m is interpretable in terms of the number of discrete events (hits) required for tumor formation, whereas the factor n is mainly determined by the rate of proliferation of intermediate cell populations participating in the carcinogenic process. Since r and n can be experimentally determined, the formula allows the calculation of the exponent (m) of the dose dependency of tumor formation. Analysis of malignant liver tumor formation in the rat by continuous administration of diethylnitrosamine yeilded m = 7, from which it was concluded that seven hits were instrumental in the induction of these liver-cell tumors. Analysis of the formation of less malignant liver tumors after one pulse exposure to the same carcinogen suggested that the process was initiated by at most two concomitant hits in a liver cell and brought to completion by three spontaneous events (changes). The view was advanced that tumor formation in general may result from hits inflicted by the carcinogen applied and from \"background\" hits (i.e., spontaneous changes and/or hits by carcinogenic stimuli from the environment or present endogenously) and that the relative contribution of these two types of hits to the end effect may depend on dose level and potency of the carcinogen under consideration. It was pointed out that the direct measurement of the dose-response relation (l(d) approximately dm) yields only the number of hits contributed by the carcinogen applied anose rate is low or very low, the contribution of background process becomes significant, and these hits contribute to the power of time, r, of the incidence-time relation. Under these conditions, the formula m-n=r becomes (mex + mb)n=r, where mex and mb denote the number of hits scored by extrinsic carcinogen and background processes, respectively. It is argued that the epidemiological data on lung cancer caused by smoking [l(d) approximately d with respect to smoke dose, mex= 1; l(t) approximately t5 with respect to duration of smoking] are not compatible unless at least one additional background hit (mb greater than or equal to 1) is postulated..."}
{"id": "PMID:870185", "title": "Cytostatic effect of spleen cells of tumor-bearing mice on syngenetic tumor cells.", "content": "Spleen cell suspensions of methylcholanthrene-induced tumor-bearing mice were tested for their ability to inhibit tumor growth in vitro. The level of cytostasis was correlated with tumor growth and disappeared rapidly after surgical removal of the tumor. Pretreatment by anti-Thy 1-2 antiserum and complement, or by carbonyl iron and a magnet, showed that adherent, non-T-cells were the main effector cells of the cytostatic antitumor effect. Thymus cells suspensions from tubor-bearing mice were not effective in inhibiting tumor growth. This cytostatic effect was not tumor specific, inasmuch as the same spleen cell suspension inhibited growth of tumor cells of different origin.", "contents": "Cytostatic effect of spleen cells of tumor-bearing mice on syngenetic tumor cells. Spleen cell suspensions of methylcholanthrene-induced tumor-bearing mice were tested for their ability to inhibit tumor growth in vitro. The level of cytostasis was correlated with tumor growth and disappeared rapidly after surgical removal of the tumor. Pretreatment by anti-Thy 1-2 antiserum and complement, or by carbonyl iron and a magnet, showed that adherent, non-T-cells were the main effector cells of the cytostatic antitumor effect. Thymus cells suspensions from tubor-bearing mice were not effective in inhibiting tumor growth. This cytostatic effect was not tumor specific, inasmuch as the same spleen cell suspension inhibited growth of tumor cells of different origin."}
{"id": "PMID:870186", "title": "Cytotoxic effects of interferon in vitro on granulocytic progenitor cells.", "content": "We have utilized in vitro marrow culture techniques to evaluate the cytotoxicity for granulocytic progenitor cells of two highly purified human leukocyte interferon preparations. Concentration- and time-related decrements in granulocytic colony-forming capacity in agar occurred with human and mouse marrow. Although mouse marrow cells were less sensitive than were human cells, these data indicate lack of strict species specificity for the cell growth-inhibitory effects of interferon. Similar cytotoxicity was noted for normal and leukemic human clonogenic cells exposed to interferon for prolonged periods. The decrease in the proportion of granulocytic progenitor cells in DNA synthesis, which occurred at high concentrations, and the diminution by interferon of the cytotoxicity caused by cytosine arabinoside demonstrate that interferon decreases DNA synthesis of granulocytic progenitor cells. The lack of enhanced cytotoxicity for rapidly proliferating mouse post-endotoxin marrow cells indicates that interferon is not a cell cycle-stage-specific drug. These data seem useful for evaluating the suppressive effects of interferon on granulopoiesis and for devising clinical trials with this agent.", "contents": "Cytotoxic effects of interferon in vitro on granulocytic progenitor cells. We have utilized in vitro marrow culture techniques to evaluate the cytotoxicity for granulocytic progenitor cells of two highly purified human leukocyte interferon preparations. Concentration- and time-related decrements in granulocytic colony-forming capacity in agar occurred with human and mouse marrow. Although mouse marrow cells were less sensitive than were human cells, these data indicate lack of strict species specificity for the cell growth-inhibitory effects of interferon. Similar cytotoxicity was noted for normal and leukemic human clonogenic cells exposed to interferon for prolonged periods. The decrease in the proportion of granulocytic progenitor cells in DNA synthesis, which occurred at high concentrations, and the diminution by interferon of the cytotoxicity caused by cytosine arabinoside demonstrate that interferon decreases DNA synthesis of granulocytic progenitor cells. The lack of enhanced cytotoxicity for rapidly proliferating mouse post-endotoxin marrow cells indicates that interferon is not a cell cycle-stage-specific drug. These data seem useful for evaluating the suppressive effects of interferon on granulopoiesis and for devising clinical trials with this agent."}
{"id": "PMID:870187", "title": "Distribution of aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase inducibility in cultured human lymphocytes.", "content": "We measured aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase (AHH) in cultured human lymphocytes. A striking seasonal variation in AHH activity was observed with induced AHH activity levels from January through May measuring approximately 20% of the values during the remainder of the year. AHH inducibility was determined by comparing lymphocytes from the same person cultured with and without the inducer 3-methylcholanthrene. If measurements are limited to the summer and fall seasons when AHH activity is high, AHH inducibility is reproducible for most persons with repeat determinations on the same person averaging 11% from the mean. The values of AHH inducibility in 53 persons ranged from 0.9 to 5.0, but the distribution of values did not fall into three distinct, nonoverlapping classes as reported by others. We were not able to determine the distribution of AHH inducibility in lung cancer patients since lymphocytes from less than half of the patients tested could be successfully cultured.", "contents": "Distribution of aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase inducibility in cultured human lymphocytes. We measured aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase (AHH) in cultured human lymphocytes. A striking seasonal variation in AHH activity was observed with induced AHH activity levels from January through May measuring approximately 20% of the values during the remainder of the year. AHH inducibility was determined by comparing lymphocytes from the same person cultured with and without the inducer 3-methylcholanthrene. If measurements are limited to the summer and fall seasons when AHH activity is high, AHH inducibility is reproducible for most persons with repeat determinations on the same person averaging 11% from the mean. The values of AHH inducibility in 53 persons ranged from 0.9 to 5.0, but the distribution of values did not fall into three distinct, nonoverlapping classes as reported by others. We were not able to determine the distribution of AHH inducibility in lung cancer patients since lymphocytes from less than half of the patients tested could be successfully cultured."}
{"id": "PMID:870188", "title": "Estradiol binding in ovariectomy-responsive and -nonresponsive rat mammary carcinoma.", "content": "MTW9, a transplantable mammary tumor in Wistar-Furth rats, is dependent upon high levels of serum prolactin for growth. The mammary tumor can be maintained by coimplantation with a pituitary mammosomatotropic tumor (MTW9-MtT) or by chronic perphenazine administration (MTW9-P). MTW9-MtT does not regress after ovariectomy (OVEX) alone, while, MTW9-P regresses rapidly whether or not rats are maintained on perphenazine. Cytosol estradiol binding was determined in MTW9-MtT, 47.6 +/- 3.6 (N = 9), Kd 9.9 +/- 2.0 X 10(-11) M; MTW9-P, 195.5 +/- 9.1 (n = 16), Kd 27.6 +/- 4.7 X 10(-11) M; MTW9-P after perphenazine was withdrawn, 86.0 +/- 6.0 (n = 6), Kd 9.9 +/- 1.5 X 10(-11) M. Eight S and 4 S peaks were found in cytosols from both tumors by sucrose gradient centrifugation; the peaks differ qualitatively and quantitatively. The possibility that differences in binding levels result from sites filled with endogenous estradiol was critically examined and rejected. Withdrawal of perphenazine results in reduction of estradiol binding but retention of response to OVEX. Hence, response of MTW9-P to OVEX cannot be explained by the 3- to 4-fold increase in estradiol binding over MTW9-MtT. The relationship between estradiol binding and response to OVEX is under study using both mammary tumor models.", "contents": "Estradiol binding in ovariectomy-responsive and -nonresponsive rat mammary carcinoma. MTW9, a transplantable mammary tumor in Wistar-Furth rats, is dependent upon high levels of serum prolactin for growth. The mammary tumor can be maintained by coimplantation with a pituitary mammosomatotropic tumor (MTW9-MtT) or by chronic perphenazine administration (MTW9-P). MTW9-MtT does not regress after ovariectomy (OVEX) alone, while, MTW9-P regresses rapidly whether or not rats are maintained on perphenazine. Cytosol estradiol binding was determined in MTW9-MtT, 47.6 +/- 3.6 (N = 9), Kd 9.9 +/- 2.0 X 10(-11) M; MTW9-P, 195.5 +/- 9.1 (n = 16), Kd 27.6 +/- 4.7 X 10(-11) M; MTW9-P after perphenazine was withdrawn, 86.0 +/- 6.0 (n = 6), Kd 9.9 +/- 1.5 X 10(-11) M. Eight S and 4 S peaks were found in cytosols from both tumors by sucrose gradient centrifugation; the peaks differ qualitatively and quantitatively. The possibility that differences in binding levels result from sites filled with endogenous estradiol was critically examined and rejected. Withdrawal of perphenazine results in reduction of estradiol binding but retention of response to OVEX. Hence, response of MTW9-P to OVEX cannot be explained by the 3- to 4-fold increase in estradiol binding over MTW9-MtT. The relationship between estradiol binding and response to OVEX is under study using both mammary tumor models."}
{"id": "PMID:870189", "title": "The prevention of methotrexate toxicity by thymidine infusions in humans.", "content": "Continuous i.v. thymidine (TdR) was given to 12 patients with metastatic cancer in an attempt to prevent methotrexate (MTX) toxicity. MTX was infused in 27 courses with progressive dose increase from 80 mg/sq m for 24 hr to 6 g/sq m for 72 hr. TdR at 8 g/sq m/day was infused concurrently and continued 24 to 48 hr beyond MTX infusion. The median pretreatment serum TdR level was 0.19 micron. With TdR infusion, the median level was 1.5 micronM. Serum TdR fell with a half-time of 8 to 10 min after a pulse dose or cessation of infusion. Spinal fluid TdR equaled serum TdR levels after 2 hr of infusion. Less than 2% of administered TdR appeared in urine. MTX serum levels were proportional to dose infused, ranging from 80 to 100 micronM with 2 g/sq m/day. The half-time for MTX clearance from serum was 4 to 8 hr. Spinal fluid MTX reached equilibrium at 3 to 12% of serum levels by 4 hr. Bone marrow dysfunction during MTX infusion was prevented by TdR as determined by labeling indices and cytofluorographic analyses. Toxicity was not seen in patients with normal MTX clearance using 48-hr infusions of MTX where TdR was continued for an additional 48 hr after the MTX infusion had ended. However, 3 of 6 courses of MTX at 6 g/sq m over 72 hr led to toxicity. Toxicity was reversible in 2 patients, 1 of whom was retreated with a similar dose duration of MTX without toxicity when TdR was continued beyond the end of the MTX infusion for 48 hr instead of the usual 24 hr. The 3rd patient with toxicity died of progressive disease and thrombocytopenia 19 days after treatment. No TdR-related toxicity or unusual MTX toxicity was detected. Antitumor effects were noted in 4 patients. TdR offers significant protection against MTX toxicity and deserves further clinical study.", "contents": "The prevention of methotrexate toxicity by thymidine infusions in humans. Continuous i.v. thymidine (TdR) was given to 12 patients with metastatic cancer in an attempt to prevent methotrexate (MTX) toxicity. MTX was infused in 27 courses with progressive dose increase from 80 mg/sq m for 24 hr to 6 g/sq m for 72 hr. TdR at 8 g/sq m/day was infused concurrently and continued 24 to 48 hr beyond MTX infusion. The median pretreatment serum TdR level was 0.19 micron. With TdR infusion, the median level was 1.5 micronM. Serum TdR fell with a half-time of 8 to 10 min after a pulse dose or cessation of infusion. Spinal fluid TdR equaled serum TdR levels after 2 hr of infusion. Less than 2% of administered TdR appeared in urine. MTX serum levels were proportional to dose infused, ranging from 80 to 100 micronM with 2 g/sq m/day. The half-time for MTX clearance from serum was 4 to 8 hr. Spinal fluid MTX reached equilibrium at 3 to 12% of serum levels by 4 hr. Bone marrow dysfunction during MTX infusion was prevented by TdR as determined by labeling indices and cytofluorographic analyses. Toxicity was not seen in patients with normal MTX clearance using 48-hr infusions of MTX where TdR was continued for an additional 48 hr after the MTX infusion had ended. However, 3 of 6 courses of MTX at 6 g/sq m over 72 hr led to toxicity. Toxicity was reversible in 2 patients, 1 of whom was retreated with a similar dose duration of MTX without toxicity when TdR was continued beyond the end of the MTX infusion for 48 hr instead of the usual 24 hr. The 3rd patient with toxicity died of progressive disease and thrombocytopenia 19 days after treatment. No TdR-related toxicity or unusual MTX toxicity was detected. Antitumor effects were noted in 4 patients. TdR offers significant protection against MTX toxicity and deserves further clinical study."}
{"id": "PMID:870190", "title": "Survival differences exhibited by normal and transformed rat liver epithelial cell lines in the aggregate form.", "content": "Normal and transformed rat liver epithelial cell lines exhibited differences in the ability to survive in the aggregate form. Normal rat liver epithelial cells in the aggregate form underwent a rapid decline in the number of viable cells, while counterpart transformed epithelial cells exhibited an ability to survive and proliferate in the aggregate form. This survival ability was found to correlate with colony formation in soft agar and tumorigenicity in nude mice. Cell survival in the aggregate form could possibly serve as a criterion for in vitro transformation of epithelial cells derived from rat liver.", "contents": "Survival differences exhibited by normal and transformed rat liver epithelial cell lines in the aggregate form. Normal and transformed rat liver epithelial cell lines exhibited differences in the ability to survive in the aggregate form. Normal rat liver epithelial cells in the aggregate form underwent a rapid decline in the number of viable cells, while counterpart transformed epithelial cells exhibited an ability to survive and proliferate in the aggregate form. This survival ability was found to correlate with colony formation in soft agar and tumorigenicity in nude mice. Cell survival in the aggregate form could possibly serve as a criterion for in vitro transformation of epithelial cells derived from rat liver."}
{"id": "PMID:870191", "title": "Effects of 6-thioguanine on macromolecular events in regenerating rat liver.", "content": "Regenerating rat liver was used as a semisynchronous system in which to investigate the effects of 6-thioguanine on biochemical processes occurring in discrete phases of the cell cycle. 6-Thioguanine inhibited the first wave of DNA biosynthesis in regenerating rat liver. This effect appeared to be the result of a decrease, caused by 6-thioguanine, in the induction of several enzyme activities (i.e., thymidine kinase, deoxycytidylate deaminase, cytidine diphosphate reductase, and DNA polymerase) necessary for the initiation of DNA replication in regenerating liver. There was a fairly short period during which 6-thioguanine could be given to rats to accomplish the inhibition of the appearance of the induced activities of these enzymes; this period corresponded to the time just before enzyme induction. The inhibition of the induced synthesis of this group of enzymes occurred in the presence of an intact translational apparatus and intact polysomes and in the absence of interference with the incorporation of radioactive leucine and tyrosine into total protein of liver. Synthesis of polyadenylate-containing RNA was depressed in 6-thioguanine-treated rats, whereas the synthesis of polyadenylate-lacking RNA was unaffected. It is suggested that the inhibition of the synthesis of polyadenylate-containing RNA by 6-thioguanine is at least in part responsible for the observed decrease in induced enzyme activities and the resulting interference with DNA replication.", "contents": "Effects of 6-thioguanine on macromolecular events in regenerating rat liver. Regenerating rat liver was used as a semisynchronous system in which to investigate the effects of 6-thioguanine on biochemical processes occurring in discrete phases of the cell cycle. 6-Thioguanine inhibited the first wave of DNA biosynthesis in regenerating rat liver. This effect appeared to be the result of a decrease, caused by 6-thioguanine, in the induction of several enzyme activities (i.e., thymidine kinase, deoxycytidylate deaminase, cytidine diphosphate reductase, and DNA polymerase) necessary for the initiation of DNA replication in regenerating liver. There was a fairly short period during which 6-thioguanine could be given to rats to accomplish the inhibition of the appearance of the induced activities of these enzymes; this period corresponded to the time just before enzyme induction. The inhibition of the induced synthesis of this group of enzymes occurred in the presence of an intact translational apparatus and intact polysomes and in the absence of interference with the incorporation of radioactive leucine and tyrosine into total protein of liver. Synthesis of polyadenylate-containing RNA was depressed in 6-thioguanine-treated rats, whereas the synthesis of polyadenylate-lacking RNA was unaffected. It is suggested that the inhibition of the synthesis of polyadenylate-containing RNA by 6-thioguanine is at least in part responsible for the observed decrease in induced enzyme activities and the resulting interference with DNA replication."}
{"id": "PMID:870192", "title": "Effects of estrone, estradiol, and estriol on hormone-responsive human breast cancer in long-term tissue culture.", "content": "The effects of estrone, estradiol, and estriol on MCF-7 human breast cancer are compared. In this estrogen-responsive cell line, all three estrogens are capable of inducing equivalent stimulation of amino acid and nucleoside incorporation. Estriol is capable of partially overcoming antiestrogen inhibition with Tamoxifen (lCl 46474), even when antiestrogen is present in 1000-fold excess. Antiestrogen effects are completely overcome by 100-fold less estriol. Studies of metabolism of estrogens by MCF-7 cells revealed no conversion of estriol to either estrone or estradiol. All three steroids bind to a high-affinity estrogen receptor found in these cells. The apparent dissociation constant is lower for estradiol than for estrone and estriol, but all three bind to an equal number of sites when saturating concentrations are used. Tritiated estrogens used in binding studies were shown to be radiochemically pure. We conclude that estriol can bind to estrogen receptor and stimulate human breast cancer in tissue culture. Our data do not support an antiestrogenic role for estriol in human breast cancer.", "contents": "Effects of estrone, estradiol, and estriol on hormone-responsive human breast cancer in long-term tissue culture. The effects of estrone, estradiol, and estriol on MCF-7 human breast cancer are compared. In this estrogen-responsive cell line, all three estrogens are capable of inducing equivalent stimulation of amino acid and nucleoside incorporation. Estriol is capable of partially overcoming antiestrogen inhibition with Tamoxifen (lCl 46474), even when antiestrogen is present in 1000-fold excess. Antiestrogen effects are completely overcome by 100-fold less estriol. Studies of metabolism of estrogens by MCF-7 cells revealed no conversion of estriol to either estrone or estradiol. All three steroids bind to a high-affinity estrogen receptor found in these cells. The apparent dissociation constant is lower for estradiol than for estrone and estriol, but all three bind to an equal number of sites when saturating concentrations are used. Tritiated estrogens used in binding studies were shown to be radiochemically pure. We conclude that estriol can bind to estrogen receptor and stimulate human breast cancer in tissue culture. Our data do not support an antiestrogenic role for estriol in human breast cancer."}
{"id": "PMID:870193", "title": "Synthesis of p-nitrophenyl 6-O-(2-acetamido-2-deoxy-beta-d-glucopyranosyl)-beta-D-galactopyranoside and p-nitrophenyl O-beta-D-galactopyranosyl-(1 linked to 3)-O-(2-acetamido-2-dexoy-beta-D-glucopyranosyl)-(1 linked to 6)-beta-D-galactopyranoside.", "content": "Condensation of 2-methyl-(3,4,6-tri-O-acetyl-1,2-dideoxy-alpha-D-glucopyrano)-[2',1':4,5]-2-oxazoline with p-nitrophenyl 2,3-di-O-acetyl-beta-D-galactopyranoside (4), followed by saponification of the resulting disaccharide derivative, produced p-nitrophenyl 6-O-(2-acetamido-2-deoxy-beta-D-glucopyranosyl)-beta-D-galactopyranoside as a crystalline compound. Reaction of 2-methyl-[4,6-di-O-acetyl-1,2-dideoxy-3-O-(2,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-beta-D-galactopyranosyl)-alpha-D-glucopyrano]-[2',1':4,5]-2-oxazoline with 4 in a similar reaction-sequence provided the title trisaccharide compound.", "contents": "Synthesis of p-nitrophenyl 6-O-(2-acetamido-2-deoxy-beta-d-glucopyranosyl)-beta-D-galactopyranoside and p-nitrophenyl O-beta-D-galactopyranosyl-(1 linked to 3)-O-(2-acetamido-2-dexoy-beta-D-glucopyranosyl)-(1 linked to 6)-beta-D-galactopyranoside. Condensation of 2-methyl-(3,4,6-tri-O-acetyl-1,2-dideoxy-alpha-D-glucopyrano)-[2',1':4,5]-2-oxazoline with p-nitrophenyl 2,3-di-O-acetyl-beta-D-galactopyranoside (4), followed by saponification of the resulting disaccharide derivative, produced p-nitrophenyl 6-O-(2-acetamido-2-deoxy-beta-D-glucopyranosyl)-beta-D-galactopyranoside as a crystalline compound. Reaction of 2-methyl-[4,6-di-O-acetyl-1,2-dideoxy-3-O-(2,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-beta-D-galactopyranosyl)-alpha-D-glucopyrano]-[2',1':4,5]-2-oxazoline with 4 in a similar reaction-sequence provided the title trisaccharide compound."}
{"id": "PMID:870194", "title": "Effect of selected drugs and myocardial infarction on the disappearance of creatine kinase from the circulation in conscious dogs.", "content": "Estimates of infarct size based on serial plasma creatine kinase (CK) changes have been made utilising the disappearance rate of CK from blood (kd) as one parameter. This study was performed to evaluate the effects on CK disappearance of myocardial infarction per se and selected drugs often used in the management of patients with myocardial infarction. Fifty-six conscious dogs were studied. Canine myocardial CK was isolated and radioactively labelled. Experiments were performed with intravenous injections of unlabelled CK or with radioactively labelled material. After injection, plasma CK activity declined monoexponentially (r = -0.95, n = 30) exceeding the rate of CK disappearance in vitro in whole blood or plasma. Three successive daily determinations of kd differed by less than or equal to 10% in the same dog (n = 5). Removal of radioactively labelled protein from plasma paralleled disappearance of plasma CK enzyme activity for several hours after i.v. injection of 14C-CK (n = 5). Myocardial infarction after occlusion of the left anterior descending coronary artery altered kd by less than 10% (n = 5) estimated after i.v. injection of 14C-CK. Administration of large doses of Nembutal (30 mg-kg-1), morphine (2 mg-kg-1), or Valium (1 mg-kg-1) decreased kd markedly (n = 17), but low doses of morphine (0-2 mg-kg-1) or Valium (0-1 mg-kg-1) did not substantially diminish kd. Thus, enzymatic estimates of infarct size are not likely to be influenced by changes in kd occurring during myocardial infarction. However, modification of estimates may be required when pharmacological interventions are employed, capable of altering CK disappearance.", "contents": "Effect of selected drugs and myocardial infarction on the disappearance of creatine kinase from the circulation in conscious dogs. Estimates of infarct size based on serial plasma creatine kinase (CK) changes have been made utilising the disappearance rate of CK from blood (kd) as one parameter. This study was performed to evaluate the effects on CK disappearance of myocardial infarction per se and selected drugs often used in the management of patients with myocardial infarction. Fifty-six conscious dogs were studied. Canine myocardial CK was isolated and radioactively labelled. Experiments were performed with intravenous injections of unlabelled CK or with radioactively labelled material. After injection, plasma CK activity declined monoexponentially (r = -0.95, n = 30) exceeding the rate of CK disappearance in vitro in whole blood or plasma. Three successive daily determinations of kd differed by less than or equal to 10% in the same dog (n = 5). Removal of radioactively labelled protein from plasma paralleled disappearance of plasma CK enzyme activity for several hours after i.v. injection of 14C-CK (n = 5). Myocardial infarction after occlusion of the left anterior descending coronary artery altered kd by less than 10% (n = 5) estimated after i.v. injection of 14C-CK. Administration of large doses of Nembutal (30 mg-kg-1), morphine (2 mg-kg-1), or Valium (1 mg-kg-1) decreased kd markedly (n = 17), but low doses of morphine (0-2 mg-kg-1) or Valium (0-1 mg-kg-1) did not substantially diminish kd. Thus, enzymatic estimates of infarct size are not likely to be influenced by changes in kd occurring during myocardial infarction. However, modification of estimates may be required when pharmacological interventions are employed, capable of altering CK disappearance."}
{"id": "PMID:870195", "title": "Reactive hyperaemia in the dog heart: inter-relations between adenosine, ATP, and aminophylline and the effect of indomethacin.", "content": "Intracoronary adenosine, ATP, and the release of an 8 second occlusion increased coronary blood flow (CBF) to a similar extent. Aminophylline decreased the CBF response to adenosine by 80% and that to an 8 s occlusion by 20% but did not change the CBF response to ATP. Indomethacin had no effect on CBF. The results suggest that the increase in CBF after brief occlusions is not mediated in a major way by adenosine or prostaglandins.", "contents": "Reactive hyperaemia in the dog heart: inter-relations between adenosine, ATP, and aminophylline and the effect of indomethacin. Intracoronary adenosine, ATP, and the release of an 8 second occlusion increased coronary blood flow (CBF) to a similar extent. Aminophylline decreased the CBF response to adenosine by 80% and that to an 8 s occlusion by 20% but did not change the CBF response to ATP. Indomethacin had no effect on CBF. The results suggest that the increase in CBF after brief occlusions is not mediated in a major way by adenosine or prostaglandins."}
{"id": "PMID:870196", "title": "Left ventricular compliance in acute myocardial infarction in man.", "content": "Left ventricular end-diastolic pressure (P) and volume (V) were measured in 12 patients with acute myocardial infarction. It was assumed that the diastolic P-V relationship was exponential and corresponded to the formula P=be KV. In 7 patients submitted to volume loading, several data points of this relationship were obtained and at zero volume, the mean intercept with the ordinates was 0.037+/-0.015 kPa (SEM) (0.28+/-0.12 mmHg). In the other 5 patients, the P-V curve was plotted through this intercept and the pressure and volume co-ordinates obtained by control. The K coefficient (passive elastic modulus) was greater, and the normalised left ventricular compliance index (dV/VdP) was smaller in the infarct group than in the control group. This suggests decreased left ventricular compliance during the acute phase of myocardial infarction. By comparing left ventricular function curves plotted using either end-diastolic pressure or end-diastolic volume as the stretch index it is possible to evaluate the relative participation of decreased compliance and depressed contractility in global left ventricular function.", "contents": "Left ventricular compliance in acute myocardial infarction in man. Left ventricular end-diastolic pressure (P) and volume (V) were measured in 12 patients with acute myocardial infarction. It was assumed that the diastolic P-V relationship was exponential and corresponded to the formula P=be KV. In 7 patients submitted to volume loading, several data points of this relationship were obtained and at zero volume, the mean intercept with the ordinates was 0.037+/-0.015 kPa (SEM) (0.28+/-0.12 mmHg). In the other 5 patients, the P-V curve was plotted through this intercept and the pressure and volume co-ordinates obtained by control. The K coefficient (passive elastic modulus) was greater, and the normalised left ventricular compliance index (dV/VdP) was smaller in the infarct group than in the control group. This suggests decreased left ventricular compliance during the acute phase of myocardial infarction. By comparing left ventricular function curves plotted using either end-diastolic pressure or end-diastolic volume as the stretch index it is possible to evaluate the relative participation of decreased compliance and depressed contractility in global left ventricular function."}
{"id": "PMID:870197", "title": "Pathophysiological correlates of thallium-201 myocardial uptake in experimental infarction.", "content": "The pathophysiological correlates of thallium-201 (201TI) myocardial uptake were studied in  a 24-hour-old closed-chest canine infarct model. Reduction in regional 201Tl uptake correlated well with the magnitude of tissue creatine phosphokinase depletion and microsphere estimates of transmural blood flow. In low flow endocardial regions 201Tl occasionally under-estimated the magnitude of flow reduction. Even slight reductions of 201Tl uptake (less than 0.86 of normal) were associated with histopathological and histochemical evidence of necrosis.", "contents": "Pathophysiological correlates of thallium-201 myocardial uptake in experimental infarction. The pathophysiological correlates of thallium-201 (201TI) myocardial uptake were studied in  a 24-hour-old closed-chest canine infarct model. Reduction in regional 201Tl uptake correlated well with the magnitude of tissue creatine phosphokinase depletion and microsphere estimates of transmural blood flow. In low flow endocardial regions 201Tl occasionally under-estimated the magnitude of flow reduction. Even slight reductions of 201Tl uptake (less than 0.86 of normal) were associated with histopathological and histochemical evidence of necrosis."}
{"id": "PMID:870198", "title": "Screening for carotid junction disease by spectral analysis of Doppler signals.", "content": "The established test for disease in the internal carotid artery using continuous wave Doppler is to listen for flow velocity changes over the supraorbital artery with ipsilateral temporal (or facial) artery compression. This is only reliable when there is a reduction in mean pressure (and flow) distal to disease in the internal carotid artery, ie reduction of lumen diameter by more than 85%. In this study, 101 vessel segments (48 with disease at the carotid junction, 53 normal) were compared with the results of angiography. Seven gave a positive temporal artery occlusion test, all of which showed severe disease. However, spectral analysis of the Doppler signals from supraorbital and common carotid arteries showed sonagram changes both with ageing and with disease. In particular, the ratio of primary peak (A) to secondary peak (B) in systole falls, the A/B ratio being lower in disease than in health. At A/B ratios less than 1.05 there was an 88% probability of disease at the carotid junction. 36/48 (75%) diseased junctions were detected, including almost all major lesions. The method did not so reliably detect small lesions (less than 2 mm plaques, less than 60% lumen diameter stenosis, and 'minimal atheroma'). In 5/53 normal junctions the A/B ratio was in the disease range. Scanning the carotid junction for turbulence yielded additional information in some cases.", "contents": "Screening for carotid junction disease by spectral analysis of Doppler signals. The established test for disease in the internal carotid artery using continuous wave Doppler is to listen for flow velocity changes over the supraorbital artery with ipsilateral temporal (or facial) artery compression. This is only reliable when there is a reduction in mean pressure (and flow) distal to disease in the internal carotid artery, ie reduction of lumen diameter by more than 85%. In this study, 101 vessel segments (48 with disease at the carotid junction, 53 normal) were compared with the results of angiography. Seven gave a positive temporal artery occlusion test, all of which showed severe disease. However, spectral analysis of the Doppler signals from supraorbital and common carotid arteries showed sonagram changes both with ageing and with disease. In particular, the ratio of primary peak (A) to secondary peak (B) in systole falls, the A/B ratio being lower in disease than in health. At A/B ratios less than 1.05 there was an 88% probability of disease at the carotid junction. 36/48 (75%) diseased junctions were detected, including almost all major lesions. The method did not so reliably detect small lesions (less than 2 mm plaques, less than 60% lumen diameter stenosis, and 'minimal atheroma'). In 5/53 normal junctions the A/B ratio was in the disease range. Scanning the carotid junction for turbulence yielded additional information in some cases."}
{"id": "PMID:870199", "title": "Partial standing wave formation above an abdominal aortic stenosis.", "content": "Reflection from an arterial discontinuity, such as a stenosis, would be expected to produce partial standing waves of pressure and flow proximal to the stenosis. This phenomenon is demonstrated by determining the amplitude changes of the harmonic components of pressure and flow waves recorded at three sites at different distances from an experimental stenosis of the abdominal aorta in dogs. To minimise the effect of reflections from other arterial sites, such as the peripheral beds, the animals were vasodilated. Impedance and propagation velocity measurements were made to estimate the contribution of peripheral reflections in the harmonic components of the aortic pressure and flow pulses. In general, the  peripheral contribution appeared to be small for harmonics greater than the first. The results indicate that, for the 'closed' type of reflection at the stenosis, a pressure antinode and a flow node occur immediately proximal to the stenosis. As the distance from the stenosis to the measurement site is increased, nodes and antinodes of pressure and flow occur at frequencies which correspond to integer multiples of lambda/4. Similar fluctuations take place in the impedance modulus proximal to the stenosis, such that close to the stenosis the modulus is a maximum, at the lambda/4 distance the modulus is a minimum and at the lambda/2 distance it is again a maximum. The extent of these impedance changes with distance indicates that the attenuation of the reflected, backwardgoing waves is greater than found for forwardgoing waves and that the diagnostic assessment of a vascular obstruction by means of a proximal measurement of pressure or flow may be subject to error if the measurement is not made close to the obstruction.", "contents": "Partial standing wave formation above an abdominal aortic stenosis. Reflection from an arterial discontinuity, such as a stenosis, would be expected to produce partial standing waves of pressure and flow proximal to the stenosis. This phenomenon is demonstrated by determining the amplitude changes of the harmonic components of pressure and flow waves recorded at three sites at different distances from an experimental stenosis of the abdominal aorta in dogs. To minimise the effect of reflections from other arterial sites, such as the peripheral beds, the animals were vasodilated. Impedance and propagation velocity measurements were made to estimate the contribution of peripheral reflections in the harmonic components of the aortic pressure and flow pulses. In general, the  peripheral contribution appeared to be small for harmonics greater than the first. The results indicate that, for the 'closed' type of reflection at the stenosis, a pressure antinode and a flow node occur immediately proximal to the stenosis. As the distance from the stenosis to the measurement site is increased, nodes and antinodes of pressure and flow occur at frequencies which correspond to integer multiples of lambda/4. Similar fluctuations take place in the impedance modulus proximal to the stenosis, such that close to the stenosis the modulus is a maximum, at the lambda/4 distance the modulus is a minimum and at the lambda/2 distance it is again a maximum. The extent of these impedance changes with distance indicates that the attenuation of the reflected, backwardgoing waves is greater than found for forwardgoing waves and that the diagnostic assessment of a vascular obstruction by means of a proximal measurement of pressure or flow may be subject to error if the measurement is not made close to the obstruction."}
{"id": "PMID:870200", "title": "Creatine kinase isoenzymes: their separation and quantitation.", "content": "The cardiospecificity of the MB isoenzyme of creatine kinase, EC 2.7.3.2, (CK) with its associated diagnostic and research value has resulted in the development of a number of procedures for the separation and quantitation of the three isoenzymes of CK. In our experience methods involving cellulose acetate electrophoresis, apposition incubation, and fluoroscanning for quantitation are of limited linearity, insensitive, and irreproducible. We have, therefore, developed a method which overcomes these difficulties. Our method is based on agarose gel electrophoresis, gel overlay incubation with optimisation of all substrates and elution of the NADPH into solution for isoenzyme quantitation. We have: (1) characterised this technique; (2) used it to verify the extent to which the MB isoenzyme of CK is cardiospyocardial; (3) studied its application to the diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction; and (4) compared it with existing methods involving dithiothreitol activation and ion exchange chromatography.", "contents": "Creatine kinase isoenzymes: their separation and quantitation. The cardiospecificity of the MB isoenzyme of creatine kinase, EC 2.7.3.2, (CK) with its associated diagnostic and research value has resulted in the development of a number of procedures for the separation and quantitation of the three isoenzymes of CK. In our experience methods involving cellulose acetate electrophoresis, apposition incubation, and fluoroscanning for quantitation are of limited linearity, insensitive, and irreproducible. We have, therefore, developed a method which overcomes these difficulties. Our method is based on agarose gel electrophoresis, gel overlay incubation with optimisation of all substrates and elution of the NADPH into solution for isoenzyme quantitation. We have: (1) characterised this technique; (2) used it to verify the extent to which the MB isoenzyme of CK is cardiospyocardial; (3) studied its application to the diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction; and (4) compared it with existing methods involving dithiothreitol activation and ion exchange chromatography."}
{"id": "PMID:870202", "title": "Gap junctions in the cardiac muscle cells of the lamprey.", "content": "Electron microscopy of both thin sections and freeze-fracture replicas has demonstrated the occurrence of gap junctions (nexuses) in the cardiac muscle cells of the lamprey. These gap junctions are identical in basic structure with those found in the mammalian heart. However, they are much smaller (less than 0.5 micron in diameter), and more irregularly distributed than the typical gap junction in the mammalian heart. These small gap junctions seem to provide a structural basis for the electrical coupling between cardiac muscle cells in the lower vertebrates. In addition, the well developed sarcoplasmic reticulum and subsurface cisternae, which contain an electron dense spheroidal cast, frequently observed in the cardiac muscles of the lamprey.", "contents": "Gap junctions in the cardiac muscle cells of the lamprey. Electron microscopy of both thin sections and freeze-fracture replicas has demonstrated the occurrence of gap junctions (nexuses) in the cardiac muscle cells of the lamprey. These gap junctions are identical in basic structure with those found in the mammalian heart. However, they are much smaller (less than 0.5 micron in diameter), and more irregularly distributed than the typical gap junction in the mammalian heart. These small gap junctions seem to provide a structural basis for the electrical coupling between cardiac muscle cells in the lower vertebrates. In addition, the well developed sarcoplasmic reticulum and subsurface cisternae, which contain an electron dense spheroidal cast, frequently observed in the cardiac muscles of the lamprey."}
{"id": "PMID:870201", "title": "Morphological investigation on phenylhydrazine-induced erythropoiesis in the adult mouse liver.", "content": "In adult mice suffering from a phenylhydrazine (PHZ)-induced hemolytic anemia, erythropoietic islands were observed in the liver. These islands were studied with the light and electron microscope. Within two days after the beginning of four daily injections of PHZ, erythoid elements appeared in the sinusoids and central veins. A maximum number of erythroblasts was found on day 7. Light and electron microscopic observations revealed that the erythropoietic islands consisted of centrally located macrophages(CM) with a Kupffer cell-like morphology, surrounded by erythroblasts, which were often of the same maturation stage. CM in central veins (CM-V) and in sinusoids (CM-S) were found to have a different morphology. The CM-V phagocytized less circulating red blood cells and were in contact with a smaller number of erythroblasts. Furthermore, the contact areas between erythroblasts and CM-S extended for a much longer distance than those between erythroblasts and CM-V. The progenitor cell for the CM-V is most likely a monocyte, since cells which were morphologically determined as monocytes were found to appear on the first day of the PHZ treatment and differentiated into macrophages within about 2 days. The origin of the CM-S population was less clear, but could be monocytic as well. These data are tentatively explained as a migration of a progenitor of a cellular component of the erythroid micro-environment into the liver after appropriate stimuli. In contrast to fetal liver erythropoiesis, erythroblasts in the adult liver occurred only incidentally extrasinusoidally. Furthermore, specialized membrane contacts between erythroblasts and CM or hepatocytes could not be observed in adult liver. Ferritin could not be detected on the erythroid cell membrane or located in coated vesicles. Also, no ferritin could be observed within or attached to the finger-like  processes of CM. The observations suggest that the coated vesicles in erythoid elements are partly exocytotic vesicles and are not specific for ferritin transport. The morphological aspects of PHZ-induced extramedullary erythropoiesis is discussed in relation to the hemopoietic microenvironment.", "contents": "Morphological investigation on phenylhydrazine-induced erythropoiesis in the adult mouse liver. In adult mice suffering from a phenylhydrazine (PHZ)-induced hemolytic anemia, erythropoietic islands were observed in the liver. These islands were studied with the light and electron microscope. Within two days after the beginning of four daily injections of PHZ, erythoid elements appeared in the sinusoids and central veins. A maximum number of erythroblasts was found on day 7. Light and electron microscopic observations revealed that the erythropoietic islands consisted of centrally located macrophages(CM) with a Kupffer cell-like morphology, surrounded by erythroblasts, which were often of the same maturation stage. CM in central veins (CM-V) and in sinusoids (CM-S) were found to have a different morphology. The CM-V phagocytized less circulating red blood cells and were in contact with a smaller number of erythroblasts. Furthermore, the contact areas between erythroblasts and CM-S extended for a much longer distance than those between erythroblasts and CM-V. The progenitor cell for the CM-V is most likely a monocyte, since cells which were morphologically determined as monocytes were found to appear on the first day of the PHZ treatment and differentiated into macrophages within about 2 days. The origin of the CM-S population was less clear, but could be monocytic as well. These data are tentatively explained as a migration of a progenitor of a cellular component of the erythroid micro-environment into the liver after appropriate stimuli. In contrast to fetal liver erythropoiesis, erythroblasts in the adult liver occurred only incidentally extrasinusoidally. Furthermore, specialized membrane contacts between erythroblasts and CM or hepatocytes could not be observed in adult liver. Ferritin could not be detected on the erythroid cell membrane or located in coated vesicles. Also, no ferritin could be observed within or attached to the finger-like  processes of CM. The observations suggest that the coated vesicles in erythoid elements are partly exocytotic vesicles and are not specific for ferritin transport. The morphological aspects of PHZ-induced extramedullary erythropoiesis is discussed in relation to the hemopoietic microenvironment."}
{"id": "PMID:870203", "title": "A mechanical momentum in ultrastructural development of the heart.", "content": "The question of whether mechanical moments participate in ultrastructural development of the heart cannot be decided by examining heart tissue samples during embryonic life, for during maturation processes in vivo mechanical factors are always present. The significance of mechanical moments can only be investigated in a system which allows a distinction to be made between pulsations of heart myocytes under conditions of contraction against and under conditions of contraction without mechanical stress. This double possibility is provided by cell culture. An example in which mechanical influences are absent are the so-called \"minihearts\"; these are cell agglomerations which are detached from the culture substrate. Their cell contractions do not act against any mechanical resistance. In the electron microscope they show abundant filaments, Z-line material and membrane specializations. The highest degree of development, however, does not exceed that characterizing the cells with which the cultures were started. Even some dedifferentiation and degeneration are apparent in the minihearts. No intercalated discs can be found even after 12 weeks, provided that the culture had been started with really isolated cells. The representatives in culture of a myocyte's connection with the heart's mechanical action are the cords, along which attached points alternate with free strands. The pulsation of these strands is restrained during each contraction by their ends, which are fixed on the culture substrate. Thus, the myocytes contract against a resistance, and in this respect their pulsations resemble those of the heart, in which the myocytes' contraction acts against the pressure of the blood. The myocyte culture under these mechanical condition, after a culture time of 10 weeks, produces electron micrographs of mature cells with reduced cytoplasm, aligned mitochondria and fibrils and intercalated discs.", "contents": "A mechanical momentum in ultrastructural development of the heart. The question of whether mechanical moments participate in ultrastructural development of the heart cannot be decided by examining heart tissue samples during embryonic life, for during maturation processes in vivo mechanical factors are always present. The significance of mechanical moments can only be investigated in a system which allows a distinction to be made between pulsations of heart myocytes under conditions of contraction against and under conditions of contraction without mechanical stress. This double possibility is provided by cell culture. An example in which mechanical influences are absent are the so-called \"minihearts\"; these are cell agglomerations which are detached from the culture substrate. Their cell contractions do not act against any mechanical resistance. In the electron microscope they show abundant filaments, Z-line material and membrane specializations. The highest degree of development, however, does not exceed that characterizing the cells with which the cultures were started. Even some dedifferentiation and degeneration are apparent in the minihearts. No intercalated discs can be found even after 12 weeks, provided that the culture had been started with really isolated cells. The representatives in culture of a myocyte's connection with the heart's mechanical action are the cords, along which attached points alternate with free strands. The pulsation of these strands is restrained during each contraction by their ends, which are fixed on the culture substrate. Thus, the myocytes contract against a resistance, and in this respect their pulsations resemble those of the heart, in which the myocytes' contraction acts against the pressure of the blood. The myocyte culture under these mechanical condition, after a culture time of 10 weeks, produces electron micrographs of mature cells with reduced cytoplasm, aligned mitochondria and fibrils and intercalated discs."}
{"id": "PMID:870204", "title": "Ultrastructure of arterioles in the cat brain.", "content": "A total of 110 arterioles were examined in the brains of cats; different sites were studied including the cortex, putamen, pons and crus cerebri. No internal elastic laminae were seen in the subendothelial space, although occasional fragments of elastic material were present in the larger arterioles. The media was composed of one, two or three layers of smooth muscle cells which interlocked in such a way that the vessel wall thickness was constant. Numerous tight junctions were seen between adjacent smooth muscle cells and between the endothelium and smooth muscle cells. Apart from the usual cell organelles, the smooth muscle cells of arterioles had numerous dense patches on the cell surface. The structure of the adventitia varied according to the diameter of the vessel and the site in the brain; it contained adventitial cells, bundles of collagen fibres and nerve fibres. Innervation of arterioles was more constant in the brain stem than in the cortex. Metarterioles had less specialised, atypical smooth muscle cells, a discontinuous media and numerous, extensive myoendothelial tight junctions; they were not innervated by nerve fibres. The diameter of metarterioles was less than 10 micronm whereas that of arterioles was 10-45 micronm. The possible functional aspects of arteriolar innervation are discussed.", "contents": "Ultrastructure of arterioles in the cat brain. A total of 110 arterioles were examined in the brains of cats; different sites were studied including the cortex, putamen, pons and crus cerebri. No internal elastic laminae were seen in the subendothelial space, although occasional fragments of elastic material were present in the larger arterioles. The media was composed of one, two or three layers of smooth muscle cells which interlocked in such a way that the vessel wall thickness was constant. Numerous tight junctions were seen between adjacent smooth muscle cells and between the endothelium and smooth muscle cells. Apart from the usual cell organelles, the smooth muscle cells of arterioles had numerous dense patches on the cell surface. The structure of the adventitia varied according to the diameter of the vessel and the site in the brain; it contained adventitial cells, bundles of collagen fibres and nerve fibres. Innervation of arterioles was more constant in the brain stem than in the cortex. Metarterioles had less specialised, atypical smooth muscle cells, a discontinuous media and numerous, extensive myoendothelial tight junctions; they were not innervated by nerve fibres. The diameter of metarterioles was less than 10 micronm whereas that of arterioles was 10-45 micronm. The possible functional aspects of arteriolar innervation are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:870205", "title": "The surface fine structure of the ependymal lining of the lateral ventricle in rats with hereditary hydrocephalus.", "content": "The ependyma of the lateral ventricle of rats with hereditary hydrocephalus was studied using scanning electron microscopy. Normal rats from the same litters were used as control animals. The surface morphology of the lateral ventricle of normal rats corresponded to results reported by other authors. The most prominent changes in the surface morphology of the ependyma of the hydrocephalic rats were seen in the cilia. They were shortened, fewer in number and clumped or matted. The surface of the ependymal cells was flattened and contained small, irregular projections. The number of large  supraependymal cells, regarded as neurons, appeared to have diminished in the hydrocephalic rats. The number of supraependymal macrophages was greatly increased in these rats, suggesting the existence of an ependymitis.", "contents": "The surface fine structure of the ependymal lining of the lateral ventricle in rats with hereditary hydrocephalus. The ependyma of the lateral ventricle of rats with hereditary hydrocephalus was studied using scanning electron microscopy. Normal rats from the same litters were used as control animals. The surface morphology of the lateral ventricle of normal rats corresponded to results reported by other authors. The most prominent changes in the surface morphology of the ependyma of the hydrocephalic rats were seen in the cilia. They were shortened, fewer in number and clumped or matted. The surface of the ependymal cells was flattened and contained small, irregular projections. The number of large  supraependymal cells, regarded as neurons, appeared to have diminished in the hydrocephalic rats. The number of supraependymal macrophages was greatly increased in these rats, suggesting the existence of an ependymitis."}
{"id": "PMID:870206", "title": "Effect of preganglionic sympathectomy on the cholinesterase activity in the superior cervical ganglia of rats and hamsters.", "content": "By employing biochemical assay and histochemical enzyme techniques the effect of preganglionic sympathectomy on the cholinesterase (ChE) activity in the superior cervical ganglia of rats and hamsters was investigated. Biochemical assays indicate that the ChE activity in the superior cervical ganglia of adult rats and hamsters is 57.19 and 28.63 respectively (expressed in micron moles acetylcholine hydrolyzed per min per g of tissue); two weeks after preganglionic denervation, about 50% and 60% of ChE activity are lost respectively. Histochemical enzyme examination reveals that in the rat superior cervical ganglion, the majority of the neurons are adrenergic with weak to moderate acetylcholinesterase (ACHhE) reaction and the minority of the neurons are cholinergic with strong AChE activity, while only one type of adrenergic neurons exhibits a weak AChE activity in the hamster superior cervical ganglion. The AChE activity is localized in the perinuclear area, in the cisternae of the rough surfaced endoplasmic reticulum, in the Golgi complex and on the plasma membrane of the hamster's neurons; it is mainly locolized in the cisternae of the rough surfaced endoplasmic reticulum of the rat's neurons. AChE reaction product is also detected on the aeolemmal membranes of the preganglionic nerve fibers in the sympathetic ganglia of rats and hamsters. After preganglionic sympathectomy, the AChE activity in the adrenergic neurons and in the preganglionic unmyelinated nerve fibers is markedly reduced, whereas the cholinergic neurons and preganglionic myelinated nerve fibers remain unchanged. On the basis of these results two conclusions have been reached: (1) The fact that strong AChE activity localized in the cholinergic neurons and preganglionic myelinated fibers is not influenced by denervation, suggests that these structures are able to produce AChE. (2) The reduction of AChE activity in the rat and hamster superior cervical ganglia two weeks after preganglionic denervation, observed by histochemical examination, can be correlated with a concomitant measurable reduction determined by biochemical assays.", "contents": "Effect of preganglionic sympathectomy on the cholinesterase activity in the superior cervical ganglia of rats and hamsters. By employing biochemical assay and histochemical enzyme techniques the effect of preganglionic sympathectomy on the cholinesterase (ChE) activity in the superior cervical ganglia of rats and hamsters was investigated. Biochemical assays indicate that the ChE activity in the superior cervical ganglia of adult rats and hamsters is 57.19 and 28.63 respectively (expressed in micron moles acetylcholine hydrolyzed per min per g of tissue); two weeks after preganglionic denervation, about 50% and 60% of ChE activity are lost respectively. Histochemical enzyme examination reveals that in the rat superior cervical ganglion, the majority of the neurons are adrenergic with weak to moderate acetylcholinesterase (ACHhE) reaction and the minority of the neurons are cholinergic with strong AChE activity, while only one type of adrenergic neurons exhibits a weak AChE activity in the hamster superior cervical ganglion. The AChE activity is localized in the perinuclear area, in the cisternae of the rough surfaced endoplasmic reticulum, in the Golgi complex and on the plasma membrane of the hamster's neurons; it is mainly locolized in the cisternae of the rough surfaced endoplasmic reticulum of the rat's neurons. AChE reaction product is also detected on the aeolemmal membranes of the preganglionic nerve fibers in the sympathetic ganglia of rats and hamsters. After preganglionic sympathectomy, the AChE activity in the adrenergic neurons and in the preganglionic unmyelinated nerve fibers is markedly reduced, whereas the cholinergic neurons and preganglionic myelinated nerve fibers remain unchanged. On the basis of these results two conclusions have been reached: (1) The fact that strong AChE activity localized in the cholinergic neurons and preganglionic myelinated fibers is not influenced by denervation, suggests that these structures are able to produce AChE. (2) The reduction of AChE activity in the rat and hamster superior cervical ganglia two weeks after preganglionic denervation, observed by histochemical examination, can be correlated with a concomitant measurable reduction determined by biochemical assays."}
{"id": "PMID:870207", "title": "Types and arrangements of neurons in the crayfish optic lamina.", "content": "The neural arrangements in the optic lamina of the crayfish Pacifastacus leniusculus Dana have been studied by light microscopy by means of silver impregnation techniques. The lamina is composed of columnar synaptic compartments (cartridges). Each cartridge is composed of seven receptor terminals distributed in two layers and second-order monopolar neurons connecting the lamina with the second synaptic region, the medulla externa. The neurons found in the lamina consist of five classes: monopolar neurons, centrifugal small-field neurons, tangential neurons, multipolar cells (possibly of a glial nature) and photoreceptor axons (fig. 13). Among the monopolar cells, five types are classified (M1-M5) according to their lamina arborizations. Two types are stratified (M3 and M5) corresponding to the photoreceptor terminal strata. On this basis, the lamina plexiform layer is subdivided into two layers (epl1 and epl2). The remaining monopolar neurons have lateral processes in both layers, two of them within one cartridge (M1 and M2) and one over several cartridges (M5). There is one type of small-field centrifugal neuron (C1) and two types of tangential medulla to lamina neurons (Tan1 and Tan2), both having processes covering a large number of cartridges. Multipolar cells with cell bodies distal (MP1) or proximal (MP2) to the plexiform layer send processes to several cartridges. The receptor axons consit of three types. One has terminals in epl1 or epl2, the second has its terminal in epl1 and a thin process to epl2, and the third (corresponding to the 8th retinular cell) bypasses the lamina and has a terminal in the medulla externa. A brief comparison is made with the neural arrangements in the lamina of the Norway lobster Nephrops norvegicus L.", "contents": "Types and arrangements of neurons in the crayfish optic lamina. The neural arrangements in the optic lamina of the crayfish Pacifastacus leniusculus Dana have been studied by light microscopy by means of silver impregnation techniques. The lamina is composed of columnar synaptic compartments (cartridges). Each cartridge is composed of seven receptor terminals distributed in two layers and second-order monopolar neurons connecting the lamina with the second synaptic region, the medulla externa. The neurons found in the lamina consist of five classes: monopolar neurons, centrifugal small-field neurons, tangential neurons, multipolar cells (possibly of a glial nature) and photoreceptor axons (fig. 13). Among the monopolar cells, five types are classified (M1-M5) according to their lamina arborizations. Two types are stratified (M3 and M5) corresponding to the photoreceptor terminal strata. On this basis, the lamina plexiform layer is subdivided into two layers (epl1 and epl2). The remaining monopolar neurons have lateral processes in both layers, two of them within one cartridge (M1 and M2) and one over several cartridges (M5). There is one type of small-field centrifugal neuron (C1) and two types of tangential medulla to lamina neurons (Tan1 and Tan2), both having processes covering a large number of cartridges. Multipolar cells with cell bodies distal (MP1) or proximal (MP2) to the plexiform layer send processes to several cartridges. The receptor axons consit of three types. One has terminals in epl1 or epl2, the second has its terminal in epl1 and a thin process to epl2, and the third (corresponding to the 8th retinular cell) bypasses the lamina and has a terminal in the medulla externa. A brief comparison is made with the neural arrangements in the lamina of the Norway lobster Nephrops norvegicus L."}
{"id": "PMID:870208", "title": "Spermatogonia and the cycle of the seminiferous epithelium in the nine-banded armadillo.", "content": "The cycle of the seminiferous epithelium of the nine-banded armadillo can be divided into ten stages. As in most mammals, only one stage is observed per tubular cross-section. The process of spermiogenesis can be divided into thirteen steps according to the development of the acrosomal system and the flagellum. Four generations of spermatogonia are abserved in the germinal epithelium: 1) stem cells, 2)type \"A\", 3) intermediate, and 4) type \"B\" spermatogonia. The stem cell is characterized by a highly irregular nucleus and the presence of glycogen in its cytoplasm. The type \"A\" spermatogonium contains an oblong nucleus with one or two shallow infoldings of the nuclear membrane. The intermediate spermatogonium contins an ovoid nucleus characterized by one or two nuclei and heterochromatin scattered in the nuceoplasm. The nucleus of the type \"B\" spermatogonium is more spherically shaped with a centrally placed nucleolus and heterochromatin associated with the nuclear envelope.", "contents": "Spermatogonia and the cycle of the seminiferous epithelium in the nine-banded armadillo. The cycle of the seminiferous epithelium of the nine-banded armadillo can be divided into ten stages. As in most mammals, only one stage is observed per tubular cross-section. The process of spermiogenesis can be divided into thirteen steps according to the development of the acrosomal system and the flagellum. Four generations of spermatogonia are abserved in the germinal epithelium: 1) stem cells, 2)type \"A\", 3) intermediate, and 4) type \"B\" spermatogonia. The stem cell is characterized by a highly irregular nucleus and the presence of glycogen in its cytoplasm. The type \"A\" spermatogonium contains an oblong nucleus with one or two shallow infoldings of the nuclear membrane. The intermediate spermatogonium contins an ovoid nucleus characterized by one or two nuclei and heterochromatin scattered in the nuceoplasm. The nucleus of the type \"B\" spermatogonium is more spherically shaped with a centrally placed nucleolus and heterochromatin associated with the nuclear envelope."}
{"id": "PMID:870209", "title": "A histochemical study of the innervation of cerebral blood vessels in the snake.", "content": "Dual innervation of snake cerebral blood vessels by adrenergic and cholinergic fibres was demonstrated with the use of histochemical methods. Although the nerve plexuses are somewhat less dense, the essential features of innervation of the blood vessels are similar to those of mammals with the exception that the adrenergic plexuses are more prominent than the cholinergic plexuses. The major arteries of the cerebral carotid system have a rich nerve supply. However, the innervation is less rich in the basilar and poor in the spinal (vertebral) arteries. Although the arteries supplying the right side of head are poorly developed, three pairs of arteries, cerebral carotids, ophthalmics and spinals, supply the snake brain. The carotids and ophthalmics are densely innervated and are accompanied by thick nerve bundles, suggesting that the nerves preferentially enter the skull along those arteries. Some parenchymal arterioles are also dually innervated. Connection between the brain parenchyma and intracerebral capillaries via both cholinergic and adrenergic fibres was observed. In addition cholinergic nerve fibers, connecting capillaries and the intramedullary nerve fibre bundles, were noticed. Capillary blood flow may be influenced by both adrenergic and cholinergic central neurons. The walls of capillaries also exhibit heavy acetylcholinesterase activity. This may indicate an important role for the capillary in the regulation of intracerebral blood flow.", "contents": "A histochemical study of the innervation of cerebral blood vessels in the snake. Dual innervation of snake cerebral blood vessels by adrenergic and cholinergic fibres was demonstrated with the use of histochemical methods. Although the nerve plexuses are somewhat less dense, the essential features of innervation of the blood vessels are similar to those of mammals with the exception that the adrenergic plexuses are more prominent than the cholinergic plexuses. The major arteries of the cerebral carotid system have a rich nerve supply. However, the innervation is less rich in the basilar and poor in the spinal (vertebral) arteries. Although the arteries supplying the right side of head are poorly developed, three pairs of arteries, cerebral carotids, ophthalmics and spinals, supply the snake brain. The carotids and ophthalmics are densely innervated and are accompanied by thick nerve bundles, suggesting that the nerves preferentially enter the skull along those arteries. Some parenchymal arterioles are also dually innervated. Connection between the brain parenchyma and intracerebral capillaries via both cholinergic and adrenergic fibres was observed. In addition cholinergic nerve fibers, connecting capillaries and the intramedullary nerve fibre bundles, were noticed. Capillary blood flow may be influenced by both adrenergic and cholinergic central neurons. The walls of capillaries also exhibit heavy acetylcholinesterase activity. This may indicate an important role for the capillary in the regulation of intracerebral blood flow."}
{"id": "PMID:870210", "title": "Observations on the marginal ruffles of an established fibroblast-like cell line.", "content": "LW13K2 cells, a clone of a spontaneously in vitro transformed derivative of embryonic Lewis rat fibroblastic cells, were studied by phase contrast cine-light microscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The ruffles found at the advancing edge of cells grown on glass substrates in vitro form and recede in a period of less than one min if they do not make an attachment of the substrate. If they fail to make an attachment they may form pinocytotic channels near the leading edge as described by Price (1972) and/or collapse, generally backwards, towards the cell body. The \"spines\" which appear to reinforce the membranous ruffles are the last structures to disappear, and accumulate in an irregular array behind the ruffling edge; this area is behind that in which pinocytosis occurs. In comparison with the sparse numbers of ribosomes found in the trailing edge, they are present in notable concentrations near the leading, ruffling edge of the cell. No membrane vesicles have been found in or near the ruffling edges at the ruffle-spine concentration zone.", "contents": "Observations on the marginal ruffles of an established fibroblast-like cell line. LW13K2 cells, a clone of a spontaneously in vitro transformed derivative of embryonic Lewis rat fibroblastic cells, were studied by phase contrast cine-light microscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The ruffles found at the advancing edge of cells grown on glass substrates in vitro form and recede in a period of less than one min if they do not make an attachment of the substrate. If they fail to make an attachment they may form pinocytotic channels near the leading edge as described by Price (1972) and/or collapse, generally backwards, towards the cell body. The \"spines\" which appear to reinforce the membranous ruffles are the last structures to disappear, and accumulate in an irregular array behind the ruffling edge; this area is behind that in which pinocytosis occurs. In comparison with the sparse numbers of ribosomes found in the trailing edge, they are present in notable concentrations near the leading, ruffling edge of the cell. No membrane vesicles have been found in or near the ruffling edges at the ruffle-spine concentration zone."}
{"id": "PMID:870211", "title": "Electron microscopic studies on the development of the chorion of the viviparous teleost Dermogenys pusillus (Hemirhamphidae).", "content": "Eight stages in the oogenesis of Dermogenys pusillus were selected in order to demonstrate the formation of the egg membrane. In young oocytes (stages 1 and 2) the contact between oocyte and follicular cells is rather close. During stage 3 microvilli arise from the oocyte, and the follicular cells protrude lobopodia-like cell processes. When the microvilli have become arranged more regularly, the homogeneous material of the zona radiata externa is deposited between them (stage 4). During the subsequent stage (5) the inhomogeneous zona radiata interna appears. It attains its greatest thickness and its characteristic fine structure during stage 6. It then consists of cross-banded fibrillae and lamellae. Later on (stage 7) the egg membrane flattens, and finally it is a compact chorion consisting perhaps of very fine fibrils. Because of this development and of its comlex fine structure the egg membrane of Dermogenys like that of Zoarces resembles that of oviparous teleosts but remains consideribly thinner. The eight stages of oogenesis in Dermogenys are compared with those described by Arndt (1956) in several limnetic teleosts.", "contents": "Electron microscopic studies on the development of the chorion of the viviparous teleost Dermogenys pusillus (Hemirhamphidae). Eight stages in the oogenesis of Dermogenys pusillus were selected in order to demonstrate the formation of the egg membrane. In young oocytes (stages 1 and 2) the contact between oocyte and follicular cells is rather close. During stage 3 microvilli arise from the oocyte, and the follicular cells protrude lobopodia-like cell processes. When the microvilli have become arranged more regularly, the homogeneous material of the zona radiata externa is deposited between them (stage 4). During the subsequent stage (5) the inhomogeneous zona radiata interna appears. It attains its greatest thickness and its characteristic fine structure during stage 6. It then consists of cross-banded fibrillae and lamellae. Later on (stage 7) the egg membrane flattens, and finally it is a compact chorion consisting perhaps of very fine fibrils. Because of this development and of its comlex fine structure the egg membrane of Dermogenys like that of Zoarces resembles that of oviparous teleosts but remains consideribly thinner. The eight stages of oogenesis in Dermogenys are compared with those described by Arndt (1956) in several limnetic teleosts."}
{"id": "PMID:870212", "title": "Ultrastucture of the male rat hypophysis chronically grafted under the kidney capsule.", "content": "Male rats were divided in two experimental groups. In group I two partes distales of the hypophysis were grafted under the kidney capsule and in group II two complete hypophyses were transplanted. Animals were  killed 5 to 22 months after the operation. The grafted tissue was excised and processed for light and electron microscopy. The transplanted pars distalis tissue showed a well developed vascularisation in contrast to the pars intermedia which appeared poorly vascularised. Six different cell types were observed in grafted pars distalis. They correspond to the different types of cells found in the rat pars distalis \"in situ\". The predominant cell type in the graft displayed all the morphological characteristics of stimulated prolactotrophs. Pars intermedia cells appeared hypertrophied resembling the MSH cells under stimulation. Two types of syncytial formations were frequently seen. One of them appeared to originate from prolactotrophs and the other from MSH cells. Bodian impregnated fibres and structures resembling either growth cones of axons or typical nerve endings were observed in the pars intermedia of long-term grafted hypophyses. Pituicytes remained as isolated clusters of cells. Canaliculi lined by two or more pituicytes were observed. Saccular formations resembling the hypophyseal cleft appeared in all grafts studied. The present findings suggest that in the male rat the chronically grafted pituitary gland is capable of synthesising most or all the hormones which are known to be produced by the gland \"in situ\". Furthermore, prolactin and MSH seem to be the predominant secretion of the transplanted pituitary.", "contents": "Ultrastucture of the male rat hypophysis chronically grafted under the kidney capsule. Male rats were divided in two experimental groups. In group I two partes distales of the hypophysis were grafted under the kidney capsule and in group II two complete hypophyses were transplanted. Animals were  killed 5 to 22 months after the operation. The grafted tissue was excised and processed for light and electron microscopy. The transplanted pars distalis tissue showed a well developed vascularisation in contrast to the pars intermedia which appeared poorly vascularised. Six different cell types were observed in grafted pars distalis. They correspond to the different types of cells found in the rat pars distalis \"in situ\". The predominant cell type in the graft displayed all the morphological characteristics of stimulated prolactotrophs. Pars intermedia cells appeared hypertrophied resembling the MSH cells under stimulation. Two types of syncytial formations were frequently seen. One of them appeared to originate from prolactotrophs and the other from MSH cells. Bodian impregnated fibres and structures resembling either growth cones of axons or typical nerve endings were observed in the pars intermedia of long-term grafted hypophyses. Pituicytes remained as isolated clusters of cells. Canaliculi lined by two or more pituicytes were observed. Saccular formations resembling the hypophyseal cleft appeared in all grafts studied. The present findings suggest that in the male rat the chronically grafted pituitary gland is capable of synthesising most or all the hormones which are known to be produced by the gland \"in situ\". Furthermore, prolactin and MSH seem to be the predominant secretion of the transplanted pituitary."}
{"id": "PMID:870213", "title": "Sterol synthesis. Chemical synthesis of 3beta-benzoyloxy -14alpha, 15alpha-epoxy-5alpha-cholest-7-ene, a key intermediate in the synthesis of 15-oxygenated sterols.", "content": "3BETA-Benzoyloxy-14alpha, 15alpha-cholest-7-ene was obtained in 96% yield upon treatment of 3beta-benzoyloxy-5alpha-cholesta-7, 14-diene with m-chloroperbenzoic acid. The delta7-14alpha, 15alpha-epoxy-steryl ester provides a useful intermediate for the syntheses of sterols with an oxygen function at carbon atom 15. For example, treatment of 3beta-benzoyloxy-14alpha, 15alpha-epoxy-5alpha-cholest-7-ene with methanolic hydrochloric acid gave 3beta-benzoyloxy-5alpha-cholest-8(14)-en-15-one in 82% yield.", "contents": "Sterol synthesis. Chemical synthesis of 3beta-benzoyloxy -14alpha, 15alpha-epoxy-5alpha-cholest-7-ene, a key intermediate in the synthesis of 15-oxygenated sterols. 3BETA-Benzoyloxy-14alpha, 15alpha-cholest-7-ene was obtained in 96% yield upon treatment of 3beta-benzoyloxy-5alpha-cholesta-7, 14-diene with m-chloroperbenzoic acid. The delta7-14alpha, 15alpha-epoxy-steryl ester provides a useful intermediate for the syntheses of sterols with an oxygen function at carbon atom 15. For example, treatment of 3beta-benzoyloxy-14alpha, 15alpha-epoxy-5alpha-cholest-7-ene with methanolic hydrochloric acid gave 3beta-benzoyloxy-5alpha-cholest-8(14)-en-15-one in 82% yield."}
{"id": "PMID:870214", "title": "Synthesis an crystal structure of 3beta-p-bromobenzoyloxy-14alpha, 15alpha-epoxy-5alpha-cholest-7-ene.", "content": "The chemical synthesis of 3beta-bromobenzoyloxy-14alpha, 15alpha-epoxy-5alpha-cholest-7-ene is described. Single crystal structral analysis was employed to unambiguously determine the location and absolute configuration of the epoxide moiety in the 3beta-p-bromobenzoyloxy-14alpha, 15alpha-epoxy-5alpha-cholest-7-ene. The space group of the crystal was P1, with unit cell parameters: a=10.873 A, b=13.841 A, c=11.037 A, alpha=75.19 degrees, beta=78.79 degrees, gamma=101.57 degrees, and two molecules per unit cell. Intitial phases were derived from the two bromine atoms. Least squares refinements on all non-hydrogen atoms were carried out to a final unweighted R value of 0.10 and weighted R value of 0.04. The epoxide ring was located at the 14, 15 position and was found to extend to the alpha side of the molecule. Molecular measurements for asymmetry parameters of the sterol nuceus indicate that ring A has a symmetrical chair conformation and ring B has a half chair conformation due to the double bond at C(7). Ring C has a fairly distorted chair conformation due to the trigonal C(8) on one sie and the almost planar 5-membered ring on the other. Ring D has the 17alpha-envelope conformation.", "contents": "Synthesis an crystal structure of 3beta-p-bromobenzoyloxy-14alpha, 15alpha-epoxy-5alpha-cholest-7-ene. The chemical synthesis of 3beta-bromobenzoyloxy-14alpha, 15alpha-epoxy-5alpha-cholest-7-ene is described. Single crystal structral analysis was employed to unambiguously determine the location and absolute configuration of the epoxide moiety in the 3beta-p-bromobenzoyloxy-14alpha, 15alpha-epoxy-5alpha-cholest-7-ene. The space group of the crystal was P1, with unit cell parameters: a=10.873 A, b=13.841 A, c=11.037 A, alpha=75.19 degrees, beta=78.79 degrees, gamma=101.57 degrees, and two molecules per unit cell. Intitial phases were derived from the two bromine atoms. Least squares refinements on all non-hydrogen atoms were carried out to a final unweighted R value of 0.10 and weighted R value of 0.04. The epoxide ring was located at the 14, 15 position and was found to extend to the alpha side of the molecule. Molecular measurements for asymmetry parameters of the sterol nuceus indicate that ring A has a symmetrical chair conformation and ring B has a half chair conformation due to the double bond at C(7). Ring C has a fairly distorted chair conformation due to the trigonal C(8) on one sie and the almost planar 5-membered ring on the other. Ring D has the 17alpha-envelope conformation."}
{"id": "PMID:870215", "title": "Benzene-lecithin interaction interaction in lecithin-benzene solutions. Part L Magnetic deuterium relaxation studies.", "content": "2D relaxation times of deuterobenzene in lecithin-benzene solutions were measured at 4.4 and 11 MHz with respect to concentration and temperature. At the temperature of the transition from the micellar solution to the gel state the relaxation behaviour was drastically changed. Analysis of the experimental results performed on the basis of familiar relaxation theory shows that there are sites at which benzene interacts with lecithin in the micellar solution as well as in the gel state. The interaction enthalpies and entropies determined for the two benzene species existing in the gel state are--1.3 kcal/mol,--20 eu and--3.1 kcal/mol, --24 eu.", "contents": "Benzene-lecithin interaction interaction in lecithin-benzene solutions. Part L Magnetic deuterium relaxation studies. 2D relaxation times of deuterobenzene in lecithin-benzene solutions were measured at 4.4 and 11 MHz with respect to concentration and temperature. At the temperature of the transition from the micellar solution to the gel state the relaxation behaviour was drastically changed. Analysis of the experimental results performed on the basis of familiar relaxation theory shows that there are sites at which benzene interacts with lecithin in the micellar solution as well as in the gel state. The interaction enthalpies and entropies determined for the two benzene species existing in the gel state are--1.3 kcal/mol,--20 eu and--3.1 kcal/mol, --24 eu."}
{"id": "PMID:870216", "title": "Field desorption mass spectrometry of phospholipids. III. Survey of structural types.", "content": "A survey has been conducted of the behavior of a wide variety of phospholipids and related materials under field desorption mass spectrometric conditions. Phosphatidyl cholines, both acyl and alkyl, phosphatidyl ethanolamies, phosphatidic acids, the corresponding lyso compounds, glycerophosphoryl lipids and sphingolipids are among the species studied. Most of the 50 compounds measured as single species gave M + H as base peak, some associated ions, and fragment ions which became increasingly significant at higher anode temperatures. Problems encountered include interference from organic impurities and alkali metal ions, poor reproducibility of minor ions due to low ion collection rates and potential confusion in structrual assignments caused by reactions occurring on the anode prior to desorption. Various approaches to overcome these difficulties are discussed, and the potential of the field desorption technique for species specific analysis of naturally occurring phsopholipid mixtures is demonstrated by three examples.", "contents": "Field desorption mass spectrometry of phospholipids. III. Survey of structural types. A survey has been conducted of the behavior of a wide variety of phospholipids and related materials under field desorption mass spectrometric conditions. Phosphatidyl cholines, both acyl and alkyl, phosphatidyl ethanolamies, phosphatidic acids, the corresponding lyso compounds, glycerophosphoryl lipids and sphingolipids are among the species studied. Most of the 50 compounds measured as single species gave M + H as base peak, some associated ions, and fragment ions which became increasingly significant at higher anode temperatures. Problems encountered include interference from organic impurities and alkali metal ions, poor reproducibility of minor ions due to low ion collection rates and potential confusion in structrual assignments caused by reactions occurring on the anode prior to desorption. Various approaches to overcome these difficulties are discussed, and the potential of the field desorption technique for species specific analysis of naturally occurring phsopholipid mixtures is demonstrated by three examples."}
{"id": "PMID:870219", "title": "The hemodynamic effects of potassium deficiency in the dog.", "content": "Potassium deficiency for 3 weeks in dogs caused 374 +/- 38 mEq of sodium retention with increase in body weight, plasma volume, and inulin space. Cardiac output increased from 3.7 +/- 0.6 to 5 +/- 0.6 liters/min (P less than 0.02) and systemic vascular resistance decreased from 3,050 +/- 590 to 2,000 +/- 286 dynes/cm per sec2 (P less than 0.05). Plasma renin activity (PRA) increased from 0.4 +/- 0.1 to 17.2 +/- 0.9 ng/ml per hour (P less than 0.01) without change in plasma aldosterone. Angiotensin sensitivity decreased from a rise of 37 +/- 4 mm Hg in mean arterial pressure (MAP) to 10 ng/kg per min before potassium depletion to a rise of 10 +/- 2 mm Hg after hypokalemia. Urinary prostaglandin E (PGE) excretion increased from control values of 1,224 to 1,556 ng/day to 9,352 +/- 3,670 after 21 days of hypokalemia (P less than 0.01). Indomethacin, 150 mg a day for 3 days, decreased urinary PGE to control values as PRA decreased from 17.2 +/- 5.9 to 1.1 +/- .3 ng/ml per hour and angiotensin sensitivity was partially restored. These findings indicate that hypokalemia increased urinary PGE with extracellular fluid volume expansion, decreased sensitivity to angiotensin and increase in PRA.", "contents": "The hemodynamic effects of potassium deficiency in the dog. Potassium deficiency for 3 weeks in dogs caused 374 +/- 38 mEq of sodium retention with increase in body weight, plasma volume, and inulin space. Cardiac output increased from 3.7 +/- 0.6 to 5 +/- 0.6 liters/min (P less than 0.02) and systemic vascular resistance decreased from 3,050 +/- 590 to 2,000 +/- 286 dynes/cm per sec2 (P less than 0.05). Plasma renin activity (PRA) increased from 0.4 +/- 0.1 to 17.2 +/- 0.9 ng/ml per hour (P less than 0.01) without change in plasma aldosterone. Angiotensin sensitivity decreased from a rise of 37 +/- 4 mm Hg in mean arterial pressure (MAP) to 10 ng/kg per min before potassium depletion to a rise of 10 +/- 2 mm Hg after hypokalemia. Urinary prostaglandin E (PGE) excretion increased from control values of 1,224 to 1,556 ng/day to 9,352 +/- 3,670 after 21 days of hypokalemia (P less than 0.01). Indomethacin, 150 mg a day for 3 days, decreased urinary PGE to control values as PRA decreased from 17.2 +/- 5.9 to 1.1 +/- .3 ng/ml per hour and angiotensin sensitivity was partially restored. These findings indicate that hypokalemia increased urinary PGE with extracellular fluid volume expansion, decreased sensitivity to angiotensin and increase in PRA."}
{"id": "PMID:870220", "title": "Production of sustained hypertension by chronic intrarenal norepinephrine infusion in conscious dogs.", "content": "The purpose of this study was to determine whether increased sympathetic nervous system activity with proportionally greater stimulation to the kidney could result in sustained hypertension. This was simulated by continuous intrarenal norepinephrine infusion. Effects of chronic infusion of norepinephrine (0.285 microng/kg per min) into the renal artery and inferior vena cava were compared in uniephrectomized conscious dogs. Ten days of intrarenal norepinephrine infusion produced a sustained rise in mean arterial pressure (25 mm Hg), and a 32-mEg positive sodium balance occurred. Inferior vena caval infusion caused a transient rise, lasting 24 hours, in mean arterial pressure which was associated with a 54-mEq natriuresis. With renal artery infusion, peripheral plasma renin activity rose from 1.0 +/- 00.2 to 4.4 +/- 0.8 ng angiotensin I/ml per hour at 1 hour (P less than 0.002) and fell to 1.4 +/- 0.4 at 24 hours (not significant). Inferior vena caval infusion produced a similar result. [Sar1,ala8]angiotensin II (6 MICrong/kg per min) produced no significant change in arterial blood pressure. (alpha-Adrenergic blockade with phentolamine normalized the blood pressure. Renal plasma flow was chronically decreased by about 25% in dogs given intrarenal norepinephrine; no significant change in glomerular filtration rate occurred. The cardiac output decreased from a control of 7.2 +/- 0.6 to 4.8 +/- 0.1 liters/min (P less than 0.01) and total peripheral resistance was increased from a control of 13 +/- 1 to 26 +/- 1 resistance units (RU) (P less than 0.0005) in dogs given intrarenal norepinephrine. The data indicate that chronic intrarenal infusion of norepinephrine in uninephrectomized conscious dogs results in sustained hypertension characterized by decreased renal plasma flow, normal glomerular filtration rate, positive sodium balance, and increased total peripheral resistance due to norepinephrine-dependent vasoconstriction.", "contents": "Production of sustained hypertension by chronic intrarenal norepinephrine infusion in conscious dogs. The purpose of this study was to determine whether increased sympathetic nervous system activity with proportionally greater stimulation to the kidney could result in sustained hypertension. This was simulated by continuous intrarenal norepinephrine infusion. Effects of chronic infusion of norepinephrine (0.285 microng/kg per min) into the renal artery and inferior vena cava were compared in uniephrectomized conscious dogs. Ten days of intrarenal norepinephrine infusion produced a sustained rise in mean arterial pressure (25 mm Hg), and a 32-mEg positive sodium balance occurred. Inferior vena caval infusion caused a transient rise, lasting 24 hours, in mean arterial pressure which was associated with a 54-mEq natriuresis. With renal artery infusion, peripheral plasma renin activity rose from 1.0 +/- 00.2 to 4.4 +/- 0.8 ng angiotensin I/ml per hour at 1 hour (P less than 0.002) and fell to 1.4 +/- 0.4 at 24 hours (not significant). Inferior vena caval infusion produced a similar result. [Sar1,ala8]angiotensin II (6 MICrong/kg per min) produced no significant change in arterial blood pressure. (alpha-Adrenergic blockade with phentolamine normalized the blood pressure. Renal plasma flow was chronically decreased by about 25% in dogs given intrarenal norepinephrine; no significant change in glomerular filtration rate occurred. The cardiac output decreased from a control of 7.2 +/- 0.6 to 4.8 +/- 0.1 liters/min (P less than 0.01) and total peripheral resistance was increased from a control of 13 +/- 1 to 26 +/- 1 resistance units (RU) (P less than 0.0005) in dogs given intrarenal norepinephrine. The data indicate that chronic intrarenal infusion of norepinephrine in uninephrectomized conscious dogs results in sustained hypertension characterized by decreased renal plasma flow, normal glomerular filtration rate, positive sodium balance, and increased total peripheral resistance due to norepinephrine-dependent vasoconstriction."}
{"id": "PMID:870221", "title": "Neurogenic control of renal tubular sodium reabsorption in the dog: a brief review and preliminary report concerning possible humoral mediation.", "content": "The evidence supporting a role for direct neurogenic control of renal tubular sodium reabsorption is reviewed. Electron microscopic and fluorescence histochemical studies have demonstrated adrenergic nerve terminals in direct contact with basement membranes of mammalian renal tubular epithelial cells. Low level direct or baroreceptor reflex stimulation of renal sympathetic nerves produces an increase in renal tubular sodium reabsorption without alterations in glomerular filtration rate, renal blood flow, or intrarenal distribution of blood flow. The antinatriuresis was prevented by prior treatment of the kidney with guanethidine or phenoxybenzamine. Rat kidney micropuncture studies have localized the site of enhanced tubular sodium reabsorption to the proximal tubule. Possible indirect mediation of the antinatriuresis by other humoral agents known to be released from the kidney upon renal nerve stimulation was explored. Renal blockade to circulating angiotensin II did not alter the antinatriuretic response to low level direct renal nerve stimulation. Indomethacin was used to inhibit prostaglandin synthesis; this resulted in a rise in mean arterial pressure, a fall in renal blood flow, no significant change in glomerular filtration rate, and a variable fall in urinary sodium excretion. Despite inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis, low level direct renal nerve stimulation produced an increase in renal tubular sodium reabsorption in the absence of changes in renal hemodynamics. Thus, the antinatriuresis of low level direct renal nerve stimulation is not mediated by either circulating angiotensin II or prostaglandin.", "contents": "Neurogenic control of renal tubular sodium reabsorption in the dog: a brief review and preliminary report concerning possible humoral mediation. The evidence supporting a role for direct neurogenic control of renal tubular sodium reabsorption is reviewed. Electron microscopic and fluorescence histochemical studies have demonstrated adrenergic nerve terminals in direct contact with basement membranes of mammalian renal tubular epithelial cells. Low level direct or baroreceptor reflex stimulation of renal sympathetic nerves produces an increase in renal tubular sodium reabsorption without alterations in glomerular filtration rate, renal blood flow, or intrarenal distribution of blood flow. The antinatriuresis was prevented by prior treatment of the kidney with guanethidine or phenoxybenzamine. Rat kidney micropuncture studies have localized the site of enhanced tubular sodium reabsorption to the proximal tubule. Possible indirect mediation of the antinatriuresis by other humoral agents known to be released from the kidney upon renal nerve stimulation was explored. Renal blockade to circulating angiotensin II did not alter the antinatriuretic response to low level direct renal nerve stimulation. Indomethacin was used to inhibit prostaglandin synthesis; this resulted in a rise in mean arterial pressure, a fall in renal blood flow, no significant change in glomerular filtration rate, and a variable fall in urinary sodium excretion. Despite inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis, low level direct renal nerve stimulation produced an increase in renal tubular sodium reabsorption in the absence of changes in renal hemodynamics. Thus, the antinatriuresis of low level direct renal nerve stimulation is not mediated by either circulating angiotensin II or prostaglandin."}
{"id": "PMID:870217", "title": "A comparison of the patterns of mother-baby interaction for a group of crying, irritable babies and a group of more amenable babies.", "content": "Ten babies aged 9-14 months, with a previous history of excessive crying behaviour and sleeplessness were matched with similar more contented babies. The twenty mother-baby pairs were observed individually in a 30-minute play session to test the hypothesis that prolonged crying behaviour of babies over several months would have an aversive effect on their mothers to the extent that even after this behaviour had ceased the mothers would interact with the babies less and these pairs would be less responsive to each other's overtures than the non-crying mother-baby pairs. Significant differences were seen between the two groups, 'the criers' group of pairs interacting less (P less than 0.01) and were less responsive to their partners (P less than 0.01); the most marked difference being the percentage of overtures made by the 'cryer' babies which were not responded to by their mothers (P = 0.001).", "contents": "A comparison of the patterns of mother-baby interaction for a group of crying, irritable babies and a group of more amenable babies. Ten babies aged 9-14 months, with a previous history of excessive crying behaviour and sleeplessness were matched with similar more contented babies. The twenty mother-baby pairs were observed individually in a 30-minute play session to test the hypothesis that prolonged crying behaviour of babies over several months would have an aversive effect on their mothers to the extent that even after this behaviour had ceased the mothers would interact with the babies less and these pairs would be less responsive to each other's overtures than the non-crying mother-baby pairs. Significant differences were seen between the two groups, 'the criers' group of pairs interacting less (P less than 0.01) and were less responsive to their partners (P less than 0.01); the most marked difference being the percentage of overtures made by the 'cryer' babies which were not responded to by their mothers (P = 0.001)."}
{"id": "PMID:870222", "title": "Evidence that prostaglandin synthesis inhibitors increase the concentration of sodium and chloride in rat renal medulla.", "content": "Thirty minutes after indomethacin (10 mg/kg, iv), a prostaglandin synthesis inhibitor, had been given to 10 rats, the Na concentration in renal papilla averaged 349 mEq/kg H2O, whereas it averaged only 181 in 14 \"non-indomethacin\" control rats (P less than 0.0001). Papillary plasma flow was closely similar in both groups. In a subsequent study, eight \"indomethacin\" rats had the same papillary flow as seven non-indomethacin rats but had a papillary Na concentration of 358 vs. 185 in the non-indomethacin controls (P less than 0.0001). In nine more rats, indomethacin increased Cl concentration in papillas by 66% (P less than 0.0001), while Na concentration increased 60% (P less than 0.0001). In eight other rats, micropuncture indicated that indomethacin does not greatly alter delivery of fluid out of late proximal tubule. Meclofenamate, another inhibitor, increased papillary Na just as much as indomethacin. Papillary urea is not changed with indomethacin. Thus, papillary Na concentration was almost twice as high in indomethacin rats, despite similar papillary plasma flow and late proximal flow. Apparently, inhibiting prostaglandin synthesis is associated with either a great increase in Na or Cl \"pumping\" or a great decrease in Na or Cl \"leak\" in either collecting duct or ascending limb, or in both. The collecting duct and papillary interstitial cells both synthesize prostaglandins, which seem to have a profound effect on medullary net Na transport.", "contents": "Evidence that prostaglandin synthesis inhibitors increase the concentration of sodium and chloride in rat renal medulla. Thirty minutes after indomethacin (10 mg/kg, iv), a prostaglandin synthesis inhibitor, had been given to 10 rats, the Na concentration in renal papilla averaged 349 mEq/kg H2O, whereas it averaged only 181 in 14 \"non-indomethacin\" control rats (P less than 0.0001). Papillary plasma flow was closely similar in both groups. In a subsequent study, eight \"indomethacin\" rats had the same papillary flow as seven non-indomethacin rats but had a papillary Na concentration of 358 vs. 185 in the non-indomethacin controls (P less than 0.0001). In nine more rats, indomethacin increased Cl concentration in papillas by 66% (P less than 0.0001), while Na concentration increased 60% (P less than 0.0001). In eight other rats, micropuncture indicated that indomethacin does not greatly alter delivery of fluid out of late proximal tubule. Meclofenamate, another inhibitor, increased papillary Na just as much as indomethacin. Papillary urea is not changed with indomethacin. Thus, papillary Na concentration was almost twice as high in indomethacin rats, despite similar papillary plasma flow and late proximal flow. Apparently, inhibiting prostaglandin synthesis is associated with either a great increase in Na or Cl \"pumping\" or a great decrease in Na or Cl \"leak\" in either collecting duct or ascending limb, or in both. The collecting duct and papillary interstitial cells both synthesize prostaglandins, which seem to have a profound effect on medullary net Na transport."}
{"id": "PMID:870223", "title": "Multifactorial analysis of chronic hypertension induced by electrolyte-active steroids in trained, unanesthetized dogs.", "content": "Chronic hypertension has been produced in mongrel dogs by the long-term oral administration of metyrapone (100 mg/kg per day). This model is characterized hemodynamically by wide variations in cardiac output and extracellular fluid volume and metabolically, by hypokalemia, suppressed plasma renin activity, and elevated plasma deoxycorticosterone values. Unlike the deoxycorticosterone acetate (DOCA)-saline hypertensive rat, it is associated with decreases rather than increases in plasma catecholamines. Reasons for the raised arterial pressure induced by metyrapone were sought (1) by exploring the role of cardiac output in the initiation and maintenance of hypertension, (2) by an assessment of neural contribution through the study of circulating catecholamines and use of adrenergic blocking drugs, and (3) by determining its relation to dietary sodium. The rise in pressure was not uniformly associated with an increase in cardiac output nor did prevention of rises in output by beta-blockade prevent the development of hypertension. Similarly, pretreatment with either centrally acting (clonidine) or peripherally acting (guanethidine) adrenergic blocking drugs failed to prevent the hypertension or change its pattern. In contrast, salt deprivation was singularly effective in preventing the rise in arterial pressure while increased salt intake led to parallel elevations in both blood pressure and peripheral resistance. These results point to a primary role of arteriolar resistance in determining the initiation and maintenance of hypertension induced by electrolyte-active steroids. In this regard, they agree with other reports of early changes in both membrane and structural properties of vascular smooth muscle that antedate the rise in pressure induced by DOCA and 1% saline.", "contents": "Multifactorial analysis of chronic hypertension induced by electrolyte-active steroids in trained, unanesthetized dogs. Chronic hypertension has been produced in mongrel dogs by the long-term oral administration of metyrapone (100 mg/kg per day). This model is characterized hemodynamically by wide variations in cardiac output and extracellular fluid volume and metabolically, by hypokalemia, suppressed plasma renin activity, and elevated plasma deoxycorticosterone values. Unlike the deoxycorticosterone acetate (DOCA)-saline hypertensive rat, it is associated with decreases rather than increases in plasma catecholamines. Reasons for the raised arterial pressure induced by metyrapone were sought (1) by exploring the role of cardiac output in the initiation and maintenance of hypertension, (2) by an assessment of neural contribution through the study of circulating catecholamines and use of adrenergic blocking drugs, and (3) by determining its relation to dietary sodium. The rise in pressure was not uniformly associated with an increase in cardiac output nor did prevention of rises in output by beta-blockade prevent the development of hypertension. Similarly, pretreatment with either centrally acting (clonidine) or peripherally acting (guanethidine) adrenergic blocking drugs failed to prevent the hypertension or change its pattern. In contrast, salt deprivation was singularly effective in preventing the rise in arterial pressure while increased salt intake led to parallel elevations in both blood pressure and peripheral resistance. These results point to a primary role of arteriolar resistance in determining the initiation and maintenance of hypertension induced by electrolyte-active steroids. In this regard, they agree with other reports of early changes in both membrane and structural properties of vascular smooth muscle that antedate the rise in pressure induced by DOCA and 1% saline."}
{"id": "PMID:870218", "title": "Caretaking in the first year of life: the role of fathers, and mothers' social isolation.", "content": "Data are presented from a follow-up study of some 80 normal first or second born children on the extent of father participation childrearing. Though at both 30 and 60 weeks most fathers played regularly with their children, only a minority regularly undertook care-taking activities. Fathers were more participant at 60 weeks than 30 weeks especially with their daughters. No clear social class differences were found. The number of visitors to the home and excursions by mothers showed that social isolation during the day was quite widespread. Social class I and II families were less likely to have relatives in the neighbourhood and so received fewer visits and went out less often. Mothers going out without children showed less marked social class differences. Mothers of children who woke regularly at night and showed more 'difficult' behaviour went out without their children less often than the mothers of children not classified in this way.", "contents": "Caretaking in the first year of life: the role of fathers, and mothers' social isolation. Data are presented from a follow-up study of some 80 normal first or second born children on the extent of father participation childrearing. Though at both 30 and 60 weeks most fathers played regularly with their children, only a minority regularly undertook care-taking activities. Fathers were more participant at 60 weeks than 30 weeks especially with their daughters. No clear social class differences were found. The number of visitors to the home and excursions by mothers showed that social isolation during the day was quite widespread. Social class I and II families were less likely to have relatives in the neighbourhood and so received fewer visits and went out less often. Mothers going out without children showed less marked social class differences. Mothers of children who woke regularly at night and showed more 'difficult' behaviour went out without their children less often than the mothers of children not classified in this way."}
{"id": "PMID:870224", "title": "Structural and functional changes in vascular resistance and reactivity in the deoxycorticosterone acetate (DOCA)-hypertensive pig.", "content": "The development of altered vascular resistance and reactivity was characterized in a new model of hypertension, the deoxycorticosterone acetate (DOCA)-hypertensive pig. Terminal hindlimb perfusion studies were carried out on pigs (young uninephrectomized males) approximately 50 days after implantation of DOCA or control Silastic strips. Data from these studies showed that hypertensive vascular beds (n = 5) had significantly greater (P less than 0.005) resistances than controls (n = 9) both before and after maximla vasodilation with papaverine. In response to intra-arterial injections of norepinephrine, hypertensive pigs (n = 8) demonstrated shifts in the dose-response curves to the left and lower vasoconstrictor thresholds than controls (n = 10). Preliminary observations have been made on the effects of \"protecting\" the hindlimb vascular bed from the increased arterial pressure by external iliac artery ligation. Although this \"protection\" was incomplete it prevented the development of structurally based changes in resistance and reactivity, but did not prevent the development of increased vascular smooth muscle sensitivity. It is concluded that resistance vessels in the DOCA-hypertensive pig demonstrate changes in both structure and function; structural changes do not occur when the vessels are partially protected from the increased wall stress but this does not prevent the increase in sensitivity. The structural component of resistance makes a greater contribution to the overall increase in resistance in this stage of hypertension than does the smooth muscle contraction; however, since the structural change is secondary to the increase in arterial pressure, it cannot initiate the hypertension.", "contents": "Structural and functional changes in vascular resistance and reactivity in the deoxycorticosterone acetate (DOCA)-hypertensive pig. The development of altered vascular resistance and reactivity was characterized in a new model of hypertension, the deoxycorticosterone acetate (DOCA)-hypertensive pig. Terminal hindlimb perfusion studies were carried out on pigs (young uninephrectomized males) approximately 50 days after implantation of DOCA or control Silastic strips. Data from these studies showed that hypertensive vascular beds (n = 5) had significantly greater (P less than 0.005) resistances than controls (n = 9) both before and after maximla vasodilation with papaverine. In response to intra-arterial injections of norepinephrine, hypertensive pigs (n = 8) demonstrated shifts in the dose-response curves to the left and lower vasoconstrictor thresholds than controls (n = 10). Preliminary observations have been made on the effects of \"protecting\" the hindlimb vascular bed from the increased arterial pressure by external iliac artery ligation. Although this \"protection\" was incomplete it prevented the development of structurally based changes in resistance and reactivity, but did not prevent the development of increased vascular smooth muscle sensitivity. It is concluded that resistance vessels in the DOCA-hypertensive pig demonstrate changes in both structure and function; structural changes do not occur when the vessels are partially protected from the increased wall stress but this does not prevent the increase in sensitivity. The structural component of resistance makes a greater contribution to the overall increase in resistance in this stage of hypertension than does the smooth muscle contraction; however, since the structural change is secondary to the increase in arterial pressure, it cannot initiate the hypertension."}
{"id": "PMID:870225", "title": "Specificity of altered electrogenesis of membrane potential in hypertension.", "content": "Cardiac and hepatic portal venous muscle were used in an attempt to determine the specificity of the altered membrane potential (Em) electrogenesis found in caudal artery of spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). Neither the sensitivity to norepinephrine nor the electrogenesis of Em was found to be different in SHR than in their normotensive controls. Thus, ventricular myocardium and portal venous myovascular cells do not show either the increased sensitivity or the Em factor proposed as a contributor to it. A second determination of specificity was stimulation of the caudal artery by Ba2+. Both depolarization and extent of contraction were no different in SHR than in normotensive controls, suggesting that the increased sensitivity of arterial muscle does not extend to all depolarizing agents. These data define the electrogenesis of Em in cardiac and portal venous muscle of SHR and their controls and provide a test of the hypothesis that altered Em electrogenesis contributes to increased arterial norepinephrine sensitivity seen in hypertension. The data support rather than refute the hypothesis, i.e., the Em alteration was specific for both the muscle showing increased sensitivity and the agent used for depolarization.", "contents": "Specificity of altered electrogenesis of membrane potential in hypertension. Cardiac and hepatic portal venous muscle were used in an attempt to determine the specificity of the altered membrane potential (Em) electrogenesis found in caudal artery of spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). Neither the sensitivity to norepinephrine nor the electrogenesis of Em was found to be different in SHR than in their normotensive controls. Thus, ventricular myocardium and portal venous myovascular cells do not show either the increased sensitivity or the Em factor proposed as a contributor to it. A second determination of specificity was stimulation of the caudal artery by Ba2+. Both depolarization and extent of contraction were no different in SHR than in normotensive controls, suggesting that the increased sensitivity of arterial muscle does not extend to all depolarizing agents. These data define the electrogenesis of Em in cardiac and portal venous muscle of SHR and their controls and provide a test of the hypothesis that altered Em electrogenesis contributes to increased arterial norepinephrine sensitivity seen in hypertension. The data support rather than refute the hypothesis, i.e., the Em alteration was specific for both the muscle showing increased sensitivity and the agent used for depolarization."}
{"id": "PMID:870226", "title": "Role of the renin-angiotensin system in the regulation of aldosterone biosynthesis and arterial pressure during sodium deficiency.", "content": "The aldosterone and arterial pressure response to long-term infusion of two angiotensin II inhibitory analogues, [Sar1,Ala8]angiotensin II and [Sar1,Ile8]angiotensin II, and the angiotensin I-converting enzyme inhibitor, SQ 20,881, was studied in conscious dogs during sodium deficiency. Plasma aldosterone concentration (PAC), plasma cortisol concentration (PCC), and plasma renin activity (PRA) were determined by radioimmunoassay. In conscious dogs after dietary sodium restriction (5 mEq of Na+/day) for 21 days, PAC averaged 37.5 +/- 8.9 (mean +/- SE) ng/dl, PCC averaged 1.3 +/- 0.5 microng/dl, PRA averaged 3.23 +/- 0.42 ng/ml per hour, and arterial blood pressure (AP) averaged 103 +/- 5 mm Hg. During long-term infusion of [Sar1,Ala8]angiotensin II (5 microng/kg min-1), PAC averaged 34.7 +/- 8.5 ng/dl, PCC averaged 1.5 +/- 0.5 microng/dl, PRA averaged 16.4 +/- 3.1 ng/ml per hour, and AP averaged 88 +/- 5 mm Hg. During long-term infusion of [Sar1,Ile8]angiotensin II (5 microng/kg min-1), PAC averaged 45.8 +/- 12.6 ng/dl, PCC averaged 1.75 +/- 0.5 microng/dl, PRA averaged 13.6 +/- 4.3 ng/ml per hour, and AP averaged 86 +/- 5 mm Hg. During long-term infusion of angiotensin I-converting enzyme inhibitor (5 microng/kg min-1), PAC averaged 14.9 +/- 4.8 ng/dl, PCC averaged 1.75 +/- 0.5 microng/dl, PRA averaged 20.3 +/- 5.3 ng/ml per hour, and AP averaged 76 +/- 5 mm Hg. The intrinsic agonistic properties of the angiotensin II inhibitory analogues on the adrenal cortex negate their use for defining the role of the renin-angiotensin system in the regulation of aldosterone biosynthesis during sodium deficiency. The precipitous fall in aldosterone secretion and arterial blood pressure during long-term infusion of angiotensin I-converting enzyme inhibitor demonstrates the importance of the renin-angiotensin system in mediating aldosterone biosynthesis during sodium deficiency and the essential role of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system in the regulation of arterial pressure during sodium deficiency.", "contents": "Role of the renin-angiotensin system in the regulation of aldosterone biosynthesis and arterial pressure during sodium deficiency. The aldosterone and arterial pressure response to long-term infusion of two angiotensin II inhibitory analogues, [Sar1,Ala8]angiotensin II and [Sar1,Ile8]angiotensin II, and the angiotensin I-converting enzyme inhibitor, SQ 20,881, was studied in conscious dogs during sodium deficiency. Plasma aldosterone concentration (PAC), plasma cortisol concentration (PCC), and plasma renin activity (PRA) were determined by radioimmunoassay. In conscious dogs after dietary sodium restriction (5 mEq of Na+/day) for 21 days, PAC averaged 37.5 +/- 8.9 (mean +/- SE) ng/dl, PCC averaged 1.3 +/- 0.5 microng/dl, PRA averaged 3.23 +/- 0.42 ng/ml per hour, and arterial blood pressure (AP) averaged 103 +/- 5 mm Hg. During long-term infusion of [Sar1,Ala8]angiotensin II (5 microng/kg min-1), PAC averaged 34.7 +/- 8.5 ng/dl, PCC averaged 1.5 +/- 0.5 microng/dl, PRA averaged 16.4 +/- 3.1 ng/ml per hour, and AP averaged 88 +/- 5 mm Hg. During long-term infusion of [Sar1,Ile8]angiotensin II (5 microng/kg min-1), PAC averaged 45.8 +/- 12.6 ng/dl, PCC averaged 1.75 +/- 0.5 microng/dl, PRA averaged 13.6 +/- 4.3 ng/ml per hour, and AP averaged 86 +/- 5 mm Hg. During long-term infusion of angiotensin I-converting enzyme inhibitor (5 microng/kg min-1), PAC averaged 14.9 +/- 4.8 ng/dl, PCC averaged 1.75 +/- 0.5 microng/dl, PRA averaged 20.3 +/- 5.3 ng/ml per hour, and AP averaged 76 +/- 5 mm Hg. The intrinsic agonistic properties of the angiotensin II inhibitory analogues on the adrenal cortex negate their use for defining the role of the renin-angiotensin system in the regulation of aldosterone biosynthesis during sodium deficiency. The precipitous fall in aldosterone secretion and arterial blood pressure during long-term infusion of angiotensin I-converting enzyme inhibitor demonstrates the importance of the renin-angiotensin system in mediating aldosterone biosynthesis during sodium deficiency and the essential role of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system in the regulation of arterial pressure during sodium deficiency."}
{"id": "PMID:870227", "title": "The effect of high sodium intake and angiotensin antagonist in rabbits with severe and moderate hypertension induced by constriction of one renal artery.", "content": "The role of renin was assessed in moderate and severe one-clip, two-kidney hypertension in rabbits during normal and high Na intake. Severe hypertension occurred with high levels of plasma renin and creatinine and with extracellular volume depletion. In this group, hypertension was significantly reduced by the 1-hour intravenous infusion of 1,000 ng/kg of an angiotensin II antagonist or by correcting the volume depletion with a high Na intake, which also decreased renin activity and creatinine. The infusion of the antagonist after a high salt diet failed to decrease blood pressure further. Moderate hypertension occurred with plasma levels of renin that were slightly below normal and with no significant abnormalities in extracellular volume depletion or creatinine. In this group, the administration of an angiotensin II antagonist or a high salt diet did not affect any of the three parameters. In normotensive controls, the blood pressure level was not affected by either the angiotensin II antagonist or the high salt diet, despite a reduction in plasma renin activity. Thus, high levels of renin are important in maintaining severe hypertension, and these increased levels probably are accompanied by a concomitant depletion of extracellular volume. Correction of the extracellular volume depletion by a high salt diet is followed by a decrease in renin activity and in blood pressure. In contrast, renin activity does not seem to be important in maintaining moderate hypertension, the pathogenetic mechanism of which remains to be elucidated.", "contents": "The effect of high sodium intake and angiotensin antagonist in rabbits with severe and moderate hypertension induced by constriction of one renal artery. The role of renin was assessed in moderate and severe one-clip, two-kidney hypertension in rabbits during normal and high Na intake. Severe hypertension occurred with high levels of plasma renin and creatinine and with extracellular volume depletion. In this group, hypertension was significantly reduced by the 1-hour intravenous infusion of 1,000 ng/kg of an angiotensin II antagonist or by correcting the volume depletion with a high Na intake, which also decreased renin activity and creatinine. The infusion of the antagonist after a high salt diet failed to decrease blood pressure further. Moderate hypertension occurred with plasma levels of renin that were slightly below normal and with no significant abnormalities in extracellular volume depletion or creatinine. In this group, the administration of an angiotensin II antagonist or a high salt diet did not affect any of the three parameters. In normotensive controls, the blood pressure level was not affected by either the angiotensin II antagonist or the high salt diet, despite a reduction in plasma renin activity. Thus, high levels of renin are important in maintaining severe hypertension, and these increased levels probably are accompanied by a concomitant depletion of extracellular volume. Correction of the extracellular volume depletion by a high salt diet is followed by a decrease in renin activity and in blood pressure. In contrast, renin activity does not seem to be important in maintaining moderate hypertension, the pathogenetic mechanism of which remains to be elucidated."}
{"id": "PMID:870228", "title": "Mechanisms of hypertension during the acute and intermediate phases of the one-clip, two-kidney model in the dog.", "content": "The acute and intermediate onset phases of one-clip, two-kidney hypertension were studied in six conscious dogs. Mean arterial pressure (MAP), cardiac output (CO), total peripheral resistance (TPR), serum renin concentration (SRC), plasma aldosterone (PA) and cumulative sodium and water balance were studied prior to unilateral renal artery constriction, at 2, 10, and 24 hours postconstriction, and daily thereafter for 5 days. At 2 hours postconstriction, MAP, CO, TPR, and SRC were elevated, with unchanged fluid balance. At 10 and 24 hours there was a further rise in CO accompanied by positive fluid-sodium balance, with a slight decrease in MAP, TRP, and SRC. During days 2 and 3, MAP, CO, TPR, and SRC remained elevated and stable in the presence of decreasing fluid-sodium balance to preconstriction levels. During days 4 and 5, MAP, SRC, and fluid-sodium balance remained unchanged, TPR demonstrated a secondary increase, whereas CO decreased to preconstriction values. Sequential changes in PA parallel those of SRC, but were significant only at 2 hours postconstriction. These changes suggest that the increased CO is not totally dependent on fluid-sodium balance, and that CO is not the sole determinant of elevated MAP. The temporal relationship between MAP and SRC throughout the study is consistent with renin-mediated hypertension. The secondary rise of TPR may be due to total body autoregulation and/or increased vascular reactivity to high levels of circulating angiotensin. A unitary renin-angiotensin mechanism, therefore, may be responsible for the induction and maintenance of hypertension in this experimental model.", "contents": "Mechanisms of hypertension during the acute and intermediate phases of the one-clip, two-kidney model in the dog. The acute and intermediate onset phases of one-clip, two-kidney hypertension were studied in six conscious dogs. Mean arterial pressure (MAP), cardiac output (CO), total peripheral resistance (TPR), serum renin concentration (SRC), plasma aldosterone (PA) and cumulative sodium and water balance were studied prior to unilateral renal artery constriction, at 2, 10, and 24 hours postconstriction, and daily thereafter for 5 days. At 2 hours postconstriction, MAP, CO, TPR, and SRC were elevated, with unchanged fluid balance. At 10 and 24 hours there was a further rise in CO accompanied by positive fluid-sodium balance, with a slight decrease in MAP, TRP, and SRC. During days 2 and 3, MAP, CO, TPR, and SRC remained elevated and stable in the presence of decreasing fluid-sodium balance to preconstriction levels. During days 4 and 5, MAP, SRC, and fluid-sodium balance remained unchanged, TPR demonstrated a secondary increase, whereas CO decreased to preconstriction values. Sequential changes in PA parallel those of SRC, but were significant only at 2 hours postconstriction. These changes suggest that the increased CO is not totally dependent on fluid-sodium balance, and that CO is not the sole determinant of elevated MAP. The temporal relationship between MAP and SRC throughout the study is consistent with renin-mediated hypertension. The secondary rise of TPR may be due to total body autoregulation and/or increased vascular reactivity to high levels of circulating angiotensin. A unitary renin-angiotensin mechanism, therefore, may be responsible for the induction and maintenance of hypertension in this experimental model."}
{"id": "PMID:870229", "title": "Mechanisms involved in two-kidney renal hypertension induced by constriction of one renal artery.", "content": "Changes in plasma renin activity (PRA) and sodium balance were studied in hypertensive rabbits and dogs with one renal artery constricted and the other kidney intact (two-kidney hypertension); aldosterone secretion was measured also in the chronic hypertensive rabbits. Both PRA and aldosterone secretion were normal in some chronic hypertensive rabbits but elevated in others. Sodium balance studies revealed that some severely hypertensive rabbits with elevated PRA were in spontaneous negative sodium balance. Unlike the rabbit, PRA was never increased in the chronic hypertensive dog and sodium balance was normal. Infusion of [Sar1, Ala8]angiotensin II (P-113) decreased arterial pressure and aldosterone secretion in those hypertensive rabbits with elevated PRA but not in those rabbits with normal PRA; P-113 also did not decrease arterial pressure in the chronic hypertensive dog unless sodium depletion was superimposed. In the conscious two-kidney dog, acute renal artery stenosis increased both arterial pressure and PRA within minutes, and P-113 blocked the rise in pressure associated with the increase in PRA. Therefore, although apparent species differences between the rabbit and the dog occur, the present data indicate that neither increased PRA nor excess salt retention is essential to the chronic maintenance of two-kidney hypertension in these two species; however, in the dog a role for angiotensin II in the acute phase is indicated.", "contents": "Mechanisms involved in two-kidney renal hypertension induced by constriction of one renal artery. Changes in plasma renin activity (PRA) and sodium balance were studied in hypertensive rabbits and dogs with one renal artery constricted and the other kidney intact (two-kidney hypertension); aldosterone secretion was measured also in the chronic hypertensive rabbits. Both PRA and aldosterone secretion were normal in some chronic hypertensive rabbits but elevated in others. Sodium balance studies revealed that some severely hypertensive rabbits with elevated PRA were in spontaneous negative sodium balance. Unlike the rabbit, PRA was never increased in the chronic hypertensive dog and sodium balance was normal. Infusion of [Sar1, Ala8]angiotensin II (P-113) decreased arterial pressure and aldosterone secretion in those hypertensive rabbits with elevated PRA but not in those rabbits with normal PRA; P-113 also did not decrease arterial pressure in the chronic hypertensive dog unless sodium depletion was superimposed. In the conscious two-kidney dog, acute renal artery stenosis increased both arterial pressure and PRA within minutes, and P-113 blocked the rise in pressure associated with the increase in PRA. Therefore, although apparent species differences between the rabbit and the dog occur, the present data indicate that neither increased PRA nor excess salt retention is essential to the chronic maintenance of two-kidney hypertension in these two species; however, in the dog a role for angiotensin II in the acute phase is indicated."}
{"id": "PMID:870230", "title": "Plasma prorenin in normal, hypertensive, and anephric subjects and its effect on renin measurements.", "content": "We have previously shown that a cryoactivatable inactive form of renin, which we have tentatively termed prorenin, occurs in human plasma. Plasma prorenin is measured by subtracting the endogenous plasma renin activity (PRA) from the total renin activity measured after cryoactivation. Cryoactivation is accomplished by shaking plasma at -5 degrees C for 4 days. Circulating prorenin averaged 5.6 +/- 0.8 (SE) ng/ml per hour in a group of 30 normal subjects and 5.1 +/- 1.0 ng/ml per hour in 25 hypertensive subjects during random sodium intake. In these two groups, prorenin ranged from zero to 36 times the endogenous renin level, averaging 2.5-fold in normal subjects and 3.4-fold in hypertensive subjects. During sodium deprivation prorenin more than doubled in 12 hypertensive subjects from a mean of 2.8 to 6.3 ng/ml per hour. In 25 anephric subjects, circulating prorenin was slightly lower than in normal subjects, averaging 3.4 +/- 0.9 ng/ml per hour (P less than 0.05). In contrast to our findings in nephric subjects, the low level of PRA measured in anephric subjects ((0.26 +/- 0.04 ng/ml per hour) was almost always a constant fraction of the measured prorenin. This led to the demonstration that prorenin can be inadvertently activated by chilling blood during processing for renin measurement and this often accounts for the small amount of renin measured in plasmas from anephric subjects. The error in routine PRA measurements due to inadvertent activation averaged +48% in anephric subjects and +17% in those with kidneys. Evaluation of the effect of processing bloods at room temperature revealed that net angiotensin I accumulation is less than 2% of that generated during incubation and can be ignored. Accordingly, to avoid the inadvertent activation of prorenin which can at times lead to a sizable and variable overestimation of PRA we recommend collecting and processing blood samples at room temperature and then storage of plasma completely frozen until the time for analysis.", "contents": "Plasma prorenin in normal, hypertensive, and anephric subjects and its effect on renin measurements. We have previously shown that a cryoactivatable inactive form of renin, which we have tentatively termed prorenin, occurs in human plasma. Plasma prorenin is measured by subtracting the endogenous plasma renin activity (PRA) from the total renin activity measured after cryoactivation. Cryoactivation is accomplished by shaking plasma at -5 degrees C for 4 days. Circulating prorenin averaged 5.6 +/- 0.8 (SE) ng/ml per hour in a group of 30 normal subjects and 5.1 +/- 1.0 ng/ml per hour in 25 hypertensive subjects during random sodium intake. In these two groups, prorenin ranged from zero to 36 times the endogenous renin level, averaging 2.5-fold in normal subjects and 3.4-fold in hypertensive subjects. During sodium deprivation prorenin more than doubled in 12 hypertensive subjects from a mean of 2.8 to 6.3 ng/ml per hour. In 25 anephric subjects, circulating prorenin was slightly lower than in normal subjects, averaging 3.4 +/- 0.9 ng/ml per hour (P less than 0.05). In contrast to our findings in nephric subjects, the low level of PRA measured in anephric subjects ((0.26 +/- 0.04 ng/ml per hour) was almost always a constant fraction of the measured prorenin. This led to the demonstration that prorenin can be inadvertently activated by chilling blood during processing for renin measurement and this often accounts for the small amount of renin measured in plasmas from anephric subjects. The error in routine PRA measurements due to inadvertent activation averaged +48% in anephric subjects and +17% in those with kidneys. Evaluation of the effect of processing bloods at room temperature revealed that net angiotensin I accumulation is less than 2% of that generated during incubation and can be ignored. Accordingly, to avoid the inadvertent activation of prorenin which can at times lead to a sizable and variable overestimation of PRA we recommend collecting and processing blood samples at room temperature and then storage of plasma completely frozen until the time for analysis."}
{"id": "PMID:870231", "title": "Mechanisms of hypertension during the chronic phase of the one-clip, two-kidney model in the dog.", "content": "The mechanism of the chronic phase of one-clip, two-kidney hypertension was investigated in 23 dogs. Mean arterial pressure (MAP), renal hemodynamics, and arterial and renal venous plasma renin activity (PRA) were studied before and at 1 and 3 months after graded, unilateral renal artery constriction. In the dogs that demonstrated sustained hypertension, the magnitude of changes in MAP, renal hemodynamics, PRA, and renal renin secretion correlated with the severity of renal artery constriction. In dogs with severe constriction (group 3, 78-86% renal blood flow reduction), MAP and arterial PRA were significantly elevated throughout. In groups 1 and 2 (0% and 50-56% renal blood flow reduction, respectively), although MAP remained significantly elevated, arterial PRA decreased to baseline values by 3 months. In group 3, there was an initial, apparent redistribution of ipsilateral renal blood flow, and prolonged reductions in ipsilateral renal plasma flow (RPF) and glomerular filtration rate accompanied by significantly increased creatinine clearance (CCreat) in the untouched kidney. Similar but less marked renal hemodynamic changes occurred in the other hypertensive dogs. All hypertensive dogs, regardless of degree of renal artery constriction, demonstrated significantly increased ipsilateral renal renin secretion and contralateral renin suppression. In three dogs that were studied 6, 12, and 16 months postconstriction, the high rate of ipsilateral renin secretion persisted throughout. Ipsilateral nephrectomy consistently resulted in rapid amelioration of the hypertension. These findings are in accord with a renal-dependent and probably renin-mediated mechanism for the maintenance of high blood pressure in the chronic phase of the one-clip, two-kidney dog model.", "contents": "Mechanisms of hypertension during the chronic phase of the one-clip, two-kidney model in the dog. The mechanism of the chronic phase of one-clip, two-kidney hypertension was investigated in 23 dogs. Mean arterial pressure (MAP), renal hemodynamics, and arterial and renal venous plasma renin activity (PRA) were studied before and at 1 and 3 months after graded, unilateral renal artery constriction. In the dogs that demonstrated sustained hypertension, the magnitude of changes in MAP, renal hemodynamics, PRA, and renal renin secretion correlated with the severity of renal artery constriction. In dogs with severe constriction (group 3, 78-86% renal blood flow reduction), MAP and arterial PRA were significantly elevated throughout. In groups 1 and 2 (0% and 50-56% renal blood flow reduction, respectively), although MAP remained significantly elevated, arterial PRA decreased to baseline values by 3 months. In group 3, there was an initial, apparent redistribution of ipsilateral renal blood flow, and prolonged reductions in ipsilateral renal plasma flow (RPF) and glomerular filtration rate accompanied by significantly increased creatinine clearance (CCreat) in the untouched kidney. Similar but less marked renal hemodynamic changes occurred in the other hypertensive dogs. All hypertensive dogs, regardless of degree of renal artery constriction, demonstrated significantly increased ipsilateral renal renin secretion and contralateral renin suppression. In three dogs that were studied 6, 12, and 16 months postconstriction, the high rate of ipsilateral renin secretion persisted throughout. Ipsilateral nephrectomy consistently resulted in rapid amelioration of the hypertension. These findings are in accord with a renal-dependent and probably renin-mediated mechanism for the maintenance of high blood pressure in the chronic phase of the one-clip, two-kidney dog model."}
{"id": "PMID:870232", "title": "Intraventricular infusion of angiotensin II on the hemodynamics and renal function of alpha-chloralose anesthetized cats.", "content": "Intraventricular infusion of angiotensin II (50, 100, and 200 ng/kg per min) produced significant elevations of arterial blood pressure (20-25%) in alpha-chloralose-anesthetized cats. The pressor responses were not accompanied by significant changes in heart rate,cardiac output, or contractility and were chiefly due to significant increases in total peripheral resistance. In contrast, pressor responses to intravenous infusion of angiotensin II (100 ng/kg per min) were accompanied by reflex decrease in cardiac activity. While intravenous angiotensin II caused increases in the resistance of skeletal, mesenteric, and renal vasculature, the intraventricular administration of angiotensin II increased resistance only in the mesenteric and renal vasculature. Further, centrally administered angiotensin II significantly enhanced urinary output and the rate of Na+ excretion both in the intact as well as in the denervated kidneys. However, the diuretic and natriuretic effects were significantly greater in the intact than in the denervated kidneys, indicating a centrally mediated neurogenic mechanism. The significant increase in the urinary concentration of Na+ (mEq/liter) following intraventricular angiotensin appeared to be secondary to the elevation of arterial blood pressure, since this effect was unaltered by acute renal denervation. The results of this investigation are consistent with the hypothesis that an elevation in the concentration of angiotensin II within the cerebrospinal fluid may trigger neurogenic mechanisms resulting in the constriction of glomerular efferent arterioles. Such an effect would be expected to increase glomerular filtration pressure and filtration fraction, and may play a role in the diuretic and natriuretic effects noted.", "contents": "Intraventricular infusion of angiotensin II on the hemodynamics and renal function of alpha-chloralose anesthetized cats. Intraventricular infusion of angiotensin II (50, 100, and 200 ng/kg per min) produced significant elevations of arterial blood pressure (20-25%) in alpha-chloralose-anesthetized cats. The pressor responses were not accompanied by significant changes in heart rate,cardiac output, or contractility and were chiefly due to significant increases in total peripheral resistance. In contrast, pressor responses to intravenous infusion of angiotensin II (100 ng/kg per min) were accompanied by reflex decrease in cardiac activity. While intravenous angiotensin II caused increases in the resistance of skeletal, mesenteric, and renal vasculature, the intraventricular administration of angiotensin II increased resistance only in the mesenteric and renal vasculature. Further, centrally administered angiotensin II significantly enhanced urinary output and the rate of Na+ excretion both in the intact as well as in the denervated kidneys. However, the diuretic and natriuretic effects were significantly greater in the intact than in the denervated kidneys, indicating a centrally mediated neurogenic mechanism. The significant increase in the urinary concentration of Na+ (mEq/liter) following intraventricular angiotensin appeared to be secondary to the elevation of arterial blood pressure, since this effect was unaltered by acute renal denervation. The results of this investigation are consistent with the hypothesis that an elevation in the concentration of angiotensin II within the cerebrospinal fluid may trigger neurogenic mechanisms resulting in the constriction of glomerular efferent arterioles. Such an effect would be expected to increase glomerular filtration pressure and filtration fraction, and may play a role in the diuretic and natriuretic effects noted."}
{"id": "PMID:870233", "title": "Relationship between aldosterone and bradykinin.", "content": "To assess relationships between plasma bradykinin and the individual elements of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system 11 normal subjects and five subjects with adrenal insufficiency were studied on an intake of 200 mEq sodium/100 mEq potassium. In adrenal insufficiency subjects, plasma bradykinin did not change when angiotensin II levels were increased by an infusion rate of 3 ng/kg per min for 30 minutes; plasma aldosterone remained undetectabel. In normal subjects, angiotensin II at 3 ng/kg per min or potassium at 20 mEq/hour infused intravenously for 2 hours both significantly increased plasma aldosterone levels, yet neither stimulus altered plasma bradykinin. Thus, acute elevations in angiotensin II and plasma aldosterone were not associated with changes in the levels of plasma bradykinin. In five additional normal subjects on an intake of 10 mEq sodium/100 mEq potassium, a threshold dose of converting enzyme inhibitor (SQ 20881) at 30 microng/kg was given intravenously. Five minutes after administration of the drug, blood pressure and plasma angiotensin II levels had significantly declined and plasma bradykinin levels had significantly increased (P is less than 0.02). Within 10-20 minutes, however, all had returned to control accompanied by a sustained increase in plasma renin activity, and a decrement in plasma aldosterone. Plasma renin activity, which had increased by more than 2-fold after the administration of the converting enzyme inhibitor, remained elevated until the completion of the study at 320 minutes. Eighty minutes after beginning the infusion, plasma aldosterone levels returned to control. Thus, the results suggest that plasma bradykinin correlates more closely with acute changes in plasma renin activity (and angiotensin I) than plasma aldosterone or angiotensin II, suggesting a role for converting enzyme in the regulation of both plasma renin activity and plasma bradykinin. Furthermore, the declines in blood pressure observed with converting enzyme inhibition may be attributable to both changes in plasma angiotensin II and plasma bradykinin  concentrations. However, it is emphasized that these short-term studies may not reflect the role of bradykinin in the long-term control of blood pressure.", "contents": "Relationship between aldosterone and bradykinin. To assess relationships between plasma bradykinin and the individual elements of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system 11 normal subjects and five subjects with adrenal insufficiency were studied on an intake of 200 mEq sodium/100 mEq potassium. In adrenal insufficiency subjects, plasma bradykinin did not change when angiotensin II levels were increased by an infusion rate of 3 ng/kg per min for 30 minutes; plasma aldosterone remained undetectabel. In normal subjects, angiotensin II at 3 ng/kg per min or potassium at 20 mEq/hour infused intravenously for 2 hours both significantly increased plasma aldosterone levels, yet neither stimulus altered plasma bradykinin. Thus, acute elevations in angiotensin II and plasma aldosterone were not associated with changes in the levels of plasma bradykinin. In five additional normal subjects on an intake of 10 mEq sodium/100 mEq potassium, a threshold dose of converting enzyme inhibitor (SQ 20881) at 30 microng/kg was given intravenously. Five minutes after administration of the drug, blood pressure and plasma angiotensin II levels had significantly declined and plasma bradykinin levels had significantly increased (P is less than 0.02). Within 10-20 minutes, however, all had returned to control accompanied by a sustained increase in plasma renin activity, and a decrement in plasma aldosterone. Plasma renin activity, which had increased by more than 2-fold after the administration of the converting enzyme inhibitor, remained elevated until the completion of the study at 320 minutes. Eighty minutes after beginning the infusion, plasma aldosterone levels returned to control. Thus, the results suggest that plasma bradykinin correlates more closely with acute changes in plasma renin activity (and angiotensin I) than plasma aldosterone or angiotensin II, suggesting a role for converting enzyme in the regulation of both plasma renin activity and plasma bradykinin. Furthermore, the declines in blood pressure observed with converting enzyme inhibition may be attributable to both changes in plasma angiotensin II and plasma bradykinin  concentrations. However, it is emphasized that these short-term studies may not reflect the role of bradykinin in the long-term control of blood pressure."}
{"id": "PMID:870234", "title": "Effect of stellectomy and vagotomy on ventricular refractoriness in dogs.", "content": "The influence of tonic sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system activity on ventricular refractory period duration was studied in 13 mongrel dogs. Strength-interval curves were obtained from the apex of the right ventricular endocardium with a transvenous bipolar catheter. The effects of sympathetic activity were assessed by unilateral and bilateral stellectomies and tonic vagal effects were studied by inducing cholinergic blockade with atropine (0.2 mg/kg) and by sectioning the cervical vagi bilaterally. Right stellectomy shifted the strength-interval curve 3-5 msec earlier (P less than 0.005). In contrast, left stellectomy shifted the strength-interval curve 4-7 msec later (P less than 0.001). Thus, right and left unilateral stellectomy produced opposite effects. However, when the contralateral ganglion was removed, right and left stellectomy produced qualitatively similar effects, increasing refractoriness. The net effect of bilateral stellectomy was to shift the strength-interval curve 8-10 msec later (P less than 0.001) and this was primarily dependent on left stellectomy. Blockade of vagal efferent activity with atropine shifted the strength-interval curve 3-6 msec earlier (P = .001). Removal of vagal afferent activity by vagotomy during atropine blockade shifted the strength-interval curve 2-3 msec earlier (P = 0.03). It is concluded that both stellate ganglia exert qualitatively similar effects on cardiac refractoriness; however, the left ganglion dominates and unilateral right stellectomy produces a paradoxical decrease in refractoriness. The sympathetic effects are tonically antagonized by vagal activity.", "contents": "Effect of stellectomy and vagotomy on ventricular refractoriness in dogs. The influence of tonic sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system activity on ventricular refractory period duration was studied in 13 mongrel dogs. Strength-interval curves were obtained from the apex of the right ventricular endocardium with a transvenous bipolar catheter. The effects of sympathetic activity were assessed by unilateral and bilateral stellectomies and tonic vagal effects were studied by inducing cholinergic blockade with atropine (0.2 mg/kg) and by sectioning the cervical vagi bilaterally. Right stellectomy shifted the strength-interval curve 3-5 msec earlier (P less than 0.005). In contrast, left stellectomy shifted the strength-interval curve 4-7 msec later (P less than 0.001). Thus, right and left unilateral stellectomy produced opposite effects. However, when the contralateral ganglion was removed, right and left stellectomy produced qualitatively similar effects, increasing refractoriness. The net effect of bilateral stellectomy was to shift the strength-interval curve 8-10 msec later (P less than 0.001) and this was primarily dependent on left stellectomy. Blockade of vagal efferent activity with atropine shifted the strength-interval curve 3-6 msec earlier (P = .001). Removal of vagal afferent activity by vagotomy during atropine blockade shifted the strength-interval curve 2-3 msec earlier (P = 0.03). It is concluded that both stellate ganglia exert qualitatively similar effects on cardiac refractoriness; however, the left ganglion dominates and unilateral right stellectomy produces a paradoxical decrease in refractoriness. The sympathetic effects are tonically antagonized by vagal activity."}
{"id": "PMID:870235", "title": "A method for determining segmental resistances in the microcirculation from pressure-flow measurements.", "content": "On the basis of an electrical analog, open circuit impedance functions were used to analyze the microcirculation. No specific structure need be assumed except a two-port, two-terminal network in which the major artery and vein supplying the tissue represent the input port and the two ends of the microvessel under study are the output port. The open circuit measurements were made by occluding microvessels in the exteriorized omentum of anesthetized rabbits. The pressure upstream and downstream to the occlusion defines the source pressure of a Th\u00e9venin's equivalent circuit. The equivalent resistance value was calculated by plotting the flow through a given microvessel against the pressure developed during a gradual occlusion. The changes in pressure vs. the changes in flow during a progressive occlusion were found to be linearly related. The Th\u00e9venin's equivalent resistance was maximum downstream to an occluded artery and upstream to the occluded vein. Within the capillary network, source pressures consistently were within a narrow range. Topically applied norepinephrine resulted in marked changes in source resistance and no changes in source pressures. Threshold doses of norepinephrine given intravenously resulted in changes in source pressures, but minimal changes in source resistance, even though a substantial change in vascular resistance was indicated when calculated on the basis of arterial pressure minus micropressure divided by microvessel flow. The present method defines the functional characteristics of the distributing vessels in terms of two pressures and two equivalent resistances and is relatively easy to perform. The technique can be used to determine the vascular components involved in the response to particular stimuli.", "contents": "A method for determining segmental resistances in the microcirculation from pressure-flow measurements. On the basis of an electrical analog, open circuit impedance functions were used to analyze the microcirculation. No specific structure need be assumed except a two-port, two-terminal network in which the major artery and vein supplying the tissue represent the input port and the two ends of the microvessel under study are the output port. The open circuit measurements were made by occluding microvessels in the exteriorized omentum of anesthetized rabbits. The pressure upstream and downstream to the occlusion defines the source pressure of a Th\u00e9venin's equivalent circuit. The equivalent resistance value was calculated by plotting the flow through a given microvessel against the pressure developed during a gradual occlusion. The changes in pressure vs. the changes in flow during a progressive occlusion were found to be linearly related. The Th\u00e9venin's equivalent resistance was maximum downstream to an occluded artery and upstream to the occluded vein. Within the capillary network, source pressures consistently were within a narrow range. Topically applied norepinephrine resulted in marked changes in source resistance and no changes in source pressures. Threshold doses of norepinephrine given intravenously resulted in changes in source pressures, but minimal changes in source resistance, even though a substantial change in vascular resistance was indicated when calculated on the basis of arterial pressure minus micropressure divided by microvessel flow. The present method defines the functional characteristics of the distributing vessels in terms of two pressures and two equivalent resistances and is relatively easy to perform. The technique can be used to determine the vascular components involved in the response to particular stimuli."}
{"id": "PMID:870236", "title": "Voltage clamp analysis of the effects of dopamine on the transmembrane ionic currents underlying the action potential of sheep cardiac Purkinje fibers.", "content": "Dopamine shifted the voltage-dependence of the slow outward current that underlies spontaneous diastolic depolarization to a more positive voltage range and increased the rate constants of inactivation of this current at voltages negative to -80 mV. Dopamine increased the magnitude of the slow inward current and the delayed outward current. Dopamine had an inconsistent effect on the positive dynamic current and the time-independent potassium current. These effects were consistent with effects on the slope of diastolic depolarization, plateau voltage, and action potential duration and are similar to those of epinephrine. The effects of dopamine on the slow inward current and on the delayed outward current were abolished by verapamil, a slow channel blocker. This finding substantiates that outward potassium currents are modulated by intracellular calcium.", "contents": "Voltage clamp analysis of the effects of dopamine on the transmembrane ionic currents underlying the action potential of sheep cardiac Purkinje fibers. Dopamine shifted the voltage-dependence of the slow outward current that underlies spontaneous diastolic depolarization to a more positive voltage range and increased the rate constants of inactivation of this current at voltages negative to -80 mV. Dopamine increased the magnitude of the slow inward current and the delayed outward current. Dopamine had an inconsistent effect on the positive dynamic current and the time-independent potassium current. These effects were consistent with effects on the slope of diastolic depolarization, plateau voltage, and action potential duration and are similar to those of epinephrine. The effects of dopamine on the slow inward current and on the delayed outward current were abolished by verapamil, a slow channel blocker. This finding substantiates that outward potassium currents are modulated by intracellular calcium."}
{"id": "PMID:870237", "title": "The effects of hyaluronidase on coronary blood flow following coronary artery occlusion in the dog.", "content": "In an attempt to determine the mechanism by which hyaluronidase reduces myocardial injury following coronary artery occlusion, myocardial blood flow was studied in 20 open-chest dogs with occlusion of the left anterior descending coronary artery. Ten dogs served as controls, and 10 received hyaluronidase (500 NF units/kg) intravenously 20 minutes after occlusion. At 15 minutes and at 6 hours after occlusion, regional myocardial blood flow in the epicardial and endocardial halves of both ischemic and nonischemic zones were determined with radiolabeled microspheres. Mean arterial pressure, heart rate, and cardiac output were similar in the untreated and treated dogs through the 6 hours of the experiment. Moreover, regional blood flow to nonischemic myocardium (areas without epicardial S-T segment elevation 15 minutes after occlusion) was similar in the two groups 15 minutes and 6 hours after occlusion. Fifteen minutes after occlusion, the flow to the ischemic myocardium subjacent to sites with S-T segment elevation exceeding 2 mV) in the untreated group was: transmural, 28.1 +/- 2.2 (mean +/- SE) ml/min per 100 g; endocardial, 20.7 +/- 1.8; and epicardial, 38.5 +/- 3.1. The endocardial-epicardial flow ratio was 0.56 +/- 0.04. Six hours after occlusion, the untreated group demonstrated a further decrease in blood flow to the ischemic myocardium: transmural, 15.2 +/- 1.4 ml/min per 100 g; endocardial, 6.8 +/- 1.1; and epicardial, 24.3 +/- 1.9. The endocardial-epicardial flow ratio fell to 0.28 +/- 0.04. In contrast, the hyaluronidase-treated dogs showed no further reduction in blood flow to ischemic myocardium 6 hours after occlusion: transmural, 30.3 +/- 3.1 ml/min per 100 g; endocardial, 21.3 +/- 2.5; and epicardial, 38.8 +/- 3.8. These regional myocardial flows were significantly higher than those of the untreated dogs 6 hours after occlusion. Thus, salvage of damaged myocardium by hyaluronidase might be explained by its beneficial effect on collateral blood flow to the ischemic tissue, though this effect on collateral flow could be the consequence rather than the cause of this salvage.", "contents": "The effects of hyaluronidase on coronary blood flow following coronary artery occlusion in the dog. In an attempt to determine the mechanism by which hyaluronidase reduces myocardial injury following coronary artery occlusion, myocardial blood flow was studied in 20 open-chest dogs with occlusion of the left anterior descending coronary artery. Ten dogs served as controls, and 10 received hyaluronidase (500 NF units/kg) intravenously 20 minutes after occlusion. At 15 minutes and at 6 hours after occlusion, regional myocardial blood flow in the epicardial and endocardial halves of both ischemic and nonischemic zones were determined with radiolabeled microspheres. Mean arterial pressure, heart rate, and cardiac output were similar in the untreated and treated dogs through the 6 hours of the experiment. Moreover, regional blood flow to nonischemic myocardium (areas without epicardial S-T segment elevation 15 minutes after occlusion) was similar in the two groups 15 minutes and 6 hours after occlusion. Fifteen minutes after occlusion, the flow to the ischemic myocardium subjacent to sites with S-T segment elevation exceeding 2 mV) in the untreated group was: transmural, 28.1 +/- 2.2 (mean +/- SE) ml/min per 100 g; endocardial, 20.7 +/- 1.8; and epicardial, 38.5 +/- 3.1. The endocardial-epicardial flow ratio was 0.56 +/- 0.04. Six hours after occlusion, the untreated group demonstrated a further decrease in blood flow to the ischemic myocardium: transmural, 15.2 +/- 1.4 ml/min per 100 g; endocardial, 6.8 +/- 1.1; and epicardial, 24.3 +/- 1.9. The endocardial-epicardial flow ratio fell to 0.28 +/- 0.04. In contrast, the hyaluronidase-treated dogs showed no further reduction in blood flow to ischemic myocardium 6 hours after occlusion: transmural, 30.3 +/- 3.1 ml/min per 100 g; endocardial, 21.3 +/- 2.5; and epicardial, 38.8 +/- 3.8. These regional myocardial flows were significantly higher than those of the untreated dogs 6 hours after occlusion. Thus, salvage of damaged myocardium by hyaluronidase might be explained by its beneficial effect on collateral blood flow to the ischemic tissue, though this effect on collateral flow could be the consequence rather than the cause of this salvage."}
{"id": "PMID:870238", "title": "Myocardial function and coronary blood flow response to acute ischemia in chronic canine diabetes.", "content": "To examine the influence of preexistent diabetes mellitus on left ventricular performance and coronary blood flow responses to acute ischemia, mild normoglycemic diabetes was induced in nine mongrel dogs after three doses of alloxan, (20 mg/kg, iv), at monthly intervals. Hemodynamic measurements and coronary blood flow (85Kr clearance) were obtained before and after the onset of ischemia. This was produced by occlusion of the proximal left anterior descending coronary artery via a balloon-type catheter in nine intact anesthetized diabetic dogs and 10 nondiabetic dogs. During the 1st hour of ischemia in the diabetic group, the end-diastolic pressure rose from 7 +/- 1.1 (mean +/- SE) mm Hg to 23.8 +/- 2.3 without a significant increase of end-diastolic volume. In controls end-diastolic pressure rose from 8.6 +/- 1.1 mm Hg to 15.3 +/- 1.4, and end-diastolic volume was significantly increased, so that the ratio of end-diastolic pressure and volume was significantly higher in the diabetic group (P less than 0.005). Although indices of contractility did not differ, stroke volume and work reductions were significantly greater in diabetics, despite the fact that coronary blood flow was reduced to a similar extent. Size of the ischemic areas appeared comparable as judged by distribution of dye injected distal to the occlusion. Since potassium loss and sodium gain in the inner and outer layers of ischemic tissue did not differ between the two groups, the intensity of ischemia seemed similar. Glycogenolysis was unimpaired in the diabetic ischemic muscle but triglyceride levels remained elevated. Morphologically the diabetic myocardium was characterized by a diffuse accumulation of periodic acid-Schiff-positive glycoprotein in the interstitium, which was thought to limit diastolic filling of the ischemic ventricle and to contribute to the substantial reduction of ventricular performance.", "contents": "Myocardial function and coronary blood flow response to acute ischemia in chronic canine diabetes. To examine the influence of preexistent diabetes mellitus on left ventricular performance and coronary blood flow responses to acute ischemia, mild normoglycemic diabetes was induced in nine mongrel dogs after three doses of alloxan, (20 mg/kg, iv), at monthly intervals. Hemodynamic measurements and coronary blood flow (85Kr clearance) were obtained before and after the onset of ischemia. This was produced by occlusion of the proximal left anterior descending coronary artery via a balloon-type catheter in nine intact anesthetized diabetic dogs and 10 nondiabetic dogs. During the 1st hour of ischemia in the diabetic group, the end-diastolic pressure rose from 7 +/- 1.1 (mean +/- SE) mm Hg to 23.8 +/- 2.3 without a significant increase of end-diastolic volume. In controls end-diastolic pressure rose from 8.6 +/- 1.1 mm Hg to 15.3 +/- 1.4, and end-diastolic volume was significantly increased, so that the ratio of end-diastolic pressure and volume was significantly higher in the diabetic group (P less than 0.005). Although indices of contractility did not differ, stroke volume and work reductions were significantly greater in diabetics, despite the fact that coronary blood flow was reduced to a similar extent. Size of the ischemic areas appeared comparable as judged by distribution of dye injected distal to the occlusion. Since potassium loss and sodium gain in the inner and outer layers of ischemic tissue did not differ between the two groups, the intensity of ischemia seemed similar. Glycogenolysis was unimpaired in the diabetic ischemic muscle but triglyceride levels remained elevated. Morphologically the diabetic myocardium was characterized by a diffuse accumulation of periodic acid-Schiff-positive glycoprotein in the interstitium, which was thought to limit diastolic filling of the ischemic ventricle and to contribute to the substantial reduction of ventricular performance."}
{"id": "PMID:870239", "title": "Maximum rate of tension fall during isometric relaxation at end-systolic fiber length in canine papillary muscle.", "content": "We measured the characteristics of the decline in tension during isometric relaxation of canine papillary muscle. In the intact heart, relaxation begins with the isovolumic phase, but in experiments on papillary muscle previously reported the isotonic phase preceded the isometric phase during the course of relaxation. In our experiments, however, the isotonic bar was locked at the instant the muscle reached the end-systolic fiber length in order to hold the fiber at the length during the succeeding relaxation process. Therefore, we obtained a relaxation process similar to that occurring in the intact heart. The major results of these experiments are: (1) Maximum rate of the decline in tension (-dT/dtmax) is linearly related to the magnitude of total load. (2) -dT/dtmax is augmented by positive inotropic interventions and diminished by negative inotropic interventions. (3) An increase in preload results in only a slight increase in -dT/dtmax. (4) End-systolic fiber length itself is not a principal determinant of -dT/dtmax. (5) -dT/dtmax divided by total load is independent of the amount of muscle shortening. We, therefore, suggest that -dT/dtmax divided by total load cand be a useful index of the relaxation characteristics of cardiac muscle.", "contents": "Maximum rate of tension fall during isometric relaxation at end-systolic fiber length in canine papillary muscle. We measured the characteristics of the decline in tension during isometric relaxation of canine papillary muscle. In the intact heart, relaxation begins with the isovolumic phase, but in experiments on papillary muscle previously reported the isotonic phase preceded the isometric phase during the course of relaxation. In our experiments, however, the isotonic bar was locked at the instant the muscle reached the end-systolic fiber length in order to hold the fiber at the length during the succeeding relaxation process. Therefore, we obtained a relaxation process similar to that occurring in the intact heart. The major results of these experiments are: (1) Maximum rate of the decline in tension (-dT/dtmax) is linearly related to the magnitude of total load. (2) -dT/dtmax is augmented by positive inotropic interventions and diminished by negative inotropic interventions. (3) An increase in preload results in only a slight increase in -dT/dtmax. (4) End-systolic fiber length itself is not a principal determinant of -dT/dtmax. (5) -dT/dtmax divided by total load is independent of the amount of muscle shortening. We, therefore, suggest that -dT/dtmax divided by total load cand be a useful index of the relaxation characteristics of cardiac muscle."}
{"id": "PMID:870240", "title": "Noninvasive assessment of cardiac function and ventricular dyssynergy by precordial Q wave mapping in anterior myocardial infarction.", "content": "To determine whether multiple lead precordial electrocardiographic recordings offer an improved index for noninvasive estimation of left ventricular hemodynamic function and segmental dyssynergy, precordial mapping was performed in patients with anterior myocardial infarction, and the number of pathologic Q waves (greater than or equal to 0.04 sec) was counted (Q-Index). Left ventricular function was determined by cardiac catheterization and angiography and correlated with the Q-Index. The Q-Index correlated well with dyssynergy extent (r = 0.84) and inversely with ejection fraction (r= -0.87), stroke work index (r = -0.79) and cardiac index (r = =0.66). Three patient groups were defined by Q-Index; group I, 0.04 sec Q complexes less than 15; group II, 15-25; group III, 26-35. Q-Index related closely to functional classification and survival (mean follow-up 12.2 months): group I, 91%; group II, 81%; group III, 40%. Thus 35-lead precordial Q wave mapping with determination of total number of pathologic Q waves permits practical, atraumatic assessment of hemodynamic and functional status and allows prediction of survival in acute and chronic anterior myocardial infarction.", "contents": "Noninvasive assessment of cardiac function and ventricular dyssynergy by precordial Q wave mapping in anterior myocardial infarction. To determine whether multiple lead precordial electrocardiographic recordings offer an improved index for noninvasive estimation of left ventricular hemodynamic function and segmental dyssynergy, precordial mapping was performed in patients with anterior myocardial infarction, and the number of pathologic Q waves (greater than or equal to 0.04 sec) was counted (Q-Index). Left ventricular function was determined by cardiac catheterization and angiography and correlated with the Q-Index. The Q-Index correlated well with dyssynergy extent (r = 0.84) and inversely with ejection fraction (r= -0.87), stroke work index (r = -0.79) and cardiac index (r = =0.66). Three patient groups were defined by Q-Index; group I, 0.04 sec Q complexes less than 15; group II, 15-25; group III, 26-35. Q-Index related closely to functional classification and survival (mean follow-up 12.2 months): group I, 91%; group II, 81%; group III, 40%. Thus 35-lead precordial Q wave mapping with determination of total number of pathologic Q waves permits practical, atraumatic assessment of hemodynamic and functional status and allows prediction of survival in acute and chronic anterior myocardial infarction."}
{"id": "PMID:870241", "title": "Left ventricular and coronary angiographic anatomy. Relationship to ventricular irritability in the late hospital phase of acute myocardial infarction.", "content": "Late hospital phase ventricular arrhythmias in acute myocardial infarction (MI) have been associated with a high incidence of sudden death following hospital discharge. Thirty-eight patients were studied 10-24 days following onset of symptoms of MI. Each patient had a 24-hour ambulatory ECG tape recording and left ventricular and coronary angiography performed. Patients with complicated ventricular arrhythmias (multiform, coupled, R on T VPCs or ventricular tachycardia), when compared to those with uncomplicated ventricular arrhythmias (unifocal or no VPCs), had a greater number of proximally narrowed major coronary arteries (P less than 0.001), a higher coronary \"score\" (P less than 0.001), a greater incidence of previous myocardial infarction (P less than 0.005), a greater percentage of abnormal left ventricular segments 86% vs 69% (P less than 0.001) and lower ejection fractions. These data suggest that late hospital phase survivors of MI with complicated ventricular arrhythmias have more extensive coronary artery disease with greater left ventricular dysfunction than survivors with uncomplicated ventricular arrhythmias. This more extensive disease may result in increased areas of ischemic myocardium and may help explain the refractoriness of these arrhythmias to pharmacologic therapy.", "contents": "Left ventricular and coronary angiographic anatomy. Relationship to ventricular irritability in the late hospital phase of acute myocardial infarction. Late hospital phase ventricular arrhythmias in acute myocardial infarction (MI) have been associated with a high incidence of sudden death following hospital discharge. Thirty-eight patients were studied 10-24 days following onset of symptoms of MI. Each patient had a 24-hour ambulatory ECG tape recording and left ventricular and coronary angiography performed. Patients with complicated ventricular arrhythmias (multiform, coupled, R on T VPCs or ventricular tachycardia), when compared to those with uncomplicated ventricular arrhythmias (unifocal or no VPCs), had a greater number of proximally narrowed major coronary arteries (P less than 0.001), a higher coronary \"score\" (P less than 0.001), a greater incidence of previous myocardial infarction (P less than 0.005), a greater percentage of abnormal left ventricular segments 86% vs 69% (P less than 0.001) and lower ejection fractions. These data suggest that late hospital phase survivors of MI with complicated ventricular arrhythmias have more extensive coronary artery disease with greater left ventricular dysfunction than survivors with uncomplicated ventricular arrhythmias. This more extensive disease may result in increased areas of ischemic myocardium and may help explain the refractoriness of these arrhythmias to pharmacologic therapy."}
{"id": "PMID:870242", "title": "Detection of remote myocardial infarction in patients with positron emission transaxial tomography and intravenous 11C-palmitate.", "content": "Ischemic myocardial injury has been detected recently in isolated perfused hearts and intact experimental animals with positron-emitting 11C-palmitate and reconstructive tomography providing cross-sectional images of the heart free from superimposed activity in overlying structures. To evaluate the applicability of positron emission transaxial tomography in detecting infarction in man, 10 normal human subjects and 12 patients who sustained documented acute myocardial infarction three to 12 months previously were studied. Tomograms were obtained after intravenous injection of 5 to 10 mCi of 11C-labeled palmitate, a physiological substrate of myocardium. Tomograms from all normal subjects exhibited homogeneous distribution of 11C-palmitate throughout each 1.5 cm thick cross section of the ventricle. Tomograms from all patients with remote anterior or inferior and posterior myocardial infarction exhibited diminished accumulation of 11C-palmitate delineating regions corresponding to the electrocardiographic locus of infarction. The distribution of 11C-palmitate detectable by positron emission transaxial tomography in a series of cross sections from apex to base in the same normal subject or patient with remote myocardial infarction was analogous to that observed in normal dogs and animals with experimentally induced myocardial infarction.", "contents": "Detection of remote myocardial infarction in patients with positron emission transaxial tomography and intravenous 11C-palmitate. Ischemic myocardial injury has been detected recently in isolated perfused hearts and intact experimental animals with positron-emitting 11C-palmitate and reconstructive tomography providing cross-sectional images of the heart free from superimposed activity in overlying structures. To evaluate the applicability of positron emission transaxial tomography in detecting infarction in man, 10 normal human subjects and 12 patients who sustained documented acute myocardial infarction three to 12 months previously were studied. Tomograms were obtained after intravenous injection of 5 to 10 mCi of 11C-labeled palmitate, a physiological substrate of myocardium. Tomograms from all normal subjects exhibited homogeneous distribution of 11C-palmitate throughout each 1.5 cm thick cross section of the ventricle. Tomograms from all patients with remote anterior or inferior and posterior myocardial infarction exhibited diminished accumulation of 11C-palmitate delineating regions corresponding to the electrocardiographic locus of infarction. The distribution of 11C-palmitate detectable by positron emission transaxial tomography in a series of cross sections from apex to base in the same normal subject or patient with remote myocardial infarction was analogous to that observed in normal dogs and animals with experimentally induced myocardial infarction."}
{"id": "PMID:870243", "title": "Quantitative assessment of ventricular performance in unstable ischemic heart disease by dextran function curves.", "content": "The ability to quantitate the amount of permanent left ventricular dysfunction in patients with unstable ischemic heart disease would have important clinical value. Left ventricular function curves were constructed in sixteen patients with acute myocardial infarctions and five patients with unstable angina pectoris syndrome at an average of 56 hours (+/- 8) after the onset of symptoms. Fifty ml increments of low molecular weight dextran were rapidly infused into the right antrium during constant monitoring of the pulmonary artery end-diastolic pressure (PAEDP) via a Swan-Ganz thermodilution catheter. An average of 400 ml (range 200-800) was infused to produce a significant change in the PAEDP (range 3-13 mm Hg). The cardiac index was measured before and after the dextran infusion. The slope of the left ventricular function curve was calculated by dividing the change in the cardiac index by the change in the PAEDP. The sixteen patients with acute myocardial infarction underwent left heart catheterization and left ventricular biplane angiography an average of six months later. The five patients with unstable angina pectoris were studied within one month. The slope value of the left ventricular function curve was compared angiographic ejection fraction by linear regression analysis and the correlation coefficient was 0.80. These data demonstrate 1) the slope of the left ventricular function curve in patients with acute myocardial infarction or unstable angina correlates well with the angiographically calculated ejection fraction; 2) as early as two days post myocardial infarction, the residual impairment of left ventricular function can be estimated.", "contents": "Quantitative assessment of ventricular performance in unstable ischemic heart disease by dextran function curves. The ability to quantitate the amount of permanent left ventricular dysfunction in patients with unstable ischemic heart disease would have important clinical value. Left ventricular function curves were constructed in sixteen patients with acute myocardial infarctions and five patients with unstable angina pectoris syndrome at an average of 56 hours (+/- 8) after the onset of symptoms. Fifty ml increments of low molecular weight dextran were rapidly infused into the right antrium during constant monitoring of the pulmonary artery end-diastolic pressure (PAEDP) via a Swan-Ganz thermodilution catheter. An average of 400 ml (range 200-800) was infused to produce a significant change in the PAEDP (range 3-13 mm Hg). The cardiac index was measured before and after the dextran infusion. The slope of the left ventricular function curve was calculated by dividing the change in the cardiac index by the change in the PAEDP. The sixteen patients with acute myocardial infarction underwent left heart catheterization and left ventricular biplane angiography an average of six months later. The five patients with unstable angina pectoris were studied within one month. The slope value of the left ventricular function curve was compared angiographic ejection fraction by linear regression analysis and the correlation coefficient was 0.80. These data demonstrate 1) the slope of the left ventricular function curve in patients with acute myocardial infarction or unstable angina correlates well with the angiographically calculated ejection fraction; 2) as early as two days post myocardial infarction, the residual impairment of left ventricular function can be estimated."}
{"id": "PMID:870244", "title": "Graded global ischemia and reperfusion. Cardiac function and lactate metabolism.", "content": "The effect of global ischemia of different degrees of severity and reperfusion was studied in the isolated working rat heart. Four degrees of ischemia were induced by reducing the control total coronary flow of 8 ml/min to 0, 0.04, 0.4, or 0.8 ml/min for 30 minutes, after which the coronary flow was returned to the control level. After severe ischemia (0 and 0.04 ml/min ischemic coronary flow groups), recovery of contractility was to less than 30% of the control, pre-ischemic value of ventricular developed pressure and dP/dt, and irreversible cardiac contracture and an increased pacing threshold occurred. After moderate ischemia (0.4 and 0.8 ml/min ischemic coronary flow groups), contractile function recovered completely, ischemic contracture was rapidly reversible and the pacing threshold did not increase. The moderately ischemic groups were able to function at a stable, low level of contractility for the 30 minute ischemic period, whereas the severely ischemic groups had no contractile activity. The amount of calculated tissue lactate accumulation correlated with the occurrence of irreversible ischemic injury; the severely ischemic groups which failed to recover with reperfusion accumulated 3-5 times as much lactate as the moderately ischemic groups which recovered completely. The results suggest that relatively small differences in the severity of the ischemic condition can markedly affect the degree of tissue injury.", "contents": "Graded global ischemia and reperfusion. Cardiac function and lactate metabolism. The effect of global ischemia of different degrees of severity and reperfusion was studied in the isolated working rat heart. Four degrees of ischemia were induced by reducing the control total coronary flow of 8 ml/min to 0, 0.04, 0.4, or 0.8 ml/min for 30 minutes, after which the coronary flow was returned to the control level. After severe ischemia (0 and 0.04 ml/min ischemic coronary flow groups), recovery of contractility was to less than 30% of the control, pre-ischemic value of ventricular developed pressure and dP/dt, and irreversible cardiac contracture and an increased pacing threshold occurred. After moderate ischemia (0.4 and 0.8 ml/min ischemic coronary flow groups), contractile function recovered completely, ischemic contracture was rapidly reversible and the pacing threshold did not increase. The moderately ischemic groups were able to function at a stable, low level of contractility for the 30 minute ischemic period, whereas the severely ischemic groups had no contractile activity. The amount of calculated tissue lactate accumulation correlated with the occurrence of irreversible ischemic injury; the severely ischemic groups which failed to recover with reperfusion accumulated 3-5 times as much lactate as the moderately ischemic groups which recovered completely. The results suggest that relatively small differences in the severity of the ischemic condition can markedly affect the degree of tissue injury."}
{"id": "PMID:870245", "title": "The effect of propranolol on microvascular injury in acute myocardial ischemia.", "content": "The purpose of this study was to determine whether propranolol, which has been shown to reduce the extent of myocardial infarction, reduces microvascular injury which may play a role in exacerbating ischemia. Saline (10 dogs) or propranolol (2 mg/kg i.v., 7 dogs) was injected prior to a one hour occlusion of the left anterior descending coronary artery. Carbon black (1 ml/kg), which labels damaged and leaky vessels, was injected 5 min after release of the occlusion and allowed to circulate for two hours. By morphometric analysis of 1 micron thick sections, 75 +/- 12% of vessels and 84 +/- 7% of myocardial cells showed damage in untreated dogs; only 2 +/- 1% of vessels and 9 +/- 8% of myocardial cells showed damage in the propranolol-treated dogs (P less than 0.001). The number of carbon black-labeled vessels/10 fields/biopsy from comparable areas of ischemic tissue was 55 +/- 7 in untreated dogs and 27 +/- 3 in propranolol-treated dogs (P less than 0.001). The results suggest that propranolol not only protects the ischemic myocardial cell, but also significantly decreases the ischemic microvascular changes.", "contents": "The effect of propranolol on microvascular injury in acute myocardial ischemia. The purpose of this study was to determine whether propranolol, which has been shown to reduce the extent of myocardial infarction, reduces microvascular injury which may play a role in exacerbating ischemia. Saline (10 dogs) or propranolol (2 mg/kg i.v., 7 dogs) was injected prior to a one hour occlusion of the left anterior descending coronary artery. Carbon black (1 ml/kg), which labels damaged and leaky vessels, was injected 5 min after release of the occlusion and allowed to circulate for two hours. By morphometric analysis of 1 micron thick sections, 75 +/- 12% of vessels and 84 +/- 7% of myocardial cells showed damage in untreated dogs; only 2 +/- 1% of vessels and 9 +/- 8% of myocardial cells showed damage in the propranolol-treated dogs (P less than 0.001). The number of carbon black-labeled vessels/10 fields/biopsy from comparable areas of ischemic tissue was 55 +/- 7 in untreated dogs and 27 +/- 3 in propranolol-treated dogs (P less than 0.001). The results suggest that propranolol not only protects the ischemic myocardial cell, but also significantly decreases the ischemic microvascular changes."}
{"id": "PMID:870246", "title": "The assessment of mitral stenosis and prosthetic mitral valve obstruction, using the posterior aortic wall echocardiogram.", "content": "The echocardiographic motion of the aortic root reflects, in part, left atrial filling and emptying. Patients with mitral valve obstruction were studied to determine whether clinically important alterations in patterns of left atrial emptying would alter motion of the posterior aortic wall. Patients with mitral stenosis had a characteristic pattern of slowing of left atrial emptying in early diastole, with loss of the conduit phase in mid-diastole. The atrial emptying index, defined as the fraction of passive posterior aortic wall motion occurring in the first third of diastole, was significantly related to the mitral valve area index (r = 0.86), and thus provides a noninvasive quantitation of the degree of mitral stenosis. Determination of the atrial emptying index also proved useful in the evaluation of patients with prosthetic mitral valve obstruction and in documenting improvement in left atrial emptying after mitral valve surgery.", "contents": "The assessment of mitral stenosis and prosthetic mitral valve obstruction, using the posterior aortic wall echocardiogram. The echocardiographic motion of the aortic root reflects, in part, left atrial filling and emptying. Patients with mitral valve obstruction were studied to determine whether clinically important alterations in patterns of left atrial emptying would alter motion of the posterior aortic wall. Patients with mitral stenosis had a characteristic pattern of slowing of left atrial emptying in early diastole, with loss of the conduit phase in mid-diastole. The atrial emptying index, defined as the fraction of passive posterior aortic wall motion occurring in the first third of diastole, was significantly related to the mitral valve area index (r = 0.86), and thus provides a noninvasive quantitation of the degree of mitral stenosis. Determination of the atrial emptying index also proved useful in the evaluation of patients with prosthetic mitral valve obstruction and in documenting improvement in left atrial emptying after mitral valve surgery."}
{"id": "PMID:870247", "title": "Decreased frequency of exercise-induced ventricular ectopic activity in the second of two consecutive treadmill tests.", "content": "Two exercise tests were performed with an intervening rest period of 45 minutes in a group of 13 subjects with previously identified exercise-induced ventricular arrhythmias and no resting arrhythmias. Both normal subjects and patients with heart disease were included in the group. The level of stresss was equal in both tests as judged by similar rate-pressure products at peak exercise. There was a significant decrease (P less than 0.05) in the number of VPCs induced by exercise during and after the second test. When the number of VPCs on test I and test II in the same patients were compared, a regression line fitted the data well (r = 0.92). Analysis of the recovery periods revealed significant (P less than 0.01) decreases in systolic blood pressure at one and three minutes post exercise, comparing the second to the first test. The underlying mechanism may be decreased myocardial oxygen demand during the second test as the lowered rate-pressure products during recovery (P less than 0.01) reflect. The results of this study indicate that tests of effectiveness of an antiarrhythmic drug should not be based solely on a decrease in the amount of severity of ventricular irritability between two successive exercise tests, one immediately before and the other following administration of the drug.", "contents": "Decreased frequency of exercise-induced ventricular ectopic activity in the second of two consecutive treadmill tests. Two exercise tests were performed with an intervening rest period of 45 minutes in a group of 13 subjects with previously identified exercise-induced ventricular arrhythmias and no resting arrhythmias. Both normal subjects and patients with heart disease were included in the group. The level of stresss was equal in both tests as judged by similar rate-pressure products at peak exercise. There was a significant decrease (P less than 0.05) in the number of VPCs induced by exercise during and after the second test. When the number of VPCs on test I and test II in the same patients were compared, a regression line fitted the data well (r = 0.92). Analysis of the recovery periods revealed significant (P less than 0.01) decreases in systolic blood pressure at one and three minutes post exercise, comparing the second to the first test. The underlying mechanism may be decreased myocardial oxygen demand during the second test as the lowered rate-pressure products during recovery (P less than 0.01) reflect. The results of this study indicate that tests of effectiveness of an antiarrhythmic drug should not be based solely on a decrease in the amount of severity of ventricular irritability between two successive exercise tests, one immediately before and the other following administration of the drug."}
{"id": "PMID:870248", "title": "Adipose hypocellularity in cyanotic congenital heart disease.", "content": "Height, weight, total body fat, adipocyte size (cellular lipid content), total adipocyte number, and lean body mass were studied in two groups of similar aged children with congenital heart disease. One group was comprised of 19 children cyanotic from infancy. The second group was made up of 16 asymptomatic, acyanotic patients and served as the basis for age and sex adjusted comparisons. Cyanotic patients were lighter (P less than 0.001) and had less total body fat (P less than 0.001). Although there was no difference in adipocyte size, total adipocyte number was less in the cyanotic children (P less than 0.001), suggesting that the reduced body fat found with cyanosis is due to adipocyte hypocellularity. The additional observation that cyanotic patients were shorter (P less than 0.003) and had less lean body mass (P less than 0.001) than noncyanotic children implies that early hypoxemia produces widespread abnormalities which impair growth.", "contents": "Adipose hypocellularity in cyanotic congenital heart disease. Height, weight, total body fat, adipocyte size (cellular lipid content), total adipocyte number, and lean body mass were studied in two groups of similar aged children with congenital heart disease. One group was comprised of 19 children cyanotic from infancy. The second group was made up of 16 asymptomatic, acyanotic patients and served as the basis for age and sex adjusted comparisons. Cyanotic patients were lighter (P less than 0.001) and had less total body fat (P less than 0.001). Although there was no difference in adipocyte size, total adipocyte number was less in the cyanotic children (P less than 0.001), suggesting that the reduced body fat found with cyanosis is due to adipocyte hypocellularity. The additional observation that cyanotic patients were shorter (P less than 0.003) and had less lean body mass (P less than 0.001) than noncyanotic children implies that early hypoxemia produces widespread abnormalities which impair growth."}
{"id": "PMID:870249", "title": "De subitaneis mortibus. XXIV. Ruptured interventricular septum and heart block.", "content": "Five patients with acute posterior myocardial infarction developed varying degrees of atrioventricular (A-V) block prior to rupture of their interventricular septums (IVS). In three of these five the times of septal rupture coincided with the resumption of conduced synus rhythm. During the period of A-V block, the only stable escape rhythm appeared to originate in the A-V junctional region, and in two patients early in their course there was evidence of enhanced A-V junctional automaticity. Although the A-V node contained extensive infarction in all five hearts, its distal part, and the entire His bundle and proximal branches appeared to be spared. The anatomical pattern of dissection within the ruptured IVS was similar in three hearts, extending upward to the crest of the IVS and penetrating into the interatrial septum in two of these. Multiple major coronary narrowing were present in all five hearts, especially of a dominating right coronary artery; recent thrombosis was present in the right coronary artery in four of the five cases. The A-V node artery was markedly narrowed by focal fibromuscular dysplasia in three hearts, compounding the ischemia for the A-V node and eliminating one important source of collateral circulation to the interventricular septum.", "contents": "De subitaneis mortibus. XXIV. Ruptured interventricular septum and heart block. Five patients with acute posterior myocardial infarction developed varying degrees of atrioventricular (A-V) block prior to rupture of their interventricular septums (IVS). In three of these five the times of septal rupture coincided with the resumption of conduced synus rhythm. During the period of A-V block, the only stable escape rhythm appeared to originate in the A-V junctional region, and in two patients early in their course there was evidence of enhanced A-V junctional automaticity. Although the A-V node contained extensive infarction in all five hearts, its distal part, and the entire His bundle and proximal branches appeared to be spared. The anatomical pattern of dissection within the ruptured IVS was similar in three hearts, extending upward to the crest of the IVS and penetrating into the interatrial septum in two of these. Multiple major coronary narrowing were present in all five hearts, especially of a dominating right coronary artery; recent thrombosis was present in the right coronary artery in four of the five cases. The A-V node artery was markedly narrowed by focal fibromuscular dysplasia in three hearts, compounding the ischemia for the A-V node and eliminating one important source of collateral circulation to the interventricular septum."}
{"id": "PMID:870250", "title": "Proficiency testing: purification of lactate dehydrogenase 1 and results of its use as a reference material in the New York State program.", "content": "Highly purified human lactate dehydrogenase 1 has been used in an interlaboratory evaluation and improvement progran in clinical chemistry in New York State since 1971. Although there are difficulties in determining and assigning the most nearly accurate values for test samples in the absence of a reference method and a reference material, we have minimized these difficulties by using human lactate dehydrogenase preparations purified as we describe here and suspended in the same matrix, and by utilizing \"reference laboratories\" that routinely are doing multiple assays to determine the most nearly accurate value. The lactate dehydrogenase used in the program is stable for longer than 1.5 years. Conversion factors were used to convert all results to U/liter at 30 degrees C. Review of the data for 1972-75 shows a marked improvement in the accuracy of virtually all methods used to determine this enzyme.", "contents": "Proficiency testing: purification of lactate dehydrogenase 1 and results of its use as a reference material in the New York State program. Highly purified human lactate dehydrogenase 1 has been used in an interlaboratory evaluation and improvement progran in clinical chemistry in New York State since 1971. Although there are difficulties in determining and assigning the most nearly accurate values for test samples in the absence of a reference method and a reference material, we have minimized these difficulties by using human lactate dehydrogenase preparations purified as we describe here and suspended in the same matrix, and by utilizing \"reference laboratories\" that routinely are doing multiple assays to determine the most nearly accurate value. The lactate dehydrogenase used in the program is stable for longer than 1.5 years. Conversion factors were used to convert all results to U/liter at 30 degrees C. Review of the data for 1972-75 shows a marked improvement in the accuracy of virtually all methods used to determine this enzyme."}
{"id": "PMID:870251", "title": "Nickel content of human palatine tonsils: analysis of small tissue samples by flameless atomic absorption spectrophotometry.", "content": "We describe a method for determining the nickel content of small tissue samples by flameless atomic absorption spectrophotometry in this case biopsy specimens from human palatine tonsils. Contact between tissue samples and metallic objects was avoided, except for the use of biopsy forceps (Type No. 8150.00 Wolf, stainless steel) for collecting samples, to imitate the actual procedure when small biopsy specimens are removed from the nasal mucosal membranes in nickel workers for histopathological and chemical investigations. Nickel contamination from this instrument was insignificant at the precision of the present procedures. The mean concentration of nickel in 15 tonsils was 13.5 +/- 7.0 (SD) microng/100g (wet wt). The mean nickel concentration in eight different samples of the same tonsil was 5.6 +/- 2.7 (SD microng/100 g.", "contents": "Nickel content of human palatine tonsils: analysis of small tissue samples by flameless atomic absorption spectrophotometry. We describe a method for determining the nickel content of small tissue samples by flameless atomic absorption spectrophotometry in this case biopsy specimens from human palatine tonsils. Contact between tissue samples and metallic objects was avoided, except for the use of biopsy forceps (Type No. 8150.00 Wolf, stainless steel) for collecting samples, to imitate the actual procedure when small biopsy specimens are removed from the nasal mucosal membranes in nickel workers for histopathological and chemical investigations. Nickel contamination from this instrument was insignificant at the precision of the present procedures. The mean concentration of nickel in 15 tonsils was 13.5 +/- 7.0 (SD) microng/100g (wet wt). The mean nickel concentration in eight different samples of the same tonsil was 5.6 +/- 2.7 (SD microng/100 g."}
{"id": "PMID:870252", "title": "Relation between concentrations of free glycerol and triglycerides in human sera.", "content": "The concentrations of total glycerol, unesterified glycerol, and glycerol deriving from triglycerides (triacylglycerols) were measured in 468 fresh human sera from unselected outpatients of a municipal hospital. The distribution mode of free glycerol was log-normal; that of triglycerides was neither normal nor log-normal. A weak but statistically approved correlation between these variables was demonstrated. A comparison of triglyceride concentrations corrected for unesterified glycerol with those based on total glycerol shows that, for the triglycerides determination, analysis for total glycerol and substraction of 0.11 mmol/liter from the resulting value appears to be justified in clinical routine. Subtraction of individual sample-blank values is unnecessary. In a triglyceride concentration range from 1.71 to 2.85 mmol/liter the 95 percentile for the possible error of this procedure ranges from + 0.04 to - 0.08 mmol/liter.", "contents": "Relation between concentrations of free glycerol and triglycerides in human sera. The concentrations of total glycerol, unesterified glycerol, and glycerol deriving from triglycerides (triacylglycerols) were measured in 468 fresh human sera from unselected outpatients of a municipal hospital. The distribution mode of free glycerol was log-normal; that of triglycerides was neither normal nor log-normal. A weak but statistically approved correlation between these variables was demonstrated. A comparison of triglyceride concentrations corrected for unesterified glycerol with those based on total glycerol shows that, for the triglycerides determination, analysis for total glycerol and substraction of 0.11 mmol/liter from the resulting value appears to be justified in clinical routine. Subtraction of individual sample-blank values is unnecessary. In a triglyceride concentration range from 1.71 to 2.85 mmol/liter the 95 percentile for the possible error of this procedure ranges from + 0.04 to - 0.08 mmol/liter."}
{"id": "PMID:870253", "title": "Evaluation of two commercial kits for serum gastrin assay, and comparison with a conventional radioimmunoassay procedure.", "content": "We compared two gastrin radioimmunoassay kits (\"Immutope\" kit, Squibb & Co.; \"Gastrin R.I.A.\" kit, Schwarz/Mann) to the conventional gastrin radioimmunoassay of Yalow and Berson [Gastroenterology 58, 1 (1970)] as run by us and by a second reference laboratory. Although both kits were found to effectively discriminate above-normal and normal values for serum gastrin, they significantly underestimated very high values (greater than 1500 ng/liter). The Schwarz/Mann kit clearly had a superior quality label (lower nonspecific binding and higher specific activity) and a shorter incubation time. However, the 90-min incubation period cited for their kit caused overestimation of gastrin values in the lower range (5-300 ng/liter), which could be corrected by prolonging the incubation to 24 h. The Squibb antibody had fairly good cross reactivity to all gastrin species tested; the Schwarz/Mann antibody had poor affinity for natural human gastrin G34-II. Good correspondence was found for sera run by both reference laboratories (y = 0.96x + 10, r = 0.997), and values obtained with the Schwarz/Mann kit correlated best (+ 0.815) with those from the conventional radioimmunoassay procedure.", "contents": "Evaluation of two commercial kits for serum gastrin assay, and comparison with a conventional radioimmunoassay procedure. We compared two gastrin radioimmunoassay kits (\"Immutope\" kit, Squibb & Co.; \"Gastrin R.I.A.\" kit, Schwarz/Mann) to the conventional gastrin radioimmunoassay of Yalow and Berson [Gastroenterology 58, 1 (1970)] as run by us and by a second reference laboratory. Although both kits were found to effectively discriminate above-normal and normal values for serum gastrin, they significantly underestimated very high values (greater than 1500 ng/liter). The Schwarz/Mann kit clearly had a superior quality label (lower nonspecific binding and higher specific activity) and a shorter incubation time. However, the 90-min incubation period cited for their kit caused overestimation of gastrin values in the lower range (5-300 ng/liter), which could be corrected by prolonging the incubation to 24 h. The Squibb antibody had fairly good cross reactivity to all gastrin species tested; the Schwarz/Mann antibody had poor affinity for natural human gastrin G34-II. Good correspondence was found for sera run by both reference laboratories (y = 0.96x + 10, r = 0.997), and values obtained with the Schwarz/Mann kit correlated best (+ 0.815) with those from the conventional radioimmunoassay procedure."}
{"id": "PMID:870254", "title": "Determination of plasma glucose with use of a stirrer containing immobilized glucose dehydrogenase.", "content": "A stirrer containing immobilized glucose dehydrogenase has been successfully used for determining glucose in plasma. The device is usable for at least two months and for about 500 assays. The reaction was measured kinetically and linearity was observed to 4 g of glucose per liter. Tested with aqueous glucose and with deproteinized plasma, within-day and day-to-day precision were good. Interference and method-comparison (hexokinase method) were examined. The performance of this system makes the technique useful and attractive for routine use in small-volume clinical laboratories.", "contents": "Determination of plasma glucose with use of a stirrer containing immobilized glucose dehydrogenase. A stirrer containing immobilized glucose dehydrogenase has been successfully used for determining glucose in plasma. The device is usable for at least two months and for about 500 assays. The reaction was measured kinetically and linearity was observed to 4 g of glucose per liter. Tested with aqueous glucose and with deproteinized plasma, within-day and day-to-day precision were good. Interference and method-comparison (hexokinase method) were examined. The performance of this system makes the technique useful and attractive for routine use in small-volume clinical laboratories."}
{"id": "PMID:870255", "title": "Amylase activity in serum and urine: comparison of results by the amyloclastic, dyed-starch, and nephelometric techniques.", "content": "We assayed serum and urine specimens for amylase activity by the nephelometric (I),dyed-starch (Amylochrome) (II), and mayloclastic (III) techniques. For serum, the correlation coefficients of the regression lines were: I vs. II, 0.978 (n = 106); I vs. III, 0.736 (n = 110); and II vs. III, 0.739 (n = 108). For urine, they were I vs. II, 0.938 (n = 49); and I vs. III, 0.752 (n = 46). Because calculation of the Kolmogorov-Smirnov statistic showed the distributions to be nongaussian, Spearman rank correlation coefficients were determined and showed that I and II correlated well but neither method correlated with III. The clinical data show that I and II gave above-normal activities in every case of pancreatitis, but III gave normal values in two of eight cases. In all cases, I and II were more sensitive, giving higher amylase activities (as compared with the upper limit of normal) than did III. The nephelometric procedure is most suitable for routine and emergency testing; the dyed-starch assay is equally sensitive and reliable, but less convenient. The amyloclastic procedure appears to be less reliable.", "contents": "Amylase activity in serum and urine: comparison of results by the amyloclastic, dyed-starch, and nephelometric techniques. We assayed serum and urine specimens for amylase activity by the nephelometric (I),dyed-starch (Amylochrome) (II), and mayloclastic (III) techniques. For serum, the correlation coefficients of the regression lines were: I vs. II, 0.978 (n = 106); I vs. III, 0.736 (n = 110); and II vs. III, 0.739 (n = 108). For urine, they were I vs. II, 0.938 (n = 49); and I vs. III, 0.752 (n = 46). Because calculation of the Kolmogorov-Smirnov statistic showed the distributions to be nongaussian, Spearman rank correlation coefficients were determined and showed that I and II correlated well but neither method correlated with III. The clinical data show that I and II gave above-normal activities in every case of pancreatitis, but III gave normal values in two of eight cases. In all cases, I and II were more sensitive, giving higher amylase activities (as compared with the upper limit of normal) than did III. The nephelometric procedure is most suitable for routine and emergency testing; the dyed-starch assay is equally sensitive and reliable, but less convenient. The amyloclastic procedure appears to be less reliable."}
{"id": "PMID:870256", "title": "Calorimetry, a time-honored technique with a potential in analytical work and cellular biology.", "content": "Different types of calorimeters are briefly reviewed, stressing those instruments likely to be of interest in the clinical chemistry laboratory. The unspecific nature of the measuring procedure is emphasized and various pitfalls likely to cause analytical errors are pointed out. Recent work is reviewed where calorimeters have been used as analytical tools for the determination of glucose, protein, enzymes, and other substances. The results generally compared favorably with those obtained by conventional analytical procedures. In recent reports the time per analysis has been brought down to 2 min, with sample volumes in the micro range. Valuable information on the coagulation process has been obtained by use of calorimetry. I also review studies showing that intact cellular elements such as human blood cells, bacteria, and spermatozoa can successfully be investigated with calorimetric techniques. In particular, studies on human blood cells stimulated with various agents appear to be able to give valuable diagnostic information. I believe that new designs of microcalorimeters have placed an easily handled tool at the disposal of the worker in a clinical laboratory and that use of this tool can contribute to the development of our discipline.", "contents": "Calorimetry, a time-honored technique with a potential in analytical work and cellular biology. Different types of calorimeters are briefly reviewed, stressing those instruments likely to be of interest in the clinical chemistry laboratory. The unspecific nature of the measuring procedure is emphasized and various pitfalls likely to cause analytical errors are pointed out. Recent work is reviewed where calorimeters have been used as analytical tools for the determination of glucose, protein, enzymes, and other substances. The results generally compared favorably with those obtained by conventional analytical procedures. In recent reports the time per analysis has been brought down to 2 min, with sample volumes in the micro range. Valuable information on the coagulation process has been obtained by use of calorimetry. I also review studies showing that intact cellular elements such as human blood cells, bacteria, and spermatozoa can successfully be investigated with calorimetric techniques. In particular, studies on human blood cells stimulated with various agents appear to be able to give valuable diagnostic information. I believe that new designs of microcalorimeters have placed an easily handled tool at the disposal of the worker in a clinical laboratory and that use of this tool can contribute to the development of our discipline."}
{"id": "PMID:870257", "title": "Gas-chromatographic determination of dyphylline in serum and saliva.", "content": "We describe a simple determination of dyphylline in serum and saliva by gas chromatography after solvent extraction. Dyphylline concentrations were found to be about 36% higher in saliva than in the corresponding serum.", "contents": "Gas-chromatographic determination of dyphylline in serum and saliva. We describe a simple determination of dyphylline in serum and saliva by gas chromatography after solvent extraction. Dyphylline concentrations were found to be about 36% higher in saliva than in the corresponding serum."}
{"id": "PMID:870258", "title": "Micromethod for measuring hexachlorophene in whole blood by gas-liquid chromatography.", "content": "We describe a micromethod for measuring hexachlorophene by use of gas-liquid chromatography with a 63Ni electron capture detector. The procedure requires 100 micronl of blood for extractions of hexachlorophene, and dichlorophene is added as an internal standard. CV is 3.4% over the concentration range of 500 to 1300 microng of hexachlorophene per liter of whole blood. This procedure permits repeated measurements of hexachlorophene in newborns who are being washed with soap containing hexachlorophene.", "contents": "Micromethod for measuring hexachlorophene in whole blood by gas-liquid chromatography. We describe a micromethod for measuring hexachlorophene by use of gas-liquid chromatography with a 63Ni electron capture detector. The procedure requires 100 micronl of blood for extractions of hexachlorophene, and dichlorophene is added as an internal standard. CV is 3.4% over the concentration range of 500 to 1300 microng of hexachlorophene per liter of whole blood. This procedure permits repeated measurements of hexachlorophene in newborns who are being washed with soap containing hexachlorophene."}
{"id": "PMID:870259", "title": "Determination of acetaminophen and phenacetin in plasma by high-pressure liquid chromatography.", "content": "We describe a sensitive and precise high-pressure liquid chromatographic method in which acetoacetanilide is used as the internal standard to simultaneously determine acetaminophen and phenacetin in plasma. Therapeutic as well as toxic concentrations can be determined on as little as 0.1 ml of plasma. Sample preparation is rapid and chromatography is complete in 5 min. Quantitation is accurate at 0.5 mg/liter concentration for both drugs. Day-to-day precision within 5% is attainable. Of 36 other drugs tested, only theophylline interfered, with the determination of acetaminophen.", "contents": "Determination of acetaminophen and phenacetin in plasma by high-pressure liquid chromatography. We describe a sensitive and precise high-pressure liquid chromatographic method in which acetoacetanilide is used as the internal standard to simultaneously determine acetaminophen and phenacetin in plasma. Therapeutic as well as toxic concentrations can be determined on as little as 0.1 ml of plasma. Sample preparation is rapid and chromatography is complete in 5 min. Quantitation is accurate at 0.5 mg/liter concentration for both drugs. Day-to-day precision within 5% is attainable. Of 36 other drugs tested, only theophylline interfered, with the determination of acetaminophen."}
{"id": "PMID:870260", "title": "Automated fluorometric analysis of galactose in blood.", "content": "In galactosemia, prevention of mental retardation depends on early recognition of the disorder and institution of dietary restriction of galactose. We describe an automated fluorometric micromethod for galactose in whole blood spotted on filter paper. Galactose is oxidized by galactose oxidase to D-galacto-hexadialdose and H2O2 and measured as the highly fluorescent condensation product of homovanillic acid formed when H2O2 is acted upon by horseradish peroxidase. The procedure is 10-fold more sensitive than colorimetric procedures for galactose and is not hampered by the nonspecific fluorescence from endogenous NADPH that is encountered in methods in which galactose dehydrogenase is used. At a sampling rate of 40/h with a sample-to-wash ratio of 1/2, carryover is negligible, reproducibility is excellent, and 80% of steady state is achieved. Analytical recovery of added galactose was 95%. The method has the requisite sensitivity and accuracy for quantification of galactosemia and galactosuria in milkfed newborn infants and genetic evaluation of families of patients.", "contents": "Automated fluorometric analysis of galactose in blood. In galactosemia, prevention of mental retardation depends on early recognition of the disorder and institution of dietary restriction of galactose. We describe an automated fluorometric micromethod for galactose in whole blood spotted on filter paper. Galactose is oxidized by galactose oxidase to D-galacto-hexadialdose and H2O2 and measured as the highly fluorescent condensation product of homovanillic acid formed when H2O2 is acted upon by horseradish peroxidase. The procedure is 10-fold more sensitive than colorimetric procedures for galactose and is not hampered by the nonspecific fluorescence from endogenous NADPH that is encountered in methods in which galactose dehydrogenase is used. At a sampling rate of 40/h with a sample-to-wash ratio of 1/2, carryover is negligible, reproducibility is excellent, and 80% of steady state is achieved. Analytical recovery of added galactose was 95%. The method has the requisite sensitivity and accuracy for quantification of galactosemia and galactosuria in milkfed newborn infants and genetic evaluation of families of patients."}
{"id": "PMID:870261", "title": "Simple procedure for measuring total protein in urine.", "content": "We describe a procedure for measuring total protein in urine. The method is simple, sensitive, and free of interference from drugs that are known to affect other commonly used methods. The CV for a 1.1 g/liter urine control in daily, routine use is 4.6%. The procedure involves adsorbing the protein onto cellulose powder, binding of Ponceau S dye by the protein, washing away excess dye, and eluting the bound dye into dilute NaOH for colorimetry. Comparison of results by this method with those by the biuret and turbidimetric procedures showed good agreement in those cases where the specimens were suitable for assay by the comparison methods.", "contents": "Simple procedure for measuring total protein in urine. We describe a procedure for measuring total protein in urine. The method is simple, sensitive, and free of interference from drugs that are known to affect other commonly used methods. The CV for a 1.1 g/liter urine control in daily, routine use is 4.6%. The procedure involves adsorbing the protein onto cellulose powder, binding of Ponceau S dye by the protein, washing away excess dye, and eluting the bound dye into dilute NaOH for colorimetry. Comparison of results by this method with those by the biuret and turbidimetric procedures showed good agreement in those cases where the specimens were suitable for assay by the comparison methods."}
{"id": "PMID:870262", "title": "Increased concentrations of serum free fatty acids falsely increase serum thyroxine as determined by competitive protein-binding.", "content": "Markedly increased concentrations of free fatty acids after a fatty meal and heparin injection already have been shown to falsely increase thyroxine values measured by competitive protein-binding techniques, where ethanol extraction in used. We report here the effect of lesser increases. In 10 patients receiving heparin during hemodialysis we found significant increases in serum thyroxine by competitive protein-binding (mean, 20 nmol/l) and in free fatty acid concentrations (164 micronmol/l). Thyroxine measured as iodine did not change significantly. In seven subjects who had fasted for 27 h, we also noted significant increases in thyroxine by competitive protein-binding (mean 63 nmol/l) and in free fatty acid concentrations (624 micronmol/l). In a single subjects, serial measurements showed a close association of the two variables and the overall correlation between the increases was good. This artefact limits the value of many currently used thyroxine methods because it imposes restrictions on transport of samples and selection of patients.", "contents": "Increased concentrations of serum free fatty acids falsely increase serum thyroxine as determined by competitive protein-binding. Markedly increased concentrations of free fatty acids after a fatty meal and heparin injection already have been shown to falsely increase thyroxine values measured by competitive protein-binding techniques, where ethanol extraction in used. We report here the effect of lesser increases. In 10 patients receiving heparin during hemodialysis we found significant increases in serum thyroxine by competitive protein-binding (mean, 20 nmol/l) and in free fatty acid concentrations (164 micronmol/l). Thyroxine measured as iodine did not change significantly. In seven subjects who had fasted for 27 h, we also noted significant increases in thyroxine by competitive protein-binding (mean 63 nmol/l) and in free fatty acid concentrations (624 micronmol/l). In a single subjects, serial measurements showed a close association of the two variables and the overall correlation between the increases was good. This artefact limits the value of many currently used thyroxine methods because it imposes restrictions on transport of samples and selection of patients."}
{"id": "PMID:870263", "title": "Specificity and binding capacity of human blood serum for tetrahydropterins.", "content": "Binding behaviour of labelled biopterin, 6,7-dimethylpterin, 2,4-diamino-6,7-dimethylpteridin, and of their 5,6,7,8-tetrahydro derivatives was studied with human serum proteins. Binding capacity of serum proteins is in the range of 5 x 10-10--10-3 M without saturation for all these pteridines. Preincubation or competition with tetrahydrobiopterin does not influence binding of tetrahydro-6,7-dimethylpterin in these concentrations. The bulk of pteridines is bound through unspecific adsorption. Only at concentrations of less than 0.8 x 10-8 M does high affinity binding seem to be possible, corresponding to about 300 pmol/g protein, whereas physiological biopterin concentration is near 2 x 10-8 M. The binding proteins are very sensitive to ageing and lose their capacity during purification, whereas unspecific binding to serum proteins is only weakly influenced by alteration of salt concentration, pH, or temperature. Attempts to partially purify the binding proteins by ion exchange, dextran gel (Sephadex G-200), or affinity chromatography, demonstrate a specificity of tetrahydropterins for the alpha2-macroglobulin fraction. Due to the high lability of this protein fraction and of pteridine binding, purification of a protein which specifically binds tetrahydrobiopterin was not achieved.", "contents": "Specificity and binding capacity of human blood serum for tetrahydropterins. Binding behaviour of labelled biopterin, 6,7-dimethylpterin, 2,4-diamino-6,7-dimethylpteridin, and of their 5,6,7,8-tetrahydro derivatives was studied with human serum proteins. Binding capacity of serum proteins is in the range of 5 x 10-10--10-3 M without saturation for all these pteridines. Preincubation or competition with tetrahydrobiopterin does not influence binding of tetrahydro-6,7-dimethylpterin in these concentrations. The bulk of pteridines is bound through unspecific adsorption. Only at concentrations of less than 0.8 x 10-8 M does high affinity binding seem to be possible, corresponding to about 300 pmol/g protein, whereas physiological biopterin concentration is near 2 x 10-8 M. The binding proteins are very sensitive to ageing and lose their capacity during purification, whereas unspecific binding to serum proteins is only weakly influenced by alteration of salt concentration, pH, or temperature. Attempts to partially purify the binding proteins by ion exchange, dextran gel (Sephadex G-200), or affinity chromatography, demonstrate a specificity of tetrahydropterins for the alpha2-macroglobulin fraction. Due to the high lability of this protein fraction and of pteridine binding, purification of a protein which specifically binds tetrahydrobiopterin was not achieved."}
{"id": "PMID:870264", "title": "Acid glycosaminoglycans (mucopolysaccharides) in the differential diagnosis of pleural effusion.", "content": "Pleural fluid glycosaminoglycans (GAG) in 64 patients with various diseases were isolated by anion-exchange chromatography after proteolysis, and characterised by spectrophotometric, electrophoretic and enzymatic techniques. GAG concentrations ranged from 7 to 1178 microng hexuronate/ml pleural fluid. The highest values (1178, 161 and 160 micron/ml) were found in patients with diffuse mesothelioma. Over 90% of the pleural fluid GAG consisted of hyaluronic acid (HA) in these patients. In other types of pleural effusion the relative HA content varied from 42 to 70% of the total GAG. Determination of pleural fluid HA consequently appears extremely valuable in the diagnosis of the form of mesothelioma producing HA. The mean GAG concentration of  pleural fluid was significantly higher in tuberculous pleurisy than in hydrothorax (P less than 0.01), secondary malignant pleural effusion (P less than 0.0005) and idiopathic pleurisy (Pless than 0.03). It was impossible to demonstrate definite correlations between GAG and protein, and GAG and glucose concentrations of pleural fluid.", "contents": "Acid glycosaminoglycans (mucopolysaccharides) in the differential diagnosis of pleural effusion. Pleural fluid glycosaminoglycans (GAG) in 64 patients with various diseases were isolated by anion-exchange chromatography after proteolysis, and characterised by spectrophotometric, electrophoretic and enzymatic techniques. GAG concentrations ranged from 7 to 1178 microng hexuronate/ml pleural fluid. The highest values (1178, 161 and 160 micron/ml) were found in patients with diffuse mesothelioma. Over 90% of the pleural fluid GAG consisted of hyaluronic acid (HA) in these patients. In other types of pleural effusion the relative HA content varied from 42 to 70% of the total GAG. Determination of pleural fluid HA consequently appears extremely valuable in the diagnosis of the form of mesothelioma producing HA. The mean GAG concentration of  pleural fluid was significantly higher in tuberculous pleurisy than in hydrothorax (P less than 0.01), secondary malignant pleural effusion (P less than 0.0005) and idiopathic pleurisy (Pless than 0.03). It was impossible to demonstrate definite correlations between GAG and protein, and GAG and glucose concentrations of pleural fluid."}
{"id": "PMID:870265", "title": "Accuracy of a calculating system in transcribing output from a reaction rate analyser.", "content": "A system for the mechanized calculation and transcription of output from a reaction rate analyser has been evaluated in the performance of 8 enzyme assays, many of which show anomalous kinetic behaviour with regard to \"lag\" or \"accelerated\" phases or \"blank\" reactions. For all of these enzymes, a cycle of three consecutive 18-second readings per assay proved optimal, the result being based upon the final output value unless this showed marked discrepancy with the second value, in which circumstances it is helpful to refer to a strip chart recording of the progress curve. Excellent agreement was obtained with manually-derived results and the system functioned without downtime for more than one year. Marked descrepancies between manual and mechanised  results were invariably traced to technician error.", "contents": "Accuracy of a calculating system in transcribing output from a reaction rate analyser. A system for the mechanized calculation and transcription of output from a reaction rate analyser has been evaluated in the performance of 8 enzyme assays, many of which show anomalous kinetic behaviour with regard to \"lag\" or \"accelerated\" phases or \"blank\" reactions. For all of these enzymes, a cycle of three consecutive 18-second readings per assay proved optimal, the result being based upon the final output value unless this showed marked discrepancy with the second value, in which circumstances it is helpful to refer to a strip chart recording of the progress curve. Excellent agreement was obtained with manually-derived results and the system functioned without downtime for more than one year. Marked descrepancies between manual and mechanised  results were invariably traced to technician error."}
{"id": "PMID:870266", "title": "Cramps, thirst and hypertension in hemodialysis patients -- the influence of dialyzate sodium concentration.", "content": "The effect of increasing dialyzate sodium concentration from 130 to 136 mmoles/l on the incidence of muscle cramps in patients on regular dialysis treatment is assessed. This change was found to be effective in markedly reducing the incidence of cramp at the cost of a slight rise in the complaint of thirst. Mean arterial pressure rose slightly but significantly and exchangeable sodium was increased to levels comparable to those measured during 1969, when with twice weekly dialysis hypertension was a problem. It is concluded that dialyzate sodium concentration may with benefit be increased to 136 mmoles/l, provided that blood pressure is carefully monitored.", "contents": "Cramps, thirst and hypertension in hemodialysis patients -- the influence of dialyzate sodium concentration. The effect of increasing dialyzate sodium concentration from 130 to 136 mmoles/l on the incidence of muscle cramps in patients on regular dialysis treatment is assessed. This change was found to be effective in markedly reducing the incidence of cramp at the cost of a slight rise in the complaint of thirst. Mean arterial pressure rose slightly but significantly and exchangeable sodium was increased to levels comparable to those measured during 1969, when with twice weekly dialysis hypertension was a problem. It is concluded that dialyzate sodium concentration may with benefit be increased to 136 mmoles/l, provided that blood pressure is carefully monitored."}
{"id": "PMID:870267", "title": "Symptoms and course of chronic hypokalemic nephropathy in man.", "content": "The symptoms and clinical course of chronic hypokalemic nephropathy are described in 21 patients with longstanding potassium deficiency. In 14 patients (group A) the potassium depletion was caused by malnutrition and/or abuse of laxatives and/or diuretics. 7 patients (group B) suffered from primary (6 cases) or secondary (1 case) aldosteronism. The average duration of potassium depletion was 8.8 years in group A and 3.4 years in group B. Depending on the duration of potassium depletion, chronic renal disease develops which may end in terminal renal failure. Urinalysis is non-specific or negative. The clearance of creatinine slowly decreases. Metabolic alkalosis is a constant finding and in group A occurs with a tendency to hyponatremia and hypochloremia, with the development of metabolic acidosis only in advanced renal insufficiency. In contrast to patients of group B, patients of group A have normal or low blood pressures converting to hypertension, if at all only in the late phase. The cases of group A had secondary aldosteronism (and, correspondingly, a hyperplastic juxtaglomerular apparatus). Although urinary tract infection is a regular finding in advanced stages, the clinical, radiological and histological evidence suggests that bacterial pyelonephritis, if occurring at all, is rather a complication than the cause of the disease. In 5 patients 7 instances of acute renal failure of unknown origin were observed which was lethal in one case. Another patient died from terminal renal failure, a third from an intercurrent pneumonia. Renal histology obtained from 13 patients showed the picture of diffuse chronic abacterial interstitial nephritis.", "contents": "Symptoms and course of chronic hypokalemic nephropathy in man. The symptoms and clinical course of chronic hypokalemic nephropathy are described in 21 patients with longstanding potassium deficiency. In 14 patients (group A) the potassium depletion was caused by malnutrition and/or abuse of laxatives and/or diuretics. 7 patients (group B) suffered from primary (6 cases) or secondary (1 case) aldosteronism. The average duration of potassium depletion was 8.8 years in group A and 3.4 years in group B. Depending on the duration of potassium depletion, chronic renal disease develops which may end in terminal renal failure. Urinalysis is non-specific or negative. The clearance of creatinine slowly decreases. Metabolic alkalosis is a constant finding and in group A occurs with a tendency to hyponatremia and hypochloremia, with the development of metabolic acidosis only in advanced renal insufficiency. In contrast to patients of group B, patients of group A have normal or low blood pressures converting to hypertension, if at all only in the late phase. The cases of group A had secondary aldosteronism (and, correspondingly, a hyperplastic juxtaglomerular apparatus). Although urinary tract infection is a regular finding in advanced stages, the clinical, radiological and histological evidence suggests that bacterial pyelonephritis, if occurring at all, is rather a complication than the cause of the disease. In 5 patients 7 instances of acute renal failure of unknown origin were observed which was lethal in one case. Another patient died from terminal renal failure, a third from an intercurrent pneumonia. Renal histology obtained from 13 patients showed the picture of diffuse chronic abacterial interstitial nephritis."}
{"id": "PMID:870268", "title": "Effect of intraperitoneal diuretics on solute transport during hypertonic dialysis.", "content": "Hypertonic periotoneal dialysis in New Zealand white rabbits results in increased dialyzate volume, but the sodium content of net ultrafiltrate is 109.5 MEq/l, less than extracellular fluid sodium concentration. With intraperitoneal furosemide, mean net ultrafilrate sodium concentration increased significantly to 121.2 mE1/l while ethacrynic acid had no such effect and both drugs affected dialyzate volume very slightly. Hypertonic peritoneal dialysis increased urea clearance significantly above isotonic dialysis and the addition of ethacrynic acid increased clearances further (P LESS THAN.02). Added furosemide decreased urea clearances suggesting that the effect on sodium transport is not an overall permeability change. During isotonic peritoneal dialysis, furosemide increased peritoneal permeability, i.e. urea and creatinine clearances, but a significantly higher urea clearance resulted from intraperitoneal ethacrynic acid. Furosemide influx clearance average 0.31 ml/kg/min, a mean of 27 percent of the urea clearance. The data suggest that furosemide may be useful to prevent the hypernatremia that may complicate hypertonic peritoneal dialysis, but is not as efficacious as other vasoactive drugs in enhancing peritoneal permeability.", "contents": "Effect of intraperitoneal diuretics on solute transport during hypertonic dialysis. Hypertonic periotoneal dialysis in New Zealand white rabbits results in increased dialyzate volume, but the sodium content of net ultrafiltrate is 109.5 MEq/l, less than extracellular fluid sodium concentration. With intraperitoneal furosemide, mean net ultrafilrate sodium concentration increased significantly to 121.2 mE1/l while ethacrynic acid had no such effect and both drugs affected dialyzate volume very slightly. Hypertonic peritoneal dialysis increased urea clearance significantly above isotonic dialysis and the addition of ethacrynic acid increased clearances further (P LESS THAN.02). Added furosemide decreased urea clearances suggesting that the effect on sodium transport is not an overall permeability change. During isotonic peritoneal dialysis, furosemide increased peritoneal permeability, i.e. urea and creatinine clearances, but a significantly higher urea clearance resulted from intraperitoneal ethacrynic acid. Furosemide influx clearance average 0.31 ml/kg/min, a mean of 27 percent of the urea clearance. The data suggest that furosemide may be useful to prevent the hypernatremia that may complicate hypertonic peritoneal dialysis, but is not as efficacious as other vasoactive drugs in enhancing peritoneal permeability."}
{"id": "PMID:870269", "title": "Hyperphosphatemia.", "content": "Serum phosphorus concentrations are maintained within narrow limits in humans. In the extracellular fluid most of the phosphorus is present in the inorganic form and at the level of the glomerulus greater than 90% of PO4 is ultrafilterable. The kidney plays a key role in PO4 homeostasis. Micropuncture experiments have demonstrated that 60 to 70% of the filtered PO4 is reabsorbed in the proximal tubule; however, there is evidence that a significant amount of PO4 is reabsorbed in the distal tubule. Phosphate secretion probably plays a minor role in the overall renal regulation of phosphate. In normal individuals the amount of PO4 ingested plays a key role in the amount that ultimately will be excreted in the urine. The reabsorption of PO4 along the nephron is regulated by a series of factors of which parathyroid hormone is the most important one. Hyperphosphatemia is seen frequently in clinical medicine and by far, the most common cause is a decrease in urinary PO4 excretion secondary to renal failure. From the practical point of view, the most effective way to treat hyperphosphatemia is to decrease PO4 absorption in the GI tract by the use of PO4 binders.", "contents": "Hyperphosphatemia. Serum phosphorus concentrations are maintained within narrow limits in humans. In the extracellular fluid most of the phosphorus is present in the inorganic form and at the level of the glomerulus greater than 90% of PO4 is ultrafilterable. The kidney plays a key role in PO4 homeostasis. Micropuncture experiments have demonstrated that 60 to 70% of the filtered PO4 is reabsorbed in the proximal tubule; however, there is evidence that a significant amount of PO4 is reabsorbed in the distal tubule. Phosphate secretion probably plays a minor role in the overall renal regulation of phosphate. In normal individuals the amount of PO4 ingested plays a key role in the amount that ultimately will be excreted in the urine. The reabsorption of PO4 along the nephron is regulated by a series of factors of which parathyroid hormone is the most important one. Hyperphosphatemia is seen frequently in clinical medicine and by far, the most common cause is a decrease in urinary PO4 excretion secondary to renal failure. From the practical point of view, the most effective way to treat hyperphosphatemia is to decrease PO4 absorption in the GI tract by the use of PO4 binders."}
{"id": "PMID:870270", "title": "Hyponatremia and hypernatremia.", "content": "The concentration of serum sodium is determined by the external balance of water. Hyponatremia occurs when total body water is in excess of sodium, and hypernatremia develops when body water is relatively decreased in relation to sodium. Both disorders may be present in patients with various disease states in which total body sodium is either decreased, normal or increased. The symptomatology in both disorders is related to the disturbance in central nervous system due to brain edema in patients with hyponatremia and brain dehydration, and cerebrovascular hemorrhages in patients with hypernatremia. The treatment of hypo and hypernatremia is achieved by correcting the abnormalities in body water content.", "contents": "Hyponatremia and hypernatremia. The concentration of serum sodium is determined by the external balance of water. Hyponatremia occurs when total body water is in excess of sodium, and hypernatremia develops when body water is relatively decreased in relation to sodium. Both disorders may be present in patients with various disease states in which total body sodium is either decreased, normal or increased. The symptomatology in both disorders is related to the disturbance in central nervous system due to brain edema in patients with hyponatremia and brain dehydration, and cerebrovascular hemorrhages in patients with hypernatremia. The treatment of hypo and hypernatremia is achieved by correcting the abnormalities in body water content."}
{"id": "PMID:870271", "title": "Digoxin kinetics during furosemide administration.", "content": "The urinary excretion of a 0.75-mg oral dose of digoxin was assessed in 8 healthy men during a control 5-day period and then, after a washout period of at least 2 wk, during a 5-day period when the subjects also took oral furosemide, 40 mg daily. Analysis of the raw data by a paired Student's test and analysis of variance of log-transformed urinary digoxin excretion data revealed no significant difference attributable to the addition of furosemide (F = 1.16; df = 1,21). The treatment by day interaction showed the slopes to be consistent between the two treatments. It seems that in the presence of normal renal function there is no need to alter loading or maintenance doses of digoxin when furosemide is also given. Analysis of variance with log transformation of data is suggested as a practical approach to handling digoxin urinary excretion results when the transformation linearizes the data through examination by the method of orthogonal polynomials.", "contents": "Digoxin kinetics during furosemide administration. The urinary excretion of a 0.75-mg oral dose of digoxin was assessed in 8 healthy men during a control 5-day period and then, after a washout period of at least 2 wk, during a 5-day period when the subjects also took oral furosemide, 40 mg daily. Analysis of the raw data by a paired Student's test and analysis of variance of log-transformed urinary digoxin excretion data revealed no significant difference attributable to the addition of furosemide (F = 1.16; df = 1,21). The treatment by day interaction showed the slopes to be consistent between the two treatments. It seems that in the presence of normal renal function there is no need to alter loading or maintenance doses of digoxin when furosemide is also given. Analysis of variance with log transformation of data is suggested as a practical approach to handling digoxin urinary excretion results when the transformation linearizes the data through examination by the method of orthogonal polynomials."}
{"id": "PMID:870272", "title": "Pharmacokinetics and concentration-effect relationships of intervenous and oral clonidine.", "content": "The kinetics of the disposition of intravenous and oral clonidine in five normotensive subjects have been determined. It is proposed that a two-compartment model adequately describes the disposition of the drug. The drug is rapidly distributed (t1/2alpha = 10.8 +/- 4.7 min) but slowly elimainated (t1/2beta = 8.5 +/- 0.9 hr). The bioavailability of oral clonidine in the tablets tested averaged 75.2% and 40 to 50% of the bioavailable dose is excreted unchanged in urine. Renal clearance of the drug showed considerable intersubject variation (1.82 +/- 0.34 ml/min/kg) and exceed the calculated glomerular filtration rate in some subjects. Oral and intravenous clonidine induced significant falls in blood pressure (greater than 20/15 mm Hg) in our normotensive subjects and consistently caused marked sedation and dryness of the mouth. Sedation and salivary flow correlated with plasma clonidine concentration over the range 0 to 4 ng/ml. Falls in blood pressure were related to plasma concentration to 1.5 to 2 ng/ml but at higher concentrations the hypotensive effect was attenuated.", "contents": "Pharmacokinetics and concentration-effect relationships of intervenous and oral clonidine. The kinetics of the disposition of intravenous and oral clonidine in five normotensive subjects have been determined. It is proposed that a two-compartment model adequately describes the disposition of the drug. The drug is rapidly distributed (t1/2alpha = 10.8 +/- 4.7 min) but slowly elimainated (t1/2beta = 8.5 +/- 0.9 hr). The bioavailability of oral clonidine in the tablets tested averaged 75.2% and 40 to 50% of the bioavailable dose is excreted unchanged in urine. Renal clearance of the drug showed considerable intersubject variation (1.82 +/- 0.34 ml/min/kg) and exceed the calculated glomerular filtration rate in some subjects. Oral and intravenous clonidine induced significant falls in blood pressure (greater than 20/15 mm Hg) in our normotensive subjects and consistently caused marked sedation and dryness of the mouth. Sedation and salivary flow correlated with plasma clonidine concentration over the range 0 to 4 ng/ml. Falls in blood pressure were related to plasma concentration to 1.5 to 2 ng/ml but at higher concentrations the hypotensive effect was attenuated."}
{"id": "PMID:870273", "title": "Variations in the fate of triameterene.", "content": "Triamterene is a pteridine used therapeutically as a diuretic. In order to better understand variations in effect and toxicity of triamterence in individuals, the fate of the drug in man was investigated. Both nonradioactive and 14C-labeled forms of the drug were administered, and specific methods of analysis were used to separate the parent compound from its metabolite. Individual variation in absorption, binding, and elimination was noted. The drug was excreted in bile as well as urine. Rapid and extensive metabolism of the agent occurred after oral and intravenous doses in healthy adult men. The peak plasma levels of the drug after an oral dose (200 mg) were under 0.3 microng/ml, but the concentration of the primary metabolite. (2,4,7-triamino-6-p-hydroxyphenylpteridine) was higher. The urinary excretion of the metabolite was at least three times that of the parent drug.", "contents": "Variations in the fate of triameterene. Triamterene is a pteridine used therapeutically as a diuretic. In order to better understand variations in effect and toxicity of triamterence in individuals, the fate of the drug in man was investigated. Both nonradioactive and 14C-labeled forms of the drug were administered, and specific methods of analysis were used to separate the parent compound from its metabolite. Individual variation in absorption, binding, and elimination was noted. The drug was excreted in bile as well as urine. Rapid and extensive metabolism of the agent occurred after oral and intravenous doses in healthy adult men. The peak plasma levels of the drug after an oral dose (200 mg) were under 0.3 microng/ml, but the concentration of the primary metabolite. (2,4,7-triamino-6-p-hydroxyphenylpteridine) was higher. The urinary excretion of the metabolite was at least three times that of the parent drug."}
{"id": "PMID:870274", "title": "Aminopyrine metabolism in the presence of hyperbilirubinemia due to cholestasis or hepatocellular disease. Combined use of laboratory tests to study disease-induced alterations in drug disposition.", "content": "Hepatocellular diseases, such as hepatitis, cirrhosis, or hepatic neoplasm, are associated with impaired metabolism of certain drugs, including aminopyrine, whereas cholestasis produced variable effects on aminopyrine metabolism. Reasons for the variable effects of cholestasis on hepatic aminopyrine metabolism were sought by performing in patients with hyperbilirubinemia the aminopyrine breath test (ABT), which consists of measurements of 14CO2 in breath 2 hr after oral administration of [14C]aminopyrine. Hyperbilirubinemia (total serum bilirubin less than 1.2 mg/100 ml) in these patients was due to hepatocellular disease or cholestasis. The ABT, defined as the percentage of the  administered dose of 14C excreted in breath for 2 hr after [14C]aminopyrine administration, was 6.2 +/- 0.8% (mean +/- SD) in 107 control patients with normal total serum bilirubin. The ABT was severely abnormal (less than 3.1%) in 54 of 77 hyperbilirubinemic patients (70%) with hepatocellular disease and normal (greater than 4.5%) in only 5 of these patients (6%). In contrast, the ABT was severely abnormal in only 1 of 40 cases of  cholestasis with hyperbilirubinemia and normal in 70% of these patients. Thus, aminopyrine metabolism is normal in most cases of hyperbilirubinemia due to cholestasis and is only rarely severely abnormal in these patients. On the other hand, severe abnormality in aminopyrine metabolism occurs in the majority of patients with hyperbilirubinemia due to hepatocellular disease. It therefore appears that the ABT may be useful in hyperbilirubinemia to distinguish patients with hyperbilirubinemia due to cholestasis form most patients with hyperbilirubinemia due to hepatocellular disease.", "contents": "Aminopyrine metabolism in the presence of hyperbilirubinemia due to cholestasis or hepatocellular disease. Combined use of laboratory tests to study disease-induced alterations in drug disposition. Hepatocellular diseases, such as hepatitis, cirrhosis, or hepatic neoplasm, are associated with impaired metabolism of certain drugs, including aminopyrine, whereas cholestasis produced variable effects on aminopyrine metabolism. Reasons for the variable effects of cholestasis on hepatic aminopyrine metabolism were sought by performing in patients with hyperbilirubinemia the aminopyrine breath test (ABT), which consists of measurements of 14CO2 in breath 2 hr after oral administration of [14C]aminopyrine. Hyperbilirubinemia (total serum bilirubin less than 1.2 mg/100 ml) in these patients was due to hepatocellular disease or cholestasis. The ABT, defined as the percentage of the  administered dose of 14C excreted in breath for 2 hr after [14C]aminopyrine administration, was 6.2 +/- 0.8% (mean +/- SD) in 107 control patients with normal total serum bilirubin. The ABT was severely abnormal (less than 3.1%) in 54 of 77 hyperbilirubinemic patients (70%) with hepatocellular disease and normal (greater than 4.5%) in only 5 of these patients (6%). In contrast, the ABT was severely abnormal in only 1 of 40 cases of  cholestasis with hyperbilirubinemia and normal in 70% of these patients. Thus, aminopyrine metabolism is normal in most cases of hyperbilirubinemia due to cholestasis and is only rarely severely abnormal in these patients. On the other hand, severe abnormality in aminopyrine metabolism occurs in the majority of patients with hyperbilirubinemia due to hepatocellular disease. It therefore appears that the ABT may be useful in hyperbilirubinemia to distinguish patients with hyperbilirubinemia due to cholestasis form most patients with hyperbilirubinemia due to hepatocellular disease."}
{"id": "PMID:870275", "title": "Practolol peritonitis.", "content": "Barium examination of the small bowel revealed fixation, dilation, separation of bowel loops and delayed small intestinal transit in nine patients with practolol induced peritonitis. The diagnosis may be first suggested by this examination, and a history of prolonged therapy with beta-blocking agents should be sought in patients showing these changes where no other cause for them can be found. Symptoms may develop up to a year following cessation of therapy so that further cases may still come to light despite the withdrawal of practolol for long-term use. Small bowel barium examination is indicated in patients who have received practolol therapy and who develop suspicious alimentary symptoms.", "contents": "Practolol peritonitis. Barium examination of the small bowel revealed fixation, dilation, separation of bowel loops and delayed small intestinal transit in nine patients with practolol induced peritonitis. The diagnosis may be first suggested by this examination, and a history of prolonged therapy with beta-blocking agents should be sought in patients showing these changes where no other cause for them can be found. Symptoms may develop up to a year following cessation of therapy so that further cases may still come to light despite the withdrawal of practolol for long-term use. Small bowel barium examination is indicated in patients who have received practolol therapy and who develop suspicious alimentary symptoms."}
{"id": "PMID:870276", "title": "Detection and grading of oesophageal varices by fibre-optic endoscopy and barium swallow with and without Buscopan.", "content": "Detection of oesophageal varices is important in the diagnosis of portal hypertension. We have, therefore, compared the results of fibre-optic endoscopy and barium swallow in 56 patients with chronic liver disease. Oesophageal varices were graded as small, moderate or gross by independent observers for each technique. In 12 patients varices were not detected by either method, and in six cases varices were detected by endoscopy when the barium swallow was negative. In 15 of the remaining 38 patients varices were found to be one grade larger at endoscopy than on barium swallow. Since it is possible that varices appear larger at endoscopy because of the Buscopan (hyoscine N-butyl bromide) used as a relaxant, we carried out barium examinations after Buscopan 20 mg i.v. in 23 of the patients. In eight cases varices were one grade larger after Buscopan than on the standard barium swallow, and in two were only detected after Buscopan had been given. Eight cases negative after Buscopan were also negative at endoscopy. Although emergency endoscopy has particular value in locating the site of bleeding in patients with portal hypertension and acute gastrointestinal haemorrhage, the results of the present study suggest that a barium meal with Buscopan is as accurate as endoscopy in the detection of oesophageal varices.", "contents": "Detection and grading of oesophageal varices by fibre-optic endoscopy and barium swallow with and without Buscopan. Detection of oesophageal varices is important in the diagnosis of portal hypertension. We have, therefore, compared the results of fibre-optic endoscopy and barium swallow in 56 patients with chronic liver disease. Oesophageal varices were graded as small, moderate or gross by independent observers for each technique. In 12 patients varices were not detected by either method, and in six cases varices were detected by endoscopy when the barium swallow was negative. In 15 of the remaining 38 patients varices were found to be one grade larger at endoscopy than on barium swallow. Since it is possible that varices appear larger at endoscopy because of the Buscopan (hyoscine N-butyl bromide) used as a relaxant, we carried out barium examinations after Buscopan 20 mg i.v. in 23 of the patients. In eight cases varices were one grade larger after Buscopan than on the standard barium swallow, and in two were only detected after Buscopan had been given. Eight cases negative after Buscopan were also negative at endoscopy. Although emergency endoscopy has particular value in locating the site of bleeding in patients with portal hypertension and acute gastrointestinal haemorrhage, the results of the present study suggest that a barium meal with Buscopan is as accurate as endoscopy in the detection of oesophageal varices."}
{"id": "PMID:870277", "title": "The evaluation of dumping and diarrhoea after gastric surgery using a physiological test meal.", "content": "A test meal consisting of food (Galactomin 18), and a barium preparation (Raybar) was given to 47 patients who had undergone truncal vagotomy combined with either antrectomy or gastric drainage, and to five normal subjects. The radiological findings were correlated with the symptomatology. Total gastric emptying was not significantly different between normal controls, post-operative but asymptomatic cases, or those in whom dumping of diarrhoea was provoked. Small intestinal transit was significantly faster in cases of post-cibal diarrhoea than in other groups, and was also more rapid than normal when dumping was provoked. Colonic entry time was also faster than normal in these two groups. Marked dilution of the meal in the small bowel only occurred in the presence of the dumping syndrome. Jejunal interposition prevented the occurrence of dumping and restored the radiological appearances in the intestine to normal. The test meal gave excellent correlation with the patients' symptomatology. The relationship of the findings to the mechanisms of post-cibal diarrhoea and the dumping syndrome is discussed.", "contents": "The evaluation of dumping and diarrhoea after gastric surgery using a physiological test meal. A test meal consisting of food (Galactomin 18), and a barium preparation (Raybar) was given to 47 patients who had undergone truncal vagotomy combined with either antrectomy or gastric drainage, and to five normal subjects. The radiological findings were correlated with the symptomatology. Total gastric emptying was not significantly different between normal controls, post-operative but asymptomatic cases, or those in whom dumping of diarrhoea was provoked. Small intestinal transit was significantly faster in cases of post-cibal diarrhoea than in other groups, and was also more rapid than normal when dumping was provoked. Colonic entry time was also faster than normal in these two groups. Marked dilution of the meal in the small bowel only occurred in the presence of the dumping syndrome. Jejunal interposition prevented the occurrence of dumping and restored the radiological appearances in the intestine to normal. The test meal gave excellent correlation with the patients' symptomatology. The relationship of the findings to the mechanisms of post-cibal diarrhoea and the dumping syndrome is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:870278", "title": "The radiographic patterns of acute mycoplasma pneumonitis.", "content": "Twenty-two cases of serologically proven pulmonary mycoplasma infection have been reviewed.  All showed abnormality on plain chest radiographs. A definitive diagnosis could not be made on initial or individual films. However, studies of sequential films enabled diagnostic patterns to be distinguished.", "contents": "The radiographic patterns of acute mycoplasma pneumonitis. Twenty-two cases of serologically proven pulmonary mycoplasma infection have been reviewed.  All showed abnormality on plain chest radiographs. A definitive diagnosis could not be made on initial or individual films. However, studies of sequential films enabled diagnostic patterns to be distinguished."}
{"id": "PMID:870279", "title": "Anatomical variations in the articular masses of the seventh cervical vertebra simulating fracture.", "content": "The articular masses of the seventh cervical vertebra are variable in that about 87% of patients the superior and inferior facets are not parallel. IN ADDITION, THE INFERIOR FACETS ARE OFTEN POSTERIORLY PLACED IN RELATION TO THE SUPERIOR FACETS. These factors contribute to a notched undulating articular mass seen bilaterally on the lateral and oblique projections simulating fracture. The difference in inclination of the superior and inferior facets may cause either the superior or inferior facets to be obscured on the AP VIEW ANGLED CAUDAD--THE POSTERIOR ARCH VIEW. Since these anomalies are bilateral and fractures are almost always unilateral, the differentiation is most easily made on this posterior arch view.", "contents": "Anatomical variations in the articular masses of the seventh cervical vertebra simulating fracture. The articular masses of the seventh cervical vertebra are variable in that about 87% of patients the superior and inferior facets are not parallel. IN ADDITION, THE INFERIOR FACETS ARE OFTEN POSTERIORLY PLACED IN RELATION TO THE SUPERIOR FACETS. These factors contribute to a notched undulating articular mass seen bilaterally on the lateral and oblique projections simulating fracture. The difference in inclination of the superior and inferior facets may cause either the superior or inferior facets to be obscured on the AP VIEW ANGLED CAUDAD--THE POSTERIOR ARCH VIEW. Since these anomalies are bilateral and fractures are almost always unilateral, the differentiation is most easily made on this posterior arch view."}
{"id": "PMID:870280", "title": "The radiology of the hip joints and pelvis in cerebral palsy.", "content": "Thw radiological appearances found in the pelvis and hip joints in 79 patients with cerebral palsy, aged 5--16 years, have been studied. These findings have been recorded and correlated with the clinical severity and distribution of the disease. Subluxation of the hip joints was found in 14% and dislocation in a further 6%. Spasticity was the predominant neuromuscular handicap in 69 out of 79 cases (88%). The acetabular angle and femoral neck shaft angle were related to the degree of migration of the femoral head. The acetabular angle, iliac angle, iliac index and femoral neck shaft angle were all significantly increased in the deranged group. In the dislocated group, the mean neck-shaft angle was 154 degrees. When the degree of spasticity was asymmetrical, there was a striking relationship between the laterality of the spasticity and the laterality of the deranged hip, pelvic obliquity and increased acetabular angle. A typical teardrop-shaped femoral head was seen in 48% spina bifida occulta of the lower lumbar and sacral spine in 32% and pseudoarthrosis in 3.8%. No ectopic calcification or ossification of soft tissue was noted. An awareness that these children are at risk from subluxation and dislocation of the hip and the importance of early diagnosis and treatment are emphasised.", "contents": "The radiology of the hip joints and pelvis in cerebral palsy. Thw radiological appearances found in the pelvis and hip joints in 79 patients with cerebral palsy, aged 5--16 years, have been studied. These findings have been recorded and correlated with the clinical severity and distribution of the disease. Subluxation of the hip joints was found in 14% and dislocation in a further 6%. Spasticity was the predominant neuromuscular handicap in 69 out of 79 cases (88%). The acetabular angle and femoral neck shaft angle were related to the degree of migration of the femoral head. The acetabular angle, iliac angle, iliac index and femoral neck shaft angle were all significantly increased in the deranged group. In the dislocated group, the mean neck-shaft angle was 154 degrees. When the degree of spasticity was asymmetrical, there was a striking relationship between the laterality of the spasticity and the laterality of the deranged hip, pelvic obliquity and increased acetabular angle. A typical teardrop-shaped femoral head was seen in 48% spina bifida occulta of the lower lumbar and sacral spine in 32% and pseudoarthrosis in 3.8%. No ectopic calcification or ossification of soft tissue was noted. An awareness that these children are at risk from subluxation and dislocation of the hip and the importance of early diagnosis and treatment are emphasised."}
{"id": "PMID:870281", "title": "The radiology of urinary tract abnormalities associated with hysterectomy.", "content": "A review of urinary tract complications following hysterectomy shows that these are more likely to occur after radical hysterectomy than after hysterectomy for benign conditions. The role of associated radiotherapy has also been considered and the use of preoperative and postoperative radiological investigations of the urinary tract discussed. Ureteric complications include transient hydroureter and hydronephrosis, ureteric stricture, ureteric fistulae and ureteric severance. The bladder complications which may occur are vesicovaginal fistula, impingement from postoperative haematoma and abscess, the development of bladder calculi, urinary retention and prolaspe of the bladder base. Ureteric complications are often serious especially when there has been fistula or stricture formation, but other abnormalities may be transient. Serious bladder complications such as fistula formation are rare, but urinary retention and prolapse of the bladder base are not uncommon. The purpose and means of radiological investigation have been discussed, as well as some diagnostic pitfalls.", "contents": "The radiology of urinary tract abnormalities associated with hysterectomy. A review of urinary tract complications following hysterectomy shows that these are more likely to occur after radical hysterectomy than after hysterectomy for benign conditions. The role of associated radiotherapy has also been considered and the use of preoperative and postoperative radiological investigations of the urinary tract discussed. Ureteric complications include transient hydroureter and hydronephrosis, ureteric stricture, ureteric fistulae and ureteric severance. The bladder complications which may occur are vesicovaginal fistula, impingement from postoperative haematoma and abscess, the development of bladder calculi, urinary retention and prolaspe of the bladder base. Ureteric complications are often serious especially when there has been fistula or stricture formation, but other abnormalities may be transient. Serious bladder complications such as fistula formation are rare, but urinary retention and prolapse of the bladder base are not uncommon. The purpose and means of radiological investigation have been discussed, as well as some diagnostic pitfalls."}
{"id": "PMID:870282", "title": "The radiology of the neurological complications of the reticuloses.", "content": "The application of radiology to the diagnosis of reticulosis involving the nervous system is briefly reviewed, and the pathogenesis of spinal extradural block is discussed. Six cases are added to the existing literature.", "contents": "The radiology of the neurological complications of the reticuloses. The application of radiology to the diagnosis of reticulosis involving the nervous system is briefly reviewed, and the pathogenesis of spinal extradural block is discussed. Six cases are added to the existing literature."}
{"id": "PMID:870283", "title": "Accuracy of grey-scale ultrasonography of liver and spleen in Hodgkin's disease and the other lymphomas compared with isotope scans.", "content": "Complementary techniques to laparotomy are required to monitor patients with lymphomas both before and after treatment. Our preliminary experience with grey-scale ultrasonography is presented. Fifty-two patients, themajority with Hodgkin's disease or other lymphomas, were examined with ultrasound equipment which was custom built. The essential difference between grey-scale equipment and conventional machines is the ability to display the internal consistency of soft organs. Of 20 spleens examined prior to splenectomy, the ultrasonic scan was considered suggestive of involvement in seven of nine that showed histological evidence of Hodgkin's disease. Threeof 11 histologically negative spleens were considered to be positive preoperatively and two of nine read as negative on the scan contained histological disease. Fifty livers were examined with ultrasound. Of seven patients with histological involvement four were read as positive and three as negative and six of 43 patients with no macroscopic or microscopic evidence of liver infiltration were also considered to have a positive ultrasonic scan. Ultrasonic scanning has proved useful for demonstrating enlarged lymph nodes in the porta hepatis, upper para-aortic lymph nodes and bulky mesenteric nodes. On the basis of these preliminary observations the potential value and application of the technique is discussed.", "contents": "Accuracy of grey-scale ultrasonography of liver and spleen in Hodgkin's disease and the other lymphomas compared with isotope scans. Complementary techniques to laparotomy are required to monitor patients with lymphomas both before and after treatment. Our preliminary experience with grey-scale ultrasonography is presented. Fifty-two patients, themajority with Hodgkin's disease or other lymphomas, were examined with ultrasound equipment which was custom built. The essential difference between grey-scale equipment and conventional machines is the ability to display the internal consistency of soft organs. Of 20 spleens examined prior to splenectomy, the ultrasonic scan was considered suggestive of involvement in seven of nine that showed histological evidence of Hodgkin's disease. Threeof 11 histologically negative spleens were considered to be positive preoperatively and two of nine read as negative on the scan contained histological disease. Fifty livers were examined with ultrasound. Of seven patients with histological involvement four were read as positive and three as negative and six of 43 patients with no macroscopic or microscopic evidence of liver infiltration were also considered to have a positive ultrasonic scan. Ultrasonic scanning has proved useful for demonstrating enlarged lymph nodes in the porta hepatis, upper para-aortic lymph nodes and bulky mesenteric nodes. On the basis of these preliminary observations the potential value and application of the technique is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:870284", "title": "Cestrum diurnum intoxication in normal and hyperparathyroid pigs.", "content": "The effect of ingestion of dried leaves of Cestrum diurnum, a plant shown to contain a 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol-like principle, was tested in normal pigs fed 1.2% calcium and 1.0% phosphorus for 10 weeks from weaning and in hyperparathyroid pigs fed 0.8% calcium and 1.6% phosphorus for the same periods of time. Addition of 3% Cestrum diurnum leaf meal rapidly resulted in decreased feed consumption and weight gain, hypercalcemia and hypophosphatasemia. In normal pigs, plasma calcium rose to 16 mg/100 ml within one week and remained high for the 4 week experimental period. In hyperparathyroid pigs with hypocalcemia, plasma calcium rose to 12.75 mg/100 ml within one week and later approached 15 mg/100 ml. Ingestion of Cestrum diurnum retarded cell differentiation of growth cartilages. Arrested osteocytic osteolysis was observed within one week with osteopetrosis of epiphyses and metaphyses. The negative effect on the resorbing osteocytes then caused osteonecrosis which, in combination with lack of bone formation because of atrophy of osteoblasts, resulted in osteopenia within 4 weeks. Dystrophic calcinosis occurred within 2 weeks and was widespread after 4 weeks in lungs, kidneys, heart and vessels. Atrophy of parathyroid cells was severe after one week. Hyperparathyroid pigs responded with skeletal lesions, dystrophic calcinosis and parathyroid atrophy more rapidly and severely than normal pigs. The biochemical and anatomical changes in Cestrum diurnum ingestion are closely similar to those in vitamin D3 intoxication in pigs. Whereas pigs can tolerate large amounts of vitamin D3 because of feed-back control of 1 alpha-hydroxylation in the kidney, this control point is by-passed in Cestrum diurnum ingestion and intoxication occurs promptly.", "contents": "Cestrum diurnum intoxication in normal and hyperparathyroid pigs. The effect of ingestion of dried leaves of Cestrum diurnum, a plant shown to contain a 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol-like principle, was tested in normal pigs fed 1.2% calcium and 1.0% phosphorus for 10 weeks from weaning and in hyperparathyroid pigs fed 0.8% calcium and 1.6% phosphorus for the same periods of time. Addition of 3% Cestrum diurnum leaf meal rapidly resulted in decreased feed consumption and weight gain, hypercalcemia and hypophosphatasemia. In normal pigs, plasma calcium rose to 16 mg/100 ml within one week and remained high for the 4 week experimental period. In hyperparathyroid pigs with hypocalcemia, plasma calcium rose to 12.75 mg/100 ml within one week and later approached 15 mg/100 ml. Ingestion of Cestrum diurnum retarded cell differentiation of growth cartilages. Arrested osteocytic osteolysis was observed within one week with osteopetrosis of epiphyses and metaphyses. The negative effect on the resorbing osteocytes then caused osteonecrosis which, in combination with lack of bone formation because of atrophy of osteoblasts, resulted in osteopenia within 4 weeks. Dystrophic calcinosis occurred within 2 weeks and was widespread after 4 weeks in lungs, kidneys, heart and vessels. Atrophy of parathyroid cells was severe after one week. Hyperparathyroid pigs responded with skeletal lesions, dystrophic calcinosis and parathyroid atrophy more rapidly and severely than normal pigs. The biochemical and anatomical changes in Cestrum diurnum ingestion are closely similar to those in vitamin D3 intoxication in pigs. Whereas pigs can tolerate large amounts of vitamin D3 because of feed-back control of 1 alpha-hydroxylation in the kidney, this control point is by-passed in Cestrum diurnum ingestion and intoxication occurs promptly."}
{"id": "PMID:870285", "title": "Pine needle toxicity in pregnant mice.", "content": "Eight groups of pregnant mice were fed various preparations of ground pine needles or aqueous extracts thereof. An additional group was fed only Purina mouse cubes. Ground pine needles were more toxic to both adult mice and embryos than were the various water extracts. Reproductive failure occurred early in the gestational period. A water soluble and heat labile toxin suggestive of a mycotoxin was demonstrated in water extracts. Pine needle fiber contained a heat stable toxin which was insoluble in water. Evidence suggested the possible presence of a third toxin lethal for adult mice. Results suggested that the heat stable toxin is the one of greatest importance as a source of reproductive failure in mice. Toxins produced by fungi were considered to be of secondary importance.", "contents": "Pine needle toxicity in pregnant mice. Eight groups of pregnant mice were fed various preparations of ground pine needles or aqueous extracts thereof. An additional group was fed only Purina mouse cubes. Ground pine needles were more toxic to both adult mice and embryos than were the various water extracts. Reproductive failure occurred early in the gestational period. A water soluble and heat labile toxin suggestive of a mycotoxin was demonstrated in water extracts. Pine needle fiber contained a heat stable toxin which was insoluble in water. Evidence suggested the possible presence of a third toxin lethal for adult mice. Results suggested that the heat stable toxin is the one of greatest importance as a source of reproductive failure in mice. Toxins produced by fungi were considered to be of secondary importance."}
{"id": "PMID:870286", "title": "Helminthosporium speciferum as the cause of dermal and nasal maduromycosis in a cow.", "content": "A 4-year-old Santa Gertrudis cow had epistaxis and loud nasal sounds associated with nasal granulomas. Multiple cutaneous granulomatous nodules were on the ears and single ones on the tail, vulva and thigh. Helminthosporium sp. was isolated from cultured lesions; two isolates from the ear and nasal mucosa were identified as H. speciferum. Tissue sections stained with hematoxylin and eosin contained rounded forms ranging from 5X5 micronM to 12X19 micronM; an indistinct hyaline wall surrounded granules and vacuoles of varying size. Occasional transverse septa were present. Periodic acid-Schiff, Gomori's Methenamine Silver and Gridley's Fungus stain treated sections contained numerous smaller pleomorphic buds and a few branching septate hyphae attached to the rounded forms. Brown pigmentation of the wall was not a consistent finding.", "contents": "Helminthosporium speciferum as the cause of dermal and nasal maduromycosis in a cow. A 4-year-old Santa Gertrudis cow had epistaxis and loud nasal sounds associated with nasal granulomas. Multiple cutaneous granulomatous nodules were on the ears and single ones on the tail, vulva and thigh. Helminthosporium sp. was isolated from cultured lesions; two isolates from the ear and nasal mucosa were identified as H. speciferum. Tissue sections stained with hematoxylin and eosin contained rounded forms ranging from 5X5 micronM to 12X19 micronM; an indistinct hyaline wall surrounded granules and vacuoles of varying size. Occasional transverse septa were present. Periodic acid-Schiff, Gomori's Methenamine Silver and Gridley's Fungus stain treated sections contained numerous smaller pleomorphic buds and a few branching septate hyphae attached to the rounded forms. Brown pigmentation of the wall was not a consistent finding."}
{"id": "PMID:870287", "title": "Calcitonin and hibernation bone loss in the bat (Myotis lucifugus).", "content": "Inhibition of osteocytic osteolysis in bats  given calcitonin injections during late hibernation supported previous morphologic evidence that the bone loss during hibernation is associated with decreased calcitonin and increased parathormone activity.", "contents": "Calcitonin and hibernation bone loss in the bat (Myotis lucifugus). Inhibition of osteocytic osteolysis in bats  given calcitonin injections during late hibernation supported previous morphologic evidence that the bone loss during hibernation is associated with decreased calcitonin and increased parathormone activity."}
{"id": "PMID:870288", "title": "Intracranial myiasis by Hypoderma bovis (Linnaeus) in a horse.", "content": "Acute neurologic disease associated with intracranial migration of a first instar larva of a warble fly, Hypoderma bovis (Linnaeus), was observed in a 14-year-old Quarter Horse gelding in western Montana. The disease was characterized by incoordination of gait, circling to the left, head tilt to the right, partial paralysis of the right side of the face, and impaired vision in the right eye. Two and one-half hours after it was first noticed sick, the horse collapsed and was euthanized. Massive hemorrhage unaccompanied by necrosis or significant cellular response was present in the right side of the midbrain and pons.", "contents": "Intracranial myiasis by Hypoderma bovis (Linnaeus) in a horse. Acute neurologic disease associated with intracranial migration of a first instar larva of a warble fly, Hypoderma bovis (Linnaeus), was observed in a 14-year-old Quarter Horse gelding in western Montana. The disease was characterized by incoordination of gait, circling to the left, head tilt to the right, partial paralysis of the right side of the face, and impaired vision in the right eye. Two and one-half hours after it was first noticed sick, the horse collapsed and was euthanized. Massive hemorrhage unaccompanied by necrosis or significant cellular response was present in the right side of the midbrain and pons."}
{"id": "PMID:870289", "title": "Naturally occurring respiratory disease in a kennel caused by Bordetella bronchiseptica.", "content": "The role of Bordetella bronchiseptica as a primary pathogen in nautrally occurring respiratory disease of dogs has been in question since its original isolation in 1911. A study to determine the incidence of B. bronchiseptica in a closed breeding kennel has revealed that the frequency of such isolations is closely associated with mild respiratory disease characterized by a moist, sometimes productive, cough. Infection with B. bronchiseptica usually occurred shortly after weaning and produced illness which lasted for one to two weeks. The organisms, however, continued to be shed for two to three months, and important factor in maintaining the infection in this kennel. Adult dogs sampled at frequent intervals did not harbor B. bronchiseptica in spite of their almost constant exposure to heavily infected pups; immunity to reinfection, therefore, appeared to develop. The involvement of several known canine respiratory viral agents was excluded by virus isolation and serological techniques. It therefore was concluded that B. bronchiseptica was the primary cause of respiratory disease in this large breeding kennel.", "contents": "Naturally occurring respiratory disease in a kennel caused by Bordetella bronchiseptica. The role of Bordetella bronchiseptica as a primary pathogen in nautrally occurring respiratory disease of dogs has been in question since its original isolation in 1911. A study to determine the incidence of B. bronchiseptica in a closed breeding kennel has revealed that the frequency of such isolations is closely associated with mild respiratory disease characterized by a moist, sometimes productive, cough. Infection with B. bronchiseptica usually occurred shortly after weaning and produced illness which lasted for one to two weeks. The organisms, however, continued to be shed for two to three months, and important factor in maintaining the infection in this kennel. Adult dogs sampled at frequent intervals did not harbor B. bronchiseptica in spite of their almost constant exposure to heavily infected pups; immunity to reinfection, therefore, appeared to develop. The involvement of several known canine respiratory viral agents was excluded by virus isolation and serological techniques. It therefore was concluded that B. bronchiseptica was the primary cause of respiratory disease in this large breeding kennel."}
{"id": "PMID:870290", "title": "Cytogenetics of triplet conjugation in Tetrahymena: origin of haploid and triploid clones.", "content": "Triplet conjugation occurs frequently when three different mating types of T. thermophila are mixed under appropriate conditions. Genetic studies show that fertilization is usually tripolar, with each conjugant contributing a pronucleus to one mate and receiving a pronucleus from the other. Triplets are less common and less stable when only two mating types are mixed, and nuclear exchange is not always reciprocal. Some conjugants contribute a pronucleus but do not receive one in return. Others receive two pronuclei instead of one. Such triplets characteristically yield one haploid, one diploid and one triploid exconjugant, all of which are able to establish vigorous clones.", "contents": "Cytogenetics of triplet conjugation in Tetrahymena: origin of haploid and triploid clones. Triplet conjugation occurs frequently when three different mating types of T. thermophila are mixed under appropriate conditions. Genetic studies show that fertilization is usually tripolar, with each conjugant contributing a pronucleus to one mate and receiving a pronucleus from the other. Triplets are less common and less stable when only two mating types are mixed, and nuclear exchange is not always reciprocal. Some conjugants contribute a pronucleus but do not receive one in return. Others receive two pronuclei instead of one. Such triplets characteristically yield one haploid, one diploid and one triploid exconjugant, all of which are able to establish vigorous clones."}
{"id": "PMID:870291", "title": "Synaptonemal complex karyotyping in spermatocytes of the Chinese hamster (Cricetulus griseus). II. Morphology of the XY pair in spread preparations.", "content": "The X and Y chromosome axes have a distinctive morphology at pachytene and are clearly distinguishable from autosomal SCs. The X and Y are totally unpaired at late zygotene when most of the autosomes are synapsed; however, their attachment points at the presumptive SC end are closely apposed. The X and Y axes pair to form a length of SC that is somewhat shorter than the unpaired portion of the Y. Unpaired axes may appear thin and sometimes double, or may thicken to form fusiform bulges that are sometimes hollow: two on the X and one on the Y. Discrete differentiations, tentatively identified as kinetochores, are often visible at the proximal end of the SC on the Y axis, and also between the fusiform differentiations on the X axis. Additional differentiations, in the form of loops and densely staining granular excrescences form on the X axis and sometimes on the Y. A further differentiation appears as a cloud-like sheath around the distal end of the X axis, often in association with a bi-lobed dense body. At late pachytene, the XY-SC remains intact, but the unpaired X and Y axes develop side branches. Just before diplotene, while the autosomal SCs are still intact, the XY-SC is lost, although the axes persist and remain together at the attachment point of the SC. The X and Y differentiations form a logical temporal sequence when grouped according to progressive structural complexity. The morphological types may serve as markers for the sub-stages of pachytene.", "contents": "Synaptonemal complex karyotyping in spermatocytes of the Chinese hamster (Cricetulus griseus). II. Morphology of the XY pair in spread preparations. The X and Y chromosome axes have a distinctive morphology at pachytene and are clearly distinguishable from autosomal SCs. The X and Y are totally unpaired at late zygotene when most of the autosomes are synapsed; however, their attachment points at the presumptive SC end are closely apposed. The X and Y axes pair to form a length of SC that is somewhat shorter than the unpaired portion of the Y. Unpaired axes may appear thin and sometimes double, or may thicken to form fusiform bulges that are sometimes hollow: two on the X and one on the Y. Discrete differentiations, tentatively identified as kinetochores, are often visible at the proximal end of the SC on the Y axis, and also between the fusiform differentiations on the X axis. Additional differentiations, in the form of loops and densely staining granular excrescences form on the X axis and sometimes on the Y. A further differentiation appears as a cloud-like sheath around the distal end of the X axis, often in association with a bi-lobed dense body. At late pachytene, the XY-SC remains intact, but the unpaired X and Y axes develop side branches. Just before diplotene, while the autosomal SCs are still intact, the XY-SC is lost, although the axes persist and remain together at the attachment point of the SC. The X and Y differentiations form a logical temporal sequence when grouped according to progressive structural complexity. The morphological types may serve as markers for the sub-stages of pachytene."}
{"id": "PMID:870292", "title": "Lengths and patterns of transcriptional units in the amplified nucleoli of oocytes of Xenopus laevis.", "content": "Transcriptionally active chromatin from peripheral amplified nucleoli of lampbrush-chromosome stage oocytes of Xenopus laevis was dispersed and spread in various solutions of low salt concentrations (including some with additions of detergents) and examined by electron microscopy. Nucleolar material from oocytes of animals with normal (2-nu) and mutant (1-nu) genetical constitution of nucleolus organizers was compared. Histograms showing the distributions of the length of matrix units, apparent spacer intercepts, and the total repeating units of the rDNA containing chromatin axes revealed a significant degree of heterogeity, with indications of subclasses and predominant repeat unit size classes of 3.3 amd 3.8 micron length. The correspondence of matrix unit length to the molecular weight of the first stable product of rDNA transcription was studied using gel electrophoresis of labelled pre-rRNA under non-denaturing and denaturing conditions. Evaluations of individual strands of nucleolar chromatin further demonstrated the existence of both (i) strands with obviously homogeneous repeating units of and (ii) strands with intra-axial heterogeneity of rDNA subunits. \"Prelude complexes\", i.e. groups of transcriptional complexes in apparent spacer intercepts, were not infrequently noted. The data are compared with the measurements of lengths of repeating units in fragments of rDNA obtained by digestion with EcoRI endonuclease as described by Morrow et al.(1974) and Wellauer et al. (1974,1976a, b). The results are discussed in relation to problems of variations in the modes of arrangement of the pre-rRNA genes, the state of packing of rDNA during transcription, and possible mechanisms of the amplification process.", "contents": "Lengths and patterns of transcriptional units in the amplified nucleoli of oocytes of Xenopus laevis. Transcriptionally active chromatin from peripheral amplified nucleoli of lampbrush-chromosome stage oocytes of Xenopus laevis was dispersed and spread in various solutions of low salt concentrations (including some with additions of detergents) and examined by electron microscopy. Nucleolar material from oocytes of animals with normal (2-nu) and mutant (1-nu) genetical constitution of nucleolus organizers was compared. Histograms showing the distributions of the length of matrix units, apparent spacer intercepts, and the total repeating units of the rDNA containing chromatin axes revealed a significant degree of heterogeity, with indications of subclasses and predominant repeat unit size classes of 3.3 amd 3.8 micron length. The correspondence of matrix unit length to the molecular weight of the first stable product of rDNA transcription was studied using gel electrophoresis of labelled pre-rRNA under non-denaturing and denaturing conditions. Evaluations of individual strands of nucleolar chromatin further demonstrated the existence of both (i) strands with obviously homogeneous repeating units of and (ii) strands with intra-axial heterogeneity of rDNA subunits. \"Prelude complexes\", i.e. groups of transcriptional complexes in apparent spacer intercepts, were not infrequently noted. The data are compared with the measurements of lengths of repeating units in fragments of rDNA obtained by digestion with EcoRI endonuclease as described by Morrow et al.(1974) and Wellauer et al. (1974,1976a, b). The results are discussed in relation to problems of variations in the modes of arrangement of the pre-rRNA genes, the state of packing of rDNA during transcription, and possible mechanisms of the amplification process."}
{"id": "PMID:870293", "title": "Cytogenetic components of reproductive isolation in Trimerotropis thalassica and T. occidentalis.", "content": "The grasshopper Trimerotropis thalassica (Bruner) has a diploid count of 2n=23 male (XO), 24 female (XX). The two largest autosomes pairs are regularly metacentric, a consequence of fixed pericentric inversions. The X-chromosome is also a fixed metacentric. The remaining nine pairs of autosmes are polymorphic for floating percentric inversions so that the complement consists of a mixture of telocentric and metacentric members. Trimerotropis occidentalis (Bruner) is polymorphic for comparable inversions in only two of its autosome pairs and has a telocentric X. It is however, unique among the species of the genus Trimerotropis in having only 21 chromosomes in its male diploid set in all the populations so far studied. A single male found in a mixed population of these two species at Jasper Ridge, Stanford University, was characterized by the count 2n=22 male. In both this respect of and in its phenotype it was intermediate in character, representing a natural F1 hybrid between the two species. Cytogenetic analysis of this hybrid male indicated that occidentalis is differentiated from thalassica only is respect of a single tandem translocation. This has involved two of the telocentric elements of thalassica which have fused into a single composite telocentric partly homologous with each of the smaller progenitors. Although potentially capable of forming a multiple of three, one or other of the progenitor chromosomes regularly fails to pair with the tandem product in the hybrid so that one or more univalents invariably occur. These, by lagging, prevent cytokinesis and subsequently lead to the formation of macrospermatids which inevitably produce a measure of sterility. It is argued that this sterility provides a basis of reproductive isolation.", "contents": "Cytogenetic components of reproductive isolation in Trimerotropis thalassica and T. occidentalis. The grasshopper Trimerotropis thalassica (Bruner) has a diploid count of 2n=23 male (XO), 24 female (XX). The two largest autosomes pairs are regularly metacentric, a consequence of fixed pericentric inversions. The X-chromosome is also a fixed metacentric. The remaining nine pairs of autosmes are polymorphic for floating percentric inversions so that the complement consists of a mixture of telocentric and metacentric members. Trimerotropis occidentalis (Bruner) is polymorphic for comparable inversions in only two of its autosome pairs and has a telocentric X. It is however, unique among the species of the genus Trimerotropis in having only 21 chromosomes in its male diploid set in all the populations so far studied. A single male found in a mixed population of these two species at Jasper Ridge, Stanford University, was characterized by the count 2n=22 male. In both this respect of and in its phenotype it was intermediate in character, representing a natural F1 hybrid between the two species. Cytogenetic analysis of this hybrid male indicated that occidentalis is differentiated from thalassica only is respect of a single tandem translocation. This has involved two of the telocentric elements of thalassica which have fused into a single composite telocentric partly homologous with each of the smaller progenitors. Although potentially capable of forming a multiple of three, one or other of the progenitor chromosomes regularly fails to pair with the tandem product in the hybrid so that one or more univalents invariably occur. These, by lagging, prevent cytokinesis and subsequently lead to the formation of macrospermatids which inevitably produce a measure of sterility. It is argued that this sterility provides a basis of reproductive isolation."}
{"id": "PMID:870294", "title": "The transformation of the Synaptonemal Complex into the 'elimination chromatin' in Bombyx mori oocytes.", "content": "In Bombyx mori oocytes the synaptonemal complexes are retained in modified from pachytene to metaphase I. At the end of pachytene the length and width of the lateral components of the complex increase, whereafter the complexes become compacted during later stages of the meiotic prophase. Ultimately, at metaphase I the modified synaptonemal complexes of individual bivalents fuse to form a more or less continuous sheet between the homologus chromosomes. This sheet corresponds to the structure historically known as the 'elimination chromatin'. It is concluded that in the absence of crossing over and chiasma formation in Bombyx mori females the retainment and subsequent modification of the synaptonemal complex has evolved as a substitute mechanism to ensure regular disjunction of the bivalents.", "contents": "The transformation of the Synaptonemal Complex into the 'elimination chromatin' in Bombyx mori oocytes. In Bombyx mori oocytes the synaptonemal complexes are retained in modified from pachytene to metaphase I. At the end of pachytene the length and width of the lateral components of the complex increase, whereafter the complexes become compacted during later stages of the meiotic prophase. Ultimately, at metaphase I the modified synaptonemal complexes of individual bivalents fuse to form a more or less continuous sheet between the homologus chromosomes. This sheet corresponds to the structure historically known as the 'elimination chromatin'. It is concluded that in the absence of crossing over and chiasma formation in Bombyx mori females the retainment and subsequent modification of the synaptonemal complex has evolved as a substitute mechanism to ensure regular disjunction of the bivalents."}
{"id": "PMID:870295", "title": "The units of DNA replication in the mammalian chromosomes: evidence for a large size of replication units.", "content": "The replication of chromosomal DNA in human and Chinese hamster cell populations has been studied by means of the DNA fiber autoradiography. It was found that the rate of DNA replication for one fork in human cells varies from 0.2 to 0.9 micron/min, the average being 0.6 micron/min. In the Chinese hamster cells the rate DNA replication is greater, varying from 0.3 to 1.2 micron/min, the average being 0.8 micron/min. There are no clusters containing a great number of replication units in human and Chinese hamster cells. Sequences consisting of two or three replicons which belong to single DNA molecule have been observed, but their frequency was relatively low. The distances between the initiation points in such sequences of replicons vary from 40 to 280 micron, the average value being 130 micron. This value represents the minimum size of the replication units which have completed the DNA synthesis within 3 h of the S-period. The DNA synthesis in most replication units fails to be accomplished within the three hours of labelling. The process can be completed only in the fragments of DNA molecules of 40 to 200 micron (the average value being 100 micron) in human cells, whereas in the Chinese hamster cells the fragments of 40 to 250 micron (the average being about 140 micron) are completely replicated. Provided that the replicaton is bidirectional the complete replicons are supposed to contain two such fragments. Consequently, the greater part of replication units in mammalian cells covers the pieces of a few hundred microns in DNA molecules. The relation between replication process at the DNA molecules level and that at the metaphase chromosome level is discussed.", "contents": "The units of DNA replication in the mammalian chromosomes: evidence for a large size of replication units. The replication of chromosomal DNA in human and Chinese hamster cell populations has been studied by means of the DNA fiber autoradiography. It was found that the rate of DNA replication for one fork in human cells varies from 0.2 to 0.9 micron/min, the average being 0.6 micron/min. In the Chinese hamster cells the rate DNA replication is greater, varying from 0.3 to 1.2 micron/min, the average being 0.8 micron/min. There are no clusters containing a great number of replication units in human and Chinese hamster cells. Sequences consisting of two or three replicons which belong to single DNA molecule have been observed, but their frequency was relatively low. The distances between the initiation points in such sequences of replicons vary from 40 to 280 micron, the average value being 130 micron. This value represents the minimum size of the replication units which have completed the DNA synthesis within 3 h of the S-period. The DNA synthesis in most replication units fails to be accomplished within the three hours of labelling. The process can be completed only in the fragments of DNA molecules of 40 to 200 micron (the average value being 100 micron) in human cells, whereas in the Chinese hamster cells the fragments of 40 to 250 micron (the average being about 140 micron) are completely replicated. Provided that the replicaton is bidirectional the complete replicons are supposed to contain two such fragments. Consequently, the greater part of replication units in mammalian cells covers the pieces of a few hundred microns in DNA molecules. The relation between replication process at the DNA molecules level and that at the metaphase chromosome level is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:870296", "title": "The diminution of Heterochromatic chromosomal segments in Cyclops (Crustacea, Copepoda).", "content": "The chromosomes of Cyclops divulsus, C. furcifer, and C. strenuus, like those of several other Copepods, undergo a striking diminution of chromatin early in embryogenesis. The process is restricted to the presumptive soma cells and occurs at the 5th cleavage in C. divulsus, at the 6th and 7th in C. furcifer, and at the 4th in C. strenus. The eliminated chromatin derives from the excision of heterochromatic chromosome segments (H-segments). Their chromosomal location is different in the three investigated species: Whereas in C. divulsus and C. furcifer the H-segments form large blocks-exclusively terminal in the former and terminal as well as kinetochoric in the latter-the germ line heterochromatin in C. strenuus is scattered all along the chromosomes. Extensive polymorphism exists with respect to the length of the terminal H-segments in C. furcifer, and with respect to the overall content of heterochromatin in the chromosomes of C. strenuus. In a local race of C. strenuus an extreme form of dimorphism has been found which is sex limited: females as a fule are heterozygous for an entire set of large (heterochromatin-rich), and a second set of small chromosomes in their germ line. Males are homozygous for the large set. In the first three cleavage divisions the H-polymorphism is solely expressed through differences of chromosome length. Following diminution the differences between homologous have disappeared. Feulgen cytophotometry demonstrates that in the three species the 1C DNA value for the germ line, as measured in sperm, is about twice that measured in somatic mitoses (germ line/soma C-values in picograms of DNA: C. strenuus 2.2/0.9, C. furcifer 2.9/1.44, C. divulsus 3.1/1.8). - The data imply that chromatin diminution is based on a mechanism which allows specific DNA segments, regardless of their location and size, to be cut out from the chromosomes without affecting the structural continuity of the remaining DNA. The mechanism may be analogous to that of prokaryotic DNA excision.", "contents": "The diminution of Heterochromatic chromosomal segments in Cyclops (Crustacea, Copepoda). The chromosomes of Cyclops divulsus, C. furcifer, and C. strenuus, like those of several other Copepods, undergo a striking diminution of chromatin early in embryogenesis. The process is restricted to the presumptive soma cells and occurs at the 5th cleavage in C. divulsus, at the 6th and 7th in C. furcifer, and at the 4th in C. strenus. The eliminated chromatin derives from the excision of heterochromatic chromosome segments (H-segments). Their chromosomal location is different in the three investigated species: Whereas in C. divulsus and C. furcifer the H-segments form large blocks-exclusively terminal in the former and terminal as well as kinetochoric in the latter-the germ line heterochromatin in C. strenuus is scattered all along the chromosomes. Extensive polymorphism exists with respect to the length of the terminal H-segments in C. furcifer, and with respect to the overall content of heterochromatin in the chromosomes of C. strenuus. In a local race of C. strenuus an extreme form of dimorphism has been found which is sex limited: females as a fule are heterozygous for an entire set of large (heterochromatin-rich), and a second set of small chromosomes in their germ line. Males are homozygous for the large set. In the first three cleavage divisions the H-polymorphism is solely expressed through differences of chromosome length. Following diminution the differences between homologous have disappeared. Feulgen cytophotometry demonstrates that in the three species the 1C DNA value for the germ line, as measured in sperm, is about twice that measured in somatic mitoses (germ line/soma C-values in picograms of DNA: C. strenuus 2.2/0.9, C. furcifer 2.9/1.44, C. divulsus 3.1/1.8). - The data imply that chromatin diminution is based on a mechanism which allows specific DNA segments, regardless of their location and size, to be cut out from the chromosomes without affecting the structural continuity of the remaining DNA. The mechanism may be analogous to that of prokaryotic DNA excision."}
{"id": "PMID:870297", "title": "Synaptonemal complex karyotyping in spermatocytes of the Chinese hamster (Cricetulus griseus). III. Quantitative evaluation.", "content": "Relative length is a constant and distinctive characteristic for each autosomal SC, despite variations in absolute length from cell to cell. Arm ratio is distinctive for each SC except for two of the three sub-acrocentrics, and serves, together with relative length, for identification. The constancy of relative length and arm ratios indicates biological stability and lack of physical distortion in these spread preparations. There is a 1:1 relationship between relative lengths of autosomal SCs and mitotic autosomes: their arm ratios are similar. These close parallels provide strikingly similar SC and somatic karyotypes. Variability was observed in sub-acrocentric arm ratios and in lengths of unpaired X and Y axes, correlated with the presence of constitutive heterochromatin. - Utilizing progressive differentiations of the X and Y chromosomes for staging, it is demonstrated that autosomal SCs decrease in length from late zygotene to mid-pachytene, and then increase at late pachytene. Within a nucleus, synchrony of length changes is maintained. It is concluded that the factors governing autosomal SC length are regular for any given bivalent from cell to cell and may be related to those that control somatic autosome length relationships. - The X and Y axes differ quantitatively as well as qualitatively from autosomal SCs. The SC portion of the X and Y is constant in length through most of pachytene; the unpaired axes shorten and lengthen, but not in proportion to autosomal SCs. X and Y relative lengths ard arm ratios vary throughout pachytene and do not maintain proportionality with somatic values. The evidence suggests, but does not prove, that the long arm of the X is paired with the short arm of the Y.-Twists occur in autosomal SCs at increasing frequencies throughout pachytene but cannot account for length changes. The number of twists per SC is directly proportional to SC length. Intertwining of SCs is random and proportional to SC length. End-to-end associations of autosomal SCs appear to be random; however, the ends of the X and Y are less often involved in such connections. - The length of axial material in all chromosomes at pachytene, expressed as an equivalent length of DNA double helix, represents 0.013% of the diploid DNA complement.", "contents": "Synaptonemal complex karyotyping in spermatocytes of the Chinese hamster (Cricetulus griseus). III. Quantitative evaluation. Relative length is a constant and distinctive characteristic for each autosomal SC, despite variations in absolute length from cell to cell. Arm ratio is distinctive for each SC except for two of the three sub-acrocentrics, and serves, together with relative length, for identification. The constancy of relative length and arm ratios indicates biological stability and lack of physical distortion in these spread preparations. There is a 1:1 relationship between relative lengths of autosomal SCs and mitotic autosomes: their arm ratios are similar. These close parallels provide strikingly similar SC and somatic karyotypes. Variability was observed in sub-acrocentric arm ratios and in lengths of unpaired X and Y axes, correlated with the presence of constitutive heterochromatin. - Utilizing progressive differentiations of the X and Y chromosomes for staging, it is demonstrated that autosomal SCs decrease in length from late zygotene to mid-pachytene, and then increase at late pachytene. Within a nucleus, synchrony of length changes is maintained. It is concluded that the factors governing autosomal SC length are regular for any given bivalent from cell to cell and may be related to those that control somatic autosome length relationships. - The X and Y axes differ quantitatively as well as qualitatively from autosomal SCs. The SC portion of the X and Y is constant in length through most of pachytene; the unpaired axes shorten and lengthen, but not in proportion to autosomal SCs. X and Y relative lengths ard arm ratios vary throughout pachytene and do not maintain proportionality with somatic values. The evidence suggests, but does not prove, that the long arm of the X is paired with the short arm of the Y.-Twists occur in autosomal SCs at increasing frequencies throughout pachytene but cannot account for length changes. The number of twists per SC is directly proportional to SC length. Intertwining of SCs is random and proportional to SC length. End-to-end associations of autosomal SCs appear to be random; however, the ends of the X and Y are less often involved in such connections. - The length of axial material in all chromosomes at pachytene, expressed as an equivalent length of DNA double helix, represents 0.013% of the diploid DNA complement."}
{"id": "PMID:870298", "title": "A preliminary report on crime and addiction within a community-wide population of narcotic addicts.", "content": "This paper discusses the criminal behavior of narcotic addicts and is based on a sample of males identified as narcotic abusers by a large urban Police Department in the United States over a twenty-year period (1952-1971). The records of 252 subjects (representing a 92% interview response rate) were analyzed to determine whether there were differences between blacks and whites with regard to criminality before first use and after first regular use of narcotics. The findings generally support previous ones in regard to the increase of criminal activity after the onset of narcotic addiction. In addition, this community-wide population of narcotic addicts revealed that black addicts tend to commit more crimes, and more serious crimes, than white addicts before first use of narcotics and after the onset of addiction. Further, weighted crime index scores of both the \"before\" and \"after\" segments appear higher for blacks who became addicted in the most recent years, while this appears to be true for the whites only after the onset of their addiction.", "contents": "A preliminary report on crime and addiction within a community-wide population of narcotic addicts. This paper discusses the criminal behavior of narcotic addicts and is based on a sample of males identified as narcotic abusers by a large urban Police Department in the United States over a twenty-year period (1952-1971). The records of 252 subjects (representing a 92% interview response rate) were analyzed to determine whether there were differences between blacks and whites with regard to criminality before first use and after first regular use of narcotics. The findings generally support previous ones in regard to the increase of criminal activity after the onset of narcotic addiction. In addition, this community-wide population of narcotic addicts revealed that black addicts tend to commit more crimes, and more serious crimes, than white addicts before first use of narcotics and after the onset of addiction. Further, weighted crime index scores of both the \"before\" and \"after\" segments appear higher for blacks who became addicted in the most recent years, while this appears to be true for the whites only after the onset of their addiction."}
{"id": "PMID:870299", "title": "The effects of maternal drug dependence on neonatal mortality.", "content": "Addiction in pregnancy has become an important health problem owing to the tendency of drug-dependent women to neglect general health care and to avoid seeking prenatal care. In addition, continued heroin administration during pregnancy carries additional risks for the maternal-fetal unit. Thus, there is an increased incidence of obstetrical and medical complications in these mothers, resulting in high incidences of prematurity, low birth weight and mortality in their infants. Therefore, there is a high neonatal mortality rate due to clinical conditions most commonly seen among premature infants. Data from three groups of drug-dependent women and their infants and one control group demonstrate that the high mortality rate, as well as the incidence of low birth weight, can be reduced to a rate similar to the control group in infants of mothers who receive comprehensive services that include prenatal care in conjunction with methadone maintenance.", "contents": "The effects of maternal drug dependence on neonatal mortality. Addiction in pregnancy has become an important health problem owing to the tendency of drug-dependent women to neglect general health care and to avoid seeking prenatal care. In addition, continued heroin administration during pregnancy carries additional risks for the maternal-fetal unit. Thus, there is an increased incidence of obstetrical and medical complications in these mothers, resulting in high incidences of prematurity, low birth weight and mortality in their infants. Therefore, there is a high neonatal mortality rate due to clinical conditions most commonly seen among premature infants. Data from three groups of drug-dependent women and their infants and one control group demonstrate that the high mortality rate, as well as the incidence of low birth weight, can be reduced to a rate similar to the control group in infants of mothers who receive comprehensive services that include prenatal care in conjunction with methadone maintenance."}
{"id": "PMID:870300", "title": "Social stability on admission and success of in-patient treatment for alcoholism.", "content": "The pre-treatment social stability score (combined economic-familial-residential scales), indicating whether the patients were comparatively integrated or disintegrated socially, was found to be of greater prognostic value regarding post-treatment drinking than was information about whether they received full, part or \"no\" treatment. There was a differential treatment effect for the first 3 months of the 12-month period only. Of the overall sample, one-third of the patients could be considered to have improved following treatment, but two-thirds drank as much, if not more, than they did prior to treatment. These two groups were significantly different in terms of social stability and different types of treatment appear necessary to accommodate these differences. Social integration/disintegration is most readily seen in terms of the number of previous treatments (or institutionalisations) the subject has received for alcohol-related problems.", "contents": "Social stability on admission and success of in-patient treatment for alcoholism. The pre-treatment social stability score (combined economic-familial-residential scales), indicating whether the patients were comparatively integrated or disintegrated socially, was found to be of greater prognostic value regarding post-treatment drinking than was information about whether they received full, part or \"no\" treatment. There was a differential treatment effect for the first 3 months of the 12-month period only. Of the overall sample, one-third of the patients could be considered to have improved following treatment, but two-thirds drank as much, if not more, than they did prior to treatment. These two groups were significantly different in terms of social stability and different types of treatment appear necessary to accommodate these differences. Social integration/disintegration is most readily seen in terms of the number of previous treatments (or institutionalisations) the subject has received for alcohol-related problems."}
{"id": "PMID:870301", "title": "[Anti-oestrogen treatment of metastasising carcinoma of the breast (author's transl)].", "content": "Within a period of four years 35 patients with metastatic breast cancer were treated with tamoxifen. One third had objective remissions, average duration of complete remission being 30.6 months and of partial remission 13.7 months. Mean survival time from start of tamoxifen treatment in five patients with complete remission was 30.6 months while in seven with partial remission it was 20.4 months. Nine patients with unresponsive metastases had a mean survival time of 24.3 months, the remaining 14 patients who deteriorated surviving for 11.7 months. Ten of the 12 patients who responded well were over 60 years old. Lymph-node and lung or pleural metastases were significantly reduced by treatment in four of eight and six of 15 cases, respectively. Satisfactory regression of bony metastases was never seen. Because of this, combined tamoxifen (10 mg twice daily) and methandrostenolone (1 mg twice daily) was given to an additional five patients, with one of them responding. Side effects included thrombocytopenia and hypercalcaemia.", "contents": "[Anti-oestrogen treatment of metastasising carcinoma of the breast (author's transl)]. Within a period of four years 35 patients with metastatic breast cancer were treated with tamoxifen. One third had objective remissions, average duration of complete remission being 30.6 months and of partial remission 13.7 months. Mean survival time from start of tamoxifen treatment in five patients with complete remission was 30.6 months while in seven with partial remission it was 20.4 months. Nine patients with unresponsive metastases had a mean survival time of 24.3 months, the remaining 14 patients who deteriorated surviving for 11.7 months. Ten of the 12 patients who responded well were over 60 years old. Lymph-node and lung or pleural metastases were significantly reduced by treatment in four of eight and six of 15 cases, respectively. Satisfactory regression of bony metastases was never seen. Because of this, combined tamoxifen (10 mg twice daily) and methandrostenolone (1 mg twice daily) was given to an additional five patients, with one of them responding. Side effects included thrombocytopenia and hypercalcaemia."}
{"id": "PMID:870302", "title": "[Biosynthesis of insulin. The Ferdinand-Bertram-Award lecture (author's transl)].", "content": "EEG recordings were done 1-3 months before and up to 5 years after shunt operations in 20 men and 7 women (aged 16 to 69 years) with liver cirrhosis, most of them of alcoholic aetiology, and with oesophageal bleeding. The EEG diagnosed encephalopathies before there were any clinical suspicions. Pre-operatively half of the patients (14) had EEG changes indicating encephalopathy. In only four patients who before operation had a normal EEG were there post-operative EEG changes indicating encephalopathy. In the other nine patients the EEG was normal before and after shunt operation. The abnormal EEGs which occurred post-operatively or got worse generally returned to pre-operative levels within 3-4 weeks. These studies indicate that in patients with pre-operative encephalopathy there is no improvement in the EEG after shunt operation. On the other hand, if pre-operatively there are no significant cerebral abnormalities, post-operative changes of encephalopathy are rare (14.8%).", "contents": "[Biosynthesis of insulin. The Ferdinand-Bertram-Award lecture (author's transl)]. EEG recordings were done 1-3 months before and up to 5 years after shunt operations in 20 men and 7 women (aged 16 to 69 years) with liver cirrhosis, most of them of alcoholic aetiology, and with oesophageal bleeding. The EEG diagnosed encephalopathies before there were any clinical suspicions. Pre-operatively half of the patients (14) had EEG changes indicating encephalopathy. In only four patients who before operation had a normal EEG were there post-operative EEG changes indicating encephalopathy. In the other nine patients the EEG was normal before and after shunt operation. The abnormal EEGs which occurred post-operatively or got worse generally returned to pre-operative levels within 3-4 weeks. These studies indicate that in patients with pre-operative encephalopathy there is no improvement in the EEG after shunt operation. On the other hand, if pre-operatively there are no significant cerebral abnormalities, post-operative changes of encephalopathy are rare (14.8%)."}
{"id": "PMID:870303", "title": "The role of estrogen in the regulation of luteal progesterone secretion in the rat after day 12 of pregnancy.", "content": "Pregnant rats, hypophysectomized-hysterectomized on day 12 (day 1=insemination), secreted progesterone (P) at about 50% of the day 12 level for 3-5 days. Daily treatment with estradiol 100 microng (E100) but not with E25 or E50, from day 12 to day 20, of such rats, restored P secretion until day 16 to that of intact pregnant rats; on day 17 a drastic permanent fall occurred. E100 had no effect after ovariectomy, and did not change the metabolic clearance rate of P. This E100 effect was absent in decidual tissue (DT)-bearing, or hysterectomized pseudopregnant (PSP) rats, and in pregnant ones before day 11. When pregnant rats were hypophysectomized-hysterectomized on day 10, and were treated with rat placental luteotrophin (rPL) (in the form of day 12 pregnant rat serum: \"PRS-12\") on days 10 and 11, however, E100 increased P secretion above that found with either PRS-12 or E100 alone. DT-bearing PSP rats, similarly operated on on day 12 and treated with PRS-12 on day 12, responded in the same way to E100. In these rats also the E100 effect lasted for four days. In the day 12 hypophysectomized-hysterectomized pregnant rat, the E100 effect could not be prolonged by single treatments with PRS-12 on either days 13, 14 or 16, but when PRS-12 was given daily from day 12 to 19, P was secreted until day 20 only slightly below the day 12 level; this treatment plus E100 raised P secretion, prolonged it to day 18, and led to a marked fall by day 20 similar to that of the intact pregnant rat at term. The marked increase in P secretion between days 12 and 15 of normal pregnancy may thus be a response to intraluteal estrogen; the pattern of P secretion from day 12 to term may reflect the effects of both estrogen and rPL. rPL probably induces this effect by generating luteal estrogen and LH receptors. The placenta may also secrete an LH-like hormone (rCG?) which, through the LH receptors, could stimulate intraluteal estrogen production.", "contents": "The role of estrogen in the regulation of luteal progesterone secretion in the rat after day 12 of pregnancy. Pregnant rats, hypophysectomized-hysterectomized on day 12 (day 1=insemination), secreted progesterone (P) at about 50% of the day 12 level for 3-5 days. Daily treatment with estradiol 100 microng (E100) but not with E25 or E50, from day 12 to day 20, of such rats, restored P secretion until day 16 to that of intact pregnant rats; on day 17 a drastic permanent fall occurred. E100 had no effect after ovariectomy, and did not change the metabolic clearance rate of P. This E100 effect was absent in decidual tissue (DT)-bearing, or hysterectomized pseudopregnant (PSP) rats, and in pregnant ones before day 11. When pregnant rats were hypophysectomized-hysterectomized on day 10, and were treated with rat placental luteotrophin (rPL) (in the form of day 12 pregnant rat serum: \"PRS-12\") on days 10 and 11, however, E100 increased P secretion above that found with either PRS-12 or E100 alone. DT-bearing PSP rats, similarly operated on on day 12 and treated with PRS-12 on day 12, responded in the same way to E100. In these rats also the E100 effect lasted for four days. In the day 12 hypophysectomized-hysterectomized pregnant rat, the E100 effect could not be prolonged by single treatments with PRS-12 on either days 13, 14 or 16, but when PRS-12 was given daily from day 12 to 19, P was secreted until day 20 only slightly below the day 12 level; this treatment plus E100 raised P secretion, prolonged it to day 18, and led to a marked fall by day 20 similar to that of the intact pregnant rat at term. The marked increase in P secretion between days 12 and 15 of normal pregnancy may thus be a response to intraluteal estrogen; the pattern of P secretion from day 12 to term may reflect the effects of both estrogen and rPL. rPL probably induces this effect by generating luteal estrogen and LH receptors. The placenta may also secrete an LH-like hormone (rCG?) which, through the LH receptors, could stimulate intraluteal estrogen production."}
{"id": "PMID:870304", "title": "An effect of estradiol and testosterone on the calcium pump activity and phospholipid fatty acid composition of rat liver microsomes.", "content": "Castration of the male rat resulted in a 28% reduction of the specific activity of liver microsomal calcium uptake, three weeks after castration. Treatment of the castrated animals with testosterone during this period returned calcium uptake to control levels. Treatment with estradiol resulted in a reduction of calcium uptake to a level less than 25% of that seen in the normal male. Although testosterone treatment had only a small effect on the fatty acid composition of liver microsomal phospholipids in the castrated male, there were significant changes of linoleic acid (18:2) in phosphatidylcholines and of palmitic acid (16:0) in phosphatidylethanolamines, when compared to the untreated castrated male rat. Administration of estradiol to the castrated male rat resulted in a marked decrease of palmitic acid (16.0) and linoleic acid (18.2) in all three phospholipid fractions studied. Stearic acid (18.0) was significantly increased in the phosphatidylcholines and phosphatidylethanolamines by estradiol treatment. The phospholipid and calcium uptake changes seen after treatment of the castrated rat with testosterone or estradiol are consistent with the sex-related differences observed in the intact, adult rat liver microsomes.", "contents": "An effect of estradiol and testosterone on the calcium pump activity and phospholipid fatty acid composition of rat liver microsomes. Castration of the male rat resulted in a 28% reduction of the specific activity of liver microsomal calcium uptake, three weeks after castration. Treatment of the castrated animals with testosterone during this period returned calcium uptake to control levels. Treatment with estradiol resulted in a reduction of calcium uptake to a level less than 25% of that seen in the normal male. Although testosterone treatment had only a small effect on the fatty acid composition of liver microsomal phospholipids in the castrated male, there were significant changes of linoleic acid (18:2) in phosphatidylcholines and of palmitic acid (16:0) in phosphatidylethanolamines, when compared to the untreated castrated male rat. Administration of estradiol to the castrated male rat resulted in a marked decrease of palmitic acid (16.0) and linoleic acid (18.2) in all three phospholipid fractions studied. Stearic acid (18.0) was significantly increased in the phosphatidylcholines and phosphatidylethanolamines by estradiol treatment. The phospholipid and calcium uptake changes seen after treatment of the castrated rat with testosterone or estradiol are consistent with the sex-related differences observed in the intact, adult rat liver microsomes."}
{"id": "PMID:870305", "title": "Androgenic stimulation of progesterone production by granulosa cells from preantral ovarian follicles: further in vitro studies using replicate cell cultures.", "content": "The influence of testosterone (T) on progesterone (P) production by isolated rat ovarian granulosa cells was studied in vitro using a new replicate culture technique. Preantral granulosa cells from ovaries of estrogen-primed hypophysectomized immature female rats were cultured in the presence of graded concentrations of T, diethylstilbestrol (DES), cyproterone acetate (CPA), flutamide and the hydroxylated derivative of flutamide, Sch 16423. The accumulation of P in medium collected from granulosa cell cultures was measured by specific radioimmunoassay. Maximal P production by cultured granulosa cells was attained during the second day of culture and declined markedly thereafter. The presence of 10(-9), 10(-8) or 10(-7)M T elicited increases in P production 2.4, 8 and 11 times that of controls, respectively, during the initial 48 h of culture. Each concentration of T elicited enhanced P production within the first 24 h of culture. Granulosa cells cultured in control medium for 2 days did not respond to 10(-7)M T during the subsequent 3 days. DES at a high concentration in the medium (10(-5)M) markedly suppressed the response to 10(-9) and 10(-8)M T. At a lower concentration (10(-9)M) DES significantly enhanced the stimulatory effect of 10(-9)M T but did not alter the response to higher concentrations of T. Neither high nor low concentrations of DES influenced P production in response to 10(-7) M T. The stimulatory effects of T on P production were suppressed in the presence of a 100-fold molar excess of the anti-androgens, CPA or Sch 16423. The present data indicate that androgenic stimulation of P production by preantral granulosa cells is a specific receptor mediated event which is modulated by the presence of estrogen in vitro. It is suggested that androgen-responsive P production is a functional capacity which granulosa cells acquire at a very early stage of hormonal differentiation and may be of physiological consequence in the intraovarian control of follicular maturation in vivo.", "contents": "Androgenic stimulation of progesterone production by granulosa cells from preantral ovarian follicles: further in vitro studies using replicate cell cultures. The influence of testosterone (T) on progesterone (P) production by isolated rat ovarian granulosa cells was studied in vitro using a new replicate culture technique. Preantral granulosa cells from ovaries of estrogen-primed hypophysectomized immature female rats were cultured in the presence of graded concentrations of T, diethylstilbestrol (DES), cyproterone acetate (CPA), flutamide and the hydroxylated derivative of flutamide, Sch 16423. The accumulation of P in medium collected from granulosa cell cultures was measured by specific radioimmunoassay. Maximal P production by cultured granulosa cells was attained during the second day of culture and declined markedly thereafter. The presence of 10(-9), 10(-8) or 10(-7)M T elicited increases in P production 2.4, 8 and 11 times that of controls, respectively, during the initial 48 h of culture. Each concentration of T elicited enhanced P production within the first 24 h of culture. Granulosa cells cultured in control medium for 2 days did not respond to 10(-7)M T during the subsequent 3 days. DES at a high concentration in the medium (10(-5)M) markedly suppressed the response to 10(-9) and 10(-8)M T. At a lower concentration (10(-9)M) DES significantly enhanced the stimulatory effect of 10(-9)M T but did not alter the response to higher concentrations of T. Neither high nor low concentrations of DES influenced P production in response to 10(-7) M T. The stimulatory effects of T on P production were suppressed in the presence of a 100-fold molar excess of the anti-androgens, CPA or Sch 16423. The present data indicate that androgenic stimulation of P production by preantral granulosa cells is a specific receptor mediated event which is modulated by the presence of estrogen in vitro. It is suggested that androgen-responsive P production is a functional capacity which granulosa cells acquire at a very early stage of hormonal differentiation and may be of physiological consequence in the intraovarian control of follicular maturation in vivo."}
{"id": "PMID:870306", "title": "Acute changes in serum gonadotrophins and steroids following orchidectomy in the rat: role of the adrenal gland.", "content": "Orchidectomy in male rats leads to a) an increase in serum LH and FSH within 9 h; b) a decrease in serum testosterone to baseline levels by 30 min; c) an increase in serum progesterone (for 30 to 120 min), in the presence of the adrenals. If adrenalectomy is performed simultaneously with orchidectomy, the LH and FSH rises at 9 and 12 h are abolished, and the rises at 24 h are attenuated or abolished. By 48 h, the orchidectomized-adrenalectomized rat has achieved a rise in serum LH and FSH equal to that found in gonadectomy alone. Two hypotheses are offered to explain the abolition of the early gonadotrophin rises after combined orchidectomy-adrenalectomy treatment: a) the early responses are due to increased serum progesterone, on a background of decreased testosterone; b) the early responses are abolished because of the missing corticosterone, which either forces competition between pituitary secretion of ACTH and LH/FSH, or is necessary for rapid gonadotroph-secretory response. The differences and similarities between male and female rats, in the response of LH and FSH to gonadectomy, in the presence  or absence of the adrenals, are discussed.", "contents": "Acute changes in serum gonadotrophins and steroids following orchidectomy in the rat: role of the adrenal gland. Orchidectomy in male rats leads to a) an increase in serum LH and FSH within 9 h; b) a decrease in serum testosterone to baseline levels by 30 min; c) an increase in serum progesterone (for 30 to 120 min), in the presence of the adrenals. If adrenalectomy is performed simultaneously with orchidectomy, the LH and FSH rises at 9 and 12 h are abolished, and the rises at 24 h are attenuated or abolished. By 48 h, the orchidectomized-adrenalectomized rat has achieved a rise in serum LH and FSH equal to that found in gonadectomy alone. Two hypotheses are offered to explain the abolition of the early gonadotrophin rises after combined orchidectomy-adrenalectomy treatment: a) the early responses are due to increased serum progesterone, on a background of decreased testosterone; b) the early responses are abolished because of the missing corticosterone, which either forces competition between pituitary secretion of ACTH and LH/FSH, or is necessary for rapid gonadotroph-secretory response. The differences and similarities between male and female rats, in the response of LH and FSH to gonadectomy, in the presence  or absence of the adrenals, are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:870307", "title": "Hypothalamic areas involved in prostaglandin (PG)-induced gonadotropin release. I: effects of PGE2 and PGF2alpha implants on luteinizing hormone release.", "content": "Ovariectomized rats had a cannula inserted unilaterally within various hypothalamic areas. Several days later they were primed with a sc dose of 10 microng of estradiol benzoate (Eb). Two days after priming they were etherized and an initial blood sample was drawn from the external jugular vein. An inner cannula containing PGE2 or PGF2alpha at its tip was inserted into the previously implanted outer cannula. Blood samples were drawn at 20, 40, 60, and 120 min following the implantation. PGE2 induced a 4-5-fold increase in plasma LH 40 to 60 min following its implantation in the arcuate nucleus-median eminence region (ARH-ME). Levels were already significantly elevated at 20 min. When PGE2 was placed slightly more dorsally, close to the ventromedial nucleus (VMH), LH titers rose to comparable levels but only after a delay of 120 min. PGE2 implanted in the caudal portion of the ARH-ME or dorsally in the VMH-dorsomedial nuclei, barely increased plasma LH, whereas its placement in the anterior portion of the ARH-ME clearly elevated LH titers. PGE2 implants located more than 1 mm lateral from the midline or outside the hypothalamus were ineffective. When PGE2 was placed in the preoptic area (POA) or anterior ventral portion of the anterior hypothalamic area (AHA), plasma LH levels rose strikingly, the first significant increase being observed at 20 min. PGE2 implants located in the vicinity of the paraventricular nucleus-dorsal portion of AHA were much less effective. PGF2alpha implanted in the ARH-ME or POA induced a small increase in plasma LH and the implantation of empty cannulae in the same areas was ineffective. Intrapituitary implants of PGE2 failed to alter plasma LH significantly. The results indicate that PGE2 acts at the ARH-ME region to induce LH release and that an even more effective site of action seems to be located in the POA-AHA. Since these are areas which contain LHRH, the results support the view that PGs can activated LHRH-secreting neurons in these regions.", "contents": "Hypothalamic areas involved in prostaglandin (PG)-induced gonadotropin release. I: effects of PGE2 and PGF2alpha implants on luteinizing hormone release. Ovariectomized rats had a cannula inserted unilaterally within various hypothalamic areas. Several days later they were primed with a sc dose of 10 microng of estradiol benzoate (Eb). Two days after priming they were etherized and an initial blood sample was drawn from the external jugular vein. An inner cannula containing PGE2 or PGF2alpha at its tip was inserted into the previously implanted outer cannula. Blood samples were drawn at 20, 40, 60, and 120 min following the implantation. PGE2 induced a 4-5-fold increase in plasma LH 40 to 60 min following its implantation in the arcuate nucleus-median eminence region (ARH-ME). Levels were already significantly elevated at 20 min. When PGE2 was placed slightly more dorsally, close to the ventromedial nucleus (VMH), LH titers rose to comparable levels but only after a delay of 120 min. PGE2 implanted in the caudal portion of the ARH-ME or dorsally in the VMH-dorsomedial nuclei, barely increased plasma LH, whereas its placement in the anterior portion of the ARH-ME clearly elevated LH titers. PGE2 implants located more than 1 mm lateral from the midline or outside the hypothalamus were ineffective. When PGE2 was placed in the preoptic area (POA) or anterior ventral portion of the anterior hypothalamic area (AHA), plasma LH levels rose strikingly, the first significant increase being observed at 20 min. PGE2 implants located in the vicinity of the paraventricular nucleus-dorsal portion of AHA were much less effective. PGF2alpha implanted in the ARH-ME or POA induced a small increase in plasma LH and the implantation of empty cannulae in the same areas was ineffective. Intrapituitary implants of PGE2 failed to alter plasma LH significantly. The results indicate that PGE2 acts at the ARH-ME region to induce LH release and that an even more effective site of action seems to be located in the POA-AHA. Since these are areas which contain LHRH, the results support the view that PGs can activated LHRH-secreting neurons in these regions."}
{"id": "PMID:870308", "title": "Hypothalamic areas involved in prostaglandin (PG)-induced gonadotropin release. II: effect of PGE2 and PGF2alpha implants on follicle stimulating hormone release.", "content": "The effect of unilateral intrahypothalamic implants of PGE2 or PGF2alpha on FSH release in ovariectomized, estrogen-treated rats was studied. Both PGs induced an equally small increase in plasma FSH following their implantation in the body of the arcuate nucleus-median eminence region (BARH-ME). Levels were maximally elevated 120 min post-implantation. PGE2 implanted in the caudal portion of the ARH-ME (TARH-post-ME) also induced a similar increase in plasma FSH, whereas its placement in the region of the ventromedial nucleus (VMH)-dorsomedial nucleus (DMH) did not significantly alter FSH titers. By contrast, PGE2 placed in the post-chiasmatic region (HARH-ME) clearly elevated plasma FSH as early as 40 min after implantation. Implants of PGF2alpha in this area were ineffective. PGE2 implants located more than 1 mm lateral from the midline or outside the hypothalamus were also ineffective. When PGE2 was placed in the preoptic area (POA) or anterior ventral portion of the anterior hypothalamic area (AHA), plasma FSH rose markedly showing the first significant increase between 40 and 60 min after implantation. PGE2 implants located in the dorsal portion of the AHA-paraventricular nucleus (DAHA-PVH) were also clearly more effective than implants in BARH-ME, but less effective than implants in the POA. PGF2 implanted in the POA evoked a smaller increase in plasma FSH than that induced by PGE2 implants in this region. Implantation of empty cannulae in the ARH-ME region or POA failed to increase plasma FSH levels significantly. Intrapituitary implants of PGE2 did not alter plasma FSH. The results indicate that PGE2 acts mainly on the POA-AHA region to induce FSH release and that PGF2alpha, although less effective, also stimulates FSH release in this area. The ARH-ME appears to be a less important site. The greater effectiveness in the POA-AHA region than in the ARH-ME may indicate that PGE2 is more effective in stimulating cell bodies of LHRH neurons than their axons. Although most of the sites at which PGE2 released FSH coincide with the distribution of LHRH, it is noteworthy that a relatively enhanced release of FSH took place from certain sites in the dorsal AHA-PVH and from sites in the post-ME, which suggests that PGE2 may act on neurons which secrete a specific FSH-RF as well as on neurons which release LHRH.", "contents": "Hypothalamic areas involved in prostaglandin (PG)-induced gonadotropin release. II: effect of PGE2 and PGF2alpha implants on follicle stimulating hormone release. The effect of unilateral intrahypothalamic implants of PGE2 or PGF2alpha on FSH release in ovariectomized, estrogen-treated rats was studied. Both PGs induced an equally small increase in plasma FSH following their implantation in the body of the arcuate nucleus-median eminence region (BARH-ME). Levels were maximally elevated 120 min post-implantation. PGE2 implanted in the caudal portion of the ARH-ME (TARH-post-ME) also induced a similar increase in plasma FSH, whereas its placement in the region of the ventromedial nucleus (VMH)-dorsomedial nucleus (DMH) did not significantly alter FSH titers. By contrast, PGE2 placed in the post-chiasmatic region (HARH-ME) clearly elevated plasma FSH as early as 40 min after implantation. Implants of PGF2alpha in this area were ineffective. PGE2 implants located more than 1 mm lateral from the midline or outside the hypothalamus were also ineffective. When PGE2 was placed in the preoptic area (POA) or anterior ventral portion of the anterior hypothalamic area (AHA), plasma FSH rose markedly showing the first significant increase between 40 and 60 min after implantation. PGE2 implants located in the dorsal portion of the AHA-paraventricular nucleus (DAHA-PVH) were also clearly more effective than implants in BARH-ME, but less effective than implants in the POA. PGF2 implanted in the POA evoked a smaller increase in plasma FSH than that induced by PGE2 implants in this region. Implantation of empty cannulae in the ARH-ME region or POA failed to increase plasma FSH levels significantly. Intrapituitary implants of PGE2 did not alter plasma FSH. The results indicate that PGE2 acts mainly on the POA-AHA region to induce FSH release and that PGF2alpha, although less effective, also stimulates FSH release in this area. The ARH-ME appears to be a less important site. The greater effectiveness in the POA-AHA region than in the ARH-ME may indicate that PGE2 is more effective in stimulating cell bodies of LHRH neurons than their axons. Although most of the sites at which PGE2 released FSH coincide with the distribution of LHRH, it is noteworthy that a relatively enhanced release of FSH took place from certain sites in the dorsal AHA-PVH and from sites in the post-ME, which suggests that PGE2 may act on neurons which secrete a specific FSH-RF as well as on neurons which release LHRH."}
{"id": "PMID:870309", "title": "Growth hormone, somatomedin and cartilage sulfation in failure of catch-up growth after propylthiouracil-induced hypothyroidism in the rat.", "content": "Male Long-Evans rats 36 to 39 days of age were fed a diet containing 0.1% propylthiouracil (PTU) for 17 to 20 days followed by the resumption of normal diet. Growth rates of body weight and tail length decreased during PTU treatment and increased during recovery; yet only slight catch-up (compensatory) growth occurred in either body weight or tail length. Although serum thyroxine and triiodothyronine concentrations (radioimmunoassay) decreased significantly during PTU treatment, they returned to normal by recovery day 14. Pituitary immunoassayable growth hormone (GH) content and concentration dropped during PTU-feeding. By recovery day 14 there was significant, but incomplete, repletion of the gland. Serum GH during ether anesthesia was increased significantly during PTU treatment; it remained elevated (NS) and showed greater variability during recovery than in controls. Bioassayable serum somatomedin (Sm) activity decreased during PTU treatment in one of two experiments but returned to a normal level by recovery day 7. The addition of PTU to normal rat serum in concentrations used during PTU treatment failed to alter Sm activity. The addition of L-triiodothyronine and/or L-thyroxine to hypothyroid serum also did not alter Sm activity. In vitro and in vivo cartilage sulfate incorporation decreased during PTU treatment but it rose to greater than control values during the recovery period. The difference in sulfate incorporation between treated and control rats was maintained throughout the observation periods. The results indicate that incomplete catch-up growth following transient hypothyroidism is the result of factors other than deficient GH or Sm production. The implications of the persistent changes in cartilage sulfate metabolism are not clear, but these findings during recovery suggest the possibility that a disturbance of intrinsic cartilage function is a limiting factor preventing full catch-up growth after PTU-induced hypothyroidism.", "contents": "Growth hormone, somatomedin and cartilage sulfation in failure of catch-up growth after propylthiouracil-induced hypothyroidism in the rat. Male Long-Evans rats 36 to 39 days of age were fed a diet containing 0.1% propylthiouracil (PTU) for 17 to 20 days followed by the resumption of normal diet. Growth rates of body weight and tail length decreased during PTU treatment and increased during recovery; yet only slight catch-up (compensatory) growth occurred in either body weight or tail length. Although serum thyroxine and triiodothyronine concentrations (radioimmunoassay) decreased significantly during PTU treatment, they returned to normal by recovery day 14. Pituitary immunoassayable growth hormone (GH) content and concentration dropped during PTU-feeding. By recovery day 14 there was significant, but incomplete, repletion of the gland. Serum GH during ether anesthesia was increased significantly during PTU treatment; it remained elevated (NS) and showed greater variability during recovery than in controls. Bioassayable serum somatomedin (Sm) activity decreased during PTU treatment in one of two experiments but returned to a normal level by recovery day 7. The addition of PTU to normal rat serum in concentrations used during PTU treatment failed to alter Sm activity. The addition of L-triiodothyronine and/or L-thyroxine to hypothyroid serum also did not alter Sm activity. In vitro and in vivo cartilage sulfate incorporation decreased during PTU treatment but it rose to greater than control values during the recovery period. The difference in sulfate incorporation between treated and control rats was maintained throughout the observation periods. The results indicate that incomplete catch-up growth following transient hypothyroidism is the result of factors other than deficient GH or Sm production. The implications of the persistent changes in cartilage sulfate metabolism are not clear, but these findings during recovery suggest the possibility that a disturbance of intrinsic cartilage function is a limiting factor preventing full catch-up growth after PTU-induced hypothyroidism."}
{"id": "PMID:870310", "title": "Evidence for depressed catecholamine and enhanced serotonin metabolism in aging male rats: posssible relation to gondotropin secretion.", "content": "The steady state concentration of dopamine (DA), norepinephrine (NE), and serotonin (5HT) was determined and turnover estimated in several brain regions of young (3-4 months) and old (21 months) male Wistar rats. An estimate of DA and NE turnover was obtained by determining their depletion rates after treatment with alpha-methylpara-tyrosine, a tyrosine hydroxylase inhibitor. Serotonin turnover was estimated by determining its rate of increase after monoamine oxidase inhibition with pargyline. In old males, medial basal hypothalamic (MBH) DA concentration and depletion rate were significantly lower than in young males. DA concentration of the remaining hypothalamus also was lower in old than in young males, but depletion rates were not different. DA concentration and depletion rate in the olfactory tubercle were the same in both age groups. The steady state concentration of NE in the MBH and remaining hypothalamus, and the hypothalamic NE depletion rate, were significantly lower in old than in young animals. In both brain and hypothalamus, steady state concentrations of 5HT were the same in young and old rats, but by 30 min after monoamine oxidase inhibition with pargyline, hypothalamic, but not brain, 5HT increased more in old than in young males. This may indicate a greater turnover of 5HT in the hypothalamus of old than of young males. In non-drug treated (control) old male rats, serum LH and FSH were lower, serum prolactin was higher and serum TSH was the same in young male rats. These data suggest that a decrease in catecholamine and an increase in serotonin metabolism occur in the hypothalamus of old male rats. These changes may be related to the decrease in release of gonadotropins and increase in release of prolactin observed in these old male rats.", "contents": "Evidence for depressed catecholamine and enhanced serotonin metabolism in aging male rats: posssible relation to gondotropin secretion. The steady state concentration of dopamine (DA), norepinephrine (NE), and serotonin (5HT) was determined and turnover estimated in several brain regions of young (3-4 months) and old (21 months) male Wistar rats. An estimate of DA and NE turnover was obtained by determining their depletion rates after treatment with alpha-methylpara-tyrosine, a tyrosine hydroxylase inhibitor. Serotonin turnover was estimated by determining its rate of increase after monoamine oxidase inhibition with pargyline. In old males, medial basal hypothalamic (MBH) DA concentration and depletion rate were significantly lower than in young males. DA concentration of the remaining hypothalamus also was lower in old than in young males, but depletion rates were not different. DA concentration and depletion rate in the olfactory tubercle were the same in both age groups. The steady state concentration of NE in the MBH and remaining hypothalamus, and the hypothalamic NE depletion rate, were significantly lower in old than in young animals. In both brain and hypothalamus, steady state concentrations of 5HT were the same in young and old rats, but by 30 min after monoamine oxidase inhibition with pargyline, hypothalamic, but not brain, 5HT increased more in old than in young males. This may indicate a greater turnover of 5HT in the hypothalamus of old than of young males. In non-drug treated (control) old male rats, serum LH and FSH were lower, serum prolactin was higher and serum TSH was the same in young male rats. These data suggest that a decrease in catecholamine and an increase in serotonin metabolism occur in the hypothalamus of old male rats. These changes may be related to the decrease in release of gonadotropins and increase in release of prolactin observed in these old male rats."}
{"id": "PMID:870311", "title": "The effects of actinomycin D and puromycin on the induction of the cytosol enzymes involved in the androgen metabolism by testosterone in female rat liver.", "content": "Induction of the cytosol enzymes involved in the androgen metabolism in the female rat liver by testosterone was studied. The treatment by testosterone propionate increased the production of 5beta-androstane-3alpha,17beta-diol in the 105.000xg supernatant when 4-14C-testosterone was used as a substrate. The conversion of 4-14C-androstenedione to labelled testosterone was increased by the injection of testosterone propionate into female rats. Actinomycin D or puromycin which was administered for four days with daily subcutaneous injections of testosterone propionate prevented the increase of these enzymes by testosterone propionate. Actinomycin D given once with the final injection of testosterone propionate blocked the induction of cytosol 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase by the treatment of testosterone propionate, whereas puromycin given in the same manner as actinomycin D had no such a blocking effect on the enzyme. Both of these antibiotics given once with the final injection of testosterone propionate showed no preventing effects on the induction of cytosol delta4-5beta-reductase by testosterone propionate.", "contents": "The effects of actinomycin D and puromycin on the induction of the cytosol enzymes involved in the androgen metabolism by testosterone in female rat liver. Induction of the cytosol enzymes involved in the androgen metabolism in the female rat liver by testosterone was studied. The treatment by testosterone propionate increased the production of 5beta-androstane-3alpha,17beta-diol in the 105.000xg supernatant when 4-14C-testosterone was used as a substrate. The conversion of 4-14C-androstenedione to labelled testosterone was increased by the injection of testosterone propionate into female rats. Actinomycin D or puromycin which was administered for four days with daily subcutaneous injections of testosterone propionate prevented the increase of these enzymes by testosterone propionate. Actinomycin D given once with the final injection of testosterone propionate blocked the induction of cytosol 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase by the treatment of testosterone propionate, whereas puromycin given in the same manner as actinomycin D had no such a blocking effect on the enzyme. Both of these antibiotics given once with the final injection of testosterone propionate showed no preventing effects on the induction of cytosol delta4-5beta-reductase by testosterone propionate."}
{"id": "PMID:870312", "title": "Differential response of the ampullary and isthmic cells to ovariectomy and estrogen treatment: an ultrastructural study.", "content": "Ultrastructural response of the ciliated and secretory cells from the ampullary and isthmic parts of the oviduct was studied in ovariectomized and ovariectomized plus estradiol dipropionate (EDP) treated rabbits. Ovariectomy did not significantly affect the cilia in the ampullary epithelium; degenerative signs, however, appeared overtly in the isthmic cilia. EDP at either 1 microng/kg or 5 microng/kg doses raised the number of cilia/cell in either tubal segments. For comparable change isthmic cilia seemed to require a higher dosage of the estrogen. Ovariectomy led to the depletion of the secretory granules (SGs) from the secretory cells of either tubal segments. EDP at both the doses induced formation of the SGs; this is more remarkable in the isthmic cells. Merocrine type of secretions were observed from the secretory cells of either segments but only at the high dose of estrogen. The findings are discussed in the backdrop of current knowledge.", "contents": "Differential response of the ampullary and isthmic cells to ovariectomy and estrogen treatment: an ultrastructural study. Ultrastructural response of the ciliated and secretory cells from the ampullary and isthmic parts of the oviduct was studied in ovariectomized and ovariectomized plus estradiol dipropionate (EDP) treated rabbits. Ovariectomy did not significantly affect the cilia in the ampullary epithelium; degenerative signs, however, appeared overtly in the isthmic cilia. EDP at either 1 microng/kg or 5 microng/kg doses raised the number of cilia/cell in either tubal segments. For comparable change isthmic cilia seemed to require a higher dosage of the estrogen. Ovariectomy led to the depletion of the secretory granules (SGs) from the secretory cells of either tubal segments. EDP at both the doses induced formation of the SGs; this is more remarkable in the isthmic cells. Merocrine type of secretions were observed from the secretory cells of either segments but only at the high dose of estrogen. The findings are discussed in the backdrop of current knowledge."}
{"id": "PMID:870313", "title": "Plasma testosterone response to HCG in normal men without and after administration of anabolic drug.", "content": "In young, adult male volunteers Leydig cell function tests were performed consisting of i.m. administration of 1500, 3000 or 4500 IU of HCG on days 1, 2 and 3 and plasma testosterone determination by radioimmunoassay. The stimulatory effect of HCG known from the literature is reconfirmed. However, no difference between the effect of the three dosage levels was found and the first significant effect of HCG was observed 24 h after its first application. Testosterone levels on day 3 and 4 are higher but not different from each other. A depression of plasma testosterone after treatment with an anabolic steroid (1alpha, 17alpha-dimethyl-5alpha-androstan-17-ol-3-one) 20 mg daily for 14 days is described. Reactivity to HCG was sustained in these subjects, but testosterone response to HCG was diminished at all investigated time intervals.", "contents": "Plasma testosterone response to HCG in normal men without and after administration of anabolic drug. In young, adult male volunteers Leydig cell function tests were performed consisting of i.m. administration of 1500, 3000 or 4500 IU of HCG on days 1, 2 and 3 and plasma testosterone determination by radioimmunoassay. The stimulatory effect of HCG known from the literature is reconfirmed. However, no difference between the effect of the three dosage levels was found and the first significant effect of HCG was observed 24 h after its first application. Testosterone levels on day 3 and 4 are higher but not different from each other. A depression of plasma testosterone after treatment with an anabolic steroid (1alpha, 17alpha-dimethyl-5alpha-androstan-17-ol-3-one) 20 mg daily for 14 days is described. Reactivity to HCG was sustained in these subjects, but testosterone response to HCG was diminished at all investigated time intervals."}
{"id": "PMID:870314", "title": "Morphological and biochemical findings in the tissues of maldeveloped gonads in 45,XX females with early primary ovarian insufficiency.", "content": "The gonads or excisions there of obtained from 13 cases of early primary ovarian failure in 46,XX females subjected to explorative laparotomy have been examined microscopically, histochemically and biochemically. Clinically, the cases were characterized by either primary amenorrhoea or by one or several spontaneous menstruations followed by amenorrhoea until operation. Roentgenologically and macroscopically, the gonads were characterized as either \"steak\" gonads or hypoplastic ovaries. There were no associated somatic anomalies except for slight dysplastic bone changes and/or osteoporosis. Based on morphological findings, the gonads were grouped as follows. Type A (\"dysgenetic\" or \"aplastic\") gonads characterized by a complete absence of follicular apparatus or its remnants were composed of ovarian cortical-like stroma. Some of them contained hilus cells and rete structures. Type B gonads were severely hypoplastic ovaries differing from the previous ones by the presence of various active, but predominantly inactive derivatives of the follicular apparatus, such as scarce primordial or growing follicles, corpora albicantia or atretica. Type C gonads were designated as hypoplastic sclerocystic ovaries showing a microscopical pattern similar to that of the \"Stein-Leventhal ovaries\", with follicles, follicular cysts and predominantly perifollicular hyperthecosis. Biochemical investigations were based on incubation studies with labelled precursors. They permitted to conclude that steroid biosynthesis was severely affected in all the gonads examined, differing most markedly from the ordinary ovarian steroid biosynthesis in the A-type gonads, and being rather similar to that observed in the \"Stein-Leventhal ovaries\" in the C-type ones.", "contents": "Morphological and biochemical findings in the tissues of maldeveloped gonads in 45,XX females with early primary ovarian insufficiency. The gonads or excisions there of obtained from 13 cases of early primary ovarian failure in 46,XX females subjected to explorative laparotomy have been examined microscopically, histochemically and biochemically. Clinically, the cases were characterized by either primary amenorrhoea or by one or several spontaneous menstruations followed by amenorrhoea until operation. Roentgenologically and macroscopically, the gonads were characterized as either \"steak\" gonads or hypoplastic ovaries. There were no associated somatic anomalies except for slight dysplastic bone changes and/or osteoporosis. Based on morphological findings, the gonads were grouped as follows. Type A (\"dysgenetic\" or \"aplastic\") gonads characterized by a complete absence of follicular apparatus or its remnants were composed of ovarian cortical-like stroma. Some of them contained hilus cells and rete structures. Type B gonads were severely hypoplastic ovaries differing from the previous ones by the presence of various active, but predominantly inactive derivatives of the follicular apparatus, such as scarce primordial or growing follicles, corpora albicantia or atretica. Type C gonads were designated as hypoplastic sclerocystic ovaries showing a microscopical pattern similar to that of the \"Stein-Leventhal ovaries\", with follicles, follicular cysts and predominantly perifollicular hyperthecosis. Biochemical investigations were based on incubation studies with labelled precursors. They permitted to conclude that steroid biosynthesis was severely affected in all the gonads examined, differing most markedly from the ordinary ovarian steroid biosynthesis in the A-type gonads, and being rather similar to that observed in the \"Stein-Leventhal ovaries\" in the C-type ones."}
{"id": "PMID:870315", "title": "Teratogenic activity and metabolism of primidone in the mouse.", "content": "Primidone, 25, 50, 100, and 150 mg/kg, was administered orally to mice of the I.C.I. strain from days 6-16 of pregnancy. The fetuses were removed by caesarian section on day 19 and examined by dissection and alizarin staining for gross structural and skeletal defects. The most common abnormalities found were palatal defects with full-length or submucosal clefts. In the controls--25, 50, 100, and 150 mg/kg groups--the incidence of palatal defects was 0/85, 16/84, 18/117, 19/102, and 17/92 fetuses, respectively. Essentially no other major or minor drug-related abnormalities were found. The metabolism of primidone in the pregnant and nonpregnant mouse was also studied and shown to be similar to that previously reported in the rat. Peak blood levels of primidone were obtained after 1 hr; they fell to very low levels by 6 hr. and were completely cleared by 24 hr. The metabolites produced, PEMA and phenobarbital, are similar to those produced in other species including man. Blood levels following single oral doses of 5 to 150 mg/kg were dose-related so that no explanation for the lack of dose-related teratogenic effect was found.", "contents": "Teratogenic activity and metabolism of primidone in the mouse. Primidone, 25, 50, 100, and 150 mg/kg, was administered orally to mice of the I.C.I. strain from days 6-16 of pregnancy. The fetuses were removed by caesarian section on day 19 and examined by dissection and alizarin staining for gross structural and skeletal defects. The most common abnormalities found were palatal defects with full-length or submucosal clefts. In the controls--25, 50, 100, and 150 mg/kg groups--the incidence of palatal defects was 0/85, 16/84, 18/117, 19/102, and 17/92 fetuses, respectively. Essentially no other major or minor drug-related abnormalities were found. The metabolism of primidone in the pregnant and nonpregnant mouse was also studied and shown to be similar to that previously reported in the rat. Peak blood levels of primidone were obtained after 1 hr; they fell to very low levels by 6 hr. and were completely cleared by 24 hr. The metabolites produced, PEMA and phenobarbital, are similar to those produced in other species including man. Blood levels following single oral doses of 5 to 150 mg/kg were dose-related so that no explanation for the lack of dose-related teratogenic effect was found."}
{"id": "PMID:870316", "title": "Evidence of osteomalacia in an outpatient group of adult epileptics.", "content": "A review of 50 adult epileptics who had taken anticonvulsant drugs for 10 or more years showed a decrease in the concentration of serum phosphate and calcium and an increase in the activity of alkaline phosphatase in 22% of the patients. Plasma albumin and gamma-globulin levels were higher than in control subjects. All the patients lived at home and the dietary intake of calcium and vitamin D was often borderline normal or low. Six patients were submitted to bone biopsy and of these, 4 showed histological osteomalacia. Gastrointestinal disease did not appear to be a significant factor. None of the patients had symptoms or signs attributable to osteomalacia which does not seem to be of serious significance. All the patients were taking at least two drugs and it was not possible to assess the relative importance of the various drugs. A prospective study is needed. Measurements of serum calcium, phosphorus, and alkaline phosphatase should be performed at intervals on patients who are receiving anticonvulsant therapy. Treatment with calciferol may be indicated.", "contents": "Evidence of osteomalacia in an outpatient group of adult epileptics. A review of 50 adult epileptics who had taken anticonvulsant drugs for 10 or more years showed a decrease in the concentration of serum phosphate and calcium and an increase in the activity of alkaline phosphatase in 22% of the patients. Plasma albumin and gamma-globulin levels were higher than in control subjects. All the patients lived at home and the dietary intake of calcium and vitamin D was often borderline normal or low. Six patients were submitted to bone biopsy and of these, 4 showed histological osteomalacia. Gastrointestinal disease did not appear to be a significant factor. None of the patients had symptoms or signs attributable to osteomalacia which does not seem to be of serious significance. All the patients were taking at least two drugs and it was not possible to assess the relative importance of the various drugs. A prospective study is needed. Measurements of serum calcium, phosphorus, and alkaline phosphatase should be performed at intervals on patients who are receiving anticonvulsant therapy. Treatment with calciferol may be indicated."}
{"id": "PMID:870317", "title": "Genetic study of infantile spasm with hypsarrhythmia.", "content": "Infantile spasms (IS) appear to be a distinct syndrome complicated by heterogeneous etiology. Family data support a multifactorial model involving a polygenic determination of susceptibility to IS but requiring environmental factors such as anoxia, birth trauma, or immunization to precipitate seizures. The empiric recurrence risk among siblings was estimated to be 15 +/- 3 and for all first degree relatives as 7 +/- 5 per 1,000. These risks should be interpreted with caution since possible heterogeneity of IS may result in the occurrence of families in which cases are presumably totally environmental, and other rare families which may be segregating for an autosomal recessive disorder. Careful review of involved medical and family histories and a thorough physical examination should permit discrimination among these possibilities.", "contents": "Genetic study of infantile spasm with hypsarrhythmia. Infantile spasms (IS) appear to be a distinct syndrome complicated by heterogeneous etiology. Family data support a multifactorial model involving a polygenic determination of susceptibility to IS but requiring environmental factors such as anoxia, birth trauma, or immunization to precipitate seizures. The empiric recurrence risk among siblings was estimated to be 15 +/- 3 and for all first degree relatives as 7 +/- 5 per 1,000. These risks should be interpreted with caution since possible heterogeneity of IS may result in the occurrence of families in which cases are presumably totally environmental, and other rare families which may be segregating for an autosomal recessive disorder. Careful review of involved medical and family histories and a thorough physical examination should permit discrimination among these possibilities."}
{"id": "PMID:870318", "title": "[Experiences with a cardiorecorder system for continuous 24-hour registration of heart rate].", "content": "Studies regarding to the continuous registration of the heart frequency by a transportable instrument, which can store the data of the heart frequency per minute up to 24h, are presented. It is a tape recorder the speed of which is geared down. Thus a normal tape cassette C 60 is sufficient for a registration of the heart frequency during 2 X 24h. The R-wave of the ECG is registered on the first channel of the tape as a biological signal. Moreover every minute an impulse of a clock is recorded on the second channel of the tape. With help of a second instrument the play back procedure for the 24-h-recording can be performed in about 15 min. The signals of both channels of the tape are transformed in digital rectangle impulses by an installed impulse-converter. The serial impulses are counted per minute with help of the time-mark by an interface in a counter. These data are at disposal in BCD-code. They can be passed on the following peripherals: digital printer, computer, pen-recorder and so on. A parallel standardized recording of the physical activity observed by the subject or by an experimenter allows a statistical evaluation and comparison of the physical activity with the corresponding heart frequency data. Some examples of the aread of occupational health, epidemiology and exercise physiology are discussed.", "contents": "[Experiences with a cardiorecorder system for continuous 24-hour registration of heart rate]. Studies regarding to the continuous registration of the heart frequency by a transportable instrument, which can store the data of the heart frequency per minute up to 24h, are presented. It is a tape recorder the speed of which is geared down. Thus a normal tape cassette C 60 is sufficient for a registration of the heart frequency during 2 X 24h. The R-wave of the ECG is registered on the first channel of the tape as a biological signal. Moreover every minute an impulse of a clock is recorded on the second channel of the tape. With help of a second instrument the play back procedure for the 24-h-recording can be performed in about 15 min. The signals of both channels of the tape are transformed in digital rectangle impulses by an installed impulse-converter. The serial impulses are counted per minute with help of the time-mark by an interface in a counter. These data are at disposal in BCD-code. They can be passed on the following peripherals: digital printer, computer, pen-recorder and so on. A parallel standardized recording of the physical activity observed by the subject or by an experimenter allows a statistical evaluation and comparison of the physical activity with the corresponding heart frequency data. Some examples of the aread of occupational health, epidemiology and exercise physiology are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:870319", "title": "[Effects of adaptation to work in heat of rectal temperature evolution during recovery].", "content": "Evolution of rectal temperature (Tre) during recovery in different air temperatures was studied following different patterns of heat load before and after adaptation to work in heat (10 consecutive days). Three subjects have been exposed, after a 30 min rest period (Ta=28degrees C, Pwa=14 mb) to 4 heat loads, each producing 1 degreeC increase in Tre in approximatively 30 min (Co:Ta= 50 degrees C, Pwa = 60 mb, W = O watt; C1; 50 degrees C, 42 mb, 50 W on bicycle ergometer; C2;39 degrees C, 38 mb, 100 W and C3: 28 degrees C, 31 mb, 150 W). After of these heat loads, subjects were allowed to recover during 2 h at Ta = 28, 22 or 16 degrees C (Pwa = 14 mb). Results show that: (a) the cooler was the Ta, the faster was the recovery time; (b) before adaptation occurs, the evolution of Tre depended on the preceding heat load pattern; (c) the more intense was the work load, the more the adaptation reduced time for subsequent recovery. The interaction obtained between adaptation and intensity of preceding work load is discussed. The evolutions of leg skin temperatures suggest that a decreased local heat conductance (of inferior limbs) is associated with a local increase in external heat exchange. Adaptation to work in heat would take the form of a local re-adjustment of internal and external heat exchanges.", "contents": "[Effects of adaptation to work in heat of rectal temperature evolution during recovery]. Evolution of rectal temperature (Tre) during recovery in different air temperatures was studied following different patterns of heat load before and after adaptation to work in heat (10 consecutive days). Three subjects have been exposed, after a 30 min rest period (Ta=28degrees C, Pwa=14 mb) to 4 heat loads, each producing 1 degreeC increase in Tre in approximatively 30 min (Co:Ta= 50 degrees C, Pwa = 60 mb, W = O watt; C1; 50 degrees C, 42 mb, 50 W on bicycle ergometer; C2;39 degrees C, 38 mb, 100 W and C3: 28 degrees C, 31 mb, 150 W). After of these heat loads, subjects were allowed to recover during 2 h at Ta = 28, 22 or 16 degrees C (Pwa = 14 mb). Results show that: (a) the cooler was the Ta, the faster was the recovery time; (b) before adaptation occurs, the evolution of Tre depended on the preceding heat load pattern; (c) the more intense was the work load, the more the adaptation reduced time for subsequent recovery. The interaction obtained between adaptation and intensity of preceding work load is discussed. The evolutions of leg skin temperatures suggest that a decreased local heat conductance (of inferior limbs) is associated with a local increase in external heat exchange. Adaptation to work in heat would take the form of a local re-adjustment of internal and external heat exchanges."}
{"id": "PMID:870320", "title": "The response of endurance-adapted adults to intense anaerobic training.", "content": "The effects of a 6 week program of intense, intermittent hill running was investigated in 5 endurance-trained men (34-37) years. Venous lactate responses averaged 10.7 mM X 1(-1) during training. Biopsies were obtained from the vastus lateralis before and after training for determinations of histochemical classification, phosphagen concentrations (ATP and CP) and activities of total LDH and selected LDH isozymes. Indices of aerobic and anaerobic capacity were also measured. Significant improvements (P less than 0.01) were noted in training distance and loads employed in leg presses, also part of the training: the treadmill test for anaerobic capacity improved by 16.7% and the terminal blood lactate level increased 14%(P less than  0.05). No changes occurred in VO2 max, body fat per cent or anaerobic power. Muscle ATP concentration increased by 14.8% (P less than  0.01) whereas the tissue level of CP remained unchanged. Total LDH activity and the LDH isozymes (LDH-1, LDH-5 and LDH-2, 3, 4) were not altered by training. No changes in fibre distribution were observed. That adaptations to the anaerobic training did occur is evident, but the cellular locus remains to be elucidated further.", "contents": "The response of endurance-adapted adults to intense anaerobic training. The effects of a 6 week program of intense, intermittent hill running was investigated in 5 endurance-trained men (34-37) years. Venous lactate responses averaged 10.7 mM X 1(-1) during training. Biopsies were obtained from the vastus lateralis before and after training for determinations of histochemical classification, phosphagen concentrations (ATP and CP) and activities of total LDH and selected LDH isozymes. Indices of aerobic and anaerobic capacity were also measured. Significant improvements (P less than 0.01) were noted in training distance and loads employed in leg presses, also part of the training: the treadmill test for anaerobic capacity improved by 16.7% and the terminal blood lactate level increased 14%(P less than  0.05). No changes occurred in VO2 max, body fat per cent or anaerobic power. Muscle ATP concentration increased by 14.8% (P less than  0.01) whereas the tissue level of CP remained unchanged. Total LDH activity and the LDH isozymes (LDH-1, LDH-5 and LDH-2, 3, 4) were not altered by training. No changes in fibre distribution were observed. That adaptations to the anaerobic training did occur is evident, but the cellular locus remains to be elucidated further."}
{"id": "PMID:870321", "title": "The changes in hematocrit, hemoglobin, plasma volume and proteins during and after different types of exercise.", "content": "A group of 7 healthy males was studied after maximal exercise and during and after prolonged exercise of two types (approximately at 40 and 67% of their VO2 max). Hematocrit, plasma proteins concentration, and hemoglobin were followed. Relative changes of plasma volume and total content of plasma protein were calculated from hematocrit changes. The mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration was obtained by dividing hemoglobin by hematocrit. After maximal exercise, hemoconcentration with concomitant decrease of plasma volume (-13.0%) was found, with a corresponding increase in  protein concentration (+12.9%) and without any protein content changes. Later normalisation at the 30th min of the recovery phase was shown. During prolonged submaximal exercise (67% of VO2 max) the changes in hemoconcentration, plasma volume (-7.1%), and plasma protein concentration (+6.9%) reached the highest changes in the first 15 min of exercise, and no decrease in protein content was observed. After them the spontanious tendency to the normalisation was found. No changes were registered in prolonged mild exercise (40% of VO2 max). The ratio of hemoglobin to hematocrit remained unchanged during and after all types of exercise.", "contents": "The changes in hematocrit, hemoglobin, plasma volume and proteins during and after different types of exercise. A group of 7 healthy males was studied after maximal exercise and during and after prolonged exercise of two types (approximately at 40 and 67% of their VO2 max). Hematocrit, plasma proteins concentration, and hemoglobin were followed. Relative changes of plasma volume and total content of plasma protein were calculated from hematocrit changes. The mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration was obtained by dividing hemoglobin by hematocrit. After maximal exercise, hemoconcentration with concomitant decrease of plasma volume (-13.0%) was found, with a corresponding increase in  protein concentration (+12.9%) and without any protein content changes. Later normalisation at the 30th min of the recovery phase was shown. During prolonged submaximal exercise (67% of VO2 max) the changes in hemoconcentration, plasma volume (-7.1%), and plasma protein concentration (+6.9%) reached the highest changes in the first 15 min of exercise, and no decrease in protein content was observed. After them the spontanious tendency to the normalisation was found. No changes were registered in prolonged mild exercise (40% of VO2 max). The ratio of hemoglobin to hematocrit remained unchanged during and after all types of exercise."}
{"id": "PMID:870322", "title": "Studies of malformation syndromes of man VB: the hypertelorism-hypospadias (BBB) syndrome. Case report and review.", "content": "We describe a boy with the hypertelorism-hypospadias (BBB) syndrome. His mother and his maternal grandmother showed minor manifestations suggestive of the syndrome. The BBB syndrome is a syndrome of multiple congenital anomalies with mental retardation due a segregating mendelian mutation, either X-linked or autosomal. This paper reviews the literature on the subject and emphasizes the problem of identifying females at high risk of transmitting the condition.", "contents": "Studies of malformation syndromes of man VB: the hypertelorism-hypospadias (BBB) syndrome. Case report and review. We describe a boy with the hypertelorism-hypospadias (BBB) syndrome. His mother and his maternal grandmother showed minor manifestations suggestive of the syndrome. The BBB syndrome is a syndrome of multiple congenital anomalies with mental retardation due a segregating mendelian mutation, either X-linked or autosomal. This paper reviews the literature on the subject and emphasizes the problem of identifying females at high risk of transmitting the condition."}
{"id": "PMID:870323", "title": "Glucosephosphate isomerase deficiency, a new variant in a Dutch family. Case report.", "content": "The clinical course and the biochemical findings are reported from a patient suffering from glucosephosphate isomerase (G.P.I EC 5.3.1.9) deficiency type Nijmegen. This disorder decleares itself as a non-spherocytic hemolytic anemia, presenting in the neonatal period. In the patient hemolysis was of the same degree during the years. However, trivial infections could often trigger an increase in hemolysis requiring treatment by blood transfusions. Enzyme studies revealed that the GPI deficiency in this patient was caused by a double heterozygous state for two different GPI deficient alleles. The presence of one of these deficient alleles in the proband's parents and grandparents, was not accompanied by any sign of hemolysis, as for instance a shortened red-cell survival.", "contents": "Glucosephosphate isomerase deficiency, a new variant in a Dutch family. Case report. The clinical course and the biochemical findings are reported from a patient suffering from glucosephosphate isomerase (G.P.I EC 5.3.1.9) deficiency type Nijmegen. This disorder decleares itself as a non-spherocytic hemolytic anemia, presenting in the neonatal period. In the patient hemolysis was of the same degree during the years. However, trivial infections could often trigger an increase in hemolysis requiring treatment by blood transfusions. Enzyme studies revealed that the GPI deficiency in this patient was caused by a double heterozygous state for two different GPI deficient alleles. The presence of one of these deficient alleles in the proband's parents and grandparents, was not accompanied by any sign of hemolysis, as for instance a shortened red-cell survival."}
{"id": "PMID:870324", "title": "New chromosomal malformation syndromes. I. Partial monosomy 8p. An attempt to establish a new chromosome deletion syndrome.", "content": "A mentally retarded 8-year-old boy with a de novo partial monosomy for the short arm of the No. 8 chromosome is described. Based on G-banding analysis, the patient's karyotype was identified in lymphocytes and skin fibroblasts as 46,XY,del(8) (pter leads to p21:). No chromosomal abnormalities were found in the phenotypically normal mother, father and sister of the propositus. Four further cases described in the literature indicate that partial monosomy of the short arm of the No. 8 chromosome might be associated with a syndrome characterized by the following stigmata: mental retardation, slow growth, high forehead, broad chest, wide-set nipples, pulmonary stenosis with atrial and/or ventricular septal defect, hypoplasia of the genitalia, dermatoglyphic stigmata.", "contents": "New chromosomal malformation syndromes. I. Partial monosomy 8p. An attempt to establish a new chromosome deletion syndrome. A mentally retarded 8-year-old boy with a de novo partial monosomy for the short arm of the No. 8 chromosome is described. Based on G-banding analysis, the patient's karyotype was identified in lymphocytes and skin fibroblasts as 46,XY,del(8) (pter leads to p21:). No chromosomal abnormalities were found in the phenotypically normal mother, father and sister of the propositus. Four further cases described in the literature indicate that partial monosomy of the short arm of the No. 8 chromosome might be associated with a syndrome characterized by the following stigmata: mental retardation, slow growth, high forehead, broad chest, wide-set nipples, pulmonary stenosis with atrial and/or ventricular septal defect, hypoplasia of the genitalia, dermatoglyphic stigmata."}
{"id": "PMID:870325", "title": "The selenium state of healthy children. I. Serum selenium concentration at different ages; activity of glutathione peroxidase of erythrocytes at different ages; selenium content of food of infants.", "content": "The selenium concentration of serum is age-dependent. The median value at birth (chi=50 X 10(-9)g/ml) amounts to half of the median value of adults (chi=102 X 10(-9)g/ml). After a decrease in early infancy to chi=34 X 10(-9)g/ml it steadily increases to chi=58 X 10(-9)g/ml in the second half of the first year, to chi=82 X 10(-9)g/ml in 1--5 year old children, and to chi=92 X 10(-9)g/ml in school children. The activities of the selenium containing enzyme glutathione peroxidase of erythrocytes are also reduced in early infancy (chi=7.2 +/- 0.36 U37/g Hb), whereas the enzyme activities of cord blood erythrocytes (chi=8.72 +/- 0.76 U37/g Hb) are in the same range as those of older children or adults. The selenium content of some commercially available milk formulas for infants are lower than those of human and cow's milk.", "contents": "The selenium state of healthy children. I. Serum selenium concentration at different ages; activity of glutathione peroxidase of erythrocytes at different ages; selenium content of food of infants. The selenium concentration of serum is age-dependent. The median value at birth (chi=50 X 10(-9)g/ml) amounts to half of the median value of adults (chi=102 X 10(-9)g/ml). After a decrease in early infancy to chi=34 X 10(-9)g/ml it steadily increases to chi=58 X 10(-9)g/ml in the second half of the first year, to chi=82 X 10(-9)g/ml in 1--5 year old children, and to chi=92 X 10(-9)g/ml in school children. The activities of the selenium containing enzyme glutathione peroxidase of erythrocytes are also reduced in early infancy (chi=7.2 +/- 0.36 U37/g Hb), whereas the enzyme activities of cord blood erythrocytes (chi=8.72 +/- 0.76 U37/g Hb) are in the same range as those of older children or adults. The selenium content of some commercially available milk formulas for infants are lower than those of human and cow's milk."}
{"id": "PMID:870326", "title": "Quantification of melanin in hepatic and cardiac lipofuscin.", "content": "Melanin pigment in liver and heart tissue, obtained at autopsy from patients, was isolated and quantified. The quantity of melanin extracted was directly proportional to lipofuscin granule counts. Infrared and electron spin resonance spectographs of the isolated pigments from liver and heart showed absorption characteristics identical to those of known melanins. The pigment was absent in fetal and neonatal life, increased in brown atrophy of the heart and liver, and diminished in livers with fatty metamorphosis.", "contents": "Quantification of melanin in hepatic and cardiac lipofuscin. Melanin pigment in liver and heart tissue, obtained at autopsy from patients, was isolated and quantified. The quantity of melanin extracted was directly proportional to lipofuscin granule counts. Infrared and electron spin resonance spectographs of the isolated pigments from liver and heart showed absorption characteristics identical to those of known melanins. The pigment was absent in fetal and neonatal life, increased in brown atrophy of the heart and liver, and diminished in livers with fatty metamorphosis."}
{"id": "PMID:870327", "title": "Biochemical polymorphism and the 2,3-diphosphoglycerate in the sheep red blood cells.", "content": "There was no significant difference in the level of 2,3-DPG in the red blood cells of sheep of different haemoglobin types (Hb A and Hb B) or potassium types (HK and LK). However, low glutathione (GSHL) sheep had significantly higher (p less than 0.01) level of 2,3-DPG in their red blood cells than high glutathione (GSHH) sheep. There was also significant effect of interactions between glutathione, haemoglobin and potassium types (p less than 0.05) and glutathione and haemoglobin types (p less than 0.01) on red cell 2,3-DPG levels.", "contents": "Biochemical polymorphism and the 2,3-diphosphoglycerate in the sheep red blood cells. There was no significant difference in the level of 2,3-DPG in the red blood cells of sheep of different haemoglobin types (Hb A and Hb B) or potassium types (HK and LK). However, low glutathione (GSHL) sheep had significantly higher (p less than 0.01) level of 2,3-DPG in their red blood cells than high glutathione (GSHH) sheep. There was also significant effect of interactions between glutathione, haemoglobin and potassium types (p less than 0.05) and glutathione and haemoglobin types (p less than 0.01) on red cell 2,3-DPG levels."}
{"id": "PMID:870328", "title": "X-ray induction of chromosome and chromatid aberrations in the same cells after treatment with hydroxyurea.", "content": "Vicia faba root meristem cells treated for 24 h with 1.25 mM hydroxyurea and then X-irradiated contained a large number of cells with both chromosome and chromatid aberrations. X-irradiation 4 h after release from the hydroxyurea block yielded cells with almost exclusively chromatid aberrations.", "contents": "X-ray induction of chromosome and chromatid aberrations in the same cells after treatment with hydroxyurea. Vicia faba root meristem cells treated for 24 h with 1.25 mM hydroxyurea and then X-irradiated contained a large number of cells with both chromosome and chromatid aberrations. X-irradiation 4 h after release from the hydroxyurea block yielded cells with almost exclusively chromatid aberrations."}
{"id": "PMID:870329", "title": "Ba++ induced square-shaped potential waves in molluscan neurones.", "content": "Rhythmic slow square-shaped potential waves lasting 20-50 sec are induced in Aplysia neurones when Ca++ is replaced by Ba++. During the plateau, the membrane is highly permeable to Ba++ ions, whereas in the interwave period the membrane resistance increases by 60 times. Analysis with slow current ramps suggests that the membrane properties of Ba-treated neurones and normally burst-generating neurones are similar.", "contents": "Ba++ induced square-shaped potential waves in molluscan neurones. Rhythmic slow square-shaped potential waves lasting 20-50 sec are induced in Aplysia neurones when Ca++ is replaced by Ba++. During the plateau, the membrane is highly permeable to Ba++ ions, whereas in the interwave period the membrane resistance increases by 60 times. Analysis with slow current ramps suggests that the membrane properties of Ba-treated neurones and normally burst-generating neurones are similar."}
{"id": "PMID:870330", "title": "Irreversible shock in rats after injection of microspheres into the renal artery.", "content": "After injection of microspheres into both renal arteries of rats, an irreversible shock syndrome develops, resulting in death within 4-12 h. Ligation of both renal pedicles after injection of microspheres prevents the shock. It is presumed that kininogenases released from the kidneys participate in the pathogenesis of the shock syndrome.", "contents": "Irreversible shock in rats after injection of microspheres into the renal artery. After injection of microspheres into both renal arteries of rats, an irreversible shock syndrome develops, resulting in death within 4-12 h. Ligation of both renal pedicles after injection of microspheres prevents the shock. It is presumed that kininogenases released from the kidneys participate in the pathogenesis of the shock syndrome."}
{"id": "PMID:870331", "title": "Non-uniformity of regional vasomotor activity indicating the existence of 2 different systems in the sympathetic cardiovascular outflow.", "content": "In rabbits, 2 populations of sympathetic postganglionic fibres innervating the skin, heart, muscle and kidney could be classified by their different spike heights and their different susceptibility to noradrenaline and angiotensin amide. The ability of the 2 populations to respond to physiological stimuli in a highly differentiated manner leads to the assumption that 2 different systems in the cardiovascular sympathetic outflow exist.", "contents": "Non-uniformity of regional vasomotor activity indicating the existence of 2 different systems in the sympathetic cardiovascular outflow. In rabbits, 2 populations of sympathetic postganglionic fibres innervating the skin, heart, muscle and kidney could be classified by their different spike heights and their different susceptibility to noradrenaline and angiotensin amide. The ability of the 2 populations to respond to physiological stimuli in a highly differentiated manner leads to the assumption that 2 different systems in the cardiovascular sympathetic outflow exist."}
{"id": "PMID:870332", "title": "Inhibition of growth in developing oocytes of the desert locust.", "content": "The location of the terminal oocytes (T) in the ovary of the desert locust dictates whether the penultimate oocytes (T-1) will enter vitellogenesis -- as long as the T oocytes are retained within the ovarioles, vitellogenesis in T-1 oocytes is prevented. When the T oocytes are ovulated into the oviduct, growth of the T-1 oocytes (new T) resumes. Inhibition of vitellogenesis in T-1 oocytes is not due to low rates of JH biosynthesis since high rates of JH biosynthesis were observed in animals in which T oocytes were retained in the ovarioles.", "contents": "Inhibition of growth in developing oocytes of the desert locust. The location of the terminal oocytes (T) in the ovary of the desert locust dictates whether the penultimate oocytes (T-1) will enter vitellogenesis -- as long as the T oocytes are retained within the ovarioles, vitellogenesis in T-1 oocytes is prevented. When the T oocytes are ovulated into the oviduct, growth of the T-1 oocytes (new T) resumes. Inhibition of vitellogenesis in T-1 oocytes is not due to low rates of JH biosynthesis since high rates of JH biosynthesis were observed in animals in which T oocytes were retained in the ovarioles."}
{"id": "PMID:870333", "title": "Respiratory responses in heat-exposed rabbits: inhibition of tachypnoea offset by increase in tidal volume.", "content": "Rabbits in which thermal panting has been inhibiting by previous cold exposure or by water deprivation respond to a raised ambient temperature with an increase in tidal volume. By so doing, they are able to maintain a minute volume appropriate to their thermoregulatory requirements.", "contents": "Respiratory responses in heat-exposed rabbits: inhibition of tachypnoea offset by increase in tidal volume. Rabbits in which thermal panting has been inhibiting by previous cold exposure or by water deprivation respond to a raised ambient temperature with an increase in tidal volume. By so doing, they are able to maintain a minute volume appropriate to their thermoregulatory requirements."}
{"id": "PMID:870334", "title": "The effect of vinblastin and vincristin on single nerve fibres.", "content": "The perfusion of the node of Ranvier with vinblastin or vincristin reduces the amplitude of the action potential within a few seconds. Vincristins is 10fold more active than vinblastin. Upon withdrawal, the effect is promptly reversible and its is antagonized by acetylcholine.", "contents": "The effect of vinblastin and vincristin on single nerve fibres. The perfusion of the node of Ranvier with vinblastin or vincristin reduces the amplitude of the action potential within a few seconds. Vincristins is 10fold more active than vinblastin. Upon withdrawal, the effect is promptly reversible and its is antagonized by acetylcholine."}
{"id": "PMID:870335", "title": "Calcium and the contractile response to prostaglandin in the smooth muscle of guinea-pig stomach.", "content": "In the longitudinal smooth muscle of guinea-pig stomach, verapamil (10(-5) M) which showed marked suppression of high K-induced contractures, did not suppress the contractile response to PGE1 (1.5 X 10(-9) to 10(-6) M) markedly. These results suggest that the contractile mechanism of PGE1 in guinea-pig stomach may mainly depend on a release of bound Ca in the cell and partly depend on a Ca influx from the extracellular origin.", "contents": "Calcium and the contractile response to prostaglandin in the smooth muscle of guinea-pig stomach. In the longitudinal smooth muscle of guinea-pig stomach, verapamil (10(-5) M) which showed marked suppression of high K-induced contractures, did not suppress the contractile response to PGE1 (1.5 X 10(-9) to 10(-6) M) markedly. These results suggest that the contractile mechanism of PGE1 in guinea-pig stomach may mainly depend on a release of bound Ca in the cell and partly depend on a Ca influx from the extracellular origin."}
{"id": "PMID:870336", "title": "Effects of tranylcypromine and pargyline on brain tryptamine.", "content": "Tranylcypromine produces behavioral excitation while pargyline produces depression. Tranylcypromine increased brain tryptophan which led to an accumulation of tryptamine. The levels of tryptamine after tranylcypromine were found to be 3 times those found after pargyline.", "contents": "Effects of tranylcypromine and pargyline on brain tryptamine. Tranylcypromine produces behavioral excitation while pargyline produces depression. Tranylcypromine increased brain tryptophan which led to an accumulation of tryptamine. The levels of tryptamine after tranylcypromine were found to be 3 times those found after pargyline."}
{"id": "PMID:870337", "title": "3-Amino-1-(3,4-dichloro-alpha-methyl-benzyl)-2-pyrazolin-5-one (Bay g 2821), a potent diuretic from a new substance class.", "content": "Chemistry, salidiuretic activity and mechanism of action of 3-amino-1-(3,4-dichloro-alpha-methyl-benzyl)-2-pyrazolin-5-one (Bay g 2821), a new diuretic, are described. Owing to the initial rapid onset of activity, the reserve in capacity and the additional long duration of activity, this substance represents a potent diuretic and antihypertensive agent.", "contents": "3-Amino-1-(3,4-dichloro-alpha-methyl-benzyl)-2-pyrazolin-5-one (Bay g 2821), a potent diuretic from a new substance class. Chemistry, salidiuretic activity and mechanism of action of 3-amino-1-(3,4-dichloro-alpha-methyl-benzyl)-2-pyrazolin-5-one (Bay g 2821), a new diuretic, are described. Owing to the initial rapid onset of activity, the reserve in capacity and the additional long duration of activity, this substance represents a potent diuretic and antihypertensive agent."}
{"id": "PMID:870338", "title": "[Synthesis of 2,3-diazaphenothiazine. X. 7- and 8-nitroderivatives of 1- keto and of 4-keto-2,3-diazaphenothiazine and their mixtures of oxidation on 5].", "content": "A description is given of the synthesis of 7- and 8-nitro-derivatives of 1-keto- and 4-keto-2,3-diazaphenothiazine, by cyclization with acids and hydrated alkaline sulfides (XIV) and (XV). Oxidation of these nitroderivatives (XI), (XII), (XVI) and (XVII) gives products corresponding to those obtained by oxidation of the heterocyclic S atom to sulfones (IV), (XIII), (VIII) and (XVIII). Nitration of 1-keto- and 4-keto-2,3-diazaphenothiazine (1) and (V) gives the 7-nitroderivatives with simultaneous oxidation of the sulfur to sulfoxide (II) and (VI); oxidation of these sulfoxides or sulfones gives the same products (IV) and (VIII) obtained by the methods described above. The same compounds are obtained also by nitration of 1-keto- and 4-keto-5,5-dihidroxy-2,3-diazaphenothiazine (III) and (VII).", "contents": "[Synthesis of 2,3-diazaphenothiazine. X. 7- and 8-nitroderivatives of 1- keto and of 4-keto-2,3-diazaphenothiazine and their mixtures of oxidation on 5]. A description is given of the synthesis of 7- and 8-nitro-derivatives of 1-keto- and 4-keto-2,3-diazaphenothiazine, by cyclization with acids and hydrated alkaline sulfides (XIV) and (XV). Oxidation of these nitroderivatives (XI), (XII), (XVI) and (XVII) gives products corresponding to those obtained by oxidation of the heterocyclic S atom to sulfones (IV), (XIII), (VIII) and (XVIII). Nitration of 1-keto- and 4-keto-2,3-diazaphenothiazine (1) and (V) gives the 7-nitroderivatives with simultaneous oxidation of the sulfur to sulfoxide (II) and (VI); oxidation of these sulfoxides or sulfones gives the same products (IV) and (VIII) obtained by the methods described above. The same compounds are obtained also by nitration of 1-keto- and 4-keto-5,5-dihidroxy-2,3-diazaphenothiazine (III) and (VII)."}
{"id": "PMID:870339", "title": "[Optical resolution of N-acetyl-(R)(S)-p-methoxyphenylglycine by differential crystallization].", "content": "The optical resolution of the ammonium salt of N-acetyl-(R)(S)-p-metoxyphenylglycine was performed by differential crystallization producing the two enantiomeric forms with excellent optical purity. Hydrolysis with hydrochloric acid/hydrobromic acid yields the two enantiomers of p-methoxyphenylglycine and p-hydroxyphenylglycine respectively.", "contents": "[Optical resolution of N-acetyl-(R)(S)-p-methoxyphenylglycine by differential crystallization]. The optical resolution of the ammonium salt of N-acetyl-(R)(S)-p-metoxyphenylglycine was performed by differential crystallization producing the two enantiomeric forms with excellent optical purity. Hydrolysis with hydrochloric acid/hydrobromic acid yields the two enantiomers of p-methoxyphenylglycine and p-hydroxyphenylglycine respectively."}
{"id": "PMID:870340", "title": "The effect of silybin on liver phospholipid synthesis in the rat in vivo.", "content": "Female Wistar rats have been injected intravenously for seven days with various different doses of silybin, the main component of the drug silymarin, and the in vitro synthesis of phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylcholine from their respective precursors, CDP-ethanolamine and CDP-choline has been examined in liver microsomal membranes. Appreciable inhibition of the incorporation rates of precursors into lipids has been noticed at dosage of 15-20 mg/100 g body wt., daily. No evident effect is exerted by similar silybin treatment on choline and ethanolamine incorporation respectively into liver phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine in vivo.", "contents": "The effect of silybin on liver phospholipid synthesis in the rat in vivo. Female Wistar rats have been injected intravenously for seven days with various different doses of silybin, the main component of the drug silymarin, and the in vitro synthesis of phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylcholine from their respective precursors, CDP-ethanolamine and CDP-choline has been examined in liver microsomal membranes. Appreciable inhibition of the incorporation rates of precursors into lipids has been noticed at dosage of 15-20 mg/100 g body wt., daily. No evident effect is exerted by similar silybin treatment on choline and ethanolamine incorporation respectively into liver phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine in vivo."}
{"id": "PMID:870341", "title": "[Studies on 1,5-benzodiazepine. I. Derivatives of 4-amino-1,5-benzodiazepine].", "content": "Condensation of o-phenylendiamine and N,N-dialkyl-ethoxycarbonylacetamides in the presence of phosphorus oxychloride afforded 2,3-dihydro-2-oxo-4-dialkylamino-1H-1,5-benzodiazepines. These same compounds with a substituent in the 3 position were obtained when N,N-dialkylamino-alpha-ethoxycarbonyl-alpha-alkylacetamides were employed in the reaction. In a similar manner from N-phenyl-o-phenylendiamine the synthesis of 1-phenyl-2,3-dihydro-2-oxo-4-dialkylamino-1H-1,5-benzodiazepines was achieved. The formation of benzimidazole-2-acetic acid derivatives was observed in these reactions.", "contents": "[Studies on 1,5-benzodiazepine. I. Derivatives of 4-amino-1,5-benzodiazepine]. Condensation of o-phenylendiamine and N,N-dialkyl-ethoxycarbonylacetamides in the presence of phosphorus oxychloride afforded 2,3-dihydro-2-oxo-4-dialkylamino-1H-1,5-benzodiazepines. These same compounds with a substituent in the 3 position were obtained when N,N-dialkylamino-alpha-ethoxycarbonyl-alpha-alkylacetamides were employed in the reaction. In a similar manner from N-phenyl-o-phenylendiamine the synthesis of 1-phenyl-2,3-dihydro-2-oxo-4-dialkylamino-1H-1,5-benzodiazepines was achieved. The formation of benzimidazole-2-acetic acid derivatives was observed in these reactions."}
{"id": "PMID:870342", "title": "[Structural and functional integration of the processes of membrane hydrolysis and transport (\"permeome\" hypothesis)].", "content": "It was suggested and experimentally proved that the transport system's input is a part of an enzyme-transport ensemble and an allosteric regulator of enzyme activity. In special experiments, a typical for cooperation sygmoidal kinetics of saccharose and maltose hydrolysis was shown, as well as of their hydrolysis products transport, if the enzyme is involved in the actively transporting intestine mucosa. On the contrary, it is the hyperbolic curve which is specific for isolated digestive enzymes and for glucose accumulation. Replacement of oxygen with nitrogen and specific blockage of the glucose transporting agent with floridzine leads to disappearance or sharp reducing of the sygmoidality. The term \"ergome\" is suggested for designation of the minimal ensemble of elements able to carry out an elementary physiological process, the term \"permeome\"--for the transporting ergome.", "contents": "[Structural and functional integration of the processes of membrane hydrolysis and transport (\"permeome\" hypothesis)]. It was suggested and experimentally proved that the transport system's input is a part of an enzyme-transport ensemble and an allosteric regulator of enzyme activity. In special experiments, a typical for cooperation sygmoidal kinetics of saccharose and maltose hydrolysis was shown, as well as of their hydrolysis products transport, if the enzyme is involved in the actively transporting intestine mucosa. On the contrary, it is the hyperbolic curve which is specific for isolated digestive enzymes and for glucose accumulation. Replacement of oxygen with nitrogen and specific blockage of the glucose transporting agent with floridzine leads to disappearance or sharp reducing of the sygmoidality. The term \"ergome\" is suggested for designation of the minimal ensemble of elements able to carry out an elementary physiological process, the term \"permeome\"--for the transporting ergome."}
{"id": "PMID:870343", "title": "[Responses of neurons of the cat cochlear nucleus to 2-tone signals].", "content": "Two-tone stimuli were used with harmonic relation between their components (F1-F6). At equal intensities of the harmonics, one of which was the neuron best frequency and the other did not, evoke any impulse response, the neuron response as compared to that at the best frequency tone alone, was decreased in 50% of all cases, facilitated in 19% and not changed in 31% of cases. Harmonics nearest to the best frequency tone were most effective in the decreasing or increasing neuronal activity. With diminution of the intensity of the best frequency tone, F4 by 10-20 dB decreasing effects were less pronounced at all the side harmonics except F5, whereas facilitatory effects rose greatly at the lower harmonics F1-F3. Neuronal response, facilitatory or inhibitory, to a two-tone stimulus was also connected with the effects of the side harmonic on the neuron spontaneous activity and the neuron response value to F4. Statistical character of the relations observed seems to be due to the variety of interfering factors.", "contents": "[Responses of neurons of the cat cochlear nucleus to 2-tone signals]. Two-tone stimuli were used with harmonic relation between their components (F1-F6). At equal intensities of the harmonics, one of which was the neuron best frequency and the other did not, evoke any impulse response, the neuron response as compared to that at the best frequency tone alone, was decreased in 50% of all cases, facilitated in 19% and not changed in 31% of cases. Harmonics nearest to the best frequency tone were most effective in the decreasing or increasing neuronal activity. With diminution of the intensity of the best frequency tone, F4 by 10-20 dB decreasing effects were less pronounced at all the side harmonics except F5, whereas facilitatory effects rose greatly at the lower harmonics F1-F3. Neuronal response, facilitatory or inhibitory, to a two-tone stimulus was also connected with the effects of the side harmonic on the neuron spontaneous activity and the neuron response value to F4. Statistical character of the relations observed seems to be due to the variety of interfering factors."}
{"id": "PMID:870344", "title": "[Neurophysiologic analysis of visceral afferent systems].", "content": "Interaction of visceral and somatic afferents and changes of neuronal discharges in focus of maximal activity of cerebral cortex on repetitive stimulation of visceral afferents were studied in anesthetized immobilized cats. Habituation was shown to develop in the cortex. Visceral and somatic impulses appeared to converge on cortical neurons in the S1. Simultaneous stimulation of the visceral and somatic afferents revealed domination of visceral influences. The elements of cortex seem to have unequal plasticity which can provide premises for learning process.", "contents": "[Neurophysiologic analysis of visceral afferent systems]. Interaction of visceral and somatic afferents and changes of neuronal discharges in focus of maximal activity of cerebral cortex on repetitive stimulation of visceral afferents were studied in anesthetized immobilized cats. Habituation was shown to develop in the cortex. Visceral and somatic impulses appeared to converge on cortical neurons in the S1. Simultaneous stimulation of the visceral and somatic afferents revealed domination of visceral influences. The elements of cortex seem to have unequal plasticity which can provide premises for learning process."}
{"id": "PMID:870345", "title": "[Functional organization of the ganglia of the myenteric plexus].", "content": "In myenteral plexus of isolated segments of the small intestine and colon, presence of spontaneously active and silent cells was shown. The former discharge in separate action potentials with variable interval or in periodic bursts with relatively long intervals in between. The silent cells have a major group of mechanosensitive neurons and the neurons responding to pharmacological agents or to biologically active substances. The simplest interneuronal relations are considered in the myenteral ganglion: the excitatory and inhibitory connections, signs of organization in the neuronal activity. On the basis of own and literature data, a hypothetical scheme of functional organization of the myenteral plexus' ganglions is suggested.", "contents": "[Functional organization of the ganglia of the myenteric plexus]. In myenteral plexus of isolated segments of the small intestine and colon, presence of spontaneously active and silent cells was shown. The former discharge in separate action potentials with variable interval or in periodic bursts with relatively long intervals in between. The silent cells have a major group of mechanosensitive neurons and the neurons responding to pharmacological agents or to biologically active substances. The simplest interneuronal relations are considered in the myenteral ganglion: the excitatory and inhibitory connections, signs of organization in the neuronal activity. On the basis of own and literature data, a hypothetical scheme of functional organization of the myenteral plexus' ganglions is suggested."}
{"id": "PMID:870346", "title": "[Hemodynamics and oxygen balance during isometric muscle tetany under conditions of hypoxic hypoxia].", "content": "Arterial pressure, venous outflow from the isolated m. gastrocnemius, and oxigenation of arterial and muscular venous blood during and after the 7-sec contraction elicited by electrical stimulation of peripheral end of cut sciatic nerve (24/sec), were studied in anesthetized cats. Hypoxia was induced by artificial ventilation of lungs with 7% oxygen in nitrogen. The data obtained showed a conformity of levels of O2 consumption to the levels of blood flow and a closer connection of O2 consumption with the flow than with oxygen extraction from the blood. Dynamics of the flow recovery seems to correspond to the metabolic theory while the growing of hyperemia confirms the ideas of the hystomechanical hypothesis.", "contents": "[Hemodynamics and oxygen balance during isometric muscle tetany under conditions of hypoxic hypoxia]. Arterial pressure, venous outflow from the isolated m. gastrocnemius, and oxigenation of arterial and muscular venous blood during and after the 7-sec contraction elicited by electrical stimulation of peripheral end of cut sciatic nerve (24/sec), were studied in anesthetized cats. Hypoxia was induced by artificial ventilation of lungs with 7% oxygen in nitrogen. The data obtained showed a conformity of levels of O2 consumption to the levels of blood flow and a closer connection of O2 consumption with the flow than with oxygen extraction from the blood. Dynamics of the flow recovery seems to correspond to the metabolic theory while the growing of hyperemia confirms the ideas of the hystomechanical hypothesis."}
{"id": "PMID:870347", "title": "[Effect of depolarizing factors on the contractile activity of the smooth muscle of stomach vessels].", "content": "In isolated strips of the pig left gastral artery, potassium and electrical stimulation were shown to elicit gradual contractile responses of the contracture type. This effect was abolished by the blockage of calcium permeability of the membranes with manganese ions. Fast stretching evoked no contractile response, while the slow one potentiated the contraction. Activation of the smooth muscle contractile apparatus seems to be due to calcium extracellular ions coming into the cell during depolarization of membrane. Further functioning of the contractile mechanism and the final physiological effect depend on interaction of the membraneous and intracellular links of electromechanical conjugation controlling the intracellular concentration of the calcium ions.", "contents": "[Effect of depolarizing factors on the contractile activity of the smooth muscle of stomach vessels]. In isolated strips of the pig left gastral artery, potassium and electrical stimulation were shown to elicit gradual contractile responses of the contracture type. This effect was abolished by the blockage of calcium permeability of the membranes with manganese ions. Fast stretching evoked no contractile response, while the slow one potentiated the contraction. Activation of the smooth muscle contractile apparatus seems to be due to calcium extracellular ions coming into the cell during depolarization of membrane. Further functioning of the contractile mechanism and the final physiological effect depend on interaction of the membraneous and intracellular links of electromechanical conjugation controlling the intracellular concentration of the calcium ions."}
{"id": "PMID:870348", "title": "Community satisfaction, expectations of moving and migration.", "content": "A previous residential mobility model (Speare, 1974) assumes an additive relationship between residential satisfaction, desire to move, and mobility. This paper elaborates the model and applies it to intercounty migration. An interaction between community satisfaction and expectations to migrate is hypothesized which distinguishes four groups of decision makers. A survey in Durham, North Carolina and a unique mobility follow-up over eight years provide the data to test the model and the interaction. Furthermore, using various time periods for identifying migrants offers some methodological insights. Results support Speare's general formulation but only after the interaction is taken into account. A three-year migration interval is found to be appropriate.", "contents": "Community satisfaction, expectations of moving and migration. A previous residential mobility model (Speare, 1974) assumes an additive relationship between residential satisfaction, desire to move, and mobility. This paper elaborates the model and applies it to intercounty migration. An interaction between community satisfaction and expectations to migrate is hypothesized which distinguishes four groups of decision makers. A survey in Durham, North Carolina and a unique mobility follow-up over eight years provide the data to test the model and the interaction. Furthermore, using various time periods for identifying migrants offers some methodological insights. Results support Speare's general formulation but only after the interaction is taken into account. A three-year migration interval is found to be appropriate."}
{"id": "PMID:870349", "title": "Residential preferences and migration.", "content": "For some time now, public opinion polls have revealed Americans' strong preference to live in comparatively small cities, towns, and rural areas rather than in large cities. However, as Fuguitt and Zuiches (1975) have reported, the majority of people also want these places to be within commuting distance of a large metropolitan city. This research tests the hypothesis that size-of-place and urban proximity preferences are factors in the dispersal of population through migration. A one-year panel survey of Pennsylvania households indicates that only about one household in ten that moved actually attained its preference for a smaller-sized place or a location more distant from a large city. Preferences for smaller-sized places and proximity to a city were not correlated with where people actually moved when the size and proximity of the previous residence were taken into consideration.", "contents": "Residential preferences and migration. For some time now, public opinion polls have revealed Americans' strong preference to live in comparatively small cities, towns, and rural areas rather than in large cities. However, as Fuguitt and Zuiches (1975) have reported, the majority of people also want these places to be within commuting distance of a large metropolitan city. This research tests the hypothesis that size-of-place and urban proximity preferences are factors in the dispersal of population through migration. A one-year panel survey of Pennsylvania households indicates that only about one household in ten that moved actually attained its preference for a smaller-sized place or a location more distant from a large city. Preferences for smaller-sized places and proximity to a city were not correlated with where people actually moved when the size and proximity of the previous residence were taken into consideration."}
{"id": "PMID:870350", "title": "Relative income and fertility.", "content": "The present study examines the relationship between relative income (i.e., actual income in relation to the expected income of one's socioeconomic group) and fertility, using data collected by the 1967-1968 Canadian Family Growth Study (Balakrishnan et al., 1975). We broaden the tests of relative income beyond cumulative fertility to spacing behavior and then examine some of assumptions included in the relative income model of fertility. Results of the tests, in brief, are as follows: (a) Relative income is found to be more closely related to spacing than to cumulative fertility; and (b) the relationship between relative income and fertility is strongest among those couples who plan their life ahead and have a high level of education and occupation, and when temporal alignment is brought between the measures of relative income and fertility. For the relative income model to receive confirmation, it was specified that the following hypotheses must be confirmed: (a) that fertility behavior would vary positively with relative income but the fertility norm would show no relationship with relative income: and (b) that consumption norms and behavior would show no relationship with relative income. The outcome of these tests are in the expected direction, giving support to the relative income model.  In addition, there is some evidence of predictive capability of the relative income model for correlative behavior.", "contents": "Relative income and fertility. The present study examines the relationship between relative income (i.e., actual income in relation to the expected income of one's socioeconomic group) and fertility, using data collected by the 1967-1968 Canadian Family Growth Study (Balakrishnan et al., 1975). We broaden the tests of relative income beyond cumulative fertility to spacing behavior and then examine some of assumptions included in the relative income model of fertility. Results of the tests, in brief, are as follows: (a) Relative income is found to be more closely related to spacing than to cumulative fertility; and (b) the relationship between relative income and fertility is strongest among those couples who plan their life ahead and have a high level of education and occupation, and when temporal alignment is brought between the measures of relative income and fertility. For the relative income model to receive confirmation, it was specified that the following hypotheses must be confirmed: (a) that fertility behavior would vary positively with relative income but the fertility norm would show no relationship with relative income: and (b) that consumption norms and behavior would show no relationship with relative income. The outcome of these tests are in the expected direction, giving support to the relative income model.  In addition, there is some evidence of predictive capability of the relative income model for correlative behavior."}
{"id": "PMID:870351", "title": "Family planning program activity and patient enrollment rates in the United States, 1969 and 1971.", "content": "The effects of demographic characteristics, socioeconomic conditions, health care, and family planning program activity on patient enrollment rates are estimated for 1969 and 1971. Two program activity variables (agencies and clinic locations) have significant, positive net effects in both years. The effect of agencies changed little between 1969 and 1971, and it is the strongest effect in both years. The effect of clinic locations more than doubled between 1969 and 1971, partly due to increased demand. The direct effects of the demographic, socioeconomic, and health care variables are not large, but many of the demographic and socioeconomic variables have substantial indirect effects via health care program activity.", "contents": "Family planning program activity and patient enrollment rates in the United States, 1969 and 1971. The effects of demographic characteristics, socioeconomic conditions, health care, and family planning program activity on patient enrollment rates are estimated for 1969 and 1971. Two program activity variables (agencies and clinic locations) have significant, positive net effects in both years. The effect of agencies changed little between 1969 and 1971, and it is the strongest effect in both years. The effect of clinic locations more than doubled between 1969 and 1971, partly due to increased demand. The direct effects of the demographic, socioeconomic, and health care variables are not large, but many of the demographic and socioeconomic variables have substantial indirect effects via health care program activity."}
{"id": "PMID:870352", "title": "The relationship between Schoen's index of mortality and a log-linear measure.", "content": "This paper discusses the mathematical relationship between Schoen's index of mortality and an index derived from log-linear models for making compositionally controlled comparisons of the occurrence of an event in a population. The merits of each and the contributions of the log-linear formulation are discussed.", "contents": "The relationship between Schoen's index of mortality and a log-linear measure. This paper discusses the mathematical relationship between Schoen's index of mortality and an index derived from log-linear models for making compositionally controlled comparisons of the occurrence of an event in a population. The merits of each and the contributions of the log-linear formulation are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:870353", "title": "Hormonal and metabolic effects of somatostatin in diabetic patients submitted to an i.v. arginine infusion.", "content": "Hormonal and metabolic effects of a synthetic linear somatostatin were tested in insulin-dependent subjects submitted to an intravenous arginine infusion. Arginine alone induced a rise in plasma growth hormone (HGH) and glucagon (IRG) concentrations but did not affect the spontaneous diurnal decrease of plasma cortisol; blood glucose concentration rose while that of alanine decreased suggesting enhanced gluconeogenesis; concentrations of plasma free fatty acids (FFA) and 3-hydroxybutyrate decreased. Somatostatin, at three different dosages, markedly influenced these patterns: HGH response to arginine was suppressed by the lowest somatostatin dose; IRG response was progressively inhibited by increasing doses of somatostatin but never reached zero; cortisol level was not decreased but slightly increased by somatostatin. Substrate responses to arginine were also modified by somatostatin: alanine disappearance was impaired, this effect being dose-related; plasma FFA and 3-hydroxybutyrate concentrations showed a significant increase rather than decrease, consistent with somatostatin suppression of residual insulin secretion. Tolerance to somatostatin was good and no alteration of hemostasis was observed.", "contents": "Hormonal and metabolic effects of somatostatin in diabetic patients submitted to an i.v. arginine infusion. Hormonal and metabolic effects of a synthetic linear somatostatin were tested in insulin-dependent subjects submitted to an intravenous arginine infusion. Arginine alone induced a rise in plasma growth hormone (HGH) and glucagon (IRG) concentrations but did not affect the spontaneous diurnal decrease of plasma cortisol; blood glucose concentration rose while that of alanine decreased suggesting enhanced gluconeogenesis; concentrations of plasma free fatty acids (FFA) and 3-hydroxybutyrate decreased. Somatostatin, at three different dosages, markedly influenced these patterns: HGH response to arginine was suppressed by the lowest somatostatin dose; IRG response was progressively inhibited by increasing doses of somatostatin but never reached zero; cortisol level was not decreased but slightly increased by somatostatin. Substrate responses to arginine were also modified by somatostatin: alanine disappearance was impaired, this effect being dose-related; plasma FFA and 3-hydroxybutyrate concentrations showed a significant increase rather than decrease, consistent with somatostatin suppression of residual insulin secretion. Tolerance to somatostatin was good and no alteration of hemostasis was observed."}
{"id": "PMID:870354", "title": "The importance of HLA genes to susceptibility in the development of juvenile diabetes mellitus. A study of 93 patients and 68 first degree blood relations.", "content": "The importance of genetically determined antigens of the HLA system in etiology and pathogenesis of juvenile onset diabetes (JOD) was studied in 93 JOD-patients and 68 blood relations. A close association was found between JOD and B-locus antigens B8 and Bw15, and C-locus antigen Cw3. Patients positive for one of these antigens have a 2-3 times -- and those positive for both B8 and Bw15 -- a 8.6 times greater chance of developing JOD, Evidence for a genetic heterogeneity between childhood type and later onset JOD could be obtained. B8 seems to play a particularly important role in childhood-type diabetes, whereas in the later onset JOD the antigens Cw3 and/or Bw15 might possibly represent an additional predisposing factor. Family studies have revealed a close correlation between glucose intolerance and those genes associated with JOD in blood relations below age 35. HLA-B7 which could be detected in that group of blood relations, and which was found statistically decreased in JODs might even exert some protective role. Incidence of haplotye identity in glucose intolerant siblings was almost three times higher than expected. These data provide evidence for the existence of a genetic basis which determines the susceptibility to develop JOD.", "contents": "The importance of HLA genes to susceptibility in the development of juvenile diabetes mellitus. A study of 93 patients and 68 first degree blood relations. The importance of genetically determined antigens of the HLA system in etiology and pathogenesis of juvenile onset diabetes (JOD) was studied in 93 JOD-patients and 68 blood relations. A close association was found between JOD and B-locus antigens B8 and Bw15, and C-locus antigen Cw3. Patients positive for one of these antigens have a 2-3 times -- and those positive for both B8 and Bw15 -- a 8.6 times greater chance of developing JOD, Evidence for a genetic heterogeneity between childhood type and later onset JOD could be obtained. B8 seems to play a particularly important role in childhood-type diabetes, whereas in the later onset JOD the antigens Cw3 and/or Bw15 might possibly represent an additional predisposing factor. Family studies have revealed a close correlation between glucose intolerance and those genes associated with JOD in blood relations below age 35. HLA-B7 which could be detected in that group of blood relations, and which was found statistically decreased in JODs might even exert some protective role. Incidence of haplotye identity in glucose intolerant siblings was almost three times higher than expected. These data provide evidence for the existence of a genetic basis which determines the susceptibility to develop JOD."}
{"id": "PMID:870355", "title": "HLA antigens in patients with juvenile diabetes mellitus, coeliac disease and both of the diseases.", "content": "We determined the prevalence of 24 antigens controlled by the HLA-A and B loci in twenty patients with juvenile diabetes mellitus (JDM), in twenty patients with coeliac disease (CD), and in eight patients with both of these diseases. The prevalence of HLA-B8 was increased in JDM chi2 = 12.52, p = 0.00040) and in CD (chi2 = 26.47, p less than 0.000001) as compared to 900 controls. There was only a modest increase of Bw15 in JDM (chi2 = 8.86, p = 0.0029) and in patients with both diseases (chi2 = 2.72). The observed prevalence of phenotype HLA-B8, Bw15 was enhanced in JDM (chi2 = 16.03, p = 0;000063) and in patients with both JDM and CD (chi2 = 24.48, p = 0.00000074) as compared with controls. In the latter group the observed value was 2.2 fold to that expected. In family studies the children having both B8 and Bw15 were more disposed to develop diabetes than siblings with only one of these antigens. In conclusion, the inherited susceptibility to develop juvenile diabetes is markedly associated with HLA-B8 and slightly with HLA-Bw15, and that of coeliac disease with HLA-B8 in Finnish paediatric patients. The presence of both B8 and Bw15 simultaneously increases the susceptibility to have both JDM and CD.", "contents": "HLA antigens in patients with juvenile diabetes mellitus, coeliac disease and both of the diseases. We determined the prevalence of 24 antigens controlled by the HLA-A and B loci in twenty patients with juvenile diabetes mellitus (JDM), in twenty patients with coeliac disease (CD), and in eight patients with both of these diseases. The prevalence of HLA-B8 was increased in JDM chi2 = 12.52, p = 0.00040) and in CD (chi2 = 26.47, p less than 0.000001) as compared to 900 controls. There was only a modest increase of Bw15 in JDM (chi2 = 8.86, p = 0.0029) and in patients with both diseases (chi2 = 2.72). The observed prevalence of phenotype HLA-B8, Bw15 was enhanced in JDM (chi2 = 16.03, p = 0;000063) and in patients with both JDM and CD (chi2 = 24.48, p = 0.00000074) as compared with controls. In the latter group the observed value was 2.2 fold to that expected. In family studies the children having both B8 and Bw15 were more disposed to develop diabetes than siblings with only one of these antigens. In conclusion, the inherited susceptibility to develop juvenile diabetes is markedly associated with HLA-B8 and slightly with HLA-Bw15, and that of coeliac disease with HLA-B8 in Finnish paediatric patients. The presence of both B8 and Bw15 simultaneously increases the susceptibility to have both JDM and CD."}
{"id": "PMID:870356", "title": "Perceptuo-motor dysfunction in the child with hemiplegia.", "content": "Eighteen children with hemiplegia were examined by means of standard neurological and other, specialized, sub-tests to define the extent of their perceptuo-motor dysfunction. Particular attention was paid to auditory language function, praxis, visuo-spatial skills, body schema, tactile defensiveness and inattention. The side of the hemiplegia was not found to predispose to any specific dysfunction, with the exception of inattention which was seen only in those with left-sided hemiplegia. Children with a history of familial sinistrality had a higher incidence of speech problems, particularly in the area of auditory language and speech delay. The results are discussed in the light of therories of plasticity and cerebral organization.", "contents": "Perceptuo-motor dysfunction in the child with hemiplegia. Eighteen children with hemiplegia were examined by means of standard neurological and other, specialized, sub-tests to define the extent of their perceptuo-motor dysfunction. Particular attention was paid to auditory language function, praxis, visuo-spatial skills, body schema, tactile defensiveness and inattention. The side of the hemiplegia was not found to predispose to any specific dysfunction, with the exception of inattention which was seen only in those with left-sided hemiplegia. Children with a history of familial sinistrality had a higher incidence of speech problems, particularly in the area of auditory language and speech delay. The results are discussed in the light of therories of plasticity and cerebral organization."}
{"id": "PMID:870357", "title": "Recurrence risks in families of children with symmetrical spasticity.", "content": "This study was undertaken to evaluate the recurrence risks for sibs of patients with symmetrical spasticity (either quadriplegia or diplegia) in the absence of factors known to cause spastic cerebral palsy (e.g. pre-term birth, perinatal hypoxia). Among 669 children in the West Midlands with spastic cerebral palsy, 24 had symmetrical spasticity and normal birth histories. This group was clinically and genetically heterogenous. Among their 55 sibs, six had a spastic disorder similar to that in the index patient, and one further sib, who had died young, had been mentally retarded. Of particular interest were two families with an autosomal recessive condition of post-natal microcephaly, myoclonic epilepsy and spastic quadriplegia; and one family, and possibly a sporadic case of X-linked athetoid cerebral palsy. The recurrence risk in this series of approximately 1 in 9 suggests that about half the children with symmetrical spastic cerebral palsy and a normal birth history may have a recessive condition.", "contents": "Recurrence risks in families of children with symmetrical spasticity. This study was undertaken to evaluate the recurrence risks for sibs of patients with symmetrical spasticity (either quadriplegia or diplegia) in the absence of factors known to cause spastic cerebral palsy (e.g. pre-term birth, perinatal hypoxia). Among 669 children in the West Midlands with spastic cerebral palsy, 24 had symmetrical spasticity and normal birth histories. This group was clinically and genetically heterogenous. Among their 55 sibs, six had a spastic disorder similar to that in the index patient, and one further sib, who had died young, had been mentally retarded. Of particular interest were two families with an autosomal recessive condition of post-natal microcephaly, myoclonic epilepsy and spastic quadriplegia; and one family, and possibly a sporadic case of X-linked athetoid cerebral palsy. The recurrence risk in this series of approximately 1 in 9 suggests that about half the children with symmetrical spastic cerebral palsy and a normal birth history may have a recessive condition."}
{"id": "PMID:870358", "title": "Verbal auditory agnosia in children.", "content": "Four (possibly five) boys are described with a profound comprehension deficit for acoustic language, leading to severe or complete abolition of expressive speech. One boy had presumed megalencephaly from birth but was of superior intelligence. He had a severe articulation deficit from early childhood, with delayed acquisition of speech. Another boy is thought to have a small angiomatous anomaly in the depth of the left parietal lobe. No brain lesions are known in the other three. Evidence for bilateral brain dysfunction consists of minor motor abnormalities in three boys, oromotor deficits in two boys, and bilaterally synchronous diffuse or independent focal paroxysmal discharges in the EEG of three, possibly four, of the boys. Seizures have occurred in only three boys, and have been easily controlled with anticonvulsants. One boy with a grossly abnormal EEG has had no clinical seizures to date and has not benefited frome one year of anticonvulsant therapy. Two of the boys are brothers, including the boy in whome the diagnosis is questionable since speech was never normal and since he has had neither seizures for an abnormal EEG. The severity of EEG abnormalities did not correlate closely with the course of the language deficit. The relationship of this syndrome to acquired aphasia in children, to Wernicke's aphasia and pure word deafness in adults, and to developmental lagnuage disability with predominantly receptive deficits, is discussed. One child illustrated the close association between writing and phonologic encoding and decoding operations, and two children the preservation of linguistic skills provided the acoustic channel was by-passed and language presented visually. This latter point has been emphasized because of its implications for the remedial education of children with this syndrome.", "contents": "Verbal auditory agnosia in children. Four (possibly five) boys are described with a profound comprehension deficit for acoustic language, leading to severe or complete abolition of expressive speech. One boy had presumed megalencephaly from birth but was of superior intelligence. He had a severe articulation deficit from early childhood, with delayed acquisition of speech. Another boy is thought to have a small angiomatous anomaly in the depth of the left parietal lobe. No brain lesions are known in the other three. Evidence for bilateral brain dysfunction consists of minor motor abnormalities in three boys, oromotor deficits in two boys, and bilaterally synchronous diffuse or independent focal paroxysmal discharges in the EEG of three, possibly four, of the boys. Seizures have occurred in only three boys, and have been easily controlled with anticonvulsants. One boy with a grossly abnormal EEG has had no clinical seizures to date and has not benefited frome one year of anticonvulsant therapy. Two of the boys are brothers, including the boy in whome the diagnosis is questionable since speech was never normal and since he has had neither seizures for an abnormal EEG. The severity of EEG abnormalities did not correlate closely with the course of the language deficit. The relationship of this syndrome to acquired aphasia in children, to Wernicke's aphasia and pure word deafness in adults, and to developmental lagnuage disability with predominantly receptive deficits, is discussed. One child illustrated the close association between writing and phonologic encoding and decoding operations, and two children the preservation of linguistic skills provided the acoustic channel was by-passed and language presented visually. This latter point has been emphasized because of its implications for the remedial education of children with this syndrome."}
{"id": "PMID:870359", "title": "Recovery after electrical injury.", "content": "A 14-month-old boy was seen following an accidental electrical injury received from a faulty domestic appliance. After initially showing marked clinical and electroencephalographic signs of cerebral damage, after one month there was a dramatic and continued improvement in both motor and sensory function. The importance of prolonged and optimistic resuscitation is stressed.", "contents": "Recovery after electrical injury. A 14-month-old boy was seen following an accidental electrical injury received from a faulty domestic appliance. After initially showing marked clinical and electroencephalographic signs of cerebral damage, after one month there was a dramatic and continued improvement in both motor and sensory function. The importance of prolonged and optimistic resuscitation is stressed."}
{"id": "PMID:870360", "title": "Atelencephalic microcephaly.", "content": "A two-month-old child born with marked microcephaly (head circumference 17cm) was found at autopsy to have gliomesodermal tissue replacing the telencephalon (atelencephaly). This finding, together with genital anomalies and hypoplasia of the extremities, suggests arrest at the fifth week of fetal life. The clinical and pathological features are described and the pathogenesis is discussed.", "contents": "Atelencephalic microcephaly. A two-month-old child born with marked microcephaly (head circumference 17cm) was found at autopsy to have gliomesodermal tissue replacing the telencephalon (atelencephaly). This finding, together with genital anomalies and hypoplasia of the extremities, suggests arrest at the fifth week of fetal life. The clinical and pathological features are described and the pathogenesis is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:870361", "title": "Bilateral obstruction of the vertebral arteries in a three-year-old child.", "content": "A three-year-old boy developed gait instability, nausea, vomiting, cranial nerve disturbances, hypotonus and dysarthria. Angiography of the four main cranial arteries showed complete obstruction of both vertebral arteries at the level of C1 to C2. Abundant collateral circulation was observed, which by-passed the obstruction to the vertebral arteries before their enterance into the posterior cranial fossa. The left vertebral artery was hypoplastic and both internal carotid arteries showed coiling in their extracranial portions. A high erythrocyte sedimentation rate at the beginning of the disease suggests an inflammatory alteration of both dysplastic vertebral arteries. The child recovered completely one month after the onset of symptoms. All other reported cases of childhood vertebro-basilar obstruction are reviewed and it is emphasized that the site of arterial obstruction has an important bearing on the clinical outcome.", "contents": "Bilateral obstruction of the vertebral arteries in a three-year-old child. A three-year-old boy developed gait instability, nausea, vomiting, cranial nerve disturbances, hypotonus and dysarthria. Angiography of the four main cranial arteries showed complete obstruction of both vertebral arteries at the level of C1 to C2. Abundant collateral circulation was observed, which by-passed the obstruction to the vertebral arteries before their enterance into the posterior cranial fossa. The left vertebral artery was hypoplastic and both internal carotid arteries showed coiling in their extracranial portions. A high erythrocyte sedimentation rate at the beginning of the disease suggests an inflammatory alteration of both dysplastic vertebral arteries. The child recovered completely one month after the onset of symptoms. All other reported cases of childhood vertebro-basilar obstruction are reviewed and it is emphasized that the site of arterial obstruction has an important bearing on the clinical outcome."}
{"id": "PMID:870362", "title": "Frequencies of circular units of nucleolar DNA in oocytes of two insects, Acheta domesticus and dytiscus marginalis, and changes of nucleolar morphology during oogenesis.", "content": "The organization of the extrachromosomal nucleolar material in oocytes of two insect species with different ovary types, the house cricket Acheta domesticus (panoistic ovary) and the water beetle Dytiscus marginalis (meroistic ovary), was studied with light and electron microscopic techniques. Stages early in oogenesis were compared with fully vitellogenic stages (mid-to-late diplotene). The arangement of the nucleolar material undergoes a marked change from a densely aggregated to a dispersed state. The latter was characterized by high transcriptional activity. In spread and positively stained preparations of isolated nucleolar material, a high frequency of small circular units of transcribed rDNA was observed and rings with small numbers (1--5) of pre-rRNA genes were predominant. The observations suggest that the 'extra DNA body' observed in early oogenic stages of both species represents a dense aggregate ofnumerous short circular units of nucleolar chromatin, with morphological subcomponents identifiable in ultrathin sections. These apparently remain in close association with the chromosomal nucleolar organizer(s). The observations further indicate that the individual small nucleolar subunit circles dissociate and are dispersed as actively transcribed rDNA units later in diplotene. The results are discussed in relation to principles of the ultrastructural organization of nucleoli in other cell types as well as in relation to possible mechanisms of gene amplification.", "contents": "Frequencies of circular units of nucleolar DNA in oocytes of two insects, Acheta domesticus and dytiscus marginalis, and changes of nucleolar morphology during oogenesis. The organization of the extrachromosomal nucleolar material in oocytes of two insect species with different ovary types, the house cricket Acheta domesticus (panoistic ovary) and the water beetle Dytiscus marginalis (meroistic ovary), was studied with light and electron microscopic techniques. Stages early in oogenesis were compared with fully vitellogenic stages (mid-to-late diplotene). The arangement of the nucleolar material undergoes a marked change from a densely aggregated to a dispersed state. The latter was characterized by high transcriptional activity. In spread and positively stained preparations of isolated nucleolar material, a high frequency of small circular units of transcribed rDNA was observed and rings with small numbers (1--5) of pre-rRNA genes were predominant. The observations suggest that the 'extra DNA body' observed in early oogenic stages of both species represents a dense aggregate ofnumerous short circular units of nucleolar chromatin, with morphological subcomponents identifiable in ultrathin sections. These apparently remain in close association with the chromosomal nucleolar organizer(s). The observations further indicate that the individual small nucleolar subunit circles dissociate and are dispersed as actively transcribed rDNA units later in diplotene. The results are discussed in relation to principles of the ultrastructural organization of nucleoli in other cell types as well as in relation to possible mechanisms of gene amplification."}
{"id": "PMID:870363", "title": "Types of neural tissues induced through the presumptive notochord of newt embryo.", "content": "Neural induction through the presumptive notochord was tested by means of the sandwich method. The result disclosed that the notochord was a potent inducer of neural tissues not only in the ectoderm of gastrula but also in the ventral ectoderm of neurula and early tail-bud embryos. Structures formed by the induced neural tissue varied greatly. They can be classified into three types. (1) Tubular: the neural tissues induced in explants containing abundant mesenchymes always formed long tubular structures. The shapes of these neural tubes showed considerable variation; moreover, they were atypical and none formed the regular structure of the spinal cord. This type was most frequent, being found in about 50% of the explants. (2) Inverted: this type was produced when the explant contained mesenchymal component. Consequently, the epithelium of explants was missing. Nevertheless, a considerable mass of neural tissue was always induced. It was noticed that the induced neural tissues were invariably inside out; this type was found in about 30% of the explants.(3) Archencephalic: this was the only type to form the regular structure, i.e., the archencephalon. Formation of the archencephalon was limited solely to those explants containing only a few mesenchymes; this type was found in about 20% of the cases. As described above, it was found that the neural tissues induced by the same inducer of the notochord were not uniform but varied in type. Further it was shown that the types of neural tissue differed according to different quantities of the surrounding mesenchyme. Based on these facts, it is to be concluded that it is not the inducer of notochord, but the surrounding mesenchyme that is of primary importance for the determination of the types of neural tissue.", "contents": "Types of neural tissues induced through the presumptive notochord of newt embryo. Neural induction through the presumptive notochord was tested by means of the sandwich method. The result disclosed that the notochord was a potent inducer of neural tissues not only in the ectoderm of gastrula but also in the ventral ectoderm of neurula and early tail-bud embryos. Structures formed by the induced neural tissue varied greatly. They can be classified into three types. (1) Tubular: the neural tissues induced in explants containing abundant mesenchymes always formed long tubular structures. The shapes of these neural tubes showed considerable variation; moreover, they were atypical and none formed the regular structure of the spinal cord. This type was most frequent, being found in about 50% of the explants. (2) Inverted: this type was produced when the explant contained mesenchymal component. Consequently, the epithelium of explants was missing. Nevertheless, a considerable mass of neural tissue was always induced. It was noticed that the induced neural tissues were invariably inside out; this type was found in about 30% of the explants.(3) Archencephalic: this was the only type to form the regular structure, i.e., the archencephalon. Formation of the archencephalon was limited solely to those explants containing only a few mesenchymes; this type was found in about 20% of the cases. As described above, it was found that the neural tissues induced by the same inducer of the notochord were not uniform but varied in type. Further it was shown that the types of neural tissue differed according to different quantities of the surrounding mesenchyme. Based on these facts, it is to be concluded that it is not the inducer of notochord, but the surrounding mesenchyme that is of primary importance for the determination of the types of neural tissue."}
{"id": "PMID:870364", "title": "[Hematic and plasmatic viscosity in cyanotic congenital heart diseases (author's transl)].", "content": "57 patients with cyanotic congenital heart diseases were studied. 39 patients presented t. of Fallot, 18 patients had patent ductus arterious with pulmonary hypertension and right to left shunt. The average whole blood viscosity in patients with t. of Fallot was 6.86+/-0.32 cps. This parameter was correlated with hematocrit, fibrinogen, euglobulin lysis time, pulmonary output, systemic output, and O2 saturation. The value of \"r\" resulted as statistically significant only for the correlation between viscosity and hematocrit and between viscosity and fibrinogen (t=13.22, p less than 0.0005; t=3.35, p less than 0.001 respectively). The average value of plasma viscosity in patients with t. of Fallot was 1.61+/-0.024 cps. The correlations of this parameter with fibrinogen, euglobulin lysis time, pulmonary output and systemic output did not result as statistically significant. The average fibrinogen value was 256.10+/-20.63 mg%, whereas that of euglobulin lysis time was 12,67+/-1.50 hours. In patients with patent ductus arteriosus the average blood viscosity was 6.65+/-0.56 cps. Such parameter was correlated with hematocrit, fibrinogen, euglobulin lysis time, pulmonary output, systemic output and O2 saturation. The value of \"r\" resulted as statistically significant only between blood viscosity and hematocrit and between blood viscosity and O2 saturation (t=9.30, p less than 0.0005; t=5.800, p less than 0.001 respectively). The average value of plasma viscosity was 1.61+/-0.04 cps. This parameter was correlated with fibrinogen, euglobulin lysis time, pulmonary output and systemic output. The correlation index \"r\" never resulted as statistically significant. The average fibrinogen value was 299.20+/-20.30 mg. The average euglobulin lysis time was 16.02+/-2.73 hours.", "contents": "[Hematic and plasmatic viscosity in cyanotic congenital heart diseases (author's transl)]. 57 patients with cyanotic congenital heart diseases were studied. 39 patients presented t. of Fallot, 18 patients had patent ductus arterious with pulmonary hypertension and right to left shunt. The average whole blood viscosity in patients with t. of Fallot was 6.86+/-0.32 cps. This parameter was correlated with hematocrit, fibrinogen, euglobulin lysis time, pulmonary output, systemic output, and O2 saturation. The value of \"r\" resulted as statistically significant only for the correlation between viscosity and hematocrit and between viscosity and fibrinogen (t=13.22, p less than 0.0005; t=3.35, p less than 0.001 respectively). The average value of plasma viscosity in patients with t. of Fallot was 1.61+/-0.024 cps. The correlations of this parameter with fibrinogen, euglobulin lysis time, pulmonary output and systemic output did not result as statistically significant. The average fibrinogen value was 256.10+/-20.63 mg%, whereas that of euglobulin lysis time was 12,67+/-1.50 hours. In patients with patent ductus arteriosus the average blood viscosity was 6.65+/-0.56 cps. Such parameter was correlated with hematocrit, fibrinogen, euglobulin lysis time, pulmonary output, systemic output and O2 saturation. The value of \"r\" resulted as statistically significant only between blood viscosity and hematocrit and between blood viscosity and O2 saturation (t=9.30, p less than 0.0005; t=5.800, p less than 0.001 respectively). The average value of plasma viscosity was 1.61+/-0.04 cps. This parameter was correlated with fibrinogen, euglobulin lysis time, pulmonary output and systemic output. The correlation index \"r\" never resulted as statistically significant. The average fibrinogen value was 299.20+/-20.30 mg. The average euglobulin lysis time was 16.02+/-2.73 hours."}
{"id": "PMID:870365", "title": "[Particular aspects of cardiomyopathy in Landouzy-D\u00e9j\u00e9rine's progressive muscular dystrophy. Study of a family (author's transl)].", "content": "In the study of a family affected by progressive muscular dystrophy (DMP) of facio-scapulo-humeral type (f.s.o.) the myocardial involvement has been found to be constant and of moderate degree. The myocardial component has been found to appear in the adult age with initial and prevalent atrial involvement. In one case the myocardiopathy was not associated with appreciable clinical signs of skeletric myopathy. Possible causes of the pecuationship between the DPM type f.s.o. associated myocardiopathies and familial idiopathic cardiomyopathies are outlined.", "contents": "[Particular aspects of cardiomyopathy in Landouzy-D\u00e9j\u00e9rine's progressive muscular dystrophy. Study of a family (author's transl)]. In the study of a family affected by progressive muscular dystrophy (DMP) of facio-scapulo-humeral type (f.s.o.) the myocardial involvement has been found to be constant and of moderate degree. The myocardial component has been found to appear in the adult age with initial and prevalent atrial involvement. In one case the myocardiopathy was not associated with appreciable clinical signs of skeletric myopathy. Possible causes of the pecuationship between the DPM type f.s.o. associated myocardiopathies and familial idiopathic cardiomyopathies are outlined."}
{"id": "PMID:870366", "title": "[Ecographic results of mitral commisurotomy (author's transl)].", "content": "Echocardiographic studies were performed both before and after commissurotomy on fifteen subjects affected by non-calcified mitral stenosis. The amplitude CE of the anterior leaflet dis placement, the slope of the CD and EF intervals, the amplitude of the A-wave, the ratio FA/DE and the reciprocal position of the anterior and posterior leaflet echoes were measured on the echographic records. These data were compared with the values obtained in ten normal subjects. After commissurotomy, the slope of the CD interval and most evidently that of the EF interval increased (the last one by a factor of 3), and the area of the mitral opening was found to be more than 9% larger. The A-wave reappeared clearly in 30% of the operated patients, and the outline of the posterior leaflet was no longer inscribed in the anterior leaflet diastolic curve in all cases; the amplitude CE was unchanged.", "contents": "[Ecographic results of mitral commisurotomy (author's transl)]. Echocardiographic studies were performed both before and after commissurotomy on fifteen subjects affected by non-calcified mitral stenosis. The amplitude CE of the anterior leaflet dis placement, the slope of the CD and EF intervals, the amplitude of the A-wave, the ratio FA/DE and the reciprocal position of the anterior and posterior leaflet echoes were measured on the echographic records. These data were compared with the values obtained in ten normal subjects. After commissurotomy, the slope of the CD interval and most evidently that of the EF interval increased (the last one by a factor of 3), and the area of the mitral opening was found to be more than 9% larger. The A-wave reappeared clearly in 30% of the operated patients, and the outline of the posterior leaflet was no longer inscribed in the anterior leaflet diastolic curve in all cases; the amplitude CE was unchanged."}
{"id": "PMID:870367", "title": "[Phonocardiographic and auscultatory patterns in patients with normally functioning Lillehei-Kaster aortic prosthesis (author's transl)].", "content": "42 patients who had undergone aortic valve replacement with the Lillehei-Kaster prosthesis were studied. Phonocardiographic and physical examinations were carried out on these patients to determine the typical auscultatory pattern of this prosthesis. In the majority of the cases, the first sound was slight. The second sound was made up of two components, both produced by the artificial valve. A prosthetic opening sound was also detected. Moreover, a sistolic ejection murmur was present in all of the patients, and a diastolic murmur in 25%.", "contents": "[Phonocardiographic and auscultatory patterns in patients with normally functioning Lillehei-Kaster aortic prosthesis (author's transl)]. 42 patients who had undergone aortic valve replacement with the Lillehei-Kaster prosthesis were studied. Phonocardiographic and physical examinations were carried out on these patients to determine the typical auscultatory pattern of this prosthesis. In the majority of the cases, the first sound was slight. The second sound was made up of two components, both produced by the artificial valve. A prosthetic opening sound was also detected. Moreover, a sistolic ejection murmur was present in all of the patients, and a diastolic murmur in 25%."}
{"id": "PMID:870368", "title": "Presentation and course of asymptomatic primary biliary cirrhosis.", "content": "Twenty patients without symptoms of hepatobiliary disease were diagnosed as having asymptomatic primary biliary cirrhosis. In every patient liver histology was diagnostic of, suggestive of, or compatible with the diagnosis. Eighteen had a positive serum mitochondrial antibody, 18 had raised serum immunoglobulin M, and 17 had markedly raised serum alkaline phosphatase values. A mean of 4.5 years after diagnosis, 10 of the patients had not developed hepatobiliary symtoms; 4 of these 10 patients have survived 6 to 10 years. Ten patients developed symptoms after a mean of 2.2 years from initial diagnosis; 7 are still alive but 3 have died of liver failure. The development of symptoms could not be predicted by either serum biochemical tests or hepatic histology. It is concluded that the diagnosis of asymptomatic primary biliary cirrhosis is compatible with 10 or more asymptomatic years.", "contents": "Presentation and course of asymptomatic primary biliary cirrhosis. Twenty patients without symptoms of hepatobiliary disease were diagnosed as having asymptomatic primary biliary cirrhosis. In every patient liver histology was diagnostic of, suggestive of, or compatible with the diagnosis. Eighteen had a positive serum mitochondrial antibody, 18 had raised serum immunoglobulin M, and 17 had markedly raised serum alkaline phosphatase values. A mean of 4.5 years after diagnosis, 10 of the patients had not developed hepatobiliary symtoms; 4 of these 10 patients have survived 6 to 10 years. Ten patients developed symptoms after a mean of 2.2 years from initial diagnosis; 7 are still alive but 3 have died of liver failure. The development of symptoms could not be predicted by either serum biochemical tests or hepatic histology. It is concluded that the diagnosis of asymptomatic primary biliary cirrhosis is compatible with 10 or more asymptomatic years."}
{"id": "PMID:870369", "title": "Effect of D-penicillamine on copper retention in patients with primary billiary cirrhosis.", "content": "As part of a double blind, randomized trial evaluating D-penicillamine in primary biliary cirrhosis, we monitored urinary copper excretion and hepatic copper concentration during the 1st year of therapy in 46 patients with this disease. The retention of copper in primary biliary cirrhosis was confirmed by finding abnormally high levels of standard copper measurements in almost all patients before treatment. The hepatic copper was elevated in 43 of 45 patients, the urinary copper in 42 of 46, and the ceruloplasmin in 46 of 46. Urinary copper excretion correlated with the hepatic copper concentration (r = 0.68, P less than or equal to 0.001). No significant correlation occurred between hepatic copper and ceruloplasmin. Hepatic copper concentrations greater than 400 microng per g of dry weight were found almost exclusively in patients with advanced histological disease (P less than or equal to 0.01). Therapy with D-penicillamine and a low copper diet sustained increased urinary copper excretion for 1 year in almost all patients (P less than or equal to 0.001). Among patients taking placebo, the median hepatic copper concentration increased 13 microng per g of dry weight after 1 year. In contrast, among the patients taking D-penicillamine, the median hepatic copper concentration decreased 99 microng per g of dry weight (P less than or equal to 0.02). Continued observation of this therapeutic trial may help to clarify the relationship of copper retention and liver injury in primary biliary cirrhosis.", "contents": "Effect of D-penicillamine on copper retention in patients with primary billiary cirrhosis. As part of a double blind, randomized trial evaluating D-penicillamine in primary biliary cirrhosis, we monitored urinary copper excretion and hepatic copper concentration during the 1st year of therapy in 46 patients with this disease. The retention of copper in primary biliary cirrhosis was confirmed by finding abnormally high levels of standard copper measurements in almost all patients before treatment. The hepatic copper was elevated in 43 of 45 patients, the urinary copper in 42 of 46, and the ceruloplasmin in 46 of 46. Urinary copper excretion correlated with the hepatic copper concentration (r = 0.68, P less than or equal to 0.001). No significant correlation occurred between hepatic copper and ceruloplasmin. Hepatic copper concentrations greater than 400 microng per g of dry weight were found almost exclusively in patients with advanced histological disease (P less than or equal to 0.01). Therapy with D-penicillamine and a low copper diet sustained increased urinary copper excretion for 1 year in almost all patients (P less than or equal to 0.001). Among patients taking placebo, the median hepatic copper concentration increased 13 microng per g of dry weight after 1 year. In contrast, among the patients taking D-penicillamine, the median hepatic copper concentration decreased 99 microng per g of dry weight (P less than or equal to 0.02). Continued observation of this therapeutic trial may help to clarify the relationship of copper retention and liver injury in primary biliary cirrhosis."}
{"id": "PMID:870370", "title": "Effect of phenobarbital on biliary lipid metabolism in normal man.", "content": "The efficacy of phenobarbital in altering biliary lipid composition in normal man was investigated by determining parameters of biliary lipid metabolism in 8 human subjects without biliary tract disease before and after oral phenobarbital administration at a dose of approximately 3 mg per kg per day for 25 to 54 days. In 8 subjects studied, phenobarbital did not produce any statistically significant changes in the following parameters: bile lipid composition, cholesterol saturation index, total bile acid pool size, daily fractional turnover rate of cholic acid, hepatic secretion rates of cholesterol, bile acids, or phospholipids, and the fraction of the total bile acid pool represented by individual bile acids. Therefore, phenobarbital is not an effective agent, at least when used alone, in inducing changes in bile lipid composition during a short term of administration in normal man. This would indicate that phenobarbital would not be a useful modality in the prevention of the development of cholesterol gallstones, but its prophylactic value in subjects with bile of higher lithogenicity cannot be predicted from these studies.", "contents": "Effect of phenobarbital on biliary lipid metabolism in normal man. The efficacy of phenobarbital in altering biliary lipid composition in normal man was investigated by determining parameters of biliary lipid metabolism in 8 human subjects without biliary tract disease before and after oral phenobarbital administration at a dose of approximately 3 mg per kg per day for 25 to 54 days. In 8 subjects studied, phenobarbital did not produce any statistically significant changes in the following parameters: bile lipid composition, cholesterol saturation index, total bile acid pool size, daily fractional turnover rate of cholic acid, hepatic secretion rates of cholesterol, bile acids, or phospholipids, and the fraction of the total bile acid pool represented by individual bile acids. Therefore, phenobarbital is not an effective agent, at least when used alone, in inducing changes in bile lipid composition during a short term of administration in normal man. This would indicate that phenobarbital would not be a useful modality in the prevention of the development of cholesterol gallstones, but its prophylactic value in subjects with bile of higher lithogenicity cannot be predicted from these studies."}
{"id": "PMID:870371", "title": "Biliary secretion of copper in healthy man. Quantitation by an intestinal perfusion technique.", "content": "A duodenal perfusion technique which permitted a normal daytime eating pattern of three liquid meals and an overnight fast was used to measure the 24-hr output of copper in bile in 19 studies in 14 persons with normal hepatic and gallbladder function. Daily biliary output was also determined by direct measurement on four 24-hr bile collections obtained from 3 patients with complete biliary diversion, and in 4 patients measurements of dietary copper intake and fecal copper output were also made. A mean bile copper output of 25 +/- 13 microng per kg-day (1.7 mg +/- 0.8) (mean +/- SD) was obtained in 19 perfusion studies; the range was 9.0 to 53.0 microng per kg-day. The values in the 24-hr bile collections were similiar to those obtained using the perfusion method. Biliary copper output was similar during the day and night, and there was no correlation between hourly rates of copper output and hourly rates of bile acid output, nor was there any correlation between daily copper output and daily bile acid output. The similar values for dietary intake, biliary output, and fecal output provide additional support for the current view that in healthy man copper balance is maintained by biliary secretion and subsequent fecal excretion of copper which has been absorbed in the stomach and proximal duodenum.", "contents": "Biliary secretion of copper in healthy man. Quantitation by an intestinal perfusion technique. A duodenal perfusion technique which permitted a normal daytime eating pattern of three liquid meals and an overnight fast was used to measure the 24-hr output of copper in bile in 19 studies in 14 persons with normal hepatic and gallbladder function. Daily biliary output was also determined by direct measurement on four 24-hr bile collections obtained from 3 patients with complete biliary diversion, and in 4 patients measurements of dietary copper intake and fecal copper output were also made. A mean bile copper output of 25 +/- 13 microng per kg-day (1.7 mg +/- 0.8) (mean +/- SD) was obtained in 19 perfusion studies; the range was 9.0 to 53.0 microng per kg-day. The values in the 24-hr bile collections were similiar to those obtained using the perfusion method. Biliary copper output was similar during the day and night, and there was no correlation between hourly rates of copper output and hourly rates of bile acid output, nor was there any correlation between daily copper output and daily bile acid output. The similar values for dietary intake, biliary output, and fecal output provide additional support for the current view that in healthy man copper balance is maintained by biliary secretion and subsequent fecal excretion of copper which has been absorbed in the stomach and proximal duodenum."}
{"id": "PMID:870372", "title": "Upper gastrointestinal fiberoptic endoscopy in pediatric patients.", "content": "One hundred and forty-two pediatric patients between age 1 month and 20 years had 163 endoscopic procedures. Of 66 with chronic abdominal pain, 21 had a source identified endoscopically that was seen in only 15 by esophagogram and upper gastrointestinal series. Of 31 with nausea, vomiting, dysphagia, and/or odynophagia and retrosternal pain, endoscopy demonstrated the source in 19 patients and radiographic studies in 14. Of 34 with hematemesis and/or melena, 26 had a bleeding site identified endoscopically but only 4 of 28 had an identified source by radiographic studies. Duodenal and gastric ulcers and hemorrhagic gastritis were the commonest cases of upper gastrointestinal bleeding and organically of chronic adbominal pain. Functional abdominal pain was the commonest cause of chronic abdominal pain in those endoscoped. Foreign bodies were removed from the esophagus and stomach of 6 patients and dislodged in 2 others. Caustic ingestion was recognized in the esophagus and stomach of 2 patients who did not have mouth burns. The GIF-P2-prototype with four-way tip control and ability to retroflex 180 degree up, 60 degree down, and 100 degree right and left was superior to GIF-P1 and CF-P-prototype for visualization of the entire esophagus, stomach, duodenal bulb, and postbulbar area in patients less than 10 years old. Visualization of the duodenal bulb was possible in 28 of 29 pediatric patients, and of the postbulbar area in 25 of 26 in whom it was attempted. Infants who weighed as little as 3 to 5 kg were successfully examined. Retroflexion was possible in 29 of 30 to see the fundus and cardioesophageal junction. Patients older than 10 years were better examined with the GIF-D because of its increased ability to transmit light. Sedation for the school-age child with 0.5 to 1.0 mg per kg of diazepam and 1 to 2 mg per kg of meperidine given intravenously provides excellent sedation in most instances. General anesthesia is preferable for the preschooler and infant. Minor complications occurred in 2 patients who received less than adequate sedation and in 1 patient with general anesthesia.", "contents": "Upper gastrointestinal fiberoptic endoscopy in pediatric patients. One hundred and forty-two pediatric patients between age 1 month and 20 years had 163 endoscopic procedures. Of 66 with chronic abdominal pain, 21 had a source identified endoscopically that was seen in only 15 by esophagogram and upper gastrointestinal series. Of 31 with nausea, vomiting, dysphagia, and/or odynophagia and retrosternal pain, endoscopy demonstrated the source in 19 patients and radiographic studies in 14. Of 34 with hematemesis and/or melena, 26 had a bleeding site identified endoscopically but only 4 of 28 had an identified source by radiographic studies. Duodenal and gastric ulcers and hemorrhagic gastritis were the commonest cases of upper gastrointestinal bleeding and organically of chronic adbominal pain. Functional abdominal pain was the commonest cause of chronic abdominal pain in those endoscoped. Foreign bodies were removed from the esophagus and stomach of 6 patients and dislodged in 2 others. Caustic ingestion was recognized in the esophagus and stomach of 2 patients who did not have mouth burns. The GIF-P2-prototype with four-way tip control and ability to retroflex 180 degree up, 60 degree down, and 100 degree right and left was superior to GIF-P1 and CF-P-prototype for visualization of the entire esophagus, stomach, duodenal bulb, and postbulbar area in patients less than 10 years old. Visualization of the duodenal bulb was possible in 28 of 29 pediatric patients, and of the postbulbar area in 25 of 26 in whom it was attempted. Infants who weighed as little as 3 to 5 kg were successfully examined. Retroflexion was possible in 29 of 30 to see the fundus and cardioesophageal junction. Patients older than 10 years were better examined with the GIF-D because of its increased ability to transmit light. Sedation for the school-age child with 0.5 to 1.0 mg per kg of diazepam and 1 to 2 mg per kg of meperidine given intravenously provides excellent sedation in most instances. General anesthesia is preferable for the preschooler and infant. Minor complications occurred in 2 patients who received less than adequate sedation and in 1 patient with general anesthesia."}
{"id": "PMID:870373", "title": "Intestinal lactase deficiency in Ceylon (Sri Lanka).", "content": "Lactose tolerance tests (LTT) in 200 normal adult Ceylonese have shown that 145 (72.5%) had a flat LTT, indicating a population prevalence of lactase deficiency of 66.2 to 78.8%. Jejunal lactase estimations in a smaller sample (41) confirmed this. Twelve of 55 subjects (21.8%) with a normal LTT had intestinal symptoms after lactose and intestinal lactase was low in most of them. It is suggested that little lactase is required to elevate the blood sugar but that more may be required to prevent diarrhea. On the other hand, 65.5% had no symptoms despite a flat LTT, and the possible reasons for this are considered.", "contents": "Intestinal lactase deficiency in Ceylon (Sri Lanka). Lactose tolerance tests (LTT) in 200 normal adult Ceylonese have shown that 145 (72.5%) had a flat LTT, indicating a population prevalence of lactase deficiency of 66.2 to 78.8%. Jejunal lactase estimations in a smaller sample (41) confirmed this. Twelve of 55 subjects (21.8%) with a normal LTT had intestinal symptoms after lactose and intestinal lactase was low in most of them. It is suggested that little lactase is required to elevate the blood sugar but that more may be required to prevent diarrhea. On the other hand, 65.5% had no symptoms despite a flat LTT, and the possible reasons for this are considered."}
{"id": "PMID:870374", "title": "Influence of amylase assay technique on renal clearance of amylase-creatinine ratio.", "content": "The influence of amylase assay technique on the renal amylase/creatinine clearance measurement was determined by analysis of serum and urine specimens obtained from 10 normal subjects. CAm/CCr averaged 2.19 +/- 0.18% with a saccharogenic technique, 1.52 +/- 0.2% with an iodometric technique, and 0.80 +/- 0.08% with a chromogenic technique. Each of these values differed significantly (P less than 0.05) from the other two. Recovery studies were carried out by adding partially purified human salivary or pancreatic amylase to human newborn serum or urine (which contain minimal endogenous amylase). Equal amylase activity was recovered from serum and urine by the saccharogenic technique whereas recovery from urine was less than 50% of that from serum using the iodometric and chromogenic techniques. The accuracy of the chromogenic technique is markedly improved by the addition of albumin to the urine assay system. Although it appears that only the saccharogenic method provides an accurate estimate of CAm/CCr, each assay technique distinguished the elevated CAm/CCr of patients with pancreatitis from the normal range established for that technique. Accurate clinical interpretation of CAm/CCr measurment requires knowledge of the amylase assay technique used.", "contents": "Influence of amylase assay technique on renal clearance of amylase-creatinine ratio. The influence of amylase assay technique on the renal amylase/creatinine clearance measurement was determined by analysis of serum and urine specimens obtained from 10 normal subjects. CAm/CCr averaged 2.19 +/- 0.18% with a saccharogenic technique, 1.52 +/- 0.2% with an iodometric technique, and 0.80 +/- 0.08% with a chromogenic technique. Each of these values differed significantly (P less than 0.05) from the other two. Recovery studies were carried out by adding partially purified human salivary or pancreatic amylase to human newborn serum or urine (which contain minimal endogenous amylase). Equal amylase activity was recovered from serum and urine by the saccharogenic technique whereas recovery from urine was less than 50% of that from serum using the iodometric and chromogenic techniques. The accuracy of the chromogenic technique is markedly improved by the addition of albumin to the urine assay system. Although it appears that only the saccharogenic method provides an accurate estimate of CAm/CCr, each assay technique distinguished the elevated CAm/CCr of patients with pancreatitis from the normal range established for that technique. Accurate clinical interpretation of CAm/CCr measurment requires knowledge of the amylase assay technique used."}
{"id": "PMID:870375", "title": "Increased serum gastrin concentrations and gastric acid hyposecretion in the immediate newborn period.", "content": "Thirty-two infants and their mothers were studied to determine the source of elevated serum gastrin concentrations in umbilical blood and to learn whether neonates hypersecreted acid in response to hypergastrinemia. Gastrin concentrations in the umbilical artery and vein were similar. Both were significantly higher than maternal gastrin concentrations. No significant amount of gastrin could be measured in placental extracts. These results suggest that the increased neonatal gastrin concentrations were fetal in origin. Continuous basal acid secretory studies done for 4 hr in 32 infants and for 8 hr in 9 infants demonstrated hyposecretion of gastric acid for the first 5 hr of life. Acid secretion from hour 6 to 8 was similar to that in older children. Increased gastrin levels were still present at hour 8 and were associated with normal gastric acid secretion.", "contents": "Increased serum gastrin concentrations and gastric acid hyposecretion in the immediate newborn period. Thirty-two infants and their mothers were studied to determine the source of elevated serum gastrin concentrations in umbilical blood and to learn whether neonates hypersecreted acid in response to hypergastrinemia. Gastrin concentrations in the umbilical artery and vein were similar. Both were significantly higher than maternal gastrin concentrations. No significant amount of gastrin could be measured in placental extracts. These results suggest that the increased neonatal gastrin concentrations were fetal in origin. Continuous basal acid secretory studies done for 4 hr in 32 infants and for 8 hr in 9 infants demonstrated hyposecretion of gastric acid for the first 5 hr of life. Acid secretion from hour 6 to 8 was similar to that in older children. Increased gastrin levels were still present at hour 8 and were associated with normal gastric acid secretion."}
{"id": "PMID:870376", "title": "Human rectal mucosa: proctoscopic and morphological changes caused by laxatives.", "content": "To determine whether laxatives alter the proctoscopic and morphological appearances of the human rectum, 10 normal subjects were studied prospectively, and the following manipulations were assessed in a randomized, blinded manner: no treatment; oral mannitol to induce diarrhea; isotonic saline enema; Fleet's Phospho-Soda enema; and bisacodyl (Dulcolax), 10 mg, by enema or suppository. The rectal mucosa after mannitol-induced diarrhea, or after saline enema could not be distinguished from untreated rectum by proctoscopy, light microscopy, or scanning electron microscopy. Fleet's enema, and bisacodyl invariably changed proctoscopic appearances, and frequently altered light and scanning microscopic aspects. Both Fleet's enema and bisacodyl caused sloughing of surface epithelium. In addition, bisacodyl decreased the uptake of hematoxylin and eosin by crypt epithelial cells so that the affected cells had a partially erased appearance (16 of 25 biopsies examined by light microscopy). The lamina propria of 3 of these 25 biopsies contained polymorphonuclear cells. Transmission electron microscopy revealed that the abnormal crypt epithelial cells contained fewer cytoplasmic organelles and less nuclear chromatin. All lesions resolved within 7 days. Fleet's enema and bisacodyl by rectum may mislead the proctologist and the pathologist by altering normal rectal mucosa.", "contents": "Human rectal mucosa: proctoscopic and morphological changes caused by laxatives. To determine whether laxatives alter the proctoscopic and morphological appearances of the human rectum, 10 normal subjects were studied prospectively, and the following manipulations were assessed in a randomized, blinded manner: no treatment; oral mannitol to induce diarrhea; isotonic saline enema; Fleet's Phospho-Soda enema; and bisacodyl (Dulcolax), 10 mg, by enema or suppository. The rectal mucosa after mannitol-induced diarrhea, or after saline enema could not be distinguished from untreated rectum by proctoscopy, light microscopy, or scanning electron microscopy. Fleet's enema, and bisacodyl invariably changed proctoscopic appearances, and frequently altered light and scanning microscopic aspects. Both Fleet's enema and bisacodyl caused sloughing of surface epithelium. In addition, bisacodyl decreased the uptake of hematoxylin and eosin by crypt epithelial cells so that the affected cells had a partially erased appearance (16 of 25 biopsies examined by light microscopy). The lamina propria of 3 of these 25 biopsies contained polymorphonuclear cells. Transmission electron microscopy revealed that the abnormal crypt epithelial cells contained fewer cytoplasmic organelles and less nuclear chromatin. All lesions resolved within 7 days. Fleet's enema and bisacodyl by rectum may mislead the proctologist and the pathologist by altering normal rectal mucosa."}
{"id": "PMID:870377", "title": "Acute and chronic effects of ethanol on fluid transport in the human small intestine.", "content": "The effect of acute and chronic administration of ethanol on jejunal and ileal water and electrolyte transport was studied in healthy volunteers by the triple lumen intestinal perfusion technique. The acute perfusion of a glucose-free electrolyte solution containing 2 to 10 g per 100 ml of ethanol in the jejunum or ileum did not cause any significant alterations of sodium or water transport. In contrast, the administration of a folate-deficient diet and ethanol for 2 weeks produced a marked reduction in sodium and water absorption or a small net secretion (control, mean +/-SE: H2O = 0.91 +/- 0.06 ml per min, Na = 130 +/- 8 micronEq per min per 30 cm of intestine versus H2O = -0.13 +/- 0.14 ml per min, Na = -20 +/- 29 micronEq per min per 30 cm, P less than 0.001). These changes were not accompanied by a reduction in serum folate levels. The administration of ethanol with a folate-supplemented diet also produced significant but less pronounced changes in sodium and water transport control: H2O = 1.33 +/- 0.2 ml per min, Na = 185 +/- 34 micronEq per min per 30 cm of intestine versus H2O = 0.48 +/- 0.17 ml per min, Na =65 +/- 16 micronEq per min per 30 cm of intestine, P less than 0.05). From this study it appears that the diarrhea seen in chronic alcoholics can be explained in part by the effect of ethanol on intestinal sodium transport, without any accompanying changes in serum folate levels.", "contents": "Acute and chronic effects of ethanol on fluid transport in the human small intestine. The effect of acute and chronic administration of ethanol on jejunal and ileal water and electrolyte transport was studied in healthy volunteers by the triple lumen intestinal perfusion technique. The acute perfusion of a glucose-free electrolyte solution containing 2 to 10 g per 100 ml of ethanol in the jejunum or ileum did not cause any significant alterations of sodium or water transport. In contrast, the administration of a folate-deficient diet and ethanol for 2 weeks produced a marked reduction in sodium and water absorption or a small net secretion (control, mean +/-SE: H2O = 0.91 +/- 0.06 ml per min, Na = 130 +/- 8 micronEq per min per 30 cm of intestine versus H2O = -0.13 +/- 0.14 ml per min, Na = -20 +/- 29 micronEq per min per 30 cm, P less than 0.001). These changes were not accompanied by a reduction in serum folate levels. The administration of ethanol with a folate-supplemented diet also produced significant but less pronounced changes in sodium and water transport control: H2O = 1.33 +/- 0.2 ml per min, Na = 185 +/- 34 micronEq per min per 30 cm of intestine versus H2O = 0.48 +/- 0.17 ml per min, Na =65 +/- 16 micronEq per min per 30 cm of intestine, P less than 0.05). From this study it appears that the diarrhea seen in chronic alcoholics can be explained in part by the effect of ethanol on intestinal sodium transport, without any accompanying changes in serum folate levels."}
{"id": "PMID:870378", "title": "The continent ileal pouch: absorptive and motor features.", "content": "In 8 patients, 6 to 40 months after proctocolectomy and construction of a continent ileal pouch, selected absorptive and motor functions of the pouch were assessed. Test solutions of 100 or 200 ml, containing a nonabsorbable marker, were placed in the pouch and sampled serially for 1 hr; an oro-intestinal tube was used to prevent contamination of the pouch by endogenous secretions. Sodium, chloride, and water were absorbed in a fashion similar to that reported previously for normal ileum. Similarly, the resting mucosal potential difference and its response to glucose were like those of normal ileum. The pouch also absorbed vitamin B12 that was instilled together with intrinsic factor. The distribution of primary and secondary bile acids in duodenal content suggested that decreased dehydroxylation of bile acids, also seen after conventional ileostomines, occurs in pouch patients. The pattern of motility in pouches was consistent with that reported previously for normal ileum. Thus, the functions of the mucosa and smooth muscle of the continent ileal pouch are quite similar to those of normal ileum.", "contents": "The continent ileal pouch: absorptive and motor features. In 8 patients, 6 to 40 months after proctocolectomy and construction of a continent ileal pouch, selected absorptive and motor functions of the pouch were assessed. Test solutions of 100 or 200 ml, containing a nonabsorbable marker, were placed in the pouch and sampled serially for 1 hr; an oro-intestinal tube was used to prevent contamination of the pouch by endogenous secretions. Sodium, chloride, and water were absorbed in a fashion similar to that reported previously for normal ileum. Similarly, the resting mucosal potential difference and its response to glucose were like those of normal ileum. The pouch also absorbed vitamin B12 that was instilled together with intrinsic factor. The distribution of primary and secondary bile acids in duodenal content suggested that decreased dehydroxylation of bile acids, also seen after conventional ileostomines, occurs in pouch patients. The pattern of motility in pouches was consistent with that reported previously for normal ileum. Thus, the functions of the mucosa and smooth muscle of the continent ileal pouch are quite similar to those of normal ileum."}
{"id": "PMID:870379", "title": "Purification of hog gastric intrinsic factor by a simple two-step procedure based on affinity chromatography and a selective guanidine hydrochloride gradient.", "content": "Monocarboxylic acid derivaties of vitamin B12 were covalently coupled to 1,6-hexanediamine-substituted Sepharose by using a water-soluble carbodiimide resulting in 1.32 micronmoles of B12 coupled per ml of Sepharose. After a source of crude hog intrinsic factor (IF) was passed over the column, a selective linear gradient of guanidine HC1 (0 to 4.0 M) was used to remove IF and 4.0 to 7.5 M to elute NIF (a vitamin B12-binding glycoprotein not active in promoting vitamin B12 absorption). Anti-IF antibodies blocked 99% of the B12 binding by the isolated IF and only 1% of the B12 binding by NIF. Passage over a hydroxyapatite column resulted in IF 99% pure with a specific activity of 29.8 microng of B12 binding per mg of protein. IF so isolated exhibited one homogeneous band on polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and corrected B12 malabsorption in a patient with pernicious anemia.", "contents": "Purification of hog gastric intrinsic factor by a simple two-step procedure based on affinity chromatography and a selective guanidine hydrochloride gradient. Monocarboxylic acid derivaties of vitamin B12 were covalently coupled to 1,6-hexanediamine-substituted Sepharose by using a water-soluble carbodiimide resulting in 1.32 micronmoles of B12 coupled per ml of Sepharose. After a source of crude hog intrinsic factor (IF) was passed over the column, a selective linear gradient of guanidine HC1 (0 to 4.0 M) was used to remove IF and 4.0 to 7.5 M to elute NIF (a vitamin B12-binding glycoprotein not active in promoting vitamin B12 absorption). Anti-IF antibodies blocked 99% of the B12 binding by the isolated IF and only 1% of the B12 binding by NIF. Passage over a hydroxyapatite column resulted in IF 99% pure with a specific activity of 29.8 microng of B12 binding per mg of protein. IF so isolated exhibited one homogeneous band on polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and corrected B12 malabsorption in a patient with pernicious anemia."}
{"id": "PMID:870380", "title": "Eosinophilic gastroenteritis with esophageal involvement.", "content": "A patient with a lifelong history of asthma and hay fever was investigated because of symptoms of esophageal spasm. Esophageal biopsies revealed elongated papillae and basal zone hyperplasia of the epithelial layer with eosinophilic infiltration of the lamina propria and muscularis mucosae. There was no evidence of reflux. Small bowel biopsies revealed a flat mucosal pattern with absent or blunted villi, tall columar surface epithelium, and eosinophilic infiltration of the lamina propria. He did not respond to a gluten-free diet. This patient is thought to have eosinophilic gatroenteritis with esophageal involvement, the first such case reported.", "contents": "Eosinophilic gastroenteritis with esophageal involvement. A patient with a lifelong history of asthma and hay fever was investigated because of symptoms of esophageal spasm. Esophageal biopsies revealed elongated papillae and basal zone hyperplasia of the epithelial layer with eosinophilic infiltration of the lamina propria and muscularis mucosae. There was no evidence of reflux. Small bowel biopsies revealed a flat mucosal pattern with absent or blunted villi, tall columar surface epithelium, and eosinophilic infiltration of the lamina propria. He did not respond to a gluten-free diet. This patient is thought to have eosinophilic gatroenteritis with esophageal involvement, the first such case reported."}
{"id": "PMID:870381", "title": "[Ultrasonics of ovarian changes under gonadotrophine stimulation (author's transl)].", "content": "It is known that there are difficulties in timing of ovulation induction under gonadotrophines. The reason is that investigation parameters used so far only permit indirect quantitative statements. Ultrasonics permit the direct presentation of ovaries, cystic structure-follicles, registration of their number and size as well as control of the further development. Using an typical case, possibilities with ultrasonics are demonstrated. Ovulation was induced when one follicle (0 23 mm) dominated over two others (0 17 mm), and a corpus-luteum-cyst and the pregnancy were observed. Two gestational-sacs perished during bleedings in the 9th week of pregnancy. The normal pregnancy was controlled with ultrasonics until delivery. Ultrasonic equipment was Vidoson 635 S by Siemens and Diasonograph NE 4102/B by Nuclear Enterprises.", "contents": "[Ultrasonics of ovarian changes under gonadotrophine stimulation (author's transl)]. It is known that there are difficulties in timing of ovulation induction under gonadotrophines. The reason is that investigation parameters used so far only permit indirect quantitative statements. Ultrasonics permit the direct presentation of ovaries, cystic structure-follicles, registration of their number and size as well as control of the further development. Using an typical case, possibilities with ultrasonics are demonstrated. Ovulation was induced when one follicle (0 23 mm) dominated over two others (0 17 mm), and a corpus-luteum-cyst and the pregnancy were observed. Two gestational-sacs perished during bleedings in the 9th week of pregnancy. The normal pregnancy was controlled with ultrasonics until delivery. Ultrasonic equipment was Vidoson 635 S by Siemens and Diasonograph NE 4102/B by Nuclear Enterprises."}
{"id": "PMID:870382", "title": "[The optimal treatment of carcinoma in situ of the uterine cervix (author's transl)].", "content": "The results of treatment of carcinoma in situ of the uterine cervix in 380 patients seen between January 1, 1966 and December 31, 1973 are reported. There were 134 women age 40 or less. There were 246 patients age 40 or older. In 334 patients a total hysterectomy with removal of a vaginal cuff was carried out (87.9%). A large therapeutic cone biopsy was done in 46 patients (12.1%). In the 334 patients treated by hysterectomy, 2 recurrent carcinomas in situ of the vaginal vault were observed (0.6%). In 16 of the cases treated by conization later suspicious colposcopic and/or cytologic findings made hysterectomy necessary. In 5 of these cases a recurrent carcinoma in situ was likely. The postoperative morbidity after total hysterectomy was low. There was no postoperative death. The total vaginal hysterectomy with removal of a vaginal cuff is recommended as treatment for carcinoma in situ of the uterine cervix in order to avoid the diagnostic difficulties in the follow-up after treatment by conization and because of the low recurrence rate after hysterectomy. Conservative treatment should only be employed in patients who desire later child bearing. tthe psychological stresses of the continually required follow-up examinations after conization should not be underestimated.", "contents": "[The optimal treatment of carcinoma in situ of the uterine cervix (author's transl)]. The results of treatment of carcinoma in situ of the uterine cervix in 380 patients seen between January 1, 1966 and December 31, 1973 are reported. There were 134 women age 40 or less. There were 246 patients age 40 or older. In 334 patients a total hysterectomy with removal of a vaginal cuff was carried out (87.9%). A large therapeutic cone biopsy was done in 46 patients (12.1%). In the 334 patients treated by hysterectomy, 2 recurrent carcinomas in situ of the vaginal vault were observed (0.6%). In 16 of the cases treated by conization later suspicious colposcopic and/or cytologic findings made hysterectomy necessary. In 5 of these cases a recurrent carcinoma in situ was likely. The postoperative morbidity after total hysterectomy was low. There was no postoperative death. The total vaginal hysterectomy with removal of a vaginal cuff is recommended as treatment for carcinoma in situ of the uterine cervix in order to avoid the diagnostic difficulties in the follow-up after treatment by conization and because of the low recurrence rate after hysterectomy. Conservative treatment should only be employed in patients who desire later child bearing. tthe psychological stresses of the continually required follow-up examinations after conization should not be underestimated."}
{"id": "PMID:870383", "title": "[Placental metastases from a maternal angioblastic sarcoma of the vagina (author's transl)].", "content": "Metastasizing maternal tumors during pregnancy with spread to the placenta are spontaneous attempts of malignant tumor transplantation to the Fetus. Because of the resistance of the Syncytiotrophoblast to metastases, carcinomas do not appear to transgress the placental barrier wheras malignant melanomas and sarcomas may do so in some cases. In the described case of maternal angioblastic sarcoma the lack of resistance to tumor spread of the epithelial trophoblast was compensated by resistance of the fetal stroma of the chorionic villi against invasive spread of the tumor. The infant was delivered by Caesarean Section and showed no evidence of a malignant tumor acquired by transplacental spread at the age of 2 1/2 months.", "contents": "[Placental metastases from a maternal angioblastic sarcoma of the vagina (author's transl)]. Metastasizing maternal tumors during pregnancy with spread to the placenta are spontaneous attempts of malignant tumor transplantation to the Fetus. Because of the resistance of the Syncytiotrophoblast to metastases, carcinomas do not appear to transgress the placental barrier wheras malignant melanomas and sarcomas may do so in some cases. In the described case of maternal angioblastic sarcoma the lack of resistance to tumor spread of the epithelial trophoblast was compensated by resistance of the fetal stroma of the chorionic villi against invasive spread of the tumor. The infant was delivered by Caesarean Section and showed no evidence of a malignant tumor acquired by transplacental spread at the age of 2 1/2 months."}
{"id": "PMID:870384", "title": "[The diagnosis and removal of obscure intrauterine devices (author's transl)].", "content": "When the thread of an intrauterine device cannot be seen in the cervical canal a diagnostic procedure to insure continued contraceptive effectiveness is mandatory. Hysteroscopy is the method of choice for localization of an intrauterine device even during pregnancy. Hysteroscopic removal is possible even during pregnancy. With this method we removed 16 obscure intrauterine devices and 7 devices during pregnancy. The advantages and disadvantages of other diagnostic and therapeutic methods are discussed.", "contents": "[The diagnosis and removal of obscure intrauterine devices (author's transl)]. When the thread of an intrauterine device cannot be seen in the cervical canal a diagnostic procedure to insure continued contraceptive effectiveness is mandatory. Hysteroscopy is the method of choice for localization of an intrauterine device even during pregnancy. Hysteroscopic removal is possible even during pregnancy. With this method we removed 16 obscure intrauterine devices and 7 devices during pregnancy. The advantages and disadvantages of other diagnostic and therapeutic methods are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:870385", "title": "[Microcalcifications in squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix (author's transl)].", "content": "The findings presented indicate that localized calcifications can sometimes develop within squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix. Apparently, these deposits develop via calcium salt loading from epithelial necrosis within the cell complexes of the tumor. This means that, with microcalcifications in a metastasis of a squamous cell carcinoma, the pathologist evaluating biopsies should also consider the possibility of metastases of a tumor from the area of the cervix.", "contents": "[Microcalcifications in squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix (author's transl)]. The findings presented indicate that localized calcifications can sometimes develop within squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix. Apparently, these deposits develop via calcium salt loading from epithelial necrosis within the cell complexes of the tumor. This means that, with microcalcifications in a metastasis of a squamous cell carcinoma, the pathologist evaluating biopsies should also consider the possibility of metastases of a tumor from the area of the cervix."}
{"id": "PMID:870386", "title": "[Quantitative IgM-testing and prenatal rubella infection (author's transl)].", "content": "Cord blood of 686 newborns was tested for IgM-levels in connection with an epidemic occurrance of rubella infection in Bonn and its vicinity. In 17 samples IgM was higher than 30 mg/100 ml and in 102 samples higher than 20 mg/100 ml. In 121 cases the cord blood was examined for rubella antibodies and in 85 children it was also checked for the persistence of rubella antibodies at the end of the first six months of life. No unexpected prenatal rubella infection was found. Two children of this group had clinical and serological criteria for rubella embryopathy at birth. In addition 39 cases of verified rubella infections during pregnancy were investigated. In 13 cases abortion was performed during the first trimenon following a rubella infection; the presence of rubella virus embryotic tissue could be proven in 9 cases. A prenatal rubella infection became apparent by illness of the mother during the pregnancy and/or embryopathy of the newborn in 26 children. In 16 of these children prenatal rubella infection was confirmed by the detection of rubella specific IgM which was associated in all instances with elevated levels of IgM, and/or the persistence of rubella antibodies after the sixth month of life. The remaining 10 children had neither clinical nor serological signs. The mothers of 9 of these children had been ill after the 16th week of pregnancy. In at least 21 cases (81%) of 26 maternal rubella infections during the first trimenon of pregnancy the virus passed the placenta. In 13 cases the pregnancy was interrupted; of the remaining 13, 6 children (46%) had embryopathy.", "contents": "[Quantitative IgM-testing and prenatal rubella infection (author's transl)]. Cord blood of 686 newborns was tested for IgM-levels in connection with an epidemic occurrance of rubella infection in Bonn and its vicinity. In 17 samples IgM was higher than 30 mg/100 ml and in 102 samples higher than 20 mg/100 ml. In 121 cases the cord blood was examined for rubella antibodies and in 85 children it was also checked for the persistence of rubella antibodies at the end of the first six months of life. No unexpected prenatal rubella infection was found. Two children of this group had clinical and serological criteria for rubella embryopathy at birth. In addition 39 cases of verified rubella infections during pregnancy were investigated. In 13 cases abortion was performed during the first trimenon following a rubella infection; the presence of rubella virus embryotic tissue could be proven in 9 cases. A prenatal rubella infection became apparent by illness of the mother during the pregnancy and/or embryopathy of the newborn in 26 children. In 16 of these children prenatal rubella infection was confirmed by the detection of rubella specific IgM which was associated in all instances with elevated levels of IgM, and/or the persistence of rubella antibodies after the sixth month of life. The remaining 10 children had neither clinical nor serological signs. The mothers of 9 of these children had been ill after the 16th week of pregnancy. In at least 21 cases (81%) of 26 maternal rubella infections during the first trimenon of pregnancy the virus passed the placenta. In 13 cases the pregnancy was interrupted; of the remaining 13, 6 children (46%) had embryopathy."}
{"id": "PMID:870387", "title": "[On the optimal clarification of suspicous findings on the cervix uteri (author's transl)].", "content": "In the period 1972--1975 432 conizations were performed. 76,6% of all patients were dismissed healed after conization without necessity of hysterectomy; the duration of stay in hospital after operation was in uncomplicated cases 7,9 days, in complicated cases 9,9 days. In 13,9% complications were registered, mainly bleedings (10,9%). In more than half of the cases with not totaly removed carcinoma in situ the uterus showed rests of the malignant lesion. That indicates that in such situations a hysterectomy should be done in every case. If there was a suspicion of invasive carcinoma an excochleation was performed instead of cone biopsy. The high rate of false negative results in such cases confirms that the conization at the moment seems to be the method of choice in clarification of positive cytologic or colposcopic findings.", "contents": "[On the optimal clarification of suspicous findings on the cervix uteri (author's transl)]. In the period 1972--1975 432 conizations were performed. 76,6% of all patients were dismissed healed after conization without necessity of hysterectomy; the duration of stay in hospital after operation was in uncomplicated cases 7,9 days, in complicated cases 9,9 days. In 13,9% complications were registered, mainly bleedings (10,9%). In more than half of the cases with not totaly removed carcinoma in situ the uterus showed rests of the malignant lesion. That indicates that in such situations a hysterectomy should be done in every case. If there was a suspicion of invasive carcinoma an excochleation was performed instead of cone biopsy. The high rate of false negative results in such cases confirms that the conization at the moment seems to be the method of choice in clarification of positive cytologic or colposcopic findings."}
{"id": "PMID:870388", "title": "[Prophylaxis of thromboembolic complications in gynecological surgery (author's transl)].", "content": "Eight prospective, controlled, randomised studies on the incidence of postoperative thrombosis in gynaecological patients receiving various drugs for prevention of thromboembolism are analysed. In all patients diagnosis had been established by objective means. The rate of thrombosis in patients without drug prophylaxis has been found to vary between 14 and 29%. Infusions of dextran as well as administration of low-dose subcutaneous heparin significantly reduce the incidence of deep vein thrombosis, even as compared to postoperative oral anticoagulation with cumarins. No difference has been found between dextran and oral anticoagulants, when cumarin adminstration was started before operation, nor between dextran and heparin. Aescin did not show any prophylactic effect. High age, severe leg-vein varicosis as well as surgery for malignant disease increase the risk of thrombosis. No significant influence of overweight, previous deep venous thrombosis, epidural anaesthesia or vaginal operation as compared to abdominal approach could be demonstrated. There are no properly controlled, prospective, randomised studies on the incidence of postoperative fatal pulmonary embolism as influenced by drugs in gynaecological surgery.", "contents": "[Prophylaxis of thromboembolic complications in gynecological surgery (author's transl)]. Eight prospective, controlled, randomised studies on the incidence of postoperative thrombosis in gynaecological patients receiving various drugs for prevention of thromboembolism are analysed. In all patients diagnosis had been established by objective means. The rate of thrombosis in patients without drug prophylaxis has been found to vary between 14 and 29%. Infusions of dextran as well as administration of low-dose subcutaneous heparin significantly reduce the incidence of deep vein thrombosis, even as compared to postoperative oral anticoagulation with cumarins. No difference has been found between dextran and oral anticoagulants, when cumarin adminstration was started before operation, nor between dextran and heparin. Aescin did not show any prophylactic effect. High age, severe leg-vein varicosis as well as surgery for malignant disease increase the risk of thrombosis. No significant influence of overweight, previous deep venous thrombosis, epidural anaesthesia or vaginal operation as compared to abdominal approach could be demonstrated. There are no properly controlled, prospective, randomised studies on the incidence of postoperative fatal pulmonary embolism as influenced by drugs in gynaecological surgery."}
{"id": "PMID:870389", "title": "[Clinical experience with fetoscopy (author's transl)].", "content": "A fetoscope with a trocar of an external diameter of 3.9 and internal diameter of 2.9 mm was used. The optical equipment of the fetoscope had lenses with external diameters of 2.2 and 2.7 mm. The fetoscope can be inserted into the uterine cavity through the abdominal wall with local anaesthesia and insertion controlled by ultrasound. This type of insertion is uncomplicated and relatively free of risks. Thus an essential prerequisite for a successful fetoscopy is fulfilled. For the success of the fetoscopy, it is important to know what the diagnostic value of the procedure is and what can be seen through the fetoscope. The direct intrauterine visualization of the fetus or parts of the fetus is with the fetoscope under evaluation possible and was successful in 23 of 26 fetuses. The field of visualization is limited to 50 degrees by the optical system and only small parts of the fetus can be seen at a time. The extent of visualization of the fetus depends besides the optical system, on the quality of the amniotic fluid and the optimal timing of the fetoscopy in the second trimester between 15 and 18 weeks. Success is also dependant on the endoscopic experience and the technical training of the observer. After 13 of 26 fetoscopies the improvement was approximately 70%. Inspection of some parts of the fetus, for intance, the face is successful in every detail but still more or less fortuitous. Fetoscopy can only be deemed to be successful when a more or less total visualization of the fetus has heen accomplished. This was the case in 39% of the cases. Fetoscopy was used for diagnostic purpose in one case with the term delivery of a healthy infant. Fetal blood sampling by puncture of placental vessels under visualization is in its infancy. Fetoscopy is a justified procedure at this time in cases with a high genetic risk and for the avoidance of an abruptio.", "contents": "[Clinical experience with fetoscopy (author's transl)]. A fetoscope with a trocar of an external diameter of 3.9 and internal diameter of 2.9 mm was used. The optical equipment of the fetoscope had lenses with external diameters of 2.2 and 2.7 mm. The fetoscope can be inserted into the uterine cavity through the abdominal wall with local anaesthesia and insertion controlled by ultrasound. This type of insertion is uncomplicated and relatively free of risks. Thus an essential prerequisite for a successful fetoscopy is fulfilled. For the success of the fetoscopy, it is important to know what the diagnostic value of the procedure is and what can be seen through the fetoscope. The direct intrauterine visualization of the fetus or parts of the fetus is with the fetoscope under evaluation possible and was successful in 23 of 26 fetuses. The field of visualization is limited to 50 degrees by the optical system and only small parts of the fetus can be seen at a time. The extent of visualization of the fetus depends besides the optical system, on the quality of the amniotic fluid and the optimal timing of the fetoscopy in the second trimester between 15 and 18 weeks. Success is also dependant on the endoscopic experience and the technical training of the observer. After 13 of 26 fetoscopies the improvement was approximately 70%. Inspection of some parts of the fetus, for intance, the face is successful in every detail but still more or less fortuitous. Fetoscopy can only be deemed to be successful when a more or less total visualization of the fetus has heen accomplished. This was the case in 39% of the cases. Fetoscopy was used for diagnostic purpose in one case with the term delivery of a healthy infant. Fetal blood sampling by puncture of placental vessels under visualization is in its infancy. Fetoscopy is a justified procedure at this time in cases with a high genetic risk and for the avoidance of an abruptio."}
{"id": "PMID:870390", "title": "[Results of the treatment of lower urinary tract fistulas and stenoses in gynaecology and obstetrics (author's transl)].", "content": "The results of the treatment of 40 vesico-vaginal fistulas, 13 uretero-vesical fistulas, 2 ureto-uterine fistulas are 44 lower ureteral stenosis are reported. These developed following operative and radio-therapeutic treatment in gynaecology and obstetrics. The vesico-vaginal fistulas were operated through the vagine according to Fueth-Mayo. Even after failed primary operation a repeat vaginal operation was successful. In uretero-vesical fistulas a spontaneous healing cannot be expected later than 8 weeks after the primary operation and an operation for the fistula is then indicated. The results of 13 operations for uretero-vesical fistulas are described. In 12 cases a uretero-cystoneostomy was performed and in one case Boari plastic was done. Two ureto-uterine fistulas were treated by end to end anastomosis of the ureters which was successful. The treatment of post-operative stenosis of the ureter was primarily conservative and resulted in marked improvement on 18 of 24 cases. In 5 of 6 cases a ureto-cystonestomy or ureterolysis yielded good results.", "contents": "[Results of the treatment of lower urinary tract fistulas and stenoses in gynaecology and obstetrics (author's transl)]. The results of the treatment of 40 vesico-vaginal fistulas, 13 uretero-vesical fistulas, 2 ureto-uterine fistulas are 44 lower ureteral stenosis are reported. These developed following operative and radio-therapeutic treatment in gynaecology and obstetrics. The vesico-vaginal fistulas were operated through the vagine according to Fueth-Mayo. Even after failed primary operation a repeat vaginal operation was successful. In uretero-vesical fistulas a spontaneous healing cannot be expected later than 8 weeks after the primary operation and an operation for the fistula is then indicated. The results of 13 operations for uretero-vesical fistulas are described. In 12 cases a uretero-cystoneostomy was performed and in one case Boari plastic was done. Two ureto-uterine fistulas were treated by end to end anastomosis of the ureters which was successful. The treatment of post-operative stenosis of the ureter was primarily conservative and resulted in marked improvement on 18 of 24 cases. In 5 of 6 cases a ureto-cystonestomy or ureterolysis yielded good results."}
{"id": "PMID:870391", "title": "[The problem of economic and population development (author's transl)].", "content": "The question is raised whether the apparent complexity and differentiation excludes chance. Generally a chance occurrence is without prior determination. The laws established by economics and demography with mathematical methods are therefore not capable to determine all facts because of their hypothetical arrangement. Reality can only be expressed in a categorical judgment. It is possible to arrive from hypothetical judgments--when there is A so there is B to an existence of a categorical B. Any theory of economic balance and any calculation in a demographic model to arrive at a balanced population development are methods which correlate facts with facts and allow conclusions when the correlation is actually existent. However, no conclusion as to the idea of determination of the generative behavior by economic production can be arrived at. Revorsely the conclusion that sociologie developments and generative behavior are completely independant of economic production is not possible. Hypothetical type of thinking in a model does not exclude chance and each fact has an element of chance in it. This appears to be a heuristic circle. Noncircular conclusions for the practice of life in order to advise, decide and act, do not exist without assumptions and without value judgments. In order to influence the development of the population continued scientific reflection, observation and argumentation is necessary. Correct technical functioning is translated into social realms. New reflections and interpretations are constantly required.", "contents": "[The problem of economic and population development (author's transl)]. The question is raised whether the apparent complexity and differentiation excludes chance. Generally a chance occurrence is without prior determination. The laws established by economics and demography with mathematical methods are therefore not capable to determine all facts because of their hypothetical arrangement. Reality can only be expressed in a categorical judgment. It is possible to arrive from hypothetical judgments--when there is A so there is B to an existence of a categorical B. Any theory of economic balance and any calculation in a demographic model to arrive at a balanced population development are methods which correlate facts with facts and allow conclusions when the correlation is actually existent. However, no conclusion as to the idea of determination of the generative behavior by economic production can be arrived at. Revorsely the conclusion that sociologie developments and generative behavior are completely independant of economic production is not possible. Hypothetical type of thinking in a model does not exclude chance and each fact has an element of chance in it. This appears to be a heuristic circle. Noncircular conclusions for the practice of life in order to advise, decide and act, do not exist without assumptions and without value judgments. In order to influence the development of the population continued scientific reflection, observation and argumentation is necessary. Correct technical functioning is translated into social realms. New reflections and interpretations are constantly required."}
{"id": "PMID:870392", "title": "Radiographic evidence for acceleration of skeletal growth in adult hamsters by exercise.", "content": "Voluntary exercise permanently elevates body weight in adult hamsters (Borer, K.T. Physiol. Behav. 12:589, 1974). Possible effects of such exercise on skeletal growth were examined in female hamsters in the asymptotic phase of growth, 14 of which had a 34-day access to horizontal disc exercisers, while 14 others remained sedentary. Skeletal measurements were taken from radiographs obtained at the start and at the end of exercise and on day 29 of retirement. Exercise was associated with more pronounced growth of axial than appendicular skeleton. Vertebral column, skull, humerous and femur of excercising hamsters grew 5.61 +/- 0.75 (p less than .001), 1.26 +/- 0.49 (p less than .05), 1.96 +/- 0.81 (p less than .02) and 2.80+/-1.34 (p less than .05) percent more, respectively, than the corresponding bones of sedentary hamsters. Appendicular skeleton continued to grow during retirement. Humerus and femur grew 1.96+/-0.65 (p less than .02) and 1.67+/-0.59 (p less than .02)% more, respectively, during retirement in exercised than in sedentary hamsters. Significantly greater weight gain was seen in active than in sedentary hamsters during both exercise (25.62 + 2.68%, p less than .001) and retirement (6.43 + 2.23, p less than .02). These data indicate that disc exercise accelerates skeletal and ponderal growth in adult hamsters and that axial and appendicular skeleton respond to this stimulus differently.", "contents": "Radiographic evidence for acceleration of skeletal growth in adult hamsters by exercise. Voluntary exercise permanently elevates body weight in adult hamsters (Borer, K.T. Physiol. Behav. 12:589, 1974). Possible effects of such exercise on skeletal growth were examined in female hamsters in the asymptotic phase of growth, 14 of which had a 34-day access to horizontal disc exercisers, while 14 others remained sedentary. Skeletal measurements were taken from radiographs obtained at the start and at the end of exercise and on day 29 of retirement. Exercise was associated with more pronounced growth of axial than appendicular skeleton. Vertebral column, skull, humerous and femur of excercising hamsters grew 5.61 +/- 0.75 (p less than .001), 1.26 +/- 0.49 (p less than .05), 1.96 +/- 0.81 (p less than .02) and 2.80+/-1.34 (p less than .05) percent more, respectively, than the corresponding bones of sedentary hamsters. Appendicular skeleton continued to grow during retirement. Humerus and femur grew 1.96+/-0.65 (p less than .02) and 1.67+/-0.59 (p less than .02)% more, respectively, during retirement in exercised than in sedentary hamsters. Significantly greater weight gain was seen in active than in sedentary hamsters during both exercise (25.62 + 2.68%, p less than .001) and retirement (6.43 + 2.23, p less than .02). These data indicate that disc exercise accelerates skeletal and ponderal growth in adult hamsters and that axial and appendicular skeleton respond to this stimulus differently."}
{"id": "PMID:870393", "title": "Regulatory phenomena and the data of growth.", "content": "The specific growth rate of a population of cells is proposed to be a kinetic expression of the regulatory responses prevalent in the population. The proposal is justified by generalizing from the dependence of the specific growth rate of cells on the concentration of a nutrient to the regulatory response of the cells to the nutrient or to any other substance which can modify the rate of growth of the population. A previously unrecognized pattern of regulation of growth is demonstrated for the chick embryo by use of a novel method of obtaining specific growth rates. The method for specific growth rates is based on derivatives of orthogonal polynomials, and does not require that the data fit a preconceived equation of growth.", "contents": "Regulatory phenomena and the data of growth. The specific growth rate of a population of cells is proposed to be a kinetic expression of the regulatory responses prevalent in the population. The proposal is justified by generalizing from the dependence of the specific growth rate of cells on the concentration of a nutrient to the regulatory response of the cells to the nutrient or to any other substance which can modify the rate of growth of the population. A previously unrecognized pattern of regulation of growth is demonstrated for the chick embryo by use of a novel method of obtaining specific growth rates. The method for specific growth rates is based on derivatives of orthogonal polynomials, and does not require that the data fit a preconceived equation of growth."}
{"id": "PMID:870394", "title": "A comparison of gain and carcass characteristics of straightbred and crossbred steers.", "content": "Post-weaning growth and carcass characteristics of 318 straightbred (139 Angus and 179 Hereford) and 77 crossbred steers (beef X beef, dairy X beef, and 3-way crosses) were compared under three different feeding regimes. Feeding the steers with a high concentrate ration increased the rate of gain and produced carcasses with higher dressing percentages, more fat but less high-priced cuts as compared to rations lower in the amount of concentrate. Crossbred steers were heavier at weaning, gained more in feedlot, and produced heavier carcasses with less fat but larger loin-eye areas and higher proportions of high-priced cuts. When compared to straightbred steers, beef X beef, dairy X beef, and 3-way crosses were significantly heavier at weaning and produced heavier carcasses with larger loin-eye area, less amount of fat and higher proportions of predicted retail yield. However, differences among the three crossbred groups for weaning weight, carcass weight, dressing percentage, fat thickness, and retail yield were not statistically significant.", "contents": "A comparison of gain and carcass characteristics of straightbred and crossbred steers. Post-weaning growth and carcass characteristics of 318 straightbred (139 Angus and 179 Hereford) and 77 crossbred steers (beef X beef, dairy X beef, and 3-way crosses) were compared under three different feeding regimes. Feeding the steers with a high concentrate ration increased the rate of gain and produced carcasses with higher dressing percentages, more fat but less high-priced cuts as compared to rations lower in the amount of concentrate. Crossbred steers were heavier at weaning, gained more in feedlot, and produced heavier carcasses with less fat but larger loin-eye areas and higher proportions of high-priced cuts. When compared to straightbred steers, beef X beef, dairy X beef, and 3-way crosses were significantly heavier at weaning and produced heavier carcasses with larger loin-eye area, less amount of fat and higher proportions of predicted retail yield. However, differences among the three crossbred groups for weaning weight, carcass weight, dressing percentage, fat thickness, and retail yield were not statistically significant."}
{"id": "PMID:870395", "title": "Age and sex related changes of hematologic parameters in Sinclair(S-1) miniature swine.", "content": "Venous blood samples were collected monthly from 60 male and 60 female Sinclair(S-1) miniature swine from 1 through 36 months of age. Hematologic parameters evaluated included: erythrocyte count, packed cell volume, hemoglobin concentration, mean corpuscular volume, mean corpuscular hemoglobin, mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration, leukocyte count and differential leukocyte counts. Mean erythrocyte count increased from 3 through 9 months of age and declined thereafter. Mean packed cell volume and hemoglobin concentration decreased from 1 to 3 months of age, increased from 3 through 10 months of age and remained stable thereafter. From 7 through 36 months of age, females had greater mean packed cell volume and hemoglobin concentration than did males. Mean corpuscular volume and mean corpuscular hemoglobin increased linearly from 3 through 24 months of age and remained stable thereafter with females having greater mean corpuscular volumes and mean corpuscular hemoglobins than did males. Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration increased linearly from 1 through 30 months of age. Mean leukocyte count decreased from 1 through 9 months of age and remained stable thereafter. From 10 through 36 months of age, mean leukocyte count was greater for males than for females. From 6 through 24 months of age, mean per cent lymphocytes was greater for females than for males; whereas, mean per cent neutrophils was greater for males than for females.", "contents": "Age and sex related changes of hematologic parameters in Sinclair(S-1) miniature swine. Venous blood samples were collected monthly from 60 male and 60 female Sinclair(S-1) miniature swine from 1 through 36 months of age. Hematologic parameters evaluated included: erythrocyte count, packed cell volume, hemoglobin concentration, mean corpuscular volume, mean corpuscular hemoglobin, mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration, leukocyte count and differential leukocyte counts. Mean erythrocyte count increased from 3 through 9 months of age and declined thereafter. Mean packed cell volume and hemoglobin concentration decreased from 1 to 3 months of age, increased from 3 through 10 months of age and remained stable thereafter. From 7 through 36 months of age, females had greater mean packed cell volume and hemoglobin concentration than did males. Mean corpuscular volume and mean corpuscular hemoglobin increased linearly from 3 through 24 months of age and remained stable thereafter with females having greater mean corpuscular volumes and mean corpuscular hemoglobins than did males. Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration increased linearly from 1 through 30 months of age. Mean leukocyte count decreased from 1 through 9 months of age and remained stable thereafter. From 10 through 36 months of age, mean leukocyte count was greater for males than for females. From 6 through 24 months of age, mean per cent lymphocytes was greater for females than for males; whereas, mean per cent neutrophils was greater for males than for females."}
{"id": "PMID:870396", "title": "Evaluation of body composition of young obese and lean Zucker rats.", "content": "The growth and development of total body water, fat, ash and protein were examined in lean and obese Zucker rats (fa/fa) from 13 to 31 days of age. The obese rats began depositing significantly more fat compared to the lean controls by day 13. At this time the obese had 3.8% more carcass fat than the lean, with this difference increasing to almost 13% by day 31. Per cent ash and protein were significantly lower in the obese rats throughout the 18 day experimental study. However, when the absolute grams of these two parameters were expressed on a fat-free weight basis, no differences were recorded between the genotypes. There were also no differences when the slopes of the linear log-log growth equations for fat-free weight versus ash and protein were compared. These data do not lend support to the contentions that skeletal stunting and decreased protein deposition are present early in the development of the obese rat. A technique to identify obese rats at an early age without the necessity of killing them, by determining total body water with injected tritiated water was also examined. The method correctly identified obese and lean rats at 2 weeks of age. Further refinement of this technique is necessary before it may be used to precisely predict the genotype of a rat.", "contents": "Evaluation of body composition of young obese and lean Zucker rats. The growth and development of total body water, fat, ash and protein were examined in lean and obese Zucker rats (fa/fa) from 13 to 31 days of age. The obese rats began depositing significantly more fat compared to the lean controls by day 13. At this time the obese had 3.8% more carcass fat than the lean, with this difference increasing to almost 13% by day 31. Per cent ash and protein were significantly lower in the obese rats throughout the 18 day experimental study. However, when the absolute grams of these two parameters were expressed on a fat-free weight basis, no differences were recorded between the genotypes. There were also no differences when the slopes of the linear log-log growth equations for fat-free weight versus ash and protein were compared. These data do not lend support to the contentions that skeletal stunting and decreased protein deposition are present early in the development of the obese rat. A technique to identify obese rats at an early age without the necessity of killing them, by determining total body water with injected tritiated water was also examined. The method correctly identified obese and lean rats at 2 weeks of age. Further refinement of this technique is necessary before it may be used to precisely predict the genotype of a rat."}
{"id": "PMID:870397", "title": "The role of factor XI in the coagulant activity of platelets.", "content": "Washed platelets were ruptured by freezing and thawing; a coagulant activity was released which would correct the clotting time of factor XI (FXI)-deficient plasma only in the presence of kaolin. Platelets from a FXI-deficient patient treated in a similar fashion also released a coagulant activity which could be absorbed onto Sepharose-heparin and eluted similarly to plasma FXI. Collagen was employed to induce a coagulant activity in platelet-poor plasma (PPP) and platelet-rich plasma (PRP) in the presence and absence of antibodies developed to purified FXI and FXII. The presence of FXII antibody had little effect on the activity induced in PRP. However, the presence of FXI antibody eliminated the difference between PPP and PRP. An activity was induced when FXI-deficient PRP was incubated with collagen and none with PPP. One type of collagen failed to induce a coagulant activity.", "contents": "The role of factor XI in the coagulant activity of platelets. Washed platelets were ruptured by freezing and thawing; a coagulant activity was released which would correct the clotting time of factor XI (FXI)-deficient plasma only in the presence of kaolin. Platelets from a FXI-deficient patient treated in a similar fashion also released a coagulant activity which could be absorbed onto Sepharose-heparin and eluted similarly to plasma FXI. Collagen was employed to induce a coagulant activity in platelet-poor plasma (PPP) and platelet-rich plasma (PRP) in the presence and absence of antibodies developed to purified FXI and FXII. The presence of FXII antibody had little effect on the activity induced in PRP. However, the presence of FXI antibody eliminated the difference between PPP and PRP. An activity was induced when FXI-deficient PRP was incubated with collagen and none with PPP. One type of collagen failed to induce a coagulant activity."}
{"id": "PMID:870398", "title": "Platelet activation in haemostasis: role of thrombin and other clotting factors in platelet-collagen interaction.", "content": "The mechanism of activation of platelets by collagen was examined. Hirudin interfered with the initial collagen-platelet interaction and both hirudin and heparin inhibited collagen-induced release of platelet granular contents. Hirudin completely inhibited the release of both [3H]5HT and beta-glucuronidase whereas heparin completely inhibited release of beta-glucuronidase but only partly inhibited release of [3H] 5HT. beta-Glucuronidase and maximal [3H] 5HT were only released when plasma was present. The results are compatible with an essential intermediary role for thrombin in collagen activation of platelets. Evidence was also obtained that von Willebrand factor may participate in this reaction.", "contents": "Platelet activation in haemostasis: role of thrombin and other clotting factors in platelet-collagen interaction. The mechanism of activation of platelets by collagen was examined. Hirudin interfered with the initial collagen-platelet interaction and both hirudin and heparin inhibited collagen-induced release of platelet granular contents. Hirudin completely inhibited the release of both [3H]5HT and beta-glucuronidase whereas heparin completely inhibited release of beta-glucuronidase but only partly inhibited release of [3H] 5HT. beta-Glucuronidase and maximal [3H] 5HT were only released when plasma was present. The results are compatible with an essential intermediary role for thrombin in collagen activation of platelets. Evidence was also obtained that von Willebrand factor may participate in this reaction."}
{"id": "PMID:870399", "title": "[A new catheter system for percutaneous transluminal angioplasty (PTA) of carotid artery stenoses].", "content": "A new catheter system for the dilatation treatment of carotid artery stenoses was developed consisting of a dilatation catheter with a second lumen for simultaneous carotid artery perfusion. This catheter system was efficient in dilating experimental carotid artery stenoses in dogs.", "contents": "[A new catheter system for percutaneous transluminal angioplasty (PTA) of carotid artery stenoses]. A new catheter system for the dilatation treatment of carotid artery stenoses was developed consisting of a dilatation catheter with a second lumen for simultaneous carotid artery perfusion. This catheter system was efficient in dilating experimental carotid artery stenoses in dogs."}
{"id": "PMID:870400", "title": "[Dura transplantation. Multi-sequential transplants of solvent dehydrated dura mater. Animal experiment studies on the question of sensitization].", "content": "After the excision of 7 X 5 mm abdominal muscle sections in an experiment using rats, a total of 4 xenogenic, solvent dehydrated dura mater of the same size were implanted at 4 week intervals each. The transplant areas were continuously examined under a light and electron microscope for a period ranging from 7 days up to 3 months after the last transplant. Spontaneous layers of absorbent granulation tissue, rich in cells and blood vessels, surrounded the grafts in the beginning. Subsequently the grafts were gradually decomposed from the periphery to the center through macrophages like biological foreign matter and replaced with endogenous, poorly vascularized, collagenous connective tissue. The tissue reaction to the multi-sequential, xenogenic grafts was consistently the same as after single transplants. Immuno-competent cells do not increase. The solvent preserved dura mater is suited for multisequential transplants due to lacking sensitization, i.e. immunological rejection reaction.", "contents": "[Dura transplantation. Multi-sequential transplants of solvent dehydrated dura mater. Animal experiment studies on the question of sensitization]. After the excision of 7 X 5 mm abdominal muscle sections in an experiment using rats, a total of 4 xenogenic, solvent dehydrated dura mater of the same size were implanted at 4 week intervals each. The transplant areas were continuously examined under a light and electron microscope for a period ranging from 7 days up to 3 months after the last transplant. Spontaneous layers of absorbent granulation tissue, rich in cells and blood vessels, surrounded the grafts in the beginning. Subsequently the grafts were gradually decomposed from the periphery to the center through macrophages like biological foreign matter and replaced with endogenous, poorly vascularized, collagenous connective tissue. The tissue reaction to the multi-sequential, xenogenic grafts was consistently the same as after single transplants. Immuno-competent cells do not increase. The solvent preserved dura mater is suited for multisequential transplants due to lacking sensitization, i.e. immunological rejection reaction."}
{"id": "PMID:870401", "title": "[Pancreatic colon stenoses].", "content": "Benign colonic stenosis may be caused by pancreatitis. Colonic obstruction arising during the acute stage of pancreatitis is mostly found to be reversible. Persistant colonic stenosis after acute or relapsing pancreatitis may point to an adjacent abscess. Two patients with pancreatitic colonic stenosis illustrate those different courses of the disease.", "contents": "[Pancreatic colon stenoses]. Benign colonic stenosis may be caused by pancreatitis. Colonic obstruction arising during the acute stage of pancreatitis is mostly found to be reversible. Persistant colonic stenosis after acute or relapsing pancreatitis may point to an adjacent abscess. Two patients with pancreatitic colonic stenosis illustrate those different courses of the disease."}
{"id": "PMID:870402", "title": "[Treatment of burns].", "content": "Because of the unsatisfactory results hitherto achieved in the bactericidal and bacteriostatic local therapy of burns, Betaisodona ointment was tested and, in view of its good effect, put to further therapeutic use. The advantages of the preparation, apart from the good local tolerance and absence of effect on metabolism, are the good bactericidal and tanning effects on the wound eschar. In no case were smearing coats observed; the necrotic skin remained dry and firm. Except in two patients with second degree burns, epithelization was not influenced by clinically visible infection. In third degree burns accumulation of exudate in the zone of demarcation was only observed in two cases. Bacteriological examinations of the wound surface revealed sterility in several cases; in the other patients the bacterial count did not exceed 10(5)/cm2. In view of the comparative tests, this result must be considered very positive. The above trial has, however, not made use of all testing possibilities. In further studies an iodine absorption test for determining the penetration depth as well as a bacterial count in the tissue will be developed. Furthermore the use of Betaisodona solution for instillation in the zone of demarcation will be examined.", "contents": "[Treatment of burns]. Because of the unsatisfactory results hitherto achieved in the bactericidal and bacteriostatic local therapy of burns, Betaisodona ointment was tested and, in view of its good effect, put to further therapeutic use. The advantages of the preparation, apart from the good local tolerance and absence of effect on metabolism, are the good bactericidal and tanning effects on the wound eschar. In no case were smearing coats observed; the necrotic skin remained dry and firm. Except in two patients with second degree burns, epithelization was not influenced by clinically visible infection. In third degree burns accumulation of exudate in the zone of demarcation was only observed in two cases. Bacteriological examinations of the wound surface revealed sterility in several cases; in the other patients the bacterial count did not exceed 10(5)/cm2. In view of the comparative tests, this result must be considered very positive. The above trial has, however, not made use of all testing possibilities. In further studies an iodine absorption test for determining the penetration depth as well as a bacterial count in the tissue will be developed. Furthermore the use of Betaisodona solution for instillation in the zone of demarcation will be examined."}
{"id": "PMID:870403", "title": "[Psychological and physical reactions following cosmetic breast surgery].", "content": "Women with only minor anatomical deviations may request plastic surgery in an attempt to compensate a feeling of inadequacy or humiliation. Psychological evaluation may be warranted to preclude a number of possible sequels: feeling of cold, shivering and shaking, lasting for days, with or without conjunctivitis and rhinitis vasomotorica; hypochondriacal and paranoid tendencies, mistrustfulness and misunderstandings in regard to the doctor. The doctor's assent to the operation and performing of the operation may increase the feeling of humiliation instead of alleviating it.", "contents": "[Psychological and physical reactions following cosmetic breast surgery]. Women with only minor anatomical deviations may request plastic surgery in an attempt to compensate a feeling of inadequacy or humiliation. Psychological evaluation may be warranted to preclude a number of possible sequels: feeling of cold, shivering and shaking, lasting for days, with or without conjunctivitis and rhinitis vasomotorica; hypochondriacal and paranoid tendencies, mistrustfulness and misunderstandings in regard to the doctor. The doctor's assent to the operation and performing of the operation may increase the feeling of humiliation instead of alleviating it."}
{"id": "PMID:870404", "title": "The Wyatt standards: an administrative viewpoint.", "content": "The author, the fifth superintendent of Alabama's Bryce Hospital since the Wyatt v. Stickney order was issued in 1972, discusses the major problems faced by an administrator in complying with the court-set standards. They relate to qualified mental health professionals, staffing ratios, staff attitudes, individualized treatment plans, and the hospital's negative image. He also discusses the role of the human rights committee and the hospital's goal of providing treatment of sufficient quality that the court order will be lifted.", "contents": "The Wyatt standards: an administrative viewpoint. The author, the fifth superintendent of Alabama's Bryce Hospital since the Wyatt v. Stickney order was issued in 1972, discusses the major problems faced by an administrator in complying with the court-set standards. They relate to qualified mental health professionals, staffing ratios, staff attitudes, individualized treatment plans, and the hospital's negative image. He also discusses the role of the human rights committee and the hospital's goal of providing treatment of sufficient quality that the court order will be lifted."}
{"id": "PMID:870405", "title": "The treatment program at Searcy Hospital before and after Wyatt.", "content": "Long before the Wyatt litigation began, staff at Searcy Hospital were aware of and concerned about changes that needed to be made in order to improve the quality of care at the institution; adequate funding was not available to make the changes. However, the staff did initiate some change. They moved into the same buildings with patients to increase contact and used a team approach to treatment. They organized discharge planning teams and tried to interest families in caring for patients at home. During an 11-month period before the Wyatt litigation began, the patient census decreased by about 21%. It was the Wyatt litigation that provided the legal impetus for the implementation of changes that resulted in enhanced treatment programs, a decrease in patient population, and an increase in staff.", "contents": "The treatment program at Searcy Hospital before and after Wyatt. Long before the Wyatt litigation began, staff at Searcy Hospital were aware of and concerned about changes that needed to be made in order to improve the quality of care at the institution; adequate funding was not available to make the changes. However, the staff did initiate some change. They moved into the same buildings with patients to increase contact and used a team approach to treatment. They organized discharge planning teams and tried to interest families in caring for patients at home. During an 11-month period before the Wyatt litigation began, the patient census decreased by about 21%. It was the Wyatt litigation that provided the legal impetus for the implementation of changes that resulted in enhanced treatment programs, a decrease in patient population, and an increase in staff."}
{"id": "PMID:870406", "title": "Factors in the utilization of mental health centers and state hospitals.", "content": "Several studies have found a relationship between the distance that must be traveled to receive a mental health service and the rate of utilization of the service. In the study of admission rates to mental health centers and state hospitals reported here, the author examined the relationship of admission rates to distance and to three other factors: urban-rural differences, the complexity of the community referral network, and the availability of outpatient services. The study showed that rates of admission to the centers tended to be higher as the counties became more urban, but that use of center services was not related to distance. However, a strong relationship was found between distance and rates of admission to the state hospitals.", "contents": "Factors in the utilization of mental health centers and state hospitals. Several studies have found a relationship between the distance that must be traveled to receive a mental health service and the rate of utilization of the service. In the study of admission rates to mental health centers and state hospitals reported here, the author examined the relationship of admission rates to distance and to three other factors: urban-rural differences, the complexity of the community referral network, and the availability of outpatient services. The study showed that rates of admission to the centers tended to be higher as the counties became more urban, but that use of center services was not related to distance. However, a strong relationship was found between distance and rates of admission to the state hospitals."}
{"id": "PMID:870407", "title": "Bf polymorphism: another variant (S0.8).", "content": "A \"new\" variant band in the Bf system has been found in the serum of three individuals belonging to a tribe of Brazilian Indians (Karaja--Bananal--Goias) and in the serum of a Caucasian individual from the area of Strasbourg. It is highly probable that the band represents another allele at the Bf locus BfS0.8.", "contents": "Bf polymorphism: another variant (S0.8). A \"new\" variant band in the Bf system has been found in the serum of three individuals belonging to a tribe of Brazilian Indians (Karaja--Bananal--Goias) and in the serum of a Caucasian individual from the area of Strasbourg. It is highly probable that the band represents another allele at the Bf locus BfS0.8."}
{"id": "PMID:870408", "title": "Translocation D/D involving two homologous chromosomes of the pair 15.", "content": "A translocation between two homologues of chromosomes 15 was identified in a phenotypically normal female with the R-banding technique. The C-banding technique demonstrated an abnormally large band on the translocation chromosome. This finding suggests a possibility that the translocation might be due to breaks in the short arms or to fusion at telomeric ends. The patient had four spontaneous abortions and no normal pregnancy.", "contents": "Translocation D/D involving two homologous chromosomes of the pair 15. A translocation between two homologues of chromosomes 15 was identified in a phenotypically normal female with the R-banding technique. The C-banding technique demonstrated an abnormally large band on the translocation chromosome. This finding suggests a possibility that the translocation might be due to breaks in the short arms or to fusion at telomeric ends. The patient had four spontaneous abortions and no normal pregnancy."}
{"id": "PMID:870409", "title": "Partial trisomy of the long arm of human chromosome 1 as demostrated by in situ hybridization with 5S ribosomal RNA.", "content": "In a newborn boy with multiple malformations, a tandem duplication was detected at the distal end of the long arm of one human chromosome 1. The Giemsa bands, 1q31 to 1q43--44, were repeated serially. Since 5S rRNA genes are located at 1q42--43, in situ hybridization of 125I 5S rRNA with fixed chromosome preparations was used to confirm the chromosomal duplication. The infant exhibited numerous developmental and clinical abnormalities as might be expected with an abnormality of chromosome structure relating to a ribosome component.", "contents": "Partial trisomy of the long arm of human chromosome 1 as demostrated by in situ hybridization with 5S ribosomal RNA. In a newborn boy with multiple malformations, a tandem duplication was detected at the distal end of the long arm of one human chromosome 1. The Giemsa bands, 1q31 to 1q43--44, were repeated serially. Since 5S rRNA genes are located at 1q42--43, in situ hybridization of 125I 5S rRNA with fixed chromosome preparations was used to confirm the chromosomal duplication. The infant exhibited numerous developmental and clinical abnormalities as might be expected with an abnormality of chromosome structure relating to a ribosome component."}
{"id": "PMID:870410", "title": "On consanguineous marriages and the genetic load.", "content": "It has been reported that studies of the genetic consequences of inbreeding should adopt a different strategy in populations having a relatively old inbreeding history and where inbreeding levels have varied over time. This contention is tested with a series of 39,495 single-birth records from Bombay, India, collected in a World Health Organization survey on congenital malformations. Our analysis reveals that: 1. the incidence of major malformations is significantly higher among the inbred offspring (1.34%) as compared to that among non-inbred ones (0,81%)--a finding at variance with a previous study in the same area; 2. the inbreeding effect on perinatal mortality (stillbirths and mortality during the first few days of life) is also found to be significant. In view of the above findings, the genetic load as disclosed by inbreeding is computed for perinatal mortality, major malformations and pooling these together. A + B, the measure of the number of lethal equivalents per gamete, is found to be at variance with other reports. Such variability can be ascribed to non-genetic factors. Supporting evidence collected from Brazil and Malaysia in the same survey is also presented.", "contents": "On consanguineous marriages and the genetic load. It has been reported that studies of the genetic consequences of inbreeding should adopt a different strategy in populations having a relatively old inbreeding history and where inbreeding levels have varied over time. This contention is tested with a series of 39,495 single-birth records from Bombay, India, collected in a World Health Organization survey on congenital malformations. Our analysis reveals that: 1. the incidence of major malformations is significantly higher among the inbred offspring (1.34%) as compared to that among non-inbred ones (0,81%)--a finding at variance with a previous study in the same area; 2. the inbreeding effect on perinatal mortality (stillbirths and mortality during the first few days of life) is also found to be significant. In view of the above findings, the genetic load as disclosed by inbreeding is computed for perinatal mortality, major malformations and pooling these together. A + B, the measure of the number of lethal equivalents per gamete, is found to be at variance with other reports. Such variability can be ascribed to non-genetic factors. Supporting evidence collected from Brazil and Malaysia in the same survey is also presented."}
{"id": "PMID:870411", "title": "Elevated sister chromatid exchange rate in lymphocytes of subjects treated with arsenic.", "content": "An elevated sister chromatid exchange (SCE) rate was found in the lymphocytes of six patients treated with arsenic. All had stigmata of arsenic use as well as biopsy-proven skin cancers. The arsenic exposed patients had a mean of 14.00 SCE/mitosis while 44 normal controls had a mean of 5.8 SCE/mitosis. Chromosome breakage analysis revealed no difference between the two groups. SCE rate has been shown to be elevated in a variety of systems where cell cultures or experimental animals were exposed to known mutagens and carcinogens. We suggest that the relationship carcinogen exposure-elevated SCE rate-cancer may also be valid in humans treated with arsenic.", "contents": "Elevated sister chromatid exchange rate in lymphocytes of subjects treated with arsenic. An elevated sister chromatid exchange (SCE) rate was found in the lymphocytes of six patients treated with arsenic. All had stigmata of arsenic use as well as biopsy-proven skin cancers. The arsenic exposed patients had a mean of 14.00 SCE/mitosis while 44 normal controls had a mean of 5.8 SCE/mitosis. Chromosome breakage analysis revealed no difference between the two groups. SCE rate has been shown to be elevated in a variety of systems where cell cultures or experimental animals were exposed to known mutagens and carcinogens. We suggest that the relationship carcinogen exposure-elevated SCE rate-cancer may also be valid in humans treated with arsenic."}
{"id": "PMID:870412", "title": "Genetic studies of the Macushi and Wapishana Indians. I. Rare genetic variants and a \"private polymorphism' of esterase A.", "content": "Blood samples from 509 Macushi and 623 Wapishana Amerindians of of Northern Brazil and Southern Guyana have been analyzed with reference to the occurrence of rare variants and genetic polymorphisms of the following 25 systems: (i) Erythrocyte enzymes: acid phosphatase-1, adenosine deaminase, adenylate kinase-k, carbonic anhydrase-1, carbonic anhydrase-2, esterase A1,2,3, esterase D, galactose-1-phosphate uridyltransferase, isocitrate dehydrogenase, lactate dehydrogenase, malate dehydrogenase, nucleoside phosphorylase, peptidase A, peptidase B, phosphoglucomutase 1, phosphoglucomutase 2, phosphogluconate dehydrogenase, phosphohexoseisomerase, triosephosphate isomerase and (ii) Serum proteins: albumin, ceruloplasmin, haptoglobin, hemoglobin A2 and transferrin. Fifteen different rare variants were detected, involving 11 of these systems. In addition, a previously undescribed variant of ESA 1,2,3 which achieves polymorphic proportions in both these tribes is described. Excluding this variant, the frequency of rare variants is 1.1/1000 in 12510 determinations in the Macushi and 4.7/1000 in 15396 determinations in the Wapishana. The ESA 1,2,3 polymorphism was not observed in 382 Makiritare, 232 Yanomama, 146 Piaroa, 404 Cayapo, 190 Kraho and 112 Moro. Irregularities in the intratribal distribution of this polymorphism in the Macushi and Wapishana render a decision as to the tribe of origin impossible at present. Gene frequencies are also given for previously described polymorphisms of 5 systems: haptoglobin, phosphoglucomutase 1, erythrocyte acid phosphatase, esterase D, and galactose-1-phosphate-uridyl-transferase.", "contents": "Genetic studies of the Macushi and Wapishana Indians. I. Rare genetic variants and a \"private polymorphism' of esterase A. Blood samples from 509 Macushi and 623 Wapishana Amerindians of of Northern Brazil and Southern Guyana have been analyzed with reference to the occurrence of rare variants and genetic polymorphisms of the following 25 systems: (i) Erythrocyte enzymes: acid phosphatase-1, adenosine deaminase, adenylate kinase-k, carbonic anhydrase-1, carbonic anhydrase-2, esterase A1,2,3, esterase D, galactose-1-phosphate uridyltransferase, isocitrate dehydrogenase, lactate dehydrogenase, malate dehydrogenase, nucleoside phosphorylase, peptidase A, peptidase B, phosphoglucomutase 1, phosphoglucomutase 2, phosphogluconate dehydrogenase, phosphohexoseisomerase, triosephosphate isomerase and (ii) Serum proteins: albumin, ceruloplasmin, haptoglobin, hemoglobin A2 and transferrin. Fifteen different rare variants were detected, involving 11 of these systems. In addition, a previously undescribed variant of ESA 1,2,3 which achieves polymorphic proportions in both these tribes is described. Excluding this variant, the frequency of rare variants is 1.1/1000 in 12510 determinations in the Macushi and 4.7/1000 in 15396 determinations in the Wapishana. The ESA 1,2,3 polymorphism was not observed in 382 Makiritare, 232 Yanomama, 146 Piaroa, 404 Cayapo, 190 Kraho and 112 Moro. Irregularities in the intratribal distribution of this polymorphism in the Macushi and Wapishana render a decision as to the tribe of origin impossible at present. Gene frequencies are also given for previously described polymorphisms of 5 systems: haptoglobin, phosphoglucomutase 1, erythrocyte acid phosphatase, esterase D, and galactose-1-phosphate-uridyl-transferase."}
{"id": "PMID:870413", "title": "Pachytene mapping of the C9 and acrocentric bivalents in the human oocyte.", "content": "Provisional maps are presented for all acrocentric bivalents and bivalent 9, according to their chromomere patterns at pachytene in the human oocyte. Each G band is subdivided into several sub-bands whose numbers varies according to the degree of chromosomal compacting. Chromomere number and sequence are in basic agreement with those observed in late prophase mitotic chromosomes. Thus, metaphase G bands of mitotic chromosomes result from progressive compressing together of smaller chromomeres whose individuality disappears as chromosomal condensation increases with progression of prophase.", "contents": "Pachytene mapping of the C9 and acrocentric bivalents in the human oocyte. Provisional maps are presented for all acrocentric bivalents and bivalent 9, according to their chromomere patterns at pachytene in the human oocyte. Each G band is subdivided into several sub-bands whose numbers varies according to the degree of chromosomal compacting. Chromomere number and sequence are in basic agreement with those observed in late prophase mitotic chromosomes. Thus, metaphase G bands of mitotic chromosomes result from progressive compressing together of smaller chromomeres whose individuality disappears as chromosomal condensation increases with progression of prophase."}
{"id": "PMID:870414", "title": "[Regional localization of the genes for human IDHs, MDHs PGK, alphaGAL, G6PD by interspecific hybridization (author's transl)].", "content": "22 independent man-hamster (HGPRT-) hybrids using male human cells with balanced reciprocal translocation t(X;2)(p22;q32) were analysed for human genes localized on chromosome 2 (IDHs, MDHs), on chromosome X (PGK, alphaGAL, G6PD) and for the different chromosomes in relation with the balanced reciprocal translocation (chr.2, chr.2q-, chr.Xp+). The following results were obtained: The chromosomes 2 and 2q- are absent in the 22 hybrids. In 9 hybrids, the absence of MDHs in spite of the presence of the chromosome Xp+ indicates that the gene for MDHs is not localized on this chromosome (or that the gene for MDHs is not on the segment 2q32--2qter translocated on X). In 14hybrids, the three markers of X (PGK, alphaGAL, G6PD) and IDHs are expressed in the presence of the chromosome Xp+. This result indicates that  the genes for these markers are on Xp+ or that the genes PGK, alphaGAL, G6PD are on X without the Xp22--Xter segment, translocated on the chr.2, and that the gene for IDHs is on the 2q32--2qter segment translocated on X. In 8 hybrids, in the absence of the intack chromosome Xp+, the higher percentage of the presence of G6PD (7 hybrids) and the lower percentage of the presence of IDHs (3 hybrids) are explained by the fact that these hybrids selected in HAT medium had to retain a segment of Xp+ bearing the human gene HGPRT. G6PD appeared very close to HGPRT and IDHs very distant from HGPRT. The study of the different correlations between the presence and the absence of these four markers on Xp+ in the different hybrids indicates the following order on the chromosome Xp+ from p to q: IDHs -- PGK --alphaGAL -- G6PD.", "contents": "[Regional localization of the genes for human IDHs, MDHs PGK, alphaGAL, G6PD by interspecific hybridization (author's transl)]. 22 independent man-hamster (HGPRT-) hybrids using male human cells with balanced reciprocal translocation t(X;2)(p22;q32) were analysed for human genes localized on chromosome 2 (IDHs, MDHs), on chromosome X (PGK, alphaGAL, G6PD) and for the different chromosomes in relation with the balanced reciprocal translocation (chr.2, chr.2q-, chr.Xp+). The following results were obtained: The chromosomes 2 and 2q- are absent in the 22 hybrids. In 9 hybrids, the absence of MDHs in spite of the presence of the chromosome Xp+ indicates that the gene for MDHs is not localized on this chromosome (or that the gene for MDHs is not on the segment 2q32--2qter translocated on X). In 14hybrids, the three markers of X (PGK, alphaGAL, G6PD) and IDHs are expressed in the presence of the chromosome Xp+. This result indicates that  the genes for these markers are on Xp+ or that the genes PGK, alphaGAL, G6PD are on X without the Xp22--Xter segment, translocated on the chr.2, and that the gene for IDHs is on the 2q32--2qter segment translocated on X. In 8 hybrids, in the absence of the intack chromosome Xp+, the higher percentage of the presence of G6PD (7 hybrids) and the lower percentage of the presence of IDHs (3 hybrids) are explained by the fact that these hybrids selected in HAT medium had to retain a segment of Xp+ bearing the human gene HGPRT. G6PD appeared very close to HGPRT and IDHs very distant from HGPRT. The study of the different correlations between the presence and the absence of these four markers on Xp+ in the different hybrids indicates the following order on the chromosome Xp+ from p to q: IDHs -- PGK --alphaGAL -- G6PD."}
{"id": "PMID:870415", "title": "Erythrocyte superoxide dismutase in different racial groups in Malaysia. A variant in a Filipino.", "content": "A rare electrophoretic variant of superoxide dismutase (SOD) was found in one Filipino of 146 Filipinos, 1382 Malaysians and 816 Indonesians examined. The variant consists of two usual bands and two slower migrating bands similar to those reported earlier. Superoxide dismutase variants are common among people of certain localized regions in Europe, however, this is the first report of such a variant occurring in people of non-European origin.", "contents": "Erythrocyte superoxide dismutase in different racial groups in Malaysia. A variant in a Filipino. A rare electrophoretic variant of superoxide dismutase (SOD) was found in one Filipino of 146 Filipinos, 1382 Malaysians and 816 Indonesians examined. The variant consists of two usual bands and two slower migrating bands similar to those reported earlier. Superoxide dismutase variants are common among people of certain localized regions in Europe, however, this is the first report of such a variant occurring in people of non-European origin."}
{"id": "PMID:870416", "title": "The 11q-- syndrome: another case report.", "content": "The clinical findings and developmental progress of a female infant with karyotype 46,XX,del(11)(q23) are described. Comparison is made with five other reported cases, and the suggestion of a new syndrome del 11q--is supported.", "contents": "The 11q-- syndrome: another case report. The clinical findings and developmental progress of a female infant with karyotype 46,XX,del(11)(q23) are described. Comparison is made with five other reported cases, and the suggestion of a new syndrome del 11q--is supported."}
{"id": "PMID:870417", "title": "Autosomal recessive microcephaly associated with chorioretinopathy.", "content": "Two sisters and their brother affected with microcephaly, microphthalmia, chorioretinal degeneration, and optic atrophy were studied. Besides the clinical features derived from the main abnormalities, nanosomy and cutis marmorata were found in the three patients. Both parents and three other sibs were normal. Possible intrauterine non-genetic etiologic factors (X-rays, toxoplasmosis, cytomegalovirus) which can lead to phenocopies were investigated with negative results. Based on these and previous observations, it seems clear that a distinct form of autosomal recessive microcephaly associated with chorioretinal degeneration can be separated from the heterogenous group of entities which presents microcephaly.", "contents": "Autosomal recessive microcephaly associated with chorioretinopathy. Two sisters and their brother affected with microcephaly, microphthalmia, chorioretinal degeneration, and optic atrophy were studied. Besides the clinical features derived from the main abnormalities, nanosomy and cutis marmorata were found in the three patients. Both parents and three other sibs were normal. Possible intrauterine non-genetic etiologic factors (X-rays, toxoplasmosis, cytomegalovirus) which can lead to phenocopies were investigated with negative results. Based on these and previous observations, it seems clear that a distinct form of autosomal recessive microcephaly associated with chorioretinal degeneration can be separated from the heterogenous group of entities which presents microcephaly."}
{"id": "PMID:870418", "title": "[Ways of microbial contamination in hospital and their importance for hospital infection (authors transl)].", "content": "Transmission of micro-organisms in hospitals may occur by the air as well as by direct or indirect contact with infected patients and through germ reservoirs where an additional multiplication of germs takes place. Depending on the kind of infections of the respiratory system, germs are mainly transmitted by the air. Sources of germs are, besides people, mainly medicotechnical equipment, as for instance cold atomisation devices for inhalation. In case of wound infections, smear infections do have the greatest share, however, there are also transmissions by air. Urinary tract infections mainly follow contact infections. The same is true for infections via catheters and similar devices or for infections of the gastrointestinal tract.", "contents": "[Ways of microbial contamination in hospital and their importance for hospital infection (authors transl)]. Transmission of micro-organisms in hospitals may occur by the air as well as by direct or indirect contact with infected patients and through germ reservoirs where an additional multiplication of germs takes place. Depending on the kind of infections of the respiratory system, germs are mainly transmitted by the air. Sources of germs are, besides people, mainly medicotechnical equipment, as for instance cold atomisation devices for inhalation. In case of wound infections, smear infections do have the greatest share, however, there are also transmissions by air. Urinary tract infections mainly follow contact infections. The same is true for infections via catheters and similar devices or for infections of the gastrointestinal tract."}
{"id": "PMID:870419", "title": "[Ways to an efficient and practicable hospital hygiene from the point of view of a hospital hygienist (author's transl)].", "content": "Hospitalepidemiology means surveillance, prevention andocntrol of nosocomial infections. Trying to succeed he has to search for possiblities which are both practical as well as efficient: 1. The infection control nurse (one for 300 beds), 2. a bacteriological labor is for the epidemiologist, which is able to perform routine control on certain areas in the hospital (kitchen, sterilisation etc.), 3. encironmental examinations if necessary to find sources and for teaching purposes, 4. training of hospital personal in prevention, recognizing nosocomial infections, performing methods of desinfections etc., 5. trying to cooperate with the clinician in chemotherapy (selection of antibiotics, prophylaxis etc.), 6. to develop a programm to collect datas about nosocomial infections by a computer and to analyse those datas afterwards, 7. collaborativ work in a infection control commitee.", "contents": "[Ways to an efficient and practicable hospital hygiene from the point of view of a hospital hygienist (author's transl)]. Hospitalepidemiology means surveillance, prevention andocntrol of nosocomial infections. Trying to succeed he has to search for possiblities which are both practical as well as efficient: 1. The infection control nurse (one for 300 beds), 2. a bacteriological labor is for the epidemiologist, which is able to perform routine control on certain areas in the hospital (kitchen, sterilisation etc.), 3. encironmental examinations if necessary to find sources and for teaching purposes, 4. training of hospital personal in prevention, recognizing nosocomial infections, performing methods of desinfections etc., 5. trying to cooperate with the clinician in chemotherapy (selection of antibiotics, prophylaxis etc.), 6. to develop a programm to collect datas about nosocomial infections by a computer and to analyse those datas afterwards, 7. collaborativ work in a infection control commitee."}
{"id": "PMID:870420", "title": "[Hygienic risks associated with sanitary installations and medical equipment in hospitals (author's transl)].", "content": "The risk of transmission of nosocomial infections associated with technical installations in hospitals probably is not very important. The way of infection (e.g. airborne particles, droplets, fluids, fomites, contact with persons) must be considered and an estimation as to their importance should be tried. Transport systems and air-conditioning plants are discussed as possible transmitters of infectious particles by air and UV-radiation and air-locks in their role as preventive measures. Fluides which can allow a microbial growth are part of many sanitary installations and medical equipment. They may cause transmissions of great numbers of pathogenes to susceptible patients. In this context, ultrasonic inhalators, irrigators, dialysis equipment and faucet aerators are discussed. Concerning transmission by contact, bed-pan washers, endoscopes and anaesthetic tools are mentioned and finally the role of industrial procedures, the extent and function of which can't be supervised by the medical personn,el, must be submitted to adequate microbiological controls. Physicians should pronounce more clearly then before their interest in equipment which can easily be sterilized.", "contents": "[Hygienic risks associated with sanitary installations and medical equipment in hospitals (author's transl)]. The risk of transmission of nosocomial infections associated with technical installations in hospitals probably is not very important. The way of infection (e.g. airborne particles, droplets, fluids, fomites, contact with persons) must be considered and an estimation as to their importance should be tried. Transport systems and air-conditioning plants are discussed as possible transmitters of infectious particles by air and UV-radiation and air-locks in their role as preventive measures. Fluides which can allow a microbial growth are part of many sanitary installations and medical equipment. They may cause transmissions of great numbers of pathogenes to susceptible patients. In this context, ultrasonic inhalators, irrigators, dialysis equipment and faucet aerators are discussed. Concerning transmission by contact, bed-pan washers, endoscopes and anaesthetic tools are mentioned and finally the role of industrial procedures, the extent and function of which can't be supervised by the medical personn,el, must be submitted to adequate microbiological controls. Physicians should pronounce more clearly then before their interest in equipment which can easily be sterilized."}
{"id": "PMID:870421", "title": "Seat belts: a study of their use by the victims of road traffic accidents.", "content": "This paper reports a study of 266 patients who were admitted to an Accident Service after being involved in road traffic accidents during the four-month period from February to May in 1976. There were 216 front-seat occupants, of whom 21 per cent were wearing seat belts: 156 patients were treated as outpatients and 105 patients were admitted to the wards. Five patients were dead on arrival, none of whom had been wearing a seat belt. There was a significant reduction in the likelihood of being admitted as an impatient (P less than 0.05) if a seat belt was used. There was an 11 per cent increase in the use of seat belts compared with a similar study carried out in 1971 and random roadside surveys also showed a 10 per cent increase. The implications of these findings are discussed.", "contents": "Seat belts: a study of their use by the victims of road traffic accidents. This paper reports a study of 266 patients who were admitted to an Accident Service after being involved in road traffic accidents during the four-month period from February to May in 1976. There were 216 front-seat occupants, of whom 21 per cent were wearing seat belts: 156 patients were treated as outpatients and 105 patients were admitted to the wards. Five patients were dead on arrival, none of whom had been wearing a seat belt. There was a significant reduction in the likelihood of being admitted as an impatient (P less than 0.05) if a seat belt was used. There was an 11 per cent increase in the use of seat belts compared with a similar study carried out in 1971 and random roadside surveys also showed a 10 per cent increase. The implications of these findings are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:870422", "title": "The role of free fatty acids in pulmonary fat embolism.", "content": "Pulmonary embolism was produced in rabbits by the intravenous injection of 0-5 ml/kg body-weight of glycerol trioleate and mineral oil. Lung weight, pulmonary total lipid, esterified and free fatty acids content increased in both groups, but the concentration of free fatty acids increased only in the animals injected with neutral fat. Mineral oil injection produced stasis and haemorrhage; neutral fat produced exudation of serous liquid into the alveoli and an inflammatory reaction. There are definite differences between the pulmonary effects of mineral oil embolism and neutral fat embolism. The observations support the assumption that pulmonary changes in fat embolism are due to the toxic effect of free fatty acids liberated from the embolized neutral fat.", "contents": "The role of free fatty acids in pulmonary fat embolism. Pulmonary embolism was produced in rabbits by the intravenous injection of 0-5 ml/kg body-weight of glycerol trioleate and mineral oil. Lung weight, pulmonary total lipid, esterified and free fatty acids content increased in both groups, but the concentration of free fatty acids increased only in the animals injected with neutral fat. Mineral oil injection produced stasis and haemorrhage; neutral fat produced exudation of serous liquid into the alveoli and an inflammatory reaction. There are definite differences between the pulmonary effects of mineral oil embolism and neutral fat embolism. The observations support the assumption that pulmonary changes in fat embolism are due to the toxic effect of free fatty acids liberated from the embolized neutral fat."}
{"id": "PMID:870423", "title": "A conservative approach to traumatic intrarenal arteriovenous fistulae: experience with 13 cases.", "content": "Thirteen patients with traumatic intrarenal arteriovenous fistulae due to blunt, penetrating and iatrogenic injury are reported. The major clinical feature in this series was renal haemorrhage. Conservative treatment resulted in spontaneous closure of the fistula and cessation of bleeding in 6 patients. Nephrectomy was performed in 3 patients for refractory haemorrhage, but a conservative operation would have been preferable. Renal segmental artery ligation was effective in controlling renal haemorrhage and promoting closure of the fistula in 4 patients. No adverse sequelae occurred following segmental artery ligation. The initial management of traumatic intrarenal arteriovenous fistulae should be conservative. Segmental artery ligation is recommended for the relief of persistent pain and control of renal haemorrhage.", "contents": "A conservative approach to traumatic intrarenal arteriovenous fistulae: experience with 13 cases. Thirteen patients with traumatic intrarenal arteriovenous fistulae due to blunt, penetrating and iatrogenic injury are reported. The major clinical feature in this series was renal haemorrhage. Conservative treatment resulted in spontaneous closure of the fistula and cessation of bleeding in 6 patients. Nephrectomy was performed in 3 patients for refractory haemorrhage, but a conservative operation would have been preferable. Renal segmental artery ligation was effective in controlling renal haemorrhage and promoting closure of the fistula in 4 patients. No adverse sequelae occurred following segmental artery ligation. The initial management of traumatic intrarenal arteriovenous fistulae should be conservative. Segmental artery ligation is recommended for the relief of persistent pain and control of renal haemorrhage."}
{"id": "PMID:870424", "title": "Traumatic lesions of the duodenum.", "content": "Injuries of the duodenum are relatively uncommon on account of the organ's size and position. Since most of it is retroperitoneal, lesions involving it give rise to such subtle physical and radiological signs that the diagnosis is often overlooked in the early phase after injury. Twenty-six cases of duodenal injury are reviewed, 18 of which were due to penetrating wounds and the remaining 8 to blunt trauma. Anterior penetrating wounds were usually associated with other intraperitoneal lesions which caused more obvious physical signs and thus drew attention to the necessity for exploration. On the other hand, both blunt trauma and posterior stab wounds frequently caused isolated retroperitoneal duodenal lesions where the diagnosis was not evident on admission, but in which the insidious and progressive development of symptoms and signs drew attention to the need for laparotomy. Early repair combined with drainage of the retroperitoneal space resulted in a good result in 23 of 26 cases, 4 of whom, however, developed a temporary lateral duodenal fistula. Two of the 3 deaths were in patients who presented late and had associated pancreatic injuries while the third was due to an abdominal vascular injury.", "contents": "Traumatic lesions of the duodenum. Injuries of the duodenum are relatively uncommon on account of the organ's size and position. Since most of it is retroperitoneal, lesions involving it give rise to such subtle physical and radiological signs that the diagnosis is often overlooked in the early phase after injury. Twenty-six cases of duodenal injury are reviewed, 18 of which were due to penetrating wounds and the remaining 8 to blunt trauma. Anterior penetrating wounds were usually associated with other intraperitoneal lesions which caused more obvious physical signs and thus drew attention to the necessity for exploration. On the other hand, both blunt trauma and posterior stab wounds frequently caused isolated retroperitoneal duodenal lesions where the diagnosis was not evident on admission, but in which the insidious and progressive development of symptoms and signs drew attention to the need for laparotomy. Early repair combined with drainage of the retroperitoneal space resulted in a good result in 23 of 26 cases, 4 of whom, however, developed a temporary lateral duodenal fistula. Two of the 3 deaths were in patients who presented late and had associated pancreatic injuries while the third was due to an abdominal vascular injury."}
{"id": "PMID:870425", "title": "A new flexible design of drop-foot orthosis.", "content": "The use of polypropylene thermoplastic has caused a revolution in the design of ankle and foot orthoses in recent years. There are many variants in design to suit individual needs. A lively orthosis has been developed at this centre for those patients with weak or absent dorsiflexion of the foot and free passive ankle movements. This design overcomes problems of fatigue failure found in conventional designs and greatly enhances the dynamic cosmesis of this type of orthosis.", "contents": "A new flexible design of drop-foot orthosis. The use of polypropylene thermoplastic has caused a revolution in the design of ankle and foot orthoses in recent years. There are many variants in design to suit individual needs. A lively orthosis has been developed at this centre for those patients with weak or absent dorsiflexion of the foot and free passive ankle movements. This design overcomes problems of fatigue failure found in conventional designs and greatly enhances the dynamic cosmesis of this type of orthosis."}
{"id": "PMID:870426", "title": "Antibody to Corynebacterium parvum in normal human and animal sera.", "content": "Using a microtiter bacterial agglutination test, we have estimated antibodies to Corynebacterium parvum in \"normal\" human and \"normal\" and immune animal sera. Widely differing levels of C. parvum antibodies were found in the normal human sera. The median titer for all 310 human sera was 1:128, whereas that for the 1- to 17-year and 18- to 50-year subgroups was 1:64 and 1:512, respectively. Antibody titers in the various animal species were generally much lower.", "contents": "Antibody to Corynebacterium parvum in normal human and animal sera. Using a microtiter bacterial agglutination test, we have estimated antibodies to Corynebacterium parvum in \"normal\" human and \"normal\" and immune animal sera. Widely differing levels of C. parvum antibodies were found in the normal human sera. The median titer for all 310 human sera was 1:128, whereas that for the 1- to 17-year and 18- to 50-year subgroups was 1:64 and 1:512, respectively. Antibody titers in the various animal species were generally much lower."}
{"id": "PMID:870427", "title": "Intestinal fluid accumulation induced by oral challenge with Vibrio cholerae or cholera toxin in infant mice.", "content": "The diarrheal response of orally inoculated infant mice to viable Vibrio cholerae and purified cholera toxin was quantitated by means of a fluid accumulation (FA) ratio. The FA ratio is defined as the gut weight/remaining body weight. FA ratios were determined in relation to time of exposure and dose. Onset of fluid accumulation with viable cells of strains CA401 and 569B occurred 8 h postinoculation and reached a near maximum of 16 h. A dose of 4 x 10(6) colony-forming units of strain CA401 was required for a positive response 16 to 18 h postinoculation. Several other classical cholera strains demonstrated a similar dose-related response. Strain 569B, however, required a 100-fold higher dose to give a positive response. Several mutant cholera strains were decreased virulence in other model systems elicited FA ratios decreased from wild-type values. Onset of fluid accumulation which cholera toxin occurred 6 to 8 h postinoculation and reached a maximum by 10 h. A dose of 0.5 microng was required for a positive response 10 to 12 h postinoculation. The positive response to toxin could be inhibited by preincubation with specific antitoxin.", "contents": "Intestinal fluid accumulation induced by oral challenge with Vibrio cholerae or cholera toxin in infant mice. The diarrheal response of orally inoculated infant mice to viable Vibrio cholerae and purified cholera toxin was quantitated by means of a fluid accumulation (FA) ratio. The FA ratio is defined as the gut weight/remaining body weight. FA ratios were determined in relation to time of exposure and dose. Onset of fluid accumulation with viable cells of strains CA401 and 569B occurred 8 h postinoculation and reached a near maximum of 16 h. A dose of 4 x 10(6) colony-forming units of strain CA401 was required for a positive response 16 to 18 h postinoculation. Several other classical cholera strains demonstrated a similar dose-related response. Strain 569B, however, required a 100-fold higher dose to give a positive response. Several mutant cholera strains were decreased virulence in other model systems elicited FA ratios decreased from wild-type values. Onset of fluid accumulation which cholera toxin occurred 6 to 8 h postinoculation and reached a maximum by 10 h. A dose of 0.5 microng was required for a positive response 10 to 12 h postinoculation. The positive response to toxin could be inhibited by preincubation with specific antitoxin."}
{"id": "PMID:870428", "title": "Infectious virus-antibody complexes of sindbis virus.", "content": "Infectious virus-antibody complexes were formed when Sindbis virus was reacted with antibodies raised against purified viral envelope glycoproteins E1 and E2 as well as against preparations of intact virus. Results from rate zonal centrifugation in sucrose gradients of the complex formed with anti-E1 sera showed this complex to be about the same size as virions. A test of virus neutralization, based on direct plaque assay, by antibodies raised in rabbits and mice given virus in complete Freund adjuvant indicated the presence of antibodies able to complex but not neutralize virus. Conditions were found in which most of the virus was complexed and protected fron neutralization, suggesting that these sera may contain a mixed population of antiviral antibodies with different specificities and different avidities.", "contents": "Infectious virus-antibody complexes of sindbis virus. Infectious virus-antibody complexes were formed when Sindbis virus was reacted with antibodies raised against purified viral envelope glycoproteins E1 and E2 as well as against preparations of intact virus. Results from rate zonal centrifugation in sucrose gradients of the complex formed with anti-E1 sera showed this complex to be about the same size as virions. A test of virus neutralization, based on direct plaque assay, by antibodies raised in rabbits and mice given virus in complete Freund adjuvant indicated the presence of antibodies able to complex but not neutralize virus. Conditions were found in which most of the virus was complexed and protected fron neutralization, suggesting that these sera may contain a mixed population of antiviral antibodies with different specificities and different avidities."}
{"id": "PMID:870429", "title": "Production and properties of a staphylococcin genetically controlled by the staphylococcal plasmid for exfoliative toxin synthesis.", "content": "Previous data from this laboratory showed that certain phage group 2 staphylococci contain a large 56S virulence plasmid containing genes that code for both exfoliative toxin (ET) and a specific staphylococcin. Optimal cultural conditions for bacteriocin production were similar to those found for ET production. The bacteriocin is an extracellular product produced in small quantities that can be neither extracted from cell pellets with 1 M NaCl nor induced with mitomycin C. The staphylococcin is active against a wide variety of gram-positive organisms and also against group 2 staphylococcal strains that have been cured of the plasmid carrying the staphylococcin marker. The bacteriocin is not inactivated by oxidation, mechanical agitation, or boiling for 15 min. It is sensitive to the action of trypsin and Pronase but not lysostaphin and is stable within a pH range of 4 to 9. It has an isoelectric point of approximately 7.7. Removal of the ampholytes and glycerol from electrofocused staphylococcin preparations resulted in total loss of bacteriocin activity.", "contents": "Production and properties of a staphylococcin genetically controlled by the staphylococcal plasmid for exfoliative toxin synthesis. Previous data from this laboratory showed that certain phage group 2 staphylococci contain a large 56S virulence plasmid containing genes that code for both exfoliative toxin (ET) and a specific staphylococcin. Optimal cultural conditions for bacteriocin production were similar to those found for ET production. The bacteriocin is an extracellular product produced in small quantities that can be neither extracted from cell pellets with 1 M NaCl nor induced with mitomycin C. The staphylococcin is active against a wide variety of gram-positive organisms and also against group 2 staphylococcal strains that have been cured of the plasmid carrying the staphylococcin marker. The bacteriocin is not inactivated by oxidation, mechanical agitation, or boiling for 15 min. It is sensitive to the action of trypsin and Pronase but not lysostaphin and is stable within a pH range of 4 to 9. It has an isoelectric point of approximately 7.7. Removal of the ampholytes and glycerol from electrofocused staphylococcin preparations resulted in total loss of bacteriocin activity."}
{"id": "PMID:870430", "title": "In vitro lymphocyte responses of coccidioidin skin test-positive and -negative persons to coccidioidin, spherulin, and a coccidioides cell wall antigen.", "content": "The biological activity of C-ASWS, an alkali-soluble, water-soluble cell wall antigen isolated from mycelial-phase cells of Coccidioides immitis, was compared with that of a commercial coccidioidin (CDN; Cutter Laboratories); CDN-TS, a toluene-induced lysate of mycelial-phase cells; and spherulin, a spherule-derived extract of C. immitis. Lymphocytes obtained from healthy CDN skin test-positive donors (group I), healthy skin test-negative donors (group II), and patients with active coccidioidomycosis (group III) were assayed for lymphocyte transformation and production of macrophage inhibitory factor in response to the Coccidioides antigens. C-ASWS, CDN CDN-TS, and spherulin were each effective in eliciting blastogenic responses in lymphocytes of group I subjects. However, only C-ASWS and CDN-TS were effective in eliciting macrophage inhibitory factor production. The responses of group III subjects (patients) were depressed and, in most instances, were indistinguishable from those obtained in lymphocytes of group II subjects.", "contents": "In vitro lymphocyte responses of coccidioidin skin test-positive and -negative persons to coccidioidin, spherulin, and a coccidioides cell wall antigen. The biological activity of C-ASWS, an alkali-soluble, water-soluble cell wall antigen isolated from mycelial-phase cells of Coccidioides immitis, was compared with that of a commercial coccidioidin (CDN; Cutter Laboratories); CDN-TS, a toluene-induced lysate of mycelial-phase cells; and spherulin, a spherule-derived extract of C. immitis. Lymphocytes obtained from healthy CDN skin test-positive donors (group I), healthy skin test-negative donors (group II), and patients with active coccidioidomycosis (group III) were assayed for lymphocyte transformation and production of macrophage inhibitory factor in response to the Coccidioides antigens. C-ASWS, CDN CDN-TS, and spherulin were each effective in eliciting blastogenic responses in lymphocytes of group I subjects. However, only C-ASWS and CDN-TS were effective in eliciting macrophage inhibitory factor production. The responses of group III subjects (patients) were depressed and, in most instances, were indistinguishable from those obtained in lymphocytes of group II subjects."}
{"id": "PMID:870431", "title": "Effect of protein A on staphylococcal opsonization.", "content": "To study the effect of wall protein A on bacterial opsonization, phagocytosis of 10 strains of Staphylococcus aureus with high and low protein A contents was measured. Those strains that contained the highest concentrations of protein A were phagocytized by human neutrophils at a slower rate than strains with little or no protein A when normal human serum and purified immunoglobulin G (IgG) were used as opsonic sources. When IgG-deficient serum was used as an source, however, protein A-rich strains were phagocytized more rapidly than protein A-deficient strains. Extracellular (purified) protein A decrease the opsonic activity of all sera tested including IgG-deficient serum. It is proposed that when IgG is not present in the opsonic medium, cell wall protein A is capable of activating complement at the bacterial surface and thereby opsonization is promoted.", "contents": "Effect of protein A on staphylococcal opsonization. To study the effect of wall protein A on bacterial opsonization, phagocytosis of 10 strains of Staphylococcus aureus with high and low protein A contents was measured. Those strains that contained the highest concentrations of protein A were phagocytized by human neutrophils at a slower rate than strains with little or no protein A when normal human serum and purified immunoglobulin G (IgG) were used as opsonic sources. When IgG-deficient serum was used as an source, however, protein A-rich strains were phagocytized more rapidly than protein A-deficient strains. Extracellular (purified) protein A decrease the opsonic activity of all sera tested including IgG-deficient serum. It is proposed that when IgG is not present in the opsonic medium, cell wall protein A is capable of activating complement at the bacterial surface and thereby opsonization is promoted."}
{"id": "PMID:870432", "title": "Adoptive transfer of immunity from mice immunized with ribosomes or live yeast cells of Histoplasma capsulatum.", "content": "This investigation was designed to compare the role of lymphoid cells and immune serum in protective immunity induced by immunization with ribosomes or live yeast cells of Histoplasma capsulatum. Spleen cells, peritoneal cells, and serum from C3H mice immunized with Histoplasma ribosomes or live cells were transferred intravenously to separate groups of syngeneic recipients. All recipients along with a set of immunized and control mice were challenged intravenously with 4 x 10(6) yeast cells of H. capsulatum, and protection was assessed. Immunization with ribosomes or live cells provided 90 to 100% protection. Mice receiving filtered spleen cells or peritoneal cells from donors immunnized with live cells showed 90 to 100% protection; 80 to 90% protection was observed for mice receiving cells from ribosome-immunized donors. In contrast, no evidence of protection was seen in mice receiving serum from either live-cell- or ribosome-immunized mice. Peritoneal cells were far more efficient than spleen cells in adoptive transfer of immunity. The adoptive immunity in recipients persisted for at least 3 weeks after transfer, the longest period tested in the present study. These results indicate that the immunity elicited by immunization with Histoplasma ribosomes or live cells is mediated by a cellular mechanism.", "contents": "Adoptive transfer of immunity from mice immunized with ribosomes or live yeast cells of Histoplasma capsulatum. This investigation was designed to compare the role of lymphoid cells and immune serum in protective immunity induced by immunization with ribosomes or live yeast cells of Histoplasma capsulatum. Spleen cells, peritoneal cells, and serum from C3H mice immunized with Histoplasma ribosomes or live cells were transferred intravenously to separate groups of syngeneic recipients. All recipients along with a set of immunized and control mice were challenged intravenously with 4 x 10(6) yeast cells of H. capsulatum, and protection was assessed. Immunization with ribosomes or live cells provided 90 to 100% protection. Mice receiving filtered spleen cells or peritoneal cells from donors immunnized with live cells showed 90 to 100% protection; 80 to 90% protection was observed for mice receiving cells from ribosome-immunized donors. In contrast, no evidence of protection was seen in mice receiving serum from either live-cell- or ribosome-immunized mice. Peritoneal cells were far more efficient than spleen cells in adoptive transfer of immunity. The adoptive immunity in recipients persisted for at least 3 weeks after transfer, the longest period tested in the present study. These results indicate that the immunity elicited by immunization with Histoplasma ribosomes or live cells is mediated by a cellular mechanism."}
{"id": "PMID:870433", "title": "Experimental Bacteroides fragilis endocarditis in rabbits.", "content": "A serum-resistant strain of Bacterioides fragilis that did not produce heparinase was used to study the characteristics of B. fragilis endocarditis in the rabbit experimental model. The infective dose required to produce endocarditis in 50% of rabbits was significantly lower for rabbits with left-sided intracardiac catheters (log10 6.3 colony-forming units +/- 0.6/ml) as compared with right-sided intracardiac catheters (log10 7.7 colony-forming units +/- 0.8/ml). After 3 days of infection, bacterial titers of the tricuspid vegetations were significantly lower than titers of aortic vegetations (P less than 0.01), although at 5 days the titers were similar (P greater than 0.05). The weights of tricuspid vegetations, although similar at 3 days (P less than 0.05). There were no spontaneous deaths during 12 days of infection. In rabbits with the catheter removed before infection, bacterial titers were similar to those titers in rabbits with the catheter continuously in place. This model will permit study of various drug regimens for treatment of this disease.", "contents": "Experimental Bacteroides fragilis endocarditis in rabbits. A serum-resistant strain of Bacterioides fragilis that did not produce heparinase was used to study the characteristics of B. fragilis endocarditis in the rabbit experimental model. The infective dose required to produce endocarditis in 50% of rabbits was significantly lower for rabbits with left-sided intracardiac catheters (log10 6.3 colony-forming units +/- 0.6/ml) as compared with right-sided intracardiac catheters (log10 7.7 colony-forming units +/- 0.8/ml). After 3 days of infection, bacterial titers of the tricuspid vegetations were significantly lower than titers of aortic vegetations (P less than 0.01), although at 5 days the titers were similar (P greater than 0.05). The weights of tricuspid vegetations, although similar at 3 days (P less than 0.05). There were no spontaneous deaths during 12 days of infection. In rabbits with the catheter removed before infection, bacterial titers were similar to those titers in rabbits with the catheter continuously in place. This model will permit study of various drug regimens for treatment of this disease."}
{"id": "PMID:870434", "title": "Immune response in rabbits to virion and nonvirion antigens of the Flavivirus kunjin.", "content": "The nature of the antibodies formed in rabbits in response to the following Kunjin virus antigens was examined: infectious suckling mouse brain (SMB), purified virion or rapidly sedimenting hemagglutinin (RHA), slowly sedimenting hemagglutinin (SHA), and envelope fragments prepared from RHA disrupted by 0.1 or 0.2% sodium deoxycholate (DOC). The hemagglutination-inhibiting (HI) and neutralizing antibody responses to SMB, RHA, and large envelope fragments (0.1% DOC) were remarkably uniform, antibodies appearing at the same time, attaining similar HI titers (lowest to envelope), and being of similar avidity early and late in the respone. The 19S (immunoglobulin M) antibodies to all antigens were always relatively type-specific, whereas the 7S (immunoglobulin G) antibodies were always broadly cross-reactive in HI tests. These results confirm that the envelope antigen is the principal antigen involved in the stimulation of protective neutralizing antibodies and contains both type- and group-specific antigenic determinants. The results also establish that there is no significant advantage in using purified RHA or SHA either for immunization or as hemagglutinin antigens in attempts to obtain greater specificity in the HI test. No differences were detected in the antibody responses to infective Kunjin virus, within the range 1,400 to 10(9) plaque-forming units (PFU). Below 1,400 PFU, there was no detectable response. Inactivated virus (10(6) PFU) also stimulated the normal antibody response. In contrast, small envelope fragments (derived with 0.2% DOC) and a detergent-solubilized extract of infected cells were unable to stimulate a detectable antibody response and the small envelope fragments may have induced low dose tolerance in one of two rabbits.", "contents": "Immune response in rabbits to virion and nonvirion antigens of the Flavivirus kunjin. The nature of the antibodies formed in rabbits in response to the following Kunjin virus antigens was examined: infectious suckling mouse brain (SMB), purified virion or rapidly sedimenting hemagglutinin (RHA), slowly sedimenting hemagglutinin (SHA), and envelope fragments prepared from RHA disrupted by 0.1 or 0.2% sodium deoxycholate (DOC). The hemagglutination-inhibiting (HI) and neutralizing antibody responses to SMB, RHA, and large envelope fragments (0.1% DOC) were remarkably uniform, antibodies appearing at the same time, attaining similar HI titers (lowest to envelope), and being of similar avidity early and late in the respone. The 19S (immunoglobulin M) antibodies to all antigens were always relatively type-specific, whereas the 7S (immunoglobulin G) antibodies were always broadly cross-reactive in HI tests. These results confirm that the envelope antigen is the principal antigen involved in the stimulation of protective neutralizing antibodies and contains both type- and group-specific antigenic determinants. The results also establish that there is no significant advantage in using purified RHA or SHA either for immunization or as hemagglutinin antigens in attempts to obtain greater specificity in the HI test. No differences were detected in the antibody responses to infective Kunjin virus, within the range 1,400 to 10(9) plaque-forming units (PFU). Below 1,400 PFU, there was no detectable response. Inactivated virus (10(6) PFU) also stimulated the normal antibody response. In contrast, small envelope fragments (derived with 0.2% DOC) and a detergent-solubilized extract of infected cells were unable to stimulate a detectable antibody response and the small envelope fragments may have induced low dose tolerance in one of two rabbits."}
{"id": "PMID:870435", "title": "Bacteriophage deoxyribonucleic acid-induced mutation of Streptococcus mutans.", "content": "A cariogenic strain, Streptococcus mutans PK 1, has been demonstrated to have prophage by observation of phage particles with an electron microscope and by induction with mitomycin C. The phage particles could not be detected in a mutant strain which lost the characteristic adhesive nature on glass surfaces and exhibited diminished ability to synthesize insoluble polysaccharide. By infecting the mutant cells with the phages or with free phage deoxyribonucleic acid isolated from the parent strain of S. mutans PK1, the mutant cells were transformed to the cariogenic strain with adhesive nature. The transformants retained the general characteristics of S. mutans PK 1, but in addition all transformants showed a new character; namely, the transformant cell could produce ammonia from arginine, whereas neither the parent nor mutant strains of S. mutans PK 1 had such a property;", "contents": "Bacteriophage deoxyribonucleic acid-induced mutation of Streptococcus mutans. A cariogenic strain, Streptococcus mutans PK 1, has been demonstrated to have prophage by observation of phage particles with an electron microscope and by induction with mitomycin C. The phage particles could not be detected in a mutant strain which lost the characteristic adhesive nature on glass surfaces and exhibited diminished ability to synthesize insoluble polysaccharide. By infecting the mutant cells with the phages or with free phage deoxyribonucleic acid isolated from the parent strain of S. mutans PK1, the mutant cells were transformed to the cariogenic strain with adhesive nature. The transformants retained the general characteristics of S. mutans PK 1, but in addition all transformants showed a new character; namely, the transformant cell could produce ammonia from arginine, whereas neither the parent nor mutant strains of S. mutans PK 1 had such a property;"}
{"id": "PMID:870436", "title": "Development of arthrospores of Trichophyton mentagrophytes.", "content": "Arthrosporogenesis of the dermatophyte Trichophyton mentagrophytes was examined by light and by scanning and transmission electron microscopy. Sabouraud dextrose agar plates were inoculated with microconidia and incubated in an atmosphere of 8% CO2. Typical germination and hyphal branching continued to day 4, when hyphae began to be increasingly coated with granular-fibrillar material. Multiple replication of nuclei and formation of segregating septa followed. By day 6 the thick surface mesh sometimes was restricted to protruding rings, probably over septa. Between days 6 and 7, after thickening of outer and septal walls, units began to round and separate. Triangular gaps, which developed at the junction of septa and outer wall layers, enlarged so that spores were held together at their poles and along a tangential ring. With elongation of the spore to its barrel shape, the halves of the septum separated and the ring pulled apart, leaving a jagged, circular flange originating from the outer layer of cell wall extended toward the poles, covering the apparently exposed inner wall layer. Newly formed arthrospores, which measured 2.0 to 3.3 by 2.9 to 3.8 micronm and possessed walls of about 0.33-micronm thickness, has smooth sides but somewhat rough poles.", "contents": "Development of arthrospores of Trichophyton mentagrophytes. Arthrosporogenesis of the dermatophyte Trichophyton mentagrophytes was examined by light and by scanning and transmission electron microscopy. Sabouraud dextrose agar plates were inoculated with microconidia and incubated in an atmosphere of 8% CO2. Typical germination and hyphal branching continued to day 4, when hyphae began to be increasingly coated with granular-fibrillar material. Multiple replication of nuclei and formation of segregating septa followed. By day 6 the thick surface mesh sometimes was restricted to protruding rings, probably over septa. Between days 6 and 7, after thickening of outer and septal walls, units began to round and separate. Triangular gaps, which developed at the junction of septa and outer wall layers, enlarged so that spores were held together at their poles and along a tangential ring. With elongation of the spore to its barrel shape, the halves of the septum separated and the ring pulled apart, leaving a jagged, circular flange originating from the outer layer of cell wall extended toward the poles, covering the apparently exposed inner wall layer. Newly formed arthrospores, which measured 2.0 to 3.3 by 2.9 to 3.8 micronm and possessed walls of about 0.33-micronm thickness, has smooth sides but somewhat rough poles."}
{"id": "PMID:870438", "title": "Effect of beta-adrenergic blockade, pertussis vaccine and Freund's adjuvant on reaginic antibody response in mice.", "content": "IgE synthesis has been reported to be inhibited by theophylline and dibutyryl cyclic adenosine monophosphate and increased by pertussis vaccine. This study was done to determine if chronic beta-adrenergic blockade affects IgE antibody production. 72 C57BL/10J mice were sensitized with egg albumin (EA, 125 microng). Groups included: (1) EA alone; (2) EA + complete Freund's adjuvant (FA); (3) EA + B. pertussis (8 X 10(9) organisms); (4) EA + propranolol (0.5 mg/kg) 3 times/day; (5) EA + FA + propranolol; (6) saline alone. Booster was given on day 49. Group 1, given EA alone, failed to develop any passive cutaneous anaphylaxis (PCA) antibodies even after booster, whereas the 72-hour PCA titers ranged from 1/64 to 1/256 for groups treated with propranolol and propranolol + FA, respectively. The results suggest that chronic beta-adrenergic blockade enhances IgE antibody formation.", "contents": "Effect of beta-adrenergic blockade, pertussis vaccine and Freund's adjuvant on reaginic antibody response in mice. IgE synthesis has been reported to be inhibited by theophylline and dibutyryl cyclic adenosine monophosphate and increased by pertussis vaccine. This study was done to determine if chronic beta-adrenergic blockade affects IgE antibody production. 72 C57BL/10J mice were sensitized with egg albumin (EA, 125 microng). Groups included: (1) EA alone; (2) EA + complete Freund's adjuvant (FA); (3) EA + B. pertussis (8 X 10(9) organisms); (4) EA + propranolol (0.5 mg/kg) 3 times/day; (5) EA + FA + propranolol; (6) saline alone. Booster was given on day 49. Group 1, given EA alone, failed to develop any passive cutaneous anaphylaxis (PCA) antibodies even after booster, whereas the 72-hour PCA titers ranged from 1/64 to 1/256 for groups treated with propranolol and propranolol + FA, respectively. The results suggest that chronic beta-adrenergic blockade enhances IgE antibody formation."}
{"id": "PMID:870439", "title": "Placebo and its importance in medicine.", "content": "Placebo can be defined as \"a therapeutic effect, drug or non-drug, or a part of it which, in the condition being treated, objectively does not have any specific pharmacodynamic action.\" Even today when powerful drugs are available placebo is important and present in therapy. Effective therapeutic agents are also sometimes used as placebo, mostly inadvertently. In clinical pharmacological investigations placebos are used deliberately to discriminate the pharmacodynamic action of drugs from psychic and other factors which can influence the objective of the drug evalution. The use of placebo in therapeutic trials is justified only when no effective treatment is available or the symptom or disease is trivial. Placebo effect is especially pronounced in diseases where pain is an important symptom as well as in psychosomatic diseases. The extent of placebo reaction depends on patient's characteristics (reactors and non-reactors), drug presentation, as well as on personality and attitudes of the prescriber. Deliberate use of placebo other than in clinical therapeutic investigation is justified in mild mental depression and in situations where the diagnosis is known, no drug is necessary, but the patient's pressure to get a prescription is irresistible (?). Every doctor should cultivate the induction of placebo reaction in treatment of his patient, but not to the extent that the belief of the former in the action of an inactive medication starts.", "contents": "Placebo and its importance in medicine. Placebo can be defined as \"a therapeutic effect, drug or non-drug, or a part of it which, in the condition being treated, objectively does not have any specific pharmacodynamic action.\" Even today when powerful drugs are available placebo is important and present in therapy. Effective therapeutic agents are also sometimes used as placebo, mostly inadvertently. In clinical pharmacological investigations placebos are used deliberately to discriminate the pharmacodynamic action of drugs from psychic and other factors which can influence the objective of the drug evalution. The use of placebo in therapeutic trials is justified only when no effective treatment is available or the symptom or disease is trivial. Placebo effect is especially pronounced in diseases where pain is an important symptom as well as in psychosomatic diseases. The extent of placebo reaction depends on patient's characteristics (reactors and non-reactors), drug presentation, as well as on personality and attitudes of the prescriber. Deliberate use of placebo other than in clinical therapeutic investigation is justified in mild mental depression and in situations where the diagnosis is known, no drug is necessary, but the patient's pressure to get a prescription is irresistible (?). Every doctor should cultivate the induction of placebo reaction in treatment of his patient, but not to the extent that the belief of the former in the action of an inactive medication starts."}
{"id": "PMID:870437", "title": "Cell wall studies of Histoplasma capsulatum and Blastomyces dermatitidis using autologous and heterologous enzymes.", "content": "Enzymes capable of hydrolyzing cell walls of Blastomyces dermatitidis and chemotypes I and II of Histoplasma capsulatum were prepared in the laboratory or obtained from commercial sources. They included chitinases, beta-1,3-glucanases, beta-1,6-glucanase, and Pronase. Monosaccharides and disaccharides of glucose released from the cell walls by the enzymes were determined qualitatively by paper and gas-liquid chromatography, and monosaccharides were quantitated by the latter technique as well. An enzyme system isolated from Streptomyces sp. containing both chitinase and glucanase released maximum amounts of glucose and N-acetylglucosamine from the cell walls of H. capsulatum chemotype I. A chitinase preparation, free of glucanase, from Serratia marcescens released only chitobiose and N-acetylglucosamine from chemotype I cell walls, but the total quantity of N-acetylglucosamine released was about 60% less than that released by the Streptomyces system. A beta-1,3-glucanase from Bacillus circulans hydrolyzed the cell walls of H. capsulatum chemotype I, but a beta-1,6-glucanase failed to release glucose from the same walls. Autolytic enzymes, viz., beta-1,3-glucanases and several glycosidases were detected as constitutive enzymes in both yeast and mycelial phases of B. dermatitidis and H. capsulatum chemotypes I and II. No difference in the amount of activity was found between cell sap and culture filtrate preparations. The beta-glucanases prepared from the Histoplasma and Blastomyces strains were active on the cell walls of the yeast phases of H. capsulatum chemotypes I and II, releasing laminaribiose and glucose, but were essentially inactive on the cell walls of B. dermatitidis. Chitinase, beta-1,6-glucanase, alpha-glucanase, and alpha-glucosidase activities were absent from these fungal enzyme preparations.", "contents": "Cell wall studies of Histoplasma capsulatum and Blastomyces dermatitidis using autologous and heterologous enzymes. Enzymes capable of hydrolyzing cell walls of Blastomyces dermatitidis and chemotypes I and II of Histoplasma capsulatum were prepared in the laboratory or obtained from commercial sources. They included chitinases, beta-1,3-glucanases, beta-1,6-glucanase, and Pronase. Monosaccharides and disaccharides of glucose released from the cell walls by the enzymes were determined qualitatively by paper and gas-liquid chromatography, and monosaccharides were quantitated by the latter technique as well. An enzyme system isolated from Streptomyces sp. containing both chitinase and glucanase released maximum amounts of glucose and N-acetylglucosamine from the cell walls of H. capsulatum chemotype I. A chitinase preparation, free of glucanase, from Serratia marcescens released only chitobiose and N-acetylglucosamine from chemotype I cell walls, but the total quantity of N-acetylglucosamine released was about 60% less than that released by the Streptomyces system. A beta-1,3-glucanase from Bacillus circulans hydrolyzed the cell walls of H. capsulatum chemotype I, but a beta-1,6-glucanase failed to release glucose from the same walls. Autolytic enzymes, viz., beta-1,3-glucanases and several glycosidases were detected as constitutive enzymes in both yeast and mycelial phases of B. dermatitidis and H. capsulatum chemotypes I and II. No difference in the amount of activity was found between cell sap and culture filtrate preparations. The beta-glucanases prepared from the Histoplasma and Blastomyces strains were active on the cell walls of the yeast phases of H. capsulatum chemotypes I and II, releasing laminaribiose and glucose, but were essentially inactive on the cell walls of B. dermatitidis. Chitinase, beta-1,6-glucanase, alpha-glucanase, and alpha-glucosidase activities were absent from these fungal enzyme preparations."}
{"id": "PMID:870440", "title": "Experience with amoxycillin in neonates and premature babies.", "content": "Amoxycillin, a semi-synthetic penicillin, resembles ampicillin in many respects. There is cross-resistance between the two antibiotics. Numerous Gram-positive and Gram-negative organisms are sensitive to amoxycillin at relatively low dosage. Investigations using oral amoxycillin, 50 mg/kg body weight were carried out in neonates and premature babies in the first days of life. Peak values of 38 microng/ml and 59 microng/ml at 4 1/4 hours were obtained for the neonates and premature babies respectively. The 10-hour value for the first group was 13 microng/ml and for the second 19 microng/ml. With a single dose of amoxycillin, serum levels of 0.9 microng/ml were still obtained after 24 hours. In children who received the same dose twice daily, the serum values were 6.5 microng/ml after 24 hours. The urinary excretion of amoxycillin was, on an average, 41% in 24 hours. Amoxycillin was also found in the meconoium, but the quantity in the different portions showed a large dispersion. Amoxycillin can, therefore, be recommended as an effective and well tolerated antibiotic for use in the neonatal and premature period. In general the drug should be administered 12-hourly at a dose of 50 mg/kg body weight. Only in severe illnesses is 8-hourly administration required.", "contents": "Experience with amoxycillin in neonates and premature babies. Amoxycillin, a semi-synthetic penicillin, resembles ampicillin in many respects. There is cross-resistance between the two antibiotics. Numerous Gram-positive and Gram-negative organisms are sensitive to amoxycillin at relatively low dosage. Investigations using oral amoxycillin, 50 mg/kg body weight were carried out in neonates and premature babies in the first days of life. Peak values of 38 microng/ml and 59 microng/ml at 4 1/4 hours were obtained for the neonates and premature babies respectively. The 10-hour value for the first group was 13 microng/ml and for the second 19 microng/ml. With a single dose of amoxycillin, serum levels of 0.9 microng/ml were still obtained after 24 hours. In children who received the same dose twice daily, the serum values were 6.5 microng/ml after 24 hours. The urinary excretion of amoxycillin was, on an average, 41% in 24 hours. Amoxycillin was also found in the meconoium, but the quantity in the different portions showed a large dispersion. Amoxycillin can, therefore, be recommended as an effective and well tolerated antibiotic for use in the neonatal and premature period. In general the drug should be administered 12-hourly at a dose of 50 mg/kg body weight. Only in severe illnesses is 8-hourly administration required."}
{"id": "PMID:870441", "title": "Canine renal glomerular ultrastructural changes after preservation and autotransplantation.", "content": "Glomeruli of canine kidneys were studied by light and electron microscopy to determine whether significant structural alterations occur during 24 hr of hypothermic perfusion. The kidneys of eight dogs were preserved by continuous pulsatile perfusion with cold cryoprecipitated plasma; they were subsequently reimplanted as autographs and contralateral nephrectomy was performed at that time. Biopsies of the experimental kidneys were taken before nephrectomy, after 24 hr of perfusion, and at 1 hr postanastomosis. Tissue samples from two animals were studied at autopsy. Structural changes observed in the glomeruli after preservation were: margination of nuclear chromatin, nuclear pyknosis, and dilation of smooth and rough endoplasmic reticulum membranes. These changes were observed in all cell types, but were more severe in the endothelial cells. The basement membrane in four cases was edematous and thickened. At 1 hr postanastomosis the glomerular ultrastructural appearance was greatly improved. Blood urea nitrogen, serum creatinine, and the ability of the kidney to sustain the life of the recipient were used as criteria for determining the viability of the preserved kidneys. Blood urea nitrogen and serum creatinine returned to a normal range in five dogs. The physiologic tests and the length of survival attest to the functional capability of the preserved kidneys. Study of tissue samples at autopsy indicated that, although a number of the structural alterations observed after preservation were reversible, some changes persisted.", "contents": "Canine renal glomerular ultrastructural changes after preservation and autotransplantation. Glomeruli of canine kidneys were studied by light and electron microscopy to determine whether significant structural alterations occur during 24 hr of hypothermic perfusion. The kidneys of eight dogs were preserved by continuous pulsatile perfusion with cold cryoprecipitated plasma; they were subsequently reimplanted as autographs and contralateral nephrectomy was performed at that time. Biopsies of the experimental kidneys were taken before nephrectomy, after 24 hr of perfusion, and at 1 hr postanastomosis. Tissue samples from two animals were studied at autopsy. Structural changes observed in the glomeruli after preservation were: margination of nuclear chromatin, nuclear pyknosis, and dilation of smooth and rough endoplasmic reticulum membranes. These changes were observed in all cell types, but were more severe in the endothelial cells. The basement membrane in four cases was edematous and thickened. At 1 hr postanastomosis the glomerular ultrastructural appearance was greatly improved. Blood urea nitrogen, serum creatinine, and the ability of the kidney to sustain the life of the recipient were used as criteria for determining the viability of the preserved kidneys. Blood urea nitrogen and serum creatinine returned to a normal range in five dogs. The physiologic tests and the length of survival attest to the functional capability of the preserved kidneys. Study of tissue samples at autopsy indicated that, although a number of the structural alterations observed after preservation were reversible, some changes persisted."}
{"id": "PMID:870442", "title": "Immune reactions following desiccation surgery of the canine prostate. An initial report.", "content": "Desiccation surgery of the canine prostate induces a chronic inflammatory cell infiltrate that persists at the site for more than 1 year. Specific autoantibody was demonstrated by direct immunofluorescence with prostatic tissue only. The mononuclear cell infiltrate occurring in large focal aggregates within 2 months after surgery was similar to the lesions seen in certain chronic inflammatory diseases. Precipitating antibody was not demonstrable by agar double diffusion techniques. The possible therapeutic effect of the induction of such a lesion in cancerous prostatic tissue is discussed.", "contents": "Immune reactions following desiccation surgery of the canine prostate. An initial report. Desiccation surgery of the canine prostate induces a chronic inflammatory cell infiltrate that persists at the site for more than 1 year. Specific autoantibody was demonstrated by direct immunofluorescence with prostatic tissue only. The mononuclear cell infiltrate occurring in large focal aggregates within 2 months after surgery was similar to the lesions seen in certain chronic inflammatory diseases. Precipitating antibody was not demonstrable by agar double diffusion techniques. The possible therapeutic effect of the induction of such a lesion in cancerous prostatic tissue is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:870443", "title": "Pacemaker system in the control of ureteral peristaltic rate in the multicalyceal kidney of the pig.", "content": "Temporal and distributive properties of ureteral peristaltic contractions in the anesthetized pig have been examined. Interperistaltic time intervals have been recorded, and their frequency during different urine flow rates has been compared. The results show that ureteral peristalsis is increased at high urine flow rates to a maximum of approximately 0.06 Hz. It is further shown from the interperistaltic histograms that ureteral contractions are not clustered into a discreet multimodal spectrum. This represents the first evidence that the multicalyceal kidney has a system of pacemakers of differing fundamental frequencies, tending toward synchronism as urine flow increases.", "contents": "Pacemaker system in the control of ureteral peristaltic rate in the multicalyceal kidney of the pig. Temporal and distributive properties of ureteral peristaltic contractions in the anesthetized pig have been examined. Interperistaltic time intervals have been recorded, and their frequency during different urine flow rates has been compared. The results show that ureteral peristalsis is increased at high urine flow rates to a maximum of approximately 0.06 Hz. It is further shown from the interperistaltic histograms that ureteral contractions are not clustered into a discreet multimodal spectrum. This represents the first evidence that the multicalyceal kidney has a system of pacemakers of differing fundamental frequencies, tending toward synchronism as urine flow increases."}
{"id": "PMID:870444", "title": "Intrarenal hemodynamics and ureteral pressure during ureteral obstruction.", "content": "Renal blood flow was measured in bilateral ureteral obstruction (BUO) and unilateral ureteral (UUO) obstruction. Renal blood flow of BUO and UUO rats before release of 24-hr obstruction was approximately 69 per cent and 77 per cent of control values, respectively. No redistribution of intrarenal blood flow was noted in UUO and BUO rats. Prerelease ureteral pressure of BUO rats (27.6 +/- 1.60 mm Hg) was significantly higher than that of UUO rats (14.4 +/- 1.30 mm Hg, P less than 0.001). Although the blood urea nitrogen of UUO rats with urine reinfusion was similar to that of BUO rats, the ureteral pressure was 14.8 +/- 1.93 mm Hg. Therefore, the higher ureteral pressure of BUO rats is not due to elevation of blood urea nitrogen. It is concluded that decreased renal blood flow during obstruction and high ureteral pressure may result in more severe tubular damage in BUO than in UUO. The decreased renal perfusion is probably due to changes in intrarenal vascular tone rather than due to intersitial pressure.", "contents": "Intrarenal hemodynamics and ureteral pressure during ureteral obstruction. Renal blood flow was measured in bilateral ureteral obstruction (BUO) and unilateral ureteral (UUO) obstruction. Renal blood flow of BUO and UUO rats before release of 24-hr obstruction was approximately 69 per cent and 77 per cent of control values, respectively. No redistribution of intrarenal blood flow was noted in UUO and BUO rats. Prerelease ureteral pressure of BUO rats (27.6 +/- 1.60 mm Hg) was significantly higher than that of UUO rats (14.4 +/- 1.30 mm Hg, P less than 0.001). Although the blood urea nitrogen of UUO rats with urine reinfusion was similar to that of BUO rats, the ureteral pressure was 14.8 +/- 1.93 mm Hg. Therefore, the higher ureteral pressure of BUO rats is not due to elevation of blood urea nitrogen. It is concluded that decreased renal blood flow during obstruction and high ureteral pressure may result in more severe tubular damage in BUO than in UUO. The decreased renal perfusion is probably due to changes in intrarenal vascular tone rather than due to intersitial pressure."}
{"id": "PMID:870445", "title": "Dynamics of upper urinary tract. I. An electrophysiologic in vivo study of renal pelvis in pigs: method and normal pattern.", "content": "Under halothane anesthesia, peroperative electromyography of the pelvis and ureter together with intrapelvic pressure and urine flow were recorded in 11 pigs; the electromyography was by bipolar extracellular leads. Pressure waves of low amplitude, synchronous with action potentials from leads placed most proximally in the pelvis, preceded action potentials registered by distally placed leads. Transmission of the action potentials from the pelvis to the ureter took place with a constant transmission velocity but the transmission ratio varied from 1:1 to 6:1. Ureteral electric activity was time-related to the urine bolus. The transmission velocity was smaller in the pelvis than in the ureter and seemed to accelerate caudally. Thus, there is electromyographic evidence that the renal pelvis controls ureteric activity and that this pacemaker function is mediated high up, most proximally, in the renal pelvis.", "contents": "Dynamics of upper urinary tract. I. An electrophysiologic in vivo study of renal pelvis in pigs: method and normal pattern. Under halothane anesthesia, peroperative electromyography of the pelvis and ureter together with intrapelvic pressure and urine flow were recorded in 11 pigs; the electromyography was by bipolar extracellular leads. Pressure waves of low amplitude, synchronous with action potentials from leads placed most proximally in the pelvis, preceded action potentials registered by distally placed leads. Transmission of the action potentials from the pelvis to the ureter took place with a constant transmission velocity but the transmission ratio varied from 1:1 to 6:1. Ureteral electric activity was time-related to the urine bolus. The transmission velocity was smaller in the pelvis than in the ureter and seemed to accelerate caudally. Thus, there is electromyographic evidence that the renal pelvis controls ureteric activity and that this pacemaker function is mediated high up, most proximally, in the renal pelvis."}
{"id": "PMID:870446", "title": "Dynamics of upper urinary tract. II. An electrophysiologic in vivo study of renal pelvis in pigs: analysis of the modality of pelvic activity during normal hydration and diuresis.", "content": "Renal pelvic function of Danish Landrace pigs under anesthesia was analyzed during \"normal\" and forced diuresis. Measurements were made of intrapelvic pressures, electromyogram recordings were taken from the pelvis and ureter, and bolus formation was followed. During constant diuresis, pelvic activity displayed a dominant frequency which varied between individuals. When pressure rose or fell, pelvic activity increased or decreased in proportion to the speed rather than the extent of the pressure change. Thus, after furosemide administration urine flow increased and pelvic pressure rose; and in association with the pressure rise, pelvic activity increased significantly when mean pelvic activity in the phase of steep pressure rise was compared with the mean activity over the last 5 min of the observation period before induction of diuresis. Thereafter, pelvic activity decreased despite maintenance of a higher pressure plateau than that in the initial low diuresis observation period. This mode of function can be explained by reference to the characteristics of smooth muscle. Postulation of a specific pacemaker is unnecessary.", "contents": "Dynamics of upper urinary tract. II. An electrophysiologic in vivo study of renal pelvis in pigs: analysis of the modality of pelvic activity during normal hydration and diuresis. Renal pelvic function of Danish Landrace pigs under anesthesia was analyzed during \"normal\" and forced diuresis. Measurements were made of intrapelvic pressures, electromyogram recordings were taken from the pelvis and ureter, and bolus formation was followed. During constant diuresis, pelvic activity displayed a dominant frequency which varied between individuals. When pressure rose or fell, pelvic activity increased or decreased in proportion to the speed rather than the extent of the pressure change. Thus, after furosemide administration urine flow increased and pelvic pressure rose; and in association with the pressure rise, pelvic activity increased significantly when mean pelvic activity in the phase of steep pressure rise was compared with the mean activity over the last 5 min of the observation period before induction of diuresis. Thereafter, pelvic activity decreased despite maintenance of a higher pressure plateau than that in the initial low diuresis observation period. This mode of function can be explained by reference to the characteristics of smooth muscle. Postulation of a specific pacemaker is unnecessary."}
{"id": "PMID:870447", "title": "An autoradiographic study of smooth muscle hyperplasia in the swine ureter.", "content": "Autoradiographs of healing ureteral defects demonstrated significant uptake of tritiated thymidine in pigs sacrificed during the first 2 weeks after ureterotomy. The earliest and most heavily labeled tissue was epithelium followed by proliferation of subepithelial connective tissues and smooth muscle of the muscularis. The labeling of significant numbers of myocytes within the muscularis was indicative of smooth muscle replacement by hyperplastic means. The fact that most mitotically active smooth muscle cells were seen in the muscle remnant adjacent to wound margins suggests this as the primary source for new muscle.", "contents": "An autoradiographic study of smooth muscle hyperplasia in the swine ureter. Autoradiographs of healing ureteral defects demonstrated significant uptake of tritiated thymidine in pigs sacrificed during the first 2 weeks after ureterotomy. The earliest and most heavily labeled tissue was epithelium followed by proliferation of subepithelial connective tissues and smooth muscle of the muscularis. The labeling of significant numbers of myocytes within the muscularis was indicative of smooth muscle replacement by hyperplastic means. The fact that most mitotically active smooth muscle cells were seen in the muscle remnant adjacent to wound margins suggests this as the primary source for new muscle."}
{"id": "PMID:870448", "title": "Urogenitodynamics of the male bladder neck. 2. During voiding.", "content": "The dynamic activity of the male bladder neck during voiding was studied by electromyography in dogs and rabbits. On vesical filling, increased electrical activity in the form of high voltage biphasic potentials was recorded from the anterolateral segment of the bladder neck. With the onset of voiding these high voltage potentials disappeared completely and only a low voltage base line activity was recorded. This indicates muscular relaxation of the anterolateral bladder neck. Concurrently, the posterior segment of the bladder neck showed insignificant electromyographic changes. We conclude that opening of the vesical outlet during voiding is achieved by the muscular relaxation of its anterolateral segment. The dynamic activity of the bladder neck is reciprocally coordinated with the detrusor muscle to produce continence and voiding of urine.", "contents": "Urogenitodynamics of the male bladder neck. 2. During voiding. The dynamic activity of the male bladder neck during voiding was studied by electromyography in dogs and rabbits. On vesical filling, increased electrical activity in the form of high voltage biphasic potentials was recorded from the anterolateral segment of the bladder neck. With the onset of voiding these high voltage potentials disappeared completely and only a low voltage base line activity was recorded. This indicates muscular relaxation of the anterolateral bladder neck. Concurrently, the posterior segment of the bladder neck showed insignificant electromyographic changes. We conclude that opening of the vesical outlet during voiding is achieved by the muscular relaxation of its anterolateral segment. The dynamic activity of the bladder neck is reciprocally coordinated with the detrusor muscle to produce continence and voiding of urine."}
{"id": "PMID:870449", "title": "Differential effect of 2-thiouracil on synthesis of two plant viruses in the same host.", "content": "In cowpea leaves singly or doubly infected with cowpea chlorotic mottle virus (CCMV) and/or southern bean mosaic virus (SBMV), treatment with 2-thiouracil increased the accumulation of CCMV particles and strongly decreased the accumulation of SBMV particles. Thiouracil prevented the usual inhibition of synthesis of CCMV particles at about 6 days after inoculation, and 2-3 times as many CCMV particles accumulated as in water-treated plants. A single treatment of thiouracil 48 h before, at the time of, or 24 h after inoculation caused at least 90% decrease in the amount of SBMV particles extracted from inoculated leaves for at least 15 days. When virus particles were extracted from plants treated with thiouracil, the specific infectivity of CCMV was increased 2.3 times and SBMV was decreased 0.46 times as compared to virus from control plants.", "contents": "Differential effect of 2-thiouracil on synthesis of two plant viruses in the same host. In cowpea leaves singly or doubly infected with cowpea chlorotic mottle virus (CCMV) and/or southern bean mosaic virus (SBMV), treatment with 2-thiouracil increased the accumulation of CCMV particles and strongly decreased the accumulation of SBMV particles. Thiouracil prevented the usual inhibition of synthesis of CCMV particles at about 6 days after inoculation, and 2-3 times as many CCMV particles accumulated as in water-treated plants. A single treatment of thiouracil 48 h before, at the time of, or 24 h after inoculation caused at least 90% decrease in the amount of SBMV particles extracted from inoculated leaves for at least 15 days. When virus particles were extracted from plants treated with thiouracil, the specific infectivity of CCMV was increased 2.3 times and SBMV was decreased 0.46 times as compared to virus from control plants."}
{"id": "PMID:870450", "title": "Pigment analysis in the identification of \"Flavobacteria\".", "content": "Spectral properties of the intracellular pigments of flavpbacteroa were studied by \"scanning\" ultrasonic preparations, methanol extracts, MF preparations, slide cultures and whole cell suspensions. No genus-specific Amax were demonstrated with methanol extracts. In situ analyses of pigment, using ultrasonic preparations or whole cell suspensions, demonstrated that all strains of Flavobacterium spp. surveyed showed a discrete Amax between 418 and 421 nm. This peak was absent from scans of other yellow gram negative rods\". Amplitude of Amax was accentuated by variation in incubation parameters.  Good resolution was obtained by repositioning cuvettes in \"conventional\" spectrophotometers and attaching opal glass plates to the \"detector suface\" of cuvettes. The presence of a genus-specific Flavobacterium pigment, or pigment fraction, detected through in situ analysis, adds another feature to keys or schema used for characterization and identification of the organisms comprising this presently ill-defined taxon.", "contents": "Pigment analysis in the identification of \"Flavobacteria\". Spectral properties of the intracellular pigments of flavpbacteroa were studied by \"scanning\" ultrasonic preparations, methanol extracts, MF preparations, slide cultures and whole cell suspensions. No genus-specific Amax were demonstrated with methanol extracts. In situ analyses of pigment, using ultrasonic preparations or whole cell suspensions, demonstrated that all strains of Flavobacterium spp. surveyed showed a discrete Amax between 418 and 421 nm. This peak was absent from scans of other yellow gram negative rods\". Amplitude of Amax was accentuated by variation in incubation parameters.  Good resolution was obtained by repositioning cuvettes in \"conventional\" spectrophotometers and attaching opal glass plates to the \"detector suface\" of cuvettes. The presence of a genus-specific Flavobacterium pigment, or pigment fraction, detected through in situ analysis, adds another feature to keys or schema used for characterization and identification of the organisms comprising this presently ill-defined taxon."}
{"id": "PMID:870451", "title": "Comparison of zinc protoporphyrin and free erythrocyte protoporphyrin in whole blood.", "content": "The recent change in emphasis from blood lead to erythrocyte protoporphyrin as the primary diagnostic test for screening for childhood lead poisoning has made it desirable to develop the quantitative relationship between the two protoporphyrins, free erythrocyte protoporphyrin (FEP) and zinc protoporphyrin (ZP), that are now widely used for screening purposes. ZP was found to be equal to 1.4 EP, thus permitting the measurement of either parameter, and its conversion to the other.", "contents": "Comparison of zinc protoporphyrin and free erythrocyte protoporphyrin in whole blood. The recent change in emphasis from blood lead to erythrocyte protoporphyrin as the primary diagnostic test for screening for childhood lead poisoning has made it desirable to develop the quantitative relationship between the two protoporphyrins, free erythrocyte protoporphyrin (FEP) and zinc protoporphyrin (ZP), that are now widely used for screening purposes. ZP was found to be equal to 1.4 EP, thus permitting the measurement of either parameter, and its conversion to the other."}
{"id": "PMID:870452", "title": "Filter paper-disc method for the determination of zinc protoporphyrin in blood.", "content": "Zinc protoporphyrin, an abnormal metabolite resulting from undue lead absorption, can be quantitatively determined in blood that has been spotted and dried on filter paper. This procedure, which yields values that correlate well (r = 0.96) with those obtained by direct determination in whole blood, offers advantages in convenience of collection, storage, and transportation that recommend it for field use. The light sensitivity of the zinc protoporphyrin, however, mandates that the specimens be protected from excessive light exposure until analyzed.", "contents": "Filter paper-disc method for the determination of zinc protoporphyrin in blood. Zinc protoporphyrin, an abnormal metabolite resulting from undue lead absorption, can be quantitatively determined in blood that has been spotted and dried on filter paper. This procedure, which yields values that correlate well (r = 0.96) with those obtained by direct determination in whole blood, offers advantages in convenience of collection, storage, and transportation that recommend it for field use. The light sensitivity of the zinc protoporphyrin, however, mandates that the specimens be protected from excessive light exposure until analyzed."}
{"id": "PMID:870453", "title": "An analysis of cost studies performed in public health laboratories.", "content": "From 1973 to 1976, 23 public health laboratories performed cost accounting studies with the assistance of the Laboratory Management Consultation Office, Center for Disease Control. Cose data obtained in 16 of these laboratories were used as the basis of a discussion on the identification of indirect expenses and the method of reapportioning these costs to the diagnostic testing sections of the laboratories. Calculations of cost-per-weighted units and cost-per-test of some laboratory diagnostic sections are presented. A laboratory administrator can gain some insight into the effectiveness of resource utilization within his own laboratory by identifying cost center expenditures and considering differences in cost-per-weighted unit among the various revenue-producing sections. With the currently available data, no significant relationship between indirect costs and overall laboratory cost-per-weighted unit was demonstrated. It is hoped that additional data can be gathered and other indices developed which will help laboratory management to more precisely identify and then control indirect costs.", "contents": "An analysis of cost studies performed in public health laboratories. From 1973 to 1976, 23 public health laboratories performed cost accounting studies with the assistance of the Laboratory Management Consultation Office, Center for Disease Control. Cose data obtained in 16 of these laboratories were used as the basis of a discussion on the identification of indirect expenses and the method of reapportioning these costs to the diagnostic testing sections of the laboratories. Calculations of cost-per-weighted units and cost-per-test of some laboratory diagnostic sections are presented. A laboratory administrator can gain some insight into the effectiveness of resource utilization within his own laboratory by identifying cost center expenditures and considering differences in cost-per-weighted unit among the various revenue-producing sections. With the currently available data, no significant relationship between indirect costs and overall laboratory cost-per-weighted unit was demonstrated. It is hoped that additional data can be gathered and other indices developed which will help laboratory management to more precisely identify and then control indirect costs."}
{"id": "PMID:870454", "title": "Use of gaming simulation by health care professionals.", "content": "Gaming-simulation is being developed foruse in a variety of aspects of health care. A mental health diagnostic and therapeutic application is described for problems in parent-teenager relations; it features gaming, videotaping of interactions, and extensive discussion. Two applications which elucidate the nature of discord between couples and two applications for work-group problems are also described. Gaming-simulation is used in basic and continuing education of health professionals for such issues as problems of dying patients and the aged, and prevention of coronary heart disease. Patients rights issues provide a potential focus for opening dialogues between patients and professionals about all facets of health and illness care.", "contents": "Use of gaming simulation by health care professionals. Gaming-simulation is being developed foruse in a variety of aspects of health care. A mental health diagnostic and therapeutic application is described for problems in parent-teenager relations; it features gaming, videotaping of interactions, and extensive discussion. Two applications which elucidate the nature of discord between couples and two applications for work-group problems are also described. Gaming-simulation is used in basic and continuing education of health professionals for such issues as problems of dying patients and the aged, and prevention of coronary heart disease. Patients rights issues provide a potential focus for opening dialogues between patients and professionals about all facets of health and illness care."}
{"id": "PMID:870455", "title": "Learning outcomes in a simulation game for associate degree nursing students.", "content": "Learning outcomes of a simulation game designed to have one-to-one correspondence between behavioral objectives and game plays is reported. The behavioral objectives were core concepts in psychiatric mental health nursing taught to associate degree nursing students. Decisions to use the simulation game method method grew out of difficulties inherent in the community college nursing program, as well as the need for self-paced, efficient, learner-centered learning and evaluative tools. After the trial and revision of the game, a number of research hypotheses were tested. Simulation gaming was found to be an effective mode of learning, and students who acted as teachers for other students learned significantly more than those who were taught. Some of the recommendations for further research were to study varied nursing populations, to add a control group, to test the long-range learning effects of  playing the game, to decrease experimenter bias, to study transfer of learning to actual nurse-patient situations and changes in attitudes toward psychiatric patients, and to develop more simulation games for nursing education.", "contents": "Learning outcomes in a simulation game for associate degree nursing students. Learning outcomes of a simulation game designed to have one-to-one correspondence between behavioral objectives and game plays is reported. The behavioral objectives were core concepts in psychiatric mental health nursing taught to associate degree nursing students. Decisions to use the simulation game method method grew out of difficulties inherent in the community college nursing program, as well as the need for self-paced, efficient, learner-centered learning and evaluative tools. After the trial and revision of the game, a number of research hypotheses were tested. Simulation gaming was found to be an effective mode of learning, and students who acted as teachers for other students learned significantly more than those who were taught. Some of the recommendations for further research were to study varied nursing populations, to add a control group, to test the long-range learning effects of  playing the game, to decrease experimenter bias, to study transfer of learning to actual nurse-patient situations and changes in attitudes toward psychiatric patients, and to develop more simulation games for nursing education."}
{"id": "PMID:870456", "title": "The use of Metro-Apex in health administration and planning education and training.", "content": "Metro-Apex is a computerized gaming-simulation designed to give practitioners and students an understanding of the environment of health care delivery systems. The exercise allows participants to explore the interaction of health roles and the health system's interaction with the larger community system. Originally developed as an air pollution control exercise, it has evolved to be a game about communities and how they operate. In 1972, the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare funded the Center for Multidisciplinary Educational Exercises (COMEX), of the University of Southern California to modify Metro-Apex for use with health service planners, health care administrators, and students in programs leading to these positions. The game runs in several rounds of from three to eight hours for groups of from 40 to 120 persons. Used in both educational and training settings, Metro-Apex is found to be a flexible addition to the health educator's tools.", "contents": "The use of Metro-Apex in health administration and planning education and training. Metro-Apex is a computerized gaming-simulation designed to give practitioners and students an understanding of the environment of health care delivery systems. The exercise allows participants to explore the interaction of health roles and the health system's interaction with the larger community system. Originally developed as an air pollution control exercise, it has evolved to be a game about communities and how they operate. In 1972, the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare funded the Center for Multidisciplinary Educational Exercises (COMEX), of the University of Southern California to modify Metro-Apex for use with health service planners, health care administrators, and students in programs leading to these positions. The game runs in several rounds of from three to eight hours for groups of from 40 to 120 persons. Used in both educational and training settings, Metro-Apex is found to be a flexible addition to the health educator's tools."}
{"id": "PMID:870457", "title": "Gaming-simulation and health education an overview.", "content": "Simulation entails abstraction and representation from a larger system in terms of process as well as structure. Central features are identified and simplified, less important elements are omitted from the model. In medical and health education, simulation enables learners to practice in an environment where mistakes are not costly, such as with simulated patients. Gaming-simulation incorporates role-playing into a defined system of interaction simulating a real world system and is characterized by the degree of structure of the roles and the focus on role interactions. Employment of gaming-simulation is embryonic in health education. Examples included in this Monograph concern problems of aging, hemophiliacs, and the dying; teaching interpersonal skills in psychiatric nursing; interactions of health care systems with their communities; and several other topics. Evaluation is discussed in a separate paper. A variety of health care gaming resources are described.", "contents": "Gaming-simulation and health education an overview. Simulation entails abstraction and representation from a larger system in terms of process as well as structure. Central features are identified and simplified, less important elements are omitted from the model. In medical and health education, simulation enables learners to practice in an environment where mistakes are not costly, such as with simulated patients. Gaming-simulation incorporates role-playing into a defined system of interaction simulating a real world system and is characterized by the degree of structure of the roles and the focus on role interactions. Employment of gaming-simulation is embryonic in health education. Examples included in this Monograph concern problems of aging, hemophiliacs, and the dying; teaching interpersonal skills in psychiatric nursing; interactions of health care systems with their communities; and several other topics. Evaluation is discussed in a separate paper. A variety of health care gaming resources are described."}
{"id": "PMID:870458", "title": "Designing simulations and games: a workshop for health care professionals.", "content": "This article describes the important elements of a five-day workshop for teaching health care professionals to design and use simulation/gaming activities. Suggested guielines are identified for planning and conducting a workshop. The importance of early planning is emphasized by identifying the specific objectives of the workshop and preparing the staff to facilitate the attainment of each objective. The selection of staff and participants is discussed. A day-to-day description of a typical workshop is presented. Also included is a description of several content presentations which teach the workshop participants the required skills and knowledge in design, selection, research, and evaluation of simulation/gaming activities.", "contents": "Designing simulations and games: a workshop for health care professionals. This article describes the important elements of a five-day workshop for teaching health care professionals to design and use simulation/gaming activities. Suggested guielines are identified for planning and conducting a workshop. The importance of early planning is emphasized by identifying the specific objectives of the workshop and preparing the staff to facilitate the attainment of each objective. The selection of staff and participants is discussed. A day-to-day description of a typical workshop is presented. Also included is a description of several content presentations which teach the workshop participants the required skills and knowledge in design, selection, research, and evaluation of simulation/gaming activities."}
{"id": "PMID:870459", "title": "Evaluation of simulations and games: a comprehensive procedure and a case history.", "content": "This article deals with the dimensions of evaluating simulations and games in health education, provides a procedural model which incorporates these dimensions, and illustrates this model with a case history of the evolution of a game through repeated evaluation. The four major dimensions of evaluating a game are the purposes of evaluation, sources of evaluative data, emphasis on main or side effects, and timing of evaluation. The procedural model incorporates these dimensions of evaluation and is divided into stages of self-evaluation, expert appraisal, informal player tryouts, typical-use testing, field testing, and long-term evaluation. The case history illustrates the application of each of these stages to a short game in consumer health education.", "contents": "Evaluation of simulations and games: a comprehensive procedure and a case history. This article deals with the dimensions of evaluating simulations and games in health education, provides a procedural model which incorporates these dimensions, and illustrates this model with a case history of the evolution of a game through repeated evaluation. The four major dimensions of evaluating a game are the purposes of evaluation, sources of evaluative data, emphasis on main or side effects, and timing of evaluation. The procedural model incorporates these dimensions of evaluation and is divided into stages of self-evaluation, expert appraisal, informal player tryouts, typical-use testing, field testing, and long-term evaluation. The case history illustrates the application of each of these stages to a short game in consumer health education."}
{"id": "PMID:870460", "title": "High-resolution scanning-densitometry of photographic negatives of human chromosomes. III. Determination of fluorescence emission intensities.", "content": "Principles and techniques are discussed for measuring with high topological resolution local emission in fluorescing objects, using photographic negatives. Determination of fluorescence intensities is only possible when an unequivocal relation between the original local fluorescence emission intensities of the object, and the transmittances or densities recorded in the microfluorophotograph is known. This relation is formulated in the theoretical part. From this relation it can be concluded that the recorded intensities can be measured optimally when the optical density values produced by the fluorescence emission fall in the range of the linear portion of the Hurter and Driffield curve. In order to obtain this situation, a uniform low-level pre-exposure of the film emulsion to (white) light is carried out prior to the actual fluorescence emission exposure. This pre-exposure acts to elevate the signal exposure to the linear (steeper) part of the H.D. curve. Inhomogeneity of the excitation beam in the object field, or differences in film emulsion response to the light exposure, will result in erroneous optical densities recorded in the photographic negative. Correction for such artifacts could be obtained by addition of a low concentration of fluorophore to the mounting medium of the microscopic preparation. The overall fluorescent background produced in this way, enabled calibration of local fluorescence intensities in different parts of one fluorophotographic negative, and also of the intensities in different negatives taken from one microscopic preparation. The validity of this approach was checked by comparing data obtained from several photographic negatives of the same quinacrine-stained metaphase, taken with different exposure times to imitate fluctuations in excitation illumination, after conversion of the scanning data into emission intensity values with an alogarithm based on the proposed theoretical relation. In another experiment, fluorescence emission intensities of Feulgen-stained chromosomes which had been measured with a cytofluorometer, were compared with results obtained by conversion of the scanning data measured in the fluorophotographic negatives of the same metaphases. Both types of experiment confirmed the applicability of the procedure described.", "contents": "High-resolution scanning-densitometry of photographic negatives of human chromosomes. III. Determination of fluorescence emission intensities. Principles and techniques are discussed for measuring with high topological resolution local emission in fluorescing objects, using photographic negatives. Determination of fluorescence intensities is only possible when an unequivocal relation between the original local fluorescence emission intensities of the object, and the transmittances or densities recorded in the microfluorophotograph is known. This relation is formulated in the theoretical part. From this relation it can be concluded that the recorded intensities can be measured optimally when the optical density values produced by the fluorescence emission fall in the range of the linear portion of the Hurter and Driffield curve. In order to obtain this situation, a uniform low-level pre-exposure of the film emulsion to (white) light is carried out prior to the actual fluorescence emission exposure. This pre-exposure acts to elevate the signal exposure to the linear (steeper) part of the H.D. curve. Inhomogeneity of the excitation beam in the object field, or differences in film emulsion response to the light exposure, will result in erroneous optical densities recorded in the photographic negative. Correction for such artifacts could be obtained by addition of a low concentration of fluorophore to the mounting medium of the microscopic preparation. The overall fluorescent background produced in this way, enabled calibration of local fluorescence intensities in different parts of one fluorophotographic negative, and also of the intensities in different negatives taken from one microscopic preparation. The validity of this approach was checked by comparing data obtained from several photographic negatives of the same quinacrine-stained metaphase, taken with different exposure times to imitate fluctuations in excitation illumination, after conversion of the scanning data into emission intensity values with an alogarithm based on the proposed theoretical relation. In another experiment, fluorescence emission intensities of Feulgen-stained chromosomes which had been measured with a cytofluorometer, were compared with results obtained by conversion of the scanning data measured in the fluorophotographic negatives of the same metaphases. Both types of experiment confirmed the applicability of the procedure described."}
{"id": "PMID:870461", "title": "The influence of freezing and freeze-drying of tissue specimens on enzyme activity.", "content": "In the presented study the influence of freezing and freeze-drying on enzyme activity is described. Attention is paid to 16 enzymes which can be used for quantitative enzyme histochemical techniques. With the exception of succinate dehydrogenase only, no significant inactivation during freezing and freeze-drying procedures could be demonstrated with lactate dehydrogenase, malate dehydrogenase (NAD+), malate dehydrogenase (decarboxylating) (NADP+), isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP+), glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase, NADH-oxydoreductase, mitochondrial glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, cytochrome c oxidase, phosphoglucomutase, glucosephosphate isomerase, glucose-6-phosphatase, acid phosphatase, beta-glucuronidase and non specific aryl esterase. Therefore, the results supply a sound foundation for those quantitative enzyme histochemical techniques in which tissue specimens are frozen or frozen-dried before enzyme estimations are performed.", "contents": "The influence of freezing and freeze-drying of tissue specimens on enzyme activity. In the presented study the influence of freezing and freeze-drying on enzyme activity is described. Attention is paid to 16 enzymes which can be used for quantitative enzyme histochemical techniques. With the exception of succinate dehydrogenase only, no significant inactivation during freezing and freeze-drying procedures could be demonstrated with lactate dehydrogenase, malate dehydrogenase (NAD+), malate dehydrogenase (decarboxylating) (NADP+), isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP+), glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase, NADH-oxydoreductase, mitochondrial glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, cytochrome c oxidase, phosphoglucomutase, glucosephosphate isomerase, glucose-6-phosphatase, acid phosphatase, beta-glucuronidase and non specific aryl esterase. Therefore, the results supply a sound foundation for those quantitative enzyme histochemical techniques in which tissue specimens are frozen or frozen-dried before enzyme estimations are performed."}
{"id": "PMID:870462", "title": "Extended application of flow microfluorometry by means of dual laser excitation.", "content": "A dual laser beam excitation device for flow analysis of biological particles has been developed. The aid of this arrangement is to increase the range of fluorescent agents employed so far in quantitative and qualitative cytochemistry. Combining an argon ion and a helium-cadmium laser two color fluorescence measurements were performed employing propidium iodide as a DNA stain and fluorescamine which stains total protein in fixed cells. Energy transfer processes between the antibiotic and DNA specific dye mithramycin and propidium iodide both being bound to nuclear chromatin were analyzed. Utilization of energy transfer processes is generally discussed as a mean to extract information about the structure and conformation of nuclear chromatin in situ. The application of a crypton ion laser with three lines near 400 nm and a single line at 350 nm having a light output in each range of nearly one Watt gives the opportunity of utilizing DNA fluorochromes which have an excitation maximum in the deep blue region, DNA spectra are shown employing mithramycin, the benzimidazol derivative 33258 (Hoechst) and the indol compound DAPI which has a high DNA specificity combined with a great stability under UV illumination. By separating two focussed laser beams at their intersecting points with the liquid sample stream the trajectory of each flowing cell crosses the beams sequentially, which causes a solitary dual excitation of each cell. The advantages of a solitary excitation device compared with a simultaneous one is discussed.", "contents": "Extended application of flow microfluorometry by means of dual laser excitation. A dual laser beam excitation device for flow analysis of biological particles has been developed. The aid of this arrangement is to increase the range of fluorescent agents employed so far in quantitative and qualitative cytochemistry. Combining an argon ion and a helium-cadmium laser two color fluorescence measurements were performed employing propidium iodide as a DNA stain and fluorescamine which stains total protein in fixed cells. Energy transfer processes between the antibiotic and DNA specific dye mithramycin and propidium iodide both being bound to nuclear chromatin were analyzed. Utilization of energy transfer processes is generally discussed as a mean to extract information about the structure and conformation of nuclear chromatin in situ. The application of a crypton ion laser with three lines near 400 nm and a single line at 350 nm having a light output in each range of nearly one Watt gives the opportunity of utilizing DNA fluorochromes which have an excitation maximum in the deep blue region, DNA spectra are shown employing mithramycin, the benzimidazol derivative 33258 (Hoechst) and the indol compound DAPI which has a high DNA specificity combined with a great stability under UV illumination. By separating two focussed laser beams at their intersecting points with the liquid sample stream the trajectory of each flowing cell crosses the beams sequentially, which causes a solitary dual excitation of each cell. The advantages of a solitary excitation device compared with a simultaneous one is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:870463", "title": "[Innervation of the anterior byssus retractor muscle (ABRM) in Mytilus edulis L. III. Histochemical localisation of the terminal nerves through 5-hydroxytryptamine (author's transl)].", "content": "Detection of nerve structures containing 5-HT were described in the anterior byssus retractor muscle (ABRM) in Mytilus edulis L. after using the fluorescence microscope technique of Flack. We are able to confirm our previous results and assumptions given by histology and electron microscope studies: the neuromuscular \"en passage\" junctions, largely distributed within the ABRM, contain 5-HT.", "contents": "[Innervation of the anterior byssus retractor muscle (ABRM) in Mytilus edulis L. III. Histochemical localisation of the terminal nerves through 5-hydroxytryptamine (author's transl)]. Detection of nerve structures containing 5-HT were described in the anterior byssus retractor muscle (ABRM) in Mytilus edulis L. after using the fluorescence microscope technique of Flack. We are able to confirm our previous results and assumptions given by histology and electron microscope studies: the neuromuscular \"en passage\" junctions, largely distributed within the ABRM, contain 5-HT."}
{"id": "PMID:870464", "title": "A disease in dogs resembling human subcorneal pustular dermatosis.", "content": "A pustular eruption similar to subcorneal pustular dermatosis of man occurred in 10 dogs. The disease was characterized by pustules of the trunk, which ruptured to form annular or gyrate lesions with irregular, scaling borders. Biopsies revealed subcorneal pustules with occasional acantholytic cells. All 10 dogs improved after daily administration of diaminodiphenylsulfone (dapsone).", "contents": "A disease in dogs resembling human subcorneal pustular dermatosis. A pustular eruption similar to subcorneal pustular dermatosis of man occurred in 10 dogs. The disease was characterized by pustules of the trunk, which ruptured to form annular or gyrate lesions with irregular, scaling borders. Biopsies revealed subcorneal pustules with occasional acantholytic cells. All 10 dogs improved after daily administration of diaminodiphenylsulfone (dapsone)."}
{"id": "PMID:870465", "title": "Evaluation of a polycarbonate filter for the detection of microfilaremia in dogs in central Michigan.", "content": "Several diagnostic techniques were used in determining the prevalence of microfilaremia in 479 dogs entering the holding facility for research animals at Michigan State University. The modified Knott test and cellulose filter procedures were initially applied, but persistent difficulties with the cellulose filter system prompted evaluation of the use of clear polycarbonate filters. This procedure was found to be equally as sensitive as the modified Knott test and more sensitive than the microhematocrit tube method. Microfilariae trapped on polycarbonate filters were easy to detect, and there were no problems with clogging of the filter pores. Losses of up to 3.5% of the microfilariae occurred with 8-micron pore size filters, but no more than 1% passed through 5-micron pore size filters. Identification of microfilariae was based on size and shape of the parasites. In questionable cases, the diagnosis was confirmed by means of the histochemical test for acid phosphatase distribution. Satisfactory results were obtained when the latter test was applied to microfilariae of Dirofilaria immitis trapped and fixed on filters. Twenty blood samples in the surgery (4.2%) contained microfilariae, all of which were classified as D imitis.", "contents": "Evaluation of a polycarbonate filter for the detection of microfilaremia in dogs in central Michigan. Several diagnostic techniques were used in determining the prevalence of microfilaremia in 479 dogs entering the holding facility for research animals at Michigan State University. The modified Knott test and cellulose filter procedures were initially applied, but persistent difficulties with the cellulose filter system prompted evaluation of the use of clear polycarbonate filters. This procedure was found to be equally as sensitive as the modified Knott test and more sensitive than the microhematocrit tube method. Microfilariae trapped on polycarbonate filters were easy to detect, and there were no problems with clogging of the filter pores. Losses of up to 3.5% of the microfilariae occurred with 8-micron pore size filters, but no more than 1% passed through 5-micron pore size filters. Identification of microfilariae was based on size and shape of the parasites. In questionable cases, the diagnosis was confirmed by means of the histochemical test for acid phosphatase distribution. Satisfactory results were obtained when the latter test was applied to microfilariae of Dirofilaria immitis trapped and fixed on filters. Twenty blood samples in the surgery (4.2%) contained microfilariae, all of which were classified as D imitis."}
{"id": "PMID:870466", "title": "Prevalence of Dirofilaria immitis infection in dogs from a humane shelter in Ohio.", "content": "Hearts of 500 dogs more than 1 year old from a humane shelter in Columbus, Oh, were examined for Dirofilaria immitis infection. Peripheral blood from dogs with worms in the heart was examined for microfilariae. Dirofilaria immitis adults were found in 24 (4.8%) hearts. The number of worms in infected hearts were: 19 (1 dog), 6 (2 dogs), 5 (1 dog), 4 (2 dogs), 3 (1 dog), 2 (9 dogs), and 1 (8 dogs). Of the 24 infected dogs, 4 had only male worms, 8 had only female worms, and 12 had worms of both sexes. Microfilariae were found in 12 dogs--11 dogs having D immitis microfilariae, and 1 having only Dipetalonema reconditum microfilariae. The dog with D reconditum microfilariae had only 1 male D immitis adult in its heart.", "contents": "Prevalence of Dirofilaria immitis infection in dogs from a humane shelter in Ohio. Hearts of 500 dogs more than 1 year old from a humane shelter in Columbus, Oh, were examined for Dirofilaria immitis infection. Peripheral blood from dogs with worms in the heart was examined for microfilariae. Dirofilaria immitis adults were found in 24 (4.8%) hearts. The number of worms in infected hearts were: 19 (1 dog), 6 (2 dogs), 5 (1 dog), 4 (2 dogs), 3 (1 dog), 2 (9 dogs), and 1 (8 dogs). Of the 24 infected dogs, 4 had only male worms, 8 had only female worms, and 12 had worms of both sexes. Microfilariae were found in 12 dogs--11 dogs having D immitis microfilariae, and 1 having only Dipetalonema reconditum microfilariae. The dog with D reconditum microfilariae had only 1 male D immitis adult in its heart."}
{"id": "PMID:870467", "title": "Reproductive function in stallions treated with cambendazole.", "content": "Twenty stallions were used to determine if the anthelmintic cambendazole affected seminal characteristics, spermatogenesis, concentration of testosterone in blood serum, or weights of the reproductive orgrans. With minor exceptions, significant differences were not found between values for 10 control and 10 stallions treated with a single oral dose (40 mg/kg body weight) of cambendazole. The treatment did not affect reproductive function and it was concluded that the drug should have no effect on the fertility of stallions.", "contents": "Reproductive function in stallions treated with cambendazole. Twenty stallions were used to determine if the anthelmintic cambendazole affected seminal characteristics, spermatogenesis, concentration of testosterone in blood serum, or weights of the reproductive orgrans. With minor exceptions, significant differences were not found between values for 10 control and 10 stallions treated with a single oral dose (40 mg/kg body weight) of cambendazole. The treatment did not affect reproductive function and it was concluded that the drug should have no effect on the fertility of stallions."}
{"id": "PMID:870468", "title": "Dysphagia resulting from unilateral rupture of the rectus capitis ventralis muscles in a horse.", "content": "Dysphagia developed in a 2-year-old Quarter Horse filly following an incident in which it fell over backward while exercising on a mechanical horse walker. Hyperextension of the neck at this time apparently caused unilateral rupture of the longus capitis (rectus capitis ventralis major) and the rectus capitis ventralis minor muscles at their insertion. An existing mycotic lesion involving the dorsomedial wall of the left guttural pouch may have weakened the area of insertion of the involved muscles. Tearing of the tendinous insertion of these muscles caused damage to the IX, X, and XI cranial nerves and left guttural pouch, with subsequent development of mild transitory epistaxis, laryngeal hemiplegia, pharyngeal paralysis, and dysphagia. Gangrenous pneumonia eventually developed because of inhalation of ingesta, and the filly was euthanatized.", "contents": "Dysphagia resulting from unilateral rupture of the rectus capitis ventralis muscles in a horse. Dysphagia developed in a 2-year-old Quarter Horse filly following an incident in which it fell over backward while exercising on a mechanical horse walker. Hyperextension of the neck at this time apparently caused unilateral rupture of the longus capitis (rectus capitis ventralis major) and the rectus capitis ventralis minor muscles at their insertion. An existing mycotic lesion involving the dorsomedial wall of the left guttural pouch may have weakened the area of insertion of the involved muscles. Tearing of the tendinous insertion of these muscles caused damage to the IX, X, and XI cranial nerves and left guttural pouch, with subsequent development of mild transitory epistaxis, laryngeal hemiplegia, pharyngeal paralysis, and dysphagia. Gangrenous pneumonia eventually developed because of inhalation of ingesta, and the filly was euthanatized."}
{"id": "PMID:870469", "title": "Sequential differentiation of retinal cells in the mouse studied by diaphorase staining.", "content": "During retinal development in mice the early stages of differentiating of ganglion, amacrine and horizontal cells are characterized by high diaphorase activity in the perikarya. The reaction in the ganglion cells, which start differentiation at day 12 of gestation when the layer of nerve fibres is developing, was first localized near the axonal end, but later, in the period of dendritic growth, it shifted to the scleral side. Amacrine cells were first detected on day 16, and showed a transient activity at the initial stage of their differentiation. A variety of large amacrine cells with long bifurcating processes appeared at day 7 after birth, and showed particularly high TPN diaphorase activity. The horizontal cells could be followed from the 16th day of embryonic life. Their activity increased during the period of formation of the outer plexiform layer. Along the outer limiting membrane diaphorase activity was marked from day 13 of embryonic life, and seemed to concentrate later in the rod inner segments. Activity in the bipolar cells first appeared at day 7 after birth, and increased therafter, coinciding with the period of synaptic development in the outer, plexiform layer. Activity in the M\u00fcller cells appeared around 14 days after birth, and was most pronounced in the inner processes and basal end feet. The sequential differentiation of retinal cells and cellular interrelationships during retinal histogenesis are discussed.", "contents": "Sequential differentiation of retinal cells in the mouse studied by diaphorase staining. During retinal development in mice the early stages of differentiating of ganglion, amacrine and horizontal cells are characterized by high diaphorase activity in the perikarya. The reaction in the ganglion cells, which start differentiation at day 12 of gestation when the layer of nerve fibres is developing, was first localized near the axonal end, but later, in the period of dendritic growth, it shifted to the scleral side. Amacrine cells were first detected on day 16, and showed a transient activity at the initial stage of their differentiation. A variety of large amacrine cells with long bifurcating processes appeared at day 7 after birth, and showed particularly high TPN diaphorase activity. The horizontal cells could be followed from the 16th day of embryonic life. Their activity increased during the period of formation of the outer plexiform layer. Along the outer limiting membrane diaphorase activity was marked from day 13 of embryonic life, and seemed to concentrate later in the rod inner segments. Activity in the bipolar cells first appeared at day 7 after birth, and increased therafter, coinciding with the period of synaptic development in the outer, plexiform layer. Activity in the M\u00fcller cells appeared around 14 days after birth, and was most pronounced in the inner processes and basal end feet. The sequential differentiation of retinal cells and cellular interrelationships during retinal histogenesis are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:870470", "title": "The fine structure of developing elastic cartilage.", "content": "The fine structure of the elastic cartilage of the pinna has been examined in young rabbits aged from 1 day to 1108 days. Changes associated with growth and development are related not only to age but also to the actual situation in the pinna. In the midline, progressive changes are seen from the tip to the base. The changes in the chondroblasts with time are compared with those described in hyaline cartilage. Structures occur that, except for the presence of crystals, are apparently morphologically identical with the matrix vesicles of calcifying cartilage. These matrix vesicles, however, become very prominent with age, and aggregations of them appear to be released into the intercellular tissue from vacuoles at the periphery of the chondroblasts. There is no obvious association with calcification. Occasional single cilia, desmosomes and giant mitochondria are seen. Elastica is present at birth, and eventually every cell is separated from its neighbours by a partial investment of elastica. The quantity of matrix seems to increase with time, and with distance from the tip of the ear. This is accompanied by a marked increase in cell size with time.", "contents": "The fine structure of developing elastic cartilage. The fine structure of the elastic cartilage of the pinna has been examined in young rabbits aged from 1 day to 1108 days. Changes associated with growth and development are related not only to age but also to the actual situation in the pinna. In the midline, progressive changes are seen from the tip to the base. The changes in the chondroblasts with time are compared with those described in hyaline cartilage. Structures occur that, except for the presence of crystals, are apparently morphologically identical with the matrix vesicles of calcifying cartilage. These matrix vesicles, however, become very prominent with age, and aggregations of them appear to be released into the intercellular tissue from vacuoles at the periphery of the chondroblasts. There is no obvious association with calcification. Occasional single cilia, desmosomes and giant mitochondria are seen. Elastica is present at birth, and eventually every cell is separated from its neighbours by a partial investment of elastica. The quantity of matrix seems to increase with time, and with distance from the tip of the ear. This is accompanied by a marked increase in cell size with time."}
{"id": "PMID:870471", "title": "Intracerebral transplantation of the genital tubercle in the rat: the fate of the penile bone and cartilages.", "content": "Genital tubercles of 70 newborn male and female rats were transplated into the brains of unrelated infant rats. Seven other tubercles were placed subcutaneously. All female, and some male, hosts were injected with testosterone propionate. After surviving from 2-24 days,, histological study of 49 successful grafts showed survival of the urethral and balano-preputial epithelia and growth of the preputial glands, which formed secretion-filled cysts and became the major component of the graft. The fate of the mesodermal tissues witin the glands varied between remaining in an undeveloped state, with only pale fibrouw tissue and an area of granular degeneration and giant cells, and achieving an incompletely differentiatel state in which erectile tissue and the anterior process of fibrocartilage had formed and the glans had grown but the penile bone and its secondary growth cartilage failed to appear. Grafts could reach this degree of differentiation of the glands irrespective of transplantation site, attachment to the host dura, the sex of donor or host, and whether or not male hosts were given exogenous hormone.", "contents": "Intracerebral transplantation of the genital tubercle in the rat: the fate of the penile bone and cartilages. Genital tubercles of 70 newborn male and female rats were transplated into the brains of unrelated infant rats. Seven other tubercles were placed subcutaneously. All female, and some male, hosts were injected with testosterone propionate. After surviving from 2-24 days,, histological study of 49 successful grafts showed survival of the urethral and balano-preputial epithelia and growth of the preputial glands, which formed secretion-filled cysts and became the major component of the graft. The fate of the mesodermal tissues witin the glands varied between remaining in an undeveloped state, with only pale fibrouw tissue and an area of granular degeneration and giant cells, and achieving an incompletely differentiatel state in which erectile tissue and the anterior process of fibrocartilage had formed and the glans had grown but the penile bone and its secondary growth cartilage failed to appear. Grafts could reach this degree of differentiation of the glands irrespective of transplantation site, attachment to the host dura, the sex of donor or host, and whether or not male hosts were given exogenous hormone."}
{"id": "PMID:870472", "title": "Some ultrastructural observations on the intestinal mucosa of the toad (Bufo melanostictus).", "content": "An ultrastructural study of the mucous membrane of the small intestine in the toal (Bufo melanostictus) has shown that in the epithelium, besides the typical epithelial lining cells, non-epithelial cell types, including lymphocytes, macrophases, plasma cells, eosinophils and neutrophils are present. These non-epithelial cell types are also encountered in the lamina propria, which also contains numerous fibroblasts, smooth muscle cells and mast cells. The ultrastructural features of toad intestinal mucous membrane thus resembles that in mamals in many of its features, The intraepithelial localization of macrophages and of mature plasma cells is unusual. The observations suggest that the toad intestinal mucous membrane may function as a lymphoepithelial organ.", "contents": "Some ultrastructural observations on the intestinal mucosa of the toad (Bufo melanostictus). An ultrastructural study of the mucous membrane of the small intestine in the toal (Bufo melanostictus) has shown that in the epithelium, besides the typical epithelial lining cells, non-epithelial cell types, including lymphocytes, macrophases, plasma cells, eosinophils and neutrophils are present. These non-epithelial cell types are also encountered in the lamina propria, which also contains numerous fibroblasts, smooth muscle cells and mast cells. The ultrastructural features of toad intestinal mucous membrane thus resembles that in mamals in many of its features, The intraepithelial localization of macrophages and of mature plasma cells is unusual. The observations suggest that the toad intestinal mucous membrane may function as a lymphoepithelial organ."}
{"id": "PMID:870473", "title": "Intra-uterine growth retardation and limb deformities produced by neuromuscular blocking agents in the rat fetus.", "content": "Intra-uterine growth retardation and limb deformities, resembling clubfoot, were produced by tubocuararine chloride, and by toxiferine, when administered to the rat fetus between the 16th and 19th day of gestation. These effects were associated in some fetuses, but were not sex-linked. Fetuses in the middle part of the uterine horn were observed to be more vulnerable. Placentae of the affected fetuses were smaller in size and weight at birth. Direct toxic effects of the drug on the fetus and/or on the placenta, along with immobilization of the fetus in utero due to the neuromuscular blocking action of the drugs, seem responsible for these effects. These finding warrant proper caution and care in administering such drugs to women, even as late as the third trimester of pregnancy.", "contents": "Intra-uterine growth retardation and limb deformities produced by neuromuscular blocking agents in the rat fetus. Intra-uterine growth retardation and limb deformities, resembling clubfoot, were produced by tubocuararine chloride, and by toxiferine, when administered to the rat fetus between the 16th and 19th day of gestation. These effects were associated in some fetuses, but were not sex-linked. Fetuses in the middle part of the uterine horn were observed to be more vulnerable. Placentae of the affected fetuses were smaller in size and weight at birth. Direct toxic effects of the drug on the fetus and/or on the placenta, along with immobilization of the fetus in utero due to the neuromuscular blocking action of the drugs, seem responsible for these effects. These finding warrant proper caution and care in administering such drugs to women, even as late as the third trimester of pregnancy."}
{"id": "PMID:870474", "title": "Biomechanical and ultrastructural studies on the elastic wing tendon from the domestic fowl.", "content": "The interaction between collagen and elastin networks under conditions of load-extension  has been studied in the elastic wing tendon of the domestic fowl. The load-extention curves obtained could be divided into two regions, the first region representing the ability of the tendon to undergo great extension at low tension, the second representing a limit region where the collagen of the tendon appears to become fully extended. Following removal of the elastin network with pure elastase only the second region of the curve persisted, indicating that elastin is largely responsible for the mechanical event represented by the first region of the curve. The collagen network of tendons apparently is normally held in a folded conformational state by elastin, for elastase treatment results in elongation of tendons even in the absence of loading. Complete removal of elastin, and alignment of collagen bundles were confirmed ultrastructurally in the elongated tendons. The breading load of the elastase-treated tendons was also significangly reduced, indicating that an elastase-sensitive component is a limiting factor in determining the ultimate strength of the tendon.", "contents": "Biomechanical and ultrastructural studies on the elastic wing tendon from the domestic fowl. The interaction between collagen and elastin networks under conditions of load-extension  has been studied in the elastic wing tendon of the domestic fowl. The load-extention curves obtained could be divided into two regions, the first region representing the ability of the tendon to undergo great extension at low tension, the second representing a limit region where the collagen of the tendon appears to become fully extended. Following removal of the elastin network with pure elastase only the second region of the curve persisted, indicating that elastin is largely responsible for the mechanical event represented by the first region of the curve. The collagen network of tendons apparently is normally held in a folded conformational state by elastin, for elastase treatment results in elongation of tendons even in the absence of loading. Complete removal of elastin, and alignment of collagen bundles were confirmed ultrastructurally in the elongated tendons. The breading load of the elastase-treated tendons was also significangly reduced, indicating that an elastase-sensitive component is a limiting factor in determining the ultimate strength of the tendon."}
{"id": "PMID:870475", "title": "Some effects of tenotomy on adult striated muscles.", "content": "The effect, after prolonged survival, of tenotomy on the length of the muscle bell of tibialis anterior and the isometric tensions it exerted was investigated in adult rabbits. When regeneration of the tendon was prevented by its diplacement of bell length decreases by about 20% and, if the tendon of extensor digitorum longus was cut as well, by about 40%; the decrease was only about 10% when the tendon was allowed to regenerate. Tenotomy did not affect the length of the muscle fasciculi relative to that of their belly. The range through which the experimental and comtrol bellies exerted the same proportion of their maximum developed tension was approximately proportional to their maximum developed tension was approximately proportional to their respective length. The maximum tension the muscle exerted fell to as low as 10% of the normal after prolonged severance of its tendon, wheras after prolonged tendon regeneration in was about 80% of the normal. The ratio of the tension to the weight/length of the belly was reduced after tenotomy.", "contents": "Some effects of tenotomy on adult striated muscles. The effect, after prolonged survival, of tenotomy on the length of the muscle bell of tibialis anterior and the isometric tensions it exerted was investigated in adult rabbits. When regeneration of the tendon was prevented by its diplacement of bell length decreases by about 20% and, if the tendon of extensor digitorum longus was cut as well, by about 40%; the decrease was only about 10% when the tendon was allowed to regenerate. Tenotomy did not affect the length of the muscle fasciculi relative to that of their belly. The range through which the experimental and comtrol bellies exerted the same proportion of their maximum developed tension was approximately proportional to their maximum developed tension was approximately proportional to their respective length. The maximum tension the muscle exerted fell to as low as 10% of the normal after prolonged severance of its tendon, wheras after prolonged tendon regeneration in was about 80% of the normal. The ratio of the tension to the weight/length of the belly was reduced after tenotomy."}
{"id": "PMID:870476", "title": "The suspensory muscle of the duodenum and its nerve supply.", "content": "The gross anatomy, microscopic structure and nerve supply of the suspensory muscle of the duodenum and Hilfsmuskel have been studied in cadavers of 88 adults, 5 children, 1 infant and 6 neonates. The suspensory muscle of the duodenum, consisting of plain muscle fibres, arose from the connective tissue around the stems of the coeliac and superior mementeric arteries. It was inserted into the third and fourth parts of the duodenum in 53%, and into the duodeno-jejunal flexure in addition in 40%. It was innervated by non-myelinated fibres arising from the coeliac and superior mesenteric plexuses. Although both the longitudinal and circular muscle coats of the duodenum extended into the suspensory muscle, it was not supplied by Auerbach's plexus. The Halfsmuskel, which is a slip of the diaphragm is attached above to the margin of the oesophageal hiatus and below to the connective tissue in the region of the stem of the coeliac artery, sometimes extending to the stem of the superior mesenteric artery. The Hilfmuskel and the suspensory muscle of the duodenum are separate entities.", "contents": "The suspensory muscle of the duodenum and its nerve supply. The gross anatomy, microscopic structure and nerve supply of the suspensory muscle of the duodenum and Hilfsmuskel have been studied in cadavers of 88 adults, 5 children, 1 infant and 6 neonates. The suspensory muscle of the duodenum, consisting of plain muscle fibres, arose from the connective tissue around the stems of the coeliac and superior mementeric arteries. It was inserted into the third and fourth parts of the duodenum in 53%, and into the duodeno-jejunal flexure in addition in 40%. It was innervated by non-myelinated fibres arising from the coeliac and superior mesenteric plexuses. Although both the longitudinal and circular muscle coats of the duodenum extended into the suspensory muscle, it was not supplied by Auerbach's plexus. The Halfsmuskel, which is a slip of the diaphragm is attached above to the margin of the oesophageal hiatus and below to the connective tissue in the region of the stem of the coeliac artery, sometimes extending to the stem of the superior mesenteric artery. The Hilfmuskel and the suspensory muscle of the duodenum are separate entities."}
{"id": "PMID:870477", "title": "Radiographic assessment of calf muscle growth in the rat.", "content": "The growth of the calf muscle of the rat has been examined using a non-destructive,, radiological procedure. The growth was followed longitudinally in one set of rats from 3-228 days of age. A second group containing 165 animals was examined cross sectionally. In these animals the weight as well as the width of the muscle was recorded. It was concluded that growth of the calf muscle in width is more complex than the grwoth of the tibia, as a second growth peak was seen between 28 days and 35 days in the muscle but not in the tibia. It was observed that in animals greater than 150g body weight the muscle radiological shadow of the female was greater than that of the male, but this difference was not seen in muscle weight. The relationship between muscle size and muscle weight was not uniform: if the lightest animals were excluded then a logarithmic relation appeared, and if the heaviest animals were excluded, a cube relation was found. Variation in weight was always greater than in width, and it was concluded that muscle width could not be used for accurate estimation of muscle weight.", "contents": "Radiographic assessment of calf muscle growth in the rat. The growth of the calf muscle of the rat has been examined using a non-destructive,, radiological procedure. The growth was followed longitudinally in one set of rats from 3-228 days of age. A second group containing 165 animals was examined cross sectionally. In these animals the weight as well as the width of the muscle was recorded. It was concluded that growth of the calf muscle in width is more complex than the grwoth of the tibia, as a second growth peak was seen between 28 days and 35 days in the muscle but not in the tibia. It was observed that in animals greater than 150g body weight the muscle radiological shadow of the female was greater than that of the male, but this difference was not seen in muscle weight. The relationship between muscle size and muscle weight was not uniform: if the lightest animals were excluded then a logarithmic relation appeared, and if the heaviest animals were excluded, a cube relation was found. Variation in weight was always greater than in width, and it was concluded that muscle width could not be used for accurate estimation of muscle weight."}
{"id": "PMID:870479", "title": "Development of acinar cells in the rat submandibular gland.", "content": "Three types of cells - terminal tubule cells, proacinar cells and acinar cells - have been observed during the development of acini in the rat submandibular gland. The terminal tubules are lined by terminal tubule cells which show PAS-positive, dark granules. From the terminal tubules pouches develop which are lined by similar cells to those lining the terminal tubules. These pouches give rise to the next generation of terminal tubules. The last generation of terminal tubules, whose cells lose their dark, PAS-positive granules, develop into secondary tubules lined by proacinar cells. At 14 days of age large coarse granules appear in the cytoplasm of the proacinar cells lining the secondary tubules as well as in the cells of intercalated ducts. These granules are discharged into the lumen of the tubule and the proacinar cells become foamy-looking acinar cells, while the secondary tubule becomes an acinus. Thus the terminal tubule cells give rise to proacinar cells which become acinar cells and cells to the intercalated duct cells. The development of acini in the rat submandibular gland thus takes place in three stages: (1) development of terminal tubules by continuing pouch formation up to 12 days of age, (2) conversion of terminal tubules into secondary tubules tined by proacinar cells from 6 to 12 days of age, and (3) development of large coarse granules in proacinar cells and their excretion into the lumen of tubules, resulting in the transformation of proacinar cells into acinar cells between 14 and 21 days.", "contents": "Development of acinar cells in the rat submandibular gland. Three types of cells - terminal tubule cells, proacinar cells and acinar cells - have been observed during the development of acini in the rat submandibular gland. The terminal tubules are lined by terminal tubule cells which show PAS-positive, dark granules. From the terminal tubules pouches develop which are lined by similar cells to those lining the terminal tubules. These pouches give rise to the next generation of terminal tubules. The last generation of terminal tubules, whose cells lose their dark, PAS-positive granules, develop into secondary tubules lined by proacinar cells. At 14 days of age large coarse granules appear in the cytoplasm of the proacinar cells lining the secondary tubules as well as in the cells of intercalated ducts. These granules are discharged into the lumen of the tubule and the proacinar cells become foamy-looking acinar cells, while the secondary tubule becomes an acinus. Thus the terminal tubule cells give rise to proacinar cells which become acinar cells and cells to the intercalated duct cells. The development of acini in the rat submandibular gland thus takes place in three stages: (1) development of terminal tubules by continuing pouch formation up to 12 days of age, (2) conversion of terminal tubules into secondary tubules tined by proacinar cells from 6 to 12 days of age, and (3) development of large coarse granules in proacinar cells and their excretion into the lumen of tubules, resulting in the transformation of proacinar cells into acinar cells between 14 and 21 days."}
{"id": "PMID:870478", "title": "The collagen fibril organization in human articular cartilage.", "content": "In this scanning electron microscopic study blocks of collagen fibrils were prepared from human articular cartilage, using two techinques which selectively removed either the proteoglycans alone, or both the proteoglycans and the collagen fibrils, of the non-calcified cartilage layer. Amino acid analysis of the fibrils confirmed the purity of the collagen after proteoglycan extraction. The cartilage was scanned in four different ways: (1) normal to the articular surface, (2) in superficial sections, (3) on surfaces of blocks which had been broken in planes parallel to artificial splits make by the insertion of a pin, and (4) on fracture surfaces which traversed the calcified cartilage and the subchondral bone. Five features of the organization of the collagen fibrils were specially noted: (1) Individual fibrils within the trabeculae joined to form small fibre bundles which became grouped into larger bundles at the calcified/uncalcified interface. (2) Fibrils in the deep and middle zones which, exhibiting the characteristic surface periodicity of collagen, were generally oriented towars the articular surface in large bundles approximately 55 micronm across. (3) In the superficial zone, fibrils ran parallel to the surface. (4) The surface fibrils had random orientation, even at the bases of empty lacunae vacated by chondrocytes during specimen preparation. (5) The collagen fibrils of the lacunar walls appeared to be thinner and more closely packed than thos between the lacunae. The fine collagen fibrils associated with the lacunar walls were frequently observed to pass through a large lacunar space, resulting in the formation of two or more compartments, each of which was presumably filled with a chondrocyte in the living cartilage.", "contents": "The collagen fibril organization in human articular cartilage. In this scanning electron microscopic study blocks of collagen fibrils were prepared from human articular cartilage, using two techinques which selectively removed either the proteoglycans alone, or both the proteoglycans and the collagen fibrils, of the non-calcified cartilage layer. Amino acid analysis of the fibrils confirmed the purity of the collagen after proteoglycan extraction. The cartilage was scanned in four different ways: (1) normal to the articular surface, (2) in superficial sections, (3) on surfaces of blocks which had been broken in planes parallel to artificial splits make by the insertion of a pin, and (4) on fracture surfaces which traversed the calcified cartilage and the subchondral bone. Five features of the organization of the collagen fibrils were specially noted: (1) Individual fibrils within the trabeculae joined to form small fibre bundles which became grouped into larger bundles at the calcified/uncalcified interface. (2) Fibrils in the deep and middle zones which, exhibiting the characteristic surface periodicity of collagen, were generally oriented towars the articular surface in large bundles approximately 55 micronm across. (3) In the superficial zone, fibrils ran parallel to the surface. (4) The surface fibrils had random orientation, even at the bases of empty lacunae vacated by chondrocytes during specimen preparation. (5) The collagen fibrils of the lacunar walls appeared to be thinner and more closely packed than thos between the lacunae. The fine collagen fibrils associated with the lacunar walls were frequently observed to pass through a large lacunar space, resulting in the formation of two or more compartments, each of which was presumably filled with a chondrocyte in the living cartilage."}
{"id": "PMID:870480", "title": "Surface structure of tooth germs from newborn infants: a light and scanning electron microscopical study.", "content": "Tooth germs from the mandibles of 5 stillborn infants were examined by scanning electron microscopy and light microscopy in order to investigate the surgace structure at different stages of mineralization. The surface of the completed enamel of the incisal third of the incisors was smooth, indicating that amelogenesis was at an end. The interface relief between ameloblasts and enamel matrix on the remaining part of the incisors, and on the forming cusps, was characterized by numerous deep pits caused by the Tomes' processes of the ameloblasts. When parts of the organic matrix were removed by sodium hypochlorite, the crystals were exposed as needle-shaped structures. Towards the bases of the cusps the pits gragually smoothed out, continuing as a narrow even surface zone corresponding to the first formed aprismatic enamel. In this zone circular holes 1 micronm were encountered which the light microscope studies showed were dentinal tubules passing into the enamel. At the bases of the cusps there was a rather abrupt demarcation toward a surface zone exhibiting countless slender villi. The light microscope observations indicated that these villi represented the first formed dentine after the basement membrane had disappeared.", "contents": "Surface structure of tooth germs from newborn infants: a light and scanning electron microscopical study. Tooth germs from the mandibles of 5 stillborn infants were examined by scanning electron microscopy and light microscopy in order to investigate the surgace structure at different stages of mineralization. The surface of the completed enamel of the incisal third of the incisors was smooth, indicating that amelogenesis was at an end. The interface relief between ameloblasts and enamel matrix on the remaining part of the incisors, and on the forming cusps, was characterized by numerous deep pits caused by the Tomes' processes of the ameloblasts. When parts of the organic matrix were removed by sodium hypochlorite, the crystals were exposed as needle-shaped structures. Towards the bases of the cusps the pits gragually smoothed out, continuing as a narrow even surface zone corresponding to the first formed aprismatic enamel. In this zone circular holes 1 micronm were encountered which the light microscope studies showed were dentinal tubules passing into the enamel. At the bases of the cusps there was a rather abrupt demarcation toward a surface zone exhibiting countless slender villi. The light microscope observations indicated that these villi represented the first formed dentine after the basement membrane had disappeared."}
{"id": "PMID:870481", "title": "Gas-liquid chromatographic determination of butylated hydroxyanisole and butylated hydroxytoluene in edible oils.", "content": "A method is described for the quantitative determination of butylated hydroxyanisole and butylated hydroxytoluene in edible oils. Both antioxidants are extracted with acetonitrile, and quantitated by gas-liquid chromatography, using a hydrogen flame ionization detection system and di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyanisole as an internal standard. The standard addition technique is used. Recoveries from oils containing 70-400 ppm by weight of both antioxidants ranged from 88 to 104%.", "contents": "Gas-liquid chromatographic determination of butylated hydroxyanisole and butylated hydroxytoluene in edible oils. A method is described for the quantitative determination of butylated hydroxyanisole and butylated hydroxytoluene in edible oils. Both antioxidants are extracted with acetonitrile, and quantitated by gas-liquid chromatography, using a hydrogen flame ionization detection system and di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyanisole as an internal standard. The standard addition technique is used. Recoveries from oils containing 70-400 ppm by weight of both antioxidants ranged from 88 to 104%."}
{"id": "PMID:870482", "title": "Method for the flotation oil extraction of light filth from ground capsicums.", "content": "The present official first action method for ground capsicums, 44.123, was adopted in 1945 and there have been great changes in processing and examination of spices since that time. The proposed method involves isopropanol pretreatment, followed by wet sieving and extraction of the light filth from 60% ethanol with flotation oil. The filter papers were clean and recoveries were good (95%) for 5 different lots of capsicums and annato spiked with insect fragments and rodent hairs.", "contents": "Method for the flotation oil extraction of light filth from ground capsicums. The present official first action method for ground capsicums, 44.123, was adopted in 1945 and there have been great changes in processing and examination of spices since that time. The proposed method involves isopropanol pretreatment, followed by wet sieving and extraction of the light filth from 60% ethanol with flotation oil. The filter papers were clean and recoveries were good (95%) for 5 different lots of capsicums and annato spiked with insect fragments and rodent hairs."}
{"id": "PMID:870483", "title": "Assay of thiamine in foods, using manual and semiautomated fluorometric and microbiological methods.", "content": "Three methods for the determination of thiamine in foods were evaluated for accuracy, recovery, and precision: a manual fluorescent method, a semiautomated fluorescent method, and a Lactobacillus viridescens microbiological assay. Thiamine in the samples was destroyed with clam tissue thiaminase; a known amount of thiamine hydrochloride was then added to the extract; and the thiamine recovery was determined. For 14 commerically processed food products analyzed by the manual and semiautomated methods, the mean per cent recovery values and standard deviations were 91.2 +/- 8.92 and 99.3 +/- 3.13%, respectively. Eight of these products were analyzed by all 3 methods. The mean per cent recoveries and standard deviations for these 8 samples were 90.7 +/- 8.97, 101 +/- 2.52, and 99.9 +/- 1.03%, respectively, for the manual, semiautomated, and microbiological methods. The microbiological method with L. viridescens gave the best results for the products tested. The concentration of vitamin which can be measured is such that samples of low label declaration present no problems. The semiautomated method offers a rapid and accurate method of thiamine assay. The chemical reactions are identical to those of the official method. The major difference between the methods is in the sample cleanup. It is postulated that the low recovery observed for the manual method is due to incomplete elution of thiamine in the column purification step.", "contents": "Assay of thiamine in foods, using manual and semiautomated fluorometric and microbiological methods. Three methods for the determination of thiamine in foods were evaluated for accuracy, recovery, and precision: a manual fluorescent method, a semiautomated fluorescent method, and a Lactobacillus viridescens microbiological assay. Thiamine in the samples was destroyed with clam tissue thiaminase; a known amount of thiamine hydrochloride was then added to the extract; and the thiamine recovery was determined. For 14 commerically processed food products analyzed by the manual and semiautomated methods, the mean per cent recovery values and standard deviations were 91.2 +/- 8.92 and 99.3 +/- 3.13%, respectively. Eight of these products were analyzed by all 3 methods. The mean per cent recoveries and standard deviations for these 8 samples were 90.7 +/- 8.97, 101 +/- 2.52, and 99.9 +/- 1.03%, respectively, for the manual, semiautomated, and microbiological methods. The microbiological method with L. viridescens gave the best results for the products tested. The concentration of vitamin which can be measured is such that samples of low label declaration present no problems. The semiautomated method offers a rapid and accurate method of thiamine assay. The chemical reactions are identical to those of the official method. The major difference between the methods is in the sample cleanup. It is postulated that the low recovery observed for the manual method is due to incomplete elution of thiamine in the column purification step."}
{"id": "PMID:870484", "title": "New colorimetric method for folic acid assay in dosage forms.", "content": "A new colorimetric method has been developed for estimating folic acid. The British Pharmacopoeial method has been modified to reduce folic acid to 2,4,5-triamino-6-hydroxy-pyrimidine (TAHP), which is treated with ninhydrin to yield a stable purple complex. Participation of 5-amino and 6-hydroxy groups of TAHP in the color reaction with ninhydrin is suggested on the basis of experimental evidence. The color obtained has an absorbance maximum at 555 nm and obeys Beer's law in the concentration range of 4.5 to 45 microng folic acid/ml. The method has been successfully used for assaying folic acid, its tablets, and injections.", "contents": "New colorimetric method for folic acid assay in dosage forms. A new colorimetric method has been developed for estimating folic acid. The British Pharmacopoeial method has been modified to reduce folic acid to 2,4,5-triamino-6-hydroxy-pyrimidine (TAHP), which is treated with ninhydrin to yield a stable purple complex. Participation of 5-amino and 6-hydroxy groups of TAHP in the color reaction with ninhydrin is suggested on the basis of experimental evidence. The color obtained has an absorbance maximum at 555 nm and obeys Beer's law in the concentration range of 4.5 to 45 microng folic acid/ml. The method has been successfully used for assaying folic acid, its tablets, and injections."}
{"id": "PMID:870485", "title": "Fluorometric determination of glycerol in wine--comparison with other known procedures.", "content": "The glycerol content of 6 wines was evaluated by using 3 different preliminary treatments and, subsequently, a variety of instrumental and chemical procedures (fluorometric, vapor phase chromatography of trimethylsilyl derivatives, volumetric, and colorimetric). The data showed that all these procedures are applicable; in particular, the fluorometric procedure, which has not been used until now, provides average recoveries of added glycerol ranging from 99.3 to 100.9%, with relative standard deviations ranging from 2.9 to 3.2%. Vapor phase chromatography provides average recoveries of added glycerol ranging from 99.8 to 100.1%, with relative standard deviations ranging from 1.0 to 2.7%. Therefore, the fluorometric procedure appears especially useful for reliable routine analyses, because it is specific for glycerol and provides results that are unaffected by preliminary treatment. Thus it allows analysis of diluted wine, when the sugar content does not exceed 5 g/L; sweet wines must undergo an ion exchange pretreatment.", "contents": "Fluorometric determination of glycerol in wine--comparison with other known procedures. The glycerol content of 6 wines was evaluated by using 3 different preliminary treatments and, subsequently, a variety of instrumental and chemical procedures (fluorometric, vapor phase chromatography of trimethylsilyl derivatives, volumetric, and colorimetric). The data showed that all these procedures are applicable; in particular, the fluorometric procedure, which has not been used until now, provides average recoveries of added glycerol ranging from 99.3 to 100.9%, with relative standard deviations ranging from 2.9 to 3.2%. Vapor phase chromatography provides average recoveries of added glycerol ranging from 99.8 to 100.1%, with relative standard deviations ranging from 1.0 to 2.7%. Therefore, the fluorometric procedure appears especially useful for reliable routine analyses, because it is specific for glycerol and provides results that are unaffected by preliminary treatment. Thus it allows analysis of diluted wine, when the sugar content does not exceed 5 g/L; sweet wines must undergo an ion exchange pretreatment."}
{"id": "PMID:870486", "title": "Gas-solid chromatographic confirmation of vinyl chloride levels in oils and vinegars by using electrolytic conductivity detection.", "content": "A gas-solid chromatographic headspace method has been developed for the quantitative confirmation of vinyl chloride (VC) in oils, and vinegars. The method, based on the electrolytic conductivity detector, permits quantitative confirmation of VC residues as low 0.05 and 0.02 ppm for oil and vinegar, respectively. A number of samples were analyzed by using a previously reported flame ionization method and the proposed technique. The results by using the latter technique averaged 5% lower.", "contents": "Gas-solid chromatographic confirmation of vinyl chloride levels in oils and vinegars by using electrolytic conductivity detection. A gas-solid chromatographic headspace method has been developed for the quantitative confirmation of vinyl chloride (VC) in oils, and vinegars. The method, based on the electrolytic conductivity detector, permits quantitative confirmation of VC residues as low 0.05 and 0.02 ppm for oil and vinegar, respectively. A number of samples were analyzed by using a previously reported flame ionization method and the proposed technique. The results by using the latter technique averaged 5% lower."}
{"id": "PMID:870487", "title": "Aflatoxin and zearalenone occurrence in dry-milled corn products.", "content": "Eighty-two corn dry-milling establishments in 20 states were surveyed concerning control practices for preventing the use of corn contaminated with aflatoxin or zearalenone. Prime products and by-products from each establishment were analyzed for these mycotoxins to determine whether a correlation exists between control practices and product contamination. No zearalenone was detected in any product; there was little awareness of the potential for contamination with this mycotoxin. No correlation was found between control practices and aflatoxin contamination encountered, but there was a positive correlation between aflatoxin contamination and the geographical source of the corn. Reported experimental findings in regard to the distribution of aflatoxin between prime product and by-product were generally corroborated.", "contents": "Aflatoxin and zearalenone occurrence in dry-milled corn products. Eighty-two corn dry-milling establishments in 20 states were surveyed concerning control practices for preventing the use of corn contaminated with aflatoxin or zearalenone. Prime products and by-products from each establishment were analyzed for these mycotoxins to determine whether a correlation exists between control practices and product contamination. No zearalenone was detected in any product; there was little awareness of the potential for contamination with this mycotoxin. No correlation was found between control practices and aflatoxin contamination encountered, but there was a positive correlation between aflatoxin contamination and the geographical source of the corn. Reported experimental findings in regard to the distribution of aflatoxin between prime product and by-product were generally corroborated."}
{"id": "PMID:870488", "title": "Collaborative study of modified AOAC method of analysis for nitrite in meat and meat products.", "content": "A modified version of the AOAC method of analysis for nitrite in meat and meat products was tested collaboratively by 23 laboratories. Results were compared with those obtained by the official AOAC method. Recommended modifications include: (a) substitution of N-(1-naphthyl) ethylenediamine and sulfanilamide for Griess reagent, (b) separate addition and 1:10 dilution of the above reagents, (c) 20 min color development and absorbance read at 540 nm, (d) substitutionstitution of NaNO2 for AgNO2 and NaCL, (e) omission of mercuric chloride, (f) screening of filter paper for nitrite contamination, (g) more precise dilution of sample aliquot, and (h) standard curve linear up to 10 microng N/50 ml. Results were statistically treated by Youden's technique for comparing 2 methods, using a matched pair sample scheme. The random error for the modified method was significantly lower than the random error for the official method. A t-test showed no difference in bias between the 2 methods.", "contents": "Collaborative study of modified AOAC method of analysis for nitrite in meat and meat products. A modified version of the AOAC method of analysis for nitrite in meat and meat products was tested collaboratively by 23 laboratories. Results were compared with those obtained by the official AOAC method. Recommended modifications include: (a) substitution of N-(1-naphthyl) ethylenediamine and sulfanilamide for Griess reagent, (b) separate addition and 1:10 dilution of the above reagents, (c) 20 min color development and absorbance read at 540 nm, (d) substitutionstitution of NaNO2 for AgNO2 and NaCL, (e) omission of mercuric chloride, (f) screening of filter paper for nitrite contamination, (g) more precise dilution of sample aliquot, and (h) standard curve linear up to 10 microng N/50 ml. Results were statistically treated by Youden's technique for comparing 2 methods, using a matched pair sample scheme. The random error for the modified method was significantly lower than the random error for the official method. A t-test showed no difference in bias between the 2 methods."}
{"id": "PMID:870489", "title": "Gas-liquid chromatographic determination of solvents in commercial nail lacquer preparations.", "content": "A gas-liquid chromatographic (GLC) method has been developed for the determination of 5 solvents (butanol, butyl acetate, ethyl acetate, 2-propanol, and toluene) and camphor in commerical nail lacquer preparations. Resins and pigments are first precipitated from the solvents by dilution with isooctane. n-Propyl acetate is then added as an internal standard to the isooctane solution of solvents and the mixture is analyzed by temperature-programmed GLC. Analyses at 3 concentration levels (4, 20, and 40%) with 4 determinations at each level gave good recoveries.", "contents": "Gas-liquid chromatographic determination of solvents in commercial nail lacquer preparations. A gas-liquid chromatographic (GLC) method has been developed for the determination of 5 solvents (butanol, butyl acetate, ethyl acetate, 2-propanol, and toluene) and camphor in commerical nail lacquer preparations. Resins and pigments are first precipitated from the solvents by dilution with isooctane. n-Propyl acetate is then added as an internal standard to the isooctane solution of solvents and the mixture is analyzed by temperature-programmed GLC. Analyses at 3 concentration levels (4, 20, and 40%) with 4 determinations at each level gave good recoveries."}
{"id": "PMID:870490", "title": "Collaborative study of the colorimetric determination of zirconium in antiperspirant aerosols.", "content": "A previously published method for determining zirconium in antiperspirant aerosols was collaboratively studied by 7 laboratories. The method consists of 2 procedures: a rapid dilution procedure for soluble zirconium compounds or a lengthier fusion procedure for total zirconium (soluble and insoluble compounds), followed by colorimetric determination. The collaborators were asked to perform the following: Spiking materials representing 4 levels of soluble zirconium were added to weighed portions of a zirconium-free cream base concentrate and the portions were assayed by the dilution procedure. Spiking materials representing 4 levels of zirconium in either the soluble or the insoluble form (or as a mixture) were also added to portions of the same concentrate and these portions were assayed by the fusion procedure. They were also asked to concentrate and assay, by both procedured, 2 cans each of 2 commercial aerosol antiperspirants containing zirconyl hydroxychloride. The average per cent recoveries and standard deviations for spiked samples were 99.8-100.2 and 1.69-2.71, respectively, for soluble compounds determined by the dilution procedure, and 93.8-97.4 and 3.09-4.78, respectively, for soluble and/or insoluble compounds determined by the fusion procedure. The average per cent zirconium fouund by the dilution procedure in the 2 commercial aerosol products was 0.751 and 0.792, respectively,with coefficients of variation of 2.94 and 2.53%, respectively. Insufficient collaborative results were received for the fusion procedure for statistical evaluation. The dilution procedure for statistical evaluation. The dilution procedure has been adopted as official first action.", "contents": "Collaborative study of the colorimetric determination of zirconium in antiperspirant aerosols. A previously published method for determining zirconium in antiperspirant aerosols was collaboratively studied by 7 laboratories. The method consists of 2 procedures: a rapid dilution procedure for soluble zirconium compounds or a lengthier fusion procedure for total zirconium (soluble and insoluble compounds), followed by colorimetric determination. The collaborators were asked to perform the following: Spiking materials representing 4 levels of soluble zirconium were added to weighed portions of a zirconium-free cream base concentrate and the portions were assayed by the dilution procedure. Spiking materials representing 4 levels of zirconium in either the soluble or the insoluble form (or as a mixture) were also added to portions of the same concentrate and these portions were assayed by the fusion procedure. They were also asked to concentrate and assay, by both procedured, 2 cans each of 2 commercial aerosol antiperspirants containing zirconyl hydroxychloride. The average per cent recoveries and standard deviations for spiked samples were 99.8-100.2 and 1.69-2.71, respectively, for soluble compounds determined by the dilution procedure, and 93.8-97.4 and 3.09-4.78, respectively, for soluble and/or insoluble compounds determined by the fusion procedure. The average per cent zirconium fouund by the dilution procedure in the 2 commercial aerosol products was 0.751 and 0.792, respectively,with coefficients of variation of 2.94 and 2.53%, respectively. Insufficient collaborative results were received for the fusion procedure for statistical evaluation. The dilution procedure for statistical evaluation. The dilution procedure has been adopted as official first action."}
{"id": "PMID:870491", "title": "Separation and analysis of the pyrethrins by combined gas-liquid chromatography-chemical ionization mass spectrometry.", "content": "Pyrethrins, the 6 naturally occurring insecticidal esters of pyrethrum extract, were analyzed by combined gas-liquid chromatography-chemical ionization mass spectrometry. Separation was best on an OV-25 column with temperature programming; The chemical ionization mass spectra for the 6 esters as well as for the thermally isomerized pyrethrins I and II are reported and discussed. Using selective ion monitoring, a lower limit of detectability of all 6 esters was 114 ng of total extract injected on the column.", "contents": "Separation and analysis of the pyrethrins by combined gas-liquid chromatography-chemical ionization mass spectrometry. Pyrethrins, the 6 naturally occurring insecticidal esters of pyrethrum extract, were analyzed by combined gas-liquid chromatography-chemical ionization mass spectrometry. Separation was best on an OV-25 column with temperature programming; The chemical ionization mass spectra for the 6 esters as well as for the thermally isomerized pyrethrins I and II are reported and discussed. Using selective ion monitoring, a lower limit of detectability of all 6 esters was 114 ng of total extract injected on the column."}
{"id": "PMID:870492", "title": "Rapid preparation of micro sample and gas-liquid chromatographic determination of methoxychlor residues in animal tissues and water.", "content": "Methods are described for analyses of methoxychlor (2,2-bis(p-methoxyphenyl)-1,1,1-trichloroethane) in tissues of fish and invertebrate animals and in water samples. These micro methods offer economy in solvents and materials, and reduce health and fire hazards. Furthermore, the methods sufficiently reduce sample weights to allow analyses of small animals (mayflies) or animal organs. Samples are extracted in a ball-mill with n-hexane, and lipids are removed from fatty samples by freezeout. Small Florisil columns give final lipid cleanup and partial separation of methoxychlor from interfering materials. Methoxychlor is determined on a short gas-liquid chromatographic column (retention time 2.2 min). Animal tissue samples as small as 0.1 g and water samples of 5 ml can be analyzed at sensitivities of 10 and 1 ppb, respectively. Methoxychlor recoveries were 84-101% (fish and crab tissue), 92-100% (cod liver oil), and 98-107% (water) over a concentration range of 0.-10 ppm. Results obtained for fish tissue by using micro procedures agreed to within 20% of results reported by an independent laboratory using an established method.", "contents": "Rapid preparation of micro sample and gas-liquid chromatographic determination of methoxychlor residues in animal tissues and water. Methods are described for analyses of methoxychlor (2,2-bis(p-methoxyphenyl)-1,1,1-trichloroethane) in tissues of fish and invertebrate animals and in water samples. These micro methods offer economy in solvents and materials, and reduce health and fire hazards. Furthermore, the methods sufficiently reduce sample weights to allow analyses of small animals (mayflies) or animal organs. Samples are extracted in a ball-mill with n-hexane, and lipids are removed from fatty samples by freezeout. Small Florisil columns give final lipid cleanup and partial separation of methoxychlor from interfering materials. Methoxychlor is determined on a short gas-liquid chromatographic column (retention time 2.2 min). Animal tissue samples as small as 0.1 g and water samples of 5 ml can be analyzed at sensitivities of 10 and 1 ppb, respectively. Methoxychlor recoveries were 84-101% (fish and crab tissue), 92-100% (cod liver oil), and 98-107% (water) over a concentration range of 0.-10 ppm. Results obtained for fish tissue by using micro procedures agreed to within 20% of results reported by an independent laboratory using an established method."}
{"id": "PMID:870493", "title": "Quantitative determination of thiourea in citrus fruits.", "content": "A quantitative method for thiourea determination in orange peels is proposed, with direct reflectance spectrometric measurements on chromatoplates. Thiourea is separated on a silica gel plate with methanol-chloroform (10 + 90), and the spots are characterized with 2,6-dichloroquinone chloroimide; this colorimetric reaction is unstable, so thiourea is quantitated on the chromatogram by direct ultraviolet reflectance spectrometric measurements at 240 nm. Comparison between this method and the AOAC colorimetric method shows interferences and higher results in the colorimetric assay. By slightly modifying the extraction technique, such as purifying the extract on an alumina column, it is possible to decrease these interferences and to avoid erroneous results with the AOAC colorimetric method. For both methods, colorimetry in solution and reflectometry on chromatoplates, applied after the proposed extraction technique, the sensitivity is about 1 ppm and the reliabilities are similar.", "contents": "Quantitative determination of thiourea in citrus fruits. A quantitative method for thiourea determination in orange peels is proposed, with direct reflectance spectrometric measurements on chromatoplates. Thiourea is separated on a silica gel plate with methanol-chloroform (10 + 90), and the spots are characterized with 2,6-dichloroquinone chloroimide; this colorimetric reaction is unstable, so thiourea is quantitated on the chromatogram by direct ultraviolet reflectance spectrometric measurements at 240 nm. Comparison between this method and the AOAC colorimetric method shows interferences and higher results in the colorimetric assay. By slightly modifying the extraction technique, such as purifying the extract on an alumina column, it is possible to decrease these interferences and to avoid erroneous results with the AOAC colorimetric method. For both methods, colorimetry in solution and reflectometry on chromatoplates, applied after the proposed extraction technique, the sensitivity is about 1 ppm and the reliabilities are similar."}
{"id": "PMID:870494", "title": "Comparison of semiautomated and manual methods for the determination of thiamine in baby cereals and infant and dietary formulas.", "content": "Using a semiautomated method, the mean thiamine content of specific products ranged from 88 to 101% and 83 to 93% for baby cereals and infant and dietary formulas, respectively, of those obtained with the AOAC manual method. The best results were obtained when data for the semiautomated method were calculated from a standard curve obtained by using thiamine solutions which had been digested and hydrolyzed along with the samples.", "contents": "Comparison of semiautomated and manual methods for the determination of thiamine in baby cereals and infant and dietary formulas. Using a semiautomated method, the mean thiamine content of specific products ranged from 88 to 101% and 83 to 93% for baby cereals and infant and dietary formulas, respectively, of those obtained with the AOAC manual method. The best results were obtained when data for the semiautomated method were calculated from a standard curve obtained by using thiamine solutions which had been digested and hydrolyzed along with the samples."}
{"id": "PMID:870495", "title": "Aflatoxin in Tunisian aleppo pine nuts.", "content": "Twenty-six of 50 Aleppo pine nuts samples collected throughout Tunisia showed relatively high levels of contamination by aflatoxin. Some samples contained as much as 2000 ppb aflatoxin B1, and very few contained less than 100 ppb. Total aflatoxins as high as 7550 ppb were found. A traditional pudding, widely consumed in Tunisia, which was prepared from contaminated nuts still contained more than 80% of the aflatoxin originally present in the nuts.", "contents": "Aflatoxin in Tunisian aleppo pine nuts. Twenty-six of 50 Aleppo pine nuts samples collected throughout Tunisia showed relatively high levels of contamination by aflatoxin. Some samples contained as much as 2000 ppb aflatoxin B1, and very few contained less than 100 ppb. Total aflatoxins as high as 7550 ppb were found. A traditional pudding, widely consumed in Tunisia, which was prepared from contaminated nuts still contained more than 80% of the aflatoxin originally present in the nuts."}
{"id": "PMID:870496", "title": "Radiology of airway foreign bodies in children.", "content": "Among 91 children with airway foreign bodies there were 10 with radiopaque foreign bodies. Seventy-four of the cases of non-opaque foreign bodies were unilateral. Seventeen had pulmonary consolidation or loss of volume and 33 had a unilateral hyperlucent lung. In 18 of the latter there was unilateral overinflation, but in 15 the hyperlucency was the result of pulmonary vasoconstriction. Twenty-three patients had normal routine inspiration radiographs; in 14 of these fluoroscopy or expiration films were obtained and air-trapping was demonstrated in 13. In twenty-three of the children the diagnosis was delayed. Fifteen of these had normal chest radiographs or unilateral hyperlucency alone. Since normal inspiration chest radiographs are frequently seen in cases of airway foreign bodies even when the diagnosis is delayed, it is strongly recommended that fluoroscopy or expiration films be obtained in any patient where the diagnosis is in doubt.", "contents": "Radiology of airway foreign bodies in children. Among 91 children with airway foreign bodies there were 10 with radiopaque foreign bodies. Seventy-four of the cases of non-opaque foreign bodies were unilateral. Seventeen had pulmonary consolidation or loss of volume and 33 had a unilateral hyperlucent lung. In 18 of the latter there was unilateral overinflation, but in 15 the hyperlucency was the result of pulmonary vasoconstriction. Twenty-three patients had normal routine inspiration radiographs; in 14 of these fluoroscopy or expiration films were obtained and air-trapping was demonstrated in 13. In twenty-three of the children the diagnosis was delayed. Fifteen of these had normal chest radiographs or unilateral hyperlucency alone. Since normal inspiration chest radiographs are frequently seen in cases of airway foreign bodies even when the diagnosis is delayed, it is strongly recommended that fluoroscopy or expiration films be obtained in any patient where the diagnosis is in doubt."}
{"id": "PMID:870497", "title": "The variable roentgen appearance of traumatic diaphragmatic hernia.", "content": "Alteration of the diaphragmatic contour should be added to the list of radiographic signs of traumatic diaphragmatic hernia (TDH). Such changes may sometimes be appreciated prior to gross herniation of abdominal viscera into the hemithorax. Alterations of the hemidiaphragmatic contour are non-specific, but suggestive of TDH in the appropriate clinical setting.", "contents": "The variable roentgen appearance of traumatic diaphragmatic hernia. Alteration of the diaphragmatic contour should be added to the list of radiographic signs of traumatic diaphragmatic hernia (TDH). Such changes may sometimes be appreciated prior to gross herniation of abdominal viscera into the hemithorax. Alterations of the hemidiaphragmatic contour are non-specific, but suggestive of TDH in the appropriate clinical setting."}
{"id": "PMID:870498", "title": "Epidermoid cysts of the spleen.", "content": "In the two cases presented here, the sonographic findings were unique. At low gain settings the rounded masses appeared sonolucent and smooth walled. As the gain was increased, multiple internal echoes appeared close to the inner wall, indicating the thick and irregular wall lining. It is presumed that these echoes were produced by the trabeculae. It is felt that the sonographic findings in epidermoid cysts of the spleen may be diagnostic, obviating the need for arteriography.", "contents": "Epidermoid cysts of the spleen. In the two cases presented here, the sonographic findings were unique. At low gain settings the rounded masses appeared sonolucent and smooth walled. As the gain was increased, multiple internal echoes appeared close to the inner wall, indicating the thick and irregular wall lining. It is presumed that these echoes were produced by the trabeculae. It is felt that the sonographic findings in epidermoid cysts of the spleen may be diagnostic, obviating the need for arteriography."}
{"id": "PMID:870499", "title": "Crossed, fused renal ectopia with severe hydronephrosis: angiographic diagnosis.", "content": "The authors describe two children with crossed, fused renal ectopia in whom severely damaged hydronephrotic ectopic kidneys were not shown by intravenous urography. Aortography confirmed the diagnosis in both patients. Aortography is of great value if a diseased ectopic kidney must be resected; demonstration of the vascular supply to both kidneys enables the surgeon to preserve all of the normal renal tissue.", "contents": "Crossed, fused renal ectopia with severe hydronephrosis: angiographic diagnosis. The authors describe two children with crossed, fused renal ectopia in whom severely damaged hydronephrotic ectopic kidneys were not shown by intravenous urography. Aortography confirmed the diagnosis in both patients. Aortography is of great value if a diseased ectopic kidney must be resected; demonstration of the vascular supply to both kidneys enables the surgeon to preserve all of the normal renal tissue."}
{"id": "PMID:870500", "title": "Small nuclear RNA localization during mitosis. An electron microscope study.", "content": "The localization of small nuclear ribonucleic acids (snRNAs) during mitosis in Amoeba proteus was studied by high voltage (1,000 kV) electron microscope autoradiography. By suitable micromanipulations, the snRNA's, labeled with [3H]uridine, were made to be the only radioactive molecules in the cell and thus easy to follow autoradiographically. During interphase the snRNA label, which is almost exclusively nuclear, is distributed fairly uniformly through the nucleus with a slightly higher amount of label over chromatin than over nonchromatin areas. During prophase the snRNAs, which continue to be largely nuclear, become highly concentrated in the condensing chromosomes. At metapase, almost all of the snRNAs are cytoplasmic and essentially none are associated with the maximally condensed chromatin. Beginning in early anaphase, the snRNAs resume their association with the chromosomes, with the degree of association increasing throughout anaphase. Most of the snRNAs are back in the nuclei by telophase, but the intranuclear localization is hard to determine. We conclude that snRNAs have a great affinity for the partially condensed chromosomes of prophase and anaphase, but none for the maximally condensed chromosomes of metaphase. A minor amount of snRNA localizations in association with nucleoli and the nuclear  envelope are also reported. On the basis of these findings a role of snRNAs in genetic \"reprogramming\" or chromosome organization is proposed.", "contents": "Small nuclear RNA localization during mitosis. An electron microscope study. The localization of small nuclear ribonucleic acids (snRNAs) during mitosis in Amoeba proteus was studied by high voltage (1,000 kV) electron microscope autoradiography. By suitable micromanipulations, the snRNA's, labeled with [3H]uridine, were made to be the only radioactive molecules in the cell and thus easy to follow autoradiographically. During interphase the snRNA label, which is almost exclusively nuclear, is distributed fairly uniformly through the nucleus with a slightly higher amount of label over chromatin than over nonchromatin areas. During prophase the snRNAs, which continue to be largely nuclear, become highly concentrated in the condensing chromosomes. At metapase, almost all of the snRNAs are cytoplasmic and essentially none are associated with the maximally condensed chromatin. Beginning in early anaphase, the snRNAs resume their association with the chromosomes, with the degree of association increasing throughout anaphase. Most of the snRNAs are back in the nuclei by telophase, but the intranuclear localization is hard to determine. We conclude that snRNAs have a great affinity for the partially condensed chromosomes of prophase and anaphase, but none for the maximally condensed chromosomes of metaphase. A minor amount of snRNA localizations in association with nucleoli and the nuclear  envelope are also reported. On the basis of these findings a role of snRNAs in genetic \"reprogramming\" or chromosome organization is proposed."}
{"id": "PMID:870501", "title": "Spatial relationship of photosystem I, photosystem II, and the light-harvesting complex in chloroplast membranes.", "content": "We have previously demonstrated (Armond, P. A., C. J. Arntzen, J.-M. Briantais, and C. Vernotte. 1976. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 175:54-63; and Davis, D. J., P. A. Armond, E. L. Gross, and C. J. Arntzen. 1976. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 175:64-70) that pea seedlings which were exposed to intermittent illumination contained incompletely developed chloroplasts. These plastids were photosynthetically competent, but did not contain grana. We now demonstrate that the incompletely developed plastids have a smaller photosynthetic unit size; this is primarily due to the absence of a major light-harvesting pigment-protein complex which is present in the mature membranes. Upon exposure of intermittent-light seedlings to continuous white light for periods up to 48 h, a ligh-harvesting chlorophyll-protein complex was inserted into the chloroplast membrane with a concomitant appearance of grana stacks and an increase in photosynthetic unit size. Plastid membranes from plants grown under intermediate light were examined by freeze-fracture electron microscopy. The membrane particles on both the outer (PF) and inner (EF) leaflets of the thylakoid membrane were found to be randomly distributed. The particle density of the PF fracture face was approx. four times that of the EF fracture face. While only small changes in particle density were observed during the greening process under continuous light, major changes in particle size were noted, particularly in the EF particles of stacked regions (EFs) of the chloroplast membrane. Both the changes in particle size and an observed aggregation of the EF particles into the newly stacked regions of the membrane were correlated with the insertion of light-harvesting pigment-protein into the membrane. Evidence is presented for identification of the EF particles as the morphological equivalent of a \"complete\" photosystem II complex, consisting of a phosochemically active \"core\" complex surrounded by discrete aggregates of the light-harvesting pigment protein. A model demonstrating the spatial relationships of photosystem I, photosystem II,  and the light-harvesting complex in the chloroplast membrane is presented.", "contents": "Spatial relationship of photosystem I, photosystem II, and the light-harvesting complex in chloroplast membranes. We have previously demonstrated (Armond, P. A., C. J. Arntzen, J.-M. Briantais, and C. Vernotte. 1976. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 175:54-63; and Davis, D. J., P. A. Armond, E. L. Gross, and C. J. Arntzen. 1976. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 175:64-70) that pea seedlings which were exposed to intermittent illumination contained incompletely developed chloroplasts. These plastids were photosynthetically competent, but did not contain grana. We now demonstrate that the incompletely developed plastids have a smaller photosynthetic unit size; this is primarily due to the absence of a major light-harvesting pigment-protein complex which is present in the mature membranes. Upon exposure of intermittent-light seedlings to continuous white light for periods up to 48 h, a ligh-harvesting chlorophyll-protein complex was inserted into the chloroplast membrane with a concomitant appearance of grana stacks and an increase in photosynthetic unit size. Plastid membranes from plants grown under intermediate light were examined by freeze-fracture electron microscopy. The membrane particles on both the outer (PF) and inner (EF) leaflets of the thylakoid membrane were found to be randomly distributed. The particle density of the PF fracture face was approx. four times that of the EF fracture face. While only small changes in particle density were observed during the greening process under continuous light, major changes in particle size were noted, particularly in the EF particles of stacked regions (EFs) of the chloroplast membrane. Both the changes in particle size and an observed aggregation of the EF particles into the newly stacked regions of the membrane were correlated with the insertion of light-harvesting pigment-protein into the membrane. Evidence is presented for identification of the EF particles as the morphological equivalent of a \"complete\" photosystem II complex, consisting of a phosochemically active \"core\" complex surrounded by discrete aggregates of the light-harvesting pigment protein. A model demonstrating the spatial relationships of photosystem I, photosystem II,  and the light-harvesting complex in the chloroplast membrane is presented."}
{"id": "PMID:870502", "title": "Basal lamina of embryonic salivary epithelia. Nature of glycosaminoglycan and organization of extracellular materials.", "content": "The ultrastructural organization and the composition of newly synthesized glycosaminoglycan (GAG) in the epithelial basal lamina of mouse embryo submandibular glands were assessed. The labeled GAG accumulating in the lamina is distinct from that in its tissue of origin, the epithelium, or from that in the surrounding mesenchyme. In the lamina, hyaluronic acid accounts for approximately 50% of the labeled GAG, chondroitin-4-sulfate is twice the chondroitin-6-sulfate, and there is a low proportion of chondroitin. This composition is constant regardless of whether the lamina is labeled by whole glands or, in the absence of mesenchyme, by isolated epithelia retaining a lamina and by isolated epithelia generating a lamina de novo. The results andicate that the labeled GAG are bona fide components of the lamina, and suggest that laminar GAG is deposited in units of constant composition. Ultrastructural observations following ruthenium red staining or tannic acid fixation extablish that the lamina is a highly ordered specialization of the basal cell surface. Discrete structures in macroperiodic arrays apparently attached to the plasmalemma are visualized. This organization is seen in intact glands and in the laminae produced by epithelia in the absence of mesenchyme or biological substrate. The data are interpreted as indicating that the basal lamina contains supramolecular complexes of hyaluronic acid and proteoglycan which are organized into an extracellular scaffolding which imposes structural form on the epithelium.", "contents": "Basal lamina of embryonic salivary epithelia. Nature of glycosaminoglycan and organization of extracellular materials. The ultrastructural organization and the composition of newly synthesized glycosaminoglycan (GAG) in the epithelial basal lamina of mouse embryo submandibular glands were assessed. The labeled GAG accumulating in the lamina is distinct from that in its tissue of origin, the epithelium, or from that in the surrounding mesenchyme. In the lamina, hyaluronic acid accounts for approximately 50% of the labeled GAG, chondroitin-4-sulfate is twice the chondroitin-6-sulfate, and there is a low proportion of chondroitin. This composition is constant regardless of whether the lamina is labeled by whole glands or, in the absence of mesenchyme, by isolated epithelia retaining a lamina and by isolated epithelia generating a lamina de novo. The results andicate that the labeled GAG are bona fide components of the lamina, and suggest that laminar GAG is deposited in units of constant composition. Ultrastructural observations following ruthenium red staining or tannic acid fixation extablish that the lamina is a highly ordered specialization of the basal cell surface. Discrete structures in macroperiodic arrays apparently attached to the plasmalemma are visualized. This organization is seen in intact glands and in the laminae produced by epithelia in the absence of mesenchyme or biological substrate. The data are interpreted as indicating that the basal lamina contains supramolecular complexes of hyaluronic acid and proteoglycan which are organized into an extracellular scaffolding which imposes structural form on the epithelium."}
{"id": "PMID:870503", "title": "The electrolytic conductivity detector as an element-selective gas chromatographic detector.", "content": "The response and elemental selectivity of the electrolytic conductivity detector (E1CD) to nitrogen-, chlorine-, and sulfur-containing compounds has been investigated as a function of chemical structure, furnace chemistry conditions (i.e., reaction gas, furnace temperature, catalyst, and post-furnace chemical abstractors), and solubilization-and-ionization processes (electrolytic chemistry and electrolytic conductance). The \"profiling\" of detector response for the gas-liquid chromatographic-E1CD analysis of selected compounds under defined furnace chemistry reaction conditions and electrolytic chemistry included the determination of detector signal to noise ratio, peak tailing, and elemental selectivity. Detector response and conductivity phenomena are discussed in terms of gas-phase furnace chemistry reactions, post-furnace reaction or abstraction processes, and solution-phase ionization and neutralization processes occurring in the conductivity cell.", "contents": "The electrolytic conductivity detector as an element-selective gas chromatographic detector. The response and elemental selectivity of the electrolytic conductivity detector (E1CD) to nitrogen-, chlorine-, and sulfur-containing compounds has been investigated as a function of chemical structure, furnace chemistry conditions (i.e., reaction gas, furnace temperature, catalyst, and post-furnace chemical abstractors), and solubilization-and-ionization processes (electrolytic chemistry and electrolytic conductance). The \"profiling\" of detector response for the gas-liquid chromatographic-E1CD analysis of selected compounds under defined furnace chemistry reaction conditions and electrolytic chemistry included the determination of detector signal to noise ratio, peak tailing, and elemental selectivity. Detector response and conductivity phenomena are discussed in terms of gas-phase furnace chemistry reactions, post-furnace reaction or abstraction processes, and solution-phase ionization and neutralization processes occurring in the conductivity cell."}
{"id": "PMID:870504", "title": "A microcomputer-directed mass spectrometer as a compound-selective detector for gas chromatography.", "content": "Determination and quantitation by mass spectrometry can be difficult for compounds in complex biological mixtures where chromatographic interferences are frequently encountered. A gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric system is described which utilizes reverse spectral search and retention time screening to provide a high degree of compound specificity. Computer control of instrument operation, and of data acquisition, analysis and printout allows technologist operators to obtain highly reliable, precise quantitative results using relatively crude sample preparation procedures and short chromatographic times.", "contents": "A microcomputer-directed mass spectrometer as a compound-selective detector for gas chromatography. Determination and quantitation by mass spectrometry can be difficult for compounds in complex biological mixtures where chromatographic interferences are frequently encountered. A gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric system is described which utilizes reverse spectral search and retention time screening to provide a high degree of compound specificity. Computer control of instrument operation, and of data acquisition, analysis and printout allows technologist operators to obtain highly reliable, precise quantitative results using relatively crude sample preparation procedures and short chromatographic times."}
{"id": "PMID:870505", "title": "Positive peak identification in liquid chromatography using absorbance ratioing with a variable-wavelength spectrophotometric detector.", "content": "It is frequently necessary to confirm the identification of component peaks isolated in high-performance liquid chromatograms. The UV spectrum of the pure compound is usually a very powerful signature for most compounds. For liquid chromatographic instruments that permit stop-flow operation, a simple approximation is obtained with a variable wavelength UV detector by determining the absorbance ratios at several specific wavelengths to characterize the compound. If the wavelengths are well chosen, these absorbance ratios provide a very specific and a very reliable technique for peak identification. The absorbance ratios are independent of the concentration of the compounds in the detector flow cell. Identity or purity of individual peaks can be confirmed when absorbance ratios are taken from the peaks of individually injected pure standards. Flow can be stopped several times on the leading and trailing edges of broad peaks, and ratios calculated. If the ratios are identical, the peak can be considered to be pure; if ratios differ, the presence of unresolved components can be suspected. Stop-flow ratioing can be performed during gradient elution: standards are injected under rapid elution conditions and the resulting ratios are compared with those of the peaks from the gradient run. Ratios are found to be identical for similar components, regardless of the differences in retention time, thus providing rapid identification of the compounds in the gradient chromatogram. Factors that influence the overall precision of the method are: ability to stop and re-start eluent flow without loss of chromagraphic efficiency, ability to obtain numerical absorbance data from the detector, the wavelength repeatability of the detector, and the requirement that the detector cell design allow slow interruptions without baseline upset.", "contents": "Positive peak identification in liquid chromatography using absorbance ratioing with a variable-wavelength spectrophotometric detector. It is frequently necessary to confirm the identification of component peaks isolated in high-performance liquid chromatograms. The UV spectrum of the pure compound is usually a very powerful signature for most compounds. For liquid chromatographic instruments that permit stop-flow operation, a simple approximation is obtained with a variable wavelength UV detector by determining the absorbance ratios at several specific wavelengths to characterize the compound. If the wavelengths are well chosen, these absorbance ratios provide a very specific and a very reliable technique for peak identification. The absorbance ratios are independent of the concentration of the compounds in the detector flow cell. Identity or purity of individual peaks can be confirmed when absorbance ratios are taken from the peaks of individually injected pure standards. Flow can be stopped several times on the leading and trailing edges of broad peaks, and ratios calculated. If the ratios are identical, the peak can be considered to be pure; if ratios differ, the presence of unresolved components can be suspected. Stop-flow ratioing can be performed during gradient elution: standards are injected under rapid elution conditions and the resulting ratios are compared with those of the peaks from the gradient run. Ratios are found to be identical for similar components, regardless of the differences in retention time, thus providing rapid identification of the compounds in the gradient chromatogram. Factors that influence the overall precision of the method are: ability to stop and re-start eluent flow without loss of chromagraphic efficiency, ability to obtain numerical absorbance data from the detector, the wavelength repeatability of the detector, and the requirement that the detector cell design allow slow interruptions without baseline upset."}
{"id": "PMID:870506", "title": "The sampling and determination of halocarbons in ambient air using concentration on porous polymer.", "content": "The levels of halocarbons have been determined in rural air in central Michigan using a sampling procedure employing pre-concentration on a porous polymer. The samples were analyzed by gas chromatography (GC) with an electron capture detector. Both qualitative and quantitative confirmation of the results were achieved by GC-mass spectrometry. Trichlorofluoromethane, chloroform, 1,1,1-trichloroethane, carbon tetrachloride, trichloroethylene and perchloroethylene were determined in the range of 30-130 parts per trillion. These concentrations agree well with data obtained by others in Washington state and Ireland indicating even distribution of the halocarbons in these latitudes.", "contents": "The sampling and determination of halocarbons in ambient air using concentration on porous polymer. The levels of halocarbons have been determined in rural air in central Michigan using a sampling procedure employing pre-concentration on a porous polymer. The samples were analyzed by gas chromatography (GC) with an electron capture detector. Both qualitative and quantitative confirmation of the results were achieved by GC-mass spectrometry. Trichlorofluoromethane, chloroform, 1,1,1-trichloroethane, carbon tetrachloride, trichloroethylene and perchloroethylene were determined in the range of 30-130 parts per trillion. These concentrations agree well with data obtained by others in Washington state and Ireland indicating even distribution of the halocarbons in these latitudes."}
{"id": "PMID:870507", "title": "Epoxide-diol pathway in the metabolism of 5H-dibenzo[b,f]-azepine (iminostilbene).", "content": "5H-Dibenzol[b,f]azepine-10,11-epoxide and 10,11-dihydro-10,11-dihydroxy-5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine were identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry in rat urine as the main biotransformation products in the metabolism of 5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine (iminostilbene). The presence of these metabolites was confirmed in vitro by incubating iminostilbene with rat liver microsomal enzymes.", "contents": "Epoxide-diol pathway in the metabolism of 5H-dibenzo[b,f]-azepine (iminostilbene). 5H-Dibenzol[b,f]azepine-10,11-epoxide and 10,11-dihydro-10,11-dihydroxy-5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine were identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry in rat urine as the main biotransformation products in the metabolism of 5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine (iminostilbene). The presence of these metabolites was confirmed in vitro by incubating iminostilbene with rat liver microsomal enzymes."}
{"id": "PMID:870508", "title": "Gas chromatographic and mass fragmentographic assays of carcinogenic polycyclic hydrocarbon epoxide hydratase activity.", "content": "A specific and very sensitive procedure for the determination of epoxide hydratase activity in hepatic microsomes is described. Any polycyclic hydrocarbon epoxide can be used as a substrate; in this study, benzo(a)anthracene-5,6-oxide, benzo(a)pyrene-4,5-oxide and 3-methylcholanthrene-11,12-oxide were utilized. The corresponding trans-diols formed during incubation are separated and evaluated using either an electron-capture gas chromatographic method for the determination of their chloromethyldimethylsilylated derivatives or gas chromatographic-mass fragmentographic measurement of their trimethylsilylated derivatives. Concentrations as low as 1 ng per millilitre of incubation mixture can be estimated.", "contents": "Gas chromatographic and mass fragmentographic assays of carcinogenic polycyclic hydrocarbon epoxide hydratase activity. A specific and very sensitive procedure for the determination of epoxide hydratase activity in hepatic microsomes is described. Any polycyclic hydrocarbon epoxide can be used as a substrate; in this study, benzo(a)anthracene-5,6-oxide, benzo(a)pyrene-4,5-oxide and 3-methylcholanthrene-11,12-oxide were utilized. The corresponding trans-diols formed during incubation are separated and evaluated using either an electron-capture gas chromatographic method for the determination of their chloromethyldimethylsilylated derivatives or gas chromatographic-mass fragmentographic measurement of their trimethylsilylated derivatives. Concentrations as low as 1 ng per millilitre of incubation mixture can be estimated."}
{"id": "PMID:870509", "title": "Thin-layer chromatography of chlorophylls and their derivatives on cellulose layers.", "content": "A method for the separation and identification of chlorophyll a and b, pheophytin a and b, pheophorbide a and b, chlorin e6, rhodin g7, and the corresponding chlorophyll a' and b' derivatives, as well as the saponification products of pheophorbide a and b, by thin-layer chromatography on commercial cellulose layers on the micro-scale has been developed. Two solvent systems were used: light petroleum (b.p.60-80 degrees)-pyridine (9:1, v/v) and n-heptane-pyridine (7:3, v/v). The former was suitable for chlorophylls, pheophytins and pheophorbides, and the latter for pheophorbides, chlorin, rhodin and their esters. The separation of the derivatives was good and no chemical alteration of the derivatives could be observed. The method is rapid and easy to use and is therefore suitable for checking the purity of derivatives during the preparation of chlorophylls and their derivatives.", "contents": "Thin-layer chromatography of chlorophylls and their derivatives on cellulose layers. A method for the separation and identification of chlorophyll a and b, pheophytin a and b, pheophorbide a and b, chlorin e6, rhodin g7, and the corresponding chlorophyll a' and b' derivatives, as well as the saponification products of pheophorbide a and b, by thin-layer chromatography on commercial cellulose layers on the micro-scale has been developed. Two solvent systems were used: light petroleum (b.p.60-80 degrees)-pyridine (9:1, v/v) and n-heptane-pyridine (7:3, v/v). The former was suitable for chlorophylls, pheophytins and pheophorbides, and the latter for pheophorbides, chlorin, rhodin and their esters. The separation of the derivatives was good and no chemical alteration of the derivatives could be observed. The method is rapid and easy to use and is therefore suitable for checking the purity of derivatives during the preparation of chlorophylls and their derivatives."}
{"id": "PMID:870510", "title": "Reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatographic determination of tetracyclines in urine and plasma.", "content": "The high-performance liquid chromatographic separation and quantitative analysis of oxytetracycline, tetracycline, and chlortetracycline from urine and plasma were effected on an octadecylsilane reversed-phase packing. The calcium complexes of the tetracyclines were extracted from urine and plasma with ethylacetate and then reextracted into hydrochloric acid. Following the injection of the hydrochloric acid extracts onto the column, the individual tetracyclines were eluted isocratically and quantitated spectrophotometrically. Concentrations of less than 1 microng/ml in urine and 1.5 microng/ml in plasms were quantitatively determined with a relative standard deviation of less than 5%.", "contents": "Reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatographic determination of tetracyclines in urine and plasma. The high-performance liquid chromatographic separation and quantitative analysis of oxytetracycline, tetracycline, and chlortetracycline from urine and plasma were effected on an octadecylsilane reversed-phase packing. The calcium complexes of the tetracyclines were extracted from urine and plasma with ethylacetate and then reextracted into hydrochloric acid. Following the injection of the hydrochloric acid extracts onto the column, the individual tetracyclines were eluted isocratically and quantitated spectrophotometrically. Concentrations of less than 1 microng/ml in urine and 1.5 microng/ml in plasms were quantitatively determined with a relative standard deviation of less than 5%."}
{"id": "PMID:870511", "title": "Stimulation of growth hormone secretion by desimipramin and chlorimipramin in man.", "content": "In twelve healthy male subjects 75 mg desimipramin (DMI) administered intramuscularly and 100 mg DMI given orally led to a prompt rise in serum growth hormone (GH) levels. The maximum level of serum GH was observed 60 min after the i.m. and 150 min after the oral administration of DMI. Chlorimipramin (CI) administered in the same manner and in the same dosages resulted in a significant increase in GH in only six out of twelve subjects. The maximum level was observed 60 min after the i.m. and 150 min after the oral administration of DMI. There was no change in the prolactin (PRL) levels after administration of DMI and CI.", "contents": "Stimulation of growth hormone secretion by desimipramin and chlorimipramin in man. In twelve healthy male subjects 75 mg desimipramin (DMI) administered intramuscularly and 100 mg DMI given orally led to a prompt rise in serum growth hormone (GH) levels. The maximum level of serum GH was observed 60 min after the i.m. and 150 min after the oral administration of DMI. Chlorimipramin (CI) administered in the same manner and in the same dosages resulted in a significant increase in GH in only six out of twelve subjects. The maximum level was observed 60 min after the i.m. and 150 min after the oral administration of DMI. There was no change in the prolactin (PRL) levels after administration of DMI and CI."}
{"id": "PMID:870512", "title": "The effect of sodium restriction and prostaglandin inhibition on the renin-angiotensin system in man.", "content": "To investigate the possible interrelationship between the renin-angiotensin and prostaglandin systems, two groups of normal men were evaluated under conditions of varied sodium intake and after indomethacin, an inhibitor of prostaglandin synthesis. Eight subjects were placed on a 200 mEq Na diet and given 45 min infusions of prostaglandin A1 (PGA1) at 0.075 microng/kg/min and angiotensin II at 10 ng/kg/min on separate mornings. PGA1 produced a significant rise in both plasma renin activity (PRA) and aldosterone. Angiotensin II caused a similar rise in aldosterone. The patients were then placed on a 10-20 mEq Na diet and the infusions repeated. PGA1 again induced a further increase in both PRA and aldosterone. Angiotensin II produced the expected increase in aldosterone while PRA decreased. Body weight and 24 h sodium excretion were not different from control days on either diet. When indomethacin was administered to patients on the low sodium diet, PRA fell significantly and there was an increased pressor responsiveness to angiotensin. In a separate group of 4 patients on a low salt intake, basal PRA fell significantly during a 4 day period of indomethacin administration and returned to control values within 48 h after discontinuing the drug. These studies suggest that PGA1 infusions stimulate renin release independently of sodium balance. Inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis lowers PRA and increases pressor responsiveness to angiotensin. The data provide further evidence that vasodepressor prostaglandins may play a role in renin release and blood pressure homeostasis.", "contents": "The effect of sodium restriction and prostaglandin inhibition on the renin-angiotensin system in man. To investigate the possible interrelationship between the renin-angiotensin and prostaglandin systems, two groups of normal men were evaluated under conditions of varied sodium intake and after indomethacin, an inhibitor of prostaglandin synthesis. Eight subjects were placed on a 200 mEq Na diet and given 45 min infusions of prostaglandin A1 (PGA1) at 0.075 microng/kg/min and angiotensin II at 10 ng/kg/min on separate mornings. PGA1 produced a significant rise in both plasma renin activity (PRA) and aldosterone. Angiotensin II caused a similar rise in aldosterone. The patients were then placed on a 10-20 mEq Na diet and the infusions repeated. PGA1 again induced a further increase in both PRA and aldosterone. Angiotensin II produced the expected increase in aldosterone while PRA decreased. Body weight and 24 h sodium excretion were not different from control days on either diet. When indomethacin was administered to patients on the low sodium diet, PRA fell significantly and there was an increased pressor responsiveness to angiotensin. In a separate group of 4 patients on a low salt intake, basal PRA fell significantly during a 4 day period of indomethacin administration and returned to control values within 48 h after discontinuing the drug. These studies suggest that PGA1 infusions stimulate renin release independently of sodium balance. Inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis lowers PRA and increases pressor responsiveness to angiotensin. The data provide further evidence that vasodepressor prostaglandins may play a role in renin release and blood pressure homeostasis."}
{"id": "PMID:870513", "title": "The effects of ovine prolactin on water and electrolyte excretion in man are attributable to vasopressin contamination.", "content": "Prolactin is an important osmoregulatory hormone in several lower vertebrate species. The present study was undertaken to clarify the effects of prolactin, if any, on human renal function. Eight normal adult male subjects on a 150 mEq sodium (Na), 60 mEq potassium (K) diet for 5 days were studied during 12 h of oral water (H2O) loading on 2 consecutive days. On day 1, after a 6 h control period, a 1 ml normal saline placebo was given im; on day 2, 25 mg of ovine prolactin (OP) was substituted. The subjects were supine and received a constant infusion of Na and K. After OP, serum prolactin rose from 6.9+/-0.8 ng/ml to 15.0+/-2.5 ng/ml (P less than .01) at 1 h, 27.6+/-4.0 ng/ml (P less than .002) at 2 h, 33.1+/-4.3 ng/ml (P less than .001) at 3 h and remained elevated for the remaining 3 h of study. The ovine prolactin had 20-25% of the potency of human prolactin in the human prolactin radioimmunoassay system. In response to OP, free H2O clearance (CH2O) promptly decreased from 10.1 +/- .06 ml/min to 6.1 +/- .05 ml/min (P less than 0.1) at 1 h, to a nadir of 5.1+/-.3 ml/min (P less than .001) at 2 h, and returned to control levels by 4 h. CH2O was unchanged after placebo, and urinary Na and K excretion, creatinine and osmolar clearance (COSM), plasma Na, K, osmolality and aldosterone were unchanged after OP or placebo. Control plasma vasopressin was 1.0+/-0.1 micronU/ml and was not changed after prolactin (1.1+/-0.1 micronU/ml at 1 h, 1.1+/-0.1 micronU/ml at 2 h and 1.1+/-0.1 micronU/ml at 3 h). The ovine prolactin contained 2 micronU of immunoassayable vasopressin per microng of powder. Aqueous vasopressin, 50 mU (containing in 25 mg of ovine prolactin), produced a decrease in CH2O not significantly different from prolactin in 6 water loaded subjects. Four different subjects given 100 mg of OP had decreased CH2O from 8.3+/-0.3 to 2.7+/-0.7 ml/min at 1 h (P less than .001) and to 2.8+/-0.7 ml/min at 2 h (P less than .01). Control plasma osmolality was 301+/-4 mOsm/1 and decreased to a maximum of 288+/-5 mOsm/1 4 h after OP (P less than .001). After prolactin administration, plasma vasopressin rose from 0.44+/-0.15 to 0.80+/-0.41 micronU/ml (P =NS) at 1 h. The transient antidiuresis in response to ovine prolactin is due to contamination of the preparation with vasopressin. Prolactin does not acutely influence renal electrolyte excretion and probably does not influence water excretion in man.", "contents": "The effects of ovine prolactin on water and electrolyte excretion in man are attributable to vasopressin contamination. Prolactin is an important osmoregulatory hormone in several lower vertebrate species. The present study was undertaken to clarify the effects of prolactin, if any, on human renal function. Eight normal adult male subjects on a 150 mEq sodium (Na), 60 mEq potassium (K) diet for 5 days were studied during 12 h of oral water (H2O) loading on 2 consecutive days. On day 1, after a 6 h control period, a 1 ml normal saline placebo was given im; on day 2, 25 mg of ovine prolactin (OP) was substituted. The subjects were supine and received a constant infusion of Na and K. After OP, serum prolactin rose from 6.9+/-0.8 ng/ml to 15.0+/-2.5 ng/ml (P less than .01) at 1 h, 27.6+/-4.0 ng/ml (P less than .002) at 2 h, 33.1+/-4.3 ng/ml (P less than .001) at 3 h and remained elevated for the remaining 3 h of study. The ovine prolactin had 20-25% of the potency of human prolactin in the human prolactin radioimmunoassay system. In response to OP, free H2O clearance (CH2O) promptly decreased from 10.1 +/- .06 ml/min to 6.1 +/- .05 ml/min (P less than 0.1) at 1 h, to a nadir of 5.1+/-.3 ml/min (P less than .001) at 2 h, and returned to control levels by 4 h. CH2O was unchanged after placebo, and urinary Na and K excretion, creatinine and osmolar clearance (COSM), plasma Na, K, osmolality and aldosterone were unchanged after OP or placebo. Control plasma vasopressin was 1.0+/-0.1 micronU/ml and was not changed after prolactin (1.1+/-0.1 micronU/ml at 1 h, 1.1+/-0.1 micronU/ml at 2 h and 1.1+/-0.1 micronU/ml at 3 h). The ovine prolactin contained 2 micronU of immunoassayable vasopressin per microng of powder. Aqueous vasopressin, 50 mU (containing in 25 mg of ovine prolactin), produced a decrease in CH2O not significantly different from prolactin in 6 water loaded subjects. Four different subjects given 100 mg of OP had decreased CH2O from 8.3+/-0.3 to 2.7+/-0.7 ml/min at 1 h (P less than .001) and to 2.8+/-0.7 ml/min at 2 h (P less than .01). Control plasma osmolality was 301+/-4 mOsm/1 and decreased to a maximum of 288+/-5 mOsm/1 4 h after OP (P less than .001). After prolactin administration, plasma vasopressin rose from 0.44+/-0.15 to 0.80+/-0.41 micronU/ml (P =NS) at 1 h. The transient antidiuresis in response to ovine prolactin is due to contamination of the preparation with vasopressin. Prolactin does not acutely influence renal electrolyte excretion and probably does not influence water excretion in man."}
{"id": "PMID:870514", "title": "Sleep-wake patterns of LH and testosterone release in prepubertal boys.", "content": "Ten prepubertal boys who ranged in age from 6 11/12 to 14 2/12 years were studied for 2 consecutive nights. The subjects went to sleep at their usual times and sleep patterns were monitered polygraphically. Each night blood samples were drawn every 30 min from 1800 to 0600 h and plasma LH and testosterone (T) levels were measured on each sample. During evening wakefulness the mean LH (range 2.8-5.1 mIU/ml) and T (range 31-116 pg/ml) levels were in the normal prepubertal range for each subject. In the 5 youngest subjects (age 6 11/12 to 10 8/12 years) the mean hormone levels during sleep were significantly higher than the wakeful levels in 2 of 9 and 0 of 9 study nights for LH and T, respectively. In contrast, in the older prepubertal boys (age 13 2/12 to 14 2/12 years) the mean levels during sleep were significantly higher than wakeful values during 8 of 9 and 5 of 9 study nights for the same respective hormones. These data suggest that in young prepubertal subjects the sleep related rises of LH and T are either absent or not discernible in the peripheral blood. The prepubertal pattern of sleep-entrained LH and T release may be seen in prepubertal boys approaching the time of puberty and these hormonal rhythms are antecedent to the physical changes of puberty.", "contents": "Sleep-wake patterns of LH and testosterone release in prepubertal boys. Ten prepubertal boys who ranged in age from 6 11/12 to 14 2/12 years were studied for 2 consecutive nights. The subjects went to sleep at their usual times and sleep patterns were monitered polygraphically. Each night blood samples were drawn every 30 min from 1800 to 0600 h and plasma LH and testosterone (T) levels were measured on each sample. During evening wakefulness the mean LH (range 2.8-5.1 mIU/ml) and T (range 31-116 pg/ml) levels were in the normal prepubertal range for each subject. In the 5 youngest subjects (age 6 11/12 to 10 8/12 years) the mean hormone levels during sleep were significantly higher than the wakeful levels in 2 of 9 and 0 of 9 study nights for LH and T, respectively. In contrast, in the older prepubertal boys (age 13 2/12 to 14 2/12 years) the mean levels during sleep were significantly higher than wakeful values during 8 of 9 and 5 of 9 study nights for the same respective hormones. These data suggest that in young prepubertal subjects the sleep related rises of LH and T are either absent or not discernible in the peripheral blood. The prepubertal pattern of sleep-entrained LH and T release may be seen in prepubertal boys approaching the time of puberty and these hormonal rhythms are antecedent to the physical changes of puberty."}
{"id": "PMID:870515", "title": "The diabetogenic action of somatostatin in healthy subjects and in maturity onset diabetics.", "content": "To determine whether cyclic somatostatin (GH-RIH) interferes with glucose utilization and gluconeogenesis we studied levels of blood glucose (BG), immunoreactive insulin (IRI), immunoreactive glucagon (IRG) and of human growth hormone (GH) after iv glucose (330 mg/kg) and iv arginine (0.5 g/kg) in healthy subjects (n=8) and in maturity onset diabetics (n=8; fasting BG less than 200 mg/dl) both in the presence and in the absence of GH-RIH (500 microng/h iv). GH-RIH caused a reduction of glucose utilization in healthy subjects as shown by the decrease of the k-value from 2.08+/-0.22 (SE) % per min to 0.61+/-0.06 (SE) % per min (P less than 0.0005). No significant change of the glucose disappearance rate was observed in maturity onset diabetics by GH-RIH (kI=0.55+/-0.14 (SE) % per min; kII=0.42+/-0.03 (SE) % per min). The response of insulin to glucose was abolished by GH-RIH. The glucose induced suppression of IRG was in part significantly enhanced by GH-RIH in maturity onset diabetics (P less than 0.01). BG rises seen after iv arginine were increased by the administration of GH-RIH both in healthy subjects (P less than 0.001) and in maturity onset diabetics (P less than 0.05). Somatostatin abolished IRI and GH responses to arginine in both groups studied (P less than 0.001). IRG increases after arginine administration were diminished by GH-RIH in both groups (P less than 0.01). Our data demonstrate that GH-RIH impairs the iv carbohydrate tolerance in healthy subjects and facilities an increased hepatic glucose output upon administration of arginine both in controls and in maturity onset diabetics. We attribute the diabetogenic effect of somatostatin to suppression of IRI release rather than to changes in the IRG/IRI ratio in favor of IRG.", "contents": "The diabetogenic action of somatostatin in healthy subjects and in maturity onset diabetics. To determine whether cyclic somatostatin (GH-RIH) interferes with glucose utilization and gluconeogenesis we studied levels of blood glucose (BG), immunoreactive insulin (IRI), immunoreactive glucagon (IRG) and of human growth hormone (GH) after iv glucose (330 mg/kg) and iv arginine (0.5 g/kg) in healthy subjects (n=8) and in maturity onset diabetics (n=8; fasting BG less than 200 mg/dl) both in the presence and in the absence of GH-RIH (500 microng/h iv). GH-RIH caused a reduction of glucose utilization in healthy subjects as shown by the decrease of the k-value from 2.08+/-0.22 (SE) % per min to 0.61+/-0.06 (SE) % per min (P less than 0.0005). No significant change of the glucose disappearance rate was observed in maturity onset diabetics by GH-RIH (kI=0.55+/-0.14 (SE) % per min; kII=0.42+/-0.03 (SE) % per min). The response of insulin to glucose was abolished by GH-RIH. The glucose induced suppression of IRG was in part significantly enhanced by GH-RIH in maturity onset diabetics (P less than 0.01). BG rises seen after iv arginine were increased by the administration of GH-RIH both in healthy subjects (P less than 0.001) and in maturity onset diabetics (P less than 0.05). Somatostatin abolished IRI and GH responses to arginine in both groups studied (P less than 0.001). IRG increases after arginine administration were diminished by GH-RIH in both groups (P less than 0.01). Our data demonstrate that GH-RIH impairs the iv carbohydrate tolerance in healthy subjects and facilities an increased hepatic glucose output upon administration of arginine both in controls and in maturity onset diabetics. We attribute the diabetogenic effect of somatostatin to suppression of IRI release rather than to changes in the IRG/IRI ratio in favor of IRG."}
{"id": "PMID:870516", "title": "Characterization of a protein in mid-term human amniotic fluid which reacts in the somatomedin-C radioreceptor assay.", "content": "Amniotic fluid contains materials other than insulin which react in a somatomedin C radioreceptor assay using human placental membranes. The material in mid-gestational amniotic fluid which reacted with the somatomedin C radioreceptor assay eluted slightly after albumin from a Sephadex G-150 column equilibrated with 0.1M NH4HCO3. Neither boiling nor treatment of this fraction with 1% formic acid yielded small molecular weight somatomedin-like peptides. Separation of the somatomedin reactive material (Sm RM) from albumin was achieved by gel filtration through Ultrogel AcA44 in 3.1M NH4HCO3. The active product had an apparent molecular weight of 33,000 to 35,000 Daltons; its isoelectric point determined by focusing was between 4.1 and 5.1. The purified amniotic fluid protein displaced somatomedin C in the somatomedin C radioreceptor assay but did not compete with insulin in the insulin radioreceptor assay. Sm RM produced only a slight stimulation of thymidine uptake in human fibroblasts but was inactive in stimulating sulfate uptake in hypox rat costal cartilage. In human fibroblast cultures Sm RM inhibited the stimulation of thymidine uptake induced by human serum and by purified rat somatomedin. When Sm RM was added to the 125I somatomedin C, some of the radioactivity eluted from gel filtration at pH 8.6 was converted to a molecular weight complex of about 43,000. We conclude that the material which we have isolated from mid-gestational amniotic fluid is a protein which may bind somatomedin and make it unavailable to the somatomedin receptor of human placenta and human fibroblasts.", "contents": "Characterization of a protein in mid-term human amniotic fluid which reacts in the somatomedin-C radioreceptor assay. Amniotic fluid contains materials other than insulin which react in a somatomedin C radioreceptor assay using human placental membranes. The material in mid-gestational amniotic fluid which reacted with the somatomedin C radioreceptor assay eluted slightly after albumin from a Sephadex G-150 column equilibrated with 0.1M NH4HCO3. Neither boiling nor treatment of this fraction with 1% formic acid yielded small molecular weight somatomedin-like peptides. Separation of the somatomedin reactive material (Sm RM) from albumin was achieved by gel filtration through Ultrogel AcA44 in 3.1M NH4HCO3. The active product had an apparent molecular weight of 33,000 to 35,000 Daltons; its isoelectric point determined by focusing was between 4.1 and 5.1. The purified amniotic fluid protein displaced somatomedin C in the somatomedin C radioreceptor assay but did not compete with insulin in the insulin radioreceptor assay. Sm RM produced only a slight stimulation of thymidine uptake in human fibroblasts but was inactive in stimulating sulfate uptake in hypox rat costal cartilage. In human fibroblast cultures Sm RM inhibited the stimulation of thymidine uptake induced by human serum and by purified rat somatomedin. When Sm RM was added to the 125I somatomedin C, some of the radioactivity eluted from gel filtration at pH 8.6 was converted to a molecular weight complex of about 43,000. We conclude that the material which we have isolated from mid-gestational amniotic fluid is a protein which may bind somatomedin and make it unavailable to the somatomedin receptor of human placenta and human fibroblasts."}
{"id": "PMID:870517", "title": "Evidence for an unidentified steroid in a child with apparent mineralocorticoid hypertension.", "content": "A unique syndrome in a three-year-old American Indian girl was characterized by signs and symptoms of mineralocorticoid excess in the absence of excessive secretion of any known sodium-retaining steroids. Hypertension and hypokalemic alkalosis were corrected by spironolactone or a low sodium diet. Plasma renin activity was suppressed but the secretion of aldosterone was undetectable and was not stimulated by salt depletion. There was no evidence of abnormal accumulation of aldosterone precursors and metabolism of a tracer dose of the hormone was normal. Secretion rates of cortisol, corticosterone, deoxycorticosterone, deoxycortisol and aldosterone were very low and did not increase normally with ACTH administration. However ACTH administration aggravated hypertension and hypokalemia. Dexamethasone did not improve hypertension. Despite low secretion of glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids, the patient showed no addisonian features and survived severe illness. Secretion of a factor of adrenocortical origin was suggested by the exacerbation of the syndrome of ACTH. The unidentified factor appears to be both a potent glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid.", "contents": "Evidence for an unidentified steroid in a child with apparent mineralocorticoid hypertension. A unique syndrome in a three-year-old American Indian girl was characterized by signs and symptoms of mineralocorticoid excess in the absence of excessive secretion of any known sodium-retaining steroids. Hypertension and hypokalemic alkalosis were corrected by spironolactone or a low sodium diet. Plasma renin activity was suppressed but the secretion of aldosterone was undetectable and was not stimulated by salt depletion. There was no evidence of abnormal accumulation of aldosterone precursors and metabolism of a tracer dose of the hormone was normal. Secretion rates of cortisol, corticosterone, deoxycorticosterone, deoxycortisol and aldosterone were very low and did not increase normally with ACTH administration. However ACTH administration aggravated hypertension and hypokalemia. Dexamethasone did not improve hypertension. Despite low secretion of glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids, the patient showed no addisonian features and survived severe illness. Secretion of a factor of adrenocortical origin was suggested by the exacerbation of the syndrome of ACTH. The unidentified factor appears to be both a potent glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid."}
{"id": "PMID:870518", "title": "Prolactin and growth hormone responses to psychological stress in normal and neurotic subjects.", "content": "In order to study the response of plasma prolactin (PRL) to acute psychological stress and to compare it with that of growth hormone (GH), the mirror drawing test (MDT) was performed in 20 normal controls (11 male, 9 female) and 22 neurotic patients (12 male, 10 female). Plasma PRL and GH were measured serially before, during and after the test. In controls, the test caused no significant change in plasma levels of either hormone. In neurotic males, the response of PRL to the test was not consistent, whereas, in neurotic females, plasma PRL level rose significantly following the test. Increase of GH, on the other hand, was apparent in the  neurotics of both sexes. The correlation between the responses of the two hormones in the neurotics was low and non-significant. The results indicate that although the psychoendocrine coping mechanism in the neurotics works less effectively for both PRL and GH, the two hormones may have different psychological correlates.", "contents": "Prolactin and growth hormone responses to psychological stress in normal and neurotic subjects. In order to study the response of plasma prolactin (PRL) to acute psychological stress and to compare it with that of growth hormone (GH), the mirror drawing test (MDT) was performed in 20 normal controls (11 male, 9 female) and 22 neurotic patients (12 male, 10 female). Plasma PRL and GH were measured serially before, during and after the test. In controls, the test caused no significant change in plasma levels of either hormone. In neurotic males, the response of PRL to the test was not consistent, whereas, in neurotic females, plasma PRL level rose significantly following the test. Increase of GH, on the other hand, was apparent in the  neurotics of both sexes. The correlation between the responses of the two hormones in the neurotics was low and non-significant. The results indicate that although the psychoendocrine coping mechanism in the neurotics works less effectively for both PRL and GH, the two hormones may have different psychological correlates."}
{"id": "PMID:870519", "title": "Immunoreactive glucagon (IRG) responses to intravenous glucose in prediabetes and diabetes among Pima Indians and normal Caucasians.", "content": "Immunoreactive glucagon (IRG) response to a 3 min iv infusion of 25 g glucose was examined in 7 nondiabetic Caucasians, 8 nondiabetic, 8 prediabetic and 16 diabetic Pima Indians to define the normal IRG response and to determine if abnormalities of IRG suppression occur in diabetic and prediabetic Pima Indians. Fasting IRG levels were similar in the 3 nondiabetic groups. In response to the glucose infusion the maximum percentage fall in plasma IRG concentration was similar in the normal Caucasians (37+/-4%) and the normal (42+/-2%) and prediabetic Indians (43+/-3%). In the diabetic Indians the relative fall was less at all sampling times than among the prediabetic or normal Indians. No evidence of any differences in IRG suppression in prediabetic and normal Indians or normal Caucasians was found. Without detectable change in insulin levels during the first 10 min following the glucose infusion, IRG levels in the diabetics fell but to a lesser degree than that in the other groups.", "contents": "Immunoreactive glucagon (IRG) responses to intravenous glucose in prediabetes and diabetes among Pima Indians and normal Caucasians. Immunoreactive glucagon (IRG) response to a 3 min iv infusion of 25 g glucose was examined in 7 nondiabetic Caucasians, 8 nondiabetic, 8 prediabetic and 16 diabetic Pima Indians to define the normal IRG response and to determine if abnormalities of IRG suppression occur in diabetic and prediabetic Pima Indians. Fasting IRG levels were similar in the 3 nondiabetic groups. In response to the glucose infusion the maximum percentage fall in plasma IRG concentration was similar in the normal Caucasians (37+/-4%) and the normal (42+/-2%) and prediabetic Indians (43+/-3%). In the diabetic Indians the relative fall was less at all sampling times than among the prediabetic or normal Indians. No evidence of any differences in IRG suppression in prediabetic and normal Indians or normal Caucasians was found. Without detectable change in insulin levels during the first 10 min following the glucose infusion, IRG levels in the diabetics fell but to a lesser degree than that in the other groups."}
{"id": "PMID:870520", "title": "Adrenergic modulation of growth hormone secretion in acromegaly: alpha- and beta-adrenergic blockade produce qualitatively normal responses but no effect on L-dopa suppresion.", "content": "The serum GH response to oral L-Dopa during the separate infusions of saline, phentolamine and propranolol was exmined in 12 acromegalic patients. In six L-Dopa responsive patients, serum GH concentrations rose during propranolol infusions (and fell during phentolamine infusions as previously reported). There was no effect of propranolol or phentolamine on the fall in serum GH following oral L-Dopa in this group of patients. Thus, beta-adrenergic, as well as alpha-adrenergic, mechanisms are involved to the regulation of GH secretion in a qualitatively normal fashion in  some acromegalic patients. However, the qualitatively abnormal suppressive effect of L-Dopa on GH secretion seen in some acromegalic patients does not appear to be mediated through either alpha-adrenergic or beta-adrenergic mechanisms.", "contents": "Adrenergic modulation of growth hormone secretion in acromegaly: alpha- and beta-adrenergic blockade produce qualitatively normal responses but no effect on L-dopa suppresion. The serum GH response to oral L-Dopa during the separate infusions of saline, phentolamine and propranolol was exmined in 12 acromegalic patients. In six L-Dopa responsive patients, serum GH concentrations rose during propranolol infusions (and fell during phentolamine infusions as previously reported). There was no effect of propranolol or phentolamine on the fall in serum GH following oral L-Dopa in this group of patients. Thus, beta-adrenergic, as well as alpha-adrenergic, mechanisms are involved to the regulation of GH secretion in a qualitatively normal fashion in  some acromegalic patients. However, the qualitatively abnormal suppressive effect of L-Dopa on GH secretion seen in some acromegalic patients does not appear to be mediated through either alpha-adrenergic or beta-adrenergic mechanisms."}
{"id": "PMID:870521", "title": "Seasonal variation in serum T3 and T4 levels in man.", "content": "In a group of 13 healthy male adults in the Netherlands, a seasonal variation in circulating serum thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) levels was found, inversely correlating with the seasonally altering environmental temperature. Lowest serum T4 and T3 levels were found in the summer.", "contents": "Seasonal variation in serum T3 and T4 levels in man. In a group of 13 healthy male adults in the Netherlands, a seasonal variation in circulating serum thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) levels was found, inversely correlating with the seasonally altering environmental temperature. Lowest serum T4 and T3 levels were found in the summer."}
{"id": "PMID:870522", "title": "Allescheria (Petriellidium) boydii sinusitis in a compromised host.", "content": "The first case of Allescheria (Petriellidium) boydii sinusitis is reported. The organism was isolated from the maxillary sinus in an elderly, diabetic, chronic alcoholic man on maintenance hemodialysis who developed a syndrome resembling mucormycosis. Infections with A. boydii are infrequent and are most commonly limited to Madura foot. In addition, several cases of pulmonary and central nervous system involvement have been described. There is no established therapy for A. boydii, since the published data on antimicrobial sensitivity are limited. Our organism was inhibited by 1.25 mg of amphotericin B per ml and 0.15 mg of miconazide per ml.", "contents": "Allescheria (Petriellidium) boydii sinusitis in a compromised host. The first case of Allescheria (Petriellidium) boydii sinusitis is reported. The organism was isolated from the maxillary sinus in an elderly, diabetic, chronic alcoholic man on maintenance hemodialysis who developed a syndrome resembling mucormycosis. Infections with A. boydii are infrequent and are most commonly limited to Madura foot. In addition, several cases of pulmonary and central nervous system involvement have been described. There is no established therapy for A. boydii, since the published data on antimicrobial sensitivity are limited. Our organism was inhibited by 1.25 mg of amphotericin B per ml and 0.15 mg of miconazide per ml."}
{"id": "PMID:870523", "title": "Schizophrenic cognitive dysfunction: a deficit in rule transfer.", "content": "This study examined conceptual rule learning (RL) deficit in male schizophrenic Ss categorized into three groups as defined by Whitaker Index of Schizophrenic Thinking (WIST). Ss were administered a conjunctive, disjunctive, conditional or biconditional rule learning task, WIST, and Shipley-Hartford Memory Scale. It was shown that: (a) the WIST reliably differentiates among three levels of thought disorder as reflected by a deficit in inter-problem transfer of rule learning; (b) certain WIST and Shipley parameters reliably predict RL performance; and (c) phenothiazine dosage levels show no influence on the WIST and no correlation with RL. The findings indicate that cognitive dysfunction in schizophrenics is evidenced by limited inductive reasoning, insufficient channel capacity for filtering out irrelevant information, and inability to gain from antecedent RL experience. Principal locus of schizophrenic thought disorder is examined within a stimulus encoding-information processing paradigm.", "contents": "Schizophrenic cognitive dysfunction: a deficit in rule transfer. This study examined conceptual rule learning (RL) deficit in male schizophrenic Ss categorized into three groups as defined by Whitaker Index of Schizophrenic Thinking (WIST). Ss were administered a conjunctive, disjunctive, conditional or biconditional rule learning task, WIST, and Shipley-Hartford Memory Scale. It was shown that: (a) the WIST reliably differentiates among three levels of thought disorder as reflected by a deficit in inter-problem transfer of rule learning; (b) certain WIST and Shipley parameters reliably predict RL performance; and (c) phenothiazine dosage levels show no influence on the WIST and no correlation with RL. The findings indicate that cognitive dysfunction in schizophrenics is evidenced by limited inductive reasoning, insufficient channel capacity for filtering out irrelevant information, and inability to gain from antecedent RL experience. Principal locus of schizophrenic thought disorder is examined within a stimulus encoding-information processing paradigm."}
{"id": "PMID:870524", "title": "Differential effectiveness of informal group procedures in weight control.", "content": "This article is the latest in a series that deals with psychological factors connected with obesity and its management in women members of the TOPS (\"Take Off Pounds Sensibly\") organization. Successful weight losers have MMPI profiles that differ from those of non-losers, and both show \"normalization\" of MMPI profiles and improvement in weight control after 16 weeks of group therapy. The present investigation attempted to assess the effectiveness of different types of nonprofessional \"therapy\" (the interactions of members at local TOPS chapter meetings) in helping members to achieve greater weight control. Nineteen TOPS chapter meetings were rated on 18 scales descriptive of member interaction, leader behavior, stress on nutrition, exercise, psychological factors in weight control, group and individual attitudes toward each other and toward the TOPS organization, and the like. Twelve of the 18 scales showed significant interjudge reliability, and for 10 chapters on which complete data were available (N = 108) 5 of these 12 scales significantly differentiated relatively successful from unsuccessful chapters. Those 5 were \"attitudinal\" or \"interactional\" variables such as emotional concern and enthusiasm rather than \"content\" or \"procedural\" variables such as emphasis on diet or exercise or reinforcement procedures.", "contents": "Differential effectiveness of informal group procedures in weight control. This article is the latest in a series that deals with psychological factors connected with obesity and its management in women members of the TOPS (\"Take Off Pounds Sensibly\") organization. Successful weight losers have MMPI profiles that differ from those of non-losers, and both show \"normalization\" of MMPI profiles and improvement in weight control after 16 weeks of group therapy. The present investigation attempted to assess the effectiveness of different types of nonprofessional \"therapy\" (the interactions of members at local TOPS chapter meetings) in helping members to achieve greater weight control. Nineteen TOPS chapter meetings were rated on 18 scales descriptive of member interaction, leader behavior, stress on nutrition, exercise, psychological factors in weight control, group and individual attitudes toward each other and toward the TOPS organization, and the like. Twelve of the 18 scales showed significant interjudge reliability, and for 10 chapters on which complete data were available (N = 108) 5 of these 12 scales significantly differentiated relatively successful from unsuccessful chapters. Those 5 were \"attitudinal\" or \"interactional\" variables such as emotional concern and enthusiasm rather than \"content\" or \"procedural\" variables such as emphasis on diet or exercise or reinforcement procedures."}
{"id": "PMID:870525", "title": "The wish to die and the wish to live in attempted suicides.", "content": "The internal struggle hypothesis of suicidal behavior suggests that suicidal individuals wish both to die and to live. To test this hypothesis, spearate self-ratings of the Wish to Die and the Wish to Live were obtained from 64 women and 42 men hospitalized for suicide attempts. The dependent variable was the severity of suicidal intent assessed by a quantitative instrument. The results indicate that 50% of the sample experienced internal debates over death and life, 40% wanted to die, and 9% wanted to live. Internal struggle over the issues of death and life was related to lower suicidal intent scores than a unidirectional motivation toward death. It also appeared that the actual magnitudes of death and life wishes were not as crucial to suicidal intent as the degree of congruence between them. However, two-way analysis of variance yielded only a significant Wish to Die main effect. The discussion centers on the heterogeneity of the sample's motivational stance and the therapeutic and empirical usefulness of the scales to identify ambivalent and monambivalent patients.", "contents": "The wish to die and the wish to live in attempted suicides. The internal struggle hypothesis of suicidal behavior suggests that suicidal individuals wish both to die and to live. To test this hypothesis, spearate self-ratings of the Wish to Die and the Wish to Live were obtained from 64 women and 42 men hospitalized for suicide attempts. The dependent variable was the severity of suicidal intent assessed by a quantitative instrument. The results indicate that 50% of the sample experienced internal debates over death and life, 40% wanted to die, and 9% wanted to live. Internal struggle over the issues of death and life was related to lower suicidal intent scores than a unidirectional motivation toward death. It also appeared that the actual magnitudes of death and life wishes were not as crucial to suicidal intent as the degree of congruence between them. However, two-way analysis of variance yielded only a significant Wish to Die main effect. The discussion centers on the heterogeneity of the sample's motivational stance and the therapeutic and empirical usefulness of the scales to identify ambivalent and monambivalent patients."}
{"id": "PMID:870526", "title": "Prior event uncertainty reduction under two different levels of time uncertainty of foreperiod duration in schizophrenia.", "content": "Schizophrenic and alcoholic Ss judged stimulus durations of .50 and .55 seconds. Stimulus was 1, 3 or 5 dark dots and was preceded by variable foreperiod duration of 1, 3 or 5 seconds. Judgment of stimulus duration was found to be a monotonically increasing function of both foreperiod duration and numerosity of dots. When pitch of sound, which functioned as a warning signal, was correlated with numerosity of dots, the monotonic relation between numerosity of dots and estimation of stimulus duration was eliminated for alcoholics, but not for schizophrenics, only when foreperiod duration was constant from trial to trial. The effect of prior information as to numerosity of dots was negligible for both schizophrenics and alcoholics when foreperiod duration was variable from trial to trial.", "contents": "Prior event uncertainty reduction under two different levels of time uncertainty of foreperiod duration in schizophrenia. Schizophrenic and alcoholic Ss judged stimulus durations of .50 and .55 seconds. Stimulus was 1, 3 or 5 dark dots and was preceded by variable foreperiod duration of 1, 3 or 5 seconds. Judgment of stimulus duration was found to be a monotonically increasing function of both foreperiod duration and numerosity of dots. When pitch of sound, which functioned as a warning signal, was correlated with numerosity of dots, the monotonic relation between numerosity of dots and estimation of stimulus duration was eliminated for alcoholics, but not for schizophrenics, only when foreperiod duration was constant from trial to trial. The effect of prior information as to numerosity of dots was negligible for both schizophrenics and alcoholics when foreperiod duration was variable from trial to trial."}
{"id": "PMID:870527", "title": "Evidence for a dual-factor concept of psychopathological emotional deficit: anhedonia and sensation-seeking.", "content": "Correlations between measures of anhedonia and sensation-seeking were calculated in two psychiatric samples. The correlations indicated that, despite their conceptual similarity, the two represent different motivational deficits. Ther correlates appeared to indicate that sensation-seeking represents neurotic inhibition, while anhedonia reflects a separate motivational deficit apparently characteristic of process schizophrenics.", "contents": "Evidence for a dual-factor concept of psychopathological emotional deficit: anhedonia and sensation-seeking. Correlations between measures of anhedonia and sensation-seeking were calculated in two psychiatric samples. The correlations indicated that, despite their conceptual similarity, the two represent different motivational deficits. Ther correlates appeared to indicate that sensation-seeking represents neurotic inhibition, while anhedonia reflects a separate motivational deficit apparently characteristic of process schizophrenics."}
{"id": "PMID:870528", "title": "Now I lay me down for keeps: a study of adolescent suicide attempts.", "content": "From a nationwide study of 830 white, emotionally disturbed adolescents, ages 12 to 18, three samples were selected for study. One consisted of all boys (N = 31) and girls (N = 67) referred for treatment after suicide attempts. The second included those boys (N = 7) and girls (N = 22) referred for suicidal thoughts and threats, as well as suicide attempts. The third was comprised of those boys (N = 13) and girls (N = 12) referred for suicidal thoughts and threats, but who had made no known suicide attempts. Both self- and psychotherapist ratings on 1,250 variables were examined by comparing the endorsement rates for boys and girls in each criterion group separately with those of the remaining sample of distrubed adolescents who had not been referred for suicidal behavior. Our results confirm some past findings and introduce a large number of new correlates of adolescent suicidal behavior. They indicate that there is little difference between teenagers who attempt suicide and those who think about it or threaten it. The findings also highlight the necessity of studying the sexes separately.", "contents": "Now I lay me down for keeps: a study of adolescent suicide attempts. From a nationwide study of 830 white, emotionally disturbed adolescents, ages 12 to 18, three samples were selected for study. One consisted of all boys (N = 31) and girls (N = 67) referred for treatment after suicide attempts. The second included those boys (N = 7) and girls (N = 22) referred for suicidal thoughts and threats, as well as suicide attempts. The third was comprised of those boys (N = 13) and girls (N = 12) referred for suicidal thoughts and threats, but who had made no known suicide attempts. Both self- and psychotherapist ratings on 1,250 variables were examined by comparing the endorsement rates for boys and girls in each criterion group separately with those of the remaining sample of distrubed adolescents who had not been referred for suicidal behavior. Our results confirm some past findings and introduce a large number of new correlates of adolescent suicidal behavior. They indicate that there is little difference between teenagers who attempt suicide and those who think about it or threaten it. The findings also highlight the necessity of studying the sexes separately."}
{"id": "PMID:870529", "title": "The adult self expression scale: validation by the multitrait-multimethod procedure.", "content": "The present studies were designed to provide further validation of the Adult Self Expression Scale as a measure of assertive behavior for adults in general. Validation was approached by the Campbell and Fiske multitrait-multimethod procedure and was concerned with the convergent relationship of assertion as measured by the Scale with measures of dominance and abasement as well as the discriminant capability of the instrument in terms of its relationship to various types of aggression, both verbal and physical. A variety of self-report, peer-rating, and unobtrusive measures were obtained from four distinct samples: participants in avocational interest classes at a technical institute, adults enrolled in an evening course in counseling theories at a state university, psychiatric inpatients, and convicted male felons. The results indicated that the Adult Self Expression Scale exhibits moderately strong convergent validity and moderate discriminant validity. The utility of the scale as a measure of assertive behavior for use with adults in general was supported.", "contents": "The adult self expression scale: validation by the multitrait-multimethod procedure. The present studies were designed to provide further validation of the Adult Self Expression Scale as a measure of assertive behavior for adults in general. Validation was approached by the Campbell and Fiske multitrait-multimethod procedure and was concerned with the convergent relationship of assertion as measured by the Scale with measures of dominance and abasement as well as the discriminant capability of the instrument in terms of its relationship to various types of aggression, both verbal and physical. A variety of self-report, peer-rating, and unobtrusive measures were obtained from four distinct samples: participants in avocational interest classes at a technical institute, adults enrolled in an evening course in counseling theories at a state university, psychiatric inpatients, and convicted male felons. The results indicated that the Adult Self Expression Scale exhibits moderately strong convergent validity and moderate discriminant validity. The utility of the scale as a measure of assertive behavior for use with adults in general was supported."}
{"id": "PMID:870530", "title": "Psychological assessment of the burn patient.", "content": "Emotional and intellectual responses of 25 burn patients, 16 males and 9 females, were assessed with the MMPI and the six verbal subtests of the WAIS. These measures were administered upon hospital admission and 11 to 12 months after discharge. Data analysis entailed Hotelling's T2 tests for paired observations, paired t-tests and product-moment correlations. Results did not reveal the emotional and intellectual deterioration commonly reported in the literature. The composite group MMPI profiles were essentially normal at both administrations with significant pre-post increments on the L Scale, Scale 9 and Scale 0, p less than .05. Male patients did not show significant pre-post changes, while females showed a significant pre-post increment on Scale 0, p less than .05, which indicates increased social orientation and gregariousness. Patients as a group showed significant pre-post increments on the Information (p less than .05) and Digit Span (p less than .01) subtests of the WAIS. Males demonstrated more dramatic increases than did females. Discrepancies between these findings and those reported by other investigators are attributed to the use of young children as participants in other studies, the absence of discernible premorbid factors that have been associated with post-trauma adjustment difficulties in other investigations and possible differential effectiveness of psychological intervention during hospitalization. The WAIS and MMPI were found to be sensitive to the emotional and intellectual changes experienced by participants, which suggests their application to assess the psychological aspects of the burn patient's recovery.", "contents": "Psychological assessment of the burn patient. Emotional and intellectual responses of 25 burn patients, 16 males and 9 females, were assessed with the MMPI and the six verbal subtests of the WAIS. These measures were administered upon hospital admission and 11 to 12 months after discharge. Data analysis entailed Hotelling's T2 tests for paired observations, paired t-tests and product-moment correlations. Results did not reveal the emotional and intellectual deterioration commonly reported in the literature. The composite group MMPI profiles were essentially normal at both administrations with significant pre-post increments on the L Scale, Scale 9 and Scale 0, p less than .05. Male patients did not show significant pre-post changes, while females showed a significant pre-post increment on Scale 0, p less than .05, which indicates increased social orientation and gregariousness. Patients as a group showed significant pre-post increments on the Information (p less than .05) and Digit Span (p less than .01) subtests of the WAIS. Males demonstrated more dramatic increases than did females. Discrepancies between these findings and those reported by other investigators are attributed to the use of young children as participants in other studies, the absence of discernible premorbid factors that have been associated with post-trauma adjustment difficulties in other investigations and possible differential effectiveness of psychological intervention during hospitalization. The WAIS and MMPI were found to be sensitive to the emotional and intellectual changes experienced by participants, which suggests their application to assess the psychological aspects of the burn patient's recovery."}
{"id": "PMID:870531", "title": "Comparison of MMPI scores of pregnant women and female medical patients.", "content": "The MMPIs of 94 women who were in the first trimester of pregnancy were compared with the MMPIs of 1,690 female medical patients who were between 20 and 29 years old. Pregnant women obtained significantly lower scores on indices of subjective distress, somatic complaints, and general maladjustment. They obtained significantly higher scores on the Ego Strength scale, which reflects good psychological adjustment. The interpretation of Hooke and Marks (1962) that pregnancy is a period of good psychological adjustment and emotional health is supported.", "contents": "Comparison of MMPI scores of pregnant women and female medical patients. The MMPIs of 94 women who were in the first trimester of pregnancy were compared with the MMPIs of 1,690 female medical patients who were between 20 and 29 years old. Pregnant women obtained significantly lower scores on indices of subjective distress, somatic complaints, and general maladjustment. They obtained significantly higher scores on the Ego Strength scale, which reflects good psychological adjustment. The interpretation of Hooke and Marks (1962) that pregnancy is a period of good psychological adjustment and emotional health is supported."}
{"id": "PMID:870532", "title": "Factor analysis of the items of the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory.", "content": "The present investigation was designed to determine by factor analysis the nature of the items that comprise the A-State and A-Trait scales of the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory. Three factors were identified. Factor I was defined exclusively by items from the A-State scale. The underlying dimension tapped by the scale was interpreted as state anxiety (how one feels at a particular moment in time); support thus was provided for Spielberger's A-State concept. Items from the A-Trait scale, however, identified two separate factors, neither of which was clearly consonant with Spielberger's concept of A-Trait. Factor II appeared to tap state anxiety according to how the individual generally feels or a typical level of state anxiety as remembered over an indefinite period of time. Factor III was interpreted as a measure of neuroticism.", "contents": "Factor analysis of the items of the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory. The present investigation was designed to determine by factor analysis the nature of the items that comprise the A-State and A-Trait scales of the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory. Three factors were identified. Factor I was defined exclusively by items from the A-State scale. The underlying dimension tapped by the scale was interpreted as state anxiety (how one feels at a particular moment in time); support thus was provided for Spielberger's A-State concept. Items from the A-Trait scale, however, identified two separate factors, neither of which was clearly consonant with Spielberger's concept of A-Trait. Factor II appeared to tap state anxiety according to how the individual generally feels or a typical level of state anxiety as remembered over an indefinite period of time. Factor III was interpreted as a measure of neuroticism."}
{"id": "PMID:870533", "title": "Cross-cultural study of the factorial dimensions of the NOSIE.", "content": "The NOISE is a rating scale designed for use with long-stay schizophrenic patients with six scales derived from a series of factor analyses of data from American patients. The present paper reports an attempt to replicate these scales in a British setting. After factor analysis five NOSIE scales showed identical item content across the two cultures. In the British analysis the items of the Retardation scale were factorially complex so that the scale was not replicated. It was concluded that most of the NOSIE was cross-culturally robust and relevant to its declared purpose.", "contents": "Cross-cultural study of the factorial dimensions of the NOSIE. The NOISE is a rating scale designed for use with long-stay schizophrenic patients with six scales derived from a series of factor analyses of data from American patients. The present paper reports an attempt to replicate these scales in a British setting. After factor analysis five NOSIE scales showed identical item content across the two cultures. In the British analysis the items of the Retardation scale were factorially complex so that the scale was not replicated. It was concluded that most of the NOSIE was cross-culturally robust and relevant to its declared purpose."}
{"id": "PMID:870534", "title": "A comparison of the Stanford-Binet abbreviated and complete forms for developmentally disabled children.", "content": "Three abbreviated versions of the Stanford-Binet were reviewed and compared for 50 children with developmental disabilities. The children ranged in age from 6 years - 0 months to 15 years - 11 months. While the IQs obtained from the abbreviated forms correlated highly with the complete Binet IQ, it was felt that the 2-item test yielded too many \"misses\" both in terms of IQ and classification to be of significant value for use with developmentally disabled children. Although the Terman and Merrill 4-item and Wright versions both yielded considerable \"misses\" in classification, they were believed to be of definite value to the time-harried examiner. Caution was advised, however, in the use of abbreviated-form IQs as a basis for important diagnostic decisions.", "contents": "A comparison of the Stanford-Binet abbreviated and complete forms for developmentally disabled children. Three abbreviated versions of the Stanford-Binet were reviewed and compared for 50 children with developmental disabilities. The children ranged in age from 6 years - 0 months to 15 years - 11 months. While the IQs obtained from the abbreviated forms correlated highly with the complete Binet IQ, it was felt that the 2-item test yielded too many \"misses\" both in terms of IQ and classification to be of significant value for use with developmentally disabled children. Although the Terman and Merrill 4-item and Wright versions both yielded considerable \"misses\" in classification, they were believed to be of definite value to the time-harried examiner. Caution was advised, however, in the use of abbreviated-form IQs as a basis for important diagnostic decisions."}
{"id": "PMID:870535", "title": "Patterns of emotional disturbance on the WISC-R.", "content": "Fourteen WISC subtest patterns that purport to differentiate behavioral disorders were applied to the WISC-R. Forty-one adolescent males referred as a result of conduct disorders were administered the WISC-R. In general, a group analysis showed a depression of verbal functions and satisfactory reliability. The majority of signs investigated were shown to be as effective with nonschizophrenic emotionally disturbed children as with the specific clinical picture they were designed to predict. Evidence pointed to a number of patterns of subtest scatter useful in the diagnosis of a generalized state of emotional disturbance. Implications for clinical practice were discussed.", "contents": "Patterns of emotional disturbance on the WISC-R. Fourteen WISC subtest patterns that purport to differentiate behavioral disorders were applied to the WISC-R. Forty-one adolescent males referred as a result of conduct disorders were administered the WISC-R. In general, a group analysis showed a depression of verbal functions and satisfactory reliability. The majority of signs investigated were shown to be as effective with nonschizophrenic emotionally disturbed children as with the specific clinical picture they were designed to predict. Evidence pointed to a number of patterns of subtest scatter useful in the diagnosis of a generalized state of emotional disturbance. Implications for clinical practice were discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:870536", "title": "A programmed training technique that uses reinforcement to facilitate acquisition and retention in brain-damaged patients.", "content": "Hospitalized brain-damaged patients were Ss in a study designed to evaluate the effectiveness of a treatment technique used with contingent reinforcement to facilitate acquisition and retention of environmentally relevant information. Ss were divided into three groups that were equated diagnostically and demographically. Group I received the treatment technique with contingent material and verbal reinforcement. Group II received the treatment technique with only contingent verbal reinforcement, and Group III was a control. Both treatment groups showed significant acquisition of the experimental information, and 1 week after training the two treatment groups showed no significant loss of acquired information. None of the groups showed any significant change in ward behavior during the experiment. It was concluded that the treatment technique used with contingent reinforcement can be used in the retraining of memory in brain-damaged patients.", "contents": "A programmed training technique that uses reinforcement to facilitate acquisition and retention in brain-damaged patients. Hospitalized brain-damaged patients were Ss in a study designed to evaluate the effectiveness of a treatment technique used with contingent reinforcement to facilitate acquisition and retention of environmentally relevant information. Ss were divided into three groups that were equated diagnostically and demographically. Group I received the treatment technique with contingent material and verbal reinforcement. Group II received the treatment technique with only contingent verbal reinforcement, and Group III was a control. Both treatment groups showed significant acquisition of the experimental information, and 1 week after training the two treatment groups showed no significant loss of acquired information. None of the groups showed any significant change in ward behavior during the experiment. It was concluded that the treatment technique used with contingent reinforcement can be used in the retraining of memory in brain-damaged patients."}
{"id": "PMID:870537", "title": "Therapists prophesy.", "content": "Therapists' expectancies for therapeutic gain in patients reputedly are linked to the actual outcome of treatment for their patients. Theoretical papers have suggested that therapists' expectancies may cause or facilitate patient therapeutic response to treatment. Unfortunately, empirical data related to these notions are greatly lacking. The present study tested the relationship between therapist expectancy and treatment outcome for hospitalized schizophrenic patients. It also tested two opposing hypotheses re the nature of the link between therapist expectancy and outcome (causative vs. predictive). Multiple regression analyses revealed that therapists' expectancies are multi-dimensional, formed partly on the basis of therapists' knowledge of psychopathology in general and partly on their perception of their patients' pretreatment adjustment. The analyses also revealed that therapists' expectancies were associated significantly with treatment outcome; the data supported a predictive, not causative, interpretation of the nature of therapists' expectancies.", "contents": "Therapists prophesy. Therapists' expectancies for therapeutic gain in patients reputedly are linked to the actual outcome of treatment for their patients. Theoretical papers have suggested that therapists' expectancies may cause or facilitate patient therapeutic response to treatment. Unfortunately, empirical data related to these notions are greatly lacking. The present study tested the relationship between therapist expectancy and treatment outcome for hospitalized schizophrenic patients. It also tested two opposing hypotheses re the nature of the link between therapist expectancy and outcome (causative vs. predictive). Multiple regression analyses revealed that therapists' expectancies are multi-dimensional, formed partly on the basis of therapists' knowledge of psychopathology in general and partly on their perception of their patients' pretreatment adjustment. The analyses also revealed that therapists' expectancies were associated significantly with treatment outcome; the data supported a predictive, not causative, interpretation of the nature of therapists' expectancies."}
{"id": "PMID:870538", "title": "Accuracy of perception of psychotherapeutic content as a function of observers' level of facilitation.", "content": "Eight high-functioning and eight low-functioning Master's-level psychologists viewed 11 1-hour individual therapy sessions. The level of functioning of the psychologists was determined by ratings based on the Carkhuff global level of facilitation scale. After each session the observers completed a Therapy Session Report questionnaire that asked them to indicate what the patient and therapist were feeling and concerned with during the session. Analysis of variance indicated that high-functioning observers were more accurate in their perceptions than low-functioning observers and that all observers were more accurate with regard to their perceptions about the therapist. Results were discussed in terms of the validity of the Carkhuff scales.", "contents": "Accuracy of perception of psychotherapeutic content as a function of observers' level of facilitation. Eight high-functioning and eight low-functioning Master's-level psychologists viewed 11 1-hour individual therapy sessions. The level of functioning of the psychologists was determined by ratings based on the Carkhuff global level of facilitation scale. After each session the observers completed a Therapy Session Report questionnaire that asked them to indicate what the patient and therapist were feeling and concerned with during the session. Analysis of variance indicated that high-functioning observers were more accurate in their perceptions than low-functioning observers and that all observers were more accurate with regard to their perceptions about the therapist. Results were discussed in terms of the validity of the Carkhuff scales."}
{"id": "PMID:870539", "title": "Treatment of sexual dysfunction: a review of outcome studies.", "content": "Studies that have reported the outcome of treatment of various sexual dysfunctions are reviewed. While the number of published studies is limited, the results are remarkably consistent. By use of a variety of techniques, the prognosis for successful treatment of primary orgasmic dysfunction in women and premature ejaculation in men is quite good. The treatment of secondary or situational orgasmic dysfunction is more difficult and results in much lower success rates. Variables that affect treatment outcome and implications for future research and treatment are discussed.", "contents": "Treatment of sexual dysfunction: a review of outcome studies. Studies that have reported the outcome of treatment of various sexual dysfunctions are reviewed. While the number of published studies is limited, the results are remarkably consistent. By use of a variety of techniques, the prognosis for successful treatment of primary orgasmic dysfunction in women and premature ejaculation in men is quite good. The treatment of secondary or situational orgasmic dysfunction is more difficult and results in much lower success rates. Variables that affect treatment outcome and implications for future research and treatment are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:870540", "title": "Should fearful individuals be instructed to proceed quickly or cautiously?", "content": "Snake or cockroach phobic Ss were given opportunities to approach a live specimen. Those instructed to go \"as far as they could\" made significantly more progress in overcoming their fear than Ss asked to proceed cautiously. They also did better than the group especially urged to push themselves, although this difference was not significant. Implications for treatment strategies are discussed.", "contents": "Should fearful individuals be instructed to proceed quickly or cautiously? Snake or cockroach phobic Ss were given opportunities to approach a live specimen. Those instructed to go \"as far as they could\" made significantly more progress in overcoming their fear than Ss asked to proceed cautiously. They also did better than the group especially urged to push themselves, although this difference was not significant. Implications for treatment strategies are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:870541", "title": "A study of pretherapy role induction as an influence process.", "content": "It is not clear whether the effectiveness of role induction procedures derives from the fact that they (a) provide clients with information about therapy; or (b) serve as a vehicle for influencing attitudes and beliefs about treatment. In this study 17 clients were assigned to one of two pretherapy interview conditions or to a control (no interview) group. In one condition, social influence aspects of the interview were maximized, while in the other they were minimized. Information given about therapy was the same in both circumstances. Results suggest that therapeutic gains were greatest for patients in the high influence condition. Implications are drawn for the conceptualization of role induction procedures.", "contents": "A study of pretherapy role induction as an influence process. It is not clear whether the effectiveness of role induction procedures derives from the fact that they (a) provide clients with information about therapy; or (b) serve as a vehicle for influencing attitudes and beliefs about treatment. In this study 17 clients were assigned to one of two pretherapy interview conditions or to a control (no interview) group. In one condition, social influence aspects of the interview were maximized, while in the other they were minimized. Information given about therapy was the same in both circumstances. Results suggest that therapeutic gains were greatest for patients in the high influence condition. Implications are drawn for the conceptualization of role induction procedures."}
{"id": "PMID:870542", "title": "Responses of high- and low-emotional deficit patients to exciting, grating, and neutral stimuli.", "content": "The preferences of high- and low-anhedonia and sensation-seeking psychiatric hospital groups for music rated as exciting, grating, and neutral, and the tendencies of these groups to modify the volume level at which they were exposed to these pieces, were compared. Volume-level choice was unrelated to anhedonia and sensation-seeking, which casts doubt on the theory that these affective deficits are mediated by efforts to reduce the quantity of incoming emotional stimulation. Anhedonia scores were not related to preferences for the three types of music. However, in contrast to high sensation-seekers, low sensation-seekers tended to dislike all types of music, and especially those rated as grating.", "contents": "Responses of high- and low-emotional deficit patients to exciting, grating, and neutral stimuli. The preferences of high- and low-anhedonia and sensation-seeking psychiatric hospital groups for music rated as exciting, grating, and neutral, and the tendencies of these groups to modify the volume level at which they were exposed to these pieces, were compared. Volume-level choice was unrelated to anhedonia and sensation-seeking, which casts doubt on the theory that these affective deficits are mediated by efforts to reduce the quantity of incoming emotional stimulation. Anhedonia scores were not related to preferences for the three types of music. However, in contrast to high sensation-seekers, low sensation-seekers tended to dislike all types of music, and especially those rated as grating."}
{"id": "PMID:870543", "title": "Pain adaptation and emotional deficit.", "content": "The pain adaptation rates of high- and low-emotional deficit schizophrenics were compared. Electrical stimulation pain thresholds were calculated and retaken at four intervals after administration of shocks in a learning task. Low scorers on the General Sensation-Seeking and Thrill/Adventure Seeking scales showed significantly less pain adaptation than did their high sensation-seeking counterparts. No differences in level of adaptation appeared between high and low scorers on the Anhedonia scale or three other sensation-seeking scales. The results suggested that the neurotic emotional deficit defined by the sensation-seeking scales may be mediated by inadequate adaptation to painful stimuli.", "contents": "Pain adaptation and emotional deficit. The pain adaptation rates of high- and low-emotional deficit schizophrenics were compared. Electrical stimulation pain thresholds were calculated and retaken at four intervals after administration of shocks in a learning task. Low scorers on the General Sensation-Seeking and Thrill/Adventure Seeking scales showed significantly less pain adaptation than did their high sensation-seeking counterparts. No differences in level of adaptation appeared between high and low scorers on the Anhedonia scale or three other sensation-seeking scales. The results suggested that the neurotic emotional deficit defined by the sensation-seeking scales may be mediated by inadequate adaptation to painful stimuli."}
{"id": "PMID:870544", "title": "Physiognomic form perception: a comparison of normal and schizophrenic subjects.", "content": "The following reports the findings of a study that tested the hypothesis that schizophrenics--contrary to what has been suggested in the literature--are deficient, rather than superior, in perception of physiognomic properties. The Physiognomic Form Perception Test (RFPT), developed for the purpose and found reliable, was administered to 19 normal and 19 schizophrenic Sc. Results were in support of the hypothesis: normal Ss scored significantly higher than schizophrenics (t = 3.01, p less than .01). In addition, a qualitative analysis of verbalizations showed, as predicted, that schizophrenics gave significantly fewer \"physiognomic-expressive\" responses and significantly more of those rated \"associations-rationalizations,\" as well as more \"personalized and self-referent\" responses.", "contents": "Physiognomic form perception: a comparison of normal and schizophrenic subjects. The following reports the findings of a study that tested the hypothesis that schizophrenics--contrary to what has been suggested in the literature--are deficient, rather than superior, in perception of physiognomic properties. The Physiognomic Form Perception Test (RFPT), developed for the purpose and found reliable, was administered to 19 normal and 19 schizophrenic Sc. Results were in support of the hypothesis: normal Ss scored significantly higher than schizophrenics (t = 3.01, p less than .01). In addition, a qualitative analysis of verbalizations showed, as predicted, that schizophrenics gave significantly fewer \"physiognomic-expressive\" responses and significantly more of those rated \"associations-rationalizations,\" as well as more \"personalized and self-referent\" responses."}
{"id": "PMID:870545", "title": "Perceived locus of control as a function of level of depression among alcoholics and nonalcoholics.", "content": "This study investigated perceived locus of control as a function of level of depression among 39 alcoholics and 39 matched nonalcoholic controls. Ss completed the Rotter I-E scale and the Beck Depression Inventory. Initial analyses of variance indicated a lack of difference between groups on the I-E scale; however, alcoholics were significantly more depressed than were controls. A correlational analysis indicated a significant relationship between an external locus of control and higher levels of depression. When level of depression was controlled statistically, an alalysis of covariance indicated that the alcoholic samples was significantly more internal than the nonalcoholics. These data tend to cross-validate Lamont's (1972) findings of an item-mood response bias in the I-E scale. These data further support the contention that caution must be used in interpreting comparative locus of control results derived from samples that have differential base rates of depression.", "contents": "Perceived locus of control as a function of level of depression among alcoholics and nonalcoholics. This study investigated perceived locus of control as a function of level of depression among 39 alcoholics and 39 matched nonalcoholic controls. Ss completed the Rotter I-E scale and the Beck Depression Inventory. Initial analyses of variance indicated a lack of difference between groups on the I-E scale; however, alcoholics were significantly more depressed than were controls. A correlational analysis indicated a significant relationship between an external locus of control and higher levels of depression. When level of depression was controlled statistically, an alalysis of covariance indicated that the alcoholic samples was significantly more internal than the nonalcoholics. These data tend to cross-validate Lamont's (1972) findings of an item-mood response bias in the I-E scale. These data further support the contention that caution must be used in interpreting comparative locus of control results derived from samples that have differential base rates of depression."}
{"id": "PMID:870546", "title": "A rating scale for the selection of internship applicants.", "content": "This study evaluated the utility of a rating scale for selecting clinical psychology interns. Forty-five applicants were rated by five staff psychologists. Variables rated included previous clinical experience, academic record, scholarly productivity, letters of recommendation, and intangibles. Majority agreement was found for 80% of the applicants for academic record and for scholarly productivity, for 73.3% of the applicants for clinical experience and for letters of recommendation, for 40% of the applicants for intangibles. Overall majority agreement was found for 64.8% of the candidates. All of the variables correlated positively and significantly with the total score. Scholarly productivity was weighted highest as a predictor of the applicant's total score followed by clinical experience, intangibles, letters of recommendation, and academic record. Advantages of the use of the rating scale by training centers in the selection of interns were discussed.", "contents": "A rating scale for the selection of internship applicants. This study evaluated the utility of a rating scale for selecting clinical psychology interns. Forty-five applicants were rated by five staff psychologists. Variables rated included previous clinical experience, academic record, scholarly productivity, letters of recommendation, and intangibles. Majority agreement was found for 80% of the applicants for academic record and for scholarly productivity, for 73.3% of the applicants for clinical experience and for letters of recommendation, for 40% of the applicants for intangibles. Overall majority agreement was found for 64.8% of the candidates. All of the variables correlated positively and significantly with the total score. Scholarly productivity was weighted highest as a predictor of the applicant's total score followed by clinical experience, intangibles, letters of recommendation, and academic record. Advantages of the use of the rating scale by training centers in the selection of interns were discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:870548", "title": "Interocular transfer of visual discriminations in goldfish after selective commissure lesions.", "content": "Goldfish with transections of the intertectal commissure learned but failed to transfer interocularly a simple visually cued avoidance task in a shuttle box, whereas posterior commissure lesions had no effect on this simple transfer task. However, fish with tectal commissure lesions could show normal interocular transfer of a shape discrimination, once discrimination pretraining with color cues had been carried out with each eye separately. Lesions of anterior commissure had no effect on either shape or color transfer, but fish with intended cuts of the postoptic commissures showed striking deficits of interocular transfer. As with comparable studies in the pigeon, it is concluded that postoptic, but not tectal, commissures are required for interocular transfer in the goldfish.", "contents": "Interocular transfer of visual discriminations in goldfish after selective commissure lesions. Goldfish with transections of the intertectal commissure learned but failed to transfer interocularly a simple visually cued avoidance task in a shuttle box, whereas posterior commissure lesions had no effect on this simple transfer task. However, fish with tectal commissure lesions could show normal interocular transfer of a shape discrimination, once discrimination pretraining with color cues had been carried out with each eye separately. Lesions of anterior commissure had no effect on either shape or color transfer, but fish with intended cuts of the postoptic commissures showed striking deficits of interocular transfer. As with comparable studies in the pigeon, it is concluded that postoptic, but not tectal, commissures are required for interocular transfer in the goldfish."}
{"id": "PMID:870549", "title": "Interaction of hunger and thirst in the motivational arousal underlying hoarding behavior in the rat.", "content": "Rats were studied in which hoarding of food could be elicited by a 16-hr food deprivation schedule. It was found that (a) prolonged water restriction, with food ad lib, failed to induced hoarding in spite of a spontaneous reduction in food intake and a fall in body weight to below levels normally critical for the onset of hoarding. Thus, different physiological deficits are not necessarily equivalent or additive in the elicitation of food hoarding, and water lack may suppress it. (b) Hoarding behavior was released in water-deprived animals by a brief drink of water. A 30-min delay to allow absorption of the ingested water significantly enhanced the release of hoarding. Air drinking by water-deprived rats did not release hoarding. Thus, the absence of hoarding during water lack may be caused by an active inhibitory process that can itself be inhibited or canceled by postingestional effects of drinking but not by oropharyngeal stimulation mimicking water signals. (c) Although water lack prevented hoarding in response to concomitant self-imposed fasting, hoarding ensued at maximal rates when a further mild degree of food deprivation was superimposed. Thus, the inhibition of hoarding by dehydration operates subtractively, not multiplicatively, and, with free access to food, the inhibition of hoarding by thirst tends to be balanced, exactly, by the facilitatory effect of concomitant fasting; thus superadded food deprivation can take full effect. It is concluded that in states of motivational arousal, specific inhibitory mechanisms may inhibit, subtractively, certain activities biologically irrelevant to prevailing physiological needs.", "contents": "Interaction of hunger and thirst in the motivational arousal underlying hoarding behavior in the rat. Rats were studied in which hoarding of food could be elicited by a 16-hr food deprivation schedule. It was found that (a) prolonged water restriction, with food ad lib, failed to induced hoarding in spite of a spontaneous reduction in food intake and a fall in body weight to below levels normally critical for the onset of hoarding. Thus, different physiological deficits are not necessarily equivalent or additive in the elicitation of food hoarding, and water lack may suppress it. (b) Hoarding behavior was released in water-deprived animals by a brief drink of water. A 30-min delay to allow absorption of the ingested water significantly enhanced the release of hoarding. Air drinking by water-deprived rats did not release hoarding. Thus, the absence of hoarding during water lack may be caused by an active inhibitory process that can itself be inhibited or canceled by postingestional effects of drinking but not by oropharyngeal stimulation mimicking water signals. (c) Although water lack prevented hoarding in response to concomitant self-imposed fasting, hoarding ensued at maximal rates when a further mild degree of food deprivation was superimposed. Thus, the inhibition of hoarding by dehydration operates subtractively, not multiplicatively, and, with free access to food, the inhibition of hoarding by thirst tends to be balanced, exactly, by the facilitatory effect of concomitant fasting; thus superadded food deprivation can take full effect. It is concluded that in states of motivational arousal, specific inhibitory mechanisms may inhibit, subtractively, certain activities biologically irrelevant to prevailing physiological needs."}
{"id": "PMID:870550", "title": "Comparison of ovarian and hypothalamic obesity syndromes in the female rat: effects of diet palatability on food intake and body weight.", "content": "Both ovariectomy and hypothalamic knife cuts produced hyperphagia and obesity in adult female rats. The ovarian obesity, however, unlike hypothalamic obesity, was virtually independent of diet palatability. Ovariectomized rats became obese on quinine-adulterated diets, which completely blocked hypothalamic obesity, and they displayed little further weight gain when given a high-fat diet, which greatly potentiated hypothalamic obesity. Ovarian and hypothalamic obesity were also found to be additive irrespective of diet condition when both surgical treatments were combined in the same animal; that is, ovariectomy increased the food intake and body weight of knife-cut animals given the quinine or high-fat diet. In contrast to their dissimilar feeding effects, ovariectomy, hypothalamic cuts, and the combined surgeries, did not differentially alter the aversion to a .01% quinine solution. The results indicate that ovarian obesity and hypothalamic obesity represent two different feeding disorders and are mediated by separate neural mechanisms. The functional nature of these disorders is discussed in light of recent body weight set point interpretations.", "contents": "Comparison of ovarian and hypothalamic obesity syndromes in the female rat: effects of diet palatability on food intake and body weight. Both ovariectomy and hypothalamic knife cuts produced hyperphagia and obesity in adult female rats. The ovarian obesity, however, unlike hypothalamic obesity, was virtually independent of diet palatability. Ovariectomized rats became obese on quinine-adulterated diets, which completely blocked hypothalamic obesity, and they displayed little further weight gain when given a high-fat diet, which greatly potentiated hypothalamic obesity. Ovarian and hypothalamic obesity were also found to be additive irrespective of diet condition when both surgical treatments were combined in the same animal; that is, ovariectomy increased the food intake and body weight of knife-cut animals given the quinine or high-fat diet. In contrast to their dissimilar feeding effects, ovariectomy, hypothalamic cuts, and the combined surgeries, did not differentially alter the aversion to a .01% quinine solution. The results indicate that ovarian obesity and hypothalamic obesity represent two different feeding disorders and are mediated by separate neural mechanisms. The functional nature of these disorders is discussed in light of recent body weight set point interpretations."}
{"id": "PMID:870551", "title": "Unit activity in cingulate cortex and anteroventral thalamus of the rabbit during differential conditioning and reversal.", "content": "Multiple-unit activity was recorded from the rabbit anterior cingulate cortical area (AC) and from the anteroventral nucleus of the thalamus (AV) during differential avoidance conditioning and reversal. The positive and negative conditioned stimuli were tones of different frequency, and the unconditioned stimulus (UCS) was shock delivered through the grid floor of a rotating-wheel conditioning apparatus. Conditioning was preceded by pretraining with tones and noncontingent presentations of the shock UCS. The results showed associative (differential) neuronal activity in both AC and AV during differential conditioning. The effect in AC occurred in the intermediate and final sessions of conditioning. A very large differential effect appropriate to original conditioning occurred in AC in the first two sessions of reversal training. The differential effect in AV occurred in the final session of conditioning when the behavioral response was well learned. There was no clear neuronal reversal in AC or AV.", "contents": "Unit activity in cingulate cortex and anteroventral thalamus of the rabbit during differential conditioning and reversal. Multiple-unit activity was recorded from the rabbit anterior cingulate cortical area (AC) and from the anteroventral nucleus of the thalamus (AV) during differential avoidance conditioning and reversal. The positive and negative conditioned stimuli were tones of different frequency, and the unconditioned stimulus (UCS) was shock delivered through the grid floor of a rotating-wheel conditioning apparatus. Conditioning was preceded by pretraining with tones and noncontingent presentations of the shock UCS. The results showed associative (differential) neuronal activity in both AC and AV during differential conditioning. The effect in AC occurred in the intermediate and final sessions of conditioning. A very large differential effect appropriate to original conditioning occurred in AC in the first two sessions of reversal training. The differential effect in AV occurred in the final session of conditioning when the behavioral response was well learned. There was no clear neuronal reversal in AC or AV."}
{"id": "PMID:870552", "title": "Postoperative pedal edema.", "content": "Careful preoperative evaluation and precise surgical technique are important in the prevention of postoperative edema, which can alter surgical results functionally or cosmetically. If the lymphatics become occluded or injured, interstitial fluid protein concentration increases, and edema will probably result. Even mild or moderate edema may prolong healing time, and if edema persists for several weeks or months, recurrent or severe edema may result.", "contents": "Postoperative pedal edema. Careful preoperative evaluation and precise surgical technique are important in the prevention of postoperative edema, which can alter surgical results functionally or cosmetically. If the lymphatics become occluded or injured, interstitial fluid protein concentration increases, and edema will probably result. Even mild or moderate edema may prolong healing time, and if edema persists for several weeks or months, recurrent or severe edema may result."}
{"id": "PMID:870553", "title": "Calcaneal osteotomy.", "content": "The calcaneal osteotomy for the correction of valgus and varus deformities of the foot is a relatively simple and effective procedure. Since the main theme of the seminar was \"Practical Reconstructive Foot Surgery,\" Dr. Sullivan's comments were limited to the principles of osteotomy with a brief discussion of the procedural techniques. The principles which he discusses relate to the goals to be achieved by osteotomy based on biomechanics. He also covers instrumentation, postoperative management, complications, tissue handling and choice of osteotomy sites.", "contents": "Calcaneal osteotomy. The calcaneal osteotomy for the correction of valgus and varus deformities of the foot is a relatively simple and effective procedure. Since the main theme of the seminar was \"Practical Reconstructive Foot Surgery,\" Dr. Sullivan's comments were limited to the principles of osteotomy with a brief discussion of the procedural techniques. The principles which he discusses relate to the goals to be achieved by osteotomy based on biomechanics. He also covers instrumentation, postoperative management, complications, tissue handling and choice of osteotomy sites."}
{"id": "PMID:870547", "title": "The effects of ephedrine and theophylline on dexamethasone metabolism in bronchial asthma.", "content": "The effect of ephedrine (nine patients) and theophylline (seven patients) on dexamethasone metabolism was studied before and after three weeks of drug therapy in 16 asthmatics. Five patients were studied similarily but treated with placebo. After treatment with ephedrine, there was a mean decrease in plasma dexamethasone half-life (t1/2) of 132 minutes, or 36 per cent (P less than 0.025), and mean increase in metabolic clearance rate (MCR) of 148 liters/day, or 42 per cent (P less than 0.001). Increase in the excretion of urinary radioactivity, predominantly in the conjugated fractions, was noted. In contrast, theophylline and placebo therapy resulted in no significant changes in dexamethasone t1/2 or MCR. The rate of urinary excretion of radioactivity was reduced after theophylline treatment. Since ephedrine accelerates labeled dexamethasone clearance while theophylline does not, caution is necessary when prescribing ephedrine for asthmatics requiring long-term therapy with dexamethasone and probably other corticosteroids. It would appear from the present investigation that theophylline is a more appropriate bronchodilator for these patients.", "contents": "The effects of ephedrine and theophylline on dexamethasone metabolism in bronchial asthma. The effect of ephedrine (nine patients) and theophylline (seven patients) on dexamethasone metabolism was studied before and after three weeks of drug therapy in 16 asthmatics. Five patients were studied similarily but treated with placebo. After treatment with ephedrine, there was a mean decrease in plasma dexamethasone half-life (t1/2) of 132 minutes, or 36 per cent (P less than 0.025), and mean increase in metabolic clearance rate (MCR) of 148 liters/day, or 42 per cent (P less than 0.001). Increase in the excretion of urinary radioactivity, predominantly in the conjugated fractions, was noted. In contrast, theophylline and placebo therapy resulted in no significant changes in dexamethasone t1/2 or MCR. The rate of urinary excretion of radioactivity was reduced after theophylline treatment. Since ephedrine accelerates labeled dexamethasone clearance while theophylline does not, caution is necessary when prescribing ephedrine for asthmatics requiring long-term therapy with dexamethasone and probably other corticosteroids. It would appear from the present investigation that theophylline is a more appropriate bronchodilator for these patients."}
{"id": "PMID:870554", "title": "Political psychiatry: a post-Watergate perspective or the revolution of falling expectations.", "content": "The social contract is a concept equally vital to philosophy and psychology in terms more relevant to this presentation, to politics and psychiatry. From the Hobbesian point of view, the contract has to do with the rights and responsibilities of different components and classes of society vis \u00e1 vis one another. From the psychodynamic point of view, the social contract has to do with the way individuals relate to each other. Common to both perspectives is the implicit recognition that certain rules will be followed and that penalties will ensue when they are not, or, at the very least, that the prospect of penality will serve as a deterrent. These two notions of social contract converge in the actual regulation of our individual and collective behavior. Governance is impossible without trust in either the rules (more commonly known as the law, or the rule of law) or the people who administer them, whether parent, judge, or senator. Laws that are accepted and a corresponding \"care that those laws are failfully executed\" both are necessary to a good and just society. Perhaps I can demonstrate these concepts by paraphrasing the nobel Prize winning Japanese novelist who used as a title of his prize winning novel, The Sound of the Mountain. The tearing of the social fabric is the sound of loss of trust in our government, governors, and governance. If that trust is lost, it is but a step to loss of faith in self. For me, the test of these envolving concepts is their usefulness in predicting or at least in coping with the near future. To re-establish trust is our major task. My view may be too narrow and parochial, but I think it is more than coincidental that two of the groups under severest attack as untrustworthy are politicians and psychiatrists. The response of these two groups have some dramatic and meaningful similarities. In politics or, at least, in campaign rhetoric we are seeing fewer promises and more candor; mor emphasis on truthfulness, personal integrity, and character and fewer offers to solve difficult problems. In psychiatry, and somewhat in psychology and the other behavioral and social sciences, we see a demand to reduce the role of scope of the profession, particularly in dealing with \"social issues,\" such as poverty and racism, which commentators and critics consider to be outside the proper sphere of competence and propriety. As a political psychiatrist, I am deeply concerned. In order to avoid the pitfalls of over-promising, we are overreacting; we are movinginto a trap that combines anti-intellectualism and anti-idealism. It can be summarized briefly in what I would call \"the revolution of falling expectations.\" This is wrong. I protest. At the risk of being accused of hubris and hutzpah, I feel that nothing less than the best intellectual capacities and abilities and the deepest and widest experience are needed to deal with our problems in both politics and psychiatry...", "contents": "Political psychiatry: a post-Watergate perspective or the revolution of falling expectations. The social contract is a concept equally vital to philosophy and psychology in terms more relevant to this presentation, to politics and psychiatry. From the Hobbesian point of view, the contract has to do with the rights and responsibilities of different components and classes of society vis \u00e1 vis one another. From the psychodynamic point of view, the social contract has to do with the way individuals relate to each other. Common to both perspectives is the implicit recognition that certain rules will be followed and that penalties will ensue when they are not, or, at the very least, that the prospect of penality will serve as a deterrent. These two notions of social contract converge in the actual regulation of our individual and collective behavior. Governance is impossible without trust in either the rules (more commonly known as the law, or the rule of law) or the people who administer them, whether parent, judge, or senator. Laws that are accepted and a corresponding \"care that those laws are failfully executed\" both are necessary to a good and just society. Perhaps I can demonstrate these concepts by paraphrasing the nobel Prize winning Japanese novelist who used as a title of his prize winning novel, The Sound of the Mountain. The tearing of the social fabric is the sound of loss of trust in our government, governors, and governance. If that trust is lost, it is but a step to loss of faith in self. For me, the test of these envolving concepts is their usefulness in predicting or at least in coping with the near future. To re-establish trust is our major task. My view may be too narrow and parochial, but I think it is more than coincidental that two of the groups under severest attack as untrustworthy are politicians and psychiatrists. The response of these two groups have some dramatic and meaningful similarities. In politics or, at least, in campaign rhetoric we are seeing fewer promises and more candor; mor emphasis on truthfulness, personal integrity, and character and fewer offers to solve difficult problems. In psychiatry, and somewhat in psychology and the other behavioral and social sciences, we see a demand to reduce the role of scope of the profession, particularly in dealing with \"social issues,\" such as poverty and racism, which commentators and critics consider to be outside the proper sphere of competence and propriety. As a political psychiatrist, I am deeply concerned. In order to avoid the pitfalls of over-promising, we are overreacting; we are movinginto a trap that combines anti-intellectualism and anti-idealism. It can be summarized briefly in what I would call \"the revolution of falling expectations.\" This is wrong. I protest. At the risk of being accused of hubris and hutzpah, I feel that nothing less than the best intellectual capacities and abilities and the deepest and widest experience are needed to deal with our problems in both politics and psychiatry..."}
{"id": "PMID:870555", "title": "Policy responses to complex issues: the case of black infant mortality.", "content": "There is a considerable body of literature that documents the higher infant mortality among American Blacks. This disparity has been attributed to many socioeconomic factors such as poor pre- and postnatal maternal health care, poor nutrition, inadequate housing, and so forth. Yet a careful examination of the data reveals that infant mortality is higher for Blacks regardless of socioeconomic condition. The present paper explores possible roots of this higher mortality rate in the centuries of nutritional deprivation suffered by Blacks in America. If a sizeable fraction of the higher black rates is a result of historical forces, it is questionable if traditional social welfare approaches and programs will markedly improve the situation. Indeed, a new set of interventions are called for to attack the picture of inequality and injustice that emerges from current U.S. infant mortality figures.", "contents": "Policy responses to complex issues: the case of black infant mortality. There is a considerable body of literature that documents the higher infant mortality among American Blacks. This disparity has been attributed to many socioeconomic factors such as poor pre- and postnatal maternal health care, poor nutrition, inadequate housing, and so forth. Yet a careful examination of the data reveals that infant mortality is higher for Blacks regardless of socioeconomic condition. The present paper explores possible roots of this higher mortality rate in the centuries of nutritional deprivation suffered by Blacks in America. If a sizeable fraction of the higher black rates is a result of historical forces, it is questionable if traditional social welfare approaches and programs will markedly improve the situation. Indeed, a new set of interventions are called for to attack the picture of inequality and injustice that emerges from current U.S. infant mortality figures."}
{"id": "PMID:870556", "title": "From \"pressure group politics\" to \"medical-industrial complex:\" the development of approaches to the politics of health.", "content": "This paper analyzes the development of the study of the politics of the health. In doing so it explores the connection between the changing conceptions of the politics of health and actual changes in the health systems of the western world. Three stages are identified in the development of health care systems. These are labelled the eras of benign neglect, health insurance and government regulation. It is then noted that three basic approaches to the politics of health have been taken over the years. These are labelled the group, modified group and holistic approaches. The article then argues that these three approaches tend to reflect the basic assumption explicit and implicit in the three stages of the development of the actual health systems of Canada, the United States and the United Kingdom. After critically commenting upon the value of each of the approaches, the paper notes that very few political scientists have used anything other than a rather narrow group approach to analyze the politics of health and therefore have failed to explain the dynamism of health care field. Then a few explanations for this unhappy state of affairs are ventured and the conclusion states a case for eclecticsm in the study of the politics of health.", "contents": "From \"pressure group politics\" to \"medical-industrial complex:\" the development of approaches to the politics of health. This paper analyzes the development of the study of the politics of the health. In doing so it explores the connection between the changing conceptions of the politics of health and actual changes in the health systems of the western world. Three stages are identified in the development of health care systems. These are labelled the eras of benign neglect, health insurance and government regulation. It is then noted that three basic approaches to the politics of health have been taken over the years. These are labelled the group, modified group and holistic approaches. The article then argues that these three approaches tend to reflect the basic assumption explicit and implicit in the three stages of the development of the actual health systems of Canada, the United States and the United Kingdom. After critically commenting upon the value of each of the approaches, the paper notes that very few political scientists have used anything other than a rather narrow group approach to analyze the politics of health and therefore have failed to explain the dynamism of health care field. Then a few explanations for this unhappy state of affairs are ventured and the conclusion states a case for eclecticsm in the study of the politics of health."}
{"id": "PMID:870557", "title": "Social class, political power, and the state: their implications in medicine--part III.", "content": "This is the third part of an article on the distribution of power and the nature of the state in Western industrialized societies and their implications in medicine. Parts I and II were published in the preceding issue of this Journal. Part I presented a critique of contemporary theories of the Western system of power; discussed the countervailing pluralist and power of elite theories, as well as those of bureaucratic and professional control; and concluded with an examination of the Marxist theories of economic determinism, structural determinism, and corporate statism. Part II presented a Marxist theory of the role, nature, and characteristics of state intervention. Part III focuses on the mode of that intervention and the reasons for its growth, with an added analysis of the attributes of state intervention in the health sector, and of the dialectical relationship between its growth and the current fiscal crisis of the state. In all three parts, the focus is on Western European countries and on North America, with many examples and categories from the area of medicine.", "contents": "Social class, political power, and the state: their implications in medicine--part III. This is the third part of an article on the distribution of power and the nature of the state in Western industrialized societies and their implications in medicine. Parts I and II were published in the preceding issue of this Journal. Part I presented a critique of contemporary theories of the Western system of power; discussed the countervailing pluralist and power of elite theories, as well as those of bureaucratic and professional control; and concluded with an examination of the Marxist theories of economic determinism, structural determinism, and corporate statism. Part II presented a Marxist theory of the role, nature, and characteristics of state intervention. Part III focuses on the mode of that intervention and the reasons for its growth, with an added analysis of the attributes of state intervention in the health sector, and of the dialectical relationship between its growth and the current fiscal crisis of the state. In all three parts, the focus is on Western European countries and on North America, with many examples and categories from the area of medicine."}
{"id": "PMID:870558", "title": "Alkaline phosphatase activity in human bladder tumor cell lines.", "content": "The cellular localization and isoenzyme pattern of alkaline phosphatase in five cell lines derived from human bladder carcinomas (T24, RT4, RT112, J82, EJ) shown not to be HeLa cells has been established. RT112 cells had a high level of alkaline phosphatase. RT4 had a moderate amount of alkaline phosphatase but in the other three lines, levels were extremely low. Prednisolone caused a small (2 to 3-fold) increase in total alkaline phosphatase in T24 and RT112 lines only. Electrophoretic separation of isoenzymes showed that RT112 and RT4 cells (derived from more highly differentiated tumor types) had three heat stable bands equivalent to placental alkaline phosphatase and three slower bands of a modified placental type. Prednisolone increased only the former. In T24 cells the enzyme resembled the liver-type alkaline phosphatase in electrophoretic mobility and sensitivity to heat denaturation. Cytochemical studies confirmed the presence of cell surface-associated extramembraneous placental type enzyme in RT112 cells. All five cell lines had small deposits of intramembraneous alkaline phosphatase in the plasma membrane and deposits associated tith the mitochondrial membranes and the endoplasmic reticulum that were not completely inhibited by phenylalanine or Levamisole.", "contents": "Alkaline phosphatase activity in human bladder tumor cell lines. The cellular localization and isoenzyme pattern of alkaline phosphatase in five cell lines derived from human bladder carcinomas (T24, RT4, RT112, J82, EJ) shown not to be HeLa cells has been established. RT112 cells had a high level of alkaline phosphatase. RT4 had a moderate amount of alkaline phosphatase but in the other three lines, levels were extremely low. Prednisolone caused a small (2 to 3-fold) increase in total alkaline phosphatase in T24 and RT112 lines only. Electrophoretic separation of isoenzymes showed that RT112 and RT4 cells (derived from more highly differentiated tumor types) had three heat stable bands equivalent to placental alkaline phosphatase and three slower bands of a modified placental type. Prednisolone increased only the former. In T24 cells the enzyme resembled the liver-type alkaline phosphatase in electrophoretic mobility and sensitivity to heat denaturation. Cytochemical studies confirmed the presence of cell surface-associated extramembraneous placental type enzyme in RT112 cells. All five cell lines had small deposits of intramembraneous alkaline phosphatase in the plasma membrane and deposits associated tith the mitochondrial membranes and the endoplasmic reticulum that were not completely inhibited by phenylalanine or Levamisole."}
{"id": "PMID:870559", "title": "Effects of neonatal thymectomy and splenectomy on survival and regulation of autoantibody formation in NZB/NZW F1 mice.", "content": "NZW F1 (B/W) mice were subjected to sham surgery or neonatal thymectomy and/or splenectomy and studied for immunoglobulin class of antibodies to double-stranded DNA and polyadenylic acid (Poly A) at 4 to 13 months of age. These antibodies occur spontaneously during the course of autoimmune disease in B/W mice. Sera were fractionated by sucrose density gradient ultracentrifugation and assayed for antibodies by a filter radioimmunoassay method. IgM was recovered in the 19S region and IgG in the 7S region as demonstrated by immunodiffusion. In sham-operated controls, at all ages studied, anti-DNA antibodies were both IgM and IgG, with the former predominating in males, and the latter in females. In both sexes, anti-Poly A antibodies were primarily IgM in young mice. There was a sequential switch from IgM to either enhanced or new IgG production in the following sequence: female anti-DNA and anti-Poly A (6 months), male anti-DNA (9 months), and male anti-Poly A (11 months). Both thymectomy and splenectomy caused earlier death in male mice, whereas females lived significantly longer after thymectomy. Neonatal thymectomy in males caused a premature switch from IgM to IgG antibodies to DNA, but it had a transient effect in females. Thymectomy almost completely prevented the late switch to IgG antibodies to Poly A in both sexes. By contrast, splenectomy promoted the formation of IgG antibodies to Poly A in male mice. These results suggest that the newborn B/W thymus and spleen contain regulatory cells and/or factors exerting different controlling influences on spontaneous antibodies to DNA and Poly A. Male B/W mice appear to be under the regulatory influence of suppressor cells, whereas the predominant regulation in female B/W mice appears to be a helper effect.", "contents": "Effects of neonatal thymectomy and splenectomy on survival and regulation of autoantibody formation in NZB/NZW F1 mice. NZW F1 (B/W) mice were subjected to sham surgery or neonatal thymectomy and/or splenectomy and studied for immunoglobulin class of antibodies to double-stranded DNA and polyadenylic acid (Poly A) at 4 to 13 months of age. These antibodies occur spontaneously during the course of autoimmune disease in B/W mice. Sera were fractionated by sucrose density gradient ultracentrifugation and assayed for antibodies by a filter radioimmunoassay method. IgM was recovered in the 19S region and IgG in the 7S region as demonstrated by immunodiffusion. In sham-operated controls, at all ages studied, anti-DNA antibodies were both IgM and IgG, with the former predominating in males, and the latter in females. In both sexes, anti-Poly A antibodies were primarily IgM in young mice. There was a sequential switch from IgM to either enhanced or new IgG production in the following sequence: female anti-DNA and anti-Poly A (6 months), male anti-DNA (9 months), and male anti-Poly A (11 months). Both thymectomy and splenectomy caused earlier death in male mice, whereas females lived significantly longer after thymectomy. Neonatal thymectomy in males caused a premature switch from IgM to IgG antibodies to DNA, but it had a transient effect in females. Thymectomy almost completely prevented the late switch to IgG antibodies to Poly A in both sexes. By contrast, splenectomy promoted the formation of IgG antibodies to Poly A in male mice. These results suggest that the newborn B/W thymus and spleen contain regulatory cells and/or factors exerting different controlling influences on spontaneous antibodies to DNA and Poly A. Male B/W mice appear to be under the regulatory influence of suppressor cells, whereas the predominant regulation in female B/W mice appears to be a helper effect."}
{"id": "PMID:870560", "title": "Morphology of delayed-type hypersensitivity reactions in the guinea pig cornea.", "content": "Guinea pigs sensitized with several soluble protein antigens in incomplete Freund's adjuvant (IFA) and tested at 5 to 7 days developed basophil-rich corneal reactions characterized by minimal edema and fibrin deposition. These lesions resembled the skin reactions of cutaneous basophil hypersensitivity (CBH) in their immunization requirements, time course, and character, but differed in that basophils were relatively less frequent and eosinophils and neutrophils more numerous in ocular than in cutaneous reactions developing simultaneously in the same animal. In contrast, animals immunized with antigens such as ovalbumin in complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) developed much more severe delayed-type ocular reactions whether tested at early or late intervals after sensitization. These intensely injected, chemotic reactions exhibited an extensive cellular infiltrate of mononuclear cells as well as marked corneal edema accompanied by extensive fibrin deposition. Hence, these ocular reactions were similar to the classic indurated tuberculin-type delayed hypersensitivity (DH) skin reactions except that neutrophils were more numerous. These data indicate that in the eye as in the skin two distinct patterns of delayed-onset, cell-mediated hypersensitivity may occur to the same antigen, depending on the mode of immunization and the time of testing. However, significant differences were found in the frequency with which the various granulocytes infiltrated reactions elicited simultaneously in the eye and skin. Therefore, the character of immune expression may vary in different parts of the body and local factors, such as the local microvasculature, evidently contribute to these differences.", "contents": "Morphology of delayed-type hypersensitivity reactions in the guinea pig cornea. Guinea pigs sensitized with several soluble protein antigens in incomplete Freund's adjuvant (IFA) and tested at 5 to 7 days developed basophil-rich corneal reactions characterized by minimal edema and fibrin deposition. These lesions resembled the skin reactions of cutaneous basophil hypersensitivity (CBH) in their immunization requirements, time course, and character, but differed in that basophils were relatively less frequent and eosinophils and neutrophils more numerous in ocular than in cutaneous reactions developing simultaneously in the same animal. In contrast, animals immunized with antigens such as ovalbumin in complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) developed much more severe delayed-type ocular reactions whether tested at early or late intervals after sensitization. These intensely injected, chemotic reactions exhibited an extensive cellular infiltrate of mononuclear cells as well as marked corneal edema accompanied by extensive fibrin deposition. Hence, these ocular reactions were similar to the classic indurated tuberculin-type delayed hypersensitivity (DH) skin reactions except that neutrophils were more numerous. These data indicate that in the eye as in the skin two distinct patterns of delayed-onset, cell-mediated hypersensitivity may occur to the same antigen, depending on the mode of immunization and the time of testing. However, significant differences were found in the frequency with which the various granulocytes infiltrated reactions elicited simultaneously in the eye and skin. Therefore, the character of immune expression may vary in different parts of the body and local factors, such as the local microvasculature, evidently contribute to these differences."}
{"id": "PMID:870561", "title": "Inflammatory cells in solid murine neoplasms. III. Cytotoxicity mediated in vitro by macrophages recovered from disaggregated regressing Moloney sarcomas.", "content": "Macrophages (Mphi) were recovered from disaggregated, spontaneously regressing Moloney sarcomas for in vitro testing of their cytotoxic capabilities. At a 3:1 ratio, Mphi in monolayers efficiently killed (51Cr release) a variety of tumor target cells without regard to antigenic specificity. Within 24 hr most of their cytolytic potential was lost. Killing could be restored, however, if Mphi were replated at higher cell densities. A soluble, heat-stable, dialyzable inhibitor of thymidine incorporation, which did not interfere with cellular proliferation, also was produced by Mphi recovered from Moloney sarcomas. The finding of such a competitive inhibitor, probably cold thymidine, in supernatants further opened to question the validity of radioisotope incorporation into DNA as a measure of Mphi-mediated cytostasis. The data presented suggest that Mphi may participate in the regression process by directly killing tumor cells, thus complementing the antigen-specific cytolytic capabilities of the T lymphocytes that are also found in large numbers within regressing Moloney sarcomas.", "contents": "Inflammatory cells in solid murine neoplasms. III. Cytotoxicity mediated in vitro by macrophages recovered from disaggregated regressing Moloney sarcomas. Macrophages (Mphi) were recovered from disaggregated, spontaneously regressing Moloney sarcomas for in vitro testing of their cytotoxic capabilities. At a 3:1 ratio, Mphi in monolayers efficiently killed (51Cr release) a variety of tumor target cells without regard to antigenic specificity. Within 24 hr most of their cytolytic potential was lost. Killing could be restored, however, if Mphi were replated at higher cell densities. A soluble, heat-stable, dialyzable inhibitor of thymidine incorporation, which did not interfere with cellular proliferation, also was produced by Mphi recovered from Moloney sarcomas. The finding of such a competitive inhibitor, probably cold thymidine, in supernatants further opened to question the validity of radioisotope incorporation into DNA as a measure of Mphi-mediated cytostasis. The data presented suggest that Mphi may participate in the regression process by directly killing tumor cells, thus complementing the antigen-specific cytolytic capabilities of the T lymphocytes that are also found in large numbers within regressing Moloney sarcomas."}
{"id": "PMID:870562", "title": "Sequential proliferation induced in human peripheral blood lymphocytes by mitogen. II. Suppression by PHA-activated cells.", "content": "Human peripheral blood cells from cultures stimulated by phytohemagglutinin (PHA) for 3 days suppressed continued proliferation when added to feeder layer cultures of autologous lymphocytes previously stimulated with mitogen. Proliferation 1 day after the addition of inhibitory cells was reduced 50 to 60% as measured by tritiated thymidine (3HTdR) uptake and mitotic index. It is suggested that a similar suppressive phenomenon may be acting in most standard mitogen-stimulated cultures to limit cell division after only a few days of culture. Suppression of continued lymphocyte proliferation in the feeder layer cultures by cells from PHA-stimulated cultures was not due to cell crowding, carry-over of mitogen, or nutrient depletion; nor was it an artifact of thymidine incorporation. Apparent suppression of proliferation by an extract of these cells, however, was artifactual; the extract inhibited 3HTdR uptake but did not reduce mitotic activity. It is not known whether the inhibition exerted by the PHA-activated cells is mediate through a discrete subpopulation of \"suppressor cells\" or represents a regulatory function of any mitotic or post-mitotic cell, or both.", "contents": "Sequential proliferation induced in human peripheral blood lymphocytes by mitogen. II. Suppression by PHA-activated cells. Human peripheral blood cells from cultures stimulated by phytohemagglutinin (PHA) for 3 days suppressed continued proliferation when added to feeder layer cultures of autologous lymphocytes previously stimulated with mitogen. Proliferation 1 day after the addition of inhibitory cells was reduced 50 to 60% as measured by tritiated thymidine (3HTdR) uptake and mitotic index. It is suggested that a similar suppressive phenomenon may be acting in most standard mitogen-stimulated cultures to limit cell division after only a few days of culture. Suppression of continued lymphocyte proliferation in the feeder layer cultures by cells from PHA-stimulated cultures was not due to cell crowding, carry-over of mitogen, or nutrient depletion; nor was it an artifact of thymidine incorporation. Apparent suppression of proliferation by an extract of these cells, however, was artifactual; the extract inhibited 3HTdR uptake but did not reduce mitotic activity. It is not known whether the inhibition exerted by the PHA-activated cells is mediate through a discrete subpopulation of \"suppressor cells\" or represents a regulatory function of any mitotic or post-mitotic cell, or both."}
{"id": "PMID:870563", "title": "Biosynthesis of pyrrolidone carboxylic acid in hairless mouse epidermis.", "content": "[3H]Glutamic acid (PCA) was followed with time after a single subcutaneous injection. PCA specific activity increased slowly, reaching a peak at 3 to 4 days after injection of the labeled amino acid, after which it slowly decline. Incorporation of [3H]glutamic acid into epidermal PCA was markedly inhibited by a single topical application of cycloheximide. Topical application of cycloheximide 2 hr prior to [3H]glutamate injection caused a significantly greater reduction in PCA specific activity (determined 3 days after injection) than cycloheximide treatment 3 hr after administration of the labeled amino acid. Ninety-seven percent of the PCA content of hairless mouse epidermis was shown to reside in the stratum corneum. These observations indicate the involvement of protein synthesis in the formation of PCA from glutamic acid rather than a direct conversion of the amino acid. The high level of PCA in mammalian epidermis appears to be caused by its accumulation in the stratum corneum accompainied by a relatively slow rate of PCA turnover in comparison to other tissues.", "contents": "Biosynthesis of pyrrolidone carboxylic acid in hairless mouse epidermis. [3H]Glutamic acid (PCA) was followed with time after a single subcutaneous injection. PCA specific activity increased slowly, reaching a peak at 3 to 4 days after injection of the labeled amino acid, after which it slowly decline. Incorporation of [3H]glutamic acid into epidermal PCA was markedly inhibited by a single topical application of cycloheximide. Topical application of cycloheximide 2 hr prior to [3H]glutamate injection caused a significantly greater reduction in PCA specific activity (determined 3 days after injection) than cycloheximide treatment 3 hr after administration of the labeled amino acid. Ninety-seven percent of the PCA content of hairless mouse epidermis was shown to reside in the stratum corneum. These observations indicate the involvement of protein synthesis in the formation of PCA from glutamic acid rather than a direct conversion of the amino acid. The high level of PCA in mammalian epidermis appears to be caused by its accumulation in the stratum corneum accompainied by a relatively slow rate of PCA turnover in comparison to other tissues."}
{"id": "PMID:870564", "title": "The epidermal response to change in thyroid status.", "content": "Epidermal dimensions, replication, and anabolic activity have been studied before and after treatment in 10 patients with thyrotoxicosis and 7 patients with hypothyroidism. Following treatment of thyrotoxicosis there was a significant decrease in epidermal thickness, and also in cell replication as measured by an autoradiographic labeling index technique. The rates of anabolic activity in the epidermis, as estimated by measuring the rates of incorporation of tritiated precursor compounds, were significantly reduced after treatment in the thyrotoxic group. There were increases in these same measurements in the hypothyroid group following treatment although their magnitude was not as great as that seen after treatment of thyrotoxicosis. There was a significant positive correlation between serum triiodothyronine and epidermal thickness, labeling index and proline incorporation, but no correlation could be detected between serum thyroxine iodine and any of the epidermal measurements. These findings indicate that the eidermis changes in structure and activity in thyroid disease, and that the changes are rapidly reversible. Furthermore, the correlations we have found suggest that the receptors for thyroid hormone in human skin are specific for triiodothyronine.", "contents": "The epidermal response to change in thyroid status. Epidermal dimensions, replication, and anabolic activity have been studied before and after treatment in 10 patients with thyrotoxicosis and 7 patients with hypothyroidism. Following treatment of thyrotoxicosis there was a significant decrease in epidermal thickness, and also in cell replication as measured by an autoradiographic labeling index technique. The rates of anabolic activity in the epidermis, as estimated by measuring the rates of incorporation of tritiated precursor compounds, were significantly reduced after treatment in the thyrotoxic group. There were increases in these same measurements in the hypothyroid group following treatment although their magnitude was not as great as that seen after treatment of thyrotoxicosis. There was a significant positive correlation between serum triiodothyronine and epidermal thickness, labeling index and proline incorporation, but no correlation could be detected between serum thyroxine iodine and any of the epidermal measurements. These findings indicate that the eidermis changes in structure and activity in thyroid disease, and that the changes are rapidly reversible. Furthermore, the correlations we have found suggest that the receptors for thyroid hormone in human skin are specific for triiodothyronine."}
{"id": "PMID:870565", "title": "Local regulation of blood flow in subcutaneous tissue in generalized scleroderma.", "content": "The effect of orthostatic changes in vascular transmural pressure on blood flow in subcutaneous tissue was studied in 10 patients with the acrosclerotic type of generalized scleroderma. Blood flow was measured on the back of the hand by the local 133xenon washout technique. The blood flow remained constant when the hand was elevated 20 cm above the jugular notch, indicating that there is autoregulation of blood flow, When the hand was lowered 40 cm below by 50% observed in normals. Thus, intrinsic vascular reactions responsible for the autoregulator response are present, whereas the normal \"vasoconstrictor response\" to an increase in venous transmural pressure is almost abolished in tissues with sclerodermic changes. The abolition of the vasoconstrictor response is probably due to sympathetic neuropathy associated with the sclerodermic changes.", "contents": "Local regulation of blood flow in subcutaneous tissue in generalized scleroderma. The effect of orthostatic changes in vascular transmural pressure on blood flow in subcutaneous tissue was studied in 10 patients with the acrosclerotic type of generalized scleroderma. Blood flow was measured on the back of the hand by the local 133xenon washout technique. The blood flow remained constant when the hand was elevated 20 cm above the jugular notch, indicating that there is autoregulation of blood flow, When the hand was lowered 40 cm below by 50% observed in normals. Thus, intrinsic vascular reactions responsible for the autoregulator response are present, whereas the normal \"vasoconstrictor response\" to an increase in venous transmural pressure is almost abolished in tissues with sclerodermic changes. The abolition of the vasoconstrictor response is probably due to sympathetic neuropathy associated with the sclerodermic changes."}
{"id": "PMID:870566", "title": "An attenuated influenza virus vaccine: protection against homologous and heterologous strains of virus.", "content": "An effective influenza virus vaccine should be capable of inducing protection against both the homologous strain of virus and the heterologous strains representing antigenic drift. For evaluation of the protection provided by an attenuated influenza virus vaccine, volunteers were immunized intranasally with either placebo or influenza A/England/42/72 (H3N2) virus vaccine in a double-blind fashion in two doses administered two weeks apart. Forty-seven subjects were challenged 30-100 days after the second dose with either the homologous or a virulent heterologous strain of virus [A/Dunedin/73 (H3N2)]. The vaccine resulted in good clinical protection against challenge with both the homologous and heterologous strains of virus. The rates of protection against infection (as judged by antibody responses, irrespective of signs and symptoms) were also good (72% and 60% against the homologous and heterologous strains, respectively). Thus, immunity induced by this attenuated influenza virus vaccine extends to provide protection against a related but nonidentical influenza virus.", "contents": "An attenuated influenza virus vaccine: protection against homologous and heterologous strains of virus. An effective influenza virus vaccine should be capable of inducing protection against both the homologous strain of virus and the heterologous strains representing antigenic drift. For evaluation of the protection provided by an attenuated influenza virus vaccine, volunteers were immunized intranasally with either placebo or influenza A/England/42/72 (H3N2) virus vaccine in a double-blind fashion in two doses administered two weeks apart. Forty-seven subjects were challenged 30-100 days after the second dose with either the homologous or a virulent heterologous strain of virus [A/Dunedin/73 (H3N2)]. The vaccine resulted in good clinical protection against challenge with both the homologous and heterologous strains of virus. The rates of protection against infection (as judged by antibody responses, irrespective of signs and symptoms) were also good (72% and 60% against the homologous and heterologous strains, respectively). Thus, immunity induced by this attenuated influenza virus vaccine extends to provide protection against a related but nonidentical influenza virus."}
{"id": "PMID:870567", "title": "Effect of folate deficiency of the intestinal mucosa on jejunal transport in the rat.", "content": "The role of folate deficiency in the pathogenesis of the abnormalities of structure and transport of the small intestine that are often present in certain disorders such as alcoholism is unclear. One reason for this is that the folate status of the intestinal mucosa has never been ascertained in humans. Previous investigations have shown that a deficient diet supplemented with sulfa does produce folate deficiency of the intestinal mucosa in weanling rats and that this is associated with diarrhea and structural abnormalities of the jejunum. In the present study, we used then in vivo marker perfusion technique to examine the jejunal transport of water, sodium, xylose, glucose, and L-leucine in such folate-deficient rats. Supplementation of the normal diet with sulfa did not produce folate deficiency of the intestinal mucosa, but it was associated with a moderate reduction in water absorption; this was attributed to cecal enlargement in these rats. Rats placed on a folate-deficient diet plus sulfa developed markedly depressed serum and jejunal folate concentrations, net secretion of water and sodium, and persistent diarrhea; absorption of xylose, glucose, and L-leucine remained normal, however. Folate repletion of these rats by water and sodium transport to absorption ano cessation of diarrhea. These observations indicate that folate deficiency of the intestinal mucosa alters the transport of water and electrolytes but not that of such solutes as xylose, glucose, and L-leucine. They suggest that when transport abnormalities of these solutes occur in folate-deficient alcoholics, this in not due to the folate deficiency but rather to other pathogenic factors such as ethanol.", "contents": "Effect of folate deficiency of the intestinal mucosa on jejunal transport in the rat. The role of folate deficiency in the pathogenesis of the abnormalities of structure and transport of the small intestine that are often present in certain disorders such as alcoholism is unclear. One reason for this is that the folate status of the intestinal mucosa has never been ascertained in humans. Previous investigations have shown that a deficient diet supplemented with sulfa does produce folate deficiency of the intestinal mucosa in weanling rats and that this is associated with diarrhea and structural abnormalities of the jejunum. In the present study, we used then in vivo marker perfusion technique to examine the jejunal transport of water, sodium, xylose, glucose, and L-leucine in such folate-deficient rats. Supplementation of the normal diet with sulfa did not produce folate deficiency of the intestinal mucosa, but it was associated with a moderate reduction in water absorption; this was attributed to cecal enlargement in these rats. Rats placed on a folate-deficient diet plus sulfa developed markedly depressed serum and jejunal folate concentrations, net secretion of water and sodium, and persistent diarrhea; absorption of xylose, glucose, and L-leucine remained normal, however. Folate repletion of these rats by water and sodium transport to absorption ano cessation of diarrhea. These observations indicate that folate deficiency of the intestinal mucosa alters the transport of water and electrolytes but not that of such solutes as xylose, glucose, and L-leucine. They suggest that when transport abnormalities of these solutes occur in folate-deficient alcoholics, this in not due to the folate deficiency but rather to other pathogenic factors such as ethanol."}
{"id": "PMID:870568", "title": "Role of renal vasodilatation in the blunted natriuresis of saline infusion of dogs with chronic bile duct obstruction.", "content": "Since part of the natriuresis of the extracellular fluid volume expansion (ECVE) is due to renal vasodilatation, it is possible that the blunted natriuresis during ECVE in dogs with chronic ligation of common bile duct (CBD) is due to gailure to renal arteries to dilate. Studies were carried out to investigate this question in normal dogs, sham-operated animals, and dogs with acute and chronic legation of CBD. ECVE with 0.45 percent saline caused a significant rise in renal plasma flow (RPF) and urinary sodium excretion (UNaV) in all animals except those with chronic ligation of CBD. In the latter dogs, the increment in UNaV was significantly less than that observed in the other groups of animals, and RPF did not increase significantly following saline infusion in dogs with CBD ligation. The intrarenal administration of acetylcholine produced a significant and comparable increase in RPF in all animals, including those with chronic ligation of CBS, but the rise in UNaV in the latter was significantly less than that in the other groups of dogs. The data indicated that (1) ECVE is not associated with renal vasodilatation in dogs with chronic ligation of CBD, (2) this abnormality is not due to a defect of the renal arteries to respond to vasodilators, and (3) the lack of renal vasodilatation may be partly responsible for the blunted natriuresis, but other sodium-retaining forces may also be operative.", "contents": "Role of renal vasodilatation in the blunted natriuresis of saline infusion of dogs with chronic bile duct obstruction. Since part of the natriuresis of the extracellular fluid volume expansion (ECVE) is due to renal vasodilatation, it is possible that the blunted natriuresis during ECVE in dogs with chronic ligation of common bile duct (CBD) is due to gailure to renal arteries to dilate. Studies were carried out to investigate this question in normal dogs, sham-operated animals, and dogs with acute and chronic legation of CBD. ECVE with 0.45 percent saline caused a significant rise in renal plasma flow (RPF) and urinary sodium excretion (UNaV) in all animals except those with chronic ligation of CBD. In the latter dogs, the increment in UNaV was significantly less than that observed in the other groups of animals, and RPF did not increase significantly following saline infusion in dogs with CBD ligation. The intrarenal administration of acetylcholine produced a significant and comparable increase in RPF in all animals, including those with chronic ligation of CBS, but the rise in UNaV in the latter was significantly less than that in the other groups of dogs. The data indicated that (1) ECVE is not associated with renal vasodilatation in dogs with chronic ligation of CBD, (2) this abnormality is not due to a defect of the renal arteries to respond to vasodilators, and (3) the lack of renal vasodilatation may be partly responsible for the blunted natriuresis, but other sodium-retaining forces may also be operative."}
{"id": "PMID:870569", "title": "Severe generalized glutathione reductase deficiency after antitumor chemotherapy with BCNU\" [1,3-bis(chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea].", "content": "Patients receiving BCNU [1,3-bis(2 chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea] acquire a profound deficiency of erythrocytic oxidized glutathione reductase (GSSG-R) within minutes after the first intravenous injection of a single therapeutic dose (75 mg/M.2) of the drug. This effect is not accompanied by changes in the activites of 19 additional erythrocytic enzymes tested, is reproducible in vitro in a dose-related manner, and is not caused by the antitumor agents administered concurrently with the nitrosourea. The inactivation of erythrocytic GSSG-R results in decreased levels of reduced glutathione (GSH), marked GSH instability and disturbed hydrogen peroxide removal with a positibe ascorbate cyanide test and leads to increased susceptibility to oxidative hemolysis, particularly in glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G-6-D)-deficient patients. BCNU inhibits GSSG-R irreversibly, probably through alkylation rather than carbamylation, and the reappearance of enzyme activity in vivo after each chemotherapy pulse depends on the capacity of the marrow to release erythrocytes with normal activity formed during the drug-free interval. BCNU inhibits GSSG-R not only in erythrocytes but also in human leukocytes and platelets, as well as in yeast, monkey erythrocytes, and all the organs tested in the mouse. This generalized, severe, and specific GSSG-R deficiency caused by therapeutic doses of BCNU may enhance or mediate the toxic and antitumor effects of the nitrosourea and provides a simple yet sensitive biochemical means of monitoring bone marrow reserve in patients receiving multiple courses of chemotherapy with this agent.", "contents": "Severe generalized glutathione reductase deficiency after antitumor chemotherapy with BCNU\" [1,3-bis(chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea]. Patients receiving BCNU [1,3-bis(2 chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea] acquire a profound deficiency of erythrocytic oxidized glutathione reductase (GSSG-R) within minutes after the first intravenous injection of a single therapeutic dose (75 mg/M.2) of the drug. This effect is not accompanied by changes in the activites of 19 additional erythrocytic enzymes tested, is reproducible in vitro in a dose-related manner, and is not caused by the antitumor agents administered concurrently with the nitrosourea. The inactivation of erythrocytic GSSG-R results in decreased levels of reduced glutathione (GSH), marked GSH instability and disturbed hydrogen peroxide removal with a positibe ascorbate cyanide test and leads to increased susceptibility to oxidative hemolysis, particularly in glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G-6-D)-deficient patients. BCNU inhibits GSSG-R irreversibly, probably through alkylation rather than carbamylation, and the reappearance of enzyme activity in vivo after each chemotherapy pulse depends on the capacity of the marrow to release erythrocytes with normal activity formed during the drug-free interval. BCNU inhibits GSSG-R not only in erythrocytes but also in human leukocytes and platelets, as well as in yeast, monkey erythrocytes, and all the organs tested in the mouse. This generalized, severe, and specific GSSG-R deficiency caused by therapeutic doses of BCNU may enhance or mediate the toxic and antitumor effects of the nitrosourea and provides a simple yet sensitive biochemical means of monitoring bone marrow reserve in patients receiving multiple courses of chemotherapy with this agent."}
{"id": "PMID:870570", "title": "A rapid radioimmunoassay for serum unconjugated estriol with a directly iodinated estriol radioligand.", "content": "Radioiodinated estriol not previously derivatized was found to be immunoreractive and is shown to possess Sephadex-adsorptive characteristics similar to those of tritium-labeled estriol and nonlabeled estriol. Because of these characteristics, radioiodinated estriol is shown to be an acceptable radioligand for use in a rapid and reliable column radioimmunoassay for determination of unconjugated estriol in serum. An evaluation of the estriol column RIA assay with this radioligand is presented.", "contents": "A rapid radioimmunoassay for serum unconjugated estriol with a directly iodinated estriol radioligand. Radioiodinated estriol not previously derivatized was found to be immunoreractive and is shown to possess Sephadex-adsorptive characteristics similar to those of tritium-labeled estriol and nonlabeled estriol. Because of these characteristics, radioiodinated estriol is shown to be an acceptable radioligand for use in a rapid and reliable column radioimmunoassay for determination of unconjugated estriol in serum. An evaluation of the estriol column RIA assay with this radioligand is presented."}
{"id": "PMID:870571", "title": "Comparison of subcutaneous and intraportal insulin administrations on adenylate energy charge of the liver in diabetic rats.", "content": "Effects of subcutaneous and intraportal administrations of insulin on adenine nucleotide metabolism of the liver and oxidative phosphorylation of the isolated mitochondria were investigated in alloxan-diabetic rats. The diabetic rats were classified into two groups according to the severity of impaired insulin response to oral glucose: diabetic rats with only minor impairment of insulin response and those with severely defective response. The energy charge levels (ATP + 1/2ADP)/(ATP + ADP + AMP) of the liver both groups were not significantly different from those of controls. In the first group, the oxidative phosphorylation of liver mitochondria was within normal limits and was enhanced significantly by subcutaneous administration 4 U. of insulin (p less than 0.005). In the secong group, the mitochondrial oxidative and phosphorylative activities were inhibited severely and did not recover even with subcutaneous administration of 20 U. of insulin. Intraportal administration of insulin doses (4 to 8 U.) insufficient for normalization of hyperglycemia produced a decrease in the energy charge of the liver to a considerably lower level than normal (p less than 0.01), whereas larger doses (20 U.) of insulin raised the energy charge to normal levels, with a concomitant recovery of mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation. It is suggested that subcutaneous administration of insulin is effective for hepatic energy metabolism only if insulin response to glucose loading is still present but that only intraportal administration of insulin can exert a beneficial effect in diabetic rats without insulin response.", "contents": "Comparison of subcutaneous and intraportal insulin administrations on adenylate energy charge of the liver in diabetic rats. Effects of subcutaneous and intraportal administrations of insulin on adenine nucleotide metabolism of the liver and oxidative phosphorylation of the isolated mitochondria were investigated in alloxan-diabetic rats. The diabetic rats were classified into two groups according to the severity of impaired insulin response to oral glucose: diabetic rats with only minor impairment of insulin response and those with severely defective response. The energy charge levels (ATP + 1/2ADP)/(ATP + ADP + AMP) of the liver both groups were not significantly different from those of controls. In the first group, the oxidative phosphorylation of liver mitochondria was within normal limits and was enhanced significantly by subcutaneous administration 4 U. of insulin (p less than 0.005). In the secong group, the mitochondrial oxidative and phosphorylative activities were inhibited severely and did not recover even with subcutaneous administration of 20 U. of insulin. Intraportal administration of insulin doses (4 to 8 U.) insufficient for normalization of hyperglycemia produced a decrease in the energy charge of the liver to a considerably lower level than normal (p less than 0.01), whereas larger doses (20 U.) of insulin raised the energy charge to normal levels, with a concomitant recovery of mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation. It is suggested that subcutaneous administration of insulin is effective for hepatic energy metabolism only if insulin response to glucose loading is still present but that only intraportal administration of insulin can exert a beneficial effect in diabetic rats without insulin response."}
{"id": "PMID:870572", "title": "Demonstration of gastric glucagon hypersecretion in insulin-deprived alloxan-diabetic dogs.", "content": "The contribution of the gastric fundus to the hyperglucagonemia of poorly controlled diabetes was studied in insulin-deprived alloxan-diabetic dogs by simultaneously measuring plasma glucagon in the venous effluents of the fundus and the pancreas, and the inferior vena cavae plasma. In the basal state, mean glucagon averaged 411 +/- 45 pg./ml. in the gastric vein and 941 +/-161 in the pancreaticoduodenal vein; both values were significantly above the vana caval level of 281 +/-35 (p less than 0.01). Intravenous arginine infusion to 1,180 +/- 432 after 1.5 minutes; this was significantly above the mean vena caval glucagon concentration which reached a peak of only 352 +/- 74 (p less than 0.01 to 0.05). Intragastric instillation of arginine was followed by a doubling of gastric vein glucagon within 10 minutes, and the increases in the gastric vein were significantly greater than in the peripheral plasms at several points. The infusion of insulin at a rate of 0.0015 u./kg./min. rapidly lowered glucagon in the gastric and pancreaticoduodenal veins, abolishing the gradient across the stomach and reducing the transpancreatic gradient. The studies raise the possibility that extrapancreatic glucagon may contribute to the hyperglucagonemia of insulin deficiency.", "contents": "Demonstration of gastric glucagon hypersecretion in insulin-deprived alloxan-diabetic dogs. The contribution of the gastric fundus to the hyperglucagonemia of poorly controlled diabetes was studied in insulin-deprived alloxan-diabetic dogs by simultaneously measuring plasma glucagon in the venous effluents of the fundus and the pancreas, and the inferior vena cavae plasma. In the basal state, mean glucagon averaged 411 +/- 45 pg./ml. in the gastric vein and 941 +/-161 in the pancreaticoduodenal vein; both values were significantly above the vana caval level of 281 +/-35 (p less than 0.01). Intravenous arginine infusion to 1,180 +/- 432 after 1.5 minutes; this was significantly above the mean vena caval glucagon concentration which reached a peak of only 352 +/- 74 (p less than 0.01 to 0.05). Intragastric instillation of arginine was followed by a doubling of gastric vein glucagon within 10 minutes, and the increases in the gastric vein were significantly greater than in the peripheral plasms at several points. The infusion of insulin at a rate of 0.0015 u./kg./min. rapidly lowered glucagon in the gastric and pancreaticoduodenal veins, abolishing the gradient across the stomach and reducing the transpancreatic gradient. The studies raise the possibility that extrapancreatic glucagon may contribute to the hyperglucagonemia of insulin deficiency."}
{"id": "PMID:870573", "title": "Mechanism of inhibition of hemoglobin S polymerization by cyanate.", "content": "We have studied the effect of carbamylation on hemoglobin S (HbS) polymerization with the use of a new quantitative gelling technique. HbS gels fromed in the presence of nitrogen and dithionite (with or without carbon monoxide) at pH 7 in 0.15M phosphate were separated into sol and gel phases by centrifugation at 130,000 g. Hb concentration to the sol phase ([Hb]sol) of nonligated HbS was found to be constant (10.5 +/- 092 mM heme) over a range of original Hb concentrations from 11 to 17 mM at 24degrees C. This suggests that the HbS sol-gel equilibrium behaves as simple two-phase system. Increasing levels of total carbamylation from 0.65 to 3.65 moles CNO-/mole Hb tetramer (0.36 to 2.2 moles N-terminal/mole Hb4) progressively increases [Hb]sol. Specific activity of 14CNO-HbS was similar in the sol and gel phases, whereas COHbS appeared to be completely excluded from polymer structure of the gel. A comparison of the solubility of uncarbamylated and heavily carbamylated HbS at Co saturations ranging from 3 to 61 percent showed that the larges difference in [Hb]sol occured at the lowest ligand saturation rather than at intermediate states of ligation. Inhibition of HbS polymerization by carbamylation under these conditions, therefore, is not primarily the result of an effect on the T in equilibrium R comformational equilibrium. Our findings indicate that cyanate can interfere with HbS polymerization directly, possibly by alteration of surface binding sit(s) which are critical to aggregation. This direct action of cyanate may contribute significantly to the hematologic improvement achieved by cyanate treatment in sickle cell disease.", "contents": "Mechanism of inhibition of hemoglobin S polymerization by cyanate. We have studied the effect of carbamylation on hemoglobin S (HbS) polymerization with the use of a new quantitative gelling technique. HbS gels fromed in the presence of nitrogen and dithionite (with or without carbon monoxide) at pH 7 in 0.15M phosphate were separated into sol and gel phases by centrifugation at 130,000 g. Hb concentration to the sol phase ([Hb]sol) of nonligated HbS was found to be constant (10.5 +/- 092 mM heme) over a range of original Hb concentrations from 11 to 17 mM at 24degrees C. This suggests that the HbS sol-gel equilibrium behaves as simple two-phase system. Increasing levels of total carbamylation from 0.65 to 3.65 moles CNO-/mole Hb tetramer (0.36 to 2.2 moles N-terminal/mole Hb4) progressively increases [Hb]sol. Specific activity of 14CNO-HbS was similar in the sol and gel phases, whereas COHbS appeared to be completely excluded from polymer structure of the gel. A comparison of the solubility of uncarbamylated and heavily carbamylated HbS at Co saturations ranging from 3 to 61 percent showed that the larges difference in [Hb]sol occured at the lowest ligand saturation rather than at intermediate states of ligation. Inhibition of HbS polymerization by carbamylation under these conditions, therefore, is not primarily the result of an effect on the T in equilibrium R comformational equilibrium. Our findings indicate that cyanate can interfere with HbS polymerization directly, possibly by alteration of surface binding sit(s) which are critical to aggregation. This direct action of cyanate may contribute significantly to the hematologic improvement achieved by cyanate treatment in sickle cell disease."}
{"id": "PMID:870574", "title": "Experimental production of manifest and concealed ventricular rhythms in man.", "content": "Analysis of clinical ventricular ectopy has provided deductive evidence for the existence of concealed ventricular rhythms. Studies in the experimental animal have demonstrated that when ventricular extrastimuli are applied near the ventricular effective refractory period of consecutive sinus beats, extrastimuli may not be conducted after sinus beats immediately following the post-estrasystolic pause. This sequence may be due to a prolongation of the effective refractory period of ventricular muscle produced by the increased cycle length resulting from the post-extrasystolic pause. The purpose of this study was to extend these observations to the human ventricle in an attempt to produce concealed ventricular rhythms by programmed ventricular extrastimuli. Twelve patients with normal PR intervals and QRS complexes with a mean age of 49 years were studied with ventricular extra-stimuli at programmed intervals following normally conducted sinus impulses. Premature ventricular impulses were introduced after every sinus beat at intervals 10 to 120 msec outside the effective refractory period. In eleven patients without ventricular interpolation, stimuli applied within 40 msec of the effective refractory period produced from one to three concealed (non-conducted) ventricular stimuli following the post-extrasystolic pause; stimuli applied greater than 40 msec outside the effective refractory period at identical current levels produced manifested bigeminy in all cases. In one patient with interpolated premature ventricular beats without a compensatory pause, programmed ventricular extrastimuli produced manifest bigeminy at all coupling intervals. This study demonstrates the experimental production of concealed and manifest ventricular rhythms in man and confirms the importance of the relationship between the ventricular effective refractory period, the timing of the premature ventricular impulse, and the occurence of a compensatory pause.", "contents": "Experimental production of manifest and concealed ventricular rhythms in man. Analysis of clinical ventricular ectopy has provided deductive evidence for the existence of concealed ventricular rhythms. Studies in the experimental animal have demonstrated that when ventricular extrastimuli are applied near the ventricular effective refractory period of consecutive sinus beats, extrastimuli may not be conducted after sinus beats immediately following the post-estrasystolic pause. This sequence may be due to a prolongation of the effective refractory period of ventricular muscle produced by the increased cycle length resulting from the post-extrasystolic pause. The purpose of this study was to extend these observations to the human ventricle in an attempt to produce concealed ventricular rhythms by programmed ventricular extrastimuli. Twelve patients with normal PR intervals and QRS complexes with a mean age of 49 years were studied with ventricular extra-stimuli at programmed intervals following normally conducted sinus impulses. Premature ventricular impulses were introduced after every sinus beat at intervals 10 to 120 msec outside the effective refractory period. In eleven patients without ventricular interpolation, stimuli applied within 40 msec of the effective refractory period produced from one to three concealed (non-conducted) ventricular stimuli following the post-extrasystolic pause; stimuli applied greater than 40 msec outside the effective refractory period at identical current levels produced manifested bigeminy in all cases. In one patient with interpolated premature ventricular beats without a compensatory pause, programmed ventricular extrastimuli produced manifest bigeminy at all coupling intervals. This study demonstrates the experimental production of concealed and manifest ventricular rhythms in man and confirms the importance of the relationship between the ventricular effective refractory period, the timing of the premature ventricular impulse, and the occurence of a compensatory pause."}
{"id": "PMID:870575", "title": "Differences in the T lope in males and females with angina pectoris.", "content": "In cases with angina pectoris, the location and configuration of the T loop in a male group and a female group were compared. In the male group, the types of abnormal T loop were mainly an anterior displacement type (the AD type) and an abnormal shape type (the AS type). On the contrary, a posterior displacement type (the PD type) was found in most cases in the female group. The movement of the T loop after exercise test or exacerbation was also different in the two groups. In the male group, an anterior displacement or increase of W/L of the T loop was observed, but in the female group, the T loop was dislocated more to the left and posteriorly. The reason for these differences in the T loop in both groups is discussed.", "contents": "Differences in the T lope in males and females with angina pectoris. In cases with angina pectoris, the location and configuration of the T loop in a male group and a female group were compared. In the male group, the types of abnormal T loop were mainly an anterior displacement type (the AD type) and an abnormal shape type (the AS type). On the contrary, a posterior displacement type (the PD type) was found in most cases in the female group. The movement of the T loop after exercise test or exacerbation was also different in the two groups. In the male group, an anterior displacement or increase of W/L of the T loop was observed, but in the female group, the T loop was dislocated more to the left and posteriorly. The reason for these differences in the T loop in both groups is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:870576", "title": "The vectorcardiogram in subjects with sex chromosome aneuploidy.", "content": "Vectorcardiographic variables have been studied in patients with sex chromosome abnormalities and compared with normal controls. Several of these variables were found to be correlated with the number of sex chromosomes in the karyotype, some being related to the number of X chromosomes, some to the number of Y chromosomes, and others to both. The variables concerned included time intervals and vector magnitudes in both the QRS and ST-T wave complexes. The heart rate itself proved dependent on both the X and the Y chromosome complements. The correlations could not be explained by age, height, or weight differences between the seven different karyotype groups studied. The dependences of variables other than the heart rate remained after correction for between-group heart rate differences. The findings are discussed.", "contents": "The vectorcardiogram in subjects with sex chromosome aneuploidy. Vectorcardiographic variables have been studied in patients with sex chromosome abnormalities and compared with normal controls. Several of these variables were found to be correlated with the number of sex chromosomes in the karyotype, some being related to the number of X chromosomes, some to the number of Y chromosomes, and others to both. The variables concerned included time intervals and vector magnitudes in both the QRS and ST-T wave complexes. The heart rate itself proved dependent on both the X and the Y chromosome complements. The correlations could not be explained by age, height, or weight differences between the seven different karyotype groups studied. The dependences of variables other than the heart rate remained after correction for between-group heart rate differences. The findings are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:870577", "title": "A new method for quantifying ventricular regularization during atrial fibrillation.", "content": "Atrial fibrillation (AF) characteristically results in random variation of the intervals between successive ventricular depolarizations. However, when a patient with AF is treated with excessive amounts of digitalis, regular junctional rhythms may occur. The detection of \"regularization\" of the ventricular rhythm in patients with AF may signal early digitalis toxicity. In this paper, we describe a new method for quantifying the extent of ventricular regularization by the statistical analysis of the intervals between successive ventricular depolarizations (R-R intervals). This method yields a single index (Z score) which reflects the degree to which a sequence of R-R intervals deviates from a random distribution. Simulation studies demonstrate that our method is sensitive to \"regularization\" of as little as two to four percent of R-R intervals, even when equal intervals occur in small groups that might easily escape detection by visual electrocardiographic interpretation. Analysis of records from six nondigitalized subjects in AF shows that the sequence of R-R intervals is usually random, or very nearly so. Records obtained from the same patients when digitalized often demonstrate more regularized activity, reflected by an index (Z score) which is higher than expected from chance deviation if a random process is assumed. Preliminary data also suggeest that exercise is associated with substantial regularization of ventricular depolarization.", "contents": "A new method for quantifying ventricular regularization during atrial fibrillation. Atrial fibrillation (AF) characteristically results in random variation of the intervals between successive ventricular depolarizations. However, when a patient with AF is treated with excessive amounts of digitalis, regular junctional rhythms may occur. The detection of \"regularization\" of the ventricular rhythm in patients with AF may signal early digitalis toxicity. In this paper, we describe a new method for quantifying the extent of ventricular regularization by the statistical analysis of the intervals between successive ventricular depolarizations (R-R intervals). This method yields a single index (Z score) which reflects the degree to which a sequence of R-R intervals deviates from a random distribution. Simulation studies demonstrate that our method is sensitive to \"regularization\" of as little as two to four percent of R-R intervals, even when equal intervals occur in small groups that might easily escape detection by visual electrocardiographic interpretation. Analysis of records from six nondigitalized subjects in AF shows that the sequence of R-R intervals is usually random, or very nearly so. Records obtained from the same patients when digitalized often demonstrate more regularized activity, reflected by an index (Z score) which is higher than expected from chance deviation if a random process is assumed. Preliminary data also suggeest that exercise is associated with substantial regularization of ventricular depolarization."}
{"id": "PMID:870578", "title": "The syndrome of normal electrocardiograms, accessory pathways and paroxysmal tachycardias.", "content": "Tachycardias may be associated with the pre-excitation syndrome, a short PR interval or a prolonged QT interval. This report describes seven patients whose electrocardiograms (ECGs) did not reveal any of the above-named conditions. All of the patients presented with syncopal episodes, and the history of palpitations was elicited in five of the patients. His bundle electrogram studies in all of the patients showed an essentially unchanged AH interval with atrial pacing rates up to 180 beats/min. This can only be explained by a total bypass of the AV node. Two of the patients were also paced from the ventricle, and an unchanged pacing stimulus to A wave interval was observed. This signifies in these patients a functioning bypass pathway in the retrograde direction as well. Thus it would appear that pre-excitation cannot by eliminated as a diagnostic possibility even if the ECG is normal.", "contents": "The syndrome of normal electrocardiograms, accessory pathways and paroxysmal tachycardias. Tachycardias may be associated with the pre-excitation syndrome, a short PR interval or a prolonged QT interval. This report describes seven patients whose electrocardiograms (ECGs) did not reveal any of the above-named conditions. All of the patients presented with syncopal episodes, and the history of palpitations was elicited in five of the patients. His bundle electrogram studies in all of the patients showed an essentially unchanged AH interval with atrial pacing rates up to 180 beats/min. This can only be explained by a total bypass of the AV node. Two of the patients were also paced from the ventricle, and an unchanged pacing stimulus to A wave interval was observed. This signifies in these patients a functioning bypass pathway in the retrograde direction as well. Thus it would appear that pre-excitation cannot by eliminated as a diagnostic possibility even if the ECG is normal."}
{"id": "PMID:870579", "title": "Interaction of oscillatory processes: the effects of subthreshold A.C. current on sinoatrial nodal rhythm.", "content": "In this study of interactions occurring within the heart, isolated superfused strips of rabbit atria, containing the sinoatrial (s.a.) node, were subjected to sinusoidal subthreshold current pulses of varied frequencies and intensities. A.C. current from an R.C. oscillator was applied through a Grass stimulation isolation unit, push-pull connection, and non-polarizing (Ag-AgCl-KCl-Tyrode Agar-Agar) electrodes. A Grass polygraph and tachometer were used to record the applied pulses and nodal firing rates; simultaneous magnetic tape recordings were obtained and used for data analysis. Suction electrode recordings and oscilloscope displays were used to determine how the cyclic impulses affected cellular activity. The s.a. nodal rhythm was modified by subthreshold A.C. current applications; when frequencies were low, firing rates of the node were modulated by the A.C. and mean rates were reduced. As frequencies were progressively increased, slow waxings and wanings in heart rate were produced. These periodic fluctuations were not readily correlated with either the A.C. frequency nor the intrinsic nodal rate, but were representative of the difference between the two. As applied current frequency neared the pacemaker's intrinsic rate, a synchronization occurred and the discharges locked in at a specific phase of the applied current alternation. This synchronization maintained during slight further increases in A.C. frequency but above a critical rate this relationship broke down and the waxing and wanings in frequency of pacemaker rate again developed. It was concluded that pacemaker action of the s.a. node is effected by integration of cellular activity through electron coupling.", "contents": "Interaction of oscillatory processes: the effects of subthreshold A.C. current on sinoatrial nodal rhythm. In this study of interactions occurring within the heart, isolated superfused strips of rabbit atria, containing the sinoatrial (s.a.) node, were subjected to sinusoidal subthreshold current pulses of varied frequencies and intensities. A.C. current from an R.C. oscillator was applied through a Grass stimulation isolation unit, push-pull connection, and non-polarizing (Ag-AgCl-KCl-Tyrode Agar-Agar) electrodes. A Grass polygraph and tachometer were used to record the applied pulses and nodal firing rates; simultaneous magnetic tape recordings were obtained and used for data analysis. Suction electrode recordings and oscilloscope displays were used to determine how the cyclic impulses affected cellular activity. The s.a. nodal rhythm was modified by subthreshold A.C. current applications; when frequencies were low, firing rates of the node were modulated by the A.C. and mean rates were reduced. As frequencies were progressively increased, slow waxings and wanings in heart rate were produced. These periodic fluctuations were not readily correlated with either the A.C. frequency nor the intrinsic nodal rate, but were representative of the difference between the two. As applied current frequency neared the pacemaker's intrinsic rate, a synchronization occurred and the discharges locked in at a specific phase of the applied current alternation. This synchronization maintained during slight further increases in A.C. frequency but above a critical rate this relationship broke down and the waxing and wanings in frequency of pacemaker rate again developed. It was concluded that pacemaker action of the s.a. node is effected by integration of cellular activity through electron coupling."}
{"id": "PMID:870580", "title": "Isorhythmic Dissociation--a \"physiological\" arrhythmia.", "content": "The behavior of the sino-atrial mechanism in isorhythmic dissociation (IRD) was studied in 21 patients, nine with spontaneous IRD and 12 with artificially pacemaker-induced IRD following electrode placement for heart block. Successive P-P, R-R and P-R intervals and blood pressure (BP) fluctuations were determined and graphically interrelated at control and during IRD. Several features were observed: a. IRD was present only when the independent ventricular rate was close to the atrial; b. P rate oscillations closely followed the P-R interval-dependent BP fluctuations (mean difference 30 mmHg) during IRD. In cardiogenic shock and in severe hypertension IRD could not be achieved easily; c. While during complete dissociation or during 1:1 A-V conduction the sinus rate was remarkably constant (2-4 beats/min variations), it showed marked oscillations (differences of 6-19, mean 13, beats/min) during IRD. All the data and calculations support the theory that in most instances of IRD, the arrhythmia is sustained by the normal physiologically active baroreceptor reflex arc.", "contents": "Isorhythmic Dissociation--a \"physiological\" arrhythmia. The behavior of the sino-atrial mechanism in isorhythmic dissociation (IRD) was studied in 21 patients, nine with spontaneous IRD and 12 with artificially pacemaker-induced IRD following electrode placement for heart block. Successive P-P, R-R and P-R intervals and blood pressure (BP) fluctuations were determined and graphically interrelated at control and during IRD. Several features were observed: a. IRD was present only when the independent ventricular rate was close to the atrial; b. P rate oscillations closely followed the P-R interval-dependent BP fluctuations (mean difference 30 mmHg) during IRD. In cardiogenic shock and in severe hypertension IRD could not be achieved easily; c. While during complete dissociation or during 1:1 A-V conduction the sinus rate was remarkably constant (2-4 beats/min variations), it showed marked oscillations (differences of 6-19, mean 13, beats/min) during IRD. All the data and calculations support the theory that in most instances of IRD, the arrhythmia is sustained by the normal physiologically active baroreceptor reflex arc."}
{"id": "PMID:870581", "title": "The earliest electrocardiographic sign of acute transmural myocardial infarction.", "content": "A 43 year old man had serial 12-lead electrocardiograms (ECG) in the early phase of an acute anterior transmural myocardial infarction. In addition to the ST-segment elevation and hyperacute T waves, the patient's ECG displayed increase in the R wave voltage, decrease and final disappearance of the S wave, merging of the R wave with the elevated ST-segment and formation of monophonic curves. Such ECG patterns have been noted in the early phase of experimental coronary occlusion in the dog and in patients with Prinzmetal's angina. The clinical implication of this observation is discussed.", "contents": "The earliest electrocardiographic sign of acute transmural myocardial infarction. A 43 year old man had serial 12-lead electrocardiograms (ECG) in the early phase of an acute anterior transmural myocardial infarction. In addition to the ST-segment elevation and hyperacute T waves, the patient's ECG displayed increase in the R wave voltage, decrease and final disappearance of the S wave, merging of the R wave with the elevated ST-segment and formation of monophonic curves. Such ECG patterns have been noted in the early phase of experimental coronary occlusion in the dog and in patients with Prinzmetal's angina. The clinical implication of this observation is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:870582", "title": "Intra-His bundle block in acute myocardial infarction. Report of two cases.", "content": "Two patients with acute intra-His bundle block, both secondary to myocardial infarction, are described. The diagnosis of the block was proved by means of His bundle recordings during the phase of complete atrio-ventricular (A-V) block. Two His bundle potentials, one (H) following each A wave and the other (H') preceding each QRS complex, were detected. In both cases, as well as in the few cases reported in the literature, the site of the infarction was in the inferior wall, an occurrence which shows the functional importance of the posterior blood supply to the His bundle. In both cases the block developed into a chronic form, requiring the implantation of a transvenous pacemaker in one case. This evolution suggests that the post-infarction intra-His bundle block may be due to irreversible anatomic damage.", "contents": "Intra-His bundle block in acute myocardial infarction. Report of two cases. Two patients with acute intra-His bundle block, both secondary to myocardial infarction, are described. The diagnosis of the block was proved by means of His bundle recordings during the phase of complete atrio-ventricular (A-V) block. Two His bundle potentials, one (H) following each A wave and the other (H') preceding each QRS complex, were detected. In both cases, as well as in the few cases reported in the literature, the site of the infarction was in the inferior wall, an occurrence which shows the functional importance of the posterior blood supply to the His bundle. In both cases the block developed into a chronic form, requiring the implantation of a transvenous pacemaker in one case. This evolution suggests that the post-infarction intra-His bundle block may be due to irreversible anatomic damage."}
{"id": "PMID:870583", "title": "Metabolic clearance of rat prolactin in the lactating and non-lactating rat.", "content": "The metabolic clearance of rat prolactin, assessed by the continuous infusion to equilibrium method, increased from 0-77 to 2-15 ml/min in lactating and from 0-65 to 1-75 ml/min in non-lactating rats as the infusion rate was increased from 100 to 472 ng/min. The clearance rate of rat prolactin did not increase when large doses of ovine prolactin were infused simultaneously with rat prolactin. The clearance rates computed from equilibrium levels of immunoreactive 131I-labelled rat prolactin in plasma were highly correlated with, but were considerably greater than, those computed from unlabelled rat prolactin which was infused simultaneously. In lactating and non-lactating rats, the clearance of each prolactin tested (RP-1, B-1, Nicoll's secreted and 131I-labelled) increased and had stabilized within the 30-35 min of infusion of each new higher dose of the hormone. The ability of the rat to clear quickly greater amounts of prolactin from the circulation as the infusion rate increases implies that plasma prolactin concentrations do not necessarily mirror the rate of prolactin secretion from the pituitary.", "contents": "Metabolic clearance of rat prolactin in the lactating and non-lactating rat. The metabolic clearance of rat prolactin, assessed by the continuous infusion to equilibrium method, increased from 0-77 to 2-15 ml/min in lactating and from 0-65 to 1-75 ml/min in non-lactating rats as the infusion rate was increased from 100 to 472 ng/min. The clearance rate of rat prolactin did not increase when large doses of ovine prolactin were infused simultaneously with rat prolactin. The clearance rates computed from equilibrium levels of immunoreactive 131I-labelled rat prolactin in plasma were highly correlated with, but were considerably greater than, those computed from unlabelled rat prolactin which was infused simultaneously. In lactating and non-lactating rats, the clearance of each prolactin tested (RP-1, B-1, Nicoll's secreted and 131I-labelled) increased and had stabilized within the 30-35 min of infusion of each new higher dose of the hormone. The ability of the rat to clear quickly greater amounts of prolactin from the circulation as the infusion rate increases implies that plasma prolactin concentrations do not necessarily mirror the rate of prolactin secretion from the pituitary."}
{"id": "PMID:870584", "title": "Concentration of prostaglandin F2alpha and steroids in the human corpus luteum.", "content": "The concentration of prostaglandin F2alpha (PGF2alpha), progesterone, pregnenolone, oestradiol-17beta, oestrone, androstenedione and testosterone was measured in corpora lutea obtained from 40 women at various stages of the menstrual cycle. The concentration of PGF2alpha was significantly higher in corpora lutea immediately after ovulation (26-7 +/- 3-9 (S.E.M.) ng/g, P less than 0-005) and in corpora albicantia (16-3 +/- 3-3 ng/g, P less than 0-005) than at any other time during the luteal phase. There was no correlation between the concentration of PGF2alpha, and that of any steroid. The progesterone concentration was highest in corpora lutea just after ovulation (24-9 +/-6-7 microng/g) and in early luteal groups (25-7 +/- 6-8 microng/g) but declined significantly (P less than 0-05) to its lowest level in corpora albicantia (1-82 +/- 0-66 microng/g). The concentration of oestradiol-17beta in the corpus luteum and luteal weight were significantly greater during the mid-luteal phase than at any other stage (concentration 282 +/- 43 ng/g), P less than 0-05; weight 1-86 +/- 0-18 g, P less than 0-005). The results indicate that regression of the human corpus luteum is not caused by a rise in the ovarian concentration of PGF2alpha in the late luteal phase of the cycle.", "contents": "Concentration of prostaglandin F2alpha and steroids in the human corpus luteum. The concentration of prostaglandin F2alpha (PGF2alpha), progesterone, pregnenolone, oestradiol-17beta, oestrone, androstenedione and testosterone was measured in corpora lutea obtained from 40 women at various stages of the menstrual cycle. The concentration of PGF2alpha was significantly higher in corpora lutea immediately after ovulation (26-7 +/- 3-9 (S.E.M.) ng/g, P less than 0-005) and in corpora albicantia (16-3 +/- 3-3 ng/g, P less than 0-005) than at any other time during the luteal phase. There was no correlation between the concentration of PGF2alpha, and that of any steroid. The progesterone concentration was highest in corpora lutea just after ovulation (24-9 +/-6-7 microng/g) and in early luteal groups (25-7 +/- 6-8 microng/g) but declined significantly (P less than 0-05) to its lowest level in corpora albicantia (1-82 +/- 0-66 microng/g). The concentration of oestradiol-17beta in the corpus luteum and luteal weight were significantly greater during the mid-luteal phase than at any other stage (concentration 282 +/- 43 ng/g), P less than 0-05; weight 1-86 +/- 0-18 g, P less than 0-005). The results indicate that regression of the human corpus luteum is not caused by a rise in the ovarian concentration of PGF2alpha in the late luteal phase of the cycle."}
{"id": "PMID:870585", "title": "Sites of steroid production in ovine graafian follicles in culture.", "content": "The follicular components responsible for the synthesis of oestrogen, testosterone, and progesterone have been localized by studying in vitro the steroidogenic capacity of (1) intact follicles, (2) opened but undisturbed follicle walls, (3) isolated thecal shells, (4) granulosa cells and (5) co-cultures of thecal shells and granulosa monolayers. Oestrogen was secreted throughout the five-day culture period by intact follicles and explants of follicle wall. Neither the isolated thecal shell nor the membrana granulosa alone secreted oestrogen in vitro, but granulosa cells converted exogenous testosterone to oestrogen during the first few hours after explantation. A limited and transient production of oestrogen occurred in co-cultures of theca and granulosa. Testosterone was secreted in the presence of FSH in approximately equal amounts by intact follicle, follicle wall and thecal shells. No testosterone was secreted by the isolated granulosa cells. Progesterone was secreted by each cellular component but the highest output occurred where granulosa cells were grown in monolayer culture. The results indicate that the theca is the source of follicular androgen synthesis but that an interaction between theca and granulosa is required for the production of oestrogen. It is postulated that direct contact between two cell components is important in the modulation of steroidogenic function within the follicle.", "contents": "Sites of steroid production in ovine graafian follicles in culture. The follicular components responsible for the synthesis of oestrogen, testosterone, and progesterone have been localized by studying in vitro the steroidogenic capacity of (1) intact follicles, (2) opened but undisturbed follicle walls, (3) isolated thecal shells, (4) granulosa cells and (5) co-cultures of thecal shells and granulosa monolayers. Oestrogen was secreted throughout the five-day culture period by intact follicles and explants of follicle wall. Neither the isolated thecal shell nor the membrana granulosa alone secreted oestrogen in vitro, but granulosa cells converted exogenous testosterone to oestrogen during the first few hours after explantation. A limited and transient production of oestrogen occurred in co-cultures of theca and granulosa. Testosterone was secreted in the presence of FSH in approximately equal amounts by intact follicle, follicle wall and thecal shells. No testosterone was secreted by the isolated granulosa cells. Progesterone was secreted by each cellular component but the highest output occurred where granulosa cells were grown in monolayer culture. The results indicate that the theca is the source of follicular androgen synthesis but that an interaction between theca and granulosa is required for the production of oestrogen. It is postulated that direct contact between two cell components is important in the modulation of steroidogenic function within the follicle."}
{"id": "PMID:870586", "title": "Prostaglandin A2 at low rates of infusion restores the antidiuretic effect of vasopressin in lithium-treated rats.", "content": "To test the effect of prostaglandin A2 (PGA2) on renal function, infusions of PGA2 (0-7 ng/kg/min), arginine-vasopressin (AVP) (1-25 ng/kg/min) and PGA2 plus AVP were administered to male rats made resistant to the antidiuretic effect of AVP by pre-treatment with lithium. In non-lithium-treated control rats, AVP had its expected antidiuretic action but in lithium-treated rats neither urinary volume nor osmolarity was changed. Prostaglandin A2 alone had no effect on urine output in lithium-treated rats; AVP plus PGA2 infused together evoked a near normal antidiuretic response. This antidiuretic action of PGA2 contrasts with the diuretic action reported by others. However, our infusion rates were 300-4000 times lower than those of other workers and it is suggested that PGs may have opposite actions on the kidney depending on their concentration. The effect of indomethacin (a blocker of prostaglandin synthesis) on urine flow was tested in five groups of rats on different r\u00e9gimes of liquid intake. Urine flow was reduced in the three groups with the highest urine volumes before treatment, and increased in the two groups with the lowest urinary volumes, again indicating that PGs may have both diuretic and antidiuretic actions.", "contents": "Prostaglandin A2 at low rates of infusion restores the antidiuretic effect of vasopressin in lithium-treated rats. To test the effect of prostaglandin A2 (PGA2) on renal function, infusions of PGA2 (0-7 ng/kg/min), arginine-vasopressin (AVP) (1-25 ng/kg/min) and PGA2 plus AVP were administered to male rats made resistant to the antidiuretic effect of AVP by pre-treatment with lithium. In non-lithium-treated control rats, AVP had its expected antidiuretic action but in lithium-treated rats neither urinary volume nor osmolarity was changed. Prostaglandin A2 alone had no effect on urine output in lithium-treated rats; AVP plus PGA2 infused together evoked a near normal antidiuretic response. This antidiuretic action of PGA2 contrasts with the diuretic action reported by others. However, our infusion rates were 300-4000 times lower than those of other workers and it is suggested that PGs may have opposite actions on the kidney depending on their concentration. The effect of indomethacin (a blocker of prostaglandin synthesis) on urine flow was tested in five groups of rats on different r\u00e9gimes of liquid intake. Urine flow was reduced in the three groups with the highest urine volumes before treatment, and increased in the two groups with the lowest urinary volumes, again indicating that PGs may have both diuretic and antidiuretic actions."}
{"id": "PMID:870587", "title": "Effect of sex and age at gonadectomy on the sebaceous response to progesterone.", "content": "The effect of progesterone on the rate of sebum secretion was examined in intact and gonadectomized rats. In intact, adult, male rats, progesterone administered for 3 weeks decreased sebum secretion; after castration of adult males, progesterone increased sebum secretion and an even greater response occurred in male castrated at 21 days of age. In intact, adult, female rats progesterone slightly increased sebum production. As in the male, the response was affected by the time of gonadectomy, a greater response occurring after spaying at 21 days compared with 10 weeks of age. Thus, the response to progesterone in the adult rat differs in intact males and females and is affected by changes in the endocrine environment induced by gonadectomy, especially near the time of puberty.", "contents": "Effect of sex and age at gonadectomy on the sebaceous response to progesterone. The effect of progesterone on the rate of sebum secretion was examined in intact and gonadectomized rats. In intact, adult, male rats, progesterone administered for 3 weeks decreased sebum secretion; after castration of adult males, progesterone increased sebum secretion and an even greater response occurred in male castrated at 21 days of age. In intact, adult, female rats progesterone slightly increased sebum production. As in the male, the response was affected by the time of gonadectomy, a greater response occurring after spaying at 21 days compared with 10 weeks of age. Thus, the response to progesterone in the adult rat differs in intact males and females and is affected by changes in the endocrine environment induced by gonadectomy, especially near the time of puberty."}
{"id": "PMID:870588", "title": "Binding and uptake of trypan blue by developing oocytes of Locusta migratoria migratorioides.", "content": "Resorbing oocytes are heavily stained by trypan blue injected into the haemolymph; this serves as a basis for a quick and convenient method for measuring the degree of resorption. Oocytes in the beginning of their development are most susceptible towards resorptive tendencies. The uptake of trypan blue by normally developing oocytes is proportional to the oocyte surface. From 'double-marker' experiments, in which trypan blue is injected into the haemolymph together with [3H]inulin (which does not bind to the oocyte membrane) it is estimated that the contribution of binding in the interiorization of trypan blue is in the order of 80%, under the conditions given. In vitro incubations show the interaction of trypan blue with the membrane to be electrostatic in nature.", "contents": "Binding and uptake of trypan blue by developing oocytes of Locusta migratoria migratorioides. Resorbing oocytes are heavily stained by trypan blue injected into the haemolymph; this serves as a basis for a quick and convenient method for measuring the degree of resorption. Oocytes in the beginning of their development are most susceptible towards resorptive tendencies. The uptake of trypan blue by normally developing oocytes is proportional to the oocyte surface. From 'double-marker' experiments, in which trypan blue is injected into the haemolymph together with [3H]inulin (which does not bind to the oocyte membrane) it is estimated that the contribution of binding in the interiorization of trypan blue is in the order of 80%, under the conditions given. In vitro incubations show the interaction of trypan blue with the membrane to be electrostatic in nature."}
{"id": "PMID:870589", "title": "An autoradiographic analysis of nucleic acid synthesis in the presumptive primordial germ cells of Xenopus laevis.", "content": "Microinjection of [3H]thymidine into Xenopus laevis embryos between late blastula (stage 10) and early tadpole (stage 44) showed that the presumptive primordial germ cells synthesis DNA between stages 10-33. The percentage of labelled cells was highest between stages 10 and 16, declined sharply between stages 22 and 26 and rose again between stages 26 and 33. The fluctuations in the labelling patterns together with increase in the number of presumptive primordial germ cells and direct observation of germ cells in mitosis suggested that the germ cells divide three times between stages 10 and 44. The first divisions probably take place during gastrulation (stages 10-12), the second relatively synchronously at about stages 22-24 and the third series again relatively synchronously about stages 37-39. This period of proliferative activity is distinguishable on the one hand from the cleavage divisions in which the number of germ cells does not increase and on the other hand from the next proliferative phase by a period of mitotic inactivity. Microinjection of [3H]uridine showed that the presumptive primordial germ cells synthesize RNA only in mid-gastrula to early tail-bud-stage embryos. There is no obvious simple causal relationship between RNA synthesis and the movement of the germ plasm to the nucleus, or with division of the germ cells or with their migration out of the  endoderm.", "contents": "An autoradiographic analysis of nucleic acid synthesis in the presumptive primordial germ cells of Xenopus laevis. Microinjection of [3H]thymidine into Xenopus laevis embryos between late blastula (stage 10) and early tadpole (stage 44) showed that the presumptive primordial germ cells synthesis DNA between stages 10-33. The percentage of labelled cells was highest between stages 10 and 16, declined sharply between stages 22 and 26 and rose again between stages 26 and 33. The fluctuations in the labelling patterns together with increase in the number of presumptive primordial germ cells and direct observation of germ cells in mitosis suggested that the germ cells divide three times between stages 10 and 44. The first divisions probably take place during gastrulation (stages 10-12), the second relatively synchronously at about stages 22-24 and the third series again relatively synchronously about stages 37-39. This period of proliferative activity is distinguishable on the one hand from the cleavage divisions in which the number of germ cells does not increase and on the other hand from the next proliferative phase by a period of mitotic inactivity. Microinjection of [3H]uridine showed that the presumptive primordial germ cells synthesize RNA only in mid-gastrula to early tail-bud-stage embryos. There is no obvious simple causal relationship between RNA synthesis and the movement of the germ plasm to the nucleus, or with division of the germ cells or with their migration out of the  endoderm."}
{"id": "PMID:870590", "title": "[Ultrastructure of the embryonic mouse sinus node at the early stages of development (author's transl)].", "content": "At early stages of development in the mouse embryo (12-13 days post-coitum) the cells of the sino-atrial node are homogeneous but are different to the atrial myocardic cells at this stage of development or a younger stage (9-10 days post-coitum). Sino-atrial node cells are small; they have many ribosomes, the myofibrillar material and the Golgi apparatus are poorly developed. Membrane contacts are represented by simple appositions and some fascia adherentes. These cells show many pinocytic invaginations and subsarcolemmic vesicles. From the 14th day post-coitum the sino-atrial node becomes heterogeneous. 'Clear cells' are present in the middle part of the node; they are characterized by their irregular shape and the poor development of their myofibrillar material 'Dark cells' are observed at the periphery of the node and seem related to myocardial type cells described in the sino-atrial node of the late mouse foetuses. Our observations do not support the existence of a 3rd cellular population, called by some authors: 'transitional cells'. The problem of the segregation between sino-atrial cells and myocardial cells is discussed.", "contents": "[Ultrastructure of the embryonic mouse sinus node at the early stages of development (author's transl)]. At early stages of development in the mouse embryo (12-13 days post-coitum) the cells of the sino-atrial node are homogeneous but are different to the atrial myocardic cells at this stage of development or a younger stage (9-10 days post-coitum). Sino-atrial node cells are small; they have many ribosomes, the myofibrillar material and the Golgi apparatus are poorly developed. Membrane contacts are represented by simple appositions and some fascia adherentes. These cells show many pinocytic invaginations and subsarcolemmic vesicles. From the 14th day post-coitum the sino-atrial node becomes heterogeneous. 'Clear cells' are present in the middle part of the node; they are characterized by their irregular shape and the poor development of their myofibrillar material 'Dark cells' are observed at the periphery of the node and seem related to myocardial type cells described in the sino-atrial node of the late mouse foetuses. Our observations do not support the existence of a 3rd cellular population, called by some authors: 'transitional cells'. The problem of the segregation between sino-atrial cells and myocardial cells is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:870591", "title": "Characterization of an organ-specific differentiator substance in the planarian Dugesia etrusca.", "content": "A substance which inhibits brain formation in decapitated regenerating planarians (Dugesia etrusca) was characterized and partially purified. The substance's inhibitory activity was followed during each purification procedure by adding freshly decapitated animals of a standard size to each fraction, and later measuring the resultant regenerated brain volume. The inhibitory activity remained in the supernatant after a 10000 g centrifugation of a cell-free homogenate. Most of the activity sedimented when the 10000 g supernatant was centrifuged at 32000 g. The degree of inhibitory activity increased with increased numbers of animals in the initial homogenate. The substance has an apparent molecular weight between 2 X 10(5) and 4 X 10(5) daltons. Digestion by pronase destroyed the activity, but treatment with RNase, DNase I, or lipase had no significant effect. The inhibiting substance has an isoelectric point (pI) of between 4-75 and 5-38 and migrates to the anode when electrophorezed in pH 6-8 buffer.", "contents": "Characterization of an organ-specific differentiator substance in the planarian Dugesia etrusca. A substance which inhibits brain formation in decapitated regenerating planarians (Dugesia etrusca) was characterized and partially purified. The substance's inhibitory activity was followed during each purification procedure by adding freshly decapitated animals of a standard size to each fraction, and later measuring the resultant regenerated brain volume. The inhibitory activity remained in the supernatant after a 10000 g centrifugation of a cell-free homogenate. Most of the activity sedimented when the 10000 g supernatant was centrifuged at 32000 g. The degree of inhibitory activity increased with increased numbers of animals in the initial homogenate. The substance has an apparent molecular weight between 2 X 10(5) and 4 X 10(5) daltons. Digestion by pronase destroyed the activity, but treatment with RNase, DNase I, or lipase had no significant effect. The inhibiting substance has an isoelectric point (pI) of between 4-75 and 5-38 and migrates to the anode when electrophorezed in pH 6-8 buffer."}
{"id": "PMID:870592", "title": "Temporary contacts formed between developing optic fibers in the chick.", "content": "Temporary junctions were observed between developing optic fibers of the chick embryo and were distributed along the entire length of the axons from the cell body to the tip of the growth cone. These junctions were present in all material studied between days E-3 and E-18, the latter being the start of myelin formation of the optic tract. Junctions between adjacent axons were focal in nature and showed a decrease in the size of the intercellular space caused by a close apposition of the plasma membrane. With the experimental techniques used final identification of these junctions could not be made but are thought to be of two types--the gap and occludens junctions. Temporary fasciae adherentes junctions were observed at the end of the axon, between the growth cone and adjacent neural tissue. Speculation was made on the functional role of these temporary junctions.", "contents": "Temporary contacts formed between developing optic fibers in the chick. Temporary junctions were observed between developing optic fibers of the chick embryo and were distributed along the entire length of the axons from the cell body to the tip of the growth cone. These junctions were present in all material studied between days E-3 and E-18, the latter being the start of myelin formation of the optic tract. Junctions between adjacent axons were focal in nature and showed a decrease in the size of the intercellular space caused by a close apposition of the plasma membrane. With the experimental techniques used final identification of these junctions could not be made but are thought to be of two types--the gap and occludens junctions. Temporary fasciae adherentes junctions were observed at the end of the axon, between the growth cone and adjacent neural tissue. Speculation was made on the functional role of these temporary junctions."}
{"id": "PMID:870593", "title": "Development of a placental blood circulation in rat embryos in vitro.", "content": "Rat embryos explanted with their membranes at head-fold stage (9 1/2 days gestation) formed an allantoic placenta which enlarged in culture and developed a foetal blood circulation. Embryos explanted at early somite stages (10 1/2 days) also formed a growing allantoic placenta but only after removal of most of the ectoplacental trophoblast. Assays of total protein in the embryo and placenta suggested that, in the absence of a maternal blood circulation to the placenta, embryo and placenta compete for the respiratory and nutritional resources obtained through the yolk-sac.", "contents": "Development of a placental blood circulation in rat embryos in vitro. Rat embryos explanted with their membranes at head-fold stage (9 1/2 days gestation) formed an allantoic placenta which enlarged in culture and developed a foetal blood circulation. Embryos explanted at early somite stages (10 1/2 days) also formed a growing allantoic placenta but only after removal of most of the ectoplacental trophoblast. Assays of total protein in the embryo and placenta suggested that, in the absence of a maternal blood circulation to the placenta, embryo and placenta compete for the respiratory and nutritional resources obtained through the yolk-sac."}
{"id": "PMID:870594", "title": "Regulation of pre-natal haemopoiesis: evidence for negative feedback control of erythropoiesis in the foetal mouse.", "content": "The effects of medium conditioned by erythrocytes on in vitro differentiation of mouse prenatal erythroblasts were examined. Haem synthesis was inversely proportional to the concentration of erythrocyte-conditioned medium (ECM) in either presence or absence of erythropoietin (EP), but concentrations of ECM which limited haem synthesis to 50% of normal had no effect on changes in erythroblast numbers. ECM reduced uridine incorporation into RNA and limited the rise in incorporation due to stimulation by EP. ECM enhanced thymidine incorporation into DNA. This enhancement was additive with that due to EP, but appeared earlier. Thymidine labelling indices of liver cells were not changed by ECM in vitro. Serum from polycythaemic animals limited haem synthesis by EP stimulated foetal liver cells in vitro. These observations provide evidence for susceptibility of foetal liver erythroblasts to negative feedback control of differentiation, dependent on the concentration of circulating erythrocytes. Characteristic changes in kinetics of prenatal erythropoiesis in vivo can also be related to increasing erythrocyte concentration.", "contents": "Regulation of pre-natal haemopoiesis: evidence for negative feedback control of erythropoiesis in the foetal mouse. The effects of medium conditioned by erythrocytes on in vitro differentiation of mouse prenatal erythroblasts were examined. Haem synthesis was inversely proportional to the concentration of erythrocyte-conditioned medium (ECM) in either presence or absence of erythropoietin (EP), but concentrations of ECM which limited haem synthesis to 50% of normal had no effect on changes in erythroblast numbers. ECM reduced uridine incorporation into RNA and limited the rise in incorporation due to stimulation by EP. ECM enhanced thymidine incorporation into DNA. This enhancement was additive with that due to EP, but appeared earlier. Thymidine labelling indices of liver cells were not changed by ECM in vitro. Serum from polycythaemic animals limited haem synthesis by EP stimulated foetal liver cells in vitro. These observations provide evidence for susceptibility of foetal liver erythroblasts to negative feedback control of differentiation, dependent on the concentration of circulating erythrocytes. Characteristic changes in kinetics of prenatal erythropoiesis in vivo can also be related to increasing erythrocyte concentration."}
{"id": "PMID:870595", "title": "Pattern and polarity of sclerites in adult abdominal segments of Calliphora erythrocephala (Diptera): anlage rotation experiments.", "content": "The anlagen of imaginal histoblasts in the abdominal segments of Calliphora (higher Diptera) present an interesting problem, which bears on recent concepts employed in the consideration of spatial patterning in insects. They differ from imaginal discs with respect to larval organization and activity, and in the absence of the progressive pattern of genetic determination during the larval period, characteristic of imaginal discs. How is the adult pattern in the abdominal segments determined? The experiments presented here seek to clarify the spatial parameters involved in control of adult pattern and polarity in the adult segment. A series of 180 degrees rotations of hypodermal grafts bearing the anlagen singly, or in combination, or of larval intersegmental hypodermis, indicate that polarity is determined within the anlagen through interaction with local larval epidermis either before or during histoblast migration. The nature of the sclerites, too, is primarily carried by the anlagen rather than determined by intersegmental information. The whole question of 'determination of polarity' is set out more carefully than hitherto in the light of (a) observations of the movement of epidermal cells in other systems in response to disturbance of pattern, and (b) the obvious vectorial nature of the phenomenon, which cannot be a genetic matter, but one of cell axes and of the relation of cells to segment/organism. The demonstration that (i) hemitergite and hemisternite are primarily determined by the anlagen themselves, and not by larval intersegmental membranes; and (ii) evidence indicates an influence of epidermal cells of the larva on the differentiation (as well as polarity) of imaginal histoblasts, leads to the conclusion that neither of two models considered will account for the establishment of the adult abdominal pattern among the histoblasts at metamorphosis. These models are (a) of a segmental gradient, set by the intersegmental boundaries of the previous instar, to which imaginal cells respond by interpretation of positional information; and (b) of progressive compartmentalization of pattern within the anlagen, without reference to epidermal context.", "contents": "Pattern and polarity of sclerites in adult abdominal segments of Calliphora erythrocephala (Diptera): anlage rotation experiments. The anlagen of imaginal histoblasts in the abdominal segments of Calliphora (higher Diptera) present an interesting problem, which bears on recent concepts employed in the consideration of spatial patterning in insects. They differ from imaginal discs with respect to larval organization and activity, and in the absence of the progressive pattern of genetic determination during the larval period, characteristic of imaginal discs. How is the adult pattern in the abdominal segments determined? The experiments presented here seek to clarify the spatial parameters involved in control of adult pattern and polarity in the adult segment. A series of 180 degrees rotations of hypodermal grafts bearing the anlagen singly, or in combination, or of larval intersegmental hypodermis, indicate that polarity is determined within the anlagen through interaction with local larval epidermis either before or during histoblast migration. The nature of the sclerites, too, is primarily carried by the anlagen rather than determined by intersegmental information. The whole question of 'determination of polarity' is set out more carefully than hitherto in the light of (a) observations of the movement of epidermal cells in other systems in response to disturbance of pattern, and (b) the obvious vectorial nature of the phenomenon, which cannot be a genetic matter, but one of cell axes and of the relation of cells to segment/organism. The demonstration that (i) hemitergite and hemisternite are primarily determined by the anlagen themselves, and not by larval intersegmental membranes; and (ii) evidence indicates an influence of epidermal cells of the larva on the differentiation (as well as polarity) of imaginal histoblasts, leads to the conclusion that neither of two models considered will account for the establishment of the adult abdominal pattern among the histoblasts at metamorphosis. These models are (a) of a segmental gradient, set by the intersegmental boundaries of the previous instar, to which imaginal cells respond by interpretation of positional information; and (b) of progressive compartmentalization of pattern within the anlagen, without reference to epidermal context."}
{"id": "PMID:870596", "title": "Quantitative studies of the reactions to horizontal angular accelerations in axolotls. I. The head-turning reflexes of normal animals.", "content": "1. Artifically metamorphosed axolotls were exposed to both brief (impulse) and long-lasting horizontal angular accelerations on a turn-table. The animals responded with a head-turning reaction. 2. The general course of the reaction to impulse acceleration was independent of stimulus intensity. The velocity of the head movement first increased to a maximum exponentially and then decreased in a negative exponential manner. Stimulus intensity had a linear relationship to the mean maximum velocity and mean total angle covered by head-turning. The average velocity-time curves at various stimulus intensities differed only by a velocity factor. 3. During long-lasting constant accelerations the velocity of the head-turning increased to a maximum velocity in a sigmoid time-course and then decreased, first to a constant velocity, and then further. Mean values of the maximum velocity were correlated linearly with the stimulus intensity. 4. It was concluded that the head-turning reflexes in axolotls do not agree with the accepted movements of the vertebrate cupula and therefore are not a simple 'copy' of the afferent input. It is also suggested that the reaction threshold differes from that for the labyrinthine input.", "contents": "Quantitative studies of the reactions to horizontal angular accelerations in axolotls. I. The head-turning reflexes of normal animals. 1. Artifically metamorphosed axolotls were exposed to both brief (impulse) and long-lasting horizontal angular accelerations on a turn-table. The animals responded with a head-turning reaction. 2. The general course of the reaction to impulse acceleration was independent of stimulus intensity. The velocity of the head movement first increased to a maximum exponentially and then decreased in a negative exponential manner. Stimulus intensity had a linear relationship to the mean maximum velocity and mean total angle covered by head-turning. The average velocity-time curves at various stimulus intensities differed only by a velocity factor. 3. During long-lasting constant accelerations the velocity of the head-turning increased to a maximum velocity in a sigmoid time-course and then decreased, first to a constant velocity, and then further. Mean values of the maximum velocity were correlated linearly with the stimulus intensity. 4. It was concluded that the head-turning reflexes in axolotls do not agree with the accepted movements of the vertebrate cupula and therefore are not a simple 'copy' of the afferent input. It is also suggested that the reaction threshold differes from that for the labyrinthine input."}
{"id": "PMID:870597", "title": "The mechanism for co-ordinating metachronal limb movements between joined male and female Artemia salina during precopulatory behaviour.", "content": "Male and female Artemia salina swim in tandem pairs before copulation and during this period the metachronal rhythms of the individuals are entrained. Artemia entrain to pulsatile water stimulation of the head at frequencies between 4 and 6 Hz. The antennules are mechano-sensitive. Antennular responsiveness to  phasic input is very probably the actual mechanism by which interorganism co-ordination is achieved, as mechano-stimulation of other Artemia structures, electro-stimulation and photo-stimulation are ineffective modes of entraining metachronal movements.", "contents": "The mechanism for co-ordinating metachronal limb movements between joined male and female Artemia salina during precopulatory behaviour. Male and female Artemia salina swim in tandem pairs before copulation and during this period the metachronal rhythms of the individuals are entrained. Artemia entrain to pulsatile water stimulation of the head at frequencies between 4 and 6 Hz. The antennules are mechano-sensitive. Antennular responsiveness to  phasic input is very probably the actual mechanism by which interorganism co-ordination is achieved, as mechano-stimulation of other Artemia structures, electro-stimulation and photo-stimulation are ineffective modes of entraining metachronal movements."}
{"id": "PMID:870598", "title": "Neuronal mechanisms for object discrimination in the weakly electric fish Eigenmannia virescens.", "content": "The peripheral sensory basis for object discrimination was investigated in the weakly electric fish Eigenmannia virescens. Single unit recordings were made from the primary afferent fibres in the posterior branch of the anterior lateral line nerve while the local electric field (self-generated and stimulated) was modified by external resistance and capacitance shunts. Both fibre types (probability and phase coders) responded differentially to capacitance and resistance shunts of equivalent impedence. The degree of response differentiation between the two shunting conditions varied with the intensity of the electrical stimulus at the receptor. These data suggest that the primary electroreceptors can discriminatively encode the two electrical characteristics of 'objects'. However, since the response of primary electroreceptors also varied with the spatial orientation of the shunting electrodes, central structures must play an important role in object discrimination.", "contents": "Neuronal mechanisms for object discrimination in the weakly electric fish Eigenmannia virescens. The peripheral sensory basis for object discrimination was investigated in the weakly electric fish Eigenmannia virescens. Single unit recordings were made from the primary afferent fibres in the posterior branch of the anterior lateral line nerve while the local electric field (self-generated and stimulated) was modified by external resistance and capacitance shunts. Both fibre types (probability and phase coders) responded differentially to capacitance and resistance shunts of equivalent impedence. The degree of response differentiation between the two shunting conditions varied with the intensity of the electrical stimulus at the receptor. These data suggest that the primary electroreceptors can discriminatively encode the two electrical characteristics of 'objects'. However, since the response of primary electroreceptors also varied with the spatial orientation of the shunting electrodes, central structures must play an important role in object discrimination."}
{"id": "PMID:870599", "title": "The locust jump. I. The motor programme.", "content": "A motor programme is described for defensive kicking in the locust which is also probably the programme for jumping. The method of analysis has been to make intracellular recordings from the somata of identified motornuerones which control the metathoracic tibiae while defensive kicks are made in response to tactile stimuli. Three stages are recognized in the programme. (1) Initial flexion of the tibiae results from the low spike threshold of tibial flexor motorneurones to tactile stimulation of the body. (2) Co-contraction of flexor and extensor muscles followa in which flexor and extensor excitor motoneurones spike at high frequency for 300-600 ms. the tibia flexed while the extensor muscle develops tension isometrically to the level required for a kick or jump. (3) Trigger activity terminates the co-contraction by inhibiting the flexor excitor motorneurones and simultaneously exciting the flexor inhibitors. This causes relaxation of the flexor muscle and allows the tibiae to extend. If the trigger activity does not occur, the jump or kick is aborted, and the tibiae remain flexed.", "contents": "The locust jump. I. The motor programme. A motor programme is described for defensive kicking in the locust which is also probably the programme for jumping. The method of analysis has been to make intracellular recordings from the somata of identified motornuerones which control the metathoracic tibiae while defensive kicks are made in response to tactile stimuli. Three stages are recognized in the programme. (1) Initial flexion of the tibiae results from the low spike threshold of tibial flexor motorneurones to tactile stimulation of the body. (2) Co-contraction of flexor and extensor muscles followa in which flexor and extensor excitor motoneurones spike at high frequency for 300-600 ms. the tibia flexed while the extensor muscle develops tension isometrically to the level required for a kick or jump. (3) Trigger activity terminates the co-contraction by inhibiting the flexor excitor motorneurones and simultaneously exciting the flexor inhibitors. This causes relaxation of the flexor muscle and allows the tibiae to extend. If the trigger activity does not occur, the jump or kick is aborted, and the tibiae remain flexed."}
{"id": "PMID:870600", "title": "The locust jump. II. Neural circuits of the motor programme.", "content": "1. Neural circuits which co-ordinate the motorneurones of the meta-thoracic tibiae of the locust in jumping and kicking have been investigated. 2. The fast extensor motorneurone is reflexly excited by the subgenual organ, by a network of cuticle strain receptors, and by Brunner's organ. The subgenual organ and the cuticle strain receptors are excited by tension in the extensor muscle and mediate a positive feedback which could help to produce the burst of fast extensor spikes which precedes a jump or kick. Brunner's organ is stimulated by pressure from the flexed tibia, and will be excited by the initial flexion and throughout the co-contraction phase of a kick. 3. A central excitatory connexion from the fast extensor to the slow extensor ensures that extensor muscle tension is as great as possible early in the co-contraction phase of a kick. 4. A central excitatory connexion from the fast extensor to flexor motorneurones is confirmed. This ensures that flexor muscle tension is great enough to keep the tibia flexed when the extensor muscle tension starts to develop before a jump or kick. 5. Reflex excitation of flexor motorneurones occurs in response to an extensor muscle twitch when the tibia is flexed. This helps to maintain the flexor connexion. 6. A receptor, the 'lump receptor', which is stimulated by flexor muscle tension only when the tibia is flexed, can inhibit the flexor motorneurones and may activate the trigger system which allows the extension of the tibia in a jump or kick. 7. Recptors in the suspensory ligaments of the joint inhibit the fast extensor when the tibia extends.", "contents": "The locust jump. II. Neural circuits of the motor programme. 1. Neural circuits which co-ordinate the motorneurones of the meta-thoracic tibiae of the locust in jumping and kicking have been investigated. 2. The fast extensor motorneurone is reflexly excited by the subgenual organ, by a network of cuticle strain receptors, and by Brunner's organ. The subgenual organ and the cuticle strain receptors are excited by tension in the extensor muscle and mediate a positive feedback which could help to produce the burst of fast extensor spikes which precedes a jump or kick. Brunner's organ is stimulated by pressure from the flexed tibia, and will be excited by the initial flexion and throughout the co-contraction phase of a kick. 3. A central excitatory connexion from the fast extensor to the slow extensor ensures that extensor muscle tension is as great as possible early in the co-contraction phase of a kick. 4. A central excitatory connexion from the fast extensor to flexor motorneurones is confirmed. This ensures that flexor muscle tension is great enough to keep the tibia flexed when the extensor muscle tension starts to develop before a jump or kick. 5. Reflex excitation of flexor motorneurones occurs in response to an extensor muscle twitch when the tibia is flexed. This helps to maintain the flexor connexion. 6. A receptor, the 'lump receptor', which is stimulated by flexor muscle tension only when the tibia is flexed, can inhibit the flexor motorneurones and may activate the trigger system which allows the extension of the tibia in a jump or kick. 7. Recptors in the suspensory ligaments of the joint inhibit the fast extensor when the tibia extends."}
{"id": "PMID:870601", "title": "Prothoracicotropic hormone in Manduca sexta: localization by a larval assay.", "content": "1. A new method for the assay of insect prothoracicotropic hormone (PTTH) is described, using fourth instar larvae of Manduca sexta. Larvae neck-ligated at a critical time to prevent release of PTTH from the head fail to undergo the next larval moult. Such ligated larvae moult to fifth instar larvae or larval-pupal intermediates after injection of brain homogenates from Manduca larvae, pupae or pharate adults. The degree of response is proportional to the concentration of brain homogenate injected. 2. The source of PTTH in the pupal brain is the dorsal region of the protocerebrum containing the lateral neurosecretory cells. Microhomogennates of single pieces of brain showed activity with this method. 3. PTTH activity in partially purified extracts is water soluable, stable to boiling for 10 min, and is destroyed by Pronase or trypsin.", "contents": "Prothoracicotropic hormone in Manduca sexta: localization by a larval assay. 1. A new method for the assay of insect prothoracicotropic hormone (PTTH) is described, using fourth instar larvae of Manduca sexta. Larvae neck-ligated at a critical time to prevent release of PTTH from the head fail to undergo the next larval moult. Such ligated larvae moult to fifth instar larvae or larval-pupal intermediates after injection of brain homogenates from Manduca larvae, pupae or pharate adults. The degree of response is proportional to the concentration of brain homogenate injected. 2. The source of PTTH in the pupal brain is the dorsal region of the protocerebrum containing the lateral neurosecretory cells. Microhomogennates of single pieces of brain showed activity with this method. 3. PTTH activity in partially purified extracts is water soluable, stable to boiling for 10 min, and is destroyed by Pronase or trypsin."}
{"id": "PMID:870602", "title": "The effect of the spacing of background elements upon optomotor memory responses in the crab: the influence of adding or deleting features during darkness.", "content": "1. Study was made of the effect of separation between stripes in the visual field upon responses which indicate memory of those stripes. 2. The amount of separation between white stripes had very little effect, whereas response strength and the amount of separation between black stripes were directly proportional. 3. The presence of extra, non-displaced black stripes prior to or following displacement reduced the size of the memory responses. 4. The effects of the amount of separation in the two cases were comparable. In both situations the separation affected only the responses to displacement of the stripe borders nearest to the extra stripe. 5. The effect of extra stripes present prior to displacement was in turn affected by the duration of the dark period, whilst the effect of those present during the post-displacement period was not. This accounts for the larger effect of extra stripes present during the psot-displacement period. 6. By expanding stripe width during darkness it was possible to distinguish between the effects of distance between stripes and the amount of white space separating them. Reducing white space while distance remains constant causes reductions in response strength, whereas reducing the distance between a memory zone and the white space between it and the neighboring stripe increased the size of the memory response.", "contents": "The effect of the spacing of background elements upon optomotor memory responses in the crab: the influence of adding or deleting features during darkness. 1. Study was made of the effect of separation between stripes in the visual field upon responses which indicate memory of those stripes. 2. The amount of separation between white stripes had very little effect, whereas response strength and the amount of separation between black stripes were directly proportional. 3. The presence of extra, non-displaced black stripes prior to or following displacement reduced the size of the memory responses. 4. The effects of the amount of separation in the two cases were comparable. In both situations the separation affected only the responses to displacement of the stripe borders nearest to the extra stripe. 5. The effect of extra stripes present prior to displacement was in turn affected by the duration of the dark period, whilst the effect of those present during the post-displacement period was not. This accounts for the larger effect of extra stripes present during the psot-displacement period. 6. By expanding stripe width during darkness it was possible to distinguish between the effects of distance between stripes and the amount of white space separating them. Reducing white space while distance remains constant causes reductions in response strength, whereas reducing the distance between a memory zone and the white space between it and the neighboring stripe increased the size of the memory response."}
{"id": "PMID:870603", "title": "The Mauthner-initiated startle response in teleost fish.", "content": "1. A characteristic behaviour, the 'Mauthner-initiated startle response', was recorded and quantitatively analysed with high-speed cinematography (200 frames/sec) after vibrational stimulation in 11 of 13 teleost species which possess Mauthner cells. 2. The latency of the response is 5-10 msec. This behaviour has: (a) an initial phase, the 'fast-body-bend', lasting about 20 msec and consisting of a stereotyped displacement of the head and tail to one side and (b), a second phase, the 'return-flip', consisting of a non-stereotyped flip of the tail to the opposite side. 3. Within 100 msec after the start of the Mauthner-initiated startle response, most fish were displaced 0-5-1-5 body lengths from their initial position. The variability of the animal's location after 100 msec suggests that the behaviour is adaptively non-predictable; 4. In goldfish, the Mauthner-initiated startle response could also be elicited by visual stimulation. 5. We conclude that the fast-body-bend is the direct result of activation of one Mauthner cell and its spinal motor neurone pool. 6. In four species we described examples of apparently non-Mauthner initiated startle responses.", "contents": "The Mauthner-initiated startle response in teleost fish. 1. A characteristic behaviour, the 'Mauthner-initiated startle response', was recorded and quantitatively analysed with high-speed cinematography (200 frames/sec) after vibrational stimulation in 11 of 13 teleost species which possess Mauthner cells. 2. The latency of the response is 5-10 msec. This behaviour has: (a) an initial phase, the 'fast-body-bend', lasting about 20 msec and consisting of a stereotyped displacement of the head and tail to one side and (b), a second phase, the 'return-flip', consisting of a non-stereotyped flip of the tail to the opposite side. 3. Within 100 msec after the start of the Mauthner-initiated startle response, most fish were displaced 0-5-1-5 body lengths from their initial position. The variability of the animal's location after 100 msec suggests that the behaviour is adaptively non-predictable; 4. In goldfish, the Mauthner-initiated startle response could also be elicited by visual stimulation. 5. We conclude that the fast-body-bend is the direct result of activation of one Mauthner cell and its spinal motor neurone pool. 6. In four species we described examples of apparently non-Mauthner initiated startle responses."}
{"id": "PMID:870604", "title": "Regulation of rectal secretion in saline-water mosquito larvae living in waters of diverse ionic composition.", "content": "1. Larvae of the saline-water mosquito Aedes campestris were adapted to three waters, all having an osmotic concentration of 700 mOsm, but differing in ionic rations. The (Na+Mg) SO4 medium was much moretoxic than the NAHCO3 or the NaCl media. 2. Ionic and osmotic concentrations of haemolymph and rectal secretion were measured in larvae adapted to all three media. The ratio of ionic concentrations in the rectal secretion reflected those in the external medium to which the larvae had been adapted, with the exception of SO42-, which was possibly replaced by HCO3-in the secretion. These differences in rectal fluid composition persisted even though all ligated recta were bathed in the same artificial haemolymph. 3. The Malpighian tubules were found to be the major site of SO42- excretion. In media containing high levels of NA+, Mg2+, K+, Cl- and HCO3-, the rectum secreted a hyperosmotic fluid containing these ions at concentrations several times greater than those found in the haemolymph. 4. These data provide the basis for speculation on the functioning of anal papillae in waters of diverse chemical composition.", "contents": "Regulation of rectal secretion in saline-water mosquito larvae living in waters of diverse ionic composition. 1. Larvae of the saline-water mosquito Aedes campestris were adapted to three waters, all having an osmotic concentration of 700 mOsm, but differing in ionic rations. The (Na+Mg) SO4 medium was much moretoxic than the NAHCO3 or the NaCl media. 2. Ionic and osmotic concentrations of haemolymph and rectal secretion were measured in larvae adapted to all three media. The ratio of ionic concentrations in the rectal secretion reflected those in the external medium to which the larvae had been adapted, with the exception of SO42-, which was possibly replaced by HCO3-in the secretion. These differences in rectal fluid composition persisted even though all ligated recta were bathed in the same artificial haemolymph. 3. The Malpighian tubules were found to be the major site of SO42- excretion. In media containing high levels of NA+, Mg2+, K+, Cl- and HCO3-, the rectum secreted a hyperosmotic fluid containing these ions at concentrations several times greater than those found in the haemolymph. 4. These data provide the basis for speculation on the functioning of anal papillae in waters of diverse chemical composition."}
{"id": "PMID:870605", "title": "The role of fetal calf serum in the primary immune response in vitro.", "content": "The mode of action of 2-mercaptoethanol (2-ME) on the primary immune response in vitro was investigated. Fetal calf serum (FCS) was preincubated with 2-ME and lyophilized to remove free 2-ME. This 2-ME-treated FCS was able to substitute the function of adherent cells in the primary immune response against sheep red blood cells (SRBC) in vitro; Fractionation of 2-tme-treated FCS on a Sephadex G-100 column showed that 2-ME acted on a high molecular serum component which after activation, could substitute for macrophages. In order to obtain a humoral immune response against SRBC in vitro, spleen cells require selected FCS. These \"good\" sera could be distinguished from \"deficient\" sera by their higher content of this 2-ME-activated factor. The height of the in vitro immune response to SRBC was dependent on the amount of activated factor added to the culture medium. FCS normally required in the culture medium could be completely replaced by the factor-containing fraction without deleterious effect on the culture medium. The factor should be added to the spleen cells during the first 24 h of culture and remain there for 72 h in order to obtain an optimal immune response. The factor could be partially absorbed by spleen cells but not by SRBC. The relationship between macrophage, 2-ME, and FCS in eliciting an in vitro primary immune response is discussed.", "contents": "The role of fetal calf serum in the primary immune response in vitro. The mode of action of 2-mercaptoethanol (2-ME) on the primary immune response in vitro was investigated. Fetal calf serum (FCS) was preincubated with 2-ME and lyophilized to remove free 2-ME. This 2-ME-treated FCS was able to substitute the function of adherent cells in the primary immune response against sheep red blood cells (SRBC) in vitro; Fractionation of 2-tme-treated FCS on a Sephadex G-100 column showed that 2-ME acted on a high molecular serum component which after activation, could substitute for macrophages. In order to obtain a humoral immune response against SRBC in vitro, spleen cells require selected FCS. These \"good\" sera could be distinguished from \"deficient\" sera by their higher content of this 2-ME-activated factor. The height of the in vitro immune response to SRBC was dependent on the amount of activated factor added to the culture medium. FCS normally required in the culture medium could be completely replaced by the factor-containing fraction without deleterious effect on the culture medium. The factor should be added to the spleen cells during the first 24 h of culture and remain there for 72 h in order to obtain an optimal immune response. The factor could be partially absorbed by spleen cells but not by SRBC. The relationship between macrophage, 2-ME, and FCS in eliciting an in vitro primary immune response is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:870606", "title": "Bile pigment formation by skin heme oxygenase: studies on the response of the enzyme to heme compounds and tissue injury.", "content": "Skin heme oxygenase is locally elevated by stimuli such as tissue injury and injections of whole blood, myoglobin, and hematin. The enzyme activity is also increased at the proximity of the injection site of chemicals such as cobalt and cobalt-protoporphyrin-IX (cobalt-heme). Protoporphyrin-IX, the tetrapyrrole nucleus of type-b heme compounds, was ineffective in altering the enzyme activity in vivo. The developmental pattern of heme oxygenase in skin was compared to that of the enzyme in liver. The enzyme activity in both organs was greatest during the 1st postpartum wk and declined to adult levels after 2 wk. The physiological implications of the increased activity of skin heme oxygenase are discussed, and it is concluded that the activity of the hepatic heme oxygenase system and that of the skin are regulated by the same mechanism.", "contents": "Bile pigment formation by skin heme oxygenase: studies on the response of the enzyme to heme compounds and tissue injury. Skin heme oxygenase is locally elevated by stimuli such as tissue injury and injections of whole blood, myoglobin, and hematin. The enzyme activity is also increased at the proximity of the injection site of chemicals such as cobalt and cobalt-protoporphyrin-IX (cobalt-heme). Protoporphyrin-IX, the tetrapyrrole nucleus of type-b heme compounds, was ineffective in altering the enzyme activity in vivo. The developmental pattern of heme oxygenase in skin was compared to that of the enzyme in liver. The enzyme activity in both organs was greatest during the 1st postpartum wk and declined to adult levels after 2 wk. The physiological implications of the increased activity of skin heme oxygenase are discussed, and it is concluded that the activity of the hepatic heme oxygenase system and that of the skin are regulated by the same mechanism."}
{"id": "PMID:870607", "title": "Studies on congenital osteopetrosis in microphthalmic mice using organ cultures: impairment of bone resorption in response to physiologic stimulators.", "content": "The mechanism of congenital osteopetrosis in microphthalmic (mi) mice has been examined in bone organ cultures. Resorption was measured by the release of previously incorporated 45Ca in fetal long bones and newborn calvaria from mi mice and heterozygous or homozygous normal litter mates. Bones from mi mice showed a generalized resorption defect with decreased spontaneous or control resorption and failure to respond to parathyroid hormone (PTH), prostaglandin E2, 1,25 dihydroxy vitamin D3, vitamin A, or osteoclast activating factor (OAF) from human peripheral leukocytes or mouse spleen cells. Bones from heterozygotes showed a smaller response to PTH than bones from homozygous normals. Mutant bones failed to show an increase in lysosomal enzyme release in response to PTH or vitamin A, agents which increased release from bones of homozygous normals. Proline incorporation into collagenase-digestible protein was similar in cultures of normal and mutant bone and was inhibited by PTH and OAF. These results indicate that congenital osteopetrosis in mi mice is due to a generalized defect in the function and hormonal response of osteoclasts and suggests that this cell line is separate from the osteoblast cell line which shows no impairment of hormonal response.", "contents": "Studies on congenital osteopetrosis in microphthalmic mice using organ cultures: impairment of bone resorption in response to physiologic stimulators. The mechanism of congenital osteopetrosis in microphthalmic (mi) mice has been examined in bone organ cultures. Resorption was measured by the release of previously incorporated 45Ca in fetal long bones and newborn calvaria from mi mice and heterozygous or homozygous normal litter mates. Bones from mi mice showed a generalized resorption defect with decreased spontaneous or control resorption and failure to respond to parathyroid hormone (PTH), prostaglandin E2, 1,25 dihydroxy vitamin D3, vitamin A, or osteoclast activating factor (OAF) from human peripheral leukocytes or mouse spleen cells. Bones from heterozygotes showed a smaller response to PTH than bones from homozygous normals. Mutant bones failed to show an increase in lysosomal enzyme release in response to PTH or vitamin A, agents which increased release from bones of homozygous normals. Proline incorporation into collagenase-digestible protein was similar in cultures of normal and mutant bone and was inhibited by PTH and OAF. These results indicate that congenital osteopetrosis in mi mice is due to a generalized defect in the function and hormonal response of osteoclasts and suggests that this cell line is separate from the osteoblast cell line which shows no impairment of hormonal response."}
{"id": "PMID:870609", "title": "[A new method for the preparation of linear polyacrylamide gradients (author's transl)].", "content": "Continuous linear gradients improve electrophoretic separations in polyacrylamide. They are obtained by overlayering equal volumes of two monomer solutions with different acrylamide concentrations, namely 180-260 and 23-50 g/l, in the usual gel tubes. The tubes are tilted 3-10 degrees to the horizontal, and rotated around their longitudinal axis until the parts of both solutions in contact are mixed homogeneously. Subsequent polymerization takes place in the vertical position. The more concentrated lower solution contains 4-nitrophenol, so that the final polymer concentration at any point of the gel can be measured densitometrically. The construction and handling of the rotation device are simple and yield highly reproducible results. This versatile method was evaluated for the separation of proteins, lipoproteins, and enzymes in human serum and yields 27-30 protein fractions by additional use of a pH-gradient.", "contents": "[A new method for the preparation of linear polyacrylamide gradients (author's transl)]. Continuous linear gradients improve electrophoretic separations in polyacrylamide. They are obtained by overlayering equal volumes of two monomer solutions with different acrylamide concentrations, namely 180-260 and 23-50 g/l, in the usual gel tubes. The tubes are tilted 3-10 degrees to the horizontal, and rotated around their longitudinal axis until the parts of both solutions in contact are mixed homogeneously. Subsequent polymerization takes place in the vertical position. The more concentrated lower solution contains 4-nitrophenol, so that the final polymer concentration at any point of the gel can be measured densitometrically. The construction and handling of the rotation device are simple and yield highly reproducible results. This versatile method was evaluated for the separation of proteins, lipoproteins, and enzymes in human serum and yields 27-30 protein fractions by additional use of a pH-gradient."}
{"id": "PMID:870608", "title": "Surface parasitism by Mycoplasma pneumoniae of respiratory epithelium.", "content": "Identification of the attachment factor on virulent Mycoplasma pneumoniae organisms which permits surface parasitism of respiratory epithelium was attempted. Brief pretreatment of M. pneumoniae monolayers with protease prevented mycoplasma attachment ot sensitive host cells without reducing viability of the microorganisms. Gel electrophoretic analysis of mycoplasma proteins before and after exposure of intact mycoplasmas to protease revealed the absence of a major protein species (P1) in enzyme-treated preparations while other protein bands with the exception of P2 were virtually unaffected. The absence of P1 correlated with the failure of enzyme-treated mycoplasmas to attach to tracheal explants. P1 regeneration after protease treatment of mycoplasma monolayers was directly associated with reattachment capabilities in M. pneumoniae. Erythromycin inhibited P1 resynthesis, thus preventing resumed attachment activity by mycoplasmas. Lactoperoxidase-catalyzed iodination of intact M. pneumoniae organisms further confirmed that P1 was an external membrane protein and suggested that his surface component was required for the successful membrane-membrane interaction between host and parasite.", "contents": "Surface parasitism by Mycoplasma pneumoniae of respiratory epithelium. Identification of the attachment factor on virulent Mycoplasma pneumoniae organisms which permits surface parasitism of respiratory epithelium was attempted. Brief pretreatment of M. pneumoniae monolayers with protease prevented mycoplasma attachment ot sensitive host cells without reducing viability of the microorganisms. Gel electrophoretic analysis of mycoplasma proteins before and after exposure of intact mycoplasmas to protease revealed the absence of a major protein species (P1) in enzyme-treated preparations while other protein bands with the exception of P2 were virtually unaffected. The absence of P1 correlated with the failure of enzyme-treated mycoplasmas to attach to tracheal explants. P1 regeneration after protease treatment of mycoplasma monolayers was directly associated with reattachment capabilities in M. pneumoniae. Erythromycin inhibited P1 resynthesis, thus preventing resumed attachment activity by mycoplasmas. Lactoperoxidase-catalyzed iodination of intact M. pneumoniae organisms further confirmed that P1 was an external membrane protein and suggested that his surface component was required for the successful membrane-membrane interaction between host and parasite."}
{"id": "PMID:870610", "title": "[Enzymatic determination of total cholesterol with the Greiner Selective Analyzer (GSA-II) (author's transl)].", "content": "A fully enzymatic method to determine total cholesterol in serum is described. The method appears especially suitable for adaptation to discrete mechanical analyzers either of the single channel or the multi-channel type. The method uses the enzymes cholesterol esterase (EC 3.1.1.13), cholesterol oxidase (EC 1.1.3.6) and peroxidase (EC 1.11.1.7) with 4-aminophenazone and phenol as substrates in the indicator reaction. The method was adapted to the Greiner Selective Analyzer GSA-II. For this purpose the critical parameters of the reaction were intensively examined. The complete reagent is stable within the GSA II dispenser at 4 degrees C for at least 1 week. By omitting cholesterol oxidase in the blank reagent a sample bland and a partial reagent blank are obtained. Within a range up to 10.4 mmol/1 (4.0 g/l) the maximum colour is developed within 6 minutes. The calibration factor was stable for 4 months. The method allows absolute measurements. At concentrations between 2 and 4 mmol/1 within-batch precision ranged from 0.5 to 1.4%. Precision from day to day for the same control sera amounted to 2.8; 2.0; 2.7 and 2.0% for a period of 3 months. Examination of accuracy yielded satisfying results. Ascorbic acid in the physiological range did not alter results to a significant extent. Catalase or novaminesulfone added in vitro did not interfere. Optical interferences by bilirubin, hemoglobin or turbidity are compensated by a sample blank. A comparison of results with the enzymatic method of Roeschlau et al. (Z. Klin. Chem. Klin. Biochem. 12, 226 (1974)) yielded satisfactory agreement. The limits of detection of the present method can be lowered by a factor of 2.2 by replacing phenol by dihalogen phenols.", "contents": "[Enzymatic determination of total cholesterol with the Greiner Selective Analyzer (GSA-II) (author's transl)]. A fully enzymatic method to determine total cholesterol in serum is described. The method appears especially suitable for adaptation to discrete mechanical analyzers either of the single channel or the multi-channel type. The method uses the enzymes cholesterol esterase (EC 3.1.1.13), cholesterol oxidase (EC 1.1.3.6) and peroxidase (EC 1.11.1.7) with 4-aminophenazone and phenol as substrates in the indicator reaction. The method was adapted to the Greiner Selective Analyzer GSA-II. For this purpose the critical parameters of the reaction were intensively examined. The complete reagent is stable within the GSA II dispenser at 4 degrees C for at least 1 week. By omitting cholesterol oxidase in the blank reagent a sample bland and a partial reagent blank are obtained. Within a range up to 10.4 mmol/1 (4.0 g/l) the maximum colour is developed within 6 minutes. The calibration factor was stable for 4 months. The method allows absolute measurements. At concentrations between 2 and 4 mmol/1 within-batch precision ranged from 0.5 to 1.4%. Precision from day to day for the same control sera amounted to 2.8; 2.0; 2.7 and 2.0% for a period of 3 months. Examination of accuracy yielded satisfying results. Ascorbic acid in the physiological range did not alter results to a significant extent. Catalase or novaminesulfone added in vitro did not interfere. Optical interferences by bilirubin, hemoglobin or turbidity are compensated by a sample blank. A comparison of results with the enzymatic method of Roeschlau et al. (Z. Klin. Chem. Klin. Biochem. 12, 226 (1974)) yielded satisfactory agreement. The limits of detection of the present method can be lowered by a factor of 2.2 by replacing phenol by dihalogen phenols."}
{"id": "PMID:870611", "title": "Eye movements and over rehearsal in wood recall.", "content": "Rates of overt rehearsal and eye movement were compared to each other, and were also compared as predictors of immediate and delayed recall, using practiced subjects who studied lists of eight simultaneously presented words. The correlation between number of eye fixations per word and number of rehearsals per word was greater in immediate than in delayed recall. Also, the number of fixations exceeded the number of overt rehearsals, especially under delayed-recall conditions. However, both overt rehearsals and eye movements were slower in delayed recall. The number of overt rehearsals and the number of fixations per word were good predictors of immediate recall, but neither was highly correlated with delayed recall. Engaging in overt rehearsal had the following effects: It slowed down eye movements, seemed to bias the subject toward a serial learning strategy, improved immediate recall, and did not reduce delayed recall. It was concluded that total looking time was the best predictor of long-term retention and that recall performance following overt rehearsal was different from recall performance following silent study.", "contents": "Eye movements and over rehearsal in wood recall. Rates of overt rehearsal and eye movement were compared to each other, and were also compared as predictors of immediate and delayed recall, using practiced subjects who studied lists of eight simultaneously presented words. The correlation between number of eye fixations per word and number of rehearsals per word was greater in immediate than in delayed recall. Also, the number of fixations exceeded the number of overt rehearsals, especially under delayed-recall conditions. However, both overt rehearsals and eye movements were slower in delayed recall. The number of overt rehearsals and the number of fixations per word were good predictors of immediate recall, but neither was highly correlated with delayed recall. Engaging in overt rehearsal had the following effects: It slowed down eye movements, seemed to bias the subject toward a serial learning strategy, improved immediate recall, and did not reduce delayed recall. It was concluded that total looking time was the best predictor of long-term retention and that recall performance following overt rehearsal was different from recall performance following silent study."}
{"id": "PMID:870612", "title": "Eyelid response topography in differential interstimulus interval conditioning.", "content": "The problem of conditioned eyelid discrimination was investigated with a differential interstimulus interval (ISI) conditioning procedure. In two groups, conditioned stimulus (CS) lights presented in the left or right visual fields signaled ISIs of 800 or 1,200 msec before delivery of an airpuff unconditioned stimulus. Two additional groups received one or the other ISI with both CSs. Somewhat unexpectedly, none of the response-frequency or topography measures showed evidence of conditioned discrimination in the differential ISI groups. Instead, the latencies and puff-attenuating topographies of responses were much more appropriate to the ISI given on the preceding trial, n--1, than to the ISI cued on trial n. Neither the absence of conditioned discrimination nor the presence of ISI sequential effects was related to subjects' reported awareness of the CS-ISI contingencies, suggesting that the overriding process was a relatively \"automatic\" shaping and reshaping of responses in accord with recent ISI experience. These results are discussed in terms of the complex stimulus- and response-processing requirements of the task. Across all four groups there was some evidence of a relative excitatory response bias to CSs presented in the right visual field, and it was found that voluntary-form responders (but not conditioned-form responders) initially gave more alpha responses to the right-field CS than to the left-field CS. These results were examined for possible hemispheric processing implications.", "contents": "Eyelid response topography in differential interstimulus interval conditioning. The problem of conditioned eyelid discrimination was investigated with a differential interstimulus interval (ISI) conditioning procedure. In two groups, conditioned stimulus (CS) lights presented in the left or right visual fields signaled ISIs of 800 or 1,200 msec before delivery of an airpuff unconditioned stimulus. Two additional groups received one or the other ISI with both CSs. Somewhat unexpectedly, none of the response-frequency or topography measures showed evidence of conditioned discrimination in the differential ISI groups. Instead, the latencies and puff-attenuating topographies of responses were much more appropriate to the ISI given on the preceding trial, n--1, than to the ISI cued on trial n. Neither the absence of conditioned discrimination nor the presence of ISI sequential effects was related to subjects' reported awareness of the CS-ISI contingencies, suggesting that the overriding process was a relatively \"automatic\" shaping and reshaping of responses in accord with recent ISI experience. These results are discussed in terms of the complex stimulus- and response-processing requirements of the task. Across all four groups there was some evidence of a relative excitatory response bias to CSs presented in the right visual field, and it was found that voluntary-form responders (but not conditioned-form responders) initially gave more alpha responses to the right-field CS than to the left-field CS. These results were examined for possible hemispheric processing implications."}
{"id": "PMID:870613", "title": "The effect of 5-bromodeoxyuridine on the postnatal development of the rat testis.", "content": "The effects of 5-bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) on postnatal testicular development were studied in rats treated on the second, third and fourth days of life. Testes were removed for study at 5, 15 and 35 days of age. Body weights and diameters of seminiferous cords and tubules were significantly less in the treated than control animals. At 15 days of age fewer pachytene spermatocytes were present in treated animals. At 35 days of age the testes of treated animals contained fewer canalized cords. Spermatids exhibited an altered distribution of chromatin material, contained less agranular endoplasmic reticulum and fewer mitochondria, and had not yet developed tails. Sertoli cells and Leydig cells of treated animals contained less agranular endoplasmic reticulum and more lipid droplets than the normal.", "contents": "The effect of 5-bromodeoxyuridine on the postnatal development of the rat testis. The effects of 5-bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) on postnatal testicular development were studied in rats treated on the second, third and fourth days of life. Testes were removed for study at 5, 15 and 35 days of age. Body weights and diameters of seminiferous cords and tubules were significantly less in the treated than control animals. At 15 days of age fewer pachytene spermatocytes were present in treated animals. At 35 days of age the testes of treated animals contained fewer canalized cords. Spermatids exhibited an altered distribution of chromatin material, contained less agranular endoplasmic reticulum and fewer mitochondria, and had not yet developed tails. Sertoli cells and Leydig cells of treated animals contained less agranular endoplasmic reticulum and more lipid droplets than the normal."}
{"id": "PMID:870614", "title": "Abnormal morphogenesis of feather structures and pattern in the chick embryo integument. II. Histological description.", "content": "The development of skin and feathers in highly feathered scaleless mutants and normal Single Comb White Leghorn chick embryos was analyzed histologically. In addition, the growth of mutant feathers in chorioallantoic membrane culture is reported as a verification of several inferences made from observations of serially staged fixed specimens. The most striking feature of scaleless high line feather development is the widespread appearance of condensed or nearly condensed dermis. The discrete arrangement of normal placodes with underlying condensed dermis is replaced in the mutant by a heterogeneously shaped group of extremely large islands of columnar (\"placodized\") epithelium as long as 3,000 micron. The shape and extent of the condensed areas of dermis reflect the shape and extent of the overlying \"placodized\" epithelium. The polarity of the epidermis in normal feather germs, i.e., thicker epidermis on the posterior surface, is absent in mutant feather germs. This absence of epidermal polarity is reflected in the aberrant outgrowth of the mutant feather primordial. In the mutant, the basal cell layer of the epidermis invades the dermal core of the aberrant feather germs and may form barb vane ridges or feather sheaths. This process had no counterpart in the development of normal down feathers.", "contents": "Abnormal morphogenesis of feather structures and pattern in the chick embryo integument. II. Histological description. The development of skin and feathers in highly feathered scaleless mutants and normal Single Comb White Leghorn chick embryos was analyzed histologically. In addition, the growth of mutant feathers in chorioallantoic membrane culture is reported as a verification of several inferences made from observations of serially staged fixed specimens. The most striking feature of scaleless high line feather development is the widespread appearance of condensed or nearly condensed dermis. The discrete arrangement of normal placodes with underlying condensed dermis is replaced in the mutant by a heterogeneously shaped group of extremely large islands of columnar (\"placodized\") epithelium as long as 3,000 micron. The shape and extent of the condensed areas of dermis reflect the shape and extent of the overlying \"placodized\" epithelium. The polarity of the epidermis in normal feather germs, i.e., thicker epidermis on the posterior surface, is absent in mutant feather germs. This absence of epidermal polarity is reflected in the aberrant outgrowth of the mutant feather primordial. In the mutant, the basal cell layer of the epidermis invades the dermal core of the aberrant feather germs and may form barb vane ridges or feather sheaths. This process had no counterpart in the development of normal down feathers."}
{"id": "PMID:870615", "title": "Regeneration of the retina in the adult newt, Triturus cristatus, following surgical division of the eye by a post-limbal incision.", "content": "An autoradiographic and histological study of retinal regeneration following a post-limbal ocular incision, in Triturus cristatus, is described. In these cases there is a major contribution to the regenerating retina from both the anterior complex (pars ciliaris retinae: ora serrata) and the retinal pigment epithelium. The tissue derived from the anterior complex can independently differentiate into retinal tissue if the anterior and posterior parts of the regenerate do not join. This contrasts with the situation following a limbal incision to the eye where the regenerative response of the anterior complex is inhibited. The significance of labelling patterns in the regenerating retina, following administration of 3H-thymidine, is discussed.", "contents": "Regeneration of the retina in the adult newt, Triturus cristatus, following surgical division of the eye by a post-limbal incision. An autoradiographic and histological study of retinal regeneration following a post-limbal ocular incision, in Triturus cristatus, is described. In these cases there is a major contribution to the regenerating retina from both the anterior complex (pars ciliaris retinae: ora serrata) and the retinal pigment epithelium. The tissue derived from the anterior complex can independently differentiate into retinal tissue if the anterior and posterior parts of the regenerate do not join. This contrasts with the situation following a limbal incision to the eye where the regenerative response of the anterior complex is inhibited. The significance of labelling patterns in the regenerating retina, following administration of 3H-thymidine, is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:870616", "title": "Inhibition of epidermal cell migration by concanavalin A in skin wounds of the adult newt.", "content": "Pigment cell migration was used as an indicator to study the effects of the plant lectin, concanavalin A (con A), on epidermal cell closure of skin wounds. Continuous immersion of wounded animals in 10-100 microng/ml of con A greatly slowed but did not stop epidermal cell migration. Thus, untreated animals closed wounds in 12 to 24 hours while some treated wounds were still open after three days. Removal from con A after 24 hours, allowed inhibited wounds to close faster than those left in con A. Brief (30-minute) immersion of wounded animals in con A, either before or after migration had begun, suppressed closure for four to eight hours, demonstrating that the affinity for con A persists as epidermal cells migrate. When the left forelimb of bilaterally wounded animals was immersed in con A, it caused suppression of migration only on the immersed side, indicating a local rather than systemic site of action. Mixture with its competing sugar, alpha methyl D mannoside, abolished the effects of con A. The mechanism by which this lectin suppresses epidermal cell migration is unknown but clearly involves binding of the molecule to glycoprotein or glycolipid receptors on the cell surface.", "contents": "Inhibition of epidermal cell migration by concanavalin A in skin wounds of the adult newt. Pigment cell migration was used as an indicator to study the effects of the plant lectin, concanavalin A (con A), on epidermal cell closure of skin wounds. Continuous immersion of wounded animals in 10-100 microng/ml of con A greatly slowed but did not stop epidermal cell migration. Thus, untreated animals closed wounds in 12 to 24 hours while some treated wounds were still open after three days. Removal from con A after 24 hours, allowed inhibited wounds to close faster than those left in con A. Brief (30-minute) immersion of wounded animals in con A, either before or after migration had begun, suppressed closure for four to eight hours, demonstrating that the affinity for con A persists as epidermal cells migrate. When the left forelimb of bilaterally wounded animals was immersed in con A, it caused suppression of migration only on the immersed side, indicating a local rather than systemic site of action. Mixture with its competing sugar, alpha methyl D mannoside, abolished the effects of con A. The mechanism by which this lectin suppresses epidermal cell migration is unknown but clearly involves binding of the molecule to glycoprotein or glycolipid receptors on the cell surface."}
{"id": "PMID:870617", "title": "Further studies on the biology of an antiviral factor (AVF) from virus-infected plants and its association with the N-gene of Nicotiana species.", "content": "The antiviral factor (AVF) from virus-infected plants, purified on polyacrylamide gels, could be labelled with radioactive phosphorus and its activity could be eluted from the gels. The radioactivity and the antiviral activity were co-purified and thus co-electrophoresed; hence, the previously reported radioactive zone (Antignus, Sela & Harpaz, 1975) can be regarded as AVF. The production of AVF requires both the presence of the N-gene in the plant as well as virus infection. AVF production is inhibited by actinomycin D, but its activity is not affected by this drug. AVF production is correlated in time with the development of virus resistance in a local-lesion host. AVF inhibits TMV multiplication in infected leaves and suppresses virus synthesis almost totally in a local-lesion host. Some AVF is also produced when Nicotiana glutinosa L. is infected with a non-localized virus, but to a much lesser extent and at a later stage of infection. The production of AVF in N. glutinosa is not blocked at 30 degrees C. even though TMV is no longer localized at this temperature.", "contents": "Further studies on the biology of an antiviral factor (AVF) from virus-infected plants and its association with the N-gene of Nicotiana species. The antiviral factor (AVF) from virus-infected plants, purified on polyacrylamide gels, could be labelled with radioactive phosphorus and its activity could be eluted from the gels. The radioactivity and the antiviral activity were co-purified and thus co-electrophoresed; hence, the previously reported radioactive zone (Antignus, Sela & Harpaz, 1975) can be regarded as AVF. The production of AVF requires both the presence of the N-gene in the plant as well as virus infection. AVF production is inhibited by actinomycin D, but its activity is not affected by this drug. AVF production is correlated in time with the development of virus resistance in a local-lesion host. AVF inhibits TMV multiplication in infected leaves and suppresses virus synthesis almost totally in a local-lesion host. Some AVF is also produced when Nicotiana glutinosa L. is infected with a non-localized virus, but to a much lesser extent and at a later stage of infection. The production of AVF in N. glutinosa is not blocked at 30 degrees C. even though TMV is no longer localized at this temperature."}
{"id": "PMID:870618", "title": "Fine structure of the cerebellum of \"staggerer-reeler\", a double mutant of mice affected by staggerer and reeler conditions. I. The premature disappearance of the external granular layer and ensuing cerebellar disorganization.", "content": "It was reasoned that cerebella of mice carrying both staggerer and reeler conditions, called double mutant, might accentuate some of the anomalies observed in single mutants, thus revealing further details otherwise undetectable. As expected, the cerebellar hypoplasia, the paucity of fissures, granule cells and interneurons of the molecular layer, and the external granular layer hypoplasia, common in both staggerer and reeler, were much more pronounced in double mutant. However, the most striking feature of the double mutant cerebellum was the premature disappearance of the external granular layer. The external granular layer is smaller both in staggerer and reeler as compared to the normal but it persists beyond the normal time (around day 15). In double mutant, however, the external granular layer disappeared by day 7 or 8, reducing the density of granule cells even further. This observation was interpreted as indicating that both the staggerer and reeler genes effect the premature disappearance of the external granular layer. Most of the gross cerebellar anomalies in double mutant such as cerebellar hypoplasia, paucity of fissures and Purkinje and Golgi epithelial cell disalignment could be explained as the result of this premature disappearance of the external granular layer. On the other hand, anomalies of Purkinje cells and Bergmann fibers, which are also present both in staggerer and reeler, did not follow the same additive change.", "contents": "Fine structure of the cerebellum of \"staggerer-reeler\", a double mutant of mice affected by staggerer and reeler conditions. I. The premature disappearance of the external granular layer and ensuing cerebellar disorganization. It was reasoned that cerebella of mice carrying both staggerer and reeler conditions, called double mutant, might accentuate some of the anomalies observed in single mutants, thus revealing further details otherwise undetectable. As expected, the cerebellar hypoplasia, the paucity of fissures, granule cells and interneurons of the molecular layer, and the external granular layer hypoplasia, common in both staggerer and reeler, were much more pronounced in double mutant. However, the most striking feature of the double mutant cerebellum was the premature disappearance of the external granular layer. The external granular layer is smaller both in staggerer and reeler as compared to the normal but it persists beyond the normal time (around day 15). In double mutant, however, the external granular layer disappeared by day 7 or 8, reducing the density of granule cells even further. This observation was interpreted as indicating that both the staggerer and reeler genes effect the premature disappearance of the external granular layer. Most of the gross cerebellar anomalies in double mutant such as cerebellar hypoplasia, paucity of fissures and Purkinje and Golgi epithelial cell disalignment could be explained as the result of this premature disappearance of the external granular layer. On the other hand, anomalies of Purkinje cells and Bergmann fibers, which are also present both in staggerer and reeler, did not follow the same additive change."}
{"id": "PMID:870619", "title": "Fine structure of the cerebellum of \"staggerer-reeler\", a double mutant of mice affected by staggerer and reeler conditions. II. Purkinje cell anomalies.", "content": "Purkinje cells in double mutant were very similar to those in staggerer both at days 7 and 15, and could not be distinguished from staggerer Purkinje cells by morphological criteria. They were small and immature looking, and their nuclei were invariably eccentric in position both at days 7 and 15. The typical funnel stage was not observed at any time. Somatic spines and their synapses were extermely rare at day 7 when they are abundant in the normal, but they were present at day 15 with typical synapses with climbing fibers. Dendritic spines were also present at day 15 although extremely infrequent, and they showed synapses both with parallel and climbing fibers. More often, however, parallel and climbing fibers were found in synapsis with the smooth surgace of these dentrites. These observations were in close agreement with those of staggerer Purkinje cells. The persistence of staggerer Purkinje cell soma anomalies in double mutant was interpreted as indicating that these anomalies are specific effects of the staggerer gene, being relatively free from environmental influences.", "contents": "Fine structure of the cerebellum of \"staggerer-reeler\", a double mutant of mice affected by staggerer and reeler conditions. II. Purkinje cell anomalies. Purkinje cells in double mutant were very similar to those in staggerer both at days 7 and 15, and could not be distinguished from staggerer Purkinje cells by morphological criteria. They were small and immature looking, and their nuclei were invariably eccentric in position both at days 7 and 15. The typical funnel stage was not observed at any time. Somatic spines and their synapses were extermely rare at day 7 when they are abundant in the normal, but they were present at day 15 with typical synapses with climbing fibers. Dendritic spines were also present at day 15 although extremely infrequent, and they showed synapses both with parallel and climbing fibers. More often, however, parallel and climbing fibers were found in synapsis with the smooth surgace of these dentrites. These observations were in close agreement with those of staggerer Purkinje cells. The persistence of staggerer Purkinje cell soma anomalies in double mutant was interpreted as indicating that these anomalies are specific effects of the staggerer gene, being relatively free from environmental influences."}
{"id": "PMID:870620", "title": "Fine structure of the cerebellum of \"staggerer-reeler\", a double mutant of mice affected by staggerer and reeler conditions. III. bergmann fiber anomalies.", "content": "Bergmann fibers and the distribution of Golgi epithelial cells were significantly altered in staggerer, reeler and double mutant (affected by both staggerer and reeler conditions). However, the Bergmann fiber anomalies in double mutant were not identical to those of either staggerer or reeler. A comparison of these anomalies with the anomalies described in weaver revealed that the developmental patterns of Bergmann fibers are distinct in all four cerebellar mutants just as are the cytoarchitectural anomalies of these cerebella. The results of the present electronmicroscopic examinations of Bergmann fibers in staggerer and reeler were in good agreement with the findings made with the immunofluorescence technique. There was, however, one important discrepancy between these two sets of observations. Immunofluorescent astrocytic fibers were nearly absent in 21 and 26 day old staggerers while Bergmann fibers were structurally present in nearly normal numbers both at days 21 and 31. A possible reason for this discrepancy was discussed.", "contents": "Fine structure of the cerebellum of \"staggerer-reeler\", a double mutant of mice affected by staggerer and reeler conditions. III. bergmann fiber anomalies. Bergmann fibers and the distribution of Golgi epithelial cells were significantly altered in staggerer, reeler and double mutant (affected by both staggerer and reeler conditions). However, the Bergmann fiber anomalies in double mutant were not identical to those of either staggerer or reeler. A comparison of these anomalies with the anomalies described in weaver revealed that the developmental patterns of Bergmann fibers are distinct in all four cerebellar mutants just as are the cytoarchitectural anomalies of these cerebella. The results of the present electronmicroscopic examinations of Bergmann fibers in staggerer and reeler were in good agreement with the findings made with the immunofluorescence technique. There was, however, one important discrepancy between these two sets of observations. Immunofluorescent astrocytic fibers were nearly absent in 21 and 26 day old staggerers while Bergmann fibers were structurally present in nearly normal numbers both at days 21 and 31. A possible reason for this discrepancy was discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:870621", "title": "H3T-labelled blood cells in the CNS response to axotomies at various times after isotope injection.", "content": "Numerous investigators, using tritiated thymidine to label mononuclear blood cells, have proposed a hematogenous origin for some of the reactive cells responding to injury in the CNS. However, two questions have remained unanswered: recirculation of H3T at the time of injury with labelling of proliferating local cells; and local reutilization of label released from degenerating cells. In a recently reported experiment using bilateral injuries made at different times (24), a large number os labelled cells responding to the second injury resulted from mitosis of cells already reacting to injury on the contralateral side. Additionally, the possibility that some of the labelled cells could have been newly drived from blood was not ruled out. The present experiment was designed to further explore this possibility. To minimize the problems of H3T recirculation and reutilization, the isotope was injected 3 to 17 days before nerve injury in some of the animals. At sacrifice, labelled cells were found in the nucleus of the injured nerve up to 36 days after isotope injection, with the peak of the reaction occurring at 9 days. Since the isotope was injected 3 to 17 days before injury and because there was no source of reactive cells on the contralateral side, it was felt that these labelled cells were newly derived from blood.", "contents": "H3T-labelled blood cells in the CNS response to axotomies at various times after isotope injection. Numerous investigators, using tritiated thymidine to label mononuclear blood cells, have proposed a hematogenous origin for some of the reactive cells responding to injury in the CNS. However, two questions have remained unanswered: recirculation of H3T at the time of injury with labelling of proliferating local cells; and local reutilization of label released from degenerating cells. In a recently reported experiment using bilateral injuries made at different times (24), a large number os labelled cells responding to the second injury resulted from mitosis of cells already reacting to injury on the contralateral side. Additionally, the possibility that some of the labelled cells could have been newly drived from blood was not ruled out. The present experiment was designed to further explore this possibility. To minimize the problems of H3T recirculation and reutilization, the isotope was injected 3 to 17 days before nerve injury in some of the animals. At sacrifice, labelled cells were found in the nucleus of the injured nerve up to 36 days after isotope injection, with the peak of the reaction occurring at 9 days. Since the isotope was injected 3 to 17 days before injury and because there was no source of reactive cells on the contralateral side, it was felt that these labelled cells were newly derived from blood."}
{"id": "PMID:870622", "title": "Granulovacuolar degeneration in the ageing brain and in dementia.", "content": "Quantitative morphometry with a sampling stage light microscope was performed to determine the severity of granulovacuolar degeneration of hippocampal neurones in serially sectioned temporal lobe from mentally normal subjects of different ages and from demented patients. The degree of granulovacuolar change in control brains increased slightly with increasing age; the \"granulovacuolar index\" of cases with Alzheimer's disease exceeded by many times that of age-matched controls. This significant difference was demonstrable whether the granulovacuolar severity was expressed as number of affected cells per volume of cortex analysed, or as the percentage involvement of total neurones counted in the hippocampus. The posterior half of each dement's hippocampus was found to be more susceptible to this augmented granulovacuolar degeneration than the anterior half, a selectivity already observed for neurofibrillary tangel formation in the same material.", "contents": "Granulovacuolar degeneration in the ageing brain and in dementia. Quantitative morphometry with a sampling stage light microscope was performed to determine the severity of granulovacuolar degeneration of hippocampal neurones in serially sectioned temporal lobe from mentally normal subjects of different ages and from demented patients. The degree of granulovacuolar change in control brains increased slightly with increasing age; the \"granulovacuolar index\" of cases with Alzheimer's disease exceeded by many times that of age-matched controls. This significant difference was demonstrable whether the granulovacuolar severity was expressed as number of affected cells per volume of cortex analysed, or as the percentage involvement of total neurones counted in the hippocampus. The posterior half of each dement's hippocampus was found to be more susceptible to this augmented granulovacuolar degeneration than the anterior half, a selectivity already observed for neurofibrillary tangel formation in the same material."}
{"id": "PMID:870623", "title": "Attempts to induce chronic experimental allergic neuritis in strain 13 and Hartley guinea pigs.", "content": "An attempt has been made to develop a model of chronic experimental allergic neuritis (EAN) using juvenile and adult inbred (Strain 13) and Hartley guinea pigs sensitized with peripheral nerve in complete Freund's adjuvant. Animals were followed clinically for periods ranging from 2 to 44 weeks postinoculation and then sacrificed for light and electron microscopy. Out of a total of 39 animals, 16 showed either clinical signs or had histopathologic changes. The remaining 23 guinea pigs were free of any disease. The animals' age at inoculation and strain did not seem to affect either the clinical course or ultimate histopathologic changes. The 7 animals that had clinical EAN displayed signs ranging from weight loss and soiling to quadriparesis (one animal). The histologic changes consisted of meningeal and perivascular inflammation as well as peripheral nervous system (PNS) and central nervous system demyelination and remyelination. An interesting abnormality seen the nerve roots of several animals was the proliferation of Schwann cells around remyelinated PNS fibers reminiscent of the \"onion-bulb\" formations seen in human hypertrophic neuropathies. Because of the lack of ongoing demyelination, onion-bulb formation appeared in this case to be a secondary proliferation of Schwann cells after a single primary episode of demyelination. It is concluded from the present study that despite some interesting histopathologic changes, the animals studied were largely resistant both to acute as well as chronic EAN.", "contents": "Attempts to induce chronic experimental allergic neuritis in strain 13 and Hartley guinea pigs. An attempt has been made to develop a model of chronic experimental allergic neuritis (EAN) using juvenile and adult inbred (Strain 13) and Hartley guinea pigs sensitized with peripheral nerve in complete Freund's adjuvant. Animals were followed clinically for periods ranging from 2 to 44 weeks postinoculation and then sacrificed for light and electron microscopy. Out of a total of 39 animals, 16 showed either clinical signs or had histopathologic changes. The remaining 23 guinea pigs were free of any disease. The animals' age at inoculation and strain did not seem to affect either the clinical course or ultimate histopathologic changes. The 7 animals that had clinical EAN displayed signs ranging from weight loss and soiling to quadriparesis (one animal). The histologic changes consisted of meningeal and perivascular inflammation as well as peripheral nervous system (PNS) and central nervous system demyelination and remyelination. An interesting abnormality seen the nerve roots of several animals was the proliferation of Schwann cells around remyelinated PNS fibers reminiscent of the \"onion-bulb\" formations seen in human hypertrophic neuropathies. Because of the lack of ongoing demyelination, onion-bulb formation appeared in this case to be a secondary proliferation of Schwann cells after a single primary episode of demyelination. It is concluded from the present study that despite some interesting histopathologic changes, the animals studied were largely resistant both to acute as well as chronic EAN."}
{"id": "PMID:870624", "title": "Methylazoxymethanol-induced aberrant Purkinje cell dendritic development.", "content": "Purkinje cell dendrites develop with a specific orientation and relationship to related neurons and glia. Their dendritic spine postsynaptic membrane specialization may, in turn, require a permanent presynaptic contact by parallel fibers. To determine whether changes in the surrounding cells influence the normal development of the cerebellar Purkinje cell dendrites and spine specializations, destruction on the differentiating cell layer was induced in the postnatal mouse by administration of methylazoxymethanol acetate (MAM) (0.05 micronl/gm body weight) at day zero. The Purkinje cells were examined by light and electron microscopy on the tenth postnatal day. The midsagittal surface area of the cerebellar vermis in treated animals was reduced by an average of 60%. MAM-induced granule cell depletion and Purkinje cell dislocation were observed by light microscopy. When compared to controls, examination following Golgi impregnation revealed random orientation of Purkinje cell apical poles, and multiple primary dendrites of reduced length with few branches, branchlets and spines. Vertical processes of Golgi epithelial (Bergmann) cells were obliquely directed, reduced in length and complexity in MAM-treated mice. Ultrastructural examination revealed naked Purkinje cell dendritic spine specializations in both groups. Although necrotic debris persisted in astrocytes and macrophages, degenerating presynaptic terminals were not found. This study suggests that permanent presynaptic contact by parallel fibers is not essential for spine development. Astrocytic reactions to injury, in association with the reduced folial expansion, may have contributed to the observed abnormalities and disorientation of the Purkinje cells. The data suggests that Purkinje cell dendritic development may be strongly influenced by changes in surrounding cells.", "contents": "Methylazoxymethanol-induced aberrant Purkinje cell dendritic development. Purkinje cell dendrites develop with a specific orientation and relationship to related neurons and glia. Their dendritic spine postsynaptic membrane specialization may, in turn, require a permanent presynaptic contact by parallel fibers. To determine whether changes in the surrounding cells influence the normal development of the cerebellar Purkinje cell dendrites and spine specializations, destruction on the differentiating cell layer was induced in the postnatal mouse by administration of methylazoxymethanol acetate (MAM) (0.05 micronl/gm body weight) at day zero. The Purkinje cells were examined by light and electron microscopy on the tenth postnatal day. The midsagittal surface area of the cerebellar vermis in treated animals was reduced by an average of 60%. MAM-induced granule cell depletion and Purkinje cell dislocation were observed by light microscopy. When compared to controls, examination following Golgi impregnation revealed random orientation of Purkinje cell apical poles, and multiple primary dendrites of reduced length with few branches, branchlets and spines. Vertical processes of Golgi epithelial (Bergmann) cells were obliquely directed, reduced in length and complexity in MAM-treated mice. Ultrastructural examination revealed naked Purkinje cell dendritic spine specializations in both groups. Although necrotic debris persisted in astrocytes and macrophages, degenerating presynaptic terminals were not found. This study suggests that permanent presynaptic contact by parallel fibers is not essential for spine development. Astrocytic reactions to injury, in association with the reduced folial expansion, may have contributed to the observed abnormalities and disorientation of the Purkinje cells. The data suggests that Purkinje cell dendritic development may be strongly influenced by changes in surrounding cells."}
{"id": "PMID:870625", "title": "Neuropathological effects of intracerebral platinum salt injections.", "content": "Multiple intracerebral injections of a mixture of platinum salts were made in 9 adult cats and the brains studied by light and electron microscopy at 5-12 days post injection. At the center of the lesions normal cortical architecture was completely replaced by edematous areas containing lipid-laden macrophages and cellular debris. The lesion periphery was characterized by perivascular edema and degenerative changes including cytoplasmic lipid inclusions and vacuolations with selective vulnerability of neurons. Membranous cytoplasmic bodies (MCB), zebra bodies and multiple nucleoli were observed in several cell types. This ultrastructural pattern, mimicked to some extent, that observed following electrical stimulation of brain following chronically implanted platinum and rhodium electrodes. The induction of zebra bodies and MCB, both of which are morphologic features of human neurolipidoses associated with congenital enzyme deficiencies, suggests an inhibitory effect of platinum on brain enzymes. Functional electrical stimulation of brain and other organs is currently being employed in a wide variety of clinical applications (14, 15). A mandatory consideration is that of the long-term effects of the stimuli as well as the electrodes themselves on the tissues involved. The histological effects and mechanisms of tissue damage following chronic application of electrical stimuli to brain have been the subject of several investigations in this laboratory (1, 14-18). Factors contributing to neural damage induced by electrical stimulation include noxious products resulting from electrode dissolution. In vitro studies employing electrochemical (3,9) and scanning electron microscopy (6) techniques have established that erosion of noble metal electrodes occurs, even when passing relatively small stimulation currents. Such electrode dissolution is of particular importance in long term applications of neural prostheses. The present study was initiated to assess the contribution of platinum electrode erosion products to neurla damage following electrical stimulation of brain, specifically to distinguish morphological changes resulting directly from electrode solubilization as opposed to electrical factors. Accordingly, intracerebral injections of graded volumes of platinum salts were made in an attempt to stimulate the presence of platinum electrode dissolution products.", "contents": "Neuropathological effects of intracerebral platinum salt injections. Multiple intracerebral injections of a mixture of platinum salts were made in 9 adult cats and the brains studied by light and electron microscopy at 5-12 days post injection. At the center of the lesions normal cortical architecture was completely replaced by edematous areas containing lipid-laden macrophages and cellular debris. The lesion periphery was characterized by perivascular edema and degenerative changes including cytoplasmic lipid inclusions and vacuolations with selective vulnerability of neurons. Membranous cytoplasmic bodies (MCB), zebra bodies and multiple nucleoli were observed in several cell types. This ultrastructural pattern, mimicked to some extent, that observed following electrical stimulation of brain following chronically implanted platinum and rhodium electrodes. The induction of zebra bodies and MCB, both of which are morphologic features of human neurolipidoses associated with congenital enzyme deficiencies, suggests an inhibitory effect of platinum on brain enzymes. Functional electrical stimulation of brain and other organs is currently being employed in a wide variety of clinical applications (14, 15). A mandatory consideration is that of the long-term effects of the stimuli as well as the electrodes themselves on the tissues involved. The histological effects and mechanisms of tissue damage following chronic application of electrical stimuli to brain have been the subject of several investigations in this laboratory (1, 14-18). Factors contributing to neural damage induced by electrical stimulation include noxious products resulting from electrode dissolution. In vitro studies employing electrochemical (3,9) and scanning electron microscopy (6) techniques have established that erosion of noble metal electrodes occurs, even when passing relatively small stimulation currents. Such electrode dissolution is of particular importance in long term applications of neural prostheses. The present study was initiated to assess the contribution of platinum electrode erosion products to neurla damage following electrical stimulation of brain, specifically to distinguish morphological changes resulting directly from electrode solubilization as opposed to electrical factors. Accordingly, intracerebral injections of graded volumes of platinum salts were made in an attempt to stimulate the presence of platinum electrode dissolution products."}
{"id": "PMID:870626", "title": "The choroid plexus in passive serum sickness.", "content": "Immunofluorescent microscopy of the choroid plexus revealed the presence of rabbit IgG and either rat or mouse C3 in a high percentage of young male Wistar rats and CF1 mice who had received intravenous injections of preformed BSA-rabbit anti BSA complexes over a 3 day period. Electron dense deposits were observed in the basement membrane region of the choroid plexus in these animals. These findings were comparable to those noted in their renal glomeruli. This is the first description of involvement of the choroid plexus in passive immune complex disease. This experimental model is rapidly inducible and should be of value in future pathophysiological studies of this important structure.", "contents": "The choroid plexus in passive serum sickness. Immunofluorescent microscopy of the choroid plexus revealed the presence of rabbit IgG and either rat or mouse C3 in a high percentage of young male Wistar rats and CF1 mice who had received intravenous injections of preformed BSA-rabbit anti BSA complexes over a 3 day period. Electron dense deposits were observed in the basement membrane region of the choroid plexus in these animals. These findings were comparable to those noted in their renal glomeruli. This is the first description of involvement of the choroid plexus in passive immune complex disease. This experimental model is rapidly inducible and should be of value in future pathophysiological studies of this important structure."}
{"id": "PMID:870627", "title": "Surgical management of unruptured asymptomatic aneurysms.", "content": "The natural history of unruptured asymptomatic aneurysms in nuclear. Because of this uncertainty regarding risk of ultimate enlargement  and/or hemorrhage, and in view of the significant mortality and morbidity traditionally involved in aneurysm surgery, clinicans have varied in their advocacy of surgical management of such lesions. Forty-nine consecutive patients harboring 52 such aneurysms were treated surgically over a 57-month period. There were no surgical deaths and morbidity was within acceptable limits. Patient population characteristic and surgical technique are discussed.", "contents": "Surgical management of unruptured asymptomatic aneurysms. The natural history of unruptured asymptomatic aneurysms in nuclear. Because of this uncertainty regarding risk of ultimate enlargement  and/or hemorrhage, and in view of the significant mortality and morbidity traditionally involved in aneurysm surgery, clinicans have varied in their advocacy of surgical management of such lesions. Forty-nine consecutive patients harboring 52 such aneurysms were treated surgically over a 57-month period. There were no surgical deaths and morbidity was within acceptable limits. Patient population characteristic and surgical technique are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:870628", "title": "Mechanical and physiological effects of dentatotomy.", "content": "The role of the dentate ligaments in the pathogenesis of myelopathy secondary to disease conditions that alter the normal biomechanics of the spinal canal was studied in 14 dogs. The effects of posterior cord elevation on somatosensory evoked potentials (SSEP's) and tension requirements were compared before and after dentate ligaments section in acute experiments. At levels of posterior elevation usually within the confines of the canine canal, the dentate ligaments were the most significant element increasing tension requirements and SSEP alternations. Human cadaver studies also showed an approximate 50% reduction of force after dentatotomy. These findings suggests that after dentate ligaments section the applied tension is distributed over a longer segments of the cord with a reduction in tension and disruption of axonal conduction at the level at which the force was applied.", "contents": "Mechanical and physiological effects of dentatotomy. The role of the dentate ligaments in the pathogenesis of myelopathy secondary to disease conditions that alter the normal biomechanics of the spinal canal was studied in 14 dogs. The effects of posterior cord elevation on somatosensory evoked potentials (SSEP's) and tension requirements were compared before and after dentate ligaments section in acute experiments. At levels of posterior elevation usually within the confines of the canine canal, the dentate ligaments were the most significant element increasing tension requirements and SSEP alternations. Human cadaver studies also showed an approximate 50% reduction of force after dentatotomy. These findings suggests that after dentate ligaments section the applied tension is distributed over a longer segments of the cord with a reduction in tension and disruption of axonal conduction at the level at which the force was applied."}
{"id": "PMID:870629", "title": "Dural posterior fossa AVM producing raised sagittal simus pressure. Case report.", "content": "A patient with raised intracranial pressure secondary to a dural arteriovenous malformation (AVM) of the posterior fossa is presented. Direct shunting of arterial blood into the transverse sigmoid sinus caused a considerable increase of the sagittal sinus pressure (SSP) and elevation of intracranial pressure (ICP). Both ICP and SSP returned to normal values following obliteration of the dural AVM by selective embolization.", "contents": "Dural posterior fossa AVM producing raised sagittal simus pressure. Case report. A patient with raised intracranial pressure secondary to a dural arteriovenous malformation (AVM) of the posterior fossa is presented. Direct shunting of arterial blood into the transverse sigmoid sinus caused a considerable increase of the sagittal sinus pressure (SSP) and elevation of intracranial pressure (ICP). Both ICP and SSP returned to normal values following obliteration of the dural AVM by selective embolization."}
{"id": "PMID:870630", "title": "Neuroepithelial cyst of the fourth ventricle. Case report.", "content": "Developmental cysts lined by neuroepithelium are a distinctive form of neural tube dysgenesis. Neuropathological study of fourth ventricular cysts that caused symptomatic hydrocephalus indicated its neuroepithelial origin. The cyst arose from the ventral surface of cerebellar vermis. Evagination of the rhombencephalic roof and entrapment of a ventricular diverticulum beneath the cerebellar anlagen is proposed as a mechanism responsible for the extraordinary occurrence of neuroepithelial cysts within the fourth ventricle.", "contents": "Neuroepithelial cyst of the fourth ventricle. Case report. Developmental cysts lined by neuroepithelium are a distinctive form of neural tube dysgenesis. Neuropathological study of fourth ventricular cysts that caused symptomatic hydrocephalus indicated its neuroepithelial origin. The cyst arose from the ventral surface of cerebellar vermis. Evagination of the rhombencephalic roof and entrapment of a ventricular diverticulum beneath the cerebellar anlagen is proposed as a mechanism responsible for the extraordinary occurrence of neuroepithelial cysts within the fourth ventricle."}
{"id": "PMID:870631", "title": "Intracranial aneurysm in infancy. Case report.", "content": "Angiography demonstrated an aneurysm of the left anterior cerebral artery in a 4-month-old baby who was admitted for subarachnoid hemorrhage. A surgical cure with long-term follow-up course was achieved. Clinical and pathogenetic aspects are presented. The rarity of such lesions in childhood and their successful surgical treatment are discussed briefly.", "contents": "Intracranial aneurysm in infancy. Case report. Angiography demonstrated an aneurysm of the left anterior cerebral artery in a 4-month-old baby who was admitted for subarachnoid hemorrhage. A surgical cure with long-term follow-up course was achieved. Clinical and pathogenetic aspects are presented. The rarity of such lesions in childhood and their successful surgical treatment are discussed briefly."}
{"id": "PMID:870632", "title": "Early diagnosis of myocardial infarction in the dog with 99mTc-glucoheptonate.", "content": "Early gamma imaging of acute experimental myocardial infarcts was evaluated in mongrel dogs with 99mTc-glucoheptonate. From 15 to 20 mCi were injected between 1 and 27 hr after coronary artery occlusion. Nine dogs imaged 3 hr after injection (4 hr after occlusion) showed unequivocal uptake in the region of the infarct. Fifteen dogs imaged 5-7 hr after injection (6-8 hr after occlusion) showed sufficiently well-defined regions of abnormal uptake so that planimetry could be performed reliably. Five animals imaged serially showed improvement of the image only up to about 5-7 hr after injection. Infarct-to-normal myocardium and infarct-to-blood ratios were slightly higher in dogs injected 15-27 hr after infarction than in those injected 1 hr after infarction, implying that equally good results can be obtained with injection and imaging of 99mTc-glucoheptonate at any time within the first day. No other infarct-labeling radiopharmaceutical shares this capability for the early detection a delineation of acute infarcts.", "contents": "Early diagnosis of myocardial infarction in the dog with 99mTc-glucoheptonate. Early gamma imaging of acute experimental myocardial infarcts was evaluated in mongrel dogs with 99mTc-glucoheptonate. From 15 to 20 mCi were injected between 1 and 27 hr after coronary artery occlusion. Nine dogs imaged 3 hr after injection (4 hr after occlusion) showed unequivocal uptake in the region of the infarct. Fifteen dogs imaged 5-7 hr after injection (6-8 hr after occlusion) showed sufficiently well-defined regions of abnormal uptake so that planimetry could be performed reliably. Five animals imaged serially showed improvement of the image only up to about 5-7 hr after injection. Infarct-to-normal myocardium and infarct-to-blood ratios were slightly higher in dogs injected 15-27 hr after infarction than in those injected 1 hr after infarction, implying that equally good results can be obtained with injection and imaging of 99mTc-glucoheptonate at any time within the first day. No other infarct-labeling radiopharmaceutical shares this capability for the early detection a delineation of acute infarcts."}
{"id": "PMID:870633", "title": "Hand images: normal and abnormal.", "content": "Supplemental hand scintigrams with abnormal features were obtained from 29% of patients (134 of 463) who were referred for routine minified bone imaging with 99mTc-Sn-polyphosphate. A wide spectrum of normal activity distribution ranging from well-defined to \"wash-out\" images is described in 329 cases (71%). In the abnormal images of the joints and individual bones, the changes--although not always characteristic of some particular disease--may often suggest a diagnosis and/or its pathophysiologic status. The joints with heavy uptake correlate well with the presence of active clinical findings, e.g., in the arthritides. The bone feature associated with metabolic disease, especially when full-blown, may be fairly characteristic. A potential application is in the assessment of digital circulation, particularly in obliterative vascular diseases such as scleroderma, Buerger's disease, chronic neuropathies, and possibly other collagen or vascular diseases that involve the hands. Interesting images, probably of somewhat limited usefulness, are observed in some congenital anomalies, fractures, camptodactyly, contracture deformities, unilateral lymphedema after mastectomy, etc.", "contents": "Hand images: normal and abnormal. Supplemental hand scintigrams with abnormal features were obtained from 29% of patients (134 of 463) who were referred for routine minified bone imaging with 99mTc-Sn-polyphosphate. A wide spectrum of normal activity distribution ranging from well-defined to \"wash-out\" images is described in 329 cases (71%). In the abnormal images of the joints and individual bones, the changes--although not always characteristic of some particular disease--may often suggest a diagnosis and/or its pathophysiologic status. The joints with heavy uptake correlate well with the presence of active clinical findings, e.g., in the arthritides. The bone feature associated with metabolic disease, especially when full-blown, may be fairly characteristic. A potential application is in the assessment of digital circulation, particularly in obliterative vascular diseases such as scleroderma, Buerger's disease, chronic neuropathies, and possibly other collagen or vascular diseases that involve the hands. Interesting images, probably of somewhat limited usefulness, are observed in some congenital anomalies, fractures, camptodactyly, contracture deformities, unilateral lymphedema after mastectomy, etc."}
{"id": "PMID:870634", "title": "Diagnosis of osteoporosis: usefulness of photon absorptiometry at the radius.", "content": "The photon-absorption method (Cameron-Sorenson) is commonly used in the diagnosis of osteoporosis to measure bone mineral in appendicular bones. Although this method gives accurate and reproducible results when applied to the distal radius and midradius, separation between osteoporotic patients and age-matched normals was less than satisfactory because of a large overlap. By contrast, a radiographic index based on the pattern of trabecular bone at the proximal femur (Singh index) gave a better separation between the two populations. The Singh index discriminates better, probably because osteoporotic patients have a greater proportion of loss of trabecular bone of the axial skeleton than of cortical bone of the appendicular skeleton.", "contents": "Diagnosis of osteoporosis: usefulness of photon absorptiometry at the radius. The photon-absorption method (Cameron-Sorenson) is commonly used in the diagnosis of osteoporosis to measure bone mineral in appendicular bones. Although this method gives accurate and reproducible results when applied to the distal radius and midradius, separation between osteoporotic patients and age-matched normals was less than satisfactory because of a large overlap. By contrast, a radiographic index based on the pattern of trabecular bone at the proximal femur (Singh index) gave a better separation between the two populations. The Singh index discriminates better, probably because osteoporotic patients have a greater proportion of loss of trabecular bone of the axial skeleton than of cortical bone of the appendicular skeleton."}
{"id": "PMID:870635", "title": "Gallium bone scan in myelofibrosis: case report.", "content": "When gallium is injected into a patient who has received many transfusions, the resultant scan appears similar to a bone scan with renal excretion. This case report presents a 51-year-old man with myelofibrosis and myeloid metaplasia. Gullium-67 and 52Fe scans with 99mTc-pyrophosphate bone scintigrams are included.", "contents": "Gallium bone scan in myelofibrosis: case report. When gallium is injected into a patient who has received many transfusions, the resultant scan appears similar to a bone scan with renal excretion. This case report presents a 51-year-old man with myelofibrosis and myeloid metaplasia. Gullium-67 and 52Fe scans with 99mTc-pyrophosphate bone scintigrams are included."}
{"id": "PMID:870636", "title": "Utility of bone scanning in disseminated coccidioidomycosis: case report.", "content": "Five cases of disseminated coccidioidomycosis (DC) are presented, to illustrate the complementary nature of bone scanning and radiography in the assessment of skeletal involvement. As shown in other unflammatory and neoplastic processes, bone scanning is more sensitive than radiography in the detection of early skeletal disease, but correlation with radiographs remains a necessity.", "contents": "Utility of bone scanning in disseminated coccidioidomycosis: case report. Five cases of disseminated coccidioidomycosis (DC) are presented, to illustrate the complementary nature of bone scanning and radiography in the assessment of skeletal involvement. As shown in other unflammatory and neoplastic processes, bone scanning is more sensitive than radiography in the detection of early skeletal disease, but correlation with radiographs remains a necessity."}
{"id": "PMID:870637", "title": "An evaluation of 99mTc-labeled hepatobiliary agents.", "content": "Scintigraphic imaging of the hepatobiliary system has been significantly improved with the development of 99mTc-labeled compounds. Two of the most promising agents, pyridoxylideneglutamate and HIDA, each formed the basis for the development of a group of structural analogs. Condensation of pyridoxal with leucine and arginine (in place of glutamate) produced pyridoxylideneleucine and pyridoxylidenearginine. Since increasing the molecular weight and the lipid solubility of compounds tends to enhance their biliary excretion, several new IDA derivatives were synthesized by altering the lipophilic substituents on the ring of HIDA. The substitutions included ethyl and ethoxy groups as well as iodine. All compounds were compared with 131I-rose bengal using a baboon model that allowed blood, bile, and urine collection.", "contents": "An evaluation of 99mTc-labeled hepatobiliary agents. Scintigraphic imaging of the hepatobiliary system has been significantly improved with the development of 99mTc-labeled compounds. Two of the most promising agents, pyridoxylideneglutamate and HIDA, each formed the basis for the development of a group of structural analogs. Condensation of pyridoxal with leucine and arginine (in place of glutamate) produced pyridoxylideneleucine and pyridoxylidenearginine. Since increasing the molecular weight and the lipid solubility of compounds tends to enhance their biliary excretion, several new IDA derivatives were synthesized by altering the lipophilic substituents on the ring of HIDA. The substitutions included ethyl and ethoxy groups as well as iodine. All compounds were compared with 131I-rose bengal using a baboon model that allowed blood, bile, and urine collection."}
{"id": "PMID:870638", "title": "Pathologic changes in the lungs of mice following injection of human albumin microspheres.", "content": "Mice injected with 131I-human albumin microspheres equivalent to 10-20 or 200 human doses were sequentially killed over a 12-day period. About 90% of the microspheres initially lodged in the precapillary arterioles and capillaries of the lungs. Their pulmonary clearance was essentially complete after 3 days. Occlusion of the vessels always led to focal hyperemia of the surrounding tissue and to slight hemorrhage into the alveoli. This was followed, though less frequently, by perivascular nodular inflammtion. Hemorrhagic infarcts were quite uncommon and occurred only after the massive doses. Some emboli underwent organization, but most were resolved. Circulatory disturbances and perivascular inflammation receded in about 1 week and seldom led to obliteration of the involved vessels. Hemorrhagic infarcts were converted into minute scars. Twelve days after injection of microspheres in massive doses, the only findings were post-inarct scars and obliterated vessels, which were sparse and difficult to detect. The lower doses of microspheres did not leave any detectable residues.", "contents": "Pathologic changes in the lungs of mice following injection of human albumin microspheres. Mice injected with 131I-human albumin microspheres equivalent to 10-20 or 200 human doses were sequentially killed over a 12-day period. About 90% of the microspheres initially lodged in the precapillary arterioles and capillaries of the lungs. Their pulmonary clearance was essentially complete after 3 days. Occlusion of the vessels always led to focal hyperemia of the surrounding tissue and to slight hemorrhage into the alveoli. This was followed, though less frequently, by perivascular nodular inflammtion. Hemorrhagic infarcts were quite uncommon and occurred only after the massive doses. Some emboli underwent organization, but most were resolved. Circulatory disturbances and perivascular inflammation receded in about 1 week and seldom led to obliteration of the involved vessels. Hemorrhagic infarcts were converted into minute scars. Twelve days after injection of microspheres in massive doses, the only findings were post-inarct scars and obliterated vessels, which were sparse and difficult to detect. The lower doses of microspheres did not leave any detectable residues."}
{"id": "PMID:870639", "title": "Inexpensive scintillation camera study device.", "content": "A commerically available inexpensive calculator was modified and mounted next to one of the display oscilloscopes on a scintillation-camera console. This enabled the technologist to dial in each patient's identification number, which then appeared on every frame of the 35-mm film used. By using this device, labeling errors have been reduced to a minimum.", "contents": "Inexpensive scintillation camera study device. A commerically available inexpensive calculator was modified and mounted next to one of the display oscilloscopes on a scintillation-camera console. This enabled the technologist to dial in each patient's identification number, which then appeared on every frame of the 35-mm film used. By using this device, labeling errors have been reduced to a minimum."}
{"id": "PMID:870640", "title": "Segmental analysis of Ti-201 stress myocardial scintigraphy.", "content": "Thallium-201 scintigraphy of the exercised myocardium was performed in 70 male patients admitted for coronary arteriography and left-ventricular angiography. Left ventricular scintigrams were collected in left lateral, left anterior oblique (65 degrees, 45 degrees, and 25 degrees), and anterior views, and the images were divided into eight segments: apical, anteroseptal, anterior, antero-lateral, posterolateral, posterior, inferior, and posteroseptal. A correlative study between segmental hypoperfusion on scintigram and coronary-artery stenosis visualized by contrast artriorgraphy allowed selection of specific segments for each main coronary artery. Hypoactivity in the apical and posterior segments did not appear reliable. Using selected segments, we were able to identify LAD disease in 84%, LCx disease in 49%, and RCA disease in 79% of documented significant stenosis, with specificity of 95%, 89%, and 88%, respectively. Coronary-artery disease could be detected in 95% of patients having more than 50% coronary-artery stenosis, with 93% specificity. In most cases, patients with two-vessels disease and three-vessel disease could not be distinguished from each other. Multiple-vessel disease suggested by segmental analysis of myocardial scinitgrams after exercise was confirmed artriographically in 88% of the patients, but 52% with scintigrams suggesting signle-vessel disease had, in fact, multiple-vessel disease.", "contents": "Segmental analysis of Ti-201 stress myocardial scintigraphy. Thallium-201 scintigraphy of the exercised myocardium was performed in 70 male patients admitted for coronary arteriography and left-ventricular angiography. Left ventricular scintigrams were collected in left lateral, left anterior oblique (65 degrees, 45 degrees, and 25 degrees), and anterior views, and the images were divided into eight segments: apical, anteroseptal, anterior, antero-lateral, posterolateral, posterior, inferior, and posteroseptal. A correlative study between segmental hypoperfusion on scintigram and coronary-artery stenosis visualized by contrast artriorgraphy allowed selection of specific segments for each main coronary artery. Hypoactivity in the apical and posterior segments did not appear reliable. Using selected segments, we were able to identify LAD disease in 84%, LCx disease in 49%, and RCA disease in 79% of documented significant stenosis, with specificity of 95%, 89%, and 88%, respectively. Coronary-artery disease could be detected in 95% of patients having more than 50% coronary-artery stenosis, with 93% specificity. In most cases, patients with two-vessels disease and three-vessel disease could not be distinguished from each other. Multiple-vessel disease suggested by segmental analysis of myocardial scinitgrams after exercise was confirmed artriographically in 88% of the patients, but 52% with scintigrams suggesting signle-vessel disease had, in fact, multiple-vessel disease."}
{"id": "PMID:870641", "title": "Comparison of different noninvasive methods of infarct sizing during experimental myocardial infarction.", "content": "This study evaluated the accuracy of several noninvasive infarct-sizing techniques in 12 awake, unsedated dogs with multivessel coronary obstructions and acute anterior myocardial infarcts. Estimations of infarct size by scintigraphy with technetium-99m Sn pyrophosphate (Tc-PP), serum creatine phosphokinase (CPK) release, peak serum myoglobin levels by radioimmunoassay, and precordial ECG mapping were compared and correlated with histologic measurements of infarct size. The comparisons indicate that precordial ST segments mapping, serum CPK release measurements and peak serum CPK, peak serum myoglobin, and Tc-PPi myocardial scintigraphy all provide approximate estimates of infarct size in this model. Each technique also has certain important limitations, however, including: (A) precordial mapping is relatively insensitive in the identification of small anterior infarcts, (B) serial serum CPK release measurements when obtained for only 24 hr after infarction tend to underestimate large anterior infarct size, and (C) Tc-PPi myocardial scintigrams may fail to recognize anterior infarcts less than 3 gm in size and may overestimate the size of small predominantly subendocardial infarcts. The findings also show that the closest estimate of histologic infarct size in this model was provided by combining two of the noninvasive techniques (precordial mapping to identify sites with 2 or more millimeters of ST segments elevation and Tc-PPi myocardial scintigrams) rather than by relying exclusively on any one technique alone.", "contents": "Comparison of different noninvasive methods of infarct sizing during experimental myocardial infarction. This study evaluated the accuracy of several noninvasive infarct-sizing techniques in 12 awake, unsedated dogs with multivessel coronary obstructions and acute anterior myocardial infarcts. Estimations of infarct size by scintigraphy with technetium-99m Sn pyrophosphate (Tc-PP), serum creatine phosphokinase (CPK) release, peak serum myoglobin levels by radioimmunoassay, and precordial ECG mapping were compared and correlated with histologic measurements of infarct size. The comparisons indicate that precordial ST segments mapping, serum CPK release measurements and peak serum CPK, peak serum myoglobin, and Tc-PPi myocardial scintigraphy all provide approximate estimates of infarct size in this model. Each technique also has certain important limitations, however, including: (A) precordial mapping is relatively insensitive in the identification of small anterior infarcts, (B) serial serum CPK release measurements when obtained for only 24 hr after infarction tend to underestimate large anterior infarct size, and (C) Tc-PPi myocardial scintigrams may fail to recognize anterior infarcts less than 3 gm in size and may overestimate the size of small predominantly subendocardial infarcts. The findings also show that the closest estimate of histologic infarct size in this model was provided by combining two of the noninvasive techniques (precordial mapping to identify sites with 2 or more millimeters of ST segments elevation and Tc-PPi myocardial scintigrams) rather than by relying exclusively on any one technique alone."}
{"id": "PMID:870642", "title": "Comparison of Ga-67 citrate images obtained with rectilinear scanner and large-field Anger camera.", "content": "Two methods for Ga-67 citrate imaging were compared on 20 patients. Scans were performed using approximately equal procedure time with two instruments: (A) a dual 5-in. rectilinear scanner with medium-energy collimator, with a single window spanning both the 93-keV and the 185-keV spectral peaks; and (B) a large-field (15-in. diam) Anger camera equipped with moving table, medium-energy collimator, and three windows covering the 93-keV, 185-keV, and 300-keV peaks separately. Sixteen abnormal sites and 24 normal sites were selected for comparison. Each site was evaluated by four physicians experienced in interpreting Ga-67 citrate images. The observers performed significantly better using the images obtained with the large-field camera (three windows) than with the dual 5-in. scanner (single window).", "contents": "Comparison of Ga-67 citrate images obtained with rectilinear scanner and large-field Anger camera. Two methods for Ga-67 citrate imaging were compared on 20 patients. Scans were performed using approximately equal procedure time with two instruments: (A) a dual 5-in. rectilinear scanner with medium-energy collimator, with a single window spanning both the 93-keV and the 185-keV spectral peaks; and (B) a large-field (15-in. diam) Anger camera equipped with moving table, medium-energy collimator, and three windows covering the 93-keV, 185-keV, and 300-keV peaks separately. Sixteen abnormal sites and 24 normal sites were selected for comparison. Each site was evaluated by four physicians experienced in interpreting Ga-67 citrate images. The observers performed significantly better using the images obtained with the large-field camera (three windows) than with the dual 5-in. scanner (single window)."}
{"id": "PMID:870643", "title": "Gastroesophageal reflux: a potential source of confusion in technetium thyroid scanning:case report.", "content": "Technetium-99m as pertechnetate, excreted into the stomach after intravenous injection and refluxed as high as the cervical esophagus can present a confusing picture during thyroid scintigraphy if one is not aware of this possibility. The typical appearance of refluxed tracer is presented, and a simple method for eliminating the confusion is suggested.", "contents": "Gastroesophageal reflux: a potential source of confusion in technetium thyroid scanning:case report. Technetium-99m as pertechnetate, excreted into the stomach after intravenous injection and refluxed as high as the cervical esophagus can present a confusing picture during thyroid scintigraphy if one is not aware of this possibility. The typical appearance of refluxed tracer is presented, and a simple method for eliminating the confusion is suggested."}
{"id": "PMID:870644", "title": "Quantification of flow in a dynamic phantom using Rb81-Kr81m, and a Nal detector.", "content": "Blood flow can be measured by monitoring the count rate of Krypton-81m after its parent, Rubidium-81 (a potassium analogue), has been deposited in the tissue. The steady-state Kr-81m count rate reflects both production by decay of Rb-81 and washout due to blood flow. Its use is theoretically superior to that of Xenon-133 for quantification of blood flow (cc/min per 100 gm) since: (1) multiple flow measurements can be obtained from a single arterial injection, (2) flow-dependent changes in the count rate of Kr-81m provide a steady-state measure of specific flow, and (3) errors due to uptake in fat are eliminated. The count rate of Kr-81m was measured as a function of flow in a dynamic phantom with a NaI crystal, suing both pure cyclotron-produced Rb-81 and commercially available samples with as much as 25% contamination from Rb-82m. The phantom was calibrated by measuring the flow-rate constants with Xe-133. No significant difference was found between the flow-rate constant measured with three pure samples. The ratio of the zero-flow Kr-81m count rate to the rate observed in the presence of flow showed excellent correlation with calibrated flow over a range of rate constant from 0 to 0.02 sec (-1). This study suggests that regional specific flow can be measured in vivo with currently available Nal detecting systems after the intra-arterial injection of Rb-81.", "contents": "Quantification of flow in a dynamic phantom using Rb81-Kr81m, and a Nal detector. Blood flow can be measured by monitoring the count rate of Krypton-81m after its parent, Rubidium-81 (a potassium analogue), has been deposited in the tissue. The steady-state Kr-81m count rate reflects both production by decay of Rb-81 and washout due to blood flow. Its use is theoretically superior to that of Xenon-133 for quantification of blood flow (cc/min per 100 gm) since: (1) multiple flow measurements can be obtained from a single arterial injection, (2) flow-dependent changes in the count rate of Kr-81m provide a steady-state measure of specific flow, and (3) errors due to uptake in fat are eliminated. The count rate of Kr-81m was measured as a function of flow in a dynamic phantom with a NaI crystal, suing both pure cyclotron-produced Rb-81 and commercially available samples with as much as 25% contamination from Rb-82m. The phantom was calibrated by measuring the flow-rate constants with Xe-133. No significant difference was found between the flow-rate constant measured with three pure samples. The ratio of the zero-flow Kr-81m count rate to the rate observed in the presence of flow showed excellent correlation with calibrated flow over a range of rate constant from 0 to 0.02 sec (-1). This study suggests that regional specific flow can be measured in vivo with currently available Nal detecting systems after the intra-arterial injection of Rb-81."}
{"id": "PMID:870645", "title": "Rapid, rigorous computation of modulation transfer function on a pocket calculator.", "content": "This article describes a method for the rigorous calculation of modulation transfer function (MTF) of a collimated scintillation detector using a programmable pocket calculator. The calculation utilizes a normalized discrete Fourier transform (DFT) of the line spread function (LSF) including real and imaginary terms. A method is described for recording the LSF using an Anger camera and multichannel analyzer (MCA). The procedures for recording of the LSF and calculation of the MTF are therefore performed independently of a computer, allowing nuclear medicine laboratories without access to a computer, allowing nuclear medicine laboratories without access to incorporate MTF studies into their quality-assurance programs. The results obtained using the pocket calculator were compared with those using a PDP-12 minicomputer. The pocket calculator was slightly more accurate, since it does not suffer from the round-off errors of the PDP-12. The time required to plot an 11-point MTF curve using the pocket calculator was 5 min, using the PDP-12 0.5 min.", "contents": "Rapid, rigorous computation of modulation transfer function on a pocket calculator. This article describes a method for the rigorous calculation of modulation transfer function (MTF) of a collimated scintillation detector using a programmable pocket calculator. The calculation utilizes a normalized discrete Fourier transform (DFT) of the line spread function (LSF) including real and imaginary terms. A method is described for recording the LSF using an Anger camera and multichannel analyzer (MCA). The procedures for recording of the LSF and calculation of the MTF are therefore performed independently of a computer, allowing nuclear medicine laboratories without access to a computer, allowing nuclear medicine laboratories without access to incorporate MTF studies into their quality-assurance programs. The results obtained using the pocket calculator were compared with those using a PDP-12 minicomputer. The pocket calculator was slightly more accurate, since it does not suffer from the round-off errors of the PDP-12. The time required to plot an 11-point MTF curve using the pocket calculator was 5 min, using the PDP-12 0.5 min."}
{"id": "PMID:870646", "title": "Effect of dietary DL-ethionine on egg laying and activities of cytoplasmic and mitochondrial L-glycerol 3-phosphate dehydrogenases in liver and kidney of Japanese quail, Coturnix coturnix japonica.", "content": "The effect of dietary DL-ethionine on egg laying and activities of succinate dehydrogenases, cytoplasmic and mitochondrial L-glycerol 3-phosphate dehydrogenases, in liver and kidney of Japanese quail, Coturnix coturnix japonica was investigated. When quail at full laying were fed a diet supplemented with DL-ethionine at 0.05%, 0.10%, 0.15% and 0.30% (w/w), respectively, apparent DL-ethionine concentration dependent inhibitions of egg laying rate, weights of ovary and oviduct, and egg weight were observed. At the 0.30% level, activity per g tissue of cytoplasmic L-glygerol 3-phosphate dehydrogenase from liver and kidney decreased to about one-half of the initial activity. A significant difference in the activity of mitochondrial L-glycerol 3-phosphate and succinate dehydrogenase from liver and kidney was obtained between the control and the DL-ethionine fed quail, respectively. These results indicated that dietary DL-ethionine inhibits egg laying and activities of L-glycerol 3-phosphate dehydrogenases and succinate dehydrogenase of both liver and kidney of Japanese quail.", "contents": "Effect of dietary DL-ethionine on egg laying and activities of cytoplasmic and mitochondrial L-glycerol 3-phosphate dehydrogenases in liver and kidney of Japanese quail, Coturnix coturnix japonica. The effect of dietary DL-ethionine on egg laying and activities of succinate dehydrogenases, cytoplasmic and mitochondrial L-glycerol 3-phosphate dehydrogenases, in liver and kidney of Japanese quail, Coturnix coturnix japonica was investigated. When quail at full laying were fed a diet supplemented with DL-ethionine at 0.05%, 0.10%, 0.15% and 0.30% (w/w), respectively, apparent DL-ethionine concentration dependent inhibitions of egg laying rate, weights of ovary and oviduct, and egg weight were observed. At the 0.30% level, activity per g tissue of cytoplasmic L-glygerol 3-phosphate dehydrogenase from liver and kidney decreased to about one-half of the initial activity. A significant difference in the activity of mitochondrial L-glycerol 3-phosphate and succinate dehydrogenase from liver and kidney was obtained between the control and the DL-ethionine fed quail, respectively. These results indicated that dietary DL-ethionine inhibits egg laying and activities of L-glycerol 3-phosphate dehydrogenases and succinate dehydrogenase of both liver and kidney of Japanese quail."}
{"id": "PMID:870647", "title": "Effect of tryptophan or phenobarbital administration on hepatic polyribosomes and protein synthesis in rats force-fed a complete or threonine-devoid diet.", "content": "Young rats were force-fed a complete or threonine-devoid diet for 3 days. Prior to killing on the fourth morning rats of each group were treated with l-tryptophan (30 mg/100 g body weight) 2 hours before killing or with sodium phenobarbital (8 mg/100 g body weight) 14 hours before killing. Rats force-fed the threonine-devoid diet revealed increased aggregation of polyribosomes (sucrose density gradient analyses) and increased protein synthesis (in vitro [14C]leucine incorporation into protein) in the livers in comparison to that in the livers of rats force-fed the complete diet. Plasma total tryptophan levels were decreased and plasma free tryptophan as a percentage of total plasma tryptophan was increased in rats force-fed the threonine-devoid diet for 3 days. Administration of tryptophan or of phenobarbital stimulated polyribosomal aggregation and in vitro protein synthesis of the livers of rats force-fed the complete or the threonine-devoid diet. These stimulatory effects incuded by tryptophan or phenobarbital were most marked in rats force-fed the threonine-devoid diet. Hepatic tryptophan pyrrolase activity was stimulated to similar degrees following the administration of tryptophan to rats force-fed the complete or the threonine-devoid diet.", "contents": "Effect of tryptophan or phenobarbital administration on hepatic polyribosomes and protein synthesis in rats force-fed a complete or threonine-devoid diet. Young rats were force-fed a complete or threonine-devoid diet for 3 days. Prior to killing on the fourth morning rats of each group were treated with l-tryptophan (30 mg/100 g body weight) 2 hours before killing or with sodium phenobarbital (8 mg/100 g body weight) 14 hours before killing. Rats force-fed the threonine-devoid diet revealed increased aggregation of polyribosomes (sucrose density gradient analyses) and increased protein synthesis (in vitro [14C]leucine incorporation into protein) in the livers in comparison to that in the livers of rats force-fed the complete diet. Plasma total tryptophan levels were decreased and plasma free tryptophan as a percentage of total plasma tryptophan was increased in rats force-fed the threonine-devoid diet for 3 days. Administration of tryptophan or of phenobarbital stimulated polyribosomal aggregation and in vitro protein synthesis of the livers of rats force-fed the complete or the threonine-devoid diet. These stimulatory effects incuded by tryptophan or phenobarbital were most marked in rats force-fed the threonine-devoid diet. Hepatic tryptophan pyrrolase activity was stimulated to similar degrees following the administration of tryptophan to rats force-fed the complete or the threonine-devoid diet."}
{"id": "PMID:870648", "title": "Bovine milk xanthine oxidase, blood lipids and coronary plaques in rabbits.", "content": "The effects of prolonged intravenous  administration of bovine milk xanthine oxidase (EC 1.2.3.2.) on blood lipids and arterial integrity were measured to determine if the administration of this enzyme produces metabolic changes conducive to plaque formation. New Zealand White rabbits were injected intravenously with bovine milk xanthine oxidase at 4-day intervals during a 13-week test period. At the end of the test period, the rabbits were killed and blood, heart, aorta, liver, and kidneys were collected and evaluated. Rabbits injected with phosphate buffer or acid-denatured xanthine oxidase for the same length of time served as negative controls. Additional rabbits fed a diet containing 3% added cholesterol for the same time period served as positive controls. The administration of xanthine oxidase in large amounts over a prolonged period did not alter serum cholesterol or triglyceride levels and did not reduce plasmalogen levels in the aorta or heart. Xanthine oxidase administration did not induce arterial plaque formation. Cholesterol feeding over the same time period increased serum cholesterol levels, reduced liver xanthine oxidase activity levels and resulted in a marked development of arterial plaques. Althouth xanthine oxidase activity was found in liver from all rabbits, enzyme activity was not detectable in aorta, heart or kidneys from any rabbit. Free or complexed bovine milk xanthine oxidase could not be demonstrated in heart, aorta, liver or kidneys from any of the rabbits with immunodiffusion or with immunofluorescent techniques. The study showed that when large intravenous doses of bovine milk xanthine oxidase were given to rabbits, the enzyme was not deposited in heart, aorta, liver or kidneys. The study also showed that large intravenous doses of xanthine oxidase over prolonged periods did not deplete arterial or coronary tissue plasmalogens, and did not induce arterial plaque formation.", "contents": "Bovine milk xanthine oxidase, blood lipids and coronary plaques in rabbits. The effects of prolonged intravenous  administration of bovine milk xanthine oxidase (EC 1.2.3.2.) on blood lipids and arterial integrity were measured to determine if the administration of this enzyme produces metabolic changes conducive to plaque formation. New Zealand White rabbits were injected intravenously with bovine milk xanthine oxidase at 4-day intervals during a 13-week test period. At the end of the test period, the rabbits were killed and blood, heart, aorta, liver, and kidneys were collected and evaluated. Rabbits injected with phosphate buffer or acid-denatured xanthine oxidase for the same length of time served as negative controls. Additional rabbits fed a diet containing 3% added cholesterol for the same time period served as positive controls. The administration of xanthine oxidase in large amounts over a prolonged period did not alter serum cholesterol or triglyceride levels and did not reduce plasmalogen levels in the aorta or heart. Xanthine oxidase administration did not induce arterial plaque formation. Cholesterol feeding over the same time period increased serum cholesterol levels, reduced liver xanthine oxidase activity levels and resulted in a marked development of arterial plaques. Althouth xanthine oxidase activity was found in liver from all rabbits, enzyme activity was not detectable in aorta, heart or kidneys from any rabbit. Free or complexed bovine milk xanthine oxidase could not be demonstrated in heart, aorta, liver or kidneys from any of the rabbits with immunodiffusion or with immunofluorescent techniques. The study showed that when large intravenous doses of bovine milk xanthine oxidase were given to rabbits, the enzyme was not deposited in heart, aorta, liver or kidneys. The study also showed that large intravenous doses of xanthine oxidase over prolonged periods did not deplete arterial or coronary tissue plasmalogens, and did not induce arterial plaque formation."}
{"id": "PMID:870649", "title": "Effect of supplementation of methionine and threonine to a protein free diet on urinary excretion of nitrogen and tissue free amino acids in rats.", "content": "It was previously reported that methionine and threonine supplementation to a protein free diet had a greater nitrogen sparing effect than methionine supplementation along. The reduced urinary nitrogen excretion by methionine and threonine is due to the reduced excretion of urea. In the present study, the changes in tissue level of free amino acids and ammonia were investigated. Ornithine is one of the urea cycle inter-mediates and may play an important role for urea formation, therefore the liver concentration of ornithine was also determined. The contents of ammonia in plasma were the same in these two groups and the ammonia content in liver of rats fed the control diet was smaller than that of rats fed the protein free diet supplemented with methionine and threonine. The contents of some amino acids in tissues were significantly reduced. The concentrations of aspartic acid, glutamic acid, alanine and serine in plasma and liver of rats fed the protein free diet supplemented with methionine and threonine were, particularly, significantly reduced as compared with those of rats fed the protein free diet. In addition to the decrease of free amino acids which are considered to be nonspecific nitrogen carriers from the peripheral tissues, the concentration of ornithine in liver was also significantly reduced. The results suggest that the decreased migration of free amino acids from peripheral tissues to the decreased level of liver ornithine would efficiently reduce the urea formation in rats fed the protein free diet supplemented with methionine and threonine.", "contents": "Effect of supplementation of methionine and threonine to a protein free diet on urinary excretion of nitrogen and tissue free amino acids in rats. It was previously reported that methionine and threonine supplementation to a protein free diet had a greater nitrogen sparing effect than methionine supplementation along. The reduced urinary nitrogen excretion by methionine and threonine is due to the reduced excretion of urea. In the present study, the changes in tissue level of free amino acids and ammonia were investigated. Ornithine is one of the urea cycle inter-mediates and may play an important role for urea formation, therefore the liver concentration of ornithine was also determined. The contents of ammonia in plasma were the same in these two groups and the ammonia content in liver of rats fed the control diet was smaller than that of rats fed the protein free diet supplemented with methionine and threonine. The contents of some amino acids in tissues were significantly reduced. The concentrations of aspartic acid, glutamic acid, alanine and serine in plasma and liver of rats fed the protein free diet supplemented with methionine and threonine were, particularly, significantly reduced as compared with those of rats fed the protein free diet. In addition to the decrease of free amino acids which are considered to be nonspecific nitrogen carriers from the peripheral tissues, the concentration of ornithine in liver was also significantly reduced. The results suggest that the decreased migration of free amino acids from peripheral tissues to the decreased level of liver ornithine would efficiently reduce the urea formation in rats fed the protein free diet supplemented with methionine and threonine."}
{"id": "PMID:870650", "title": "Xylitol infusion and oxalate formation in rabbits.", "content": "Oxalate levels in the plasma and urine fractions of fasted normal, oxythiamin treated (20 mg/kg) and 4-deoxypyridoxine treated (300 mg/kg) rabbits were determined following infusion with either xylitol or glucose at a dose of 2 g/kg body weight. Biochemical determinations showed that transient thiamin or pyridoxine deficient states had been induced in the antivitamin treated rabbits. In the first 24 hour following infusion with either carbohydrate, urinary oxalate levels remained within the normal range for all  groups. Oxythiamin hastened the appearance of the transient, elevation in plasma oxalate concentrations seen in rabbits after infusion with glucose. After xylitol infusion, the elevation of plasma oxalate was not significnatly above normal. 4-Deoxypyridoxine enhanced peak plasma oxalate levels above those of controls for both sugars. Glucose, at an equivalent dose to xylitol, resulted in higher plasma oxalate levels than xylitol for all groups. Infusions of [U-14C]xylitol and [U-14C]glucose solutions into 4-deoxypyridoxine treated rabbits demonstrated a conversion of the administered radioactive carbon into 14C oxalate of 0.01% with a high dilution of the specific activity. The results suggest that oxalate production from xylitol is negligible; any toxicity related to xylitol administration is not a consequence of oxalate production.", "contents": "Xylitol infusion and oxalate formation in rabbits. Oxalate levels in the plasma and urine fractions of fasted normal, oxythiamin treated (20 mg/kg) and 4-deoxypyridoxine treated (300 mg/kg) rabbits were determined following infusion with either xylitol or glucose at a dose of 2 g/kg body weight. Biochemical determinations showed that transient thiamin or pyridoxine deficient states had been induced in the antivitamin treated rabbits. In the first 24 hour following infusion with either carbohydrate, urinary oxalate levels remained within the normal range for all  groups. Oxythiamin hastened the appearance of the transient, elevation in plasma oxalate concentrations seen in rabbits after infusion with glucose. After xylitol infusion, the elevation of plasma oxalate was not significnatly above normal. 4-Deoxypyridoxine enhanced peak plasma oxalate levels above those of controls for both sugars. Glucose, at an equivalent dose to xylitol, resulted in higher plasma oxalate levels than xylitol for all groups. Infusions of [U-14C]xylitol and [U-14C]glucose solutions into 4-deoxypyridoxine treated rabbits demonstrated a conversion of the administered radioactive carbon into 14C oxalate of 0.01% with a high dilution of the specific activity. The results suggest that oxalate production from xylitol is negligible; any toxicity related to xylitol administration is not a consequence of oxalate production."}
{"id": "PMID:870651", "title": "Relation between liver amino acid-catabolizing enzymes and free amino acids of liver and plasma in adult cockerels fed diets containing graded levels of protein.", "content": "Activities of liver amino acid-catabolizing enzymes and liver and plasma free amino acid concentrations in adult cockerels fed diets containing 3% to 21% casein were determined 2 hours after a meal. Liver tryptophan pyrrolase activity and liver tryptophan increased with an increase in dietary casein level, but plasma tryptophan decreased with the increase dietary casein level. As the dietary casein level increased, liver lysine-ketoglutarate reductase activity decreased, but liver and plasma lysine increased proportionally, and the rate of increase was larger in the plasma than in the liver. Liver phenylalanine hydroxylase activity increased with the increase in dietary casein level from 3% to 12%, and thereafter remained unchanged. Reflecting the change of this enzyme, phenylalanine increased in the liver and decreased in the plasma with the increase in dietary casein level from 3% to 12%, and thereafter the rate of increase in liver phenylalanine became small and plasms phenylalanine increased. Liver tyrosine was not influenced by the dietary casein level, whereas plasma tyrosine increased sharply from 3% to 12%, and thereafter the rate of increase decreased. Thus, the difference between liver and plasma free amino acid responses might be due to the changes in the activities of liver amino acid-catabolizing enzymes.", "contents": "Relation between liver amino acid-catabolizing enzymes and free amino acids of liver and plasma in adult cockerels fed diets containing graded levels of protein. Activities of liver amino acid-catabolizing enzymes and liver and plasma free amino acid concentrations in adult cockerels fed diets containing 3% to 21% casein were determined 2 hours after a meal. Liver tryptophan pyrrolase activity and liver tryptophan increased with an increase in dietary casein level, but plasma tryptophan decreased with the increase dietary casein level. As the dietary casein level increased, liver lysine-ketoglutarate reductase activity decreased, but liver and plasma lysine increased proportionally, and the rate of increase was larger in the plasma than in the liver. Liver phenylalanine hydroxylase activity increased with the increase in dietary casein level from 3% to 12%, and thereafter remained unchanged. Reflecting the change of this enzyme, phenylalanine increased in the liver and decreased in the plasma with the increase in dietary casein level from 3% to 12%, and thereafter the rate of increase in liver phenylalanine became small and plasms phenylalanine increased. Liver tyrosine was not influenced by the dietary casein level, whereas plasma tyrosine increased sharply from 3% to 12%, and thereafter the rate of increase decreased. Thus, the difference between liver and plasma free amino acid responses might be due to the changes in the activities of liver amino acid-catabolizing enzymes."}
{"id": "PMID:870652", "title": "Reduced DNA synthesis in zinc deficiency: regional differences in embryonic rats.", "content": "Zinc deficiency during prenatal life results in a high incidence of gross malformations especially of CNS. Reduced 3H-thymidine incorporation into rat embryos has previously been reported in zinc deficient rats. The effect of zinc deficiency on regional DNA synthesis in the 12 day rat embryo was therefore investigated. Zinc deficiency was achieved by feeding normal pregnant rats a diet containing 0.4 ppm zinc from day 0 to day 12. Pair-fed controls received a diet containing 100 ppm zinc. Dams were injected with 3H-thymidine on day 12 and embryos removed 1 hour later. In embryos from zinc deficient dams, there was a lower incorporation of 3H-thymidine into DNA in the head regions than in comparable regions from ad libitum and pair-fed controls. Total DNA and RNA contents in the head and body regions of embryos from zinc deficient dams were lower than respective regions of pair-fed controls, but the greatest deficit occurred in the head region. Replacement of zinc 28 hours prior to injection of the label increased the low incorporation of 3H-thymidine/DNA in the head region of zinc deficient embryos. Autoradiographs of the head region indicated that reduced uptake of 3H-thymidine and reversal by zinc replacement occurred mainly in the developing CNS. These results demonstrate that the reduction in DNA synthesis resulting from zinc deficiency can be reversed by zinc alone, and that zinc deficiency in the mammalian system does not result in a general reduction in DNA synthesis in all tissues, but the head region is more vulnerable to reductions in zinc than the body region. The observation that DNA synthesis in the head region is reduced by zinc deficiency more than is the rest of the body may explain the increased vulnerability of the CNS to prenatal zinc deficiency.", "contents": "Reduced DNA synthesis in zinc deficiency: regional differences in embryonic rats. Zinc deficiency during prenatal life results in a high incidence of gross malformations especially of CNS. Reduced 3H-thymidine incorporation into rat embryos has previously been reported in zinc deficient rats. The effect of zinc deficiency on regional DNA synthesis in the 12 day rat embryo was therefore investigated. Zinc deficiency was achieved by feeding normal pregnant rats a diet containing 0.4 ppm zinc from day 0 to day 12. Pair-fed controls received a diet containing 100 ppm zinc. Dams were injected with 3H-thymidine on day 12 and embryos removed 1 hour later. In embryos from zinc deficient dams, there was a lower incorporation of 3H-thymidine into DNA in the head regions than in comparable regions from ad libitum and pair-fed controls. Total DNA and RNA contents in the head and body regions of embryos from zinc deficient dams were lower than respective regions of pair-fed controls, but the greatest deficit occurred in the head region. Replacement of zinc 28 hours prior to injection of the label increased the low incorporation of 3H-thymidine/DNA in the head region of zinc deficient embryos. Autoradiographs of the head region indicated that reduced uptake of 3H-thymidine and reversal by zinc replacement occurred mainly in the developing CNS. These results demonstrate that the reduction in DNA synthesis resulting from zinc deficiency can be reversed by zinc alone, and that zinc deficiency in the mammalian system does not result in a general reduction in DNA synthesis in all tissues, but the head region is more vulnerable to reductions in zinc than the body region. The observation that DNA synthesis in the head region is reduced by zinc deficiency more than is the rest of the body may explain the increased vulnerability of the CNS to prenatal zinc deficiency."}
{"id": "PMID:870653", "title": "Abnormal prenatal lung development resulting from maternal zinc deficiency in rats.", "content": "The effect of maternal zinc deficiency during gestation on fetal lung development was studied. Sprague-Dawley rats were fed from the day of mating (day zero) a zinc deficient diet (0.4 +/- 0.1 ppm zinc) ad libitum, or a zinc supplemented control diet (100 ppm zinc) either ad libitum or with restricted intake. Fetuses were removed by cesarean section on days 17 to 21 of gestation. Fetuses of zinc deficient dams had smaller lungs both in absolute weight and relative to body weight on all days than did either ad libitum-fed or restricted-intake controls. On days 20 and 21 of gestation, concentration of fetal lung lecithin and phosphatidylethanolamine was lower in zinc deficient fetuses than in control groups, indicating a reduced production of pulmonary surfactant. The lecithin to sphingomyelin ratio of amniotic fluid was lower in zinc deficient rats than in controls on days 19, 20, and 21 of gestation. On days 18 through 21 of gestation, fetal lung DNA concentration in zinc deficient fetuses was lower than in controls, but there were no differences in fetal lung zinc concentration. Histological examination of lungs from zinc deficient fetuses at term showed air spaces that were slightly collapsed with smaller lumina of the alveolar ducts than in controls.", "contents": "Abnormal prenatal lung development resulting from maternal zinc deficiency in rats. The effect of maternal zinc deficiency during gestation on fetal lung development was studied. Sprague-Dawley rats were fed from the day of mating (day zero) a zinc deficient diet (0.4 +/- 0.1 ppm zinc) ad libitum, or a zinc supplemented control diet (100 ppm zinc) either ad libitum or with restricted intake. Fetuses were removed by cesarean section on days 17 to 21 of gestation. Fetuses of zinc deficient dams had smaller lungs both in absolute weight and relative to body weight on all days than did either ad libitum-fed or restricted-intake controls. On days 20 and 21 of gestation, concentration of fetal lung lecithin and phosphatidylethanolamine was lower in zinc deficient fetuses than in control groups, indicating a reduced production of pulmonary surfactant. The lecithin to sphingomyelin ratio of amniotic fluid was lower in zinc deficient rats than in controls on days 19, 20, and 21 of gestation. On days 18 through 21 of gestation, fetal lung DNA concentration in zinc deficient fetuses was lower than in controls, but there were no differences in fetal lung zinc concentration. Histological examination of lungs from zinc deficient fetuses at term showed air spaces that were slightly collapsed with smaller lumina of the alveolar ducts than in controls."}
{"id": "PMID:870654", "title": "Effects of branched-chain amino acid antagonism in the rat on tissue amino acid and keto acid concentrations.", "content": "Growth rate, plasma amino acid, and alpha-keto acid concentrations and activities of the branched-chain amino acid degradative enzymes of rats were measured. Effects of ingestion of excessive amounts of branched-chain amino acids on these variables were determined. Excessive intake of a single branched-chain amino acid led rapidly to elevated plasma concentration of both the amino acid administered and its corresponding alpha-keto acid and, if the rats had previously been fed a low protein diet, to an increase in liver branched-chain alpha-keto acid dehydrogenase activity. Only leucine caused, in addition, marked growth and food intake depression and decreased plasma isoleucine, valine, alpha-keto-beta-methylvaleric acid and alpha-keto isovaleric acid concentrations. The growth depression was associated food intake depression and could be moderated by addition of isoleucine and valine to the diet. The decreases in plasma isoleucine, valine, alpha-keto-beta-methylvaleric acid and alpha-keto isovaleric acid were not caused by increased degradation of these metabolites to carbon dioxide as branched-chain amino acid oxidation rates in vivo were unchanged by leucine loading and the degradative enzymes were unchanged in adequately fed rats. The decreased concentrations of these amino and keto acids may be the result of decreased protein degradation or increased protein synthesis, possibly mediated by insulin.", "contents": "Effects of branched-chain amino acid antagonism in the rat on tissue amino acid and keto acid concentrations. Growth rate, plasma amino acid, and alpha-keto acid concentrations and activities of the branched-chain amino acid degradative enzymes of rats were measured. Effects of ingestion of excessive amounts of branched-chain amino acids on these variables were determined. Excessive intake of a single branched-chain amino acid led rapidly to elevated plasma concentration of both the amino acid administered and its corresponding alpha-keto acid and, if the rats had previously been fed a low protein diet, to an increase in liver branched-chain alpha-keto acid dehydrogenase activity. Only leucine caused, in addition, marked growth and food intake depression and decreased plasma isoleucine, valine, alpha-keto-beta-methylvaleric acid and alpha-keto isovaleric acid concentrations. The growth depression was associated food intake depression and could be moderated by addition of isoleucine and valine to the diet. The decreases in plasma isoleucine, valine, alpha-keto-beta-methylvaleric acid and alpha-keto isovaleric acid were not caused by increased degradation of these metabolites to carbon dioxide as branched-chain amino acid oxidation rates in vivo were unchanged by leucine loading and the degradative enzymes were unchanged in adequately fed rats. The decreased concentrations of these amino and keto acids may be the result of decreased protein degradation or increased protein synthesis, possibly mediated by insulin."}
{"id": "PMID:870655", "title": "Methotrexate hepatotoxicity in children with leukemia.", "content": "Percutaneous liver biopsy was performed on seven children with acute lymphocytic leukemia who had received maintanance chemotherapy with high-dose intravenous methotrexate for 1 1/2 to 2 1/2 years. Portal fibrosis was found in four of the seven children and in an additional patient treated with oral methotrexate. Serial tests of liver function and 99mtechnetium-sulfur-colloid scans did not accurately identify children with hepatic fibrosis. Clinical evidence of liver disease was not seen.", "contents": "Methotrexate hepatotoxicity in children with leukemia. Percutaneous liver biopsy was performed on seven children with acute lymphocytic leukemia who had received maintanance chemotherapy with high-dose intravenous methotrexate for 1 1/2 to 2 1/2 years. Portal fibrosis was found in four of the seven children and in an additional patient treated with oral methotrexate. Serial tests of liver function and 99mtechnetium-sulfur-colloid scans did not accurately identify children with hepatic fibrosis. Clinical evidence of liver disease was not seen."}
{"id": "PMID:870656", "title": "PKU as a factor in the development of self-esteem.", "content": "Self-esteem of ten children with phenylketonuria was compared with that of seven unaffected siblings of children with PKU in a total of 11 families. Ages of the nine girls and eight boys ranged from 8 to 15 years. The study examined several variables that might affect self-esteem. From this study, it appears that PKU status and lowered IQ together contribute to lowered self-concept and that PKU status alone (i.e. with the effects of IQ removed) has a strong tendency to influence self-esteem.", "contents": "PKU as a factor in the development of self-esteem. Self-esteem of ten children with phenylketonuria was compared with that of seven unaffected siblings of children with PKU in a total of 11 families. Ages of the nine girls and eight boys ranged from 8 to 15 years. The study examined several variables that might affect self-esteem. From this study, it appears that PKU status and lowered IQ together contribute to lowered self-concept and that PKU status alone (i.e. with the effects of IQ removed) has a strong tendency to influence self-esteem."}
{"id": "PMID:870658", "title": "The association of familial liver disease, subepidermal immunoproteins, and membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis.", "content": "Herein we report a new familial form of hepatic disease. Each of the four patients had splenomegaly, hypersplenism, a small liver, biochemical evidence of hepatic excretory dysfunction and hepatocellular damage, kidneys without demonstrable cysts, and normal blood pressue. An evaluation of serum immunoproteins, autoantibodies, histocompatibility antigens, and mixed lymphocyte reactivity further defined the immunologic features of this syndrome. Extrahepatic manifestations included a papulosquamous dermatitis with deposition of immunoglobulins and complement in both normal and abnormal skin, a membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis with subendothelial deposits, arthritis, and pericardial, pleural, and synovial effusions.", "contents": "The association of familial liver disease, subepidermal immunoproteins, and membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis. Herein we report a new familial form of hepatic disease. Each of the four patients had splenomegaly, hypersplenism, a small liver, biochemical evidence of hepatic excretory dysfunction and hepatocellular damage, kidneys without demonstrable cysts, and normal blood pressue. An evaluation of serum immunoproteins, autoantibodies, histocompatibility antigens, and mixed lymphocyte reactivity further defined the immunologic features of this syndrome. Extrahepatic manifestations included a papulosquamous dermatitis with deposition of immunoglobulins and complement in both normal and abnormal skin, a membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis with subendothelial deposits, arthritis, and pericardial, pleural, and synovial effusions."}
{"id": "PMID:870657", "title": "Severe glomerulonephritis complicated by coagulopathy: treatment with anticoaguland and immunosuppresive drugs.", "content": "Serial determinations, using plasma fibrinogen gel chromatography as well as standard methodology, demonstrated that six children with severe glomerulonephritis, characterized on renal biopsy by glomerular necrosis and crescent formation, had persistent evidence of intravascular coagulation. Based on these observations, therapy with anticoagulants and azathicoagulants and azathioprine was instituted for one year; treatment with anticoagulants was continued for a second year. Anticoagulant therapy was initiated with heparin, followed by oral anticoagulation with phenindione and dipyridamole. In contrast to our earlier experience with similar patients, each of the present patients improved. Urinalyses returned to normal and glomerular filtration rates to near normal values in all patients at the end of the treatment period and have remained so for up to 3.9 years since treatment has been completed. Post-treatment biopsies showed remarkable improvement, with virtually no glomerulosclerosis even in patients who had had a high incidence of glomerular crescents before treatment. It is suggested that the therapeutic regimen favorably influenced the natural history of disease and that plasma fibrinogen chromatographic findings may be helpful in selecting patients likely to benefit from the use of anticoagulant therapy.", "contents": "Severe glomerulonephritis complicated by coagulopathy: treatment with anticoaguland and immunosuppresive drugs. Serial determinations, using plasma fibrinogen gel chromatography as well as standard methodology, demonstrated that six children with severe glomerulonephritis, characterized on renal biopsy by glomerular necrosis and crescent formation, had persistent evidence of intravascular coagulation. Based on these observations, therapy with anticoagulants and azathicoagulants and azathioprine was instituted for one year; treatment with anticoagulants was continued for a second year. Anticoagulant therapy was initiated with heparin, followed by oral anticoagulation with phenindione and dipyridamole. In contrast to our earlier experience with similar patients, each of the present patients improved. Urinalyses returned to normal and glomerular filtration rates to near normal values in all patients at the end of the treatment period and have remained so for up to 3.9 years since treatment has been completed. Post-treatment biopsies showed remarkable improvement, with virtually no glomerulosclerosis even in patients who had had a high incidence of glomerular crescents before treatment. It is suggested that the therapeutic regimen favorably influenced the natural history of disease and that plasma fibrinogen chromatographic findings may be helpful in selecting patients likely to benefit from the use of anticoagulant therapy."}
{"id": "PMID:870659", "title": "The dysmature infant. Associated factors and outcome at 7 years of age.", "content": "Dysmaturity, diagnosed according to the Clifford criteria, was studied for the first time in a black population. The infants and matched control subjects were participants in the Collaborative Perinatal Study in Philadelphia from birth to 7 years of age. The incidence of dysmaturity was 25/1,000 live births; more boys than girls were born dysmature, reversing the normal male/female ratio found among black infants in the Collaborative Study as a whole. The condition was more common among post-term infants but did occur in earlier gestational weeks. The overall characteristics of the condition among this black population did not differ from those previously reported among white populations of various races. Surviving infants developed mentally and physically as well as control subjects. No prenatal or environmental characteristics were found that distinguished mothers of dysmature infants from those of nondysmature infants.", "contents": "The dysmature infant. Associated factors and outcome at 7 years of age. Dysmaturity, diagnosed according to the Clifford criteria, was studied for the first time in a black population. The infants and matched control subjects were participants in the Collaborative Perinatal Study in Philadelphia from birth to 7 years of age. The incidence of dysmaturity was 25/1,000 live births; more boys than girls were born dysmature, reversing the normal male/female ratio found among black infants in the Collaborative Study as a whole. The condition was more common among post-term infants but did occur in earlier gestational weeks. The overall characteristics of the condition among this black population did not differ from those previously reported among white populations of various races. Surviving infants developed mentally and physically as well as control subjects. No prenatal or environmental characteristics were found that distinguished mothers of dysmature infants from those of nondysmature infants."}
{"id": "PMID:870660", "title": "Respiratory depression at birth--value of Apgar score and ventilatory measurements in its detection.", "content": "The purpose of this investigation was to determine the value of ventilatory measurements and Apgar score in the diagnosis of respiratory depression in the newborn infant. The following were the results of the determinations made in 24 neonates whose mothers had received meperidine in a total dose up to 3 mg/kg within three hours prior to delivery; Respiratory rate, 51+/-3.7/minute; tidal volume, 21.4 +/- 1.5 ml; minute ventilation, 339 +/- 24 ml/kg X minute; end tidal CO2, 40.8 +/- 1.3 mm Hg; ventilatory response to CO2, 21.8 +/- 2.7 ML/KG X minute X mm Hg PACO2. The mean Apgar score was 7.1 and 9.0 at 1 and 5 minutes, respectively. None of the determinations were indicative of respiratory depression with the exception of the slope of the CO2 response curve; it was considered to be below the normal range. No correlations existed between the CO2 response curve and any other values. It is concluded that meperidine administered to mothers in labor in the described dose will not significantly alter Apgar score, VE, VT, RR, AND PAco2 in the newborn infant. The extent of respiratory center depression could be determined only by the decreased ventilatory response to CO2.", "contents": "Respiratory depression at birth--value of Apgar score and ventilatory measurements in its detection. The purpose of this investigation was to determine the value of ventilatory measurements and Apgar score in the diagnosis of respiratory depression in the newborn infant. The following were the results of the determinations made in 24 neonates whose mothers had received meperidine in a total dose up to 3 mg/kg within three hours prior to delivery; Respiratory rate, 51+/-3.7/minute; tidal volume, 21.4 +/- 1.5 ml; minute ventilation, 339 +/- 24 ml/kg X minute; end tidal CO2, 40.8 +/- 1.3 mm Hg; ventilatory response to CO2, 21.8 +/- 2.7 ML/KG X minute X mm Hg PACO2. The mean Apgar score was 7.1 and 9.0 at 1 and 5 minutes, respectively. None of the determinations were indicative of respiratory depression with the exception of the slope of the CO2 response curve; it was considered to be below the normal range. No correlations existed between the CO2 response curve and any other values. It is concluded that meperidine administered to mothers in labor in the described dose will not significantly alter Apgar score, VE, VT, RR, AND PAco2 in the newborn infant. The extent of respiratory center depression could be determined only by the decreased ventilatory response to CO2."}
{"id": "PMID:870661", "title": "Glucocorticoid treatment of girls with congenital adrenal hyperplasia: effects on height, sexual maturation, and fertility.", "content": "Ninety-eight females with congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to a defect in either the 21-hydroxylase or the 11 beta-hydroxylase enzyme were evaluated to determine the effects of glucocorticoid treatment on growth, pubertal development, and fertility. When treatment was begun prior to one year of age, mean final height was 157.4 +/- 7.3 com, well within the normal adult female range, and significantly (p less than 0.001) greater than the mean final height of 150.9 +/- 4.3 cm found in untreated patients. The mean age of menarche in patients treated prior to the age of six years was 13.8 +/- 3.7 years which is significantly (p less than 0.01) delayed compared to that in the normal population of the United States. However, 92% of patients with menstrual delay had inadequate suppression  of adrenal androgens and urinary excretion of 17 ketosteroids larger than 7.0 mg/24hours. The increased production of adrenal androgens was the result of poor compliance or an insufficient prescribed dose of glucocorticoids. The fertility rate in patients first treated between six and 20 years of age was 64%. The excretion of urinary 17 KS at the  time of pregnancy was 2.5 to 5.3 mg/24 hours. All of the patients who delivered term infants required delivery by cesarean section because of cephalopelvic disproportion. The major problems encountered in the management of adolescent patients were patient noncompliance and physician failure to increase the glucocorticoid dose as the patient's body size increased.", "contents": "Glucocorticoid treatment of girls with congenital adrenal hyperplasia: effects on height, sexual maturation, and fertility. Ninety-eight females with congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to a defect in either the 21-hydroxylase or the 11 beta-hydroxylase enzyme were evaluated to determine the effects of glucocorticoid treatment on growth, pubertal development, and fertility. When treatment was begun prior to one year of age, mean final height was 157.4 +/- 7.3 com, well within the normal adult female range, and significantly (p less than 0.001) greater than the mean final height of 150.9 +/- 4.3 cm found in untreated patients. The mean age of menarche in patients treated prior to the age of six years was 13.8 +/- 3.7 years which is significantly (p less than 0.01) delayed compared to that in the normal population of the United States. However, 92% of patients with menstrual delay had inadequate suppression  of adrenal androgens and urinary excretion of 17 ketosteroids larger than 7.0 mg/24hours. The increased production of adrenal androgens was the result of poor compliance or an insufficient prescribed dose of glucocorticoids. The fertility rate in patients first treated between six and 20 years of age was 64%. The excretion of urinary 17 KS at the  time of pregnancy was 2.5 to 5.3 mg/24 hours. All of the patients who delivered term infants required delivery by cesarean section because of cephalopelvic disproportion. The major problems encountered in the management of adolescent patients were patient noncompliance and physician failure to increase the glucocorticoid dose as the patient's body size increased."}
{"id": "PMID:870662", "title": "The sporulated oocyst of Eimeria colini sp. n. from the bobwhite quail, Colinus virginianus.", "content": "The sporulated oocyst of Eimeria colini sp. n. is described from the bobwhite quail, Colinus virginianus. The broadly ellipsoid oocysts measured 24.8 micronm (22.4 to 28.0) by 20.9 micronm (17.9 to 22.4). The L/W ratio was 1.2 (1.1 to 1.4). An inconspicuous micropyle was present while an oocyst residuum and polar granule were absent. The oocyst walls were 1.4 micronm thick and covered with small, evenly spaced elevations. The sporocysts measured 14.2 micronm (12.3 to 14.5) by 8.4 micronm (7.8 to 8.9). A sporocyst residuum, small Stieda body and large substieda body were present. Ooocysts first appeared in the feces between 84 to 96 hr. Freshly-passed oocysts were completely sporulated by 48 hr at 25 C.", "contents": "The sporulated oocyst of Eimeria colini sp. n. from the bobwhite quail, Colinus virginianus. The sporulated oocyst of Eimeria colini sp. n. is described from the bobwhite quail, Colinus virginianus. The broadly ellipsoid oocysts measured 24.8 micronm (22.4 to 28.0) by 20.9 micronm (17.9 to 22.4). The L/W ratio was 1.2 (1.1 to 1.4). An inconspicuous micropyle was present while an oocyst residuum and polar granule were absent. The oocyst walls were 1.4 micronm thick and covered with small, evenly spaced elevations. The sporocysts measured 14.2 micronm (12.3 to 14.5) by 8.4 micronm (7.8 to 8.9). A sporocyst residuum, small Stieda body and large substieda body were present. Ooocysts first appeared in the feces between 84 to 96 hr. Freshly-passed oocysts were completely sporulated by 48 hr at 25 C."}
{"id": "PMID:870663", "title": "The immunizing potential of sporulated oocysts of Eimeria nieschulzi exposed to heat and Co-60 gamma-radiation.", "content": "Sporulated oocysts of Eimeria nieschulzi Dieben 1924, a rat coccidium, were exposed to radiation, heat, or both in an effort to attenuate the parasite. Moderate levels of each treatment or combination thereof attenuated the parasite, reduced pathogenesis (as judged by oocyst discharge during primary infection), and produced immunity to challenge when the oocysts were subsequently inoculated into rats. Thus, heat- and/or radiation-treated E. nieschulzi oocysts fed to rats could reduce pathogenesis during a primary infection and yet give good homologous protection.", "contents": "The immunizing potential of sporulated oocysts of Eimeria nieschulzi exposed to heat and Co-60 gamma-radiation. Sporulated oocysts of Eimeria nieschulzi Dieben 1924, a rat coccidium, were exposed to radiation, heat, or both in an effort to attenuate the parasite. Moderate levels of each treatment or combination thereof attenuated the parasite, reduced pathogenesis (as judged by oocyst discharge during primary infection), and produced immunity to challenge when the oocysts were subsequently inoculated into rats. Thus, heat- and/or radiation-treated E. nieschulzi oocysts fed to rats could reduce pathogenesis during a primary infection and yet give good homologous protection."}
{"id": "PMID:870664", "title": "Isolation and experimental infection of free-living amebae in freshwater fishes.", "content": "Twenty-three species of fish from nine southeastern states were screened for the presence of small, free-living amebae. Organs from 11 species of fish contained amebae of the genera Acanthamoeba, Naegleria, and Vahlkampfia. Three strains of Acanthamoeba were injected into fish to determine infectivity and pathogenicity of the amebae. Strains used were an A. polyphaga MC-1 isolated from the spleen of a bass, the pathogenic A-5 strain of A. culbertsoni, and the pathogenic Lilly A-1 strain of A. culbertsoni. The MC-1 strain established systemic infections in many organs of the test fish. The 2 strains of A. culbertsoni did not produce any infection in fish under the laboratory conditions.", "contents": "Isolation and experimental infection of free-living amebae in freshwater fishes. Twenty-three species of fish from nine southeastern states were screened for the presence of small, free-living amebae. Organs from 11 species of fish contained amebae of the genera Acanthamoeba, Naegleria, and Vahlkampfia. Three strains of Acanthamoeba were injected into fish to determine infectivity and pathogenicity of the amebae. Strains used were an A. polyphaga MC-1 isolated from the spleen of a bass, the pathogenic A-5 strain of A. culbertsoni, and the pathogenic Lilly A-1 strain of A. culbertsoni. The MC-1 strain established systemic infections in many organs of the test fish. The 2 strains of A. culbertsoni did not produce any infection in fish under the laboratory conditions."}
{"id": "PMID:870665", "title": "Characterization and isolation of concanavalin A binding sites from the epidermis of S. mansoni.", "content": "Using concanavalin A labeled with tritium and fluorescein isothiocyanate we studied the binding properties of this plant lectin to adult paired schistosomes. Using concanavalin A coupled to a sepharose column we attempted to isolate and characterize concanavalin A binding molecules from the epidermis of adult schistosomes. Our results indicate the presence of specific concanavalin A binding sites on the surface of adult Schistosoma mansoni. A significant percentage of the concanavalin A was specifically bound and showed characteristics similar to that identical in other concanavalin A binding tissues. The parasite's concanavalin A binding sites appear to be 2 or 3 high molecular weight glycoproteins. There is some indication that glycoproteins associated with the worm's epidermis function as enzyme(s). The immunological significance of these glycoproteins has not been determined.", "contents": "Characterization and isolation of concanavalin A binding sites from the epidermis of S. mansoni. Using concanavalin A labeled with tritium and fluorescein isothiocyanate we studied the binding properties of this plant lectin to adult paired schistosomes. Using concanavalin A coupled to a sepharose column we attempted to isolate and characterize concanavalin A binding molecules from the epidermis of adult schistosomes. Our results indicate the presence of specific concanavalin A binding sites on the surface of adult Schistosoma mansoni. A significant percentage of the concanavalin A was specifically bound and showed characteristics similar to that identical in other concanavalin A binding tissues. The parasite's concanavalin A binding sites appear to be 2 or 3 high molecular weight glycoproteins. There is some indication that glycoproteins associated with the worm's epidermis function as enzyme(s). The immunological significance of these glycoproteins has not been determined."}
{"id": "PMID:870666", "title": "Effects of hycanthone on neuromuscular systems of Schistoma mansoni.", "content": "Hycanthone has a variety of effects on muscular activity and neurotransmitter systems of schistosomes. These include interference with neuronal storage of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), an increase in the length of schistosomes, a weak stimulation of motor activity, and an inhibition of acetylcholinesterase activity. However, the findings reported in this paper indicate that none of these effects can be related to the mode of the antischistosomal action of hycanthone because (a) these effects are observable only after, but not prior to, the hepatic shift, (b) they are not demonstrable with anti-schistosomal strucutral analogs of hycanthone, or (c) the same effects are elicited in hycanthone-resistant schistosomes. Dansyl choline, under conditions recommended by others, does not stain selectively neuronal structures of schistosomes, but such structures can be visualized under different conditions. However, this stain lacks specificity for cholinergic neurons or receptors because no cholinergic drug can block binding of dansyl choline and because the same fluorescence staining effects are observed with dansic acid and dansyl chloride.", "contents": "Effects of hycanthone on neuromuscular systems of Schistoma mansoni. Hycanthone has a variety of effects on muscular activity and neurotransmitter systems of schistosomes. These include interference with neuronal storage of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), an increase in the length of schistosomes, a weak stimulation of motor activity, and an inhibition of acetylcholinesterase activity. However, the findings reported in this paper indicate that none of these effects can be related to the mode of the antischistosomal action of hycanthone because (a) these effects are observable only after, but not prior to, the hepatic shift, (b) they are not demonstrable with anti-schistosomal strucutral analogs of hycanthone, or (c) the same effects are elicited in hycanthone-resistant schistosomes. Dansyl choline, under conditions recommended by others, does not stain selectively neuronal structures of schistosomes, but such structures can be visualized under different conditions. However, this stain lacks specificity for cholinergic neurons or receptors because no cholinergic drug can block binding of dansyl choline and because the same fluorescence staining effects are observed with dansic acid and dansyl chloride."}
{"id": "PMID:870667", "title": "Textrema hopkinsi gen. et sp. n. (Digenea: Cryptogonimidae) from the largemouth bass of central Texas.", "content": "Textrema hopkinsi gen. et sp. n. is described from Micropterus salmoides from central Texas. Textrema is most similar to the genus Multigonotylus but differs in having a single gomotyl. The new genus is placed in the family Cryptogonimidae.", "contents": "Textrema hopkinsi gen. et sp. n. (Digenea: Cryptogonimidae) from the largemouth bass of central Texas. Textrema hopkinsi gen. et sp. n. is described from Micropterus salmoides from central Texas. Textrema is most similar to the genus Multigonotylus but differs in having a single gomotyl. The new genus is placed in the family Cryptogonimidae."}
{"id": "PMID:870668", "title": "New hemiurid trematodes from deep-sea benthic fishes in the western North Atlantic.", "content": "Eight species of hemiurid trematodes, 6 of which are new, are reported from deep-sea fishes in the Hudson Canyon area of the western North Atlantic. New species include Dinosoma triangulata, D. sulca, Gonocerca haedrichi, G. minuta, Glomericirrus ulmeri, and Pseudolecithaster antimorae. The new genus, Pseudolecithaster, differs from Lecithaster L\u00fche 1901 by the presence of a sinus organ in Glomericirrus ulmeri sp. n., and G. amadai Yamaguti 1937, the type species, allows emendation of the description of that genus and supression of Glomericirrinae Yamaguti 1958. Gonocerca phycidis Manter 1925 and Lecithophyllum anteroporum Margolis 1958 are reported from new hosts and localities.", "contents": "New hemiurid trematodes from deep-sea benthic fishes in the western North Atlantic. Eight species of hemiurid trematodes, 6 of which are new, are reported from deep-sea fishes in the Hudson Canyon area of the western North Atlantic. New species include Dinosoma triangulata, D. sulca, Gonocerca haedrichi, G. minuta, Glomericirrus ulmeri, and Pseudolecithaster antimorae. The new genus, Pseudolecithaster, differs from Lecithaster L\u00fche 1901 by the presence of a sinus organ in Glomericirrus ulmeri sp. n., and G. amadai Yamaguti 1937, the type species, allows emendation of the description of that genus and supression of Glomericirrinae Yamaguti 1958. Gonocerca phycidis Manter 1925 and Lecithophyllum anteroporum Margolis 1958 are reported from new hosts and localities."}
{"id": "PMID:870669", "title": "Asymphylodora atherinopsidis (Trematoda: Monorchiidae) from the California grunion, Leuresthes tenuis, including a redescription.", "content": "Asymphylodora (Asymphylodoroides) atherinopsidis from the California grunion, Leuresthes tenuis, a new host record, and jacksmelt, Atherinopsis californiensis, the type host, is redescribed and illustrated using more symmetrical as well as larger and smaller specimens than the holotype. The geographic distribution is extended from the type locality of Stinson Beach, Marin Co., California to Estero Beach, 10 km south of Ensenada, Baja California Norte, Mexico. Two tubular externat seminal vesicles opening independently into the internal seminal vesicle are reported apparently for the first time in a trematode. The genital pore is at the left posterolateral margin of the acetabulum which is midway between the lateral margins. Worms may grow to a length of 5.6 mm but eggs were present in one specimen 1.3 mm long.", "contents": "Asymphylodora atherinopsidis (Trematoda: Monorchiidae) from the California grunion, Leuresthes tenuis, including a redescription. Asymphylodora (Asymphylodoroides) atherinopsidis from the California grunion, Leuresthes tenuis, a new host record, and jacksmelt, Atherinopsis californiensis, the type host, is redescribed and illustrated using more symmetrical as well as larger and smaller specimens than the holotype. The geographic distribution is extended from the type locality of Stinson Beach, Marin Co., California to Estero Beach, 10 km south of Ensenada, Baja California Norte, Mexico. Two tubular externat seminal vesicles opening independently into the internal seminal vesicle are reported apparently for the first time in a trematode. The genital pore is at the left posterolateral margin of the acetabulum which is midway between the lateral margins. Worms may grow to a length of 5.6 mm but eggs were present in one specimen 1.3 mm long."}
{"id": "PMID:870670", "title": "Freeze-fracture study of the tegument of larval Taenia crassiceps.", "content": "The tegument of Taenia crassiceps cysticerus is composed of 2 layers, an outer microthrix border and an underlying vesicular syncytium. Each microthrix is a long slender structure that has 2 portions, a thick proximal portion and a thinner distal portion. The inner core of each microthrix contains a cylinder of microfilaments enclosing a central bundle of microfilaments. There are numerous particles on both the protoplasmic and extracellular fracture faces of the proximal portion of the microthrix membrane while there are few particles on the fracture faces of the distal portion. The vesicles that tightly pack the distal tegument are membrane-bound biconcave discs arranged in stacks.", "contents": "Freeze-fracture study of the tegument of larval Taenia crassiceps. The tegument of Taenia crassiceps cysticerus is composed of 2 layers, an outer microthrix border and an underlying vesicular syncytium. Each microthrix is a long slender structure that has 2 portions, a thick proximal portion and a thinner distal portion. The inner core of each microthrix contains a cylinder of microfilaments enclosing a central bundle of microfilaments. There are numerous particles on both the protoplasmic and extracellular fracture faces of the proximal portion of the microthrix membrane while there are few particles on the fracture faces of the distal portion. The vesicles that tightly pack the distal tegument are membrane-bound biconcave discs arranged in stacks."}
{"id": "PMID:870671", "title": "Activation of complement by hydatid cyst fluid of Echinococcus granulosus.", "content": "Factors present in hydatid cyst fluid of Echinococcus granulosus were found to interact with complement from several species. This nonimmunologic fixation resulted in the depletion of hemolytically active complement from fresh guinea pig serum, the conversion of human C3 to an electrophoretically faster species and the genration of smooth muscle contracting substances, analogous to anaphylatoxins, in normal rat serum in vitro. Vascular permeability changes were produced in vivo in rats and humans after intradermal inoculation of complement interacting fractions of hydatid fluid. It is suggested that these factors may contribute to the pathogenesis of the shock syndrome which follows intravenous administration of hydatid fluid in normal animals, and to the nonspecificity of immunodiagnostic skin tests for hydatid infection in man and animals.", "contents": "Activation of complement by hydatid cyst fluid of Echinococcus granulosus. Factors present in hydatid cyst fluid of Echinococcus granulosus were found to interact with complement from several species. This nonimmunologic fixation resulted in the depletion of hemolytically active complement from fresh guinea pig serum, the conversion of human C3 to an electrophoretically faster species and the genration of smooth muscle contracting substances, analogous to anaphylatoxins, in normal rat serum in vitro. Vascular permeability changes were produced in vivo in rats and humans after intradermal inoculation of complement interacting fractions of hydatid fluid. It is suggested that these factors may contribute to the pathogenesis of the shock syndrome which follows intravenous administration of hydatid fluid in normal animals, and to the nonspecificity of immunodiagnostic skin tests for hydatid infection in man and animals."}
{"id": "PMID:870672", "title": "Helminths of reptiles from Komodo and Flores Islands, Indonesia, with descriptions of two new nematode species.", "content": "Helminths were examined from 12 different species of reptiles from Komodo and Flores Islands, Indonesia. Eight species of nematodes and 5 species of cestodes were identified. Spinicauda komodoensis sp. n. (Oxyurata) is characterized by a gubernaculum 295 micronm long. Trichoskrjabinia secundus sp. n. (Trichostrongylidae) differs from T. malayana (Baylis 1933) Travassos 1937, the only other species in the genus, by being shorter overall and having a shorter female esophagus and smaller eggs, spicules, and gubernaculum. Six new host records and 8 new geographical records are listed.", "contents": "Helminths of reptiles from Komodo and Flores Islands, Indonesia, with descriptions of two new nematode species. Helminths were examined from 12 different species of reptiles from Komodo and Flores Islands, Indonesia. Eight species of nematodes and 5 species of cestodes were identified. Spinicauda komodoensis sp. n. (Oxyurata) is characterized by a gubernaculum 295 micronm long. Trichoskrjabinia secundus sp. n. (Trichostrongylidae) differs from T. malayana (Baylis 1933) Travassos 1937, the only other species in the genus, by being shorter overall and having a shorter female esophagus and smaller eggs, spicules, and gubernaculum. Six new host records and 8 new geographical records are listed."}
{"id": "PMID:870673", "title": "Utilization of propionic acid by the L4 and adult stages of Cooperia punctata (Nematoda: Trichostrongylidae) grown in vitro.", "content": "Cultures of Cooperia punctata, a nematode parasitic in cattle, were studied in Ae medium at a pH of 7.2 to 7.3 under air. In fourth and fifth stages of development, they absorbed or otherwise took into their free pool and tissues, carbon derived from 14C-labeled sodium propionate and converted, by pathways not elucidated, a portion of this carbon into protein and lipid fractions. Thirty minutes postincubation in balanced slat solution was adequate to reduce the amount of isotope in the nematode gut to a constant level. Activity from specifically-labeled 14C-propionate was recovered (as glucose pentaacetate) from worm glucose and from CO2 evolved from cultures consisting of L4 and adult stages. Use of propionate by these worms, for whatever metabolic purpose, would result in depriving the ruminant host of some of its necessary glucogenic precursors, and could account for a specific pathogenic mechanism attendant to heavy infections with this parasite.", "contents": "Utilization of propionic acid by the L4 and adult stages of Cooperia punctata (Nematoda: Trichostrongylidae) grown in vitro. Cultures of Cooperia punctata, a nematode parasitic in cattle, were studied in Ae medium at a pH of 7.2 to 7.3 under air. In fourth and fifth stages of development, they absorbed or otherwise took into their free pool and tissues, carbon derived from 14C-labeled sodium propionate and converted, by pathways not elucidated, a portion of this carbon into protein and lipid fractions. Thirty minutes postincubation in balanced slat solution was adequate to reduce the amount of isotope in the nematode gut to a constant level. Activity from specifically-labeled 14C-propionate was recovered (as glucose pentaacetate) from worm glucose and from CO2 evolved from cultures consisting of L4 and adult stages. Use of propionate by these worms, for whatever metabolic purpose, would result in depriving the ruminant host of some of its necessary glucogenic precursors, and could account for a specific pathogenic mechanism attendant to heavy infections with this parasite."}
{"id": "PMID:870674", "title": "An epidemic of pediculosis capitis.", "content": "An epidemic due to Pediculus humanus capitis occurred in the public schools of Buffalo, New York, in the winter of 1973. A survey at one elementary school showed that 20% of whites and no blacks were infested, and a city-wide prevalence survey during the academic year September 1972 to May 1973 showed that 7.2% of all pupils were infested. An epidemiological investigation showed that sex, age, race, socioeconomic status, crowding, method of closeting garments, and family size influenced the distribution of pediculosis but that hair length apparently was not a factor. Poverty and ignorance appeared to contribute to the persistence of infestation.", "contents": "An epidemic of pediculosis capitis. An epidemic due to Pediculus humanus capitis occurred in the public schools of Buffalo, New York, in the winter of 1973. A survey at one elementary school showed that 20% of whites and no blacks were infested, and a city-wide prevalence survey during the academic year September 1972 to May 1973 showed that 7.2% of all pupils were infested. An epidemiological investigation showed that sex, age, race, socioeconomic status, crowding, method of closeting garments, and family size influenced the distribution of pediculosis but that hair length apparently was not a factor. Poverty and ignorance appeared to contribute to the persistence of infestation."}
{"id": "PMID:870675", "title": "Critical remarks on external cephalic version under tocolysis. Report on a case of antepartum fetal death.", "content": "SALING and MULLER-HOLVE recently proposed an improved method of external cephalic version brought about a renewed interest in this obstetric procedure. In spite of the undisputed advantages in individual cases we posed the following questions: 1. The extent of the decreased cesaerean section rate 2. The fetal risk We estimate a decrease of cesarean sections by about 1.5% under the assumption that a breech presentation in primiparae is an indication of cesarean section and that 70% of the version attempts would be successful. The estimate includes some cases of multi-parae breech presentations which would have been operated without external version. The resulting decrease of the cesarean section rate is generally not very important and has a greater impact only in individual cases. We have some misgivings about the fetal risk. We report here on a case of intrauterine fetal death after failed external version. A 28 year-old primiparae without known pregnancy complications was admitted with a breech presentation in the 37th week of gestation. The biparietal diameter of the fetal head was appropriate and the placenta was posterior. Cardiotocogram before and after the unsuccessful version were in part misinterpreted. Seven hours after the version the fetal death was confirmed. Histological examination of the placenta showed a severe dissociated maturation disturbance in addition to a 10 X 8 cm large abruptio which had not been noted clinically. A prediabetes was suspected. The fetus itself showed no anomalies. This was interpreted as a severely placentogenically prestressed infant and prediabetes. The extent of the placental disturbance was unknown and had not been appreciated from the ultrasound examination. The placenta had acute infarcts and a circumscript abruption. The CTG was misinterpreted in part. In another case of version the postoperative cardiotocogram showed pathologic patterns. The birth occurred three weeks later without problems with a well child and an umbilical artery pH of 7.31...", "contents": "Critical remarks on external cephalic version under tocolysis. Report on a case of antepartum fetal death. SALING and MULLER-HOLVE recently proposed an improved method of external cephalic version brought about a renewed interest in this obstetric procedure. In spite of the undisputed advantages in individual cases we posed the following questions: 1. The extent of the decreased cesaerean section rate 2. The fetal risk We estimate a decrease of cesarean sections by about 1.5% under the assumption that a breech presentation in primiparae is an indication of cesarean section and that 70% of the version attempts would be successful. The estimate includes some cases of multi-parae breech presentations which would have been operated without external version. The resulting decrease of the cesarean section rate is generally not very important and has a greater impact only in individual cases. We have some misgivings about the fetal risk. We report here on a case of intrauterine fetal death after failed external version. A 28 year-old primiparae without known pregnancy complications was admitted with a breech presentation in the 37th week of gestation. The biparietal diameter of the fetal head was appropriate and the placenta was posterior. Cardiotocogram before and after the unsuccessful version were in part misinterpreted. Seven hours after the version the fetal death was confirmed. Histological examination of the placenta showed a severe dissociated maturation disturbance in addition to a 10 X 8 cm large abruptio which had not been noted clinically. A prediabetes was suspected. The fetus itself showed no anomalies. This was interpreted as a severely placentogenically prestressed infant and prediabetes. The extent of the placental disturbance was unknown and had not been appreciated from the ultrasound examination. The placenta had acute infarcts and a circumscript abruption. The CTG was misinterpreted in part. In another case of version the postoperative cardiotocogram showed pathologic patterns. The birth occurred three weeks later without problems with a well child and an umbilical artery pH of 7.31..."}
{"id": "PMID:870676", "title": "[Acute reduction of uterine blood flow and fetal heart rate changes in pregnant sheep near term].", "content": "Five merino sheep near term were used for acute preparations to investigate the influence of basal uterine blood flow (UBF), basal fetal oxygenation and basal fetal heart rate (FHR) on FHR changes elicited by acute reduction of UBF. The ewes were anaesthesized with pentobarbital and Alloferin was given for relaxation. Ventilation was maintained via a tracheal tube by a Starling pump. Maternal heart rate, arterial pressure and intrauterine pressure as well as fetal heart rate and umbilical artery pressure were recorded continously. Initially blood flow was recorded by cuff flow meter sequentially in both uterine arteries for a short time in order to determine total UBF and the ratio of flows. During the UBF reduction sequence flow was recorded in the artery of the gravid horn continously and measurement was corrected according to the initial ratio of flows in both arteries, presuming that this ratio would remain constant throughout the course of the experiment. Repetitive and progressive acute reduction of UBF (approximately 25%, 50% and 100% from basal UBF value) was achieved three times, lasting 120 sec each and each approximatly 12 min apart, by flow meter controlled partial or total occlusion of the aorta abdominalis of the ewe with a balloon catheter inserted into the aorta. (In some cases the lateral abdominal section was left open and the aorta was compressed manually). Before, 90 sec after the beginning and 10 min after the end of UBF reduction blood samples were taken from the fetal catheters (Fig. 3). In two preparations this sequence was repeated once after complete recovery of FHR.", "contents": "[Acute reduction of uterine blood flow and fetal heart rate changes in pregnant sheep near term]. Five merino sheep near term were used for acute preparations to investigate the influence of basal uterine blood flow (UBF), basal fetal oxygenation and basal fetal heart rate (FHR) on FHR changes elicited by acute reduction of UBF. The ewes were anaesthesized with pentobarbital and Alloferin was given for relaxation. Ventilation was maintained via a tracheal tube by a Starling pump. Maternal heart rate, arterial pressure and intrauterine pressure as well as fetal heart rate and umbilical artery pressure were recorded continously. Initially blood flow was recorded by cuff flow meter sequentially in both uterine arteries for a short time in order to determine total UBF and the ratio of flows. During the UBF reduction sequence flow was recorded in the artery of the gravid horn continously and measurement was corrected according to the initial ratio of flows in both arteries, presuming that this ratio would remain constant throughout the course of the experiment. Repetitive and progressive acute reduction of UBF (approximately 25%, 50% and 100% from basal UBF value) was achieved three times, lasting 120 sec each and each approximatly 12 min apart, by flow meter controlled partial or total occlusion of the aorta abdominalis of the ewe with a balloon catheter inserted into the aorta. (In some cases the lateral abdominal section was left open and the aorta was compressed manually). Before, 90 sec after the beginning and 10 min after the end of UBF reduction blood samples were taken from the fetal catheters (Fig. 3). In two preparations this sequence was repeated once after complete recovery of FHR."}
{"id": "PMID:870677", "title": "The effects of denervation, cocaine, 6-hydroxydopamine and reserpine on the characteristics of drug-induced contractions of the depolarized smooth muscle of the rat and guinea-pig vas deferens.", "content": "Previous studies have suggested that postjunctional supersensitivity of the vas deferens is due in part to altered electrophysiological properties, the sensitivity of the muscle being increased to any agonist which initiates contraction by means of depolarizing the cell membrane. Results of the present study indicate that altered electrical properties are not the only postjunctional changes which can account for the enhanced response. Dose-response curves for stimulant agonists were obtained in isolated vasa deferentia which were depolarized by a K-rich, Na-free solution. Chronic denervation resulted in a 2- to 3-fold displacement of the dose-response curve for norepinephrine to the left of control. Cocaine (10-(5)M) did not potentiate the response to norepinephrine of the innervated, depolarized smooth muscle. Supporting the contention that the supersensitivity of the depolarized tissue is postjunctional in nature was the finding that the denervated vas deferens was supersensitive to methoxamine, an agent which is not taken up by the neuronal amine transport system. Pretreatment of rats with reserpine (1.0 mg/kg/day for 5-7 days) also produced supersensitivity of the depolarized vas deferens. The increased maximal response to drugs of the denervated rat vas deferens which is observed in normally polarized tissues is absent in depolarized tissues suggesting that the phenomenon of increased maximum requires the existence of a membrane potential in order to be manifest. The denervated vas deferens, but not the vas deferens from reserpine-pretreated animals, exhibits an increase in the duration of drug-induced contractions. This effect occurs in both normal and depolarizing salt solutions suggesting that the change which leads to this phenomenon differs from those alterations which lead to postjunctional supersensitivity and to the enhanced maximal response.", "contents": "The effects of denervation, cocaine, 6-hydroxydopamine and reserpine on the characteristics of drug-induced contractions of the depolarized smooth muscle of the rat and guinea-pig vas deferens. Previous studies have suggested that postjunctional supersensitivity of the vas deferens is due in part to altered electrophysiological properties, the sensitivity of the muscle being increased to any agonist which initiates contraction by means of depolarizing the cell membrane. Results of the present study indicate that altered electrical properties are not the only postjunctional changes which can account for the enhanced response. Dose-response curves for stimulant agonists were obtained in isolated vasa deferentia which were depolarized by a K-rich, Na-free solution. Chronic denervation resulted in a 2- to 3-fold displacement of the dose-response curve for norepinephrine to the left of control. Cocaine (10-(5)M) did not potentiate the response to norepinephrine of the innervated, depolarized smooth muscle. Supporting the contention that the supersensitivity of the depolarized tissue is postjunctional in nature was the finding that the denervated vas deferens was supersensitive to methoxamine, an agent which is not taken up by the neuronal amine transport system. Pretreatment of rats with reserpine (1.0 mg/kg/day for 5-7 days) also produced supersensitivity of the depolarized vas deferens. The increased maximal response to drugs of the denervated rat vas deferens which is observed in normally polarized tissues is absent in depolarized tissues suggesting that the phenomenon of increased maximum requires the existence of a membrane potential in order to be manifest. The denervated vas deferens, but not the vas deferens from reserpine-pretreated animals, exhibits an increase in the duration of drug-induced contractions. This effect occurs in both normal and depolarizing salt solutions suggesting that the change which leads to this phenomenon differs from those alterations which lead to postjunctional supersensitivity and to the enhanced maximal response."}
{"id": "PMID:870678", "title": "A calcium reversible action of barbiturates on the leech Retzius cell.", "content": "The Na salts of phenobarbital, barbital, pentobarbital, secobarbital, methohexital and thiopental in concentrations of 1 to 5 mM all caused prolonged action potentials in leech Retzius cells. The prolongation was favored by low Ca and was reversible by elevation of Ca. Barbiturate-prolonged action potentials were not affected by 50 micronm tetrodotoxin or replacement of Cl by propionate, but they were dependent on external Na. Their amplitudes were increased by steady hyperpolarization and input resistance was reduced during them. They were of shorter duration when elicited at a rapid rate. They were sometimes shortened by intracellular iontophoresis of Ca and by use of the ionophore X537A, but technical factors complicated the interpretation of both kinds of experiments. The results are consistent with the hypothesis that the barbiturates used blocked a voltage-dependent inward Ca current which activates a K conductance necessary for normal repolarization.", "contents": "A calcium reversible action of barbiturates on the leech Retzius cell. The Na salts of phenobarbital, barbital, pentobarbital, secobarbital, methohexital and thiopental in concentrations of 1 to 5 mM all caused prolonged action potentials in leech Retzius cells. The prolongation was favored by low Ca and was reversible by elevation of Ca. Barbiturate-prolonged action potentials were not affected by 50 micronm tetrodotoxin or replacement of Cl by propionate, but they were dependent on external Na. Their amplitudes were increased by steady hyperpolarization and input resistance was reduced during them. They were of shorter duration when elicited at a rapid rate. They were sometimes shortened by intracellular iontophoresis of Ca and by use of the ionophore X537A, but technical factors complicated the interpretation of both kinds of experiments. The results are consistent with the hypothesis that the barbiturates used blocked a voltage-dependent inward Ca current which activates a K conductance necessary for normal repolarization."}
{"id": "PMID:870679", "title": "Differential effects of reserpine and tetrabenazine on rat striatal synaptosomal dopamine biosynthesis and synaptosomal dopamine pools.", "content": "Rat striatal dopamine (DA) levels and synaptosomal DA synthesis were determined after the administration of the catecholamine-depleting agents reserpine (RES) and tetrabenazine (TBZ). Striatal synaptosomal DA synthesis remained unchanged from control levels after Res administration over a wide range of doses (0.5-5 mg/kg) and times (up to 48 hour). In contrast, after TBZ administration, DA synthesis rapidly increased to values greater than 200% of control values, then returned to control levels. The changes in DA synthesis inversely paralleled the depletion of and recovery of striatal DA levels. The increased levels of DA synthesis did not appear to originate with alterations either in the kinetic properties of tyrosine hydroxylase or in the availability of exogenous or endogenous tyrosine. To assess the contribution of synaptosomal DA pools to the regulation of DA synthesis in tissue preparations from RES-or TBZ-pretreated animals, synaptosomal DA synthesis was assessed in the presence of DA releasing agents and compared with analogous experimental manipulations on tissue preparations from animals pretreated with alpha-methyltyrosine or the monoamine oxidase inhibitor, clorgyline. The data are consistent with a differential in vivo interaction of RES and TBZ with a nerve ending pool of DA which participates in end-product inhibition of tyrosine hydroxylase.", "contents": "Differential effects of reserpine and tetrabenazine on rat striatal synaptosomal dopamine biosynthesis and synaptosomal dopamine pools. Rat striatal dopamine (DA) levels and synaptosomal DA synthesis were determined after the administration of the catecholamine-depleting agents reserpine (RES) and tetrabenazine (TBZ). Striatal synaptosomal DA synthesis remained unchanged from control levels after Res administration over a wide range of doses (0.5-5 mg/kg) and times (up to 48 hour). In contrast, after TBZ administration, DA synthesis rapidly increased to values greater than 200% of control values, then returned to control levels. The changes in DA synthesis inversely paralleled the depletion of and recovery of striatal DA levels. The increased levels of DA synthesis did not appear to originate with alterations either in the kinetic properties of tyrosine hydroxylase or in the availability of exogenous or endogenous tyrosine. To assess the contribution of synaptosomal DA pools to the regulation of DA synthesis in tissue preparations from RES-or TBZ-pretreated animals, synaptosomal DA synthesis was assessed in the presence of DA releasing agents and compared with analogous experimental manipulations on tissue preparations from animals pretreated with alpha-methyltyrosine or the monoamine oxidase inhibitor, clorgyline. The data are consistent with a differential in vivo interaction of RES and TBZ with a nerve ending pool of DA which participates in end-product inhibition of tyrosine hydroxylase."}
{"id": "PMID:870680", "title": "Prostaglandin and histamine involvement in the gastric vasodilator action of pentagastrin.", "content": "Male mongrel dogs were anesthetized with 30 mg/kg of pentobarbital and left gastric arterial blood flow (GBF) was measured with electromagnetic flow probes. Pentagastrin, 1microng/kg i.v., produced an initial brief increase in flow followed by a prolonged secondary increase. Histamine, 1 microng/kg, and prostaglandin E2, 0.5 microng/kg, produced monophasic short-lived increases in GBF. The histamine H1 antagonist diphenhydramine and the H2 antagonist metiamide did not affect resting GBF. The prostaglandin synthesis inhibitor, indomethacin, reduced resting GBF by 46%. Responses to histamine were blocked by diphenhydramine by 81% and reduced by indomethacin by 21%. Responses to prostaglandin E2 were reduced by indomethacin by 21%. The primary pentagastrin response was blocked by diphenhydramine by 54%. The secondary pentagastrin response was blocked by both metiamide by 69% and indomethacin by 71%. We conclude that GBF is maintained by a basal production of vasodilatory prostaglandins. Furthermore, pentagastrin can release histamine which by acting on H2 receptors can enhance the production and/or release of prostaglandins to finally mediate an increase in GBF. These actions may partly explain the deleterious effect of indomethacin and the curative effect of prostaglandins on gastric mucosal ulcers.", "contents": "Prostaglandin and histamine involvement in the gastric vasodilator action of pentagastrin. Male mongrel dogs were anesthetized with 30 mg/kg of pentobarbital and left gastric arterial blood flow (GBF) was measured with electromagnetic flow probes. Pentagastrin, 1microng/kg i.v., produced an initial brief increase in flow followed by a prolonged secondary increase. Histamine, 1 microng/kg, and prostaglandin E2, 0.5 microng/kg, produced monophasic short-lived increases in GBF. The histamine H1 antagonist diphenhydramine and the H2 antagonist metiamide did not affect resting GBF. The prostaglandin synthesis inhibitor, indomethacin, reduced resting GBF by 46%. Responses to histamine were blocked by diphenhydramine by 81% and reduced by indomethacin by 21%. Responses to prostaglandin E2 were reduced by indomethacin by 21%. The primary pentagastrin response was blocked by diphenhydramine by 54%. The secondary pentagastrin response was blocked by both metiamide by 69% and indomethacin by 71%. We conclude that GBF is maintained by a basal production of vasodilatory prostaglandins. Furthermore, pentagastrin can release histamine which by acting on H2 receptors can enhance the production and/or release of prostaglandins to finally mediate an increase in GBF. These actions may partly explain the deleterious effect of indomethacin and the curative effect of prostaglandins on gastric mucosal ulcers."}
{"id": "PMID:870681", "title": "Effects of alcohol on the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis in the male rat.", "content": "The effects of acute and chronic alcohol administration on serum testosterone and luteinizing hormone (LH) levels were examined in the male rat. Chronic alcohol administration resulted in depressed serum testosterone and LH levels when alcohol-fed rats were compared with rats maintained, ad libitum, on rat chow and water. However, neither testosterone nor LH levels were significantly lower in alcohol-treated rats when comparisons were made to pair-fed control animals, indicating that the nutritional deficits imposed by the chronic alcohol-feeding regimen contributed heavily to the observed reductions in the two hormones. To avoid the problems associated with a chronic drug delivery model, we injected rats with a single acute injection of alcohol. LH levels dropped significantly within 2 hours after the injection of a 2.5 g/kg dose of alcohol and remained depressed, at a level between 25 and 30% of control values, from 2 to 4 hours. By 6 hours after the injection, LH levels had returned to base-line levels. Testosterone levels were also reduced by alcohol, but this drop was not significant until at least 3 hours after the injection. Testosterone levels did not return to control levels throughout the 6-hour course of the experiment. Dose-response determinations revealed that alcohol produced a biphasic effect on serum testosterone and LH: low doses of alcohol significantly increased testosterone and LH, whereas high doses decreased the levels of both hormones. The results of these studies suggest that the ability of alcohol to depress serum testosterone levels, and thus produce symptoms of hypogonadism in the male of several species, is due to a primary effect of alcohol on the hypothalamic-pituitary aspect of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis.", "contents": "Effects of alcohol on the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis in the male rat. The effects of acute and chronic alcohol administration on serum testosterone and luteinizing hormone (LH) levels were examined in the male rat. Chronic alcohol administration resulted in depressed serum testosterone and LH levels when alcohol-fed rats were compared with rats maintained, ad libitum, on rat chow and water. However, neither testosterone nor LH levels were significantly lower in alcohol-treated rats when comparisons were made to pair-fed control animals, indicating that the nutritional deficits imposed by the chronic alcohol-feeding regimen contributed heavily to the observed reductions in the two hormones. To avoid the problems associated with a chronic drug delivery model, we injected rats with a single acute injection of alcohol. LH levels dropped significantly within 2 hours after the injection of a 2.5 g/kg dose of alcohol and remained depressed, at a level between 25 and 30% of control values, from 2 to 4 hours. By 6 hours after the injection, LH levels had returned to base-line levels. Testosterone levels were also reduced by alcohol, but this drop was not significant until at least 3 hours after the injection. Testosterone levels did not return to control levels throughout the 6-hour course of the experiment. Dose-response determinations revealed that alcohol produced a biphasic effect on serum testosterone and LH: low doses of alcohol significantly increased testosterone and LH, whereas high doses decreased the levels of both hormones. The results of these studies suggest that the ability of alcohol to depress serum testosterone levels, and thus produce symptoms of hypogonadism in the male of several species, is due to a primary effect of alcohol on the hypothalamic-pituitary aspect of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis."}
{"id": "PMID:870682", "title": "Role of liver cytosolic aldehyde dehydrogenase isozymes in control of blood acetaldehyde concentrations.", "content": "The role of various cytosolic aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) isozymes in acetaldehyde metabolism was determined. Rats of known genotype (RR, reactor; rr, nonreactor) with respect to induction of a cytosolic enzyme by phenobarbital were used. Animals were treated with either phenobarbital (1.0 mg/ml in drinking water for 3 days) or 75 microng/kg (i.p.) of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) prior to ethanol treatment (2.5 g/kg). TCDD treatment is known to induce a second cytosolic ALDH isozyme in both RR and rr animals. Phenobarbital increased cytosolic ALDH activity 23-fold only in the RR animals, while TCDD increased activity 155-fold in both groups. Phenobarbital-treated RR rats maintained significantly lower blood acetaldehyde levels at 30, 90 and 150 minutes after ethanol injection compared to control RR animals. Blood acetaldehyde levels in phenobarbital-treated rr rats were not significantly different from rr controls. Administration of TCDD to RR or rr rats did not significantly alter blood acetaldehyde levels at 30, 90 or 150 minutes after ethanol treatment compared to appropriate controls. Similarly, phenobarbital significantly increased blood ethanol elimination rate (1.5 times greater than control) only in RR rats. Ethanol elimination rate was not significantly altered by TCDD in either group. Pargyline (100 mg/kg i.p.) did not significantly inhibit cytosolic ALDH activity, while total mitochondrial ALDH activity was inhibited by 28 and 57% in RR animals receiving TCDD and phenobarbital, respectively. Pargyline significantly increased blood acetaldehyde levels after ethanol administration. However, pretreatment with phenobarbital or TCDD significantly decreased elevated blood acetaldehyde levels resulting from pargyline treatment, with the greatest reduction in the phenobarbital-treated RR animals.", "contents": "Role of liver cytosolic aldehyde dehydrogenase isozymes in control of blood acetaldehyde concentrations. The role of various cytosolic aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) isozymes in acetaldehyde metabolism was determined. Rats of known genotype (RR, reactor; rr, nonreactor) with respect to induction of a cytosolic enzyme by phenobarbital were used. Animals were treated with either phenobarbital (1.0 mg/ml in drinking water for 3 days) or 75 microng/kg (i.p.) of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) prior to ethanol treatment (2.5 g/kg). TCDD treatment is known to induce a second cytosolic ALDH isozyme in both RR and rr animals. Phenobarbital increased cytosolic ALDH activity 23-fold only in the RR animals, while TCDD increased activity 155-fold in both groups. Phenobarbital-treated RR rats maintained significantly lower blood acetaldehyde levels at 30, 90 and 150 minutes after ethanol injection compared to control RR animals. Blood acetaldehyde levels in phenobarbital-treated rr rats were not significantly different from rr controls. Administration of TCDD to RR or rr rats did not significantly alter blood acetaldehyde levels at 30, 90 or 150 minutes after ethanol treatment compared to appropriate controls. Similarly, phenobarbital significantly increased blood ethanol elimination rate (1.5 times greater than control) only in RR rats. Ethanol elimination rate was not significantly altered by TCDD in either group. Pargyline (100 mg/kg i.p.) did not significantly inhibit cytosolic ALDH activity, while total mitochondrial ALDH activity was inhibited by 28 and 57% in RR animals receiving TCDD and phenobarbital, respectively. Pargyline significantly increased blood acetaldehyde levels after ethanol administration. However, pretreatment with phenobarbital or TCDD significantly decreased elevated blood acetaldehyde levels resulting from pargyline treatment, with the greatest reduction in the phenobarbital-treated RR animals."}
{"id": "PMID:870683", "title": "The continuous kinetic determination of p-nitroanisole O-demethylation in hemoglobin-free perfused rat liver.", "content": "P-Nitroanisole O-demethylation by perfused rat liver based on the spectral properties of the product, p-nitrophenolate, was determined continuously. Rates of p-nitrophenol production in this system were sensitive to inhibition by CO. p-Nitrophenolate production by livers of normal animals was linear for up to 30 minutes; however, rates were only linear for 1 to 2 minutes followed by a steady decline in induced (6-fold) livers from phenobarbital-treated rats. Only a small portion (24%) of this steady decline could be accounted for by the formation of conjugation products. Additionally, infusion of p-nitrophenol (14 micronM) was not associated with a decline in rate. The decline in rate in induced livers was reversed by glucose, suggesting that an intimate relationship may exist between drug and carbohydrate metabolism in the intact liver. Alteration in rates of p-nitroanisole metabolism with various inducing agents of the mixed-function oxidation system (phenobarbital; ethanol) produced parallel changes in rates of hepatic lactate production, most likely reflecting the aciton of p-nitrophenol to uncouple oxidative phosphorylation. The data support the hypothesis that the decline in rate in p-nitroanisole O-demethylation in livers from phenobarbital-treated rats is due to reduced availability of NADPH for mixed-function oxidation.", "contents": "The continuous kinetic determination of p-nitroanisole O-demethylation in hemoglobin-free perfused rat liver. P-Nitroanisole O-demethylation by perfused rat liver based on the spectral properties of the product, p-nitrophenolate, was determined continuously. Rates of p-nitrophenol production in this system were sensitive to inhibition by CO. p-Nitrophenolate production by livers of normal animals was linear for up to 30 minutes; however, rates were only linear for 1 to 2 minutes followed by a steady decline in induced (6-fold) livers from phenobarbital-treated rats. Only a small portion (24%) of this steady decline could be accounted for by the formation of conjugation products. Additionally, infusion of p-nitrophenol (14 micronM) was not associated with a decline in rate. The decline in rate in induced livers was reversed by glucose, suggesting that an intimate relationship may exist between drug and carbohydrate metabolism in the intact liver. Alteration in rates of p-nitroanisole metabolism with various inducing agents of the mixed-function oxidation system (phenobarbital; ethanol) produced parallel changes in rates of hepatic lactate production, most likely reflecting the aciton of p-nitrophenol to uncouple oxidative phosphorylation. The data support the hypothesis that the decline in rate in p-nitroanisole O-demethylation in livers from phenobarbital-treated rats is due to reduced availability of NADPH for mixed-function oxidation."}
{"id": "PMID:870684", "title": "Effect of warfarin on the kinetics of the vitamin K-dependent clotting factors in rats.", "content": "The objectives of this study were to compare the time course of activities and rates of synthesis of activities for the separate clotting factors II, VII, IX, and X and to relate the rate of synthesis of activity of each factor to the plasma concentration of warfarin in individual rats after acute and chronic dosing with warfarin. Sequences of blood samples were obtained from each rat for 50 to 70 hours after an acute dose of warfarin or for 120 hours after a chronic loading dose plus 12-hour maintenance doses of warfarin and assayed for factor activities and warfarin concentration. The half-lives for degradation of factor activities ranged from 2.6 to 9.0 hours for the four factors. During periods of changing warfarin concentration (acute dosing) factor VII and X activities and rates of synthesis of activity showed large rapid changes, while factors II and IX responded more slowly. As the warfarin concentration diminished, the factor X rate of synthesis of activity appeared to exceed predrug values in all rats. During chronic dosing with warfarin the factor II activity and rate of synthesis of activity was depressed the most. The percent depression of the rate of synthesis of activity for each factor was related linearly to the logarithm of the plasma concentration of warfarin for the range 0 to 80% depression with acute dosing. However, this relationship was not suitable to explain the apparent overshoot in factor X rate of synthesis of activity.", "contents": "Effect of warfarin on the kinetics of the vitamin K-dependent clotting factors in rats. The objectives of this study were to compare the time course of activities and rates of synthesis of activities for the separate clotting factors II, VII, IX, and X and to relate the rate of synthesis of activity of each factor to the plasma concentration of warfarin in individual rats after acute and chronic dosing with warfarin. Sequences of blood samples were obtained from each rat for 50 to 70 hours after an acute dose of warfarin or for 120 hours after a chronic loading dose plus 12-hour maintenance doses of warfarin and assayed for factor activities and warfarin concentration. The half-lives for degradation of factor activities ranged from 2.6 to 9.0 hours for the four factors. During periods of changing warfarin concentration (acute dosing) factor VII and X activities and rates of synthesis of activity showed large rapid changes, while factors II and IX responded more slowly. As the warfarin concentration diminished, the factor X rate of synthesis of activity appeared to exceed predrug values in all rats. During chronic dosing with warfarin the factor II activity and rate of synthesis of activity was depressed the most. The percent depression of the rate of synthesis of activity for each factor was related linearly to the logarithm of the plasma concentration of warfarin for the range 0 to 80% depression with acute dosing. However, this relationship was not suitable to explain the apparent overshoot in factor X rate of synthesis of activity."}
{"id": "PMID:870685", "title": "MacAndrew MMPI alcoholism scale: alcoholism and drug addictiveness.", "content": "MMPI Form R answer sheets of 222 successive black and white male inpatients referred for psychological testing in a VA general medical and surgical hospital were scored on the MacAndrew Alcoholism and the Cavior Heroin Addiction Scales. The MacAndrew Scale with 74% accuracy provided a practical screening device for identifying alcoholics. It did not significantly differentiate patients with a history of drug abuse from patients with a history of alcoholism. The Cavior He Scale was not so valid a screening device for identifying drug addicted patients in our total population. Each scale in a special way seems to be measuring a \"general addictive propensity.\"", "contents": "MacAndrew MMPI alcoholism scale: alcoholism and drug addictiveness. MMPI Form R answer sheets of 222 successive black and white male inpatients referred for psychological testing in a VA general medical and surgical hospital were scored on the MacAndrew Alcoholism and the Cavior Heroin Addiction Scales. The MacAndrew Scale with 74% accuracy provided a practical screening device for identifying alcoholics. It did not significantly differentiate patients with a history of drug abuse from patients with a history of alcoholism. The Cavior He Scale was not so valid a screening device for identifying drug addicted patients in our total population. Each scale in a special way seems to be measuring a \"general addictive propensity.\""}
{"id": "PMID:870686", "title": "Number of children wanted and expected by American physicians.", "content": "Seven hundred thrity-five male and 93 female physicians indicated the number of children they would like to have; 713 and 89 indicated the number they expected to have. These questionnaire responses were related to demographic, educational, and personality test data gathered while the physicians were in medical school. The strongest predictor of both number of children wanted and expected was the size of the physician's own family of origin. Specialists in obstetrics and gynecology wanted and expected more children than those in other specialties.", "contents": "Number of children wanted and expected by American physicians. Seven hundred thrity-five male and 93 female physicians indicated the number of children they would like to have; 713 and 89 indicated the number they expected to have. These questionnaire responses were related to demographic, educational, and personality test data gathered while the physicians were in medical school. The strongest predictor of both number of children wanted and expected was the size of the physician's own family of origin. Specialists in obstetrics and gynecology wanted and expected more children than those in other specialties."}
{"id": "PMID:870687", "title": "[Abdominal tomometry. Application to study of the liver. Experimental study, initial clinical results and perspectives in the exploration of tumour pathology (author's transl)].", "content": "Over a period of two months, 120 patients were studied using an Acta-Scanner tomometer for various hepatic disorders. In parallel, comparative tomometric and pathological studies were carried out in cadavers and isolated livers. These made possible the recognition of normal structures in tomometry and the identification of certain hepatic images which might be potential sources of error. Serial axial transverse sections were used to reconstruct the volume of the liver in space, thus making in possible to eliminate certain forms of pseudo-tumoural hepatomegaly. Systematic densitometric analysis was made by radiological anatomical study and in hepatic pathology. This new type of analysis led to a quantified diagnosis of certain diffuse hepatic diseases and a histological approach to tumour lesions. Hepatography using liposoluble agents in very low dosage was used in hepatic tomometry after animal experimentation. The method, free of untoward effects, makes possible the diagnosis of hepato-splenic tumor lesions less than one centimetre in diameter.", "contents": "[Abdominal tomometry. Application to study of the liver. Experimental study, initial clinical results and perspectives in the exploration of tumour pathology (author's transl)]. Over a period of two months, 120 patients were studied using an Acta-Scanner tomometer for various hepatic disorders. In parallel, comparative tomometric and pathological studies were carried out in cadavers and isolated livers. These made possible the recognition of normal structures in tomometry and the identification of certain hepatic images which might be potential sources of error. Serial axial transverse sections were used to reconstruct the volume of the liver in space, thus making in possible to eliminate certain forms of pseudo-tumoural hepatomegaly. Systematic densitometric analysis was made by radiological anatomical study and in hepatic pathology. This new type of analysis led to a quantified diagnosis of certain diffuse hepatic diseases and a histological approach to tumour lesions. Hepatography using liposoluble agents in very low dosage was used in hepatic tomometry after animal experimentation. The method, free of untoward effects, makes possible the diagnosis of hepato-splenic tumor lesions less than one centimetre in diameter."}
{"id": "PMID:870688", "title": "[Absorbed dose by the crystalline in middle ear tomography (author's transl)].", "content": "Measurements of the incident dose on the eye have been taken during the tomographic examinations of the middle ear. These measurements have been effectuated without any protection of the eye, and with a Pb-diaphragm protection, thickness 2mm. The tomograph which has been used is an Italian one (Eurostrator-Zuder, Genoa) provided with complex radiation movements (circular, spiral) and which gives technical resutlts such as the Polytom (generally used for these researches) but which has a focus film distance of 1m instead of 1.40 m. The average incident dose on the erystalline lens is high (11.7 R): the use of the Pb-diaphragm reduces the dose considerably (0.65 R) without any significant imperfections on the radiological image.", "contents": "[Absorbed dose by the crystalline in middle ear tomography (author's transl)]. Measurements of the incident dose on the eye have been taken during the tomographic examinations of the middle ear. These measurements have been effectuated without any protection of the eye, and with a Pb-diaphragm protection, thickness 2mm. The tomograph which has been used is an Italian one (Eurostrator-Zuder, Genoa) provided with complex radiation movements (circular, spiral) and which gives technical resutlts such as the Polytom (generally used for these researches) but which has a focus film distance of 1m instead of 1.40 m. The average incident dose on the erystalline lens is high (11.7 R): the use of the Pb-diaphragm reduces the dose considerably (0.65 R) without any significant imperfections on the radiological image."}
{"id": "PMID:870689", "title": "[Early gastric carcinoma. 20 cases. Radioclinical, endoscopic and histopathological study (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors report twenty cases of early gastric carcinoma: superficial and with limited infiltration. The histological appearances varied, related to the macroscopic type of the tumour: protuberant, ulcerated, flat. The slightest clinical symptoms justify the most careful radiological study. Protuberant types result in a filling defect. Ulcerated types have a characteristic appearance of superficial ulcer, the folds involved being nodular or widely spread. Deeper regressive ulcerations are sometimes seen in association. Flat forms after the folds of a localised area of mucosa. The differential diagnosis is difficult. It is particularly important to eliminate the possibility of a benign ulcer, polypoid gastritis, lymphoid superficial ulcer, atrophic gastritis, well healed benign ulcer. Combined radiological and endoscopic studies are essential at all stages.", "contents": "[Early gastric carcinoma. 20 cases. Radioclinical, endoscopic and histopathological study (author's transl)]. The authors report twenty cases of early gastric carcinoma: superficial and with limited infiltration. The histological appearances varied, related to the macroscopic type of the tumour: protuberant, ulcerated, flat. The slightest clinical symptoms justify the most careful radiological study. Protuberant types result in a filling defect. Ulcerated types have a characteristic appearance of superficial ulcer, the folds involved being nodular or widely spread. Deeper regressive ulcerations are sometimes seen in association. Flat forms after the folds of a localised area of mucosa. The differential diagnosis is difficult. It is particularly important to eliminate the possibility of a benign ulcer, polypoid gastritis, lymphoid superficial ulcer, atrophic gastritis, well healed benign ulcer. Combined radiological and endoscopic studies are essential at all stages."}
{"id": "PMID:870690", "title": "Exogenous estrogens and endometrial carcinoma: review and comments for the clinician.", "content": "It is justifiable to have reservations about the significance of the data available at this time on a possible increase in the risk of a patient's developing endometrial cancer if estrogen replacement therapy has been prescribed for her. Hopefully, additional studies currently being conducted will help to clarify the issue further. In the meantime, clinicians need guidelines on the use of estrogen replacement therapy. Estrogen is indicated in the premenopausal woman who has had surgical or radiation castration for treatment of disease. Menopausal women with severe vasomotor instability or atrophic vaginitis should also be considered for estrogen replacement therapy. In the latter situation, topical administration may be adequate. Contraindications to estrogen replacement include undiagnosed vaginal bleeding, breast cancer history of thromboembolic disease, liver disease, uterine leiomyomata, hypertension, diabetes, migraine headaches or gall bladder disease. In patients for whom estrogens are contraindicated, atrophic vaginitis can be treated with local estrogens and vasomotor symptoms with sedatives such as phenobarbital and belladonna. Before estrogen treatment is begun, a medical history and physical examination that look for possible contraindications are required. Obviously, any woman with abnormal uterine bleeding in the menopausal age group requires a procedure that provides tissue for histopathologic examination. Although postmenopausal women taking estrogen may have uterine bleeding related to the hormone, such bleeding cannot be assumed to be due to the therapy and always requires evaluation. The lowest dose effective in controlling a patient's symptoms should be administered, preferably in cyclic fashion. Whether the addition of a progestational compound at cyclic intervals has a beneficial effect on the endometrium is a matter of conjecture at this time. Requirement for continuing therapy should be reevaluated at least on an annual basis and preferably more often. In conclusion, a quote from Graber and Barber is appropriate: \"The entire picture of routine postmenopausal estrogen therapy is in a state of complete confusion. We must proceed with circumspection and caution. We need less passion, fewer hypotheses, and more facts.\"", "contents": "Exogenous estrogens and endometrial carcinoma: review and comments for the clinician. It is justifiable to have reservations about the significance of the data available at this time on a possible increase in the risk of a patient's developing endometrial cancer if estrogen replacement therapy has been prescribed for her. Hopefully, additional studies currently being conducted will help to clarify the issue further. In the meantime, clinicians need guidelines on the use of estrogen replacement therapy. Estrogen is indicated in the premenopausal woman who has had surgical or radiation castration for treatment of disease. Menopausal women with severe vasomotor instability or atrophic vaginitis should also be considered for estrogen replacement therapy. In the latter situation, topical administration may be adequate. Contraindications to estrogen replacement include undiagnosed vaginal bleeding, breast cancer history of thromboembolic disease, liver disease, uterine leiomyomata, hypertension, diabetes, migraine headaches or gall bladder disease. In patients for whom estrogens are contraindicated, atrophic vaginitis can be treated with local estrogens and vasomotor symptoms with sedatives such as phenobarbital and belladonna. Before estrogen treatment is begun, a medical history and physical examination that look for possible contraindications are required. Obviously, any woman with abnormal uterine bleeding in the menopausal age group requires a procedure that provides tissue for histopathologic examination. Although postmenopausal women taking estrogen may have uterine bleeding related to the hormone, such bleeding cannot be assumed to be due to the therapy and always requires evaluation. The lowest dose effective in controlling a patient's symptoms should be administered, preferably in cyclic fashion. Whether the addition of a progestational compound at cyclic intervals has a beneficial effect on the endometrium is a matter of conjecture at this time. Requirement for continuing therapy should be reevaluated at least on an annual basis and preferably more often. In conclusion, a quote from Graber and Barber is appropriate: \"The entire picture of routine postmenopausal estrogen therapy is in a state of complete confusion. We must proceed with circumspection and caution. We need less passion, fewer hypotheses, and more facts.\""}
{"id": "PMID:870691", "title": "Medical humanities: an aid to ethical discussions.", "content": "'The ethical landscape', the title given to part of a course devised by Mr. Moore, is described in full in this paper. The whole course is a new adventure in medical education designed to help students to explore the ethical problems in the practice of medicine. The 'ethical landscape' is seen through discussion based on passages from literature depicting doctors' and patients' dilemmas. As the results summarized in the tables show, the students found the course well worth while, and thought that they had gained a new insight into the problems with which they would be confronted and also into their own personalities and those of their fellow students whom previously they had only known superficially. The Chairman of the course, Mr. Moore, was also subjected to assessment from his students, because on the skill of the Chairman such a course would fail or succeed.", "contents": "Medical humanities: an aid to ethical discussions. 'The ethical landscape', the title given to part of a course devised by Mr. Moore, is described in full in this paper. The whole course is a new adventure in medical education designed to help students to explore the ethical problems in the practice of medicine. The 'ethical landscape' is seen through discussion based on passages from literature depicting doctors' and patients' dilemmas. As the results summarized in the tables show, the students found the course well worth while, and thought that they had gained a new insight into the problems with which they would be confronted and also into their own personalities and those of their fellow students whom previously they had only known superficially. The Chairman of the course, Mr. Moore, was also subjected to assessment from his students, because on the skill of the Chairman such a course would fail or succeed."}
{"id": "PMID:870692", "title": "'The implications of medical ethics'.", "content": "Professor Goldworth takes up the cudgels in defence of the contemporary moral philosopher, who, he says, should indeed have a role in helping doctors to make clinical decisions based on philosophical theory; Mr. Thompson in his reply says that Professor Goldworth has misinterpreted his earlier argument. Mr. Thompson reiterates his view that the practice of medical ethics must begin with the professionals -- the doctors and nurses--although the philosopher could perhaps find himself part of a medical team. In these circumstances Professor Goldworth and Mr. Thompson would be in complete agreement. Both writers seem to be reflecting very clearly the ideas current in American and British climates of opinion.", "contents": "'The implications of medical ethics'. Professor Goldworth takes up the cudgels in defence of the contemporary moral philosopher, who, he says, should indeed have a role in helping doctors to make clinical decisions based on philosophical theory; Mr. Thompson in his reply says that Professor Goldworth has misinterpreted his earlier argument. Mr. Thompson reiterates his view that the practice of medical ethics must begin with the professionals -- the doctors and nurses--although the philosopher could perhaps find himself part of a medical team. In these circumstances Professor Goldworth and Mr. Thompson would be in complete agreement. Both writers seem to be reflecting very clearly the ideas current in American and British climates of opinion."}
{"id": "PMID:870693", "title": "A Rhesus dilemma.", "content": "A family doctor encounters many problems, some of which are not strictly medical, but today he has become the first person to whom people turn when confronted with any personal difficulties which may be expressed medically. Pauline provides an example: she received good medical advice and counsel relating to her social and family context. Pauline took the advice as far as she was willing. However, the participants in the subsequent case conference thought that the problem of Rhesus incompatibility submitted to the doctor was not the crux of the matter but rather the way in which he handled it: the obvious question then to be asked is, Why did the patient consult her doctor and not some other counsellor as the problem proved not to be medical at all? Those taking part were Canon Derek Blows, counsellor and psychotherapist for the Southwark diocese and at University College Hospital, London; Bridget Greeves, Director of the Tottenham Advice Bureau; Dr. Anthony Thorley, honorary senior registrar in psychiatry, Maudsley Hospital, London; Kerstin Lindley-Jones, therapist; and Dr. Roger Higgs, general practitioner and organizer of this series, in the chair. Dr. Michael Courtney, general practitioner, London, was not able to be present but sent his commentary.", "contents": "A Rhesus dilemma. A family doctor encounters many problems, some of which are not strictly medical, but today he has become the first person to whom people turn when confronted with any personal difficulties which may be expressed medically. Pauline provides an example: she received good medical advice and counsel relating to her social and family context. Pauline took the advice as far as she was willing. However, the participants in the subsequent case conference thought that the problem of Rhesus incompatibility submitted to the doctor was not the crux of the matter but rather the way in which he handled it: the obvious question then to be asked is, Why did the patient consult her doctor and not some other counsellor as the problem proved not to be medical at all? Those taking part were Canon Derek Blows, counsellor and psychotherapist for the Southwark diocese and at University College Hospital, London; Bridget Greeves, Director of the Tottenham Advice Bureau; Dr. Anthony Thorley, honorary senior registrar in psychiatry, Maudsley Hospital, London; Kerstin Lindley-Jones, therapist; and Dr. Roger Higgs, general practitioner and organizer of this series, in the chair. Dr. Michael Courtney, general practitioner, London, was not able to be present but sent his commentary."}
{"id": "PMID:870694", "title": "Do drug advertisements provide therapeutic information?", "content": "In this study of advertisements appearing in medical periodicals and by direct mail advertising to general practitioners, Dr. Stimson, a sociologist, concludes that from what is intended to provide therapeutic information hardly any therapeutic information is provided. He reminds the reader of the safeguards which surround all drug advertising by law and by the code of practice of the Association of the British Pharmaceutical Industry but these safeguards do not appear to control real or potential sins of omission. Frequently in these advertisements the literature relating to the drug is quoted but Dr. Stimson found that it was difficult to trace all the papers quoted in different types of medical library. (Some references quoted were to unpublished papers but surely the blame should be shared in this situation?) Dr. Stimson also gives a vivid and fascinating glimpse of what he calls the 'images and stereotypes' of the patients who, it is claimed, would benefit from the drug being advertised. Certainly most general practitioners must be aware that when they prescribe that image is displaced by an individual but the portrait gallery is indeed depressing. However, to balance these advertisements drug companies issue data sheets which must be more informative than advertisements and conform to regulations in their format. Unfortunately data sheets are only issued every 15 months whereas the 'average general practitioner is potentially exposed to 1,300 advertisements every month'. In other words, the data sheet and not the advertisement should be the guideline but it arrives too infrequently to offset the lack of therapeutic information contained in advertisements.", "contents": "Do drug advertisements provide therapeutic information? In this study of advertisements appearing in medical periodicals and by direct mail advertising to general practitioners, Dr. Stimson, a sociologist, concludes that from what is intended to provide therapeutic information hardly any therapeutic information is provided. He reminds the reader of the safeguards which surround all drug advertising by law and by the code of practice of the Association of the British Pharmaceutical Industry but these safeguards do not appear to control real or potential sins of omission. Frequently in these advertisements the literature relating to the drug is quoted but Dr. Stimson found that it was difficult to trace all the papers quoted in different types of medical library. (Some references quoted were to unpublished papers but surely the blame should be shared in this situation?) Dr. Stimson also gives a vivid and fascinating glimpse of what he calls the 'images and stereotypes' of the patients who, it is claimed, would benefit from the drug being advertised. Certainly most general practitioners must be aware that when they prescribe that image is displaced by an individual but the portrait gallery is indeed depressing. However, to balance these advertisements drug companies issue data sheets which must be more informative than advertisements and conform to regulations in their format. Unfortunately data sheets are only issued every 15 months whereas the 'average general practitioner is potentially exposed to 1,300 advertisements every month'. In other words, the data sheet and not the advertisement should be the guideline but it arrives too infrequently to offset the lack of therapeutic information contained in advertisements."}
{"id": "PMID:870696", "title": "Determination of muscle cable parameters from a single membrane voltage response.", "content": "Computer techniques have been developed to achieve a least-squares fit of the Hodgkin and Rushton one time-constant cable equation to the recorded responses of muscle cells to the intracellular injection of square current pulses. In the rat diaphragm the response of the muscle fiber to square current pulses is well fit by a one time-constant model. This makes possible the estimation of the passive electrical properties of muscle sarcolemma using the response of the fiber to a single stimulus. A comparison of the results of this method and the older method of spatial decay in the rat diaphragm shows no significant differences. Average values obtained using the one-point method for estimating membrane resistance and capacitance are 520 omega cm2 and 4.6 micronF/cm2, respectively. An estimation of the average specific resistivity of the cytoplasm was made using this method, and it was found to be 213 omega cm. At levels of injected currents producing large membrane hyperpolarizations where delayed conductance changes make the spatial decay method useless, the one-point method continues to give consistent results since it utilizes only the early portion of the membrane response. Work with the frog sartorius muscle, which is known to display the characteristics of a two time-constant system, shows that this method is capable of estimating the slower components of this system by using only the later portion of the response curve. The immunity of this method to delayed conductance changes and its experimental facility make it useful in estimating the passive electrical properties of muscle fibers, particularly when working with tissues that are small and delicate or that have poor in vitro viability.", "contents": "Determination of muscle cable parameters from a single membrane voltage response. Computer techniques have been developed to achieve a least-squares fit of the Hodgkin and Rushton one time-constant cable equation to the recorded responses of muscle cells to the intracellular injection of square current pulses. In the rat diaphragm the response of the muscle fiber to square current pulses is well fit by a one time-constant model. This makes possible the estimation of the passive electrical properties of muscle sarcolemma using the response of the fiber to a single stimulus. A comparison of the results of this method and the older method of spatial decay in the rat diaphragm shows no significant differences. Average values obtained using the one-point method for estimating membrane resistance and capacitance are 520 omega cm2 and 4.6 micronF/cm2, respectively. An estimation of the average specific resistivity of the cytoplasm was made using this method, and it was found to be 213 omega cm. At levels of injected currents producing large membrane hyperpolarizations where delayed conductance changes make the spatial decay method useless, the one-point method continues to give consistent results since it utilizes only the early portion of the membrane response. Work with the frog sartorius muscle, which is known to display the characteristics of a two time-constant system, shows that this method is capable of estimating the slower components of this system by using only the later portion of the response curve. The immunity of this method to delayed conductance changes and its experimental facility make it useful in estimating the passive electrical properties of muscle fibers, particularly when working with tissues that are small and delicate or that have poor in vitro viability."}
{"id": "PMID:870695", "title": "Mode of action of amiloride in toad urinary bladder. An electrophysiological study of the drug action on sodium permeability of the mucosal border.", "content": "The effect of amiloride on the sensitivity to Na of the mucosal border of toad urinary bladder was investigated by recording Na concentration-dependent transepithelial potential difference (Vt) and the intracellular potential. When mucosal Na concentration was normal, amiloride added to the mucosal solution at 10(-4) M markedly reduced the mucosal membrane potential (Vm) and altered the potential profile from a two-step type to a well type. Similar changes were observed when Na was totally eliminated from the mucosal medium. The serosal membrane potential was insensitive to amiloride and elimination of mucosal Na. In the absence of amiloride, the Vt could be described by the Goldman-Hodgkin-Katz equation  in the range of mucosal Na concentration from 0 to 16 mM, and amiloride extended this concentration range. By using the Goldman-Hodgkin-Katz equation. Na permeability was calculated from the data of Vt's obtained in the allowed ranges of Na concentration and compared before and after the addition of amiloride. The results show that Na permeability decreases to 1/600 of control when the maximum dose of amiloride (10(-4) M) is applied. The relationship between Na permeability and amiloride concentration is well explained on the basis of assumptions that amiloride binds to the Na site of the mucosal border in one-to-one fashion and in a competitive manner with Na and that Na permeability reduces in proportion to increase in number of the sites bound with amiloride.", "contents": "Mode of action of amiloride in toad urinary bladder. An electrophysiological study of the drug action on sodium permeability of the mucosal border. The effect of amiloride on the sensitivity to Na of the mucosal border of toad urinary bladder was investigated by recording Na concentration-dependent transepithelial potential difference (Vt) and the intracellular potential. When mucosal Na concentration was normal, amiloride added to the mucosal solution at 10(-4) M markedly reduced the mucosal membrane potential (Vm) and altered the potential profile from a two-step type to a well type. Similar changes were observed when Na was totally eliminated from the mucosal medium. The serosal membrane potential was insensitive to amiloride and elimination of mucosal Na. In the absence of amiloride, the Vt could be described by the Goldman-Hodgkin-Katz equation  in the range of mucosal Na concentration from 0 to 16 mM, and amiloride extended this concentration range. By using the Goldman-Hodgkin-Katz equation. Na permeability was calculated from the data of Vt's obtained in the allowed ranges of Na concentration and compared before and after the addition of amiloride. The results show that Na permeability decreases to 1/600 of control when the maximum dose of amiloride (10(-4) M) is applied. The relationship between Na permeability and amiloride concentration is well explained on the basis of assumptions that amiloride binds to the Na site of the mucosal border in one-to-one fashion and in a competitive manner with Na and that Na permeability reduces in proportion to increase in number of the sites bound with amiloride."}
{"id": "PMID:870697", "title": "Mechanics of the syrinx in Gallus gallus. II. Electromyographic studies of ad libitum vocalizations.", "content": "Records of electrical activity in the tracheal muscles of domestic chickens were obtained for a variety of ad libitum vocalizations. Primary attention was given to an analysis of events during the most complex call, crowing. Three pairs of muscles, Mm, tracheohyoideus, tracheolateralis, and sternotrachealis, can affect the configuration of a chicken's syrinx. The firing patterns of the three muscle pairs are related to their different abilities to affect the tension of the syringeal membranes. The influence of M. tracheohyoideus is most indirect and imprecise, and its role the least clearly defined. It appears to adjust the position of the trachea so that the syrinx is isolated from unpredictable and/or undesireable consequences of nuchal position and tracheal elasticity, and also helps draw the glottis caudad, thereby deepening the pharyngeal chamber. The other two muscles interact to control the tension of the vocal membranes. M. sternotrachealis relaxes the membranes by drawing the drum of the trachea caudad, or, via the syringeal ligament, by rotating the pessulus cranioventrad, or both. M. tracheolateralis tenses the membranes and/or prevents caudal movement of the orgin of M. sternotrachedalis, a necessity if the syringeal ligament is to rotate the pessulus. Vocalization depends on both syringeal configuration and appropriated air flow. Hence, tracheal muscles, syrinx, air sacs, and ventilatory muscles cooperate to form a vocal system. Cooperation elicits a surprising degree of redundancy. At least one call, a high pitched wail, may be produced by two very different techniques.", "contents": "Mechanics of the syrinx in Gallus gallus. II. Electromyographic studies of ad libitum vocalizations. Records of electrical activity in the tracheal muscles of domestic chickens were obtained for a variety of ad libitum vocalizations. Primary attention was given to an analysis of events during the most complex call, crowing. Three pairs of muscles, Mm, tracheohyoideus, tracheolateralis, and sternotrachealis, can affect the configuration of a chicken's syrinx. The firing patterns of the three muscle pairs are related to their different abilities to affect the tension of the syringeal membranes. The influence of M. tracheohyoideus is most indirect and imprecise, and its role the least clearly defined. It appears to adjust the position of the trachea so that the syrinx is isolated from unpredictable and/or undesireable consequences of nuchal position and tracheal elasticity, and also helps draw the glottis caudad, thereby deepening the pharyngeal chamber. The other two muscles interact to control the tension of the vocal membranes. M. sternotrachealis relaxes the membranes by drawing the drum of the trachea caudad, or, via the syringeal ligament, by rotating the pessulus cranioventrad, or both. M. tracheolateralis tenses the membranes and/or prevents caudal movement of the orgin of M. sternotrachedalis, a necessity if the syringeal ligament is to rotate the pessulus. Vocalization depends on both syringeal configuration and appropriated air flow. Hence, tracheal muscles, syrinx, air sacs, and ventilatory muscles cooperate to form a vocal system. Cooperation elicits a surprising degree of redundancy. At least one call, a high pitched wail, may be produced by two very different techniques."}
{"id": "PMID:870698", "title": "Applications of reconstructive craniofacial techniques to acute craniofacial trauma.", "content": "Increasing familiarity with elective reconstructive approaches to craniofacial deformity has led to the application of a similar multispecialty approach to repair of selected cases of massive frontal and upper facial trauma. The fundamental steps in craniofacial reconstruction are outlined. The process of patient selection is emphasized. Illustrative case histories review the management of this type of injury. Contributions from anesthesiology, neurosurgery, ophthalmology, and plastic surgery are required. Specialized facilities for postoperative care are mandatory.", "contents": "Applications of reconstructive craniofacial techniques to acute craniofacial trauma. Increasing familiarity with elective reconstructive approaches to craniofacial deformity has led to the application of a similar multispecialty approach to repair of selected cases of massive frontal and upper facial trauma. The fundamental steps in craniofacial reconstruction are outlined. The process of patient selection is emphasized. Illustrative case histories review the management of this type of injury. Contributions from anesthesiology, neurosurgery, ophthalmology, and plastic surgery are required. Specialized facilities for postoperative care are mandatory."}
{"id": "PMID:870699", "title": "Dynamics of insulin secretion and resistance after burns.", "content": "Alteration in the insulin regulation of carbohydrate metabolism following 20% surface burn injury in the rat was biphasic. At 4 hr after burn there was fasting hyperglycemia (92 +/- 6 (SE) mg/100 ml above controls) and a pronounced intolerance to 1 gm glucose/kg IV. Fasting serum insulin did not differ from controls and failed to rise appreciably following glucose administration. Two to four days after burn, the ability to cope with exogenous glucose was near normal or normal and the insulin response to standard glucose load was 41-69% higher than in the controls, indicating the presence of insulin resistance. This pattern was not altered by feeding the burned and control rats with glucose intragastrically, thus eliminating lower postburn food intake as the causal factor of exaggerated insulin response to IV glucose. Diaphragms from burned rats showed the same increase in glucose uptake in response to 0.1 U insulin/ml in vitro as those of controls, suggesting that the insulin resistance in vivo is not due to a decrease in the capacity of muscle to bind and respond to insulin.", "contents": "Dynamics of insulin secretion and resistance after burns. Alteration in the insulin regulation of carbohydrate metabolism following 20% surface burn injury in the rat was biphasic. At 4 hr after burn there was fasting hyperglycemia (92 +/- 6 (SE) mg/100 ml above controls) and a pronounced intolerance to 1 gm glucose/kg IV. Fasting serum insulin did not differ from controls and failed to rise appreciably following glucose administration. Two to four days after burn, the ability to cope with exogenous glucose was near normal or normal and the insulin response to standard glucose load was 41-69% higher than in the controls, indicating the presence of insulin resistance. This pattern was not altered by feeding the burned and control rats with glucose intragastrically, thus eliminating lower postburn food intake as the causal factor of exaggerated insulin response to IV glucose. Diaphragms from burned rats showed the same increase in glucose uptake in response to 0.1 U insulin/ml in vitro as those of controls, suggesting that the insulin resistance in vivo is not due to a decrease in the capacity of muscle to bind and respond to insulin."}
{"id": "PMID:870700", "title": "Eyebrow reconstruction in the burn patient.", "content": "Eyebrow reconstruction in burn patients has been effectively performed in nine eyebrows in six burn patients. The results were excellent in seven of the eyebrows and satisfactory in the remaining two. In the authors' experience, the free hair transplants have had marginal results because of the scarred recipient site, and we recommend the island pedicle graft as an alternative, in selected cases, for facial burn reconstruction. Case summaries, details of the operative procedure, and illustrations are presented.", "contents": "Eyebrow reconstruction in the burn patient. Eyebrow reconstruction in burn patients has been effectively performed in nine eyebrows in six burn patients. The results were excellent in seven of the eyebrows and satisfactory in the remaining two. In the authors' experience, the free hair transplants have had marginal results because of the scarred recipient site, and we recommend the island pedicle graft as an alternative, in selected cases, for facial burn reconstruction. Case summaries, details of the operative procedure, and illustrations are presented."}
{"id": "PMID:870701", "title": "Hand infections in patients with diabetes mellitus.", "content": "In a study of diabetic patients with hand infections reviewed at Jackson Memorial Hospital, University of Miami School of Medicine, 20 such diabetic patients with hand infections were found. The most outstanding result was that seven of the 20 had amputation either to control infection or because the function of the extremity was impaired by the remaining ravaged part. Pathologic examination of tissue removed showed the same changes commonly seen in diabetic gangrene of the lower extremity. Electromyographic studies, when done, have been confirmatory of a peripheral neuropathy with delayed nerve conduction studies. The bacterial organisms of the infections were variable, but a predominance of Gram-negative organisms were cultured in twelve of the 20 patients. Early aggressive management, including surgical debridement and intravenous antibiotics, is recommended to prevent unnecessary amputations and improve residual function.", "contents": "Hand infections in patients with diabetes mellitus. In a study of diabetic patients with hand infections reviewed at Jackson Memorial Hospital, University of Miami School of Medicine, 20 such diabetic patients with hand infections were found. The most outstanding result was that seven of the 20 had amputation either to control infection or because the function of the extremity was impaired by the remaining ravaged part. Pathologic examination of tissue removed showed the same changes commonly seen in diabetic gangrene of the lower extremity. Electromyographic studies, when done, have been confirmatory of a peripheral neuropathy with delayed nerve conduction studies. The bacterial organisms of the infections were variable, but a predominance of Gram-negative organisms were cultured in twelve of the 20 patients. Early aggressive management, including surgical debridement and intravenous antibiotics, is recommended to prevent unnecessary amputations and improve residual function."}
{"id": "PMID:870702", "title": "Post-traumatic cysts of soft tissue.", "content": "Post-traumatic cysts of soft tissue, formed by crushing and shearing strains, usually occur at the junction of the subcutaneous fat and deep fascia. They become filled with serosanguinous fluid and lined with fibrous tissue. Chronic cysts may either remain stable or occasionally expand, much like a subdural hematoma.", "contents": "Post-traumatic cysts of soft tissue. Post-traumatic cysts of soft tissue, formed by crushing and shearing strains, usually occur at the junction of the subcutaneous fat and deep fascia. They become filled with serosanguinous fluid and lined with fibrous tissue. Chronic cysts may either remain stable or occasionally expand, much like a subdural hematoma."}
{"id": "PMID:870703", "title": "Compression hepatic necrosis in a child.", "content": "A child with compression ischemia of a segment of the liver is described. Such an insult may cause insignificant early abdominal findings and serious delay in the diagnosis may follow. An unusual colonization of the ischemic liver with Salmonella organisms caused sepsis, leading to the patient's demise.", "contents": "Compression hepatic necrosis in a child. A child with compression ischemia of a segment of the liver is described. Such an insult may cause insignificant early abdominal findings and serious delay in the diagnosis may follow. An unusual colonization of the ischemic liver with Salmonella organisms caused sepsis, leading to the patient's demise."}
{"id": "PMID:870704", "title": "Renal angiomyolipoma: a study of 13 cases.", "content": "Arteriographic studies are valuable in the differentiation of angiomyolipoma from adenocarcinoma. Herein are described 13 cases of angiomyolipoma, in 10 of which angiographic studies were done. A correct preoperative diagnosis was made in 3 of the 10 cases and partial nephrectomy was done in 2. Since angiomyolipomas are benign tumors therapy differs greatly from that for adenocarcinoma. Early diagnosis of angiomyolipomas can prevent total or extensive nephrectomy and postoperative radiotherapy or cytostatic therapy, which are not necessary and are harmful to the patient.", "contents": "Renal angiomyolipoma: a study of 13 cases. Arteriographic studies are valuable in the differentiation of angiomyolipoma from adenocarcinoma. Herein are described 13 cases of angiomyolipoma, in 10 of which angiographic studies were done. A correct preoperative diagnosis was made in 3 of the 10 cases and partial nephrectomy was done in 2. Since angiomyolipomas are benign tumors therapy differs greatly from that for adenocarcinoma. Early diagnosis of angiomyolipomas can prevent total or extensive nephrectomy and postoperative radiotherapy or cytostatic therapy, which are not necessary and are harmful to the patient."}
{"id": "PMID:870705", "title": "Ureterocele and pseudoureterocele: cobra versus cancer.", "content": "The cobra-shaped distal ureter is not pathognomonic of a ureterocele. It may be seen with incomplete distal ureteral obstruction owing to tumor or calculus. The appearance of the wall surrounding the dilated distal ureteral segment is a more important finding to differentiate a ureterocele and a pseudoureterocele. The wall of a ureterocele is thin, while the lucency surrounding a pseudoureterocele is thicker and poorly defined.", "contents": "Ureterocele and pseudoureterocele: cobra versus cancer. The cobra-shaped distal ureter is not pathognomonic of a ureterocele. It may be seen with incomplete distal ureteral obstruction owing to tumor or calculus. The appearance of the wall surrounding the dilated distal ureteral segment is a more important finding to differentiate a ureterocele and a pseudoureterocele. The wall of a ureterocele is thin, while the lucency surrounding a pseudoureterocele is thicker and poorly defined."}
{"id": "PMID:870706", "title": "Non-obstructive vesicoureteral reflux in adults: value of conservative treatment.", "content": "Chronic or recurrent non-obstructive urinary tract infection was investigated in 158 adult patients, 39 of whom had vesicoureteral reflux. Conservative, long-term chemotherapy did not eradicate the reflux in these patients. The characteristics of reflux in adults were studied with cystograms, excretory urograms, cystoscopic findings of the ureteral orifices or trigones and the clinical histories of the patients. These data were evaluated and compared to data obtained from adults with chronic or recurrent uncomplicated urinary tract infection and from children with vesicoureteral reflux who were referred to us during the same period. Non-obstructive vesicoureteral reflux in adults may be considered to be congenital in most cases, since the proportion of trigonal anomalies in adults with reflux is equal to that in children and the frequency of abnormalities at the ureteral orifice and trigonal region is significantly more than the frequency noted in control patients with uncomplicated pyelonephritis. Characteristically, excretory urography revealed caliceal scarring in adults with reflux in contrast to children, in whom a normal or dilated pattern of the upper tract was prominent. Recurring renal infection, for which this congenital defect of the ureterovesical valve must be responsible, produces progressive renal damage. Prolonged conservative treatment is of little use and is often destructive in adults with reflux.", "contents": "Non-obstructive vesicoureteral reflux in adults: value of conservative treatment. Chronic or recurrent non-obstructive urinary tract infection was investigated in 158 adult patients, 39 of whom had vesicoureteral reflux. Conservative, long-term chemotherapy did not eradicate the reflux in these patients. The characteristics of reflux in adults were studied with cystograms, excretory urograms, cystoscopic findings of the ureteral orifices or trigones and the clinical histories of the patients. These data were evaluated and compared to data obtained from adults with chronic or recurrent uncomplicated urinary tract infection and from children with vesicoureteral reflux who were referred to us during the same period. Non-obstructive vesicoureteral reflux in adults may be considered to be congenital in most cases, since the proportion of trigonal anomalies in adults with reflux is equal to that in children and the frequency of abnormalities at the ureteral orifice and trigonal region is significantly more than the frequency noted in control patients with uncomplicated pyelonephritis. Characteristically, excretory urography revealed caliceal scarring in adults with reflux in contrast to children, in whom a normal or dilated pattern of the upper tract was prominent. Recurring renal infection, for which this congenital defect of the ureterovesical valve must be responsible, produces progressive renal damage. Prolonged conservative treatment is of little use and is often destructive in adults with reflux."}
{"id": "PMID:870707", "title": "The influence of bladder fullness on upper urinary tract dimensions and renal excretory function.", "content": "Nearly full bladders (375 ml.) produced significantly greater dimensions of the renal calices, pelves and ureters on excretory urograms compared to nearly empty bladders. These dimensions were frequently to the point of being considered pathological dilatations. On planimetry the urographic areas of the pelviocaliceal systems decreased by 43 per cent on the right side and 38 per cent on the left side when the nearly full bladder was compared to the nearly empty bladder in 10 patients. Renal excretory function also was affected by nearly full bladders. Urea clearances after 1 hour were 24 per cent lower and creatinine clearances were 9 per cent lower when starting with a nearly full bladder as compared to starting with an empty bladder. The implications of these findings are of potential significance with respect to 1) interpretation of excretory urograms and 2) chronic urine holding in patients with recurrent urinary tract infections, impaired renal function and/or urolithiasis.", "contents": "The influence of bladder fullness on upper urinary tract dimensions and renal excretory function. Nearly full bladders (375 ml.) produced significantly greater dimensions of the renal calices, pelves and ureters on excretory urograms compared to nearly empty bladders. These dimensions were frequently to the point of being considered pathological dilatations. On planimetry the urographic areas of the pelviocaliceal systems decreased by 43 per cent on the right side and 38 per cent on the left side when the nearly full bladder was compared to the nearly empty bladder in 10 patients. Renal excretory function also was affected by nearly full bladders. Urea clearances after 1 hour were 24 per cent lower and creatinine clearances were 9 per cent lower when starting with a nearly full bladder as compared to starting with an empty bladder. The implications of these findings are of potential significance with respect to 1) interpretation of excretory urograms and 2) chronic urine holding in patients with recurrent urinary tract infections, impaired renal function and/or urolithiasis."}
{"id": "PMID:870708", "title": "Experience with primary carcinoma of the male urethra.", "content": "We reviewed 23 cases of primary carcinoma of the male urethra and compared the clinical findings, treatment and results to the experiences previously reported. Patients with lesions of the pendulous urethra managed by appropriate amputation of the penis with ilio-inguinal node dissection for groin metastases had a good prognosis, whereas patients with lesions of the bulbo-membranous or prostatic urethra had a poor prognosis. Despite occasional successful results with conservative surgical excision and over-all poor results with radical excision the generally extensive nature of such tumors necessarily makes radical excision the treatment of choice.", "contents": "Experience with primary carcinoma of the male urethra. We reviewed 23 cases of primary carcinoma of the male urethra and compared the clinical findings, treatment and results to the experiences previously reported. Patients with lesions of the pendulous urethra managed by appropriate amputation of the penis with ilio-inguinal node dissection for groin metastases had a good prognosis, whereas patients with lesions of the bulbo-membranous or prostatic urethra had a poor prognosis. Despite occasional successful results with conservative surgical excision and over-all poor results with radical excision the generally extensive nature of such tumors necessarily makes radical excision the treatment of choice."}
{"id": "PMID:870709", "title": "Surgical treatment of Peyronie's disease: a new approach.", "content": "We treated 12 patients with intractable Peyronie's disease with a new approach based on simple incision of the fibrotic plaque(s) and stenting of the corpora with penile implants. Infection in 1 case necessitated removal of the prostheses, while the remaining 11 patients had satisfactory functional and anatomical results. The procedure is indicated for patients with 1) Peyronie's disease and impotency, 2) normal potency and extensive disease and 3) normal potency and localized disease in selective cases. In this series insertion of the penile prostheses did not change sexual prowess in previously potent patients.", "contents": "Surgical treatment of Peyronie's disease: a new approach. We treated 12 patients with intractable Peyronie's disease with a new approach based on simple incision of the fibrotic plaque(s) and stenting of the corpora with penile implants. Infection in 1 case necessitated removal of the prostheses, while the remaining 11 patients had satisfactory functional and anatomical results. The procedure is indicated for patients with 1) Peyronie's disease and impotency, 2) normal potency and extensive disease and 3) normal potency and localized disease in selective cases. In this series insertion of the penile prostheses did not change sexual prowess in previously potent patients."}
{"id": "PMID:870710", "title": "Considerations for management of large retroperitoneal tumors: use of the modified thoracoabdominal approach.", "content": "Massive retroperitoneal tumors have been resected successfully from 20 patients by means of the modified thoracoabdominal approach. Of these 20 patients 19 had primary non-seminomatous testicular cancer and 1 had a primary leiomyosarcoma. Fourteen patients are currently free of tumor. Salient features of the successful management of these patients have been the use of intensive chemotherapy before attempted surgical resection, aggressive surgical efforts that may necessitate major vascular resections and, in particular, use of the modified thoracoabdominal approach, which is described and illustrated in detail.", "contents": "Considerations for management of large retroperitoneal tumors: use of the modified thoracoabdominal approach. Massive retroperitoneal tumors have been resected successfully from 20 patients by means of the modified thoracoabdominal approach. Of these 20 patients 19 had primary non-seminomatous testicular cancer and 1 had a primary leiomyosarcoma. Fourteen patients are currently free of tumor. Salient features of the successful management of these patients have been the use of intensive chemotherapy before attempted surgical resection, aggressive surgical efforts that may necessitate major vascular resections and, in particular, use of the modified thoracoabdominal approach, which is described and illustrated in detail."}
{"id": "PMID:870711", "title": "High dose cyclophosphamide as an adjunct to radiotherapy for advanced seminoma.", "content": "Two patients with far-advanced seminoma of the testis were given single intravenous injections of high dose (1.5 and 2.0 gm. per m.) cyclophosphamide. Both patients experienced prompt, dramatic objective regressions without severe toxicity. Definitive radiotherapy, deemed technically unfeasible before cyclophosphamide administration, was administered subsequently. Long-term complete remissions (more than 16 and 28 months) have been attained in both patients. High dose cyclophosphamide may prove useful in selected patients with disseminated seminoma.", "contents": "High dose cyclophosphamide as an adjunct to radiotherapy for advanced seminoma. Two patients with far-advanced seminoma of the testis were given single intravenous injections of high dose (1.5 and 2.0 gm. per m.) cyclophosphamide. Both patients experienced prompt, dramatic objective regressions without severe toxicity. Definitive radiotherapy, deemed technically unfeasible before cyclophosphamide administration, was administered subsequently. Long-term complete remissions (more than 16 and 28 months) have been attained in both patients. High dose cyclophosphamide may prove useful in selected patients with disseminated seminoma."}
{"id": "PMID:870712", "title": "Followup of irradiated prostatic carcinoma by aspiration biopsy.", "content": "Of 66 patients with irradiated prostatic carcinoma 53 were controlled regularly by repeat aspiration biopsy every 6 months. Local sterilization was achieved in 43 per cent but the results of combined radiotherapy (endocrine therapy plus irradiation) were only 8 per cent more favorable than those in patients treated by radiotherapy alone. Thus, endocrine therapy is not warranted before the radiation effect is evaluated. Post-radiation treatment should be determined by the clinical and bioptic findings.", "contents": "Followup of irradiated prostatic carcinoma by aspiration biopsy. Of 66 patients with irradiated prostatic carcinoma 53 were controlled regularly by repeat aspiration biopsy every 6 months. Local sterilization was achieved in 43 per cent but the results of combined radiotherapy (endocrine therapy plus irradiation) were only 8 per cent more favorable than those in patients treated by radiotherapy alone. Thus, endocrine therapy is not warranted before the radiation effect is evaluated. Post-radiation treatment should be determined by the clinical and bioptic findings."}
{"id": "PMID:870713", "title": "Large prostatic hematomas associated with carcinoma of the prostate.", "content": "Two cases are presented of large prostatic hematomas secondary to adenocarcinoma of the prostate. The similarity of these cases at examination to prostatic abscesses complicated diagnosis and delayed treatment. To avoid diagnostic error it is important to remain alert to this atypical presentation and to remember the necessity to obtain adequate biopsies.", "contents": "Large prostatic hematomas associated with carcinoma of the prostate. Two cases are presented of large prostatic hematomas secondary to adenocarcinoma of the prostate. The similarity of these cases at examination to prostatic abscesses complicated diagnosis and delayed treatment. To avoid diagnostic error it is important to remain alert to this atypical presentation and to remember the necessity to obtain adequate biopsies."}
{"id": "PMID:870714", "title": "Mercaptopropionylglycine: a progress in cystine stone therapy.", "content": "During a 4-year period 9 cases of severe recurrent cystine stones and cystinuria were treated with mercaptopropionylglycine. The oral long-term administration revealed the high effectiveness of the drug and resulted in no further stone formation. Mercaptopropionylglycine is free of side effects and more effective than D-penicillamine.", "contents": "Mercaptopropionylglycine: a progress in cystine stone therapy. During a 4-year period 9 cases of severe recurrent cystine stones and cystinuria were treated with mercaptopropionylglycine. The oral long-term administration revealed the high effectiveness of the drug and resulted in no further stone formation. Mercaptopropionylglycine is free of side effects and more effective than D-penicillamine."}
{"id": "PMID:870715", "title": "Oxalate stone disease after intestinal resection.", "content": "There have been 543 jejuno-ileal bypass patients screened for the presence of urinary calculi 1 to 6 years postoperatively. Of these patients 9 per cent have had 1 to 2 calculi during the followup and 3 per cent have had multiple calculi. Ninety-four per cent of the recovered calculi consisted entirely of calcium oxalate. Seven patients had a history of stones before the bypass, 6 of whom have had additional stones postoperatively. To define the conditions associated with stone formation in these patients measurements of serum and urinary oxalate concentration, urinary calcium oxalate saturation, urinary crystal size distribution, and the rates of intestinal oxalate absorption and urinary crystallization have been performed on patients who did and did not have stones postoperatively. On the basis of these studies it appears that the patients in whom stones formed differ from those in whom they did not form only in the rate of urinary crystallization and in the number of large crystal particles present in the urine. Evaluation of current therapeutic modalities in terms of the capability to correct these stone-forming characteristics and to reduce actual calculus formation reveals that the only successful regimen is that which includes an extreme reduction of oxalate ingestion.", "contents": "Oxalate stone disease after intestinal resection. There have been 543 jejuno-ileal bypass patients screened for the presence of urinary calculi 1 to 6 years postoperatively. Of these patients 9 per cent have had 1 to 2 calculi during the followup and 3 per cent have had multiple calculi. Ninety-four per cent of the recovered calculi consisted entirely of calcium oxalate. Seven patients had a history of stones before the bypass, 6 of whom have had additional stones postoperatively. To define the conditions associated with stone formation in these patients measurements of serum and urinary oxalate concentration, urinary calcium oxalate saturation, urinary crystal size distribution, and the rates of intestinal oxalate absorption and urinary crystallization have been performed on patients who did and did not have stones postoperatively. On the basis of these studies it appears that the patients in whom stones formed differ from those in whom they did not form only in the rate of urinary crystallization and in the number of large crystal particles present in the urine. Evaluation of current therapeutic modalities in terms of the capability to correct these stone-forming characteristics and to reduce actual calculus formation reveals that the only successful regimen is that which includes an extreme reduction of oxalate ingestion."}
{"id": "PMID:870716", "title": "Self-retaining loop nephrostomy.", "content": "A self-retaining loop nephrostomy with an inflated balloon in the renal pelvis to prevent accidental extraction or displacement is described. An additional feature of this tube is a plug that may be positioned to promote maximal irrigation of the kidney with a stone solvent or to allow urine to flow from 1 or both ends of the loop.", "contents": "Self-retaining loop nephrostomy. A self-retaining loop nephrostomy with an inflated balloon in the renal pelvis to prevent accidental extraction or displacement is described. An additional feature of this tube is a plug that may be positioned to promote maximal irrigation of the kidney with a stone solvent or to allow urine to flow from 1 or both ends of the loop."}
{"id": "PMID:870717", "title": "A new operative fiberpyeloscope.", "content": "We describe a flexible fiberpyeloscope with which it is possible to extract renal pelvic and caliceal stones easily. The tip of the fiberpyeloscope can be deflected 90 degrees up or down from the basic position with a hand-manipulated angle deflector know on the fiberpyeloscope grip. This flexibility allows the inside of the renal pelvis to be observed clearly from every direction. Specially designed stone forceps can be inserted through the channel of the fiberpyeloscope into the renal pelvis to grasp pelvic stones under direct visual observation. The fiberpyeloscope has been used in 4 cases of renal pelvic stones in which the pelvis was exposed by a subcostal flank incision. The stones were extracted successfully with the fiberpyeloscope, which was introduced through a small incision on the pelvis.", "contents": "A new operative fiberpyeloscope. We describe a flexible fiberpyeloscope with which it is possible to extract renal pelvic and caliceal stones easily. The tip of the fiberpyeloscope can be deflected 90 degrees up or down from the basic position with a hand-manipulated angle deflector know on the fiberpyeloscope grip. This flexibility allows the inside of the renal pelvis to be observed clearly from every direction. Specially designed stone forceps can be inserted through the channel of the fiberpyeloscope into the renal pelvis to grasp pelvic stones under direct visual observation. The fiberpyeloscope has been used in 4 cases of renal pelvic stones in which the pelvis was exposed by a subcostal flank incision. The stones were extracted successfully with the fiberpyeloscope, which was introduced through a small incision on the pelvis."}
{"id": "PMID:870718", "title": "Surgical treatment of the massively dilated ureter in children. Part I. management by cutaneous ureterostomy.", "content": "One of the major therapeutic challenges facing the pediatric urologist is the massively dilated ureter. When conservative measures, such as relief of obstruction or treatment of infection, have failed or are likely to fail, surgical treatment must be directed at the massive dilatation itself. These circumstances were encountered in 366 massively dilated ureters in 244 children during a 10-year period. Loop and/or terminal cutaneous ureterostomy was used to manage 125 of these ureters in 74 children. Indications for temporary non-intubated proximal urinary diversion included uncontrolled infection, sepsis, azotemia, significant ureteral redundancy and tortuosity, and questionable over-all renal function. Advantages of loop ureterostomy included more proximal drainage and less stomal problems but terminal ureterostomy required a significantly lesser number of surgical procedures in reconstructing the urinary tract. Temporary splinting of the ureter in dry ureteral reimplantations has diminished markedly the incidence of ureterovesical complications. No instances of permanent vesical contracture were noted after long periods of defunctionalization. After initial reconstruction of 47 cutaneous ureterostomies good results by all parameters were obtained in 68 per cent. Additional surgical procedures in selected initial failures have resulted in a final success rate of 85 per cent.", "contents": "Surgical treatment of the massively dilated ureter in children. Part I. management by cutaneous ureterostomy. One of the major therapeutic challenges facing the pediatric urologist is the massively dilated ureter. When conservative measures, such as relief of obstruction or treatment of infection, have failed or are likely to fail, surgical treatment must be directed at the massive dilatation itself. These circumstances were encountered in 366 massively dilated ureters in 244 children during a 10-year period. Loop and/or terminal cutaneous ureterostomy was used to manage 125 of these ureters in 74 children. Indications for temporary non-intubated proximal urinary diversion included uncontrolled infection, sepsis, azotemia, significant ureteral redundancy and tortuosity, and questionable over-all renal function. Advantages of loop ureterostomy included more proximal drainage and less stomal problems but terminal ureterostomy required a significantly lesser number of surgical procedures in reconstructing the urinary tract. Temporary splinting of the ureter in dry ureteral reimplantations has diminished markedly the incidence of ureterovesical complications. No instances of permanent vesical contracture were noted after long periods of defunctionalization. After initial reconstruction of 47 cutaneous ureterostomies good results by all parameters were obtained in 68 per cent. Additional surgical procedures in selected initial failures have resulted in a final success rate of 85 per cent."}
{"id": "PMID:870719", "title": "Carcinoma in the defunctionalized bladder: report of a case and review of the literature.", "content": "There are few reports in the literature of carcinoma developing in the post-diversionary bladder. The sixth such case is reported and the pertinent literature is reviewed. All cases of carcinoma in defunctionalized bladders have been associated with chronic inflammation of the bladder and all tumors became apparent within 4 years of diversion. Simple cystectomy at the time of diversion should be considered for patients with a long history of bladder inflammation.", "contents": "Carcinoma in the defunctionalized bladder: report of a case and review of the literature. There are few reports in the literature of carcinoma developing in the post-diversionary bladder. The sixth such case is reported and the pertinent literature is reviewed. All cases of carcinoma in defunctionalized bladders have been associated with chronic inflammation of the bladder and all tumors became apparent within 4 years of diversion. Simple cystectomy at the time of diversion should be considered for patients with a long history of bladder inflammation."}
{"id": "PMID:870720", "title": "Studies on the role of sympathetic nervous system in the mechanism of essential hypertension.", "content": "In order to investigate a role of sympathetic nervous system in the mechanism of blood-pressure elevation in essential hypertension, urinary catecholamines, serum dopamine-beta-hydroxylase (DBH) activity and a pressor response to infused noradrenaline (noradrenaline response) were measured, in the patients with essential hypertension, before and 2 weeks-rest after hospitalization or following salt restriction. In addition, plasma renin activity (PRA) and water-sodium contents were determined and a correlation between these variables and noradrenaline excretion, serum DBH or noradrenaline response was observed. A blood pressure fall after hospitalization was associated with a decrease of urinary noradrenaline and serum DBH, and there was a significantly positive correlation between the changes in blood pressure and those in urinary noradrenaline or in serum DBH. A significantly adverse correlation was found between plasma volume and the amounts of urinary noradrenaline excretion. The changes in noradrenaline response was negatively correlated with those in urinary noradrenaline excretion. In addition, noradrenaline response was correlated positively with plasma volume, extracellular fluid volume and total exchangeable sodium and negatively with PRA. Following salt restriction, a fall of the blood pressure was associated with an elevation of urinary noradrenaline excretion. The patients with more marked blood pressure fall showed a higher increase of urinary noradrenaline, and a significant correlation was found between the changes in these two variables. Noradrenaline response was significantly reduced, although it was not correlated significantly with noradrenaline excretion. In these experiments, adrenaline, unlike noradrenaline, did not show any obvious changes. These findings suggested that an excessive sympathetic nerve activity caused an elevation of blood pressure in the labile type of essential hypertension. It was demonstrated that a sympathetic nervous function was dependent on sodium intake and that there exisited a close relationship between noradrenaline response and water-sodium contents or PRA.", "contents": "Studies on the role of sympathetic nervous system in the mechanism of essential hypertension. In order to investigate a role of sympathetic nervous system in the mechanism of blood-pressure elevation in essential hypertension, urinary catecholamines, serum dopamine-beta-hydroxylase (DBH) activity and a pressor response to infused noradrenaline (noradrenaline response) were measured, in the patients with essential hypertension, before and 2 weeks-rest after hospitalization or following salt restriction. In addition, plasma renin activity (PRA) and water-sodium contents were determined and a correlation between these variables and noradrenaline excretion, serum DBH or noradrenaline response was observed. A blood pressure fall after hospitalization was associated with a decrease of urinary noradrenaline and serum DBH, and there was a significantly positive correlation between the changes in blood pressure and those in urinary noradrenaline or in serum DBH. A significantly adverse correlation was found between plasma volume and the amounts of urinary noradrenaline excretion. The changes in noradrenaline response was negatively correlated with those in urinary noradrenaline excretion. In addition, noradrenaline response was correlated positively with plasma volume, extracellular fluid volume and total exchangeable sodium and negatively with PRA. Following salt restriction, a fall of the blood pressure was associated with an elevation of urinary noradrenaline excretion. The patients with more marked blood pressure fall showed a higher increase of urinary noradrenaline, and a significant correlation was found between the changes in these two variables. Noradrenaline response was significantly reduced, although it was not correlated significantly with noradrenaline excretion. In these experiments, adrenaline, unlike noradrenaline, did not show any obvious changes. These findings suggested that an excessive sympathetic nerve activity caused an elevation of blood pressure in the labile type of essential hypertension. It was demonstrated that a sympathetic nervous function was dependent on sodium intake and that there exisited a close relationship between noradrenaline response and water-sodium contents or PRA."}
{"id": "PMID:870721", "title": "Comparisons of body fluid volumes, plasma renin activity, hemodynamics and pressor responsiveness between juvenile and aged patients with essential hypertension.", "content": "Body fluid volumes, cardiac output, PRA and pressor responses to angiotensin II (AT) and norepinephrine (NE) were compared between untreated patients with essential hypertension aged younger than 35 (EH-I) and those aged older than 36 years (EH-II). Men blood volume, total body water and extracellular volume were not significantly different between the patients with essential hypertension and normotensive subjects. There were no difinite differences in each volume between the EH-I and EH-II patients either. However, the distribution of blood volume was significantly larger in the essential hypertensive patients than in the normotensive subjects, suggesting that the changes in blood volume might not be homogenous in essential hypertension. In addition, blood volume was noted to have a significant inverse correlation with PRA. Cardiac output at rest was slightly but not significantly less in the EH-I and EH-II groups than in the normotensive group. A decline in blood pressure following 'bed-rest' was accompanied by a decrease in total peripheral resistance index (TPRI). Thus, elevated peripheral vascular resistance seems to be responsible for the mild to moderate hypertension even in the younger patients. PRA and its increases in response to standing or furosemide were normal in the EH-I patients, while they were markedly suppressed in the EH-II patients as compared to the age-matched normotensive subjects. In addition, PRA had a significant inverse correlation with the blood pressure and the scores of the severity of hypertension in the patients with essential hypertension. Thus, it seems likely that low renin in essential hypertension is secondary to long-lasting hypertension. Pressor response to AT significantly correlated with mean blood pressure and that to NE did so with 24 hours' urinary sodium excretion in essential hypertensive patients. The influence of aging on the pressor responses were obscure: the relationships of the pressore responses to blood pressure or to urinary sodium excretion were not different between the EH-I and EH-II groups. The examinations were repeated in 16 patients with essential hypertension (16 to 48 year-old) in 11 to 30 days after the initial study. Twelve of the 16 patients had declines in blood pressure and TPRI at the second study. In 7 of the patients whose blood pressure declined following 'bed-rest', there were significant decreases in pressor response to AT and in blood volume and a significant increase in PRA (group A). The other 5 patients showed a significant decrease in PRA and an enhanced pressor response to NE (group B). The blood volume in the group A was significantly larger than that in the group B at the initial study. It is suggested that the cause of essential hypertension is not homogeneous in that the increased vascular resistance may have been attributed to sodium excess in some patients and to an increased sympathetic activity in others. Some additional factors remain to be taken into account to clarify the complicated aspects of essential hypertension.", "contents": "Comparisons of body fluid volumes, plasma renin activity, hemodynamics and pressor responsiveness between juvenile and aged patients with essential hypertension. Body fluid volumes, cardiac output, PRA and pressor responses to angiotensin II (AT) and norepinephrine (NE) were compared between untreated patients with essential hypertension aged younger than 35 (EH-I) and those aged older than 36 years (EH-II). Men blood volume, total body water and extracellular volume were not significantly different between the patients with essential hypertension and normotensive subjects. There were no difinite differences in each volume between the EH-I and EH-II patients either. However, the distribution of blood volume was significantly larger in the essential hypertensive patients than in the normotensive subjects, suggesting that the changes in blood volume might not be homogenous in essential hypertension. In addition, blood volume was noted to have a significant inverse correlation with PRA. Cardiac output at rest was slightly but not significantly less in the EH-I and EH-II groups than in the normotensive group. A decline in blood pressure following 'bed-rest' was accompanied by a decrease in total peripheral resistance index (TPRI). Thus, elevated peripheral vascular resistance seems to be responsible for the mild to moderate hypertension even in the younger patients. PRA and its increases in response to standing or furosemide were normal in the EH-I patients, while they were markedly suppressed in the EH-II patients as compared to the age-matched normotensive subjects. In addition, PRA had a significant inverse correlation with the blood pressure and the scores of the severity of hypertension in the patients with essential hypertension. Thus, it seems likely that low renin in essential hypertension is secondary to long-lasting hypertension. Pressor response to AT significantly correlated with mean blood pressure and that to NE did so with 24 hours' urinary sodium excretion in essential hypertensive patients. The influence of aging on the pressor responses were obscure: the relationships of the pressore responses to blood pressure or to urinary sodium excretion were not different between the EH-I and EH-II groups. The examinations were repeated in 16 patients with essential hypertension (16 to 48 year-old) in 11 to 30 days after the initial study. Twelve of the 16 patients had declines in blood pressure and TPRI at the second study. In 7 of the patients whose blood pressure declined following 'bed-rest', there were significant decreases in pressor response to AT and in blood volume and a significant increase in PRA (group A). The other 5 patients showed a significant decrease in PRA and an enhanced pressor response to NE (group B). The blood volume in the group A was significantly larger than that in the group B at the initial study. It is suggested that the cause of essential hypertension is not homogeneous in that the increased vascular resistance may have been attributed to sodium excess in some patients and to an increased sympathetic activity in others. Some additional factors remain to be taken into account to clarify the complicated aspects of essential hypertension."}
{"id": "PMID:870722", "title": "Pathogenesis of spontaneous hypertension as a model for essential hypertension.", "content": "Hypertension in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) develops initially without any obvious organic lesions, and mainly with hemodynamic alteration due to increased peripheral vascular resistance. It is then followed later by various cardiovascular complications such as stroke. These facts indicate that this spontaneous hypertension is very similar to essential hypertension in man. Studies on the pathogenic mechanisms of spontaneous hypertension up to the present have revealed the following points. (1) This hypertension is genetically transmitted to the offspring in an additive mode by a relatively small number of major genes; (2) Environmental factors such as stress and salt-loading accelerate the hypertension; (3) Parabiosis between SHR and normotensive rats offered no positive evidence indicating the involvement of any strong humoral factors; (4) Assays on adrenal and thyroid hormones have suggested that this hypertension is not a simple endocrine hypertension; (5) The destruction of the central nervous system or sympathectomy on blood pressure or peripheral vascular resistance, as well as the recording of spontaneous sympathetic discharge, etc. have indicated the positive involvement of the autonomic nervous system in the development of this hypertension; (6) Changes in the enzyme activities of the central nervous system and in the central responses to various candidates of central neurotransmitters suggested that 'noradrenergic inhibitory mechanisms for blood pressure regulation in the brainstem' (Yamori, Lovenberg and Sjoerdsma, 1970) might be insufficient and result in the initial enhancement of peripheral vasomotor tone causing labile hypertension; (7) Noradrenalin turnover study of the heart and hindlimb perfusion experiments indicated that the neural factor was mainly involved in the development or the early stage of hypertension; this finding was further supported by the increased noradrenalin level or dopamine-beta-hydroxylase activity in the blood; (8) Histometrical studies indicated that the structural component of the peripheral vascular resistance stabilized the hypertension; (9) The initial neurogenic factors and successive involvement of nonneurogenic factors are relayed by the acceleration of protein metabolism of the vascular wall ('adaptive metabolic change', Yamori, 1974). This acceleration is commonly detected by amino acid incorporation study in both spontaneous and other experimental hypertension; (10) Increased lysine incorporation into the noncollagenous protein of the mesenteric arteries detected in the prehypertensive SHR was experimentally confirmed to be influenced by neural innervation. This confirmation indicated the importance of such a trophic effect of the nervous system on the structural alteration of blood vessels in the development of hypertension (neurovascular linkage, Yamori, 1975)...", "contents": "Pathogenesis of spontaneous hypertension as a model for essential hypertension. Hypertension in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) develops initially without any obvious organic lesions, and mainly with hemodynamic alteration due to increased peripheral vascular resistance. It is then followed later by various cardiovascular complications such as stroke. These facts indicate that this spontaneous hypertension is very similar to essential hypertension in man. Studies on the pathogenic mechanisms of spontaneous hypertension up to the present have revealed the following points. (1) This hypertension is genetically transmitted to the offspring in an additive mode by a relatively small number of major genes; (2) Environmental factors such as stress and salt-loading accelerate the hypertension; (3) Parabiosis between SHR and normotensive rats offered no positive evidence indicating the involvement of any strong humoral factors; (4) Assays on adrenal and thyroid hormones have suggested that this hypertension is not a simple endocrine hypertension; (5) The destruction of the central nervous system or sympathectomy on blood pressure or peripheral vascular resistance, as well as the recording of spontaneous sympathetic discharge, etc. have indicated the positive involvement of the autonomic nervous system in the development of this hypertension; (6) Changes in the enzyme activities of the central nervous system and in the central responses to various candidates of central neurotransmitters suggested that 'noradrenergic inhibitory mechanisms for blood pressure regulation in the brainstem' (Yamori, Lovenberg and Sjoerdsma, 1970) might be insufficient and result in the initial enhancement of peripheral vasomotor tone causing labile hypertension; (7) Noradrenalin turnover study of the heart and hindlimb perfusion experiments indicated that the neural factor was mainly involved in the development or the early stage of hypertension; this finding was further supported by the increased noradrenalin level or dopamine-beta-hydroxylase activity in the blood; (8) Histometrical studies indicated that the structural component of the peripheral vascular resistance stabilized the hypertension; (9) The initial neurogenic factors and successive involvement of nonneurogenic factors are relayed by the acceleration of protein metabolism of the vascular wall ('adaptive metabolic change', Yamori, 1974). This acceleration is commonly detected by amino acid incorporation study in both spontaneous and other experimental hypertension; (10) Increased lysine incorporation into the noncollagenous protein of the mesenteric arteries detected in the prehypertensive SHR was experimentally confirmed to be influenced by neural innervation. This confirmation indicated the importance of such a trophic effect of the nervous system on the structural alteration of blood vessels in the development of hypertension (neurovascular linkage, Yamori, 1975)..."}
{"id": "PMID:870723", "title": "The role of the left atrium in the development of pulmonary hypertension -- experiment with dogs --.", "content": "The experiments were performed on dogs to confirm the hypothesis that the left atrium plays an important role in raising the pulmonary arterial pressure through the autonomic nervous system. In Experiment I, the left auricular resection of dogs resulted in elevated pulmonary arterial pressure. In Experiment 2, 6% Dextran infusion was performed on four groups of dogs: (1) intact dogs (2) dogs with the left auricular resection (3) with the cardiac denervation (4) with both the left auricular resection and the cardiac denervation. The pulmonary arterial resistance increased after the infusion in the dogs with simple left auricular resection, but was relatively unchanged in all others. The result shows that cardiac denervation prevents the increase of the pulmonary arterial resistance due to the left auricular resection. From this we can conclude that the left auricular resection causes an increase in the pulmonary arterial resistance through the autonomic nervous system.", "contents": "The role of the left atrium in the development of pulmonary hypertension -- experiment with dogs --. The experiments were performed on dogs to confirm the hypothesis that the left atrium plays an important role in raising the pulmonary arterial pressure through the autonomic nervous system. In Experiment I, the left auricular resection of dogs resulted in elevated pulmonary arterial pressure. In Experiment 2, 6% Dextran infusion was performed on four groups of dogs: (1) intact dogs (2) dogs with the left auricular resection (3) with the cardiac denervation (4) with both the left auricular resection and the cardiac denervation. The pulmonary arterial resistance increased after the infusion in the dogs with simple left auricular resection, but was relatively unchanged in all others. The result shows that cardiac denervation prevents the increase of the pulmonary arterial resistance due to the left auricular resection. From this we can conclude that the left auricular resection causes an increase in the pulmonary arterial resistance through the autonomic nervous system."}
{"id": "PMID:870724", "title": "A study on sinoatrial conduction in the aged.", "content": "Sinus node response to premature atrial stimulation (PAS) was studied in 30 aged patients (group I:21 cases without sinus node dysfunction, group II:9 cases with sick sinus syndrome). Sinoatrial conduction time (SACT) was calculated according to the method reported by Strauss et al. As coupling interval of PAS decreased, there noted 5 patterns of sinus node response. In Type A, return cycle length (RC) initially increased (fully compensatory pause) and then became constant; RC progressively increased either along the compensatory reference line (Type B1) or along the less-than-compensatory line (Type B2) without being constant. In 2 other cases, RC showed similar pattern as in Type A up to 32-37% of sinus cycle length where they showed abrupt prolongation below or above the compensatory reference line (Types C and D, respectively). The incidence of abnormal response (Types B1, B2, C, and D) was high both in group I (38.0%) and group II (33.3%). The calculated SACT in group I showed a high correlation with basic sinus cycle length, while no correlation was observed in group II. The possible factors influencing return cycle length and significance of frequent observation of abnormal sinus nodal responses in the aged subjects were discussed.", "contents": "A study on sinoatrial conduction in the aged. Sinus node response to premature atrial stimulation (PAS) was studied in 30 aged patients (group I:21 cases without sinus node dysfunction, group II:9 cases with sick sinus syndrome). Sinoatrial conduction time (SACT) was calculated according to the method reported by Strauss et al. As coupling interval of PAS decreased, there noted 5 patterns of sinus node response. In Type A, return cycle length (RC) initially increased (fully compensatory pause) and then became constant; RC progressively increased either along the compensatory reference line (Type B1) or along the less-than-compensatory line (Type B2) without being constant. In 2 other cases, RC showed similar pattern as in Type A up to 32-37% of sinus cycle length where they showed abrupt prolongation below or above the compensatory reference line (Types C and D, respectively). The incidence of abnormal response (Types B1, B2, C, and D) was high both in group I (38.0%) and group II (33.3%). The calculated SACT in group I showed a high correlation with basic sinus cycle length, while no correlation was observed in group II. The possible factors influencing return cycle length and significance of frequent observation of abnormal sinus nodal responses in the aged subjects were discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:870725", "title": "A clinicopathological study on mitral ring calcification.", "content": "The incidence, the size of mitral ring calcification (MRC) and its relation to the mitral valve disease were examined in a total of 600 consecutive autopsy cases of over 60 years of age. (1) The incidence of MRC was 10% (60 cases among 600), and the sex difference was statistically significant with 6.7% in male and 13.3% in female (p less than 0.01). The age was 82 years in average, and an increase of its incidence with aging was significant only in female (p less than 0.005). (2) MRC was found in the annulus of the posterior mitral leaflet. The length of MRC was 12.5 +/- 10.3 mm in male, and 31.8 +/- 23.5 mm in female (p less than 0.01). Large MRC more than 30 mm were found in 1 man and 19 women. (3) The relationship between the length and cross sectional diameter of the MRC showed a positive correlation (r=0.75). Three cases of mitral stenosis or combined stenosis and regurgitation belonged to the extremely large MRC group. (4) There were 27 cases with systolic murmur; 3 holosystolic and 24 ejection type. In large and small MRC groups, systolic murmurs were found in 70% and 33% (p less than 0.05), MRC extending to the anterior leaflet in 65% and 2.5% (p less than 0.005), moderate to severe calcification of the aortic valve in 40% and 20% (n.s.), respectively. (5) X-ray films were examined retrospectively, and large MRC was diagnosed in 85%, and incidence of calcification in the other soft tissues (trachea, bronchi, costal cartilage, aortic arch, thoracic and abdominal aorta) was higher in large MRC group than in the control group (87 cases) without MRC (p less than 0.005).", "contents": "A clinicopathological study on mitral ring calcification. The incidence, the size of mitral ring calcification (MRC) and its relation to the mitral valve disease were examined in a total of 600 consecutive autopsy cases of over 60 years of age. (1) The incidence of MRC was 10% (60 cases among 600), and the sex difference was statistically significant with 6.7% in male and 13.3% in female (p less than 0.01). The age was 82 years in average, and an increase of its incidence with aging was significant only in female (p less than 0.005). (2) MRC was found in the annulus of the posterior mitral leaflet. The length of MRC was 12.5 +/- 10.3 mm in male, and 31.8 +/- 23.5 mm in female (p less than 0.01). Large MRC more than 30 mm were found in 1 man and 19 women. (3) The relationship between the length and cross sectional diameter of the MRC showed a positive correlation (r=0.75). Three cases of mitral stenosis or combined stenosis and regurgitation belonged to the extremely large MRC group. (4) There were 27 cases with systolic murmur; 3 holosystolic and 24 ejection type. In large and small MRC groups, systolic murmurs were found in 70% and 33% (p less than 0.05), MRC extending to the anterior leaflet in 65% and 2.5% (p less than 0.005), moderate to severe calcification of the aortic valve in 40% and 20% (n.s.), respectively. (5) X-ray films were examined retrospectively, and large MRC was diagnosed in 85%, and incidence of calcification in the other soft tissues (trachea, bronchi, costal cartilage, aortic arch, thoracic and abdominal aorta) was higher in large MRC group than in the control group (87 cases) without MRC (p less than 0.005)."}
{"id": "PMID:870726", "title": "Observer variations in the diagnosis of stroke. WHO collaborative study on the control of stroke in the community.", "content": "Validity and consistency of the diagnosis of stroke and its types were tested with 60 case reports including 15 diguised duplicates, drawn at random from community-based stroke registers. Seven European, 5 Japanese, and 5 other centers participated the test. The diagnosis of stroke as such (regardless of its type) seems to have been established accurately in all the 3 groups of centers; this leads to the conclusion that the incidence rates of stroke as registered in the participating centers were comparable. The diagnosis of the types of stroke was less reliable, since intra-and inter-observer bias was found in the diagnosis of the identical sample of test cases. In some European centers, the type of stroke was rarely determined, unless objective and definitive evidences were available. The Japanese centers appeared to have diagnosed the type of stroke in a relatively more uniform way between centers, however, the consistency of the diagnosis at separate times was lower. Subarachnoid hemorrhage, when diagnosed, was generally based on firmer gounds. These observations were confirmed in a small number of autopsy-verified cases. These varying diagnostic attitudes introduce false differences. Such \"softness\" of type-diagnosis must be borne in mind when comparison of type of stroke at different times or between populations is attempted.", "contents": "Observer variations in the diagnosis of stroke. WHO collaborative study on the control of stroke in the community. Validity and consistency of the diagnosis of stroke and its types were tested with 60 case reports including 15 diguised duplicates, drawn at random from community-based stroke registers. Seven European, 5 Japanese, and 5 other centers participated the test. The diagnosis of stroke as such (regardless of its type) seems to have been established accurately in all the 3 groups of centers; this leads to the conclusion that the incidence rates of stroke as registered in the participating centers were comparable. The diagnosis of the types of stroke was less reliable, since intra-and inter-observer bias was found in the diagnosis of the identical sample of test cases. In some European centers, the type of stroke was rarely determined, unless objective and definitive evidences were available. The Japanese centers appeared to have diagnosed the type of stroke in a relatively more uniform way between centers, however, the consistency of the diagnosis at separate times was lower. Subarachnoid hemorrhage, when diagnosed, was generally based on firmer gounds. These observations were confirmed in a small number of autopsy-verified cases. These varying diagnostic attitudes introduce false differences. Such \"softness\" of type-diagnosis must be borne in mind when comparison of type of stroke at different times or between populations is attempted."}
{"id": "PMID:870727", "title": "A clinicopathological study on the papillary muscle dysfunction.", "content": "A total of 11 cases of papillary muscle dysfunction (PMD) was found among 600 consecutive autopsy (1.8%). There were 5 men and 6 women, with their ages ranging from 64 to 92 years. Auscultation and phonocardiograms revealed holosystolic murmurs in 9 cases and early systolic murmurs in 2. There were accentuated 1st sound in 8 cases, 3rd sound in 7, and 4th sound in 5. PMD was classified into 3 types according to the clinical course and pathologic examinations. In type A (6 cases), myocardial infarction (MI) preceded the occurence of mitral regurgitation (MR) by 3 or 4 years, with pathological verification of old MI. In type B (1 case), MR developed during acute MI. In type C (4 cases), pathological examinations disclosed various degrees of myocardial fibrosis, in which clinical diagnosis was MR of unknown etiology. In a total of 113 cases of MI, 36 cases (32%) showed papillary muscle infarction (PMI), which occurred with significantly high incidence in (1) male, (2) large MI, and (3) subendocardial or lateral MI. Among 36 cases of PMI, 9 cases developed PMD, which showed high incidence in inferior MI and in female. Various other factors concerning PMD and PMI were examined, and it was pointed out that not only PMI but also severe lesions in corresponding ventricular wall were necessary for the development of PMD.", "contents": "A clinicopathological study on the papillary muscle dysfunction. A total of 11 cases of papillary muscle dysfunction (PMD) was found among 600 consecutive autopsy (1.8%). There were 5 men and 6 women, with their ages ranging from 64 to 92 years. Auscultation and phonocardiograms revealed holosystolic murmurs in 9 cases and early systolic murmurs in 2. There were accentuated 1st sound in 8 cases, 3rd sound in 7, and 4th sound in 5. PMD was classified into 3 types according to the clinical course and pathologic examinations. In type A (6 cases), myocardial infarction (MI) preceded the occurence of mitral regurgitation (MR) by 3 or 4 years, with pathological verification of old MI. In type B (1 case), MR developed during acute MI. In type C (4 cases), pathological examinations disclosed various degrees of myocardial fibrosis, in which clinical diagnosis was MR of unknown etiology. In a total of 113 cases of MI, 36 cases (32%) showed papillary muscle infarction (PMI), which occurred with significantly high incidence in (1) male, (2) large MI, and (3) subendocardial or lateral MI. Among 36 cases of PMI, 9 cases developed PMD, which showed high incidence in inferior MI and in female. Various other factors concerning PMD and PMI were examined, and it was pointed out that not only PMI but also severe lesions in corresponding ventricular wall were necessary for the development of PMD."}
{"id": "PMID:870728", "title": "A method for the estimation of peak serum LDH activity based on a single post-peak level after acute myocardial infarction.", "content": "A new method was developed to estimate the peak serum lactic dehydrogenase (LDH) value in patients with acute myocardial infarction from a single determination of serum LDH activity in the post-peak period (3rd to 5th day after the onset of infarction) using nomogram method based on the monoexponential decay of serum LDH with a decay constant of 0.012 hours-1. To develop this nomogram, the serial changes in serum LDH activities were studied in 30 patients with acute myocardial infarction admitted to the coronary care unit within the pre-peak period. The mean errors in estimation from data of the 3rd, 4th, or 5th day after the onset were acceptably small, 10.5 +/- 1.9%, 14.5 +/- 2.8%, and 15.9 +/- 3.3%, respectively. Furthermore, a correction formula was obtained to improve the accuracy of estimation, since the peak values were underestimated in patients with actual peak values less than 300 units and overestimated in the case of more than 500 units. Estimation in 9 patients of an external sample group confirmed that this nomogram is useful clinically with mean errors of less than 25%.", "contents": "A method for the estimation of peak serum LDH activity based on a single post-peak level after acute myocardial infarction. A new method was developed to estimate the peak serum lactic dehydrogenase (LDH) value in patients with acute myocardial infarction from a single determination of serum LDH activity in the post-peak period (3rd to 5th day after the onset of infarction) using nomogram method based on the monoexponential decay of serum LDH with a decay constant of 0.012 hours-1. To develop this nomogram, the serial changes in serum LDH activities were studied in 30 patients with acute myocardial infarction admitted to the coronary care unit within the pre-peak period. The mean errors in estimation from data of the 3rd, 4th, or 5th day after the onset were acceptably small, 10.5 +/- 1.9%, 14.5 +/- 2.8%, and 15.9 +/- 3.3%, respectively. Furthermore, a correction formula was obtained to improve the accuracy of estimation, since the peak values were underestimated in patients with actual peak values less than 300 units and overestimated in the case of more than 500 units. Estimation in 9 patients of an external sample group confirmed that this nomogram is useful clinically with mean errors of less than 25%."}
{"id": "PMID:870729", "title": "Effects of salmon calcitonin on SA nodal pacemaker activity and contractility in isolated, blood-perfused atrial and papillary muscle preparations of dogs.", "content": "Effects of salmon calcitonin on SA node pacemaker activity and contractility were investigated in isolated atrium and papillary muscle preparations which were perfused with arterial blood led from a carotid artery of the support dog. Calcitonin at a dose range from 0.005 to 0.16 units was injected into the cannulated sinus node artery, which dose-relatedly caused a negative chronotropic and inotropic effect in atrium preparations. This negative effect was not modified by treatment with atropine. On the other hand, in the isolated paillary muscle preparations, an intraarterial calcitonin caused little negative inotropic effect even at higher dose level of 0.16 units. From these results, it is concluded that 1) in chronotropy, calcitonin causes a negative chronotropic effect, and 2) in inotropy calcitonin causes a negative inotropic effect on the atrium but not on the ventricle.", "contents": "Effects of salmon calcitonin on SA nodal pacemaker activity and contractility in isolated, blood-perfused atrial and papillary muscle preparations of dogs. Effects of salmon calcitonin on SA node pacemaker activity and contractility were investigated in isolated atrium and papillary muscle preparations which were perfused with arterial blood led from a carotid artery of the support dog. Calcitonin at a dose range from 0.005 to 0.16 units was injected into the cannulated sinus node artery, which dose-relatedly caused a negative chronotropic and inotropic effect in atrium preparations. This negative effect was not modified by treatment with atropine. On the other hand, in the isolated paillary muscle preparations, an intraarterial calcitonin caused little negative inotropic effect even at higher dose level of 0.16 units. From these results, it is concluded that 1) in chronotropy, calcitonin causes a negative chronotropic effect, and 2) in inotropy calcitonin causes a negative inotropic effect on the atrium but not on the ventricle."}
{"id": "PMID:870730", "title": "Positive chronotropic and negative inotropic actions of vasopressin in isolated blood-perfused canine atrium.", "content": "Effects of vasopressin on SA nodal pacemaker activity and atrial contractility were investigated, using 5 isolated, blood-perfused canine atrium preparations. Vasopressin produced a dose-related positive chronotropic and negative inotropic effect, which was not influenced by treatments with an adequate dose of atropine or an adrenergic beta-blocking agent, alprenolol. From these results, it is concluded that vasopressin has a direct stimulating property on SA nodal pacemaker activity and a direct suppressive property on atrial contractility.", "contents": "Positive chronotropic and negative inotropic actions of vasopressin in isolated blood-perfused canine atrium. Effects of vasopressin on SA nodal pacemaker activity and atrial contractility were investigated, using 5 isolated, blood-perfused canine atrium preparations. Vasopressin produced a dose-related positive chronotropic and negative inotropic effect, which was not influenced by treatments with an adequate dose of atropine or an adrenergic beta-blocking agent, alprenolol. From these results, it is concluded that vasopressin has a direct stimulating property on SA nodal pacemaker activity and a direct suppressive property on atrial contractility."}
{"id": "PMID:870731", "title": "Modified magnetorheography. Measurement of cardiac output by a catheter and an externally applied high magnetic field.", "content": "This study is dealt with a design for measuring cardiac output using a catheter and an externally applied magnetic field with the most minimized trauma. Many trials have yielded the following results. When a high static magnetic field is applied externally to the body and a catheter carrying electrodes at the tip is inserted from the carotid artery cutdown, 2 sensing electrodes, across the lumen of the aortic arch, at a little larger electrode distance than the lumen can detect the greatest flow signal. Since the biggest noises in the signal are ECG, they can be cancelled to a great extent by the reversed deflection of the ECG which is detected with cancelling electrodes placed at the left chest surface point geometrically symmetrical to the ascending aorta with respect to the center of the heart. Clamping the flow signal to zero level during diastole leads to the remodulation of D-C level in the flow signal and to the reduction of zero drifts. The flow signal produced by giving known volume to the ascending aorta via a catheter can be used for the calibration of the flow measuring system.", "contents": "Modified magnetorheography. Measurement of cardiac output by a catheter and an externally applied high magnetic field. This study is dealt with a design for measuring cardiac output using a catheter and an externally applied magnetic field with the most minimized trauma. Many trials have yielded the following results. When a high static magnetic field is applied externally to the body and a catheter carrying electrodes at the tip is inserted from the carotid artery cutdown, 2 sensing electrodes, across the lumen of the aortic arch, at a little larger electrode distance than the lumen can detect the greatest flow signal. Since the biggest noises in the signal are ECG, they can be cancelled to a great extent by the reversed deflection of the ECG which is detected with cancelling electrodes placed at the left chest surface point geometrically symmetrical to the ascending aorta with respect to the center of the heart. Clamping the flow signal to zero level during diastole leads to the remodulation of D-C level in the flow signal and to the reduction of zero drifts. The flow signal produced by giving known volume to the ascending aorta via a catheter can be used for the calibration of the flow measuring system."}
{"id": "PMID:870732", "title": "Studies on the coronary circulation by a simulation method.", "content": "Some aspects of the control mechanism in the coronary circulation were investigated by using analog simulation. The simulation is designed to separate passive or mechanical factor from entire influence on the change in coronary flow consisting of passive and active factors, under different hemodynamic conditions. Simulated waveform was very similar to the blood flow pattern of the left circumflex artery actually obtained by an electromagnetic flowmeter. Pressure flow relationship was almost linear. Coronary flow increased with rise of aortic pressure, with the influence of active factors exceeding greatly that of the passive factors. When the heart rate was increased, the decrease in coronary flow due to the passive factors themselves was found. After the occlusion of the coronary artery the slight reactive hyperemia due to only passive factors was observed in the simulated flow.", "contents": "Studies on the coronary circulation by a simulation method. Some aspects of the control mechanism in the coronary circulation were investigated by using analog simulation. The simulation is designed to separate passive or mechanical factor from entire influence on the change in coronary flow consisting of passive and active factors, under different hemodynamic conditions. Simulated waveform was very similar to the blood flow pattern of the left circumflex artery actually obtained by an electromagnetic flowmeter. Pressure flow relationship was almost linear. Coronary flow increased with rise of aortic pressure, with the influence of active factors exceeding greatly that of the passive factors. When the heart rate was increased, the decrease in coronary flow due to the passive factors themselves was found. After the occlusion of the coronary artery the slight reactive hyperemia due to only passive factors was observed in the simulated flow."}
{"id": "PMID:870733", "title": "Prolongation of ventricular action potential due to sympathetic stimulation.", "content": "The changes of monophasic action potential durations due to stellate stimulation for the period of 3 sec were studied in dogs with suction electrodes from the anterior surface of the right ventricle and the posterior surface of the left ventricle. Prolongation of monophasic action potential duration was observed from the period of 2 to 3 sec during stimulation to that of 10 to 20 sec after the termination of stimulation. Prolongation of monophasic action potential duration due to right stellate stimulation was predominant in the right ventricle and that due to left stellate stimulation was predominant in the left ventricle. The transient T wave change in the surface electrocardiogram occurring immediately after the beginning of stellate stimulation could be explained by this local difference in prolongation of ventricle repolarization. Since the onset of prolongation of monophasic action potential duration preceded increase in blood pressure following stellate stimulation, this prolongation of monophasic action potential duration did not result from the hemodynamic changes and could be a primary effect of the sympathetic nerve stimulation.", "contents": "Prolongation of ventricular action potential due to sympathetic stimulation. The changes of monophasic action potential durations due to stellate stimulation for the period of 3 sec were studied in dogs with suction electrodes from the anterior surface of the right ventricle and the posterior surface of the left ventricle. Prolongation of monophasic action potential duration was observed from the period of 2 to 3 sec during stimulation to that of 10 to 20 sec after the termination of stimulation. Prolongation of monophasic action potential duration due to right stellate stimulation was predominant in the right ventricle and that due to left stellate stimulation was predominant in the left ventricle. The transient T wave change in the surface electrocardiogram occurring immediately after the beginning of stellate stimulation could be explained by this local difference in prolongation of ventricle repolarization. Since the onset of prolongation of monophasic action potential duration preceded increase in blood pressure following stellate stimulation, this prolongation of monophasic action potential duration did not result from the hemodynamic changes and could be a primary effect of the sympathetic nerve stimulation."}
{"id": "PMID:870734", "title": "The use of silver-zinc-allantoin powder for the prehospital treatment of burns.", "content": "We describe our experimental studies of a powder formulated to treat serious burn wounds on-the-scene. The wound powder comprises two parts silver-citro-allantoinate, two parts zinc allantoinate and 96 parts pure allantoin. The back skin of 62 rats was shaved and exposed to actively boiling water for ten seconds, resulting in third degree burns of 20% of the total body surface. Immediately, 1 ml of a culture containing 2 X 10(8) Pseudomonas aeruginosa was applied to the burn. The animals were isolated. Of the 30 control rats, six were powdered with allantoin only. Thirty-two rats were dusted with the silver-zinc-allantoin powder within 15 minutes of burning. Cultures were taken at 48 hour intervals. Eighty-seven percent of the control animals died an average of six days postburn. In the treated animals, the mortality was 15%. A mean of 27% of the applied silver (0.35 gm) became incorporated in the eschar. In all control rats, sepsis was detected under the eschar. In treated animals, bacterial concentration fell from an initial average of 5 X 10(4) at 4 hours postburn to 6 X 10(2) at 96 hours.", "contents": "The use of silver-zinc-allantoin powder for the prehospital treatment of burns. We describe our experimental studies of a powder formulated to treat serious burn wounds on-the-scene. The wound powder comprises two parts silver-citro-allantoinate, two parts zinc allantoinate and 96 parts pure allantoin. The back skin of 62 rats was shaved and exposed to actively boiling water for ten seconds, resulting in third degree burns of 20% of the total body surface. Immediately, 1 ml of a culture containing 2 X 10(8) Pseudomonas aeruginosa was applied to the burn. The animals were isolated. Of the 30 control rats, six were powdered with allantoin only. Thirty-two rats were dusted with the silver-zinc-allantoin powder within 15 minutes of burning. Cultures were taken at 48 hour intervals. Eighty-seven percent of the control animals died an average of six days postburn. In the treated animals, the mortality was 15%. A mean of 27% of the applied silver (0.35 gm) became incorporated in the eschar. In all control rats, sepsis was detected under the eschar. In treated animals, bacterial concentration fell from an initial average of 5 X 10(4) at 4 hours postburn to 6 X 10(2) at 96 hours."}
{"id": "PMID:870735", "title": "[Ultrastructural changes in the arterioles in hypertension in man].", "content": "Renal tissue obtained by means of biopsy or nephrectomy from 11 patients with various degrees of arterial hypertension was studied by electron microscopy. A distinct correlation was found between the level of arterial pressure and the degree of arteriolar lesions. According to the author, arteriolar damage in hypertension develops in two stages: 1. Hypertrophy of initmal and medial cells and hyperplasia of intracellular organelles. 2. Degeneration of the arteriolar wall with deposition of an electron dense material (hyaline) under the basal membrane and in the intercellular matrix of the media. The first stage may be regarded as an enhancement of the compensatory and adaptive processes in the arteriolar wall. The second stage is a manifestation of irreversible changes associated with the progression of the disease. The sequence is apparently common to all parts of the arteriolar system and to a certain extent it may be considered typical for the development of hyaline arteriolosclerosis. The penetration of blood plasma components and their deposition in the arteriolar wall depends, according to the author, on an increased intercellular and cellular permeability, and hypertension evidently enhances this process.", "contents": "[Ultrastructural changes in the arterioles in hypertension in man]. Renal tissue obtained by means of biopsy or nephrectomy from 11 patients with various degrees of arterial hypertension was studied by electron microscopy. A distinct correlation was found between the level of arterial pressure and the degree of arteriolar lesions. According to the author, arteriolar damage in hypertension develops in two stages: 1. Hypertrophy of initmal and medial cells and hyperplasia of intracellular organelles. 2. Degeneration of the arteriolar wall with deposition of an electron dense material (hyaline) under the basal membrane and in the intercellular matrix of the media. The first stage may be regarded as an enhancement of the compensatory and adaptive processes in the arteriolar wall. The second stage is a manifestation of irreversible changes associated with the progression of the disease. The sequence is apparently common to all parts of the arteriolar system and to a certain extent it may be considered typical for the development of hyaline arteriolosclerosis. The penetration of blood plasma components and their deposition in the arteriolar wall depends, according to the author, on an increased intercellular and cellular permeability, and hypertension evidently enhances this process."}
{"id": "PMID:870736", "title": "[Effect of the cholesterol breakdown rate in the body on the dynamics of the development of alimentary hypercholesterinemia in rabbits].", "content": "A mathematical equation of the shift of the dynamic balance of cholesterolemia to a new level is substantiated. A mathematical analysis of the results of experimental studies is presented. A correlation was established between the mechanism of the development of alimentary hypercholesterolemia in rabbits and the half-life period of cholesterol in the body (T1/2 per day). It is demonstrated that an equilibrium level of hypercholesterolemia (Xeqn,ch, mg%) is directly proportional to the speed of cholesterol accumulation in blood (Vch, mg%/day) and reciprocal to the constant rate of cholesterol decomposition in the body.", "contents": "[Effect of the cholesterol breakdown rate in the body on the dynamics of the development of alimentary hypercholesterinemia in rabbits]. A mathematical equation of the shift of the dynamic balance of cholesterolemia to a new level is substantiated. A mathematical analysis of the results of experimental studies is presented. A correlation was established between the mechanism of the development of alimentary hypercholesterolemia in rabbits and the half-life period of cholesterol in the body (T1/2 per day). It is demonstrated that an equilibrium level of hypercholesterolemia (Xeqn,ch, mg%) is directly proportional to the speed of cholesterol accumulation in blood (Vch, mg%/day) and reciprocal to the constant rate of cholesterol decomposition in the body."}
{"id": "PMID:870737", "title": "[Importance of heparin in thrombin-131I clearance and in the complex formation processes in animals under experimental restoration of the function of the anticoagulating system].", "content": "Thrombine-I131 infusion to animals receiving Linethol with vitamin A in the presence of both natural and atherogenic diets accelerated the clearance of thrombine-I131 and elevated the level of nonenzymatic fibrinolysis in the blood and tissue of the liver and lungs. In addition to the administration of thrombine-I131, intravenous heparin injections to animals kept for a long time on atherogenic diets and receiving Linethol with vitamin A provided for a still greater acceleration of thrombine-I131 clearance, which manifested itself in its faster absorption from blood by the liver in the form of a thrombine-I131 -- heparin complex, in an increasing total fibrinolytic activity and of its nonenzymatic fibrinolysis in blood plasma and tissues of the liver and lungs. This resulted in a partial restoration of the function of the anticoagulation system and an increase of the functional activity of the hepatic tissue directed at the consumption of the thrombine excess from the blood flow.", "contents": "[Importance of heparin in thrombin-131I clearance and in the complex formation processes in animals under experimental restoration of the function of the anticoagulating system]. Thrombine-I131 infusion to animals receiving Linethol with vitamin A in the presence of both natural and atherogenic diets accelerated the clearance of thrombine-I131 and elevated the level of nonenzymatic fibrinolysis in the blood and tissue of the liver and lungs. In addition to the administration of thrombine-I131, intravenous heparin injections to animals kept for a long time on atherogenic diets and receiving Linethol with vitamin A provided for a still greater acceleration of thrombine-I131 clearance, which manifested itself in its faster absorption from blood by the liver in the form of a thrombine-I131 -- heparin complex, in an increasing total fibrinolytic activity and of its nonenzymatic fibrinolysis in blood plasma and tissues of the liver and lungs. This resulted in a partial restoration of the function of the anticoagulation system and an increase of the functional activity of the hepatic tissue directed at the consumption of the thrombine excess from the blood flow."}
{"id": "PMID:870738", "title": "[Initial stage of cardiac insufficiency as a complication of a past myocardial infarct].", "content": "An instrumental and roentgenological examination was conducted in 164 patients who had survived myocardial infarction 1 to 10 years before the examination and having been free of any clinically manifest signs of congestive heart failure. The investigation included a study of the inotropic and pump function of the myocardium of the left ventricle, the electric and mechanical activity of the left atrium, the pulmonary haemodynamics under bicycle tests of growing power, and under identical conditions after premedication with cardiac glycosides (0.00036 mg/kg of body weight of Strophanthin K). Proceeding from the study of the readaptation of the circulation system and its transit to the initial stage of cardiac insufficiency the authors developed criteria of the onset of therapy for latent cardiac failure in patients with postinfarction cardiosclerosis.", "contents": "[Initial stage of cardiac insufficiency as a complication of a past myocardial infarct]. An instrumental and roentgenological examination was conducted in 164 patients who had survived myocardial infarction 1 to 10 years before the examination and having been free of any clinically manifest signs of congestive heart failure. The investigation included a study of the inotropic and pump function of the myocardium of the left ventricle, the electric and mechanical activity of the left atrium, the pulmonary haemodynamics under bicycle tests of growing power, and under identical conditions after premedication with cardiac glycosides (0.00036 mg/kg of body weight of Strophanthin K). Proceeding from the study of the readaptation of the circulation system and its transit to the initial stage of cardiac insufficiency the authors developed criteria of the onset of therapy for latent cardiac failure in patients with postinfarction cardiosclerosis."}
{"id": "PMID:870739", "title": "[Therapy and prevention of different forms of ventricullar fibrillation in myocardial infarct].", "content": "Data on 80 cases of myocardial infarction complicated by different forms of ventricular fibrillation (VF)--primary, secondary and recurrent--are analysed. VF was shown to be accompanied by distinct disorders in respiration, metabolism and haemodynamics. Metabolic disorders are characterized by acid-base and electrolyte balance changes, increased activity of the adrenal glands, and increased release of catecholamines and glucocorticoids into the blood. The latter proves that VF increases the stress reaction of the body caused by acute myocardial infarction. The success of prevention and treatment of VF depends on the early hospitalization of acute myocardial infarction patients in specialized intensive care and resuscitation units where emergency reanimation measures can be taken, controlled therapy rendered, and VF prevented by influencing the altered metabolism and stress state. Special attention is paid to repeated VF for which the authors employ, along with routine therapy, Glucagon that produces an antiarrhythmic and cardiotonic effect.", "contents": "[Therapy and prevention of different forms of ventricullar fibrillation in myocardial infarct]. Data on 80 cases of myocardial infarction complicated by different forms of ventricular fibrillation (VF)--primary, secondary and recurrent--are analysed. VF was shown to be accompanied by distinct disorders in respiration, metabolism and haemodynamics. Metabolic disorders are characterized by acid-base and electrolyte balance changes, increased activity of the adrenal glands, and increased release of catecholamines and glucocorticoids into the blood. The latter proves that VF increases the stress reaction of the body caused by acute myocardial infarction. The success of prevention and treatment of VF depends on the early hospitalization of acute myocardial infarction patients in specialized intensive care and resuscitation units where emergency reanimation measures can be taken, controlled therapy rendered, and VF prevented by influencing the altered metabolism and stress state. Special attention is paid to repeated VF for which the authors employ, along with routine therapy, Glucagon that produces an antiarrhythmic and cardiotonic effect."}
{"id": "PMID:870740", "title": "[Recurrent necrosis as a complication of the subacute period of myocardial infarct].", "content": "Recurrent myocardial infarction was observed in 105 among 656 myocardial infarction patients (16.1%). The recurrence developed more often after macro-focal infarction, especially when complicated by cardiogenic shock and/or pulmonary oedema. The clinical pattern of a recurrence was characterized by a significant increase of the incidence of the arrhythmic and gastralgic variants of myocardial infarction. Among those surviving acute myocardial infarction for over 72 hours recurrent necrosis was the leading cause of death in 78%. A faster hospital rehabilitation of the myocardial infarction patients did not result in any increase of the incidence of recurrent myocardial infarction.", "contents": "[Recurrent necrosis as a complication of the subacute period of myocardial infarct]. Recurrent myocardial infarction was observed in 105 among 656 myocardial infarction patients (16.1%). The recurrence developed more often after macro-focal infarction, especially when complicated by cardiogenic shock and/or pulmonary oedema. The clinical pattern of a recurrence was characterized by a significant increase of the incidence of the arrhythmic and gastralgic variants of myocardial infarction. Among those surviving acute myocardial infarction for over 72 hours recurrent necrosis was the leading cause of death in 78%. A faster hospital rehabilitation of the myocardial infarction patients did not result in any increase of the incidence of recurrent myocardial infarction."}
{"id": "PMID:870741", "title": "[Evaluation of the external respiratory and lesser circulatory function in acute postinfarct cardiac aneurysm].", "content": "The function of pulmonary respiration was studied in 28 patients with acute postinfarction aneurysms of the heart, in 20 normal individuals and in 25 patients with transmural myocardial infarction non-complicated by by cardiac aneurysm. A comparative analysis of the obtained data has shown that patients with acute postinfarction aneurysms of the heart have more severe pulmonary respiration disorders than those with transmural myocardial infarctions. The degree of these disorders grows in accordance with the degree of circulation insufficiency. The authors believe the main cause of such pulmonary respiration disorders in cardiac aneurysms to consist in a reduced contractile capacity of the heart muscle with subsequent disturbances in the intracardiac haemodynamics and the development of pulmonary hypertension. The authors recommend to take into account the degree of pulmonary respiration disorders when determining the vital and occupational prognosis, as well as the indications for a surgical management of this complication of myocardial infarction.", "contents": "[Evaluation of the external respiratory and lesser circulatory function in acute postinfarct cardiac aneurysm]. The function of pulmonary respiration was studied in 28 patients with acute postinfarction aneurysms of the heart, in 20 normal individuals and in 25 patients with transmural myocardial infarction non-complicated by by cardiac aneurysm. A comparative analysis of the obtained data has shown that patients with acute postinfarction aneurysms of the heart have more severe pulmonary respiration disorders than those with transmural myocardial infarctions. The degree of these disorders grows in accordance with the degree of circulation insufficiency. The authors believe the main cause of such pulmonary respiration disorders in cardiac aneurysms to consist in a reduced contractile capacity of the heart muscle with subsequent disturbances in the intracardiac haemodynamics and the development of pulmonary hypertension. The authors recommend to take into account the degree of pulmonary respiration disorders when determining the vital and occupational prognosis, as well as the indications for a surgical management of this complication of myocardial infarction."}
{"id": "PMID:870742", "title": "[Blood kinin system in acute myocardial infarct treated with thrombolytic preparations].", "content": "The treatment of patients with acute myocardial infarction by thrombolytic agents affects several indices characterizing the pathological process. The effect of thrombolytic therapy was studied with reference to the activation of the blood kinin system. The data on a activating effect of myocardial infarction upon the state of the kinin sys tem were proved. When thrombolytic agents (streptoliase, streptase and fibrinolysin) and heparin are given, the kinin system is activated still further which clearly correlates with an elevated fibrinolytic activity of the blood. Under fibrinolytic therapy the most sensitive component of the kinin system proves to be kallikreinogen. The possible effect of the activation of the blood kinin system by thrombolytics upon the state of myocardial infarction patients is discussed.", "contents": "[Blood kinin system in acute myocardial infarct treated with thrombolytic preparations]. The treatment of patients with acute myocardial infarction by thrombolytic agents affects several indices characterizing the pathological process. The effect of thrombolytic therapy was studied with reference to the activation of the blood kinin system. The data on a activating effect of myocardial infarction upon the state of the kinin sys tem were proved. When thrombolytic agents (streptoliase, streptase and fibrinolysin) and heparin are given, the kinin system is activated still further which clearly correlates with an elevated fibrinolytic activity of the blood. Under fibrinolytic therapy the most sensitive component of the kinin system proves to be kallikreinogen. The possible effect of the activation of the blood kinin system by thrombolytics upon the state of myocardial infarction patients is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:870743", "title": "[Prevalence of ischemic heart disease depending on the extent of manifestation of certain risk factors].", "content": "A comparative assessment is presented for the significance of some risk factors (systolic and diastolic pressures, blood serum cholesterol and triglycerides, fasting blood sugar level and blood fibrinogen level) for the spreading of ischaemic heart disease with reference to their severity. When the method of parametric discriminative analysis was used, most of the examined indices displayed a growing extent of ischaemic heart disease from the lower values towards the higher ones, and a decreasing importance of the factor with the growing age. The multidimentional analysis of the spreading of ischaemic heart disease illustrates its increasing spreading along with the accumulation of the amount of some risk factors. These data proved the necessity of a differentiated approach to the study of preventive measures in different age groups with certain risk factors.", "contents": "[Prevalence of ischemic heart disease depending on the extent of manifestation of certain risk factors]. A comparative assessment is presented for the significance of some risk factors (systolic and diastolic pressures, blood serum cholesterol and triglycerides, fasting blood sugar level and blood fibrinogen level) for the spreading of ischaemic heart disease with reference to their severity. When the method of parametric discriminative analysis was used, most of the examined indices displayed a growing extent of ischaemic heart disease from the lower values towards the higher ones, and a decreasing importance of the factor with the growing age. The multidimentional analysis of the spreading of ischaemic heart disease illustrates its increasing spreading along with the accumulation of the amount of some risk factors. These data proved the necessity of a differentiated approach to the study of preventive measures in different age groups with certain risk factors."}
{"id": "PMID:870745", "title": "[Platelet morphology and physical stress (author's transl)].", "content": "The morphology of thrombocytes of 45 volunteers in varying conditions of training was analysed under physical stress. The probands were divided in three groups of 15 each. Group X (aged 20-26 years) had occasional gymnastics training. Group Y (aged 44-52 years) was without any physical training, and Group Z consisted of athletes (aged 22-25 years) in good training condition. By means of the platelet aggregation test (PAT), thrombocyte changes were classified in 5 stages: solitary stage (I), accumulation stage (II), degranulation stage (III), fibrin forming stage (IV), irreversible aggregation stage (V). The probands were subjected to ergometer stress in exact dosage. With the exception of the athletes, all blood smears showed a decrease in stage I (solitary), and considerable increase in stages II-V. 5, 30, or 60 min after stress, the return of irreversible aggregates (PAT V), of platelet changes in the fibrin-forming stage (PAT IV), and in the degranulation stage (PAT III), was markedly delayed in Group Y (untrained older persons) when compared with the group of well-trained athletes. The observation may offer an explanation for some cases of acute thrombotic cardiac death among trained athletes. On the other hand, it may prove the better adaptation of the thrombocytic system during physical stress when athletes are in good physical condition.", "contents": "[Platelet morphology and physical stress (author's transl)]. The morphology of thrombocytes of 45 volunteers in varying conditions of training was analysed under physical stress. The probands were divided in three groups of 15 each. Group X (aged 20-26 years) had occasional gymnastics training. Group Y (aged 44-52 years) was without any physical training, and Group Z consisted of athletes (aged 22-25 years) in good training condition. By means of the platelet aggregation test (PAT), thrombocyte changes were classified in 5 stages: solitary stage (I), accumulation stage (II), degranulation stage (III), fibrin forming stage (IV), irreversible aggregation stage (V). The probands were subjected to ergometer stress in exact dosage. With the exception of the athletes, all blood smears showed a decrease in stage I (solitary), and considerable increase in stages II-V. 5, 30, or 60 min after stress, the return of irreversible aggregates (PAT V), of platelet changes in the fibrin-forming stage (PAT IV), and in the degranulation stage (PAT III), was markedly delayed in Group Y (untrained older persons) when compared with the group of well-trained athletes. The observation may offer an explanation for some cases of acute thrombotic cardiac death among trained athletes. On the other hand, it may prove the better adaptation of the thrombocytic system during physical stress when athletes are in good physical condition."}
{"id": "PMID:870744", "title": "[The regulation of serum albumin in physiological and pathological conditions (author's transl)].", "content": "12 g of albumin are synthesized daily by the bound polyribosomes of all human liver cells together, corresponding to 10% of the intravascular albumin mass. The cell is producing a precursor albumin. During secretion albumin is liberated by splitting of a small peptide. Only 40% of the total body albumin is located intravascularly. 12g of albumin are degraded or excreted daily, 30% of it by the liver, the kidneys and the gastrointestinal tract. The main site of albumin catabolism is unknown. Albumin with a half-life of about 20 days is degraded at a constant fractional catabolic rate. The absolute rate of degradation varies depending on the plasma content. This mechanism allows an effective regulation of the serum albumin level. The fractional catabolic rate, however, is not completely fixed. It is slowly reduced if the serum albumin content is markedly reduced as in protein deficiency, the blind loop syndrome, cirrhosis, nephrosis, and diseases of the gastrointestinal tract. Infusion of albumin increases the fractional catabolic rate slowly. This must be taken in consideration substitution albumin in chronic diseases. The shift from the extravascular to the intravascular compartment is a short-term regulatory mechanism. The regulation of synthesis and degradation are independent from each other. The molecular mechanism of regulation of synthesis and degradation are unknown, partially due to inadequate methods.", "contents": "[The regulation of serum albumin in physiological and pathological conditions (author's transl)]. 12 g of albumin are synthesized daily by the bound polyribosomes of all human liver cells together, corresponding to 10% of the intravascular albumin mass. The cell is producing a precursor albumin. During secretion albumin is liberated by splitting of a small peptide. Only 40% of the total body albumin is located intravascularly. 12g of albumin are degraded or excreted daily, 30% of it by the liver, the kidneys and the gastrointestinal tract. The main site of albumin catabolism is unknown. Albumin with a half-life of about 20 days is degraded at a constant fractional catabolic rate. The absolute rate of degradation varies depending on the plasma content. This mechanism allows an effective regulation of the serum albumin level. The fractional catabolic rate, however, is not completely fixed. It is slowly reduced if the serum albumin content is markedly reduced as in protein deficiency, the blind loop syndrome, cirrhosis, nephrosis, and diseases of the gastrointestinal tract. Infusion of albumin increases the fractional catabolic rate slowly. This must be taken in consideration substitution albumin in chronic diseases. The shift from the extravascular to the intravascular compartment is a short-term regulatory mechanism. The regulation of synthesis and degradation are independent from each other. The molecular mechanism of regulation of synthesis and degradation are unknown, partially due to inadequate methods."}
{"id": "PMID:870746", "title": "[The pathogenesis of oral contraceptive hypertension (author's transl)].", "content": "Simultaneous administration of estrogen and progestogen accelerates Goldblatt-type hypertension in rats. Neither estrogen nor progestogen alone alters arterial blood pressure. In the hormonal combination the hypertensive effect of estrogen can be replaced by epsilon-amino-capronic acid and the hypertensive effect of progestogen by desoxycorticosterone acetate. Estrogen is the only substance increasing plasma renin activity. There exists no correlation between the increase of the blood pressure and the plasma renin activity in the various groups of experimental animals receiving the different hypertensive preparations. Because of this, oral contraceptive hypertension may be supposed not to result from a stimulation of the renin-angiotensin system but may easily be seen in a combination of endothelial lesions and sodium retention, the former being caused by the estrogen's effect on blood coagulation, the latter produced by the synthetic progestogen.", "contents": "[The pathogenesis of oral contraceptive hypertension (author's transl)]. Simultaneous administration of estrogen and progestogen accelerates Goldblatt-type hypertension in rats. Neither estrogen nor progestogen alone alters arterial blood pressure. In the hormonal combination the hypertensive effect of estrogen can be replaced by epsilon-amino-capronic acid and the hypertensive effect of progestogen by desoxycorticosterone acetate. Estrogen is the only substance increasing plasma renin activity. There exists no correlation between the increase of the blood pressure and the plasma renin activity in the various groups of experimental animals receiving the different hypertensive preparations. Because of this, oral contraceptive hypertension may be supposed not to result from a stimulation of the renin-angiotensin system but may easily be seen in a combination of endothelial lesions and sodium retention, the former being caused by the estrogen's effect on blood coagulation, the latter produced by the synthetic progestogen."}
{"id": "PMID:870747", "title": "[Behaviour of plasma renin activity during long-term treatment with propranolol (author's transl)].", "content": "17 patients (40 +/- 9 years) with essential hypertension were included in the study. A monotherapy of 120, 160 or 240 mg propranolol per day was administered orally according to the antihypertensive effect. Four weeks after treatment, blood pressure and heart rate showed a statistically significant decrease and remained unchanged over a period of six months. Plasma renin activity decreased significantly from 5.7 +/- 6.3 ng/ml/h at the beginning of the study to 1.8 +/- 1.3 ng/ml/h after 4 weeks. 5 months later however plasma renin activity increased again to 5.0 +/- 0.9 ng/ml/h. The difference was statistically significant. From 17 patients 7 (41%) had lower levels of plasma renin activity after 6 months treatment when compared with pretreatment  values. In only 3 patients (18%) was plasma renin activity lower after 6 months than after four weeks. We conclude that the increase in plasma renin activity is a reactive mechanism to the reduced blood pressure under long-term conditions. The decrease of plasma renin activity in short-term treatment of essential hypertension is not a mechanism responsible for the antihypertensive effect of propranolol during long-term treatment.", "contents": "[Behaviour of plasma renin activity during long-term treatment with propranolol (author's transl)]. 17 patients (40 +/- 9 years) with essential hypertension were included in the study. A monotherapy of 120, 160 or 240 mg propranolol per day was administered orally according to the antihypertensive effect. Four weeks after treatment, blood pressure and heart rate showed a statistically significant decrease and remained unchanged over a period of six months. Plasma renin activity decreased significantly from 5.7 +/- 6.3 ng/ml/h at the beginning of the study to 1.8 +/- 1.3 ng/ml/h after 4 weeks. 5 months later however plasma renin activity increased again to 5.0 +/- 0.9 ng/ml/h. The difference was statistically significant. From 17 patients 7 (41%) had lower levels of plasma renin activity after 6 months treatment when compared with pretreatment  values. In only 3 patients (18%) was plasma renin activity lower after 6 months than after four weeks. We conclude that the increase in plasma renin activity is a reactive mechanism to the reduced blood pressure under long-term conditions. The decrease of plasma renin activity in short-term treatment of essential hypertension is not a mechanism responsible for the antihypertensive effect of propranolol during long-term treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:870748", "title": "[Effect of bradykinin on muscular glucose uptake in man (author's transl)].", "content": "Glucose metabolism of the human forearm was studied in 4 healthy volunteers by monitoring arterial deepvenous glucose concentration differences and by the determination of muscle blood flow, using 133xenon as a tracer, during 25 min intra-brachial-arterial infusion of bradykinin (13.3 ng per min). During the infusion of the kinine the forearms glucose uptake rose continuously from 0.64 +/- 0.11 micronmoles up to 1.68 +/- 0.22 micronmoles per 100 g x min after 25 min of the infusion (p less than 0.005). The enhancement of glucose uptake was partly due to the prompt small acceleration of muscle blood flow and partly to the continuously increasing glucose extraction of the forearm. From these data it is evident that besides insulin there is another physiological agent able to enhance glucose entry into the muscle cell.", "contents": "[Effect of bradykinin on muscular glucose uptake in man (author's transl)]. Glucose metabolism of the human forearm was studied in 4 healthy volunteers by monitoring arterial deepvenous glucose concentration differences and by the determination of muscle blood flow, using 133xenon as a tracer, during 25 min intra-brachial-arterial infusion of bradykinin (13.3 ng per min). During the infusion of the kinine the forearms glucose uptake rose continuously from 0.64 +/- 0.11 micronmoles up to 1.68 +/- 0.22 micronmoles per 100 g x min after 25 min of the infusion (p less than 0.005). The enhancement of glucose uptake was partly due to the prompt small acceleration of muscle blood flow and partly to the continuously increasing glucose extraction of the forearm. From these data it is evident that besides insulin there is another physiological agent able to enhance glucose entry into the muscle cell."}
{"id": "PMID:870749", "title": "[Favourable erythrocyte rheology in patients with glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency (author's transl)].", "content": "The rheological properties of erythrocytes of 6 patients with glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency were studied. A method of filtration and measurements of viscosity of erythrocyte suspensions with a hematocrit of 80% were used. The erythrocytes of all patients were more flexible than the erythrocytes of healthy controls. The erythrocytes of the patients passed the polycarbonate filters with a pore diameter of 5 micron more rapidly and showed a lower viscosity of erythrocyte suspensions. The increased flexibility of erythrocytes was due to a lower hemoglobin content which was measured in isolated ghosts. After incubation of the cells with acetylphenylhydrazine, Heinz bodies formed in the erythrocytes of controls. The flexibility of these cells decreased markedly. Though more Heinz bodies were found in the erythrocytes of the patients when the cells were incubated under identical conditions, even these erythrocytes became less rigid than the erythrocytes of controls. From these results we condlude that the more flexible erythrocytes of the patients could pass the splenic sinus even when they contain Heinz bodies. The rheological properties of the erythrocytes explain why splenectomy is not efficient in glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency.", "contents": "[Favourable erythrocyte rheology in patients with glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency (author's transl)]. The rheological properties of erythrocytes of 6 patients with glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency were studied. A method of filtration and measurements of viscosity of erythrocyte suspensions with a hematocrit of 80% were used. The erythrocytes of all patients were more flexible than the erythrocytes of healthy controls. The erythrocytes of the patients passed the polycarbonate filters with a pore diameter of 5 micron more rapidly and showed a lower viscosity of erythrocyte suspensions. The increased flexibility of erythrocytes was due to a lower hemoglobin content which was measured in isolated ghosts. After incubation of the cells with acetylphenylhydrazine, Heinz bodies formed in the erythrocytes of controls. The flexibility of these cells decreased markedly. Though more Heinz bodies were found in the erythrocytes of the patients when the cells were incubated under identical conditions, even these erythrocytes became less rigid than the erythrocytes of controls. From these results we condlude that the more flexible erythrocytes of the patients could pass the splenic sinus even when they contain Heinz bodies. The rheological properties of the erythrocytes explain why splenectomy is not efficient in glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency."}
{"id": "PMID:870750", "title": "The efficacy of cueing techniques in Broca's aphasia.", "content": "Twenty Broca's aphasia patients were stimulated with four cues in a picture-naming task. Among the severe aphasics in the group, presentation of a word to be imitated was the most effective cue and presentation of the initial syllable of the word ranked second. Sentence completion and printed word cues were equally effective and ranked third. Mild aphasic patients responded equally well to all four classes of cues. Reliability measures indicated that the order of potency of cues for the severe group was stable over time. Oral apraxia did not appear to contribute significantly to the severity of Broca's aphasia in any of these subjects. Possible explanations are presented for the effectiveness of cues studied.", "contents": "The efficacy of cueing techniques in Broca's aphasia. Twenty Broca's aphasia patients were stimulated with four cues in a picture-naming task. Among the severe aphasics in the group, presentation of a word to be imitated was the most effective cue and presentation of the initial syllable of the word ranked second. Sentence completion and printed word cues were equally effective and ranked third. Mild aphasic patients responded equally well to all four classes of cues. Reliability measures indicated that the order of potency of cues for the severe group was stable over time. Oral apraxia did not appear to contribute significantly to the severity of Broca's aphasia in any of these subjects. Possible explanations are presented for the effectiveness of cues studied."}
{"id": "PMID:870751", "title": "Judgments of grammaticality by normal and language-disordered children.", "content": "Fifteen linguistically normal children and 15 linguistically deviant children were presented with three types of agrammatical sentences. The subjects were asked to judge the sentences as right or wrong and to change the sentences judged as wrong, rendering them correct. The three types of agrammatical sentences represented rule violations of syntactic agreement (Type A), lexical restrictions (Type B), and word order (Type C). The two groups of children were compared in terms of the number of sentences of each type that were agrammatical. Those productions which represented the child's correction of agrammatical sentences were subjected to descriptive analyses (percentages) with specific reference to the number of attempted changes and the number of those changes which demonstrated corrections of the specific deviation from well formedness. Results indicated that the two groups of subjects were significantly different in their ability to recognize grammatical errors in sentence Types A and C, but did not differ in their ability to recognize errors in sentence Type B. The descriptive comparison of the groups' verbal corrections reflected this trend, in that the language-disordered subjects made corrections  specific to the error on more of the Type B sentences (for example, \"The dog writes the food.\") than on Types A (for example, \"She will pick some flowers last week.\") or C (for example, \"Get and come your dinner.\"1.) Linguistically normal children accurately corrected 90.7% of the sentences judges as agrammatical; this percentage did not vary more than 1% across sentence types.", "contents": "Judgments of grammaticality by normal and language-disordered children. Fifteen linguistically normal children and 15 linguistically deviant children were presented with three types of agrammatical sentences. The subjects were asked to judge the sentences as right or wrong and to change the sentences judged as wrong, rendering them correct. The three types of agrammatical sentences represented rule violations of syntactic agreement (Type A), lexical restrictions (Type B), and word order (Type C). The two groups of children were compared in terms of the number of sentences of each type that were agrammatical. Those productions which represented the child's correction of agrammatical sentences were subjected to descriptive analyses (percentages) with specific reference to the number of attempted changes and the number of those changes which demonstrated corrections of the specific deviation from well formedness. Results indicated that the two groups of subjects were significantly different in their ability to recognize grammatical errors in sentence Types A and C, but did not differ in their ability to recognize errors in sentence Type B. The descriptive comparison of the groups' verbal corrections reflected this trend, in that the language-disordered subjects made corrections  specific to the error on more of the Type B sentences (for example, \"The dog writes the food.\") than on Types A (for example, \"She will pick some flowers last week.\") or C (for example, \"Get and come your dinner.\"1.) Linguistically normal children accurately corrected 90.7% of the sentences judges as agrammatical; this percentage did not vary more than 1% across sentence types."}
{"id": "PMID:870752", "title": "On facilitating spontaneous talking in young children.", "content": "Encouraging spontaneous talking in children requires quite different techniques from those used in highly structured language skill training. Data are reviewed demonstrating that certain behaviors commonly used by clinicians may actually decelerate spontaneous talking in the child because they function as constraints on the child's behavior. This dilemma is interpreted in terms of pragmatics, the effects of communication on behavior. On this basis, techniques for encouraging spontaneous talking which emphasize the interpersonal aspects of clinical work with language-delayed children are discussed.", "contents": "On facilitating spontaneous talking in young children. Encouraging spontaneous talking in children requires quite different techniques from those used in highly structured language skill training. Data are reviewed demonstrating that certain behaviors commonly used by clinicians may actually decelerate spontaneous talking in the child because they function as constraints on the child's behavior. This dilemma is interpreted in terms of pragmatics, the effects of communication on behavior. On this basis, techniques for encouraging spontaneous talking which emphasize the interpersonal aspects of clinical work with language-delayed children are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:870753", "title": "Communicative and cognitive deterioration in dialysis dementia: two case studies.", "content": "We studied the cognitive and communicative deterioration of two patients who were treated by maintenance dialysis and developed a fatal progressive encephalopathy, \"dialysis dementia.\" Detailed language, speech, and psychological evaluations support the contention that this neurologic syndrome is in fact a dementia. Stuttering and intermittent mutism characterize the disorder and may be valuable in the differentiation of dialysis dementia from other neuropsychiatric syndromes. Some of the speech and language defects are not explicable on the basis of intellectual deterioration and probably represent involvement of the cortical language centers.", "contents": "Communicative and cognitive deterioration in dialysis dementia: two case studies. We studied the cognitive and communicative deterioration of two patients who were treated by maintenance dialysis and developed a fatal progressive encephalopathy, \"dialysis dementia.\" Detailed language, speech, and psychological evaluations support the contention that this neurologic syndrome is in fact a dementia. Stuttering and intermittent mutism characterize the disorder and may be valuable in the differentiation of dialysis dementia from other neuropsychiatric syndromes. Some of the speech and language defects are not explicable on the basis of intellectual deterioration and probably represent involvement of the cortical language centers."}
{"id": "PMID:870754", "title": "Effect on phoneme duration control of three utterance-length conditions in an apractic patient.", "content": "Phoneme duration control in utterances of various lengths was investigated in one apractic subject. Results indicate a loss of segment duration control and a speeding of intrasyllabic articulatory rates in apraxia. Findings are related to a theory of apractic speech dysfunction.", "contents": "Effect on phoneme duration control of three utterance-length conditions in an apractic patient. Phoneme duration control in utterances of various lengths was investigated in one apractic subject. Results indicate a loss of segment duration control and a speeding of intrasyllabic articulatory rates in apraxia. Findings are related to a theory of apractic speech dysfunction."}
{"id": "PMID:870755", "title": "The assessment of pitch discrimination ability in young children.", "content": "This study tested the hypothesis that some tasks used in assessing pitch discrimination ability may instead by assessing children's ability to deal with relational language. Five tasks were given to 36 normal children who were equally divided into three age groups, six to six and one-half years, seven to seven and one-half years, and eight to eight and one-half years of age. Task 1 involved a training procedure to assess the children's ability to hear the differences in the pitch of two tones, which were an octave apart. A simple motor response was required. Task 2 assessed the children's ability to label these tones as high or low. Task 3 assessed their ability to compare two tones and label the second as higher or lower than the first. Task 4 examined their ability to label as high or low the position of a man on a ladder. Task 5 examined their ability to compare the positions of two men on two ladders and say whether the second man was higher or lower than the first. Results indicated that children who make pitch discriminations as demonstrated by nearly perfect scores on Task 1 often fail to demonstrate those discriminations on tasks requiring relational language. A comparison of Tasks 2 and 3 to Tasks 4 and 5 suggests that children in the age range studied are less proficient in applying high-low and higher-lower to pitch than to spatial relations.", "contents": "The assessment of pitch discrimination ability in young children. This study tested the hypothesis that some tasks used in assessing pitch discrimination ability may instead by assessing children's ability to deal with relational language. Five tasks were given to 36 normal children who were equally divided into three age groups, six to six and one-half years, seven to seven and one-half years, and eight to eight and one-half years of age. Task 1 involved a training procedure to assess the children's ability to hear the differences in the pitch of two tones, which were an octave apart. A simple motor response was required. Task 2 assessed the children's ability to label these tones as high or low. Task 3 assessed their ability to compare two tones and label the second as higher or lower than the first. Task 4 examined their ability to label as high or low the position of a man on a ladder. Task 5 examined their ability to compare the positions of two men on two ladders and say whether the second man was higher or lower than the first. Results indicated that children who make pitch discriminations as demonstrated by nearly perfect scores on Task 1 often fail to demonstrate those discriminations on tasks requiring relational language. A comparison of Tasks 2 and 3 to Tasks 4 and 5 suggests that children in the age range studied are less proficient in applying high-low and higher-lower to pitch than to spatial relations."}
{"id": "PMID:870756", "title": "Aphasia: a divergent semantic interpretation.", "content": "The present paper reinterprets aphasia relative to the divergent and convergent components of Guilford's model of behavior. It suggests that some aphasiologists have defined aphasia as a convergent semantic disorder. They have determined the presence or absence of an aphasic impairment on the basis of each individual's ability to recognize and reproduce previously learned material and to converge upon  one correct answer. The present analysis also shows that there are a number of theoretical models of aphasia which indicate that aphasia involves more than a convergent semantic impairment. Aphasia, interpreted according to Guilford's model, appears to have a divergent component. Aphasia involves a decrease in an individual's ablilty to provide ideas in situations where a proliferation of ideas on some topic is required, or to extend the boundaries of what he already knows. The individual who is impaired in his ability to produce a number of relevant ideas and a variety of different kinds or categories of responses has a divergent semantic impairment.", "contents": "Aphasia: a divergent semantic interpretation. The present paper reinterprets aphasia relative to the divergent and convergent components of Guilford's model of behavior. It suggests that some aphasiologists have defined aphasia as a convergent semantic disorder. They have determined the presence or absence of an aphasic impairment on the basis of each individual's ability to recognize and reproduce previously learned material and to converge upon  one correct answer. The present analysis also shows that there are a number of theoretical models of aphasia which indicate that aphasia involves more than a convergent semantic impairment. Aphasia, interpreted according to Guilford's model, appears to have a divergent component. Aphasia involves a decrease in an individual's ablilty to provide ideas in situations where a proliferation of ideas on some topic is required, or to extend the boundaries of what he already knows. The individual who is impaired in his ability to produce a number of relevant ideas and a variety of different kinds or categories of responses has a divergent semantic impairment."}
{"id": "PMID:870757", "title": "Adaptive abilities of hospitalized alcoholics and matched controls. The brain-age quotient.", "content": "Comparison of alcoholics' and controls' Brain-Age Quotients and performance on various educational and problem-solving variables indicated that the alcoholics were comparable to the controls in verbal ability but were deficient in problem-solving ability.", "contents": "Adaptive abilities of hospitalized alcoholics and matched controls. The brain-age quotient. Comparison of alcoholics' and controls' Brain-Age Quotients and performance on various educational and problem-solving variables indicated that the alcoholics were comparable to the controls in verbal ability but were deficient in problem-solving ability."}
{"id": "PMID:870758", "title": "Defensive style in alcoholics and nonalcoholics.", "content": "After testing with the Controlled Repression-Sensitization Scale, 38 alcoholics were found to place greater reliance on sensitizing defenses than nonalcoholics. A test of the Defense Mechanism Inventory found no differences between alcoholics and controls.", "contents": "Defensive style in alcoholics and nonalcoholics. After testing with the Controlled Repression-Sensitization Scale, 38 alcoholics were found to place greater reliance on sensitizing defenses than nonalcoholics. A test of the Defense Mechanism Inventory found no differences between alcoholics and controls."}
{"id": "PMID:870759", "title": "Treatment termination variables, MMPI scores and frequencies of relapse in alcoholics.", "content": "MMPI scores failed to predict treatment completion in alcoholics, but successful completion of treatment was related to lower relapse rates.", "contents": "Treatment termination variables, MMPI scores and frequencies of relapse in alcoholics. MMPI scores failed to predict treatment completion in alcoholics, but successful completion of treatment was related to lower relapse rates."}
{"id": "PMID:870760", "title": "Describing alcohol consumption. A comparison of three methods and a new approach.", "content": "The Absolute Alcohol-Quantity-Pattern index, a new method of measuring alcohol consumption, is described and compared with three other measurement systems.", "contents": "Describing alcohol consumption. A comparison of three methods and a new approach. The Absolute Alcohol-Quantity-Pattern index, a new method of measuring alcohol consumption, is described and compared with three other measurement systems."}
{"id": "PMID:870761", "title": "Drinking, driving, and the attribution of responsibility.", "content": "Among 112 students asked to attribute responsibility in 8 hypothetical traffic accident stuations, the state of alcohol intoxication affected both the degree of responsibility and the magnitude of financial sanctions assessed a potentially responsible driver involved in a road accident.", "contents": "Drinking, driving, and the attribution of responsibility. Among 112 students asked to attribute responsibility in 8 hypothetical traffic accident stuations, the state of alcohol intoxication affected both the degree of responsibility and the magnitude of financial sanctions assessed a potentially responsible driver involved in a road accident."}
{"id": "PMID:870762", "title": "Three heritable responses to alcohol in a heterogeneous randomly mated mouse strain. Inferences for humans.", "content": "Alcohol-induced heart-rate change, open-field activity changes and sleeping time were found to be significantly heritable in mice. Heart rate and sleeping time may have parallels in man and mouse in their alcohol responses and genetics.", "contents": "Three heritable responses to alcohol in a heterogeneous randomly mated mouse strain. Inferences for humans. Alcohol-induced heart-rate change, open-field activity changes and sleeping time were found to be significantly heritable in mice. Heart rate and sleeping time may have parallels in man and mouse in their alcohol responses and genetics."}
{"id": "PMID:870763", "title": "Pharyngogastrostomy for treatment of severe caustic stricture of the pharynx and esophagus.", "content": "Four cases of combined pharyngeal and esophageal stricture were managed by pharyngogastrostomy 4 months to 42 years after injury. The stomach was brought up to the neck via the posterior mediastinum after the esophagectomy. A thoracotomy was not used. The results were suprisingly good in 3 patients followed to 3 years. A fourth patient died 6 months after the operation. In those patients benefiting from the operation, regurgitation was minimal when a few precautions were observed. The patients have normal hunger pains and appetite. They are able to eat a full-sized meal. The advantages of stomach compared to colon replacement of the esophagus are discussed.", "contents": "Pharyngogastrostomy for treatment of severe caustic stricture of the pharynx and esophagus. Four cases of combined pharyngeal and esophageal stricture were managed by pharyngogastrostomy 4 months to 42 years after injury. The stomach was brought up to the neck via the posterior mediastinum after the esophagectomy. A thoracotomy was not used. The results were suprisingly good in 3 patients followed to 3 years. A fourth patient died 6 months after the operation. In those patients benefiting from the operation, regurgitation was minimal when a few precautions were observed. The patients have normal hunger pains and appetite. They are able to eat a full-sized meal. The advantages of stomach compared to colon replacement of the esophagus are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:870764", "title": "Topical cardiac hypothermia for myocardial preservation.", "content": "We compared moderate (29 degrees C.) and profound (5 degrees C.) (ice chips) cardiac hypothermia for myocardial preservation during aortic cross-clamping for 30 or 60 minutes in a canine right heart bypass preparation. Ventricular function deteriorated significantly at 29 degrees C. but not at 5 degrees C. Maximum dp/dt declined only after 60 minutes of ischemia at 29 degrees C., and Vmax decreased after one hour at either temperature. Lactate and pyruvate washout were greater after 29 degrees C., and pyruvate production persisted after 60 minutes of ischemia at 29 degrees C. Reactive hyperemia was greater after 30 minutes of ischemia at 29 degrees C. Reactive hyperemia was greater after 30 minutes of ischemia at 29 degrees C., and total coronary flow remained elevated after 60 minutes of ischemia at 29 degrees C. Coronary flow distribution was not altered by hypothermia. Ultrastructural changes were primarily time dependent and not temperature dependent. Ice-induced subepicardial injury was not evident in the ultrastructure or by flow distribution. Sixty minutes of profound topical cardiac hypothermia is moderately well tolerated by the canine heart, but functional and structural alterations are evident.", "contents": "Topical cardiac hypothermia for myocardial preservation. We compared moderate (29 degrees C.) and profound (5 degrees C.) (ice chips) cardiac hypothermia for myocardial preservation during aortic cross-clamping for 30 or 60 minutes in a canine right heart bypass preparation. Ventricular function deteriorated significantly at 29 degrees C. but not at 5 degrees C. Maximum dp/dt declined only after 60 minutes of ischemia at 29 degrees C., and Vmax decreased after one hour at either temperature. Lactate and pyruvate washout were greater after 29 degrees C., and pyruvate production persisted after 60 minutes of ischemia at 29 degrees C. Reactive hyperemia was greater after 30 minutes of ischemia at 29 degrees C. Reactive hyperemia was greater after 30 minutes of ischemia at 29 degrees C., and total coronary flow remained elevated after 60 minutes of ischemia at 29 degrees C. Coronary flow distribution was not altered by hypothermia. Ultrastructural changes were primarily time dependent and not temperature dependent. Ice-induced subepicardial injury was not evident in the ultrastructure or by flow distribution. Sixty minutes of profound topical cardiac hypothermia is moderately well tolerated by the canine heart, but functional and structural alterations are evident."}
{"id": "PMID:870765", "title": "Valve replacement in children and adolescents.", "content": "Replacement of diseased heart valves has become the treatment of choice in many adults. Valve replacement in older children and adolescents has been done in our institution only when other procedures are ineffective. Over the past 10 years, 24 patients have received 28 artificial valves. Thirteen (54 per cent) had rheumatic heart disease; the remainder had congenital or acquired valvular abnormalities. The Bj\u00f6rk-Shiley valve was most commonly used in the aortic position and the Beall prosthesis in the mitral position. Sixteen patients (67 per cent) survived operation and have been followed from 3 to 79 months, averaging 27 months. All are free of cardiac symptoms. Hemarthrosis occurred once in 2 survivors (13 per cent). Eight patients died (33 per cent), 5 immediately postoperatively and 3 within a year after the operation. The mortality rate has declined to 21 percent during the past 3 years. Our experience in the pediatric age group suggests that valve replacement is a serious undertaking with higher mortality rate than in adults. The operation should be reserved for those patients in whom valvuloplasty or valvulotomy is expected to be ineffective.", "contents": "Valve replacement in children and adolescents. Replacement of diseased heart valves has become the treatment of choice in many adults. Valve replacement in older children and adolescents has been done in our institution only when other procedures are ineffective. Over the past 10 years, 24 patients have received 28 artificial valves. Thirteen (54 per cent) had rheumatic heart disease; the remainder had congenital or acquired valvular abnormalities. The Bj\u00f6rk-Shiley valve was most commonly used in the aortic position and the Beall prosthesis in the mitral position. Sixteen patients (67 per cent) survived operation and have been followed from 3 to 79 months, averaging 27 months. All are free of cardiac symptoms. Hemarthrosis occurred once in 2 survivors (13 per cent). Eight patients died (33 per cent), 5 immediately postoperatively and 3 within a year after the operation. The mortality rate has declined to 21 percent during the past 3 years. Our experience in the pediatric age group suggests that valve replacement is a serious undertaking with higher mortality rate than in adults. The operation should be reserved for those patients in whom valvuloplasty or valvulotomy is expected to be ineffective."}
{"id": "PMID:870766", "title": "Management of patients with severe, coexistent coronary artery and peripheral vascular disease.", "content": "The coexistence of severe coronary artery and peripheral vascular lesions is not uncommon. Although diagnostic and sequential therapeutic techniques are standardized, the priority of surgical treatment is unresolved. Eight cases are reported in which simultaneous surgical correction of coronary atherosclerosis and carotid atherosclerosis, abdominal aortic aneurysm, or aortoiliac atherosclerosis was accomplished with success. Two additional cases demonstrate the complications which can occur when coexistent lesions are not corrected simultaneously. The surgical techniques employed are discussed. Because of these results, a further clinical trial seems warranted.", "contents": "Management of patients with severe, coexistent coronary artery and peripheral vascular disease. The coexistence of severe coronary artery and peripheral vascular lesions is not uncommon. Although diagnostic and sequential therapeutic techniques are standardized, the priority of surgical treatment is unresolved. Eight cases are reported in which simultaneous surgical correction of coronary atherosclerosis and carotid atherosclerosis, abdominal aortic aneurysm, or aortoiliac atherosclerosis was accomplished with success. Two additional cases demonstrate the complications which can occur when coexistent lesions are not corrected simultaneously. The surgical techniques employed are discussed. Because of these results, a further clinical trial seems warranted."}
{"id": "PMID:870767", "title": "Bronchoplastic procedures for lung cancer.", "content": "Twenty patients with lung cancer have undergone bronchoplastic procedures September, 1965, to June, 1976 in our hospital. Bronchoplastic procedures are considered to be indicated for early cases of hilar lung cancer rather than for somewhat advanced cases. Endoscopic examination and roentgenograms of the bronchial arteries are needed to delineate resectional lines of bronchus, the former for deciding the mucosal extent and the latter the intrabronchial extent of the tumor. The bronchoplastic procedures we adopted were free from the risks and dangers generally accompanying the operation, and there were no postoperative deaths. For the prevention of postoperative complications, careful attention to suture technique is needed, and postoperative bronchoscopic suction of intrabronchial secretions is absolutely necessary. These procedures assure good quality of life postoperatively and improvement in the survival rate by preserving pulmonary function, enhancing curability, and increasing the operative indications. These advantages warrant high evaluation of the operation.", "contents": "Bronchoplastic procedures for lung cancer. Twenty patients with lung cancer have undergone bronchoplastic procedures September, 1965, to June, 1976 in our hospital. Bronchoplastic procedures are considered to be indicated for early cases of hilar lung cancer rather than for somewhat advanced cases. Endoscopic examination and roentgenograms of the bronchial arteries are needed to delineate resectional lines of bronchus, the former for deciding the mucosal extent and the latter the intrabronchial extent of the tumor. The bronchoplastic procedures we adopted were free from the risks and dangers generally accompanying the operation, and there were no postoperative deaths. For the prevention of postoperative complications, careful attention to suture technique is needed, and postoperative bronchoscopic suction of intrabronchial secretions is absolutely necessary. These procedures assure good quality of life postoperatively and improvement in the survival rate by preserving pulmonary function, enhancing curability, and increasing the operative indications. These advantages warrant high evaluation of the operation."}
{"id": "PMID:870768", "title": "Cricotracheal disruption owing to strangulation. A report of two cases with successful surgical repair.", "content": "Two patients with cricotracheal disruption resulting from accidental strangulation of the neck were treated. The first patient had severe respiratory obstruction. In the second patient, a fascial tube maintained airway continuity between the separated larynx and trachea, and she had no difficulty breathing. A preoperative diagnosis of tracheal injury was based on the findings of respiratory obstruction, bloody secretions in the endotracheal tube, and subcutaneous emphysema in the neck. In both cases, an endotracheal tube was easily passed and entered the distal tracheal lumen. This relieved the respiratory obstruction in the first case and allowed administration of general anesthesia and control of ventilation during the operation. Prompt repair with cricotracheal anastomosis was followed by excellent results in both cases.", "contents": "Cricotracheal disruption owing to strangulation. A report of two cases with successful surgical repair. Two patients with cricotracheal disruption resulting from accidental strangulation of the neck were treated. The first patient had severe respiratory obstruction. In the second patient, a fascial tube maintained airway continuity between the separated larynx and trachea, and she had no difficulty breathing. A preoperative diagnosis of tracheal injury was based on the findings of respiratory obstruction, bloody secretions in the endotracheal tube, and subcutaneous emphysema in the neck. In both cases, an endotracheal tube was easily passed and entered the distal tracheal lumen. This relieved the respiratory obstruction in the first case and allowed administration of general anesthesia and control of ventilation during the operation. Prompt repair with cricotracheal anastomosis was followed by excellent results in both cases."}
{"id": "PMID:870769", "title": "Lymphedema: results of surgical treatment in 64 patients (1936-1964).", "content": "Patients with peripheral lymphedema are usually treated without operation. In some, however, operations are required in order to reduce swelling, ensure comfort, and improve function and appearance. Because new surgical approaches are available for the treatment of peripheral lymphedema, we reviewed our previous operative experiences for these conditions at the Mayo Clinic to provide a reference to which the newer procedures may be compared. Sixty-four patients underwent operation for peripheral lymphedema between 1936 and 1964. Follow-up information was obtained on 56 patients. Seventeen patients required three procedures to alleviate the swelling in an extremity. Morphologic aspects of the excised tissue were also evaluated in these cases. Results were considered excellent in 13, good in 22, fair in 8, and poor in 13. Complications of operation consisted primarily of wound infections, hematomas, and necrosis of skin flaps.", "contents": "Lymphedema: results of surgical treatment in 64 patients (1936-1964). Patients with peripheral lymphedema are usually treated without operation. In some, however, operations are required in order to reduce swelling, ensure comfort, and improve function and appearance. Because new surgical approaches are available for the treatment of peripheral lymphedema, we reviewed our previous operative experiences for these conditions at the Mayo Clinic to provide a reference to which the newer procedures may be compared. Sixty-four patients underwent operation for peripheral lymphedema between 1936 and 1964. Follow-up information was obtained on 56 patients. Seventeen patients required three procedures to alleviate the swelling in an extremity. Morphologic aspects of the excised tissue were also evaluated in these cases. Results were considered excellent in 13, good in 22, fair in 8, and poor in 13. Complications of operation consisted primarily of wound infections, hematomas, and necrosis of skin flaps."}
{"id": "PMID:870770", "title": "Influence of protein content upon the electrolyte composition of lymph and plasma.", "content": "The concentration of Na+ and Cl' is higher in renal hilar lymph (HL) than in arterial (P) or renal venous plasma or thoracic duct lymph (TDL).  The purpose of the present study was to test the theory that this is the consequence of differences in protein content of lymph and plasma rather than a reflection of renal function.  Samples of P, HL and TDL were obtained from dogs and analysed for Na+, Cl', K+ and Ca++.  The samples were then centrifuged through an ultrafiltration membrane to remove the protein and reanalysed for electrolyte content.  Ca++ concentrations were reduced by 30-40% in the (protein-free) filtrate.  This was attributed to protein binding.  Na+ and Cl' concentrations were raised minimally (2.0 mEq/L and 5.0 mEq/L respectively) in protein-free filtrate of plasma, but not in protein-free filtrate of lymph.  It was concluded that the relative protein concentration in lymph and plasma are not an important influence on Na+ and Cl' concentrations.", "contents": "Influence of protein content upon the electrolyte composition of lymph and plasma. The concentration of Na+ and Cl' is higher in renal hilar lymph (HL) than in arterial (P) or renal venous plasma or thoracic duct lymph (TDL).  The purpose of the present study was to test the theory that this is the consequence of differences in protein content of lymph and plasma rather than a reflection of renal function.  Samples of P, HL and TDL were obtained from dogs and analysed for Na+, Cl', K+ and Ca++.  The samples were then centrifuged through an ultrafiltration membrane to remove the protein and reanalysed for electrolyte content.  Ca++ concentrations were reduced by 30-40% in the (protein-free) filtrate.  This was attributed to protein binding.  Na+ and Cl' concentrations were raised minimally (2.0 mEq/L and 5.0 mEq/L respectively) in protein-free filtrate of plasma, but not in protein-free filtrate of lymph.  It was concluded that the relative protein concentration in lymph and plasma are not an important influence on Na+ and Cl' concentrations."}
{"id": "PMID:870771", "title": "Immune complexes (IgG and C3) at the motor end-plate in myasthenia gravis: ultrastructural and light microscopic localization and electrophysiologic correlations.", "content": "Although there is strong evidence that myasthenia gravis (MG) is caused by an autoimmune reaction to the nicotinic postsynaptic acetylcholine receptor (AChR) protein, immune complexes have never been directly demonstrated at the end-plate by immunocyto-chemistry or immunoelectron microscopy. Staphylococcal protein A (which binds to the Fc region of human IgG subclasses 1, 2, and 4) and rabbit anti-human C3 conjugated with peroxidase were used for the ultrastructural (5 patients) and light microscopic (12 patients) localization of IgG and C3, respectively, at MG end-plates. Both IgG and C3 were localized on segments of the postsynaptic membrance and fragments of degenerating junctional folds in the synaptic space. In nonmyasthenic control patients no immune complexes were evident at the end-plate. As judged by morphometric analysis of electron micrographs, the immune complexes were more abundant in the less severely affected MG patients than in the more severely affected ones. A linear correlation was demonstrated between the length of the postsynaptic membrance binding immune complexes and the amplitude of the miniature end-plate potential. The less intense reaction for immune complexes in the more severely affected MG patients can be attributed to the smaller quantity of AChR remaining at their end-plates. The findings provide unambiguous evidence for a destructive auto-immune reaction involving the postsynaptic membrance in MG. Immunopharmacologic blockade of AChR and IgG-induced modulation of AChR may also contribute to the AChR deficiency at the MG end-plates.", "contents": "Immune complexes (IgG and C3) at the motor end-plate in myasthenia gravis: ultrastructural and light microscopic localization and electrophysiologic correlations. Although there is strong evidence that myasthenia gravis (MG) is caused by an autoimmune reaction to the nicotinic postsynaptic acetylcholine receptor (AChR) protein, immune complexes have never been directly demonstrated at the end-plate by immunocyto-chemistry or immunoelectron microscopy. Staphylococcal protein A (which binds to the Fc region of human IgG subclasses 1, 2, and 4) and rabbit anti-human C3 conjugated with peroxidase were used for the ultrastructural (5 patients) and light microscopic (12 patients) localization of IgG and C3, respectively, at MG end-plates. Both IgG and C3 were localized on segments of the postsynaptic membrance and fragments of degenerating junctional folds in the synaptic space. In nonmyasthenic control patients no immune complexes were evident at the end-plate. As judged by morphometric analysis of electron micrographs, the immune complexes were more abundant in the less severely affected MG patients than in the more severely affected ones. A linear correlation was demonstrated between the length of the postsynaptic membrance binding immune complexes and the amplitude of the miniature end-plate potential. The less intense reaction for immune complexes in the more severely affected MG patients can be attributed to the smaller quantity of AChR remaining at their end-plates. The findings provide unambiguous evidence for a destructive auto-immune reaction involving the postsynaptic membrance in MG. Immunopharmacologic blockade of AChR and IgG-induced modulation of AChR may also contribute to the AChR deficiency at the MG end-plates."}
{"id": "PMID:870772", "title": "New aspects of aldosterone regulation.", "content": "Evidence is presented that points to an important role of the COOH-terminal heptapeptide fragment of angiotensin II, (Des-Asp) angiotensin II, in the regulation of aldosterone biosynthesis. In favor of this view are the demonstrations that (1) the heptapeptide is as effective as angiotensin II in stimulating aldosterone secretion, (2) heptapeptide antagonists are potent and specific inhibitors of angiotensin II-induced steroidogenesis, and (3) the heptapeptide can be generated readily in plasma and locally in tissues. The concept of specific adrenal cortical receptors for the heptapeptide also allows a possible explanation for the observation that arterial pressure-angiotensin II-aldosterone inter-relations often are inconsistent.", "contents": "New aspects of aldosterone regulation. Evidence is presented that points to an important role of the COOH-terminal heptapeptide fragment of angiotensin II, (Des-Asp) angiotensin II, in the regulation of aldosterone biosynthesis. In favor of this view are the demonstrations that (1) the heptapeptide is as effective as angiotensin II in stimulating aldosterone secretion, (2) heptapeptide antagonists are potent and specific inhibitors of angiotensin II-induced steroidogenesis, and (3) the heptapeptide can be generated readily in plasma and locally in tissues. The concept of specific adrenal cortical receptors for the heptapeptide also allows a possible explanation for the observation that arterial pressure-angiotensin II-aldosterone inter-relations often are inconsistent."}
{"id": "PMID:870773", "title": "Aldosterone regulation in essential hypertension: altered adrenal responsiveness to angiotensin II.", "content": "Adrenal responsiveness to angiotensin II was evaluated in patients with \"normal-renin\" hypertension. Plasma aldosterone, plasma renin activity, and angiotensin II levels were determined, in the supine and, after 21/2 hours in the upright position, in 70 patients with essential hypertension who were on a diet containing 10 meq of sodium and 100 meq of potassium. The increment of plasma aldosterone between supine and upright positions, divided by the increment in plasma renin activity (deltaPA/deltaPRA), was used as an estimate of adrenal sensitivity to angiotensin II. Fifty-seven patients had deltaPa/deltaPRA ratios within the range observed for a normotensive control population; 13 had low ratios. The low ratios suggested subnormal aldosterone responsiveness to angiotensin II. To further test this hypothesis, angiotensin II was infused into 19 of the 70 patients. In those patients with normal deltaPA/deltaPRA ratios, the plasma aldosterone response was similar to that observed in normotensive controls. On the other hand, in those patients with low ratios, a significant increase in plasma aldosterone levels did not occur even with a dose of angiotensin II 10 times higher than that producing an increase in the normally responsive group. In a separate study, the adrenal response to infused angiotensin II was determined in 12 hypertensive patients who were on a sodium intake of 200 meq. These patients were previously known to have normal renin levels after sodium restriction and upright posture. Under these conditions, the hypertensive patients as a group had a significantly greater plasma aldosterone increment to infused angiotensin II than did sodium-loaded normotensive control subjects. Thus, some patients with normal-renin essential hypertension may have either enhanced or reduced adrenal responsiveness to angiotensin II, depending on the conditions of dietary intake of sodium.", "contents": "Aldosterone regulation in essential hypertension: altered adrenal responsiveness to angiotensin II. Adrenal responsiveness to angiotensin II was evaluated in patients with \"normal-renin\" hypertension. Plasma aldosterone, plasma renin activity, and angiotensin II levels were determined, in the supine and, after 21/2 hours in the upright position, in 70 patients with essential hypertension who were on a diet containing 10 meq of sodium and 100 meq of potassium. The increment of plasma aldosterone between supine and upright positions, divided by the increment in plasma renin activity (deltaPA/deltaPRA), was used as an estimate of adrenal sensitivity to angiotensin II. Fifty-seven patients had deltaPa/deltaPRA ratios within the range observed for a normotensive control population; 13 had low ratios. The low ratios suggested subnormal aldosterone responsiveness to angiotensin II. To further test this hypothesis, angiotensin II was infused into 19 of the 70 patients. In those patients with normal deltaPA/deltaPRA ratios, the plasma aldosterone response was similar to that observed in normotensive controls. On the other hand, in those patients with low ratios, a significant increase in plasma aldosterone levels did not occur even with a dose of angiotensin II 10 times higher than that producing an increase in the normally responsive group. In a separate study, the adrenal response to infused angiotensin II was determined in 12 hypertensive patients who were on a sodium intake of 200 meq. These patients were previously known to have normal renin levels after sodium restriction and upright posture. Under these conditions, the hypertensive patients as a group had a significantly greater plasma aldosterone increment to infused angiotensin II than did sodium-loaded normotensive control subjects. Thus, some patients with normal-renin essential hypertension may have either enhanced or reduced adrenal responsiveness to angiotensin II, depending on the conditions of dietary intake of sodium."}
{"id": "PMID:870774", "title": "Role of 18-hydroxy-11-deoxycorticosterone and 16 alpha, 18-dihydroxy-11-deoxycorticosterone in hypertension.", "content": "Excess secretion of 18-hydroxy-11-deoxycorticosterone (18-OH-DOC) occurs in more than 10% of hypertensive patients with suppressed plasma renin activity, but it also is reported to occur in essential hypertension without impairment of the renin system. Preliminary studies measuring plasma 18-OH-DOC by radioimmunoassay support the idea that 18-OH-DOC secretion is elevated in some patients with essential hypertension. Interpretation of these data must take into account endogenous ultradien and circadian variations in plasma 18-OH-DOC, however. 18-OH-DOC serves as a precursor of another steroid secretory product. Conversion of labeled 18-OH-DOC to a new structure, 16alpha, 18-dihydroxy-11-deoxycorticosterone (16alpha, 18-diOH-DOC), was demonstrated to be greatly accelerated by the adrenal tissue in low-renin patients as compared with those with normal adrenal tissue (70 to 80% versus 15% conversion). Hypersecretion of 16alpha, 18-diOH-DOC occurred in each. This steroid exerted no effect on sodium metabolism in adrenalectomized rats or in the toad bladder assay, but it markedly enhanced activity of subthreshold doses of aldosterone in reducing sodium excretion in urine of adrenal-ectomized rats. Because of the unique activity of this steroid, we have concluded that excessive 16alpha, 18-diOH-DOC secretion may be important in the genesis of suppressed renin in some patients with hypertension.", "contents": "Role of 18-hydroxy-11-deoxycorticosterone and 16 alpha, 18-dihydroxy-11-deoxycorticosterone in hypertension. Excess secretion of 18-hydroxy-11-deoxycorticosterone (18-OH-DOC) occurs in more than 10% of hypertensive patients with suppressed plasma renin activity, but it also is reported to occur in essential hypertension without impairment of the renin system. Preliminary studies measuring plasma 18-OH-DOC by radioimmunoassay support the idea that 18-OH-DOC secretion is elevated in some patients with essential hypertension. Interpretation of these data must take into account endogenous ultradien and circadian variations in plasma 18-OH-DOC, however. 18-OH-DOC serves as a precursor of another steroid secretory product. Conversion of labeled 18-OH-DOC to a new structure, 16alpha, 18-dihydroxy-11-deoxycorticosterone (16alpha, 18-diOH-DOC), was demonstrated to be greatly accelerated by the adrenal tissue in low-renin patients as compared with those with normal adrenal tissue (70 to 80% versus 15% conversion). Hypersecretion of 16alpha, 18-diOH-DOC occurred in each. This steroid exerted no effect on sodium metabolism in adrenalectomized rats or in the toad bladder assay, but it markedly enhanced activity of subthreshold doses of aldosterone in reducing sodium excretion in urine of adrenal-ectomized rats. Because of the unique activity of this steroid, we have concluded that excessive 16alpha, 18-diOH-DOC secretion may be important in the genesis of suppressed renin in some patients with hypertension."}
{"id": "PMID:870775", "title": "Decision rules for hypertension screening: application in a poor community with endemic hypertension.", "content": "Data from a hypertension screening project involving 4,272 black residents of a rural southern community were analyzed to determine the effects of a set of admission-decision rules on the case load of a proposed hypertension clinic. Four decision rules were investigated: conjunctive (diastolic high or systolic high); disjunctive (diastolic and/or systolic high); additive (sum of diastolic and systolic high); and systolic only. Most information relevant to admission to treatment came from knowledge of systolic blood pressures, even though knowledge of the diastolic pressure is essential in individual diagnosis. Incremental increases in the minimum blood pressure necessary for admission to treatment from 140/90 mm Hg to 160/95 mm Hg resulted in a one-third reduction in the number of patients treated, a 24% reduction in personnel utilization per patient, and a 34% reduction in drug costs; but in an estimated 14% increase in the attack rate for morbid events in men.", "contents": "Decision rules for hypertension screening: application in a poor community with endemic hypertension. Data from a hypertension screening project involving 4,272 black residents of a rural southern community were analyzed to determine the effects of a set of admission-decision rules on the case load of a proposed hypertension clinic. Four decision rules were investigated: conjunctive (diastolic high or systolic high); disjunctive (diastolic and/or systolic high); additive (sum of diastolic and systolic high); and systolic only. Most information relevant to admission to treatment came from knowledge of systolic blood pressures, even though knowledge of the diastolic pressure is essential in individual diagnosis. Incremental increases in the minimum blood pressure necessary for admission to treatment from 140/90 mm Hg to 160/95 mm Hg resulted in a one-third reduction in the number of patients treated, a 24% reduction in personnel utilization per patient, and a 34% reduction in drug costs; but in an estimated 14% increase in the attack rate for morbid events in men."}
{"id": "PMID:870776", "title": "The Charlottesville blood pressure survey: the role of the physician in hypertension case finding.", "content": "The population of a community of 29,608 adults was screened door-to-door for elevated blood pressure. A questionnaire was administered and analyzed to profile the hypertensive person who is most likely to be unaware of his problem. One hundred and one people with  documented sustained hypertension were \"unaware\" of their problem. Of these, 58% had a diastolic blood pressure consistently greater than 100 mm Hg. Sixteen per cent of all hypertensive males were unaware of their problem compared to 5% of hypertensive females. Of those less than 35 years old, 38% of males were unaware compared with 4% of females. White (11%) persons were more apt to be unaware than non-white persons (6%). No person with a positive family history of hypertension was unaware. Ninety-one per cent of all unaware hypertensives had a regular physician. Sixty per cent had consulted a physician within 18 months, and 92% had consulted a physician within 60 months of the survey. The screening process was completed on only 21% of all adults in the target community. These data suggest that the young, white, hypertensive male with no family history of hypertension is most likely to be unaware of his problem. Routine measurement of blood pressure by physicians may be more efficient than door-to-door surveys in contacting the unaware hypertensive person.", "contents": "The Charlottesville blood pressure survey: the role of the physician in hypertension case finding. The population of a community of 29,608 adults was screened door-to-door for elevated blood pressure. A questionnaire was administered and analyzed to profile the hypertensive person who is most likely to be unaware of his problem. One hundred and one people with  documented sustained hypertension were \"unaware\" of their problem. Of these, 58% had a diastolic blood pressure consistently greater than 100 mm Hg. Sixteen per cent of all hypertensive males were unaware of their problem compared to 5% of hypertensive females. Of those less than 35 years old, 38% of males were unaware compared with 4% of females. White (11%) persons were more apt to be unaware than non-white persons (6%). No person with a positive family history of hypertension was unaware. Ninety-one per cent of all unaware hypertensives had a regular physician. Sixty per cent had consulted a physician within 18 months, and 92% had consulted a physician within 60 months of the survey. The screening process was completed on only 21% of all adults in the target community. These data suggest that the young, white, hypertensive male with no family history of hypertension is most likely to be unaware of his problem. Routine measurement of blood pressure by physicians may be more efficient than door-to-door surveys in contacting the unaware hypertensive person."}
{"id": "PMID:870777", "title": "Foreign medical graduates in rural primary care: the case of western New York State.", "content": "To determine whether foreign medical graduates (FMGs) provide a disproportionate and increasing share of primary care in some rural areas, changes in physician distribution in a rural section of upstate New York over a 20-year period (1953-1973) were evaluated by country of medical education and type of practice. A contiguous urban area was examined for comparison. In 1953, FMGs accounted for a higher proportion of primary care physicians in rural areas (11%) than in urban practice (6%) (p less than 0.01). By 1973, this distribution had increased to 26% rural and 14% urban (p less than 0.001). During the two decades, the number of U.S. medical graduates in primary care declined by 15% in the rural areas but increased by 13% in the urban center. The number of primary care FMGs in this same period increased 88% in the rural area. With a 10% decline in (rural) FMGs trained in developed countries, this net increase in FMGs was accounted for by physicians from developing countries. Primary care physicians trained in the U.S. or in developed countries increased more in the urban center, while physicians from developing countries increased more in rural (53%) than urban (47%) practices. Finally, by 1973, rural primary care physicians were more likely than urban primary care physicians to be from developing countries (p less than 0.001).", "contents": "Foreign medical graduates in rural primary care: the case of western New York State. To determine whether foreign medical graduates (FMGs) provide a disproportionate and increasing share of primary care in some rural areas, changes in physician distribution in a rural section of upstate New York over a 20-year period (1953-1973) were evaluated by country of medical education and type of practice. A contiguous urban area was examined for comparison. In 1953, FMGs accounted for a higher proportion of primary care physicians in rural areas (11%) than in urban practice (6%) (p less than 0.01). By 1973, this distribution had increased to 26% rural and 14% urban (p less than 0.001). During the two decades, the number of U.S. medical graduates in primary care declined by 15% in the rural areas but increased by 13% in the urban center. The number of primary care FMGs in this same period increased 88% in the rural area. With a 10% decline in (rural) FMGs trained in developed countries, this net increase in FMGs was accounted for by physicians from developing countries. Primary care physicians trained in the U.S. or in developed countries increased more in the urban center, while physicians from developing countries increased more in rural (53%) than urban (47%) practices. Finally, by 1973, rural primary care physicians were more likely than urban primary care physicians to be from developing countries (p less than 0.001)."}
{"id": "PMID:870778", "title": "[Prevalence of penumoconiosis in a steel-plant (author's transl)].", "content": "Chest X-rays of 483 steel workers employed in the same factory were examined by the authors and classified according to the ILO U/C 1971 classification for pneumoconiosis. The prevalence of pneumoconiosis was found to be 8.4%. The majority of the positive cases were detected among the furnace workers and then among presse and rolling-mill workers. Only one positive case was found among the workers of the other foremen. It is stated that the furnace is the main source of pollution and that the lack of protective systems spreads the risk also to the surrounding working sites. No significant differences were found as for the opacity features.", "contents": "[Prevalence of penumoconiosis in a steel-plant (author's transl)]. Chest X-rays of 483 steel workers employed in the same factory were examined by the authors and classified according to the ILO U/C 1971 classification for pneumoconiosis. The prevalence of pneumoconiosis was found to be 8.4%. The majority of the positive cases were detected among the furnace workers and then among presse and rolling-mill workers. Only one positive case was found among the workers of the other foremen. It is stated that the furnace is the main source of pollution and that the lack of protective systems spreads the risk also to the surrounding working sites. No significant differences were found as for the opacity features."}
{"id": "PMID:870779", "title": "Exercise-induced bronchospasm-a review.", "content": "The nature, causes and treatment of exercise-induced bronchospasm (E.I.B.) are reviewed. The condition is common, particularly in children. The spasm affects mainly the large airways; it appears a few minutes after effort, peaks in 10-15 minutes, and commonly resolves spontaneously in 40-60 minutes. The origin is probably multifactorial, with reflex stimulation of tracheal receptors, altered sympathetic neural discharge, prostaglandins and mast-cell sensitization being involved on different occasions. Effective treatments are equally varied, including selective beta agonists, theophylline and cromolyn glycate. For the sports physician, the best current approach seems the use of the Cromolyn drugs about one hour prior to competition.", "contents": "Exercise-induced bronchospasm-a review. The nature, causes and treatment of exercise-induced bronchospasm (E.I.B.) are reviewed. The condition is common, particularly in children. The spasm affects mainly the large airways; it appears a few minutes after effort, peaks in 10-15 minutes, and commonly resolves spontaneously in 40-60 minutes. The origin is probably multifactorial, with reflex stimulation of tracheal receptors, altered sympathetic neural discharge, prostaglandins and mast-cell sensitization being involved on different occasions. Effective treatments are equally varied, including selective beta agonists, theophylline and cromolyn glycate. For the sports physician, the best current approach seems the use of the Cromolyn drugs about one hour prior to competition."}
{"id": "PMID:870780", "title": "Factors in delayed muscle soreness.", "content": "The possible causes of delayed muscle soreness which occur 24 to 48 hr after exercise were examined from three different approaches, each designed to test an existing hypothesis. Surface electromyograms were used to evaluate the muscle spasm theory; the possibility of actual muscle cell damage was monitored by the presence of myoglobinuria, while the ratio of hydroxyproline/creatinine (OHP/Cr) in 24 hr urine collection was used as a marker for connective tissue involvement. In the first study, although all volunteers developed muscle soreness 24 and 48 hr after exercise, no change in the EMG activity of the sore muscles was observed. Myoglobin excretion was found in 88% of the subjects who developed soreness. However, in a second study, 92% of the subject who performed both moderate and heavy exercise but did not develop muscle soreness had myoglobinuria. In contrast, during a third experiment subjects on gelatin-free diets showed an increase (P less than .1) in the OHP/Cr between control (.020+/-.001) and 48 hr post-exercise (.002+/-.001, X+/-SE). Soreness resulted in all cases. When the OHP/Cr value is taken for the day of maximal soreness, the post-exercise mean increases to .024+/-.001 and the level of significance rises (P less than .005). These observations support the concept that exercise induced soreness may be related to disruption of the connective tissue elements in the muscle and/or their attachments.", "contents": "Factors in delayed muscle soreness. The possible causes of delayed muscle soreness which occur 24 to 48 hr after exercise were examined from three different approaches, each designed to test an existing hypothesis. Surface electromyograms were used to evaluate the muscle spasm theory; the possibility of actual muscle cell damage was monitored by the presence of myoglobinuria, while the ratio of hydroxyproline/creatinine (OHP/Cr) in 24 hr urine collection was used as a marker for connective tissue involvement. In the first study, although all volunteers developed muscle soreness 24 and 48 hr after exercise, no change in the EMG activity of the sore muscles was observed. Myoglobin excretion was found in 88% of the subjects who developed soreness. However, in a second study, 92% of the subject who performed both moderate and heavy exercise but did not develop muscle soreness had myoglobinuria. In contrast, during a third experiment subjects on gelatin-free diets showed an increase (P less than .1) in the OHP/Cr between control (.020+/-.001) and 48 hr post-exercise (.002+/-.001, X+/-SE). Soreness resulted in all cases. When the OHP/Cr value is taken for the day of maximal soreness, the post-exercise mean increases to .024+/-.001 and the level of significance rises (P less than .005). These observations support the concept that exercise induced soreness may be related to disruption of the connective tissue elements in the muscle and/or their attachments."}
{"id": "PMID:870781", "title": "Muscle strength and fiber composition in athletes and sedentary men.", "content": "Members of Swedish national teams in track and field events (sprinting and jumping), downhill skiing, race walking, orienteering, and a group of sedentary men were studied to examine the relationship between muslce fiber characteristics in needle biopsy samples form m. vastus lateralis and muscle strength measured as peak torque during isokinectic knee extensions. In comparison with the sedentary group the following differences were found: a) percentage fast twitch fibers was lower in the endurance athetes, b) fast to slow twitch muscle fiber area ratio was higher in the track athletes, c)track athletes and downhill skier attained higher peak torque values at all angular velocities examined. The track athletes had, however, higher torque values at the fastest angular velocity as compared to the downhill skiers, whereas there was no differnce under isometric conditions. The proportion of fast twitch fibers was related to torque produced, especially at high motion velocity. The training also appeared to affect the force-velocity relationship.", "contents": "Muscle strength and fiber composition in athletes and sedentary men. Members of Swedish national teams in track and field events (sprinting and jumping), downhill skiing, race walking, orienteering, and a group of sedentary men were studied to examine the relationship between muslce fiber characteristics in needle biopsy samples form m. vastus lateralis and muscle strength measured as peak torque during isokinectic knee extensions. In comparison with the sedentary group the following differences were found: a) percentage fast twitch fibers was lower in the endurance athetes, b) fast to slow twitch muscle fiber area ratio was higher in the track athletes, c)track athletes and downhill skier attained higher peak torque values at all angular velocities examined. The track athletes had, however, higher torque values at the fastest angular velocity as compared to the downhill skiers, whereas there was no differnce under isometric conditions. The proportion of fast twitch fibers was related to torque produced, especially at high motion velocity. The training also appeared to affect the force-velocity relationship."}
{"id": "PMID:870782", "title": "Effects of frequency and duration of training on attrition and incidence of injury.", "content": "Eighty-seven male inmates from a state prison and 70 inmates from a county jail volunteered as subjects. The subjects, age 20 to 35 yrs, were assigned randomly into a control or exercise group. Their Vo2max and treadmill performance values were determined before and after a 20 week jogging program. Training intensity was between 85 and 90 percent of maximum heart rate and involved workouts 3 days/week for 15, 30, or 45-min duration at the state prison and for 30-min 1, 3, or 5 days/week at the country jail. Cardiorespiratory fitness improved in direct proportion to frequency and duration of training. Injury, occurred in 22%, 24% and 54% of the 15, 30, and 45-min duration groups and in 0%, 12%, and 39% of the 1, 3, and 5-day/week groups, respectively. Attrition resulting from injury occurred in 0%, 0%, and 17% and in 0%, 4%, and 6% of the same respective groups. Attrition due to lack of interest was similar for all training groups (25%), but was significantly lower in the control groups (10%). Although the results showed a greater increase in cardiorespiratory fitness for the 45-min duration and 5-day/week groups, these programs are not recommened for beginning joggers because of the significantly greater percent of injuries.", "contents": "Effects of frequency and duration of training on attrition and incidence of injury. Eighty-seven male inmates from a state prison and 70 inmates from a county jail volunteered as subjects. The subjects, age 20 to 35 yrs, were assigned randomly into a control or exercise group. Their Vo2max and treadmill performance values were determined before and after a 20 week jogging program. Training intensity was between 85 and 90 percent of maximum heart rate and involved workouts 3 days/week for 15, 30, or 45-min duration at the state prison and for 30-min 1, 3, or 5 days/week at the country jail. Cardiorespiratory fitness improved in direct proportion to frequency and duration of training. Injury, occurred in 22%, 24% and 54% of the 15, 30, and 45-min duration groups and in 0%, 12%, and 39% of the 1, 3, and 5-day/week groups, respectively. Attrition resulting from injury occurred in 0%, 0%, and 17% and in 0%, 4%, and 6% of the same respective groups. Attrition due to lack of interest was similar for all training groups (25%), but was significantly lower in the control groups (10%). Although the results showed a greater increase in cardiorespiratory fitness for the 45-min duration and 5-day/week groups, these programs are not recommened for beginning joggers because of the significantly greater percent of injuries."}
{"id": "PMID:870783", "title": "Oxygen cost of running in trained and untrained men and women.", "content": "The purpose of this study was to compare the oxygen cost of running as it relates to speed of running among the following four groups: trained male distance runners, trained female distance runners, untrained but active men and women. Each subject was given a series of treadmill tests during which Vo2 was measured at submaximal work loads. The linear regression equation was utilized to compute the relationship between Vo2 and running speed for each groups. The results indicated that the rate of increase in Vo2 for a given increase in running speed could be represented as a straight line and was the same for all groups (P greater than .05). The trained male runners had a significantly lower Vo2 (P less than .05) than those of the other three groups at any measured speed. The trained females and untrained males had significantly lower Vo2s than the untrained females (P less than .05) at any of the given range of speeds. No significant differences were observed between the untrained mean and trained women (P greater than .05). It was concluded that there were differences in the oxygen cost of running not only between the trained and untrained groups but also between males and females.", "contents": "Oxygen cost of running in trained and untrained men and women. The purpose of this study was to compare the oxygen cost of running as it relates to speed of running among the following four groups: trained male distance runners, trained female distance runners, untrained but active men and women. Each subject was given a series of treadmill tests during which Vo2 was measured at submaximal work loads. The linear regression equation was utilized to compute the relationship between Vo2 and running speed for each groups. The results indicated that the rate of increase in Vo2 for a given increase in running speed could be represented as a straight line and was the same for all groups (P greater than .05). The trained male runners had a significantly lower Vo2 (P less than .05) than those of the other three groups at any measured speed. The trained females and untrained males had significantly lower Vo2s than the untrained females (P less than .05) at any of the given range of speeds. No significant differences were observed between the untrained mean and trained women (P greater than .05). It was concluded that there were differences in the oxygen cost of running not only between the trained and untrained groups but also between males and females."}
{"id": "PMID:870784", "title": "[Frequency transducer for magnetic recording of bioelectrical processes].", "content": "In conducting electrophysiological and medical investigations, in registration of bioelectric processes in particular, various types of converters permitting notation of bioelectric signals can be used with an ordinary tape recorder instead of costly magnetic registrators. A frequency converter with whose help it is possible to register bioelectric processes in a frequency range of 0.1 to 10(3) Hz with a conversion error of not more than 1.5 per cent is proposed.", "contents": "[Frequency transducer for magnetic recording of bioelectrical processes]. In conducting electrophysiological and medical investigations, in registration of bioelectric processes in particular, various types of converters permitting notation of bioelectric signals can be used with an ordinary tape recorder instead of costly magnetic registrators. A frequency converter with whose help it is possible to register bioelectric processes in a frequency range of 0.1 to 10(3) Hz with a conversion error of not more than 1.5 per cent is proposed."}
{"id": "PMID:870785", "title": "[Cold sterilization of medical wares made of plastic].", "content": "To many objects and articles made of polymeric materials the traditional methods of sterilization are inapplicable. This has given rise to the need for devising new methods and means, for sterilization with chemical solutions. Pertinent investigations have ascertained that with the use of the preparation \"Desoxon-1\" the physico-mechanical properties of polymeric materials remain practically unchanged. With an exposure of 15 min there could be achieved complete sterilization of the study objects made of the cast acrylate material \"Dacryl-4\", copolymer of ethylene with vinylacetate, of a high-pressure polyethylene, copolymer of styrene, and of other materials.", "contents": "[Cold sterilization of medical wares made of plastic]. To many objects and articles made of polymeric materials the traditional methods of sterilization are inapplicable. This has given rise to the need for devising new methods and means, for sterilization with chemical solutions. Pertinent investigations have ascertained that with the use of the preparation \"Desoxon-1\" the physico-mechanical properties of polymeric materials remain practically unchanged. With an exposure of 15 min there could be achieved complete sterilization of the study objects made of the cast acrylate material \"Dacryl-4\", copolymer of ethylene with vinylacetate, of a high-pressure polyethylene, copolymer of styrene, and of other materials."}
{"id": "PMID:870787", "title": "[Self-contained neurosurgical cryoprobe].", "content": "A cryoprobe with an interchangeable container (vessel) holding the cryoprobe has been designed, this enabling it to dispense with the use of hoses to deliver the coolant to and remove it from the Dewar vessel and the vacuum pump. The cryogenic action provided for by a single ampoule lasts 5 minutes. The small diameter of the cryoprobe makes for a minimal traumatization of the surrounding structures, while the absence of connecting hoses makes for its easy handling.", "contents": "[Self-contained neurosurgical cryoprobe]. A cryoprobe with an interchangeable container (vessel) holding the cryoprobe has been designed, this enabling it to dispense with the use of hoses to deliver the coolant to and remove it from the Dewar vessel and the vacuum pump. The cryogenic action provided for by a single ampoule lasts 5 minutes. The small diameter of the cryoprobe makes for a minimal traumatization of the surrounding structures, while the absence of connecting hoses makes for its easy handling."}
{"id": "PMID:870791", "title": "Familial hemochromatosis: characteristics of the precirrhotic stage in a large kindred.", "content": "Ffty asymptomatic members of a kindred with familial hemochromatosis were studied in an effort to clarify some of the physiologic abnormalities present in the pre-cirrhotic or latent stage of the disease. Using excess hepatic iron as a marker for inheritance of hemochromatosis, results of liver biopsies on 31 family members suggest an auto-somal dominant mode of inheritance with incomplete expressivity. In addition to a relationship between alcohol intake and excess liver iron, there was a strong association between the level of alcohol intake and the presence of hepatic fibrosis in those subjects with excess iron stores. Both serum iron and transferrin saturation were significantly higher in family members with iron overload than in those who were not affected. Only transferrin saturation was significantly correlated with the severity of hepatic iron deposition. Studies of glucose tolerance (OGTT, IVITT, glucose clamp studies) demonstrated a defect in carbohydrate metabolism associated with deficient insulin secretion and insulin resistance, both of which were related to the degree of hepatic iron depostion. In this kindred we have found no evidence for a contribution of inheritance to the carbohydrate intolerance of hemochromatosis. Iron overload was not related to activity of hepatic collagen proline hydroxylase or urinary excretion of peptide-bound hydroxyproline. Serum ferritin, previously thought to be a reliable marker of reticuloendothelial iron stores, was normal in 19 of 20 family members with iron overload.", "contents": "Familial hemochromatosis: characteristics of the precirrhotic stage in a large kindred. Ffty asymptomatic members of a kindred with familial hemochromatosis were studied in an effort to clarify some of the physiologic abnormalities present in the pre-cirrhotic or latent stage of the disease. Using excess hepatic iron as a marker for inheritance of hemochromatosis, results of liver biopsies on 31 family members suggest an auto-somal dominant mode of inheritance with incomplete expressivity. In addition to a relationship between alcohol intake and excess liver iron, there was a strong association between the level of alcohol intake and the presence of hepatic fibrosis in those subjects with excess iron stores. Both serum iron and transferrin saturation were significantly higher in family members with iron overload than in those who were not affected. Only transferrin saturation was significantly correlated with the severity of hepatic iron deposition. Studies of glucose tolerance (OGTT, IVITT, glucose clamp studies) demonstrated a defect in carbohydrate metabolism associated with deficient insulin secretion and insulin resistance, both of which were related to the degree of hepatic iron depostion. In this kindred we have found no evidence for a contribution of inheritance to the carbohydrate intolerance of hemochromatosis. Iron overload was not related to activity of hepatic collagen proline hydroxylase or urinary excretion of peptide-bound hydroxyproline. Serum ferritin, previously thought to be a reliable marker of reticuloendothelial iron stores, was normal in 19 of 20 family members with iron overload."}
{"id": "PMID:870788", "title": "[Device for determining oxygen tension in biological objects using a pulse method].", "content": "An apparatus designed by the authors for measuring oxygen tension in biological objects is described. An electronic commutator allows it to close the inlet of the recording system at the instant of interval, to accomplish separate and smooth adjustment of the pulse and interval duration within a wide range. This makes it possible to electively establish the electrodes polarization and depolarization conditions depending upon the electrochemical characteristics of the electrodes, the nature of the biological object and the purposes of investigations, which represents the advantage of the unit over the other known apparatus.", "contents": "[Device for determining oxygen tension in biological objects using a pulse method]. An apparatus designed by the authors for measuring oxygen tension in biological objects is described. An electronic commutator allows it to close the inlet of the recording system at the instant of interval, to accomplish separate and smooth adjustment of the pulse and interval duration within a wide range. This makes it possible to electively establish the electrodes polarization and depolarization conditions depending upon the electrochemical characteristics of the electrodes, the nature of the biological object and the purposes of investigations, which represents the advantage of the unit over the other known apparatus."}
{"id": "PMID:870792", "title": "Systemic capillary leak syndrome and monoclonal IgG gammopathy; studies in a sixth patient and a review of the literature.", "content": "The clincical and laboratory features of a sixth patient with periodic systemic capillary leak syndrome are reported. During an attack metabolic studies demonstrated a marked shift of plasma (10 to 70%) from the intravascular to the extravascular space resulting in hemoconcentration (highest hematocrit of 82). At the termination of the attack there was a return of the electrolytes, water and proteins to the intravascular compartment. The cardiovascular, renal and endocrine compensation was appropriate to this insult and no underlying abnormalities were demonstrated in these systems. The effector pathways of coagulation, complement, bradykinin generation, prostaglandins and histamine metabolism did not appear to be responsible for the altered capillary permeability. The patient was not missing inhibitors of these same pathways. The only persistently abnormal finding was a monoclonal IgG gammopathy. However, further studies of this paraprotein did not uncover a link between it and the abnormal capillary permeability. Five similar cases are reviewed; at least four and possibly all of these patients also had an IgG paraprotein. Treatment of these attacks was unsuccessful. Attemps to prevent the episodes with a wide variety of therapeutic agents failed. Treatment of the acute attacks with administration of intravenous fluids, did not maintain an adequate intravascular volume and may lead to fluid overload upon return of normal capillary integrity. Pressor agents were of no apparent value and may cause increased cardiac irritability. Although the clinical features and pathophysiology of the capillary leak syndrome have been defined, the etiology remains unknown.", "contents": "Systemic capillary leak syndrome and monoclonal IgG gammopathy; studies in a sixth patient and a review of the literature. The clincical and laboratory features of a sixth patient with periodic systemic capillary leak syndrome are reported. During an attack metabolic studies demonstrated a marked shift of plasma (10 to 70%) from the intravascular to the extravascular space resulting in hemoconcentration (highest hematocrit of 82). At the termination of the attack there was a return of the electrolytes, water and proteins to the intravascular compartment. The cardiovascular, renal and endocrine compensation was appropriate to this insult and no underlying abnormalities were demonstrated in these systems. The effector pathways of coagulation, complement, bradykinin generation, prostaglandins and histamine metabolism did not appear to be responsible for the altered capillary permeability. The patient was not missing inhibitors of these same pathways. The only persistently abnormal finding was a monoclonal IgG gammopathy. However, further studies of this paraprotein did not uncover a link between it and the abnormal capillary permeability. Five similar cases are reviewed; at least four and possibly all of these patients also had an IgG paraprotein. Treatment of these attacks was unsuccessful. Attemps to prevent the episodes with a wide variety of therapeutic agents failed. Treatment of the acute attacks with administration of intravenous fluids, did not maintain an adequate intravascular volume and may lead to fluid overload upon return of normal capillary integrity. Pressor agents were of no apparent value and may cause increased cardiac irritability. Although the clinical features and pathophysiology of the capillary leak syndrome have been defined, the etiology remains unknown."}
{"id": "PMID:870789", "title": "[Mechanized system for planning technological processes].", "content": "A mechanized system for the production processes planning involving the use of an electronic code device for data preparation on a punched tape of the \"EPECT-IT\" type, at the base of which there are classifiers of standard operations and transitions to individual design members, is considered. A fragment of the classifier and a skeleton diagram of the system are presented. It is pointed out that the use of the system helps improve the quality of the design work, as well as to yield considerable economic advantages. The system is in operation at some enterprises of the medical engineering industry.", "contents": "[Mechanized system for planning technological processes]. A mechanized system for the production processes planning involving the use of an electronic code device for data preparation on a punched tape of the \"EPECT-IT\" type, at the base of which there are classifiers of standard operations and transitions to individual design members, is considered. A fragment of the classifier and a skeleton diagram of the system are presented. It is pointed out that the use of the system helps improve the quality of the design work, as well as to yield considerable economic advantages. The system is in operation at some enterprises of the medical engineering industry."}
{"id": "PMID:870793", "title": "Metabolic and endocrine studies in a case of lipoatrophic diabetes.", "content": "A 20-yr-old female with congenital lipoatrophic diabetes was studied, with the following findings: (1) Serum insulin levels increased after both oral glucose and intravenous arginine administration; there was no growth hormone response to the latter. (2) The infusion of insulin (0.1 units and 0.5 units/kg) during the fed state and following at 110-hr fast produced only minimal changes of various fuels measured, with the exception of a decrease in the branched-chain amino acids. (3) There was a minimal production of ketones during the 110-hr fast. (4) Matabolic expenditure was markedly increased during the postabsorptive state (65-75 kcal/hr/sg m); it fell into the normal range during the 110-hr fast (31-35 kcal/hr/sq m). (5) Following meals, the patient experienced complaints ranging from cold and shivering to feeling hot with gross diaphoresis. These findings were associated with intermittent lability of her skin temperature,  which varied 1 degree - 2 degrees F during a 3-hr period. (6) Progressive increases in doses of regular insulin before each meal resulted in up to a total of 9000 units/day being required before normal blood glucose levels were achieved. (7) A 2-wk therapeutic trial of pimozide provided no significant changes in a variety of hormones and fuels in the basal state or following insulin perturbations. (8) A variety of pituitary hormones and pituitary target organ hormones were studied in both the hypothyroid (Hashimoto's thyroiditis) and euthyroid state (following thyroid replacement). All the hormone responses were normal except that growth hormone did not rise during the slow wave sleep in either thyroid state.", "contents": "Metabolic and endocrine studies in a case of lipoatrophic diabetes. A 20-yr-old female with congenital lipoatrophic diabetes was studied, with the following findings: (1) Serum insulin levels increased after both oral glucose and intravenous arginine administration; there was no growth hormone response to the latter. (2) The infusion of insulin (0.1 units and 0.5 units/kg) during the fed state and following at 110-hr fast produced only minimal changes of various fuels measured, with the exception of a decrease in the branched-chain amino acids. (3) There was a minimal production of ketones during the 110-hr fast. (4) Matabolic expenditure was markedly increased during the postabsorptive state (65-75 kcal/hr/sg m); it fell into the normal range during the 110-hr fast (31-35 kcal/hr/sq m). (5) Following meals, the patient experienced complaints ranging from cold and shivering to feeling hot with gross diaphoresis. These findings were associated with intermittent lability of her skin temperature,  which varied 1 degree - 2 degrees F during a 3-hr period. (6) Progressive increases in doses of regular insulin before each meal resulted in up to a total of 9000 units/day being required before normal blood glucose levels were achieved. (7) A 2-wk therapeutic trial of pimozide provided no significant changes in a variety of hormones and fuels in the basal state or following insulin perturbations. (8) A variety of pituitary hormones and pituitary target organ hormones were studied in both the hypothyroid (Hashimoto's thyroiditis) and euthyroid state (following thyroid replacement). All the hormone responses were normal except that growth hormone did not rise during the slow wave sleep in either thyroid state."}
{"id": "PMID:870790", "title": "[Use of titanium alloys for medical instruments].", "content": "On the ground of an analysis into properties of titanium and its alloys the fields of their possible utilization for making various medical instruments are proposed. Because of their insufficient hardness and wear-resistance the titanium alloys cannot be recommended for making medical instruments with thin cutting edges. For the reasons of their insufficient strength, low wear-resistance and substandard modulus of elasticity, it is inexpedient to use titanium alloys in making many types of clamping medical instruments. Nor is it advisable to employ titanium alloys in handles of the instruments, for this may lead to a contact corrosion of their working parts. The use of titanium alloys is recommended for making bone-joining members, retracting medical instruments, of the spatula and speculum types, some kinds of non-magnetic pincers and ultrasonic medical instruments.", "contents": "[Use of titanium alloys for medical instruments]. On the ground of an analysis into properties of titanium and its alloys the fields of their possible utilization for making various medical instruments are proposed. Because of their insufficient hardness and wear-resistance the titanium alloys cannot be recommended for making medical instruments with thin cutting edges. For the reasons of their insufficient strength, low wear-resistance and substandard modulus of elasticity, it is inexpedient to use titanium alloys in making many types of clamping medical instruments. Nor is it advisable to employ titanium alloys in handles of the instruments, for this may lead to a contact corrosion of their working parts. The use of titanium alloys is recommended for making bone-joining members, retracting medical instruments, of the spatula and speculum types, some kinds of non-magnetic pincers and ultrasonic medical instruments."}
{"id": "PMID:870794", "title": "Renal effects on serum gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP).", "content": "Fasting and meal-stimulated serum immunoreactive gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP) concentrations were measured in normal subjects and in uremic patients undergoing chronic hemodialysis. Mean fasting GIP was higher in the uremic patients (1006 +/- 145 (SE) pg/ml) than in the normal control subjects (132 +/- 31 pg/ml, p less than 0.001). Also, postcibal absolute and incremental serum GIP concentrations between 15 and 180 min were greater (p less than 0.05) in the uremic patients than in the control subjects; in the former they failed to return to fasting levels 180 min after the meal. In a second study, using anesthetized normal dogs, simultaneous renal arterial and venous serum GIP concentrations were measured during an intraduodenal perfusion of glucose. The renal arterial-venous (A-V) GIP gradient became greater as serum arterial GIP concentrations increased. The correlation between renal A-V GIP gradient and renal arterial GIP concentration was quite good (r = 0.85), with a 39% maximum mean A-V reduction in serum GIP concentrations observed across the kidney. This large renal A-V GIP gradient observed under nonsteady conditions suggests that the kidney may be an important site for the removal of GIP from the circulation. Thus, the higher than normal fasting and stimulated serum GIP concentrations observed in uremic patients can be attributed, at least in part, to a loss of the renal extraction mechanism for GIP.", "contents": "Renal effects on serum gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP). Fasting and meal-stimulated serum immunoreactive gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP) concentrations were measured in normal subjects and in uremic patients undergoing chronic hemodialysis. Mean fasting GIP was higher in the uremic patients (1006 +/- 145 (SE) pg/ml) than in the normal control subjects (132 +/- 31 pg/ml, p less than 0.001). Also, postcibal absolute and incremental serum GIP concentrations between 15 and 180 min were greater (p less than 0.05) in the uremic patients than in the control subjects; in the former they failed to return to fasting levels 180 min after the meal. In a second study, using anesthetized normal dogs, simultaneous renal arterial and venous serum GIP concentrations were measured during an intraduodenal perfusion of glucose. The renal arterial-venous (A-V) GIP gradient became greater as serum arterial GIP concentrations increased. The correlation between renal A-V GIP gradient and renal arterial GIP concentration was quite good (r = 0.85), with a 39% maximum mean A-V reduction in serum GIP concentrations observed across the kidney. This large renal A-V GIP gradient observed under nonsteady conditions suggests that the kidney may be an important site for the removal of GIP from the circulation. Thus, the higher than normal fasting and stimulated serum GIP concentrations observed in uremic patients can be attributed, at least in part, to a loss of the renal extraction mechanism for GIP."}
{"id": "PMID:870786", "title": "[Machine for washing hospital laboratory vessels].", "content": "To improve washing laboratory vessels a selection of effective detergents was made and the technology of washing has been worked out. These data formed a groundwork for the construction of the washing machine, model BII-200, whose pilot unit has passed technical and medical tests and is recommended for batch production. The capacity of the machine with the use of the synthetic detergent \"Trias\" (per cycle): 252 test tubes, 96 microscope slides, 30 Petri dishes. The duration of the washing cycle is 27 min.", "contents": "[Machine for washing hospital laboratory vessels]. To improve washing laboratory vessels a selection of effective detergents was made and the technology of washing has been worked out. These data formed a groundwork for the construction of the washing machine, model BII-200, whose pilot unit has passed technical and medical tests and is recommended for batch production. The capacity of the machine with the use of the synthetic detergent \"Trias\" (per cycle): 252 test tubes, 96 microscope slides, 30 Petri dishes. The duration of the washing cycle is 27 min."}
{"id": "PMID:870795", "title": "Antibacterial and inducer activities for tetracycline resistance by its derivates and analogues.", "content": "Antibacterial and inducer activities of thirteen TC derivates were investigated for tetracycline (TC) resistance in staphylococcus aureus. Four compounds of the TC derivatives were not able to induce the resistance to TC in Staphylococcus aureus MS3937 rms7 (TC) + harboring an inducible TC resistance determinant located on a plasmid. The 12a-hydroxy position seems to be essential for the inducer activity.", "contents": "Antibacterial and inducer activities for tetracycline resistance by its derivates and analogues. Antibacterial and inducer activities of thirteen TC derivates were investigated for tetracycline (TC) resistance in staphylococcus aureus. Four compounds of the TC derivatives were not able to induce the resistance to TC in Staphylococcus aureus MS3937 rms7 (TC) + harboring an inducible TC resistance determinant located on a plasmid. The 12a-hydroxy position seems to be essential for the inducer activity."}
{"id": "PMID:870796", "title": "[Comparative study of the growth parameters of methanotropic bacteria].", "content": "Growth parameters and their interrelationship were determined for two mixed and seven pure cultures of methanotrophic bacteria. The specific growth rate, the rate of methane assimilation, and the economic coefficient changed significantly in the course of cultivation of the methanotrophic cultures in the periodic regime, the changes being of the extremem character. Therefore, mean values of the growth parameters of these cultures determined under identical conditions were compared. These parameters were found to be dependent on the taxonomy of the cultures and on the conditions of their growth. No considerable differences had been found in the growth parameters between mixed and pure methanotrophous cultures. Portions of the carbon of methane expended for synthesis of the biomass, carbon dioxide, and exometabolites was different among methanotrophic cultures belonging to different genera.", "contents": "[Comparative study of the growth parameters of methanotropic bacteria]. Growth parameters and their interrelationship were determined for two mixed and seven pure cultures of methanotrophic bacteria. The specific growth rate, the rate of methane assimilation, and the economic coefficient changed significantly in the course of cultivation of the methanotrophic cultures in the periodic regime, the changes being of the extremem character. Therefore, mean values of the growth parameters of these cultures determined under identical conditions were compared. These parameters were found to be dependent on the taxonomy of the cultures and on the conditions of their growth. No considerable differences had been found in the growth parameters between mixed and pure methanotrophous cultures. Portions of the carbon of methane expended for synthesis of the biomass, carbon dioxide, and exometabolites was different among methanotrophic cultures belonging to different genera."}
{"id": "PMID:870797", "title": "[Cholesterol-degrading capacity of several strains of Actinomyces lavendulae].", "content": "Forty eight strains of Actinomyces lavendulae were studied. Morphological and physiological differences between the strains were found during growth on a liquid glucose-asparagine medium. In short-term experiments, the mycelium of 17 cultures of actinomycetes decomposed over 50% of cholesterol during two hours. The strains with a high activity of cholesterol decomposition (from 0.86 to 1.47-10(-2) conventional units of the specific activity) in short-term experiments were found: 556, 6959, 12348, 6960, 9840, and 10979. Introduction into the medium of such inductors as cholesterol, cortisone, cortisone acetate, and acetate of substance S had different effect on growth of the cells and their cholesterol decomposing ability.", "contents": "[Cholesterol-degrading capacity of several strains of Actinomyces lavendulae]. Forty eight strains of Actinomyces lavendulae were studied. Morphological and physiological differences between the strains were found during growth on a liquid glucose-asparagine medium. In short-term experiments, the mycelium of 17 cultures of actinomycetes decomposed over 50% of cholesterol during two hours. The strains with a high activity of cholesterol decomposition (from 0.86 to 1.47-10(-2) conventional units of the specific activity) in short-term experiments were found: 556, 6959, 12348, 6960, 9840, and 10979. Introduction into the medium of such inductors as cholesterol, cortisone, cortisone acetate, and acetate of substance S had different effect on growth of the cells and their cholesterol decomposing ability."}
{"id": "PMID:870800", "title": "[Effect of humus and microbial inoculates on yield and nitrogen uptake by agricultural plants].", "content": "The application of humus had a positive effect on grain and straw yield of paddy and the yield increased with the increasing concentration of humus. The highest dose ((0,05%) corresponding to 1120 kg humus/ha significantly increased the grain and straw yield by 85 and 30 per cent over control. The efficiency of algal inoculation was enhanced in the presence of humus and recorded 41 per cent increase in yield over algae. The nitrogen uptake was also appreciably increased by grain and straw due to humus application. Humus at 0,05 per cent along with algae significantly increased the nitrogen uptake by paddy over algae alone. Root nodulation, growth and yield of gram crop were appreciably increased due to humus application. The grain and straw yield were increased due to humus (0,05%) application showing 32 and 41 per cent increase over control. The efficiency of Rhizobium inoculation was also improved in the presence of humus and the grain and straw yield was significantly increased.", "contents": "[Effect of humus and microbial inoculates on yield and nitrogen uptake by agricultural plants]. The application of humus had a positive effect on grain and straw yield of paddy and the yield increased with the increasing concentration of humus. The highest dose ((0,05%) corresponding to 1120 kg humus/ha significantly increased the grain and straw yield by 85 and 30 per cent over control. The efficiency of algal inoculation was enhanced in the presence of humus and recorded 41 per cent increase in yield over algae. The nitrogen uptake was also appreciably increased by grain and straw due to humus application. Humus at 0,05 per cent along with algae significantly increased the nitrogen uptake by paddy over algae alone. Root nodulation, growth and yield of gram crop were appreciably increased due to humus application. The grain and straw yield were increased due to humus (0,05%) application showing 32 and 41 per cent increase over control. The efficiency of Rhizobium inoculation was also improved in the presence of humus and the grain and straw yield was significantly increased."}
{"id": "PMID:870798", "title": "[Bacterial destruction of algal organic matter with glucose formation].", "content": "The increase in the number of bacteria, the rate of destruction of organic matter, and the rate of glucose assimilation with analysis according to Wright and Hobbie were determined during 205 days in two bottles containing water from the Rybinsk Reservoir; one of the bottles contained also 25 mg of dry algal cells per one litre. During this period in the control, 39% of the initial amount of the organic matter was destructed (12 mg C per litre), and 4.6% of glucose was formed from this quantity. In the experimental series, 85.6% of the initial amount of the organic matter underwent destruction (from 12.5 mg C per litre), and 48.5% of glucose was formed from this amount.", "contents": "[Bacterial destruction of algal organic matter with glucose formation]. The increase in the number of bacteria, the rate of destruction of organic matter, and the rate of glucose assimilation with analysis according to Wright and Hobbie were determined during 205 days in two bottles containing water from the Rybinsk Reservoir; one of the bottles contained also 25 mg of dry algal cells per one litre. During this period in the control, 39% of the initial amount of the organic matter was destructed (12 mg C per litre), and 4.6% of glucose was formed from this quantity. In the experimental series, 85.6% of the initial amount of the organic matter underwent destruction (from 12.5 mg C per litre), and 48.5% of glucose was formed from this amount."}
{"id": "PMID:870799", "title": "[Clarifying the systematic position of Actinomyces erythraeus Waksman et Curtis 1916 and its transfer to the genus Proactinomyces].", "content": "Cell walls of Actinomyces erythraeus RIA-1387 were found to contain m-diaminopimelic acid, arabinose, and galactose (type IV of cell walls). The mycelium undergoes fragmentation during superficial and submerged growth, and is not susceptible, or only mildly sensitive, to the action of lysozyme. The colonies of Act. erythraeus have no horizontal layers. These data suggest that the organism was erroneously classed as belonging to the Actinomyces genus. It should be transferred to the Proactinomyces genus under the name of Proactinomyces erythraeus (Waksman et Curtis) comb. nov.", "contents": "[Clarifying the systematic position of Actinomyces erythraeus Waksman et Curtis 1916 and its transfer to the genus Proactinomyces]. Cell walls of Actinomyces erythraeus RIA-1387 were found to contain m-diaminopimelic acid, arabinose, and galactose (type IV of cell walls). The mycelium undergoes fragmentation during superficial and submerged growth, and is not susceptible, or only mildly sensitive, to the action of lysozyme. The colonies of Act. erythraeus have no horizontal layers. These data suggest that the organism was erroneously classed as belonging to the Actinomyces genus. It should be transferred to the Proactinomyces genus under the name of Proactinomyces erythraeus (Waksman et Curtis) comb. nov."}
{"id": "PMID:870803", "title": "[Photosynthetic development of purple sulfur bacteria during illumination with green light].", "content": "The photosynthetic purple sulphur bacterium Chr. vinosum grows by assimilating carbon dioxide at the account of the energy of light of different spectral composition. Short wavelengths of physiological radiation, blue and green, the region of carotenoid absorption, as well as white light, are used by the bacterium for assimilation of carbon dioxide, biosynthesis of biomass, protein, and pigments. Therefore, the possibility of utilization of the energy of green light for bacterial photosynthesis was shown for the first time. Blue light is more favourable for growth of the bacterium than green light is, provided the energy (in ergs or incident quanta) is the same. An increase in the intensity both of long and short wavelength radiation activates biomass accumulation and CO2 assimilation. Photosynthetic growth of the bacterium during its illumination with wavelengths of 464, 497, and 535 nm etc. which are similar to the absorption maxima of carotenoid pigments, suggests the participation of the latter in the uptake of energy that is necessary for photosynthesis.", "contents": "[Photosynthetic development of purple sulfur bacteria during illumination with green light]. The photosynthetic purple sulphur bacterium Chr. vinosum grows by assimilating carbon dioxide at the account of the energy of light of different spectral composition. Short wavelengths of physiological radiation, blue and green, the region of carotenoid absorption, as well as white light, are used by the bacterium for assimilation of carbon dioxide, biosynthesis of biomass, protein, and pigments. Therefore, the possibility of utilization of the energy of green light for bacterial photosynthesis was shown for the first time. Blue light is more favourable for growth of the bacterium than green light is, provided the energy (in ergs or incident quanta) is the same. An increase in the intensity both of long and short wavelength radiation activates biomass accumulation and CO2 assimilation. Photosynthetic growth of the bacterium during its illumination with wavelengths of 464, 497, and 535 nm etc. which are similar to the absorption maxima of carotenoid pigments, suggests the participation of the latter in the uptake of energy that is necessary for photosynthesis."}
{"id": "PMID:870801", "title": "[Ultrastructural changes in the mycelia of Actinomyces hygroscopicus var. var. enhygrus--a proteolytic enzyme producer--during submerged fermentation].", "content": "Ultrastructural changes were found to occur in the mycelium of Actinomyces hygroscopicus, strain 33x, which produced an exocellular proteolytic enzyme during submerged fermentation, in both laboratory and semiindustrial conditions (in 100-1 fermenters). In the course of the enzyme accumulation, numerous vacuoles appeared in the hyphae, some hyphae became wider, and the cell walls were more loose. The greatest structural changes were found in the intracytoplasmic membrane systems. The ultrastructural changes of the mycelium are not presumably connected with the accumulation of the enzyme, but are the result of the differentiation of cellular structures during aging of the cells and their transition to the stage of autolysis.", "contents": "[Ultrastructural changes in the mycelia of Actinomyces hygroscopicus var. var. enhygrus--a proteolytic enzyme producer--during submerged fermentation]. Ultrastructural changes were found to occur in the mycelium of Actinomyces hygroscopicus, strain 33x, which produced an exocellular proteolytic enzyme during submerged fermentation, in both laboratory and semiindustrial conditions (in 100-1 fermenters). In the course of the enzyme accumulation, numerous vacuoles appeared in the hyphae, some hyphae became wider, and the cell walls were more loose. The greatest structural changes were found in the intracytoplasmic membrane systems. The ultrastructural changes of the mycelium are not presumably connected with the accumulation of the enzyme, but are the result of the differentiation of cellular structures during aging of the cells and their transition to the stage of autolysis."}
{"id": "PMID:870804", "title": "[Frequency of formation of mutants resistant to nystatin in polyploid strains of Candida scottii].", "content": "Polyploid strains of Candida scottii differ by their susceptibility to the action of nistatin. Haploid strain is most resistant, diploid strain is less resistant than haploid strain, and triploid strain is more susceptible than diploid strain. UV-treatment resulted in mutants which were 1.5--2 times more resistant to the action of nistatin than parent forms. The frequency of nistatin-resistant mutants increases with the ploidity of the cultures and with the doses of UV-irradiation.", "contents": "[Frequency of formation of mutants resistant to nystatin in polyploid strains of Candida scottii]. Polyploid strains of Candida scottii differ by their susceptibility to the action of nistatin. Haploid strain is most resistant, diploid strain is less resistant than haploid strain, and triploid strain is more susceptible than diploid strain. UV-treatment resulted in mutants which were 1.5--2 times more resistant to the action of nistatin than parent forms. The frequency of nistatin-resistant mutants increases with the ploidity of the cultures and with the doses of UV-irradiation."}
{"id": "PMID:870802", "title": "[Influence of carbon sources on the development of Thermus ruber at different temperatures].", "content": "The obligate thermophilic bacterium Thermus ruber was found to grow better at 55-65 degrees C on media containing organic acids rather than sugars as a sole source of carbon. In these conditions, the morphology of the cells changes: they are rod-shaped whereas, during growth on lactose which is the best carbon source as compared to other sugars, the cells have the shape of rods in the first hours of growth but later acquire the shape of long threads. Malate and pyruvate are the best carbon sources at 60-65 degrees C of growth; the biomass accumulated in this case is 1.5 times greater than on the medium containing lactose. Apparently, salts of organic acids, being more oxidized substrates as compared to sugars, are easier assimilated by the bacterium at higher temperatures when oxygen solubility in the medium decreases.", "contents": "[Influence of carbon sources on the development of Thermus ruber at different temperatures]. The obligate thermophilic bacterium Thermus ruber was found to grow better at 55-65 degrees C on media containing organic acids rather than sugars as a sole source of carbon. In these conditions, the morphology of the cells changes: they are rod-shaped whereas, during growth on lactose which is the best carbon source as compared to other sugars, the cells have the shape of rods in the first hours of growth but later acquire the shape of long threads. Malate and pyruvate are the best carbon sources at 60-65 degrees C of growth; the biomass accumulated in this case is 1.5 times greater than on the medium containing lactose. Apparently, salts of organic acids, being more oxidized substrates as compared to sugars, are easier assimilated by the bacterium at higher temperatures when oxygen solubility in the medium decreases."}
{"id": "PMID:870805", "title": "[Effect of colchicine and other polyploidogenic factors in contact with the deep vegetative mycelium of the fungus Trichothecium roseum--producer of the antibiotic trichothecin and proteolytic enzymes].", "content": "Colchicine, boric acid, and camphor were used to produce viable cultures of Trichothecium roseum actively producing the antibiotic, by treating the submerged vegetative mycelium of the fungus with these compounds. Colchicine (0.5--1.0%), boric acid (0.25--2.00%), and camphor (0.25--1.50%) were added to the nutrient medium before it was inoculated with conidia or vegetative mycelium; later, the submerged mycelium was transferred to slanted agar. The cultures were characterized by a high number of the nuclei in the conidia, a low ratio of the plasma to the nuclei, a high rate of growth, and a high antibiotic activity. In sharply varying conditions of nutrition, such polynuclear forms had an adaptive advantage as compared to the parent forms. The polynuclear cultures are regarded to be biologically equal to polyploid forms.", "contents": "[Effect of colchicine and other polyploidogenic factors in contact with the deep vegetative mycelium of the fungus Trichothecium roseum--producer of the antibiotic trichothecin and proteolytic enzymes]. Colchicine, boric acid, and camphor were used to produce viable cultures of Trichothecium roseum actively producing the antibiotic, by treating the submerged vegetative mycelium of the fungus with these compounds. Colchicine (0.5--1.0%), boric acid (0.25--2.00%), and camphor (0.25--1.50%) were added to the nutrient medium before it was inoculated with conidia or vegetative mycelium; later, the submerged mycelium was transferred to slanted agar. The cultures were characterized by a high number of the nuclei in the conidia, a low ratio of the plasma to the nuclei, a high rate of growth, and a high antibiotic activity. In sharply varying conditions of nutrition, such polynuclear forms had an adaptive advantage as compared to the parent forms. The polynuclear cultures are regarded to be biologically equal to polyploid forms."}
{"id": "PMID:870806", "title": "[Attempt to establish genome similarity between Alcaligenes faecalis and several Gram-negative bacteria using the method of molecular hybridization of DNA to DNA].", "content": "The technique of DNA-DNA molecular hybridization was used to demonstrate the absence of genome similarity between Alcaligenes faecalis and gram-negative bacteria belonging to the genera Pseudomonas, Enterobacterium, Comamonas producing alkalis, and vibrions. Some similarity in the polynucleotide sequences was found between the DNA of the reper strain of Alcaligenes faecalis 45 (5--10% of homology) and the DNA of the culture belonging to the Achromobacter genus; therefore, the two genera may belong to one and the same family.", "contents": "[Attempt to establish genome similarity between Alcaligenes faecalis and several Gram-negative bacteria using the method of molecular hybridization of DNA to DNA]. The technique of DNA-DNA molecular hybridization was used to demonstrate the absence of genome similarity between Alcaligenes faecalis and gram-negative bacteria belonging to the genera Pseudomonas, Enterobacterium, Comamonas producing alkalis, and vibrions. Some similarity in the polynucleotide sequences was found between the DNA of the reper strain of Alcaligenes faecalis 45 (5--10% of homology) and the DNA of the culture belonging to the Achromobacter genus; therefore, the two genera may belong to one and the same family."}
{"id": "PMID:870807", "title": "Prosthetic valves 1977: a retrospective analysis and a look to the future.", "content": "Experimental and clinical studies that we published in 1972 indicated that the ability of man to extend tissue inward from the valve attachment site is limited to few millimeters, and that the cardiovascular wall/valve body spatial relationships are critically important in prevention of thrombotic complications. Since 1972, clinical observations have supported these conclusions. Cloth-covered valve prostheses in man have failed to become completely covered by tissue. The tilting disc valve (Bj\u00f6rk-Shiley) has proved to be an advance over the ball design. However, for maximum hydraulic efficiency, the 60 degrees opening of the prosthesis must be augmented by positioning the valve in harmony with the tilt of the annulus into which is implanted. Currently, we are studying the functional significance (gradient and turbulence) of various positional relationships of the opened disc to the tilt of the anatomic valve annulus. Changing the orientation of the Bj\u00f6rk-Shiley mitral prosthesis, for instance, can mean a difference in functional opening ranging from 30degrees to 90degrees, and from 45degrees to 75degrees for the aortic valve.", "contents": "Prosthetic valves 1977: a retrospective analysis and a look to the future. Experimental and clinical studies that we published in 1972 indicated that the ability of man to extend tissue inward from the valve attachment site is limited to few millimeters, and that the cardiovascular wall/valve body spatial relationships are critically important in prevention of thrombotic complications. Since 1972, clinical observations have supported these conclusions. Cloth-covered valve prostheses in man have failed to become completely covered by tissue. The tilting disc valve (Bj\u00f6rk-Shiley) has proved to be an advance over the ball design. However, for maximum hydraulic efficiency, the 60 degrees opening of the prosthesis must be augmented by positioning the valve in harmony with the tilt of the annulus into which is implanted. Currently, we are studying the functional significance (gradient and turbulence) of various positional relationships of the opened disc to the tilt of the anatomic valve annulus. Changing the orientation of the Bj\u00f6rk-Shiley mitral prosthesis, for instance, can mean a difference in functional opening ranging from 30degrees to 90degrees, and from 45degrees to 75degrees for the aortic valve."}
{"id": "PMID:870813", "title": "Cigarette smoking in Sydney schoolchildren aged 12 to 13 years: 1971 to 1975.", "content": "The cigarette smoking prevalence of schoolchildren aged 12 to 13 years in 1975 was compared with that in an age-matched sample interviewed in 1971. Identical methods were used to collect the smoking prevalence data. There was an increase in smoking prevalence over the years 1971 to 1975, with 22-5% of boys smoking one or more cigarettes per week in 1975 compared with 14% in 1971 and with 19-1% of girls smoking this number in 1975 compared with 4-6% in 1971. Alternative strategies to attack the problem of smoking among children are needed.", "contents": "Cigarette smoking in Sydney schoolchildren aged 12 to 13 years: 1971 to 1975. The cigarette smoking prevalence of schoolchildren aged 12 to 13 years in 1975 was compared with that in an age-matched sample interviewed in 1971. Identical methods were used to collect the smoking prevalence data. There was an increase in smoking prevalence over the years 1971 to 1975, with 22-5% of boys smoking one or more cigarettes per week in 1975 compared with 14% in 1971 and with 19-1% of girls smoking this number in 1975 compared with 4-6% in 1971. Alternative strategies to attack the problem of smoking among children are needed."}
{"id": "PMID:870808", "title": "A method for measuring the mean pressure gradient across prosthetic heart valves under in vitro pulsatile flow conditions.", "content": "A method is described for measuring the mean pressure gradient that occurs across a prosthetic heart valve over the forward flow phase in a simulated cardiac pumping cycle. The procedure is to simultaneously gate both the pressure signal and a manually controlled reference voltage of opposite polarity. The gated pressure signal is used to charge up a capacitor, while at the same time the gated reference signal is used to remove charge from the capacitor. The reference voltage is equal to the mean value of the pressure gradient voltage when there is zero net voltage on the capacitor. The gating procedure is simple and straightforward. Sample results for the system, which has been used extensively to study valve performance in vitro, are given.", "contents": "A method for measuring the mean pressure gradient across prosthetic heart valves under in vitro pulsatile flow conditions. A method is described for measuring the mean pressure gradient that occurs across a prosthetic heart valve over the forward flow phase in a simulated cardiac pumping cycle. The procedure is to simultaneously gate both the pressure signal and a manually controlled reference voltage of opposite polarity. The gated pressure signal is used to charge up a capacitor, while at the same time the gated reference signal is used to remove charge from the capacitor. The reference voltage is equal to the mean value of the pressure gradient voltage when there is zero net voltage on the capacitor. The gating procedure is simple and straightforward. Sample results for the system, which has been used extensively to study valve performance in vitro, are given."}
{"id": "PMID:870814", "title": "Petrol vendors, capillary blood lead levels and contamination.", "content": "It was recently claimed in a Tasmanian study that the mean blood lead level of 48 petrol vendors in Hobart, Tasmania, was 32-9 microng/100 ml, compared with 14-3 microng/100 ml for controls, and that seven individuals had blood lead levels above 40 microng/100 ml. In the present study, the blood lead levels of 20 service station workers in Melbourne and 20 controls were determined, both capillary and venous samples being used. The results obtained on capillary samples were similar to those of the Tasmanian study. However, the venous samples gave much lower results; the mean venous blood lead level of the service station workers was 18-2 microng/100 ml and that of the control group was 10-9 microng/100 ml. It was concluded that the blood lead levels obtained in the Tasmanian study were falsely high, because of contamination of the capillary samples, and that the blood lead levels of service station workers in Melbourne are not above the accepted \"level of concern\".", "contents": "Petrol vendors, capillary blood lead levels and contamination. It was recently claimed in a Tasmanian study that the mean blood lead level of 48 petrol vendors in Hobart, Tasmania, was 32-9 microng/100 ml, compared with 14-3 microng/100 ml for controls, and that seven individuals had blood lead levels above 40 microng/100 ml. In the present study, the blood lead levels of 20 service station workers in Melbourne and 20 controls were determined, both capillary and venous samples being used. The results obtained on capillary samples were similar to those of the Tasmanian study. However, the venous samples gave much lower results; the mean venous blood lead level of the service station workers was 18-2 microng/100 ml and that of the control group was 10-9 microng/100 ml. It was concluded that the blood lead levels obtained in the Tasmanian study were falsely high, because of contamination of the capillary samples, and that the blood lead levels of service station workers in Melbourne are not above the accepted \"level of concern\"."}
{"id": "PMID:870809", "title": "Biomedical instrumentation in the Soviet Union.", "content": "By utilizing biomedical instrumentation from other nations, and by designing and fabricating instrumentation in several institutes under the control of the Medical Industries Ministry and the U.S.S.R. Academy of Medical Sciences, the Soviet Union has attempted to a bridge a 20 to 30-year technology gap. The lack of interagency cooperation and sophisticated manufacturing capability, combined with a system not directed to recognizing or exploiting innovation from within, suggests continued dependence on other countries. The Soviet system in these regards serves well as an example of a bureaucracy and system limiting technologic advancement. It is hoped that future actions in this country, in response to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration's direct regulatory control over U.S. medical devices, will not lead to a similar stifling of technology development.", "contents": "Biomedical instrumentation in the Soviet Union. By utilizing biomedical instrumentation from other nations, and by designing and fabricating instrumentation in several institutes under the control of the Medical Industries Ministry and the U.S.S.R. Academy of Medical Sciences, the Soviet Union has attempted to a bridge a 20 to 30-year technology gap. The lack of interagency cooperation and sophisticated manufacturing capability, combined with a system not directed to recognizing or exploiting innovation from within, suggests continued dependence on other countries. The Soviet system in these regards serves well as an example of a bureaucracy and system limiting technologic advancement. It is hoped that future actions in this country, in response to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration's direct regulatory control over U.S. medical devices, will not lead to a similar stifling of technology development."}
{"id": "PMID:870815", "title": "Procaineamide blood levels after administration of a sustained-release preparation.", "content": "Procaineamide is now available as a sustained-release preparation. This preparation was administered in an eight-hourly regime to 26 patients, and therapeutic blood levels were obtained for the duration of the 56-hour study period in 20 patients. No side effects were observed. Inadequate blood levels may be predicted from a single blood level eight hours after the first dose, which could allow for dosage adjustment.", "contents": "Procaineamide blood levels after administration of a sustained-release preparation. Procaineamide is now available as a sustained-release preparation. This preparation was administered in an eight-hourly regime to 26 patients, and therapeutic blood levels were obtained for the duration of the 56-hour study period in 20 patients. No side effects were observed. Inadequate blood levels may be predicted from a single blood level eight hours after the first dose, which could allow for dosage adjustment."}
{"id": "PMID:870810", "title": "Heart valve prostheses: who protects our patients, and from what?", "content": "Phenomenal advances in the development of cardiac valve prostheses have taken place in less than two decades. However, the currently prevailing atmosphere of consumer protectionism in existence 20 years ago probably would have made such developments impossible. Recent passage of the Medical Device Amendments of 1976 (P.L. 94-295) will not only make future development extremely difficult, but also may force the field of cardiac valve replacement back into the era of the 1950s. Regulations implementing  this legislation may be even more disastrous. It is time for someone to protect patients from their so-called protectors.", "contents": "Heart valve prostheses: who protects our patients, and from what? Phenomenal advances in the development of cardiac valve prostheses have taken place in less than two decades. However, the currently prevailing atmosphere of consumer protectionism in existence 20 years ago probably would have made such developments impossible. Recent passage of the Medical Device Amendments of 1976 (P.L. 94-295) will not only make future development extremely difficult, but also may force the field of cardiac valve replacement back into the era of the 1950s. Regulations implementing  this legislation may be even more disastrous. It is time for someone to protect patients from their so-called protectors."}
{"id": "PMID:870816", "title": "Cardiothoracic surgery in Australia: future manpower needs.", "content": "A survey has been made of cardiothoracic surgeons in Australia, and of trainees in the speciality. Analysis of the results suggests that too many surgeons are being trained in this field. Remedial measures are suggested.", "contents": "Cardiothoracic surgery in Australia: future manpower needs. A survey has been made of cardiothoracic surgeons in Australia, and of trainees in the speciality. Analysis of the results suggests that too many surgeons are being trained in this field. Remedial measures are suggested."}
{"id": "PMID:870811", "title": "The quest for the perfect prosthetic heart valve.", "content": "Thirty years have elapsed since the introduction of the first artifical heart valves. Since that time, many improvements have been made in the design and fabrication of prosthethic valves, but the perfect valve remains elusive. After experience with clinical implantation of more than 5000 artificial valves of all types, we designed a new prosthesis which we believe incorporates the best features of the earlier models and reflects our concepts of the best configuration of an artificial valve. Thus far we have implanted over 2500 Cooley-Cutter valves and the results have been gratifying. The valve has a full-orifice design with the metallic frame milled from a single block of medical-grade titanium, has a pyrolite occluder in a double-cone configuration, and Teflon sewing rings to conform to the aortic and mitral annuli. A major problem with prostheses made from synthetic materials is the need for prolonged anticoagulation. The incidence of thromboembolic complications with this valve has been very low and excellent late results encourage us to use this prosthesis routinely except in unusual circumstances.", "contents": "The quest for the perfect prosthetic heart valve. Thirty years have elapsed since the introduction of the first artifical heart valves. Since that time, many improvements have been made in the design and fabrication of prosthethic valves, but the perfect valve remains elusive. After experience with clinical implantation of more than 5000 artificial valves of all types, we designed a new prosthesis which we believe incorporates the best features of the earlier models and reflects our concepts of the best configuration of an artificial valve. Thus far we have implanted over 2500 Cooley-Cutter valves and the results have been gratifying. The valve has a full-orifice design with the metallic frame milled from a single block of medical-grade titanium, has a pyrolite occluder in a double-cone configuration, and Teflon sewing rings to conform to the aortic and mitral annuli. A major problem with prostheses made from synthetic materials is the need for prolonged anticoagulation. The incidence of thromboembolic complications with this valve has been very low and excellent late results encourage us to use this prosthesis routinely except in unusual circumstances."}
{"id": "PMID:870812", "title": "Development of a cardiac valve substitute: the Smeloff-Cutter prosthesis.", "content": "Several criteria were used for the development of the Smeloff-Cutter prosthesis: (a) the valve must permit adequate pulsatile forward flow with minimal gradients and regurgitation; (b) materials used must be inert or compatible with tissue and blood; (c) the prosthesis must be durable; (d) attachment must be easy and secure; (e) the valve must be nonhemolytic and nonthrombogenic; (f) its geometry must not impinge on surrounding structures; (g) testing must be in vitro as well as in vivo; and (h) its use must result in an acceptable long-term clinical response. Application of these criteria to the design of the Smeloff-Cutter valve is described.", "contents": "Development of a cardiac valve substitute: the Smeloff-Cutter prosthesis. Several criteria were used for the development of the Smeloff-Cutter prosthesis: (a) the valve must permit adequate pulsatile forward flow with minimal gradients and regurgitation; (b) materials used must be inert or compatible with tissue and blood; (c) the prosthesis must be durable; (d) attachment must be easy and secure; (e) the valve must be nonhemolytic and nonthrombogenic; (f) its geometry must not impinge on surrounding structures; (g) testing must be in vitro as well as in vivo; and (h) its use must result in an acceptable long-term clinical response. Application of these criteria to the design of the Smeloff-Cutter valve is described."}
{"id": "PMID:870817", "title": "Polyacrylamide gel as a medium for DNA dissociation and reassociation.", "content": "Several properties of thermal denaturation and renaturation of DNA in polyacrylamide gels were investigated: (1) Following electrophoresis the DNA band was scanned and shown to increase in absorbance with increasing temperature. The increase was proportioned to DNA concentration across the peak. (2) The dependence of the Tm on salt concentration over a hundred fold range was similar to that found for DNA in free solution. (3) Denaturation of several DNA samples ranging in G + C content from 26 to 71% was compared in gels and free solution. The relationship between Tm and % G + C was virtually identical for both sets of DNAs. (4) The kinetics of DNA renaturation in the gel was followed. Reassociation of bacteriophage T4 DNA was 2nd order and proceeded more rapidly in polyacrylamide gels than in free solution.", "contents": "Polyacrylamide gel as a medium for DNA dissociation and reassociation. Several properties of thermal denaturation and renaturation of DNA in polyacrylamide gels were investigated: (1) Following electrophoresis the DNA band was scanned and shown to increase in absorbance with increasing temperature. The increase was proportioned to DNA concentration across the peak. (2) The dependence of the Tm on salt concentration over a hundred fold range was similar to that found for DNA in free solution. (3) Denaturation of several DNA samples ranging in G + C content from 26 to 71% was compared in gels and free solution. The relationship between Tm and % G + C was virtually identical for both sets of DNAs. (4) The kinetics of DNA renaturation in the gel was followed. Reassociation of bacteriophage T4 DNA was 2nd order and proceeded more rapidly in polyacrylamide gels than in free solution."}
{"id": "PMID:870818", "title": "Digestion of chromatin with deoxyribonuclease II.", "content": "The action of DNAse II on DNA in chromatin was studied. The formation of acid-soluble products followed a two-phase kinetic curve. At the end of the first more rapid phase about 25% of DNA was degraded. Early in the degradation process DNA was converted into double stranded fragments, whose sizes were multiples of about 180 base pairs. As the degradation proceeded these fragments were reduced in size. After denaturation DNA from digested chromatin was resolved into discrete single stranded fractions, exact multiples of a ten-nucleotide length, forming a pattern very similar to that observed with DNAase I.chkova LV", "contents": "Digestion of chromatin with deoxyribonuclease II. The action of DNAse II on DNA in chromatin was studied. The formation of acid-soluble products followed a two-phase kinetic curve. At the end of the first more rapid phase about 25% of DNA was degraded. Early in the degradation process DNA was converted into double stranded fragments, whose sizes were multiples of about 180 base pairs. As the degradation proceeded these fragments were reduced in size. After denaturation DNA from digested chromatin was resolved into discrete single stranded fractions, exact multiples of a ten-nucleotide length, forming a pattern very similar to that observed with DNAase I.chkova LV"}
{"id": "PMID:870819", "title": "Isolation and partial purification of ceruloplasmin messenger RNA from rat liver.", "content": "Partially purified ceruloplasmin mRNA was isolated using indirect immunoprecipitation of rat liver polysomes and poly(U)-Sepharose chromatography of polysomal RNA. This RNA programmed the synthesis of ceruloplasmin polypeptides in a cell-free system from mitochondria. Immunochemical analysis of the translation products revealed a 40-fold enrichment of the ceruloplasmin mRNA activity. The purified ceruloplasmin mRNA migrated as a major homogeneous component with an apparent molecular weight about 1 X 10(6) daltons in polyacrylamide gels containing sodium dodecyl sulfate. The immunoprecipitated products of the cell-free translation had molecular weights in the range 4.5--5.4 X 10(4) daltons as estimated by gel-electrophoresis under denaturating conditions. These values approach the weight of the half-molecule of native ceruloplasmin.", "contents": "Isolation and partial purification of ceruloplasmin messenger RNA from rat liver. Partially purified ceruloplasmin mRNA was isolated using indirect immunoprecipitation of rat liver polysomes and poly(U)-Sepharose chromatography of polysomal RNA. This RNA programmed the synthesis of ceruloplasmin polypeptides in a cell-free system from mitochondria. Immunochemical analysis of the translation products revealed a 40-fold enrichment of the ceruloplasmin mRNA activity. The purified ceruloplasmin mRNA migrated as a major homogeneous component with an apparent molecular weight about 1 X 10(6) daltons in polyacrylamide gels containing sodium dodecyl sulfate. The immunoprecipitated products of the cell-free translation had molecular weights in the range 4.5--5.4 X 10(4) daltons as estimated by gel-electrophoresis under denaturating conditions. These values approach the weight of the half-molecule of native ceruloplasmin."}
{"id": "PMID:870820", "title": "A comparative study on the two classes of heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein particles separated in metrizamide density gradient, by electrophoresis of proteins and chase experiments. Evidence for two distinct subfractions of HnRNP in mammalian nuclei.", "content": "Heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein particles (HnRNP) were separated in metrizamide density gradients, into two fractions migrating to 1.31 g ml-1 and 1.18 g ml-1, respectively. Proteins associated with each of these fractions were analysed by SDS-acrylamide gel electrophoresis. It is shown that the whole proteins extracted from these two metrizamide fractions exhibit clearly different electrophoretic patterns: 1.31 HnRNP particles contain as major polypeptide chains molecules with molecular weights ranging from 40,000 to 65,000, while major polypeptides of 1.18 HnRNP are banding in the 30,000-40,000 molecular weight region of the gels. Both fractions contain numerous other associated polypeptide chains whose molecular weights are above 65,000. A possible kinetic relationship between these two HnRNP classes was investigated in vivo by performing chase experiments. No clear evidence for a precursor-product relationship was found. Implications arising from these structural and kinetic observations, and problems relating to nuclear maturation of pre-messenger RNA, are discussed.", "contents": "A comparative study on the two classes of heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein particles separated in metrizamide density gradient, by electrophoresis of proteins and chase experiments. Evidence for two distinct subfractions of HnRNP in mammalian nuclei. Heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein particles (HnRNP) were separated in metrizamide density gradients, into two fractions migrating to 1.31 g ml-1 and 1.18 g ml-1, respectively. Proteins associated with each of these fractions were analysed by SDS-acrylamide gel electrophoresis. It is shown that the whole proteins extracted from these two metrizamide fractions exhibit clearly different electrophoretic patterns: 1.31 HnRNP particles contain as major polypeptide chains molecules with molecular weights ranging from 40,000 to 65,000, while major polypeptides of 1.18 HnRNP are banding in the 30,000-40,000 molecular weight region of the gels. Both fractions contain numerous other associated polypeptide chains whose molecular weights are above 65,000. A possible kinetic relationship between these two HnRNP classes was investigated in vivo by performing chase experiments. No clear evidence for a precursor-product relationship was found. Implications arising from these structural and kinetic observations, and problems relating to nuclear maturation of pre-messenger RNA, are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:870821", "title": "[Effect of increased feeding of oligosaccharides on serum bilirubin levels in newborns (author's transl)].", "content": "Previous trials to improve bilirubin elimination in newborns by increased feeding of breastmilk, formula or carbohydrate, especially glucose, gave different if not controversial results. Oligsaccharide solutions with low osmolarity and therefore good compatibility nowadays allow the administration of comparatively high amounts of carbohydrates to term and preterm newborn babies. With this mind a prospective study in 55 newborns, 26 males and 29 females, with birthweights ranging between 1980--3800g, was started. 30 infants got 25% solution of oligosaccharides (DEXTRO neonat), 50 ml/kg and day, during the first 6 days after birth, in addition of normal milk formula. 25 control infants got 5% solution of glucose instead of the oligosaccharide solution. Development of weight (Table 1) and haematokrit (Table 2) of both groups showed (perhaps interesting but) no significant differences. The oligosaccharide  group showed significant elevation of blood glucose at the 2nd and several other days (Table 3), and significant lowering of serum bilirubin at the 4th, 5th and 6th day (Table 4, Fig. 1). Changes of amount or distribution of body water are (see Table 1 and 2) not likely for explanation. Other possible explanations are discussed. Further investigations would be of interest. Prophylactic and therapeutic use in postnatal hyperbilirubinaemia seems possible.", "contents": "[Effect of increased feeding of oligosaccharides on serum bilirubin levels in newborns (author's transl)]. Previous trials to improve bilirubin elimination in newborns by increased feeding of breastmilk, formula or carbohydrate, especially glucose, gave different if not controversial results. Oligsaccharide solutions with low osmolarity and therefore good compatibility nowadays allow the administration of comparatively high amounts of carbohydrates to term and preterm newborn babies. With this mind a prospective study in 55 newborns, 26 males and 29 females, with birthweights ranging between 1980--3800g, was started. 30 infants got 25% solution of oligosaccharides (DEXTRO neonat), 50 ml/kg and day, during the first 6 days after birth, in addition of normal milk formula. 25 control infants got 5% solution of glucose instead of the oligosaccharide solution. Development of weight (Table 1) and haematokrit (Table 2) of both groups showed (perhaps interesting but) no significant differences. The oligosaccharide  group showed significant elevation of blood glucose at the 2nd and several other days (Table 3), and significant lowering of serum bilirubin at the 4th, 5th and 6th day (Table 4, Fig. 1). Changes of amount or distribution of body water are (see Table 1 and 2) not likely for explanation. Other possible explanations are discussed. Further investigations would be of interest. Prophylactic and therapeutic use in postnatal hyperbilirubinaemia seems possible."}
{"id": "PMID:870822", "title": "[Pharmacokinetical comparison of glucose and oligosaccharides for oral glucose tolerance test (author's transl)].", "content": "Oral loading with 5 to 10% glucose-solution for oral glucose tolerance tests gave reproducable curves of blood sugar levels. The relatively large amount of fluid administered was a factor of disturbance. Stronger solutions of glucose, e.g. 50%, altered the course of the curve and gave a delay of enteral absorption, obviously by osmotic reaction. The 25% Malto-Oligosaccharide-solution DEXTRO O.G-T. was well tolerated, gave well reproducable curves, and is recommended for oral glucose tolerance tests in children.", "contents": "[Pharmacokinetical comparison of glucose and oligosaccharides for oral glucose tolerance test (author's transl)]. Oral loading with 5 to 10% glucose-solution for oral glucose tolerance tests gave reproducable curves of blood sugar levels. The relatively large amount of fluid administered was a factor of disturbance. Stronger solutions of glucose, e.g. 50%, altered the course of the curve and gave a delay of enteral absorption, obviously by osmotic reaction. The 25% Malto-Oligosaccharide-solution DEXTRO O.G-T. was well tolerated, gave well reproducable curves, and is recommended for oral glucose tolerance tests in children."}
{"id": "PMID:870823", "title": "The pituitary-testicular axis in men with chronic renal failure.", "content": "We studied the effects of uremia on the pituitary-testicular axis in 35 men with creatinine clearances less than 4 ml per minute per 1.7m(2). We found significant elevation (p less than 0.001) of plasma luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone (p less than 0.005) and subnormal levels of testosterone (p less than 0.005). Testicular histology revealed severe spermatogenic damage. Human chorionic gonadotropin produced a subnormal testosterone response. The initial response of plasma luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone to luteinizing-hormone-releasing hormone was normal, but their subsequent decline was prolonged. The suppression of plasma luteinizing hormone levels by testosterone propionate was normal, but the nadir occurred late; the elevated plasma luteinizing hormone level was due to reduced metabolic clearnace and increased production. Chronic renal failure interferes with testicular steroid production and spermatogenesis.", "contents": "The pituitary-testicular axis in men with chronic renal failure. We studied the effects of uremia on the pituitary-testicular axis in 35 men with creatinine clearances less than 4 ml per minute per 1.7m(2). We found significant elevation (p less than 0.001) of plasma luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone (p less than 0.005) and subnormal levels of testosterone (p less than 0.005). Testicular histology revealed severe spermatogenic damage. Human chorionic gonadotropin produced a subnormal testosterone response. The initial response of plasma luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone to luteinizing-hormone-releasing hormone was normal, but their subsequent decline was prolonged. The suppression of plasma luteinizing hormone levels by testosterone propionate was normal, but the nadir occurred late; the elevated plasma luteinizing hormone level was due to reduced metabolic clearnace and increased production. Chronic renal failure interferes with testicular steroid production and spermatogenesis."}
{"id": "PMID:870824", "title": "Shattuck lecture--The general medical journal: for readers or repositories?", "content": "General medical journals seek newsworthiness but face obstacles because of their usually slow publication schedules and because of contents that readers find either obscure or contradictory to long held beliefs. In addition, since medical news has become \"big news,\" general medical journals find themselves in competition with both the lay press and the medical giveaways. One effect of the escalating public interest in medical news is that general medical journals that are reliable and have maintained their newsworthiness are increasingly cited. These journals thus eventually transmit research findings to the public as well as to the health-care professions. To help prevent exaggeration and misinterpretation by the lay press and by the public, general medical journals must evaluate submissions in a broader than traditional context. Nevertheless, newsworthiness is an appropiate goal for such journals.", "contents": "Shattuck lecture--The general medical journal: for readers or repositories? General medical journals seek newsworthiness but face obstacles because of their usually slow publication schedules and because of contents that readers find either obscure or contradictory to long held beliefs. In addition, since medical news has become \"big news,\" general medical journals find themselves in competition with both the lay press and the medical giveaways. One effect of the escalating public interest in medical news is that general medical journals that are reliable and have maintained their newsworthiness are increasingly cited. These journals thus eventually transmit research findings to the public as well as to the health-care professions. To help prevent exaggeration and misinterpretation by the lay press and by the public, general medical journals must evaluate submissions in a broader than traditional context. Nevertheless, newsworthiness is an appropiate goal for such journals."}
{"id": "PMID:870825", "title": "Associations of hepatitis B surface antigenemia with HLA locus B specificities.", "content": "To test whether HLA histocompatibility phenotypes might be associated with circulating hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAG), we performed chisquare and Scheff\u00e9 analyses on findings in 144 renal patients with known HLA types and HBsAg status. A significant relation between locus B HLA type (or types) and HBS antigenemia was demonstrated (P = 0.01, adjusted for dual testing) with positive associations suggested between Bw15, Bw17 and Bw35 types and transient or persistent (or both) antigenemia. The latter associations individually were statistically significant only if multiple testing was disregarded, but the contrast by the Scheff\u00e9 method between the three implicated specificities and all other specificities was significant, even after adjustment for multiple testing (P less than 0.02). Associations of genetically determined HLA specificities with hepatitis B infection may constitute the basis for previously observed population differences in HBS Ag prevalences, and suggest that susceptibility to hepatitis B infection may be in part genetically determined.", "contents": "Associations of hepatitis B surface antigenemia with HLA locus B specificities. To test whether HLA histocompatibility phenotypes might be associated with circulating hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAG), we performed chisquare and Scheff\u00e9 analyses on findings in 144 renal patients with known HLA types and HBsAg status. A significant relation between locus B HLA type (or types) and HBS antigenemia was demonstrated (P = 0.01, adjusted for dual testing) with positive associations suggested between Bw15, Bw17 and Bw35 types and transient or persistent (or both) antigenemia. The latter associations individually were statistically significant only if multiple testing was disregarded, but the contrast by the Scheff\u00e9 method between the three implicated specificities and all other specificities was significant, even after adjustment for multiple testing (P less than 0.02). Associations of genetically determined HLA specificities with hepatitis B infection may constitute the basis for previously observed population differences in HBS Ag prevalences, and suggest that susceptibility to hepatitis B infection may be in part genetically determined."}
{"id": "PMID:870826", "title": "Effect of surveillance on the number of hysterectomies in the province of Saskatchewan.", "content": "In  1972 the College of Physicians and Surgeons of Saskatchewan appointed a committee to study hysterectomies because the Saskatchewan Department of Health had data showing that the annual number of hysterectomies carried out in the province had increased by 72.1 per cent between 1964 and 1971, whereas the number of women over 15 years of age had increased by 7.6 per cent. The committee compiled a list of indications for hysterectomy. Any hysterectomy carried out for one of these reasons was classified as justified, and the remainder as unjustified. Five hospitals were reviewed in 1970 and a further two in 1973. In 1974, all seven hospitals were reviewed again. In these hospitals, the average proportion of unjustified hysterectomies had dropped from 23.7 per cent at the time of the first review to 7.8 per cent in 1974. The total number of hysterectomies in the province dropped by 32.8 per cent between 1970 and 1974.", "contents": "Effect of surveillance on the number of hysterectomies in the province of Saskatchewan. In  1972 the College of Physicians and Surgeons of Saskatchewan appointed a committee to study hysterectomies because the Saskatchewan Department of Health had data showing that the annual number of hysterectomies carried out in the province had increased by 72.1 per cent between 1964 and 1971, whereas the number of women over 15 years of age had increased by 7.6 per cent. The committee compiled a list of indications for hysterectomy. Any hysterectomy carried out for one of these reasons was classified as justified, and the remainder as unjustified. Five hospitals were reviewed in 1970 and a further two in 1973. In 1974, all seven hospitals were reviewed again. In these hospitals, the average proportion of unjustified hysterectomies had dropped from 23.7 per cent at the time of the first review to 7.8 per cent in 1974. The total number of hysterectomies in the province dropped by 32.8 per cent between 1970 and 1974."}
{"id": "PMID:870827", "title": "Effects of diabetes mellitus on cholesterol metabolism in man.", "content": "In view of the reported excess prevalence of atherosclerosis and cholelithiasis in diabetes, we investigated several aspects of cholesterol metabolism under metabolic ward conditions in six Pima Indians with maturity-onset diabetes mellitus. Cholesterol balance (13.5 versus 11.0 mg per kilogram per day, P less than 0.05), fecal bile acid excretion (415 versus 261 mg per day, P less than 0.05), bile acid pool size (3150 versus 1950 mg, P less than 0.05), fasting plasma cholesterol (193 versus 160 mg per deciliter, P less than 0.05) and plasma triglycerides (251 versus 150 mg per deciliter, P less than 0.05) were higher during uncontrolled hyperglycemia than during relative euglycemia on insulin. The increased plasma lipid levels and total cholesterol synthesis during hyperglycemia may contribute to the acceleration of atherosclerosis in diabetes mellitus. Gallbladder bile was significantly more saturated with cholesterol (181 per cent versus 114 per cent, P less than 0.05) during insulin treatment than during uncontrolled hyperglycemia. Bile lipid composition was thus more favorable to cholesterol precipitation and gallstone formation during insulin treatment than in the untreated diabetic state.", "contents": "Effects of diabetes mellitus on cholesterol metabolism in man. In view of the reported excess prevalence of atherosclerosis and cholelithiasis in diabetes, we investigated several aspects of cholesterol metabolism under metabolic ward conditions in six Pima Indians with maturity-onset diabetes mellitus. Cholesterol balance (13.5 versus 11.0 mg per kilogram per day, P less than 0.05), fecal bile acid excretion (415 versus 261 mg per day, P less than 0.05), bile acid pool size (3150 versus 1950 mg, P less than 0.05), fasting plasma cholesterol (193 versus 160 mg per deciliter, P less than 0.05) and plasma triglycerides (251 versus 150 mg per deciliter, P less than 0.05) were higher during uncontrolled hyperglycemia than during relative euglycemia on insulin. The increased plasma lipid levels and total cholesterol synthesis during hyperglycemia may contribute to the acceleration of atherosclerosis in diabetes mellitus. Gallbladder bile was significantly more saturated with cholesterol (181 per cent versus 114 per cent, P less than 0.05) during insulin treatment than during uncontrolled hyperglycemia. Bile lipid composition was thus more favorable to cholesterol precipitation and gallstone formation during insulin treatment than in the untreated diabetic state."}
{"id": "PMID:870828", "title": "Nucleotide sequence of bacteriophage phi X174 DNA.", "content": "A DNA sequence for the genome of bacteriophage phi X174 of approximately 5,375 nucleotides has been determined using the rapid and simple 'plus and minus' method. The sequence identifies many of the features responsible for the production of the proteins of the nine known genes of the organism, including initiation and termination sites for the proteins and RNAs. Two pairs of genes are coded by the same region of DNA using different reading frames.", "contents": "Nucleotide sequence of bacteriophage phi X174 DNA. A DNA sequence for the genome of bacteriophage phi X174 of approximately 5,375 nucleotides has been determined using the rapid and simple 'plus and minus' method. The sequence identifies many of the features responsible for the production of the proteins of the nine known genes of the organism, including initiation and termination sites for the proteins and RNAs. Two pairs of genes are coded by the same region of DNA using different reading frames."}
{"id": "PMID:870829", "title": "DNA sequences coding for the H2B histone of Psammechinus miliaris.", "content": "Starting from restriction enzyme cleavage sites of known topologies the DNA sequences coding for two thirds of the H2B histone protein, together with some 3 inch extracistronic sequences, have been determined for the sea urchin Psammechinus miliaris. This unambiguously identifies this gene and further reveals its 5 inch-3inch polarity and accurate map position in a cloned histone DNA repeat unit.", "contents": "DNA sequences coding for the H2B histone of Psammechinus miliaris. Starting from restriction enzyme cleavage sites of known topologies the DNA sequences coding for two thirds of the H2B histone protein, together with some 3 inch extracistronic sequences, have been determined for the sea urchin Psammechinus miliaris. This unambiguously identifies this gene and further reveals its 5 inch-3inch polarity and accurate map position in a cloned histone DNA repeat unit."}
{"id": "PMID:870830", "title": "Is dopamine a neurohormone of the adrenal medulla?  Studies with morphine stimulation.", "content": "Dopamine (da) concentrations in rat adrenals, plasma and brain were variably elevated 1 h after a large parenteral dose of morphine. In adrenals, unlabelled DA increased 2-fold and labelled DA, synthesized from 3H-tyrosine, increased more than 4-fold. The increases could be prevented by inhibition of DA-synthesizing enzymes and spinal cord transection, respectively. Labelled DA in plasma increased 2.7-fold after morphine in intact rats but did not increase in those with spinal cord transection. It is concluded that: (1) morphine stimulates the adrenal by increasing nerve impulse flow, (2) increased nerve impulse flow increases DA synthesis and levels, and (3) the increased DA levels result in increased release of DA into the bloodstream.", "contents": "Is dopamine a neurohormone of the adrenal medulla?  Studies with morphine stimulation. Dopamine (da) concentrations in rat adrenals, plasma and brain were variably elevated 1 h after a large parenteral dose of morphine. In adrenals, unlabelled DA increased 2-fold and labelled DA, synthesized from 3H-tyrosine, increased more than 4-fold. The increases could be prevented by inhibition of DA-synthesizing enzymes and spinal cord transection, respectively. Labelled DA in plasma increased 2.7-fold after morphine in intact rats but did not increase in those with spinal cord transection. It is concluded that: (1) morphine stimulates the adrenal by increasing nerve impulse flow, (2) increased nerve impulse flow increases DA synthesis and levels, and (3) the increased DA levels result in increased release of DA into the bloodstream."}
{"id": "PMID:870831", "title": "Effects of peripheral and local administration of picrotoxin on the release of newly synthesized 3H-dopamine in the caudate nucleus of the cat.", "content": "The release of 3H-DA was estimated in superfusates of a superfusion cannula introduced into the caudate nucleus of \"enc\u00e9phale isol\u00e9\" cats. 3H-DA was continuously formed from L-3,5-3H-tyrosine introduced into the superfusion medium. Injected at the periphery, picrotoxin (2.5 mg/kg, i.p.) markedly enhanced the release of 3H-DA, the effect being particularly pronounced 90 min after the drug injection. The effects of the local introduction of picrotoxin into the substantia nigra and into the caudate nucleus on 3H-DA release were also examined to ensure the specificity of the result. Picrotoxin (10(5) M) added into the superfusing medium of a second superfusion cannula introduced in to the substantia nigra enhanced by 2 to 5 times the release of 3H-DA during the drug application. No effect could be seen when the tip of the superfusion cannula was not exactly localized into the substantia nigra. Although less pronounced, a stimulation of 3H-DA release was also seen when picrotoxin(10(6) M) was added directly into the superfusion medium of the cannula introduced into the caudate nucleus. These results suggest that some gabaergic neurons are involved in the control of DA release by acting on dopaminergic cell bodies or dendrites into the substantia nigra. Other gabaergic neurons may directly or indirectly act on dopaminergic terminals within the caudate nucleus.", "contents": "Effects of peripheral and local administration of picrotoxin on the release of newly synthesized 3H-dopamine in the caudate nucleus of the cat. The release of 3H-DA was estimated in superfusates of a superfusion cannula introduced into the caudate nucleus of \"enc\u00e9phale isol\u00e9\" cats. 3H-DA was continuously formed from L-3,5-3H-tyrosine introduced into the superfusion medium. Injected at the periphery, picrotoxin (2.5 mg/kg, i.p.) markedly enhanced the release of 3H-DA, the effect being particularly pronounced 90 min after the drug injection. The effects of the local introduction of picrotoxin into the substantia nigra and into the caudate nucleus on 3H-DA release were also examined to ensure the specificity of the result. Picrotoxin (10(5) M) added into the superfusing medium of a second superfusion cannula introduced in to the substantia nigra enhanced by 2 to 5 times the release of 3H-DA during the drug application. No effect could be seen when the tip of the superfusion cannula was not exactly localized into the substantia nigra. Although less pronounced, a stimulation of 3H-DA release was also seen when picrotoxin(10(6) M) was added directly into the superfusion medium of the cannula introduced into the caudate nucleus. These results suggest that some gabaergic neurons are involved in the control of DA release by acting on dopaminergic cell bodies or dendrites into the substantia nigra. Other gabaergic neurons may directly or indirectly act on dopaminergic terminals within the caudate nucleus."}
{"id": "PMID:870832", "title": "Convulsions induced by hyperbaric oxygen: inhibition by phenobarbital, diazepam and baclofen.", "content": "1. The anticonvulsive potencies of diazepam, phenobarbital and baclofen against convulsions induced by oxygen under high pressure (OHP), by isoniazid and by strychnine were investigated in mice and rats. 2. The anticonvulsive potency of diazepam was much higher than that of phenobarbital and baclofen against all three types of convulsions. 3. The selective activity of diazepam against isoniazid induced convulsions in rats (dose ratio ED50 phenobarbital/ED50 diazepam: 400) could not be confirmed in mice (dose ratio ED50 phenobarbital/ED50 diazepam: 20-40), where diazepam was equipotent against all three types of convulsions. 4. Baclofen which does not inhibit strychnine induced convulsions was equipotent in inhibiting convulsions evoked by isoniazid and OHP in mice. 5. The results are in agreement with the postulated GABA-inhibitory mechanism of OHP induced convulsions, whereas they make a glycine inhibitory mechanism very unlikely. Although the results do not allow further conclusions about the mode of action of diazepam, a clinical trial of diazepam in OHP-induced convulsions should be considered.", "contents": "Convulsions induced by hyperbaric oxygen: inhibition by phenobarbital, diazepam and baclofen. 1. The anticonvulsive potencies of diazepam, phenobarbital and baclofen against convulsions induced by oxygen under high pressure (OHP), by isoniazid and by strychnine were investigated in mice and rats. 2. The anticonvulsive potency of diazepam was much higher than that of phenobarbital and baclofen against all three types of convulsions. 3. The selective activity of diazepam against isoniazid induced convulsions in rats (dose ratio ED50 phenobarbital/ED50 diazepam: 400) could not be confirmed in mice (dose ratio ED50 phenobarbital/ED50 diazepam: 20-40), where diazepam was equipotent against all three types of convulsions. 4. Baclofen which does not inhibit strychnine induced convulsions was equipotent in inhibiting convulsions evoked by isoniazid and OHP in mice. 5. The results are in agreement with the postulated GABA-inhibitory mechanism of OHP induced convulsions, whereas they make a glycine inhibitory mechanism very unlikely. Although the results do not allow further conclusions about the mode of action of diazepam, a clinical trial of diazepam in OHP-induced convulsions should be considered."}
{"id": "PMID:870833", "title": "Distribution pharmacokinetics of warfarin in the rat, a non-linear multicompartment model.", "content": "Preliminary analysis and linear two-compartment solutions of warfarin plasma concentrations recorded in the rat after intravenous bolus injections of 1, 2, 8 and 40 mg/kg of sodium warfarin revealed marked non-linearities. The half-life of total warfarin concentration in the plasma from 1-12h remained unchanged with all the doses used, but that of free warfarin was shorter with 40 mg/kg, possibly as the result of an increase in the binding of the drug to plasma proteins as the high total warfarin concentration decreased. The apparent volume of distribution generally increased with increasing dose, and differed according to the method used for its calculation.  Liver warfarin data could be solved with Langmuir type saturation kinetics, but the saturation phenomena were slight in the concentration range studied. A non-linear multicompartment model was constructed, the physiological spaces of which were plasma, interstitial fluid and tissue. The binding of free warfarin to plasma proteins, interstitial fluid proteins and tissue structures was assumed to occur instantaneously, with saturable binding to plasma and interstitial fluid proteins, and a constant binding to tissues. The fluxes between the free warfarin pools of plasma and interstitial fluid as well as elimination were assumed to be linear. Following parameters were simulated simultaneously, using an analog hybrid computer: two for the above-mentioned fluxes, four for zero time drug mass distribution between plasma and interstitial fluid, and one for tissue binding. According to the best fits, warfarin is preferentially distributed into plasma, interstitial fluid and highly perfused tissues. The solution suggests that non-linearities in the pharmacokinetics of warfarin, a highly plasma protein-bound drug, first occur in plasma and interstitial fluid. Therefore, it is believed that the quantitative non-linear multicompartment approach presented in this paper might be useful in studying the kinetic behaviour of other highly plasma protein-bound drugs, too.", "contents": "Distribution pharmacokinetics of warfarin in the rat, a non-linear multicompartment model. Preliminary analysis and linear two-compartment solutions of warfarin plasma concentrations recorded in the rat after intravenous bolus injections of 1, 2, 8 and 40 mg/kg of sodium warfarin revealed marked non-linearities. The half-life of total warfarin concentration in the plasma from 1-12h remained unchanged with all the doses used, but that of free warfarin was shorter with 40 mg/kg, possibly as the result of an increase in the binding of the drug to plasma proteins as the high total warfarin concentration decreased. The apparent volume of distribution generally increased with increasing dose, and differed according to the method used for its calculation.  Liver warfarin data could be solved with Langmuir type saturation kinetics, but the saturation phenomena were slight in the concentration range studied. A non-linear multicompartment model was constructed, the physiological spaces of which were plasma, interstitial fluid and tissue. The binding of free warfarin to plasma proteins, interstitial fluid proteins and tissue structures was assumed to occur instantaneously, with saturable binding to plasma and interstitial fluid proteins, and a constant binding to tissues. The fluxes between the free warfarin pools of plasma and interstitial fluid as well as elimination were assumed to be linear. Following parameters were simulated simultaneously, using an analog hybrid computer: two for the above-mentioned fluxes, four for zero time drug mass distribution between plasma and interstitial fluid, and one for tissue binding. According to the best fits, warfarin is preferentially distributed into plasma, interstitial fluid and highly perfused tissues. The solution suggests that non-linearities in the pharmacokinetics of warfarin, a highly plasma protein-bound drug, first occur in plasma and interstitial fluid. Therefore, it is believed that the quantitative non-linear multicompartment approach presented in this paper might be useful in studying the kinetic behaviour of other highly plasma protein-bound drugs, too."}
{"id": "PMID:870834", "title": "Effects of polymer-linked sulfonylurea derivatives on insulin release.", "content": "In order to elucidate whether polymerlinked sulfonylurea derivatives may serve as tools to locate the sulfonylurea receptor site, an easily detectable sulfonylurea was synthetized and coupled to cyanogen-bromide activated dextran. The conjugate proved to be unstable and to release sufficient amounts of free agent to explain its insulinotropic activity. Based on these findings previous results claiming that dextran-linked sulfonylureas retain biological activity may be questioned. A stable conjugate was obtained when the acrylyl derivative of the sulfonylurea was co-polymerized with acrylamide. Both a high (greater than 50000) and a low (1500) molecular weight fraction of this conjugate failed to stimulate insulin release from the perfused rat pancreas, questioning the ability of macromolecular conjugates to combine with the sulfonylurea receptor site.", "contents": "Effects of polymer-linked sulfonylurea derivatives on insulin release. In order to elucidate whether polymerlinked sulfonylurea derivatives may serve as tools to locate the sulfonylurea receptor site, an easily detectable sulfonylurea was synthetized and coupled to cyanogen-bromide activated dextran. The conjugate proved to be unstable and to release sufficient amounts of free agent to explain its insulinotropic activity. Based on these findings previous results claiming that dextran-linked sulfonylureas retain biological activity may be questioned. A stable conjugate was obtained when the acrylyl derivative of the sulfonylurea was co-polymerized with acrylamide. Both a high (greater than 50000) and a low (1500) molecular weight fraction of this conjugate failed to stimulate insulin release from the perfused rat pancreas, questioning the ability of macromolecular conjugates to combine with the sulfonylurea receptor site."}
{"id": "PMID:870835", "title": "The effect of clonidine on gastric acid secretion in rats and dogs.", "content": "The effect of clonidine on gastric acid secretion was investigated using rats and dogs. In the stomach lumen perfused rat basal gastric acid secretion was increased by clonidine in the anaesthetized rat but inhibited in the conscious animal. Clonidine also reduced the basal gastric acid secretion in rats with chronic gastric fistula, (ED50 12 microng/kg p.O.). In addition, gastric secretion stimulated by insulin hypoglycaemia was inhibited by clonidine in anaesthetized stomach lumen perfused rats and in conscious dogs with gastric fistula. In the rat gastric secretion stimulated by electrical vagus stimulation was inhibited as well. However, clonidine had no effect on the gastric acid secretion stimulated by carbachol in stomach lumen perfused rats and in dogs with denervated fundic pouch. These results suggest that the inhibition of gastric acid secretion by clonidine probably is due to an inhibition of acetylcholine release at the vagus nerve endings. Additional central gastric antisecretory effects can, however, not be excluded by this study.", "contents": "The effect of clonidine on gastric acid secretion in rats and dogs. The effect of clonidine on gastric acid secretion was investigated using rats and dogs. In the stomach lumen perfused rat basal gastric acid secretion was increased by clonidine in the anaesthetized rat but inhibited in the conscious animal. Clonidine also reduced the basal gastric acid secretion in rats with chronic gastric fistula, (ED50 12 microng/kg p.O.). In addition, gastric secretion stimulated by insulin hypoglycaemia was inhibited by clonidine in anaesthetized stomach lumen perfused rats and in conscious dogs with gastric fistula. In the rat gastric secretion stimulated by electrical vagus stimulation was inhibited as well. However, clonidine had no effect on the gastric acid secretion stimulated by carbachol in stomach lumen perfused rats and in dogs with denervated fundic pouch. These results suggest that the inhibition of gastric acid secretion by clonidine probably is due to an inhibition of acetylcholine release at the vagus nerve endings. Additional central gastric antisecretory effects can, however, not be excluded by this study."}
{"id": "PMID:870836", "title": "Influence of prostaglandins on connective tissue cell growth and function.", "content": "Prostaglandins (PGs) are synthesized by cultured fibroblasts. PGs regulate specific cellular functions by influencing cyclic nucleotide levels. PGE1 increases cAMP levels, thus enhancing glycosaminoglycan (GAG) synthesis and reducing proliferation. Exogenous cyclic nucleotides, on the other hand, affect PG formation. Glucocorticoids (GCs) decrease cAMP content, GAG synthesis and PG formation in fibroblasts, the latter effect occurring only after prolonged incubations. The decrease in endogenous PG levels causes a sensitization of the cells to exogenous PGE1, thus counteracting the initial inhibitory effect of GCs on cAMP content and GAG synthesis. Cell proliferation shows an inverse relationship to PG-induced changes in cAMP levels.", "contents": "Influence of prostaglandins on connective tissue cell growth and function. Prostaglandins (PGs) are synthesized by cultured fibroblasts. PGs regulate specific cellular functions by influencing cyclic nucleotide levels. PGE1 increases cAMP levels, thus enhancing glycosaminoglycan (GAG) synthesis and reducing proliferation. Exogenous cyclic nucleotides, on the other hand, affect PG formation. Glucocorticoids (GCs) decrease cAMP content, GAG synthesis and PG formation in fibroblasts, the latter effect occurring only after prolonged incubations. The decrease in endogenous PG levels causes a sensitization of the cells to exogenous PGE1, thus counteracting the initial inhibitory effect of GCs on cAMP content and GAG synthesis. Cell proliferation shows an inverse relationship to PG-induced changes in cAMP levels."}
{"id": "PMID:870837", "title": "Participation of prostaglandins in pathogenesis of aspirin-sensitive asthma.", "content": "Recent evidence suggests that the induction of bronchoconstriction in aspirin-sensitive patients by analgesics is due to the inhibition of PG biosynthesis in their respiratory tract. PGEs might play the main defensive role in the bronchi of aspirin-sensitive asthmatics. Removal of this potent bronchodilator by PG synthetase inhibitors leaves the effects of spasmogens unopposed, and possibly promotes the release of histamine from its stores.", "contents": "Participation of prostaglandins in pathogenesis of aspirin-sensitive asthma. Recent evidence suggests that the induction of bronchoconstriction in aspirin-sensitive patients by analgesics is due to the inhibition of PG biosynthesis in their respiratory tract. PGEs might play the main defensive role in the bronchi of aspirin-sensitive asthmatics. Removal of this potent bronchodilator by PG synthetase inhibitors leaves the effects of spasmogens unopposed, and possibly promotes the release of histamine from its stores."}
{"id": "PMID:870838", "title": "[Transformation of an afferent tactile signal into a motor command in the cat motor cortex].", "content": "The activity of 112 units of the cat precruciate motor cortex was studied simultaneously with the performance of a placing reaction of the foreleg to tactile stimulation of its distal parts. The response latency to the tactile stimulation of the foreleg was 30-40 ms for the electromyographic response of m. biceps brachii and 20 +/- 10 ms for the earliest-responses of the motor cortical neurons. The electrical reaction of m. biceps brachii occured 5-10 ms after the termination of the electrical stimulation of the cortex by a puls series (the series duration was 25 ms, the pulse duration 0.2 ms, frequency 400 per s). Two different types of excitatory reactions of the motor cortex units were found: the sensory (s) ones occured at each tactile stimulus and did not depend on the presence or absence of the foreleg motion; the motor (m) type of reactions developed simultaneously with the motor placing reaction of the foreleg only. The minimal latency of cortical m- and s-type discharge was 20 +/- 10 ms. Electrical stimulation (5-25 micronA) through the microelectrode placed in the locus of neuronal activity which increased during active flexion of the foreleg, provoked in 70% of cases the electrical response in m. biceps brachii.", "contents": "[Transformation of an afferent tactile signal into a motor command in the cat motor cortex]. The activity of 112 units of the cat precruciate motor cortex was studied simultaneously with the performance of a placing reaction of the foreleg to tactile stimulation of its distal parts. The response latency to the tactile stimulation of the foreleg was 30-40 ms for the electromyographic response of m. biceps brachii and 20 +/- 10 ms for the earliest-responses of the motor cortical neurons. The electrical reaction of m. biceps brachii occured 5-10 ms after the termination of the electrical stimulation of the cortex by a puls series (the series duration was 25 ms, the pulse duration 0.2 ms, frequency 400 per s). Two different types of excitatory reactions of the motor cortex units were found: the sensory (s) ones occured at each tactile stimulus and did not depend on the presence or absence of the foreleg motion; the motor (m) type of reactions developed simultaneously with the motor placing reaction of the foreleg only. The minimal latency of cortical m- and s-type discharge was 20 +/- 10 ms. Electrical stimulation (5-25 micronA) through the microelectrode placed in the locus of neuronal activity which increased during active flexion of the foreleg, provoked in 70% of cases the electrical response in m. biceps brachii."}
{"id": "PMID:870839", "title": "[\"Minimal\" focal potentials of the hippocampus and their post-tetanic alteration].", "content": "The work was aimed at recording in the hippocampus of unanesthetized rabbits changes in the EEG evoked by a single afferent spike. Extracellular focal activity was summarized by a computer triggered by spontaneous single unit discharges from a contralateral homotopic hippocampal point. No stable signal was revealed consistent with characteristics of EEG evoked by a unit discharge. Discharges of presumed Shafter collaterals were recorded at CA1 in two cases. After summation of focal activity recorded by the same microelectrode negative of 40-60 micronV amplitude were seen when the computer was triggered by these discharges. Such waves are supposed to be evoked by single spikes. Evoked potentials were recorded at the level of Shaffer collaterals (CA1) and mossy fibres (CA3) layers. In most cases the dependence of the evoked potential amplitudes on the current strength was not smooth but stepwise at nearthreshold stimulation. \"Minimal\" evoked potentials corresponding to the first step (40-80 micronV) are supposed to be produced by impulses in a single afferent fibres. No long-lasting posttetanic potentiation of \"minimal\" evoked potentials produced by the Shaffer collateral synapses was found. \"Minimal\" evoked potentials after mossy fibres stimulation underwent prominent potentiation. These data are consistent with the hypothesis of synaptic localization of the mechanisms of the long-lasting hippocampal posttetanic potentiation.", "contents": "[\"Minimal\" focal potentials of the hippocampus and their post-tetanic alteration]. The work was aimed at recording in the hippocampus of unanesthetized rabbits changes in the EEG evoked by a single afferent spike. Extracellular focal activity was summarized by a computer triggered by spontaneous single unit discharges from a contralateral homotopic hippocampal point. No stable signal was revealed consistent with characteristics of EEG evoked by a unit discharge. Discharges of presumed Shafter collaterals were recorded at CA1 in two cases. After summation of focal activity recorded by the same microelectrode negative of 40-60 micronV amplitude were seen when the computer was triggered by these discharges. Such waves are supposed to be evoked by single spikes. Evoked potentials were recorded at the level of Shaffer collaterals (CA1) and mossy fibres (CA3) layers. In most cases the dependence of the evoked potential amplitudes on the current strength was not smooth but stepwise at nearthreshold stimulation. \"Minimal\" evoked potentials corresponding to the first step (40-80 micronV) are supposed to be produced by impulses in a single afferent fibres. No long-lasting posttetanic potentiation of \"minimal\" evoked potentials produced by the Shaffer collateral synapses was found. \"Minimal\" evoked potentials after mossy fibres stimulation underwent prominent potentiation. These data are consistent with the hypothesis of synaptic localization of the mechanisms of the long-lasting hippocampal posttetanic potentiation."}
{"id": "PMID:870840", "title": "[Different forms of potentials discharged by caudate nucleus neurons].", "content": "Background and evoked activities of the caudate neurons were recorded extracellularly in acute experiments on cats. Different forms of potentials were observed in background and evoked activity. They could be divided into three types: (a) simple full size action potentials; (b) prepotentials characterized by smaller amplitudes and slower decrement; (c) complex discharges consisting of simple potentials of smaller amplitude accompanied by slow positive-negative waves. Prepotentials were observed in background activity separately or as components of full size spikes. Frequency range of complex discharges was 0.5-1 per s. Prepotentials and full size potentials were arrested by slow waves of the complex discharges. The observations are discussed with regard to the origin of diverse forms of the potentials in the caudate nucleus neurons and compared to those made on the cerebellar Purkinje cells.", "contents": "[Different forms of potentials discharged by caudate nucleus neurons]. Background and evoked activities of the caudate neurons were recorded extracellularly in acute experiments on cats. Different forms of potentials were observed in background and evoked activity. They could be divided into three types: (a) simple full size action potentials; (b) prepotentials characterized by smaller amplitudes and slower decrement; (c) complex discharges consisting of simple potentials of smaller amplitude accompanied by slow positive-negative waves. Prepotentials were observed in background activity separately or as components of full size spikes. Frequency range of complex discharges was 0.5-1 per s. Prepotentials and full size potentials were arrested by slow waves of the complex discharges. The observations are discussed with regard to the origin of diverse forms of the potentials in the caudate nucleus neurons and compared to those made on the cerebellar Purkinje cells."}
{"id": "PMID:870841", "title": "[Functional relationships between the midbrain tegmentum and the supraoptico-hypophyseal neurosecretory system of the white rat hypothalamus].", "content": "Bilateral electrolytic destruction of the paramedian midbrain caudal tegmentum caused the appearance in the internal part of the hypothalamic supraoptic nucleus of neurosecretory cells with low functional activity and degenerating forms (dark-stained and pycnomorphic cells); in the posterior hypophysis the destructed gigantic terminal varicosities (Herring bodies) were revealed; the posterior hypophysis contained a subnormal amount of neurosecret; the vasopressin-antidiuretic hormone level in blood plasma was reduced. Painful stimulation of animals with the destructed midbrain tegmentum revealed the functional insufficiency of the supraoptic hypophyseal neurosecretory system (SHNS). The results obtained permit considering that the paramedian midbrain tegmentum exerts a modulating influence upon the SHNS function during stress.", "contents": "[Functional relationships between the midbrain tegmentum and the supraoptico-hypophyseal neurosecretory system of the white rat hypothalamus]. Bilateral electrolytic destruction of the paramedian midbrain caudal tegmentum caused the appearance in the internal part of the hypothalamic supraoptic nucleus of neurosecretory cells with low functional activity and degenerating forms (dark-stained and pycnomorphic cells); in the posterior hypophysis the destructed gigantic terminal varicosities (Herring bodies) were revealed; the posterior hypophysis contained a subnormal amount of neurosecret; the vasopressin-antidiuretic hormone level in blood plasma was reduced. Painful stimulation of animals with the destructed midbrain tegmentum revealed the functional insufficiency of the supraoptic hypophyseal neurosecretory system (SHNS). The results obtained permit considering that the paramedian midbrain tegmentum exerts a modulating influence upon the SHNS function during stress."}
{"id": "PMID:870842", "title": "[Cooperative forms of activity of the granular and Purkinje cells in the frog cerebellar cortex].", "content": "The method of multimicroelectrode recording of impulse activity from 2 or more neurons with subsequent statistical analysis was used to study spatial and time characteristics of functional relations between granular and Purkinje cells in the frog cerebellar cortex. It was found that under the influence of both mono- and polymodal afferent stimulation the excited granular and Purkinje cells organize themselves into cooperating groups, elementary ensembles 200-300 and 300-400 micronm in size, respectively. Elementary ensembles of these cells are considered as parts of functional blocks which provide information processing in the frog cerebellar cortex. Some of their properties are studied related to the cooperative principle of their organization and activity.", "contents": "[Cooperative forms of activity of the granular and Purkinje cells in the frog cerebellar cortex]. The method of multimicroelectrode recording of impulse activity from 2 or more neurons with subsequent statistical analysis was used to study spatial and time characteristics of functional relations between granular and Purkinje cells in the frog cerebellar cortex. It was found that under the influence of both mono- and polymodal afferent stimulation the excited granular and Purkinje cells organize themselves into cooperating groups, elementary ensembles 200-300 and 300-400 micronm in size, respectively. Elementary ensembles of these cells are considered as parts of functional blocks which provide information processing in the frog cerebellar cortex. Some of their properties are studied related to the cooperative principle of their organization and activity."}
{"id": "PMID:870843", "title": "[Synaptic organization of supraspinal control of the propriospinal neurons of the ventral horn of the cat and monkey spinal cord].", "content": "In experiments carried out on cats and monkeys synaptic actions evoked in propriospinal interneurons of the upper lumbar segments by reticulo-, vestibulo- and cortico-spinal volleys were investigated by means of intra- and extracellular recording. Propriospinal interneurons identified by antidromic invasion from the fibres of the ventrolateral funiculi were located in different zones of the ventral horn of the upper lumbar segments. In cats a monosynaptic effect could be evoked by a vestibulo- and reticulo-spinal volley. In monkeys monosynaptic brain-stem-propriospinal actions are complemented by cortico-propriospinal monosynaptic connections. The convergence of monosynaptic effects from different supraspinal sources was shown.", "contents": "[Synaptic organization of supraspinal control of the propriospinal neurons of the ventral horn of the cat and monkey spinal cord]. In experiments carried out on cats and monkeys synaptic actions evoked in propriospinal interneurons of the upper lumbar segments by reticulo-, vestibulo- and cortico-spinal volleys were investigated by means of intra- and extracellular recording. Propriospinal interneurons identified by antidromic invasion from the fibres of the ventrolateral funiculi were located in different zones of the ventral horn of the upper lumbar segments. In cats a monosynaptic effect could be evoked by a vestibulo- and reticulo-spinal volley. In monkeys monosynaptic brain-stem-propriospinal actions are complemented by cortico-propriospinal monosynaptic connections. The convergence of monosynaptic effects from different supraspinal sources was shown."}
{"id": "PMID:870844", "title": "G-6-PD activity of the red cells in chronic renal failure.", "content": "The G-6-PD activity of erythrocytes was studied in 75 patients with chronic renal failure and 74 normal subjects. The mean value of G-6-PD was higher in the chronic renal failure group and the difference was highly significant. During haemodialysis the G-6-PD activity did not return to normal but was further elevated, though the increase was not statistically significant. A highly significant negative correlation was found between red cell G-6-PD and haematocrit. After separation of the red cells according to age by centrifugation, G-6-PD was highest in the top (young cells) and lowest in the bottom (old) cells, both in normals and uraemic patients. The enzyme activity was higher at all levels in the uraemic subjects, significantly in the top and middle layers. Although our findings may be due to an increased proportion of young erythrocytes in uraemia there are objections to this explanation; the alternative possibility of a life-long metabolic abnormality in uraemic red cells deserves careful consideration.", "contents": "G-6-PD activity of the red cells in chronic renal failure. The G-6-PD activity of erythrocytes was studied in 75 patients with chronic renal failure and 74 normal subjects. The mean value of G-6-PD was higher in the chronic renal failure group and the difference was highly significant. During haemodialysis the G-6-PD activity did not return to normal but was further elevated, though the increase was not statistically significant. A highly significant negative correlation was found between red cell G-6-PD and haematocrit. After separation of the red cells according to age by centrifugation, G-6-PD was highest in the top (young cells) and lowest in the bottom (old) cells, both in normals and uraemic patients. The enzyme activity was higher at all levels in the uraemic subjects, significantly in the top and middle layers. Although our findings may be due to an increased proportion of young erythrocytes in uraemia there are objections to this explanation; the alternative possibility of a life-long metabolic abnormality in uraemic red cells deserves careful consideration."}
{"id": "PMID:870845", "title": "Gentamicin gradient patterns and morphological changes in human kidneys.", "content": "The gentamicin gradient pattern was studied in ten autopsied patients who expired during gentamicin therapy. Although two of the patients had acute renal failure, none was thought to have gentamicin-related nephrotoxicity. Gentamicin concentrations in cortex significantly exceeded those in medulla or serum (p less than 0.05 and p less than 0.01, respectively). No correlation was found between the cortical concentrations and the total drug dose, the time interval between the last injection and death, or the plasma creatinine concentrations in this heterogeneous group of patients. In addition, two specimens were suitable for electron microscopy which displayed cytosegrosomes and myeloid bodies previously noted in experimental animals. We conclude that gentamicin forms a gradient pattern in human kidney similar to that described in experimental animals. Furthermore, it evokes similar morphological changes.", "contents": "Gentamicin gradient patterns and morphological changes in human kidneys. The gentamicin gradient pattern was studied in ten autopsied patients who expired during gentamicin therapy. Although two of the patients had acute renal failure, none was thought to have gentamicin-related nephrotoxicity. Gentamicin concentrations in cortex significantly exceeded those in medulla or serum (p less than 0.05 and p less than 0.01, respectively). No correlation was found between the cortical concentrations and the total drug dose, the time interval between the last injection and death, or the plasma creatinine concentrations in this heterogeneous group of patients. In addition, two specimens were suitable for electron microscopy which displayed cytosegrosomes and myeloid bodies previously noted in experimental animals. We conclude that gentamicin forms a gradient pattern in human kidney similar to that described in experimental animals. Furthermore, it evokes similar morphological changes."}
{"id": "PMID:870846", "title": "Diffuse necrosis of the renal medulla in an infant.", "content": "A case of diffuse and bilateral necrosis of the renal medulla in an infant aged 2-1/2 months is reported. The possible causes of such severe lesion are discussed. Gastroenteritis, hypotensive state and use of a nephrotoxic drug (gentamicin) are considered to be important pathogenetical factors acting simultaneously in this patient.", "contents": "Diffuse necrosis of the renal medulla in an infant. A case of diffuse and bilateral necrosis of the renal medulla in an infant aged 2-1/2 months is reported. The possible causes of such severe lesion are discussed. Gastroenteritis, hypotensive state and use of a nephrotoxic drug (gentamicin) are considered to be important pathogenetical factors acting simultaneously in this patient."}
{"id": "PMID:870847", "title": "[Behavior of lactate dehydrogenase in typhoid infection].", "content": "The study of LDH in typhoid infection showed that its increases sharply and constantly in the first week of the disease before falling and returning to normal in the fourth week and later. The increase of LDH in the circulation depends above all on cell necrosis in intestinal lymphatic tissue, which is particularly marked at the beginning of the disease. In other salmonellosis conditions, variations are less evident and significant.", "contents": "[Behavior of lactate dehydrogenase in typhoid infection]. The study of LDH in typhoid infection showed that its increases sharply and constantly in the first week of the disease before falling and returning to normal in the fourth week and later. The increase of LDH in the circulation depends above all on cell necrosis in intestinal lymphatic tissue, which is particularly marked at the beginning of the disease. In other salmonellosis conditions, variations are less evident and significant."}
{"id": "PMID:870848", "title": "[Bronchofibroscopic and bronchographic aspects of the senile bronchus].", "content": "A comparison is made between the bronchofibroscopic and bronchographic pictures observed in aged volunteers with healthy lungs and bronchi. The main finding was of simple atrophy of varying type and degree (more or less marked, diffuse or local), mainly affecting the large bronchi. Age and the extent and magnitude of the alterations were not related: marked atrophy was noted in presenile and slight atrophy in greatly aged subjects. Both types of atrophy may be treated as physiological, since they are presumably connected with differences in the incidence of various factors (diasthetic, constitutional, dysmetabolic, hormonal) and variously numerous microtrauma. The same picture was given by both types of examination, despite the wide differences between their methods.", "contents": "[Bronchofibroscopic and bronchographic aspects of the senile bronchus]. A comparison is made between the bronchofibroscopic and bronchographic pictures observed in aged volunteers with healthy lungs and bronchi. The main finding was of simple atrophy of varying type and degree (more or less marked, diffuse or local), mainly affecting the large bronchi. Age and the extent and magnitude of the alterations were not related: marked atrophy was noted in presenile and slight atrophy in greatly aged subjects. Both types of atrophy may be treated as physiological, since they are presumably connected with differences in the incidence of various factors (diasthetic, constitutional, dysmetabolic, hormonal) and variously numerous microtrauma. The same picture was given by both types of examination, despite the wide differences between their methods."}
{"id": "PMID:870849", "title": "[Clinical behavior and outcome of 213 cases of tubal sterility].", "content": "The problem of oviduct sterility is an important section in the enormous field of female sterility. Current diagnostic findings enable us to document oviduct obstructions arising following silent inflammatory processes in the adnexa. Of these, genito-pelvic TB is one of the most important aetiological agents of sterility. Medical therapy with hydrointubation alone and surgical treatment (salpingoplasty) are discussed. All cases of oviduct obstruction, including those subsequent ot episodes of genito-pelvic TB which had stabilized without serious endosalpingeal impairment, were treated surgically. The results obtained with the various salpingoplasty techniques were encouraging although the number of cases considered to be negative was increased by all the patients coming in from other regions that could not be followed up. Special attention was paid to peri- and postoperative treatment to prevent processes of adhesion invalidating recreated oviduct patency. Remembering the high percentage of stabilized genito-pelvic TB among operated patients there was absolutely no resort to the massive cortisone treatment used by other workers in the postoperative period.", "contents": "[Clinical behavior and outcome of 213 cases of tubal sterility]. The problem of oviduct sterility is an important section in the enormous field of female sterility. Current diagnostic findings enable us to document oviduct obstructions arising following silent inflammatory processes in the adnexa. Of these, genito-pelvic TB is one of the most important aetiological agents of sterility. Medical therapy with hydrointubation alone and surgical treatment (salpingoplasty) are discussed. All cases of oviduct obstruction, including those subsequent ot episodes of genito-pelvic TB which had stabilized without serious endosalpingeal impairment, were treated surgically. The results obtained with the various salpingoplasty techniques were encouraging although the number of cases considered to be negative was increased by all the patients coming in from other regions that could not be followed up. Special attention was paid to peri- and postoperative treatment to prevent processes of adhesion invalidating recreated oviduct patency. Remembering the high percentage of stabilized genito-pelvic TB among operated patients there was absolutely no resort to the massive cortisone treatment used by other workers in the postoperative period."}
{"id": "PMID:870850", "title": "[New prospects for hospital health assistance. Departmental structure and the emergency department in a provincial hospital].", "content": "The medical and social factors underlying the creation of the departmental structure of a hospital are examined, with particular reference to organisation modernity and, with respect to patient health, the multi-disciplinary set-up of the emergency department, whereby a variety of specialists can be summoned, as required, for the purpose of preliminary diagnosis and treatment immediately on admission. Diagnosis and hospital stay are also benefited by the presence of a continuous polyambulatorial and temporary admission service. Attention is also given to the possibilities and aims of extra-mural extension of departmental activities. Suggestions are made for an efficient, cheap and viable organic structure for emergency departments of the type described.", "contents": "[New prospects for hospital health assistance. Departmental structure and the emergency department in a provincial hospital]. The medical and social factors underlying the creation of the departmental structure of a hospital are examined, with particular reference to organisation modernity and, with respect to patient health, the multi-disciplinary set-up of the emergency department, whereby a variety of specialists can be summoned, as required, for the purpose of preliminary diagnosis and treatment immediately on admission. Diagnosis and hospital stay are also benefited by the presence of a continuous polyambulatorial and temporary admission service. Attention is also given to the possibilities and aims of extra-mural extension of departmental activities. Suggestions are made for an efficient, cheap and viable organic structure for emergency departments of the type described."}
{"id": "PMID:870851", "title": "[Some aspects of otovestibular function in hyperbaric saturation].", "content": "Otovestibular performance was investigated in divers undergoing air and helium-oxygen hyperbaric saturation cycles. The subjects were all very experienced deep-sea divers. Before cycles, they presented various signs of altered otovestibular performance. These were not altered when controlled subsequently. No conclusions can be drawn from this small series, though its heterogeneity lends some significance to the results and it has been presented on account of the lack of other studies of this question.", "contents": "[Some aspects of otovestibular function in hyperbaric saturation]. Otovestibular performance was investigated in divers undergoing air and helium-oxygen hyperbaric saturation cycles. The subjects were all very experienced deep-sea divers. Before cycles, they presented various signs of altered otovestibular performance. These were not altered when controlled subsequently. No conclusions can be drawn from this small series, though its heterogeneity lends some significance to the results and it has been presented on account of the lack of other studies of this question."}
{"id": "PMID:870852", "title": "[Possibilities and limitations of air travel].", "content": "The medical aspects of journeys by air are often of practical interest. They obviously depend on the constitution of each passenger. Their clinical picture varies considerably and may occassionally be severe. The incidence of such affections in civil aviation has not been determined, though experience shows that they are by no means rare. Evaluation of the harmful effects of flying must clearly take individual habits and histories must be taken into each account, since predisposing factors will lead to unusual features.", "contents": "[Possibilities and limitations of air travel]. The medical aspects of journeys by air are often of practical interest. They obviously depend on the constitution of each passenger. Their clinical picture varies considerably and may occassionally be severe. The incidence of such affections in civil aviation has not been determined, though experience shows that they are by no means rare. Evaluation of the harmful effects of flying must clearly take individual habits and histories must be taken into each account, since predisposing factors will lead to unusual features."}
{"id": "PMID:870853", "title": "[Air transport of pregnant women].", "content": "Note is taken of the fact that air travel is increasingly frequent on the part of persons of nearly all categories. The effect of hypoxia due to altitude on the body, especially during pregnancy, is considered. Particular attention is given to vasomotor activity, uterine contractility and anxiety. Flight in air-conditioned, pressurised cabins with reduced noise and vibration is recommended for pregnant women, following obstetric examination to see whether the history contraindicates travel by air. Elementary recommendations are made with respect to what should be done during the journey.", "contents": "[Air transport of pregnant women]. Note is taken of the fact that air travel is increasingly frequent on the part of persons of nearly all categories. The effect of hypoxia due to altitude on the body, especially during pregnancy, is considered. Particular attention is given to vasomotor activity, uterine contractility and anxiety. Flight in air-conditioned, pressurised cabins with reduced noise and vibration is recommended for pregnant women, following obstetric examination to see whether the history contraindicates travel by air. Elementary recommendations are made with respect to what should be done during the journey."}
{"id": "PMID:870854", "title": "[Thoracic injuries in the field of aviation medicine].", "content": "In civil and war traumatology, 33% of deaths are due to chest traumas although this involves only 25% of cases. Examination of the physiopathy clinical medicine and treatment of the various traumatic lesions of the chest and their complications shows that rapid transfer of such patients to suitable places of treatment following adequate first aid is indispensable. The use of fully equipped aircraft is thus vital. Transport criteria are dictated by the environment, first aid resources, meterorological conditions, cruising altitude, available equipment [an automatic respirator and aspirator are essential], the training of staff, and the conditions of the patient. Above all, however, the situation is a function of the handling of the patient on the ground in relation to the facilities available on board the craft. It can be stated in conclusion that aircraft in traumatology are the best way of saving lives, not only when the patient's chest is damaged.", "contents": "[Thoracic injuries in the field of aviation medicine]. In civil and war traumatology, 33% of deaths are due to chest traumas although this involves only 25% of cases. Examination of the physiopathy clinical medicine and treatment of the various traumatic lesions of the chest and their complications shows that rapid transfer of such patients to suitable places of treatment following adequate first aid is indispensable. The use of fully equipped aircraft is thus vital. Transport criteria are dictated by the environment, first aid resources, meterorological conditions, cruising altitude, available equipment [an automatic respirator and aspirator are essential], the training of staff, and the conditions of the patient. Above all, however, the situation is a function of the handling of the patient on the ground in relation to the facilities available on board the craft. It can be stated in conclusion that aircraft in traumatology are the best way of saving lives, not only when the patient's chest is damaged."}
{"id": "PMID:870855", "title": "[The diffusion of salmonellae. Study of a homogeneous sample of 1257 children under 3 years of age in day-nurseries of Rome].", "content": "With a view to examining the importance of healthy carriers in the diffusion of salmonellas, 1257 faeces cultures were examined in a homogeneous population sample, well distributed in the area and considered healthy. The research was carried out between 5th March and 16th June 1975. 5 pathogenic germs were isolated: 2 S. London, 1 S. Wien, 1 S. Blokey and 1 Shigella. The S. Wien proved resistant to several antibiotics. Discussing the technical and epidemiological aspects of this investigation, particularly in relation to the recent epidemic of S. Wien and to the increasing isolation of germs which present polychemoantiobioticoresistance, the importance of the health carrier is stressed along with the need to obtain an antibiogram before therapy to help eliminate germs resistance to several antibiodics.", "contents": "[The diffusion of salmonellae. Study of a homogeneous sample of 1257 children under 3 years of age in day-nurseries of Rome]. With a view to examining the importance of healthy carriers in the diffusion of salmonellas, 1257 faeces cultures were examined in a homogeneous population sample, well distributed in the area and considered healthy. The research was carried out between 5th March and 16th June 1975. 5 pathogenic germs were isolated: 2 S. London, 1 S. Wien, 1 S. Blokey and 1 Shigella. The S. Wien proved resistant to several antibiotics. Discussing the technical and epidemiological aspects of this investigation, particularly in relation to the recent epidemic of S. Wien and to the increasing isolation of germs which present polychemoantiobioticoresistance, the importance of the health carrier is stressed along with the need to obtain an antibiogram before therapy to help eliminate germs resistance to several antibiodics."}
{"id": "PMID:870856", "title": "[Use of deoxyribonuclease in the therapy of the neoplastic patient].", "content": "The anti-inflammatory actvity of desoxyribonuclease has been demonstrated on a number of occasions. It has been suggested that its particular features may mean that it possesses an antineoplastic action, especially if employed in asociation with radiation or chemotherapy. The drug, which depolymerises DNA, was administered for 15-60 days [ 1 million U. on alternate days] over a period of 1 yr. in a series of 99 patients, with or without radiation or chemotherapy. No evidence of its antineoplastic activity was obtained, though the anti-inflammatory effect was distinctly observed. Quickly reversible signs of intolerance were noted in about 4% of the series.", "contents": "[Use of deoxyribonuclease in the therapy of the neoplastic patient]. The anti-inflammatory actvity of desoxyribonuclease has been demonstrated on a number of occasions. It has been suggested that its particular features may mean that it possesses an antineoplastic action, especially if employed in asociation with radiation or chemotherapy. The drug, which depolymerises DNA, was administered for 15-60 days [ 1 million U. on alternate days] over a period of 1 yr. in a series of 99 patients, with or without radiation or chemotherapy. No evidence of its antineoplastic activity was obtained, though the anti-inflammatory effect was distinctly observed. Quickly reversible signs of intolerance were noted in about 4% of the series."}
{"id": "PMID:870857", "title": "[Preliminary study on immunoglobulins G in the cerebrospinal fluid of neurological patients].", "content": "The preliminary data from a study of the cerebrospinal fluid IgG of 76 neurological patients are reported. The radial immunodiffusion method was employed. The absolute and percentage increase of IgG with respect to total proteins in the various diagnostic classes involved in the series was considered. The most significant increases were encountered in M.S., in neuropathies and radiculopathies and in tumor involving the subarachnoid spaces. The high percentage is, however, characteristic of M.S. The method is thus particularly useful in diagnosing M.S. and in differentiating it from other neurological diseases.", "contents": "[Preliminary study on immunoglobulins G in the cerebrospinal fluid of neurological patients]. The preliminary data from a study of the cerebrospinal fluid IgG of 76 neurological patients are reported. The radial immunodiffusion method was employed. The absolute and percentage increase of IgG with respect to total proteins in the various diagnostic classes involved in the series was considered. The most significant increases were encountered in M.S., in neuropathies and radiculopathies and in tumor involving the subarachnoid spaces. The high percentage is, however, characteristic of M.S. The method is thus particularly useful in diagnosing M.S. and in differentiating it from other neurological diseases."}
{"id": "PMID:870858", "title": "[Attempt to solve technical problems involved in the re-utilization of coil filters for hemodialysis].", "content": "The problem of the reutilization of coil filters in haemodialysis is discussed. The methodologies in current use are examined and the technical risks and inconveniences that limit any real economic advantage are pointed out. On the basis of these observations, a system of reutilization is proposed which does not call for any direct handling of the filter nor any special techniques for eliminating risks of transmitting infection, and cuts to the minimum extra work involving the use of hospital staff. The proposed equipment is illustrated in detail. It consists of a small accessory individual monitor which has opened the way to the concept of \"weekly dialyser\". Attention is called to the need for further research into the physiopathology of the regenerated membrane, particularly in relation to the type of filter, the number of reutilizations, and the behaviour of ultrafiltration and the various solutes.", "contents": "[Attempt to solve technical problems involved in the re-utilization of coil filters for hemodialysis]. The problem of the reutilization of coil filters in haemodialysis is discussed. The methodologies in current use are examined and the technical risks and inconveniences that limit any real economic advantage are pointed out. On the basis of these observations, a system of reutilization is proposed which does not call for any direct handling of the filter nor any special techniques for eliminating risks of transmitting infection, and cuts to the minimum extra work involving the use of hospital staff. The proposed equipment is illustrated in detail. It consists of a small accessory individual monitor which has opened the way to the concept of \"weekly dialyser\". Attention is called to the need for further research into the physiopathology of the regenerated membrane, particularly in relation to the type of filter, the number of reutilizations, and the behaviour of ultrafiltration and the various solutes."}
{"id": "PMID:870859", "title": "[Studies on the ultrafiltration in coil-type dialysers for recirculation].", "content": "Ultrafiltration in recirculating coil dialysers is discussed. The difficulty of determining the exact transmembrane pressure is stressed. The data normally available are insufficient and take no account of the direction of recirculation, which may be a determining factor. Input and output dialysing fluid pressure were measured in vitro and the respective ultrafiltration values were compared with those observed clinically. Calculation of the mean blood pressure in the dialyser circuit is examined. If determined from the simple arithmetical mean between the input and output pressure, this does not reflect the real situation inside the filter. It is thus unreliable when used to calculate the real transmembrane pressure, and hence the ultrafiltration.", "contents": "[Studies on the ultrafiltration in coil-type dialysers for recirculation]. Ultrafiltration in recirculating coil dialysers is discussed. The difficulty of determining the exact transmembrane pressure is stressed. The data normally available are insufficient and take no account of the direction of recirculation, which may be a determining factor. Input and output dialysing fluid pressure were measured in vitro and the respective ultrafiltration values were compared with those observed clinically. Calculation of the mean blood pressure in the dialyser circuit is examined. If determined from the simple arithmetical mean between the input and output pressure, this does not reflect the real situation inside the filter. It is thus unreliable when used to calculate the real transmembrane pressure, and hence the ultrafiltration."}
{"id": "PMID:870860", "title": "[Acrylic cement in the osteosynthesis of pathological fractures].", "content": "After outlining the problem of pathological fractures in patients suffering from malignant tumours, a recent acrylic cement osteosynthesis technique is presented. This makes immediate immobilization of the fracture possible, alleviation of pain and so early use of the fractured extremity. The personal series is illustrated and it is concluded that the technique also offers suitable prophylaxis when radiography of the skeleton points to osteolytic areas in which pathological fracture can be foreseen.", "contents": "[Acrylic cement in the osteosynthesis of pathological fractures]. After outlining the problem of pathological fractures in patients suffering from malignant tumours, a recent acrylic cement osteosynthesis technique is presented. This makes immediate immobilization of the fracture possible, alleviation of pain and so early use of the fractured extremity. The personal series is illustrated and it is concluded that the technique also offers suitable prophylaxis when radiography of the skeleton points to osteolytic areas in which pathological fracture can be foreseen."}
{"id": "PMID:870861", "title": "Secondary glaucoma due to inactive congenital syphilitic interstitial keratitis. (With 1 colour plate).", "content": "35 cases of secondary glaucoma due to congenital syphilitic interstitial keratitis have been surveyed. In four cases which had no opacities in the cornea, but with positive serologic reaction for syphilis, the characteristic goniscopical features such as peripheral anterior synechia, pigment deposits in the trabeculum, and irregularity of iris configuration as observed commonly in cases with inactive congenital interstitial syphilitic keratitis, were found. In the clinical course and goniscopical findings, they were divided into two types: one was the angle closure type with acute glaucomatous attack, and the other the wide open angle type with insidious course of the disease. The prognosis of this secondary glaucoma was very poor, although medical therapy was taken for the wide open angle type, and surgical therapy for the angle closure type. In the present study, the importance of gonioscopical examination, and careful attention to avoid the ufention to avoid the further formation of peripheral anterior synechia in the surgical procedure, was stressed for secondary glaucoma with congenital interstitial syphilitic keratitis.", "contents": "Secondary glaucoma due to inactive congenital syphilitic interstitial keratitis. (With 1 colour plate). 35 cases of secondary glaucoma due to congenital syphilitic interstitial keratitis have been surveyed. In four cases which had no opacities in the cornea, but with positive serologic reaction for syphilis, the characteristic goniscopical features such as peripheral anterior synechia, pigment deposits in the trabeculum, and irregularity of iris configuration as observed commonly in cases with inactive congenital interstitial syphilitic keratitis, were found. In the clinical course and goniscopical findings, they were divided into two types: one was the angle closure type with acute glaucomatous attack, and the other the wide open angle type with insidious course of the disease. The prognosis of this secondary glaucoma was very poor, although medical therapy was taken for the wide open angle type, and surgical therapy for the angle closure type. In the present study, the importance of gonioscopical examination, and careful attention to avoid the ufention to avoid the further formation of peripheral anterior synechia in the surgical procedure, was stressed for secondary glaucoma with congenital interstitial syphilitic keratitis."}
{"id": "PMID:870862", "title": "Fluorescein angiographic behaviour of iris masses.", "content": "28 cysts and tumours involving the iris are studied by means of fluorescein angiography of the anterior segment. Iris cysts usually showed abnormally dilated and tortuous feeding vessels, but only exceptionally did they leak fluorescein. Inflammatory masses presented massive dye leakage from both tumour-involved and distant iris vessels. Benign stromal masses showed normal angiograms or dye leakage limited to the tumour site. Benign pigmented lesions were angiographically always silent, whereas malignant melanomata showed moderate to heavy leakage from the tumour. This leakage occasionally extended to apparently uninvolved iris areas, specially to the pupillary margin. Exceptionally, a malignant melanoma of the iris was angiographically silent. It is concluded that iris angiography is a useful but not error-free method for the evaluation of iris masses.", "contents": "Fluorescein angiographic behaviour of iris masses. 28 cysts and tumours involving the iris are studied by means of fluorescein angiography of the anterior segment. Iris cysts usually showed abnormally dilated and tortuous feeding vessels, but only exceptionally did they leak fluorescein. Inflammatory masses presented massive dye leakage from both tumour-involved and distant iris vessels. Benign stromal masses showed normal angiograms or dye leakage limited to the tumour site. Benign pigmented lesions were angiographically always silent, whereas malignant melanomata showed moderate to heavy leakage from the tumour. This leakage occasionally extended to apparently uninvolved iris areas, specially to the pupillary margin. Exceptionally, a malignant melanoma of the iris was angiographically silent. It is concluded that iris angiography is a useful but not error-free method for the evaluation of iris masses."}
{"id": "PMID:870863", "title": "Ultrastructure of iris muscles in diabetes mellitus.", "content": "Fine structure of iris muscles from 16 iris specimens in patients with diabetes mellitus were investigated by electron microscopy, and the results were compared with those of 10 specimens of senile cataract eye without diabetes of the corresponding age groups. Significant ultrastructural changes were extensively found at the regions of the dilator, sphincter muscles and of the nerves endings adjacent to them. To cytoplasm of the muscle cells was partly occupied by membraneous structures with concentric lamellar appearance. Cytoplasmic vacuolations were noted in the muscle cells. An increased number of the lipid droplets associated with pigment granules in the cells was found in all diabetic iris specimens. These three kinds of pathological changes (lamellar structure, vacuole, and lipid droplet) increased depending on the duration as well as the control of the disease. Althought these findings were noted both in the sphincter and dilator muscles, the latter seemed to be more severely affected. Degenerative nerve endings containing lamellar membraneous structures were observed in a few moderate cases. Nerve fibers frequently diminished in diabetic patients, especially in severe cases with longer duration together with poorly controlled cases. These findings suggest that diabetes involves the iris muscle cells as well as the nerves, and these changes might be a reason to produce a pupillary abnormality.", "contents": "Ultrastructure of iris muscles in diabetes mellitus. Fine structure of iris muscles from 16 iris specimens in patients with diabetes mellitus were investigated by electron microscopy, and the results were compared with those of 10 specimens of senile cataract eye without diabetes of the corresponding age groups. Significant ultrastructural changes were extensively found at the regions of the dilator, sphincter muscles and of the nerves endings adjacent to them. To cytoplasm of the muscle cells was partly occupied by membraneous structures with concentric lamellar appearance. Cytoplasmic vacuolations were noted in the muscle cells. An increased number of the lipid droplets associated with pigment granules in the cells was found in all diabetic iris specimens. These three kinds of pathological changes (lamellar structure, vacuole, and lipid droplet) increased depending on the duration as well as the control of the disease. Althought these findings were noted both in the sphincter and dilator muscles, the latter seemed to be more severely affected. Degenerative nerve endings containing lamellar membraneous structures were observed in a few moderate cases. Nerve fibers frequently diminished in diabetic patients, especially in severe cases with longer duration together with poorly controlled cases. These findings suggest that diabetes involves the iris muscle cells as well as the nerves, and these changes might be a reason to produce a pupillary abnormality."}
{"id": "PMID:870864", "title": "Anterior cerclage and accessory implants for post-equatorial breaks.", "content": "The advantages of the anterior-cerclage accessory buckle technique over the posteriorcerclage technique for treatment of post-equatorial breaks are stressed. The former technique leads to less frequent occurrence of post-operative vitreous retraction, meridional retinal folds and less danger of iris prolapse, and vitreous loss if the globe is to be opened for intraocular surgery later.", "contents": "Anterior cerclage and accessory implants for post-equatorial breaks. The advantages of the anterior-cerclage accessory buckle technique over the posteriorcerclage technique for treatment of post-equatorial breaks are stressed. The former technique leads to less frequent occurrence of post-operative vitreous retraction, meridional retinal folds and less danger of iris prolapse, and vitreous loss if the globe is to be opened for intraocular surgery later."}
{"id": "PMID:870865", "title": "Experimental morphological study on structure and function of the filtration angel of the rat eye.", "content": "The chamber angle of the eye of pigmented laboratory rats was studied in normal structure and experimentally with the electron microscope. Their exists a circular, flattened canal which corresponds in its topographical position and in its ultrastructural construction to the canal of Schlemm in humans and primates. A trabecular meshwork, comparable to the trabeculum cribriforme in primate eyes, lies directly below the inner wall of Schlemm's canal. The endothelial cells of the trabeculae show phagocytotic activity. The trabecular meshwork is, however, far less intensive in the rat eye than in that of man and it extends up to the spaces of Fontana. Beside a few differences there exist great similarities in structure and function of the chamber angle of the rat eye compared to the corresponding area of eye of man and primates.", "contents": "Experimental morphological study on structure and function of the filtration angel of the rat eye. The chamber angle of the eye of pigmented laboratory rats was studied in normal structure and experimentally with the electron microscope. Their exists a circular, flattened canal which corresponds in its topographical position and in its ultrastructural construction to the canal of Schlemm in humans and primates. A trabecular meshwork, comparable to the trabeculum cribriforme in primate eyes, lies directly below the inner wall of Schlemm's canal. The endothelial cells of the trabeculae show phagocytotic activity. The trabecular meshwork is, however, far less intensive in the rat eye than in that of man and it extends up to the spaces of Fontana. Beside a few differences there exist great similarities in structure and function of the chamber angle of the rat eye compared to the corresponding area of eye of man and primates."}
{"id": "PMID:870866", "title": "[First results of sportmedical examinations in children norm-values and influence of overweight on physical efficiency (author's transl)].", "content": "The individual physical efficiency was ascertained according to a method developed by RUTENFRANZ, where the criterion was taken as being the particular performance which resulted in a pulse rate of 170 beats per minute. This was termed the p.w.c. 170 (physical working capacity), and was measured on a bicycle ergometer, with increasing loading of 1, 2, and 3 watt per kilogram of body weight. During this loading the E.C.G. was watched telemetrically on an oscilloscope, and recorded each minute. The p.w.c. 170 was ascertained both graphically and arithmetically from the respective pulse rate in the 6th minute of each load level. Initially, twenty healthy children were tested, so as to arrive at normal values. The average reading for these children was about 5% below the normal values given by RUTENFRANZ. Subsequently, fifty five obese children were examined, so as to clarify the question as to whether there was a linear correlation between overweight and physical efficiency. Indeed, it was possible to establish a regression equation according to which each 10% of overweight lead to a decrease of physical efficiency of 5.8%. The results of further examinations will be reported in the next paper.", "contents": "[First results of sportmedical examinations in children norm-values and influence of overweight on physical efficiency (author's transl)]. The individual physical efficiency was ascertained according to a method developed by RUTENFRANZ, where the criterion was taken as being the particular performance which resulted in a pulse rate of 170 beats per minute. This was termed the p.w.c. 170 (physical working capacity), and was measured on a bicycle ergometer, with increasing loading of 1, 2, and 3 watt per kilogram of body weight. During this loading the E.C.G. was watched telemetrically on an oscilloscope, and recorded each minute. The p.w.c. 170 was ascertained both graphically and arithmetically from the respective pulse rate in the 6th minute of each load level. Initially, twenty healthy children were tested, so as to arrive at normal values. The average reading for these children was about 5% below the normal values given by RUTENFRANZ. Subsequently, fifty five obese children were examined, so as to clarify the question as to whether there was a linear correlation between overweight and physical efficiency. Indeed, it was possible to establish a regression equation according to which each 10% of overweight lead to a decrease of physical efficiency of 5.8%. The results of further examinations will be reported in the next paper."}
{"id": "PMID:870867", "title": "[Carbohydrate metabolism of infants with prenatal dystrophy and infants of diabetic mothers. Glucosetolerance and insulinsecretion in the first week of life (author's transl)].", "content": "Alterations of carbohydrate metabolism were studied in infants of insulin dependent diabetic mothers and in small for date babies with and without prenatal dystrophy. Glucose assimilation (Kt-value) and insulin secretion after i. v. glucose load were examinated on the 1st, 3rd, and 5th day of life. Infants of diabetic mothers showed the highest Kt-values, fasting insulin levels and insulin peaks of all patients examinated. Hyperinsulinism and Kt-values decreased from the 1st to the 3rd day and from the 3rd to the 5th day. In this group the infants of mothers with strictly controlled diabetes showed lower Kt-values, lower insulin peaks and less pronounced cushingoid facies. Small for date babies, on the other hand, had a reduced glucose tolerance on the first day, which normalised up to the 3rd day. The glucose tolerance in small for date babies with prenatal dystrophy, however, showed a tendency to deteriorate again from the 3rd to the 5th day with decreasing Kt-values as well as reduced insulin secretion, which was well documented in two cases. Deterioration of pancreas function and failing adaption to post partum nutrition is put forward as a tentative explanation.", "contents": "[Carbohydrate metabolism of infants with prenatal dystrophy and infants of diabetic mothers. Glucosetolerance and insulinsecretion in the first week of life (author's transl)]. Alterations of carbohydrate metabolism were studied in infants of insulin dependent diabetic mothers and in small for date babies with and without prenatal dystrophy. Glucose assimilation (Kt-value) and insulin secretion after i. v. glucose load were examinated on the 1st, 3rd, and 5th day of life. Infants of diabetic mothers showed the highest Kt-values, fasting insulin levels and insulin peaks of all patients examinated. Hyperinsulinism and Kt-values decreased from the 1st to the 3rd day and from the 3rd to the 5th day. In this group the infants of mothers with strictly controlled diabetes showed lower Kt-values, lower insulin peaks and less pronounced cushingoid facies. Small for date babies, on the other hand, had a reduced glucose tolerance on the first day, which normalised up to the 3rd day. The glucose tolerance in small for date babies with prenatal dystrophy, however, showed a tendency to deteriorate again from the 3rd to the 5th day with decreasing Kt-values as well as reduced insulin secretion, which was well documented in two cases. Deterioration of pancreas function and failing adaption to post partum nutrition is put forward as a tentative explanation."}
{"id": "PMID:870868", "title": "[Anaphylactoid purpura sch\u00f6nlein-Henoch in infancy (author's transl)].", "content": "The outbreak, the progress and the treatment of the anaphylactoid purpura at an 8 months old infant are reported. It is referred to the rare outbreak of this disease at infants younger than one year. The differential diagnosis and the measurement of treatment are discussed.", "contents": "[Anaphylactoid purpura sch\u00f6nlein-Henoch in infancy (author's transl)]. The outbreak, the progress and the treatment of the anaphylactoid purpura at an 8 months old infant are reported. It is referred to the rare outbreak of this disease at infants younger than one year. The differential diagnosis and the measurement of treatment are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:870869", "title": "Fetal neurohypophyseal arginine vasopressin and arginine vasotocin in man and sheep.", "content": "Immunoreactive arginine vasopressin (AVP) and arginine vasotocin (AVT) were quantitated in 15 of 17 human fetal pituitary glands early in gestation (11-19 weeks) and in 8 of 9 ovine fetal pituitary glands late in gestation (109-137 days). In 14 of 15 human fetal glands, AVT content exceeded that of AVP. There was a significant rise of AVP (as a percentage of total AVP plus AVT content) with gestational age over the period of 12-19 weeks (P less than 00.01). The ovine fetal glands demonstrated a preponderance of AVP over AVT. The mean AVP and AVT content in the ovine glands was 5.7 +/- 2.9 and 0.8 +/- 0.2 mU/mg gland weight, respectively, compared with the values in the human fetal pitiutaries, 0.8 +/- 0.2 and 1.2 +/- 0.2 mU/mg gland weight, respectively. The relative percentage of AVP and AVT in the ovine fetal pituitaries was 76.0+/- 9.6% and 23.9 +/- 9.6%, respectively, as contrasted to the human fetal glands, 36.7 +/- 2.7% AVP and 63.3 +/- 2.7% AVT. The preponderance of AVT over AVP in the early gestational age mammalian fetus may represent a primative first step in molecular evolution of the neurohypophyseal peptides.", "contents": "Fetal neurohypophyseal arginine vasopressin and arginine vasotocin in man and sheep. Immunoreactive arginine vasopressin (AVP) and arginine vasotocin (AVT) were quantitated in 15 of 17 human fetal pituitary glands early in gestation (11-19 weeks) and in 8 of 9 ovine fetal pituitary glands late in gestation (109-137 days). In 14 of 15 human fetal glands, AVT content exceeded that of AVP. There was a significant rise of AVP (as a percentage of total AVP plus AVT content) with gestational age over the period of 12-19 weeks (P less than 00.01). The ovine fetal glands demonstrated a preponderance of AVP over AVT. The mean AVP and AVT content in the ovine glands was 5.7 +/- 2.9 and 0.8 +/- 0.2 mU/mg gland weight, respectively, compared with the values in the human fetal pitiutaries, 0.8 +/- 0.2 and 1.2 +/- 0.2 mU/mg gland weight, respectively. The relative percentage of AVP and AVT in the ovine fetal pituitaries was 76.0+/- 9.6% and 23.9 +/- 9.6%, respectively, as contrasted to the human fetal glands, 36.7 +/- 2.7% AVP and 63.3 +/- 2.7% AVT. The preponderance of AVT over AVP in the early gestational age mammalian fetus may represent a primative first step in molecular evolution of the neurohypophyseal peptides."}
{"id": "PMID:870870", "title": "Metabolic studies on two patients with nonhepatic tyrosinemia using deuterated tyrosine loads.", "content": "Metabolic studies on two patients with defects in the tyrosine oxidation pathway are reported. Serum tyrosine was greatly elevated in both patients (1.37 and 1.52 mmol/liter, respectively) and both excreted large quantities of p-hydroxyphenylacetic acid, p-hydroxyphenyllactic acid, and p-hydroxyphenylpyruvic acid. Deuterated tyrosine loads were administered to both patients, before and after lowering of the serum tyrosine concentration by dietary treatment, and to a normal adult control subject. In one patient the excretion of the deuterated (D2)-tyrosine load was more than 300 times that found in the control subject whether the test was done at high or low serum tyrosine level and the pattern of metabolites indicated a persistent defect in p-hydroxyphenylpyruvic acid oxidase. Enzyme assays on needle liver biopsy supported this finding. In the second patient excretion of the D2 label was 300 times that of the control at high serum tyrosine levels, but only 5 times normal at low serum tyrosine levels. This finding was interpreted as indicating substrate inhibition of p-hydroxyphenylpyruvic acid oxidase. The primary defect has not been established in this patient, but the findings are compatible with a defect in hepatic-soluble tyrosine aminotransferase.", "contents": "Metabolic studies on two patients with nonhepatic tyrosinemia using deuterated tyrosine loads. Metabolic studies on two patients with defects in the tyrosine oxidation pathway are reported. Serum tyrosine was greatly elevated in both patients (1.37 and 1.52 mmol/liter, respectively) and both excreted large quantities of p-hydroxyphenylacetic acid, p-hydroxyphenyllactic acid, and p-hydroxyphenylpyruvic acid. Deuterated tyrosine loads were administered to both patients, before and after lowering of the serum tyrosine concentration by dietary treatment, and to a normal adult control subject. In one patient the excretion of the deuterated (D2)-tyrosine load was more than 300 times that found in the control subject whether the test was done at high or low serum tyrosine level and the pattern of metabolites indicated a persistent defect in p-hydroxyphenylpyruvic acid oxidase. Enzyme assays on needle liver biopsy supported this finding. In the second patient excretion of the D2 label was 300 times that of the control at high serum tyrosine levels, but only 5 times normal at low serum tyrosine levels. This finding was interpreted as indicating substrate inhibition of p-hydroxyphenylpyruvic acid oxidase. The primary defect has not been established in this patient, but the findings are compatible with a defect in hepatic-soluble tyrosine aminotransferase."}
{"id": "PMID:870871", "title": "Neuropathic Gaucher's disease with normal 4-methylumbelliferyl-beta-glucosidase activity in the liver.", "content": "beta-Glucosidase activity was measured in control subjects and in five patients with neuropathic Gaucher's disease. In three patients with Gaucher's disease, methylumbelliferyl- and p-nitrophenyl-beta-d-glucopyranoside (4MU- and PNP-beta-glucosidase) activity was almost normal in the liver but markedly reduced in the spleen and fibroblasts. In the other patients with Gaucher's disease 4MU- and PNP-beta-glucosidase activity was also very much reduced in the liver, spleen, and fibroblasts. DEAE-cellulose column chromatography with a chloride gradient elution of the liver extract from a control subject and from two patients with Gaucher's disease, exhibiting normal 4MU- and PNP-beta-glucosidase activity, revealed the presence of two peaks of 4MU- and PNP-beta-glucosidase activity (fractions 1 and 2). pH activity curves of beta-glucosidases and Km measured with 4MU-beta-glucoside in fractions 1 and 2 from patients with Gaucher's liver were identical to those from the control liver. However, fractions 1 and 2 from infantile Gaucher's liver exhibited no activity measured with glucocerebroside whereas those from juvenile Gaucher's liver showed a considerable activity. Glucocerebroside was greatly accumulated in the liver, even though an almost normal activity of 4MU-beta-glucosidase was detected in three of the five patients studied.", "contents": "Neuropathic Gaucher's disease with normal 4-methylumbelliferyl-beta-glucosidase activity in the liver. beta-Glucosidase activity was measured in control subjects and in five patients with neuropathic Gaucher's disease. In three patients with Gaucher's disease, methylumbelliferyl- and p-nitrophenyl-beta-d-glucopyranoside (4MU- and PNP-beta-glucosidase) activity was almost normal in the liver but markedly reduced in the spleen and fibroblasts. In the other patients with Gaucher's disease 4MU- and PNP-beta-glucosidase activity was also very much reduced in the liver, spleen, and fibroblasts. DEAE-cellulose column chromatography with a chloride gradient elution of the liver extract from a control subject and from two patients with Gaucher's disease, exhibiting normal 4MU- and PNP-beta-glucosidase activity, revealed the presence of two peaks of 4MU- and PNP-beta-glucosidase activity (fractions 1 and 2). pH activity curves of beta-glucosidases and Km measured with 4MU-beta-glucoside in fractions 1 and 2 from patients with Gaucher's liver were identical to those from the control liver. However, fractions 1 and 2 from infantile Gaucher's liver exhibited no activity measured with glucocerebroside whereas those from juvenile Gaucher's liver showed a considerable activity. Glucocerebroside was greatly accumulated in the liver, even though an almost normal activity of 4MU-beta-glucosidase was detected in three of the five patients studied."}
{"id": "PMID:870872", "title": "Influence of fetal extracellular volume contraction on renal reabsorption of bicarbonate in fetal lambs.", "content": "In order to determine the renal threshold for bicarbonate in the fetal lamb and factors that may influence renal reabsorption of bicarbonate in the fetus, 18 acute fetal lamb preparations (110-140 days of gestation) were studied. In the first series of experiments involving nine fetuses, the renal bicarbonate threshold of normal fetuses varied from 12.0 to 23.5 mM/liter with a mean value of 17.7 +/- 1.37 mM/liter. This is significantly lower (P less than 0.005) than the value measured in five adult sheep of 28.7 +/- 1.68 mM/liter. There was a significant and positive correlation between the fetal plasma bicarbonate at threshold level and the fetal kidney weight, as well as fetal age. In a second series of experiments, the excretion of bicarbonate and sodium was studied in nine fetuses before and after dehydration by peritoneal dialysis. After peritoneal dialysis there was a significant decrease in urinary pH (P less than 0.025), bicarbonate excretion (P less than 0.001), sodium excretion (P less than 0.001), fractional excretion of sodium (P less than 0.01). When glucose was replaced by mannitol in the peritoneal dialysis fluid the effects on bicarbonate reabsorption paralleled those when glucose was present in dialysis fluid. It was also shown that when glucose was given intravenously to the fetus, up to a plasma concentration of 200 mg/100 ml, there was no effect on the fetal renal reabsorption of bicarbonate. These data indicate that the low threshold for bicarbonate reabsorption by the fetal kidney is not due to a limited capacity to increase bicarbonate or sodium reabsorption and suggest that the fetal kidney is able to respond to volume depletion by increasing its reabsorption in bicarbonate and electrolytes.", "contents": "Influence of fetal extracellular volume contraction on renal reabsorption of bicarbonate in fetal lambs. In order to determine the renal threshold for bicarbonate in the fetal lamb and factors that may influence renal reabsorption of bicarbonate in the fetus, 18 acute fetal lamb preparations (110-140 days of gestation) were studied. In the first series of experiments involving nine fetuses, the renal bicarbonate threshold of normal fetuses varied from 12.0 to 23.5 mM/liter with a mean value of 17.7 +/- 1.37 mM/liter. This is significantly lower (P less than 0.005) than the value measured in five adult sheep of 28.7 +/- 1.68 mM/liter. There was a significant and positive correlation between the fetal plasma bicarbonate at threshold level and the fetal kidney weight, as well as fetal age. In a second series of experiments, the excretion of bicarbonate and sodium was studied in nine fetuses before and after dehydration by peritoneal dialysis. After peritoneal dialysis there was a significant decrease in urinary pH (P less than 0.025), bicarbonate excretion (P less than 0.001), sodium excretion (P less than 0.001), fractional excretion of sodium (P less than 0.01). When glucose was replaced by mannitol in the peritoneal dialysis fluid the effects on bicarbonate reabsorption paralleled those when glucose was present in dialysis fluid. It was also shown that when glucose was given intravenously to the fetus, up to a plasma concentration of 200 mg/100 ml, there was no effect on the fetal renal reabsorption of bicarbonate. These data indicate that the low threshold for bicarbonate reabsorption by the fetal kidney is not due to a limited capacity to increase bicarbonate or sodium reabsorption and suggest that the fetal kidney is able to respond to volume depletion by increasing its reabsorption in bicarbonate and electrolytes."}
{"id": "PMID:870873", "title": "Enzymic differentiation of human liver: comparison with the rat model.", "content": "The quantitative pattern of enzymes in the second trimester human fetal liver is significantly different from that of adult liver. For some 20 enzymes, the activity quotient (AQ, i.e., activity of immature liver divided by that in adult liver) is appreciably different from 1.0. Most of the enzymes increase their concentrations with age but, as one would expect, some contribute to differentiation by diminishing in amount. In developing human liver the concentrations of the various enzymes tend to change in the same direction as they do in rat liver. Those that increase in rat liver have been classified into three main clusters, according to whether their rise begins on about the 17th day of gestation (B), the first neonatal day (C), or just before weaning (D), respectively. The distribution of these enzymes among these three clusters correlates with their AQ's in the human fetal liver. In general, enzymes with AQ around 0.5 belong to cluster (B) in rat liver whereas those with 0-0.16 belong to cluster C or D. Gross malformations resulting from the teratogenic action of drugs, hormones, or vitamins on the early embryo attract much attention. The harmful impacts of such agents at late stages of gestation are less spectacular. They may be more frequent, however, and manifest themselves in permanent inadequacies in metabolism or growth with a tendency to succumb to minor childhood diseases. The underlying causes may not be mirrored in the cytocomposition or even the subcellular morphology of autopsy specimens. Only deviations from the organ characteristic quantitative pattern of gene products would provide sensitive enough indictors of the metabolic lesions and of the aberrant aspects of differentiation that were responsible for them. In both the presence and absence of detectable morphologic abnormalities, the study of enzymes, this most varied and largest class of specific chemical constituents, would greatly extend the resolving power of the usual diagnostic procedures postmortem.", "contents": "Enzymic differentiation of human liver: comparison with the rat model. The quantitative pattern of enzymes in the second trimester human fetal liver is significantly different from that of adult liver. For some 20 enzymes, the activity quotient (AQ, i.e., activity of immature liver divided by that in adult liver) is appreciably different from 1.0. Most of the enzymes increase their concentrations with age but, as one would expect, some contribute to differentiation by diminishing in amount. In developing human liver the concentrations of the various enzymes tend to change in the same direction as they do in rat liver. Those that increase in rat liver have been classified into three main clusters, according to whether their rise begins on about the 17th day of gestation (B), the first neonatal day (C), or just before weaning (D), respectively. The distribution of these enzymes among these three clusters correlates with their AQ's in the human fetal liver. In general, enzymes with AQ around 0.5 belong to cluster (B) in rat liver whereas those with 0-0.16 belong to cluster C or D. Gross malformations resulting from the teratogenic action of drugs, hormones, or vitamins on the early embryo attract much attention. The harmful impacts of such agents at late stages of gestation are less spectacular. They may be more frequent, however, and manifest themselves in permanent inadequacies in metabolism or growth with a tendency to succumb to minor childhood diseases. The underlying causes may not be mirrored in the cytocomposition or even the subcellular morphology of autopsy specimens. Only deviations from the organ characteristic quantitative pattern of gene products would provide sensitive enough indictors of the metabolic lesions and of the aberrant aspects of differentiation that were responsible for them. In both the presence and absence of detectable morphologic abnormalities, the study of enzymes, this most varied and largest class of specific chemical constituents, would greatly extend the resolving power of the usual diagnostic procedures postmortem."}
{"id": "PMID:870874", "title": "Cellular and humoral components of monocyte and neutrophil chemotaxis in cord blood.", "content": "Monocyte and polymorphonuclear neutrophil (PMN) chemotaxis was studied in cord blood from healthy term infants. Monocyte chemotaxis was normal to increased (115-126%) whereas PMN chemotaxis was decreased (79%) in comparison with that of healthy adult control subjects. Generation of chemotactic factors from cord sera was impaired, being 55% of that generated by pooled normal human serum (PNHS). Cord serum was less inhibitory than pooled adult human serum for adult monocytes when the cells were suspended in 10% serum and tested for chemotaxis. No inhibition of chemotactic factors by either cord or adult sera was observed. The dissociation of chemotactic response of the two different phagocytic cells may represent a protective mechanism whereby one cell can compensate for a defect in the response of the other.", "contents": "Cellular and humoral components of monocyte and neutrophil chemotaxis in cord blood. Monocyte and polymorphonuclear neutrophil (PMN) chemotaxis was studied in cord blood from healthy term infants. Monocyte chemotaxis was normal to increased (115-126%) whereas PMN chemotaxis was decreased (79%) in comparison with that of healthy adult control subjects. Generation of chemotactic factors from cord sera was impaired, being 55% of that generated by pooled normal human serum (PNHS). Cord serum was less inhibitory than pooled adult human serum for adult monocytes when the cells were suspended in 10% serum and tested for chemotaxis. No inhibition of chemotactic factors by either cord or adult sera was observed. The dissociation of chemotactic response of the two different phagocytic cells may represent a protective mechanism whereby one cell can compensate for a defect in the response of the other."}
{"id": "PMID:870875", "title": "Patterns of cystine reduction by fibroblasts from normal and cystinotic children.", "content": "The possibility that the enzymatic reduction of cystine involves a multi-enzyme system led to re-evaluation of cystine reduction by fibroblasts from normal and cystinotic patients. Lineweaver-Burk plots of data with extracts of a normal cell line, representative of seven normal cell lines, under conditions of increasing cystine with variable levels of reduced glutathione (GSH) resulted in a two-limbed curve above 100 micronM cystine. Two cell lines from children with nephropathic cystinosis containing 1-6 micronmol half-cystine/g protein gave a family of curves similar to those of the normal. With six fibroblast lines containing more than 6 micronmol half-cystine/g protein, increasing cystine resulted in a family of lines without two-limbed curves. Plots of the data as activity against increasing cystine concentrations at ratios of cystine to GSH of 1:2 and 1:1 showed that two of the three lines from cystinotic subjects reduced cystine at a faster rate than the normal line. The third line from a cystinotic patient reduced cystine at a slightly slower rate when the substrate concentration in the assay was less than 80 micronM cystine. When the cystine to GSH ratio was maintained at 2:1, normal cells showed a linear increase in the rate of cystine reduction up to 100 micronM cystine, no increase in the rate between 100 micronM and 200 micronM cystine, and an increase again when the concentration of cystine was raised above 200 micronM. Such a stepwise phenomenon was absent with six cell lines containing more than 6 micronmol half-cystine/g cellular protein. A possible mechanism of control of cystine reduction is discussed.", "contents": "Patterns of cystine reduction by fibroblasts from normal and cystinotic children. The possibility that the enzymatic reduction of cystine involves a multi-enzyme system led to re-evaluation of cystine reduction by fibroblasts from normal and cystinotic patients. Lineweaver-Burk plots of data with extracts of a normal cell line, representative of seven normal cell lines, under conditions of increasing cystine with variable levels of reduced glutathione (GSH) resulted in a two-limbed curve above 100 micronM cystine. Two cell lines from children with nephropathic cystinosis containing 1-6 micronmol half-cystine/g protein gave a family of curves similar to those of the normal. With six fibroblast lines containing more than 6 micronmol half-cystine/g protein, increasing cystine resulted in a family of lines without two-limbed curves. Plots of the data as activity against increasing cystine concentrations at ratios of cystine to GSH of 1:2 and 1:1 showed that two of the three lines from cystinotic subjects reduced cystine at a faster rate than the normal line. The third line from a cystinotic patient reduced cystine at a slightly slower rate when the substrate concentration in the assay was less than 80 micronM cystine. When the cystine to GSH ratio was maintained at 2:1, normal cells showed a linear increase in the rate of cystine reduction up to 100 micronM cystine, no increase in the rate between 100 micronM and 200 micronM cystine, and an increase again when the concentration of cystine was raised above 200 micronM. Such a stepwise phenomenon was absent with six cell lines containing more than 6 micronmol half-cystine/g cellular protein. A possible mechanism of control of cystine reduction is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:870876", "title": "Lesch-Nyhan syndrome: the synthesis of inosine 5'-phosphate in the hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase-deficient erythrocyte by alternate biochemical pathways.", "content": "Erythrocytes, obtained from a normal adult male and from a patient with Lesch-Nyhan syndrome, were incubated with [8-14C]adenine and [8-14C]hypoxanthine (Table 1). The labeled adenine was utilized to about the same extent for the synthesis of AMP by the normal subject's and the patient's erythrocytes. Deamination of AMP to IMP occurred to about the same extent in both samples. In contrast, hypoxanthine was utilized extensively for IMP synthesis in the normal erythrocyte only. The amount of total label in the IMP was about 100 times that of the Lesch-Nyhan erythrocyte, a consequence of the deficiency of hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (HGPRT) activity in the syndrome. No significant labeling of the AMP occurred. When aliquots of erythrocytes from both sources were incubated with 4-amino-5-imidazolecarboxamide (AICA) and sodium [14C]formate, extensive labeling of the IMP occurred in normal and in Lesch-Nyhan erythrocytes. The data suggest that AICA serves as a substrate for the adenine phosphoribosyltransferase (APRT) of the Lesch-Nyhan erythrocyte and that the ribotide of AICA, 5'-phosphoribosyl-5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide (AICAR), undergoes formylation by labeled N10-formyl tetrahydrofolic acid formed from the reaction of sodium [14C]formate with the tetrahydrofolic acid of the cell. The formyl-AICAR undergoes ring closure to IMP by a series of reactions comparable to those described for the normal erythrocyte. When 5-amino-1-ribosyl-4-imidazolecarboxamide (rAICA) and sodium [14C]formate were incubated with erythrocyte suspensions, extensive utilization for IMP synthesis was also observed in normal erythrocytes and in erythrocytes from Lesch-Nyhan patients (Table 2). The reaction sequence is somewhat different from that of AICA. AICA is not a substrate for the purine nucleoside phosphorylase of rabbit or human erythrocytes. The mechanism of rAICA utilization is visualized as a direct phosphorylation of the ribosyl compound, possibly by the adenosine kinase of the human cell. The ribotide, AICAR, formed by this mechanism, undergoes formylation and ring closure, yielding IMP. The glutamine antagonist, diazooxonorleucine (DON), was added to aliquots of patients' cells incubated with rAICA and sodium [14C]formate. DON is an effective inhibitor of the conversion of IMP to GMP and its presence in an incubation suspension resulted in a somewhat greater radioactivity of the total cellular IMP. The extension of the current studies to Lesch-Nyhan cells in culture may serve to assist in the direct evaluation of the regulatory role of IMP in the de novo pathway of purine nucleotide biosynthesis. Because of the substrate requirements of the reactions, the metabolism of AICA and rAICA may also serve to differentiate the roles of purine nucleotides and of phosphoribosylpyrophosphate (PRPP) in the pathway regulation. The findings presented also offer a possible therapeutic approach to the early treatment of the disease in the afflicted neonate...", "contents": "Lesch-Nyhan syndrome: the synthesis of inosine 5'-phosphate in the hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase-deficient erythrocyte by alternate biochemical pathways. Erythrocytes, obtained from a normal adult male and from a patient with Lesch-Nyhan syndrome, were incubated with [8-14C]adenine and [8-14C]hypoxanthine (Table 1). The labeled adenine was utilized to about the same extent for the synthesis of AMP by the normal subject's and the patient's erythrocytes. Deamination of AMP to IMP occurred to about the same extent in both samples. In contrast, hypoxanthine was utilized extensively for IMP synthesis in the normal erythrocyte only. The amount of total label in the IMP was about 100 times that of the Lesch-Nyhan erythrocyte, a consequence of the deficiency of hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (HGPRT) activity in the syndrome. No significant labeling of the AMP occurred. When aliquots of erythrocytes from both sources were incubated with 4-amino-5-imidazolecarboxamide (AICA) and sodium [14C]formate, extensive labeling of the IMP occurred in normal and in Lesch-Nyhan erythrocytes. The data suggest that AICA serves as a substrate for the adenine phosphoribosyltransferase (APRT) of the Lesch-Nyhan erythrocyte and that the ribotide of AICA, 5'-phosphoribosyl-5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide (AICAR), undergoes formylation by labeled N10-formyl tetrahydrofolic acid formed from the reaction of sodium [14C]formate with the tetrahydrofolic acid of the cell. The formyl-AICAR undergoes ring closure to IMP by a series of reactions comparable to those described for the normal erythrocyte. When 5-amino-1-ribosyl-4-imidazolecarboxamide (rAICA) and sodium [14C]formate were incubated with erythrocyte suspensions, extensive utilization for IMP synthesis was also observed in normal erythrocytes and in erythrocytes from Lesch-Nyhan patients (Table 2). The reaction sequence is somewhat different from that of AICA. AICA is not a substrate for the purine nucleoside phosphorylase of rabbit or human erythrocytes. The mechanism of rAICA utilization is visualized as a direct phosphorylation of the ribosyl compound, possibly by the adenosine kinase of the human cell. The ribotide, AICAR, formed by this mechanism, undergoes formylation and ring closure, yielding IMP. The glutamine antagonist, diazooxonorleucine (DON), was added to aliquots of patients' cells incubated with rAICA and sodium [14C]formate. DON is an effective inhibitor of the conversion of IMP to GMP and its presence in an incubation suspension resulted in a somewhat greater radioactivity of the total cellular IMP. The extension of the current studies to Lesch-Nyhan cells in culture may serve to assist in the direct evaluation of the regulatory role of IMP in the de novo pathway of purine nucleotide biosynthesis. Because of the substrate requirements of the reactions, the metabolism of AICA and rAICA may also serve to differentiate the roles of purine nucleotides and of phosphoribosylpyrophosphate (PRPP) in the pathway regulation. The findings presented also offer a possible therapeutic approach to the early treatment of the disease in the afflicted neonate..."}
{"id": "PMID:870877", "title": "Influences of environmental conditions during infancy on final body stature.", "content": "In the following article we shall investigate the Second World War with its consequences on nutrition and other living conditions for the German population to try to determine whether lack of nutrition plus other deficiencies, which infants were subjected to in Germany during this time, had any influence on their adult stature. The following data formed the basis of our investigation: (1) nutrition of infants and school-aged children during the years 1939-1948; (2) stature and weight of 6-year-old boys between 1907 and 1948; (3) infant mortality between 1935 and 1950; (4) stature of 19-year-old men who were born between 1938 and 1951. From Figure 5 it can be seen that the mean stature of 19-year-old men born between 1938 and 1951 (except for those born in 1944 and 1945) rose steadily (secular acceleration). The plot of the yearly rate of acceleration (Fig. 6) reveals a minimum in 1944-1945, and follows a general downward, U-shaped trend (P less than 0.05). On the other hand, infant mortality between 1941 and 1949 follows an upward U-shaped trend (P less than 0.05). For the 6- to 8-month-old infants during 1945-1948 nutrition was far worse than that during the preceding years. It is even likely that the nutrition for the infants had already begun to decrease in quality in 1942. We find, therefore, a close correlation between the years of high infant mortality and the growth deficiencies of the men born during these years. Since we must assume that the nutritional situation for babies and infants worsened steadily after 1942 until it is apparent that a number of environmental factors directly influence human growth. The conclusion of our analysis is that a deficit of growth occurring after the end of the fourth year can be compensated fully. We conclude, furthermore, that the growth deficits which arise before the fourth year, on the other hand, cannot be compensated fully even if good or excellent environmental conditions follow.", "contents": "Influences of environmental conditions during infancy on final body stature. In the following article we shall investigate the Second World War with its consequences on nutrition and other living conditions for the German population to try to determine whether lack of nutrition plus other deficiencies, which infants were subjected to in Germany during this time, had any influence on their adult stature. The following data formed the basis of our investigation: (1) nutrition of infants and school-aged children during the years 1939-1948; (2) stature and weight of 6-year-old boys between 1907 and 1948; (3) infant mortality between 1935 and 1950; (4) stature of 19-year-old men who were born between 1938 and 1951. From Figure 5 it can be seen that the mean stature of 19-year-old men born between 1938 and 1951 (except for those born in 1944 and 1945) rose steadily (secular acceleration). The plot of the yearly rate of acceleration (Fig. 6) reveals a minimum in 1944-1945, and follows a general downward, U-shaped trend (P less than 0.05). On the other hand, infant mortality between 1941 and 1949 follows an upward U-shaped trend (P less than 0.05). For the 6- to 8-month-old infants during 1945-1948 nutrition was far worse than that during the preceding years. It is even likely that the nutrition for the infants had already begun to decrease in quality in 1942. We find, therefore, a close correlation between the years of high infant mortality and the growth deficiencies of the men born during these years. Since we must assume that the nutritional situation for babies and infants worsened steadily after 1942 until it is apparent that a number of environmental factors directly influence human growth. The conclusion of our analysis is that a deficit of growth occurring after the end of the fourth year can be compensated fully. We conclude, furthermore, that the growth deficits which arise before the fourth year, on the other hand, cannot be compensated fully even if good or excellent environmental conditions follow."}
{"id": "PMID:870878", "title": "Why do human cancer death rates increase with age? A new method of analysis of the biology of cancer.", "content": "1. Cancers, viewed as escape from the normal \"contact inhibition\" of cells in tissues, can be considered to start at some given time and then to require a period of incubation before they cause death. The probability of a start may depend on age, described by a start function. The incubation period may be described by a lethality function of the period between start and the age at which death rates are measured. 2. It can be shown that, provided the loss of tumour-bearers (where cancer has started) in the population by deaths from other causes than cancer is in the same ratio as the loss of total population, the differential curve (dR/dA) of the rate versus age curves must give the product of these two functions (start function X lethality function). 3. The differential curves dR/dA for major sites of cancers are examined for WHO data on  deaths. The differential curves prove to be well described by normal Gaussian curves. The presence of more than one type of tumour or of physiological environment, included in a single category, is shown by multiple peaks in the differential curves. The outstanding exception is tumours of the \"brain and other CNS\" where the rate curve itself is Gaussian. 4. The results are consistent with a start rate that is random and independent of age (not exceeding three per 1,000 per year for the commonest tumour), and an astonishingly long incubation period of at least 20-50 years. For most sites, the curves indicate that from 20 to 40% of the cancers that have started do not cause death, because other causes supervene. 5. The implications as to the possibilities of control of cancer and of the relevance of experimental cancer research are discussed.", "contents": "Why do human cancer death rates increase with age? A new method of analysis of the biology of cancer. 1. Cancers, viewed as escape from the normal \"contact inhibition\" of cells in tissues, can be considered to start at some given time and then to require a period of incubation before they cause death. The probability of a start may depend on age, described by a start function. The incubation period may be described by a lethality function of the period between start and the age at which death rates are measured. 2. It can be shown that, provided the loss of tumour-bearers (where cancer has started) in the population by deaths from other causes than cancer is in the same ratio as the loss of total population, the differential curve (dR/dA) of the rate versus age curves must give the product of these two functions (start function X lethality function). 3. The differential curves dR/dA for major sites of cancers are examined for WHO data on  deaths. The differential curves prove to be well described by normal Gaussian curves. The presence of more than one type of tumour or of physiological environment, included in a single category, is shown by multiple peaks in the differential curves. The outstanding exception is tumours of the \"brain and other CNS\" where the rate curve itself is Gaussian. 4. The results are consistent with a start rate that is random and independent of age (not exceeding three per 1,000 per year for the commonest tumour), and an astonishingly long incubation period of at least 20-50 years. For most sites, the curves indicate that from 20 to 40% of the cancers that have started do not cause death, because other causes supervene. 5. The implications as to the possibilities of control of cancer and of the relevance of experimental cancer research are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:870879", "title": "The development of a practicable method for deepfreezing of boar spermatozoa.", "content": "The present study was made in order to develop the freezing method of Crabo & Einarsson (1971) into a practicable deep-freezing method for boar spermatozoa. Semen was concentrated before dilution and a dosewise thawing procedure for the pellet-frozen semen was utilized. Two fertility tests on altogther 68 gilts were performed. In the first trial the insemination doses contained 6x10(9) spermatozoa and the dilution rate before cooling was 3:2 with a total dilution before freezing of 3:7. In the second trial the insemination doses contained 4.5x10(9) spermatozoa, primary dilution was 3:3 and final dilution 3:7. The pregnancy rate in trial 1 was 53% and in trial 2 72%. Mean litter size in pregnant gilts was 6.5 in trial 1 and 9.7 in trial 2. The difference in ratio of foetuses to c.l. in pregnant gilts between the trials was highly significant. The different dilution procedures are discussed and the lower fertility of semen frozen in trial 1 is suggested to be due to a shortened fertile life of spermatozoa so treated. The freezing method utilized in trial 2 is considered to be practically acceptable and the results are concluded to be satisfactory. A detailed description of the method and the equipment utilized can be requested from the authors.", "contents": "The development of a practicable method for deepfreezing of boar spermatozoa. The present study was made in order to develop the freezing method of Crabo & Einarsson (1971) into a practicable deep-freezing method for boar spermatozoa. Semen was concentrated before dilution and a dosewise thawing procedure for the pellet-frozen semen was utilized. Two fertility tests on altogther 68 gilts were performed. In the first trial the insemination doses contained 6x10(9) spermatozoa and the dilution rate before cooling was 3:2 with a total dilution before freezing of 3:7. In the second trial the insemination doses contained 4.5x10(9) spermatozoa, primary dilution was 3:3 and final dilution 3:7. The pregnancy rate in trial 1 was 53% and in trial 2 72%. Mean litter size in pregnant gilts was 6.5 in trial 1 and 9.7 in trial 2. The difference in ratio of foetuses to c.l. in pregnant gilts between the trials was highly significant. The different dilution procedures are discussed and the lower fertility of semen frozen in trial 1 is suggested to be due to a shortened fertile life of spermatozoa so treated. The freezing method utilized in trial 2 is considered to be practically acceptable and the results are concluded to be satisfactory. A detailed description of the method and the equipment utilized can be requested from the authors."}
{"id": "PMID:870880", "title": "A decapitated sperm defect in two sterile Hereford bulls.", "content": "Two almost identical cases of sterility in young Hereford bulls have been investigated. Semen samples sent to the laboratory showed normal sperm concentradition and abnormal sperm morphology. In 80-95% of the sperm cells, head and tail were separated, and similar to what has been found in the 'decapitated sperm defect' in the Guernsey breed, a high percentage of the loose tails were able to perform active movements. A third characteristic was a proximal bending or curling of the loose tail around the cytoplasmic droplet, a detail which by lower magnification might be mistaken for a mini-head. The possible heredity of the defect is discussed.", "contents": "A decapitated sperm defect in two sterile Hereford bulls. Two almost identical cases of sterility in young Hereford bulls have been investigated. Semen samples sent to the laboratory showed normal sperm concentradition and abnormal sperm morphology. In 80-95% of the sperm cells, head and tail were separated, and similar to what has been found in the 'decapitated sperm defect' in the Guernsey breed, a high percentage of the loose tails were able to perform active movements. A third characteristic was a proximal bending or curling of the loose tail around the cytoplasmic droplet, a detail which by lower magnification might be mistaken for a mini-head. The possible heredity of the defect is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:870881", "title": "Congenital malformations in pigs in a post mortem material.", "content": "Pigs which died during the preweaning period in 17 herds were examined post mortem over a 2-year period. In total 6,669 pigs, including 1,884 stillborn, from 2,936 litters died. The total number of pigs born constituted 29,886. Congenital malformations were registered in 410 pigs equalizing 1.4 per cent of the pigs born (Table I). The various malformations were analysed and related to a number of herd parameters. The herd to herd variation was 0.6--2.4 per cent, with a mean of 1.4 per cent. The incidence of affected litters was 11.8 per cent, showing a variation between the herds of 6.4 to 17.6 per cent. The frequency of malformed pigs was found to be higher in closed herds as compared to herds in which breeding stock was purchased (1.6 per cent versus 1.2 per cent). The relative importance of the various malformations is presented in Table II. The individual malformations are discussed, and it is concluded that the present investigation cannot contribute to a further genetical elucidation. Test matings with closely related animals, which is unrealizable in commercially run herds, are needed for that purpose. About 70 per cent of the recorded malformations appeared as phenotypic and could easily be recognized by a laid person. Malformations may therefore persist on a fairly low level as long as natural insemination is used. The present level of hereditary malformations may easily change with an increasing use of artificial insemination, and systematic monitoring of malformations becomes imperative in avoiding an unacceptable increase in the frequency of malformations. In processing collected data from sow/litter records and boar records, the data processing program applied in this study is supposed to be suitable.", "contents": "Congenital malformations in pigs in a post mortem material. Pigs which died during the preweaning period in 17 herds were examined post mortem over a 2-year period. In total 6,669 pigs, including 1,884 stillborn, from 2,936 litters died. The total number of pigs born constituted 29,886. Congenital malformations were registered in 410 pigs equalizing 1.4 per cent of the pigs born (Table I). The various malformations were analysed and related to a number of herd parameters. The herd to herd variation was 0.6--2.4 per cent, with a mean of 1.4 per cent. The incidence of affected litters was 11.8 per cent, showing a variation between the herds of 6.4 to 17.6 per cent. The frequency of malformed pigs was found to be higher in closed herds as compared to herds in which breeding stock was purchased (1.6 per cent versus 1.2 per cent). The relative importance of the various malformations is presented in Table II. The individual malformations are discussed, and it is concluded that the present investigation cannot contribute to a further genetical elucidation. Test matings with closely related animals, which is unrealizable in commercially run herds, are needed for that purpose. About 70 per cent of the recorded malformations appeared as phenotypic and could easily be recognized by a laid person. Malformations may therefore persist on a fairly low level as long as natural insemination is used. The present level of hereditary malformations may easily change with an increasing use of artificial insemination, and systematic monitoring of malformations becomes imperative in avoiding an unacceptable increase in the frequency of malformations. In processing collected data from sow/litter records and boar records, the data processing program applied in this study is supposed to be suitable."}
{"id": "PMID:870882", "title": "A comparison of tetrathionate broth and Rappaport's medium as enrichment media for Salmonella.", "content": "Tetrathionate broth (M\u00fcller-Kauffmann) and Rappaport's medium were compared in isolating Salmonella from meat- and bone-meal, receiving waters, sewage, and sludge. The results (Table I) show no difference in isolations from meat- and bone-meal, receiving waters, or sewage, while in studying sludge isolations were significantly less frequent from Rappaport's medium than from tetrathionate broth. The Salmonella positive plates, however, were easier to read when inoculated from Rappaport's medium than from tetrathionate broth.", "contents": "A comparison of tetrathionate broth and Rappaport's medium as enrichment media for Salmonella. Tetrathionate broth (M\u00fcller-Kauffmann) and Rappaport's medium were compared in isolating Salmonella from meat- and bone-meal, receiving waters, sewage, and sludge. The results (Table I) show no difference in isolations from meat- and bone-meal, receiving waters, or sewage, while in studying sludge isolations were significantly less frequent from Rappaport's medium than from tetrathionate broth. The Salmonella positive plates, however, were easier to read when inoculated from Rappaport's medium than from tetrathionate broth."}
{"id": "PMID:870883", "title": "Collagen fiber orientations in human secondary osteons.", "content": "Scanning electron microscopy studies of decalcified human secondary osteons were conducted to determine correlations in fiber orientations in these osteons with their appearance under crossed polaroids. Using a new sample preparation technique, osteons were prepared to expose many of their lamellar interfaces. By studying many such samples, it was concluded that osteons which appear 'dark' under crossed polaroids contain fibers with orientations having little or no transverse component, whereas 'bright' osteons possess fiber orientations with transverse and longitudinal components. 'Intermediate' osteons have been found to contain fiber orientations richer in longitudinal component than in transverse.", "contents": "Collagen fiber orientations in human secondary osteons. Scanning electron microscopy studies of decalcified human secondary osteons were conducted to determine correlations in fiber orientations in these osteons with their appearance under crossed polaroids. Using a new sample preparation technique, osteons were prepared to expose many of their lamellar interfaces. By studying many such samples, it was concluded that osteons which appear 'dark' under crossed polaroids contain fibers with orientations having little or no transverse component, whereas 'bright' osteons possess fiber orientations with transverse and longitudinal components. 'Intermediate' osteons have been found to contain fiber orientations richer in longitudinal component than in transverse."}
{"id": "PMID:870884", "title": "Appearance of the wild boar brain.", "content": "On eight brains of wild boars, the appearance of the exterior and interior brain structures was studied. The brain was preserved in the skull by formalin solution injection into the carotid artery. After having been set up for 4 months in a 5% formalin solution, the brain was removed in conjunction with the coverings. Subsequently, the brain was preserved in 5% formalin for 2 months. By careful dissection and elaboration of special preparations, the appearance of the grey and white substance of the brain, of the basal ganglia and of certain portions of the limbic system was studied. On the frontal and horizontal sections of the brain the appearance of the brain matter, of the basal ganglia and of the brain ventricles was studied. The exterior and interior morphology of the cerebellum was investigated on special preparations.", "contents": "Appearance of the wild boar brain. On eight brains of wild boars, the appearance of the exterior and interior brain structures was studied. The brain was preserved in the skull by formalin solution injection into the carotid artery. After having been set up for 4 months in a 5% formalin solution, the brain was removed in conjunction with the coverings. Subsequently, the brain was preserved in 5% formalin for 2 months. By careful dissection and elaboration of special preparations, the appearance of the grey and white substance of the brain, of the basal ganglia and of certain portions of the limbic system was studied. On the frontal and horizontal sections of the brain the appearance of the brain matter, of the basal ganglia and of the brain ventricles was studied. The exterior and interior morphology of the cerebellum was investigated on special preparations."}
{"id": "PMID:870890", "title": "Coeliac disease with mild mucosal abnormalities: a report of four patients.", "content": "In a routine adult gastroenterological practice, seventeen (15%) of 123 patients had small-intestinal biopsies which were neither normal nor were completely flat as found in classical coeliac disease. Some of these had a possible cause for the mild mucosal abnormality, but in six there was no other apparent cause and all four of these who were treated with a gluten-free diet responded morphologically and symptomatically. It is concluded that at least these four patients have coeliac disease in a mild form and that the classical flat biopsy is not a prerequisite for the diagnosis of coeliac disease.", "contents": "Coeliac disease with mild mucosal abnormalities: a report of four patients. In a routine adult gastroenterological practice, seventeen (15%) of 123 patients had small-intestinal biopsies which were neither normal nor were completely flat as found in classical coeliac disease. Some of these had a possible cause for the mild mucosal abnormality, but in six there was no other apparent cause and all four of these who were treated with a gluten-free diet responded morphologically and symptomatically. It is concluded that at least these four patients have coeliac disease in a mild form and that the classical flat biopsy is not a prerequisite for the diagnosis of coeliac disease."}
{"id": "PMID:870891", "title": "Primary anorexia nervosa (weight phobia) in males.", "content": "Ten cases of primary anorexia nervosa (weight phobia) in males (as against 196 females) have been treated in the United Birmingham Hospitals over 19 years. A discrete syndromes appears to exist with much to support the view that it is the counterpart of primary anorexia nervosa in the female. Six illustrative case histories are described briefly. The heavy loading with consistent abnormalities of psychiatric interest makes it very probable that weight phobia is primarily a psychiatric disorder.", "contents": "Primary anorexia nervosa (weight phobia) in males. Ten cases of primary anorexia nervosa (weight phobia) in males (as against 196 females) have been treated in the United Birmingham Hospitals over 19 years. A discrete syndromes appears to exist with much to support the view that it is the counterpart of primary anorexia nervosa in the female. Six illustrative case histories are described briefly. The heavy loading with consistent abnormalities of psychiatric interest makes it very probable that weight phobia is primarily a psychiatric disorder."}
{"id": "PMID:870886", "title": "Pharmacology of new 7-gamma-piperazino-beta-hydroxypropyl theophline derivatives. Part II. The effect on course and dynamics of delayed contact allergy produced with 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB) in guinea pigs.", "content": "The action of three new 7-gamma-piperazion-beta-hydroxypropyl theophylline derivatives on the course and dynamics of development of skin reaction in delayed hypersensitivity produced by a potent sensitizing agent (DNBC) was studied. The preventive action, particularly of compound R6, against exudate and edema of the sites of depot of the antigen in the guinea pig is similar to the effect produced by classical antihistaminics, as mepyramine mepyramine or tavegyl. It has been found histopathologically that compound R6 does not change the localization and proliferation of mononuclear perivascular cells typical for delayed hypersensitivity.", "contents": "Pharmacology of new 7-gamma-piperazino-beta-hydroxypropyl theophline derivatives. Part II. The effect on course and dynamics of delayed contact allergy produced with 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB) in guinea pigs. The action of three new 7-gamma-piperazion-beta-hydroxypropyl theophylline derivatives on the course and dynamics of development of skin reaction in delayed hypersensitivity produced by a potent sensitizing agent (DNBC) was studied. The preventive action, particularly of compound R6, against exudate and edema of the sites of depot of the antigen in the guinea pig is similar to the effect produced by classical antihistaminics, as mepyramine mepyramine or tavegyl. It has been found histopathologically that compound R6 does not change the localization and proliferation of mononuclear perivascular cells typical for delayed hypersensitivity."}
{"id": "PMID:870887", "title": "Polymorphism of indomethacin. Part II. Identification and rapid determination of polymorphic forms of indomethacin by IR spectrometry.", "content": "A procedure is described, which make it possible to determine the content of individual polymorphic forms of indomethacin in their mixture by IR spectrometry. IR spectra recorded in the range of 1600--1800 cm-1 have been used in the determinations. The method is especially useful for analytical control of the technological process of preparing the most pharmacologically active-gemma-form of indomethacin.", "contents": "Polymorphism of indomethacin. Part II. Identification and rapid determination of polymorphic forms of indomethacin by IR spectrometry. A procedure is described, which make it possible to determine the content of individual polymorphic forms of indomethacin in their mixture by IR spectrometry. IR spectra recorded in the range of 1600--1800 cm-1 have been used in the determinations. The method is especially useful for analytical control of the technological process of preparing the most pharmacologically active-gemma-form of indomethacin."}
{"id": "PMID:870892", "title": "Neonatal barbiturate withdrawal.", "content": "An infant with neonatal barbiturate withdrawal syndrome is reported. The clinical features, diagnosis and treatment of this condition are discussed. A retrospective review of fifty-three infants of barbiturate-treated epileptic mothers indicated a high incidence of \"jitteriness\" (17%) and feeding problems (36%) in the immediate neonatal period.", "contents": "Neonatal barbiturate withdrawal. An infant with neonatal barbiturate withdrawal syndrome is reported. The clinical features, diagnosis and treatment of this condition are discussed. A retrospective review of fifty-three infants of barbiturate-treated epileptic mothers indicated a high incidence of \"jitteriness\" (17%) and feeding problems (36%) in the immediate neonatal period."}
{"id": "PMID:870888", "title": "Effect of atebrine on glucose blood levels and on flavinic nucleotides content in rat liver in deficiency state and in satisfied demand of riboflavine.", "content": "Changes in glucose levels in blood, excretion of riboflavine in urine, FAD and FMN flavinic nucleotides and a total riboflavine content in liver homogenates were determined in rats. Both riboflavine deficiency and atebrine do not effect the glucose, blood levels. Atebrine (ATB) significantly inhibits the urinary excretion of riboflavine both in deficiency state and in satisfied demand of this vitamin. The lack of riboflavine in food results in a decrease of total riboflavine and FA- in liver, while during the first period of deficiency the amount of FMN increases. When the riboflavine demand is satisfied, low doses of ATP do not influence the total riboflavine and flavinic nucleotides content in the liver, while at high doses, the total riboflavine increases and the amount of FMN initially significantly exceeds the amount of FAD. ATB markedly inhibits the growth of rats both in the deficiency state and in the satisfied demand of riboflavine.", "contents": "Effect of atebrine on glucose blood levels and on flavinic nucleotides content in rat liver in deficiency state and in satisfied demand of riboflavine. Changes in glucose levels in blood, excretion of riboflavine in urine, FAD and FMN flavinic nucleotides and a total riboflavine content in liver homogenates were determined in rats. Both riboflavine deficiency and atebrine do not effect the glucose, blood levels. Atebrine (ATB) significantly inhibits the urinary excretion of riboflavine both in deficiency state and in satisfied demand of this vitamin. The lack of riboflavine in food results in a decrease of total riboflavine and FA- in liver, while during the first period of deficiency the amount of FMN increases. When the riboflavine demand is satisfied, low doses of ATP do not influence the total riboflavine and flavinic nucleotides content in the liver, while at high doses, the total riboflavine increases and the amount of FMN initially significantly exceeds the amount of FAD. ATB markedly inhibits the growth of rats both in the deficiency state and in the satisfied demand of riboflavine."}
{"id": "PMID:870893", "title": "Management of prolonged hypoglycaemia in Beckwith's syndrome.", "content": "A new-born baby with Beckwith's syndrome had severe hypoglycaemia, and was treated with glucagon and prednisone. Treatment was stopped at 1 month of age and his blood glucose levels were satisfactory for the ensuing 6 weeks. However, at 10 weeks of age, he had a hypoglycaemic convulsion and required large doses of diazoxide and prednisone for the next 2 months to maintain the blood glucose above 40 mg/100 ml. Insulin excretion was raised until he was 4 months old. Cases of Beckwith's syndrome which develop hypoglycaemia, should be treated with diazoxide and corticosteroids until insulin excretion is normal.", "contents": "Management of prolonged hypoglycaemia in Beckwith's syndrome. A new-born baby with Beckwith's syndrome had severe hypoglycaemia, and was treated with glucagon and prednisone. Treatment was stopped at 1 month of age and his blood glucose levels were satisfactory for the ensuing 6 weeks. However, at 10 weeks of age, he had a hypoglycaemic convulsion and required large doses of diazoxide and prednisone for the next 2 months to maintain the blood glucose above 40 mg/100 ml. Insulin excretion was raised until he was 4 months old. Cases of Beckwith's syndrome which develop hypoglycaemia, should be treated with diazoxide and corticosteroids until insulin excretion is normal."}
{"id": "PMID:870889", "title": "The effect of intrahippocampal injections of serotonin on bioelectrical activity of Gyrus cinguli and amygdaloid nucleus in the rabbit.", "content": "The effect of injection of serotonin (5-HT), dissolved in 2 mul of bidistilled water, into hippocampus was studied in rabbits with chronically implanted electrodes and cannulas. Bioelectric activity of gyrus cinguli, amygdaloid nucleus, and dorsal hippocampus was recorded. 5-HT (10--20 mug) inhibited the electrical activity of the structures investigated, and this inhibition was accompanied by a suppression of locomotor activity or sleep.", "contents": "The effect of intrahippocampal injections of serotonin on bioelectrical activity of Gyrus cinguli and amygdaloid nucleus in the rabbit. The effect of injection of serotonin (5-HT), dissolved in 2 mul of bidistilled water, into hippocampus was studied in rabbits with chronically implanted electrodes and cannulas. Bioelectric activity of gyrus cinguli, amygdaloid nucleus, and dorsal hippocampus was recorded. 5-HT (10--20 mug) inhibited the electrical activity of the structures investigated, and this inhibition was accompanied by a suppression of locomotor activity or sleep."}
{"id": "PMID:870894", "title": "Symptomatic hyponatraemia associated with tolbutamide therapy.", "content": "A case of hyponatraemic coma occurring in a patient with diabetes mellitus treated with tolbutamide is described. Although chlorpropamide is known to cause water retention in some circumstances, this is a less well recognized complication of tolbutamide therapy.", "contents": "Symptomatic hyponatraemia associated with tolbutamide therapy. A case of hyponatraemic coma occurring in a patient with diabetes mellitus treated with tolbutamide is described. Although chlorpropamide is known to cause water retention in some circumstances, this is a less well recognized complication of tolbutamide therapy."}
{"id": "PMID:870885", "title": "The action of piracetam on 14C-glucose metabolism in normal and posthypoxic rat cerebral cortex slices.", "content": "The stimulating effect of piracetam on the respiration and glycolysis was observed in rat brain cortex slices incubated under oxygen atmosphere. After preincubation of the slices under pure nitrogen atmosphere, piracetam infuenced also decarboxylation of the C1-glucose carbon, indicating stimulation of the pentose cysle. Any significant effect of piracetam on the lowered by anoxia incorporation of 14C from U-14C-glucose into macromolecular fractions was not observed. The results have supported a protective effect of piracetam against oxygen deficiency, caused mainly by stimulation of metabolic glucose pathways, connected with energy production in CNS.", "contents": "The action of piracetam on 14C-glucose metabolism in normal and posthypoxic rat cerebral cortex slices. The stimulating effect of piracetam on the respiration and glycolysis was observed in rat brain cortex slices incubated under oxygen atmosphere. After preincubation of the slices under pure nitrogen atmosphere, piracetam infuenced also decarboxylation of the C1-glucose carbon, indicating stimulation of the pentose cysle. Any significant effect of piracetam on the lowered by anoxia incorporation of 14C from U-14C-glucose into macromolecular fractions was not observed. The results have supported a protective effect of piracetam against oxygen deficiency, caused mainly by stimulation of metabolic glucose pathways, connected with energy production in CNS."}
{"id": "PMID:870895", "title": "Spontaneous rupture of the abdominal aorta.", "content": "Fatal spontaneous rupture of the lower abdominal aorta in a previously healthy 61-year-old woman is reported; the possibility that she had the Ehlers-Danlos syndrome is discussed.", "contents": "Spontaneous rupture of the abdominal aorta. Fatal spontaneous rupture of the lower abdominal aorta in a previously healthy 61-year-old woman is reported; the possibility that she had the Ehlers-Danlos syndrome is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:870896", "title": "Acute appendicitis in association with non-obstructive carcinoma of the caecum.", "content": "A case of carcinoma of the caecum is reported, which presented as acute appendicitis, although the carcinoma did not obstruct either the lumen of the appendix or the colon. The prognosis for caecal or proximal colonic neoplasm presenting as appendicitis is poor. This is in part due to the association being missed at the initial laparotomy. It is suggested that a more aggessive attitude should be taken in the pre- and post-operative management of any patient over 50 years of age who presents with appendicitis. The difficulties of identifying a small tumour at laparotomy even if the mucosa can be palpated are emphasized.", "contents": "Acute appendicitis in association with non-obstructive carcinoma of the caecum. A case of carcinoma of the caecum is reported, which presented as acute appendicitis, although the carcinoma did not obstruct either the lumen of the appendix or the colon. The prognosis for caecal or proximal colonic neoplasm presenting as appendicitis is poor. This is in part due to the association being missed at the initial laparotomy. It is suggested that a more aggessive attitude should be taken in the pre- and post-operative management of any patient over 50 years of age who presents with appendicitis. The difficulties of identifying a small tumour at laparotomy even if the mucosa can be palpated are emphasized."}
{"id": "PMID:870897", "title": "Nonscorbutic effects of vitamin C: biochemical aspects.", "content": "There is a certain presumptive evidence for believing than AA has functions other than the simple prevention of classical scurvy; whether these extra-antiscorbutic functions are attributable to AA itself, or to one or more of its metabolites, is not known. Tissue saturation with AA would appear to provide a good insurance against defects in these extra-antiscorbutic areas. ttissue saturation is attainable by a daily intake of 100-150 mg in man; there are no compelling reasons for using megadoses of AA and the emphasis should be on the avoidance of chronic hypovitaminosis C. There is suggestive evidence that megadoses of AA could be physiologically disadvantageous--particularly with regard to in-utero exposure and in persons exposed to high environmental levels of toxic metals.", "contents": "Nonscorbutic effects of vitamin C: biochemical aspects. There is a certain presumptive evidence for believing than AA has functions other than the simple prevention of classical scurvy; whether these extra-antiscorbutic functions are attributable to AA itself, or to one or more of its metabolites, is not known. Tissue saturation with AA would appear to provide a good insurance against defects in these extra-antiscorbutic areas. ttissue saturation is attainable by a daily intake of 100-150 mg in man; there are no compelling reasons for using megadoses of AA and the emphasis should be on the avoidance of chronic hypovitaminosis C. There is suggestive evidence that megadoses of AA could be physiologically disadvantageous--particularly with regard to in-utero exposure and in persons exposed to high environmental levels of toxic metals."}
{"id": "PMID:870898", "title": "Current status of vitamin D metabolism.", "content": "In summary one can record that the biochemist has discovered a beautiful metabolic pathway for vitamin D which is probably as yet incomplete. Subsequently the medicinal chemist has provided numerous synthetic analogues. However, delays in the diagnosis and treatment of vitamin D disorders, due to lack of specific assays and inadequate supplies of therapeutic metabolites, still unfortunately exist. It is hoped that these problems will be rectified as soon as more plentiful supplies of the appropriate metabolites are available.", "contents": "Current status of vitamin D metabolism. In summary one can record that the biochemist has discovered a beautiful metabolic pathway for vitamin D which is probably as yet incomplete. Subsequently the medicinal chemist has provided numerous synthetic analogues. However, delays in the diagnosis and treatment of vitamin D disorders, due to lack of specific assays and inadequate supplies of therapeutic metabolites, still unfortunately exist. It is hoped that these problems will be rectified as soon as more plentiful supplies of the appropriate metabolites are available."}
{"id": "PMID:870899", "title": "Toxicological problems associated with the manufacture of triazapentadienes.", "content": "1, 3, 5-triazapenta-1, 4-dienes are a new group of pesticides which are particularly effective against acarids. This report concerns various toxicological manifestations which occurred amongst the workforce of a small chemical processing plant engaged in the manufacturer of these substances. The toxic effects noted can be divided into three groups: (1) \"Skin flushes\", similar to those which have been observed amongst workers using dimethyl formamide. (2) Acute keratoconjunctivitis which occurred as a delayed reaction (between 6 and 12 hours after finishing work). (3) Intoxication following inhalation of isopropyl alcohol fumes. This is of special interest as reputable authorities discount this method of absorption as being a serious problem resulting from the use of isopropyl alcohol in an industrial situation.", "contents": "Toxicological problems associated with the manufacture of triazapentadienes. 1, 3, 5-triazapenta-1, 4-dienes are a new group of pesticides which are particularly effective against acarids. This report concerns various toxicological manifestations which occurred amongst the workforce of a small chemical processing plant engaged in the manufacturer of these substances. The toxic effects noted can be divided into three groups: (1) \"Skin flushes\", similar to those which have been observed amongst workers using dimethyl formamide. (2) Acute keratoconjunctivitis which occurred as a delayed reaction (between 6 and 12 hours after finishing work). (3) Intoxication following inhalation of isopropyl alcohol fumes. This is of special interest as reputable authorities discount this method of absorption as being a serious problem resulting from the use of isopropyl alcohol in an industrial situation."}
{"id": "PMID:870900", "title": "Nontuberculous infection of the spine.", "content": "Fourteen cases of nontuberculous infection of the spine were presented, and compared with similar published series (172 cases). The ESR was very high in all cases except one. It returned to normal after recovery. The long delay (5-28 weeks) in diagnosis emphasizes the need for increased awareness of the condition, and the importance of repeated investigations, if these are initially normal. If diagnosed and treated in time the disease runs a relatively benign course. Open exploration is not necessary in all cases, and whether this speeds recovery is open to question. It is indicated to exclude tuberculosis doubtful cases, to obtain a positive culture if other evidence is lacking, and is an absolute indication in paraplegia.", "contents": "Nontuberculous infection of the spine. Fourteen cases of nontuberculous infection of the spine were presented, and compared with similar published series (172 cases). The ESR was very high in all cases except one. It returned to normal after recovery. The long delay (5-28 weeks) in diagnosis emphasizes the need for increased awareness of the condition, and the importance of repeated investigations, if these are initially normal. If diagnosed and treated in time the disease runs a relatively benign course. Open exploration is not necessary in all cases, and whether this speeds recovery is open to question. It is indicated to exclude tuberculosis doubtful cases, to obtain a positive culture if other evidence is lacking, and is an absolute indication in paraplegia."}
{"id": "PMID:870901", "title": "Calcium metabolism in breast cancer.", "content": "Patients with breast cancer and bone destruction were found to have a pattern of calcium metabolism which was broadly similar to that found in other malignancies, but different from that in primary hyperparathyroidism. Thus, they tended to have reduced absorption of calcium from the intestine, elevated endogenous faecal calcium and normal or reduced urinary cyclic AMP excretion. Since prostaglandin synthetase inhibitors have been shown to inhibit breast cancer-induced osteolysis in vitro we have attempted to reduce bone destruction and serum calcium in patients with hypercalcaemia complicating breast cancer using these agents. High doses failed to reduce the serum calcium or the urinary hydroxyproline: creatinine ratio in ten patients with skeletal metastases, four of whom had hypercalcaemia.", "contents": "Calcium metabolism in breast cancer. Patients with breast cancer and bone destruction were found to have a pattern of calcium metabolism which was broadly similar to that found in other malignancies, but different from that in primary hyperparathyroidism. Thus, they tended to have reduced absorption of calcium from the intestine, elevated endogenous faecal calcium and normal or reduced urinary cyclic AMP excretion. Since prostaglandin synthetase inhibitors have been shown to inhibit breast cancer-induced osteolysis in vitro we have attempted to reduce bone destruction and serum calcium in patients with hypercalcaemia complicating breast cancer using these agents. High doses failed to reduce the serum calcium or the urinary hydroxyproline: creatinine ratio in ten patients with skeletal metastases, four of whom had hypercalcaemia."}
{"id": "PMID:870902", "title": "Adrenergic stimulation of the lateral hypothalamic area on sodium and potassium excretion.", "content": "The effects of adrenergic stimulation of the lateral hypothalamic area on sodium and potassium excretion were studied in rats bearing implanted cannulae. When noradrenaline was injected into several points of the lateral hypothalamic area, a dose-related increase in natriuresis and kaliuresis was observed. Rats previously injected through the same cannulae with alpha (Regitine) or beta (Propranolol) blocking agents showed different natriuretic responses when injected with noradrenaline. It was observed that the normal noradrenaline-induced natriuresis was abolished by the alpha-adrenergic blockers, while beta-adrenergic blockers increased the response. Intrahypothalamic injection of Isoproterenol, and activator of the beta-adrenergic receptor, induced a decrease in natriuresis, kaliuresis and urinary volume. In contrast, injection of Metaraminol, an alpha-adrenergic agonist, caused an increase in sodium and potassium excretion and a reduction of urinary volume. Drugs blocking the destruction of noradrenaline or its reuptake by the presynaptic nerve endings potentiated 2-fold the action of 20 nmol of noradrenaline. These experiments provide good evidence for the existence of an adrenergic mechanism consisting of alpha and beta receptors which works antagonistically on the regulation of sodium and potassium excretion. The excretion on the two electrolytes is stimulated by the alpha-adrenergic system, and inhibited by the beta-adrenergic system.", "contents": "Adrenergic stimulation of the lateral hypothalamic area on sodium and potassium excretion. The effects of adrenergic stimulation of the lateral hypothalamic area on sodium and potassium excretion were studied in rats bearing implanted cannulae. When noradrenaline was injected into several points of the lateral hypothalamic area, a dose-related increase in natriuresis and kaliuresis was observed. Rats previously injected through the same cannulae with alpha (Regitine) or beta (Propranolol) blocking agents showed different natriuretic responses when injected with noradrenaline. It was observed that the normal noradrenaline-induced natriuresis was abolished by the alpha-adrenergic blockers, while beta-adrenergic blockers increased the response. Intrahypothalamic injection of Isoproterenol, and activator of the beta-adrenergic receptor, induced a decrease in natriuresis, kaliuresis and urinary volume. In contrast, injection of Metaraminol, an alpha-adrenergic agonist, caused an increase in sodium and potassium excretion and a reduction of urinary volume. Drugs blocking the destruction of noradrenaline or its reuptake by the presynaptic nerve endings potentiated 2-fold the action of 20 nmol of noradrenaline. These experiments provide good evidence for the existence of an adrenergic mechanism consisting of alpha and beta receptors which works antagonistically on the regulation of sodium and potassium excretion. The excretion on the two electrolytes is stimulated by the alpha-adrenergic system, and inhibited by the beta-adrenergic system."}
{"id": "PMID:870903", "title": "Effects of diazepam on behaviour suppressed by extinction in pigs.", "content": "Diazepam injected to pigs previously trained to perform an operant response for food according to a continuous reinforcement schedule significantly increased resistance to extinction compared to control pigs. In pigs submitted to a time-out procedure diazepam increased the number of nonreinforced responses at the beginning of the acquisition but was unable to disinhibit suppressed behaviour in the later stages of acquisition when the extinguished behaviour was well acquired. The results are discussed with respect to antiaversive or disinhibitory effects of benzodiazepines and an alternative interpretation, the strengthening of the prevailing behavioural tendency in the animal's repertoire at the time of test, is put forward.", "contents": "Effects of diazepam on behaviour suppressed by extinction in pigs. Diazepam injected to pigs previously trained to perform an operant response for food according to a continuous reinforcement schedule significantly increased resistance to extinction compared to control pigs. In pigs submitted to a time-out procedure diazepam increased the number of nonreinforced responses at the beginning of the acquisition but was unable to disinhibit suppressed behaviour in the later stages of acquisition when the extinguished behaviour was well acquired. The results are discussed with respect to antiaversive or disinhibitory effects of benzodiazepines and an alternative interpretation, the strengthening of the prevailing behavioural tendency in the animal's repertoire at the time of test, is put forward."}
{"id": "PMID:870904", "title": "Experiential input alters the phosphorylation of specific proteins in brain membranes.", "content": "The effects of a training experience that involves foot shock on the endogenous phosphorylation of membrane-bound proteins from brain were studied. Crude membrane fractions were prepared from the cerebral cortex and neostriatum of animals that had been sacrificed by quick freezing. In vitro incubation of the membranes with gamma-32P-ATP, follwed by SDS-gel electrophoresis of the phosphorylated substrates, revealed that the phosphorylation of two protein components (designated F and H-I) increased in preparations from animals that were subjected to a training experience 24 hr prior to sacrifice. These effects were greater in preparations from the neostriatum than from the cerebral cortex, and were observed in experiments using both rats and mice. Although all trained animals showed a high phosphorylation of bands F and H-I, control animals showed a greater variability in the phosphorylation of these bands. The results indicate that the phosphorylation of specific proteins may play a mediatory role in the processing of experiential information.", "contents": "Experiential input alters the phosphorylation of specific proteins in brain membranes. The effects of a training experience that involves foot shock on the endogenous phosphorylation of membrane-bound proteins from brain were studied. Crude membrane fractions were prepared from the cerebral cortex and neostriatum of animals that had been sacrificed by quick freezing. In vitro incubation of the membranes with gamma-32P-ATP, follwed by SDS-gel electrophoresis of the phosphorylated substrates, revealed that the phosphorylation of two protein components (designated F and H-I) increased in preparations from animals that were subjected to a training experience 24 hr prior to sacrifice. These effects were greater in preparations from the neostriatum than from the cerebral cortex, and were observed in experiments using both rats and mice. Although all trained animals showed a high phosphorylation of bands F and H-I, control animals showed a greater variability in the phosphorylation of these bands. The results indicate that the phosphorylation of specific proteins may play a mediatory role in the processing of experiential information."}
{"id": "PMID:870905", "title": "Enhancement of pseudoconditioning and retardation of escape by low doses of ethanol.", "content": "Independent groups of mature Wistar rats were injected intraperitoneally with 0.9% NaCl solution or 0.5 g/kg, 1 g/kg or 2 g/kg ethanol prepared from a 30% ethanol solution in 0.9% NaCl. Thirty min later each animal was placed in a two compartment shuttlebox and given 25 trials during which footshock was presented every 60 sec and tones of 8 sec duration were randomly programed. Shock-escape latencies and frequencies of intercompartmental (pseudoconditioned) responses to the tone were measured. The results showed that 1 g/kg and 2 g/kg ethanol significantly retarded escape performance but 2 g/kg ethanol significantly enhanced pseudoconditioning. These findings have implications for the design of experiments concerned with the effects of drugs on learning processes, and for theories of the effects of ethanol on behavior.", "contents": "Enhancement of pseudoconditioning and retardation of escape by low doses of ethanol. Independent groups of mature Wistar rats were injected intraperitoneally with 0.9% NaCl solution or 0.5 g/kg, 1 g/kg or 2 g/kg ethanol prepared from a 30% ethanol solution in 0.9% NaCl. Thirty min later each animal was placed in a two compartment shuttlebox and given 25 trials during which footshock was presented every 60 sec and tones of 8 sec duration were randomly programed. Shock-escape latencies and frequencies of intercompartmental (pseudoconditioned) responses to the tone were measured. The results showed that 1 g/kg and 2 g/kg ethanol significantly retarded escape performance but 2 g/kg ethanol significantly enhanced pseudoconditioning. These findings have implications for the design of experiments concerned with the effects of drugs on learning processes, and for theories of the effects of ethanol on behavior."}
{"id": "PMID:870906", "title": "Acute stress and the brain norepinephrine uptake mechanism in the rat.", "content": "The kinetic constants for norepinephrine uptake in cerebral cortical homogenates were determined in vitro immediately following an acute stress consisting of either forced immobilization, cold-wet exposure, combined cold-plus-restraint, swim stress, or electric footshock in the rat. The kinetic constants, apparent Km and Vmax, for uptake of 3H-l-norepinephrine were significantly increased only following 10 min swim at 22 degrees or following 5 min electric footshock. When severe hypothermia accompanied the stress, the findings suggested that a profound reduction in body temperature was associated with depressed responsiveness of brain noradrenergic mechanisms to stress including decreased uptake kinetic constants. In a series in which the duration of electric footshock was varied from 2 to 30 min, it was noted that the NE uptake kinetic constants were increased at 5 min, but were similar to paired controls at 2, 10 and 30 min following the onset of footshock. It was concluded that various acute stresses did not elicit a generalized response of the cortical NE uptake mechanism to stress in the rat. Furthermore, when uptake kinetic constants did change with stress, the values were often within the range of normal values seen in the rat.", "contents": "Acute stress and the brain norepinephrine uptake mechanism in the rat. The kinetic constants for norepinephrine uptake in cerebral cortical homogenates were determined in vitro immediately following an acute stress consisting of either forced immobilization, cold-wet exposure, combined cold-plus-restraint, swim stress, or electric footshock in the rat. The kinetic constants, apparent Km and Vmax, for uptake of 3H-l-norepinephrine were significantly increased only following 10 min swim at 22 degrees or following 5 min electric footshock. When severe hypothermia accompanied the stress, the findings suggested that a profound reduction in body temperature was associated with depressed responsiveness of brain noradrenergic mechanisms to stress including decreased uptake kinetic constants. In a series in which the duration of electric footshock was varied from 2 to 30 min, it was noted that the NE uptake kinetic constants were increased at 5 min, but were similar to paired controls at 2, 10 and 30 min following the onset of footshock. It was concluded that various acute stresses did not elicit a generalized response of the cortical NE uptake mechanism to stress in the rat. Furthermore, when uptake kinetic constants did change with stress, the values were often within the range of normal values seen in the rat."}
{"id": "PMID:870907", "title": "Antagonism of etonitazene's effects in rats and pigeons.", "content": "The effects of etonitazene were studied in the pigeon under a mult FR FI schedule of food presentation and in the rat under a continuous avoidance-escape schedule. A low dose of etonitazene increased rates of responding by pigeons under the FI component of the multiple schedule, whereas higher doses produced dose-related decreases in rates of responding under both components of the multiple schedule. These effects were blocked by cyclazocine. Under the continuous avoidance-escape schedule, etonitazene produced only dose-related decreases in rates of responding by rats, and these decreases were blocked by naloxone.", "contents": "Antagonism of etonitazene's effects in rats and pigeons. The effects of etonitazene were studied in the pigeon under a mult FR FI schedule of food presentation and in the rat under a continuous avoidance-escape schedule. A low dose of etonitazene increased rates of responding by pigeons under the FI component of the multiple schedule, whereas higher doses produced dose-related decreases in rates of responding under both components of the multiple schedule. These effects were blocked by cyclazocine. Under the continuous avoidance-escape schedule, etonitazene produced only dose-related decreases in rates of responding by rats, and these decreases were blocked by naloxone."}
{"id": "PMID:870908", "title": "Examination of some factors that control the effects of septal lesions on lordosis behavior.", "content": "Various experimental parameters related to the effects of septal lesions on the lordosis behavior of rats have been examined. First, the failure of septal lesions to facilitate lordosis behavior in male rats appears to be related to the degree of exposure to androgens neonatally. The normal facilitation in lordosis behavior associated with septal destruction in adult female rats does not occur if these female rats are treated with 1.0 mg of testosterone propionate (TP) on Day 1 of life. Yet female rats given 270 mug of TP on Day 3 of life respond the same as do normal females to septal lesions. Second, these sexually dimorphic effects of septal lesions can be modified in adult rats by chronic treatment with gonadal hormones following septal destruction. Whereas previous studies indicated that chronic estrogen injections permit a facilitation in lordosis behavior to occur in septal lesioned male rats, the present results showed that chronic injections of TP following a septal lesion attenuates the facilitation in lordosis behavior typically observed in adult female rats following a septal lesion. Third, examination of the time course for the facilitation in lordosis behavior following a septal lesion revealed a four to six day delay before the appearance of heightened female sexual behavior. Fourth, in support of the possibility that modifications in lordosis behavior by septal lesions may be mediated by a depletion or imbalance in brain amines, amphetamine was found to reduce the high levels of lordosis behavior of septal lesioned female rats to control levels. Finally, further evidence of a potential role for brain amines in the effects of septal lesions was provided by the observation of significantly lower content and turnover of dopamine in the amygdala of septal lesioned female rats, relative to sham operated controls.", "contents": "Examination of some factors that control the effects of septal lesions on lordosis behavior. Various experimental parameters related to the effects of septal lesions on the lordosis behavior of rats have been examined. First, the failure of septal lesions to facilitate lordosis behavior in male rats appears to be related to the degree of exposure to androgens neonatally. The normal facilitation in lordosis behavior associated with septal destruction in adult female rats does not occur if these female rats are treated with 1.0 mg of testosterone propionate (TP) on Day 1 of life. Yet female rats given 270 mug of TP on Day 3 of life respond the same as do normal females to septal lesions. Second, these sexually dimorphic effects of septal lesions can be modified in adult rats by chronic treatment with gonadal hormones following septal destruction. Whereas previous studies indicated that chronic estrogen injections permit a facilitation in lordosis behavior to occur in septal lesioned male rats, the present results showed that chronic injections of TP following a septal lesion attenuates the facilitation in lordosis behavior typically observed in adult female rats following a septal lesion. Third, examination of the time course for the facilitation in lordosis behavior following a septal lesion revealed a four to six day delay before the appearance of heightened female sexual behavior. Fourth, in support of the possibility that modifications in lordosis behavior by septal lesions may be mediated by a depletion or imbalance in brain amines, amphetamine was found to reduce the high levels of lordosis behavior of septal lesioned female rats to control levels. Finally, further evidence of a potential role for brain amines in the effects of septal lesions was provided by the observation of significantly lower content and turnover of dopamine in the amygdala of septal lesioned female rats, relative to sham operated controls."}
{"id": "PMID:870909", "title": "Phenobarbital drinking curves after varied water deprivation.", "content": "The phenobarbital dose-drinking response curves were obtained for 11 1/2 and 23 1/2 hr of water deprivation in rats. The results indicated that the same quadratic curve was found in both cases displaced as a function of degree of deprivation. These results are explicable by regarding phenobarbital as an adequate stimulus for drinking or by disinhibiting drinking if level of inhibition is not directly concerned with regulation of water ingestion per se. The response to phenobarbital upon the days following injection is similar for both degrees of deprivation investigated.", "contents": "Phenobarbital drinking curves after varied water deprivation. The phenobarbital dose-drinking response curves were obtained for 11 1/2 and 23 1/2 hr of water deprivation in rats. The results indicated that the same quadratic curve was found in both cases displaced as a function of degree of deprivation. These results are explicable by regarding phenobarbital as an adequate stimulus for drinking or by disinhibiting drinking if level of inhibition is not directly concerned with regulation of water ingestion per se. The response to phenobarbital upon the days following injection is similar for both degrees of deprivation investigated."}
{"id": "PMID:870910", "title": "The shelf life of some antibiotic preparations stored under tropical conditions.", "content": "Accelerated storage tests have been carried out to predict the shelf life of several commercial preparations stored directly under temperate and tropical climatic conditions. Two brands each of sulphathiazole tablets, tetracycline hydrochloride capsules and chloramphenicol capsules were studied over a period of three months. Shelf lives ranging from 6.2. to 29.7 months were predicted for temperate storage conditions (20 degree C/31% R.H.), whilst these periods were reduced giving values from 3.8 to 13.9 months for tropical conditions of 30 degree C/31% R.H and from 2.5 to 9.2. months when stored at 30 degree C/75% R.H. A decrease in the rate of drug dissolution was also observed for preparations stored directly under conditions of elevated temperature and humidity. The results indicate the need for stringent control over storage conditions for antibiotic preparations in tropical climates to ensure adequate drug stability and dissolution characteristics.", "contents": "The shelf life of some antibiotic preparations stored under tropical conditions. Accelerated storage tests have been carried out to predict the shelf life of several commercial preparations stored directly under temperate and tropical climatic conditions. Two brands each of sulphathiazole tablets, tetracycline hydrochloride capsules and chloramphenicol capsules were studied over a period of three months. Shelf lives ranging from 6.2. to 29.7 months were predicted for temperate storage conditions (20 degree C/31% R.H.), whilst these periods were reduced giving values from 3.8 to 13.9 months for tropical conditions of 30 degree C/31% R.H and from 2.5 to 9.2. months when stored at 30 degree C/75% R.H. A decrease in the rate of drug dissolution was also observed for preparations stored directly under conditions of elevated temperature and humidity. The results indicate the need for stringent control over storage conditions for antibiotic preparations in tropical climates to ensure adequate drug stability and dissolution characteristics."}
{"id": "PMID:870911", "title": "Synthesis and properties of new cyclic derivatives of succinic acid with anticonvulsant activity.", "content": "The synthesis and pharmacological screening of a series of new phenylsuccinimide derivatives are described. Seven compounds of that series elicited a marked anticonvulsant activity. Among the compounds tested, interesting structures were those metasubstituted with bromine, fluorine or trifluoromethyl group. The most interesting drug seems to be the N-morpholinemethyl derivative of mbromophenylsuccinimide, which has a long duration of activity, elicits a very strong antipentetrazole action, and gives good protection against maximal electroshock seizures.", "contents": "Synthesis and properties of new cyclic derivatives of succinic acid with anticonvulsant activity. The synthesis and pharmacological screening of a series of new phenylsuccinimide derivatives are described. Seven compounds of that series elicited a marked anticonvulsant activity. Among the compounds tested, interesting structures were those metasubstituted with bromine, fluorine or trifluoromethyl group. The most interesting drug seems to be the N-morpholinemethyl derivative of mbromophenylsuccinimide, which has a long duration of activity, elicits a very strong antipentetrazole action, and gives good protection against maximal electroshock seizures."}
{"id": "PMID:870912", "title": "Quantitative determination of drugs by means of densitometry of thin-layer chromatograms. Part 6 Determination of 1-benzhydril-4-allypiperazine dihydrochloride in biological media.", "content": "A quantitative method for determination of 1-benzhydril-4-allypiperazine dihydrochloride (As-2) in blood is proposed, based on direct densitometry of t.l.c. plates. The main advantage of the method consists in the fact that it can be applied for determination of As-2 in biological samples in the presence of its metabolites and other components of the investigated samples. The statistical treatment of results obtained from ten analyses shows that the method has no systematic error and the relative percentage error is +/- 8.5%. The lowest concentration which can be determined is 5 microng/1 ml plasma. It has been established that As-2 administered intravenously in the maximally tolerable dose of 22 mg/kg can be detected in the blood after the first min (RF = 0.45). Ten min after application one major metabolite (RF = 0.35) is observed under UV-light. When administered per os in the maximally tolerable dose of 100 mg/kg, As-2 is established in the blood after 15 min while the metabolite mentioned above is detected by the thirtieth min.", "contents": "Quantitative determination of drugs by means of densitometry of thin-layer chromatograms. Part 6 Determination of 1-benzhydril-4-allypiperazine dihydrochloride in biological media. A quantitative method for determination of 1-benzhydril-4-allypiperazine dihydrochloride (As-2) in blood is proposed, based on direct densitometry of t.l.c. plates. The main advantage of the method consists in the fact that it can be applied for determination of As-2 in biological samples in the presence of its metabolites and other components of the investigated samples. The statistical treatment of results obtained from ten analyses shows that the method has no systematic error and the relative percentage error is +/- 8.5%. The lowest concentration which can be determined is 5 microng/1 ml plasma. It has been established that As-2 administered intravenously in the maximally tolerable dose of 22 mg/kg can be detected in the blood after the first min (RF = 0.45). Ten min after application one major metabolite (RF = 0.35) is observed under UV-light. When administered per os in the maximally tolerable dose of 100 mg/kg, As-2 is established in the blood after 15 min while the metabolite mentioned above is detected by the thirtieth min."}
{"id": "PMID:870913", "title": "The surgical treatment of drooling. A ten-year review.", "content": "We report a 10-year experience with 123 patients who had the surgical treatment for drooling originally described by Wilkie. All have been followed for at least 1.5 years, and in 86 percent a good or excellent result was obtained. We believe this procedure is indicated for persistent, severe drooling in any patient in whom non-operative methods have failed, and for whom general anesthesia is an acceptable risk. Severe intellectual impairment is not a contraindication, for the care of these patients may be made far easier. Bilateral removal of the submandibular glands is an integral part of the operation on all patients, and should be done at the same time the parotid ducts are rerouted. The complications have been few and most of them respond to secondary procedures.", "contents": "The surgical treatment of drooling. A ten-year review. We report a 10-year experience with 123 patients who had the surgical treatment for drooling originally described by Wilkie. All have been followed for at least 1.5 years, and in 86 percent a good or excellent result was obtained. We believe this procedure is indicated for persistent, severe drooling in any patient in whom non-operative methods have failed, and for whom general anesthesia is an acceptable risk. Severe intellectual impairment is not a contraindication, for the care of these patients may be made far easier. Bilateral removal of the submandibular glands is an integral part of the operation on all patients, and should be done at the same time the parotid ducts are rerouted. The complications have been few and most of them respond to secondary procedures."}
{"id": "PMID:870914", "title": "Use of dermal-fat suspension flaps for thigh and buttock lifts.", "content": "A new technique for the correction of trochanteric bulges is described. A buried dermal-fat flap is used as a suspensory mechanism to hang the weight of the thigh skin and subcutaneous tissues on the deep fascia, rather than on the upper skin flap. This technique is particularly applicable to patients with asymmetry of the buttocks and thighs as well as those with ptosis of the buttocks. Another advantage is that it creates a new gluteal fold at a predetermined higher level.", "contents": "Use of dermal-fat suspension flaps for thigh and buttock lifts. A new technique for the correction of trochanteric bulges is described. A buried dermal-fat flap is used as a suspensory mechanism to hang the weight of the thigh skin and subcutaneous tissues on the deep fascia, rather than on the upper skin flap. This technique is particularly applicable to patients with asymmetry of the buttocks and thighs as well as those with ptosis of the buttocks. Another advantage is that it creates a new gluteal fold at a predetermined higher level."}
{"id": "PMID:870915", "title": "Logic as a tool for clinical training in social work.", "content": "The paper is an attempt to illustrate the usefulness of logic as a technique in the clinical training of mental health professionals. The specific concepts that are examined include the nature of deductive and inductive reasoning, hypothesis testing, necessary and sufficient conditions, \"if-then\" propositions, and the nature of clinical evidence. Knowledge and use of these concepts was tested in a tutorial program directed toward students who were beginning graduate studies in the field of social work. Some of the difficulties encountered by these students, especially in the clinical aspects of their training, were directly related to an inadequate understanding of these logical forms of reasoning. It is suggested that a portion of the clinical training in mental health fields be directed towards a deeper understanding and utilization of these basic concepts.", "contents": "Logic as a tool for clinical training in social work. The paper is an attempt to illustrate the usefulness of logic as a technique in the clinical training of mental health professionals. The specific concepts that are examined include the nature of deductive and inductive reasoning, hypothesis testing, necessary and sufficient conditions, \"if-then\" propositions, and the nature of clinical evidence. Knowledge and use of these concepts was tested in a tutorial program directed toward students who were beginning graduate studies in the field of social work. Some of the difficulties encountered by these students, especially in the clinical aspects of their training, were directly related to an inadequate understanding of these logical forms of reasoning. It is suggested that a portion of the clinical training in mental health fields be directed towards a deeper understanding and utilization of these basic concepts."}
{"id": "PMID:870916", "title": "A psychological theory of child abuse.", "content": "This paper presents a detailed study of two patients hospitalized in a closed psychiatric unit on which the treatment program emphasized dynamically oriented individual psychotherapy and family therapy. The first patient was hospitalized following physical abuse of her four-year-old daughter, while the second was hospitalized for a postpartum depression eight weeks following the birth of her first child, a girl. Although the presenting pictures in these two patients were markedly different, the psychodynamic patterns were so similar that a detailed comparison of the two cases seems to offer useful insight into some of the psychological causes of child abuse.", "contents": "A psychological theory of child abuse. This paper presents a detailed study of two patients hospitalized in a closed psychiatric unit on which the treatment program emphasized dynamically oriented individual psychotherapy and family therapy. The first patient was hospitalized following physical abuse of her four-year-old daughter, while the second was hospitalized for a postpartum depression eight weeks following the birth of her first child, a girl. Although the presenting pictures in these two patients were markedly different, the psychodynamic patterns were so similar that a detailed comparison of the two cases seems to offer useful insight into some of the psychological causes of child abuse."}
{"id": "PMID:870917", "title": "Affective disorders in university student psychiatric patients.", "content": "Two hundred and sixty-four student psychiatric referrals were evaluated by the same interviewer using a detailed, precoded questionnaire based on the diagnostic critieria of Feighner et al. (1972). Female sex was associated with secondary and unipolar primary affective disorders. Greater age (over 23 years) was associated with the unipolar primary affective disorder. Race and marital status were not associated with affective disorders.", "contents": "Affective disorders in university student psychiatric patients. Two hundred and sixty-four student psychiatric referrals were evaluated by the same interviewer using a detailed, precoded questionnaire based on the diagnostic critieria of Feighner et al. (1972). Female sex was associated with secondary and unipolar primary affective disorders. Greater age (over 23 years) was associated with the unipolar primary affective disorder. Race and marital status were not associated with affective disorders."}
{"id": "PMID:870918", "title": "Social class in the mental health center.", "content": "To test whether the preference for middle and upper class clients, found in psychotherapeutic clinics during the 1950s and early 1960s, exists in mental health centers, the relationships between social class and various aspects of psychiatric treatment are investigated in forty mental health centers which vary in several organizational dimensions. In general, clients are given treatment with little or no regard to social class. The variables that account for the different patterns of treatment in the two types of psychiatric treatment organizations are (1) the composition of the staffs; (2) the types and amount of individual  psychotherapy given; and (3) the primary organizational goal.", "contents": "Social class in the mental health center. To test whether the preference for middle and upper class clients, found in psychotherapeutic clinics during the 1950s and early 1960s, exists in mental health centers, the relationships between social class and various aspects of psychiatric treatment are investigated in forty mental health centers which vary in several organizational dimensions. In general, clients are given treatment with little or no regard to social class. The variables that account for the different patterns of treatment in the two types of psychiatric treatment organizations are (1) the composition of the staffs; (2) the types and amount of individual  psychotherapy given; and (3) the primary organizational goal."}
{"id": "PMID:870919", "title": "Loneliness: an interdisciplinary approach.", "content": "Psychological motivations, reasons why human nature is what it is, principles by which we may 'explain', understand, sympathize, or empathize with other human beings--and ourselves--what a variety of possible principles has been offered by philosophers and psychologists! All men seek happiness, announces Aristotle (Ethics). Just as all men delight in imitation (Poetics), and human beings universally take pleasure in knowing (Metaphysics), in that same sense it may be said that the arche of human conduct or action derives from the self-evident fact that all men desire to be happy. According to Hobbes, each human atom is motivated by self-interest, not to say selfishness, and every individual strives for his own 'good' through power over others. Bentham, on the other hand, regards man as under the sovereign twin masters of pleasure and pain, whose dominion extends over the entirety of human conduct. Freud retraces the path of our problematic symptoms to a fund of repressed sexual and libidinal energy, whose fettered strivings results in overt neuroses. Adler employs a Schopenhauerian and Nietzschean 'will to power' as a model for understanding a universal feeling of inferiority, whose ultimate origin is grounded in the inadequacy of the infant. And Jung cavalierly splits the human race into the extrovertish and the introvertish, the cosmopolitans and the islanders. What I have chosen as my concern, in the foregoing, is not a rough survey of conceptions of human nature--whether man is good, bad, or indifferent; a rational creature or essentially a sentient one; whether man's nature has ever been the same' or whether 'man makes himself', creatively. Rather, I am interested in what 'motivates' man, I am searching for a universal principle through which we may 'understand' why man does what he does, why man is what he is. Obviously, however, the commitment we make in regard to a theory of human motivation will itself necessarily be found to entail a corresponding view of human nature. Confronted with this impressive variety of interpretations, I don't know if I am able to offer a comparable general principle, but I shall try. In a word, that principle is loneliness. Thus, I wish to hold that once man has satisfied his more obviously physiological and biologic drives and comfortably secured the necessities of air, water, and food, he then strives to alleviate his desperate loneliness. It is not so much, then, a fact--correcting Jung, for instance--that we are to be dichotomized into extroverts and introverts, but rather that we all begin by aspiring toward human communion and affection and friendship but that, unfortunately, many of us fail; we who fail are the frustrated extroverts, the retreating introverts; if we cannot enjoy the company of others and command from them the recognition we (abnormally) feel for ourselves, well, then we shall cultivate our own company.", "contents": "Loneliness: an interdisciplinary approach. Psychological motivations, reasons why human nature is what it is, principles by which we may 'explain', understand, sympathize, or empathize with other human beings--and ourselves--what a variety of possible principles has been offered by philosophers and psychologists! All men seek happiness, announces Aristotle (Ethics). Just as all men delight in imitation (Poetics), and human beings universally take pleasure in knowing (Metaphysics), in that same sense it may be said that the arche of human conduct or action derives from the self-evident fact that all men desire to be happy. According to Hobbes, each human atom is motivated by self-interest, not to say selfishness, and every individual strives for his own 'good' through power over others. Bentham, on the other hand, regards man as under the sovereign twin masters of pleasure and pain, whose dominion extends over the entirety of human conduct. Freud retraces the path of our problematic symptoms to a fund of repressed sexual and libidinal energy, whose fettered strivings results in overt neuroses. Adler employs a Schopenhauerian and Nietzschean 'will to power' as a model for understanding a universal feeling of inferiority, whose ultimate origin is grounded in the inadequacy of the infant. And Jung cavalierly splits the human race into the extrovertish and the introvertish, the cosmopolitans and the islanders. What I have chosen as my concern, in the foregoing, is not a rough survey of conceptions of human nature--whether man is good, bad, or indifferent; a rational creature or essentially a sentient one; whether man's nature has ever been the same' or whether 'man makes himself', creatively. Rather, I am interested in what 'motivates' man, I am searching for a universal principle through which we may 'understand' why man does what he does, why man is what he is. Obviously, however, the commitment we make in regard to a theory of human motivation will itself necessarily be found to entail a corresponding view of human nature. Confronted with this impressive variety of interpretations, I don't know if I am able to offer a comparable general principle, but I shall try. In a word, that principle is loneliness. Thus, I wish to hold that once man has satisfied his more obviously physiological and biologic drives and comfortably secured the necessities of air, water, and food, he then strives to alleviate his desperate loneliness. It is not so much, then, a fact--correcting Jung, for instance--that we are to be dichotomized into extroverts and introverts, but rather that we all begin by aspiring toward human communion and affection and friendship but that, unfortunately, many of us fail; we who fail are the frustrated extroverts, the retreating introverts; if we cannot enjoy the company of others and command from them the recognition we (abnormally) feel for ourselves, well, then we shall cultivate our own company."}
{"id": "PMID:870920", "title": "Creative potential in schizophrenia.", "content": "The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate the presence of creative potential in a group of hospitalized persons who have been categorized as schizophrenic. Previous work (Buck and Kramer, 1973, 1974) has made it obvious that considerable poetic skill exists in this group of people. While creative potential was apparent in large numbers of those we have worked with, it is unnecessary to claim that our present data represent all (or even a majority) of the hospital population. However, we are concerned with providing a more balanced perspective on the ego strength and creativity which are retained in people who are labeled schizophrenic-even those considered to be regressed. In the following selections, we will attempt to demonstrate, first, an openness to fantasy and an access to primary-process thought which is molded by sufficient technical skill to warrant being labeled poetry, and second, an active, reconstructive capacity which includes a clear intention of communicating with an audience. The technical skill and the reconstructive capacity are critical in substantiating the retention of ego strength necessary for the mobilization of secondary-process cognition. We are interested, therefore, in exploring poetry written with clarity, intelligibility, and cohesiveness, where the visual can be translated into the verbal, where the effort is directed toward communication rather than sorcery, and where sponteneity replacesstereotypy. In the case of originality of style-that is, artistic license-these distinctions may not always be clear; but where questions arise, the artist's ability to justify his own intentions becomes critical.", "contents": "Creative potential in schizophrenia. The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate the presence of creative potential in a group of hospitalized persons who have been categorized as schizophrenic. Previous work (Buck and Kramer, 1973, 1974) has made it obvious that considerable poetic skill exists in this group of people. While creative potential was apparent in large numbers of those we have worked with, it is unnecessary to claim that our present data represent all (or even a majority) of the hospital population. However, we are concerned with providing a more balanced perspective on the ego strength and creativity which are retained in people who are labeled schizophrenic-even those considered to be regressed. In the following selections, we will attempt to demonstrate, first, an openness to fantasy and an access to primary-process thought which is molded by sufficient technical skill to warrant being labeled poetry, and second, an active, reconstructive capacity which includes a clear intention of communicating with an audience. The technical skill and the reconstructive capacity are critical in substantiating the retention of ego strength necessary for the mobilization of secondary-process cognition. We are interested, therefore, in exploring poetry written with clarity, intelligibility, and cohesiveness, where the visual can be translated into the verbal, where the effort is directed toward communication rather than sorcery, and where sponteneity replacesstereotypy. In the case of originality of style-that is, artistic license-these distinctions may not always be clear; but where questions arise, the artist's ability to justify his own intentions becomes critical."}
{"id": "PMID:870921", "title": "Children of imprisoned fathers.", "content": "John Bowlby's influential 1951 World Health Organization monograph, Maternal Care and Mental Health, pointed to a causal relationship between loss of maternal care and disturbed personality development, and had a profound effect on psychiatrists' thinking about antisocial behavior in particular, and character formation in general. More recently, psychiatric investigators have been increasingly interested in the effects of a child separation from his father. This has been stimulated by sociological concerns for one-parent, fatherless families (Adams, 1973) and by our realizing how historically neglected has been the paternal role in theories of child development. Herzog and Sudia (1971) have recently compiled an extensive bibliography of the fatherless family. Numerous clinical studies of loss of the father, through death (Nagera, 1970; Wolfenstein, 1966; Bonnard, 1964), suicide (Cain and Fast 1966), divorce (McDermott, 1970), military service (Crumley and Blumenthal, 1973), occupations (Rosenfeld et al., 1973), desertion (Thomes, 1968), and mental hospitalization (Schiff, 1965), have all reported various adverse effects, particularly on male children. It has been difficult, however, to sort out the effects of the loss itself from more general prevailing and prior family relationships. My interest in this subject was quickened when I began to see boys brought to a neighborhood clinic for aggressive and antisocial behavior soon after their fathers were imprisoned. I was impressed by the lack of reports in the literature on this form of father separation. I am presenting here my clinical observations of six families seen over a three-year period as part of a general child psychiatric experience at a comprehensive neighborhood health center sponsored by the Massachusetts General Hospital in Boston. Although there are obvious selection biases that limit generalization when families referred to psychiatrists are the only source of information, it seems a useful place to begin an examination of the consequences for children of father-separation as a result of imprisonment.", "contents": "Children of imprisoned fathers. John Bowlby's influential 1951 World Health Organization monograph, Maternal Care and Mental Health, pointed to a causal relationship between loss of maternal care and disturbed personality development, and had a profound effect on psychiatrists' thinking about antisocial behavior in particular, and character formation in general. More recently, psychiatric investigators have been increasingly interested in the effects of a child separation from his father. This has been stimulated by sociological concerns for one-parent, fatherless families (Adams, 1973) and by our realizing how historically neglected has been the paternal role in theories of child development. Herzog and Sudia (1971) have recently compiled an extensive bibliography of the fatherless family. Numerous clinical studies of loss of the father, through death (Nagera, 1970; Wolfenstein, 1966; Bonnard, 1964), suicide (Cain and Fast 1966), divorce (McDermott, 1970), military service (Crumley and Blumenthal, 1973), occupations (Rosenfeld et al., 1973), desertion (Thomes, 1968), and mental hospitalization (Schiff, 1965), have all reported various adverse effects, particularly on male children. It has been difficult, however, to sort out the effects of the loss itself from more general prevailing and prior family relationships. My interest in this subject was quickened when I began to see boys brought to a neighborhood clinic for aggressive and antisocial behavior soon after their fathers were imprisoned. I was impressed by the lack of reports in the literature on this form of father separation. I am presenting here my clinical observations of six families seen over a three-year period as part of a general child psychiatric experience at a comprehensive neighborhood health center sponsored by the Massachusetts General Hospital in Boston. Although there are obvious selection biases that limit generalization when families referred to psychiatrists are the only source of information, it seems a useful place to begin an examination of the consequences for children of father-separation as a result of imprisonment."}
{"id": "PMID:870922", "title": "The mid-life transition: a period in adult psychosocial development.", "content": "For the past nine years my colleagues and I have been working on a theory of adult psychosocial development in men (Levinson et al., 1974, 1977; Levinson, 1977). We have started some research on women (Stewart, 1977), but it is too early yet to report definitive theory or findings. Our aim is to encompass the many components of a man's life-all of his relationships with individuals, groups, and institutions that have significance for him. The components of life include his occupation and its evolution over the years, his love relationships, marriage, and family life, his various other roles and careers in numerous social contexts. This psychosocial approach includes the man's personality and the ways in which it influences and is influenced by the evolution of his careers in occupation, family, and other systems. The resulting theory is not a theory of personality development, nor of occupational development, nor of development in any single aspect of living. It deals, rather, with the development of the individual life in the broadest sense, encompassing all of these segments. This theory provides a context within which we can study in more detail the development of personality and of particular careers. I shall briefly describe the developmental periods we discovered in early and middle adulthood, giving major emphasis to one period, the Mid-life Transition. Like childhood and adolescence, these periods are found in the lives of all men. Of ourse, men traverse them in myriad ways, as a result of differences in class, ethnicity, personality, and other factors. My primary aim is to present some of our major concepts, hypotheses, findings, and ways of thinking about adult development. None of them have been fully validated. Together, they comprise a framework for the analysis of adult development. No doubt the theory will be modified an extended as a result of further investigation.", "contents": "The mid-life transition: a period in adult psychosocial development. For the past nine years my colleagues and I have been working on a theory of adult psychosocial development in men (Levinson et al., 1974, 1977; Levinson, 1977). We have started some research on women (Stewart, 1977), but it is too early yet to report definitive theory or findings. Our aim is to encompass the many components of a man's life-all of his relationships with individuals, groups, and institutions that have significance for him. The components of life include his occupation and its evolution over the years, his love relationships, marriage, and family life, his various other roles and careers in numerous social contexts. This psychosocial approach includes the man's personality and the ways in which it influences and is influenced by the evolution of his careers in occupation, family, and other systems. The resulting theory is not a theory of personality development, nor of occupational development, nor of development in any single aspect of living. It deals, rather, with the development of the individual life in the broadest sense, encompassing all of these segments. This theory provides a context within which we can study in more detail the development of personality and of particular careers. I shall briefly describe the developmental periods we discovered in early and middle adulthood, giving major emphasis to one period, the Mid-life Transition. Like childhood and adolescence, these periods are found in the lives of all men. Of ourse, men traverse them in myriad ways, as a result of differences in class, ethnicity, personality, and other factors. My primary aim is to present some of our major concepts, hypotheses, findings, and ways of thinking about adult development. None of them have been fully validated. Together, they comprise a framework for the analysis of adult development. No doubt the theory will be modified an extended as a result of further investigation."}
{"id": "PMID:870923", "title": "Split brains and psychoanalysis.", "content": "Modern neuro- and psychophysiological findings on commissurotomized (\"split-brain\") patients seem to confirm psychoanalytic theories. Twelve commissurotomized patients and one patient who had a right hemispherectomy showed an impoverishment of dreams, fantasies and symbolization. This might have been due to an interruption of the preconscious stream between the two hemispheres, which causes a separation of word-presentations from thing-presentations, as well as to a predominance of a feedback-free primary process in the right hemisphere. The similarity in operational thinking of psychosomatic and split-brain patients leads the author to hypothesize a \"functional commissurotomy\" in cases of severe psychosomatic disturbances.", "contents": "Split brains and psychoanalysis. Modern neuro- and psychophysiological findings on commissurotomized (\"split-brain\") patients seem to confirm psychoanalytic theories. Twelve commissurotomized patients and one patient who had a right hemispherectomy showed an impoverishment of dreams, fantasies and symbolization. This might have been due to an interruption of the preconscious stream between the two hemispheres, which causes a separation of word-presentations from thing-presentations, as well as to a predominance of a feedback-free primary process in the right hemisphere. The similarity in operational thinking of psychosomatic and split-brain patients leads the author to hypothesize a \"functional commissurotomy\" in cases of severe psychosomatic disturbances."}
{"id": "PMID:870924", "title": "The dream screen: phenomenon and noumenon.", "content": "The dream screen as described by Lewin may have been confused at times with the phenomenon of functional symbolism portraying heightened repressive resistance, and at other times with a negative hallucination in secondary revision. In some dreams, when the sleep-guarding function of the preconscious is heavily threatened and requires reinforcement, a screen certainly appears. Its essential shielding function has evolved from oral fantasies of gratification at the breast, and this origin places it in the context of other phenomena, including the Isakower phenomenon. It is contended that Lewin's assumption that reported dreamless sleep indicates the presence of the screen without projections on its surface transcends development from the perceptual to the conceptual, to the noumenal. The manifest screen is shown to be part of the dream work to achieve pleasurable repose conducive to continued sleep; disturbing traumatic narcissistic injuries revisited under its shield are sometimes reworked in extravagant megalomanic efforts at repair.", "contents": "The dream screen: phenomenon and noumenon. The dream screen as described by Lewin may have been confused at times with the phenomenon of functional symbolism portraying heightened repressive resistance, and at other times with a negative hallucination in secondary revision. In some dreams, when the sleep-guarding function of the preconscious is heavily threatened and requires reinforcement, a screen certainly appears. Its essential shielding function has evolved from oral fantasies of gratification at the breast, and this origin places it in the context of other phenomena, including the Isakower phenomenon. It is contended that Lewin's assumption that reported dreamless sleep indicates the presence of the screen without projections on its surface transcends development from the perceptual to the conceptual, to the noumenal. The manifest screen is shown to be part of the dream work to achieve pleasurable repose conducive to continued sleep; disturbing traumatic narcissistic injuries revisited under its shield are sometimes reworked in extravagant megalomanic efforts at repair."}
{"id": "PMID:870925", "title": "Psychoanalytic methodology in Helene Deutsch's the psychology of women.", "content": "Although Helen Deutsch's The Psychology of Women contains a wealth of descriptive material about women's problems, the methodology employed by Deutsch in reaching her conclusions about femininity is marred in several ways. Her evolutionary-adaptational bias and natural science approach led to the attribution of questionable biological bases to behavior and to the neglect of social factors and learning. Her concepts and language reveal an unquestioning adoption of Freud's metapsychology and lead to a perception and interpretation of psychological events according to the specific cast of that approach. She confuses her values with definition and observation. A re-examination of the thought of Deutsch seems fitting in these days of ever more extensive reconsideration of the views of Freud and other major psychoanalytic thinkers on the psychology of women. In addition to furthering our understanding of her insights, the study of Deutsch's methodology and its pitfalls contributes to a more critical understanding of the values and preconceptions that influence popular thinking about women and to a deeper grasp of problems inherent in psychoanalytic methodology.", "contents": "Psychoanalytic methodology in Helene Deutsch's the psychology of women. Although Helen Deutsch's The Psychology of Women contains a wealth of descriptive material about women's problems, the methodology employed by Deutsch in reaching her conclusions about femininity is marred in several ways. Her evolutionary-adaptational bias and natural science approach led to the attribution of questionable biological bases to behavior and to the neglect of social factors and learning. Her concepts and language reveal an unquestioning adoption of Freud's metapsychology and lead to a perception and interpretation of psychological events according to the specific cast of that approach. She confuses her values with definition and observation. A re-examination of the thought of Deutsch seems fitting in these days of ever more extensive reconsideration of the views of Freud and other major psychoanalytic thinkers on the psychology of women. In addition to furthering our understanding of her insights, the study of Deutsch's methodology and its pitfalls contributes to a more critical understanding of the values and preconceptions that influence popular thinking about women and to a deeper grasp of problems inherent in psychoanalytic methodology."}
{"id": "PMID:870926", "title": "The NHS practice of forensic psychiatry in one region.", "content": "The present paper outlines the number and distribution of forensic patients within one region. In addition, attitudes to both available services and existing legislation are described. Regional and national data are compared so that the results can be used by other regions which are currently planning a development of their own forensic services.", "contents": "The NHS practice of forensic psychiatry in one region. The present paper outlines the number and distribution of forensic patients within one region. In addition, attitudes to both available services and existing legislation are described. Regional and national data are compared so that the results can be used by other regions which are currently planning a development of their own forensic services."}
{"id": "PMID:870927", "title": "Biogenic amine-related enzymes and personality variations in normals.", "content": "Altered activities of biogenic amine-related enzymes have been reported in some studies of patients with affective disorders and chronic schizophrenia. To evaluate whether any relationship between personality variations, including non-diagnosed psychopathology, and these enzymes might occur in non-psychiatric patients, 95 young adult volunteers were studied. Higher MMPI and Zuckerman sensation--seeking scale scores were found in male, but not female, volunteers with lower platelet and plasma amine oxidase activities. Males generally exhibited negative correlations, while females had positive correlations between the psychological test scores and amine oxidase activities. In contrast to the amine oxidase results, no associations were observed between plasma dopamine beta-hydroxylase activities and the personality variables.", "contents": "Biogenic amine-related enzymes and personality variations in normals. Altered activities of biogenic amine-related enzymes have been reported in some studies of patients with affective disorders and chronic schizophrenia. To evaluate whether any relationship between personality variations, including non-diagnosed psychopathology, and these enzymes might occur in non-psychiatric patients, 95 young adult volunteers were studied. Higher MMPI and Zuckerman sensation--seeking scale scores were found in male, but not female, volunteers with lower platelet and plasma amine oxidase activities. Males generally exhibited negative correlations, while females had positive correlations between the psychological test scores and amine oxidase activities. In contrast to the amine oxidase results, no associations were observed between plasma dopamine beta-hydroxylase activities and the personality variables."}
{"id": "PMID:870928", "title": "Two kinds of cognitive deficit associated with chronic schizophrenia.", "content": "The performance of 21 chronic schizophrenic patients was investigated on two tests of feature selection. It was found that patients with negative symptoms (muteness, withdrawal, etc.) were characterized by an extreme lack of persistence, but selected usual features; whereas patients with positive symptoms (hallucinations, delusions, etc.) had a normal degree of persistence, but selected unusual features.", "contents": "Two kinds of cognitive deficit associated with chronic schizophrenia. The performance of 21 chronic schizophrenic patients was investigated on two tests of feature selection. It was found that patients with negative symptoms (muteness, withdrawal, etc.) were characterized by an extreme lack of persistence, but selected usual features; whereas patients with positive symptoms (hallucinations, delusions, etc.) had a normal degree of persistence, but selected unusual features."}
{"id": "PMID:870929", "title": "Measuring gesture: its cultural and clinical correlates.", "content": "An ultrasonic system for measuring psychomotor behaviour is described, and then applied to compare the extent to which English and French students gesticulate. The findings supported the hypotheses that: (1) French students gesticulate more than the English both when using descriptive speech and when discussing their feelings; (2) descriptive speech elicits more gesture then affectively-toned speech; (3) when verbal expression is more difficult the use of gesture increases; (4) individuals tend to maintain a characteristic level of gesturing. We concluded the ultrasonic system provides a reliable and sensitive method for measuring gesture activity and can be applied clinically to the study of psychomotor behaviour.", "contents": "Measuring gesture: its cultural and clinical correlates. An ultrasonic system for measuring psychomotor behaviour is described, and then applied to compare the extent to which English and French students gesticulate. The findings supported the hypotheses that: (1) French students gesticulate more than the English both when using descriptive speech and when discussing their feelings; (2) descriptive speech elicits more gesture then affectively-toned speech; (3) when verbal expression is more difficult the use of gesture increases; (4) individuals tend to maintain a characteristic level of gesturing. We concluded the ultrasonic system provides a reliable and sensitive method for measuring gesture activity and can be applied clinically to the study of psychomotor behaviour."}
{"id": "PMID:870930", "title": "Plasma nortriptyline and clinical response--a study using changing plasma levels.", "content": "In a 5-week study of 22 depressed patients treated with nortriptyline, significant changes in plasma levels, both elevated and reduced, were deliberately produced in the third and fourth weeks of each patient's treatment. Correlation of plasma nortriptyline levels and changes in the severity of depression, as measured by the Hamilton Depression Scale, showed no significant relationships. The implications of the study are discussed.", "contents": "Plasma nortriptyline and clinical response--a study using changing plasma levels. In a 5-week study of 22 depressed patients treated with nortriptyline, significant changes in plasma levels, both elevated and reduced, were deliberately produced in the third and fourth weeks of each patient's treatment. Correlation of plasma nortriptyline levels and changes in the severity of depression, as measured by the Hamilton Depression Scale, showed no significant relationships. The implications of the study are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:870931", "title": "[Axial computer tomography in acute and chronic pancreatitis (author's transl)].", "content": "The diagnostic value of the whole body computer tomography for evaluation of pancreatic disease is reported. In 64% of the cases with pancreatitis anomalies were detected. In pancreatitis an increase as well as a diminution of the volume of the pancreatic gland can be encountered; both features can be detected by computer tomography. Detection of pancreatic tumors in the initial stage and differentiation from pancreatitis by computer tomography remains difficult.", "contents": "[Axial computer tomography in acute and chronic pancreatitis (author's transl)]. The diagnostic value of the whole body computer tomography for evaluation of pancreatic disease is reported. In 64% of the cases with pancreatitis anomalies were detected. In pancreatitis an increase as well as a diminution of the volume of the pancreatic gland can be encountered; both features can be detected by computer tomography. Detection of pancreatic tumors in the initial stage and differentiation from pancreatitis by computer tomography remains difficult."}
{"id": "PMID:870932", "title": "Omissions in radiology: faulty search or stringent reporting criteria?", "content": "Selected difficult chest radiographs were interpreted by 10 radiologists and then reread  in a Focused Search condition that directed readers' attention to film regions containing frequently omitted findings. The percentage of true abnormalities reported at any level of confidence increased from 49.3 to 68.3 between the usual and Focused Search conditions. However, the corresponding percentage of significant false positives also increased from 4.6 to 10.6. The separate ROC curves from each condition could be superimposed and the data fit by a single ROC curve. Thus, the reduced omissions in Focused Search were the result of less stringent criteria for reporting the presence of abnormal findings, rather than an enhanced ability to detect abnormalities. There was no evidence that the original omissions were abnormalities simply overlooked in faulty initial searches.", "contents": "Omissions in radiology: faulty search or stringent reporting criteria? Selected difficult chest radiographs were interpreted by 10 radiologists and then reread  in a Focused Search condition that directed readers' attention to film regions containing frequently omitted findings. The percentage of true abnormalities reported at any level of confidence increased from 49.3 to 68.3 between the usual and Focused Search conditions. However, the corresponding percentage of significant false positives also increased from 4.6 to 10.6. The separate ROC curves from each condition could be superimposed and the data fit by a single ROC curve. Thus, the reduced omissions in Focused Search were the result of less stringent criteria for reporting the presence of abnormal findings, rather than an enhanced ability to detect abnormalities. There was no evidence that the original omissions were abnormalities simply overlooked in faulty initial searches."}
{"id": "PMID:870933", "title": "Duodenal compression defect and the \"superior mesenteric artery syndrome\" 1.", "content": "Forty-two cases of progressive systemic sclerosis were reviewed. A compression defect of the duodenum was found at the site where the superior mesenteric artery crossed the duodenum in all patients with duodenal dilatation. A similar observation was made in patients with small-intestinal obstruction and pancreatitis. Both the defect and dilatation may spontaneously disappear and return. The author concludes that in the cases studied, the compression produced by the superior mesenteric artery is secondary to dilatation and loss of muscle tone of the duodenum. It does not cause obstruction, and its presence per se does not warrant a diagnosis of \"superior mesenteric artery syndrome.\"", "contents": "Duodenal compression defect and the \"superior mesenteric artery syndrome\" 1. Forty-two cases of progressive systemic sclerosis were reviewed. A compression defect of the duodenum was found at the site where the superior mesenteric artery crossed the duodenum in all patients with duodenal dilatation. A similar observation was made in patients with small-intestinal obstruction and pancreatitis. Both the defect and dilatation may spontaneously disappear and return. The author concludes that in the cases studied, the compression produced by the superior mesenteric artery is secondary to dilatation and loss of muscle tone of the duodenum. It does not cause obstruction, and its presence per se does not warrant a diagnosis of \"superior mesenteric artery syndrome.\""}
{"id": "PMID:870934", "title": "Solitary renal plasmacytoma with palisading tumor vascularity.", "content": "A solitary extramedullary plasmacytoma of the kidney associated with contralateral myeloma kidney is reported. The tumor demonstrated extensive palisading tumor vessels, heretofore thought to be characteristic of renal lymphoma. Plasmacytoma as the etiology of a renal mass should be considered when there is nonfunction of a normal-appearing contralateral kidney.", "contents": "Solitary renal plasmacytoma with palisading tumor vascularity. A solitary extramedullary plasmacytoma of the kidney associated with contralateral myeloma kidney is reported. The tumor demonstrated extensive palisading tumor vessels, heretofore thought to be characteristic of renal lymphoma. Plasmacytoma as the etiology of a renal mass should be considered when there is nonfunction of a normal-appearing contralateral kidney."}
{"id": "PMID:870935", "title": "The catheter wall simulating thrombus formation seen on pullout angiograms: an experimental study.", "content": "The authors investigated the nature of a radiolucent line that was seen paralleling the radiopaque catheter wall on more than 70% of 176 pullout angiograms. Although this line may indicate a thrombus sleeve, accumulation of thrombus was rarely seen at the puncture site. A series of experiments demonstrated clearly that (a) an identical line could be reproduced in a bloodless model; (b) the width varied directly with the thickness of the catheter wall and appeared irregular in contour with 6.5, 7, and 8 French catheters: and (c) this line represented the outer third of the catheter wall.", "contents": "The catheter wall simulating thrombus formation seen on pullout angiograms: an experimental study. The authors investigated the nature of a radiolucent line that was seen paralleling the radiopaque catheter wall on more than 70% of 176 pullout angiograms. Although this line may indicate a thrombus sleeve, accumulation of thrombus was rarely seen at the puncture site. A series of experiments demonstrated clearly that (a) an identical line could be reproduced in a bloodless model; (b) the width varied directly with the thickness of the catheter wall and appeared irregular in contour with 6.5, 7, and 8 French catheters: and (c) this line represented the outer third of the catheter wall."}
{"id": "PMID:870936", "title": "Roentgenologic aspects of bone islands.", "content": "A review of radiographs of 143 Adult Health Study and 46 non-sample subjects made over a period of 23 years established sites, sizes, ages at detection, and prevalence of 209 bone islands in 189 subjects. Except for 18 new bone islands, all appeared during the period of observation. Twenty-six of them changed: of these, 21 enlarged, 4 became smaller, and 1 disappeared. There was no association with atomic bomb radiation dose. Bone islands were more frequent in the pelvis and femora but often occurred in the ribs. Five bone islands in adolescents enlarged proportionally to bone growth, suggesting that they often participate metabolically in the normal osseous system. Bone islands must be differentiated from osteoblastic metastases.", "contents": "Roentgenologic aspects of bone islands. A review of radiographs of 143 Adult Health Study and 46 non-sample subjects made over a period of 23 years established sites, sizes, ages at detection, and prevalence of 209 bone islands in 189 subjects. Except for 18 new bone islands, all appeared during the period of observation. Twenty-six of them changed: of these, 21 enlarged, 4 became smaller, and 1 disappeared. There was no association with atomic bomb radiation dose. Bone islands were more frequent in the pelvis and femora but often occurred in the ribs. Five bone islands in adolescents enlarged proportionally to bone growth, suggesting that they often participate metabolically in the normal osseous system. Bone islands must be differentiated from osteoblastic metastases."}
{"id": "PMID:870937", "title": "Use of signal detection theory in examining the results of a contrast examination: a case study using the lymphangiogram.", "content": "The receiver operating characteristic curve is an unbiased technique useful for quantitating the extent to which varying modalities differ in their ability to identify pathological processes. It was applied specifically to a radiographic contrast examination--the evaluation of the lymphangiogram in patients with Hodgkin's disease.", "contents": "Use of signal detection theory in examining the results of a contrast examination: a case study using the lymphangiogram. The receiver operating characteristic curve is an unbiased technique useful for quantitating the extent to which varying modalities differ in their ability to identify pathological processes. It was applied specifically to a radiographic contrast examination--the evaluation of the lymphangiogram in patients with Hodgkin's disease."}
{"id": "PMID:870938", "title": "Radiographic artifacts caused by the laundering of flame-retardant materials.", "content": "Federal law now mandates the use of flame retardants in children's sleepwear, and regulations are pending in several areas to require their use in all hospital fabrics. These flame retardants produce radiographic artifacts due to their alteration of fabric surface properties. Knowledge of the cause of these problems and their solution should be of help in radiographic interpretation and should save patient expense and radiographic exposure.", "contents": "Radiographic artifacts caused by the laundering of flame-retardant materials. Federal law now mandates the use of flame retardants in children's sleepwear, and regulations are pending in several areas to require their use in all hospital fabrics. These flame retardants produce radiographic artifacts due to their alteration of fabric surface properties. Knowledge of the cause of these problems and their solution should be of help in radiographic interpretation and should save patient expense and radiographic exposure."}
{"id": "PMID:870939", "title": "The tentorium in axial section. I. Normal CT appearance and non-neoplastic pathology.", "content": "Bands of increased density representing the free edges and lateral margins of the tentorium were routinely identified on 100 sequential, normal, contrast-enhanced axial CT scans of good quality. Because the tentorium has a complex shape, the exact configuration of these bands varies with the level and the angle of the CT section. Comparison of CT scans with anatomic specimens permits an understanding of these varying configurations, and  provides a means to estimate the position of the tentorium on non-contrast CT studies. The CT manifestations of diverse non-neoplastic diseases including subarachnoid hemorrhage, arteriovenous malformation, venous sinus thrombosis and Dandy-Walker malformation may be understood, in part, in terms of the configuration and density of these tentorial bands.", "contents": "The tentorium in axial section. I. Normal CT appearance and non-neoplastic pathology. Bands of increased density representing the free edges and lateral margins of the tentorium were routinely identified on 100 sequential, normal, contrast-enhanced axial CT scans of good quality. Because the tentorium has a complex shape, the exact configuration of these bands varies with the level and the angle of the CT section. Comparison of CT scans with anatomic specimens permits an understanding of these varying configurations, and  provides a means to estimate the position of the tentorium on non-contrast CT studies. The CT manifestations of diverse non-neoplastic diseases including subarachnoid hemorrhage, arteriovenous malformation, venous sinus thrombosis and Dandy-Walker malformation may be understood, in part, in terms of the configuration and density of these tentorial bands."}
{"id": "PMID:870940", "title": "Computed tomography of angiographically occult cerebral vascular malformations.", "content": "Although some cerebral vascular malformations are angiographically occult, the correct diagnosis may be suggested by their appearance on computed tomography (CT). The authors advise caution in assuming that angiographically avascular lesions which show contrast enhancement on CT represent neoplasms rather than vascular malformations.", "contents": "Computed tomography of angiographically occult cerebral vascular malformations. Although some cerebral vascular malformations are angiographically occult, the correct diagnosis may be suggested by their appearance on computed tomography (CT). The authors advise caution in assuming that angiographically avascular lesions which show contrast enhancement on CT represent neoplasms rather than vascular malformations."}
{"id": "PMID:870941", "title": "Bone scanning in the evaluation of exercise-related stress injuries.", "content": "Bone scintigraphy was used to evaluate 34 patients with the physical findings and history of stress fracture of the lower extremity. Of the 34, 21 had abnormal studies, 11 involving the femoral neck, 9 the tibia, and 1 the femur. All of these had abnormal scintiscans prior to or at the time of the appearance of radiographic changes. Of the 9 with abnormal tibial studies, radiographic changes never evolved in 3. No false negatives were found among the 13 with normal scintiscans.", "contents": "Bone scanning in the evaluation of exercise-related stress injuries. Bone scintigraphy was used to evaluate 34 patients with the physical findings and history of stress fracture of the lower extremity. Of the 34, 21 had abnormal studies, 11 involving the femoral neck, 9 the tibia, and 1 the femur. All of these had abnormal scintiscans prior to or at the time of the appearance of radiographic changes. Of the 9 with abnormal tibial studies, radiographic changes never evolved in 3. No false negatives were found among the 13 with normal scintiscans."}
{"id": "PMID:870942", "title": "The pattern of shortening of the bones of the hand in PHP and PPHP--A comparison with brachydactyly E, Turner Syndrome, and acrodysostosis.", "content": "The patterns of length alterations in the hand bones in cases of pseudohypoparathyroidism (PHP), pseudopseudohypoparathyroidism (PPHP), and acrodysostosis were evaluated. The length of each of the hand bones was measured and compared to appropriate means for age and sex. The pattern profiles thus generated showed that those for PHP and PPHP are almost identical, and are similar to that seen in acrodysostosis, except for the much smaller size of the bones seen in the latter condition. PHP and PPHP are probably differend manifestations of the same entity, and acrodysostosis may also be related to them. Brachydactyly E is indistinguishable radiologically from the PHP-PPHP syndrome.", "contents": "The pattern of shortening of the bones of the hand in PHP and PPHP--A comparison with brachydactyly E, Turner Syndrome, and acrodysostosis. The patterns of length alterations in the hand bones in cases of pseudohypoparathyroidism (PHP), pseudopseudohypoparathyroidism (PPHP), and acrodysostosis were evaluated. The length of each of the hand bones was measured and compared to appropriate means for age and sex. The pattern profiles thus generated showed that those for PHP and PPHP are almost identical, and are similar to that seen in acrodysostosis, except for the much smaller size of the bones seen in the latter condition. PHP and PPHP are probably differend manifestations of the same entity, and acrodysostosis may also be related to them. Brachydactyly E is indistinguishable radiologically from the PHP-PPHP syndrome."}
{"id": "PMID:870943", "title": "Gray scale patterns of pelvic disease in the male.", "content": "Pelvic fluid collections, solid masses, extrinsic or intrinsic vesicular masses, and abnormal distension of the bladder due to obstruction can be demonstrated by sonic scanning. Accurate diagnosis is based on the recognition of certain sonographic patterns, in addition to the clinical history and physical findings. These patterns include: (a) internal echo pattern, (b) external contour of the mass, (c) location within the pelvis, and (d) relationship to other pelvic structures.", "contents": "Gray scale patterns of pelvic disease in the male. Pelvic fluid collections, solid masses, extrinsic or intrinsic vesicular masses, and abnormal distension of the bladder due to obstruction can be demonstrated by sonic scanning. Accurate diagnosis is based on the recognition of certain sonographic patterns, in addition to the clinical history and physical findings. These patterns include: (a) internal echo pattern, (b) external contour of the mass, (c) location within the pelvis, and (d) relationship to other pelvic structures."}
{"id": "PMID:870944", "title": "Thyroid cancer following scalp irradiation.", "content": "A sixfole increase in the risk of thyroid cancer was observed among 10,902 persons irradiated for scalp tinea in childhood as compared to two matched control groups. The dosimetry studies demonstrated that the original mean dose given to the thyroid was less than 9 rads, yielding a risk of 6.3/10(6)/year. This carcinogenic effect of low-level radiation must be considered in the planning of safety measures against potential public health hazards.", "contents": "Thyroid cancer following scalp irradiation. A sixfole increase in the risk of thyroid cancer was observed among 10,902 persons irradiated for scalp tinea in childhood as compared to two matched control groups. The dosimetry studies demonstrated that the original mean dose given to the thyroid was less than 9 rads, yielding a risk of 6.3/10(6)/year. This carcinogenic effect of low-level radiation must be considered in the planning of safety measures against potential public health hazards."}
{"id": "PMID:870945", "title": "Effects of motion on the radiological image.", "content": "A method to study the loss of resolution of radiological images caused by patient motion is presented. Optical transfer functions (OTF) are computed for motion with uniform velocity and with simple harmonic oscillation. The line spread function (LSF) of a pattern of motion can be generated from the image of a long, narrow moving slit. Once the LSF is known the OTF of the motion can be obtained by Fourier transform.", "contents": "Effects of motion on the radiological image. A method to study the loss of resolution of radiological images caused by patient motion is presented. Optical transfer functions (OTF) are computed for motion with uniform velocity and with simple harmonic oscillation. The line spread function (LSF) of a pattern of motion can be generated from the image of a long, narrow moving slit. Once the LSF is known the OTF of the motion can be obtained by Fourier transform."}
{"id": "PMID:870946", "title": "The effects of vasopressin on the radiation response of cultured mammalian cells.", "content": "Since vasopressin is known to exert radioprotective effects in vivo, its effects on mammalian cells in vitro were examined. No toxicity or changes in cellular plating efficiency were observed at concentrations up to 10 units/ml. There was no direct radioprotective effect attributable to exposure of the cells to vasopressin prior to and during irradiation.", "contents": "The effects of vasopressin on the radiation response of cultured mammalian cells. Since vasopressin is known to exert radioprotective effects in vivo, its effects on mammalian cells in vitro were examined. No toxicity or changes in cellular plating efficiency were observed at concentrations up to 10 units/ml. There was no direct radioprotective effect attributable to exposure of the cells to vasopressin prior to and during irradiation."}
{"id": "PMID:870947", "title": "In vitro computed tomography of the human heart.", "content": "In vitro computed tomography (CT) was performed on nine human hearts. Mean attenuation coefficients from a 2.5 X 2.5-cm area of the left ventricular wall were determined from a 160 X 160 computer printout before and after formalin fixation in five hearts. These values averaged 27.1 and 24.7 units, respectively (p less than 0.05). The absorption characteristics of normal human myocardium do not differ from those observed in animals and the potential of CT application to ischemic heart disease can be assessed by this mehtodology applied to postmortem hearts of patients with myocardial infarction of varying duration.", "contents": "In vitro computed tomography of the human heart. In vitro computed tomography (CT) was performed on nine human hearts. Mean attenuation coefficients from a 2.5 X 2.5-cm area of the left ventricular wall were determined from a 160 X 160 computer printout before and after formalin fixation in five hearts. These values averaged 27.1 and 24.7 units, respectively (p less than 0.05). The absorption characteristics of normal human myocardium do not differ from those observed in animals and the potential of CT application to ischemic heart disease can be assessed by this mehtodology applied to postmortem hearts of patients with myocardial infarction of varying duration."}
{"id": "PMID:870948", "title": "111In-phenolphthalexon, a new chelate for extended cholescintigraphy: formulation and preclinical characterization.", "content": "The first 111In chelate exhibiting hepatobiliary excretion, a 111In-phenolphthalexon, has been formulated and tested in rats. The preparation of the chelate is simple, reflecting its inherently high stability. Its capability for extended cholescintigraphy allowed distinct visualization of the gallbladder and the bowel to the level of the rectosigmoid in dogs. No lethality or acute toxicity was induced by administration of the chelate.", "contents": "111In-phenolphthalexon, a new chelate for extended cholescintigraphy: formulation and preclinical characterization. The first 111In chelate exhibiting hepatobiliary excretion, a 111In-phenolphthalexon, has been formulated and tested in rats. The preparation of the chelate is simple, reflecting its inherently high stability. Its capability for extended cholescintigraphy allowed distinct visualization of the gallbladder and the bowel to the level of the rectosigmoid in dogs. No lethality or acute toxicity was induced by administration of the chelate."}
{"id": "PMID:870949", "title": "Simultaneous electronic and small format photofluorographic angiography.", "content": "Monitoring the image on the television screen during photofluorographic angiography is frequently difficult due to the short exposure times. A disk recorder has been integrated with a 100mm rapid-sequence photofluorographic camera for use during selected angiographic procedures. Each flashing image is automatically recorded on the disk recorder and is then immediately replayed during the interval between exposures. It is these considerably longer, although minimally delayed images, that are viewed during the study instead of the short live image. \"Panning\" to follow the progression of the contrast bolus is facilitated. The recorded angiographic series may be instantly replayed in stop motion for immediate review.", "contents": "Simultaneous electronic and small format photofluorographic angiography. Monitoring the image on the television screen during photofluorographic angiography is frequently difficult due to the short exposure times. A disk recorder has been integrated with a 100mm rapid-sequence photofluorographic camera for use during selected angiographic procedures. Each flashing image is automatically recorded on the disk recorder and is then immediately replayed during the interval between exposures. It is these considerably longer, although minimally delayed images, that are viewed during the study instead of the short live image. \"Panning\" to follow the progression of the contrast bolus is facilitated. The recorded angiographic series may be instantly replayed in stop motion for immediate review."}
{"id": "PMID:870950", "title": "Photographic method of recording radiation fields using the localizer light for illumination.", "content": "By interposing a camera with a fish-eye lens between the collimator and the illuminated field, radiotherapy ports can be recorded using the localizer light for illumination. An acrylic mold of the camera was used to maintain alignment and immobilization during the necessarily long exposures. The authors consider this a very objective and accurate method of recording the topography of radiation ports.", "contents": "Photographic method of recording radiation fields using the localizer light for illumination. By interposing a camera with a fish-eye lens between the collimator and the illuminated field, radiotherapy ports can be recorded using the localizer light for illumination. An acrylic mold of the camera was used to maintain alignment and immobilization during the necessarily long exposures. The authors consider this a very objective and accurate method of recording the topography of radiation ports."}
{"id": "PMID:870951", "title": "Informed consent: a dialogue.", "content": "Legal precedents and current approaches of the courts to the issue of informed consent in cases of urographic contrast media injection are considered. Radiologists ought to inform their patients of the possibility of an idiosyncratic reaction to contrast medium injection.", "contents": "Informed consent: a dialogue. Legal precedents and current approaches of the courts to the issue of informed consent in cases of urographic contrast media injection are considered. Radiologists ought to inform their patients of the possibility of an idiosyncratic reaction to contrast medium injection."}
{"id": "PMID:870952", "title": "Resistance to blockade of vasodepressor responses to tolazoline by chlorpheniramine and metiamide in rabbit hindlimb vasculature.", "content": "In perfused hindquarters of anesthetized rabbits, metiamide alone and a combination of metiamide and chlorpheniramine failed to modify tolazoline-induced depressor responses, indicating a lack of histamine H1 and H2-receptor involvement. Failure of atropine and propranolol to alter tolazoline responses precludes cholinergic and beta-adrenergic mechanisms. On the other hand, graded pressor responses to histamine were reversed to depressor responses by chlorpheniramine, whereas a combination of chlorpheniramine and metiamide completely abolished the effects of histamine. The latter results confirm that in the rabbit hindlimb vasculature histamine H1 and H2-receptors mediate pressor and depressor responses, respectively.", "contents": "Resistance to blockade of vasodepressor responses to tolazoline by chlorpheniramine and metiamide in rabbit hindlimb vasculature. In perfused hindquarters of anesthetized rabbits, metiamide alone and a combination of metiamide and chlorpheniramine failed to modify tolazoline-induced depressor responses, indicating a lack of histamine H1 and H2-receptor involvement. Failure of atropine and propranolol to alter tolazoline responses precludes cholinergic and beta-adrenergic mechanisms. On the other hand, graded pressor responses to histamine were reversed to depressor responses by chlorpheniramine, whereas a combination of chlorpheniramine and metiamide completely abolished the effects of histamine. The latter results confirm that in the rabbit hindlimb vasculature histamine H1 and H2-receptors mediate pressor and depressor responses, respectively."}
{"id": "PMID:870953", "title": "The specific interaction between LSD and serotonin-binding protein.", "content": "In this report, we describe the chemical interaction between lysergic acid (LSD) and serotonin-binding protein (SBP) by a three-dimensional spectroscopic technique. This instrument records simultaneously the activation and fluorescence spectra, and plots fluorescence intensity level by a series of isointensity contours. Free LSD exhibits maximum fluorescence at 435 nm with excitation maximum at 330 nm. While SBP-bound LSD shifted its fluoresence and excitation maximum to 465 nm and 375 nm respectively. These results suggest that the drug-protein interaction caused an extensive delocalization of the molecular orbital electrons and thereby lengthen the electronic conjugation of the drug molecule. Such shift was not observed when LSD was incubated with bovine serum albumin under the same condition. This technique is sensitive and requires a small volume of samples. It permits us to determine both free and bound drug in the same sample and provides us specific information about the drug and protein interaction.", "contents": "The specific interaction between LSD and serotonin-binding protein. In this report, we describe the chemical interaction between lysergic acid (LSD) and serotonin-binding protein (SBP) by a three-dimensional spectroscopic technique. This instrument records simultaneously the activation and fluorescence spectra, and plots fluorescence intensity level by a series of isointensity contours. Free LSD exhibits maximum fluorescence at 435 nm with excitation maximum at 330 nm. While SBP-bound LSD shifted its fluoresence and excitation maximum to 465 nm and 375 nm respectively. These results suggest that the drug-protein interaction caused an extensive delocalization of the molecular orbital electrons and thereby lengthen the electronic conjugation of the drug molecule. Such shift was not observed when LSD was incubated with bovine serum albumin under the same condition. This technique is sensitive and requires a small volume of samples. It permits us to determine both free and bound drug in the same sample and provides us specific information about the drug and protein interaction."}
{"id": "PMID:870954", "title": "The influence of 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid on the accumulation of 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid in the choroid plexus and kidney cortex slices of rats.", "content": "In vitro, the choroid plexus of rats accumulates 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) by active transport. In the experiments presented here, the kidney cortex slices also showed active accumulation of this organic acid, which proved to be inhibited by most of the organic acids tested. In the choroid plexus 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC), a metabolite of dopamine, stimulated the accumulation of 5-HIAA, whereas in the kidney slices DOPAC was inhibitory. This stimulating effect of DOPAC was blocked by homovanillic acid and probenecid. Metabolic inhibitors such as 2,4-dinitrophenol and N-ethylmaleimide also blocked the stimulation, but sodium fluoride was ineffective. Omission of calcium, but not magnesium ion in the incubation medium depressed the accumulation of 5-HIAA. DOPAC still produced the stimulating action in calcium-free medium. The release of 5-HIAA from choroid plexus was retarded by DOPAC. These results suggest that the stimulating action of DOPAC may be due to a calcium-dependent active transport system and delay of 5-HIAA release.", "contents": "The influence of 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid on the accumulation of 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid in the choroid plexus and kidney cortex slices of rats. In vitro, the choroid plexus of rats accumulates 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) by active transport. In the experiments presented here, the kidney cortex slices also showed active accumulation of this organic acid, which proved to be inhibited by most of the organic acids tested. In the choroid plexus 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC), a metabolite of dopamine, stimulated the accumulation of 5-HIAA, whereas in the kidney slices DOPAC was inhibitory. This stimulating effect of DOPAC was blocked by homovanillic acid and probenecid. Metabolic inhibitors such as 2,4-dinitrophenol and N-ethylmaleimide also blocked the stimulation, but sodium fluoride was ineffective. Omission of calcium, but not magnesium ion in the incubation medium depressed the accumulation of 5-HIAA. DOPAC still produced the stimulating action in calcium-free medium. The release of 5-HIAA from choroid plexus was retarded by DOPAC. These results suggest that the stimulating action of DOPAC may be due to a calcium-dependent active transport system and delay of 5-HIAA release."}
{"id": "PMID:870955", "title": "Suppression of the primary immune response by chemical sympathectomy.", "content": "The effects of general sympathectomy with 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) on antibody production to sheep red cells (SRBC) were studied in mice. Intraperitoneal administration of 6-OHDA in a dose of 1 to 300mg/kg resulted in a significant decrease in hemagglutinin titer and number of direct plaque-forming cells which were observed only in the early period of the primary immune response. Following treatment with 6-OHDA 10mg/kg i.p., the noradrenaline content in murine spleen was significantly reduced from 63 to 42% of control value between 2 and 10 days after injection indicating that chemical sympathectomy suppresses the primary immune response.", "contents": "Suppression of the primary immune response by chemical sympathectomy. The effects of general sympathectomy with 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) on antibody production to sheep red cells (SRBC) were studied in mice. Intraperitoneal administration of 6-OHDA in a dose of 1 to 300mg/kg resulted in a significant decrease in hemagglutinin titer and number of direct plaque-forming cells which were observed only in the early period of the primary immune response. Following treatment with 6-OHDA 10mg/kg i.p., the noradrenaline content in murine spleen was significantly reduced from 63 to 42% of control value between 2 and 10 days after injection indicating that chemical sympathectomy suppresses the primary immune response."}
{"id": "PMID:870956", "title": "Comparison of live Newcastle disease vaccines in a simple vaccination and challenge experiment.", "content": "Groups of day-old chicks with haemagglutination inhibiting antibodies (HIA) were exposed by the spray method to equal doses of three different live Newcastle disease (ND) commercial vaccines and allantoic preparations of them. After three weeks the HIA response was measured and the chicks were challenged with a pathogenic strain of Newcastle disease virus (NDV). The degree of protection of each bird was compared with its HIA response. The commercial vaccines all provided good protection at identical levels, but significant differences were detected between the allantoic fluid preparations. Two of the commercial vaccines produced significantly better protection than the allantoic fluid preparations. In addition to the protection conferred by HIA antibody, other mechanisms of protection apparently played a part.", "contents": "Comparison of live Newcastle disease vaccines in a simple vaccination and challenge experiment. Groups of day-old chicks with haemagglutination inhibiting antibodies (HIA) were exposed by the spray method to equal doses of three different live Newcastle disease (ND) commercial vaccines and allantoic preparations of them. After three weeks the HIA response was measured and the chicks were challenged with a pathogenic strain of Newcastle disease virus (NDV). The degree of protection of each bird was compared with its HIA response. The commercial vaccines all provided good protection at identical levels, but significant differences were detected between the allantoic fluid preparations. Two of the commercial vaccines produced significantly better protection than the allantoic fluid preparations. In addition to the protection conferred by HIA antibody, other mechanisms of protection apparently played a part."}
{"id": "PMID:870957", "title": "Enhancement of survival in acute experimental fowl typhoid in chicks by the administration of iron dextran.", "content": "Chicks aged 15 days were infected orally with 10(6-4) living Salmonella gallinarum. Iron from iron dextran or ferric ammonium citrate (DFe and CFe respectively), in doses of 2-0 or 0-4 mg/kg given intramuscularly at the time of infection, had no effect on subsequent mortality compared with infected controls. Increasing the amount of CFe to the maximum (20 mg/kg) that was non-toxic intramuscularly was also ineffective but when the dose of DFe was increased to 20 or 50 mg/kg the survival rate rose sharply. If given at other times in relation to the time of infection, or more frequently, 50 mg/kg or more of DFe was less active. The increased survival rate among infected chicks given 50 mg/kg of DFe at the time of infection was accompanied by decreases in the severity of the morbid changes in the disease, and by reductions of between c 10- to 100-fold in the numbers of viable S gallinarum in the liver, spleen or blood at the height of the acute infection. DFe (50 mg/kg) given at the time of infection also eliminated the difference in the survival rate noted previously between infected chicks fed respectively with diets containing fish or meat meal as the sole source of supplementary protein.", "contents": "Enhancement of survival in acute experimental fowl typhoid in chicks by the administration of iron dextran. Chicks aged 15 days were infected orally with 10(6-4) living Salmonella gallinarum. Iron from iron dextran or ferric ammonium citrate (DFe and CFe respectively), in doses of 2-0 or 0-4 mg/kg given intramuscularly at the time of infection, had no effect on subsequent mortality compared with infected controls. Increasing the amount of CFe to the maximum (20 mg/kg) that was non-toxic intramuscularly was also ineffective but when the dose of DFe was increased to 20 or 50 mg/kg the survival rate rose sharply. If given at other times in relation to the time of infection, or more frequently, 50 mg/kg or more of DFe was less active. The increased survival rate among infected chicks given 50 mg/kg of DFe at the time of infection was accompanied by decreases in the severity of the morbid changes in the disease, and by reductions of between c 10- to 100-fold in the numbers of viable S gallinarum in the liver, spleen or blood at the height of the acute infection. DFe (50 mg/kg) given at the time of infection also eliminated the difference in the survival rate noted previously between infected chicks fed respectively with diets containing fish or meat meal as the sole source of supplementary protein."}
{"id": "PMID:870958", "title": "Effect of the uterus on induced cystic ovarian follicles in the sow.", "content": "Large multiple cystic ovarian follicles were induced in 16 sows and small multiple cystic ovarian follicles were induced in five sows by daily injections of adrenocorticotrophic hormone during the follicular phase of the oestrous cycle. Large ovarian cysts persisted until euthanasia at 35 to 51 days after complete bilateral hysterectomy between days 5 and 10 in four sows. Atresia of large cysts was seen about days 15-18 in a sham-hysterectomy experiment. Unilateral hysterectomy of three sows resulted in persistence of large cysts on the ovary adjacent to uterine horn removal and atresia in the contralateral ovary. Lutein patches developed on the follicular wall of persistent cysts between the time of hysterectomy and autopsy. Atresia did not occur after hysterectomy in three sows with small cystic follicles, nor did sham hysterectomy of a sow with small ovarian cysts result in cyst atresia. A pronounced reduction in the size of large cysts occurred in three of four sows after the intrauterine injection of prostaglandin F2a. When a prostaglandin inhibitor, indomethacin, was injected into one uterine horn, the adjacent ovarian cysts persisted while those on the ovary next to the uterine horn receiving saline solution underwent atresia. Daily urinary oestrogen values from a hysterectomised sow with large cysts were initially high but subsequently fell to values between 30 and 60 microng/ml, except for several high values when signs of oestrus were observed. Oestrogen values in urine from a hysterectomised sow with small cysts were comparatively lower, and rose to high values only once in the 50-day period studied. Plasma oestrogen values in a hysterectomised sow with large cysts were high, although considerable day-to-day variation occurred. Plasma progesterone values were also high in this sow. In a sow with small cystic follicles for a 50-day period, oestrogen values in plasma were relatively low, but higher values were obtained occasionally. Plasma progesterone levels remained consistently low in this sow.", "contents": "Effect of the uterus on induced cystic ovarian follicles in the sow. Large multiple cystic ovarian follicles were induced in 16 sows and small multiple cystic ovarian follicles were induced in five sows by daily injections of adrenocorticotrophic hormone during the follicular phase of the oestrous cycle. Large ovarian cysts persisted until euthanasia at 35 to 51 days after complete bilateral hysterectomy between days 5 and 10 in four sows. Atresia of large cysts was seen about days 15-18 in a sham-hysterectomy experiment. Unilateral hysterectomy of three sows resulted in persistence of large cysts on the ovary adjacent to uterine horn removal and atresia in the contralateral ovary. Lutein patches developed on the follicular wall of persistent cysts between the time of hysterectomy and autopsy. Atresia did not occur after hysterectomy in three sows with small cystic follicles, nor did sham hysterectomy of a sow with small ovarian cysts result in cyst atresia. A pronounced reduction in the size of large cysts occurred in three of four sows after the intrauterine injection of prostaglandin F2a. When a prostaglandin inhibitor, indomethacin, was injected into one uterine horn, the adjacent ovarian cysts persisted while those on the ovary next to the uterine horn receiving saline solution underwent atresia. Daily urinary oestrogen values from a hysterectomised sow with large cysts were initially high but subsequently fell to values between 30 and 60 microng/ml, except for several high values when signs of oestrus were observed. Oestrogen values in urine from a hysterectomised sow with small cysts were comparatively lower, and rose to high values only once in the 50-day period studied. Plasma oestrogen values in a hysterectomised sow with large cysts were high, although considerable day-to-day variation occurred. Plasma progesterone values were also high in this sow. In a sow with small cystic follicles for a 50-day period, oestrogen values in plasma were relatively low, but higher values were obtained occasionally. Plasma progesterone levels remained consistently low in this sow."}
{"id": "PMID:870959", "title": "Distribution of lactate dehydrogenase isoenzymes in normal and inflamed bovine udders and milk.", "content": "The patterns of distribution of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) isoenzymes were determined in normal and inflamed bovine udder tissues, in normal and mastitic milk-leucocytes and serum. LDH1 was the most common isoenzyme found in all the types of tissues examined, normal tissues contained the lowest proportions of LDH5 whereas the inflamed tissues and leucocytes from mastitic milk showed a higher proportion of LDH4 and LDH5. It seems that the origin of the elevated LDH in mastitic milk is the leucocytes and the parenchyma cells of the udder. The significance of the shift in the molecular forms of LDH isoenzymes is discussed in relation to possible alternations in energy metabolism in the inflamed bovine mammary gland.", "contents": "Distribution of lactate dehydrogenase isoenzymes in normal and inflamed bovine udders and milk. The patterns of distribution of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) isoenzymes were determined in normal and inflamed bovine udder tissues, in normal and mastitic milk-leucocytes and serum. LDH1 was the most common isoenzyme found in all the types of tissues examined, normal tissues contained the lowest proportions of LDH5 whereas the inflamed tissues and leucocytes from mastitic milk showed a higher proportion of LDH4 and LDH5. It seems that the origin of the elevated LDH in mastitic milk is the leucocytes and the parenchyma cells of the udder. The significance of the shift in the molecular forms of LDH isoenzymes is discussed in relation to possible alternations in energy metabolism in the inflamed bovine mammary gland."}
{"id": "PMID:870960", "title": "The transfer of circulating 131I IgG1 and 125I IgG2 to the nasal secretions of sheep.", "content": "Ovine IgG1 and IgG2 labelled with 131I and 125I respectively were injected intravenously into four sheep. Serum and nasal secretion samples were collected and fractionated by gel filtration on columns of Sephadex G100. Results showed that in serum more than 95 per cent of the radioactivity was associated with intact IgG molecules whereas in nasal secretion samples the percentage varied from five to 47. It was found that the concentrations of IgG1 and IgG2 in the nasal secretions were similar and were approximately 2 per cent of the serum concentrations. This finding indicates a lack of selective transfer of either IgG1 or IgG2 from blood to nasal secretions in sheep.", "contents": "The transfer of circulating 131I IgG1 and 125I IgG2 to the nasal secretions of sheep. Ovine IgG1 and IgG2 labelled with 131I and 125I respectively were injected intravenously into four sheep. Serum and nasal secretion samples were collected and fractionated by gel filtration on columns of Sephadex G100. Results showed that in serum more than 95 per cent of the radioactivity was associated with intact IgG molecules whereas in nasal secretion samples the percentage varied from five to 47. It was found that the concentrations of IgG1 and IgG2 in the nasal secretions were similar and were approximately 2 per cent of the serum concentrations. This finding indicates a lack of selective transfer of either IgG1 or IgG2 from blood to nasal secretions in sheep."}
{"id": "PMID:870961", "title": "Lysosomal enzyme activities in sheep plasma and lymph.", "content": "The activities of acid phosphatase, beta-glucuronidase and N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase were measured in blood plasma, afferent and efferent popliteal lymph, intestinal lymph and in four different organs of the sheep. Acid phosphatase had an optimum activity at pH 4-5 while beta-glucuronidase and N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase had optimal activities at pH 5-0 and pH 4-5-5-0, respectively. Comparative studies showed that the sheep had very low activities of acid phosphatase and relatively low activities of N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase in the blood plasma compartment in relation to the activities of these enzymes in the plasma of the rabbit and the rat. The tissue activities of all three enzymes were relatively high when compared with those in the two non-ruminant species. It is considered that the low plasma activities of acid phosphatase in the sheep reflect a rapid turnover of this enzyme in the plasma compartment. The activities of the three enzymes in regional lymph indicated that acid phosphatase was being added to the capillary filtrate at a regional tissue level, whereas beta-glucuronidase and N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase in lymph were derived from filtration from the blood plasma compartment on a molecular weight basis. The high lymph: plasma ratios observed for acid phosphatase activity in intestinal lymph may indicate a function of this enzyme in lipid absorption in the sheep.", "contents": "Lysosomal enzyme activities in sheep plasma and lymph. The activities of acid phosphatase, beta-glucuronidase and N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase were measured in blood plasma, afferent and efferent popliteal lymph, intestinal lymph and in four different organs of the sheep. Acid phosphatase had an optimum activity at pH 4-5 while beta-glucuronidase and N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase had optimal activities at pH 5-0 and pH 4-5-5-0, respectively. Comparative studies showed that the sheep had very low activities of acid phosphatase and relatively low activities of N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase in the blood plasma compartment in relation to the activities of these enzymes in the plasma of the rabbit and the rat. The tissue activities of all three enzymes were relatively high when compared with those in the two non-ruminant species. It is considered that the low plasma activities of acid phosphatase in the sheep reflect a rapid turnover of this enzyme in the plasma compartment. The activities of the three enzymes in regional lymph indicated that acid phosphatase was being added to the capillary filtrate at a regional tissue level, whereas beta-glucuronidase and N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase in lymph were derived from filtration from the blood plasma compartment on a molecular weight basis. The high lymph: plasma ratios observed for acid phosphatase activity in intestinal lymph may indicate a function of this enzyme in lipid absorption in the sheep."}
{"id": "PMID:870962", "title": "Biological and serological comparison of two embryo-lethal mycoplasmas isolated from turkeys.", "content": "Two uncharacterised, independently isolated, embryo-lethal mycoplasmas obtained from turkeys and designated W8 and CT were compared with each other and with a third, culturally similar, embryo-lethal turkey mycoplasma, Iowa 695, by cultural and serological methods. The three mycoplasma isolates were serologically distinct and CT could be differentiated from W8 by its ability to reduce 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride under aerobic conditions.", "contents": "Biological and serological comparison of two embryo-lethal mycoplasmas isolated from turkeys. Two uncharacterised, independently isolated, embryo-lethal mycoplasmas obtained from turkeys and designated W8 and CT were compared with each other and with a third, culturally similar, embryo-lethal turkey mycoplasma, Iowa 695, by cultural and serological methods. The three mycoplasma isolates were serologically distinct and CT could be differentiated from W8 by its ability to reduce 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride under aerobic conditions."}
{"id": "PMID:870964", "title": "A cause of misleading serum amylase concentrations in acute pancreatitis.", "content": "The operative discovery of acute pancreatitis associated with gross hyperlipidaemia but a normal or high elevated serum amylase concentration has been described. We report a case of acute pancreatitis in which serial dilutions of serum resulted in a 338% rise in the serum amylase concentrations. The importance of appreciating this effect of hyperlipidaemia on the serum level measurements in patients with acute pancreatitis is re-emphasised.", "contents": "A cause of misleading serum amylase concentrations in acute pancreatitis. The operative discovery of acute pancreatitis associated with gross hyperlipidaemia but a normal or high elevated serum amylase concentration has been described. We report a case of acute pancreatitis in which serial dilutions of serum resulted in a 338% rise in the serum amylase concentrations. The importance of appreciating this effect of hyperlipidaemia on the serum level measurements in patients with acute pancreatitis is re-emphasised."}
{"id": "PMID:870965", "title": "Newly evolved repeated DNA sequences in primates.", "content": "Repeated DNA sequences in primates having identical or nearly identical members and exhibiting unusual phylogenetic specificity were analyzed. They appeared in repeated DNA sequences in each group of primates, probably within the last 10 to 15 million years, and are conserved to the same extent as unique DNA sequences. The finding allows a new approach to the construction of evolutionary trees.", "contents": "Newly evolved repeated DNA sequences in primates. Repeated DNA sequences in primates having identical or nearly identical members and exhibiting unusual phylogenetic specificity were analyzed. They appeared in repeated DNA sequences in each group of primates, probably within the last 10 to 15 million years, and are conserved to the same extent as unique DNA sequences. The finding allows a new approach to the construction of evolutionary trees."}
{"id": "PMID:870966", "title": "Mouse chromosome translocations: visualization and analysis by electron microscopy of the synaptonemal complex.", "content": "Pachytene chromosomes of mice heterozygous for known translocations are clearly depicted by configurations of the synaptonemal complexes in spread (whole mount) preparations. In one autosomal and two X-autosome translocations analyzed, breakpoints are identifiable; localization by measurement agrees with mitotic data and shows the translocations to be reciprocal. Synapsis with the Y is inhibited in one translocation in which the breakpoint is the pairing region of the X.", "contents": "Mouse chromosome translocations: visualization and analysis by electron microscopy of the synaptonemal complex. Pachytene chromosomes of mice heterozygous for known translocations are clearly depicted by configurations of the synaptonemal complexes in spread (whole mount) preparations. In one autosomal and two X-autosome translocations analyzed, breakpoints are identifiable; localization by measurement agrees with mitotic data and shows the translocations to be reciprocal. Synapsis with the Y is inhibited in one translocation in which the breakpoint is the pairing region of the X."}
{"id": "PMID:870967", "title": "Controlling the pink bollworm by disrupting sex pheromone communication between adult moths.", "content": "The synthetic sex pheromone (gossyplure) of the pink bollworm was evaporated into the atmosphere of three cotton fields during an entire growing season. The resulting disruption of premating pheromone communication between male and female moths led to a reduction in the population of larvae infesting cotton bolls. This larval control was comparable, in terms of both effectiveness and expense of materials used, to the control achieved in ten comparison fields by growers using conventional insecticide applications.", "contents": "Controlling the pink bollworm by disrupting sex pheromone communication between adult moths. The synthetic sex pheromone (gossyplure) of the pink bollworm was evaporated into the atmosphere of three cotton fields during an entire growing season. The resulting disruption of premating pheromone communication between male and female moths led to a reduction in the population of larvae infesting cotton bolls. This larval control was comparable, in terms of both effectiveness and expense of materials used, to the control achieved in ten comparison fields by growers using conventional insecticide applications."}
{"id": "PMID:870963", "title": "[Pathobiology of deficiencies of the nervous system: apropos of cobalt and copper metalloprotein deficiency].", "content": "The Author debate a new concept and classification of neurologic nutritional disorders, according with pathobiological data. Cobalt and copper nutritional syndroms are exposed.", "contents": "[Pathobiology of deficiencies of the nervous system: apropos of cobalt and copper metalloprotein deficiency]. The Author debate a new concept and classification of neurologic nutritional disorders, according with pathobiological data. Cobalt and copper nutritional syndroms are exposed."}
{"id": "PMID:870968", "title": "Legionnaires' disease: nickel levels.", "content": "Nickel concentrations in  lung tissues of nine deceased Legionnaire victims average nine times that of controls. There is a significant correlation between the nickel levels in the lungs of the Legionnaire victims and the weights of the lung specimens. No similar correlation is  evident in the study of the victims' kidney tissues or tissues from the controls.", "contents": "Legionnaires' disease: nickel levels. Nickel concentrations in  lung tissues of nine deceased Legionnaire victims average nine times that of controls. There is a significant correlation between the nickel levels in the lungs of the Legionnaire victims and the weights of the lung specimens. No similar correlation is  evident in the study of the victims' kidney tissues or tissues from the controls."}
{"id": "PMID:870969", "title": "A response regulator model in a simple sensory system.", "content": "Bacterial behavior is shown to be modulated through a simple on-off switching device which directs migration toward favorable conditions and away from unfavorable ones. The behavioral response is controlled by a rudimentary memory which allows the bacteria to sense gradients over time. The memory can be explained by a biochemical system involving a response regulator whose level relative to a threshold controls flagellar function. The level of the response regulator is itself controlled by factors such as enzyme levels and environmental stimuli. The molecular basis of the model appears to be relevant to more complex hormonal and neural signaling systems.", "contents": "A response regulator model in a simple sensory system. Bacterial behavior is shown to be modulated through a simple on-off switching device which directs migration toward favorable conditions and away from unfavorable ones. The behavioral response is controlled by a rudimentary memory which allows the bacteria to sense gradients over time. The memory can be explained by a biochemical system involving a response regulator whose level relative to a threshold controls flagellar function. The level of the response regulator is itself controlled by factors such as enzyme levels and environmental stimuli. The molecular basis of the model appears to be relevant to more complex hormonal and neural signaling systems."}
{"id": "PMID:870970", "title": "Asymmetric structure of the purple membrane.", "content": "There is both functional and structural evidence that bacteriorhodopsin is oriented asymmetrically across the purple membrane of Halobacterium halobium. To assess the degree of asymmetry, the x-ray diffraction data from the membrane have been analyzed for possible electron-density profiles. A recent theory predicts that only a limited number of profiles are consistent with the continuous diffraction data, and two possible profiles have been found. Both profiles indicate that the protein molecules span a lipid bilayer in the membrane. Both profiles are asymmetric; there are more lipid molecules in one half of the membrane than in the other, and the bacteriorhodopsin molecule shows a slight complementary asymmetry.", "contents": "Asymmetric structure of the purple membrane. There is both functional and structural evidence that bacteriorhodopsin is oriented asymmetrically across the purple membrane of Halobacterium halobium. To assess the degree of asymmetry, the x-ray diffraction data from the membrane have been analyzed for possible electron-density profiles. A recent theory predicts that only a limited number of profiles are consistent with the continuous diffraction data, and two possible profiles have been found. Both profiles indicate that the protein molecules span a lipid bilayer in the membrane. Both profiles are asymmetric; there are more lipid molecules in one half of the membrane than in the other, and the bacteriorhodopsin molecule shows a slight complementary asymmetry."}
{"id": "PMID:870971", "title": "Growth hormone: species-specific stimulation of erythropoiesis in vitro.", "content": "The effects of purifed bovine and human growth hormone were tested in vitro with murine and human bone marrow by means of granulocyte-monocyte and erythroid progenitor cloning techniques. Nanogram concentrations of the growth hormones potentiated erythropoietin-stimulated erythropoiesis, but not granulopoiesis, in a species-specific manner.", "contents": "Growth hormone: species-specific stimulation of erythropoiesis in vitro. The effects of purifed bovine and human growth hormone were tested in vitro with murine and human bone marrow by means of granulocyte-monocyte and erythroid progenitor cloning techniques. Nanogram concentrations of the growth hormones potentiated erythropoietin-stimulated erythropoiesis, but not granulopoiesis, in a species-specific manner."}
{"id": "PMID:870972", "title": "Hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase: two-dimensional gels from normal and Lesch-Nyhan hemolyzates.", "content": "Immunoprecipitated hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase (HPRT) from hemolyzates displays two major spots after two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. HeLa cells or human lymphoblasts display only a single HPRT spot located at the same position as the most basic of the hemolyzate HPRT spots. This suggests that the most basic spot is the form initially synthesized, and the more acidic hemolyzate HPRT spot (a pseudoisozyme) is probably derived from the first by an age-related modification (for example, deamidation). The HPRT pattern of the hemolyzate from a Lesch-Nyhan patient was shifted to a more basic isoelectric pH, implying the mutation of a structural gene.", "contents": "Hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase: two-dimensional gels from normal and Lesch-Nyhan hemolyzates. Immunoprecipitated hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase (HPRT) from hemolyzates displays two major spots after two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. HeLa cells or human lymphoblasts display only a single HPRT spot located at the same position as the most basic of the hemolyzate HPRT spots. This suggests that the most basic spot is the form initially synthesized, and the more acidic hemolyzate HPRT spot (a pseudoisozyme) is probably derived from the first by an age-related modification (for example, deamidation). The HPRT pattern of the hemolyzate from a Lesch-Nyhan patient was shifted to a more basic isoelectric pH, implying the mutation of a structural gene."}
{"id": "PMID:870973", "title": "Erythema chronicum migrans and Lyme arthritis: cryoimmunoglobulins and clinical activity of skin and joints.", "content": "We report the presence of serum cryoimmunoglobulins in patients with attacks of a newly described epidemic arthritis--Lyme arthritis--and in some patients with a characteristic skin lesion--erythema chronicum migrans--that sometimes precedes the onset of the arthritis. Seven patients who had cryoimmunoglobulins at the time of the skin lesion have developed arthritis; four patients without them have not. The cryoglobulins in patients with the skin lesion consisted primarily of immunoglobulin M (IgM); those in patients with arthritis often included both IgM and IgG. These findings support the hypothesis that a common origin exists for the skin and joint lesions and suggest that circulating immune complexes may have a pathogenetic role in Lyme arthritis.", "contents": "Erythema chronicum migrans and Lyme arthritis: cryoimmunoglobulins and clinical activity of skin and joints. We report the presence of serum cryoimmunoglobulins in patients with attacks of a newly described epidemic arthritis--Lyme arthritis--and in some patients with a characteristic skin lesion--erythema chronicum migrans--that sometimes precedes the onset of the arthritis. Seven patients who had cryoimmunoglobulins at the time of the skin lesion have developed arthritis; four patients without them have not. The cryoglobulins in patients with the skin lesion consisted primarily of immunoglobulin M (IgM); those in patients with arthritis often included both IgM and IgG. These findings support the hypothesis that a common origin exists for the skin and joint lesions and suggest that circulating immune complexes may have a pathogenetic role in Lyme arthritis."}
{"id": "PMID:870974", "title": "Classical nictitating membrane conditioning in the awake, normal, restrained cat.", "content": "Present knowledge of its central nervous system makes the cat a desirable subject for studies of brain-behavior relationships. Response frequencies and latency characteristics in conditioning and control groups indicate that the response of the nictitating membrane can be classically conditioned in a new restraint system in which detailed brain and behavior measures can be easily obtained.", "contents": "Classical nictitating membrane conditioning in the awake, normal, restrained cat. Present knowledge of its central nervous system makes the cat a desirable subject for studies of brain-behavior relationships. Response frequencies and latency characteristics in conditioning and control groups indicate that the response of the nictitating membrane can be classically conditioned in a new restraint system in which detailed brain and behavior measures can be easily obtained."}
{"id": "PMID:870975", "title": "Benzo[a]pyrene diol epoxides: mechanism of enzymatic formation and optically active intermediates.", "content": "Studies of the mechanism of benzo[a]pyrene metabolism to reactive diol epoxides and of their disposition indicate that the metabolic intermediates of the activation pathways, 7,8-epoxide and trans-7,8-diol, as well as the two stereoisomeric diol epoxides are all optically active. Benzo[a]pyrene is converted to optically active 9,10-epoxides of (-)trans-7,8-diol by three enzymatic steps: (i) stereospecific oxygenation at the 7,8 double bond of benzo[a]pyrene by the mixed-function oxidases to essentially a single enantiomer of 7,8-epoxide, (ii) hydration of the 7,8-epoxide by epoxide hydratase to an optically pure (-)trans-7,8-diol, and (iii) stereoselective oxygenation by the mixed-function oxidases at the 9,10 double bond of the (-) trans-7,8-diol to optically active r-7,t-8-dihydroxy-t-9,10-oxy-7,8,9,10-tetrahydrobenzo[a]pyrene and optically active r-7,t-8-dihydroxy-c-9,10-oxy-7,8,9,10-tetrahydrobenzo[a]pyrene in a ratio of approximately 10 to 1.", "contents": "Benzo[a]pyrene diol epoxides: mechanism of enzymatic formation and optically active intermediates. Studies of the mechanism of benzo[a]pyrene metabolism to reactive diol epoxides and of their disposition indicate that the metabolic intermediates of the activation pathways, 7,8-epoxide and trans-7,8-diol, as well as the two stereoisomeric diol epoxides are all optically active. Benzo[a]pyrene is converted to optically active 9,10-epoxides of (-)trans-7,8-diol by three enzymatic steps: (i) stereospecific oxygenation at the 7,8 double bond of benzo[a]pyrene by the mixed-function oxidases to essentially a single enantiomer of 7,8-epoxide, (ii) hydration of the 7,8-epoxide by epoxide hydratase to an optically pure (-)trans-7,8-diol, and (iii) stereoselective oxygenation by the mixed-function oxidases at the 9,10 double bond of the (-) trans-7,8-diol to optically active r-7,t-8-dihydroxy-t-9,10-oxy-7,8,9,10-tetrahydrobenzo[a]pyrene and optically active r-7,t-8-dihydroxy-c-9,10-oxy-7,8,9,10-tetrahydrobenzo[a]pyrene in a ratio of approximately 10 to 1."}
{"id": "PMID:870976", "title": "Sickle hemoglobin aggregation: a new class of inhibitors.", "content": "A number of tri- and tetrapeptides have been found to inhibit aggregation and gelation of deoxygenated sickle cell hemoglobin. These inhibitors have hydrophobic phenylalanine residues at one end and hydrogen bonding lysine or arginine side chains at the other end. The backbone is not very specific. The inhibitors do not modify the oxygen carrying properties of hemoglobin. When the inhibitor and sickle hemoglobin are put inside reconstituted cells, the erythrocytes do not sickle upon deoxygenation. Compounds of this type may develop useful agents in the therapy of sickle cell anemia.", "contents": "Sickle hemoglobin aggregation: a new class of inhibitors. A number of tri- and tetrapeptides have been found to inhibit aggregation and gelation of deoxygenated sickle cell hemoglobin. These inhibitors have hydrophobic phenylalanine residues at one end and hydrogen bonding lysine or arginine side chains at the other end. The backbone is not very specific. The inhibitors do not modify the oxygen carrying properties of hemoglobin. When the inhibitor and sickle hemoglobin are put inside reconstituted cells, the erythrocytes do not sickle upon deoxygenation. Compounds of this type may develop useful agents in the therapy of sickle cell anemia."}
{"id": "PMID:870977", "title": "Sickle cell hepatopathy.", "content": "Hepatic dysfunction is a common finding in patients with sickle cell disease but viral hepatitis appears to be an unusual complication in the adult SS patient. Only five cases of viral hepatitis were recorded in 378 admissions for SS crisis. In contrast, hepatic crisis occurred as a distinct event in 9% of 88 patients with sickle cell anemia. This entity must be differentiated from acute cholecystitis or viral hepatitis. Transiently abnormal results of hepatitic function tests were observed in another 26 patients with extrahepatic crisis. Cirrhosis is relatively common and often the terminal event in SS disease. Choledocholithiasis and cholecystitis are infrequent complications despite the prevalence of gallstones in SS anemia.", "contents": "Sickle cell hepatopathy. Hepatic dysfunction is a common finding in patients with sickle cell disease but viral hepatitis appears to be an unusual complication in the adult SS patient. Only five cases of viral hepatitis were recorded in 378 admissions for SS crisis. In contrast, hepatic crisis occurred as a distinct event in 9% of 88 patients with sickle cell anemia. This entity must be differentiated from acute cholecystitis or viral hepatitis. Transiently abnormal results of hepatitic function tests were observed in another 26 patients with extrahepatic crisis. Cirrhosis is relatively common and often the terminal event in SS disease. Choledocholithiasis and cholecystitis are infrequent complications despite the prevalence of gallstones in SS anemia."}
{"id": "PMID:870978", "title": "Chemical treatment of external otitis.", "content": "From 1962 through 1969, 2,008 cases of external otitis were treated chemically. The auditory canal was cleaned and a gauze wick saturated with 20% silver nitrate solution was introduced. The next day the wick was replaced with one saturated with Burow's solution. After two to three days, this wick was removed and the canal cleaned. Results were excellent in 1,593 cases, good in 398 cases, and poor in 17 cases.", "contents": "Chemical treatment of external otitis. From 1962 through 1969, 2,008 cases of external otitis were treated chemically. The auditory canal was cleaned and a gauze wick saturated with 20% silver nitrate solution was introduced. The next day the wick was replaced with one saturated with Burow's solution. After two to three days, this wick was removed and the canal cleaned. Results were excellent in 1,593 cases, good in 398 cases, and poor in 17 cases."}
{"id": "PMID:870979", "title": "A multifaceted approach to prevention of thromboembolism: a report of 529 cases.", "content": "The morbidity and incidence of thromboembolic complications can be reduced by patient awareness, nursing staff concern, and physician responsibility using mechanical measures and drugs. Preoperative exercise instrutions, early ambulation, calf exercise, antiembolism hose, postoperative circle-bed turning and use of the Trendelenburg position, the use of intravenous dextran postoperatively and, in selected cases, low doses of sodium warfarin (Coumadin) form the foundation of our approach to the prophylaxis of thromboembolic phenomena. In the presence of thrombophlebitis, phenylbutazone (Butazolidin) is used. Dextran is used with caution in the presence of diminished biliary function. Heparin is avoided except in proven pulmonary embolism. No complications have resulted from this regimen.", "contents": "A multifaceted approach to prevention of thromboembolism: a report of 529 cases. The morbidity and incidence of thromboembolic complications can be reduced by patient awareness, nursing staff concern, and physician responsibility using mechanical measures and drugs. Preoperative exercise instrutions, early ambulation, calf exercise, antiembolism hose, postoperative circle-bed turning and use of the Trendelenburg position, the use of intravenous dextran postoperatively and, in selected cases, low doses of sodium warfarin (Coumadin) form the foundation of our approach to the prophylaxis of thromboembolic phenomena. In the presence of thrombophlebitis, phenylbutazone (Butazolidin) is used. Dextran is used with caution in the presence of diminished biliary function. Heparin is avoided except in proven pulmonary embolism. No complications have resulted from this regimen."}
{"id": "PMID:870980", "title": "Routine upper gastrointestinal examinational examination in preoperative cholecystectomy patients.", "content": "The charts of 663 patients who had cholecystectomy were reviewed to determine the usefulness of preoperative radiologic examination of the upper gastrointestinal tract. In 14% of the patients a positive finding was reported. However, slightly less than half of these findings were confirmed at surgery. Only 2.9% of the patients had a procedure in addition to cholecystectomy. It is felt that routine examination of the upper GI tract is not indicated in the preoperative evaluation of patients with gallbladder disease unless the clinical history is equivocal and one suspects coincidental disease.", "contents": "Routine upper gastrointestinal examinational examination in preoperative cholecystectomy patients. The charts of 663 patients who had cholecystectomy were reviewed to determine the usefulness of preoperative radiologic examination of the upper gastrointestinal tract. In 14% of the patients a positive finding was reported. However, slightly less than half of these findings were confirmed at surgery. Only 2.9% of the patients had a procedure in addition to cholecystectomy. It is felt that routine examination of the upper GI tract is not indicated in the preoperative evaluation of patients with gallbladder disease unless the clinical history is equivocal and one suspects coincidental disease."}
{"id": "PMID:870981", "title": "Zinc sulfate supplementation for treatment of recurring oral ulcers.", "content": "Use of zinc sulfate in promotion of wound healing and in maintenance of epithelial integrity suggested its possible use in the treatment or prevention of recurrent oral ulcers. In a series of 32 patients with recurrent aphthous ulcers (RAU), serum zinc levels were observed. Seventeen patients, eight with initial serum zinc levels above 110microng/dl and nine with serum zinc levels below 110microng/dl, were provided zinc sulfate supplementation up to a total of 660 mg/day. All patients with initial serum zinc levels less than or equal to 110 microng/dl showed improvement; three of the eight patients with initial serum zinc levels above 110 microng/dl improved, five did not. Improvement consisted of 50% to 100% reduction in frequency of episodes. This suggests a combination of causes of RAU, one of which may be a local or general deficiency of zinc or a defect in metabolism, perhaps at the cellular level, related to zinc.", "contents": "Zinc sulfate supplementation for treatment of recurring oral ulcers. Use of zinc sulfate in promotion of wound healing and in maintenance of epithelial integrity suggested its possible use in the treatment or prevention of recurrent oral ulcers. In a series of 32 patients with recurrent aphthous ulcers (RAU), serum zinc levels were observed. Seventeen patients, eight with initial serum zinc levels above 110microng/dl and nine with serum zinc levels below 110microng/dl, were provided zinc sulfate supplementation up to a total of 660 mg/day. All patients with initial serum zinc levels less than or equal to 110 microng/dl showed improvement; three of the eight patients with initial serum zinc levels above 110 microng/dl improved, five did not. Improvement consisted of 50% to 100% reduction in frequency of episodes. This suggests a combination of causes of RAU, one of which may be a local or general deficiency of zinc or a defect in metabolism, perhaps at the cellular level, related to zinc."}
{"id": "PMID:870982", "title": "Total hip replacement in the previously infected hip.", "content": "Ten patients with a history of previous hip joint sepsis including one with active tuberculosis of the hip have had total hip replacement using acrylic cement. With duration of follow-up ranging from six months to over three years, all but one have had satisfactory results with no evidence of persistent or recurrent infection. When preceded by thorough evaluation and eradication of hip sepsis, total hip arthroplasty appears to be an acceptable procedure for restoring a functional hip joint in patients with this difficult problem.", "contents": "Total hip replacement in the previously infected hip. Ten patients with a history of previous hip joint sepsis including one with active tuberculosis of the hip have had total hip replacement using acrylic cement. With duration of follow-up ranging from six months to over three years, all but one have had satisfactory results with no evidence of persistent or recurrent infection. When preceded by thorough evaluation and eradication of hip sepsis, total hip arthroplasty appears to be an acceptable procedure for restoring a functional hip joint in patients with this difficult problem."}
{"id": "PMID:870983", "title": "Routine chest roentgenograms on hospital admission do not discover tuberculosis.", "content": "Of 95 cases of tuberculosis diagnosed at Grady Memorial Hospital in 1972, only six patients were not already diagnosed or suspected of having TB at the time of admission to the hospital. In only two of these cases was the diagnosis of TB made because of the routine admission chest roentgenogram (out of a total of 39,017 hospital admissions for the year). Both of these patients had respiratory symptoms for which a diagnostic chest film was indicated. On the basis of this review, routine chest films for all hospital admissions are not of significant value in discovering unsuspected tuberculosis.", "contents": "Routine chest roentgenograms on hospital admission do not discover tuberculosis. Of 95 cases of tuberculosis diagnosed at Grady Memorial Hospital in 1972, only six patients were not already diagnosed or suspected of having TB at the time of admission to the hospital. In only two of these cases was the diagnosis of TB made because of the routine admission chest roentgenogram (out of a total of 39,017 hospital admissions for the year). Both of these patients had respiratory symptoms for which a diagnostic chest film was indicated. On the basis of this review, routine chest films for all hospital admissions are not of significant value in discovering unsuspected tuberculosis."}
{"id": "PMID:870984", "title": "Traumatic left anterior descending coronary artery to right ventricle fistula: report of two cases.", "content": "Two cases of traumatic fistulas between the left anterior descending coronary artery and right ventricular outflow tract are presented. One was due to a stab wound and the other to blunt chest trauma. Both patients had small left-to-right shunts. The first patient had surgical closure of the fistula, but it recurred postoperatively. His murmur subsequently disappeared spontaneously four months later. The second patient is being treated medically. Based upon review of the available data, we believe that surgical therapy should be individualized, that asymptomatic individuals with small shunts may be treated conservatively, and that this entity may be more common than previously thought.", "contents": "Traumatic left anterior descending coronary artery to right ventricle fistula: report of two cases. Two cases of traumatic fistulas between the left anterior descending coronary artery and right ventricular outflow tract are presented. One was due to a stab wound and the other to blunt chest trauma. Both patients had small left-to-right shunts. The first patient had surgical closure of the fistula, but it recurred postoperatively. His murmur subsequently disappeared spontaneously four months later. The second patient is being treated medically. Based upon review of the available data, we believe that surgical therapy should be individualized, that asymptomatic individuals with small shunts may be treated conservatively, and that this entity may be more common than previously thought."}
{"id": "PMID:870985", "title": "Cervical spondylotic dysphagia.", "content": "Reported is a patient who had severe dysphagia caused by cervical osteophytes. Both of the cervical vertebral spurs were excised, and anterior interbody stabilization was unnecessary. In the diagnosis of such patients, esophagoscopy is recommended, but it must be done with extreme care because of the increased risk of esophageal perforation. Treatment may consist of reassurance and a trial of anti-inflammatory agents if the symptoms are minimal, but definitive treatment, usually associated with complete recovery, is surgical excision.", "contents": "Cervical spondylotic dysphagia. Reported is a patient who had severe dysphagia caused by cervical osteophytes. Both of the cervical vertebral spurs were excised, and anterior interbody stabilization was unnecessary. In the diagnosis of such patients, esophagoscopy is recommended, but it must be done with extreme care because of the increased risk of esophageal perforation. Treatment may consist of reassurance and a trial of anti-inflammatory agents if the symptoms are minimal, but definitive treatment, usually associated with complete recovery, is surgical excision."}
{"id": "PMID:870986", "title": "Fatal colitis in a hemophilic patient with inhibitor.", "content": "A severe colitis developed in a hemophilic patient following an antibiotic regimen which included clindamycin. A surgical procedure, total hip replacement, had been complicated by the appearance of a powerful factor VIII inhibitor and a Bacteroides fragilis infection. The resulting bleeding diathesis was successfully managed with the use of an \"activated prothrombin complex\"; however, the occurrence of colitis following intravenous clindamycin therapy proved to be fatal. Clindamycin, like the related antibiotic lincomycin, appears to have significant intestinal toxicity and should be restricted to the treatment of life-threatening proven Bacteroides infections.", "contents": "Fatal colitis in a hemophilic patient with inhibitor. A severe colitis developed in a hemophilic patient following an antibiotic regimen which included clindamycin. A surgical procedure, total hip replacement, had been complicated by the appearance of a powerful factor VIII inhibitor and a Bacteroides fragilis infection. The resulting bleeding diathesis was successfully managed with the use of an \"activated prothrombin complex\"; however, the occurrence of colitis following intravenous clindamycin therapy proved to be fatal. Clindamycin, like the related antibiotic lincomycin, appears to have significant intestinal toxicity and should be restricted to the treatment of life-threatening proven Bacteroides infections."}
{"id": "PMID:870987", "title": "Cardiac arrhythmia and hypopotassemia in association with lithium carbonate overdose.", "content": "Cardiac arrhythmia and electrolyte disturbances can occur as a complication of toxic serum levels of lithium salts. In this report, the development of sinus bradycardia and idioventricular rhythm with severe hypokalemia following an overdose ingestion of lithium carbonate was presented. Possible mechanisms and precautionary measures were discussed.", "contents": "Cardiac arrhythmia and hypopotassemia in association with lithium carbonate overdose. Cardiac arrhythmia and electrolyte disturbances can occur as a complication of toxic serum levels of lithium salts. In this report, the development of sinus bradycardia and idioventricular rhythm with severe hypokalemia following an overdose ingestion of lithium carbonate was presented. Possible mechanisms and precautionary measures were discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:870988", "title": "Systemic lupus erythematosus in Black and Indian patients in Natal.", "content": "Seventeen Indian and 13 Black patients were studied. From hospital admission data, systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) appeared to be more common in Indians than in Blacks in Natal. Renal biopsy specimens were taken from 27 patients and histological examination showed renal changes to be present in 26 patients. The high incidence of renal involvement may be due to the patients presenting at a late stage. Histological examination revealed severe renal changes which correlated with albuminuria, low serum complement and raised blood urea values. Tuberculosis is still a very common disease in Blacks and various matters arose in this connection: (a) the development of tuberculosis as a complication of corticosteroid therapy in an unduly high number (3/30) of our patients suggests that routine isoniazid (INH) prophylaxis is warranted, particularly if the tuberculin skin test is positive, (b) patients presenting with serositis are usually considered to have tuberculosis; the diagnosis of SLE is therefore sometimes initially overlooked, and (c) despite the very widespread use of INH in Blacks, we encountered no case of drug-induced lupus erythematosus.", "contents": "Systemic lupus erythematosus in Black and Indian patients in Natal. Seventeen Indian and 13 Black patients were studied. From hospital admission data, systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) appeared to be more common in Indians than in Blacks in Natal. Renal biopsy specimens were taken from 27 patients and histological examination showed renal changes to be present in 26 patients. The high incidence of renal involvement may be due to the patients presenting at a late stage. Histological examination revealed severe renal changes which correlated with albuminuria, low serum complement and raised blood urea values. Tuberculosis is still a very common disease in Blacks and various matters arose in this connection: (a) the development of tuberculosis as a complication of corticosteroid therapy in an unduly high number (3/30) of our patients suggests that routine isoniazid (INH) prophylaxis is warranted, particularly if the tuberculin skin test is positive, (b) patients presenting with serositis are usually considered to have tuberculosis; the diagnosis of SLE is therefore sometimes initially overlooked, and (c) despite the very widespread use of INH in Blacks, we encountered no case of drug-induced lupus erythematosus."}
{"id": "PMID:870989", "title": "Pathogenesis of neural manifestations in acute porphyria.", "content": "At least 4 possible mechanisms may be postulated to explain the neural manifestations of acute porphyria in the hereditary hepatic porphyrias. These are (i) excessive amounts of porphyrins or porphyrin precursors produced in the liver during acute attacks are transported to the central and peripheral nervous system, where they exert neurotoxic effects; (ii) unidentified metabolites of the aforementioned compounds may be responsible; (iii) in patients with these diseases there may be a metabolic defect in neural haem biosynthesis which is aggravated by precipitating factors, thereby leading to acute neural manifestations; and (iv) the hepatic and nervous system lesions may be metabolically quite unrelated. Each of these possibilities is considered, and evidence is adduced that a genetic defect in haem biosynthesis in the nervous system is the most plausible hypothesis.", "contents": "Pathogenesis of neural manifestations in acute porphyria. At least 4 possible mechanisms may be postulated to explain the neural manifestations of acute porphyria in the hereditary hepatic porphyrias. These are (i) excessive amounts of porphyrins or porphyrin precursors produced in the liver during acute attacks are transported to the central and peripheral nervous system, where they exert neurotoxic effects; (ii) unidentified metabolites of the aforementioned compounds may be responsible; (iii) in patients with these diseases there may be a metabolic defect in neural haem biosynthesis which is aggravated by precipitating factors, thereby leading to acute neural manifestations; and (iv) the hepatic and nervous system lesions may be metabolically quite unrelated. Each of these possibilities is considered, and evidence is adduced that a genetic defect in haem biosynthesis in the nervous system is the most plausible hypothesis."}
{"id": "PMID:870990", "title": "Western psychiatry and the Xhosa patient.", "content": "The difficulties of the Western-trained psychiatrist in dealing with Xhosa patients are threefold; the language and intricacies of its usage, the cultural beliefs, customs and rituals and the inapplicability of the Western psychiatric model to people of a different culture. To a lesser extent, all White medical staff experience the same problems.", "contents": "Western psychiatry and the Xhosa patient. The difficulties of the Western-trained psychiatrist in dealing with Xhosa patients are threefold; the language and intricacies of its usage, the cultural beliefs, customs and rituals and the inapplicability of the Western psychiatric model to people of a different culture. To a lesser extent, all White medical staff experience the same problems."}
{"id": "PMID:870991", "title": "Peripheral cerebral arterial aneurysms caused by stabbing.", "content": "Aneurysms of peripheral cerebral arteries caused by stabs of the vault are described in 2 patient. The importance of early recognition of this potentially fatal complication of an apparently benign injury of the head is emphasized.", "contents": "Peripheral cerebral arterial aneurysms caused by stabbing. Aneurysms of peripheral cerebral arteries caused by stabs of the vault are described in 2 patient. The importance of early recognition of this potentially fatal complication of an apparently benign injury of the head is emphasized."}
{"id": "PMID:870992", "title": "Rugby injuries to the cervical spinal cord.", "content": "An analysis of the orthopaedic injuries in 20 patients who sustained injury to the cervical spinal cord while playing rugby has been made. Eight (40%) of the players were injured during scrums and the remainder were injured during tackling. The incidence of and mortality due to spinal cord injuries sustained during rugby are discussed. Analysis of the scrum injuries shows a specific type of orthopaedic injury indicating a flexion-rotation mechanism. No specific mechanism of injury in the group injured during tackling could by demonstrated. It is concluded that the rugby scrum provides an ideal occasion for dislocation of the cervical spine and is potentially the most hazardous facet of the game.", "contents": "Rugby injuries to the cervical spinal cord. An analysis of the orthopaedic injuries in 20 patients who sustained injury to the cervical spinal cord while playing rugby has been made. Eight (40%) of the players were injured during scrums and the remainder were injured during tackling. The incidence of and mortality due to spinal cord injuries sustained during rugby are discussed. Analysis of the scrum injuries shows a specific type of orthopaedic injury indicating a flexion-rotation mechanism. No specific mechanism of injury in the group injured during tackling could by demonstrated. It is concluded that the rugby scrum provides an ideal occasion for dislocation of the cervical spine and is potentially the most hazardous facet of the game."}
{"id": "PMID:870993", "title": "Perforated duodenal ulcer: is the distinction between acute and chronic valid?", "content": "Perforations of acute and chronic duodenal ulcers were compared in 70 patients by analysis of the age and racial incidence, the acid output and the histology of the ulcer edge at the time of perforation. There was no significant difference between the ulcer types when these variables were considered. It is suggested that the only difference is the perseverance of symptoms and likelihood of relapse in the chronic group, and that in pathological terms the only true acute ulcer is the rare stress ulcer.", "contents": "Perforated duodenal ulcer: is the distinction between acute and chronic valid? Perforations of acute and chronic duodenal ulcers were compared in 70 patients by analysis of the age and racial incidence, the acid output and the histology of the ulcer edge at the time of perforation. There was no significant difference between the ulcer types when these variables were considered. It is suggested that the only difference is the perseverance of symptoms and likelihood of relapse in the chronic group, and that in pathological terms the only true acute ulcer is the rare stress ulcer."}
{"id": "PMID:870994", "title": "The health handicap of schistosomiasis to children in Southern Africa.", "content": "To find out more about the health handicap caused by schistosomiasis the most meaningful approach lies in comparing populations with and without the infection. Several studies on appropriately matched groups of South African Black children have failed to reveal clear-cut disadvantages in the infected. Limited studies on White children have shown impairment in the infected. Among Black adults, the very few studies made have shown reduction of working capacity to be slight. Obviously, further comparative studies are required, more particularly on adults. Knowledge of the precise public health burden of schistosomiasis remains unsatisfactory, and a large amount of further research is required to secure the requisite information on morbidity and mortality.", "contents": "The health handicap of schistosomiasis to children in Southern Africa. To find out more about the health handicap caused by schistosomiasis the most meaningful approach lies in comparing populations with and without the infection. Several studies on appropriately matched groups of South African Black children have failed to reveal clear-cut disadvantages in the infected. Limited studies on White children have shown impairment in the infected. Among Black adults, the very few studies made have shown reduction of working capacity to be slight. Obviously, further comparative studies are required, more particularly on adults. Knowledge of the precise public health burden of schistosomiasis remains unsatisfactory, and a large amount of further research is required to secure the requisite information on morbidity and mortality."}
{"id": "PMID:870995", "title": "Lympho-epithelioid cellular lymphoma (Lennert's lymphoma): a case report.", "content": "A patient with Lennert's lymphoma (malignant lymphoma with a high content of epithelioid histiocytes) is described. The case is unique in that hepatosplenomegaly was the presenting feature, the diagnosis was made on bone marrow biopsy and the disorder appears to have run a benign course.", "contents": "Lympho-epithelioid cellular lymphoma (Lennert's lymphoma): a case report. A patient with Lennert's lymphoma (malignant lymphoma with a high content of epithelioid histiocytes) is described. The case is unique in that hepatosplenomegaly was the presenting feature, the diagnosis was made on bone marrow biopsy and the disorder appears to have run a benign course."}
{"id": "PMID:870996", "title": "Treatment of the ruptured abdominal aorta.", "content": "Prompt, well-conceived surgical intervention during the critical early minutes after rupture of the abdominal aorta is capable of increasing the salvage of this not uncommon emergency. The demanding intraoperative and postoperative complications must be anticipated and coped with effectively if the present plateau of survival is to be improved. Alternative technical approaches in controlling exsanguinating aortic blood flow are available and are worthwhile additions to the armamentarium of the surgeon. The advantages of the transthoracic approach for control of hemorrhage are emphasized and should be resorted to in selected patients.", "contents": "Treatment of the ruptured abdominal aorta. Prompt, well-conceived surgical intervention during the critical early minutes after rupture of the abdominal aorta is capable of increasing the salvage of this not uncommon emergency. The demanding intraoperative and postoperative complications must be anticipated and coped with effectively if the present plateau of survival is to be improved. Alternative technical approaches in controlling exsanguinating aortic blood flow are available and are worthwhile additions to the armamentarium of the surgeon. The advantages of the transthoracic approach for control of hemorrhage are emphasized and should be resorted to in selected patients."}
{"id": "PMID:870997", "title": "The occlusive competence of the duodenal orifice of the canine pancreatic duct.", "content": "Observations by scanning electron microscopy indicate that the mucosa of the terminal part of the major pancreatic duct of the dog is organized into numerous, highly convoluted folds. The individual mucosal cells are tall, columnar and studded with numerous microvilli. These folds are highly vascularized. The intraluminal administration of bethanechol and norepinephrine is associated with subsequent increases and decreases of mean opening pressures. Mean opening pressures were not observed to be associated with autonomic nervous activity that was unaccompanied by changes in systemic arterial pressure. It is concluded that the terminal portion of the canine major pancreatic duct probably acts as a passive valve, the occlusive competence of which is influenced by the status of the vasculature of the lining mucosa in this region.", "contents": "The occlusive competence of the duodenal orifice of the canine pancreatic duct. Observations by scanning electron microscopy indicate that the mucosa of the terminal part of the major pancreatic duct of the dog is organized into numerous, highly convoluted folds. The individual mucosal cells are tall, columnar and studded with numerous microvilli. These folds are highly vascularized. The intraluminal administration of bethanechol and norepinephrine is associated with subsequent increases and decreases of mean opening pressures. Mean opening pressures were not observed to be associated with autonomic nervous activity that was unaccompanied by changes in systemic arterial pressure. It is concluded that the terminal portion of the canine major pancreatic duct probably acts as a passive valve, the occlusive competence of which is influenced by the status of the vasculature of the lining mucosa in this region."}
{"id": "PMID:870998", "title": "Combined irradiation and extensive operations in the treatment of stages I and II carcinoma of the cervix uteri.", "content": "Since 1947, carcinoma of the cervix uteri, Stage I, has been treated at the Ochsner Clinic with intracavitary irradiation and a radical hysterectomy--Wertheim type--and pelvic node dissection. If metastasis to the lymph node is demonstrated, external irradiation is administered postoperatively. Carcinoma of the cervix uteri, Stage II, has been treated with intracavitary radium and external radiation, followed by the same surgical procedure. All patients were treated surgically, except those with medical conditions precluding extensive operation. Five and ten year survival rates for Stage I cancer were 81.5 and 68.7 per cent, respectively; for Stage II, these rates were 64.5 per cent and 54.0 per cent, respectively. There were moderate complications from the combined therapy, with a ureteral fistula rate of 1.9 per cent. Although the combined use of irradiation and operation for carcinoma of the cervix uteri has been looked upon in this country with disfavor because of poor healing and complications, we have not found this to be so. With improvement of both radiation therapy and surgical management, these patients can be offered treatment based upon sound physiologic principles and can live in freedom from fear of recurrence in later years. The outlook is good for continued improvement in the complication rate, surgical technique and possibly, chemotherapy.", "contents": "Combined irradiation and extensive operations in the treatment of stages I and II carcinoma of the cervix uteri. Since 1947, carcinoma of the cervix uteri, Stage I, has been treated at the Ochsner Clinic with intracavitary irradiation and a radical hysterectomy--Wertheim type--and pelvic node dissection. If metastasis to the lymph node is demonstrated, external irradiation is administered postoperatively. Carcinoma of the cervix uteri, Stage II, has been treated with intracavitary radium and external radiation, followed by the same surgical procedure. All patients were treated surgically, except those with medical conditions precluding extensive operation. Five and ten year survival rates for Stage I cancer were 81.5 and 68.7 per cent, respectively; for Stage II, these rates were 64.5 per cent and 54.0 per cent, respectively. There were moderate complications from the combined therapy, with a ureteral fistula rate of 1.9 per cent. Although the combined use of irradiation and operation for carcinoma of the cervix uteri has been looked upon in this country with disfavor because of poor healing and complications, we have not found this to be so. With improvement of both radiation therapy and surgical management, these patients can be offered treatment based upon sound physiologic principles and can live in freedom from fear of recurrence in later years. The outlook is good for continued improvement in the complication rate, surgical technique and possibly, chemotherapy."}
{"id": "PMID:870999", "title": "Tuberculous peritonitis.", "content": "The records of 40 patients with tuberculous peritonitis treated at Charity Hospitals in Louisiana were reviewed. Thirty-nine patients were Negroes and 24, males. The average age was 36.5 years, with 22 of the patients being between the ages of 20 and 39 years. The most common symptoms were fever, abdominal pain, weight loss and abdominal swelling. The most frequent physical signs were abdominal tenderness, fever and ascites. Diagnosis was made by laparotomy in 24, peritoneoscopy in two, paracentesis in eight, autopsy in four and upon elective hernial repair in two. Four had a previous history of extra-abdominal tuberculous, four were known to have extra-abdominal tuberculosis at the time of diagnosis and four were found to have extra-abdominal tuberculous after the diagnosis of tuberculous peritonitis had been established. The follow-up interval averaged six and one-half years. Six patients died prior to discharge, and six patients died after discharge, none of the latter deaths was established as being due to tuberculosis. Twenty-two patients were alive at the end of the follow-up interval.", "contents": "Tuberculous peritonitis. The records of 40 patients with tuberculous peritonitis treated at Charity Hospitals in Louisiana were reviewed. Thirty-nine patients were Negroes and 24, males. The average age was 36.5 years, with 22 of the patients being between the ages of 20 and 39 years. The most common symptoms were fever, abdominal pain, weight loss and abdominal swelling. The most frequent physical signs were abdominal tenderness, fever and ascites. Diagnosis was made by laparotomy in 24, peritoneoscopy in two, paracentesis in eight, autopsy in four and upon elective hernial repair in two. Four had a previous history of extra-abdominal tuberculous, four were known to have extra-abdominal tuberculosis at the time of diagnosis and four were found to have extra-abdominal tuberculous after the diagnosis of tuberculous peritonitis had been established. The follow-up interval averaged six and one-half years. Six patients died prior to discharge, and six patients died after discharge, none of the latter deaths was established as being due to tuberculosis. Twenty-two patients were alive at the end of the follow-up interval."}
{"id": "PMID:871000", "title": "Splenorenal bypass in the treatment of stenosis of the renal artery.", "content": "The over-all results obtained with splenorenal bypass in the treatment of 32 patients with renovascular hypertension were 17 patients cured, nine patients improved and six failures. Improved results were noted when splenorenal bypass was performed in relation to specific operative indications. The results were somewhat better for men than for women; however, poor results were obtained in children. Intraoperative and early postoperative complications were minimal, and there were two postoperative deaths. Late complications were limited to stenoses of the splenic artery graft which developed in three patients. When performed in relation to specific clinical and operative indications, splenorenal bypass represents an excellent means of achieving safe and effective renal revascularization.", "contents": "Splenorenal bypass in the treatment of stenosis of the renal artery. The over-all results obtained with splenorenal bypass in the treatment of 32 patients with renovascular hypertension were 17 patients cured, nine patients improved and six failures. Improved results were noted when splenorenal bypass was performed in relation to specific operative indications. The results were somewhat better for men than for women; however, poor results were obtained in children. Intraoperative and early postoperative complications were minimal, and there were two postoperative deaths. Late complications were limited to stenoses of the splenic artery graft which developed in three patients. When performed in relation to specific clinical and operative indications, splenorenal bypass represents an excellent means of achieving safe and effective renal revascularization."}
{"id": "PMID:871001", "title": "Accuracy of roentgenograms of the chest in metastases to the lungs.", "content": "The findings on roentgenographic and tomographic examination of the chest were compared in 63 instances of suspected pulmonary metastases. These were further compared with the findings at thoracotomy in 41 instances. Of the 60 patients, 30 had soft tissue or bone sarcomas and 30 had carcinomas arising from colon, ovary or breast, and it also included five with malignant melanoma. Three patients with sarcomas had more than one thoracotomy. The diagnosis of pulmonary metastases by roentgenography of the chest was correct in 60 of 63 instances. Tomograms showed more lesions in 14 of 33 instances of sarcomas and 14 of 30 instances of carcinomas. Thoracotomy revealed even more lesions than were detected by tomography in 21 out of 26 instances with sarcomas and eight of 15 instances of carcinomas. Of the 37 patients with a solitary metastasis detected on roentgenograms of the chest, 22 were found to have additional lesions on the tomograms, 11 of 16 sarcomas and 11 of 21 carcinomas. At thoracotomy, however, nine of ten patients with a single metastasis from sarcomas were found to have even more lesions, while, in patients with carcinomas, tomograms were found to be accurate. Routinely, prior to major ablative operations for sarcomas and before excision of pulmonary metastases, it is suggested that tomography be carried out.", "contents": "Accuracy of roentgenograms of the chest in metastases to the lungs. The findings on roentgenographic and tomographic examination of the chest were compared in 63 instances of suspected pulmonary metastases. These were further compared with the findings at thoracotomy in 41 instances. Of the 60 patients, 30 had soft tissue or bone sarcomas and 30 had carcinomas arising from colon, ovary or breast, and it also included five with malignant melanoma. Three patients with sarcomas had more than one thoracotomy. The diagnosis of pulmonary metastases by roentgenography of the chest was correct in 60 of 63 instances. Tomograms showed more lesions in 14 of 33 instances of sarcomas and 14 of 30 instances of carcinomas. Thoracotomy revealed even more lesions than were detected by tomography in 21 out of 26 instances with sarcomas and eight of 15 instances of carcinomas. Of the 37 patients with a solitary metastasis detected on roentgenograms of the chest, 22 were found to have additional lesions on the tomograms, 11 of 16 sarcomas and 11 of 21 carcinomas. At thoracotomy, however, nine of ten patients with a single metastasis from sarcomas were found to have even more lesions, while, in patients with carcinomas, tomograms were found to be accurate. Routinely, prior to major ablative operations for sarcomas and before excision of pulmonary metastases, it is suggested that tomography be carried out."}
{"id": "PMID:871002", "title": "Relative hemodynamic effectiveness of whole blood and plasma expanders in burned patients.", "content": "In a series of nine fatally burned patients, hemodynamic and oxygen transport measurements were made before, during and after 56 administrations of 500 milliliters of whole blood or colloids and 1,000 milliliters of crystalloids. To enhance comparability, 38 of these studies were conducted at intervals on the same patient, the patient serving as his own control. The data indicate greater hemodynamic responses to colloids than to whole blood and greater responses to whole blood than to crystalloids when the latter was given at twice the volume as well as at four times the volume of the colloid. The data suggest that, in addition to replenishing salt and water, restoration of hemodynamic and oxygen transport variables may be accomplished by expansion of plasma volume with colloids and whole blood. Adequate nutrition is also needed for the increased metabolic needs of the burned patient. Without supplemental nutrition, high grade plasma proteins and tissue proteins may be expended as energy substrates; the lowering of plasma proteins tends to redistribute water from the plasma to the interstitial phase, which increases further the peripheral edema.", "contents": "Relative hemodynamic effectiveness of whole blood and plasma expanders in burned patients. In a series of nine fatally burned patients, hemodynamic and oxygen transport measurements were made before, during and after 56 administrations of 500 milliliters of whole blood or colloids and 1,000 milliliters of crystalloids. To enhance comparability, 38 of these studies were conducted at intervals on the same patient, the patient serving as his own control. The data indicate greater hemodynamic responses to colloids than to whole blood and greater responses to whole blood than to crystalloids when the latter was given at twice the volume as well as at four times the volume of the colloid. The data suggest that, in addition to replenishing salt and water, restoration of hemodynamic and oxygen transport variables may be accomplished by expansion of plasma volume with colloids and whole blood. Adequate nutrition is also needed for the increased metabolic needs of the burned patient. Without supplemental nutrition, high grade plasma proteins and tissue proteins may be expended as energy substrates; the lowering of plasma proteins tends to redistribute water from the plasma to the interstitial phase, which increases further the peripheral edema."}
{"id": "PMID:871003", "title": "Aortocaval fistula detection using a Swan-Ganz catheter.", "content": "The placement of a Swan-Ganz catheter into the abdominal vena cava by the femoral route is recommended for all patients presenting with severe congestive heart failure and an abdominal aortic aneurysm. If an aortocaval fistula exists, its presence can be determined immediately by noting increased vena caval pressure and higher than normal oxygen content. Immediate recognition of this condition is essential. Fluid overloading is avoided, immediate surgical treatment is instituted and the defect is closed. Minimal manipulation is done in an effort to prevent pulmonary embolization. If the results of catheter studies show no evidence of an aortocaval communication, it may be advisable to make an effort to correct the congestive heart failure before surgically correcting the aneurysm.", "contents": "Aortocaval fistula detection using a Swan-Ganz catheter. The placement of a Swan-Ganz catheter into the abdominal vena cava by the femoral route is recommended for all patients presenting with severe congestive heart failure and an abdominal aortic aneurysm. If an aortocaval fistula exists, its presence can be determined immediately by noting increased vena caval pressure and higher than normal oxygen content. Immediate recognition of this condition is essential. Fluid overloading is avoided, immediate surgical treatment is instituted and the defect is closed. Minimal manipulation is done in an effort to prevent pulmonary embolization. If the results of catheter studies show no evidence of an aortocaval communication, it may be advisable to make an effort to correct the congestive heart failure before surgically correcting the aneurysm."}
{"id": "PMID:871004", "title": "Traumatic intracerebral hematoma with stable neurological deficit.", "content": "The possibility of an intracerebral hematoma may be overlooked in the presence of a \"fixed\" neurologic deficit. The clinical complex that is emphasized is composed of (a) ipsilateral cranial trauma, (b) early development of focal neurological deficit, (c) a plateau in the subsequent course of the disease, (d) the delayed appearance of a positive radioactive isotope scan, and (e) a focal area of distorted vessels in angiographic studies. The availability of the computer tomographic scan has made the diagnosis of intracerebral hematomas more certain but it is important that the possibility of a hematoma be considered and pertinent investigations be performed. Even after diagnosis, an operative procedure may be delayed in patients who are neurologically stable. In the five cases presented, the diagnosis of cerebral contusion led to a delay in operative evacuation which was associated with improvement in the previously stable neurological deficit.", "contents": "Traumatic intracerebral hematoma with stable neurological deficit. The possibility of an intracerebral hematoma may be overlooked in the presence of a \"fixed\" neurologic deficit. The clinical complex that is emphasized is composed of (a) ipsilateral cranial trauma, (b) early development of focal neurological deficit, (c) a plateau in the subsequent course of the disease, (d) the delayed appearance of a positive radioactive isotope scan, and (e) a focal area of distorted vessels in angiographic studies. The availability of the computer tomographic scan has made the diagnosis of intracerebral hematomas more certain but it is important that the possibility of a hematoma be considered and pertinent investigations be performed. Even after diagnosis, an operative procedure may be delayed in patients who are neurologically stable. In the five cases presented, the diagnosis of cerebral contusion led to a delay in operative evacuation which was associated with improvement in the previously stable neurological deficit."}
{"id": "PMID:871005", "title": "Durometer for measurement of intracranial pressure.", "content": "The tensity of the skin over a supratentorial craniectomy was measured with a durometer placed on the skin flap. Tensity values were obtained on 124 occasions in 28 patients in whom lumbar or intracranial pressure was being recorded simultaneously. Corrections were made for differences in the level of the durometer and the level at which the device measuring lumbar or intracranial pressure was placed. The skin tensity and lumbar or intracranial pressure were then correlated and the correlation studied statistically. It was found that the durometer could be used to predict quantitatively the intracranial pressure with a very low standard error (estimation of +/- 28 mmH2O). An experimental model confirmed these findings. The system was less accurate at pressure below 68 mmH2O and above 680 mmH2O.", "contents": "Durometer for measurement of intracranial pressure. The tensity of the skin over a supratentorial craniectomy was measured with a durometer placed on the skin flap. Tensity values were obtained on 124 occasions in 28 patients in whom lumbar or intracranial pressure was being recorded simultaneously. Corrections were made for differences in the level of the durometer and the level at which the device measuring lumbar or intracranial pressure was placed. The skin tensity and lumbar or intracranial pressure were then correlated and the correlation studied statistically. It was found that the durometer could be used to predict quantitatively the intracranial pressure with a very low standard error (estimation of +/- 28 mmH2O). An experimental model confirmed these findings. The system was less accurate at pressure below 68 mmH2O and above 680 mmH2O."}
{"id": "PMID:871006", "title": "Computerized tomography in Moyamoya syndrome.", "content": "Twelve patients with Moyamoya syndrome were examined by computerized tomography (CT); nine children and three adults. In one patient, CT was normal. Significant abnormalities on the precontrast CT in the remaining 11 patients were: cortical atrophy with or without varying degree of ventricular dilatation, and irregularly shaped, various sized, often multiple or bilateral lucent foci in the cortex, subcortical white matter and the central gray matter. After contrast enhancement, no significant increase in the attenuation number was observed in and around the lucent foci except in one patient. In three patients, there was a slight increase in density in the central gray matter, however the increase in density was slight when the dense angiographic vascular networks in the basal ganglia were considered.", "contents": "Computerized tomography in Moyamoya syndrome. Twelve patients with Moyamoya syndrome were examined by computerized tomography (CT); nine children and three adults. In one patient, CT was normal. Significant abnormalities on the precontrast CT in the remaining 11 patients were: cortical atrophy with or without varying degree of ventricular dilatation, and irregularly shaped, various sized, often multiple or bilateral lucent foci in the cortex, subcortical white matter and the central gray matter. After contrast enhancement, no significant increase in the attenuation number was observed in and around the lucent foci except in one patient. In three patients, there was a slight increase in density in the central gray matter, however the increase in density was slight when the dense angiographic vascular networks in the basal ganglia were considered."}
{"id": "PMID:871007", "title": "Motivation of university surgeons to achieve excellence in teaching.", "content": "In view of the recent focus on the accountability of their commitment to teaching, university surgeons will have to rearrange their academic priorities to place teaching at the top of the list. Since excellence in medical teaching appears to be directly related not only to the motivation of the educator but to knowledge of the subject, we must retain our superiority as clinical surgeons and continue to pursue new scientific information by investigation. Inasmuch as the major reason for the low priority of teaching in our busy academic schedules is the difficulty of quantifying teaching excellence, I hope that the members of this Society will direct further attention to developing new evaluative approaches. The worthiness of our efforts toward motivating university surgeons of achieve excellence in teaching will be rewarded by the enhanced quality of the students into whose hands we place the future of surgery. I greatly appreciate this opportunity to express some of my concerns about the teaching effectiveness of university surgeons and hope that it may stimulate and challenge you to give a new vitality to teaching and to consider new approaches in surgical education. I believe that we should inspire each other to strive for excellence in education as well as in research and clinical care and to develop a deeper commitment and genuine concern for assuring that our students and residents learn what we have to teach.", "contents": "Motivation of university surgeons to achieve excellence in teaching. In view of the recent focus on the accountability of their commitment to teaching, university surgeons will have to rearrange their academic priorities to place teaching at the top of the list. Since excellence in medical teaching appears to be directly related not only to the motivation of the educator but to knowledge of the subject, we must retain our superiority as clinical surgeons and continue to pursue new scientific information by investigation. Inasmuch as the major reason for the low priority of teaching in our busy academic schedules is the difficulty of quantifying teaching excellence, I hope that the members of this Society will direct further attention to developing new evaluative approaches. The worthiness of our efforts toward motivating university surgeons of achieve excellence in teaching will be rewarded by the enhanced quality of the students into whose hands we place the future of surgery. I greatly appreciate this opportunity to express some of my concerns about the teaching effectiveness of university surgeons and hope that it may stimulate and challenge you to give a new vitality to teaching and to consider new approaches in surgical education. I believe that we should inspire each other to strive for excellence in education as well as in research and clinical care and to develop a deeper commitment and genuine concern for assuring that our students and residents learn what we have to teach."}
{"id": "PMID:871008", "title": "Effect of proximal gastric vagotomy on gastric acid hypersecretion and hypergastrinemia after massive small bowel resection in dogs.", "content": "Fasting and postprandial gastric acid secretion and gastrin were determined in Heidenhain pouch dogs before (C) and after (R) massive enterectomy (five dogs) and after additional proximal gastric vagotomy (PGV) in three dogs. Basal acid output was unchanged (C = 7 +/- 2 microneq/hour; R = 11 +/- 4 microneq/hour), but postprandially the hourly (third through eighth hour) and cumulative acid outputs (C = 3.6 +/- 0.3 mEq/8 hour; R = 7.2 +/- 0.4 MEq/8 hour) were significantly increased by resection (P less than 0.001). Similarly, fasting gastrin was unaltered by resection (C = 41 +/- 2 pg/ml; R = 46 +/- 8 pg/ml), whereas hourly gastrin concentrations significantly (P less than 0.05) exceeded control values. Increased gastrin correlated linearly (P less than 0.02) with increased acid output. After PGV, basal acid levels remained unchanged (R = 4 +/- 2 micronEq/hour; PGV = 9 +/- 4 micronEq/hour), but postprandial acid output significantly exceeded prevagotomy values at all time periods (P less than 0.05). Cumulative acid output also was increased (R = 6.8 +/- 0.6 MEq/8 hour; PGV = 11.2 +/- 0.6 mEq/8 hour; P less than 0.001). Serum gastrin, however, remained unchanged. Hypersecretion of acid from Heidenhain pouches after massive enterectomy is increased further by PGV without a concomitant increase in serum gastrin.", "contents": "Effect of proximal gastric vagotomy on gastric acid hypersecretion and hypergastrinemia after massive small bowel resection in dogs. Fasting and postprandial gastric acid secretion and gastrin were determined in Heidenhain pouch dogs before (C) and after (R) massive enterectomy (five dogs) and after additional proximal gastric vagotomy (PGV) in three dogs. Basal acid output was unchanged (C = 7 +/- 2 microneq/hour; R = 11 +/- 4 microneq/hour), but postprandially the hourly (third through eighth hour) and cumulative acid outputs (C = 3.6 +/- 0.3 mEq/8 hour; R = 7.2 +/- 0.4 MEq/8 hour) were significantly increased by resection (P less than 0.001). Similarly, fasting gastrin was unaltered by resection (C = 41 +/- 2 pg/ml; R = 46 +/- 8 pg/ml), whereas hourly gastrin concentrations significantly (P less than 0.05) exceeded control values. Increased gastrin correlated linearly (P less than 0.02) with increased acid output. After PGV, basal acid levels remained unchanged (R = 4 +/- 2 micronEq/hour; PGV = 9 +/- 4 micronEq/hour), but postprandial acid output significantly exceeded prevagotomy values at all time periods (P less than 0.05). Cumulative acid output also was increased (R = 6.8 +/- 0.6 MEq/8 hour; PGV = 11.2 +/- 0.6 mEq/8 hour; P less than 0.001). Serum gastrin, however, remained unchanged. Hypersecretion of acid from Heidenhain pouches after massive enterectomy is increased further by PGV without a concomitant increase in serum gastrin."}
{"id": "PMID:871009", "title": "Effect of sodium ortho-iodobenzoate on oxygen transport and erythropoiesis in hypoxemic dogs with a right-to-left cardiac shunt.", "content": "Eight dogs were made hypoxemic by surgical construction of a right-to-left cardiac shunt; and they were given sodium ortho-iodobenzoate (OISB) before and for 3 months after operation. The P(50) at 50% saturation) rose from 27.2 +/- 0.7 to 31.2 +/- 0.6 mm Hg (p less than 0.001) during OLSB treatment before operation and increased further to 32.2 +/- 0.8 mm Hg 3 months after creation of hypoxemia. The P(50) remained elevated for an additional 3 months after OISB was stopped. Administration of OISB before operation did not alter the red blood cell 2,3-diphosphoglycreate concentration. Hypoxemia caused an increase of this metabolite from 0.91 +/- 0.21 to 1.50 +/- 0.28 moles/moles of hemoglobin (p less than 0.05); the rise was not as great as that observed in hypoxemic dogs without OISB treatment. In spite of significant hypoxemia, hematocrit rose only slightly during the period of OISB infusion. OISB increased P50 and prevented the compensatory polycythemia regularly seen when dogs are made hypoxemic. Altering oxygen transport in this fashion may increase tissue oxygen delivery in patients with conditions which result in tissue hypoxia.", "contents": "Effect of sodium ortho-iodobenzoate on oxygen transport and erythropoiesis in hypoxemic dogs with a right-to-left cardiac shunt. Eight dogs were made hypoxemic by surgical construction of a right-to-left cardiac shunt; and they were given sodium ortho-iodobenzoate (OISB) before and for 3 months after operation. The P(50) at 50% saturation) rose from 27.2 +/- 0.7 to 31.2 +/- 0.6 mm Hg (p less than 0.001) during OLSB treatment before operation and increased further to 32.2 +/- 0.8 mm Hg 3 months after creation of hypoxemia. The P(50) remained elevated for an additional 3 months after OISB was stopped. Administration of OISB before operation did not alter the red blood cell 2,3-diphosphoglycreate concentration. Hypoxemia caused an increase of this metabolite from 0.91 +/- 0.21 to 1.50 +/- 0.28 moles/moles of hemoglobin (p less than 0.05); the rise was not as great as that observed in hypoxemic dogs without OISB treatment. In spite of significant hypoxemia, hematocrit rose only slightly during the period of OISB infusion. OISB increased P50 and prevented the compensatory polycythemia regularly seen when dogs are made hypoxemic. Altering oxygen transport in this fashion may increase tissue oxygen delivery in patients with conditions which result in tissue hypoxia."}
{"id": "PMID:871010", "title": "Independent preclerkship study: a five year experience.", "content": "An independent study program (ISP) was instituted in 1970 for a group of 32 preclerkship medical students picked randomly from a group of 64 volunteers. The academic achievements of these classes, as measured by mean National Board scores, is compared with their classmates in the lecture discussion (LD) program where possible. The significant differences noted obtain even when the ISP students are compared only with LD students matched for premedical point-hour ratios and Medical College Admissions Test scores. These data attest to the overall success of the ISP program. The differences appear to us to be due mainly to factors related to motivation and maturity. The ease of preparations, convenience, and economy of the associated computer-assisted instruction make these methods attractive for use in residency training and continuing medical education where maturity and motivation may well be presumed.", "contents": "Independent preclerkship study: a five year experience. An independent study program (ISP) was instituted in 1970 for a group of 32 preclerkship medical students picked randomly from a group of 64 volunteers. The academic achievements of these classes, as measured by mean National Board scores, is compared with their classmates in the lecture discussion (LD) program where possible. The significant differences noted obtain even when the ISP students are compared only with LD students matched for premedical point-hour ratios and Medical College Admissions Test scores. These data attest to the overall success of the ISP program. The differences appear to us to be due mainly to factors related to motivation and maturity. The ease of preparations, convenience, and economy of the associated computer-assisted instruction make these methods attractive for use in residency training and continuing medical education where maturity and motivation may well be presumed."}
{"id": "PMID:871011", "title": "Effect of alcohol on the release of secretin and pancreatic secretion.", "content": "The effect of alcohol on the release of secretin was studied in man by radioimmunoassay, and in dogs and cats by radioimmunoassay and bioassay (secretion of water and bicarbonate by the pancreas). In man plasma secretin levels increased significantly from a basal of 121 +/- 14 to 164 +/- 24 pg/ml at 60 minutes after oral ingestion of alcohol. Intraduodenal administration of alcohol in man, dogs, and cats did not release secretin or affect pancreatic water and bicarbonate secretion in dogs and cats, but a moderate increase in pancreatic protein output was observed in these two species. Plasma gastrin levels rose significantly from a basal of 52 +/- 4 to 64 +/- 3 pg/ml after ingestion of alcohol in man and from 33 +/- 5 to 51 +/- 8 pg/ml after administration of alcohol into the stomach of dogs. Administration of alcohol into the duodenum in man, dogs, and cats did not release gastrin. We conclude that alcohol probably does not release secretin directly. The mechanism of release of secretin in man is unknown; it clearly involves the stomach and may be mediated via the release of gastric acid.", "contents": "Effect of alcohol on the release of secretin and pancreatic secretion. The effect of alcohol on the release of secretin was studied in man by radioimmunoassay, and in dogs and cats by radioimmunoassay and bioassay (secretion of water and bicarbonate by the pancreas). In man plasma secretin levels increased significantly from a basal of 121 +/- 14 to 164 +/- 24 pg/ml at 60 minutes after oral ingestion of alcohol. Intraduodenal administration of alcohol in man, dogs, and cats did not release secretin or affect pancreatic water and bicarbonate secretion in dogs and cats, but a moderate increase in pancreatic protein output was observed in these two species. Plasma gastrin levels rose significantly from a basal of 52 +/- 4 to 64 +/- 3 pg/ml after ingestion of alcohol in man and from 33 +/- 5 to 51 +/- 8 pg/ml after administration of alcohol into the stomach of dogs. Administration of alcohol into the duodenum in man, dogs, and cats did not release gastrin. We conclude that alcohol probably does not release secretin directly. The mechanism of release of secretin in man is unknown; it clearly involves the stomach and may be mediated via the release of gastric acid."}
{"id": "PMID:871012", "title": "Prolongation of survival of rat parathyroid allografts by enhancing serum and tissue culture.", "content": "To determine whether survival of allografted rat parathyroid tissue could be enhanced either by the administration of antidonor serum (enhancing serum) or by tissue culture of the graft, parathyroids from Lewis x Brown Norway F1 (LBNF1) rats were transplanted beneath the fascia and between hamstring muscle fibers of hypocalcemic parathyroidectomized Lewis recipients (serum calcium 4.3 +/- 0.13mg%--mean +/- SEM). A drop in serum calcium below 7.5 mg% indicated rejection. Seven group 1 rats that received isogeneic parathyroids recovered from their hypocalcemic state and remained normocalcemic indefinitely. Seven group 2 rats that received LBNF(1) parathyroids experienced a reduced mean maximal response (MMR) of calcium increase of 4.1 +/- 0.2 mg% and the grafts had a median survival time (MST) of 16.0 +/- 1.32 days. Group 3 rats that received 1 ml of enhancing serum by intraperiotoneal injection, cytotoxic titer 1:128, on alternate days for five doses experienced an MMR of 5.0 +/- 0.7 mg% and had an MST of 19.3 +/- 1.07 days. When enhancing serum, cytotoxic titer 1:256, was administered to group 4, the MST of the grafts was increased to 29.7 +/- 1.19 days. When LBNF(1) parathyroid tissue was preserved in tissue culture for 14 to 21 days and then transplanted into Lewis recipients, the MST was 22.5 +/- 1.48 days. The administration of enhancing serum to recipients of cultured parathyroids further extended graft survival, MST 57.5 +/- 2.32 days. In summary, survival of allografted parathyroid tissue can be prolonged by the administration of enchancing serum or tissue culture of the graft. When enhancing serum was administered to recipients of cultured allografted parathyroid tissue, survival was further increased.", "contents": "Prolongation of survival of rat parathyroid allografts by enhancing serum and tissue culture. To determine whether survival of allografted rat parathyroid tissue could be enhanced either by the administration of antidonor serum (enhancing serum) or by tissue culture of the graft, parathyroids from Lewis x Brown Norway F1 (LBNF1) rats were transplanted beneath the fascia and between hamstring muscle fibers of hypocalcemic parathyroidectomized Lewis recipients (serum calcium 4.3 +/- 0.13mg%--mean +/- SEM). A drop in serum calcium below 7.5 mg% indicated rejection. Seven group 1 rats that received isogeneic parathyroids recovered from their hypocalcemic state and remained normocalcemic indefinitely. Seven group 2 rats that received LBNF(1) parathyroids experienced a reduced mean maximal response (MMR) of calcium increase of 4.1 +/- 0.2 mg% and the grafts had a median survival time (MST) of 16.0 +/- 1.32 days. Group 3 rats that received 1 ml of enhancing serum by intraperiotoneal injection, cytotoxic titer 1:128, on alternate days for five doses experienced an MMR of 5.0 +/- 0.7 mg% and had an MST of 19.3 +/- 1.07 days. When enhancing serum, cytotoxic titer 1:256, was administered to group 4, the MST of the grafts was increased to 29.7 +/- 1.19 days. When LBNF(1) parathyroid tissue was preserved in tissue culture for 14 to 21 days and then transplanted into Lewis recipients, the MST was 22.5 +/- 1.48 days. The administration of enhancing serum to recipients of cultured parathyroids further extended graft survival, MST 57.5 +/- 2.32 days. In summary, survival of allografted parathyroid tissue can be prolonged by the administration of enchancing serum or tissue culture of the graft. When enhancing serum was administered to recipients of cultured allografted parathyroid tissue, survival was further increased."}
{"id": "PMID:871013", "title": "Pathophysiology and significance of malabsorption after Roux-en-Y reconstruction.", "content": "Extensive metabolic studies were conducted in five normal controls and in five study patients after total gastric resection with Roux-en-Y (RY) reconstruction to determine the nutritional consequences of this particular technique of restoring gastrointestinal continuity. Although malabsorption of fat (19.2 +/- 2.2%) and nitrogen (22 +/- 2.5%) demonstrated in the study patients was moderate, it was significantly greater than normal ( less than 0.01). In spite of the demonstrated malabsorption, however, positive nitrogen balances (+ 0.33 +/- 0.18 gm/day) were maintained in the RY patients throughout the investigative period. These observations suggest that malabsorption after RY is infrequently of clinical significance, even in this \"worst-case\" situation characterized by complete removal of gastric tissue. Malnutrition should occur in only those patients with more limited gastric resections and RY reconstruction who are unable to increase caloric intake to cover losses due to malabsorption. A significant decrease in both trypsin and lipase concentrations and a marked delay in secretion of these enzymes was noted in the RY patients in response to a test meal (p less than 0.01). Malabsorption of fat and nitrogen in RY patients improved after exogenous pancreatic enzymes, but not after administration of tetracycline. Bacterial overgrowth as a cause of postoperative malabsorption may be less important than previously thought. Malabsorption after RY is due primarily to maldigestion brought about by duodenal bypass which, in turn, results in either an absolute or a relative pancreatic enzyme insufficiency.", "contents": "Pathophysiology and significance of malabsorption after Roux-en-Y reconstruction. Extensive metabolic studies were conducted in five normal controls and in five study patients after total gastric resection with Roux-en-Y (RY) reconstruction to determine the nutritional consequences of this particular technique of restoring gastrointestinal continuity. Although malabsorption of fat (19.2 +/- 2.2%) and nitrogen (22 +/- 2.5%) demonstrated in the study patients was moderate, it was significantly greater than normal ( less than 0.01). In spite of the demonstrated malabsorption, however, positive nitrogen balances (+ 0.33 +/- 0.18 gm/day) were maintained in the RY patients throughout the investigative period. These observations suggest that malabsorption after RY is infrequently of clinical significance, even in this \"worst-case\" situation characterized by complete removal of gastric tissue. Malnutrition should occur in only those patients with more limited gastric resections and RY reconstruction who are unable to increase caloric intake to cover losses due to malabsorption. A significant decrease in both trypsin and lipase concentrations and a marked delay in secretion of these enzymes was noted in the RY patients in response to a test meal (p less than 0.01). Malabsorption of fat and nitrogen in RY patients improved after exogenous pancreatic enzymes, but not after administration of tetracycline. Bacterial overgrowth as a cause of postoperative malabsorption may be less important than previously thought. Malabsorption after RY is due primarily to maldigestion brought about by duodenal bypass which, in turn, results in either an absolute or a relative pancreatic enzyme insufficiency."}
{"id": "PMID:871014", "title": "Increased hepatic synthesis of cholesterol following jejunoileal bypass.", "content": "Fatty infiltration of liver and formation of cholesterol stones are significant problems following jejunoileal bypass for morbid obesity. This report evaluates hepatic lipid metabolism and fat absorption in genetically obese, bypassed, and lean Zucker rats. Ninety percent jejunoileal bypass was performed in 12 (500 grams) obese rats (BP). Similar numbers of unoperated \"fat rats\" (FR) and lean litter mates (LR) were controls. Food consumption, weight gain or loss, and fecal fat were evaluated. At 4 weeks serum triglycerides, hepatic cholesterol, total lipids, triglycerides, and hepatic synthesis of fatty acids and cholesterol were measured in vivo. Food intake was excessive in FR's (23.8 +/- 0.7 gm/day), decreased in BP (18.3 +/- 2.3 gm/day), and lowest in LRss ( less than 0.05) and excessive fecal fat excretion (p less than 0.05). Serum triglycerides were elevated in FR's (284 +/- 32 mg/dl), reduced in BP rats (148 +/- 20 mg/dl) (p less than 0.05), and low in LR's (86 +/- 16 mg/dl). Total hepatic lipids, triglycerides, and hepatic synthesis of fatty acids were elevated in FR's (p less than 0.05) and were unchanged by bypass. Hepatic cholesterol was similar in all groups. Hepatic synthesis of cholesterol, however, was increased significantly in bypassed rats (p less than 0.05), (BP--102 +/- 22 micronnmole/\"C2\"/minute/gm, FR--39 +/- 6.0, LR--30 +/- 4.0). Jejunolileal bypass in FR's results in weight loss, decreased food intake, increased fecal fat, decreased serum triglycerides, and increased hepatic synthesis of cholesterol. Bypass had little effect on reducing elevated hepatic lipids, triglycerides, or fatty acid synthesis in FR's. These data suggest that following bypass increased hepatic cholesterol synthesis (as a precursor for bile acids) is related to interruption of the enterohepatic circulation and bile salt pool depletion. This implies that excess synthesis of hepatic cholesterol results in supersaturation of bile which is choletithocenic and may explein in part the increased incidence of gall stones observed following jejunoileal bypass.", "contents": "Increased hepatic synthesis of cholesterol following jejunoileal bypass. Fatty infiltration of liver and formation of cholesterol stones are significant problems following jejunoileal bypass for morbid obesity. This report evaluates hepatic lipid metabolism and fat absorption in genetically obese, bypassed, and lean Zucker rats. Ninety percent jejunoileal bypass was performed in 12 (500 grams) obese rats (BP). Similar numbers of unoperated \"fat rats\" (FR) and lean litter mates (LR) were controls. Food consumption, weight gain or loss, and fecal fat were evaluated. At 4 weeks serum triglycerides, hepatic cholesterol, total lipids, triglycerides, and hepatic synthesis of fatty acids and cholesterol were measured in vivo. Food intake was excessive in FR's (23.8 +/- 0.7 gm/day), decreased in BP (18.3 +/- 2.3 gm/day), and lowest in LRss ( less than 0.05) and excessive fecal fat excretion (p less than 0.05). Serum triglycerides were elevated in FR's (284 +/- 32 mg/dl), reduced in BP rats (148 +/- 20 mg/dl) (p less than 0.05), and low in LR's (86 +/- 16 mg/dl). Total hepatic lipids, triglycerides, and hepatic synthesis of fatty acids were elevated in FR's (p less than 0.05) and were unchanged by bypass. Hepatic cholesterol was similar in all groups. Hepatic synthesis of cholesterol, however, was increased significantly in bypassed rats (p less than 0.05), (BP--102 +/- 22 micronnmole/\"C2\"/minute/gm, FR--39 +/- 6.0, LR--30 +/- 4.0). Jejunolileal bypass in FR's results in weight loss, decreased food intake, increased fecal fat, decreased serum triglycerides, and increased hepatic synthesis of cholesterol. Bypass had little effect on reducing elevated hepatic lipids, triglycerides, or fatty acid synthesis in FR's. These data suggest that following bypass increased hepatic cholesterol synthesis (as a precursor for bile acids) is related to interruption of the enterohepatic circulation and bile salt pool depletion. This implies that excess synthesis of hepatic cholesterol results in supersaturation of bile which is choletithocenic and may explein in part the increased incidence of gall stones observed following jejunoileal bypass."}
{"id": "PMID:871015", "title": "Fate of prostaglandins E(1) and A(1) in the human pulmonary circulation.", "content": "It is recognized that the lung extracts norepinephrine and 5-hydroxytryptamine from the pulmonary circulation and that this process is affected by cardiopulmonary bypass. Since alterations in the lung's processing of vasoactive substances may be a mechanism of pulmonary injury sustained during operation, we investigated the lung's ability to extract or metabolize prostaglandin A1 (ga1) and prostaglandin E1 (PGE 1). Sixteen patients undergoing cardiac surgery were studied. In five patients, just before going on bypass, a 10 ml of blood was withdrawn at a constant rate, simultaneously from the pulmonary artery and left atrium. In 11 patients, 3H-PGE1 was injected just prior to bypass and, in five of these, again after coming off bypass. Extraction was calculated from tritium activity in the samples. Metabolites were quantitated by thin-layer chromatography after being identified by marker compounds run simultaneously in each chromatogram. The pulmonary extraction of PGA1 was 11.3 +/- 2.3% and there were no detectable metabolites in left atrial blood. Before bypass the extraction of PGE1 was 42.3 +/- 14.3% and after bypass 24.8 +/- 10.0% (P less than 0.005; Student's paired t test). PGE1 was extensively metabolized with 79.7 +/- 7.1% of total radioactivity appearing in the left atrium as metabolites before bypass and 89.1 +/- 2.0% appearing after bypass. This study indicates that PGA(1) is not metabolized by the lung and is only slightly extracted. On the other hand, PGE(1) is extensively extracted and metabolized. While the rate of metabolism is not significantly affected by cardiopulmonary bypass, the extractiom before bypass was significantly greater than after bypass.", "contents": "Fate of prostaglandins E(1) and A(1) in the human pulmonary circulation. It is recognized that the lung extracts norepinephrine and 5-hydroxytryptamine from the pulmonary circulation and that this process is affected by cardiopulmonary bypass. Since alterations in the lung's processing of vasoactive substances may be a mechanism of pulmonary injury sustained during operation, we investigated the lung's ability to extract or metabolize prostaglandin A1 (ga1) and prostaglandin E1 (PGE 1). Sixteen patients undergoing cardiac surgery were studied. In five patients, just before going on bypass, a 10 ml of blood was withdrawn at a constant rate, simultaneously from the pulmonary artery and left atrium. In 11 patients, 3H-PGE1 was injected just prior to bypass and, in five of these, again after coming off bypass. Extraction was calculated from tritium activity in the samples. Metabolites were quantitated by thin-layer chromatography after being identified by marker compounds run simultaneously in each chromatogram. The pulmonary extraction of PGA1 was 11.3 +/- 2.3% and there were no detectable metabolites in left atrial blood. Before bypass the extraction of PGE1 was 42.3 +/- 14.3% and after bypass 24.8 +/- 10.0% (P less than 0.005; Student's paired t test). PGE1 was extensively metabolized with 79.7 +/- 7.1% of total radioactivity appearing in the left atrium as metabolites before bypass and 89.1 +/- 2.0% appearing after bypass. This study indicates that PGA(1) is not metabolized by the lung and is only slightly extracted. On the other hand, PGE(1) is extensively extracted and metabolized. While the rate of metabolism is not significantly affected by cardiopulmonary bypass, the extractiom before bypass was significantly greater than after bypass."}
{"id": "PMID:871016", "title": "[Displacement of the bovine abomasum: effect of the diet on the composition of the rumen fluid and that of the contents of the abomasum and duodenum (author's transl)].", "content": "High-concentrate diets apparently inhibit abomasal motility by increasing the amount of volatile fatty acids (VFFA) which enter the abomasum. This report is concerned with a study of cows fitted with ruminal, abomasal and duodenal cannulae after feeding hay ad lib. and a diet consisting of hay and concentrates. Ruminal, abomasal and duodenal samples were analyzed before and after feeding. It was shown that a considerable increase in ruminal VFFA concentrations was not followed by a subsequent increase in abomasal VFFA concentrations. Differences in abomasal VFFA levels between the two rations were not observed. The VFFA concentrations in the duodenal fluid continued to be low and did not attain levels capable of affecting abomasal motility. The changes in pH level and in the sodium, potassium and chloride concentrations after feeding were also recorded. There were significant differences in the electrolyte concentrations of the ruminal, abomasal and duodenal contents between the rations before and after feeding. Part of these differences could be accounted for by findings reported in the literature.", "contents": "[Displacement of the bovine abomasum: effect of the diet on the composition of the rumen fluid and that of the contents of the abomasum and duodenum (author's transl)]. High-concentrate diets apparently inhibit abomasal motility by increasing the amount of volatile fatty acids (VFFA) which enter the abomasum. This report is concerned with a study of cows fitted with ruminal, abomasal and duodenal cannulae after feeding hay ad lib. and a diet consisting of hay and concentrates. Ruminal, abomasal and duodenal samples were analyzed before and after feeding. It was shown that a considerable increase in ruminal VFFA concentrations was not followed by a subsequent increase in abomasal VFFA concentrations. Differences in abomasal VFFA levels between the two rations were not observed. The VFFA concentrations in the duodenal fluid continued to be low and did not attain levels capable of affecting abomasal motility. The changes in pH level and in the sodium, potassium and chloride concentrations after feeding were also recorded. There were significant differences in the electrolyte concentrations of the ruminal, abomasal and duodenal contents between the rations before and after feeding. Part of these differences could be accounted for by findings reported in the literature."}
{"id": "PMID:871017", "title": "[Marginal notes on the paper on tuberculosis among Japanese deer in a deer-park in Goes (author's transl)].", "content": "A few marginal notes and a review of the literature on tuberculosis among Cervidae with reference to the outbreak of tuberculosis among Japanese deer in a deer-park recently established in Goes, which was detected by the Animal Health Service in the Province of Zealand in 1971. Particular attention is paid to recent enzootics of bovine as well as of avian tuberculosis. This shows that restrictions on commercial and barter transactions, to be imposed by the authorities, are required. The fact is also stressed that methods of prevention and treatment adopted in ruminants in zoological gardens are contra-indicated. If the breeding of particular species of deer should expand because of the growing demand for venison, some supervision by or in behalf of the authorities would appear to be essential. As the method adopted in the treatment of ruminants is not sure to be definitely successful, this procedure, like vaccination, should be dispensed with.", "contents": "[Marginal notes on the paper on tuberculosis among Japanese deer in a deer-park in Goes (author's transl)]. A few marginal notes and a review of the literature on tuberculosis among Cervidae with reference to the outbreak of tuberculosis among Japanese deer in a deer-park recently established in Goes, which was detected by the Animal Health Service in the Province of Zealand in 1971. Particular attention is paid to recent enzootics of bovine as well as of avian tuberculosis. This shows that restrictions on commercial and barter transactions, to be imposed by the authorities, are required. The fact is also stressed that methods of prevention and treatment adopted in ruminants in zoological gardens are contra-indicated. If the breeding of particular species of deer should expand because of the growing demand for venison, some supervision by or in behalf of the authorities would appear to be essential. As the method adopted in the treatment of ruminants is not sure to be definitely successful, this procedure, like vaccination, should be dispensed with."}
{"id": "PMID:871018", "title": "Radioimmunoassay for etiocholanolone.", "content": "A sensitive and reliable radioimmunoassay for serum unconjugated etiocholanolone (3alpha-hydroxy-5beta-androstan-17-one) is reported. The antiserum was obtained from rabbits by immunization of etiocholanolone-17-(O-carboxymethyl) oxime [CMO]-bovine serum albumin [BSA]. Two ml of serum with 3H-etiocholanolone added for recovery was extracted with ether, and etiocholanolone was separated from cross-reacting steroids by Sephadex LH-20 column chromatography. The mean recovery after extraction and chromatography was 80.7 +/- 6.8 (S.D.)%. The sensitivity of the assay was less than 40 pg. The intraassay and interassay coefficients of variation were 9.2% and 10.9%, respectively. The mean of serum unconjugated etiocholanolone concentration determined by the present method was 0.39 +/- 0.10 (S.D.) ng/ml (n = 50) in normal men and 0.36 +/- 0.08 (S.D.) ng/ml (n = 20) in women in the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle.", "contents": "Radioimmunoassay for etiocholanolone. A sensitive and reliable radioimmunoassay for serum unconjugated etiocholanolone (3alpha-hydroxy-5beta-androstan-17-one) is reported. The antiserum was obtained from rabbits by immunization of etiocholanolone-17-(O-carboxymethyl) oxime [CMO]-bovine serum albumin [BSA]. Two ml of serum with 3H-etiocholanolone added for recovery was extracted with ether, and etiocholanolone was separated from cross-reacting steroids by Sephadex LH-20 column chromatography. The mean recovery after extraction and chromatography was 80.7 +/- 6.8 (S.D.)%. The sensitivity of the assay was less than 40 pg. The intraassay and interassay coefficients of variation were 9.2% and 10.9%, respectively. The mean of serum unconjugated etiocholanolone concentration determined by the present method was 0.39 +/- 0.10 (S.D.) ng/ml (n = 50) in normal men and 0.36 +/- 0.08 (S.D.) ng/ml (n = 20) in women in the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle."}
{"id": "PMID:871019", "title": "Binding of glucocorticoids to liver nuclei and chromatin of fetal, immature and adult rats.", "content": "The interaction of dexamethasone with nuclei and chromatin was investigated following incubation of liver slices from fetal, immature (6-day-old) and adult rats with the labeled steroid at 37 degrees. The number of specific binding sites for dexamethasone in purified liver nuclei increases with the age of the animal in a manner similar to that previously reported for the cytoplasmic receptor. The high affinity nuclear binding approaches saturation at 40 and 500 nM dexamethasone in fetal and adult liver, respectively. In comparison with dexamethasone, the relative efficiency of corticosterone to accumulate in the nucleus is 9 percent in fetal liver and only 1 percent in adult liver. Specifically bound dexamethasone in adult nuclei exists in at least three forms; a Tris-soluble, a KC1-soluble, and a residual (non-extractable with KC1 or DNase) form. Part of the Tris-soluble steroid is associated with macromolecules sedimenting at about 4 S both in the presence and absence of 0.4 M KC1. This form of the receptor was not detected in fetal liver nuclei. In liver chromatin, bound dexamethasone exists in a KC1-soluble and a residual form, the latter comprising the major fraction of steroid associated with chromatin from both fetal and adult tissue (60 and 75 percent, respectively). Treatment with Triton X-100 releases about 20 percent of the radioactivity in adult liver nuclei, but has no effect on fetal liver nuclei. In contrast with the above observations in the intact tissue, the major fraction of steroid bound to chromatin in cell-free systems is KC1- and DNase-soluble, only 30 percent remaining in the residual pellet.", "contents": "Binding of glucocorticoids to liver nuclei and chromatin of fetal, immature and adult rats. The interaction of dexamethasone with nuclei and chromatin was investigated following incubation of liver slices from fetal, immature (6-day-old) and adult rats with the labeled steroid at 37 degrees. The number of specific binding sites for dexamethasone in purified liver nuclei increases with the age of the animal in a manner similar to that previously reported for the cytoplasmic receptor. The high affinity nuclear binding approaches saturation at 40 and 500 nM dexamethasone in fetal and adult liver, respectively. In comparison with dexamethasone, the relative efficiency of corticosterone to accumulate in the nucleus is 9 percent in fetal liver and only 1 percent in adult liver. Specifically bound dexamethasone in adult nuclei exists in at least three forms; a Tris-soluble, a KC1-soluble, and a residual (non-extractable with KC1 or DNase) form. Part of the Tris-soluble steroid is associated with macromolecules sedimenting at about 4 S both in the presence and absence of 0.4 M KC1. This form of the receptor was not detected in fetal liver nuclei. In liver chromatin, bound dexamethasone exists in a KC1-soluble and a residual form, the latter comprising the major fraction of steroid associated with chromatin from both fetal and adult tissue (60 and 75 percent, respectively). Treatment with Triton X-100 releases about 20 percent of the radioactivity in adult liver nuclei, but has no effect on fetal liver nuclei. In contrast with the above observations in the intact tissue, the major fraction of steroid bound to chromatin in cell-free systems is KC1- and DNase-soluble, only 30 percent remaining in the residual pellet."}
{"id": "PMID:871020", "title": "Evidence for macromolecular synthesis in stimulation of the estrogen synthesizing system of the immature rat ovary by PMS.", "content": "Exposure of immature rat ovaries to pregnant mare's serum gonadotropin (PMS) results in a prompt increase in testosterone and progesterone output but synthesis of estradiol (E2) increases only after a lag period of several hours. Actinomycin D (Act-D) given with PMS did not inhibit testosterone or progesterone production but the estrogenic response was prevented. Delay in administration of the Act-D until 12 hr after PMS resulted in a transient increase in E2 secretion lasting less than 12 hrs. When Act-D was given 12, 16 or 20 hrs after PMS, and ovarian steroid production measured by a one hr incubation, no inhibition of progesterone, testosterone or E2 was found; the synthesis of the latter two steroids was increased by the drug. Cycloheximide, on the other hand, was most effective at inhibiting testosterone and E2 production when it was given at 12 hrs; the drug was progressively less effective in lowering production of these steroids when it was given at 16 or 20 hrs. Cycloheximide did not alter progesterone production unless it was given at the same time as PMS. The results are consistent with the view that the induction of the estrogen synthesizing system of the immature rat ovary by gonadotropin involves, during the first 12 hrs, production of a material sensitive to Act-D inhibition (mRNA?) and then production of a material sensitive to cycloheximide inhibition (protein-enzymes?). The continued production of both of these materials appears to require the continual presence of gonadotropin.", "contents": "Evidence for macromolecular synthesis in stimulation of the estrogen synthesizing system of the immature rat ovary by PMS. Exposure of immature rat ovaries to pregnant mare's serum gonadotropin (PMS) results in a prompt increase in testosterone and progesterone output but synthesis of estradiol (E2) increases only after a lag period of several hours. Actinomycin D (Act-D) given with PMS did not inhibit testosterone or progesterone production but the estrogenic response was prevented. Delay in administration of the Act-D until 12 hr after PMS resulted in a transient increase in E2 secretion lasting less than 12 hrs. When Act-D was given 12, 16 or 20 hrs after PMS, and ovarian steroid production measured by a one hr incubation, no inhibition of progesterone, testosterone or E2 was found; the synthesis of the latter two steroids was increased by the drug. Cycloheximide, on the other hand, was most effective at inhibiting testosterone and E2 production when it was given at 12 hrs; the drug was progressively less effective in lowering production of these steroids when it was given at 16 or 20 hrs. Cycloheximide did not alter progesterone production unless it was given at the same time as PMS. The results are consistent with the view that the induction of the estrogen synthesizing system of the immature rat ovary by gonadotropin involves, during the first 12 hrs, production of a material sensitive to Act-D inhibition (mRNA?) and then production of a material sensitive to cycloheximide inhibition (protein-enzymes?). The continued production of both of these materials appears to require the continual presence of gonadotropin."}
{"id": "PMID:871021", "title": "A radioimmunoassay for 11-oxotestosterone: its application in the measurement of levels in blood serum of rainbow trout (S. Gairdneri).", "content": "17beta-Hydroxyandrost-4-ene-3,11-dione was linked via its 3-(O-carboxymethyl) oxime to bovine serum albumin to give a conjugate which was used to generate antiserum in rabbits. The antiserum, at an overall dilution of 1 in 16,000, together with [1,2-3H] 17beta-hydroxyandrost-4-ene-3,11-dione synthesized from [1,2-3H] cortisone have been used to develop a radioimmunoassay for the parent steroid. The assay incorporates a purification step in which serum or plasma extracts are chromatographed on silica gel layers bound to plastic or aluminum sheets and the steroid containing zones cut out and eluted directly with assay buffer. The cross-reactivities of several steroids with the antiserum and the specificity, sensitivity, accuracy and precision of the assay are described. Blood sera from immature male rainbow trout contain ca 0.2-0.4 mature, serum levels rise sharply to reach values of 2 to greater than 9 microng/100 ml of 17beta-hydroxyandrost-4-ene-3,11 dione. As male fish mature, serum levels rise sharply to reach values of 2 to greater than 9 microng/100 ml. Levels in immature females rarely exceeded the assay sensitivity but serum from three ripe females showed low but detectable levels (ca 0.2 microng/100 ml) of steroid. The assay has found application in sexing live fish for experimental purposes.", "contents": "A radioimmunoassay for 11-oxotestosterone: its application in the measurement of levels in blood serum of rainbow trout (S. Gairdneri). 17beta-Hydroxyandrost-4-ene-3,11-dione was linked via its 3-(O-carboxymethyl) oxime to bovine serum albumin to give a conjugate which was used to generate antiserum in rabbits. The antiserum, at an overall dilution of 1 in 16,000, together with [1,2-3H] 17beta-hydroxyandrost-4-ene-3,11-dione synthesized from [1,2-3H] cortisone have been used to develop a radioimmunoassay for the parent steroid. The assay incorporates a purification step in which serum or plasma extracts are chromatographed on silica gel layers bound to plastic or aluminum sheets and the steroid containing zones cut out and eluted directly with assay buffer. The cross-reactivities of several steroids with the antiserum and the specificity, sensitivity, accuracy and precision of the assay are described. Blood sera from immature male rainbow trout contain ca 0.2-0.4 mature, serum levels rise sharply to reach values of 2 to greater than 9 microng/100 ml of 17beta-hydroxyandrost-4-ene-3,11 dione. As male fish mature, serum levels rise sharply to reach values of 2 to greater than 9 microng/100 ml. Levels in immature females rarely exceeded the assay sensitivity but serum from three ripe females showed low but detectable levels (ca 0.2 microng/100 ml) of steroid. The assay has found application in sexing live fish for experimental purposes."}
{"id": "PMID:871023", "title": "Epidemiological investigation of cerebrovascular disease in Iceland, 1958-1968 (ages 0-35 years): a total population survey.", "content": "This study was undertaken to estimate the incidence of cerebrovascular disease in the age group 0-35 years in the population of Iceland during the 11 year period 1958 through 1968. The incidence for the whole country was 7.9/100,000-- males 7.5 and females 8.4. The incidence in Reykjavik, 8.3/100,000, was not significantly different from the rest of the country (7.2/100,000)nor was there any significant difference between the sexes. Comparison is made with similar studies.", "contents": "Epidemiological investigation of cerebrovascular disease in Iceland, 1958-1968 (ages 0-35 years): a total population survey. This study was undertaken to estimate the incidence of cerebrovascular disease in the age group 0-35 years in the population of Iceland during the 11 year period 1958 through 1968. The incidence for the whole country was 7.9/100,000-- males 7.5 and females 8.4. The incidence in Reykjavik, 8.3/100,000, was not significantly different from the rest of the country (7.2/100,000)nor was there any significant difference between the sexes. Comparison is made with similar studies."}
{"id": "PMID:871024", "title": "Use of hydrogen for measurement of regional cerebral blood flow: problem of intercompartmental diffusion.", "content": "The extreme diffusibility of hydrogen, compared with xenon or krypton, may create serious artifacts when it is used to measure local blood flow with a tissue electrode. The errors are greatest when hydrogen is given by intra-arterial slug injection, and when the electrode is within 2mm of another tissue compartment, CSF,  or air. These all appear to be a consequence of intercompartmental diffusion which can occur at rates of the same order of magnitude as clearance from the tissue by blood flow. No matter how small the electrode, the ultimate spatial resolution of the method appears to be about 2mm unless quantitative account is taken of diffusion. An important precaution in use of the method is to obtain homogeneous tissue saturation by prolonged inhalation administration.", "contents": "Use of hydrogen for measurement of regional cerebral blood flow: problem of intercompartmental diffusion. The extreme diffusibility of hydrogen, compared with xenon or krypton, may create serious artifacts when it is used to measure local blood flow with a tissue electrode. The errors are greatest when hydrogen is given by intra-arterial slug injection, and when the electrode is within 2mm of another tissue compartment, CSF,  or air. These all appear to be a consequence of intercompartmental diffusion which can occur at rates of the same order of magnitude as clearance from the tissue by blood flow. No matter how small the electrode, the ultimate spatial resolution of the method appears to be about 2mm unless quantitative account is taken of diffusion. An important precaution in use of the method is to obtain homogeneous tissue saturation by prolonged inhalation administration."}
{"id": "PMID:871030", "title": "Study of blood pyruvic acid levels in pellagrins with and without neurological manifestations and response to nicotinic acid therapy.", "content": "In 25 cases of pellagra and 10 healthy controls, the blood pyruvic acid levels in the fasting stage and after 60 and 90 minutes of glucose load were estimated by the technique of Friedmann & Haugen (1943). The blood pyruvic acid levels after 60 and 90 minutes of glucose load were significantly higher in pellagrins as compared to controls. The following conclusions were drawn from this study: (i) that there is impairment of pyruvic acid metabolism in cases of pellagra, which is more marked in pellagrins with neurological manifestations than in those without; (ii) that after administration of nicotinic acid alone for 15 days the pyruvic acid levels returned to normal, thereby indicating that nicotinic acid deficiency is the cause of deranged pyruvate metabolism; (iii) that there is significant improvement in neurological status after nicotinic acid therapy.", "contents": "Study of blood pyruvic acid levels in pellagrins with and without neurological manifestations and response to nicotinic acid therapy. In 25 cases of pellagra and 10 healthy controls, the blood pyruvic acid levels in the fasting stage and after 60 and 90 minutes of glucose load were estimated by the technique of Friedmann & Haugen (1943). The blood pyruvic acid levels after 60 and 90 minutes of glucose load were significantly higher in pellagrins as compared to controls. The following conclusions were drawn from this study: (i) that there is impairment of pyruvic acid metabolism in cases of pellagra, which is more marked in pellagrins with neurological manifestations than in those without; (ii) that after administration of nicotinic acid alone for 15 days the pyruvic acid levels returned to normal, thereby indicating that nicotinic acid deficiency is the cause of deranged pyruvate metabolism; (iii) that there is significant improvement in neurological status after nicotinic acid therapy."}
{"id": "PMID:871031", "title": "Skin tests in Nigerian asthmatics from the equatorial forest zone in Benin, Nigeria.", "content": "Forty-two patients with bronchial asthma from the Benin area and 32 control subjects were subjected to skin prick tests for groups of allergens. There was a significant excess of reactions of 5 mm or over to Dermatophagoides farinae amongst the asthmatics. This was the most commonly detected allergen. There was an overall excess in asthmatics of positive reactions of over 5 mm in the other groups although there was no significant excess in any single group. There was no significant difference in the weaker skin reactions (less than 5 mm between) asthmatics and controls. From clinical histories most precipitating factors known to patients were probably non-allergic in origin, exercise, irritant odours, dust and climatic changes being the commonest. Sets of allergens specially prepared for West Africa would be valuable for skin testing asthmatics in this environment.", "contents": "Skin tests in Nigerian asthmatics from the equatorial forest zone in Benin, Nigeria. Forty-two patients with bronchial asthma from the Benin area and 32 control subjects were subjected to skin prick tests for groups of allergens. There was a significant excess of reactions of 5 mm or over to Dermatophagoides farinae amongst the asthmatics. This was the most commonly detected allergen. There was an overall excess in asthmatics of positive reactions of over 5 mm in the other groups although there was no significant excess in any single group. There was no significant difference in the weaker skin reactions (less than 5 mm between) asthmatics and controls. From clinical histories most precipitating factors known to patients were probably non-allergic in origin, exercise, irritant odours, dust and climatic changes being the commonest. Sets of allergens specially prepared for West Africa would be valuable for skin testing asthmatics in this environment."}
{"id": "PMID:871026", "title": "Spectrum subtraction technique for minimizing extracranial influence on cerebral blood flow measurements by 133xenon inhalation.", "content": "Estimates of regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) by the 133Xe inhalation method are influenced by isotope contamination from slow clearing extracerebral tissues. Subtraction of x-ray (31 kev) from gamma-ray counts (81 kev) has been suggested as a means of yielding clearance curves that are relatively free of such contamination. In the present study, rCBF measurements based on the total 133Xe spectrum (x-ray plus gamma) were compared with those derived from the subtracted spectrum (x-ray minus gamma) in 20 young controls, using a two-compartmental analysis of the clearance curves. In comparison with addition, the subtraction data gave substantially higher estimates of blood flow for the slow (second) compartment. This, along with a shift in the relative weights of the two compartments, indicated a decreased contribution of slow tissue components, consistent with a reduction in extracerebral contamination. Blood flow values obtained by subtraction were in good agreement with those reported for the intracarotid injection method. A limitation of the subtraction technique, however, is the relatively high dose of isotope required for adequate signal-to-noise ratios.", "contents": "Spectrum subtraction technique for minimizing extracranial influence on cerebral blood flow measurements by 133xenon inhalation. Estimates of regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) by the 133Xe inhalation method are influenced by isotope contamination from slow clearing extracerebral tissues. Subtraction of x-ray (31 kev) from gamma-ray counts (81 kev) has been suggested as a means of yielding clearance curves that are relatively free of such contamination. In the present study, rCBF measurements based on the total 133Xe spectrum (x-ray plus gamma) were compared with those derived from the subtracted spectrum (x-ray minus gamma) in 20 young controls, using a two-compartmental analysis of the clearance curves. In comparison with addition, the subtraction data gave substantially higher estimates of blood flow for the slow (second) compartment. This, along with a shift in the relative weights of the two compartments, indicated a decreased contribution of slow tissue components, consistent with a reduction in extracerebral contamination. Blood flow values obtained by subtraction were in good agreement with those reported for the intracarotid injection method. A limitation of the subtraction technique, however, is the relatively high dose of isotope required for adequate signal-to-noise ratios."}
{"id": "PMID:871032", "title": "Louse-borne relapsing fever: I. A clinical and laboratory study of 363 cases in the Sudan.", "content": "Louse-borne relapsing fever seems to have become endemic in the southern Sudan. The epidemic history of the disease in the Sudan is reviewed. We have studied 363 Sudanese patients involved in an outbreak of louse-borne relapsing fever in Khartoum (Sudan) between January and June 1974. 318 of the 363 patients were new immigrants from the soughern Sudan to Khartoum. The clinical presentation varied. The common clinical fetures of the disease were: fever (94%), headache (85%), hepatosplenomegaly (74%), body and joint pains (66%), abdominal pain and tenderness (63%), jaundice (46%) and epistaxis (40%). Thrombocytopenia was common. Biochemical evidence of hepatocellular and renal damage was present in most patients. The mortality rate was 5-5% with treatment. Post-mortem examination was performed on six cases. The organs predominantly involved were the liver, spleen, brain and lungs. The common causes of death were severe hepatic damage, lobar pneumonia, subarachnoid haemorrhage and splenic rupture.", "contents": "Louse-borne relapsing fever: I. A clinical and laboratory study of 363 cases in the Sudan. Louse-borne relapsing fever seems to have become endemic in the southern Sudan. The epidemic history of the disease in the Sudan is reviewed. We have studied 363 Sudanese patients involved in an outbreak of louse-borne relapsing fever in Khartoum (Sudan) between January and June 1974. 318 of the 363 patients were new immigrants from the soughern Sudan to Khartoum. The clinical presentation varied. The common clinical fetures of the disease were: fever (94%), headache (85%), hepatosplenomegaly (74%), body and joint pains (66%), abdominal pain and tenderness (63%), jaundice (46%) and epistaxis (40%). Thrombocytopenia was common. Biochemical evidence of hepatocellular and renal damage was present in most patients. The mortality rate was 5-5% with treatment. Post-mortem examination was performed on six cases. The organs predominantly involved were the liver, spleen, brain and lungs. The common causes of death were severe hepatic damage, lobar pneumonia, subarachnoid haemorrhage and splenic rupture."}
{"id": "PMID:871033", "title": "Louse-borne relapsing fever: II. Combined penicillin and tetracycline therapy in 160 Sudanese patients.", "content": "One hundred and sixty patients with louse-borne relapsing fever were treated with a combination therapy of procaine penicillin and tetracycline. Fortified procaine penicillin B.P. was given as 400,000 units in the first day. This was followed the next day by 2 g tetracycline orally in divided doses for seven days. A mild rise in temperature was observed in 22 (13-7%) patients within four hours of administering penicillin. Rigors and hypotension occurred in one patient. Relapse occurred in two patients, of whom one had concomitant typhoid and one visceral leishmaniasis. The combined therapy has been found to be effective and safe. It lacks the disadvantages of penicillin (relapses) and tetracycline (severe reaction), when each drug is used alone.", "contents": "Louse-borne relapsing fever: II. Combined penicillin and tetracycline therapy in 160 Sudanese patients. One hundred and sixty patients with louse-borne relapsing fever were treated with a combination therapy of procaine penicillin and tetracycline. Fortified procaine penicillin B.P. was given as 400,000 units in the first day. This was followed the next day by 2 g tetracycline orally in divided doses for seven days. A mild rise in temperature was observed in 22 (13-7%) patients within four hours of administering penicillin. Rigors and hypotension occurred in one patient. Relapse occurred in two patients, of whom one had concomitant typhoid and one visceral leishmaniasis. The combined therapy has been found to be effective and safe. It lacks the disadvantages of penicillin (relapses) and tetracycline (severe reaction), when each drug is used alone."}
{"id": "PMID:871022", "title": "Possible prevention of brain stem stroke by microvascular anastomosis in the vertebrobasilar system.", "content": "Four patients with symptoms and signs of brain stem ischemia due to occlusive disease of the vertebrobasilar system and one patient with similar cerebrovascular disease who was thought to be prone to brain stem stroke underwent a microvascular anastomosis between the occipital artery and the caudal loop of the posterior inferior cerebellar artery. There was no morbidity of mortality and neurologically all patients improved. Post-operative angiograms showed patent anastomosis in all the patients and improved circulation in three. This new operation may prove beneficial in a selected group of stroke patients who suffer from vertebrobasilar insufficiency and cannot be treated with gross surgical techniques.", "contents": "Possible prevention of brain stem stroke by microvascular anastomosis in the vertebrobasilar system. Four patients with symptoms and signs of brain stem ischemia due to occlusive disease of the vertebrobasilar system and one patient with similar cerebrovascular disease who was thought to be prone to brain stem stroke underwent a microvascular anastomosis between the occipital artery and the caudal loop of the posterior inferior cerebellar artery. There was no morbidity of mortality and neurologically all patients improved. Post-operative angiograms showed patent anastomosis in all the patients and improved circulation in three. This new operation may prove beneficial in a selected group of stroke patients who suffer from vertebrobasilar insufficiency and cannot be treated with gross surgical techniques."}
{"id": "PMID:871028", "title": "Sudden death from stroke.", "content": "Sudden death is defined as any death that occurs less than 24 hours after the onset of first symptoms. Strokes account for 10 to 20% of all sudden deaths. The records of all residents of Rochester, Minn., who had their first stroke during the period 1955 through 1969 were analyzed. Among 255 deaths caused by the first stroke, 52 were sudden. Twenty-six of the deaths were due to primary intracerebral hemorrhage, and 20 to primary subarachnoid hemorrhage. Only two of the sudden deaths were caused by infarction: one by pontine and cerebellar infarct and the second by a cortical infarct, which resulted in death from status epilepticus. Among the nine patients who died within 2 hours of the onset of symptoms, six had primary subarachnoid hemorrhage. Hypertension was noted in 23 of the 26 patients (88%) who died of primary intracerebral hemorrhage; 8 patients with primary intracerebral hemorrhage were on long-term oral anticoagulant therapy, and all 8 were hypertensive.", "contents": "Sudden death from stroke. Sudden death is defined as any death that occurs less than 24 hours after the onset of first symptoms. Strokes account for 10 to 20% of all sudden deaths. The records of all residents of Rochester, Minn., who had their first stroke during the period 1955 through 1969 were analyzed. Among 255 deaths caused by the first stroke, 52 were sudden. Twenty-six of the deaths were due to primary intracerebral hemorrhage, and 20 to primary subarachnoid hemorrhage. Only two of the sudden deaths were caused by infarction: one by pontine and cerebellar infarct and the second by a cortical infarct, which resulted in death from status epilepticus. Among the nine patients who died within 2 hours of the onset of symptoms, six had primary subarachnoid hemorrhage. Hypertension was noted in 23 of the 26 patients (88%) who died of primary intracerebral hemorrhage; 8 patients with primary intracerebral hemorrhage were on long-term oral anticoagulant therapy, and all 8 were hypertensive."}
{"id": "PMID:871034", "title": "Cardiac and pulmonary involvement in leptospirosis.", "content": "The clinico-pathological features of cardiac and pulmonary involvement were studied in seven cases of fatal leptospirosis. Petechial haemorrhages occurred in the heart and pericardium in all cases with blood-stained pericardial effusions in five. Interstitial myocarditis was noted in five patients and probably caused the changing electrocardiographic abnormalities and clinical cardiovascular effects during the illness. Sub-pleural and intrapulmonary haemorrhages occurred in all seven cases with pleural effusions in four. Pulmonary oedema was a striking feature during the early stages of the illness, while in patients surviving the first week of the disease infiltrative and proliferative lesions were common. The latter type of pulmonary changes occurred at a stage when acute renal failure was improving and were not related to the presence and severity of jaundice. The clinico-pathological profile of pulmonary involvement in leptospirosis appears to fall into an adult respiratory distress syndrome and, when present, carries a serious prognosis and would then be a prime factor in mortality. As clinical manifestations of pulmonary involvement appear late during the clinical illness and may be of abrupt onset, auscultatory and radiological surveillance becomes mandatory in severe leptospiral infections.", "contents": "Cardiac and pulmonary involvement in leptospirosis. The clinico-pathological features of cardiac and pulmonary involvement were studied in seven cases of fatal leptospirosis. Petechial haemorrhages occurred in the heart and pericardium in all cases with blood-stained pericardial effusions in five. Interstitial myocarditis was noted in five patients and probably caused the changing electrocardiographic abnormalities and clinical cardiovascular effects during the illness. Sub-pleural and intrapulmonary haemorrhages occurred in all seven cases with pleural effusions in four. Pulmonary oedema was a striking feature during the early stages of the illness, while in patients surviving the first week of the disease infiltrative and proliferative lesions were common. The latter type of pulmonary changes occurred at a stage when acute renal failure was improving and were not related to the presence and severity of jaundice. The clinico-pathological profile of pulmonary involvement in leptospirosis appears to fall into an adult respiratory distress syndrome and, when present, carries a serious prognosis and would then be a prime factor in mortality. As clinical manifestations of pulmonary involvement appear late during the clinical illness and may be of abrupt onset, auscultatory and radiological surveillance becomes mandatory in severe leptospiral infections."}
{"id": "PMID:871029", "title": "Effect of sulfinpyrazone on platelet survival time in patients with transient cerebral ischemic attacks.", "content": "Platelet suppressant drugs have been suggested as beneficial for patients with transient cerebral ischemic attacks and these drugs have been shown to lengthen shortened platelet survival time. In the present study platelet survival time (autologous labeling with 51Chromium) was measured in 25 patients with transient cerebral ischemia involving a carotid distribution. Platelet survival was shortened in all patients (2.5 +/- 0.10 days; AVE t 1/2 +/- SEM; Normal 3.7 +/- 0.04 days P less than 0.001). Sulfinpyrazone increased platelet survival in 9 of 19 (47%) of patients (2.4 +/- 0.10 to 2.8 +/- 0.16 days; P less than 0.01). Of the 19 treated with sulfinpyrazone, 10 had a marked reduction in the frequency of transient ischemic episodes and an increased in platelet survival (2.6 +/- 0.16 to 3.1 +/- 0.22 days; P less than 0.01) was observed in all patients. Three patients had no benefit from sulfinpyrazone and alteration of platelet survival did not occur. Results suggest that platelet survival is shortened in patients with transient cerebral ischemia, that sulfinpyrazone increases platelet curvival and may decrease the frequency of ischemic episodes, and that there may be a relationship between clinical benefit and alteration of platelet survival time.", "contents": "Effect of sulfinpyrazone on platelet survival time in patients with transient cerebral ischemic attacks. Platelet suppressant drugs have been suggested as beneficial for patients with transient cerebral ischemic attacks and these drugs have been shown to lengthen shortened platelet survival time. In the present study platelet survival time (autologous labeling with 51Chromium) was measured in 25 patients with transient cerebral ischemia involving a carotid distribution. Platelet survival was shortened in all patients (2.5 +/- 0.10 days; AVE t 1/2 +/- SEM; Normal 3.7 +/- 0.04 days P less than 0.001). Sulfinpyrazone increased platelet survival in 9 of 19 (47%) of patients (2.4 +/- 0.10 to 2.8 +/- 0.16 days; P less than 0.01). Of the 19 treated with sulfinpyrazone, 10 had a marked reduction in the frequency of transient ischemic episodes and an increased in platelet survival (2.6 +/- 0.16 to 3.1 +/- 0.22 days; P less than 0.01) was observed in all patients. Three patients had no benefit from sulfinpyrazone and alteration of platelet survival did not occur. Results suggest that platelet survival is shortened in patients with transient cerebral ischemia, that sulfinpyrazone increases platelet curvival and may decrease the frequency of ischemic episodes, and that there may be a relationship between clinical benefit and alteration of platelet survival time."}
{"id": "PMID:871035", "title": "Studies on Mediterranean leishmaniasis: V.A. preliminary epidemiological survey of human leishmaniasis in Tuscany.", "content": "Leishmanin skin testing was performed on 1,285 people in the Tuscany region of Italy. In a known endemic area for leishmaniasis there was an increasing positivity with age, while in another area the curve was bell-shaped suggesting an interruption of transmission in the recent past. In all areas the positivity rate for males was higher than for females, but it was not possible to distinguish between areas of cutaneous and visceral disease.", "contents": "Studies on Mediterranean leishmaniasis: V.A. preliminary epidemiological survey of human leishmaniasis in Tuscany. Leishmanin skin testing was performed on 1,285 people in the Tuscany region of Italy. In a known endemic area for leishmaniasis there was an increasing positivity with age, while in another area the curve was bell-shaped suggesting an interruption of transmission in the recent past. In all areas the positivity rate for males was higher than for females, but it was not possible to distinguish between areas of cutaneous and visceral disease."}
{"id": "PMID:871025", "title": "Central dual innervation of arterioles and capillaries in the brain.", "content": "Fluorescence-and electron-microscopic studies were performed on nerve terminals close to intracerebral blood vessels in the rat. For the electron microscope subdural perfusion fixation with potassium permanganate was used. In the rat cerebral cortex deprived of the bilateral superior cervical ganglion some aminergic terminal boutons containing large and small core vesicles were observed contiguous to blood vessels. These terminals abutted on the capillary basement membrane. Since these terminals are found in the rat after bilateral superior cervical ganglion exision, they probably originate from central catecholaminergic neurons in the brain stem. These findings suggest that central aminergic neurons might play some role in cerebral blood flow regulation. In addition to aminergic terminal boutons, non-aminergic nerve terminals containing non-core vesicles also ended in the capillaries. Cerebral capillaries also have central dual innervation, aminergic and cholinergic, and dual peripheral innervation by sympathetic and parasympathetic fibers.", "contents": "Central dual innervation of arterioles and capillaries in the brain. Fluorescence-and electron-microscopic studies were performed on nerve terminals close to intracerebral blood vessels in the rat. For the electron microscope subdural perfusion fixation with potassium permanganate was used. In the rat cerebral cortex deprived of the bilateral superior cervical ganglion some aminergic terminal boutons containing large and small core vesicles were observed contiguous to blood vessels. These terminals abutted on the capillary basement membrane. Since these terminals are found in the rat after bilateral superior cervical ganglion exision, they probably originate from central catecholaminergic neurons in the brain stem. These findings suggest that central aminergic neurons might play some role in cerebral blood flow regulation. In addition to aminergic terminal boutons, non-aminergic nerve terminals containing non-core vesicles also ended in the capillaries. Cerebral capillaries also have central dual innervation, aminergic and cholinergic, and dual peripheral innervation by sympathetic and parasympathetic fibers."}
{"id": "PMID:871036", "title": "[On the distribution of the lung flukes, Paragonimus africanus and P. uterobilateralis, in the South West Province of Cameroon and in Eastern Nigeria as determined by examination of the intermediate crab hosts for infection with metacercariae (author's transl)].", "content": "During 1973-75 the distribution of the lung flukes, Paragonimus africanus and P. uterobilateralis, was studied in South West-Cameroon and in Eastern Nigeria, on the basis of parasitological examinations of the intermediate crab hosts Sudanonautes africanus, S. pelii, and S. aubryi, belonging to the family Potamonidae. 1000 freashwater crabs from 80 localities were examined for prevalence and intensity of infection with Paragonimus methacercariae. In Cameroon S. pelii was found to be a new intermediate host for P. uterobilateralis, and S. aubryi a new host for P. africanus. The morphology, behavior, and habitats of the crabs are summarized. In Eastern Nigeria only metacercariae of P. uterobilateralis were found. The main endemic area was located in the basin of the upper Imo River. Outside this area infected crabs were found only in and around Arochukwu, in the lower tributaries of the Cross River. This distribution differs from that given by Nwokolo (1974), which was based on the origin of clinical cases. These differences are discussed. In South West-Cameroon both Paragonimus species were found. The highest prevalence and intensity of metacercariae of P. africanus was seen in certain tributaries of the Mungo River in the area of Lower Bakossi. Proceeding northwards towards Mamfe, infections with P. africanus decreased steadily, whereas infections with P. uterobilateralis increased. On the upper reaches of the Cross River from the region around Mamfe and extending as far as the Nigerian fronter at Ekok, the crabs were infected exclusively with P. uterobilateralis. The unexplored mildle reaches of the Cross River may form a bridge between the endemic areas of this lung fluke in Nigeria and Cameroon.", "contents": "[On the distribution of the lung flukes, Paragonimus africanus and P. uterobilateralis, in the South West Province of Cameroon and in Eastern Nigeria as determined by examination of the intermediate crab hosts for infection with metacercariae (author's transl)]. During 1973-75 the distribution of the lung flukes, Paragonimus africanus and P. uterobilateralis, was studied in South West-Cameroon and in Eastern Nigeria, on the basis of parasitological examinations of the intermediate crab hosts Sudanonautes africanus, S. pelii, and S. aubryi, belonging to the family Potamonidae. 1000 freashwater crabs from 80 localities were examined for prevalence and intensity of infection with Paragonimus methacercariae. In Cameroon S. pelii was found to be a new intermediate host for P. uterobilateralis, and S. aubryi a new host for P. africanus. The morphology, behavior, and habitats of the crabs are summarized. In Eastern Nigeria only metacercariae of P. uterobilateralis were found. The main endemic area was located in the basin of the upper Imo River. Outside this area infected crabs were found only in and around Arochukwu, in the lower tributaries of the Cross River. This distribution differs from that given by Nwokolo (1974), which was based on the origin of clinical cases. These differences are discussed. In South West-Cameroon both Paragonimus species were found. The highest prevalence and intensity of metacercariae of P. africanus was seen in certain tributaries of the Mungo River in the area of Lower Bakossi. Proceeding northwards towards Mamfe, infections with P. africanus decreased steadily, whereas infections with P. uterobilateralis increased. On the upper reaches of the Cross River from the region around Mamfe and extending as far as the Nigerian fronter at Ekok, the crabs were infected exclusively with P. uterobilateralis. The unexplored mildle reaches of the Cross River may form a bridge between the endemic areas of this lung fluke in Nigeria and Cameroon."}
{"id": "PMID:871037", "title": "Electrophoretic characterization of small free-living Amoebae.", "content": "Disc electrophoresis was employed in an attempt to determine its usefulness as a means of differentiating and classifying some free-living species of amoebae. The Rp values and the percentage of similarity of the protein bands were used as taxonomic criteria. Some species of the genera Hartmanella and Naegleria were examined. The protein patterns of all species studied were highly reproducible. Four strains of Hartmannella castellanii showed an absolute identity to the original H. castellanii strain. One strain isolated by Neff and H. rhysodes were similar to all the other strains although their protein patten were not completely identical. On the other hand, H. culbertsoni, H. astronyxis and H. lammellipodia were different from all the other examined species of Hartmannella. Pathogenic N. fowleri-strains were identical to each other and were different in their protein patterns from non-pathogenic N. gruberi strain. The similarities and differences of protein bands of strains of ameobae and their correlations with other attributes were discussed. The results have shown that the disc electrophoresis appears useful in differentiating between species of Hartmannella and Naegleria.", "contents": "Electrophoretic characterization of small free-living Amoebae. Disc electrophoresis was employed in an attempt to determine its usefulness as a means of differentiating and classifying some free-living species of amoebae. The Rp values and the percentage of similarity of the protein bands were used as taxonomic criteria. Some species of the genera Hartmanella and Naegleria were examined. The protein patterns of all species studied were highly reproducible. Four strains of Hartmannella castellanii showed an absolute identity to the original H. castellanii strain. One strain isolated by Neff and H. rhysodes were similar to all the other strains although their protein patten were not completely identical. On the other hand, H. culbertsoni, H. astronyxis and H. lammellipodia were different from all the other examined species of Hartmannella. Pathogenic N. fowleri-strains were identical to each other and were different in their protein patterns from non-pathogenic N. gruberi strain. The similarities and differences of protein bands of strains of ameobae and their correlations with other attributes were discussed. The results have shown that the disc electrophoresis appears useful in differentiating between species of Hartmannella and Naegleria."}
{"id": "PMID:871027", "title": "Comparison of nerves to cerebral and extracerebral blood vessels: a differential effect of alpha methyl tyrosine on norepinephrine content.", "content": "Alpha methyl tryosine (AMT), and inhibitor of norepinephrine (NOR) synthesis, was injected intraperitoneally (200 mg/kg) in Sprague Dawley rats, kept in a cold room, or at room temperature for 16 hours. Using formaldehyde induced NOR fluorescence, nerve counts were made on whole mounts of cerebral and femoral arterioles 14-300 micronm in diameter, utilizing a grid superimposed on the vessels. Cold had no effect on the number of visible (i.e. fluorescing) nerves. AMT had an appreciable effect but only on nerves to femoral arterioles, where a significant reduction in nerve count was observed in both cold stressed and non stressed rates, when compared with animals not given AMT. Since the counting technique is sensitive only to large depletions of NOR, we cannot conclude that AMT failed to affect NOR content in cerebrovascular nerves. However, if such an effect was present, it was much less than the effect of AMT on nerves to femoral vessels. We suggest that the differential effect of AMT on these 2 vascular beds may indicate a lower basal level of NOR release from cerebrovascular nerves, which would correlate with the difficulty of demonstrating basal sympathetic tone in this vascular bed.", "contents": "Comparison of nerves to cerebral and extracerebral blood vessels: a differential effect of alpha methyl tyrosine on norepinephrine content. Alpha methyl tryosine (AMT), and inhibitor of norepinephrine (NOR) synthesis, was injected intraperitoneally (200 mg/kg) in Sprague Dawley rats, kept in a cold room, or at room temperature for 16 hours. Using formaldehyde induced NOR fluorescence, nerve counts were made on whole mounts of cerebral and femoral arterioles 14-300 micronm in diameter, utilizing a grid superimposed on the vessels. Cold had no effect on the number of visible (i.e. fluorescing) nerves. AMT had an appreciable effect but only on nerves to femoral arterioles, where a significant reduction in nerve count was observed in both cold stressed and non stressed rates, when compared with animals not given AMT. Since the counting technique is sensitive only to large depletions of NOR, we cannot conclude that AMT failed to affect NOR content in cerebrovascular nerves. However, if such an effect was present, it was much less than the effect of AMT on nerves to femoral vessels. We suggest that the differential effect of AMT on these 2 vascular beds may indicate a lower basal level of NOR release from cerebrovascular nerves, which would correlate with the difficulty of demonstrating basal sympathetic tone in this vascular bed."}
{"id": "PMID:871038", "title": "Autogeny in diverse populations of Aedes aegypti from East Africa.", "content": "Autogeny in Aedes aegypti was found in many diverse populations throughout the range of East Africa. Degree of autogeny is proposed to be measured either by a relative method using an autogeny index (AIX), or by direct count of eggs in dissected ovaries and expressed in percentage. Degree of autogeny varied from population to population but it was always higher in the dark feral Ae. aegypti formosus than in the domestic Ae. aegypti aegypti form. The highest degree of autogeny occurred in the dark form frm Uganda, where in some populations it was as high as 34%. Some autogenous females have a tendency to retain fully developed eggs in their ovaries up to 4 weeks for later oviposition. At the beginning of oogenesis, the autogenous females deposit yolk granuli in many follicles. As soon as the follicles reach the resting stage, translocation of yolk from many to few follicles takes place. The number of eggs developed autogenously depends on the level of nutritional reserves carried by the females from the larval stage. Autogeny could possible serve as one of the preservation mechanisms of haematophagous species when hosts are not available. The vectorial capacity of autogenous populations of Ae. aegypti for transmission of pathogens is substantially lower than anautogenous ones because of their nonhaematophagous feeding behavior at the first gonotrophic cycle and shorter survival of females.", "contents": "Autogeny in diverse populations of Aedes aegypti from East Africa. Autogeny in Aedes aegypti was found in many diverse populations throughout the range of East Africa. Degree of autogeny is proposed to be measured either by a relative method using an autogeny index (AIX), or by direct count of eggs in dissected ovaries and expressed in percentage. Degree of autogeny varied from population to population but it was always higher in the dark feral Ae. aegypti formosus than in the domestic Ae. aegypti aegypti form. The highest degree of autogeny occurred in the dark form frm Uganda, where in some populations it was as high as 34%. Some autogenous females have a tendency to retain fully developed eggs in their ovaries up to 4 weeks for later oviposition. At the beginning of oogenesis, the autogenous females deposit yolk granuli in many follicles. As soon as the follicles reach the resting stage, translocation of yolk from many to few follicles takes place. The number of eggs developed autogenously depends on the level of nutritional reserves carried by the females from the larval stage. Autogeny could possible serve as one of the preservation mechanisms of haematophagous species when hosts are not available. The vectorial capacity of autogenous populations of Ae. aegypti for transmission of pathogens is substantially lower than anautogenous ones because of their nonhaematophagous feeding behavior at the first gonotrophic cycle and shorter survival of females."}
{"id": "PMID:871039", "title": "Studies on the attraction of Simulium damnosum s.l. (Diptera: Simuliidae) to its hosts. II. The nature of substances on the human skin responsible for atrractant olfactory stimuli.", "content": "In the Cameroon rain-forest, electric fan traps, baited with trousers which had been worn by men for several days, captured more females of S. damnosum s.l. than did traps baited with worn shirts of similar material. A number of human body fluids were used as bait, but only sweat appeared to contain the olfactory attractant(s). The fluid portion of filtered arm sweat attracted more flies than did the residue. The attractant substances from human skin would not dissolve directly in organic solvents, but when an artificial sweat solution was used to swab men's arms and legs, and this was then saturated with salt and shaken with an organic solvent, the extract was attractive to S. damnosum. Treatment of attractive worn cloths with dilute aqueous solutions of hydrochloric acid, sodium hydroxide or mercuric chloride greatly reduced their attractiveness. A number of organic compounds which occur on the human skin were found to be ineffective as attractants.", "contents": "Studies on the attraction of Simulium damnosum s.l. (Diptera: Simuliidae) to its hosts. II. The nature of substances on the human skin responsible for atrractant olfactory stimuli. In the Cameroon rain-forest, electric fan traps, baited with trousers which had been worn by men for several days, captured more females of S. damnosum s.l. than did traps baited with worn shirts of similar material. A number of human body fluids were used as bait, but only sweat appeared to contain the olfactory attractant(s). The fluid portion of filtered arm sweat attracted more flies than did the residue. The attractant substances from human skin would not dissolve directly in organic solvents, but when an artificial sweat solution was used to swab men's arms and legs, and this was then saturated with salt and shaken with an organic solvent, the extract was attractive to S. damnosum. Treatment of attractive worn cloths with dilute aqueous solutions of hydrochloric acid, sodium hydroxide or mercuric chloride greatly reduced their attractiveness. A number of organic compounds which occur on the human skin were found to be ineffective as attractants."}
{"id": "PMID:871040", "title": "Spectral analysis of Doppler ultrasonic decompression data.", "content": "Several aspects of spectral analysis of bubble transients in Doppler ultrasonic decompression data are discussed. The computation of energy density spectra, using fast Fourier transform techniques for analyzing bubble transients, is described. Spectral analysis of data from probes implanted within animals, using a conventional Fourier analyzer, provided good visual indications of bubble events and interesting changes in spectral structure. A new transient spectral analysis technique that is suitable for quantitative real-time monitoring of small decompression bubbles is described. In a feasibility study using data from an implanted probe, an increase of 900% in bubble signal/noise ratio was observed.", "contents": "Spectral analysis of Doppler ultrasonic decompression data. Several aspects of spectral analysis of bubble transients in Doppler ultrasonic decompression data are discussed. The computation of energy density spectra, using fast Fourier transform techniques for analyzing bubble transients, is described. Spectral analysis of data from probes implanted within animals, using a conventional Fourier analyzer, provided good visual indications of bubble events and interesting changes in spectral structure. A new transient spectral analysis technique that is suitable for quantitative real-time monitoring of small decompression bubbles is described. In a feasibility study using data from an implanted probe, an increase of 900% in bubble signal/noise ratio was observed."}
{"id": "PMID:871041", "title": "The aqueduct echo method applied to brain stem tumours.", "content": "Echoencephalography of the posterior fossa was performed in nine cases of brain stem lesion. In all instances a dorsal displacement of the cerebral aqueduct was disclosed by means of the aqueduct echo method. The quantitative displacement was expressed by the A:B ratio method and found to agree well with calculations from corresponding pneumoencephalography.", "contents": "The aqueduct echo method applied to brain stem tumours. Echoencephalography of the posterior fossa was performed in nine cases of brain stem lesion. In all instances a dorsal displacement of the cerebral aqueduct was disclosed by means of the aqueduct echo method. The quantitative displacement was expressed by the A:B ratio method and found to agree well with calculations from corresponding pneumoencephalography."}
{"id": "PMID:871042", "title": "Penetrating high-velocity genitourinary injuries. Part II: Ureteral, lower tract, and genital wounds.", "content": "Penetrating ureteral wounds appear to occur at a constant low rate and demand internal splinting without ureterotomy drainage in the multiple-injured patient. Concomitant upper urinary tract and colonic or pancreatic injury absolutely requires the use of nephrostomy drainage. Most prostatic or prostatomembranous rupture can be approached retropubically, or if extensive tissue damage and uncontrollable hemorrhage are present, by transpubic methods. Intravesical fixation of the prostatomembranous rupture provides the best anchorage and approximation. Rectoprostatic-bladder wounds should be approached suprapubically and may be drained transcoccygeally also. Section of the obturator nerve may provide postoperative pain relief in severe pubic ramus fractures. Small high-velocity entrance wounds in the external genitalia warrant exploration because of great internal disruption. The skin of the external genitalia should be closed primarily.", "contents": "Penetrating high-velocity genitourinary injuries. Part II: Ureteral, lower tract, and genital wounds. Penetrating ureteral wounds appear to occur at a constant low rate and demand internal splinting without ureterotomy drainage in the multiple-injured patient. Concomitant upper urinary tract and colonic or pancreatic injury absolutely requires the use of nephrostomy drainage. Most prostatic or prostatomembranous rupture can be approached retropubically, or if extensive tissue damage and uncontrollable hemorrhage are present, by transpubic methods. Intravesical fixation of the prostatomembranous rupture provides the best anchorage and approximation. Rectoprostatic-bladder wounds should be approached suprapubically and may be drained transcoccygeally also. Section of the obturator nerve may provide postoperative pain relief in severe pubic ramus fractures. Small high-velocity entrance wounds in the external genitalia warrant exploration because of great internal disruption. The skin of the external genitalia should be closed primarily."}
{"id": "PMID:871043", "title": "Follow-up of patients after nephrectomy for renal cell carcinoma.", "content": "Follow-up of patients after nephrectomy for renal cell carcinoma is often inadequate. The sooner secondary lesions are identified and treated the better. Routine annual admission of these patients is urged for abdominal angiography, bone scan, chest roentgenograms, and specialized diagnostic procedures as indicated.", "contents": "Follow-up of patients after nephrectomy for renal cell carcinoma. Follow-up of patients after nephrectomy for renal cell carcinoma is often inadequate. The sooner secondary lesions are identified and treated the better. Routine annual admission of these patients is urged for abdominal angiography, bone scan, chest roentgenograms, and specialized diagnostic procedures as indicated."}
{"id": "PMID:871044", "title": "Polyglactin 910 suture in urinary tract.", "content": "Cystotomies in guinea pigs and ureteral anastomoses in dogs were sutured with polyglactin 910. Silk and chromic catgut were used as control sutures in the bladders and chromic catgut in the ureters. Three months postoperatively in bladders sutured with polyglactin 910 small epithelial cysts were noted, which increased in size with time. In ureters sutured with polyglactin 910 cystic diverticula were observed eight months postoperatively. Because of the difference of tissue reaction to polyglactin 910 compared with catgut, further long-term studies are urged in different species of animals, prior to the clinical use of polyglactin 910 in the urinary tract.", "contents": "Polyglactin 910 suture in urinary tract. Cystotomies in guinea pigs and ureteral anastomoses in dogs were sutured with polyglactin 910. Silk and chromic catgut were used as control sutures in the bladders and chromic catgut in the ureters. Three months postoperatively in bladders sutured with polyglactin 910 small epithelial cysts were noted, which increased in size with time. In ureters sutured with polyglactin 910 cystic diverticula were observed eight months postoperatively. Because of the difference of tissue reaction to polyglactin 910 compared with catgut, further long-term studies are urged in different species of animals, prior to the clinical use of polyglactin 910 in the urinary tract."}
{"id": "PMID:871045", "title": "Urinary amino acid excretion: comparison of normal individuals and patients with bladder cancer.", "content": "The excretion levels of urinary amino acids obtained from acid hydrolysates were studied by gas chromatographic analysis in 29 normal individuals and 118 patients with bladder carcinoma. Leucine and isoleucine excretion were elevated in patients with bladder carcinoma as compared with normal subjects under the same experimental condition. Mathematical computer-assisted programs developed to aid in determining clusters of amino acid variables suggested that excretion of glycine, leucine, proline, and glutamic acid in men and concentrations of valine, serine, aspartic acid, phenylalanine, and lysine in women vary according to the invasiveness of the disease. These findings suggest that measurements of urinary amino acids may provide a useful parameter for the detection and aid in the staging of bladder carcinoma.", "contents": "Urinary amino acid excretion: comparison of normal individuals and patients with bladder cancer. The excretion levels of urinary amino acids obtained from acid hydrolysates were studied by gas chromatographic analysis in 29 normal individuals and 118 patients with bladder carcinoma. Leucine and isoleucine excretion were elevated in patients with bladder carcinoma as compared with normal subjects under the same experimental condition. Mathematical computer-assisted programs developed to aid in determining clusters of amino acid variables suggested that excretion of glycine, leucine, proline, and glutamic acid in men and concentrations of valine, serine, aspartic acid, phenylalanine, and lysine in women vary according to the invasiveness of the disease. These findings suggest that measurements of urinary amino acids may provide a useful parameter for the detection and aid in the staging of bladder carcinoma."}
{"id": "PMID:871046", "title": "Small vesicovaginal fistula.", "content": "A simple method of curettage of the fistulous tract, using an ordinary metal screw, has been successful in the cure of certain types of vesicovaginal fistulas. This technique applies to small, high, usually postoperative vesicovaginal fistulas in which the tissue appears normal and in which there is good blood supply and no evidence of scarring or inflammatory reaction. By curetting and removing the epithelium of the fistulous tract, the tissues will follow their normal tendency toward healing and a good chance of closure of the fistula is thereby present. The main virtues of this procedure are its simplicity, the minimal risk involved, the short hospitalization time, and the fact that there is no delay in the performance of the standard type of excisional operation in case of failure. Three cases are reported.", "contents": "Small vesicovaginal fistula. A simple method of curettage of the fistulous tract, using an ordinary metal screw, has been successful in the cure of certain types of vesicovaginal fistulas. This technique applies to small, high, usually postoperative vesicovaginal fistulas in which the tissue appears normal and in which there is good blood supply and no evidence of scarring or inflammatory reaction. By curetting and removing the epithelium of the fistulous tract, the tissues will follow their normal tendency toward healing and a good chance of closure of the fistula is thereby present. The main virtues of this procedure are its simplicity, the minimal risk involved, the short hospitalization time, and the fact that there is no delay in the performance of the standard type of excisional operation in case of failure. Three cases are reported."}
{"id": "PMID:871047", "title": "Traumatic vesicourethral fistula: unusual case of male urinary incontinence.", "content": "The usual cause of urinary incontinence secondary to pelvic trauma is damage to the sphincter mechanism in the prostatic urethra. A case is presented of an unusual and correctable cause of incontinence, vesicourethral fistula. This complication can probably be prevented by adequate debridement, drainage, and diversion.", "contents": "Traumatic vesicourethral fistula: unusual case of male urinary incontinence. The usual cause of urinary incontinence secondary to pelvic trauma is damage to the sphincter mechanism in the prostatic urethra. A case is presented of an unusual and correctable cause of incontinence, vesicourethral fistula. This complication can probably be prevented by adequate debridement, drainage, and diversion."}
{"id": "PMID:871048", "title": "Coagulum pyelolithotomy.", "content": "The interest shown in a coagulum pyelolithotomy technique reported at a recent urologic meeting has prompted this preliminary communication. It was not possible to follow the methodology recently reported using the fibrinogen preparation available in Canada. This led to the development of the simpler technique described in this report which has been used in 3 cases to date. In all cases all calculi were easily extracted. Using the coagulum, considerable operating room time was saved and renal instrumentation was minimized.", "contents": "Coagulum pyelolithotomy. The interest shown in a coagulum pyelolithotomy technique reported at a recent urologic meeting has prompted this preliminary communication. It was not possible to follow the methodology recently reported using the fibrinogen preparation available in Canada. This led to the development of the simpler technique described in this report which has been used in 3 cases to date. In all cases all calculi were easily extracted. Using the coagulum, considerable operating room time was saved and renal instrumentation was minimized."}
{"id": "PMID:871049", "title": "Primary amyloidosis of urinary bladder and ureter: cause of mural calcification.", "content": "Primary amyloidosis is seen in the absence of predisposing disease. It may affect most organs in the body, including the collecting system of the urinary tract. Submucosal calcifications have been described in the renal pelvis and may be pathognomonic for primary amyloidosis of the renal pelvis. We have been able to demonstrate similar submucosal calcifications in the ureter and bladder. The differential diagnosis of submucosal calcification of the distal ureter and bladder must include bilharziasis and tuberculosis. With the recognition of submucosal calcifications, diagnosis of the underlying disease may be readily made. An illustrative case is presented.", "contents": "Primary amyloidosis of urinary bladder and ureter: cause of mural calcification. Primary amyloidosis is seen in the absence of predisposing disease. It may affect most organs in the body, including the collecting system of the urinary tract. Submucosal calcifications have been described in the renal pelvis and may be pathognomonic for primary amyloidosis of the renal pelvis. We have been able to demonstrate similar submucosal calcifications in the ureter and bladder. The differential diagnosis of submucosal calcification of the distal ureter and bladder must include bilharziasis and tuberculosis. With the recognition of submucosal calcifications, diagnosis of the underlying disease may be readily made. An illustrative case is presented."}
{"id": "PMID:871050", "title": "Studies of enuresis. VIII. Detrusor and sphincter instability caused by overactivity of integral voiding reflexes.", "content": "Ninety-one children with nocturnal enuresis or enuresis plus daytime urgency incontinence were studied by cystometry. Seventy-two per cent of the girls and 62 per cent of the boys had evidence of bladder instability. Sixty-eight children in whom abnormalities were found on preliminary voiding urodynamics or voiding cystourethrography also underwent calibration and endoscopic examination under anesthesia. An atropine-suppression test was also performed preoperatively in some children with a markedly unstable bladder demonstrated on preoperative cystometry. In the majority of children tested suppression of bladder instability with atropine was demonstrable. Voluntary detrusor sphincter dyssynergia was demonstrated in a majority of the children with daytime urgency incontinence. Sixty-five per cent of the boys and 81 per cent of the girls were treated for urethral obstructive lesions suspected to be of functional urodynamic significance. Postoperative cystometry showed marked improvement in bladder stability in 57 per cent of the girls and 63 per cent of the boys treated for suspected urethral obstructive pathology. The anticholinergic suppression test was found to have no significant predictive value relative to the cause or surgical curability of bladder instability. The pathophysiologic significance of overactivity of integral voiding reflexes 6 through 11 is described.", "contents": "Studies of enuresis. VIII. Detrusor and sphincter instability caused by overactivity of integral voiding reflexes. Ninety-one children with nocturnal enuresis or enuresis plus daytime urgency incontinence were studied by cystometry. Seventy-two per cent of the girls and 62 per cent of the boys had evidence of bladder instability. Sixty-eight children in whom abnormalities were found on preliminary voiding urodynamics or voiding cystourethrography also underwent calibration and endoscopic examination under anesthesia. An atropine-suppression test was also performed preoperatively in some children with a markedly unstable bladder demonstrated on preoperative cystometry. In the majority of children tested suppression of bladder instability with atropine was demonstrable. Voluntary detrusor sphincter dyssynergia was demonstrated in a majority of the children with daytime urgency incontinence. Sixty-five per cent of the boys and 81 per cent of the girls were treated for urethral obstructive lesions suspected to be of functional urodynamic significance. Postoperative cystometry showed marked improvement in bladder stability in 57 per cent of the girls and 63 per cent of the boys treated for suspected urethral obstructive pathology. The anticholinergic suppression test was found to have no significant predictive value relative to the cause or surgical curability of bladder instability. The pathophysiologic significance of overactivity of integral voiding reflexes 6 through 11 is described."}
{"id": "PMID:871051", "title": "Laminitis in the horse.", "content": "Much has been written on laminitis and its treatment over the past 200 years. This article makes a brief review of the practical essentials of the disease and considers some of the recent trends in therapy. Knowledge of the pathogenesis and aetiology of equine laminitis is still very incomplete but recent work in the United States by Coffman and his colleagues has been particularly productive.", "contents": "Laminitis in the horse. Much has been written on laminitis and its treatment over the past 200 years. This article makes a brief review of the practical essentials of the disease and considers some of the recent trends in therapy. Knowledge of the pathogenesis and aetiology of equine laminitis is still very incomplete but recent work in the United States by Coffman and his colleagues has been particularly productive."}
{"id": "PMID:871052", "title": "Non-neoplastic memmary hypertrophy in the cat associated either with pregnancy or with oral progestagen therapy.", "content": "Nine cases of mammary glandular hypertrophy in the cat are described. Three cases occurred in pregnant queens aged between six and eight months and one in an aged non-pregnant queen. The other cases were in neutered animals which had been treated with megestrol acetate for periods of between 14 months and five years. The pregnant queens were spayed and their mammae returned to normal; in the other cats the affected mammary glands were removed surgically. No recurrence occurred in seven cats in which adequate follow-up information was available. The importance of differentiating this benign lesion from mammary neoplasia is discussed.", "contents": "Non-neoplastic memmary hypertrophy in the cat associated either with pregnancy or with oral progestagen therapy. Nine cases of mammary glandular hypertrophy in the cat are described. Three cases occurred in pregnant queens aged between six and eight months and one in an aged non-pregnant queen. The other cases were in neutered animals which had been treated with megestrol acetate for periods of between 14 months and five years. The pregnant queens were spayed and their mammae returned to normal; in the other cats the affected mammary glands were removed surgically. No recurrence occurred in seven cats in which adequate follow-up information was available. The importance of differentiating this benign lesion from mammary neoplasia is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:871053", "title": "[Technics and methods of intravital microangiography in the rat lung under conditions of shock].", "content": "Report on a method of opacifying the pulmonary terminal blood stream track in normal animals and those with experimentally induced tourniquet-shock. Based on own experiences from more than than 200 experimental animals (rats) material, technique, and method are described in detail, and some important errors are discussed that might arise and should be avoided.", "contents": "[Technics and methods of intravital microangiography in the rat lung under conditions of shock]. Report on a method of opacifying the pulmonary terminal blood stream track in normal animals and those with experimentally induced tourniquet-shock. Based on own experiences from more than than 200 experimental animals (rats) material, technique, and method are described in detail, and some important errors are discussed that might arise and should be avoided."}
{"id": "PMID:871054", "title": "[The effect of pyloric stenosis on the development of stress ulcers in the rat].", "content": "The authors examined in rats the importance of pyloric stenosis for the development of spontaneous acute ulcers and stress ulcers in the stomach. Spontaneous superficial lesions arise only during the first 20 days. They apparently signify an intensified narrowing by postoperative swelling with mechanical stimulation of gastrin secretion in the antrum. They were not observed during later periods. Chronic ulcers did not develop. Stress ulcers caused by immobilization were more frequently seen in rats with pyloric narrowing than without. Vagotomy protected the rats with pyloric stenosis from stress ulcer, although not as certain as in control animals.", "contents": "[The effect of pyloric stenosis on the development of stress ulcers in the rat]. The authors examined in rats the importance of pyloric stenosis for the development of spontaneous acute ulcers and stress ulcers in the stomach. Spontaneous superficial lesions arise only during the first 20 days. They apparently signify an intensified narrowing by postoperative swelling with mechanical stimulation of gastrin secretion in the antrum. They were not observed during later periods. Chronic ulcers did not develop. Stress ulcers caused by immobilization were more frequently seen in rats with pyloric narrowing than without. Vagotomy protected the rats with pyloric stenosis from stress ulcer, although not as certain as in control animals."}
{"id": "PMID:871055", "title": "[The effect of thoracic duct drainage in acute pancreatitis in the animal experiment].", "content": "In animal experiments the effect of lymph drainage from the thoracic duct on acute pancreatitis was studied. Experimental animals were dogs. Drainage was performed by inserting a catheter into the thoracic duct. Compared with control animals without drainage, values of amylase and lipase in blood, urine, and peritoneal exudate were lowered, the enzyme activity in lymph was elevated. The dogs with drainage survived for a longer time, the macroscopic and microscopic changes of the pancreas were less expressed.", "contents": "[The effect of thoracic duct drainage in acute pancreatitis in the animal experiment]. In animal experiments the effect of lymph drainage from the thoracic duct on acute pancreatitis was studied. Experimental animals were dogs. Drainage was performed by inserting a catheter into the thoracic duct. Compared with control animals without drainage, values of amylase and lipase in blood, urine, and peritoneal exudate were lowered, the enzyme activity in lymph was elevated. The dogs with drainage survived for a longer time, the macroscopic and microscopic changes of the pancreas were less expressed."}
{"id": "PMID:871056", "title": "[Experimental studies on the domestic pig about reconstruction of the injured organ of continence].", "content": "In 12 domestic pigs, body weight ranging between 30 and 40 kg at operation, under general anesthesia the continence organ was paracoccygeally dissected on one side, and in 6 other animals bilaterally, and immediately thereafter reconstructed. The reconstruction was done paying regard to the fascial skeleton. In all cases the wounds healed primarily. The functional results were good, incontinence was not observed.", "contents": "[Experimental studies on the domestic pig about reconstruction of the injured organ of continence]. In 12 domestic pigs, body weight ranging between 30 and 40 kg at operation, under general anesthesia the continence organ was paracoccygeally dissected on one side, and in 6 other animals bilaterally, and immediately thereafter reconstructed. The reconstruction was done paying regard to the fascial skeleton. In all cases the wounds healed primarily. The functional results were good, incontinence was not observed."}
{"id": "PMID:871057", "title": "[Motility determinations on the esophagus and its sphincter system].", "content": "The most important tests in esophageal disease are endoscopy and standard X-ray examination. The tests yield valuable information on the structure but little information on the function of the esophagus. Many disorders, however, such as oropharyngeal dyskinesia, diffuse esophageal spasm, achalasia and gastroesophageal reflux are defined by an abnormal esophageal function. In these cases tests such as cin\u00e9radiography, manometry, pH-metry and scintigraphy which quantitatively assess esophageal function are necessary. The interpretation of these tests is difficult for the following reasons. 1. Insufficient technical equipment favours false positive and false negative results. 2. Some disorders of esophageal motility exist only temporarily and may be absent at the time of examination. 3. Some disorders such as gastroesophageal reflux are quantiatively defined. Minor or transient disturbancies of esophageal motility may also be found in healthy individuals. The normal range of esophageal function is not sufficiently known in most instancies. Because of these difficulties it is advisable to perform several function tests in each individual patient and to assess the results of these tests together with the slinical symptoms, standard radiology and endoscopy.", "contents": "[Motility determinations on the esophagus and its sphincter system]. The most important tests in esophageal disease are endoscopy and standard X-ray examination. The tests yield valuable information on the structure but little information on the function of the esophagus. Many disorders, however, such as oropharyngeal dyskinesia, diffuse esophageal spasm, achalasia and gastroesophageal reflux are defined by an abnormal esophageal function. In these cases tests such as cin\u00e9radiography, manometry, pH-metry and scintigraphy which quantitatively assess esophageal function are necessary. The interpretation of these tests is difficult for the following reasons. 1. Insufficient technical equipment favours false positive and false negative results. 2. Some disorders of esophageal motility exist only temporarily and may be absent at the time of examination. 3. Some disorders such as gastroesophageal reflux are quantiatively defined. Minor or transient disturbancies of esophageal motility may also be found in healthy individuals. The normal range of esophageal function is not sufficiently known in most instancies. Because of these difficulties it is advisable to perform several function tests in each individual patient and to assess the results of these tests together with the slinical symptoms, standard radiology and endoscopy."}
{"id": "PMID:871058", "title": "[Gastric emptying].", "content": "Gastric emptying can be measured by three basically different means: Intubation -x-ray - Isotopes, X-ray methods may be neglected as they do not permit quantitative measurement of the exptying process. Intubation methods offer the advantage of exact determinations of emptying rates, but disadvantages are the limitation to liquid meals and patient discomfort. Radioisotopes can be used as marker both of liquid and solid foodstuffs with minimal patient discomfort. However problems often neglected wtih isotopes are reliability of their attachement to the marked meal and radiation dose to the probands. The most important indications of measuring gastric emptying is determination of alterations induced by peptic ulcer surgery and drugs.", "contents": "[Gastric emptying]. Gastric emptying can be measured by three basically different means: Intubation -x-ray - Isotopes, X-ray methods may be neglected as they do not permit quantitative measurement of the exptying process. Intubation methods offer the advantage of exact determinations of emptying rates, but disadvantages are the limitation to liquid meals and patient discomfort. Radioisotopes can be used as marker both of liquid and solid foodstuffs with minimal patient discomfort. However problems often neglected wtih isotopes are reliability of their attachement to the marked meal and radiation dose to the probands. The most important indications of measuring gastric emptying is determination of alterations induced by peptic ulcer surgery and drugs."}
{"id": "PMID:871059", "title": "[Duodenogastric reflux].", "content": "Duodenogastric reflux is a pathophysiological phenomen occurring after motility disturbances on the antroduodenal junction and after operative procedures destroying, removing or bypassing the pylorus. The reflux of bile can lead to a symptomatic chronicatrophic gastritis and is an important factor in the pathogenesis of gastric ulcer type I. The pyloric regurgitation test, marking of the bile with Bromsulphalein or 14C-chenodesoxycholic acid are reliable methods to prove reflux. For treatment of bile reflux and postoperative alkaline reflux gastritis substances augmenting antral peristalsis and binding bile acids can be used. More effective are surgical procedures diverting the bile flow from the stomach or the gastric remnant.", "contents": "[Duodenogastric reflux]. Duodenogastric reflux is a pathophysiological phenomen occurring after motility disturbances on the antroduodenal junction and after operative procedures destroying, removing or bypassing the pylorus. The reflux of bile can lead to a symptomatic chronicatrophic gastritis and is an important factor in the pathogenesis of gastric ulcer type I. The pyloric regurgitation test, marking of the bile with Bromsulphalein or 14C-chenodesoxycholic acid are reliable methods to prove reflux. For treatment of bile reflux and postoperative alkaline reflux gastritis substances augmenting antral peristalsis and binding bile acids can be used. More effective are surgical procedures diverting the bile flow from the stomach or the gastric remnant."}
{"id": "PMID:871060", "title": "[Gastrointestinal myoelectric complex].", "content": "Complexes of high amplitude action potentials have been shownn to occur in the stomach and duodenum of fasting dogs. These complexes recur at regular intervals as long as the animal is fasting, and they are propagated aborally over the whole lenght of the small bowel. The cyclical pattern is replaced by the digestive of \"fed\" pattern of activity upon feeding. Therefore the pattern has been known as the interdigestive myoelectrical complex. Studies in herbivorous species however, in which the flow of digesta is more or less continous have show that cyclically recurring migrating complexes can be demonstrated in these species as well. Thus, the term \"migratory myoelectrical complex\" may be more appropriate. Propagation of the complex is not dependent upon continuity of the bowel wall nor movement of luminal contents. Replacement of the complex by the digestive pattern of activity upon feeding and the restitution of the interdigestive pattern at the end of the digestive phase seem to be under nervous as well as hormonal control. The interdigestive complex in the dog has been looked upon as a \"housekeeper\" which sweeps the bowel clear of contents at the end of the digestive phase. Aspects of possible physiological significance of the complex are: periodic elimination of refluxed duodenal contents from the stomach and prevention of bacterial colonization of the small bowel by the colonic flora. The existence of propagated complexes has not been demonstrated in man, but there is increasing evidence for cyclical activity which fits the pattern.", "contents": "[Gastrointestinal myoelectric complex]. Complexes of high amplitude action potentials have been shownn to occur in the stomach and duodenum of fasting dogs. These complexes recur at regular intervals as long as the animal is fasting, and they are propagated aborally over the whole lenght of the small bowel. The cyclical pattern is replaced by the digestive of \"fed\" pattern of activity upon feeding. Therefore the pattern has been known as the interdigestive myoelectrical complex. Studies in herbivorous species however, in which the flow of digesta is more or less continous have show that cyclically recurring migrating complexes can be demonstrated in these species as well. Thus, the term \"migratory myoelectrical complex\" may be more appropriate. Propagation of the complex is not dependent upon continuity of the bowel wall nor movement of luminal contents. Replacement of the complex by the digestive pattern of activity upon feeding and the restitution of the interdigestive pattern at the end of the digestive phase seem to be under nervous as well as hormonal control. The interdigestive complex in the dog has been looked upon as a \"housekeeper\" which sweeps the bowel clear of contents at the end of the digestive phase. Aspects of possible physiological significance of the complex are: periodic elimination of refluxed duodenal contents from the stomach and prevention of bacterial colonization of the small bowel by the colonic flora. The existence of propagated complexes has not been demonstrated in man, but there is increasing evidence for cyclical activity which fits the pattern."}
{"id": "PMID:871061", "title": "[Colonic motility].", "content": "Intraluminal manometry with microballoons or perfused catheters as well as determinations of transit time are the most important methods in the study of colonic motility. Motility recording is complementary to other methods of investigation; but we cannot yet prove or disprove the diagnosis of any disease of the colon by studying motility. In further motility studies, the development of a technique for the diagnosis of the irritable bowel syndrome, the most frequent gastrointestinal disease, should have priority. According to our present knowledge, motility disturbances of the colon may be classified as follows: achalasic colon, hypersegmenting colon, hyposegmenting colon and disturbances of the defecation reflex.", "contents": "[Colonic motility]. Intraluminal manometry with microballoons or perfused catheters as well as determinations of transit time are the most important methods in the study of colonic motility. Motility recording is complementary to other methods of investigation; but we cannot yet prove or disprove the diagnosis of any disease of the colon by studying motility. In further motility studies, the development of a technique for the diagnosis of the irritable bowel syndrome, the most frequent gastrointestinal disease, should have priority. According to our present knowledge, motility disturbances of the colon may be classified as follows: achalasic colon, hypersegmenting colon, hyposegmenting colon and disturbances of the defecation reflex."}
{"id": "PMID:871062", "title": "[Manometry of the anorectum].", "content": "Manometric studies of anorectal continence have been performed in pediatry and pediatric surgery since more than fifty years. The method permits a differential diagnosis of chronic constipation as well as an objective analysis of different degrees of severity in cases of anorectal incontinence. By manometric studies it is possible to show, whether a traumatic lesion is situated at the puborectalis sling or caused by a maximal delated rectum, a loss of sensitivity or disturbances of the anorectal sphincter. Therefore no therapy should be done without previous electromanometric analysis. The diagnose is base on the registration of different variables which are reliable to the rectal - puborectal- and anorectal sphincter function. It is a semiquantitative method like the EMG or the EEG. Outside the anorectal area manometric investigations are important as well to control sphincter function in the upper gastrointestinal tract and the lower  abgenital urinary tract. For that reason special electromanometric laboratories should be established in greater pediatric hospitals and centers of pediatric surgery.", "contents": "[Manometry of the anorectum]. Manometric studies of anorectal continence have been performed in pediatry and pediatric surgery since more than fifty years. The method permits a differential diagnosis of chronic constipation as well as an objective analysis of different degrees of severity in cases of anorectal incontinence. By manometric studies it is possible to show, whether a traumatic lesion is situated at the puborectalis sling or caused by a maximal delated rectum, a loss of sensitivity or disturbances of the anorectal sphincter. Therefore no therapy should be done without previous electromanometric analysis. The diagnose is base on the registration of different variables which are reliable to the rectal - puborectal- and anorectal sphincter function. It is a semiquantitative method like the EMG or the EEG. Outside the anorectal area manometric investigations are important as well to control sphincter function in the upper gastrointestinal tract and the lower  abgenital urinary tract. For that reason special electromanometric laboratories should be established in greater pediatric hospitals and centers of pediatric surgery."}
{"id": "PMID:871063", "title": "[Morphologic studies on the toxicity of sulfated and nonsulfated lithocholic acid in the isolation-perfused rat liver].", "content": "The isolated liver of male Sprague-Dawley rats was perfused by means of media containing lithocholic acid, taurolithocholic acid, lithocholic acid sulfate and taurolithocholic acid sulfate. 150 minutes later the tissue was being examined light- and electrone microscopically. After LC and TLC perfusion considerable alterations were found in the bile capillaries, in the ergastoplasm and minor ones in mitochondria. After perfusion with sulfate esters the tissue was unchanged. Our investigations have shown that sulfation provides a highly effective mechanism of detoxication in rats; but detoxication results not only in a decrease of reabsorption of excreted lithocholic acid sulfate esters but sulfation tenders the very lithocholic acid untoxic for the liver cell. The primary point of action of lithocholic acid seems to be the lipoprotein membrane.", "contents": "[Morphologic studies on the toxicity of sulfated and nonsulfated lithocholic acid in the isolation-perfused rat liver]. The isolated liver of male Sprague-Dawley rats was perfused by means of media containing lithocholic acid, taurolithocholic acid, lithocholic acid sulfate and taurolithocholic acid sulfate. 150 minutes later the tissue was being examined light- and electrone microscopically. After LC and TLC perfusion considerable alterations were found in the bile capillaries, in the ergastoplasm and minor ones in mitochondria. After perfusion with sulfate esters the tissue was unchanged. Our investigations have shown that sulfation provides a highly effective mechanism of detoxication in rats; but detoxication results not only in a decrease of reabsorption of excreted lithocholic acid sulfate esters but sulfation tenders the very lithocholic acid untoxic for the liver cell. The primary point of action of lithocholic acid seems to be the lipoprotein membrane."}
{"id": "PMID:871064", "title": "[Gastrointestinal hormones. I. Hormones of the gastrin group].", "content": "Gastrin is a peptide hormone originating from G-cells of the antrum, the duodenum and the proximal jejunum. From extracts of gastrinomas and from sera of hypergastrinaemic subjects several gastrin molecules could be isolated which were nominated as \"mini gastrin\" (G13), \"little gastrin\" (G17), \"big gastrin\" (G34) and \"big big gastrin\". Antisera used for radioimmunological gastrin determinations should be characterized with respect to their specificity, as differeing affinity towards the various gastrins and towards CCK-PZ influences the results of the assay and thus the comparability with values of other laboratories. Gastrin is released by direct vagal stimulation of the antral G-cells and by local chemical and physical stimuli in the antrum and duodenum; probably an oxynto-pyloric reflex also exists. Gastrin stimulates in physiologic doses gastric acid secretion and, as shown in dogs and cats, reveals a trophic action on parietal cell growth. H+-secretion and gastrin release are connected by a feed back mechanism, insofar, as a decrease of intragastric pH below 3 inhibits endogenous gastrin release. Hypergastrinaemia has been demonstrated in patients with gastric anacidity or hypo-secretion, benigne pyloric stenosis, uraemia, short bowel-syndrome, gastric and duodenal ulceration and in patients with gastrinomas (Zollinger-Ellison-syndrome). Hypergastrinaemia in combination with hypersecretion exhibits clinical significance in patients suffering from Zollinger-Ellison-syndrome or excluded antrum syndrome which are due to autonomous gastrin release. The differential diagnosis between these syndromes and other diseases, in which hypergastrinaemia is not associated with gastric hypersecretion, can be achieved by several tests using calcium infusion or intravenous application of secretin and glucagon. The significance of elevated gastrin levels in patients with duodenal ulceration (DU) is pointed out. In DU-patients basal and postprandial hypergastrinaemia has been observed. In these patients gastrin release from gastric and extragastric sites is increased. In these patients hypergastrinaemia due to extragastric gastrin release could cause gastric hypersecretion at a time, when the stomach already has emptied. Furthermore parietal cell hyperplasia could be the result of chronic hypergastrinaemia.", "contents": "[Gastrointestinal hormones. I. Hormones of the gastrin group]. Gastrin is a peptide hormone originating from G-cells of the antrum, the duodenum and the proximal jejunum. From extracts of gastrinomas and from sera of hypergastrinaemic subjects several gastrin molecules could be isolated which were nominated as \"mini gastrin\" (G13), \"little gastrin\" (G17), \"big gastrin\" (G34) and \"big big gastrin\". Antisera used for radioimmunological gastrin determinations should be characterized with respect to their specificity, as differeing affinity towards the various gastrins and towards CCK-PZ influences the results of the assay and thus the comparability with values of other laboratories. Gastrin is released by direct vagal stimulation of the antral G-cells and by local chemical and physical stimuli in the antrum and duodenum; probably an oxynto-pyloric reflex also exists. Gastrin stimulates in physiologic doses gastric acid secretion and, as shown in dogs and cats, reveals a trophic action on parietal cell growth. H+-secretion and gastrin release are connected by a feed back mechanism, insofar, as a decrease of intragastric pH below 3 inhibits endogenous gastrin release. Hypergastrinaemia has been demonstrated in patients with gastric anacidity or hypo-secretion, benigne pyloric stenosis, uraemia, short bowel-syndrome, gastric and duodenal ulceration and in patients with gastrinomas (Zollinger-Ellison-syndrome). Hypergastrinaemia in combination with hypersecretion exhibits clinical significance in patients suffering from Zollinger-Ellison-syndrome or excluded antrum syndrome which are due to autonomous gastrin release. The differential diagnosis between these syndromes and other diseases, in which hypergastrinaemia is not associated with gastric hypersecretion, can be achieved by several tests using calcium infusion or intravenous application of secretin and glucagon. The significance of elevated gastrin levels in patients with duodenal ulceration (DU) is pointed out. In DU-patients basal and postprandial hypergastrinaemia has been observed. In these patients gastrin release from gastric and extragastric sites is increased. In these patients hypergastrinaemia due to extragastric gastrin release could cause gastric hypersecretion at a time, when the stomach already has emptied. Furthermore parietal cell hyperplasia could be the result of chronic hypergastrinaemia."}
{"id": "PMID:871065", "title": "Fine structure of microgametogenesis of Eimeria ferrisi Levine and Ivens 1965 in Mus musculus.", "content": "The microgamogony of Eimeria ferrisi from experimentally infected mice was investigated with the electron microscope. Microgamonts were recognizable by the presence of peripherally arranged nuclei and the presence of single or paired centrioles between each nucleus and the limiting membrane of the parasite. Often an intranuclear centrocone directed toward the centriole was present. Differentiation of the microgamete began when elevations of the limiting membrane, which indicated the commencement of flagellar development, appeared above the centrioles. This event was accompanied by the segregation of nuclear content into a dense osmiophilic portion and an electron-pale portion. Then followed a gradual protrusion of the dense portion of the nucleus and developing flagella into the parasitophorous vacuole. A dense ring developed at the base of the differentiating microgamete, resulting in the formation of a stalk which was occupied by the residual portion of the nucleus. Fully developed microgametes became detached and occupied the parasitophorous vacuole along with residual cytoplasm. Microgametes had an anterior perforatorium, a dense elongate nucleus, with an anteriorly positioned mitochondrion in a small groove of the nucleus. Usually two flagella were present but one microgamete appeared to have three. Polysaccharide first appeared when differentiation was in progress and increased until large numbers of granules were present in the microgamont cytoplasm.", "contents": "Fine structure of microgametogenesis of Eimeria ferrisi Levine and Ivens 1965 in Mus musculus. The microgamogony of Eimeria ferrisi from experimentally infected mice was investigated with the electron microscope. Microgamonts were recognizable by the presence of peripherally arranged nuclei and the presence of single or paired centrioles between each nucleus and the limiting membrane of the parasite. Often an intranuclear centrocone directed toward the centriole was present. Differentiation of the microgamete began when elevations of the limiting membrane, which indicated the commencement of flagellar development, appeared above the centrioles. This event was accompanied by the segregation of nuclear content into a dense osmiophilic portion and an electron-pale portion. Then followed a gradual protrusion of the dense portion of the nucleus and developing flagella into the parasitophorous vacuole. A dense ring developed at the base of the differentiating microgamete, resulting in the formation of a stalk which was occupied by the residual portion of the nucleus. Fully developed microgametes became detached and occupied the parasitophorous vacuole along with residual cytoplasm. Microgametes had an anterior perforatorium, a dense elongate nucleus, with an anteriorly positioned mitochondrion in a small groove of the nucleus. Usually two flagella were present but one microgamete appeared to have three. Polysaccharide first appeared when differentiation was in progress and increased until large numbers of granules were present in the microgamont cytoplasm."}
{"id": "PMID:871066", "title": "Amino acids in eight species of Monogenea.", "content": "The ethanol-extractable amino acids of several species of Monogenea were analysed. In the Monopisthocotylea levels were high ( greater than 1,200 micronmoles/g/ethanol extracted dry wt); in the Polyopisthocotylea lower amounts were present (196-562 micronmoles). High proline levels were present in parasites of hosts from a marine environment but low in freshwater forms. No correlation between diet and proline content was observed.", "contents": "Amino acids in eight species of Monogenea. The ethanol-extractable amino acids of several species of Monogenea were analysed. In the Monopisthocotylea levels were high ( greater than 1,200 micronmoles/g/ethanol extracted dry wt); in the Polyopisthocotylea lower amounts were present (196-562 micronmoles). High proline levels were present in parasites of hosts from a marine environment but low in freshwater forms. No correlation between diet and proline content was observed."}
{"id": "PMID:871067", "title": "Studies on Culicoides species of Nigeria. VII. The biology of some Nigerian Culicoides species.", "content": "During field investigations into the biology of Culicoides species of Nigeria, 8,795 newly emerged Culicoides comprising of 20 species were caught with emergence traps at the Teaching and Research Farm of the University of Ibadan. Culicoides imicola Kieffer was the most predominant followed by C. quinquelineatus Goetghebuer and C. endelini Endeline. Two groups of Culicoides species were recognized. These were those breeding only during the rains with emergence peaks in June and August and those breeding throughout the year with low emergence during the dry season. Rainfall, temperature, relative humidity, the soil pH and its organic and mineral contents were found to influence Culicoides breeding. Low or traces of rainfall extended over 1-2 h were observed to be more favourable for Culicoides development than heavy rainfall which ended quickly within 1/2 h. A greater proportion of the Culicoides emerged during the night. It was concluded that the optimum temperature range for Culicoides emergence was 23-27 degrees C and optimum range of relative humidity 80-90%. Larvae were abundant on the soil throughout the year with a peak during the dry season; the seasonal abundance of pupae was similar to that of newly emerged adults. Although the fat-bodies of all the dissected newly emerged Culicoides were large, full and conspicious, those of about half of the Culicoides dissected in February and March contained larger, fuller and more conspicuous fat-bodies. It is suggested that the presence of such accumulated fatbodies during the onset of the rains immediately after the hot dry season signifies hibernation in these species.", "contents": "Studies on Culicoides species of Nigeria. VII. The biology of some Nigerian Culicoides species. During field investigations into the biology of Culicoides species of Nigeria, 8,795 newly emerged Culicoides comprising of 20 species were caught with emergence traps at the Teaching and Research Farm of the University of Ibadan. Culicoides imicola Kieffer was the most predominant followed by C. quinquelineatus Goetghebuer and C. endelini Endeline. Two groups of Culicoides species were recognized. These were those breeding only during the rains with emergence peaks in June and August and those breeding throughout the year with low emergence during the dry season. Rainfall, temperature, relative humidity, the soil pH and its organic and mineral contents were found to influence Culicoides breeding. Low or traces of rainfall extended over 1-2 h were observed to be more favourable for Culicoides development than heavy rainfall which ended quickly within 1/2 h. A greater proportion of the Culicoides emerged during the night. It was concluded that the optimum temperature range for Culicoides emergence was 23-27 degrees C and optimum range of relative humidity 80-90%. Larvae were abundant on the soil throughout the year with a peak during the dry season; the seasonal abundance of pupae was similar to that of newly emerged adults. Although the fat-bodies of all the dissected newly emerged Culicoides were large, full and conspicious, those of about half of the Culicoides dissected in February and March contained larger, fuller and more conspicuous fat-bodies. It is suggested that the presence of such accumulated fatbodies during the onset of the rains immediately after the hot dry season signifies hibernation in these species."}
{"id": "PMID:871068", "title": "Otitis media: a review.", "content": "We have presented recommendations for diagnosis and management of otitis media in children based on a comprehensive review of the pertinent medical literature. For an entity that is so common, there still remain amazingly large numbers of areas of controversy. We have also attempted to stress the importance of appropriate therapy and adequate followup as being very important in the management of otitis media. Newer concepts, particularly the use of the impedance bridge tympanogram, have been mentioned. With all the above background information in mind and with considerations for what is practical for the patient and the medical community, we would recommend the following as the acceptable minimal care for patients with otitis media. When the diagnosis of the acute otitis media is made on the basis of physical findings of myringitis, and/or middle ear fluid, and/or rupture of the tympanic membrane, the following treatment course is advisable: Neonates Culture of middle ear fluid if possible. Ampicillin 200 mg/kg/day intramuscularly. Gentamicin 3/5mg/kg/day intramuscularly. Hospitalize and treat until well and for minimum of seven days. Observe closely for meningitis and other infections and drug toxicity. These should be handled only by physicians experienced in dealing with patients in this age range. Appropriate work-up for septicemia should precede treatment. Switch to specific antibiotic when cultures and sensitivity available. Children. From 2 months to 6 years of age: Ampicillin 50mg/kg/day. Decongestant (if desired). Administer for ten days. Every patient with otorrhea, severe otitis and those not clinically well should be seen for followup ten to 14 days later. They should have a minimum of otologic evaluation including drum mobility. In persistent cases, audiometry and otologic referral are necessary. If patient is allergic to penicillin, erythromycin at 20mg/lb/day may be used. Trimethoprim sulfa may hold promise in the future. Tetracycline is never indicated in this age range because of side effects and high relapse rate secondary to resistant organisms. Patients above 6 years of age: Penicillin pheyoxymethyl 250 mg every six hours for ten days. Decongestant (if desired). Followup and penicillin allergy as above.", "contents": "Otitis media: a review. We have presented recommendations for diagnosis and management of otitis media in children based on a comprehensive review of the pertinent medical literature. For an entity that is so common, there still remain amazingly large numbers of areas of controversy. We have also attempted to stress the importance of appropriate therapy and adequate followup as being very important in the management of otitis media. Newer concepts, particularly the use of the impedance bridge tympanogram, have been mentioned. With all the above background information in mind and with considerations for what is practical for the patient and the medical community, we would recommend the following as the acceptable minimal care for patients with otitis media. When the diagnosis of the acute otitis media is made on the basis of physical findings of myringitis, and/or middle ear fluid, and/or rupture of the tympanic membrane, the following treatment course is advisable: Neonates Culture of middle ear fluid if possible. Ampicillin 200 mg/kg/day intramuscularly. Gentamicin 3/5mg/kg/day intramuscularly. Hospitalize and treat until well and for minimum of seven days. Observe closely for meningitis and other infections and drug toxicity. These should be handled only by physicians experienced in dealing with patients in this age range. Appropriate work-up for septicemia should precede treatment. Switch to specific antibiotic when cultures and sensitivity available. Children. From 2 months to 6 years of age: Ampicillin 50mg/kg/day. Decongestant (if desired). Administer for ten days. Every patient with otorrhea, severe otitis and those not clinically well should be seen for followup ten to 14 days later. They should have a minimum of otologic evaluation including drum mobility. In persistent cases, audiometry and otologic referral are necessary. If patient is allergic to penicillin, erythromycin at 20mg/lb/day may be used. Trimethoprim sulfa may hold promise in the future. Tetracycline is never indicated in this age range because of side effects and high relapse rate secondary to resistant organisms. Patients above 6 years of age: Penicillin pheyoxymethyl 250 mg every six hours for ten days. Decongestant (if desired). Followup and penicillin allergy as above."}
{"id": "PMID:871069", "title": "[Clinical evaluation of the results of the Sr85 test and of bone alkaline phosphatase isoenzyme activity].", "content": "Coinciding investigations of the 85Sr test and of bone derived serum alkaline phosphatases activity were undertaken in 38 patinets with locomotor system diseases. In 15 patients there was congruence between the positive result of the 85Sr test and an increased activity of B-ALP. In 5 patients there was congruence between negative outcome of B-ALP and negative 85Sr test. The activities of T-ALP, B-ALP, L-ALP and I-ALP were compared with a group of 124 healthy controls. The causes of 18 incongruent results were analysed. In rhizomelic form of ASp, active Paget's disease, osteomalacia and in some forms of osteoporosis there was congruence between increased activity of B-ALP and the positive 85Sr test over the clinically involved area of the locomotor system. In ankylosing spondylitis (without rhizomelic involvement) there may be a moderate fall of B-ALP activity but the 85Sr test is usually positive; this may correspond with metabolic activity in the paravertebral region of the ligaments. Low B-ALP activity and positive 85Sr test in MP may refer to a latent process in the bone apparatus without marked activity of osteoblasts. The fall of B-ALP may be a result of therapy or due to the reduced capacity of B-ALP to be released from the bone. In osteomalacia the rapid fall of 85Sr activity during the test is the cause by the presence of pathological osteoid which may be, even in patients with hypertension, of renal origin. A method was described permitting the evaluation of the process of active incorporation of bone minerals (after 8 days). The activity of the 85Sr test over clinically silent areas (e.g. spine) may indicate a decompensated process in the spine due to an involvement to the large joints. The two methods used in this study are metabolically different (85Sr binds to proteoglycans and inorganic structures of bone tissue, alkaline phosphatase to the activity of osteoblasts) and prove to be clinically valuable. Detailed analysis of the results makes it possible to define the stages of clinical activity of disease and to check more exactly the efficiency of the therapeutic method.", "contents": "[Clinical evaluation of the results of the Sr85 test and of bone alkaline phosphatase isoenzyme activity]. Coinciding investigations of the 85Sr test and of bone derived serum alkaline phosphatases activity were undertaken in 38 patinets with locomotor system diseases. In 15 patients there was congruence between the positive result of the 85Sr test and an increased activity of B-ALP. In 5 patients there was congruence between negative outcome of B-ALP and negative 85Sr test. The activities of T-ALP, B-ALP, L-ALP and I-ALP were compared with a group of 124 healthy controls. The causes of 18 incongruent results were analysed. In rhizomelic form of ASp, active Paget's disease, osteomalacia and in some forms of osteoporosis there was congruence between increased activity of B-ALP and the positive 85Sr test over the clinically involved area of the locomotor system. In ankylosing spondylitis (without rhizomelic involvement) there may be a moderate fall of B-ALP activity but the 85Sr test is usually positive; this may correspond with metabolic activity in the paravertebral region of the ligaments. Low B-ALP activity and positive 85Sr test in MP may refer to a latent process in the bone apparatus without marked activity of osteoblasts. The fall of B-ALP may be a result of therapy or due to the reduced capacity of B-ALP to be released from the bone. In osteomalacia the rapid fall of 85Sr activity during the test is the cause by the presence of pathological osteoid which may be, even in patients with hypertension, of renal origin. A method was described permitting the evaluation of the process of active incorporation of bone minerals (after 8 days). The activity of the 85Sr test over clinically silent areas (e.g. spine) may indicate a decompensated process in the spine due to an involvement to the large joints. The two methods used in this study are metabolically different (85Sr binds to proteoglycans and inorganic structures of bone tissue, alkaline phosphatase to the activity of osteoblasts) and prove to be clinically valuable. Detailed analysis of the results makes it possible to define the stages of clinical activity of disease and to check more exactly the efficiency of the therapeutic method."}
{"id": "PMID:871075", "title": "Development of the rabbit appendix. I. Electron-microscopic observations.", "content": "The progressive lymphoepithelial development of the rabbit appendix was examined by light and electron microscopy. At 5 days postnatally, the appendix wall primitively resembles the mature organ but lacks both the discrete lymphoid organization and most cell types. The dome appears to be the first recipient of  lymphoid cells. By 18 days the lymphoid nodule has become compartmentalized and lymphoid. The epithelium, although not fully developed, is in contact with the lymphocytes of the dome. The 5-week-old appendix has all the lymphoepithelial components of the adult but lacks the size of the mature organ. At all ages reported, plasma cells and dendritic cells are absent. Bacteria, thought to be essential to appendical lymphoid development, are not apparent at 5 or 18 days. The features common to central or peripheral lymphoid tissues are discussed.", "contents": "Development of the rabbit appendix. I. Electron-microscopic observations. The progressive lymphoepithelial development of the rabbit appendix was examined by light and electron microscopy. At 5 days postnatally, the appendix wall primitively resembles the mature organ but lacks both the discrete lymphoid organization and most cell types. The dome appears to be the first recipient of  lymphoid cells. By 18 days the lymphoid nodule has become compartmentalized and lymphoid. The epithelium, although not fully developed, is in contact with the lymphocytes of the dome. The 5-week-old appendix has all the lymphoepithelial components of the adult but lacks the size of the mature organ. At all ages reported, plasma cells and dendritic cells are absent. Bacteria, thought to be essential to appendical lymphoid development, are not apparent at 5 or 18 days. The features common to central or peripheral lymphoid tissues are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:871070", "title": "Serum sulfhydryl groups in rheumatoid arthritis.", "content": "The sulfhydryl groups are chemically active parts of the protein molecule and participate in many important biochemical and metabolic processes. The present material comprised 132 patients with rheumatoid arthritis, 104 patients with other diseases and 44 controls. The patients with rheumatoid arthritis had decreased serum sulfhydryl group levels, the decrease being greater in patients with active disease. Changes in the activity of rheumatoid arthritis were correspondingly followed by changes in the serum sulfhydryl group levels. The serum sulfhydryl group levels diminished significantly with advancing age. Similarly decreased serum sulfhydryl group levels could also be observed in many other diseases.", "contents": "Serum sulfhydryl groups in rheumatoid arthritis. The sulfhydryl groups are chemically active parts of the protein molecule and participate in many important biochemical and metabolic processes. The present material comprised 132 patients with rheumatoid arthritis, 104 patients with other diseases and 44 controls. The patients with rheumatoid arthritis had decreased serum sulfhydryl group levels, the decrease being greater in patients with active disease. Changes in the activity of rheumatoid arthritis were correspondingly followed by changes in the serum sulfhydryl group levels. The serum sulfhydryl group levels diminished significantly with advancing age. Similarly decreased serum sulfhydryl group levels could also be observed in many other diseases."}
{"id": "PMID:871076", "title": "[Study of the growth of the vertebral bodies in adolescents].", "content": "The height of the vertebral growth zones of 13 adolescents dying between the ages of 13 and 18 years was determined with the aid of an eyepiece micrometer. In addition, the proportion 'total of widths of chondrocyte columns/diameter of the growth zone' was established. In the cervical spine, the growth zones of the caudal end plates were significantly higher than those of the cranial end plates. The reverse was true for the thoracic vertebrae. In the lumbar spine, however, conditions resembled those found in the cervical spine in that the caudal end plates were higher than those of the cranial plates; yet, there was no statistically significant difference in the relative quota 'chondrocyte columns/diameter of growth zone' in this segment of the spine. These results suggest that lengthwise growth of cervical and lumbar vertebrae is more marked in the caudal than in the cranial end plates, whereas, in the thoracic spine, growth of the cranial exceeds that of the caudal end plates. Moreover, the height of the growth zones increases in a craniocaudal direction, a fact which could be related to the more marked growth of lumbar as compared to cervical or thoracic vertebrae.", "contents": "[Study of the growth of the vertebral bodies in adolescents]. The height of the vertebral growth zones of 13 adolescents dying between the ages of 13 and 18 years was determined with the aid of an eyepiece micrometer. In addition, the proportion 'total of widths of chondrocyte columns/diameter of the growth zone' was established. In the cervical spine, the growth zones of the caudal end plates were significantly higher than those of the cranial end plates. The reverse was true for the thoracic vertebrae. In the lumbar spine, however, conditions resembled those found in the cervical spine in that the caudal end plates were higher than those of the cranial plates; yet, there was no statistically significant difference in the relative quota 'chondrocyte columns/diameter of growth zone' in this segment of the spine. These results suggest that lengthwise growth of cervical and lumbar vertebrae is more marked in the caudal than in the cranial end plates, whereas, in the thoracic spine, growth of the cranial exceeds that of the caudal end plates. Moreover, the height of the growth zones increases in a craniocaudal direction, a fact which could be related to the more marked growth of lumbar as compared to cervical or thoracic vertebrae."}
{"id": "PMID:871071", "title": "[Pharmacokinetic studies after oral application of radioactively labelled D-penicillamine].", "content": "14C-labelled D-penicillamine was given orally to healthy test subjects in different dosages. The time course of serum activity was followed up to 5 weeks and the urinary activity was measured for 4 days. The obtained results equalled the sum of active substance and its 14C-labelled biotransformation products. The maximal serum concentration appeared about 2 hours after ingestion, the obtained concentrations being proportional to the dosis. Thereafter the concentration declined first relatively fast, then increasingly slower. From the 4th day after ingestion the half time of elimination was 8 days. The urinary excretion was dose dependent; the urinary concentration increasing with higher dosage. The later long half time of elimination corresponded to disappearance from the blood of the portion of the drug firmly getting attached to collagen and elastic tissue structures. The several weeks latency of onset of antirheumatic effect may be due to the fact that the portion of the drug getting attached to connective tissue accumulates slowly.", "contents": "[Pharmacokinetic studies after oral application of radioactively labelled D-penicillamine]. 14C-labelled D-penicillamine was given orally to healthy test subjects in different dosages. The time course of serum activity was followed up to 5 weeks and the urinary activity was measured for 4 days. The obtained results equalled the sum of active substance and its 14C-labelled biotransformation products. The maximal serum concentration appeared about 2 hours after ingestion, the obtained concentrations being proportional to the dosis. Thereafter the concentration declined first relatively fast, then increasingly slower. From the 4th day after ingestion the half time of elimination was 8 days. The urinary excretion was dose dependent; the urinary concentration increasing with higher dosage. The later long half time of elimination corresponded to disappearance from the blood of the portion of the drug firmly getting attached to collagen and elastic tissue structures. The several weeks latency of onset of antirheumatic effect may be due to the fact that the portion of the drug getting attached to connective tissue accumulates slowly."}
{"id": "PMID:871077", "title": "Changes in the dentition of the guinea pig following total section of the inferior alveolar nerve and vessels.", "content": "The inferior alveolar nerve was cut or the vessels entering the mandibular canal were damaged in 39 guinea pigs at 10 days of age. Possible changes in the incisors were recorded during a 100-day observation period whereafter the animals were killed and the skulls freed of soft tissues; at this time, 35 skulls were found suitable for further examination. The changes in the mandibular incisors on the operated side became observable 30-40 days post-operatively as discolourization, a 'trauma line' around the tooth, narrowing of the tooth or total loss of it's visible part. In the guinea pigs with the nerve cut (group A), such signs of maldevelopment were seen in 5 out of 19 animals, whereas the corresponding figure for the animals with the damaged vessels (group B) was 14/16. All incisors in group A and 13 out of 14 in group B recovered from the state of maldevelopment; one animal in group B showed complete loss of the incisor. The molar region was examined only from the cleaned skulls. In group A, the first molar was deformed in two animals; in group B, seven animals displayed either maldevelopment of the first molar or the first and second molar or complete loss of the first molar. No malformation of the third molar was observed. With two exceptions, the deformation or loss of molars occurred in combination with incisor maldevelopment. The malformations were considered to result from a disturbed blood supply. In group A, the dental changes may perhaps be ascribed to a short-term interference with the blood supply during the operation. The variable results in group B seem to imply that the mandibular teeth receive at least part of their blood supply from vessels besides those entering the mandibular canal. The innervation appears to have a subordinate role in the restoring of the morphology of continuously erupting teeth.", "contents": "Changes in the dentition of the guinea pig following total section of the inferior alveolar nerve and vessels. The inferior alveolar nerve was cut or the vessels entering the mandibular canal were damaged in 39 guinea pigs at 10 days of age. Possible changes in the incisors were recorded during a 100-day observation period whereafter the animals were killed and the skulls freed of soft tissues; at this time, 35 skulls were found suitable for further examination. The changes in the mandibular incisors on the operated side became observable 30-40 days post-operatively as discolourization, a 'trauma line' around the tooth, narrowing of the tooth or total loss of it's visible part. In the guinea pigs with the nerve cut (group A), such signs of maldevelopment were seen in 5 out of 19 animals, whereas the corresponding figure for the animals with the damaged vessels (group B) was 14/16. All incisors in group A and 13 out of 14 in group B recovered from the state of maldevelopment; one animal in group B showed complete loss of the incisor. The molar region was examined only from the cleaned skulls. In group A, the first molar was deformed in two animals; in group B, seven animals displayed either maldevelopment of the first molar or the first and second molar or complete loss of the first molar. No malformation of the third molar was observed. With two exceptions, the deformation or loss of molars occurred in combination with incisor maldevelopment. The malformations were considered to result from a disturbed blood supply. In group A, the dental changes may perhaps be ascribed to a short-term interference with the blood supply during the operation. The variable results in group B seem to imply that the mandibular teeth receive at least part of their blood supply from vessels besides those entering the mandibular canal. The innervation appears to have a subordinate role in the restoring of the morphology of continuously erupting teeth."}
{"id": "PMID:871078", "title": "Effect of 5,6-dihydroxytryptamine on the structure of nerve fibres in the chronically isolated cat ileum.", "content": "The structure of the nerve fibres in the chronically isolated cat ileum was studied by fluorescence and electron microscopy after 5,6-dihydroxytryptamine (5,6-DHT) treatment. Residual fluorescence rapidly disappears after administration of 5,6-DHT. Under the electron miroscope, degeneration of most of the nerve processes containing a special population of 120- to 140-nm diameter granular vesicles could be observed. Also the degeneration of presynaptic terminals in the local ganglia was observed frequently. Some degenerating nerve fibres were found in the inner muscular layer, in the connective tissue surrounding Lieberk\u00fchn's glands, and in the storma of the villi. The axons (and/or other nerve processes) undergoing degeneration are assumed to belong to the serotoninergic neurons of the local ganglia. A substantial number of nerve cell processes remaining intact after 5,6-DHT treatment contain different population of vesicles: either 30- to 60-nm agranular and 100- to 120-nm granular vesicles or 30- to 60-nm agranular and 160- to 200-nm diameter neurosecretory type vesicles.", "contents": "Effect of 5,6-dihydroxytryptamine on the structure of nerve fibres in the chronically isolated cat ileum. The structure of the nerve fibres in the chronically isolated cat ileum was studied by fluorescence and electron microscopy after 5,6-dihydroxytryptamine (5,6-DHT) treatment. Residual fluorescence rapidly disappears after administration of 5,6-DHT. Under the electron miroscope, degeneration of most of the nerve processes containing a special population of 120- to 140-nm diameter granular vesicles could be observed. Also the degeneration of presynaptic terminals in the local ganglia was observed frequently. Some degenerating nerve fibres were found in the inner muscular layer, in the connective tissue surrounding Lieberk\u00fchn's glands, and in the storma of the villi. The axons (and/or other nerve processes) undergoing degeneration are assumed to belong to the serotoninergic neurons of the local ganglia. A substantial number of nerve cell processes remaining intact after 5,6-DHT treatment contain different population of vesicles: either 30- to 60-nm agranular and 100- to 120-nm granular vesicles or 30- to 60-nm agranular and 160- to 200-nm diameter neurosecretory type vesicles."}
{"id": "PMID:871072", "title": "[Method of total removal of cerebral arteriovenous aneurysms].", "content": "In an attempt to improve the results of total removal of arteriovenous aneurysms from the brain the authors have been using an operation microscope and microsurgical technique for the recent 5 years. This permitted to leave the minimal number of clips on the main afferent arteries and large drainage veins of the aneurysm, thus decreasing the risk of the development of gross connective tissue capsules around the silver clips, and of the inherent disorders in the brain function. In 20 patients 2 to 8 clips were left in the brain after surgery. Nineteen patients were discharged from the clinic with improvement, or without any changes in their preoperative neurological symptoms. Two patients died. Rare epyleptic fits were observed only in one patient.", "contents": "[Method of total removal of cerebral arteriovenous aneurysms]. In an attempt to improve the results of total removal of arteriovenous aneurysms from the brain the authors have been using an operation microscope and microsurgical technique for the recent 5 years. This permitted to leave the minimal number of clips on the main afferent arteries and large drainage veins of the aneurysm, thus decreasing the risk of the development of gross connective tissue capsules around the silver clips, and of the inherent disorders in the brain function. In 20 patients 2 to 8 clips were left in the brain after surgery. Nineteen patients were discharged from the clinic with improvement, or without any changes in their preoperative neurological symptoms. Two patients died. Rare epyleptic fits were observed only in one patient."}
{"id": "PMID:871073", "title": "[Cryosurgical treatment of tumors of the cerebral hemispheres].", "content": "A technique of cryosurgical removal of extra- and intracerebral tumours of the hemispheres of the brain was developed. The employed cryosurgical device was provided with a cryoprobe featuring an instrument fixed in a handle and having a vacuum-insulated line of supply and removal of the cold-carrying agent (liquid nitrogen). The separation of the tumour from the surrounding brain tissue and the control of haemorrhage from the cerebral vessels was performed with the aid of a cryocoagulator connected with the cryosurgical device. An analysis of 64 cryosurgical interventions demonstrated that the employment of the cryosurgical method helps to prevent cerebrovascular disorders, and to decrease the degree of brain oedema-swelling.", "contents": "[Cryosurgical treatment of tumors of the cerebral hemispheres]. A technique of cryosurgical removal of extra- and intracerebral tumours of the hemispheres of the brain was developed. The employed cryosurgical device was provided with a cryoprobe featuring an instrument fixed in a handle and having a vacuum-insulated line of supply and removal of the cold-carrying agent (liquid nitrogen). The separation of the tumour from the surrounding brain tissue and the control of haemorrhage from the cerebral vessels was performed with the aid of a cryocoagulator connected with the cryosurgical device. An analysis of 64 cryosurgical interventions demonstrated that the employment of the cryosurgical method helps to prevent cerebrovascular disorders, and to decrease the degree of brain oedema-swelling."}
{"id": "PMID:871079", "title": "[Morphology of the lymph vessels and axillary and mediastinal lymph nodes of the white rat (Rattus norvegicus)].", "content": "In this work, the authors studied the morphology of the axillary and mediastinal lymph nodes and their efferent branches in the white rat (Rattus norvegicus). The main characteristics observed were: The presence of two groups of axillary lymph nodes, one in the lateral and the other in the medial portion, and the presence of two groups of mediastinal lymph nodes, one being ventrolateral and the other dorsoventral relating to cranial precava veins. Usually, in both sides, there is a lymphatic plexus dorsally to the jugulsubclavian angle, formed by reunion of internal jugular and subclavian trunks and the thoracic duct (to the left) or the right lymphatic trunk (to the right). From this plexus, one or two branches run off and flow into the venous jugulosubclavian angle. The subclavian trunk begins in the medial axillar lymph nodes and joins to the lymphatic plexus at the internal jugular trunk or at the thoracic duct or yet at the right lymphatic trunk according to the site, and finally it may link itself directly to the venous system. The mediastinal lymph nodes at the side send branches forming the right lymphatic trunk and branches adhering to the lymphatic plexus; the left lymph nodes join to the plexus or the thoracic duct.", "contents": "[Morphology of the lymph vessels and axillary and mediastinal lymph nodes of the white rat (Rattus norvegicus)]. In this work, the authors studied the morphology of the axillary and mediastinal lymph nodes and their efferent branches in the white rat (Rattus norvegicus). The main characteristics observed were: The presence of two groups of axillary lymph nodes, one in the lateral and the other in the medial portion, and the presence of two groups of mediastinal lymph nodes, one being ventrolateral and the other dorsoventral relating to cranial precava veins. Usually, in both sides, there is a lymphatic plexus dorsally to the jugulsubclavian angle, formed by reunion of internal jugular and subclavian trunks and the thoracic duct (to the left) or the right lymphatic trunk (to the right). From this plexus, one or two branches run off and flow into the venous jugulosubclavian angle. The subclavian trunk begins in the medial axillar lymph nodes and joins to the lymphatic plexus at the internal jugular trunk or at the thoracic duct or yet at the right lymphatic trunk according to the site, and finally it may link itself directly to the venous system. The mediastinal lymph nodes at the side send branches forming the right lymphatic trunk and branches adhering to the lymphatic plexus; the left lymph nodes join to the plexus or the thoracic duct."}
{"id": "PMID:871074", "title": "[Use of the hemodilution method in neurosurgery].", "content": "The results of surgical interventions conducted with haemodilution in 31 patients with brain tumours permit to conclude that in comparison with the routine transfusion methods (25 cases) this technique has several advantages in terms of correction of the disorders in the electrolyte and protein composition of the blood, and maintenance of these parameters on a safe level during the postoperative period. A beneficial effect of this method upon the circulating blood volume and on its rheological properties was observed, which improved the conditions of microcirculation.", "contents": "[Use of the hemodilution method in neurosurgery]. The results of surgical interventions conducted with haemodilution in 31 patients with brain tumours permit to conclude that in comparison with the routine transfusion methods (25 cases) this technique has several advantages in terms of correction of the disorders in the electrolyte and protein composition of the blood, and maintenance of these parameters on a safe level during the postoperative period. A beneficial effect of this method upon the circulating blood volume and on its rheological properties was observed, which improved the conditions of microcirculation."}
{"id": "PMID:871080", "title": "Ultrastructure of the human aortic valve.", "content": "The human aortic valve is examined histologically by light, transmission electron and scanning electron microscopy. The observations show that the valve leaflets are multi-laminated structures, whose laminae do not have very distinct boundaries. Through the whole thickness of the leaflets, the load-bearing collagenous fibers are preferentially oriented in the transverse direction. Elastin networks are found only in the ventricular area. The leaflets attach themselves to the ventricular musculature through very dense collagenous meshworks known as the aortic ring. The whole structure is very efficient for its function of sustaining large pressures when closed and opening under minimal pressure gradients in systole.", "contents": "Ultrastructure of the human aortic valve. The human aortic valve is examined histologically by light, transmission electron and scanning electron microscopy. The observations show that the valve leaflets are multi-laminated structures, whose laminae do not have very distinct boundaries. Through the whole thickness of the leaflets, the load-bearing collagenous fibers are preferentially oriented in the transverse direction. Elastin networks are found only in the ventricular area. The leaflets attach themselves to the ventricular musculature through very dense collagenous meshworks known as the aortic ring. The whole structure is very efficient for its function of sustaining large pressures when closed and opening under minimal pressure gradients in systole."}
{"id": "PMID:871081", "title": "Sexual dimorphism of bone robusticity in different strains of rats.", "content": "A quantitative method was used to establish the sexual dimorphism of bone robusticity in 10 domesticated strains of rats and in wild rats. Sexual dimorphism had its highest frequency in the pelvis, followed by the ulna, the skull, and the femur and tibia. Humerus and tail showed the lowest frequency of such sexual dimorphism. This distribution in an unspecialized mammal such as the rat, in which selective pressures are at their minimum becauses of the factor of domestication, can serve as a baseline for comparison with taxa in which selective forces are more strongly active.", "contents": "Sexual dimorphism of bone robusticity in different strains of rats. A quantitative method was used to establish the sexual dimorphism of bone robusticity in 10 domesticated strains of rats and in wild rats. Sexual dimorphism had its highest frequency in the pelvis, followed by the ulna, the skull, and the femur and tibia. Humerus and tail showed the lowest frequency of such sexual dimorphism. This distribution in an unspecialized mammal such as the rat, in which selective pressures are at their minimum becauses of the factor of domestication, can serve as a baseline for comparison with taxa in which selective forces are more strongly active."}
{"id": "PMID:871082", "title": "Ultrastructural characteristics of tuft cells in mouse gallbladder epithelium.", "content": "Mouse gallbladder was fixed by perfusion or immersion in glutaraldehyde and/or osmium tetroxide for electron microscopy. Besides usual columnar epithelial cells there were infrequent tuft cells in the epithelium. The cells rested on the basal lamina and extended to the gallbladder lumen. The microvilli on the apical cell surface were tall and thick and there was a rich network of microfilaments radiating from the core of the microvilli to the apical and juxta-nuclear cytoplasm. Among the bundles of microfilaments there were vertically oriented microtubules in the apical cytoplasm. Although the function of the tuft cells in the gallbladder epithelium remains unknown, it is proposed that their unique morphology may reflect a specialized resorptive function involving motility of microvilli and other cell organelles.", "contents": "Ultrastructural characteristics of tuft cells in mouse gallbladder epithelium. Mouse gallbladder was fixed by perfusion or immersion in glutaraldehyde and/or osmium tetroxide for electron microscopy. Besides usual columnar epithelial cells there were infrequent tuft cells in the epithelium. The cells rested on the basal lamina and extended to the gallbladder lumen. The microvilli on the apical cell surface were tall and thick and there was a rich network of microfilaments radiating from the core of the microvilli to the apical and juxta-nuclear cytoplasm. Among the bundles of microfilaments there were vertically oriented microtubules in the apical cytoplasm. Although the function of the tuft cells in the gallbladder epithelium remains unknown, it is proposed that their unique morphology may reflect a specialized resorptive function involving motility of microvilli and other cell organelles."}
{"id": "PMID:871083", "title": "Innervation of the carotid body, types of nerve endings and their possible significance.", "content": "The nerve endings in the carotid body of normal cats are investigated by means of serial sections. Two types of endings not described previously are especially studied: the non-synaptic bouton and the meniscus with prolongations. The first is a small nerve ending with abundant mitochondria and glycogen which is devoid of synaptic vesicles. The second is a normal meniscus which presents prolongations containing the same cytological elements of the nonsynaptic boutons. It is proposed that some menisci are lateral endings of an afferent fiber. Relating these results with well-known functional characteristics of the carotid body, the existence of axonal reflexes is suggested. These views can explain apparently contradictory facts.", "contents": "Innervation of the carotid body, types of nerve endings and their possible significance. The nerve endings in the carotid body of normal cats are investigated by means of serial sections. Two types of endings not described previously are especially studied: the non-synaptic bouton and the meniscus with prolongations. The first is a small nerve ending with abundant mitochondria and glycogen which is devoid of synaptic vesicles. The second is a normal meniscus which presents prolongations containing the same cytological elements of the nonsynaptic boutons. It is proposed that some menisci are lateral endings of an afferent fiber. Relating these results with well-known functional characteristics of the carotid body, the existence of axonal reflexes is suggested. These views can explain apparently contradictory facts."}
{"id": "PMID:871084", "title": "An unusual case which began with subcutaneous panniculitis followed by fever, severe hepatic involvement and hyperlipidemia.", "content": "A 25-year-old man was at first dermatologically suspected as suffering from Weber-Christian syndrome because of subcutaneous panniculitis, but his skin lesions disappeared completely during the course. Hyperlipidemia, disturbances in liver function, and leukemoid reaction became remarkable and he died of subarachnoid hemorrhage eleven months after onset. Necropsy revealed subarachnoid hemorrhage at the base of the brain, lipogranulomatous and inflammatory lesions in the upper lobe of the left lung, a remarkable fatty liver, splenomegaly, pericarditis, and foam cells in the spleen, liver, and bone marrow. A comparison with 57 autopsy cases of Weber-Christian syndrome reported in the literature showed our case to be an exceptional instance of Weber-Christian syndrome, if the present case is not to be regarded as a different disease entity.", "contents": "An unusual case which began with subcutaneous panniculitis followed by fever, severe hepatic involvement and hyperlipidemia. A 25-year-old man was at first dermatologically suspected as suffering from Weber-Christian syndrome because of subcutaneous panniculitis, but his skin lesions disappeared completely during the course. Hyperlipidemia, disturbances in liver function, and leukemoid reaction became remarkable and he died of subarachnoid hemorrhage eleven months after onset. Necropsy revealed subarachnoid hemorrhage at the base of the brain, lipogranulomatous and inflammatory lesions in the upper lobe of the left lung, a remarkable fatty liver, splenomegaly, pericarditis, and foam cells in the spleen, liver, and bone marrow. A comparison with 57 autopsy cases of Weber-Christian syndrome reported in the literature showed our case to be an exceptional instance of Weber-Christian syndrome, if the present case is not to be regarded as a different disease entity."}
{"id": "PMID:871085", "title": "Repeat angiography in temporal contusions.", "content": "In the diagnosis of a temporal contusion bilater filling of the Sylvian vessels permits adequate comparison between the two sides. Such a comparison is important since even at a large contusion with marked upward or medial displacement of the Sylvian vessels no corresponding shift of the midline structure may exist in the acute stage. With increasing interval between trauma and angiography a shift may develop reflecting the true size of the lesion.", "contents": "Repeat angiography in temporal contusions. In the diagnosis of a temporal contusion bilater filling of the Sylvian vessels permits adequate comparison between the two sides. Such a comparison is important since even at a large contusion with marked upward or medial displacement of the Sylvian vessels no corresponding shift of the midline structure may exist in the acute stage. With increasing interval between trauma and angiography a shift may develop reflecting the true size of the lesion."}
{"id": "PMID:871086", "title": "Hydro- and hemodynamic effects of catheterization of vessels. V. Experimental and clinical catheterization of stenoses.", "content": "The volumetric flow rate and the pressure course through free and catheterized stenoses have been analysed experimentally. The influence of the following parameters has been considered: (a) the penetration depth of the catheter into stenoses of various geometrical shapes and various dimensions, (b) the length of the stenosis, (c) the size of the annular lumen area between the catheter and the stenosis wall, (d) the geometrical shape of the stenosis. Some previous attempts to derive a simple relation between the volumetric flow through and the pressure fall across stenosis with and without introduced catheter are discussed. Clinical pressure measurements across renal artery stenoses are given, and the validity of catheter-measured pressure gradients across stenoses is discussed.", "contents": "Hydro- and hemodynamic effects of catheterization of vessels. V. Experimental and clinical catheterization of stenoses. The volumetric flow rate and the pressure course through free and catheterized stenoses have been analysed experimentally. The influence of the following parameters has been considered: (a) the penetration depth of the catheter into stenoses of various geometrical shapes and various dimensions, (b) the length of the stenosis, (c) the size of the annular lumen area between the catheter and the stenosis wall, (d) the geometrical shape of the stenosis. Some previous attempts to derive a simple relation between the volumetric flow through and the pressure fall across stenosis with and without introduced catheter are discussed. Clinical pressure measurements across renal artery stenoses are given, and the validity of catheter-measured pressure gradients across stenoses is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:871087", "title": "Cavography in the management of malignant abdominal tumors.", "content": "Six cases of malignant abdominal neoplasm with extensive tumor involvement of the veins form the basis of this report. One case was a child with retroperitoneal liposarcoma. Proper therapeutic management in these cases was dependent upon a complete angiographic evaluation, including cavography. This procedure is virtually without complications and should, therefore, be done routinely in cases of abdominal neoplasms for evaluation of the operability, to confirm the angiographic findings indicating intravenous tumor invasion or extravenous compression, and as a primary examination in the assessment of possible or known abdominal tumors in children.", "contents": "Cavography in the management of malignant abdominal tumors. Six cases of malignant abdominal neoplasm with extensive tumor involvement of the veins form the basis of this report. One case was a child with retroperitoneal liposarcoma. Proper therapeutic management in these cases was dependent upon a complete angiographic evaluation, including cavography. This procedure is virtually without complications and should, therefore, be done routinely in cases of abdominal neoplasms for evaluation of the operability, to confirm the angiographic findings indicating intravenous tumor invasion or extravenous compression, and as a primary examination in the assessment of possible or known abdominal tumors in children."}
{"id": "PMID:871088", "title": "Double contrast examination of the stomach. An improved technique.", "content": "Double contrast examination of the stomach has a greater accuracy than conventional barium meal, especially in the diagnosis of minor gastric lesions. The use of a common drinking straw with a side-hole to introduce air simultaneously with the barium suspension after gastric emptying with metoclopramide and using short acting hypotonic agents like Buscopan and Glucagon provides a practical and effective simplified technique for double contrast examination of the oesophagus, stomach and duodenum.", "contents": "Double contrast examination of the stomach. An improved technique. Double contrast examination of the stomach has a greater accuracy than conventional barium meal, especially in the diagnosis of minor gastric lesions. The use of a common drinking straw with a side-hole to introduce air simultaneously with the barium suspension after gastric emptying with metoclopramide and using short acting hypotonic agents like Buscopan and Glucagon provides a practical and effective simplified technique for double contrast examination of the oesophagus, stomach and duodenum."}
{"id": "PMID:871089", "title": "AHR-5850: a potent anti-inflammatory compound.", "content": "AHR-5850 is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory compound possessing antipyretic and analgesic properties. AHR-5850 was 16.4 and 22.8 times more potent than phenylbutazone in suppressing acute (Evans blue-carrageenan pleural effusion) and chronic (adjuvant-induced arthritis) inflammation, respectively. The analgesic activity of AHR 5850 was 43 times that of acetylsalicylic acid in the Randall-Selitto assay, and 156 and 56.3 times more potent than phenylbutazone in the acetylcholine-induced abdominal constriction in mice and in the bradykinin-induced nociceptive response in dogs, respectively. Single-dose studies showed that AHR-5850 produced less gastric irritation than acetylsalicylic acid when applied topically to the exposed gastric mucosa of cats or when administered orally to rats and dogs. Upon subchronic oral administration to rats, the therapeutic ratio of AHR-5850 was twice that of phenylbutazone. This was based on the ratio of its potency relative to phenylbutazone in producing intestinal lesions to its anti-inflammatory potency relative to phenylbutazone in the adjuvant-induced arthritis.", "contents": "AHR-5850: a potent anti-inflammatory compound. AHR-5850 is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory compound possessing antipyretic and analgesic properties. AHR-5850 was 16.4 and 22.8 times more potent than phenylbutazone in suppressing acute (Evans blue-carrageenan pleural effusion) and chronic (adjuvant-induced arthritis) inflammation, respectively. The analgesic activity of AHR 5850 was 43 times that of acetylsalicylic acid in the Randall-Selitto assay, and 156 and 56.3 times more potent than phenylbutazone in the acetylcholine-induced abdominal constriction in mice and in the bradykinin-induced nociceptive response in dogs, respectively. Single-dose studies showed that AHR-5850 produced less gastric irritation than acetylsalicylic acid when applied topically to the exposed gastric mucosa of cats or when administered orally to rats and dogs. Upon subchronic oral administration to rats, the therapeutic ratio of AHR-5850 was twice that of phenylbutazone. This was based on the ratio of its potency relative to phenylbutazone in producing intestinal lesions to its anti-inflammatory potency relative to phenylbutazone in the adjuvant-induced arthritis."}
{"id": "PMID:871090", "title": "An X-ray analysis of adjuvant arthritis in the rat. The effect of prednisolone and indomethacin.", "content": "A detailed evaluation has been made of the radiological changes occurring in the hindfeet of rats with adjuvant arthritis from 0 to 50 days after injection with Freund's Complete Adjuvant (FCA). The results were compared with concomitant foot swelling and the presence of histopathological abnormalities at the end of the experiment. In addition, the effects of oral administration of prednisolone and indomethacin administered either from one day before injection with FCA to 21 days afterwards, or from 21 to 35 days after injection with FCA, has been investigated on all these changes. The main radiological changes were osteoporosis of the tarsals and metatarsals, erosions of the tarsals and periosteal reactions in the metatarsals which were visible on day 10 and progressed up until 21-24 days after injection with FCA. Cystic fibrosis was noted in the metatarsals on day 14 and in the tibia, fibula and tarsals on day 21 and progressed to become the dominant abnormality by day 35. Cystic fibrosis and subsequent calcification, which was apparent on day 35, were the main features of the disease when the animals were killed on day 50. 10 and 30 mg/kg prednisolone and 0.3 and 3 mg/kg indomethacin both reduced the total X-ray score when administered either from day - 1 to 21, or from day 21-35, but did not at any time inhibit the osteoporosis or erosions. Their effect was mainly on preventing the cystic fibrosis and calcification which occurred later in the disease. Prednisolone and indomethacin also reduced the periosteal reaction when administered from one day before injection with FCA, but they were inactive in this respect when dosing was started on day 21 when the periosteal reaction was well established. Therefore, the results suggest that prednisolone and indomethacin inhibit the later sequelae of the disease and do not interfere with either the initial events or the disease process itself. There was a good correlation between the toal X-ray score, foot size and total histopathology score at the end of the experiment, and also an apparent correlation between total X-ray score and foot size throughout the experiment. Although this suggests that foot size is sufficient to indicate the overall reaction in adjuvant arthritis, X-ray analysis may detect clinically useful anti-rheumatoid activity which might not be evident from measurements of foot size alone.", "contents": "An X-ray analysis of adjuvant arthritis in the rat. The effect of prednisolone and indomethacin. A detailed evaluation has been made of the radiological changes occurring in the hindfeet of rats with adjuvant arthritis from 0 to 50 days after injection with Freund's Complete Adjuvant (FCA). The results were compared with concomitant foot swelling and the presence of histopathological abnormalities at the end of the experiment. In addition, the effects of oral administration of prednisolone and indomethacin administered either from one day before injection with FCA to 21 days afterwards, or from 21 to 35 days after injection with FCA, has been investigated on all these changes. The main radiological changes were osteoporosis of the tarsals and metatarsals, erosions of the tarsals and periosteal reactions in the metatarsals which were visible on day 10 and progressed up until 21-24 days after injection with FCA. Cystic fibrosis was noted in the metatarsals on day 14 and in the tibia, fibula and tarsals on day 21 and progressed to become the dominant abnormality by day 35. Cystic fibrosis and subsequent calcification, which was apparent on day 35, were the main features of the disease when the animals were killed on day 50. 10 and 30 mg/kg prednisolone and 0.3 and 3 mg/kg indomethacin both reduced the total X-ray score when administered either from day - 1 to 21, or from day 21-35, but did not at any time inhibit the osteoporosis or erosions. Their effect was mainly on preventing the cystic fibrosis and calcification which occurred later in the disease. Prednisolone and indomethacin also reduced the periosteal reaction when administered from one day before injection with FCA, but they were inactive in this respect when dosing was started on day 21 when the periosteal reaction was well established. Therefore, the results suggest that prednisolone and indomethacin inhibit the later sequelae of the disease and do not interfere with either the initial events or the disease process itself. There was a good correlation between the toal X-ray score, foot size and total histopathology score at the end of the experiment, and also an apparent correlation between total X-ray score and foot size throughout the experiment. Although this suggests that foot size is sufficient to indicate the overall reaction in adjuvant arthritis, X-ray analysis may detect clinically useful anti-rheumatoid activity which might not be evident from measurements of foot size alone."}
{"id": "PMID:871091", "title": "Anti-inflammatory properties of griseofulvin.", "content": "Anti-inflammatory activity of griseofulvin has been investigated in comparison with indomethacin and flufenamic acid. In vitro, griseofulvin has been proved the most effective of these agents in suppressing the contractions of smooth muscle preparations induced by a variety of proposed mediators of inflammation, i.e. histamine, 5-hydroxy-tryptamine, bradykinin and prostaglandin E2. In vivo, griseofulvin was unable to modify dextran oedema but suppressed carrageenin oedema, although its activity was poor when compared to that exhibited by indomethacin and flufenamic acid. When tested in rat pleurisy induced by dextran or homologous serum griseofulvin was able to prevent polymorph migration into the pleural space while mononuclears remained virtually unaffected. In contrast indomethacin and flufenamic acid mainly suppressed mononuclear migration while polymorphs resulted only slightly affected. Similar results have been exhibited by the drugs when tested on mononuclear turnover in pleural cavities from normal rats. Results are discussed in the light of the clinically established ability of griseofulvin to prevent cutaneous inflammatory reactions as well as of its effectiveness in the treatment of several polyarthritic syndromes.", "contents": "Anti-inflammatory properties of griseofulvin. Anti-inflammatory activity of griseofulvin has been investigated in comparison with indomethacin and flufenamic acid. In vitro, griseofulvin has been proved the most effective of these agents in suppressing the contractions of smooth muscle preparations induced by a variety of proposed mediators of inflammation, i.e. histamine, 5-hydroxy-tryptamine, bradykinin and prostaglandin E2. In vivo, griseofulvin was unable to modify dextran oedema but suppressed carrageenin oedema, although its activity was poor when compared to that exhibited by indomethacin and flufenamic acid. When tested in rat pleurisy induced by dextran or homologous serum griseofulvin was able to prevent polymorph migration into the pleural space while mononuclears remained virtually unaffected. In contrast indomethacin and flufenamic acid mainly suppressed mononuclear migration while polymorphs resulted only slightly affected. Similar results have been exhibited by the drugs when tested on mononuclear turnover in pleural cavities from normal rats. Results are discussed in the light of the clinically established ability of griseofulvin to prevent cutaneous inflammatory reactions as well as of its effectiveness in the treatment of several polyarthritic syndromes."}
{"id": "PMID:871092", "title": "Ethanol and tolerated doses of Amanita phalloides protect against lethal doses of the mushroom.", "content": "Single tolerated doses of a lyophilizate from Amanita phalloides (ADL) failed to increase the survival rate of mice after the LD90 of the mushroom. Also, pretreatment with large doses of ethanol did not protect against lethal doses of APL. However, with combined administration of single tolerated doses of APL and of ethanol, the survival rate of mice after a lethal challenge with APL was increased from 13% to up to 100%. Both ethanol and APL potentiated the effect of barbiturate narcosis, but the combined pretreatment was not more effective. The protection against APL afforded by the combined regimen may be due to inhibition of activating hepatic microsomal enzymes, but biochemical studies are needed to support this hypothesis.", "contents": "Ethanol and tolerated doses of Amanita phalloides protect against lethal doses of the mushroom. Single tolerated doses of a lyophilizate from Amanita phalloides (ADL) failed to increase the survival rate of mice after the LD90 of the mushroom. Also, pretreatment with large doses of ethanol did not protect against lethal doses of APL. However, with combined administration of single tolerated doses of APL and of ethanol, the survival rate of mice after a lethal challenge with APL was increased from 13% to up to 100%. Both ethanol and APL potentiated the effect of barbiturate narcosis, but the combined pretreatment was not more effective. The protection against APL afforded by the combined regimen may be due to inhibition of activating hepatic microsomal enzymes, but biochemical studies are needed to support this hypothesis."}
{"id": "PMID:871093", "title": "Dimaprit -(S-[3-(N,N-dimethylamino)prophyl]isothiourea) - a highly specific histamine H2 -receptor agonist. Part 1. Pharmacology.", "content": "S-[3-(N,N-Dimethylamino)propyl]isothiourea (dimaprit), has been shown to be a highly specific histamine H2-receptor agonist. Parallel line assays showed that in vitro at H2-receptors it had approximately 17.5% the activity of histamine on the rat uterus and 71% on the guinea-pig right atrium, with similar maximal responses; it had less than 0.0001% the activity of histamine on H1-receptors. Dimaprit stimulated gastric acid secretion in the rat, dog and cat in which it had, respectively, approximately 19,58 and 400-500% the activity of histamine. In the dog and cat the maximum secretory response to dimaprit was significantly greater than that obtained to histamine. The H2-receptor specificity of dimaprit in causing depressor and vasodilator effects was also demonstrated in the cat, in which it had 18-20% of the H2-receptor activity of histamine. Dimaprit should prove to be a very useful tool in studies examining the role of histamine in physiology and pathology. The absence of marked cardiovascular effects at doses maximal for the stimulation of gastric acid secretion, as seen in the cat studies, could lead to this compound being of value as a diagnostic agent in the measurement of maximal acid secretory capacity.", "contents": "Dimaprit -(S-[3-(N,N-dimethylamino)prophyl]isothiourea) - a highly specific histamine H2 -receptor agonist. Part 1. Pharmacology. S-[3-(N,N-Dimethylamino)propyl]isothiourea (dimaprit), has been shown to be a highly specific histamine H2-receptor agonist. Parallel line assays showed that in vitro at H2-receptors it had approximately 17.5% the activity of histamine on the rat uterus and 71% on the guinea-pig right atrium, with similar maximal responses; it had less than 0.0001% the activity of histamine on H1-receptors. Dimaprit stimulated gastric acid secretion in the rat, dog and cat in which it had, respectively, approximately 19,58 and 400-500% the activity of histamine. In the dog and cat the maximum secretory response to dimaprit was significantly greater than that obtained to histamine. The H2-receptor specificity of dimaprit in causing depressor and vasodilator effects was also demonstrated in the cat, in which it had 18-20% of the H2-receptor activity of histamine. Dimaprit should prove to be a very useful tool in studies examining the role of histamine in physiology and pathology. The absence of marked cardiovascular effects at doses maximal for the stimulation of gastric acid secretion, as seen in the cat studies, could lead to this compound being of value as a diagnostic agent in the measurement of maximal acid secretory capacity."}
{"id": "PMID:871094", "title": "Histamine and acute haemorrhagic lesions in rat gastric mucosa: prevention of stress ulcer formation by (+)-catechin, an inhibitor of specific histidine decarboxylase in vitro.", "content": "Acute haemorrhagic lesions in the oesophagus, stomach and duodenum ('stress ulcers') occur relatively often under clinical conditions and are always dangerous to the patient (lethality rate about 70%). Since conservative and surgical treatment are without significant success up to now, prevention by adaptation to stressors or by administration of drugs seems mandatory. An improved technique for producing acute gastric lesions in rats by immobilization and a new method for assessing this disease in the animals is presented in this communication. High precision is obtained within a single experimental series especially from day to day. Since histamine was suggested to be involved in the pathogenesis of stress ulcer disease, (+)-catechin, a rather specific inhibitor of specific histidine decarboxylase from rat stomach, was tested in immobilized rats. It prevented the formation of acute gastric lesions by 80% in seven series of experiments lasting for half a year. Since the drug has low toxicity in man, it is recommended for clinical trials.", "contents": "Histamine and acute haemorrhagic lesions in rat gastric mucosa: prevention of stress ulcer formation by (+)-catechin, an inhibitor of specific histidine decarboxylase in vitro. Acute haemorrhagic lesions in the oesophagus, stomach and duodenum ('stress ulcers') occur relatively often under clinical conditions and are always dangerous to the patient (lethality rate about 70%). Since conservative and surgical treatment are without significant success up to now, prevention by adaptation to stressors or by administration of drugs seems mandatory. An improved technique for producing acute gastric lesions in rats by immobilization and a new method for assessing this disease in the animals is presented in this communication. High precision is obtained within a single experimental series especially from day to day. Since histamine was suggested to be involved in the pathogenesis of stress ulcer disease, (+)-catechin, a rather specific inhibitor of specific histidine decarboxylase from rat stomach, was tested in immobilized rats. It prevented the formation of acute gastric lesions by 80% in seven series of experiments lasting for half a year. Since the drug has low toxicity in man, it is recommended for clinical trials."}
{"id": "PMID:871095", "title": "Histamine and peptic ulcer disease: histamine methyltransferase activity in gastric mucosa of control subjects and duodenal ulcer patients before and after surgical treatment.", "content": "Histamine methyltransferase (HMT) activity was determined by a modified isotope assay in biopsy specimens from gastric mucosa of control subjects, duodenal ulcer patients and after various gastric operations. Enzymic activity of male control subjects who were 'healthy' with respect to their upper gastrointestinal tract was 70.4 +/- 12.8 pmol/(min x mg protein). In male duodenal ulcer patients HMT-activity was significantly lowered by 15%; following selective vagotomy with pyloroplasty a significant increase of 14% was observed as compared to controls. The difference between values before (59.9 +/- 13.3) and after (80.4 +/- 11.7) this operation was highly significant (p less than 0.001). Experiments in a small number of patients showed that after other modifications of vagotomy elevated HMT-activities were also found, whereas after resection procedures such changes of enzymic activity did not occur. According to these results the low gastric HMT-activity of duodenal ulcer patients could play a role in the pathogenesis of a chronic peptic ulcer by being responsible for reduced histamine inactivation and - as a consequence - enhanced acid secretion. Furthermore, vagotomy seemed to influence acid secretion in human subjects not only by direct effects on the parietal cells, but also by an activation of histamine catabolism. One patient, who despite complete vagotomy showed both no reduction in acid secretion and a low gastric HMT-activity, may be the representative of a new population of peptic ulcer patients.", "contents": "Histamine and peptic ulcer disease: histamine methyltransferase activity in gastric mucosa of control subjects and duodenal ulcer patients before and after surgical treatment. Histamine methyltransferase (HMT) activity was determined by a modified isotope assay in biopsy specimens from gastric mucosa of control subjects, duodenal ulcer patients and after various gastric operations. Enzymic activity of male control subjects who were 'healthy' with respect to their upper gastrointestinal tract was 70.4 +/- 12.8 pmol/(min x mg protein). In male duodenal ulcer patients HMT-activity was significantly lowered by 15%; following selective vagotomy with pyloroplasty a significant increase of 14% was observed as compared to controls. The difference between values before (59.9 +/- 13.3) and after (80.4 +/- 11.7) this operation was highly significant (p less than 0.001). Experiments in a small number of patients showed that after other modifications of vagotomy elevated HMT-activities were also found, whereas after resection procedures such changes of enzymic activity did not occur. According to these results the low gastric HMT-activity of duodenal ulcer patients could play a role in the pathogenesis of a chronic peptic ulcer by being responsible for reduced histamine inactivation and - as a consequence - enhanced acid secretion. Furthermore, vagotomy seemed to influence acid secretion in human subjects not only by direct effects on the parietal cells, but also by an activation of histamine catabolism. One patient, who despite complete vagotomy showed both no reduction in acid secretion and a low gastric HMT-activity, may be the representative of a new population of peptic ulcer patients."}
{"id": "PMID:871096", "title": "Influence of H1- and H2-receptor antagonists on the circulatory system and on the endogenous plasma histamine concentrations in dogs.", "content": "The effects of the H1-receptor antagonist dimethpyrindene and the H2-receptor antagonist burimamide on circulatory and respiratory parameters and on plasma histamine levels were tested in 21 mongrel dogs. Both drugs released histamine. The incidence for this effect was 10/11 in the case of dimethpyrindene and 5/10 in the case of burimamide. Following dimethpyrindene all animals showed arterial hypotension, pulmonal hypertension, decrease in peripheral resistance and hyperventilation. The portal venous pressure was increased in dogs reacting by a histamine release. Following burimamide both an initial arterial hypertension and a subsequent hypotension were observed the latter being more pronounced in the group with histamine release. In this group the portal venous pressure raised considerably. In the non-reacting animals cardiac output was elevated, probably due to a release of catecholamines. It seemed remarkable that the effect of exogenous histamine on portal venous pressure was completely blocked by dimethpyrindene, but not the action of histamine released by the drug itself. It is concluded that the effects of anti-histaminic drugs on possibly histamine-induced physiological and pathophysiological processes should be interpreted very carefully as far as their specificity is concerned.", "contents": "Influence of H1- and H2-receptor antagonists on the circulatory system and on the endogenous plasma histamine concentrations in dogs. The effects of the H1-receptor antagonist dimethpyrindene and the H2-receptor antagonist burimamide on circulatory and respiratory parameters and on plasma histamine levels were tested in 21 mongrel dogs. Both drugs released histamine. The incidence for this effect was 10/11 in the case of dimethpyrindene and 5/10 in the case of burimamide. Following dimethpyrindene all animals showed arterial hypotension, pulmonal hypertension, decrease in peripheral resistance and hyperventilation. The portal venous pressure was increased in dogs reacting by a histamine release. Following burimamide both an initial arterial hypertension and a subsequent hypotension were observed the latter being more pronounced in the group with histamine release. In this group the portal venous pressure raised considerably. In the non-reacting animals cardiac output was elevated, probably due to a release of catecholamines. It seemed remarkable that the effect of exogenous histamine on portal venous pressure was completely blocked by dimethpyrindene, but not the action of histamine released by the drug itself. It is concluded that the effects of anti-histaminic drugs on possibly histamine-induced physiological and pathophysiological processes should be interpreted very carefully as far as their specificity is concerned."}
{"id": "PMID:871097", "title": "The prevalence of angina pectoris and abnormal coronary arteriograms in severe aortic valvular disease.", "content": "In order to relate the frequency of angina pectoris to associated coronary artery disease, 66 consecutive patients with severe aortic valvular disease were studied by cardiac catheterization, including coronary angiography. Angina pectoris was found in 63 per cent of patients with predominant aortic stenosis, 62 per cent with aortic regurgitation, and 67 per cent with mixed disease. Associated coronary artery disease (larger than or equal to 75 per cent luminal stenosis) ranged from 14 to 28 per cent and averaged 20 per cent for the entire group of 66 patients. Only one patient without angina had significant coronary artery stenosis. Our studies indicate that angina pectoris is equally common in all forms of severe aortic valve disease and is usually not associated with significant coronary artery disease.", "contents": "The prevalence of angina pectoris and abnormal coronary arteriograms in severe aortic valvular disease. In order to relate the frequency of angina pectoris to associated coronary artery disease, 66 consecutive patients with severe aortic valvular disease were studied by cardiac catheterization, including coronary angiography. Angina pectoris was found in 63 per cent of patients with predominant aortic stenosis, 62 per cent with aortic regurgitation, and 67 per cent with mixed disease. Associated coronary artery disease (larger than or equal to 75 per cent luminal stenosis) ranged from 14 to 28 per cent and averaged 20 per cent for the entire group of 66 patients. Only one patient without angina had significant coronary artery stenosis. Our studies indicate that angina pectoris is equally common in all forms of severe aortic valve disease and is usually not associated with significant coronary artery disease."}
{"id": "PMID:871098", "title": "Electrocardiographic exercise test in patients with abnormal T waves at rest.", "content": "The results of submaximal ECG exercise test were evaluated in six leads recorded simultaneously in two groups of patients with T-wave abnormalities in one or more of Leads I, II, and V4-6. Group I included 185 patients with documented ischemic heart disease (IHD) and Group II 28 patients in whom IHD appeared unlikely. The test was positive in 88 per cent of patients in Group I and in 4 per cent of patients in Group II. In the majority of patients in both groups the T wave either did not change or became more positive or less negative after exercise. The pattern of exercise-induced T-wave changes was similar in patients with and without IHD, and was influenced predominantly by the physiologic effects of exercise. T-wave normalization after exercise occurred frequently in patients with and without IHD, and in patients with positive and negative exercise tests. Our results suggest that T-wave abnormalities, not caused by hypertrophy, conduction disturbances, drugs, or electrolyte imbalance, do not modify the results of submaximal ECG stress test, and that behavior of T wave after exercise does not alter the interpretation of the postexercise ECG. The independent behavior of the S-T segment and T wave after exercise in consistent with the theory that the S-T segment and the T wave are generated by different components of the ventricular action potential.", "contents": "Electrocardiographic exercise test in patients with abnormal T waves at rest. The results of submaximal ECG exercise test were evaluated in six leads recorded simultaneously in two groups of patients with T-wave abnormalities in one or more of Leads I, II, and V4-6. Group I included 185 patients with documented ischemic heart disease (IHD) and Group II 28 patients in whom IHD appeared unlikely. The test was positive in 88 per cent of patients in Group I and in 4 per cent of patients in Group II. In the majority of patients in both groups the T wave either did not change or became more positive or less negative after exercise. The pattern of exercise-induced T-wave changes was similar in patients with and without IHD, and was influenced predominantly by the physiologic effects of exercise. T-wave normalization after exercise occurred frequently in patients with and without IHD, and in patients with positive and negative exercise tests. Our results suggest that T-wave abnormalities, not caused by hypertrophy, conduction disturbances, drugs, or electrolyte imbalance, do not modify the results of submaximal ECG stress test, and that behavior of T wave after exercise does not alter the interpretation of the postexercise ECG. The independent behavior of the S-T segment and T wave after exercise in consistent with the theory that the S-T segment and the T wave are generated by different components of the ventricular action potential."}
{"id": "PMID:871099", "title": "Arterial thromboembolic complications in patients with Bj\u00f6rk-Shiley and Lillehei-Kaster aortic disc valve prostheses.", "content": "Arterial thromboembolic complications were studied in 196 patients who had either a single Bj\u00f6rk-Shiley or Lillehei-Kaster aortic disc valve implanted. Eight patients suffered from such complications in the course of the first postoperative month and three of them died, two from myocardial infarction and one from cerebral embolism. Nineteen late thromboembolic complications developed in 18 of the 164 patients who survived the postoperative period, the incidence bein 5.9 episodes per 100 patients per year. The two valve types wer found to be equallly thrombogenic, and the rate was not lower than that in patients with Starr-Edwards aortic ball valves of series 2,300 previously studied. Particularly serious was valve malfunction caused by thrombi that limited the movement of the discs. Early recognition of this condition is essential, because the only effective therapy is removal of the thrombus. Three patients with a Bj\u00f6rk-Shiley and one with a Lillehei-Kaster valve suffered this complecation and two died, while cerebral embolism caused a third late death. Two of the three patients who had not received anticoagulants developed thromboembolic complications, while most episodes occurred in spite of well-maintained anti-coagulant treatment. It is concluded that arterial thromboembolic complications remain a considerable problem also after aortic disc valve implantation, and that thrombotic valve malfunction is particularly serious and requires special attention.", "contents": "Arterial thromboembolic complications in patients with Bj\u00f6rk-Shiley and Lillehei-Kaster aortic disc valve prostheses. Arterial thromboembolic complications were studied in 196 patients who had either a single Bj\u00f6rk-Shiley or Lillehei-Kaster aortic disc valve implanted. Eight patients suffered from such complications in the course of the first postoperative month and three of them died, two from myocardial infarction and one from cerebral embolism. Nineteen late thromboembolic complications developed in 18 of the 164 patients who survived the postoperative period, the incidence bein 5.9 episodes per 100 patients per year. The two valve types wer found to be equallly thrombogenic, and the rate was not lower than that in patients with Starr-Edwards aortic ball valves of series 2,300 previously studied. Particularly serious was valve malfunction caused by thrombi that limited the movement of the discs. Early recognition of this condition is essential, because the only effective therapy is removal of the thrombus. Three patients with a Bj\u00f6rk-Shiley and one with a Lillehei-Kaster valve suffered this complecation and two died, while cerebral embolism caused a third late death. Two of the three patients who had not received anticoagulants developed thromboembolic complications, while most episodes occurred in spite of well-maintained anti-coagulant treatment. It is concluded that arterial thromboembolic complications remain a considerable problem also after aortic disc valve implantation, and that thrombotic valve malfunction is particularly serious and requires special attention."}
{"id": "PMID:871100", "title": "Pathology of sinoatrial node. Correlations with electrocardiographic findings in 111 patients.", "content": "Histological study of the sinoatrial node (SAN) was performed in 111 patients in order to estabilsh correlations between the ECG findings and the anatomical lesions. This series includes both patients with sinus rhythm and patients with atrial arrhythmias. The results are as fololows: (a) the amount of nodal cells in the SAN was found to be inversely proportional to the age of the patients (p less than 0.001); (b) normal sinus rhythm was present in some cases with severe fibrosis of the SAN; (c) the present study does not support lesions of the SAN as responsible for atrial fibrillation; (d) chronic sinoatrial block was associated with extensive lesions of the approaches of the AV node or the AV node itself; (e) the auricular tachycardia-bradycardia syndrome was associated in most cases with both lesions of the main feature of the SAN lesion. The pathogenesis of these fibrotic lesions are discussed.", "contents": "Pathology of sinoatrial node. Correlations with electrocardiographic findings in 111 patients. Histological study of the sinoatrial node (SAN) was performed in 111 patients in order to estabilsh correlations between the ECG findings and the anatomical lesions. This series includes both patients with sinus rhythm and patients with atrial arrhythmias. The results are as fololows: (a) the amount of nodal cells in the SAN was found to be inversely proportional to the age of the patients (p less than 0.001); (b) normal sinus rhythm was present in some cases with severe fibrosis of the SAN; (c) the present study does not support lesions of the SAN as responsible for atrial fibrillation; (d) chronic sinoatrial block was associated with extensive lesions of the approaches of the AV node or the AV node itself; (e) the auricular tachycardia-bradycardia syndrome was associated in most cases with both lesions of the main feature of the SAN lesion. The pathogenesis of these fibrotic lesions are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:871101", "title": "Ventricular buckling: a factor in the abnormal ventriculogram and peculiar hemodynamics associated with mitral valve prolapse.", "content": "Because of intractable ventricualr arrhythmias after a near-fatal episode of ventricular fibrillation, a patient with idiopathic mitral valve prolapse was subjected to mitral valve replacement. Vector analysis and intraoperative epicardial mapping localized the ectopic focus to the region of the posterior papillary muscle. The patient is alive and well two years after surgery; chronically inverted T waves have become upright. But propranolol and diphenylhydantoin are needed to prevent arrhythmias and T wave abnormalities during standing and exercise. Preoperatively, with the onset of mitral regurgitation and a second rapid phase of prolapse, the ventriculogram was deformed by abnormal midsystolic hyperkinesis at both sites of papillary muscle insertion. Postoperatively, focal hypokinesis appeared in the same areas, implying that they had been retracted by the prolapsing valve. Preoperatively, a papillary tip could be seen entering the mitral ring while coronary arteriography showed late systolic elongation of a small vessel feeding the anterior papillary muscle, suggesting that the papillary apparatus was indeed subject to damaging stress during the abnormal basal movement. Three other persons with severe mitral prolapse (but intact chordae) have had valve repacement and developed qualitatively similar changes in the ventriculogram. Papillary speciments in two showed significant fibrosis. Indication for operation in one of these was edpisodic ventricular fibrillation, which has not recurred. A spectrum of ventriculographic abnormality associated with mitral prolapse could be partly explained by hypokinesis of the papillary loops, variably disguised by retraction stress tansmitted from the billowing leaflets, translocation of blood into the expanding valve sail, and various degrees of unloading into the left atrium. Abnormal intraventicular flow may probably result from associated prolapse of the anterior leaflet and from buckling of the papillary sties toward the mitral annulus. Unusual physical findings in the operated cases and in eight other patients define a clinically recognizable syndrome in which severe prolapse abbreviates left ventricular ejection. Liability to symptoms and to progression of disease seems high in this group.", "contents": "Ventricular buckling: a factor in the abnormal ventriculogram and peculiar hemodynamics associated with mitral valve prolapse. Because of intractable ventricualr arrhythmias after a near-fatal episode of ventricular fibrillation, a patient with idiopathic mitral valve prolapse was subjected to mitral valve replacement. Vector analysis and intraoperative epicardial mapping localized the ectopic focus to the region of the posterior papillary muscle. The patient is alive and well two years after surgery; chronically inverted T waves have become upright. But propranolol and diphenylhydantoin are needed to prevent arrhythmias and T wave abnormalities during standing and exercise. Preoperatively, with the onset of mitral regurgitation and a second rapid phase of prolapse, the ventriculogram was deformed by abnormal midsystolic hyperkinesis at both sites of papillary muscle insertion. Postoperatively, focal hypokinesis appeared in the same areas, implying that they had been retracted by the prolapsing valve. Preoperatively, a papillary tip could be seen entering the mitral ring while coronary arteriography showed late systolic elongation of a small vessel feeding the anterior papillary muscle, suggesting that the papillary apparatus was indeed subject to damaging stress during the abnormal basal movement. Three other persons with severe mitral prolapse (but intact chordae) have had valve repacement and developed qualitatively similar changes in the ventriculogram. Papillary speciments in two showed significant fibrosis. Indication for operation in one of these was edpisodic ventricular fibrillation, which has not recurred. A spectrum of ventriculographic abnormality associated with mitral prolapse could be partly explained by hypokinesis of the papillary loops, variably disguised by retraction stress tansmitted from the billowing leaflets, translocation of blood into the expanding valve sail, and various degrees of unloading into the left atrium. Abnormal intraventicular flow may probably result from associated prolapse of the anterior leaflet and from buckling of the papillary sties toward the mitral annulus. Unusual physical findings in the operated cases and in eight other patients define a clinically recognizable syndrome in which severe prolapse abbreviates left ventricular ejection. Liability to symptoms and to progression of disease seems high in this group."}
{"id": "PMID:871102", "title": "Double ventricular parasystole: intermittency and its relation to re-entrant premature beats.", "content": "Critical analysis of a case of double ventricular parasystole revealed that one parasystolic focus manifested complete protection, whereas the second focus appeared to be intermittent, protected from sinus and other impulse formation both early, as well as late, in the parasystolic cycle. The zone of protection failure, during which extrinsic impulses could penetrate into the parasystolic focus and discharge it, is observed between these early and late phases of protection. When the intermittent parasystolic focus is challenged by the other parasystolic beat, this zone is much wider and is located later in the cycle than the sinus beat. According to this observation, it is supposed that the intermittent parasystolic focus, in this case, is anatomically surrounded by two types of fibers, each showing different degrees of phase 3 and phase 4 block. The fibers located between the major fascicles and the intermittent parasystolic focus may have a shorter phase 3 and a less steep phase 4 depolarization than those located between two parasystolic foci. It is also demonstrated that during the phase 4 depolarization in these fibers around the focus, concealed conduction into this area by the sinus beat evoked exit delay of the parasystolic impulse, resulting in prolongation of the next parasystolic cycle. In this situation, a re-entry movement around the focus was predicted and, as expected, a re-entrant bigeminy coupled with the parasystolic rhythm was observed.", "contents": "Double ventricular parasystole: intermittency and its relation to re-entrant premature beats. Critical analysis of a case of double ventricular parasystole revealed that one parasystolic focus manifested complete protection, whereas the second focus appeared to be intermittent, protected from sinus and other impulse formation both early, as well as late, in the parasystolic cycle. The zone of protection failure, during which extrinsic impulses could penetrate into the parasystolic focus and discharge it, is observed between these early and late phases of protection. When the intermittent parasystolic focus is challenged by the other parasystolic beat, this zone is much wider and is located later in the cycle than the sinus beat. According to this observation, it is supposed that the intermittent parasystolic focus, in this case, is anatomically surrounded by two types of fibers, each showing different degrees of phase 3 and phase 4 block. The fibers located between the major fascicles and the intermittent parasystolic focus may have a shorter phase 3 and a less steep phase 4 depolarization than those located between two parasystolic foci. It is also demonstrated that during the phase 4 depolarization in these fibers around the focus, concealed conduction into this area by the sinus beat evoked exit delay of the parasystolic impulse, resulting in prolongation of the next parasystolic cycle. In this situation, a re-entry movement around the focus was predicted and, as expected, a re-entrant bigeminy coupled with the parasystolic rhythm was observed."}
{"id": "PMID:871103", "title": "Survey of effects of variety and growing location of cotton on cardroom dust composition.", "content": "Electrostatically precipitated respirable dusts from six major U.S. varieties and growing areas were analyzed. From 81-95% by weight, was under 15 micronm diameter. Composition was affected more by growing location than by variety. Dusts contained 16-28% ash, 8-9% moisture, and 62-76% organic matter, including 16-31% protein and 2-12% cellulose. Inorganic composition reflected soil type and minerals. Major elements were silicon, calcium, potassium, phosphorus, magnesium, and aluminum. Infrared spectra of dusts resembled proteins, but water extract spectra did not. Possible implications concerning byssinosis are discussed.", "contents": "Survey of effects of variety and growing location of cotton on cardroom dust composition. Electrostatically precipitated respirable dusts from six major U.S. varieties and growing areas were analyzed. From 81-95% by weight, was under 15 micronm diameter. Composition was affected more by growing location than by variety. Dusts contained 16-28% ash, 8-9% moisture, and 62-76% organic matter, including 16-31% protein and 2-12% cellulose. Inorganic composition reflected soil type and minerals. Major elements were silicon, calcium, potassium, phosphorus, magnesium, and aluminum. Infrared spectra of dusts resembled proteins, but water extract spectra did not. Possible implications concerning byssinosis are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:871104", "title": "Effect of whole-body vibration in combined axes and with noise on subjective evaluation of ride quality.", "content": "The effects on ratings of ride quality of discomfort produced by complex vibration and noise stimuli were investigated. The initial study examined effects of simultaneous vibration in the vertical and lateral axes in a simulated passenger aircraft. The second study examined the effects of simultaneously presented vertical vibration and noise stimuli. In both studies the components of complex stimuli were found to combine their effects at low levels of stimulation but to act separately at higher levels.", "contents": "Effect of whole-body vibration in combined axes and with noise on subjective evaluation of ride quality. The effects on ratings of ride quality of discomfort produced by complex vibration and noise stimuli were investigated. The initial study examined effects of simultaneous vibration in the vertical and lateral axes in a simulated passenger aircraft. The second study examined the effects of simultaneously presented vertical vibration and noise stimuli. In both studies the components of complex stimuli were found to combine their effects at low levels of stimulation but to act separately at higher levels."}
{"id": "PMID:871105", "title": "Enhanced diagnostic power of exercise testing for myocardial ischemia by addition of postexercise left ventricular ejection time.", "content": "To improve both the sensitivity and specificity of the multistage treadmill test, postexercise systolic time intervals were prospectively studied in 73 patients with angina-like chest pain and normal resting ST-T segments. The decision to perform coronary angiography was made independent of the exercise test. Twenty-three patients had normal coronary arteries and 50 had more than 50 percent reduction of luminal diameter of one or more major coronary arteries. The systolic time intervals were measured before and 2,4,6,8 and 10 minutes after exercise. Of all the systolic time intervals, the 4 minute postexercise left ventricular ejection time proved most discriminating between normal subjects and those with coronary artery disease. The deviations of this interval from the normal regression with heart rate both before and after exercise were used to calculate the net delta left ventricular ejection time after exercise. A net increase of more than 31 msec represented 2 standard deviations above normal. Twenty-three (46 percent) of the patients with coronary artery disease had an abnormal net delta ejection time after exercise. Twenty-five (50 percent) had a positive electrocardiographic response with a 9 percent false positive rate. Thirteen (26 percent) had only a positive postexercise net delta ejection time so that a total of 76 percent of patients with coronary artery disease were identified. Thus, measurement of the postexercise net delta ejection time a simple and useful adjunct to multistage treadmill testing.", "contents": "Enhanced diagnostic power of exercise testing for myocardial ischemia by addition of postexercise left ventricular ejection time. To improve both the sensitivity and specificity of the multistage treadmill test, postexercise systolic time intervals were prospectively studied in 73 patients with angina-like chest pain and normal resting ST-T segments. The decision to perform coronary angiography was made independent of the exercise test. Twenty-three patients had normal coronary arteries and 50 had more than 50 percent reduction of luminal diameter of one or more major coronary arteries. The systolic time intervals were measured before and 2,4,6,8 and 10 minutes after exercise. Of all the systolic time intervals, the 4 minute postexercise left ventricular ejection time proved most discriminating between normal subjects and those with coronary artery disease. The deviations of this interval from the normal regression with heart rate both before and after exercise were used to calculate the net delta left ventricular ejection time after exercise. A net increase of more than 31 msec represented 2 standard deviations above normal. Twenty-three (46 percent) of the patients with coronary artery disease had an abnormal net delta ejection time after exercise. Twenty-five (50 percent) had a positive electrocardiographic response with a 9 percent false positive rate. Thirteen (26 percent) had only a positive postexercise net delta ejection time so that a total of 76 percent of patients with coronary artery disease were identified. Thus, measurement of the postexercise net delta ejection time a simple and useful adjunct to multistage treadmill testing."}
{"id": "PMID:871106", "title": "Hemodynamics at rest and during supine and sitting bicycle exercise in patients with coronary artery disease.", "content": "To access left ventricular function and compare pulmonary capillary wedge pressure and left ventricular end-diastolic pressure in the supine and sitting positions, 20 men with angina pectoris secondary to coronary artery disease underwent hemodynamic studies at rest and during exercise in the two positions. At rest the values for cardiac index, stroke index, systolic ejection rate index and left ventricular stroke work index were lower in the sitting position; heart rate, left ventricular end-diastolic pressure and pulmonary capillary wedge pressure were similar in the two positions. All patients experienced angina during both exercise periods. At angina during supine exercise, stroke index, systolic ejection rate index and left ventricular stroke work index did not increase significantly from the resting values. In contrast, during sitting exercise, significant increases in these variables were observed. Comparison of data during exercise revealed higher values for heart rate, mean systemic pressure, cardiac index, systolic ejection rate index, left ventricular stroke work index and rate-pressure product and lower values for mean pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (20 +/- 3 versus 27 +/- 3 [mean +/- standard error of the mean] mm Hg, P is less than 0.001), and left ventricular end-diastolic pressure (24+/- 3 versus 31 +/- 3 mm Hg, P is less than 0.02) in the sitting position; stroke index and S-T segment depression were similar during the two exercise periods. Four patients had insignificant increases in left ventricular filling pressure during both exercise periods. Of the 16 patients with abnormal left ventricular filling pressure during supine exercise, only 10 had a similar response during exercise in the sitting position. There was a good correlation between left ventricular end-diastolic pressure and mean pulmonary capillary wedge pressure at rest and during exercise in the two postures.", "contents": "Hemodynamics at rest and during supine and sitting bicycle exercise in patients with coronary artery disease. To access left ventricular function and compare pulmonary capillary wedge pressure and left ventricular end-diastolic pressure in the supine and sitting positions, 20 men with angina pectoris secondary to coronary artery disease underwent hemodynamic studies at rest and during exercise in the two positions. At rest the values for cardiac index, stroke index, systolic ejection rate index and left ventricular stroke work index were lower in the sitting position; heart rate, left ventricular end-diastolic pressure and pulmonary capillary wedge pressure were similar in the two positions. All patients experienced angina during both exercise periods. At angina during supine exercise, stroke index, systolic ejection rate index and left ventricular stroke work index did not increase significantly from the resting values. In contrast, during sitting exercise, significant increases in these variables were observed. Comparison of data during exercise revealed higher values for heart rate, mean systemic pressure, cardiac index, systolic ejection rate index, left ventricular stroke work index and rate-pressure product and lower values for mean pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (20 +/- 3 versus 27 +/- 3 [mean +/- standard error of the mean] mm Hg, P is less than 0.001), and left ventricular end-diastolic pressure (24+/- 3 versus 31 +/- 3 mm Hg, P is less than 0.02) in the sitting position; stroke index and S-T segment depression were similar during the two exercise periods. Four patients had insignificant increases in left ventricular filling pressure during both exercise periods. Of the 16 patients with abnormal left ventricular filling pressure during supine exercise, only 10 had a similar response during exercise in the sitting position. There was a good correlation between left ventricular end-diastolic pressure and mean pulmonary capillary wedge pressure at rest and during exercise in the two postures."}
{"id": "PMID:871107", "title": "Increased pulmonary vascular resistance with systemic hypertension. Effect of minoxidil and other antihypertensive agents.", "content": "Recent case reports suggest that pulmonary hypertension could be caused by minoxidil, a new potent vasodilating antihypertensive drug. Therefore, we evaluated the incidence and severity of pulmonary hypertension in 110 patients with systemic hypertension. Fourteen patients were treated with minoxidil for 2 to 35 months (mean 19.9 months), 15 were treated with no drugs, and the remaining 81 patients received conventional antihypertensive agents of several types. Pulmonary vascular resistance correlated positively (P is less than 0.05) with systemic vascular resistance. Minoxidil-treated patients with hypertension previously refractory to conventional therapy had slightly lower pulmonary vascular resistance than other hypertensive subjects. There was no correlation between pulmonary vascular resistance and duration of minoxidil therapy or other types of antihypertensive regimens. The positive correlation between pulmonary and systemic vascular resistance suggests the possibility of a causal hypertension relation in the two vascular beds.", "contents": "Increased pulmonary vascular resistance with systemic hypertension. Effect of minoxidil and other antihypertensive agents. Recent case reports suggest that pulmonary hypertension could be caused by minoxidil, a new potent vasodilating antihypertensive drug. Therefore, we evaluated the incidence and severity of pulmonary hypertension in 110 patients with systemic hypertension. Fourteen patients were treated with minoxidil for 2 to 35 months (mean 19.9 months), 15 were treated with no drugs, and the remaining 81 patients received conventional antihypertensive agents of several types. Pulmonary vascular resistance correlated positively (P is less than 0.05) with systemic vascular resistance. Minoxidil-treated patients with hypertension previously refractory to conventional therapy had slightly lower pulmonary vascular resistance than other hypertensive subjects. There was no correlation between pulmonary vascular resistance and duration of minoxidil therapy or other types of antihypertensive regimens. The positive correlation between pulmonary and systemic vascular resistance suggests the possibility of a causal hypertension relation in the two vascular beds."}
{"id": "PMID:871108", "title": "Identification of sudden death risk factors in acute and chronic coronary artery disease.", "content": "Because of their potential role in the pathogenesis of sudden death, cardiac arrhythmias in patients with coronary artery disease have become the subject of increasing concern and investigation. A series of studies on the problem of ventricular ectopy as it relates to the entire spectrum of sudden death in coronary disease were carried out utilizing continuous portable electrocardiographic monitoring systems. Evaluation of arrthymias during the entire 3 week in-hospital period after acute myocardial infarction in 83 patients revealed that absence of premature ventricular contractions, including their serious forms (multifocal, paired, R on T phenomenon, frequency 5/min or greater) and ventricular tachycardia in the coronary care unit did not exclude their high incidence rate (premature ventricular contractions 30 percent, serious forms 41 percent, ventricular tachycardia 6 percent) in the late hospital phase. Because late hospital serious forms of ventricular ectopy correlated with arterial hypoxia and elevated left ventricular filling pressure in the coronary care unit and with persistent S-T abnormalities, the extent of left ventricular dysfunction and ischemia with acute myocardial infarction appeared precursors to these arrhythmias. Study of ventricular ectopy in the late hospital phase of acute myocardial infarction indicated that ventricular ectopy and particularly its serious forms and prognostic significance relative to subsequent sudden death after discharge; the extent of predischarge S-T segment alterations was greater in subjects who died suddenly than in survivors, suggesting that persistent ischemia or segmental dyssynergy, or both, predisposed to lethal arrhythmias. Among 86 patients with chronic coronary disease documented by catheterizerization, 87 percent had ventricular ectopy and 62 percent serious ventricular arrhythmias, in contrast to 34 percent and 9 percent, respectively in normal subjects; frequency of serious forms of ventricular ectopy was related to extent of coronary atherosclerosis. Correlation of standard electrocardiograms with continuous Holter electrocardiograms in 101 patients with chronic coronary disease over 24 months revealed that the former modality was insensitive in arrhythmia detection; patients free of ventricular ectopy by serial standard electrocardiograms had a 62 percent incidence rate of serious forms of ventricular ectopy and 6 percent ventricular tachycardia on portable continuous monitoring. Additional studies of patients with chronic coronary disease showed that assessment of both the type of ventricular ectopy and the setting in which it occurs provides the most meaningful characterization of risk of sudden death. These systematic series of observations identify premature ventricular ectopic beats as important and separate risk factors in coronary disease...", "contents": "Identification of sudden death risk factors in acute and chronic coronary artery disease. Because of their potential role in the pathogenesis of sudden death, cardiac arrhythmias in patients with coronary artery disease have become the subject of increasing concern and investigation. A series of studies on the problem of ventricular ectopy as it relates to the entire spectrum of sudden death in coronary disease were carried out utilizing continuous portable electrocardiographic monitoring systems. Evaluation of arrthymias during the entire 3 week in-hospital period after acute myocardial infarction in 83 patients revealed that absence of premature ventricular contractions, including their serious forms (multifocal, paired, R on T phenomenon, frequency 5/min or greater) and ventricular tachycardia in the coronary care unit did not exclude their high incidence rate (premature ventricular contractions 30 percent, serious forms 41 percent, ventricular tachycardia 6 percent) in the late hospital phase. Because late hospital serious forms of ventricular ectopy correlated with arterial hypoxia and elevated left ventricular filling pressure in the coronary care unit and with persistent S-T abnormalities, the extent of left ventricular dysfunction and ischemia with acute myocardial infarction appeared precursors to these arrhythmias. Study of ventricular ectopy in the late hospital phase of acute myocardial infarction indicated that ventricular ectopy and particularly its serious forms and prognostic significance relative to subsequent sudden death after discharge; the extent of predischarge S-T segment alterations was greater in subjects who died suddenly than in survivors, suggesting that persistent ischemia or segmental dyssynergy, or both, predisposed to lethal arrhythmias. Among 86 patients with chronic coronary disease documented by catheterizerization, 87 percent had ventricular ectopy and 62 percent serious ventricular arrhythmias, in contrast to 34 percent and 9 percent, respectively in normal subjects; frequency of serious forms of ventricular ectopy was related to extent of coronary atherosclerosis. Correlation of standard electrocardiograms with continuous Holter electrocardiograms in 101 patients with chronic coronary disease over 24 months revealed that the former modality was insensitive in arrhythmia detection; patients free of ventricular ectopy by serial standard electrocardiograms had a 62 percent incidence rate of serious forms of ventricular ectopy and 6 percent ventricular tachycardia on portable continuous monitoring. Additional studies of patients with chronic coronary disease showed that assessment of both the type of ventricular ectopy and the setting in which it occurs provides the most meaningful characterization of risk of sudden death. These systematic series of observations identify premature ventricular ectopic beats as important and separate risk factors in coronary disease..."}
{"id": "PMID:871109", "title": "Noninvasive predictors of sudden cardiac death in men with coronary heart disease. Predictive value of maximal stress testing.", "content": "In a follow-up study of 1,852 men with coronary heart disease, 195 deaths occurred within the first 3 years (33 +/- 13 months [mean +/- standard deviation]). Analysis of these cases indicated that the risk of sudden cardiac death in ambulatory men with clinical manifestations of coronary heart disease may be readily estimated from noninvasive clinical and exercise criteria. The important predictors are indexes of the severity of coronary heart disease and impairment of peak left ventricular function demonstrated with symptom-limited maximal exercise. The advantages of these predictors are that they may be elicited on the initial study as well as on follow-up noninvasive examinations of ambulatory patients. The appearance of nonelectrocardiographic predictors in serial examinations may provide an indication for invasive studies and be a more important finding than the ischemic S-T reponse to exertion.", "contents": "Noninvasive predictors of sudden cardiac death in men with coronary heart disease. Predictive value of maximal stress testing. In a follow-up study of 1,852 men with coronary heart disease, 195 deaths occurred within the first 3 years (33 +/- 13 months [mean +/- standard deviation]). Analysis of these cases indicated that the risk of sudden cardiac death in ambulatory men with clinical manifestations of coronary heart disease may be readily estimated from noninvasive clinical and exercise criteria. The important predictors are indexes of the severity of coronary heart disease and impairment of peak left ventricular function demonstrated with symptom-limited maximal exercise. The advantages of these predictors are that they may be elicited on the initial study as well as on follow-up noninvasive examinations of ambulatory patients. The appearance of nonelectrocardiographic predictors in serial examinations may provide an indication for invasive studies and be a more important finding than the ischemic S-T reponse to exertion."}
{"id": "PMID:871110", "title": "Variations in and significance of systolic pressure during maximal exercise (treadmill) testing.", "content": "Variations in clinical  noninvasive systolic pressure at the point of symptom-limited exercise on a treadmill were examined in six groups of subjects: 5,459 men and 749 women classified into three categories each. Among the men, 2,532 were asymptomatic healthy, 592 were hypertensive and 1,586 had clinical manifestations of coronary heart disease (that is, typical angina pectoris, prior myocardial infarction or sudden cardiac arrest with resuscitation). Among the women, 244, 158 and 347 were in the corresponding clinical categories. None had had cardiac surgery; all had follow-up status ascertained by periodic mail questionnaires. Reported deaths were reviewed and classified by three cardiologists; 140 deaths were attributed to coronary heart disease, 118 of them in the men classified as having coronary heart disease. The majority of maximal systolic blood pressure readings were reported to the nearest centimeter rather than millimeter of pressure. Retesting of 156 persons from 1 to 32 months later showed that pressure values agreed within 10 percent in two thirds, the overall mean difference was only 8.6 mm Hg and the correlation at maximal exercise was superior to that of the resting observations just before exercise. Hypertensive patients had a significantly greater body weight than normotensive persons. Among men, the lowest maximal systolic pressure was observed in the group with coronary heart disease; among women, the lowest mean pressure was found in the healthy group. Patients with coronary heart disease were slightly older, and only the women showed a significant correlation in maximal pressure with age. Only 5 percent of the variation in maximal systolic pressure in the patients with coronary heart disease was due to a shortened duration of exercise. Maximal systolic pressures correlated fairly well (r equals 0.46 to 0.68 for the various groups) with resting systolic pressure, and this relation was independent of the diagnosis of cardiovascular disease in both men and women. Relations between pressure and the number of stenotic coronary arteries and imparied ejection fraction at rest were examined in 22 men without and 182 men with coronary artery disease. Lower maximal systolic pressures were often associated with two or three vessel disease or reduced ejection fraction, or both. The prognostic value of maximal systolic pressure for subsequent death due to coronary heart disease was examined in the men with coronary heart disease. The annual rate of sudden cardiac death decreased from 97.9 per 1,000 men to 25.3 and 6.6 per 1,000 men as the range of maximal systolic pressure increased from less than 140 to 140 to 199 and to 200 mm Hg or more, respectively. Cardiomegaly, Q waves in the resting electrocardiogram and persistent postexertional S-T depression were more common in men with the lowest systolic pressure at maximal exercise.", "contents": "Variations in and significance of systolic pressure during maximal exercise (treadmill) testing. Variations in clinical  noninvasive systolic pressure at the point of symptom-limited exercise on a treadmill were examined in six groups of subjects: 5,459 men and 749 women classified into three categories each. Among the men, 2,532 were asymptomatic healthy, 592 were hypertensive and 1,586 had clinical manifestations of coronary heart disease (that is, typical angina pectoris, prior myocardial infarction or sudden cardiac arrest with resuscitation). Among the women, 244, 158 and 347 were in the corresponding clinical categories. None had had cardiac surgery; all had follow-up status ascertained by periodic mail questionnaires. Reported deaths were reviewed and classified by three cardiologists; 140 deaths were attributed to coronary heart disease, 118 of them in the men classified as having coronary heart disease. The majority of maximal systolic blood pressure readings were reported to the nearest centimeter rather than millimeter of pressure. Retesting of 156 persons from 1 to 32 months later showed that pressure values agreed within 10 percent in two thirds, the overall mean difference was only 8.6 mm Hg and the correlation at maximal exercise was superior to that of the resting observations just before exercise. Hypertensive patients had a significantly greater body weight than normotensive persons. Among men, the lowest maximal systolic pressure was observed in the group with coronary heart disease; among women, the lowest mean pressure was found in the healthy group. Patients with coronary heart disease were slightly older, and only the women showed a significant correlation in maximal pressure with age. Only 5 percent of the variation in maximal systolic pressure in the patients with coronary heart disease was due to a shortened duration of exercise. Maximal systolic pressures correlated fairly well (r equals 0.46 to 0.68 for the various groups) with resting systolic pressure, and this relation was independent of the diagnosis of cardiovascular disease in both men and women. Relations between pressure and the number of stenotic coronary arteries and imparied ejection fraction at rest were examined in 22 men without and 182 men with coronary artery disease. Lower maximal systolic pressures were often associated with two or three vessel disease or reduced ejection fraction, or both. The prognostic value of maximal systolic pressure for subsequent death due to coronary heart disease was examined in the men with coronary heart disease. The annual rate of sudden cardiac death decreased from 97.9 per 1,000 men to 25.3 and 6.6 per 1,000 men as the range of maximal systolic pressure increased from less than 140 to 140 to 199 and to 200 mm Hg or more, respectively. Cardiomegaly, Q waves in the resting electrocardiogram and persistent postexertional S-T depression were more common in men with the lowest systolic pressure at maximal exercise."}
{"id": "PMID:871111", "title": "Myocardial imaging and radionuclide angiography in survivors of sudden cardiac death due to to ventricular fibrillation: preliminary report.", "content": "Twenty-one long-term survivors of out of hospital sudden cardiac death due to ventricular fibrillation underwent radionuclide angiography and myocardial imaging with thallium-201. In 13 patients images were obtained at rest and after maximal treadmill exercise; 11 of these 13 (85 percent) had an image defect in one or both studies. Eleven of the 21 patients (52 percent) had a defect in the image obtained at rest. The magnitude of myocardial image defects was typically great; some patients had an image abnormality without other clinical evidence (angina, S-T depression) of ischemia. The mean ejection fraction, assessed in 16 patients with radionuclide angiography, was 0.41 +/- 0.15 (standard deviation); in 5 of the 16 ejection fraction was normal (more than 0.50) and in 3 it was severely abnormal (less than 0.25). Thus, noninvasive radionuclide studies defined a broad spectrum of ischemic and ventriculographic abnormalities in survivors of sudden cardiac death. Further application of these noninvasive studies may identify those at high risk.", "contents": "Myocardial imaging and radionuclide angiography in survivors of sudden cardiac death due to to ventricular fibrillation: preliminary report. Twenty-one long-term survivors of out of hospital sudden cardiac death due to ventricular fibrillation underwent radionuclide angiography and myocardial imaging with thallium-201. In 13 patients images were obtained at rest and after maximal treadmill exercise; 11 of these 13 (85 percent) had an image defect in one or both studies. Eleven of the 21 patients (52 percent) had a defect in the image obtained at rest. The magnitude of myocardial image defects was typically great; some patients had an image abnormality without other clinical evidence (angina, S-T depression) of ischemia. The mean ejection fraction, assessed in 16 patients with radionuclide angiography, was 0.41 +/- 0.15 (standard deviation); in 5 of the 16 ejection fraction was normal (more than 0.50) and in 3 it was severely abnormal (less than 0.25). Thus, noninvasive radionuclide studies defined a broad spectrum of ischemic and ventriculographic abnormalities in survivors of sudden cardiac death. Further application of these noninvasive studies may identify those at high risk."}
{"id": "PMID:871112", "title": "Biologic and psychosocial risk factors of sudden death from coronary disease in white women.", "content": "The relation of the risk of sudden death from arteriosclerotic heart disease to psychosocial and biologic factors was studied retrospectively in 64 white women who died suddenly of arteriosclerotic heart disease and in 64 age-related neighborhood control women. All sudden deaths occurred outside the hospital within 24 hours of the onset of symptoms in women who were not incapacitated before death. Women who died suddenly were less often married, exhibited more educational incongruity with their spouses and had fewer children than the control population. Twelve of the 64 women who died suddenly of heart disease and none of the control women had a definite history of psychiatric treatment. The women who died suddenly also smoked more cigarette and consumed greater quantities of alcoholic beverages than age-matched neighborhood control women. Multiple regression analysis revealed that history of psychiatric illness, cigarette smoking, alcohol consumption, educational incongruity and number of children contributed significantly to differences between women who died suddenly of heart disease and control subjects.", "contents": "Biologic and psychosocial risk factors of sudden death from coronary disease in white women. The relation of the risk of sudden death from arteriosclerotic heart disease to psychosocial and biologic factors was studied retrospectively in 64 white women who died suddenly of arteriosclerotic heart disease and in 64 age-related neighborhood control women. All sudden deaths occurred outside the hospital within 24 hours of the onset of symptoms in women who were not incapacitated before death. Women who died suddenly were less often married, exhibited more educational incongruity with their spouses and had fewer children than the control population. Twelve of the 64 women who died suddenly of heart disease and none of the control women had a definite history of psychiatric treatment. The women who died suddenly also smoked more cigarette and consumed greater quantities of alcoholic beverages than age-matched neighborhood control women. Multiple regression analysis revealed that history of psychiatric illness, cigarette smoking, alcohol consumption, educational incongruity and number of children contributed significantly to differences between women who died suddenly of heart disease and control subjects."}
{"id": "PMID:871113", "title": "Pathology of the heart in sudden cardiac death.", "content": "Clinical and pathologic changes in 87 patients who could not be resuscitated from an episode of sudden cardiovascular collapse are described and compared with observations from patients in the same community who were successfully resuscitated from ventricular fibrillation. Findings in patients who died suddenly generally did not differ when the patients were groups by electrocardiographic rhythm on arrival of the mobile coronary aid unit. The pathologic changes of acute thrombosis and recent myocardial infarction did not occur with sufficient frequency in the entire group to be considered causally related to the sudden collapse, occurring in 10 and 5 percent of cases, respectively. Although most patients had evidence of obstructive coronary disease and old myocardial infarction, 8 percent had no significant vascular disease, acute thrombosis, myocarditis or valve disease that might be implicated as a factor in sudden death. There was no relation between age and severity of obstructive coronary disease or frequency of old myocardial infarction in patients who died suddenly. Complete atherosclerotic occlusion in one or more coronary vessels occurred in 51 of 87 (59 percent) and old myocardial infarction in 48 of 87 (55 percent). Although the mean age of this autopsy population was similar to that of all patients in the community who have had ventricular fibrillation on arrival of the aid unit, the nonsurvivors had a greater incidence of myocardial infarction and symptomatic heart disease (73 of 87) than did survivors. Comparison of this autopsy group with persons from the community who were resuscitated from ventricular fibrillation and subsequently had coronary angiograms indicates that the severity of coronary stenosis does not distinguish between survivors and nonsurvivors of an episode of ventricular fibrillation and suggests that other factors influence the outcome of an episode of ventricular fibrillation.", "contents": "Pathology of the heart in sudden cardiac death. Clinical and pathologic changes in 87 patients who could not be resuscitated from an episode of sudden cardiovascular collapse are described and compared with observations from patients in the same community who were successfully resuscitated from ventricular fibrillation. Findings in patients who died suddenly generally did not differ when the patients were groups by electrocardiographic rhythm on arrival of the mobile coronary aid unit. The pathologic changes of acute thrombosis and recent myocardial infarction did not occur with sufficient frequency in the entire group to be considered causally related to the sudden collapse, occurring in 10 and 5 percent of cases, respectively. Although most patients had evidence of obstructive coronary disease and old myocardial infarction, 8 percent had no significant vascular disease, acute thrombosis, myocarditis or valve disease that might be implicated as a factor in sudden death. There was no relation between age and severity of obstructive coronary disease or frequency of old myocardial infarction in patients who died suddenly. Complete atherosclerotic occlusion in one or more coronary vessels occurred in 51 of 87 (59 percent) and old myocardial infarction in 48 of 87 (55 percent). Although the mean age of this autopsy population was similar to that of all patients in the community who have had ventricular fibrillation on arrival of the aid unit, the nonsurvivors had a greater incidence of myocardial infarction and symptomatic heart disease (73 of 87) than did survivors. Comparison of this autopsy group with persons from the community who were resuscitated from ventricular fibrillation and subsequently had coronary angiograms indicates that the severity of coronary stenosis does not distinguish between survivors and nonsurvivors of an episode of ventricular fibrillation and suggests that other factors influence the outcome of an episode of ventricular fibrillation."}
{"id": "PMID:871114", "title": "Management of patients with malignant ventricular arrhythmias.", "content": "The patient with recurrent malignant ventricular arrhythmias (ventricular fibrillation or ventricular tachycardia with syncope) presents a complex therapeutic problem. To examine this problem, a study was made of 43 consecutive patients with such arrhythmias (mean age 54 years for the 33 men and 43 years for the 10 women). Arrhythmias were not precipitated by either remediable clinical conditions or acute myocardial infarction. The population was divided into two nonrandomized groups based on the type of therapeutic intervention employed. The 26 patients in Group 1 (20 with ventricular fibrillation, 6 with ventricular tachycardia) were subjected to a systematic attempt to select two independently effective antiarrhythmic drugs. Acute drug testing was followed by drug usage over 48 to 72 hours with drug efficacy determined with use of ambulatory monitoring and exercise stress. The 17 patients in Group 2 (10 with ventricular fibrillation, 7 with ventricular tachycardia) received standard antiarrhythmic therapy based on clinical factors and \"therapeutic\" blood drug concentrations. Twenty-four of 26 patients in Group 1 (92 percent) demonstrated control of arrhythmias and are alive at a mean follow-up period of 17 months. Of 121 drug tests, 47 (39 percent) were effective, 58 (48 percent) were ineffective and 16 (13 percent) provoked major adverse effects. The most effective combination of drugs involved a beta adrenergic blocking agent, a cardiac glycoside and quinidine. Ten of 17 patients in Group 2 (59 percent) have died after a mean follow-up period of 14.8 months. Elements of a successful management program are outlined.", "contents": "Management of patients with malignant ventricular arrhythmias. The patient with recurrent malignant ventricular arrhythmias (ventricular fibrillation or ventricular tachycardia with syncope) presents a complex therapeutic problem. To examine this problem, a study was made of 43 consecutive patients with such arrhythmias (mean age 54 years for the 33 men and 43 years for the 10 women). Arrhythmias were not precipitated by either remediable clinical conditions or acute myocardial infarction. The population was divided into two nonrandomized groups based on the type of therapeutic intervention employed. The 26 patients in Group 1 (20 with ventricular fibrillation, 6 with ventricular tachycardia) were subjected to a systematic attempt to select two independently effective antiarrhythmic drugs. Acute drug testing was followed by drug usage over 48 to 72 hours with drug efficacy determined with use of ambulatory monitoring and exercise stress. The 17 patients in Group 2 (10 with ventricular fibrillation, 7 with ventricular tachycardia) received standard antiarrhythmic therapy based on clinical factors and \"therapeutic\" blood drug concentrations. Twenty-four of 26 patients in Group 1 (92 percent) demonstrated control of arrhythmias and are alive at a mean follow-up period of 17 months. Of 121 drug tests, 47 (39 percent) were effective, 58 (48 percent) were ineffective and 16 (13 percent) provoked major adverse effects. The most effective combination of drugs involved a beta adrenergic blocking agent, a cardiac glycoside and quinidine. Ten of 17 patients in Group 2 (59 percent) have died after a mean follow-up period of 14.8 months. Elements of a successful management program are outlined."}
{"id": "PMID:871115", "title": "Canine exocrine pancreatic secretory changes induced by an intragastric ethanol test meal.", "content": "In five dogs with chronic gastric fistulas (Thomas cannula) and a new type of chronic pancreatic fistula which permits collection of pure nonactivated pancreatic juice after ingestion of a test meal, the following series of experiments were performed: In the first series, a test meal (400 gm. canned dog meat) was given with 200 ml. saline simultaneously infused through the gastric cannula. In response to this stimulus, the 20-minute peak pancreatic flow rate and bicarbonate output were respectively 33% and 34%, of the maximal secretion of the pancreatic gland obtained with secretin in six control dogs provided with gastric and the classical Thomas duodenal fistula. The 20-minute peak protein output represented 84% of the maximal secretory capacity attained with dose-response curves to CCK in the same group of control animals. In the second series either 1.5 or 2.0 gm./kg. ethanol were given instead of saline. Intragastric ethanol induced a dissociation of pancreatic secretion: a significant inhibition of flow rate, of bicarbonate concentration and output and a significant rise of protein concentration; protein output remaining unchanged. It is postulated that ethanol, acting on the stomach and duodenojejunum, evokes, independently of its gastrin-releasing capacity, and unknown humoral or nervous mechanism that counteracts the ethanol-elicited cholinergic-mediated inhibition of pancreatic protein secretion which has been previously described.", "contents": "Canine exocrine pancreatic secretory changes induced by an intragastric ethanol test meal. In five dogs with chronic gastric fistulas (Thomas cannula) and a new type of chronic pancreatic fistula which permits collection of pure nonactivated pancreatic juice after ingestion of a test meal, the following series of experiments were performed: In the first series, a test meal (400 gm. canned dog meat) was given with 200 ml. saline simultaneously infused through the gastric cannula. In response to this stimulus, the 20-minute peak pancreatic flow rate and bicarbonate output were respectively 33% and 34%, of the maximal secretion of the pancreatic gland obtained with secretin in six control dogs provided with gastric and the classical Thomas duodenal fistula. The 20-minute peak protein output represented 84% of the maximal secretory capacity attained with dose-response curves to CCK in the same group of control animals. In the second series either 1.5 or 2.0 gm./kg. ethanol were given instead of saline. Intragastric ethanol induced a dissociation of pancreatic secretion: a significant inhibition of flow rate, of bicarbonate concentration and output and a significant rise of protein concentration; protein output remaining unchanged. It is postulated that ethanol, acting on the stomach and duodenojejunum, evokes, independently of its gastrin-releasing capacity, and unknown humoral or nervous mechanism that counteracts the ethanol-elicited cholinergic-mediated inhibition of pancreatic protein secretion which has been previously described."}
{"id": "PMID:871116", "title": "Ischemic colitis and malignant atrophic papulosis.", "content": "A 37-year old male with a history of idiopathic nephrotic syndrome, hypertension, severe headaches and transient ischemic attacks developed ischemic colitis with stricture formation of the spelnic flexure. Eschemic changes were secondary to vascular lesions involving the middle colic artery and mulitple smaller arteries and arterioles. The vascular lesion is localized to the intimal layer with proliferation of spindle-shaped cells indentical to the gastrointestinal lesion of malignant atrophic papulosis (Degos' disease). The patient had no skin biopsy, or history of skin lesions. This case represents ischemic colitis in a patient with malignant atrophic papulosis with either absent or unrecognized skin lesions.", "contents": "Ischemic colitis and malignant atrophic papulosis. A 37-year old male with a history of idiopathic nephrotic syndrome, hypertension, severe headaches and transient ischemic attacks developed ischemic colitis with stricture formation of the spelnic flexure. Eschemic changes were secondary to vascular lesions involving the middle colic artery and mulitple smaller arteries and arterioles. The vascular lesion is localized to the intimal layer with proliferation of spindle-shaped cells indentical to the gastrointestinal lesion of malignant atrophic papulosis (Degos' disease). The patient had no skin biopsy, or history of skin lesions. This case represents ischemic colitis in a patient with malignant atrophic papulosis with either absent or unrecognized skin lesions."}
{"id": "PMID:871117", "title": "Correlations of incidence rates for selected cancers in the nine areas of the Third National Cancer Survey.", "content": "Incidence date from the Third National Cancer Survey were used to study geographic variation in the occurrence of nine common cancers of nonsexual sites and five sexual sites. It was hypothesized that cancers which varied together across the nine survey communities might have common etiologic factors. The variation was measured by a series of rank and product-moment correlation coefficients in order to summarize the association between pairs of cancers in white males and in white females. The most notable findings were the high correlations between the incidence rates for the three gastrointestinal sites (stomach, colon, and rectum) and bladder cancer in both men and women and the high correlation between three female sexual sites (breast, corpus, and ovary). These two clusters are also correlated with one another. A number of other substantial correlations between pairs of cancers were observed and discussed. These associations suggest possible common etiologic agents, despite the fact that the individual secular trends for some of these cancers differ.", "contents": "Correlations of incidence rates for selected cancers in the nine areas of the Third National Cancer Survey. Incidence date from the Third National Cancer Survey were used to study geographic variation in the occurrence of nine common cancers of nonsexual sites and five sexual sites. It was hypothesized that cancers which varied together across the nine survey communities might have common etiologic factors. The variation was measured by a series of rank and product-moment correlation coefficients in order to summarize the association between pairs of cancers in white males and in white females. The most notable findings were the high correlations between the incidence rates for the three gastrointestinal sites (stomach, colon, and rectum) and bladder cancer in both men and women and the high correlation between three female sexual sites (breast, corpus, and ovary). These two clusters are also correlated with one another. A number of other substantial correlations between pairs of cancers were observed and discussed. These associations suggest possible common etiologic agents, despite the fact that the individual secular trends for some of these cancers differ."}
{"id": "PMID:871118", "title": "Breast cancer and fertility trends in Canada.", "content": "The age-standardized breast cancer mortality rate for Canadian females increased only slightly during the period 1941-1971. In contrast, the age-standardized breast cancer incidence rate for Saskatchewan females more than doubled during the same period. In the interval 1954-1973 there were significant increases in the age-specific mortality rates for females 50-64 years old and in the age-specific incidence rates for five of the six age groups in the 45 to 74 year range. Breast cancer mortality rates during 1970-1972 varied considerably by province. Age-specific rates in the 30-69 year range were significantly and negatively correlated with the proportions by province of married women first married at age 15-19. In Canada and Saskatchewan, respectively, the age-specific breast cancer mortality and incidence rates for females 40-59 years old were significantly and negatively correlated with cohort fertility rates at age 20-24. These data support the hypothesis that early pregnancy protects against breast cancer. The sharp decline in fertility rates since 1960 may result in an increased incidence of breast cancer in the future.", "contents": "Breast cancer and fertility trends in Canada. The age-standardized breast cancer mortality rate for Canadian females increased only slightly during the period 1941-1971. In contrast, the age-standardized breast cancer incidence rate for Saskatchewan females more than doubled during the same period. In the interval 1954-1973 there were significant increases in the age-specific mortality rates for females 50-64 years old and in the age-specific incidence rates for five of the six age groups in the 45 to 74 year range. Breast cancer mortality rates during 1970-1972 varied considerably by province. Age-specific rates in the 30-69 year range were significantly and negatively correlated with the proportions by province of married women first married at age 15-19. In Canada and Saskatchewan, respectively, the age-specific breast cancer mortality and incidence rates for females 40-59 years old were significantly and negatively correlated with cohort fertility rates at age 20-24. These data support the hypothesis that early pregnancy protects against breast cancer. The sharp decline in fertility rates since 1960 may result in an increased incidence of breast cancer in the future."}
{"id": "PMID:871119", "title": "Blood pressure in Seventh-day Adventist vegetarians.", "content": "The blood pressures (BP) in 418 vegetarian Seventh-day Adventist (SDA) volunteers in Western Australia were compared with those in 290 non-vegetarian volunteers in Narrogin, a Western Australian country town. The mean systolic and diastolic BPs in the SDAs, adjusted for age, sex, height and weight (128.7/76.2 mm of mercury) were significantly less than those in the Narrogin residents (139.3/84.5). It appeared unlikely that these differences could be explained by differences in alcohol, tobacco, tea, coffee or egg consumption, socioeconomic status or physical activity. There was, however, a gradient toward increasing BP with increasing egg intake in SDAs, and SDAs who drank tea or coffee had a higher mean diastolic BP than those who did not (mean difference of 4.2 mm of mercury). The possibility that selective bias or unmeasured environmental differences might explain the difference in BP between the two groups is discussed.", "contents": "Blood pressure in Seventh-day Adventist vegetarians. The blood pressures (BP) in 418 vegetarian Seventh-day Adventist (SDA) volunteers in Western Australia were compared with those in 290 non-vegetarian volunteers in Narrogin, a Western Australian country town. The mean systolic and diastolic BPs in the SDAs, adjusted for age, sex, height and weight (128.7/76.2 mm of mercury) were significantly less than those in the Narrogin residents (139.3/84.5). It appeared unlikely that these differences could be explained by differences in alcohol, tobacco, tea, coffee or egg consumption, socioeconomic status or physical activity. There was, however, a gradient toward increasing BP with increasing egg intake in SDAs, and SDAs who drank tea or coffee had a higher mean diastolic BP than those who did not (mean difference of 4.2 mm of mercury). The possibility that selective bias or unmeasured environmental differences might explain the difference in BP between the two groups is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:871120", "title": "Tick-borne relapsing fever: an interstate outbreak originating at Grand Canyon National Park.", "content": "During the 1973 summer season, 27 employees and 35 overnight guests at the North Rim, Grand Canyon National Park, Arizona, acquired febrile illnesses compatibel with relapsing fever. Sixteen cases were confirmed by finding Borrelia spirochetes in peripheral blood smears or inoculated Swiss mice. Retrospective surveys of 278 employees and 7247 guests at the park revealed that acquisition of illness was significantly associated with the persons sleeping in rustic log cabins and acquiring bites of \"unknown\" insects. From rodent nesting materials found in the walls and attics of cabins where cases had occurred, infective Ornithodoros hermsi ticks were recovered. Exceptional activity of ticks in human populations appeared to have resulted from a decreased population of the ticks' usual rodent hosts. Vector control activities consisted of spraying the cabins with residual insecticide, removing nesting materials, and \"rodent proofing.\" This outbreak, the largest yet identified in North America, extends the known range of a principal vector and establishes the North Rim as an endemic source of tick-borne relapsing fever.", "contents": "Tick-borne relapsing fever: an interstate outbreak originating at Grand Canyon National Park. During the 1973 summer season, 27 employees and 35 overnight guests at the North Rim, Grand Canyon National Park, Arizona, acquired febrile illnesses compatibel with relapsing fever. Sixteen cases were confirmed by finding Borrelia spirochetes in peripheral blood smears or inoculated Swiss mice. Retrospective surveys of 278 employees and 7247 guests at the park revealed that acquisition of illness was significantly associated with the persons sleeping in rustic log cabins and acquiring bites of \"unknown\" insects. From rodent nesting materials found in the walls and attics of cabins where cases had occurred, infective Ornithodoros hermsi ticks were recovered. Exceptional activity of ticks in human populations appeared to have resulted from a decreased population of the ticks' usual rodent hosts. Vector control activities consisted of spraying the cabins with residual insecticide, removing nesting materials, and \"rodent proofing.\" This outbreak, the largest yet identified in North America, extends the known range of a principal vector and establishes the North Rim as an endemic source of tick-borne relapsing fever."}
{"id": "PMID:871121", "title": "Bias due to misclassification in the estimation of relative risk.", "content": "Lack of bias in the estimation of relative effect in epidemiologic studies depends on the internal validity of the study. This paper conveys in graphic and tabular form the direction and magnitude of bias due to misclassification of study subjects. A series of computer-generated graphs shows that the departure of the estimate of effect (relative risk or odds ratio) from its true value is a function of sensitivity and specificity (measures of classification validity), disease frequency, and exposure frequency. The discussion of bias emphasizes misclassification of the \"outcome\" variable; i.e., disease occurrence in a cohort study and exposure rate in a case-control study. Examples are used to illustrate that the magnitude of the bias can be large under circumstances which occur readily in epidemiologic research. When misclassification is equal for the two compared groups, the estimate is biased toward the null value, and in some instances beyond; when differential misclassification occurs (as in selective recall in case-control studies) the bias can be in either direction, and may be great. Formulas are derived to estimate the underlying true value of the relative risk or odds ratio using the investigator's observations together with the estimated sensitivity and specificity of the classification procedure.", "contents": "Bias due to misclassification in the estimation of relative risk. Lack of bias in the estimation of relative effect in epidemiologic studies depends on the internal validity of the study. This paper conveys in graphic and tabular form the direction and magnitude of bias due to misclassification of study subjects. A series of computer-generated graphs shows that the departure of the estimate of effect (relative risk or odds ratio) from its true value is a function of sensitivity and specificity (measures of classification validity), disease frequency, and exposure frequency. The discussion of bias emphasizes misclassification of the \"outcome\" variable; i.e., disease occurrence in a cohort study and exposure rate in a case-control study. Examples are used to illustrate that the magnitude of the bias can be large under circumstances which occur readily in epidemiologic research. When misclassification is equal for the two compared groups, the estimate is biased toward the null value, and in some instances beyond; when differential misclassification occurs (as in selective recall in case-control studies) the bias can be in either direction, and may be great. Formulas are derived to estimate the underlying true value of the relative risk or odds ratio using the investigator's observations together with the estimated sensitivity and specificity of the classification procedure."}
{"id": "PMID:871122", "title": "Pharmacist as applied pharmocologist in association with a pediatric clinical pharmacologist.", "content": "The ability of a pharmacist to act as an applied pharmacologist and assist the pediatric clinical pharmacologist in providing influential drug information to attending pediatricians was studied. One hundred consecutive admissions to a pediatric unit of a university hospital were studied. The pharmacist, acting as a member of the department of pharmacology, attended ward rounds and closely followed patient therapy. He attempted to provide all information requested by the attending team of pediatricians and identify all problems in therapy without involving the pharmacologist. Regular meetings were held with the clinical pharmacologist in which the pharmacist made patient presentations and sought assistance in answering those requests for which he had been unable to provide sufficient information. The information provided by the pharmacist during the patient presentations was judged adequate for the clinical pharmacologist's evaluation of patient therapy 96% of the time. The pharmacist successfully answered 81% of the information requests and made 88% of the recommendations directed at change in therapy without involving the pharmacologist. It was concluded that the pharmacist performed successfully as an applied pharmacologist in this study.", "contents": "Pharmacist as applied pharmocologist in association with a pediatric clinical pharmacologist. The ability of a pharmacist to act as an applied pharmacologist and assist the pediatric clinical pharmacologist in providing influential drug information to attending pediatricians was studied. One hundred consecutive admissions to a pediatric unit of a university hospital were studied. The pharmacist, acting as a member of the department of pharmacology, attended ward rounds and closely followed patient therapy. He attempted to provide all information requested by the attending team of pediatricians and identify all problems in therapy without involving the pharmacologist. Regular meetings were held with the clinical pharmacologist in which the pharmacist made patient presentations and sought assistance in answering those requests for which he had been unable to provide sufficient information. The information provided by the pharmacist during the patient presentations was judged adequate for the clinical pharmacologist's evaluation of patient therapy 96% of the time. The pharmacist successfully answered 81% of the information requests and made 88% of the recommendations directed at change in therapy without involving the pharmacologist. It was concluded that the pharmacist performed successfully as an applied pharmacologist in this study."}
{"id": "PMID:871123", "title": "Inservice pharmacy technician training program.", "content": "The development and implementation of a two-month inservice training program for hospital pharmacy supportive personnel is discussed. A task-oriented approach was used to define the instructional objectives of the program. To emphasize the job-related nature of the instruction, conferences and workshops were selected as the primary teaching methods. A specific instructional plan was designed for drug conferences, giving the trainee an active role in the learning of drug names and dosage forms. On-the-job experience, comprising 30% of the training time, gradually was incorporated into the program. Staff pharmacists and supervisors assumed the teaching responsibilities. During weekly evaluation sessions with each trainee, the coodinator discussed the trainee's performance, pin-pointed deficiencies and suggested means of improvement. The benefits of the program, in terms of selection and sequence of instructional programs, student assessment and program evaluation, are discussed.", "contents": "Inservice pharmacy technician training program. The development and implementation of a two-month inservice training program for hospital pharmacy supportive personnel is discussed. A task-oriented approach was used to define the instructional objectives of the program. To emphasize the job-related nature of the instruction, conferences and workshops were selected as the primary teaching methods. A specific instructional plan was designed for drug conferences, giving the trainee an active role in the learning of drug names and dosage forms. On-the-job experience, comprising 30% of the training time, gradually was incorporated into the program. Staff pharmacists and supervisors assumed the teaching responsibilities. During weekly evaluation sessions with each trainee, the coodinator discussed the trainee's performance, pin-pointed deficiencies and suggested means of improvement. The benefits of the program, in terms of selection and sequence of instructional programs, student assessment and program evaluation, are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:871124", "title": "Pharmacokinetics in drug therapy II: Applications of clinical pharmacokinetics in the assessment of theophylline therapy.", "content": "A patient case is presented to illustrate a systematic approach to the assessment and modification of theophylline therapy by the pharmacist using serum level analysis. The pharmacist is a pulmonary disease service is responsible for: (1) determining relevant aspects of the patient's clinical condition; (2) defining an initial theophylline administration regimen, including route, dose and schedule; (3) estimating expected theophylline levels based upon the regimen and known or assumed parameters of theophylline in the patient; (4) defining and recommending number and timing of serum samples to be drawn for analysis; (5) obtaining laboratory results and comparing with preliminary estimations; (6) assessing clinical response or toxicity, or both; and (7) recommending appropriate modifications in the theophylline regimen.", "contents": "Pharmacokinetics in drug therapy II: Applications of clinical pharmacokinetics in the assessment of theophylline therapy. A patient case is presented to illustrate a systematic approach to the assessment and modification of theophylline therapy by the pharmacist using serum level analysis. The pharmacist is a pulmonary disease service is responsible for: (1) determining relevant aspects of the patient's clinical condition; (2) defining an initial theophylline administration regimen, including route, dose and schedule; (3) estimating expected theophylline levels based upon the regimen and known or assumed parameters of theophylline in the patient; (4) defining and recommending number and timing of serum samples to be drawn for analysis; (5) obtaining laboratory results and comparing with preliminary estimations; (6) assessing clinical response or toxicity, or both; and (7) recommending appropriate modifications in the theophylline regimen."}
{"id": "PMID:871125", "title": "The conduction system in cardiac amyloidosis. Clinical and pathologic features of 23 patients.", "content": "Cardiac amyliodosis is frequently associated with major electrocardiographic conduction disturbances; but that these disturbances are due to infiltrative destruction of the conduction system by amyloid is unclear. We studied the conduction systems in 23 autopsy patients with cardiac amyloidosis (group 1) (mild in seven, moderate in five and severe in 11), 21 (91 per cent) of whom had had abnormalities of conduction or rhythm during life. For comparison, we examined the conduction system in 23 control subjects matched in age and heart weight (group 2). Of the 23 patients in group 1, only three had extensive amyloidosis of the conduction system; in all three, electrocardiograms showed first degree atrioventricular block and left anterior hemiblock. A more common morphologic abnormality of the conduction system was severe sinoatrial node fibrosis present in seven (30 per cent) patients, and idiopathic atrophy and fibrosis of the bundle branches present in six (26 per cent) patients. None of the patients in group 2 had severe sinoatrial node fibrosis, but two (9 per cent) had idiopathic atrophy and fibrosis of the left bundle branch. Marked fibrosis of the sinus node was more frequent in patients with severe or moderate amyloid, but fibrosis of the bundle branch did not appear to be related to the amount of amyloid elsewhere in the heart. Varying degrees of atrioventricular and bundle branch block were also present in six patients with no morphologic abnormalities of the conduction system. Thus, conduction and rhythm disturbances are frequent in cardiac amyloidosis, but direct amyloid infiltration of the specialized conduction tissue of the heart does not account for the majority of these disturbances. Whether the increased incidence of fibrosis of the conduction system in group 1 compared to that in group 2 relates to the infiltrative myocardiopathy is uncertain.", "contents": "The conduction system in cardiac amyloidosis. Clinical and pathologic features of 23 patients. Cardiac amyliodosis is frequently associated with major electrocardiographic conduction disturbances; but that these disturbances are due to infiltrative destruction of the conduction system by amyloid is unclear. We studied the conduction systems in 23 autopsy patients with cardiac amyloidosis (group 1) (mild in seven, moderate in five and severe in 11), 21 (91 per cent) of whom had had abnormalities of conduction or rhythm during life. For comparison, we examined the conduction system in 23 control subjects matched in age and heart weight (group 2). Of the 23 patients in group 1, only three had extensive amyloidosis of the conduction system; in all three, electrocardiograms showed first degree atrioventricular block and left anterior hemiblock. A more common morphologic abnormality of the conduction system was severe sinoatrial node fibrosis present in seven (30 per cent) patients, and idiopathic atrophy and fibrosis of the bundle branches present in six (26 per cent) patients. None of the patients in group 2 had severe sinoatrial node fibrosis, but two (9 per cent) had idiopathic atrophy and fibrosis of the left bundle branch. Marked fibrosis of the sinus node was more frequent in patients with severe or moderate amyloid, but fibrosis of the bundle branch did not appear to be related to the amount of amyloid elsewhere in the heart. Varying degrees of atrioventricular and bundle branch block were also present in six patients with no morphologic abnormalities of the conduction system. Thus, conduction and rhythm disturbances are frequent in cardiac amyloidosis, but direct amyloid infiltration of the specialized conduction tissue of the heart does not account for the majority of these disturbances. Whether the increased incidence of fibrosis of the conduction system in group 1 compared to that in group 2 relates to the infiltrative myocardiopathy is uncertain."}
{"id": "PMID:871126", "title": "Appearance of circulating DNA during hemodialysis.", "content": "The appearance of circulating DNA during hemodialysis was investigated by use of a modified counterimmunoelectrophoresis assay capable of detecting as little as 0.02 to 0.05 microng of native DNA per milliliter of plasma. It was found that free DNA was regularly released during procedure in widely varying amounts which ranged as high as 5 microng/ml. Both the amount of plasma DNA and its rate of appearance increased progressively throughout the procedure and had no temporal correlation with the transitory early leukopenia that was previously described. Circulation in vitro of fresh blood through a dialysis coil also resulted in the appearance of plasma DNA suggesting that passage of blood through the coil itself can account, at least in part, for circulating DNA, presumably by release from leukocytes. Neither the presence (nor reversal) of the uremic state per se nor removal of inhibitors of the assay during hemodialysis are able to account for the findings. Whether free circulating DNA is of clinical importance is, as yet, unknown. A hypothesis is proposed linking chronic exposure to circulating intracellular materials, including DNA, to the accelerated atherosclerosis recently described as a late complication of hemodialysis. Currently, hemodialysis is the only clinical state known to be characterized by the presence of circulating DNA over long periods of time. Since this phenomenon is iatrogenically induced, further exploration of possible pathogenetic implications seems particularly important.", "contents": "Appearance of circulating DNA during hemodialysis. The appearance of circulating DNA during hemodialysis was investigated by use of a modified counterimmunoelectrophoresis assay capable of detecting as little as 0.02 to 0.05 microng of native DNA per milliliter of plasma. It was found that free DNA was regularly released during procedure in widely varying amounts which ranged as high as 5 microng/ml. Both the amount of plasma DNA and its rate of appearance increased progressively throughout the procedure and had no temporal correlation with the transitory early leukopenia that was previously described. Circulation in vitro of fresh blood through a dialysis coil also resulted in the appearance of plasma DNA suggesting that passage of blood through the coil itself can account, at least in part, for circulating DNA, presumably by release from leukocytes. Neither the presence (nor reversal) of the uremic state per se nor removal of inhibitors of the assay during hemodialysis are able to account for the findings. Whether free circulating DNA is of clinical importance is, as yet, unknown. A hypothesis is proposed linking chronic exposure to circulating intracellular materials, including DNA, to the accelerated atherosclerosis recently described as a late complication of hemodialysis. Currently, hemodialysis is the only clinical state known to be characterized by the presence of circulating DNA over long periods of time. Since this phenomenon is iatrogenically induced, further exploration of possible pathogenetic implications seems particularly important."}
{"id": "PMID:871127", "title": "Family studies in patients with primary parathyroid hyperplasia.", "content": "The relatives of 25 index patients with primary parathyroid hyperplasia were tested for hypercalcemia. At least 13 of these patients had one or more first degree relatives with hypercalcemia. Two familial syndromes each with autosomal dominant transmission were recognized. Two index patients were part of large kindreds categorized as having familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia (FHH). Manifestations of multiple endocrine neoplasia type I were present in the kindreds of at least four other index patients (FMEN I). In seven other kindreds there were too few affected members to allow definitive classification. Differences between manifestations of FHH and FMEN I were described. Among offspring of affected persons in kindreds with FHH, as distinct from FMEN I, the prevalence of hypercalcemia approached the theoretic maximum of 50 per cent during the first two decades. In FHH, nephrolithiasis and peptic disease were unusual; moderate hypercalcemia occurred without hypercalciuria; and subtotal parathyroidectomy did not abolish hypercalcemia. Concentrations of peptide hormones other than parathyroid hormone (PTH) were normal in those with FHH; in FMEN I high concentrations of glucagon in plasma were found in five of six patients tested, and high concentrations of gastrin were found in three of 12 patients. Hypergastrinemia generally accompanied obvious peptic disease. Distinction of the two conditions is important since patients with FHH may not benefit from subtotal parathyroidectomy, but they generally have a better clinical prognosis than do patients with FMEN I.", "contents": "Family studies in patients with primary parathyroid hyperplasia. The relatives of 25 index patients with primary parathyroid hyperplasia were tested for hypercalcemia. At least 13 of these patients had one or more first degree relatives with hypercalcemia. Two familial syndromes each with autosomal dominant transmission were recognized. Two index patients were part of large kindreds categorized as having familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia (FHH). Manifestations of multiple endocrine neoplasia type I were present in the kindreds of at least four other index patients (FMEN I). In seven other kindreds there were too few affected members to allow definitive classification. Differences between manifestations of FHH and FMEN I were described. Among offspring of affected persons in kindreds with FHH, as distinct from FMEN I, the prevalence of hypercalcemia approached the theoretic maximum of 50 per cent during the first two decades. In FHH, nephrolithiasis and peptic disease were unusual; moderate hypercalcemia occurred without hypercalciuria; and subtotal parathyroidectomy did not abolish hypercalcemia. Concentrations of peptide hormones other than parathyroid hormone (PTH) were normal in those with FHH; in FMEN I high concentrations of glucagon in plasma were found in five of six patients tested, and high concentrations of gastrin were found in three of 12 patients. Hypergastrinemia generally accompanied obvious peptic disease. Distinction of the two conditions is important since patients with FHH may not benefit from subtotal parathyroidectomy, but they generally have a better clinical prognosis than do patients with FMEN I."}
{"id": "PMID:871128", "title": "Bacteremia and fungemia complicating neoplastic disease. A study of 364 cases.", "content": "During a 14 month period there were 364 episodes of bacteremia and fungemia at Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center. The first nine months of the study were retrospective, and the next five prospective. In patients with leukemia or lymphoma (group 1), Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Staphylococcus aureus were the most frequently isolated organisms. The mortality in this group was 40.5 per cent. In the patients with solid tumor (group 2), Esch. coli, Staph. aureus, Bacteroides sp. and Candida sp. were most frequent. Mortality was 27.8 per cent. The source of infection in both groups was often indeterminate. High mortality was associated with pulmonary and intraabdominal infection and with Ps. aeruginosa, K. pneumoniae or polymicrobic sepsis. Factors of prognostic significance were the causative microorganism, source of infection and shock. Although mortality was higher in patients with leukopenia than in those with normal leukocyte counts, the differences were not significant. The mortality in this series was low considering the severity of the underlying diseases and the immunosuppressed state of many of the patients. In a prospective, randomly controlled study, mortality was further diminished by infectious disease consultation at the time the positive blood culture was reported. Severe fungal superinfection, predominantly aspergillosis and candidiasis, was found in 52 per cent of the autopsy patients with leukemia or lymphoma (group 1), but in only 8 per cent of those with solid tumors (group 2).", "contents": "Bacteremia and fungemia complicating neoplastic disease. A study of 364 cases. During a 14 month period there were 364 episodes of bacteremia and fungemia at Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center. The first nine months of the study were retrospective, and the next five prospective. In patients with leukemia or lymphoma (group 1), Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Staphylococcus aureus were the most frequently isolated organisms. The mortality in this group was 40.5 per cent. In the patients with solid tumor (group 2), Esch. coli, Staph. aureus, Bacteroides sp. and Candida sp. were most frequent. Mortality was 27.8 per cent. The source of infection in both groups was often indeterminate. High mortality was associated with pulmonary and intraabdominal infection and with Ps. aeruginosa, K. pneumoniae or polymicrobic sepsis. Factors of prognostic significance were the causative microorganism, source of infection and shock. Although mortality was higher in patients with leukopenia than in those with normal leukocyte counts, the differences were not significant. The mortality in this series was low considering the severity of the underlying diseases and the immunosuppressed state of many of the patients. In a prospective, randomly controlled study, mortality was further diminished by infectious disease consultation at the time the positive blood culture was reported. Severe fungal superinfection, predominantly aspergillosis and candidiasis, was found in 52 per cent of the autopsy patients with leukemia or lymphoma (group 1), but in only 8 per cent of those with solid tumors (group 2)."}
{"id": "PMID:871129", "title": "Concurrent hypercortisolism and hypermineralocorticoidism.", "content": "Hypertension and hypokalemia occur in patients with Cushing's syndrome whereas aldosterone production is normal and plasma renin activity is usually normal or increased. A normal aldosterone level in the face of suppressed plasma renin activity is unusual and suggests excess mineralocorticoid hormone activity. Our patient, who had Cushing's syndrome due to adrenocortical adenoma, can be classified as having low renin hypertension (suppressed renin and normal aldosterone levels). The mineralocorticoid hormone in excess was deoxycorticosterone which suppressed renin. The aldosterone production was normal and was produced solely by the adenoma. Contralateral adrenal gland suppression of both the zona glomerulosa by deoxycorticosterone via renin, and of the fasciculata by cortisol via ACTH was demonstrated after removal of the adenoma. Normal adrenal function was gradually restored.", "contents": "Concurrent hypercortisolism and hypermineralocorticoidism. Hypertension and hypokalemia occur in patients with Cushing's syndrome whereas aldosterone production is normal and plasma renin activity is usually normal or increased. A normal aldosterone level in the face of suppressed plasma renin activity is unusual and suggests excess mineralocorticoid hormone activity. Our patient, who had Cushing's syndrome due to adrenocortical adenoma, can be classified as having low renin hypertension (suppressed renin and normal aldosterone levels). The mineralocorticoid hormone in excess was deoxycorticosterone which suppressed renin. The aldosterone production was normal and was produced solely by the adenoma. Contralateral adrenal gland suppression of both the zona glomerulosa by deoxycorticosterone via renin, and of the fasciculata by cortisol via ACTH was demonstrated after removal of the adenoma. Normal adrenal function was gradually restored."}
{"id": "PMID:871130", "title": "A comparative study of CLEP scores between MT and MLT students.", "content": "CLEP subject examinations for the areas of clinical chemistry, microbiology, hematology and immunohematology were administered to medical technology (MT) and medical laboratory technician (MLT) students. Test scores were analyzed and showed that MT students scored from 25% to 48% higher than MLT students. Mean percentile ranks were compared with college courses completed; these indicated that additional upper division academic courses raised the mean percentile rank. Results indicate that the Microbiology Category Examination evaluates general microbiology rather than clinical microbiology. Data in this study support the use of the CLEP examinations to measure cognitive knowledge of MLTs for upward mobility, thereby eliminating duplication of course content.", "contents": "A comparative study of CLEP scores between MT and MLT students. CLEP subject examinations for the areas of clinical chemistry, microbiology, hematology and immunohematology were administered to medical technology (MT) and medical laboratory technician (MLT) students. Test scores were analyzed and showed that MT students scored from 25% to 48% higher than MLT students. Mean percentile ranks were compared with college courses completed; these indicated that additional upper division academic courses raised the mean percentile rank. Results indicate that the Microbiology Category Examination evaluates general microbiology rather than clinical microbiology. Data in this study support the use of the CLEP examinations to measure cognitive knowledge of MLTs for upward mobility, thereby eliminating duplication of course content."}
{"id": "PMID:871131", "title": "Sensitivity of cold hemagglutination testing as a function of red cell age.", "content": "It has been suggested that freshly obtained red cells fail to agglutinate in the presence of antibody, and that the same cells left for several days at 4C in anticoagulant will usually be agglutinated by the same antibody, erythrocyte stabilization being responsible for this differential effectiveness of agglutination. Since supportive documentation for this assumption is not available, and since the concept of differential effectiveness of agglutination as a function of red cell age may be of great significance to the sensitivity of laboratory procedures which take advantage of antigen/antibody reactions, the above hypothesis was investigated using a cold agglutination procedure as a test system. Cold hemagglutination was chosen for reasons of expediency. Results of that investigation, possible explanations for the original hypothesis, and suggestions for further testing are presented here.", "contents": "Sensitivity of cold hemagglutination testing as a function of red cell age. It has been suggested that freshly obtained red cells fail to agglutinate in the presence of antibody, and that the same cells left for several days at 4C in anticoagulant will usually be agglutinated by the same antibody, erythrocyte stabilization being responsible for this differential effectiveness of agglutination. Since supportive documentation for this assumption is not available, and since the concept of differential effectiveness of agglutination as a function of red cell age may be of great significance to the sensitivity of laboratory procedures which take advantage of antigen/antibody reactions, the above hypothesis was investigated using a cold agglutination procedure as a test system. Cold hemagglutination was chosen for reasons of expediency. Results of that investigation, possible explanations for the original hypothesis, and suggestions for further testing are presented here."}
{"id": "PMID:871132", "title": "A comparison of diagnostic and certifying examinations.", "content": "Testing and measurement represent a critical component of an educational system since they provide the essential information for making fundamental educational decisions. The type of information required in a particular situation determines how one should conceive, develop, and evaluate the measurement device. This paper compares certifying exams used to determine a person's overall level of competence, and diagnostic exams used to determine a profile of a person's strengths and weaknesses in a particular area. These two types of exams are discussed in terms of their associated educational problem, types of decisions required, optimal test development procedures, and appropriate forms of reliability and validity.", "contents": "A comparison of diagnostic and certifying examinations. Testing and measurement represent a critical component of an educational system since they provide the essential information for making fundamental educational decisions. The type of information required in a particular situation determines how one should conceive, develop, and evaluate the measurement device. This paper compares certifying exams used to determine a person's overall level of competence, and diagnostic exams used to determine a profile of a person's strengths and weaknesses in a particular area. These two types of exams are discussed in terms of their associated educational problem, types of decisions required, optimal test development procedures, and appropriate forms of reliability and validity."}
{"id": "PMID:871138", "title": "The association of maternal and neonatal thrombocytopenia in high-risk pregnancies.", "content": "In this study of 136 women with pre-eclampsia, eclampsia, placenta previa, or abruptio placentae, 21 mothers were noted to have thrombocytopenia. Seventeen of the 21 were in the pre-eclampsia group. Of the 21 thrombocytopenic mothers, nine were associated with thrombocytopenia in the children, seven children had normal platelet counts, and five had no counts performed. Eight of the nine thrombocytopenic neonates were associated with pre-eclampsia in the mother, and five of these were not believed to have disseminated intravascular coagulation as the etiology of the platelet defect. The results suggest that thrombocytopenia is common in high-risk pregnancies in both the mother and the baby. However, the etiology of the platelet defect cannot be easily explained on the basis of a hypercoagulable state.", "contents": "The association of maternal and neonatal thrombocytopenia in high-risk pregnancies. In this study of 136 women with pre-eclampsia, eclampsia, placenta previa, or abruptio placentae, 21 mothers were noted to have thrombocytopenia. Seventeen of the 21 were in the pre-eclampsia group. Of the 21 thrombocytopenic mothers, nine were associated with thrombocytopenia in the children, seven children had normal platelet counts, and five had no counts performed. Eight of the nine thrombocytopenic neonates were associated with pre-eclampsia in the mother, and five of these were not believed to have disseminated intravascular coagulation as the etiology of the platelet defect. The results suggest that thrombocytopenia is common in high-risk pregnancies in both the mother and the baby. However, the etiology of the platelet defect cannot be easily explained on the basis of a hypercoagulable state."}
{"id": "PMID:871139", "title": "Ultrasound as an aid in intrauterine transfusion.", "content": "Although the number of patients with Rh isoimmunization in pregnancy has been decreasing in recent years, intrauterine transfusion is still an important form of therapy for those patients whose infants have erythroblastosis. We have used both gray-scale and real-time ultrasonography for the last ten cases in which intrauterine transfusion was necessary. These techniques were used in preference to fluoroscopy and x-ray control to identify the placental site and fetal abdomen and to direct the insertion and placement of the transfusion needle. We were able to visualize the needle when it entered the amniotic cavity and the fetal abdomen. The technique afforded continuous visualization and a cross-sectional image of the fetus, steps which increase the efficiency and safety of the procedure and decrease radiation to the fetus.", "contents": "Ultrasound as an aid in intrauterine transfusion. Although the number of patients with Rh isoimmunization in pregnancy has been decreasing in recent years, intrauterine transfusion is still an important form of therapy for those patients whose infants have erythroblastosis. We have used both gray-scale and real-time ultrasonography for the last ten cases in which intrauterine transfusion was necessary. These techniques were used in preference to fluoroscopy and x-ray control to identify the placental site and fetal abdomen and to direct the insertion and placement of the transfusion needle. We were able to visualize the needle when it entered the amniotic cavity and the fetal abdomen. The technique afforded continuous visualization and a cross-sectional image of the fetus, steps which increase the efficiency and safety of the procedure and decrease radiation to the fetus."}
{"id": "PMID:871140", "title": "The effect of progesterone on estrogen-induced uterine blood flow.", "content": "The effect of progesterone on estrogen-induced uterine blood flow was investigated in repeated experiments in seven nonpregnant, oophorectomized ewes with chronically implanted electromagnetic flow probes and catheters inserted into branches of the uterine arteries. Administered alone, progesterone has no effect on base-line uterine blood flow. Following intramuscular injection of progesterone (3 to 5 mg-per kilogram of body weight), peak uterine blood flow responses to 1 microng of estradiol-17beta were suppressed by 25 per cent compared to those of control animals. Direct intra-arterial infusion of progesterone, at concentrations sufficient to reproduce uterine venous levels observed in late pregnancy in the sheep, inhibited estrogen-induced uterine blood flow by 20 per cent. The findings support the hypothesis that progesterone modulates the estrogen-induced flow responses in both the pregnant and nonpregnant uterine vascular bed.", "contents": "The effect of progesterone on estrogen-induced uterine blood flow. The effect of progesterone on estrogen-induced uterine blood flow was investigated in repeated experiments in seven nonpregnant, oophorectomized ewes with chronically implanted electromagnetic flow probes and catheters inserted into branches of the uterine arteries. Administered alone, progesterone has no effect on base-line uterine blood flow. Following intramuscular injection of progesterone (3 to 5 mg-per kilogram of body weight), peak uterine blood flow responses to 1 microng of estradiol-17beta were suppressed by 25 per cent compared to those of control animals. Direct intra-arterial infusion of progesterone, at concentrations sufficient to reproduce uterine venous levels observed in late pregnancy in the sheep, inhibited estrogen-induced uterine blood flow by 20 per cent. The findings support the hypothesis that progesterone modulates the estrogen-induced flow responses in both the pregnant and nonpregnant uterine vascular bed."}
{"id": "PMID:871134", "title": "Erythrocytic microcytosis: clinical implications in 100 patients.", "content": "Hematology results from 3800 blood samples were examined for the presence of erythrocytic microcytosis. One hundred patients with electronically measured mean corpuscular volumes of 75 cubic microns or less were reviewed to determine the cause of microcytosis and evaluate recently described simplified techniques for separating thalassemia trait from other causes of microcytosis. The discriminant function formula of England and Fraser [MCV - RBC - (5 x Hgb) - 3.4] was found to be useful in uncomplicated patients with the Mediterranean type of thalassemia trait (betadegree) but less useful in the African type (beta+) of heterozygous beta-thalassemia. Anemias of chronic disorders were found to be a major cause of microcytosis. Microcytosis of no apparent cause was found in some children. Improved techniques in hemoglobin A2 quantification remain the best approach for detecting beta-thalassemia heterozygotes.", "contents": "Erythrocytic microcytosis: clinical implications in 100 patients. Hematology results from 3800 blood samples were examined for the presence of erythrocytic microcytosis. One hundred patients with electronically measured mean corpuscular volumes of 75 cubic microns or less were reviewed to determine the cause of microcytosis and evaluate recently described simplified techniques for separating thalassemia trait from other causes of microcytosis. The discriminant function formula of England and Fraser [MCV - RBC - (5 x Hgb) - 3.4] was found to be useful in uncomplicated patients with the Mediterranean type of thalassemia trait (betadegree) but less useful in the African type (beta+) of heterozygous beta-thalassemia. Anemias of chronic disorders were found to be a major cause of microcytosis. Microcytosis of no apparent cause was found in some children. Improved techniques in hemoglobin A2 quantification remain the best approach for detecting beta-thalassemia heterozygotes."}
{"id": "PMID:871141", "title": "The relationship of mammary temperature to parturition in human subjects.", "content": "Four hundred and seventy thermography studies were performed on 210 women to measure mammary temperature prior to, during, and immediately following pregnancy. Mean mammary temperature of 33.3 +/- 0.1 degrees C. (S.E.M.) obtained in 14 nonpregnant patients increased to 34.2 +/- 0.1 C. (S.E.M.) by nine weeks of gestation (p less than 0.01). The difference between mammary and sternal temperature was negative in the nonpregnant state and became positive after 18 weeks of pregnancy. Mammary temperature remained significantly higher in the pregnant group than in the nonpregnant group (p less than 0.001) up to term. In six postpartum patients, a further increase from prepartum values to 35.4 +/- 0.6 degrees C. (S.E.M.) occurred. The results suggest that relatively large changes in mammary blood flow and/or metabolic rate take place in human subjects in early pregnancy and on the day following parturition.", "contents": "The relationship of mammary temperature to parturition in human subjects. Four hundred and seventy thermography studies were performed on 210 women to measure mammary temperature prior to, during, and immediately following pregnancy. Mean mammary temperature of 33.3 +/- 0.1 degrees C. (S.E.M.) obtained in 14 nonpregnant patients increased to 34.2 +/- 0.1 C. (S.E.M.) by nine weeks of gestation (p less than 0.01). The difference between mammary and sternal temperature was negative in the nonpregnant state and became positive after 18 weeks of pregnancy. Mammary temperature remained significantly higher in the pregnant group than in the nonpregnant group (p less than 0.001) up to term. In six postpartum patients, a further increase from prepartum values to 35.4 +/- 0.6 degrees C. (S.E.M.) occurred. The results suggest that relatively large changes in mammary blood flow and/or metabolic rate take place in human subjects in early pregnancy and on the day following parturition."}
{"id": "PMID:871142", "title": "Subspecialization in obstetrics and gynecology.", "content": "The formal development of subspecialities with obstetrics and gynecology has focused attention on problems of physician supply and demand. The need for subspecalized practitioners appears to be 750 in maternal-fetal medicine and 350 each in reproductive endocrinology and gynecologic oncology. Taken together, this number represents about 10 per cent of presently certified specialists. As supply is now developing, the demand in gynecologic oncology should soon be saturated, but there will be a longer term demand in maternal-fetal medicine and in reproductive endocrinology. However, the expectation of 30 per cent of present residents that they will enter subspecialities is far in excess of available fellowships or ultimate need. Fellowships leading to subspecialty certification should be approved by the Residency Review Committee, and numbers should be limited to best estimate of need.", "contents": "Subspecialization in obstetrics and gynecology. The formal development of subspecialities with obstetrics and gynecology has focused attention on problems of physician supply and demand. The need for subspecalized practitioners appears to be 750 in maternal-fetal medicine and 350 each in reproductive endocrinology and gynecologic oncology. Taken together, this number represents about 10 per cent of presently certified specialists. As supply is now developing, the demand in gynecologic oncology should soon be saturated, but there will be a longer term demand in maternal-fetal medicine and in reproductive endocrinology. However, the expectation of 30 per cent of present residents that they will enter subspecialities is far in excess of available fellowships or ultimate need. Fellowships leading to subspecialty certification should be approved by the Residency Review Committee, and numbers should be limited to best estimate of need."}
{"id": "PMID:871136", "title": "The relationship between bone marrow sideroblasts and iron deficiency in chronically hemodialyzed uremic subjects.", "content": "Bone marrow sideroblast counts were found to be persistently depressed to between 0 and 30 per cent in 24 uremic patients with residual renal tissue undergoing chronic dialysis therapy. Marrow sideroblastopenia notwithstanding, sideroblast counts in these subjects correlated well with iron balance, being respectively 6.6 +/- 0.8 (S.E.M.) per cent in iron depleted, and 18.2 +/- 1.7 per cent in iron-repleted individuals (p less than 0.0005). Following bilateral nephrectomy a persistent relative marrow sideroblastosis developed, counts reaching values of 46.5 +/- 3.1 per cent on average. It is suggested that this sideroblastosis is a response to reduced heme synthesis and reflects the iron removal function of ferritin granules within erythroid cells.", "contents": "The relationship between bone marrow sideroblasts and iron deficiency in chronically hemodialyzed uremic subjects. Bone marrow sideroblast counts were found to be persistently depressed to between 0 and 30 per cent in 24 uremic patients with residual renal tissue undergoing chronic dialysis therapy. Marrow sideroblastopenia notwithstanding, sideroblast counts in these subjects correlated well with iron balance, being respectively 6.6 +/- 0.8 (S.E.M.) per cent in iron depleted, and 18.2 +/- 1.7 per cent in iron-repleted individuals (p less than 0.0005). Following bilateral nephrectomy a persistent relative marrow sideroblastosis developed, counts reaching values of 46.5 +/- 3.1 per cent on average. It is suggested that this sideroblastosis is a response to reduced heme synthesis and reflects the iron removal function of ferritin granules within erythroid cells."}
{"id": "PMID:871143", "title": "The prognostic significance of carcinoembryonic antigen in the plasma and tumors of patients with endometrial adenocarcinoma.", "content": "Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) levels in plasma and the immunocytochemical detection of tumor CEA were studied in patients with endometrial adenocarcinoma treated at the University of Kentucky Medical Center from 1973 to 1976. The incidence of CEA elevation in a group of 60 patients varied directly with uterine size, histologic differentiation, and stage of disease. Immunoperoxidase staining for CEA was performed on 42 specimens, and four were positive, indicating a tissue concentration of CEA of at least 5 microng per gram. Following operation, CEA levels returned to normal within eight weeks in all but two patients, both of whom were later shown to have persistent or recurrent cancer. These data suggest that serial plasma CEA determinations may be useful in predicting occult recurrence of endometrial cancer in patients in whom the plasma or tumor initially contains elevated concentrations of this antigen.", "contents": "The prognostic significance of carcinoembryonic antigen in the plasma and tumors of patients with endometrial adenocarcinoma. Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) levels in plasma and the immunocytochemical detection of tumor CEA were studied in patients with endometrial adenocarcinoma treated at the University of Kentucky Medical Center from 1973 to 1976. The incidence of CEA elevation in a group of 60 patients varied directly with uterine size, histologic differentiation, and stage of disease. Immunoperoxidase staining for CEA was performed on 42 specimens, and four were positive, indicating a tissue concentration of CEA of at least 5 microng per gram. Following operation, CEA levels returned to normal within eight weeks in all but two patients, both of whom were later shown to have persistent or recurrent cancer. These data suggest that serial plasma CEA determinations may be useful in predicting occult recurrence of endometrial cancer in patients in whom the plasma or tumor initially contains elevated concentrations of this antigen."}
{"id": "PMID:871133", "title": "Prognostic factors in Staphylococcus aureus endocarditis and results of therapy with a penicillin and gentamicin.", "content": "Data on 40 patients with Staphylococcus aureus endocarditis treated with appropriate antibiotics in adequate dosage at the University of Cincinnati Medical Center hospitals between January 1961 and June 1975 were analyzed. The overall mortality was 40 per cent. The mortality was 11.1 per cent in patients under 50 years old and 63.6 per cent in patients over 50 years old (p less than 0.01). Seven patients were narcotic addicts who had no underlying disease and were under 50 years old; all survived. For patients without underlying diseases, the mortality was 0 per cent in those under 50 years old and 75 per cent in those over 50 years old. Patients who died had a greater number of major underlying diseases (pre-existing cardiac disease, diabetes mellitus, alcoholism and/or cirrhosis) than the survivors. Patients over 50 years old had significantly more major underlying diseases than patients under 50 years old (p less than 0.001). Among patients over 50 years old, those who died had more complications than the survivors while the number of underlying diseases were comparable. A group of patients treated with gentamicin during the first two to three weeks of therapy in addition to a penicillin was compared to a similar group treated with a single antibiotic. The mortality of both groups was 40 per cent.", "contents": "Prognostic factors in Staphylococcus aureus endocarditis and results of therapy with a penicillin and gentamicin. Data on 40 patients with Staphylococcus aureus endocarditis treated with appropriate antibiotics in adequate dosage at the University of Cincinnati Medical Center hospitals between January 1961 and June 1975 were analyzed. The overall mortality was 40 per cent. The mortality was 11.1 per cent in patients under 50 years old and 63.6 per cent in patients over 50 years old (p less than 0.01). Seven patients were narcotic addicts who had no underlying disease and were under 50 years old; all survived. For patients without underlying diseases, the mortality was 0 per cent in those under 50 years old and 75 per cent in those over 50 years old. Patients who died had a greater number of major underlying diseases (pre-existing cardiac disease, diabetes mellitus, alcoholism and/or cirrhosis) than the survivors. Patients over 50 years old had significantly more major underlying diseases than patients under 50 years old (p less than 0.001). Among patients over 50 years old, those who died had more complications than the survivors while the number of underlying diseases were comparable. A group of patients treated with gentamicin during the first two to three weeks of therapy in addition to a penicillin was compared to a similar group treated with a single antibiotic. The mortality of both groups was 40 per cent."}
{"id": "PMID:871137", "title": "Aspirin therapy in microangiopathic hemolytic anemia and renal failure.", "content": "An 18-year-old man presented initially with findings compatible with disseminated intravascular coagulation. Following a brief partial response to intravenous heparin therapy rapid deterioration of renal function was associated with evidence of a hypercoagulable state characterized primarily by excessive platelet aggregation and sequestration. Initiation of aspirin therapy led to a prompt rise in the platelet count and permanent improvement in renal function.", "contents": "Aspirin therapy in microangiopathic hemolytic anemia and renal failure. An 18-year-old man presented initially with findings compatible with disseminated intravascular coagulation. Following a brief partial response to intravenous heparin therapy rapid deterioration of renal function was associated with evidence of a hypercoagulable state characterized primarily by excessive platelet aggregation and sequestration. Initiation of aspirin therapy led to a prompt rise in the platelet count and permanent improvement in renal function."}
{"id": "PMID:871135", "title": "Antidiuretic action of chlorpropamide in diabetes insipidus patients and in normal subjects.", "content": "The antidiuretic action of chlorpropamide was studied in 10 diabetes insipidus patients sensitive to vasopressin and 15 normal subjects. After an oral load of water followed by sustained hydration through water ingestion in a volume equivalent to the urinary flow, chlorpropamide (4 mg/kg body weight) was intravenously administered as a single dose, either alone (34 experiments) or simultaneously with pitressin infusion (6 experiments). During the experiments, creatinine clearance as well as osmolal and plasma and urine electrolyte concentrations were measured. Several urine collection periods were made before and after the administration of chlorpropamide. In thes experimental conditions, chlorpropamide promoted a marked antidiuresis (p less than 0.01) in patients with diabetes insipidus and presented no antidiuretic effect (p greater than 0.01) in normal subjects, even with a double dose. However, if previously to the experiment, the normal individuals were dehydrated (mean weight loss of 4.8 per cent) or the diabetes insipidus patients were hydrated (mean weight gain of 6.4 per cent) a reverse behavior was observed: that is, the normal subjects did present (p less than 0.01) and the diabetes insipidus patients did not present (p greater than 0.01) antidiuresis to chlorpropamide. The results suggest that the state of hydration modulates the action of chlorpropamide in a way apparently independent of the antiduretic hormone.", "contents": "Antidiuretic action of chlorpropamide in diabetes insipidus patients and in normal subjects. The antidiuretic action of chlorpropamide was studied in 10 diabetes insipidus patients sensitive to vasopressin and 15 normal subjects. After an oral load of water followed by sustained hydration through water ingestion in a volume equivalent to the urinary flow, chlorpropamide (4 mg/kg body weight) was intravenously administered as a single dose, either alone (34 experiments) or simultaneously with pitressin infusion (6 experiments). During the experiments, creatinine clearance as well as osmolal and plasma and urine electrolyte concentrations were measured. Several urine collection periods were made before and after the administration of chlorpropamide. In thes experimental conditions, chlorpropamide promoted a marked antidiuresis (p less than 0.01) in patients with diabetes insipidus and presented no antidiuretic effect (p greater than 0.01) in normal subjects, even with a double dose. However, if previously to the experiment, the normal individuals were dehydrated (mean weight loss of 4.8 per cent) or the diabetes insipidus patients were hydrated (mean weight gain of 6.4 per cent) a reverse behavior was observed: that is, the normal subjects did present (p less than 0.01) and the diabetes insipidus patients did not present (p greater than 0.01) antidiuresis to chlorpropamide. The results suggest that the state of hydration modulates the action of chlorpropamide in a way apparently independent of the antiduretic hormone."}
{"id": "PMID:871146", "title": "Non-contact and Mackay-Marg tonometry: comparison in patients ages 7 to 85 years.", "content": "In a sample of 212 eyes of patients referred to an ocular pathology clinic, measures of intraocular pressure (IOP) using the non-contact tonometer (NCT) and the Mackay-Marg tonometer were highly correlated (+0.91), the NCT MEASURES BEING LOWER BY AN AVERAGE OF 6.5 MM Hg. In a general optometry clinic, the mean IOP as measured with the NCT on 987 eyes of patients, ages 7 to 85 years, was 15.7 mm Hg (S.D.=3.5 mm Hg). Stability of IOP was age, found for this sample, is unexpected if IOP is proportional to systemic blood pressure which rises with age. Several hypotheses propose to explain the apparent inconsistency.", "contents": "Non-contact and Mackay-Marg tonometry: comparison in patients ages 7 to 85 years. In a sample of 212 eyes of patients referred to an ocular pathology clinic, measures of intraocular pressure (IOP) using the non-contact tonometer (NCT) and the Mackay-Marg tonometer were highly correlated (+0.91), the NCT MEASURES BEING LOWER BY AN AVERAGE OF 6.5 MM Hg. In a general optometry clinic, the mean IOP as measured with the NCT on 987 eyes of patients, ages 7 to 85 years, was 15.7 mm Hg (S.D.=3.5 mm Hg). Stability of IOP was age, found for this sample, is unexpected if IOP is proportional to systemic blood pressure which rises with age. Several hypotheses propose to explain the apparent inconsistency."}
{"id": "PMID:871147", "title": "An examination of Ball's desaturation of intermittent monochromatic light in two patients with retinitis pigmentosa.", "content": "In 1971, Walters hypothesized that Bartley's brightness enhancement, the Broca-S\u00fclzer phenomenon, and the desaturation of intermittent trains of short-wavelength monochromatic light (the Ball effect) were all the result of scotopic involvement at photopic levels. In support of this hypothesis, ERG data were presented showing the presence of a scotopic B-wave under conditions which normally did not produce them. In the present paper, data are presente from two patients with retinitis pigmentosa that seem to contradict Walters' hypothesis and to suggest the possibility of a more complex mechanism.", "contents": "An examination of Ball's desaturation of intermittent monochromatic light in two patients with retinitis pigmentosa. In 1971, Walters hypothesized that Bartley's brightness enhancement, the Broca-S\u00fclzer phenomenon, and the desaturation of intermittent trains of short-wavelength monochromatic light (the Ball effect) were all the result of scotopic involvement at photopic levels. In support of this hypothesis, ERG data were presented showing the presence of a scotopic B-wave under conditions which normally did not produce them. In the present paper, data are presente from two patients with retinitis pigmentosa that seem to contradict Walters' hypothesis and to suggest the possibility of a more complex mechanism."}
{"id": "PMID:871148", "title": "Direct readout of spectral sensitivity for clinical and research purposes.", "content": "The application of spectral sensitivity measurements to clinical problems has been limited by the complexity of calculating the corrections for nonlinearity and non-neutrality of the neutral wedge and for the quantum intensity of the test beam. Asimple electronic system is described which performs all these calculations automatically, as the subject makes the sensitivity setting, and records the sensitivity on an XY plotter. A range of 5 log units is covered with an accuracy of 0.05 log units.", "contents": "Direct readout of spectral sensitivity for clinical and research purposes. The application of spectral sensitivity measurements to clinical problems has been limited by the complexity of calculating the corrections for nonlinearity and non-neutrality of the neutral wedge and for the quantum intensity of the test beam. Asimple electronic system is described which performs all these calculations automatically, as the subject makes the sensitivity setting, and records the sensitivity on an XY plotter. A range of 5 log units is covered with an accuracy of 0.05 log units."}
{"id": "PMID:871150", "title": "The topology of hair streams and whorls in man, with an observation on their relationship to epidermal ridge patterns.", "content": "Hair slope, whorl, cross and field formation is expressible in a topological form. The mathematical description required suggests an origin for the patterns in a growth process occurring in the upper dermis which determines the patterns of the hair slope. The formulae proposed by Euler, Poincar\u00e9 and Ludwig are adopted as a descriptive method for the analysis of hair patterning resulting from hair slope. A unitary theory for hair streams and fingerprint patterns is suggested by the discovery, on one remarkable human foetus, of sites where epidermal ridges and convergent hair whorls were combined. Placement of the parietal scalp whorl in man is linked to hominid brain and skull development, and its associated hair field is noted to be bipartite, as revealed through patterns of differential hair loss.", "contents": "The topology of hair streams and whorls in man, with an observation on their relationship to epidermal ridge patterns. Hair slope, whorl, cross and field formation is expressible in a topological form. The mathematical description required suggests an origin for the patterns in a growth process occurring in the upper dermis which determines the patterns of the hair slope. The formulae proposed by Euler, Poincar\u00e9 and Ludwig are adopted as a descriptive method for the analysis of hair patterning resulting from hair slope. A unitary theory for hair streams and fingerprint patterns is suggested by the discovery, on one remarkable human foetus, of sites where epidermal ridges and convergent hair whorls were combined. Placement of the parietal scalp whorl in man is linked to hominid brain and skull development, and its associated hair field is noted to be bipartite, as revealed through patterns of differential hair loss."}
{"id": "PMID:871149", "title": "Genes and people in the Caspian Littoral: a population genetic study in Northern Iran.", "content": "Data for the distribution of alleles controlling two blood group systems and secretor status, for hemoglobin types, five serum protein groups and 15 red cell enzyme systems has been obtained. Eleven of the systems showed polymorphic variation and these systems have been used to calculate genetic distances using Morton's Kinship measure. No systematic relationship between genetic distance and geographic location of linguistic affiliation is apparent. There is, however, an apparent cline of decreasing frequency of PGDc from east to west and also significant differences in the frequency of G6PD deficiency corresponding to variation in the ecology of the region. Genetic distance comparisons with other selected populations reveal that the Turkic and Turkoman speaking peoples in the Caspian area cluster with the Kurds, Greeks and Iranis. The Persian speakers are genetically remote from these populations; they are, however, close to the Parsis who migrated from Iran to India at the end of the Seventh Century A.D. Several unusual genetic variants were detected, including a novel MDH phenotype, a superoxide dismutase phenotype identical with the Scandinavian type, and rare forms of LDH, PGM locus 2, ceruloplasmin, diaphorase, peptidases and PHI.", "contents": "Genes and people in the Caspian Littoral: a population genetic study in Northern Iran. Data for the distribution of alleles controlling two blood group systems and secretor status, for hemoglobin types, five serum protein groups and 15 red cell enzyme systems has been obtained. Eleven of the systems showed polymorphic variation and these systems have been used to calculate genetic distances using Morton's Kinship measure. No systematic relationship between genetic distance and geographic location of linguistic affiliation is apparent. There is, however, an apparent cline of decreasing frequency of PGDc from east to west and also significant differences in the frequency of G6PD deficiency corresponding to variation in the ecology of the region. Genetic distance comparisons with other selected populations reveal that the Turkic and Turkoman speaking peoples in the Caspian area cluster with the Kurds, Greeks and Iranis. The Persian speakers are genetically remote from these populations; they are, however, close to the Parsis who migrated from Iran to India at the end of the Seventh Century A.D. Several unusual genetic variants were detected, including a novel MDH phenotype, a superoxide dismutase phenotype identical with the Scandinavian type, and rare forms of LDH, PGM locus 2, ceruloplasmin, diaphorase, peptidases and PHI."}
{"id": "PMID:871145", "title": "Successful rehabilitation following amputation of dominant versus nondominant extremities.", "content": "In a study of 154 lower extremity amputees who received prostheses, those patients who lost a left lower extremity tended to make better progress in rehabilitation than those who required a prosthesis for the right leg. Eighty-three percent of the amputations were performed for vascular disease with no right-left difference. Heart disease played a greater role as a factor in limiting rehabilitation in those with left limb loss. Goals set and attained for loss of the left leg were higher than those for loss of the right leg. Left leg amputees can navigate more frequently without aids than can the right leg amputees. The use of a cane made both groups equal in rehabilitation time. Patients with a loss of the left leg attained maximum benefits of rehabilitation sooner than their colleagues with a loss of the right leg. Differences were nearly 2.3 weeks when the median was 22 weeks.", "contents": "Successful rehabilitation following amputation of dominant versus nondominant extremities. In a study of 154 lower extremity amputees who received prostheses, those patients who lost a left lower extremity tended to make better progress in rehabilitation than those who required a prosthesis for the right leg. Eighty-three percent of the amputations were performed for vascular disease with no right-left difference. Heart disease played a greater role as a factor in limiting rehabilitation in those with left limb loss. Goals set and attained for loss of the left leg were higher than those for loss of the right leg. Left leg amputees can navigate more frequently without aids than can the right leg amputees. The use of a cane made both groups equal in rehabilitation time. Patients with a loss of the left leg attained maximum benefits of rehabilitation sooner than their colleagues with a loss of the right leg. Differences were nearly 2.3 weeks when the median was 22 weeks."}
{"id": "PMID:871151", "title": "Defective enamel histology of prehistoric teeth from Illinois.", "content": "Histological enamel defects have been used as indicators of childhood morbidity and nutritional inadequacy. However, the usefulness of these defects has been hampered by a lack of clear criteria for differentiating normal and defective enamel. This report demonstrates that the criteria of abnormal prism structure can accurately differentiate defective enamel (i.e., pathological bands) from normal enamel. In addition, pathological bands can be divided into three distinct subtypes: distorted structure bands, black spot pathological bands, and structureless pathological bands. It has been assumed that the patterning of pathological bands and enamel hypoplasia is the same for all populations. Comparisons between populations show that each population has its own unique pattern. It has also been assumed that striae of Retzius, pathological bands, and enamel hypoplasias represent three grades of severity of the same phenomenon. Correlations between these three features demonstrate instead that this patterning is possibly influenced by the morphology of the teeth.", "contents": "Defective enamel histology of prehistoric teeth from Illinois. Histological enamel defects have been used as indicators of childhood morbidity and nutritional inadequacy. However, the usefulness of these defects has been hampered by a lack of clear criteria for differentiating normal and defective enamel. This report demonstrates that the criteria of abnormal prism structure can accurately differentiate defective enamel (i.e., pathological bands) from normal enamel. In addition, pathological bands can be divided into three distinct subtypes: distorted structure bands, black spot pathological bands, and structureless pathological bands. It has been assumed that the patterning of pathological bands and enamel hypoplasia is the same for all populations. Comparisons between populations show that each population has its own unique pattern. It has also been assumed that striae of Retzius, pathological bands, and enamel hypoplasias represent three grades of severity of the same phenomenon. Correlations between these three features demonstrate instead that this patterning is possibly influenced by the morphology of the teeth."}
{"id": "PMID:871152", "title": "Masticatory function and post-Pleistocene evolution in Nubia.", "content": "The present research focuses on craniofacial variation in Nubia over approximately 10,000 years. Samples were grouped according to their temporal location and subsistence pattern, and represent a transition from a hunting-gathering adaptation (Mesolithic) to a transitional hunting-gathering-agricultural adaptation (A-C Group) and finally to a fully agricultural adaptation (Meroitic/X-Group/Christian). The purposes were: (1) to compare the Mesolithic sample with the later Nubian populations; and (2) to evaluate further the hypothesis that change in Nubian craniofacial morphology was due to changing functional demands associated with the progressive change in subsistence adaptation and associated behavior. The results tend to support recent views that the Nubian Mesolithic population is probably ancestral to later Nubian groups, and that the masticatory-functional hypothesis can best account for craniofacial change among the Nubians since 12,000 B.P. According to this hypothesis systematic reduction in functional demand placed on the masticatory complex from the Mesolithic led, secondarily, to an alteration of the growth of the maxillomandibular complex such that the face became progressively less robust and more inferoposteriorly located relative to the cranial vault. Both the increase in the height of the vault relative to its length, producing a more \"globular\" appearance, and the reduction in dental size were tertiary, compensatory responses to altered facial size and position.", "contents": "Masticatory function and post-Pleistocene evolution in Nubia. The present research focuses on craniofacial variation in Nubia over approximately 10,000 years. Samples were grouped according to their temporal location and subsistence pattern, and represent a transition from a hunting-gathering adaptation (Mesolithic) to a transitional hunting-gathering-agricultural adaptation (A-C Group) and finally to a fully agricultural adaptation (Meroitic/X-Group/Christian). The purposes were: (1) to compare the Mesolithic sample with the later Nubian populations; and (2) to evaluate further the hypothesis that change in Nubian craniofacial morphology was due to changing functional demands associated with the progressive change in subsistence adaptation and associated behavior. The results tend to support recent views that the Nubian Mesolithic population is probably ancestral to later Nubian groups, and that the masticatory-functional hypothesis can best account for craniofacial change among the Nubians since 12,000 B.P. According to this hypothesis systematic reduction in functional demand placed on the masticatory complex from the Mesolithic led, secondarily, to an alteration of the growth of the maxillomandibular complex such that the face became progressively less robust and more inferoposteriorly located relative to the cranial vault. Both the increase in the height of the vault relative to its length, producing a more \"globular\" appearance, and the reduction in dental size were tertiary, compensatory responses to altered facial size and position."}
{"id": "PMID:871153", "title": "A low-cost signal averager and data-acquisition device.", "content": "A low-cost data-acquisition device, which can be used as a signal averager or temporary data buffer, is described. It consists of 1) an input stage built with a multiplexer, sample-and-hold amplifier, and an analog-to-digital converter; 2) a memory section made of static shift registers with recirculate capability; 3) an output stage built with a demultiplexer and a digital-to-analog converter and, 4) a control module which provides the logic signals to operate the machine. Basic diagrams are presented and several applications are described.", "contents": "A low-cost signal averager and data-acquisition device. A low-cost data-acquisition device, which can be used as a signal averager or temporary data buffer, is described. It consists of 1) an input stage built with a multiplexer, sample-and-hold amplifier, and an analog-to-digital converter; 2) a memory section made of static shift registers with recirculate capability; 3) an output stage built with a demultiplexer and a digital-to-analog converter and, 4) a control module which provides the logic signals to operate the machine. Basic diagrams are presented and several applications are described."}
{"id": "PMID:871154", "title": "Biliary transport of cholephilic dyes: evidence for two different pathways.", "content": "The hepatobiliary transport of three structurally related phthaleins was compared in the rat, and found to differ to a large extent in three experimental conditions: 1) after a 72-h fast; 2) after a 4-day phenobarbital treatment; and 3) during infusion of bile salts: sodium dehydrocholate or taurocholate. In the fasting group, bile flow and bile salt excretion (on a whole liver basis) decreased by 49 and 41%, respectively; bromsulphthalein sodium (BSP) and dibromsulphthalein sodium (DBSP) transport maximum (Tm) were reduced by 59 and 50%; however, rose bengal (RB) Tm remained normal. Phenobarbital pretreatment yielded a 44 and 29% increase in BSP and DBSP Tm, respectively, whereas RB Tm remained unchanged. Dehydrocholate infusion caused a 27 and 49% increase in BSP and DBSP Tm, whereas RB Tm increased by 12%. On the contrary, equimolar taurocholate infusion yielded a more important increase in RB Tm (56%) than in BSP and DBSP (31 and 22% respectively). It is suggested that RB does not share the same liver-to-bile excretory pathway as that of the former molecules. Our results emphasize the difficulties in predicting the biliary excretion of foreign compounds, even when their structure is closely similar.", "contents": "Biliary transport of cholephilic dyes: evidence for two different pathways. The hepatobiliary transport of three structurally related phthaleins was compared in the rat, and found to differ to a large extent in three experimental conditions: 1) after a 72-h fast; 2) after a 4-day phenobarbital treatment; and 3) during infusion of bile salts: sodium dehydrocholate or taurocholate. In the fasting group, bile flow and bile salt excretion (on a whole liver basis) decreased by 49 and 41%, respectively; bromsulphthalein sodium (BSP) and dibromsulphthalein sodium (DBSP) transport maximum (Tm) were reduced by 59 and 50%; however, rose bengal (RB) Tm remained normal. Phenobarbital pretreatment yielded a 44 and 29% increase in BSP and DBSP Tm, respectively, whereas RB Tm remained unchanged. Dehydrocholate infusion caused a 27 and 49% increase in BSP and DBSP Tm, whereas RB Tm increased by 12%. On the contrary, equimolar taurocholate infusion yielded a more important increase in RB Tm (56%) than in BSP and DBSP (31 and 22% respectively). It is suggested that RB does not share the same liver-to-bile excretory pathway as that of the former molecules. Our results emphasize the difficulties in predicting the biliary excretion of foreign compounds, even when their structure is closely similar."}
{"id": "PMID:871144", "title": "A prosthetic appliance for a patient with a brachial plexus injury and forearm amputation: a case report.", "content": "Among the prosthetic and orthotic appliances available, neither a conventional mechanical prosthesis nor the myoelectric control system provided optimal results for a 19-year-old patient with a traumatic, irreversible paralysis of the brachial plexus and below-elbow amputation. A new device was therefore constructed that combined the mechanical pull of the first system and the electric hand of the second. Its functions, the training program, and the end result are reported.", "contents": "A prosthetic appliance for a patient with a brachial plexus injury and forearm amputation: a case report. Among the prosthetic and orthotic appliances available, neither a conventional mechanical prosthesis nor the myoelectric control system provided optimal results for a 19-year-old patient with a traumatic, irreversible paralysis of the brachial plexus and below-elbow amputation. A new device was therefore constructed that combined the mechanical pull of the first system and the electric hand of the second. Its functions, the training program, and the end result are reported."}
{"id": "PMID:871155", "title": "Fetal metabolic response to maternal fasting in the rat.", "content": "To determine the fetal response to altered maternal fuel supply, the effects of prolonged maternal fasting, begun 24-96 h before term, were examined and compared with values from normally fed term animals. Fetal weight decreased only after 48 h of maternal fasting. Prolonged maternal fasting was associated with low blood glucose, high blood ketone bodies, and decreased gluconeogenic substrate in the fetus. Plasma insulin was decreased, whereas plasma glucagon was increased in the fetus of fasted mothers. Infusion of [2-3H]glucose into the mother to constant specific activity gave a ratio of maternal to fetal glucose activity of 1.0 in fed and 1.56 in fasted mothers. Fetal liver from fasted mothers showed both increase in activity of key gluconeogenic enzymes (glucose-6-phosphatase and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase) and increased conversion in vitro of lactate, alanine, serine, and glycerol in glucose by liver slices. It is inferred that maternal fasting induces fetal substrate alterations and hormonal changes appropriate to premature appearance of hepatic gluconeogenesis. The priority for endogenous fuel provision in this state leads to impaired fetal growth.", "contents": "Fetal metabolic response to maternal fasting in the rat. To determine the fetal response to altered maternal fuel supply, the effects of prolonged maternal fasting, begun 24-96 h before term, were examined and compared with values from normally fed term animals. Fetal weight decreased only after 48 h of maternal fasting. Prolonged maternal fasting was associated with low blood glucose, high blood ketone bodies, and decreased gluconeogenic substrate in the fetus. Plasma insulin was decreased, whereas plasma glucagon was increased in the fetus of fasted mothers. Infusion of [2-3H]glucose into the mother to constant specific activity gave a ratio of maternal to fetal glucose activity of 1.0 in fed and 1.56 in fasted mothers. Fetal liver from fasted mothers showed both increase in activity of key gluconeogenic enzymes (glucose-6-phosphatase and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase) and increased conversion in vitro of lactate, alanine, serine, and glycerol in glucose by liver slices. It is inferred that maternal fasting induces fetal substrate alterations and hormonal changes appropriate to premature appearance of hepatic gluconeogenesis. The priority for endogenous fuel provision in this state leads to impaired fetal growth."}
{"id": "PMID:871156", "title": "Compartment analysis of metabolism of chromium(III) in rats of various ages.", "content": "The metabolism of chromium(III) was studied in groups of female Wistar rats of various ages (35, 60, and 120 days) after a single intravenous injection of 51CrCl3 in trace amounts. In all the animals, the plasma disappearance curve could be adequately described by a sum of three exponential terms between 0 and 265 h postinjection. A three-compartment mammillary model is proposed that permits the description of Cr(III) metabolism in quantitative terms. The model defines compartment volumes, clearances by exchange, and clearances by excretion. The total excretory clearance is the sum of three components: urinary clearance (fu), fecal clearance (fd), and a residual clearance (fs), corresponding to an apparently irreversible deposition of chromium into long term body reservoirs. The parameters of the model are reported for each age group; when their values are expressed per 100 g of body wt, all the components of the excretory clearance decrease with age. In all cases elimination takes place primarily via the urine and fs accounts for 31-41% of the total excretory clearance. Consistent with the model, 51Cr was found to accumulate with time in several organs such as bone, kidney, spleen, and liver after a single intravenous injection of 51CrCl3.", "contents": "Compartment analysis of metabolism of chromium(III) in rats of various ages. The metabolism of chromium(III) was studied in groups of female Wistar rats of various ages (35, 60, and 120 days) after a single intravenous injection of 51CrCl3 in trace amounts. In all the animals, the plasma disappearance curve could be adequately described by a sum of three exponential terms between 0 and 265 h postinjection. A three-compartment mammillary model is proposed that permits the description of Cr(III) metabolism in quantitative terms. The model defines compartment volumes, clearances by exchange, and clearances by excretion. The total excretory clearance is the sum of three components: urinary clearance (fu), fecal clearance (fd), and a residual clearance (fs), corresponding to an apparently irreversible deposition of chromium into long term body reservoirs. The parameters of the model are reported for each age group; when their values are expressed per 100 g of body wt, all the components of the excretory clearance decrease with age. In all cases elimination takes place primarily via the urine and fs accounts for 31-41% of the total excretory clearance. Consistent with the model, 51Cr was found to accumulate with time in several organs such as bone, kidney, spleen, and liver after a single intravenous injection of 51CrCl3."}
{"id": "PMID:871157", "title": "Unidirectional influx of glutamine and other neutral amino acids into liver of fed and fasted rat in vivo.", "content": "The fractional extraction of unidirectional influx of several neutral amino acids (glutamine, leucine, alanine, tryptophan, and cycloleucine) into rat liver in vivo is studied with a tissue-sampling, single-injection technique. Liver uptake of 14C-amino acid is expressed as an index relative to the hepatic clearance of a 3H-labeled water (3HOH) internal reference. The maximal fractional extraction of 3HOH influx into liver, 0.85, and the rate constant of 3HOH exodus back to blood, 0.87 min-1, provide an estimate of portal blood flow, 0.93 ml min-1 g-1, in the barbiturate-anesthetized, laparotomized rat. Given the extraction data for the 3HOH reference, liver uptake indices for the five amino acids studied are converted into maximal fractional extractions of amino acid influx into liver: glutamine, 0.72 +/- 0.03; leucine, 0.56 +/- 0.02; alanine, 0.43 +/- 0.04; tryptophan, 0.40 +/- 0.03; cycloleucine, 0.25 +/- 0.01; and sucrose, 0.09 +/- 0.02. The influx of glutamine and cycloleucine is shown to be increased (35%) with 48 h of fasting. These data indicate that glutamine penetrates the liver cell membrane faster than any of the 19 amino acids studied thus far. The rate of unidirectional influx of glutamine and other amino acids into liver is estimated and reveals that the capacity of liver cells to transport amino acids is severalfold greater than that of other organs such as brain or muscle.", "contents": "Unidirectional influx of glutamine and other neutral amino acids into liver of fed and fasted rat in vivo. The fractional extraction of unidirectional influx of several neutral amino acids (glutamine, leucine, alanine, tryptophan, and cycloleucine) into rat liver in vivo is studied with a tissue-sampling, single-injection technique. Liver uptake of 14C-amino acid is expressed as an index relative to the hepatic clearance of a 3H-labeled water (3HOH) internal reference. The maximal fractional extraction of 3HOH influx into liver, 0.85, and the rate constant of 3HOH exodus back to blood, 0.87 min-1, provide an estimate of portal blood flow, 0.93 ml min-1 g-1, in the barbiturate-anesthetized, laparotomized rat. Given the extraction data for the 3HOH reference, liver uptake indices for the five amino acids studied are converted into maximal fractional extractions of amino acid influx into liver: glutamine, 0.72 +/- 0.03; leucine, 0.56 +/- 0.02; alanine, 0.43 +/- 0.04; tryptophan, 0.40 +/- 0.03; cycloleucine, 0.25 +/- 0.01; and sucrose, 0.09 +/- 0.02. The influx of glutamine and cycloleucine is shown to be increased (35%) with 48 h of fasting. These data indicate that glutamine penetrates the liver cell membrane faster than any of the 19 amino acids studied thus far. The rate of unidirectional influx of glutamine and other amino acids into liver is estimated and reveals that the capacity of liver cells to transport amino acids is severalfold greater than that of other organs such as brain or muscle."}
{"id": "PMID:871158", "title": "Development in calves and heifers after hypophysial stalk transection or hypophysectomy.", "content": "Growth was inhibited markedly in prepuberal bull and heifer calves after either hypophysial stalk transection or hypophysectomy as compared with that found in sham-operated calves or in unoperated calves. Male mounting behavior and evidence of puberal estrous behavior were lost or undetected after hypophysial stalk transection or hypophysectomy. Testes regressed, contained few spermatogonia and interstitial cells, and lacked spermatogenesis. Epithelial cells of seminal vesicles, bulbourethral glands, and prostate were cuboidal, indicating inadequate testicular androgen. Atresia of numerous ovarian follicles and reduced ovarian weight occurred in hypophysectomized heifer calves. Graafian follicles regressed after hypophysial stalk transection of sexually mature heifers, but ovaries responded to pregnant mare serum and human chorionic gonadotropin by follicular development, ovulation, and formation of multiple corpora lutea. Thyroid and adrenal gland weights decreased and adrenal cortices atrophied after hypophysectomy, but not after stalk transection. Thyroid glands contained colloid-filled follicles with flattened epithelial cells; atrophy was more extensive after hypophysectomy. Hypophysial stalk transection or hypophysectomy severely depresses growth and arrests sexual development in young calves, but in mature animals exongenous gonadotropins can sustain gonadal function.", "contents": "Development in calves and heifers after hypophysial stalk transection or hypophysectomy. Growth was inhibited markedly in prepuberal bull and heifer calves after either hypophysial stalk transection or hypophysectomy as compared with that found in sham-operated calves or in unoperated calves. Male mounting behavior and evidence of puberal estrous behavior were lost or undetected after hypophysial stalk transection or hypophysectomy. Testes regressed, contained few spermatogonia and interstitial cells, and lacked spermatogenesis. Epithelial cells of seminal vesicles, bulbourethral glands, and prostate were cuboidal, indicating inadequate testicular androgen. Atresia of numerous ovarian follicles and reduced ovarian weight occurred in hypophysectomized heifer calves. Graafian follicles regressed after hypophysial stalk transection of sexually mature heifers, but ovaries responded to pregnant mare serum and human chorionic gonadotropin by follicular development, ovulation, and formation of multiple corpora lutea. Thyroid and adrenal gland weights decreased and adrenal cortices atrophied after hypophysectomy, but not after stalk transection. Thyroid glands contained colloid-filled follicles with flattened epithelial cells; atrophy was more extensive after hypophysectomy. Hypophysial stalk transection or hypophysectomy severely depresses growth and arrests sexual development in young calves, but in mature animals exongenous gonadotropins can sustain gonadal function."}
{"id": "PMID:871159", "title": "Vagotomy impairs pentagastrin-induced relaxation of canine gastric fundus.", "content": "In eight dogs, a separated, vagally innervated pouch was made from the gastric fundus. Electrodes were implanted on the pouch, and an antral gastric fistula was created through which gastric juice was drained externally during all tests. After recovery, the fasted, conscious dogs received intravenous infusions of 154 mM NaCl to which randomly selected doses of pentagastrin were intermittently added while intraluminal pressure and electric activity of the distended pouch were recorded. Transthoracic vagotomy was then performed, and the dogs were restudied. Before vagotomy, pentagastrin decreased the amplitude of the phasic changes in intraluminal pressure and of the bursts of spiking potentials of the pouch. The D50 for inhibition of mean intrapouch pressure was 4.2 ng/kg per min. After vagotomy, pentagastrin still decreased intrapouch pressure and inhibited fundal spikes, but larger doses were required to produce equivalent decreases in pressure. The D50 was 41.4 ng/kg per min after vagotomy. Our conclusion is that pentagastrin-induced relaxation of the canine gastric fundus is impaired, but not abolished, by vagotomy.", "contents": "Vagotomy impairs pentagastrin-induced relaxation of canine gastric fundus. In eight dogs, a separated, vagally innervated pouch was made from the gastric fundus. Electrodes were implanted on the pouch, and an antral gastric fistula was created through which gastric juice was drained externally during all tests. After recovery, the fasted, conscious dogs received intravenous infusions of 154 mM NaCl to which randomly selected doses of pentagastrin were intermittently added while intraluminal pressure and electric activity of the distended pouch were recorded. Transthoracic vagotomy was then performed, and the dogs were restudied. Before vagotomy, pentagastrin decreased the amplitude of the phasic changes in intraluminal pressure and of the bursts of spiking potentials of the pouch. The D50 for inhibition of mean intrapouch pressure was 4.2 ng/kg per min. After vagotomy, pentagastrin still decreased intrapouch pressure and inhibited fundal spikes, but larger doses were required to produce equivalent decreases in pressure. The D50 was 41.4 ng/kg per min after vagotomy. Our conclusion is that pentagastrin-induced relaxation of the canine gastric fundus is impaired, but not abolished, by vagotomy."}
{"id": "PMID:871160", "title": "Brain serotonin turnover in chronically uremic rats.", "content": "Brain serotonin turnover was investigated in chronically uremic and sham-operated pair-fed control rats. Animals were injected ip with 100 mg/kg body wt of pargyline HCl, a nonreversible monoamine oxidase inhibitor, and decapitated 0, 30 and 60 min later. The level of total tryptophan in plasma was decreased, and that of free tryptophan was increased in the uremic group. Uremic and control rats had similar concentrations of tryptophan and serotonin at 0 and 30 min after pargyline administration. However, the brain serotonin concentration was elevated in the uremic group 60 min after pargyline treatment. The brain serotonin turnover rate was higher and serotonin turnover time was lower in the uremic group. These results indicate that uremic stress, in addition to altering plasma tryptophan levels, also affects brain serotonin turnover.", "contents": "Brain serotonin turnover in chronically uremic rats. Brain serotonin turnover was investigated in chronically uremic and sham-operated pair-fed control rats. Animals were injected ip with 100 mg/kg body wt of pargyline HCl, a nonreversible monoamine oxidase inhibitor, and decapitated 0, 30 and 60 min later. The level of total tryptophan in plasma was decreased, and that of free tryptophan was increased in the uremic group. Uremic and control rats had similar concentrations of tryptophan and serotonin at 0 and 30 min after pargyline administration. However, the brain serotonin concentration was elevated in the uremic group 60 min after pargyline treatment. The brain serotonin turnover rate was higher and serotonin turnover time was lower in the uremic group. These results indicate that uremic stress, in addition to altering plasma tryptophan levels, also affects brain serotonin turnover."}
{"id": "PMID:871161", "title": "Migrating action potential complex of cholera: a possible prostaglandin-induced response.", "content": "Distal ileal loops of New Zealand white rabbits exposed to cholera toxin demonstrated the presence of a highly organized myoelectric pattern defined as the migrating action potential complex (MAPC). We investigated the mechanism by which cholera enterotoxin stimulates MAPC activity. Certain anti-inflammatory drugs have altered the secretory component of cholera diarrhea. We investigated effects of these anti-inflammatory drugs on the MAPC. Indomethacin, 5.0 mg/kg iv, abolished all MAPC activity. Indomethacin, 1.5 mg/kg iv, or acetylsalicylic acid, 150 mg/kg given intragastrically, altered propagation velocity and at times its direction of propagation, but did not abolish the MAPC. An infusion of prostaglandin F2alpha, 2 microng/kg per min intraluminally, induced MAPC activity similar to that of the cholera complex. Indomethacin, 5.0 mg/kg iv, produced no significant changes in number of complexes or propagation velocity. These observations suggested that inhibition of the cholera complex by indomethacin may result from the alteration of prostaglandin synthesis and that prostaglandins may initiate the motility component of cholera diarrhea.", "contents": "Migrating action potential complex of cholera: a possible prostaglandin-induced response. Distal ileal loops of New Zealand white rabbits exposed to cholera toxin demonstrated the presence of a highly organized myoelectric pattern defined as the migrating action potential complex (MAPC). We investigated the mechanism by which cholera enterotoxin stimulates MAPC activity. Certain anti-inflammatory drugs have altered the secretory component of cholera diarrhea. We investigated effects of these anti-inflammatory drugs on the MAPC. Indomethacin, 5.0 mg/kg iv, abolished all MAPC activity. Indomethacin, 1.5 mg/kg iv, or acetylsalicylic acid, 150 mg/kg given intragastrically, altered propagation velocity and at times its direction of propagation, but did not abolish the MAPC. An infusion of prostaglandin F2alpha, 2 microng/kg per min intraluminally, induced MAPC activity similar to that of the cholera complex. Indomethacin, 5.0 mg/kg iv, produced no significant changes in number of complexes or propagation velocity. These observations suggested that inhibition of the cholera complex by indomethacin may result from the alteration of prostaglandin synthesis and that prostaglandins may initiate the motility component of cholera diarrhea."}
{"id": "PMID:871162", "title": "Lost mass and excretion as stimuli to parabiotic compensatory renal hypertrophy.", "content": "To help determine the roles of lost renal mass and lost excretory ability in producing renoprival hypertrophy, observations were made in otherwise normal rats cross-circulated for 24 h with rats prepared in one of the following ways: bilateral nephrectomy, bilateral ureteral ligation, or bilateral nephrectomy with 24 h of uremia. Bilateral nephrectomy produced parabiotic increases in renal mass and in the average cellular concentration of RNA: bilateral ureteral ligation did not. Uremia did not potentiate the effects of bilateral nephrectomy. Lost mass is the determinant of compensatory renal hypertrophy.", "contents": "Lost mass and excretion as stimuli to parabiotic compensatory renal hypertrophy. To help determine the roles of lost renal mass and lost excretory ability in producing renoprival hypertrophy, observations were made in otherwise normal rats cross-circulated for 24 h with rats prepared in one of the following ways: bilateral nephrectomy, bilateral ureteral ligation, or bilateral nephrectomy with 24 h of uremia. Bilateral nephrectomy produced parabiotic increases in renal mass and in the average cellular concentration of RNA: bilateral ureteral ligation did not. Uremia did not potentiate the effects of bilateral nephrectomy. Lost mass is the determinant of compensatory renal hypertrophy."}
{"id": "PMID:871163", "title": "Effects of alpha-adrenergic blockade on renal function in hemorrhagic shock.", "content": "This study was undertaken to determine whether alpha-adrenergic blockade would reverse the altered kidney function in hemorrhagic shock. Urinary excretion of Na+, K+, and total solute were studied in 10 anesthetized dogs before and after administration of phenoxybenzamine (PBZ) in shock. Five of the 10 dogs were used to evaluate the effect of shock on renal hemodynamics. Another group of five dogs was used as controls. Normovolemic shock caused a reduction in renal blood flow (RBF) from 9.0 +/- 1 to 6.0 +/- 0.6 ml/min per kg, and an increase in renal vascular resistance (RVR) (P less than .05). When compared to the untreated shock animals, phenoxybenzamine caused an 83% increase in RBF and a 53% decrease in RVR. Treatment of control animals with phenoxybenzamine resulted in a 10-fold increase in urinary [Na+], while urinary [K+] remained unchanged. Neither urinary [K+] nor urinary [Na+] was affected significantly by PBZ in the shock group. Although the excretion rate for Na+ was increased severalfold in the untreated shocked animals when compared to controls (14.0 +/- 3 vs. 1.7 microneq/min) the excretion rates for K+ (P less than .05) and total osmotically active substances (P less than .01) diminished. Phenoxybenzamine caused significant increases in the excretion rates for Na+ and K+ in both the control and shocked dogs. The observed changes in excretion rates when PBZ was given most likely reflect drug-induced changes in renal hemodynamics.", "contents": "Effects of alpha-adrenergic blockade on renal function in hemorrhagic shock. This study was undertaken to determine whether alpha-adrenergic blockade would reverse the altered kidney function in hemorrhagic shock. Urinary excretion of Na+, K+, and total solute were studied in 10 anesthetized dogs before and after administration of phenoxybenzamine (PBZ) in shock. Five of the 10 dogs were used to evaluate the effect of shock on renal hemodynamics. Another group of five dogs was used as controls. Normovolemic shock caused a reduction in renal blood flow (RBF) from 9.0 +/- 1 to 6.0 +/- 0.6 ml/min per kg, and an increase in renal vascular resistance (RVR) (P less than .05). When compared to the untreated shock animals, phenoxybenzamine caused an 83% increase in RBF and a 53% decrease in RVR. Treatment of control animals with phenoxybenzamine resulted in a 10-fold increase in urinary [Na+], while urinary [K+] remained unchanged. Neither urinary [K+] nor urinary [Na+] was affected significantly by PBZ in the shock group. Although the excretion rate for Na+ was increased severalfold in the untreated shocked animals when compared to controls (14.0 +/- 3 vs. 1.7 microneq/min) the excretion rates for K+ (P less than .05) and total osmotically active substances (P less than .01) diminished. Phenoxybenzamine caused significant increases in the excretion rates for Na+ and K+ in both the control and shocked dogs. The observed changes in excretion rates when PBZ was given most likely reflect drug-induced changes in renal hemodynamics."}
{"id": "PMID:871164", "title": "Movement of p-aminohippurate between lumen and cells of renal tubule.", "content": "This study explores the role of brush border (luminal) membranes in p-aminohippurate (PAH) transport by the rabbit kidney. Under control conditions PAH appears in urine at the same rate as simultaneously injected inulin; no evidence for a secretory delay was found. After suppression of secretion by limiting concentrations of Benemid (probenecid), urinary PAH is largely derived from glomerular filtrate: its tubular transit time exceeds that of inulin. Excess Benemid abolishes this delay. Filtered PAH on its way to excretion appears to be permitted by a mechanism sensitive to high concentrations of Benemid to pass through an extraluminal volume equivalent to that of the proximal tubule cells. These results strengthen the previously suggested model for tubular PAH transport, and provide justification for use of glomerulus-to-ureter transit times in localizing tubular transport mechanisms.", "contents": "Movement of p-aminohippurate between lumen and cells of renal tubule. This study explores the role of brush border (luminal) membranes in p-aminohippurate (PAH) transport by the rabbit kidney. Under control conditions PAH appears in urine at the same rate as simultaneously injected inulin; no evidence for a secretory delay was found. After suppression of secretion by limiting concentrations of Benemid (probenecid), urinary PAH is largely derived from glomerular filtrate: its tubular transit time exceeds that of inulin. Excess Benemid abolishes this delay. Filtered PAH on its way to excretion appears to be permitted by a mechanism sensitive to high concentrations of Benemid to pass through an extraluminal volume equivalent to that of the proximal tubule cells. These results strengthen the previously suggested model for tubular PAH transport, and provide justification for use of glomerulus-to-ureter transit times in localizing tubular transport mechanisms."}
{"id": "PMID:871165", "title": "Renin-angiotensin system and aldosterone secretion during aortic constriction in the rat.", "content": "Suprarenal aortic constriction sufficient to reduce renal perfusion pressure by approximately 50% increased aldosterone secretion in anesthetized rats pretreated with dexamethasone. Bilateral nephrectomy under the same experimental conditions blocked the aldosterone response. Additionally, [1-sarcosine, 8-alanine]angiotensin II blocked the response in aldosterone secretion to aortic constriction in dexamethasone-treated rats. Finally, in rats hypophysectomized to exclude the influence of ACTH, the aldosterone response to aortic constriction was blocked by [1-sarcosine, 8-alanine]angiotensin II. The results indicate that angiotensin II increased aldosterone secretion during aortic constriction in the rat. These observations, along with those reported previously in sodium-depleted rats, point to an important overall role for the renin-angiotensin system in the control of aldosterone secretion in the rat.", "contents": "Renin-angiotensin system and aldosterone secretion during aortic constriction in the rat. Suprarenal aortic constriction sufficient to reduce renal perfusion pressure by approximately 50% increased aldosterone secretion in anesthetized rats pretreated with dexamethasone. Bilateral nephrectomy under the same experimental conditions blocked the aldosterone response. Additionally, [1-sarcosine, 8-alanine]angiotensin II blocked the response in aldosterone secretion to aortic constriction in dexamethasone-treated rats. Finally, in rats hypophysectomized to exclude the influence of ACTH, the aldosterone response to aortic constriction was blocked by [1-sarcosine, 8-alanine]angiotensin II. The results indicate that angiotensin II increased aldosterone secretion during aortic constriction in the rat. These observations, along with those reported previously in sodium-depleted rats, point to an important overall role for the renin-angiotensin system in the control of aldosterone secretion in the rat."}
{"id": "PMID:871166", "title": "Effect of furosemide on renal handling of glucose in the rat.", "content": "Clearance and intratubular microinjection studies were performed in rats during extracellular volume expansion before and after furosemide administration to evaluate renal tubular transport of glucose. Three groups of animals were studied: group I, intact rats; group II, acutely thyroparathyroidectomized rats; and group III, thyroparathyroidectomized rats receiving parathyroid extract after a control period. In all groups furosemide caused a significant increase in the urinary flow rate and sodium excretion. There was no significant change in filtered glucose and glucose excretion. After early distal tubular injections of [14C]glucose, recovery was complete both before and after furosemide infusion. Furosemide had no effect on [14C]glucose recovery after the late proximal injection. These results indicate that furosemide has no effect on the renal handling of glucose in normoglycemic rats. There is no evidence for glucose reabsorption in the nephronal segments distal to the early distal tubular segment in this experimental state. Our data suggest, but do not prove, that no glucose is transported by the rat nephron beyond the pars recta during normoglycemia.", "contents": "Effect of furosemide on renal handling of glucose in the rat. Clearance and intratubular microinjection studies were performed in rats during extracellular volume expansion before and after furosemide administration to evaluate renal tubular transport of glucose. Three groups of animals were studied: group I, intact rats; group II, acutely thyroparathyroidectomized rats; and group III, thyroparathyroidectomized rats receiving parathyroid extract after a control period. In all groups furosemide caused a significant increase in the urinary flow rate and sodium excretion. There was no significant change in filtered glucose and glucose excretion. After early distal tubular injections of [14C]glucose, recovery was complete both before and after furosemide infusion. Furosemide had no effect on [14C]glucose recovery after the late proximal injection. These results indicate that furosemide has no effect on the renal handling of glucose in normoglycemic rats. There is no evidence for glucose reabsorption in the nephronal segments distal to the early distal tubular segment in this experimental state. Our data suggest, but do not prove, that no glucose is transported by the rat nephron beyond the pars recta during normoglycemia."}
{"id": "PMID:871167", "title": "Sugar interaction with the antiluminal surface of the proximal tubule in dog kidney.", "content": "The pulse-injection multiple-indicator-dilution technique in vivo has been used to investigate bidirectional sugar interaction with the antiluminal surface of the nephron in dog kidney. Simultaneous renal vein and urine outflow curves were obtained for radiolabeled sugars known to interact with the antiluminal surface. The following sugars were tested relative to T-1824 albumin (plasma reference) and creatinine (extracellular reference) under conditions of high-dose phlorizin preloading (75-225 mg/kg): D-glucose, D-xylose, D-fucose, D-mannose, D-galactose, L-arabinose, myoinositol, and D-fructose. The results indicate that as the plasma concentration of phlorizin increases there is, first, a partial inhibition of sugar interaction at the antiluminal membrane so that only unidirectional uptake of sugar from blood to tubular cell is observed, followed by complete inhibition of sugar interaction at the peritubular face of the antiluminal membrane, resulting in superposition of sugar and creatinine curves in the renal vein effluent. Two possible interpretations exist. i) Phlorizin exerts its inhibitory action successively at the cytoplasmic and then at the peritubular face of the antiluminal membrane. Moreover, since all of the sugar substrates are inhibited by phlorizin, the data suggest that the sugar-membrane interaction takes place at a common site at the level of the proximal tubule. ii) Alternatively, the action of phlorizin could result from a metabolic inhibitory effect affecting multiple sugar transport systems at the antiluminal membrane.", "contents": "Sugar interaction with the antiluminal surface of the proximal tubule in dog kidney. The pulse-injection multiple-indicator-dilution technique in vivo has been used to investigate bidirectional sugar interaction with the antiluminal surface of the nephron in dog kidney. Simultaneous renal vein and urine outflow curves were obtained for radiolabeled sugars known to interact with the antiluminal surface. The following sugars were tested relative to T-1824 albumin (plasma reference) and creatinine (extracellular reference) under conditions of high-dose phlorizin preloading (75-225 mg/kg): D-glucose, D-xylose, D-fucose, D-mannose, D-galactose, L-arabinose, myoinositol, and D-fructose. The results indicate that as the plasma concentration of phlorizin increases there is, first, a partial inhibition of sugar interaction at the antiluminal membrane so that only unidirectional uptake of sugar from blood to tubular cell is observed, followed by complete inhibition of sugar interaction at the peritubular face of the antiluminal membrane, resulting in superposition of sugar and creatinine curves in the renal vein effluent. Two possible interpretations exist. i) Phlorizin exerts its inhibitory action successively at the cytoplasmic and then at the peritubular face of the antiluminal membrane. Moreover, since all of the sugar substrates are inhibited by phlorizin, the data suggest that the sugar-membrane interaction takes place at a common site at the level of the proximal tubule. ii) Alternatively, the action of phlorizin could result from a metabolic inhibitory effect affecting multiple sugar transport systems at the antiluminal membrane."}
{"id": "PMID:871168", "title": "Autonomic afferents at T1 in elicitation of volume-induced tachycardia in the dog.", "content": "Intravenous infusion of blood elicited tachycardia in anesthetized dogs with beta-receptor blockade (dogs with vagal efferents intact but cardiac sympathetic efferents blocked) and bradycardia in dogs with combined beta-receptor blockade and rhizotomy at T1 (dogs with vagal efferents intact but cardiac sympathetic efferents plus autonomic afferents at T1 blocked). This suggests that tachycardia elicited by volume in infusion may be partly due to a reflex with its afferent pathway at the T1 segment of the spinal cord and its efferent pathway in the vagi. Moreover, infusion evoked bradycardia in dogs with right-sided rhizotomy at T1, which was not significantly different from the response elicited in dogs with bilateral rhizotomy at T1. Additionally, the tachycardia response induced in dogs with ventral or dorsal rhizotomy at T1 was significantly different from the bradycardia response elicited in dogs with both dorsal and ventral rhizotomy at T1. These results suggest that the afferent pathway predominates on the right side, and its entry at T1 may be via both dorsal and ventral roots.", "contents": "Autonomic afferents at T1 in elicitation of volume-induced tachycardia in the dog. Intravenous infusion of blood elicited tachycardia in anesthetized dogs with beta-receptor blockade (dogs with vagal efferents intact but cardiac sympathetic efferents blocked) and bradycardia in dogs with combined beta-receptor blockade and rhizotomy at T1 (dogs with vagal efferents intact but cardiac sympathetic efferents plus autonomic afferents at T1 blocked). This suggests that tachycardia elicited by volume in infusion may be partly due to a reflex with its afferent pathway at the T1 segment of the spinal cord and its efferent pathway in the vagi. Moreover, infusion evoked bradycardia in dogs with right-sided rhizotomy at T1, which was not significantly different from the response elicited in dogs with bilateral rhizotomy at T1. Additionally, the tachycardia response induced in dogs with ventral or dorsal rhizotomy at T1 was significantly different from the bradycardia response elicited in dogs with both dorsal and ventral rhizotomy at T1. These results suggest that the afferent pathway predominates on the right side, and its entry at T1 may be via both dorsal and ventral roots."}
{"id": "PMID:871169", "title": "Responses of the canine myocardium to stimulation of thoracic cardiac nerves.", "content": "The thoracic cardiac nerves were stimulated in each of 21 dogs anesthetized with alpha chloralose. Recordings were made of heart rate, blood pressure, and contractile force from all four cardiac chambers. Walton-Brodie strain-gauge arches were sutured to both atria, and to three locations of each ventricle, representing both anterior and posterior surfaces. The functional autonomic components of each nerve were summarized and classified into four basic types. Types I and II were both located medial to the thoracic vagi. These were shown to contain both sympathetic and parasympathetic components traveling to all four chambers of the heart. The sympathetic componnent of the type II nerves produced reflex changes in force of contraction and systemic blood pressure. Nerves classified as types III and IV produced no parasympathetic effect on the heart. These were all located lateral to the thoracic vagi. While the type III nerves carried sympathetic efferent fibers to all four chambers, the type IV nerve carried sympathetic fibers predominantly to the right atrium.", "contents": "Responses of the canine myocardium to stimulation of thoracic cardiac nerves. The thoracic cardiac nerves were stimulated in each of 21 dogs anesthetized with alpha chloralose. Recordings were made of heart rate, blood pressure, and contractile force from all four cardiac chambers. Walton-Brodie strain-gauge arches were sutured to both atria, and to three locations of each ventricle, representing both anterior and posterior surfaces. The functional autonomic components of each nerve were summarized and classified into four basic types. Types I and II were both located medial to the thoracic vagi. These were shown to contain both sympathetic and parasympathetic components traveling to all four chambers of the heart. The sympathetic componnent of the type II nerves produced reflex changes in force of contraction and systemic blood pressure. Nerves classified as types III and IV produced no parasympathetic effect on the heart. These were all located lateral to the thoracic vagi. While the type III nerves carried sympathetic efferent fibers to all four chambers, the type IV nerve carried sympathetic fibers predominantly to the right atrium."}
{"id": "PMID:871170", "title": "Cerebral blood flow and behavior during brain stimulation in the goat.", "content": "Cerebral blood flow, heart rate, arterial blood pressure, and behavior were studied in conscious goats during electrical stimulation of the diencephalon and mesencephalon. Stimulation of the subthalamic area produced a considerable increase in ipsilateral cerebral blood flow and heart rate, accompanied by either a small or a large increase in systemic arterial blood pressure. Cardiovascular effects were associated with changes in alertness. The increase in cerebral blood flow was partially abolished by previous administration of atropine directly into the internal maxillary artery. Stimulation of the mesencephalic reticular formation caused a marked increase in blood pressure with no change or with some decrease in cerebral blood flow. After administration of phentolamine into the internal maxillary artery, stimulation produced increase in cerebral blood flow. The behavioral response consisted of restlessness and attempted flight. These results suggest the existence of cholinergic vasodilator and adrenergic vasoconstrictor pathways to cerebral blood vessels that may be stimulated electrically.", "contents": "Cerebral blood flow and behavior during brain stimulation in the goat. Cerebral blood flow, heart rate, arterial blood pressure, and behavior were studied in conscious goats during electrical stimulation of the diencephalon and mesencephalon. Stimulation of the subthalamic area produced a considerable increase in ipsilateral cerebral blood flow and heart rate, accompanied by either a small or a large increase in systemic arterial blood pressure. Cardiovascular effects were associated with changes in alertness. The increase in cerebral blood flow was partially abolished by previous administration of atropine directly into the internal maxillary artery. Stimulation of the mesencephalic reticular formation caused a marked increase in blood pressure with no change or with some decrease in cerebral blood flow. After administration of phentolamine into the internal maxillary artery, stimulation produced increase in cerebral blood flow. The behavioral response consisted of restlessness and attempted flight. These results suggest the existence of cholinergic vasodilator and adrenergic vasoconstrictor pathways to cerebral blood vessels that may be stimulated electrically."}
{"id": "PMID:871171", "title": "Effects of renal denervation on renin release in response to tilting and furosemide.", "content": "In anesthetized cats head-up tilting for 30 min and infusion of furosemide at 0.75 mg/kg in 30 min significantly raised renin release from the innervated kidney (increments of 90.7 +/- 21.4 ng/min on tilting and 105.4 +/- 26.4 ng/min after furosemide); a small and inconstant increase from the contralateral denervated kidney (increments of 16.8 +/- 16.0 and 16.3 +/- 17.7 ng/min, respectively) was abolished by acute bilateral adrenalectomy. Larger doses of furosemide (6.0 mg/kg) could release renin from the denervated kidney also, but the response was still more marked on the innervated side especially in the early period of infusion (increments of 132.7 +/- 23.8 and 33.7 +/- 23.8 ng/min of innervated and denervated sides at 10 min). The response of the denervated kidney to 6.0 mg furosemide/kg was not affected by adrenalectomy. Stimulation of juxtaglomerular cells by tilting is entirely due to sympathoadrenergic activation; stimulation by furosemide is also entirely neural when the diuretic drug is given in moderate doses, but is partly independent of innervation when larger doses are administered.", "contents": "Effects of renal denervation on renin release in response to tilting and furosemide. In anesthetized cats head-up tilting for 30 min and infusion of furosemide at 0.75 mg/kg in 30 min significantly raised renin release from the innervated kidney (increments of 90.7 +/- 21.4 ng/min on tilting and 105.4 +/- 26.4 ng/min after furosemide); a small and inconstant increase from the contralateral denervated kidney (increments of 16.8 +/- 16.0 and 16.3 +/- 17.7 ng/min, respectively) was abolished by acute bilateral adrenalectomy. Larger doses of furosemide (6.0 mg/kg) could release renin from the denervated kidney also, but the response was still more marked on the innervated side especially in the early period of infusion (increments of 132.7 +/- 23.8 and 33.7 +/- 23.8 ng/min of innervated and denervated sides at 10 min). The response of the denervated kidney to 6.0 mg furosemide/kg was not affected by adrenalectomy. Stimulation of juxtaglomerular cells by tilting is entirely due to sympathoadrenergic activation; stimulation by furosemide is also entirely neural when the diuretic drug is given in moderate doses, but is partly independent of innervation when larger doses are administered."}
{"id": "PMID:871172", "title": "Carotid body chemoreceptor reflexes and their interactions in the seal.", "content": "In the anesthetized spontaneously breathing harbor seal Phoca vitulina stimulation of the carotid body chemoreceptors by intracarotid injections of sodium cyanide or by hypoxic hypercapnic blood causes an increase in tidal volume, respiratory frequency, and respiratory minute volume. The heart rate invariably decreased. Experimental dives caused apnea and bradycardia. When the carotid bodies are stimulated within 10 s of the commencement of a dive, the chemoreceptor-respiratory response is abolished, but the chemoreceptor-cardioinhibitory response is considerably enhanced. Electrical stimulation of the central cut end of a superior laryngeal nerve also causes apnea and bradycardia; stimulation of the carotid body now fails to produce a respiratory response but the cardioinhibitory effect is enhanced. These results indicate that the carotid bodies cause reflexly hyperventilation and bradycardia, and that these responses are considerably modified by other inputs to the central nervous system.", "contents": "Carotid body chemoreceptor reflexes and their interactions in the seal. In the anesthetized spontaneously breathing harbor seal Phoca vitulina stimulation of the carotid body chemoreceptors by intracarotid injections of sodium cyanide or by hypoxic hypercapnic blood causes an increase in tidal volume, respiratory frequency, and respiratory minute volume. The heart rate invariably decreased. Experimental dives caused apnea and bradycardia. When the carotid bodies are stimulated within 10 s of the commencement of a dive, the chemoreceptor-respiratory response is abolished, but the chemoreceptor-cardioinhibitory response is considerably enhanced. Electrical stimulation of the central cut end of a superior laryngeal nerve also causes apnea and bradycardia; stimulation of the carotid body now fails to produce a respiratory response but the cardioinhibitory effect is enhanced. These results indicate that the carotid bodies cause reflexly hyperventilation and bradycardia, and that these responses are considerably modified by other inputs to the central nervous system."}
{"id": "PMID:871173", "title": "Control of extracellular sodium concentration by antidiuretic hormone-thirst feedback mechanism.", "content": "The effectiveness of the antidiuretic hormone (ADH)-thirst feedback mechanism to control extracellular sodium concentration was studied in dogs. The design consisted of increasing daily sodium intake from 10 to 200 meq in a group of dogs, first in the normal condition and second with a continuous 24 h/day infusion of an amount of ADH sufficient to maintain urine osmolarity at a maximal level and with fixed water intake. We were therefore able to compare the effectiveness of sodium concentration control in the same dogs with and without feedback control of the ADH-thirst mechanism, the difference in effectiveness being a quantitative measure of the control capability of the system. In the normal condition the increase in sodium intake resulted in a steady-state 2.3% elevation in sodium concentration. With the feedback control of ADH secretion and water intake blocked, the same sodium forcing produced an 11.9% increase in extracellular sodium concentration. The minimum feedback gain for the system calculated from the data is -4.2. We conclude that control of sodium concentration in the intact state is accomplished mainly by the ADH-thirst feedback mechanism.", "contents": "Control of extracellular sodium concentration by antidiuretic hormone-thirst feedback mechanism. The effectiveness of the antidiuretic hormone (ADH)-thirst feedback mechanism to control extracellular sodium concentration was studied in dogs. The design consisted of increasing daily sodium intake from 10 to 200 meq in a group of dogs, first in the normal condition and second with a continuous 24 h/day infusion of an amount of ADH sufficient to maintain urine osmolarity at a maximal level and with fixed water intake. We were therefore able to compare the effectiveness of sodium concentration control in the same dogs with and without feedback control of the ADH-thirst mechanism, the difference in effectiveness being a quantitative measure of the control capability of the system. In the normal condition the increase in sodium intake resulted in a steady-state 2.3% elevation in sodium concentration. With the feedback control of ADH secretion and water intake blocked, the same sodium forcing produced an 11.9% increase in extracellular sodium concentration. The minimum feedback gain for the system calculated from the data is -4.2. We conclude that control of sodium concentration in the intact state is accomplished mainly by the ADH-thirst feedback mechanism."}
{"id": "PMID:871174", "title": "Effect of volume expansion and veratrine on salt gland secretion in the goose.", "content": "The influence of acute intravascular volume expansion on salt gland secretion of conscious, adult geese was investigated. The intravenous administration of 5% dextran in Krebs-bicarbonate-Ringer solution in an amount equivalent to 30% of the estimated blood volume caused a transient but highly significant increase in salt gland secretion independent of changes in plasma osmolality or sodium concentration. Intravenous veratrine (60 microng) caused a similar increase in salt gland secretion only when administered after the volume load. Intravenous 5% NaCl always caused a prolonged and significant increase in salt gland secretion which was not potentiated by veratrine. Volume expansion and hypertonic saline caused a significant tachycardia while veratrine caused a significant bradycardia. It is concluded that a volume component may contribute to the initiation of salt gland secretion in the goose and that the peripheral receptor involved is most likely vascular in origin.", "contents": "Effect of volume expansion and veratrine on salt gland secretion in the goose. The influence of acute intravascular volume expansion on salt gland secretion of conscious, adult geese was investigated. The intravenous administration of 5% dextran in Krebs-bicarbonate-Ringer solution in an amount equivalent to 30% of the estimated blood volume caused a transient but highly significant increase in salt gland secretion independent of changes in plasma osmolality or sodium concentration. Intravenous veratrine (60 microng) caused a similar increase in salt gland secretion only when administered after the volume load. Intravenous 5% NaCl always caused a prolonged and significant increase in salt gland secretion which was not potentiated by veratrine. Volume expansion and hypertonic saline caused a significant tachycardia while veratrine caused a significant bradycardia. It is concluded that a volume component may contribute to the initiation of salt gland secretion in the goose and that the peripheral receptor involved is most likely vascular in origin."}
{"id": "PMID:871175", "title": "Brainstem control of shivering in the cat. I. Inhibition.", "content": "Regions containing heat gain tonic inhibitory areas in mesencephalon and upper pons were studied using topical microinjection of a local anesthetic. This inhibition was compared in the mesencephalic decerebrated and intact animals. In mesencephalic animals that failed to shiver, bilateral injections of procaine into the ventromedial pontine tegmental areas released some heat gain responses and in intact anesthetized cats injections in the same regions increased intensity of shivering. These effects on inhibitory areas are reversible and can be repeated in the same preparation several times. Permanent effects were obtained by electrolytic lesions or by the local microinjections of 1% osmic acid. In summary, it is shown, by means of microinjection of local anesthetic, that a tonic inhibitory area located in the ventromedial pontine reticular formation completely inhibits shivering in the mesencephalic decerebrate preparation and partially inhibits shivering in the intact anesthetized preparation.", "contents": "Brainstem control of shivering in the cat. I. Inhibition. Regions containing heat gain tonic inhibitory areas in mesencephalon and upper pons were studied using topical microinjection of a local anesthetic. This inhibition was compared in the mesencephalic decerebrated and intact animals. In mesencephalic animals that failed to shiver, bilateral injections of procaine into the ventromedial pontine tegmental areas released some heat gain responses and in intact anesthetized cats injections in the same regions increased intensity of shivering. These effects on inhibitory areas are reversible and can be repeated in the same preparation several times. Permanent effects were obtained by electrolytic lesions or by the local microinjections of 1% osmic acid. In summary, it is shown, by means of microinjection of local anesthetic, that a tonic inhibitory area located in the ventromedial pontine reticular formation completely inhibits shivering in the mesencephalic decerebrate preparation and partially inhibits shivering in the intact anesthetized preparation."}
{"id": "PMID:871176", "title": "CNS regulation of body temperature in euthermic and hibernating marmots (Marmota flaviventris).", "content": "Hypothalamic thermosensitivity of marmots was characterized during euthermia and hibernation. Hypothalamic temperature (Thy) was manipulated with chronically implanted, water-perfused thermodes while the animal's rate of oxygen consumption was continuously measured. The threshold Thy for eliciting an increase in metabolic heat production (MHP) and the proportionality constant (alphaMHP) relating rate of MHP to Thy were determined. In four euthermic marmots alphaMHP averaged -1.1 W-kg-1-degrees C-1. During the entrance into hibernation, as body temperature (Tb) declined from 36 to 8 degrees C, the threshold Thy for the MHP response progressively declined and was demonstrable at all times. The Thy of marmots in deep hibernation at an ambient temperature (Ta) of 5 degrees C plateaued near 7.5 degrees C, but threshold Thy for MHP showed a continuous slow decline of 0.2-0.4 degrees C a day, until one day prior to arousal. Proportional regulation of Tb was demonstrable at all times during deep hibernation. The average proportionality constant for the MHP response to hypothalamic cooling during deep hibernation in three marmots was -0.08 W-kg-1-degrees C-1. These results demonstrate that the hypothalamic regulator of Tb is active throughout hibernation and that there are progressive changes in its thermosensitivity.", "contents": "CNS regulation of body temperature in euthermic and hibernating marmots (Marmota flaviventris). Hypothalamic thermosensitivity of marmots was characterized during euthermia and hibernation. Hypothalamic temperature (Thy) was manipulated with chronically implanted, water-perfused thermodes while the animal's rate of oxygen consumption was continuously measured. The threshold Thy for eliciting an increase in metabolic heat production (MHP) and the proportionality constant (alphaMHP) relating rate of MHP to Thy were determined. In four euthermic marmots alphaMHP averaged -1.1 W-kg-1-degrees C-1. During the entrance into hibernation, as body temperature (Tb) declined from 36 to 8 degrees C, the threshold Thy for the MHP response progressively declined and was demonstrable at all times. The Thy of marmots in deep hibernation at an ambient temperature (Ta) of 5 degrees C plateaued near 7.5 degrees C, but threshold Thy for MHP showed a continuous slow decline of 0.2-0.4 degrees C a day, until one day prior to arousal. Proportional regulation of Tb was demonstrable at all times during deep hibernation. The average proportionality constant for the MHP response to hypothalamic cooling during deep hibernation in three marmots was -0.08 W-kg-1-degrees C-1. These results demonstrate that the hypothalamic regulator of Tb is active throughout hibernation and that there are progressive changes in its thermosensitivity."}
{"id": "PMID:871177", "title": "Dependence of the driving force of the sodium pump on rate of transport.", "content": "The driving force for active transport of Na+ in the isolated toad bladder, ENa, was measured as the reciprocal slope of the change in conductance with change in short-circuit current after stimulation with antidiuretic hormone. The base-line short-circuit current was altered by change in ambient Na+ concentration or addition of amiloride, maneuvers which alter availability of Na+ at the site of active transport. In the absence of a chemical gradient for Na+ across the bladder, ENa was found to be inversely related to the rate of Na+ transport, a finding incompatible with the simple electrical analogue that has been proposed for the system. The results provide additional support for the view that ENa measured in this way has both energetic and kinetic components.", "contents": "Dependence of the driving force of the sodium pump on rate of transport. The driving force for active transport of Na+ in the isolated toad bladder, ENa, was measured as the reciprocal slope of the change in conductance with change in short-circuit current after stimulation with antidiuretic hormone. The base-line short-circuit current was altered by change in ambient Na+ concentration or addition of amiloride, maneuvers which alter availability of Na+ at the site of active transport. In the absence of a chemical gradient for Na+ across the bladder, ENa was found to be inversely related to the rate of Na+ transport, a finding incompatible with the simple electrical analogue that has been proposed for the system. The results provide additional support for the view that ENa measured in this way has both energetic and kinetic components."}
{"id": "PMID:871178", "title": "Scalar perceptions of distance in simple binocular configurations.", "content": "Under reduced viewing, a single visual object tends to appear about 2 m away. Gogel (1972) found that the far point in a binocular configuration of two points of light also tended to appear about 2 m away, while the near point was displaced toward the observer. Attempts to replicate this latter result with points of light, as well as with a large rectangle for the nearer object, proved generally successful. Under some conditions, however, the far point was perceived to be closer to the observer when seen with the near point than when seen alone or with the rectangle. This unexpected result suggests caution in assuming that the far object in such a configuration will always remain at a stable perceived distance.", "contents": "Scalar perceptions of distance in simple binocular configurations. Under reduced viewing, a single visual object tends to appear about 2 m away. Gogel (1972) found that the far point in a binocular configuration of two points of light also tended to appear about 2 m away, while the near point was displaced toward the observer. Attempts to replicate this latter result with points of light, as well as with a large rectangle for the nearer object, proved generally successful. Under some conditions, however, the far point was perceived to be closer to the observer when seen with the near point than when seen alone or with the rectangle. This unexpected result suggests caution in assuming that the far object in such a configuration will always remain at a stable perceived distance."}
{"id": "PMID:871179", "title": "An independence of induced amnesia and emotional response.", "content": "A photograph of a nude was interpolated midway through a 30-item list. Recognition memory of items at various serial positions was measured by presenting 12 old and 12 new pictures on a test trial. Palmar conductance was also measured. Significantly decreased recognition memory and increased palmar conductance accompanied presentation of the picture of the nude. When the two measures were compared for individual subjects, however, no correlation was found. These data suggest that both responses are likely to occur to the presentation of the critical item but that the responses are independent.", "contents": "An independence of induced amnesia and emotional response. A photograph of a nude was interpolated midway through a 30-item list. Recognition memory of items at various serial positions was measured by presenting 12 old and 12 new pictures on a test trial. Palmar conductance was also measured. Significantly decreased recognition memory and increased palmar conductance accompanied presentation of the picture of the nude. When the two measures were compared for individual subjects, however, no correlation was found. These data suggest that both responses are likely to occur to the presentation of the critical item but that the responses are independent."}
{"id": "PMID:871180", "title": "The role of number and familiarity of stimuli in the perception of brief temporal intervals.", "content": "The influence of stimulus number and familiarity on judged duration were investigated. The stimuli were slides with different numbers of stimulus elements of a familiar or unfamiliar nature. The task was to reproduce the durations of the slides, each shown for four intervals: 5, 9, 13, and 17 sec. The results show that the number of stimulus elements presented within a given interval affected its perceived duration, although the familiarity of those elements (as defined herein) did not. Finally, the shorter intervals sampled here were overestimated and the longer intervals were underestimated, thereby supporting Vierordt's law.", "contents": "The role of number and familiarity of stimuli in the perception of brief temporal intervals. The influence of stimulus number and familiarity on judged duration were investigated. The stimuli were slides with different numbers of stimulus elements of a familiar or unfamiliar nature. The task was to reproduce the durations of the slides, each shown for four intervals: 5, 9, 13, and 17 sec. The results show that the number of stimulus elements presented within a given interval affected its perceived duration, although the familiarity of those elements (as defined herein) did not. Finally, the shorter intervals sampled here were overestimated and the longer intervals were underestimated, thereby supporting Vierordt's law."}
{"id": "PMID:871183", "title": "Short tube decompressive jejunostomy.", "content": "Experience with short tube decompressive jejunostomy in twenty-nine patients with small bowel obstruction is presented. Many advantages are gained by operative decompression of obstructed, dilated small bowel. The favorable results with its use make short tube decompressive jejunostomy a safe, acceptable method of decompressing dilated small bowel.", "contents": "Short tube decompressive jejunostomy. Experience with short tube decompressive jejunostomy in twenty-nine patients with small bowel obstruction is presented. Many advantages are gained by operative decompression of obstructed, dilated small bowel. The favorable results with its use make short tube decompressive jejunostomy a safe, acceptable method of decompressing dilated small bowel."}
{"id": "PMID:871184", "title": "Percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography in diagnostic evaluation of 160 jaundiced patients. Results of an improved technic.", "content": "Percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography (PTC) was carried out in 160 patients with jaundice in whom the diagnosis could not be established by means of conventional methods of investigation. In PTC, selective catheterization of the common bile duct was employed and cholangiograms of high quality were obtained. In patients with obstruction of the biliary passages, the catheter was left indwelling centrally in the biliary passages for external bile drainage. The investigation, thus, did not necessitate immediate operation in these patients. PTC was successful in 113 of the 115 patients with obstructive jaundice. In forty-five patients the suspicion of obstruction could be discharged. Normal biliary passages were demonstrated in twenty-six patients. In nineteen patients it was impossible to cannulate the biliary tree and this was tantamount to nonobstructive jaundice. Complications occurred in six patients, but were not exclusively due to PTC. PTC provides a possibility for differentiation between obstructive and nonobstructive jaundice and thereby laparotomy can frequently be avoided. The incidence of complications may be maintained at an acceptable, low level provided the technic is meticulously observed.", "contents": "Percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography in diagnostic evaluation of 160 jaundiced patients. Results of an improved technic. Percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography (PTC) was carried out in 160 patients with jaundice in whom the diagnosis could not be established by means of conventional methods of investigation. In PTC, selective catheterization of the common bile duct was employed and cholangiograms of high quality were obtained. In patients with obstruction of the biliary passages, the catheter was left indwelling centrally in the biliary passages for external bile drainage. The investigation, thus, did not necessitate immediate operation in these patients. PTC was successful in 113 of the 115 patients with obstructive jaundice. In forty-five patients the suspicion of obstruction could be discharged. Normal biliary passages were demonstrated in twenty-six patients. In nineteen patients it was impossible to cannulate the biliary tree and this was tantamount to nonobstructive jaundice. Complications occurred in six patients, but were not exclusively due to PTC. PTC provides a possibility for differentiation between obstructive and nonobstructive jaundice and thereby laparotomy can frequently be avoided. The incidence of complications may be maintained at an acceptable, low level provided the technic is meticulously observed."}
{"id": "PMID:871185", "title": "The value of psychiatric team screening of candidates for jejunoileal bypass surgery.", "content": "The relationship between successful outcome of jejunoileal bypass surgery and the results of evaluation by a psychiatric team is reported on. In a surgical group of sixty-one patients, the recommendations of the team were found to be significantly related to the outcome of surgery and correctly identified the emotional hazards so common in this procedure.", "contents": "The value of psychiatric team screening of candidates for jejunoileal bypass surgery. The relationship between successful outcome of jejunoileal bypass surgery and the results of evaluation by a psychiatric team is reported on. In a surgical group of sixty-one patients, the recommendations of the team were found to be significantly related to the outcome of surgery and correctly identified the emotional hazards so common in this procedure."}
{"id": "PMID:871186", "title": "Complications in surgical patients. A comparison of methods for identifying occurrence.", "content": "Because reporting of complications by physicians is not reliable, monitoring of the hospital course of surgical patients by nurses can improve effectiveness of identifying complications. Monitoring the course of only those patients who remain in the hospital more than four postoperative days will disclose 90 per cent of complications expected in all patients undergoing operation. Twenty hours per week of a nurse's time is sufficient to monitor 1,300 such patients annually. Identification of patients with large hospital bills will include most patients with complicated hospital courses but does not discriminate them from the large number of uncomplicated courses which also generate large hospital charges.", "contents": "Complications in surgical patients. A comparison of methods for identifying occurrence. Because reporting of complications by physicians is not reliable, monitoring of the hospital course of surgical patients by nurses can improve effectiveness of identifying complications. Monitoring the course of only those patients who remain in the hospital more than four postoperative days will disclose 90 per cent of complications expected in all patients undergoing operation. Twenty hours per week of a nurse's time is sufficient to monitor 1,300 such patients annually. Identification of patients with large hospital bills will include most patients with complicated hospital courses but does not discriminate them from the large number of uncomplicated courses which also generate large hospital charges."}
{"id": "PMID:871181", "title": "A literary review on ice therapy in injuries.", "content": "There is good evidence that cold application can be useful in certain situations as a therapeutic modality. In particular, it seems ideally suited to the acute injury where the reduction in local factors such as hemorrhage and edema can hasten recovery. Although cold has established physiologic effects which can be useful, there are specific contraindications to its use which must be recognized. Although the method of application is not critical, new products such as moldable frozen gel packs make on-the-field use simple. The important concept in the use of cold for treating the acute injury seems to be early prolonged application.", "contents": "A literary review on ice therapy in injuries. There is good evidence that cold application can be useful in certain situations as a therapeutic modality. In particular, it seems ideally suited to the acute injury where the reduction in local factors such as hemorrhage and edema can hasten recovery. Although cold has established physiologic effects which can be useful, there are specific contraindications to its use which must be recognized. Although the method of application is not critical, new products such as moldable frozen gel packs make on-the-field use simple. The important concept in the use of cold for treating the acute injury seems to be early prolonged application."}
{"id": "PMID:871187", "title": "An appraisal of radical pancreatoduodenectomy based on insulin secretion.", "content": "The effect of pancreatoduodenectomy on insulin secretion was determined in seven patients with periampullary malignant tumors. As a uniform stimulus for secreting insulin, 100 gm of glucose was administered orally to all patients and glucose tolerance tests were carried out. Glucose intolerance and poor insulin secretion were obvious both pre- and postoperatively. Indexes of an initial insulin response, of a maximum insulin increment, and of total secretion of insulin responding to the stimulus of glucose were significantly lower in these patients before and after pancreatoduodenal resection, as compared with normal subjects. It was also observed that these three indexes, which express the ability of the pancreas to secrete insulin, decreased without exception after pancreatoduodenectomy. In light of these data it is postulated that radical pancreatoduodenectomy further diminishes the already insufficient secretion of insulin indicated by the oral glucose tolerance test in patients with periampullary malignant tumors.", "contents": "An appraisal of radical pancreatoduodenectomy based on insulin secretion. The effect of pancreatoduodenectomy on insulin secretion was determined in seven patients with periampullary malignant tumors. As a uniform stimulus for secreting insulin, 100 gm of glucose was administered orally to all patients and glucose tolerance tests were carried out. Glucose intolerance and poor insulin secretion were obvious both pre- and postoperatively. Indexes of an initial insulin response, of a maximum insulin increment, and of total secretion of insulin responding to the stimulus of glucose were significantly lower in these patients before and after pancreatoduodenal resection, as compared with normal subjects. It was also observed that these three indexes, which express the ability of the pancreas to secrete insulin, decreased without exception after pancreatoduodenectomy. In light of these data it is postulated that radical pancreatoduodenectomy further diminishes the already insufficient secretion of insulin indicated by the oral glucose tolerance test in patients with periampullary malignant tumors."}
{"id": "PMID:871182", "title": "Interstitial pressure measurements in the anterior and posterior compartments in athletes with shin splints.", "content": "We found no basis for increased intercompartmental pressure in either the anterior or posterior compartments as the cause of shin splints. The pain in all 14 of the patients studied was localized to the posterior medial border of the tibia at the origin of the posterior tibial muscle, and evidence of periostitis in this area was seen in two of our patients, suggesting the possible tearing away of the posterior tibial muscle from its origin. Shin splints is a lay term which has assumed medical diagnostic significance and should be removed from common usage by more accurately localizing the focus of pain.", "contents": "Interstitial pressure measurements in the anterior and posterior compartments in athletes with shin splints. We found no basis for increased intercompartmental pressure in either the anterior or posterior compartments as the cause of shin splints. The pain in all 14 of the patients studied was localized to the posterior medial border of the tibia at the origin of the posterior tibial muscle, and evidence of periostitis in this area was seen in two of our patients, suggesting the possible tearing away of the posterior tibial muscle from its origin. Shin splints is a lay term which has assumed medical diagnostic significance and should be removed from common usage by more accurately localizing the focus of pain."}
{"id": "PMID:871188", "title": "Parotid fistula and tympanic neurectomy.", "content": "Parotid fistula is most commonly a posttraumatic situation. In posttraumatic cases, spontaneous closure of the fistula is the general rule. Conservative approaches to the occurrence of a parotid fistula are eliminating oral intake by the patient and applying a pressure dressing while maintaining nutrition by the intravenous route. Anticholinergic drugs decrease the production of saliva and thus would appear to be beneficial. When a parotid fistula does not heal under these conditions, then more aggressive treatment is indicated. Treatment should be based on whether the fistula is ductal or glandular in origin. Several methods of treatment have been advocated in the past. Low dose radiotherapy has been mentioned by some authorities as the treatment of choice for parotid fistula. This was used in one of our patients without response. Excision of the fistulous tract with ligation of the parotid duct has been advocated by some authorities. Tympanic neurectomy appears to be a satisfactory method of dealing with selected parotid duct fistulas, and glandular fistulas are best treated by tympanic neurectomy. Suppression of parasympathetic activity by the use of tympanic neurectomy has been said on some occasions to be transient (for example, Frey's syndrome). In dealing with parotid fistulas it would not appear to matter whether the effects are transient or permanent. The suppression of activity by tympanic neurectomy lasts long enough to allow for healing of the fistulous tract and relief of symptoms.", "contents": "Parotid fistula and tympanic neurectomy. Parotid fistula is most commonly a posttraumatic situation. In posttraumatic cases, spontaneous closure of the fistula is the general rule. Conservative approaches to the occurrence of a parotid fistula are eliminating oral intake by the patient and applying a pressure dressing while maintaining nutrition by the intravenous route. Anticholinergic drugs decrease the production of saliva and thus would appear to be beneficial. When a parotid fistula does not heal under these conditions, then more aggressive treatment is indicated. Treatment should be based on whether the fistula is ductal or glandular in origin. Several methods of treatment have been advocated in the past. Low dose radiotherapy has been mentioned by some authorities as the treatment of choice for parotid fistula. This was used in one of our patients without response. Excision of the fistulous tract with ligation of the parotid duct has been advocated by some authorities. Tympanic neurectomy appears to be a satisfactory method of dealing with selected parotid duct fistulas, and glandular fistulas are best treated by tympanic neurectomy. Suppression of parasympathetic activity by the use of tympanic neurectomy has been said on some occasions to be transient (for example, Frey's syndrome). In dealing with parotid fistulas it would not appear to matter whether the effects are transient or permanent. The suppression of activity by tympanic neurectomy lasts long enough to allow for healing of the fistulous tract and relief of symptoms."}
{"id": "PMID:871189", "title": "Studies of the growth and infiltration of experimental tumor of the pancreas in rabbits.", "content": "An experimentally transplanted pancreatic cancer was induced by means of an intraductal injection of Vx2 carcinoma supernatant into the pancreatic duct of rabbits. The presence of ductal obstruction appeared to assist the nidation and growth of injected cancer cells in the pancreas. Tumors induced in the head of the pancreas grew by extension to the body and tail where they also produced interspersed, nodular tumor masses. Tumors induced in the body and tail region, on the other hand, grew by direct expansion towards the head, but this did not produce the interspersed nodular tumors in the head portion. These observations indicate that cancer of the head of the pancreas associated with the stenosis or obstruction of the pancreatic duct resulted in ductal dissemination and extensive lymphatic infiltration in the body and tail, a wider cancer invasion than recognizable at the gross cancer border. This extension was noncontinuous and interspersed, so that radical curative surgery for such cancer of the head of the pancreas would indicate total pancreatectomy.", "contents": "Studies of the growth and infiltration of experimental tumor of the pancreas in rabbits. An experimentally transplanted pancreatic cancer was induced by means of an intraductal injection of Vx2 carcinoma supernatant into the pancreatic duct of rabbits. The presence of ductal obstruction appeared to assist the nidation and growth of injected cancer cells in the pancreas. Tumors induced in the head of the pancreas grew by extension to the body and tail where they also produced interspersed, nodular tumor masses. Tumors induced in the body and tail region, on the other hand, grew by direct expansion towards the head, but this did not produce the interspersed nodular tumors in the head portion. These observations indicate that cancer of the head of the pancreas associated with the stenosis or obstruction of the pancreatic duct resulted in ductal dissemination and extensive lymphatic infiltration in the body and tail, a wider cancer invasion than recognizable at the gross cancer border. This extension was noncontinuous and interspersed, so that radical curative surgery for such cancer of the head of the pancreas would indicate total pancreatectomy."}
{"id": "PMID:871190", "title": "Use of an in vivo oxygen electrode to determine the effect of hemorrhagic shock on liver oxygen tension.", "content": "Measurement of arterial and liver tissue oxygen tension (PO2) in animals subjected to hemorrhagic shock demonstrates a significant (p less than 0.001) decrease in tissue PO2 while PaO2 remains essentially unchanged. In fact, marked increase in PaO2 fail to increase tissue PO2 to control levels, demonstrating that the act of increasing FIO2 and/or PaO2 is inadequate treatment of decreased tissue oxygenation in marginal or low flow states. Measurement of tissue PO2 in a variety of clinical situations seems warranted to allow alterations of therapy to improve flow when indicated by inadequate tissue oxygenation. The application of this simple but extremely useful technic should result in improved survival rates in critically ill patients.", "contents": "Use of an in vivo oxygen electrode to determine the effect of hemorrhagic shock on liver oxygen tension. Measurement of arterial and liver tissue oxygen tension (PO2) in animals subjected to hemorrhagic shock demonstrates a significant (p less than 0.001) decrease in tissue PO2 while PaO2 remains essentially unchanged. In fact, marked increase in PaO2 fail to increase tissue PO2 to control levels, demonstrating that the act of increasing FIO2 and/or PaO2 is inadequate treatment of decreased tissue oxygenation in marginal or low flow states. Measurement of tissue PO2 in a variety of clinical situations seems warranted to allow alterations of therapy to improve flow when indicated by inadequate tissue oxygenation. The application of this simple but extremely useful technic should result in improved survival rates in critically ill patients."}
{"id": "PMID:871191", "title": "The effects of operative stress on the coagulation profile.", "content": "There is a tendency toward hypercoagulability in the postoperative period. This is manifested by changes in a number of coagulation parameters, and if not offset by some protective mechanism, thrombosis may occur. This protection appears to be mediated more through the fibrinolytic mechanism than through the action of antithrombin 3 (AT-3) because AT-3 activity diminishes in the early postoperative period. The introduction of variables such as invasion of the vascular system, intraoperative heparin administration, administration of whole blood, and insertion of a Dacron prosthesis does not appreciably affect the response of the coagulation profile to operative stress.", "contents": "The effects of operative stress on the coagulation profile. There is a tendency toward hypercoagulability in the postoperative period. This is manifested by changes in a number of coagulation parameters, and if not offset by some protective mechanism, thrombosis may occur. This protection appears to be mediated more through the fibrinolytic mechanism than through the action of antithrombin 3 (AT-3) because AT-3 activity diminishes in the early postoperative period. The introduction of variables such as invasion of the vascular system, intraoperative heparin administration, administration of whole blood, and insertion of a Dacron prosthesis does not appreciably affect the response of the coagulation profile to operative stress."}
{"id": "PMID:871192", "title": "Sump tube drainage as a source of bacterial contamination.", "content": "There is well documented evidence indicating in-appropriately high basal gastrins in patients with duodenal ulcer disease. After stimulation by protein meals, calcium infusion, and insulin-induced hypoglycemia there appears to be an exaggerated release of gastrin in patients with duodenal ulcers compared to control subjects. Vagotomy in general tends to increase serum gastrin by decreasing acid secretion and allowing less inhibition for antral gastrin release. This increase appears less with selective vagotomy and parietal cell vagotomy compared to truncal vagotomy, suggesting vagal inhibition of gastrin release outside the antrum. Antrectomy may decrease serum gastrins by removing a major source of the hormone. However, extra antral gastrin sources, if stimulated properly, may result in little postoperative change.", "contents": "Sump tube drainage as a source of bacterial contamination. There is well documented evidence indicating in-appropriately high basal gastrins in patients with duodenal ulcer disease. After stimulation by protein meals, calcium infusion, and insulin-induced hypoglycemia there appears to be an exaggerated release of gastrin in patients with duodenal ulcers compared to control subjects. Vagotomy in general tends to increase serum gastrin by decreasing acid secretion and allowing less inhibition for antral gastrin release. This increase appears less with selective vagotomy and parietal cell vagotomy compared to truncal vagotomy, suggesting vagal inhibition of gastrin release outside the antrum. Antrectomy may decrease serum gastrins by removing a major source of the hormone. However, extra antral gastrin sources, if stimulated properly, may result in little postoperative change."}
{"id": "PMID:871193", "title": "Peripheral ischemia due to retroperitoneal fibrosis.", "content": "Two patients with retroperitoneal fibrosis demonstrated symptoms of peripheral vascular ischemia. Arteriolysis to free the distal aorta and iliac vessels was successful in both patients. Aortography in the posteroanterior view was equivocal, but the accompanying urologic abnormalities and a history of methysergide ingestion helped establish the etiology of the ischemia. The most direct approach to the treatment of the vascular obstruction caused by retroperitoneal fibrosis is complete arteriolysis. Most previous reports indicate that it is relatively easy to establish a dissection plane between the fibrotic plaque and the vessel wall. We found that the fibrotic process invaded the vessel wall. Accordingly, the surgeon must anticipate a difficult, tedious dissection when performing arteriolysis for the treatment of vascular compression secondary to retroperitoneal fibrosis.", "contents": "Peripheral ischemia due to retroperitoneal fibrosis. Two patients with retroperitoneal fibrosis demonstrated symptoms of peripheral vascular ischemia. Arteriolysis to free the distal aorta and iliac vessels was successful in both patients. Aortography in the posteroanterior view was equivocal, but the accompanying urologic abnormalities and a history of methysergide ingestion helped establish the etiology of the ischemia. The most direct approach to the treatment of the vascular obstruction caused by retroperitoneal fibrosis is complete arteriolysis. Most previous reports indicate that it is relatively easy to establish a dissection plane between the fibrotic plaque and the vessel wall. We found that the fibrotic process invaded the vessel wall. Accordingly, the surgeon must anticipate a difficult, tedious dissection when performing arteriolysis for the treatment of vascular compression secondary to retroperitoneal fibrosis."}
{"id": "PMID:871194", "title": "Yet another technic for exposing the circumflex coronary artery.", "content": "A cheap, commercially available elastic net designed to hold dressings on limbs or other tubular parts of the anatomy can most conveniently be adapted to the dislocation of the heart necessary for the exposure of the circumflex coronary and its branches; trauma to the heart is minimized and assistants' hands are not in the way.", "contents": "Yet another technic for exposing the circumflex coronary artery. A cheap, commercially available elastic net designed to hold dressings on limbs or other tubular parts of the anatomy can most conveniently be adapted to the dislocation of the heart necessary for the exposure of the circumflex coronary and its branches; trauma to the heart is minimized and assistants' hands are not in the way."}
{"id": "PMID:871195", "title": "The Cardiff Aldavac anaesthetic-scavenging system.", "content": "The Cardiff Aldavac system consists of a reservoir, adsorption canister, flow restrictor and the necessary pipe connections. It enables theatre pollution control without structural alteration or special installation. It utilizes the hospital piped medical vacuum system but protects the system from excessive flows or contamination by volatile anaesthetics and still allows the vacuum to be used for other purposes.", "contents": "The Cardiff Aldavac anaesthetic-scavenging system. The Cardiff Aldavac system consists of a reservoir, adsorption canister, flow restrictor and the necessary pipe connections. It enables theatre pollution control without structural alteration or special installation. It utilizes the hospital piped medical vacuum system but protects the system from excessive flows or contamination by volatile anaesthetics and still allows the vacuum to be used for other purposes."}
{"id": "PMID:871196", "title": "Pneumotachography in intubated infants.", "content": "A new flat-bodied pneumotachograph head is described which can be readily interposed between a commercially available endotracheal tube connector on one side and a suitable low dead space attachment on the other. The head was designed to enable the respiratory flow of infants and neonates to be measured both easily and accurately, and without adding appreciably to the work of breathing. The method used to heat the head, and to heat and humidify the inspired gases are also detailed. The underlying aim has been to record inspiratory and expiratory flow as accurately as is possible within the bounds of practical clinical measurement.", "contents": "Pneumotachography in intubated infants. A new flat-bodied pneumotachograph head is described which can be readily interposed between a commercially available endotracheal tube connector on one side and a suitable low dead space attachment on the other. The head was designed to enable the respiratory flow of infants and neonates to be measured both easily and accurately, and without adding appreciably to the work of breathing. The method used to heat the head, and to heat and humidify the inspired gases are also detailed. The underlying aim has been to record inspiratory and expiratory flow as accurately as is possible within the bounds of practical clinical measurement."}
{"id": "PMID:871197", "title": "Naso--tracheal jet ventilation for micro-laryngeal procedures.", "content": "Adequate pulmonary ventilation during general anaesthesia in completely relaxed patients during laryngoscopy has been provided with the aid of a readily available suction catheter and a manual oxygen valve. Operating conditions for the surgeon are excellent, clear photography through the operating microscope is facilitated and the exposure is a considerable improvement on other methods of anaesthesia.", "contents": "Naso--tracheal jet ventilation for micro-laryngeal procedures. Adequate pulmonary ventilation during general anaesthesia in completely relaxed patients during laryngoscopy has been provided with the aid of a readily available suction catheter and a manual oxygen valve. Operating conditions for the surgeon are excellent, clear photography through the operating microscope is facilitated and the exposure is a considerable improvement on other methods of anaesthesia."}
{"id": "PMID:871198", "title": "The value of topical lignocaine for bronchoscopy under general anaesthesia.", "content": "Patients for bronchoscopy were randomly allocated to two groups, one receiving 4 ml 4% lignocaine spray and a control group which was not sprayed. There were no significant differences in the incidence of cough and spasm on recovery between the groups. The findings of a double-blind study comparing patients sprayed with 0-9% saline or lignocaine showed a significantly higher incidence of spasm in the saline group.", "contents": "The value of topical lignocaine for bronchoscopy under general anaesthesia. Patients for bronchoscopy were randomly allocated to two groups, one receiving 4 ml 4% lignocaine spray and a control group which was not sprayed. There were no significant differences in the incidence of cough and spasm on recovery between the groups. The findings of a double-blind study comparing patients sprayed with 0-9% saline or lignocaine showed a significantly higher incidence of spasm in the saline group."}
{"id": "PMID:871199", "title": "Gastro--oesophageal reflux in late pregnancy.", "content": "Lower oesophageal sphincter pressure and fasting plasma gastrin and progesterone were measured in 31 women in the last trimester of pregnancy and in 10 healthy female control subjects. Eighteen of the pregnant women suffered from heartburn but 13 did not. All of the control subjects and 10 women from each of the two pregnant groups were tested for gastro--oesophageal reflux by direct measurement of intraluminal pH. The mean barrier pressure of the lower oesophageal sphincter was lower in both groups of pregnant women than in the controls (P less than 0-05) and the mean barrier pressure of the women with heartburn was lower than that of the pregnant women without heartburn, though this difference did not reach statistical significance. Eight of 10 of the pregnant women with heartburn had moderate or severe reflux, and3 of 10 of the pregnant women without heartburn also had moderate or severe reflux. Most women who reflux have heartburn, nevertheless, some asymptomatic women also reflux, and therefore all pregnant women must be considerered at risk from Mendelson's syndrome if subjected to a general anaesthetic for an emergency obstetric procedure.", "contents": "Gastro--oesophageal reflux in late pregnancy. Lower oesophageal sphincter pressure and fasting plasma gastrin and progesterone were measured in 31 women in the last trimester of pregnancy and in 10 healthy female control subjects. Eighteen of the pregnant women suffered from heartburn but 13 did not. All of the control subjects and 10 women from each of the two pregnant groups were tested for gastro--oesophageal reflux by direct measurement of intraluminal pH. The mean barrier pressure of the lower oesophageal sphincter was lower in both groups of pregnant women than in the controls (P less than 0-05) and the mean barrier pressure of the women with heartburn was lower than that of the pregnant women without heartburn, though this difference did not reach statistical significance. Eight of 10 of the pregnant women with heartburn had moderate or severe reflux, and3 of 10 of the pregnant women without heartburn also had moderate or severe reflux. Most women who reflux have heartburn, nevertheless, some asymptomatic women also reflux, and therefore all pregnant women must be considerered at risk from Mendelson's syndrome if subjected to a general anaesthetic for an emergency obstetric procedure."}
{"id": "PMID:871200", "title": "[Doxapram-induced changes in circulation and myocardial efficiency (author's transl)].", "content": "The effects of Doxapram 2.0 mg/kg intravenously on circulation and myocardial oxygen supply were studied in 9 anaesthetized closed chest dogs. Immediately after Doxapram increases in heart rate (maximum+40.5%, 1st min), mean aortic pressure (+49%, 3rd min), cardiac index (+18%, 3rd min), total peripheral resistance (+32%, 3rd min), pulmonary arterial pressure (+48%, 1st min), left ventricular end-diastolic pressure (+79%, 1st min), myocardial blood flow (+38%, 3rd min), myocardial oxygen consumption (+74%, 1st min) and left ventricular work (+76%, 1st min) were observed. The changes in heart rate, mean aortic pressure, myocardial blood flow, myocardial oxygen consumption and heart work were persistent up to 20 min after Doxapram 2.0 mg/kg intravenously. Max dp/dt, coronary vascular resistance and the myocardial efficiency were not influenced after Doxapram.", "contents": "[Doxapram-induced changes in circulation and myocardial efficiency (author's transl)]. The effects of Doxapram 2.0 mg/kg intravenously on circulation and myocardial oxygen supply were studied in 9 anaesthetized closed chest dogs. Immediately after Doxapram increases in heart rate (maximum+40.5%, 1st min), mean aortic pressure (+49%, 3rd min), cardiac index (+18%, 3rd min), total peripheral resistance (+32%, 3rd min), pulmonary arterial pressure (+48%, 1st min), left ventricular end-diastolic pressure (+79%, 1st min), myocardial blood flow (+38%, 3rd min), myocardial oxygen consumption (+74%, 1st min) and left ventricular work (+76%, 1st min) were observed. The changes in heart rate, mean aortic pressure, myocardial blood flow, myocardial oxygen consumption and heart work were persistent up to 20 min after Doxapram 2.0 mg/kg intravenously. Max dp/dt, coronary vascular resistance and the myocardial efficiency were not influenced after Doxapram."}
{"id": "PMID:871201", "title": "[Apgar status, blood gases and acid base balance of neonates after caesarean sections, using either thiopentone or ketamine for induction of anaesthesia (author's transl)].", "content": "Apgar status and acid base balance of 206 neonates, delivered by caesarean section under general anaesthesia, were investigated in order to compare the possible effects of either thiopentone- or ketamine-induction on the postpartum adaption. Several other criteria were recorded also, for instance, a possible neonatal asphyxia, the induction-delivery-interval, the maternal age, the administration of other than anaesthetic drugs etc. There were not correlations between the Apgar status and the induction-delivery interval in either groups. The number of neonates within the 3 Apgar-classes, and the asphyxiated neonates, were equally distributed in the thiopentone- and ketamine-groups. There was no correlation between maternal ages and either the thiopentone- or ketamin-babies, but a marked correlation with the number of depressed newborns. Those neonates, who were suspected to be hypoxic before anaesthesia showed a more depressed post-partum respiration after thiopentone- than after ketamine-induction. On the other hand it seems to be that neonatal respiration and total Apgar status was more depressed if the \"ketamin mothers\" were treated with sedatives, hypnotics and/or analgesics before caesarean section. The blood gas values and the acid base parameters did not show a statistically significant difference between the pH of the thiopentone- and the ketamine-neonates. These differences can be explained as the combination of the nonsignificant changes in PCO2 and standard-bicarbonate values. As far as can be judged from the above mentioned criteria it may be deduced that ketamine or thiopentone can equally well be used for inducation of anaesthesia for caesarean section.", "contents": "[Apgar status, blood gases and acid base balance of neonates after caesarean sections, using either thiopentone or ketamine for induction of anaesthesia (author's transl)]. Apgar status and acid base balance of 206 neonates, delivered by caesarean section under general anaesthesia, were investigated in order to compare the possible effects of either thiopentone- or ketamine-induction on the postpartum adaption. Several other criteria were recorded also, for instance, a possible neonatal asphyxia, the induction-delivery-interval, the maternal age, the administration of other than anaesthetic drugs etc. There were not correlations between the Apgar status and the induction-delivery interval in either groups. The number of neonates within the 3 Apgar-classes, and the asphyxiated neonates, were equally distributed in the thiopentone- and ketamine-groups. There was no correlation between maternal ages and either the thiopentone- or ketamin-babies, but a marked correlation with the number of depressed newborns. Those neonates, who were suspected to be hypoxic before anaesthesia showed a more depressed post-partum respiration after thiopentone- than after ketamine-induction. On the other hand it seems to be that neonatal respiration and total Apgar status was more depressed if the \"ketamin mothers\" were treated with sedatives, hypnotics and/or analgesics before caesarean section. The blood gas values and the acid base parameters did not show a statistically significant difference between the pH of the thiopentone- and the ketamine-neonates. These differences can be explained as the combination of the nonsignificant changes in PCO2 and standard-bicarbonate values. As far as can be judged from the above mentioned criteria it may be deduced that ketamine or thiopentone can equally well be used for inducation of anaesthesia for caesarean section."}
{"id": "PMID:871202", "title": "[Results of monitoring intracranial pressure in patients with severe head injury].", "content": "Intracranial pressure (ICP) was monitored in 100 patients with severe head injury. In comparison to intraventricular pressure epidural measurement gives reliable values with less risk for the patients. There are no firm values for the onset and development of post traumatic brain oedema. In most cases clinical findings allowed no conclusions as to the height of ICP. On the other hand the effects of diuretic agents varied so much that exact oedema therapy is only possible after observation of the values of ICP monitoring. Combined use of ICP monitoring and high doses of dexamethasone reduced mortality significantly.", "contents": "[Results of monitoring intracranial pressure in patients with severe head injury]. Intracranial pressure (ICP) was monitored in 100 patients with severe head injury. In comparison to intraventricular pressure epidural measurement gives reliable values with less risk for the patients. There are no firm values for the onset and development of post traumatic brain oedema. In most cases clinical findings allowed no conclusions as to the height of ICP. On the other hand the effects of diuretic agents varied so much that exact oedema therapy is only possible after observation of the values of ICP monitoring. Combined use of ICP monitoring and high doses of dexamethasone reduced mortality significantly."}
{"id": "PMID:871203", "title": "[Modifikation of the stylet for tracheal tubes (author's transl)].", "content": "The modified stylet (R\u00fcschelit plastic) is longer than the common one. By pushing forward as far as necessary the stylet alone can be used to enter the larynx in cases of difficult intubation. The stylet is long enough to allow a loop to be formed at its proximal end to ensure stability between the tube and the stylet.", "contents": "[Modifikation of the stylet for tracheal tubes (author's transl)]. The modified stylet (R\u00fcschelit plastic) is longer than the common one. By pushing forward as far as necessary the stylet alone can be used to enter the larynx in cases of difficult intubation. The stylet is long enough to allow a loop to be formed at its proximal end to ensure stability between the tube and the stylet."}
{"id": "PMID:871204", "title": "Inhibition of adrenal medullary catecholamine secretion by enflurane: I. Investigations in vivo.", "content": "The effects of enflurane anesthesia on adrenal medullary catecholamine secretion and on the pressor effect of splanchnic-nerve stimulation were studied in cats given pentobarbital for basal anesthesia. Inhalation of enflurane, 1.2 and 2.2 per cent, caused dose-related inhibition of both spontaneous catecholamine release and secretion evoked by splanchnic-nerve stimulation. During inhalation of 2.2 per cent enflurane spontaneous release of epinephrine was decreased to 19 and 25 per cent, respectively, of the initial values, and the stimulated release was decreased to 30 and 15 per cent, respectively. Enflurane also inhibited the pressor effect of splanchnic-nerve stimulation, whereas that of norepinephrine was not changed significantly. These results are similar to those previously obtained with halothane and methoxyflurane. It is concluded that the decrease in catecholamine secretion caused by enflurane is in part due to a direct effect on the chromaffin cell, namely to an inhibition of the secretion-stimulating effect of acetylcholine released from splanchnic nerves.", "contents": "Inhibition of adrenal medullary catecholamine secretion by enflurane: I. Investigations in vivo. The effects of enflurane anesthesia on adrenal medullary catecholamine secretion and on the pressor effect of splanchnic-nerve stimulation were studied in cats given pentobarbital for basal anesthesia. Inhalation of enflurane, 1.2 and 2.2 per cent, caused dose-related inhibition of both spontaneous catecholamine release and secretion evoked by splanchnic-nerve stimulation. During inhalation of 2.2 per cent enflurane spontaneous release of epinephrine was decreased to 19 and 25 per cent, respectively, of the initial values, and the stimulated release was decreased to 30 and 15 per cent, respectively. Enflurane also inhibited the pressor effect of splanchnic-nerve stimulation, whereas that of norepinephrine was not changed significantly. These results are similar to those previously obtained with halothane and methoxyflurane. It is concluded that the decrease in catecholamine secretion caused by enflurane is in part due to a direct effect on the chromaffin cell, namely to an inhibition of the secretion-stimulating effect of acetylcholine released from splanchnic nerves."}
{"id": "PMID:871205", "title": "Inhibition of adrenal medullary catecholamine secretion by enflurane: II. Investigations in isolated bovine adrenals--site and mechanism of action.", "content": "To determine the site and mechanism of action underlying the inhibition of adrenal medullary catecholamine release by enflurane, the authors measured the effects of enflurane on catecholamine secretion evoked by various secretagogues in isolated bovine adrenals perfused with Locke's solution. Catecholamine concentrations in the perfusate were measured spectrofluorometrically. Enflurane caused concentration-dependent inhibition of catecholamine release in response to activation of the nicotinic receptors in the chromaffin cells with acetylcholine or dimethylphenylpiperazinium (DMPP). An enflurane concentration of 0.88 mM caused 50 per cent inhibition of the DMPP-induced secretion. The inhibition induced by enflurane was shown to be noncompetitive. The catecholamine release evoked by activation of the muscarinic receptors with pilocarpine was only slightly decreased by 3.74 mM enflurane. At this concentration the release in response to KCl, 56 mM, was partially inhibited, whereas the output in response to tyramine (from glands perfused with calcium-free Locke's solution) was unaffected. It is concluded that the site of action of enflurane is the cell membrane. At concentrations above 1 mM, enflurane may impair calcium ion influx, but at lower concentrations it probably interacts with hydrophobic regions of the nicotinic receptor.", "contents": "Inhibition of adrenal medullary catecholamine secretion by enflurane: II. Investigations in isolated bovine adrenals--site and mechanism of action. To determine the site and mechanism of action underlying the inhibition of adrenal medullary catecholamine release by enflurane, the authors measured the effects of enflurane on catecholamine secretion evoked by various secretagogues in isolated bovine adrenals perfused with Locke's solution. Catecholamine concentrations in the perfusate were measured spectrofluorometrically. Enflurane caused concentration-dependent inhibition of catecholamine release in response to activation of the nicotinic receptors in the chromaffin cells with acetylcholine or dimethylphenylpiperazinium (DMPP). An enflurane concentration of 0.88 mM caused 50 per cent inhibition of the DMPP-induced secretion. The inhibition induced by enflurane was shown to be noncompetitive. The catecholamine release evoked by activation of the muscarinic receptors with pilocarpine was only slightly decreased by 3.74 mM enflurane. At this concentration the release in response to KCl, 56 mM, was partially inhibited, whereas the output in response to tyramine (from glands perfused with calcium-free Locke's solution) was unaffected. It is concluded that the site of action of enflurane is the cell membrane. At concentrations above 1 mM, enflurane may impair calcium ion influx, but at lower concentrations it probably interacts with hydrophobic regions of the nicotinic receptor."}
{"id": "PMID:871206", "title": "Use of the smooth Teflon clip to prevent pulmonary embolism in the postoperative period.", "content": "This report details experience with 50 patients who had vena caval interruption with a smooth Teflon (Moretz) clip placed at the time of surgery for other conditions in a high-risk patient population. No fatal pulmonary emboli were encountered; one patient developed bilateral iliofemoral venous thrombosis during the immediate postoperative period (Table 9). Another patient developed iliofemoral venous thrombosis and a nonfatal embolus two years after the vena caval interruption. Two patients developed postoperative edema, but no incapacitating edema and no ulcers were noted. Many of our patients were subjected to further risk of venous thrombosis and pulmonary embolism when hospitalization for medical care or operative procedures was required subsequent to the initial procedure. Vena caval interruption with a smooth Teflon clip can be recommended to prevent pulmonary embolism in high-risk patients who require surgery and to provide continuing protection during subsequent illness; however, extremity sequelae are minimal.", "contents": "Use of the smooth Teflon clip to prevent pulmonary embolism in the postoperative period. This report details experience with 50 patients who had vena caval interruption with a smooth Teflon (Moretz) clip placed at the time of surgery for other conditions in a high-risk patient population. No fatal pulmonary emboli were encountered; one patient developed bilateral iliofemoral venous thrombosis during the immediate postoperative period (Table 9). Another patient developed iliofemoral venous thrombosis and a nonfatal embolus two years after the vena caval interruption. Two patients developed postoperative edema, but no incapacitating edema and no ulcers were noted. Many of our patients were subjected to further risk of venous thrombosis and pulmonary embolism when hospitalization for medical care or operative procedures was required subsequent to the initial procedure. Vena caval interruption with a smooth Teflon clip can be recommended to prevent pulmonary embolism in high-risk patients who require surgery and to provide continuing protection during subsequent illness; however, extremity sequelae are minimal."}
{"id": "PMID:871207", "title": "Longitudinal ureteral split for retroperitoneal fibrosis with ureteral involvement.", "content": "Idiopathic retroperitoneal fibrosis may rarely invade the ureteral wall, thereby rendering the attempt to perform classical ureterolysis futile. Possibilities for surgical correction include resection with end-to-end anastomosis, utilization of a spiral strip of ureter, small bowel substitution, iatrogenic nephroptosis or longitudinal incision of the involved ureter down to the mucosa. Two patients treated using the latter technique have been followed for 7 months and 132 months without recurrence of the obstructive process. The surgeon, when treating idiopathic retroperitoneal fibrosis, must be prepared to treat intrinsic ureteral involvement using the most appropriate surgical technique.", "contents": "Longitudinal ureteral split for retroperitoneal fibrosis with ureteral involvement. Idiopathic retroperitoneal fibrosis may rarely invade the ureteral wall, thereby rendering the attempt to perform classical ureterolysis futile. Possibilities for surgical correction include resection with end-to-end anastomosis, utilization of a spiral strip of ureter, small bowel substitution, iatrogenic nephroptosis or longitudinal incision of the involved ureter down to the mucosa. Two patients treated using the latter technique have been followed for 7 months and 132 months without recurrence of the obstructive process. The surgeon, when treating idiopathic retroperitoneal fibrosis, must be prepared to treat intrinsic ureteral involvement using the most appropriate surgical technique."}
{"id": "PMID:871208", "title": "The Pyrah technique for ileal loop diversion: experience with 100 cases.", "content": "One hundred patients underwent ileal loop diversion using the Pyrah technique between 1959 and 1975. Sixty-seven were performed because of benign urinary tract lesions and 33 were performed as part of planned treatment of various malignant conditions. Neurogenic bladder dysfunction accounted for 56 of these diversions. There were 67 early and 69 late complications. Patients having preoperative irradiation therapy had a much higher incidence of complications. An alarming 19 per cent demonstrated progressive deterioration of the upper tracts following diversion. It is noteworthy that this rate of upper tract deterioration compares favorably with that reported in several other series. Early mortality was 6 per cent, and death occurred four times more often in patients with malignant conditions.", "contents": "The Pyrah technique for ileal loop diversion: experience with 100 cases. One hundred patients underwent ileal loop diversion using the Pyrah technique between 1959 and 1975. Sixty-seven were performed because of benign urinary tract lesions and 33 were performed as part of planned treatment of various malignant conditions. Neurogenic bladder dysfunction accounted for 56 of these diversions. There were 67 early and 69 late complications. Patients having preoperative irradiation therapy had a much higher incidence of complications. An alarming 19 per cent demonstrated progressive deterioration of the upper tracts following diversion. It is noteworthy that this rate of upper tract deterioration compares favorably with that reported in several other series. Early mortality was 6 per cent, and death occurred four times more often in patients with malignant conditions."}
{"id": "PMID:871209", "title": "[Determination of the relative iodine concentration in the lumens of thyroid follicles of normal and neotenic Triturus helveticus, and evaluation of the halogen content of the thyroid colloid. Electron microprobe study (author's transl)].", "content": "The stable, bound iodine in the thyroid colloid of Triturus helveticus has been studied with the electron microprobe. Some animals show a normal development. Others are accidentally neotenic due to certain ecological conditions. The values of punctate iodine concentrations (CPI) have been computed and expressed in relative units (counts/s). The mean CPI per lumen is very variable from one follicle to another in the same thyroid section. During normal development, the mean CPI per animal is generally higher in metamorphosing individuals than in larvae. During development with neoteny, the mean CPI per animal attains high values if the larval state is maintained in its totality; the CPI decreases in partially metamorphosed animals, but increases again after metamorphosis. The amount of halogen contained in the thyroid colloid has been computed in relative units (colloid iodine pool). Throughout normal development, the pool remains small if the animals have not attained the adult state. In increases considerably in entirely larval neotenic newts, decreases during metamorphosis but increases afterwards. In totally neotenic newts, the thyroid gland receives only a low hypophyseal stimulation and reacts as the thyroid gland of various hypophysectomized Urodeles. Our results pose the problem as to whether TSH regulates the transepithelial iodine flows, which permit the expansion of the colloid iodine pool, when this hormone is secreted at a very low levels.", "contents": "[Determination of the relative iodine concentration in the lumens of thyroid follicles of normal and neotenic Triturus helveticus, and evaluation of the halogen content of the thyroid colloid. Electron microprobe study (author's transl)]. The stable, bound iodine in the thyroid colloid of Triturus helveticus has been studied with the electron microprobe. Some animals show a normal development. Others are accidentally neotenic due to certain ecological conditions. The values of punctate iodine concentrations (CPI) have been computed and expressed in relative units (counts/s). The mean CPI per lumen is very variable from one follicle to another in the same thyroid section. During normal development, the mean CPI per animal is generally higher in metamorphosing individuals than in larvae. During development with neoteny, the mean CPI per animal attains high values if the larval state is maintained in its totality; the CPI decreases in partially metamorphosed animals, but increases again after metamorphosis. The amount of halogen contained in the thyroid colloid has been computed in relative units (colloid iodine pool). Throughout normal development, the pool remains small if the animals have not attained the adult state. In increases considerably in entirely larval neotenic newts, decreases during metamorphosis but increases afterwards. In totally neotenic newts, the thyroid gland receives only a low hypophyseal stimulation and reacts as the thyroid gland of various hypophysectomized Urodeles. Our results pose the problem as to whether TSH regulates the transepithelial iodine flows, which permit the expansion of the colloid iodine pool, when this hormone is secreted at a very low levels."}
{"id": "PMID:871210", "title": "Relationship of maternal, fetal, and amniotic fluid prolactin levels.", "content": "Serum prolactin (PRL) was measured by radioimmunoassay in 80 women in serum and amniotic fluid during various stages of normal pregnancy and at delivery. In addition, prolactin levels were measured in cord sera at 60 newborns. PRL levels in maternal serum progressively increased during pregnancy, and they were lower than the corresponding levels in amniotic fluid. A relative decline in the amniotic fluid prolactin between the 39th and the 40th week of gestation was observed. The mean concentration of PRL in umbilical blood was significant lower than that in maternal blood at delivery. The lack of correlation between the PRL in amniotic fluid and the levels found in maternal and newborns serum suggests an independient source of PRL in each of the three compartments.", "contents": "Relationship of maternal, fetal, and amniotic fluid prolactin levels. Serum prolactin (PRL) was measured by radioimmunoassay in 80 women in serum and amniotic fluid during various stages of normal pregnancy and at delivery. In addition, prolactin levels were measured in cord sera at 60 newborns. PRL levels in maternal serum progressively increased during pregnancy, and they were lower than the corresponding levels in amniotic fluid. A relative decline in the amniotic fluid prolactin between the 39th and the 40th week of gestation was observed. The mean concentration of PRL in umbilical blood was significant lower than that in maternal blood at delivery. The lack of correlation between the PRL in amniotic fluid and the levels found in maternal and newborns serum suggests an independient source of PRL in each of the three compartments."}
{"id": "PMID:871211", "title": "[Optical rotatory dispersion of levorin and isolevorin].", "content": "Optical rotation dispersion of levorin A2 and isolevorin A2, macrocyclic heptaen antibiotics in the region of 260--320 nm due to the presence of ketogroups in the molecules of these antibiotics was studied. On the basis of the study of the optical rotation dispersion, diffusion properties and molecular models of the antibiotics it was supposed that levorin and isolevorin differed in the space configuration of the macrocycli lactone ring.", "contents": "[Optical rotatory dispersion of levorin and isolevorin]. Optical rotation dispersion of levorin A2 and isolevorin A2, macrocyclic heptaen antibiotics in the region of 260--320 nm due to the presence of ketogroups in the molecules of these antibiotics was studied. On the basis of the study of the optical rotation dispersion, diffusion properties and molecular models of the antibiotics it was supposed that levorin and isolevorin differed in the space configuration of the macrocycli lactone ring."}
{"id": "PMID:871212", "title": "[Action of rifampicin on the ultrastructure of Staphylococcus cells].", "content": "The ultrastructure of Staphylococcus after its contact with rifampicin was studied by the method of electron microscopy. Changes in the submicroscopic structure of the cells depending on the antibiotic dose and incubation time with the drug were shown on solid and liquid media. After removal of the antibiotic from the medium at the stage of demaging the Staphylococcus ultrastructure growth of the cells with normal ultrastructure was observed.", "contents": "[Action of rifampicin on the ultrastructure of Staphylococcus cells]. The ultrastructure of Staphylococcus after its contact with rifampicin was studied by the method of electron microscopy. Changes in the submicroscopic structure of the cells depending on the antibiotic dose and incubation time with the drug were shown on solid and liquid media. After removal of the antibiotic from the medium at the stage of demaging the Staphylococcus ultrastructure growth of the cells with normal ultrastructure was observed."}
{"id": "PMID:871213", "title": "[Distribution of polyene antibiotics in the cells of a tissue culture of puppy kidney].", "content": "The results of the studies on interacellular distribution of amphotericin AM-2, a wate soluble derivative of amphotericin in the cells of the puppy kidney tissue culture exposed to the antibiotic in a concentration of 50 gamma per 1 ml medium for 17 hours are presented. It was found that the antibiotic was firmly bound with the kidney cells: 15.4 per cent of the initial amount of the antibiotic was detected in the washed cells. Analysis of the antibiotic distribution in separate subcellular components showed that sorption of amphotericin AM-2 by the plasmic membranes, nuclei and cytoplasm was respectively 18.3, 35.6 and 9.7 per cent of the amount absorbed by the cells. Binding of a significant amount of the antibiotic absorbed by the plasmic membranes and nuclei with the above fractions was reversible. The results of the study provided a supposition that amphotericin AM-2 penetrated into the cells of the kidney tissue which adds some new findings to the studies on the mechanism of action of polyenic antibiotics in cells.", "contents": "[Distribution of polyene antibiotics in the cells of a tissue culture of puppy kidney]. The results of the studies on interacellular distribution of amphotericin AM-2, a wate soluble derivative of amphotericin in the cells of the puppy kidney tissue culture exposed to the antibiotic in a concentration of 50 gamma per 1 ml medium for 17 hours are presented. It was found that the antibiotic was firmly bound with the kidney cells: 15.4 per cent of the initial amount of the antibiotic was detected in the washed cells. Analysis of the antibiotic distribution in separate subcellular components showed that sorption of amphotericin AM-2 by the plasmic membranes, nuclei and cytoplasm was respectively 18.3, 35.6 and 9.7 per cent of the amount absorbed by the cells. Binding of a significant amount of the antibiotic absorbed by the plasmic membranes and nuclei with the above fractions was reversible. The results of the study provided a supposition that amphotericin AM-2 penetrated into the cells of the kidney tissue which adds some new findings to the studies on the mechanism of action of polyenic antibiotics in cells."}
{"id": "PMID:871214", "title": "[Characteristics of the action of antibiotics in an experimental process caused by Cl. histolyticum].", "content": "The cells of Cl. histolyticum isolated from the muscular tissue of albino mice infected with the microbe and treated with oxyglucocycline or cephaloridin were similar to each other and the cells of the initial strain with respect to their morphological features, growth character on liquid and solid media and saccharolytic activity. The strains isolated from the animals treated with oxyglucocycline were characterized by lower gelatinolytic, hemolytic, caseinolytic and (to a less extent) collogenolytic activity. The strains isolated from the animals treated with cephaloridin slightly differed from the initial strain by their cultural properties. The lethal effect of the total toxin of both variants of the strains studied were similar, only the time of the animal's death being different. The data of the study may serve as one of the explanations of various effects of the antibiotics differing in their modes of action on the microbial cell in cases of infection caused by Cl. histolyticum.", "contents": "[Characteristics of the action of antibiotics in an experimental process caused by Cl. histolyticum]. The cells of Cl. histolyticum isolated from the muscular tissue of albino mice infected with the microbe and treated with oxyglucocycline or cephaloridin were similar to each other and the cells of the initial strain with respect to their morphological features, growth character on liquid and solid media and saccharolytic activity. The strains isolated from the animals treated with oxyglucocycline were characterized by lower gelatinolytic, hemolytic, caseinolytic and (to a less extent) collogenolytic activity. The strains isolated from the animals treated with cephaloridin slightly differed from the initial strain by their cultural properties. The lethal effect of the total toxin of both variants of the strains studied were similar, only the time of the animal's death being different. The data of the study may serve as one of the explanations of various effects of the antibiotics differing in their modes of action on the microbial cell in cases of infection caused by Cl. histolyticum."}
{"id": "PMID:871215", "title": "[Effect of mineral phosphorus on mycoheptin biosynthesis].", "content": "The effect of mineral phosphorus in doses of 22.8 to 684 gamma/ml in a synthetic medium on biosynthesis of mycoheptin, an antifungal antibiotic was studied. It was found that the maximum productivity of the mycelium was at the phosphorus concentration in the medium equal to 22.8--45.6 gamma/ml and the concentration of 91.2 gamma/ml was optimal for the growth of the antibiotic-prodicing organism. The phosphorus optimal concentrations for the growth and antibiotic synthesis phases did not coincide that provided consideration of phosphorus as a limiting factor useful in control of the antibiotic biosynthesis. The content of pphosphorus in the medium 6 times higher than the optimal concentration did not inhibit the biomass accumulation and had no significant effect on the colony morphology.", "contents": "[Effect of mineral phosphorus on mycoheptin biosynthesis]. The effect of mineral phosphorus in doses of 22.8 to 684 gamma/ml in a synthetic medium on biosynthesis of mycoheptin, an antifungal antibiotic was studied. It was found that the maximum productivity of the mycelium was at the phosphorus concentration in the medium equal to 22.8--45.6 gamma/ml and the concentration of 91.2 gamma/ml was optimal for the growth of the antibiotic-prodicing organism. The phosphorus optimal concentrations for the growth and antibiotic synthesis phases did not coincide that provided consideration of phosphorus as a limiting factor useful in control of the antibiotic biosynthesis. The content of pphosphorus in the medium 6 times higher than the optimal concentration did not inhibit the biomass accumulation and had no significant effect on the colony morphology."}
{"id": "PMID:871216", "title": "Respiratory function after repair of congenital diaphragmatic hernia.", "content": "Respiratory function studies were carried out in 22 infants who had successful repair of diaphragmatic herniae of the Bochdalek type. Thoracic gas volume was initially reduced in only 3 of these, but subsequent studies showed that improvement occurred. There were no consistent abnormalities in either dynamic compliance or mean pulmonary conductance. This is evidence that there is rapid adaptation which compensates for any alteration in the parenchymatous tissue in the lungs or abnormalities in the bronchial tree in infants soon after the repair of congenital diaphragmetic herniae. Further studies are necessary to determine the changes in these lungs with growth.", "contents": "Respiratory function after repair of congenital diaphragmatic hernia. Respiratory function studies were carried out in 22 infants who had successful repair of diaphragmatic herniae of the Bochdalek type. Thoracic gas volume was initially reduced in only 3 of these, but subsequent studies showed that improvement occurred. There were no consistent abnormalities in either dynamic compliance or mean pulmonary conductance. This is evidence that there is rapid adaptation which compensates for any alteration in the parenchymatous tissue in the lungs or abnormalities in the bronchial tree in infants soon after the repair of congenital diaphragmetic herniae. Further studies are necessary to determine the changes in these lungs with growth."}
{"id": "PMID:871217", "title": "Pharmacokinetic observations of phenytoin disposition in the newborn and young infant.", "content": "The pharmacokinetic profile of phenytoin (DPH) was studied in 30 infants aged 2 days to 96 weeks. The plasma DPH half-life during the first week of life in term infants was prolonged and very variable (20-7 +/- 11-6 h, mean +/-SD). Thereafter the plasma half-life was much shorter (7-6 +/- 3-5 h). In preterm infants the half-life was much longer (75-4 +/- 64-5 h) and more variable. The mean apparent volume of distribution was similar in these groups of infants: preterm newborn 0-80 +/- 0-22 l/kg, term infants during the first week of life 0-80 +/- 0-26 l/kg, and term infants greater than 2 weeks of age 0-73 +/- 0-18 l/kg. Predictions of steady-state plasma DPH concentrations, based on these kinetic parameters, were confirmed. Very low \"trough\" plasma DPH concentrations were observed after the 14th postnatal day in 19 infants receiving 8 mg/kg per 24 h orally. On the other hand, infants of less than one week of age receiving the same dose, especially if preterm, frequently showed drug accumulation to toxic plasma DPH concentrations. The impaired binding of DPH to newborn plasma protein was confirmed but \"normal adult values\" were approached by the age of 3 months. An intravenous loading dose of 8 mg/kg (sodium phenytoin) can be expected to generate a mean plasma DPH concentration of 10 mg/l (40 micronmol/l) in the newborn. Loading doses of up to 12 mg/kg were given without untoward effects. During the first week or so of life plasma Dph half-life is so variable that no fixed dosage regimen can be derived from the available data. Beyond the second week of life, however, a dose of 8 mg/kg per 24 h is probably inadequate for most infants.", "contents": "Pharmacokinetic observations of phenytoin disposition in the newborn and young infant. The pharmacokinetic profile of phenytoin (DPH) was studied in 30 infants aged 2 days to 96 weeks. The plasma DPH half-life during the first week of life in term infants was prolonged and very variable (20-7 +/- 11-6 h, mean +/-SD). Thereafter the plasma half-life was much shorter (7-6 +/- 3-5 h). In preterm infants the half-life was much longer (75-4 +/- 64-5 h) and more variable. The mean apparent volume of distribution was similar in these groups of infants: preterm newborn 0-80 +/- 0-22 l/kg, term infants during the first week of life 0-80 +/- 0-26 l/kg, and term infants greater than 2 weeks of age 0-73 +/- 0-18 l/kg. Predictions of steady-state plasma DPH concentrations, based on these kinetic parameters, were confirmed. Very low \"trough\" plasma DPH concentrations were observed after the 14th postnatal day in 19 infants receiving 8 mg/kg per 24 h orally. On the other hand, infants of less than one week of age receiving the same dose, especially if preterm, frequently showed drug accumulation to toxic plasma DPH concentrations. The impaired binding of DPH to newborn plasma protein was confirmed but \"normal adult values\" were approached by the age of 3 months. An intravenous loading dose of 8 mg/kg (sodium phenytoin) can be expected to generate a mean plasma DPH concentration of 10 mg/l (40 micronmol/l) in the newborn. Loading doses of up to 12 mg/kg were given without untoward effects. During the first week or so of life plasma Dph half-life is so variable that no fixed dosage regimen can be derived from the available data. Beyond the second week of life, however, a dose of 8 mg/kg per 24 h is probably inadequate for most infants."}
{"id": "PMID:871218", "title": "The stomach in malnutrition.", "content": "Basal gastric acid output was reduced in 9 out of 14 infants and young children with malnutrition compared with 21 age-matched controls. In all the patients the response of the gastric mucosa to stimulation by pentagastrin was impaired, and gastritis of variable severity was present in 8 out of the 9 patients in who biopsies were performed. Impaired gastric acid secretion probably contributes towards bacterial overgrowth and diarrhoeal diseases in malnourished children.", "contents": "The stomach in malnutrition. Basal gastric acid output was reduced in 9 out of 14 infants and young children with malnutrition compared with 21 age-matched controls. In all the patients the response of the gastric mucosa to stimulation by pentagastrin was impaired, and gastritis of variable severity was present in 8 out of the 9 patients in who biopsies were performed. Impaired gastric acid secretion probably contributes towards bacterial overgrowth and diarrhoeal diseases in malnourished children."}
{"id": "PMID:871219", "title": "Conservative treatment of a BCG osteomyelitis of the femur.", "content": "A 3-year-old boy presented with an osteolytic lesion and periosteal reaction in the distal metaphysis of the right femur which failed to respond to immobilization and intensive antibiotic treatment. Since the infection seemed to be of low virulence and fewer than 4 years had elapsed since BCG vaccination BCG osteomyelitis was suspected. Tuberculostatic treatment led to rapid recovery and surgical measures were unnecessary.", "contents": "Conservative treatment of a BCG osteomyelitis of the femur. A 3-year-old boy presented with an osteolytic lesion and periosteal reaction in the distal metaphysis of the right femur which failed to respond to immobilization and intensive antibiotic treatment. Since the infection seemed to be of low virulence and fewer than 4 years had elapsed since BCG vaccination BCG osteomyelitis was suspected. Tuberculostatic treatment led to rapid recovery and surgical measures were unnecessary."}
{"id": "PMID:871220", "title": "Gastrointestinal adaptation following small bowel bypass for obesity.", "content": "Small intestinal morphologic and biochemical changes were studied following jejuno-ileal bypass for obesity after body weight stabilization had occurred. Four patients underwent biopsy of in-continuity and bypassed jejunal and ileal segments of the small intestine 11 to 22 months after the bypass operation. Microscopically, marked mucosal villus hypertrophy of the in-continuity bowel was observed, especially in the ileum. Bypassed jejunal mucosa underwent atrophy compared with pre-bypass jejunum, whereas bypassed ileum appeared similar microscopically to pre-bypass ileum. The specific activities of mucosal disaccharidase enzymes (maltase, sucrase, lactase and trehalase) in units per mg protein remained similar to pre-bypass levels in segments of the in-continuity jejunum and the bypassed jejunum and ileum. On the other hand, elevated mucosal disaccharidase levels were measured in biopsy specimens of the in-continuity ileum. Total enzyme activity per unit length of intestine, however, was estimated to be elevated in both in-continuity jejunum and ileum secondary to mucosal villus hypertrophy. These data indicate that following small bowel bypass: (1) the in-continuity ileum undergoes greater biochemical and morphologic adaptation than the jejunum; and (2) intraluminal nutrients and chyme appear to be essential to maximal intestinal adaptation.", "contents": "Gastrointestinal adaptation following small bowel bypass for obesity. Small intestinal morphologic and biochemical changes were studied following jejuno-ileal bypass for obesity after body weight stabilization had occurred. Four patients underwent biopsy of in-continuity and bypassed jejunal and ileal segments of the small intestine 11 to 22 months after the bypass operation. Microscopically, marked mucosal villus hypertrophy of the in-continuity bowel was observed, especially in the ileum. Bypassed jejunal mucosa underwent atrophy compared with pre-bypass jejunum, whereas bypassed ileum appeared similar microscopically to pre-bypass ileum. The specific activities of mucosal disaccharidase enzymes (maltase, sucrase, lactase and trehalase) in units per mg protein remained similar to pre-bypass levels in segments of the in-continuity jejunum and the bypassed jejunum and ileum. On the other hand, elevated mucosal disaccharidase levels were measured in biopsy specimens of the in-continuity ileum. Total enzyme activity per unit length of intestine, however, was estimated to be elevated in both in-continuity jejunum and ileum secondary to mucosal villus hypertrophy. These data indicate that following small bowel bypass: (1) the in-continuity ileum undergoes greater biochemical and morphologic adaptation than the jejunum; and (2) intraluminal nutrients and chyme appear to be essential to maximal intestinal adaptation."}
{"id": "PMID:871221", "title": "Nissen fundoplication for reflux peptic esophagitis.", "content": "One hundred sixty-five patients with reflux peptic esophagitis have been treated by Nissen fundoplication. When compared with a group of 104 patients reported five years ago, the incidence of persistent or recurrent esophagitis remains approximately the same (10% versus 8%). This is consistent with the assumption that the Nissen procedure when initially successful tends to remain so and that late recurrence appears to be uncommon. The unpleasant postoperative sequela which we have termed the \"gas-bloat syndrome\" was noted in 1971 to be present in the early postoperative period in approximately one-half the patients. Late follow-up, however, averaging four years indicates a marked reduction in this disorder with either absence or clinical insignificance in 87% of patients. Nonetheless, moderate symptoms persist in 11% and severe symptoms requiring active treatment in 2%. Manometric study of the lower esophageal sphincter indicates nearly a three-fold increase in resting pressure following Nissen fundoplication (p less than .001). It is hoped that manometric study will provide a more reliable prognostic measure of sphincter restoration than the measurement of pH across the gastroesophageal junction.", "contents": "Nissen fundoplication for reflux peptic esophagitis. One hundred sixty-five patients with reflux peptic esophagitis have been treated by Nissen fundoplication. When compared with a group of 104 patients reported five years ago, the incidence of persistent or recurrent esophagitis remains approximately the same (10% versus 8%). This is consistent with the assumption that the Nissen procedure when initially successful tends to remain so and that late recurrence appears to be uncommon. The unpleasant postoperative sequela which we have termed the \"gas-bloat syndrome\" was noted in 1971 to be present in the early postoperative period in approximately one-half the patients. Late follow-up, however, averaging four years indicates a marked reduction in this disorder with either absence or clinical insignificance in 87% of patients. Nonetheless, moderate symptoms persist in 11% and severe symptoms requiring active treatment in 2%. Manometric study of the lower esophageal sphincter indicates nearly a three-fold increase in resting pressure following Nissen fundoplication (p less than .001). It is hoped that manometric study will provide a more reliable prognostic measure of sphincter restoration than the measurement of pH across the gastroesophageal junction."}
{"id": "PMID:871222", "title": "Elastic tissue dysplasia of the internal carotid artery.", "content": "Elongation with kinking of the internal carotid artery is not an uncommon finding. Cerebral vascular insufficiency has been reported secondary to this abnormality. Although arteriosclerosis is a frequent cause in adults, the etiology in children has never been explained. Three children with significant kinking of the internal carotid artery are reported here. Each underwent surgical correction by excision and reconstruction. Histological review showed the elastic tissue to be disrupted, diminished in amount, and unevenly distributed. Retrospective examination of this elastic tissue dysplasia showed it to be localized, there being normal morphology both proximally and distal to the involved area. There was recurrence of elongation and kinking in one patient due to incomplete excision. Correction was accomplished after re-excision of the involved tissue with a vein graft interposition. From this study, it can be concluded that elongation and kinking of the internal carotid artery in children is secondary to elastic tissue dysplasia. It is imperative that the entire involved area be removed in order to prevent recurrence. The excised specimen should be studied histologically with elastic tissue stains. Such stains cannot be performed as frozen section. Should permanent studies show the margins of resection not to be beyond the dysplastic tissue, careful followup of these children is essential to recognize recurrence.", "contents": "Elastic tissue dysplasia of the internal carotid artery. Elongation with kinking of the internal carotid artery is not an uncommon finding. Cerebral vascular insufficiency has been reported secondary to this abnormality. Although arteriosclerosis is a frequent cause in adults, the etiology in children has never been explained. Three children with significant kinking of the internal carotid artery are reported here. Each underwent surgical correction by excision and reconstruction. Histological review showed the elastic tissue to be disrupted, diminished in amount, and unevenly distributed. Retrospective examination of this elastic tissue dysplasia showed it to be localized, there being normal morphology both proximally and distal to the involved area. There was recurrence of elongation and kinking in one patient due to incomplete excision. Correction was accomplished after re-excision of the involved tissue with a vein graft interposition. From this study, it can be concluded that elongation and kinking of the internal carotid artery in children is secondary to elastic tissue dysplasia. It is imperative that the entire involved area be removed in order to prevent recurrence. The excised specimen should be studied histologically with elastic tissue stains. Such stains cannot be performed as frozen section. Should permanent studies show the margins of resection not to be beyond the dysplastic tissue, careful followup of these children is essential to recognize recurrence."}
{"id": "PMID:871223", "title": "Clinical experience with the Kim-Ray Greenfield vena caval filter.", "content": "Over a four year period in two institutions, 85 Kim-Ray Greenfield vena caval filters were inserted in 76 patients who have been followed for a minimum of 6 to 53 months. The most frequent indication for placement was pulmonary embolism during anticoagulant therapy. Both femoral and jugular routes were used for transvenous insertion, and fewer complications were associated with the jugular approach. Surgical mortality within two weeks of operation occurred in three patients (4%), none from recurrent embolism. Late complications included recurrent thrombophlebitis in 7% and persistent extremity edema in 12% of patients. Two patients developed recurrent embolism (2.6%) which also was seen in 2 patients after clips were placed on the vena cava above the filter after misplacement. Venacavagrams in 31 patients an average of 11 months postoperative showed patency in 30 (97%) and lysis of trapped thrombi in four patients. No episodes of migration have occurred and the filter offers the advantages of sustained patency and effective filtration without vena caval occlusion.", "contents": "Clinical experience with the Kim-Ray Greenfield vena caval filter. Over a four year period in two institutions, 85 Kim-Ray Greenfield vena caval filters were inserted in 76 patients who have been followed for a minimum of 6 to 53 months. The most frequent indication for placement was pulmonary embolism during anticoagulant therapy. Both femoral and jugular routes were used for transvenous insertion, and fewer complications were associated with the jugular approach. Surgical mortality within two weeks of operation occurred in three patients (4%), none from recurrent embolism. Late complications included recurrent thrombophlebitis in 7% and persistent extremity edema in 12% of patients. Two patients developed recurrent embolism (2.6%) which also was seen in 2 patients after clips were placed on the vena cava above the filter after misplacement. Venacavagrams in 31 patients an average of 11 months postoperative showed patency in 30 (97%) and lysis of trapped thrombi in four patients. No episodes of migration have occurred and the filter offers the advantages of sustained patency and effective filtration without vena caval occlusion."}
{"id": "PMID:871224", "title": "Surgical management of chronic pulmonary embolism.", "content": "The clinical course of most patients with pulmonary embolism is one of gradual resolution with re-establishment of flow in the pulmonary arteries. In a small but definite group of patients, the emboli do not resolve and a state of chronic pulmonary embolism ensues. The primary thrombotic process in the systemic venous system may persist, and in some instances may be unrecognized. Such patients experience recurrent showers of emboli which may ultimately occlude a large part of the pulmonary arterial circulation with development of severe respiratory insufficiency. Six patients with this syndrome are described, and in each there was a history of dyspnea, cyanoiss, and exercise intolerance associated with a low arterial PO2, right ventricular hypertrophy, and pulmonary hypertension. Pulmonary scans and arteriograms demonstrated that more than half of the major pulmonary arteries were occluded and, in addition, smaller vessels were also obstructed. Pulmonary embolectomy was performed in each patient. Five of the 6 obtained a highly gratifying response, including relief of the dyspnea and cyanosis, an increase in arterial PO2, and a decrease in pulmonary arterial pressure. In each of the five in whom improvement occurred, the back-bleeding from the pulmonary artery at the time of embolectomy was quite good. In the sixth patient, the back-bleeding was very poor, and despite embolectomy, the vessel thrombosed postoperatively with no improvement in the patient's clinical course. Follow-up studies in these patients range up to 8 years with demonstration of continued patency of the pulmonary arteries as well as continued improvement in clinical symptoms and in the arterial PO2.", "contents": "Surgical management of chronic pulmonary embolism. The clinical course of most patients with pulmonary embolism is one of gradual resolution with re-establishment of flow in the pulmonary arteries. In a small but definite group of patients, the emboli do not resolve and a state of chronic pulmonary embolism ensues. The primary thrombotic process in the systemic venous system may persist, and in some instances may be unrecognized. Such patients experience recurrent showers of emboli which may ultimately occlude a large part of the pulmonary arterial circulation with development of severe respiratory insufficiency. Six patients with this syndrome are described, and in each there was a history of dyspnea, cyanoiss, and exercise intolerance associated with a low arterial PO2, right ventricular hypertrophy, and pulmonary hypertension. Pulmonary scans and arteriograms demonstrated that more than half of the major pulmonary arteries were occluded and, in addition, smaller vessels were also obstructed. Pulmonary embolectomy was performed in each patient. Five of the 6 obtained a highly gratifying response, including relief of the dyspnea and cyanosis, an increase in arterial PO2, and a decrease in pulmonary arterial pressure. In each of the five in whom improvement occurred, the back-bleeding from the pulmonary artery at the time of embolectomy was quite good. In the sixth patient, the back-bleeding was very poor, and despite embolectomy, the vessel thrombosed postoperatively with no improvement in the patient's clinical course. Follow-up studies in these patients range up to 8 years with demonstration of continued patency of the pulmonary arteries as well as continued improvement in clinical symptoms and in the arterial PO2."}
{"id": "PMID:871225", "title": "Seven year experience with mounted porcine valves.", "content": "From March, 1969, through June 1976, 108 porcine aortic xenograft valves were used for mitral or aortic valve replacement in 95 patients. This experience provides one of the longest follow-ups available for evaluation of the porcine bioprosthesis. The first fifteen valves were locally mounted on Cutter stents and preserved in buffered formalin. Subsequent valves were prepared by the Edwards and Hancock Companies with glutaraldehyde preservation. Oral anticoagulation was routinely used for the first 6 weeks following surgery. Hospital mortality was unrelated to the valve type. All but four of the surviving patients with formalin preserved valves have required reoperation because of valve failure. There have been two valve failures in the patients who received gluteraldehyde valves, but there have been no embolic or thrombotic complications. Late cardiac catheterization has shown hemodynamic results equal to or better than prosthetic valves. The continuing long-term results indicate that the porcine xenograft is the valve of choice for cardiac valve replacement.", "contents": "Seven year experience with mounted porcine valves. From March, 1969, through June 1976, 108 porcine aortic xenograft valves were used for mitral or aortic valve replacement in 95 patients. This experience provides one of the longest follow-ups available for evaluation of the porcine bioprosthesis. The first fifteen valves were locally mounted on Cutter stents and preserved in buffered formalin. Subsequent valves were prepared by the Edwards and Hancock Companies with glutaraldehyde preservation. Oral anticoagulation was routinely used for the first 6 weeks following surgery. Hospital mortality was unrelated to the valve type. All but four of the surviving patients with formalin preserved valves have required reoperation because of valve failure. There have been two valve failures in the patients who received gluteraldehyde valves, but there have been no embolic or thrombotic complications. Late cardiac catheterization has shown hemodynamic results equal to or better than prosthetic valves. The continuing long-term results indicate that the porcine xenograft is the valve of choice for cardiac valve replacement."}
{"id": "PMID:871226", "title": "Localization and stability of hydrogenases from aerobic hydrogen bacteria.", "content": "Alcaligenes eutrophus strains H 16, B 19, G 27 and N9A contained two different hydrogenases. One enzyme catalyzed the reduction of NAD by hydrogen and was strictly localized in the soluble cell fraction. While the second enzyme was found to be particulate and unable to react with NAD. All other tested strains, Alcaligenes paradoxus SA 29, Pseudomonas facilis, P. palleronii RH 2, Pseudomonas sp. strain GA 3, Paracoccus denitrificans, Aquaspirillum autotrophicum SA 32, and Corynebacterium autotrophicum 14g and 7C contained only a single enzyme exclusively bound to membranes. This was established using fractional centrifugation, indicator enzyme systems, gently methods of cell disintegration and discontinuous sucrose density gradient centrifugation. In cell-free extracts obtained by rough disruption (sonication) of cells, hydrogenase was associated to particles of different size and sedimentation velocity. A partial solubilization of hydrogenase caused by sonication was observed with P. facilis. Without exception, the particulate hydrogenases were found (1) to be unable to reduce pyridine nucleotides, and (2) to reduce methylene blue at an extremely high activity. The eminent reaction rate of 34 micronmoles H2 oxidized per min and mg protein has been determined in particle suspensions of Pseudomonas sp. strain GA 3. All hydrogenases were stable during storage under hydrogen atmosphere, except the soluble enzyme for A. eutrophus H 16 which was shown to be more stable under aerobic conditions.", "contents": "Localization and stability of hydrogenases from aerobic hydrogen bacteria. Alcaligenes eutrophus strains H 16, B 19, G 27 and N9A contained two different hydrogenases. One enzyme catalyzed the reduction of NAD by hydrogen and was strictly localized in the soluble cell fraction. While the second enzyme was found to be particulate and unable to react with NAD. All other tested strains, Alcaligenes paradoxus SA 29, Pseudomonas facilis, P. palleronii RH 2, Pseudomonas sp. strain GA 3, Paracoccus denitrificans, Aquaspirillum autotrophicum SA 32, and Corynebacterium autotrophicum 14g and 7C contained only a single enzyme exclusively bound to membranes. This was established using fractional centrifugation, indicator enzyme systems, gently methods of cell disintegration and discontinuous sucrose density gradient centrifugation. In cell-free extracts obtained by rough disruption (sonication) of cells, hydrogenase was associated to particles of different size and sedimentation velocity. A partial solubilization of hydrogenase caused by sonication was observed with P. facilis. Without exception, the particulate hydrogenases were found (1) to be unable to reduce pyridine nucleotides, and (2) to reduce methylene blue at an extremely high activity. The eminent reaction rate of 34 micronmoles H2 oxidized per min and mg protein has been determined in particle suspensions of Pseudomonas sp. strain GA 3. All hydrogenases were stable during storage under hydrogen atmosphere, except the soluble enzyme for A. eutrophus H 16 which was shown to be more stable under aerobic conditions."}
{"id": "PMID:871227", "title": "alpha-Isopropylmalate synthase from Alcaligenes eutrophus H 16. II. Substrate specificity and kinetics.", "content": "The purified isopropylmalate synthase of Alcaligenes eutrophus H 16 reacted with the following alpha-keto acids and acyl-coenzyme A derivatives (in the sequence of decreasing affinities): alpha-ketoisovalerate, alpha-keto-n-valerate, alpha-ketobutyrate and pyruvate; acetyl-CoA, propionyl-CoA, butyryl-CoA, malonyl-CoA, valeryl-CoA, and crotonyl0CoA. alpha-Ketoisocaproate, however, is a strong inhibitor of the enzyme. All reactions catalyzed by isopropylmalate synthase were inhibited to the same extent by the endproduct L-leucine. The substrate saturation curves of alpha-ketoisovalerate or other alpha-keto acids and of acetyl-coenzyme A or other acyl-CoA derivatives had intermediary plateau regions; the Hill coefficient alternated between nH-values higher and lower than 1.0, indicating changes from positive to negative and from negative to positive cooperativity for the substrates. The products, isopropylmalate and free coenzyme A, showed competitive inhibition patterns against both substrates (alpha-ketoisovalerate and acetyl-CoA). Free coenzyme A (1 micronM) inactivated the enzyme irreversibly. The 3'-phosphate of coenzyme A and the free carboxyl group of alpha-ketoisovalerate were involved in optimal binding of these substrates, but 3'-dephospho-acetyl-coenzyme A and the methylester of alpha-keto-isovalerate were also converted by this enzyme. A CH3--CH2-grouping of the alpha-keto acids seemed to be necessary for binding this substrate.", "contents": "alpha-Isopropylmalate synthase from Alcaligenes eutrophus H 16. II. Substrate specificity and kinetics. The purified isopropylmalate synthase of Alcaligenes eutrophus H 16 reacted with the following alpha-keto acids and acyl-coenzyme A derivatives (in the sequence of decreasing affinities): alpha-ketoisovalerate, alpha-keto-n-valerate, alpha-ketobutyrate and pyruvate; acetyl-CoA, propionyl-CoA, butyryl-CoA, malonyl-CoA, valeryl-CoA, and crotonyl0CoA. alpha-Ketoisocaproate, however, is a strong inhibitor of the enzyme. All reactions catalyzed by isopropylmalate synthase were inhibited to the same extent by the endproduct L-leucine. The substrate saturation curves of alpha-ketoisovalerate or other alpha-keto acids and of acetyl-coenzyme A or other acyl-CoA derivatives had intermediary plateau regions; the Hill coefficient alternated between nH-values higher and lower than 1.0, indicating changes from positive to negative and from negative to positive cooperativity for the substrates. The products, isopropylmalate and free coenzyme A, showed competitive inhibition patterns against both substrates (alpha-ketoisovalerate and acetyl-CoA). Free coenzyme A (1 micronM) inactivated the enzyme irreversibly. The 3'-phosphate of coenzyme A and the free carboxyl group of alpha-ketoisovalerate were involved in optimal binding of these substrates, but 3'-dephospho-acetyl-coenzyme A and the methylester of alpha-keto-isovalerate were also converted by this enzyme. A CH3--CH2-grouping of the alpha-keto acids seemed to be necessary for binding this substrate."}
{"id": "PMID:871228", "title": "The functioning of cytochrome b in the electron transport to furmarate in Propionibacterium freudenreichii and Propionibacterium pentosaceum.", "content": "Fumarase-free electron particles from Propionibacterium freudenreichii and P. pentosaceum were prepared by discontinuous sucrose gradient centrifugation, and the influence of 2-n-heptyl-4-hydroxy-quinoline-N-oxide (HQNO) and ultraviolet irradiation on the reduction of menaquinone and cytochrome b with L-lactate or glycerol-3-phosphate and the reoxidation by fumarate was studied. In the presence of HQNO the steady state reduction level of menaquinone during fumarate reduction was increased whereas the steady state reduction level of cytochrome b was decreased as compared with the reduction levels measured in the absence of HQNO. The steady state reduction level of menaquinone during electron transport to fumarate was not influenced by ultraviolet irradiation and the steady state reduction level of cytochrome b was decreased at increasing irradiation times. The data indicate that cytochrome b is involved in the electron transport to fumarate.", "contents": "The functioning of cytochrome b in the electron transport to furmarate in Propionibacterium freudenreichii and Propionibacterium pentosaceum. Fumarase-free electron particles from Propionibacterium freudenreichii and P. pentosaceum were prepared by discontinuous sucrose gradient centrifugation, and the influence of 2-n-heptyl-4-hydroxy-quinoline-N-oxide (HQNO) and ultraviolet irradiation on the reduction of menaquinone and cytochrome b with L-lactate or glycerol-3-phosphate and the reoxidation by fumarate was studied. In the presence of HQNO the steady state reduction level of menaquinone during fumarate reduction was increased whereas the steady state reduction level of cytochrome b was decreased as compared with the reduction levels measured in the absence of HQNO. The steady state reduction level of menaquinone during electron transport to fumarate was not influenced by ultraviolet irradiation and the steady state reduction level of cytochrome b was decreased at increasing irradiation times. The data indicate that cytochrome b is involved in the electron transport to fumarate."}
{"id": "PMID:871229", "title": "Structure of the peptidoglycans of Moraxella glucidolytica and Moraxella lwoffi grown on hydrocarbons.", "content": "The peptidoglycans of Moraxella glucidolytica and Moraxella lwoffi grown on aliphatic hydrocarbons were isolated. They contained muramic acid, glucosamine, alanine, D-glutamic acid and mesodiaminoimelic acid in a molar ratio of about 0.5:0.5:1.6:1.0:1.0 (M. glucidolytica) and 0.8:0.7:1.3:1.0:1.0 (M. lwoffi). The peptidoglycans were lysozyme-resistant. However, when treated with formanide, they could be partially degraded by lysozyme. The fragments were purified and their structure determined. In both strains, the peptide subunits consisted mainly of tripeptides (L-Ala-D-Glu-meso-DAP) and tetrapeptides (L-Ala-D-glu-meso-DAP-D-Ala), most of them being directly cross-linked. It is concluded that in both strains the primary structures of the peptidoglycans are closely related.", "contents": "Structure of the peptidoglycans of Moraxella glucidolytica and Moraxella lwoffi grown on hydrocarbons. The peptidoglycans of Moraxella glucidolytica and Moraxella lwoffi grown on aliphatic hydrocarbons were isolated. They contained muramic acid, glucosamine, alanine, D-glutamic acid and mesodiaminoimelic acid in a molar ratio of about 0.5:0.5:1.6:1.0:1.0 (M. glucidolytica) and 0.8:0.7:1.3:1.0:1.0 (M. lwoffi). The peptidoglycans were lysozyme-resistant. However, when treated with formanide, they could be partially degraded by lysozyme. The fragments were purified and their structure determined. In both strains, the peptide subunits consisted mainly of tripeptides (L-Ala-D-Glu-meso-DAP) and tetrapeptides (L-Ala-D-glu-meso-DAP-D-Ala), most of them being directly cross-linked. It is concluded that in both strains the primary structures of the peptidoglycans are closely related."}
{"id": "PMID:871230", "title": "Carotenoid glucosides and menaquinones from the gliding bacterium Herpetosiphon giganteus Hp a2.", "content": "The gliding bacterium Herpetosiphon giganteus Hp a2 was shown to contain gamma-carotene, one monoglucosyloxy and two new diglucosyloxy carotenoids with a x-O-acyldiglucosyloxy carotenoid as main component. Flexirubin-like pigments could not be detected in this organism. As in the Myxobacterales and Cytophagales (Kleinig et al., 1974) menaquinones (MK-6 and MK-7) were found to be the only isoprenoid quinones present in Herpetosiphon. The chemosystematic implications of these findings are briefly discussed.", "contents": "Carotenoid glucosides and menaquinones from the gliding bacterium Herpetosiphon giganteus Hp a2. The gliding bacterium Herpetosiphon giganteus Hp a2 was shown to contain gamma-carotene, one monoglucosyloxy and two new diglucosyloxy carotenoids with a x-O-acyldiglucosyloxy carotenoid as main component. Flexirubin-like pigments could not be detected in this organism. As in the Myxobacterales and Cytophagales (Kleinig et al., 1974) menaquinones (MK-6 and MK-7) were found to be the only isoprenoid quinones present in Herpetosiphon. The chemosystematic implications of these findings are briefly discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:871231", "title": "A method for the determination of confidence limits for the P/2e- ratio for chosen values of ymaxatp form the results of continuous culture experiments.", "content": "A model is described, which allows the determination of 95% confidence limits for the maintenance coefficient and the efficiency of oxidative phosphorylation for chosen values of the growth yield for ATP corrected for energy maintenace (YmaxATP). As experimental data the specific rates of substrate consumption, product formation and oxygen uptake in chemostat cultures at various growth rates are use.", "contents": "A method for the determination of confidence limits for the P/2e- ratio for chosen values of ymaxatp form the results of continuous culture experiments. A model is described, which allows the determination of 95% confidence limits for the maintenance coefficient and the efficiency of oxidative phosphorylation for chosen values of the growth yield for ATP corrected for energy maintenace (YmaxATP). As experimental data the specific rates of substrate consumption, product formation and oxygen uptake in chemostat cultures at various growth rates are use."}
{"id": "PMID:871232", "title": "Platelet monoamine oxidase in early childhood autism.", "content": "Platelet monoamine oxidase (MAO) activity was studied in 31 individuals suffering from early childhood autism and was not significantly different from that found in normal children or adults. In the autistic children, MAO activity decreased with age, and there was a trend toward greater platelet MAO activity in prepubertal and pubertal male autistic children relative to normal male children. Total platelet counts were not elevated in autistic children.", "contents": "Platelet monoamine oxidase in early childhood autism. Platelet monoamine oxidase (MAO) activity was studied in 31 individuals suffering from early childhood autism and was not significantly different from that found in normal children or adults. In the autistic children, MAO activity decreased with age, and there was a trend toward greater platelet MAO activity in prepubertal and pubertal male autistic children relative to normal male children. Total platelet counts were not elevated in autistic children."}
{"id": "PMID:871233", "title": "Cardiovascular correlates of attention in normal and psychiatrically disturbed children. Blood pressure, peripheral blood flow, and peripheral vascular resistance.", "content": "Blood pressure, peripheral blood flow, and peripheral vascular resistance were measured in normal adults and children and in children with autism and severe disturbances in personality development while the individuals were engaged in a variety of attentional tasks. The tasks were designed to elicit outward direction of attention (and intake of sensory input) or inward direction of attention (and relative rejection of external sensory input). During tasks involving sensory rejection, normal adults and normal children showed increased blood flow and decreased peripheral vascular resistance; with sensory intake, blood flow was decreased and resistance was increased. The most severely impaired children showed little alteration in their physiological response to task requirements. Autistic children had higher mean blood flow and lower peripheral vascular resistance than normal children and adults. Some autistic children characteristically may be in a state of sensory rejection associated with generally higher levels of arousal or defense against environmental bombardment.", "contents": "Cardiovascular correlates of attention in normal and psychiatrically disturbed children. Blood pressure, peripheral blood flow, and peripheral vascular resistance. Blood pressure, peripheral blood flow, and peripheral vascular resistance were measured in normal adults and children and in children with autism and severe disturbances in personality development while the individuals were engaged in a variety of attentional tasks. The tasks were designed to elicit outward direction of attention (and intake of sensory input) or inward direction of attention (and relative rejection of external sensory input). During tasks involving sensory rejection, normal adults and normal children showed increased blood flow and decreased peripheral vascular resistance; with sensory intake, blood flow was decreased and resistance was increased. The most severely impaired children showed little alteration in their physiological response to task requirements. Autistic children had higher mean blood flow and lower peripheral vascular resistance than normal children and adults. Some autistic children characteristically may be in a state of sensory rejection associated with generally higher levels of arousal or defense against environmental bombardment."}
{"id": "PMID:871234", "title": "Reduced MAO activity in first-degree relatives of individuals with bipolar affective disorders. A preliminary report.", "content": "Previous reports have indicated that platelet monoamine oxidase (MAO) activity is reduced in patients with the bipolar form of major affective illness. We present evidence that platelet MAO activity is also significantly reduced in the first-degree relatives of bipolar patients. However, platelet MAO activity did not distinguish ill from well family members. It is possible that reduced platelet MAO may be an indicator of increased familial vulnerability to affective disorders.", "contents": "Reduced MAO activity in first-degree relatives of individuals with bipolar affective disorders. A preliminary report. Previous reports have indicated that platelet monoamine oxidase (MAO) activity is reduced in patients with the bipolar form of major affective illness. We present evidence that platelet MAO activity is also significantly reduced in the first-degree relatives of bipolar patients. However, platelet MAO activity did not distinguish ill from well family members. It is possible that reduced platelet MAO may be an indicator of increased familial vulnerability to affective disorders."}
{"id": "PMID:871235", "title": "Sampling time, dosage schedule, and nortriptyline plasma levels.", "content": "Steady-state nortriptyline plasma levels were determined in eight patients at 9 AM, 12 PM, 3 PM, and 6 PM during treatment with nortriptyline hydrochloride administered as a single daily bedtime (hs) dose at 10 PM and repeated after changing the dosage schedule to three times a day (tid) with divided doses at 10 AM, 4 PM, and 10 PM. Overall, the mean levels were stable during the sampling period and comparable on the two schedules. As expected, the plasma level decreased at the later sampling times on the hs schedule and increased on the tid schedule. In seven of the eight patients, the differences on the two dosage schedules were less than 30 ng/ml, which is not considered clinically significant. One patient had a higher plasma nortriptyline level on the tid schedule, which was clinically significant. Standardization of sampling time is of importance when comparing plasma levels and therapeutic response in treatment studies.", "contents": "Sampling time, dosage schedule, and nortriptyline plasma levels. Steady-state nortriptyline plasma levels were determined in eight patients at 9 AM, 12 PM, 3 PM, and 6 PM during treatment with nortriptyline hydrochloride administered as a single daily bedtime (hs) dose at 10 PM and repeated after changing the dosage schedule to three times a day (tid) with divided doses at 10 AM, 4 PM, and 10 PM. Overall, the mean levels were stable during the sampling period and comparable on the two schedules. As expected, the plasma level decreased at the later sampling times on the hs schedule and increased on the tid schedule. In seven of the eight patients, the differences on the two dosage schedules were less than 30 ng/ml, which is not considered clinically significant. One patient had a higher plasma nortriptyline level on the tid schedule, which was clinically significant. Standardization of sampling time is of importance when comparing plasma levels and therapeutic response in treatment studies."}
{"id": "PMID:871236", "title": "Exercise stress test interpretation for cardiac diagnosis and functional evaluation.", "content": "The physiatrist, with the assistance of the physical therapist, can be the appropriate individual to prescribe and supervise exercise training programs for cardiac patients, although exercise testing is probably best left to cardiologists. Exercise test data, as supplied by the cardiologist from a diagnostic test, are often not sufficient for exercise programming - since diagnostic and fitness type testing may be carried out on different modalities, with monitoring of different parameters, using different test patterns to different endpoints, and with the patient on medication rather than off. This article describes special test modifications which provide information useful in preparing exercise guidelines for individual patients. These include walk-through, second-effort testing, testing on medication and non-standard monitoring. Based upon results from the fitness type of test, it is possible to predict which exercise candidates will benefit most from exercise programming and which should be referred elsewhere for more intensive medical management or consideration of surgery.", "contents": "Exercise stress test interpretation for cardiac diagnosis and functional evaluation. The physiatrist, with the assistance of the physical therapist, can be the appropriate individual to prescribe and supervise exercise training programs for cardiac patients, although exercise testing is probably best left to cardiologists. Exercise test data, as supplied by the cardiologist from a diagnostic test, are often not sufficient for exercise programming - since diagnostic and fitness type testing may be carried out on different modalities, with monitoring of different parameters, using different test patterns to different endpoints, and with the patient on medication rather than off. This article describes special test modifications which provide information useful in preparing exercise guidelines for individual patients. These include walk-through, second-effort testing, testing on medication and non-standard monitoring. Based upon results from the fitness type of test, it is possible to predict which exercise candidates will benefit most from exercise programming and which should be referred elsewhere for more intensive medical management or consideration of surgery."}
{"id": "PMID:871237", "title": "Progressive ambulation and treadmill testing of patients with acute myocardial infarction during hospitalization: a feasibility study.", "content": "Symptoms, signs, hemodynamic and electrocardiographic responses of 12 patients with acute myocardial infarction were studied before, during and after three activities: activity I, sitting upright; activity II, walking to the adjacent toilet; and activity III, walking on a treadmill set at 1.2 mph (1.9 km/hr) at 0, 3 and 6% successive gradients. The three activities were studied respectively at three, six and ten days (means) after infarction. Weakness was the most commonly occurring symptom. Mean systolic blood pressure fell 9 mm Hg upon assumption of the upright position (activity I) and was sustained for the five minutes of sitting. The systolic blood pressure drop was only 3.5 mm Hg with activity II. During activity III, one patient developed angina. Between rest and the 6% treadmill gradient, systolic blood pressure, heart rate and pressure-rate product rose 29 mm Hg, 26 beats/minute and 64 units, respectively. Electrocardiographic evidence of ischemia was observed in two patients during activity I, in two patients during activity II, and in one patient during activity III, but was insufficient for stopping the activities. Similarly, two patients developed minor arrhythmias, one with activity I and one with activity III. The use of this low-level treadmill test before discharging the patient from the hospital proved to be safe and feasible for obtaining objective data to assess the patients' ability to perform activities requiring equal exertion at home. Successful performance of these three activities before leaving the hospital should provide useful criteria for discharge of a patient with myocardial infarction.", "contents": "Progressive ambulation and treadmill testing of patients with acute myocardial infarction during hospitalization: a feasibility study. Symptoms, signs, hemodynamic and electrocardiographic responses of 12 patients with acute myocardial infarction were studied before, during and after three activities: activity I, sitting upright; activity II, walking to the adjacent toilet; and activity III, walking on a treadmill set at 1.2 mph (1.9 km/hr) at 0, 3 and 6% successive gradients. The three activities were studied respectively at three, six and ten days (means) after infarction. Weakness was the most commonly occurring symptom. Mean systolic blood pressure fell 9 mm Hg upon assumption of the upright position (activity I) and was sustained for the five minutes of sitting. The systolic blood pressure drop was only 3.5 mm Hg with activity II. During activity III, one patient developed angina. Between rest and the 6% treadmill gradient, systolic blood pressure, heart rate and pressure-rate product rose 29 mm Hg, 26 beats/minute and 64 units, respectively. Electrocardiographic evidence of ischemia was observed in two patients during activity I, in two patients during activity II, and in one patient during activity III, but was insufficient for stopping the activities. Similarly, two patients developed minor arrhythmias, one with activity I and one with activity III. The use of this low-level treadmill test before discharging the patient from the hospital proved to be safe and feasible for obtaining objective data to assess the patients' ability to perform activities requiring equal exertion at home. Successful performance of these three activities before leaving the hospital should provide useful criteria for discharge of a patient with myocardial infarction."}
{"id": "PMID:871238", "title": "Isokinetic and isometric torque force relationships.", "content": "The torque forces of elbow extensor musculature of 28 men were tested with an isokinetic dynamometer to determine the relationships between maximal isokinetic torque generated at various speeds and maximal isometric forces at specified angles in the arc of elbow extension. The men were tested at constant velocities ranging from 5 to 25 rpm and at angles of elbow extension ranging from 10 degrees to 90 degrees. Product-moment correlation coefficients were calculated between the maximum isometric torque developed at each of the measured angles and the isokinetic torque generated at each of the predetermined speeds. Of the 81 correlation coefficients calculated, 13 differed significantly from zero. There were slight tendencies for the significant correlations to cluster toward the slower speeds and toward the greater angles of elbow flexion. It was suggested that the slight tendency for higher correlations to cluster toward the slower speeds may be due to slower speeds stimulating isometric effort. The slight tendency for the higher correlations to cluster toward the greater angles of elbow flexion may be due to variances in the consistency of muscular strength at different muscle lengths. Since the highest correlation attained yielded a common variability of less than 24% between the two variables tested, it was concluded that measures of isokinetic strength cannot be used to predict isometric strength capabilities.", "contents": "Isokinetic and isometric torque force relationships. The torque forces of elbow extensor musculature of 28 men were tested with an isokinetic dynamometer to determine the relationships between maximal isokinetic torque generated at various speeds and maximal isometric forces at specified angles in the arc of elbow extension. The men were tested at constant velocities ranging from 5 to 25 rpm and at angles of elbow extension ranging from 10 degrees to 90 degrees. Product-moment correlation coefficients were calculated between the maximum isometric torque developed at each of the measured angles and the isokinetic torque generated at each of the predetermined speeds. Of the 81 correlation coefficients calculated, 13 differed significantly from zero. There were slight tendencies for the significant correlations to cluster toward the slower speeds and toward the greater angles of elbow flexion. It was suggested that the slight tendency for higher correlations to cluster toward the slower speeds may be due to slower speeds stimulating isometric effort. The slight tendency for the higher correlations to cluster toward the greater angles of elbow flexion may be due to variances in the consistency of muscular strength at different muscle lengths. Since the highest correlation attained yielded a common variability of less than 24% between the two variables tested, it was concluded that measures of isokinetic strength cannot be used to predict isometric strength capabilities."}
{"id": "PMID:871239", "title": "Rehabilitation hospital patient characteristics from the Hospital Utilization Project (HUP) system.", "content": "The Hospital Utilization Project (HUP), in collaboration with rehabilitation associations in California and Pennsylvania, instituted on July 1, 1974, a patient data system for rehabilitation hospitals. This is a report of the first year's aggregate of 5,427 patients from 20 hospitals in six states. Of this total, 4,662 were admitted for a full rehabilitation program, and 765 for short-term. Nearly half of the patients admitted for a full program were 65 years or older; 31% were stroke victims, by far the largest single diagnosis. Eighty percent of full program admissions were accounted for by the following six categories (reported with average lengths of stay): stroke (33.7 days), other brain injury and disease (35.9 days), amputations (30.6 days), fractures (29.6 days), arthritis (25.9 days) and spinal cord injury (59.3 days). In the total sample 74% were discharged to a private residential setting. The accumulation of patient data from a number of hospitals will give medical rehabilitation important information regarding its contribution to health care delivery as well as providing data which can be used for PSRO guidelines and for third-party payers. The HUP system is currently receiving discharge abstracts from 42 hospitals in 14 states.", "contents": "Rehabilitation hospital patient characteristics from the Hospital Utilization Project (HUP) system. The Hospital Utilization Project (HUP), in collaboration with rehabilitation associations in California and Pennsylvania, instituted on July 1, 1974, a patient data system for rehabilitation hospitals. This is a report of the first year's aggregate of 5,427 patients from 20 hospitals in six states. Of this total, 4,662 were admitted for a full rehabilitation program, and 765 for short-term. Nearly half of the patients admitted for a full program were 65 years or older; 31% were stroke victims, by far the largest single diagnosis. Eighty percent of full program admissions were accounted for by the following six categories (reported with average lengths of stay): stroke (33.7 days), other brain injury and disease (35.9 days), amputations (30.6 days), fractures (29.6 days), arthritis (25.9 days) and spinal cord injury (59.3 days). In the total sample 74% were discharged to a private residential setting. The accumulation of patient data from a number of hospitals will give medical rehabilitation important information regarding its contribution to health care delivery as well as providing data which can be used for PSRO guidelines and for third-party payers. The HUP system is currently receiving discharge abstracts from 42 hospitals in 14 states."}
{"id": "PMID:871245", "title": "Noninvasive assessment of the peripheral vascular system.", "content": "Forty-five limbs varying clinically from normal through moderate to severely ischemic were studied by noninvasive measurements of both arterial blood pressure and perfusion. From the values plotted on a two-coordinate system, they arranged themselves well into three clinical categories: (1) normal, (2) intermittent claudication, and (3) ischemia or ulceration and rest pain. Good clinical responses to arterial reconstruction were corroborated by postoperative measurements. Reinforcing the results of one measurement with those of the other has provided an objective, numerical, and graphic basis for decisions regarding the advisability of angiography or arterial reconstructive procedures or both. To date, almost 400 patients have been evaluated by these techniques.", "contents": "Noninvasive assessment of the peripheral vascular system. Forty-five limbs varying clinically from normal through moderate to severely ischemic were studied by noninvasive measurements of both arterial blood pressure and perfusion. From the values plotted on a two-coordinate system, they arranged themselves well into three clinical categories: (1) normal, (2) intermittent claudication, and (3) ischemia or ulceration and rest pain. Good clinical responses to arterial reconstruction were corroborated by postoperative measurements. Reinforcing the results of one measurement with those of the other has provided an objective, numerical, and graphic basis for decisions regarding the advisability of angiography or arterial reconstructive procedures or both. To date, almost 400 patients have been evaluated by these techniques."}
{"id": "PMID:871240", "title": "[Evaluation of the lymphocyte level in breast carcinoma].", "content": "Lymphocyte patterns were examined in patient with breast cancer. A significant difference (p=0.05) was noted between the four stages of the disease before surgery only, especially in subjects aged 60-80 yr. After surgery and also after subsequent treatment, there was a highly significant fall in levels in subjects aged 40-80 yr with 1st and 2nd stage cancers. Patients aged 60-80 yr who remained free of recurrences or metastases for 4 yr had higher lymphocyte levels (p=0.001) initially. It is therefore felt that in older patients the initial lymphocyte value is of prognostic value.", "contents": "[Evaluation of the lymphocyte level in breast carcinoma]. Lymphocyte patterns were examined in patient with breast cancer. A significant difference (p=0.05) was noted between the four stages of the disease before surgery only, especially in subjects aged 60-80 yr. After surgery and also after subsequent treatment, there was a highly significant fall in levels in subjects aged 40-80 yr with 1st and 2nd stage cancers. Patients aged 60-80 yr who remained free of recurrences or metastases for 4 yr had higher lymphocyte levels (p=0.001) initially. It is therefore felt that in older patients the initial lymphocyte value is of prognostic value."}
{"id": "PMID:871246", "title": "Principles of management of colorectal foreign bodies.", "content": "We present a five-year experience with removal of 31 colorectal foreign bodies, with no morbidity or mortality. The following principles were used: (1) biplane abdominal roentgenograms to elucidate the location, type, and number of foreign bodies; (2) removal under appropriate anesthesia; (3) transanal extraction of the foreign bodies whenever possible; (4) laparotomy only as a last resort, after failure of all transanal manipulations; (5) proctosigmoidoscopy following removal of foreign bodies; and (6) inpatient observation to rule out bleeding or perforation with delayed symptoms. A classification based on the level of the foreign bodies in the rectum or colon is proposed that is helpful in the initial approach to the problem and the ultimate therapeutic plan.", "contents": "Principles of management of colorectal foreign bodies. We present a five-year experience with removal of 31 colorectal foreign bodies, with no morbidity or mortality. The following principles were used: (1) biplane abdominal roentgenograms to elucidate the location, type, and number of foreign bodies; (2) removal under appropriate anesthesia; (3) transanal extraction of the foreign bodies whenever possible; (4) laparotomy only as a last resort, after failure of all transanal manipulations; (5) proctosigmoidoscopy following removal of foreign bodies; and (6) inpatient observation to rule out bleeding or perforation with delayed symptoms. A classification based on the level of the foreign bodies in the rectum or colon is proposed that is helpful in the initial approach to the problem and the ultimate therapeutic plan."}
{"id": "PMID:871241", "title": "[Normalized median velocity of circumferential fiber lengthening studied with ultrasonics. III. Comparison with the normalized protodiastolic median \"velocity\" of the posterior wall].", "content": "Both mitral valve closing speed (MVV) and the mean standardized circumferential lengthening of the myocardial fibrocell (MVCL), between which a good correlation exists, may be used as indirect indices of ventricular compliance. These two indices have been compared with those obtained echocardiographically from the movement of the posterior wall of the ventricle in a group of normal subjects and in a group suffering from hypertrophic subaortic stenosis (IHSS). The comparison between MVCL and mean standardized speed of protodiastolic prolapse of the posterior wall (Wpwd) was fairly significant (P=0.01); that between MVCL and mean speed of protodiastolic prolapse of the posterior wall (DEV) was only slightly significant (P=0.05) or was not significant at all; that between MVCL and the maximum speed of protodiastolic release (DEVM) was slightly significant (P=0.05). Although the correlation between MVV and the various indices obtained from the movement of the posterior wall (DEV, DEVM, Vpwd) were quite significant (P=0.01), it is considered that Vpwd is preferable as an indirect index of ventricular compliance. As it is capable of distinguishing subjects with IHSS from normal subjects inthose cases in which the movement of valvular peaks, modified or impeded by inflammatory or fibrotic processes does not a-low MVV to be measured, we think Vpwd can be usefully employed as it can in all those circumstances in which it is impossible to measure MVCL owing to alterations to normal septal synchronism (infarction and fibrosis of the septum, branch blocks, etc.).", "contents": "[Normalized median velocity of circumferential fiber lengthening studied with ultrasonics. III. Comparison with the normalized protodiastolic median \"velocity\" of the posterior wall]. Both mitral valve closing speed (MVV) and the mean standardized circumferential lengthening of the myocardial fibrocell (MVCL), between which a good correlation exists, may be used as indirect indices of ventricular compliance. These two indices have been compared with those obtained echocardiographically from the movement of the posterior wall of the ventricle in a group of normal subjects and in a group suffering from hypertrophic subaortic stenosis (IHSS). The comparison between MVCL and mean standardized speed of protodiastolic prolapse of the posterior wall (Wpwd) was fairly significant (P=0.01); that between MVCL and mean speed of protodiastolic prolapse of the posterior wall (DEV) was only slightly significant (P=0.05) or was not significant at all; that between MVCL and the maximum speed of protodiastolic release (DEVM) was slightly significant (P=0.05). Although the correlation between MVV and the various indices obtained from the movement of the posterior wall (DEV, DEVM, Vpwd) were quite significant (P=0.01), it is considered that Vpwd is preferable as an indirect index of ventricular compliance. As it is capable of distinguishing subjects with IHSS from normal subjects inthose cases in which the movement of valvular peaks, modified or impeded by inflammatory or fibrotic processes does not a-low MVV to be measured, we think Vpwd can be usefully employed as it can in all those circumstances in which it is impossible to measure MVCL owing to alterations to normal septal synchronism (infarction and fibrosis of the septum, branch blocks, etc.)."}
{"id": "PMID:871247", "title": "A trial of silver-zinc-allantoinate in the treatment of leg ulcers.", "content": "Three hundred thirty-nine of 400 chronic cutaneous ulcers in 264 patients (including some with multiple or bilateral ulcers of both) were healed with silver-zinc-allantoinate creamed (AZAC 1%). Some of the patients treated had failed to respond to medicated wrappings, saline dressings, and various other therapeutic agents, including antibiotics. In one week of treatment with AZAC 1%, bacterial counts were reduced on the average from approximately 2 X 10(7) to 2 X 10(5) (99%). Silver-zinc-allantoinate cream also demonstrated a wide spectrum of antimicrobial activity. It did not give rise to resistance by the infecting organisms, was nonallergenic, debrided necrotic tissue, and stimulated healthy granulation. Treatment was well tolerated, side effects being limited to a burning sensation in three patients. Most patients cared for themselves at home with minimal interference in their usual daily activities.", "contents": "A trial of silver-zinc-allantoinate in the treatment of leg ulcers. Three hundred thirty-nine of 400 chronic cutaneous ulcers in 264 patients (including some with multiple or bilateral ulcers of both) were healed with silver-zinc-allantoinate creamed (AZAC 1%). Some of the patients treated had failed to respond to medicated wrappings, saline dressings, and various other therapeutic agents, including antibiotics. In one week of treatment with AZAC 1%, bacterial counts were reduced on the average from approximately 2 X 10(7) to 2 X 10(5) (99%). Silver-zinc-allantoinate cream also demonstrated a wide spectrum of antimicrobial activity. It did not give rise to resistance by the infecting organisms, was nonallergenic, debrided necrotic tissue, and stimulated healthy granulation. Treatment was well tolerated, side effects being limited to a burning sensation in three patients. Most patients cared for themselves at home with minimal interference in their usual daily activities."}
{"id": "PMID:871242", "title": "[Screening for anemias in 500 healthy adults].", "content": "The clinical cards of 500 healthy adults undergoing check-up have been analysed with a view to picking out clinical and laboratory parameters pointing to anemia. Statistical processing of the data led to a finding of anemia in more than 4% of the people examined. None of the clinical parameters was of assistance in highlighting anemia. Of the laboratory data, the haemochrome finding was the most selective. Further study of information arising out of the haemochrome finding made it possible to identify essentially two forms of anemia: deficiency and microcytic. The study has shown that anemia is a frequent disease and screening is justified. To set in motion a programme of this type, it is enough to carry out a complete haemochrome test; screening is thus cheap and easy to carry out within any health structure.", "contents": "[Screening for anemias in 500 healthy adults]. The clinical cards of 500 healthy adults undergoing check-up have been analysed with a view to picking out clinical and laboratory parameters pointing to anemia. Statistical processing of the data led to a finding of anemia in more than 4% of the people examined. None of the clinical parameters was of assistance in highlighting anemia. Of the laboratory data, the haemochrome finding was the most selective. Further study of information arising out of the haemochrome finding made it possible to identify essentially two forms of anemia: deficiency and microcytic. The study has shown that anemia is a frequent disease and screening is justified. To set in motion a programme of this type, it is enough to carry out a complete haemochrome test; screening is thus cheap and easy to carry out within any health structure."}
{"id": "PMID:871243", "title": "[The kidney and gentamicin].", "content": "The parameters that influence the administration of drugs in patients with various degrees of renal insufficiency are described. A series of 51 patients treated with gentamycin is presented. 28 subjects displayed average and serious renal insufficiency. The drug was well tolerated and gave excellent results even in cases of advanced insufficiency.", "contents": "[The kidney and gentamicin]. The parameters that influence the administration of drugs in patients with various degrees of renal insufficiency are described. A series of 51 patients treated with gentamycin is presented. 28 subjects displayed average and serious renal insufficiency. The drug was well tolerated and gave excellent results even in cases of advanced insufficiency."}
{"id": "PMID:871248", "title": "Parapharyngeal growth of parotid tumors: report of two cases.", "content": "Two patients with parapharyngeal pleomorphic adenomas of the parotid gland, one malignant and one benign lesion, were successfully treated operatively. Deep lobe parotid tumors may occasionally grow along the stylomandibular tunnel into the parapharyngeal region. Since the opening of the tunnel is narrower and less distensible than the parapharyngeal region, the tumor assumes a dumbbell shape. The patients have an intraoral mass or asymmetry of the palate, with difficulties in swallowing or phonation. The diagnosis is suspected on bimanual examination, and puncture biopsies should be done to establish a histologic diagnosis. Operative removal of the parotid gland with facial nerve preservation is recommended. External, transoral, and combined approaches can be employed. Enlargement of the opening of the stylomandibular tunnel by cutting the styloid process of the mandible is necessary for complete tumor removal. Rupture of the capsule should be avoided. Results are rewarding with proper management.", "contents": "Parapharyngeal growth of parotid tumors: report of two cases. Two patients with parapharyngeal pleomorphic adenomas of the parotid gland, one malignant and one benign lesion, were successfully treated operatively. Deep lobe parotid tumors may occasionally grow along the stylomandibular tunnel into the parapharyngeal region. Since the opening of the tunnel is narrower and less distensible than the parapharyngeal region, the tumor assumes a dumbbell shape. The patients have an intraoral mass or asymmetry of the palate, with difficulties in swallowing or phonation. The diagnosis is suspected on bimanual examination, and puncture biopsies should be done to establish a histologic diagnosis. Operative removal of the parotid gland with facial nerve preservation is recommended. External, transoral, and combined approaches can be employed. Enlargement of the opening of the stylomandibular tunnel by cutting the styloid process of the mandible is necessary for complete tumor removal. Rupture of the capsule should be avoided. Results are rewarding with proper management."}
{"id": "PMID:871249", "title": "Physiopathology and control of postoperative pain.", "content": "Potent systemic (narcotic) analgesics, when given in doses sufficient to produce ample pain relief, usually also produce mental and respiratory depression and, at times, circulatory impairment, that prolong postoperative morbidity. Complications due to morphine sulfate or meperidine hydrochloride can be minimized by titrating the patient's pain with small intravenous doses of narcotics (morphine sulfate, 2 to 3 mg, or meperidine hydrochloride, 15 to 25 mg) administered slowly at 15- to 20-minute intervals until the pain is relieved. On the third or fourth postoperative day, acetaminophen tablets usually suffice to provide relief of pain with little or no risk to patients. Continuous segmental epidural block or intercostal block, with or without splanchnic block, provide excellent pain relief that, in contrast to the narcotic, is complete. These are especially useful after operations on the chest or abdomen or the lower extremity. Regional analgesia is especially indicated in patients not adequately relieved from severe postoperative pain with narcotics, or when these drugs are contraindicated by advanced pulmonary, renal, or hepatic disease. Continuous caudal analgesia is also effective to completely releive severe postoperative pain in the lower limbs and perineum.", "contents": "Physiopathology and control of postoperative pain. Potent systemic (narcotic) analgesics, when given in doses sufficient to produce ample pain relief, usually also produce mental and respiratory depression and, at times, circulatory impairment, that prolong postoperative morbidity. Complications due to morphine sulfate or meperidine hydrochloride can be minimized by titrating the patient's pain with small intravenous doses of narcotics (morphine sulfate, 2 to 3 mg, or meperidine hydrochloride, 15 to 25 mg) administered slowly at 15- to 20-minute intervals until the pain is relieved. On the third or fourth postoperative day, acetaminophen tablets usually suffice to provide relief of pain with little or no risk to patients. Continuous segmental epidural block or intercostal block, with or without splanchnic block, provide excellent pain relief that, in contrast to the narcotic, is complete. These are especially useful after operations on the chest or abdomen or the lower extremity. Regional analgesia is especially indicated in patients not adequately relieved from severe postoperative pain with narcotics, or when these drugs are contraindicated by advanced pulmonary, renal, or hepatic disease. Continuous caudal analgesia is also effective to completely releive severe postoperative pain in the lower limbs and perineum."}
{"id": "PMID:871244", "title": "[Artistic anatomy. Introduction to a course of lectures].", "content": "The subject-matter and concepts of artistic anatomy are illustrated with reference to its philosophical and psychological aspects.", "contents": "[Artistic anatomy. Introduction to a course of lectures]. The subject-matter and concepts of artistic anatomy are illustrated with reference to its philosophical and psychological aspects."}
{"id": "PMID:871250", "title": "[Secretion of radioactively labeled amino acids into the digestive tract. 2. 14C labeling and amount of 14C leucine in the intestinal contents after subcutaneous injection of 14C leucine in rats].", "content": "Experimental rats received a subcutaneous injection of 14C of varying activity. The rats were then killed in groups within a period of from 2 mins to 30 mins after the injection. A certain amount of 14C activity was detected in the intestinal contents as early as 2 mins after the injection, both as free 14C leucine and in the TCE soluble portion of the intestinal contents (TCE=trichloroacetic acid). A comparison of the degree of labelling in the TCE soluble and the TCE precipitable fractions of the intestinal contents showed that the most likely way for free 14C leucine to get into the lumen of the intestine is via the pancreatic juice while that for protein-bound 14C leucine is through the proteins in the pancreatic gland. The degree of labelling in both fractions decreased very steeply from the first to the third third of the intestine. This may be caused either by absorption of the secreted 14C leucine or may be brought about by a delay in food passage through the intestine.", "contents": "[Secretion of radioactively labeled amino acids into the digestive tract. 2. 14C labeling and amount of 14C leucine in the intestinal contents after subcutaneous injection of 14C leucine in rats]. Experimental rats received a subcutaneous injection of 14C of varying activity. The rats were then killed in groups within a period of from 2 mins to 30 mins after the injection. A certain amount of 14C activity was detected in the intestinal contents as early as 2 mins after the injection, both as free 14C leucine and in the TCE soluble portion of the intestinal contents (TCE=trichloroacetic acid). A comparison of the degree of labelling in the TCE soluble and the TCE precipitable fractions of the intestinal contents showed that the most likely way for free 14C leucine to get into the lumen of the intestine is via the pancreatic juice while that for protein-bound 14C leucine is through the proteins in the pancreatic gland. The degree of labelling in both fractions decreased very steeply from the first to the third third of the intestine. This may be caused either by absorption of the secreted 14C leucine or may be brought about by a delay in food passage through the intestine."}
{"id": "PMID:871251", "title": "[The vitamin B 6 requirements of the laying hen for reproduction].", "content": "A total of 1125 hens were used in 3 feeding and 20 hatching trials. The trials were performed to investigate the influence of different vitamin B6 levels on the reproduction characteristics of the hens (fertilization of eggs, hatchability of the chicks, development of progeny). The vitamin B6 requirements of the hens were fairly low for maintaining normal fertilization and hatching rates (approximately 1.5-2 mg per kg of feed). Chicks reared on low vitamin B6 diets (0-12 days) showed definitely improved rearing characteristics (Food consumption, liveweight gains, losses) if the diet of the hens had been supplemented with graded amounts of vitamin B6. These findings were, in the first instance, due to an increased rate of vitamin B6 deposition in the liver and in the yolk sac of the newly hatched chicks (vitamin B6 reserves), apart from the fact that the overall vitamin B6 content of the egg remained largely unchanged. Variations in the vitamin B6 reserves, on the other hand, did not exert any influence on the development of progeny if the chicks received adequate amounts of vitamin B6.", "contents": "[The vitamin B 6 requirements of the laying hen for reproduction]. A total of 1125 hens were used in 3 feeding and 20 hatching trials. The trials were performed to investigate the influence of different vitamin B6 levels on the reproduction characteristics of the hens (fertilization of eggs, hatchability of the chicks, development of progeny). The vitamin B6 requirements of the hens were fairly low for maintaining normal fertilization and hatching rates (approximately 1.5-2 mg per kg of feed). Chicks reared on low vitamin B6 diets (0-12 days) showed definitely improved rearing characteristics (Food consumption, liveweight gains, losses) if the diet of the hens had been supplemented with graded amounts of vitamin B6. These findings were, in the first instance, due to an increased rate of vitamin B6 deposition in the liver and in the yolk sac of the newly hatched chicks (vitamin B6 reserves), apart from the fact that the overall vitamin B6 content of the egg remained largely unchanged. Variations in the vitamin B6 reserves, on the other hand, did not exert any influence on the development of progeny if the chicks received adequate amounts of vitamin B6."}
{"id": "PMID:871252", "title": "[The effect of nutritional factors on the ruminal mucosa. 3. Condition of the mucosa after infusion of propionic acid, acetic acid and butyric acid].", "content": "Three non-lactating cows (Deutsches Schwarzbuntes Rind) with large ruminal fistulas were fed coarsely structured food. Within a trial period of 21 weeks infusion periods lasting 3 weeks alternated with equally long control periods (K). During the 3 infusion periods, 8.4 mMol of propionic acid (P), 14.8 mMol of acetic acid (E) and 4,5 mMol of butyric acid (B) per kg liveweight per day were administered through the fistula, the total quantity being 19 litres of solution. In the periods K1...4 the ruminal fluid contained an average of 68 Mol% E, 19 Mol% P, 13 Mol% B (maximum of 10.25 mMol free fatty acids (FFS) per 100 ml, minimum pH 6.4). In the course of the 10 hrs of infusion the Mol percentages of the particular acids infused increased to 27% P (maximum of 11.14 mMol FFS per 100 ml, minimum pH 6.4) or 79% E (maximum of 12,99 mMol FFS per 100 ml, minimum pH 6.0 (5.5)) or 25% B (maximum of 10.34 mMol FFS per 100 ml, minimum pH 6.0 (5.5)). Infusions of E and B had the most pronounced effect on the ruminal mucosa compared with the K periods. All fatty acids increased the process of keratinization and decreased the size of cell nuclei in the stratum basale. As specific effect, P infusions produced a thickening of the lamina propria; B infusions caused a thickening of the stratum germinativum (proliferative effect) while e infusions led to a drastically reduced thickness of villi (antiproliferative effect) due to reductions in the stratum germinativum and the lamina propria. According to the morphological situation high specific mucosal function is suggested during the B-period. The mucosa appeared quite normal during all periods investigated, with the exception of the E period, where hyperkeratosis, atrophy and necrosis were observed in 34% of the sample. Changes in the state of the mucosa appeared as early as 1 week after the beginning of the respective trial periods. Keratin consolidation was the primary cause for chemically induced keratosis. The development of hyperkeratosis seemed to be favoured if low pH values occurred in the rumen in combination with small amounts of metabolites inducing proliferation, both representing synergistic factors.", "contents": "[The effect of nutritional factors on the ruminal mucosa. 3. Condition of the mucosa after infusion of propionic acid, acetic acid and butyric acid]. Three non-lactating cows (Deutsches Schwarzbuntes Rind) with large ruminal fistulas were fed coarsely structured food. Within a trial period of 21 weeks infusion periods lasting 3 weeks alternated with equally long control periods (K). During the 3 infusion periods, 8.4 mMol of propionic acid (P), 14.8 mMol of acetic acid (E) and 4,5 mMol of butyric acid (B) per kg liveweight per day were administered through the fistula, the total quantity being 19 litres of solution. In the periods K1...4 the ruminal fluid contained an average of 68 Mol% E, 19 Mol% P, 13 Mol% B (maximum of 10.25 mMol free fatty acids (FFS) per 100 ml, minimum pH 6.4). In the course of the 10 hrs of infusion the Mol percentages of the particular acids infused increased to 27% P (maximum of 11.14 mMol FFS per 100 ml, minimum pH 6.4) or 79% E (maximum of 12,99 mMol FFS per 100 ml, minimum pH 6.0 (5.5)) or 25% B (maximum of 10.34 mMol FFS per 100 ml, minimum pH 6.0 (5.5)). Infusions of E and B had the most pronounced effect on the ruminal mucosa compared with the K periods. All fatty acids increased the process of keratinization and decreased the size of cell nuclei in the stratum basale. As specific effect, P infusions produced a thickening of the lamina propria; B infusions caused a thickening of the stratum germinativum (proliferative effect) while e infusions led to a drastically reduced thickness of villi (antiproliferative effect) due to reductions in the stratum germinativum and the lamina propria. According to the morphological situation high specific mucosal function is suggested during the B-period. The mucosa appeared quite normal during all periods investigated, with the exception of the E period, where hyperkeratosis, atrophy and necrosis were observed in 34% of the sample. Changes in the state of the mucosa appeared as early as 1 week after the beginning of the respective trial periods. Keratin consolidation was the primary cause for chemically induced keratosis. The development of hyperkeratosis seemed to be favoured if low pH values occurred in the rumen in combination with small amounts of metabolites inducing proliferation, both representing synergistic factors."}
{"id": "PMID:871253", "title": "[Artificial rearing of double purpose calves of the beef-dairy type. 1. Effects of the length of the milk-rearing period and of the amount of milk substitutes needed for the rearing of the calf].", "content": "Reducing the period of Milk rearing of calves from 90 days (time of weaning) as practised today to 50 days or 70 days (and thus reducing the amount of regenerated milk which is needed to rear the calf from 400 litres to 200 litres or 300 litres) would limit the rate of weight gains of the calves in the first 3 months of age. This delay is, within certain limits, compensated for by the calf in the growth period up to 6 months of age. Therefore, the authors believe that with cattle of the Hungarian breed \"Ungarische Fleckviehrasse\" weaning after 50 days and rearing the calves with 200 litres of milk seems to be possible. The method of early weaning and then feeding stock mixtures of concentrates seems to be also applicable provided that the conditions of veterinary hygiene would allow this. This, in turn, would require supplementation of the food with minerals and vitamins. Due to the results obtained supplementation of concentrate mixtures with urea for calf rearing is also possible, even under practical conditions. Aromatization of the concentrate mixtures, as practised in the present series of trials, did not substantiate the favourable results obtained by the authors in previous trials with respect to the effect of aromatics on food consumption and the development of weight gains.", "contents": "[Artificial rearing of double purpose calves of the beef-dairy type. 1. Effects of the length of the milk-rearing period and of the amount of milk substitutes needed for the rearing of the calf]. Reducing the period of Milk rearing of calves from 90 days (time of weaning) as practised today to 50 days or 70 days (and thus reducing the amount of regenerated milk which is needed to rear the calf from 400 litres to 200 litres or 300 litres) would limit the rate of weight gains of the calves in the first 3 months of age. This delay is, within certain limits, compensated for by the calf in the growth period up to 6 months of age. Therefore, the authors believe that with cattle of the Hungarian breed \"Ungarische Fleckviehrasse\" weaning after 50 days and rearing the calves with 200 litres of milk seems to be possible. The method of early weaning and then feeding stock mixtures of concentrates seems to be also applicable provided that the conditions of veterinary hygiene would allow this. This, in turn, would require supplementation of the food with minerals and vitamins. Due to the results obtained supplementation of concentrate mixtures with urea for calf rearing is also possible, even under practical conditions. Aromatization of the concentrate mixtures, as practised in the present series of trials, did not substantiate the favourable results obtained by the authors in previous trials with respect to the effect of aromatics on food consumption and the development of weight gains."}
{"id": "PMID:871254", "title": "[Classification of lymphogranulomatosis].", "content": "Histological and cytological studies of preparations of peripheral lymphatic nodes in 1081 patients before treatment were carried out. In 76 patients there were also investigated morphological changes in the spleen, mesenteric lymphatic nodes and parts of the liver obtained in laparotomy. Basing on the analysis of the literature and their own findings, the authors think it reasonable to single out the following 8 histological variants of untreated lymphogranulomatosis: focal lesion; a group of variants with nodular sclerosis, with various cellular composition--lymphocytic predominance, mixed cellularity, predominance of lacunar cells; a group of variants without sclerosis consisting of lymphoid predominance and mixed cellular variant; a group of lymphatic depletion combining the reticular variant and diffuse fibrosis. The variants indicated above may be both independent and transitional stages.", "contents": "[Classification of lymphogranulomatosis]. Histological and cytological studies of preparations of peripheral lymphatic nodes in 1081 patients before treatment were carried out. In 76 patients there were also investigated morphological changes in the spleen, mesenteric lymphatic nodes and parts of the liver obtained in laparotomy. Basing on the analysis of the literature and their own findings, the authors think it reasonable to single out the following 8 histological variants of untreated lymphogranulomatosis: focal lesion; a group of variants with nodular sclerosis, with various cellular composition--lymphocytic predominance, mixed cellularity, predominance of lacunar cells; a group of variants without sclerosis consisting of lymphoid predominance and mixed cellular variant; a group of lymphatic depletion combining the reticular variant and diffuse fibrosis. The variants indicated above may be both independent and transitional stages."}
{"id": "PMID:871255", "title": "[Histogenesis of stomach cancer and the role of intestinal metaplasia in the process].", "content": "The study of 854 gastrobioptic specimens and 102 stomachs resected in connection with cancer justified the assumption that intestinal metaplasia as such was not of a precancer character but indicated only the presence of a pathological process in the stomach. Malignization started in places of atypical hyperplasia of the epithelium, mostly at the level of the cervical part of the glands and gastric fossae. The investigations conducted showed that under conditions of pathology proliferation of cambial elements could occur by two ways. In some cases the typical epithelium is formed (foci of morphological precancer of the stomach) representing a source of cancerous transformation; in other cases, proliferation of the cambial elements terminates with inderect metaplasia with origination of an entirely differentiated epithelium of the intestinal type.", "contents": "[Histogenesis of stomach cancer and the role of intestinal metaplasia in the process]. The study of 854 gastrobioptic specimens and 102 stomachs resected in connection with cancer justified the assumption that intestinal metaplasia as such was not of a precancer character but indicated only the presence of a pathological process in the stomach. Malignization started in places of atypical hyperplasia of the epithelium, mostly at the level of the cervical part of the glands and gastric fossae. The investigations conducted showed that under conditions of pathology proliferation of cambial elements could occur by two ways. In some cases the typical epithelium is formed (foci of morphological precancer of the stomach) representing a source of cancerous transformation; in other cases, proliferation of the cambial elements terminates with inderect metaplasia with origination of an entirely differentiated epithelium of the intestinal type."}
{"id": "PMID:871256", "title": "[Cytologic charcteristics of histologic forms of cancer of the uterine cervix].", "content": "Cytograms of various histologically established forms of cancer of cervix uteri in 114 patients were analysed. The data obtained were used in subsequent collations of cytological and histological diagnoses of cervix uteri cancer in 550 patients. It was established that in a cytological investigation it was possible to determine the histological structure of tumours in 84.2% of the cases. Squamous cell keratinizing carcinoma could be diagnosed cytologically in 97.7%, squamous cell nonkertinizing carcinoma--in 74.7%, adenocarcinoma--in 84.1%, low differentiated--in 50% of the observations.", "contents": "[Cytologic charcteristics of histologic forms of cancer of the uterine cervix]. Cytograms of various histologically established forms of cancer of cervix uteri in 114 patients were analysed. The data obtained were used in subsequent collations of cytological and histological diagnoses of cervix uteri cancer in 550 patients. It was established that in a cytological investigation it was possible to determine the histological structure of tumours in 84.2% of the cases. Squamous cell keratinizing carcinoma could be diagnosed cytologically in 97.7%, squamous cell nonkertinizing carcinoma--in 74.7%, adenocarcinoma--in 84.1%, low differentiated--in 50% of the observations."}
{"id": "PMID:871257", "title": "[Analysis of the quality of clinical diagnosis from generalized findings of the pathologoanatomic service].", "content": "A statistical analysis of generalized data of the pathoanatomical service on quality of clinical diagnosis in curative-prophylactic institutions in 54 administrative territories of the RSFSR was carried out. The structure (extensive indices) and frequency (intensive indices)of erroneous clinical diagnoses referring to the most important classes of diseases were identified. As to the structure of indices and frequency of clinico-anatomic disparities the first place was occupied by oncological diseases (20.1+/-0.11 and 14.2+/-0.22%), the second--by infectious diseases (16.5+/-0.1 and 13.0+/-0.34%), the third--by diseases of the digestive system (14.6+/-0.09 and 13.0+/-0.33%), the forth--by diseases of the urogenital system (14.0+/-0.09 and 12.2+/-0.49%), the fifth--by disease of the respiratory system (12.7+/-0.09 and 10.6+/-0.24%), the sixth--by diseases of the cardiovascular system (11.1+/-0.08 and 8.0+/-0.14%). The recommendation is put forward to carry on annually a complex satistical analysis of extensive and intensive indices of erroneous clinical diagnoses demonstrating the quality of clinical diagnosis in therapeutic institutions of a given administrative territory.", "contents": "[Analysis of the quality of clinical diagnosis from generalized findings of the pathologoanatomic service]. A statistical analysis of generalized data of the pathoanatomical service on quality of clinical diagnosis in curative-prophylactic institutions in 54 administrative territories of the RSFSR was carried out. The structure (extensive indices) and frequency (intensive indices)of erroneous clinical diagnoses referring to the most important classes of diseases were identified. As to the structure of indices and frequency of clinico-anatomic disparities the first place was occupied by oncological diseases (20.1+/-0.11 and 14.2+/-0.22%), the second--by infectious diseases (16.5+/-0.1 and 13.0+/-0.34%), the third--by diseases of the digestive system (14.6+/-0.09 and 13.0+/-0.33%), the forth--by diseases of the urogenital system (14.0+/-0.09 and 12.2+/-0.49%), the fifth--by disease of the respiratory system (12.7+/-0.09 and 10.6+/-0.24%), the sixth--by diseases of the cardiovascular system (11.1+/-0.08 and 8.0+/-0.14%). The recommendation is put forward to carry on annually a complex satistical analysis of extensive and intensive indices of erroneous clinical diagnoses demonstrating the quality of clinical diagnosis in therapeutic institutions of a given administrative territory."}
{"id": "PMID:871258", "title": "Experimental cerebral infarctioneffects of pentobarbital in Mongolian gerbils.", "content": "Unilateral ligation of thecarotid artery was done in 110 gerbils anesthetized with either and 78 anesthetized with pentobarbital sodium. Thirty of the ether-anesthetized animals received no tratment. Starting one hour after ligation, 38 animals from each anesthesia group were given 3 mg/50 gm of body wight of pentobarbital intraperitoneally every eight hours for 72 hours. The remaining animals received normal saline on the same treatment schedule. Morbidity and mortality were recorded for the next six days. Eighty-five animals (45.2%) developed cerebral infarction. Only ten of the 38 animals (2693%) anesthetized and treated with pentobarbital developed infarction. The percentage of infarction in the remaining groups ranged from 45% to 53%. There were no significant differences among the groups in the number of deaths or in the location or extent of the lesion.", "contents": "Experimental cerebral infarctioneffects of pentobarbital in Mongolian gerbils. Unilateral ligation of thecarotid artery was done in 110 gerbils anesthetized with either and 78 anesthetized with pentobarbital sodium. Thirty of the ether-anesthetized animals received no tratment. Starting one hour after ligation, 38 animals from each anesthesia group were given 3 mg/50 gm of body wight of pentobarbital intraperitoneally every eight hours for 72 hours. The remaining animals received normal saline on the same treatment schedule. Morbidity and mortality were recorded for the next six days. Eighty-five animals (45.2%) developed cerebral infarction. Only ten of the 38 animals (2693%) anesthetized and treated with pentobarbital developed infarction. The percentage of infarction in the remaining groups ranged from 45% to 53%. There were no significant differences among the groups in the number of deaths or in the location or extent of the lesion."}
{"id": "PMID:871259", "title": "A case of congenital hypomyelination neuropathy. Clinical, morphological, and chemical studies.", "content": "Developmental failure of the peripheral nervous system to form myelin is advanced as the probable mechanism of a severe neuropathy in young child. The hypothesis evolved from evaluation of clinical, electromyographic, and muscle biopsy studies at 9 months and 51/2 years of age and electron microscopic and biochemical studies of the sural nerve at the latter age. The clinical state was characterized by loss of sensation to modalities, usually ascribed as transmitted by large myelinated axons; those carried by smaller axons being relatively preserved. Thus, at the age of 51/2 years, ataxia due to absent peripheral orientation was the chief deficit. Muscle strength was decreased but still remarkable considering the histologically confirmed absence of myelin in intramuscular nerves and extremely low conduction velocities (2 to 3 m/sec) at both ages. Histological and ultrastructural features of the intramuscular and sural nerves included almost total lack of myelin sheaths, good preservation of axons, and marked proliferation of Schwann cells and their basement membranes with onion-bulb formation. The morphological findings correlated well with the absence of cholesterol esters and the presence of the normal myelin lipids in extremely small amounts in the lipid study of the sural nerve.", "contents": "A case of congenital hypomyelination neuropathy. Clinical, morphological, and chemical studies. Developmental failure of the peripheral nervous system to form myelin is advanced as the probable mechanism of a severe neuropathy in young child. The hypothesis evolved from evaluation of clinical, electromyographic, and muscle biopsy studies at 9 months and 51/2 years of age and electron microscopic and biochemical studies of the sural nerve at the latter age. The clinical state was characterized by loss of sensation to modalities, usually ascribed as transmitted by large myelinated axons; those carried by smaller axons being relatively preserved. Thus, at the age of 51/2 years, ataxia due to absent peripheral orientation was the chief deficit. Muscle strength was decreased but still remarkable considering the histologically confirmed absence of myelin in intramuscular nerves and extremely low conduction velocities (2 to 3 m/sec) at both ages. Histological and ultrastructural features of the intramuscular and sural nerves included almost total lack of myelin sheaths, good preservation of axons, and marked proliferation of Schwann cells and their basement membranes with onion-bulb formation. The morphological findings correlated well with the absence of cholesterol esters and the presence of the normal myelin lipids in extremely small amounts in the lipid study of the sural nerve."}
{"id": "PMID:871260", "title": "Activation of partial complex seizures by hyperventilation.", "content": "Hyperventilation evoked abnormal EEG discharges or discharges and clinical seizures in 11% our patients with partial complex seizures. Hyperventilation is useful in the diagnosis of this kind of epilepsy, but may need to be pursed more vigorously and for a longer duration than is usual practice. The vigorous use of hyperventilation in selected patients with partial seizures should be employed before the use of other more complicated, expensive, and potentially harmful activating procedures.", "contents": "Activation of partial complex seizures by hyperventilation. Hyperventilation evoked abnormal EEG discharges or discharges and clinical seizures in 11% our patients with partial complex seizures. Hyperventilation is useful in the diagnosis of this kind of epilepsy, but may need to be pursed more vigorously and for a longer duration than is usual practice. The vigorous use of hyperventilation in selected patients with partial seizures should be employed before the use of other more complicated, expensive, and potentially harmful activating procedures."}
{"id": "PMID:871261", "title": "Significance of positive spike burst in Reye syndrome.", "content": "We have previously reported a high incidence of 14-and 6-cps positive spike bursts in comatose patients with Reye syndrome. To further demonstrate this association, positive spike bursts were obtained in three additional cases but only in certain stages during the acute phase of illness. They varied in frequency from 7 to 13 cps, presumably reflecting the degree of slowing of the background EEG activity. A loud noise or other stimuli often precipitated the bursts, particularly when high amplitude delta waves were prominant. We believe that the presence of the positive spike bursts in comatose patients may be of diagnostic significance in Reye syndrome and that an undetermined metabolic or biochemical disturbance may be responsible for their appearance.", "contents": "Significance of positive spike burst in Reye syndrome. We have previously reported a high incidence of 14-and 6-cps positive spike bursts in comatose patients with Reye syndrome. To further demonstrate this association, positive spike bursts were obtained in three additional cases but only in certain stages during the acute phase of illness. They varied in frequency from 7 to 13 cps, presumably reflecting the degree of slowing of the background EEG activity. A loud noise or other stimuli often precipitated the bursts, particularly when high amplitude delta waves were prominant. We believe that the presence of the positive spike bursts in comatose patients may be of diagnostic significance in Reye syndrome and that an undetermined metabolic or biochemical disturbance may be responsible for their appearance."}
{"id": "PMID:871262", "title": "A combined approach for the diagnosis of orbital disease. Computed tomography and standardized A-scan echography.", "content": "Twenty patients with orbital disease were studied by both computed tomography (CT scan) and standardized A-scan echography (ultrasonography). The CT scan was distinctly abnormal in 15 cases: 11/11 tumors were identified; a large wooden foreign body was identified; and nonspecific abnormal radiodensities were shown in three additional casses. Standardized A-scan echography, however, was capable of demonstrating the abnormality in all 20: in nine orbital tumors, a preoperative histologic diagnosis was attempted and proven accurate in all nine (in two no histologic disgnosis was attempted); and nontumor soft tissue abnormalities were equally readily classified. The overall diagnostic capability, therefore, in our series is 19/20 with a tissue diagnosis achieved on echographic bases in 17/20. (One case is excluded from this analysis as unexplained unilateral papilledema has been the only abnormality found and orbital abnormalities per se have not been proven.) We believe the roles of these two valuable diagnostic modalities to be complementary, not mutually exclusive, and conclude thet this combined radiologic and echographic approach to orbital abnormalities is essential to the proper evaluation of orbital disease.", "contents": "A combined approach for the diagnosis of orbital disease. Computed tomography and standardized A-scan echography. Twenty patients with orbital disease were studied by both computed tomography (CT scan) and standardized A-scan echography (ultrasonography). The CT scan was distinctly abnormal in 15 cases: 11/11 tumors were identified; a large wooden foreign body was identified; and nonspecific abnormal radiodensities were shown in three additional casses. Standardized A-scan echography, however, was capable of demonstrating the abnormality in all 20: in nine orbital tumors, a preoperative histologic diagnosis was attempted and proven accurate in all nine (in two no histologic disgnosis was attempted); and nontumor soft tissue abnormalities were equally readily classified. The overall diagnostic capability, therefore, in our series is 19/20 with a tissue diagnosis achieved on echographic bases in 17/20. (One case is excluded from this analysis as unexplained unilateral papilledema has been the only abnormality found and orbital abnormalities per se have not been proven.) We believe the roles of these two valuable diagnostic modalities to be complementary, not mutually exclusive, and conclude thet this combined radiologic and echographic approach to orbital abnormalities is essential to the proper evaluation of orbital disease."}
{"id": "PMID:871263", "title": "Retinopathy in systemic lupus erythematosus.", "content": "A 32-year-old black woman with systemic lupus erythematosus went rapidly blind due to severe bilateral retinal vasculitis. The mechanism appeared to be total arrest of the retinal circulation by thrombosis of most of the retinal vasculature including major arterioles.", "contents": "Retinopathy in systemic lupus erythematosus. A 32-year-old black woman with systemic lupus erythematosus went rapidly blind due to severe bilateral retinal vasculitis. The mechanism appeared to be total arrest of the retinal circulation by thrombosis of most of the retinal vasculature including major arterioles."}
{"id": "PMID:871264", "title": "Factors influencing retinal redetachment after removal of buckling elements.", "content": "Scleral buckling elements were removed from 152 eyes because of infection (50 eyes), erosion (69 eyes), extrusion (25 eyes), pain (5 eyes), allergy (2 eyes), and excessive buckle height (1 eye). The overall retinal redetachment rate was 14.5%. Short duration of buckling and the presence of retinal tears, as opposed to holes, appeared to predispose to recurrence. A significantly higher redetachment rate was found when infected buckling elements were considered alone (28%). This was attributed to the short duration of buckling and the associated inflammatory reaction found in these eyes.", "contents": "Factors influencing retinal redetachment after removal of buckling elements. Scleral buckling elements were removed from 152 eyes because of infection (50 eyes), erosion (69 eyes), extrusion (25 eyes), pain (5 eyes), allergy (2 eyes), and excessive buckle height (1 eye). The overall retinal redetachment rate was 14.5%. Short duration of buckling and the presence of retinal tears, as opposed to holes, appeared to predispose to recurrence. A significantly higher redetachment rate was found when infected buckling elements were considered alone (28%). This was attributed to the short duration of buckling and the associated inflammatory reaction found in these eyes."}
{"id": "PMID:871265", "title": "Endophthalmitis caused by an Erwinia species.", "content": "A 14-year-old boy developed exogenous endophthalmitis presumably caused by an Erwinia species. To our knowledge, this is the firs reported case of endophthalmitis caused by an Erwinia species, which has been considered pathogenic for only the last ten years. The endophthalmitis developed after a piece of wood penetrated the patient's sclera. After removal of the foreign body, the patient received intravitreally and subconjunctivally administered gentamicin sulfate, intramuscularly administered cephaloridine, and a short course of orally administered prednisone. The patient had clinical and visual improvement.", "contents": "Endophthalmitis caused by an Erwinia species. A 14-year-old boy developed exogenous endophthalmitis presumably caused by an Erwinia species. To our knowledge, this is the firs reported case of endophthalmitis caused by an Erwinia species, which has been considered pathogenic for only the last ten years. The endophthalmitis developed after a piece of wood penetrated the patient's sclera. After removal of the foreign body, the patient received intravitreally and subconjunctivally administered gentamicin sulfate, intramuscularly administered cephaloridine, and a short course of orally administered prednisone. The patient had clinical and visual improvement."}
{"id": "PMID:871266", "title": "Epithelial ingrowth.", "content": "A 74-year-old woman had a radical anterior segment resection for epithelial ingrowth following cataract extraction. Light microscopy demonstrated the presence of a sheet of cells morphologically similar to conjunctival epithelium covering the superior half of the inner surface of the cornea, iris, and ciliary processes. Electron microscopy revealed that frequent hemidesmosomes and a well-developed basal lamina were consistently present along the base of the ingrowing epithelium. The tissue immediately beneath the ingrowing epithelium, lining the cornea, trabecular meshwork and iris, morphologically resembled the subepithelial zone that has been described along the human skin epidermal-dermal junction. Additionally, focal areas of necrosis were noted in the trabecular meshwork. The major structural alterations induced on the surfaces of intraocular structures by the invading epithelium and the associated necrosis probably are responsible for the glaucoma which occurs with epithelial ingrowth.", "contents": "Epithelial ingrowth. A 74-year-old woman had a radical anterior segment resection for epithelial ingrowth following cataract extraction. Light microscopy demonstrated the presence of a sheet of cells morphologically similar to conjunctival epithelium covering the superior half of the inner surface of the cornea, iris, and ciliary processes. Electron microscopy revealed that frequent hemidesmosomes and a well-developed basal lamina were consistently present along the base of the ingrowing epithelium. The tissue immediately beneath the ingrowing epithelium, lining the cornea, trabecular meshwork and iris, morphologically resembled the subepithelial zone that has been described along the human skin epidermal-dermal junction. Additionally, focal areas of necrosis were noted in the trabecular meshwork. The major structural alterations induced on the surfaces of intraocular structures by the invading epithelium and the associated necrosis probably are responsible for the glaucoma which occurs with epithelial ingrowth."}
{"id": "PMID:871267", "title": "[Ultrasound diagnosis in bone and soft tissue tumors (author's transl)].", "content": "The value of ultrasound diagnosis as an additional examination to x-ray and angiography is proved in various tumors and tumor like conditions of the locomotor system. It shows that the echotomogramms are helpful in various cases. This help results mainly in a better preoperative diagnosis of tumor size and topography and in some cases in the cognition of tumor structures. Therefore, this method can be a valuable information for surgery. In some cases the finding of soft tissue tumors is possible even when the x-ray and angiography do not give any information. In the search for tumor recurrence the ultrasound can also be applied.", "contents": "[Ultrasound diagnosis in bone and soft tissue tumors (author's transl)]. The value of ultrasound diagnosis as an additional examination to x-ray and angiography is proved in various tumors and tumor like conditions of the locomotor system. It shows that the echotomogramms are helpful in various cases. This help results mainly in a better preoperative diagnosis of tumor size and topography and in some cases in the cognition of tumor structures. Therefore, this method can be a valuable information for surgery. In some cases the finding of soft tissue tumors is possible even when the x-ray and angiography do not give any information. In the search for tumor recurrence the ultrasound can also be applied."}
{"id": "PMID:871268", "title": "[Operative treatment of paratenonitis achilleae in athletes (author's transl)].", "content": "This is a report about indications, technics of operation, treatment after the operations and the results of the paratenonitis at the Achilles-tendon. Our 21 patients were top-sportsmen and the treatment conservative had no succes. All patients were able to continue their sportive activity after the excision of the paratenon.", "contents": "[Operative treatment of paratenonitis achilleae in athletes (author's transl)]. This is a report about indications, technics of operation, treatment after the operations and the results of the paratenonitis at the Achilles-tendon. Our 21 patients were top-sportsmen and the treatment conservative had no succes. All patients were able to continue their sportive activity after the excision of the paratenon."}
{"id": "PMID:871269", "title": "[Muscular absorption of low frequency resonance in animal experiments (author's transl)].", "content": "For the further clarification of helicopter pilot's spinal troubles caused by vibration the muscular absorption was examined with the help of animal experiments. On a swinging-table acceleration values were measured in Pirbright cavies; at first this was done under a defence reaction of the muscles, and in second experiment under maximum muscular relaxation. In the tense animal the resonance occurring at 5 Hz was almost completely absorbed, whereas in the relaxed animal a clear resonance--curve could be developed at 5 Hz. On the other hand vibration at a higher frequency up to 15 Hz were to an increasing extent better absorbed in the relaxed animal than in animal with a muscular defence reaction. For this reason the protective function of a not fatigued musculature for the defence of especially badly tolerated resonance vibrations is being discussed.", "contents": "[Muscular absorption of low frequency resonance in animal experiments (author's transl)]. For the further clarification of helicopter pilot's spinal troubles caused by vibration the muscular absorption was examined with the help of animal experiments. On a swinging-table acceleration values were measured in Pirbright cavies; at first this was done under a defence reaction of the muscles, and in second experiment under maximum muscular relaxation. In the tense animal the resonance occurring at 5 Hz was almost completely absorbed, whereas in the relaxed animal a clear resonance--curve could be developed at 5 Hz. On the other hand vibration at a higher frequency up to 15 Hz were to an increasing extent better absorbed in the relaxed animal than in animal with a muscular defence reaction. For this reason the protective function of a not fatigued musculature for the defence of especially badly tolerated resonance vibrations is being discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:871270", "title": "[Additional information regarding periarticular ossifications after total hip replacement (author's transl)].", "content": "Residual monomer originating from acrylic bone cement is not the origin of periarticular calcifications after hip joint replacement. This has been demonstrated by gaschromatografic detection of monomeric methylmethacrylate in the liquid of the joint space. Up to 200 microng/ml monomeric MMA could be demonstrated in the first days after the operation only. The concentration of residual monomeric MMA in the bone cement is 1% to 4%. It is deminished time dependently by diffusion of the molecule in the surrounding tissue. All determined concentrations of monomeric MMA in the joint liquid are below the toxic range for tissue demage.", "contents": "[Additional information regarding periarticular ossifications after total hip replacement (author's transl)]. Residual monomer originating from acrylic bone cement is not the origin of periarticular calcifications after hip joint replacement. This has been demonstrated by gaschromatografic detection of monomeric methylmethacrylate in the liquid of the joint space. Up to 200 microng/ml monomeric MMA could be demonstrated in the first days after the operation only. The concentration of residual monomeric MMA in the bone cement is 1% to 4%. It is deminished time dependently by diffusion of the molecule in the surrounding tissue. All determined concentrations of monomeric MMA in the joint liquid are below the toxic range for tissue demage."}
{"id": "PMID:871271", "title": "[Correction osteotomies of the knees. Factors altering the static angles on the radiographies through fault projection (author's transl)].", "content": "Comparing radiographies we have examined the degree in which the static angles of the knee are affected, because of a fault projection under the influence of some factors. We have found that an inwards or an outwards turn, even of a small degree (IQ), a bending or preexistent (pathological) anomalies, each alone or in combination, affected the right projection of the angles in a face radiography. Physiological knees possibly are presented like \"varum\" or \"valgum\" projectional. It is clear that the right position during the taking of the radiography is of a great significance in order to decide about the indication of osteotomy and to determine the degree of correction. We suggest as a criterion of the right radiographies the factor \"patellacondylus\".", "contents": "[Correction osteotomies of the knees. Factors altering the static angles on the radiographies through fault projection (author's transl)]. Comparing radiographies we have examined the degree in which the static angles of the knee are affected, because of a fault projection under the influence of some factors. We have found that an inwards or an outwards turn, even of a small degree (IQ), a bending or preexistent (pathological) anomalies, each alone or in combination, affected the right projection of the angles in a face radiography. Physiological knees possibly are presented like \"varum\" or \"valgum\" projectional. It is clear that the right position during the taking of the radiography is of a great significance in order to decide about the indication of osteotomy and to determine the degree of correction. We suggest as a criterion of the right radiographies the factor \"patellacondylus\"."}
{"id": "PMID:871272", "title": "[Experiment studies on fractures of the human calcaneus under vertical pressure (author's transl)].", "content": "In 60 cases typical compression fractures of the calcaneus were achieved by means of static compression of the test preparation. Afterwards the load bearing capacity of the fractured calcaneus was studied. In case of pure vertical compression the calcaneus does not loose much stability. The load bearing capacity of the studied bones after fracture achieved on an average still 63% of the initial value. In adequate cases of compression fractures, not only the early mobilization but the early weight bearing has to be discussed.", "contents": "[Experiment studies on fractures of the human calcaneus under vertical pressure (author's transl)]. In 60 cases typical compression fractures of the calcaneus were achieved by means of static compression of the test preparation. Afterwards the load bearing capacity of the fractured calcaneus was studied. In case of pure vertical compression the calcaneus does not loose much stability. The load bearing capacity of the studied bones after fracture achieved on an average still 63% of the initial value. In adequate cases of compression fractures, not only the early mobilization but the early weight bearing has to be discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:871273", "title": "[The unstable knee joint--aspects in basic research, diagnosis and therapy (author's transl)].", "content": "The increase of knee lesions within the last years has provoked a generally more intensive discussion about the functional anatomy, the biomechanics and the pathophysiology of the capsule and ligaments of the knee joint. Several authors have stressed the importance of the active and passive factors, stabilizing the knee joint. The injury to a single element leads to different instabilities, as proven by meticulous clinical and radiological diagnostic procedures. The progress in the treatment of fresh and old injuries of knee ligaments is connected with the names of O'Domoghue, Slocum, Larson, Hughston, Nicholas and Trillat. For a fresh completely ruptured ligament surgery is recommended. Torn  menisci are reattached whenever possible. An initial graft can be necessary for ruptures of the anterior cruciate ligament. Complex injuries, which are found most frequently, have to be dealt with completely. Old injuries of capsule and ligaments may require a plastic reconstruction. For the reconstruction of the anterior cruciate ligament it has been proven useful to take distally attached tendons of the pes anserinus group as well as the free graft from the central 1/3 of the patellar ligament. Rotational instabilities have to be dealt with according to the type of instability. The techniques of Slocum and Larson and the \"five in one\" reconstruction by Nicholas have to be emphasized as treatment of the anteromedial rotational instabilities. McIntosh has shown a procedure which seems to be successful for anterolateral rotational instabilities. Several techniques have been compared with our own experiences and late results studied. The point is stressed that further progress has to be made for the treatment of injuries to ligaments of the knee.", "contents": "[The unstable knee joint--aspects in basic research, diagnosis and therapy (author's transl)]. The increase of knee lesions within the last years has provoked a generally more intensive discussion about the functional anatomy, the biomechanics and the pathophysiology of the capsule and ligaments of the knee joint. Several authors have stressed the importance of the active and passive factors, stabilizing the knee joint. The injury to a single element leads to different instabilities, as proven by meticulous clinical and radiological diagnostic procedures. The progress in the treatment of fresh and old injuries of knee ligaments is connected with the names of O'Domoghue, Slocum, Larson, Hughston, Nicholas and Trillat. For a fresh completely ruptured ligament surgery is recommended. Torn  menisci are reattached whenever possible. An initial graft can be necessary for ruptures of the anterior cruciate ligament. Complex injuries, which are found most frequently, have to be dealt with completely. Old injuries of capsule and ligaments may require a plastic reconstruction. For the reconstruction of the anterior cruciate ligament it has been proven useful to take distally attached tendons of the pes anserinus group as well as the free graft from the central 1/3 of the patellar ligament. Rotational instabilities have to be dealt with according to the type of instability. The techniques of Slocum and Larson and the \"five in one\" reconstruction by Nicholas have to be emphasized as treatment of the anteromedial rotational instabilities. McIntosh has shown a procedure which seems to be successful for anterolateral rotational instabilities. Several techniques have been compared with our own experiences and late results studied. The point is stressed that further progress has to be made for the treatment of injuries to ligaments of the knee."}
{"id": "PMID:871274", "title": "A comparison of osteotomy and joint replacement in the surgical treatment of the arthritic knee.", "content": "The relatively small numbers of knees compared in this study make it impossible to draw conclusions with great confidence. On the other hand we believe that the quality of our comparison has been improved by our effort to match the groups of knees under study. Our results lead to the controversial conclusion that, at least in RA and in elderly patients with OA, ICLH arthroplasty is preferable to osteotomy regardless of the pathology and preoperative deformity and that osteotomy should not be used as a temporizing procedure before ICLH arthroplasty. We are unable to say whether or not similar conclusions would apply to other forms of arthroplasty but we suspect that they would. Certainly joint replacement is now widely preferred to osteotomy at the hip and it is difficult to see why the knee should be different. It should not be concluded from these results that replacemnt is to be preferred to osteotomy for the mildly damaged knee. It does however appear that if osteotomy fails (for technical or other reasons), it may then be difficult to obtain a satisfactory result even by replacement. Thus if a patient with a mildly damaged knee is not to be disabled irreparably, it may be better to avoid osteotomy until the day comes when the causes of failure after this operation can be predicted preoperatively and prevented. The data presented here suggest (as do those in many  other studies) that one step in this direction is to confine osteotomy to the varus OA knee. Even in this group the surgeon should, we believe, do his utmost to avoid surgery altogether until the parents' disability is unacceptable. In summary therefore, we now advance the view that if the arthritic knee is sufficiently disabling to require major surgery, it should be replaced. If the disability is less severe, the joint should be treated conservatively.", "contents": "A comparison of osteotomy and joint replacement in the surgical treatment of the arthritic knee. The relatively small numbers of knees compared in this study make it impossible to draw conclusions with great confidence. On the other hand we believe that the quality of our comparison has been improved by our effort to match the groups of knees under study. Our results lead to the controversial conclusion that, at least in RA and in elderly patients with OA, ICLH arthroplasty is preferable to osteotomy regardless of the pathology and preoperative deformity and that osteotomy should not be used as a temporizing procedure before ICLH arthroplasty. We are unable to say whether or not similar conclusions would apply to other forms of arthroplasty but we suspect that they would. Certainly joint replacement is now widely preferred to osteotomy at the hip and it is difficult to see why the knee should be different. It should not be concluded from these results that replacemnt is to be preferred to osteotomy for the mildly damaged knee. It does however appear that if osteotomy fails (for technical or other reasons), it may then be difficult to obtain a satisfactory result even by replacement. Thus if a patient with a mildly damaged knee is not to be disabled irreparably, it may be better to avoid osteotomy until the day comes when the causes of failure after this operation can be predicted preoperatively and prevented. The data presented here suggest (as do those in many  other studies) that one step in this direction is to confine osteotomy to the varus OA knee. Even in this group the surgeon should, we believe, do his utmost to avoid surgery altogether until the parents' disability is unacceptable. In summary therefore, we now advance the view that if the arthritic knee is sufficiently disabling to require major surgery, it should be replaced. If the disability is less severe, the joint should be treated conservatively."}
{"id": "PMID:871275", "title": "The use and misuse of vitamin supplements.", "content": "Overt vitamin deficiency in Australia is a medical curiosity. Suspected hypovitaminoses in the general population requires education in nutrition, rather than supplementation by vitamin capsules. Vitamin supplementation, however, may be needed by patients receiving long-term drug treatment, or with chronic malabsorption conditions. The receipt of specific additional vitamins may also be beneficial during pregnancy, or in persons dedicated to a totally vegan diet.", "contents": "The use and misuse of vitamin supplements. Overt vitamin deficiency in Australia is a medical curiosity. Suspected hypovitaminoses in the general population requires education in nutrition, rather than supplementation by vitamin capsules. Vitamin supplementation, however, may be needed by patients receiving long-term drug treatment, or with chronic malabsorption conditions. The receipt of specific additional vitamins may also be beneficial during pregnancy, or in persons dedicated to a totally vegan diet."}
{"id": "PMID:871276", "title": "Food--fads and fallacies.", "content": "The importance of food and its many connotations in our daily lives is obvious, from the first feed at the mother's breast within minutes of delivery to the condemned man's last meal. Food is a source of domestic disharmony in infancy, a symptom of rebellion in teenagers, a mode of communication amongst adults (note the scene from the film \"Tom Jones\"), and particularly a source of concern to most health-conscious adults.", "contents": "Food--fads and fallacies. The importance of food and its many connotations in our daily lives is obvious, from the first feed at the mother's breast within minutes of delivery to the condemned man's last meal. Food is a source of domestic disharmony in infancy, a symptom of rebellion in teenagers, a mode of communication amongst adults (note the scene from the film \"Tom Jones\"), and particularly a source of concern to most health-conscious adults."}
{"id": "PMID:871277", "title": "Oestrogen replacement--a boon or a curse?", "content": "The decline in oestrogen secretion at the time of the menopause may give rise to symptoms involving the genital and autonomic nervous systems. There is evidence that it may also contribute to the incidence of psychological features, such as depression, and to the development of post-menopausal osteoporosis. Oestrogen replacement therapy clearly reverses the genital changes and the hot flushes, and may prevent the development of osteoporosis and lead to improvement in depression. Recent evidence indicates an association between oestrogen replacement therapy and endometrial cancer, although the exact nature of the relationship, and the factors which might alter it, remain unknown. Current data do not permit the physician to make a decision with conviction concerning the indications for, nature of and duration of oestrogen replacement in the symptomatic post-menopausal woman, but it is recommended that she be given such therapy in effective dosage and in association with regular progestagen supplement in order to achieve medical curettage. Further research is required in order to resolve many of the relevant controversies.", "contents": "Oestrogen replacement--a boon or a curse? The decline in oestrogen secretion at the time of the menopause may give rise to symptoms involving the genital and autonomic nervous systems. There is evidence that it may also contribute to the incidence of psychological features, such as depression, and to the development of post-menopausal osteoporosis. Oestrogen replacement therapy clearly reverses the genital changes and the hot flushes, and may prevent the development of osteoporosis and lead to improvement in depression. Recent evidence indicates an association between oestrogen replacement therapy and endometrial cancer, although the exact nature of the relationship, and the factors which might alter it, remain unknown. Current data do not permit the physician to make a decision with conviction concerning the indications for, nature of and duration of oestrogen replacement in the symptomatic post-menopausal woman, but it is recommended that she be given such therapy in effective dosage and in association with regular progestagen supplement in order to achieve medical curettage. Further research is required in order to resolve many of the relevant controversies."}
{"id": "PMID:871278", "title": "Nitrogen washout studies in acute mountain sickness.", "content": "We assessed the severity of Acute Mountain Sickness (A.M.S.), indices of pulmonary gas exchange and nitrogen washout curves in healthy volunteers acutely exposed to high altitude. Symptoms of A.M.S. ranged from malaise to vomiting with intractable headache. The slope of phase III of the nitrogen washout curve increased most in those subjects with the most severe A.M.S. and who were most hypoxemic. The sickest subject also had the greatest increase in (A-a)DO2 and the largest increase in the slope of phase III. These abnormalities in gas exchange and nitrogen washout curves in the subjects with the most marked A.M.S. suggest that the manifestations of cerebral and pulmonary dysfunction at altitude develop simultaneously, although not necessarily by identical mechanisms.", "contents": "Nitrogen washout studies in acute mountain sickness. We assessed the severity of Acute Mountain Sickness (A.M.S.), indices of pulmonary gas exchange and nitrogen washout curves in healthy volunteers acutely exposed to high altitude. Symptoms of A.M.S. ranged from malaise to vomiting with intractable headache. The slope of phase III of the nitrogen washout curve increased most in those subjects with the most severe A.M.S. and who were most hypoxemic. The sickest subject also had the greatest increase in (A-a)DO2 and the largest increase in the slope of phase III. These abnormalities in gas exchange and nitrogen washout curves in the subjects with the most marked A.M.S. suggest that the manifestations of cerebral and pulmonary dysfunction at altitude develop simultaneously, although not necessarily by identical mechanisms."}
{"id": "PMID:871279", "title": "Correlates of maximal oxygen consumption during treadmill exercise.", "content": "According to the Balke treadmill protocol, 39 healthy male USAF volunteers were subjected to maximal exercise. The subjects as a group passed the anaerobic threshold by the end of exercise since average venous lactate concentrations increased from 11.2 +/- 1.6 mg% (95% confidence limits) to 93.0 +/- 8.5 mg% (95% confidence limits), and the average gas exchange ratio (R) at the end of the exercise was greater than unity (p less than 0.0005). Tests for correlations showed weak but statistically significant (p less than 0.05) relationships between change in venous lactic acid concentrations and R (r = 0.44) and maximal heart rate (r = 0.34). Maximal oxygen consumption was correlated with time of exercise (r = 0.70) and subject weight (r = 0.33). Subject age and initial plasma lactate concentrations were not significantly correlated with any other variables. Multiple linear regression yielded an equation for prediction of maximal oxygen consumption which included terms for time of exercise and subject weight. Although the multiple correlation coefficent (r = 0.75) was statistically significant (p less than 0.05), it was considered insufficient for accurate prediction of maximal oxygen consumption.", "contents": "Correlates of maximal oxygen consumption during treadmill exercise. According to the Balke treadmill protocol, 39 healthy male USAF volunteers were subjected to maximal exercise. The subjects as a group passed the anaerobic threshold by the end of exercise since average venous lactate concentrations increased from 11.2 +/- 1.6 mg% (95% confidence limits) to 93.0 +/- 8.5 mg% (95% confidence limits), and the average gas exchange ratio (R) at the end of the exercise was greater than unity (p less than 0.0005). Tests for correlations showed weak but statistically significant (p less than 0.05) relationships between change in venous lactic acid concentrations and R (r = 0.44) and maximal heart rate (r = 0.34). Maximal oxygen consumption was correlated with time of exercise (r = 0.70) and subject weight (r = 0.33). Subject age and initial plasma lactate concentrations were not significantly correlated with any other variables. Multiple linear regression yielded an equation for prediction of maximal oxygen consumption which included terms for time of exercise and subject weight. Although the multiple correlation coefficent (r = 0.75) was statistically significant (p less than 0.05), it was considered insufficient for accurate prediction of maximal oxygen consumption."}
{"id": "PMID:871280", "title": "Reversal of bedrest-induced orthostatic intolerance by lower body negative pressure and saline.", "content": "Six healthy male volunteers underwent two 1-week periods of bedrest, each preceded and followed by 2-week control and recovery periods. The daily metabolic diet contained 150 mEq of sodium. Following one 7-d bedrest period, each man was subjected to LBNP at a level of --30 mm Hg for 4 h while consuming 1000 ml of beef bouillon containing 154 mEq of sodium. After the other bedrest period, each man simply consumed the bouillon without LBNP treatment during 4 h of continued bedrest. Measurements of plasma volume and orthostatic tolerance were made before and after each treatment period. After combined LBNP and saline therapy, plasma volume and response to LBNP testing, as measured by heart rate and systolic BP, showed a return to pre-bedrest levels. Saline consumption alone had a lesser effect. With continuation of bedrest in three subjects, the beneficial effects of these measures appeared to be largely gone after 18 h.", "contents": "Reversal of bedrest-induced orthostatic intolerance by lower body negative pressure and saline. Six healthy male volunteers underwent two 1-week periods of bedrest, each preceded and followed by 2-week control and recovery periods. The daily metabolic diet contained 150 mEq of sodium. Following one 7-d bedrest period, each man was subjected to LBNP at a level of --30 mm Hg for 4 h while consuming 1000 ml of beef bouillon containing 154 mEq of sodium. After the other bedrest period, each man simply consumed the bouillon without LBNP treatment during 4 h of continued bedrest. Measurements of plasma volume and orthostatic tolerance were made before and after each treatment period. After combined LBNP and saline therapy, plasma volume and response to LBNP testing, as measured by heart rate and systolic BP, showed a return to pre-bedrest levels. Saline consumption alone had a lesser effect. With continuation of bedrest in three subjects, the beneficial effects of these measures appeared to be largely gone after 18 h."}
{"id": "PMID:871281", "title": "Changes in orthostatic tolerance in man at an altitude of 3500 meters.", "content": "Orthostatic tolerance was measured in 20 lowlander Indian soldiers (sojourners) by recording responses of heart rate (HR), blood pressure (BP) and mean skin temperature (Tsk) to 70 degrees head-up passive tilt, initially at Delhi (260 m altitude) and thereafter at 3500 m at weekly intervals for 3 weeks. For comparison, observations were also made once on 10 acclimatized lowlanders (AL) and 10 high-altitude natives (HAN) at the same altitude. Among sojourners, the percentage of subjects showing orthostatic intolerance (OI) during tilt increased at high altitude in the first and second weeks; six subjects fainted in the first week as compared to one who fainted at sea level (SL). There was no incidence of fainting among AL or HAN and the percentage of subjects showing OI was very small. The magnitude of cardio-acceleration to tilt was higher in sojourners at high altitude (HA) and relatively less in AL and HAN. The systolic BP during tilt showed no change at SL or during the first and second weeks of stay at altitude in sojourners, but in third week showed a mild rise and was comparable to the responses of AL and HAN. The diastolic BP during tilt always showed a rise, although it was of a higher magnitude during the second and third weeks in sojourners as well as in AL and HAN. There was a fall in Tsk during tilt, which was of a lesser magnitude at HA. It has been concluded that there is a reduced orthostatic tolerance at higher altitude during the first week, due to hypocapnia, after which it is improved as a result of relative sympathetic hyperactivity and adaptation of the vasomotor centre to reduced PaCO2 level.", "contents": "Changes in orthostatic tolerance in man at an altitude of 3500 meters. Orthostatic tolerance was measured in 20 lowlander Indian soldiers (sojourners) by recording responses of heart rate (HR), blood pressure (BP) and mean skin temperature (Tsk) to 70 degrees head-up passive tilt, initially at Delhi (260 m altitude) and thereafter at 3500 m at weekly intervals for 3 weeks. For comparison, observations were also made once on 10 acclimatized lowlanders (AL) and 10 high-altitude natives (HAN) at the same altitude. Among sojourners, the percentage of subjects showing orthostatic intolerance (OI) during tilt increased at high altitude in the first and second weeks; six subjects fainted in the first week as compared to one who fainted at sea level (SL). There was no incidence of fainting among AL or HAN and the percentage of subjects showing OI was very small. The magnitude of cardio-acceleration to tilt was higher in sojourners at high altitude (HA) and relatively less in AL and HAN. The systolic BP during tilt showed no change at SL or during the first and second weeks of stay at altitude in sojourners, but in third week showed a mild rise and was comparable to the responses of AL and HAN. The diastolic BP during tilt always showed a rise, although it was of a higher magnitude during the second and third weeks in sojourners as well as in AL and HAN. There was a fall in Tsk during tilt, which was of a lesser magnitude at HA. It has been concluded that there is a reduced orthostatic tolerance at higher altitude during the first week, due to hypocapnia, after which it is improved as a result of relative sympathetic hyperactivity and adaptation of the vasomotor centre to reduced PaCO2 level."}
{"id": "PMID:871282", "title": "Efficient oxygen mask for patients undergoing hyperbaric oxygen therapy.", "content": "Hyperbaric oxygen (HBO) is established therapy for various disorders, but its effectiveness depends on the efficiency of the oxygen delivery system. A mask oxygen delivery system, consisting of the standard USAF aviator's A-14 regulator and the MBU-5/P oxygen mask, is installed in all USAF hyperbaric chambers. The efficiency of the mask oxygen delivery system at the USAF Hyperbaric Center, Brooks AFB, Tx, was evaluated breath-by-breath at sea level and 2.4 ATA via two different measuring techniques. Three groups of subjects were evaluated. Four subjects in Group I and seven subjects in Group II were randomly selected to use a single instrumented mask which was improperly fitted. The result was variable inspired oxygen levels from 64% to 100%. Six subjects in Group III wore properly fitted masks and achieved end-inspired oxygen levels ranging from 96% to 99%, for a mean of 97.8 +/- 0.5 (S.E.)%. A mean end-inspired oxygen level of 88,5 +/- 3,5 (S.E.)% was achieved within 5 min of mask donning. Inspiratory gas analyses indicate that the USAF aviator MBU-5/P mask and the A-14 regulator as used at the USAF Hyperbaric Center constitute a highly efficient oxygen delivery system for HBO therapy. This view has been refleced in arterial blood gas measurements and in preliminary data from tissue oxygen measurements in a gas gangrene patient. Future improvements in patient therapy masks are recommended.", "contents": "Efficient oxygen mask for patients undergoing hyperbaric oxygen therapy. Hyperbaric oxygen (HBO) is established therapy for various disorders, but its effectiveness depends on the efficiency of the oxygen delivery system. A mask oxygen delivery system, consisting of the standard USAF aviator's A-14 regulator and the MBU-5/P oxygen mask, is installed in all USAF hyperbaric chambers. The efficiency of the mask oxygen delivery system at the USAF Hyperbaric Center, Brooks AFB, Tx, was evaluated breath-by-breath at sea level and 2.4 ATA via two different measuring techniques. Three groups of subjects were evaluated. Four subjects in Group I and seven subjects in Group II were randomly selected to use a single instrumented mask which was improperly fitted. The result was variable inspired oxygen levels from 64% to 100%. Six subjects in Group III wore properly fitted masks and achieved end-inspired oxygen levels ranging from 96% to 99%, for a mean of 97.8 +/- 0.5 (S.E.)%. A mean end-inspired oxygen level of 88,5 +/- 3,5 (S.E.)% was achieved within 5 min of mask donning. Inspiratory gas analyses indicate that the USAF aviator MBU-5/P mask and the A-14 regulator as used at the USAF Hyperbaric Center constitute a highly efficient oxygen delivery system for HBO therapy. This view has been refleced in arterial blood gas measurements and in preliminary data from tissue oxygen measurements in a gas gangrene patient. Future improvements in patient therapy masks are recommended."}
{"id": "PMID:871283", "title": "Cardiovascular responses of men and women to lower body negative pressure.", "content": "Changes in blood flow and blood redistribution were measured by impedance plethysmography in the pelvic and leg regions of six male and four female subjects during three 5-min exposures to -20, -40, and -60 mm Hg lower body negative pressure (LBNP). Female subjects demonstrated significantly higher mean heart rate and lower leg blood flow indices than the male subjects during the recumbent control periods. Men had slightly higher mean resting systolic and diastolic blood pressures and higher mean control pelvic blood flow indices. Women demonstrated significantly less blood pooling in the legs and slightly less in the pelvic region than the men. All of the 18 tests with male subjects at -60 mm Hg were completed without initial signs of syncope, while only two of the tests with women were completed successfully without the subject exhibiting presyncopal conditions. The results of this study indicate that impedance plethysmography can be used to measure segmental cardiovascular responses during LBNP and that females may be less tolerant to -60 mm Hg LBNP than males.", "contents": "Cardiovascular responses of men and women to lower body negative pressure. Changes in blood flow and blood redistribution were measured by impedance plethysmography in the pelvic and leg regions of six male and four female subjects during three 5-min exposures to -20, -40, and -60 mm Hg lower body negative pressure (LBNP). Female subjects demonstrated significantly higher mean heart rate and lower leg blood flow indices than the male subjects during the recumbent control periods. Men had slightly higher mean resting systolic and diastolic blood pressures and higher mean control pelvic blood flow indices. Women demonstrated significantly less blood pooling in the legs and slightly less in the pelvic region than the men. All of the 18 tests with male subjects at -60 mm Hg were completed without initial signs of syncope, while only two of the tests with women were completed successfully without the subject exhibiting presyncopal conditions. The results of this study indicate that impedance plethysmography can be used to measure segmental cardiovascular responses during LBNP and that females may be less tolerant to -60 mm Hg LBNP than males."}
{"id": "PMID:871284", "title": "Dietary requirements of subjects exposed to hyperbaric He-O2 conditions: effects of supplementation with major nutrient groups.", "content": "A 4-week growth study was conducted to determine whether changes in the type of diet could adequately compensate for the increased demands made upon the body by the stresses associated with exposure to hyperbaric He-O2 conditions. A normal rat diet (Hegsted-Chang) was used as a standard diet. This diet was also modified by increasing the fat content 25%, mineral mixture 25%, casein 50%, or all vitamins (including cod liver oil) 50%, or by decreasing the casein portion 10% from the standard levels. The corn starch portion was adjusted appropriately to maintain isocaloric properties of the various test diets. Male Sprague-Dawley rats served as the experimental subjects and were exposed to 1 ATA room air, 11 ATA He-O2, or 21 ATA He-O2 environmental conditions. The rats fed fat-supplemented diets grew as well under 11 ATA He-O2--but not under 21 ATA He-O2 conditions--as those fed the standard diet and exposed to 1 ATA room-air conditions. The rats fed protein-supplemented diets grew as well under both hyperbaric conditions as the control rats. Although the rat growth under the hyperbaric conditions equaled that under control conditions, it was less efficient because more food was required to produce each 1 g of gain. Significant differences were also observed in the apparent digestibilities of the various diets and in the protein, fat, and mineral contents of the carcasses.", "contents": "Dietary requirements of subjects exposed to hyperbaric He-O2 conditions: effects of supplementation with major nutrient groups. A 4-week growth study was conducted to determine whether changes in the type of diet could adequately compensate for the increased demands made upon the body by the stresses associated with exposure to hyperbaric He-O2 conditions. A normal rat diet (Hegsted-Chang) was used as a standard diet. This diet was also modified by increasing the fat content 25%, mineral mixture 25%, casein 50%, or all vitamins (including cod liver oil) 50%, or by decreasing the casein portion 10% from the standard levels. The corn starch portion was adjusted appropriately to maintain isocaloric properties of the various test diets. Male Sprague-Dawley rats served as the experimental subjects and were exposed to 1 ATA room air, 11 ATA He-O2, or 21 ATA He-O2 environmental conditions. The rats fed fat-supplemented diets grew as well under 11 ATA He-O2--but not under 21 ATA He-O2 conditions--as those fed the standard diet and exposed to 1 ATA room-air conditions. The rats fed protein-supplemented diets grew as well under both hyperbaric conditions as the control rats. Although the rat growth under the hyperbaric conditions equaled that under control conditions, it was less efficient because more food was required to produce each 1 g of gain. Significant differences were also observed in the apparent digestibilities of the various diets and in the protein, fat, and mineral contents of the carcasses."}
{"id": "PMID:871285", "title": "Impairment of flying efficiency in anancastic pilots.", "content": "Previous work on the effects of stress upon flying efficiency has shown two types of psychological stress to exist; these are usually referred to as cognitive and affective stress, respectively. A refinement in affective stress analysis has enabled two subtypes of stress to be demonstrated--one is characterized by activity of the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) and subjective feelings of rage, fear, anxiety, or frustration; the other by excessive rumination. These two subtypes are found in differing personality configurations. Ten pilots exhibiting the former type of stress, and 6 with the latter, sought personal counseling regarding domestic problems. They underwent a regiment of 1-h weekly sessions consisting of a psychometric assessment, a psychophysiological evaluation of stress, and a complex ILS task in a specially modified type D4 Link Trainer. The performance of both groups, in terms of deviations from zero and RT to cockpit drill, was found to differ significantly from the standardized norms obtained from control groups in earlier studies, and to differ significantly from each other. The SNS-aroused group showed maximum impairment at the beginning of the 20-min flight task, but gradually improved with time. The Ruminative group showed less, but consistent, impairment throughout the task. Overcontrolling was a characteristic of the former group, while errors of omission characterized the latter. The psychology of rumination is briefly mentioned, its incidence in pilots considered, and reference made to the beneficial effects of sodium diphenylhydantoinate for this condition.", "contents": "Impairment of flying efficiency in anancastic pilots. Previous work on the effects of stress upon flying efficiency has shown two types of psychological stress to exist; these are usually referred to as cognitive and affective stress, respectively. A refinement in affective stress analysis has enabled two subtypes of stress to be demonstrated--one is characterized by activity of the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) and subjective feelings of rage, fear, anxiety, or frustration; the other by excessive rumination. These two subtypes are found in differing personality configurations. Ten pilots exhibiting the former type of stress, and 6 with the latter, sought personal counseling regarding domestic problems. They underwent a regiment of 1-h weekly sessions consisting of a psychometric assessment, a psychophysiological evaluation of stress, and a complex ILS task in a specially modified type D4 Link Trainer. The performance of both groups, in terms of deviations from zero and RT to cockpit drill, was found to differ significantly from the standardized norms obtained from control groups in earlier studies, and to differ significantly from each other. The SNS-aroused group showed maximum impairment at the beginning of the 20-min flight task, but gradually improved with time. The Ruminative group showed less, but consistent, impairment throughout the task. Overcontrolling was a characteristic of the former group, while errors of omission characterized the latter. The psychology of rumination is briefly mentioned, its incidence in pilots considered, and reference made to the beneficial effects of sodium diphenylhydantoinate for this condition."}
{"id": "PMID:871286", "title": "Study of PFT (parasail) in air training command.", "content": "Injuries in pilots following egress from disabled aircraft can be minimized by their ability to maneuver their parachutes during descent and to execute a proper parachute landing fall. USAF pilot and navigator trainees receive extensive ground training in parachute operation and parachute landing falls. They then undergo Parachute Familiarization Training (PFT) during which they experience descents by a parasail after being towed to altitude. The value of PFT was determined by evaluating questionnaires sent to approximately 700 crewmembers, including many ex-prisoners of war, who had made an emergency egress. Areas addressed included contribution of the training to overall confidence, ability to steer the parachute to avoid hazardous obstacles, execution of a proper parachute landing fall, and the role of PFT in avoiding injury or fatality in the post-egress environment. Responses indicated that PFT played a significant role in confidence-building and in avoiding or minimizing post-egress injury.", "contents": "Study of PFT (parasail) in air training command. Injuries in pilots following egress from disabled aircraft can be minimized by their ability to maneuver their parachutes during descent and to execute a proper parachute landing fall. USAF pilot and navigator trainees receive extensive ground training in parachute operation and parachute landing falls. They then undergo Parachute Familiarization Training (PFT) during which they experience descents by a parasail after being towed to altitude. The value of PFT was determined by evaluating questionnaires sent to approximately 700 crewmembers, including many ex-prisoners of war, who had made an emergency egress. Areas addressed included contribution of the training to overall confidence, ability to steer the parachute to avoid hazardous obstacles, execution of a proper parachute landing fall, and the role of PFT in avoiding injury or fatality in the post-egress environment. Responses indicated that PFT played a significant role in confidence-building and in avoiding or minimizing post-egress injury."}
{"id": "PMID:871287", "title": "Inexpensive technique to record respiration during flight.", "content": "This paper describes the development and use of a small (19 X 11 X 18 cm) tape recording system designed to monitor respiratory patterns during flight. This lightweight system (1.85 kg) was developed for less than $200 using commerically available subassemblies. Respiratory patterns are detected via a comfortable intranasal thermometer, amplified, and converted to an FM signal for taping. The device will also convert the tape recorded signal to a graphic display on a laboratory strip chart recorder. Reliable recordings of respiratory rate and respiratory regularity have been made in ambient temperatures of up to 43 degrees C. Chart recordings of student pilots' respiratory patterns at different stages of flight are presented. With modifications to the transducer assembly and amplifier, the basic recording system may be used to monitor other biological functions such as EMG, GSR, EEG, and ECG. Environmental variables have a frequency of less than 250 Hz (wind velocity, temperature, noise, etc.) may also be recorded with proper transducers.", "contents": "Inexpensive technique to record respiration during flight. This paper describes the development and use of a small (19 X 11 X 18 cm) tape recording system designed to monitor respiratory patterns during flight. This lightweight system (1.85 kg) was developed for less than $200 using commerically available subassemblies. Respiratory patterns are detected via a comfortable intranasal thermometer, amplified, and converted to an FM signal for taping. The device will also convert the tape recorded signal to a graphic display on a laboratory strip chart recorder. Reliable recordings of respiratory rate and respiratory regularity have been made in ambient temperatures of up to 43 degrees C. Chart recordings of student pilots' respiratory patterns at different stages of flight are presented. With modifications to the transducer assembly and amplifier, the basic recording system may be used to monitor other biological functions such as EMG, GSR, EEG, and ECG. Environmental variables have a frequency of less than 250 Hz (wind velocity, temperature, noise, etc.) may also be recorded with proper transducers."}
{"id": "PMID:871288", "title": "Effective temperature scale useful for hypo- and hyperbaric environments.", "content": "Basic physics of man's heat exchange by radiation, convection, evaporation, and conduction through clothing is used to define and establish a Standard Effective Temperature Scale (SET), with which sensory and physiological responses of sedentary and active personnel can be related. The standard environment chosen is the Effective Temperature (ET) Scale, used by the American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers; namely, as the temperature of an isothermal enclosure at sea level with 50% rh and still air (0.1-0.15 m/s) in which a clothed (0.6 clo) sedentary subject would exchange the same total sensible and insensible heat as in the actual test environment. Mean skin temperature (Tsk) and skin wettedness (w) can be associated at sea level with thermal comfort and neutrality and with heat exchange. For hypo- and hyperbaric environments, thermal equivalence between SET and any test environment occurs when mean body temperature (Tb) for each is identical. Comprehensive data, developed for a 2-node model of human temperature regulation and of the associated partitional calorimetry, demonstrates the expected interaction between SET and the basic environmental and clothing factors over the barometric range 0.33 to 30 ATA.", "contents": "Effective temperature scale useful for hypo- and hyperbaric environments. Basic physics of man's heat exchange by radiation, convection, evaporation, and conduction through clothing is used to define and establish a Standard Effective Temperature Scale (SET), with which sensory and physiological responses of sedentary and active personnel can be related. The standard environment chosen is the Effective Temperature (ET) Scale, used by the American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers; namely, as the temperature of an isothermal enclosure at sea level with 50% rh and still air (0.1-0.15 m/s) in which a clothed (0.6 clo) sedentary subject would exchange the same total sensible and insensible heat as in the actual test environment. Mean skin temperature (Tsk) and skin wettedness (w) can be associated at sea level with thermal comfort and neutrality and with heat exchange. For hypo- and hyperbaric environments, thermal equivalence between SET and any test environment occurs when mean body temperature (Tb) for each is identical. Comprehensive data, developed for a 2-node model of human temperature regulation and of the associated partitional calorimetry, demonstrates the expected interaction between SET and the basic environmental and clothing factors over the barometric range 0.33 to 30 ATA."}
{"id": "PMID:871289", "title": "Changes in local brain tissue Po2 and electrocortical activity of unanesthetized rabbits under high oxygen pressure.", "content": "Po2 changes in the thalamus, hippocampus, reticular formation, and cortex, and cortical electrical activity, were recorded simultaneously in unanesthetized, unrestrained rabbits breathing air or hyperbaric oxygen. The average tissue Po2 of investigated brain structures during exposure to 100% oxygen at 7 ATA pressures, was two to three times greater than that during air breathing at 1 ATA. In seven out of 10 rabbits, successive myoclonic fits were observed before the appearance of the first electrical discharge or abnormal EEG. Postmortem examination of the lungs showed signs of edema and hemorrhage in all the animals. Because of the possibility that the lung damage took place before the development of brain oxygen toxicity, we concluded that the rabbits are not animals of choice for the investigation of brain oxygen toxicity. The possible interrelationship between cerebral metabolic rate-O2, cerebral blood flow, and lung pathology in determining the level of tissue Po2 and the appearance of oxygen toxicity in the brain under hyperbaric conditions are discussed.", "contents": "Changes in local brain tissue Po2 and electrocortical activity of unanesthetized rabbits under high oxygen pressure. Po2 changes in the thalamus, hippocampus, reticular formation, and cortex, and cortical electrical activity, were recorded simultaneously in unanesthetized, unrestrained rabbits breathing air or hyperbaric oxygen. The average tissue Po2 of investigated brain structures during exposure to 100% oxygen at 7 ATA pressures, was two to three times greater than that during air breathing at 1 ATA. In seven out of 10 rabbits, successive myoclonic fits were observed before the appearance of the first electrical discharge or abnormal EEG. Postmortem examination of the lungs showed signs of edema and hemorrhage in all the animals. Because of the possibility that the lung damage took place before the development of brain oxygen toxicity, we concluded that the rabbits are not animals of choice for the investigation of brain oxygen toxicity. The possible interrelationship between cerebral metabolic rate-O2, cerebral blood flow, and lung pathology in determining the level of tissue Po2 and the appearance of oxygen toxicity in the brain under hyperbaric conditions are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:871290", "title": "Stress responses of pilots flying high-performance aircraft during aerial combat maneuvers.", "content": "In aerial combat maneuvers (ACMs), at Luke AFB, Az, eight pilots flew their two F-15 aircraft against nine pilots in three F-106 aircraft. A total of nine flights, consisting of 23 ACMs, were accomplished in 5 successive days. The degrees of fatigue, stress, and sympathetic activity were quantified using both subjective analyses and the biochemical constituents in the urine of the pilots of the F-15 or F-106. Biochemical indicators, reported per 100 mg creatinine, included: epinephrine, norepinephrine, 17-OHCS, urea, inorganic phosphate, sodium, potassium, and sodium/potassium ratio. The F-106 pilots exerted more relative effort than did the F-15 pilots--effort which appeared to be associated with high-G experience. Both groups of pilots were equally fatigued following ACMs; however, only the fatigue of the F-106 pilots was directly correlated with the length of the ACM. Sympathetic and stress responses during the ACM--similar for both groups of pilots--showed postflight increases of 54% in epinephrine, 19% in norepinephrine, and 20% in 17-OHCS over preflight values, thus suggesting a moderate stress response. Resting levels of these same indicators, for days the pilots did not fly and for pre-ACM values, were similar but higher than control values previously reported for other stressful activities. By late afternoon, postflight values for these indicators had returned to near-preflight levels.", "contents": "Stress responses of pilots flying high-performance aircraft during aerial combat maneuvers. In aerial combat maneuvers (ACMs), at Luke AFB, Az, eight pilots flew their two F-15 aircraft against nine pilots in three F-106 aircraft. A total of nine flights, consisting of 23 ACMs, were accomplished in 5 successive days. The degrees of fatigue, stress, and sympathetic activity were quantified using both subjective analyses and the biochemical constituents in the urine of the pilots of the F-15 or F-106. Biochemical indicators, reported per 100 mg creatinine, included: epinephrine, norepinephrine, 17-OHCS, urea, inorganic phosphate, sodium, potassium, and sodium/potassium ratio. The F-106 pilots exerted more relative effort than did the F-15 pilots--effort which appeared to be associated with high-G experience. Both groups of pilots were equally fatigued following ACMs; however, only the fatigue of the F-106 pilots was directly correlated with the length of the ACM. Sympathetic and stress responses during the ACM--similar for both groups of pilots--showed postflight increases of 54% in epinephrine, 19% in norepinephrine, and 20% in 17-OHCS over preflight values, thus suggesting a moderate stress response. Resting levels of these same indicators, for days the pilots did not fly and for pre-ACM values, were similar but higher than control values previously reported for other stressful activities. By late afternoon, postflight values for these indicators had returned to near-preflight levels."}
{"id": "PMID:871291", "title": "Asymptotic behavior of temporary threshold shift and recovery from 24- and 48-hour noise exposures.", "content": "Temporary hearing loss (TTS) from long-duration noise exposure reaches an asymptote between 8 and 16 h and does not increase further during continued exposure for durations of at least 48 h. Potential auditory hazards of long-duration exposures are examined in terms of growth and recovery patterns of TTS. TTS growth and recovery patterns were compared during 24- and 48-h exposures of humans to continuous pink noise at a level of 85 dB A-weighted. Results indicate similar patterns of acquisition and relatively equal amounts of TTS for the two exposure durations. However, recovery of preexposure hearing at 4000 Hz following termination of the 48-h noise exposure differed somewhat from that which followed the 24-h exposure. The implications of these findings for long missions in noisy environments are discussed.", "contents": "Asymptotic behavior of temporary threshold shift and recovery from 24- and 48-hour noise exposures. Temporary hearing loss (TTS) from long-duration noise exposure reaches an asymptote between 8 and 16 h and does not increase further during continued exposure for durations of at least 48 h. Potential auditory hazards of long-duration exposures are examined in terms of growth and recovery patterns of TTS. TTS growth and recovery patterns were compared during 24- and 48-h exposures of humans to continuous pink noise at a level of 85 dB A-weighted. Results indicate similar patterns of acquisition and relatively equal amounts of TTS for the two exposure durations. However, recovery of preexposure hearing at 4000 Hz following termination of the 48-h noise exposure differed somewhat from that which followed the 24-h exposure. The implications of these findings for long missions in noisy environments are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:871292", "title": "Motion sickness susceptibility and related behavioral characteristics in men and women.", "content": "The incidence of motion sickness in a large (N = 3,618) college population was determined by means of a questionnaire. The test-retest reliability coefficient (0.84) suggested that the motion sickness questionnaire (MSQ) for this particular population yields highly consistent information. Significantly greater proportions of men than women had low susceptibility scores and, conversely, significantly greater proportions of women had high susceptibility scores. The relationships between motion sickness susceptibility scores and several behavioral characteristics in men and women were also investigated. Specifically, comparisons of MSQ scores were made with other self-assessments, age changes, motion experiences, familial susceptibility, use of motion sickness medication, muscular coordination, willingness to participate in motion experiments, flying experience, phobias, visual motion effects, and use of alcohol.", "contents": "Motion sickness susceptibility and related behavioral characteristics in men and women. The incidence of motion sickness in a large (N = 3,618) college population was determined by means of a questionnaire. The test-retest reliability coefficient (0.84) suggested that the motion sickness questionnaire (MSQ) for this particular population yields highly consistent information. Significantly greater proportions of men than women had low susceptibility scores and, conversely, significantly greater proportions of women had high susceptibility scores. The relationships between motion sickness susceptibility scores and several behavioral characteristics in men and women were also investigated. Specifically, comparisons of MSQ scores were made with other self-assessments, age changes, motion experiences, familial susceptibility, use of motion sickness medication, muscular coordination, willingness to participate in motion experiments, flying experience, phobias, visual motion effects, and use of alcohol."}
{"id": "PMID:871293", "title": "Tolerance of females to +GZ centrifugation before and after bedrest.", "content": "Because women may be included as passengers in the proposed Space Shuttle System, this study was designed to investigate the +GZ tolerance of women and the possible degradation of this tolerance after a period of weightlessness as simulated by bedrest. Twelve healthy Air Force Flight Nurses served as test subjects. Over a 1-week period, each subject was exposed to +GZ levels starting at +2 GZ and increasing by 0.5 GZ increments to a gray-out point. This point was determined by peripheral vision loss with a standard lightbar and by reverse blood flow in the temporal artery. Ultimately, each woman was subjected to three runs at the +3 GZ level; each run was approximately 55 min long, separated by 5-min rest periods. Eight subjects with the best tolerance times were selected for 14 d of bedrest in a horizontal position; the other four were ambulatory controls. Tests before bedrest, immediately following, and 5 d later showed that average +GZ tolerance decreased by 67% after bedrest.", "contents": "Tolerance of females to +GZ centrifugation before and after bedrest. Because women may be included as passengers in the proposed Space Shuttle System, this study was designed to investigate the +GZ tolerance of women and the possible degradation of this tolerance after a period of weightlessness as simulated by bedrest. Twelve healthy Air Force Flight Nurses served as test subjects. Over a 1-week period, each subject was exposed to +GZ levels starting at +2 GZ and increasing by 0.5 GZ increments to a gray-out point. This point was determined by peripheral vision loss with a standard lightbar and by reverse blood flow in the temporal artery. Ultimately, each woman was subjected to three runs at the +3 GZ level; each run was approximately 55 min long, separated by 5-min rest periods. Eight subjects with the best tolerance times were selected for 14 d of bedrest in a horizontal position; the other four were ambulatory controls. Tests before bedrest, immediately following, and 5 d later showed that average +GZ tolerance decreased by 67% after bedrest."}
{"id": "PMID:871294", "title": "Changes in tissue glycogen stores of rats under acute and chronic hypoxia and their relationship to hypoxia tolerance.", "content": "Rats were exposed to simulated altitudes of 3658 m, 4877 m, and 7620 m, for 5 h/d for 30 d at an ambient temperature of 28 degrees C. Blood sugar and tissue glycogen levels were measured--after acute exposure and chronic exposure while either fed ad lib or fasted for 24 h--in liver, kidney, brain, heart, lungs, and skeletal muscles. Glycogen levels were decreased significantly in several tissues under chronic hypoxia in fed animals. In the animals which were fasted 24 h before sacrifice after their 1 month altitude exposure, there was a significant glycogen increase in livers but no change in other tissues. In fasted, acute-exposed animals, glycogen decreased in hearts while in other tissues its levels were unchanged. Hyperglycemia invariably accompanied all conditions of altitude exposures (in fed, fasted, acute, or chronic exposed). Glucose injected i.p. to fed rats as single doses of 20 g/kg body weight 3 h before sacrifice resulted in significantly increased glycogen in all tissues except brain. These glucose injected rats had highly increased resistance to hypoxic stress.", "contents": "Changes in tissue glycogen stores of rats under acute and chronic hypoxia and their relationship to hypoxia tolerance. Rats were exposed to simulated altitudes of 3658 m, 4877 m, and 7620 m, for 5 h/d for 30 d at an ambient temperature of 28 degrees C. Blood sugar and tissue glycogen levels were measured--after acute exposure and chronic exposure while either fed ad lib or fasted for 24 h--in liver, kidney, brain, heart, lungs, and skeletal muscles. Glycogen levels were decreased significantly in several tissues under chronic hypoxia in fed animals. In the animals which were fasted 24 h before sacrifice after their 1 month altitude exposure, there was a significant glycogen increase in livers but no change in other tissues. In fasted, acute-exposed animals, glycogen decreased in hearts while in other tissues its levels were unchanged. Hyperglycemia invariably accompanied all conditions of altitude exposures (in fed, fasted, acute, or chronic exposed). Glucose injected i.p. to fed rats as single doses of 20 g/kg body weight 3 h before sacrifice resulted in significantly increased glycogen in all tissues except brain. These glucose injected rats had highly increased resistance to hypoxic stress."}
{"id": "PMID:871295", "title": "Protective effect of hypoxia on oxygen toxicity: possible mechanisms.", "content": "Previous studies demonstrated a protective effect of hypoxia on subsequent death breathing oxygen. Four groups of rats were exposed to air for 120 hours plus 99% O2 for 52 hours (A + O2); 120 hours of hypoxia plus 52 hours 99% O2 (H + O2); 172 hours of only air (A); and 120 hours of only hypoxia (H). Rats were sacrificed and lung lavage protein (gm/ 100 ml) was 0.57 +/-0.18 in A + O2 and  0.26 +/- 0.12 in H + O2. Hematocrits were increased at sacrifice. Rats with induced hematocrits of 61% did not have a protective effect breathing oxygen. Mean total phospholipid in lung lavage was: A + O2  O.94; H + O2 1.10; A 1.08; and H 1.76 (micronM/ml). Phosphatidyl choline (lecithin) was: A + O2 0.49; H + O2 0.61; A 0.59; and H 1.15 micronM/ml. Differences among the groups were significant for total phospholipids and phosphatidyl choline except between air (A) and hypoxia + O2 (H + O2). Palmitic acid was decreased in A + O2 compared to the other groups. Oxygen breathing results in decreased total phospholipids and phosphatidyl choline in lung lavage. Pretreatment with hypoxia and subsequent oxygen breathing results in amounts similar to rats breathing air only.", "contents": "Protective effect of hypoxia on oxygen toxicity: possible mechanisms. Previous studies demonstrated a protective effect of hypoxia on subsequent death breathing oxygen. Four groups of rats were exposed to air for 120 hours plus 99% O2 for 52 hours (A + O2); 120 hours of hypoxia plus 52 hours 99% O2 (H + O2); 172 hours of only air (A); and 120 hours of only hypoxia (H). Rats were sacrificed and lung lavage protein (gm/ 100 ml) was 0.57 +/-0.18 in A + O2 and  0.26 +/- 0.12 in H + O2. Hematocrits were increased at sacrifice. Rats with induced hematocrits of 61% did not have a protective effect breathing oxygen. Mean total phospholipid in lung lavage was: A + O2  O.94; H + O2 1.10; A 1.08; and H 1.76 (micronM/ml). Phosphatidyl choline (lecithin) was: A + O2 0.49; H + O2 0.61; A 0.59; and H 1.15 micronM/ml. Differences among the groups were significant for total phospholipids and phosphatidyl choline except between air (A) and hypoxia + O2 (H + O2). Palmitic acid was decreased in A + O2 compared to the other groups. Oxygen breathing results in decreased total phospholipids and phosphatidyl choline in lung lavage. Pretreatment with hypoxia and subsequent oxygen breathing results in amounts similar to rats breathing air only."}
{"id": "PMID:871296", "title": "Medical waivers: an extension of the pilot's career.", "content": "The medical examination has been conducted periodically to determine medical qualifications for the continued performance of military service and as a preventive medicine measure to reveal latent and undiagnosed disease. When an individual fails to meet the medical standards for flying duties, he may be granted a waiver. A waiver means that the individual is considered by the reviewing authority to be capable of effective performance of duty world-wide without compromising health or safety. In 1973, a total of  1218 waivers were granted to 741  rated officers in Headquarters Command. This command is responsible for medical administration of 4057 rated officers. The ages of the officers granted waivers ranged from 27 to 58 years, with a mean age of 46 years. Over 80% of the waivers granted were to pilots. The value of the medical examination schedule followed in the United States Air Force today is often debated. Those who oppose the annual physical examination because of its questionable value speak in an even louder voice because the medical crunch has reduced the availbale grass roots flight surgeons to a bare minimum. These studies, however, point up the need for a continuous, strong, preventive medicine program in Headquarters Command.", "contents": "Medical waivers: an extension of the pilot's career. The medical examination has been conducted periodically to determine medical qualifications for the continued performance of military service and as a preventive medicine measure to reveal latent and undiagnosed disease. When an individual fails to meet the medical standards for flying duties, he may be granted a waiver. A waiver means that the individual is considered by the reviewing authority to be capable of effective performance of duty world-wide without compromising health or safety. In 1973, a total of  1218 waivers were granted to 741  rated officers in Headquarters Command. This command is responsible for medical administration of 4057 rated officers. The ages of the officers granted waivers ranged from 27 to 58 years, with a mean age of 46 years. Over 80% of the waivers granted were to pilots. The value of the medical examination schedule followed in the United States Air Force today is often debated. Those who oppose the annual physical examination because of its questionable value speak in an even louder voice because the medical crunch has reduced the availbale grass roots flight surgeons to a bare minimum. These studies, however, point up the need for a continuous, strong, preventive medicine program in Headquarters Command."}
{"id": "PMID:871299", "title": "A unifying concept for the role of matrix vesicles and lysosomes in the formal pathogenesis of diseases of connective tissues and blood vessels.", "content": "The cells of the connective tissues contain lysosomes with enzymes capable of degrading intercellular substances (collagen, elastin, proteoglycans) and release their enzymes in membrane-bound or in free form into their intercellular substance. In this way extracellularly located lysosomes (= matrix lysosomes) can be detected by morphological and enzymatic means as well as by their metal concentrating property. This function of such matrix-lysosomes is in connection with the two step-degradation of the connective tissue and is thought to be the main part for the fibrocytic fibrolysis, chondrocytic chondrolysis, osteocytic osteolysis and myocytic mediolyses in the vessel wall. The cells of the mesenchymal tissues thus control the turnover and transformation of their own ground substance. Inflammatory and immunologic processes are suggested to be superimposed on this lysosomal action. If the lysosomal enzyme system in the connective tissues and the vessel wall gets out of control, the consequences can be dangerous as e.g. in case of relapsing polychondritis and arterial aneurysms. In this enzyme system proteolytic activators as well as proteolytic decomposable inhibitors are present. The corresponding proteolytic processes are of lysosomal nature and are subordinated to other regulatory mechanisms.", "contents": "A unifying concept for the role of matrix vesicles and lysosomes in the formal pathogenesis of diseases of connective tissues and blood vessels. The cells of the connective tissues contain lysosomes with enzymes capable of degrading intercellular substances (collagen, elastin, proteoglycans) and release their enzymes in membrane-bound or in free form into their intercellular substance. In this way extracellularly located lysosomes (= matrix lysosomes) can be detected by morphological and enzymatic means as well as by their metal concentrating property. This function of such matrix-lysosomes is in connection with the two step-degradation of the connective tissue and is thought to be the main part for the fibrocytic fibrolysis, chondrocytic chondrolysis, osteocytic osteolysis and myocytic mediolyses in the vessel wall. The cells of the mesenchymal tissues thus control the turnover and transformation of their own ground substance. Inflammatory and immunologic processes are suggested to be superimposed on this lysosomal action. If the lysosomal enzyme system in the connective tissues and the vessel wall gets out of control, the consequences can be dangerous as e.g. in case of relapsing polychondritis and arterial aneurysms. In this enzyme system proteolytic activators as well as proteolytic decomposable inhibitors are present. The corresponding proteolytic processes are of lysosomal nature and are subordinated to other regulatory mechanisms."}
{"id": "PMID:871300", "title": "Lymphopenia and lymph node histology following repetitive extracorporeal irradiation of blood in normal and thymectomized calves.", "content": "Repetitive extracorporeal irradiation of the circulating blood (RECIB) in normal or thymectomized calves and RECIB plus Imuran were used for comparative studies on the depletion of blood and lymph node lymphocytes. Elimination of the easily mobilizable pool of lymphocytes was almost complete within approximately 6 days after commencing RECIB and was reflected by a reduction of approximately 50% in the numbers of paracortical lymphocytes. Blood lymphocyte counts were reduced to approximately 1/3 to 1/4 of the pre-irradiation values. Thymectomized calves had lower pre-irradiation blood lymphocyte counts than non-operated controls, however, the reduction in the number of blood lymphocytes was proportionally similar. Continuation of RECIB beyond one week did not result in a further depletion of blood lymphocytes. The lymphocyte counts in the follicular cortex and in the medulla of lymph nodes were not significantly changed by the various procedures. RECIB of 8-16 days duration did not alter the number of germinal centers in non-thymectomized calves, however, in thymectomized animals treated with Recib, the number of germinal centers was reduced.", "contents": "Lymphopenia and lymph node histology following repetitive extracorporeal irradiation of blood in normal and thymectomized calves. Repetitive extracorporeal irradiation of the circulating blood (RECIB) in normal or thymectomized calves and RECIB plus Imuran were used for comparative studies on the depletion of blood and lymph node lymphocytes. Elimination of the easily mobilizable pool of lymphocytes was almost complete within approximately 6 days after commencing RECIB and was reflected by a reduction of approximately 50% in the numbers of paracortical lymphocytes. Blood lymphocyte counts were reduced to approximately 1/3 to 1/4 of the pre-irradiation values. Thymectomized calves had lower pre-irradiation blood lymphocyte counts than non-operated controls, however, the reduction in the number of blood lymphocytes was proportionally similar. Continuation of RECIB beyond one week did not result in a further depletion of blood lymphocytes. The lymphocyte counts in the follicular cortex and in the medulla of lymph nodes were not significantly changed by the various procedures. RECIB of 8-16 days duration did not alter the number of germinal centers in non-thymectomized calves, however, in thymectomized animals treated with Recib, the number of germinal centers was reduced."}
{"id": "PMID:871297", "title": "The effect of preload and Ca++-ions on the time-course of the isometric force and on the force-velocity relation: is Vmax dependent on the number of activated cross-bridges?", "content": "The maximum shortening velocity of the isolated, externally unloaded papillary muscle of cats, as can be obtained by quick-releases in the initial phase of isometric contractions, is clearly dependent on the Ca++-concentration of the bath solution as well as on the preload: In the range of 0.55 m-mole/1 to 4.4 m-mole/1 a doubling of the Ca++-concentration induces a mean increase of 23% in Vmax; in a range of muscle length assumed to be of physiological relevance, a rise in the extension of 10% of Lmax results in a mean augmentation of 20% in Vmax. In order to reveal possible differences in the effect of calcium and various degrees of filament overlap, firstly, isometric mechanograms were measured under low Ca++-concentration at the muscle length of Lmax. By correspondingly lowering the muscle extension under increased Ca++-concentration the reproduction of almost the entire rising phase of these isometric mechanograms was obtained. Both these experimental conditions result in congruent force-velocity relations and consequently in identical values for Vmax. It must therefore be concluded that there exists an inner relationship between the initial time-course of the isometric force and the force-velocity relations measured during this period. The interpretation of this fact involves weighing the hypothesis of an inner frictional force dependent on velocity against that of a maximum shortening velocity dependent on the number of activated cross-bridges. The resultant consequences for the estimation of the contractile qualities of the myocardium are discussed.", "contents": "The effect of preload and Ca++-ions on the time-course of the isometric force and on the force-velocity relation: is Vmax dependent on the number of activated cross-bridges? The maximum shortening velocity of the isolated, externally unloaded papillary muscle of cats, as can be obtained by quick-releases in the initial phase of isometric contractions, is clearly dependent on the Ca++-concentration of the bath solution as well as on the preload: In the range of 0.55 m-mole/1 to 4.4 m-mole/1 a doubling of the Ca++-concentration induces a mean increase of 23% in Vmax; in a range of muscle length assumed to be of physiological relevance, a rise in the extension of 10% of Lmax results in a mean augmentation of 20% in Vmax. In order to reveal possible differences in the effect of calcium and various degrees of filament overlap, firstly, isometric mechanograms were measured under low Ca++-concentration at the muscle length of Lmax. By correspondingly lowering the muscle extension under increased Ca++-concentration the reproduction of almost the entire rising phase of these isometric mechanograms was obtained. Both these experimental conditions result in congruent force-velocity relations and consequently in identical values for Vmax. It must therefore be concluded that there exists an inner relationship between the initial time-course of the isometric force and the force-velocity relations measured during this period. The interpretation of this fact involves weighing the hypothesis of an inner frictional force dependent on velocity against that of a maximum shortening velocity dependent on the number of activated cross-bridges. The resultant consequences for the estimation of the contractile qualities of the myocardium are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:871301", "title": "Hand flexor tenosynovitis in rheumatoid arthritis. Prevalence, distribution, and associated rheumatic features.", "content": "Tenosynovitis of one or more flexor tendons of the hand (mean 3.1 tendons per patient) was noted in 55% of 100 patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) examined periodically during a mean period of 5 years. The third flexor tendon was involved most frequently (71% of patients), followed by the second (62%), fourth (53%), fifth (27%), and first (13%). Patients with flexor tendonitis (FT) had a significantly higher prevalence of rheumatoid nodules (56% vs 33%), carpal tunnel syndrome (47% vs 13%), wrist extensor tenosynovitis (47% vs 9%), and elbow epicondylitis (22% vs 7%) than patients without FT. Dupuytren's contracture, DeQuervain's tenovaginitis, flexor carpi radialis and ulnaris tendonitis, and Achilles tendonitis were found exclusively in patients with FT. A control group of 50 non-RA patients with FT had statistically fewer diseased tendons per patient (mean 1.5) and a different digital distribution, the thumb being affected more frequently (P less than 0.05) than in RA patients.", "contents": "Hand flexor tenosynovitis in rheumatoid arthritis. Prevalence, distribution, and associated rheumatic features. Tenosynovitis of one or more flexor tendons of the hand (mean 3.1 tendons per patient) was noted in 55% of 100 patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) examined periodically during a mean period of 5 years. The third flexor tendon was involved most frequently (71% of patients), followed by the second (62%), fourth (53%), fifth (27%), and first (13%). Patients with flexor tendonitis (FT) had a significantly higher prevalence of rheumatoid nodules (56% vs 33%), carpal tunnel syndrome (47% vs 13%), wrist extensor tenosynovitis (47% vs 9%), and elbow epicondylitis (22% vs 7%) than patients without FT. Dupuytren's contracture, DeQuervain's tenovaginitis, flexor carpi radialis and ulnaris tendonitis, and Achilles tendonitis were found exclusively in patients with FT. A control group of 50 non-RA patients with FT had statistically fewer diseased tendons per patient (mean 1.5) and a different digital distribution, the thumb being affected more frequently (P less than 0.05) than in RA patients."}
{"id": "PMID:871302", "title": "Effects of antiinflammatory agents on the acute response of immune synovitis in rabbits.", "content": "Immune synovitis in rabbits was investigated as a potential in vivo model for evaluating new antiinflammatory agents. Antigen-induced increases in knee width as well as beta-glucuronidase and acid phosphatase activities in exudates were observed. Histologically, polymorphonuclear leukocytes appeared within hours in synovial tissues and reached maximum infiltration at about 24 hours. Subsequently, mononuclear cells, including plasma cells, appeared. The 6-hour Arthus-like phase of synovitis can be depressed by some antiinflammatory agents, colchicine and steroids being particularly effective. It is suggested that this model can be utilized to define potentially more effective antiinflammatory drugs.", "contents": "Effects of antiinflammatory agents on the acute response of immune synovitis in rabbits. Immune synovitis in rabbits was investigated as a potential in vivo model for evaluating new antiinflammatory agents. Antigen-induced increases in knee width as well as beta-glucuronidase and acid phosphatase activities in exudates were observed. Histologically, polymorphonuclear leukocytes appeared within hours in synovial tissues and reached maximum infiltration at about 24 hours. Subsequently, mononuclear cells, including plasma cells, appeared. The 6-hour Arthus-like phase of synovitis can be depressed by some antiinflammatory agents, colchicine and steroids being particularly effective. It is suggested that this model can be utilized to define potentially more effective antiinflammatory drugs."}
{"id": "PMID:871298", "title": "Experimental studies on cardiac muscle cell adaptation to insult.", "content": "Studies were carried out in rats on myocardial adaptation to injury produced by left coronary artery ligation. In the ischemic zone, open collaterals were present as shown by studies using the fine structural extracellular protein tracer, horseradish peroxidase (HRP). This phenomenon may explain the inhomogeneous cardiac muscle cell alteration in the early phase of coronarogenic myocardial injury. Reperfusion, as evidenced by the influx of HRP into the damaged cells, unmasked sarcolemmal membrane injury. Cardiac muscle cell stimulation modifies the binding of macromolecules to cell components and may influence the repair processes. In the surviving myocardium, correlative enzyme histochemical and ultrastructural studies demonstrated the development of alternative metabolic pathways and morphological signs of adaptation explaining increasing resistance of such cardiac muscle cells to subsequent insult.", "contents": "Experimental studies on cardiac muscle cell adaptation to insult. Studies were carried out in rats on myocardial adaptation to injury produced by left coronary artery ligation. In the ischemic zone, open collaterals were present as shown by studies using the fine structural extracellular protein tracer, horseradish peroxidase (HRP). This phenomenon may explain the inhomogeneous cardiac muscle cell alteration in the early phase of coronarogenic myocardial injury. Reperfusion, as evidenced by the influx of HRP into the damaged cells, unmasked sarcolemmal membrane injury. Cardiac muscle cell stimulation modifies the binding of macromolecules to cell components and may influence the repair processes. In the surviving myocardium, correlative enzyme histochemical and ultrastructural studies demonstrated the development of alternative metabolic pathways and morphological signs of adaptation explaining increasing resistance of such cardiac muscle cells to subsequent insult."}
{"id": "PMID:871303", "title": "[Solitary neurofibroma of the larynx. Removal by a microlaryngoscopic method].", "content": "We report a case of neurofibroma of the larynx arising from the aryepiglottic fold, surgically removed by direct micro-laringoscopy. From a review of the literature the case is extremelly rare (35 cases until 1963), expecially looking to the age of the patient (3 1/2 years old), that seems to be the lowest reported until now.", "contents": "[Solitary neurofibroma of the larynx. Removal by a microlaryngoscopic method]. We report a case of neurofibroma of the larynx arising from the aryepiglottic fold, surgically removed by direct micro-laringoscopy. From a review of the literature the case is extremelly rare (35 cases until 1963), expecially looking to the age of the patient (3 1/2 years old), that seems to be the lowest reported until now."}
{"id": "PMID:871304", "title": "The metabolism of 3-deoxy-3-fluoro-D-glucose by Locusta migratoria and Schistocerca gregaria.", "content": "3-Deoxy-3-fluoro-D-glucose (3FG) administered by injection is toxic to adult Locusta migratoria or Schistocerca gregaria (LD50, 4.8 mg/g). temperature-programmed and isothermal gas chromatographic analysis of poisoned locust haemolymph reveals the presence of a fluorinated metabolite identified as 3-deoxy-3-fluoro-D-glucitol (3FGL). The enzymes responsible for the accumulation of this metabolite are located in the fat body of the insect and partially purified as aldose reductase (alditol: NADP+ 1-oxidoreductase, EC 1.1.1.21) and sorbitol dehydrogenase (L-iditol: NAD+ 5-oxidoreductase EC 1.1.1.14) 3FGL is shown to be both a competitive inhibitor of the NAD-linked sorbitol dehydrogenase with Ki 8\u00bfx 10(-2) M as well as a substrate with Km 0.5 M. A kinetic rate equation is derived and verified to account for the kinetic duality of 3FGL. These results partially explain the toxic effects of 3FG and are consistent with the presence of a hitherto undetected sorbitol metabolism in locusts.", "contents": "The metabolism of 3-deoxy-3-fluoro-D-glucose by Locusta migratoria and Schistocerca gregaria. 3-Deoxy-3-fluoro-D-glucose (3FG) administered by injection is toxic to adult Locusta migratoria or Schistocerca gregaria (LD50, 4.8 mg/g). temperature-programmed and isothermal gas chromatographic analysis of poisoned locust haemolymph reveals the presence of a fluorinated metabolite identified as 3-deoxy-3-fluoro-D-glucitol (3FGL). The enzymes responsible for the accumulation of this metabolite are located in the fat body of the insect and partially purified as aldose reductase (alditol: NADP+ 1-oxidoreductase, EC 1.1.1.21) and sorbitol dehydrogenase (L-iditol: NAD+ 5-oxidoreductase EC 1.1.1.14) 3FGL is shown to be both a competitive inhibitor of the NAD-linked sorbitol dehydrogenase with Ki 8\u00bfx 10(-2) M as well as a substrate with Km 0.5 M. A kinetic rate equation is derived and verified to account for the kinetic duality of 3FGL. These results partially explain the toxic effects of 3FG and are consistent with the presence of a hitherto undetected sorbitol metabolism in locusts."}
{"id": "PMID:871305", "title": "Multiple personality and splitting phenomena: a reconceptualization.", "content": "Multiple personality and splitting phenomena described in the psychoanalytic literature are placed in juxtaposition. A reconceptualization of multiple personality is attempted. It is assumed that the splitting of multiple personality is qualitatively similar to the splitting in narcissistic character disorders and that the genetic antecedents of multiple personality can be traced to the narcissistic phase. Some of the literature pertaining to multiple personality is reviewed, followed by selected psychoanalytic sources referring to developmental issues and pathology in narcissistic character disorders. Material from three cases is briefly presented to illustrate the various levels of multiple personality and to show its continuity with narcissistic disorders.", "contents": "Multiple personality and splitting phenomena: a reconceptualization. Multiple personality and splitting phenomena described in the psychoanalytic literature are placed in juxtaposition. A reconceptualization of multiple personality is attempted. It is assumed that the splitting of multiple personality is qualitatively similar to the splitting in narcissistic character disorders and that the genetic antecedents of multiple personality can be traced to the narcissistic phase. Some of the literature pertaining to multiple personality is reviewed, followed by selected psychoanalytic sources referring to developmental issues and pathology in narcissistic character disorders. Material from three cases is briefly presented to illustrate the various levels of multiple personality and to show its continuity with narcissistic disorders."}
{"id": "PMID:871309", "title": "Shortage areas for optometrists redefined: New York City, a case study.", "content": "The geographic maldistribution of health manpower, particularly in rural and inner-city areas, has been a major concern of health planners, administrators, and other government officials. Attempts to deal with the problem through the use of financial incentives, such as loan forgiveness, are reviewed. Applying the present definition of shortage areas to New York City reveals some obvious inadequacies of the definition. A new definition of shortage areas is suggested.", "contents": "Shortage areas for optometrists redefined: New York City, a case study. The geographic maldistribution of health manpower, particularly in rural and inner-city areas, has been a major concern of health planners, administrators, and other government officials. Attempts to deal with the problem through the use of financial incentives, such as loan forgiveness, are reviewed. Applying the present definition of shortage areas to New York City reveals some obvious inadequacies of the definition. A new definition of shortage areas is suggested."}
{"id": "PMID:871313", "title": "The relationship between sister chromatid exchanges and chromosome aberrations in Bloom's syndrome.", "content": "The distribution of the break points of sister chromatid exchanges (SCE) was compared with that of chromosome aberrations in Bloom's syndrome by using differential sister chromatid staining and banding techniques. A comparison was made of the distribution in chromosomes 1, 2, and 3, since the exact identification of other chromosomes is difficult with the differential sister-chromatid staining technique. It was shown that SCE and chromosome breaks do not necessarily correlate as to location. Some chromosome break points, e.g., 1q21, 1p36, 2q31, 3q12, and 3p13, were common with those of SCE, whereas others (at 1p13, 2p11, 2q11, and 3q11) showed little or no SCE. SCE breaks were not observed in the centromeric regions. In addition, the SCE frequency was examined in Bloom's syndrome cells with and without chromosome aberrations, and no significant differences of SCE frequency were observed between cells with chromatid- or chromosome-type of aberrations and those with normal complements. Banding analyses indicated a nonrandom distribution of chromosome breaks in the lymphocytes and marrow cells of the Bloom's syndrome patient.", "contents": "The relationship between sister chromatid exchanges and chromosome aberrations in Bloom's syndrome. The distribution of the break points of sister chromatid exchanges (SCE) was compared with that of chromosome aberrations in Bloom's syndrome by using differential sister chromatid staining and banding techniques. A comparison was made of the distribution in chromosomes 1, 2, and 3, since the exact identification of other chromosomes is difficult with the differential sister-chromatid staining technique. It was shown that SCE and chromosome breaks do not necessarily correlate as to location. Some chromosome break points, e.g., 1q21, 1p36, 2q31, 3q12, and 3p13, were common with those of SCE, whereas others (at 1p13, 2p11, 2q11, and 3q11) showed little or no SCE. SCE breaks were not observed in the centromeric regions. In addition, the SCE frequency was examined in Bloom's syndrome cells with and without chromosome aberrations, and no significant differences of SCE frequency were observed between cells with chromatid- or chromosome-type of aberrations and those with normal complements. Banding analyses indicated a nonrandom distribution of chromosome breaks in the lymphocytes and marrow cells of the Bloom's syndrome patient."}
{"id": "PMID:871314", "title": "Interindividual differences in the effect of drugs on bilirubin plasma binding in newborn infants and in adults.", "content": "The nonprotein-bound fraction of bilirubin was determined in undiluted plasma or serum from healthy adult volunteers and newborn infants after addition of unconjugated bilirubin, 12 mg/100 ml. There were significant interindividual difference (2-fold in 13 adults, 2.6-fold in 9 full-term newborn infants) in the free fraction value. Sulfisoxazole, salicylic acid, and salicyluric acid had a pronounced displacing effect on bilirubin in the 10 to 30 mg/100 ml drug concentration range. Aspirin had only a small effect at concentrations below 20 mg/100 ml. There was a very strong correlation between the free fraction value of bilirubin in individual samples of drug-free plasma and in the same plasmas after addition of any one of the 4 drugs studied. This shows that the relative increase of the free fraction of bilirubin induced by any one of the drugs was essentially the same but that the absolute increase varied greatly between subjects. It may be possible, therefore, to predict quanitatively the bilirubin-displacing effect of drugs in individual patients before drug administration by determining the free fraction of bilirubin in a plasma or serum sample obtained prior to initiation of drug therapy.", "contents": "Interindividual differences in the effect of drugs on bilirubin plasma binding in newborn infants and in adults. The nonprotein-bound fraction of bilirubin was determined in undiluted plasma or serum from healthy adult volunteers and newborn infants after addition of unconjugated bilirubin, 12 mg/100 ml. There were significant interindividual difference (2-fold in 13 adults, 2.6-fold in 9 full-term newborn infants) in the free fraction value. Sulfisoxazole, salicylic acid, and salicyluric acid had a pronounced displacing effect on bilirubin in the 10 to 30 mg/100 ml drug concentration range. Aspirin had only a small effect at concentrations below 20 mg/100 ml. There was a very strong correlation between the free fraction value of bilirubin in individual samples of drug-free plasma and in the same plasmas after addition of any one of the 4 drugs studied. This shows that the relative increase of the free fraction of bilirubin induced by any one of the drugs was essentially the same but that the absolute increase varied greatly between subjects. It may be possible, therefore, to predict quanitatively the bilirubin-displacing effect of drugs in individual patients before drug administration by determining the free fraction of bilirubin in a plasma or serum sample obtained prior to initiation of drug therapy."}
{"id": "PMID:871316", "title": "L cell DNA ligase joins RNA to DNA on a DNA template.", "content": "L cell DNA ligase catalyzes a covalent linkage between 5'-hosphoryl oligodeoxyribonucleotides and 3'-hydroxyl oligoribonucleotides on a complementary polydeoxyribonucleotide template. This reaction occurs to a substantially lesser extent than does the sealing of DNA to DNA. The joining of [5'32P]d(pA)12-18 to (Ap)11A on poly[d(T)] or of [5'-32P]d(pG)12-18 to 5'-hydroxyl, 3'-hydroxyl oligo(I) ON POLY[D(C)] was demonstrated by the formation of alkaline phosphatase resistant radioactivity. The 32P of the hybrid reaction products became sensitive to the action of alkaline phosphatase after treatment with alkali. Furthermore, hydrolysis of the products of the linkage of [5'-32P]d(pG)12-18 to 5'-hydroxyl, 3'-hydroxyl oligo(I) on poly[d(C)] with micrococcal nuclease and spleen phosphodiesterase resulted in the formation of [3'-32P]IMP. Attempts to seal [5'-32p[-(pA)12 to d(Ap)11-17A on poly[d(T) or [5'-32P]oligo(pI) to d(Gp)11-17G on poly[d(C)] were unsuccessful.", "contents": "L cell DNA ligase joins RNA to DNA on a DNA template. L cell DNA ligase catalyzes a covalent linkage between 5'-hosphoryl oligodeoxyribonucleotides and 3'-hydroxyl oligoribonucleotides on a complementary polydeoxyribonucleotide template. This reaction occurs to a substantially lesser extent than does the sealing of DNA to DNA. The joining of [5'32P]d(pA)12-18 to (Ap)11A on poly[d(T)] or of [5'-32P]d(pG)12-18 to 5'-hydroxyl, 3'-hydroxyl oligo(I) ON POLY[D(C)] was demonstrated by the formation of alkaline phosphatase resistant radioactivity. The 32P of the hybrid reaction products became sensitive to the action of alkaline phosphatase after treatment with alkali. Furthermore, hydrolysis of the products of the linkage of [5'-32P]d(pG)12-18 to 5'-hydroxyl, 3'-hydroxyl oligo(I) on poly[d(C)] with micrococcal nuclease and spleen phosphodiesterase resulted in the formation of [3'-32P]IMP. Attempts to seal [5'-32p[-(pA)12 to d(Ap)11-17A on poly[d(T) or [5'-32P]oligo(pI) to d(Gp)11-17G on poly[d(C)] were unsuccessful."}
{"id": "PMID:871312", "title": "The use of digital rheoplethysmography for the study of psychogenic and neurogenic factors in man.", "content": "The use of the RPG in the qualitative and quantitative study of the state of the intact digital vasculature of intact man is illustrated and emphasized. Rheoplethysmography is the only method for quantitatively recording continuously and simultaneously the volumes and rates of inflow, outflow and the differences between inflow and outflow and the rate of basal blood flow in the digits of intact man or in any organ or tissue that can be isolated in a plethysmographic cup. The effects of psychogenic and neurogenic factors on the peripheral circulation of man were studied with the RPG, and the results demonstrate how useful this method is for such studies of the fingertip.", "contents": "The use of digital rheoplethysmography for the study of psychogenic and neurogenic factors in man. The use of the RPG in the qualitative and quantitative study of the state of the intact digital vasculature of intact man is illustrated and emphasized. Rheoplethysmography is the only method for quantitatively recording continuously and simultaneously the volumes and rates of inflow, outflow and the differences between inflow and outflow and the rate of basal blood flow in the digits of intact man or in any organ or tissue that can be isolated in a plethysmographic cup. The effects of psychogenic and neurogenic factors on the peripheral circulation of man were studied with the RPG, and the results demonstrate how useful this method is for such studies of the fingertip."}
{"id": "PMID:871317", "title": "Enhancement of barium- and cesium-induced adrenal catecholamine release by lidocaine.", "content": "Catecholamine release evoked from isolated perfused bovine adrenals by Ba+2 or Cs+ is enhanced by lidocaine or by a calcium-free medium. The action of Cs+ therefore differs from that of K+ or Rb+ in adrenal medulla. Divalent and monovalent metallic cations of relatively large atomic weight like Ba+2 and Cs+, probably penetrate the cell more easily than small highly charged ions and act intracellularly to cause adrenal catecholamine release. Local anesthetics and calcium-free media may allow greater influx of Ba+2 and Cs+ into adrenomedullary cells.", "contents": "Enhancement of barium- and cesium-induced adrenal catecholamine release by lidocaine. Catecholamine release evoked from isolated perfused bovine adrenals by Ba+2 or Cs+ is enhanced by lidocaine or by a calcium-free medium. The action of Cs+ therefore differs from that of K+ or Rb+ in adrenal medulla. Divalent and monovalent metallic cations of relatively large atomic weight like Ba+2 and Cs+, probably penetrate the cell more easily than small highly charged ions and act intracellularly to cause adrenal catecholamine release. Local anesthetics and calcium-free media may allow greater influx of Ba+2 and Cs+ into adrenomedullary cells."}
{"id": "PMID:871320", "title": "DNA swivel enzyme activity in a nuclear membrane fraction.", "content": "DNA swivel (nicking-rejoining) enzyme activity has been studied in various cell fractions of a human lymphoid cell line. Swivel activity is found only in chromatin and in a nuclear membrane fraction containing DNA and possessing endogenous DNA synthesizing activity. Twenty percent of the total swivel activity and less than one percent of the total DNA are in the membrane fraction. The swivel enzyme is more tightly bound to the membrane fraction than to the chromatin fraction. These observations suggest that the swivel enzyme may be a replication factor, specifically bound to replicating DNA in the membrane fraction.", "contents": "DNA swivel enzyme activity in a nuclear membrane fraction. DNA swivel (nicking-rejoining) enzyme activity has been studied in various cell fractions of a human lymphoid cell line. Swivel activity is found only in chromatin and in a nuclear membrane fraction containing DNA and possessing endogenous DNA synthesizing activity. Twenty percent of the total swivel activity and less than one percent of the total DNA are in the membrane fraction. The swivel enzyme is more tightly bound to the membrane fraction than to the chromatin fraction. These observations suggest that the swivel enzyme may be a replication factor, specifically bound to replicating DNA in the membrane fraction."}
{"id": "PMID:871321", "title": "Biochemical basis of skeletal defects induced by hydralazine: inhibiton of collagen synthesis and secretion in embryonic chicken cartilage in vitro.", "content": "Hydralazine (1-hydrazinophthalazine) produces skeletal defects resembling those observed in experimentally induced manganese deficiencies. Since glycosylation of collagen, a step preceding its secretion, requires Mn2+, the effect of hydralazine on collagen secretion and the formation hydroxylysine glycosides was examined in explants of embryonic chicken long-bone rudiments. Auto-radiographic studies showed that hydralazine blocked collagen secretion. Secretion was restored by Fe2+ alone or Fe2+ + Mn2+ but not by Mn2+ alone, suggesting that a Fe2+-requiring step was involved. Biochemical analyses showed that hydralazine inhibited the formation of hydroxylysine, a step requiring Fe2+, but it did not inhibit the formation of hydroxylysine-glocosides by Mn2+-requiring steps, although the reaction was inhibited in vitro. Hydralazine also failed to inhibit intracellular mucopolysaccharide synthesis which involves several Mn2+-requiring enzymes. These observations suggest that the deleterious effects of hydralazine on bones are caused by its inhibition of hydroxylation steps in collagen synthesis.", "contents": "Biochemical basis of skeletal defects induced by hydralazine: inhibiton of collagen synthesis and secretion in embryonic chicken cartilage in vitro. Hydralazine (1-hydrazinophthalazine) produces skeletal defects resembling those observed in experimentally induced manganese deficiencies. Since glycosylation of collagen, a step preceding its secretion, requires Mn2+, the effect of hydralazine on collagen secretion and the formation hydroxylysine glycosides was examined in explants of embryonic chicken long-bone rudiments. Auto-radiographic studies showed that hydralazine blocked collagen secretion. Secretion was restored by Fe2+ alone or Fe2+ + Mn2+ but not by Mn2+ alone, suggesting that a Fe2+-requiring step was involved. Biochemical analyses showed that hydralazine inhibited the formation of hydroxylysine, a step requiring Fe2+, but it did not inhibit the formation of hydroxylysine-glocosides by Mn2+-requiring steps, although the reaction was inhibited in vitro. Hydralazine also failed to inhibit intracellular mucopolysaccharide synthesis which involves several Mn2+-requiring enzymes. These observations suggest that the deleterious effects of hydralazine on bones are caused by its inhibition of hydroxylation steps in collagen synthesis."}
{"id": "PMID:871324", "title": "Lead neuropathy: 2. Random distribution of segmental demyelination among \"old internodes\" of myelinated fibers.", "content": "One-hundred teased fibers of proximal and of distal sural nerve of five rats fed lead carbonate for 3 months were evaluated to see whether the pattern of segmental demyelination was random or clustered. If the evaluation was done by the length of the \"territory of an old internode\" (the region of one Schwann cell) a significant departure from randomness could not be shown for the majority of nerves. However, if the evaluation was by regions with and without myelin a highly clustered pattern of segmental demyelination was found. Since several remyelinated internodes form following internodal segmental demyelination, of one \"old internode\" the latter method of analysis would be expected to show clustering even though Schwann cell damage was random. Therefore the second method of analysis cannot be used to assess randomness of Schwann cell involvement in neuropathy. We interpret these studies as supporting the concept that Schwann cells are primarily and ubiquitously involved in lead neuropathy of the rat. Possible mechanisms of such primary Schwann cell injury are direct damage from lead of the intrafascicular interstitial fluid or from increased intrafascicular interstitial pressure.", "contents": "Lead neuropathy: 2. Random distribution of segmental demyelination among \"old internodes\" of myelinated fibers. One-hundred teased fibers of proximal and of distal sural nerve of five rats fed lead carbonate for 3 months were evaluated to see whether the pattern of segmental demyelination was random or clustered. If the evaluation was done by the length of the \"territory of an old internode\" (the region of one Schwann cell) a significant departure from randomness could not be shown for the majority of nerves. However, if the evaluation was by regions with and without myelin a highly clustered pattern of segmental demyelination was found. Since several remyelinated internodes form following internodal segmental demyelination, of one \"old internode\" the latter method of analysis would be expected to show clustering even though Schwann cell damage was random. Therefore the second method of analysis cannot be used to assess randomness of Schwann cell involvement in neuropathy. We interpret these studies as supporting the concept that Schwann cells are primarily and ubiquitously involved in lead neuropathy of the rat. Possible mechanisms of such primary Schwann cell injury are direct damage from lead of the intrafascicular interstitial fluid or from increased intrafascicular interstitial pressure."}
{"id": "PMID:871325", "title": "Is nicotine important to tobacco smoking?", "content": "Tobacco smoking is generally regarded as a form of nicotine dependence, but the evidence for this is slender. Two experiments are described here which examine the hypothesis that habitual smokers need nicotine and that they regulate their intakes of this drug. A laboratory test for smoking was devised which permitted the continuous monitoring of puffing as well as of selected physiologic variables; the procedure was also designed to reduce the influence of smoking habits and rituals. In the first experiment, inhaled amounts of tobacco smoke reduced subsequent ad libitum smoking in a dose-related way. In the second experiment comparable doses of nicotine were given intravenously to the same subjects, but they failed to affect ongoing smoking. However, both the inhaled and intravenous doses of the drug produced very similar physiologic effects. These experiments do not, therefore, support the nicotine-dependence hypothesis; thus the ways, if any, in which this drug sustains the tobacco-smoking habit merit further examination.", "contents": "Is nicotine important to tobacco smoking? Tobacco smoking is generally regarded as a form of nicotine dependence, but the evidence for this is slender. Two experiments are described here which examine the hypothesis that habitual smokers need nicotine and that they regulate their intakes of this drug. A laboratory test for smoking was devised which permitted the continuous monitoring of puffing as well as of selected physiologic variables; the procedure was also designed to reduce the influence of smoking habits and rituals. In the first experiment, inhaled amounts of tobacco smoke reduced subsequent ad libitum smoking in a dose-related way. In the second experiment comparable doses of nicotine were given intravenously to the same subjects, but they failed to affect ongoing smoking. However, both the inhaled and intravenous doses of the drug produced very similar physiologic effects. These experiments do not, therefore, support the nicotine-dependence hypothesis; thus the ways, if any, in which this drug sustains the tobacco-smoking habit merit further examination."}
{"id": "PMID:871327", "title": "[Pulmonary edema of high altitude in childhood. Study of 7 cases].", "content": "The study comprised seven children between 6-12 years admitted to Hospital Infantil \"Lorencita Villegas de Santos\" with progressive respiratory distress attended with cyanosis consistent with pulmonary edema. In all patients there was a previous history of a sudden change in altitude from sea level to 2,600 m. Changes consistent with pulmonary edema were made evident at the X-rays studies. The electrocardiogram showed right ventricular overload. No significant changes were found at the blood picture. All patients were treated with oxygen and rest; relief was attained within 72 hours.", "contents": "[Pulmonary edema of high altitude in childhood. Study of 7 cases]. The study comprised seven children between 6-12 years admitted to Hospital Infantil \"Lorencita Villegas de Santos\" with progressive respiratory distress attended with cyanosis consistent with pulmonary edema. In all patients there was a previous history of a sudden change in altitude from sea level to 2,600 m. Changes consistent with pulmonary edema were made evident at the X-rays studies. The electrocardiogram showed right ventricular overload. No significant changes were found at the blood picture. All patients were treated with oxygen and rest; relief was attained within 72 hours."}
{"id": "PMID:871328", "title": "[Metabolic balance technic as applied to the study of the protracted diarrheal syndrome in infants].", "content": "Balance technique applied to the study of infants with protracted diarrhea is discussed. Normal balance pattern in a group of healthy infants in presented and compared to data obtained in patients admitted with dehydration and diarrhea. Three cases considered to be representative examples are presented in detail.", "contents": "[Metabolic balance technic as applied to the study of the protracted diarrheal syndrome in infants]. Balance technique applied to the study of infants with protracted diarrhea is discussed. Normal balance pattern in a group of healthy infants in presented and compared to data obtained in patients admitted with dehydration and diarrhea. Three cases considered to be representative examples are presented in detail."}
{"id": "PMID:871329", "title": "[Effects of early and severe malnutrition on the growth of the skull].", "content": "A study of the effects of malnutrition on the growth of the skull showed there is a correlation between intensity, duration and magnitude of malnutrition and growth of the skull. Clinical considerations are made on recovery from malnutrition which leads to a parallel recovery in growth of the skull.", "contents": "[Effects of early and severe malnutrition on the growth of the skull]. A study of the effects of malnutrition on the growth of the skull showed there is a correlation between intensity, duration and magnitude of malnutrition and growth of the skull. Clinical considerations are made on recovery from malnutrition which leads to a parallel recovery in growth of the skull."}
{"id": "PMID:871330", "title": "[Intestinal pneumatosis].", "content": "Fourteen cases of intestinal pneumotosis were found in a review of 1 477 plain abdomen X-ray films taken because of different conditions. These 14 cases were associated in most instances with septicemia, gastroenteritis and paralytic ileus. The mortality was high. The treatment should be directed to the management of the primary condition: intestinal pneumatosis, septicemia, gastroenteritis, paralytic ileus.", "contents": "[Intestinal pneumatosis]. Fourteen cases of intestinal pneumotosis were found in a review of 1 477 plain abdomen X-ray films taken because of different conditions. These 14 cases were associated in most instances with septicemia, gastroenteritis and paralytic ileus. The mortality was high. The treatment should be directed to the management of the primary condition: intestinal pneumatosis, septicemia, gastroenteritis, paralytic ileus."}
{"id": "PMID:871331", "title": "[Lesch-Nyhan syndrome. Report of a case].", "content": "A case is reported with a syndrome characterized by mental retardation, choreoathetosis, high levels of uric acid and aggressive, selfmutilation behavior, diagnosed as Lesch-Nyhan's syndrome. The most important features are, its appearance confined only to males, the absence of abnormalities along the prenatal and newborn periods, as well as the progressive impairment in the clinical course of the patient. The presence of high blood levels of uric acid which was controlled with the administration of allopurinol, the anemia, treated with ferrous sulfate and the complete absence of the AGPRT enzyme, were the laboratory findings. The clinical, pathophysiological and biochemical aspects of the treatment were also reviewed, as well as the experiences and findings reported in other series. The authors stress the very low frequency of these cases, the importance of making the diagnosis and the exceptional and eccentricity of the features which are part of the syndrome, such as the bites.", "contents": "[Lesch-Nyhan syndrome. Report of a case]. A case is reported with a syndrome characterized by mental retardation, choreoathetosis, high levels of uric acid and aggressive, selfmutilation behavior, diagnosed as Lesch-Nyhan's syndrome. The most important features are, its appearance confined only to males, the absence of abnormalities along the prenatal and newborn periods, as well as the progressive impairment in the clinical course of the patient. The presence of high blood levels of uric acid which was controlled with the administration of allopurinol, the anemia, treated with ferrous sulfate and the complete absence of the AGPRT enzyme, were the laboratory findings. The clinical, pathophysiological and biochemical aspects of the treatment were also reviewed, as well as the experiences and findings reported in other series. The authors stress the very low frequency of these cases, the importance of making the diagnosis and the exceptional and eccentricity of the features which are part of the syndrome, such as the bites."}
{"id": "PMID:871341", "title": "Survey on controls for the presence of HBsAg in products based on hemoderivatives.", "content": "In Italy, Health Ministry provisions prohibit the marketing of products based on hemoderivatives unless they have first been controlled for the presence of HBsAg by means of radioimmunoassay. The present survey considers certificates submitted by Pharmaceutical Companies to the Health Department for permission to market their hemoderivative-based products. The results of the survey are discussed, and compared with the data obtained by the AA. in official control analyses, so as to arrive at some conclusion as to the applicability of currently employed RIA methods to HBsAg detection in hemoderivatives.", "contents": "Survey on controls for the presence of HBsAg in products based on hemoderivatives. In Italy, Health Ministry provisions prohibit the marketing of products based on hemoderivatives unless they have first been controlled for the presence of HBsAg by means of radioimmunoassay. The present survey considers certificates submitted by Pharmaceutical Companies to the Health Department for permission to market their hemoderivative-based products. The results of the survey are discussed, and compared with the data obtained by the AA. in official control analyses, so as to arrive at some conclusion as to the applicability of currently employed RIA methods to HBsAg detection in hemoderivatives."}
{"id": "PMID:871342", "title": "Study of methods for the detection of HBsAg and HBsAb in hemoderivatives.", "content": "For application to the control of hemoderivatives of the methods adopted for the detection of HBsAg and HBsAb in sera or plasma, using radioimmunological kits, it is necessary for the methods to have greater sensitivity and reliability, which can be achieved by employing complementary tests or by modifying certain phases of the normal methods. Particularly in the case of hemoderivatives with a high infectivity risk, application of the normal procedures entails problems of a kind such as to rule out the test altogether or to adversely affect its reliability. The preliminary data obtained with modifications of the methods according to the Abbott AUSRIA II and AUSAB RIA kits are here reported; these data seem to indicate that the reliability of the tests is improved.", "contents": "Study of methods for the detection of HBsAg and HBsAb in hemoderivatives. For application to the control of hemoderivatives of the methods adopted for the detection of HBsAg and HBsAb in sera or plasma, using radioimmunological kits, it is necessary for the methods to have greater sensitivity and reliability, which can be achieved by employing complementary tests or by modifying certain phases of the normal methods. Particularly in the case of hemoderivatives with a high infectivity risk, application of the normal procedures entails problems of a kind such as to rule out the test altogether or to adversely affect its reliability. The preliminary data obtained with modifications of the methods according to the Abbott AUSRIA II and AUSAB RIA kits are here reported; these data seem to indicate that the reliability of the tests is improved."}
{"id": "PMID:871336", "title": "[Influence of celiac disease on the status of nutrition].", "content": "Manu symptoms and signs of deficiencies are present in this disease, but a deficient absorption is apparently responsible for malnutrition which is so evident. The pathophysiologic mechanisms that lead to this deficient absorption are anatomical disturbances, enzymatic deficiencies, exudation of proteins, exfoliation of epithelial cells and anorexia. Gluten-free diets are used in the treatment.", "contents": "[Influence of celiac disease on the status of nutrition]. Manu symptoms and signs of deficiencies are present in this disease, but a deficient absorption is apparently responsible for malnutrition which is so evident. The pathophysiologic mechanisms that lead to this deficient absorption are anatomical disturbances, enzymatic deficiencies, exudation of proteins, exfoliation of epithelial cells and anorexia. Gluten-free diets are used in the treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:871337", "title": "[Rhabdomyoma of the heart].", "content": "Rhabdomyoma is the most typical tumor of the heart found almost exclusively in children. The author describes a case which at autopsy disclosed typical nodes in the myocardium.", "contents": "[Rhabdomyoma of the heart]. Rhabdomyoma is the most typical tumor of the heart found almost exclusively in children. The author describes a case which at autopsy disclosed typical nodes in the myocardium."}
{"id": "PMID:871338", "title": "[Acute respiratory insufficiency].", "content": "Overall respiratory insufficiency is considered to be present when pO2 is less than 60 mm. Hg. and pCO2 is over 49 mm. Hg. If pO2 is low with normal pCO2, partial respiratory insufficiency will be present (hypoxemia without hypercapnia) which is the most frequent situation in children. Several fundamental facts on respiratory pathophysiology are made clear in order to understand the therapeutic procedures that are applied in respiratory insufficiency. Following this, the author describes some pathologic respiratory situations and their therapeutic management.", "contents": "[Acute respiratory insufficiency]. Overall respiratory insufficiency is considered to be present when pO2 is less than 60 mm. Hg. and pCO2 is over 49 mm. Hg. If pO2 is low with normal pCO2, partial respiratory insufficiency will be present (hypoxemia without hypercapnia) which is the most frequent situation in children. Several fundamental facts on respiratory pathophysiology are made clear in order to understand the therapeutic procedures that are applied in respiratory insufficiency. Following this, the author describes some pathologic respiratory situations and their therapeutic management."}
{"id": "PMID:871334", "title": "[Electrocardiographic disorders during sanguinotransfusion].", "content": "Electrocardiographic findings are analyzed out of a total of 80 exanguinotransfusion done in 70 newborns complaining of hyperbilirubinemia due to isoimmunization to Rh factor, to blood group, to subgroup and to liver enzymatic immaturity. Twenty-six of these babies showed subnormal weights. The technique used was especially that of closed circuit with two vessels and continuous droping. Seventeen patients with concomitant respiratory insuficiency were exanguinated. Electrocardiographic disorders were found in 70% with predominance of hypocalcemia --19 cases--and tachycardia in 9 cases. There were no cases of true hyperkalemia, even in the group of patients who were given blood of over three days of extraction. There were 5 cases of hypokalemia; another 5 with overload in right cavities as possible response to hypervolemia. Disorders of rhythm, bradycardia, ischemia lesions and A-V blockage were present as features of poor prognosis in the only two patients who died in one of whom hyperkalemia and in the other one, hypokalemia were identified. Stress is placed on the greater number of disorders present in the group of infants with subnormal weights, as in those affected with added respiratory insufficiencies or with severe hemolytic diseases.", "contents": "[Electrocardiographic disorders during sanguinotransfusion]. Electrocardiographic findings are analyzed out of a total of 80 exanguinotransfusion done in 70 newborns complaining of hyperbilirubinemia due to isoimmunization to Rh factor, to blood group, to subgroup and to liver enzymatic immaturity. Twenty-six of these babies showed subnormal weights. The technique used was especially that of closed circuit with two vessels and continuous droping. Seventeen patients with concomitant respiratory insuficiency were exanguinated. Electrocardiographic disorders were found in 70% with predominance of hypocalcemia --19 cases--and tachycardia in 9 cases. There were no cases of true hyperkalemia, even in the group of patients who were given blood of over three days of extraction. There were 5 cases of hypokalemia; another 5 with overload in right cavities as possible response to hypervolemia. Disorders of rhythm, bradycardia, ischemia lesions and A-V blockage were present as features of poor prognosis in the only two patients who died in one of whom hyperkalemia and in the other one, hypokalemia were identified. Stress is placed on the greater number of disorders present in the group of infants with subnormal weights, as in those affected with added respiratory insufficiencies or with severe hemolytic diseases."}
{"id": "PMID:871339", "title": "[Cranioencephalic trauma].", "content": "It is an emergency which, in case of consciousness involvement, must be considered a severe condition; therefore, intensive control of the patient must be initiated at once, including a state of consciousness, respiration, temperature, pulse, signs of tissular perfsion, arterial blood pressure and in case of shock, central venous pressure hydroelectrolytic balance. At the general and neurological examination, nistagmus, ecchymoses of the eye bulbs, mydraisis and hemorrhages in the fundus of the eye must be investigated. Likewise, lesions or depressions of the skull, cefalhematoma; to achieve this, X-ray studies of skull are necessary. Detection of hemorrhages or spinal fluid through ears, nose or mouth. It is necessary to be on watch for endocranial hypertensive signs. Encephalograms and electroencephalograms if complications from hematoma or severe cerebral contusion are suspected. The prognosis depends on the deepness and duration of unconsciousness, on the range of the neurologic disturbance, and of added complications. Treatment including surgery, must be carried out adequately.", "contents": "[Cranioencephalic trauma]. It is an emergency which, in case of consciousness involvement, must be considered a severe condition; therefore, intensive control of the patient must be initiated at once, including a state of consciousness, respiration, temperature, pulse, signs of tissular perfsion, arterial blood pressure and in case of shock, central venous pressure hydroelectrolytic balance. At the general and neurological examination, nistagmus, ecchymoses of the eye bulbs, mydraisis and hemorrhages in the fundus of the eye must be investigated. Likewise, lesions or depressions of the skull, cefalhematoma; to achieve this, X-ray studies of skull are necessary. Detection of hemorrhages or spinal fluid through ears, nose or mouth. It is necessary to be on watch for endocranial hypertensive signs. Encephalograms and electroencephalograms if complications from hematoma or severe cerebral contusion are suspected. The prognosis depends on the deepness and duration of unconsciousness, on the range of the neurologic disturbance, and of added complications. Treatment including surgery, must be carried out adequately."}
{"id": "PMID:871345", "title": "[Research on the rubella epidemic of 1973 in Turin. Virological data].", "content": "During the outbreak of rubella in Turin in 1973, 110 newborns, whose mother's pregnancy clash with the epidemic, were studied for the elimination of rubella virus. 708 samples were in total examined, through inoculation in primary cultures of African green monkey kidney (and study of the possible interference with ECHO-virus type 11), and partially in RK 13 and SIRC continuous cell lines. No strain of rubella virus was isolated, and the Authors conclude that the virus involved was particularly benign from a teratogenetic point of view.", "contents": "[Research on the rubella epidemic of 1973 in Turin. Virological data]. During the outbreak of rubella in Turin in 1973, 110 newborns, whose mother's pregnancy clash with the epidemic, were studied for the elimination of rubella virus. 708 samples were in total examined, through inoculation in primary cultures of African green monkey kidney (and study of the possible interference with ECHO-virus type 11), and partially in RK 13 and SIRC continuous cell lines. No strain of rubella virus was isolated, and the Authors conclude that the virus involved was particularly benign from a teratogenetic point of view."}
{"id": "PMID:871335", "title": "[Massive pulmonary hemorrhage in surgical pathology of the newborn infant].", "content": "Massive pulmonary hemorrhage is a complication which frequently leads to death in newborns with conditions susceptible to surgical treatment. Out of 112 postmortem studies, focal hemorrhage was found in 38 (33.9%) and massive in 34 cases (30.3%). In this series, congenital anomalies were found in digestive tract in 70.5% of the patients. Prematurity andlow weight were not important factors as was hypoxia, which was evident in 70.5% of the cases. Manifestations of respiratory insufficiency, shock, rales in lung fields, bleeding in other places different from the lung, blood leaking through upper respiratory ducts, are all clinical features of diagnostic aid. Disturbances in coagulation tests were detected, the same as drop in figures of hemoglobin, acidosis, hypoxia and hypercapnia. Gram-negative germs, with a predominance of Klebsiella, were isolated in 33 cultures. The radiographic finding with reticulogranular image was unfrequent. Among other precipitating factors of pulmonary hemorrhage, identification was made of the surgical disease by itself, surgical and anesthetic procedures, of ventilatory assistance and therapy with oxygen at high concentration for long periods of time.", "contents": "[Massive pulmonary hemorrhage in surgical pathology of the newborn infant]. Massive pulmonary hemorrhage is a complication which frequently leads to death in newborns with conditions susceptible to surgical treatment. Out of 112 postmortem studies, focal hemorrhage was found in 38 (33.9%) and massive in 34 cases (30.3%). In this series, congenital anomalies were found in digestive tract in 70.5% of the patients. Prematurity andlow weight were not important factors as was hypoxia, which was evident in 70.5% of the cases. Manifestations of respiratory insufficiency, shock, rales in lung fields, bleeding in other places different from the lung, blood leaking through upper respiratory ducts, are all clinical features of diagnostic aid. Disturbances in coagulation tests were detected, the same as drop in figures of hemoglobin, acidosis, hypoxia and hypercapnia. Gram-negative germs, with a predominance of Klebsiella, were isolated in 33 cultures. The radiographic finding with reticulogranular image was unfrequent. Among other precipitating factors of pulmonary hemorrhage, identification was made of the surgical disease by itself, surgical and anesthetic procedures, of ventilatory assistance and therapy with oxygen at high concentration for long periods of time."}
{"id": "PMID:871349", "title": "Antagonism of morphine with naloxone in dogs: cardiovascular effects with special reference to the coronary circulation.", "content": "The cardiovascular effects of naloxone 15 microgram/kg following morphine 2.0 mg/kg were studied in closed-chest dogs during light nitrous oxide-halothane anaesthesia. The bolus injection of naloxone caused an increase in heart rate (73%), cardiac output (20%) and mean arterial pressure (20%). Total peripheral resistance was unaffected. LV dP/dt max and LV dP/dt max/IP increased by 25% and 14% respectively, but positive inotropic effects could not be shown when load data, heart rate and the decrease in left ventricular ejection fraction (22%) were taken into consideration. The cardiovascular stimulation resulted in an increase in myocardial oxygen demand (66%) which was met by an increase in coronary blood flow (59%). The data suggest that the antagonism of narcotics with high doses of naloxone may impair the myocardial oxygen supply in patients suffering from coronary insufficiency. It is concluded that naloxone should be titrated for each patient to ensure adequate reversal of respiratory depression and to avoid circulatory stress.", "contents": "Antagonism of morphine with naloxone in dogs: cardiovascular effects with special reference to the coronary circulation. The cardiovascular effects of naloxone 15 microgram/kg following morphine 2.0 mg/kg were studied in closed-chest dogs during light nitrous oxide-halothane anaesthesia. The bolus injection of naloxone caused an increase in heart rate (73%), cardiac output (20%) and mean arterial pressure (20%). Total peripheral resistance was unaffected. LV dP/dt max and LV dP/dt max/IP increased by 25% and 14% respectively, but positive inotropic effects could not be shown when load data, heart rate and the decrease in left ventricular ejection fraction (22%) were taken into consideration. The cardiovascular stimulation resulted in an increase in myocardial oxygen demand (66%) which was met by an increase in coronary blood flow (59%). The data suggest that the antagonism of narcotics with high doses of naloxone may impair the myocardial oxygen supply in patients suffering from coronary insufficiency. It is concluded that naloxone should be titrated for each patient to ensure adequate reversal of respiratory depression and to avoid circulatory stress."}
{"id": "PMID:871350", "title": "Baroreceptor control of regional haemodynamics during halothane anaesthesia in the dog.", "content": "Regional haemodynamic control by the cardiovascular baroreceptors was examined in dogs anaesthetized with 1 + MAC halothane in oxygen (1%). The open-loop relationships between carotid sinus pressure (CSP) and regional haemodynamics in the iliac, renal, mesenteric, aortic and coeliac beds were examined before vagotomy, following vagotomy and following thoracotomy. Around the carotid sinus reflex set point, the ratio of the reflex decrease in systemic arterial pressure to an increase in CSP (reflex gain) was -0.744+/-0.089 (mean+/-SEM): the latter increased to -1.275+/-0.093 following vagotomy. Reflex resistance changes were greatest in the renal bed and least in the coeliac bed, reflecting blood flow homeostasis which was well preserved in the renal bed but minimal in the coeliac bed. Thoracotomy in the dogs in which vagotomy had been performed resulted in no significant changes in the dependent variables studied. It is concluded that, in these dogs anaesthetized with 1 + MAC of halothane, baroreceptor control of regional pressure flow relationships is well preserved.", "contents": "Baroreceptor control of regional haemodynamics during halothane anaesthesia in the dog. Regional haemodynamic control by the cardiovascular baroreceptors was examined in dogs anaesthetized with 1 + MAC halothane in oxygen (1%). The open-loop relationships between carotid sinus pressure (CSP) and regional haemodynamics in the iliac, renal, mesenteric, aortic and coeliac beds were examined before vagotomy, following vagotomy and following thoracotomy. Around the carotid sinus reflex set point, the ratio of the reflex decrease in systemic arterial pressure to an increase in CSP (reflex gain) was -0.744+/-0.089 (mean+/-SEM): the latter increased to -1.275+/-0.093 following vagotomy. Reflex resistance changes were greatest in the renal bed and least in the coeliac bed, reflecting blood flow homeostasis which was well preserved in the renal bed but minimal in the coeliac bed. Thoracotomy in the dogs in which vagotomy had been performed resulted in no significant changes in the dependent variables studied. It is concluded that, in these dogs anaesthetized with 1 + MAC of halothane, baroreceptor control of regional pressure flow relationships is well preserved."}
{"id": "PMID:871351", "title": "A technique for the laboratory evaluation of the speed of onset of I.V. anaesthesia.", "content": "A method is described for the evaluation of the speed of onset of i.v. anaesthesia in mice. The technique involves (a) determination of the median hypnotic dose (HD50) by plotting the probit value of the percentage of mice sleeping, against dose on a logarithmic scale, (b) plotting mean induction time over a range of doses against the logarithm of the dose and (c) comparison of induction times at 1.25 HD50. All doses were given over 1 s or 10 s. A 1-s injection was thought to be of most value in the evaluation of structure activity effects whereas the 10-s injection produced results similar to those which have been reported in man. With this technique, and using 1-s injection times, induction times were found to be similar with thiopentone and Althesin. Those following methohexitone, etomidate and propanidid were marginally longer whereas ketamine and pentobarbitone were obviously slower in onset.", "contents": "A technique for the laboratory evaluation of the speed of onset of I.V. anaesthesia. A method is described for the evaluation of the speed of onset of i.v. anaesthesia in mice. The technique involves (a) determination of the median hypnotic dose (HD50) by plotting the probit value of the percentage of mice sleeping, against dose on a logarithmic scale, (b) plotting mean induction time over a range of doses against the logarithm of the dose and (c) comparison of induction times at 1.25 HD50. All doses were given over 1 s or 10 s. A 1-s injection was thought to be of most value in the evaluation of structure activity effects whereas the 10-s injection produced results similar to those which have been reported in man. With this technique, and using 1-s injection times, induction times were found to be similar with thiopentone and Althesin. Those following methohexitone, etomidate and propanidid were marginally longer whereas ketamine and pentobarbitone were obviously slower in onset."}
{"id": "PMID:871352", "title": "Investigations of some aspects of atmospheric pollution by anaesthetic gases. I: Diffusion of halothane across plastic and rubber tubes.", "content": "Plastic and rubber tubing, of the types used frequently to convey anaesthetic gases to and from the patient, or anaesthetic waste gases out of the operating theatre, were assessed for their capacity to allow diffusion of halothane through the tube wall. The magnitude of this effect has been calculated in relation to pollution of the operating theatre atmosphere under different circumstances.", "contents": "Investigations of some aspects of atmospheric pollution by anaesthetic gases. I: Diffusion of halothane across plastic and rubber tubes. Plastic and rubber tubing, of the types used frequently to convey anaesthetic gases to and from the patient, or anaesthetic waste gases out of the operating theatre, were assessed for their capacity to allow diffusion of halothane through the tube wall. The magnitude of this effect has been calculated in relation to pollution of the operating theatre atmosphere under different circumstances."}
{"id": "PMID:871353", "title": "Investigations of some aspects of atmospheric pollution by anaesthetic gases. II: Aspects of adsorption and emission of halothane by different charcoals.", "content": "Four different charcoals have been assessed by exposure to halothane in air until 10, 100 and 500 p.p.m. (v/v) effluent was detectable. The pattern of halothane adsorption, its practical implications and the behaviour of different adsorbers has been demonstrated. The effluent concentration from a charcoal canister should be not more than 10 p.p.m. during the adsorption of 1.5% halothane from a gas flow of 5 litre/min. When 100 p.p.m. is detectable the charcoal should be considered exhausted.", "contents": "Investigations of some aspects of atmospheric pollution by anaesthetic gases. II: Aspects of adsorption and emission of halothane by different charcoals. Four different charcoals have been assessed by exposure to halothane in air until 10, 100 and 500 p.p.m. (v/v) effluent was detectable. The pattern of halothane adsorption, its practical implications and the behaviour of different adsorbers has been demonstrated. The effluent concentration from a charcoal canister should be not more than 10 p.p.m. during the adsorption of 1.5% halothane from a gas flow of 5 litre/min. When 100 p.p.m. is detectable the charcoal should be considered exhausted."}
{"id": "PMID:871354", "title": "Closed circuit anaesthesia. A new approach.", "content": "A logical development of the closed circuit is described, from a basic resuscitation device, through various modifications, to a circle system incorporating an oxygen demand valve, adsorbers for both carbon dioxide and halothane, and some specific safety features. The behaviour of the circuits has been investigated in relation to elimination of nitrogen, concentrations of halothane and circuit leaks.", "contents": "Closed circuit anaesthesia. A new approach. A logical development of the closed circuit is described, from a basic resuscitation device, through various modifications, to a circle system incorporating an oxygen demand valve, adsorbers for both carbon dioxide and halothane, and some specific safety features. The behaviour of the circuits has been investigated in relation to elimination of nitrogen, concentrations of halothane and circuit leaks."}
{"id": "PMID:871355", "title": "A passive method of disposal of expired anaesthetic gases.", "content": "A passive method for the disposal of waste anaesthetic gases is described. The resistance characteristics of the collector valve, the balancing device and the disposal system were studied. It was found that the resistances offered by the conduction channels and the terminal exhaust valve were extremely low. The collector valves were found to be responsible for most of the expiratory resistance. Swabs taken from various components of the system showed that these were contaminated mainly with commensals and non-pathogenic organisms.", "contents": "A passive method of disposal of expired anaesthetic gases. A passive method for the disposal of waste anaesthetic gases is described. The resistance characteristics of the collector valve, the balancing device and the disposal system were studied. It was found that the resistances offered by the conduction channels and the terminal exhaust valve were extremely low. The collector valves were found to be responsible for most of the expiratory resistance. Swabs taken from various components of the system showed that these were contaminated mainly with commensals and non-pathogenic organisms."}
{"id": "PMID:871356", "title": "The measurement of anxiety in the pre-surgical patient.", "content": "Sixty-nine female patients were assessed for anxiety before receiving premedication. Thirty-three were given lorazepam and 36 were given papaveretum. Re-evaluation 90 min after premedication indicated that lorazepam reduced significantly the level of anxiety, but that papaveretum did not. Anxiety was assessed by means of a five-point nurse-rating scale and the Multiple-Affect Adjective Check List self-rating form. This self-rating anxiety scale was sensitive and proved suitable for recumbent patients in hospital. The test scores compared favourably with previously published values.", "contents": "The measurement of anxiety in the pre-surgical patient. Sixty-nine female patients were assessed for anxiety before receiving premedication. Thirty-three were given lorazepam and 36 were given papaveretum. Re-evaluation 90 min after premedication indicated that lorazepam reduced significantly the level of anxiety, but that papaveretum did not. Anxiety was assessed by means of a five-point nurse-rating scale and the Multiple-Affect Adjective Check List self-rating form. This self-rating anxiety scale was sensitive and proved suitable for recumbent patients in hospital. The test scores compared favourably with previously published values."}
{"id": "PMID:871357", "title": "Metabolism of 14C-labelled alphaxalone in man.", "content": "The metabolism of 14C-labelled alphaxalone, dispensed as Althesin, was studied in normal patients, patients with obstructive jaundice and patients with chronic renal disease and anuria. The radioactive label was removed rapidly from the plasma following i.v. administration. The major portion of the label was excreted in the urine. In patients with normal renal function 14C-labelled alphaxalone is probably taken up by the liver, metabolized to a more polar compound and excreted in the urine; a small amount is excreted in the bile. In the patient with anuria, hepatic uptake appears to be relatively normal and the length of action of Althesin is not prolonged. It is assumed that in such patients the eventual route of excretion is via the bile and faeces.", "contents": "Metabolism of 14C-labelled alphaxalone in man. The metabolism of 14C-labelled alphaxalone, dispensed as Althesin, was studied in normal patients, patients with obstructive jaundice and patients with chronic renal disease and anuria. The radioactive label was removed rapidly from the plasma following i.v. administration. The major portion of the label was excreted in the urine. In patients with normal renal function 14C-labelled alphaxalone is probably taken up by the liver, metabolized to a more polar compound and excreted in the urine; a small amount is excreted in the bile. In the patient with anuria, hepatic uptake appears to be relatively normal and the length of action of Althesin is not prolonged. It is assumed that in such patients the eventual route of excretion is via the bile and faeces."}
{"id": "PMID:871358", "title": "Intubation of the trachea in the conscious patient.", "content": "Intubation of the trachea with the patient awake is sound practice, affording protection against inhalation of gastric contents and against cardiovascular collapse. The writer reviews various methods of awake intubation and describes his own, illustrating it with a discussion of 12 seriously ill patients.", "contents": "Intubation of the trachea in the conscious patient. Intubation of the trachea with the patient awake is sound practice, affording protection against inhalation of gastric contents and against cardiovascular collapse. The writer reviews various methods of awake intubation and describes his own, illustrating it with a discussion of 12 seriously ill patients."}
{"id": "PMID:871359", "title": "Infantile lobar emphysema. A case report.", "content": "A case of infantile lobar emphysema is presented. The period of weaning the infant from the ventilator is discussed, together with some suggestions for the future management of similar cases. Respiratory therapists were used to keep constant surveillance on ventilator function and inspired oxygen concentration. The use of dummies or pacifiers by infants may be detrimental in some instances. Excess humidification may increase airway resistance.", "contents": "Infantile lobar emphysema. A case report. A case of infantile lobar emphysema is presented. The period of weaning the infant from the ventilator is discussed, together with some suggestions for the future management of similar cases. Respiratory therapists were used to keep constant surveillance on ventilator function and inspired oxygen concentration. The use of dummies or pacifiers by infants may be detrimental in some instances. Excess humidification may increase airway resistance."}
{"id": "PMID:871365", "title": "Fractionation of mouse skin carcinogens in cagarette smoke condensate.", "content": "The results of a series of mouse-skin paintings are given for fractions prepared by two schemes designed to concentrate the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) and their heterocyclic analogues (HETC) present in cigarette smoke condensate into single fractions. It is demonstrated that, for each group, a single index of tumour response, the \"Weibull risk parameter\" (WRP), can be calculated which, considered in conjunction with two other parameters common to all the groups, adequately describes the pattern of tumour incidence in that group. These indices can be used to calculate for each fraction a further statistic, the \"tumorigenic ratio\" (TR), which conveniently measures the activity of the fraction relative to whole-smoke condensate on a weight-for-weight basis. From the analyses it is shown that the separation processes can successfully concentrate all types of mouse-skin carcinogenic material, irrespective of the type of condensate used, and that a combination of processes prepares an active concentrate representing 2% by weight of the original condensate.", "contents": "Fractionation of mouse skin carcinogens in cagarette smoke condensate. The results of a series of mouse-skin paintings are given for fractions prepared by two schemes designed to concentrate the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) and their heterocyclic analogues (HETC) present in cigarette smoke condensate into single fractions. It is demonstrated that, for each group, a single index of tumour response, the \"Weibull risk parameter\" (WRP), can be calculated which, considered in conjunction with two other parameters common to all the groups, adequately describes the pattern of tumour incidence in that group. These indices can be used to calculate for each fraction a further statistic, the \"tumorigenic ratio\" (TR), which conveniently measures the activity of the fraction relative to whole-smoke condensate on a weight-for-weight basis. From the analyses it is shown that the separation processes can successfully concentrate all types of mouse-skin carcinogenic material, irrespective of the type of condensate used, and that a combination of processes prepares an active concentrate representing 2% by weight of the original condensate."}
{"id": "PMID:871366", "title": "Increased resistance in splenectomized mice to a methylcholanthrene-induced tumour.", "content": "Prior splenectomy increased the resistance of BALB/c mice to a syngeneic methylcholanthrene-induced ascitic tumour inoculated i.p. The survival rate of splenectomized mice was 81-6% while those of normal and sham-operated controls were 11-5% and 20% respectively. The effect of splenectomy, however, was seen only within the dose range of 10(3) to 10(4) tumour cells. This effect of splenectomy was abolished by the transfer to mice of serum from tumour-bearing mice, and of spleen cells from normal donors, immediately after the inoculation of tumour cells. Cell-free ascitis fluid did not abolish the effect of splenectomy. The findings suggest that there is a subpopulation of spleen cells which produces a tumour growth enhancing factor which is found in the serum of tumour-bearing mice.", "contents": "Increased resistance in splenectomized mice to a methylcholanthrene-induced tumour. Prior splenectomy increased the resistance of BALB/c mice to a syngeneic methylcholanthrene-induced ascitic tumour inoculated i.p. The survival rate of splenectomized mice was 81-6% while those of normal and sham-operated controls were 11-5% and 20% respectively. The effect of splenectomy, however, was seen only within the dose range of 10(3) to 10(4) tumour cells. This effect of splenectomy was abolished by the transfer to mice of serum from tumour-bearing mice, and of spleen cells from normal donors, immediately after the inoculation of tumour cells. Cell-free ascitis fluid did not abolish the effect of splenectomy. The findings suggest that there is a subpopulation of spleen cells which produces a tumour growth enhancing factor which is found in the serum of tumour-bearing mice."}
{"id": "PMID:871367", "title": "Hypoxic cell radiosensitizers and local control by X-ray of a transplanted tumour in mice.", "content": "Tumour experiments including local control after X-irradiation have been performed, using a new technique that eliminates the need for anaesthetics in restraining the animals. This system has been used to investigate the degree of sensitization that can be achieved with ICRF 159 and 4 strongly electron-affinic radiosensitizers, nifurpipone dihydrochloride, metronidazole, Ro-11-3696 and Ro-07-0582. No significant enhancement of the radiation effect was observed with ICRF 159. Significant sensitization was achieved by all 4 nitro-heterocyclic compoinds, Ro-07-0582 being the most effective, metronidazole and Ro-11-3696 the next, and nifurpipone dihydrochloride the least effective. For Ro-07-0582 and metronidazole, several concentrations were investigated, and the interval between injection with Ro-07-0582 and irradiation was varied: an interval of 30 min gave more sensitization than an interval of 90 min. The results from the local control experiments using Ro-07-0582 have been compared with those obtained from regrowth delay experiments. The radiosensitization obtained by the Ro-07-0582 increased with the X-ray dose above 25 gray. Both metronidazole and Ro-07-0582 gave significant enhancement effect at serum concentrations which can be achieved in man.", "contents": "Hypoxic cell radiosensitizers and local control by X-ray of a transplanted tumour in mice. Tumour experiments including local control after X-irradiation have been performed, using a new technique that eliminates the need for anaesthetics in restraining the animals. This system has been used to investigate the degree of sensitization that can be achieved with ICRF 159 and 4 strongly electron-affinic radiosensitizers, nifurpipone dihydrochloride, metronidazole, Ro-11-3696 and Ro-07-0582. No significant enhancement of the radiation effect was observed with ICRF 159. Significant sensitization was achieved by all 4 nitro-heterocyclic compoinds, Ro-07-0582 being the most effective, metronidazole and Ro-11-3696 the next, and nifurpipone dihydrochloride the least effective. For Ro-07-0582 and metronidazole, several concentrations were investigated, and the interval between injection with Ro-07-0582 and irradiation was varied: an interval of 30 min gave more sensitization than an interval of 90 min. The results from the local control experiments using Ro-07-0582 have been compared with those obtained from regrowth delay experiments. The radiosensitization obtained by the Ro-07-0582 increased with the X-ray dose above 25 gray. Both metronidazole and Ro-07-0582 gave significant enhancement effect at serum concentrations which can be achieved in man."}
{"id": "PMID:871368", "title": "Cytotoxicity of Ro-07-0582; enhancement by hyperthermia and protection by cysteamine.", "content": "The selective cytotoxicity which Ro-07-0582 exhibits towards hypoxic cells is strongly temperature-dependent. This cytotoxicity is reduced by the radical scavenger cysteamine, suggesting that nitro radicals or nitroso intermediates are involved in cell killing by the drug. Chromosome aberrations are not induced by Ro-07-0582 even when the surviving fraction is reduced to 0-01.", "contents": "Cytotoxicity of Ro-07-0582; enhancement by hyperthermia and protection by cysteamine. The selective cytotoxicity which Ro-07-0582 exhibits towards hypoxic cells is strongly temperature-dependent. This cytotoxicity is reduced by the radical scavenger cysteamine, suggesting that nitro radicals or nitroso intermediates are involved in cell killing by the drug. Chromosome aberrations are not induced by Ro-07-0582 even when the surviving fraction is reduced to 0-01."}
{"id": "PMID:871369", "title": "Evidence for a common tumour-associated antigen in extracts of human bronchogenic carcinoma.", "content": "Xeno-antiserum specific for antigenic components of bronchogenic carcinoma was raised in rabbits, by passively immunizing them to normal human lung antigens at the same time as immunization with a tumour extract from a squamous-cell carcinoma. Antiserum so raised contained minimal quantities of anti-normal antibody which could be removed by a single absorption with glutaral-dehyde-insolubilized normal lung extract. When tested by quantitative complement fixation with a panel of tumour extracts from surgical specimens, it was found that the antiserum gave positive complement fixation with all squamous-cell carcinoma extracts tested, and with some of the extracts from bronchogenic carcinomas of differing pathological types. The antiserum was essentially negative for pooled extracts from normal lung, liver and spleen but gave a weak positive reaction with an extract of pooled foetal lung tissue.", "contents": "Evidence for a common tumour-associated antigen in extracts of human bronchogenic carcinoma. Xeno-antiserum specific for antigenic components of bronchogenic carcinoma was raised in rabbits, by passively immunizing them to normal human lung antigens at the same time as immunization with a tumour extract from a squamous-cell carcinoma. Antiserum so raised contained minimal quantities of anti-normal antibody which could be removed by a single absorption with glutaral-dehyde-insolubilized normal lung extract. When tested by quantitative complement fixation with a panel of tumour extracts from surgical specimens, it was found that the antiserum gave positive complement fixation with all squamous-cell carcinoma extracts tested, and with some of the extracts from bronchogenic carcinomas of differing pathological types. The antiserum was essentially negative for pooled extracts from normal lung, liver and spleen but gave a weak positive reaction with an extract of pooled foetal lung tissue."}
{"id": "PMID:871370", "title": "Partial purification of human colonic carcinoma cells by sedimentation.", "content": "We have purified epithelial cells from human colonic tumours by velocity sedimentation in an isokinetic density gradient of Ficoll in tissue culture medium. In frozen sections of colonic carcinoma, histochemically demonstrable N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase (HDAG) was observed primarily in epithelial cells. We used this enzyme as a histochemical marker of epithelial cells. Initial suspensions of cells from colonic tumours suspended with 0-25% trypsin contained an average of 24% of the nucleated cells with HDAG. In the purest fraction obtained from gradient centrifugations, an average of 74% of the nucleated cells contained HDAG. After centrifugation, the quarter of the density gradient which contained the most rapidly sedimenting cells was purified 2-4-fold over that in the initial suspension. Cells in this zone of the gradient also gave rise to colonies in soft agar. Cells from initial suspension resulted in 15-25% as many colonies of 7 or more cells in cultures inoculated with the same number of nucleated cells. For the most part, cells obtained from the other zones of the gradient did not give rise to colonies in soft agar.", "contents": "Partial purification of human colonic carcinoma cells by sedimentation. We have purified epithelial cells from human colonic tumours by velocity sedimentation in an isokinetic density gradient of Ficoll in tissue culture medium. In frozen sections of colonic carcinoma, histochemically demonstrable N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase (HDAG) was observed primarily in epithelial cells. We used this enzyme as a histochemical marker of epithelial cells. Initial suspensions of cells from colonic tumours suspended with 0-25% trypsin contained an average of 24% of the nucleated cells with HDAG. In the purest fraction obtained from gradient centrifugations, an average of 74% of the nucleated cells contained HDAG. After centrifugation, the quarter of the density gradient which contained the most rapidly sedimenting cells was purified 2-4-fold over that in the initial suspension. Cells in this zone of the gradient also gave rise to colonies in soft agar. Cells from initial suspension resulted in 15-25% as many colonies of 7 or more cells in cultures inoculated with the same number of nucleated cells. For the most part, cells obtained from the other zones of the gradient did not give rise to colonies in soft agar."}
{"id": "PMID:871375", "title": "The solubility of 85Krypton in the regenerating liver of the rat.", "content": "The accuracy of liver blood flow measurement using the 85Krypton clearance technique depends on the use of an appropriate value for the solubility of 85Kr in liver relative to blood (the partition coefficient, lambda). This factor was studied in the regenerating liver remnant of the rat after a 67% partial hepatectomy, in order to find the influence of the ensuing postoperative fatty infiltration of the liver. There was found to be a rapid increase in lambda from 0-95 in the normal liver to 1-52 in the remnant 7-5 h after operation, followed by a more gradual return to normal levels by 35 h. The results indicate an early increase in the fat content of the liver after 67% hepatectomy and demonstrate that liver blood flow calculated from 85Kr clearance measurements in the early stages of regeneration must take into account the changes in lambda during that time.", "contents": "The solubility of 85Krypton in the regenerating liver of the rat. The accuracy of liver blood flow measurement using the 85Krypton clearance technique depends on the use of an appropriate value for the solubility of 85Kr in liver relative to blood (the partition coefficient, lambda). This factor was studied in the regenerating liver remnant of the rat after a 67% partial hepatectomy, in order to find the influence of the ensuing postoperative fatty infiltration of the liver. There was found to be a rapid increase in lambda from 0-95 in the normal liver to 1-52 in the remnant 7-5 h after operation, followed by a more gradual return to normal levels by 35 h. The results indicate an early increase in the fat content of the liver after 67% hepatectomy and demonstrate that liver blood flow calculated from 85Kr clearance measurements in the early stages of regeneration must take into account the changes in lambda during that time."}
{"id": "PMID:871376", "title": "The synergistic effect of aspirin and dipyridamole upon platelet thrombi in living blood vessels.", "content": "In rabbits previously injected i.v. with alloxan, serial observations of platelet thrombus formation in response to topical adenosine diphosphate (ADP) at sites of electrical injuries in pial arteries have been made. Using this model we have studied the effects of oral daily doses of dipyridamole (Persantin) and acetyl salicylic acid (ASA) upon platelet thrombus formation. Oral daily doses of 42 mg of ASA and 6 mg dipyridamole given separately in alloxan-treated rabbits are without effect. When given together orally, 42 mg and 6 mg respectively reduced the level of sensitivity to ADP for producing platelet thrombi to that established for the rabbits before the injection of alloxan. But withdrawal of these combined doses of dipyridamole and ASA caused the sensitivity of ADP for platelet thrombus formation to be raised to the much increased level present in rabbits soon after they are given i.v. alloxan. This apparent synergistic behaviour displayed by dipyridamole and ASA in these rabbits results in antithrombotic effects which are clearly absent when these two agents are given separately. It is of interest that the dose levels used here are equivalent, an a body weight ratio, to those being used in man in the current Persantin-Aspirin Reinfarction Study.", "contents": "The synergistic effect of aspirin and dipyridamole upon platelet thrombi in living blood vessels. In rabbits previously injected i.v. with alloxan, serial observations of platelet thrombus formation in response to topical adenosine diphosphate (ADP) at sites of electrical injuries in pial arteries have been made. Using this model we have studied the effects of oral daily doses of dipyridamole (Persantin) and acetyl salicylic acid (ASA) upon platelet thrombus formation. Oral daily doses of 42 mg of ASA and 6 mg dipyridamole given separately in alloxan-treated rabbits are without effect. When given together orally, 42 mg and 6 mg respectively reduced the level of sensitivity to ADP for producing platelet thrombi to that established for the rabbits before the injection of alloxan. But withdrawal of these combined doses of dipyridamole and ASA caused the sensitivity of ADP for platelet thrombus formation to be raised to the much increased level present in rabbits soon after they are given i.v. alloxan. This apparent synergistic behaviour displayed by dipyridamole and ASA in these rabbits results in antithrombotic effects which are clearly absent when these two agents are given separately. It is of interest that the dose levels used here are equivalent, an a body weight ratio, to those being used in man in the current Persantin-Aspirin Reinfarction Study."}
{"id": "PMID:871377", "title": "Influenza viruses and staphylococci in vitro: some interactions with polymorphonuclear leucocytes and epithelial cells.", "content": "Bacterial infection contributes substantially to the morbidity and mortality of human influenza. In vitro experiments were performed to test two hypotheses regarding a possible relationship between the virus and bacterial infection. Firstly, maintenance media from tissue and organ cultures infected with influenza virus were tested for the presence of staphylococcal growth-promoting factors; no evidence for these was found. Secondly, we looked for a virus effect on polymorphonuclear leucocyte function. We found that human leucocytes purified from venous blood and exposed to influenza virus responded normally to stimulation of hexose monophosphate shunt activity and chemiluminescence. However, their responses in tests of phagocytic function and of chemotaxis were inhibited. By various criteria this effect was specific to the virus and could be obtained even when only a few virus particles were present per leucocyte. We propose that this is a mechanism by which influenza virus could enhance susceptibility to bacterial infection in the lung.", "contents": "Influenza viruses and staphylococci in vitro: some interactions with polymorphonuclear leucocytes and epithelial cells. Bacterial infection contributes substantially to the morbidity and mortality of human influenza. In vitro experiments were performed to test two hypotheses regarding a possible relationship between the virus and bacterial infection. Firstly, maintenance media from tissue and organ cultures infected with influenza virus were tested for the presence of staphylococcal growth-promoting factors; no evidence for these was found. Secondly, we looked for a virus effect on polymorphonuclear leucocyte function. We found that human leucocytes purified from venous blood and exposed to influenza virus responded normally to stimulation of hexose monophosphate shunt activity and chemiluminescence. However, their responses in tests of phagocytic function and of chemotaxis were inhibited. By various criteria this effect was specific to the virus and could be obtained even when only a few virus particles were present per leucocyte. We propose that this is a mechanism by which influenza virus could enhance susceptibility to bacterial infection in the lung."}
{"id": "PMID:871378", "title": "Ultrastructure of failing myocardium due to induced chronic mitral insufficiency in dogs.", "content": "Left ventricular failure was produced in dogs by inducing mitral insufficiency and the cardiac muscle was examined for ultrastructural changes in thsese failing hearts after 5-10 months of mitral insufficiency. The left ventricular failure was established by haemodynamic measurements, chest X-ray and examination of the heart. In the failing heart, the increased number of mitochondria showed close approximation with the sarcolemmal membrane in the T-tubules as well as in the intercalated discs (ID); this is in contrast to what is seen in normal hearts, where T-tubules were mostly coupled with sarcoplasmic reticulum. It is possible that in the heart failing on account of mitral insufficiency mitochondria may be taking over the function of the sarcoplasmic reticulum. Although ID were jumbled up in the failing heart, the intercellular gap and specialized membrane junctions (gap and tight junctions, desmosomes) were quite comparable to normal, indicating that intercellular communication at ID in this type of heart failure is probably maintained. Nuclear chromatin in the failing heart was condensed and lined the inner nuclear membrane. Microbodies with a single limiting membrane were frequent and so were lipofuscin granules. The latter could be an end product of degenerative mitochondria. Golgi bodies in the failing heart were also present in locations away from the nucleus.", "contents": "Ultrastructure of failing myocardium due to induced chronic mitral insufficiency in dogs. Left ventricular failure was produced in dogs by inducing mitral insufficiency and the cardiac muscle was examined for ultrastructural changes in thsese failing hearts after 5-10 months of mitral insufficiency. The left ventricular failure was established by haemodynamic measurements, chest X-ray and examination of the heart. In the failing heart, the increased number of mitochondria showed close approximation with the sarcolemmal membrane in the T-tubules as well as in the intercalated discs (ID); this is in contrast to what is seen in normal hearts, where T-tubules were mostly coupled with sarcoplasmic reticulum. It is possible that in the heart failing on account of mitral insufficiency mitochondria may be taking over the function of the sarcoplasmic reticulum. Although ID were jumbled up in the failing heart, the intercellular gap and specialized membrane junctions (gap and tight junctions, desmosomes) were quite comparable to normal, indicating that intercellular communication at ID in this type of heart failure is probably maintained. Nuclear chromatin in the failing heart was condensed and lined the inner nuclear membrane. Microbodies with a single limiting membrane were frequent and so were lipofuscin granules. The latter could be an end product of degenerative mitochondria. Golgi bodies in the failing heart were also present in locations away from the nucleus."}
{"id": "PMID:871379", "title": "Thymus dependence and independence of intestinal pathology in a Trichinella spiralis infection: a study in congenitally athymic (nude) mice.", "content": "The hypothesis that non-specific histopathological gut changes are thymus-dependent was tested in a helminth infection--the nematode Trichinella spiralis. The study was performed in congenitally athymic (nu/nu) mice and their thymus-bearing heterozygous litter-mates (+/mu). The non-specific histopathological changes of the small intestine were judged on villus/crypt ratio and mitotic index; for the specific (= immunological) reaction the number of pyroninophilic cells in the small intestine was used as criterion. T. spiralis induced non-specific histopathological reactions both in nu/nu and +/nu mice, whereas the number of pyroninophilic cells was only increased in +/nu mice. It was concluded that the immunological reaction was dependent on the immune status of the host, whereas the non-specific histopathological changes were not, i.e. they were thymus-independent.", "contents": "Thymus dependence and independence of intestinal pathology in a Trichinella spiralis infection: a study in congenitally athymic (nude) mice. The hypothesis that non-specific histopathological gut changes are thymus-dependent was tested in a helminth infection--the nematode Trichinella spiralis. The study was performed in congenitally athymic (nu/nu) mice and their thymus-bearing heterozygous litter-mates (+/mu). The non-specific histopathological changes of the small intestine were judged on villus/crypt ratio and mitotic index; for the specific (= immunological) reaction the number of pyroninophilic cells in the small intestine was used as criterion. T. spiralis induced non-specific histopathological reactions both in nu/nu and +/nu mice, whereas the number of pyroninophilic cells was only increased in +/nu mice. It was concluded that the immunological reaction was dependent on the immune status of the host, whereas the non-specific histopathological changes were not, i.e. they were thymus-independent."}
{"id": "PMID:871380", "title": "The selective release of lysosomal acid hydrolases from mouse peritoneal macrophages by stimuli of chronic inflammation.", "content": "The paralelism between the capacity of various agents to elicit chronic inflammatory responses in vivo and to induce the selective release of lysosomal enzymes from cultures of mouse peritoneal macrophages in vitro is discussed. Zymosan elicits an intense inflammatory response when injected i.m. in mice. Chrysotile asbestos produces a response of a similar nature and intensity as is seen with zymosan, while injections of acid-leached asbestos and polystyrene latex are not followed by inflammation. It is also shown that zymosan and asbestos induce a dose-dependent increase in the total enzyme activity of an inflamed muscle. On the other hand latex and acid-leached asbestos caused no significant increases in lysosomal enzyme levels. Agents eliciting inflammatory responses, such as zymosan and chrysotile asbestos induce a selective release of acid hydrolases from cultured macrophages; in contrast agents lacking the capacity to induce inflammation, such as latex and acid-leached chrysotile asbestos, do not induce the release of lysosomal enzymes from cultured macrophages.", "contents": "The selective release of lysosomal acid hydrolases from mouse peritoneal macrophages by stimuli of chronic inflammation. The paralelism between the capacity of various agents to elicit chronic inflammatory responses in vivo and to induce the selective release of lysosomal enzymes from cultures of mouse peritoneal macrophages in vitro is discussed. Zymosan elicits an intense inflammatory response when injected i.m. in mice. Chrysotile asbestos produces a response of a similar nature and intensity as is seen with zymosan, while injections of acid-leached asbestos and polystyrene latex are not followed by inflammation. It is also shown that zymosan and asbestos induce a dose-dependent increase in the total enzyme activity of an inflamed muscle. On the other hand latex and acid-leached asbestos caused no significant increases in lysosomal enzyme levels. Agents eliciting inflammatory responses, such as zymosan and chrysotile asbestos induce a selective release of acid hydrolases from cultured macrophages; in contrast agents lacking the capacity to induce inflammation, such as latex and acid-leached chrysotile asbestos, do not induce the release of lysosomal enzymes from cultured macrophages."}
{"id": "PMID:871381", "title": "Rapid blister formation in human skin with ammonium hydroxide.", "content": "The topical application to human skin of a 1:1 aqueous solution of ammonium hydroxide in a well drilled into a plastic block will provoke an intra-epidermal blister in an average time of about 13 min. The blister roof can be used for physico-chemical analyses of the horny layer while the base is suitable for studies of wound healing, bacterial infections, etc. The minimal blistering time (MBT) increases directly as the number of cell layers of the stratum corneum and ranges from 3 to 57 min in different regions and persons. The intensity of the dermatitis provoked by a 24 h exposure to sodium lauryl sulphate is strongly correlated with the MBT. The latter is therefore a reliable measure of cutaneous irritability. The blisters are virtually painless. The inflammatory reaction clinically and histologically is slight. Healing is rapid without scarring.", "contents": "Rapid blister formation in human skin with ammonium hydroxide. The topical application to human skin of a 1:1 aqueous solution of ammonium hydroxide in a well drilled into a plastic block will provoke an intra-epidermal blister in an average time of about 13 min. The blister roof can be used for physico-chemical analyses of the horny layer while the base is suitable for studies of wound healing, bacterial infections, etc. The minimal blistering time (MBT) increases directly as the number of cell layers of the stratum corneum and ranges from 3 to 57 min in different regions and persons. The intensity of the dermatitis provoked by a 24 h exposure to sodium lauryl sulphate is strongly correlated with the MBT. The latter is therefore a reliable measure of cutaneous irritability. The blisters are virtually painless. The inflammatory reaction clinically and histologically is slight. Healing is rapid without scarring."}
{"id": "PMID:871382", "title": "A study of oil of bergamot and its importance as a phototoxic agent. I. Characterization and quantification of the photoactive component.", "content": "It is important in the technique of photopatch testing, using oil of bergamot, to have determined the concentration of the active psoralen, bergapten, so as to avoid false negative responses in the assessment of phototoxic reactions. Techniques for assessing the phototoxic components of oil of bergamot are described and quantitative analyses of bergapten, the only significant photoactive compound in the samples examined, are reported. The phototoxicity of bergapten was found to be nearly the same as that of xanthotoxin (8-MOP) in tests on human skin.", "contents": "A study of oil of bergamot and its importance as a phototoxic agent. I. Characterization and quantification of the photoactive component. It is important in the technique of photopatch testing, using oil of bergamot, to have determined the concentration of the active psoralen, bergapten, so as to avoid false negative responses in the assessment of phototoxic reactions. Techniques for assessing the phototoxic components of oil of bergamot are described and quantitative analyses of bergapten, the only significant photoactive compound in the samples examined, are reported. The phototoxicity of bergapten was found to be nearly the same as that of xanthotoxin (8-MOP) in tests on human skin."}
{"id": "PMID:871383", "title": "The staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome. An experimental histochemical and electron microscopic study.", "content": "Histochemical and electron microscopic studies were carried out on the newborn mouse model of the staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome to investigate the mechanism of action of the staphylococcal epidermolytic toxin that causes it. Histochemical studies showed that an intra-epidermal split develops below the subcorneal zone which is rich in catabolic enzymes (the so-called esterase-acid phosphatase-rich band). However, histochemical alterations in the enzyme pattern could not be demonstrated. The earliest change revealed by electron microscopy was a widening of the intercellular space, with the formation of microvilli at the level between the stratum spinosum and stratum granulosum where the split later occurs. A clearing of the peripheral cytoplasm along the cell membranes was also revealed. In pre-split areas, adhesion between cell membranes of adjacent cells seems to be lost; desmosomes continue to hold the cells together but the split develops when these are broken by mechanical pressure. Later, damaged cell membranes may be seen. Extracellular keratinosomes remain unchanged. Although these findings do not agree with the already divergent results of other studies, they help support the findings of all groups that cases of the Lyell syndrome produced by staphylococci do not occur through necrolysis; it is therefore inappropriate to continue applying the term 'toxic epidermal necrolysis' to such cases.", "contents": "The staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome. An experimental histochemical and electron microscopic study. Histochemical and electron microscopic studies were carried out on the newborn mouse model of the staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome to investigate the mechanism of action of the staphylococcal epidermolytic toxin that causes it. Histochemical studies showed that an intra-epidermal split develops below the subcorneal zone which is rich in catabolic enzymes (the so-called esterase-acid phosphatase-rich band). However, histochemical alterations in the enzyme pattern could not be demonstrated. The earliest change revealed by electron microscopy was a widening of the intercellular space, with the formation of microvilli at the level between the stratum spinosum and stratum granulosum where the split later occurs. A clearing of the peripheral cytoplasm along the cell membranes was also revealed. In pre-split areas, adhesion between cell membranes of adjacent cells seems to be lost; desmosomes continue to hold the cells together but the split develops when these are broken by mechanical pressure. Later, damaged cell membranes may be seen. Extracellular keratinosomes remain unchanged. Although these findings do not agree with the already divergent results of other studies, they help support the findings of all groups that cases of the Lyell syndrome produced by staphylococci do not occur through necrolysis; it is therefore inappropriate to continue applying the term 'toxic epidermal necrolysis' to such cases."}
{"id": "PMID:871384", "title": "The measurement of the cell cycle time in squamous epithelium using the metaphase arrest technique with vincristine.", "content": "In squamous epithelia with a single layer of germinative cells, the age distribution of cells in the cell cycle is shown to depend on the direction of the mitotic axis (i.e. a line joining the nuclei of daughter cells) relative to the plane of the basal layer. When axes are in the plane of the basal layer the age distribution is exponential; when cells divide at right angles to the plane of the basal layer, the age distribution is rectangular. When there is a ratio of vertical to horizontal axes, the age distribution is intermediate but can be calculated from knowledge of the proportion of axes in the plane of the layer. Squamous epithelia can be classified according to this arrangement of axes. When there are multiple layers of germinative cells, as in psoriasis, the age distribution is shown to be exponential to a good approximation, whatever the direction of the mitotic axes in the several layers. The importance of these observations is demonstrated by analysing metaphase arrest experiments with vincristine in the single layer of germinative cells in the mouse oesophagus, and in the several layers found in psoriatic epidermis. Choice of the wrong age distribution leads to an error of 6 h in the oesophagus and 23 h in psoriatic epidermis, when the mean cell cycle time is calculated. It is concluded that, in squamous epithelium, it is most important to know the age distribution before calculating the cell cycle time by methods involving measurement of the rate of entry of cells into mitosis or DNA synthesis.", "contents": "The measurement of the cell cycle time in squamous epithelium using the metaphase arrest technique with vincristine. In squamous epithelia with a single layer of germinative cells, the age distribution of cells in the cell cycle is shown to depend on the direction of the mitotic axis (i.e. a line joining the nuclei of daughter cells) relative to the plane of the basal layer. When axes are in the plane of the basal layer the age distribution is exponential; when cells divide at right angles to the plane of the basal layer, the age distribution is rectangular. When there is a ratio of vertical to horizontal axes, the age distribution is intermediate but can be calculated from knowledge of the proportion of axes in the plane of the layer. Squamous epithelia can be classified according to this arrangement of axes. When there are multiple layers of germinative cells, as in psoriasis, the age distribution is shown to be exponential to a good approximation, whatever the direction of the mitotic axes in the several layers. The importance of these observations is demonstrated by analysing metaphase arrest experiments with vincristine in the single layer of germinative cells in the mouse oesophagus, and in the several layers found in psoriatic epidermis. Choice of the wrong age distribution leads to an error of 6 h in the oesophagus and 23 h in psoriatic epidermis, when the mean cell cycle time is calculated. It is concluded that, in squamous epithelium, it is most important to know the age distribution before calculating the cell cycle time by methods involving measurement of the rate of entry of cells into mitosis or DNA synthesis."}
{"id": "PMID:871385", "title": "Epidermal 'turnover time'--a new examination.", "content": "A new model for assaying epidermal cell turnover times is presented. It is based on desquamation rates of the stratum corneum and the consequent obligatory turnover time of the keratinocyte layer. A total epidermal turnover time of 45 days is derived from the model for the human volar forearms.", "contents": "Epidermal 'turnover time'--a new examination. A new model for assaying epidermal cell turnover times is presented. It is based on desquamation rates of the stratum corneum and the consequent obligatory turnover time of the keratinocyte layer. A total epidermal turnover time of 45 days is derived from the model for the human volar forearms."}
{"id": "PMID:871386", "title": "Antarctic environment and nail growth.", "content": "Nail growth of all fingers was measured on 13 men wintering in Antarctica. A mean rate of 109-5 micrometer/day was found with the longer digits having faster growth. No significant difference was demonstrated between the warmer and colder months of the study period. Monthly variations suggested that subjects had an individual rate irrespective of environmental influences. Comparison with previous studies both in polar and temperature conditions showed growth rates in Antarctica have increased progressively; present values being comparable with observations in temperate climates.", "contents": "Antarctic environment and nail growth. Nail growth of all fingers was measured on 13 men wintering in Antarctica. A mean rate of 109-5 micrometer/day was found with the longer digits having faster growth. No significant difference was demonstrated between the warmer and colder months of the study period. Monthly variations suggested that subjects had an individual rate irrespective of environmental influences. Comparison with previous studies both in polar and temperature conditions showed growth rates in Antarctica have increased progressively; present values being comparable with observations in temperate climates."}
{"id": "PMID:871387", "title": "Drug-induced changes in the plasma membrane of Microsporum canis. A preliminary freeze--fracture study.", "content": "Commercial solutions of clotrimazole, tolnaftate and tolcyclate were tested for 12 h in cultures of Microsporum canis. They induced modifications in particle distribution, a blebbing of particle-free areas and the appearance of lamellar figures on the plasma membrane of fungus cells. The first two changes in the plasma membrane might be ascribed to a modification of the spectrin-like meshwork, while the third could be the result of a crystalline organization of membrane lipids.", "contents": "Drug-induced changes in the plasma membrane of Microsporum canis. A preliminary freeze--fracture study. Commercial solutions of clotrimazole, tolnaftate and tolcyclate were tested for 12 h in cultures of Microsporum canis. They induced modifications in particle distribution, a blebbing of particle-free areas and the appearance of lamellar figures on the plasma membrane of fungus cells. The first two changes in the plasma membrane might be ascribed to a modification of the spectrin-like meshwork, while the third could be the result of a crystalline organization of membrane lipids."}
{"id": "PMID:871388", "title": "Preponderance of lysosomal bodies in cultured fibroblasts from patients with recessive epidermolysis bullosa dystrophica. An electron microscopic study.", "content": "Fibroblasts of skin explants from three normal men and six patients with recessive epidermolysis bullosa dystrophica (EBD-R) were cultured in Dulbecco's medium, grown to confluence, sectioned and studied with the electron microscope. The normal control fibroblasts from the 6th to 13th passage (secretory phase) showed irregular or lobed nuclei with centrally scattered chromatin. They also had prominent RER, Golgi complexes, variously shaped mitochondria and cytoskeletal microfibrils. Their peripheral cytoplasm exhibited many vacuoles and a small number of these were autophagic lysosomes. In addition to the ultrastructural features described in the control fibroblasts, the EBD-R cells from the 6th passage contained remarkable numbers of strongly electron dense lysosomal bodies through their entire cytoplasm with very few empty vacuoles. It is speculated that the accumulation of these lysosomes may be connected with a primary metabolic cellular defect in the dermal fibroblasts of patients with EBD-R akin to that described in mucopolysaccharide storage diseases.", "contents": "Preponderance of lysosomal bodies in cultured fibroblasts from patients with recessive epidermolysis bullosa dystrophica. An electron microscopic study. Fibroblasts of skin explants from three normal men and six patients with recessive epidermolysis bullosa dystrophica (EBD-R) were cultured in Dulbecco's medium, grown to confluence, sectioned and studied with the electron microscope. The normal control fibroblasts from the 6th to 13th passage (secretory phase) showed irregular or lobed nuclei with centrally scattered chromatin. They also had prominent RER, Golgi complexes, variously shaped mitochondria and cytoskeletal microfibrils. Their peripheral cytoplasm exhibited many vacuoles and a small number of these were autophagic lysosomes. In addition to the ultrastructural features described in the control fibroblasts, the EBD-R cells from the 6th passage contained remarkable numbers of strongly electron dense lysosomal bodies through their entire cytoplasm with very few empty vacuoles. It is speculated that the accumulation of these lysosomes may be connected with a primary metabolic cellular defect in the dermal fibroblasts of patients with EBD-R akin to that described in mucopolysaccharide storage diseases."}
{"id": "PMID:871389", "title": "Failure of prostaglandins, prostaglandin metabolites and arachidonic acid to elicit chemotaxis of human polymorphonuclear leukocytes.", "content": "This paper reports chemotactic studies on human polymorphonuclear leukocytes using prostaglandins, prostaglandin precursors and prostaglandin metabolites in vitro. Chemotaxis could not be demonstrated when arachidonic acid, prostaglandins D2, E1, E2, F2alpha, and the prostaglandin metabolites 15 keto E2, 15 keto F2alpha were incubated with polymorphonuclear leukocytes using the Boyden millipore technique.", "contents": "Failure of prostaglandins, prostaglandin metabolites and arachidonic acid to elicit chemotaxis of human polymorphonuclear leukocytes. This paper reports chemotactic studies on human polymorphonuclear leukocytes using prostaglandins, prostaglandin precursors and prostaglandin metabolites in vitro. Chemotaxis could not be demonstrated when arachidonic acid, prostaglandins D2, E1, E2, F2alpha, and the prostaglandin metabolites 15 keto E2, 15 keto F2alpha were incubated with polymorphonuclear leukocytes using the Boyden millipore technique."}
{"id": "PMID:871390", "title": "Phenothiazine therapy and plasma immunoreactive beta-MSH in schizophrenia and pruritic dermatoses.", "content": "Plasma immunoreactive beta-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (beta-MSH) concentrations were normal in schizophrenic patients on prolonged and high dosage phenothiazine therapy. A group of patients treated with chlorpromazine 25 mg three times daily for pruritic dermatoses also showed no significant change in plasma beta-MSH concentration.", "contents": "Phenothiazine therapy and plasma immunoreactive beta-MSH in schizophrenia and pruritic dermatoses. Plasma immunoreactive beta-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (beta-MSH) concentrations were normal in schizophrenic patients on prolonged and high dosage phenothiazine therapy. A group of patients treated with chlorpromazine 25 mg three times daily for pruritic dermatoses also showed no significant change in plasma beta-MSH concentration."}
{"id": "PMID:871391", "title": "Trichilemmal cysts arising in an extensive comedo naevus.", "content": "A 25-year-old male is described who had extensive linear comedo naevi present from birth, involving the face, both sides of the trunk, both arms, one palm, both legs and one sole. Within these lesions multiple trichilemmal cysts were arising giving rise to a zosteriform pattern of skin nodules. Both lesions were confirmed histologically. It is suggested that comedo naevus is a hamartomatous abnormality of the hair follicle in which all layers, including the external root sheath, are involved and from which trichilemmal cysts may arise.", "contents": "Trichilemmal cysts arising in an extensive comedo naevus. A 25-year-old male is described who had extensive linear comedo naevi present from birth, involving the face, both sides of the trunk, both arms, one palm, both legs and one sole. Within these lesions multiple trichilemmal cysts were arising giving rise to a zosteriform pattern of skin nodules. Both lesions were confirmed histologically. It is suggested that comedo naevus is a hamartomatous abnormality of the hair follicle in which all layers, including the external root sheath, are involved and from which trichilemmal cysts may arise."}
{"id": "PMID:871392", "title": "Hereditary coproporphyria presenting with photosensitivity induced by the contraceptive pill.", "content": "A 26-year-old woman developed photosensitivity and jaundice after starting on an oral contraceptive agent. She was found to have hereditary coproporphyria. Histological examination of two liver biopsies taken during and after the acute attack did not reveal any changes thought to be due to hereditary coproporphyria. Screening of the patient's family revealed a further six latent cases.", "contents": "Hereditary coproporphyria presenting with photosensitivity induced by the contraceptive pill. A 26-year-old woman developed photosensitivity and jaundice after starting on an oral contraceptive agent. She was found to have hereditary coproporphyria. Histological examination of two liver biopsies taken during and after the acute attack did not reveal any changes thought to be due to hereditary coproporphyria. Screening of the patient's family revealed a further six latent cases."}
{"id": "PMID:871393", "title": "Intestinal lymphoma complicating dermatitis herpetiformis.", "content": "A case is reported of a patient with dermatitis herpetiformis who has developed an intestinal lymphoma and a bladder carcinoma during the course of his illness. When considered in conjunction with three recently reported cases it is suggested that intestinal lymphoma may complicate the enteropathy of dermatitis herpetiformis.", "contents": "Intestinal lymphoma complicating dermatitis herpetiformis. A case is reported of a patient with dermatitis herpetiformis who has developed an intestinal lymphoma and a bladder carcinoma during the course of his illness. When considered in conjunction with three recently reported cases it is suggested that intestinal lymphoma may complicate the enteropathy of dermatitis herpetiformis."}
{"id": "PMID:871395", "title": "Oriented fibrin crystallization: A phenomenon of hypersensitivity to bacteria in psoriasis, vasculitis and other dermatoses.", "content": "Heparinized blood from patients with a variety of dermatological problems was incubated with killed bacteria, bacterial extracts or Gram-negative bacterial endotoxin. Within 18-24 h asteroid bodies consisting of an amorphous centre with fine radiating needle crystals were seen. These bodies, not found in the blood of healthy volunteers, were most consistently observed in blood from patients with psoriasis, vasculitis and bacterial infections. Immunofluorescent studies disclosed the asteroid formations to be crystals of fibrin radiating presumably from a central platelet aggregate. The failure to demonstrate IgG, A, M or D suggests that the phenomenon results from the bacterial activation of complement by a non-immune yet specific pathway which in turn involves white cells, platelet aggregation and release of procoagulants.", "contents": "Oriented fibrin crystallization: A phenomenon of hypersensitivity to bacteria in psoriasis, vasculitis and other dermatoses. Heparinized blood from patients with a variety of dermatological problems was incubated with killed bacteria, bacterial extracts or Gram-negative bacterial endotoxin. Within 18-24 h asteroid bodies consisting of an amorphous centre with fine radiating needle crystals were seen. These bodies, not found in the blood of healthy volunteers, were most consistently observed in blood from patients with psoriasis, vasculitis and bacterial infections. Immunofluorescent studies disclosed the asteroid formations to be crystals of fibrin radiating presumably from a central platelet aggregate. The failure to demonstrate IgG, A, M or D suggests that the phenomenon results from the bacterial activation of complement by a non-immune yet specific pathway which in turn involves white cells, platelet aggregation and release of procoagulants."}
{"id": "PMID:871396", "title": "Photochemotherapy in the treatment of psoriasis.", "content": "This article describes the satisfactory clinical improvement obtained in the majority of a group of 72 patients with psoriasis of various types as a result of the oral and/or topical administration of 8-methoxypsoralen followed by long wavelength ultraviolet irradiation. The irradiation source used was that of conventional longwave UV fluorescent tubes mounted in a specially constructed cubicle. Until such time as the long term effect of this form of photochemotherapy on the cell has been evaluated and the most appropriate regime worked out, it would seem to be important to restrict the amount of irradiation used to that required to produce acceptable maintained clinical improvement.", "contents": "Photochemotherapy in the treatment of psoriasis. This article describes the satisfactory clinical improvement obtained in the majority of a group of 72 patients with psoriasis of various types as a result of the oral and/or topical administration of 8-methoxypsoralen followed by long wavelength ultraviolet irradiation. The irradiation source used was that of conventional longwave UV fluorescent tubes mounted in a specially constructed cubicle. Until such time as the long term effect of this form of photochemotherapy on the cell has been evaluated and the most appropriate regime worked out, it would seem to be important to restrict the amount of irradiation used to that required to produce acceptable maintained clinical improvement."}
{"id": "PMID:871397", "title": "Novel techniques for the estimation of intracorneal cohesion in vivo.", "content": "Desquamation is the result of loss of cohesion between horny squames. This study is concerned with the in vivo measurement of intracorneal cohesion using three new techniques. A new instrument, the cohesograph, directly measures the force (g) required to distract a known area of partial thickness of stratum corneum in vivo. Sex and site differences were detected with this method. A surfometer was employed to measure the surface contours of the internal face of skin surface biopsies and when this measurement of the  surface irregularity was compared to the 'cohesograph' reading for  the same sites in 16 normal individuals a significant positive correlation of r=0-79 was found between the two sets of results. It is therefore suggested that the surfometer provides indirect measure of horny layer cohesion. Desquamation has also been estimated by using a modified 'scrub technique'. The scrub apparatus used is able to deliver a controlled stimulus to  the skin surface to release horny cells. The light absorbance at 400 nm of corneocyte suspensions was measured and found to correlate well (r=0-96) with the numbers of squames released. It is suggested that the three techniques used in conjunction provide a profile of stratum corneum cohesion in vivo.", "contents": "Novel techniques for the estimation of intracorneal cohesion in vivo. Desquamation is the result of loss of cohesion between horny squames. This study is concerned with the in vivo measurement of intracorneal cohesion using three new techniques. A new instrument, the cohesograph, directly measures the force (g) required to distract a known area of partial thickness of stratum corneum in vivo. Sex and site differences were detected with this method. A surfometer was employed to measure the surface contours of the internal face of skin surface biopsies and when this measurement of the  surface irregularity was compared to the 'cohesograph' reading for  the same sites in 16 normal individuals a significant positive correlation of r=0-79 was found between the two sets of results. It is therefore suggested that the surfometer provides indirect measure of horny layer cohesion. Desquamation has also been estimated by using a modified 'scrub technique'. The scrub apparatus used is able to deliver a controlled stimulus to  the skin surface to release horny cells. The light absorbance at 400 nm of corneocyte suspensions was measured and found to correlate well (r=0-96) with the numbers of squames released. It is suggested that the three techniques used in conjunction provide a profile of stratum corneum cohesion in vivo."}
{"id": "PMID:871398", "title": "The spatial correlation of fluctuations of the blood flow in forearm skin.", "content": "The oxygen tension at the skin surface, with the atmospheric oxygen supply excluded, may be measured polarographically on the human forearm. Under suitable environmental conditions, spontaneous fluctuations in skin surface oxygen tension can be recorded and these are the result of fluctuating blood flow in the superficial skin vessels. An array of separate cathodes in a single polarographic electrode assembly has been used to measure the fluctuations in  blood flow which are occurring simultaneously at seven different points in the skin. Spectral analysis of a long recording of such fluctuations shows that most of the power is concentrated at the lower frequencies but does not reveal any clearly defined dominant frequency. It is clear, however, from inspection of the fluctuation patterns, that recurring bursts of activity occur with quite well-defined periodicities in the range of 30s to 5 min. There is a stronger correlation between the fluctuations occurring at points on the skin surface less than 1 mm apart than between points further apart, although there are clearly some components which are common to points separated by up to 5 mm which was the largest separation of cathodes used in these experiments. These observations are supported by the value of cross correlation coefficients between the channels. These results suggest that the observed fluctuations are the result of at least two factors. The first one is common to all the channels but the effect of this may be overridden by a second and more local one controlling the blood flow.", "contents": "The spatial correlation of fluctuations of the blood flow in forearm skin. The oxygen tension at the skin surface, with the atmospheric oxygen supply excluded, may be measured polarographically on the human forearm. Under suitable environmental conditions, spontaneous fluctuations in skin surface oxygen tension can be recorded and these are the result of fluctuating blood flow in the superficial skin vessels. An array of separate cathodes in a single polarographic electrode assembly has been used to measure the fluctuations in  blood flow which are occurring simultaneously at seven different points in the skin. Spectral analysis of a long recording of such fluctuations shows that most of the power is concentrated at the lower frequencies but does not reveal any clearly defined dominant frequency. It is clear, however, from inspection of the fluctuation patterns, that recurring bursts of activity occur with quite well-defined periodicities in the range of 30s to 5 min. There is a stronger correlation between the fluctuations occurring at points on the skin surface less than 1 mm apart than between points further apart, although there are clearly some components which are common to points separated by up to 5 mm which was the largest separation of cathodes used in these experiments. These observations are supported by the value of cross correlation coefficients between the channels. These results suggest that the observed fluctuations are the result of at least two factors. The first one is common to all the channels but the effect of this may be overridden by a second and more local one controlling the blood flow."}
{"id": "PMID:871399", "title": "Digital ischaemia due to vascular anomalies.", "content": "Four patients presenting with painful persistent cyanosis or gangrene of the fingers were found to have anomalies of arterial circulation of the hands and fingers. Investigations for systemic disease were negative. It is postulated that variations in the normal arterial anatomy predispose to digital ischaemia and that trauma, the contraceptive pill or infection may precipitate small thromboses and give rise to clinical ischaemia. Angiography should be undertaken in all patients presenting with persistent ischaemia of the fingers and toes, when the peripheral pulses are present and systemic disease has been excluded.", "contents": "Digital ischaemia due to vascular anomalies. Four patients presenting with painful persistent cyanosis or gangrene of the fingers were found to have anomalies of arterial circulation of the hands and fingers. Investigations for systemic disease were negative. It is postulated that variations in the normal arterial anatomy predispose to digital ischaemia and that trauma, the contraceptive pill or infection may precipitate small thromboses and give rise to clinical ischaemia. Angiography should be undertaken in all patients presenting with persistent ischaemia of the fingers and toes, when the peripheral pulses are present and systemic disease has been excluded."}
{"id": "PMID:871400", "title": "Scanning electron microscopy of hair. Observations on surface morphology with respect to site, sex and age in man.", "content": "The cuticular scale pattern of adult human terminal hair sampled from  10 different body sites was examined by scanning electron microscopy and showed: (1) differences according to site, the size of the cuticular scales being significantly greater in scalp hair than in hair taken from the nine other sites; (2) differences according to sex, the size of cuticular scales of facial, axillary and abdominal hairs being significantly larger in females; and (3) differences according to age, the size of cuticular scales from scalp hairs being significantly smaller in older than younger people.", "contents": "Scanning electron microscopy of hair. Observations on surface morphology with respect to site, sex and age in man. The cuticular scale pattern of adult human terminal hair sampled from  10 different body sites was examined by scanning electron microscopy and showed: (1) differences according to site, the size of the cuticular scales being significantly greater in scalp hair than in hair taken from the nine other sites; (2) differences according to sex, the size of cuticular scales of facial, axillary and abdominal hairs being significantly larger in females; and (3) differences according to age, the size of cuticular scales from scalp hairs being significantly smaller in older than younger people."}
{"id": "PMID:871401", "title": "Acrokeratosis verruciformis: (Hopf)--A clinical entity?", "content": "Contrary to the unitarian concept of acrokeratosis verruciformis and Darier's disease, a comparative familial, clinical and histopathological analysis of six cases each of these two diseases has suggested that they are separate entities. Though clinically similar, acrokeratosis remained non-dyskeratotic throughout life, whereas the acral lesions of Darier's disease showed, on careful scrutiny and follow-up, various gradations of benign acantholytic dyskeratosis. Malignant transformation indicated that dyskeratosis in Hopf's disease would be very rare and of a different nature. The probability of a genetic linkage between the two genodermatoses is reviewed and discussed.", "contents": "Acrokeratosis verruciformis: (Hopf)--A clinical entity? Contrary to the unitarian concept of acrokeratosis verruciformis and Darier's disease, a comparative familial, clinical and histopathological analysis of six cases each of these two diseases has suggested that they are separate entities. Though clinically similar, acrokeratosis remained non-dyskeratotic throughout life, whereas the acral lesions of Darier's disease showed, on careful scrutiny and follow-up, various gradations of benign acantholytic dyskeratosis. Malignant transformation indicated that dyskeratosis in Hopf's disease would be very rare and of a different nature. The probability of a genetic linkage between the two genodermatoses is reviewed and discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:871402", "title": "Cross-striated banded structures in cutaneous leishmaniasis.", "content": "Banded structures were observed in 4 cases of cutaneous leishmaniasis. These structures were found in proximity to macrophages containing leishmania and were intermingled with native collagen, elastic fibres and ground substance fibrils. The possibility that banded structures are an indication of active, accelerated collagen production is discussed.", "contents": "Cross-striated banded structures in cutaneous leishmaniasis. Banded structures were observed in 4 cases of cutaneous leishmaniasis. These structures were found in proximity to macrophages containing leishmania and were intermingled with native collagen, elastic fibres and ground substance fibrils. The possibility that banded structures are an indication of active, accelerated collagen production is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:871403", "title": "Hepato-erythropoietic porphyria presenting as scleroderma and acrosclerosis in a sibling pair.", "content": "Clinical and biochemical data are reported on a sibling pair with clinical and biochemical features of both erythropoietic protoporphyria and hepatic cutaneous porphyria. After many years of photosensitivity the clinical picture resembles systemic sclerosis.", "contents": "Hepato-erythropoietic porphyria presenting as scleroderma and acrosclerosis in a sibling pair. Clinical and biochemical data are reported on a sibling pair with clinical and biochemical features of both erythropoietic protoporphyria and hepatic cutaneous porphyria. After many years of photosensitivity the clinical picture resembles systemic sclerosis."}
{"id": "PMID:871404", "title": "Sarcoid granulomas of the skin produced by acrylic and nylon fibres.", "content": "The introduction into the skin of organic or inorganic substances can produce sarcoid-like granulomas. Two new granulomas of this type are described related to acrylic and nylon fibres. The aetiological diagnosis of such lesions can be confirmed by the identification of these synthetic materials within the-granuloma cells, using histochemical techniques used in the textile industry. An 'individual factor', probably immunological in nature, may be implicated.", "contents": "Sarcoid granulomas of the skin produced by acrylic and nylon fibres. The introduction into the skin of organic or inorganic substances can produce sarcoid-like granulomas. Two new granulomas of this type are described related to acrylic and nylon fibres. The aetiological diagnosis of such lesions can be confirmed by the identification of these synthetic materials within the-granuloma cells, using histochemical techniques used in the textile industry. An 'individual factor', probably immunological in nature, may be implicated."}
{"id": "PMID:871405", "title": "Non-venereal sclerosing lymphangitis of the penis following herpes progenitalis.", "content": "Two patients are described in which non-venereal sclerosing lymphangitis of the penis occurred immediately after a herpes simplex infection. The possibility of a causal relationship between these two conditions is discussed.", "contents": "Non-venereal sclerosing lymphangitis of the penis following herpes progenitalis. Two patients are described in which non-venereal sclerosing lymphangitis of the penis occurred immediately after a herpes simplex infection. The possibility of a causal relationship between these two conditions is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:871406", "title": "Haemophilia treatment in the United Kingdom from 1969 to 1974.", "content": "A study has been made by the Haemophilia Centre Directors of the United Kingdom and Northern Ireland. From 1969 to 1974 2600 patients with haemophilia A and 388 with haemophilia B attended Haemophilia Centres for treatment. Of these patients, 71 are known to have died in the survey period. A record is presented of the amounts and types of therapeutic materials used each year during this time. The incidenceof jaundice and anti-factor VIII and anti-factor IX antibodies was recorded.", "contents": "Haemophilia treatment in the United Kingdom from 1969 to 1974. A study has been made by the Haemophilia Centre Directors of the United Kingdom and Northern Ireland. From 1969 to 1974 2600 patients with haemophilia A and 388 with haemophilia B attended Haemophilia Centres for treatment. Of these patients, 71 are known to have died in the survey period. A record is presented of the amounts and types of therapeutic materials used each year during this time. The incidenceof jaundice and anti-factor VIII and anti-factor IX antibodies was recorded."}
{"id": "PMID:871408", "title": "Defibrination of normal human blood in vitro: a method giving a high recovery of untraumatized cells.", "content": "A new automatic apparatus is described for the defibrination of blood in vitro at laboratory temperature which results in only small (less than 10%) losses of white cells. Freshly-drawn blood is mixed smoothly at high speed (greater than 1200 rpm) and fibrin is removed rapidly as formed. The apparatus is designed to produce minimum mechanical trauma to the blood. Subsequent in vitro incubation of red cells, granulocytes and lymphocytes demonostrated their viability to be comparable with cells obtained by other methods of defibrination.", "contents": "Defibrination of normal human blood in vitro: a method giving a high recovery of untraumatized cells. A new automatic apparatus is described for the defibrination of blood in vitro at laboratory temperature which results in only small (less than 10%) losses of white cells. Freshly-drawn blood is mixed smoothly at high speed (greater than 1200 rpm) and fibrin is removed rapidly as formed. The apparatus is designed to produce minimum mechanical trauma to the blood. Subsequent in vitro incubation of red cells, granulocytes and lymphocytes demonostrated their viability to be comparable with cells obtained by other methods of defibrination."}
{"id": "PMID:871409", "title": "Red cell metabolic and membrane features in haemolytic anaemia of alcoholic liver disease (Zieve's syndrome).", "content": "Zieve's syndrome (ZS), which consists of transient haemolytic anaemia, jaundice, hyperlipoproteinaemia, and alcohol-induced liver disease, was studied in male patients during the acute (n = 20) and the remittent (n = 10) phase. Chronic alcoholics (n = 10) without haemolysis and healthy male persons (n = 10) served as controls. Erythrocytes were separated into old and young cells by means of density-layer centrifugation. Those fractions which contained older red cells disclosed a pyruvate-kinase instability which resulted in impaired metabolism. Changes in membrane lipid composition as indicated by increased cholesterol and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) were also detected in patients during the acute phase of ZS. Alcohol-induced red-cell vitamin-E deficiency with a decrease in PUFA levels may provoke an oxidation of reduced red-cell glutathione which in turn results in the enzyme instability. This study lends further support to the hypothesis that the putative role of the red-cell metabolic injury in the origin of haemolysis in ZS cannot be envisaged without introducing membrane-linked and extracellular cofactors.", "contents": "Red cell metabolic and membrane features in haemolytic anaemia of alcoholic liver disease (Zieve's syndrome). Zieve's syndrome (ZS), which consists of transient haemolytic anaemia, jaundice, hyperlipoproteinaemia, and alcohol-induced liver disease, was studied in male patients during the acute (n = 20) and the remittent (n = 10) phase. Chronic alcoholics (n = 10) without haemolysis and healthy male persons (n = 10) served as controls. Erythrocytes were separated into old and young cells by means of density-layer centrifugation. Those fractions which contained older red cells disclosed a pyruvate-kinase instability which resulted in impaired metabolism. Changes in membrane lipid composition as indicated by increased cholesterol and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) were also detected in patients during the acute phase of ZS. Alcohol-induced red-cell vitamin-E deficiency with a decrease in PUFA levels may provoke an oxidation of reduced red-cell glutathione which in turn results in the enzyme instability. This study lends further support to the hypothesis that the putative role of the red-cell metabolic injury in the origin of haemolysis in ZS cannot be envisaged without introducing membrane-linked and extracellular cofactors."}
{"id": "PMID:871410", "title": "The correlation of cold agglutinin titrations in saline and albumin with haemolytic anaemia.", "content": "Cold agglutinin syndrome (CAS) is usually associated with IgM cold agglutinins with titres exceeding 1000 at 4 degrees C and a thermal amplitude of 30-32 degrees C. Occasionally patients are encountered who although having clinical and laboratory findings compatible with CAS do not have the characteristic serological findings. Thirty-two patients with a positive direct antiglobulin test due to complement sensitization were studied. Thirty-one of these patients had cold agglutinin titres greater than 64. Twenty-eight had haemolytic anaemia, including one patient with a cold agglutinin titre of only 8 against saline-suspended red cells. 53.6% of sera from patients with haemolytic anaemia reacted at 30 degrees C and 7.1% at 37 degrees C when albumin was not present, whereas in the presence of albumin all of the sera reacted at 30 degrees C and 67.9% reacted at 37 degrees C. None of the four patients without haemolytic anaemia reacted at 30 degrees C or 37 degrees C in the presence of albumin, even though one serum reacted to a titre of 1280 at 4 degrees C. Cold agglutinin titres and thermal amplitudes in the presence of bovine albumin were found to correlate better with haemolytic anaemia than reactions without albumin. If bovine albumin is utilized in compatibility testing, multiple cold autoabsorptions may be necessary before alloantibody activity at 37 degrees C can be excluded.", "contents": "The correlation of cold agglutinin titrations in saline and albumin with haemolytic anaemia. Cold agglutinin syndrome (CAS) is usually associated with IgM cold agglutinins with titres exceeding 1000 at 4 degrees C and a thermal amplitude of 30-32 degrees C. Occasionally patients are encountered who although having clinical and laboratory findings compatible with CAS do not have the characteristic serological findings. Thirty-two patients with a positive direct antiglobulin test due to complement sensitization were studied. Thirty-one of these patients had cold agglutinin titres greater than 64. Twenty-eight had haemolytic anaemia, including one patient with a cold agglutinin titre of only 8 against saline-suspended red cells. 53.6% of sera from patients with haemolytic anaemia reacted at 30 degrees C and 7.1% at 37 degrees C when albumin was not present, whereas in the presence of albumin all of the sera reacted at 30 degrees C and 67.9% reacted at 37 degrees C. None of the four patients without haemolytic anaemia reacted at 30 degrees C or 37 degrees C in the presence of albumin, even though one serum reacted to a titre of 1280 at 4 degrees C. Cold agglutinin titres and thermal amplitudes in the presence of bovine albumin were found to correlate better with haemolytic anaemia than reactions without albumin. If bovine albumin is utilized in compatibility testing, multiple cold autoabsorptions may be necessary before alloantibody activity at 37 degrees C can be excluded."}
{"id": "PMID:871411", "title": "Effect of testosterone and oestradiol on erythropoietin production in vitro.", "content": "The effects of testosterone and oestradiol on erythropoietin production by mouse fetal liver in primary culture was studied. No stimulatory effect on in vitro erythropoietin production was observed by any of the oestradiol concentrations employed [10(-10)M to 10(-6)M]: whereas testosterone, only over a dose range of 10(-12)M to 10(-10)M, stimulated erythropoietin production by mouse fetal liver in culture. In addition, a stimulatory effect of testosterone on fetal liver tissue was obtained by injecting testosterone (20 mg/mouse) intramuscularly into pregnant mice 4 d prior to obtaining the fetal liver tissue for culture. Therefore, it is concluded that testosterone can exert a direct stimulatory effect on erythropoietin production by mouse fetal liver.", "contents": "Effect of testosterone and oestradiol on erythropoietin production in vitro. The effects of testosterone and oestradiol on erythropoietin production by mouse fetal liver in primary culture was studied. No stimulatory effect on in vitro erythropoietin production was observed by any of the oestradiol concentrations employed [10(-10)M to 10(-6)M]: whereas testosterone, only over a dose range of 10(-12)M to 10(-10)M, stimulated erythropoietin production by mouse fetal liver in culture. In addition, a stimulatory effect of testosterone on fetal liver tissue was obtained by injecting testosterone (20 mg/mouse) intramuscularly into pregnant mice 4 d prior to obtaining the fetal liver tissue for culture. Therefore, it is concluded that testosterone can exert a direct stimulatory effect on erythropoietin production by mouse fetal liver."}
{"id": "PMID:871413", "title": "An investigation into the development and fate of neutrophil giant metamyelocytes using the techniques of electron microscopy and high resolution autoradiography.", "content": "The neutrophil giant metamyelocytes present in vitamin B12-and folate-deficient patients were studied using the techniques of electron microscopy and electron microscope autoradiography. The ultrastructural features of the cytoplasm of a proportion of these cells resembled those of promyelocytes and myelocytes, particularly with respect to the types of neutrophil granules present. This finding suggests that the giant metamyelocytes result from an abnormal type of development in promyelocytes and myelocytes which have been arrested or retarded in their progress through the cell cycle. The hypothesis that giant metamyelocytes eventually die within the marrow was supported by the observations that a significant proportion of these cells contain intracytoplasmic autophagic vacuoles, that some giant metamyelocytes suffer from a marked depression of RNA and protein synthesis and that degenerating giant metamyelocytes can be recognized within the cytoplasm of some bone marrow macrophages.", "contents": "An investigation into the development and fate of neutrophil giant metamyelocytes using the techniques of electron microscopy and high resolution autoradiography. The neutrophil giant metamyelocytes present in vitamin B12-and folate-deficient patients were studied using the techniques of electron microscopy and electron microscope autoradiography. The ultrastructural features of the cytoplasm of a proportion of these cells resembled those of promyelocytes and myelocytes, particularly with respect to the types of neutrophil granules present. This finding suggests that the giant metamyelocytes result from an abnormal type of development in promyelocytes and myelocytes which have been arrested or retarded in their progress through the cell cycle. The hypothesis that giant metamyelocytes eventually die within the marrow was supported by the observations that a significant proportion of these cells contain intracytoplasmic autophagic vacuoles, that some giant metamyelocytes suffer from a marked depression of RNA and protein synthesis and that degenerating giant metamyelocytes can be recognized within the cytoplasm of some bone marrow macrophages."}
{"id": "PMID:871416", "title": "Assay and characterization of the factor in porcine and bovine plasma which aggregates human platelets.", "content": "A sensitive and objective bioassay has been developed to measure the factor present in porcine or bovine plasma which aggregates human blood platelets. The technique is based on direct measurement of platelet aggregation using an electronic particle counter. Using this assay it has been established that platelet aggregating activity is present in both bovine and porcine plasma and in therapeutic concentrates of factor VIII prepared from these materials. Platelet aggregating activity was found to be a function of the factor-VIII-related antigen concentration and independent of factor-VIII coagulant activity. The activity is absent in the plasma from pigs with von Willebrand's disease. It is concluded that factor-VIII-related antigen and the platelet aggregating factor are closely related and may represent one protein species.", "contents": "Assay and characterization of the factor in porcine and bovine plasma which aggregates human platelets. A sensitive and objective bioassay has been developed to measure the factor present in porcine or bovine plasma which aggregates human blood platelets. The technique is based on direct measurement of platelet aggregation using an electronic particle counter. Using this assay it has been established that platelet aggregating activity is present in both bovine and porcine plasma and in therapeutic concentrates of factor VIII prepared from these materials. Platelet aggregating activity was found to be a function of the factor-VIII-related antigen concentration and independent of factor-VIII coagulant activity. The activity is absent in the plasma from pigs with von Willebrand's disease. It is concluded that factor-VIII-related antigen and the platelet aggregating factor are closely related and may represent one protein species."}
{"id": "PMID:871417", "title": "A CRM-Positive variant of factor-VII deficiency and the detection of heterozygotes with the assay of factor-like antigen.", "content": "Nine patients with severe factor-VII deficiency, belonging to seven pedigrees were studied for the presence of factor-VII-CRM with an inhibitor neutralization assay. The antibody, raised in rabbits, did not precipitate the antigen and could only be used in a fluid phase assay to measure the capacity of plasma to neutralize inhibitory activity directed against factor-VII activity. In one of these nine patients normal amounts of factor-VII-CRM could be demonstrated. The CRM + patient did not show a clinical picture at variance with that of the CRM-patients. The investigation into this CRM+ pedigree revealed heterozygosity in nine out of 12 persons when using the ratio between biological factor-VII activity and factor-VII-CRM as the criterion.", "contents": "A CRM-Positive variant of factor-VII deficiency and the detection of heterozygotes with the assay of factor-like antigen. Nine patients with severe factor-VII deficiency, belonging to seven pedigrees were studied for the presence of factor-VII-CRM with an inhibitor neutralization assay. The antibody, raised in rabbits, did not precipitate the antigen and could only be used in a fluid phase assay to measure the capacity of plasma to neutralize inhibitory activity directed against factor-VII activity. In one of these nine patients normal amounts of factor-VII-CRM could be demonstrated. The CRM + patient did not show a clinical picture at variance with that of the CRM-patients. The investigation into this CRM+ pedigree revealed heterozygosity in nine out of 12 persons when using the ratio between biological factor-VII activity and factor-VII-CRM as the criterion."}
{"id": "PMID:871420", "title": "HLA antigens in Addisonian pernicious anaemia: absence of a HLA and disease association.", "content": "An examination of HLA antigens in 72 unrelated Caucasian subjects with pernicious anaemia (PA) has revealed no significant association of any HLA-A or B genes with the disease. These data do not confirm the previous reports in the literature which had suggested an increased frequency of the B7 and/or A3 antigen among patients. In addition, the study of four families, each with two or more PA patients, does not support close linkage between disease susceptibility or autoantibody formation and the HLA locus. These data suggest that genes in or near the HLA region may not significantly affect susceptibility to PA.", "contents": "HLA antigens in Addisonian pernicious anaemia: absence of a HLA and disease association. An examination of HLA antigens in 72 unrelated Caucasian subjects with pernicious anaemia (PA) has revealed no significant association of any HLA-A or B genes with the disease. These data do not confirm the previous reports in the literature which had suggested an increased frequency of the B7 and/or A3 antigen among patients. In addition, the study of four families, each with two or more PA patients, does not support close linkage between disease susceptibility or autoantibody formation and the HLA locus. These data suggest that genes in or near the HLA region may not significantly affect susceptibility to PA."}
{"id": "PMID:871422", "title": "Reversible C3 hypocomplementaemia in megaloblastic anaemia due to vitamin B12 deficiency.", "content": "Serum C3 and C4 levels have been determined in patients with Addisonian pernicious anaemia (PA) and megaloblastic anaemia due to vitamin B12 deficiency from other causes, before and after treatment, in order to study the interaction between vitamin B12 deficiency and complement and the role of complement in the pathogenesis of the gastric lesion of PA. C3 levels are significantly reduced in vitamin B12 deficiency and return to normal on treatment; C3 levels correlate with the degree of anaemia but not with serum vitamin B12 levels at diagnosis. C4 levels are normal. These observations suggest that the observed C3 hypocomplementaemia is not a consequence of immune mechanisms, but may be due to altered synthesis of C3 complement component.", "contents": "Reversible C3 hypocomplementaemia in megaloblastic anaemia due to vitamin B12 deficiency. Serum C3 and C4 levels have been determined in patients with Addisonian pernicious anaemia (PA) and megaloblastic anaemia due to vitamin B12 deficiency from other causes, before and after treatment, in order to study the interaction between vitamin B12 deficiency and complement and the role of complement in the pathogenesis of the gastric lesion of PA. C3 levels are significantly reduced in vitamin B12 deficiency and return to normal on treatment; C3 levels correlate with the degree of anaemia but not with serum vitamin B12 levels at diagnosis. C4 levels are normal. These observations suggest that the observed C3 hypocomplementaemia is not a consequence of immune mechanisms, but may be due to altered synthesis of C3 complement component."}
{"id": "PMID:871424", "title": "Erythroid hypoplasia in myelofibrosis: a feature associated with blastic transformation.", "content": "Four cases of myelofibrosis have shown a pattern which is usually found only where there is erythroid hypoplasia and in none of these was there evidence of extramedullary erythropoiesis. Three of these cases terminated in a blastic phase. The findings suggest that the occurrence of erythroid hypoplasia in myelofibrosis may be associated with blastic transformation--whether as a predisposing factor or as a secondary event is still speculative. This phenomenon is discussed in relation to the natural history of myelofibrosis.", "contents": "Erythroid hypoplasia in myelofibrosis: a feature associated with blastic transformation. Four cases of myelofibrosis have shown a pattern which is usually found only where there is erythroid hypoplasia and in none of these was there evidence of extramedullary erythropoiesis. Three of these cases terminated in a blastic phase. The findings suggest that the occurrence of erythroid hypoplasia in myelofibrosis may be associated with blastic transformation--whether as a predisposing factor or as a secondary event is still speculative. This phenomenon is discussed in relation to the natural history of myelofibrosis."}
{"id": "PMID:871426", "title": "Adenosine deaminase (ADA) activity in lymphocytes of normal individuals and patients with chronic lymphatic leukaemia.", "content": "Adenosine deaminase (adenosine aminophydrolase, ADA) activity was found to be low in lymphocytes of chronic lymphatic leukaemia (CLL) patients compared to normal lymphocytes. This was determined on 42 controls and 49 CLL patients. The mean activity in normal lymphocytes was found to be 4.35 +/- 3.34 mumol/h/10(8) cells while in CLL cells it was 2.45 +/- 2.54 mumol/h/10(8) cells.", "contents": "Adenosine deaminase (ADA) activity in lymphocytes of normal individuals and patients with chronic lymphatic leukaemia. Adenosine deaminase (adenosine aminophydrolase, ADA) activity was found to be low in lymphocytes of chronic lymphatic leukaemia (CLL) patients compared to normal lymphocytes. This was determined on 42 controls and 49 CLL patients. The mean activity in normal lymphocytes was found to be 4.35 +/- 3.34 mumol/h/10(8) cells while in CLL cells it was 2.45 +/- 2.54 mumol/h/10(8) cells."}
{"id": "PMID:871429", "title": "Evidence that stimulation of megakaryocytopoiesis by low dose vincristine results from an effect on platelets.", "content": "Appropriate low dosages of vincristine stimulate megakaryocytopoiesis and produce thrombocytosis. In this study of the thrombocytotic action of vincristine, administration of a single dose of 0.1 mg/kg to rats produced an increase in megakaryocyte concentration, diameter and 24 h [3H]thymidine labelling index. Transfusion of one body equivalent of platelets from normal donors prevented stimulation of megakaryocytopoiesis by vincristine whereas platelets from vincristine-treated donors did not. These results suggest that vincristine stimulates megakaryocytopoiesis by altering the functional role of circulating platelets in the regulation of thrombopoiesis.", "contents": "Evidence that stimulation of megakaryocytopoiesis by low dose vincristine results from an effect on platelets. Appropriate low dosages of vincristine stimulate megakaryocytopoiesis and produce thrombocytosis. In this study of the thrombocytotic action of vincristine, administration of a single dose of 0.1 mg/kg to rats produced an increase in megakaryocyte concentration, diameter and 24 h [3H]thymidine labelling index. Transfusion of one body equivalent of platelets from normal donors prevented stimulation of megakaryocytopoiesis by vincristine whereas platelets from vincristine-treated donors did not. These results suggest that vincristine stimulates megakaryocytopoiesis by altering the functional role of circulating platelets in the regulation of thrombopoiesis."}
{"id": "PMID:871430", "title": "Comparison of haematological features of the beta0 and beta+ thalassaemia traits in Jamaican Negroes.", "content": "Haematological characteristics have been compared in 29 subjects with heterozygous beta0 thalassaemia and in 33 subjects with heterozygous beta+ thalassaemia, identified by the type of sickle cell-beta thalassaemia among close relatives, in a Jamaican Negro population. Total haemoglobin, MCV and MCH were significantly lower in the beta0 type but the level of Hb A2 was not significantly different. Individual values for MCV, MCH and Hb A2 in the beta+ type occasionally overlapped those in the normal population casting doubt on the adequacy of these criteria in identifying all cases of heterozygous beta+ thalassaemia. The haematological differences are those which would be expected on theoretical grounds. The inability to confidently differentiate the two types of heterozygous beta thalassaemia has implications for genetic counselling. The inability to distinguish heterozygous beta+ thalassaemia from normals on any single haematological index suggests that surveys depending on estimations of Hb A2 or on MCV alone may have underestimated the prevalence of the beta+ thalassaemia gene.", "contents": "Comparison of haematological features of the beta0 and beta+ thalassaemia traits in Jamaican Negroes. Haematological characteristics have been compared in 29 subjects with heterozygous beta0 thalassaemia and in 33 subjects with heterozygous beta+ thalassaemia, identified by the type of sickle cell-beta thalassaemia among close relatives, in a Jamaican Negro population. Total haemoglobin, MCV and MCH were significantly lower in the beta0 type but the level of Hb A2 was not significantly different. Individual values for MCV, MCH and Hb A2 in the beta+ type occasionally overlapped those in the normal population casting doubt on the adequacy of these criteria in identifying all cases of heterozygous beta+ thalassaemia. The haematological differences are those which would be expected on theoretical grounds. The inability to confidently differentiate the two types of heterozygous beta thalassaemia has implications for genetic counselling. The inability to distinguish heterozygous beta+ thalassaemia from normals on any single haematological index suggests that surveys depending on estimations of Hb A2 or on MCV alone may have underestimated the prevalence of the beta+ thalassaemia gene."}
{"id": "PMID:871431", "title": "Reduced ferrochelatase activity: a defect common to porphyria variegata and protoporphyria.", "content": "Erythroid ferrochelatase activity has been studied in the normoblasts of patients with porphyria variegata and protoporphyria. Two methods were used for the investigation: one using intact cells and the other lysed cells, each measuring the amount of haem synthesized by normoblasts. In patients with porphyria variegata, ferrochelatase activity estimated by both methods was approximately 50% of the normal, and in protoporphyria the ferrochelatase activity was normal in intact normoblasts but was 20% of the normal in sonicated normoblasts (marrow lysates). It is suggested therefore that in porphyria variegata a dominantly inherited structural gene mutation results in an active ferrochelatase whereas in protoporphyria the genetic mutation results in an unstable ferrochelatase. The mechanism of the enzyme instability is not known though a number of postulates are discussed.", "contents": "Reduced ferrochelatase activity: a defect common to porphyria variegata and protoporphyria. Erythroid ferrochelatase activity has been studied in the normoblasts of patients with porphyria variegata and protoporphyria. Two methods were used for the investigation: one using intact cells and the other lysed cells, each measuring the amount of haem synthesized by normoblasts. In patients with porphyria variegata, ferrochelatase activity estimated by both methods was approximately 50% of the normal, and in protoporphyria the ferrochelatase activity was normal in intact normoblasts but was 20% of the normal in sonicated normoblasts (marrow lysates). It is suggested therefore that in porphyria variegata a dominantly inherited structural gene mutation results in an active ferrochelatase whereas in protoporphyria the genetic mutation results in an unstable ferrochelatase. The mechanism of the enzyme instability is not known though a number of postulates are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:871432", "title": "Cobalamin dependent methionine synthesis and methyl-folate-trap in human vitamin B12 deficiency.", "content": "The activity of methionine synthetase (MS) is important for the rapid growth of human haematopoietic cells and cultured lymphoblastoid cells. The MS reaction is the only known metabolic step in which both vitamin B12 and folate are essential in a single enzyme reaction. In vitamin B12 deficiency the MS activity in bone marrow cells is significantly lower than that in normal bone marrow. Free tetrahydrofolic acid (H4PteGlu) is normally liberated from its metabolically inactive storage form, 5-methyl-H4PteGlu (CH3H4PteGlu), in the cobalamin-dependent MS reaction. Thus, in vitamin B12 deficiency H4PteGlu is not available in sufficient concentration to maintain the de novo synthesis of thymidylate and purines, and accords with the methyl-folate-trap hypothesis. After treatment with amethopterin (Methotrexate), the incorporation of 3H-deoxyuridine into cellular DNA is reduced. In proliferating normal cells this effect of methotrexate can be prevented (and the cells rescued) with CH3-H4PteGlu or with CHO-H4PteGlu (5-formyl-H4PteGlu; Leucovorin). On the other hand, in vitamin B12 deficient bone marrow cells this so-called rescue-effect could only be achieved with CHO-H4PteGlu and not with CH3-H4PteGlu. These observations also support the hypothesis of the methyl-folate-trap in vitamin B12 deficiency. Decreased MS activity in vitamin B12 deficiency seems to be the essential metabolic fault, which is responsible for secondary alterations of folate metabolims. Thus, measurement of MS activity may allow direct functional assessment of vitamin B12 deficiency, at least with regard to DNA metabolism.", "contents": "Cobalamin dependent methionine synthesis and methyl-folate-trap in human vitamin B12 deficiency. The activity of methionine synthetase (MS) is important for the rapid growth of human haematopoietic cells and cultured lymphoblastoid cells. The MS reaction is the only known metabolic step in which both vitamin B12 and folate are essential in a single enzyme reaction. In vitamin B12 deficiency the MS activity in bone marrow cells is significantly lower than that in normal bone marrow. Free tetrahydrofolic acid (H4PteGlu) is normally liberated from its metabolically inactive storage form, 5-methyl-H4PteGlu (CH3H4PteGlu), in the cobalamin-dependent MS reaction. Thus, in vitamin B12 deficiency H4PteGlu is not available in sufficient concentration to maintain the de novo synthesis of thymidylate and purines, and accords with the methyl-folate-trap hypothesis. After treatment with amethopterin (Methotrexate), the incorporation of 3H-deoxyuridine into cellular DNA is reduced. In proliferating normal cells this effect of methotrexate can be prevented (and the cells rescued) with CH3-H4PteGlu or with CHO-H4PteGlu (5-formyl-H4PteGlu; Leucovorin). On the other hand, in vitamin B12 deficient bone marrow cells this so-called rescue-effect could only be achieved with CHO-H4PteGlu and not with CH3-H4PteGlu. These observations also support the hypothesis of the methyl-folate-trap in vitamin B12 deficiency. Decreased MS activity in vitamin B12 deficiency seems to be the essential metabolic fault, which is responsible for secondary alterations of folate metabolims. Thus, measurement of MS activity may allow direct functional assessment of vitamin B12 deficiency, at least with regard to DNA metabolism."}
{"id": "PMID:871433", "title": "Characterization of serum ferritin in iron overload: possible identity to natural apoferritin.", "content": "Serum ferritins from a patient with haemochromatosis and from a patient with transfusional siderosis were compared with tissue isoferritins on the basis of their iron content, isoferritin spectrum and immunological properties. Both serum ferritins had a low iron content and corresponded to only the most basic isoferritins in liver. The serum ferritins were very similar to the natural apoferritin from liver in all respects.", "contents": "Characterization of serum ferritin in iron overload: possible identity to natural apoferritin. Serum ferritins from a patient with haemochromatosis and from a patient with transfusional siderosis were compared with tissue isoferritins on the basis of their iron content, isoferritin spectrum and immunological properties. Both serum ferritins had a low iron content and corresponded to only the most basic isoferritins in liver. The serum ferritins were very similar to the natural apoferritin from liver in all respects."}
{"id": "PMID:871434", "title": "Intracellular iron transport in rat intestinal epithelium: biochemical and ultrastructural observations.", "content": "Iron absorption by the rat intestinal epithelial cell has been studied by differential centrifugation of mucosal homogenates and by electron microscopic autoradiography. Autoradiography of both subcellular pellets and whole gut confirmed the biochemical findings. Mitochondria play a quantitatively significant role in iron metabolism within the epithelial cell but do not take part in the transport of iron across the cell during iron absorption.", "contents": "Intracellular iron transport in rat intestinal epithelium: biochemical and ultrastructural observations. Iron absorption by the rat intestinal epithelial cell has been studied by differential centrifugation of mucosal homogenates and by electron microscopic autoradiography. Autoradiography of both subcellular pellets and whole gut confirmed the biochemical findings. Mitochondria play a quantitatively significant role in iron metabolism within the epithelial cell but do not take part in the transport of iron across the cell during iron absorption."}
{"id": "PMID:871435", "title": "Haematological changes associated with the McLeod phenotype of the Kell blood group system.", "content": "The McLeod phenotype is inherited as an X-linked characteristic. The red cells have weak antigenicity in the Kell blood group and lack Kx, a precursor-like substance that appears to be necessary for proper biosynthesis of Kell antigens. Kx antigen is also required for establishment of normal cell morphology. Absence of Kx antigen causes a membrane abnormality, in which the most prominent feature is acanthocytosis, and a compensated haemolytic state. The X-linked gene that determines normal Kx production is called X1k. Inheritance of a variant allele at the Xk locus is responsible for lack of Kx synthesis and the McLeod phenotype. The Xk locus is inactivated by the Lyon effect, and female carriers of the variant gene exhibit blood group mosaicism in the Kell system and have a dual red cell population of acanthocytes and discocytes.", "contents": "Haematological changes associated with the McLeod phenotype of the Kell blood group system. The McLeod phenotype is inherited as an X-linked characteristic. The red cells have weak antigenicity in the Kell blood group and lack Kx, a precursor-like substance that appears to be necessary for proper biosynthesis of Kell antigens. Kx antigen is also required for establishment of normal cell morphology. Absence of Kx antigen causes a membrane abnormality, in which the most prominent feature is acanthocytosis, and a compensated haemolytic state. The X-linked gene that determines normal Kx production is called X1k. Inheritance of a variant allele at the Xk locus is responsible for lack of Kx synthesis and the McLeod phenotype. The Xk locus is inactivated by the Lyon effect, and female carriers of the variant gene exhibit blood group mosaicism in the Kell system and have a dual red cell population of acanthocytes and discocytes."}
{"id": "PMID:871436", "title": "Development of Neutrophilia by serially increasing doses of dexamethasone.", "content": "Dexamethasone (4-8 mg/m2 body surface area) was given orally or intravenously to six normal volunteers. The maximum neutrophil count occurred 4-6 h after oral or intravenous administration of dexamethasone and was due almost entirely to an increase in mature neutrophils; concomitantly there was a lymphocytopenia. A second rise in the neutrophil count occurred 24 h after oral ingestion of dexamethasone, coinciding with a lymphocytosis. Neutrophil alkaline phosphatase (NAP) activity during development fell as the neutrophil count rose. Other haematological values were unchanged except for small increments in erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR). Sodium concentration in serum and urine remained normal but urinary potassium excretion and urine volume increased after the intravenous dose. There was a direct relationship between plasma concentration of dexamethasone and the rise in neutrophil count following intravenous but not oral administration. The concentration of dexamethasone in plasma fell to half its peak value in 2-6 h. Dexamethasone-induced neutrophilia was similar to that induced by other corticosteroids. Dexamethasone in a dose of 6 mg/m2 produced minimal discomfort while inducing an adequate neutrophilia in the volunteers.", "contents": "Development of Neutrophilia by serially increasing doses of dexamethasone. Dexamethasone (4-8 mg/m2 body surface area) was given orally or intravenously to six normal volunteers. The maximum neutrophil count occurred 4-6 h after oral or intravenous administration of dexamethasone and was due almost entirely to an increase in mature neutrophils; concomitantly there was a lymphocytopenia. A second rise in the neutrophil count occurred 24 h after oral ingestion of dexamethasone, coinciding with a lymphocytosis. Neutrophil alkaline phosphatase (NAP) activity during development fell as the neutrophil count rose. Other haematological values were unchanged except for small increments in erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR). Sodium concentration in serum and urine remained normal but urinary potassium excretion and urine volume increased after the intravenous dose. There was a direct relationship between plasma concentration of dexamethasone and the rise in neutrophil count following intravenous but not oral administration. The concentration of dexamethasone in plasma fell to half its peak value in 2-6 h. Dexamethasone-induced neutrophilia was similar to that induced by other corticosteroids. Dexamethasone in a dose of 6 mg/m2 produced minimal discomfort while inducing an adequate neutrophilia in the volunteers."}
{"id": "PMID:871437", "title": "Metabolism and function of human platelets washed by albumin density gradient separation.", "content": "A method for washing platelets by albumin density gradient separation, originally designed for the study of platelet coagulant activities, has been modified for platelet aggregation and metabolic studies. Platelets are sedimented into a continuous density gradient of isosmolar albumin containing apyrase to protect them from clumping and physical injury and are resuspended in calcium-free Tyrode's solution. The mean recovery of platelets after two separations relative to platelet-rich plasma (PRP) was 90.3%. When small amounts of plasma were added to washed platelet suspensions, aggregation and release of [14C]5-hydroxytryptamine (5HT) in response to adenosine diphosphate (adp) or 5HT were similar to results obtained with PRP. When fibrinogen was substituted for plasma, ADP-induced aggregation occurred but was feeble. Without added plasma or fibrinogen, platelets were refractory to ADP and insensitive to the cyclic endoperoxide analogue U44619. When both ADP and U44619 were added simultaneously, in low concentrations, to washed platelets without added plasma or fibrinogen, aggregation occurred immediately. Washed platelets were not aggregated by adrenaline, which potentiated ADP-induced aggregation. Several biochemical measurements which are sensitive indicators of cellular damage were normal in washed platelets, including [14C]adenine uptake, adenylate energy charge, hypoxanthine formation and the response of adenylate cyclase to stimulation by PGE1 or PGD2. Platelet coagulant activities were not made available and heparin-neutralizing activity (HNA) was not spontaneously released by the washing procedure, but the washed platelets responded normally to appropriate agents by developing coagulant activities and releasing HNA. The ultrastructure of washed platelets was similar to those in control PRP. Inclusion of apyrase in the first albumin gradient had a beneficial effect on platelet morphology, aggregation and metabolism, but washing at 37degreesC compared with 25degreesC did not. Albumin density gradient separation is a useful method for isolating platelets for aggregation and metabolic studies.", "contents": "Metabolism and function of human platelets washed by albumin density gradient separation. A method for washing platelets by albumin density gradient separation, originally designed for the study of platelet coagulant activities, has been modified for platelet aggregation and metabolic studies. Platelets are sedimented into a continuous density gradient of isosmolar albumin containing apyrase to protect them from clumping and physical injury and are resuspended in calcium-free Tyrode's solution. The mean recovery of platelets after two separations relative to platelet-rich plasma (PRP) was 90.3%. When small amounts of plasma were added to washed platelet suspensions, aggregation and release of [14C]5-hydroxytryptamine (5HT) in response to adenosine diphosphate (adp) or 5HT were similar to results obtained with PRP. When fibrinogen was substituted for plasma, ADP-induced aggregation occurred but was feeble. Without added plasma or fibrinogen, platelets were refractory to ADP and insensitive to the cyclic endoperoxide analogue U44619. When both ADP and U44619 were added simultaneously, in low concentrations, to washed platelets without added plasma or fibrinogen, aggregation occurred immediately. Washed platelets were not aggregated by adrenaline, which potentiated ADP-induced aggregation. Several biochemical measurements which are sensitive indicators of cellular damage were normal in washed platelets, including [14C]adenine uptake, adenylate energy charge, hypoxanthine formation and the response of adenylate cyclase to stimulation by PGE1 or PGD2. Platelet coagulant activities were not made available and heparin-neutralizing activity (HNA) was not spontaneously released by the washing procedure, but the washed platelets responded normally to appropriate agents by developing coagulant activities and releasing HNA. The ultrastructure of washed platelets was similar to those in control PRP. Inclusion of apyrase in the first albumin gradient had a beneficial effect on platelet morphology, aggregation and metabolism, but washing at 37degreesC compared with 25degreesC did not. Albumin density gradient separation is a useful method for isolating platelets for aggregation and metabolic studies."}
{"id": "PMID:871439", "title": "Cancers of the lung and nasal sinuses in nickel workers: a reassessment of the period of risk.", "content": "Nine hundred and sixty-seven men who were employed in a nickel refinery in South Wales on at least two occasions five or more years apart before 1945 have been followed up, and the mortality rates from different causes related to the date of their first employment. Previous reports suggested that the occupational risks of lung and nasal sinus cancer had been eliminated by 1925. It is now shown that the risk persisted until 1930, which accords better with the temporal changes in the process.", "contents": "Cancers of the lung and nasal sinuses in nickel workers: a reassessment of the period of risk. Nine hundred and sixty-seven men who were employed in a nickel refinery in South Wales on at least two occasions five or more years apart before 1945 have been followed up, and the mortality rates from different causes related to the date of their first employment. Previous reports suggested that the occupational risks of lung and nasal sinus cancer had been eliminated by 1925. It is now shown that the risk persisted until 1930, which accords better with the temporal changes in the process."}
{"id": "PMID:871440", "title": "Application of blood cadmium analysis to industry using an atomic fluorescence method.", "content": "A flame photometric method using atomic fluorescence (AFS) for cadmium (Cd) estimation is described and applied to the measurement of Cd in blood. The AFS system employs a modified, low cost atomic absorption spectrophotometer, with a high intensity Cd light source provided by an electrodeless discharge tube, excited in a thermostatted microwave cavity. The analytical sensitivity of the technique is sufficient to permit dilution (1 in 5) of blood, before aspiration into the air-hydrogen flame. The method is rapid (25 duplicates/hour), and gives acceptable precision (coefficient of variation within batch 2-5%, between batch 8-1%). The method was applied to a reference population and to three different groups of industrial workers. The reference population had a mean blood concentration of 35-1 nmol Cd/litre. Group 1 (general categories of worker) had 65-2 nmol Cd/1, Group 2 (demolition workers), 137-9 nmol Cd/1, and Group 3 (shipbreakers), 105-9 nmol Cd/1. There was a relationship between increases in blood Cd and in blood Pb which was statistically significant for Group 3.", "contents": "Application of blood cadmium analysis to industry using an atomic fluorescence method. A flame photometric method using atomic fluorescence (AFS) for cadmium (Cd) estimation is described and applied to the measurement of Cd in blood. The AFS system employs a modified, low cost atomic absorption spectrophotometer, with a high intensity Cd light source provided by an electrodeless discharge tube, excited in a thermostatted microwave cavity. The analytical sensitivity of the technique is sufficient to permit dilution (1 in 5) of blood, before aspiration into the air-hydrogen flame. The method is rapid (25 duplicates/hour), and gives acceptable precision (coefficient of variation within batch 2-5%, between batch 8-1%). The method was applied to a reference population and to three different groups of industrial workers. The reference population had a mean blood concentration of 35-1 nmol Cd/litre. Group 1 (general categories of worker) had 65-2 nmol Cd/1, Group 2 (demolition workers), 137-9 nmol Cd/1, and Group 3 (shipbreakers), 105-9 nmol Cd/1. There was a relationship between increases in blood Cd and in blood Pb which was statistically significant for Group 3."}
{"id": "PMID:871441", "title": "Occupational exposure to manganese.", "content": "The relationship between the degree of exposure and biological effects of manganese was studied in a group of 369 workers employed in the production of ferroalloys. Two other groups of workers, from an electrode plant and from an aluminium rolling mill, served as controls. Mean manganese concentrations at work places where ferroalloys were produced varied from 0-301 to 20-442 mg/m3. The exposure level of the two control groups was from 2 to 30 microgram/m3 and from 0-05 to 0-07 microgram/m3, in the electrode plant and rolling mill respectively. Sixty-two (16-8%) manganese alloy workers showed some signs of neurological impairment. These signs were noticeably less in the two control groups (5-8% and 0%) than in the occupationally exposed group. Subjective symptoms, which are nonspecific but may be symptoms of subclinical manganism, were not markedly different in the three groups. However, in the manganese alloy workers some of the subjective symptoms occurred more frequently in heavier smokers than in light smokers or nonsmokers. Heavier smokers engaged in manganese alloy production showed some of the subjective symptoms more often than heavier smokers from the control groups.", "contents": "Occupational exposure to manganese. The relationship between the degree of exposure and biological effects of manganese was studied in a group of 369 workers employed in the production of ferroalloys. Two other groups of workers, from an electrode plant and from an aluminium rolling mill, served as controls. Mean manganese concentrations at work places where ferroalloys were produced varied from 0-301 to 20-442 mg/m3. The exposure level of the two control groups was from 2 to 30 microgram/m3 and from 0-05 to 0-07 microgram/m3, in the electrode plant and rolling mill respectively. Sixty-two (16-8%) manganese alloy workers showed some signs of neurological impairment. These signs were noticeably less in the two control groups (5-8% and 0%) than in the occupationally exposed group. Subjective symptoms, which are nonspecific but may be symptoms of subclinical manganism, were not markedly different in the three groups. However, in the manganese alloy workers some of the subjective symptoms occurred more frequently in heavier smokers than in light smokers or nonsmokers. Heavier smokers engaged in manganese alloy production showed some of the subjective symptoms more often than heavier smokers from the control groups."}
{"id": "PMID:871442", "title": "Antagonistic activity of poly (4-vinylpyridine-N-oxide) to the inhibition of viral interferon induction by asbestos fibres.", "content": "The depressive activity of both serpentine (Canadian and Rhodesian chrysotiles) and amphibole (amosite, crocidolite, and anthophyllite) asbestos fibres on interferon induction by influenza virus was significantly diminished or abolished completely when either asbestos fibres or LLC-MK2 cell monolayers were pretreated with poly(4-vinylpyridine-N-oxide). Maximal antagonistic activity of the polymer was time and concentration dependent. Pretreating asbestos fibres with the polymer was more rapid and effective in encouraging viral interferon synthesis than pretreating cell monolayers. Virus multiplication in the presence of asbestos fibre-treated cell monolayers attained a twofold higher level than that noted in normal cell monolayers or those containing polymer-pretreated asbestos fibres. These findings were related to the suppression of interferon production.", "contents": "Antagonistic activity of poly (4-vinylpyridine-N-oxide) to the inhibition of viral interferon induction by asbestos fibres. The depressive activity of both serpentine (Canadian and Rhodesian chrysotiles) and amphibole (amosite, crocidolite, and anthophyllite) asbestos fibres on interferon induction by influenza virus was significantly diminished or abolished completely when either asbestos fibres or LLC-MK2 cell monolayers were pretreated with poly(4-vinylpyridine-N-oxide). Maximal antagonistic activity of the polymer was time and concentration dependent. Pretreating asbestos fibres with the polymer was more rapid and effective in encouraging viral interferon synthesis than pretreating cell monolayers. Virus multiplication in the presence of asbestos fibre-treated cell monolayers attained a twofold higher level than that noted in normal cell monolayers or those containing polymer-pretreated asbestos fibres. These findings were related to the suppression of interferon production."}
{"id": "PMID:871443", "title": "Acceptable levels for the breathing resistance of respiratory apparatus: results for men over the age of 45.", "content": "Tolerance of additional external resistance to inspiration has been investigated in a group of coalworkers older than 45 years. Peak inspiratory pressure, external respiratory work rate, ventilation, and gas exchange were measured, during periods with and without one of four inspiratory resistances, on 41 subjects walking on a treadmill. Minute volume was reduced, breathing frequency was unchanged and oxygen uptake and carbon dioxide elimination were reduced by the presence of resistance. It was established that, at the workload studied, older men were able to tolerate inspiratory resistance to at least the same extent as younger men, when the respiratory work was expressed in terms of unit ventilation. It is suggested that the acceptable level of breathing resistance established for younger men can also be applied to older workers.", "contents": "Acceptable levels for the breathing resistance of respiratory apparatus: results for men over the age of 45. Tolerance of additional external resistance to inspiration has been investigated in a group of coalworkers older than 45 years. Peak inspiratory pressure, external respiratory work rate, ventilation, and gas exchange were measured, during periods with and without one of four inspiratory resistances, on 41 subjects walking on a treadmill. Minute volume was reduced, breathing frequency was unchanged and oxygen uptake and carbon dioxide elimination were reduced by the presence of resistance. It was established that, at the workload studied, older men were able to tolerate inspiratory resistance to at least the same extent as younger men, when the respiratory work was expressed in terms of unit ventilation. It is suggested that the acceptable level of breathing resistance established for younger men can also be applied to older workers."}
{"id": "PMID:871444", "title": "Effects of fluorocarbon propellants on respiratory flow and ECG.", "content": "Ten subjects were exposed to the propellants freon 11, freon 12, freon 114, to two mixtures of freon 11 and 12 and to a mixture of freon 12 and 114. The length of exposure was 15, 45 or 60 seconds. Maximum expiratory flow-volume (MEF) curves and ECG were recorded before, and intermittently up to 1 hour after, exposure. Breathing level concentrations of propellants during exposure were determined by gas chromatography. All freons induced biphasic reduction of ventilatory capacity on inhalation. The first fall occurred within a few minutes of exposure while the second was delayed 13-30 minutes after exposure. The effects of mixtures were greater than those of individual freons. The relative fall in MEF 75% was more pronounced than that in MEF 50%. No clear-cut pathological changes in ECG were found. Nevertheless, most subjects developed variations in heart rate exceeding those noted before exposure. In a few cases inversion of the T wave, and in one case atrioventricular block, were observed.", "contents": "Effects of fluorocarbon propellants on respiratory flow and ECG. Ten subjects were exposed to the propellants freon 11, freon 12, freon 114, to two mixtures of freon 11 and 12 and to a mixture of freon 12 and 114. The length of exposure was 15, 45 or 60 seconds. Maximum expiratory flow-volume (MEF) curves and ECG were recorded before, and intermittently up to 1 hour after, exposure. Breathing level concentrations of propellants during exposure were determined by gas chromatography. All freons induced biphasic reduction of ventilatory capacity on inhalation. The first fall occurred within a few minutes of exposure while the second was delayed 13-30 minutes after exposure. The effects of mixtures were greater than those of individual freons. The relative fall in MEF 75% was more pronounced than that in MEF 50%. No clear-cut pathological changes in ECG were found. Nevertheless, most subjects developed variations in heart rate exceeding those noted before exposure. In a few cases inversion of the T wave, and in one case atrioventricular block, were observed."}
{"id": "PMID:871445", "title": "Efficiency and daily work effort in sugar cane cutters.", "content": "Productivity (metric tons (tonnes)/day), efficiency (kg cane cut/litre Vo2), and effort (percent Vo2 max sustained during an 8-hour workday) have been measured in 54 Colombian sugar cane cutters. In workers who sustained less than 40% Vo2 max during the workday, the effort expended was related to productivity (4 = 0-71) but efficiency and productivity were not significantly correlated. In 16 workers sustaining a greater than 40% Vo2 max during the workday, productivity and effort were not related and efficiency was significantly reduced. Subjects using less than 40% Vo2 max were divided into good, average and poor producers and compared with the men with low efficiencies. In general, these inefficient men had the anthropometric and physical fitness characteristics of low productivity workers (smaller stature, weight and Vo2 max). However, the frequency of good, average, and poor cutters in the inefficient group did not differ from that of the men expending less than 40% of their maximum effort nor was their average productivity different. No obvious reasons for the differences in efficiency and effort of these men were found.", "contents": "Efficiency and daily work effort in sugar cane cutters. Productivity (metric tons (tonnes)/day), efficiency (kg cane cut/litre Vo2), and effort (percent Vo2 max sustained during an 8-hour workday) have been measured in 54 Colombian sugar cane cutters. In workers who sustained less than 40% Vo2 max during the workday, the effort expended was related to productivity (4 = 0-71) but efficiency and productivity were not significantly correlated. In 16 workers sustaining a greater than 40% Vo2 max during the workday, productivity and effort were not related and efficiency was significantly reduced. Subjects using less than 40% Vo2 max were divided into good, average and poor producers and compared with the men with low efficiencies. In general, these inefficient men had the anthropometric and physical fitness characteristics of low productivity workers (smaller stature, weight and Vo2 max). However, the frequency of good, average, and poor cutters in the inefficient group did not differ from that of the men expending less than 40% of their maximum effort nor was their average productivity different. No obvious reasons for the differences in efficiency and effort of these men were found."}
{"id": "PMID:871446", "title": "Screening for liver disease in vinyl chloride workers.", "content": "Following the occurrence of hepatic fibrosis and angiosarcoma in polyvinyl chloride autoclave workers, a screening programme was set up for workers at risk in a large production plant. There was no significant difference in liver function tests between workers and a control group of men in the same factory, not exposed to vinyl chloride. Four exposed workers out of 422 were found to have enlarged spleens compared with none out of 202 controls. Liver biopsies from selected cases showed no significant pathological changes, although there was minimal increase in portal tract and sinusoidal fibrosis in exposed workers.", "contents": "Screening for liver disease in vinyl chloride workers. Following the occurrence of hepatic fibrosis and angiosarcoma in polyvinyl chloride autoclave workers, a screening programme was set up for workers at risk in a large production plant. There was no significant difference in liver function tests between workers and a control group of men in the same factory, not exposed to vinyl chloride. Four exposed workers out of 422 were found to have enlarged spleens compared with none out of 202 controls. Liver biopsies from selected cases showed no significant pathological changes, although there was minimal increase in portal tract and sinusoidal fibrosis in exposed workers."}
{"id": "PMID:871448", "title": "Radiological assessment of small pneumoconiotic opacities.", "content": "Problems in the assessment of small opacities, within the ILO U/C International Classification of Radiographs of the Pneumoconioses (International Labour Office, 1972), are discussed in the light of readings by three experts of a group of films in which both rounded and irregular small opacities frequently coexisted. There was considerable disagreement on whether opacities were rounded or irregular, but reasonable agreement on type (diameter or thickness). As expected, rounded opacities were more commonly recorded in upper zones of the lung, and irregular opacities in lower zones. However, determination of which zones were affected left much to be desired. Perhaps as a result, major problems arose over the assessment of combined profusion.", "contents": "Radiological assessment of small pneumoconiotic opacities. Problems in the assessment of small opacities, within the ILO U/C International Classification of Radiographs of the Pneumoconioses (International Labour Office, 1972), are discussed in the light of readings by three experts of a group of films in which both rounded and irregular small opacities frequently coexisted. There was considerable disagreement on whether opacities were rounded or irregular, but reasonable agreement on type (diameter or thickness). As expected, rounded opacities were more commonly recorded in upper zones of the lung, and irregular opacities in lower zones. However, determination of which zones were affected left much to be desired. Perhaps as a result, major problems arose over the assessment of combined profusion."}
{"id": "PMID:871449", "title": "Energy dispersive x-ray analysis in the study of pneumoconiosis.", "content": "Identification of inorganic substances in the lung is an important step towards the establishment of a cause and effect relationship in the study of pneumoconiosis. The conventional methods for this identification usually require an ashing which makes it difficult to study the localisation of these substances in relation to pathology. A method is described to identify foreign substances in the tissue obtained either on biopsy or autopsy without destroying them. The technique employs scanning electron microscopy together with energy dispersive x-ray analysis. This method not only allows simultaneous multi-elemental analysis of over 80 elements, but also permits detailed morphological examination while the tissue is being analysed.", "contents": "Energy dispersive x-ray analysis in the study of pneumoconiosis. Identification of inorganic substances in the lung is an important step towards the establishment of a cause and effect relationship in the study of pneumoconiosis. The conventional methods for this identification usually require an ashing which makes it difficult to study the localisation of these substances in relation to pathology. A method is described to identify foreign substances in the tissue obtained either on biopsy or autopsy without destroying them. The technique employs scanning electron microscopy together with energy dispersive x-ray analysis. This method not only allows simultaneous multi-elemental analysis of over 80 elements, but also permits detailed morphological examination while the tissue is being analysed."}
{"id": "PMID:871452", "title": "A study of social problems in a group of young women treated with brief psychotherapy.", "content": "This paper reports on a series of young women with social problems treated with brief psychotherapy in a NHS setting and fulfilling difinite selection criteria. It is suggested that we have paid more attention to the role of the mother infancy and have tended to neglect the influence of the father. While we have studied emotional change in the growing child we have not perhaps made sufficient allowance for changes in parents. This study examines the role of the father in his daughter's adolescence. Awareness of this factor in the clinical setting might help to shorten the course of psychotherapy in appropriate cases. Sociologically it is relevant to our views on parenthood.", "contents": "A study of social problems in a group of young women treated with brief psychotherapy. This paper reports on a series of young women with social problems treated with brief psychotherapy in a NHS setting and fulfilling difinite selection criteria. It is suggested that we have paid more attention to the role of the mother infancy and have tended to neglect the influence of the father. While we have studied emotional change in the growing child we have not perhaps made sufficient allowance for changes in parents. This study examines the role of the father in his daughter's adolescence. Awareness of this factor in the clinical setting might help to shorten the course of psychotherapy in appropriate cases. Sociologically it is relevant to our views on parenthood."}
{"id": "PMID:871453", "title": "The organization of judgements based on positive and negative adjectives in the Bannister-Fransella Grid Test.", "content": "This study compared the level of organization of judgements involving evaluatively positive (E+) adjectives such as kind with that of judgements involving evaluatively negative (E-) adjectives such as stupid in the Bannister-Fransella Grid Test. The grids of 275 subjects, including 43 normals, 24 thought-disordered schizophrenics, 30 non-thought-disordered schizophrenics, 50 \"mixed\" schizophrenics, 18 depressives, 16 neurotics, and 94 undiagnosed new admissions were examined. The organization of judgements based on E+ ones across all ten groups. These results are inconsistent with the \"null hypothesis\" that the grids of thought-disordered schizophrenics contain only random \"error variance\" since they reveal a source of systematic variation in the grids of thought-disordered schizophrenics as well as those of other populations. These data were discussed also in relation to the hypothesis that comparative judgements involving E- adjectives are more difficult than those involving E+ ones.", "contents": "The organization of judgements based on positive and negative adjectives in the Bannister-Fransella Grid Test. This study compared the level of organization of judgements involving evaluatively positive (E+) adjectives such as kind with that of judgements involving evaluatively negative (E-) adjectives such as stupid in the Bannister-Fransella Grid Test. The grids of 275 subjects, including 43 normals, 24 thought-disordered schizophrenics, 30 non-thought-disordered schizophrenics, 50 \"mixed\" schizophrenics, 18 depressives, 16 neurotics, and 94 undiagnosed new admissions were examined. The organization of judgements based on E+ ones across all ten groups. These results are inconsistent with the \"null hypothesis\" that the grids of thought-disordered schizophrenics contain only random \"error variance\" since they reveal a source of systematic variation in the grids of thought-disordered schizophrenics as well as those of other populations. These data were discussed also in relation to the hypothesis that comparative judgements involving E- adjectives are more difficult than those involving E+ ones."}
{"id": "PMID:871454", "title": "The psychological gains and losses of religious conversion.", "content": "A presentation of case material demonstrating productive identify formation and conflict resolution resulting from religious conversion with at the same time significant repression that so affected personal relatedness as to eventually lead to breakdown of adjustment.", "contents": "The psychological gains and losses of religious conversion. A presentation of case material demonstrating productive identify formation and conflict resolution resulting from religious conversion with at the same time significant repression that so affected personal relatedness as to eventually lead to breakdown of adjustment."}
{"id": "PMID:871455", "title": "Systemic aspects of abstinence and addiction.", "content": "An examination of the addict in his social context reveals that an important aspect of abstinence is the transform of the problem of addiction from an aspect of the social system to within the addict. The drug subculture, the addict's family, and a methadone clinic all covertly elicit and reinforce this transformation maintained by the myth that the addict's is \"out of control\".", "contents": "Systemic aspects of abstinence and addiction. An examination of the addict in his social context reveals that an important aspect of abstinence is the transform of the problem of addiction from an aspect of the social system to within the addict. The drug subculture, the addict's family, and a methadone clinic all covertly elicit and reinforce this transformation maintained by the myth that the addict's is \"out of control\"."}
{"id": "PMID:871456", "title": "Psychogenic vertigo within an anxiety frame of reference: an experimental study.", "content": "The theoretical point of departure here was the assumption that a psychogenic vertigo patient displaces affect, or experience of anxiety to one of dizziness, the dizziness serving as an anxiety equivalent. This is seen to imply a change in the locus of experience from the me to the not-me sphere. \"Percept-genetic\" techniques and a spiral after-effect measurement were used to compare 23 patients with presumed psychogenic vertigo with a control group matched in sex, age, education and occupation. Results of the percept-genetic techniques showed the patients to display stronger signs of affect anxiety than subjects in the control group. Also two main subgroups of patients were differentiated with the help of the descriptive instruments, one group with signs of a primitive-hysteroid mode of functioning, the other with signs of an obsessive-compulsive mode. For both subgroups the suggested displacement mechanism seemed to be functioning. Its apparent effect differed, however, for the two subgroups: in the \"primitive-hysteroid\" group the displacement mechanism was more effective. The \"obsessive-compulsive\" group showed stronger signs of affect anxiety, dizziness here being better characterized as a concomitant than as an equivalent of anxiety. Results of a follow-up two years after the investigation also showed a poorer development of symptoms within the \"obsessive-compulsive\" group.", "contents": "Psychogenic vertigo within an anxiety frame of reference: an experimental study. The theoretical point of departure here was the assumption that a psychogenic vertigo patient displaces affect, or experience of anxiety to one of dizziness, the dizziness serving as an anxiety equivalent. This is seen to imply a change in the locus of experience from the me to the not-me sphere. \"Percept-genetic\" techniques and a spiral after-effect measurement were used to compare 23 patients with presumed psychogenic vertigo with a control group matched in sex, age, education and occupation. Results of the percept-genetic techniques showed the patients to display stronger signs of affect anxiety than subjects in the control group. Also two main subgroups of patients were differentiated with the help of the descriptive instruments, one group with signs of a primitive-hysteroid mode of functioning, the other with signs of an obsessive-compulsive mode. For both subgroups the suggested displacement mechanism seemed to be functioning. Its apparent effect differed, however, for the two subgroups: in the \"primitive-hysteroid\" group the displacement mechanism was more effective. The \"obsessive-compulsive\" group showed stronger signs of affect anxiety, dizziness here being better characterized as a concomitant than as an equivalent of anxiety. Results of a follow-up two years after the investigation also showed a poorer development of symptoms within the \"obsessive-compulsive\" group."}
{"id": "PMID:871458", "title": "Sixteen months' experience with 140 posterior chamber intraocular lens implants.", "content": "Three main designs of posterior chamber lenses in 140 cases have been reviewed. The visual results are satisfactory; patient satisfaction is good; and postoperative complications are limited to anterior dislocation of the feet of the lens and the necessity to wash out cortical remnants from behind the prosthesis in a small percentage of cases. The posterior chamber prosthesis is free from some of the complications of other intraocular lenses and probably provides the most 'normal' looking eye of any pseudophakoi.", "contents": "Sixteen months' experience with 140 posterior chamber intraocular lens implants. Three main designs of posterior chamber lenses in 140 cases have been reviewed. The visual results are satisfactory; patient satisfaction is good; and postoperative complications are limited to anterior dislocation of the feet of the lens and the necessity to wash out cortical remnants from behind the prosthesis in a small percentage of cases. The posterior chamber prosthesis is free from some of the complications of other intraocular lenses and probably provides the most 'normal' looking eye of any pseudophakoi."}
{"id": "PMID:871459", "title": "Technique of implantation of extrapupillary iris lens: 8 years of clinical experience.", "content": "A new type of intraocular lens has been devised. The lens is iris-supported but, in contrast to conventional iris-clip lenses, is fixed at the iris periphery, leaving the pupillary region free. The lens may be implanted either anterior or posterior to the iris plane. Implantation into the posterior chamber is particularly beneficial when combined with an extracapsular extraction. Eight years' experience (189 operations) underlines a number of important advantages of the extrapupillary iris lens. The pupil is not distorted, so that its form and function remain normal; the danger of dislocation is avoided; and the lens may be employed in the presence of an iris coloboma. The supporting prongs of the lens are made of gold and platinum alloys, which add considerably to its tissue tolerance. So far no complication has arisen necessitating removal of such a lens. This new type of intraocular lens offers a combination of efficacy, safety, and technical simplicity.", "contents": "Technique of implantation of extrapupillary iris lens: 8 years of clinical experience. A new type of intraocular lens has been devised. The lens is iris-supported but, in contrast to conventional iris-clip lenses, is fixed at the iris periphery, leaving the pupillary region free. The lens may be implanted either anterior or posterior to the iris plane. Implantation into the posterior chamber is particularly beneficial when combined with an extracapsular extraction. Eight years' experience (189 operations) underlines a number of important advantages of the extrapupillary iris lens. The pupil is not distorted, so that its form and function remain normal; the danger of dislocation is avoided; and the lens may be employed in the presence of an iris coloboma. The supporting prongs of the lens are made of gold and platinum alloys, which add considerably to its tissue tolerance. So far no complication has arisen necessitating removal of such a lens. This new type of intraocular lens offers a combination of efficacy, safety, and technical simplicity."}
{"id": "PMID:871460", "title": "Aphakic macular oedema following prosthetic lens implantation.", "content": "Fluorescein angiography of the iris was performed on patients with plastic lens implants with cystoid oedema of the macula, and the nature of the vascular changes was compared with controls provided by patients who did not have macular disease. Densitometry was used to quantitate leakage of fluorescein dye into the anterior chamber in residual angiograms 5 minutes after injection. Cystoid oedema was associated with marked increase in vascular permeability of the iris in the patients with implants, and in aphakics without implants, but to a lesser degree. Although it cannot be concluded that implants themselves cause either the increase in permeability or the onset of macular oedema, the presence of such implants must be considered an additional hazard in an eye which is already at risk. Iris angiography can be used as a diagnostic aid in patients in whom macular oedema is suspected. A persistent increase in permeability associated with a reduction in visual acuity should act as a warning of further visual loss and of eventual cystoid macular degeneration.", "contents": "Aphakic macular oedema following prosthetic lens implantation. Fluorescein angiography of the iris was performed on patients with plastic lens implants with cystoid oedema of the macula, and the nature of the vascular changes was compared with controls provided by patients who did not have macular disease. Densitometry was used to quantitate leakage of fluorescein dye into the anterior chamber in residual angiograms 5 minutes after injection. Cystoid oedema was associated with marked increase in vascular permeability of the iris in the patients with implants, and in aphakics without implants, but to a lesser degree. Although it cannot be concluded that implants themselves cause either the increase in permeability or the onset of macular oedema, the presence of such implants must be considered an additional hazard in an eye which is already at risk. Iris angiography can be used as a diagnostic aid in patients in whom macular oedema is suspected. A persistent increase in permeability associated with a reduction in visual acuity should act as a warning of further visual loss and of eventual cystoid macular degeneration."}
{"id": "PMID:871461", "title": "Posterior dislocation of an intraocular lens implant and its removal.", "content": "The cause of dislocation of an intraocular lens is a direct blow or jerk, and dislocation may complicate both iris-supported and capsule-supported lenses. In capsule-supported lenses the implant dislocates towards the anterior chamber but in iris-supported lenses the dislocation is posterior. A technique for removal of a posterity dislocated lens is described.", "contents": "Posterior dislocation of an intraocular lens implant and its removal. The cause of dislocation of an intraocular lens is a direct blow or jerk, and dislocation may complicate both iris-supported and capsule-supported lenses. In capsule-supported lenses the implant dislocates towards the anterior chamber but in iris-supported lenses the dislocation is posterior. A technique for removal of a posterity dislocated lens is described."}
{"id": "PMID:871462", "title": "Pseudophakic pupillary-block glaucoma.", "content": "Four cases of iris-supported pseudophakic pupillary-block glaucoma were presented. Pupillary-block glaucoma is the first postoperative complication seen following the implantation of an intraocular lens, and in our series occurred at an incidence of 3-8%. A short review was made of pupillary-block glaucoma with all types of intraocular lenses, with emphasis on the iris-supported lens. The role of inflammation, haemorrhage, and vitreous and lens material in obstructing aqueous flow at the pupil and peripheral iridectomy site was emphasised. Pitfalls in the diagnosis and management of this condition were reviewed. Methods of prevention and treatment were reviewed with emphasis on early mydriasis, along with carbonic anhydrase inhibitors and hyperosmotic agents as a primary medical treatment. Iridectomy, laser iridotomy, or transfixation of the iris was mentioned as a surgical treatment.", "contents": "Pseudophakic pupillary-block glaucoma. Four cases of iris-supported pseudophakic pupillary-block glaucoma were presented. Pupillary-block glaucoma is the first postoperative complication seen following the implantation of an intraocular lens, and in our series occurred at an incidence of 3-8%. A short review was made of pupillary-block glaucoma with all types of intraocular lenses, with emphasis on the iris-supported lens. The role of inflammation, haemorrhage, and vitreous and lens material in obstructing aqueous flow at the pupil and peripheral iridectomy site was emphasised. Pitfalls in the diagnosis and management of this condition were reviewed. Methods of prevention and treatment were reviewed with emphasis on early mydriasis, along with carbonic anhydrase inhibitors and hyperosmotic agents as a primary medical treatment. Iridectomy, laser iridotomy, or transfixation of the iris was mentioned as a surgical treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:871464", "title": "Cataracts and avionic radiations.", "content": "Nine cases of hertzian radiation cataracts are reported among personnel working in operational aviation environments, where they were irradiated repeatedly at subliminal non-thermal field intensities. The resultant ocular pathology evolved insidiously and slowly over a period of years in a similar way to other forms of radiational injury. By the time of consultation examination, all had progressed to a relatively late state, exhibiting not only capsular cataract but also vesiculation and opacification of the proximal subcapsular lens substance. In addition to the ocular dangers of chronic exposure to nonionising radiation reference is made to the nonthermal effect or the radiation effect per se, as this could relate to general health--for example, as a possible previously unsuspected aetiological or contributory factor in many other disease processes.", "contents": "Cataracts and avionic radiations. Nine cases of hertzian radiation cataracts are reported among personnel working in operational aviation environments, where they were irradiated repeatedly at subliminal non-thermal field intensities. The resultant ocular pathology evolved insidiously and slowly over a period of years in a similar way to other forms of radiational injury. By the time of consultation examination, all had progressed to a relatively late state, exhibiting not only capsular cataract but also vesiculation and opacification of the proximal subcapsular lens substance. In addition to the ocular dangers of chronic exposure to nonionising radiation reference is made to the nonthermal effect or the radiation effect per se, as this could relate to general health--for example, as a possible previously unsuspected aetiological or contributory factor in many other disease processes."}
{"id": "PMID:871465", "title": "Dilemma of the swollen optic disc: a fluorescein retinal angiography study.", "content": "In all of 100 consecutive patients referred for retinal angiography with a clinical diagnosis of probable or possible papilloedema a definite diagnosis was made from neurological assessment, neuroradiological investigations, and follow-up. The cases have been divided into 2 groups--those with proved papilloedema and those which have been called either normal or pseudopapilloedema. In all cases the retinal angiograms showed normal or increased optic disc vascularity and normal or increased early and late disc fluorescence. On the basis of these alone clear differences could be shown between the groups. All cases with papilloedema showed a combination of either excess late fluorescence with excess early fluorescence or excess late fluorescence with excess disc vascularity. Only 2 cases of pseudopapilloedema (both with optic disc drusen) showed this combination, and in both the pattern of disc fluorescence was different from that seen in papilloedema. Retinal angiography therefore seems to be of considerable value in differentiating true from pseudopapilloedema, though this is possible only when each stage of the angiogram is carefully studied.", "contents": "Dilemma of the swollen optic disc: a fluorescein retinal angiography study. In all of 100 consecutive patients referred for retinal angiography with a clinical diagnosis of probable or possible papilloedema a definite diagnosis was made from neurological assessment, neuroradiological investigations, and follow-up. The cases have been divided into 2 groups--those with proved papilloedema and those which have been called either normal or pseudopapilloedema. In all cases the retinal angiograms showed normal or increased optic disc vascularity and normal or increased early and late disc fluorescence. On the basis of these alone clear differences could be shown between the groups. All cases with papilloedema showed a combination of either excess late fluorescence with excess early fluorescence or excess late fluorescence with excess disc vascularity. Only 2 cases of pseudopapilloedema (both with optic disc drusen) showed this combination, and in both the pattern of disc fluorescence was different from that seen in papilloedema. Retinal angiography therefore seems to be of considerable value in differentiating true from pseudopapilloedema, though this is possible only when each stage of the angiogram is carefully studied."}
{"id": "PMID:871466", "title": "Neoplasm of mixed mesenchymal and neuroepithelial origin of the optic nerve.", "content": "A case is reported of a 19-year-old male having right proptosis for 4 years because of a mixed meningioma and astrocytoma of the ipsilateral optic nerve. The sheath of this nerve is analogous to the leptomeninges, and neuroglial cells constitute the stroma of the nerve. Both meningioma and astrocytoma therefore can arise primarily in the optic nerve, and they may be combined in the same mass, forming a neoplasm of mixed mesenchymal and neuroepithelial origin.", "contents": "Neoplasm of mixed mesenchymal and neuroepithelial origin of the optic nerve. A case is reported of a 19-year-old male having right proptosis for 4 years because of a mixed meningioma and astrocytoma of the ipsilateral optic nerve. The sheath of this nerve is analogous to the leptomeninges, and neuroglial cells constitute the stroma of the nerve. Both meningioma and astrocytoma therefore can arise primarily in the optic nerve, and they may be combined in the same mass, forming a neoplasm of mixed mesenchymal and neuroepithelial origin."}
{"id": "PMID:871467", "title": "Vasoformative properties of normal and hypoxic retinal tissue.", "content": "By cannulating the stroma of rabbit corneae, and introducing extracts of retina and vitreous from newborn kittens subjected to vaso-obliterative doses of oxygen, an attempt was made to test the hypothesis that ischaemic retinal tissue releases a factor with vasoformative properties. It was found that, although retino-vitreal extracts from the test animals elicited a positive response in just over half the experiments, the degree of corneal vascularisation provoked by extracts from intact control animals was only marginally less. Consequently our findings do not permit any definite answer regarding the existence of a specific factor responsible for the proliferation of new vessels on the retinal surface in states associated with retinal hypoxia.", "contents": "Vasoformative properties of normal and hypoxic retinal tissue. By cannulating the stroma of rabbit corneae, and introducing extracts of retina and vitreous from newborn kittens subjected to vaso-obliterative doses of oxygen, an attempt was made to test the hypothesis that ischaemic retinal tissue releases a factor with vasoformative properties. It was found that, although retino-vitreal extracts from the test animals elicited a positive response in just over half the experiments, the degree of corneal vascularisation provoked by extracts from intact control animals was only marginally less. Consequently our findings do not permit any definite answer regarding the existence of a specific factor responsible for the proliferation of new vessels on the retinal surface in states associated with retinal hypoxia."}
{"id": "PMID:871468", "title": "Localisation of macrophage lysosomal enzyme in experimental toxoplasma retinitis.", "content": "Rabbit retinal tissue experimentally infected with Toxoplasma gondii was processed for the lysosomal enzyme aryl sulphatase. Abundant lysosomal activity was found in lysosomal bodies of the infected macrophages. There appeared to be a lack of fusion of the lysosomal bodies with the phagosomes containing the organisms. Examination of the majority of macrophage vacuoles containing trophozoites failed to show consistently lead sulphide deposition for aryl sulphatase activity. By light microscopy 83% of 115 macrophage vacuoles containing the trophozoites of T. gondii showed an absence of lysosomal enzyme activity; 7% of the vacuole containing the trophozoites were found to contain lysosomal enzyme activity. In the remaining 10% of the vacuoles containing the trophozoites of T. gondii the presence or absence of lysosomal enzyme activity could not be determined with certainty. The frequent absence of lysosomal enzyme activity within the phagosomes containing T. gondii organisms may be related to the parasite's ability to multiply and encyst in an intracellular locus. The abundant lysosomal enzyme activity in the lysosomal bodies within the cytoplasm of the infected macrophages may contribute to the cellular destruction of surrounding tissues when infected macrophages burst open owing to proliferation of the trophozoites.", "contents": "Localisation of macrophage lysosomal enzyme in experimental toxoplasma retinitis. Rabbit retinal tissue experimentally infected with Toxoplasma gondii was processed for the lysosomal enzyme aryl sulphatase. Abundant lysosomal activity was found in lysosomal bodies of the infected macrophages. There appeared to be a lack of fusion of the lysosomal bodies with the phagosomes containing the organisms. Examination of the majority of macrophage vacuoles containing trophozoites failed to show consistently lead sulphide deposition for aryl sulphatase activity. By light microscopy 83% of 115 macrophage vacuoles containing the trophozoites of T. gondii showed an absence of lysosomal enzyme activity; 7% of the vacuole containing the trophozoites were found to contain lysosomal enzyme activity. In the remaining 10% of the vacuoles containing the trophozoites of T. gondii the presence or absence of lysosomal enzyme activity could not be determined with certainty. The frequent absence of lysosomal enzyme activity within the phagosomes containing T. gondii organisms may be related to the parasite's ability to multiply and encyst in an intracellular locus. The abundant lysosomal enzyme activity in the lysosomal bodies within the cytoplasm of the infected macrophages may contribute to the cellular destruction of surrounding tissues when infected macrophages burst open owing to proliferation of the trophozoites."}
{"id": "PMID:871469", "title": "Photoreceptor differentiation in retinoblastomas and its significance in prognosis.", "content": "Fleurette is an expression of photoreceptor differentiation and its presence is said to indicate a good prognosis. Twenty-four eyes from 22 cases of retinoblastoma sent to the Mitrani Foundation laboratory between the years 1964 and 1976 were reviewed histologically and clinically. The presence of differentiation in the tumour was not always associated with a good prognosis. The most important prognostic factor seemed to be the length of time the tumour is allowed to remain in the eye. The longer it remains the more undifferentiated the tumour cells become and the greater the probability that it will spread into the choroid and the optic nerve and out of the eye through the sclera and metastasise throughout the body. The presence of gliosis seems to improve the prognosis.", "contents": "Photoreceptor differentiation in retinoblastomas and its significance in prognosis. Fleurette is an expression of photoreceptor differentiation and its presence is said to indicate a good prognosis. Twenty-four eyes from 22 cases of retinoblastoma sent to the Mitrani Foundation laboratory between the years 1964 and 1976 were reviewed histologically and clinically. The presence of differentiation in the tumour was not always associated with a good prognosis. The most important prognostic factor seemed to be the length of time the tumour is allowed to remain in the eye. The longer it remains the more undifferentiated the tumour cells become and the greater the probability that it will spread into the choroid and the optic nerve and out of the eye through the sclera and metastasise throughout the body. The presence of gliosis seems to improve the prognosis."}
{"id": "PMID:871470", "title": "Comparison of ultrasonic and photographic methods of axial length measurements of the eye.", "content": "The axial length of 25 eyes was measured by the photographic method and by ultrasonography. The photographic measurements were consistently larger than the ultrasonic, but analysis gave a correlation coefficient of r = 0-8483. The results suggest that the centre of rotation of the eye lies posterior to the anatomical centre of the globe. Using an empirical method of calculation and allowing for an error of +/-0-3 mm in the ultrasonic measurement, the photographic results were within +/-0-5 mm in 13 eyes and +/-1-0 mm in 7 eyes. The photographic method may be helpful as a guide to the power of intraocular lens implants and for comparing axial lengths in population studies.", "contents": "Comparison of ultrasonic and photographic methods of axial length measurements of the eye. The axial length of 25 eyes was measured by the photographic method and by ultrasonography. The photographic measurements were consistently larger than the ultrasonic, but analysis gave a correlation coefficient of r = 0-8483. The results suggest that the centre of rotation of the eye lies posterior to the anatomical centre of the globe. Using an empirical method of calculation and allowing for an error of +/-0-3 mm in the ultrasonic measurement, the photographic results were within +/-0-5 mm in 13 eyes and +/-1-0 mm in 7 eyes. The photographic method may be helpful as a guide to the power of intraocular lens implants and for comparing axial lengths in population studies."}
{"id": "PMID:871471", "title": "Prevalence of refractive errors in adults over 40: a survey of 8102 eyes.", "content": "The prevalence of refractive errors was studied in an adult rural population. Of the 8102 eyes studied 18-4% were myopic, 57-1% were emmetropic, and 24-5% were hypermetropic. Mild myopia was commoner in males than in females, and mild hypermetropia was commoner in females than in males. There was increasing hypermetropia with increasing age, probably due to unmasked, latent hypermetropia up to the age of 70 years and to a true shift toward hypermetropia after the age of 70 years.", "contents": "Prevalence of refractive errors in adults over 40: a survey of 8102 eyes. The prevalence of refractive errors was studied in an adult rural population. Of the 8102 eyes studied 18-4% were myopic, 57-1% were emmetropic, and 24-5% were hypermetropic. Mild myopia was commoner in males than in females, and mild hypermetropia was commoner in females than in males. There was increasing hypermetropia with increasing age, probably due to unmasked, latent hypermetropia up to the age of 70 years and to a true shift toward hypermetropia after the age of 70 years."}
{"id": "PMID:871486", "title": "Chlorpromazine induces population increase of synaptic vesicles in the rat hypothalamic ventromedial nucleus.", "content": "The population of synaptic vesicles per synaptic area in the hypothalamic ventromedial nucleus of rats treated with chlorpromazine (CP) for 3 days was compared with that of controls. In type I synapse, which contained 400-800 A small spherical vesicles (s-vesicles), together with 800-1200 A large spherical dense-cored vesicles (lc-vesicles), the population of s-vesicles increased 57.8% in the CP rats, In type II synapse, which contained only s-vesicles, the rate of increase among CP animals was 15.4%. Findings suggested that CP blocks the release of the vesicles from the presynaptic site or inhibits the transport function for biogenic amines through the presynaptic membrane, and type I synapse may be aminergic.", "contents": "Chlorpromazine induces population increase of synaptic vesicles in the rat hypothalamic ventromedial nucleus. The population of synaptic vesicles per synaptic area in the hypothalamic ventromedial nucleus of rats treated with chlorpromazine (CP) for 3 days was compared with that of controls. In type I synapse, which contained 400-800 A small spherical vesicles (s-vesicles), together with 800-1200 A large spherical dense-cored vesicles (lc-vesicles), the population of s-vesicles increased 57.8% in the CP rats, In type II synapse, which contained only s-vesicles, the rate of increase among CP animals was 15.4%. Findings suggested that CP blocks the release of the vesicles from the presynaptic site or inhibits the transport function for biogenic amines through the presynaptic membrane, and type I synapse may be aminergic."}
{"id": "PMID:871487", "title": "A family history study of schizo-affective disorder.", "content": "All patients with a discharged diagnosis of schizo-affective disorder (53 cases) admitted to the University of Iowa Department of Psychiatry during 1971-73, were selected for the present study. Schizophrenia (chronic psychotic disorders) and affective disorders (episodic remitting disorders with affective symptoms) were diagnosed among parents and sibs on the basis of chart material. The frequency of schizophrenia was 0.9%; the frequency of affective disorders, 11.8%. These results were compared to data for the relatives of cases of schizophrenia and affective disorders. There were no significant differences for the rates of schizophrenia among the relatives. The rate of affective disorder among the relatives of the schizo-affectives was significantly higher than for the relatives of schizophrenics (3.2%), and not significantly different from the relatives of affective disorder cases (8.3%). An analysis of outcome, precipitants, and age of admission also support the view that schizo-affective disorder should not be routinely classified as schizophrenia for research purposes.", "contents": "A family history study of schizo-affective disorder. All patients with a discharged diagnosis of schizo-affective disorder (53 cases) admitted to the University of Iowa Department of Psychiatry during 1971-73, were selected for the present study. Schizophrenia (chronic psychotic disorders) and affective disorders (episodic remitting disorders with affective symptoms) were diagnosed among parents and sibs on the basis of chart material. The frequency of schizophrenia was 0.9%; the frequency of affective disorders, 11.8%. These results were compared to data for the relatives of cases of schizophrenia and affective disorders. There were no significant differences for the rates of schizophrenia among the relatives. The rate of affective disorder among the relatives of the schizo-affectives was significantly higher than for the relatives of schizophrenics (3.2%), and not significantly different from the relatives of affective disorder cases (8.3%). An analysis of outcome, precipitants, and age of admission also support the view that schizo-affective disorder should not be routinely classified as schizophrenia for research purposes."}
{"id": "PMID:871488", "title": "Prostaglandin F in patients with primary affective disorder.", "content": "Two aspects of prostaglandin F (PGF) metabolism were assessed in patients with primary affective disorder. For a group of hospitalized patients cerebrospinal fluid PGF was measured by radioimmunoassay and the effects of probenecid and L-tryptophan were determined. For outpatients attending our Lithium Clinic, plasma PGF was measured and the acute and chronic effects of lithium were determined. The results of the studies reveal apparently normal concentrations of PGF in cerebrospinal fluid. These concentrations increase twofold after probenecid, indicating that PGF is transported out of the central nervous system by a probenecid-sensitive active transport system. Evidence for inhibition of PGF synthesis during L-tryptophan treatment was found. The results for outpatient plasma studies suggest no effect on PGF with 12 weeks of lithium treatment, although a slight elevation of plasma PGF with chronic lithium treatment may occur. Specificity of the assay technique as applied to plasma is discussed. This is the first report of the direct measurement of PGF in a psychiatric disorder.", "contents": "Prostaglandin F in patients with primary affective disorder. Two aspects of prostaglandin F (PGF) metabolism were assessed in patients with primary affective disorder. For a group of hospitalized patients cerebrospinal fluid PGF was measured by radioimmunoassay and the effects of probenecid and L-tryptophan were determined. For outpatients attending our Lithium Clinic, plasma PGF was measured and the acute and chronic effects of lithium were determined. The results of the studies reveal apparently normal concentrations of PGF in cerebrospinal fluid. These concentrations increase twofold after probenecid, indicating that PGF is transported out of the central nervous system by a probenecid-sensitive active transport system. Evidence for inhibition of PGF synthesis during L-tryptophan treatment was found. The results for outpatient plasma studies suggest no effect on PGF with 12 weeks of lithium treatment, although a slight elevation of plasma PGF with chronic lithium treatment may occur. Specificity of the assay technique as applied to plasma is discussed. This is the first report of the direct measurement of PGF in a psychiatric disorder."}
{"id": "PMID:871489", "title": "Nocturnal erections, differential diagnosis of impotence, and diabetes.", "content": "In this study it is shown that monitoring of nocturnal penile tumescence (NPT) is an objective method for determining the erectile status of patients who complain of impotence. The characteristics of 11 diabetic patients with abnormal NPT, 11 patients with normal NPT and no medical disorders, and 11 normal men are presented. Also described are several sociodemographic characteristics of the first 100 patients undergoing an NPT evaluation as part of a screen for patients seeking implantation of a penile prosthesis. It is suggested that NPT monitoring should be a component of the differential diagnosis procedure for every patient who complains of impotence and that it provides a tool for the concentrated study of the mechanisms of erection and impotence.", "contents": "Nocturnal erections, differential diagnosis of impotence, and diabetes. In this study it is shown that monitoring of nocturnal penile tumescence (NPT) is an objective method for determining the erectile status of patients who complain of impotence. The characteristics of 11 diabetic patients with abnormal NPT, 11 patients with normal NPT and no medical disorders, and 11 normal men are presented. Also described are several sociodemographic characteristics of the first 100 patients undergoing an NPT evaluation as part of a screen for patients seeking implantation of a penile prosthesis. It is suggested that NPT monitoring should be a component of the differential diagnosis procedure for every patient who complains of impotence and that it provides a tool for the concentrated study of the mechanisms of erection and impotence."}
{"id": "PMID:871490", "title": "Influence of the antiparkinsonian drugs on the plasma level of neuroleptics.", "content": "The interaction between various neuroleptics and antiparkinsonian drugs was analyzed by measuring the neuroleptic plasma level before and after withdrawal of antiparkinsonian drugs. The population completing the study consisted of 32 chronic schizophrenics treated with chlorpromazine (8), levomepromazine (14), thioridazine (6), or haloperidol (4). Twenty-five were also receiving benztropine; 4, trihexyphenidyl; and 3, procyclidine. During the first 4 weeks patients remained on neuroleptics and antiparkinsonians, the latter being withdrawn during the 5th week, and the neuroleptics alone being administered during 16 following weeks. The plasma level of neuroleptics was assayed by gas liquid chromatography, once weekly in the morning at two different times. The analysis of variance showed a significant difference in neuroleptic plasma level when patients took neuroleptics only versus the period they had received neuroleptics and antiparkinsonians. The multiple comparison based on Studentized range Q0-05 revealed a significant progressive increase of neuroleptic plasma level during 12 weeks after withdrawal of antiparkinsonian drugs after which a plateau was reached. The hypothetical mechanisms of action of antiparkinsonians on neuroleptic plasma level are discussed.", "contents": "Influence of the antiparkinsonian drugs on the plasma level of neuroleptics. The interaction between various neuroleptics and antiparkinsonian drugs was analyzed by measuring the neuroleptic plasma level before and after withdrawal of antiparkinsonian drugs. The population completing the study consisted of 32 chronic schizophrenics treated with chlorpromazine (8), levomepromazine (14), thioridazine (6), or haloperidol (4). Twenty-five were also receiving benztropine; 4, trihexyphenidyl; and 3, procyclidine. During the first 4 weeks patients remained on neuroleptics and antiparkinsonians, the latter being withdrawn during the 5th week, and the neuroleptics alone being administered during 16 following weeks. The plasma level of neuroleptics was assayed by gas liquid chromatography, once weekly in the morning at two different times. The analysis of variance showed a significant difference in neuroleptic plasma level when patients took neuroleptics only versus the period they had received neuroleptics and antiparkinsonians. The multiple comparison based on Studentized range Q0-05 revealed a significant progressive increase of neuroleptic plasma level during 12 weeks after withdrawal of antiparkinsonian drugs after which a plateau was reached. The hypothetical mechanisms of action of antiparkinsonians on neuroleptic plasma level are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:871491", "title": "Behavioral characteristics of three children with the broad thumb-hallux (Rubinstein-Taybi) syndrome.", "content": "Behavioral characteristics of three children with Broad Thumb-Hallux or Rubinstein-Taybi (R-T) syndrome were compared with those of a somewhat comparable clinic sample (N - 15) of children with organic syndromes and retardation. A number of mutual, behavioral resemblances of the three R-T children to each other were found to be absent or less prominent in the comparison group; these included: (i) the R-T children were more emotional and excitable; (ii) more often had nightmares and engaged in self-stimulation; (iii) had greater difficulty getting over anger (pouted); (iv) were friendly and more readily accepted social contacts; (v) had short attention span; and (vi) experienced more difficulty in planning motor acts, and in executing locomotor and oculomotor skills. The pattern of R-T mutual resemblances and their differences from other clinic children logically suggest what may be the behavioral characteristics of children with the R-T syndrome. Educational and child-management suggestions are provided based on the observed and tested characteristics which are presumably related to the R-T syndrome.", "contents": "Behavioral characteristics of three children with the broad thumb-hallux (Rubinstein-Taybi) syndrome. Behavioral characteristics of three children with Broad Thumb-Hallux or Rubinstein-Taybi (R-T) syndrome were compared with those of a somewhat comparable clinic sample (N - 15) of children with organic syndromes and retardation. A number of mutual, behavioral resemblances of the three R-T children to each other were found to be absent or less prominent in the comparison group; these included: (i) the R-T children were more emotional and excitable; (ii) more often had nightmares and engaged in self-stimulation; (iii) had greater difficulty getting over anger (pouted); (iv) were friendly and more readily accepted social contacts; (v) had short attention span; and (vi) experienced more difficulty in planning motor acts, and in executing locomotor and oculomotor skills. The pattern of R-T mutual resemblances and their differences from other clinic children logically suggest what may be the behavioral characteristics of children with the R-T syndrome. Educational and child-management suggestions are provided based on the observed and tested characteristics which are presumably related to the R-T syndrome."}
{"id": "PMID:871518", "title": "Interrelation between plasma magnesium and 25 hydroxy-vitamin D3 levels in chronic renal failure.", "content": "In a series of 18 patients suffering from varying degrees of chronic renal failure treated by diet alone, there was a statistically significant positive correlation between plasma magnesium levels and plasms 25 hydroxycholecalciferol (25 HCC) levels. This is thought to be due either to the direct action of 25 HCC on the bone liberating magnesium from bone crystal, or to an increased intestinal absorption of magnesium caused by 25 HCC.", "contents": "Interrelation between plasma magnesium and 25 hydroxy-vitamin D3 levels in chronic renal failure. In a series of 18 patients suffering from varying degrees of chronic renal failure treated by diet alone, there was a statistically significant positive correlation between plasma magnesium levels and plasms 25 hydroxycholecalciferol (25 HCC) levels. This is thought to be due either to the direct action of 25 HCC on the bone liberating magnesium from bone crystal, or to an increased intestinal absorption of magnesium caused by 25 HCC."}
{"id": "PMID:871519", "title": "Negative effect of frusemide pretreatment in glycerol induced acute renal failure.", "content": "It is commonly assumed that the decrease in the effective circulatory volume (ECV) is the major event in acute renal failure (ARF) and the preferential ischemia of the cortex another major modification. Frusemide has been given to try to prevent this change in glycerol-induced ARF because of its effect in redistributing renal blood flow from medulla to cortex. Isontonic saline was also tried to avoid the ECV depletion. The pretreatment with frusemide not only fails to protect against the ARF but increases its severity. Isotonic saline adminstration and replacement of urinary losses almost prevent glycerol-induced ARF but when both isotonic  saline frusemide are administered together their effect is only a slight increase in the excretion rate of urea and creatinine during the first days of the experiment. The importance of the changes in the ECV or a possible direct action of frusemide on the renin-angiotensin axis are discussed. There is a good correlation between plasma creatinine levels and interstitial oedema. The importance of the oedema in the maintenance of ARF is discussed.", "contents": "Negative effect of frusemide pretreatment in glycerol induced acute renal failure. It is commonly assumed that the decrease in the effective circulatory volume (ECV) is the major event in acute renal failure (ARF) and the preferential ischemia of the cortex another major modification. Frusemide has been given to try to prevent this change in glycerol-induced ARF because of its effect in redistributing renal blood flow from medulla to cortex. Isontonic saline was also tried to avoid the ECV depletion. The pretreatment with frusemide not only fails to protect against the ARF but increases its severity. Isotonic saline adminstration and replacement of urinary losses almost prevent glycerol-induced ARF but when both isotonic  saline frusemide are administered together their effect is only a slight increase in the excretion rate of urea and creatinine during the first days of the experiment. The importance of the changes in the ECV or a possible direct action of frusemide on the renin-angiotensin axis are discussed. There is a good correlation between plasma creatinine levels and interstitial oedema. The importance of the oedema in the maintenance of ARF is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:871520", "title": "The determination of dissolved nitrogen in blood by gas phase chromatography.", "content": "A method for measuring dissolved nitrogen in blood is described. Gas-phase chromatography is used. The apparatus  is provided with a column of 5 A molecular sieve material and with an extraction chamber. CO2 and O2 are absorbed. As in Lenfant's method, extraction  by equilibration is completed by elution. The main features are: the design of the extraction chamber, faciliting gas flow; an auxiliary circuit for freeing the chamber and the reagents from nitrogen, in which the pressure can be equilibrated against the inlet pressure of the column; the care taken to avoid any kind of contamination; the use of a special guide mounted on the blood-transfer syringe, which makes it possible to get reproducible samples at last the checking and measurement of the residual nitrogen which makes it possible to extract and measure the whole of the dissolved nitrogen. At the present stage, the accuracy of the method is better than 1.5% and the coefficient of variation of the reproducibility is 0.57%. These results make the method suitable for measuring (PaN2-PAN2) in cases of chronic respiratory insufficiency.", "contents": "The determination of dissolved nitrogen in blood by gas phase chromatography. A method for measuring dissolved nitrogen in blood is described. Gas-phase chromatography is used. The apparatus  is provided with a column of 5 A molecular sieve material and with an extraction chamber. CO2 and O2 are absorbed. As in Lenfant's method, extraction  by equilibration is completed by elution. The main features are: the design of the extraction chamber, faciliting gas flow; an auxiliary circuit for freeing the chamber and the reagents from nitrogen, in which the pressure can be equilibrated against the inlet pressure of the column; the care taken to avoid any kind of contamination; the use of a special guide mounted on the blood-transfer syringe, which makes it possible to get reproducible samples at last the checking and measurement of the residual nitrogen which makes it possible to extract and measure the whole of the dissolved nitrogen. At the present stage, the accuracy of the method is better than 1.5% and the coefficient of variation of the reproducibility is 0.57%. These results make the method suitable for measuring (PaN2-PAN2) in cases of chronic respiratory insufficiency."}
{"id": "PMID:871521", "title": "Bronchial lympho-epithelial nodules in the rat: definition and morphological characteristics in optical and electron microscopy.", "content": "Three type of structures can be distinguished among the bronchial lymphoid tissue: lymph nodes, lymphoids cells aggregates and lymphoepithelial nodules. Such structures are encountered in many species and may be characterized by flattened epithelium, devoid of mucus producing cells, infiltrated with lymphocytes and containing of few ciliated cells. The lymphoepithelium surrounds the nodules, characterized by a high cellular density. Original structures may be observed, mainly inter and intracellular vacuoles. Peripheral lymphatic vessels and high endothelium veins contribute to the important lymphocyte transfer. Electron microscope, studies support the view that lymphoepithelium has an uptake function of particulate matter; more direct evidence is however attempted. An hypothesis of capacity for antigenic recognition of the lymphoepithelium nodules is discussed.", "contents": "Bronchial lympho-epithelial nodules in the rat: definition and morphological characteristics in optical and electron microscopy. Three type of structures can be distinguished among the bronchial lymphoid tissue: lymph nodes, lymphoids cells aggregates and lymphoepithelial nodules. Such structures are encountered in many species and may be characterized by flattened epithelium, devoid of mucus producing cells, infiltrated with lymphocytes and containing of few ciliated cells. The lymphoepithelium surrounds the nodules, characterized by a high cellular density. Original structures may be observed, mainly inter and intracellular vacuoles. Peripheral lymphatic vessels and high endothelium veins contribute to the important lymphocyte transfer. Electron microscope, studies support the view that lymphoepithelium has an uptake function of particulate matter; more direct evidence is however attempted. An hypothesis of capacity for antigenic recognition of the lymphoepithelium nodules is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:871522", "title": "Discrepancies in nude mice.", "content": "With the increasing number of publications in which nude mice are used, there is a growing list of apparent discrepencies. To avoid such problems, we propose the use of nude mouse populations with a large gene pool which will leave, if possible, the nude allele as the only homozygote. All phenotypic characters consistently different between nu/nu, nu/+ and +/+ mice could then, with more certainty, be linked with the nude mutation.", "contents": "Discrepancies in nude mice. With the increasing number of publications in which nude mice are used, there is a growing list of apparent discrepencies. To avoid such problems, we propose the use of nude mouse populations with a large gene pool which will leave, if possible, the nude allele as the only homozygote. All phenotypic characters consistently different between nu/nu, nu/+ and +/+ mice could then, with more certainty, be linked with the nude mutation."}
{"id": "PMID:871526", "title": "Reversal of granulocyte adherence to nylon fibers using local anesthetic agents: possible application to filtration leukapheresis.", "content": "The effects of the cationic anesthetic agents tetracaine and lidocaine on granulocyte function, morphology, and adherence to nylon fibers were studied in an attempt to improve current methods of granulocyte collection by filtration leukapheresis (FL). When dissolved in acid-citrate-dextrose (ACD) plasma, these drugs significantly increased granulocyte elution from the fibers in a dose-related fashion. Granulocytes exposed to tetracaine and lidocaine remained more than 95% viable, retained normal bactericidal capacity after the drugs were washed from the cells, and had preserved membrane integrity, as evidenced by the normal ultrastructural appearance of tetracaine-exposed cells and an absence of leakage of lysozyme or lactic dehydrogenase. Granulocytes eluted with the anesthetic agents were rounded in shape with a reduction in the number of filopodial cytoplasmic projections and a relative absence of cytoplasmic vacuolization when compared to granulocytes eluted with ACD plasma alone. Dose-related inhibition of phagocytosis and adherence, which was largely reversible after washing the granulocytes, was noted. Greater than 95% of the lidocaine could be removed from the eluate with a single centrifugation and resuspension, indicating that granulocytes prepared by FL with anesthetic-enhanced elution could be potentially transfusable.", "contents": "Reversal of granulocyte adherence to nylon fibers using local anesthetic agents: possible application to filtration leukapheresis. The effects of the cationic anesthetic agents tetracaine and lidocaine on granulocyte function, morphology, and adherence to nylon fibers were studied in an attempt to improve current methods of granulocyte collection by filtration leukapheresis (FL). When dissolved in acid-citrate-dextrose (ACD) plasma, these drugs significantly increased granulocyte elution from the fibers in a dose-related fashion. Granulocytes exposed to tetracaine and lidocaine remained more than 95% viable, retained normal bactericidal capacity after the drugs were washed from the cells, and had preserved membrane integrity, as evidenced by the normal ultrastructural appearance of tetracaine-exposed cells and an absence of leakage of lysozyme or lactic dehydrogenase. Granulocytes eluted with the anesthetic agents were rounded in shape with a reduction in the number of filopodial cytoplasmic projections and a relative absence of cytoplasmic vacuolization when compared to granulocytes eluted with ACD plasma alone. Dose-related inhibition of phagocytosis and adherence, which was largely reversible after washing the granulocytes, was noted. Greater than 95% of the lidocaine could be removed from the eluate with a single centrifugation and resuspension, indicating that granulocytes prepared by FL with anesthetic-enhanced elution could be potentially transfusable."}
{"id": "PMID:871527", "title": "X-linked syndrome of platelet dysfunction, thrombocytopenia, and imbalanced globin chain synthesis with hemolysis.", "content": "An unusual family is described with a congenital bleeding disorder present in four males belonging to three generations. Of the three surviving affected males, all had splenomegaly and petechiae. The three had moderate thrombocytopenia (55-90 X 10(9)/liter) and markedly prolonged Ivy-template bleeding times (greater than 30 min). They were also noted to have reticulocytosis and, upon further investigation, imbalanced globin chain synthesis resembling that of beta-thalassemia minor. Studies on nine additional family members in four generations were normal except for slight elevations of reticulocyte counts in female members, one of whom had the abnormal globin chain synthesis ratio. In male members, the bleeding tendency and clinical signs always occurred in the presence of the globin chain synthesis defect and reticulocytosis. This previously undescribed condition was apparently transmitted as an X-linked disorder.", "contents": "X-linked syndrome of platelet dysfunction, thrombocytopenia, and imbalanced globin chain synthesis with hemolysis. An unusual family is described with a congenital bleeding disorder present in four males belonging to three generations. Of the three surviving affected males, all had splenomegaly and petechiae. The three had moderate thrombocytopenia (55-90 X 10(9)/liter) and markedly prolonged Ivy-template bleeding times (greater than 30 min). They were also noted to have reticulocytosis and, upon further investigation, imbalanced globin chain synthesis resembling that of beta-thalassemia minor. Studies on nine additional family members in four generations were normal except for slight elevations of reticulocyte counts in female members, one of whom had the abnormal globin chain synthesis ratio. In male members, the bleeding tendency and clinical signs always occurred in the presence of the globin chain synthesis defect and reticulocytosis. This previously undescribed condition was apparently transmitted as an X-linked disorder."}
{"id": "PMID:871528", "title": "Autooxidation as a basis for altered function by polymorphonuclear leukocytes.", "content": "To investigate the possibility that human polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) elaborate sufficient amounts of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and other radicals of reduced oxygen to be autotoxic and retard directed cell movement and phagocytosis, the rate of ingestion of opsonized lipopolysaccharide-paraffin oil particles and movement through Nuclepore filters were studied. Ingestion rates were increased under anaerobic conditions and in normal aerobic conditions in the presence of extracellular catalase but not superoxide dismutase (SOD) or scavengers of singlet oxygen or hydroxyl radicals. Conversely, ingestion rates were decreased when cells were exposed to H2O2 or a superoxide anion (O2-)-H2O2 generating system of xanthine-xanthine oxidase. Catalase, but not SOD, prevented the effect and also enhanced the directed movement of PMN in normal aerobic conditions. PMN from volunteers administered 1600 U/day of the membrane lipid antioxidant alpha-tocopherol were hyperphagocytic but killed Staphylococcus aureus 502A less effectively than controls, suggesting that less H2O2 was available to damage PMN or kill bacteria. H2O2-dependent stimulation of the hexose monophosphate shunt, H2O2 release from phaogytizing PMN, and fluoresceinated concanavalin A cap formation promoted by H2O2 damage to microtubules were all diminished, but the release of O2- from phagocytizing PMN was not diminished in the vitamin E group. These results support the hypothesis that directed movement and phagocytosis by PMN are attenuated by autooxidative damage to the cell membrane by endogenously derived H2O2 and that the administration in vivo of vitamin E may prevent this damage by scavenging H2O2.", "contents": "Autooxidation as a basis for altered function by polymorphonuclear leukocytes. To investigate the possibility that human polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) elaborate sufficient amounts of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and other radicals of reduced oxygen to be autotoxic and retard directed cell movement and phagocytosis, the rate of ingestion of opsonized lipopolysaccharide-paraffin oil particles and movement through Nuclepore filters were studied. Ingestion rates were increased under anaerobic conditions and in normal aerobic conditions in the presence of extracellular catalase but not superoxide dismutase (SOD) or scavengers of singlet oxygen or hydroxyl radicals. Conversely, ingestion rates were decreased when cells were exposed to H2O2 or a superoxide anion (O2-)-H2O2 generating system of xanthine-xanthine oxidase. Catalase, but not SOD, prevented the effect and also enhanced the directed movement of PMN in normal aerobic conditions. PMN from volunteers administered 1600 U/day of the membrane lipid antioxidant alpha-tocopherol were hyperphagocytic but killed Staphylococcus aureus 502A less effectively than controls, suggesting that less H2O2 was available to damage PMN or kill bacteria. H2O2-dependent stimulation of the hexose monophosphate shunt, H2O2 release from phaogytizing PMN, and fluoresceinated concanavalin A cap formation promoted by H2O2 damage to microtubules were all diminished, but the release of O2- from phagocytizing PMN was not diminished in the vitamin E group. These results support the hypothesis that directed movement and phagocytosis by PMN are attenuated by autooxidative damage to the cell membrane by endogenously derived H2O2 and that the administration in vivo of vitamin E may prevent this damage by scavenging H2O2."}
{"id": "PMID:871530", "title": "Arterial pressure development in neonatal and young spontaneously hypertensive rats.", "content": "Systemic arterial pressure of spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) were not detectably different from control rats prior to 3 weeks of age. Arterial pressure was elevated in SHR at 4 weeks compared to Wistar-Kyoto rats. Thus, the term 'prehypertensive stage' should probably be reserved for animals less than 1 month of age when this model is examined.", "contents": "Arterial pressure development in neonatal and young spontaneously hypertensive rats. Systemic arterial pressure of spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) were not detectably different from control rats prior to 3 weeks of age. Arterial pressure was elevated in SHR at 4 weeks compared to Wistar-Kyoto rats. Thus, the term 'prehypertensive stage' should probably be reserved for animals less than 1 month of age when this model is examined."}
{"id": "PMID:871532", "title": "Laser-induced thrombus formation and vascular reactivity in the microcirculation of the spontaneously hypertensive rat.", "content": "Thrombi formation resulting from laser-induced injury to mesenteric circulation has been studied in spontaneously hypertensive (SH) and normotensive rats. The thrombotic reaction was enhanced in both venules and arterioles of the SH rats. In the arterioles of the hypertensive rats, the vasoconstriction which develops downstream from the thrombus is greatly intensified and the time to form microvascular haemostatic plugs significantly decreased in the arterioles of these animals. These phenomena have been explained on the basis of an increased reactivity of the vascular smooth muscle of the SH rats to vasoconstrictor substances liberated from platelets at the site of injury.", "contents": "Laser-induced thrombus formation and vascular reactivity in the microcirculation of the spontaneously hypertensive rat. Thrombi formation resulting from laser-induced injury to mesenteric circulation has been studied in spontaneously hypertensive (SH) and normotensive rats. The thrombotic reaction was enhanced in both venules and arterioles of the SH rats. In the arterioles of the hypertensive rats, the vasoconstriction which develops downstream from the thrombus is greatly intensified and the time to form microvascular haemostatic plugs significantly decreased in the arterioles of these animals. These phenomena have been explained on the basis of an increased reactivity of the vascular smooth muscle of the SH rats to vasoconstrictor substances liberated from platelets at the site of injury."}
{"id": "PMID:871531", "title": "Mechanism of potassium relaxation of arterial muscle.", "content": "Strips of arterial muscle were prepared from rat tail and femoral arteries and dog mesenteric arteries. All muscles developed a contracture slowly when exposed to a potassium-free solution, but relaxed rapidly when potassium was added to the bath to give a concentration as low as 0.1 mM. The slow contracture is caused by norepinephrine release from intrinsic nerve endings, but the rapid relaxation occurs while the norepinephrine concentration is still high. Contractions produced by exogenous norepinephrine or serotonin in a potassium-free bath were also made to relax by the addition of potassium. After several minutes these relaxations reversed abruptly and spontaneously to return to their original level of contraction. The rapid relaxation was found to be due to an electrogenic transport mechanism which caused hyperpolarization within several seconds after the addition of potassium. This hyperpolarization is believed to be caused by electrogenic ion transport since it exceeded the expected membrane potential based on the potential calculated from potassium concentrations, EK. Hyperpolarization declined within 5-15 min, allowing contraction to redevelop. Ouabain was found to prevent both the potassium-induced relaxation and the cessation of norepinephrine release. However, ouabain prevented relaxation as effectively in denervated as in innervated smooth muscle. We conclude that the initial relaxation of arterial smooth muscle that occurs when potassium is reintroduced into a potassium-free solution is caused by membrane hyperpolarization resulting from the enhanced activity of an electrogenic pump; it is not caused by cessation of norepinephrine release.", "contents": "Mechanism of potassium relaxation of arterial muscle. Strips of arterial muscle were prepared from rat tail and femoral arteries and dog mesenteric arteries. All muscles developed a contracture slowly when exposed to a potassium-free solution, but relaxed rapidly when potassium was added to the bath to give a concentration as low as 0.1 mM. The slow contracture is caused by norepinephrine release from intrinsic nerve endings, but the rapid relaxation occurs while the norepinephrine concentration is still high. Contractions produced by exogenous norepinephrine or serotonin in a potassium-free bath were also made to relax by the addition of potassium. After several minutes these relaxations reversed abruptly and spontaneously to return to their original level of contraction. The rapid relaxation was found to be due to an electrogenic transport mechanism which caused hyperpolarization within several seconds after the addition of potassium. This hyperpolarization is believed to be caused by electrogenic ion transport since it exceeded the expected membrane potential based on the potential calculated from potassium concentrations, EK. Hyperpolarization declined within 5-15 min, allowing contraction to redevelop. Ouabain was found to prevent both the potassium-induced relaxation and the cessation of norepinephrine release. However, ouabain prevented relaxation as effectively in denervated as in innervated smooth muscle. We conclude that the initial relaxation of arterial smooth muscle that occurs when potassium is reintroduced into a potassium-free solution is caused by membrane hyperpolarization resulting from the enhanced activity of an electrogenic pump; it is not caused by cessation of norepinephrine release."}
{"id": "PMID:871533", "title": "Influence of desipramine on the uptake and efflux of radiolabelled bretylium and bethanidine in the adventitial and media-intimal layers of rabbit aortic strips.", "content": "The desipramine-sensitive uptake (neuronal uptake) of 14C-bretylium and 14C-bethanidine into the rabbit aortic adventitial layer from 3 X 10(-6) M solutions increased with time during a 20 min incubation. For both compounds a neuronal uptake of 50 pmol/50 mg wet weight adventitia was associated with 10% block of the contractile response to field stimulation at 16 Hz and 150 pmol/50 mg with 60% block. The concentration of blocking agents inside the neuron at 50% blockade was calculated to be 260 X 10(-6) M, an 87-fold increase over the medium. The bretylium in the neuron decreased by 50% during 20 min washout, and bethanidine by 29%. Desipramine when added to the bath 20 min following the addition of the blocking agents led to a loss of bretylium but not of bethanidine from the adventitia. Desipramine had little or no effect on the uptake, washout or disposition of either blocking agent in the media-intimal layers. The data indicate that bretylium has a greater propensity than bethanidine to be lost from the neurons; however, it appears to be recycled back through the membrane via the amine pump more readily than bethanidine. The fact that conservative calculations indicate that the neuronal membrane slowly established a concentration of the blocking agents within the neuron that is known to produce rapid local anesthesia when topically applied to adrenergic nerve trunks and which approaches a concentration needed to inhibit sensory endings suggests that local anesthesia may play a role in the mechanism of neuron blockade.", "contents": "Influence of desipramine on the uptake and efflux of radiolabelled bretylium and bethanidine in the adventitial and media-intimal layers of rabbit aortic strips. The desipramine-sensitive uptake (neuronal uptake) of 14C-bretylium and 14C-bethanidine into the rabbit aortic adventitial layer from 3 X 10(-6) M solutions increased with time during a 20 min incubation. For both compounds a neuronal uptake of 50 pmol/50 mg wet weight adventitia was associated with 10% block of the contractile response to field stimulation at 16 Hz and 150 pmol/50 mg with 60% block. The concentration of blocking agents inside the neuron at 50% blockade was calculated to be 260 X 10(-6) M, an 87-fold increase over the medium. The bretylium in the neuron decreased by 50% during 20 min washout, and bethanidine by 29%. Desipramine when added to the bath 20 min following the addition of the blocking agents led to a loss of bretylium but not of bethanidine from the adventitia. Desipramine had little or no effect on the uptake, washout or disposition of either blocking agent in the media-intimal layers. The data indicate that bretylium has a greater propensity than bethanidine to be lost from the neurons; however, it appears to be recycled back through the membrane via the amine pump more readily than bethanidine. The fact that conservative calculations indicate that the neuronal membrane slowly established a concentration of the blocking agents within the neuron that is known to produce rapid local anesthesia when topically applied to adrenergic nerve trunks and which approaches a concentration needed to inhibit sensory endings suggests that local anesthesia may play a role in the mechanism of neuron blockade."}
{"id": "PMID:871534", "title": "Effects of chronic nicotine administration on RBC velocity in mesenteric capillaries of the rat.", "content": "The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of chronic administration of nicotine on red blood cell (RBC) velocity in single capillaries of the mesentery. Ten male rats consumed an average of 2.38 mg nicotine/kg/day, an approximate '2 pack' equivalent, in their drinking water for a period of 15-20 weeks. At the end of this time RBC velocity was measured in single capillaries of the mesentery. The data were compared to RBC velocities measured in a group of matched control rats. Red cell velocities in the control and nicotine groups averaged 1.22+/-0.23 and 0.59+/-0.10 mm/sec SEM, respectively. These values were significantly different (p less than or equal to 0.01). It is concluded that chronic administration of nicotine to rats in levels equivalent to tobacco smoking reduces resting capillary blood flow in the mesenteric circulation as indicated by differences in erythrocyte velocity.", "contents": "Effects of chronic nicotine administration on RBC velocity in mesenteric capillaries of the rat. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of chronic administration of nicotine on red blood cell (RBC) velocity in single capillaries of the mesentery. Ten male rats consumed an average of 2.38 mg nicotine/kg/day, an approximate '2 pack' equivalent, in their drinking water for a period of 15-20 weeks. At the end of this time RBC velocity was measured in single capillaries of the mesentery. The data were compared to RBC velocities measured in a group of matched control rats. Red cell velocities in the control and nicotine groups averaged 1.22+/-0.23 and 0.59+/-0.10 mm/sec SEM, respectively. These values were significantly different (p less than or equal to 0.01). It is concluded that chronic administration of nicotine to rats in levels equivalent to tobacco smoking reduces resting capillary blood flow in the mesenteric circulation as indicated by differences in erythrocyte velocity."}
{"id": "PMID:871535", "title": "Occurrence of Su in a German family.", "content": "Investigating a paternity case we observed a pretended opposite homozygosity of the S and s alleles between a mother and her child. The presence of the rare allele Su in this family could be demonstrated with the aid of dosage studies and blood group testing of the mother's parents. 22 additional genetic marker systems, including the HLA-system were examined, a biostatistical calculation was performed as well. The results obtained from these testings were in accordance with the hereditary rules and the posssibility of ilegitimacy or of children's substitution could be excluded. Only Caucasoid ancestry was known to the family. In addition, family members showed another rare blood group marker, the allele GPT0.", "contents": "Occurrence of Su in a German family. Investigating a paternity case we observed a pretended opposite homozygosity of the S and s alleles between a mother and her child. The presence of the rare allele Su in this family could be demonstrated with the aid of dosage studies and blood group testing of the mother's parents. 22 additional genetic marker systems, including the HLA-system were examined, a biostatistical calculation was performed as well. The results obtained from these testings were in accordance with the hereditary rules and the posssibility of ilegitimacy or of children's substitution could be excluded. Only Caucasoid ancestry was known to the family. In addition, family members showed another rare blood group marker, the allele GPT0."}
{"id": "PMID:871563", "title": "Ureteric urine examination.", "content": "Uterteric urine examination can give definitive evidence of upper urinary tract carcinoma and three cases are described and illustrated. The absence of carcinoma cells in such specimens, however, does not exclude malignancy for two reasons. First, the tumours may be well differentiated and the cells not recognized at cytological examination and, secondly, carcinoma cells may not appear in ureteric urine specimens since they can be reluctant to exfoliate.", "contents": "Ureteric urine examination. Uterteric urine examination can give definitive evidence of upper urinary tract carcinoma and three cases are described and illustrated. The absence of carcinoma cells in such specimens, however, does not exclude malignancy for two reasons. First, the tumours may be well differentiated and the cells not recognized at cytological examination and, secondly, carcinoma cells may not appear in ureteric urine specimens since they can be reluctant to exfoliate."}
{"id": "PMID:871567", "title": "Parasuicide in Edinburgh--a seven-year review 1968-74.", "content": "Parasuicide admissions to the Regional Poisoning Treatment Centre in Edinburgh are reviewed over the seven year period 1968-74. Special emphasis is given to trends in parasuicide rates for Edinburgh City, but social and clinical data are also described. Though the mean annual increase for admissions is 10-6 per cent, recent years have shown a fall in the rates for men and a levelling off for women. There have been increases in the rates for the young, for men in social classes 4 and 5 and for divorced women, and in poisonings with psychotropic drugs and alcohol consumption among women. At the same time it is important to note variables which have not changed: the relative risks by age and sex, repetition rates, the diagnostic picture, poisoning with non-prescribed drugs, and the rank order of municipal ward rates: and variables which have diminished: the rates for divorced men, overcrowding, domestic gas and barbiturate poisoning, and drug misuse. A comprehensive explanation of parasuicide in the contemporary scene would have to explain both the consistencies and the changing trends. The answer to the central question of why parasuicide is changing remains elusive.", "contents": "Parasuicide in Edinburgh--a seven-year review 1968-74. Parasuicide admissions to the Regional Poisoning Treatment Centre in Edinburgh are reviewed over the seven year period 1968-74. Special emphasis is given to trends in parasuicide rates for Edinburgh City, but social and clinical data are also described. Though the mean annual increase for admissions is 10-6 per cent, recent years have shown a fall in the rates for men and a levelling off for women. There have been increases in the rates for the young, for men in social classes 4 and 5 and for divorced women, and in poisonings with psychotropic drugs and alcohol consumption among women. At the same time it is important to note variables which have not changed: the relative risks by age and sex, repetition rates, the diagnostic picture, poisoning with non-prescribed drugs, and the rank order of municipal ward rates: and variables which have diminished: the rates for divorced men, overcrowding, domestic gas and barbiturate poisoning, and drug misuse. A comprehensive explanation of parasuicide in the contemporary scene would have to explain both the consistencies and the changing trends. The answer to the central question of why parasuicide is changing remains elusive."}
{"id": "PMID:871568", "title": "Cyclone Tracy and Darwin evacuees: on the restoration of the species.", "content": "A validated objective measure of the state of psychological function was used to determine the incidence and course of psychological dysfunction in a group of evacuees from Darwin following disaster caused by a cyclone (Cyclone Tracy). While psychological dysfunction was increased initially (58 per cent) and at ten weeks (41 per cent), it had returned to an Australian general population control level (22 per cent) at 14 months. Factors influencing psychological dysfunction were examined, and it is suggested that the sample faced two different stressors at differing times. Initial psychiatric morbidity was most clearly associated with the experience of thinking that one might die or be seriously injured and therefore conceptualized as a 'mortality stressor'. Psychiatric morbidity at ten weeks appeared to be most closely associated with what has been conceptualized as a 'relocation stressor'. Reasons why psychiatric morbidity decreased to a general population control level are discussed.", "contents": "Cyclone Tracy and Darwin evacuees: on the restoration of the species. A validated objective measure of the state of psychological function was used to determine the incidence and course of psychological dysfunction in a group of evacuees from Darwin following disaster caused by a cyclone (Cyclone Tracy). While psychological dysfunction was increased initially (58 per cent) and at ten weeks (41 per cent), it had returned to an Australian general population control level (22 per cent) at 14 months. Factors influencing psychological dysfunction were examined, and it is suggested that the sample faced two different stressors at differing times. Initial psychiatric morbidity was most clearly associated with the experience of thinking that one might die or be seriously injured and therefore conceptualized as a 'mortality stressor'. Psychiatric morbidity at ten weeks appeared to be most closely associated with what has been conceptualized as a 'relocation stressor'. Reasons why psychiatric morbidity decreased to a general population control level are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:871569", "title": "The syndrome of Capgras.", "content": "In eleven patients with the syndrome of Capgras, the clinical data and the results of electroencephalographic, echoencephalographic, air-encephalographic, psychological and brain-scanning investigations are presented and discussed. All patients were psychotic: six were schizophrenic, four were depressive and one suffered from an organic psychosis. A paranoid element was marked in all cases. The present evidence supports the view that organic factors are important in the pathogenesis of Capgras' syndrome.", "contents": "The syndrome of Capgras. In eleven patients with the syndrome of Capgras, the clinical data and the results of electroencephalographic, echoencephalographic, air-encephalographic, psychological and brain-scanning investigations are presented and discussed. All patients were psychotic: six were schizophrenic, four were depressive and one suffered from an organic psychosis. A paranoid element was marked in all cases. The present evidence supports the view that organic factors are important in the pathogenesis of Capgras' syndrome."}
{"id": "PMID:871570", "title": "Clinic attendance and opiate prescription status of heroin addicts over a six-year period.", "content": "Home Office records were used to trace the current status of a sample of 128 persons of whom heroin was prescribed in 1969 at Drug Dependence Clinics in London. In October 1975, after a mean time since self-reported first use of heroin of 11-25 years, 51 per cent were attending clinics, 40 per cent alive and not attending, and 9 per cent dead. One third of the sample were still receiving heroin on prescription, and 23 per cent appeared to have received heroin without interruption since 1969. The report points to the need for career studies of addicts' lives and the need for follow-up interviews, especially for the 40 per cent no longer attending clinics.", "contents": "Clinic attendance and opiate prescription status of heroin addicts over a six-year period. Home Office records were used to trace the current status of a sample of 128 persons of whom heroin was prescribed in 1969 at Drug Dependence Clinics in London. In October 1975, after a mean time since self-reported first use of heroin of 11-25 years, 51 per cent were attending clinics, 40 per cent alive and not attending, and 9 per cent dead. One third of the sample were still receiving heroin on prescription, and 23 per cent appeared to have received heroin without interruption since 1969. The report points to the need for career studies of addicts' lives and the need for follow-up interviews, especially for the 40 per cent no longer attending clinics."}
{"id": "PMID:871571", "title": "Schizophrenia in a 46,XY male with the Noonan syndrome.", "content": "We report for the first time the case of a male patient with the Noonan syndrome (Turner phenotype with a normal karyotype) who also had a psychiatric disorder which satisfied research criteria for schizophrenia.", "contents": "Schizophrenia in a 46,XY male with the Noonan syndrome. We report for the first time the case of a male patient with the Noonan syndrome (Turner phenotype with a normal karyotype) who also had a psychiatric disorder which satisfied research criteria for schizophrenia."}
{"id": "PMID:871572", "title": "Diagnostic classification of first-ever admissions to Chainama Hills Hospital, Lusaka, Zambia.", "content": "All new female indigenous Zambian patients (180) admitted to Chainama Hills Hospital from 1 June 1974 to 31 May 1975 were seen by the authors and given a firm diagnosis before they were started on treatment. The diagnostic classification of these patients was compared to that of a similar group of patients (163) admitted to the same hospital from 1 June 1973 to 31 May 1974. Forty-two per cent of the patients in 1974/75 were given a diagnosis of depression as compared to 26 per cent in 1973/74; 14 per cent of those in 1974/75 had a diagnosis of schizophrenia as compared to 21 per cent in 1973/74, and 3 per cent of the patients in 1974/75 fell into the group of 'not yet diagnosed' as opposed by 27 per cent in 1973/74. The 'acute transient psychoses' were noted for their relative rarity in the two groups. A plea is made for all psychiatrists working in Africa to give diagnosis the importance it deserves.", "contents": "Diagnostic classification of first-ever admissions to Chainama Hills Hospital, Lusaka, Zambia. All new female indigenous Zambian patients (180) admitted to Chainama Hills Hospital from 1 June 1974 to 31 May 1975 were seen by the authors and given a firm diagnosis before they were started on treatment. The diagnostic classification of these patients was compared to that of a similar group of patients (163) admitted to the same hospital from 1 June 1973 to 31 May 1974. Forty-two per cent of the patients in 1974/75 were given a diagnosis of depression as compared to 26 per cent in 1973/74; 14 per cent of those in 1974/75 had a diagnosis of schizophrenia as compared to 21 per cent in 1973/74, and 3 per cent of the patients in 1974/75 fell into the group of 'not yet diagnosed' as opposed by 27 per cent in 1973/74. The 'acute transient psychoses' were noted for their relative rarity in the two groups. A plea is made for all psychiatrists working in Africa to give diagnosis the importance it deserves."}
{"id": "PMID:871573", "title": "A new technique for the treatment of guilt.", "content": "A behavioural technique is described suitable for the treatment of patients with high levels of guilt who attempt to relieve their depression by risk-taking activities which reflect their individual wishes and fears, or who suffer anxiety due to unacceptable past behaviour. It is recommended as an alternative brief method of treatment to psychoanalysis and is based on the application of behaviour therapy to a patient's psychopathology. Three case histories are described to illustrate the principles of the technique.", "contents": "A new technique for the treatment of guilt. A behavioural technique is described suitable for the treatment of patients with high levels of guilt who attempt to relieve their depression by risk-taking activities which reflect their individual wishes and fears, or who suffer anxiety due to unacceptable past behaviour. It is recommended as an alternative brief method of treatment to psychoanalysis and is based on the application of behaviour therapy to a patient's psychopathology. Three case histories are described to illustrate the principles of the technique."}
{"id": "PMID:871574", "title": "Treatment of obsessive-compulsive neurosis with history of childhood autism.", "content": "A young man was followed-up over three years who had severe obsessive-compulsive rituals and ruminations, interpersonal deficits, complicating depression and a history of childhood autism. Intensive behavioural treatment was given in an operant framework, with exposure in vivo, modelling, response prevention and social skills training. Compulsive rituals improved markedly and lastingly, but ruminations and social defects persisted. When intercurrent depression occurred dothiepin facilitated behavioural treatment. Adjustment remained fragile. Minimum maintenance treatment in the community could not be adequately arranged, so that gains made in hospital were partly lost at follow-up, despite continuing improvement in rituals.", "contents": "Treatment of obsessive-compulsive neurosis with history of childhood autism. A young man was followed-up over three years who had severe obsessive-compulsive rituals and ruminations, interpersonal deficits, complicating depression and a history of childhood autism. Intensive behavioural treatment was given in an operant framework, with exposure in vivo, modelling, response prevention and social skills training. Compulsive rituals improved markedly and lastingly, but ruminations and social defects persisted. When intercurrent depression occurred dothiepin facilitated behavioural treatment. Adjustment remained fragile. Minimum maintenance treatment in the community could not be adequately arranged, so that gains made in hospital were partly lost at follow-up, despite continuing improvement in rituals."}
{"id": "PMID:871575", "title": "The stability of mood and social perception measures in a sample of depressive in-patients.", "content": "Forty depressives and 40 matched controls were compared in terms of a number of self-report variables and in terms of their descriptions and evaluations of both real-life and hypothetical social relationships. Clear differences between the two groups reveal poorer self-ratings in the depressive sample, together with a tendency to describe and to evaluate both real and imaginary relationships more negatively. A retest of the depressed patients at the time of discharge from hospital showed improvement only in the two depression measures and not in any of the other self-rating and perceptual measures used. The possibility is discussed that the perceptual variables are predisposing to depression rather than concomitant with it.", "contents": "The stability of mood and social perception measures in a sample of depressive in-patients. Forty depressives and 40 matched controls were compared in terms of a number of self-report variables and in terms of their descriptions and evaluations of both real-life and hypothetical social relationships. Clear differences between the two groups reveal poorer self-ratings in the depressive sample, together with a tendency to describe and to evaluate both real and imaginary relationships more negatively. A retest of the depressed patients at the time of discharge from hospital showed improvement only in the two depression measures and not in any of the other self-rating and perceptual measures used. The possibility is discussed that the perceptual variables are predisposing to depression rather than concomitant with it."}
{"id": "PMID:871576", "title": "Changes in cognitive functioning in elderly psychiatric patients.", "content": "Elderly psychiatric patients who were in contact with the hospital one year after in-patient admission were retested on a number of clinical and psychometric measures first done soon after admission. In general, changes were small; and for several measures very high correlations existed between the scores gained on the two occasions. When those patients with uncomplicated chronic brain syndromes were considered separately, increasing impairment was demonstrable.", "contents": "Changes in cognitive functioning in elderly psychiatric patients. Elderly psychiatric patients who were in contact with the hospital one year after in-patient admission were retested on a number of clinical and psychometric measures first done soon after admission. In general, changes were small; and for several measures very high correlations existed between the scores gained on the two occasions. When those patients with uncomplicated chronic brain syndromes were considered separately, increasing impairment was demonstrable."}
{"id": "PMID:871577", "title": "Response times to stimuli of increasing complexity as a function of ageing.", "content": "Twelve elderly and 12 young subjects were tested on a series of experiments with increasing complexity of perceptual-response mapping. As task complexity increased the differential slowing in performance between young and old increased and an ageXtask complexity interaction was observed. However, with practice this phenomenon disappeared leaving an apparent age lag constant. This slowing was due to increased central processing time rather than peripheral factors. No major differences in strategies were observed between the groups, though the old subjects tended to be less able to extract critical (useful) features from the display. Stimulus repetitions of a new kind were found where all characteristics of the stimulus (relevant and irrelevant) were important. Repetitions of coding rules rather than of particular signals or responses also facilitated RT. It was also found that later in practice old subjects were making fewer errors than the young, reversing earlier observations.", "contents": "Response times to stimuli of increasing complexity as a function of ageing. Twelve elderly and 12 young subjects were tested on a series of experiments with increasing complexity of perceptual-response mapping. As task complexity increased the differential slowing in performance between young and old increased and an ageXtask complexity interaction was observed. However, with practice this phenomenon disappeared leaving an apparent age lag constant. This slowing was due to increased central processing time rather than peripheral factors. No major differences in strategies were observed between the groups, though the old subjects tended to be less able to extract critical (useful) features from the display. Stimulus repetitions of a new kind were found where all characteristics of the stimulus (relevant and irrelevant) were important. Repetitions of coding rules rather than of particular signals or responses also facilitated RT. It was also found that later in practice old subjects were making fewer errors than the young, reversing earlier observations."}
{"id": "PMID:871579", "title": "The processing of negative or incongruent perceptual and combined perceptual/linguistic stimuli.", "content": "A psychological model of mediational processes based on the derivation of the meaning of perceptual or linguistic signs predicts increased processing times for signs that have negative affective meaning and conjoined signs with incongruent affective meanings. The procedure used in the experiments enables identical responses for positive and negative signs. The postulated effects are shown to be valid for perceptual as well as conjoined perceptual and linguistic cognitions, using schematic drawings of facial expressions and quotations attributed to persons with the expressions. The findings suggest that perceptual and linguistic cognitions share the same semantic systems, although the latter are more specific.", "contents": "The processing of negative or incongruent perceptual and combined perceptual/linguistic stimuli. A psychological model of mediational processes based on the derivation of the meaning of perceptual or linguistic signs predicts increased processing times for signs that have negative affective meaning and conjoined signs with incongruent affective meanings. The procedure used in the experiments enables identical responses for positive and negative signs. The postulated effects are shown to be valid for perceptual as well as conjoined perceptual and linguistic cognitions, using schematic drawings of facial expressions and quotations attributed to persons with the expressions. The findings suggest that perceptual and linguistic cognitions share the same semantic systems, although the latter are more specific."}
{"id": "PMID:871580", "title": "Thinking with restricted language. A personal construct investigation of pre-lingually profoundly deaf apprentices.", "content": "By means of the deaf manual system of communication, Personal Construct grids were elicited from profoundly deaf apprentices. Contrary to expectation, the grids are not uni-dimensional, and they are as well elaborated as grids with the same supplied elements and constructs elicited from hearing subjects. Implications of the deaf subjects' grids are considered in the light of the relationship between thinking and language explored by Furth.", "contents": "Thinking with restricted language. A personal construct investigation of pre-lingually profoundly deaf apprentices. By means of the deaf manual system of communication, Personal Construct grids were elicited from profoundly deaf apprentices. Contrary to expectation, the grids are not uni-dimensional, and they are as well elaborated as grids with the same supplied elements and constructs elicited from hearing subjects. Implications of the deaf subjects' grids are considered in the light of the relationship between thinking and language explored by Furth."}
{"id": "PMID:871583", "title": "A 20-year prospective follow-up of childhood hiatal hernia.", "content": "A long-term prospective follow-up of 113 children with vomiting due to a small hiatal hernia is described. When reviewed by the same clinical and radiological observers 20 or more years later, over 90% of unoperated non-stricture patients were asymptomatic whereas only 44% of the stricture and/or surgically treated group were without symptoms. Half or possibly more of the asymptomatic patients still had a hernia and it is possible that these may suffer a recurrence of symptoms later in adult life. The loculus of thoracic stomach tended to retain the same shape; there was a slightly better prognosis for the locular type of hernia compared with the tubular type. Complicating oesophageal strictures can decrease or disappear without surgery other than dilatation; the results of treatment by radical surgery were disappointing. There is need for an even more prolonged follow-up into later adult life.", "contents": "A 20-year prospective follow-up of childhood hiatal hernia. A long-term prospective follow-up of 113 children with vomiting due to a small hiatal hernia is described. When reviewed by the same clinical and radiological observers 20 or more years later, over 90% of unoperated non-stricture patients were asymptomatic whereas only 44% of the stricture and/or surgically treated group were without symptoms. Half or possibly more of the asymptomatic patients still had a hernia and it is possible that these may suffer a recurrence of symptoms later in adult life. The loculus of thoracic stomach tended to retain the same shape; there was a slightly better prognosis for the locular type of hernia compared with the tubular type. Complicating oesophageal strictures can decrease or disappear without surgery other than dilatation; the results of treatment by radical surgery were disappointing. There is need for an even more prolonged follow-up into later adult life."}
{"id": "PMID:871584", "title": "Intracranial extravasation of contrast medium during carotid angiography.", "content": "The results of 5184 carotid angiograms were reviewed and five cases of intracranial extravasation of contrast medium were found. In two cases an aneurysm ruptured during angiography and extravasation into the subarachnoid space was seen. In one case medium leaked from an angiomatous malformation into the subdural space. The fourth case was a patient who had suffered closed head trauma. Here extravasation was seen deep within the brain. The fifth case illustrates two forms which extravasation from meningeal arteries may take. The incidence and prognostic significance of this finding in different conditions are discussed.", "contents": "Intracranial extravasation of contrast medium during carotid angiography. The results of 5184 carotid angiograms were reviewed and five cases of intracranial extravasation of contrast medium were found. In two cases an aneurysm ruptured during angiography and extravasation into the subarachnoid space was seen. In one case medium leaked from an angiomatous malformation into the subdural space. The fourth case was a patient who had suffered closed head trauma. Here extravasation was seen deep within the brain. The fifth case illustrates two forms which extravasation from meningeal arteries may take. The incidence and prognostic significance of this finding in different conditions are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:871585", "title": "The radiology of nasal injuries: problems of interpretation and clinical relevance.", "content": "Films of 50 normal patients and 50 dry skulls were examined to detect lines which might stimulate a nasal fracture. These were visible on the occipito-mental view but on the lateral view any line which reaches the anterior cortex must be regarded as a fracture. The results of an analysis of 100 patients with trauma to the nasal bone are also presented. It is concluded that radiography of the nasal bone is an unnecessary examination unless requested by the E.N.T. surgeon, and this will in any case occur infrequently.", "contents": "The radiology of nasal injuries: problems of interpretation and clinical relevance. Films of 50 normal patients and 50 dry skulls were examined to detect lines which might stimulate a nasal fracture. These were visible on the occipito-mental view but on the lateral view any line which reaches the anterior cortex must be regarded as a fracture. The results of an analysis of 100 patients with trauma to the nasal bone are also presented. It is concluded that radiography of the nasal bone is an unnecessary examination unless requested by the E.N.T. surgeon, and this will in any case occur infrequently."}
{"id": "PMID:871586", "title": "Thrombogenicity of arterial catheters and guidewires.", "content": "Thrombus formation on the surface of a variety of arterial catheters and guidewires has been studies in dogs. Heparin-bonding of catheters and guidewires greatly reduced surface thrombus deposition even in the most thrombogenic material tested, and under the conditions of these experiements heparin-bonding was more effective than systemic heparinization.", "contents": "Thrombogenicity of arterial catheters and guidewires. Thrombus formation on the surface of a variety of arterial catheters and guidewires has been studies in dogs. Heparin-bonding of catheters and guidewires greatly reduced surface thrombus deposition even in the most thrombogenic material tested, and under the conditions of these experiements heparin-bonding was more effective than systemic heparinization."}
{"id": "PMID:871587", "title": "The combined use of iron 52 and its contaminant iron 55 in studies of the bone marrow.", "content": "A liquid scintillation counting technique has been used to measure 55Fe incorporation into red blood cells with counting efficiencies of the order of 10% for 0.1 ml whole blood. Measurements have been carried out over a period of two weeks following the intravenous administration of the shortlived cyclotron produced 52Fe which contains 55Fe (half-life 2.6 years) as contaminant. 52Fe, with its short half-life of 8.2 hours and suitable gamma-ray emissions, is the isotope of choice for bone marrow imaging and short term ferrokinetic studies such as plasma clearance and early organ uptake of iron. However, long term iron utilization cannot be measured with this radionuclide alone. By exploiting the presence of 55Fe this limitation has now been overcome.", "contents": "The combined use of iron 52 and its contaminant iron 55 in studies of the bone marrow. A liquid scintillation counting technique has been used to measure 55Fe incorporation into red blood cells with counting efficiencies of the order of 10% for 0.1 ml whole blood. Measurements have been carried out over a period of two weeks following the intravenous administration of the shortlived cyclotron produced 52Fe which contains 55Fe (half-life 2.6 years) as contaminant. 52Fe, with its short half-life of 8.2 hours and suitable gamma-ray emissions, is the isotope of choice for bone marrow imaging and short term ferrokinetic studies such as plasma clearance and early organ uptake of iron. However, long term iron utilization cannot be measured with this radionuclide alone. By exploiting the presence of 55Fe this limitation has now been overcome."}
{"id": "PMID:871588", "title": "Fast neutron effects on multicell spheroids.", "content": "Accumulation and repair of neutron damage was measured using multicell spheroids irradiated with neutrons at the Hammersmith Cyclotron. A relative biological effectiveness (RBE) of about 1.5 (ratio of Do values) was found for aerobic single cells or small spheroids. Small spheroids accumulated more sublethal neutron damage than single cells, as indicated by a wider shoulder on the survival curve. However, neither single cells nor spheriods repaired sublethal damage when two doses of neutrons were separated by six hours or less. A \"therapeutic gain\" was observed for larger spheroids containing hypoxic cells, due to an increased RBE of fast neutrons for hypoxic cells amounting to about a factor of two.", "contents": "Fast neutron effects on multicell spheroids. Accumulation and repair of neutron damage was measured using multicell spheroids irradiated with neutrons at the Hammersmith Cyclotron. A relative biological effectiveness (RBE) of about 1.5 (ratio of Do values) was found for aerobic single cells or small spheroids. Small spheroids accumulated more sublethal neutron damage than single cells, as indicated by a wider shoulder on the survival curve. However, neither single cells nor spheriods repaired sublethal damage when two doses of neutrons were separated by six hours or less. A \"therapeutic gain\" was observed for larger spheroids containing hypoxic cells, due to an increased RBE of fast neutrons for hypoxic cells amounting to about a factor of two."}
{"id": "PMID:871589", "title": "When and how should we teach the basic concepts of radiation beam dosage?", "content": "The difficulty that many trainees, including those medically qualified, have in achieving a sound working grasp of certain basic principles of radiation beam dosage is often underestimated. Since any failure of understanding may seriously impair the efficiency of the team treating the patient, the discussion of these problems (and especially the monitoring of the results of such discussion by means of oral and written tests) deserves a high priority. Contrary to traditional practice, there would seem to be no good reason why teaching of radiation beam dosage, and the effect on dose-rate of changes in the treatment distance or in the amount of scattered radiation, should not begin in the very first week of training and be immediately integrated with discussion of the dose-rate information available at every radiotherapy unit when the patient is treated. A preliminary course of physics lectures does not usually make the understanding of these principles any easier and can be done either concurrently or later. For many radiotherapy trainees and for many doctors in other fields, comparison with drug dosage and with the brightness and scatter of ordinary light beams, avoiding technical terms so far as possible, may achieve a better initial understanding of basic principles than is achieved by mathematical equations and theoretical physics.", "contents": "When and how should we teach the basic concepts of radiation beam dosage? The difficulty that many trainees, including those medically qualified, have in achieving a sound working grasp of certain basic principles of radiation beam dosage is often underestimated. Since any failure of understanding may seriously impair the efficiency of the team treating the patient, the discussion of these problems (and especially the monitoring of the results of such discussion by means of oral and written tests) deserves a high priority. Contrary to traditional practice, there would seem to be no good reason why teaching of radiation beam dosage, and the effect on dose-rate of changes in the treatment distance or in the amount of scattered radiation, should not begin in the very first week of training and be immediately integrated with discussion of the dose-rate information available at every radiotherapy unit when the patient is treated. A preliminary course of physics lectures does not usually make the understanding of these principles any easier and can be done either concurrently or later. For many radiotherapy trainees and for many doctors in other fields, comparison with drug dosage and with the brightness and scatter of ordinary light beams, avoiding technical terms so far as possible, may achieve a better initial understanding of basic principles than is achieved by mathematical equations and theoretical physics."}
{"id": "PMID:871597", "title": "Pseudoachondroplasia, a report of 13 cases.", "content": "Pseudoachondroplasia is a heterogeneous inherited skeletal dysplasia in which dwarfism is a major feature. Affected individuals have a normal craniofacial appearance and the skeletal malformations do not become apparent until early childhood. Radiographic changes observed in 13 affected individuals include shortening of tubular bones, flaring of metaphyses, variable epiphyseal maldevelopment and some degree of vertebral end-plate malformation. Diagnostic precision is essential for effective management and genetic counselling.", "contents": "Pseudoachondroplasia, a report of 13 cases. Pseudoachondroplasia is a heterogeneous inherited skeletal dysplasia in which dwarfism is a major feature. Affected individuals have a normal craniofacial appearance and the skeletal malformations do not become apparent until early childhood. Radiographic changes observed in 13 affected individuals include shortening of tubular bones, flaring of metaphyses, variable epiphyseal maldevelopment and some degree of vertebral end-plate malformation. Diagnostic precision is essential for effective management and genetic counselling."}
{"id": "PMID:871598", "title": "The use of abdominal contrast tomography in liver disease.", "content": "The value of a high dose infusion technique using urographic contrast medium followed by tomography was studied in 44 patients with liver disease. The method was found to be of value in showing cysts, abscesses and cystic disease of the liver. Large tumours, primary and secondary, can also be demonstrated. Normal bile ducts are not visible, but become apparent when they are dilated.", "contents": "The use of abdominal contrast tomography in liver disease. The value of a high dose infusion technique using urographic contrast medium followed by tomography was studied in 44 patients with liver disease. The method was found to be of value in showing cysts, abscesses and cystic disease of the liver. Large tumours, primary and secondary, can also be demonstrated. Normal bile ducts are not visible, but become apparent when they are dilated."}
{"id": "PMID:871599", "title": "The mammographic demonstration of malignant spicules.", "content": "A specimen of breast tissue containing a carcinoma with multiple spiculations was used as a test object and examined by a range of mammographic techniques. The images were compared with a photograph of the cleared specimen. A quantitative method of evaluating the performance of each technique is described and used to compare these images. Xeroradiography clearly excelled other imaging methods.", "contents": "The mammographic demonstration of malignant spicules. A specimen of breast tissue containing a carcinoma with multiple spiculations was used as a test object and examined by a range of mammographic techniques. The images were compared with a photograph of the cleared specimen. A quantitative method of evaluating the performance of each technique is described and used to compare these images. Xeroradiography clearly excelled other imaging methods."}
{"id": "PMID:871600", "title": "Uterine prolapse and urinary tract obstruction.", "content": "Five patients are described with hydronephrosis and hydroureter associated with advanced uterine prolapse. Various hypotheses have been advanced in the literature to account for this neglected syndrome. A trial was carried out to assess whether all patients presenting with uterine prolapse should be screened to exclude urinary tract obstruction. Thirty-seven patients on the waiting list for surgery for various degrees of prolapse had an IVU and a blood urea estimation. No cases of ureteric obstruction were found, presumably because the lesser grades of prolapse predominated. It is, therefore, considered that all patients with prolapse do not need intravenous urography, which should be restricted to women with complete procidentia.", "contents": "Uterine prolapse and urinary tract obstruction. Five patients are described with hydronephrosis and hydroureter associated with advanced uterine prolapse. Various hypotheses have been advanced in the literature to account for this neglected syndrome. A trial was carried out to assess whether all patients presenting with uterine prolapse should be screened to exclude urinary tract obstruction. Thirty-seven patients on the waiting list for surgery for various degrees of prolapse had an IVU and a blood urea estimation. No cases of ureteric obstruction were found, presumably because the lesser grades of prolapse predominated. It is, therefore, considered that all patients with prolapse do not need intravenous urography, which should be restricted to women with complete procidentia."}
{"id": "PMID:871601", "title": "Clinical information from medical images. A comparison of two types of ultrasonic image in the detection of focal intrahepatic lesions.", "content": "If the uncertainty in the diagnosis is measured before and after viewing a diagnostic image, the change in uncertainty is a measure of the information contributed by that image. The formal basis of information theory has been used to calculate the change in uncertainty. These analytical methods have been applied to assess two types of ultrasonic grey-scale image in the demonstration of possible focal intrahepatic lesions.", "contents": "Clinical information from medical images. A comparison of two types of ultrasonic image in the detection of focal intrahepatic lesions. If the uncertainty in the diagnosis is measured before and after viewing a diagnostic image, the change in uncertainty is a measure of the information contributed by that image. The formal basis of information theory has been used to calculate the change in uncertainty. These analytical methods have been applied to assess two types of ultrasonic grey-scale image in the demonstration of possible focal intrahepatic lesions."}
{"id": "PMID:871602", "title": "Non-linear bone loss in oophorectomized women.", "content": "Sequential bone loss in 37 women with bilateral oophorectomy was monitored by radiographic morphometry. The changes in mean width of the cortices of the 2nd, 3rd and 4th metacarpals of both hands were determined using a semiautomated computer-controlled morphometer. It was found that a significantly greater rate of decrease of mean cortical width occurred in those women first observed within three years of the artificial menopause than in the other members of the group.", "contents": "Non-linear bone loss in oophorectomized women. Sequential bone loss in 37 women with bilateral oophorectomy was monitored by radiographic morphometry. The changes in mean width of the cortices of the 2nd, 3rd and 4th metacarpals of both hands were determined using a semiautomated computer-controlled morphometer. It was found that a significantly greater rate of decrease of mean cortical width occurred in those women first observed within three years of the artificial menopause than in the other members of the group."}
{"id": "PMID:871603", "title": "Sublethal damage in cells of the mouse gut after mixed treatment with X rays and fast neutrons.", "content": "The effect of combining X ray and neutron irradiations on cell survival in the mouse intestine has been investigated. The irradiations from the two beams were given within minutes or at most a few hours of each other when recovery from sublethal damage was not always complete. The results show that cells surviving the first dose of radiation have accumulated the same amount of recoverable sublethal damage regardless of whether that first dose was with X rays or neutrons. The rate at which the sublethal damage is shed is the same after X rays or neutrons. It is reasoned that there is less sparing of damage by fractionation of neutron dose compared with fractionation of X ray dose not because there is less recovery from sublethal damage after neutrons but because there is relatively more lethal damage; the recovery from any sublethal damage is the same as if it were from X rays. If X rays and neutron doses are separated by times long enough to allow the full repair of sublethal injury then the combined effect is simply additive.", "contents": "Sublethal damage in cells of the mouse gut after mixed treatment with X rays and fast neutrons. The effect of combining X ray and neutron irradiations on cell survival in the mouse intestine has been investigated. The irradiations from the two beams were given within minutes or at most a few hours of each other when recovery from sublethal damage was not always complete. The results show that cells surviving the first dose of radiation have accumulated the same amount of recoverable sublethal damage regardless of whether that first dose was with X rays or neutrons. The rate at which the sublethal damage is shed is the same after X rays or neutrons. It is reasoned that there is less sparing of damage by fractionation of neutron dose compared with fractionation of X ray dose not because there is less recovery from sublethal damage after neutrons but because there is relatively more lethal damage; the recovery from any sublethal damage is the same as if it were from X rays. If X rays and neutron doses are separated by times long enough to allow the full repair of sublethal injury then the combined effect is simply additive."}
{"id": "PMID:871609", "title": "Pulmonary function in the early postoperative period.", "content": "To the author's knowledge, an intensive investigation of pulmonary function during the first 2 postoperative days has not previously been reported. Consequently, in this study the effect of regional surgery on respiratory function, monitored every 4 h during the first 2 postoperative days, was analyzed. Hypoxaemia was a constant finding in all patients undergoing general anaesthesia. The degree and duration of hypoxaemia and spirometry changes were related to the site of surgical incision. Clinical signs of atelectasis were commonly observed during the first postoperative day and occurred after the change in PO2 and spirometry. Atelectasis was more common in patients having upper abdominal surgery. The current investigation reveals that the earliest postoperative change indicative of atelectasis is the fall in PO2; that auscultatory changes do not always occur in the presence of postoperative hypoxaemia; that auscultatory signs are not indicative of the extent of the PO2 fall; and that radiology represents a crude method of assessing postoperative atelectasis.", "contents": "Pulmonary function in the early postoperative period. To the author's knowledge, an intensive investigation of pulmonary function during the first 2 postoperative days has not previously been reported. Consequently, in this study the effect of regional surgery on respiratory function, monitored every 4 h during the first 2 postoperative days, was analyzed. Hypoxaemia was a constant finding in all patients undergoing general anaesthesia. The degree and duration of hypoxaemia and spirometry changes were related to the site of surgical incision. Clinical signs of atelectasis were commonly observed during the first postoperative day and occurred after the change in PO2 and spirometry. Atelectasis was more common in patients having upper abdominal surgery. The current investigation reveals that the earliest postoperative change indicative of atelectasis is the fall in PO2; that auscultatory changes do not always occur in the presence of postoperative hypoxaemia; that auscultatory signs are not indicative of the extent of the PO2 fall; and that radiology represents a crude method of assessing postoperative atelectasis."}
{"id": "PMID:871610", "title": "Postoperative hypoxaemia and oxygen therapy.", "content": "To observe the duration of hypoxaemia 8 patients were monitored every day for the first 7 days following upper abdominal surgery. Three of these patients who had failed to regain their preoperative PO2 value by the seventh postoperative day were further monitored on alternate days until the fourteenth postoperative day. A further 3 patients were similarly monitored on alternate days for 14 days. In another group of 10 patients blood gases were monitored every 4 h for the first 48 h following major abdominal surgery, during which time the patients were given 35 per cent oxygen for the first 24 h after operation. (All patients in this group had a diminished respiratory reserve preoperatively to a sufficient degree to warrant admission to the intensive therapy unit postoperatively, and these patients were treated with oxygen for 24 h, as is the practice in our unit and in other surgical units.) Oxygen was administered using a Ventimask at 8 l/min (British Medical Journal, 1972). Nine of the 10 patients did not show postoperative hypoxaemia while being treated with 35 per cent oxygen, although the PO2 value attained were lower than expected. On withdrawal of oxygen after 24 h, the PO2 decreased below preoperative levels in all patients. The PO2 of 7 patients in this group decreased below 8 kPa during the second 24 postoperative hours, in 4 of whom the level fell below 6-7 kPa. Some recommendations to improve the respiratory care of the surgical patient are presented.", "contents": "Postoperative hypoxaemia and oxygen therapy. To observe the duration of hypoxaemia 8 patients were monitored every day for the first 7 days following upper abdominal surgery. Three of these patients who had failed to regain their preoperative PO2 value by the seventh postoperative day were further monitored on alternate days until the fourteenth postoperative day. A further 3 patients were similarly monitored on alternate days for 14 days. In another group of 10 patients blood gases were monitored every 4 h for the first 48 h following major abdominal surgery, during which time the patients were given 35 per cent oxygen for the first 24 h after operation. (All patients in this group had a diminished respiratory reserve preoperatively to a sufficient degree to warrant admission to the intensive therapy unit postoperatively, and these patients were treated with oxygen for 24 h, as is the practice in our unit and in other surgical units.) Oxygen was administered using a Ventimask at 8 l/min (British Medical Journal, 1972). Nine of the 10 patients did not show postoperative hypoxaemia while being treated with 35 per cent oxygen, although the PO2 value attained were lower than expected. On withdrawal of oxygen after 24 h, the PO2 decreased below preoperative levels in all patients. The PO2 of 7 patients in this group decreased below 8 kPa during the second 24 postoperative hours, in 4 of whom the level fell below 6-7 kPa. Some recommendations to improve the respiratory care of the surgical patient are presented."}
{"id": "PMID:871611", "title": "Crush syndrome: a report of 2 cases and a review of the literature.", "content": "The crush syndrome was first defined as a clinical entity in 1941. This paper reports 2 patients suffering from the syndrome as a result of being trapped for several hours during the Moorgate tube train disaster. An account of the initial course, management and complications is presented and discussed with reference to the available literature on the subject.", "contents": "Crush syndrome: a report of 2 cases and a review of the literature. The crush syndrome was first defined as a clinical entity in 1941. This paper reports 2 patients suffering from the syndrome as a result of being trapped for several hours during the Moorgate tube train disaster. An account of the initial course, management and complications is presented and discussed with reference to the available literature on the subject."}
{"id": "PMID:871612", "title": "The medical dissolution of phytobezoars using cellulase.", "content": "Phytobezoars are plant fibre concretions occurring in the stomach as a complication following some types of gastric surgery. Symptoms include distension, pain and vomiting. Ulceration, gastric bleeding and even perforation can occur. If untreated, they result in a significant mortality. Dissolution of the phytobezoar can be achieved without operative intervention. Enzymes and especially cellulase help to break up the mass and it can then be aspirated or allowed to pass on. Five patients with phytobezoars were thus treated and the cellulase method was confirmed to be simple, safe and effective.", "contents": "The medical dissolution of phytobezoars using cellulase. Phytobezoars are plant fibre concretions occurring in the stomach as a complication following some types of gastric surgery. Symptoms include distension, pain and vomiting. Ulceration, gastric bleeding and even perforation can occur. If untreated, they result in a significant mortality. Dissolution of the phytobezoar can be achieved without operative intervention. Enzymes and especially cellulase help to break up the mass and it can then be aspirated or allowed to pass on. Five patients with phytobezoars were thus treated and the cellulase method was confirmed to be simple, safe and effective."}
{"id": "PMID:871613", "title": "Intermittent sigmoid volvulus in the younger age groups.", "content": "Sigmoid volvulus is a well-recognized clinical entity, occurring more commonly in the male in middle or old age. In younger age groups the diagnosis is therefore often delayed. We report here 11 patients of an average age of 31 years (range 12-57 years), with a preponderance of females (7 : 4), who have presented to us in the past 2 years with intermittent sigmoid volvulus. The average age at onset of initial symptoms was 26 years. All had the diagnosis confirmed radiologically by colonoscopy or at operation. The diagnostic features of the condition are described.", "contents": "Intermittent sigmoid volvulus in the younger age groups. Sigmoid volvulus is a well-recognized clinical entity, occurring more commonly in the male in middle or old age. In younger age groups the diagnosis is therefore often delayed. We report here 11 patients of an average age of 31 years (range 12-57 years), with a preponderance of females (7 : 4), who have presented to us in the past 2 years with intermittent sigmoid volvulus. The average age at onset of initial symptoms was 26 years. All had the diagnosis confirmed radiologically by colonoscopy or at operation. The diagnostic features of the condition are described."}
{"id": "PMID:871614", "title": "The significance of starch powder contamination in the aetiology of peritoneal adhesions.", "content": "The presence or absence of starch granulomas on the peritoneal surface or within peritoneal adhesions is reported in 20 patients subjected to a second laparotomy. Evidence is presented to show that starch granuloma formation is common in the early months following operation and that adhesions associated with starch granulomas cause intestinal obstruction. It is suggested that although starch is usually absorbed within 2 years, associated band adhesions may persist. Glove powder contamination of the peritoneal cavity may thus be a common cause of band adhesion obstruction.", "contents": "The significance of starch powder contamination in the aetiology of peritoneal adhesions. The presence or absence of starch granulomas on the peritoneal surface or within peritoneal adhesions is reported in 20 patients subjected to a second laparotomy. Evidence is presented to show that starch granuloma formation is common in the early months following operation and that adhesions associated with starch granulomas cause intestinal obstruction. It is suggested that although starch is usually absorbed within 2 years, associated band adhesions may persist. Glove powder contamination of the peritoneal cavity may thus be a common cause of band adhesion obstruction."}
{"id": "PMID:871615", "title": "Intersphincteric excision of the rectum.", "content": "Wide excision of the rectum in inflammatory bowel disease is both unnecessary and undesirable as the healthy pelvic floor is damaged and the pelvic nerves put at risk. An operative technique is described which includes dissection of the anal canal and rectum in the intersphincteric plane, i.e. the plane of fusion between the visceral rectum and anal canal and the somatic pelvic musculature, which minimizes these undesirable elements. Fifty-three cases are presented. Perineal wound healing rates are comparable with those of other methods of resection and only 1 of 14 men reported partial sexual dysfunction following this operation.", "contents": "Intersphincteric excision of the rectum. Wide excision of the rectum in inflammatory bowel disease is both unnecessary and undesirable as the healthy pelvic floor is damaged and the pelvic nerves put at risk. An operative technique is described which includes dissection of the anal canal and rectum in the intersphincteric plane, i.e. the plane of fusion between the visceral rectum and anal canal and the somatic pelvic musculature, which minimizes these undesirable elements. Fifty-three cases are presented. Perineal wound healing rates are comparable with those of other methods of resection and only 1 of 14 men reported partial sexual dysfunction following this operation."}
{"id": "PMID:871616", "title": "Results of colectomy for diverticular disease of the colon.", "content": "A retrospective study of 71 patients who had a colonic resection for diverticular disease at one hospital during a 7-year period was undertaken. Patients were divided into those undergoing surgery for complications of diverticular disease (49) and those in whom abdominal pain and an altered bowel habit were attributed to the presence of diverticular disease in the absence of any detectable complication (22). In both groups major complications occurred after operation. The incidence of complications was greater when surgery was undertaken in stages to effect colonic resection and restoration of intestinal continuity. Symptoms were more often cured or relieved in those patients undergoing surgery for complicated diverticular disease than in those with 'uncomplicated' disease. These poor results may be due to incorrectly attributing symptoms to diverticula which happened to be present.", "contents": "Results of colectomy for diverticular disease of the colon. A retrospective study of 71 patients who had a colonic resection for diverticular disease at one hospital during a 7-year period was undertaken. Patients were divided into those undergoing surgery for complications of diverticular disease (49) and those in whom abdominal pain and an altered bowel habit were attributed to the presence of diverticular disease in the absence of any detectable complication (22). In both groups major complications occurred after operation. The incidence of complications was greater when surgery was undertaken in stages to effect colonic resection and restoration of intestinal continuity. Symptoms were more often cured or relieved in those patients undergoing surgery for complicated diverticular disease than in those with 'uncomplicated' disease. These poor results may be due to incorrectly attributing symptoms to diverticula which happened to be present."}
{"id": "PMID:871617", "title": "Acute ischaemic enteritis in Goa.", "content": "Acute ischaemic enteritis is an uncommon condition which mainly affects young people. It is characterized by ischaemic changes in the small or large bowel which may be reversible in the early stages. The exact aetiology is not known. The condition may be due to toxins produced by either roundworms or Gram-negative bacilli or may be due to a localized allergic reaction. It is possible to make a preoperative diagnosis in most cases from the presence of abdominal pain, bloody diarrhoea and shock. Conservative treatment may be best in early cases but surgery is necessary in those cases where gangrene or perforation has occurred.", "contents": "Acute ischaemic enteritis in Goa. Acute ischaemic enteritis is an uncommon condition which mainly affects young people. It is characterized by ischaemic changes in the small or large bowel which may be reversible in the early stages. The exact aetiology is not known. The condition may be due to toxins produced by either roundworms or Gram-negative bacilli or may be due to a localized allergic reaction. It is possible to make a preoperative diagnosis in most cases from the presence of abdominal pain, bloody diarrhoea and shock. Conservative treatment may be best in early cases but surgery is necessary in those cases where gangrene or perforation has occurred."}
{"id": "PMID:871618", "title": "Changes in plasma lactate, phosphate and uric acid during postoperative carbohydrate infusion.", "content": "Eighteen patients undergoing elective abdominal surgery had pre- and postoperative carbohydrate infusion tests with glucose, fructose or sorbitol. All three substrates produced significant hyperlactataemia postoperatively, the elevations of plasma lactate with fructose and sorbitol infusion being significantly greater than with glucose. Plasma uric acid was unchanged but there were moderate falls in plasma phosphate postoperatively. Intravenous nutritional regimens containing fructose and sorbitol may potentiate the development of harmful metabolic acidoses in 'at risk' patients and should always be used cautiously. Glucose is the carbohydrate calorie source of choice.", "contents": "Changes in plasma lactate, phosphate and uric acid during postoperative carbohydrate infusion. Eighteen patients undergoing elective abdominal surgery had pre- and postoperative carbohydrate infusion tests with glucose, fructose or sorbitol. All three substrates produced significant hyperlactataemia postoperatively, the elevations of plasma lactate with fructose and sorbitol infusion being significantly greater than with glucose. Plasma uric acid was unchanged but there were moderate falls in plasma phosphate postoperatively. Intravenous nutritional regimens containing fructose and sorbitol may potentiate the development of harmful metabolic acidoses in 'at risk' patients and should always be used cautiously. Glucose is the carbohydrate calorie source of choice."}
{"id": "PMID:871619", "title": "Recurrent massive haemorrhage from benign hepatic tumours secondary to oral contraceptives.", "content": "Liver cell adenoma as a cause of spontaneous haemoperitoneum has been noted with increasing frequency since Baum's initial report (Baum et al., 1973). The relationship between the use of oral contraceptives and bleeding from a hepatic tumour makes awareness of this condition mandatory for the physician involved in the differential diagnosis of the acute abdomen. The report presented here is that of a woman who, while taking oral contraceptives, subsequently bled from her liver 3 years after an initial hepatic haemorrhage.", "contents": "Recurrent massive haemorrhage from benign hepatic tumours secondary to oral contraceptives. Liver cell adenoma as a cause of spontaneous haemoperitoneum has been noted with increasing frequency since Baum's initial report (Baum et al., 1973). The relationship between the use of oral contraceptives and bleeding from a hepatic tumour makes awareness of this condition mandatory for the physician involved in the differential diagnosis of the acute abdomen. The report presented here is that of a woman who, while taking oral contraceptives, subsequently bled from her liver 3 years after an initial hepatic haemorrhage."}
{"id": "PMID:871620", "title": "An unexpected complication of a liver biopsy.", "content": "A case of anaphylactic shock after percutaneous liver biopsy is described. This was due to rupture of a large echinococcal cyst localized in the liver. Diagnosis and treatment with a review of the literature are discussed with emphasis on the complete removal of both the cyst and the surrounding capsule of fibrous liver tissue.", "contents": "An unexpected complication of a liver biopsy. A case of anaphylactic shock after percutaneous liver biopsy is described. This was due to rupture of a large echinococcal cyst localized in the liver. Diagnosis and treatment with a review of the literature are discussed with emphasis on the complete removal of both the cyst and the surrounding capsule of fibrous liver tissue."}
{"id": "PMID:871621", "title": "Cervical chordoma: report of a case and the technique of transoral removal.", "content": "A case of cervical chordoma in a man of 27 years is described. The clinical features were of progressive spinal cord compression. Treatment was by transoral decompression of the second cervical vertebra and postoperative radiotherapy. The result was favourable and remained so at follow-up after 27 months. The relative merits and scope of the various approaches to the upper cervical vertebrae and the role of radiotherapy and chemotherapy are discussed.", "contents": "Cervical chordoma: report of a case and the technique of transoral removal. A case of cervical chordoma in a man of 27 years is described. The clinical features were of progressive spinal cord compression. Treatment was by transoral decompression of the second cervical vertebra and postoperative radiotherapy. The result was favourable and remained so at follow-up after 27 months. The relative merits and scope of the various approaches to the upper cervical vertebrae and the role of radiotherapy and chemotherapy are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:871622", "title": "Saddlebag hernia.", "content": "Saddlebag hernia occurs most commonly as a small indirect sac in association with an obvious direct inguinal hernia. It may be easily overlooked at operation. Hoguet's manoeuvre is the most satisfactory method of operative treatment of saddlebag hernia. It is suggested that an overlooked indirect sac associated with a direct inguinal hernia is a common cause of recurrent inguinal hernia.", "contents": "Saddlebag hernia. Saddlebag hernia occurs most commonly as a small indirect sac in association with an obvious direct inguinal hernia. It may be easily overlooked at operation. Hoguet's manoeuvre is the most satisfactory method of operative treatment of saddlebag hernia. It is suggested that an overlooked indirect sac associated with a direct inguinal hernia is a common cause of recurrent inguinal hernia."}
{"id": "PMID:871623", "title": "Hypothyroidism following partial thyroidectomy for thyrotoxicosis and its relationship to thyroid remnant size.", "content": "One hundred and twenty-two patients were reviewed 1-7 years after partial thyroidectomy for thyrotoxicosis by two surgeons who had left thyroid remnants of different size. There was no significant difference in the prevalence of hypothyroidism or in the serum levels of thyroxine, tri-iodothyronine or thyroid-stimulating hormone between the two groups of patients. The overall prevalence of hypothyroidism was 16 per cent.", "contents": "Hypothyroidism following partial thyroidectomy for thyrotoxicosis and its relationship to thyroid remnant size. One hundred and twenty-two patients were reviewed 1-7 years after partial thyroidectomy for thyrotoxicosis by two surgeons who had left thyroid remnants of different size. There was no significant difference in the prevalence of hypothyroidism or in the serum levels of thyroxine, tri-iodothyronine or thyroid-stimulating hormone between the two groups of patients. The overall prevalence of hypothyroidism was 16 per cent."}
{"id": "PMID:871624", "title": "Pulse wave from transit ratios in the assessment of peripheral vascular disease.", "content": "This paper presents a ratio of the pulse wave form transit times in the proximal and distal arterial tree, produced by a simple, non-invasive, repeatable and reproducible technique. It has been shown to be highly significant in separating normal from disease states and the proximal from the distal lesion. It has been shown to be independent of the effects of age. In the clinical situation the ratio is of value in the initial assessment of the patient (by separating ischaemic from now-ischaemic limb pain); in elucidation of significant occult proximal lesions in the presence of distal disease; in indicating the type of angiography required (femoral arteriography rather than translumbar aortography in suitable subjects); in following the progress of patients in operative and conservative management r\u00e9gimes; and in the long term follow-up of the natural history of obliterative vascular disease.", "contents": "Pulse wave from transit ratios in the assessment of peripheral vascular disease. This paper presents a ratio of the pulse wave form transit times in the proximal and distal arterial tree, produced by a simple, non-invasive, repeatable and reproducible technique. It has been shown to be highly significant in separating normal from disease states and the proximal from the distal lesion. It has been shown to be independent of the effects of age. In the clinical situation the ratio is of value in the initial assessment of the patient (by separating ischaemic from now-ischaemic limb pain); in elucidation of significant occult proximal lesions in the presence of distal disease; in indicating the type of angiography required (femoral arteriography rather than translumbar aortography in suitable subjects); in following the progress of patients in operative and conservative management r\u00e9gimes; and in the long term follow-up of the natural history of obliterative vascular disease."}
{"id": "PMID:871631", "title": "Changing pattern of alcoholic liver disease in Great Britain: relation to sex and signs of autoimmunity.", "content": "A survey of 293 patients with alcoholic liver disease showed that women, particularly those aged under 45, had a significantly higher incidence of alcoholic hepatitis, with or without superimposed cirrhosis, than men. The long-term prognosis for both women who continued to drink and those who stopped drinking was worse than that for men. Autoantibodies were more common in women, which suggested that immune mechanisms may play a part in the pathogenesis and progression of alcoholic liver disease in women.", "contents": "Changing pattern of alcoholic liver disease in Great Britain: relation to sex and signs of autoimmunity. A survey of 293 patients with alcoholic liver disease showed that women, particularly those aged under 45, had a significantly higher incidence of alcoholic hepatitis, with or without superimposed cirrhosis, than men. The long-term prognosis for both women who continued to drink and those who stopped drinking was worse than that for men. Autoantibodies were more common in women, which suggested that immune mechanisms may play a part in the pathogenesis and progression of alcoholic liver disease in women."}
{"id": "PMID:871632", "title": "Study of fatal bone marrow depression with special reference to phenylbutazone and oxyphenbutazone.", "content": "The histories of 269 patients whose death certificates did not mention a drug as the cause of aplastic anaemia or agranulocytosis were investigated. Eighty-three deaths were probably caused by drugs, the most common cause of aplastic anaemia being treatment with phenylbutazone (28 deaths) and oxyphenbutazone (11 deaths). Thirteen out of 17 deaths from agranulocytosis were attributed to co-trimoxazole treatment. A separate survey of general practitioners' prescriptions enabled the mortality to be estimated. With the addition of one death due to oxyphenbutazone and four deaths due to phenylbutazone that were reported independently to the committee, the mortality from oxyphenbutazone was 3-8 per 100 000 and from phenylbutazone 2-2 per 100 000. With phenylbutazone the rates varied from under 1 death per 100 000 for men aged under 65 years to 6 per 100 000 for women aged 65 and over. Small numbers precluded estimates for oxyphenbutazone in these subgroups, although a similar trend was suggested. No particular indication for treatment seems to carry a higher risk, the main concern being the use of these two drugs in elderly patients.", "contents": "Study of fatal bone marrow depression with special reference to phenylbutazone and oxyphenbutazone. The histories of 269 patients whose death certificates did not mention a drug as the cause of aplastic anaemia or agranulocytosis were investigated. Eighty-three deaths were probably caused by drugs, the most common cause of aplastic anaemia being treatment with phenylbutazone (28 deaths) and oxyphenbutazone (11 deaths). Thirteen out of 17 deaths from agranulocytosis were attributed to co-trimoxazole treatment. A separate survey of general practitioners' prescriptions enabled the mortality to be estimated. With the addition of one death due to oxyphenbutazone and four deaths due to phenylbutazone that were reported independently to the committee, the mortality from oxyphenbutazone was 3-8 per 100 000 and from phenylbutazone 2-2 per 100 000. With phenylbutazone the rates varied from under 1 death per 100 000 for men aged under 65 years to 6 per 100 000 for women aged 65 and over. Small numbers precluded estimates for oxyphenbutazone in these subgroups, although a similar trend was suggested. No particular indication for treatment seems to carry a higher risk, the main concern being the use of these two drugs in elderly patients."}
{"id": "PMID:871633", "title": "Haemodynamic effects of beta-adrenergic blockade in hyperthyroid patients with and without heart failure.", "content": "Haemodynamic studies were performed in 10 patients with uncomplicated thyrotoxicosis and seven with thyrotoxic cardiac failure. The cardiac output of those with uncomplicated hyperthyroidism was higher than normal at rest. After 2 mg of intravenous propranolol there was a 13% fall but the level was still higher than normal. In patients with thyrotoxic cardiac failure the resting cardiac output was normal, but it fell after propranolol by 30% to subnormal levels. In both groups there was an increase in right heart pressures and fall in the rate of increase in arterial pressure, which indicated a decrease in myocardial contractility. These results indicate that increased autonomic activity is a compensatory phenomenon in hyperthyroid heart failure and that its abolition by beta-blocking drugs has a deleterious effect on cardiac function. They are therefore contraindicated in patients with thyrotoxic heart failure.", "contents": "Haemodynamic effects of beta-adrenergic blockade in hyperthyroid patients with and without heart failure. Haemodynamic studies were performed in 10 patients with uncomplicated thyrotoxicosis and seven with thyrotoxic cardiac failure. The cardiac output of those with uncomplicated hyperthyroidism was higher than normal at rest. After 2 mg of intravenous propranolol there was a 13% fall but the level was still higher than normal. In patients with thyrotoxic cardiac failure the resting cardiac output was normal, but it fell after propranolol by 30% to subnormal levels. In both groups there was an increase in right heart pressures and fall in the rate of increase in arterial pressure, which indicated a decrease in myocardial contractility. These results indicate that increased autonomic activity is a compensatory phenomenon in hyperthyroid heart failure and that its abolition by beta-blocking drugs has a deleterious effect on cardiac function. They are therefore contraindicated in patients with thyrotoxic heart failure."}
{"id": "PMID:871634", "title": "Influence of dosage and dietary sodium on the first-dose effects of prazosin.", "content": "The effects of the first dose of prazosin were assessed in hypertensive patients on different sodium intakes. Patients received 250, 100, or 30 mmol sodium per 24 hours for a week before taking 2 mg or 0-5 mg prazosin. The acute effects of prazosin on blood pressure and pulse rate were milder with a high sodium intake. On the 100-mmol intake symptomatic postural hypotension occurred in five out of seven patients given 2 mg prazosin and in two out of four given a 0-5-mg dose, whereas those taking 2 mg or 0-5 mg and a 250-mmol sodium intake experienced no postural symptoms. These findings indicate that particular care should be taken in starting prazosin treatment in sodium-depleted patients.", "contents": "Influence of dosage and dietary sodium on the first-dose effects of prazosin. The effects of the first dose of prazosin were assessed in hypertensive patients on different sodium intakes. Patients received 250, 100, or 30 mmol sodium per 24 hours for a week before taking 2 mg or 0-5 mg prazosin. The acute effects of prazosin on blood pressure and pulse rate were milder with a high sodium intake. On the 100-mmol intake symptomatic postural hypotension occurred in five out of seven patients given 2 mg prazosin and in two out of four given a 0-5-mg dose, whereas those taking 2 mg or 0-5 mg and a 250-mmol sodium intake experienced no postural symptoms. These findings indicate that particular care should be taken in starting prazosin treatment in sodium-depleted patients."}
{"id": "PMID:871635", "title": "Erythema nodosum associated with pregnancy and oral contraceptives.", "content": "Erythema nodosum recurred in a woman during each of her four pregnancies and every time she was started on oral contraceptives. The lesions always disappeared in the fifth month of gestation or when contraceptives were withdrawn. Erythema nodosum is mediated by immune mechanisms, and both pregnancy and oral contraceptive use can interfere with the immune system. The concentrations of oestrogen and progesterone or the ratio between them may be critical to the development of erythema nodosum. The observation that the lesions spontaneously resolved in the fifth month of pregnancy supports this hypothesis.", "contents": "Erythema nodosum associated with pregnancy and oral contraceptives. Erythema nodosum recurred in a woman during each of her four pregnancies and every time she was started on oral contraceptives. The lesions always disappeared in the fifth month of gestation or when contraceptives were withdrawn. Erythema nodosum is mediated by immune mechanisms, and both pregnancy and oral contraceptive use can interfere with the immune system. The concentrations of oestrogen and progesterone or the ratio between them may be critical to the development of erythema nodosum. The observation that the lesions spontaneously resolved in the fifth month of pregnancy supports this hypothesis."}
{"id": "PMID:871665", "title": "Use of medicines in general practice.", "content": "The prescriptions issued by general practitioners to a population of about 40 000 people were studied. During one year 53-8% of all males and 65-7% of all females had at least one drug dispensed. The proportion receiving medicines increased with age and was higher among females at all ages. Psychotropic drugs were prescribed more often than any other group and accounted for almost one-fifth of all prescriptions. Altogether 9-7% of the males in the population and 21-0% of the females received at least one psychotropic drug during the year. Among women aged 45-59 33-0% received a psychotropic drug, and 11-2% were given an antidepressant. Althoug antimicrobial drugs were prescribed less often than psychotropic drugs, they were given to more people.", "contents": "Use of medicines in general practice. The prescriptions issued by general practitioners to a population of about 40 000 people were studied. During one year 53-8% of all males and 65-7% of all females had at least one drug dispensed. The proportion receiving medicines increased with age and was higher among females at all ages. Psychotropic drugs were prescribed more often than any other group and accounted for almost one-fifth of all prescriptions. Altogether 9-7% of the males in the population and 21-0% of the females received at least one psychotropic drug during the year. Among women aged 45-59 33-0% received a psychotropic drug, and 11-2% were given an antidepressant. Althoug antimicrobial drugs were prescribed less often than psychotropic drugs, they were given to more people."}
{"id": "PMID:871666", "title": "May mothers given warfarin breast-feed their infants?", "content": "Warfarin was measured with a sensitive and specific method in the plasma and breast milk of 13 mothers. Less than 0-08 micronmol warfarin per litre (25 ng/ml) of breast milk was found in each instance. Seven of the mothers were breast-feeding their infants, in none of whom was warfarin detected in the plasma; furthermore, in three the British corrected ratio of the plasma was appreciably less than that of the mother and was within the expected range. We conclude that nursing mothers given warfarin may safely breast-feed their infants.", "contents": "May mothers given warfarin breast-feed their infants? Warfarin was measured with a sensitive and specific method in the plasma and breast milk of 13 mothers. Less than 0-08 micronmol warfarin per litre (25 ng/ml) of breast milk was found in each instance. Seven of the mothers were breast-feeding their infants, in none of whom was warfarin detected in the plasma; furthermore, in three the British corrected ratio of the plasma was appreciably less than that of the mother and was within the expected range. We conclude that nursing mothers given warfarin may safely breast-feed their infants."}
{"id": "PMID:871667", "title": "Diagnosing familial hypercholesterolaemia in childhood by measuring serum cholesterol.", "content": "The serum cholesterol concentrations of 134 children aged 1-16 years who had at least one first-degree relative with presumed familial hypercholesterolaemia showed a bimodal distribution, and, using the maximum likelihood technique, two overlapping curves could be fitted. The mean value of the affected children (heterozygotes) was 8-9 mmol/l and that of the unaffected 4-9 mmol/l. The two curves intersected at 6-77 mmol/l, and at this point 5% of the unaffected children had values over 6-77 mmol/l and 3-5% of the heterozygotes had values under 6-77 mmol/l. If this cholesterol concentration is used as a cut-off point 4-25% of cases would be misdiagnosed.", "contents": "Diagnosing familial hypercholesterolaemia in childhood by measuring serum cholesterol. The serum cholesterol concentrations of 134 children aged 1-16 years who had at least one first-degree relative with presumed familial hypercholesterolaemia showed a bimodal distribution, and, using the maximum likelihood technique, two overlapping curves could be fitted. The mean value of the affected children (heterozygotes) was 8-9 mmol/l and that of the unaffected 4-9 mmol/l. The two curves intersected at 6-77 mmol/l, and at this point 5% of the unaffected children had values over 6-77 mmol/l and 3-5% of the heterozygotes had values under 6-77 mmol/l. If this cholesterol concentration is used as a cut-off point 4-25% of cases would be misdiagnosed."}
{"id": "PMID:871668", "title": "Fluctuations of serum and bile lipid concentrations during the menstrual cycle.", "content": "We measured fasting serum and bile lipid concentrations at three intervals during the normal menstrual cycles of 11 healthy women not taking oral contraceptives. In nine of them cholesterol saturation of bile, and therefore presumably the risk of developing gall stones, was higher nine days after midcycle than at the end of menstruation. This change in bile cholesterol saturation was preceded by a significant fall in serum lipid concentrations: during the nine days after mid-cycle serum triglyceride and cholesterol concentrations fell in nine and eight of the 11 women respectively. Changes in the composition of serum and biliary lipids during the menstrual cycle are presumably due to a direct effect of sex hormones on the liver.", "contents": "Fluctuations of serum and bile lipid concentrations during the menstrual cycle. We measured fasting serum and bile lipid concentrations at three intervals during the normal menstrual cycles of 11 healthy women not taking oral contraceptives. In nine of them cholesterol saturation of bile, and therefore presumably the risk of developing gall stones, was higher nine days after midcycle than at the end of menstruation. This change in bile cholesterol saturation was preceded by a significant fall in serum lipid concentrations: during the nine days after mid-cycle serum triglyceride and cholesterol concentrations fell in nine and eight of the 11 women respectively. Changes in the composition of serum and biliary lipids during the menstrual cycle are presumably due to a direct effect of sex hormones on the liver."}
{"id": "PMID:871672", "title": "Trends in hospital necropsy rates: Scotland 1961-74.", "content": "Examination of mortality statistic for Scottish hospitals showed that from 1961 to 1974 necropsy rates fell by almost 0-6% a year; by 1974, the rate over the whole country was 23% of hospital deaths. The fall resulted from a reduction in the number of necropsies and a coincident rise in the number of number of deaths in hospital. The necropsy rate fell with increasing age, was rather lower for women than men, and was lower for some diseases than others. There were considerable inaccuracies in the figures from which these trands were drawn, and these were in turn due to inaccurate recording of clinical and necropsy data. Examination of necropsy returns from the Scottish teaching hospital departments showed that, while a similar fall in necropsy rates was seen in some, there was no consistent pattern.", "contents": "Trends in hospital necropsy rates: Scotland 1961-74. Examination of mortality statistic for Scottish hospitals showed that from 1961 to 1974 necropsy rates fell by almost 0-6% a year; by 1974, the rate over the whole country was 23% of hospital deaths. The fall resulted from a reduction in the number of necropsies and a coincident rise in the number of number of deaths in hospital. The necropsy rate fell with increasing age, was rather lower for women than men, and was lower for some diseases than others. There were considerable inaccuracies in the figures from which these trands were drawn, and these were in turn due to inaccurate recording of clinical and necropsy data. Examination of necropsy returns from the Scottish teaching hospital departments showed that, while a similar fall in necropsy rates was seen in some, there was no consistent pattern."}
{"id": "PMID:871698", "title": "High mortality in obese women diabetics with acute myocardial infarction.", "content": "The factors associated with mortality in 89 diabetics and 793 non-diabetics with acute myocardial infarction who were initially admitted to a coronary care unit were analysed retrospectively. During their stay in hospital diabetics had twice the mortality of non-diabetics. The higher mortality among diabetics was largely accounted for by obese women, who had a hospital mortality of 43%. There was an increased incidence of congestive heart failure in such patients. A therapeutic trial should be performed in such patients to assess whether insulin has an effect on infarct size.", "contents": "High mortality in obese women diabetics with acute myocardial infarction. The factors associated with mortality in 89 diabetics and 793 non-diabetics with acute myocardial infarction who were initially admitted to a coronary care unit were analysed retrospectively. During their stay in hospital diabetics had twice the mortality of non-diabetics. The higher mortality among diabetics was largely accounted for by obese women, who had a hospital mortality of 43%. There was an increased incidence of congestive heart failure in such patients. A therapeutic trial should be performed in such patients to assess whether insulin has an effect on infarct size."}
{"id": "PMID:871699", "title": "Persistent measles infection in malnourished children.", "content": "Thirty malnourished and 25 well-nourished children were studied six to 31 days after the onset of a measles rash. Evidence of the virus was found in 40% of the malnourished children but in none of the well-nourished controls. Giant cells were found in the nasal secretions of five out of 17 malnourished children and measles antigen was detected in the lymphocytes of eight out of 28. The malnourished children showed depressed cell-mediated immunity to measles and candida antigens and a low response to meningococcal vaccine. Fifteen died from intercurrent infections. Malnutrition was thought to have depressed the immune response in these children, resulting in a severe and prolonged attack of measles. This, in turn, led to further damage to the immune system and more severe malnutrition. Thus these children were made susceptible to intercurrent infection.", "contents": "Persistent measles infection in malnourished children. Thirty malnourished and 25 well-nourished children were studied six to 31 days after the onset of a measles rash. Evidence of the virus was found in 40% of the malnourished children but in none of the well-nourished controls. Giant cells were found in the nasal secretions of five out of 17 malnourished children and measles antigen was detected in the lymphocytes of eight out of 28. The malnourished children showed depressed cell-mediated immunity to measles and candida antigens and a low response to meningococcal vaccine. Fifteen died from intercurrent infections. Malnutrition was thought to have depressed the immune response in these children, resulting in a severe and prolonged attack of measles. This, in turn, led to further damage to the immune system and more severe malnutrition. Thus these children were made susceptible to intercurrent infection."}
{"id": "PMID:871704", "title": "The natural history of chronic airflow obstruction.", "content": "A prospective epidemiological study of the early stages of the development of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease was performed on London working men. The findings showed that forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) falls gradually over a lifetime, but in most non-smokers and many smokers clinically significant airflow obstruction never develops. In susceptible people, however, smoking causes irreversible obstructive changes. If a susceptible smoker stops smoking he will not recover his lung function, but the average further rates of loss of FEV1 will revert to normal. Therefore, severe or fatal obstructive lung disease could be prevented by screening smokers' lung function in early middle age if those with reduced function could be induced to stop smoking. Infective processes and chronic mucus hypersecretion do not cause chronic airflow obstruction to progress more rapidly. There are thus two largely unrelated disease processes, chronic airflow obstruction and the hypersecretory disorder (including infective processes).", "contents": "The natural history of chronic airflow obstruction. A prospective epidemiological study of the early stages of the development of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease was performed on London working men. The findings showed that forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) falls gradually over a lifetime, but in most non-smokers and many smokers clinically significant airflow obstruction never develops. In susceptible people, however, smoking causes irreversible obstructive changes. If a susceptible smoker stops smoking he will not recover his lung function, but the average further rates of loss of FEV1 will revert to normal. Therefore, severe or fatal obstructive lung disease could be prevented by screening smokers' lung function in early middle age if those with reduced function could be induced to stop smoking. Infective processes and chronic mucus hypersecretion do not cause chronic airflow obstruction to progress more rapidly. There are thus two largely unrelated disease processes, chronic airflow obstruction and the hypersecretory disorder (including infective processes)."}
{"id": "PMID:871734", "title": "Prognosis of Henoch-Sch\u00f6nlein nephritis in children.", "content": "All the survivors of a series of 88 patients with Henoch-Sch\u00f6nlein nephritis were examined after a follow-up of six and a half to 21 years (mean 9-9). Sixty-one patients had no demonstrable abnormality; six had minor urinary abnormalities; five had hypertension without urinary abnormally or renal dysfunction; four had heavy proteinuria; eight were in chronic renal failure, three of whom were on regular dialysis; and four patients had died within 25 months of onset. Neither corticosteroids nor immunosuppressive drugs alone or in combination appeared to influence the outcome. A clinical presentation with a combination of acute nephritis and a nephrotic syndrome and a high proportion of crescents in renal biopsy specimens was associated with a poor outcome. Neither the clinical presentation nor the renal morphology were, however, precise determinants of outcome. Outcome was not related to age, associated streptococcal infection, or recurrences of the rash. The clinical state two years after presentation was compared with the state six and a half years or more after presentation in 76 patients. The clinical state had changed in 32 patients, in 17 of whom it had deteriorated. It was not possible to identify with any certainty the patients who would deteriorate (or improve). Patients who have had Henoch-Sch\u00f6nlein nephritis should be followed up for at least five years.", "contents": "Prognosis of Henoch-Sch\u00f6nlein nephritis in children. All the survivors of a series of 88 patients with Henoch-Sch\u00f6nlein nephritis were examined after a follow-up of six and a half to 21 years (mean 9-9). Sixty-one patients had no demonstrable abnormality; six had minor urinary abnormalities; five had hypertension without urinary abnormally or renal dysfunction; four had heavy proteinuria; eight were in chronic renal failure, three of whom were on regular dialysis; and four patients had died within 25 months of onset. Neither corticosteroids nor immunosuppressive drugs alone or in combination appeared to influence the outcome. A clinical presentation with a combination of acute nephritis and a nephrotic syndrome and a high proportion of crescents in renal biopsy specimens was associated with a poor outcome. Neither the clinical presentation nor the renal morphology were, however, precise determinants of outcome. Outcome was not related to age, associated streptococcal infection, or recurrences of the rash. The clinical state two years after presentation was compared with the state six and a half years or more after presentation in 76 patients. The clinical state had changed in 32 patients, in 17 of whom it had deteriorated. It was not possible to identify with any certainty the patients who would deteriorate (or improve). Patients who have had Henoch-Sch\u00f6nlein nephritis should be followed up for at least five years."}
{"id": "PMID:871735", "title": "Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection and arthritis in man.", "content": "Seven patients developed arthritis after Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection. Their joint symptoms persisted for up to one year. One patient developed an articular erosion and in another rheumatoid factor was present in serum transiently. Mycoplasma infection often causes ill-defined arthralgias and myalgias, but the migratory polyarthropathy of middle-sized joints that occurred in these patients is much less common. The prognosis seems to be good.", "contents": "Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection and arthritis in man. Seven patients developed arthritis after Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection. Their joint symptoms persisted for up to one year. One patient developed an articular erosion and in another rheumatoid factor was present in serum transiently. Mycoplasma infection often causes ill-defined arthralgias and myalgias, but the migratory polyarthropathy of middle-sized joints that occurred in these patients is much less common. The prognosis seems to be good."}
{"id": "PMID:871736", "title": "Spontaneous premature birth in twin pregnancy.", "content": "Factors associated with spontaneous premature birth were investigated in 459 consecutive twin deliveries at this hospital. Low maternal age, low parity, and zygosity were significantly related to the incidence of this complication. The number of previous abortions, sex combinations and related birth order, and mode of presentation of the first twin were not related to the incidence of spontaneous premature delivery. We conclude that apart from low maternal age and low parity there are no obvious factors that would permit early identification of twin pregnancies at risk from spontaneous premature birth.", "contents": "Spontaneous premature birth in twin pregnancy. Factors associated with spontaneous premature birth were investigated in 459 consecutive twin deliveries at this hospital. Low maternal age, low parity, and zygosity were significantly related to the incidence of this complication. The number of previous abortions, sex combinations and related birth order, and mode of presentation of the first twin were not related to the incidence of spontaneous premature delivery. We conclude that apart from low maternal age and low parity there are no obvious factors that would permit early identification of twin pregnancies at risk from spontaneous premature birth."}
{"id": "PMID:871745", "title": "A haematuria diagnostic service.", "content": "In a haematuria diagnostic service, covering experience with 95 patients, 12 new cases of cancer of the bladder, one of cancer of the kidney, and one of cancer of the penis were identified--all at an early stage. Patients presenting with haematuria were investigated rapidly without disruption of the routine work of the urological unit. Patients who identified the symptoms and sought advice early were given a definite diagnosis quickly, and treatment for any malignant disease was started early. The delay that undoubtedly endangers patients' lives has been considerably reduced by this service.", "contents": "A haematuria diagnostic service. In a haematuria diagnostic service, covering experience with 95 patients, 12 new cases of cancer of the bladder, one of cancer of the kidney, and one of cancer of the penis were identified--all at an early stage. Patients presenting with haematuria were investigated rapidly without disruption of the routine work of the urological unit. Patients who identified the symptoms and sought advice early were given a definite diagnosis quickly, and treatment for any malignant disease was started early. The delay that undoubtedly endangers patients' lives has been considerably reduced by this service."}
{"id": "PMID:871764", "title": "Effects of solid foods on growth of bottle-fed infants in first three months of life.", "content": "We studied 821 infants who were bottle-fed from birth to determine whether non-milk solids begun within the first 3 monts of life affect early growth. The infants were seen seven to 10 days and three months after birth. They were divided into three groups-those who had started solids before 6 weeks of age (657 infants); those who had started solids between the ages of 6 weeks and 3 months (124 infants); and those given cow's milk formulae alone during the first three months (40 infants). The infants were weighed and measured seven to 10 days after birth and at three months. Mean weekly rates of weight and length gain over the 3 months were calculated and did not differ significantly between the three groups. As no record was made of quantities of food taken we cannot explain the failure of solid foods to affect growth. Studies of how young infants utilise these foods are needed.", "contents": "Effects of solid foods on growth of bottle-fed infants in first three months of life. We studied 821 infants who were bottle-fed from birth to determine whether non-milk solids begun within the first 3 monts of life affect early growth. The infants were seen seven to 10 days and three months after birth. They were divided into three groups-those who had started solids before 6 weeks of age (657 infants); those who had started solids between the ages of 6 weeks and 3 months (124 infants); and those given cow's milk formulae alone during the first three months (40 infants). The infants were weighed and measured seven to 10 days after birth and at three months. Mean weekly rates of weight and length gain over the 3 months were calculated and did not differ significantly between the three groups. As no record was made of quantities of food taken we cannot explain the failure of solid foods to affect growth. Studies of how young infants utilise these foods are needed."}
{"id": "PMID:871765", "title": "Campylobacter enteritis: a \"new\" disease.", "content": "By selective culture campylobacters (C jejuni and C coli) were isolated from the faeces of 57 (7-1%) out of 803 unselected patients with diarrhoea; none were isolated from 194 people who had not got diarrhoea. Specific agglutinins were found in the sera of 31 out of 38 patients with campylobacter enteritis and 10 of them had a rising titre. Half the patients were aged 15 to 44 years, but the incidence was highest in young children. All the patients with campylobacters had a distinctive clinical illness with severe abdominal pain. Campylobacters are a relatively unrecognised cause of acute enteritis, but these findings suggest that they may be a common cause. Spread of infection was observed within 12 out of 29 households, and in these cases children were usually implicated. Several patients were apparently infected from chickens, both live and dressed, and poultry may be the primary source of the organism. In two cases dogs with diarrhoea were found to be infected with strains indistinguishable from their human contacts. Ten patients acquired their infections while travelling abroad.", "contents": "Campylobacter enteritis: a \"new\" disease. By selective culture campylobacters (C jejuni and C coli) were isolated from the faeces of 57 (7-1%) out of 803 unselected patients with diarrhoea; none were isolated from 194 people who had not got diarrhoea. Specific agglutinins were found in the sera of 31 out of 38 patients with campylobacter enteritis and 10 of them had a rising titre. Half the patients were aged 15 to 44 years, but the incidence was highest in young children. All the patients with campylobacters had a distinctive clinical illness with severe abdominal pain. Campylobacters are a relatively unrecognised cause of acute enteritis, but these findings suggest that they may be a common cause. Spread of infection was observed within 12 out of 29 households, and in these cases children were usually implicated. Several patients were apparently infected from chickens, both live and dressed, and poultry may be the primary source of the organism. In two cases dogs with diarrhoea were found to be infected with strains indistinguishable from their human contacts. Ten patients acquired their infections while travelling abroad."}
{"id": "PMID:871768", "title": "Geriatric medicine in Hull: a comprehensive service.", "content": "A partially age-related admission policy coupled with a \"single-ward\" scheme for treatment and rehabilitation was introduced by the Hull geriatric department in 1970. With rare exceptions, elderly patients needing hospital care have been admitted directly to the geriatric unit, and the proportion of the retired population admitted by the general physicians has been greatly reduced. The proportion of inpatients needing continuing care has been reduced to less than 20%, the mean length of inpatient stay has fallen to under 30 days, and separate long-stay wards are no longer needed. More than 91% of patients are admitted without preceding domiciliary assessment, and only 5-6% of admissions are transferred from other units within the area.", "contents": "Geriatric medicine in Hull: a comprehensive service. A partially age-related admission policy coupled with a \"single-ward\" scheme for treatment and rehabilitation was introduced by the Hull geriatric department in 1970. With rare exceptions, elderly patients needing hospital care have been admitted directly to the geriatric unit, and the proportion of the retired population admitted by the general physicians has been greatly reduced. The proportion of inpatients needing continuing care has been reduced to less than 20%, the mean length of inpatient stay has fallen to under 30 days, and separate long-stay wards are no longer needed. More than 91% of patients are admitted without preceding domiciliary assessment, and only 5-6% of admissions are transferred from other units within the area."}
{"id": "PMID:871769", "title": "Clinitest ingestion.", "content": "Eight patients who had ingested Clinitest tablets were seen in one hospital over four years. Nineteen reported cases were also reviewed. Clinitest ingestion seems to be more common than was thought. Gastric lesions are common, though the frequency of serious sequelae has been overestimated in reports. Some features of Clinitest ingestion differ from those produced by ingesting other alkalis. These include a higher frequency of adult and accidental ingestion, a lower prevalence of pharyngeal lesions, and oesophageal strictures that tend to be more proximal, shorter, and earlier in onset. The incidence of accidental ingestion by adults would probably be reduced if other methods of testing urine were used in patients who are likely to misunderstand instructions or mistake the tablets for others and if Clinitest tablets could be made in a distinctive size and shape.", "contents": "Clinitest ingestion. Eight patients who had ingested Clinitest tablets were seen in one hospital over four years. Nineteen reported cases were also reviewed. Clinitest ingestion seems to be more common than was thought. Gastric lesions are common, though the frequency of serious sequelae has been overestimated in reports. Some features of Clinitest ingestion differ from those produced by ingesting other alkalis. These include a higher frequency of adult and accidental ingestion, a lower prevalence of pharyngeal lesions, and oesophageal strictures that tend to be more proximal, shorter, and earlier in onset. The incidence of accidental ingestion by adults would probably be reduced if other methods of testing urine were used in patients who are likely to misunderstand instructions or mistake the tablets for others and if Clinitest tablets could be made in a distinctive size and shape."}
{"id": "PMID:871804", "title": "Comparison of mortality of patients with heart attacks admitted to a coronary care unit and an ordinary medical ward.", "content": "During a 32-month period 2047 patients suspected of having heart attacks were admitted to hospital and were followed up prospectively. Out of 1480 eventually found to have definite or probable myocardial infarction, 483 had initially been admitted to an ordinary medical ward because of the shortage of coronary care unit (CCU) beds. More patients aged over 65 had been admitted to a ward than to a CCU, and more patients aged 65 or less had been admitted initially to a CCU. Within each age group, however, patients admitted initially to a CCU were clinically similar to those admitted initially to a ward. There was a higher proportion of successful resuscitations among patients admitted to a CCU, but there was no significant difference in mortality in either age group between patients admitted to a CCU and a ward.", "contents": "Comparison of mortality of patients with heart attacks admitted to a coronary care unit and an ordinary medical ward. During a 32-month period 2047 patients suspected of having heart attacks were admitted to hospital and were followed up prospectively. Out of 1480 eventually found to have definite or probable myocardial infarction, 483 had initially been admitted to an ordinary medical ward because of the shortage of coronary care unit (CCU) beds. More patients aged over 65 had been admitted to a ward than to a CCU, and more patients aged 65 or less had been admitted initially to a CCU. Within each age group, however, patients admitted initially to a CCU were clinically similar to those admitted initially to a ward. There was a higher proportion of successful resuscitations among patients admitted to a CCU, but there was no significant difference in mortality in either age group between patients admitted to a CCU and a ward."}
{"id": "PMID:871805", "title": "Portable oxygen and exercise tolerance in patients with chronic hypoxic cor pulmonale.", "content": "Breathing 30% oxygen during exercise alleviated arterial hypoxaemia and reduced minute ventilation in patients with severe chronic bronchitis. A similar level of oxygen (2 or 4 litres of oxygen/minute) from nasal prongs also increased their exercise tolerance, as assessed by the distance that they could walk on the level in 12 minutes. Nevertheless, a single-blind controlled study showed that the effort of carrying their portable supply of liquid oxygen, in the Union Carbide Oxygen Walker, abolished this gain in exercise tolerance. The improvement in walking distance was restored when oxygen on exercise was provided by wheeling the oxygen walker on a light-weight shopping trolley.", "contents": "Portable oxygen and exercise tolerance in patients with chronic hypoxic cor pulmonale. Breathing 30% oxygen during exercise alleviated arterial hypoxaemia and reduced minute ventilation in patients with severe chronic bronchitis. A similar level of oxygen (2 or 4 litres of oxygen/minute) from nasal prongs also increased their exercise tolerance, as assessed by the distance that they could walk on the level in 12 minutes. Nevertheless, a single-blind controlled study showed that the effort of carrying their portable supply of liquid oxygen, in the Union Carbide Oxygen Walker, abolished this gain in exercise tolerance. The improvement in walking distance was restored when oxygen on exercise was provided by wheeling the oxygen walker on a light-weight shopping trolley."}
{"id": "PMID:871806", "title": "Visual complications of mitral leaflet prolapse.", "content": "Four young women and six older men with mitral leaflet prolapse presented with visual disturbances consistent with embolism in the ophthalmic or posterior cerebral circulation. Cardiac arrhythmias were common, but these are rarely associated with focal ischaemia. The evidence that mitral leaflet prolapse caused the embolism in these patients is suggestive but not conclusive. Further studies are needed. All patients with acute cerebral or ocular ischaemia should undergo through cardiovascular assessment, which should include routine echocardiography.", "contents": "Visual complications of mitral leaflet prolapse. Four young women and six older men with mitral leaflet prolapse presented with visual disturbances consistent with embolism in the ophthalmic or posterior cerebral circulation. Cardiac arrhythmias were common, but these are rarely associated with focal ischaemia. The evidence that mitral leaflet prolapse caused the embolism in these patients is suggestive but not conclusive. Further studies are needed. All patients with acute cerebral or ocular ischaemia should undergo through cardiovascular assessment, which should include routine echocardiography."}
{"id": "PMID:871807", "title": "Television epilepsy and pattern sensitivity.", "content": "Properly functioning domestic television sets may induce seizures in epileptic patients (TV epilepsy). We investigated the effects of different types of visual stimuli on paroxysmal electroencephalographic (EEG) activity in 32 patients known to be sensitive to intermittent photic stimulation (stroboscopic light). We monitored sensitivity to patterns of horizontal and vertical lines, both stationary and vibrated (pattern sensitivity), and to normal broadcasts on a domestic, black and white (405- or 625-line) TV receiver (TV sensitivity). Twenty-three of the 32 patients were sensitive to pattern. Twenty-two were sensitive to vibrated patterns, and 11 to static patterns (P less than 0-01), All patients sensitive to pattern were also sensitive to TV; The association between sensitivity to pattern and to TV was significant. Clinical history of TV epilepsy (16 out of 32 patients) and laboratory evidence of pattern or TV sensitivity were not significantly associated. The high incidence of pattern sensitivity among flicker-sensitive patients and its association with TV sensitivity suggests that linear patterns produced by the raster of a black and white set as it scans, or \"line-jitter\" produced by the raster in areas of low TV-signal strength may contribute to the epileptogenic effect of TV.", "contents": "Television epilepsy and pattern sensitivity. Properly functioning domestic television sets may induce seizures in epileptic patients (TV epilepsy). We investigated the effects of different types of visual stimuli on paroxysmal electroencephalographic (EEG) activity in 32 patients known to be sensitive to intermittent photic stimulation (stroboscopic light). We monitored sensitivity to patterns of horizontal and vertical lines, both stationary and vibrated (pattern sensitivity), and to normal broadcasts on a domestic, black and white (405- or 625-line) TV receiver (TV sensitivity). Twenty-three of the 32 patients were sensitive to pattern. Twenty-two were sensitive to vibrated patterns, and 11 to static patterns (P less than 0-01), All patients sensitive to pattern were also sensitive to TV; The association between sensitivity to pattern and to TV was significant. Clinical history of TV epilepsy (16 out of 32 patients) and laboratory evidence of pattern or TV sensitivity were not significantly associated. The high incidence of pattern sensitivity among flicker-sensitive patients and its association with TV sensitivity suggests that linear patterns produced by the raster of a black and white set as it scans, or \"line-jitter\" produced by the raster in areas of low TV-signal strength may contribute to the epileptogenic effect of TV."}
{"id": "PMID:871821", "title": "Association between gas cooking and respiratory disease in children.", "content": "A four-year longitudinal study of the prevalence of respiratory symptoms and disease in schoolchildren and related environmental and socio-economic factors is in progress. We report results for the first year of this study (1973). A total of 5758 children aged 6 to 11 years from 28 randomly selected areas of England and Scotland were examined. In an analysis of the effects on health of possible indoor pollutants, boys and girls from homes in which gas was used for cooking were found to have more cough, \"colds going to the chest\", and bronchitis than children from homes where electricity was used. The girls also had more wheeze if their families used gas for cooking. This \"cooking effect\" appeared to be independent of the effects of age, social class, latitude, population density, family size, overcrowding, outdoor levels of smoke and sulphur dioxide and types of fuel used for heating. It was concluded that elevated levels of oxides of nitrogen arising from the combustion of gas might be the cause of the increased respiratory illness.", "contents": "Association between gas cooking and respiratory disease in children. A four-year longitudinal study of the prevalence of respiratory symptoms and disease in schoolchildren and related environmental and socio-economic factors is in progress. We report results for the first year of this study (1973). A total of 5758 children aged 6 to 11 years from 28 randomly selected areas of England and Scotland were examined. In an analysis of the effects on health of possible indoor pollutants, boys and girls from homes in which gas was used for cooking were found to have more cough, \"colds going to the chest\", and bronchitis than children from homes where electricity was used. The girls also had more wheeze if their families used gas for cooking. This \"cooking effect\" appeared to be independent of the effects of age, social class, latitude, population density, family size, overcrowding, outdoor levels of smoke and sulphur dioxide and types of fuel used for heating. It was concluded that elevated levels of oxides of nitrogen arising from the combustion of gas might be the cause of the increased respiratory illness."}
{"id": "PMID:871822", "title": "Dextrostix-Eyetone in the insulin hypoglycaemia test.", "content": "The Ames Dextrostix-Eyetone system was evaluated for monitoring the blood glucose concentration during insulin-induced hypoglycaemia. The results agreed well with laboratory values for plasma glucose, obtained by an orthotoluidine method, and the method was practicable as a bedside technique. In two cases quick results obtained with the Eyetone enabled the insulin tolerance test to be interrupted to prevent severe hypoglycaemia before the clinical indications were obvious. The extra time and effort required were minimal, and its value seems to far outweigh the disadvantage of the extra work entailed. Nevertheless, care in using the system was important, and the operator must familiarise himself with the system before the most reliable results can be obtained.", "contents": "Dextrostix-Eyetone in the insulin hypoglycaemia test. The Ames Dextrostix-Eyetone system was evaluated for monitoring the blood glucose concentration during insulin-induced hypoglycaemia. The results agreed well with laboratory values for plasma glucose, obtained by an orthotoluidine method, and the method was practicable as a bedside technique. In two cases quick results obtained with the Eyetone enabled the insulin tolerance test to be interrupted to prevent severe hypoglycaemia before the clinical indications were obvious. The extra time and effort required were minimal, and its value seems to far outweigh the disadvantage of the extra work entailed. Nevertheless, care in using the system was important, and the operator must familiarise himself with the system before the most reliable results can be obtained."}
{"id": "PMID:871823", "title": "Hepatic drug acetylation and oxidation: effects of aging in man.", "content": "The half lives of acetanilide and isoniazid (\"model\" substrates for oxidation and acetylation respectively) were measured in populations of young (aged 20-35 years) and elderly (aged over 65 years) people. Whereas acetanilide half lives were significantly longer in the elderly, isoniazid half lives were distributed similarly in both populations. The results suggest that liver function does not decline uniformly with age and that heterozygotes for acetylation do not possess survival advantages during their middle years of life.", "contents": "Hepatic drug acetylation and oxidation: effects of aging in man. The half lives of acetanilide and isoniazid (\"model\" substrates for oxidation and acetylation respectively) were measured in populations of young (aged 20-35 years) and elderly (aged over 65 years) people. Whereas acetanilide half lives were significantly longer in the elderly, isoniazid half lives were distributed similarly in both populations. The results suggest that liver function does not decline uniformly with age and that heterozygotes for acetylation do not possess survival advantages during their middle years of life."}
{"id": "PMID:871824", "title": "Circulating immune complexes after repeated halothane anaesthesia.", "content": "A patient developed hepatitis after receiving three halothane anaesthetics in 22 days. Twenty-four hours after the onset of jaundice she developed an acute serum sickness syndrome with polyarthralgia, proteinuria, and transient impairment of renal function. Serum concentrations of complement components C1q, C4, and C3 were substantially reduced, and immune complexes capable of activating the complement system via the classical pathway were present in  the serum and synovial fluid. A metabolite of halothane was associated with these complexes. Fourteen months after exposure to halothane her lymphocytes were stimulated in vitro by this metabolite. The conditions under which stimulation occurred were unusual--namely, a 7S fraction of the serum, presumably IgG, was necessary. Our results provide strong evidence that halothane may be immunogenic and that its immunogenicity is dependent on the non-covalent binding of one of its metabolites to plasma proteins.", "contents": "Circulating immune complexes after repeated halothane anaesthesia. A patient developed hepatitis after receiving three halothane anaesthetics in 22 days. Twenty-four hours after the onset of jaundice she developed an acute serum sickness syndrome with polyarthralgia, proteinuria, and transient impairment of renal function. Serum concentrations of complement components C1q, C4, and C3 were substantially reduced, and immune complexes capable of activating the complement system via the classical pathway were present in  the serum and synovial fluid. A metabolite of halothane was associated with these complexes. Fourteen months after exposure to halothane her lymphocytes were stimulated in vitro by this metabolite. The conditions under which stimulation occurred were unusual--namely, a 7S fraction of the serum, presumably IgG, was necessary. Our results provide strong evidence that halothane may be immunogenic and that its immunogenicity is dependent on the non-covalent binding of one of its metabolites to plasma proteins."}
{"id": "PMID:871825", "title": "Cryoglobulinaemia in Henoch-Sch\u00f6nlein purpura.", "content": "Sera from patients with Henoch-Sch\u00f6nlein purpura were examined for cryoglobulinaemia. Thirty patients had acute Henoch-Sch\u00f6nlein purpura, with or without renal diseas; 14 had chronic nephritis after a previous episode of purpura; and 17 were well, without urinary abnormalities, after recovering from Henoch-Sch\u00f6nlen purpura. Raised concentrations of cryoglobulins were present in 14 (47%) of those with acute purpura, nine (64%) of those with chronic nephritis, but none of those who had recovered completely from Henoch-Sch\u00f6nlein purpura. This suggests that acute Henoch-Sch\u00f6nlein purpura and the chronic nephritis that sometimes follows it have an immune-complex pathogenesis. IgA and properdin were found in several cryoglobulins, which suggested that complement had been activated via the alternative pathway, but isolated cryoglobulins capable of splitting C3 in vitro did so via the classical pathway.", "contents": "Cryoglobulinaemia in Henoch-Sch\u00f6nlein purpura. Sera from patients with Henoch-Sch\u00f6nlein purpura were examined for cryoglobulinaemia. Thirty patients had acute Henoch-Sch\u00f6nlein purpura, with or without renal diseas; 14 had chronic nephritis after a previous episode of purpura; and 17 were well, without urinary abnormalities, after recovering from Henoch-Sch\u00f6nlen purpura. Raised concentrations of cryoglobulins were present in 14 (47%) of those with acute purpura, nine (64%) of those with chronic nephritis, but none of those who had recovered completely from Henoch-Sch\u00f6nlein purpura. This suggests that acute Henoch-Sch\u00f6nlein purpura and the chronic nephritis that sometimes follows it have an immune-complex pathogenesis. IgA and properdin were found in several cryoglobulins, which suggested that complement had been activated via the alternative pathway, but isolated cryoglobulins capable of splitting C3 in vitro did so via the classical pathway."}
{"id": "PMID:871861", "title": "Disappearance of vesicoureteric reflux during long-term prophylaxis of urinary tract infection in children.", "content": "Seventy-five children aged 3 weeks to 12 years and found on investigation of symptomatic urinary infection to have vesicoureteric reflux were managed conservatively with continuous low-dose prophylaxis. Serial cystographic and renal growth studies were performed during seven to 15 years' follow-up. Reflux disappeared spontaneously in 53 children (71%) and from 79% of the affected ureters. This occurred at any age and not only in infancy or at puberty. The initial severity or reflux was the most important factor affecting the outcome. Reflux disappeared from 85% of ureters of normal calibre but from only 41% of dilated ureters. Gross reflux associated with existing severe renal scarring was least likely to disappear. Nevertheless, reflux stopped in 12 of the 19 initially scarred renal units (63%). Reflux was as likely to disappear in children who had a recurrence of urinary infection as in those who had no further infection. Renal growth appeared to be normal in 93% of kidneys and fresh or extending scarring was seen in only two children. Management programmes for children with vesicoureteric reflux should take into account the self-limiting nature of three-quarters of the reflux found on investigating uncomplicated urinary tract infection.", "contents": "Disappearance of vesicoureteric reflux during long-term prophylaxis of urinary tract infection in children. Seventy-five children aged 3 weeks to 12 years and found on investigation of symptomatic urinary infection to have vesicoureteric reflux were managed conservatively with continuous low-dose prophylaxis. Serial cystographic and renal growth studies were performed during seven to 15 years' follow-up. Reflux disappeared spontaneously in 53 children (71%) and from 79% of the affected ureters. This occurred at any age and not only in infancy or at puberty. The initial severity or reflux was the most important factor affecting the outcome. Reflux disappeared from 85% of ureters of normal calibre but from only 41% of dilated ureters. Gross reflux associated with existing severe renal scarring was least likely to disappear. Nevertheless, reflux stopped in 12 of the 19 initially scarred renal units (63%). Reflux was as likely to disappear in children who had a recurrence of urinary infection as in those who had no further infection. Renal growth appeared to be normal in 93% of kidneys and fresh or extending scarring was seen in only two children. Management programmes for children with vesicoureteric reflux should take into account the self-limiting nature of three-quarters of the reflux found on investigating uncomplicated urinary tract infection."}
{"id": "PMID:871862", "title": "Release of copper from copper-bearing intrauterine contraceptive devices.", "content": "We measured the rate of release from copper-bearing intrauterine contraceptive devices (IUDs) with varying copper surface areas. Over 135 days of observation the release rate decreased exponentially. This decrease in the release rate was associated with the deposition of a protein layer on the surface of the metal. The bioavailability of copper on IUDs was not related to the volume of copper remaining on the device. Consequently any increase in the copper surface area of an IUD is unlikely to affect the duration of its copper-dependent contraceptive action.", "contents": "Release of copper from copper-bearing intrauterine contraceptive devices. We measured the rate of release from copper-bearing intrauterine contraceptive devices (IUDs) with varying copper surface areas. Over 135 days of observation the release rate decreased exponentially. This decrease in the release rate was associated with the deposition of a protein layer on the surface of the metal. The bioavailability of copper on IUDs was not related to the volume of copper remaining on the device. Consequently any increase in the copper surface area of an IUD is unlikely to affect the duration of its copper-dependent contraceptive action."}
{"id": "PMID:871863", "title": "Acetylator phenotype in diabetic neuropathy.", "content": "The proportions of slow and fast acetylators in a group of diabetics with symptomatic peripheral neuropathy were compared with those in a group of diabetics who had had the disease for at least 10 years without developing neuropathy. There was a significantly higher proportion of fast acetylators in the group of diabetics without neuropathy than in those with neuropathy or in the normal population. Hence genetic factors separate from the diabetic diathesis may determine the development of neuropathy in any particular diabetic.", "contents": "Acetylator phenotype in diabetic neuropathy. The proportions of slow and fast acetylators in a group of diabetics with symptomatic peripheral neuropathy were compared with those in a group of diabetics who had had the disease for at least 10 years without developing neuropathy. There was a significantly higher proportion of fast acetylators in the group of diabetics without neuropathy than in those with neuropathy or in the normal population. Hence genetic factors separate from the diabetic diathesis may determine the development of neuropathy in any particular diabetic."}
{"id": "PMID:871872", "title": "Occupational scabies.", "content": "A localised epidemic of scabies lasting nearly a year occurred among crews on river pleasure craft. There was a sharp contrast between the paucity of scabietic lesions, especially burrows, and an unusually high infectivity. Scarcely a crew member was free from itching, yet individually diagnosis proved extremely difficult.", "contents": "Occupational scabies. A localised epidemic of scabies lasting nearly a year occurred among crews on river pleasure craft. There was a sharp contrast between the paucity of scabietic lesions, especially burrows, and an unusually high infectivity. Scarcely a crew member was free from itching, yet individually diagnosis proved extremely difficult."}
{"id": "PMID:871873", "title": "Why 103 women asked for reversal of sterilisation.", "content": "Between 1975 and 1976 103 women requesting sterilisation reversal were interviewed at Hammersmith Hospital. Their average age at sterilisation was 26-7 years; 65 (63-1%) had been sterilised immediately after pregnancy, and many patients had previously used contraception inadequately when they were sterilised. When they had been sterilised 78 (75-7%) patients were unhappily married and remarriage was the chief reason for the request for reversal. Sexual dissatisfaction after sterilisation was common, but there was no obvious increase in menstrual disturbance. Thirty-nine (37-8%) patients had been sterilised by irreversible methods, and in only half the cases sterilised by tubal ligation were conditions technically suitable for reversal surgery. It therefore seems unwise to sterilise women under 30 particularly immediately after pregnancy or if their marriage is in jeopardy.", "contents": "Why 103 women asked for reversal of sterilisation. Between 1975 and 1976 103 women requesting sterilisation reversal were interviewed at Hammersmith Hospital. Their average age at sterilisation was 26-7 years; 65 (63-1%) had been sterilised immediately after pregnancy, and many patients had previously used contraception inadequately when they were sterilised. When they had been sterilised 78 (75-7%) patients were unhappily married and remarriage was the chief reason for the request for reversal. Sexual dissatisfaction after sterilisation was common, but there was no obvious increase in menstrual disturbance. Thirty-nine (37-8%) patients had been sterilised by irreversible methods, and in only half the cases sterilised by tubal ligation were conditions technically suitable for reversal surgery. It therefore seems unwise to sterilise women under 30 particularly immediately after pregnancy or if their marriage is in jeopardy."}
{"id": "PMID:871893", "title": "Neonatal conjunctivitis caused by Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Chlamydia trachomatis.", "content": "In a selected group of 103 babies referred with neonatal conjunctivitis Neisseria gonorrhoeae was isolated from 11 and Chlamydia trachomatis from 33. Concurrent infection was present in three. On toddler sibling developed chlamydial conjunctivitis. After treatment C. trachomatis was re-isolated from six babies during the follow-up period. The discharge started one to three days after delivery in only three babies with gonococcal conjunctivitis and at five to eight days in eight babies. One baby was delivered by caesarean section. N. gonorrhoeae was isolated from four asymptomatic fathers, all of whom had urethritis. The mean onset of discharge in the 33 babies from whom Chlamydia was isolated was 7-1 days. One baby was delivered by caesarean section. Chlamydial conjunctivitis was associated with a high incidence of prematurity and of postpartum infection in the mother. Ten fathers of Chlamydia-positive babies were examined. C. tachomatis was isolated from four, all of whom were asymptomatic but had low-grade urethritis. These findings confirm the pathogenic role of C. trachomatis in the cervix and indicate the importance to the family of an adequate microbiological investigation of neonatal conjunctivitis.", "contents": "Neonatal conjunctivitis caused by Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Chlamydia trachomatis. In a selected group of 103 babies referred with neonatal conjunctivitis Neisseria gonorrhoeae was isolated from 11 and Chlamydia trachomatis from 33. Concurrent infection was present in three. On toddler sibling developed chlamydial conjunctivitis. After treatment C. trachomatis was re-isolated from six babies during the follow-up period. The discharge started one to three days after delivery in only three babies with gonococcal conjunctivitis and at five to eight days in eight babies. One baby was delivered by caesarean section. N. gonorrhoeae was isolated from four asymptomatic fathers, all of whom had urethritis. The mean onset of discharge in the 33 babies from whom Chlamydia was isolated was 7-1 days. One baby was delivered by caesarean section. Chlamydial conjunctivitis was associated with a high incidence of prematurity and of postpartum infection in the mother. Ten fathers of Chlamydia-positive babies were examined. C. tachomatis was isolated from four, all of whom were asymptomatic but had low-grade urethritis. These findings confirm the pathogenic role of C. trachomatis in the cervix and indicate the importance to the family of an adequate microbiological investigation of neonatal conjunctivitis."}
{"id": "PMID:871894", "title": "Urethritis due to Chlamydia trachomatis.", "content": "Ninety-five men suffering from gonococcal urethritis were treated and observed. Forty-nine developed postgonococcal non-specific urethritis (PGU). Seventeen men were demonstrated to be free from PGU after careful observation; these formed a control group. Chlamydia trachomatis was isolated from urethral material from 26 (53%) of the PGU group but from none of the controls. This difference was highly significant (P less than 0-001). It confirms that C. tachomatis is a pathogen in the urethra. The presence of specific IgM antibody to C. trachomatis in serum from some men developing PGU, from whom that organism was isolated, suggests that the infection was recent in those cases. Ureaplasma urealyticum (T strain mycoplasma) was isolated from urethral material taken from 22 (45%) of the 49 men in the PGU group, and from 12 (71%) of the 17 in the control group. Mycoplasma hominis was isolated from 10 (20%) of the 49 men in the PGU group, and from four (24%) of the 17 men in the control group. Thus, no evidence was obtained that mycoplasmas (U. urealyticum, M. hominis) are patogenic in the urethra.", "contents": "Urethritis due to Chlamydia trachomatis. Ninety-five men suffering from gonococcal urethritis were treated and observed. Forty-nine developed postgonococcal non-specific urethritis (PGU). Seventeen men were demonstrated to be free from PGU after careful observation; these formed a control group. Chlamydia trachomatis was isolated from urethral material from 26 (53%) of the PGU group but from none of the controls. This difference was highly significant (P less than 0-001). It confirms that C. tachomatis is a pathogen in the urethra. The presence of specific IgM antibody to C. trachomatis in serum from some men developing PGU, from whom that organism was isolated, suggests that the infection was recent in those cases. Ureaplasma urealyticum (T strain mycoplasma) was isolated from urethral material taken from 22 (45%) of the 49 men in the PGU group, and from 12 (71%) of the 17 in the control group. Mycoplasma hominis was isolated from 10 (20%) of the 49 men in the PGU group, and from four (24%) of the 17 men in the control group. Thus, no evidence was obtained that mycoplasmas (U. urealyticum, M. hominis) are patogenic in the urethra."}
{"id": "PMID:871895", "title": "Isolation of Chlamydia trachomatis from throat and rectum of homosexual men.", "content": "Isolation of Chlamydia trachomatis is reported from homosexual men: from the throat with no abnormal symptoms and from the rectum in two cases of proctitis.", "contents": "Isolation of Chlamydia trachomatis from throat and rectum of homosexual men. Isolation of Chlamydia trachomatis is reported from homosexual men: from the throat with no abnormal symptoms and from the rectum in two cases of proctitis."}
{"id": "PMID:871896", "title": "Role of sexual and non-sexual practices in the transmission of hepatitis B.", "content": "Medical, social, and sexual histories were taken from 198 men attending a department for sexually transmitted diseases. Their blood was tested for hepatitis B surface antigen and its antibody, and also for syphilis and liver function. Infection with hepatitis B virus was found to be common among practising homosexuals and to occur much more frequently in them than in heterosexuals. Hepatitis B appeared to be transmitted sexually rather than by other means, but it was not possible in this study to link its transmission with any particular homosexual practice. However, risk of infection increased considerably with the number of sexual partners and nearly half of those with more than 40 sexual partners had been infected.", "contents": "Role of sexual and non-sexual practices in the transmission of hepatitis B. Medical, social, and sexual histories were taken from 198 men attending a department for sexually transmitted diseases. Their blood was tested for hepatitis B surface antigen and its antibody, and also for syphilis and liver function. Infection with hepatitis B virus was found to be common among practising homosexuals and to occur much more frequently in them than in heterosexuals. Hepatitis B appeared to be transmitted sexually rather than by other means, but it was not possible in this study to link its transmission with any particular homosexual practice. However, risk of infection increased considerably with the number of sexual partners and nearly half of those with more than 40 sexual partners had been infected."}
{"id": "PMID:871897", "title": "Keratopustular variety of framboesiform syphilis: a case report.", "content": "An unusual form of secondary syphilis is presented, characterised by eruption of keratopustular syphilides which became confluent on the genitals and on other surfaces of the body. Histologically an intensive intraepidermal multilocular pustule formation was followed by equally intense but incomplete keratinisation. Abundant oozing lesions forced the patient to keep the genitals in a plastic bag which led to the formation of an uncommon, giant condylomatous surface covering the scrotum and penis.", "contents": "Keratopustular variety of framboesiform syphilis: a case report. An unusual form of secondary syphilis is presented, characterised by eruption of keratopustular syphilides which became confluent on the genitals and on other surfaces of the body. Histologically an intensive intraepidermal multilocular pustule formation was followed by equally intense but incomplete keratinisation. Abundant oozing lesions forced the patient to keep the genitals in a plastic bag which led to the formation of an uncommon, giant condylomatous surface covering the scrotum and penis."}
{"id": "PMID:871898", "title": "Buschke-L\u00f6wenstein's tumour presenting with urinary fistula.", "content": "A case of Buschke-L\u00f6wenstein's tumour presenting with urinary fistula is described. The large lesion in the subpreputial sac occluded the preputial opening and infiltrated beneath the skin of the shaft of the penis resulting in a fungating growth encasing the fistulous tract. The lesion responded well to 25% podophyllin, which is reportedly unusual.", "contents": "Buschke-L\u00f6wenstein's tumour presenting with urinary fistula. A case of Buschke-L\u00f6wenstein's tumour presenting with urinary fistula is described. The large lesion in the subpreputial sac occluded the preputial opening and infiltrated beneath the skin of the shaft of the penis resulting in a fungating growth encasing the fistulous tract. The lesion responded well to 25% podophyllin, which is reportedly unusual."}
{"id": "PMID:871899", "title": "Behavioral asymmetries following olfactory tubercle lesions in cats.", "content": "13 of 17 cats which received unilateral olfactory tubercle lesions exhibited contralateral sensory inattention and ipsilateral circling and hyperresponsiveness. The possible neural substrates involved in these asymmetries are discussed, including ascending amine systems and ascending and descending connections with the orbital cortex.", "contents": "Behavioral asymmetries following olfactory tubercle lesions in cats. 13 of 17 cats which received unilateral olfactory tubercle lesions exhibited contralateral sensory inattention and ipsilateral circling and hyperresponsiveness. The possible neural substrates involved in these asymmetries are discussed, including ascending amine systems and ascending and descending connections with the orbital cortex."}
{"id": "PMID:871900", "title": "Effects of lesions of the optic tectum on the ability of turtles to locate food stimuli.", "content": "In a previous experiment, it was demonstrated that the removal of portions of the optic tectum in a turtle, Podocnemis unifilis, impaired its ability to perform a horizontal vs. vertical line discrimination task. To further elucidate the nature of this deficit, turtles (P. unifilis) were operantly conditioned to locate a food object at varying positions in an aquarium. Preoperatively, all of the animals approach a food object in a direct manner. Animals with a bilateral lesion of the optic tectum approach the food object in an indirect manner. One animal, with a unilateral lesion approached the food object in both an indirect and a direct manner depending on the position of the object in the visual field.", "contents": "Effects of lesions of the optic tectum on the ability of turtles to locate food stimuli. In a previous experiment, it was demonstrated that the removal of portions of the optic tectum in a turtle, Podocnemis unifilis, impaired its ability to perform a horizontal vs. vertical line discrimination task. To further elucidate the nature of this deficit, turtles (P. unifilis) were operantly conditioned to locate a food object at varying positions in an aquarium. Preoperatively, all of the animals approach a food object in a direct manner. Animals with a bilateral lesion of the optic tectum approach the food object in an indirect manner. One animal, with a unilateral lesion approached the food object in both an indirect and a direct manner depending on the position of the object in the visual field."}
{"id": "PMID:871901", "title": "Individual differences in the sea-finding mechanism of hatchling leatherback turtles.", "content": "When hatchling leatherback turtles, Dermochelys coriacea, are unilarerally blindfolded, some circle toward their open eyes and some toward their covered eyes. If tests were performed immediately after one eye had been blindfolded, in cases where the turtle circled toward the open eye there was a transient potentiation of circling at the start of the test. In contrast, in cases where the turtle circled toward the covered eye, circling was decreased at the start of the test. Similar transient phenomena occurred when the position of a blindfold was reversed from one eye to another. Following removal of a blindfold, circling toward the previously covered eye was increased. The transient effects in all these tests waned by about 2 min. There was no evidence of transient circling tendencies in turtles that were tested after a unilateral blindfold had been in position for 4 min. The results suggest that ipsilateral and contralateral retinotectal turning systems differ in strength among individual turtles and individual eyes, and that following unilateral blindfolding there is a potentiation only of the ipsilateral turning system associated with stimulation of the still open eye.", "contents": "Individual differences in the sea-finding mechanism of hatchling leatherback turtles. When hatchling leatherback turtles, Dermochelys coriacea, are unilarerally blindfolded, some circle toward their open eyes and some toward their covered eyes. If tests were performed immediately after one eye had been blindfolded, in cases where the turtle circled toward the open eye there was a transient potentiation of circling at the start of the test. In contrast, in cases where the turtle circled toward the covered eye, circling was decreased at the start of the test. Similar transient phenomena occurred when the position of a blindfold was reversed from one eye to another. Following removal of a blindfold, circling toward the previously covered eye was increased. The transient effects in all these tests waned by about 2 min. There was no evidence of transient circling tendencies in turtles that were tested after a unilateral blindfold had been in position for 4 min. The results suggest that ipsilateral and contralateral retinotectal turning systems differ in strength among individual turtles and individual eyes, and that following unilateral blindfolding there is a potentiation only of the ipsilateral turning system associated with stimulation of the still open eye."}
{"id": "PMID:871902", "title": "Uptake of serotonin by intrinsic neurons of the myenteric plexus grown in organotypic tissue culture.", "content": "The myenteric plexus contains axons, not found elsewhere in the peripheral nervous system, which are distinguished by a specific, high affinity transport system for serotinin (5-HT). This study was undertaken to determine the location of the cell bodies of origin of these axons. Vagotomy decreased uptake of [3H]5-HT and tritiated norepinephrine ([3H]NE) by the myenteric plexus. However, while examination by histofluorescence revealed the presence of descending vagal adrenergic fibers, no evidence was found for the presence or accumulation of 5-HT above a vagal ligature. Vagus nerves thus contain adrenergic but not serotonergic axons. The gut was also denervated of all extrinsic axons by growth of intestinal explants in organotypic tissue culture for 3 weeks. Uptake of [3H]5-HT persisted while uptake of [3H]NE was lost. Light and quantitative electron microscopic radioautography revealed that, as in intact gut, the elements of the cultures responsible for uptake of [3H]5-HT were axons distinguished by varicosities containing large dense cored vesicles. In conclusion, these experiments establish that the mammalian gut contains intrinsic neurons which selectively take up 5-HT. The capacity of these neurons for 5-HT uptake may be influenced by the vagus nerves.", "contents": "Uptake of serotonin by intrinsic neurons of the myenteric plexus grown in organotypic tissue culture. The myenteric plexus contains axons, not found elsewhere in the peripheral nervous system, which are distinguished by a specific, high affinity transport system for serotinin (5-HT). This study was undertaken to determine the location of the cell bodies of origin of these axons. Vagotomy decreased uptake of [3H]5-HT and tritiated norepinephrine ([3H]NE) by the myenteric plexus. However, while examination by histofluorescence revealed the presence of descending vagal adrenergic fibers, no evidence was found for the presence or accumulation of 5-HT above a vagal ligature. Vagus nerves thus contain adrenergic but not serotonergic axons. The gut was also denervated of all extrinsic axons by growth of intestinal explants in organotypic tissue culture for 3 weeks. Uptake of [3H]5-HT persisted while uptake of [3H]NE was lost. Light and quantitative electron microscopic radioautography revealed that, as in intact gut, the elements of the cultures responsible for uptake of [3H]5-HT were axons distinguished by varicosities containing large dense cored vesicles. In conclusion, these experiments establish that the mammalian gut contains intrinsic neurons which selectively take up 5-HT. The capacity of these neurons for 5-HT uptake may be influenced by the vagus nerves."}
{"id": "PMID:871910", "title": "Stable long-term recordings from cat peripheral nerves.", "content": "A procedure has been developed for the stable long-term recording of nerve signals in unanesthetized mammals, which should have wide application in basic research on the nervous system and also in clinical areas such as the derivation of control signals for powered prostheses. Methods are fully described for constructing devices consisting of (1) Silastic nerve cuffs containing three or more electrodes, (2) coiled leads insulated with Silastic which extend from the cuffs to an integrated circuit socket, (3) a vitreous carbon transcutaneous connector which surrounds the integrated circuit socket and makes a good interface with the skin. Neural activity has been recorded from mammalian nerves for many months during normal behaviour. The peak-to-peak amplitude and latency of the recorded compound action potentials remain stable and may continue at a constant level more or less indefinitely. A tripolar recording configuration between a central lead and the two end leads, which are connected together, permits good rejection of EMG signals from surrounding muscles. The amplitude of single unit potentials increases as the square of the conduction velocity of the nerve fibre. Thus, the largest nerve fibres will dominate the signals recorded during behaviour. The reasons for premature termination of a few experiments are given together with methods for overcoming these problems. For example, platinum-iridium electrodes remain relatively stable, whereas silver wires tend to fracture after being in an animal for several months. This and other relationships are discussed which permit an optimal design of nerve cuffs for a given recording situation.", "contents": "Stable long-term recordings from cat peripheral nerves. A procedure has been developed for the stable long-term recording of nerve signals in unanesthetized mammals, which should have wide application in basic research on the nervous system and also in clinical areas such as the derivation of control signals for powered prostheses. Methods are fully described for constructing devices consisting of (1) Silastic nerve cuffs containing three or more electrodes, (2) coiled leads insulated with Silastic which extend from the cuffs to an integrated circuit socket, (3) a vitreous carbon transcutaneous connector which surrounds the integrated circuit socket and makes a good interface with the skin. Neural activity has been recorded from mammalian nerves for many months during normal behaviour. The peak-to-peak amplitude and latency of the recorded compound action potentials remain stable and may continue at a constant level more or less indefinitely. A tripolar recording configuration between a central lead and the two end leads, which are connected together, permits good rejection of EMG signals from surrounding muscles. The amplitude of single unit potentials increases as the square of the conduction velocity of the nerve fibre. Thus, the largest nerve fibres will dominate the signals recorded during behaviour. The reasons for premature termination of a few experiments are given together with methods for overcoming these problems. For example, platinum-iridium electrodes remain relatively stable, whereas silver wires tend to fracture after being in an animal for several months. This and other relationships are discussed which permit an optimal design of nerve cuffs for a given recording situation."}
{"id": "PMID:871911", "title": "Corticofugal cells responding antidromically to stimulation of the cuneate or gracile nuclei of the cat.", "content": "Neurones have been identified and precisely located in the Sm 1 and S II cortex of the cat, which responded antidromically to stimulating the contralateral gracile or cuneate nucleus. They were much more numerous in Sm 1, with corticogracile cells medial and corticocuneate cells lateral, many lying buried in the roof of the cruciate or the coronal sulcus. Their position corresponded with cutaneous inputs to the cortex from hind- or fore-parts of the body respectively. Corticogracile cells lay mainly in area 3a with some extension towards area 4. Corticocuneate cells were also mainly in 3a but showed more spread into adjacent rostral and caudal areas. Although some cortical cells project both to these nuclei and to the spinal cord, none were found in the sample tested. The mean latency of antidromic response was much longer (6.9 msec, n = 29) for corticogracile than for corticocuneate cells (3.7 msec, n = 17), the former having a prominent group of slower fibres. The significance of this disparity is discussed in relation to other efferent projections from this region of cortex and a possible relation to the timing of feedback from moving limbs is proposed. The probable complexity of cortical control over these nuclei is emphasized.", "contents": "Corticofugal cells responding antidromically to stimulation of the cuneate or gracile nuclei of the cat. Neurones have been identified and precisely located in the Sm 1 and S II cortex of the cat, which responded antidromically to stimulating the contralateral gracile or cuneate nucleus. They were much more numerous in Sm 1, with corticogracile cells medial and corticocuneate cells lateral, many lying buried in the roof of the cruciate or the coronal sulcus. Their position corresponded with cutaneous inputs to the cortex from hind- or fore-parts of the body respectively. Corticogracile cells lay mainly in area 3a with some extension towards area 4. Corticocuneate cells were also mainly in 3a but showed more spread into adjacent rostral and caudal areas. Although some cortical cells project both to these nuclei and to the spinal cord, none were found in the sample tested. The mean latency of antidromic response was much longer (6.9 msec, n = 29) for corticogracile than for corticocuneate cells (3.7 msec, n = 17), the former having a prominent group of slower fibres. The significance of this disparity is discussed in relation to other efferent projections from this region of cortex and a possible relation to the timing of feedback from moving limbs is proposed. The probable complexity of cortical control over these nuclei is emphasized."}
{"id": "PMID:871912", "title": "Further characteristics of hippocampal CA1 cells in vitro.", "content": "The effect of intracellular current injection on synaptic potentials and spike initiation were studied in hippocampal CA1 pyramidal cells in the in vitro slice preparation. Measures of cell charging time constant, resistance, and rheobase level were similar to those reported by other investigators working with intact preparations. Studies of spike initiation induced by injection of depolarizing ramp currents gave little evidence for a threshold accommodation in Ca1 cells. Small amplitude fast-rising spike potentials occurred spontaneously and in association with synaptic excitation of neurons. It is argued that these potentials reflect active spike generation in the dendrites.", "contents": "Further characteristics of hippocampal CA1 cells in vitro. The effect of intracellular current injection on synaptic potentials and spike initiation were studied in hippocampal CA1 pyramidal cells in the in vitro slice preparation. Measures of cell charging time constant, resistance, and rheobase level were similar to those reported by other investigators working with intact preparations. Studies of spike initiation induced by injection of depolarizing ramp currents gave little evidence for a threshold accommodation in Ca1 cells. Small amplitude fast-rising spike potentials occurred spontaneously and in association with synaptic excitation of neurons. It is argued that these potentials reflect active spike generation in the dendrites."}
{"id": "PMID:871913", "title": "The cerebellar control of the pupillary light reflex in the cat.", "content": "The effect of cerebellar lesions upon the pupillary light reflex was examined in anesthetized cats. The pupillary response elicited by a step and sinusoidally modulated light stimulus was used. In acute cerebellectomized cats, the high frequency cutoff of the frequency response of the pupillary reflex was moved to a lower level after cerebellar lesions. Selective lesions were made in the deep cerebellar nuclei and the frequency responses of the pupillary reflex were compared. The fastigial lesions produced the most prominent change in the frequency responses. Electrical stimulation of the deep cerebellar nuclei, especially the fastigial nuclei, induced pupillary dilatation. Thus the cerebellum appears to participate in the control of the pupillary light reflex by improving the frequency responses of the pupil so that it can follow changing light stimuli better, and this control is exerted via the bilateral fastigial nuclei.", "contents": "The cerebellar control of the pupillary light reflex in the cat. The effect of cerebellar lesions upon the pupillary light reflex was examined in anesthetized cats. The pupillary response elicited by a step and sinusoidally modulated light stimulus was used. In acute cerebellectomized cats, the high frequency cutoff of the frequency response of the pupillary reflex was moved to a lower level after cerebellar lesions. Selective lesions were made in the deep cerebellar nuclei and the frequency responses of the pupillary reflex were compared. The fastigial lesions produced the most prominent change in the frequency responses. Electrical stimulation of the deep cerebellar nuclei, especially the fastigial nuclei, induced pupillary dilatation. Thus the cerebellum appears to participate in the control of the pupillary light reflex by improving the frequency responses of the pupil so that it can follow changing light stimuli better, and this control is exerted via the bilateral fastigial nuclei."}
{"id": "PMID:871914", "title": "Neurotrophic effects on the electrical properties of cultured muscle produced by conditioned medium from spinal cord explants.", "content": "The passive electrical properties of cultured chick skeletal muscle are significantly altered when the muscle is co-cultured with spinal cord explants. A reduced transverse membrane resistance appears to be responsible for the smaller values of input resistance, space constant, and time constant observed in co-cultures relative to those observed in pure muscle cultures. In this report, we show that neuromuscular junctions are not required in order to observe this neurotrophic effect because medium from spinal cord explant cultures is capable of producing the same reduction in transverse membrane resistance as the co-culturing of spinal cord explants with muscle. Control medium from liver explant cultures has no effect on muscle passive electrical properties. These results indicate that a trophic substance which is capable of regulating the electrical properties of excitable cells is released into the culture medium by spinal cord explants.", "contents": "Neurotrophic effects on the electrical properties of cultured muscle produced by conditioned medium from spinal cord explants. The passive electrical properties of cultured chick skeletal muscle are significantly altered when the muscle is co-cultured with spinal cord explants. A reduced transverse membrane resistance appears to be responsible for the smaller values of input resistance, space constant, and time constant observed in co-cultures relative to those observed in pure muscle cultures. In this report, we show that neuromuscular junctions are not required in order to observe this neurotrophic effect because medium from spinal cord explant cultures is capable of producing the same reduction in transverse membrane resistance as the co-culturing of spinal cord explants with muscle. Control medium from liver explant cultures has no effect on muscle passive electrical properties. These results indicate that a trophic substance which is capable of regulating the electrical properties of excitable cells is released into the culture medium by spinal cord explants."}
{"id": "PMID:871915", "title": "Release of [3H]acetylcholine from rat hippocampal slices: effect of septal lesion and of graded concentrations of muscarnic agonists and antagonists.", "content": "To establish the existence and sensitivity of presynaptic muscarinic receptors on central cholinergic neurons, the electrically evoked release of [3H]ACh from hippocampal slices was measured after medial septal lesion or in the presence of graded concentrations of muscarinic agonists and antagonists. One week after septal lesion, the evoked release of [3H]ACh was abolished, indicating that septo-hippocampal cholinergic fibres are the source of this release. The muscarinic agonists, Oxotremorine, carbamylcholine and arecoline reduced the rate of evoked release of [3H]ACh with an ED50 similar to the ED50 required to displace specific [3H]quinuclidinyl benzilate (QNB) binding as found by Yamamura and Snyder. However, the antagonists QNB, antropine and scopolamine were 10 times weaker in increasing the rate of [3H]ACh release than in displacing [3H]QNB binding. Results suggest that the lower affinity of muscarinic antagonists to presynaptic receptors prevents the demonstration of the specific labelling of these receptors with [3H]QNB.", "contents": "Release of [3H]acetylcholine from rat hippocampal slices: effect of septal lesion and of graded concentrations of muscarnic agonists and antagonists. To establish the existence and sensitivity of presynaptic muscarinic receptors on central cholinergic neurons, the electrically evoked release of [3H]ACh from hippocampal slices was measured after medial septal lesion or in the presence of graded concentrations of muscarinic agonists and antagonists. One week after septal lesion, the evoked release of [3H]ACh was abolished, indicating that septo-hippocampal cholinergic fibres are the source of this release. The muscarinic agonists, Oxotremorine, carbamylcholine and arecoline reduced the rate of evoked release of [3H]ACh with an ED50 similar to the ED50 required to displace specific [3H]quinuclidinyl benzilate (QNB) binding as found by Yamamura and Snyder. However, the antagonists QNB, antropine and scopolamine were 10 times weaker in increasing the rate of [3H]ACh release than in displacing [3H]QNB binding. Results suggest that the lower affinity of muscarinic antagonists to presynaptic receptors prevents the demonstration of the specific labelling of these receptors with [3H]QNB."}
{"id": "PMID:871916", "title": "Food intake and body weight: effects of specific and non-specific lesions in the midbrain path of the ascending noradrenergic neurons of the rat.", "content": "Bilateral injections of 4.8 or 12 microgram of 6-hydroxydopamine hydrobromide were made in the midbrain path of the ascending norepinephrine (NE) fibers. Maximum NE depletion was obtained with the 4 microgram dose. Increasing the dose did not increase NE depletion in either the hypothalamus or the telencephalon. Increases in food intake were observed following the 12 microgram dose only. Electrolytic, copper sulfate, or 5,6-dihydroxytryptamine lesions at the same site caused increases in both food intake and body weight with only moderate (-32 to -58%) decreases in NE levels. Behavioral changes were seen in only those groups in which a large amount of non-specific tissue damage was also observed. Therefore, the behavioral effects were attributed to general tissue damage in the area and not the NE fibers specifically.", "contents": "Food intake and body weight: effects of specific and non-specific lesions in the midbrain path of the ascending noradrenergic neurons of the rat. Bilateral injections of 4.8 or 12 microgram of 6-hydroxydopamine hydrobromide were made in the midbrain path of the ascending norepinephrine (NE) fibers. Maximum NE depletion was obtained with the 4 microgram dose. Increasing the dose did not increase NE depletion in either the hypothalamus or the telencephalon. Increases in food intake were observed following the 12 microgram dose only. Electrolytic, copper sulfate, or 5,6-dihydroxytryptamine lesions at the same site caused increases in both food intake and body weight with only moderate (-32 to -58%) decreases in NE levels. Behavioral changes were seen in only those groups in which a large amount of non-specific tissue damage was also observed. Therefore, the behavioral effects were attributed to general tissue damage in the area and not the NE fibers specifically."}
{"id": "PMID:871917", "title": "Visual discriminations during eyelid closure in the cat.", "content": "We were able to train cats raised with sutured eyelids to perform simple brightness discriminations before their lids were parted. If, and only if, a small hole was present in a lid, could some of the cats also perform a grating orientation discrimination. By establishing their thresholds for the brightness discrimination before and after dark adaptation and before and after the lids were opened, we reached three main conclusions. (1) During dark adaptation (with pupils maximally dilated and retinae most sensitive, regardless of lid suture), the cats were 3-4 log units more sensitive with the lids open than with the lids closed. This indicates a 3-4 log unit attenuation for the lids which is in agreement with our photometric measurements. (2) During light adaptation, the sensitivity difference between the conditions of opened and closed lids was only 1-2 log units. We concluded that factors (such as pupil dilatation and retinal sensitivity) partially compensated for the lid attenuation, since the open eye could have a smaller pupil and less sensitive retina during light adaptation. (3) Given these potential compensatory features of the pupil and assuming consensual pupil sizes, the deprived eye of a monocularly sutured cat may suffer more photic deprivation (since the pupil behind the closed lid would be as constricted as the pupil in the open eye) than would either eye of a binocularly sutured cat (where both pupils can be relatively large).", "contents": "Visual discriminations during eyelid closure in the cat. We were able to train cats raised with sutured eyelids to perform simple brightness discriminations before their lids were parted. If, and only if, a small hole was present in a lid, could some of the cats also perform a grating orientation discrimination. By establishing their thresholds for the brightness discrimination before and after dark adaptation and before and after the lids were opened, we reached three main conclusions. (1) During dark adaptation (with pupils maximally dilated and retinae most sensitive, regardless of lid suture), the cats were 3-4 log units more sensitive with the lids open than with the lids closed. This indicates a 3-4 log unit attenuation for the lids which is in agreement with our photometric measurements. (2) During light adaptation, the sensitivity difference between the conditions of opened and closed lids was only 1-2 log units. We concluded that factors (such as pupil dilatation and retinal sensitivity) partially compensated for the lid attenuation, since the open eye could have a smaller pupil and less sensitive retina during light adaptation. (3) Given these potential compensatory features of the pupil and assuming consensual pupil sizes, the deprived eye of a monocularly sutured cat may suffer more photic deprivation (since the pupil behind the closed lid would be as constricted as the pupil in the open eye) than would either eye of a binocularly sutured cat (where both pupils can be relatively large)."}
{"id": "PMID:871923", "title": "Quantitative multiregional blood flow measurements during cervical sympathetic stimulation.", "content": "The ethanol tissue sampling method for rCBF measurement was used to obtain information on the effects of cervical sympathetic stimulation in 8 cerebral structures in the non-anaesthetized rabbit. Sympathetic stimulation induced flow decreases of 12-29% according to structure, confirming the capability of this nerve to significantly reduce rCBF. Furthermore, a regional differentiation of cerebral structures into an 'anterior' group (mean decrease 22%) and a 'posterior' group (mean decrease 12%) with different reactivity to stimulation was established, thus confirming previous work in this laboratory with a local thermoclearance technique, and histochemical studies on sympathetic innervation to cerebral arteries and arterioles. These results provide strong evidence of the functional nature of the sympathetic nervous system in CBF regulation. The complementary nature of the ethanol technique (quantitative, multiregional measurement) and the local thermoclearance technique (continuous, semiquantitative measurements in 2-3 regions), and the absence of anaesthesia and significant trauma, means that combination of these two techniques offers considerable advantages in research on dynamic phenomena of the kind studied here.", "contents": "Quantitative multiregional blood flow measurements during cervical sympathetic stimulation. The ethanol tissue sampling method for rCBF measurement was used to obtain information on the effects of cervical sympathetic stimulation in 8 cerebral structures in the non-anaesthetized rabbit. Sympathetic stimulation induced flow decreases of 12-29% according to structure, confirming the capability of this nerve to significantly reduce rCBF. Furthermore, a regional differentiation of cerebral structures into an 'anterior' group (mean decrease 22%) and a 'posterior' group (mean decrease 12%) with different reactivity to stimulation was established, thus confirming previous work in this laboratory with a local thermoclearance technique, and histochemical studies on sympathetic innervation to cerebral arteries and arterioles. These results provide strong evidence of the functional nature of the sympathetic nervous system in CBF regulation. The complementary nature of the ethanol technique (quantitative, multiregional measurement) and the local thermoclearance technique (continuous, semiquantitative measurements in 2-3 regions), and the absence of anaesthesia and significant trauma, means that combination of these two techniques offers considerable advantages in research on dynamic phenomena of the kind studied here."}
{"id": "PMID:871924", "title": "Localization of monoamine fluorescence in the stomatogastric nervous system of lobsters.", "content": "Explorations into the crustacean stomatogastric nervous system have focused on the stomatogastric ganglion as a paradigm of neural mechanisms and integrative circuitry. Emerging evidence implicates dopamine as a fundamental modulator of the bursting pacemaker neurons and many of the intraganglionic rhythms. The present paper has employed formaldehyde-induced fluorescence in freeze-dried specimens, a microscopic histochemical technique which demonstrates anatomical structures containing particular putative transmitters, indoleamines and catecholamines. We have localized specific, formaldehyde-induced fluorescence in the lobster stomatogastric nervous system. This fluorescence occurs throughout the stomatogastric ganglion neuropil, in 4-8 cell bodies of the bilaterally paired commissural ganglia and in discrete and continuous neurites interconnecting these 3 ganglia. Variations of the basic fluorescence technique suggest that the specific fluorescence is catecholaminergic. Evidence from related biochemical studies supports this observation and indicates that the catecholaminergic fluorescence is dopaminergic since tests for norepinephrine are negative while concomitant tests for dopamine are positive.", "contents": "Localization of monoamine fluorescence in the stomatogastric nervous system of lobsters. Explorations into the crustacean stomatogastric nervous system have focused on the stomatogastric ganglion as a paradigm of neural mechanisms and integrative circuitry. Emerging evidence implicates dopamine as a fundamental modulator of the bursting pacemaker neurons and many of the intraganglionic rhythms. The present paper has employed formaldehyde-induced fluorescence in freeze-dried specimens, a microscopic histochemical technique which demonstrates anatomical structures containing particular putative transmitters, indoleamines and catecholamines. We have localized specific, formaldehyde-induced fluorescence in the lobster stomatogastric nervous system. This fluorescence occurs throughout the stomatogastric ganglion neuropil, in 4-8 cell bodies of the bilaterally paired commissural ganglia and in discrete and continuous neurites interconnecting these 3 ganglia. Variations of the basic fluorescence technique suggest that the specific fluorescence is catecholaminergic. Evidence from related biochemical studies supports this observation and indicates that the catecholaminergic fluorescence is dopaminergic since tests for norepinephrine are negative while concomitant tests for dopamine are positive."}
{"id": "PMID:871933", "title": "Cardiovascular responses and lateral hypothalamic self-stimulation: anatomical differentiation and functional significance.", "content": "Heart rate was telemetrically recorded from rats self-stimulating in a two-day shuttle-box. Blood pressure changes to intracranial stimulation (ICS) were determined in acute studies with the same subjects. Stimulus-bound heart rate decreases were found only at sites in the anterodorsal aspect of the lateral hypothalamus, whereas no changes in heart rate were observed at ventral or posterior sites. In the acute experiments, stimulation of the anterodorsal sites produced either decreases or no change in blood pressure. Stimulus-bound blood pressure increases were observed only in the ventrolateral hypothalamus. The differential topographical distribution of the electrode sites producing the heart rate and blood pressure changes suggests that these two aspects of cardiovascular function are subserved by separate neural systems in the hypothalamus and that the bradycardia during self-stimulation is a primary response to ICS and is not a reflex elicited by blood pressure increases. Blockade of the bradycardia with the peripheral cholinergic blocker methyl-hyoscine HBr had no effect on the initiation of or escape from ICS indicating that peripheral parasympathetic activity is not causally related to either the rewarding or aversive components of hypothalamic ICS.", "contents": "Cardiovascular responses and lateral hypothalamic self-stimulation: anatomical differentiation and functional significance. Heart rate was telemetrically recorded from rats self-stimulating in a two-day shuttle-box. Blood pressure changes to intracranial stimulation (ICS) were determined in acute studies with the same subjects. Stimulus-bound heart rate decreases were found only at sites in the anterodorsal aspect of the lateral hypothalamus, whereas no changes in heart rate were observed at ventral or posterior sites. In the acute experiments, stimulation of the anterodorsal sites produced either decreases or no change in blood pressure. Stimulus-bound blood pressure increases were observed only in the ventrolateral hypothalamus. The differential topographical distribution of the electrode sites producing the heart rate and blood pressure changes suggests that these two aspects of cardiovascular function are subserved by separate neural systems in the hypothalamus and that the bradycardia during self-stimulation is a primary response to ICS and is not a reflex elicited by blood pressure increases. Blockade of the bradycardia with the peripheral cholinergic blocker methyl-hyoscine HBr had no effect on the initiation of or escape from ICS indicating that peripheral parasympathetic activity is not causally related to either the rewarding or aversive components of hypothalamic ICS."}
{"id": "PMID:871934", "title": "Blood pressure effects of lower abdominal aortic surgery with particular reference to the use of morphine and droperidol in modifying the responses.", "content": "Hypertensive responses during operations on the abdominal aorta are common. We have shown that hypertensive changes occur before cross-clamping of the aorta. We have also shown that droperidol modifies the hypertensive changes in operations on the lower aorta. Although further studies are required, our preliminary results show a higher rise of serum epinephrine and norepinephrine levels in one patient receiving morphine, as compared to one patient receiving the same dose per unit body weight of morphine plus droperidol. With maintenance of adequate pre-operative hydration and intra-operative fluid and blood replacement, declamping hypotension was transient in both groups of our patients.", "contents": "Blood pressure effects of lower abdominal aortic surgery with particular reference to the use of morphine and droperidol in modifying the responses. Hypertensive responses during operations on the abdominal aorta are common. We have shown that hypertensive changes occur before cross-clamping of the aorta. We have also shown that droperidol modifies the hypertensive changes in operations on the lower aorta. Although further studies are required, our preliminary results show a higher rise of serum epinephrine and norepinephrine levels in one patient receiving morphine, as compared to one patient receiving the same dose per unit body weight of morphine plus droperidol. With maintenance of adequate pre-operative hydration and intra-operative fluid and blood replacement, declamping hypotension was transient in both groups of our patients."}
{"id": "PMID:871936", "title": "The effect of total peripheral resistance on indicator-dilution curves from the central circulation of the dog.", "content": "The influence of total peripheral resistance on the dispersion of indicator particles passing through the central circulation was studied in five dogs. The standard deviation of indocyanine green indicator-dilution curves provided a measure of dispersion. The peripheral vascular resistance of the dog was altered during the experiment by the intravenous administration of sodium nitroprusside and methoxamine. We calculated the area of each curve by fitting the first portion of the curve to a random walk function and the cardiac output and the total peripheral resistance were calculated in the usual manner. The mean, standard deviation and area of each of the curves were calculated from the least squares estimate of the random walk function. The relationship of the cardiac output, mean arterial pressure, and total peripheral resistance to the mean and the standard deviation were compared in a multiple stepwise linear regression. For each dog there was a definite linear relationship between total peripheral resistance and standard deviation (p less than 0.01). These results indicate that the dispersion of particles passing through the central circulation is directly related to the total peripheral resistance.", "contents": "The effect of total peripheral resistance on indicator-dilution curves from the central circulation of the dog. The influence of total peripheral resistance on the dispersion of indicator particles passing through the central circulation was studied in five dogs. The standard deviation of indocyanine green indicator-dilution curves provided a measure of dispersion. The peripheral vascular resistance of the dog was altered during the experiment by the intravenous administration of sodium nitroprusside and methoxamine. We calculated the area of each curve by fitting the first portion of the curve to a random walk function and the cardiac output and the total peripheral resistance were calculated in the usual manner. The mean, standard deviation and area of each of the curves were calculated from the least squares estimate of the random walk function. The relationship of the cardiac output, mean arterial pressure, and total peripheral resistance to the mean and the standard deviation were compared in a multiple stepwise linear regression. For each dog there was a definite linear relationship between total peripheral resistance and standard deviation (p less than 0.01). These results indicate that the dispersion of particles passing through the central circulation is directly related to the total peripheral resistance."}
{"id": "PMID:871937", "title": "Lung water estimation using an external sensing catheter.", "content": "A method for measuring pulmonary oedema (ETVL) is described using sodium ions as the intravascular indicator and heat as the extravascular indicator. The technique offers the advantage of virtually unlimited repeatability, relatively uncomplicated instrumentation and no blood loss. There is also the potential for differentiating between pulmonary oedema and pulmonary congestion and determining the efficacy of therapy. A sensing catheter to detect blood conductivity and temperature changes is required. Ideally the sensing catheter should be situated at a point just distal to the aortic valve. However, a commercially manufactured detecting catheter we had built proved troublesome to insert because of its relatively large diameter. Therefore, an external sensing catheter has been constructed to measure ETVL and the values obtained have been compared with those from an internal catheter. There was no difference between the internal and external catheter QT, but ETVL was consistently overestimated by 2.46 +/- 0.26 ml/kg. However, this value can be related to the internal value and can be used for clinical studies.", "contents": "Lung water estimation using an external sensing catheter. A method for measuring pulmonary oedema (ETVL) is described using sodium ions as the intravascular indicator and heat as the extravascular indicator. The technique offers the advantage of virtually unlimited repeatability, relatively uncomplicated instrumentation and no blood loss. There is also the potential for differentiating between pulmonary oedema and pulmonary congestion and determining the efficacy of therapy. A sensing catheter to detect blood conductivity and temperature changes is required. Ideally the sensing catheter should be situated at a point just distal to the aortic valve. However, a commercially manufactured detecting catheter we had built proved troublesome to insert because of its relatively large diameter. Therefore, an external sensing catheter has been constructed to measure ETVL and the values obtained have been compared with those from an internal catheter. There was no difference between the internal and external catheter QT, but ETVL was consistently overestimated by 2.46 +/- 0.26 ml/kg. However, this value can be related to the internal value and can be used for clinical studies."}
{"id": "PMID:871939", "title": "Foetal deterioration following thiopentone-nitrous oxide anaesthesia in the pregnant ewe.", "content": "Six pregnant sheep were chronically prepared with indwelling catheters in maternal and foetal vessels and a flow probe around a maternal uterine artery. They were anaesthetized the following day with thiopentone and nitrous oxide (70 per cent)--oxygen (30 per cent) maintenance with tracheal intubation. Maternal uterine blood flow fell about 20 per cent following induction of anaesthesia. This resulted from uterine vasoconstriction which, in turn, probably resulted from maternal catecholamine release during light anaesthesia. The foetus in utero developed a mixed metabolic and respiratory acidosis and a fall in oxygen saturation. The possibility that light maternal anaesthesia increases rather than decreases neonatal depression is discussed.", "contents": "Foetal deterioration following thiopentone-nitrous oxide anaesthesia in the pregnant ewe. Six pregnant sheep were chronically prepared with indwelling catheters in maternal and foetal vessels and a flow probe around a maternal uterine artery. They were anaesthetized the following day with thiopentone and nitrous oxide (70 per cent)--oxygen (30 per cent) maintenance with tracheal intubation. Maternal uterine blood flow fell about 20 per cent following induction of anaesthesia. This resulted from uterine vasoconstriction which, in turn, probably resulted from maternal catecholamine release during light anaesthesia. The foetus in utero developed a mixed metabolic and respiratory acidosis and a fall in oxygen saturation. The possibility that light maternal anaesthesia increases rather than decreases neonatal depression is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:871940", "title": "Urine catecholamine excretion after large doses of fentanyl, fentanyl and diazepam and fentanyl, diazepam and pancuronium.", "content": "The effects of fentanyl (0.5 mg/kg iv), fentanyl with diazepam (1 mg/kg iv) and fentanyl, diazepam and pancuronium (0.1 mg/kg iv) on heart rate (HR), mean arterial blood pressure (BP), cardiac output (QT), urine flow rate and urine epinephrine and norepinephrine excretion were determined in nine dogs. Fentanyl did not significantly change QT or BP but did reduce HR and urine flow rate (P less than 0.05). Urine epinephrine and norepinephrine excretion rates were signicantly increased by fentanyl (P less than 0.05). Diazepam caused no significant further changes in QT, BP or HR 30 minutes after administration, but urine epinephrine and norepinephrine excretion rates were reduced to control (pre-fentanyl) levels. Addition of pancuronium after fentanyl and diazepam increased urine flow rate to pre-fentanyl levels and elevated QT, BP and HR above controls but produced no significant change in urine epinephrine or norepinephrine excretion. These data suggest that fentanyl increases catecholamine blood levels and imply that the latter may be one mechanism by which cardiovascular dynamics are maintained stable during fentanyl anaesthesia. Our findings also demonstrate that cardiovascular stimulation after pancuronium is not associated with increased urinary catecholamine excretion.", "contents": "Urine catecholamine excretion after large doses of fentanyl, fentanyl and diazepam and fentanyl, diazepam and pancuronium. The effects of fentanyl (0.5 mg/kg iv), fentanyl with diazepam (1 mg/kg iv) and fentanyl, diazepam and pancuronium (0.1 mg/kg iv) on heart rate (HR), mean arterial blood pressure (BP), cardiac output (QT), urine flow rate and urine epinephrine and norepinephrine excretion were determined in nine dogs. Fentanyl did not significantly change QT or BP but did reduce HR and urine flow rate (P less than 0.05). Urine epinephrine and norepinephrine excretion rates were signicantly increased by fentanyl (P less than 0.05). Diazepam caused no significant further changes in QT, BP or HR 30 minutes after administration, but urine epinephrine and norepinephrine excretion rates were reduced to control (pre-fentanyl) levels. Addition of pancuronium after fentanyl and diazepam increased urine flow rate to pre-fentanyl levels and elevated QT, BP and HR above controls but produced no significant change in urine epinephrine or norepinephrine excretion. These data suggest that fentanyl increases catecholamine blood levels and imply that the latter may be one mechanism by which cardiovascular dynamics are maintained stable during fentanyl anaesthesia. Our findings also demonstrate that cardiovascular stimulation after pancuronium is not associated with increased urinary catecholamine excretion."}
{"id": "PMID:871941", "title": "Pulmonary lavage in the treatment of alveolar proteinosis.", "content": "Alveolar proteinosis is a rare disease characterized by the accumulation of a proteinoseous material inside the alveolus. Various forms of treatment have been tried without much success. Pulmonary lavage has been found effective in bringing relief to patients as well as objective amelioration. This presentation describes the technique used and the problems encountered.", "contents": "Pulmonary lavage in the treatment of alveolar proteinosis. Alveolar proteinosis is a rare disease characterized by the accumulation of a proteinoseous material inside the alveolus. Various forms of treatment have been tried without much success. Pulmonary lavage has been found effective in bringing relief to patients as well as objective amelioration. This presentation describes the technique used and the problems encountered."}
{"id": "PMID:871942", "title": "The effect of assisted ventilation on arterial carbon dioxide.", "content": "The effect on the arterial carbon dioxide tension of assisting spontaneously breathing patients under halothane anaesthesia has been studied. A reduction in PaCO2 is usually seen, but it was reduced below 40 torr in only 30 per cent of cases, while a rise was recorded in 20 per cent.", "contents": "The effect of assisted ventilation on arterial carbon dioxide. The effect on the arterial carbon dioxide tension of assisting spontaneously breathing patients under halothane anaesthesia has been studied. A reduction in PaCO2 is usually seen, but it was reduced below 40 torr in only 30 per cent of cases, while a rise was recorded in 20 per cent."}
{"id": "PMID:871943", "title": "The use of serum cholinesterase in succinylcholine apnoea.", "content": "Fifteen patients demonstrating unexpected prolonged apnoea lasting several hours after succinylcholine have been treated by a new preparation of human serum cholinesterase. Adequate spontaneous respiration was re-established in an average period of ten minutes after the injection. In 12 patients biochemical genetic examinations confirmed the presence of an atypical serum cholinesterase. In three patients none of the usual variants were found. It is therefore supposed that other unknown variants of serum cholinesterase exist which cannot hydrolyze succinylcholine. The use of serum cholinesterase in succinylcholine apnoea provided considerable relief to both patient and anaesthetist.", "contents": "The use of serum cholinesterase in succinylcholine apnoea. Fifteen patients demonstrating unexpected prolonged apnoea lasting several hours after succinylcholine have been treated by a new preparation of human serum cholinesterase. Adequate spontaneous respiration was re-established in an average period of ten minutes after the injection. In 12 patients biochemical genetic examinations confirmed the presence of an atypical serum cholinesterase. In three patients none of the usual variants were found. It is therefore supposed that other unknown variants of serum cholinesterase exist which cannot hydrolyze succinylcholine. The use of serum cholinesterase in succinylcholine apnoea provided considerable relief to both patient and anaesthetist."}
{"id": "PMID:871944", "title": "An evaluation of the anaesthetic techniques used in an outpatient unit.", "content": "Our follow-up of 250 gynaecology patients and 100 dental patients who had received anaesthesia for elective outpatient surgical procedures indicates: (1) The practice of outpatient anaesthesia in proper facilities with proper selection of patients appears to be safe. (2) There is widespread patient acceptance of surgery and anaesthesia on an outpatient basis. (3) Complications are frequent but minor. (4) Many of the complications may be minimized: (i) Adequate depth of anaesthesia preferably with a volatile agent will do away with awareness during operation. (ii) Methoxyflurane should be avoided to minimize late arousal. Volatile agents such as enflurane or halothane would seem to be preferable to intravenous agents. (iii) Post-fasciculation pain could be minimized by avoiding succinylcholine for short procedures like D & C and using adequate depth instead. For dental procedures requiring tracheal intubation, one could perhaps use non-depolarizing muscle relaxants, like pancuronium, with reversal at the end of the procedure. (5) Nausea, vomiting, dizziness and headache are complications that occur very frequently in all series reported and this is an area where more research is indicated.", "contents": "An evaluation of the anaesthetic techniques used in an outpatient unit. Our follow-up of 250 gynaecology patients and 100 dental patients who had received anaesthesia for elective outpatient surgical procedures indicates: (1) The practice of outpatient anaesthesia in proper facilities with proper selection of patients appears to be safe. (2) There is widespread patient acceptance of surgery and anaesthesia on an outpatient basis. (3) Complications are frequent but minor. (4) Many of the complications may be minimized: (i) Adequate depth of anaesthesia preferably with a volatile agent will do away with awareness during operation. (ii) Methoxyflurane should be avoided to minimize late arousal. Volatile agents such as enflurane or halothane would seem to be preferable to intravenous agents. (iii) Post-fasciculation pain could be minimized by avoiding succinylcholine for short procedures like D & C and using adequate depth instead. For dental procedures requiring tracheal intubation, one could perhaps use non-depolarizing muscle relaxants, like pancuronium, with reversal at the end of the procedure. (5) Nausea, vomiting, dizziness and headache are complications that occur very frequently in all series reported and this is an area where more research is indicated."}
{"id": "PMID:871945", "title": "The Bartlett-Edwards incentive spirometer: a preliminary assessment of its use in the prevention of atelectasis after cardio-pulmonary bypass.", "content": "A preliminary assessment of the effectiveness of the Bartlett-Edwards incentive spirometer was made using it as part of the post-operative treatment of 34 patients after open-heart surgery. Its effects on atelectasis were assessed by measuring vital capacity, arterial oxygen tensions, clinical signs and radiological changes. It was found that vital capacity fell after surgery to 41.5 per cent of the pre-operative level, but this rose after the use of the incentive spirometer by an average of 15.5 per cent. Arterial oxygen tensions were unaltered by the use of the incentive spirometer. Temperature, pulse and respirations were of little help in the early diagnosis of atelectasis, but all patients who were still pyrexic four days after operation showed radiological evidence of atelectasis. The incidence of atelectasis demonstrated radiologically was total 84 per cent and plate 69 per cent, sub-segmental 34 per cent and segmental 9 per cent. The implications of these findings are discussed.", "contents": "The Bartlett-Edwards incentive spirometer: a preliminary assessment of its use in the prevention of atelectasis after cardio-pulmonary bypass. A preliminary assessment of the effectiveness of the Bartlett-Edwards incentive spirometer was made using it as part of the post-operative treatment of 34 patients after open-heart surgery. Its effects on atelectasis were assessed by measuring vital capacity, arterial oxygen tensions, clinical signs and radiological changes. It was found that vital capacity fell after surgery to 41.5 per cent of the pre-operative level, but this rose after the use of the incentive spirometer by an average of 15.5 per cent. Arterial oxygen tensions were unaltered by the use of the incentive spirometer. Temperature, pulse and respirations were of little help in the early diagnosis of atelectasis, but all patients who were still pyrexic four days after operation showed radiological evidence of atelectasis. The incidence of atelectasis demonstrated radiologically was total 84 per cent and plate 69 per cent, sub-segmental 34 per cent and segmental 9 per cent. The implications of these findings are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:871949", "title": "The action of diazoxide analogs on aortic reactivity in normotensive and spontaneously hypertensive rats.", "content": "Diazoxide and four related 1,2,4-benzothiadiazines reduced the maximum responses to noradrenaline (NA) and KCl in aortic rings from normotensive and spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). These agents were more active against NA than against KCl responses, and more effective against either NA or KCl responses in aortae from hypertensive animals. Further studies with V (3-cyclopentenyl-6,7-dichloro-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine-1,1-dioxide), the most active member of the series, showed it to be significantly more effective against NA responses; when calcium was added to calcium-free solutions containing eith NA or KCl, V was more effective in inhibiting either response in SHR aortae and was about 100 times more effective in inhibiting the calcium-NA responses. These data are consistent with previous findings that vascular smooth muscle from normotensive and SHR differs in sensitivity to diazoxide. However, the site(s) at which this difference is exhibited remains to be elucidated.", "contents": "The action of diazoxide analogs on aortic reactivity in normotensive and spontaneously hypertensive rats. Diazoxide and four related 1,2,4-benzothiadiazines reduced the maximum responses to noradrenaline (NA) and KCl in aortic rings from normotensive and spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). These agents were more active against NA than against KCl responses, and more effective against either NA or KCl responses in aortae from hypertensive animals. Further studies with V (3-cyclopentenyl-6,7-dichloro-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine-1,1-dioxide), the most active member of the series, showed it to be significantly more effective against NA responses; when calcium was added to calcium-free solutions containing eith NA or KCl, V was more effective in inhibiting either response in SHR aortae and was about 100 times more effective in inhibiting the calcium-NA responses. These data are consistent with previous findings that vascular smooth muscle from normotensive and SHR differs in sensitivity to diazoxide. However, the site(s) at which this difference is exhibited remains to be elucidated."}
{"id": "PMID:871950", "title": "The effects of enzymatic digestion on the elastic properties of isolated human cerebral arteries.", "content": "Measurement of volume, pressure, and length were made on eight segments of human cerebral arteries perfused with chymotrypsin (CT) (EC 3.4.21.1) solution (pH = 7.8) for no more than 19 h, and on nine arterial segments perfused with combined enzyme (CT, trypsin (EC 3.4.21.4), elastase (EC 3.4.21.11)) solutions (pH = 7.8) for no more than 4 h. Circumferential tension-strain (and absolute radius) curves were obtained through the Law of Laplace (tension = pressure X radius). Initial and final elastances (tension/strain) were calculated after 0, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, and 4.0 h of perfusion under the combined enzyme category, and after 0, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 4.0, 6.0, and 19.0 h of perfusion with CT. The initial elastance showed a significant increase (0.02 less than p less than 0.05) after about 6 h of perfusion. Increases in the final elastance became significant only after prolonged periods of perfusion with CT. Histological studies using light and scanning electron microscopy confirmed the removal of the elastic lamina as well as portions of the medial region. Fragmentation of the internal elastic lamina did not appear to affect the distensibility of major cerebral arteries in the 50- to 80-year-old age group.", "contents": "The effects of enzymatic digestion on the elastic properties of isolated human cerebral arteries. Measurement of volume, pressure, and length were made on eight segments of human cerebral arteries perfused with chymotrypsin (CT) (EC 3.4.21.1) solution (pH = 7.8) for no more than 19 h, and on nine arterial segments perfused with combined enzyme (CT, trypsin (EC 3.4.21.4), elastase (EC 3.4.21.11)) solutions (pH = 7.8) for no more than 4 h. Circumferential tension-strain (and absolute radius) curves were obtained through the Law of Laplace (tension = pressure X radius). Initial and final elastances (tension/strain) were calculated after 0, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, and 4.0 h of perfusion under the combined enzyme category, and after 0, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 4.0, 6.0, and 19.0 h of perfusion with CT. The initial elastance showed a significant increase (0.02 less than p less than 0.05) after about 6 h of perfusion. Increases in the final elastance became significant only after prolonged periods of perfusion with CT. Histological studies using light and scanning electron microscopy confirmed the removal of the elastic lamina as well as portions of the medial region. Fragmentation of the internal elastic lamina did not appear to affect the distensibility of major cerebral arteries in the 50- to 80-year-old age group."}
{"id": "PMID:871951", "title": "Influence of infused prolactin on hormone binding to tissue slices.", "content": "The influence of circulating prolactin on the binding of labeled hormone to tissue slices in vitro was investigated in rats bearing dimethylbenzanthracene-induced mammary tumors. Prolactin was infused into four animals over four 30-min periods to give serum levels ranging from 20 to 2000 ng/ml. Serial biopsies of liver and tumor were taken during infusion, and binding of labeled prolactin and insulin measured in tissue slices. Whereas insulin binding remained constant, prolactin binding was significantly depressed in both tissues when samples were obtained at serum prolactin levels greater than 300 ng/ml. This decrease was due to diminished numbers of available binding sites rather than a change in binding-site affinity for prolactin. The data indicate that under the conditions of this experiment, endogenous circulating prolactin may interfere with in vitro measurements of hormone uptake when serum levels excee 300 ng/ml.", "contents": "Influence of infused prolactin on hormone binding to tissue slices. The influence of circulating prolactin on the binding of labeled hormone to tissue slices in vitro was investigated in rats bearing dimethylbenzanthracene-induced mammary tumors. Prolactin was infused into four animals over four 30-min periods to give serum levels ranging from 20 to 2000 ng/ml. Serial biopsies of liver and tumor were taken during infusion, and binding of labeled prolactin and insulin measured in tissue slices. Whereas insulin binding remained constant, prolactin binding was significantly depressed in both tissues when samples were obtained at serum prolactin levels greater than 300 ng/ml. This decrease was due to diminished numbers of available binding sites rather than a change in binding-site affinity for prolactin. The data indicate that under the conditions of this experiment, endogenous circulating prolactin may interfere with in vitro measurements of hormone uptake when serum levels excee 300 ng/ml."}
{"id": "PMID:871953", "title": "Effects of reserpine on water, cation, and norepinephrine contents of cardiovascular tissues of normotensive dogs.", "content": "Six adult male mongrel dogs were treated orally with reserpine (0.03 mg/kg) for 6 weeks, after which time the arterial tissue content of water, cations (sodium, potassium, magnesium, and calcium), and norepinephrine was determined and compared with those of six untreated dogs. Reserpine administration resulted in sustained decreases in the mean arterial blood pressure and heart rate, and the arterial tissues of the treated dogs contained less potassium, calcium, and magnesium, the last-named being affected most, but the sodium remained the same. Arterial norepinephrine content was significantly decreased. There was a slight but significant increase in plasma magnesium, without any noticeable changes in other plasma cations. The reduction in the arterial magnesium by reserpine may help to regulate vascular tone and (or) vascular reactivity.", "contents": "Effects of reserpine on water, cation, and norepinephrine contents of cardiovascular tissues of normotensive dogs. Six adult male mongrel dogs were treated orally with reserpine (0.03 mg/kg) for 6 weeks, after which time the arterial tissue content of water, cations (sodium, potassium, magnesium, and calcium), and norepinephrine was determined and compared with those of six untreated dogs. Reserpine administration resulted in sustained decreases in the mean arterial blood pressure and heart rate, and the arterial tissues of the treated dogs contained less potassium, calcium, and magnesium, the last-named being affected most, but the sodium remained the same. Arterial norepinephrine content was significantly decreased. There was a slight but significant increase in plasma magnesium, without any noticeable changes in other plasma cations. The reduction in the arterial magnesium by reserpine may help to regulate vascular tone and (or) vascular reactivity."}
{"id": "PMID:871955", "title": "Effects of estrogen and progesterone on pulsatile discharges of luteinizing hormone in the ovariectomized rat.", "content": "The effects of both acute and chronic systemic administration of estrogen and progesterone on pulsatile discharges of luteinizing hormone were observed in ovariectomized rats. Intravenous injection of 10 microgram of 17beta-estradiol resulted in a gradual decrease in plasma luteinizing hormone (LH) concentrations but did not completely block the pulsatile discharges. Subcutaneous implantation of Silastic capsules containing 17beta-estradiol caused similar decreases; plasma LH concentrations decreased for the first 6 h but periodic increases continued, with nearly complete suppression of such pulsatile discharges by 24 h. Such inhibition was maintained for the 14-day course of the experiments. Progesterone alone, whether administered by Silastic capsule or by daily subcutaneous injection in oil, was without apparent effect on either plasma LH concentrations or temporal patterns of the hormone. Further, progesterone combined with 17beta-estradiol was little, if any, more effective in this regard than estradiol alone. These results indicate that estrogen is an effective feedback signal inhibiting pulsatile release of LH in the rat and that progesterone alone has little, if any, influence in this regard.", "contents": "Effects of estrogen and progesterone on pulsatile discharges of luteinizing hormone in the ovariectomized rat. The effects of both acute and chronic systemic administration of estrogen and progesterone on pulsatile discharges of luteinizing hormone were observed in ovariectomized rats. Intravenous injection of 10 microgram of 17beta-estradiol resulted in a gradual decrease in plasma luteinizing hormone (LH) concentrations but did not completely block the pulsatile discharges. Subcutaneous implantation of Silastic capsules containing 17beta-estradiol caused similar decreases; plasma LH concentrations decreased for the first 6 h but periodic increases continued, with nearly complete suppression of such pulsatile discharges by 24 h. Such inhibition was maintained for the 14-day course of the experiments. Progesterone alone, whether administered by Silastic capsule or by daily subcutaneous injection in oil, was without apparent effect on either plasma LH concentrations or temporal patterns of the hormone. Further, progesterone combined with 17beta-estradiol was little, if any, more effective in this regard than estradiol alone. These results indicate that estrogen is an effective feedback signal inhibiting pulsatile release of LH in the rat and that progesterone alone has little, if any, influence in this regard."}
{"id": "PMID:871956", "title": "Can nonadrenergic inhibitory varicosities be identified structurally.", "content": "The distribution of vesicles in axon varicosities was examined in rabbit jejunum and opossum esophagus. Circular muscle cells of both rabbit jejunum and opossum esophagus responded to stimulation of intrinsic nerves with inhibitory junction potential in nearly all cases. Inhibitory junction potentials were rare and small in longitudinal muscle cells of rabbit jejunum. There were few axon varicosities with a predominance of large opaque vesicles or large dense-cored vesicle in any muscle layer of rabbit or opossum or in the plexuses of rabbit jejunum. There were almost as high a proportion of such varicosities in longitudinal as in circular muscle of rabbit jejunum, and there were almost none in circular muscle of opossum esophagus. The distribution of vesicles in varicosities was found often to be heterogeneous and could account for the observed occurrence of a small proportion of varicosities with a predominance of large vesicles. It is suggested that there is no structural distinction in vertebrates between axons which are cholinergic and axons which are nonadrenergic inhibitory.", "contents": "Can nonadrenergic inhibitory varicosities be identified structurally. The distribution of vesicles in axon varicosities was examined in rabbit jejunum and opossum esophagus. Circular muscle cells of both rabbit jejunum and opossum esophagus responded to stimulation of intrinsic nerves with inhibitory junction potential in nearly all cases. Inhibitory junction potentials were rare and small in longitudinal muscle cells of rabbit jejunum. There were few axon varicosities with a predominance of large opaque vesicles or large dense-cored vesicle in any muscle layer of rabbit or opossum or in the plexuses of rabbit jejunum. There were almost as high a proportion of such varicosities in longitudinal as in circular muscle of rabbit jejunum, and there were almost none in circular muscle of opossum esophagus. The distribution of vesicles in varicosities was found often to be heterogeneous and could account for the observed occurrence of a small proportion of varicosities with a predominance of large vesicles. It is suggested that there is no structural distinction in vertebrates between axons which are cholinergic and axons which are nonadrenergic inhibitory."}
{"id": "PMID:871957", "title": "Oxygen-tension-dependent pulmonary vascular responses to vasoactive agents.", "content": "There have been recent indications that oxygen may nonspecifically oppose pulmonary vasoconstriction induced by a few vasoactive agents. Therefore, we examined the effect of four inspired oxygen tensions on the pulmonary vascular responses to exogenous prostaglandin F2alpha (PGF2alpha), serotonin (5-HT), 2-methylhistamine (2-MeH)(an H1-receptor agonist), histamine (after H2-receptor blockade with metiamide), and prostaglandin E1 (PGE1) in anesthetized dogs. An oxygen tension dependency on the pulmonary vascular responses to these vasoactive agents was observed, with each agent exhibiting maximal responses at different ranges of oxygen tension. PGF2alpha and PGE1 were most effective during hypoxia, while 5-HT, histamine, and 2-MeH produced maximal responses during normoxia. A comparison of dose-response curves for PGF2alpha during breathing of two inspired oxygen tensions indicated a decreased sensitivity, but not decreased reactivity, with the higher oxygen tension. The action of variable oxygen tensions on pulmonary vascular responsiveness to vasoactive agents suggests another role for oxygen in the control of the pulmonary circulation. It is not clear if oxygen acts non-specifically on the vascular smooth muscle, or if it alters the metabolic mechanisms of vasoactive agent action.", "contents": "Oxygen-tension-dependent pulmonary vascular responses to vasoactive agents. There have been recent indications that oxygen may nonspecifically oppose pulmonary vasoconstriction induced by a few vasoactive agents. Therefore, we examined the effect of four inspired oxygen tensions on the pulmonary vascular responses to exogenous prostaglandin F2alpha (PGF2alpha), serotonin (5-HT), 2-methylhistamine (2-MeH)(an H1-receptor agonist), histamine (after H2-receptor blockade with metiamide), and prostaglandin E1 (PGE1) in anesthetized dogs. An oxygen tension dependency on the pulmonary vascular responses to these vasoactive agents was observed, with each agent exhibiting maximal responses at different ranges of oxygen tension. PGF2alpha and PGE1 were most effective during hypoxia, while 5-HT, histamine, and 2-MeH produced maximal responses during normoxia. A comparison of dose-response curves for PGF2alpha during breathing of two inspired oxygen tensions indicated a decreased sensitivity, but not decreased reactivity, with the higher oxygen tension. The action of variable oxygen tensions on pulmonary vascular responsiveness to vasoactive agents suggests another role for oxygen in the control of the pulmonary circulation. It is not clear if oxygen acts non-specifically on the vascular smooth muscle, or if it alters the metabolic mechanisms of vasoactive agent action."}
{"id": "PMID:871958", "title": "Myocardial lesions in rats fed rapeseed oil. I. Influence of strain of rats.", "content": "The influence of strain of rat on the development of myocardial lesions was investigated in an experiment which included two factors: strain (Wistar, Sherman, Chester Beatty (Hooded), and Sprague-Dawley from two sources designated Sprague-Dawley A, Sprague-Dawley C) and diet (5% corn oil, 20% corn oil, and 20% Brassica napus var. Zephyr rapeseed oil). Groups of 30 rats, housed 2 per cage, from each of three different strains of rats and groups of 10 rats, housed 2 per cage, from one strain of rats (Hooded) were fed semisynthetic diets containing the test oils for 16 weeks on an ad libitum basis. Rats of the Hooded strain consumed considerably less feed and grew at a significantly (P less than 0.01) slower rate than did rats of the Sprague-Dawley C strain, which in turn ate less and grew significantly (P less than 0.01) slower than rats of the other three strains. No marked differences were observed in the fatty acid composition of total cardiac  lipids among strains. Rats from all strains except Hooded fed the diet containing 20% Zephyr RSO had a significantly (P less than 0.001) higher incidence of myocardial lesions than rats fed the 20% corn oil diet which in turn had a significantly (P less than 0.001) higher incidence than rats fed 5% corn oil. Similarly, significantly (P less than 0.05) more Sprague-Dawley C rats had myocardial lesions than Sprague-Dawley A rats regardless of diet. None of the Hooded rats fed the diet containing 20% Zephyr RSO developed myocardial lesions whereas all other strains fed this diet developed a high incidence of myocardial lesions.", "contents": "Myocardial lesions in rats fed rapeseed oil. I. Influence of strain of rats. The influence of strain of rat on the development of myocardial lesions was investigated in an experiment which included two factors: strain (Wistar, Sherman, Chester Beatty (Hooded), and Sprague-Dawley from two sources designated Sprague-Dawley A, Sprague-Dawley C) and diet (5% corn oil, 20% corn oil, and 20% Brassica napus var. Zephyr rapeseed oil). Groups of 30 rats, housed 2 per cage, from each of three different strains of rats and groups of 10 rats, housed 2 per cage, from one strain of rats (Hooded) were fed semisynthetic diets containing the test oils for 16 weeks on an ad libitum basis. Rats of the Hooded strain consumed considerably less feed and grew at a significantly (P less than 0.01) slower rate than did rats of the Sprague-Dawley C strain, which in turn ate less and grew significantly (P less than 0.01) slower than rats of the other three strains. No marked differences were observed in the fatty acid composition of total cardiac  lipids among strains. Rats from all strains except Hooded fed the diet containing 20% Zephyr RSO had a significantly (P less than 0.001) higher incidence of myocardial lesions than rats fed the 20% corn oil diet which in turn had a significantly (P less than 0.001) higher incidence than rats fed 5% corn oil. Similarly, significantly (P less than 0.05) more Sprague-Dawley C rats had myocardial lesions than Sprague-Dawley A rats regardless of diet. None of the Hooded rats fed the diet containing 20% Zephyr RSO developed myocardial lesions whereas all other strains fed this diet developed a high incidence of myocardial lesions."}
{"id": "PMID:871959", "title": "Myocardial lesions in rats fed rapeseed oil. II. Effects of castration.", "content": "The effects of castration on the incidence of myocardial lesions in rats were investigated in an experiment which included two factors: sex (entire males, castrated males, entire females and castrated (ovariohysterectomized) females) and diets (5% corn oil, 20% corn oil, and 20% Brassica napus var. Zephyr rapeseed oil). For 16 weeks, each of the 12 groups of 30 Sprague-Dawley rats, housed 2 per cage, were fed ad libitum the test oils incorporated in a semisynthetic diet. At each weighing, the mean body weights for each diet were highest in entire males followed by castrated males, castrated females, and entire females with all differences significant (P less than 0.05). The results indicated that castration did not influence cardiac fatty acid composition. The incidence of myocardial lesions in entire and castrated females and in castrated males was similar while significantly more entire males developed lesions (P less than 0.001). Rats fed a diet containing 20% Zephyr rapeseed oil showed a significantly (P less than 0.001) higher incidence of heart lesions than did rats fed diets containing 5% or 20% corn oil. Similarly, significantly (P less than 0.05) more rats fed the 20% corn oil diet had lesions than rats fed the 5% corn oil diet. The involvement of androgens in the formation of myocardial lesions is suggested, since castration significantly lowered the incidence in males but not in females.", "contents": "Myocardial lesions in rats fed rapeseed oil. II. Effects of castration. The effects of castration on the incidence of myocardial lesions in rats were investigated in an experiment which included two factors: sex (entire males, castrated males, entire females and castrated (ovariohysterectomized) females) and diets (5% corn oil, 20% corn oil, and 20% Brassica napus var. Zephyr rapeseed oil). For 16 weeks, each of the 12 groups of 30 Sprague-Dawley rats, housed 2 per cage, were fed ad libitum the test oils incorporated in a semisynthetic diet. At each weighing, the mean body weights for each diet were highest in entire males followed by castrated males, castrated females, and entire females with all differences significant (P less than 0.05). The results indicated that castration did not influence cardiac fatty acid composition. The incidence of myocardial lesions in entire and castrated females and in castrated males was similar while significantly more entire males developed lesions (P less than 0.001). Rats fed a diet containing 20% Zephyr rapeseed oil showed a significantly (P less than 0.001) higher incidence of heart lesions than did rats fed diets containing 5% or 20% corn oil. Similarly, significantly (P less than 0.05) more rats fed the 20% corn oil diet had lesions than rats fed the 5% corn oil diet. The involvement of androgens in the formation of myocardial lesions is suggested, since castration significantly lowered the incidence in males but not in females."}
{"id": "PMID:871960", "title": "Effect of 6-hydroxydopamine and alpha-methyltyrosine on brown adipose tissue of infant rats.", "content": "A single-dose administration of 6-hydroxydopamine (50 mg/kg body weight, sc) to infant rats resulted in an enlargement, higher fresh weight, markedly elevated lipid content, and higher total protein content of their interscapular and cervical brown adipose tissue. The protein kinase (EC 2.7.1.37) activation ratio in the tissue was decreased as was the phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (EC 4.1.1.32) activity. Fatty acid synthetase, on the other hand, showed an increased activity. These changes commenced as soon as 24 h after the administration of the drug, were fully developed 2-4 days later, and persisted for at least 14 days. The results are in line with the assumption that 6-hydroxydopamine administration causes chemical sympathectomy of brown adipose tissue. This is further supported by the fact that treatment with alpha-methyltyrosine, which is known to competively inhibit norepinephrine systhesis, results in similar changes in brown fat of infant rats. Hence it seems that 6-hydroxydopamine administration offers a simple and inexpensive experimental model for studies of the role norepinephrine-mediated sympathetic nervous system in brown tissue function and development.", "contents": "Effect of 6-hydroxydopamine and alpha-methyltyrosine on brown adipose tissue of infant rats. A single-dose administration of 6-hydroxydopamine (50 mg/kg body weight, sc) to infant rats resulted in an enlargement, higher fresh weight, markedly elevated lipid content, and higher total protein content of their interscapular and cervical brown adipose tissue. The protein kinase (EC 2.7.1.37) activation ratio in the tissue was decreased as was the phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (EC 4.1.1.32) activity. Fatty acid synthetase, on the other hand, showed an increased activity. These changes commenced as soon as 24 h after the administration of the drug, were fully developed 2-4 days later, and persisted for at least 14 days. The results are in line with the assumption that 6-hydroxydopamine administration causes chemical sympathectomy of brown adipose tissue. This is further supported by the fact that treatment with alpha-methyltyrosine, which is known to competively inhibit norepinephrine systhesis, results in similar changes in brown fat of infant rats. Hence it seems that 6-hydroxydopamine administration offers a simple and inexpensive experimental model for studies of the role norepinephrine-mediated sympathetic nervous system in brown tissue function and development."}
{"id": "PMID:871961", "title": "Superior colliculus cell responses to to electrical stimulation of the retina.", "content": "Superior colliculus cell discharges in response to electrical stimulation of the retina were investigated in rabbit. In contrast with the responses at the optic tract level both polarities evoked discharges of equal latencies suggesting a convergence of ON- and OFF-centre retinal ganglion cells upon one collicular unit. Three typical patterns of responses could be distinguished. Thus, 40% of cells reacted with a burst, 47% with a prolonged discharge, and 5% responded by a transient inhibition. The responses of the remaining cells could not be classified.", "contents": "Superior colliculus cell responses to to electrical stimulation of the retina. Superior colliculus cell discharges in response to electrical stimulation of the retina were investigated in rabbit. In contrast with the responses at the optic tract level both polarities evoked discharges of equal latencies suggesting a convergence of ON- and OFF-centre retinal ganglion cells upon one collicular unit. Three typical patterns of responses could be distinguished. Thus, 40% of cells reacted with a burst, 47% with a prolonged discharge, and 5% responded by a transient inhibition. The responses of the remaining cells could not be classified."}
{"id": "PMID:871962", "title": "Does indomethacin antagonize the effects of peptides and other agents on the coronary circulation of rabbit isolated hearts.", "content": "The coronary vasodilator effects of substance P, bradykinin, eledoisin, adenosine, and nitroglycerin have been tested in rabbit isolated hearts perfused with physiological medium. It has been found that substance P is the most potent vasodilator and that the peptides are 10-100 times as active as adenosine and nitroglycerin. The effect of bradykinin is reduced by 50% in the presence of indomethacin (2.8-5 X 10(-6) M) while the actions of the other vasodilator are not influenced. At such concentrations, indomethacin is inactive on its own and blocks the effects of small and intermediate doses of arachidonic acid, the prostaglandin precursor. It suggested that edogenous prostaglandins do not play any major role in mediating the coronary vasodilation produced by several peptide and nonpeptide agents, but may account for about 50% of the effect of bradykinin.", "contents": "Does indomethacin antagonize the effects of peptides and other agents on the coronary circulation of rabbit isolated hearts. The coronary vasodilator effects of substance P, bradykinin, eledoisin, adenosine, and nitroglycerin have been tested in rabbit isolated hearts perfused with physiological medium. It has been found that substance P is the most potent vasodilator and that the peptides are 10-100 times as active as adenosine and nitroglycerin. The effect of bradykinin is reduced by 50% in the presence of indomethacin (2.8-5 X 10(-6) M) while the actions of the other vasodilator are not influenced. At such concentrations, indomethacin is inactive on its own and blocks the effects of small and intermediate doses of arachidonic acid, the prostaglandin precursor. It suggested that edogenous prostaglandins do not play any major role in mediating the coronary vasodilation produced by several peptide and nonpeptide agents, but may account for about 50% of the effect of bradykinin."}
{"id": "PMID:871963", "title": "Further identification of PGE1 metabolites formed in the cat lung.", "content": "Tritium-labeled compounds appearing in the venous effluent of isolated blood perfused cat lungs after infusion of [3H]prostaglandin E1 (PGE1) appear to be unchanged [3H]PGE1 and 13,14-dihydro-15-keto-PGE1. No 15-keto-PGE1 could be detected in the venous effluent.", "contents": "Further identification of PGE1 metabolites formed in the cat lung. Tritium-labeled compounds appearing in the venous effluent of isolated blood perfused cat lungs after infusion of [3H]prostaglandin E1 (PGE1) appear to be unchanged [3H]PGE1 and 13,14-dihydro-15-keto-PGE1. No 15-keto-PGE1 could be detected in the venous effluent."}
{"id": "PMID:871964", "title": "Further studies on the formation of choline sulfate by bacteria.", "content": "Cell extracts of Pseudomonas C12B synthesized choline sulfate (COS) from SO42-, choline chloride, and ATP. However, most of the COS-forming activity was found in culture medium supernatants of this bacterium, and that which remained with the cells was cell wall-associated. Enzyme release was independent of the carbon and (or) sulfur source used for growth and was not suppressed by increasing the divalent cation concentration of the medium. The COS-synthesizing system was inhbited in vitro by L-cysteine (greater than or equal to 10(-3) mM), SO42- (greater than 0.1 mM), and choline chloride (greater than 0.1 M). L-Cysteine (0.1-5.0 mM) did not repress the synthesis of enzymes present in the system. COS formation from SO42- in vitro was increased 2.8-fold by 10 mM adenosine 5'-phosphosulfate (APS) and 5-fold by 1 mM 3'-phosphoadenosine,5'-phosphosulfate (PAPS) during a 4-h incubation period. APS (10 mM) also inhibited the incorporation of 35SO42- into COS. Culture supernatants incubated with Na235SO4 produced two 35S-labelled metabolites having electrophoretic mobilities similar to those exhibited by authentic APS and PAPS. The synthesis of these metabolites was also inhibited in vitro by unlabelled APS and by L-cysteine.", "contents": "Further studies on the formation of choline sulfate by bacteria. Cell extracts of Pseudomonas C12B synthesized choline sulfate (COS) from SO42-, choline chloride, and ATP. However, most of the COS-forming activity was found in culture medium supernatants of this bacterium, and that which remained with the cells was cell wall-associated. Enzyme release was independent of the carbon and (or) sulfur source used for growth and was not suppressed by increasing the divalent cation concentration of the medium. The COS-synthesizing system was inhbited in vitro by L-cysteine (greater than or equal to 10(-3) mM), SO42- (greater than 0.1 mM), and choline chloride (greater than 0.1 M). L-Cysteine (0.1-5.0 mM) did not repress the synthesis of enzymes present in the system. COS formation from SO42- in vitro was increased 2.8-fold by 10 mM adenosine 5'-phosphosulfate (APS) and 5-fold by 1 mM 3'-phosphoadenosine,5'-phosphosulfate (PAPS) during a 4-h incubation period. APS (10 mM) also inhibited the incorporation of 35SO42- into COS. Culture supernatants incubated with Na235SO4 produced two 35S-labelled metabolites having electrophoretic mobilities similar to those exhibited by authentic APS and PAPS. The synthesis of these metabolites was also inhibited in vitro by unlabelled APS and by L-cysteine."}
{"id": "PMID:871965", "title": "Ultrastructural localization of succinate dehydrogenase in a self-parasitic isolate of Saprolegnia megasperma.", "content": "The enzyme succinate dehydrogenase (SDH, succinate: (acceptor) oxidoreductase, EC 1.3.99.1) was localized by the combined techniques of cytochemistry and electrom microscopy in the hyphae of a self-parasitizing isolate of Saprolegnia megasperma Coker. The enzyme was localized in the mitochondrial membranes; its activity was inhibited by malonate. Electron-dense deposits, whose formation was not prevented by the addition of malonate, appeared outsided of the hyphal cell walls. No evidence was found at the ultrastructural level within the vegetative hyphae for any abnormalities which could be linked to the phenomeonon of self-parasitism.", "contents": "Ultrastructural localization of succinate dehydrogenase in a self-parasitic isolate of Saprolegnia megasperma. The enzyme succinate dehydrogenase (SDH, succinate: (acceptor) oxidoreductase, EC 1.3.99.1) was localized by the combined techniques of cytochemistry and electrom microscopy in the hyphae of a self-parasitizing isolate of Saprolegnia megasperma Coker. The enzyme was localized in the mitochondrial membranes; its activity was inhibited by malonate. Electron-dense deposits, whose formation was not prevented by the addition of malonate, appeared outsided of the hyphal cell walls. No evidence was found at the ultrastructural level within the vegetative hyphae for any abnormalities which could be linked to the phenomeonon of self-parasitism."}
{"id": "PMID:871966", "title": "The relative ability of four rubella antigens to elicit blast cell transformation of lymphocytes from immune individuals.", "content": "The ability of crude, semi-purified, and purified rubella antigens to elicit a specific and significant blast cell transformation of lymphocytes from immune individuals was investigated in 25 seronegative and 25 seropositive young adults. The type of preparation and the purity of the antigens were critical. Titration of the antigens by complement fixation or hemagglutination was of little value for selecting the best antigen which was a whole virion-purified antigen.", "contents": "The relative ability of four rubella antigens to elicit blast cell transformation of lymphocytes from immune individuals. The ability of crude, semi-purified, and purified rubella antigens to elicit a specific and significant blast cell transformation of lymphocytes from immune individuals was investigated in 25 seronegative and 25 seropositive young adults. The type of preparation and the purity of the antigens were critical. Titration of the antigens by complement fixation or hemagglutination was of little value for selecting the best antigen which was a whole virion-purified antigen."}
{"id": "PMID:871967", "title": "ATP and acetylene-reducing activity of a sulfate-reducing bacterium.", "content": "A sulfate-reducing bacterium, a strain of Desulfovibrio vulgaris, when lactate or pyruvate was supplied as an electron and energy source, reduced acetylene only in the presence of sulfate. Acetylene reduction started after a lag of 1 h. H2 which acts as an electron and energy source for sulfate reduction was unable to reduce acetylene even in the presence of sulfate. It was suggested, from the measurements of the amounts of adenine nucleotides of the bacterium incubated under various conditions, that the bacterium is able to reduce acetylene at a high ATP level or a high ATP/ADP ratio.", "contents": "ATP and acetylene-reducing activity of a sulfate-reducing bacterium. A sulfate-reducing bacterium, a strain of Desulfovibrio vulgaris, when lactate or pyruvate was supplied as an electron and energy source, reduced acetylene only in the presence of sulfate. Acetylene reduction started after a lag of 1 h. H2 which acts as an electron and energy source for sulfate reduction was unable to reduce acetylene even in the presence of sulfate. It was suggested, from the measurements of the amounts of adenine nucleotides of the bacterium incubated under various conditions, that the bacterium is able to reduce acetylene at a high ATP level or a high ATP/ADP ratio."}
{"id": "PMID:871968", "title": "Effects of temperature and antibiotics on appressorium formation in spores of Colletotrichum lagenarium.", "content": "Effects of temperature (32 degrees C), cycloheximide, and blasticidin-S on spore germination and appressorium formation of Colletotrichum lagenarium were investigated. Temperature treatment at 32 degrees C, given just before the emergence of the germ tube 4 h after incubation at 24 degrees C, significantly inhibited appressorium formation. Cycloheximide (1 ppm) or blasticidin-S (7 ppm) appeared to have reversed the effect of 32 degrees C treatment by producing appressoria in 30% of the germinated spores.", "contents": "Effects of temperature and antibiotics on appressorium formation in spores of Colletotrichum lagenarium. Effects of temperature (32 degrees C), cycloheximide, and blasticidin-S on spore germination and appressorium formation of Colletotrichum lagenarium were investigated. Temperature treatment at 32 degrees C, given just before the emergence of the germ tube 4 h after incubation at 24 degrees C, significantly inhibited appressorium formation. Cycloheximide (1 ppm) or blasticidin-S (7 ppm) appeared to have reversed the effect of 32 degrees C treatment by producing appressoria in 30% of the germinated spores."}
{"id": "PMID:871971", "title": "Simultaneous presence of antiviral activity and its degrader in Bacillus extracts.", "content": "Extracts of uninfected Bacillus species ATCC 27877 cells contained both an antiviral activity and a degrader for this activity. The antiviral activity was stable to 90 degrees C, caused a rapid inhibition of phage adsorption, and resulted in a gradual loss of phage infectivity. When extracts were incubated at 37 degrees C, the degrader inactivated the antiviral activity and the degrader was retained. When the extracts were heated at 90 degrees C, the degrader was inactivated and the antiviral activity was retained. A comparison was made of these two activities in extracts from cells of various incubation ages. The apparent association of maximal antiviral activity with prespore cells seemed due to the high content of degrader in vegetative and stationary cells. Both antiviral activity and its degrader appeared to be characteristics of vegetative cells.", "contents": "Simultaneous presence of antiviral activity and its degrader in Bacillus extracts. Extracts of uninfected Bacillus species ATCC 27877 cells contained both an antiviral activity and a degrader for this activity. The antiviral activity was stable to 90 degrees C, caused a rapid inhibition of phage adsorption, and resulted in a gradual loss of phage infectivity. When extracts were incubated at 37 degrees C, the degrader inactivated the antiviral activity and the degrader was retained. When the extracts were heated at 90 degrees C, the degrader was inactivated and the antiviral activity was retained. A comparison was made of these two activities in extracts from cells of various incubation ages. The apparent association of maximal antiviral activity with prespore cells seemed due to the high content of degrader in vegetative and stationary cells. Both antiviral activity and its degrader appeared to be characteristics of vegetative cells."}
{"id": "PMID:871972", "title": "Numerical taxonomy and ecology of oligotrophic bacteria isolated from the estuarine environment.", "content": "Slow-growing bacteria, isolated on nutrient-rich and nutrient-limited media, from Chesapeake Bay water and sediment samples, were examined for 119 biochemical, cultural, morphological, nutritional, and physiological characters. Those bacteria which grow on low nutrient media, termed oligotrophs, a total of 162 strains, were subjected to taxonomic analysis, as a preliminary step in determining their ecological significance. The data for all strains included in the study were examined by computer and the simple matching (S SM) and Jaccard (SJ) coefficients calculated. Clustering was achieved by the unweighted average-linkage method. From sorted similarity matrices and dendrograms, 148 strains, 90% of the total, were recovered in 24 phenetic groups defined at the 80 to 85% similarity level. Only 12 phena could be presumptively identified and these included representatives of Alcaligenes, Corynebacterium, Hyphomicrobium, Hyphomonas polymorpha, Listeria, Nocardia marina, Pedomicrobium, Planococcus citreus, Sphaerotilus, Streptothrix, and Streptomyces. Of the remaining organisms, 10% were unidentified sheathed bacteria. It is concluded that slow-growing bacteria are distributed throughout the estuarine environment and can account for a large proportion of the colonies observed on media after prolonged periods of incubation. The oligotrophic bacteria appear to predominate in areas where the concentration of available nutrients is low and are more characteristic of non-eutrophic aquatic systems.", "contents": "Numerical taxonomy and ecology of oligotrophic bacteria isolated from the estuarine environment. Slow-growing bacteria, isolated on nutrient-rich and nutrient-limited media, from Chesapeake Bay water and sediment samples, were examined for 119 biochemical, cultural, morphological, nutritional, and physiological characters. Those bacteria which grow on low nutrient media, termed oligotrophs, a total of 162 strains, were subjected to taxonomic analysis, as a preliminary step in determining their ecological significance. The data for all strains included in the study were examined by computer and the simple matching (S SM) and Jaccard (SJ) coefficients calculated. Clustering was achieved by the unweighted average-linkage method. From sorted similarity matrices and dendrograms, 148 strains, 90% of the total, were recovered in 24 phenetic groups defined at the 80 to 85% similarity level. Only 12 phena could be presumptively identified and these included representatives of Alcaligenes, Corynebacterium, Hyphomicrobium, Hyphomonas polymorpha, Listeria, Nocardia marina, Pedomicrobium, Planococcus citreus, Sphaerotilus, Streptothrix, and Streptomyces. Of the remaining organisms, 10% were unidentified sheathed bacteria. It is concluded that slow-growing bacteria are distributed throughout the estuarine environment and can account for a large proportion of the colonies observed on media after prolonged periods of incubation. The oligotrophic bacteria appear to predominate in areas where the concentration of available nutrients is low and are more characteristic of non-eutrophic aquatic systems."}
{"id": "PMID:871975", "title": "Occurrence of indole in cells of extremely halophilic bacteria.", "content": "The neutral lipids of several halophilic bacteria contain a non-isoprenoid compound which was identified by its chromatographic and spectroscopic properties as indole.", "contents": "Occurrence of indole in cells of extremely halophilic bacteria. The neutral lipids of several halophilic bacteria contain a non-isoprenoid compound which was identified by its chromatographic and spectroscopic properties as indole."}
{"id": "PMID:871976", "title": "Rapid solid-phase radioassay for staphylococcal protein A.", "content": "Solid-phase radioassay was applied to the determination of protein A after release from staphylococcal cells with lysostaphin. Assays can be completed in 60-90 min.", "contents": "Rapid solid-phase radioassay for staphylococcal protein A. Solid-phase radioassay was applied to the determination of protein A after release from staphylococcal cells with lysostaphin. Assays can be completed in 60-90 min."}
{"id": "PMID:871980", "title": "Preoperative irradiation in operable cancer of the rectum: report of the Toronto trial.", "content": "The authors have studied the value of preoperative radiotherapy in 125 patients with cancer of the rectum. The patients were divided into two groups, control (no irradiation) and experimental (irradiation), and according to Dukes' pathological stage. The crude survival indicated no difference between the two groups, but analysis by stage and group demonstrated that for patients with a Dukes' stage C lesion, 500 rads of cobalt-60 gamma  irradiation a few hours before excision of the lesion approximately doubles the probability of survival at 5 years. The prospect of surgical cure is three times higher in cancers arising above the peritoneal reflection than in those arising below it. If the practice of abdominoperineal resection is to continue the authors recommend that preoperative irradiation become a routine procedure.", "contents": "Preoperative irradiation in operable cancer of the rectum: report of the Toronto trial. The authors have studied the value of preoperative radiotherapy in 125 patients with cancer of the rectum. The patients were divided into two groups, control (no irradiation) and experimental (irradiation), and according to Dukes' pathological stage. The crude survival indicated no difference between the two groups, but analysis by stage and group demonstrated that for patients with a Dukes' stage C lesion, 500 rads of cobalt-60 gamma  irradiation a few hours before excision of the lesion approximately doubles the probability of survival at 5 years. The prospect of surgical cure is three times higher in cancers arising above the peritoneal reflection than in those arising below it. If the practice of abdominoperineal resection is to continue the authors recommend that preoperative irradiation become a routine procedure."}
{"id": "PMID:871981", "title": "Canine pancreatic exocrine secretory response to low- and high-fat elemental diets.", "content": "Elemental or chemically defined diets are used in a variety of gastrointestinal disorders to sustain enteral nutrition, avoid the potential danger of central venous hyperalimentation and reduce intestinal and pancreatic secretions. The two diets available commercially are used interchangeably despite important differences in composition. The present study compared pancreatic exocrine secretory responses to these two diets in dogs. Infusion of high- and low-fat elemental diets resulted in less enzymatic output than a standard blenderized diet. Pancreatic volume and bicarbonate content were similar with the low-fat elemental diet and the blenderized diet, but volume was increased by 30% and bicarbonate increased nearly twofold during infusion of the high-fat elemental diet. The results support the hypothesis that a low-fat elemental diet is preferable for intragastric feeding when the therapeutic goal is to minimize pancreatic secretion.", "contents": "Canine pancreatic exocrine secretory response to low- and high-fat elemental diets. Elemental or chemically defined diets are used in a variety of gastrointestinal disorders to sustain enteral nutrition, avoid the potential danger of central venous hyperalimentation and reduce intestinal and pancreatic secretions. The two diets available commercially are used interchangeably despite important differences in composition. The present study compared pancreatic exocrine secretory responses to these two diets in dogs. Infusion of high- and low-fat elemental diets resulted in less enzymatic output than a standard blenderized diet. Pancreatic volume and bicarbonate content were similar with the low-fat elemental diet and the blenderized diet, but volume was increased by 30% and bicarbonate increased nearly twofold during infusion of the high-fat elemental diet. The results support the hypothesis that a low-fat elemental diet is preferable for intragastric feeding when the therapeutic goal is to minimize pancreatic secretion."}
{"id": "PMID:871982", "title": "Dysphagia lusoria: anterior approach for definitive treatment.", "content": "An aberrant right subclavian artery causing symptoms is rare in adults. Several surgical approaches have been advocated. On the basis of results obtained in two patients, the authors recommended an anterior approach, either a transternal bilateral thoracotomy or a median sternotomy, that affords excellent exposure for flush ligation and division of the right subclavian artery at the aorta, and reconstruction on the ascending aorta.", "contents": "Dysphagia lusoria: anterior approach for definitive treatment. An aberrant right subclavian artery causing symptoms is rare in adults. Several surgical approaches have been advocated. On the basis of results obtained in two patients, the authors recommended an anterior approach, either a transternal bilateral thoracotomy or a median sternotomy, that affords excellent exposure for flush ligation and division of the right subclavian artery at the aorta, and reconstruction on the ascending aorta."}
{"id": "PMID:871983", "title": "Grey-scale ultrasound in the diagnosis of abdominal mass lesions.", "content": "With the introduction of grey-scale imaging, the diagnostic capability of ultrasound has been greatly increased. Previously, ultrasound images were limited to a bistable presentation that did not distinguish between high- and low-level echoes. As a result the images could be interpreted by only a few experienced ultrasonographers. Grey-scale imaging with the use of a television scan converter allows both the strong and the weaker echoes to be displayed, so that both the outline and the internal texture of normal abdominal organs and lesions can be visualized on a single scan. Abnormalities are now more readily identified and their relation to normal organs is more easily appreciated so that the scans can be interpreted not only by the ultrasonographer but also by the clinician. Several cases are presented in which grey-scale ultrasound was used.", "contents": "Grey-scale ultrasound in the diagnosis of abdominal mass lesions. With the introduction of grey-scale imaging, the diagnostic capability of ultrasound has been greatly increased. Previously, ultrasound images were limited to a bistable presentation that did not distinguish between high- and low-level echoes. As a result the images could be interpreted by only a few experienced ultrasonographers. Grey-scale imaging with the use of a television scan converter allows both the strong and the weaker echoes to be displayed, so that both the outline and the internal texture of normal abdominal organs and lesions can be visualized on a single scan. Abnormalities are now more readily identified and their relation to normal organs is more easily appreciated so that the scans can be interpreted not only by the ultrasonographer but also by the clinician. Several cases are presented in which grey-scale ultrasound was used."}
{"id": "PMID:871984", "title": "Comparison of epicardial and endocardial pacemaker insertion.", "content": "The authors compared the results of 100 pacemaker insertion procedures: 50 endocardial and 50 epicardial. The late pacing threshold and the postoperative pain and pulmonary complications were higher in the epicardial group. Although dislodgement occurred in 28% of cases of insertion through the endocardial route, the authors concluded that this route was preferable.", "contents": "Comparison of epicardial and endocardial pacemaker insertion. The authors compared the results of 100 pacemaker insertion procedures: 50 endocardial and 50 epicardial. The late pacing threshold and the postoperative pain and pulmonary complications were higher in the epicardial group. Although dislodgement occurred in 28% of cases of insertion through the endocardial route, the authors concluded that this route was preferable."}
{"id": "PMID:871985", "title": "Spontaneous spinal extradural hematoma.", "content": "Spontaneous spinal extradural hematoma is an uncommon but reversible cause of acute paraplegia. Only 44 cases have been reported in the English literature. This paper adds two cases and analyzes the data in previous case reports to identify prognostic factors. Patients with a history of trauma or an incomplete myelographic block have a good prognosis. In most patients no cause of bleeding is found at operation.", "contents": "Spontaneous spinal extradural hematoma. Spontaneous spinal extradural hematoma is an uncommon but reversible cause of acute paraplegia. Only 44 cases have been reported in the English literature. This paper adds two cases and analyzes the data in previous case reports to identify prognostic factors. Patients with a history of trauma or an incomplete myelographic block have a good prognosis. In most patients no cause of bleeding is found at operation."}
{"id": "PMID:872011", "title": "Early and late results of resection of abdominal aortic aneurysms.", "content": "Resection of the abdominal aortic aneurysm is being performed with decreasing operative mortality and morbidity. Among 190 patients undergoing this procedure at the Ottawa Civic Hospital between 1970 and 1975, 53 (28%) had a ruptured aneurysm and 137 (72%), a nonruptured aneurysm. Mean age of the patients was 66.2 years. Concomitant disease was frequent, 73% of patients having two or more associated diseases; the average number of associated diseases per patient was 2.25. Operative mortality in the group with ruptured aneurysms was 51%, and in the group with nonruptured aneurysms, 4%. Postoperative morbidity was 85% among those with a ruptured aneurysm, 67% among those with imminent rupture before operation and 34% among the others with a nonruptured aneurysm. Graft complications occurred in 15% of those with a ruptured aneurysm and 9% of those with a nonruptured aneurysm. Among survivors of the operation 73% and 81% of those with a ruptured and a nonruptured aneurysm, respectively, are known to be alive. In both groups causes of late death included infection or thrombosis of the graft and mesenteric thrombosis, as well as causes unrelated to the operation. Surgical management of the abdominal aortic aneurysm is advocated in all but patients at poor risk for operation who have asymptomatic aneurysms less than 6 cm in diameter.", "contents": "Early and late results of resection of abdominal aortic aneurysms. Resection of the abdominal aortic aneurysm is being performed with decreasing operative mortality and morbidity. Among 190 patients undergoing this procedure at the Ottawa Civic Hospital between 1970 and 1975, 53 (28%) had a ruptured aneurysm and 137 (72%), a nonruptured aneurysm. Mean age of the patients was 66.2 years. Concomitant disease was frequent, 73% of patients having two or more associated diseases; the average number of associated diseases per patient was 2.25. Operative mortality in the group with ruptured aneurysms was 51%, and in the group with nonruptured aneurysms, 4%. Postoperative morbidity was 85% among those with a ruptured aneurysm, 67% among those with imminent rupture before operation and 34% among the others with a nonruptured aneurysm. Graft complications occurred in 15% of those with a ruptured aneurysm and 9% of those with a nonruptured aneurysm. Among survivors of the operation 73% and 81% of those with a ruptured and a nonruptured aneurysm, respectively, are known to be alive. In both groups causes of late death included infection or thrombosis of the graft and mesenteric thrombosis, as well as causes unrelated to the operation. Surgical management of the abdominal aortic aneurysm is advocated in all but patients at poor risk for operation who have asymptomatic aneurysms less than 6 cm in diameter."}
{"id": "PMID:872012", "title": "Pericarditis as a manifestation of essential thrombocythemia.", "content": "A 58-year-old woman presented with pericarditis and pericardial effusion. Investigation revealed that she was suffering from a thrombocythemic myeloproliferative disorder; she died of massive pulmonary embolism 10 days after admission. Histologic study verified epicardial and pericardial trilineage hematopoiesis. Pericarditis is an unusual feature of essential thrombocythemia and it may occur in direct relation to the abnormal cellular proliferation.", "contents": "Pericarditis as a manifestation of essential thrombocythemia. A 58-year-old woman presented with pericarditis and pericardial effusion. Investigation revealed that she was suffering from a thrombocythemic myeloproliferative disorder; she died of massive pulmonary embolism 10 days after admission. Histologic study verified epicardial and pericardial trilineage hematopoiesis. Pericarditis is an unusual feature of essential thrombocythemia and it may occur in direct relation to the abnormal cellular proliferation."}
{"id": "PMID:872031", "title": "Hairy cell leukemia. Enzyme histochemical characterization, with special reference to splenic stromal changes.", "content": "Seven spleens and two peripheral blood specimens from eight patients with hairy cell leukemia were examined with enzyme cytochemical and histochemical methods. Hairy cells consistently exhibited acid phosphatase and tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase. However, nonspecific esterases characteristic of monocytes and histiocytes were consistently absent or very weak. beta-glucuronidase and cytoplasmic membrane-bound ATPase were positive in four cases, suggesting a possible relationship to the B-lymphocytic series. Fundamental splenic changes were accumulation of hairy cells and benign macrophages within the pulp cords, with resulting extreme expansion of the cords. Abnormally well developed ellipsoids were identified around the sheathed arteries within the cords. Sinuses, specifically delineated with the NASDA reaction, were atrophic and often destroyed. No cytogeneologic relationship was found between sinus endothelial cells and hairy cells. The pulp cords are the primary site of involvement of the spleen in hairy cell leukemia. A simultaneous proliferation of neoplastic cells, histiocytes and reticulum fibers accounts for the splenomegaly and clinical hypersplenism characteristic of the disease.", "contents": "Hairy cell leukemia. Enzyme histochemical characterization, with special reference to splenic stromal changes. Seven spleens and two peripheral blood specimens from eight patients with hairy cell leukemia were examined with enzyme cytochemical and histochemical methods. Hairy cells consistently exhibited acid phosphatase and tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase. However, nonspecific esterases characteristic of monocytes and histiocytes were consistently absent or very weak. beta-glucuronidase and cytoplasmic membrane-bound ATPase were positive in four cases, suggesting a possible relationship to the B-lymphocytic series. Fundamental splenic changes were accumulation of hairy cells and benign macrophages within the pulp cords, with resulting extreme expansion of the cords. Abnormally well developed ellipsoids were identified around the sheathed arteries within the cords. Sinuses, specifically delineated with the NASDA reaction, were atrophic and often destroyed. No cytogeneologic relationship was found between sinus endothelial cells and hairy cells. The pulp cords are the primary site of involvement of the spleen in hairy cell leukemia. A simultaneous proliferation of neoplastic cells, histiocytes and reticulum fibers accounts for the splenomegaly and clinical hypersplenism characteristic of the disease."}
{"id": "PMID:872032", "title": "HLA antigens in malignant melanoma.", "content": "HLA-A, -B, -C and -D typing was performed on 54 Norwegian patients with microscopically verified malignant melanoma. A slight,  but non-significant increase in the frequency of HLA-B27 and LD 108 was demonstrated among the patients compared with healthy Norwegian controls.", "contents": "HLA antigens in malignant melanoma. HLA-A, -B, -C and -D typing was performed on 54 Norwegian patients with microscopically verified malignant melanoma. A slight,  but non-significant increase in the frequency of HLA-B27 and LD 108 was demonstrated among the patients compared with healthy Norwegian controls."}
{"id": "PMID:872033", "title": "Prolonged disease-free survival in bronchogenic carcinoma associated with HLA-Aw19 and HLA-B5. A two-year prospective study.", "content": "Seventy patients with squamous carcinoma or adenocarcinoma of the lung were HLA typed at the time of their diagnosis and initial therapy. No abnormal HLA antigen frequencies were found. However, the possession of HLA-Aw19 or HLA-B5 was significantly correlated with two year disease-free survival. Twelve of 21 patients (57%) with either Aw 19 or B5 were disease-free at two years. In contrast, only six of 48 patients (13%) not having either antigen were disease-free (p less than .001). One patient was lost to follow-up. It is possible that Aw 19 and/or B5 confer resistance to progression of bronchogenic carcinoma on their possessors.", "contents": "Prolonged disease-free survival in bronchogenic carcinoma associated with HLA-Aw19 and HLA-B5. A two-year prospective study. Seventy patients with squamous carcinoma or adenocarcinoma of the lung were HLA typed at the time of their diagnosis and initial therapy. No abnormal HLA antigen frequencies were found. However, the possession of HLA-Aw19 or HLA-B5 was significantly correlated with two year disease-free survival. Twelve of 21 patients (57%) with either Aw 19 or B5 were disease-free at two years. In contrast, only six of 48 patients (13%) not having either antigen were disease-free (p less than .001). One patient was lost to follow-up. It is possible that Aw 19 and/or B5 confer resistance to progression of bronchogenic carcinoma on their possessors."}
{"id": "PMID:872034", "title": "Immunosuppression and human cancer: role of prostaglandins.", "content": "Prostaglandins, unsaturated fatty acid derivatives with diversified pharmacologic activity, have been implicated in the pathophysiology of many diseases. Prostaglandin E (PGE) levels were measured by radioimmunoassay in the plasma of 41 normocalcemic patients with various stages of malignancies. Delayed hypersensitivity was assessed by a battery of six recall skin test antigens (ST) and by Dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB) sensitization and challenge. Twenty-five patients with one or more positive skin tests had a mean PGE level of 87+/-8 pg/ml, whereas 16 patients with negative ST had a mean PGE level of 96+/-12 pg/ml. Twenty-one DNCB negative patients had a mean PGE level of 98+/-12 pg/ml and eight totally anergic patients had a mean PGE of 96+/-12 pg/ml. All PGE values were within the normal range and there was no statistical difference between the four groups. (p less than 0.1). We concluded that circulating PGE does not correlate with the non-specific immunosuppression seen in cancer patients.", "contents": "Immunosuppression and human cancer: role of prostaglandins. Prostaglandins, unsaturated fatty acid derivatives with diversified pharmacologic activity, have been implicated in the pathophysiology of many diseases. Prostaglandin E (PGE) levels were measured by radioimmunoassay in the plasma of 41 normocalcemic patients with various stages of malignancies. Delayed hypersensitivity was assessed by a battery of six recall skin test antigens (ST) and by Dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB) sensitization and challenge. Twenty-five patients with one or more positive skin tests had a mean PGE level of 87+/-8 pg/ml, whereas 16 patients with negative ST had a mean PGE level of 96+/-12 pg/ml. Twenty-one DNCB negative patients had a mean PGE level of 98+/-12 pg/ml and eight totally anergic patients had a mean PGE of 96+/-12 pg/ml. All PGE values were within the normal range and there was no statistical difference between the four groups. (p less than 0.1). We concluded that circulating PGE does not correlate with the non-specific immunosuppression seen in cancer patients."}
{"id": "PMID:872035", "title": "Immunomorphological lymph node changes in patients with operable bronchogenic squamous cell carcinoma.", "content": "Histological changes in tracheobronchial and bronchopulmonary lymph nodes of patients with operable (i.e. stages T1/2, N0/1, M0) bronchogenic squamous cell carcinoma were examined histometrically. Out of 29 patients, 10 survived less than 12 months and 19 lived longer than two years after surgery. Quantitative methods were employed for measuring structural changes in lymph node sections at the histological and cellular level. The following parameters reflecting both cellular and humoral immune responses correlated with survival: relative numbers of large lymphoid cells and mitotic figures in the paracortical (\"thymus-dependent\") area; volume of the follicular (predominantly B-cell) cortex; and volume of germinal centers. Pronounced accumulation of histiocytes or dust-loaded macrophages in the paracortex and presence of \"empty\" lymph sinusoids (i.e. without sinuhistiocytosis) correlated inversely with survival. In addition to the theoretical importance and considerations of a documented immune response, such data could help in identifying high risk groups within the same stage of bronchogenic carcinoma of a given type.", "contents": "Immunomorphological lymph node changes in patients with operable bronchogenic squamous cell carcinoma. Histological changes in tracheobronchial and bronchopulmonary lymph nodes of patients with operable (i.e. stages T1/2, N0/1, M0) bronchogenic squamous cell carcinoma were examined histometrically. Out of 29 patients, 10 survived less than 12 months and 19 lived longer than two years after surgery. Quantitative methods were employed for measuring structural changes in lymph node sections at the histological and cellular level. The following parameters reflecting both cellular and humoral immune responses correlated with survival: relative numbers of large lymphoid cells and mitotic figures in the paracortical (\"thymus-dependent\") area; volume of the follicular (predominantly B-cell) cortex; and volume of germinal centers. Pronounced accumulation of histiocytes or dust-loaded macrophages in the paracortex and presence of \"empty\" lymph sinusoids (i.e. without sinuhistiocytosis) correlated inversely with survival. In addition to the theoretical importance and considerations of a documented immune response, such data could help in identifying high risk groups within the same stage of bronchogenic carcinoma of a given type."}
{"id": "PMID:872036", "title": "Use of a permanent cell line extracts to study the tumor associated immune reactions in colorectal cancer patients by leucocyte migration inhibition test.", "content": "Crude extracts of colorectal surgical tumors, either individual or pooled, and HT29 line cells were compared in leucocyte migration inhibition test. HT29 cell extract gave more positive reactions with leucocytes of colorectal cancer patients than the other ones, and less with control leucocytes. It was thus used for all the subsequent experiments. As a whole, we obtained 44% (30/68) of positive inhibitions in patients afflicted with a colorectal carcinoma, against 9% (3/31e in normal controls and 20% (8/40) in patients bearing a carcinoma from another organ. Among the latest patients, those having a gynecological carcinoma were rarely positive, contrasting with those suffering from a carcinoma from the aerodigestive organs. It seemed that the antigen(s) involved in the reaction had no organ specificity, but rather a broad tissue specificity.", "contents": "Use of a permanent cell line extracts to study the tumor associated immune reactions in colorectal cancer patients by leucocyte migration inhibition test. Crude extracts of colorectal surgical tumors, either individual or pooled, and HT29 line cells were compared in leucocyte migration inhibition test. HT29 cell extract gave more positive reactions with leucocytes of colorectal cancer patients than the other ones, and less with control leucocytes. It was thus used for all the subsequent experiments. As a whole, we obtained 44% (30/68) of positive inhibitions in patients afflicted with a colorectal carcinoma, against 9% (3/31e in normal controls and 20% (8/40) in patients bearing a carcinoma from another organ. Among the latest patients, those having a gynecological carcinoma were rarely positive, contrasting with those suffering from a carcinoma from the aerodigestive organs. It seemed that the antigen(s) involved in the reaction had no organ specificity, but rather a broad tissue specificity."}
{"id": "PMID:872037", "title": "Biological markers in breast carcinoma. II. Clinical correlations with human chorionic gonadotrophin.", "content": "Serum hCG levels were measured in female patients with breast carcinoma and examined with respect to the clinical stage of disease, the clinical tumor burden, prognosis, and the organ sites of involvement. Elevated levels were observed in 65/134 (48.5%) patients with metastatic disease, 5/14 (35.7%) patients preoperatively, and in 9/33 (27.2%) N+ patients from one-six months postoperatively. The greatest proportion of elevated values (60.5%) was in patients with one metastatic site of involvement. Although no correlations were demonstrated between the preoperative or postoperative samples and subsequent disease recurrence, it was observed that 4/10 patients who did have a recurrence had preceding hCG elevations. In metastatic disease the level in 13 patients starting with values greater than 5.8 mIU/ml fell with the attainment of a response or rose with therapeutic failure. The hCG level rose from normal to greater than 6.1 mIU/ml in six additional patients that developed progressive disease. A normal hCG level was associated with a 94.5% response rate to combination chemotherapy whereas the response rate with levels greater than 5 mIU/ml was 71.4%. Only hepatic involvement was associated with a disproportionate incidence of elevations, being 63% compared to 42-47% for other sites. Monitoring hCG levels may be of prognostic use in patients being treated with selected chemotherapy programs for metastatic disease. It appears that further studies are warranted to ascertain if these results will extend to additional treatment approaches.", "contents": "Biological markers in breast carcinoma. II. Clinical correlations with human chorionic gonadotrophin. Serum hCG levels were measured in female patients with breast carcinoma and examined with respect to the clinical stage of disease, the clinical tumor burden, prognosis, and the organ sites of involvement. Elevated levels were observed in 65/134 (48.5%) patients with metastatic disease, 5/14 (35.7%) patients preoperatively, and in 9/33 (27.2%) N+ patients from one-six months postoperatively. The greatest proportion of elevated values (60.5%) was in patients with one metastatic site of involvement. Although no correlations were demonstrated between the preoperative or postoperative samples and subsequent disease recurrence, it was observed that 4/10 patients who did have a recurrence had preceding hCG elevations. In metastatic disease the level in 13 patients starting with values greater than 5.8 mIU/ml fell with the attainment of a response or rose with therapeutic failure. The hCG level rose from normal to greater than 6.1 mIU/ml in six additional patients that developed progressive disease. A normal hCG level was associated with a 94.5% response rate to combination chemotherapy whereas the response rate with levels greater than 5 mIU/ml was 71.4%. Only hepatic involvement was associated with a disproportionate incidence of elevations, being 63% compared to 42-47% for other sites. Monitoring hCG levels may be of prognostic use in patients being treated with selected chemotherapy programs for metastatic disease. It appears that further studies are warranted to ascertain if these results will extend to additional treatment approaches."}
{"id": "PMID:872038", "title": "Biological markers in breast carcinoma. III. Clinical correlations with carcinoembryonic antigen.", "content": "Plasma CEA levels were evaluated by radioimmunoassay in patients with breast carcinoma in relation to clinical-pathologic staging, clinical tumor burden, prognosis and organ sites of involvement. Elevated levels were observed in 83/117 (70.9%) patients with metastatic disease, 2/14 preoperative patients and in 3/39 one-six month postoperative patients. Preoperative levels were elevated in two patients; the levels fell to normal after operation. Changes of elevated CEA levels followed the clinical response to therapy in 22/22 metastatic disease patient-trials. The levels decreased with a response in 15 trials and rose with progressive disease or relapse in seven trials. The incidence of CEA elevations and quantitative CEA levels both rose with increasing clinical tumor burden from the postoperative state through the preoperative state to two or more organ sites of metastatic involvement. No relationship was demonstrable among limited samples between preoperative or postoperative CEA levels and prognosis; however, in metastatic disease, pretherapy CEA levels greater than 5 ng/ml were associated with low response rates and early therapeutic failure to chemotherapy. The highest frequency of elevated CEA levels was observed in patients with osseous involvement (79%) and the lowest frequency with skin (52%) and breast (50%) metastases. Liver and osseous disease were also associated with higher mean CEA levels than were other sites of metastatic involvement. CEA levels appear to be elevated in the majority of patients with metastatic disease and be of prognostic importance in metastatic disease. The level in patients with metastatic disease appears to reflect the therapy-associated tumor burden of the host, especially in patients with elevated levels.", "contents": "Biological markers in breast carcinoma. III. Clinical correlations with carcinoembryonic antigen. Plasma CEA levels were evaluated by radioimmunoassay in patients with breast carcinoma in relation to clinical-pathologic staging, clinical tumor burden, prognosis and organ sites of involvement. Elevated levels were observed in 83/117 (70.9%) patients with metastatic disease, 2/14 preoperative patients and in 3/39 one-six month postoperative patients. Preoperative levels were elevated in two patients; the levels fell to normal after operation. Changes of elevated CEA levels followed the clinical response to therapy in 22/22 metastatic disease patient-trials. The levels decreased with a response in 15 trials and rose with progressive disease or relapse in seven trials. The incidence of CEA elevations and quantitative CEA levels both rose with increasing clinical tumor burden from the postoperative state through the preoperative state to two or more organ sites of metastatic involvement. No relationship was demonstrable among limited samples between preoperative or postoperative CEA levels and prognosis; however, in metastatic disease, pretherapy CEA levels greater than 5 ng/ml were associated with low response rates and early therapeutic failure to chemotherapy. The highest frequency of elevated CEA levels was observed in patients with osseous involvement (79%) and the lowest frequency with skin (52%) and breast (50%) metastases. Liver and osseous disease were also associated with higher mean CEA levels than were other sites of metastatic involvement. CEA levels appear to be elevated in the majority of patients with metastatic disease and be of prognostic importance in metastatic disease. The level in patients with metastatic disease appears to reflect the therapy-associated tumor burden of the host, especially in patients with elevated levels."}
{"id": "PMID:872039", "title": "Comparative effect of anaerobic coryneforms on a murine melanoma.", "content": "Ten strains of anaerobic Corynebacteria were compared in their effect on survival of C57BL/6 mice, bearing subcutaneously inoculated B16 melanomas. The corynebacterial suspensions were injected intralesionally twice weekly for five injections. Significant permanent tumor regression was not obtained. Significant prolongation of survival was observed in mice treated with seven of the corynebacterial strains.", "contents": "Comparative effect of anaerobic coryneforms on a murine melanoma. Ten strains of anaerobic Corynebacteria were compared in their effect on survival of C57BL/6 mice, bearing subcutaneously inoculated B16 melanomas. The corynebacterial suspensions were injected intralesionally twice weekly for five injections. Significant permanent tumor regression was not obtained. Significant prolongation of survival was observed in mice treated with seven of the corynebacterial strains."}
{"id": "PMID:872040", "title": "Low-dose Adriamycin remission maintenance therapy for pediatric solid tumors.", "content": "A low-dose maintenance schedule of Adriamycin was evaluated in six children whose metastatic solid tumors regressed following toxic induction therapy with Adriamycin. Three of these children are now disease-free more than one year following discontinuation of therapy. Adriamycin can be given on a low-dose maintenance schedule free from alopecia, fever, stomatitis, myelosuppression and recognizable cardiomyopathy. Further studies of similar schedules are warranted.", "contents": "Low-dose Adriamycin remission maintenance therapy for pediatric solid tumors. A low-dose maintenance schedule of Adriamycin was evaluated in six children whose metastatic solid tumors regressed following toxic induction therapy with Adriamycin. Three of these children are now disease-free more than one year following discontinuation of therapy. Adriamycin can be given on a low-dose maintenance schedule free from alopecia, fever, stomatitis, myelosuppression and recognizable cardiomyopathy. Further studies of similar schedules are warranted."}
{"id": "PMID:872041", "title": "Combined treatment modalities of rhabdomyosarcoma in children.", "content": "Thirty-nine previously untreated children with rhabdomyosarcoma were managed by a coordinated program of surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy during the years 1960 to 1973. The primary tumor was located in the head and neck (24), chest wall (1), abdomen (1), pelvis (10), and lower extremity (3). Radiation therapy consisted of tumor doses of 5000 to 6000 rads delivered in five to six weeks. Combination chemotherapy with actinomyctin-D, vincristine and cyclophosphamide was used after 1968. Seventeen of 25 cases (68%) treated after 1968 are alive two to five years following treatment. Only four of 14 cases (29%) who received less radical therapy before 1968 are alive. A relatively high incidence of local failure (23%) was noted in spite of adequate doses of radiotherapy. None of the four cases with metastatic disease at the time of diagnosis survived. Major complications were mainly noted in patients with orbital rhabdomyosarcoma. Correlation of absolute survival with dose of irradiation, primary site, extent of disease and histologic subtypes of the tumor are discussed.", "contents": "Combined treatment modalities of rhabdomyosarcoma in children. Thirty-nine previously untreated children with rhabdomyosarcoma were managed by a coordinated program of surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy during the years 1960 to 1973. The primary tumor was located in the head and neck (24), chest wall (1), abdomen (1), pelvis (10), and lower extremity (3). Radiation therapy consisted of tumor doses of 5000 to 6000 rads delivered in five to six weeks. Combination chemotherapy with actinomyctin-D, vincristine and cyclophosphamide was used after 1968. Seventeen of 25 cases (68%) treated after 1968 are alive two to five years following treatment. Only four of 14 cases (29%) who received less radical therapy before 1968 are alive. A relatively high incidence of local failure (23%) was noted in spite of adequate doses of radiotherapy. None of the four cases with metastatic disease at the time of diagnosis survived. Major complications were mainly noted in patients with orbital rhabdomyosarcoma. Correlation of absolute survival with dose of irradiation, primary site, extent of disease and histologic subtypes of the tumor are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:872042", "title": "Diagnostic planning using computer assisted decision-making for patients with Hodgkin's disease.", "content": "A family of computer programs has been developed to help physicians effectively utilize available clinical information as in indicator of tumor extent for the staging of Hodgkin's disease patients. Decision analysis techniques were employed to suggest chronologic sequencing of selected, risk-associated tests, tailored to the individual patient, that minimize the risk of iatrogenic mortality. These quantitative techniques provide an objective measure of expected survival for a given plan of action. By using this information a physician and patient can balance expected survival vs morbidity of proposed staging procedures. Physicians can then focus on the interrelation between the inherent diagnostic uncertainty, therapy-induced expected survival, and morbid consequences of staging procedures. The use of these decision-making tools enables the physician to identify patient-specific presentations where the formation of an individual diagnostic plan could lead both to reduction in testing and to an increased survival rate.", "contents": "Diagnostic planning using computer assisted decision-making for patients with Hodgkin's disease. A family of computer programs has been developed to help physicians effectively utilize available clinical information as in indicator of tumor extent for the staging of Hodgkin's disease patients. Decision analysis techniques were employed to suggest chronologic sequencing of selected, risk-associated tests, tailored to the individual patient, that minimize the risk of iatrogenic mortality. These quantitative techniques provide an objective measure of expected survival for a given plan of action. By using this information a physician and patient can balance expected survival vs morbidity of proposed staging procedures. Physicians can then focus on the interrelation between the inherent diagnostic uncertainty, therapy-induced expected survival, and morbid consequences of staging procedures. The use of these decision-making tools enables the physician to identify patient-specific presentations where the formation of an individual diagnostic plan could lead both to reduction in testing and to an increased survival rate."}
{"id": "PMID:872043", "title": "Natural history of patients after abdominal-perineal resection. Implications for radiation therapy.", "content": "The records of one hundred twenty-three consecutive abdominal perineal resections for rectosigmoid carcinoma were reviewed. One hundred sixteen cases were adenocarcinoma, and seven cases squamous cell carcinoma. Clinical outcome was documented in 111 cases. Overall, 42% survived five years or more. Ultimately 44 of the 123 patients (36%) were proven to have died with tumor and 19 patients (15%) developed clinical manifestations of recurrent pelvic tumor. Five of the 116 patients with adenocarcinoma (4%) died with evidence of pelvic disease only. Second primary tumors were observed in 22 patients (18%). The authors suggest preoperative irradiation to reduce local recurrence and possibly increase disease-free survival. Physicians following these patients should consider them at high risk for cancer in general.", "contents": "Natural history of patients after abdominal-perineal resection. Implications for radiation therapy. The records of one hundred twenty-three consecutive abdominal perineal resections for rectosigmoid carcinoma were reviewed. One hundred sixteen cases were adenocarcinoma, and seven cases squamous cell carcinoma. Clinical outcome was documented in 111 cases. Overall, 42% survived five years or more. Ultimately 44 of the 123 patients (36%) were proven to have died with tumor and 19 patients (15%) developed clinical manifestations of recurrent pelvic tumor. Five of the 116 patients with adenocarcinoma (4%) died with evidence of pelvic disease only. Second primary tumors were observed in 22 patients (18%). The authors suggest preoperative irradiation to reduce local recurrence and possibly increase disease-free survival. Physicians following these patients should consider them at high risk for cancer in general."}
{"id": "PMID:872044", "title": "Persistent carcinoma of the oropharynx and oral cavity re-treated by after-loading interstitial 192Ir implant.", "content": "After-loading implantation techniques apparently offer an effective alternative in the management of persistent (or recurrent) oropharynx and oral cavity carcinoma postirradiation. A total of 29 patients with such lesions was treated from February 1974, to July 1975, in the LAC/USC Radiation Medicine Section, using after-loading 192Ir implantation techniques. These patients all had extensive persistent cancer after \"full tolerance\" irradiation (with or without previous surgery) and were referred for palliation or for possible salvage. Additional doses administered ranged from 5000 to 7000 rads in three to five days. Eighteen of the 29 patients (63%) have had complete local control for 18 to 36 months. These patients have maintained a relatively satisfactory palliative status. Ten of the 29 are dead. Follow-up periods are short, but early indications are that problem patients with persistent cancer after \"full tolerance irradiation\" can be salvaged, or at least satisfactorily palliated, with after-loading interstitial implant techniques. Clinical details, sites of involvement, implantation techniques, dosimetry methodology, reactions and complications will be described.", "contents": "Persistent carcinoma of the oropharynx and oral cavity re-treated by after-loading interstitial 192Ir implant. After-loading implantation techniques apparently offer an effective alternative in the management of persistent (or recurrent) oropharynx and oral cavity carcinoma postirradiation. A total of 29 patients with such lesions was treated from February 1974, to July 1975, in the LAC/USC Radiation Medicine Section, using after-loading 192Ir implantation techniques. These patients all had extensive persistent cancer after \"full tolerance\" irradiation (with or without previous surgery) and were referred for palliation or for possible salvage. Additional doses administered ranged from 5000 to 7000 rads in three to five days. Eighteen of the 29 patients (63%) have had complete local control for 18 to 36 months. These patients have maintained a relatively satisfactory palliative status. Ten of the 29 are dead. Follow-up periods are short, but early indications are that problem patients with persistent cancer after \"full tolerance irradiation\" can be salvaged, or at least satisfactorily palliated, with after-loading interstitial implant techniques. Clinical details, sites of involvement, implantation techniques, dosimetry methodology, reactions and complications will be described."}
{"id": "PMID:872045", "title": "Ultrastructural studies on the morphogenesis of psammoma bodies in ovarian serous neoplasia.", "content": "Transmission electron microscopic studies have been carried out on psammoma bodies in two benign and seven malignant papillary serous neoplasms of the ovary. Ultrastructurally, psammoma bodies are composed of microcrystals in all respects similar to calcium-phosphate apatite crystals of bone. The formation of psammoma bodies is initiated intracellularly, in both the neoplastic epithelial cells and stromal histiocytes. The initial seeding site of apatite crystals is served by lipid-rich intracellular vesicles. These structures are produced in association with autophagocytosis in the neoplastic epithelial cells and heterophagocytosis of extracellular lipidic material in the stromal histiocytes. Extracellular lipids presumably derive from dehiscent tumor tissue. The close relationship between larger intraepithelial calcific bodies and microfilaments suggests that the latter provide supportive matrix for further intracellular calcification. Large extracellular psammoma bodies result from fused calcific bodies which have been extruded from calcified cells. Mineralization of extracellular collagen fibers is not observed. The results provide supportive evidence to the concept that psammoma bodies in ovarian papillary serous neoplasms and probably in other neoplastic and non-neoplastic conditions are a consequence of dystrophic calcification associated with cellular degeneration.", "contents": "Ultrastructural studies on the morphogenesis of psammoma bodies in ovarian serous neoplasia. Transmission electron microscopic studies have been carried out on psammoma bodies in two benign and seven malignant papillary serous neoplasms of the ovary. Ultrastructurally, psammoma bodies are composed of microcrystals in all respects similar to calcium-phosphate apatite crystals of bone. The formation of psammoma bodies is initiated intracellularly, in both the neoplastic epithelial cells and stromal histiocytes. The initial seeding site of apatite crystals is served by lipid-rich intracellular vesicles. These structures are produced in association with autophagocytosis in the neoplastic epithelial cells and heterophagocytosis of extracellular lipidic material in the stromal histiocytes. Extracellular lipids presumably derive from dehiscent tumor tissue. The close relationship between larger intraepithelial calcific bodies and microfilaments suggests that the latter provide supportive matrix for further intracellular calcification. Large extracellular psammoma bodies result from fused calcific bodies which have been extruded from calcified cells. Mineralization of extracellular collagen fibers is not observed. The results provide supportive evidence to the concept that psammoma bodies in ovarian papillary serous neoplasms and probably in other neoplastic and non-neoplastic conditions are a consequence of dystrophic calcification associated with cellular degeneration."}
{"id": "PMID:872046", "title": "Cystadenoma of the pancreas. An ultrastructural study.", "content": "A case of cystadenoma of the pancreas was studied at the light (LM) and the ultrastructural (EM) levels. The observation made under LM that the flattened epithelial cells lining the cystic spaces were similar to the centroacinar cells of a normal pancreas was supported by EM findings. Numerous glycogen granules were demonstrated in the cells, a feature characteristic of fetal but not adult centroacinar cells. A few epithelial cells contained occasional membrane bound dense granules of unknown nature. This observation and the finding of normally appearing islets of Langerhans raise the possibility that this may be an example of a mixed insular-duct cystadenoma. However, if the islets of Langerhans were considered entrapped structures, this tumor should be labelled as a simple serous cystadenoma.", "contents": "Cystadenoma of the pancreas. An ultrastructural study. A case of cystadenoma of the pancreas was studied at the light (LM) and the ultrastructural (EM) levels. The observation made under LM that the flattened epithelial cells lining the cystic spaces were similar to the centroacinar cells of a normal pancreas was supported by EM findings. Numerous glycogen granules were demonstrated in the cells, a feature characteristic of fetal but not adult centroacinar cells. A few epithelial cells contained occasional membrane bound dense granules of unknown nature. This observation and the finding of normally appearing islets of Langerhans raise the possibility that this may be an example of a mixed insular-duct cystadenoma. However, if the islets of Langerhans were considered entrapped structures, this tumor should be labelled as a simple serous cystadenoma."}
{"id": "PMID:872047", "title": "Gastric carcinoma. A pathobiological classification.", "content": "Gastric carcinomas had various pathological features. Based on patterns of growth and invasiveness, however, they fell into two types; expanding type and infiltrative type. These types were readily recognizable histologically: expanding carcinomas grew en masse and by expansion, resulting in the formation of discrete tumor nodules, whereas in infiltrative carcinoma tumor cells invaded individuality. Both types showed varying degrees of cell maturation, but glands were much more common in expanding carcinoma. The difference in growth pattern was reflected partly by gross appearance of the tumors. These two types of carcinoma appeared to be different in their histogenetic origins. Intestinal metaplasia probably played a role in the development of expanding, but not infiltrative, carcinoma. There were differences also in the sex and age of the patients, survival rate, and epidemiological distribution. Thus, this classification provided a simple basis for evaluation of various aspects of gastric cancer.", "contents": "Gastric carcinoma. A pathobiological classification. Gastric carcinomas had various pathological features. Based on patterns of growth and invasiveness, however, they fell into two types; expanding type and infiltrative type. These types were readily recognizable histologically: expanding carcinomas grew en masse and by expansion, resulting in the formation of discrete tumor nodules, whereas in infiltrative carcinoma tumor cells invaded individuality. Both types showed varying degrees of cell maturation, but glands were much more common in expanding carcinoma. The difference in growth pattern was reflected partly by gross appearance of the tumors. These two types of carcinoma appeared to be different in their histogenetic origins. Intestinal metaplasia probably played a role in the development of expanding, but not infiltrative, carcinoma. There were differences also in the sex and age of the patients, survival rate, and epidemiological distribution. Thus, this classification provided a simple basis for evaluation of various aspects of gastric cancer."}
{"id": "PMID:872048", "title": "Ectomesenchymoma. A malignant tumor of migratory neural crest (ectomesenchyme) remnants showing ganglionic, schwannian, melanocytic and rhabdomyoblastic differentiation.", "content": "A case is reported in which a tumor containing elements of mature and immature ganglioneuroma, Schwannoma, clusters of apparently benign melanocytes and embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma presented as a right-sided facial mass in a six-month-old child. Different elements of the tumor were intimately intermingled without distinct borders. Embryogenesis of the tumor, which is thought to arise from remnants of migratory neural crest cells (ectomesenchyme), showing multidirectional phenotypic expression is discussed. It was felt that the lesion contributed additional evidence in support of pluripotentiality of the migratory, neural crest derivatives, and their susceptibility to mutagenic and oncogenic influences.", "contents": "Ectomesenchymoma. A malignant tumor of migratory neural crest (ectomesenchyme) remnants showing ganglionic, schwannian, melanocytic and rhabdomyoblastic differentiation. A case is reported in which a tumor containing elements of mature and immature ganglioneuroma, Schwannoma, clusters of apparently benign melanocytes and embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma presented as a right-sided facial mass in a six-month-old child. Different elements of the tumor were intimately intermingled without distinct borders. Embryogenesis of the tumor, which is thought to arise from remnants of migratory neural crest cells (ectomesenchyme), showing multidirectional phenotypic expression is discussed. It was felt that the lesion contributed additional evidence in support of pluripotentiality of the migratory, neural crest derivatives, and their susceptibility to mutagenic and oncogenic influences."}
{"id": "PMID:872049", "title": "Primary clear cell thyroid carcinoma with squamous features.", "content": "A clear cell neoplasm of the thyroid with indistinguishable light microscopic features and similar tinctorial reactions for lipid and glycogen to those of clear cell renal carcinoma is described. However, electron microscopic examination disclosed cytoplasmic tonofibrils and keratohyaline granules as well as suggestive transitions between the tumor cells and acinar epithelium. The former appear to represent helpful \"markers\" for the distinction of this type of thyroid cancer from parathyroid or metastatic renal clear cell tumors. There is some evidence that not all clear cell thyroid neoplasms possess such squamous features. Nevertheless, it is apparent that electron microscopy may be necessary for the pathological discrimination of primary and secondary clear cell neoplasms of the thyroid, a situation analogous to that for clear cell tumors of other sites such as the lung.", "contents": "Primary clear cell thyroid carcinoma with squamous features. A clear cell neoplasm of the thyroid with indistinguishable light microscopic features and similar tinctorial reactions for lipid and glycogen to those of clear cell renal carcinoma is described. However, electron microscopic examination disclosed cytoplasmic tonofibrils and keratohyaline granules as well as suggestive transitions between the tumor cells and acinar epithelium. The former appear to represent helpful \"markers\" for the distinction of this type of thyroid cancer from parathyroid or metastatic renal clear cell tumors. There is some evidence that not all clear cell thyroid neoplasms possess such squamous features. Nevertheless, it is apparent that electron microscopy may be necessary for the pathological discrimination of primary and secondary clear cell neoplasms of the thyroid, a situation analogous to that for clear cell tumors of other sites such as the lung."}
{"id": "PMID:872050", "title": "Circumscribed carcinoma of the uterine cervix, with marked lymphocytic infiltration.", "content": "The present study was carried out to investigate a distinctive type of carcinoma of the uterine cervix categorized under the designation as circumscribed carcinoma with lymphocytic infiltration. Grossly this carcinoma is characterized by defined circumscription with a superficial ulceration. A microscropic feature characteristic of this tumor is the presence of a loose fibrillary stroma infiltrated densely and uniformly by lymphocytes throughout the tumor mass. The tumor is arranged in solid cords separated by a lymphoid stroma with evidence of minimal squamous differentiation. The authors picked up 709 patients with carcinoma of the uterine cervix who underwent radical hysterectomy and pelvic lymphadenectomy at the Cancer Institute Hospital, Tokyo, between 1956-1967, without preoperative radio- or chemotherapy. Among them, 39 or 5.5% were identified as this type of carcinoma. Patients with this types of carcinoma had a significantly better prognosis than those with other types of cervical carcinoma of the same stage (p less than 0.05). This favorable prognosis is probably due to the less regional node metastases found in the group. A proposal was made to segregate this particular type of carcinoma from other types of cervical carcinoma on the basis of its morphologic and prognostic distinctiveness.", "contents": "Circumscribed carcinoma of the uterine cervix, with marked lymphocytic infiltration. The present study was carried out to investigate a distinctive type of carcinoma of the uterine cervix categorized under the designation as circumscribed carcinoma with lymphocytic infiltration. Grossly this carcinoma is characterized by defined circumscription with a superficial ulceration. A microscropic feature characteristic of this tumor is the presence of a loose fibrillary stroma infiltrated densely and uniformly by lymphocytes throughout the tumor mass. The tumor is arranged in solid cords separated by a lymphoid stroma with evidence of minimal squamous differentiation. The authors picked up 709 patients with carcinoma of the uterine cervix who underwent radical hysterectomy and pelvic lymphadenectomy at the Cancer Institute Hospital, Tokyo, between 1956-1967, without preoperative radio- or chemotherapy. Among them, 39 or 5.5% were identified as this type of carcinoma. Patients with this types of carcinoma had a significantly better prognosis than those with other types of cervical carcinoma of the same stage (p less than 0.05). This favorable prognosis is probably due to the less regional node metastases found in the group. A proposal was made to segregate this particular type of carcinoma from other types of cervical carcinoma on the basis of its morphologic and prognostic distinctiveness."}
{"id": "PMID:872051", "title": "Studies on adenovirus type 9-induced mammary fibroadenomas in rats and their malignant transformation.", "content": "After inoculating newborn W/Fu rats with adenovirus type 9, 27 of 27 females developed mammary fibroadenomas with a latency period of 14-25 weeks. No tumors were observed after inoculation with adenovirus type 5 or in males with the type 9 inoculation. After persistence of the tumors for 3-14 months, malignant transformation of the stroma resulted in different types of sarcoma in three rats: fibrosarcoma, round-cell liposarcoma, osteosarcoma and malignant mesenchymoma. In another animal the stroma of a fibroadenoma was highly cellular, suggesting a transition into fibrosarcoma. Malignant transformation of the epithelial component was not observed. Tumor cells contained adenovirus type 9-specific T-antigen, and rats with transplanted tumors were immunized to T-antigen. Mammary fibroadenomas without signs of malignant transformation developed in eight of nine female rats inoculated with adenovirus type 9 at an adult age. Neonatal thymectomy and total body x-irradiation neither significantly shortened the induction time of adenovirus 9-induced fibroadenomas nor increased the frequency of malignant transformation in females. One lipoma and one highly differentiated liposarcoma, however, appeared in two male rats. The results provide an example of the progression of a virus-induced benign tumor into a malignant neoplasm.", "contents": "Studies on adenovirus type 9-induced mammary fibroadenomas in rats and their malignant transformation. After inoculating newborn W/Fu rats with adenovirus type 9, 27 of 27 females developed mammary fibroadenomas with a latency period of 14-25 weeks. No tumors were observed after inoculation with adenovirus type 5 or in males with the type 9 inoculation. After persistence of the tumors for 3-14 months, malignant transformation of the stroma resulted in different types of sarcoma in three rats: fibrosarcoma, round-cell liposarcoma, osteosarcoma and malignant mesenchymoma. In another animal the stroma of a fibroadenoma was highly cellular, suggesting a transition into fibrosarcoma. Malignant transformation of the epithelial component was not observed. Tumor cells contained adenovirus type 9-specific T-antigen, and rats with transplanted tumors were immunized to T-antigen. Mammary fibroadenomas without signs of malignant transformation developed in eight of nine female rats inoculated with adenovirus type 9 at an adult age. Neonatal thymectomy and total body x-irradiation neither significantly shortened the induction time of adenovirus 9-induced fibroadenomas nor increased the frequency of malignant transformation in females. One lipoma and one highly differentiated liposarcoma, however, appeared in two male rats. The results provide an example of the progression of a virus-induced benign tumor into a malignant neoplasm."}
{"id": "PMID:872052", "title": "The carcinogenic effect of cigarette smoke. The effect of cigarette smoke on human gastric mucosal cells in organ culture.", "content": "The carcinogenic effect of cigarette smoke on certain organs is well established epidemiologically, but the evidence in relation to gastric carcinoma is inconclusive. The present study reports the effect of cigarette smoke condensate (CSC) on gastric mucosa grown in organ culture and its effect is compared with that of the known gastric carcinogen, N-methyl-N1-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (NG). Viability of the cells was assessed by the uptake of labelled glucose and glycine. It was found that, as gauged by lactate and beta-glucuronidase production into the ambient fluid, CSC produced a response typical of malignancy that did not differ from that with NG.", "contents": "The carcinogenic effect of cigarette smoke. The effect of cigarette smoke on human gastric mucosal cells in organ culture. The carcinogenic effect of cigarette smoke on certain organs is well established epidemiologically, but the evidence in relation to gastric carcinoma is inconclusive. The present study reports the effect of cigarette smoke condensate (CSC) on gastric mucosa grown in organ culture and its effect is compared with that of the known gastric carcinogen, N-methyl-N1-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (NG). Viability of the cells was assessed by the uptake of labelled glucose and glycine. It was found that, as gauged by lactate and beta-glucuronidase production into the ambient fluid, CSC produced a response typical of malignancy that did not differ from that with NG."}
{"id": "PMID:872053", "title": "Metabolic epidemiology of colon cancer. Fecal bile acids and neutral sterols in colon cancer patients and patients with adenomatous polyps.", "content": "Because of potential significance of bile acids and cholesterol metabolites in the pathogenesis of colon cancer, fecal neutral sterols, and bile acids were determined in patients with colon cancer, adenomatous polyps or other digestive diseases and American or Japanese controls. The fecal excretion of cholesterol, coprostanol, coprostanone, total bile acids, deoxycholic acid, lithocholic acid was higher in patients with colon cancer and patients with adenomatous polyps compared to normal American and Japanese controls as well as patients with other digestive diseases. Patients with other digestive diseases excreted comparable levels of fecal bile acids and cholesterol metabolites compared to normal American controls; Japanese controls excreted reduced levels compared to normal American controls. These findings suggest that possible interactions between bile acids and cholesterol metabolites and colonic epithelial cells may be relevant in colon carcinogenesis.", "contents": "Metabolic epidemiology of colon cancer. Fecal bile acids and neutral sterols in colon cancer patients and patients with adenomatous polyps. Because of potential significance of bile acids and cholesterol metabolites in the pathogenesis of colon cancer, fecal neutral sterols, and bile acids were determined in patients with colon cancer, adenomatous polyps or other digestive diseases and American or Japanese controls. The fecal excretion of cholesterol, coprostanol, coprostanone, total bile acids, deoxycholic acid, lithocholic acid was higher in patients with colon cancer and patients with adenomatous polyps compared to normal American and Japanese controls as well as patients with other digestive diseases. Patients with other digestive diseases excreted comparable levels of fecal bile acids and cholesterol metabolites compared to normal American controls; Japanese controls excreted reduced levels compared to normal American controls. These findings suggest that possible interactions between bile acids and cholesterol metabolites and colonic epithelial cells may be relevant in colon carcinogenesis."}
{"id": "PMID:872054", "title": "Cancer and malpractice claims.", "content": "An analysis of 36 closed malpractice claims related to the diagnosis of cancer was conducted at a time when both subjects are receiving particular attention. Awareness of cancer statistics and the medicolegal literature is necessary. Factors related to the allegation of delay as well as the psychological aspects of cancer are presented. Suggestions for claims prevention have been delineated.", "contents": "Cancer and malpractice claims. An analysis of 36 closed malpractice claims related to the diagnosis of cancer was conducted at a time when both subjects are receiving particular attention. Awareness of cancer statistics and the medicolegal literature is necessary. Factors related to the allegation of delay as well as the psychological aspects of cancer are presented. Suggestions for claims prevention have been delineated."}
{"id": "PMID:872055", "title": "Role of bacterial overgrowth in the malabsorption syndrome of primary small intestinal lymphoma in Iran.", "content": "Malabsorption studies were performed on five Iranian patients with primary small intestinal lymphoma. The effect of oral tetracycline (1.0 g daily) was also studied in three of the above subjects. The results of breath tests (utilizing glycine-1-14C-cholic acid) were abnormal in all five subjects before the antibiotic treatment. Oral tetracycline had a striking effect towards normalizing the results of breath tests. Schilling tests (with intrinsic factor) improve in two patients and steatorrhea improved in all and there was significant weight gain. The antibiotic had no apparent effect on D-xylose or folate absorption tests. It is concluded that bacterial overgrowth in the small intestinal lumen is an important contributory factor to the malabsorption syndrome of this disease.", "contents": "Role of bacterial overgrowth in the malabsorption syndrome of primary small intestinal lymphoma in Iran. Malabsorption studies were performed on five Iranian patients with primary small intestinal lymphoma. The effect of oral tetracycline (1.0 g daily) was also studied in three of the above subjects. The results of breath tests (utilizing glycine-1-14C-cholic acid) were abnormal in all five subjects before the antibiotic treatment. Oral tetracycline had a striking effect towards normalizing the results of breath tests. Schilling tests (with intrinsic factor) improve in two patients and steatorrhea improved in all and there was significant weight gain. The antibiotic had no apparent effect on D-xylose or folate absorption tests. It is concluded that bacterial overgrowth in the small intestinal lumen is an important contributory factor to the malabsorption syndrome of this disease."}
{"id": "PMID:872057", "title": "Fatal thyroid carcinoma. Anaplastic transformation of adenocarcinoma.", "content": "Prognosis of well-differentiated carcinoma of the thyroid gland is generally favorable, while that of anaplastic carcinoma, extremely poor. Well-differentiated carcinoma may sometimes be fatal; the most common underlying cause is considered to be due to anaplastic transformation of the original well-differentiated carcinoma to a less differentiated form. We studied 27 consecutive autopsy cases of fatal thyroid cancer treated at the Ito Hospital, Tokyo, during a five-year period, 1969-1973. We found uniform histological features of anaplastic carcinoma in 10 cases and of well differentiated carcinoma in four cases. In addition, co-existence of well-differentiated and anaplastic carcinomas was observed in nine cases and well differentiated and squamous cell carcinomas in four. Circumstantial evidence strongly suggests that malignant transformation is a part of the natural history of thyroid carcinoma, from well-differentiated carcinoma to less differentiated forms, either squamous cell or anaplastic carcinoma.", "contents": "Fatal thyroid carcinoma. Anaplastic transformation of adenocarcinoma. Prognosis of well-differentiated carcinoma of the thyroid gland is generally favorable, while that of anaplastic carcinoma, extremely poor. Well-differentiated carcinoma may sometimes be fatal; the most common underlying cause is considered to be due to anaplastic transformation of the original well-differentiated carcinoma to a less differentiated form. We studied 27 consecutive autopsy cases of fatal thyroid cancer treated at the Ito Hospital, Tokyo, during a five-year period, 1969-1973. We found uniform histological features of anaplastic carcinoma in 10 cases and of well differentiated carcinoma in four cases. In addition, co-existence of well-differentiated and anaplastic carcinomas was observed in nine cases and well differentiated and squamous cell carcinomas in four. Circumstantial evidence strongly suggests that malignant transformation is a part of the natural history of thyroid carcinoma, from well-differentiated carcinoma to less differentiated forms, either squamous cell or anaplastic carcinoma."}
{"id": "PMID:872058", "title": "Lobular carcinoma in situ of the breast. An approach to rational treatment.", "content": "A review of 3299 benign breast lesions was carried out. Lobular carcinoma in situ (LCIs) was discovered in 52 cases; and of these, 44 had been treated by biopsy alone. During the follow-up period averaging 15.9 years, 11 patients developed invasive breast cancer (IBC): 9 ipsilateral lesions, and 4 contralateral. This was about 12 times the frequency expected. The development of IBC had no relation to the patient's age, nor could any correlation be drawn between the time periods which elapsed from the time of the diagnosis of the in situ cancer to the development of IBC. The ipsilateral occurrence of IBC was not isgnificantly different from the contralateral. Careful lifelong follow-up seems to be the rational treatment for women whose breast biopsy shows LCIs.", "contents": "Lobular carcinoma in situ of the breast. An approach to rational treatment. A review of 3299 benign breast lesions was carried out. Lobular carcinoma in situ (LCIs) was discovered in 52 cases; and of these, 44 had been treated by biopsy alone. During the follow-up period averaging 15.9 years, 11 patients developed invasive breast cancer (IBC): 9 ipsilateral lesions, and 4 contralateral. This was about 12 times the frequency expected. The development of IBC had no relation to the patient's age, nor could any correlation be drawn between the time periods which elapsed from the time of the diagnosis of the in situ cancer to the development of IBC. The ipsilateral occurrence of IBC was not isgnificantly different from the contralateral. Careful lifelong follow-up seems to be the rational treatment for women whose breast biopsy shows LCIs."}
{"id": "PMID:872059", "title": "Chronic mastopathy and breast cancer. A follow-up study.", "content": "Over an average period of seven years 2,9000 cases of benign breast lesions diagnosed by biopsy between 1948 and 1973 in the Department of Pathology, Kaiser Foundation Hospital, Oakland, were followed for breast cancer development. When classified according to traditional diagnostic categories, the cancer incidence per 1,000 person-years varies between 2.7 and 7.9 and appears to be elevated in comparison to expectations obtained from the Third National Cancer Survey, San Francisco Bay Area. Two thousand four hundred biopsies were also scored by the Black-Chabou method. There is an upward trend in the breast cancer incidence as the atypia score rises, a finding which confirms conclusions from a retrospective case-control study by Black et al.", "contents": "Chronic mastopathy and breast cancer. A follow-up study. Over an average period of seven years 2,9000 cases of benign breast lesions diagnosed by biopsy between 1948 and 1973 in the Department of Pathology, Kaiser Foundation Hospital, Oakland, were followed for breast cancer development. When classified according to traditional diagnostic categories, the cancer incidence per 1,000 person-years varies between 2.7 and 7.9 and appears to be elevated in comparison to expectations obtained from the Third National Cancer Survey, San Francisco Bay Area. Two thousand four hundred biopsies were also scored by the Black-Chabou method. There is an upward trend in the breast cancer incidence as the atypia score rises, a finding which confirms conclusions from a retrospective case-control study by Black et al."}
{"id": "PMID:872060", "title": "Low cancer incidence and mortality in Utah.", "content": "Utah cancer mortality for the years 1950-1969 and morbidity for the years 1966-1970 are reported. Utah had 18% fewer cases of cancer than expected based on the Third National Cancer Survey, and 24% fewer cancer deaths than expected based on national mortality data. Cancer sites associated with cigarette smoking and alcohol use accounted for nearly half of these differences. Several major sites not strongly associated with smoking showed lower incidence and mortality than expected. These included pancreas, colon, rectum, female breast, uterine cervix and ovary. A marked excess occurrence above expectation was observed for cancer of the lip. Some possible explanations of these findings are discussed, including some of the unique aspects of the Utah population.", "contents": "Low cancer incidence and mortality in Utah. Utah cancer mortality for the years 1950-1969 and morbidity for the years 1966-1970 are reported. Utah had 18% fewer cases of cancer than expected based on the Third National Cancer Survey, and 24% fewer cancer deaths than expected based on national mortality data. Cancer sites associated with cigarette smoking and alcohol use accounted for nearly half of these differences. Several major sites not strongly associated with smoking showed lower incidence and mortality than expected. These included pancreas, colon, rectum, female breast, uterine cervix and ovary. A marked excess occurrence above expectation was observed for cancer of the lip. Some possible explanations of these findings are discussed, including some of the unique aspects of the Utah population."}
{"id": "PMID:872061", "title": "The prognostic significance of pelvic lymph node morphology in carcinoma of the uterine cervix.", "content": "Pelvic lymph nodes from 80 patients with primary invasive cervical cancer undergoing radical hysterectomy and pelvic lymphadenectomy were evaluated morphologically. Six to 25 (mean 14) lymph nodes from each patient were examined histologically and classified as follows: lymphocyte preominant, germinal center predominant, unstimulated, or lymphocyte depleted. Tumors were classified according to their primary cell type: large cell non-keratinizing, keratinizing squamous cell, small cell, and adenocarcinoma. There was no direct relationship between lymph node morphology and patient age, lesion size, or tumor cell type. A lymphocyte predominant nodal pattern was associated with a statistically significant decrease in lymph node metastases, and tumor recurrence, and an increase in patient survival. In contrast, patients with a lymphocyte depleted nodal pattern had a high incidence of metastatic disease and tumor recurrence, and a decreased survival. Patients with lymph nodes showing an unstimulated or germinal center predominant pattern had an intermediate incidence of nodal metastases and tumor recurrence. These findings suggest that regional lymph nodal morphology may be of prognostic significance in patients with invasive carcinoma of the uterine cervix.", "contents": "The prognostic significance of pelvic lymph node morphology in carcinoma of the uterine cervix. Pelvic lymph nodes from 80 patients with primary invasive cervical cancer undergoing radical hysterectomy and pelvic lymphadenectomy were evaluated morphologically. Six to 25 (mean 14) lymph nodes from each patient were examined histologically and classified as follows: lymphocyte preominant, germinal center predominant, unstimulated, or lymphocyte depleted. Tumors were classified according to their primary cell type: large cell non-keratinizing, keratinizing squamous cell, small cell, and adenocarcinoma. There was no direct relationship between lymph node morphology and patient age, lesion size, or tumor cell type. A lymphocyte predominant nodal pattern was associated with a statistically significant decrease in lymph node metastases, and tumor recurrence, and an increase in patient survival. In contrast, patients with a lymphocyte depleted nodal pattern had a high incidence of metastatic disease and tumor recurrence, and a decreased survival. Patients with lymph nodes showing an unstimulated or germinal center predominant pattern had an intermediate incidence of nodal metastases and tumor recurrence. These findings suggest that regional lymph nodal morphology may be of prognostic significance in patients with invasive carcinoma of the uterine cervix."}
{"id": "PMID:872062", "title": "Effect of hyperthermia on malignant cells in vivo. A review and a hypothesis.", "content": "The relevant literature is reviewed in an attempt to clarify the mechanism of heat-dependent tumor cell destruction in vivo. Malignant cells in vivo appear to be selectively destroyed by hyperthermia in the range of 41-43 degrees C. Heat evidently affects nuclear function, expressed by an inhibited RNA, DNA and protein synthesis and characteristic arrest or delay of cells in certain locations of the cell cycle. However, as these effects appear to be reversible and are observed in normal cells as well as malignant cells, they probably do not explain the hyperthermic induced selective in vivo destruction of malignant cells. Heat-induced cytoplasmic damage appears to be of more importance. Increased lysosomal activation is observed, and is further intensified by a relatively increased anaerobic glycolysis which develops selectively in tumor cells. A hypothesis is proposed and discussed which explains the marked and selective in vivo tumor cell destruction as a consequence of the enhancing effect on the cytoplasmic damage of certain environmental factors (e.g. increased acidity, hypoxia and insufficient nutrition.", "contents": "Effect of hyperthermia on malignant cells in vivo. A review and a hypothesis. The relevant literature is reviewed in an attempt to clarify the mechanism of heat-dependent tumor cell destruction in vivo. Malignant cells in vivo appear to be selectively destroyed by hyperthermia in the range of 41-43 degrees C. Heat evidently affects nuclear function, expressed by an inhibited RNA, DNA and protein synthesis and characteristic arrest or delay of cells in certain locations of the cell cycle. However, as these effects appear to be reversible and are observed in normal cells as well as malignant cells, they probably do not explain the hyperthermic induced selective in vivo destruction of malignant cells. Heat-induced cytoplasmic damage appears to be of more importance. Increased lysosomal activation is observed, and is further intensified by a relatively increased anaerobic glycolysis which develops selectively in tumor cells. A hypothesis is proposed and discussed which explains the marked and selective in vivo tumor cell destruction as a consequence of the enhancing effect on the cytoplasmic damage of certain environmental factors (e.g. increased acidity, hypoxia and insufficient nutrition."}
{"id": "PMID:872063", "title": "Cronkhite-Canada syndrome. Case report.", "content": "The case report of a 72-year-old man with the characteristic clinical and pathologic-anatomic picture of the Cronkhite-Canada syndrome is presented. The clinical features and the radiographic appearance of the gastrointestinal tract suggested M\u00e9n\u00e9trier's disease. Subtotal gastrectomy was performed and at the subsequent pathologic-anatomic examination, the diagnosis of Cronkhite-Canada syndrome was made. The patient slowly recovered over the following five months while being treated with the so-called astronaut diet (Vivasorb) supplemented with vitamins, iron and electrolytes. He died five months after surgery from intercurrent disease. The differential diagnosis of gastrointestinal polyposis with or without mucocutaneous pigmentation is briefly discussed. The histochemical characteristics of the epithelium in the gastric and colonic polyps was studied in some detail. The authors believe that the gastrointestinal polyps in the Cronkhite-Canada syndrome are regenerative and non-neoplastic in nature.", "contents": "Cronkhite-Canada syndrome. Case report. The case report of a 72-year-old man with the characteristic clinical and pathologic-anatomic picture of the Cronkhite-Canada syndrome is presented. The clinical features and the radiographic appearance of the gastrointestinal tract suggested M\u00e9n\u00e9trier's disease. Subtotal gastrectomy was performed and at the subsequent pathologic-anatomic examination, the diagnosis of Cronkhite-Canada syndrome was made. The patient slowly recovered over the following five months while being treated with the so-called astronaut diet (Vivasorb) supplemented with vitamins, iron and electrolytes. He died five months after surgery from intercurrent disease. The differential diagnosis of gastrointestinal polyposis with or without mucocutaneous pigmentation is briefly discussed. The histochemical characteristics of the epithelium in the gastric and colonic polyps was studied in some detail. The authors believe that the gastrointestinal polyps in the Cronkhite-Canada syndrome are regenerative and non-neoplastic in nature."}
{"id": "PMID:872064", "title": "Primary clear cell carcinoma of the ovary. An analysis of 15 cases with review of the literature.", "content": "The clinical and pathological findings in 15 primary \"pure\" clear cell carcinoma of the ovary included in the Magee-Womens Hospital Tumor Registry from 1947 through 1974 are discussed. The ages of the patients ranged from 35 to 75 years (mean 53). The most common clinical finding was an abdominal mass in 14 cases. At surgery, five patients had extraovarian spread, one accompanied by ascitis. The tumors varied in diameter from 4 cm to 17 cm (mean 10.5 cm); grossly, about one-third were cystic, one-third solid and one-third had combined cystic and solid areas. Microscopically, four basic patterns were seen: papillary, tubular, solid, and cystic, and in several an admixture of the above. Clear cells predominated in 48% of the cases and 23% displayed hobnail cells. Most patients were treated by TAH & BSO or variants thereof, some followed by radiation or chemotherapy. Four patients died with cancer within 35 months after diagnosis; two others died of unrelated causes three and 12 years later. The actuarial survival was computed as 55% at five years. Five patients were stages as IIb (FIGO classification); four died with tumor and the remaining patient is alive with recurrent tumor in the pelvis 18 months after the original diagnosis. Three patients with tumors displaying the cystic pattern are still alive; two with a predominantly papillary pattern and vascular permeation are dead. It is suggested that survival rates in these 15 cases may be related more to the extent of the lesion at the initial presentation than to the gross or microscopic pattern.", "contents": "Primary clear cell carcinoma of the ovary. An analysis of 15 cases with review of the literature. The clinical and pathological findings in 15 primary \"pure\" clear cell carcinoma of the ovary included in the Magee-Womens Hospital Tumor Registry from 1947 through 1974 are discussed. The ages of the patients ranged from 35 to 75 years (mean 53). The most common clinical finding was an abdominal mass in 14 cases. At surgery, five patients had extraovarian spread, one accompanied by ascitis. The tumors varied in diameter from 4 cm to 17 cm (mean 10.5 cm); grossly, about one-third were cystic, one-third solid and one-third had combined cystic and solid areas. Microscopically, four basic patterns were seen: papillary, tubular, solid, and cystic, and in several an admixture of the above. Clear cells predominated in 48% of the cases and 23% displayed hobnail cells. Most patients were treated by TAH & BSO or variants thereof, some followed by radiation or chemotherapy. Four patients died with cancer within 35 months after diagnosis; two others died of unrelated causes three and 12 years later. The actuarial survival was computed as 55% at five years. Five patients were stages as IIb (FIGO classification); four died with tumor and the remaining patient is alive with recurrent tumor in the pelvis 18 months after the original diagnosis. Three patients with tumors displaying the cystic pattern are still alive; two with a predominantly papillary pattern and vascular permeation are dead. It is suggested that survival rates in these 15 cases may be related more to the extent of the lesion at the initial presentation than to the gross or microscopic pattern."}
{"id": "PMID:872065", "title": "Role of nutrition in the etiology of breast cancer.", "content": "International differences in breast cancer morbidity and mortality and studies on migrating populations point to the overriding importance of environmental factors in the etiology of breast cancer. Factors directly or indirectly associated with ovarian activity do not appear to explain international differences. Population correlation studies have indicated that much of the difference appears to be explicable on the basis of nutritional factors, particularly, high total fat intake. Animal experimental studies confirm the importance of high fat diet, possibly mediated through prolactin. Other indirect support for the nutritional hypothesis is supplied by changing incidence rates in Iceland, possibly correlated with changing nutritional practices and the association of breast cancer with weight and possibly also with height. The association with height (which would suggest  nutritional effects mediated through childhood diet) has not been supported by a study in Canada. Direct investigation of the association between nutrition and breast cancer is difficult because of problems in dietary methodology. Nevertheless, the results of a Canadian case-control study provide support for the importance of high fat intake. Further studies of this question are undoubtedly required, however, before specific recommendations on dietary modification can be made.", "contents": "Role of nutrition in the etiology of breast cancer. International differences in breast cancer morbidity and mortality and studies on migrating populations point to the overriding importance of environmental factors in the etiology of breast cancer. Factors directly or indirectly associated with ovarian activity do not appear to explain international differences. Population correlation studies have indicated that much of the difference appears to be explicable on the basis of nutritional factors, particularly, high total fat intake. Animal experimental studies confirm the importance of high fat diet, possibly mediated through prolactin. Other indirect support for the nutritional hypothesis is supplied by changing incidence rates in Iceland, possibly correlated with changing nutritional practices and the association of breast cancer with weight and possibly also with height. The association with height (which would suggest  nutritional effects mediated through childhood diet) has not been supported by a study in Canada. Direct investigation of the association between nutrition and breast cancer is difficult because of problems in dietary methodology. Nevertheless, the results of a Canadian case-control study provide support for the importance of high fat intake. Further studies of this question are undoubtedly required, however, before specific recommendations on dietary modification can be made."}
{"id": "PMID:872067", "title": "Present status of thermography, ultrasound and mammography in breast cancer detection.", "content": "Various biophysical methods have been utilized in the diagnosis of breast cancer. To date the best results have been obtained with x-ray mammography. Ultrasound and thermography have great appeal as non-destructive techniques but, in the present state of development, are of limited use. The spatial resolution presently obtainable in ultrasonograms is inadequate for the detection of subclinical cancer and thermography is also of questionable reliability. While an overall true positive rate of 70% to 75% may be anticipated with thermography, the bulk of false negatives would seem to occur in those tumors most amenable to therapy, i.e., subclinical cancers. The \"false positive\" rate of thermography is also excessive, but would be acceptable for establishing a high risk group if true positive rates could be improved. At present thermography finds its greatest use as an adjunct to mammography and physical examination; it should not be used as the sole modality in a screening program. The efficacy of mammography can be readily demonstrated but the propriety of its use as a screening device has been questioned. This is primarily related to the possible carcinogenic effect of radiation at diagnostic levels. Although the carcinogenic effect is unproven, the dose in radiologic procedures should be kept to a minimum consistent with adequate images. The present state of the art would indicate that the risk, if any, is minimal as contrasted with the natural incidence of breast cancer and the results of early diagnosis and treatment.", "contents": "Present status of thermography, ultrasound and mammography in breast cancer detection. Various biophysical methods have been utilized in the diagnosis of breast cancer. To date the best results have been obtained with x-ray mammography. Ultrasound and thermography have great appeal as non-destructive techniques but, in the present state of development, are of limited use. The spatial resolution presently obtainable in ultrasonograms is inadequate for the detection of subclinical cancer and thermography is also of questionable reliability. While an overall true positive rate of 70% to 75% may be anticipated with thermography, the bulk of false negatives would seem to occur in those tumors most amenable to therapy, i.e., subclinical cancers. The \"false positive\" rate of thermography is also excessive, but would be acceptable for establishing a high risk group if true positive rates could be improved. At present thermography finds its greatest use as an adjunct to mammography and physical examination; it should not be used as the sole modality in a screening program. The efficacy of mammography can be readily demonstrated but the propriety of its use as a screening device has been questioned. This is primarily related to the possible carcinogenic effect of radiation at diagnostic levels. Although the carcinogenic effect is unproven, the dose in radiologic procedures should be kept to a minimum consistent with adequate images. The present state of the art would indicate that the risk, if any, is minimal as contrasted with the natural incidence of breast cancer and the results of early diagnosis and treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:872076", "title": "Cell-mediated immunity and serum blocking factors in cancer patients during chemotherapy and immunotherapy.", "content": "The leukocyte adherence inhibition test was used to monitor tumor-specific cell-mediated immunity in 15 patients who had a variety of malignant tumors and were undergoing chemotherapy alone or in combination with immunotherapy by Corynebacterium parvum. A rapid and prolonged loss of cell-mediated immunity in blood leukocytes was observed after treatment in all but one of the patients studied. Abolition of reactivity was due to the lack of production of the soluble lymphokine-like factor affecting leukocyte adherence to glass. A new phenomenon of adherence stimulation by antigen, also mediated by a soluble factor, was observed after treatment in some patients. A drop in titer or total abrogation of serum blocking factors occurred in six of six patients tested following chemotherapy or immunotherapy. The lowered levels of blocking activity persisted during treatment and, with the possible exception of one patient, were not correlated with clinical benefit.", "contents": "Cell-mediated immunity and serum blocking factors in cancer patients during chemotherapy and immunotherapy. The leukocyte adherence inhibition test was used to monitor tumor-specific cell-mediated immunity in 15 patients who had a variety of malignant tumors and were undergoing chemotherapy alone or in combination with immunotherapy by Corynebacterium parvum. A rapid and prolonged loss of cell-mediated immunity in blood leukocytes was observed after treatment in all but one of the patients studied. Abolition of reactivity was due to the lack of production of the soluble lymphokine-like factor affecting leukocyte adherence to glass. A new phenomenon of adherence stimulation by antigen, also mediated by a soluble factor, was observed after treatment in some patients. A drop in titer or total abrogation of serum blocking factors occurred in six of six patients tested following chemotherapy or immunotherapy. The lowered levels of blocking activity persisted during treatment and, with the possible exception of one patient, were not correlated with clinical benefit."}
{"id": "PMID:872077", "title": "N4-Behenoyl-1-beta-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine as a potential new antitumor agent.", "content": "N4-Acyl-1-beta-D-arabinofuranosylcytosines, which are lipophilic antitumor analogs of 1-beta-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine, were dissolved by the use of a detergent, HCO-60, and the differences in the antitumor activities when the drugs were administered in the forms of solution or suspension were compared. N4-Stearoyl-1-beta-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine (NSC 201290), which was the most active compound when administered as an aqueous suspension, diminished in its activities after it had been dissolved into a clear solution, whereas N4-behenoyl-1-beta-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine (NSC 239336) exhibited activities superior to those of the parent compound 1-beta-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine when administered as a solution. Moreover, the high efficacy of this compound was long lasting in the host animal, regardless of the treatment schedules or the presence of the 1-beta-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine-inactivating enzyme, cytidine deaminase.", "contents": "N4-Behenoyl-1-beta-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine as a potential new antitumor agent. N4-Acyl-1-beta-D-arabinofuranosylcytosines, which are lipophilic antitumor analogs of 1-beta-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine, were dissolved by the use of a detergent, HCO-60, and the differences in the antitumor activities when the drugs were administered in the forms of solution or suspension were compared. N4-Stearoyl-1-beta-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine (NSC 201290), which was the most active compound when administered as an aqueous suspension, diminished in its activities after it had been dissolved into a clear solution, whereas N4-behenoyl-1-beta-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine (NSC 239336) exhibited activities superior to those of the parent compound 1-beta-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine when administered as a solution. Moreover, the high efficacy of this compound was long lasting in the host animal, regardless of the treatment schedules or the presence of the 1-beta-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine-inactivating enzyme, cytidine deaminase."}
{"id": "PMID:872080", "title": "Identification of aldophosphamide as a metabolite of cyclophosphamide in vitro and in vivo in humans.", "content": "Aldophosphamide (NSC 254), a putative key metabolite of cyclophosphamide, has now been isolated as a cyanohydrin derivative from an incubation mixture of cyclophosphamide with mouse liver microsomes in vitro and from the plasma of a cyclophosphamide-treated patient. The cyanohydrin has been shown to be identical with an authenic synthetic sample by mass spectrometry and combined gas chromatography-mass spectrometry.", "contents": "Identification of aldophosphamide as a metabolite of cyclophosphamide in vitro and in vivo in humans. Aldophosphamide (NSC 254), a putative key metabolite of cyclophosphamide, has now been isolated as a cyanohydrin derivative from an incubation mixture of cyclophosphamide with mouse liver microsomes in vitro and from the plasma of a cyclophosphamide-treated patient. The cyanohydrin has been shown to be identical with an authenic synthetic sample by mass spectrometry and combined gas chromatography-mass spectrometry."}
{"id": "PMID:872082", "title": "Epidemiological features of canine renal neoplasms.", "content": "A retrospective study of medical records from 13 veterinary university hospitals and clinics yielded 73 cases of confirmed primary neoplasms of the kidney and renal pelvis. Analysis of the 34 cases of renal carcinoma revealed no evidence of familial (breed) predisposition, but an excess risk was identified in males, especially during middle life. The morphological and epidemiological features of canine renal carcinoma are similar to those of renal carcinoma in humans. The dog may be a suitable model for further research into the causes of this cancer.", "contents": "Epidemiological features of canine renal neoplasms. A retrospective study of medical records from 13 veterinary university hospitals and clinics yielded 73 cases of confirmed primary neoplasms of the kidney and renal pelvis. Analysis of the 34 cases of renal carcinoma revealed no evidence of familial (breed) predisposition, but an excess risk was identified in males, especially during middle life. The morphological and epidemiological features of canine renal carcinoma are similar to those of renal carcinoma in humans. The dog may be a suitable model for further research into the causes of this cancer."}
{"id": "PMID:872083", "title": "Variation of levels of plasma guanosine diphosphate L-fucose:beta-D-galactosyl alpha-2-L-fucosyltransferase in acute adult leukemia.", "content": "We have measured plasma levels of an alpha-2-L-fucosyltransferase in 18 patients with acute adult leukemia at various clinical stages along with simultaneous bone marrow aspirations and biopsies. Patients in remission had significantly lower levels of this enzyme than did nonresponding or relapsing patients. Furthermore, plasma levels were correlated with percentage of marrow blast cells. This enzyme may serve as a biological marker for monitoring patients with acute leukemia receiving chemotherapy. It is particularly helpful as a guide to chemotherapy in patients on whom bone marrow aspirates are technically difficult to obtain.", "contents": "Variation of levels of plasma guanosine diphosphate L-fucose:beta-D-galactosyl alpha-2-L-fucosyltransferase in acute adult leukemia. We have measured plasma levels of an alpha-2-L-fucosyltransferase in 18 patients with acute adult leukemia at various clinical stages along with simultaneous bone marrow aspirations and biopsies. Patients in remission had significantly lower levels of this enzyme than did nonresponding or relapsing patients. Furthermore, plasma levels were correlated with percentage of marrow blast cells. This enzyme may serve as a biological marker for monitoring patients with acute leukemia receiving chemotherapy. It is particularly helpful as a guide to chemotherapy in patients on whom bone marrow aspirates are technically difficult to obtain."}
{"id": "PMID:872085", "title": "Increased plasma corticosterone and decreased plasma thyroid-stimulating hormone levels in rats treated with vincristine.", "content": "A single i.p. injection of vincristine (1000 microgram/kg) into rats increased the plasma concentration of corticosterone after a latent period of 4 hr; the effect lasted for 48 hr. The response was dose related with the threshold dose being 100 microgram/kg and the maximal effect occurring after 250 microgram/kg. Vincristine also increased plasma corticosterone levels in hypophysectomized rats, suggesting that the drug may have a direct action on the adrenal gland. The injection of 500 or 1000 microgram/kg also reduced the plasma concentration of thyroid-stimulating hormone. Twelve and 18 hr after the injection of vincristine (1000 microgram/kg), the plasma concentration of thyroid-stimulating hormone was reduced, whereas the hypothalamic content of norepinephrine, a neurotransmitter involved in the regulation of thyrotropin-releasing hormone-thyroid-stimulating hormone secretion, remained unchanged. The adrenocortical stimulation produced by vincristine may play some role in the antineoplastic effects of this drug.", "contents": "Increased plasma corticosterone and decreased plasma thyroid-stimulating hormone levels in rats treated with vincristine. A single i.p. injection of vincristine (1000 microgram/kg) into rats increased the plasma concentration of corticosterone after a latent period of 4 hr; the effect lasted for 48 hr. The response was dose related with the threshold dose being 100 microgram/kg and the maximal effect occurring after 250 microgram/kg. Vincristine also increased plasma corticosterone levels in hypophysectomized rats, suggesting that the drug may have a direct action on the adrenal gland. The injection of 500 or 1000 microgram/kg also reduced the plasma concentration of thyroid-stimulating hormone. Twelve and 18 hr after the injection of vincristine (1000 microgram/kg), the plasma concentration of thyroid-stimulating hormone was reduced, whereas the hypothalamic content of norepinephrine, a neurotransmitter involved in the regulation of thyrotropin-releasing hormone-thyroid-stimulating hormone secretion, remained unchanged. The adrenocortical stimulation produced by vincristine may play some role in the antineoplastic effects of this drug."}
{"id": "PMID:872087", "title": "Characterization and quantitative estimation of activated cyclophosphamide in blood and urine.", "content": "An assay for the characterization and quantitative determination of activated cyclophosphamide has been described. The method is based on high reactivity of the kryptaldehyde group in 4-hydroxycyclophosphamide with mercapto compounds to yield 4-(S-R)mercaptocyclophosphamide derivatives. The activated cyclophosphamide can be converted quantitatively to 4-(S-benzyl)mercaptocyclophosphamide with benzyl mercaptan, and the mercapto derivative can be separated by thin-layer chromatography on silica gel with ethyl acetate:methyl ethyl ketone as solvent. Using this assay, significant levels of activated cyclophosphamide in the blood of mice and rats, as well as of humans, were found to be present after cyclophosphamide application. The characterization of 4-(S-benzyl)mercaptocyclophosphamide formed was confirmed by comparing the thin-layer chromatographic and mass spectrometric data on this derivative obtained from an authentic sample  of 4-hydroxycyclophosphamide.", "contents": "Characterization and quantitative estimation of activated cyclophosphamide in blood and urine. An assay for the characterization and quantitative determination of activated cyclophosphamide has been described. The method is based on high reactivity of the kryptaldehyde group in 4-hydroxycyclophosphamide with mercapto compounds to yield 4-(S-R)mercaptocyclophosphamide derivatives. The activated cyclophosphamide can be converted quantitatively to 4-(S-benzyl)mercaptocyclophosphamide with benzyl mercaptan, and the mercapto derivative can be separated by thin-layer chromatography on silica gel with ethyl acetate:methyl ethyl ketone as solvent. Using this assay, significant levels of activated cyclophosphamide in the blood of mice and rats, as well as of humans, were found to be present after cyclophosphamide application. The characterization of 4-(S-benzyl)mercaptocyclophosphamide formed was confirmed by comparing the thin-layer chromatographic and mass spectrometric data on this derivative obtained from an authentic sample  of 4-hydroxycyclophosphamide."}
{"id": "PMID:872088", "title": "Pharmacokinetics of vindesine and vincristine in humans.", "content": "Vindesine, a new Phase 1 Vinca alkaloid congener, exhibited serum pharmacokinetic behavior in humans compatible with a three-compartment, open mammilary model. The kinetic parameters included: t1/2 alpha=3.24+/-1.14 min, t1/2beta=99.0+/-44.5 min, t1/2gamma=1213+/-493 min, Vc (Valpha)=4.81+/-2.12 liters, Vbeta=58.2+/-50.5 liters, Vgamma=598+/-294 liters. Vincristine, studied only for the first 4 hr, behaved like a two-compartment system, with values of t1/2 alpha=3.37+/-0.72 min, t1/2beta=155+/-18 min, Valpha=4.53+/-0.49 liters, and Vbeta=57.3+/-21.1 liters. Urine excretion data demonstrated that most drug elimination occurred within the first 24 hr and amounted to 13.2+/-5.9% for vindesine and 9.5+/-5.1% for vincristine.", "contents": "Pharmacokinetics of vindesine and vincristine in humans. Vindesine, a new Phase 1 Vinca alkaloid congener, exhibited serum pharmacokinetic behavior in humans compatible with a three-compartment, open mammilary model. The kinetic parameters included: t1/2 alpha=3.24+/-1.14 min, t1/2beta=99.0+/-44.5 min, t1/2gamma=1213+/-493 min, Vc (Valpha)=4.81+/-2.12 liters, Vbeta=58.2+/-50.5 liters, Vgamma=598+/-294 liters. Vincristine, studied only for the first 4 hr, behaved like a two-compartment system, with values of t1/2 alpha=3.37+/-0.72 min, t1/2beta=155+/-18 min, Valpha=4.53+/-0.49 liters, and Vbeta=57.3+/-21.1 liters. Urine excretion data demonstrated that most drug elimination occurred within the first 24 hr and amounted to 13.2+/-5.9% for vindesine and 9.5+/-5.1% for vincristine."}
{"id": "PMID:872091", "title": "Isolation and immunochemical and chemical characterization of carcinoembryonic antigen-like substances in colon lavages of healthy individuals.", "content": "Material with carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA)-like activity, isolated from colon lavages of healthy individuals, has been chemically characterized. The CEA-like activity in these lavages was purified by gel filtration on Sepharose 6B and Sephadex G-200 and by affinity chromatography on concanavalin A linked to Sepharose. The purified material migrated in polyacrylamide-sodium dodecyl sulfate electrophoresis as a single diffuse band with mobility identical with that of tumor CEA. The material with CEA activity from tumor tissue and from normal colon lavages gave lines of identity in double diffusion experiments and had similar inhibition curves with esssentially the same specific activities in a radioimmune assay for tumor CEA. The amino acid and carbohydrate compositions were similar to that observed for CEA tumor preparations. Lysine was the single amino terminus. Methylation analysis demonstrated that the monosaccharide linkages were similar to those in CEA isolated from tumor tissue.", "contents": "Isolation and immunochemical and chemical characterization of carcinoembryonic antigen-like substances in colon lavages of healthy individuals. Material with carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA)-like activity, isolated from colon lavages of healthy individuals, has been chemically characterized. The CEA-like activity in these lavages was purified by gel filtration on Sepharose 6B and Sephadex G-200 and by affinity chromatography on concanavalin A linked to Sepharose. The purified material migrated in polyacrylamide-sodium dodecyl sulfate electrophoresis as a single diffuse band with mobility identical with that of tumor CEA. The material with CEA activity from tumor tissue and from normal colon lavages gave lines of identity in double diffusion experiments and had similar inhibition curves with esssentially the same specific activities in a radioimmune assay for tumor CEA. The amino acid and carbohydrate compositions were similar to that observed for CEA tumor preparations. Lysine was the single amino terminus. Methylation analysis demonstrated that the monosaccharide linkages were similar to those in CEA isolated from tumor tissue."}
{"id": "PMID:872092", "title": "Antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytolysis of human colon carcinoma cells induced by specific antisera against carcinoembryonic antigen.", "content": "Antibody-dependent lymphocyte cytotoxicity against human colon carcinoma cells grown in vitro was demonstrated with rabbit anti-carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) antisera and normal human lymphocytes. The same antisera produced no tumor cell lysis in a complement-dependent cytotoxicity test. The specificity of the reaction was demonstrated by the inhibition of antibody-dependent lymphocyte cytotoxicity after the addition of increasing amounts of purified CEA to the antiserum and by the fact that only tumor cell lines expressing CEA on their surface were lysed. Antibody-dependent lymphocyte cytotoxicity was also observed against two colon carcinoma cell lines that expressed Blood Group A antigen, using a human serum containing anti-Blood Group A antibodies of the immunoglobulin G class. This reaction was specifically inhibited by absorption with Blood Group A red cells, whereas the anti-CEA-dependent cytotoxicity was not inhibited by absorption with red cells of different blood groups.", "contents": "Antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytolysis of human colon carcinoma cells induced by specific antisera against carcinoembryonic antigen. Antibody-dependent lymphocyte cytotoxicity against human colon carcinoma cells grown in vitro was demonstrated with rabbit anti-carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) antisera and normal human lymphocytes. The same antisera produced no tumor cell lysis in a complement-dependent cytotoxicity test. The specificity of the reaction was demonstrated by the inhibition of antibody-dependent lymphocyte cytotoxicity after the addition of increasing amounts of purified CEA to the antiserum and by the fact that only tumor cell lines expressing CEA on their surface were lysed. Antibody-dependent lymphocyte cytotoxicity was also observed against two colon carcinoma cell lines that expressed Blood Group A antigen, using a human serum containing anti-Blood Group A antibodies of the immunoglobulin G class. This reaction was specifically inhibited by absorption with Blood Group A red cells, whereas the anti-CEA-dependent cytotoxicity was not inhibited by absorption with red cells of different blood groups."}
{"id": "PMID:872093", "title": "Different extracellular calcium requirements for proliferation of nonneoplastic, preneoplastic, and neoplastic mouse cells.", "content": "The DNA-synthetic and proliferative activities of freshly isolated, nontumorigenic C3H mouse skin cells (first passage) were lowest when the extracellular free (or ionic) calcium level was reduced to between 0.05 and 0.1 mM, whereas the extracellular free calcium level in cultures of repeatedly passaged, preneoplastic C3H/10T1/2 and MCA-C3H/10T1/2 type I mouse fetal fibroblasts had to be reduced to 0.01 mM or less before the DNA-synthetic and proliferative activities were minimal. This inhibition of DNA synthesis and cell multiplication by calcium deprivation was rapidly reversed by returning the extracellular calcium level to its normal value. In contrast, the neoplastic fibrosarcoma-forming, MCA-C3H/10T1/2 type III mouse fetal fibroblasts could synthesize DNA and could multiply indefinitely even in the presence of an extremely low concentration of extracellular free calcium. Thus, the extracellular calcium requirement for DNA synthesis and proliferation appears to reflect the tumorigenic potential of the cell.", "contents": "Different extracellular calcium requirements for proliferation of nonneoplastic, preneoplastic, and neoplastic mouse cells. The DNA-synthetic and proliferative activities of freshly isolated, nontumorigenic C3H mouse skin cells (first passage) were lowest when the extracellular free (or ionic) calcium level was reduced to between 0.05 and 0.1 mM, whereas the extracellular free calcium level in cultures of repeatedly passaged, preneoplastic C3H/10T1/2 and MCA-C3H/10T1/2 type I mouse fetal fibroblasts had to be reduced to 0.01 mM or less before the DNA-synthetic and proliferative activities were minimal. This inhibition of DNA synthesis and cell multiplication by calcium deprivation was rapidly reversed by returning the extracellular calcium level to its normal value. In contrast, the neoplastic fibrosarcoma-forming, MCA-C3H/10T1/2 type III mouse fetal fibroblasts could synthesize DNA and could multiply indefinitely even in the presence of an extremely low concentration of extracellular free calcium. Thus, the extracellular calcium requirement for DNA synthesis and proliferation appears to reflect the tumorigenic potential of the cell."}
{"id": "PMID:872097", "title": "Enhancement of X-ray-induced transformation in C3H/10T1/2 cells by interferon.", "content": "Interferon may enhance malignant transformation induced by X-rays in a C3H mouse embryo-derived cell line. The inhibitory effect of interferon on cell division during the proliferative phase of  the expression of the transformational damage may be of importance in the understanding of this finding.", "contents": "Enhancement of X-ray-induced transformation in C3H/10T1/2 cells by interferon. Interferon may enhance malignant transformation induced by X-rays in a C3H mouse embryo-derived cell line. The inhibitory effect of interferon on cell division during the proliferative phase of  the expression of the transformational damage may be of importance in the understanding of this finding."}
{"id": "PMID:872098", "title": "Test for carcinogenicity of organic contaminants of United States drinking waters by pulmonary tumor response in strain A mice.", "content": "The production of lung adenomas in strain A following multiple i.p. injections of selected organic water contaminants was investigated. Of the 16 contaminants tested, only bromoform produced a pulmonary adenoma response that was significantly greater than the pulmonary adenoma response of vehicle-treated control mice.", "contents": "Test for carcinogenicity of organic contaminants of United States drinking waters by pulmonary tumor response in strain A mice. The production of lung adenomas in strain A following multiple i.p. injections of selected organic water contaminants was investigated. Of the 16 contaminants tested, only bromoform produced a pulmonary adenoma response that was significantly greater than the pulmonary adenoma response of vehicle-treated control mice."}
{"id": "PMID:872099", "title": "Marked differences in the tumor-initiating activity of optically pure (+)- and (-)-trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo(a)pyrene on mouse skin.", "content": "The ability of optically pure (+)- and (-)-trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo(a)pyrene to initiate skin tumors in mice was determined with a two-stage tumorigenesis system. A single application of 50 to 200 nmoles of (+)- or (-)-trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo(a)pyrene to the backs of CD-1 mice followed by twice-weekly applications of 12-O-tetradecanoyl-phorbol-13-acetate revealed that the (-)-enantiomer was 5- to 10-fold more potent than was the (+)-enantiomer as a tumor initiator at the three dosage levels tested. When the tumor-initiating activities of the (+)0 and (-)-enantiomers of trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo(a)pyrene were compared to the activity of benzo(a)pyrene at an equimolar dose, the (-)-enantiomer was more active while the (+)-enantiomer was considerably less active. This is the first report of differences in the carcinogenic activity between optical enantiomers.", "contents": "Marked differences in the tumor-initiating activity of optically pure (+)- and (-)-trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo(a)pyrene on mouse skin. The ability of optically pure (+)- and (-)-trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo(a)pyrene to initiate skin tumors in mice was determined with a two-stage tumorigenesis system. A single application of 50 to 200 nmoles of (+)- or (-)-trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo(a)pyrene to the backs of CD-1 mice followed by twice-weekly applications of 12-O-tetradecanoyl-phorbol-13-acetate revealed that the (-)-enantiomer was 5- to 10-fold more potent than was the (+)-enantiomer as a tumor initiator at the three dosage levels tested. When the tumor-initiating activities of the (+)0 and (-)-enantiomers of trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo(a)pyrene were compared to the activity of benzo(a)pyrene at an equimolar dose, the (-)-enantiomer was more active while the (+)-enantiomer was considerably less active. This is the first report of differences in the carcinogenic activity between optical enantiomers."}
{"id": "PMID:872104", "title": "The emotional problems of patients with bladder cancer.", "content": "In recent years the quality of survival has become a more dominant factor in our treatment and management of patients with cancer. As a result, it has become necessary to think in terms of a multidisciplinary approach to total rehabilitation. A part of this rehabilitation is of necessity determined by the emotional responses that patients exhibit to their disease and to its treatment. A useful model that has been applied to patients with other diseases and to patients with other types of cancer seems equally applicable to patients with bladder cancer. In my work with cancer patients I became aware that, after the initial fear of death was dealt with, the patients all responded to their dilemma with stereotyped and predictable responses (emotional patterns of behavior). It was apparent that these responses were determined by the degree to which the patient's life style was altered by the disease and/or treatment.", "contents": "The emotional problems of patients with bladder cancer. In recent years the quality of survival has become a more dominant factor in our treatment and management of patients with cancer. As a result, it has become necessary to think in terms of a multidisciplinary approach to total rehabilitation. A part of this rehabilitation is of necessity determined by the emotional responses that patients exhibit to their disease and to its treatment. A useful model that has been applied to patients with other diseases and to patients with other types of cancer seems equally applicable to patients with bladder cancer. In my work with cancer patients I became aware that, after the initial fear of death was dealt with, the patients all responded to their dilemma with stereotyped and predictable responses (emotional patterns of behavior). It was apparent that these responses were determined by the degree to which the patient's life style was altered by the disease and/or treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:872108", "title": "A long-term study of reversible and progressive urinary bladder cancer lesions in rats fed N-[4-(5-nitro-2-furyl)-2-thiazolyl]formamide.", "content": "Hyperplasia and, ultimately, neoplasia of bladder epithelium were produced by feeding 0.2% N-[4-(5-nitro-2-furyl)-2-thiazolyl]formamide (FANFT) to weaning male Fischer rats. Hyperplasia induced by FANFT feeding for 2, 4, or 6 weeks, followed by feeding control diet until the end of the 84-week experiment, was reversible, and at the end of the experiment bladder epithelium in these animals was normal by light and scanning electron microscopy. Hyperplasia produced by 8 or more weeks of FANFT feeding was irreversible and by 84 weeks had resulted in bladder tumors in all animals fed FANFT for 12 or more weeks and in 4 of 5 and 6 of 7 animals fed FANFT for 8 and 10 weeks, respectively. The epithelial changes after 6 and 8 weeks of FANFT were similar by light microscopy but different by scanning electron microscopy. Pleomorphic microvilli seen with scanning electron microscopy are the hallmark of irreversible, and possibly progressive, epithelial proliferative change.", "contents": "A long-term study of reversible and progressive urinary bladder cancer lesions in rats fed N-[4-(5-nitro-2-furyl)-2-thiazolyl]formamide. Hyperplasia and, ultimately, neoplasia of bladder epithelium were produced by feeding 0.2% N-[4-(5-nitro-2-furyl)-2-thiazolyl]formamide (FANFT) to weaning male Fischer rats. Hyperplasia induced by FANFT feeding for 2, 4, or 6 weeks, followed by feeding control diet until the end of the 84-week experiment, was reversible, and at the end of the experiment bladder epithelium in these animals was normal by light and scanning electron microscopy. Hyperplasia produced by 8 or more weeks of FANFT feeding was irreversible and by 84 weeks had resulted in bladder tumors in all animals fed FANFT for 12 or more weeks and in 4 of 5 and 6 of 7 animals fed FANFT for 8 and 10 weeks, respectively. The epithelial changes after 6 and 8 weeks of FANFT were similar by light microscopy but different by scanning electron microscopy. Pleomorphic microvilli seen with scanning electron microscopy are the hallmark of irreversible, and possibly progressive, epithelial proliferative change."}
{"id": "PMID:872114", "title": "Development of tissue culture procedures for predicting the individual risk of recurrence in bladder cancer.", "content": "We are using three correlated approaches in tissue culture to develop procedures for distinguishing between histologically similar tumors and to develop distinctions that we hope can be correlated with a favorable outcome or with recurrence of more serious disease. Our procedures involve study of the growth of resected tumor tissue in a three-dimensional matrix of collagen-coated cellulose sponge. Using bladder cancer cell lines we are also studying the patterns of cytotypic zonation that appear in response to prolonged exposure to continuous gradients of oxygen tension and of temperature. Finally, we are using vitamin A and modifiers of cyclic adenosine 3':5'-monophosphate as molecular probes to alter the morphological expression of tumors in matrix and in gradient cultures. We have studied over 80 specimens of clinical cancer in matrix culture. Tumors of similar histopathology grow with distinctly different architecture in the matrix of collagen-coated sponge. We must now determine whether these patterns in vitro can be correlated with the course of individual patients.", "contents": "Development of tissue culture procedures for predicting the individual risk of recurrence in bladder cancer. We are using three correlated approaches in tissue culture to develop procedures for distinguishing between histologically similar tumors and to develop distinctions that we hope can be correlated with a favorable outcome or with recurrence of more serious disease. Our procedures involve study of the growth of resected tumor tissue in a three-dimensional matrix of collagen-coated cellulose sponge. Using bladder cancer cell lines we are also studying the patterns of cytotypic zonation that appear in response to prolonged exposure to continuous gradients of oxygen tension and of temperature. Finally, we are using vitamin A and modifiers of cyclic adenosine 3':5'-monophosphate as molecular probes to alter the morphological expression of tumors in matrix and in gradient cultures. We have studied over 80 specimens of clinical cancer in matrix culture. Tumors of similar histopathology grow with distinctly different architecture in the matrix of collagen-coated sponge. We must now determine whether these patterns in vitro can be correlated with the course of individual patients."}
{"id": "PMID:872115", "title": "Cell surface changes associated with malignant transformation of bladder epithelium in vitro.", "content": "Three properties of cell surface membranes of normal bladder epithelium and of two malignant urothelial lines transformed in vitro by Dr. Y. Hashimoto and Dr. H. S. Kitagawa were analyzed by means of morphological and chemical tools. Under scan electron microscopy, normal bladder epithelium displayed an appearance devoid of the pleomorphic, abundantly distributed, microvillous structures seen on the neoplastic cells. The molecular weight profiles of proteins dispersed from purified plasma membrane fractions demonstrated quantitative differences in the content of three molecular-weight classes between the native and the transformed cells. More striking differences were seen upon two-dimensional analysis of proteins solubilized from these two cell types, using 3 M KCl. These findings suggest that further investigations of the chemical moieties appearing on the cell surface early after transformation may enhance our understanding of proteins amenable for chemical and/or immunological attack to achieve control of the progression of bladder neoplasia.", "contents": "Cell surface changes associated with malignant transformation of bladder epithelium in vitro. Three properties of cell surface membranes of normal bladder epithelium and of two malignant urothelial lines transformed in vitro by Dr. Y. Hashimoto and Dr. H. S. Kitagawa were analyzed by means of morphological and chemical tools. Under scan electron microscopy, normal bladder epithelium displayed an appearance devoid of the pleomorphic, abundantly distributed, microvillous structures seen on the neoplastic cells. The molecular weight profiles of proteins dispersed from purified plasma membrane fractions demonstrated quantitative differences in the content of three molecular-weight classes between the native and the transformed cells. More striking differences were seen upon two-dimensional analysis of proteins solubilized from these two cell types, using 3 M KCl. These findings suggest that further investigations of the chemical moieties appearing on the cell surface early after transformation may enhance our understanding of proteins amenable for chemical and/or immunological attack to achieve control of the progression of bladder neoplasia."}
{"id": "PMID:872116", "title": "Biochemically detectable tumor markers in urine of bladder cancer patients.", "content": "Potential biochemical markers excreted in the urine of bladder cancer patients have been considered, with the conclusion that none alone has yet proven to be useful as a screening procedure for the detection of urothelial cancer. Quantitative fluctuations in urinary levels of several of these markers in combination, such as pseudouridine, beta-amino-isobutyric acid, and fibrinogen degradation products, appear to be valuable in the assessment of the treatment of bladder cancer patients and in helping to predict recurrences in these patients.", "contents": "Biochemically detectable tumor markers in urine of bladder cancer patients. Potential biochemical markers excreted in the urine of bladder cancer patients have been considered, with the conclusion that none alone has yet proven to be useful as a screening procedure for the detection of urothelial cancer. Quantitative fluctuations in urinary levels of several of these markers in combination, such as pseudouridine, beta-amino-isobutyric acid, and fibrinogen degradation products, appear to be valuable in the assessment of the treatment of bladder cancer patients and in helping to predict recurrences in these patients."}
{"id": "PMID:872117", "title": "Immunological responsiveness in patients with bladder cancer.", "content": "Delayed cutaneous hypersensitivity tests, especially skin tests with dinitrochlorobenzene, are impaired increasingly as the amount of tumor increases. Recall antigens are less sensitive indicators of disease. Therapy, especially radiotherapy, also depresses cell-mediated immunity. Removal of tumor, however, allows these tests to return to normal. Dinitrochlorobenzene skin testing can contribute significantly to prognostic evaluation. An important facet of the tumor-host relationship is measured, and this reflects factors that are independent of tumor staging. Combination of tumor staging and dinitrochlorobenzene-delayed hypersensitivity testing can provide a strong indication of the clinical course, especially for the year following initial treatment of invasive or metastatic transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder.", "contents": "Immunological responsiveness in patients with bladder cancer. Delayed cutaneous hypersensitivity tests, especially skin tests with dinitrochlorobenzene, are impaired increasingly as the amount of tumor increases. Recall antigens are less sensitive indicators of disease. Therapy, especially radiotherapy, also depresses cell-mediated immunity. Removal of tumor, however, allows these tests to return to normal. Dinitrochlorobenzene skin testing can contribute significantly to prognostic evaluation. An important facet of the tumor-host relationship is measured, and this reflects factors that are independent of tumor staging. Combination of tumor staging and dinitrochlorobenzene-delayed hypersensitivity testing can provide a strong indication of the clinical course, especially for the year following initial treatment of invasive or metastatic transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder."}
{"id": "PMID:872120", "title": "Surveillance, initial assessment, and subsequent progress of patients with superficial bladder cancer in a prospective longitudinal study. National Bladder Cancer Collaborative Group A (NBCCGA).", "content": "Through a bladder cancer surveillance protocol, a sizable population of patients suitable for characterizing the dynamics and patterns of recurrent superficial transitional cell carcinoma has been identified. One hundred thirty-three patients have been followed after their first occurrence of transitional cell carcinoma (Stage O or A).  Only patients whose tumors were considered to be completely removed by transurethral resection and who were not treated by any other means were included. Although a full year of follow-up is not yet complete, recurrent bladder carcinoma has been noted in 44 (33%). Most of these recurrences were identified at the first follow-up cystoscopy and the majority were present at the site of the initial lesion. Tumor size, grade, and stage did not appear to influence recurrence, whereas multiplicity did. The relevance of these findings to various theories about the mechanism of recurrence is discussed.", "contents": "Surveillance, initial assessment, and subsequent progress of patients with superficial bladder cancer in a prospective longitudinal study. National Bladder Cancer Collaborative Group A (NBCCGA). Through a bladder cancer surveillance protocol, a sizable population of patients suitable for characterizing the dynamics and patterns of recurrent superficial transitional cell carcinoma has been identified. One hundred thirty-three patients have been followed after their first occurrence of transitional cell carcinoma (Stage O or A).  Only patients whose tumors were considered to be completely removed by transurethral resection and who were not treated by any other means were included. Although a full year of follow-up is not yet complete, recurrent bladder carcinoma has been noted in 44 (33%). Most of these recurrences were identified at the first follow-up cystoscopy and the majority were present at the site of the initial lesion. Tumor size, grade, and stage did not appear to influence recurrence, whereas multiplicity did. The relevance of these findings to various theories about the mechanism of recurrence is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:872122", "title": "Histopathological evaluation of the inhibition of rat bladder carcinogenesis by 13-cis-retinoic acid.", "content": "An objective system for histopathological and statistical evaluation of rat bladder lesions induced by the carcinogen, N-methyl-N-nitrosourea, is described. This system has been used to measure the inhibitory effects of 13-cis-retinoic acid on the development of bladder cancer in female Wistar/Lewis rats. 13-cis-Retinoic acid caused significant inhibition of development of both preneoplastic and neoplastic lesions in bladder epithelium.", "contents": "Histopathological evaluation of the inhibition of rat bladder carcinogenesis by 13-cis-retinoic acid. An objective system for histopathological and statistical evaluation of rat bladder lesions induced by the carcinogen, N-methyl-N-nitrosourea, is described. This system has been used to measure the inhibitory effects of 13-cis-retinoic acid on the development of bladder cancer in female Wistar/Lewis rats. 13-cis-Retinoic acid caused significant inhibition of development of both preneoplastic and neoplastic lesions in bladder epithelium."}
{"id": "PMID:872124", "title": "The importance of synergy between weak carcinogens in the induction of bladder cancer in experimental animals and humans.", "content": "It is now well established that the interaction of multiple environmental factors may increase the incidence of some human cancers more than exposure to a single carcinogen. With an in vivo experimental rat model, we have demonstrated a synergistic effect in bladder carcinogenesis between a subcarcinogenic dose of the strong bladder carcinogen, N-methyl-N-nitrosourea, and saccharin- or cyclamate-containing diets. If these artificial sweeteners are capable of interacting with other environmental bladder carcinogens, their potential for increasing the incidence of human bladder cancer is greater than many more potent chemical carcinogens, because of their wide distribution as food additives to all sections of the population. Retrospective epidemiology shows no evidence of such risk from saccharin at current levels of consumption. No comparable studies are available for cyclamate, which was consumed in greater quantities but for relatively few years. It is emphasized that it is possible for interaction between multiple factors to contribute to the incidence of human bladder cancer as it does in other human organs and in other animal species.", "contents": "The importance of synergy between weak carcinogens in the induction of bladder cancer in experimental animals and humans. It is now well established that the interaction of multiple environmental factors may increase the incidence of some human cancers more than exposure to a single carcinogen. With an in vivo experimental rat model, we have demonstrated a synergistic effect in bladder carcinogenesis between a subcarcinogenic dose of the strong bladder carcinogen, N-methyl-N-nitrosourea, and saccharin- or cyclamate-containing diets. If these artificial sweeteners are capable of interacting with other environmental bladder carcinogens, their potential for increasing the incidence of human bladder cancer is greater than many more potent chemical carcinogens, because of their wide distribution as food additives to all sections of the population. Retrospective epidemiology shows no evidence of such risk from saccharin at current levels of consumption. No comparable studies are available for cyclamate, which was consumed in greater quantities but for relatively few years. It is emphasized that it is possible for interaction between multiple factors to contribute to the incidence of human bladder cancer as it does in other human organs and in other animal species."}
{"id": "PMID:872126", "title": "Characteristics of human prostatic cell cultures.", "content": "In preliminary experiments, the respective requirements of prostate-derived epithelial cells were compared with those of human lung fibroblast line (WI38). Optimal levels for cysteine and glutamine were similar but not identical. The response of these two cell types to the macromolecular fraction of serum (dialyzed) was reciprocal. These results suggest that serum contains a dialyzable factor or factors necessary for the growth of prostatic epithelial cells.", "contents": "Characteristics of human prostatic cell cultures. In preliminary experiments, the respective requirements of prostate-derived epithelial cells were compared with those of human lung fibroblast line (WI38). Optimal levels for cysteine and glutamine were similar but not identical. The response of these two cell types to the macromolecular fraction of serum (dialyzed) was reciprocal. These results suggest that serum contains a dialyzable factor or factors necessary for the growth of prostatic epithelial cells."}
{"id": "PMID:872127", "title": "Separation and characterization of epithelial cells from prostates and prostatic carcinomas: a review.", "content": "Our investigation of normal, hyperplastic, and neoplastic prostatic tissue during the past 2 1/2 years has produced several findings which have been published or accepted for publication. (a) Cells from hamster prostates with intense histochemically demonstrable acid phosphatase activity (HDAP) after fixation with formaldehyde which we believe to be epithelial cells can be obtained in 97.2% +/- 0.8% purity by velocity sedimentation in a previously described isokinetic density gradient; (b) similarly, cells with HDAP, many of which contain lipofuscin granules, can be obtained as 81.0% +/- 12.2% of nucleated cells from hyperplastic human prostates and as 86.4% +/- 9.4% of nucleated cells from human prostatic carcinomas; (c) more cells were obtained from human hyperplastic prostates and prostates with prostatic carcinoma per gram of tissue with the aid of Pronase than were obtained with trypsin, collagenase, or mechanical methods; (d) more cells per gram of tissue were obtained from surgically removed prostates than from prostates obtained at even very rapid autopsies, and a much larger proportion of the cells from surgically removed prostates were viable as assessed both by dye exclusion and by plating efficiency; (e) none of several substrates and inhibitors which we tested were highly specific for acid phosphatase from purified prostatic epithelial cells compared with several other kinds of purified human cells; and (f) purified hamster prostatic epithelial cells incorporate large amounts of tritiated thymidine in 72-hour cultures.", "contents": "Separation and characterization of epithelial cells from prostates and prostatic carcinomas: a review. Our investigation of normal, hyperplastic, and neoplastic prostatic tissue during the past 2 1/2 years has produced several findings which have been published or accepted for publication. (a) Cells from hamster prostates with intense histochemically demonstrable acid phosphatase activity (HDAP) after fixation with formaldehyde which we believe to be epithelial cells can be obtained in 97.2% +/- 0.8% purity by velocity sedimentation in a previously described isokinetic density gradient; (b) similarly, cells with HDAP, many of which contain lipofuscin granules, can be obtained as 81.0% +/- 12.2% of nucleated cells from hyperplastic human prostates and as 86.4% +/- 9.4% of nucleated cells from human prostatic carcinomas; (c) more cells were obtained from human hyperplastic prostates and prostates with prostatic carcinoma per gram of tissue with the aid of Pronase than were obtained with trypsin, collagenase, or mechanical methods; (d) more cells per gram of tissue were obtained from surgically removed prostates than from prostates obtained at even very rapid autopsies, and a much larger proportion of the cells from surgically removed prostates were viable as assessed both by dye exclusion and by plating efficiency; (e) none of several substrates and inhibitors which we tested were highly specific for acid phosphatase from purified prostatic epithelial cells compared with several other kinds of purified human cells; and (f) purified hamster prostatic epithelial cells incorporate large amounts of tritiated thymidine in 72-hour cultures."}
{"id": "PMID:872128", "title": "Characterization of prostatic carcinoma among blacks: a continuation report.", "content": "A clinical and pathologic comparison of carcinoma of the prostate in a high-risk US (Washington, DC) black population and in a low-risk Nigerian (Ibadan) black population is presented. Fifty-two percent of American patients were in clinical stages I and II, whereas only 10% of Nigerian patients were in the same stages. Testosterone and estradiol blood levels were significantly lower (P less than 0.05) in patients with carcinoma of the prostate from Ibadan compared with American black prostate cancer patients from Washington, DC. Age-standardized incidence rates (world standard) for 1000 autopsies for micro (incidental)-carcinoma were approximately equal in American and African black men. The incidence rate of invasive carcinoma was, however, even after adjustment for age, higher in American black men than in African men.", "contents": "Characterization of prostatic carcinoma among blacks: a continuation report. A clinical and pathologic comparison of carcinoma of the prostate in a high-risk US (Washington, DC) black population and in a low-risk Nigerian (Ibadan) black population is presented. Fifty-two percent of American patients were in clinical stages I and II, whereas only 10% of Nigerian patients were in the same stages. Testosterone and estradiol blood levels were significantly lower (P less than 0.05) in patients with carcinoma of the prostate from Ibadan compared with American black prostate cancer patients from Washington, DC. Age-standardized incidence rates (world standard) for 1000 autopsies for micro (incidental)-carcinoma were approximately equal in American and African black men. The incidence rate of invasive carcinoma was, however, even after adjustment for age, higher in American black men than in African men."}
{"id": "PMID:872129", "title": "Race, socioeconomic status, and prostatic cancer.", "content": "Using mortality and incidence data from Alameda County, California, this study attempted to determine whether the higher occurrence rate of prostatic cancer among black men as compared with whites in the United States might be explained by racial differences in factors associated with socioeconomic status. Each death or case of prostatic cancer was assigned to a social class based on census tract of residence, and rates by race and socioeconomic status were computed. Comparison of age-specific mortality and incidence rates by socioeconomic status reveals no gradient in either whites or blacks. The higher risk for blacks holds up at almost every age and socioeconomic level. However, the racial differences are less pronounced for incidence than for mortality. Racial differences in the occurrrence of deaths appearing in Part II of the death certificate are also examined.", "contents": "Race, socioeconomic status, and prostatic cancer. Using mortality and incidence data from Alameda County, California, this study attempted to determine whether the higher occurrence rate of prostatic cancer among black men as compared with whites in the United States might be explained by racial differences in factors associated with socioeconomic status. Each death or case of prostatic cancer was assigned to a social class based on census tract of residence, and rates by race and socioeconomic status were computed. Comparison of age-specific mortality and incidence rates by socioeconomic status reveals no gradient in either whites or blacks. The higher risk for blacks holds up at almost every age and socioeconomic level. However, the racial differences are less pronounced for incidence than for mortality. Racial differences in the occurrrence of deaths appearing in Part II of the death certificate are also examined."}
{"id": "PMID:872131", "title": "Effects of novel acetylenic and allenic steroids on the rat prostate.", "content": "Novel acetylenic and allenic steroid analogs previously have been synthesized in this laboratory and were shown to be potent irreversible inhibitors of delta5-3-ketosteroid isomerase from P. Testosteroni. This bacterial enzyme catalyzes the conversion of delta5-3-ketosteroids to the corresponding delta4-3-ketosteroids. These isomerizations are key steps in the mammalian biosynthesis of steroid hormones, and it was hoped that the acetylenic and allenic steroid analogs migh inhibit androgen biosynthesis. We have now shown that these compounds cause a significant and dose-dependent decrease in the wet weight of both ventral and dorsal lateral prostate in the mature male rat.", "contents": "Effects of novel acetylenic and allenic steroids on the rat prostate. Novel acetylenic and allenic steroid analogs previously have been synthesized in this laboratory and were shown to be potent irreversible inhibitors of delta5-3-ketosteroid isomerase from P. Testosteroni. This bacterial enzyme catalyzes the conversion of delta5-3-ketosteroids to the corresponding delta4-3-ketosteroids. These isomerizations are key steps in the mammalian biosynthesis of steroid hormones, and it was hoped that the acetylenic and allenic steroid analogs migh inhibit androgen biosynthesis. We have now shown that these compounds cause a significant and dose-dependent decrease in the wet weight of both ventral and dorsal lateral prostate in the mature male rat."}
{"id": "PMID:872132", "title": "Characterization of the Dunning R3327H prostatic adenocarcinoma: an appropriate animal model for prostatic cancer.", "content": "The Dunning R3327H rat prostatic adenocarcinoma appears to be an appropriate animal model for studying prostatic cancer. This report contains a detailed characterization of this tumor at the morphologic, biochemical, and therapeutic levels. Electron micrographic, histologic, and histochemical studies clearly establish the adenocarcinoma nature of this tumor. The histology of the R3327H tumor is similar to well-differentiated human prostatic cancer. The biochemical and enzymatic profile of the tumor indicates its origin from the rat dorsolateral prostate. The cell kinetics and growth rates of this tumor following a variety of hormonal manipulations (castration, estrogens, androgens, and antiandrogens) have established that 70%-90% of the cells in this tumor require androgens for their growth. However, 10%-30% of the cells are capable of growth in the absence of androgens. Both cell types are present in the initial tumor inoculum and these different cell types possess similar growth rates. The predominance of the androgen-sensitive cells accounts for the relatively greater size of the tumor achieved in the intact male animal at a given growth time. After the tumor is well established in an intact animal, subsequent estrogen therapy or castration resulted in a marked diminution in tumro volume. This was followed by a subsequent relapse. In addition, estramustine phosphate was also shown to cause shrinkage in the tumor volume.", "contents": "Characterization of the Dunning R3327H prostatic adenocarcinoma: an appropriate animal model for prostatic cancer. The Dunning R3327H rat prostatic adenocarcinoma appears to be an appropriate animal model for studying prostatic cancer. This report contains a detailed characterization of this tumor at the morphologic, biochemical, and therapeutic levels. Electron micrographic, histologic, and histochemical studies clearly establish the adenocarcinoma nature of this tumor. The histology of the R3327H tumor is similar to well-differentiated human prostatic cancer. The biochemical and enzymatic profile of the tumor indicates its origin from the rat dorsolateral prostate. The cell kinetics and growth rates of this tumor following a variety of hormonal manipulations (castration, estrogens, androgens, and antiandrogens) have established that 70%-90% of the cells in this tumor require androgens for their growth. However, 10%-30% of the cells are capable of growth in the absence of androgens. Both cell types are present in the initial tumor inoculum and these different cell types possess similar growth rates. The predominance of the androgen-sensitive cells accounts for the relatively greater size of the tumor achieved in the intact male animal at a given growth time. After the tumor is well established in an intact animal, subsequent estrogen therapy or castration resulted in a marked diminution in tumro volume. This was followed by a subsequent relapse. In addition, estramustine phosphate was also shown to cause shrinkage in the tumor volume."}
{"id": "PMID:872133", "title": "Evaluation of extended-field radiotherapy for prostatic neoplasm: 1976 progress report.", "content": "These observations show that short-term, disease-free survival is (a) excellent (86.5%) in patients with negative lymph node biopsies, (b) greatly diminished (30%) in patients with positive para-aortic and pelvic lymph node biopsies, and (c) intermediate (71.5%) in patients with positive pelvic lymph node biopsies only in the pelvic region following extended-field radiation therapy of carcinoma of the prostate.", "contents": "Evaluation of extended-field radiotherapy for prostatic neoplasm: 1976 progress report. These observations show that short-term, disease-free survival is (a) excellent (86.5%) in patients with negative lymph node biopsies, (b) greatly diminished (30%) in patients with positive para-aortic and pelvic lymph node biopsies, and (c) intermediate (71.5%) in patients with positive pelvic lymph node biopsies only in the pelvic region following extended-field radiation therapy of carcinoma of the prostate."}
{"id": "PMID:872134", "title": "New steroidal alkylating agents in advanced stage D carcinoma of the prostate.", "content": "In a previous study, 50 patients with prostatic carcinoma were given continuous oral estramustine phosphate at a dose of 15 mg/kg/day. All patients had progressed on prior standard treatment. The objective and subjective response rates were 19% and 36% respectively. Seven of the 50 patients are still receiving treatment after 1-3 years. One patient who was given estramustine phosphate therapy for 1 year achieved a complete response, which included disappearance of osteoblastic metastasis. He still continues in unmaintained remission despite the fact that estramustine phosphate therapy was stopped because of gastrointestinal toxicity. No serious side effects related to the drug have been seen. Estramustine phosphate may be given safely for a prolonged period and has a place in the treatment of advanced prostatic cancer refractory to hormonal therapy. Twenty-one patients with stage D prostatic adenocarcinoma who failed hormonal therapy were treated with a combination of estramustine phosphate (600 mg/m2/day) plus prednimustine (Leo-1031) (15 mg/m2/day) in daily oral doses. Fifteen patients have been treated with prednimustine alone. The preliminary results of the combination therapy (after 2-9 months) are as follows: five patients (24%) had an objective response and nine patients (44%) had subjective improvement. Only five (24%) did not benefit from the drug and seven (33%) are stable. Of the 16 patients treated with prednimustine alone, one patient has had an unequivocal objective response and one experienced a considerable objective improvement. These preliminary results indicate the possible advantage of adding an alkylating agent (prednimustine) to estramustine phosphate in advanced prostatic carcinoma.", "contents": "New steroidal alkylating agents in advanced stage D carcinoma of the prostate. In a previous study, 50 patients with prostatic carcinoma were given continuous oral estramustine phosphate at a dose of 15 mg/kg/day. All patients had progressed on prior standard treatment. The objective and subjective response rates were 19% and 36% respectively. Seven of the 50 patients are still receiving treatment after 1-3 years. One patient who was given estramustine phosphate therapy for 1 year achieved a complete response, which included disappearance of osteoblastic metastasis. He still continues in unmaintained remission despite the fact that estramustine phosphate therapy was stopped because of gastrointestinal toxicity. No serious side effects related to the drug have been seen. Estramustine phosphate may be given safely for a prolonged period and has a place in the treatment of advanced prostatic cancer refractory to hormonal therapy. Twenty-one patients with stage D prostatic adenocarcinoma who failed hormonal therapy were treated with a combination of estramustine phosphate (600 mg/m2/day) plus prednimustine (Leo-1031) (15 mg/m2/day) in daily oral doses. Fifteen patients have been treated with prednimustine alone. The preliminary results of the combination therapy (after 2-9 months) are as follows: five patients (24%) had an objective response and nine patients (44%) had subjective improvement. Only five (24%) did not benefit from the drug and seven (33%) are stable. Of the 16 patients treated with prednimustine alone, one patient has had an unequivocal objective response and one experienced a considerable objective improvement. These preliminary results indicate the possible advantage of adding an alkylating agent (prednimustine) to estramustine phosphate in advanced prostatic carcinoma."}
{"id": "PMID:872136", "title": "CIS-Dichlorodiammineplatinum(II) in the treatment of epidermoid carcinoma of the head and neck.", "content": "Twenty-six patients with far-advanced epidermoid carcinoma of the head and neck were treated with cis-dichlorodiammineplatinum(II) (DDP) in high doses, utilizing the technique of concurrent mannitol-induced diuresis. All 26 patients had received prior radical radiotherapy to local disease, 14 had had major ablative surgical procedures, and all but five had been previously treated with chemotherapy. Responses were as follows (duration in months): two complete (2+, 6+), six partial (1, 2, 3, 4, 5+, 8+), ten minor (all but one less than 1.5), and eight no change or progression. Responses were seen in primary tumors, neck nodes, and pulmonary metastases. Nausea and vomiting were seen consistently in all patients but were never dose-limiting. Myelosuppression was mild, with only three patients developing platelet counts less than 50,000/mm3 and no patient with a wbc count less than 2000/mm3. Transient elevations of serum creatinine were common but no patient developed peak levels greater than 2 mg/dl. Transient tinnitus was also common although only four patients developed clinically significant hearing loss during the trial and DDP could be definitely implicated in only one instance. DDP in this dose and schedule is thus effective and safe therapy in a very heavily pretreated group of patients with advanced head and neck cancer and is now being used in combination with other agents in the initial treatment of these patients.", "contents": "CIS-Dichlorodiammineplatinum(II) in the treatment of epidermoid carcinoma of the head and neck. Twenty-six patients with far-advanced epidermoid carcinoma of the head and neck were treated with cis-dichlorodiammineplatinum(II) (DDP) in high doses, utilizing the technique of concurrent mannitol-induced diuresis. All 26 patients had received prior radical radiotherapy to local disease, 14 had had major ablative surgical procedures, and all but five had been previously treated with chemotherapy. Responses were as follows (duration in months): two complete (2+, 6+), six partial (1, 2, 3, 4, 5+, 8+), ten minor (all but one less than 1.5), and eight no change or progression. Responses were seen in primary tumors, neck nodes, and pulmonary metastases. Nausea and vomiting were seen consistently in all patients but were never dose-limiting. Myelosuppression was mild, with only three patients developing platelet counts less than 50,000/mm3 and no patient with a wbc count less than 2000/mm3. Transient elevations of serum creatinine were common but no patient developed peak levels greater than 2 mg/dl. Transient tinnitus was also common although only four patients developed clinically significant hearing loss during the trial and DDP could be definitely implicated in only one instance. DDP in this dose and schedule is thus effective and safe therapy in a very heavily pretreated group of patients with advanced head and neck cancer and is now being used in combination with other agents in the initial treatment of these patients."}
{"id": "PMID:872138", "title": "Treatment of multiple myeloma in remission with anticancer drugs having cell cycle specific characteristics.", "content": "Four anticancer drugs with cell cycle phase-specific characteristics (azathioprine, cytosine arabinoside, hydroxyurea, and vincristine) were individually used to treat 12 patients with multiple myeloma in partial remission (ie, greater than or equal to 50% reduction in tumor cell number) after cell cycle nonspecific chemotherapy. In six of eight patients vincristine induced further statistically significant reduction in total body myeloma cell number (24%-60% tumor cell reductions), whereas, azathiprine had lesser activity. Cytosine arabinoside and hydroxyurea were unsuccessful and excessively toxic chemotherapeutic agents in this setting, although optimal dosing schedules were difficult to achieve because they caused moderately severe bone marrow suppression. We conclude that vincristine is a useful cytoreductive agent for multiple myeloma and should be added to cell cycle nonspecific agents for the treatment of this disease.", "contents": "Treatment of multiple myeloma in remission with anticancer drugs having cell cycle specific characteristics. Four anticancer drugs with cell cycle phase-specific characteristics (azathioprine, cytosine arabinoside, hydroxyurea, and vincristine) were individually used to treat 12 patients with multiple myeloma in partial remission (ie, greater than or equal to 50% reduction in tumor cell number) after cell cycle nonspecific chemotherapy. In six of eight patients vincristine induced further statistically significant reduction in total body myeloma cell number (24%-60% tumor cell reductions), whereas, azathiprine had lesser activity. Cytosine arabinoside and hydroxyurea were unsuccessful and excessively toxic chemotherapeutic agents in this setting, although optimal dosing schedules were difficult to achieve because they caused moderately severe bone marrow suppression. We conclude that vincristine is a useful cytoreductive agent for multiple myeloma and should be added to cell cycle nonspecific agents for the treatment of this disease."}
{"id": "PMID:872139", "title": "Initial clinical study with pyrazofurin.", "content": "Twenty-five patients with inoperable carcinoma and lymphoma were given pyrazofurin (pf) by iv bolus at a dose level ranging from 100 to 300 mg/m2 of estimated body surface area. In addition, five patients with acute leukemia were given PF by infusion at doses ranging from 250 mg/m2/24 hours to 1500 mg/m2/144 hours. PF was well tolerated by most patients at doses of 100 mg/m2 given as an iv bolus weekly or 250 mg/m2 given every 2-3 weeks. However, an infusion of 750 mg/m2 given over a period of 72-120 hours to leukemic patients resulted in severe but reversible toxicity; 1500 mg/m2 of PF given over a 144-hour period to one patient resulted in the development of severe mucocutaneous toxicity and leukopenia. The patient died of hemorrhagic pneumonitis. The major toxic effects observed were mucosal (oral pain, cheilosis, redness, and oral and lip ulcers), cutaneous (erythema, erosion, and bullae), and hematologic (anemia, leukopenia, and thrombocytopenia). The mucosal manifestations appear to be the dose-limiting toxic factors in most patients. Toxic reactions were more pronounced in patients who had previously received radiotherapy; dose-limiting hematologic toxic reactions occurred in four. After treatment with PF, one of the four patients with breast carcinoma had a partial response (greater than 50% regression) lasting 5 weeks. Another patient with breast carcinoma improved for about 1 month.", "contents": "Initial clinical study with pyrazofurin. Twenty-five patients with inoperable carcinoma and lymphoma were given pyrazofurin (pf) by iv bolus at a dose level ranging from 100 to 300 mg/m2 of estimated body surface area. In addition, five patients with acute leukemia were given PF by infusion at doses ranging from 250 mg/m2/24 hours to 1500 mg/m2/144 hours. PF was well tolerated by most patients at doses of 100 mg/m2 given as an iv bolus weekly or 250 mg/m2 given every 2-3 weeks. However, an infusion of 750 mg/m2 given over a period of 72-120 hours to leukemic patients resulted in severe but reversible toxicity; 1500 mg/m2 of PF given over a 144-hour period to one patient resulted in the development of severe mucocutaneous toxicity and leukopenia. The patient died of hemorrhagic pneumonitis. The major toxic effects observed were mucosal (oral pain, cheilosis, redness, and oral and lip ulcers), cutaneous (erythema, erosion, and bullae), and hematologic (anemia, leukopenia, and thrombocytopenia). The mucosal manifestations appear to be the dose-limiting toxic factors in most patients. Toxic reactions were more pronounced in patients who had previously received radiotherapy; dose-limiting hematologic toxic reactions occurred in four. After treatment with PF, one of the four patients with breast carcinoma had a partial response (greater than 50% regression) lasting 5 weeks. Another patient with breast carcinoma improved for about 1 month."}
{"id": "PMID:872141", "title": "Drug activation by gamma irradiation: a new direction for molecular design. Part I: In vitro and in vivo studies of a substituted polyaminoaryl nitrile.", "content": "The disodium salt of 4-diethyl aminophenyl-4',4''-bis(3-sulfobenzyl ethyl aminophenyl)acetonitrile was made and studied. It was found to release cyanide lineraly with exposure to ionizing radiation. When administered ip to mice, it was absorbed in significant amounts and retained its ability to cleave upon irradiation. Based upon this, we gathered evidence and proposed that it is feasible to design a non-toxic compound which when exposed to ionizing radiation would yield predictable reactive end products that would remain localized and augment the effects of irradiation upon a neoplasm.", "contents": "Drug activation by gamma irradiation: a new direction for molecular design. Part I: In vitro and in vivo studies of a substituted polyaminoaryl nitrile. The disodium salt of 4-diethyl aminophenyl-4',4''-bis(3-sulfobenzyl ethyl aminophenyl)acetonitrile was made and studied. It was found to release cyanide lineraly with exposure to ionizing radiation. When administered ip to mice, it was absorbed in significant amounts and retained its ability to cleave upon irradiation. Based upon this, we gathered evidence and proposed that it is feasible to design a non-toxic compound which when exposed to ionizing radiation would yield predictable reactive end products that would remain localized and augment the effects of irradiation upon a neoplasm."}
{"id": "PMID:872142", "title": "Chemotherapy of advanced L1210 leukemia with platinum compounds in combination with other antitumor agents.", "content": "Six antitumor platinum compounds were used in combination with cyclophosphamide (CY) plus one of five other antitumor drugs in the treatment of advanced (Day 3) L1210 leukemia in (C57BL/6 X DBA/2)F1 mice. The combination of CY with a platinum compound yielded a collective cure rate of 24%; the addition of a third drug to the dual regimen increased the collective cure rate to 55%. The most effective drugs when used in combination with platinum compounds plus CY were, in increasing order of efficacy, 5-fluorouracil, hydroxyurea, and methotrexate. No toxic deaths occurred with any regimen at the dose levels used.", "contents": "Chemotherapy of advanced L1210 leukemia with platinum compounds in combination with other antitumor agents. Six antitumor platinum compounds were used in combination with cyclophosphamide (CY) plus one of five other antitumor drugs in the treatment of advanced (Day 3) L1210 leukemia in (C57BL/6 X DBA/2)F1 mice. The combination of CY with a platinum compound yielded a collective cure rate of 24%; the addition of a third drug to the dual regimen increased the collective cure rate to 55%. The most effective drugs when used in combination with platinum compounds plus CY were, in increasing order of efficacy, 5-fluorouracil, hydroxyurea, and methotrexate. No toxic deaths occurred with any regimen at the dose levels used."}
{"id": "PMID:872151", "title": "Regional blood flow, contractility and metabolism in early myocardial infarction.", "content": "The effects of occlusion of the left anterior descending coronary artery on a variety of metabolic parameters was examined in both infarcted and noninfarcted areas of the dog heart. These included mitochondrial performance, glycolysis, in vitro contractility, and regional myocardial blood flow. Measurements were made at 1 and 3 h after onset of ischemia. Regional coronary blood flow was measured in infarcted, noninfarcted and borderline regions using radioactive microspheres. Blood flow through the ischemic area was reduced by an average of 69% after 1 h of ischemia, and 75% after 3 h. After 3 h the subendocardium of the borderline region also revealed a significantly reduced blood flow. Mitochondria isolated from the ischemic region of the heart exhibited a substantial decrease in the rate of respiration (QO2), and minor reductions in the coupling between oxidative phosphorylation and electron transport (RCI), and in the amount of ADP phosphorylated per oxygen reduced (ADP:O ratio). Levels of hexose monophosphates were elevated 1 and 3 h after ischemia was initiated. At the same time, the concentration of fructose-1,6-diphosphate declined markedly, reflecting inhibition of glycolysis at the phosphofructokinase level. Concentrations of the adenosine phosphate moieties, as well as creatine phosphate, were reduced, while levels of free fatty acids were elevated in ischemic tissue. The in vitro contractility of glycerinated ischemic muscle fibers was also depressed. Significant changes were found in maximal tension development (P0), maximal rate of tension development (dp/dtmax), time to peak tension (t0), and shortening velocity at zero load (Vmax).", "contents": "Regional blood flow, contractility and metabolism in early myocardial infarction. The effects of occlusion of the left anterior descending coronary artery on a variety of metabolic parameters was examined in both infarcted and noninfarcted areas of the dog heart. These included mitochondrial performance, glycolysis, in vitro contractility, and regional myocardial blood flow. Measurements were made at 1 and 3 h after onset of ischemia. Regional coronary blood flow was measured in infarcted, noninfarcted and borderline regions using radioactive microspheres. Blood flow through the ischemic area was reduced by an average of 69% after 1 h of ischemia, and 75% after 3 h. After 3 h the subendocardium of the borderline region also revealed a significantly reduced blood flow. Mitochondria isolated from the ischemic region of the heart exhibited a substantial decrease in the rate of respiration (QO2), and minor reductions in the coupling between oxidative phosphorylation and electron transport (RCI), and in the amount of ADP phosphorylated per oxygen reduced (ADP:O ratio). Levels of hexose monophosphates were elevated 1 and 3 h after ischemia was initiated. At the same time, the concentration of fructose-1,6-diphosphate declined markedly, reflecting inhibition of glycolysis at the phosphofructokinase level. Concentrations of the adenosine phosphate moieties, as well as creatine phosphate, were reduced, while levels of free fatty acids were elevated in ischemic tissue. The in vitro contractility of glycerinated ischemic muscle fibers was also depressed. Significant changes were found in maximal tension development (P0), maximal rate of tension development (dp/dtmax), time to peak tension (t0), and shortening velocity at zero load (Vmax)."}
{"id": "PMID:872152", "title": "Effects of sympathetic blockade and splenectomy on cardiac output response to muscular work in dogs.", "content": "The effects of splenectomy and sympathetic blockade on cardiac output (Q) response to mild to moderate exercise were studied in chloralose-anesthetized vagotomized dogs during electrically-induced muscular work, which increased oxygen consumption (VO2) 4- to 5-fold. Splenectomy reduced the exercise factor (deltaQ/deltaVO2 ratio) from 5.86 +/- 0.43 (SE) to 3.30 +/- 0.34 (p less than 0.001), while left nephrectomy had no effect. The exercise factor was not affected by beta-adrenoceptor blockade produced by propranolol or practolol, but was reduced by mecamylamine. The spleen did not increase cardiac output by displacing blood into the general circulation because pulmonary artery wedge pressure did not change during exercise in normal dogs. Furthermore, cardiac output was increased 35 +/- 6% after intraportal infusion of splenic venous blood obtained during exercise, whereas arterial blood infusion increased cardiac output only 10%. We conclude that the cardiac output rise during exercise in part is caused by the inotropic action of a splenic noncatecholamine substance, which is released by sympathetic stimulation.", "contents": "Effects of sympathetic blockade and splenectomy on cardiac output response to muscular work in dogs. The effects of splenectomy and sympathetic blockade on cardiac output (Q) response to mild to moderate exercise were studied in chloralose-anesthetized vagotomized dogs during electrically-induced muscular work, which increased oxygen consumption (VO2) 4- to 5-fold. Splenectomy reduced the exercise factor (deltaQ/deltaVO2 ratio) from 5.86 +/- 0.43 (SE) to 3.30 +/- 0.34 (p less than 0.001), while left nephrectomy had no effect. The exercise factor was not affected by beta-adrenoceptor blockade produced by propranolol or practolol, but was reduced by mecamylamine. The spleen did not increase cardiac output by displacing blood into the general circulation because pulmonary artery wedge pressure did not change during exercise in normal dogs. Furthermore, cardiac output was increased 35 +/- 6% after intraportal infusion of splenic venous blood obtained during exercise, whereas arterial blood infusion increased cardiac output only 10%. We conclude that the cardiac output rise during exercise in part is caused by the inotropic action of a splenic noncatecholamine substance, which is released by sympathetic stimulation."}
{"id": "PMID:872153", "title": "Bilateral bundle branch block. Right bundle branch block associated with left anterior fascicular block.", "content": "This report describes the clinical and electrocardiographic features in 30 cases of complete right bundle branch block associated with a block of the anterior fascicle of the left bundle branch, 7 of which also featured a block of the posterior fascicle of the left bundle branch (trifascicular block). The majority of the patients suffered from coronary atherosclerotic heart disease and/or hypertensive heart disease. Complete right bundle branch block associated with fascicular block of the left bundle branch constitutes a special electrocardiographic pattern. The prognosis of the patients presenting this pattern is poor, since it may develop into trifascicular block, i.e., complete atrioventricular block, often necessitating the implantation of artificial pacemakers.", "contents": "Bilateral bundle branch block. Right bundle branch block associated with left anterior fascicular block. This report describes the clinical and electrocardiographic features in 30 cases of complete right bundle branch block associated with a block of the anterior fascicle of the left bundle branch, 7 of which also featured a block of the posterior fascicle of the left bundle branch (trifascicular block). The majority of the patients suffered from coronary atherosclerotic heart disease and/or hypertensive heart disease. Complete right bundle branch block associated with fascicular block of the left bundle branch constitutes a special electrocardiographic pattern. The prognosis of the patients presenting this pattern is poor, since it may develop into trifascicular block, i.e., complete atrioventricular block, often necessitating the implantation of artificial pacemakers."}
{"id": "PMID:872154", "title": "Postexercise systolic time intervals in the midsystolic click syndrome.", "content": "Postexercise systolic time intervals (STI) were measured in ten patients (PMV group) with auscultatory evidence of the midsystolic click syndrome (i.e. one or more systolic nonejection clicks alone or in association with the late systolic murmur), and compared to eight age-matched volunteers (control group) with no evidence of heart disease. Following measurement of supine STIs, the subjects pedalled an upright bicycle ergometer at progressive work loads until a target heart rate (HR) representing 85% of the age-adjusted maximum was attained, or an abnormal end point was noted. Immediately postexercise, a repeat measurement of STIs, was obtained. A shortened or unchanged postexercise left ventricular ejection time corrected for HR (deltaLVETc) and a marked shortening of total electromechanical systole after exercise (deltaQS2c) constituted a normal STI response to stress testing and was noted in all control subjects. All of the PMV group exhibited evidence of left ventricular dysfunction characterized by a prolonged deltaLVETc. It is concluded that an abnormal STI response to exercise consistent with left ventricular dysfunction can be demonstrated in patients with prolapse of the mitral valve by the response of the STI.", "contents": "Postexercise systolic time intervals in the midsystolic click syndrome. Postexercise systolic time intervals (STI) were measured in ten patients (PMV group) with auscultatory evidence of the midsystolic click syndrome (i.e. one or more systolic nonejection clicks alone or in association with the late systolic murmur), and compared to eight age-matched volunteers (control group) with no evidence of heart disease. Following measurement of supine STIs, the subjects pedalled an upright bicycle ergometer at progressive work loads until a target heart rate (HR) representing 85% of the age-adjusted maximum was attained, or an abnormal end point was noted. Immediately postexercise, a repeat measurement of STIs, was obtained. A shortened or unchanged postexercise left ventricular ejection time corrected for HR (deltaLVETc) and a marked shortening of total electromechanical systole after exercise (deltaQS2c) constituted a normal STI response to stress testing and was noted in all control subjects. All of the PMV group exhibited evidence of left ventricular dysfunction characterized by a prolonged deltaLVETc. It is concluded that an abnormal STI response to exercise consistent with left ventricular dysfunction can be demonstrated in patients with prolapse of the mitral valve by the response of the STI."}
{"id": "PMID:872155", "title": "Aspects of cardiac venous flow measured by the continuous infusion thermodilution technique.", "content": "The continuous infusion thermodilution method for the measurement of cardiac venous blood flow was investigated in 26 patients with angina pectoris. In 10 patients, the correlation coefficients for duplicate flow measurements within 1 min were 0.98 for the coronary sinus (CS) and 0.99 for the great cardiac vein (GCV), with a variation in relation to mean flow of 3.3 and 3.5%, respectively. The average CS drainage in 16 patients amounted to 126 ml/min with the GCV contributing 57% of the total and all other veins (OV) draining into the sinus 43%. Submaximal atrial pacing led to a significant increase in flow in all veins. The mean increase in flow per heart beat was 1.41 ml in the CS, 0.93 ml in the GCV, and 0.58 ml in the OV. The increase in flow per unit (1 X 10(-3) mm Hg - beats) heart rate times blood pressure product was 9.18, 6.97 and 4.71 ml, respectively. The method is suitable for the measurement of rapid changes in total and regional left ventricular blood flow under different conditions. For longer studies spontaneous changes in parameters governing myocardial oxygen demand must be taken into consideration.", "contents": "Aspects of cardiac venous flow measured by the continuous infusion thermodilution technique. The continuous infusion thermodilution method for the measurement of cardiac venous blood flow was investigated in 26 patients with angina pectoris. In 10 patients, the correlation coefficients for duplicate flow measurements within 1 min were 0.98 for the coronary sinus (CS) and 0.99 for the great cardiac vein (GCV), with a variation in relation to mean flow of 3.3 and 3.5%, respectively. The average CS drainage in 16 patients amounted to 126 ml/min with the GCV contributing 57% of the total and all other veins (OV) draining into the sinus 43%. Submaximal atrial pacing led to a significant increase in flow in all veins. The mean increase in flow per heart beat was 1.41 ml in the CS, 0.93 ml in the GCV, and 0.58 ml in the OV. The increase in flow per unit (1 X 10(-3) mm Hg - beats) heart rate times blood pressure product was 9.18, 6.97 and 4.71 ml, respectively. The method is suitable for the measurement of rapid changes in total and regional left ventricular blood flow under different conditions. For longer studies spontaneous changes in parameters governing myocardial oxygen demand must be taken into consideration."}
{"id": "PMID:872156", "title": "Ventilatory effects on pulmonary vascular inflow and outflow patterns.", "content": "Ventilation of an isolated lung lobe modifies the rate of inflow into its pulmonary artery (Murao and Rodbard, 1971). The present studies show that ventilation also influences the rate of outflow from the pulmonary vein in a manner which differs significantly from the effects on the rate of inflow into the pulmonary artery. Since this difference between instantaneous inflow and outflow rates affects the calculation of vascular conductance (resistance) and its interpretation we have compared and analysed the effects of ventilation on simultaneous flow patterns in the pulmonary artery and vein.", "contents": "Ventilatory effects on pulmonary vascular inflow and outflow patterns. Ventilation of an isolated lung lobe modifies the rate of inflow into its pulmonary artery (Murao and Rodbard, 1971). The present studies show that ventilation also influences the rate of outflow from the pulmonary vein in a manner which differs significantly from the effects on the rate of inflow into the pulmonary artery. Since this difference between instantaneous inflow and outflow rates affects the calculation of vascular conductance (resistance) and its interpretation we have compared and analysed the effects of ventilation on simultaneous flow patterns in the pulmonary artery and vein."}
{"id": "PMID:872157", "title": "The effect on atrial and ventricular intracellular potentials, and other pharmacological actions of L9146, a non-halogenated benzo(b)thiophene related to amiodarone.", "content": "L9146 was synthesised in the hope of eliminating the unwanted side-effects of amiodarone which has been shown to be effective in the control of atrial fibrillation, flutter, and in pre-excitation syndromes such as Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome. L9146 has pharmacological and electrophysiological effects similar to those of amiodarone. It is an antagonist of both alpha and beta adrenoceptor-mediated cardiovascular effects of a noncompetitive type. It lowers vascular resistance briefly, and causes a longer lasting bradycardia. It moderately reduces the maximum rate of depolarisation (MRD), conduction velocity, and totally suppresses ventricular pacemakers activated by high doses of isoprenaline. In addition, L9146 greatly prolongs action potential duration (APD) in atrial and ventricular muscle. In normal ventricular conducting tissue the action potential duration (APD) is shorter in the bundle of His than in the false tendons, and shorter still in the ventricular muscle. L9146 lengthened APD throughout, but particularly in the proximal portion, and even more in the muscle, so that APD became uniform. The decrement of conduction of premature action potentials was increased to the point at which slowly conducting premature AP's were eliminated altogether.", "contents": "The effect on atrial and ventricular intracellular potentials, and other pharmacological actions of L9146, a non-halogenated benzo(b)thiophene related to amiodarone. L9146 was synthesised in the hope of eliminating the unwanted side-effects of amiodarone which has been shown to be effective in the control of atrial fibrillation, flutter, and in pre-excitation syndromes such as Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome. L9146 has pharmacological and electrophysiological effects similar to those of amiodarone. It is an antagonist of both alpha and beta adrenoceptor-mediated cardiovascular effects of a noncompetitive type. It lowers vascular resistance briefly, and causes a longer lasting bradycardia. It moderately reduces the maximum rate of depolarisation (MRD), conduction velocity, and totally suppresses ventricular pacemakers activated by high doses of isoprenaline. In addition, L9146 greatly prolongs action potential duration (APD) in atrial and ventricular muscle. In normal ventricular conducting tissue the action potential duration (APD) is shorter in the bundle of His than in the false tendons, and shorter still in the ventricular muscle. L9146 lengthened APD throughout, but particularly in the proximal portion, and even more in the muscle, so that APD became uniform. The decrement of conduction of premature action potentials was increased to the point at which slowly conducting premature AP's were eliminated altogether."}
{"id": "PMID:872158", "title": "Free fatty acids and arrhythmias following acute coronary artery occlusion in pigs.", "content": "The arrhythmogenic potential of elevated serum free fatty acids (FFA) was investigated in closed-chest pigs following acute coronary artery occlusion. Animals both with and without ventricular irritability before the FFA rise were studied. No significant increase in PVC frequency occurred and only 1 out of 17 animals developed ventricular fibrillation in the 60 min following acute FFA elevation. In this situation, FFA did not significantly influence the appearance of arrhythmias.", "contents": "Free fatty acids and arrhythmias following acute coronary artery occlusion in pigs. The arrhythmogenic potential of elevated serum free fatty acids (FFA) was investigated in closed-chest pigs following acute coronary artery occlusion. Animals both with and without ventricular irritability before the FFA rise were studied. No significant increase in PVC frequency occurred and only 1 out of 17 animals developed ventricular fibrillation in the 60 min following acute FFA elevation. In this situation, FFA did not significantly influence the appearance of arrhythmias."}
{"id": "PMID:872159", "title": "Postnatal maturation of noradrenaline uptake and release in cat papillary muscles.", "content": "Catecholamine uptake and release have been studied in isolated right ventricular papillary muscles from kittens aged less than 24 hours, 16 to 18 days and 28 to 32 days. Under the age of 24 h catecholamine uptake (uptake I) does not appear to be functioning and at this age there is a significantly lower response to tyramine. These results suggest that myocardial sympathetic innervation continues to mature, in the cat, after birth.", "contents": "Postnatal maturation of noradrenaline uptake and release in cat papillary muscles. Catecholamine uptake and release have been studied in isolated right ventricular papillary muscles from kittens aged less than 24 hours, 16 to 18 days and 28 to 32 days. Under the age of 24 h catecholamine uptake (uptake I) does not appear to be functioning and at this age there is a significantly lower response to tyramine. These results suggest that myocardial sympathetic innervation continues to mature, in the cat, after birth."}
{"id": "PMID:872160", "title": "On the relationship between action potential duration and tension in cat papillary muscle.", "content": "Tension and action potentials have been measured simultaneously from isolated cat papillary muscles. Two groups of experiments are described. In the first group, the external conditions under which the muscle contracted were changed. Specifically, stimulation rate, extra-cellular [Ca++], extracellular [Na++] were altered, and adrenaline was added to the bathing fluid. A tendency for given levels of tension to be accompanied by action potentials of constant duration is demonstrated under some of these conditions. In the second group of experiments, tension and action potentials were recorded following some change in external conditions; specifically, after a long rest, after a change in muscle length, and after the muscle had been set up in the experimental apparatus (the 'running-in' period). In the period that followed each of these interventions, peak tension increased substantially over at least several minutes but all external conditions (for example, temperature, muscle length, stimulation rate, and composition of the bathing fluid) remained constant. In each of these three situations tension increased but in one case the action potential duration increased, in another it decreased, and in the third it was unchanged. It is concluded that change in action potential durations do not necessarily make an important contribution to the changes in tension of papillary muscles.", "contents": "On the relationship between action potential duration and tension in cat papillary muscle. Tension and action potentials have been measured simultaneously from isolated cat papillary muscles. Two groups of experiments are described. In the first group, the external conditions under which the muscle contracted were changed. Specifically, stimulation rate, extra-cellular [Ca++], extracellular [Na++] were altered, and adrenaline was added to the bathing fluid. A tendency for given levels of tension to be accompanied by action potentials of constant duration is demonstrated under some of these conditions. In the second group of experiments, tension and action potentials were recorded following some change in external conditions; specifically, after a long rest, after a change in muscle length, and after the muscle had been set up in the experimental apparatus (the 'running-in' period). In the period that followed each of these interventions, peak tension increased substantially over at least several minutes but all external conditions (for example, temperature, muscle length, stimulation rate, and composition of the bathing fluid) remained constant. In each of these three situations tension increased but in one case the action potential duration increased, in another it decreased, and in the third it was unchanged. It is concluded that change in action potential durations do not necessarily make an important contribution to the changes in tension of papillary muscles."}
{"id": "PMID:872161", "title": "Failure of an antagonist of histamine--chlorpheniramine--to modify the pulmonary vascular response to hypoxia in chronic bronchitis.", "content": "Experimental evidence from animals suggests that the response of the pulmonary circulation to hypoxia is mediated by histamine. In 3 patients with chronic bronchitis the pulmonary vascular response to hypoxia was measured before and after administration of chlorpheniramine, a competitive antagonist of histamine. No convincing evidence was obtained of a reduction in the size of the response to hypoxia.", "contents": "Failure of an antagonist of histamine--chlorpheniramine--to modify the pulmonary vascular response to hypoxia in chronic bronchitis. Experimental evidence from animals suggests that the response of the pulmonary circulation to hypoxia is mediated by histamine. In 3 patients with chronic bronchitis the pulmonary vascular response to hypoxia was measured before and after administration of chlorpheniramine, a competitive antagonist of histamine. No convincing evidence was obtained of a reduction in the size of the response to hypoxia."}
{"id": "PMID:872162", "title": "Influence of viability on canine allograft heart value structure and function.", "content": "A study was undertaken to determine whether, in antibiotic sterilised and stored valves, the state of preimplantation leaflet viability could be shown to influence valve structure and function following isotopic allotransplantation in dogs. Fourteen viable and 12 nonviable valves were assessed after periods of up to 8 weeks' implantation. Assessment of valve structure was made macroscopically with measurement of leaflet surface areas, and microscopically. Pressure measurements were made across the allografted valve both at insertion and at removal. The results of this study indicate that preimplantation viability results in gross valve leaflet distortion and shrinkage with consequent loss of function. Nonviable valves, in contrast, showed minimal alteration in valve dimensions with retention of normal function. These findings have considerable implications in the preparation and clinical use of allograft heart valves.", "contents": "Influence of viability on canine allograft heart value structure and function. A study was undertaken to determine whether, in antibiotic sterilised and stored valves, the state of preimplantation leaflet viability could be shown to influence valve structure and function following isotopic allotransplantation in dogs. Fourteen viable and 12 nonviable valves were assessed after periods of up to 8 weeks' implantation. Assessment of valve structure was made macroscopically with measurement of leaflet surface areas, and microscopically. Pressure measurements were made across the allografted valve both at insertion and at removal. The results of this study indicate that preimplantation viability results in gross valve leaflet distortion and shrinkage with consequent loss of function. Nonviable valves, in contrast, showed minimal alteration in valve dimensions with retention of normal function. These findings have considerable implications in the preparation and clinical use of allograft heart valves."}
{"id": "PMID:872163", "title": "Platelets and the vascular responses to arachidonic acid in dogs.", "content": "Platelets are rich in components of the prostaglandin synthetase system which converts arachidonic acid into vasoactive and platelet-active prostanoate and nonprostanoate compounds. Repeated injections of arachidonic acid in dogs cause hypotension of reproducible magnitude and lower circulating platelet counts with each injection. However, the circulatory response to injected arachidonic acid was unchanged when platelet-poor blood was exchanged in dogs. Moreover, in the hind limb preparation and the isolated lung lobe, the vasoactive responses to arachidonic acid were indistinguishable whether perfused with whole blood or an artificial perfusate. the vascular responses to arachidonic acid do not appear dependent on the presence of platelets.", "contents": "Platelets and the vascular responses to arachidonic acid in dogs. Platelets are rich in components of the prostaglandin synthetase system which converts arachidonic acid into vasoactive and platelet-active prostanoate and nonprostanoate compounds. Repeated injections of arachidonic acid in dogs cause hypotension of reproducible magnitude and lower circulating platelet counts with each injection. However, the circulatory response to injected arachidonic acid was unchanged when platelet-poor blood was exchanged in dogs. Moreover, in the hind limb preparation and the isolated lung lobe, the vasoactive responses to arachidonic acid were indistinguishable whether perfused with whole blood or an artificial perfusate. the vascular responses to arachidonic acid do not appear dependent on the presence of platelets."}
{"id": "PMID:872164", "title": "Direct effect of acebutolol on force generation in immature and adult myocardium.", "content": "The effect of acebutolol on active isometric force generation has been studied in isolated papillary muscle preparations from adult cats and kittens less than 24 h old. Statistically significant reduction in active force occurred at a concentration of 0.27 mmol-litre-1 in the adult preparations and at 1.34 mmol-litre-1 in the infant ones. At 2.86 mmol-litre-1 active force had fallen to 43.4%+/-2.2 (SEM) of the control value in the adults and to 52.4%+/-3.3(SEM) in the infants. These results suggest that the infant myocardium is no more sensitive to the negative inotropic effect of acebutolol than is the adult myocardium.", "contents": "Direct effect of acebutolol on force generation in immature and adult myocardium. The effect of acebutolol on active isometric force generation has been studied in isolated papillary muscle preparations from adult cats and kittens less than 24 h old. Statistically significant reduction in active force occurred at a concentration of 0.27 mmol-litre-1 in the adult preparations and at 1.34 mmol-litre-1 in the infant ones. At 2.86 mmol-litre-1 active force had fallen to 43.4%+/-2.2 (SEM) of the control value in the adults and to 52.4%+/-3.3(SEM) in the infants. These results suggest that the infant myocardium is no more sensitive to the negative inotropic effect of acebutolol than is the adult myocardium."}
{"id": "PMID:872165", "title": "Changes of the kinetics of calcium washout from dog heart after ischaemia.", "content": "The kinetics of myocardial calcium washout using a calcium free perfusion were studied in controls and animals after a short period of ischaemia. A significantly higher rate for k3 was found after ischaemia. This may represent a greater lability of membrane-bound calcium.", "contents": "Changes of the kinetics of calcium washout from dog heart after ischaemia. The kinetics of myocardial calcium washout using a calcium free perfusion were studied in controls and animals after a short period of ischaemia. A significantly higher rate for k3 was found after ischaemia. This may represent a greater lability of membrane-bound calcium."}
{"id": "PMID:872166", "title": "Bedside measurement of systolic and diastolic time intervals using the stethometer.", "content": "Using a modified electronic stethoscope, a simple visual method has been developed for bedside estimation of systolic and diastolic intervals. This has been applied to the measurement of S1-S2, LVET, and 2-OS as well as the intervals produced by prosthetic valve sounds.", "contents": "Bedside measurement of systolic and diastolic time intervals using the stethometer. Using a modified electronic stethoscope, a simple visual method has been developed for bedside estimation of systolic and diastolic intervals. This has been applied to the measurement of S1-S2, LVET, and 2-OS as well as the intervals produced by prosthetic valve sounds."}
{"id": "PMID:872179", "title": "The effect of a single injection of hydroxyurea on cell population kinetics in the small bowel mucosa of the rat.", "content": "The effect of a single injection of hydroxyurea (HU) on cell population kinetics in the jejunal crypt of the rat was studied using autoradiography with tritiated thymidine and metaphase arrest with vincristine. HU appeared to act selectively on cells in the S phase producing inhibition of DNA synthesis and cell death. The deficit in proliferating cells was made good by a decrease in cell cycle time and an increase in growth fraction. Particular attention was paid to the basal, slowly cycling (and possibly clonogenic) crypt cells; early in the recovery sequence an increase in cell production rate was found in the base of the crypt. It is proposed that basal crypt cells, having survived cycle-specific insult because of long cell cycle times, proceed to repopulated the depleted proliferative compartment.", "contents": "The effect of a single injection of hydroxyurea on cell population kinetics in the small bowel mucosa of the rat. The effect of a single injection of hydroxyurea (HU) on cell population kinetics in the jejunal crypt of the rat was studied using autoradiography with tritiated thymidine and metaphase arrest with vincristine. HU appeared to act selectively on cells in the S phase producing inhibition of DNA synthesis and cell death. The deficit in proliferating cells was made good by a decrease in cell cycle time and an increase in growth fraction. Particular attention was paid to the basal, slowly cycling (and possibly clonogenic) crypt cells; early in the recovery sequence an increase in cell production rate was found in the base of the crypt. It is proposed that basal crypt cells, having survived cycle-specific insult because of long cell cycle times, proceed to repopulated the depleted proliferative compartment."}
{"id": "PMID:872180", "title": "The effects of red blood cell extracts on the proliferation of erythrocyte precursor cells, in vivo.", "content": "Saline incubation extracts of mature erythrocytes were assayed in vivo by a variety of techniques in order to study their ability to modify the proliferation of maturing erythroid cells. Using comparable extracts from granulocytes and lymphocytes, the specificity of the effect of the red cell extract for erythroid cells was confirmed by measurement of autoradiographic labelling indices, radio-iron incorporation and spleen colony growth. The erythroid cells were found to be very sensitive to the effects of the extract, as little as 10 microgram per mouse producing a maximum effect on iron incorporation. It was found that the extract does not block erythroid cells proliferation completely but simply lengthens the cell cycle, mainly by increasing the GI phase of the cycle. There was no effect on the committed erythroid precursor cells. The in vivo activity, specificity and non-toxicity to the cells, together with the cells' sensitivity to red cell extract suggest, therefore, that this inhibitor may play a physiological role in the control of red cell production.", "contents": "The effects of red blood cell extracts on the proliferation of erythrocyte precursor cells, in vivo. Saline incubation extracts of mature erythrocytes were assayed in vivo by a variety of techniques in order to study their ability to modify the proliferation of maturing erythroid cells. Using comparable extracts from granulocytes and lymphocytes, the specificity of the effect of the red cell extract for erythroid cells was confirmed by measurement of autoradiographic labelling indices, radio-iron incorporation and spleen colony growth. The erythroid cells were found to be very sensitive to the effects of the extract, as little as 10 microgram per mouse producing a maximum effect on iron incorporation. It was found that the extract does not block erythroid cells proliferation completely but simply lengthens the cell cycle, mainly by increasing the GI phase of the cycle. There was no effect on the committed erythroid precursor cells. The in vivo activity, specificity and non-toxicity to the cells, together with the cells' sensitivity to red cell extract suggest, therefore, that this inhibitor may play a physiological role in the control of red cell production."}
{"id": "PMID:872181", "title": "Specific inhibition of cell proliferation in the mouse intestine by an aqueous extract of rabbit small intestine.", "content": "An aqueous extract was prepared from the mucosa of rabbit small intestine by homogenization and centrifugation at 105,000 g. After precipitation with ammonium sulfate, the 0-50 fraction (F1) and the supernatant (F2) were collected, dialysed against a phosphate buffer and tested on rats in vitro and mice in vivo. The F1 fraction was found to inhibit thymidine incorporation into rat intestinal DNA in vitro, but this effect was not found to be tissue specific (liver, kidney). Two hours after a single injection of F1 (10 mg protein content), the uptake of tritiated thymidine was decreased in jejunal and colonic DNA in mice. This effect was maximal between 2 and 4 hr and totally reversible after 7 hr; this effect was found in neither the kidney nor the testis. A slowing of cellular migration was also noticed in the jejunum and the colon. Conversely, the F2 fraction did not inhibit the synthesis of jejunal and colonic DNA either in vitro or in vivo. Our results suggest that the F1 fraction of the aqueous extract of rabbit small intestine contains one or more substances which may act either on intestinal DNA synthesis or on the GI--S transition of the cellular cycle in the mouse intestine. This reversible and specific intestinal action appears to inhibit cell proliferation and presents several of the characteristics defining a chalone.", "contents": "Specific inhibition of cell proliferation in the mouse intestine by an aqueous extract of rabbit small intestine. An aqueous extract was prepared from the mucosa of rabbit small intestine by homogenization and centrifugation at 105,000 g. After precipitation with ammonium sulfate, the 0-50 fraction (F1) and the supernatant (F2) were collected, dialysed against a phosphate buffer and tested on rats in vitro and mice in vivo. The F1 fraction was found to inhibit thymidine incorporation into rat intestinal DNA in vitro, but this effect was not found to be tissue specific (liver, kidney). Two hours after a single injection of F1 (10 mg protein content), the uptake of tritiated thymidine was decreased in jejunal and colonic DNA in mice. This effect was maximal between 2 and 4 hr and totally reversible after 7 hr; this effect was found in neither the kidney nor the testis. A slowing of cellular migration was also noticed in the jejunum and the colon. Conversely, the F2 fraction did not inhibit the synthesis of jejunal and colonic DNA either in vitro or in vivo. Our results suggest that the F1 fraction of the aqueous extract of rabbit small intestine contains one or more substances which may act either on intestinal DNA synthesis or on the GI--S transition of the cellular cycle in the mouse intestine. This reversible and specific intestinal action appears to inhibit cell proliferation and presents several of the characteristics defining a chalone."}
{"id": "PMID:872183", "title": "Sexual dimorphism in the gills of the spawning river lamprey, Lampetra fluviatilis L.", "content": "Two types of mitochondria-rich cells were found in the interplatelet areas of the gills of sexually mature, male river lampreys. Type 1 cells (previolsy referred to as \"male glandular cells\") showed some ultrastructural characteristics in common with ion-transporting cells but were readily distinguished by large lipid structures with electron-lucent centres. Type 2 cells were found to be identical to the presumed ion-uptake cells during other stenohaline freshwater phases of the animal's life history. In the sexually mature female, only Type 2 cells were positively identified. This sexual dimorphism in gill structure is discussed in relation to the possible functions of the lamprey gill, with particular reference to ionic regulation.", "contents": "Sexual dimorphism in the gills of the spawning river lamprey, Lampetra fluviatilis L. Two types of mitochondria-rich cells were found in the interplatelet areas of the gills of sexually mature, male river lampreys. Type 1 cells (previolsy referred to as \"male glandular cells\") showed some ultrastructural characteristics in common with ion-transporting cells but were readily distinguished by large lipid structures with electron-lucent centres. Type 2 cells were found to be identical to the presumed ion-uptake cells during other stenohaline freshwater phases of the animal's life history. In the sexually mature female, only Type 2 cells were positively identified. This sexual dimorphism in gill structure is discussed in relation to the possible functions of the lamprey gill, with particular reference to ionic regulation."}
{"id": "PMID:872184", "title": "Cytochemical duality of neurosecretory material in the hypothalamo-posthypophysial system of the rat as related to hormonal content.", "content": "Cytochemical methods using silver proteinate, silver methenamine an potassium ferrocyanide + OsO4 for ultrastructural detection of glycoproteins allow, in the posthypophysis and the magnocellular nuclei of the rat, differentiation of two types of fibres and neurons: one type containing negative granules with a homogenous content of low electron density, the second type containing granules which demonstrate a ring shaped deposit either of silver or of potassium ferrocyanide-osmium complex, likely to be related to a glycoprotein component. The difference between these two types is increased by prestaining \"en bloc\" with uranyl acetate before the silver proteinate reaction. A similar investigation was carried out on the vasopressin deficient Brattleboro rat; the neurosecretory material, present in some endings and neurons only, is of the nonreactive type, so that it appears justified to correlate the reactivity of granules with vasopressin, consequently to distinguish neurones and fibres containing vasopressin from those in which oxytocin is quantitatively the main hormonal peptide. This conclusion is strongly supported by the fact that percentages of reactive and negative endings, as determined on this basis in the posthypophysis of normal rats from two different strains, are in good agreement with biochemical data reported in the literature.", "contents": "Cytochemical duality of neurosecretory material in the hypothalamo-posthypophysial system of the rat as related to hormonal content. Cytochemical methods using silver proteinate, silver methenamine an potassium ferrocyanide + OsO4 for ultrastructural detection of glycoproteins allow, in the posthypophysis and the magnocellular nuclei of the rat, differentiation of two types of fibres and neurons: one type containing negative granules with a homogenous content of low electron density, the second type containing granules which demonstrate a ring shaped deposit either of silver or of potassium ferrocyanide-osmium complex, likely to be related to a glycoprotein component. The difference between these two types is increased by prestaining \"en bloc\" with uranyl acetate before the silver proteinate reaction. A similar investigation was carried out on the vasopressin deficient Brattleboro rat; the neurosecretory material, present in some endings and neurons only, is of the nonreactive type, so that it appears justified to correlate the reactivity of granules with vasopressin, consequently to distinguish neurones and fibres containing vasopressin from those in which oxytocin is quantitatively the main hormonal peptide. This conclusion is strongly supported by the fact that percentages of reactive and negative endings, as determined on this basis in the posthypophysis of normal rats from two different strains, are in good agreement with biochemical data reported in the literature."}
{"id": "PMID:872185", "title": "Myogenesis and contraction in the early embryonic heart of the rainbow trout. An electron microscopic study.", "content": "Myogenesis in the embryonic heart of the rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri (Rich.), was investigated electron microscopically from the 29th to the 41st somite stage. Thick and thin myofilaments are formed simultaneously as well as precursors of Z-lines, to which the thin filaments are attached. The genesis of filaments takes place in the region around the intracellular yolk droplets. The first myofibrils appear by the 33rd somite stage, probably formed by a mechanism of self-assembly in which the binding sites of actin and myosin participate. A- and I-bands do not develop before the 38th osmite stage. The contraction already begins during the 33rd somite stage in the middle of the tubular heart. Gradually, the peristaltic waves spread increasingly to other parts of the heart. In the 41st somite stage the entire heart is contractile and all myocytes contain myofibrils.", "contents": "Myogenesis and contraction in the early embryonic heart of the rainbow trout. An electron microscopic study. Myogenesis in the embryonic heart of the rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri (Rich.), was investigated electron microscopically from the 29th to the 41st somite stage. Thick and thin myofilaments are formed simultaneously as well as precursors of Z-lines, to which the thin filaments are attached. The genesis of filaments takes place in the region around the intracellular yolk droplets. The first myofibrils appear by the 33rd somite stage, probably formed by a mechanism of self-assembly in which the binding sites of actin and myosin participate. A- and I-bands do not develop before the 38th osmite stage. The contraction already begins during the 33rd somite stage in the middle of the tubular heart. Gradually, the peristaltic waves spread increasingly to other parts of the heart. In the 41st somite stage the entire heart is contractile and all myocytes contain myofibrils."}
{"id": "PMID:872186", "title": "Immunohistochemical demonstration of contractile proteins in astrocytes, marginal glial and ependymal cells in rat diencephalon.", "content": "Actin and myosin were located in astrocytes, marginal glial and ependymal cells in rat diencephalon by using antibodies against highly purified chicken gizzard actin and myosin. On the basis of these findings it is suggested that glial cell motility in vovo and in vitro is due to the presence of an intracellular actin/myosin system.", "contents": "Immunohistochemical demonstration of contractile proteins in astrocytes, marginal glial and ependymal cells in rat diencephalon. Actin and myosin were located in astrocytes, marginal glial and ependymal cells in rat diencephalon by using antibodies against highly purified chicken gizzard actin and myosin. On the basis of these findings it is suggested that glial cell motility in vovo and in vitro is due to the presence of an intracellular actin/myosin system."}
{"id": "PMID:872187", "title": "Amino acid transport in the rat exocrine pancreas. I. Transport of neutral amino acids and their utilization in protein synthesis.", "content": "The transport and utilization of three neutral amino acids in protein synthesis was studied using isolated pancreatic lobules in vitro. The significance of the extracellular and intracellular amino acid pool in this process was analyzed removing the extracellular pool (labeled by inulin) by a cold-wash procedure. This was especially useful in short-term experiments. Double-labeling experiments indicated a predominant utilization of the intracellular amino acid pool during protein synthesis. The advantage of isolated pancreatic lobule preparations compared to tissue fragments or slices was emphasized by fine structural studies. Using freeze-etching techniques on the same preparations, differences in the distribution of membrane particles between luminal and  lateral plasma membranes described earlier were confirmed, as well as the abundant occurrence of gap junctions on both membrane faces.", "contents": "Amino acid transport in the rat exocrine pancreas. I. Transport of neutral amino acids and their utilization in protein synthesis. The transport and utilization of three neutral amino acids in protein synthesis was studied using isolated pancreatic lobules in vitro. The significance of the extracellular and intracellular amino acid pool in this process was analyzed removing the extracellular pool (labeled by inulin) by a cold-wash procedure. This was especially useful in short-term experiments. Double-labeling experiments indicated a predominant utilization of the intracellular amino acid pool during protein synthesis. The advantage of isolated pancreatic lobule preparations compared to tissue fragments or slices was emphasized by fine structural studies. Using freeze-etching techniques on the same preparations, differences in the distribution of membrane particles between luminal and  lateral plasma membranes described earlier were confirmed, as well as the abundant occurrence of gap junctions on both membrane faces."}
{"id": "PMID:872188", "title": "A cytoarchitectonic study of the hypothalamus of the lizard, Calotes versicolor.", "content": "The hypothalamic nuclei of the lizard, Calotes versicolor, can be broadly divided into \"AF-positive\" and \"AF-negative\". The AF-positive cell complexes include the nucleus supraopticus, nucleus paraventricularis, and a few interconnecting bridge cells. In addition, some AF-positive neurones are also observed in the median eminence. As many as 15 AF-negative nuclei-like accumulations of nerve cells can be identified in the hypothalamus. The nucleus periventricularis hypothalami of earlier authors is subdivided into eight circumscribed neuronal complexes. In addition, a few AF-negative nuclei, e.g. nucleus subfornicalis, nucleus ventralis tuberis, nucleus med. recessus infundibuli, nucleus lat. recessus infundibuli and nucleus praemamillaris, are regarded for the first time as anatomical entities. The distribution of the hypothalamic nuclei and their cytoarchitectonic features are described  at the light microscopical level. An attempt has been made to interprete the nuclei identified in the present study on a comparative and phylogenetic basis.", "contents": "A cytoarchitectonic study of the hypothalamus of the lizard, Calotes versicolor. The hypothalamic nuclei of the lizard, Calotes versicolor, can be broadly divided into \"AF-positive\" and \"AF-negative\". The AF-positive cell complexes include the nucleus supraopticus, nucleus paraventricularis, and a few interconnecting bridge cells. In addition, some AF-positive neurones are also observed in the median eminence. As many as 15 AF-negative nuclei-like accumulations of nerve cells can be identified in the hypothalamus. The nucleus periventricularis hypothalami of earlier authors is subdivided into eight circumscribed neuronal complexes. In addition, a few AF-negative nuclei, e.g. nucleus subfornicalis, nucleus ventralis tuberis, nucleus med. recessus infundibuli, nucleus lat. recessus infundibuli and nucleus praemamillaris, are regarded for the first time as anatomical entities. The distribution of the hypothalamic nuclei and their cytoarchitectonic features are described  at the light microscopical level. An attempt has been made to interprete the nuclei identified in the present study on a comparative and phylogenetic basis."}
{"id": "PMID:872189", "title": "Mitochondria-rich (chloride) cells in the gill epithelia from four species of stenohaline fresh water  teleosts.", "content": "The mitochondria-rich (chloride) cells have been found to be present in the gill epithelia of four species of stenohaline fresh water teleosts. The cytoplasm of these chloride cells contains an extensive network of cytoplasmic tubules which communicate with intercellular spaces bordering the lateral and basal cell surfaces. Numerous vesicles with fairly electron-dense interiors are also present in the apical cytoplasm of chloride cells. The apical surface of a chloride cell forms an apical pit, but the lumen of the  pit does not appear to be in continuity with the interior of the apical vesicles and tubules inside the cell. When Carassius auratus were kept in 100, 200, 300, and 400 mOsm-diluted sea water for a month, no appreciable changes occurred in the number and fine structure of the chloride cells, except for a dilation of the apical vesicles and a slight decrease in diameter of the cytoplasmic tubules in these cells in the fishes kept in 300 and 400 mOsm. These results suggest that chloride cells may be a rather common occurrence in the gill epithelia of stenohaline fresh water teleosts, and may function in ion transport in these fishes in fresh water environments.", "contents": "Mitochondria-rich (chloride) cells in the gill epithelia from four species of stenohaline fresh water  teleosts. The mitochondria-rich (chloride) cells have been found to be present in the gill epithelia of four species of stenohaline fresh water teleosts. The cytoplasm of these chloride cells contains an extensive network of cytoplasmic tubules which communicate with intercellular spaces bordering the lateral and basal cell surfaces. Numerous vesicles with fairly electron-dense interiors are also present in the apical cytoplasm of chloride cells. The apical surface of a chloride cell forms an apical pit, but the lumen of the  pit does not appear to be in continuity with the interior of the apical vesicles and tubules inside the cell. When Carassius auratus were kept in 100, 200, 300, and 400 mOsm-diluted sea water for a month, no appreciable changes occurred in the number and fine structure of the chloride cells, except for a dilation of the apical vesicles and a slight decrease in diameter of the cytoplasmic tubules in these cells in the fishes kept in 300 and 400 mOsm. These results suggest that chloride cells may be a rather common occurrence in the gill epithelia of stenohaline fresh water teleosts, and may function in ion transport in these fishes in fresh water environments."}
{"id": "PMID:872190", "title": "Effect of neonatal sympathectomy on the postnatal differentiation of the submandibular gland of the rat.", "content": "Right superior cervical sympathectomy was performed in one-day old rats. This operation had a small but definite effect on the postnatal development of the submandibular gland. The gland on the sympathectomized side weighed less and contained smaller amounts of DNA, RNA and protein than the contralateral intact gland. The postnatal development of acinar cells and granular convoluted ductal cells was retarded in the sympathectomized gland. The acinar cells which differentiated after the ganglionectomy were smaller than those in the contralateral intact gland and were filled with secretory granules but devoid of basal basophilia. The rate of cellular proliferation in the sympathectomized gland was, however, similar to that intact gland at various ages studied.", "contents": "Effect of neonatal sympathectomy on the postnatal differentiation of the submandibular gland of the rat. Right superior cervical sympathectomy was performed in one-day old rats. This operation had a small but definite effect on the postnatal development of the submandibular gland. The gland on the sympathectomized side weighed less and contained smaller amounts of DNA, RNA and protein than the contralateral intact gland. The postnatal development of acinar cells and granular convoluted ductal cells was retarded in the sympathectomized gland. The acinar cells which differentiated after the ganglionectomy were smaller than those in the contralateral intact gland and were filled with secretory granules but devoid of basal basophilia. The rate of cellular proliferation in the sympathectomized gland was, however, similar to that intact gland at various ages studied."}
{"id": "PMID:872191", "title": "Changes in the secretory activity of the glandular lobe of the corpus cardiacum of Locusta migratoria induced by flight. A quantitative electron microscopic study.", "content": "The glandular lobe of the corpus cardiacum of Locusta migratoria is characterized by the presence of one type of secretory cells containing secretory granules with a diameter of 2000-3000 A, and of axons with small granules (diameter 950 A). The axons form synaptic contacts with the cells. The secretory products of the glandular cell are released by exocytosis in the gland proper. In the axon terminals, release is indicated by the presence of synaptic vesicles and omega-shaped indentations. In order to study possible changes in the secretory activity of the gland during flight, three groups of locusts were studied with quantitative electron microscopical methods, i.e., resting insects, having flown for 5 min (short flight, SF), and insects after prolonged flight (PF, 60 min). After flight, greater secretory activity of the glandular cells is indicated by a marked increase in the number of exocytotic pits in SF and PF insects, by an enlarged nuclear volume as well as an increased amount of secretory products in the Golgi cisterns of PF animals. Flight also causes greater release activity in the axon terminals. From these results it is concluded that an intrinsic hormone, apparently the adipokinetic hormone, is released from the glandular lobe and regulates the substrate supply from the fat body during flight. It is suggested that the secretory activity of the glandular cells is controlled by the axon terminals on these cells.", "contents": "Changes in the secretory activity of the glandular lobe of the corpus cardiacum of Locusta migratoria induced by flight. A quantitative electron microscopic study. The glandular lobe of the corpus cardiacum of Locusta migratoria is characterized by the presence of one type of secretory cells containing secretory granules with a diameter of 2000-3000 A, and of axons with small granules (diameter 950 A). The axons form synaptic contacts with the cells. The secretory products of the glandular cell are released by exocytosis in the gland proper. In the axon terminals, release is indicated by the presence of synaptic vesicles and omega-shaped indentations. In order to study possible changes in the secretory activity of the gland during flight, three groups of locusts were studied with quantitative electron microscopical methods, i.e., resting insects, having flown for 5 min (short flight, SF), and insects after prolonged flight (PF, 60 min). After flight, greater secretory activity of the glandular cells is indicated by a marked increase in the number of exocytotic pits in SF and PF insects, by an enlarged nuclear volume as well as an increased amount of secretory products in the Golgi cisterns of PF animals. Flight also causes greater release activity in the axon terminals. From these results it is concluded that an intrinsic hormone, apparently the adipokinetic hormone, is released from the glandular lobe and regulates the substrate supply from the fat body during flight. It is suggested that the secretory activity of the glandular cells is controlled by the axon terminals on these cells."}
{"id": "PMID:872192", "title": "Spermatogenesis revisited. III. The course of spermatogenesis in a male-sterile pink-eyed mutant type in the mouse.", "content": "Male mice homozygous for the recessive p-locus allele ps are sterile. Spermatogenesis is normal through the completion of meiosis, but is abnormal from the Golgi phase of spermiogenesis on. During acrosome formation various abnormalities appear, ranging from atypical Golgiacrosome complexes to multiple acrosome \"implantation\" sites on the spermatid nuclei. In many developing acrosomal caps the distribution of acrosomal material is irregular. During the nuclear elongation phase, bundles of microtubules oriented parallel to the manchette have been seen lying in cylindrical invaginations of some spermatid nuclei. In later spermatids, chromatin condensation appears to proceed normally but may be unduly delayed in reaching completion. These various perturbations give rise to a wide spectrum of abnormal spermatozoa ranging from spermatozoa with heads of near-normal morphology to highly bizarre heads which have lost their chromatin. Sperm flagellar ultrastructure is normal and all sperm tails; even those devoid of recognizable heads, are highly motile. These findings support the view that the development of the sperm head is under the control of a group of genes distinct from those mediating events involved in flagella development.", "contents": "Spermatogenesis revisited. III. The course of spermatogenesis in a male-sterile pink-eyed mutant type in the mouse. Male mice homozygous for the recessive p-locus allele ps are sterile. Spermatogenesis is normal through the completion of meiosis, but is abnormal from the Golgi phase of spermiogenesis on. During acrosome formation various abnormalities appear, ranging from atypical Golgiacrosome complexes to multiple acrosome \"implantation\" sites on the spermatid nuclei. In many developing acrosomal caps the distribution of acrosomal material is irregular. During the nuclear elongation phase, bundles of microtubules oriented parallel to the manchette have been seen lying in cylindrical invaginations of some spermatid nuclei. In later spermatids, chromatin condensation appears to proceed normally but may be unduly delayed in reaching completion. These various perturbations give rise to a wide spectrum of abnormal spermatozoa ranging from spermatozoa with heads of near-normal morphology to highly bizarre heads which have lost their chromatin. Sperm flagellar ultrastructure is normal and all sperm tails; even those devoid of recognizable heads, are highly motile. These findings support the view that the development of the sperm head is under the control of a group of genes distinct from those mediating events involved in flagella development."}
{"id": "PMID:872193", "title": "Spermatogenesis revisited. IV. Abnormal spermiogenesis in mice homozygous for another male-sterility-inducing mutation, hpy (hydrocephalic-polydactyl).", "content": "Gametogenesis is normal through meiosis and the earliest phases of spermiogenesis in male-sterile mice homozygous for the recessive, pleiotropic, mutation hpy (hydrocephalic-polydactyl). However, structurally complete sperm flagella were not encountered. Instead partially assembled axonemal structures and/or poorly organized aggregates of other tail components (mitochondria, outer coarse fibers) were seen at the posterior poles of nuclei in older spermatids. The ultrastructure of centrioles in spermatids was normal, but that of axonemes associated with them was not. These findings suggest that the observed flagella dysgenesis results from defects in assembly rather than from defective intiation centers. Released \"gameters\" usually consisted of ditorted nuclei and associated acrosome enclosed in a relatively close fitting plasma membrane. Perturbations of sperm head development were also encountered; they included extreme nuclear elongation, and distortion of the acrosome and underlying nuclear material by impushings of finger-like processes of Sertoli cells. It is believed that sperm head anomalies are secondary consequences of the mutant condition. The findings support the view that the hpy locus represents one of a number of genes primarily involved in the mediation of flagella development.", "contents": "Spermatogenesis revisited. IV. Abnormal spermiogenesis in mice homozygous for another male-sterility-inducing mutation, hpy (hydrocephalic-polydactyl). Gametogenesis is normal through meiosis and the earliest phases of spermiogenesis in male-sterile mice homozygous for the recessive, pleiotropic, mutation hpy (hydrocephalic-polydactyl). However, structurally complete sperm flagella were not encountered. Instead partially assembled axonemal structures and/or poorly organized aggregates of other tail components (mitochondria, outer coarse fibers) were seen at the posterior poles of nuclei in older spermatids. The ultrastructure of centrioles in spermatids was normal, but that of axonemes associated with them was not. These findings suggest that the observed flagella dysgenesis results from defects in assembly rather than from defective intiation centers. Released \"gameters\" usually consisted of ditorted nuclei and associated acrosome enclosed in a relatively close fitting plasma membrane. Perturbations of sperm head development were also encountered; they included extreme nuclear elongation, and distortion of the acrosome and underlying nuclear material by impushings of finger-like processes of Sertoli cells. It is believed that sperm head anomalies are secondary consequences of the mutant condition. The findings support the view that the hpy locus represents one of a number of genes primarily involved in the mediation of flagella development."}
{"id": "PMID:872194", "title": "The ultrastructure of the sinus gland of the crayfish Astacus leptodactylus (Nordmann).", "content": "An ultrastructural study of the sinus gland of the crayfish Astacus leptodactylus demonstrates that this gland is mainly composed of glial cells, axons and axon terminals. On the basis of the size, shape and electron density of the neurosecretory granules, we could distinguish five different types of axon terminals.", "contents": "The ultrastructure of the sinus gland of the crayfish Astacus leptodactylus (Nordmann). An ultrastructural study of the sinus gland of the crayfish Astacus leptodactylus demonstrates that this gland is mainly composed of glial cells, axons and axon terminals. On the basis of the size, shape and electron density of the neurosecretory granules, we could distinguish five different types of axon terminals."}
{"id": "PMID:872195", "title": "Some morphogenetic features of the adenohypophysical primordium of early Xenopus laevis tadpoles.", "content": "The adenohypophyses of Xenopus laevis tadpoles at developmental stages 20 to 46 (Nieuwkoop and Faber, 1956) were studied. From its first appearance at about stage 20 to 21, the adenohypophysial primordium passes through four morphogenetic phases, each characterized by internal events. The first phase (stages 20 to about 33/34) is characterized by extensive proliferation of the primordium. During the second phase (stages 33/34 to about 37/38), the growth of the primordium is arrested. This arrest coincides with the attainment of secretory function. The primordium is claviform in shape at these stages. The third phase, roughly stage 39, is characterized by a thorough reorganization of the adenohypophysial cells, leading to the formation of the pars distalis and pars intermedia. The shape of the primordium changes, and its volume tmeporarily increases. The last phase is characterized by the organization of the pars distalis cells into cell cords which possibly demonstrate a functional relation to a specialized region (the \"hilus\") of the adenohypophysis-brain interspace.", "contents": "Some morphogenetic features of the adenohypophysical primordium of early Xenopus laevis tadpoles. The adenohypophyses of Xenopus laevis tadpoles at developmental stages 20 to 46 (Nieuwkoop and Faber, 1956) were studied. From its first appearance at about stage 20 to 21, the adenohypophysial primordium passes through four morphogenetic phases, each characterized by internal events. The first phase (stages 20 to about 33/34) is characterized by extensive proliferation of the primordium. During the second phase (stages 33/34 to about 37/38), the growth of the primordium is arrested. This arrest coincides with the attainment of secretory function. The primordium is claviform in shape at these stages. The third phase, roughly stage 39, is characterized by a thorough reorganization of the adenohypophysial cells, leading to the formation of the pars distalis and pars intermedia. The shape of the primordium changes, and its volume tmeporarily increases. The last phase is characterized by the organization of the pars distalis cells into cell cords which possibly demonstrate a functional relation to a specialized region (the \"hilus\") of the adenohypophysis-brain interspace."}
{"id": "PMID:872196", "title": "The membrane systems of the cardiac muscle cell of Euchaeta norvegica Boeck (crustacea, copepoda).", "content": "The membrane systems of the cardiac muscle cell of the copepod Euchaeta norvegica Boeck are described. The heart wall, which is between 0.12 and 1.36 micrometer thick, consists of an epicardium and a single layer of muscle cells. Invaginations of the sarcolemma forming transverse tubules have been found at all levels of the sarcomere with the exception of the H-band level. The longitudinal tubules of the same system are closely associated with the sarcoplasmic reticulum to form interior couplings at the A-I level of the sarcomere. Triadic couplings at the Z band level were not seen in E. norvegica, but peripheral couplings were demonstrated. Nex-uses were found in the intercalated discs.", "contents": "The membrane systems of the cardiac muscle cell of Euchaeta norvegica Boeck (crustacea, copepoda). The membrane systems of the cardiac muscle cell of the copepod Euchaeta norvegica Boeck are described. The heart wall, which is between 0.12 and 1.36 micrometer thick, consists of an epicardium and a single layer of muscle cells. Invaginations of the sarcolemma forming transverse tubules have been found at all levels of the sarcomere with the exception of the H-band level. The longitudinal tubules of the same system are closely associated with the sarcoplasmic reticulum to form interior couplings at the A-I level of the sarcomere. Triadic couplings at the Z band level were not seen in E. norvegica, but peripheral couplings were demonstrated. Nex-uses were found in the intercalated discs."}
{"id": "PMID:872197", "title": "Ultrastructure of the myocardial cell and its membrane systems in the adult fly Calliphora erythrocephala (insecta: diptera).", "content": "Calliphora erythrocephala has cross-striated cardiac muscle cells with A, I and Z-bands. The diameters of the myosin and actin filaments are 200-250 A and 85 A respectively and the length of the myosin filaments (A-band) is approximately 1.5 micron. Usually 8-10 actin filaments surround each myosin filament. The myocardial cells show a well-developed membrane system and interior couplings. A perforated sheet of SR envelopes the myofibrils at the A-band, dilates into flattened cisternae at both A-I band levels before it merges into a three-dimensional net-work between the actin filaments of the I-bands and between the dense bodies of the discontinuous Z-discs. The T-system consists of broad flattened tubules running between the myofibrils at the A-I band levels forming dyads with the SR-cisternae. Longitudinal connections between the transverse (T-) tubules often occur. It is suggested that this well-developed SR may be an adaptation to facilitate a rapid contraction/relaxation frequency by an effective Ca2+ uptake.", "contents": "Ultrastructure of the myocardial cell and its membrane systems in the adult fly Calliphora erythrocephala (insecta: diptera). Calliphora erythrocephala has cross-striated cardiac muscle cells with A, I and Z-bands. The diameters of the myosin and actin filaments are 200-250 A and 85 A respectively and the length of the myosin filaments (A-band) is approximately 1.5 micron. Usually 8-10 actin filaments surround each myosin filament. The myocardial cells show a well-developed membrane system and interior couplings. A perforated sheet of SR envelopes the myofibrils at the A-band, dilates into flattened cisternae at both A-I band levels before it merges into a three-dimensional net-work between the actin filaments of the I-bands and between the dense bodies of the discontinuous Z-discs. The T-system consists of broad flattened tubules running between the myofibrils at the A-I band levels forming dyads with the SR-cisternae. Longitudinal connections between the transverse (T-) tubules often occur. It is suggested that this well-developed SR may be an adaptation to facilitate a rapid contraction/relaxation frequency by an effective Ca2+ uptake."}
{"id": "PMID:872198", "title": "Effect of anabolic steroids on rat heart muscle cells. I. Intermediate filaments.", "content": "Long-term treatment of female rats with the anabolic steroid hormone Methandrostenolone results in a conspicuous increase of intermediate sized, nonmyofibrillar filaments in muscle cells of the left cardiac ventricle, as revealed by electron microscopy. These filaments, measuring 70 - 110 A in diameter, form a characteristic network at the Z-level of the sarcomere, either encircling or penetrating the Z-bands, and appear to insert into the nuclear membrane. The T-system is accompanied by the filaments adjacent to the site of the couplings. Here they are attached to subsarcolemmal electron-dense patches, which may be Z-line precursor material. The filaments may function as a cytoskeleton, to provide passive support in the mechanism of contraction and to mediate nucleo-sarcolemmal and nucleo-myofibrillar exchange.", "contents": "Effect of anabolic steroids on rat heart muscle cells. I. Intermediate filaments. Long-term treatment of female rats with the anabolic steroid hormone Methandrostenolone results in a conspicuous increase of intermediate sized, nonmyofibrillar filaments in muscle cells of the left cardiac ventricle, as revealed by electron microscopy. These filaments, measuring 70 - 110 A in diameter, form a characteristic network at the Z-level of the sarcomere, either encircling or penetrating the Z-bands, and appear to insert into the nuclear membrane. The T-system is accompanied by the filaments adjacent to the site of the couplings. Here they are attached to subsarcolemmal electron-dense patches, which may be Z-line precursor material. The filaments may function as a cytoskeleton, to provide passive support in the mechanism of contraction and to mediate nucleo-sarcolemmal and nucleo-myofibrillar exchange."}
{"id": "PMID:872199", "title": "An ultrastructural study of the musculature of the pond snail Lymnaea stagnalis (l.).", "content": "The ultrastructure of the musculature of Lymnaea stagnalis was studied. Each of the six muscle systems of the body wall, previously distinguished in an anatomical study, has its own type of smooth muscle, characterised by the size and number of the myofilaments, number of mitochondria and distribution of smooth endoplasmic reticulum. The visceral musculature comprises both smooth and striated muscle. Cross-striated muscle is found in the heart and proximal aorta, obliquely striated muscle in the buccal mass, gizzard and vas deferens. Myofibroblasts and myoendothelial cells were also distinguished. On the basis of the observations it is concluded that striated muscles in L. stagnalis contract and relax more rapidly and have a higher endurance than smooth muscles, but that the latter can contract over a wider range. Among smooth muscles the head retractor muscle contracts most rapidly, the shell muscle is most powerful and the diagonal muscle is slow to contract but has a relatively high endurance. The latter muscle, together with the horizontal foot muscle, plays a major role in maintenance of the hydrostatic skeleton. A model for the organisation of the smooth muscles is deduced from the ultrastructural observations. It implies that the myosin-paramyosin filaments change their actin filament partners during contraction. This agrees with a model deduced for other smooth muscles on the basis of physiological experiments and X-ray diffraction analysis.", "contents": "An ultrastructural study of the musculature of the pond snail Lymnaea stagnalis (l.). The ultrastructure of the musculature of Lymnaea stagnalis was studied. Each of the six muscle systems of the body wall, previously distinguished in an anatomical study, has its own type of smooth muscle, characterised by the size and number of the myofilaments, number of mitochondria and distribution of smooth endoplasmic reticulum. The visceral musculature comprises both smooth and striated muscle. Cross-striated muscle is found in the heart and proximal aorta, obliquely striated muscle in the buccal mass, gizzard and vas deferens. Myofibroblasts and myoendothelial cells were also distinguished. On the basis of the observations it is concluded that striated muscles in L. stagnalis contract and relax more rapidly and have a higher endurance than smooth muscles, but that the latter can contract over a wider range. Among smooth muscles the head retractor muscle contracts most rapidly, the shell muscle is most powerful and the diagonal muscle is slow to contract but has a relatively high endurance. The latter muscle, together with the horizontal foot muscle, plays a major role in maintenance of the hydrostatic skeleton. A model for the organisation of the smooth muscles is deduced from the ultrastructural observations. It implies that the myosin-paramyosin filaments change their actin filament partners during contraction. This agrees with a model deduced for other smooth muscles on the basis of physiological experiments and X-ray diffraction analysis."}
{"id": "PMID:872200", "title": "Fine structure of rabbit ear chondrocytes in vitro and after autotransplantation.", "content": "Chondrocytes were isolated enzymatically from rabbit ear cartilage, grown in vitro or as autotransplants for 1, 2 or 5 weeks and then examined by transmission electron microscopy. A confluent monolayer formed rapidly in vitro and the cells later grew in multiple overlapping layers, producing thick sheets of cartilaginous tissue. The cells retained a normal structure throughout the period of observation and, like the chondrocytes in intact cartilage, showed numerous microfilaments, and extensive granular endoplasmic reticulum and a prominent Golgi complex. Large amounts of intercellular matrix were laid down in vitro consisting of thin collagen fibrils, small rounded or polygonal granules believed to represent proteoglycans and patches and fibres of elastin. Chondrocytes in intramuscular autotransplants reconstituted an elastic cartilage. The exogenous origin of the cells in the transplants was verified by labeling of the lysosomes by exposure of the cells to colloidal thorium dioxide particles prior to injection. Structurally, the cells and the matrix of the transplants conformed to the above description. Accumulations of elastin-like material were sometimes observed in the Golgi vacuoles of the cells. Extracellularly, such conglomerates aggregated in connection with bundles of microfibrils, building up mature elastic fibres with a dense amorphous structure. The culture and transplant systems characterized here provide suitable experimental models for studies on development, growth and aging of elastic cartilage, including various aspects of the formation and turnover of elastic fibres and other macromolecular matrix components.", "contents": "Fine structure of rabbit ear chondrocytes in vitro and after autotransplantation. Chondrocytes were isolated enzymatically from rabbit ear cartilage, grown in vitro or as autotransplants for 1, 2 or 5 weeks and then examined by transmission electron microscopy. A confluent monolayer formed rapidly in vitro and the cells later grew in multiple overlapping layers, producing thick sheets of cartilaginous tissue. The cells retained a normal structure throughout the period of observation and, like the chondrocytes in intact cartilage, showed numerous microfilaments, and extensive granular endoplasmic reticulum and a prominent Golgi complex. Large amounts of intercellular matrix were laid down in vitro consisting of thin collagen fibrils, small rounded or polygonal granules believed to represent proteoglycans and patches and fibres of elastin. Chondrocytes in intramuscular autotransplants reconstituted an elastic cartilage. The exogenous origin of the cells in the transplants was verified by labeling of the lysosomes by exposure of the cells to colloidal thorium dioxide particles prior to injection. Structurally, the cells and the matrix of the transplants conformed to the above description. Accumulations of elastin-like material were sometimes observed in the Golgi vacuoles of the cells. Extracellularly, such conglomerates aggregated in connection with bundles of microfibrils, building up mature elastic fibres with a dense amorphous structure. The culture and transplant systems characterized here provide suitable experimental models for studies on development, growth and aging of elastic cartilage, including various aspects of the formation and turnover of elastic fibres and other macromolecular matrix components."}
{"id": "PMID:872201", "title": "Material transport within specialised ciliary shafts on Rhabdopleura zooids.", "content": "The surface of the Rhabdopleura zooid is ciliated. The cilia of the cephalic shield and tentacles have paddle-like swellings of the shaft. These swellings are usually about 0.6-1 micron in diameter and most frequently found in the distal 1-2 micron of the ciliary shaft. Others are found in other positions along the length of the cilium and it is suggested that at least some of these swellings represent material transport within the cilium. Paddle shaped cilia are probably more efficient than normal cilia in moving water and food particles. If these cilia are involved in the building of the tubular coenecium then their distribution suggests that the tentacles as well as the cephalic shield are actively involved in tube building.", "contents": "Material transport within specialised ciliary shafts on Rhabdopleura zooids. The surface of the Rhabdopleura zooid is ciliated. The cilia of the cephalic shield and tentacles have paddle-like swellings of the shaft. These swellings are usually about 0.6-1 micron in diameter and most frequently found in the distal 1-2 micron of the ciliary shaft. Others are found in other positions along the length of the cilium and it is suggested that at least some of these swellings represent material transport within the cilium. Paddle shaped cilia are probably more efficient than normal cilia in moving water and food particles. If these cilia are involved in the building of the tubular coenecium then their distribution suggests that the tentacles as well as the cephalic shield are actively involved in tube building."}
{"id": "PMID:872202", "title": "Quantitative electron microscopic analysis of the epithelium of normal human alveolar mucosa.", "content": "The epithelium of normal human alveolar mucosa originating from the anterior vestibulum was subjected to stereologic analysis. Eight biopsies were collected half-way between the muco gingival junction and the vestibular fornix from 20 to 50 year-old females, and processed for light and electron microscopy. At two levels of magnification, electron micrographs were sampled from four artificially selected strata in regions of epithelial ridges. Stereologic point counting based on a computer-aided system for analyzing stratified epithelia served for examining a total of about 860 electron micrographs. The alveolar epithelium was 0.26 mm thick, occasionally interdigitated by short, slender connective tissue papillae, and consisted of (1) a narrow basal and suprabasal, and (2) a broad spinous and surface compartment. It displayed a differentiation pattern which, in most subjects studied, was similar to that of normal human buccal epithelium, however, on the average, produced less mature surface cells. This pattern was expressed mainly by a density increase of cytoplasmic filaments (98 A in diameter), a concomitant decrease of the cytoplasmic ground substance, the formation of dark-cored membrane coating granules, and invividually variable amounts of glycogen deposition. In some subjects, a mixed differentiation pattern was found. The structural organization of alveolar epithelium, in analogy to cheek epithelium, was compatible with the function of distensibility.", "contents": "Quantitative electron microscopic analysis of the epithelium of normal human alveolar mucosa. The epithelium of normal human alveolar mucosa originating from the anterior vestibulum was subjected to stereologic analysis. Eight biopsies were collected half-way between the muco gingival junction and the vestibular fornix from 20 to 50 year-old females, and processed for light and electron microscopy. At two levels of magnification, electron micrographs were sampled from four artificially selected strata in regions of epithelial ridges. Stereologic point counting based on a computer-aided system for analyzing stratified epithelia served for examining a total of about 860 electron micrographs. The alveolar epithelium was 0.26 mm thick, occasionally interdigitated by short, slender connective tissue papillae, and consisted of (1) a narrow basal and suprabasal, and (2) a broad spinous and surface compartment. It displayed a differentiation pattern which, in most subjects studied, was similar to that of normal human buccal epithelium, however, on the average, produced less mature surface cells. This pattern was expressed mainly by a density increase of cytoplasmic filaments (98 A in diameter), a concomitant decrease of the cytoplasmic ground substance, the formation of dark-cored membrane coating granules, and invividually variable amounts of glycogen deposition. In some subjects, a mixed differentiation pattern was found. The structural organization of alveolar epithelium, in analogy to cheek epithelium, was compatible with the function of distensibility."}
{"id": "PMID:872203", "title": "The effect of ecdysone on the fat body cells of the penultimate larvae of Mamestra brassicae.", "content": "The capability of beta-ecdysterone to induce autophagocytosis in the fat body cells of penultimate larvae of Mamestra brassicae was investigated both in vivo and in vitro. The hormone proved ineffective when applied for 3 h on the first 3 days of the instar, but it induced the formation of autophagic vacuoles on the 4th day (24 h before ecdysis). This effect became more pronounced when the hormone was administered 10 h before ecdysis. Cells incubated in vitro reacted to ecdysterone more sensitively than cells of similar age treated in vivo. It was concluded that the responsiveness of the fat body cells to ecdysterone as evaluated on the basis of autophagy depends on the age of the larvae. The increased sensitivity of the cells to ecdysterone at the end of the penultimate stage may be related to the decrease of juvenile hormone titre during this period.", "contents": "The effect of ecdysone on the fat body cells of the penultimate larvae of Mamestra brassicae. The capability of beta-ecdysterone to induce autophagocytosis in the fat body cells of penultimate larvae of Mamestra brassicae was investigated both in vivo and in vitro. The hormone proved ineffective when applied for 3 h on the first 3 days of the instar, but it induced the formation of autophagic vacuoles on the 4th day (24 h before ecdysis). This effect became more pronounced when the hormone was administered 10 h before ecdysis. Cells incubated in vitro reacted to ecdysterone more sensitively than cells of similar age treated in vivo. It was concluded that the responsiveness of the fat body cells to ecdysterone as evaluated on the basis of autophagy depends on the age of the larvae. The increased sensitivity of the cells to ecdysterone at the end of the penultimate stage may be related to the decrease of juvenile hormone titre during this period."}
{"id": "PMID:872206", "title": "Left ventricular endomycardial biopsy. I: description and evaluation of the technique.", "content": "The results of left ventricular endomyocardial biopsy by means of a long sheath technique in 154 patients are reported. The risks of left ventricular biopsy are those of left heart catheterisation. In 30 of these patients the results of left and right ventricular biopsy were compared, and in further 10 patients the right ventricle only was biopsied. Biopsy from the left ventricle carries less risk of cardiac perforation, gives a higher incidence of successful biopsy, and with the exception of hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy yields more diagnostic information.", "contents": "Left ventricular endomycardial biopsy. I: description and evaluation of the technique. The results of left ventricular endomyocardial biopsy by means of a long sheath technique in 154 patients are reported. The risks of left ventricular biopsy are those of left heart catheterisation. In 30 of these patients the results of left and right ventricular biopsy were compared, and in further 10 patients the right ventricle only was biopsied. Biopsy from the left ventricle carries less risk of cardiac perforation, gives a higher incidence of successful biopsy, and with the exception of hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy yields more diagnostic information."}
{"id": "PMID:872207", "title": "Left ventricular endomyocardial biopsy. II: the value of light microscopy.", "content": "Histological sections of left ventricular endomyocardial biopsies have been examined by light microscopy. The biopsies were taken from patients with congestive, hypertrophic, or restrictive cardiomyopathy and from patients with either aortic stenosis or regurgitation. In congestive cardiomyopathy no specific features were found and similar abnormalities were seen in aortic valve disease. In only one of six cases of asymmetric septal hypertrophy were the characteristic histological appearances noted. In four out of five patients with a restrictive type of cardiomyopathy, amyloid was demonstrated. The muscle fibres in aortic stenosis had a greater cross-sectional area than those in aortic regurgitation. A greater degree of fibrosis was present in aortic stenosis than in aortic regurgitation. In aortic stenosis the amount of fibrous tissue was inversely related to function.", "contents": "Left ventricular endomyocardial biopsy. II: the value of light microscopy. Histological sections of left ventricular endomyocardial biopsies have been examined by light microscopy. The biopsies were taken from patients with congestive, hypertrophic, or restrictive cardiomyopathy and from patients with either aortic stenosis or regurgitation. In congestive cardiomyopathy no specific features were found and similar abnormalities were seen in aortic valve disease. In only one of six cases of asymmetric septal hypertrophy were the characteristic histological appearances noted. In four out of five patients with a restrictive type of cardiomyopathy, amyloid was demonstrated. The muscle fibres in aortic stenosis had a greater cross-sectional area than those in aortic regurgitation. A greater degree of fibrosis was present in aortic stenosis than in aortic regurgitation. In aortic stenosis the amount of fibrous tissue was inversely related to function."}
{"id": "PMID:872208", "title": "A quantitative method for determining angiographic jet energy forces and their dissipation: theoretic and practical implications.", "content": "Jets emanating from the exit holes of cardiac catheters during angiographic injections are theoretically capable of producing severe localized cardiovascular trauma. We adopted a fluid mechanical model of an axially  symmetric jet to define these energy forces quantitatively, especially as they would occur in the clinical setting. During angiographic injection at all catheter flow rates used clinically, the jet emanating from the exit hole was always turbulent. The physical characteristics of the turbulent jet penetration into the  intravascular blood fell upon a universal curve independent of the jet Reynolds number. This curve, never previously described, allows ready calculation of hydraulic energy dissipation for any catheter of known length and lumen size. The diameter of the catheter exit orifice has a greater effect than injection flow rate on decreasing jet penetration. These results provide useful guidelines for reducing trauma during routine angiography.", "contents": "A quantitative method for determining angiographic jet energy forces and their dissipation: theoretic and practical implications. Jets emanating from the exit holes of cardiac catheters during angiographic injections are theoretically capable of producing severe localized cardiovascular trauma. We adopted a fluid mechanical model of an axially  symmetric jet to define these energy forces quantitatively, especially as they would occur in the clinical setting. During angiographic injection at all catheter flow rates used clinically, the jet emanating from the exit hole was always turbulent. The physical characteristics of the turbulent jet penetration into the  intravascular blood fell upon a universal curve independent of the jet Reynolds number. This curve, never previously described, allows ready calculation of hydraulic energy dissipation for any catheter of known length and lumen size. The diameter of the catheter exit orifice has a greater effect than injection flow rate on decreasing jet penetration. These results provide useful guidelines for reducing trauma during routine angiography."}
{"id": "PMID:872209", "title": "Knotting of a flow-directed catheter about a cardiac structure.", "content": "An instance of knotting of a flow-directed catheter about an intracardiac structure, presumably part of the tricuspid valve apparatus, is described. Because of the patient's severe pulmonary disease, cardiac surgery to remove the catheter was contraindicated. The central portion of the catheter was allowed to remain in situ, without apparent ill effects over a 16 month period.", "contents": "Knotting of a flow-directed catheter about a cardiac structure. An instance of knotting of a flow-directed catheter about an intracardiac structure, presumably part of the tricuspid valve apparatus, is described. Because of the patient's severe pulmonary disease, cardiac surgery to remove the catheter was contraindicated. The central portion of the catheter was allowed to remain in situ, without apparent ill effects over a 16 month period."}
{"id": "PMID:872210", "title": "A simple, inexpensive technique to permit the half-axial projection in laboratories with single plane cineangiography.", "content": "A simple inexpensive modification to permit x-ray beam angulation of a cineradiographic system consisting of a ceiling-suspended image intensifier and an under-the-table x-ray tube is described. This has permitted the incorporation of the half-axial projection into the routine evaluation of the proximal left anterior descending artery (LAD) with a minimum of patient discomfort.", "contents": "A simple, inexpensive technique to permit the half-axial projection in laboratories with single plane cineangiography. A simple inexpensive modification to permit x-ray beam angulation of a cineradiographic system consisting of a ceiling-suspended image intensifier and an under-the-table x-ray tube is described. This has permitted the incorporation of the half-axial projection into the routine evaluation of the proximal left anterior descending artery (LAD) with a minimum of patient discomfort."}
{"id": "PMID:872211", "title": "A heart model for understanding three-deminsional cardiac anatomy.", "content": "A simple procedure for making cardiac casts has been described. These casts aid in the understainging of the special relationships of the ventricles, valves and coronary arteries as they appear at the time of cardiac angiography.", "contents": "A heart model for understanding three-deminsional cardiac anatomy. A simple procedure for making cardiac casts has been described. These casts aid in the understainging of the special relationships of the ventricles, valves and coronary arteries as they appear at the time of cardiac angiography."}
{"id": "PMID:872212", "title": "Recurrent catheter-induced coronary artery spasm.", "content": "Catheter-induced spasm has generally been considered to represent an iatrogenic phenomenon without important clinical significance. This report describes two patients who developed catheter-induced spasm in the proximal segment of the right coronary artery in separate studies performed in different laboratories by means of different catheter techniques. One of these patients developed right coronary spasm on three occasions and, in addition, developed catheter-induced spasm of the left main trunk during two different studies. These observations would add support to the hypothesis that a predisposition to coronary artery spasm may exist in certain individiuals. Catheter-induced spasm deserves attention, since it may provide a means of identifying spasm-prone individuals.", "contents": "Recurrent catheter-induced coronary artery spasm. Catheter-induced spasm has generally been considered to represent an iatrogenic phenomenon without important clinical significance. This report describes two patients who developed catheter-induced spasm in the proximal segment of the right coronary artery in separate studies performed in different laboratories by means of different catheter techniques. One of these patients developed right coronary spasm on three occasions and, in addition, developed catheter-induced spasm of the left main trunk during two different studies. These observations would add support to the hypothesis that a predisposition to coronary artery spasm may exist in certain individiuals. Catheter-induced spasm deserves attention, since it may provide a means of identifying spasm-prone individuals."}
{"id": "PMID:872219", "title": "The genome of Uukuniemi virus consists of three unique RNA segments.", "content": "The three RNA species isolated from virions of Uukuniemi virus, a proposed member of the newly defined Bunyaviridae family, have been characterized by analysis of 32P-labeled ribonuclease T1 oligonucleotides separated on two-dimensional polyacrylamide gels. Each species contains unique oligonucleotides not present in the two others, indicating that the genome of this virus is segmented. Each segment appears to contain a unique primary sequence with little or no overlapping among the segments. The complexities of the RNA segments as calculated from the radioactivity in unique oligonucleotides of defined lengths are about 8000 (L RNA), 3500 (M) and 1900 (S) nucleotides. Since these values are similar to the molecular weights determined by other methods, each size class of RNA corresponds to a single molecular species. The presence of a 5' terminal pppAp ... structure in each RNA segment confirms indications from electron microscopy that the apparently circular RNA segments are not covalently closed. The absence of either a 5' terminal \"cap\" or 3' terminal poly(A) supports the concept that Uukuniemi virus is a negative strand virus.", "contents": "The genome of Uukuniemi virus consists of three unique RNA segments. The three RNA species isolated from virions of Uukuniemi virus, a proposed member of the newly defined Bunyaviridae family, have been characterized by analysis of 32P-labeled ribonuclease T1 oligonucleotides separated on two-dimensional polyacrylamide gels. Each species contains unique oligonucleotides not present in the two others, indicating that the genome of this virus is segmented. Each segment appears to contain a unique primary sequence with little or no overlapping among the segments. The complexities of the RNA segments as calculated from the radioactivity in unique oligonucleotides of defined lengths are about 8000 (L RNA), 3500 (M) and 1900 (S) nucleotides. Since these values are similar to the molecular weights determined by other methods, each size class of RNA corresponds to a single molecular species. The presence of a 5' terminal pppAp ... structure in each RNA segment confirms indications from electron microscopy that the apparently circular RNA segments are not covalently closed. The absence of either a 5' terminal \"cap\" or 3' terminal poly(A) supports the concept that Uukuniemi virus is a negative strand virus."}
{"id": "PMID:872220", "title": "Cowpea mosaic virus RNAs have neither m7GpppN ... nor mono-, di- or triphosphates at their 5' ends.", "content": "32P-labeled cowpea mosaic virus (CPMV) RNAs were analyzed for their 5' termini by three different fingerprinting standard procedures. These analyses showed unequivocally that CPMV RNAs lack a structure like m7GpppN ... at their 5' termini. In addition, neither mono-, di- or triphosphorylated [(p)(p)pN ....] termini were found in the respective fingerprints. The inability to label the 5' termini treatment with gamma-32P-ATP and polynucleotide kinase, either per se or after pretreatment with alkaline phosphatase, strongly suggests the absence of a free 5'-OH and a free 5'-phosphate at the 5' terminal nucleotide in CPMV RNAs. The various analyses also showed that no 2' -O-methylated nucleotides, N6-methyladenosines or pseudo-uridines are present in CPMV RNAs.", "contents": "Cowpea mosaic virus RNAs have neither m7GpppN ... nor mono-, di- or triphosphates at their 5' ends. 32P-labeled cowpea mosaic virus (CPMV) RNAs were analyzed for their 5' termini by three different fingerprinting standard procedures. These analyses showed unequivocally that CPMV RNAs lack a structure like m7GpppN ... at their 5' termini. In addition, neither mono-, di- or triphosphorylated [(p)(p)pN ....] termini were found in the respective fingerprints. The inability to label the 5' termini treatment with gamma-32P-ATP and polynucleotide kinase, either per se or after pretreatment with alkaline phosphatase, strongly suggests the absence of a free 5'-OH and a free 5'-phosphate at the 5' terminal nucleotide in CPMV RNAs. The various analyses also showed that no 2' -O-methylated nucleotides, N6-methyladenosines or pseudo-uridines are present in CPMV RNAs."}
{"id": "PMID:872264", "title": "A methionine-reversible folate deficiency in rats following the acute administration of diethylnitrosamine and alpha-naphthylisothiocyanate.", "content": "Acute doses of the hepatotoxic agents diethylnitrosamine (DEN) and alpha-naphthylisothiocyanate (ANIT) to young adult male rats led to the production of a folate deficiency as determined by an elevated urinary excretion of formiminoglutamic acid (FIGLU) 2 to 4 days following administration of the compounds. High dietary levels of methionine significantly reduced the elevated levels of FIGLU produced by the 2 chemicals. Dietary folate had no significant effect on the excretion of urinary FIGLU. Although the hepatic levels of S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) were significantly increased in rats fed the high dietary levels of methionine, an acute dose of DEN did not depress the hepatic levels of SAM. The results indicate that the methyl-reversible folate deficiency caused by hepatotoxic agents is not the direct consequence of altered hepatic levels of SAM.", "contents": "A methionine-reversible folate deficiency in rats following the acute administration of diethylnitrosamine and alpha-naphthylisothiocyanate. Acute doses of the hepatotoxic agents diethylnitrosamine (DEN) and alpha-naphthylisothiocyanate (ANIT) to young adult male rats led to the production of a folate deficiency as determined by an elevated urinary excretion of formiminoglutamic acid (FIGLU) 2 to 4 days following administration of the compounds. High dietary levels of methionine significantly reduced the elevated levels of FIGLU produced by the 2 chemicals. Dietary folate had no significant effect on the excretion of urinary FIGLU. Although the hepatic levels of S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) were significantly increased in rats fed the high dietary levels of methionine, an acute dose of DEN did not depress the hepatic levels of SAM. The results indicate that the methyl-reversible folate deficiency caused by hepatotoxic agents is not the direct consequence of altered hepatic levels of SAM."}
{"id": "PMID:872268", "title": "Effects of acute CS2 intoxication on protein metabolism in rat brain.", "content": "The effect of acute CS2 exposure on the rat brain protein metabolism was studied with control and phenobarbitone pretreated adult male rats 1, 4 and 46 h after exposure. Increased activity of acid proteinase was detected in both test groups 1 and 4 h after exposure and it was accompanied by changes in 14C-labelled leucine turnover as well as in RNA content. The changes were more conspicuous in cerebellum than in brain in both test groups while phenobarbitone pretreatment modified the brain response towards intoxication. This modification probably represents inherent effects of barbiturate on brain protein metabolism as well as altered metabolism of CS2. The activities of creatine kinase and nonspecific cholinesterase displayed only subtle changes as assayed in cerebral homogenate and serum. Thus a single acute CS2 intoxication apparently causes definitive transient changes in brain protein metabolism; serum enzyme determinations may not reflect the magnitude of these changes.", "contents": "Effects of acute CS2 intoxication on protein metabolism in rat brain. The effect of acute CS2 exposure on the rat brain protein metabolism was studied with control and phenobarbitone pretreated adult male rats 1, 4 and 46 h after exposure. Increased activity of acid proteinase was detected in both test groups 1 and 4 h after exposure and it was accompanied by changes in 14C-labelled leucine turnover as well as in RNA content. The changes were more conspicuous in cerebellum than in brain in both test groups while phenobarbitone pretreatment modified the brain response towards intoxication. This modification probably represents inherent effects of barbiturate on brain protein metabolism as well as altered metabolism of CS2. The activities of creatine kinase and nonspecific cholinesterase displayed only subtle changes as assayed in cerebral homogenate and serum. Thus a single acute CS2 intoxication apparently causes definitive transient changes in brain protein metabolism; serum enzyme determinations may not reflect the magnitude of these changes."}
{"id": "PMID:872269", "title": "Photodynamic action of chlorpromazine on adenovirus 5:repairable damage and single strand breaks.", "content": "Chlorpromazine, a substituted phenothiazine, commonly used as a sedative, has been found to photosensitize the inactivation of human adenovirus 5 to wavelengths of light between 330 and 390 nm. The slope of the inactivation curve is three fold greater when fibroblasts from people having xeroderma pigmentosum (XP) were used as viral hosts than when normal fibroblasts were used, showing that at least two-thirds of the damage produced in the virions is repairable by normal human fibroblasts. The phototreatment of chlorpromazine sensitized virions also results in the production of DNA strand breaks, which correlate fairly well with the production of lethal viral damage as measured in XP fibroblasts. These findings suggest that the photosensitization of the skin observed in patients treated with chlorpromazine might be due to DNA damage.", "contents": "Photodynamic action of chlorpromazine on adenovirus 5:repairable damage and single strand breaks. Chlorpromazine, a substituted phenothiazine, commonly used as a sedative, has been found to photosensitize the inactivation of human adenovirus 5 to wavelengths of light between 330 and 390 nm. The slope of the inactivation curve is three fold greater when fibroblasts from people having xeroderma pigmentosum (XP) were used as viral hosts than when normal fibroblasts were used, showing that at least two-thirds of the damage produced in the virions is repairable by normal human fibroblasts. The phototreatment of chlorpromazine sensitized virions also results in the production of DNA strand breaks, which correlate fairly well with the production of lethal viral damage as measured in XP fibroblasts. These findings suggest that the photosensitization of the skin observed in patients treated with chlorpromazine might be due to DNA damage."}
{"id": "PMID:872270", "title": "Aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase in mouse mammary gland: in vitro study using mammary cell lines.", "content": "The effects of 3-methylcholanthrene (MCA), 5,6-benzoflavone (betaNF), 7,8-benzoflavone (alphaNF) and pregnenolone 16alpha-carbonitrile (PCN) upon aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase (AHH) were determined in primary mammary gland epithelial cell cultures prepared from the C3Hf-/Ki mouse. MCA elevated AHH activity by 3--4 fold after 24 h of treatment; alphaNF produced a 50% inhibition. The specific activity of AHH in these cells was elevated by 6 h after exposure to MCA; enzyme activity was still maximally elevated after 48 h. The effects of MCA were also investigated in a group of mammary cell lines, one of which was derived from a control virgin mouse, the MCG V14; 3 of which arose from mammary tumors, MCG T10, MCG T14 and MCG T19; and 2 of which were sublines developed from hyperplastic alveolar nodules, HAN-1 and HAN-2. Induction was seen in all lines at 24 h, with the MCG T14 being the most responsive and the HAN-2, the least. Although the MCG T19 tumor cells did respond in culture, when implanted in the mouse, the AHH of the subsequent tumor was not elevated upon administration of MCA in vivo.", "contents": "Aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase in mouse mammary gland: in vitro study using mammary cell lines. The effects of 3-methylcholanthrene (MCA), 5,6-benzoflavone (betaNF), 7,8-benzoflavone (alphaNF) and pregnenolone 16alpha-carbonitrile (PCN) upon aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase (AHH) were determined in primary mammary gland epithelial cell cultures prepared from the C3Hf-/Ki mouse. MCA elevated AHH activity by 3--4 fold after 24 h of treatment; alphaNF produced a 50% inhibition. The specific activity of AHH in these cells was elevated by 6 h after exposure to MCA; enzyme activity was still maximally elevated after 48 h. The effects of MCA were also investigated in a group of mammary cell lines, one of which was derived from a control virgin mouse, the MCG V14; 3 of which arose from mammary tumors, MCG T10, MCG T14 and MCG T19; and 2 of which were sublines developed from hyperplastic alveolar nodules, HAN-1 and HAN-2. Induction was seen in all lines at 24 h, with the MCG T14 being the most responsive and the HAN-2, the least. Although the MCG T19 tumor cells did respond in culture, when implanted in the mouse, the AHH of the subsequent tumor was not elevated upon administration of MCA in vivo."}
{"id": "PMID:872288", "title": "Vulnerability of the mildly ischemic ventricle to cathodal, anodal, and bipolar stimulation.", "content": "We studied the difference between myocardial vulnerability to arrhythmias caused by cathodal, anodal, and bipolar stimulation in 29 dogs with partial right coronary artery occlusion. We used 2-msec duration stimuli of up to 8 mA to determine the ventricular vulnerable periods, their relationship to the refractory periods, and the fibrillation or multiple response thresholds for unipolar anodal and cathodal stimulation after two premature ventricular contractions. The vulnerable period for arrhythmias began at the end of the respective refractory periods and terminated at a specific time within the cardiac cycle. Within this period the arrhythmia and excitation thresholds were equal. Because shorter refractory periods were obtained with anodal stimulation than cathodal, the vulnerable periods for anodal stimulation were longer. This indicated that the vulnerable periods for bipolar stimulation also would be longer than for unipolar cathodal stimulation since bipolar and anodal refractory periods are equal when the cathode and anode are of similar surface area. Results from seven of the experiments showed that a dual focus of excitation, which can only occur with bipolar stimulation, did not make the ventricle more vulnerable to arrhythmias than did unifocal stimulation. These results indicate that the difference between the arrhythmia vulnerability to unipolar cathodal, anodal, and bipolar stimulation is dependent on the relationship between their excitability characteristics, i.e., their strength-interval curves.", "contents": "Vulnerability of the mildly ischemic ventricle to cathodal, anodal, and bipolar stimulation. We studied the difference between myocardial vulnerability to arrhythmias caused by cathodal, anodal, and bipolar stimulation in 29 dogs with partial right coronary artery occlusion. We used 2-msec duration stimuli of up to 8 mA to determine the ventricular vulnerable periods, their relationship to the refractory periods, and the fibrillation or multiple response thresholds for unipolar anodal and cathodal stimulation after two premature ventricular contractions. The vulnerable period for arrhythmias began at the end of the respective refractory periods and terminated at a specific time within the cardiac cycle. Within this period the arrhythmia and excitation thresholds were equal. Because shorter refractory periods were obtained with anodal stimulation than cathodal, the vulnerable periods for anodal stimulation were longer. This indicated that the vulnerable periods for bipolar stimulation also would be longer than for unipolar cathodal stimulation since bipolar and anodal refractory periods are equal when the cathode and anode are of similar surface area. Results from seven of the experiments showed that a dual focus of excitation, which can only occur with bipolar stimulation, did not make the ventricle more vulnerable to arrhythmias than did unifocal stimulation. These results indicate that the difference between the arrhythmia vulnerability to unipolar cathodal, anodal, and bipolar stimulation is dependent on the relationship between their excitability characteristics, i.e., their strength-interval curves."}
{"id": "PMID:872290", "title": "Influence of prostaglandin E2, indomethacin, and reserpine on renal vascular responses to nerve stimulation, pressor and depressor hormones.", "content": "The effects of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) indomethacin, and reserpine were evaluated in the rabbit renal vascular bed in situ under conditions of controlled blood flow. Intrarenal infusion of PGE2, 0.03 and 0.3 microgram/min, decreased responses to renal nerve stimulation, intra-arterial norepinephrine, and angiotensin. Responses to nerve stimulation were decreased to a greater extent than responses to norepinephrine. At lower concentrations the effects of PGE2 on pressor responses and on vascular resistance could be separated. Reserpine decreased the histochemical evidence of adrenergic innervation and reduced the response to renal nerve stimulation, enhanced the response to norepinephrine, and was without effect on the response to angiotensin. Indomethacin decreased depressor responses to arachidonic acid, produced a small increase in renal vascular resistance but did not enhance renal pressor responses. The increase in renal vascular resistance after indomethacin was not modified by reserpine pretreatment. Indomethacin enhanced the renal response to bradykinin. These data show that PGE2 possesses the ability to modulate pressor responses in the kidney. However, experiments with indomethacin suggest that endogenous prostaglandins neither modulate pressor responses nor mediate the response of the renal vascular bed to bradykinin. In addition, these data suggest that the increase in renal resistance after indomethacin is not dependent on the adrenergic nervous system.", "contents": "Influence of prostaglandin E2, indomethacin, and reserpine on renal vascular responses to nerve stimulation, pressor and depressor hormones. The effects of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) indomethacin, and reserpine were evaluated in the rabbit renal vascular bed in situ under conditions of controlled blood flow. Intrarenal infusion of PGE2, 0.03 and 0.3 microgram/min, decreased responses to renal nerve stimulation, intra-arterial norepinephrine, and angiotensin. Responses to nerve stimulation were decreased to a greater extent than responses to norepinephrine. At lower concentrations the effects of PGE2 on pressor responses and on vascular resistance could be separated. Reserpine decreased the histochemical evidence of adrenergic innervation and reduced the response to renal nerve stimulation, enhanced the response to norepinephrine, and was without effect on the response to angiotensin. Indomethacin decreased depressor responses to arachidonic acid, produced a small increase in renal vascular resistance but did not enhance renal pressor responses. The increase in renal vascular resistance after indomethacin was not modified by reserpine pretreatment. Indomethacin enhanced the renal response to bradykinin. These data show that PGE2 possesses the ability to modulate pressor responses in the kidney. However, experiments with indomethacin suggest that endogenous prostaglandins neither modulate pressor responses nor mediate the response of the renal vascular bed to bradykinin. In addition, these data suggest that the increase in renal resistance after indomethacin is not dependent on the adrenergic nervous system."}
{"id": "PMID:872287", "title": "Expanding the scope of educational psychology.", "content": "This paper describes the way in which a psychologist has workded in day nurseries in an Inner London Borough. The work has involved the development of an assessment form to be used with the children, and the planning of support groups for the day nursery staff. A brief outline is given of the research design necessary to evaluate the effectiveness of this intervention. It is to be hoped that the study indicates one way in which educational psychologists may extend their range of activities into the preschool area, and maximize the use of their skills in the field of childhood disadvantage.", "contents": "Expanding the scope of educational psychology. This paper describes the way in which a psychologist has workded in day nurseries in an Inner London Borough. The work has involved the development of an assessment form to be used with the children, and the planning of support groups for the day nursery staff. A brief outline is given of the research design necessary to evaluate the effectiveness of this intervention. It is to be hoped that the study indicates one way in which educational psychologists may extend their range of activities into the preschool area, and maximize the use of their skills in the field of childhood disadvantage."}
{"id": "PMID:872292", "title": "The rabbit as an animal model for the activated factor X-antithrombin III-heparin reaction.", "content": "When activated factor X (Xa) inhibitory activity of serially diluted human and rabbit plasma is determined in a low salt assay, a lineare plot is obtained for human, but not for rabbit plasma. When a high salt assay is used, the dilution curves for both human and rabbit plasma are linear, and qualititive as well as quantitative differences are essentially eliminated. On Sephadex G-200 chromatography Xa inhibitory activity of human and rabbit plasma appears in two peaks. With the low salt assay the first and second peaks for human plasma contain respectively 30%, and 70% of the activity; whereas with rabbit plasma these values are greater than 95% and less than 5% of the activity. With the high salt assay the figures for human plasma are less than 5% and greater than 95%, and with rabbit plasma 65 +/- 3% and 35 +/- 3%, respectively. With the high salt system, rabbit plasma shows a continuous increase in Xa inhibitory activity with increasing heparin concentrations, similar to that obtained with human plasma. In the high salt system the relative contributions of antithrombin III  to Xa neutralization in human and rabbit plasma are different. However, in experiments in which Xa inhibitory activity of antithrombin III is altered by heparin, a simple formula, Total activity (%) = 65% + 0.35 x human plasma (%), permits translation of rabbit data on the Xa-antithrombin III-heparin reaction to man. On the basis of these findings, the rabbit model can effectively be used to study the Xa-antithrombin III reaction.", "contents": "The rabbit as an animal model for the activated factor X-antithrombin III-heparin reaction. When activated factor X (Xa) inhibitory activity of serially diluted human and rabbit plasma is determined in a low salt assay, a lineare plot is obtained for human, but not for rabbit plasma. When a high salt assay is used, the dilution curves for both human and rabbit plasma are linear, and qualititive as well as quantitative differences are essentially eliminated. On Sephadex G-200 chromatography Xa inhibitory activity of human and rabbit plasma appears in two peaks. With the low salt assay the first and second peaks for human plasma contain respectively 30%, and 70% of the activity; whereas with rabbit plasma these values are greater than 95% and less than 5% of the activity. With the high salt assay the figures for human plasma are less than 5% and greater than 95%, and with rabbit plasma 65 +/- 3% and 35 +/- 3%, respectively. With the high salt system, rabbit plasma shows a continuous increase in Xa inhibitory activity with increasing heparin concentrations, similar to that obtained with human plasma. In the high salt system the relative contributions of antithrombin III  to Xa neutralization in human and rabbit plasma are different. However, in experiments in which Xa inhibitory activity of antithrombin III is altered by heparin, a simple formula, Total activity (%) = 65% + 0.35 x human plasma (%), permits translation of rabbit data on the Xa-antithrombin III-heparin reaction to man. On the basis of these findings, the rabbit model can effectively be used to study the Xa-antithrombin III reaction."}
{"id": "PMID:872293", "title": "Detection of myocardial infarction in vitro based on altered attenuation of ultrasound.", "content": "This study was designed to determine whether attenuation of ultrasound by myocardium is potentially useful in detecting and quantifying infarction. Accordingly, we analyzed 44 regions of myocardium from 11 dogs 4-10 weeks after coronary occlusion. Attenuation of ultrasound in each region was assessed by transmitting a broadband pulse through the tissue in vitro and carefully gating the appropriate pulse into a spectrum analyzer for Fourier analysis (frequency range, 2-9.5 MHZ). An ultrasonic index of attenuation was derived from the slope of the best-fit line relating attenuation and frequency obtained from the Fourier transform. Acquistion of ultrasonic data was improved with the use of a specially designed small diameter receiving transducer. Myocardial creatine kinase content was assayed in each region to provide an independent index of regional injury. Results obtained from ultrasonic and biochemical analyses correlated with a correlation coefficient between the two of 0.80 in 24 regions of myocardium from the six dogs studied 4-5 weeks after infarction, and 0.72 in 20 regions from the five dogs studied 9-11 weeks after infarction. These findings indicate that regional infarction is associated with quantitative changes in ultrasonic attenuation.", "contents": "Detection of myocardial infarction in vitro based on altered attenuation of ultrasound. This study was designed to determine whether attenuation of ultrasound by myocardium is potentially useful in detecting and quantifying infarction. Accordingly, we analyzed 44 regions of myocardium from 11 dogs 4-10 weeks after coronary occlusion. Attenuation of ultrasound in each region was assessed by transmitting a broadband pulse through the tissue in vitro and carefully gating the appropriate pulse into a spectrum analyzer for Fourier analysis (frequency range, 2-9.5 MHZ). An ultrasonic index of attenuation was derived from the slope of the best-fit line relating attenuation and frequency obtained from the Fourier transform. Acquistion of ultrasonic data was improved with the use of a specially designed small diameter receiving transducer. Myocardial creatine kinase content was assayed in each region to provide an independent index of regional injury. Results obtained from ultrasonic and biochemical analyses correlated with a correlation coefficient between the two of 0.80 in 24 regions of myocardium from the six dogs studied 4-5 weeks after infarction, and 0.72 in 20 regions from the five dogs studied 9-11 weeks after infarction. These findings indicate that regional infarction is associated with quantitative changes in ultrasonic attenuation."}
{"id": "PMID:872294", "title": "Trophic influence of the sympathetic nervous system on the rat portal vein.", "content": "Adrenergic denervation of the rat portal vein was produced in vivo by the sympatholytic agent 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA). Treatment of rats with 6-OHDA decreased the responses of the portal veins to nerve stimulation, reduced 3H-norepinephrine (NE) uptake, and decreased catecholamine fluorescence, indicating that partial adrenergic denervation was achieved. The main findings of this study indicate that the in vivo denervation produced: (1) a (time-dependent) increase in sensitivity of the veins to NE, which was not of prejunctional origin, (2) an increase in sensitivity to BaC12, and (3) a partial depolarization of the myovascular cells. The results suggest that the in vivo denervation of the portal veins by 6-OHDA produces a postjunctional alteration, which may be due to the removal of a trophic influence of the sympathetic nervous system. It is proposed that the partial depolarization and associated ionic changes may be components of the mechanism. These results provide the first direct evidence that membrane excitability changes are involved in trophic nerve-muscle interactions in blood vessels.", "contents": "Trophic influence of the sympathetic nervous system on the rat portal vein. Adrenergic denervation of the rat portal vein was produced in vivo by the sympatholytic agent 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA). Treatment of rats with 6-OHDA decreased the responses of the portal veins to nerve stimulation, reduced 3H-norepinephrine (NE) uptake, and decreased catecholamine fluorescence, indicating that partial adrenergic denervation was achieved. The main findings of this study indicate that the in vivo denervation produced: (1) a (time-dependent) increase in sensitivity of the veins to NE, which was not of prejunctional origin, (2) an increase in sensitivity to BaC12, and (3) a partial depolarization of the myovascular cells. The results suggest that the in vivo denervation of the portal veins by 6-OHDA produces a postjunctional alteration, which may be due to the removal of a trophic influence of the sympathetic nervous system. It is proposed that the partial depolarization and associated ionic changes may be components of the mechanism. These results provide the first direct evidence that membrane excitability changes are involved in trophic nerve-muscle interactions in blood vessels."}
{"id": "PMID:872297", "title": "Collateral circulation after renal artery occlusion in the rat.", "content": "We used angiographic and microsphere methods to evaluate the anatomic and functional features of renal collateral circulation in the rat. By the microsphere method, renal parenchymal blood flow was less than 1% of control 1 hour after occlusion of the main renal artery; 2.8% of control 1-2 weeks after arterial occlusion; and 1% of control 4-9 weeks after occlusion. Radiographic observations during chronic occlusion revealed numerous collateral vessels to the kidney. These vessels readily filled with angiographic contrast medium but the intrarenal circulation did not visualize. We conclude that collateral circulation to renal parenchyma is negligible after acute or chronic occlusion of the main renal artery in the rat. The rich anatomic plexus of collateral vessels has no functional significance and is unable to preserve viability of the parenchyma.", "contents": "Collateral circulation after renal artery occlusion in the rat. We used angiographic and microsphere methods to evaluate the anatomic and functional features of renal collateral circulation in the rat. By the microsphere method, renal parenchymal blood flow was less than 1% of control 1 hour after occlusion of the main renal artery; 2.8% of control 1-2 weeks after arterial occlusion; and 1% of control 4-9 weeks after occlusion. Radiographic observations during chronic occlusion revealed numerous collateral vessels to the kidney. These vessels readily filled with angiographic contrast medium but the intrarenal circulation did not visualize. We conclude that collateral circulation to renal parenchyma is negligible after acute or chronic occlusion of the main renal artery in the rat. The rich anatomic plexus of collateral vessels has no functional significance and is unable to preserve viability of the parenchyma."}
{"id": "PMID:872298", "title": "Intrarenal hemodynamics in cross-circulated hypervolemic and isovolemic rats.", "content": "The microsphere technique was used to measure renal blood flow and intrarenal flow distribution in cross-circulated pairs of rats. One rat of each pair was made hypervolemic by infusion of blood (2.3% of body weight), followed by intravenous reinfusion to urine to maintain intravascular expansion. The other rat of each pair, which also was urine-reinfused, was kept isvolemic throughout the experiment. As shown previously, blood infusion resulted in a large diuretic and natriuretic response in the hypervolemic partner, while a smaller but statistically significant response occurred in the isovolemic partner. Total renal blood flow did not change in the expanded rats and fell slightly but not significantly in the nonexpanded ones. Blood volume expansion was associated with a significant shift in microsphere concentration from outer to inner cortex. This shift was not, however, correlated with the magnitude of the renal response. The transferred natriuresis in isovolemic partners was not associated with any change in microsphere distribution. We conclude therefore, that redistribution of blood flow to the inner cortex, although a feature of intravascular expansion, is not the primary determinant of volume natriuresis. In addition, the natriuretic activity which develops in the blood of hypervolemic rats can reduce sodium reabsorption in isovolemic rats without intrarenal hemodynamic changes.", "contents": "Intrarenal hemodynamics in cross-circulated hypervolemic and isovolemic rats. The microsphere technique was used to measure renal blood flow and intrarenal flow distribution in cross-circulated pairs of rats. One rat of each pair was made hypervolemic by infusion of blood (2.3% of body weight), followed by intravenous reinfusion to urine to maintain intravascular expansion. The other rat of each pair, which also was urine-reinfused, was kept isvolemic throughout the experiment. As shown previously, blood infusion resulted in a large diuretic and natriuretic response in the hypervolemic partner, while a smaller but statistically significant response occurred in the isovolemic partner. Total renal blood flow did not change in the expanded rats and fell slightly but not significantly in the nonexpanded ones. Blood volume expansion was associated with a significant shift in microsphere concentration from outer to inner cortex. This shift was not, however, correlated with the magnitude of the renal response. The transferred natriuresis in isovolemic partners was not associated with any change in microsphere distribution. We conclude therefore, that redistribution of blood flow to the inner cortex, although a feature of intravascular expansion, is not the primary determinant of volume natriuresis. In addition, the natriuretic activity which develops in the blood of hypervolemic rats can reduce sodium reabsorption in isovolemic rats without intrarenal hemodynamic changes."}
{"id": "PMID:872299", "title": "Electrical activity of sinoatrial node cells of the rabbit surviving a long exposure to cold Tyrode's solution.", "content": "The right atrium including the sinoatrial node was excised from the rabbit heart, immersed in Tyrode's solution, and kept at 0-3 degrees C for several days. The tissue then was warmed to 36-37 degrees C in well oxygenated Tyrode's solution. Transmembrane potentials from cells in the sinoatrial node region and the right atrium were recorded with microelectrodes. After 3 days of storage, the maximum diastolic potential of cells in the sinoatrial node region  decreased, but the configuration of the action potential was identical to that of the pacemaker pacemaker potential in the fresh preparation. After 5-7 days of storage, the sinoatrial node tissues in some preparations showed well preserved membrane potentials and pacemaker activity, while in others, the cells were electrically quiescent, or showed subthreshold oscillatory potentials of low amplitude. Transmembrane potentials could not be recorded from the right atrial tissue after storage for this period. Sinoatrial node action potentials with normal configuration were recorded from preparations stored for longer than 10 days. The sinoatrial cells in these preparations responded well to norepinephrine and acetylcholine, indicating that the reactivity of receptors was well preserved. The results provide electrophysiological evidence that cells in the sinoatrial node region can withstand long exposure to cold and retain their sensitivity to neuromediator action, but atrial myocardial cells cannot.", "contents": "Electrical activity of sinoatrial node cells of the rabbit surviving a long exposure to cold Tyrode's solution. The right atrium including the sinoatrial node was excised from the rabbit heart, immersed in Tyrode's solution, and kept at 0-3 degrees C for several days. The tissue then was warmed to 36-37 degrees C in well oxygenated Tyrode's solution. Transmembrane potentials from cells in the sinoatrial node region and the right atrium were recorded with microelectrodes. After 3 days of storage, the maximum diastolic potential of cells in the sinoatrial node region  decreased, but the configuration of the action potential was identical to that of the pacemaker pacemaker potential in the fresh preparation. After 5-7 days of storage, the sinoatrial node tissues in some preparations showed well preserved membrane potentials and pacemaker activity, while in others, the cells were electrically quiescent, or showed subthreshold oscillatory potentials of low amplitude. Transmembrane potentials could not be recorded from the right atrial tissue after storage for this period. Sinoatrial node action potentials with normal configuration were recorded from preparations stored for longer than 10 days. The sinoatrial cells in these preparations responded well to norepinephrine and acetylcholine, indicating that the reactivity of receptors was well preserved. The results provide electrophysiological evidence that cells in the sinoatrial node region can withstand long exposure to cold and retain their sensitivity to neuromediator action, but atrial myocardial cells cannot."}
{"id": "PMID:872300", "title": "Aortic endothelial cell replication. I. Effects of age and hypertension in the rat.", "content": "The daily rate of cell replication in the aortic endothelium of the normal rat falls from a maximum of 13% at birth to 0.1-0.3% at age 5-6 months. This residual rate of replication largely represents the turnover rate of the endothelium in normal animals. After renal hypertension of 2-3 weeks duration, however, the rate of replication rises 10-fold to an average value of 1.6%. This increase may represent an increase in turnover; however, it probably represent, at least in part, a proliferative response to cover the expanded luminal surface of the dilated vessel.", "contents": "Aortic endothelial cell replication. I. Effects of age and hypertension in the rat. The daily rate of cell replication in the aortic endothelium of the normal rat falls from a maximum of 13% at birth to 0.1-0.3% at age 5-6 months. This residual rate of replication largely represents the turnover rate of the endothelium in normal animals. After renal hypertension of 2-3 weeks duration, however, the rate of replication rises 10-fold to an average value of 1.6%. This increase may represent an increase in turnover; however, it probably represent, at least in part, a proliferative response to cover the expanded luminal surface of the dilated vessel."}
{"id": "PMID:872301", "title": "The effect of norepinephrine on aortic 42K turnover during deoxycorticosterone acetate hypertension and antihypertensive therapy in the rat.", "content": "We studied the effects of norepinephrine on 42K turnover in aorta isolated from rats. The rats were given saline to drink and were made hypertensive by injections of deoxycorticosterone acetate (DOC). Other groups of rats received in addition either 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OH-DA) or a regimen of antihypertensives (Anti-Hy) consisting of reserpine, hydrochlorothiazide, and hydralazine. The weight, length, wall thickness, and circumference of the aorta also were measured. DOC hypertension was associated with increased 42K turnover (rate constant for DOC = 0.0164 +/- 0.0009 vs. 0.0090 +/- 0.0002 min-1 in controls). The responses of 42K turnover to low doses of norepinephrine (NE) were increased in DOC with an ED50 of 3.5 +/- 0.8 X 10(-9) vs. 2.7 +/- 0.5 X 10(-8) M in controls. The aortic weight, weight/length, and wall thickness were also increased. Rats treated with DOC plus 6-OH-DA had lower blood pressure and smaller changes in aortic dimensions; however 42K turnover and response to NE were similar to those of the DOC group. The Anti-Hv group exhibited only small increase in 42K turnover and aortic dimensions when compared to controls. It is concluded that DOC hypertension is associated with increased response of 42K turnover to NE which in turn may contribute to increased responses reported for contraction. The Anti-Hy regimen was more effective than 6-OH-DA in reducing the increased 42K turnover and response to NE associated with DOC hypertension.", "contents": "The effect of norepinephrine on aortic 42K turnover during deoxycorticosterone acetate hypertension and antihypertensive therapy in the rat. We studied the effects of norepinephrine on 42K turnover in aorta isolated from rats. The rats were given saline to drink and were made hypertensive by injections of deoxycorticosterone acetate (DOC). Other groups of rats received in addition either 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OH-DA) or a regimen of antihypertensives (Anti-Hy) consisting of reserpine, hydrochlorothiazide, and hydralazine. The weight, length, wall thickness, and circumference of the aorta also were measured. DOC hypertension was associated with increased 42K turnover (rate constant for DOC = 0.0164 +/- 0.0009 vs. 0.0090 +/- 0.0002 min-1 in controls). The responses of 42K turnover to low doses of norepinephrine (NE) were increased in DOC with an ED50 of 3.5 +/- 0.8 X 10(-9) vs. 2.7 +/- 0.5 X 10(-8) M in controls. The aortic weight, weight/length, and wall thickness were also increased. Rats treated with DOC plus 6-OH-DA had lower blood pressure and smaller changes in aortic dimensions; however 42K turnover and response to NE were similar to those of the DOC group. The Anti-Hv group exhibited only small increase in 42K turnover and aortic dimensions when compared to controls. It is concluded that DOC hypertension is associated with increased response of 42K turnover to NE which in turn may contribute to increased responses reported for contraction. The Anti-Hy regimen was more effective than 6-OH-DA in reducing the increased 42K turnover and response to NE associated with DOC hypertension."}
{"id": "PMID:872302", "title": "The C19-mineralocorticoids in hypertension.", "content": "The excretion rates of the C19-mineralcorticoids, 16beta-hydroxy-DHEA and 16-oxo-androstenediol, were measured in subjects with low-renin essential hypertension and toxemia of pregnancy. C19-mineralocorticoid excretion in low-renin essential hypertension ranged from 70-790 microgram per day. No significant difference in 16beta-hydroxy-DHEA and 16-oxo-androstenediol excretion was found between these subjects and normal controls. Subjects with toxemia of pregnancy excreted between 350 and 2500 microgram per day of these steroids. There was no significant difference between toxemic and normal pregnancy. Thus, 16beta-hydroxy - DHEA and 16-oxo-androstenediol probably do not play an important role in either low-renin essential hypertension or toxemia of pregnancy.", "contents": "The C19-mineralocorticoids in hypertension. The excretion rates of the C19-mineralcorticoids, 16beta-hydroxy-DHEA and 16-oxo-androstenediol, were measured in subjects with low-renin essential hypertension and toxemia of pregnancy. C19-mineralocorticoid excretion in low-renin essential hypertension ranged from 70-790 microgram per day. No significant difference in 16beta-hydroxy-DHEA and 16-oxo-androstenediol excretion was found between these subjects and normal controls. Subjects with toxemia of pregnancy excreted between 350 and 2500 microgram per day of these steroids. There was no significant difference between toxemic and normal pregnancy. Thus, 16beta-hydroxy - DHEA and 16-oxo-androstenediol probably do not play an important role in either low-renin essential hypertension or toxemia of pregnancy."}
{"id": "PMID:872305", "title": "A critical review of the systolic time intervals.", "content": "The theoretical basis for the use of the systolic time intervals has been largely established. The method has been validated by direct measures from within the circulatory system. Standards for equipment and technique have been defined. Numerous clinical studies have demonstrated the value of this quantitative noninvasive technique for assessing left ventricular performance. At present there is need for further studies of the clinical usefulness of the systolic time intervals to improve both diagnosis and therapy of various cardiovascular disorders.", "contents": "A critical review of the systolic time intervals. The theoretical basis for the use of the systolic time intervals has been largely established. The method has been validated by direct measures from within the circulatory system. Standards for equipment and technique have been defined. Numerous clinical studies have demonstrated the value of this quantitative noninvasive technique for assessing left ventricular performance. At present there is need for further studies of the clinical usefulness of the systolic time intervals to improve both diagnosis and therapy of various cardiovascular disorders."}
{"id": "PMID:872307", "title": "The application of radionuclide infarct scintigraphy to diagnose perioperative myocardial infarction following revascularization.", "content": "To evaluate the application of radionuclide infarct scintigraphy to diagnose myocardial infarction after revascularization, we obtained postoperative technetium 99m pyrophosphate myocardial scintigrams, serial electrocardiograms and CPK-MB isoenzymes in ten control and 51 revascularized patients. All control patients had negative electrocardiograms and scintigrams, but eight had positive isoenzymes. Eight revascularized patients had positive electrocardiograms, images and enzymes and two had positive scintigrams and enzymes with negative electrocardiograms. Thirty-four patients with negative electorcardiograms and scintigrams had positive isoenzymes; in only seven patients were all tests negative. Our data suggest radionuclide infarct scintigraphy is a useful adjunct to the electrocardiogram in diagnosing perioperative infarction. The frequent presence of CPK-MB in postoperative patients without other evidence of infarction suggests that further studies are required to identify all factors responsible for its release.", "contents": "The application of radionuclide infarct scintigraphy to diagnose perioperative myocardial infarction following revascularization. To evaluate the application of radionuclide infarct scintigraphy to diagnose myocardial infarction after revascularization, we obtained postoperative technetium 99m pyrophosphate myocardial scintigrams, serial electrocardiograms and CPK-MB isoenzymes in ten control and 51 revascularized patients. All control patients had negative electrocardiograms and scintigrams, but eight had positive isoenzymes. Eight revascularized patients had positive electrocardiograms, images and enzymes and two had positive scintigrams and enzymes with negative electrocardiograms. Thirty-four patients with negative electorcardiograms and scintigrams had positive isoenzymes; in only seven patients were all tests negative. Our data suggest radionuclide infarct scintigraphy is a useful adjunct to the electrocardiogram in diagnosing perioperative infarction. The frequent presence of CPK-MB in postoperative patients without other evidence of infarction suggests that further studies are required to identify all factors responsible for its release."}
{"id": "PMID:872308", "title": "Follow-up technetium-99m stannous pyrophosphate myocardial scintigrams after acute myocardial infarction.", "content": "Technetium-99m stannous pyrophosphate (99mTc-PYP) myocardial scintigrams were obtained in 68 patients during acute myocardial infarction (AMI) and at follow-up 15.9 +/- 8.8 weeks later. All patients with AMI had a positive scintigram (2+ or greater); only one of 46 control patients (2%) had a positive (2+) scintigram. At follow-up scintigraphy 6 to 37 weeks following AMI, 57% of patients had a persistently positive scintigram even though recurrent AMI was suspected in only one of these patients. Patients with persistently positive scintigrams tended to have more severe disease as evidenced by compensated congested heart failure (41%) persistent angina (77%), and ECG evidence of ventricular dyssynergy (51%), We conclude that 1) in patients with prior AMI, a 2+ abnormality on 99mTc-PYP scintigram may not represent new AMI; 2) a persistently positive 99mTc- PYP scintigram may have prognostic implications since it occurs predominantly in patients with severe symptomatic coronary disease.", "contents": "Follow-up technetium-99m stannous pyrophosphate myocardial scintigrams after acute myocardial infarction. Technetium-99m stannous pyrophosphate (99mTc-PYP) myocardial scintigrams were obtained in 68 patients during acute myocardial infarction (AMI) and at follow-up 15.9 +/- 8.8 weeks later. All patients with AMI had a positive scintigram (2+ or greater); only one of 46 control patients (2%) had a positive (2+) scintigram. At follow-up scintigraphy 6 to 37 weeks following AMI, 57% of patients had a persistently positive scintigram even though recurrent AMI was suspected in only one of these patients. Patients with persistently positive scintigrams tended to have more severe disease as evidenced by compensated congested heart failure (41%) persistent angina (77%), and ECG evidence of ventricular dyssynergy (51%), We conclude that 1) in patients with prior AMI, a 2+ abnormality on 99mTc-PYP scintigram may not represent new AMI; 2) a persistently positive 99mTc- PYP scintigram may have prognostic implications since it occurs predominantly in patients with severe symptomatic coronary disease."}
{"id": "PMID:872309", "title": "The extraction of thallium-201 by the myocardium.", "content": "The concentration of thallium-201 in the myocardium immediately following injection of tracer is the result of both blood flow delivering tracer to the heart and extraction by the myocardium. In these studies, the extraction of thallium-201 by the canine myocardium was determined as a function of heart rate, coronary blood flow, hypoxia, changes in pH, and following administration of propranolol, insulin, and strophanthin. Under basal conditions, extraction fraction measured 88 +/- 2.1%, following pacing to a rate of 195 beats/min extraction fraction remained unchanged at 88.5%. Similar results were found with changes in pH, propranolol, insulin, and strophanthin. Hypoxia caused a significant decrease in extraction fraction to 77.9%. When coronary blood flow was increased in excess of demands by drugs, extraction fraction fell logarithmically.", "contents": "The extraction of thallium-201 by the myocardium. The concentration of thallium-201 in the myocardium immediately following injection of tracer is the result of both blood flow delivering tracer to the heart and extraction by the myocardium. In these studies, the extraction of thallium-201 by the canine myocardium was determined as a function of heart rate, coronary blood flow, hypoxia, changes in pH, and following administration of propranolol, insulin, and strophanthin. Under basal conditions, extraction fraction measured 88 +/- 2.1%, following pacing to a rate of 195 beats/min extraction fraction remained unchanged at 88.5%. Similar results were found with changes in pH, propranolol, insulin, and strophanthin. Hypoxia caused a significant decrease in extraction fraction to 77.9%. When coronary blood flow was increased in excess of demands by drugs, extraction fraction fell logarithmically."}
{"id": "PMID:872310", "title": "Technetium-99m stannous pyrophosphate myocardial scintigraphy. Reliability and limitations in assessment of acute myocardial infarction.", "content": "Two hundred-three patients had -echnetium 99m (stannous) pyrophosphate myocardial scintigrams for the evaluation of chest pain and suspected acute myocardial infarction. In addition to routine imaging at 60--90 minutes after injection of the radio-pharmaceutical, the blood pool was imaged immediately in each patient for comparison with routine anterior, left anterior oblique, and left lateral views. Further delayed studies were obtained when residual blood pool activity was identified. Seventy patients had acute myocardial infarction by clinical, electrocardiographic, and enzymatic (CK-MB) criteria. Sixty-five of these 70 patients with acute infarction had positive myocardial scintigrams, with one technically unsatisfactory study. Only four of the 70 patients had negative scintigrams when imaged 18--72 hours after infarction in this study. Technically satisfactory scintigrams were recorded in 125 patients without evidence of infarction. Ninety-six had negative scintigrams at 60--90 minutes, while 19 patients (15%) had precordial activity at 60--90 minutes which was identical in distribution to early blood pool images and cleared with further delay. With these included, the true negative incidence was 92%. Ten of 125 patients had false positive scintigrams; two had recent cardioversion with resultant chest wall damage. The other eight patients had previous infarction 1 1/2 to 72 months earlier and had akinetic segments shown angiographically in the areas of the persistently positive scintigrams. Myocardial scintigraphy correlates well with the presence of other evidence of acute infarction, as well as with the absence of acute infarction when residual blood pool activity is identified. False positive scintigrams can occur following cardioversion and in patients with previous myocardial infarction and resultant ventricular wall motion abnormalities.", "contents": "Technetium-99m stannous pyrophosphate myocardial scintigraphy. Reliability and limitations in assessment of acute myocardial infarction. Two hundred-three patients had -echnetium 99m (stannous) pyrophosphate myocardial scintigrams for the evaluation of chest pain and suspected acute myocardial infarction. In addition to routine imaging at 60--90 minutes after injection of the radio-pharmaceutical, the blood pool was imaged immediately in each patient for comparison with routine anterior, left anterior oblique, and left lateral views. Further delayed studies were obtained when residual blood pool activity was identified. Seventy patients had acute myocardial infarction by clinical, electrocardiographic, and enzymatic (CK-MB) criteria. Sixty-five of these 70 patients with acute infarction had positive myocardial scintigrams, with one technically unsatisfactory study. Only four of the 70 patients had negative scintigrams when imaged 18--72 hours after infarction in this study. Technically satisfactory scintigrams were recorded in 125 patients without evidence of infarction. Ninety-six had negative scintigrams at 60--90 minutes, while 19 patients (15%) had precordial activity at 60--90 minutes which was identical in distribution to early blood pool images and cleared with further delay. With these included, the true negative incidence was 92%. Ten of 125 patients had false positive scintigrams; two had recent cardioversion with resultant chest wall damage. The other eight patients had previous infarction 1 1/2 to 72 months earlier and had akinetic segments shown angiographically in the areas of the persistently positive scintigrams. Myocardial scintigraphy correlates well with the presence of other evidence of acute infarction, as well as with the absence of acute infarction when residual blood pool activity is identified. False positive scintigrams can occur following cardioversion and in patients with previous myocardial infarction and resultant ventricular wall motion abnormalities."}
{"id": "PMID:872311", "title": "Correlation of angiographic estimates of myocardial infarct size and accumulated release of creatine kinase MB isoenzyme in man.", "content": "Accumulated creatine kinase MB isoenzyme release (sigma CK-MB) during acute myocardial infarction was correlated with biplane left ventricular (LV) angiographic estimates of percent abnormally contracting segment (%ACS) and ejection fraction (EF) in 35 patients who underwent diagnostic angiography at a mean of 33 +/- 4 days post myocardial infarction (MI). Of the 35 patients, 18 had no evidence of prior MI and their sigma CK-MB showed good correlation with %ACS (r = 0.84) and with EF (r = - 0.78). An additional two patients with first (inferior) infarct secondary to stenosis of the right coronary artery proximal to the origin of the right ventricular arterial blood supply had disproportionately large sigma CK-MB, suggesting a combination of LV and RV necrosis. In the 15 patients with prior infarct, there was no significant correlation between sigma CK-MB and %ACS or EF. However, in the subgroup of patients with anterior MI, %ACS correlated with sigma CK-MB, both in patients with no prior MI (r = 0.88, N = 12) and in patients with prior MI (r = 0.69, N = 9). These independent angiographic and enzymatic data suggest that enzymatic infarct size estimates utilizing accumulated CK-MB release may be a valid and reliable clinical measure for assessing the extent of LV necrosis in the setting of acute anterior myocardial infarction. However, limitations may exists in certain cases of inferior MI, probably because of concomitant right and left ventricle necrosis.", "contents": "Correlation of angiographic estimates of myocardial infarct size and accumulated release of creatine kinase MB isoenzyme in man. Accumulated creatine kinase MB isoenzyme release (sigma CK-MB) during acute myocardial infarction was correlated with biplane left ventricular (LV) angiographic estimates of percent abnormally contracting segment (%ACS) and ejection fraction (EF) in 35 patients who underwent diagnostic angiography at a mean of 33 +/- 4 days post myocardial infarction (MI). Of the 35 patients, 18 had no evidence of prior MI and their sigma CK-MB showed good correlation with %ACS (r = 0.84) and with EF (r = - 0.78). An additional two patients with first (inferior) infarct secondary to stenosis of the right coronary artery proximal to the origin of the right ventricular arterial blood supply had disproportionately large sigma CK-MB, suggesting a combination of LV and RV necrosis. In the 15 patients with prior infarct, there was no significant correlation between sigma CK-MB and %ACS or EF. However, in the subgroup of patients with anterior MI, %ACS correlated with sigma CK-MB, both in patients with no prior MI (r = 0.88, N = 12) and in patients with prior MI (r = 0.69, N = 9). These independent angiographic and enzymatic data suggest that enzymatic infarct size estimates utilizing accumulated CK-MB release may be a valid and reliable clinical measure for assessing the extent of LV necrosis in the setting of acute anterior myocardial infarction. However, limitations may exists in certain cases of inferior MI, probably because of concomitant right and left ventricle necrosis."}
{"id": "PMID:872312", "title": "Continued incorporation of circulating radiolabeled fibrinogen into preformed coronary artery thrombi.", "content": "This study measured the growth over time of experimental coronary artery (CA) thrombi by radiolabeled fibrinogen uptake. 125I-fibrinogen was injected into dogs and 24 hours later CA thrombi were induced by electrical current. Twenty-four hours after CA thrombus induction, 131I-albumin (group A) or 131I-fibrinogen (group B) was injected. At 48 hours after thrombi induction, the thrombi were removed, divided into segments, and their radioactivity measured. The 131I-fibrinogen in the group B thrombi was significantly greater than the 131I-albumin in group A thrombi (P less than 0.001). In further studies, the 131I-fibrinogen was given 48 and 72 hours post CA thrombus formation. Significant 131I was also found in these CA thrombi. 125I-fibrinogen and 131I-fibrinogen incorporation occurred in virtually all segments of the thrombi. The results suggest 1) CA thrombi growth continues for at least 72 hours after initial formation; 2) the presence of 131I in the thrombi was due to gradual fibrin deposition throughout the thrombus.", "contents": "Continued incorporation of circulating radiolabeled fibrinogen into preformed coronary artery thrombi. This study measured the growth over time of experimental coronary artery (CA) thrombi by radiolabeled fibrinogen uptake. 125I-fibrinogen was injected into dogs and 24 hours later CA thrombi were induced by electrical current. Twenty-four hours after CA thrombus induction, 131I-albumin (group A) or 131I-fibrinogen (group B) was injected. At 48 hours after thrombi induction, the thrombi were removed, divided into segments, and their radioactivity measured. The 131I-fibrinogen in the group B thrombi was significantly greater than the 131I-albumin in group A thrombi (P less than 0.001). In further studies, the 131I-fibrinogen was given 48 and 72 hours post CA thrombus formation. Significant 131I was also found in these CA thrombi. 125I-fibrinogen and 131I-fibrinogen incorporation occurred in virtually all segments of the thrombi. The results suggest 1) CA thrombi growth continues for at least 72 hours after initial formation; 2) the presence of 131I in the thrombi was due to gradual fibrin deposition throughout the thrombus."}
{"id": "PMID:872313", "title": "The effect of acute coronary artery occlusion on subepicardial transmembrane potentials in the intact porcine heart.", "content": "Subepicardial transmembrane potentials were recorded from intact pig hearts to observe the changes induced by acute ischemia. Ischemia shortened action potential duration, and decreased its amplitude, upstroke velocity, and resting potential. The cells were unresponsive after 12 to 15 minutes of coronary artery occlusion, yet near normal action potentials could be restored by flushing the occluded artery with saline as late as 40 minutes after occlusion. The unipolar extracellular electrogram reflected unresponsiveness by a monophasic potential. Local refractory periods initially shortened by up to 100 msec. Later, postrepolarization refractoriness occurred and refractory periods lengthened often in excess of basic cycle length, thus resulting in 2:1 responses. The onset of early ventricular arrhythmias often coincided with a period of alternation and 2:1 responses, especially when these got out of phase in different regions. Reperfusion frequently led to ventricular fibrillation, and was associated with marked inhomogeneity in cellular responses. Re-entry within ischemic myocardium was the most likely mechanism for arrhythmias.", "contents": "The effect of acute coronary artery occlusion on subepicardial transmembrane potentials in the intact porcine heart. Subepicardial transmembrane potentials were recorded from intact pig hearts to observe the changes induced by acute ischemia. Ischemia shortened action potential duration, and decreased its amplitude, upstroke velocity, and resting potential. The cells were unresponsive after 12 to 15 minutes of coronary artery occlusion, yet near normal action potentials could be restored by flushing the occluded artery with saline as late as 40 minutes after occlusion. The unipolar extracellular electrogram reflected unresponsiveness by a monophasic potential. Local refractory periods initially shortened by up to 100 msec. Later, postrepolarization refractoriness occurred and refractory periods lengthened often in excess of basic cycle length, thus resulting in 2:1 responses. The onset of early ventricular arrhythmias often coincided with a period of alternation and 2:1 responses, especially when these got out of phase in different regions. Reperfusion frequently led to ventricular fibrillation, and was associated with marked inhomogeneity in cellular responses. Re-entry within ischemic myocardium was the most likely mechanism for arrhythmias."}
{"id": "PMID:872314", "title": "Re-entrant ventricular arrhythmias in the late myocardial infarction period. 3. Manifest and concealed extrasystolic grouping.", "content": "Re-entrant beats with regular extrasystolic grouping were seen in 44- of dogs 3--7 days following ligation of the anterior descending coronary artery. Utilizing direct recording of the re-entrant pathway (RP) from the epicardial surface of the infarction zone, we found extrasystolic grouping to be based on the infarction tachycardia-dependent conduction disorders in a potentially RP. Trigeminy and quadrigeminy were related, respectively, to a 3:2 and 4:3 Wenckebach-like conduction cycle in a RP. However, quadrigeminy could also be due to an underlying bigeminal rhythm with concealment of alternate re-entrant beats, i.e., concealed bigeminy. A bigeminal rhythm was the result of a 2:1 conduction pattern in a re-entrant pathway with a sufficient degree of conduction delay during the conducted beat of the 2:1 cycle to result in re-entry. A trigeminal or quadrigeminal rhythm could change to a bigeminal rhythm on critical shortening of the cardiac cycle. Fixed and variable coupling were related, respectively, to stable and changing conduction pattern in a re-entrant pathway. On the other hand, extrasystolic grouping could be concealed due to either block in the re-entrant pathway or entrapment in a small area of the closely bordering normal zone.", "contents": "Re-entrant ventricular arrhythmias in the late myocardial infarction period. 3. Manifest and concealed extrasystolic grouping. Re-entrant beats with regular extrasystolic grouping were seen in 44- of dogs 3--7 days following ligation of the anterior descending coronary artery. Utilizing direct recording of the re-entrant pathway (RP) from the epicardial surface of the infarction zone, we found extrasystolic grouping to be based on the infarction tachycardia-dependent conduction disorders in a potentially RP. Trigeminy and quadrigeminy were related, respectively, to a 3:2 and 4:3 Wenckebach-like conduction cycle in a RP. However, quadrigeminy could also be due to an underlying bigeminal rhythm with concealment of alternate re-entrant beats, i.e., concealed bigeminy. A bigeminal rhythm was the result of a 2:1 conduction pattern in a re-entrant pathway with a sufficient degree of conduction delay during the conducted beat of the 2:1 cycle to result in re-entry. A trigeminal or quadrigeminal rhythm could change to a bigeminal rhythm on critical shortening of the cardiac cycle. Fixed and variable coupling were related, respectively, to stable and changing conduction pattern in a re-entrant pathway. On the other hand, extrasystolic grouping could be concealed due to either block in the re-entrant pathway or entrapment in a small area of the closely bordering normal zone."}
{"id": "PMID:872315", "title": "Electrocardiographic recognition of sinus node dysfunction in children and young adults.", "content": "Twenty-four children and young adults with electrocardiographic evidence of sinus node dysfunction (SND) are described. The patients, whose ages ranged from three days to 25 years, were divided into three groups based on the type of SND. Ten patients had persistent and inappropriate sinus bradycardia (group I): twelve patients had episodes of prolonged sinus arrest (group II); and seven patients had repeated episodes of Mobitz type I or II sinoatrial exit block (group III). Eighteeen patients had significant heart disease and in 11 of these the SND followed corrective cardiac surgery. Seven were operations for atrial septal defect and transposition repair. Seven patients with SND were symptomatic, having either syncopal (3) or near syncopal episodes (4). All three with syncope have received permanent demand pacemakers. These data show that sinotrial exit block occurs in many young patients with SND (29% in this series). Its recognition, however, requires careful electrocardiographic analysis in order to differentiate sinus bradycardia and sinus arrhythmia. Although SND most commonly occurs in children with congenital or acquired heart disease, particularly following corrective cardiac surgery, it may occur in the absence of other cardiac abnormalities.", "contents": "Electrocardiographic recognition of sinus node dysfunction in children and young adults. Twenty-four children and young adults with electrocardiographic evidence of sinus node dysfunction (SND) are described. The patients, whose ages ranged from three days to 25 years, were divided into three groups based on the type of SND. Ten patients had persistent and inappropriate sinus bradycardia (group I): twelve patients had episodes of prolonged sinus arrest (group II); and seven patients had repeated episodes of Mobitz type I or II sinoatrial exit block (group III). Eighteeen patients had significant heart disease and in 11 of these the SND followed corrective cardiac surgery. Seven were operations for atrial septal defect and transposition repair. Seven patients with SND were symptomatic, having either syncopal (3) or near syncopal episodes (4). All three with syncope have received permanent demand pacemakers. These data show that sinotrial exit block occurs in many young patients with SND (29% in this series). Its recognition, however, requires careful electrocardiographic analysis in order to differentiate sinus bradycardia and sinus arrhythmia. Although SND most commonly occurs in children with congenital or acquired heart disease, particularly following corrective cardiac surgery, it may occur in the absence of other cardiac abnormalities."}
{"id": "PMID:872316", "title": "Prognostic value of infranodal conduction time in patients with chronic bundle branch block.", "content": "His bundle recordings were obtained in 121 patients with chronic bundle branch block and the patients were followed for a mean period of 18 months. Seventy-nine patients had an infranodal conduction time (H-Q) less than 70 msec while 42 had H-Q greater than or equal to 70 msec. There was no significant difference in mean age, smoking history, diabetes, syncope, dizziness, blood pressure, and serum cholesterol or triglyceride levels between the two groups. There was a significantly greater incidence of progresssion to second degree or third degree atrioventricular block (9/42, 21%), and of severe congestive heart failure (16/42, 38%) in patients with H-Q greater than or equal to 70 compared with those with H-Q less than 70 (1/79, 1.3%; and 13/79, 16%, respectively). The risk of sudden death was significantly greater only in the group with H-Q greater than or equal to 70 and severe congestive heart failure. There was no correlation between the presence of first degree atrioventricular block and/or any particular type of bundle branch block pattern with sudden death and/or progression to second degree or third degree atrioventricular block. Analysis of the surface electrocardiogram is only of limited value in predicting high risk patients with chronic bundle branch block. Electrophysiologic studies are of greatest value in patients with bundle branch block with transient neurologic symptoms in whom no cause for the symptoms is evident.", "contents": "Prognostic value of infranodal conduction time in patients with chronic bundle branch block. His bundle recordings were obtained in 121 patients with chronic bundle branch block and the patients were followed for a mean period of 18 months. Seventy-nine patients had an infranodal conduction time (H-Q) less than 70 msec while 42 had H-Q greater than or equal to 70 msec. There was no significant difference in mean age, smoking history, diabetes, syncope, dizziness, blood pressure, and serum cholesterol or triglyceride levels between the two groups. There was a significantly greater incidence of progresssion to second degree or third degree atrioventricular block (9/42, 21%), and of severe congestive heart failure (16/42, 38%) in patients with H-Q greater than or equal to 70 compared with those with H-Q less than 70 (1/79, 1.3%; and 13/79, 16%, respectively). The risk of sudden death was significantly greater only in the group with H-Q greater than or equal to 70 and severe congestive heart failure. There was no correlation between the presence of first degree atrioventricular block and/or any particular type of bundle branch block pattern with sudden death and/or progression to second degree or third degree atrioventricular block. Analysis of the surface electrocardiogram is only of limited value in predicting high risk patients with chronic bundle branch block. Electrophysiologic studies are of greatest value in patients with bundle branch block with transient neurologic symptoms in whom no cause for the symptoms is evident."}
{"id": "PMID:872317", "title": "Left precordial isopotential mapping during supine exercise.", "content": "Junctional depression is often observed during physical exercise in overtly normal subjects. To explore its pathogenesis, 15 normal volunteers were studied during supine, bicycle ergometer, submaximal stress tests. Electrocardiograms were simultaneously recorded from 42 electrodes on the left anterior precordium at two minute intervals at rest and during exercise. Data were used to construct isopotential maps throughout the P-QRS-T intervals. At rest, maps throughout the ST segment were dominated by a single maximum along the upper left sternal border. During exercise, all subjects developed junctional depression that was maximal along the lower left sternal border. Exercise maps during the early to mid-ST segment showed an intense minimum along the lower left sternal border that was continuous with terminal QRS forces in both intensity and location. Later in ST, this minimum decreased in strength and was replaced by a maximum located in the same area as that observed at rest. These observations suggest that junctional depression is the result of competition between two effects, one being normal repolarization which is obscured in the early ST segment by the second, possibly representing delayed terminal depolarization forces.", "contents": "Left precordial isopotential mapping during supine exercise. Junctional depression is often observed during physical exercise in overtly normal subjects. To explore its pathogenesis, 15 normal volunteers were studied during supine, bicycle ergometer, submaximal stress tests. Electrocardiograms were simultaneously recorded from 42 electrodes on the left anterior precordium at two minute intervals at rest and during exercise. Data were used to construct isopotential maps throughout the P-QRS-T intervals. At rest, maps throughout the ST segment were dominated by a single maximum along the upper left sternal border. During exercise, all subjects developed junctional depression that was maximal along the lower left sternal border. Exercise maps during the early to mid-ST segment showed an intense minimum along the lower left sternal border that was continuous with terminal QRS forces in both intensity and location. Later in ST, this minimum decreased in strength and was replaced by a maximum located in the same area as that observed at rest. These observations suggest that junctional depression is the result of competition between two effects, one being normal repolarization which is obscured in the early ST segment by the second, possibly representing delayed terminal depolarization forces."}
{"id": "PMID:872318", "title": "The determinants of atrioventricular nodal re-entrance with premature atrial stimulation in patients with dual A-V nodal pathways.", "content": "In patients with dual atrioventricular (A-V) nodal pathways, atrial extrastimulus testing induces either no echoes, single atrial echoes (Ae), or repetitive re-entrance (repetitive atrial and ventricular beating). We examined the fast and slow pathways properties in 38 patients with dual pathways in order to delineate the determinants of re-entrance. Seventeen patients had no Ae. Of these, six had no V-A conduction and 11, intact V-A conduction. The mean paced ventricular cycle length producing retrograde V-A block (VABCL) in this group (a measure of retrograde fast pathway refractoriness) was 552 +/- 32 msec (mean +/- SEM; 10 pts). In contrast, all 21 patients with Ae had intact V-A conduction with mean VABCL of 382 +/- 21 msec (14 pts) (P less than 0.05). Repetitive re-entrance occurred only when Ae conducted to the ventricles. Seven patients had only single Ae. The mean paced atrial cycle length producing Wenckebach periodicity (CLAWP) in this group (a measure of antegrade slow pathway refractoriness) was 490 +/- 31 msec (5 pts). Fourteen patients had repetitive re-entrance. The mean CLAWP in this group was 399 +/- 18 msec (8 pts) (P less than 0.05). In conclusion, our results suggest that in patients with dual pathway, the occurrence of single or repetitive re-entry is dependent upon measurable slow and fast pathway properties.", "contents": "The determinants of atrioventricular nodal re-entrance with premature atrial stimulation in patients with dual A-V nodal pathways. In patients with dual atrioventricular (A-V) nodal pathways, atrial extrastimulus testing induces either no echoes, single atrial echoes (Ae), or repetitive re-entrance (repetitive atrial and ventricular beating). We examined the fast and slow pathways properties in 38 patients with dual pathways in order to delineate the determinants of re-entrance. Seventeen patients had no Ae. Of these, six had no V-A conduction and 11, intact V-A conduction. The mean paced ventricular cycle length producing retrograde V-A block (VABCL) in this group (a measure of retrograde fast pathway refractoriness) was 552 +/- 32 msec (mean +/- SEM; 10 pts). In contrast, all 21 patients with Ae had intact V-A conduction with mean VABCL of 382 +/- 21 msec (14 pts) (P less than 0.05). Repetitive re-entrance occurred only when Ae conducted to the ventricles. Seven patients had only single Ae. The mean paced atrial cycle length producing Wenckebach periodicity (CLAWP) in this group (a measure of antegrade slow pathway refractoriness) was 490 +/- 31 msec (5 pts). Fourteen patients had repetitive re-entrance. The mean CLAWP in this group was 399 +/- 18 msec (8 pts) (P less than 0.05). In conclusion, our results suggest that in patients with dual pathway, the occurrence of single or repetitive re-entry is dependent upon measurable slow and fast pathway properties."}
{"id": "PMID:872319", "title": "Digitalis in the pre-excitation syndrome. Analysis during atrial fibrillation.", "content": "The effect of digitalis in 21 patients with Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome was anlayzed with respect to the ventricular response during atrial fibrillation and antegrade and retrograde refractory periods of accessory pathways. Digitalis shortened the cycle length of the most rapid ventricular response (shortest R-R) (i.e., increased the ventricle response) in 6/21 patients, increased the cycle length in 7/21 patients, had no effect on the cycle length in 5/21, and could not be determined in 3/21. Digitalis could be directly related to the onset of ventricle fibrillation resulting from atrial fibrillation in 9/21 patients. Each of these patients had shortest R-R intervals (220 msec or less) during atrial fibrillation in the control data. The results of this study indicate that no a priori prediction about the effect of digitalis on the antegrade conduction of accessory pathways can be made. By elective induction of atrial fibrillation it is possible to separate WPW patients into groups at high and low risk for developing ventricular fibrillation with the administration of digitalis.", "contents": "Digitalis in the pre-excitation syndrome. Analysis during atrial fibrillation. The effect of digitalis in 21 patients with Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome was anlayzed with respect to the ventricular response during atrial fibrillation and antegrade and retrograde refractory periods of accessory pathways. Digitalis shortened the cycle length of the most rapid ventricular response (shortest R-R) (i.e., increased the ventricle response) in 6/21 patients, increased the cycle length in 7/21 patients, had no effect on the cycle length in 5/21, and could not be determined in 3/21. Digitalis could be directly related to the onset of ventricle fibrillation resulting from atrial fibrillation in 9/21 patients. Each of these patients had shortest R-R intervals (220 msec or less) during atrial fibrillation in the control data. The results of this study indicate that no a priori prediction about the effect of digitalis on the antegrade conduction of accessory pathways can be made. By elective induction of atrial fibrillation it is possible to separate WPW patients into groups at high and low risk for developing ventricular fibrillation with the administration of digitalis."}
{"id": "PMID:872320", "title": "Cross-sectional echocardiography in the diagnosis of congenital heart disease. Identification of the relation of the ventricles and great arteries.", "content": "Using a mechanical sector-scanner, two-dimensional echocardiograms were obtained from 28 normal subjects, 15 patients with tetralogy of Fallot, 11 patients with complete transposition of the great arteries and six patients with double outlet right ventricle. The image obtained perpendicular to the long axis of the left ventricle at the base of the venticular septum was superimposed on the image obtained perpendicular to the long axis at the origin of the great arteries. In normal subjects, these superimposed images demonstrated that the aorta originated posterior and to the left of the ventricular septum. In patients with tetralogy of Fallot, the aorta was displaced anterior and to the right resulting in the aorta over-riding the ventricular septum. In patients with double outlet right ventricle both great arteries originated anterior to the ventricular septum (i.e., from the right ventricle). In patients with complete transposition, the aorta originated anterior and the pulmonary artery posterior to the ventricular septum. Thus, cross-sectional echocardiography permits noninvasive identification of the relation of the ventricles and great arteries and, therefore, provides important information for the diagnosis of patients with congenital heart disease.", "contents": "Cross-sectional echocardiography in the diagnosis of congenital heart disease. Identification of the relation of the ventricles and great arteries. Using a mechanical sector-scanner, two-dimensional echocardiograms were obtained from 28 normal subjects, 15 patients with tetralogy of Fallot, 11 patients with complete transposition of the great arteries and six patients with double outlet right ventricle. The image obtained perpendicular to the long axis of the left ventricle at the base of the venticular septum was superimposed on the image obtained perpendicular to the long axis at the origin of the great arteries. In normal subjects, these superimposed images demonstrated that the aorta originated posterior and to the left of the ventricular septum. In patients with tetralogy of Fallot, the aorta was displaced anterior and to the right resulting in the aorta over-riding the ventricular septum. In patients with double outlet right ventricle both great arteries originated anterior to the ventricular septum (i.e., from the right ventricle). In patients with complete transposition, the aorta originated anterior and the pulmonary artery posterior to the ventricular septum. Thus, cross-sectional echocardiography permits noninvasive identification of the relation of the ventricles and great arteries and, therefore, provides important information for the diagnosis of patients with congenital heart disease."}
{"id": "PMID:872321", "title": "Echocardiographic assessment of a normal adult aging population.", "content": "Echocardiograms were performed on 105 male participants in the National Institutes on Aging's volunteer Longitudinal Study Program. All subjects (25--84 years of age) were physically active and had no evidence of hypertension or cardiovascular disease. Measurements were made of the initial diastolic (E-F) slope of the anterior mitral valve leaflet, the aortic and left ventricular cavity dimensions, and the thickness of the posterior left ventricular wall. Fractional shortening of the minor semi-axis of the left ventricle and the velocity of circumferential fiber shortening were also determined. It was found that increasing age correlated with a decrease mitral valve E-F slope and increased aortic root diameter and left ventricular wall thickness. Aging did not affect left ventricular cavity dimension, fractional shortening of the minor semi-axis, and velocity of circumferential fiber shortening. These findings suggest that aging in the normal male is associated with altered left ventricular diastolic filling, increased aortic root diameter and left ventricle hypertrophy but little change in contractile ability in the resting state.", "contents": "Echocardiographic assessment of a normal adult aging population. Echocardiograms were performed on 105 male participants in the National Institutes on Aging's volunteer Longitudinal Study Program. All subjects (25--84 years of age) were physically active and had no evidence of hypertension or cardiovascular disease. Measurements were made of the initial diastolic (E-F) slope of the anterior mitral valve leaflet, the aortic and left ventricular cavity dimensions, and the thickness of the posterior left ventricular wall. Fractional shortening of the minor semi-axis of the left ventricle and the velocity of circumferential fiber shortening were also determined. It was found that increasing age correlated with a decrease mitral valve E-F slope and increased aortic root diameter and left ventricular wall thickness. Aging did not affect left ventricular cavity dimension, fractional shortening of the minor semi-axis, and velocity of circumferential fiber shortening. These findings suggest that aging in the normal male is associated with altered left ventricular diastolic filling, increased aortic root diameter and left ventricle hypertrophy but little change in contractile ability in the resting state."}
{"id": "PMID:872322", "title": "Echocardiographic measurement of right ventricular wall thickness. A new application of subxiphoid echocardiography.", "content": "The feasibility of subxiphoid echocardiography to measure the thickness of the right ventricular wall (RVWT) was investigated. In 87 (90.6%) of the 96 patients studied, adequate visualization of the echoes from the right ventricular wall was obtained using the subxiphoid technique. RVWT averaged 0.34 +/- 0.08 cm (mean +/- 1 SD), ranging from 0.2 to 0.5 cm in 25 normal individuals. This was not significantly different from the values in the left ventricular overload group (0.36 +/- 0.10 cm). However, the RVWT was increased significantly (P less than 0.001) in the combined group (0.62 0.18 cm), the right ventricular (RV) pressure overload group (0.60 +/- 0.13 cm) and the RV volume overload group (0.53 +/- 0.11 cm). Thirty-two patients underwent diagnosis right heart catheterization which revealed a good correlation between the RVWT measured echocardiographically and the right ventricular peak systolic pressure (r = 0.84). Subxiphoid echocardiography was considered to be useful in diagnosing right ventricular hypertrophy in adults.", "contents": "Echocardiographic measurement of right ventricular wall thickness. A new application of subxiphoid echocardiography. The feasibility of subxiphoid echocardiography to measure the thickness of the right ventricular wall (RVWT) was investigated. In 87 (90.6%) of the 96 patients studied, adequate visualization of the echoes from the right ventricular wall was obtained using the subxiphoid technique. RVWT averaged 0.34 +/- 0.08 cm (mean +/- 1 SD), ranging from 0.2 to 0.5 cm in 25 normal individuals. This was not significantly different from the values in the left ventricular overload group (0.36 +/- 0.10 cm). However, the RVWT was increased significantly (P less than 0.001) in the combined group (0.62 0.18 cm), the right ventricular (RV) pressure overload group (0.60 +/- 0.13 cm) and the RV volume overload group (0.53 +/- 0.11 cm). Thirty-two patients underwent diagnosis right heart catheterization which revealed a good correlation between the RVWT measured echocardiographically and the right ventricular peak systolic pressure (r = 0.84). Subxiphoid echocardiography was considered to be useful in diagnosing right ventricular hypertrophy in adults."}
{"id": "PMID:872323", "title": "The effect of propranolol on canine myocardial CPK distribution space and rate of disappearance.", "content": "Canine myocardial CPK was partially purified and injected into 11 conscious mongreal dogs. From serial serum CPK measurements in each dog, mean Kd was calculated as 0.0047 +/- 0.0009 (+/- SD) min-1. Correlation coefficients indicated that CPK disappearance rate was well described by a single exponential expression. Kd measured on consecutive days in four dogs varied minimally. CPK distribution space ranged from 74 to 134% of plasma volume. Propranolol loading with 0.3 mg/kg or 2 mg/kg, followed by hourly maintenance doses, resulted in increased Kd in eight of ten dogs, mean Kd rising from .0048 min-1 to .0059 min-1 (P less than 0.02). Propranolol appeared to increase plasma volume but had no significant effect on the relationship of CPK distribution space to plasma volume. If the serial CPK technique were used to measure infarct size, using an average Kd, propranolol might produce artifactual reduction of infarct size measuremnt by increasing Kd and possibly by increasing plasma volume. The obligation to assess the effect upon CPK Kd and distribution space of an agent designed to limit infarct size is apparent.", "contents": "The effect of propranolol on canine myocardial CPK distribution space and rate of disappearance. Canine myocardial CPK was partially purified and injected into 11 conscious mongreal dogs. From serial serum CPK measurements in each dog, mean Kd was calculated as 0.0047 +/- 0.0009 (+/- SD) min-1. Correlation coefficients indicated that CPK disappearance rate was well described by a single exponential expression. Kd measured on consecutive days in four dogs varied minimally. CPK distribution space ranged from 74 to 134% of plasma volume. Propranolol loading with 0.3 mg/kg or 2 mg/kg, followed by hourly maintenance doses, resulted in increased Kd in eight of ten dogs, mean Kd rising from .0048 min-1 to .0059 min-1 (P less than 0.02). Propranolol appeared to increase plasma volume but had no significant effect on the relationship of CPK distribution space to plasma volume. If the serial CPK technique were used to measure infarct size, using an average Kd, propranolol might produce artifactual reduction of infarct size measuremnt by increasing Kd and possibly by increasing plasma volume. The obligation to assess the effect upon CPK Kd and distribution space of an agent designed to limit infarct size is apparent."}
{"id": "PMID:872324", "title": "Effect on training on myocardial oxygen supply/demand balance.", "content": "In five well-trained and five sedentary control subjects potential subendocardial blood supply was estimated from the diastolic pressure time index (DPTI) and myocardial oxygen demands from the tension time index (TII) during a progressive near-maximal treadmill test. DPTI/TTi was used to assess the effects of training on myocardial oxygen supply/demand balance. DPTI/TTI was significantly higher in trained subjects at rest and comparable workloads. At 6.4 km/hr, 18% grade (maximum for the controls), TTI was significantly lower (4300 +/- 76 vs 4495 +/- 99 mm Hg-sec/min) and DPTI significantly higher (2534 +/- 86 vs 2295 +/- 91 mm Hg-sec/min) in the trained subjects; DPTI/TTI was significantly higher (0.59 +/- .02 vs 0.50 vs .03). At near-maximal heart rates both groups achieved the same supply/demand balance (0.50); however, the trained subjects were working at higher workloads. We conclude that endurance conditioning increases work capacity, reduces myocardial O2 demands, increases potential O2 supply and improves the supply/demand balance at any given submaximal workload which reduces the risk of ischemia.", "contents": "Effect on training on myocardial oxygen supply/demand balance. In five well-trained and five sedentary control subjects potential subendocardial blood supply was estimated from the diastolic pressure time index (DPTI) and myocardial oxygen demands from the tension time index (TII) during a progressive near-maximal treadmill test. DPTI/TTi was used to assess the effects of training on myocardial oxygen supply/demand balance. DPTI/TTI was significantly higher in trained subjects at rest and comparable workloads. At 6.4 km/hr, 18% grade (maximum for the controls), TTI was significantly lower (4300 +/- 76 vs 4495 +/- 99 mm Hg-sec/min) and DPTI significantly higher (2534 +/- 86 vs 2295 +/- 91 mm Hg-sec/min) in the trained subjects; DPTI/TTI was significantly higher (0.59 +/- .02 vs 0.50 vs .03). At near-maximal heart rates both groups achieved the same supply/demand balance (0.50); however, the trained subjects were working at higher workloads. We conclude that endurance conditioning increases work capacity, reduces myocardial O2 demands, increases potential O2 supply and improves the supply/demand balance at any given submaximal workload which reduces the risk of ischemia."}
{"id": "PMID:872325", "title": "Chronic congestive heart failure after repair of tetralogy of Fallot.", "content": "The etiology of chronic congestive heart failure (CHF) after repair of tetralogy of Fallot was determined in 102 patients consecutively catheterized 1 to 12 years postoperatively. Chronic CHF was observed in 36/102 patients. The most prevalent abnormality leading to congestive failure (31/36) was a large residual ventricular septal defect alone or in combination with other lesions. All postoperative patients with pulmonary to systemic flow ratios greater than 2:1 (25/102) had congestive failure and evidence of biventricular dysfunction. Significant tricuspid regurgitation (N = 11) and persistent systemic to pulmonary artery shunts (N = 6) contributed to volume overload and congestive failure in the patients with large residual ventricular septal defect. Isolated severe residual right ventricular outflow tract obstruction was a common cause of chronic CHF. Pulmonary artery hypertension was present in 20/36 patients with CHF. The increased pulmonary pressure was not wholly due to an increased pulmonary flow since 7/20 patients had pulmonary vascular resistance greater than 3 mm Hg/L/min/m2. Our findings indicate that persistent or chronic congestive heart failure in postoperative tetralogy of Fallot patients requires bilateral cardiac catherterization since an identifiable and surgically correctable lesion is nearly always present.", "contents": "Chronic congestive heart failure after repair of tetralogy of Fallot. The etiology of chronic congestive heart failure (CHF) after repair of tetralogy of Fallot was determined in 102 patients consecutively catheterized 1 to 12 years postoperatively. Chronic CHF was observed in 36/102 patients. The most prevalent abnormality leading to congestive failure (31/36) was a large residual ventricular septal defect alone or in combination with other lesions. All postoperative patients with pulmonary to systemic flow ratios greater than 2:1 (25/102) had congestive failure and evidence of biventricular dysfunction. Significant tricuspid regurgitation (N = 11) and persistent systemic to pulmonary artery shunts (N = 6) contributed to volume overload and congestive failure in the patients with large residual ventricular septal defect. Isolated severe residual right ventricular outflow tract obstruction was a common cause of chronic CHF. Pulmonary artery hypertension was present in 20/36 patients with CHF. The increased pulmonary pressure was not wholly due to an increased pulmonary flow since 7/20 patients had pulmonary vascular resistance greater than 3 mm Hg/L/min/m2. Our findings indicate that persistent or chronic congestive heart failure in postoperative tetralogy of Fallot patients requires bilateral cardiac catherterization since an identifiable and surgically correctable lesion is nearly always present."}
{"id": "PMID:872326", "title": "Abnormal left ventricular contraction pattern in the systolic click-late systolic murmur syndrome.", "content": "A contraction abnormality of the left ventricle has previously been described in patients with systolic click-late systolic murmur syndrome. To determine if the contraction abnormality is present in the preprolapse period, LV dimensions and the instantaneous velocity of circumferential fiber shortening (VCF) were studied in 18 patients with the mitral valve prolapse and 16 normal subjects using computer analysis of echocardiograms. VCF attained its maximum (max VCF) during the preprolapse period an average of 94 msec before the mid-systolic click. Max VCF was significantly reduced in patients with mitral valve prolapse (2.06 vs 2.55 circ/sec in normal subjects, P less than 0.001). Despite the reduction in max VCF, no difference in the extent and percentage of diameter shortening was found between patients and normal subjects. This discrepancy is explained by a sustained rate of mid-to-late systolic diameter shortening in the presence of mitral valve prolapse as manifested by a typical VCF profile (P less than 0.001) and a longer duration of diameter shortening (353 vs 306 msec in normal subjects, P less than 0.01). The decrease of max VCF in patients with mitral valve prolapse suggests a reduction in LV contractility. Since the abnormality is present in the preprolapse period, it is unrelated to a direct mechanical effect of the prolapse itself. Additional fiber shortening in mid-to-late systole indicates that the sudden displacement of the mitral leaflets may have an unloading effect on the left ventricle.", "contents": "Abnormal left ventricular contraction pattern in the systolic click-late systolic murmur syndrome. A contraction abnormality of the left ventricle has previously been described in patients with systolic click-late systolic murmur syndrome. To determine if the contraction abnormality is present in the preprolapse period, LV dimensions and the instantaneous velocity of circumferential fiber shortening (VCF) were studied in 18 patients with the mitral valve prolapse and 16 normal subjects using computer analysis of echocardiograms. VCF attained its maximum (max VCF) during the preprolapse period an average of 94 msec before the mid-systolic click. Max VCF was significantly reduced in patients with mitral valve prolapse (2.06 vs 2.55 circ/sec in normal subjects, P less than 0.001). Despite the reduction in max VCF, no difference in the extent and percentage of diameter shortening was found between patients and normal subjects. This discrepancy is explained by a sustained rate of mid-to-late systolic diameter shortening in the presence of mitral valve prolapse as manifested by a typical VCF profile (P less than 0.001) and a longer duration of diameter shortening (353 vs 306 msec in normal subjects, P less than 0.01). The decrease of max VCF in patients with mitral valve prolapse suggests a reduction in LV contractility. Since the abnormality is present in the preprolapse period, it is unrelated to a direct mechanical effect of the prolapse itself. Additional fiber shortening in mid-to-late systole indicates that the sudden displacement of the mitral leaflets may have an unloading effect on the left ventricle."}
{"id": "PMID:872327", "title": "Effect of increased free fatty acids on myocardial oxygen extraction and angina threshold during atrial pacing.", "content": "To evaluate whether elevated arterial free fatty acids (FFA) increase myocardial oxygen demand and ischemia, 15 fasting patients with coronary artery disease underwent a standardized atrial pacing test before (PTI) and during (PT2) heparin infusion. The patients were monitored for clinical and electrocardiographic (ECG) manifestations of ischemia. Myocardial extraction of lactate, inorganic phosphate, oxygen and FFA was measured before and during each PT. The control arterial FFA was 0.65 +/- 0.03 micromole/ml and rose to 1.83 +/- 0.16 micromole/ml during heparin influsion. Myocardial oxygen extraction at rest and during PT was not affected by the increase in arterial FFA. Seven patients asymptomatic during PT1 did not develop ischaemic manifestations during PT2. In eight patients with angina during both PTs, increased arterial FFA concentration did not modify the severity of anginal pain, the amount of ST-segment depression and the myocardial balance of lactate or inorganic phosphate. Elevation of arterial FFA by heparin neither increased myocardial oxygen extraction at rest or during pacing nor accentuated ischemic manifestations during PT.", "contents": "Effect of increased free fatty acids on myocardial oxygen extraction and angina threshold during atrial pacing. To evaluate whether elevated arterial free fatty acids (FFA) increase myocardial oxygen demand and ischemia, 15 fasting patients with coronary artery disease underwent a standardized atrial pacing test before (PTI) and during (PT2) heparin infusion. The patients were monitored for clinical and electrocardiographic (ECG) manifestations of ischemia. Myocardial extraction of lactate, inorganic phosphate, oxygen and FFA was measured before and during each PT. The control arterial FFA was 0.65 +/- 0.03 micromole/ml and rose to 1.83 +/- 0.16 micromole/ml during heparin influsion. Myocardial oxygen extraction at rest and during PT was not affected by the increase in arterial FFA. Seven patients asymptomatic during PT1 did not develop ischaemic manifestations during PT2. In eight patients with angina during both PTs, increased arterial FFA concentration did not modify the severity of anginal pain, the amount of ST-segment depression and the myocardial balance of lactate or inorganic phosphate. Elevation of arterial FFA by heparin neither increased myocardial oxygen extraction at rest or during pacing nor accentuated ischemic manifestations during PT."}
{"id": "PMID:872328", "title": "Clinicopathologic correlations. De subitaneis mortibus. XXV. Sarcoid heart disease.", "content": "Postmortem findings within the cardiac conduction system are described from the case of a black woman with sarcoid heart disease who died suddenly. Her clinical course had been characterized by recurring ventricular arrhythmias and bouts of syncope. Both the sinus node artery and the atrioventricular (A-V) node artery were sites of focal fibromuscular dysplasia, which thickened slightly the wall of the former but markedly narrowed the lumen of the latter. Small foci of sarcoid infiltration were present in the sinus node and the A-V node. Fatty replacement within the His bundle was attributable to the probable ischemia caused by narrowing of the A-V node artery. Sarcoid granulomata and infiltration with epithelioid cells were present throughout the ventricular myocardium, but were conspicuously less prevalent in the atria. All the large coronary arteries were normal. Many small coronary arteries in the ventricular myocardium were involved by the sarcoidosis and their lumen were narrowed. These findings and analogous ones reported by others are discussed relative to the pathogenesis of syncopal attacks and sudden death which seem to peculiarly prevalent in sarcoid heart disease.", "contents": "Clinicopathologic correlations. De subitaneis mortibus. XXV. Sarcoid heart disease. Postmortem findings within the cardiac conduction system are described from the case of a black woman with sarcoid heart disease who died suddenly. Her clinical course had been characterized by recurring ventricular arrhythmias and bouts of syncope. Both the sinus node artery and the atrioventricular (A-V) node artery were sites of focal fibromuscular dysplasia, which thickened slightly the wall of the former but markedly narrowed the lumen of the latter. Small foci of sarcoid infiltration were present in the sinus node and the A-V node. Fatty replacement within the His bundle was attributable to the probable ischemia caused by narrowing of the A-V node artery. Sarcoid granulomata and infiltration with epithelioid cells were present throughout the ventricular myocardium, but were conspicuously less prevalent in the atria. All the large coronary arteries were normal. Many small coronary arteries in the ventricular myocardium were involved by the sarcoidosis and their lumen were narrowed. These findings and analogous ones reported by others are discussed relative to the pathogenesis of syncopal attacks and sudden death which seem to peculiarly prevalent in sarcoid heart disease."}
{"id": "PMID:872349", "title": "Clinical course in adults with ventricular septal defect.", "content": "The 38 adult patients admitted to the Natural History Study with a small ventricular defect had a generally favorable course, similar to that noted in children and adolescents. None died under medical or surgical management, and none deteriorated. Among patients treated medically, complete closure was demonstrated during the course of follow-up in one, and in the others, wo were catheterized, the shunt remained the same or decreased slightly. Significant vascular disease did not develop in any of the patients. Among seven surgically-treated patients for whom data were complete, the defect was completely closed in six. In 18 patients who had large ventricular septal defects and mild or moderate pulmonary vascular disease, no significant change occurred in the four who were managed medically. Of 14 who underwent surgery, two died; six of eight who were recatheterized had normal pulmonary arterial pressure, with no residual shunt in four and a trivial shunt in two. Two patients who had had moderate vascular disease preoperatively (RP/RS was 0.4 in both) had open defects and slightly higher resistance ratios at final catheterization. Of the 18 patients with Eisenmenger's syndrome, eight died during the study, including one of two who underwent surgery. The other surgical patient survived and showed significant hemodynamic improvement at final catheterization.", "contents": "Clinical course in adults with ventricular septal defect. The 38 adult patients admitted to the Natural History Study with a small ventricular defect had a generally favorable course, similar to that noted in children and adolescents. None died under medical or surgical management, and none deteriorated. Among patients treated medically, complete closure was demonstrated during the course of follow-up in one, and in the others, wo were catheterized, the shunt remained the same or decreased slightly. Significant vascular disease did not develop in any of the patients. Among seven surgically-treated patients for whom data were complete, the defect was completely closed in six. In 18 patients who had large ventricular septal defects and mild or moderate pulmonary vascular disease, no significant change occurred in the four who were managed medically. Of 14 who underwent surgery, two died; six of eight who were recatheterized had normal pulmonary arterial pressure, with no residual shunt in four and a trivial shunt in two. Two patients who had had moderate vascular disease preoperatively (RP/RS was 0.4 in both) had open defects and slightly higher resistance ratios at final catheterization. Of the 18 patients with Eisenmenger's syndrome, eight died during the study, including one of two who underwent surgery. The other surgical patient survived and showed significant hemodynamic improvement at final catheterization."}
{"id": "PMID:872351", "title": "Bacterial endocarditis in patients with pulmonary stenosis, aortic stenosis, or ventricular septal defect.", "content": "Bacterial endocarditis developed in 24 patients during follow-up in the Natural History Study. It occurred significantly more often in patients with ventricular septal defect (1.5/1000 patient-years) and aortic stenosis (1.8/1000 patient-years) than in those with pulmonary stenosis (0.2/1000 patient-years). Complications, especially emboli and aortic regurgitation, occurred in 50% of the patients. Overall mortality was 25%. Incidence rates were significantly greater for males than for females and greater for patients over 20 years of age than for younger patients. Patients who had had ventricular septal defect treated surgically had a lower incidence of endocarditis than non-surgical patients, whereas surgery did not reduce the incidence in patients with aortic stenosis. The estimated risk of contracting bacterial endocarditis prior to 30 years of age in a patient with medically-treated ventricular septal defect is 9.7%; the risk estimate for surgical patients in 2.0%. Although data regarding the use of prophylactic antibiotics were not available for patients in the Natural History Study, these results certainly suggest that continued antibiotic prophylaxis for dental and certain surgical procedures is mandatory for patients with aortic stenosis, even after successful cardiac surgery. It is the authors opinion that prophylaxis is probably less necessary for patients who have pulmonary stenosis, whether surgically treated or not, and for patients with documented complete closure of VSD.", "contents": "Bacterial endocarditis in patients with pulmonary stenosis, aortic stenosis, or ventricular septal defect. Bacterial endocarditis developed in 24 patients during follow-up in the Natural History Study. It occurred significantly more often in patients with ventricular septal defect (1.5/1000 patient-years) and aortic stenosis (1.8/1000 patient-years) than in those with pulmonary stenosis (0.2/1000 patient-years). Complications, especially emboli and aortic regurgitation, occurred in 50% of the patients. Overall mortality was 25%. Incidence rates were significantly greater for males than for females and greater for patients over 20 years of age than for younger patients. Patients who had had ventricular septal defect treated surgically had a lower incidence of endocarditis than non-surgical patients, whereas surgery did not reduce the incidence in patients with aortic stenosis. The estimated risk of contracting bacterial endocarditis prior to 30 years of age in a patient with medically-treated ventricular septal defect is 9.7%; the risk estimate for surgical patients in 2.0%. Although data regarding the use of prophylactic antibiotics were not available for patients in the Natural History Study, these results certainly suggest that continued antibiotic prophylaxis for dental and certain surgical procedures is mandatory for patients with aortic stenosis, even after successful cardiac surgery. It is the authors opinion that prophylaxis is probably less necessary for patients who have pulmonary stenosis, whether surgically treated or not, and for patients with documented complete closure of VSD."}
{"id": "PMID:872352", "title": "Asthma due to inhaled chemical agents--epoxy resin systems containing phthalic acid anhydride, trimellitic acid anhydride and triethylene tetramine.", "content": "Six workers with a diagnosis of occupational asthma and one with chronic bronchitis were examined for sensitivity to epoxy resin systems and certain of their components. In six cases the chemical agent responsible for their symptoms was identified by careful inhalation challenge testing, simulating their exposure at work and thus providing a precise aetiological diagnosis. In one worker asthma followed exposure to triethylene tetramine fume; four were sensitive to acid anhydrides, three to phthalic acid anhydride as a fume or powder and one to trimellitic anhydride. On worker thought to be sensitive to toluene di-isocyanate gave negative reactions to this and positive reactions to a phthalic acid anhydride epoxy resin and another thought to have asthma from acid anhydride fumes was found to be sensitive only to toluene di-isocyanate. Immediate, non-immediate or combined asthmatic reactions were elicited.", "contents": "Asthma due to inhaled chemical agents--epoxy resin systems containing phthalic acid anhydride, trimellitic acid anhydride and triethylene tetramine. Six workers with a diagnosis of occupational asthma and one with chronic bronchitis were examined for sensitivity to epoxy resin systems and certain of their components. In six cases the chemical agent responsible for their symptoms was identified by careful inhalation challenge testing, simulating their exposure at work and thus providing a precise aetiological diagnosis. In one worker asthma followed exposure to triethylene tetramine fume; four were sensitive to acid anhydrides, three to phthalic acid anhydride as a fume or powder and one to trimellitic anhydride. On worker thought to be sensitive to toluene di-isocyanate gave negative reactions to this and positive reactions to a phthalic acid anhydride epoxy resin and another thought to have asthma from acid anhydride fumes was found to be sensitive only to toluene di-isocyanate. Immediate, non-immediate or combined asthmatic reactions were elicited."}
{"id": "PMID:872353", "title": "Phthalic anhydride asthma.", "content": "A patient with occupational asthma caused by phthalic anhydride is described. Inhalation challenges under laboratory control produced immediate and delayed asthmatic responses. Repeat exposure to phthalic anhydride after treatment with cromolyn sodium showed inhibition of the late but not early bronchoconstrictive, asthmatic response.", "contents": "Phthalic anhydride asthma. A patient with occupational asthma caused by phthalic anhydride is described. Inhalation challenges under laboratory control produced immediate and delayed asthmatic responses. Repeat exposure to phthalic anhydride after treatment with cromolyn sodium showed inhibition of the late but not early bronchoconstrictive, asthmatic response."}
{"id": "PMID:872354", "title": "Respiratory allergy and month of birth.", "content": "A total of 476 patients with respiratory allergy were interviewed to establish whether the season of birth influenced the type of allergy experienced. Patients with perennial symptoms did not differ from the general population of the U.K. in the distribution of their months of birth. Patients with summer seasonal symptoms attributable to grass pollen sensitivity were more likely to have been born in December to February than in August to November. This trend was most significant in female patients who did not have associated perennial symptoms and who developed symptoms early in life. Other significant differences were also noted between groups of patients complaining of the same symptoms. More males than females had summer seasonal symptoms whereas more females than males had perennial symptoms. Patients who had both perennial symptoms and summer seasonal exacerbations had a higher incidence of a positive family history of atopy and developed symptoms earlier in life than those patients who had summer seasonal or perennial symptoms only.", "contents": "Respiratory allergy and month of birth. A total of 476 patients with respiratory allergy were interviewed to establish whether the season of birth influenced the type of allergy experienced. Patients with perennial symptoms did not differ from the general population of the U.K. in the distribution of their months of birth. Patients with summer seasonal symptoms attributable to grass pollen sensitivity were more likely to have been born in December to February than in August to November. This trend was most significant in female patients who did not have associated perennial symptoms and who developed symptoms early in life. Other significant differences were also noted between groups of patients complaining of the same symptoms. More males than females had summer seasonal symptoms whereas more females than males had perennial symptoms. Patients who had both perennial symptoms and summer seasonal exacerbations had a higher incidence of a positive family history of atopy and developed symptoms earlier in life than those patients who had summer seasonal or perennial symptoms only."}
{"id": "PMID:872355", "title": "Treatment of chronic urticaria with a beta2-adrenergic stimulant.", "content": "Twenty-four patients with chronic utricaria resistant to conventional therapy were treated orally with terbutaline, a specific beta2 stimulant. This therapy was much more effective than antihistamines. At the dose of 1-25 mg three times a day, there were few side effects. The efficacy was independent of the IgE levels; it seemed greater in idiopathic cases than in cholinergic or pressure induced urticaria.", "contents": "Treatment of chronic urticaria with a beta2-adrenergic stimulant. Twenty-four patients with chronic utricaria resistant to conventional therapy were treated orally with terbutaline, a specific beta2 stimulant. This therapy was much more effective than antihistamines. At the dose of 1-25 mg three times a day, there were few side effects. The efficacy was independent of the IgE levels; it seemed greater in idiopathic cases than in cholinergic or pressure induced urticaria."}
{"id": "PMID:872356", "title": "Results of a controlled trial of the acaricide paragerm on Dermatophagoides spp. in dwelling houses.", "content": "The effect of Paragerm spray from either a hand pressurized can or from a general room mist device (MCR device) on mattress mite populations was compared with the effect of a control spray. After 1 month a reduction in mite population due to the cleaning procedures was evident in the control treated mattresses; Paragerm treated mattresses had significantly fewer mites, notably those treated with the aerosol can spray, nine out of fifteen of which were mite free. Dissection of the mattresses showed that some mites survive and they could form the nucleus from which reinfestation could occur.", "contents": "Results of a controlled trial of the acaricide paragerm on Dermatophagoides spp. in dwelling houses. The effect of Paragerm spray from either a hand pressurized can or from a general room mist device (MCR device) on mattress mite populations was compared with the effect of a control spray. After 1 month a reduction in mite population due to the cleaning procedures was evident in the control treated mattresses; Paragerm treated mattresses had significantly fewer mites, notably those treated with the aerosol can spray, nine out of fifteen of which were mite free. Dissection of the mattresses showed that some mites survive and they could form the nucleus from which reinfestation could occur."}
{"id": "PMID:872357", "title": "Inactivation of heamolytic complement by house dust allergen in the serum of children with atopic diseases.", "content": "Purified house dust allergen has been employed for screening the susceptibility to inactivation of haemolytic complement in the blood serum of atopic children and control subjects. Fluid phase complement in the control group of children was more sensitive to allergen-induced inactivation than observed in a normal adult population. Though the mean complement sensitivity indices in all groups of patients were below the valve for the control group, there was considerable statistical overlap. The serum complement sensitivities were in no way related to the clinical manifestations. The results of the complement test were not correlated to the total IgE levels, the RAST scores nor the skin reactions with house dust allergen. Some evidence for the in vivo involvement of the complement system in childhood atopic allergy was provided: the mean C3 proactivator level was significantly lower in atopic children, than in the control group; the mean C4 level in children with bronchial asthma and in children with atopic dermatitis was significantly depressed. A significant positive correlation between the serum C4 levels and allergen-complement sensitivities in children with both bronchial asthma and atopic dermatitis was observed.", "contents": "Inactivation of heamolytic complement by house dust allergen in the serum of children with atopic diseases. Purified house dust allergen has been employed for screening the susceptibility to inactivation of haemolytic complement in the blood serum of atopic children and control subjects. Fluid phase complement in the control group of children was more sensitive to allergen-induced inactivation than observed in a normal adult population. Though the mean complement sensitivity indices in all groups of patients were below the valve for the control group, there was considerable statistical overlap. The serum complement sensitivities were in no way related to the clinical manifestations. The results of the complement test were not correlated to the total IgE levels, the RAST scores nor the skin reactions with house dust allergen. Some evidence for the in vivo involvement of the complement system in childhood atopic allergy was provided: the mean C3 proactivator level was significantly lower in atopic children, than in the control group; the mean C4 level in children with bronchial asthma and in children with atopic dermatitis was significantly depressed. A significant positive correlation between the serum C4 levels and allergen-complement sensitivities in children with both bronchial asthma and atopic dermatitis was observed."}
{"id": "PMID:872358", "title": "A study of the effects of systemic administration of adrenal glucocorticoids in an experimental model of hypersensitivity pneumonitis.", "content": "To study the effects of steroids on the pulmonary lesions in experimental hypersensitivity pneumonitis, rabbits were sensitized to ovalbumin (OA) by injections of OA into footpads and 3 weeks later they were subjected to two successive aerosol challenges with OA at an interval of 48 hr. Injections of hydrocortisone sodium succinate 10 mg twice daily (but not at the reduced dosage of 5 mg twice daily) or methyprenisolone acetate 5 mg twice daily beginning 30 min before the first challenge and continued to the time of killing reduced the extent and intensity of vasculitis in both the treated groups and showed less alveolar septal thickening in the hydrocortisone treated group and less alveolar consolidation in the methylprednisolone treated group compared to the pulmonary lesions in the rabbits which were sensitized and then subjected to OA aerosol challenges, but received no treatment. In view of the observation that even in a steroid sensitive species like the rabbit, extensive pulmonary changes like alveolar consolidation, septal thickening and vasculitis persisted in spite of treatment with relatively large doses of these steroids, it was felt that in human hypersensitivity pneumonitis steroids might only suppress the warning symptoms without substantially affecting the progress of the pulmonary lesions.", "contents": "A study of the effects of systemic administration of adrenal glucocorticoids in an experimental model of hypersensitivity pneumonitis. To study the effects of steroids on the pulmonary lesions in experimental hypersensitivity pneumonitis, rabbits were sensitized to ovalbumin (OA) by injections of OA into footpads and 3 weeks later they were subjected to two successive aerosol challenges with OA at an interval of 48 hr. Injections of hydrocortisone sodium succinate 10 mg twice daily (but not at the reduced dosage of 5 mg twice daily) or methyprenisolone acetate 5 mg twice daily beginning 30 min before the first challenge and continued to the time of killing reduced the extent and intensity of vasculitis in both the treated groups and showed less alveolar septal thickening in the hydrocortisone treated group and less alveolar consolidation in the methylprednisolone treated group compared to the pulmonary lesions in the rabbits which were sensitized and then subjected to OA aerosol challenges, but received no treatment. In view of the observation that even in a steroid sensitive species like the rabbit, extensive pulmonary changes like alveolar consolidation, septal thickening and vasculitis persisted in spite of treatment with relatively large doses of these steroids, it was felt that in human hypersensitivity pneumonitis steroids might only suppress the warning symptoms without substantially affecting the progress of the pulmonary lesions."}
{"id": "PMID:872359", "title": "House dust mites in Iran.", "content": "In the Caspian Sea region of Iran asthma seems closely related to house dust allergy. Since a high proportion of house dust sensitive patients appear to be sensitive to house dust mites, an investigation was carried out to determine the occurrence, distribution and abundance of these species in Iranian house dust in order to assess their role and clinical importance in house dust allergy in Iran. Thirty-five samples of house dust collected from houses in the Caspian Sea region and five samples from other areas were examined for mites. The three pyroglyphid species Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus, D. farinae and Euroglyphus maynei, reported by European and Japanses workers to be common in house dust and to be a major source of house dust allergens, were found to occur in Iranian house dust and to account for nearly two-thirds of the total mit population present in the dust. Dermatophagoidex pteronyssinus was the most frequent and most numerous species recorded, occurring in 90% of the samples examined and forming 94% of the pyroglyphid and 60% of the total mite population. The frequency with which house dust mites were found in the Iranian Caspian Sea region coupled with the relatively high frequency of allergic bronchial asthma in this area suggests that they may well be an important precipitating factor in asthma in Iran.", "contents": "House dust mites in Iran. In the Caspian Sea region of Iran asthma seems closely related to house dust allergy. Since a high proportion of house dust sensitive patients appear to be sensitive to house dust mites, an investigation was carried out to determine the occurrence, distribution and abundance of these species in Iranian house dust in order to assess their role and clinical importance in house dust allergy in Iran. Thirty-five samples of house dust collected from houses in the Caspian Sea region and five samples from other areas were examined for mites. The three pyroglyphid species Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus, D. farinae and Euroglyphus maynei, reported by European and Japanses workers to be common in house dust and to be a major source of house dust allergens, were found to occur in Iranian house dust and to account for nearly two-thirds of the total mit population present in the dust. Dermatophagoidex pteronyssinus was the most frequent and most numerous species recorded, occurring in 90% of the samples examined and forming 94% of the pyroglyphid and 60% of the total mite population. The frequency with which house dust mites were found in the Iranian Caspian Sea region coupled with the relatively high frequency of allergic bronchial asthma in this area suggests that they may well be an important precipitating factor in asthma in Iran."}
{"id": "PMID:872360", "title": "Diagnostic and therapeutic problems associated with hereditary deficiency of the C1 esterase inhibitor.", "content": "Six patients in a family with a history of hereditary angioedema reported swelling of the extremities and recurrent abdominal pain occurring spontaneously or after trauma. Attacks of oedema involving the airways, the greatest danger with this disorder, were present only in one case. This autosomal dominant disease is due to deficient activity of the inhibitor of the first component of complement. Low levels of C4, and absence of C1 esterase inhibitor confirm the diagnosis. Two asymptomatic cases with the appropriate biochemical abnormality are reported in this study. For short term prophylaxis of attacks (before surgery expecially), fresh frozen plasma is used, or better still, C1 esterase inhibitor. For long term prophylaxis of attacks antifibrinolytic and hormonal drugs are used: in two cases, the authors obtained good results with methyltestosterone after failure of tranexamic acid.", "contents": "Diagnostic and therapeutic problems associated with hereditary deficiency of the C1 esterase inhibitor. Six patients in a family with a history of hereditary angioedema reported swelling of the extremities and recurrent abdominal pain occurring spontaneously or after trauma. Attacks of oedema involving the airways, the greatest danger with this disorder, were present only in one case. This autosomal dominant disease is due to deficient activity of the inhibitor of the first component of complement. Low levels of C4, and absence of C1 esterase inhibitor confirm the diagnosis. Two asymptomatic cases with the appropriate biochemical abnormality are reported in this study. For short term prophylaxis of attacks (before surgery expecially), fresh frozen plasma is used, or better still, C1 esterase inhibitor. For long term prophylaxis of attacks antifibrinolytic and hormonal drugs are used: in two cases, the authors obtained good results with methyltestosterone after failure of tranexamic acid."}
{"id": "PMID:872361", "title": "Serological investigations in hymenoptera sting allergy: IgE and haemagglutinating antibodies against bee venom in patients with bee sting allergy, bee keepers and non-allergic blood donors.", "content": "Specific IgE-antibodies and haemagglutinins to bee venom were determined in fifty-five bee sting allergic patients, fifty-seven bee keepers and fifty-two blood donors without evident allergy to hymenoptera stings. IgE-antibodies were detected by RAST in 70% of allergic patients, 40% of bee keepers and 12% of blood donors. Most bee keepers with detectable IgE-antibodies to bee venom recorded severe local or even general reactions to bee stings. Most blood donors with detectable specific IgE had been stung by hymenoptera in the past. High titres of haemagglutinating antibodies against phospholipase A were found in most bee keepers, occasionally in bee sting allergic patients but only rarely in blood donors. The determination of specific IgE-antibodies to insect venoms by RAST seems to be a valuable method for the diagnosis of hymenoptera sting allergy.", "contents": "Serological investigations in hymenoptera sting allergy: IgE and haemagglutinating antibodies against bee venom in patients with bee sting allergy, bee keepers and non-allergic blood donors. Specific IgE-antibodies and haemagglutinins to bee venom were determined in fifty-five bee sting allergic patients, fifty-seven bee keepers and fifty-two blood donors without evident allergy to hymenoptera stings. IgE-antibodies were detected by RAST in 70% of allergic patients, 40% of bee keepers and 12% of blood donors. Most bee keepers with detectable IgE-antibodies to bee venom recorded severe local or even general reactions to bee stings. Most blood donors with detectable specific IgE had been stung by hymenoptera in the past. High titres of haemagglutinating antibodies against phospholipase A were found in most bee keepers, occasionally in bee sting allergic patients but only rarely in blood donors. The determination of specific IgE-antibodies to insect venoms by RAST seems to be a valuable method for the diagnosis of hymenoptera sting allergy."}
{"id": "PMID:872362", "title": "Circulating immune complexes in patients with atopic allergy.", "content": "Sera from forty-nine patients with atopic allergy were tested for the presence of circulating immune complexes by the sensitive, quantitative Clq assay. Compared to twenty-five normal individuals the atopic patients had significantly higher mean values of Clq reactive material, expressed as Clq inhibition values. The highest mean values were seen in the group (twenty-one patients) who had been on long term maintenance immunotherapy for 5 or more years. When positive sera were fractionated by ultracentrifugation on sucrose density gradients, the Clq reactive material was found in intermediate (7S-19S) and heavy (greater than 19S) regions. The heavy material contained both IgM and IgG. It is suggested that the IgG antibodies known to be produced by chronic hyposensitization procedures in allergic individuals may circulate in the serum as antibody-allergen immune complexes, and could carry out their blocking action in this form.", "contents": "Circulating immune complexes in patients with atopic allergy. Sera from forty-nine patients with atopic allergy were tested for the presence of circulating immune complexes by the sensitive, quantitative Clq assay. Compared to twenty-five normal individuals the atopic patients had significantly higher mean values of Clq reactive material, expressed as Clq inhibition values. The highest mean values were seen in the group (twenty-one patients) who had been on long term maintenance immunotherapy for 5 or more years. When positive sera were fractionated by ultracentrifugation on sucrose density gradients, the Clq reactive material was found in intermediate (7S-19S) and heavy (greater than 19S) regions. The heavy material contained both IgM and IgG. It is suggested that the IgG antibodies known to be produced by chronic hyposensitization procedures in allergic individuals may circulate in the serum as antibody-allergen immune complexes, and could carry out their blocking action in this form."}
{"id": "PMID:872364", "title": "Comparision of a glutaraldehyde-modified pollen--tyrosine adsorbate with an alum-precipitated pollen vaccine in the treatment of hay fever.", "content": "Nineteen patients with hay fever symptoms received nine weekly injections of pyridine-extracted alum-precipitated grass pollen vaccine (Alavac P). The results were compared with agroup of twenty patients who received a three injection series of a glutaraldehyde-modified pollen-tyrosine vaccine (Pollinex). In both groups 65% had a subjective improvement in their symptoms and no significant difference in symptom scores was obtained throughout the pollen season. In the Pollinex group a lower incidence of systemic side effects was recorded.", "contents": "Comparision of a glutaraldehyde-modified pollen--tyrosine adsorbate with an alum-precipitated pollen vaccine in the treatment of hay fever. Nineteen patients with hay fever symptoms received nine weekly injections of pyridine-extracted alum-precipitated grass pollen vaccine (Alavac P). The results were compared with agroup of twenty patients who received a three injection series of a glutaraldehyde-modified pollen-tyrosine vaccine (Pollinex). In both groups 65% had a subjective improvement in their symptoms and no significant difference in symptom scores was obtained throughout the pollen season. In the Pollinex group a lower incidence of systemic side effects was recorded."}
{"id": "PMID:872365", "title": "Specific IgE antibodies in nasal secretion from patients with allergic rhinitis and with negative or weakly positive RAST on the serum.", "content": "Nasal secretions from eighteen patients with allergic rhinitis with a positive case history, intradermal test and nasal provocation test, but with negative or only weakly positive RAST (radioallergosorbent test) on the serum against a total of thirty-five allergens, were studied. In the RAST an immunosorbent-purified anti-IgE with DE2 specificity was used, which raised the detection limit. Nasal secretion was collected by washing the nasal mucosa with 0-9% and 18% NaCl solution respectively, and the latter secretion was also luophilized and concentrated. In ten cases RAST was slightly positive on the nasal secretion, and in three of the concentrated secretions the RAST value was higher than on the serum. In none of the serum or nasal secretion samples was RAST positive according to the cut off value for a positive result defined by the reference system used in Phadebas Rast. From these results it is concluded that RAST analyses of nasal secretion from patients with allergic rhinitis is of no appreciable value in routine clinical allergological diagnosis. However, the increased sensitivity of RAST obtained with isotope-labelled anti-DE2 may be useful in the serological diagnosis of patients with low grade allergy having low levels of IgE antibodies in serum.", "contents": "Specific IgE antibodies in nasal secretion from patients with allergic rhinitis and with negative or weakly positive RAST on the serum. Nasal secretions from eighteen patients with allergic rhinitis with a positive case history, intradermal test and nasal provocation test, but with negative or only weakly positive RAST (radioallergosorbent test) on the serum against a total of thirty-five allergens, were studied. In the RAST an immunosorbent-purified anti-IgE with DE2 specificity was used, which raised the detection limit. Nasal secretion was collected by washing the nasal mucosa with 0-9% and 18% NaCl solution respectively, and the latter secretion was also luophilized and concentrated. In ten cases RAST was slightly positive on the nasal secretion, and in three of the concentrated secretions the RAST value was higher than on the serum. In none of the serum or nasal secretion samples was RAST positive according to the cut off value for a positive result defined by the reference system used in Phadebas Rast. From these results it is concluded that RAST analyses of nasal secretion from patients with allergic rhinitis is of no appreciable value in routine clinical allergological diagnosis. However, the increased sensitivity of RAST obtained with isotope-labelled anti-DE2 may be useful in the serological diagnosis of patients with low grade allergy having low levels of IgE antibodies in serum."}
{"id": "PMID:872367", "title": "Simultaneous determination of hemoglobin derivatives, oxygen content, oxygen capacity, and oxygen saturation in 10 microliters of whole blood.", "content": "We describe a new method for simultaneous determination of four hemoglobin derivatives (deoxyhemoglobin, Hb; oxyhemoglobin, HbO2; methemoglobin, Hb+; and carbon monoxide hemoglobin, HbCO) and total oxygen content in 10 microliters of whole blood. Percentage HbO2, HbCO, Hb+, total hemoglobin (Hbt), and oxygen capacity can also be obtained from the experimental data by simple calculations. Total analysis time is 1 min. Blood is diluted 100-fold with a buffer contained in a quasi-anaerobic cuvette, where simultaneous measurements of oxygen pressure (by a po2 electrode) and adsorbance (at 497, 565, and 620 nm) are made. The decrease of oxygen pressure, as recorded by the oxygen electrode, is proportional to the amount of deoxyhemoglobin. The concentrations of HbO2, HbCO, and Hb+ can be obtained from absorbance measurements at the specified wavelengths. The new method eliminates the use of short-path optical cells and, due to the low sample volume requirement, makes possible the automated measurement of hemoglobin derivatives and oxygen saturation in arterialized capillary blood.", "contents": "Simultaneous determination of hemoglobin derivatives, oxygen content, oxygen capacity, and oxygen saturation in 10 microliters of whole blood. We describe a new method for simultaneous determination of four hemoglobin derivatives (deoxyhemoglobin, Hb; oxyhemoglobin, HbO2; methemoglobin, Hb+; and carbon monoxide hemoglobin, HbCO) and total oxygen content in 10 microliters of whole blood. Percentage HbO2, HbCO, Hb+, total hemoglobin (Hbt), and oxygen capacity can also be obtained from the experimental data by simple calculations. Total analysis time is 1 min. Blood is diluted 100-fold with a buffer contained in a quasi-anaerobic cuvette, where simultaneous measurements of oxygen pressure (by a po2 electrode) and adsorbance (at 497, 565, and 620 nm) are made. The decrease of oxygen pressure, as recorded by the oxygen electrode, is proportional to the amount of deoxyhemoglobin. The concentrations of HbO2, HbCO, and Hb+ can be obtained from absorbance measurements at the specified wavelengths. The new method eliminates the use of short-path optical cells and, due to the low sample volume requirement, makes possible the automated measurement of hemoglobin derivatives and oxygen saturation in arterialized capillary blood."}
{"id": "PMID:872369", "title": "Evaluation of a discrete samples/stopped-flow mixer system for equilibrium and kinetic analyses.", "content": "This paper describes the evaluation of a system for computer-controlled discrete sampling and stopped-flow mixing for equilibrium and kinetic determinations of several sorts of analytes in human serum. The instrumental system features a wash-out sampling system that permits rapid change-over from one sample and (or) reagent type to another, and a mixing-measurement system that can provide reliable data as soon as 10 ms after reagent and sample are mixed. Examples discussed include equilibrium procedures for glucose and cholesterol, slow kinetic procedures for glucose and lactate dehydrogenase, and a fast kinetic method for thiocyanate. The regression equation for all stopped-flow results (n = 114) vs. results by conventional methods is y = (103 +/- 0.01)x - (0.016 +/- 0.019) for numerical values of y between 0.3 and 3.0. The correlation coefficient for these data was 0.991. These results demonstrate that the stopped-flow method is a viable analytical approach for equilibrium, slow kinetic, and fast kinetic determinations that require measurement times shorter than 0.1 s.", "contents": "Evaluation of a discrete samples/stopped-flow mixer system for equilibrium and kinetic analyses. This paper describes the evaluation of a system for computer-controlled discrete sampling and stopped-flow mixing for equilibrium and kinetic determinations of several sorts of analytes in human serum. The instrumental system features a wash-out sampling system that permits rapid change-over from one sample and (or) reagent type to another, and a mixing-measurement system that can provide reliable data as soon as 10 ms after reagent and sample are mixed. Examples discussed include equilibrium procedures for glucose and cholesterol, slow kinetic procedures for glucose and lactate dehydrogenase, and a fast kinetic method for thiocyanate. The regression equation for all stopped-flow results (n = 114) vs. results by conventional methods is y = (103 +/- 0.01)x - (0.016 +/- 0.019) for numerical values of y between 0.3 and 3.0. The correlation coefficient for these data was 0.991. These results demonstrate that the stopped-flow method is a viable analytical approach for equilibrium, slow kinetic, and fast kinetic determinations that require measurement times shorter than 0.1 s."}
{"id": "PMID:872370", "title": "Analysis for platinum in biological material by flameless atomic absorption spectrometry.", "content": "A method for determining platinum in biological materials by flameless atomic absorption spectrometry has been developed for use in pharmacological studies of platinum antitumor compounds. Tissue digests are analyzed in a heated graphite atomizer, with use of background correction and ramp temperature charring. We have overcome problems of apparent loss of platinum in Pt-supplemented tissue samples with time and of difficulty in analyzing tissue lipid. The validity of the assay was verified by injecting rats with radiolabeled cis-dichlorodiammineplatinum (II), then measuring platinum in tissues by gamma scintillation spectrometry and flameless atomic absorption spectrometry. Correlation between the two methods was excellent. The limit of the assay in its present form is about 0.1 migrogram/gram of wet tissue.", "contents": "Analysis for platinum in biological material by flameless atomic absorption spectrometry. A method for determining platinum in biological materials by flameless atomic absorption spectrometry has been developed for use in pharmacological studies of platinum antitumor compounds. Tissue digests are analyzed in a heated graphite atomizer, with use of background correction and ramp temperature charring. We have overcome problems of apparent loss of platinum in Pt-supplemented tissue samples with time and of difficulty in analyzing tissue lipid. The validity of the assay was verified by injecting rats with radiolabeled cis-dichlorodiammineplatinum (II), then measuring platinum in tissues by gamma scintillation spectrometry and flameless atomic absorption spectrometry. Correlation between the two methods was excellent. The limit of the assay in its present form is about 0.1 migrogram/gram of wet tissue."}
{"id": "PMID:872371", "title": "Automation of radioimmunoassays for some sex steroids with use of both iodinated and tritiated ligands.", "content": "We describe an automated technique for estradiol, progesterone, and testosterone, in which System Olli 3000 pipetting and incubation units are used. After extraction or chromatography, steroids are redissolved in ethanol or buffer, and duplicate aliquots are arranged for radioimmunoassay in 24-tube blocks. Addition of antibodies, tracers (125I or 3H), dextran-coated charcoal for separating free and bound ligands, and removal of a portion of the supernate for counting are all performed by the pipetting instrument. Incubations are at 37 degrees C in the incubation unit, or at 4 degrees C. After counting, steroid concentrations are computed from punch tape records by a Nova 840 computer. The management of assays in 24-tube units, and accurate simultaneous pipetting has reduced experimental error, and because there is no carryover, many different assays can be performed concurrently or in rapid sequence. Various scintillation media are compared.", "contents": "Automation of radioimmunoassays for some sex steroids with use of both iodinated and tritiated ligands. We describe an automated technique for estradiol, progesterone, and testosterone, in which System Olli 3000 pipetting and incubation units are used. After extraction or chromatography, steroids are redissolved in ethanol or buffer, and duplicate aliquots are arranged for radioimmunoassay in 24-tube blocks. Addition of antibodies, tracers (125I or 3H), dextran-coated charcoal for separating free and bound ligands, and removal of a portion of the supernate for counting are all performed by the pipetting instrument. Incubations are at 37 degrees C in the incubation unit, or at 4 degrees C. After counting, steroid concentrations are computed from punch tape records by a Nova 840 computer. The management of assays in 24-tube units, and accurate simultaneous pipetting has reduced experimental error, and because there is no carryover, many different assays can be performed concurrently or in rapid sequence. Various scintillation media are compared."}
{"id": "PMID:872372", "title": "Radioimmunoassay for free and conjugated urinary metanephrine.", "content": "We describe a convenient and specific radioimmunoassay for urinary metanephrine, in which we used an antiserum generated in rabbits by injecting with synephrine conjugated to bovine serum albumin as described by Grota and Brown [Endocrinology 98, 615 (1976)]. The antiserum is specific for metanephrine and epinephrine. Epinephrine cross reaction is minimized to 1% by adding 2 ng of epinephrine to each assay tube. Incubation time is 12 h. The sensitivity of the assay is 40 pg. Within-and between-assay coefficients of variation are 7.0 and 9.7%, respectively. We assayed first-voided morning urine and 24-h urine specimens from 15 normal subjects before and after acid hydrolysis, to assess total and free metanephrine concentrations. Mean (+/-SD) total and free urinary metanephrine excretion were 17 +/- 11 and 3.5 +/- 1.0 micrograms/24 h in these subjects; corresponding values for the morning specimens were 13.4 +/- 8.3 and 3.5 +/- 1.5 micrograms/liter, respectively.", "contents": "Radioimmunoassay for free and conjugated urinary metanephrine. We describe a convenient and specific radioimmunoassay for urinary metanephrine, in which we used an antiserum generated in rabbits by injecting with synephrine conjugated to bovine serum albumin as described by Grota and Brown [Endocrinology 98, 615 (1976)]. The antiserum is specific for metanephrine and epinephrine. Epinephrine cross reaction is minimized to 1% by adding 2 ng of epinephrine to each assay tube. Incubation time is 12 h. The sensitivity of the assay is 40 pg. Within-and between-assay coefficients of variation are 7.0 and 9.7%, respectively. We assayed first-voided morning urine and 24-h urine specimens from 15 normal subjects before and after acid hydrolysis, to assess total and free metanephrine concentrations. Mean (+/-SD) total and free urinary metanephrine excretion were 17 +/- 11 and 3.5 +/- 1.0 micrograms/24 h in these subjects; corresponding values for the morning specimens were 13.4 +/- 8.3 and 3.5 +/- 1.5 micrograms/liter, respectively."}
{"id": "PMID:872373", "title": "Determination of urinary normetanephrine, metanephrine, and 3-methoxytyramine by liquid chromatography, with amperometric detection.", "content": "We describe a sensitive procedure for measuring the basic catecholamine metabolites--normetanephrine, metanephrine, and 3-methoxytyramine--in urine by use of liquid chromatography, with electrochemical detection. These substances are isolated from hydrolyzed urine by passage through small ion-exchange columns and then pre-concentrated by a rapid set of solvent extractions before being injected onto the liquid-chromatographic column. Concentration and instrumental response are linearly related to 2.0 mg/liter for all three compounds, and practical lower detection limits are about 20 micrograms/liter for actual urine samples. The high selectivity that accrues from the combination of the extraction procedure, high-performance liquid chromatography, and electrochemical detection makes this procedure suitable for quantitative studies of catecholamine metabolism. A set of six samples can be taken through the extraction procedure in parallel in less than 2 h; once prepared, the extracts can be analyzed at a rate of three per hour.", "contents": "Determination of urinary normetanephrine, metanephrine, and 3-methoxytyramine by liquid chromatography, with amperometric detection. We describe a sensitive procedure for measuring the basic catecholamine metabolites--normetanephrine, metanephrine, and 3-methoxytyramine--in urine by use of liquid chromatography, with electrochemical detection. These substances are isolated from hydrolyzed urine by passage through small ion-exchange columns and then pre-concentrated by a rapid set of solvent extractions before being injected onto the liquid-chromatographic column. Concentration and instrumental response are linearly related to 2.0 mg/liter for all three compounds, and practical lower detection limits are about 20 micrograms/liter for actual urine samples. The high selectivity that accrues from the combination of the extraction procedure, high-performance liquid chromatography, and electrochemical detection makes this procedure suitable for quantitative studies of catecholamine metabolism. A set of six samples can be taken through the extraction procedure in parallel in less than 2 h; once prepared, the extracts can be analyzed at a rate of three per hour."}
{"id": "PMID:872374", "title": "Determination of \"true\" serum creatinine by high-performance liquid chromatography combined with a continuous-flow microanalyzer.", "content": "We coupled a high-performance liquid chromatograph with a continuous-flow microanalyzer to produce a system for specifically determinig \"true\" creatinine in urine and serum specimens. A selective microbore pellicular cation-exchange column and a single eluting sodium citrate buffer are used to separate the noncreatinine but Jaff\u00e9-positive constituents from the creatinine in normal and experimental specimens. The effluent is analyzed continuously, on-line, the alkaline picrate complex being developed and measured in the microanalyzer. Physiological samples, reference standards, and internal control specimens are assayed in 6-min intervals subsequent to the initial injection. The relationship between concentration and peak are is linear for creatinine standards between 5 and 10 mg/liter. Specimen volumes ranging from 1 to 25 microliters, and containing creatinine in amounts exceeding 5 ng per injected sample, can be assayed with this system.", "contents": "Determination of \"true\" serum creatinine by high-performance liquid chromatography combined with a continuous-flow microanalyzer. We coupled a high-performance liquid chromatograph with a continuous-flow microanalyzer to produce a system for specifically determinig \"true\" creatinine in urine and serum specimens. A selective microbore pellicular cation-exchange column and a single eluting sodium citrate buffer are used to separate the noncreatinine but Jaff\u00e9-positive constituents from the creatinine in normal and experimental specimens. The effluent is analyzed continuously, on-line, the alkaline picrate complex being developed and measured in the microanalyzer. Physiological samples, reference standards, and internal control specimens are assayed in 6-min intervals subsequent to the initial injection. The relationship between concentration and peak are is linear for creatinine standards between 5 and 10 mg/liter. Specimen volumes ranging from 1 to 25 microliters, and containing creatinine in amounts exceeding 5 ng per injected sample, can be assayed with this system."}
{"id": "PMID:872375", "title": "Improved assessment of plasma lipoprotein patterns. III. Direct measurement of lipoproteins after gel-electrophoresis.", "content": "Based on a previously described technique [Clin. Chem. 19, 737 (1973)] of precipitating plasma lipoproteins with polyanions after their electrophoretic separation in gels, a new method is presented for measuring normal plasma lipoproteins densitometrically. The method is fast and easy; the CV for beta-, pre-beta-, and alpha-lipoproteins was less than 5% in one series. Results are linearly related to concentration up to 10 g of total lipoprotein per liter. No unusual equipment is required. Standardization is done with the aid of a commercially available filter. Total plasma cholesterol and cholesterol calculated from quantified lipoprotein fractions were highly (r = 0.963) correlated.", "contents": "Improved assessment of plasma lipoprotein patterns. III. Direct measurement of lipoproteins after gel-electrophoresis. Based on a previously described technique [Clin. Chem. 19, 737 (1973)] of precipitating plasma lipoproteins with polyanions after their electrophoretic separation in gels, a new method is presented for measuring normal plasma lipoproteins densitometrically. The method is fast and easy; the CV for beta-, pre-beta-, and alpha-lipoproteins was less than 5% in one series. Results are linearly related to concentration up to 10 g of total lipoprotein per liter. No unusual equipment is required. Standardization is done with the aid of a commercially available filter. Total plasma cholesterol and cholesterol calculated from quantified lipoprotein fractions were highly (r = 0.963) correlated."}
{"id": "PMID:872376", "title": "Simultaneous determination of iron, zinc, selenium, rubidium, and cesium in serum and packed blood cells by neutron activation analysis.", "content": "We determined the iron, zinc, selenium, rubidium, and cesium concentrations in serum and packed blood cells by instrumental neutron activation analysis without chemical separations. Lyophilized samples were irradiated for 12 days at a flux of 10(13) neutrons-cm-2-s-1, mineralized by wet digestion, and measured two times with a high-resolution Ge(Li) detector--for 6 h about a month after the irradiation and for 15 h two or three months after the irradiation, The following values were obtained: 163 +/- 0.43 mg/liter (serum iron), 1025 +/- 136 mg/kg wet wt (packed cells iron), 1\u00bf +/- 0.20 mg/liter (serum zinc), 11.15 +/- 1.83 mg/kg wet wt (packed cells zinc), 0.13 +/- 0.02 mg/liter (serum selenium), 0.16 +/- 0.03 mg/kg wet wt (packed cells selenium), 0.17 +/- 0.04 mg/liter (serum rubidium), 4.28 +/- 0.98 mg/kg wet wt (packed cells rubidium), 0.74 +/- 0.20 microgram/liter (serum cesium), and 4.82 +/- 2.10 microgram/kg wet wt (packed cells cesium).", "contents": "Simultaneous determination of iron, zinc, selenium, rubidium, and cesium in serum and packed blood cells by neutron activation analysis. We determined the iron, zinc, selenium, rubidium, and cesium concentrations in serum and packed blood cells by instrumental neutron activation analysis without chemical separations. Lyophilized samples were irradiated for 12 days at a flux of 10(13) neutrons-cm-2-s-1, mineralized by wet digestion, and measured two times with a high-resolution Ge(Li) detector--for 6 h about a month after the irradiation and for 15 h two or three months after the irradiation, The following values were obtained: 163 +/- 0.43 mg/liter (serum iron), 1025 +/- 136 mg/kg wet wt (packed cells iron), 1\u00bf +/- 0.20 mg/liter (serum zinc), 11.15 +/- 1.83 mg/kg wet wt (packed cells zinc), 0.13 +/- 0.02 mg/liter (serum selenium), 0.16 +/- 0.03 mg/kg wet wt (packed cells selenium), 0.17 +/- 0.04 mg/liter (serum rubidium), 4.28 +/- 0.98 mg/kg wet wt (packed cells rubidium), 0.74 +/- 0.20 microgram/liter (serum cesium), and 4.82 +/- 2.10 microgram/kg wet wt (packed cells cesium)."}
{"id": "PMID:872377", "title": "Measurement of thiamylal and thiopental in plasma by electron capture and flame photometric gas-liquid chromatography.", "content": "We describe an isothermal gas-liquid chromatographic procedure developed for measuring thiamylal and thiopental in plasma. The unchanged drug is extracted into ethyl acetate from acidified plasma, together with an internal standard. The solvent is removed, the residue methylated, aliquots, diluted with benzene, are injected into a 183-cm gas-liquid chromatographic column containing 3% OV-17. Sensitivity of detection is in the nanogram to picogram range.", "contents": "Measurement of thiamylal and thiopental in plasma by electron capture and flame photometric gas-liquid chromatography. We describe an isothermal gas-liquid chromatographic procedure developed for measuring thiamylal and thiopental in plasma. The unchanged drug is extracted into ethyl acetate from acidified plasma, together with an internal standard. The solvent is removed, the residue methylated, aliquots, diluted with benzene, are injected into a 183-cm gas-liquid chromatographic column containing 3% OV-17. Sensitivity of detection is in the nanogram to picogram range."}
{"id": "PMID:872378", "title": "Determination of plasma procainamide and N-acetylprocainamide concentration by high-pressure liquid chromatography.", "content": "We describe a routine method for determining concentrations of the antiarrhythmic drug procainamide and its active metabolite, N-acetylprocainamide, in plasma. A simple extraction of 1.0 ml of plasma is followed by separation and chromatographic analysis by use of a column containing microparticulate silica. p-nitro-N-(2-diethylaminoethyl)benzamide hydrochloride was synthesized and used as the internal standard. Total chromatographic time is only 7 min. The day-to-day CV during three months of daily use was less than 4% of the mean for each compound, and we saw no deterioration in column performance during this time. Phenobarbital, phenytoin, lidocaine, primidone, methsuximide, quinidine, and their metabolites do not interfere.", "contents": "Determination of plasma procainamide and N-acetylprocainamide concentration by high-pressure liquid chromatography. We describe a routine method for determining concentrations of the antiarrhythmic drug procainamide and its active metabolite, N-acetylprocainamide, in plasma. A simple extraction of 1.0 ml of plasma is followed by separation and chromatographic analysis by use of a column containing microparticulate silica. p-nitro-N-(2-diethylaminoethyl)benzamide hydrochloride was synthesized and used as the internal standard. Total chromatographic time is only 7 min. The day-to-day CV during three months of daily use was less than 4% of the mean for each compound, and we saw no deterioration in column performance during this time. Phenobarbital, phenytoin, lidocaine, primidone, methsuximide, quinidine, and their metabolites do not interfere."}
{"id": "PMID:872379", "title": "Improved colorimetric determination of serum zinc.", "content": "We show how zinc may easily be quantified in serum by first using an optimum concentration of guanidine hydrochloride to cause release of zinc from proteins, followed by complexation of released metals with cyanide. The cyanide complex of zinc is preferentially demasked with chloral hydrate, followed by a colorimetric reaction between zinc and 4-(2-pyridylazo)resorcinol. This is a sensitive water-soluble ligand; its complex with zinc has an absorption maximum at 497 nm. Values found by this technique compare favorably with those obtained by atomic absorption spectroscopy.", "contents": "Improved colorimetric determination of serum zinc. We show how zinc may easily be quantified in serum by first using an optimum concentration of guanidine hydrochloride to cause release of zinc from proteins, followed by complexation of released metals with cyanide. The cyanide complex of zinc is preferentially demasked with chloral hydrate, followed by a colorimetric reaction between zinc and 4-(2-pyridylazo)resorcinol. This is a sensitive water-soluble ligand; its complex with zinc has an absorption maximum at 497 nm. Values found by this technique compare favorably with those obtained by atomic absorption spectroscopy."}
{"id": "PMID:872380", "title": "Elimination of glucose interference and improved precision in a continuous-flow analysis for inulin.", "content": "A modified fermentation procedure based on one described by Homer Smith in his textbook was used to eliminate glucose interference in the automated detrmination of inulin. The manifold of Fjeldbo and Stamey [J. Lab. Clin. Med. 72, 353 (1968)] was modified to enable us to insert the fermentation procedure without sacrificing precision in continuous-flow analysis for inulin. Analytical recoveries of inulin from plasma and urine with the modified manifold were 100.1 +/- 0.8% (SD) and 99.9 +/- 1.6%. Corresponding recoveries of inulin from specimens of plasma and urine containing 5 g of glucose per liter and treated with yeast were 99.6 +/- 1.5% and 100.0 +/- 1.6%.", "contents": "Elimination of glucose interference and improved precision in a continuous-flow analysis for inulin. A modified fermentation procedure based on one described by Homer Smith in his textbook was used to eliminate glucose interference in the automated detrmination of inulin. The manifold of Fjeldbo and Stamey [J. Lab. Clin. Med. 72, 353 (1968)] was modified to enable us to insert the fermentation procedure without sacrificing precision in continuous-flow analysis for inulin. Analytical recoveries of inulin from plasma and urine with the modified manifold were 100.1 +/- 0.8% (SD) and 99.9 +/- 1.6%. Corresponding recoveries of inulin from specimens of plasma and urine containing 5 g of glucose per liter and treated with yeast were 99.6 +/- 1.5% and 100.0 +/- 1.6%."}
{"id": "PMID:872381", "title": "Therapeutic monitoring of tricyclic antidepressants in plasma by gas chromatography.", "content": "We describe a comprehensive gas chromatographic analysis for therapeutic concentrations of amitriptyline, nortriptyline, imipramine, desipramine, doxepin, and desmethyldoxepin in plasma, with use of a nitrogen detector. All these drugs are extracted and chromatographed under identical conditions. Each tertiary amine tricyclic is well resolved from its secondary amine metabolite on a mixed-phase column and the concentrations of both are determined simultaneously, without derivatization. The lower limit of sensitivity is 10 microgram/liter of plasma (2-ml sample). Analytical recoveries of the tertiary and secondary amines are 100 and 80%, respectively. Between-run CV's for all of the drugs ranged between 5 and 7%.", "contents": "Therapeutic monitoring of tricyclic antidepressants in plasma by gas chromatography. We describe a comprehensive gas chromatographic analysis for therapeutic concentrations of amitriptyline, nortriptyline, imipramine, desipramine, doxepin, and desmethyldoxepin in plasma, with use of a nitrogen detector. All these drugs are extracted and chromatographed under identical conditions. Each tertiary amine tricyclic is well resolved from its secondary amine metabolite on a mixed-phase column and the concentrations of both are determined simultaneously, without derivatization. The lower limit of sensitivity is 10 microgram/liter of plasma (2-ml sample). Analytical recoveries of the tertiary and secondary amines are 100 and 80%, respectively. Between-run CV's for all of the drugs ranged between 5 and 7%."}
{"id": "PMID:872382", "title": "Creatine kinase isoenzyme activity in human placenta and in serum of women in labor.", "content": "Creatine kinase (EC 2.7.3.2) isoenzymes in extracts of human placenta and in serum from nonpregnant women and women in labor were separated on columns containing diethylaminoethyl-cellulose and assayed. The distribution of the isoenzymes in placenta (n = 10) was 80% BB (200 +/- 66 U/g (wet weight), 19% MM (49 +/- 30 U/g), and 1% MB (2.6 +/- 1.7 U/g); The geometric mean for the serum BB activity of the nonpregnant women (n = 50) was 0.6 +/- 1.5 U/liter, as compared to 3.0 +/- 1.4 U/liter for patients in labor who had normal deliveries (n = 92). The arithmetic mean for serum BB activity of labor patients with induced labor (n = 20), premature labor (n = 7), cesarian section (n = 6), or hypertension and pre-eclampsia (n = 6) did not differ significantly from the arithmetic mean BB activity for serum of labor patients with normal deliveries. However, the arithmetic mean serum BB activity of patients with stillbirths (n = 7) was significantly smaller than the arithmetic mean for normal labor patients.", "contents": "Creatine kinase isoenzyme activity in human placenta and in serum of women in labor. Creatine kinase (EC 2.7.3.2) isoenzymes in extracts of human placenta and in serum from nonpregnant women and women in labor were separated on columns containing diethylaminoethyl-cellulose and assayed. The distribution of the isoenzymes in placenta (n = 10) was 80% BB (200 +/- 66 U/g (wet weight), 19% MM (49 +/- 30 U/g), and 1% MB (2.6 +/- 1.7 U/g); The geometric mean for the serum BB activity of the nonpregnant women (n = 50) was 0.6 +/- 1.5 U/liter, as compared to 3.0 +/- 1.4 U/liter for patients in labor who had normal deliveries (n = 92). The arithmetic mean for serum BB activity of labor patients with induced labor (n = 20), premature labor (n = 7), cesarian section (n = 6), or hypertension and pre-eclampsia (n = 6) did not differ significantly from the arithmetic mean BB activity for serum of labor patients with normal deliveries. However, the arithmetic mean serum BB activity of patients with stillbirths (n = 7) was significantly smaller than the arithmetic mean for normal labor patients."}
{"id": "PMID:872383", "title": "Assessment of a method for measuring serum thyroxine by radioimmunoassay, with use of polyethylene glycol precipitation.", "content": "We assessed the efficacy of a new thyroxine radioimmunoassay kit (Abott) in which polyethylene glycol is used to separate bound from free hormone. Mean serum thyroxine was 88 +/- 15 (+/-SD) microgram/liter for 96 normal persons. Results for hypothyroid and hyperthyroid persons were clearly separated from those for normal individuals. Women taking oral contraceptive preparations showed variable increases in their serum thyroxine values. The coefficient of variation ranged from 1 to 3% within assay and from 5.4 to 11% among different assays. Excellent parallelism was demonstrated between thyroxine values estimated by this method and those obtained either by competitive protein binding or by a separate radioimmunoassay for the hormone.", "contents": "Assessment of a method for measuring serum thyroxine by radioimmunoassay, with use of polyethylene glycol precipitation. We assessed the efficacy of a new thyroxine radioimmunoassay kit (Abott) in which polyethylene glycol is used to separate bound from free hormone. Mean serum thyroxine was 88 +/- 15 (+/-SD) microgram/liter for 96 normal persons. Results for hypothyroid and hyperthyroid persons were clearly separated from those for normal individuals. Women taking oral contraceptive preparations showed variable increases in their serum thyroxine values. The coefficient of variation ranged from 1 to 3% within assay and from 5.4 to 11% among different assays. Excellent parallelism was demonstrated between thyroxine values estimated by this method and those obtained either by competitive protein binding or by a separate radioimmunoassay for the hormone."}
{"id": "PMID:872384", "title": "Micromethod for determination of diazepam by electron-capture gas-liquid chromatography.", "content": "We used 100 microliters of plasma for the determination of diazepam. After the internal standard, prazepam, is added, the serum is directly extracted with diethyl ether, the extract is evaporated, the residue is dissolved in ethanol, and the drug is measured by gas-liquid chromatography, with use of an electron capture detector. With this procedure, 2.5 ng of diazepam in the sample can be speedily measured with specificity, accuracy, and reproducibility (CV = 4.5%).", "contents": "Micromethod for determination of diazepam by electron-capture gas-liquid chromatography. We used 100 microliters of plasma for the determination of diazepam. After the internal standard, prazepam, is added, the serum is directly extracted with diethyl ether, the extract is evaporated, the residue is dissolved in ethanol, and the drug is measured by gas-liquid chromatography, with use of an electron capture detector. With this procedure, 2.5 ng of diazepam in the sample can be speedily measured with specificity, accuracy, and reproducibility (CV = 4.5%)."}
{"id": "PMID:872385", "title": "Positive interference with the Jaff\u00e9 reaction by cephalosporin antibiotics.", "content": "Cephaloglycin, cephalothin, cephaloridine, cefoxitin, and cephacetrile are cephalosporin antibiotics that react with alkaline picrate solution to give a creatinine-like response. The mechanism of this reaction is not known, and several structurally similar compounds do not react under these same conditions. Because large quantities of a cephalosporin antibiotic may be administered to a patient with limited ability to excrete the drug (as occurs with compromised renal function), the magnitude of this interference can be appreciable. It does not appear possible to avoid the cephalosporin-caused interference by the use of \"kinetic\" creatinine methods.", "contents": "Positive interference with the Jaff\u00e9 reaction by cephalosporin antibiotics. Cephaloglycin, cephalothin, cephaloridine, cefoxitin, and cephacetrile are cephalosporin antibiotics that react with alkaline picrate solution to give a creatinine-like response. The mechanism of this reaction is not known, and several structurally similar compounds do not react under these same conditions. Because large quantities of a cephalosporin antibiotic may be administered to a patient with limited ability to excrete the drug (as occurs with compromised renal function), the magnitude of this interference can be appreciable. It does not appear possible to avoid the cephalosporin-caused interference by the use of \"kinetic\" creatinine methods."}
{"id": "PMID:872386", "title": "Impact of posture on the \"reference range\" for serum proteins and calcium.", "content": "The impact of water shifts due to changes in posture has been reinvestigated for serum protein and calcium concentrations in a young, healthy population. We found that generaly accepted normal ranges for total serum protein, and to a lesser degree for total serum calcium, are not acceptable as a reference range for a hospitalized population that is predominantly in a supine position. Our data indicate a smaller biological variability for total protein and calcium for a reference population in the recumbent posture as compared to the same population in the upright position.", "contents": "Impact of posture on the \"reference range\" for serum proteins and calcium. The impact of water shifts due to changes in posture has been reinvestigated for serum protein and calcium concentrations in a young, healthy population. We found that generaly accepted normal ranges for total serum protein, and to a lesser degree for total serum calcium, are not acceptable as a reference range for a hospitalized population that is predominantly in a supine position. Our data indicate a smaller biological variability for total protein and calcium for a reference population in the recumbent posture as compared to the same population in the upright position."}
{"id": "PMID:872387", "title": "Heparin pretreatment suppresses norepinephrine concentrations in dogs in endotoxic shock.", "content": "Mongrel dogs were treated intravenously with either 1000 units of beef-lung heparin per kilogram of body weight or with isotonic saline, before intravenous administration of E. coli endotoxin. We found significant differences in circulating norepinephrine concentrations between a heparin-pretreatment group (1.89 +/- 0.39 microgram/liter) and the control group (9.83 +/- 4.64 microgram/liter), but none with respect to epinephrine. Systolic blood pressures at 360 min were also significantly (P less than 0.05) different, 148 +/- 6 mmHg as compared with 118 +/- 13.4 mmHg. Evidently heparin pretreatment can decrease circulating norepinephrine concentrations in the endotoxic state and changes in circulating catecholamine concentrations can affect physiological variables.", "contents": "Heparin pretreatment suppresses norepinephrine concentrations in dogs in endotoxic shock. Mongrel dogs were treated intravenously with either 1000 units of beef-lung heparin per kilogram of body weight or with isotonic saline, before intravenous administration of E. coli endotoxin. We found significant differences in circulating norepinephrine concentrations between a heparin-pretreatment group (1.89 +/- 0.39 microgram/liter) and the control group (9.83 +/- 4.64 microgram/liter), but none with respect to epinephrine. Systolic blood pressures at 360 min were also significantly (P less than 0.05) different, 148 +/- 6 mmHg as compared with 118 +/- 13.4 mmHg. Evidently heparin pretreatment can decrease circulating norepinephrine concentrations in the endotoxic state and changes in circulating catecholamine concentrations can affect physiological variables."}
{"id": "PMID:872402", "title": "Measurement of free thyroid hormones in serum by dialysis and gas chromatography.", "content": "We describe a simultaneous, absolute analysis for free (dialyzable) triiodothyronine and thyroxine in serum by the sequence: dialysis, internal standard addition to the dialysate, cation-exchange chromatography, derivatization, and gas chromatography with electron capture detection. The detection limit is 0.2 pg and the precision (repeatability) in the range of 4 to 20 ng/liter is 1.6%. Mean values for free T3 and T4 in 29 euthryoid sera were 4.2 and 18.9 ng/liter, respectively, in close agreement with accepted values. Correlation coefficients for the two compounds were 0.99 and 0.97, respectively, when this procedure was compared with a method involving tracer dialysis and radioimmunoassay. A chromatographic peak was seen for free 3,3',5'-triiodothyronine in the analyses of two of eight hyperthyroid sera, and, with a larger sample volume, from a euthyroid serum. The new method is a potential reference and research procedure for analysis of free iodothyronines.", "contents": "Measurement of free thyroid hormones in serum by dialysis and gas chromatography. We describe a simultaneous, absolute analysis for free (dialyzable) triiodothyronine and thyroxine in serum by the sequence: dialysis, internal standard addition to the dialysate, cation-exchange chromatography, derivatization, and gas chromatography with electron capture detection. The detection limit is 0.2 pg and the precision (repeatability) in the range of 4 to 20 ng/liter is 1.6%. Mean values for free T3 and T4 in 29 euthryoid sera were 4.2 and 18.9 ng/liter, respectively, in close agreement with accepted values. Correlation coefficients for the two compounds were 0.99 and 0.97, respectively, when this procedure was compared with a method involving tracer dialysis and radioimmunoassay. A chromatographic peak was seen for free 3,3',5'-triiodothyronine in the analyses of two of eight hyperthyroid sera, and, with a larger sample volume, from a euthyroid serum. The new method is a potential reference and research procedure for analysis of free iodothyronines."}
{"id": "PMID:872403", "title": "Column cation-exchange separation of melanin-related metabolites in  urine from cases of melanoma.", "content": "We describe recent developments in the use of a stable free radical, diphenylpicrylhydrazyl, as a colorimetric detector of reducing metabolites in melanoma urines. A procedure for buffering aqueous/solvent reagent solutions is presented, and examples of the baseline stability achieved for reference chromatograms and urine samples are provided. Chromatograms of phaeomelanin precursors and of an extract of a highly pigmented hamster melanoma are also presented. Identities are tentatively assigned for some of the chromatographic peaks that have previously been correlated with disease, including isomers of cysteinyldopa, and observations of new pigment- and tumor-related metabolites in the chromatograms are noted.", "contents": "Column cation-exchange separation of melanin-related metabolites in  urine from cases of melanoma. We describe recent developments in the use of a stable free radical, diphenylpicrylhydrazyl, as a colorimetric detector of reducing metabolites in melanoma urines. A procedure for buffering aqueous/solvent reagent solutions is presented, and examples of the baseline stability achieved for reference chromatograms and urine samples are provided. Chromatograms of phaeomelanin precursors and of an extract of a highly pigmented hamster melanoma are also presented. Identities are tentatively assigned for some of the chromatographic peaks that have previously been correlated with disease, including isomers of cysteinyldopa, and observations of new pigment- and tumor-related metabolites in the chromatograms are noted."}
{"id": "PMID:872404", "title": "Quantitative analysis of biological marker synthesis in tumor cell cycle.", "content": "A quantitative relationship between tumor cell number and biologic marker concentration has been investigated and characterized by the previously developed discrete-time kinetic model for the study of cell kinetics. Here, this model is further expanded to cope with both cell cycle kinetics and biologic marker synthesis. A synchronized tumor-cell population is examined to determine the time course of the synthesis of markers in relation to cell cycle. The DNA content distributions, measured by flow microfluorometry, are analyzed by use of the model, and the cell age distribution is extracted. The average marker content per cell in cell cycle is measured for each time sequence in synchronized cell populations. The model, incorporating the cell age distribution and the average marker content per cell in cell cycle, enables one to generate the marker content distribution, from which the cell number is estimated from the marker concentration. The model performance is further evaluated with Chinese hamster ovary cells, and their polyamine content and the total polyamine concentration during synchronization is calculated and related to the total cell number.", "contents": "Quantitative analysis of biological marker synthesis in tumor cell cycle. A quantitative relationship between tumor cell number and biologic marker concentration has been investigated and characterized by the previously developed discrete-time kinetic model for the study of cell kinetics. Here, this model is further expanded to cope with both cell cycle kinetics and biologic marker synthesis. A synchronized tumor-cell population is examined to determine the time course of the synthesis of markers in relation to cell cycle. The DNA content distributions, measured by flow microfluorometry, are analyzed by use of the model, and the cell age distribution is extracted. The average marker content per cell in cell cycle is measured for each time sequence in synchronized cell populations. The model, incorporating the cell age distribution and the average marker content per cell in cell cycle, enables one to generate the marker content distribution, from which the cell number is estimated from the marker concentration. The model performance is further evaluated with Chinese hamster ovary cells, and their polyamine content and the total polyamine concentration during synchronization is calculated and related to the total cell number."}
{"id": "PMID:872406", "title": "Automated zone electrophoresis--experiments and new concepts.", "content": "I have investigated various modalities of automation of zone electrophoresis. One system has already been previously described (U.S. Pat. No. 3,896,021). Other systems investigated can be divided into batch systems and one random-access system; the former involve separation on cellulose acetate that is supported on 0.127 mm thick polyester (Mylar) film in the form of tape, cards, or discs. Systems in which the separation is in a direction transverse to the long axis of the tape use a typical tape width of 7.5 cm; systems in which separation is longitudinal make use of supports of various widths, depending upon the assay rate desired. Concepts were also developed for a random-access systems for automated electrophoresis, which requires no start-up time. Small Lucite cassettes are used, one for each sample. Each cassette has one surface of either cellulose acetate or any of several gels used for electrophoretic separation. There are further small wells for sample and calibrator. The loaded cassette is inserted into an input queue that allows serial processing. The cassettes move sequentially through prewetting (if needed), sample application, electrophoretic separation, staining, and scanning. This system should also be suitable for automated isoelectric focusing.", "contents": "Automated zone electrophoresis--experiments and new concepts. I have investigated various modalities of automation of zone electrophoresis. One system has already been previously described (U.S. Pat. No. 3,896,021). Other systems investigated can be divided into batch systems and one random-access system; the former involve separation on cellulose acetate that is supported on 0.127 mm thick polyester (Mylar) film in the form of tape, cards, or discs. Systems in which the separation is in a direction transverse to the long axis of the tape use a typical tape width of 7.5 cm; systems in which separation is longitudinal make use of supports of various widths, depending upon the assay rate desired. Concepts were also developed for a random-access systems for automated electrophoresis, which requires no start-up time. Small Lucite cassettes are used, one for each sample. Each cassette has one surface of either cellulose acetate or any of several gels used for electrophoretic separation. There are further small wells for sample and calibrator. The loaded cassette is inserted into an input queue that allows serial processing. The cassettes move sequentially through prewetting (if needed), sample application, electrophoretic separation, staining, and scanning. This system should also be suitable for automated isoelectric focusing."}
{"id": "PMID:872407", "title": "Microchemical analytical techniques of potential clinical interest.", "content": "Microchemical techniques with the capability of single-cell analysis will become increasingly important in clinical laboratory practice. One of the current moves underway in this direction is determination of enzyme activities of cells by microscale spectrophotometry and spectrophotofluorometry for prenatal diagnosis of inherited enzyme deficiencies. Three less-common microanalytical techniques are considered here that are of potential interest in laboratory medicine. The first is dilatometry, which provides a means for enzyme or substrate assay involving measurement of the change in volume or density accompanying chemical reaction in solution. In this connection, the measurement of specific gravity itself to obtain certain chemical information is also of interest. The second of these techniques is the use of spectrophotometry to measure oxygen uptake for functional assays of cells. The third is the use of luminometry in a general system of analysis for determination of many important biochemical substances and activities. Each of these techniques can be used for microscale analysis without sacrifice of precision or accuracy; each is relatively simple, instrumentally ant technically, and could be automated.", "contents": "Microchemical analytical techniques of potential clinical interest. Microchemical techniques with the capability of single-cell analysis will become increasingly important in clinical laboratory practice. One of the current moves underway in this direction is determination of enzyme activities of cells by microscale spectrophotometry and spectrophotofluorometry for prenatal diagnosis of inherited enzyme deficiencies. Three less-common microanalytical techniques are considered here that are of potential interest in laboratory medicine. The first is dilatometry, which provides a means for enzyme or substrate assay involving measurement of the change in volume or density accompanying chemical reaction in solution. In this connection, the measurement of specific gravity itself to obtain certain chemical information is also of interest. The second of these techniques is the use of spectrophotometry to measure oxygen uptake for functional assays of cells. The third is the use of luminometry in a general system of analysis for determination of many important biochemical substances and activities. Each of these techniques can be used for microscale analysis without sacrifice of precision or accuracy; each is relatively simple, instrumentally ant technically, and could be automated."}
{"id": "PMID:872408", "title": "Quantitative assays of enzyme activity in single cells: early prenatal diagnosis of genetic disorders.", "content": "The combined use of special cell culture techniques and biochemical ultramicromethods permits one to handle very small amounts of materials, to reduce the costs of chemicals, and more accurately to assess gene dosage effects by expressing enzyme activities per cell instead of per total cell protein. An alkaline phosphatase induction test has been developed which allows one to screen small numbers of fibroblasts for lysosomal storage diseases, cystic fibrosis, and chromosomal disorders. A successful attempt has been made to automate the microtechniques. Combining the alkaline phosphatase induction with the ultramicro automatization should eventually permit one to screen all pregnancies for major possible fetal genetic defects. Automated ultramicro enzyme assays should contribute to the general development of clinical chemistry.", "contents": "Quantitative assays of enzyme activity in single cells: early prenatal diagnosis of genetic disorders. The combined use of special cell culture techniques and biochemical ultramicromethods permits one to handle very small amounts of materials, to reduce the costs of chemicals, and more accurately to assess gene dosage effects by expressing enzyme activities per cell instead of per total cell protein. An alkaline phosphatase induction test has been developed which allows one to screen small numbers of fibroblasts for lysosomal storage diseases, cystic fibrosis, and chromosomal disorders. A successful attempt has been made to automate the microtechniques. Combining the alkaline phosphatase induction with the ultramicro automatization should eventually permit one to screen all pregnancies for major possible fetal genetic defects. Automated ultramicro enzyme assays should contribute to the general development of clinical chemistry."}
{"id": "PMID:872409", "title": "Development of instrumentation and fluorochromes for automated multiparameter analysis of cells.", "content": "We have developed and interfaced to a computer an automated instrument (the AMAC III) which is designed to observe simultaneously several physical parameters of cells. Typical parameters include electronic cell volume (Coulter effect), RF amplitude (opacity), multiwavelength fluorescence of cytological stains, and cell light-scattering. The use of a new ultraviolet laser combined with a holographic grating spectrograph promises to increase the number of fluorescing species that can be detected simultaneously. This number can be further increased by use of special rare-earth-based fluorochromes, that emit well-defined, spectrally distinct peaks.", "contents": "Development of instrumentation and fluorochromes for automated multiparameter analysis of cells. We have developed and interfaced to a computer an automated instrument (the AMAC III) which is designed to observe simultaneously several physical parameters of cells. Typical parameters include electronic cell volume (Coulter effect), RF amplitude (opacity), multiwavelength fluorescence of cytological stains, and cell light-scattering. The use of a new ultraviolet laser combined with a holographic grating spectrograph promises to increase the number of fluorescing species that can be detected simultaneously. This number can be further increased by use of special rare-earth-based fluorochromes, that emit well-defined, spectrally distinct peaks."}
{"id": "PMID:872420", "title": "Hemoglobinometry: A comparison between the hemiglobincyanide method and the Coulter S counter.", "content": "The relative accuracy and precision of the Coulter S Counter have been evaluated in comparison with manual hemiglobincyanide determination according to the recommendations of the International Committee for Standardization in Hematology. Some improvements in the manual procedure, such as centrifugation of hemiglobincyanide solutions and the use of the detergent Triton X-100, were also tested. The Coulter S Counter generally gives higher precision in comparison with the manual method. Nevertheles, Coulter S determinations are systematically lower due to both constant and proportional errors. The available data ranged between hemoglobin values of 11.5 and 18.5%, giving differences of 0-8% between hemoglobin values determined by the Coulter S Counter and the hemiglobincyanide method.", "contents": "Hemoglobinometry: A comparison between the hemiglobincyanide method and the Coulter S counter. The relative accuracy and precision of the Coulter S Counter have been evaluated in comparison with manual hemiglobincyanide determination according to the recommendations of the International Committee for Standardization in Hematology. Some improvements in the manual procedure, such as centrifugation of hemiglobincyanide solutions and the use of the detergent Triton X-100, were also tested. The Coulter S Counter generally gives higher precision in comparison with the manual method. Nevertheles, Coulter S determinations are systematically lower due to both constant and proportional errors. The available data ranged between hemoglobin values of 11.5 and 18.5%, giving differences of 0-8% between hemoglobin values determined by the Coulter S Counter and the hemiglobincyanide method."}
{"id": "PMID:872422", "title": "Sweat testing for cystic fibrosis: characteristics of a combination chloride ion-selective electrode.", "content": "Filling solution leakage, reproducibility, stability, interferences and temperature effects have been studied in relation to the use of the Orion 96-17-01 combination chloride ion-selective electrode in sweat testing for cystic fibrosis. While stability and reproducibility is good, certain antiseptic systems and especially Hibitaine (chlorhexidine gluconate) interfere with the electrode and therefore need to be absent during sweat testing. Temperature conditions during calibration and sweat testing need to be controlled in view of the extent of response variations for even modest temperature differences between sensor-skin interface and electrode stem.", "contents": "Sweat testing for cystic fibrosis: characteristics of a combination chloride ion-selective electrode. Filling solution leakage, reproducibility, stability, interferences and temperature effects have been studied in relation to the use of the Orion 96-17-01 combination chloride ion-selective electrode in sweat testing for cystic fibrosis. While stability and reproducibility is good, certain antiseptic systems and especially Hibitaine (chlorhexidine gluconate) interfere with the electrode and therefore need to be absent during sweat testing. Temperature conditions during calibration and sweat testing need to be controlled in view of the extent of response variations for even modest temperature differences between sensor-skin interface and electrode stem."}
{"id": "PMID:872423", "title": "A specific direct radioimmunoassay for oestriol-16alpha-glucuronide in pregnancy plasma.", "content": "A specific radioimmunoassay has been developed for measuring oestriol-16alpha glucuronide in pregnancy plasma using a highly specific antiserum. The specificity of this antiserum has been assessed by the 50% displacement method and by measuring oestriol-16alpha-glucuronide concentrations in pregnancy plasma samples, both with and without chromatography. The antiserum was found to have Ka of 1.3 X 10(10) M-1. The assay had a sensitivity of 5 pg (least quantity of oestriol-16alpha-glucuronide distinguishable from the zero point, p less than 0.05), an intra-assay variation of 6.07% and an inter-assay variation of 3.36%. The assay was used to measure plasma oestriol-16alpha-glucuronide concentrations throughout eight pregnancies, five of which were normal and three had some defined abnormality.", "contents": "A specific direct radioimmunoassay for oestriol-16alpha-glucuronide in pregnancy plasma. A specific radioimmunoassay has been developed for measuring oestriol-16alpha glucuronide in pregnancy plasma using a highly specific antiserum. The specificity of this antiserum has been assessed by the 50% displacement method and by measuring oestriol-16alpha-glucuronide concentrations in pregnancy plasma samples, both with and without chromatography. The antiserum was found to have Ka of 1.3 X 10(10) M-1. The assay had a sensitivity of 5 pg (least quantity of oestriol-16alpha-glucuronide distinguishable from the zero point, p less than 0.05), an intra-assay variation of 6.07% and an inter-assay variation of 3.36%. The assay was used to measure plasma oestriol-16alpha-glucuronide concentrations throughout eight pregnancies, five of which were normal and three had some defined abnormality."}
{"id": "PMID:872427", "title": "Digoxin radioimmunoassay: a comparison of the assay performances using tritiated and 125I radioiodinated tracers.", "content": "The preparation of 125I-labelled tracer for digoxin radioimmunoassay (125I monoiodinated 3-succinyl digoxigenin-1-tyrosine) is described, and its performance in radioimmunoassay of plasma samples is compared with that obtained with tritiated digoxin. The accuracy levels were assessed through the evaluation of different potential sources of systematic errors, such as interference from digoxin-related molecules and plasma proteins and methodological artefacts possibly associated with the immunocomplex instability, and through a series of checks including the recovery and parallelism tests and the correspondence of results obtained with the two tracers. The slope and the repeatability with time of the calibration curves and the spread of replicate estimates were taken into consideration to assess the assay precision. An essential equivalence in terms of reliability of measurement was proved for the two methodological variants, so that practical aspects and economic factors remain the main criteria to evaluate the relative merits: from this point of view, the advantages of using 125I-labelled tracer, as an alternative to tritiated digoxin, are discussed.", "contents": "Digoxin radioimmunoassay: a comparison of the assay performances using tritiated and 125I radioiodinated tracers. The preparation of 125I-labelled tracer for digoxin radioimmunoassay (125I monoiodinated 3-succinyl digoxigenin-1-tyrosine) is described, and its performance in radioimmunoassay of plasma samples is compared with that obtained with tritiated digoxin. The accuracy levels were assessed through the evaluation of different potential sources of systematic errors, such as interference from digoxin-related molecules and plasma proteins and methodological artefacts possibly associated with the immunocomplex instability, and through a series of checks including the recovery and parallelism tests and the correspondence of results obtained with the two tracers. The slope and the repeatability with time of the calibration curves and the spread of replicate estimates were taken into consideration to assess the assay precision. An essential equivalence in terms of reliability of measurement was proved for the two methodological variants, so that practical aspects and economic factors remain the main criteria to evaluate the relative merits: from this point of view, the advantages of using 125I-labelled tracer, as an alternative to tritiated digoxin, are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:872428", "title": "Lipoprotein composition in hypothyroidism.", "content": "Sixteen patients with hypothyroidism have had their lipid status assessed before and during replacement therapy. More than 60% had hypercholesterolaemia and more than 60% had hypertriglyceridaemia. Significant reductions in plasma cholesterol, but not in plasma triglyceride, were seen during replacement therapy. A high cholesterol: triglyceride ratio was observed in VLDL and this relationship tended back to normal during treatment. This raises the possibility that in hypothyroidism, as in Type III hyperlipoproteinaemia, an abnormality in VLDL conversion to LDL is present.", "contents": "Lipoprotein composition in hypothyroidism. Sixteen patients with hypothyroidism have had their lipid status assessed before and during replacement therapy. More than 60% had hypercholesterolaemia and more than 60% had hypertriglyceridaemia. Significant reductions in plasma cholesterol, but not in plasma triglyceride, were seen during replacement therapy. A high cholesterol: triglyceride ratio was observed in VLDL and this relationship tended back to normal during treatment. This raises the possibility that in hypothyroidism, as in Type III hyperlipoproteinaemia, an abnormality in VLDL conversion to LDL is present."}
{"id": "PMID:872429", "title": "Starch gel electrophoresis for galactose-1-phosphate uridylyl-transferase applied to dried filter paper blood specimens.", "content": "Starch gel electrophoresis of galactose-1-phosphate uridylyl transferase has been adapted for use on dried filter paper blood specimens submitted for the purposes of routine newborn screening for galactosemia and other inborn errors of metabolism. Selected for study were those specimens with reduced transferase activity, as determined by the Beutler enzyme spot screening test. Clinically benign low activity enzyme variants were readily identified, thus reducing significantly the number of requested additional blood specimens. Transferase-deficient specimens with potential clinical significance had too little activity for transferase visualization and thus could be separated from the benign variants. This technique would facilitate routine newborn screening for galactosemia.", "contents": "Starch gel electrophoresis for galactose-1-phosphate uridylyl-transferase applied to dried filter paper blood specimens. Starch gel electrophoresis of galactose-1-phosphate uridylyl transferase has been adapted for use on dried filter paper blood specimens submitted for the purposes of routine newborn screening for galactosemia and other inborn errors of metabolism. Selected for study were those specimens with reduced transferase activity, as determined by the Beutler enzyme spot screening test. Clinically benign low activity enzyme variants were readily identified, thus reducing significantly the number of requested additional blood specimens. Transferase-deficient specimens with potential clinical significance had too little activity for transferase visualization and thus could be separated from the benign variants. This technique would facilitate routine newborn screening for galactosemia."}
{"id": "PMID:872430", "title": "Cholesterol side-chain cleavage enzyme activity and cytochrome P-450 content in adrenal mitochondria of a patient with congenital lipoid adrenal hyperplasia (Prader disease).", "content": "An autopsied case with congenital lipoid adrenal hyperplasia (Prader disease) was presented. The cholesterol side-chain cleavage (SCC) enzyme activity in adrenal mitochondria of this case was assayed with [3H]cholesterol as substrate, combined with purified bovine adrenodoxin and adrenodoxin reductase, by measuring the amount of [3H]pregnenolone formed. The cytochrome P-450 content was also measured by recording the difference absorption spectra of carbon monoxide-complexed P-450. The cholesterol SCC enzyme activity in adrenal mitochondria of Prader disease was 0.81 nmol pregnenolone/nmol P-450 per min, which was approximately 10% of that in normal tissue. The content of cytochrome P-450 was 0.074 nmol/mg protein, which was about half of that in controls. These results indicate that there is a cholesterol SCC enzyme deficiency in adrenal mitochondria in this disease.", "contents": "Cholesterol side-chain cleavage enzyme activity and cytochrome P-450 content in adrenal mitochondria of a patient with congenital lipoid adrenal hyperplasia (Prader disease). An autopsied case with congenital lipoid adrenal hyperplasia (Prader disease) was presented. The cholesterol side-chain cleavage (SCC) enzyme activity in adrenal mitochondria of this case was assayed with [3H]cholesterol as substrate, combined with purified bovine adrenodoxin and adrenodoxin reductase, by measuring the amount of [3H]pregnenolone formed. The cytochrome P-450 content was also measured by recording the difference absorption spectra of carbon monoxide-complexed P-450. The cholesterol SCC enzyme activity in adrenal mitochondria of Prader disease was 0.81 nmol pregnenolone/nmol P-450 per min, which was approximately 10% of that in normal tissue. The content of cytochrome P-450 was 0.074 nmol/mg protein, which was about half of that in controls. These results indicate that there is a cholesterol SCC enzyme deficiency in adrenal mitochondria in this disease."}
{"id": "PMID:872431", "title": "Evaluation of a rapid gas-chromatographic method for the simultaneous quantitative determination of ethosuximide, phenyletheylmalonediamide, carbamazepine, phenobarbital, primidone and diphenylhydantoin in human serum.", "content": "A simple and rapid gas chromatographic method for the simultaneous estimation of the anticonvulsant drugs ethosuximide, carbamazepine, phenobarbital, primidone, diphenylhydantoin and the metabolite PEMA in serum is presented. The method is based on a simple ether extraction of 1 ml serum before and after precipitation of the proteins by ammonium sulfate and injection of the extract dissolved in methanol without derivative formation. Gas chromatographic separation is performed on a highly polar acidic phase (SP 1000, a terephthalic acid modified Carbowax 20 M), for detection the instrument is equipped with a nitrogen selective detector, quantitation is performed by automatic electronic integration of peak areas in relation to the internal standard Mesantoin. The optimal approach to the gas chromatographic analysis of \"problem drugs\" like carbamazepine and phenobarbital is discussed, various stationary phases and support materials are compared for effectiveness with this method. In the analysis of over 800 routine serum samples as well as internal and external quality control samples this method was found to be reliable and the results reproducible.", "contents": "Evaluation of a rapid gas-chromatographic method for the simultaneous quantitative determination of ethosuximide, phenyletheylmalonediamide, carbamazepine, phenobarbital, primidone and diphenylhydantoin in human serum. A simple and rapid gas chromatographic method for the simultaneous estimation of the anticonvulsant drugs ethosuximide, carbamazepine, phenobarbital, primidone, diphenylhydantoin and the metabolite PEMA in serum is presented. The method is based on a simple ether extraction of 1 ml serum before and after precipitation of the proteins by ammonium sulfate and injection of the extract dissolved in methanol without derivative formation. Gas chromatographic separation is performed on a highly polar acidic phase (SP 1000, a terephthalic acid modified Carbowax 20 M), for detection the instrument is equipped with a nitrogen selective detector, quantitation is performed by automatic electronic integration of peak areas in relation to the internal standard Mesantoin. The optimal approach to the gas chromatographic analysis of \"problem drugs\" like carbamazepine and phenobarbital is discussed, various stationary phases and support materials are compared for effectiveness with this method. In the analysis of over 800 routine serum samples as well as internal and external quality control samples this method was found to be reliable and the results reproducible."}
{"id": "PMID:872432", "title": "Carbohydrate content of human red cell membrane in patients with cirrhosis of the liver.", "content": "The protein and carbohydrate contents of red cell membranes from 12 patients with liver cirrhosis were compared to those from 12 normal donors. Protein content was significantly higher and surface sialic acid and neutral hexoses were similar, whereas surface fucose and hexosamine were significantly lower in the cirrhotic red cells. The role of these membrane modifications is discussed.", "contents": "Carbohydrate content of human red cell membrane in patients with cirrhosis of the liver. The protein and carbohydrate contents of red cell membranes from 12 patients with liver cirrhosis were compared to those from 12 normal donors. Protein content was significantly higher and surface sialic acid and neutral hexoses were similar, whereas surface fucose and hexosamine were significantly lower in the cirrhotic red cells. The role of these membrane modifications is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:872435", "title": "The nature and origin of hyperamylasemia following open-heart surgery with extracorporeal circulation.", "content": "The nature of the postoperative hyperamylasemia in 27 patients undergoing open-heart surgery was investigated. An increase in serum amylase activity was found in 56% of the patients. Isoamylase analysis revealed that the rise was in the salivary-type isoamylase in all of these patients. Since the level of serum amylase activity was increased in the postoperative state with prolongation of extracorporeal circulation, it is conceivable that cellular hypoxia due to inadequate tissue perfusion may cause disturbances in cellular metabolism with a release of intracellular amylase. The finding of the salivary-type amylase in normal lung tissue, transient salivary-type hyperamylasemia in acute respiratory distress and increased amylase activity of the salivary-type in serum specimens from the left atrium compared to those from the right ventricle suggest that the origin of the amylase responsible for the transient postoperative hyperamylasemia in the salivary-type is due to the amylase released from lung tissues under hypoxia during and after operation.", "contents": "The nature and origin of hyperamylasemia following open-heart surgery with extracorporeal circulation. The nature of the postoperative hyperamylasemia in 27 patients undergoing open-heart surgery was investigated. An increase in serum amylase activity was found in 56% of the patients. Isoamylase analysis revealed that the rise was in the salivary-type isoamylase in all of these patients. Since the level of serum amylase activity was increased in the postoperative state with prolongation of extracorporeal circulation, it is conceivable that cellular hypoxia due to inadequate tissue perfusion may cause disturbances in cellular metabolism with a release of intracellular amylase. The finding of the salivary-type amylase in normal lung tissue, transient salivary-type hyperamylasemia in acute respiratory distress and increased amylase activity of the salivary-type in serum specimens from the left atrium compared to those from the right ventricle suggest that the origin of the amylase responsible for the transient postoperative hyperamylasemia in the salivary-type is due to the amylase released from lung tissues under hypoxia during and after operation."}
{"id": "PMID:872436", "title": "Endogenous phosphorylation of membrane proteins in normal and in hereditary spherocytosis erythrocytes.", "content": "The phosphorylation state of the proteins in hereditary spherocytosis erythrocyte membranes, incubated in the presence of [gamma-32P]ATP, appears to be different from that in normal ones. This is indicated by the finding that in the two types of erythrocyte membranes the ratios between the 32P-labeling of their phosphorylserine and phosphorylthreonine residues were different.", "contents": "Endogenous phosphorylation of membrane proteins in normal and in hereditary spherocytosis erythrocytes. The phosphorylation state of the proteins in hereditary spherocytosis erythrocyte membranes, incubated in the presence of [gamma-32P]ATP, appears to be different from that in normal ones. This is indicated by the finding that in the two types of erythrocyte membranes the ratios between the 32P-labeling of their phosphorylserine and phosphorylthreonine residues were different."}
{"id": "PMID:872437", "title": "A simple, rapid fluorimetric assay of amoxycillin in plasma.", "content": "A method for estimation of amoxycillin in plasma is described, based on the formation of a fluorescent derivative which is measured in the presence of 2-methoxyethanol. Drugs commonly administered together with amoxycillin do not appear to interfere with the assay. Data on the sensitivity, accuracy and linearity of the assay are presented together with a comparison with the microbiological assay.", "contents": "A simple, rapid fluorimetric assay of amoxycillin in plasma. A method for estimation of amoxycillin in plasma is described, based on the formation of a fluorescent derivative which is measured in the presence of 2-methoxyethanol. Drugs commonly administered together with amoxycillin do not appear to interfere with the assay. Data on the sensitivity, accuracy and linearity of the assay are presented together with a comparison with the microbiological assay."}
{"id": "PMID:872438", "title": "Evaluation of metabolic pathway activity in cultured skin fibroblasts and blood leukocytes.", "content": "Screening for a variety of blocked catabolic mutants can be achieved in cultured skin fibroblasts and in peripheral blood leukocytes with a simple radioisotope method that is reliable and convenient. The method measures the incorporation into trichloroacetic acid (TCA) insoluble macromolecules of a 14C-labelled intermediate in the pathway under question; incorporation of a 3H-labelled metabolite, not in the same pathway, is used as an internal control of metabolism in the cell population. The 14C/3H incorporation ratio is decreased in blocked pathways; use of the ratio method eliminates the delay required by radioautography (used in earlier adaptations of this method), the problems involved in CO2 collection, and the need to standardize cultures for cell number. This method has been used to identify cells with biochemical lesions in the oxidation of propionate, galactose, hypoxanthine and pyruvate; it has allowed us to identify a new variant of methylmalonicaciduria; we believe it can be extended to include other metabolites and pathways.", "contents": "Evaluation of metabolic pathway activity in cultured skin fibroblasts and blood leukocytes. Screening for a variety of blocked catabolic mutants can be achieved in cultured skin fibroblasts and in peripheral blood leukocytes with a simple radioisotope method that is reliable and convenient. The method measures the incorporation into trichloroacetic acid (TCA) insoluble macromolecules of a 14C-labelled intermediate in the pathway under question; incorporation of a 3H-labelled metabolite, not in the same pathway, is used as an internal control of metabolism in the cell population. The 14C/3H incorporation ratio is decreased in blocked pathways; use of the ratio method eliminates the delay required by radioautography (used in earlier adaptations of this method), the problems involved in CO2 collection, and the need to standardize cultures for cell number. This method has been used to identify cells with biochemical lesions in the oxidation of propionate, galactose, hypoxanthine and pyruvate; it has allowed us to identify a new variant of methylmalonicaciduria; we believe it can be extended to include other metabolites and pathways."}
{"id": "PMID:872440", "title": "(2-Ethoxyethoxy)acetic acid: an unusual compound found in the gas chromatographic analysis of urinary organic acids.", "content": "An unknown acidic compound was detected in a number of urine samples from patients with a suspected metabolic disorder and some patients treated with chemotherapy. The structure of this compound has been characterized as (2-ethoxyethoxy)acetic acid, using a gas chromatography/mass spectrometry/computer system. The authentic compound was synthesized and compared with the unknown. Urinary (2-ethoxyethoxy)acetic acid is assumed to be formed endogenously from an exogenous precursor, probably 2-(2-ethoxyethoxy)ethanol.", "contents": "(2-Ethoxyethoxy)acetic acid: an unusual compound found in the gas chromatographic analysis of urinary organic acids. An unknown acidic compound was detected in a number of urine samples from patients with a suspected metabolic disorder and some patients treated with chemotherapy. The structure of this compound has been characterized as (2-ethoxyethoxy)acetic acid, using a gas chromatography/mass spectrometry/computer system. The authentic compound was synthesized and compared with the unknown. Urinary (2-ethoxyethoxy)acetic acid is assumed to be formed endogenously from an exogenous precursor, probably 2-(2-ethoxyethoxy)ethanol."}
{"id": "PMID:872441", "title": "The quality control of alkaline phosphatase determinations with placental phosphatase.", "content": "Human placenta has been recommended as the source of the alkaline phosphatase used for the preparation of control or reference materials. The effect of certain inhibitors, which may be present in the reagents, on control materials containing the placental isoenzyme, is shown to differ significantly from their effect on the isoenzymes in patient's sera. This finding indicates that if control materials are used which contain only human placental alkaline phosphatase, changes in accuracy resulting from differences in reagent quality may be missed, or alternatively a change in accuracy may be indicated by the quality control results which does not apply to the patient's sera.", "contents": "The quality control of alkaline phosphatase determinations with placental phosphatase. Human placenta has been recommended as the source of the alkaline phosphatase used for the preparation of control or reference materials. The effect of certain inhibitors, which may be present in the reagents, on control materials containing the placental isoenzyme, is shown to differ significantly from their effect on the isoenzymes in patient's sera. This finding indicates that if control materials are used which contain only human placental alkaline phosphatase, changes in accuracy resulting from differences in reagent quality may be missed, or alternatively a change in accuracy may be indicated by the quality control results which does not apply to the patient's sera."}
{"id": "PMID:872443", "title": "Gonadotrophin release in ovariectomized patients. I. Suppression by clomiphene or low doses of ethinyl oestradiol.", "content": "Administration of clomiphene citrate (150 mg/day) for 5 days to twenty-four ovariectomized patients and seven normal female patients evoked a significant release of FSH and LH in the normal control group and suppressed the gonadotrophin secretion in the castrated patients. A similar suppressive effect on gonadotrophin secretion was noted in eight ovariectomized patients treated for 10 days with low doses (50 microgram/day) of ethinyl oestradiol. It is suggested that in the ovariectomized hypoestrogenic patients, clomiphene acted as an oestrogen, suppressing by a negative feedback action gonadotrophin release in a way similar to ethinyl oestradiol. In the normal control group with an adequate steroid environment, clomiphene acted (probably at the hypothalamic level) as an oestrogen antagonist and stimulated gonadotrophin secretion. In view of our findings, it seems as if the ability of anovulatory patients to respond to clomiphene treatment by increased gonadotrophin secretion depends upon the absolute concentration of the compound in the different organs and by the quantitative relation of clomiphene to the endogenous oestrogens.", "contents": "Gonadotrophin release in ovariectomized patients. I. Suppression by clomiphene or low doses of ethinyl oestradiol. Administration of clomiphene citrate (150 mg/day) for 5 days to twenty-four ovariectomized patients and seven normal female patients evoked a significant release of FSH and LH in the normal control group and suppressed the gonadotrophin secretion in the castrated patients. A similar suppressive effect on gonadotrophin secretion was noted in eight ovariectomized patients treated for 10 days with low doses (50 microgram/day) of ethinyl oestradiol. It is suggested that in the ovariectomized hypoestrogenic patients, clomiphene acted as an oestrogen, suppressing by a negative feedback action gonadotrophin release in a way similar to ethinyl oestradiol. In the normal control group with an adequate steroid environment, clomiphene acted (probably at the hypothalamic level) as an oestrogen antagonist and stimulated gonadotrophin secretion. In view of our findings, it seems as if the ability of anovulatory patients to respond to clomiphene treatment by increased gonadotrophin secretion depends upon the absolute concentration of the compound in the different organs and by the quantitative relation of clomiphene to the endogenous oestrogens."}
{"id": "PMID:872444", "title": "The hormone response to a synthetic androgen (mesterolone) in oligospermia.", "content": "Forty subfertile men with oligospermia were treated with a synthetic androgen (Mesterolone). The effect of the drug was evaluated by measuring serum testosterone, luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and analysing the semen before and after treatment. The results demonstrated that in twenty-three patients treated for 6-9 months there was a significant decrease in serum testosterone (P less than 0.01); the means +/- SEM before and after treatment were 17.05 +/- 0.95 and 14.7 +/- 0.95 (nmol/l serum) respectively. There was a pronounced increase in serum LH (P less than 0.01), the values being 2.73 +/- 0.26 and 3.61 +/- 0.3 (u/l) respectively. However, no significant difference was found in serum FSH before and after treatment. The sperm concentration showed a variable response to treatment. In twenty-one patients there was either no change or worsening in the sperm concentration, whereas in nineteen patients an improvement was observed. The analysis of variance of sperm concentration and motility for the periods before and after treatment, for all the patients, showed no significant difference in the sperm concentration F1.145 = 2.82 (P=0.1).", "contents": "The hormone response to a synthetic androgen (mesterolone) in oligospermia. Forty subfertile men with oligospermia were treated with a synthetic androgen (Mesterolone). The effect of the drug was evaluated by measuring serum testosterone, luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and analysing the semen before and after treatment. The results demonstrated that in twenty-three patients treated for 6-9 months there was a significant decrease in serum testosterone (P less than 0.01); the means +/- SEM before and after treatment were 17.05 +/- 0.95 and 14.7 +/- 0.95 (nmol/l serum) respectively. There was a pronounced increase in serum LH (P less than 0.01), the values being 2.73 +/- 0.26 and 3.61 +/- 0.3 (u/l) respectively. However, no significant difference was found in serum FSH before and after treatment. The sperm concentration showed a variable response to treatment. In twenty-one patients there was either no change or worsening in the sperm concentration, whereas in nineteen patients an improvement was observed. The analysis of variance of sperm concentration and motility for the periods before and after treatment, for all the patients, showed no significant difference in the sperm concentration F1.145 = 2.82 (P=0.1)."}
{"id": "PMID:872445", "title": "Thyroid hormone levels and protein binding in patients on long-term diphenylhydantoin treatment.", "content": "The effect of long-term diphenylhydantoin (DPH) treatment on thyroid hormone concentrations and protein binding was determined in a randomized controlled trial. As has been demonstrated previously, total thyroxine (T4) concentrations were significantly depressed in patients on DPH. There was no significant effect on indirect indices of protein binding of thyroid hormones, and the free thyroxine index (FTI) was also significantly depressed. Triiodothyronine (T3) and thyrotrophin (TSH) concentrations were either unaffected, or only very slightly affected by DPH. Significant effects on the FTI were still apparent 4 weeks after discontinuing treatment. It is concluded that the depression of total T4 levels observed in vivo is not due solely to diminished protein binding, but may instead be largely explained by reports suggesting enhanced degradation of T4 following DPH therapy.", "contents": "Thyroid hormone levels and protein binding in patients on long-term diphenylhydantoin treatment. The effect of long-term diphenylhydantoin (DPH) treatment on thyroid hormone concentrations and protein binding was determined in a randomized controlled trial. As has been demonstrated previously, total thyroxine (T4) concentrations were significantly depressed in patients on DPH. There was no significant effect on indirect indices of protein binding of thyroid hormones, and the free thyroxine index (FTI) was also significantly depressed. Triiodothyronine (T3) and thyrotrophin (TSH) concentrations were either unaffected, or only very slightly affected by DPH. Significant effects on the FTI were still apparent 4 weeks after discontinuing treatment. It is concluded that the depression of total T4 levels observed in vivo is not due solely to diminished protein binding, but may instead be largely explained by reports suggesting enhanced degradation of T4 following DPH therapy."}
{"id": "PMID:872446", "title": "Vasovagal hypotension and vasopressin release.", "content": "Mild vasovagal hypotension occurred in two normal male volunteers during insertion of indwelling venous cannulae. In spite of a rapid intravenous fluid load (3.6-4.6 litres in 90 min) both subjects passed little urine for 100 min. When the experiment was repeated without vasovagal hypotension, a rapid large diuresis followed the fluid load. The prolonged oliguria after vasovagal hypotension was the result of vasopressin release. This was demonstrated by measuring vasopressin in the blood and urine and by observing the renal response to a water load. The observation in man that a mild transient hypotensive episode may reduce urine flow for 100 min has clinical significance.", "contents": "Vasovagal hypotension and vasopressin release. Mild vasovagal hypotension occurred in two normal male volunteers during insertion of indwelling venous cannulae. In spite of a rapid intravenous fluid load (3.6-4.6 litres in 90 min) both subjects passed little urine for 100 min. When the experiment was repeated without vasovagal hypotension, a rapid large diuresis followed the fluid load. The prolonged oliguria after vasovagal hypotension was the result of vasopressin release. This was demonstrated by measuring vasopressin in the blood and urine and by observing the renal response to a water load. The observation in man that a mild transient hypotensive episode may reduce urine flow for 100 min has clinical significance."}
{"id": "PMID:872447", "title": "The effect of isoprenaline on plasma renin activity in man: a dose-response curve.", "content": "Four normal subjects on a free sodium intake received intravenous isoprenaline in doses of 2, 4, 8 and 16 microgram over 2 min. Three of the subjects received a second infusion of 8 microgram. The rate of renin release indexed by changes in plasma renin activity increased in all subjects at each dose level. The mean peak levels of plasma renin were 9%, 29% and 77% above the mean control levels at doses of 2, 4 and 8 microgram respectively. The response of 16 microgram was no different from that seen with 8 microgram. The renin response obtained at 8 microgram was highly reproducible such that the coefficient of variation for duplicate estimations of plasma renin (twelve duplicates) ranged from 1.7 to 4%.", "contents": "The effect of isoprenaline on plasma renin activity in man: a dose-response curve. Four normal subjects on a free sodium intake received intravenous isoprenaline in doses of 2, 4, 8 and 16 microgram over 2 min. Three of the subjects received a second infusion of 8 microgram. The rate of renin release indexed by changes in plasma renin activity increased in all subjects at each dose level. The mean peak levels of plasma renin were 9%, 29% and 77% above the mean control levels at doses of 2, 4 and 8 microgram respectively. The response of 16 microgram was no different from that seen with 8 microgram. The renin response obtained at 8 microgram was highly reproducible such that the coefficient of variation for duplicate estimations of plasma renin (twelve duplicates) ranged from 1.7 to 4%."}
{"id": "PMID:872448", "title": "A study of complement fixation by rheumatoid factor using a haemolytic assay system.", "content": "Complement fixation by rheumatoid factor (RF) in sera from rheumatoid arthritis patients has been investigated by means of a haemolytic assay system employing sheep erythrocytes (SRBC) coated with reduced and alkylated rabbit IgG anti-SRBC antibody. Haemolysis was almost invariably detected with RF-positive sera whereas haemolysis was not observed with RF-negative sera; It was evident from a marked increase in haemolysis, obtained following isolation of IgM-RF of high purity from several RF-positive sera, that the full in vitro complement-fixing ability and hence lytic potential of RF in serum is masked. Parallel observations were also made with synovial fluids. The inhibition of haemolysis by RF in sera and synovial fluids commonly involved a reduction in degree of lysis at high concentration of test material as well as a more generalized inhibition in overall percentage lysis. Complete replication of typical RF-positive serum and synovial fluid patterns of lysis on dilution was achieved by addition of heat-aggregated human IgG to isolated IgM-RF preparations and demonstrated that the two inhibitory effects are separable in terms of complement depletion and reduction of free rheumatoid factor antibody activity, respectively.", "contents": "A study of complement fixation by rheumatoid factor using a haemolytic assay system. Complement fixation by rheumatoid factor (RF) in sera from rheumatoid arthritis patients has been investigated by means of a haemolytic assay system employing sheep erythrocytes (SRBC) coated with reduced and alkylated rabbit IgG anti-SRBC antibody. Haemolysis was almost invariably detected with RF-positive sera whereas haemolysis was not observed with RF-negative sera; It was evident from a marked increase in haemolysis, obtained following isolation of IgM-RF of high purity from several RF-positive sera, that the full in vitro complement-fixing ability and hence lytic potential of RF in serum is masked. Parallel observations were also made with synovial fluids. The inhibition of haemolysis by RF in sera and synovial fluids commonly involved a reduction in degree of lysis at high concentration of test material as well as a more generalized inhibition in overall percentage lysis. Complete replication of typical RF-positive serum and synovial fluid patterns of lysis on dilution was achieved by addition of heat-aggregated human IgG to isolated IgM-RF preparations and demonstrated that the two inhibitory effects are separable in terms of complement depletion and reduction of free rheumatoid factor antibody activity, respectively."}
{"id": "PMID:872449", "title": "Quantitative relationships between IgE antibody and blocking antibodies specific for antigen E in patients given immunotherapy with ragweed antigen E.", "content": "Total antibody binding of ragweed antigen E (AgE) and IgE antibody of AgE were quantitatively measured in serum from eleven patients given immunotherapy with purified AgE. From these data the contribution of antibody other than IgE, presumed to be mostly IgG, to total AgE binding could be determined. Binding of AgE by antibody other than IgE antibody was considered to be due to blocking antibody. As immunotherapy progressed, IgG antibody binding of AgE and the IgG/IgE binding ratio were serially determined. IgG antibody binding of AgE increased from a pretreatment mean of 238 ng AgE bound/ml to 3142 ng AgE bound/ml just prior to the first ragweed season and reached a peak of 4286 ng AgE-bound/ml. Although blocking antibody thus increased progressively with treatment it was not correlated significantly with symptom scores. The IgG/IgE binding ratio increased from a pretreatment mean of 19-290 just prior to the first ragweed season and reached a peak of 1167. This ratio was related significantly to symptom scores reported by patients during the ragweed season subsequent to immunotherapy.", "contents": "Quantitative relationships between IgE antibody and blocking antibodies specific for antigen E in patients given immunotherapy with ragweed antigen E. Total antibody binding of ragweed antigen E (AgE) and IgE antibody of AgE were quantitatively measured in serum from eleven patients given immunotherapy with purified AgE. From these data the contribution of antibody other than IgE, presumed to be mostly IgG, to total AgE binding could be determined. Binding of AgE by antibody other than IgE antibody was considered to be due to blocking antibody. As immunotherapy progressed, IgG antibody binding of AgE and the IgG/IgE binding ratio were serially determined. IgG antibody binding of AgE increased from a pretreatment mean of 238 ng AgE bound/ml to 3142 ng AgE bound/ml just prior to the first ragweed season and reached a peak of 4286 ng AgE-bound/ml. Although blocking antibody thus increased progressively with treatment it was not correlated significantly with symptom scores. The IgG/IgE binding ratio increased from a pretreatment mean of 19-290 just prior to the first ragweed season and reached a peak of 1167. This ratio was related significantly to symptom scores reported by patients during the ragweed season subsequent to immunotherapy."}
{"id": "PMID:872450", "title": "Purification of normal human eosinophils using the different binding capacities of blood leucocytes for complexed rabbit IgG.", "content": "A method has been developed for separating eosinophils from other types of leucocyte in normal individuals. Erythrocytes are sedimented with dextran, and mononuclear cells are removed on an isotonic density gradient of ficoll and sodium diatrizoate. The eosinophils and neutrophils are then washed and sedimented onto plastic petri dishes coated with human IgG and rabbit anti-human IgG antibody; As neutrophils and monocytes have Fc-binding sites for complexed rabbit IgG they attach to the dishes, and the unabsorbed normal eosinophils which lack this binding site are eluted in a purified suspension. The mean purity of the eosinophils obtained in this way was 70%, range 50-90%, and the mean yield was 49%, range 21-81%. This method provides purified eosinophils from normal people without subjecting them to osmotic or plasma membrane stimulation. Normal eosinophils which are prepared in this way are particularly suitable for studying the ways in which eosinophils became altered in disease states.", "contents": "Purification of normal human eosinophils using the different binding capacities of blood leucocytes for complexed rabbit IgG. A method has been developed for separating eosinophils from other types of leucocyte in normal individuals. Erythrocytes are sedimented with dextran, and mononuclear cells are removed on an isotonic density gradient of ficoll and sodium diatrizoate. The eosinophils and neutrophils are then washed and sedimented onto plastic petri dishes coated with human IgG and rabbit anti-human IgG antibody; As neutrophils and monocytes have Fc-binding sites for complexed rabbit IgG they attach to the dishes, and the unabsorbed normal eosinophils which lack this binding site are eluted in a purified suspension. The mean purity of the eosinophils obtained in this way was 70%, range 50-90%, and the mean yield was 49%, range 21-81%. This method provides purified eosinophils from normal people without subjecting them to osmotic or plasma membrane stimulation. Normal eosinophils which are prepared in this way are particularly suitable for studying the ways in which eosinophils became altered in disease states."}
{"id": "PMID:872451", "title": "Immunological studies of patients with asbestosis. I. Studies of cell-mediated immunity.", "content": "A variety of cancers have been documented in patients exposed to asbestos dust. Since a deranged immune system may play a r\u00f4le in cancer development, the general level of immunocompetence was studied in a group of twenty-six patients with radiographically defined asbestosis, who might be at risk of developing asbestos-related neoplasms. Statistical comparisons were made with a comparable control group. A disproportionate number of the patients displayed cutaneous energy to certain recall antigens and to 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene. In vitro studies of cellular immunity, as evaluated by phytohaemagglutinin-induced proliferative and cytotoxicity assays,  showed significantly lower values amongst the patient group. Serum inhibitors of mitogen-induced lymphocyte transformation were also detected in several of the patients. The possible significance of these findings is discussed.", "contents": "Immunological studies of patients with asbestosis. I. Studies of cell-mediated immunity. A variety of cancers have been documented in patients exposed to asbestos dust. Since a deranged immune system may play a r\u00f4le in cancer development, the general level of immunocompetence was studied in a group of twenty-six patients with radiographically defined asbestosis, who might be at risk of developing asbestos-related neoplasms. Statistical comparisons were made with a comparable control group. A disproportionate number of the patients displayed cutaneous energy to certain recall antigens and to 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene. In vitro studies of cellular immunity, as evaluated by phytohaemagglutinin-induced proliferative and cytotoxicity assays,  showed significantly lower values amongst the patient group. Serum inhibitors of mitogen-induced lymphocyte transformation were also detected in several of the patients. The possible significance of these findings is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:872452", "title": "The genetic contribution of the NZB mouse to the renal disease of the NZB x NZW hybrid.", "content": "The occurrence of lupus nephritis in (NZB x NZW)F1 mice appears to depend on the action of at least two dominant or co-dominant genes (at least one gene from each parent) as neither of the inbred parental strains shows the disorder. Identifying affected animals by antemortem determinations of renal function, using improved methods of measuring proteinuria and renal clearance, we have studied the incidence of the renal disease in 230 (NZB x NZW)F1 x NZW backcross mice. The incidence was 49-6% which indicates that NZB strain contributes only one gene, or cluster of closely linked genes, to the renal disorder of the F1 hybrid. The gene(s) must be dominant or co-dominant, as it expresses its effect in the heterozygous state. Study of the H-2 status of the backcross mice showed a loose linkage of the NZB renal disease gene(s) to the D end of the H-2 complex, the crossover frequency being 32-6+/-3-1%.", "contents": "The genetic contribution of the NZB mouse to the renal disease of the NZB x NZW hybrid. The occurrence of lupus nephritis in (NZB x NZW)F1 mice appears to depend on the action of at least two dominant or co-dominant genes (at least one gene from each parent) as neither of the inbred parental strains shows the disorder. Identifying affected animals by antemortem determinations of renal function, using improved methods of measuring proteinuria and renal clearance, we have studied the incidence of the renal disease in 230 (NZB x NZW)F1 x NZW backcross mice. The incidence was 49-6% which indicates that NZB strain contributes only one gene, or cluster of closely linked genes, to the renal disorder of the F1 hybrid. The gene(s) must be dominant or co-dominant, as it expresses its effect in the heterozygous state. Study of the H-2 status of the backcross mice showed a loose linkage of the NZB renal disease gene(s) to the D end of the H-2 complex, the crossover frequency being 32-6+/-3-1%."}
{"id": "PMID:872453", "title": "Increased serum IgD concentrations in patients with Hodgkin's disease.", "content": "Serum IgD concentrations have been determined in twenty-one patients with Hodgkin's disease, in eight patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphomas and in twenty-eight normal (control) individuals by both a solidphase radio-immuno-assay and radial-immunodiffusion. Fourteen of the Hodgkin's patients displayed three to forty-five-fold increased serum IgD levels as compared to control individuals, while in the remaining seven patients IgD concentrations were practically normal. Patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphomas had decreased IgD concentrations.", "contents": "Increased serum IgD concentrations in patients with Hodgkin's disease. Serum IgD concentrations have been determined in twenty-one patients with Hodgkin's disease, in eight patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphomas and in twenty-eight normal (control) individuals by both a solidphase radio-immuno-assay and radial-immunodiffusion. Fourteen of the Hodgkin's patients displayed three to forty-five-fold increased serum IgD levels as compared to control individuals, while in the remaining seven patients IgD concentrations were practically normal. Patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphomas had decreased IgD concentrations."}
{"id": "PMID:872461", "title": "Lactic acidosis.", "content": "Lactic acid is generated as the end product of anaerobic metabolism of glucose and is disposed by gluconeogenesis or oxidation. Changes in the lactate pyruvate ratio are not necessarily indicative of tissue hypoxia. The plasma lactate concentration is the result of lactate production and lactate removal (hepatic and renal gluconeogenesis; oxidation by muscle, liver and kidney). Lactic acidosis is defined as a state of metabolic acidosis (arterial pH less than 7.3) due to an increase in the blood concentration of lactate (greater than 2 mEq/l). Lactic acidosis may occur with evidence of tissue hypoxemia (type A) or in its absence (type B). Lactic acidosis has been described in association with phenformin therapy, hereditary enzymatic defects, hematological malignancy, prolonged fasting, shock with or without septicemia and occasionally without any underlying disease (\"idiopathic\" lactic acidosis). The therapy of lactic acidosis consists of administration of sodium bicarbonate and restoration of adequate tissue perfusion; hemodialysis may be helpful to control sodium excess and possibly to remove phenformin. The effectiveness of methylene blue, glucose and insulin are not yet established.", "contents": "Lactic acidosis. Lactic acid is generated as the end product of anaerobic metabolism of glucose and is disposed by gluconeogenesis or oxidation. Changes in the lactate pyruvate ratio are not necessarily indicative of tissue hypoxia. The plasma lactate concentration is the result of lactate production and lactate removal (hepatic and renal gluconeogenesis; oxidation by muscle, liver and kidney). Lactic acidosis is defined as a state of metabolic acidosis (arterial pH less than 7.3) due to an increase in the blood concentration of lactate (greater than 2 mEq/l). Lactic acidosis may occur with evidence of tissue hypoxemia (type A) or in its absence (type B). Lactic acidosis has been described in association with phenformin therapy, hereditary enzymatic defects, hematological malignancy, prolonged fasting, shock with or without septicemia and occasionally without any underlying disease (\"idiopathic\" lactic acidosis). The therapy of lactic acidosis consists of administration of sodium bicarbonate and restoration of adequate tissue perfusion; hemodialysis may be helpful to control sodium excess and possibly to remove phenformin. The effectiveness of methylene blue, glucose and insulin are not yet established."}
{"id": "PMID:872463", "title": "Renal function after high-dose urography in patients with chronic renal insufficiency.", "content": "Renal function was assessed by frequent recordings of Ccr and serum creatinine in 22 patients with chronic renal failure before and after high-dose urography. Urography was followed by a significant, moderate and transient decrease in Ccr which was maximal on the second day; at the same time a significant increase in serum creatinine was observed which was maximal on the fourth day after urography. In all but two patients, Ccr and serum creatinine returned to pre-urographic levels within the next two weeks. Possible causes of the deleterious effects of the contrast media on the kidneys are discussed.", "contents": "Renal function after high-dose urography in patients with chronic renal insufficiency. Renal function was assessed by frequent recordings of Ccr and serum creatinine in 22 patients with chronic renal failure before and after high-dose urography. Urography was followed by a significant, moderate and transient decrease in Ccr which was maximal on the second day; at the same time a significant increase in serum creatinine was observed which was maximal on the fourth day after urography. In all but two patients, Ccr and serum creatinine returned to pre-urographic levels within the next two weeks. Possible causes of the deleterious effects of the contrast media on the kidneys are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:872464", "title": "Quadriceps tendon ruptures in uremia. Treatment with surgery and 1alpha-hydroxycholecalciferol.", "content": "Three young patients with chronic renal failure, one on regular hemodialysis, suffered bilateral quadriceps tendon ruptures. All three had uncontrolled, severe osteitis fibrosa. In two, aluminium hydroxide failed to control secondary hyperparathyroidism, while 1alpha-hydroxycholecalciferol (1alphaOHD3) given after the injury resulted in rapid resolution of the hyperparathyroidism. Prevention of tendon ruptures in uremia depends on effective control of secondary hyperparathyroidism. Treatment should involve prompt surgical repair and reversal of the osteitis fibrosa with an effective vitamin D metabolite such as 1alphaOHD3.", "contents": "Quadriceps tendon ruptures in uremia. Treatment with surgery and 1alpha-hydroxycholecalciferol. Three young patients with chronic renal failure, one on regular hemodialysis, suffered bilateral quadriceps tendon ruptures. All three had uncontrolled, severe osteitis fibrosa. In two, aluminium hydroxide failed to control secondary hyperparathyroidism, while 1alpha-hydroxycholecalciferol (1alphaOHD3) given after the injury resulted in rapid resolution of the hyperparathyroidism. Prevention of tendon ruptures in uremia depends on effective control of secondary hyperparathyroidism. Treatment should involve prompt surgical repair and reversal of the osteitis fibrosa with an effective vitamin D metabolite such as 1alphaOHD3."}
{"id": "PMID:872465", "title": "Renal failure in Burkitt's lymphoma.", "content": "A case of Burkitt's lymphoma with renal failure due to massive infiltration of the kidney is reported. There was a striking initial response to chemotherapy with a parallel improvement in renal function and decrease in renal size. The rare occurrence of renal failure due to lymphomatous infiltration of the kidney parenchyma in the absence of urinary tract obstruction is reviewed.", "contents": "Renal failure in Burkitt's lymphoma. A case of Burkitt's lymphoma with renal failure due to massive infiltration of the kidney is reported. There was a striking initial response to chemotherapy with a parallel improvement in renal function and decrease in renal size. The rare occurrence of renal failure due to lymphomatous infiltration of the kidney parenchyma in the absence of urinary tract obstruction is reviewed."}
{"id": "PMID:872478", "title": "Thanatophoric dwarfism. Two case reports and survey of the literature.", "content": "Thanatophoric dwarfism is a severe form of short-limbed dwarfism in which cardiorespiratory failure uniformly results in death in the neonatal period. Its radiographic features include markedly flattened vertebral bodies with a typical U-shaped deformity, a flat squat pelvis, and short, bowed extremities with flaring and irregularity of the metaphyses. These characteristic features distinguish this entity from the two other most commonly confused congenital short-limbed forms of dwarism--achondroplasia and achondrogenesis. The distinctions are discussed in the text.", "contents": "Thanatophoric dwarfism. Two case reports and survey of the literature. Thanatophoric dwarfism is a severe form of short-limbed dwarfism in which cardiorespiratory failure uniformly results in death in the neonatal period. Its radiographic features include markedly flattened vertebral bodies with a typical U-shaped deformity, a flat squat pelvis, and short, bowed extremities with flaring and irregularity of the metaphyses. These characteristic features distinguish this entity from the two other most commonly confused congenital short-limbed forms of dwarism--achondroplasia and achondrogenesis. The distinctions are discussed in the text."}
{"id": "PMID:872488", "title": "Antibiotic-associated colitis.", "content": "Among 26,294 hospitalized patients monitored by the Boston Collaborative Drug Surveillance Program (BCDSP), 8,948 (34%) received at least one antibiotic, and none were diagnosed as having drug-induced colitis to in-hospital antibiotic exposure. Seven patients who had taken antibiotics as outpatients, however, were admitted with antibiotic-associated colitis. Six of these patients had taken lincomycin prior to the onset of symptoms; one had taken ampicillin. Six of the patients were hospitalized at a New Zealand hospital and one at a hospital in Canada. The five patients with lincomycin-associated colitis at the New Zealand hospital were admitted over an 11-month period. Severe colitis due to antibiotics has been a rare event in the BCDSP experience, especially in the United States.", "contents": "Antibiotic-associated colitis. Among 26,294 hospitalized patients monitored by the Boston Collaborative Drug Surveillance Program (BCDSP), 8,948 (34%) received at least one antibiotic, and none were diagnosed as having drug-induced colitis to in-hospital antibiotic exposure. Seven patients who had taken antibiotics as outpatients, however, were admitted with antibiotic-associated colitis. Six of these patients had taken lincomycin prior to the onset of symptoms; one had taken ampicillin. Six of the patients were hospitalized at a New Zealand hospital and one at a hospital in Canada. The five patients with lincomycin-associated colitis at the New Zealand hospital were admitted over an 11-month period. Severe colitis due to antibiotics has been a rare event in the BCDSP experience, especially in the United States."}
{"id": "PMID:872489", "title": "Enhancement by food of canrenone bioavailability from spironolactone.", "content": "The influence of food intake on the bioavailability of canrenone, the major and active metabolite of spironolactone, was explored in 8 healthy male volunteers. Spironolactone was administered as a single oral dose of 100 mg, both in the fasting state and together with a standardized breakfast. Numerous venous blood samples were taken from 30 min to 96 hr after ingestion of the drug, and the plasma concentrations of canrenone were determined by spectrofluorometry. The results indicate that more canrenone enters the general circulation when spironolactone in ingested together with a meal.", "contents": "Enhancement by food of canrenone bioavailability from spironolactone. The influence of food intake on the bioavailability of canrenone, the major and active metabolite of spironolactone, was explored in 8 healthy male volunteers. Spironolactone was administered as a single oral dose of 100 mg, both in the fasting state and together with a standardized breakfast. Numerous venous blood samples were taken from 30 min to 96 hr after ingestion of the drug, and the plasma concentrations of canrenone were determined by spectrofluorometry. The results indicate that more canrenone enters the general circulation when spironolactone in ingested together with a meal."}
{"id": "PMID:872490", "title": "Enhancement of hydralazine bioavailability by food.", "content": "The influence of food on the bioavailability of hydralazine in noncoated and coated tablets was examined in 5 healthy males. Each subject received an oral 50-mg dose on four different occasions: two 25-mg noncoated tablets with and without food and one 50-mg coated tablet with and without food. The meal was a standardized breakfast of 440 calories. Venous blood samples were obtained during a 6-hr period, and the plasma concentrations of unmetabolized hydralazine were assessed by a selective and sensitive gas chromatographic method. The results indicate that food enhances the bioavailability of hydralazine 2- to 3-fold both when noncoated and coated tablets are used.", "contents": "Enhancement of hydralazine bioavailability by food. The influence of food on the bioavailability of hydralazine in noncoated and coated tablets was examined in 5 healthy males. Each subject received an oral 50-mg dose on four different occasions: two 25-mg noncoated tablets with and without food and one 50-mg coated tablet with and without food. The meal was a standardized breakfast of 440 calories. Venous blood samples were obtained during a 6-hr period, and the plasma concentrations of unmetabolized hydralazine were assessed by a selective and sensitive gas chromatographic method. The results indicate that food enhances the bioavailability of hydralazine 2- to 3-fold both when noncoated and coated tablets are used."}
{"id": "PMID:872491", "title": "Enhancement of the bioavailability of propranolol and metoprolol by food.", "content": "The possible influence of food intake on the bioavailability of one nonselective and one cardioselective beta adrenoceptor antagonist, propranolol and metoprolol, was examined by serial determinations of the drug concentrations in blood of healthy subjects, taking single doses of the drugs both on an empty stomach and together with a standardized breakfast. The results indicate that food enhances the bioavailability of both propranolol and metoprolol. They also confirm that there is extensive interindividual variation in the bioavailability of these drugs.", "contents": "Enhancement of the bioavailability of propranolol and metoprolol by food. The possible influence of food intake on the bioavailability of one nonselective and one cardioselective beta adrenoceptor antagonist, propranolol and metoprolol, was examined by serial determinations of the drug concentrations in blood of healthy subjects, taking single doses of the drugs both on an empty stomach and together with a standardized breakfast. The results indicate that food enhances the bioavailability of both propranolol and metoprolol. They also confirm that there is extensive interindividual variation in the bioavailability of these drugs."}
{"id": "PMID:872493", "title": "Digoxin toxicity in patients with normokalemic potassium depletion.", "content": "Reviews of large series of patients with digitalis-induced arrhythmias create a seeming paradox: Hypokalemia is infrequently associated with digitalis-induced arrhythmias but the clinical benefit of supplementation of potassium for most digitalis-induced arrhythmias is obvious. Examination of the electrophysiologic abnormalities induced by digitalis coupled with the electrophysiologic effects dependent on the ratio intracellular to extracellular concentrations of potassium clarifies the issue. We present evidence that supports additive effects of the toxicity of digitalis and abnormal ratios of concentrations of potassium inside and outside the cardiac cell. We provide guidelines for assessing this crucial ratio of intracellular to extracellular concentrations of potassium to aid the clinician in the diagnosis and effective treatment of digitalis-induced arrhythmias.", "contents": "Digoxin toxicity in patients with normokalemic potassium depletion. Reviews of large series of patients with digitalis-induced arrhythmias create a seeming paradox: Hypokalemia is infrequently associated with digitalis-induced arrhythmias but the clinical benefit of supplementation of potassium for most digitalis-induced arrhythmias is obvious. Examination of the electrophysiologic abnormalities induced by digitalis coupled with the electrophysiologic effects dependent on the ratio intracellular to extracellular concentrations of potassium clarifies the issue. We present evidence that supports additive effects of the toxicity of digitalis and abnormal ratios of concentrations of potassium inside and outside the cardiac cell. We provide guidelines for assessing this crucial ratio of intracellular to extracellular concentrations of potassium to aid the clinician in the diagnosis and effective treatment of digitalis-induced arrhythmias."}
{"id": "PMID:872494", "title": "Linear dose response and quantitative attenuation by potassium of the inotropic action of acetylstrophanthidin.", "content": "To evaluate the nature of the inotropic dose response of digitalis and to determine the effects of potassium on this response, isometrically contracting isolated supported right ventricular cat papillary muscles were studied relative to their peak tension and peak dT/dt increases to physiologic cumulative doses of acetylstrophanthidin (ACS) in different extracellular potassium concentrations in the muscle bath. The inotropic dose response to ACS was observed to be linear in cumulative glycoside concentrations ranging from 0.40 to 4.23 X 10(-7) M ACS in 3.5 mM K+ medium and from 1.22 to 7.47 X 10(-7) M ACS in 7.0 mM K+ medium. The influence of potassium alterations in the muscle bath from the low to the high K+ concentrations prior to ACS resulted in marked attenuation of the positive inotropic property of ACS. From these data, it is concluded that the dose inotropic response of digitalis is linear, with small doses producing proportionally the same effects as larger doses, and that extracellular potassium markedly influences this linear dose response such that higher K+ concentrations considerably attenuate the positive inotropic response of digitalis.", "contents": "Linear dose response and quantitative attenuation by potassium of the inotropic action of acetylstrophanthidin. To evaluate the nature of the inotropic dose response of digitalis and to determine the effects of potassium on this response, isometrically contracting isolated supported right ventricular cat papillary muscles were studied relative to their peak tension and peak dT/dt increases to physiologic cumulative doses of acetylstrophanthidin (ACS) in different extracellular potassium concentrations in the muscle bath. The inotropic dose response to ACS was observed to be linear in cumulative glycoside concentrations ranging from 0.40 to 4.23 X 10(-7) M ACS in 3.5 mM K+ medium and from 1.22 to 7.47 X 10(-7) M ACS in 7.0 mM K+ medium. The influence of potassium alterations in the muscle bath from the low to the high K+ concentrations prior to ACS resulted in marked attenuation of the positive inotropic property of ACS. From these data, it is concluded that the dose inotropic response of digitalis is linear, with small doses producing proportionally the same effects as larger doses, and that extracellular potassium markedly influences this linear dose response such that higher K+ concentrations considerably attenuate the positive inotropic response of digitalis."}
{"id": "PMID:872495", "title": "Response optimization of drug dosage: antiarrhythmic studies with tocainide.", "content": "The benefits of using antiarrhythmic response to optimize dosage regimens of antiarrhythmic drugs in individual patients have been examined. Graded antiarrhythmic response and simultaneously measured plasma drug concentrations have been obtained in 15 patients receiving multiple oral doses of a new antiarrhythmic, tocainide. Plasma drug concentration-antiarrhythmic response data from each of 11 subjects responding to the drug have been fitted by a generalized concentration effect function which is valid over the entire range of response. With the use of experimentally determined pharmacokinetic parameters to define the dose-plasma concentration relationship and plasma drug concentration-response parameters estimated for individual patients, simulations were carried out to show the effect of various dosage regimens on antiarrhythmic response in individual patients. Such simulations provide a means of assessing antiarrhythmic effect in the range of clinical interest (80% to 100% of maximum effect), where the antiarrhythmic effect is a nonlinear function of dose, plasma drug concentration, or their logarithms. The simulations also demonstrate that for identical daily doses and dosing intervals patients show marked variability in antiarrhythmic response.", "contents": "Response optimization of drug dosage: antiarrhythmic studies with tocainide. The benefits of using antiarrhythmic response to optimize dosage regimens of antiarrhythmic drugs in individual patients have been examined. Graded antiarrhythmic response and simultaneously measured plasma drug concentrations have been obtained in 15 patients receiving multiple oral doses of a new antiarrhythmic, tocainide. Plasma drug concentration-antiarrhythmic response data from each of 11 subjects responding to the drug have been fitted by a generalized concentration effect function which is valid over the entire range of response. With the use of experimentally determined pharmacokinetic parameters to define the dose-plasma concentration relationship and plasma drug concentration-response parameters estimated for individual patients, simulations were carried out to show the effect of various dosage regimens on antiarrhythmic response in individual patients. Such simulations provide a means of assessing antiarrhythmic effect in the range of clinical interest (80% to 100% of maximum effect), where the antiarrhythmic effect is a nonlinear function of dose, plasma drug concentration, or their logarithms. The simulations also demonstrate that for identical daily doses and dosing intervals patients show marked variability in antiarrhythmic response."}
{"id": "PMID:872496", "title": "Cumulation of N-acetylprocainamide, an active metabolite of procainamide, in patients with impaired renal function.", "content": "N-Acetylprocainamide (NAPA) accumulated in the plasma of 6 cardiac patients with renal failure taking procainamide chronically for therapy (4 were undergoing hemodialysis) and contributed to the therapeutic and toxic effects of the procainamide. NAPA plasma levels ranged from 14.0 to 28.0 microgram/ml 3 hr after a dose of procainamide which is well above the 3-hr NAPA plasma levels of nonazotemic cardiac patients (range 1.9 to 6.3 microgram/ml; p = 0.002) on larger doses of procainamide. There was almost no decline in NAPA plasma levels on interdialysis days. In one of the patients with renal failure NAPA was still present 15 days (13.8 microgram/ml) and 38 days (0.9 microgram/ml) after procainamide was stopped, indicating a half-life of several days. Measurement of procainamide plasma concentrations by the usual fluorometric or colorimetric methods does not detect NAPA. Since NAPA accumulates in patients with impaired renal function, the concentrations of both this active metabolite and procainamide should be determined in these patients if drug level monitoring is to be helpful.", "contents": "Cumulation of N-acetylprocainamide, an active metabolite of procainamide, in patients with impaired renal function. N-Acetylprocainamide (NAPA) accumulated in the plasma of 6 cardiac patients with renal failure taking procainamide chronically for therapy (4 were undergoing hemodialysis) and contributed to the therapeutic and toxic effects of the procainamide. NAPA plasma levels ranged from 14.0 to 28.0 microgram/ml 3 hr after a dose of procainamide which is well above the 3-hr NAPA plasma levels of nonazotemic cardiac patients (range 1.9 to 6.3 microgram/ml; p = 0.002) on larger doses of procainamide. There was almost no decline in NAPA plasma levels on interdialysis days. In one of the patients with renal failure NAPA was still present 15 days (13.8 microgram/ml) and 38 days (0.9 microgram/ml) after procainamide was stopped, indicating a half-life of several days. Measurement of procainamide plasma concentrations by the usual fluorometric or colorimetric methods does not detect NAPA. Since NAPA accumulates in patients with impaired renal function, the concentrations of both this active metabolite and procainamide should be determined in these patients if drug level monitoring is to be helpful."}
{"id": "PMID:872498", "title": "Elimination of furosemide in healthy subjects and in those with renal failure.", "content": "Furosemide was administered intravenously to 5 healthy volunteers and 15 patients with various degrees of renal failure. Two patients were given the drug orally. The plasma half-life of furosemide averaged 0.79 hr in the healthy subjects. Although most patients with kidney disease had a prolonged half-life (t1/2), up to 24.58 hr, some with advanced renal failure had an almost normal t1/2. The plasma clearance of furosemide, which in the normal subjects averaged 194 ml/min, decreased proportionally with decreasing creatinine clearance, as did the renal clearance, which in the healthy subjects averaged 95 ml/min. There was no correlation between kidney function and the apparent volume of distribution or of nonrenal clearance. One patient was given 35S-labeled furosemide intravenously. Although the furosemide plasma t1/2 was essentially normal, the elimination rate of metabolites was decreased. Unlike that of healthy subjects, the main route of excretion of label was in the feces.", "contents": "Elimination of furosemide in healthy subjects and in those with renal failure. Furosemide was administered intravenously to 5 healthy volunteers and 15 patients with various degrees of renal failure. Two patients were given the drug orally. The plasma half-life of furosemide averaged 0.79 hr in the healthy subjects. Although most patients with kidney disease had a prolonged half-life (t1/2), up to 24.58 hr, some with advanced renal failure had an almost normal t1/2. The plasma clearance of furosemide, which in the normal subjects averaged 194 ml/min, decreased proportionally with decreasing creatinine clearance, as did the renal clearance, which in the healthy subjects averaged 95 ml/min. There was no correlation between kidney function and the apparent volume of distribution or of nonrenal clearance. One patient was given 35S-labeled furosemide intravenously. Although the furosemide plasma t1/2 was essentially normal, the elimination rate of metabolites was decreased. Unlike that of healthy subjects, the main route of excretion of label was in the feces."}
{"id": "PMID:872499", "title": "Effects of prazosin on forearm resistance and capacitance vessels.", "content": "The effects of oral prazosin on the peripheral circulation were evaluated in 10 subjects, including 7 patients with chronic congestive failure due to coronary heart disease. To achieve this purpose the actions of 30 to 50 micrograms/kg body weight prazosin were assessed on both the forearm arteriolar and venous beds simultaneously with the use of the limb plethysmographic technique. Prazosin produced marked decline of forearm venous tone (FVT) from 44.5 +/- 12.3 to 14.3 +/- 3.1 mm Hg/ml (p less than 0.01) concomitant with marked decrease in forearm vascular resistance (FVR) from 70.2 +/- 11.4 to 48.4 +/- 4.9 mm Hg/ml/100 gm/min (p less than 0.05) which persisted for at least 60 mins without change in heart rate. These findings, demonstrating that prazosin induces systemic venodilation and peripheral arteriolodilation, indicate potential benefits of the oral drug for relief of pulmonary congestion and elevations of cardiac output in patients with chronic congestive heart failure.", "contents": "Effects of prazosin on forearm resistance and capacitance vessels. The effects of oral prazosin on the peripheral circulation were evaluated in 10 subjects, including 7 patients with chronic congestive failure due to coronary heart disease. To achieve this purpose the actions of 30 to 50 micrograms/kg body weight prazosin were assessed on both the forearm arteriolar and venous beds simultaneously with the use of the limb plethysmographic technique. Prazosin produced marked decline of forearm venous tone (FVT) from 44.5 +/- 12.3 to 14.3 +/- 3.1 mm Hg/ml (p less than 0.01) concomitant with marked decrease in forearm vascular resistance (FVR) from 70.2 +/- 11.4 to 48.4 +/- 4.9 mm Hg/ml/100 gm/min (p less than 0.05) which persisted for at least 60 mins without change in heart rate. These findings, demonstrating that prazosin induces systemic venodilation and peripheral arteriolodilation, indicate potential benefits of the oral drug for relief of pulmonary congestion and elevations of cardiac output in patients with chronic congestive heart failure."}
{"id": "PMID:872500", "title": "Physiologic disposition of nabilone, a cannabinol derivative, in man.", "content": "Nabilone is a cannabinoid that is being evaluated in man as a potentially useful psychoactive drug. We found that nabilone was readily absorbed from the human gastrointestinal tract when administered orally as a coprecipitate with polyvinyl-pyrrolidone. The absorbed drug disappeared from plasma rather rapidly (half-life, approximately 2 hr), evidently due to extensive tissue distribution and rapid metabolism. The metabolites of nabilone persist in plasma for extended periods (half-life of total radioactivity exceeds 20 hr). Circulating metabolites include isomeric carbinols formed by reduction of the ketone in the 9-position of nabilone. Nabilone is eliminated in feces (about 65% of dose) and urine (20%). The excretory products in urine have not been identified, but metabolites that are labile to hydrolysis by beta-glucuronidase or sulfatase do not appear to be formed in significant amounts. A metabolite of nabilone in feces has been identified as a diol formed by reduction of the 9-keto group plus oxidation at the penultimate carbon of the dimethylheptyl side chain. The long duration of action of nabilone in the face of rapid and extensive metabolic elimination suggests that the pharmacologic effects, at least in part, may be exerted by one or more active metabolites.", "contents": "Physiologic disposition of nabilone, a cannabinol derivative, in man. Nabilone is a cannabinoid that is being evaluated in man as a potentially useful psychoactive drug. We found that nabilone was readily absorbed from the human gastrointestinal tract when administered orally as a coprecipitate with polyvinyl-pyrrolidone. The absorbed drug disappeared from plasma rather rapidly (half-life, approximately 2 hr), evidently due to extensive tissue distribution and rapid metabolism. The metabolites of nabilone persist in plasma for extended periods (half-life of total radioactivity exceeds 20 hr). Circulating metabolites include isomeric carbinols formed by reduction of the ketone in the 9-position of nabilone. Nabilone is eliminated in feces (about 65% of dose) and urine (20%). The excretory products in urine have not been identified, but metabolites that are labile to hydrolysis by beta-glucuronidase or sulfatase do not appear to be formed in significant amounts. A metabolite of nabilone in feces has been identified as a diol formed by reduction of the 9-keto group plus oxidation at the penultimate carbon of the dimethylheptyl side chain. The long duration of action of nabilone in the face of rapid and extensive metabolic elimination suggests that the pharmacologic effects, at least in part, may be exerted by one or more active metabolites."}
{"id": "PMID:872501", "title": "Cineradiographic assessment of Bj\u00f6rk-Shiley aortic and mitral prosthetic heart valves.", "content": "A non-invasive method for assessment of Bj\u00f6rk-Shiley mitral and aortic heart valve movements has been developed. The Bj\u00f6rk-Shiley tilting disc valve is described and its placement within the heart is explained. Twenty patients have been studied post-operatively with 23 valves, 10 mitral valves and 13 aortic valves, three patients having both. The method of assessment is described and consists of projecting the valve with its opaque disc marker in true profile and en face using the C arm screening system of a C.G.R. Angiorama coronary angiography unit. A cineradiograph is taken and the maximum opening angle of the valve is measured from the projected image directly or calculated from measurements taken from the image. Movement of the valve ring can also be assessed when paraprosthetic leak is suspected. The results of the study show that: (1) This method is simple, non-invasive, requires no preparation and is reproducible. (2) The valve discs open to a smaller angle than expected in most cases, and in only a few cases to 60 degrees or more. (3) It is valuable to record valve function post-operatively so that a comparison can be made later should valve malfunction be suspected. (4) In only one case was it found impossible to assess valve movement because of orientation of the valve within the patient.", "contents": "Cineradiographic assessment of Bj\u00f6rk-Shiley aortic and mitral prosthetic heart valves. A non-invasive method for assessment of Bj\u00f6rk-Shiley mitral and aortic heart valve movements has been developed. The Bj\u00f6rk-Shiley tilting disc valve is described and its placement within the heart is explained. Twenty patients have been studied post-operatively with 23 valves, 10 mitral valves and 13 aortic valves, three patients having both. The method of assessment is described and consists of projecting the valve with its opaque disc marker in true profile and en face using the C arm screening system of a C.G.R. Angiorama coronary angiography unit. A cineradiograph is taken and the maximum opening angle of the valve is measured from the projected image directly or calculated from measurements taken from the image. Movement of the valve ring can also be assessed when paraprosthetic leak is suspected. The results of the study show that: (1) This method is simple, non-invasive, requires no preparation and is reproducible. (2) The valve discs open to a smaller angle than expected in most cases, and in only a few cases to 60 degrees or more. (3) It is valuable to record valve function post-operatively so that a comparison can be made later should valve malfunction be suspected. (4) In only one case was it found impossible to assess valve movement because of orientation of the valve within the patient."}
{"id": "PMID:872502", "title": "Coronary arteriography; method of presentation of the arteriogram report and a scoring system.", "content": "A coronary arteriographic report presentation consisting of a diagram on which the radiologist draws the coronary arterial anatomy of each individual case is described. The diagram allows a clear visual presentation of all the information gained from the analysis of the original arteriographic study including anatomical variations, the position and importance of each artery in terms of the myocardium it supplies, the sites and severity of obstructions and the presence of collateral pathways. A myocardial scoring system which expresses the severity of left ventricular arterial obstructive disease is also presented. The myocardial score takes into account not only the degree of stenosis of any number of arterial branches, but also their importance in terms of the amount of myocardium supplied.", "contents": "Coronary arteriography; method of presentation of the arteriogram report and a scoring system. A coronary arteriographic report presentation consisting of a diagram on which the radiologist draws the coronary arterial anatomy of each individual case is described. The diagram allows a clear visual presentation of all the information gained from the analysis of the original arteriographic study including anatomical variations, the position and importance of each artery in terms of the myocardium it supplies, the sites and severity of obstructions and the presence of collateral pathways. A myocardial scoring system which expresses the severity of left ventricular arterial obstructive disease is also presented. The myocardial score takes into account not only the degree of stenosis of any number of arterial branches, but also their importance in terms of the amount of myocardium supplied."}
{"id": "PMID:872503", "title": "Posterior urethral valves.", "content": "During the past decade some urologists and radiologists have doubted the existence of posterior urethral valves. It has been suggested that the primary lesion in patients thought to have urethral valves is bladder neck obstruction. During the past seven years we have seen an average of three new cases of posterior urethral valves per annum. In all cases the valves themselves, not the bladder neck, obstructed the urethra. The urologist may miss valves at urethroscopy, but use of the new fibreoptic endoscope has improved his chances of seeing them. Posterior urethral valves may not be demonstrated radiologically if the radiologist does not use a rapid recording device or if the patient does not micturate forcefully during micturating cystourethrography. Failure to detect the valves may lead to an erroneous diagnosis of bladder neck obstruction.", "contents": "Posterior urethral valves. During the past decade some urologists and radiologists have doubted the existence of posterior urethral valves. It has been suggested that the primary lesion in patients thought to have urethral valves is bladder neck obstruction. During the past seven years we have seen an average of three new cases of posterior urethral valves per annum. In all cases the valves themselves, not the bladder neck, obstructed the urethra. The urologist may miss valves at urethroscopy, but use of the new fibreoptic endoscope has improved his chances of seeing them. Posterior urethral valves may not be demonstrated radiologically if the radiologist does not use a rapid recording device or if the patient does not micturate forcefully during micturating cystourethrography. Failure to detect the valves may lead to an erroneous diagnosis of bladder neck obstruction."}
{"id": "PMID:872504", "title": "The significance of bone islands, cystic areas and sclerotic areas in dysbaric osteonecrosis.", "content": "Dysbaric osteonecrosis is a major hazard to compressed air workers and an increasing hazard to divers. Symptomless osteonecrosis is best recognised by radiology and it is of fundamental importance that interpretation be reliable and accurate. There is much controversy concerning the significance of bone islands and cystic areas; several authors report bone islands and cystic areas to be up to eight times more frequent in compressed air workers and divers and believe that these represent positive evidence of osteonecrosis. Skeletal radiographs of 100 Royal Navy divers, all of whom were at risk to osteonecrosis were matched for age and rank with 100 controls, none of whom had been exposed to high pressures. The radiographs were interpreted by three radiologists working independently without knowing whether the radiographs were in the diving or control group. It is concluded that bone islands, cystic areas and sclerotic areas, as described in this text, occur with equal frequency in divers as in the normal population and do not represent positive evidence of osteonecrosis. The report includes autopsy studies of the proximal femur and proximal humerus in six diving fatalities. Five bone islands in the proximal humerus and one in the femoral neck were studied in bones removed from five divers. In the sixth case a cyst was seen to develop radiologically in the femoral neck and then reduce in size over 3 years and 10 months. Slab radiographs and histological section in all cases show no evidence of osteonecrosis.", "contents": "The significance of bone islands, cystic areas and sclerotic areas in dysbaric osteonecrosis. Dysbaric osteonecrosis is a major hazard to compressed air workers and an increasing hazard to divers. Symptomless osteonecrosis is best recognised by radiology and it is of fundamental importance that interpretation be reliable and accurate. There is much controversy concerning the significance of bone islands and cystic areas; several authors report bone islands and cystic areas to be up to eight times more frequent in compressed air workers and divers and believe that these represent positive evidence of osteonecrosis. Skeletal radiographs of 100 Royal Navy divers, all of whom were at risk to osteonecrosis were matched for age and rank with 100 controls, none of whom had been exposed to high pressures. The radiographs were interpreted by three radiologists working independently without knowing whether the radiographs were in the diving or control group. It is concluded that bone islands, cystic areas and sclerotic areas, as described in this text, occur with equal frequency in divers as in the normal population and do not represent positive evidence of osteonecrosis. The report includes autopsy studies of the proximal femur and proximal humerus in six diving fatalities. Five bone islands in the proximal humerus and one in the femoral neck were studied in bones removed from five divers. In the sixth case a cyst was seen to develop radiologically in the femoral neck and then reduce in size over 3 years and 10 months. Slab radiographs and histological section in all cases show no evidence of osteonecrosis."}
{"id": "PMID:872505", "title": "Cervical vertebrae measurements in syringomyelia.", "content": "Lateral X-rays of the cervical spine taken under standard conditions in 69 cases of syringomyelia have been measured to assess the relative sizes of the canals and bodies. One hundred and five cases without cervical spine abnormality provided controls. The expected expansion has been observed in males from C5 to C7 and in females from C3 to C7. The oddity that the expansive process seemed to come higher in females than in males has been noted by other workers. In both sexes it has been found that diminution of vertebral body size is a more consistent finding than enlargement of the canals and correlation coefficients have confirmed that enlargement of the canal appears to take place at least in part at the expense of the body. Possible factors in the enlargement are discussed. Oblique measurements taken in 57 syrinx cases and 89 controls showed the expected change caused by the view of the lower cervical vertebrae being closer to AP and pictures of the upper vertebrae being progressively closer to lateral views. There was a tendency for the bigger oblique diameters to occur in these cases with the biggest sagittal diameters and an insignificant tendency for the biggest canals to have a diminished difference between the two oblique measurements. There was no evidence that oblique measurements could be used to detect slight degrees of enlargement in cases of syringomyelia.", "contents": "Cervical vertebrae measurements in syringomyelia. Lateral X-rays of the cervical spine taken under standard conditions in 69 cases of syringomyelia have been measured to assess the relative sizes of the canals and bodies. One hundred and five cases without cervical spine abnormality provided controls. The expected expansion has been observed in males from C5 to C7 and in females from C3 to C7. The oddity that the expansive process seemed to come higher in females than in males has been noted by other workers. In both sexes it has been found that diminution of vertebral body size is a more consistent finding than enlargement of the canals and correlation coefficients have confirmed that enlargement of the canal appears to take place at least in part at the expense of the body. Possible factors in the enlargement are discussed. Oblique measurements taken in 57 syrinx cases and 89 controls showed the expected change caused by the view of the lower cervical vertebrae being closer to AP and pictures of the upper vertebrae being progressively closer to lateral views. There was a tendency for the bigger oblique diameters to occur in these cases with the biggest sagittal diameters and an insignificant tendency for the biggest canals to have a diminished difference between the two oblique measurements. There was no evidence that oblique measurements could be used to detect slight degrees of enlargement in cases of syringomyelia."}
{"id": "PMID:872506", "title": "Chondrocalcinosis and haemophilia.", "content": "Chondrocalcinosis has been found in a wide variety of diseases. Cartilage calcification is commonly noted in patients with haemochromatosis, but it has not been previously reported in haemophilia, although increased levels of iron are present in the joints in both these conditions. The radiographic demonstration of chondrocalcinosis in patients with advanced joint changes due to haemophilia is precluded by the extensive joint narrowing and cartilage damage associated with the repeated haemarthroses. Cartilage calcification in less severely damaged joints of three patients with Factor VII, AHG-deficient haemophilia is described. Inhibition of pyrophosphatase activity by divalent cations as a cause of calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate (CPPD) deposition in cartilage is reviewed. The biomechanics of articular cartilage and the effects of divalent cations on normal cartilage elasticity are discussed. The possibility that both the development of the degenerative joint changes and the associated chondrocalcinosis may occur simultaneously due to the presence of abnormal divalent cations is suggested.", "contents": "Chondrocalcinosis and haemophilia. Chondrocalcinosis has been found in a wide variety of diseases. Cartilage calcification is commonly noted in patients with haemochromatosis, but it has not been previously reported in haemophilia, although increased levels of iron are present in the joints in both these conditions. The radiographic demonstration of chondrocalcinosis in patients with advanced joint changes due to haemophilia is precluded by the extensive joint narrowing and cartilage damage associated with the repeated haemarthroses. Cartilage calcification in less severely damaged joints of three patients with Factor VII, AHG-deficient haemophilia is described. Inhibition of pyrophosphatase activity by divalent cations as a cause of calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate (CPPD) deposition in cartilage is reviewed. The biomechanics of articular cartilage and the effects of divalent cations on normal cartilage elasticity are discussed. The possibility that both the development of the degenerative joint changes and the associated chondrocalcinosis may occur simultaneously due to the presence of abnormal divalent cations is suggested."}
{"id": "PMID:872507", "title": "Traumatic osteonecrosis of the femoral head following intracapsular fracture: incidence and earliest radiological features.", "content": "A sub-capital fracture of the femoral neck is common particularly in the elderly female with non-union occurring in 25% and osteonecrosis in up to 24% of united fractures. Assessment of the viability of the femoral head in the early stages is unreliable and initial diagnosis of osteonecrosis depends on recognition of radiological features. Many reports imply that structural failure of the joint surface is the initial abnormality. 121 patients with a sub-capital fracture have been followed up for at least a year and as long as three and a half years. The incidence of osteonecrosis was 8% in Grade I fractures; 4% in Grade II and 21% and 30% in the more severe Grade III and Grade IV fractures. Of the 24 patients with osteonecrosis, increased radiological density developed in 13 at a time interval of 3 months to 36 months after the fracture with a mean time of 10 months and seven subsequently developed structural failure. Eleven patients developed structural failure as an initial feature at a time interval of 5 months to 24 months with a mean of 13 months. From this it is clear that either an absolute increase in radiographic density or structural failure are the earliest radiological features. Good quality radiographs, clearly demonstrating trabecular detail, are essential for the recognition of osteonecrosis.", "contents": "Traumatic osteonecrosis of the femoral head following intracapsular fracture: incidence and earliest radiological features. A sub-capital fracture of the femoral neck is common particularly in the elderly female with non-union occurring in 25% and osteonecrosis in up to 24% of united fractures. Assessment of the viability of the femoral head in the early stages is unreliable and initial diagnosis of osteonecrosis depends on recognition of radiological features. Many reports imply that structural failure of the joint surface is the initial abnormality. 121 patients with a sub-capital fracture have been followed up for at least a year and as long as three and a half years. The incidence of osteonecrosis was 8% in Grade I fractures; 4% in Grade II and 21% and 30% in the more severe Grade III and Grade IV fractures. Of the 24 patients with osteonecrosis, increased radiological density developed in 13 at a time interval of 3 months to 36 months after the fracture with a mean time of 10 months and seven subsequently developed structural failure. Eleven patients developed structural failure as an initial feature at a time interval of 5 months to 24 months with a mean of 13 months. From this it is clear that either an absolute increase in radiographic density or structural failure are the earliest radiological features. Good quality radiographs, clearly demonstrating trabecular detail, are essential for the recognition of osteonecrosis."}
{"id": "PMID:872508", "title": "Percutaneous needle localisation of breast lesions prior to biopsy: analysis of failures.", "content": "Mammography can detect clinically occult breast cancer. But with minimal or no physical findings the lesion can be quite difficult for the surgeon to find within the recumbent breast at biopsy. Percutaneous needle localisation, the placement of a needle in or in the vicinity of such a clinically silent lesion, provides an internal landmark to assist the surgeon. Review of our experience of 90 procedures using this technique disclosed a success rate of approximately 90%. The biopsies diagnosed 14 cancers before local or distant metastasis could be found. The eleven of the fourteen who had axillary dissection were found to have negative nodes. Identifiable causes of failure were sought and discussed in the 7 documented failures. Faulty needle placement was judged noncontributory in all but one case. Needle movement between time of placement and time of biopsy could never be excluded and is in fact suspected in two failures. Immediate re-sampling, or larger initial specimens would have salvaged the procedure in most instances of failure. We feel poor communication and poor mutual understanding of the localization procedure to be the major contributing cause of failure. Even so, we have been able to use the technique with 90% success. The development of mammography brought with it the opportunity to detect small non-palpable carcinomas and the surgical problem of removing them at biopsy. While the suspect lesions identified by mammography are frequently benign, the cancers found are usually small and some only microscopic in size. The literature contains many descriptions of various techniques for localising such lesions prior to biopsy. We are reporting our experience with percutaneous needle localisation. To our knowledge, we have the distinction of being the first to report difficulty with a localisation technique and will analyse possible reasons. Some of the problems are common to all the localisation techniques.", "contents": "Percutaneous needle localisation of breast lesions prior to biopsy: analysis of failures. Mammography can detect clinically occult breast cancer. But with minimal or no physical findings the lesion can be quite difficult for the surgeon to find within the recumbent breast at biopsy. Percutaneous needle localisation, the placement of a needle in or in the vicinity of such a clinically silent lesion, provides an internal landmark to assist the surgeon. Review of our experience of 90 procedures using this technique disclosed a success rate of approximately 90%. The biopsies diagnosed 14 cancers before local or distant metastasis could be found. The eleven of the fourteen who had axillary dissection were found to have negative nodes. Identifiable causes of failure were sought and discussed in the 7 documented failures. Faulty needle placement was judged noncontributory in all but one case. Needle movement between time of placement and time of biopsy could never be excluded and is in fact suspected in two failures. Immediate re-sampling, or larger initial specimens would have salvaged the procedure in most instances of failure. We feel poor communication and poor mutual understanding of the localization procedure to be the major contributing cause of failure. Even so, we have been able to use the technique with 90% success. The development of mammography brought with it the opportunity to detect small non-palpable carcinomas and the surgical problem of removing them at biopsy. While the suspect lesions identified by mammography are frequently benign, the cancers found are usually small and some only microscopic in size. The literature contains many descriptions of various techniques for localising such lesions prior to biopsy. We are reporting our experience with percutaneous needle localisation. To our knowledge, we have the distinction of being the first to report difficulty with a localisation technique and will analyse possible reasons. Some of the problems are common to all the localisation techniques."}
{"id": "PMID:872509", "title": "Enlarged hilar and mediastinal nodes (and especially lower right hilar node enlargement) as a sign of metastasis of a renal tumour.", "content": "Hilar and mediastinal node enlargement may be a manifestation of the spread of renal tumours. However, the author believes the spread to these nodes may occur either via the upper para-aortic nodes or directly by way of lymphatic vessels from the kidneys by-passing the upper abdominal nodes. It seems that in some cases the hilar node may even be acting as a regional lymph node for the kidney. Thus an enlarged hilar node and especially a lower right hilar node may be the presenting feature of a renal tumour.", "contents": "Enlarged hilar and mediastinal nodes (and especially lower right hilar node enlargement) as a sign of metastasis of a renal tumour. Hilar and mediastinal node enlargement may be a manifestation of the spread of renal tumours. However, the author believes the spread to these nodes may occur either via the upper para-aortic nodes or directly by way of lymphatic vessels from the kidneys by-passing the upper abdominal nodes. It seems that in some cases the hilar node may even be acting as a regional lymph node for the kidney. Thus an enlarged hilar node and especially a lower right hilar node may be the presenting feature of a renal tumour."}
{"id": "PMID:872510", "title": "The diagnosis of the small resectable pancreatic carcinoma.", "content": "ERCP and angiography are essential for the accurate diagnosis of pancreatic carcinoma. ERCP is of value in detecting a pancreatic tumour and is the only examination which makes it possible to detect a small pancreatic carcinoma. Angiography is indispensable for the evaluation of the extent and size of the carcinoma, for prediction of resectability, and for differentiation between pancreatitis and carcinoma. Thirty-one out of 32 pancreatic carcinomas (96%) were correctly diagnosed pre-operatively by the use of a combination of the two examinations. Ten of them (31%) were resectable, and of these six measured less than 2 cm in diameter.", "contents": "The diagnosis of the small resectable pancreatic carcinoma. ERCP and angiography are essential for the accurate diagnosis of pancreatic carcinoma. ERCP is of value in detecting a pancreatic tumour and is the only examination which makes it possible to detect a small pancreatic carcinoma. Angiography is indispensable for the evaluation of the extent and size of the carcinoma, for prediction of resectability, and for differentiation between pancreatitis and carcinoma. Thirty-one out of 32 pancreatic carcinomas (96%) were correctly diagnosed pre-operatively by the use of a combination of the two examinations. Ten of them (31%) were resectable, and of these six measured less than 2 cm in diameter."}
{"id": "PMID:872511", "title": "Pneumoperitoneum: the misleading double wall sign.", "content": "Both sides of the gut wall seen on a plain film of the abdomen is regarded as evidence of free air in the peritoneal cavity. However, this appearance may be precisely simulated when two loops of distended intestine lie in contact with each other. In vitro studies and clinical examples emphasise the necessity of exercising caution when making the diagnosis of pneumoperitoneum on this sign alone.", "contents": "Pneumoperitoneum: the misleading double wall sign. Both sides of the gut wall seen on a plain film of the abdomen is regarded as evidence of free air in the peritoneal cavity. However, this appearance may be precisely simulated when two loops of distended intestine lie in contact with each other. In vitro studies and clinical examples emphasise the necessity of exercising caution when making the diagnosis of pneumoperitoneum on this sign alone."}
{"id": "PMID:872512", "title": "Barium meal appearance simulating superficial ulceration.", "content": "Five cases of diffuse gastric spiculation seen on single contrast barium meal examination are reported. This appearance may spuriously suggest superficial mucosal ulceration in cases in which no evidence of this is found endoscopically or histologically. This radiological appearance may be due to filling of the grooves between the areae gastricae and may thus represent a normal anatomical variant.", "contents": "Barium meal appearance simulating superficial ulceration. Five cases of diffuse gastric spiculation seen on single contrast barium meal examination are reported. This appearance may spuriously suggest superficial mucosal ulceration in cases in which no evidence of this is found endoscopically or histologically. This radiological appearance may be due to filling of the grooves between the areae gastricae and may thus represent a normal anatomical variant."}
{"id": "PMID:872513", "title": "Initial experience of percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography using a fine gauge needle.", "content": "Percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography using a fine gauge (Chiba) needle was performed 41 times in 40 patients with jaundice or abnormal liver function. Their ages ranged from 3 months to 80 years and the youngest successful cannulation was carried out on a 15 month-old-child. There were 32 cases of ex-rahepatic biliary obstruction, the site being shown in 28 (87.5%) and the nature correctly predicted in 22 (69%). One of two cases in the post obstructive phase and one of two with intrahepatic cholestasis were cannulated and showed bile ducts of normal calibre. Three out of four cases with hepatocellular disease were successfully examined and obstruction excluded by showing normal bile ducts. Delayed films taken up to 2 h later were found valuable, particularly in cases of obstructive jaundice. The technique is easier and less expensive to perform than endoscopic retrograde cholangiography. No major complications occurred suggesting the modified technique is now a safe procedure for investigating jaundice or disordered liver function in both adults and children.", "contents": "Initial experience of percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography using a fine gauge needle. Percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography using a fine gauge (Chiba) needle was performed 41 times in 40 patients with jaundice or abnormal liver function. Their ages ranged from 3 months to 80 years and the youngest successful cannulation was carried out on a 15 month-old-child. There were 32 cases of ex-rahepatic biliary obstruction, the site being shown in 28 (87.5%) and the nature correctly predicted in 22 (69%). One of two cases in the post obstructive phase and one of two with intrahepatic cholestasis were cannulated and showed bile ducts of normal calibre. Three out of four cases with hepatocellular disease were successfully examined and obstruction excluded by showing normal bile ducts. Delayed films taken up to 2 h later were found valuable, particularly in cases of obstructive jaundice. The technique is easier and less expensive to perform than endoscopic retrograde cholangiography. No major complications occurred suggesting the modified technique is now a safe procedure for investigating jaundice or disordered liver function in both adults and children."}
{"id": "PMID:872515", "title": "The radiology of gastrointestinal Burkitt's lymphoma in children.", "content": "Four cases of Burkitt's lymphoma limited to the abdominal region are described. The sites of involvement included the duodenum, caecum, ascending colon, jejunum and ovaries. One case presented with an intussusception. The distribution of lesions in this series differs from the African cases described by Burkitt and from the small series reported from North America.", "contents": "The radiology of gastrointestinal Burkitt's lymphoma in children. Four cases of Burkitt's lymphoma limited to the abdominal region are described. The sites of involvement included the duodenum, caecum, ascending colon, jejunum and ovaries. One case presented with an intussusception. The distribution of lesions in this series differs from the African cases described by Burkitt and from the small series reported from North America."}
{"id": "PMID:872516", "title": "The 'Jack Stone' or 'Mercedes Benz' sign--anew theory to explain the presence of gas within fissures in gallstones.", "content": "Gas within clefts of fissures in gallstones is not a very common finding, but when it occurs is, characteristic and indicates the presence of one or more calculi. It closely resembles the appearance of a 'Jack Stone' but has previously been termed the 'Mercedes Benz' sign. Only a few cases have previously been recognised in the U.K. Most reported cases have been associated with biliary colic or cholecystitis. Various theories have been put forward to explain the presence of gas, but the author believes that the gas is released from solution by negative pressure within cholesterol stones undergoing internal fissuring due to their crystalline structure, i.e. the gas is released from solution from the small amount of fluid trapped in the calculus, in the same way that gas may be 'pulled' out of solution in a joint, a degenerate intervertebral disc or the fibro-cartilage of the symphysis pubis.", "contents": "The 'Jack Stone' or 'Mercedes Benz' sign--anew theory to explain the presence of gas within fissures in gallstones. Gas within clefts of fissures in gallstones is not a very common finding, but when it occurs is, characteristic and indicates the presence of one or more calculi. It closely resembles the appearance of a 'Jack Stone' but has previously been termed the 'Mercedes Benz' sign. Only a few cases have previously been recognised in the U.K. Most reported cases have been associated with biliary colic or cholecystitis. Various theories have been put forward to explain the presence of gas, but the author believes that the gas is released from solution by negative pressure within cholesterol stones undergoing internal fissuring due to their crystalline structure, i.e. the gas is released from solution from the small amount of fluid trapped in the calculus, in the same way that gas may be 'pulled' out of solution in a joint, a degenerate intervertebral disc or the fibro-cartilage of the symphysis pubis."}
{"id": "PMID:872517", "title": "Regulation of cardiac output during 2,4-dinitrophenol-induced tissue hypermetabolism in the dog.", "content": "1. Cardiac output increased in proportion to oxygen consumption in intact chloralose-anaesthetized dogs after four successive intravenous infusions of 2,4-dinitrophenol (11 mumol/kg; 2 mg/kg). 2. Splenectomy abolished the increase in cardiac output after the first three doses of 2,4-dinitrophenol. beta-Adrenoreceptor blockade by practolol, on the other hand, did not prevent the cardiac output rise after the first 2,4-dinitrophenol infusion, but further increases by 2,4-dinitrophenol infusion were abolished. When splenectomy and beta-adrenoreceptor blockade were combined, cardiac output did not increase significantly after all four doses of 2,4-dinitrophenol. 3. Cardiac output and mean systemic arterial blood pressure increased when the splenic venous blood collected after 2,4-dinitrophenol infusion was infused intraportally. 4. In a vascularly isolated, but normally innervated, lower half-body cross-perfusion preparation, cardiac output and mean systemic arterial blood pressure increased in the upper half-body when tissue hypermetabolism was produced in the cross-perfused area by 2,4-dinitrophenol. Neith pulmonary artery wedge pressure nor heart rate changed significantly. 5. This circulatory stimulation, after regional 2,4-dinitrophenol infusion, was abolished or was prevented from occurring by splenectomy. 6. It appears that the normal cardiac output response to tissue hypermetabolism requires both an intact spleen and normally functioning beta-adrenoreceptors.", "contents": "Regulation of cardiac output during 2,4-dinitrophenol-induced tissue hypermetabolism in the dog. 1. Cardiac output increased in proportion to oxygen consumption in intact chloralose-anaesthetized dogs after four successive intravenous infusions of 2,4-dinitrophenol (11 mumol/kg; 2 mg/kg). 2. Splenectomy abolished the increase in cardiac output after the first three doses of 2,4-dinitrophenol. beta-Adrenoreceptor blockade by practolol, on the other hand, did not prevent the cardiac output rise after the first 2,4-dinitrophenol infusion, but further increases by 2,4-dinitrophenol infusion were abolished. When splenectomy and beta-adrenoreceptor blockade were combined, cardiac output did not increase significantly after all four doses of 2,4-dinitrophenol. 3. Cardiac output and mean systemic arterial blood pressure increased when the splenic venous blood collected after 2,4-dinitrophenol infusion was infused intraportally. 4. In a vascularly isolated, but normally innervated, lower half-body cross-perfusion preparation, cardiac output and mean systemic arterial blood pressure increased in the upper half-body when tissue hypermetabolism was produced in the cross-perfused area by 2,4-dinitrophenol. Neith pulmonary artery wedge pressure nor heart rate changed significantly. 5. This circulatory stimulation, after regional 2,4-dinitrophenol infusion, was abolished or was prevented from occurring by splenectomy. 6. It appears that the normal cardiac output response to tissue hypermetabolism requires both an intact spleen and normally functioning beta-adrenoreceptors."}
{"id": "PMID:872518", "title": "Effect of glycylglycine on absorption from human jejunum of an amino acid mixture simulating casein and a partial enzymic hydrolysate of casein containing small peptides.", "content": "1. A jejunal perfusion technique has been used in normal volunteer subjects to study jejunal absorption of amino acid residues from a partial enzymic hydrolysate of casein in which about 50% of the amino acids existed as small peptides, and also from an equivalent mixture of free amino acids. 2. The effect of a high concentration of the dipeptide glycylglycine on the absorption of amino acid residues from these preparations was studied to quantify the importance of mucosal uptake of intact peptides during absorption of the partial hydrolysate of casein. 3. The results were unexpected. Glycylglycine significantly inhibited absorption of several amino acid residues (aspartic acid + asparagine, serine, glutamic acid + glutamine, proline, alanine, phenylalanine, threonine and isoleucine) from the free amino acid mixture, whereas it significantly inhibited the absorption of only two (serine, glutamin acid + glutamine) from the peptide-containing partial casein hydrolysate. 4. The effect of glycylglycine on absorption of amino acids from the mixture of free amino acids was apparently due to inhibition of amino acid uptake by free glycine liberated from the dipeptide during perfusion. The reason for the failure of glycylglycine to cause extensive inhibition of absorption from the partial hydrolysate is not clear. It may be due to glycylglycine being only a weak inhibitor of peptide uptake, but the possibility that some peptides are taken up by a system unavailable to glycylglycine has to be considered.", "contents": "Effect of glycylglycine on absorption from human jejunum of an amino acid mixture simulating casein and a partial enzymic hydrolysate of casein containing small peptides. 1. A jejunal perfusion technique has been used in normal volunteer subjects to study jejunal absorption of amino acid residues from a partial enzymic hydrolysate of casein in which about 50% of the amino acids existed as small peptides, and also from an equivalent mixture of free amino acids. 2. The effect of a high concentration of the dipeptide glycylglycine on the absorption of amino acid residues from these preparations was studied to quantify the importance of mucosal uptake of intact peptides during absorption of the partial hydrolysate of casein. 3. The results were unexpected. Glycylglycine significantly inhibited absorption of several amino acid residues (aspartic acid + asparagine, serine, glutamic acid + glutamine, proline, alanine, phenylalanine, threonine and isoleucine) from the free amino acid mixture, whereas it significantly inhibited the absorption of only two (serine, glutamin acid + glutamine) from the peptide-containing partial casein hydrolysate. 4. The effect of glycylglycine on absorption of amino acids from the mixture of free amino acids was apparently due to inhibition of amino acid uptake by free glycine liberated from the dipeptide during perfusion. The reason for the failure of glycylglycine to cause extensive inhibition of absorption from the partial hydrolysate is not clear. It may be due to glycylglycine being only a weak inhibitor of peptide uptake, but the possibility that some peptides are taken up by a system unavailable to glycylglycine has to be considered."}
{"id": "PMID:872519", "title": "Coeliac disease: the abolition of gliadin toxicity by enzymes from Aspergillus niger.", "content": "1. Gliadin from which carbohydrate was removed by treatment with carbohydrase from Aspergillus niger was fed to three coeliac patients in remission. 2. Xylose absorption, mucosal morphology and brush-border enzymes were used to assess the toxicity of the carbohydrase-treated gliadin. 3. Gliadin treated with carbohydrases did not damage the intestinal mucosa of the coeliac patients. 4. The primary structure of the gliadin proteins was not altered by the enzyme treatment.", "contents": "Coeliac disease: the abolition of gliadin toxicity by enzymes from Aspergillus niger. 1. Gliadin from which carbohydrate was removed by treatment with carbohydrase from Aspergillus niger was fed to three coeliac patients in remission. 2. Xylose absorption, mucosal morphology and brush-border enzymes were used to assess the toxicity of the carbohydrase-treated gliadin. 3. Gliadin treated with carbohydrases did not damage the intestinal mucosa of the coeliac patients. 4. The primary structure of the gliadin proteins was not altered by the enzyme treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:872520", "title": "Effects of clonidine on biochemical indices of sympathetic function and plasma renin activity in normotensive man.", "content": "1. A single oral dose of clonidine hydrochloride (300 microgram) lowered systolic blood pressure by 20+/-2 mmHg and diastolic blood pressure by 15+/-2 mmHg in seven healthy normotensive subjects. 2. Resting supine plasma noradrenaline concentration fell from 2-42+/-0-47 nmol/l before dosing to a minimum of 0-59+/-0-18 nmol/l at 6 h. The value subsequently rose and was not significantly different from that before the dose at 12 h. There was a significant reduction in urinary free catecholamine excretion in the first 12 h after dosing. 3. Resting supine plasma renin activity before dosing was 0-95+/-0-16 pmol of angiotensin I h-1 ml-1 of plasma and rose significantly after clonidine to 3-50+/-0-39 pmol of angiotensin I h-1 ml-1 of plasma at 6 h. By 12 h plasma renin activity had returned to control values. 4. When the same subjects were studied on a control, drug-free, day under the same conditions, there was no significant change in blood pressure or plasma noradrenaline. Although plasma renin activity rose during this control day, it was significantly lower than after clonidine. 5. In normotensive subjects single doses of clonidine lower blood pressure and are associated with a reduction of sympathetic nervous activity. Delayed elevation of plasma renin activity may be secondary to the fall in blood pressure. There is no evidence for an overshoot of sympathetic activity after a single dose of clonidine.", "contents": "Effects of clonidine on biochemical indices of sympathetic function and plasma renin activity in normotensive man. 1. A single oral dose of clonidine hydrochloride (300 microgram) lowered systolic blood pressure by 20+/-2 mmHg and diastolic blood pressure by 15+/-2 mmHg in seven healthy normotensive subjects. 2. Resting supine plasma noradrenaline concentration fell from 2-42+/-0-47 nmol/l before dosing to a minimum of 0-59+/-0-18 nmol/l at 6 h. The value subsequently rose and was not significantly different from that before the dose at 12 h. There was a significant reduction in urinary free catecholamine excretion in the first 12 h after dosing. 3. Resting supine plasma renin activity before dosing was 0-95+/-0-16 pmol of angiotensin I h-1 ml-1 of plasma and rose significantly after clonidine to 3-50+/-0-39 pmol of angiotensin I h-1 ml-1 of plasma at 6 h. By 12 h plasma renin activity had returned to control values. 4. When the same subjects were studied on a control, drug-free, day under the same conditions, there was no significant change in blood pressure or plasma noradrenaline. Although plasma renin activity rose during this control day, it was significantly lower than after clonidine. 5. In normotensive subjects single doses of clonidine lower blood pressure and are associated with a reduction of sympathetic nervous activity. Delayed elevation of plasma renin activity may be secondary to the fall in blood pressure. There is no evidence for an overshoot of sympathetic activity after a single dose of clonidine."}
{"id": "PMID:872521", "title": "The assessment of left ventricular ejection fraction in patients with ischaemic heart disease by contrast ventriculography and nuclear angiography.", "content": "1. In 18 patients with ischaemic heart disease left ventricular ejection fraction, measured by two different nuclear angiographic methods, has been compared with ejection fraction measured by single-plane contrast angiography. 2. The first nuclear angiographic technique involves detection of variation in the radio-activity from the left ventricle during the initial passage of a bolus of 99Tcm-labelled human serum albumin injected intravenously; the second is our own modification of a \"gated\" method, which accumulates the radioactivity detected during the continuing recirculation of the plasma bound radioisotope, so presenting an \"averaged\" ventricular volume curve. 3. Ejection fraction, measured by the \"bolus\" method, is lower than that measured either by contrast ventriculography or by the \"gated\" method. This may be due to a damping effect. 4. Ejection fraction measured by the \"gated\" method is well correlated with that measured by contrast ventriculography (r = 0-89). 5. Our modification of the \"gated\" method, which presents the changes in ventricular volume throughout the cardiac cycle, without needing computer facilities, is a useful non-invasive means for assessment of left ventricular function.", "contents": "The assessment of left ventricular ejection fraction in patients with ischaemic heart disease by contrast ventriculography and nuclear angiography. 1. In 18 patients with ischaemic heart disease left ventricular ejection fraction, measured by two different nuclear angiographic methods, has been compared with ejection fraction measured by single-plane contrast angiography. 2. The first nuclear angiographic technique involves detection of variation in the radio-activity from the left ventricle during the initial passage of a bolus of 99Tcm-labelled human serum albumin injected intravenously; the second is our own modification of a \"gated\" method, which accumulates the radioactivity detected during the continuing recirculation of the plasma bound radioisotope, so presenting an \"averaged\" ventricular volume curve. 3. Ejection fraction, measured by the \"bolus\" method, is lower than that measured either by contrast ventriculography or by the \"gated\" method. This may be due to a damping effect. 4. Ejection fraction measured by the \"gated\" method is well correlated with that measured by contrast ventriculography (r = 0-89). 5. Our modification of the \"gated\" method, which presents the changes in ventricular volume throughout the cardiac cycle, without needing computer facilities, is a useful non-invasive means for assessment of left ventricular function."}
{"id": "PMID:872522", "title": "Effect of anticonvulsants on the uptake of 5-methyltetrahydrofolic acid by the choroid plexus in rabbits.", "content": "1. The isolated choroid plexus of the rabbit takes up 5-methyltetrahydrofolate from the incubation medium. 2. Other folate analogues (pteroylglutamic acid, methotrexate, 5-formyltetrahydrofolate = folinic acid) inhibited the uptake of 5-methyltetrahydrofolate. 3. The uptake of 5-methyltetrahydrofolate was inhibited by low temperature, anaerobic conditions and dinitrophenol. 4. The anticonvulsant drugs, diphenylhydantoin and phenobarbital, had no effect on 5-methyltetrahydrofolate uptake. 5. The inhibitory effect of pteroylglutamic acid on the uptake of 5-methyltetrahydrofolate by the choroid plexus may explain the effect of long-term folic acid therapy in aggravating vitamin B12 neuropathy in pernicious anaemia.", "contents": "Effect of anticonvulsants on the uptake of 5-methyltetrahydrofolic acid by the choroid plexus in rabbits. 1. The isolated choroid plexus of the rabbit takes up 5-methyltetrahydrofolate from the incubation medium. 2. Other folate analogues (pteroylglutamic acid, methotrexate, 5-formyltetrahydrofolate = folinic acid) inhibited the uptake of 5-methyltetrahydrofolate. 3. The uptake of 5-methyltetrahydrofolate was inhibited by low temperature, anaerobic conditions and dinitrophenol. 4. The anticonvulsant drugs, diphenylhydantoin and phenobarbital, had no effect on 5-methyltetrahydrofolate uptake. 5. The inhibitory effect of pteroylglutamic acid on the uptake of 5-methyltetrahydrofolate by the choroid plexus may explain the effect of long-term folic acid therapy in aggravating vitamin B12 neuropathy in pernicious anaemia."}
{"id": "PMID:872523", "title": "A slow component of iodine turnover in athyreotic individuals.", "content": "1. Whole-body retention and plasma values of 131I after a test dose were measured for up to 32 days in patients previously rendered athyreotic by surgery, and 131I treatment for thyroid carcinoma, and who were without detectable functioning tissue at the time of study. 2. About 99-8% of the administered 131I was rapidly excreted, consistent with renal iodide excretion. The remainder (about 0-2%) was eliminated slowly, with mean half-life 15 days; we call this the slow-turnover component. 3. By the sixth day after the 131I dose, very little [131I]iodide remained in the plasma. The average protein-bound 131I was only 0-0035% of dose/l, with mean half-life 14-1 days; 90% was non-extractable in butanol. Labelled albumin accounted for about 80% of the non-extractable fraction. 4. The distribution space estimated from the slow-turnover component and protein-bound 131I was 34 l, indicating that most of the slow-turnover component is extravascular. 5. Stable potassium iodide administration, starting 2 days after giving 131I, had no observable effect on the variables measured. 6. Impairment of renal function delayed [131I]iodide excretion and increased both slow-turnover component and plasma protein-bound 131I. 7. A simple model describing iodine kinetics in athyreotic individuals is suggested. It predicts that the slow-turnover component contains only about 4 micrograms of iodine and, since this is distributed widely in body tissues, it is unlikely to be of biological significance.", "contents": "A slow component of iodine turnover in athyreotic individuals. 1. Whole-body retention and plasma values of 131I after a test dose were measured for up to 32 days in patients previously rendered athyreotic by surgery, and 131I treatment for thyroid carcinoma, and who were without detectable functioning tissue at the time of study. 2. About 99-8% of the administered 131I was rapidly excreted, consistent with renal iodide excretion. The remainder (about 0-2%) was eliminated slowly, with mean half-life 15 days; we call this the slow-turnover component. 3. By the sixth day after the 131I dose, very little [131I]iodide remained in the plasma. The average protein-bound 131I was only 0-0035% of dose/l, with mean half-life 14-1 days; 90% was non-extractable in butanol. Labelled albumin accounted for about 80% of the non-extractable fraction. 4. The distribution space estimated from the slow-turnover component and protein-bound 131I was 34 l, indicating that most of the slow-turnover component is extravascular. 5. Stable potassium iodide administration, starting 2 days after giving 131I, had no observable effect on the variables measured. 6. Impairment of renal function delayed [131I]iodide excretion and increased both slow-turnover component and plasma protein-bound 131I. 7. A simple model describing iodine kinetics in athyreotic individuals is suggested. It predicts that the slow-turnover component contains only about 4 micrograms of iodine and, since this is distributed widely in body tissues, it is unlikely to be of biological significance."}
{"id": "PMID:872524", "title": "An investigation into the pathogenesis of hypertension in acromegaly.", "content": "1. In 29 patients with acromegaly, plasma renin activity and growth hormone were measured during fasting and recumbency on free diet. Exchangeable sodium was measured in all cases and expressed as a percentage of the expected value on the basis of lean body mass. 2. Twenty-two control subjects without evidence of cardiovascular, renal or endocrine disease were studied in the same way. 3. There was a significant increase in exchangeable sodium and suppression of plasma renin activity in the acromegalic patients in comparison with control subjects. 4. There was a significant positive correlation between exchangeable sodium and plasma growth hormone. 5. Hypertensive acromegalic patients (diastolic blood pressure larger than or equal to 100 mmHg) tend to have a lower (although not significantly so) exchangeable sodium than normotensive subjects. 6. We conclude that (a) suppression of plasma renin activity in acromegaly can be explained by sodium retention, (b) hypersecretion of growth hormone is probably responsible for the increased exchangeable sodium, and (c) sodium overload cannot be directly related to blood pressure but may contribute to the increased occurrence of hypertension in acromegaly.", "contents": "An investigation into the pathogenesis of hypertension in acromegaly. 1. In 29 patients with acromegaly, plasma renin activity and growth hormone were measured during fasting and recumbency on free diet. Exchangeable sodium was measured in all cases and expressed as a percentage of the expected value on the basis of lean body mass. 2. Twenty-two control subjects without evidence of cardiovascular, renal or endocrine disease were studied in the same way. 3. There was a significant increase in exchangeable sodium and suppression of plasma renin activity in the acromegalic patients in comparison with control subjects. 4. There was a significant positive correlation between exchangeable sodium and plasma growth hormone. 5. Hypertensive acromegalic patients (diastolic blood pressure larger than or equal to 100 mmHg) tend to have a lower (although not significantly so) exchangeable sodium than normotensive subjects. 6. We conclude that (a) suppression of plasma renin activity in acromegaly can be explained by sodium retention, (b) hypersecretion of growth hormone is probably responsible for the increased exchangeable sodium, and (c) sodium overload cannot be directly related to blood pressure but may contribute to the increased occurrence of hypertension in acromegaly."}
{"id": "PMID:872525", "title": "Renal handling of dibasic amino acids and cystine in cystinuria.", "content": "1. The effect of intravenous infusion of L-lysine and L-arginine on the tubular reabsorption of dibasic amino acids and cystine was studied in normal individuals and in homozygous and heterozygous subjects with cystinuria. 2. The control subjects reabsorbed almost all filtered lysine and arginine until the filtered load was elevated about fourfold. With further increased loads the tubular reabsorption began to fall and tended to approach a maximum reabsorption rate. By contrast, the homozygous subjects could not reabsorb the elevated amino acid beyond the endogenous capacity until the filtered load was increased seven- to ten-fold. When the filtered load was further increased, tubular reabsorption proceeded at the normal rate in the cystinuric patients. 3. These findings may be explained by a low-capacity transport system, which acts at low substrate concentrations, being defective in the cystinuric subjects, while a high-capacity transport system, which predominates at high substrate concentrations, remains intact. 4. Lysine and arginine infusion depressed the percentage tubular reabsorption of other dibasic amino acids and cystine both in the control and the cystinuric subjects. In the control subjects the amino acid infusion caused a gradual linear fall in the fractional reabsorption of the dibasic amino acids and cystine, whereas the depressed reabsorption of the dibasic amono acids in the cystinuric patients returned to that observed under the endogenous condition when the filtered load was high. The amino acid load caused only a gradual decrease in cystine reabsorption in the cystinuric patients. 5. In the heterozygous subjects the slope of the titration curves and the depression of the tubular reabsorption were intermediate between those of the control and homozygous subjects.", "contents": "Renal handling of dibasic amino acids and cystine in cystinuria. 1. The effect of intravenous infusion of L-lysine and L-arginine on the tubular reabsorption of dibasic amino acids and cystine was studied in normal individuals and in homozygous and heterozygous subjects with cystinuria. 2. The control subjects reabsorbed almost all filtered lysine and arginine until the filtered load was elevated about fourfold. With further increased loads the tubular reabsorption began to fall and tended to approach a maximum reabsorption rate. By contrast, the homozygous subjects could not reabsorb the elevated amino acid beyond the endogenous capacity until the filtered load was increased seven- to ten-fold. When the filtered load was further increased, tubular reabsorption proceeded at the normal rate in the cystinuric patients. 3. These findings may be explained by a low-capacity transport system, which acts at low substrate concentrations, being defective in the cystinuric subjects, while a high-capacity transport system, which predominates at high substrate concentrations, remains intact. 4. Lysine and arginine infusion depressed the percentage tubular reabsorption of other dibasic amino acids and cystine both in the control and the cystinuric subjects. In the control subjects the amino acid infusion caused a gradual linear fall in the fractional reabsorption of the dibasic amino acids and cystine, whereas the depressed reabsorption of the dibasic amono acids in the cystinuric patients returned to that observed under the endogenous condition when the filtered load was high. The amino acid load caused only a gradual decrease in cystine reabsorption in the cystinuric patients. 5. In the heterozygous subjects the slope of the titration curves and the depression of the tubular reabsorption were intermediate between those of the control and homozygous subjects."}
{"id": "PMID:872526", "title": "Effect of thyrotoxicosis on the reflex hypoxic respiratory drive.", "content": "1. Oxygen breath tests were performed in seven patients with thyrotoxicosis. The inspired air was replaced by oxygen without their knowledge for 20 s and the fall in ventilation was recorded. 2. Ventilation fell significantly in all the patients within 40 s. The mean fall was 21-1% (se +/-1-7) below the control value. 3. beta-Adrenoreceptor blockade with propranolol had little effect on this reduction in ventilation. The fall observed in five patients receiving propranol was 19-6% (se +/-1-0). 4. After definitive treatment, which rendered the patients euthyroid, the observed reduction in ventilation after breathing oxygen was significantly less at 11-7% (se +/-1-2). 5. It is concluded that patients with thyrotoxicosis have an increased resting reflex hypoxic drive to respiration, when compared with the euthyroid state, and this is unaffected by beta-adrenoreceptor blockade.", "contents": "Effect of thyrotoxicosis on the reflex hypoxic respiratory drive. 1. Oxygen breath tests were performed in seven patients with thyrotoxicosis. The inspired air was replaced by oxygen without their knowledge for 20 s and the fall in ventilation was recorded. 2. Ventilation fell significantly in all the patients within 40 s. The mean fall was 21-1% (se +/-1-7) below the control value. 3. beta-Adrenoreceptor blockade with propranolol had little effect on this reduction in ventilation. The fall observed in five patients receiving propranol was 19-6% (se +/-1-0). 4. After definitive treatment, which rendered the patients euthyroid, the observed reduction in ventilation after breathing oxygen was significantly less at 11-7% (se +/-1-2). 5. It is concluded that patients with thyrotoxicosis have an increased resting reflex hypoxic drive to respiration, when compared with the euthyroid state, and this is unaffected by beta-adrenoreceptor blockade."}
{"id": "PMID:872534", "title": "Lithium carbonate and methyldopa: apparent interaction in man.", "content": "An experimental subject with a stable serum level of lithium experienced symptoms of lithium toxicity when he ingested methyldopa. Physicians prescribing either or both of these drugs should be aware of this apparent interaction between lithium and methyldopa.", "contents": "Lithium carbonate and methyldopa: apparent interaction in man. An experimental subject with a stable serum level of lithium experienced symptoms of lithium toxicity when he ingested methyldopa. Physicians prescribing either or both of these drugs should be aware of this apparent interaction between lithium and methyldopa."}
{"id": "PMID:872535", "title": "Drug-induced extrapyramidal signs in chronic liver disease--a case report.", "content": "Extrapyramidal effects of phenothiazines and related compounds are well documented and may be dose related. Impaired drug metabolism can occur in chronic liver disease. A case is reported of extra pyramidal signs occurring in a patient with alcoholic liver disease given the antiemetic Ancoloxin in therapeutic dosage.", "contents": "Drug-induced extrapyramidal signs in chronic liver disease--a case report. Extrapyramidal effects of phenothiazines and related compounds are well documented and may be dose related. Impaired drug metabolism can occur in chronic liver disease. A case is reported of extra pyramidal signs occurring in a patient with alcoholic liver disease given the antiemetic Ancoloxin in therapeutic dosage."}
{"id": "PMID:872538", "title": "Effect of guanidine, germine, and steroids in a case of botulism.", "content": "A patient with severe type A botulism demonstrated several interesting features. Characteristic electrophysiologic findings are not necessary for the diagnosis. Guanidine hydrochloride provided mild improvement. High doses of steroids and low dose of germine-monoacetate had no effect.", "contents": "Effect of guanidine, germine, and steroids in a case of botulism. A patient with severe type A botulism demonstrated several interesting features. Characteristic electrophysiologic findings are not necessary for the diagnosis. Guanidine hydrochloride provided mild improvement. High doses of steroids and low dose of germine-monoacetate had no effect."}
{"id": "PMID:872540", "title": "Propoxyphene-associated deaths: methods, post-mortem levels in blood and liver.", "content": "Gas chromatographic methodology for the determination of d-propoxyphene in blood and liver samples is given. The method results in a clean extract and sharp response peaks. Quantitation is based on peak height ratios of propoxyphene and pyrroliphene. Post-mortem levels in blood range from 0.1-0.7 mg/dl; in liver from 1.1-18.9 mg/100 gm. The highest blood level has the lowest blood-liver ratio, the rest being widely variable. The incidence of propoxyphene in accidental and suicidal deaths appears to be increasing steadily.", "contents": "Propoxyphene-associated deaths: methods, post-mortem levels in blood and liver. Gas chromatographic methodology for the determination of d-propoxyphene in blood and liver samples is given. The method results in a clean extract and sharp response peaks. Quantitation is based on peak height ratios of propoxyphene and pyrroliphene. Post-mortem levels in blood range from 0.1-0.7 mg/dl; in liver from 1.1-18.9 mg/100 gm. The highest blood level has the lowest blood-liver ratio, the rest being widely variable. The incidence of propoxyphene in accidental and suicidal deaths appears to be increasing steadily."}
{"id": "PMID:872542", "title": "Locoweed poisoning in sheep: electroencephalographic and brain amine changes.", "content": "The effects in sheep of locoweed poisoning on electroencephalograms and on levels of the brain amines serotonin and norepinephrine were measured. Lucoweed-induced EEG changes in sheep were characterized by episodes of high voltage, slow activity (HVSA). There was no effect on brain norephinephrine levels. The mean brain serotonin level of the sheep fed locoweed was approximately 57% higher than the control but was not significant.", "contents": "Locoweed poisoning in sheep: electroencephalographic and brain amine changes. The effects in sheep of locoweed poisoning on electroencephalograms and on levels of the brain amines serotonin and norepinephrine were measured. Lucoweed-induced EEG changes in sheep were characterized by episodes of high voltage, slow activity (HVSA). There was no effect on brain norephinephrine levels. The mean brain serotonin level of the sheep fed locoweed was approximately 57% higher than the control but was not significant."}
{"id": "PMID:872543", "title": "Human tissue distribution of cyclodiene pesticides-Hawaii 1964-1973.", "content": "Data have been presented covering symptoms of acute exposure to cyclodiene pesticides in adults and infants in Hawaii. Varying concentrations of heptachlor epoxide, dieldrin, DDT, DDE, and DDD were found in human autopsy material, with the highest levels of heptachlor epoxide in bone marrow and liver and those of dieldrin in kidney and gonad. Maximum concentration of dieldrin in human milk was 0.25 ppm on an extracted lipid basis; in fetal tissues, 1.46 ppm; and in maternal tissues, 2.04 ppm. There was correlation between dieldrin concentration in household dust and human blood serum. The general baseline levels of cyclodiene pesticides were lower in Hawaii than the rest of the United States.", "contents": "Human tissue distribution of cyclodiene pesticides-Hawaii 1964-1973. Data have been presented covering symptoms of acute exposure to cyclodiene pesticides in adults and infants in Hawaii. Varying concentrations of heptachlor epoxide, dieldrin, DDT, DDE, and DDD were found in human autopsy material, with the highest levels of heptachlor epoxide in bone marrow and liver and those of dieldrin in kidney and gonad. Maximum concentration of dieldrin in human milk was 0.25 ppm on an extracted lipid basis; in fetal tissues, 1.46 ppm; and in maternal tissues, 2.04 ppm. There was correlation between dieldrin concentration in household dust and human blood serum. The general baseline levels of cyclodiene pesticides were lower in Hawaii than the rest of the United States."}
{"id": "PMID:872544", "title": "Effects of chronic organophosphate pesticide exposure on the central nervous system.", "content": "An index of the relative amount of chronic exposure to organophosphate (OP) pesticides was developed to compare individuals with high and low levels of chronic exposure. Results of neuropsychologic tests and computer-analyzed electroencephalographic data indicated an association between higher levels of chronic OP pesticide exposure and frontal lobe impairment.", "contents": "Effects of chronic organophosphate pesticide exposure on the central nervous system. An index of the relative amount of chronic exposure to organophosphate (OP) pesticides was developed to compare individuals with high and low levels of chronic exposure. Results of neuropsychologic tests and computer-analyzed electroencephalographic data indicated an association between higher levels of chronic OP pesticide exposure and frontal lobe impairment."}
{"id": "PMID:872545", "title": "Association between renal function tests and pentachlorophenol exposure.", "content": "Data are presented and renal function tests and Pcp measurements on consecutive blood and urine samples collected from 18 workers at a wood treatment plant before, during, and after a 20-day vacation. Pcp concentrations in blood averaging 5.1 ppm before vacation fell to 2.2 ppm during vacation but with a temporary rise early in this nonexposure period, suggesting a body tissues store of Pcp which was mobilized in response to a negative Pcp balance. Urine Pcp concentrations showed similar but less marked variations. Creatinine clearance and phosphorus reabsorption values were depressed before vacation but showed significant improvement during vacation, suggesting that Pcp exposure reduced both glomerular filtration rate and tubular function, with recovery following a nonexposure period.", "contents": "Association between renal function tests and pentachlorophenol exposure. Data are presented and renal function tests and Pcp measurements on consecutive blood and urine samples collected from 18 workers at a wood treatment plant before, during, and after a 20-day vacation. Pcp concentrations in blood averaging 5.1 ppm before vacation fell to 2.2 ppm during vacation but with a temporary rise early in this nonexposure period, suggesting a body tissues store of Pcp which was mobilized in response to a negative Pcp balance. Urine Pcp concentrations showed similar but less marked variations. Creatinine clearance and phosphorus reabsorption values were depressed before vacation but showed significant improvement during vacation, suggesting that Pcp exposure reduced both glomerular filtration rate and tubular function, with recovery following a nonexposure period."}
{"id": "PMID:872577", "title": "Lanolin with reduced sensitizing potential. A preliminary note.", "content": "The allergens of lanolin appear to lie in the content of natural free fatty alcohols rather than in the total alcohols as hitherto supposed. The detectable incidence of allergy is increased by the simultaneous presence of detergent. Amongst selected lanolin-sensitive skin patients, removal of both free fatty alcohols and detergent from lanolin reduces the incidence of detectable hypersensitivity by 96%. Methods are described for determining free fatty alcohols and detergent in lanolin, and for removing them.", "contents": "Lanolin with reduced sensitizing potential. A preliminary note. The allergens of lanolin appear to lie in the content of natural free fatty alcohols rather than in the total alcohols as hitherto supposed. The detectable incidence of allergy is increased by the simultaneous presence of detergent. Amongst selected lanolin-sensitive skin patients, removal of both free fatty alcohols and detergent from lanolin reduces the incidence of detectable hypersensitivity by 96%. Methods are described for determining free fatty alcohols and detergent in lanolin, and for removing them."}
{"id": "PMID:872578", "title": "Immediate reactions to fruits and vegetables.", "content": "Common fruits and vegetables were tested as such with the \"scratch-chamber\" method in 388 patients with various atopic disorders. Of the patients with hypersensitivity to birch pollen, 36% showed immediate positive responses to these natural, fresh materials. Apple, carrot, parsnip and potato elicited reactions more often than, e.g. swede, tomato, onion and parsley. On the basis of clinical data, the relevancy of the results of the skin tests was 80-90%. Both \"false positive\" and \"false negative\" responses were seen. Itching and tingling with or without oedema of the lips, mouth and tongue were the most common complaints after eating raw fruits and vegetables. In addition, laryngeal and abdominal disturbances, rhinitis and hand dermatitis were recorded. Among patients without allergy to birch pollen, reactions to fruits and vegetables were rare. The nature of the allergens could not be determined.", "contents": "Immediate reactions to fruits and vegetables. Common fruits and vegetables were tested as such with the \"scratch-chamber\" method in 388 patients with various atopic disorders. Of the patients with hypersensitivity to birch pollen, 36% showed immediate positive responses to these natural, fresh materials. Apple, carrot, parsnip and potato elicited reactions more often than, e.g. swede, tomato, onion and parsley. On the basis of clinical data, the relevancy of the results of the skin tests was 80-90%. Both \"false positive\" and \"false negative\" responses were seen. Itching and tingling with or without oedema of the lips, mouth and tongue were the most common complaints after eating raw fruits and vegetables. In addition, laryngeal and abdominal disturbances, rhinitis and hand dermatitis were recorded. Among patients without allergy to birch pollen, reactions to fruits and vegetables were rare. The nature of the allergens could not be determined."}
{"id": "PMID:872579", "title": "Psoralen photoallergy caused by plant contact.", "content": "A case of acquired photocontact allergy to furocumarins in plants is reported. Photopatch testing was performed with four psoralens [8-methoxypsoralen (8-MOP), 5-methoxypsoralens (5-MOP), trimethylpsoralen (TMP) and imperatorin (IMP)[. The use of serial dilutions of the test compounds made it possible to differentiate between photoallergic and phototoxic reactions. 8-MOP gave a positive eczematous test reaction down to a concentration of 0.0001%. The reactions to 5-MOP and imp also were positive, while that to TMP awas negative. Histopathological examination of a biopsy specimen from a positive test site showed changes consistent with photoallergic contact dermatitis. The multiple reactions could be explained on the basis of multiple sensitization but cross reactions cannot be ruled out.", "contents": "Psoralen photoallergy caused by plant contact. A case of acquired photocontact allergy to furocumarins in plants is reported. Photopatch testing was performed with four psoralens [8-methoxypsoralen (8-MOP), 5-methoxypsoralens (5-MOP), trimethylpsoralen (TMP) and imperatorin (IMP)[. The use of serial dilutions of the test compounds made it possible to differentiate between photoallergic and phototoxic reactions. 8-MOP gave a positive eczematous test reaction down to a concentration of 0.0001%. The reactions to 5-MOP and imp also were positive, while that to TMP awas negative. Histopathological examination of a biopsy specimen from a positive test site showed changes consistent with photoallergic contact dermatitis. The multiple reactions could be explained on the basis of multiple sensitization but cross reactions cannot be ruled out."}
{"id": "PMID:872580", "title": "Contact dermatitis to PPD rubber in Maleki shoes.", "content": "The Persian cloth shoe (Maleki) which has been in use for more than 800 years has a strong cloth sole and a woven cotton upper. In the last 20 years, used car tires have become readily available in Iran and the soles of some shoes are now made from these. A man with the typical picture of rubber dermatitis on the soles of his feet is described. On patch testing he gave a 2+ positive to PPD rubber and this was thought to be due to the fact that he had worn Maleki shoes for several years.", "contents": "Contact dermatitis to PPD rubber in Maleki shoes. The Persian cloth shoe (Maleki) which has been in use for more than 800 years has a strong cloth sole and a woven cotton upper. In the last 20 years, used car tires have become readily available in Iran and the soles of some shoes are now made from these. A man with the typical picture of rubber dermatitis on the soles of his feet is described. On patch testing he gave a 2+ positive to PPD rubber and this was thought to be due to the fact that he had worn Maleki shoes for several years."}
{"id": "PMID:872581", "title": "United States cosmetic ingredient labeling.", "content": "United States federal regulations require ingredient listing on cosmetics labeled after November 30, 1976. Standardized ingredient nomenclature from a reference text will be utilized to minimize confusion which might arise if various synonyms for chemical names were used. This new information on cosmetics labeling will assist physicians in the diagnosis of cosmetic-related dermatoses. It should facilitate the patch testing procedure by enabling the dermatologist to focus attention on suspect ingredients early in the evaluation. Once the identify of offending ingredients in a cosmetic has been determined for a particular patient, the individual will have the opportunity to avoid those ingredients and related ingredients in future purchases of cosmetics.", "contents": "United States cosmetic ingredient labeling. United States federal regulations require ingredient listing on cosmetics labeled after November 30, 1976. Standardized ingredient nomenclature from a reference text will be utilized to minimize confusion which might arise if various synonyms for chemical names were used. This new information on cosmetics labeling will assist physicians in the diagnosis of cosmetic-related dermatoses. It should facilitate the patch testing procedure by enabling the dermatologist to focus attention on suspect ingredients early in the evaluation. Once the identify of offending ingredients in a cosmetic has been determined for a particular patient, the individual will have the opportunity to avoid those ingredients and related ingredients in future purchases of cosmetics."}
{"id": "PMID:872592", "title": "Septicemia and meningoencephalitis in pastured cattle caused by a Haemophilus-like organism (\"Haemophilus somnus\").", "content": "Septicemia and meningoencephalitis developed in 10 pastured cattle 7 months to 3 years of age. Two unrelated herds were involved. Necropsy findings were similar to those previously reported in cattle infected with a Haemophilus-like organism, including multifocal hemorrhages in some muscles, suppurative polyarthritis, and multifocal hemorrhagic thrombi in the brain. A Haemophilus-like organism was isolated from one animal. It was characterized by growth on blood agar or tryptose agar plus a feeder streak under raised carbon dioxide tension, and lack of response to Haemophilus growth factors X and V.", "contents": "Septicemia and meningoencephalitis in pastured cattle caused by a Haemophilus-like organism (\"Haemophilus somnus\"). Septicemia and meningoencephalitis developed in 10 pastured cattle 7 months to 3 years of age. Two unrelated herds were involved. Necropsy findings were similar to those previously reported in cattle infected with a Haemophilus-like organism, including multifocal hemorrhages in some muscles, suppurative polyarthritis, and multifocal hemorrhagic thrombi in the brain. A Haemophilus-like organism was isolated from one animal. It was characterized by growth on blood agar or tryptose agar plus a feeder streak under raised carbon dioxide tension, and lack of response to Haemophilus growth factors X and V."}
{"id": "PMID:872593", "title": "Nasal prevalence of Mycoplasma bovis and IHA titers in young dairy animals.", "content": "Serologic and cultural observations were made in three herds with and three herds without histories of mycoplasma mastitis. Nasal swabs and sera were collected from dairy animals of various ages over an eight month peiod. The overall prevalence of Myocopalsma bovis in the nares was 34% in diseased herds and 6% in the non-diseased herds without mastitis. Mycoplasma bovis was isolated in the highest prevalence in those young animals fed infected milk. Slight serologic differences were seen in these animals. Nasal prevalence of M. bovis was low but readily detectable in non diseased herds as well as in prepartum heifers in the diseased herds with mycoplasma mastitis.", "contents": "Nasal prevalence of Mycoplasma bovis and IHA titers in young dairy animals. Serologic and cultural observations were made in three herds with and three herds without histories of mycoplasma mastitis. Nasal swabs and sera were collected from dairy animals of various ages over an eight month peiod. The overall prevalence of Myocopalsma bovis in the nares was 34% in diseased herds and 6% in the non-diseased herds without mastitis. Mycoplasma bovis was isolated in the highest prevalence in those young animals fed infected milk. Slight serologic differences were seen in these animals. Nasal prevalence of M. bovis was low but readily detectable in non diseased herds as well as in prepartum heifers in the diseased herds with mycoplasma mastitis."}
{"id": "PMID:872594", "title": "Pemphigus vegetans in a dog.", "content": "Pemphigus vegetans of the Hallopeau type was diagnosed in aged dog. Diagnosis was based on (a) history, (b) physical examination, (c) histopathologic examination of affected skin, and (d) response to therapy. Clinical response to immunosuppressive doses of prednisolone was excellent.", "contents": "Pemphigus vegetans in a dog. Pemphigus vegetans of the Hallopeau type was diagnosed in aged dog. Diagnosis was based on (a) history, (b) physical examination, (c) histopathologic examination of affected skin, and (d) response to therapy. Clinical response to immunosuppressive doses of prednisolone was excellent."}
{"id": "PMID:872595", "title": "Teat apex microflora: influence of washing and dipping procedures.", "content": "Effects of teat washing and dipping were determined on the bacterial populations occurring naturally at the teat apex. Teat washing, using an iodine solution, was ineffective unless that procedure was done carefully and vigorously. Teat dipping using an iodophor solution was able to significantly decrease the staphylococcal population and sustain this lower population for a period up to six weeks.", "contents": "Teat apex microflora: influence of washing and dipping procedures. Effects of teat washing and dipping were determined on the bacterial populations occurring naturally at the teat apex. Teat washing, using an iodine solution, was ineffective unless that procedure was done carefully and vigorously. Teat dipping using an iodophor solution was able to significantly decrease the staphylococcal population and sustain this lower population for a period up to six weeks."}
{"id": "PMID:872596", "title": "Paired stimulation of the heart in the treatment of tachycardia and tachyarrhythmia.", "content": "Paired electrical stimulation of the heart was applied in the treatment of 82 patients with tachycardia of various origin, refractory to drug treatment. Cardiostimulators and electrodes of the Institute's own original design were used. The stimulation parameters were calculated by a method proposed by the author. The best results were achieved in patients with paroxysmal tachycardia; in 14 out of 17 patients, paired stimulation suppressed the attack. In a majority of patients with tachysystolic form of atrial fibrillation (30 out of 49 patients), stimulation led to normalization of haemodynamics and helped overcome the crisis. In sinus tachycardia the retardative pacing was beneficial in rare cases only, when the tachycardia was losing its compensatory character. Of dangerous complications there occurred ventricular fibrillation (2 patients), removed by electroshock. In the author's opinion, paired stimulation has its advantages over electric defibrillation in patients in a poor condition with paroxysmal tachycardia and the tachysystolic form of atrial fibrillation.", "contents": "Paired stimulation of the heart in the treatment of tachycardia and tachyarrhythmia. Paired electrical stimulation of the heart was applied in the treatment of 82 patients with tachycardia of various origin, refractory to drug treatment. Cardiostimulators and electrodes of the Institute's own original design were used. The stimulation parameters were calculated by a method proposed by the author. The best results were achieved in patients with paroxysmal tachycardia; in 14 out of 17 patients, paired stimulation suppressed the attack. In a majority of patients with tachysystolic form of atrial fibrillation (30 out of 49 patients), stimulation led to normalization of haemodynamics and helped overcome the crisis. In sinus tachycardia the retardative pacing was beneficial in rare cases only, when the tachycardia was losing its compensatory character. Of dangerous complications there occurred ventricular fibrillation (2 patients), removed by electroshock. In the author's opinion, paired stimulation has its advantages over electric defibrillation in patients in a poor condition with paroxysmal tachycardia and the tachysystolic form of atrial fibrillation."}
{"id": "PMID:872597", "title": "Use of polarized-light microscopy in histological diagnostics of early stages of ischaemic and metabolic myocardial lesions.", "content": "Animal experiments have proved that the earliest morphological manifestations of acute lesions of myocardial cells (at the optical microscopic level) are myofibrillar changes detectable by polarized-light microscopy. As basic types of myocardial cell lesions there can be distinguished segmental and subsegmental contractures, intracellular myocytolysis, and primary granular disintegration. These changes persist in animal myocardium for many hours and thus can be recognized at autopsy. The application of polarized-light microscopy makes possible a diagnosis of early stages of myocardial infarction, associated with lesions of myocardial cells appearing at the periphery of the ischaemic zone already within the first minutes, revelation of focal metabolic changes leading to acute heart failure, and diagnosis of ventricular fibrillation, characterized by subsegmental contractures of the subepicardial and subendocardial layers of the myocardium.", "contents": "Use of polarized-light microscopy in histological diagnostics of early stages of ischaemic and metabolic myocardial lesions. Animal experiments have proved that the earliest morphological manifestations of acute lesions of myocardial cells (at the optical microscopic level) are myofibrillar changes detectable by polarized-light microscopy. As basic types of myocardial cell lesions there can be distinguished segmental and subsegmental contractures, intracellular myocytolysis, and primary granular disintegration. These changes persist in animal myocardium for many hours and thus can be recognized at autopsy. The application of polarized-light microscopy makes possible a diagnosis of early stages of myocardial infarction, associated with lesions of myocardial cells appearing at the periphery of the ischaemic zone already within the first minutes, revelation of focal metabolic changes leading to acute heart failure, and diagnosis of ventricular fibrillation, characterized by subsegmental contractures of the subepicardial and subendocardial layers of the myocardium."}
{"id": "PMID:872598", "title": "Resetting of aortic baroreceptors in experimental hypertension and atherosclerosis.", "content": "The dependence of aortic baroreceptor activity on aortic pressure and aortic distension was studied in isolated preparations \"aortic arch--aortic nerve\", obtained from normal rabbits and from rabbits with experimental hypertension and atherosclerosis varying in duration. It was found that in both atherosclerosis and hypertension the reactivity thresholds of aortic baroreceptors shifted toward higher pressures. In initial stages of hypertension and atherosclerosis this resetting results from changes in the baroreceptive zone itself, and aortic distensibility does not differ from the normal state. In later stages of hypertension and atherosclerosis the aortic distensibility decreases; in consequence of this the shift of baroreceptor reactivity threshold increases. Possible mechanism of baroreceptor resetting and its role in the regulation of arterial pressure in hypertension and atherosclerosis are discussed.", "contents": "Resetting of aortic baroreceptors in experimental hypertension and atherosclerosis. The dependence of aortic baroreceptor activity on aortic pressure and aortic distension was studied in isolated preparations \"aortic arch--aortic nerve\", obtained from normal rabbits and from rabbits with experimental hypertension and atherosclerosis varying in duration. It was found that in both atherosclerosis and hypertension the reactivity thresholds of aortic baroreceptors shifted toward higher pressures. In initial stages of hypertension and atherosclerosis this resetting results from changes in the baroreceptive zone itself, and aortic distensibility does not differ from the normal state. In later stages of hypertension and atherosclerosis the aortic distensibility decreases; in consequence of this the shift of baroreceptor reactivity threshold increases. Possible mechanism of baroreceptor resetting and its role in the regulation of arterial pressure in hypertension and atherosclerosis are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:872599", "title": "An attempt to prevent spontaneous hypertension in rats by antihypertensive drug treatment.", "content": "Experiments were carried out on 10 spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) with  the intention to prevent or modify the onset and the course of spontaneous hypertension by application of a long-term antihypertensive drug treatment started during the prehypertensive period of their life. Ten untreated SHR and 10 normotensive Wistar rats (NWR) were used as controls. The results indicate that even very early administration of antihypertensive drug during the prehypertensive stage of genetically determined SH in Okamoto-Aoki rats does not suppress the onset and the development of hypertension in spite of long-term continuation. It only alters its course, suppresses the blood pressure elevation maintaining it at a \"subhypertensive\" level during the period of treatment, and postpones for a certain period the elevation of BP to an excessive level after medication is discontinued. It is suggested that these results should be kept in mind when prophylaxy of essential hypertension is considered.", "contents": "An attempt to prevent spontaneous hypertension in rats by antihypertensive drug treatment. Experiments were carried out on 10 spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) with  the intention to prevent or modify the onset and the course of spontaneous hypertension by application of a long-term antihypertensive drug treatment started during the prehypertensive period of their life. Ten untreated SHR and 10 normotensive Wistar rats (NWR) were used as controls. The results indicate that even very early administration of antihypertensive drug during the prehypertensive stage of genetically determined SH in Okamoto-Aoki rats does not suppress the onset and the development of hypertension in spite of long-term continuation. It only alters its course, suppresses the blood pressure elevation maintaining it at a \"subhypertensive\" level during the period of treatment, and postpones for a certain period the elevation of BP to an excessive level after medication is discontinued. It is suggested that these results should be kept in mind when prophylaxy of essential hypertension is considered."}
{"id": "PMID:872600", "title": "Blood flow and vascular resistance in lower limbs in hypertensives at rest and at reactive hyperaemia.", "content": "The maximal decrease of vascular resistance during reactive hyperaemia in lower limb was investigated in a group of healthy control persons, in hypertensives (stage II) with blood pressure level over 160/95 mmHg, in hypertensives (stage II) with pressure level below 160/95 mmHg, and in patients with atherosclerotic changes in the lower-limb arteries without signs of obliteration. Insufficient distensibility was found not only in hypertensives with pressure over 160/95 mmHg, but also in those with a normal pressure level at the time of examination (achieved by antihypertensive therapy or bed rest). A similar insufficient distensibility was observed in patients with atherosclerotic changes in the lower-limb arteries without obliteration. The findings support the view that anatomical rebuilding of vascular wall takes place in hypertension, and suggest that the incapacity of maximal dilatation is characteristic not only of resistance vessels but probably of larger arteries as well.", "contents": "Blood flow and vascular resistance in lower limbs in hypertensives at rest and at reactive hyperaemia. The maximal decrease of vascular resistance during reactive hyperaemia in lower limb was investigated in a group of healthy control persons, in hypertensives (stage II) with blood pressure level over 160/95 mmHg, in hypertensives (stage II) with pressure level below 160/95 mmHg, and in patients with atherosclerotic changes in the lower-limb arteries without signs of obliteration. Insufficient distensibility was found not only in hypertensives with pressure over 160/95 mmHg, but also in those with a normal pressure level at the time of examination (achieved by antihypertensive therapy or bed rest). A similar insufficient distensibility was observed in patients with atherosclerotic changes in the lower-limb arteries without obliteration. The findings support the view that anatomical rebuilding of vascular wall takes place in hypertension, and suggest that the incapacity of maximal dilatation is characteristic not only of resistance vessels but probably of larger arteries as well."}
{"id": "PMID:872608", "title": "Constipation in childhood: a controlled comparison between lactulose and standardized senna.", "content": "Twenty-one children under 15-years' old with chronic constipation were treated in a crossover trial lasting 3 weeks. In the first week they received either lactulose or senna, in the next week no treatment, and in the third week the alternative treatment. Patient diaries were kept by parents on the number and character of stools passed, and of side-effects reported, during the 3 weeks. There was a significant difference, in favour of lactulose, in the number of days on which normal stools were passed during the treatment weeks. The number and frequency of the side-effects reported in the senna treatment week were very much higher (p less than 0.001) than in the lactulose week. Lactulose is recommended as an effective and very well tolerated treatment for the constipated child.", "contents": "Constipation in childhood: a controlled comparison between lactulose and standardized senna. Twenty-one children under 15-years' old with chronic constipation were treated in a crossover trial lasting 3 weeks. In the first week they received either lactulose or senna, in the next week no treatment, and in the third week the alternative treatment. Patient diaries were kept by parents on the number and character of stools passed, and of side-effects reported, during the 3 weeks. There was a significant difference, in favour of lactulose, in the number of days on which normal stools were passed during the treatment weeks. The number and frequency of the side-effects reported in the senna treatment week were very much higher (p less than 0.001) than in the lactulose week. Lactulose is recommended as an effective and very well tolerated treatment for the constipated child."}
{"id": "PMID:872603", "title": "Use of mass spectrometry and infrared CO2 analyzer for bedside measurement of cardiopulmonary function during anesthesia and intensive care.", "content": "In response to the increasing abilities to provide continuous and detailed information on the cardiopulmonary status during and after open heart surgery, we measured hemodynamic and pulmonary functions including cardiac index, end-tidal CO2, minute volume, dead space, ventilation/perfusion ratio, O2 consumption, and other derived variables with a mass spectrometer. This was found useful, for example, in evaluating the need for artificial ventilation in postoperative cardiac patients.", "contents": "Use of mass spectrometry and infrared CO2 analyzer for bedside measurement of cardiopulmonary function during anesthesia and intensive care. In response to the increasing abilities to provide continuous and detailed information on the cardiopulmonary status during and after open heart surgery, we measured hemodynamic and pulmonary functions including cardiac index, end-tidal CO2, minute volume, dead space, ventilation/perfusion ratio, O2 consumption, and other derived variables with a mass spectrometer. This was found useful, for example, in evaluating the need for artificial ventilation in postoperative cardiac patients."}
{"id": "PMID:872609", "title": "Pharmacology of Bay g 2821, a long-acting, high-ceiling diuretic.", "content": "Bay g 2821 is a diuretic, from a new class of chemical substances, with both the efficacy of diuretics with a high-ceiling activity, such as furosemide, bumetanide and ethacrynic acid, and the prolonged duration of action of thiazides. Pharmacological investigations showed that Bay g 2821 was more potent than furosemide in dogs but less potent in rats. Bay g 2821 did not differ from furosemide in excretion of electrolytes. Further studies showed that Bay g 2821 had an antihypertensive effect in dogs, spontaneously hpertensive rats, and in rats with artificially-induced renal hypertension. Other pharmacological studies did not reveal any other significant effects.", "contents": "Pharmacology of Bay g 2821, a long-acting, high-ceiling diuretic. Bay g 2821 is a diuretic, from a new class of chemical substances, with both the efficacy of diuretics with a high-ceiling activity, such as furosemide, bumetanide and ethacrynic acid, and the prolonged duration of action of thiazides. Pharmacological investigations showed that Bay g 2821 was more potent than furosemide in dogs but less potent in rats. Bay g 2821 did not differ from furosemide in excretion of electrolytes. Further studies showed that Bay g 2821 had an antihypertensive effect in dogs, spontaneously hpertensive rats, and in rats with artificially-induced renal hypertension. Other pharmacological studies did not reveal any other significant effects."}
{"id": "PMID:872610", "title": "Pharmacokinetics of Bay g 2821 in the dog and in man.", "content": "The pharmacokinetics of Bay g 2821, a new diuretic agent, were studied in dogs, healthy volunteers and in patients with renal insufficiency. The drug was rapidly absorbed after oral administration, peak plasma levels (approx. 0.4 microgram/ml) occurring within 1 hour. Elimination of the unchanged drug from plasma was biphasic - an initial rapid decline with a half-life of about 3 hours, followed by a longer second phase with a half-life of 13 to 17 hours. Results were similar in healthy volunteers and in patients with renal insufficiency. It is assumed that the drug is mainly eliminated in bile, probably after biotransformation, and elimination in the urine is a minor pathway.", "contents": "Pharmacokinetics of Bay g 2821 in the dog and in man. The pharmacokinetics of Bay g 2821, a new diuretic agent, were studied in dogs, healthy volunteers and in patients with renal insufficiency. The drug was rapidly absorbed after oral administration, peak plasma levels (approx. 0.4 microgram/ml) occurring within 1 hour. Elimination of the unchanged drug from plasma was biphasic - an initial rapid decline with a half-life of about 3 hours, followed by a longer second phase with a half-life of 13 to 17 hours. Results were similar in healthy volunteers and in patients with renal insufficiency. It is assumed that the drug is mainly eliminated in bile, probably after biotransformation, and elimination in the urine is a minor pathway."}
{"id": "PMID:872605", "title": "Psychiatric complications in a surgical ICU.", "content": "Pathological behavior patterns are often observed in patients in the ICU. In a Surgical ICU (SICU), 7% (22/322) of a patient population required psychiatric consultation during a 6-month period. As a group, these patients had more prolonged stays, more frequent requirements for mechanical ventilation, a higher incidence of cardiac arrest and a higher mortality rate than the entire SICU population. The psychiatrist was asked to evaluate multiple behavioral syndromes, some of which were irreversible concomitants of grave illnesses. However, with certain syndromes, psychiatric assistance greatly facilitated the resolution of problems that hampered pre- and postoperative management and the patient's eventual recovery.", "contents": "Psychiatric complications in a surgical ICU. Pathological behavior patterns are often observed in patients in the ICU. In a Surgical ICU (SICU), 7% (22/322) of a patient population required psychiatric consultation during a 6-month period. As a group, these patients had more prolonged stays, more frequent requirements for mechanical ventilation, a higher incidence of cardiac arrest and a higher mortality rate than the entire SICU population. The psychiatrist was asked to evaluate multiple behavioral syndromes, some of which were irreversible concomitants of grave illnesses. However, with certain syndromes, psychiatric assistance greatly facilitated the resolution of problems that hampered pre- and postoperative management and the patient's eventual recovery."}
{"id": "PMID:872602", "title": "Indicators of intensive care in critically ill patients.", "content": "To define severity of illness objectively and to justify further the need for intensive care, we have analyzed measurable objective data points (indicators) in 226 consecutive critically ill Class IV patients. The indicators include: (1) Pao2 (Fio2, 1.0), (2) platelet count, (3) cardiac index, (4) BUN, 5) creatinine, (6) acute renal failure, (7) peritoneal or hemodialysis, (8) continuous infusion of antiarrhythmia therapy, (9) base deficit greater than 10mEq/liter, (10) state of consciousness, and (11) unexpected cardiac arrest. Most indicators were significantly worse in patients who ultimately died within one year than in patients who survived with a successful recovery. An indicator profile could be derived for each disease process category, since different indicators applied to different diseases. The indicators were not markedly affected by age. Standard discriminate analysis predicted a group of patients who would not survive and documented that acute renal failure was a primary predictor of death.", "contents": "Indicators of intensive care in critically ill patients. To define severity of illness objectively and to justify further the need for intensive care, we have analyzed measurable objective data points (indicators) in 226 consecutive critically ill Class IV patients. The indicators include: (1) Pao2 (Fio2, 1.0), (2) platelet count, (3) cardiac index, (4) BUN, 5) creatinine, (6) acute renal failure, (7) peritoneal or hemodialysis, (8) continuous infusion of antiarrhythmia therapy, (9) base deficit greater than 10mEq/liter, (10) state of consciousness, and (11) unexpected cardiac arrest. Most indicators were significantly worse in patients who ultimately died within one year than in patients who survived with a successful recovery. An indicator profile could be derived for each disease process category, since different indicators applied to different diseases. The indicators were not markedly affected by age. Standard discriminate analysis predicted a group of patients who would not survive and documented that acute renal failure was a primary predictor of death."}
{"id": "PMID:872612", "title": "Amitriptyline and weight gain: a biochemical and endocrinological study.", "content": "A study was carried out in 6 healthy volunteers to test the hypothesis that weight gain associated with amitriptyline treatment may be due to hypoglycaemia caused by increased circulating blood insulin. Subjects were treated with 50 mg amitriptyline b.d. for 28 days. Estimations made of serum levels of amitriptyline and its metabolite nortriptyline showed a steady state by the 10th day. No significant weight-gain was observed in any of the volunteers, although 2 reported an increase in appetite. There were no significant differences in any of the glucose tolerance curves, fasting or peak insulin levels or in the glucose/insulin curves for Days 0, 14 and 28.", "contents": "Amitriptyline and weight gain: a biochemical and endocrinological study. A study was carried out in 6 healthy volunteers to test the hypothesis that weight gain associated with amitriptyline treatment may be due to hypoglycaemia caused by increased circulating blood insulin. Subjects were treated with 50 mg amitriptyline b.d. for 28 days. Estimations made of serum levels of amitriptyline and its metabolite nortriptyline showed a steady state by the 10th day. No significant weight-gain was observed in any of the volunteers, although 2 reported an increase in appetite. There were no significant differences in any of the glucose tolerance curves, fasting or peak insulin levels or in the glucose/insulin curves for Days 0, 14 and 28."}
{"id": "PMID:872611", "title": "Rheological changes in the blood of patients with chronic arterial occlusive disease after the administration of vasoactive drugs.", "content": "Patients with chronic arterial occlusive disease were found to have higher blood and plasma viscosity levels than healthy controls. Measurements were taken at high and low shear rates. Blood and plasma viscosity in these patients was significantly reduced following parental administration of pentoxifyline, and this effect was particularly pronounced at low shear rates. The changes recorded after administriation of bencyclane did not follow a consistent pattern. There was no significant correlation between the rheological changes measured and changes in plasma protein fractions.", "contents": "Rheological changes in the blood of patients with chronic arterial occlusive disease after the administration of vasoactive drugs. Patients with chronic arterial occlusive disease were found to have higher blood and plasma viscosity levels than healthy controls. Measurements were taken at high and low shear rates. Blood and plasma viscosity in these patients was significantly reduced following parental administration of pentoxifyline, and this effect was particularly pronounced at low shear rates. The changes recorded after administriation of bencyclane did not follow a consistent pattern. There was no significant correlation between the rheological changes measured and changes in plasma protein fractions."}
{"id": "PMID:872606", "title": "State or regional critical care societies.", "content": "The success of the SCCM has spurred other individuals with similar backgrounds (many of them SCCM members) to start state or regional critical care societies. Such societies provide a forum where local recognition and educational needs are met; state health regulations and economic issues can be discussed with a unifying voice. The experiences and organizational steps taken are described. The intent of this article is to provide information to those individuals contemplating starting similar societies.", "contents": "State or regional critical care societies. The success of the SCCM has spurred other individuals with similar backgrounds (many of them SCCM members) to start state or regional critical care societies. Such societies provide a forum where local recognition and educational needs are met; state health regulations and economic issues can be discussed with a unifying voice. The experiences and organizational steps taken are described. The intent of this article is to provide information to those individuals contemplating starting similar societies."}
{"id": "PMID:872604", "title": "Left ventricular function during respiratory failure.", "content": "Indirect measures of left ventricular function were studied in seven patients with respiratory failure secondary to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease to determine if there were a relationship between left ventricular function and treatment of the pulmonary disease. All patients were studied during acute episodes while in respiratory failure having arterial Pco2 (Paco2) values greater than 49 torr with no clinical evidence of left ventricular failure. Indirect methods to evaluate left ventricular function included the use of the Swan-Ganz catheter for pulmonary capillary wedge pressure measurement, systolic time intervals, and cardiac output. There was improvement in left ventricular function with treatment of the respiratory failure manifested by decreases in the wedge pressure and pre-ejection period/left ventricular ejection time ratio, and an increase in the dp/dt/pulmonary capillary wedge pressure with treatment of the chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. The improvement in left ventricular function suggests that there is a depression of left ventricular function in respiratory failure. The depressed function improved with therapy of the lung disease without additional medication directed at cardiac function.", "contents": "Left ventricular function during respiratory failure. Indirect measures of left ventricular function were studied in seven patients with respiratory failure secondary to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease to determine if there were a relationship between left ventricular function and treatment of the pulmonary disease. All patients were studied during acute episodes while in respiratory failure having arterial Pco2 (Paco2) values greater than 49 torr with no clinical evidence of left ventricular failure. Indirect methods to evaluate left ventricular function included the use of the Swan-Ganz catheter for pulmonary capillary wedge pressure measurement, systolic time intervals, and cardiac output. There was improvement in left ventricular function with treatment of the respiratory failure manifested by decreases in the wedge pressure and pre-ejection period/left ventricular ejection time ratio, and an increase in the dp/dt/pulmonary capillary wedge pressure with treatment of the chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. The improvement in left ventricular function suggests that there is a depression of left ventricular function in respiratory failure. The depressed function improved with therapy of the lung disease without additional medication directed at cardiac function."}
{"id": "PMID:872621", "title": "Ants and bees: whole body extracts vs venom.", "content": "Ants, bees, and other stinging hymenoptera can induce serious anaphylactic reactions in susceptible individuals. Certainly, hymenoptera venom contains potent antigens that have been useful in testing and treating hymenoptera-sensitive patients who fail to acquire protection from whole body extract therapy. However, before whole body extracts are forever abandoned, their antigen content and stability should be re-examined by means of modern immunologic methods.", "contents": "Ants and bees: whole body extracts vs venom. Ants, bees, and other stinging hymenoptera can induce serious anaphylactic reactions in susceptible individuals. Certainly, hymenoptera venom contains potent antigens that have been useful in testing and treating hymenoptera-sensitive patients who fail to acquire protection from whole body extract therapy. However, before whole body extracts are forever abandoned, their antigen content and stability should be re-examined by means of modern immunologic methods."}
{"id": "PMID:872614", "title": "Cardiac connections: the segmental approach to radiologic diagnosis in congenital heart disease.", "content": "The segmental approach to the diagnosis and classification of congenital heart disease, which emphasizes the importance of the connections (proximal-to-distal relationships) of cardiac chambers and great vessels, is presented. The radiologic identification of great vessels and cardiac chambers and their connections is described, considering, in turn, three major segments: the atria together with the systemic and pulmonary veins, the ventricles with their atrioventricular valves and the great arteries with their outflow tracts. Cardiac and great vascular connections can be described with greatest clarity by using the atria as the starting point. The atrial situs is defined as solitus, inversus or ambiguus, the great veins connecting to the atria normally or anomalously. The ventricles may be connected to the atria in concordant or discordant fashion or a double inlet ventricle may be present. The ventriculo-arterial connections can be classified as normal, transposition, double outlet right ventricle or double outlet left ventricle. The angiocardiographic techniques and criteria that differentiate these connection disorders and identify the transitional cases between them are discussed and illustrated. A complete diagnosis must indicate not only the connections of the three major segments but also the malformations and abnormalities of spatial position that may be present. Certain associations are of value in predicting the positions and connections of the cardiac chambers and great vessels, making it possible to formulate helpful rules to aid the progress of a diagnostic study. The fallibility of such rules is discussed, emphasizing the need to define connection disorders in terms of the connections rather than in terms of malformations or of abnormalities in spatial position of the individual parts.", "contents": "Cardiac connections: the segmental approach to radiologic diagnosis in congenital heart disease. The segmental approach to the diagnosis and classification of congenital heart disease, which emphasizes the importance of the connections (proximal-to-distal relationships) of cardiac chambers and great vessels, is presented. The radiologic identification of great vessels and cardiac chambers and their connections is described, considering, in turn, three major segments: the atria together with the systemic and pulmonary veins, the ventricles with their atrioventricular valves and the great arteries with their outflow tracts. Cardiac and great vascular connections can be described with greatest clarity by using the atria as the starting point. The atrial situs is defined as solitus, inversus or ambiguus, the great veins connecting to the atria normally or anomalously. The ventricles may be connected to the atria in concordant or discordant fashion or a double inlet ventricle may be present. The ventriculo-arterial connections can be classified as normal, transposition, double outlet right ventricle or double outlet left ventricle. The angiocardiographic techniques and criteria that differentiate these connection disorders and identify the transitional cases between them are discussed and illustrated. A complete diagnosis must indicate not only the connections of the three major segments but also the malformations and abnormalities of spatial position that may be present. Certain associations are of value in predicting the positions and connections of the cardiac chambers and great vessels, making it possible to formulate helpful rules to aid the progress of a diagnostic study. The fallibility of such rules is discussed, emphasizing the need to define connection disorders in terms of the connections rather than in terms of malformations or of abnormalities in spatial position of the individual parts."}
{"id": "PMID:872625", "title": "Treatment of pyoderma gangrenosum with benzoyl peroxide.", "content": "A fifty-three year old woman presented with pyoderma gangrenosum on the right buttock. She had associated intestinal symptoms, but repeated roentgenologic studies revealed no abnormalities. Local treatment with benzoyl peroxide (20 percent) lotion produced clearing of the cutaneous lesion in about six weeks.", "contents": "Treatment of pyoderma gangrenosum with benzoyl peroxide. A fifty-three year old woman presented with pyoderma gangrenosum on the right buttock. She had associated intestinal symptoms, but repeated roentgenologic studies revealed no abnormalities. Local treatment with benzoyl peroxide (20 percent) lotion produced clearing of the cutaneous lesion in about six weeks."}
{"id": "PMID:872626", "title": "A comparative study of the karyotypes of eight Xenopus species and subspecies possessing a 36-chromosome complement.", "content": "A comparative study of the karyotypes of eight Xenopus species and subspecies possessing a diploid number of 36 chromosomes (X.l. laevis, X.l. petersi, X.l. victorianus, X. borealis, X. gilli, X. fraseri, and X. clivii) was performed. Karyotypes based on the morphology and size of chromosomes differ only by the type and position of secondary constrictions. Some of these constrictions are nucleolar organizers, recognizable by mitotic chromosomal association. By comparing the chromosomes bearing secondary constrictions, an attempt is made to establish the cytotaxonomic relationships. The close relationship between the subspecies X.l. laevis, X.l. petersi, and X.l. victorianus is confirmed; X. borealis, however, is a separate species much nearer to X. muelleri. The karyotype of X. gilli is interpreted as being intermediate to these two groups. X. clivii could be regarded as a species close to the group of X. muelleri. X. fraseri, having a particular type of secondary constriction, is systematically more distant.+20", "contents": "A comparative study of the karyotypes of eight Xenopus species and subspecies possessing a 36-chromosome complement. A comparative study of the karyotypes of eight Xenopus species and subspecies possessing a diploid number of 36 chromosomes (X.l. laevis, X.l. petersi, X.l. victorianus, X. borealis, X. gilli, X. fraseri, and X. clivii) was performed. Karyotypes based on the morphology and size of chromosomes differ only by the type and position of secondary constrictions. Some of these constrictions are nucleolar organizers, recognizable by mitotic chromosomal association. By comparing the chromosomes bearing secondary constrictions, an attempt is made to establish the cytotaxonomic relationships. The close relationship between the subspecies X.l. laevis, X.l. petersi, and X.l. victorianus is confirmed; X. borealis, however, is a separate species much nearer to X. muelleri. The karyotype of X. gilli is interpreted as being intermediate to these two groups. X. clivii could be regarded as a species close to the group of X. muelleri. X. fraseri, having a particular type of secondary constriction, is systematically more distant.+20"}
{"id": "PMID:872627", "title": "Specific chromosome changes associated with rabbit cell lines cultured in vitro.", "content": "Thirty-three rabbit cell lines were established from various fetal tissues of the inbred strain III of the New Zealand rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus). None of these lines exhibited senescence during a growth period of more than 2 years. Karyologic studies of most cell lines at 10 to 20 cell-passage intervals revealed that the karyotype stability of the rabbit cells in vitro was correlated with the organs from which the cell lines were derived. Thus, lines derived from cornea, spleen, and kidney tissues usually contained high frequencies of polyploidy in their early passages, whereas most of those derived from lung and skin were found to retain the normal diploid karyotype for much longer periods of time. One line derived from fetal lung tissue, designated Lung 16, remained diploid up to 100 passages. In late passages of the majority of all the lines studied, the cells became pseudodiploid, hyperdiploid, or polyploid. Among the pseudodiploid and the hyperdiploid cell lines, the chromosomal changes followed three basic patterns: (1) a gain of one or more telocentric chromosomes; (2) a loss of one telocentric chromosome plus a metacentric marker chromosome (M); or (3) a gain of a long telocentric marker chromosome with or without changes in the number of telocentric D chromosomes. By the G-banding technique, the telocentric chromosome involved in these three patterns was identified as the D-group chromosome 18 and the M marker chromosome as an isochromosome of 18. These results suggest that chromosomal rearrangement in rabbit cells involving trisomy of 18 may be responsible for the longevity of these cell lines cultured in vitro.", "contents": "Specific chromosome changes associated with rabbit cell lines cultured in vitro. Thirty-three rabbit cell lines were established from various fetal tissues of the inbred strain III of the New Zealand rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus). None of these lines exhibited senescence during a growth period of more than 2 years. Karyologic studies of most cell lines at 10 to 20 cell-passage intervals revealed that the karyotype stability of the rabbit cells in vitro was correlated with the organs from which the cell lines were derived. Thus, lines derived from cornea, spleen, and kidney tissues usually contained high frequencies of polyploidy in their early passages, whereas most of those derived from lung and skin were found to retain the normal diploid karyotype for much longer periods of time. One line derived from fetal lung tissue, designated Lung 16, remained diploid up to 100 passages. In late passages of the majority of all the lines studied, the cells became pseudodiploid, hyperdiploid, or polyploid. Among the pseudodiploid and the hyperdiploid cell lines, the chromosomal changes followed three basic patterns: (1) a gain of one or more telocentric chromosomes; (2) a loss of one telocentric chromosome plus a metacentric marker chromosome (M); or (3) a gain of a long telocentric marker chromosome with or without changes in the number of telocentric D chromosomes. By the G-banding technique, the telocentric chromosome involved in these three patterns was identified as the D-group chromosome 18 and the M marker chromosome as an isochromosome of 18. These results suggest that chromosomal rearrangement in rabbit cells involving trisomy of 18 may be responsible for the longevity of these cell lines cultured in vitro."}
{"id": "PMID:872628", "title": "A simplified technique for in vivo analysis of sister-chromatid exchanges using 5-bromodeoxyuridine tablets.", "content": "A small tablet of 5-bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU), implanted subcutaneously in a mouse, provides sustained release of base analog sufficient to effect substitution of DNA throughout an entire replication period. As illustrated by studies of mouse bone-marrow and spleen cells in the presence or absence of cyclophosphamide, this depot method of BrdU administration greatly simplifies in vivo analysis of sister-chromatid-exchange formation.", "contents": "A simplified technique for in vivo analysis of sister-chromatid exchanges using 5-bromodeoxyuridine tablets. A small tablet of 5-bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU), implanted subcutaneously in a mouse, provides sustained release of base analog sufficient to effect substitution of DNA throughout an entire replication period. As illustrated by studies of mouse bone-marrow and spleen cells in the presence or absence of cyclophosphamide, this depot method of BrdU administration greatly simplifies in vivo analysis of sister-chromatid-exchange formation."}
{"id": "PMID:872638", "title": "Paracoccidioidomycosis (South American Blastomycosis) in the United States.", "content": "The findings in a patient with paracoccidiodomycosis (South American blastomycosis) diagnosed by open-lung biopsy and treated successfully with a combination of trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole are reported, and the clinical spectrum of the disease is reviewed. Although paracoccidioidomycosis is rarely encountered in the United States and is clinicially similar to other deep mycoses, it should be considered in patients who are suspected of having a fungal infection and have had previous exposure in an area endemic for paracoccidiodomycosis.", "contents": "Paracoccidioidomycosis (South American Blastomycosis) in the United States. The findings in a patient with paracoccidiodomycosis (South American blastomycosis) diagnosed by open-lung biopsy and treated successfully with a combination of trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole are reported, and the clinical spectrum of the disease is reviewed. Although paracoccidioidomycosis is rarely encountered in the United States and is clinicially similar to other deep mycoses, it should be considered in patients who are suspected of having a fungal infection and have had previous exposure in an area endemic for paracoccidiodomycosis."}
{"id": "PMID:872639", "title": "Fatal pneumonitis and septicemia after fiberoptic bronchoscopy.", "content": "This report describes the development of fatal pneumococcal pneumonia and septicemia following fiberoptic bronchoscopic examination and endobronchial biopsy of a patient with severe chronic congestive heart failure. Although a causal relationship has not been proven, the temporal sequence seems to favor this over a coincidental nosocomial infection. This case emphasizes that significant and occasionally fatal infectious complications may occur following fiberoptic bronchoscopic examination.", "contents": "Fatal pneumonitis and septicemia after fiberoptic bronchoscopy. This report describes the development of fatal pneumococcal pneumonia and septicemia following fiberoptic bronchoscopic examination and endobronchial biopsy of a patient with severe chronic congestive heart failure. Although a causal relationship has not been proven, the temporal sequence seems to favor this over a coincidental nosocomial infection. This case emphasizes that significant and occasionally fatal infectious complications may occur following fiberoptic bronchoscopic examination."}
{"id": "PMID:872640", "title": "Hyperpyrexia complicating low fixed cardiac output.", "content": "A 41-year-old woman with end-stage mitral and aortic stenosis developed the cycle of low cardiac output, peripheral vasoconstriction, increased core temperature, and cardiac decompensation. This was interrupted by core cooling utilizing iced gastric lavage. We propose that her severe hyperthermia was caused or abetted by her low cardiac output.", "contents": "Hyperpyrexia complicating low fixed cardiac output. A 41-year-old woman with end-stage mitral and aortic stenosis developed the cycle of low cardiac output, peripheral vasoconstriction, increased core temperature, and cardiac decompensation. This was interrupted by core cooling utilizing iced gastric lavage. We propose that her severe hyperthermia was caused or abetted by her low cardiac output."}
{"id": "PMID:872641", "title": "Myocardial infarction associated with thyrotoxicosis.", "content": "Myocardial infarction occurs rarely with thyrotoxicosis. A 34-year-old woman with thyrotoxicosis sustained a transmural myocardial infarction and subsequently on cardiac catheterization studies had no significant coronary arterial disease but only residual apical wall akinesia. Thyroid hormone may directly influence myocardial oxygen supply and demand and, by some unknown mechanism exclusive of major coronary arterial blood supply, cause a critical imbalance resulting in angina pectoris and myocardial infarction.", "contents": "Myocardial infarction associated with thyrotoxicosis. Myocardial infarction occurs rarely with thyrotoxicosis. A 34-year-old woman with thyrotoxicosis sustained a transmural myocardial infarction and subsequently on cardiac catheterization studies had no significant coronary arterial disease but only residual apical wall akinesia. Thyroid hormone may directly influence myocardial oxygen supply and demand and, by some unknown mechanism exclusive of major coronary arterial blood supply, cause a critical imbalance resulting in angina pectoris and myocardial infarction."}
{"id": "PMID:872642", "title": "Dual atrioventricular conduction during an acute inferior myocardial infarction. Electrocardiographic evidence.", "content": "A 49-year-old man had electrocardiographic evidence of a dual atrioventricular conduction system which occurred spontaneously during the course of an inferior myocardial infarction. Retrograde concealed conduction involving both conduction systems is proposed as the mechanism to explain the varying patterns of atrioventricular conduction seen.", "contents": "Dual atrioventricular conduction during an acute inferior myocardial infarction. Electrocardiographic evidence. A 49-year-old man had electrocardiographic evidence of a dual atrioventricular conduction system which occurred spontaneously during the course of an inferior myocardial infarction. Retrograde concealed conduction involving both conduction systems is proposed as the mechanism to explain the varying patterns of atrioventricular conduction seen."}
{"id": "PMID:872643", "title": "Respiratory tract burns after aspiration of hot coffee.", "content": "We present the fingings in a patient with acute thermal burn to the upper and lower airway who developed mucosal edema followed by patchy areas of granuloma-like lesions in the trachea and bronchi. A four-month follow-up showed resolution of the gross lesions, but functional alterations remained. This patient illustrates the necessity for repeated direct observation and functional evaluation of the lower airway folllowing thermal injury, which can be a life-threatening disorder.", "contents": "Respiratory tract burns after aspiration of hot coffee. We present the fingings in a patient with acute thermal burn to the upper and lower airway who developed mucosal edema followed by patchy areas of granuloma-like lesions in the trachea and bronchi. A four-month follow-up showed resolution of the gross lesions, but functional alterations remained. This patient illustrates the necessity for repeated direct observation and functional evaluation of the lower airway folllowing thermal injury, which can be a life-threatening disorder."}
{"id": "PMID:872650", "title": "The use of 201thallium for myocardial perfusion imaging in sarcoid heart disease.", "content": "Cardiac dysfunction due to systemic sarcoidosis is most of ten due to severe restrictive pulmonary diseases. Although the diagnosis is frequently missed during life, direct granulomatous infiltration of the myocardium may occur with systemic sarcoidosis and, when present in the heart, is a major cause of death. To explore the possible use of radioactive 201thallium, a new agent for myocardial imaging, for improved clinical recognition of sarcoid heart disease, myocardial perfusion imaging with 201Tl was performed in six normal volunteers and in five patients with documented systemic sarcoidosis and clinically apparent cardiac dysfunction. Two of the patients with sarcoidosis had severe restrictive pulmonary disease. Their myocardial perfusion scans revealed relatively uniform uptake of 201Tl by the left ventricle, similar to that found in the normal volunteers; however, the right ventricular uptake of 201Tl and right ventricular thickness in these two patients with sarcoidosis was greater than normal. The other three patients with sarcoidosis had unexplained congestive heart failure, mitral regurgitation, or arrhythmias. Myocardial perfusion imaging in these patients revealed normal right ventricular uptake of radioactivity but segmental defects in the left ventricle compatible with an infiltrative disease of the myocardium. Segmental myocardial infiltration by sarcoid was confirmed by autopsy in one of these patients and at operation in another. Thus, myocardial imaging with 201Tl may provide a noninvasive technique for the improved clinical recognition of primary myocardial sarcoid and for distinguishing it from cardiac dysfunction secondary to pulmonary disease.", "contents": "The use of 201thallium for myocardial perfusion imaging in sarcoid heart disease. Cardiac dysfunction due to systemic sarcoidosis is most of ten due to severe restrictive pulmonary diseases. Although the diagnosis is frequently missed during life, direct granulomatous infiltration of the myocardium may occur with systemic sarcoidosis and, when present in the heart, is a major cause of death. To explore the possible use of radioactive 201thallium, a new agent for myocardial imaging, for improved clinical recognition of sarcoid heart disease, myocardial perfusion imaging with 201Tl was performed in six normal volunteers and in five patients with documented systemic sarcoidosis and clinically apparent cardiac dysfunction. Two of the patients with sarcoidosis had severe restrictive pulmonary disease. Their myocardial perfusion scans revealed relatively uniform uptake of 201Tl by the left ventricle, similar to that found in the normal volunteers; however, the right ventricular uptake of 201Tl and right ventricular thickness in these two patients with sarcoidosis was greater than normal. The other three patients with sarcoidosis had unexplained congestive heart failure, mitral regurgitation, or arrhythmias. Myocardial perfusion imaging in these patients revealed normal right ventricular uptake of radioactivity but segmental defects in the left ventricle compatible with an infiltrative disease of the myocardium. Segmental myocardial infiltration by sarcoid was confirmed by autopsy in one of these patients and at operation in another. Thus, myocardial imaging with 201Tl may provide a noninvasive technique for the improved clinical recognition of primary myocardial sarcoid and for distinguishing it from cardiac dysfunction secondary to pulmonary disease."}
{"id": "PMID:872651", "title": "Carboxyhemoglobin levels in primary and secondary cigar and pipe smokers.", "content": "This study of 130 subjects was performed to obtain more data about the smoking habits and levels of carboxyhemoglobin in various types of pipe and cigar smokers. These smokers may be divided by history into primary or secondary smokers and also into current inhalers and noninhalers. Prior studies of carboxyhemoglobin levels have yielded conflicting results, presumably due to differences in current habits of inhalation, which were often not taken into account. Cigarette, primary pipe, and secondary pipe inhalers had similar carboxyhemoglobin levels that were significantly higher than nonsmokers (5.6, 5.0, 5.4, and 1.0 percent, respectively). Cigar inhalers had markedly elevated concentrations of carboxyhemoglobin (13.8 and 11.8 percent in primary and secondary inhalers, respectively). Most secondary cigar and pipe smokers inhaled, whereas most primary smokers did not. Intentional inhalation, rather than past smoking history, is the most important factor in determining the carboxyhemoglobin level for each type of smoke.", "contents": "Carboxyhemoglobin levels in primary and secondary cigar and pipe smokers. This study of 130 subjects was performed to obtain more data about the smoking habits and levels of carboxyhemoglobin in various types of pipe and cigar smokers. These smokers may be divided by history into primary or secondary smokers and also into current inhalers and noninhalers. Prior studies of carboxyhemoglobin levels have yielded conflicting results, presumably due to differences in current habits of inhalation, which were often not taken into account. Cigarette, primary pipe, and secondary pipe inhalers had similar carboxyhemoglobin levels that were significantly higher than nonsmokers (5.6, 5.0, 5.4, and 1.0 percent, respectively). Cigar inhalers had markedly elevated concentrations of carboxyhemoglobin (13.8 and 11.8 percent in primary and secondary inhalers, respectively). Most secondary cigar and pipe smokers inhaled, whereas most primary smokers did not. Intentional inhalation, rather than past smoking history, is the most important factor in determining the carboxyhemoglobin level for each type of smoke."}
{"id": "PMID:872652", "title": "A one-year trial of triamcinolone acetonide aerosol in severe steroid-dependent asthma.", "content": "Twenty-three steroid-dependent severely asthmatic patients, ranging in age from 20 to 67 years, tolerated reduction in their oral dosage of steroids during a one-year trial of triamcinolone acetonide aerosol. Sixteen patients maintained their initial one-second forced expiratory volume without oral therapy with steroids, two required resumption of daily steroid dosage because of lethargy and arthralgia, and four required 2.5 to 20 mg of prednisone every other day to control their asthma. Five-day oral courses of steroids were occasionally required because of episodes of asthma from a variety of external causes. One patient failed to benefit within two months and withdrew from the study. One patient had precipitins to Candida albicans prior to the study, and he developed transient oropharyngeal culture-positive thrush, which subsided with use of a gargle containing nystatin. None of the other patients had oral candidiasis, and laryngoscopic examination revealed no lesions attributed to the aerosol. The mean fasting cortisol level did not increase throughout the one-year trial. Thus, the use of triamcinolone acetonide aerosol (2,000 microgram or less daily) can eliminate or greatly reduce oral requirements for steroids in patients with severe steroid-dependent asthma. Side effects are mild, but adrenal recovery may be exceedingly slow.", "contents": "A one-year trial of triamcinolone acetonide aerosol in severe steroid-dependent asthma. Twenty-three steroid-dependent severely asthmatic patients, ranging in age from 20 to 67 years, tolerated reduction in their oral dosage of steroids during a one-year trial of triamcinolone acetonide aerosol. Sixteen patients maintained their initial one-second forced expiratory volume without oral therapy with steroids, two required resumption of daily steroid dosage because of lethargy and arthralgia, and four required 2.5 to 20 mg of prednisone every other day to control their asthma. Five-day oral courses of steroids were occasionally required because of episodes of asthma from a variety of external causes. One patient failed to benefit within two months and withdrew from the study. One patient had precipitins to Candida albicans prior to the study, and he developed transient oropharyngeal culture-positive thrush, which subsided with use of a gargle containing nystatin. None of the other patients had oral candidiasis, and laryngoscopic examination revealed no lesions attributed to the aerosol. The mean fasting cortisol level did not increase throughout the one-year trial. Thus, the use of triamcinolone acetonide aerosol (2,000 microgram or less daily) can eliminate or greatly reduce oral requirements for steroids in patients with severe steroid-dependent asthma. Side effects are mild, but adrenal recovery may be exceedingly slow."}
{"id": "PMID:872653", "title": "Pulmonary function in former alcoholics.", "content": "Pulmonary function was evaluated in 44 former alcoholics (abstinence, 0.5 to 32 years) without cardiac or specific pulmonary disease. All were members of Alcoholics Anonymous. Fourteen subjects (32 percent) were non-smokers, ex-smokers, and cigar or pipe smokers, yet 28 subjects (64 percent) had abnormal expiratory flow rates, and 17 (39 percent) had an elevated value for the ratio of the residual volume to the total lung capacity. Single-breath diffusing capacity was abnormal in seven subjects (16 percent). Of interest was the high incidence (77 percent) of obstructive phenomena among the women. This high incidence of abnormalities among both the men and women could not be attributed to previous pulmonary infection or smoking. Comparison of these patients with chronic alcoholics suggests that the obstructive component in these patients is, in part, a result of their past alcoholic intake and that it is not reversed by abstinence. On the other hand, the impairment in diffusion, which was so common in alcoholics, appears to be reversible with sobriety.", "contents": "Pulmonary function in former alcoholics. Pulmonary function was evaluated in 44 former alcoholics (abstinence, 0.5 to 32 years) without cardiac or specific pulmonary disease. All were members of Alcoholics Anonymous. Fourteen subjects (32 percent) were non-smokers, ex-smokers, and cigar or pipe smokers, yet 28 subjects (64 percent) had abnormal expiratory flow rates, and 17 (39 percent) had an elevated value for the ratio of the residual volume to the total lung capacity. Single-breath diffusing capacity was abnormal in seven subjects (16 percent). Of interest was the high incidence (77 percent) of obstructive phenomena among the women. This high incidence of abnormalities among both the men and women could not be attributed to previous pulmonary infection or smoking. Comparison of these patients with chronic alcoholics suggests that the obstructive component in these patients is, in part, a result of their past alcoholic intake and that it is not reversed by abstinence. On the other hand, the impairment in diffusion, which was so common in alcoholics, appears to be reversible with sobriety."}
{"id": "PMID:872655", "title": "Monitoring of pulmonary fluid volume and stroke volume by impedance cardiography in patients on hemodialysis.", "content": "Changes of intrathoracic fludi volume during maintenance therapy with hemodialysis were studied in ten patients with the aid of impedance cardiography. It was found that there was a statistically significant correlation between the decrease in body weight and the increase in basic thoracic impedance in the individual patients, but the values differed considerably from one patient to another. Therefore, comparison of sequential measurements is feasible only in one and the same patient. Out of 16 patients with overhydration undergoing dialysis, the stroke volume could not be determined by impedance cardiographic studies in eight, owing to the abnormal morphology of the dZ/dt curve. Moreover, because the basic thoracic impedance was not constant during treatment, the calculated changes in stroke volume did not appear to be reliable. This has to be taken into account when repeated measurements are made under clinical conditions. In some of the patients, the dZ/dt curve displayed interesting anomalies, probably resulting from hemodynamic alterations. The diagnostic meaning of these features is not yet known.", "contents": "Monitoring of pulmonary fluid volume and stroke volume by impedance cardiography in patients on hemodialysis. Changes of intrathoracic fludi volume during maintenance therapy with hemodialysis were studied in ten patients with the aid of impedance cardiography. It was found that there was a statistically significant correlation between the decrease in body weight and the increase in basic thoracic impedance in the individual patients, but the values differed considerably from one patient to another. Therefore, comparison of sequential measurements is feasible only in one and the same patient. Out of 16 patients with overhydration undergoing dialysis, the stroke volume could not be determined by impedance cardiographic studies in eight, owing to the abnormal morphology of the dZ/dt curve. Moreover, because the basic thoracic impedance was not constant during treatment, the calculated changes in stroke volume did not appear to be reliable. This has to be taken into account when repeated measurements are made under clinical conditions. In some of the patients, the dZ/dt curve displayed interesting anomalies, probably resulting from hemodynamic alterations. The diagnostic meaning of these features is not yet known."}
{"id": "PMID:872656", "title": "Major airway injury in closed chest trauma.", "content": "Major fracture of the intrathoracic airway following closed chest trauma is a potentially lethal injury which can be repaired successfully if the diagnosis is made early, Cough, dyspnea cyanosis, hemoptysis, mediastinal emphysema, or pneumothorax not responding to drainage via intercostal tube and a deterioration of the patient's clinical condition out of proportion to the apparent closed chest injury, should alert the clinician to the possiblity of this entity. This report describes the findings in a patient with a longitudinal disruption of the entire intrathoracic trachea and the findings in a second patient with complete transection of the right main bronchus. Each was repaired primarily, with eventual recovery, The principles of management of this difficult group of injuries are reviewed.", "contents": "Major airway injury in closed chest trauma. Major fracture of the intrathoracic airway following closed chest trauma is a potentially lethal injury which can be repaired successfully if the diagnosis is made early, Cough, dyspnea cyanosis, hemoptysis, mediastinal emphysema, or pneumothorax not responding to drainage via intercostal tube and a deterioration of the patient's clinical condition out of proportion to the apparent closed chest injury, should alert the clinician to the possiblity of this entity. This report describes the findings in a patient with a longitudinal disruption of the entire intrathoracic trachea and the findings in a second patient with complete transection of the right main bronchus. Each was repaired primarily, with eventual recovery, The principles of management of this difficult group of injuries are reviewed."}
{"id": "PMID:872657", "title": "Aberrant left pulmonary artery. Clinical and embryologic factors.", "content": "The case of an infant with a pulmonary arterial sling (or aberrant left pulmonary artery) is presented. Associated congenital anomalies found in the original patient and in each of four other patients with this lesion, identified from postmortem files, are noted. The importance of associated anomalies of the respiratory tract is emphasized, since if present, they may affect the outcome after sucessful surgical correction of the vascular lesion. Previous theories of the embryologic origin of the anomalous artery are discussed, and a new theory is presented.", "contents": "Aberrant left pulmonary artery. Clinical and embryologic factors. The case of an infant with a pulmonary arterial sling (or aberrant left pulmonary artery) is presented. Associated congenital anomalies found in the original patient and in each of four other patients with this lesion, identified from postmortem files, are noted. The importance of associated anomalies of the respiratory tract is emphasized, since if present, they may affect the outcome after sucessful surgical correction of the vascular lesion. Previous theories of the embryologic origin of the anomalous artery are discussed, and a new theory is presented."}
{"id": "PMID:872658", "title": "Coronary circulatory effects of increased intrathoracic pressure in intact dogs.", "content": "The effect of increased intrathoracic pressure on coronary hemodynamics and coronary venous oxygen tension was evaluated in surgically instrumented dogs. Following abrupt increase in intrathoracic pressure, as systolic pressure decrease, the tension time index (TTI) fell 83 percent (P less than 0.001) compared to control. The diastolic pressure time index (DPTI) decline proportionately less, effecting an increase in the ratio of DPTI/TTI from 1.19 +/- 0.08 to 1.78 +/- 0.16 (P LESS THAN 0.05). The mean circumflex coronary blood flow declined only minimally toward the end of the test (5.1 +/- 9.0 ml/min; P less than 0.05), and stroke systolic circumflex coronary blood flow increased 116 percent (P less than 0.01) as late diastolic coronary resistance decreased 31 percent (P less than 0.01). The mean coronary venous oxygen pressure increased transiently above control values from 21 +/- 1 to 24 +/- 2 mm Hg (P less than 0.05). These data suggest that in anesthetized dogs, brief periods of high intrathoracic pressure abruptly reduce determinants of myocardial demand for oxygen, while myocardial perfusion decreases to a lesser degree.", "contents": "Coronary circulatory effects of increased intrathoracic pressure in intact dogs. The effect of increased intrathoracic pressure on coronary hemodynamics and coronary venous oxygen tension was evaluated in surgically instrumented dogs. Following abrupt increase in intrathoracic pressure, as systolic pressure decrease, the tension time index (TTI) fell 83 percent (P less than 0.001) compared to control. The diastolic pressure time index (DPTI) decline proportionately less, effecting an increase in the ratio of DPTI/TTI from 1.19 +/- 0.08 to 1.78 +/- 0.16 (P LESS THAN 0.05). The mean circumflex coronary blood flow declined only minimally toward the end of the test (5.1 +/- 9.0 ml/min; P less than 0.05), and stroke systolic circumflex coronary blood flow increased 116 percent (P less than 0.01) as late diastolic coronary resistance decreased 31 percent (P less than 0.01). The mean coronary venous oxygen pressure increased transiently above control values from 21 +/- 1 to 24 +/- 2 mm Hg (P less than 0.05). These data suggest that in anesthetized dogs, brief periods of high intrathoracic pressure abruptly reduce determinants of myocardial demand for oxygen, while myocardial perfusion decreases to a lesser degree."}
{"id": "PMID:872660", "title": "The First Second Timed vital capacity and the course of obstructive lung diseases.", "content": "Previous work has shown that with increasing airway obstruction in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, the decrement in the maximum midexpiratory flow (MMEF) is exponential. Therefore, with severe obstructive disease the decrease in the MMEF as the disease progresses is difficult to discern. This work points out that the fall in first second timed vital capacity (FEV1/FVC x 100) is linear through the course of the disease and, therefore, the decrement, in absolute terms, continues unaltered regardless of how severe the obstruction becomes. It is suggested that the FEV1/FVC x 100 might be more useful in monitoring the course of severe disease than the MMEF. However, it is stressed that both measurements are useful for large groups, but may not be useful in individual cases.", "contents": "The First Second Timed vital capacity and the course of obstructive lung diseases. Previous work has shown that with increasing airway obstruction in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, the decrement in the maximum midexpiratory flow (MMEF) is exponential. Therefore, with severe obstructive disease the decrease in the MMEF as the disease progresses is difficult to discern. This work points out that the fall in first second timed vital capacity (FEV1/FVC x 100) is linear through the course of the disease and, therefore, the decrement, in absolute terms, continues unaltered regardless of how severe the obstruction becomes. It is suggested that the FEV1/FVC x 100 might be more useful in monitoring the course of severe disease than the MMEF. However, it is stressed that both measurements are useful for large groups, but may not be useful in individual cases."}
{"id": "PMID:872662", "title": "Pulmonary mucormycosis: another cure.", "content": "Pulmonary mucormycosis in an ill patient with poorly controlled chronic lymphocytic leukemia was diagnosed with open lung biopsy without excision. He improved on medical management and became ambulatory. At autopsy one year later, no residual mucormycosis was present. Better control of leukemia and more specific antimicrobial therapy are discussed as potentially important factors in patient management.", "contents": "Pulmonary mucormycosis: another cure. Pulmonary mucormycosis in an ill patient with poorly controlled chronic lymphocytic leukemia was diagnosed with open lung biopsy without excision. He improved on medical management and became ambulatory. At autopsy one year later, no residual mucormycosis was present. Better control of leukemia and more specific antimicrobial therapy are discussed as potentially important factors in patient management."}
{"id": "PMID:872663", "title": "Cardiac tamponade with nonhemorrhagic pericardial fluid complicating Dressler's syndrome.", "content": "A 39-year-old man developed cardiac tamponade with Dressler's syndrome four weeks after an inferior myocardial infarction. Treatment of the tamponade by pericardiocentesis on two occasions produced serous fluid. The pericardial effusion cleared with short-term therapy with corticosteroids and the prolonged use of indomethacin.", "contents": "Cardiac tamponade with nonhemorrhagic pericardial fluid complicating Dressler's syndrome. A 39-year-old man developed cardiac tamponade with Dressler's syndrome four weeks after an inferior myocardial infarction. Treatment of the tamponade by pericardiocentesis on two occasions produced serous fluid. The pericardial effusion cleared with short-term therapy with corticosteroids and the prolonged use of indomethacin."}
{"id": "PMID:872664", "title": "Acute supine respiratory failure due to bilateral diaphragmatic paralysis.", "content": "This report documents the first known case of bilateral diaphragmatic paralysis following blunt trauma to the chest. The important role of diaphragmatic function in maintaining ventilation, particularly with the patient in the supine position, is illustrated by the reduced total lung capacity, functional residual capacity, and vital capacity. Severe hypoxemia with the patient in the supine position, was markedly improved by elevation of the patient to 30 degree and was further improved by sitting the patient upright. Following an initial period of acute respiratory failure, the patient was managed acceptably by maintaining an elevated position for sleeping until diaphragmatic function returned, about nine months after the injury.", "contents": "Acute supine respiratory failure due to bilateral diaphragmatic paralysis. This report documents the first known case of bilateral diaphragmatic paralysis following blunt trauma to the chest. The important role of diaphragmatic function in maintaining ventilation, particularly with the patient in the supine position, is illustrated by the reduced total lung capacity, functional residual capacity, and vital capacity. Severe hypoxemia with the patient in the supine position, was markedly improved by elevation of the patient to 30 degree and was further improved by sitting the patient upright. Following an initial period of acute respiratory failure, the patient was managed acceptably by maintaining an elevated position for sleeping until diaphragmatic function returned, about nine months after the injury."}
{"id": "PMID:872665", "title": "Removal of a fragment of catheter entrapped in a Bjork-Shiley aortic valvular prosthesis. Transarterial approach using a modified loop-snare technique.", "content": "Fracture of a left atrial catheter made of polyethylene and its subsequent embolization and entrapment in a Bjork-Shiley aortic valvular prosthesis is reported in a 62-year-old woman. The entrapped fragment of the catheter was retrieved by a transarterial approach using a homemade modified snare-loop device. Measures to prevent such a complication should be directed towards avoidance of force when removing such catheters. In addition, their length should be determined prior to insertion and again after removal, in order to detect their possible fracture and loss at once.", "contents": "Removal of a fragment of catheter entrapped in a Bjork-Shiley aortic valvular prosthesis. Transarterial approach using a modified loop-snare technique. Fracture of a left atrial catheter made of polyethylene and its subsequent embolization and entrapment in a Bjork-Shiley aortic valvular prosthesis is reported in a 62-year-old woman. The entrapped fragment of the catheter was retrieved by a transarterial approach using a homemade modified snare-loop device. Measures to prevent such a complication should be directed towards avoidance of force when removing such catheters. In addition, their length should be determined prior to insertion and again after removal, in order to detect their possible fracture and loss at once."}
{"id": "PMID:872666", "title": "Juvenile delinquency, adult criminality, and adult psychiatric treatment: an epidemiological study.", "content": "This report explores some associations among juvenile-delinquency, subsequent criminality, and subsequent psychiatric treatment. A sample of 255 males known to the juvenile court 25 years prior to the study is examined in terms of subsequent documented psychiatric treatment and/or criminal activity. Of the 255 former delinquents, 6% were known later to both criminal justice and psychiatric systems, 6% to psychiatric systems only, 28% to the criminal justice system only, and 60% to neither. Delinquents with later psychiatric histories were twice as likely to be known to the criminal justice system than were those without psychiatric histories. Those with adult psychiatric histories were also significantly younger at the time of their first delinquent offense and committed more juvenile offenses than the nonpsychiatric group. Only 2 of the 16 individuals later known to both systems were diagnosed sociopathic. The findings are discussed.", "contents": "Juvenile delinquency, adult criminality, and adult psychiatric treatment: an epidemiological study. This report explores some associations among juvenile-delinquency, subsequent criminality, and subsequent psychiatric treatment. A sample of 255 males known to the juvenile court 25 years prior to the study is examined in terms of subsequent documented psychiatric treatment and/or criminal activity. Of the 255 former delinquents, 6% were known later to both criminal justice and psychiatric systems, 6% to psychiatric systems only, 28% to the criminal justice system only, and 60% to neither. Delinquents with later psychiatric histories were twice as likely to be known to the criminal justice system than were those without psychiatric histories. Those with adult psychiatric histories were also significantly younger at the time of their first delinquent offense and committed more juvenile offenses than the nonpsychiatric group. Only 2 of the 16 individuals later known to both systems were diagnosed sociopathic. The findings are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:872667", "title": "Hyperactivity among white middle-class children. Psychogenic and other causes.", "content": "This paper investigates the problem of hyperactivity in school children and draws on the literature in the field, data collected from comprehensive examinations of 37 hyperactive children, and extensive field interviews with Chicago-area school nurses, social workers, psychologists, teachers, and principals. The research indicates that although constitutional factors are at times responsible for this problem, hyperactivity is due to psychogenic factors much more frequently than is often recognized. It also was found that school teachers seem overly inclined to identify hyperactivity in their students and to recomment that it be counteracted with prescribed drugs. The suggestion is offered that any child thought to be hyperactive undergo a comprehensive examination before such drugs as Ritalin and Dexedrine are prescribed.", "contents": "Hyperactivity among white middle-class children. Psychogenic and other causes. This paper investigates the problem of hyperactivity in school children and draws on the literature in the field, data collected from comprehensive examinations of 37 hyperactive children, and extensive field interviews with Chicago-area school nurses, social workers, psychologists, teachers, and principals. The research indicates that although constitutional factors are at times responsible for this problem, hyperactivity is due to psychogenic factors much more frequently than is often recognized. It also was found that school teachers seem overly inclined to identify hyperactivity in their students and to recomment that it be counteracted with prescribed drugs. The suggestion is offered that any child thought to be hyperactive undergo a comprehensive examination before such drugs as Ritalin and Dexedrine are prescribed."}
{"id": "PMID:872668", "title": "The management aspect of psychotherapy with aggressive children.", "content": "Psychotherapy with an aggressive child may require the imposition of rather firm limitations over aspects of the patient's aggressive behavior. The nature of this management strategy is determined by the individual child's psychopathology. The management aspects of the psychotherapy with two aggressive boys are illustrated in detail. In one case, stringent limitations were imposed when it was discovered that the boy's behavior was regressive and represented an effort to sadistically control people in his environment. In the other case, the behavior was initially left almost unchallenged; this boy's aggressive and delinquent behavior reflected an effort to achieve a sense of order in an inconsistent external and potentially chaotic internal environment.", "contents": "The management aspect of psychotherapy with aggressive children. Psychotherapy with an aggressive child may require the imposition of rather firm limitations over aspects of the patient's aggressive behavior. The nature of this management strategy is determined by the individual child's psychopathology. The management aspects of the psychotherapy with two aggressive boys are illustrated in detail. In one case, stringent limitations were imposed when it was discovered that the boy's behavior was regressive and represented an effort to sadistically control people in his environment. In the other case, the behavior was initially left almost unchallenged; this boy's aggressive and delinquent behavior reflected an effort to achieve a sense of order in an inconsistent external and potentially chaotic internal environment."}
{"id": "PMID:872669", "title": "Innovative programming in school mental health. Search for a methodology.", "content": "Entering a system it often regarded as the most difficult aspect of consultation, especially when entry is initiated by the consultant. Issues involved in seeking entry into a school system are considered from the perspective of a university-based consultant interested in developing, delivering, and evaluating innovative approaches to school mental health problems. Experience with a number of school systems leads to several conclusions about the entry process. Foremost is the existence of a difficult, time-consuming period of negotiations involving various school personnel; because of their varying perspectives and different interests, problems emerge and must be resolved successfully in the course of negotiations if a consultation project is to develop. Often this is not possible, and it is therefore suggested that the consultant seeking a school setting approach several systems concurrently.", "contents": "Innovative programming in school mental health. Search for a methodology. Entering a system it often regarded as the most difficult aspect of consultation, especially when entry is initiated by the consultant. Issues involved in seeking entry into a school system are considered from the perspective of a university-based consultant interested in developing, delivering, and evaluating innovative approaches to school mental health problems. Experience with a number of school systems leads to several conclusions about the entry process. Foremost is the existence of a difficult, time-consuming period of negotiations involving various school personnel; because of their varying perspectives and different interests, problems emerge and must be resolved successfully in the course of negotiations if a consultation project is to develop. Often this is not possible, and it is therefore suggested that the consultant seeking a school setting approach several systems concurrently."}
{"id": "PMID:872701", "title": "The organization of DNA sequences in the mouse genome.", "content": "Analysis of the organization of nucleotide sequences in mouse genome is carried out on total DNA at different fragment size, reannealed to intermediate value of Cot, by Ag+--Cs2SO4 density gradient centrifugation.--According to nuclease S-1 resistance and kinetic renaturation curves mouse genome appears to be made up of non-repetitive DNA (76% of total DNA), middle repetitive DNA (average repetition frequency 2X10(4) copies, 15% of total DNA), highly repetitive DNA (8% of total DNA) and fold-back DNA (renatured density 1.701 g/ml, 1% of total DNA).--Non-repetitive sequences are intercalated with short middle repetitive sequences. One third of non-repetitive sequences is longer than 4500 nucleotides, another third is long between 1800 and 4500 nucleotides, and the remainder is shorter than 1800 nucleotides.--Middle repetitive sequences are transcribed in vivo. The majority of the transcribed repeated sequences appears to be not linked to the bulk of non-repeated sequences at a DNA size of 1800 nucleotides.--The organization of mouse genome analyzed by Ag+--Cs2SO4 density gradient of reannealed DNA appears to be substantially different than that previously observed in human genome using the same technique.", "contents": "The organization of DNA sequences in the mouse genome. Analysis of the organization of nucleotide sequences in mouse genome is carried out on total DNA at different fragment size, reannealed to intermediate value of Cot, by Ag+--Cs2SO4 density gradient centrifugation.--According to nuclease S-1 resistance and kinetic renaturation curves mouse genome appears to be made up of non-repetitive DNA (76% of total DNA), middle repetitive DNA (average repetition frequency 2X10(4) copies, 15% of total DNA), highly repetitive DNA (8% of total DNA) and fold-back DNA (renatured density 1.701 g/ml, 1% of total DNA).--Non-repetitive sequences are intercalated with short middle repetitive sequences. One third of non-repetitive sequences is longer than 4500 nucleotides, another third is long between 1800 and 4500 nucleotides, and the remainder is shorter than 1800 nucleotides.--Middle repetitive sequences are transcribed in vivo. The majority of the transcribed repeated sequences appears to be not linked to the bulk of non-repeated sequences at a DNA size of 1800 nucleotides.--The organization of mouse genome analyzed by Ag+--Cs2SO4 density gradient of reannealed DNA appears to be substantially different than that previously observed in human genome using the same technique."}
{"id": "PMID:872703", "title": "Polymorphism of the X-chromosome, Y-chromosome and autosomes in the Australian hopping mice, Notomys alexis, N. cervinus and N. fuscus (rodentia, muridae).", "content": "All three species of Notomys so far studied possess a diploid number of 48. Many elements in the karyotype of N. alexis are polymorphic due to variation in heterochromatin, but the variation is most marked in autosomal pair 1, which occurs in at least four forms, the X-chromosome, which occurs in three forms, and the Y-chromosome which occurs in many forms. N. cervinus is unique in the genus in possessing an entirely biarmed karyotype due mainly to the addition of heterochromatic short arms. The X-chromosome of N. cervinus occurs in three forms and the Y-chromosome in two forms. The karyotype of N. fuscus is mainly telocentric although two autosomal pairs are polymorphic due to pericentric inversions. The X- and Y-chromosomes both occur in two forms in N. fuscus. Chromosome measurements and C-banding show that most of the variation in the size and morphology of the sex-pair both within and between species is due to variation in constitutive heterochromatin.", "contents": "Polymorphism of the X-chromosome, Y-chromosome and autosomes in the Australian hopping mice, Notomys alexis, N. cervinus and N. fuscus (rodentia, muridae). All three species of Notomys so far studied possess a diploid number of 48. Many elements in the karyotype of N. alexis are polymorphic due to variation in heterochromatin, but the variation is most marked in autosomal pair 1, which occurs in at least four forms, the X-chromosome, which occurs in three forms, and the Y-chromosome which occurs in many forms. N. cervinus is unique in the genus in possessing an entirely biarmed karyotype due mainly to the addition of heterochromatic short arms. The X-chromosome of N. cervinus occurs in three forms and the Y-chromosome in two forms. The karyotype of N. fuscus is mainly telocentric although two autosomal pairs are polymorphic due to pericentric inversions. The X- and Y-chromosomes both occur in two forms in N. fuscus. Chromosome measurements and C-banding show that most of the variation in the size and morphology of the sex-pair both within and between species is due to variation in constitutive heterochromatin."}
{"id": "PMID:872704", "title": "The insensitivity of Vinca rosea to vinblastine.", "content": "Root tip mitosis in both Vinca rosea and the chosen control Lepidium sativum is susceptible to the effects of colchicine at and above 5X10(-4)M.--Root tip mitosis in L. sativum is susceptible to the effects of vinblastine at concentrations equal to and greater than 10(-4)M, while root tip mitosis in V. rosea, the plant which is the source of vinblastine, is unaffected by exogenously-applied VBL at concentrations up to and including 10(-2)M.--The possible mechanisms by which the resistance of V. rosea to vinblastine might be conferred are discussed.", "contents": "The insensitivity of Vinca rosea to vinblastine. Root tip mitosis in both Vinca rosea and the chosen control Lepidium sativum is susceptible to the effects of colchicine at and above 5X10(-4)M.--Root tip mitosis in L. sativum is susceptible to the effects of vinblastine at concentrations equal to and greater than 10(-4)M, while root tip mitosis in V. rosea, the plant which is the source of vinblastine, is unaffected by exogenously-applied VBL at concentrations up to and including 10(-2)M.--The possible mechanisms by which the resistance of V. rosea to vinblastine might be conferred are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:872705", "title": "The dilemma of Crohn's disease: long-term follow-up of Crohn's disease of the small intestine.", "content": "Seventy-four patients having primary Crohn's disease of the small intestine have had follow-up studies for at least 10 years after initial resection, and the results of treatment are presented. The commonest indication for operative treatment was obstruction, followed by fistula formation, intractability, abscess formation, and free perforation. Disease recurred in 69 per cent of patients in this series, and 55 per cent of this group required fruther operative treatment. It is necessary to have a lengthy follow-up period if we are to appreciate fully the serious nature of the recurrence problems of Crohn's disease of the small intestine.", "contents": "The dilemma of Crohn's disease: long-term follow-up of Crohn's disease of the small intestine. Seventy-four patients having primary Crohn's disease of the small intestine have had follow-up studies for at least 10 years after initial resection, and the results of treatment are presented. The commonest indication for operative treatment was obstruction, followed by fistula formation, intractability, abscess formation, and free perforation. Disease recurred in 69 per cent of patients in this series, and 55 per cent of this group required fruther operative treatment. It is necessary to have a lengthy follow-up period if we are to appreciate fully the serious nature of the recurrence problems of Crohn's disease of the small intestine."}
{"id": "PMID:872717", "title": "Lithium and aggressive behavior in patients with early total deafness.", "content": "Patients with early total deafness frequently present with impulsive, aggressive behavior. Nine such inpatients were treated with Lithium. Two acting out adolescents showed a response to medication and a third personality disorder was dropped for side reactions. Of six schizophrenics, five responded in terms of aggressive behavior, while requiring continued medication with phenothiazines at notably lowered doses for their schizophrenic pathology.", "contents": "Lithium and aggressive behavior in patients with early total deafness. Patients with early total deafness frequently present with impulsive, aggressive behavior. Nine such inpatients were treated with Lithium. Two acting out adolescents showed a response to medication and a third personality disorder was dropped for side reactions. Of six schizophrenics, five responded in terms of aggressive behavior, while requiring continued medication with phenothiazines at notably lowered doses for their schizophrenic pathology."}
{"id": "PMID:872711", "title": "Small-intestinal involvement in familial polyposis diagnosed by operative intestinal fiberscopy: report of four cases.", "content": "Operative intestinal fiberscopy, in which the duodenal fiberscope was introduced during laparotomy for colectomy in familial polyposis via the enterotomy opening, permitted the demonstration of small intestinal polyps in six of seven consecutive cases. Four of the six patients had adenomatous polyps in the proximal jejunum, including one patient with the concomitant presence of ileal adenomas. Polyposis due to lymphoid hyperplasia in the terminal ileum was found in three patients. Preoperative upper gastrointestinal surveys revealed adenomas in the duodenums of all seven patients, adenomas in the gastric antrum in three, and multiple hamartomas in the gastric corpus in two. Thus, in familial polyposis or Gardner's syndrome, more or less the entire gastrointestinal tract seems to be involved and the term \"gastrointestinal polyposis\" seems to describe these conditions.", "contents": "Small-intestinal involvement in familial polyposis diagnosed by operative intestinal fiberscopy: report of four cases. Operative intestinal fiberscopy, in which the duodenal fiberscope was introduced during laparotomy for colectomy in familial polyposis via the enterotomy opening, permitted the demonstration of small intestinal polyps in six of seven consecutive cases. Four of the six patients had adenomatous polyps in the proximal jejunum, including one patient with the concomitant presence of ileal adenomas. Polyposis due to lymphoid hyperplasia in the terminal ileum was found in three patients. Preoperative upper gastrointestinal surveys revealed adenomas in the duodenums of all seven patients, adenomas in the gastric antrum in three, and multiple hamartomas in the gastric corpus in two. Thus, in familial polyposis or Gardner's syndrome, more or less the entire gastrointestinal tract seems to be involved and the term \"gastrointestinal polyposis\" seems to describe these conditions."}
{"id": "PMID:872719", "title": "Occupation characteristics in affective disorders.", "content": "One hundred and fifty-four consecutively evaluated new and return psychiatric outpatients were examined by the same interviewer using a detailed, precoded questionnaire based on the diagnostic criteria for psychiatric research proposed by Feighner et al. Affective disorders were present for 75% of the patients and were associated with a history of past employment at a declared occupation, inactive occupation status, and recent occupation status change. Sixty patients with diagnoses of primary affective disorders and 56 patients with diagnoses of secondary affective disorders were identified and studied. The primary affective disorder was associated with higher level and longer held occupations with fewer changes of occupation activity status than was the secondary affective disorder. Forty-one patients with diagnoses of unipolar primary affective disorders and 19 patients with diagnoses of bipolar primary affective disorders were examined. The unipolar illness was associated with a shorter duration of occupation type and less permanent unemployment than was the bipolar illness.", "contents": "Occupation characteristics in affective disorders. One hundred and fifty-four consecutively evaluated new and return psychiatric outpatients were examined by the same interviewer using a detailed, precoded questionnaire based on the diagnostic criteria for psychiatric research proposed by Feighner et al. Affective disorders were present for 75% of the patients and were associated with a history of past employment at a declared occupation, inactive occupation status, and recent occupation status change. Sixty patients with diagnoses of primary affective disorders and 56 patients with diagnoses of secondary affective disorders were identified and studied. The primary affective disorder was associated with higher level and longer held occupations with fewer changes of occupation activity status than was the secondary affective disorder. Forty-one patients with diagnoses of unipolar primary affective disorders and 19 patients with diagnoses of bipolar primary affective disorders were examined. The unipolar illness was associated with a shorter duration of occupation type and less permanent unemployment than was the bipolar illness."}
{"id": "PMID:872712", "title": "Blue rubber bleb nevus syndrome: report of a case.", "content": "A 21-year-old man had blue rubber bleb nevus syndrome: 1) hemangiomas of the skin all over the body; 2) hemangiomas of the digestive system; 3) iron-deficiency anemia. A giant mass of hemangiomas in the tranverse colon was resected surgically.", "contents": "Blue rubber bleb nevus syndrome: report of a case. A 21-year-old man had blue rubber bleb nevus syndrome: 1) hemangiomas of the skin all over the body; 2) hemangiomas of the digestive system; 3) iron-deficiency anemia. A giant mass of hemangiomas in the tranverse colon was resected surgically."}
{"id": "PMID:872707", "title": "The dilemma of Crohn's disease: ileosigmoidal fistula complicating Crohn's disease.", "content": "Between 1965 and 1975, 27 patients underwent surgical treatment for ileosigmoidal fistulas complicating Crohn's disease at the Cleveland Clinic. There was no death and no anastomotic leak. The preferred procedure is resection of the ileocecal area involved by Crohn's disease with ileocolic anastomosis and a separate segmental resection of the sigmoid colon with colocolic anastomosis. A covering temporary loop ileostomy is used when there is associated pelvic sepsis or small-bowel obstruction.", "contents": "The dilemma of Crohn's disease: ileosigmoidal fistula complicating Crohn's disease. Between 1965 and 1975, 27 patients underwent surgical treatment for ileosigmoidal fistulas complicating Crohn's disease at the Cleveland Clinic. There was no death and no anastomotic leak. The preferred procedure is resection of the ileocecal area involved by Crohn's disease with ileocolic anastomosis and a separate segmental resection of the sigmoid colon with colocolic anastomosis. A covering temporary loop ileostomy is used when there is associated pelvic sepsis or small-bowel obstruction."}
{"id": "PMID:872708", "title": "The dilemma of Crohn's disease: ileoduodenal fistula complicating Crohn's disease.", "content": "Nine cases of duodenal fistula complicating Crohn's disease are reported. All nine patients were male. Four patients had Crohn's disease of the ileum and five had ileocolitis. No patient had primary duodenal Crohn's disease. Because attempt at primary closure of the duodenal defect may fail, our treatment of choice has been formal cross cut two-layered duodenojejunal anastomostis with extensive drainage of the area postoperatively. This treatment has been associated with no mortality and little morbidity, and no late recurrence of duodenal fistula.", "contents": "The dilemma of Crohn's disease: ileoduodenal fistula complicating Crohn's disease. Nine cases of duodenal fistula complicating Crohn's disease are reported. All nine patients were male. Four patients had Crohn's disease of the ileum and five had ileocolitis. No patient had primary duodenal Crohn's disease. Because attempt at primary closure of the duodenal defect may fail, our treatment of choice has been formal cross cut two-layered duodenojejunal anastomostis with extensive drainage of the area postoperatively. This treatment has been associated with no mortality and little morbidity, and no late recurrence of duodenal fistula."}
{"id": "PMID:872714", "title": "Transsacral removal of rectal leiomyomas from the same patient on two occasions: report of a case.", "content": "An unusually large rectal leiomyoma was excised by the transsacral approach. It recurred six years later and was removed once again in similar fashion. Reoperation was found to be not difficult, though added care is necessary to identify the sphincters, which have a paler appearance. Nerve damage can be kept to a minimum if the same incision is employed. Despite the palliative nature of the operation, the patient was spared total rectal excision and colostomy.", "contents": "Transsacral removal of rectal leiomyomas from the same patient on two occasions: report of a case. An unusually large rectal leiomyoma was excised by the transsacral approach. It recurred six years later and was removed once again in similar fashion. Reoperation was found to be not difficult, though added care is necessary to identify the sphincters, which have a paler appearance. Nerve damage can be kept to a minimum if the same incision is employed. Despite the palliative nature of the operation, the patient was spared total rectal excision and colostomy."}
{"id": "PMID:872710", "title": "Smooth-muscle rectal tumors: a therapeutic dilemma.", "content": "Five cases of smooth-muscle rectal tumors seen in the Lexington, Kentucky, area over a 25-year period are reported. These unusual tumors cause symptoms similar to those of more common anorectal diseases, namely, painful defecation and rectal bleeding. Often these tumors are initially asymptomatic due to their submucosal origin. Clinical diagnosis depends on awareness of these lesions, digital rectal examination, endoscopic examination, and tissue biopsy. Microscopic diagnosis and differentiation of malignant from benign features require a pathologist with special interest and expertise with these lesions. Smooth-muscle rectal tumors should be considered more dangerous than those in other locations in the gastrointestinal tract, as half are malignant and only a fifth of patients who have sarcomas survive five years. Treatment of malignant rectal myomas should be very aggressive from the outset, with abdominoperineal resection being advocated by most investigators due to almost uniform local recurrence with lesser procedures. When the lesion recurs, it is likely to be more virulent histologically and clinically than the initial lesion. Benign myomas are cured by local excision alone.", "contents": "Smooth-muscle rectal tumors: a therapeutic dilemma. Five cases of smooth-muscle rectal tumors seen in the Lexington, Kentucky, area over a 25-year period are reported. These unusual tumors cause symptoms similar to those of more common anorectal diseases, namely, painful defecation and rectal bleeding. Often these tumors are initially asymptomatic due to their submucosal origin. Clinical diagnosis depends on awareness of these lesions, digital rectal examination, endoscopic examination, and tissue biopsy. Microscopic diagnosis and differentiation of malignant from benign features require a pathologist with special interest and expertise with these lesions. Smooth-muscle rectal tumors should be considered more dangerous than those in other locations in the gastrointestinal tract, as half are malignant and only a fifth of patients who have sarcomas survive five years. Treatment of malignant rectal myomas should be very aggressive from the outset, with abdominoperineal resection being advocated by most investigators due to almost uniform local recurrence with lesser procedures. When the lesion recurs, it is likely to be more virulent histologically and clinically than the initial lesion. Benign myomas are cured by local excision alone."}
{"id": "PMID:872737", "title": "[C-peptide: secretion and metabolism in different functional states and with abnormal B-cell function (author's transl)].", "content": "Fasting C-peptide levels and those after tolbutamide or glucose stimulation were measured in normal subjects. In patients with various hypo- or hyper-functions of the endocrine pancreas, C-peptide levels were compared with the corresponding insulin levels. In insulin-dependent maturity-onset diabetics there were both normal and elevated serum C-peptide levels. In juvenile diabetics and patients with total duodenopancreatectomy there was no measureable C-peptide. It is concluded that the half-life of C-peptide is three times that of insulin.", "contents": "[C-peptide: secretion and metabolism in different functional states and with abnormal B-cell function (author's transl)]. Fasting C-peptide levels and those after tolbutamide or glucose stimulation were measured in normal subjects. In patients with various hypo- or hyper-functions of the endocrine pancreas, C-peptide levels were compared with the corresponding insulin levels. In insulin-dependent maturity-onset diabetics there were both normal and elevated serum C-peptide levels. In juvenile diabetics and patients with total duodenopancreatectomy there was no measureable C-peptide. It is concluded that the half-life of C-peptide is three times that of insulin."}
{"id": "PMID:872738", "title": "[Surgical treatment of ischaemic cerebro-vascular accidents (author's transl)].", "content": "23 patients were operated on between 3 and 24 hours (group 1) and between 2 and 14 days (group 2) after a stroke with a diagnosis of carotid obstruction. A retrospective study for patients of stage IIIa and IIIb showed that clinical and functional results of both groups correspond. The mortality of group 1 was slightly less than that of group 2. Group 1 showed the largest number of successful vascular reconstructions. Thus an early operation of stage IIIa and possibly IIIb seems indicated. In view of the high mortality (5 out of 6 patients) surgery cannot be recommended in stage IV.", "contents": "[Surgical treatment of ischaemic cerebro-vascular accidents (author's transl)]. 23 patients were operated on between 3 and 24 hours (group 1) and between 2 and 14 days (group 2) after a stroke with a diagnosis of carotid obstruction. A retrospective study for patients of stage IIIa and IIIb showed that clinical and functional results of both groups correspond. The mortality of group 1 was slightly less than that of group 2. Group 1 showed the largest number of successful vascular reconstructions. Thus an early operation of stage IIIa and possibly IIIb seems indicated. In view of the high mortality (5 out of 6 patients) surgery cannot be recommended in stage IV."}
{"id": "PMID:872745", "title": "[Two-stage surgical treatment of acute complicated ulcerative colitis: indications, observations and results (author's transl)].", "content": "Among 195 patients with ulcerative colitis 30 had acute complications--toxic megacolon with or without perforations. In 16 primary treatment consisted of proctocolectomy in one stage: all patients died. Since 1971, 14 were treated by primary multiple enterostomies, with only three deaths. Indications for the latter procedure are given if after 48-72 hours of conservative treatment there is no response. Definitive treatment consists, almost without exception, of secondary proctocolectomy during the period of remission. Indications for the two-stage procedure should be extended to all acute cases requiring operation.", "contents": "[Two-stage surgical treatment of acute complicated ulcerative colitis: indications, observations and results (author's transl)]. Among 195 patients with ulcerative colitis 30 had acute complications--toxic megacolon with or without perforations. In 16 primary treatment consisted of proctocolectomy in one stage: all patients died. Since 1971, 14 were treated by primary multiple enterostomies, with only three deaths. Indications for the latter procedure are given if after 48-72 hours of conservative treatment there is no response. Definitive treatment consists, almost without exception, of secondary proctocolectomy during the period of remission. Indications for the two-stage procedure should be extended to all acute cases requiring operation."}
{"id": "PMID:872746", "title": "[Haemodialysis of acute renal poisoning (author's transl)].", "content": "A 16-year-old laboratory technician ingested 30 g of sodium nitrite (NaNO2) in a suicidal attempt. Within a short time severe cyanosis and distressing dyspnoea developed. The conservative therapeutic approach with redox substances showed little success. However, haemodialysis resulted in rapid improvement of all signs. After three hours of dialysis the patient was symptom-free and could be discharged after two days without damage due to the intoxication. Additional experimental investigations showed NaNO2 to be easily dialysable. There is, however, no binding to active charcoal.", "contents": "[Haemodialysis of acute renal poisoning (author's transl)]. A 16-year-old laboratory technician ingested 30 g of sodium nitrite (NaNO2) in a suicidal attempt. Within a short time severe cyanosis and distressing dyspnoea developed. The conservative therapeutic approach with redox substances showed little success. However, haemodialysis resulted in rapid improvement of all signs. After three hours of dialysis the patient was symptom-free and could be discharged after two days without damage due to the intoxication. Additional experimental investigations showed NaNO2 to be easily dialysable. There is, however, no binding to active charcoal."}
{"id": "PMID:872756", "title": "[Tonography of the eye in the diagnosis of myasthenia gravis (author's transl)].", "content": "Tonography of the eye was performed in 15 patients with proven myasthenia gravis and ten control subjects, before and after administration of edrophonium (Tensilon). In nine myasthenics there was definite intra-ocular pressure rise after an average of 20 seconds. In control subjects a comparable pressure rise did not occur. Tonography was superior to results obtained with serial stimulation of the ulnar nerve. The results confirm that tonography of the eye is a valuable and reliable diagnostic test of myasthenia gravis.", "contents": "[Tonography of the eye in the diagnosis of myasthenia gravis (author's transl)]. Tonography of the eye was performed in 15 patients with proven myasthenia gravis and ten control subjects, before and after administration of edrophonium (Tensilon). In nine myasthenics there was definite intra-ocular pressure rise after an average of 20 seconds. In control subjects a comparable pressure rise did not occur. Tonography was superior to results obtained with serial stimulation of the ulnar nerve. The results confirm that tonography of the eye is a valuable and reliable diagnostic test of myasthenia gravis."}
{"id": "PMID:872764", "title": "[Endogenous plasma histamine and \"hepatogenic\" peptic ulcer in liver cirrhosis (author's transl)].", "content": "Because of its anatomical relationship to the gastrointestinal tract, the normal liver is able to act as a controlling \"filter\" against the influx of plasma histamine chiefly by uptake and breakdown. This prevents unwanted effects on the systemic circulation. The ability to eliminate histamine from plasma is decreased in cirrhosis. Plasma histamine levels in peripheral venous blood of ten patients with liver cirrhosis and gastric ulcer, proven radiologically and by endoscopy, indicated a significantly higher concentration (1.3 +/- 0.4 micron/1) than in a control group of 16 patients without such disease (0.7 +/- 0.2 micron/1). In a group of patients with fatty liver (stages I-II) there were normal histamine levels (0.7 +/- 0.3 micron/1).", "contents": "[Endogenous plasma histamine and \"hepatogenic\" peptic ulcer in liver cirrhosis (author's transl)]. Because of its anatomical relationship to the gastrointestinal tract, the normal liver is able to act as a controlling \"filter\" against the influx of plasma histamine chiefly by uptake and breakdown. This prevents unwanted effects on the systemic circulation. The ability to eliminate histamine from plasma is decreased in cirrhosis. Plasma histamine levels in peripheral venous blood of ten patients with liver cirrhosis and gastric ulcer, proven radiologically and by endoscopy, indicated a significantly higher concentration (1.3 +/- 0.4 micron/1) than in a control group of 16 patients without such disease (0.7 +/- 0.2 micron/1). In a group of patients with fatty liver (stages I-II) there were normal histamine levels (0.7 +/- 0.3 micron/1)."}
{"id": "PMID:872816", "title": "[Research in maternal and child health and in human reproduction].", "content": "This article stresses the importance of research in the field of maternal and child health because it can provide knowledge on which to base activities designed to change conditions, as required by the specific needs of the population. The authors review the characteristics of such research in Latin America and put forward a number of suggestions for promoting studies on maternal and child health, including priority areas, methodologies and analytical models, and specific research projects based on an overall approach to the situation concerned. Finally, they emphasize that research must focus on the priority problems of each country in the area of maternal and child health.", "contents": "[Research in maternal and child health and in human reproduction]. This article stresses the importance of research in the field of maternal and child health because it can provide knowledge on which to base activities designed to change conditions, as required by the specific needs of the population. The authors review the characteristics of such research in Latin America and put forward a number of suggestions for promoting studies on maternal and child health, including priority areas, methodologies and analytical models, and specific research projects based on an overall approach to the situation concerned. Finally, they emphasize that research must focus on the priority problems of each country in the area of maternal and child health."}
{"id": "PMID:872820", "title": "Prostaglandin F2alpha and E1 in plasma and amniotic fluid during human pregnancy and labor.", "content": "In order to elucidate the significance of PGs in human labor, PGE1 and F2alpha in biological fluid during human pregnancy and labor were measured by RIA newly developed. Analytical studies demonstrated that the levels of PGF2alpha in maternal plasma were 3.7 +/- 2.5 ng/ml a few days before parturition, 2.0 +/- 0.9 ng/ml in the first stage of labor and 1.9 +/- 1.4 ng/ml at delivery. Thus the concentrations of PGF2alpha in maternal plasma showed no significant changes around parturition. On the otherhand, the level of PGF2alpha in amniotic fluid represented a significant increase up to 44.27 +/- 32.81 ng/ml at delivery from 1.45 +/- 0.76 ng/ml before labor at 38-40 weeks of pregnancy (p less than 0.05), although it was uncertain whether this elevation was the cause or effect of uterine contraction. The concentration of PGE1 ranged from 2 to 14 ng/ml around parturition. This indicates that there was little remarkable difference between the levels of PGE1 in plasma and amniotic fluid during the last month of pregnancy and labor. Possible involvement of prostaglandins (PGs) in human labor has been discussed.", "contents": "Prostaglandin F2alpha and E1 in plasma and amniotic fluid during human pregnancy and labor. In order to elucidate the significance of PGs in human labor, PGE1 and F2alpha in biological fluid during human pregnancy and labor were measured by RIA newly developed. Analytical studies demonstrated that the levels of PGF2alpha in maternal plasma were 3.7 +/- 2.5 ng/ml a few days before parturition, 2.0 +/- 0.9 ng/ml in the first stage of labor and 1.9 +/- 1.4 ng/ml at delivery. Thus the concentrations of PGF2alpha in maternal plasma showed no significant changes around parturition. On the otherhand, the level of PGF2alpha in amniotic fluid represented a significant increase up to 44.27 +/- 32.81 ng/ml at delivery from 1.45 +/- 0.76 ng/ml before labor at 38-40 weeks of pregnancy (p less than 0.05), although it was uncertain whether this elevation was the cause or effect of uterine contraction. The concentration of PGE1 ranged from 2 to 14 ng/ml around parturition. This indicates that there was little remarkable difference between the levels of PGE1 in plasma and amniotic fluid during the last month of pregnancy and labor. Possible involvement of prostaglandins (PGs) in human labor has been discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:872822", "title": "Effect of hypolipidemia on testosterone-stimulated prostatic growth in castrated rats.", "content": "Hypolipidemia caused by Simfibrate feeding for 3 weeks reduced responses of weight and nucleic acid contents to testosterone administration in the ventral and dorsolateral prostates of castrated rats. However, the effect of testosterone on the contents of citrate, fructose, zinc and the activity of testosterone 5alpha-reductase in the glands of castrated animals was not modified by Simfibrate feeding.", "contents": "Effect of hypolipidemia on testosterone-stimulated prostatic growth in castrated rats. Hypolipidemia caused by Simfibrate feeding for 3 weeks reduced responses of weight and nucleic acid contents to testosterone administration in the ventral and dorsolateral prostates of castrated rats. However, the effect of testosterone on the contents of citrate, fructose, zinc and the activity of testosterone 5alpha-reductase in the glands of castrated animals was not modified by Simfibrate feeding."}
{"id": "PMID:872823", "title": "Effect of methallibure (ICI compound, 33, 828) on ovarian activity in the catfish, Heteropneustes fossilis (Bloch).", "content": "The effect of methallibure on ovary of H. fossilis was studied. Intraperitoneal administration of methalibure (100 microgram/g body weight) once a week for 4 weeks was very effective in suppressing the gametogenic and endocrine activities of ovary. The regressed condition of ovary was also apparent in GSI (2.84 to 1.09) readings. This decreased state of activity was further confirmed by reduced ovarian 32P uptake (28.00 to 18.10). The results obtained after the administration of the above compound on ovary were similar to those of surgical hypophysectomy.", "contents": "Effect of methallibure (ICI compound, 33, 828) on ovarian activity in the catfish, Heteropneustes fossilis (Bloch). The effect of methallibure on ovary of H. fossilis was studied. Intraperitoneal administration of methalibure (100 microgram/g body weight) once a week for 4 weeks was very effective in suppressing the gametogenic and endocrine activities of ovary. The regressed condition of ovary was also apparent in GSI (2.84 to 1.09) readings. This decreased state of activity was further confirmed by reduced ovarian 32P uptake (28.00 to 18.10). The results obtained after the administration of the above compound on ovary were similar to those of surgical hypophysectomy."}
{"id": "PMID:872825", "title": "Growth hormone release by gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and gamma-amino-beta-hydroxybutyric acid (GABOB) in the rat.", "content": "Effects of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and gamma-amino-beta-hydroxybutyric acid (GABOB) on growth hormone (GH) release were investigated in the urethaneanesthetized male rat. An intraventricular injection of GABA and L-GABOB but not D-GABOB caused a significant increase in plasma GH. An intravenous injection of L-GABOB, at the dose which had no significant effect on basal plasma GH, remarkably enhanced plasma GH response to pentobarbital. These results suggest that GABA and L-GABOB stimulate GH release possibly via the central nervous system in the rat.", "contents": "Growth hormone release by gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and gamma-amino-beta-hydroxybutyric acid (GABOB) in the rat. Effects of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and gamma-amino-beta-hydroxybutyric acid (GABOB) on growth hormone (GH) release were investigated in the urethaneanesthetized male rat. An intraventricular injection of GABA and L-GABOB but not D-GABOB caused a significant increase in plasma GH. An intravenous injection of L-GABOB, at the dose which had no significant effect on basal plasma GH, remarkably enhanced plasma GH response to pentobarbital. These results suggest that GABA and L-GABOB stimulate GH release possibly via the central nervous system in the rat."}
{"id": "PMID:872827", "title": "A comprehensive, interdisciplinary approach to the care of the institutionalized person with epilepsy.", "content": "This report summarizes the experience of a comprehensive, interdisciplinary pilot program for improved care of institutionalized persons with epilepsy. From a hospital population of nearly 3,000 persons with diseases of the nervous system, virtually all having varying degrees of retardation, 892 persons were identified as epileptic and classified by seizure frequency: 13% uncontrolled, 24% partially controlled, and 63% controlled. These three categories were similar in respect to levels of retardation and functional disability. The project personnel consisted of a full-time nurse specialist in epilepsy, a part-time health resource analyst, and neurological consultants. Effects on health status were identified by comparing demographic and health data collected during the project. The typical patient was an adult epileptic, functioning at a severely to profoundly retarded level and institutionalized for over 15 years. A significant reduction in anticonvulsant toxicity was observed. A 48% decrease in episodes of status epilepticus and a 73% decrease in the number of seizure-related deaths were demonstrated. During the second year, 23% of the uncontrolled group, representing all retardation levels, became seizure free. In addition to improved care, an effective model for dealing with institutionalized epileptics is proposed.", "contents": "A comprehensive, interdisciplinary approach to the care of the institutionalized person with epilepsy. This report summarizes the experience of a comprehensive, interdisciplinary pilot program for improved care of institutionalized persons with epilepsy. From a hospital population of nearly 3,000 persons with diseases of the nervous system, virtually all having varying degrees of retardation, 892 persons were identified as epileptic and classified by seizure frequency: 13% uncontrolled, 24% partially controlled, and 63% controlled. These three categories were similar in respect to levels of retardation and functional disability. The project personnel consisted of a full-time nurse specialist in epilepsy, a part-time health resource analyst, and neurological consultants. Effects on health status were identified by comparing demographic and health data collected during the project. The typical patient was an adult epileptic, functioning at a severely to profoundly retarded level and institutionalized for over 15 years. A significant reduction in anticonvulsant toxicity was observed. A 48% decrease in episodes of status epilepticus and a 73% decrease in the number of seizure-related deaths were demonstrated. During the second year, 23% of the uncontrolled group, representing all retardation levels, became seizure free. In addition to improved care, an effective model for dealing with institutionalized epileptics is proposed."}
{"id": "PMID:872828", "title": "Gas chromatographic on-column methylation technique for the simulataneous determination of antiepileptic drugs in blood.", "content": "An on-column methylation technique (OCMT) is described for the simultaneous, gas chromatographic determination in blood of ethosuximide (ES), phenobarbital (PB), primidone (PD), phenytoin (DPH), and 5-ethyl-5-phenylhydantoin (EPH). Multiple internal standards are employed in the OCMT, in order to eliminate or to minimize greatly error sources common to the technology of gas chromatography and to compensate for the different chemical dispositions of the antiepileptic drugs in an OCMT. The internal standards used in the OCMT were as follows: alpha,alpha,beta-trimethylsuccinimide (TMS) was used for the determination of ES; 5-ethyl-5-para-tolylbarbituric acid (MPB), for PB; 5-ethyl-5-(para-tolyl) hexahydropyrimidine-4,6-dione (MPD), for PD; and 5-(para-tolyl)-5-phenylhydantoin (MPPH), for EPH and DPH. The use of ether, the buffering of the plasma sample at pH 7.6, and the use of dilute (0.30-0.35 M) trimethyl-phenylammonium hydroxide (TMPAH) contributed to the specificity of the extraction scheme of the OCMT. The precision and accuracy of the OCMT was attributed to the use of appropriate, multiple internal standards. A method is described for the preparation of standard solutions of drugs in blank plasma (biological matrix) and for the use of the standards in calibration and daily intra-laboratory control of the OCMT.", "contents": "Gas chromatographic on-column methylation technique for the simulataneous determination of antiepileptic drugs in blood. An on-column methylation technique (OCMT) is described for the simultaneous, gas chromatographic determination in blood of ethosuximide (ES), phenobarbital (PB), primidone (PD), phenytoin (DPH), and 5-ethyl-5-phenylhydantoin (EPH). Multiple internal standards are employed in the OCMT, in order to eliminate or to minimize greatly error sources common to the technology of gas chromatography and to compensate for the different chemical dispositions of the antiepileptic drugs in an OCMT. The internal standards used in the OCMT were as follows: alpha,alpha,beta-trimethylsuccinimide (TMS) was used for the determination of ES; 5-ethyl-5-para-tolylbarbituric acid (MPB), for PB; 5-ethyl-5-(para-tolyl) hexahydropyrimidine-4,6-dione (MPD), for PD; and 5-(para-tolyl)-5-phenylhydantoin (MPPH), for EPH and DPH. The use of ether, the buffering of the plasma sample at pH 7.6, and the use of dilute (0.30-0.35 M) trimethyl-phenylammonium hydroxide (TMPAH) contributed to the specificity of the extraction scheme of the OCMT. The precision and accuracy of the OCMT was attributed to the use of appropriate, multiple internal standards. A method is described for the preparation of standard solutions of drugs in blank plasma (biological matrix) and for the use of the standards in calibration and daily intra-laboratory control of the OCMT."}
{"id": "PMID:872833", "title": "Total hydroxyproline in urine of 4 to 6 year-old children--an investigation on its relationship to growth and nutrition.", "content": "We analysed over a period of 30-32 days the daily total hydroxyproline and creatinine excretine in urine from 9 healthy, normally fed 4 to 6 year-old children (2 girls, 7 boys). The average urinary hydroxyproline excretion was 45.6 mg/24 hr, with a coefficient of variation of 25.6%. Urinary hydroxyproline for individual children showed distinct differences from day to day, which were independent of urine volume. There were significant differences between the mean values for urine hydroxyproline in individual children, which were independent of age. The average creatinine in urine was 346/24 hr with a coefficient of variation of 17.7%. The hydroxyproline-index did not define the nutritional state of these normally developed children on a normal diet. Dietary hydroxyproline contributed 7.4% to the total urinary hydroxyproline in our investigation. There was a close correlation between urine hydroxyproline excretion and growth velocity in each child.", "contents": "Total hydroxyproline in urine of 4 to 6 year-old children--an investigation on its relationship to growth and nutrition. We analysed over a period of 30-32 days the daily total hydroxyproline and creatinine excretine in urine from 9 healthy, normally fed 4 to 6 year-old children (2 girls, 7 boys). The average urinary hydroxyproline excretion was 45.6 mg/24 hr, with a coefficient of variation of 25.6%. Urinary hydroxyproline for individual children showed distinct differences from day to day, which were independent of urine volume. There were significant differences between the mean values for urine hydroxyproline in individual children, which were independent of age. The average creatinine in urine was 346/24 hr with a coefficient of variation of 17.7%. The hydroxyproline-index did not define the nutritional state of these normally developed children on a normal diet. Dietary hydroxyproline contributed 7.4% to the total urinary hydroxyproline in our investigation. There was a close correlation between urine hydroxyproline excretion and growth velocity in each child."}
{"id": "PMID:872834", "title": "The SC phocomelia and the Roberts syndrome: nosologic aspects.", "content": "We reviewed the SC phocomelia syndrome (SCS) and the Roberts syndrome (RS) to demonstrate techniques of nosologic analysis based primarily on the phenotype analysis. We considered type, localization, severity, and variability of the manifestations. In this patient sample these techniques are not sensitive enough to rule out any one of the three most likely etiologic hypotheses, namely whether the SCS and the RS are due to different recessive genes, different alleles, or the same recessive gene. However, this study does suggest certain implications for each of these possibilities.", "contents": "The SC phocomelia and the Roberts syndrome: nosologic aspects. We reviewed the SC phocomelia syndrome (SCS) and the Roberts syndrome (RS) to demonstrate techniques of nosologic analysis based primarily on the phenotype analysis. We considered type, localization, severity, and variability of the manifestations. In this patient sample these techniques are not sensitive enough to rule out any one of the three most likely etiologic hypotheses, namely whether the SCS and the RS are due to different recessive genes, different alleles, or the same recessive gene. However, this study does suggest certain implications for each of these possibilities."}
{"id": "PMID:872835", "title": "Plasma volume estimation in severely ill infants and children using a simplified Evans blue method.", "content": "Plasma volume was measured using Evans blue dye and 125iodinated human serum albumin (RIHSA) simultaneously in order to evaluate the accuracy of a simplified Evans blue method recommended by Nielsen and Nielsen (1962). 9 studies were performed in 8 newborn infants weighing 1.07 to 2.85 kg and 16 studies in 14 patients aged 6 months to 14 years suffering from severe circulatory disturbances. In 20 studies, plasma volumes measured by Evans blue and by RIHSA agreed within +/-5%, and in all the studies within +/-10%. The Evans blue method yielded higher plasma volumes than the RIHSA method in 19 instances. The mean difference (paired t-test) was only significant in newborn infants (+4.0+/-3.6%; P less than 0.05). The disappearance rates of Evans blue exceeded that of RIHSA in 16 studies, but this was only significant in the patients older than 6 months (+2.3+/-4.2%/h; P less than 0.05).", "contents": "Plasma volume estimation in severely ill infants and children using a simplified Evans blue method. Plasma volume was measured using Evans blue dye and 125iodinated human serum albumin (RIHSA) simultaneously in order to evaluate the accuracy of a simplified Evans blue method recommended by Nielsen and Nielsen (1962). 9 studies were performed in 8 newborn infants weighing 1.07 to 2.85 kg and 16 studies in 14 patients aged 6 months to 14 years suffering from severe circulatory disturbances. In 20 studies, plasma volumes measured by Evans blue and by RIHSA agreed within +/-5%, and in all the studies within +/-10%. The Evans blue method yielded higher plasma volumes than the RIHSA method in 19 instances. The mean difference (paired t-test) was only significant in newborn infants (+4.0+/-3.6%; P less than 0.05). The disappearance rates of Evans blue exceeded that of RIHSA in 16 studies, but this was only significant in the patients older than 6 months (+2.3+/-4.2%/h; P less than 0.05)."}
{"id": "PMID:872836", "title": "IgG-subclass concentrations in cord sera from premature, full term and small-for-dates babies.", "content": "IgG-subclass concentrations were determined in cord sera from 47 premature, 59 full-term, and 29 small-for-dates babies of varying gestational age. In permature and full term babies the relative percentages of all four subclasses were in the range for normal adult values. However, in small-for-dates babies significantly lowered IgG1-levels were found.", "contents": "IgG-subclass concentrations in cord sera from premature, full term and small-for-dates babies. IgG-subclass concentrations were determined in cord sera from 47 premature, 59 full-term, and 29 small-for-dates babies of varying gestational age. In permature and full term babies the relative percentages of all four subclasses were in the range for normal adult values. However, in small-for-dates babies significantly lowered IgG1-levels were found."}
{"id": "PMID:872837", "title": "Logorrhea syndrome with hyperkinesia.", "content": "The present paper reports on 13 cases of logorrhea syndrome with or without hyperkinesia, or hyperkinesia without logorrhea, with lesions at various levels of the nervous system. Lesions of the ascending reticular inhibitory system are incriminated. The mechanism producing this syndrome is discussed.", "contents": "Logorrhea syndrome with hyperkinesia. The present paper reports on 13 cases of logorrhea syndrome with or without hyperkinesia, or hyperkinesia without logorrhea, with lesions at various levels of the nervous system. Lesions of the ascending reticular inhibitory system are incriminated. The mechanism producing this syndrome is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:872838", "title": "Polygraphic study of periodic breathing and hypersomnolence in a patient with severe hypothyroidism.", "content": "A 67-year-old woman with primary hypothyroidism, who had Pickwickian syndrome as well, was studied electrophysiologically. A polygraphic study with simultaneous recordings of electroencephalography, actograms of the abdominal walls, the mentum and the anterior neck, and electromyogram of the intercostal muscles revealed a cyclic appearance of apnea in the sleep phase and gasping preceding arousal, which, together with macroglossia and sleep in the sitting position, suggested a cyclic obstruction of the upper airway. The obstruction appeared responsible for both alveolar hypoventilation and disturbance of consciousness.", "contents": "Polygraphic study of periodic breathing and hypersomnolence in a patient with severe hypothyroidism. A 67-year-old woman with primary hypothyroidism, who had Pickwickian syndrome as well, was studied electrophysiologically. A polygraphic study with simultaneous recordings of electroencephalography, actograms of the abdominal walls, the mentum and the anterior neck, and electromyogram of the intercostal muscles revealed a cyclic appearance of apnea in the sleep phase and gasping preceding arousal, which, together with macroglossia and sleep in the sitting position, suggested a cyclic obstruction of the upper airway. The obstruction appeared responsible for both alveolar hypoventilation and disturbance of consciousness."}
{"id": "PMID:872839", "title": "Intention and action myoclonus from thalamic angioma. Report of a case.", "content": "Clinical electrophysiological and neuroradiological examination of a case of unilateral intention and action myoclonus is reported. Brachial arteriography revealed an angioma located mainly in the lateral portion of the right posterior thalamus. Clinical and electrophysiological findings suggesting involvement of nonthalamic structures were absent. Our case, together with some cases previously described, raises the possibility that volitional myoclonus may be related to a relatively circumscribed damage of some diencephalic and/or mesencephalic structures. The rare occurrence of a hyperkinetic syndrome as principal symptom of a cerebral vascular malformation should be borne in mind in view of the potential risk of a stereotactic surgical procedure designated to alleviate the involuntary movements.", "contents": "Intention and action myoclonus from thalamic angioma. Report of a case. Clinical electrophysiological and neuroradiological examination of a case of unilateral intention and action myoclonus is reported. Brachial arteriography revealed an angioma located mainly in the lateral portion of the right posterior thalamus. Clinical and electrophysiological findings suggesting involvement of nonthalamic structures were absent. Our case, together with some cases previously described, raises the possibility that volitional myoclonus may be related to a relatively circumscribed damage of some diencephalic and/or mesencephalic structures. The rare occurrence of a hyperkinetic syndrome as principal symptom of a cerebral vascular malformation should be borne in mind in view of the potential risk of a stereotactic surgical procedure designated to alleviate the involuntary movements."}
{"id": "PMID:872840", "title": "Clinical, social and biochemical studies on Batten's syndrome, alias Spielmeyer-Vogot or Stengel's Syndrome.", "content": "The clinical and biochemical data on 13 patients with Batten's syndrome are described. Clinically the disease was characterized by progressive maental and somatic deterioration. Initially, vision loss was found between the ages 4 and 8 years. This was associated with 1 or 2 years of normal school attendance followed by attendance at a school for mentally retarded from the age of 8 to 11; then warding was established at a school for blind children and later on a hospital for epileptic patients when seizures and mental retardation made hospitalization necessary. Biochemically, an increased peroxidation rate was revealed in peripheral thrombocytes. This abnormality was associated with a significant decrease in peroxidase activity of leucocytes assayable with p-phenylenediamine, but not with Guajacol. The peroxidase defect seemed to concern an azide-resistant peroxidase. However, in serum the glutathione peroxidase was only found insignificantly decreased.", "contents": "Clinical, social and biochemical studies on Batten's syndrome, alias Spielmeyer-Vogot or Stengel's Syndrome. The clinical and biochemical data on 13 patients with Batten's syndrome are described. Clinically the disease was characterized by progressive maental and somatic deterioration. Initially, vision loss was found between the ages 4 and 8 years. This was associated with 1 or 2 years of normal school attendance followed by attendance at a school for mentally retarded from the age of 8 to 11; then warding was established at a school for blind children and later on a hospital for epileptic patients when seizures and mental retardation made hospitalization necessary. Biochemically, an increased peroxidation rate was revealed in peripheral thrombocytes. This abnormality was associated with a significant decrease in peroxidase activity of leucocytes assayable with p-phenylenediamine, but not with Guajacol. The peroxidase defect seemed to concern an azide-resistant peroxidase. However, in serum the glutathione peroxidase was only found insignificantly decreased."}
{"id": "PMID:872842", "title": "A progressive congenital myopathy. Initial involvement of the diaphragm with type I muscle fiber atrophy.", "content": "An uncommon case of initial respiratory distress during the first months of life as the result of bilateral diaphragmatic weakness is presented. The biopsy and necropsy findings show a progressive congenital myopathy with type I muscle fiber atrophy and predominant involvement of the respiratory muscles. The lesions, observed in the central nervous system are due to the severe hypoxia. The morphological findings are discussed in relation to the etiology and the clinical picture of the disease.", "contents": "A progressive congenital myopathy. Initial involvement of the diaphragm with type I muscle fiber atrophy. An uncommon case of initial respiratory distress during the first months of life as the result of bilateral diaphragmatic weakness is presented. The biopsy and necropsy findings show a progressive congenital myopathy with type I muscle fiber atrophy and predominant involvement of the respiratory muscles. The lesions, observed in the central nervous system are due to the severe hypoxia. The morphological findings are discussed in relation to the etiology and the clinical picture of the disease."}
{"id": "PMID:872843", "title": "Ophthalmoplegic migraine with persistent abducens nerve palsy.", "content": "A 27-year-old woman had been suffering from recurring episodes of left-sided migraine since the age of 5. When 14 years old, a diplopia on looking to the left followed each episode; its length progressed with time and eventually became permanent. On examination a left abducens palsy was found. Arteriography failed to reveal the presence of aneurysm or other vascular anomalies.", "contents": "Ophthalmoplegic migraine with persistent abducens nerve palsy. A 27-year-old woman had been suffering from recurring episodes of left-sided migraine since the age of 5. When 14 years old, a diplopia on looking to the left followed each episode; its length progressed with time and eventually became permanent. On examination a left abducens palsy was found. Arteriography failed to reveal the presence of aneurysm or other vascular anomalies."}
{"id": "PMID:872844", "title": "The transfer of IgG from serum to CSF, evaluated by means of a naturally occurring antibody.", "content": "Titres in CSF of natural IgG antibodies (AB) to rabbit erythrocytes (RRBC) correlated well with titres in serum in normal individuals, indication a passive transfer of the Ab. The ratio of CSF Ab to serum Ab mostly found was 1:400. The ratios of total IgG were slightly lower than the ratios of Ab to RRBC in normal individuals and in the majority of the diseases, except in multiple sclerosis and in subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE) where the ratios of total IgG were markedly elevated, indicating production of IgG in the central nervous system. In SSPE the ratio of measles Ab was even more elevated, suggesting that these antibodies contribute to the local IgG production. The ratios of Ab to RRBC in the two diseases were not elevated, or only slightly elevated. In normal and pathological CSF and in the Ab to RRBC all subclasses of IgG were found. In conclusion, the Ab to RRBC are considered convenient markers of serum IgG in the CSF.", "contents": "The transfer of IgG from serum to CSF, evaluated by means of a naturally occurring antibody. Titres in CSF of natural IgG antibodies (AB) to rabbit erythrocytes (RRBC) correlated well with titres in serum in normal individuals, indication a passive transfer of the Ab. The ratio of CSF Ab to serum Ab mostly found was 1:400. The ratios of total IgG were slightly lower than the ratios of Ab to RRBC in normal individuals and in the majority of the diseases, except in multiple sclerosis and in subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE) where the ratios of total IgG were markedly elevated, indicating production of IgG in the central nervous system. In SSPE the ratio of measles Ab was even more elevated, suggesting that these antibodies contribute to the local IgG production. The ratios of Ab to RRBC in the two diseases were not elevated, or only slightly elevated. In normal and pathological CSF and in the Ab to RRBC all subclasses of IgG were found. In conclusion, the Ab to RRBC are considered convenient markers of serum IgG in the CSF."}
{"id": "PMID:872846", "title": "Imagery in the aged.", "content": "Two studies were conducted to investigate the use of imagery by subjects of different ages. Experiment 1 was designed to test the effectiveness of \"peg-word\" system as a memory aid for the elderly. Variables believed to be important in the effectiveness of mnemonic devices were manipulated. The results showed that the mnemonic and imagery instructions were of benefit to the young subjects but not to the older subjects. Age was also found to interact with the concreteness variable, item concreteness having a smaller effect on the oldest subjects. These results suggest that the older subjects were not using imagery mediation effectively. Under the conditions of the second experiment, however, item concreteness had a similar effect across age groups. Tye of instruction was also manipulated in Experiment 2 and only the middle age group improved with imagery instructions. The older age group was not benefited by such instruction.", "contents": "Imagery in the aged. Two studies were conducted to investigate the use of imagery by subjects of different ages. Experiment 1 was designed to test the effectiveness of \"peg-word\" system as a memory aid for the elderly. Variables believed to be important in the effectiveness of mnemonic devices were manipulated. The results showed that the mnemonic and imagery instructions were of benefit to the young subjects but not to the older subjects. Age was also found to interact with the concreteness variable, item concreteness having a smaller effect on the oldest subjects. These results suggest that the older subjects were not using imagery mediation effectively. Under the conditions of the second experiment, however, item concreteness had a similar effect across age groups. Tye of instruction was also manipulated in Experiment 2 and only the middle age group improved with imagery instructions. The older age group was not benefited by such instruction."}
{"id": "PMID:872847", "title": "Active and passive avoidance in rats as a function of age.", "content": "Rats of four age groups: young (30 days of age), adolescent (180 days of age), adult (365 days of age), and old (547 days of age) were trained on active and passive avoidance tasks. There was impaired acquisition and 30-day rentention of passive-avoidance learning in both young and old rats, compared to the intermediate age groups, and marked impairment of acquisition and retention of active-avoidance learning in the old rats. Learning impairment is thus associated with immaturity as well as senescence.", "contents": "Active and passive avoidance in rats as a function of age. Rats of four age groups: young (30 days of age), adolescent (180 days of age), adult (365 days of age), and old (547 days of age) were trained on active and passive avoidance tasks. There was impaired acquisition and 30-day rentention of passive-avoidance learning in both young and old rats, compared to the intermediate age groups, and marked impairment of acquisition and retention of active-avoidance learning in the old rats. Learning impairment is thus associated with immaturity as well as senescence."}
{"id": "PMID:872848", "title": "Age and sex differences in cerebral asymmetry as a function of competition for \"time\" and \"space\" in a successive auditory matching task.", "content": "Subjects in three age groups identified verbally encoded (VE) and nonverbally encoded (NVE) stimuli as \"same\" or \"different\". Matching times increased with age, but differentially for men and women and VE and NVE stimuli. Evidence for asymmetry effects occurred for middle age and older men, but only when a secondary memory task produced competion for \"time\" and \"space\" in the left hemisphere.", "contents": "Age and sex differences in cerebral asymmetry as a function of competition for \"time\" and \"space\" in a successive auditory matching task. Subjects in three age groups identified verbally encoded (VE) and nonverbally encoded (NVE) stimuli as \"same\" or \"different\". Matching times increased with age, but differentially for men and women and VE and NVE stimuli. Evidence for asymmetry effects occurred for middle age and older men, but only when a secondary memory task produced competion for \"time\" and \"space\" in the left hemisphere."}
{"id": "PMID:872849", "title": "Central/incidental recall and selective attention in young and elderly adults.", "content": "Central and incidental recall of young (Mean age=28.4) and elderly (Mean age=70.9) men and women was examined. As expected, statistically significant age differences were found for both central and incidental recall. For the eight items mean central recall (5.72) was significantly higher than mean incidental recall (2.56) at both age levels; mean incidental recall was significantly greater than chance for both age groups. Lack of an age X central/incidental interaction was interpreted as supporting a general recall deficit. No evidence was found to suggest an attentional focusing difference between young and elderly adults. Verbal labeling of the central stimuli had no effect on recall scores. Differential recall for each of eight positions of stimuli was also examined. Both age groups exhibited a spatial primacy-recency effect for central but not incidental recall. No support was obtained for an attentional interpretation of age-associated differences in learning.", "contents": "Central/incidental recall and selective attention in young and elderly adults. Central and incidental recall of young (Mean age=28.4) and elderly (Mean age=70.9) men and women was examined. As expected, statistically significant age differences were found for both central and incidental recall. For the eight items mean central recall (5.72) was significantly higher than mean incidental recall (2.56) at both age levels; mean incidental recall was significantly greater than chance for both age groups. Lack of an age X central/incidental interaction was interpreted as supporting a general recall deficit. No evidence was found to suggest an attentional focusing difference between young and elderly adults. Verbal labeling of the central stimuli had no effect on recall scores. Differential recall for each of eight positions of stimuli was also examined. Both age groups exhibited a spatial primacy-recency effect for central but not incidental recall. No support was obtained for an attentional interpretation of age-associated differences in learning."}
{"id": "PMID:872850", "title": "Biochemical changes in the central nervous system with age in the rat.", "content": "Studies dealing with biochemistry of the central nervous system of rats have been reviewed. Data on the effects of age on enzyme activity and cellular substrates have been summarized in tabular form. In general, it can be concluded that biochemical functions dealing with anabolism decrease whereas those dealing with catabolism increase as aging progresses.", "contents": "Biochemical changes in the central nervous system with age in the rat. Studies dealing with biochemistry of the central nervous system of rats have been reviewed. Data on the effects of age on enzyme activity and cellular substrates have been summarized in tabular form. In general, it can be concluded that biochemical functions dealing with anabolism decrease whereas those dealing with catabolism increase as aging progresses."}
{"id": "PMID:872864", "title": "Decidual extracts suppress antibody response in vitro.", "content": "Extracts of decidual tissue produced in pseudopregnant rats were found to suppress in vitro antibody response to alpha-2,4-dinitrophenyl-polylysine. The peak levels of both the total antibody response and the 2-mercaptoethanol-resistant fraction were reduced. Extracts prepared in a similar manner from uteri of normal untreated or pseudopregnant rats did not exert such an effect.", "contents": "Decidual extracts suppress antibody response in vitro. Extracts of decidual tissue produced in pseudopregnant rats were found to suppress in vitro antibody response to alpha-2,4-dinitrophenyl-polylysine. The peak levels of both the total antibody response and the 2-mercaptoethanol-resistant fraction were reduced. Extracts prepared in a similar manner from uteri of normal untreated or pseudopregnant rats did not exert such an effect."}
{"id": "PMID:872867", "title": "The immune response to allogeneic rat platelets; Ag-B antigens in matrix form lacking Ia.", "content": "Allogeneic rat platelets fail to induce either primary antibody or cell-mediated immune responses despite repeated injections. Platelets bear Ag-B epitopes which are capable of being recognized by antigen-reactive T and B cells since primed rats develop secondary responses after challenge with allogeneic platelets. The secondary responses induced decrease rather than increase on repeated injection of platelets. Repeated injection of allogeneic platelets into nonprimed rats leads to a state of specific, partial non-reactivity; recipients given such treatment show marked depression of cytotoxic antibody responses, but normal cellular immunity after challenge with viable lymphoid cells taken from the platelet-donor strain. Injection of normal rats with allogeneic platelets mixed with 3rd party, viable lymphoid cells, does not provoke an anti-platelet Ag-B antibody response.", "contents": "The immune response to allogeneic rat platelets; Ag-B antigens in matrix form lacking Ia. Allogeneic rat platelets fail to induce either primary antibody or cell-mediated immune responses despite repeated injections. Platelets bear Ag-B epitopes which are capable of being recognized by antigen-reactive T and B cells since primed rats develop secondary responses after challenge with allogeneic platelets. The secondary responses induced decrease rather than increase on repeated injection of platelets. Repeated injection of allogeneic platelets into nonprimed rats leads to a state of specific, partial non-reactivity; recipients given such treatment show marked depression of cytotoxic antibody responses, but normal cellular immunity after challenge with viable lymphoid cells taken from the platelet-donor strain. Injection of normal rats with allogeneic platelets mixed with 3rd party, viable lymphoid cells, does not provoke an anti-platelet Ag-B antibody response."}
{"id": "PMID:872868", "title": "Interaction between IgE complexes and macrophages in the rat: a new mechanism of macrophage activation.", "content": "In earlier studies we found that normal rat macrophages, preincubated at 37 degrees C with the serum of syngeneic rats immune to Schistosoma mansoni, strongly adhered to S. mansoni schistosomules whereas no significant adherence was induced with serum from normal rat. Using 51 chromium release assay, it now proved that immune serum-incubated macrophages lysed the schistosomules in 18 h. Absorption experiments and ultracentrifugation of the immune serum showed that immune complexes containing specific IgE antibody against S. mansoni and soluble parasite antigens induced macrophage adherence and cytotoxicity. Using various labeling techniques, the binding of aggregated rat IgE to the macrophage surface at 37 degrees C is evident in conditions where endocytosis is neglible. The binding of immune complexes containing IgE antibody to S. mansoni elicits dramatic ultrastructural changes in the macrophage and an increase of its lysosomal enzymes together with specific lytic activity for the schistosomules. The parallel development of immune serum-induced macrophage adherence or cytotoxicity with the level of circulating IgE antibody to the parasite in correlation with the development of immunity in the rat, suggests that this new mechanism of macrophage activation could play a role in immune effector mechanisms against S. mansoni. Therefore, IgE acts as a humoral mediator of cellular immunity.", "contents": "Interaction between IgE complexes and macrophages in the rat: a new mechanism of macrophage activation. In earlier studies we found that normal rat macrophages, preincubated at 37 degrees C with the serum of syngeneic rats immune to Schistosoma mansoni, strongly adhered to S. mansoni schistosomules whereas no significant adherence was induced with serum from normal rat. Using 51 chromium release assay, it now proved that immune serum-incubated macrophages lysed the schistosomules in 18 h. Absorption experiments and ultracentrifugation of the immune serum showed that immune complexes containing specific IgE antibody against S. mansoni and soluble parasite antigens induced macrophage adherence and cytotoxicity. Using various labeling techniques, the binding of aggregated rat IgE to the macrophage surface at 37 degrees C is evident in conditions where endocytosis is neglible. The binding of immune complexes containing IgE antibody to S. mansoni elicits dramatic ultrastructural changes in the macrophage and an increase of its lysosomal enzymes together with specific lytic activity for the schistosomules. The parallel development of immune serum-induced macrophage adherence or cytotoxicity with the level of circulating IgE antibody to the parasite in correlation with the development of immunity in the rat, suggests that this new mechanism of macrophage activation could play a role in immune effector mechanisms against S. mansoni. Therefore, IgE acts as a humoral mediator of cellular immunity."}
{"id": "PMID:872869", "title": "Role of brain monoamines in the anorectic activity of mazindol and d-amphetamine in the rat.", "content": "The interaction of mazindol and d-amphetamine with brain monoamines was studied in rats. At each dose used, both compounds markedly counteracted the decrease of brain noradrenaline induced by 6-hydroxydopamine while only at high doses they did significantly reduce the effect of 6-hydroxydopamine on brain dopamine. Unlike d-amphetamine, mazindol significantly counteracted the decrease of brain serotonin induced by fenfluramine. The anorectic effect of mazindol and of d-amphetamine was markedly reduced by an electrolytic lesion at the level of the ventral noradrenergic bundle but not by an electrolytic lesion of the nucleus raphe medianus. An intrastriatal injection of 6-hydroxydopamine significantly reduced the effect of mazindol but not that of d-amphetamine. The results indicate that both compounds may block noradrenaline uptake in the brain while their effect on dopamine uptake is less evident. Ulike d-amphetamine, mazindol appears to inhibit serotonin uptake also. In addition, the integrity of the noradrenergic neurons in the brain appears to be an important condition for these drugs to exert their anorectic effect.", "contents": "Role of brain monoamines in the anorectic activity of mazindol and d-amphetamine in the rat. The interaction of mazindol and d-amphetamine with brain monoamines was studied in rats. At each dose used, both compounds markedly counteracted the decrease of brain noradrenaline induced by 6-hydroxydopamine while only at high doses they did significantly reduce the effect of 6-hydroxydopamine on brain dopamine. Unlike d-amphetamine, mazindol significantly counteracted the decrease of brain serotonin induced by fenfluramine. The anorectic effect of mazindol and of d-amphetamine was markedly reduced by an electrolytic lesion at the level of the ventral noradrenergic bundle but not by an electrolytic lesion of the nucleus raphe medianus. An intrastriatal injection of 6-hydroxydopamine significantly reduced the effect of mazindol but not that of d-amphetamine. The results indicate that both compounds may block noradrenaline uptake in the brain while their effect on dopamine uptake is less evident. Ulike d-amphetamine, mazindol appears to inhibit serotonin uptake also. In addition, the integrity of the noradrenergic neurons in the brain appears to be an important condition for these drugs to exert their anorectic effect."}
{"id": "PMID:872870", "title": "Modulation by histamine of the efflux of radiolabeled catecholamines from rat brain slices.", "content": "Histamine induced a dose-dependent stimulation of 3H-catecholamine(CA) efflux (superfusion procedure) from hypothalamic, striatal, hippocampal and cortical slices. The extra-hypothalamic regions were the most sensitive to histamine. Efflux of 14C-GABA and 14C-(acetyl)choline was not affected. The effect of histamine on 3H-CA efflux developed slowly, reaching its maximum after 15-20 min. Histamine was inefffective with tissue from reserpinized animals. The major part of the radioactivity released by histamine consisted of CA metabolites. Histamine apparently does not enter catecholaminergic neurons, since tyramine and the CA had no effect on the efflux of 3H-histamine previously taken up by brain slices. After incubation of slices with 3H-CA in the presence of histamine and subsequent superfusion, tyramine or K+ -depolarization induced much less 3H-CA release than from control slices not incubated with histamine. It is suggested that histamine may act as a modulator of presynaptic catecholaminergic processes in the central nervous system by causing a depletion of the transmitter stores in the nerve terminals.", "contents": "Modulation by histamine of the efflux of radiolabeled catecholamines from rat brain slices. Histamine induced a dose-dependent stimulation of 3H-catecholamine(CA) efflux (superfusion procedure) from hypothalamic, striatal, hippocampal and cortical slices. The extra-hypothalamic regions were the most sensitive to histamine. Efflux of 14C-GABA and 14C-(acetyl)choline was not affected. The effect of histamine on 3H-CA efflux developed slowly, reaching its maximum after 15-20 min. Histamine was inefffective with tissue from reserpinized animals. The major part of the radioactivity released by histamine consisted of CA metabolites. Histamine apparently does not enter catecholaminergic neurons, since tyramine and the CA had no effect on the efflux of 3H-histamine previously taken up by brain slices. After incubation of slices with 3H-CA in the presence of histamine and subsequent superfusion, tyramine or K+ -depolarization induced much less 3H-CA release than from control slices not incubated with histamine. It is suggested that histamine may act as a modulator of presynaptic catecholaminergic processes in the central nervous system by causing a depletion of the transmitter stores in the nerve terminals."}
{"id": "PMID:872871", "title": "Nature of seasonal variation in development of acute tolerance to morphine.", "content": "Morphine inhibits contractions of coaxially stimulated guinea pig ileum. Acute tolerance to this effect occurs on continuous perfusion with morphine for 1.5 h. This is associated with an increase in the sensitivity of the tissue to acetylcholine. Acute tolerance does not always develop in spite of identical treatment, but shows a distinct seasonal incidence. It is significantly higher in the summer (May--Nov.) than winter (Dec.--April). This seasonal variation in development of tolerance does not appear to be related to changes in diet, environmental light or temperature, or to the sensitivity of the ileum to morphine. In the winter, the acetylcholine release from stimulated ilea is lower than in the summer. In addition to inhibiting acetylcholine release, morphine also has a non-specific blocking effect in the winter. This postjunctional effect could prevent the development of supersensitivity to acetylcholine during continuous morphine treatment so that acute tolerance cannot occur.", "contents": "Nature of seasonal variation in development of acute tolerance to morphine. Morphine inhibits contractions of coaxially stimulated guinea pig ileum. Acute tolerance to this effect occurs on continuous perfusion with morphine for 1.5 h. This is associated with an increase in the sensitivity of the tissue to acetylcholine. Acute tolerance does not always develop in spite of identical treatment, but shows a distinct seasonal incidence. It is significantly higher in the summer (May--Nov.) than winter (Dec.--April). This seasonal variation in development of tolerance does not appear to be related to changes in diet, environmental light or temperature, or to the sensitivity of the ileum to morphine. In the winter, the acetylcholine release from stimulated ilea is lower than in the summer. In addition to inhibiting acetylcholine release, morphine also has a non-specific blocking effect in the winter. This postjunctional effect could prevent the development of supersensitivity to acetylcholine during continuous morphine treatment so that acute tolerance cannot occur."}
{"id": "PMID:872873", "title": "Modulation of heroin self-administration by neurohypophyseal principles.", "content": "Neuropeptides related to hypothalomic-neurohypophyseal hormones affect intravenous heroin self-administration behavior in rats. Desglycinamide9, arginine8-vasopressin and pressinamide reduced, while oxytocin and its C-terminal tripeptide, prolyl-leucyl-glycinamide facilitated this behavior. The effectiveness of the vasopressin analogue appeared to be of a long term nature. The data indicate a modulating effect of these principles on the reinforcing efficacy of heroin.", "contents": "Modulation of heroin self-administration by neurohypophyseal principles. Neuropeptides related to hypothalomic-neurohypophyseal hormones affect intravenous heroin self-administration behavior in rats. Desglycinamide9, arginine8-vasopressin and pressinamide reduced, while oxytocin and its C-terminal tripeptide, prolyl-leucyl-glycinamide facilitated this behavior. The effectiveness of the vasopressin analogue appeared to be of a long term nature. The data indicate a modulating effect of these principles on the reinforcing efficacy of heroin."}
{"id": "PMID:872874", "title": "Fenfluramine long-term administration and brain serotonin.", "content": "Long-term administration of fenfluarmine induced a decrease of brain 5-HT to the same extent as did an acute dose. 48 h after drug withdrawal, the brain serotonin level returned to the control value. The present study provides evidence to suggest that a degenerative lesion of 5-HT neurons is not involved in fenfluramine activity.", "contents": "Fenfluramine long-term administration and brain serotonin. Long-term administration of fenfluarmine induced a decrease of brain 5-HT to the same extent as did an acute dose. 48 h after drug withdrawal, the brain serotonin level returned to the control value. The present study provides evidence to suggest that a degenerative lesion of 5-HT neurons is not involved in fenfluramine activity."}
{"id": "PMID:872875", "title": "Behavioral suppressant effects of clonidine in strains of normotensive and hypertensive rats.", "content": "The behavioral effects of orally administered clonidine were investigated in Long--Evans (LE), Sprague--Dawley (SD) or Kyoto Wistar (KW) rats assumed to be normotensive and in NIH spontaneously hypertensive (SH) rats. Although clonidine (0.05-1 mg/kg) resulted in the same qualitative effect, i.e., depression of motor  activity, the dose of clonidine required to depress motor activity to 50% of control levels (ED50) tended to vary according to strain. An analysis of variance of the dose response curves for the four strains of rats indicated a significant strain effect. When the effects of clonidine on food-reinforced operant responding were investigated it was observed that SD and SH rats differed with regard to rate and temporal pattering of IRT greater than 20 sec responding. Although oral administration of clonidine (0.006-0.1 mg/kg) produced similar percentage decreases from control in SH and SD rats, and analysis of the temporal patterning of responding indicated differences in responsiveness to the behavioral effects of clonidine. These studies demonstrate strain-related differences in responsiveness to the behavioral suppressant effects of clonidine. Marked differences between genetically hypertensive rats and rats assumed to be normotensive were not evident.", "contents": "Behavioral suppressant effects of clonidine in strains of normotensive and hypertensive rats. The behavioral effects of orally administered clonidine were investigated in Long--Evans (LE), Sprague--Dawley (SD) or Kyoto Wistar (KW) rats assumed to be normotensive and in NIH spontaneously hypertensive (SH) rats. Although clonidine (0.05-1 mg/kg) resulted in the same qualitative effect, i.e., depression of motor  activity, the dose of clonidine required to depress motor activity to 50% of control levels (ED50) tended to vary according to strain. An analysis of variance of the dose response curves for the four strains of rats indicated a significant strain effect. When the effects of clonidine on food-reinforced operant responding were investigated it was observed that SD and SH rats differed with regard to rate and temporal pattering of IRT greater than 20 sec responding. Although oral administration of clonidine (0.006-0.1 mg/kg) produced similar percentage decreases from control in SH and SD rats, and analysis of the temporal patterning of responding indicated differences in responsiveness to the behavioral effects of clonidine. These studies demonstrate strain-related differences in responsiveness to the behavioral suppressant effects of clonidine. Marked differences between genetically hypertensive rats and rats assumed to be normotensive were not evident."}
{"id": "PMID:872876", "title": "Effects of 5HT uptake inhibitors on the pressor response to 5HT in the pithed rat. The significance of the 5HT blocking property.", "content": "A study was made of the effects of several serotonin (5HT) uptake inhibitors on 5HT-induced pressor responses in pithed rats, 5HT uptake into rat brain synaptosomes and 5HT-induced contractions of rat ileum in vitro. All drugs except desimipramine were potent uptake inhibitors (IC50 less than 10(-7) M), Femoxetine, chlorimipramine, imipramine and desimipramine all inhibited 5HY-induced contractions of the rat ileum in vitro and the pressor response to 5HT in vivo. FG 7051, FG 7052 and dexchlorpheniramine were weak 5HT antagonists on the rat ileum but potentiated the pressor responses to 5HT; the most potent uptake inhibitor, FG 7051, was the strongest potentiator. These results suggest that uptake inhibition is important for this potentiation. It is concluded that 5HT uptake inhibitors with potent 5HT receptor blocking properties antagonize the pressor response to 5HT and mask the potentiation due to uptake inhibition.", "contents": "Effects of 5HT uptake inhibitors on the pressor response to 5HT in the pithed rat. The significance of the 5HT blocking property. A study was made of the effects of several serotonin (5HT) uptake inhibitors on 5HT-induced pressor responses in pithed rats, 5HT uptake into rat brain synaptosomes and 5HT-induced contractions of rat ileum in vitro. All drugs except desimipramine were potent uptake inhibitors (IC50 less than 10(-7) M), Femoxetine, chlorimipramine, imipramine and desimipramine all inhibited 5HY-induced contractions of the rat ileum in vitro and the pressor response to 5HT in vivo. FG 7051, FG 7052 and dexchlorpheniramine were weak 5HT antagonists on the rat ileum but potentiated the pressor responses to 5HT; the most potent uptake inhibitor, FG 7051, was the strongest potentiator. These results suggest that uptake inhibition is important for this potentiation. It is concluded that 5HT uptake inhibitors with potent 5HT receptor blocking properties antagonize the pressor response to 5HT and mask the potentiation due to uptake inhibition."}
{"id": "PMID:872877", "title": "Effects of chronic bretylium treatment on the sympathetic neuron and the smooth musculature of the rat.", "content": "The effects of chronic i.p. injection of high doses of bretylium on sympathetic nerves on the smooth musculature of the vas deferens of adult and newborn rats were examined using fluorescence histochemistry, light and electron microscopy and organ bath physiological techniques. Bretylium treatment caused mitochondrial swelling, loss of cristae and the formation of electron-dense inclusions in the mitochondria of sympathetic neurons. However, neuron degeneration was not observed and fluorescent histochemical appearance of adrenergic neurons was normal. A small transient supersensitivity of the isolated vas deferens of bretylium-treated rats to noradrenaline, but not to acetylcholine, occurred. There was, however, considerable increase in the maximal contractile response to both noradrenaline and acetylcholine. In high calcium concentrations acetylcholine-induced contractions of vasa deferentia from bretylium-treated rats were significantly greater than control; there was no difference in magnitude of noradrenaline-induced contractions.", "contents": "Effects of chronic bretylium treatment on the sympathetic neuron and the smooth musculature of the rat. The effects of chronic i.p. injection of high doses of bretylium on sympathetic nerves on the smooth musculature of the vas deferens of adult and newborn rats were examined using fluorescence histochemistry, light and electron microscopy and organ bath physiological techniques. Bretylium treatment caused mitochondrial swelling, loss of cristae and the formation of electron-dense inclusions in the mitochondria of sympathetic neurons. However, neuron degeneration was not observed and fluorescent histochemical appearance of adrenergic neurons was normal. A small transient supersensitivity of the isolated vas deferens of bretylium-treated rats to noradrenaline, but not to acetylcholine, occurred. There was, however, considerable increase in the maximal contractile response to both noradrenaline and acetylcholine. In high calcium concentrations acetylcholine-induced contractions of vasa deferentia from bretylium-treated rats were significantly greater than control; there was no difference in magnitude of noradrenaline-induced contractions."}
{"id": "PMID:872878", "title": "Behavioral interactions between naloxone and dopamine agonists.", "content": "A fixed-interval schedule of food presentation was used to study the effects of apomorphine, ET-495 and clonidine and interactions between these drugs and naloxone in the rat. The rate of responding under this schedule was decreased by low doses of apomorphine (0.03--0.3 mg/kg), ET-495 (0.3-1.0 mg/kg) and clonidine (0.03--0.3 mg/kg). Naloxone, at a dose (3 mg/kg) which did not itself alter responding, potentiated the rate decreasing effects of apomorphine and ET-495 but did not alter the effects of clonidine. It is suggested that the rate decreasing effects of low doses of apomorphine and ET-495 may be related to presynaptic inhibition of dopamine neurons and that under certain circumstances naloxone may also inhibit dopaminergic activity.", "contents": "Behavioral interactions between naloxone and dopamine agonists. A fixed-interval schedule of food presentation was used to study the effects of apomorphine, ET-495 and clonidine and interactions between these drugs and naloxone in the rat. The rate of responding under this schedule was decreased by low doses of apomorphine (0.03--0.3 mg/kg), ET-495 (0.3-1.0 mg/kg) and clonidine (0.03--0.3 mg/kg). Naloxone, at a dose (3 mg/kg) which did not itself alter responding, potentiated the rate decreasing effects of apomorphine and ET-495 but did not alter the effects of clonidine. It is suggested that the rate decreasing effects of low doses of apomorphine and ET-495 may be related to presynaptic inhibition of dopamine neurons and that under certain circumstances naloxone may also inhibit dopaminergic activity."}
{"id": "PMID:872879", "title": "Intragastric titration of acid in the perfused rat stomach preparation following parenteral and intraluminal stimulation.", "content": "The anaesthetised rat stomach preparation was adapted to assay intraluminally administered stimulants and inhibitors of acid secretion by continuously recirculating the perfusate (15 ml of 5% glucose) and measuring acid by the pH-stat technique. The responses obtained were linear. Continuous artificial neutralisation of the stomach to pH 5.5 as well as variation of the pH between 6.5 and 4.0 did not significantly alter the sensitivity of the preparation to intravenously administered human gastrin-heptadecapeptide I (HG I). Basal acid secretion however significantly declined following stepwise lowering of the intragastric pH between 6.5 and 4.0. The threshold values for responses to i.v. HG I were below 16 ng. 6 doses could be given per rat without tachyphylaxis. Acetylcholine, 1.3, 2.5, 5.2 and 10.4 micron g/ml in the perfusate, induced a dose-dependent linear (r=0.902) acid secretion. Metiamide 1.66 mg/ml in the perfusate, produced a parallel shift to the right of the HG I dose--response curve producing an agonist dose ratio of 3.66. The data suggest that intragastrically applied stimulants and inhibitors of acid secretion can be studied precisely in this relatively simple preparation.", "contents": "Intragastric titration of acid in the perfused rat stomach preparation following parenteral and intraluminal stimulation. The anaesthetised rat stomach preparation was adapted to assay intraluminally administered stimulants and inhibitors of acid secretion by continuously recirculating the perfusate (15 ml of 5% glucose) and measuring acid by the pH-stat technique. The responses obtained were linear. Continuous artificial neutralisation of the stomach to pH 5.5 as well as variation of the pH between 6.5 and 4.0 did not significantly alter the sensitivity of the preparation to intravenously administered human gastrin-heptadecapeptide I (HG I). Basal acid secretion however significantly declined following stepwise lowering of the intragastric pH between 6.5 and 4.0. The threshold values for responses to i.v. HG I were below 16 ng. 6 doses could be given per rat without tachyphylaxis. Acetylcholine, 1.3, 2.5, 5.2 and 10.4 micron g/ml in the perfusate, induced a dose-dependent linear (r=0.902) acid secretion. Metiamide 1.66 mg/ml in the perfusate, produced a parallel shift to the right of the HG I dose--response curve producing an agonist dose ratio of 3.66. The data suggest that intragastrically applied stimulants and inhibitors of acid secretion can be studied precisely in this relatively simple preparation."}
{"id": "PMID:872880", "title": "The neurotoxicity of 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine in the mouse atrium: protection by 1-phenyl-3-(2-thiazolyl)-2-thiourea and by ethanol.", "content": "1-Phenyl-3-(2-thiazolyl)-2-thiourea (200 mg/kg, 1 h) protected the adrenergic nerve plexus in the mouse atrium against the destructive action of i.v. 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine. Protection was also observed with ethanol (4 g/kg, 1 h) and with nialamide (50 mg/kg, 2 h).", "contents": "The neurotoxicity of 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine in the mouse atrium: protection by 1-phenyl-3-(2-thiazolyl)-2-thiourea and by ethanol. 1-Phenyl-3-(2-thiazolyl)-2-thiourea (200 mg/kg, 1 h) protected the adrenergic nerve plexus in the mouse atrium against the destructive action of i.v. 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine. Protection was also observed with ethanol (4 g/kg, 1 h) and with nialamide (50 mg/kg, 2 h)."}
{"id": "PMID:872881", "title": "Depression of hepatic drug-metabolizing enzyme activity by B. pertussis vaccination.", "content": "In vitro measurements are described on N-demethylation of aminopyrine and ethylmorphine, the hydroxylation of aniline as well as the level and activity of the electron transport system in hepatic microsomal fractions from pertussis vaccinated mice. Results indicate that pertussis vaccination of mice markedly decreases the level and activity of the hepatic drug-metabolizing system.", "contents": "Depression of hepatic drug-metabolizing enzyme activity by B. pertussis vaccination. In vitro measurements are described on N-demethylation of aminopyrine and ethylmorphine, the hydroxylation of aniline as well as the level and activity of the electron transport system in hepatic microsomal fractions from pertussis vaccinated mice. Results indicate that pertussis vaccination of mice markedly decreases the level and activity of the hepatic drug-metabolizing system."}
{"id": "PMID:872882", "title": "Action of some natural polypeptides on the longitudinal muscle of the guinea pig ileum.", "content": "The structure--activity relationship of some natural tachykinins was investigated in the longitudinal muscle of the guinea pig ileum. The order of potency was eledoisin greater than uperolein greater than substance P greater than phyllomedusin greater than physalaemin. This ratio of activity is different from that observed in other experimental conditions, and in different in vivo or in vitro preparations; it is suggested that the N-terminal part of the molecule of the tachykinins plays a role in determining the degree of potency of these compounds.", "contents": "Action of some natural polypeptides on the longitudinal muscle of the guinea pig ileum. The structure--activity relationship of some natural tachykinins was investigated in the longitudinal muscle of the guinea pig ileum. The order of potency was eledoisin greater than uperolein greater than substance P greater than phyllomedusin greater than physalaemin. This ratio of activity is different from that observed in other experimental conditions, and in different in vivo or in vitro preparations; it is suggested that the N-terminal part of the molecule of the tachykinins plays a role in determining the degree of potency of these compounds."}
{"id": "PMID:872883", "title": "Inotropic effects of 1-alpha-acetylmethadol (LAAM).", "content": "Inotropic effects of 1-alpha-acetylmethadol, 1-alpha-acetylnormethadol and 1-alpha-acetyldinormethadol were studied uilizing isolated left atria of guinea pigs. All three agents produced a biphasic response. Lower concentrations produced a slight, but significant increase in contractile force (p less than 0.05) and higher concentrations decreased contractile force (p less than 0.05). Significant drug interactions also were observe. The parent compound, 1-alpha-acetylmethadol, decrease the maximum positive inotropic response obtained with ouabain as well as that obtained with norepinephrine.", "contents": "Inotropic effects of 1-alpha-acetylmethadol (LAAM). Inotropic effects of 1-alpha-acetylmethadol, 1-alpha-acetylnormethadol and 1-alpha-acetyldinormethadol were studied uilizing isolated left atria of guinea pigs. All three agents produced a biphasic response. Lower concentrations produced a slight, but significant increase in contractile force (p less than 0.05) and higher concentrations decreased contractile force (p less than 0.05). Significant drug interactions also were observe. The parent compound, 1-alpha-acetylmethadol, decrease the maximum positive inotropic response obtained with ouabain as well as that obtained with norepinephrine."}
{"id": "PMID:872906", "title": "Erythropoietic precursors in murine blood.", "content": "Murine blood was examined for circulating erythropoietic precursors. Blood mononuclear cells harvested using a slight modification of the Ficoll-Hypaque technique were cultured using the methylcellulose clonal cell culture technique. Only erythropoietic burst forming units (BFU-E) were present in the blood. Erythropoietin dose response studies revealed a progressive increment in the number of erythropoietic bursts up to a concentration of 4 U/ml of sheep plasma erythropoietin. A linear correlation existed between the numbers of nucleated cells plated and the erythropoietic bursts for both normal mice and mice with phenylhydrazine-induced (PHZ) anemia. No individual erythrocytic colonies were detected in cultures from blood taken before or after PHZ injections. These results suggest that erythrocytic colony-forming units (CFU-E) do not participate in the migration of erythropoietic precursors in mice.", "contents": "Erythropoietic precursors in murine blood. Murine blood was examined for circulating erythropoietic precursors. Blood mononuclear cells harvested using a slight modification of the Ficoll-Hypaque technique were cultured using the methylcellulose clonal cell culture technique. Only erythropoietic burst forming units (BFU-E) were present in the blood. Erythropoietin dose response studies revealed a progressive increment in the number of erythropoietic bursts up to a concentration of 4 U/ml of sheep plasma erythropoietin. A linear correlation existed between the numbers of nucleated cells plated and the erythropoietic bursts for both normal mice and mice with phenylhydrazine-induced (PHZ) anemia. No individual erythrocytic colonies were detected in cultures from blood taken before or after PHZ injections. These results suggest that erythrocytic colony-forming units (CFU-E) do not participate in the migration of erythropoietic precursors in mice."}
{"id": "PMID:872907", "title": "Mobilization of hematopoietic stem cells (CFU-C) into the peripheral blood of man by endotoxin.", "content": "Pseudomonas endotoxin was administered to three normal subjects in order to assess possible effects on stem cell circulation. Increased numbers of granulopoietic stem cells (CFU-C) transiently appeared in the peripheral blood, reaching a maximum after the time of maximal leukopenia. There was a mean 4-fold increase in CFU-C per ml of blood following endotoxin. A high proportion of these CFU-C did not require an added source of colony-stimulating activity for growth in agar.", "contents": "Mobilization of hematopoietic stem cells (CFU-C) into the peripheral blood of man by endotoxin. Pseudomonas endotoxin was administered to three normal subjects in order to assess possible effects on stem cell circulation. Increased numbers of granulopoietic stem cells (CFU-C) transiently appeared in the peripheral blood, reaching a maximum after the time of maximal leukopenia. There was a mean 4-fold increase in CFU-C per ml of blood following endotoxin. A high proportion of these CFU-C did not require an added source of colony-stimulating activity for growth in agar."}
{"id": "PMID:872908", "title": "Effects of chronic hypoxia on platelet production in mice.", "content": "Platelet production, platelet count, and RBC count were measured in mice after enclosure in silicone-rubber membrane cages. Results indicate that enclosing C3h mice in hypoxia chambers for 2 weeks caused increased RBC count and decreased platelet production leading to thrombocytopenia. Splenectomized C3H mice placed in hypoxia chambers also showed decreased platelet count and platelet production when compared to splenectomized ambient air control mice. Injection of rabbit anti-mouse-platelet serum (RAMPS) caused an immediate thrombocytopenia with rebound-thrombocytosis 5 days later in normal mice and mice transfused with RBC. However, mice exposed to hypoxia and given RAMPS injections exhibited marked inhibition of platelet production. Although indirect, these findings suggest that hypoxia-induced erythrocythemia causes thrombocytopenia by stem cell competition between the erythroid and megakaryocytic cell lines.", "contents": "Effects of chronic hypoxia on platelet production in mice. Platelet production, platelet count, and RBC count were measured in mice after enclosure in silicone-rubber membrane cages. Results indicate that enclosing C3h mice in hypoxia chambers for 2 weeks caused increased RBC count and decreased platelet production leading to thrombocytopenia. Splenectomized C3H mice placed in hypoxia chambers also showed decreased platelet count and platelet production when compared to splenectomized ambient air control mice. Injection of rabbit anti-mouse-platelet serum (RAMPS) caused an immediate thrombocytopenia with rebound-thrombocytosis 5 days later in normal mice and mice transfused with RBC. However, mice exposed to hypoxia and given RAMPS injections exhibited marked inhibition of platelet production. Although indirect, these findings suggest that hypoxia-induced erythrocythemia causes thrombocytopenia by stem cell competition between the erythroid and megakaryocytic cell lines."}
{"id": "PMID:872909", "title": "Reduced extrarenal erythropoietin production in rats treated with isoproterenol.", "content": "Erythropoietin production was studied in 30-day-old and adult rats previously injected with pharmacological doses of isoproterenol. The animals were stimulated either by hypobaric hypoxia or by a combination of hypoxia and acute anemia. The erythropoietic activity of the plasma was measured by 59Fe incorporation in total circulating red blood cells of mice made polycythemic by chronic hypoxia. The results were converted to units of erythropoietin (IRP). A significant reduction of erythropoietin production was observed only in young rats. Our interpretation of the findings is that isoproterenol induced the differentiation of the salivary glands in the young animals hence reducing hormone production at the extrarenal (submandibular) level.", "contents": "Reduced extrarenal erythropoietin production in rats treated with isoproterenol. Erythropoietin production was studied in 30-day-old and adult rats previously injected with pharmacological doses of isoproterenol. The animals were stimulated either by hypobaric hypoxia or by a combination of hypoxia and acute anemia. The erythropoietic activity of the plasma was measured by 59Fe incorporation in total circulating red blood cells of mice made polycythemic by chronic hypoxia. The results were converted to units of erythropoietin (IRP). A significant reduction of erythropoietin production was observed only in young rats. Our interpretation of the findings is that isoproterenol induced the differentiation of the salivary glands in the young animals hence reducing hormone production at the extrarenal (submandibular) level."}
{"id": "PMID:872910", "title": "Family research study at Eagleville Hospital and Rehabilitation Center.", "content": "The Eagleville Hospital and Rehabilitation Center Family Study Program is described, presenting an overview of the Family Research Study and the problem areas inherent in coordinating research with a new treatment program; an analysis of the sample of drug abusers, their families, and their course in family treatment is discussed. The Community School Program is included as a demonstration of the potential for effective primary prevention. Areas of promise for future development are reviewed as they provide direction for further clinical and research work with the family and drug abuse.", "contents": "Family research study at Eagleville Hospital and Rehabilitation Center. The Eagleville Hospital and Rehabilitation Center Family Study Program is described, presenting an overview of the Family Research Study and the problem areas inherent in coordinating research with a new treatment program; an analysis of the sample of drug abusers, their families, and their course in family treatment is discussed. The Community School Program is included as a demonstration of the potential for effective primary prevention. Areas of promise for future development are reviewed as they provide direction for further clinical and research work with the family and drug abuse."}
{"id": "PMID:872911", "title": "The addict as savior: heroin, death, and the family.", "content": "The high mortality rate among drug addicts is seen as a suicidal phenomenon with a family basis. The death wish, or instruction for the addict to die, is often quite clearly expressed by the family. He is placed in the role of savior and martyr. His death is seen as a noble, cleansing sacrifice in which he is often a willing participant.", "contents": "The addict as savior: heroin, death, and the family. The high mortality rate among drug addicts is seen as a suicidal phenomenon with a family basis. The death wish, or instruction for the addict to die, is often quite clearly expressed by the family. He is placed in the role of savior and martyr. His death is seen as a noble, cleansing sacrifice in which he is often a willing participant."}
{"id": "PMID:872912", "title": "The logical levels of complementary, symmetrical, and parallel interaction classes in family dyads.", "content": "It was postulated that the parallel interaction class is a higher logical order than complementary and symmetrical interaction, which appear to be of the same logical type. Father-mother, father-child, and mother-child dyads of 48 families were categorized into complementary, symmetrical, and parallel classes using the Relationship Styles Inventory. Each of the dyads in these three categories was then randomly assigned to one of two experimental conditions in which they jointly resolved a moral dilemma. In one condition, the dyads were asked to follow complementary rules, while in the second condition they were instructed to follow symmetrical rules. Results indicated that parallel dyads adjusted to both the complementary and symmetrical conditions, whereas symmetrical and complementary dyads did not successfully accomodate rules outside their own class. The implications in terms of therapeutic intervention and further research are discussed.", "contents": "The logical levels of complementary, symmetrical, and parallel interaction classes in family dyads. It was postulated that the parallel interaction class is a higher logical order than complementary and symmetrical interaction, which appear to be of the same logical type. Father-mother, father-child, and mother-child dyads of 48 families were categorized into complementary, symmetrical, and parallel classes using the Relationship Styles Inventory. Each of the dyads in these three categories was then randomly assigned to one of two experimental conditions in which they jointly resolved a moral dilemma. In one condition, the dyads were asked to follow complementary rules, while in the second condition they were instructed to follow symmetrical rules. Results indicated that parallel dyads adjusted to both the complementary and symmetrical conditions, whereas symmetrical and complementary dyads did not successfully accomodate rules outside their own class. The implications in terms of therapeutic intervention and further research are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:872913", "title": "Family therapy training: program and outcome.", "content": "A family therapy training program has been conducted for staff of mental health agencies located throughout Pennsylvania. This paper is a report on the content and results of the four-year-old training program. Three hundred practitioners have been trained in family therapy. The program has also led to the development of a core group of 64 family therapy trainers. There has been an associated delivery of more family-oriented mental health services throughout the Commonwealth.", "contents": "Family therapy training: program and outcome. A family therapy training program has been conducted for staff of mental health agencies located throughout Pennsylvania. This paper is a report on the content and results of the four-year-old training program. Three hundred practitioners have been trained in family therapy. The program has also led to the development of a core group of 64 family therapy trainers. There has been an associated delivery of more family-oriented mental health services throughout the Commonwealth."}
{"id": "PMID:872914", "title": "Divorced parents in family therapy in a residential treatment setting.", "content": "Divorced parents are required to participate together in the family therapy of their child placed in a residential treatment center. Different sources of resistance and treatment techniques are identified and discussed through a theoretical analysis and case study material. The therapy of these fractured families contributed to an elimination of recidivism and, according to followup reports, to significant and sustained improvement in the children's functioning in school, home, and community activities.", "contents": "Divorced parents in family therapy in a residential treatment setting. Divorced parents are required to participate together in the family therapy of their child placed in a residential treatment center. Different sources of resistance and treatment techniques are identified and discussed through a theoretical analysis and case study material. The therapy of these fractured families contributed to an elimination of recidivism and, according to followup reports, to significant and sustained improvement in the children's functioning in school, home, and community activities."}
{"id": "PMID:872915", "title": "Introducing novice therapists to \"go-between\" techniques of family therapy.", "content": "The training of family therapists requires that learning objectives and expectations be specified in empirical terms so that the trainer and trainee can achieve clear goals, identify areas of progress, and meet the special needs of the trainee. This paper articulates the competencies, objectives, and criteria for evaluation used during a time-limited training program for therapists involved in family therapy research conducted at Centennial School of Lehigh University.", "contents": "Introducing novice therapists to \"go-between\" techniques of family therapy. The training of family therapists requires that learning objectives and expectations be specified in empirical terms so that the trainer and trainee can achieve clear goals, identify areas of progress, and meet the special needs of the trainee. This paper articulates the competencies, objectives, and criteria for evaluation used during a time-limited training program for therapists involved in family therapy research conducted at Centennial School of Lehigh University."}
{"id": "PMID:872920", "title": "[Study of 1,5-benzodiazepines. II. Synthesis of 2,4-di-(N-alkyl,N-phenyl)amino-3H-1,5-benzodiazepine].", "content": "Following the procedure we described for synthesizing analogous compounds in Note I (7), reaction of N,N-dialkyl or (N-alkyl,N-phenyl)ethoxycarbonylacetamides with 4-chloro-1,2-phenylendiamine, in the presence of phosphorus oxychloride, afforded 2,3-dihydro-2-oxo-4-dialkyl (N-alkyl,N-phenyl)amino-chloro-1H-1,5-benzodiazepines. When a large amount of phosphorus oxychloride was employed in the reaction, the formation of 2,4-di-(N-alkyl,N-phenyl)amino-3H-1,5-benzodiazepines was achieved, starting from suitable o-phenylendiamines and (N-alkyl,N-phenyl)ethoxycarbonylacetamides. Pharmacological tests were carried out on some compounds described in the present paper and on others reported in the preceding Note (7); in this connection 4-amino-1,5-benzodiazepine derivatives showed weak CNS depressing activity in addition, in some cases, to clear, although moderate, anticonvulsant activity, whereas 2,4-diamino-1,5-benzodiazepine derivatives were practically without effect.", "contents": "[Study of 1,5-benzodiazepines. II. Synthesis of 2,4-di-(N-alkyl,N-phenyl)amino-3H-1,5-benzodiazepine]. Following the procedure we described for synthesizing analogous compounds in Note I (7), reaction of N,N-dialkyl or (N-alkyl,N-phenyl)ethoxycarbonylacetamides with 4-chloro-1,2-phenylendiamine, in the presence of phosphorus oxychloride, afforded 2,3-dihydro-2-oxo-4-dialkyl (N-alkyl,N-phenyl)amino-chloro-1H-1,5-benzodiazepines. When a large amount of phosphorus oxychloride was employed in the reaction, the formation of 2,4-di-(N-alkyl,N-phenyl)amino-3H-1,5-benzodiazepines was achieved, starting from suitable o-phenylendiamines and (N-alkyl,N-phenyl)ethoxycarbonylacetamides. Pharmacological tests were carried out on some compounds described in the present paper and on others reported in the preceding Note (7); in this connection 4-amino-1,5-benzodiazepine derivatives showed weak CNS depressing activity in addition, in some cases, to clear, although moderate, anticonvulsant activity, whereas 2,4-diamino-1,5-benzodiazepine derivatives were practically without effect."}
{"id": "PMID:872921", "title": "[Synthesis and pharmacological study of various 2-(alkylaminoalkyl)mercapto-5-aryl-1,3,4-oxadiazoles].", "content": "Work was continued on the pharmacological study of the 1,3,4-oxadiazole nucleus using aroylhydrazines already used for the synthesis of anti-MAO compounds. S-alkylaminoalkyl derivatives of some 2-mercapto-5-aryl-1,3,4-oxadiazoles were prepared bearing in the 5-position a 3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl, a 3,5-dimethoxy-4-ethoxyphenyl or a 3,4-dihydroxymethylenephenyl radical. When subjected to pharmacological investigation the compounds showed clear hypotensive activity partially antagonized by atropine and antispastic activity on smooth muscle.", "contents": "[Synthesis and pharmacological study of various 2-(alkylaminoalkyl)mercapto-5-aryl-1,3,4-oxadiazoles]. Work was continued on the pharmacological study of the 1,3,4-oxadiazole nucleus using aroylhydrazines already used for the synthesis of anti-MAO compounds. S-alkylaminoalkyl derivatives of some 2-mercapto-5-aryl-1,3,4-oxadiazoles were prepared bearing in the 5-position a 3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl, a 3,5-dimethoxy-4-ethoxyphenyl or a 3,4-dihydroxymethylenephenyl radical. When subjected to pharmacological investigation the compounds showed clear hypotensive activity partially antagonized by atropine and antispastic activity on smooth muscle."}
{"id": "PMID:872922", "title": "[Research on heterocyclic compounds. VI. Imidazo(1,2-b)pyridazine derivatives].", "content": "The preparation of a group of imidazo[1,2-b]pyridazin-2-carboxylic and -2-acetic acids is reported. The ethyl esters of these acids were prepared by reaction of some 3-aminopyridazines with ethyl bromopyruvate or 4-bromoacetoacetate. The acids were obtained by hydrolysis of the corresponding esters, and their anti-inflammatory activity was tested.", "contents": "[Research on heterocyclic compounds. VI. Imidazo(1,2-b)pyridazine derivatives]. The preparation of a group of imidazo[1,2-b]pyridazin-2-carboxylic and -2-acetic acids is reported. The ethyl esters of these acids were prepared by reaction of some 3-aminopyridazines with ethyl bromopyruvate or 4-bromoacetoacetate. The acids were obtained by hydrolysis of the corresponding esters, and their anti-inflammatory activity was tested."}
{"id": "PMID:872923", "title": "[Selectivity of beta-adrenergic compounds. IV. Studies on 1-(4'-methylphenyl)-2-isopropylaminopropanol].", "content": "The beta-adrenergic activity of 1-(4'-methylphenyl)-2-isopropylaminopropanol (H 35/25) was studied on isolated preparations (guinea pig atria, guinea pig and calf tracheal muscle, mouse cecum). H 35/25 shows variations in both affinity and intrinsic activity at the various levels tested. The discussion shows that this cannot be used as a means of characterizing beta-adrenergic receptors.", "contents": "[Selectivity of beta-adrenergic compounds. IV. Studies on 1-(4'-methylphenyl)-2-isopropylaminopropanol]. The beta-adrenergic activity of 1-(4'-methylphenyl)-2-isopropylaminopropanol (H 35/25) was studied on isolated preparations (guinea pig atria, guinea pig and calf tracheal muscle, mouse cecum). H 35/25 shows variations in both affinity and intrinsic activity at the various levels tested. The discussion shows that this cannot be used as a means of characterizing beta-adrenergic receptors."}
{"id": "PMID:872924", "title": "[Research on nitrogen heterocyclic compounds. XI. - New synthesis of 3H-benz(e)indole and its derivatives].", "content": "Glutaconic esters bearing a 2-naphthylamino moiety and a carbethoxy group at the 4-position underwent thermal decomposition to give 1-carbethoxy-3H-benz[e]indole derivatives. Alkaline hydrolysis of 1-carbethoxy-3H-benz[e]indoles gave the corresponding 3H-benz[e]indoles by loss of the carboxylic group. By this method were synthesized the known 3H-benz[e5indole and the 7-methoxy-3H-benz[e]indole. Glutaconic esters used in this procedure were prepared by condensation of ethyl propiolate with the appropriate 2-naphthylaminomalonate ethyl ester in the presence of a catalytic amount of sodium ethylate.", "contents": "[Research on nitrogen heterocyclic compounds. XI. - New synthesis of 3H-benz(e)indole and its derivatives]. Glutaconic esters bearing a 2-naphthylamino moiety and a carbethoxy group at the 4-position underwent thermal decomposition to give 1-carbethoxy-3H-benz[e]indole derivatives. Alkaline hydrolysis of 1-carbethoxy-3H-benz[e]indoles gave the corresponding 3H-benz[e]indoles by loss of the carboxylic group. By this method were synthesized the known 3H-benz[e5indole and the 7-methoxy-3H-benz[e]indole. Glutaconic esters used in this procedure were prepared by condensation of ethyl propiolate with the appropriate 2-naphthylaminomalonate ethyl ester in the presence of a catalytic amount of sodium ethylate."}
{"id": "PMID:872925", "title": "Isolation and identification of two hydroxylated metabolites of phenazopyridine in rat urine.", "content": "Together with the metabolites arised from the reductive cleavage of the azo linkage, two hydroxylated metabolites of phenazopyridine (2,6-diamino-3-[(4-hydroxyphenyl)azo]pyridine and and 2,6-diamino-3-[(2-hydroxyphenyl)azo]pyridine) were identified in rat urine, after the administration of 50 mg/kg of the drug. The structures of these metabolites were elucidated, after TLC separation, by means of I.R., N.M.R. and mass spectrometry. The presence of two hydroxylated metabolites of the intact drug support evidence that phenazopyridine is also subjected in vivo to oxidative metabolism.", "contents": "Isolation and identification of two hydroxylated metabolites of phenazopyridine in rat urine. Together with the metabolites arised from the reductive cleavage of the azo linkage, two hydroxylated metabolites of phenazopyridine (2,6-diamino-3-[(4-hydroxyphenyl)azo]pyridine and and 2,6-diamino-3-[(2-hydroxyphenyl)azo]pyridine) were identified in rat urine, after the administration of 50 mg/kg of the drug. The structures of these metabolites were elucidated, after TLC separation, by means of I.R., N.M.R. and mass spectrometry. The presence of two hydroxylated metabolites of the intact drug support evidence that phenazopyridine is also subjected in vivo to oxidative metabolism."}
{"id": "PMID:872926", "title": "[Lidoflazine derivatives with cycloaliphatic residues of coronary dilator activity].", "content": "The preparation of some derivatives of lidoflazine bearing a phenylcyclohexane residue in place of the m.xylene is described. Study of the coronary dilating activity on the isolated heart showed that this activity is markedly increased by the modification. Acute toxicity in rats is also strongly increased.", "contents": "[Lidoflazine derivatives with cycloaliphatic residues of coronary dilator activity]. The preparation of some derivatives of lidoflazine bearing a phenylcyclohexane residue in place of the m.xylene is described. Study of the coronary dilating activity on the isolated heart showed that this activity is markedly increased by the modification. Acute toxicity in rats is also strongly increased."}
{"id": "PMID:872947", "title": "Distribution of serotonin and synthesizing enzymes in discrete areas of the brain.", "content": "With the use of sensitive radio-enzymatic microtechniques, serotonin and its synthesizing enzymes, tryptophan hydroxylase and L-amino acid decarboxylase, can be quantitatively detected in discrete regions of the rat brain. A microdissecting technique allows us to study their localization in specific brain areas and nuclei. Serotonin and its related enzymes are concentrated in the raphe nuclei. Relatively high serotonin concentrations are also present in areas and nuclei of the hypothalamus, limbic system, and brain stem, as well as in the circumventricular organs and the pituitary gland. The localization of its synthesizing enzymes in the same regions suggests that the formation of serotonin actually takes place in these areas. Catecholamines are also present in the raphe nuclei of the rat. Changes in catecholamine metabolism result in changes in serotonin levels in specific brain areas. These results suggest that serotonin may be involved in the regulation of a number of autonomic functions, and in neuroendocrine control mechanisms. The neuroanatomical and biochemical relations between the catecholaminergic and serotonergic system in the brain support the hypothesis of a physiological interaction of these two systems in specific, localized brain structures.", "contents": "Distribution of serotonin and synthesizing enzymes in discrete areas of the brain. With the use of sensitive radio-enzymatic microtechniques, serotonin and its synthesizing enzymes, tryptophan hydroxylase and L-amino acid decarboxylase, can be quantitatively detected in discrete regions of the rat brain. A microdissecting technique allows us to study their localization in specific brain areas and nuclei. Serotonin and its related enzymes are concentrated in the raphe nuclei. Relatively high serotonin concentrations are also present in areas and nuclei of the hypothalamus, limbic system, and brain stem, as well as in the circumventricular organs and the pituitary gland. The localization of its synthesizing enzymes in the same regions suggests that the formation of serotonin actually takes place in these areas. Catecholamines are also present in the raphe nuclei of the rat. Changes in catecholamine metabolism result in changes in serotonin levels in specific brain areas. These results suggest that serotonin may be involved in the regulation of a number of autonomic functions, and in neuroendocrine control mechanisms. The neuroanatomical and biochemical relations between the catecholaminergic and serotonergic system in the brain support the hypothesis of a physiological interaction of these two systems in specific, localized brain structures."}
{"id": "PMID:872949", "title": "Adenosine deaminase deficiency and immunodeficiencies.", "content": "Severe Combined Immunodeficiency (SCID) is a fatal disorder of infancy in which patients exhibit profound defects of both cellular and humoral immune function. Approximately 50% of patients with the autosomal recessive form of SCID have a genetically determined deficiency of the purine salvage enzyme adenosine deaminase (ADA). Prenatal diagnosis of SCID-ADA deficiency has been successful and detection of heterozygous carriers has been shown to be feasible. A mutation at the structural locus for ADA has been found in several cases but clinical heterogeneity indicates that genetic heterogeneity at the molecular level is to be expected. In vitro model studies and clinical course suggest that the pathophysiology may involve primarily an inhibition of T-cell maturation with lesser effects on B-cell maturation as well as \"self-destruction\" of differentiated cells following antigen stimulation. The culprit may be adenosine itself or one of its metabolites such as ATP or cAMP, which are elevated in these patients. Bone marrow transplantation remains the recommended mode of therapy but red cell transfusion may offer an alternative when bone marrow transplantation is not feasible. The finding that deficiency of  the next enzyme in the purine salvage pathway, nucleoside phosphorylase, is also associated with an immune deficiency disorder suggests that integrity of the purine salvage pathway may be crucial for normal differentiation and function of immunocompetent cells in man.", "contents": "Adenosine deaminase deficiency and immunodeficiencies. Severe Combined Immunodeficiency (SCID) is a fatal disorder of infancy in which patients exhibit profound defects of both cellular and humoral immune function. Approximately 50% of patients with the autosomal recessive form of SCID have a genetically determined deficiency of the purine salvage enzyme adenosine deaminase (ADA). Prenatal diagnosis of SCID-ADA deficiency has been successful and detection of heterozygous carriers has been shown to be feasible. A mutation at the structural locus for ADA has been found in several cases but clinical heterogeneity indicates that genetic heterogeneity at the molecular level is to be expected. In vitro model studies and clinical course suggest that the pathophysiology may involve primarily an inhibition of T-cell maturation with lesser effects on B-cell maturation as well as \"self-destruction\" of differentiated cells following antigen stimulation. The culprit may be adenosine itself or one of its metabolites such as ATP or cAMP, which are elevated in these patients. Bone marrow transplantation remains the recommended mode of therapy but red cell transfusion may offer an alternative when bone marrow transplantation is not feasible. The finding that deficiency of  the next enzyme in the purine salvage pathway, nucleoside phosphorylase, is also associated with an immune deficiency disorder suggests that integrity of the purine salvage pathway may be crucial for normal differentiation and function of immunocompetent cells in man."}
{"id": "PMID:872951", "title": "The use of clomiphene citrate.", "content": "Two hundred and fifty-five women received clomiphene citrate during a 10-year period. Fifty-six were treated diagnostically and one hundred and ninty-nine therapeutically for infertility. It is concluded that clomiphene may aid in confirming the diagnosis and establishing a prognosis in patients with primary or secondary amenorrhea. The success of clomiphene therapy in patients with anovulatory infertility is related to the etiologic factor responsible for the anovulation, but results can be improved by adjustment of the therapeutic regimen used. In the present series, 48% of the patients who ovulated became pregnant, and 25.3% of the pregnancies were miscarried. Those patients who ovulated spontaneously and became pregnant after having discontinued clomiphene therapy showed only a 10% abortion rate. A review of the results indicates that both the ovulation rate and the pregnancy rate can be improved if adjustments are made in therapy to ensure normal follicular maturation and corpus luteum function.", "contents": "The use of clomiphene citrate. Two hundred and fifty-five women received clomiphene citrate during a 10-year period. Fifty-six were treated diagnostically and one hundred and ninty-nine therapeutically for infertility. It is concluded that clomiphene may aid in confirming the diagnosis and establishing a prognosis in patients with primary or secondary amenorrhea. The success of clomiphene therapy in patients with anovulatory infertility is related to the etiologic factor responsible for the anovulation, but results can be improved by adjustment of the therapeutic regimen used. In the present series, 48% of the patients who ovulated became pregnant, and 25.3% of the pregnancies were miscarried. Those patients who ovulated spontaneously and became pregnant after having discontinued clomiphene therapy showed only a 10% abortion rate. A review of the results indicates that both the ovulation rate and the pregnancy rate can be improved if adjustments are made in therapy to ensure normal follicular maturation and corpus luteum function."}
{"id": "PMID:872952", "title": "An evaluation of etiologic factors and therapy in 665 infertile couples.", "content": "Six hundred and sixty-five unselected infertile couples were investigated and treated in a private clinic during a 15-year span. Male infertility factors were involved in 28%, ovulatory disturbances in 31.5%, tubal factors in 16.3%, and undiscovered factors in 17.6% (117 couples). In 50 couples (7.5%) fertility-reducing factors were found in both partners, with a 14% pregnancy rate, compared with a 54.3% pregnancy rate when only a female factor was involved. The chances of successful treatment of females decline steadily with age, correlating with the fact that the longer the exposure time before the start of treatment, the less the chance of pregnancy. Investigation following 1 year of exposure should be advised. Pregnancy rates were 50% in ovulatory disturbances and 30% with tubal factors. Predictably, a progressive increase in the pregnancy rate was noted during the span of this study.", "contents": "An evaluation of etiologic factors and therapy in 665 infertile couples. Six hundred and sixty-five unselected infertile couples were investigated and treated in a private clinic during a 15-year span. Male infertility factors were involved in 28%, ovulatory disturbances in 31.5%, tubal factors in 16.3%, and undiscovered factors in 17.6% (117 couples). In 50 couples (7.5%) fertility-reducing factors were found in both partners, with a 14% pregnancy rate, compared with a 54.3% pregnancy rate when only a female factor was involved. The chances of successful treatment of females decline steadily with age, correlating with the fact that the longer the exposure time before the start of treatment, the less the chance of pregnancy. Investigation following 1 year of exposure should be advised. Pregnancy rates were 50% in ovulatory disturbances and 30% with tubal factors. Predictably, a progressive increase in the pregnancy rate was noted during the span of this study."}
{"id": "PMID:872953", "title": "Amenorrhea following the use of oral contraceptives.", "content": "Clinical aspects and the incidence of the various underlying etiologic factors were studied in 86 patients with post-oral contraceptive amenorrhea. Patients were divided into two groups according to the presence or absence of detectable galactorrhea. Group I was composed of 55 amenorrheic patients without detectable galactorrhea and group II included 31 patients with amenorrhea associated with galactorrhea. Both groups were comparable for age, gravidity, duration of intake of oral contraceptives, and duration of amenorrhea. The incidence of previous oligomenorrhea and late menarche was high in both groups. The most striking difference between the two groups was in the incidence of pituitary prolactin-secreting tumor--32% among patients with galactorrhea and less than 2% among patients without galactorrhea. Identification of galactorrhea and accurate diagnosis of its causes are mandatory for successful management of postpill amenorrhea.", "contents": "Amenorrhea following the use of oral contraceptives. Clinical aspects and the incidence of the various underlying etiologic factors were studied in 86 patients with post-oral contraceptive amenorrhea. Patients were divided into two groups according to the presence or absence of detectable galactorrhea. Group I was composed of 55 amenorrheic patients without detectable galactorrhea and group II included 31 patients with amenorrhea associated with galactorrhea. Both groups were comparable for age, gravidity, duration of intake of oral contraceptives, and duration of amenorrhea. The incidence of previous oligomenorrhea and late menarche was high in both groups. The most striking difference between the two groups was in the incidence of pituitary prolactin-secreting tumor--32% among patients with galactorrhea and less than 2% among patients without galactorrhea. Identification of galactorrhea and accurate diagnosis of its causes are mandatory for successful management of postpill amenorrhea."}
{"id": "PMID:872954", "title": "Comparison of ethinylestradiol and mestranol in sequential-type oral contraceptives in their effects on blood glucose and serum insulin in oral glucose tolerance tests.", "content": "Forty 3-hour oral glucose tolerance tests (OGTTs) were performed in 10 assumedly healthy female volunteers 19 to 30 years old, each serving four times as her own control. Each subject was taking a sequential type oral contraceptive containing either 50 microgram of ethinylestradiol or 80 microgram of mestranol alternatingly in four consecutive treatment cycles. The OGTTs were performed on the 6th day of each cycle, during pure estrogen medication. Blood glucose and serum insulin values did not differ significantly under either estrogen as tested by the t-test for paired observations. Our results do not support the findings of others that mestranol has a more pronounced or even exclusively adverse effect on glucose tolerance as compared with ethinylestradiol.", "contents": "Comparison of ethinylestradiol and mestranol in sequential-type oral contraceptives in their effects on blood glucose and serum insulin in oral glucose tolerance tests. Forty 3-hour oral glucose tolerance tests (OGTTs) were performed in 10 assumedly healthy female volunteers 19 to 30 years old, each serving four times as her own control. Each subject was taking a sequential type oral contraceptive containing either 50 microgram of ethinylestradiol or 80 microgram of mestranol alternatingly in four consecutive treatment cycles. The OGTTs were performed on the 6th day of each cycle, during pure estrogen medication. Blood glucose and serum insulin values did not differ significantly under either estrogen as tested by the t-test for paired observations. Our results do not support the findings of others that mestranol has a more pronounced or even exclusively adverse effect on glucose tolerance as compared with ethinylestradiol."}
{"id": "PMID:872956", "title": "Serum immunoglobulin levels in vasectomized men: preliminary report.", "content": "Seventy-five men undergoing vasectomy were tested by radial immunodiffusion assay prevasectomy and at 6 weeks and 3, 6, and 12 months postvasectomy for possible changes in serum immunoglobulin (Ig) levels. No significant changes occurred when the results were analyzed on a group basis per time period. However, when each individual's prevasectomy Ig level was considered as his norm, significant changes appeared to occur in serum IgG levels at 6 weeks, 6 months, and 12 months postvasectomy; in serum IgM levels at 6 weeks; but not, to date, in serum IgA levels. Seasonal, environmental, and infectious factors do not seem to be associated with the changes found. No significant seminal Ig changes have been demonstrated. Consideration of these findings and implications for possible immunopathology are briefly discussed.", "contents": "Serum immunoglobulin levels in vasectomized men: preliminary report. Seventy-five men undergoing vasectomy were tested by radial immunodiffusion assay prevasectomy and at 6 weeks and 3, 6, and 12 months postvasectomy for possible changes in serum immunoglobulin (Ig) levels. No significant changes occurred when the results were analyzed on a group basis per time period. However, when each individual's prevasectomy Ig level was considered as his norm, significant changes appeared to occur in serum IgG levels at 6 weeks, 6 months, and 12 months postvasectomy; in serum IgM levels at 6 weeks; but not, to date, in serum IgA levels. Seasonal, environmental, and infectious factors do not seem to be associated with the changes found. No significant seminal Ig changes have been demonstrated. Consideration of these findings and implications for possible immunopathology are briefly discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:872958", "title": "Administration of prostaglandin F2alpha for the recovery of fertilized eggs from the vaginas of rabbits.", "content": "Nonsurgical recovery of fertilized eggs from the vaginas of prostaglandin F2alpha (PGF2alpha)-treated rabbits was attempted. Eighty-two eggs were collected by the vaginal washing method, and the earliest egg was recovered 20 hours after mating. Twenty eggs recovered vaginally 24 to 107 hours after mating were transferred to six synchronized, pseudopregnant rabbits to test the viability of the eggs; four newborns, two fetuses, and one implantation site were obtained. These results indicate that some viable eggs are discharged into the vaginas of rabbits treated with PGF2alpha.", "contents": "Administration of prostaglandin F2alpha for the recovery of fertilized eggs from the vaginas of rabbits. Nonsurgical recovery of fertilized eggs from the vaginas of prostaglandin F2alpha (PGF2alpha)-treated rabbits was attempted. Eighty-two eggs were collected by the vaginal washing method, and the earliest egg was recovered 20 hours after mating. Twenty eggs recovered vaginally 24 to 107 hours after mating were transferred to six synchronized, pseudopregnant rabbits to test the viability of the eggs; four newborns, two fetuses, and one implantation site were obtained. These results indicate that some viable eggs are discharged into the vaginas of rabbits treated with PGF2alpha."}
{"id": "PMID:872959", "title": "Hormone-mediated oviductal influence on mouse embryo development.", "content": "This study presents evidence that estradiol, mediated through oviduct fluid, may adversely affect the development of early embryos. Two-cell mouse embryos were cultured in Whitten-Biggers medium with or without 0.2 to 20 microgram/ml of estradiol or progesterone or in mouse oviduct fluid from donors treated with estradiol or estradiol and progesterone. Embryos cultured in fluid from estrogen-dominated donors were significantly less able to develop to morula (65%) or blastocyst (14%) than were those cultured in either Whitten-Biggers medium (91% and 41%) or progesterone-dominated fluid (87% and 36%). Transfer of cultured morulae and blastocysts to uteri of pseudopregnant recipients resulted in 2/3, 4/6, and 0/7 recipients' becoming pregnant for control, progesterone-dominated, and estrogen-dominated, respectively. When estradiol or progesterone was added directly to the control medium, no inhibitory effects were observed at levels higher than those found physiologically in plasma. Protein concentration and osmolalities for representative samples of oviduct fluid were 5.2 mg/ml and 329 mOsM for estrogen-dominated fluid and 1.6 mg/ml and 339 mOsM for progesterone-dominated fluid.", "contents": "Hormone-mediated oviductal influence on mouse embryo development. This study presents evidence that estradiol, mediated through oviduct fluid, may adversely affect the development of early embryos. Two-cell mouse embryos were cultured in Whitten-Biggers medium with or without 0.2 to 20 microgram/ml of estradiol or progesterone or in mouse oviduct fluid from donors treated with estradiol or estradiol and progesterone. Embryos cultured in fluid from estrogen-dominated donors were significantly less able to develop to morula (65%) or blastocyst (14%) than were those cultured in either Whitten-Biggers medium (91% and 41%) or progesterone-dominated fluid (87% and 36%). Transfer of cultured morulae and blastocysts to uteri of pseudopregnant recipients resulted in 2/3, 4/6, and 0/7 recipients' becoming pregnant for control, progesterone-dominated, and estrogen-dominated, respectively. When estradiol or progesterone was added directly to the control medium, no inhibitory effects were observed at levels higher than those found physiologically in plasma. Protein concentration and osmolalities for representative samples of oviduct fluid were 5.2 mg/ml and 329 mOsM for estrogen-dominated fluid and 1.6 mg/ml and 339 mOsM for progesterone-dominated fluid."}
{"id": "PMID:872961", "title": "Can bilharziasis of the seminal vesicles be a cause of obstructive infertility?", "content": "In patients with bilharzial seminal vesiculitis, it has been proved by the fructose test, seminal vesiculography, and casting that the vesicular and ampullary canals as well as the ejaculatory ducts are patient. Thus bilharziasis plays no role in the production of obstructive infertility in males.", "contents": "Can bilharziasis of the seminal vesicles be a cause of obstructive infertility? In patients with bilharzial seminal vesiculitis, it has been proved by the fructose test, seminal vesiculography, and casting that the vesicular and ampullary canals as well as the ejaculatory ducts are patient. Thus bilharziasis plays no role in the production of obstructive infertility in males."}
{"id": "PMID:873028", "title": "Once-daily treatment for mixed anxiety/depressive states: a comparison of slow release amitriptyline and fluphenazine with nortriptyline.", "content": "Patients suffering from mixed anxiety/depressive states referred to a psychiatric out-patient clinic completed a four course of either a once-daily table of 30 mg nortriptyline with 1-5 mag fluphenazine, or a sustained release capsule of 50 mg amitriptyline once daily, on a double-blind basis. Depression improved satisfactorily on either treatment, but there was a greater reduction of anxiety on fluphenazine/nortriptyline, Drowsiness, however, occurred more frequently among the patients on amitriptyline, suggesting the sedative properties of this drug did not substitute adequately for a specific anxiolytic effect. Dry mouth was also noticeably more frequent with amitriptyline. As might be expected on pharmacokinetic and phsyological grounds, the results suggest that the sustained release characteristics of the amitriptyline preparation lead to a maximization of side-effects during the day without conferring any therapeutic advantage.", "contents": "Once-daily treatment for mixed anxiety/depressive states: a comparison of slow release amitriptyline and fluphenazine with nortriptyline. Patients suffering from mixed anxiety/depressive states referred to a psychiatric out-patient clinic completed a four course of either a once-daily table of 30 mg nortriptyline with 1-5 mag fluphenazine, or a sustained release capsule of 50 mg amitriptyline once daily, on a double-blind basis. Depression improved satisfactorily on either treatment, but there was a greater reduction of anxiety on fluphenazine/nortriptyline, Drowsiness, however, occurred more frequently among the patients on amitriptyline, suggesting the sedative properties of this drug did not substitute adequately for a specific anxiolytic effect. Dry mouth was also noticeably more frequent with amitriptyline. As might be expected on pharmacokinetic and phsyological grounds, the results suggest that the sustained release characteristics of the amitriptyline preparation lead to a maximization of side-effects during the day without conferring any therapeutic advantage."}
{"id": "PMID:873029", "title": "Sustained action tetracycline preparation--tetrabid-organon blood level study.", "content": "A comparison of the plasma levels of tetracycline obtained whilst taking standard therapeutic doses of Tetrabid-Organon was made in twelve healthy volunteers. Two standard production batches were used in the study which was conducted under double-blind conditions. Sampling 12 hours and 8 hours after dosing showed no significant differences in plasma levels, with each batch. Even at these lowest levels satisfactory concentrations were rapidly obtained following initial administration, and were maintained when the drug was given at 12-hourly intervals. No side-effects of the drug were noted.", "contents": "Sustained action tetracycline preparation--tetrabid-organon blood level study. A comparison of the plasma levels of tetracycline obtained whilst taking standard therapeutic doses of Tetrabid-Organon was made in twelve healthy volunteers. Two standard production batches were used in the study which was conducted under double-blind conditions. Sampling 12 hours and 8 hours after dosing showed no significant differences in plasma levels, with each batch. Even at these lowest levels satisfactory concentrations were rapidly obtained following initial administration, and were maintained when the drug was given at 12-hourly intervals. No side-effects of the drug were noted."}
{"id": "PMID:873030", "title": "A clinical assessment of locabiotal in the treatment of infections of the nose and throat.", "content": "One hundred and twenty patients suffering from diseases of the nose and throat were admitted to an open clinical trial of the aerosol inhaler Locabiotal which contains the antibiotic fusafungine. The patient population was derived from three sources--out-patients, patients subjected to surgery and emergencies. The aerosol was administered five times daily to the throat or into the nose. The aerosol was highly effective in controlling infection and in relieving the various symptoms of the diseases treated. Variation in particle size was considered to be an advantage in penetrating various parts of the upper respiratory tract. Thirty-three patients experienced minor side-effects. These were thought to be misuse of the inhaler, or possible allergy to the antibiotic. This form of medication is recommended for a variety of diseases of the nose and throat.", "contents": "A clinical assessment of locabiotal in the treatment of infections of the nose and throat. One hundred and twenty patients suffering from diseases of the nose and throat were admitted to an open clinical trial of the aerosol inhaler Locabiotal which contains the antibiotic fusafungine. The patient population was derived from three sources--out-patients, patients subjected to surgery and emergencies. The aerosol was administered five times daily to the throat or into the nose. The aerosol was highly effective in controlling infection and in relieving the various symptoms of the diseases treated. Variation in particle size was considered to be an advantage in penetrating various parts of the upper respiratory tract. Thirty-three patients experienced minor side-effects. These were thought to be misuse of the inhaler, or possible allergy to the antibiotic. This form of medication is recommended for a variety of diseases of the nose and throat."}
{"id": "PMID:873031", "title": "Fentiazac as a therapeutic aid in the treatment of tuberculosis.", "content": "The authors point out the clinical usefulness and optimal tolerability of Fentiazac in patients suffering from tuberculosis and whose condition requires therapeutic intervention with non-steroid anti-inflammatory drugs.", "contents": "Fentiazac as a therapeutic aid in the treatment of tuberculosis. The authors point out the clinical usefulness and optimal tolerability of Fentiazac in patients suffering from tuberculosis and whose condition requires therapeutic intervention with non-steroid anti-inflammatory drugs."}
{"id": "PMID:873061", "title": "Development of cortical spreading depression and of its transition to the caudate nucleus in rats.", "content": "The development of Le\u00e3o's spreading depression (SD) of electroencephalographic activity was studied in young rats by recording the accompanying slow potential changes (SPC). The propagation rate of cortical SD increased from 1.65 mm/min on Day 15 to 2.6 mm/min on Day 20; the increase of SPC amplitude and the decrease of SPC duration were less evident over the same period. The SD elicited in the caudate nucleus by microinjections of KCl did not spread to neocortex in 20- and 30-day-old rats and transition occurred in only 5% of KCl applications in 40-day-old rats. Application of a pyrrolopyrimidine derivative (BW 57-271; 5 mg/kg) increased the cortico-caudate SD transition of 100% in rats aged 20 days or older and increased the SPC amplitude in both structures. The development of SD parameters can be ascribed to dendritic growth and to the decrease of extracellular space; the cortico-caudate propagation block can be ascribed to morphological immaturity of the transitional zone.", "contents": "Development of cortical spreading depression and of its transition to the caudate nucleus in rats. The development of Le\u00e3o's spreading depression (SD) of electroencephalographic activity was studied in young rats by recording the accompanying slow potential changes (SPC). The propagation rate of cortical SD increased from 1.65 mm/min on Day 15 to 2.6 mm/min on Day 20; the increase of SPC amplitude and the decrease of SPC duration were less evident over the same period. The SD elicited in the caudate nucleus by microinjections of KCl did not spread to neocortex in 20- and 30-day-old rats and transition occurred in only 5% of KCl applications in 40-day-old rats. Application of a pyrrolopyrimidine derivative (BW 57-271; 5 mg/kg) increased the cortico-caudate SD transition of 100% in rats aged 20 days or older and increased the SPC amplitude in both structures. The development of SD parameters can be ascribed to dendritic growth and to the decrease of extracellular space; the cortico-caudate propagation block can be ascribed to morphological immaturity of the transitional zone."}
{"id": "PMID:873062", "title": "Development of locomotion toward home nesting material in neonatal rats.", "content": "Neonatal rats were individually placed in a narrow choice zone between home and fresh nesting materials. At Day 2 postpartum the pups made significantly more home-choosing responses (vs responses for fresh nesting material). At a mean of 5.6 days (range, 4 to 9 days) the pups reached a criterion of 2 consecutive days of responses all for home nesting material. The number of head contacts increased abruptly upon reaching the criterion. In a 2nd experiment we observed that the pups which were repeatedly tested performed no better than those which were tested for the 1st or the 2nd time. Thus, (a) home-seeking responses appear to emerge substantially earlier than previously reported by other investigators, (b) head-contact responses appear to be related to successful home-chossing, and (c) some maturational rather than experiential factors are important for the development of both head-contact and home-choosing responses.", "contents": "Development of locomotion toward home nesting material in neonatal rats. Neonatal rats were individually placed in a narrow choice zone between home and fresh nesting materials. At Day 2 postpartum the pups made significantly more home-choosing responses (vs responses for fresh nesting material). At a mean of 5.6 days (range, 4 to 9 days) the pups reached a criterion of 2 consecutive days of responses all for home nesting material. The number of head contacts increased abruptly upon reaching the criterion. In a 2nd experiment we observed that the pups which were repeatedly tested performed no better than those which were tested for the 1st or the 2nd time. Thus, (a) home-seeking responses appear to emerge substantially earlier than previously reported by other investigators, (b) head-contact responses appear to be related to successful home-chossing, and (c) some maturational rather than experiential factors are important for the development of both head-contact and home-choosing responses."}
{"id": "PMID:873063", "title": "Effect of handling on maternal behavior following return of pups to the nest.", "content": "Handling rat pups during the 1st week after birth altered adult behavior in the open-field, whereas simply spearating the pups from their mothers during the same period produced differences in body weight at weaning. Observations of mother-infant interaction following pup treatment yielded different patterns of maternal behavior. Moreover, pups receiving early treatment were more active as adults in a novel environment and had a greater body weight at weaning. The quality of maternal care and the immediate effects of infantile stimulation on the mother-infant relation should be considered in specifying a mediating mechanism for the effects of early experience.", "contents": "Effect of handling on maternal behavior following return of pups to the nest. Handling rat pups during the 1st week after birth altered adult behavior in the open-field, whereas simply spearating the pups from their mothers during the same period produced differences in body weight at weaning. Observations of mother-infant interaction following pup treatment yielded different patterns of maternal behavior. Moreover, pups receiving early treatment were more active as adults in a novel environment and had a greater body weight at weaning. The quality of maternal care and the immediate effects of infantile stimulation on the mother-infant relation should be considered in specifying a mediating mechanism for the effects of early experience."}
{"id": "PMID:873064", "title": "The effect of criterion level on the acquisition and retention of a 1-way avoidance response in young and old rats.", "content": "Young (23-25 days old) and adult (80-84 days old) rats (n = 8, per group) were trained on an active-avoidance task to a criterion of 0, 5, or 15 consecutive correct trials and then tested for retention 30 days later. In original training, both age groups acquired the response in about the same number of trials when the criterion was set at 5/5 but young subjects required significantly more trials than older subjects to learn the response under the 15/15 criterion. In retraining, both age groups performed equally well when original training was to the 15/15 criterion although adults retained significantly better than weanlings when original training was 5/5 correct responses.", "contents": "The effect of criterion level on the acquisition and retention of a 1-way avoidance response in young and old rats. Young (23-25 days old) and adult (80-84 days old) rats (n = 8, per group) were trained on an active-avoidance task to a criterion of 0, 5, or 15 consecutive correct trials and then tested for retention 30 days later. In original training, both age groups acquired the response in about the same number of trials when the criterion was set at 5/5 but young subjects required significantly more trials than older subjects to learn the response under the 15/15 criterion. In retraining, both age groups performed equally well when original training was to the 15/15 criterion although adults retained significantly better than weanlings when original training was 5/5 correct responses."}
{"id": "PMID:873065", "title": "Position discrimination in the salamander, Ambystoma tigrinum.", "content": "Twenty larval tiger salamanders (Ambystoma tigrinum) were collected from a playa lake in West Texas and maintained in the laboratory for 7 days prior to the beginning of position training. Ten subjects in the larval state were trained on a position problem in a T-maze for 5 trials per day to a criterion of 80% correct responses, using a self-correction procedure. Following metamorphosis to the adult stage, these subjects were tested for retention. The remaining 10 subjects were allowed to metamorphose prior to training on the position problem. The results indicate reliably faster learning in the adult (terrestrial) subjects, and reliable retention of the response following metamorphosis. These results, taken in conjunction with informal observation of the behavior of the subjects in the experimental environment, suggest that the performance of the adult subjects was a result of their better perceptual apparatus.", "contents": "Position discrimination in the salamander, Ambystoma tigrinum. Twenty larval tiger salamanders (Ambystoma tigrinum) were collected from a playa lake in West Texas and maintained in the laboratory for 7 days prior to the beginning of position training. Ten subjects in the larval state were trained on a position problem in a T-maze for 5 trials per day to a criterion of 80% correct responses, using a self-correction procedure. Following metamorphosis to the adult stage, these subjects were tested for retention. The remaining 10 subjects were allowed to metamorphose prior to training on the position problem. The results indicate reliably faster learning in the adult (terrestrial) subjects, and reliable retention of the response following metamorphosis. These results, taken in conjunction with informal observation of the behavior of the subjects in the experimental environment, suggest that the performance of the adult subjects was a result of their better perceptual apparatus."}
{"id": "PMID:873066", "title": "Effects of parental environment on the prevalence of convulsive seizures in Onychomys torridus.", "content": "Male and female southern grasshopper mice (Onychomys torridus) were reared in 1 of 3 different parental environments: (a) with the natural male and female parents; (b) with the female parent only; or (c) with foster parents of a closely related species, Peromyscus leucopus. All mice were weaned at 25 days of age, then observed individually in an open field arena at 10-day intervals from 30 to 100 days of age. Twenty-seven of 59 subjects (45.8%) that were reared by the natural parents exhibited convulsive seizures during at least 1 of the 8 tests in the open field arena. The prevalence of convulsive seizures increased significantly in subjects that received altered parental care: 27 of 41 subjects (65.9%) reared by the female parent only or by Peromyscus foster parents seized during at least 1 of the 8 tests in the open field. Subjects from the 3 treatment groups did not differ in the mean number of seizures observed during the 8 open field tests. These results demonstrate a significant influence of the preweaning parental environment on the prevalence of convulsive seizures on Onychomys torridus.", "contents": "Effects of parental environment on the prevalence of convulsive seizures in Onychomys torridus. Male and female southern grasshopper mice (Onychomys torridus) were reared in 1 of 3 different parental environments: (a) with the natural male and female parents; (b) with the female parent only; or (c) with foster parents of a closely related species, Peromyscus leucopus. All mice were weaned at 25 days of age, then observed individually in an open field arena at 10-day intervals from 30 to 100 days of age. Twenty-seven of 59 subjects (45.8%) that were reared by the natural parents exhibited convulsive seizures during at least 1 of the 8 tests in the open field arena. The prevalence of convulsive seizures increased significantly in subjects that received altered parental care: 27 of 41 subjects (65.9%) reared by the female parent only or by Peromyscus foster parents seized during at least 1 of the 8 tests in the open field. Subjects from the 3 treatment groups did not differ in the mean number of seizures observed during the 8 open field tests. These results demonstrate a significant influence of the preweaning parental environment on the prevalence of convulsive seizures on Onychomys torridus."}
{"id": "PMID:873067", "title": "Ontogenetic changes in pup-elicited maternal pituitary-adrenal activity: pup age and stage of lactation effects.", "content": "Ontogenetic changes in pup-elicited maternal corticosterone responsiveness were investigated. Patterns of maternal corticosterone change were found to depend on pup treatment: shocked pups elicited larger corticosterone elevations than pups that had been handled. In addition both the age of the stimulus pups and the state of lactation when the mother was tested affected the pattern and magnitude of maternal pituitary-adrenal activity.", "contents": "Ontogenetic changes in pup-elicited maternal pituitary-adrenal activity: pup age and stage of lactation effects. Ontogenetic changes in pup-elicited maternal corticosterone responsiveness were investigated. Patterns of maternal corticosterone change were found to depend on pup treatment: shocked pups elicited larger corticosterone elevations than pups that had been handled. In addition both the age of the stimulus pups and the state of lactation when the mother was tested affected the pattern and magnitude of maternal pituitary-adrenal activity."}
{"id": "PMID:873068", "title": "Alleviation of separation distress in 3 breeds of young dogs.", "content": "Twenty-four puppies (8 each of Shetland sheepdogs, Telomians, and beagles) served as subjects in this experiment which was designed to examine the effectiveness of 12 stimulus conditions (food, toys, canine contact, and human contact) on alleviation of separation-induced distress vocalization. Testing consisted of a prestimulus trial, stimulus trial, and post-stimulus trial each session 3 times a week from 4 to 8 weeks after birth. Overall results showed human contact to be the most effective, followed by canine contact, toys, and food. Breed differences were significant in only 2 of the stimulus conditions. In the typical case of effective treatment, the vocalization rate declined from the prestimulus trial to a low point in the stimulus trial and then increased again in the post-stimulus trial.", "contents": "Alleviation of separation distress in 3 breeds of young dogs. Twenty-four puppies (8 each of Shetland sheepdogs, Telomians, and beagles) served as subjects in this experiment which was designed to examine the effectiveness of 12 stimulus conditions (food, toys, canine contact, and human contact) on alleviation of separation-induced distress vocalization. Testing consisted of a prestimulus trial, stimulus trial, and post-stimulus trial each session 3 times a week from 4 to 8 weeks after birth. Overall results showed human contact to be the most effective, followed by canine contact, toys, and food. Breed differences were significant in only 2 of the stimulus conditions. In the typical case of effective treatment, the vocalization rate declined from the prestimulus trial to a low point in the stimulus trial and then increased again in the post-stimulus trial."}
{"id": "PMID:873069", "title": "The effect of insulin on vascular reactivity to norepinephrine.", "content": "The effect of insulin on the vasoconstrictor response to norepinephrine of the resistance bed of the isolated perfused rat tail has been studied. Insulin produced a significant attenuation of this response in concentrations of both 120 mU./ml. and 150 micronU./ml. It is suggested that this effect may be relevant to the hypotensive action of insulin observed in diabetics.", "contents": "The effect of insulin on vascular reactivity to norepinephrine. The effect of insulin on the vasoconstrictor response to norepinephrine of the resistance bed of the isolated perfused rat tail has been studied. Insulin produced a significant attenuation of this response in concentrations of both 120 mU./ml. and 150 micronU./ml. It is suggested that this effect may be relevant to the hypotensive action of insulin observed in diabetics."}
{"id": "PMID:873070", "title": "Short-term effect of insulin and 5(3-piridyl) tetrazole on serum triglycerides in insulin-dependent diabetic patients.", "content": "A group of insulin-dependent diabetic patients was studied in order to determine the possible short-term regulatory effect of insulin and that of an antilipolytic drug on serum triglycerides. Subcutaneous crystalline insulin (one third of the usual morning dose of intermediate long-acting insulin, NPH) and an oral dose of 5(3-piridyl) tetrazole, 800 mg., were administered. During the three-hour period of the study, the amount of both substances was sufficient to suppress free fatty acids and to produce a progressive lowering of serum triglycerides without significant changes in serum cholesterol. However, although the level of blood sugar was normalized with insulin, it did not change with the administration of 5(3-piridyl) tetrazole. The rate of fall of plasma free fatty acids and serum triglycerides was similar in both substances and positively correlated with its basal concentration.", "contents": "Short-term effect of insulin and 5(3-piridyl) tetrazole on serum triglycerides in insulin-dependent diabetic patients. A group of insulin-dependent diabetic patients was studied in order to determine the possible short-term regulatory effect of insulin and that of an antilipolytic drug on serum triglycerides. Subcutaneous crystalline insulin (one third of the usual morning dose of intermediate long-acting insulin, NPH) and an oral dose of 5(3-piridyl) tetrazole, 800 mg., were administered. During the three-hour period of the study, the amount of both substances was sufficient to suppress free fatty acids and to produce a progressive lowering of serum triglycerides without significant changes in serum cholesterol. However, although the level of blood sugar was normalized with insulin, it did not change with the administration of 5(3-piridyl) tetrazole. The rate of fall of plasma free fatty acids and serum triglycerides was similar in both substances and positively correlated with its basal concentration."}
{"id": "PMID:873072", "title": "Acute renal failure following intravenous use of radiographic contrast dyes in patients with diabetes mellitus.", "content": "Acute renal failure following roentgenologic procedures employing intravenous administration of contrast media was observed in seven diabetic patients over an 18-month period. All had long-standing diabetes mellitus complicated by retinopathy and cardiovascular disease; six had mild impairment in renal function before x-ray studies. The renal failure occurred within 48 hours of the procedure and was of the oliguric type in six of the patients. Renal function returned toward the prestudy levels within four weeks. None of the patients required dialysis. Combined analysis of our data and those of 31 cases reported in the literature suggest that certain factors in diabetic patients make them prone to develop dye-induced acute renal failure: These include old age; long duration of diabetes; pre\u00ebxisting impaired renal function; the presence of diabetic complications such as retinopathy, neuropathy, and cardiovascular disease; and dehydration. All diabetic patients should be monitored closely after a radio-contrast study to detect the development of acute renal failure so that appropriate management can be instituted early in the course of the disease.", "contents": "Acute renal failure following intravenous use of radiographic contrast dyes in patients with diabetes mellitus. Acute renal failure following roentgenologic procedures employing intravenous administration of contrast media was observed in seven diabetic patients over an 18-month period. All had long-standing diabetes mellitus complicated by retinopathy and cardiovascular disease; six had mild impairment in renal function before x-ray studies. The renal failure occurred within 48 hours of the procedure and was of the oliguric type in six of the patients. Renal function returned toward the prestudy levels within four weeks. None of the patients required dialysis. Combined analysis of our data and those of 31 cases reported in the literature suggest that certain factors in diabetic patients make them prone to develop dye-induced acute renal failure: These include old age; long duration of diabetes; pre\u00ebxisting impaired renal function; the presence of diabetic complications such as retinopathy, neuropathy, and cardiovascular disease; and dehydration. All diabetic patients should be monitored closely after a radio-contrast study to detect the development of acute renal failure so that appropriate management can be instituted early in the course of the disease."}
{"id": "PMID:873073", "title": "Normalization of glycemia in diabetics during meals with insulin and glucagon delivery by the artificial pancreas.", "content": "An extracorporeal \"closed-loop\" system has been employed to maintain glycemia in the normal range during consumption of meals in nine insulin-treated diabetics. This artificial pancreas system incorporated continuous blood glucose monitoring (0.05 ml. per minute, delay time 90 seconds), a computer programed to respond to glycemia, and a hormone delivery system. Intravenous insulin delivery rates were determined by control parameters responsive to both glucose concentration and its rate of change. Because insulin-dependent diabetics often defend themselves poorly against hypoglycemia (in some cases due to inadequate glucagon responses), the instrument was also programed for exogenous glucagon delivery. A priori selection of ideal parameters for insulin and glucagon delivery for each individual is not yet possible. Consequently, when the parameters were used for the first time on each subject, they were varied over a reasonable range. This approach resulted in a corresponding variety of glycemic responses, the average of which characterized a set of initial parameters that is generally applicable. Appropriate control parameters are presented that successfully prevented hypoglycemia. Glucagon delivery directly related to glycemia appeared sufficient for this purpose, thus obviating the need for dextrose administration. This system provides a technique for complete normalization of blood glucose concentration in the types of diabetics tested, during both fed and interprandial periods. It has yielded insights essential to the development of more sophisticated future devices.", "contents": "Normalization of glycemia in diabetics during meals with insulin and glucagon delivery by the artificial pancreas. An extracorporeal \"closed-loop\" system has been employed to maintain glycemia in the normal range during consumption of meals in nine insulin-treated diabetics. This artificial pancreas system incorporated continuous blood glucose monitoring (0.05 ml. per minute, delay time 90 seconds), a computer programed to respond to glycemia, and a hormone delivery system. Intravenous insulin delivery rates were determined by control parameters responsive to both glucose concentration and its rate of change. Because insulin-dependent diabetics often defend themselves poorly against hypoglycemia (in some cases due to inadequate glucagon responses), the instrument was also programed for exogenous glucagon delivery. A priori selection of ideal parameters for insulin and glucagon delivery for each individual is not yet possible. Consequently, when the parameters were used for the first time on each subject, they were varied over a reasonable range. This approach resulted in a corresponding variety of glycemic responses, the average of which characterized a set of initial parameters that is generally applicable. Appropriate control parameters are presented that successfully prevented hypoglycemia. Glucagon delivery directly related to glycemia appeared sufficient for this purpose, thus obviating the need for dextrose administration. This system provides a technique for complete normalization of blood glucose concentration in the types of diabetics tested, during both fed and interprandial periods. It has yielded insights essential to the development of more sophisticated future devices."}
{"id": "PMID:873074", "title": "Diabetic vascular changes in children.", "content": "The microvascular complications of diabetes are demonstrated in the eye at a very early stage with the use of retinal fluorescein angiography. One hundred and fifty-four children who have had diabetes mellitus for durations varying from one month to 18 years had their retinal vasculature evaluated with fluorescein angiography. Seventy-five per cent of the children examined had vascular abnormalities, including 20 children who had diabetes for one year or less. Twenty-five per cent of the children showed no vascular abnormalities. This included one child who had diabetes for 12 years. The severity of the vascular abnormalities increased with the duration of diabetes. Vascular abnormalities did not appear related to diabetic management or control. The possibility of two types of diabetics, one with the other without associated vascular abnormalities, is suggested.", "contents": "Diabetic vascular changes in children. The microvascular complications of diabetes are demonstrated in the eye at a very early stage with the use of retinal fluorescein angiography. One hundred and fifty-four children who have had diabetes mellitus for durations varying from one month to 18 years had their retinal vasculature evaluated with fluorescein angiography. Seventy-five per cent of the children examined had vascular abnormalities, including 20 children who had diabetes for one year or less. Twenty-five per cent of the children showed no vascular abnormalities. This included one child who had diabetes for 12 years. The severity of the vascular abnormalities increased with the duration of diabetes. Vascular abnormalities did not appear related to diabetic management or control. The possibility of two types of diabetics, one with the other without associated vascular abnormalities, is suggested."}
{"id": "PMID:873086", "title": "Alteration of bile acid metabolism and vitamin-B12-absorption in diabetics on biguanides.", "content": "Since vitamin B12malabsorption has been described in diabetics on biguanides and inhibition of bile acid absorption found in rat ileum the effect of treatment with different biguanides (phenformin, buformin, metformin) on bile acid metabolism and vitamin B12 absorption was assessed in maturity onset diabetics. Biguanides did not alter faecal weight or faecal fat excretion, but they decreased faecal bile acid excretion. All biguanides tested increased deconjugation of glycocholic acid, as determined by a simple breath test technique. Vitamin B12 malabsorption was most prominent in patients on metformin. Discontinuation of biguanide treatment, or administration of antibiotics, normalized or improved the increased deconjugation of bile acids and the Schilling test. Decreased faecal bile acid excretion, positive 14C-glycocholate breath tests, pathological Schilling tests and the reversal of pathological tests by antibiotic treatment suggest that small intestinal bacterial overgrowth, leading to binding of the intrinsic-factor-vitamin B12-complex to bacteria, is responsible for the previously observed pathological Schilling tests in diabetics on biguanides. Bile acid malabsorption, possibly responsible for the cholesterol-lowering effect of biguanides, does not occur in diabetics on biguanides. Whether qualitative changes in small intestinal bile acid composition might affect cholesterol metabolism remains to be determined.", "contents": "Alteration of bile acid metabolism and vitamin-B12-absorption in diabetics on biguanides. Since vitamin B12malabsorption has been described in diabetics on biguanides and inhibition of bile acid absorption found in rat ileum the effect of treatment with different biguanides (phenformin, buformin, metformin) on bile acid metabolism and vitamin B12 absorption was assessed in maturity onset diabetics. Biguanides did not alter faecal weight or faecal fat excretion, but they decreased faecal bile acid excretion. All biguanides tested increased deconjugation of glycocholic acid, as determined by a simple breath test technique. Vitamin B12 malabsorption was most prominent in patients on metformin. Discontinuation of biguanide treatment, or administration of antibiotics, normalized or improved the increased deconjugation of bile acids and the Schilling test. Decreased faecal bile acid excretion, positive 14C-glycocholate breath tests, pathological Schilling tests and the reversal of pathological tests by antibiotic treatment suggest that small intestinal bacterial overgrowth, leading to binding of the intrinsic-factor-vitamin B12-complex to bacteria, is responsible for the previously observed pathological Schilling tests in diabetics on biguanides. Bile acid malabsorption, possibly responsible for the cholesterol-lowering effect of biguanides, does not occur in diabetics on biguanides. Whether qualitative changes in small intestinal bile acid composition might affect cholesterol metabolism remains to be determined."}
{"id": "PMID:873087", "title": "Relationship between heterogeneity of insulin responses and insulin resistance in normal subjects and patients with chemical diabetes.", "content": "Plasma insulin responses and insulin resistance were determined in 75 subjects, defined as having a normal, borderline abnormal, or abnormal oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT). Although considerable heterogeneity of insulin response existed, most patients with abnormal OGTT's had insulin responses greater than normal; none had insulin responses less than normal. The degree of insulin resistance also varied, but most patients with abnormal OGTT's were also abnormally insulin resistant A significant correlation (r=0.64, p+/-0.001) existed between insulin response and the degree of insulin resistance. However, when both variables were taken into consideration, the entire population could be divided into two groups. One group was characterized by both normal insulin responsiveness and sensitivity, the other by increased insulin response, associated with greater insulin resistance. Most patients with abnormal OGTT's fell into the latter group, but some had glucose intolerance without either an exaggerated insulin response or insulin resistance. These results suggest that true heterogeneity exists in patients with abnormal OGTT's.", "contents": "Relationship between heterogeneity of insulin responses and insulin resistance in normal subjects and patients with chemical diabetes. Plasma insulin responses and insulin resistance were determined in 75 subjects, defined as having a normal, borderline abnormal, or abnormal oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT). Although considerable heterogeneity of insulin response existed, most patients with abnormal OGTT's had insulin responses greater than normal; none had insulin responses less than normal. The degree of insulin resistance also varied, but most patients with abnormal OGTT's were also abnormally insulin resistant A significant correlation (r=0.64, p+/-0.001) existed between insulin response and the degree of insulin resistance. However, when both variables were taken into consideration, the entire population could be divided into two groups. One group was characterized by both normal insulin responsiveness and sensitivity, the other by increased insulin response, associated with greater insulin resistance. Most patients with abnormal OGTT's fell into the latter group, but some had glucose intolerance without either an exaggerated insulin response or insulin resistance. These results suggest that true heterogeneity exists in patients with abnormal OGTT's."}
{"id": "PMID:873088", "title": "Glomerular size and structure in diabetes mellitus. III. Early enlargement of the capillary surface.", "content": "The present electron microscopic study shows that the kidney hyperfunction in early diabetes can be due to a significant morphological change: an increased glomerular filtration surface. Applying standard stereological methods, the area of the peripheral wall of the glomerular capillaries was measured in biopsy specimens obtained from 7 patients with early diabetes and 7 controls.--An 80% enlargement of the capillary wall (the surface of the peripheral basement membrane) was found in the diabetics (2p=0.0096). Also the total area of the interface between the tuft and the urinary space was increased by 70% (2p=0.029). Since the thickness of the peripheral basement membrane is known to be unchanged in patients with early diabetes the finding of an increased area of the membrane implies that an increased quantity of basement membrane material is present in these patients. The significance of this phenomenon for the understanding of the metabolism of the basement membrane is discussed, and a working hypothesis is advanced for the pathogenesis of the diabetic microangiopathy.", "contents": "Glomerular size and structure in diabetes mellitus. III. Early enlargement of the capillary surface. The present electron microscopic study shows that the kidney hyperfunction in early diabetes can be due to a significant morphological change: an increased glomerular filtration surface. Applying standard stereological methods, the area of the peripheral wall of the glomerular capillaries was measured in biopsy specimens obtained from 7 patients with early diabetes and 7 controls.--An 80% enlargement of the capillary wall (the surface of the peripheral basement membrane) was found in the diabetics (2p=0.0096). Also the total area of the interface between the tuft and the urinary space was increased by 70% (2p=0.029). Since the thickness of the peripheral basement membrane is known to be unchanged in patients with early diabetes the finding of an increased area of the membrane implies that an increased quantity of basement membrane material is present in these patients. The significance of this phenomenon for the understanding of the metabolism of the basement membrane is discussed, and a working hypothesis is advanced for the pathogenesis of the diabetic microangiopathy."}
{"id": "PMID:873089", "title": "A study of insulin binding sites in the chicken tissues.", "content": "Specific binding of chicken and porcine insulin was demonstrated in isolated chicken hepatocytes, chicken liver plasma membranes and chicken erythrocytes. In the liver, the binding reaction was characterized by a sensitivity and an apparent affinity which were similar to those observed in rat liver and, in contrast, by a decreased number of binding sites. In chicken liver, there were about 5 times fewer binding sites per mg of membrane protein or per unit of cell surface area than in rat liver. In chicken erythrocytes, the number of insulin binding sites per cell was even lower than in chicken hepatocytes. This decreased insulin binding was not accounted for by a faster insulin degradation in chicken tissues. Glucagon binding sites also appeared to be less numerous in chicken than in rat liver, at least at low glucagon concentration; however, the decrease in maximal binding capacity in chicken liver involved insulin and not glucagon binding. That chicken cells are equipped with insulin receptors which are less numerous than in mammalian cells may explain, partly at least, the physiological state of insulin resistance observed in the chicken.", "contents": "A study of insulin binding sites in the chicken tissues. Specific binding of chicken and porcine insulin was demonstrated in isolated chicken hepatocytes, chicken liver plasma membranes and chicken erythrocytes. In the liver, the binding reaction was characterized by a sensitivity and an apparent affinity which were similar to those observed in rat liver and, in contrast, by a decreased number of binding sites. In chicken liver, there were about 5 times fewer binding sites per mg of membrane protein or per unit of cell surface area than in rat liver. In chicken erythrocytes, the number of insulin binding sites per cell was even lower than in chicken hepatocytes. This decreased insulin binding was not accounted for by a faster insulin degradation in chicken tissues. Glucagon binding sites also appeared to be less numerous in chicken than in rat liver, at least at low glucagon concentration; however, the decrease in maximal binding capacity in chicken liver involved insulin and not glucagon binding. That chicken cells are equipped with insulin receptors which are less numerous than in mammalian cells may explain, partly at least, the physiological state of insulin resistance observed in the chicken."}
{"id": "PMID:873090", "title": "Differences in cardiovascular morbidity and mortality between previously known and newly diagnosed adult diabetics.", "content": "498 diabetics were discovered in a survey of ischaemic heart disease in 10,059 men aged 40 years and over in Israel. -The diabetics were divided into previously known and newly diagnosed. -During a 5 year follow-up period, the incidence rates of fatal and non-fatal myocardial infarction and the incidence of intermittent claudication were considerably greater in both groups of diabetics than in non-diabetics. The frequency of hypertension and left ventricular hypertrophy was about the same in both groups, and in non-diabetics. -However, the pattern of increased morbidity for angina pectoris and the increased rate of sudden death is seen only in the previously diagnosed diabetics. Different pathological mechanisms might be responsible for angina pectoris and sudden death, as compared to myocardial infarction and these might be related in diabetics to the duration and severity of the disease.", "contents": "Differences in cardiovascular morbidity and mortality between previously known and newly diagnosed adult diabetics. 498 diabetics were discovered in a survey of ischaemic heart disease in 10,059 men aged 40 years and over in Israel. -The diabetics were divided into previously known and newly diagnosed. -During a 5 year follow-up period, the incidence rates of fatal and non-fatal myocardial infarction and the incidence of intermittent claudication were considerably greater in both groups of diabetics than in non-diabetics. The frequency of hypertension and left ventricular hypertrophy was about the same in both groups, and in non-diabetics. -However, the pattern of increased morbidity for angina pectoris and the increased rate of sudden death is seen only in the previously diagnosed diabetics. Different pathological mechanisms might be responsible for angina pectoris and sudden death, as compared to myocardial infarction and these might be related in diabetics to the duration and severity of the disease."}
{"id": "PMID:873091", "title": "Immediate effect of lesion of the ventromedial hypothalamic area upon glucose-induced insulin secretion in anaesthetized rats.", "content": "Insulin secretion, measured in vivo following an intravneous load of glucose to anaesthetized rats, was markedly increased ten minutes after bilateral electrolytic lesions of the ventromedial hypothalamic (VMH) area when compared to both sham-operated and unoperated controls. The successful lesioning of the VMH area was assessed by the subsequent occurrence of hyperphagia, as estimated by the increase in body weight. It is concluded that the ventromedial hypothalamic area exerts an inhibitory influence upon the secretory activity of the B-cells. Furthermore, the rapid disappearance of such inhibitory influence following lesions of the VMH suggests that this area of the brain may be of importance in the minute to minute regulation of insulin secretion. The precise anatomical location of the hypothalamic \"nucleus\" (or \"nuclei\") involved, as well as the neural or humoral nature of its inhibitory effect upon the endocrine pancreas remain to be elucidated.", "contents": "Immediate effect of lesion of the ventromedial hypothalamic area upon glucose-induced insulin secretion in anaesthetized rats. Insulin secretion, measured in vivo following an intravneous load of glucose to anaesthetized rats, was markedly increased ten minutes after bilateral electrolytic lesions of the ventromedial hypothalamic (VMH) area when compared to both sham-operated and unoperated controls. The successful lesioning of the VMH area was assessed by the subsequent occurrence of hyperphagia, as estimated by the increase in body weight. It is concluded that the ventromedial hypothalamic area exerts an inhibitory influence upon the secretory activity of the B-cells. Furthermore, the rapid disappearance of such inhibitory influence following lesions of the VMH suggests that this area of the brain may be of importance in the minute to minute regulation of insulin secretion. The precise anatomical location of the hypothalamic \"nucleus\" (or \"nuclei\") involved, as well as the neural or humoral nature of its inhibitory effect upon the endocrine pancreas remain to be elucidated."}
{"id": "PMID:873092", "title": "B1-3,5-diiodotyrosine insulin: a valid tracer for insulin.", "content": "Insulin, specifically substituted at the PheB1 position with 3,5-diiodotyrosine, has been tested in several biological and immunological systems. Immunoreactivity was assessed using antisera specific for different parts of the insulin molecule. Biological activity in vitro was estimated on isolated rat fat cells. In vivo bioactivity (hypoglycaemia) and metabolism (metabolic and urinary clearance rates, half-life, apparent distribution space) were measured by infusion of the material into greyhounds. The results indicated that this B1-labelled insulin preparation was biologically fully active and, unlike randomly labelled preparations of iodoinsulin, was metabolised with kinetics indistinguishable from those of the unlabelled hormone. We suggest that this material is a valid tracer for insulin, fulfilling the criteria of high specific activity and biological identity to the native hormone.", "contents": "B1-3,5-diiodotyrosine insulin: a valid tracer for insulin. Insulin, specifically substituted at the PheB1 position with 3,5-diiodotyrosine, has been tested in several biological and immunological systems. Immunoreactivity was assessed using antisera specific for different parts of the insulin molecule. Biological activity in vitro was estimated on isolated rat fat cells. In vivo bioactivity (hypoglycaemia) and metabolism (metabolic and urinary clearance rates, half-life, apparent distribution space) were measured by infusion of the material into greyhounds. The results indicated that this B1-labelled insulin preparation was biologically fully active and, unlike randomly labelled preparations of iodoinsulin, was metabolised with kinetics indistinguishable from those of the unlabelled hormone. We suggest that this material is a valid tracer for insulin, fulfilling the criteria of high specific activity and biological identity to the native hormone."}
{"id": "PMID:873093", "title": "B-cell function and blood glucose control in insulin dependent diabetics within the first month of insulin treatment.", "content": "Seventeen insulin dependent diabetics were studied after two to four weeks of insulin treatment in a situation approximating to their normal daily life. Some endogenous insulin secretion, assessed by plasma C-peptide determinations, was present in all. Plasma C-peptide concentration was positively correlated with the blood glucose concentration and increased after breakfast, lunch and dinner (p less than 0.01); both peak values and relative increases were lower than those observed in normal subjects (p less than 0.01). The highest insulin secretory capacity was found in subjects with the least unstable blood glucose concentration (r=0.57, p less than 0.03), and these patients required the smallest insulin doses (r=0.54, P less than 0.04). These findings demonstrate the metabolic importance of a preserved B-cell function.", "contents": "B-cell function and blood glucose control in insulin dependent diabetics within the first month of insulin treatment. Seventeen insulin dependent diabetics were studied after two to four weeks of insulin treatment in a situation approximating to their normal daily life. Some endogenous insulin secretion, assessed by plasma C-peptide determinations, was present in all. Plasma C-peptide concentration was positively correlated with the blood glucose concentration and increased after breakfast, lunch and dinner (p less than 0.01); both peak values and relative increases were lower than those observed in normal subjects (p less than 0.01). The highest insulin secretory capacity was found in subjects with the least unstable blood glucose concentration (r=0.57, p less than 0.03), and these patients required the smallest insulin doses (r=0.54, P less than 0.04). These findings demonstrate the metabolic importance of a preserved B-cell function."}
{"id": "PMID:873094", "title": "The mechanism of insulin secretion after oral glucose administration V. Portal venous IRI concentration in dogs after ingestion of glucose.", "content": "Concentrations of immunoreactive insulin activity and of blood glucose were measured in portal and peripheral venous blood in six conscious dogs after oral administration of 1.0 g/kg glucose. Portal venous samples were obtained either by chronic catheterization or by direct puncture of the portal vein through a London-cannula. Portal venous IRI was already significantly increased 5 min after the onset of the stimulus. Peripheral venous IRI pattern reflected this early increase, but the peripheral venous blood glucose level was unchanged. The results indicate that the early peripheral venous IRI increase reflects a pancreatic insulin secretory reflex.", "contents": "The mechanism of insulin secretion after oral glucose administration V. Portal venous IRI concentration in dogs after ingestion of glucose. Concentrations of immunoreactive insulin activity and of blood glucose were measured in portal and peripheral venous blood in six conscious dogs after oral administration of 1.0 g/kg glucose. Portal venous samples were obtained either by chronic catheterization or by direct puncture of the portal vein through a London-cannula. Portal venous IRI was already significantly increased 5 min after the onset of the stimulus. Peripheral venous IRI pattern reflected this early increase, but the peripheral venous blood glucose level was unchanged. The results indicate that the early peripheral venous IRI increase reflects a pancreatic insulin secretory reflex."}
{"id": "PMID:873095", "title": "Evaluation of exogenous insulin homoeostasis by the artificial pancreas in insulin-dependent diabetes.", "content": "With the artificial pancreas used by the authors, insulin was delivered through a venous infusion and the rate of delivery was adjusted according to data provided by a continuous blood glucose monitor. After different trials we selected control algorithms integrating two parameters: instantaneous blood glucose concentration and increasing or decreasing patterns of blood glucose. A constant basal insulin infusion rate was added and improved the control of glycaemic excursions. Different parameters concerning exogenous insulin homoeostasis were determined. The delay to reach an insulin effect was 18+/-2 min and was shortened by a priming-dose at the beginning of the infusion. The insulin effect remained for 28+/-2 min after the infusion had been stopped, but differences were noted in the morning (21+/-2 min), in the afternoon (32+/-2 min) and during the night (25+/-3 min). Insulin needs were evaluated during meals. Related to the amount of carbohydrates, the doses fell from 0.53 units/hr/g of carbohydrate for breakfast to 0.15 for dinner. From these data, it appears that the efficiency of exogenous insulin exhibits a circadian rhythm.", "contents": "Evaluation of exogenous insulin homoeostasis by the artificial pancreas in insulin-dependent diabetes. With the artificial pancreas used by the authors, insulin was delivered through a venous infusion and the rate of delivery was adjusted according to data provided by a continuous blood glucose monitor. After different trials we selected control algorithms integrating two parameters: instantaneous blood glucose concentration and increasing or decreasing patterns of blood glucose. A constant basal insulin infusion rate was added and improved the control of glycaemic excursions. Different parameters concerning exogenous insulin homoeostasis were determined. The delay to reach an insulin effect was 18+/-2 min and was shortened by a priming-dose at the beginning of the infusion. The insulin effect remained for 28+/-2 min after the infusion had been stopped, but differences were noted in the morning (21+/-2 min), in the afternoon (32+/-2 min) and during the night (25+/-3 min). Insulin needs were evaluated during meals. Related to the amount of carbohydrates, the doses fell from 0.53 units/hr/g of carbohydrate for breakfast to 0.15 for dinner. From these data, it appears that the efficiency of exogenous insulin exhibits a circadian rhythm."}
{"id": "PMID:873096", "title": "[Myocardial infarction in the young: evolution and clinico-coronarographic correlation (author's transl)].", "content": "Fifty patients who suffered from an acute myocardial infarction at age 40 or below and underwent coronary arteriography, were studied from 8 to 184 months after the infarction (mean follow-up 56 months). Hyperlipidaemia (60%) and cigarette-smoking (82%) were the most common risk factors, while hypertension and diabetes mellitus were found in 10% of all patients. Thirty-seven patients had two or more risk factors. Preinfarction angina was present in 7 subjects. Death rate was 14% within five years and was related to the severity of symptoms. Out of the patients with normal coronary arteriogram (6 patients) or with a single vessel disease 21 were free of angina and 30 did not suffer a reinfarction. Out of 17 patients with two or more coronary vessel disease, angina was present in 14 and reinfarction was seen in 5.", "contents": "[Myocardial infarction in the young: evolution and clinico-coronarographic correlation (author's transl)]. Fifty patients who suffered from an acute myocardial infarction at age 40 or below and underwent coronary arteriography, were studied from 8 to 184 months after the infarction (mean follow-up 56 months). Hyperlipidaemia (60%) and cigarette-smoking (82%) were the most common risk factors, while hypertension and diabetes mellitus were found in 10% of all patients. Thirty-seven patients had two or more risk factors. Preinfarction angina was present in 7 subjects. Death rate was 14% within five years and was related to the severity of symptoms. Out of the patients with normal coronary arteriogram (6 patients) or with a single vessel disease 21 were free of angina and 30 did not suffer a reinfarction. Out of 17 patients with two or more coronary vessel disease, angina was present in 14 and reinfarction was seen in 5."}
{"id": "PMID:873097", "title": "[Left atrial rhythm. Electrocardiographic study (author's transl)].", "content": "The electrocardiograms of 15 left atrial rhythm and sinusal rhythm patients are studied. The spontaneous occurrence of LAR and the possibility of return to SR by vagal stimulation manoeuvers are reported. The electrocardiographic modifications of the ectopic rhythm are shown and compared either with those of the coronary sinus rhythm or junctional A-V rhythm, or with those of the tracings recorded during atrial pacing. The intermittent occurrence of the LAR in the studied cases is theoretically ascribed to the awakening of an ectopic focus, localized in the left atrium, acting as a new pace-maker because of its excited activity or abnormal depression of the sinus.", "contents": "[Left atrial rhythm. Electrocardiographic study (author's transl)]. The electrocardiograms of 15 left atrial rhythm and sinusal rhythm patients are studied. The spontaneous occurrence of LAR and the possibility of return to SR by vagal stimulation manoeuvers are reported. The electrocardiographic modifications of the ectopic rhythm are shown and compared either with those of the coronary sinus rhythm or junctional A-V rhythm, or with those of the tracings recorded during atrial pacing. The intermittent occurrence of the LAR in the studied cases is theoretically ascribed to the awakening of an ectopic focus, localized in the left atrium, acting as a new pace-maker because of its excited activity or abnormal depression of the sinus."}
{"id": "PMID:873098", "title": "[A contribution to ergometric tests in the definition of gravity of mitral stenosis. The importance of the behavior of the left ventricular function, not always correlation to hemodynamic alterations above the valve (author's transl)].", "content": "An attempt to evaluate the severity of the valvulopathy was performed in 50 patients with pure mitral stenosis, 36 females and 14 males, by a haemodynamic study and by an exercise test. In 76% of the cases, electrocardiographic \"ischemic\" abnormalities were observed during the exercise test; after the exclusion of patients over 45, and patients with atrial fibrillation and/or digitalis treatment, a high frequency (63,15%) of electrocardiographic ischemic changes with effort is still observed. No correlations between the result of the exercise test either with pulmonary pressure values, or with other haemodynamic data (cardiac index and pulmonary vascular resistances) were demonstrated. The electrocardiographic abnormalities induced by exercise in these patients are discussed; the authors conclude that this behaviour under effort is significant for the importance of the impairment of the left ventricle function in mitral stenosis.", "contents": "[A contribution to ergometric tests in the definition of gravity of mitral stenosis. The importance of the behavior of the left ventricular function, not always correlation to hemodynamic alterations above the valve (author's transl)]. An attempt to evaluate the severity of the valvulopathy was performed in 50 patients with pure mitral stenosis, 36 females and 14 males, by a haemodynamic study and by an exercise test. In 76% of the cases, electrocardiographic \"ischemic\" abnormalities were observed during the exercise test; after the exclusion of patients over 45, and patients with atrial fibrillation and/or digitalis treatment, a high frequency (63,15%) of electrocardiographic ischemic changes with effort is still observed. No correlations between the result of the exercise test either with pulmonary pressure values, or with other haemodynamic data (cardiac index and pulmonary vascular resistances) were demonstrated. The electrocardiographic abnormalities induced by exercise in these patients are discussed; the authors conclude that this behaviour under effort is significant for the importance of the impairment of the left ventricle function in mitral stenosis."}
{"id": "PMID:873099", "title": "[The surgery of atrial septal defect in adults (author's transl)].", "content": "33 cases of A.S.D. whose age ranged between 30 and 50 years are presented. Surgical indications, post-operative complications and arrhythmias are described. Atrial fibrillation due to pulmonary hypertension in the post-operative period is particularly emphasized. The authors point out that surgical indication for A.S.D. in adults is closely related to the hemodynamic of pulmonary circulation.", "contents": "[The surgery of atrial septal defect in adults (author's transl)]. 33 cases of A.S.D. whose age ranged between 30 and 50 years are presented. Surgical indications, post-operative complications and arrhythmias are described. Atrial fibrillation due to pulmonary hypertension in the post-operative period is particularly emphasized. The authors point out that surgical indication for A.S.D. in adults is closely related to the hemodynamic of pulmonary circulation."}
{"id": "PMID:873100", "title": "[Infectious endocarditis in patients with intracardiac prosthesis (author's transl)].", "content": "Infectious endocarditis involving intracardiac prosthesis continues to be a common and dangerous complication of cardiac surgery, but the incidence and severity of the disease are probably underestimated in this country. 14 cases of prosthetic endocarditis observed in a 5 years period are reported in this paper. 7 were early cases and 7 late cases. Etiology, clinical course, and pathological lesions, were similar in the two groups, while mortality was higher in the first group (100%) than in the second (85%). Delay in the diagnosis, negative blood cultures in a third of all cases, and doubts in indications for surgery, were the main reasons for a higher mortality than usual. Only one patient was reoperated on, unsuccessfully, but no patient who had not improved after two weeks of correct antibiotic treatment, survived; such cases, especially if diagnosis has been late and/or blood cultures negative, should be reoperated on without delay. The greatest efforts should be made in the prevention of the disease and, in particular, pre-operative and late post-operative prophylaxis should become more rigid and systematic.", "contents": "[Infectious endocarditis in patients with intracardiac prosthesis (author's transl)]. Infectious endocarditis involving intracardiac prosthesis continues to be a common and dangerous complication of cardiac surgery, but the incidence and severity of the disease are probably underestimated in this country. 14 cases of prosthetic endocarditis observed in a 5 years period are reported in this paper. 7 were early cases and 7 late cases. Etiology, clinical course, and pathological lesions, were similar in the two groups, while mortality was higher in the first group (100%) than in the second (85%). Delay in the diagnosis, negative blood cultures in a third of all cases, and doubts in indications for surgery, were the main reasons for a higher mortality than usual. Only one patient was reoperated on, unsuccessfully, but no patient who had not improved after two weeks of correct antibiotic treatment, survived; such cases, especially if diagnosis has been late and/or blood cultures negative, should be reoperated on without delay. The greatest efforts should be made in the prevention of the disease and, in particular, pre-operative and late post-operative prophylaxis should become more rigid and systematic."}
{"id": "PMID:873102", "title": "[External recording of His bundle electrical activity (author's transl)].", "content": "A noninvasive method to record His' potentials in man is described. In several patients who needed intracardiac recording, a bipolar lead was placed across the chest, directed as conveniently as possible for the recording of His bundle electrical activity. A signal filtered (70-300 Hz) and amplified (X 100.000), was processed by a multichannel analyzer for averaging. The temporal regime of the averager was determined by a trigger which established a fiducial point on the ECG. For this purpose a QRS detector fed to a normal peripheral bipolar lead was used. The temporal stability of the system was continually checked in order to reject the recordings over the limits of +/- 1 msec. The computer program was chosen in order to select a window (usually 200 msec) which occurred up to 150 msec prior and 50 msec after the trigger signal. The sampling rate was 5 KHz for 1024 samples and the sweep counts were fixed from 128 to 512. At the same time, the D1, D2 and D3 were recorded in the other three channels of the analyzer for a more accurate measurement of the HV interval. Then an example comparing the external and interval recording was presented. Finally several external recordings were measured and the exact reproducibility of the G wave was confirmed. In conclusion we can say that the G wave is significant and suggests the electrical activity of the bundle of His.", "contents": "[External recording of His bundle electrical activity (author's transl)]. A noninvasive method to record His' potentials in man is described. In several patients who needed intracardiac recording, a bipolar lead was placed across the chest, directed as conveniently as possible for the recording of His bundle electrical activity. A signal filtered (70-300 Hz) and amplified (X 100.000), was processed by a multichannel analyzer for averaging. The temporal regime of the averager was determined by a trigger which established a fiducial point on the ECG. For this purpose a QRS detector fed to a normal peripheral bipolar lead was used. The temporal stability of the system was continually checked in order to reject the recordings over the limits of +/- 1 msec. The computer program was chosen in order to select a window (usually 200 msec) which occurred up to 150 msec prior and 50 msec after the trigger signal. The sampling rate was 5 KHz for 1024 samples and the sweep counts were fixed from 128 to 512. At the same time, the D1, D2 and D3 were recorded in the other three channels of the analyzer for a more accurate measurement of the HV interval. Then an example comparing the external and interval recording was presented. Finally several external recordings were measured and the exact reproducibility of the G wave was confirmed. In conclusion we can say that the G wave is significant and suggests the electrical activity of the bundle of His."}
{"id": "PMID:873115", "title": "Effect of atropine on food-stimulated gastrin release after truncal vagotomy in man.", "content": "Studies have been performed on man after truncal vagotomy to ascertain the effect of 1.2 mg of atropine sulfate on basal and postprandial immunoreactive gastrin. Atropine had no effect on basal gastrin, but it caused a significant increase in both the peak postprandial gastrin (135 to 240 pg per ml without the 139 to 308 pg per ml with atropine) and the integrated gastrin response (10.2 and 15.5 ng-min per ml over 2 hr respectively). This indicates that vagal integrity is not essential for the enhancement of the gastrin response by atropine and implies a direct effect on the antral gastrin cell.", "contents": "Effect of atropine on food-stimulated gastrin release after truncal vagotomy in man. Studies have been performed on man after truncal vagotomy to ascertain the effect of 1.2 mg of atropine sulfate on basal and postprandial immunoreactive gastrin. Atropine had no effect on basal gastrin, but it caused a significant increase in both the peak postprandial gastrin (135 to 240 pg per ml without the 139 to 308 pg per ml with atropine) and the integrated gastrin response (10.2 and 15.5 ng-min per ml over 2 hr respectively). This indicates that vagal integrity is not essential for the enhancement of the gastrin response by atropine and implies a direct effect on the antral gastrin cell."}
{"id": "PMID:873117", "title": "Participation of the jejunum and ileum in postprandial gastric secretion in man.", "content": "The role of the small intestine in postprandial gastric secretory function was determined in 6 normal volunteers by diverting chyme at the ligament of Treitz and comparing the results with those obtained in the same individuals when chyme was exposed to the entire small intestine. Because diversion of chyme caused a lesser gastric secretory response, it is concluded that the small intestine contributes appreciably to the magnitude of gastric secretory responses to meals.", "contents": "Participation of the jejunum and ileum in postprandial gastric secretion in man. The role of the small intestine in postprandial gastric secretory function was determined in 6 normal volunteers by diverting chyme at the ligament of Treitz and comparing the results with those obtained in the same individuals when chyme was exposed to the entire small intestine. Because diversion of chyme caused a lesser gastric secretory response, it is concluded that the small intestine contributes appreciably to the magnitude of gastric secretory responses to meals."}
{"id": "PMID:873118", "title": "Effect of dietary fiber on complications of gastric surgery: prevention of postprandial hypoglycemia by pectin.", "content": "The dumping syndrome is a very troublesome problem to some patients after gastric surgery. Gel-forming carbohydrates have recently been used to modify glucose absorption. The addition of 14.5 g of pectin to a 50-g oral glucose load prevented the occurrence of hypoglycemic symptoms and maintained the blood glucose levels above control values by 64% at 90 min (P less than 0.002) and 46% at 120 min (P less than 0.01) in postgastric surgery patients whose 120-min values after 50 g of glucose alone had fallen below 50 mg per 100 ml (2.8 mmoles per liter). Breath H2 production, used as an index of bacterial fermentation of glucose, was abolished or reduced by pectin in all 5 cases in which this had previously occurred. A trial of 10 g of pectin per day prevented recurrent postprandial hypoglycemic attacks in the most severely affected individual. Pectin and perhaps other unabsorbable polysaccharides are likely to prove useful in the treatment of abnormal carbohydrate absorption after gastric surgery.", "contents": "Effect of dietary fiber on complications of gastric surgery: prevention of postprandial hypoglycemia by pectin. The dumping syndrome is a very troublesome problem to some patients after gastric surgery. Gel-forming carbohydrates have recently been used to modify glucose absorption. The addition of 14.5 g of pectin to a 50-g oral glucose load prevented the occurrence of hypoglycemic symptoms and maintained the blood glucose levels above control values by 64% at 90 min (P less than 0.002) and 46% at 120 min (P less than 0.01) in postgastric surgery patients whose 120-min values after 50 g of glucose alone had fallen below 50 mg per 100 ml (2.8 mmoles per liter). Breath H2 production, used as an index of bacterial fermentation of glucose, was abolished or reduced by pectin in all 5 cases in which this had previously occurred. A trial of 10 g of pectin per day prevented recurrent postprandial hypoglycemic attacks in the most severely affected individual. Pectin and perhaps other unabsorbable polysaccharides are likely to prove useful in the treatment of abnormal carbohydrate absorption after gastric surgery."}
{"id": "PMID:873119", "title": "Oral cholecystography after alcoholic pancreatitis.", "content": "Retrospective and prospective studies were done to evaluate the efficacy of oral cholecystography (OCG) performed before hospital discharge on alcoholic patients with acute pancreatitis. In the retrospective study, OCG adequately opacified the gallbladder in 21 of 26 patients (81%). Of the 5 patients with inadequate opacification, 1 was jaundiced at the time of OCG; the other 4 had OCG before resumption of solid food. In the prospective study, OCG done in nonjaundiced patients shortly after resumption of food yielded adequate opacification in 19 of 21 patients (90%) without gallstones. We conclude that in nonjaundiced alcoholic patients with acute pancreatitis not caused by gallstones, OCG performed after resumption of a solid diet and before hospital discharge is usually successful in opacifying the gallbladder.", "contents": "Oral cholecystography after alcoholic pancreatitis. Retrospective and prospective studies were done to evaluate the efficacy of oral cholecystography (OCG) performed before hospital discharge on alcoholic patients with acute pancreatitis. In the retrospective study, OCG adequately opacified the gallbladder in 21 of 26 patients (81%). Of the 5 patients with inadequate opacification, 1 was jaundiced at the time of OCG; the other 4 had OCG before resumption of solid food. In the prospective study, OCG done in nonjaundiced patients shortly after resumption of food yielded adequate opacification in 19 of 21 patients (90%) without gallstones. We conclude that in nonjaundiced alcoholic patients with acute pancreatitis not caused by gallstones, OCG performed after resumption of a solid diet and before hospital discharge is usually successful in opacifying the gallbladder."}
{"id": "PMID:873120", "title": "Stimulation of pancreatic secretion of water and electrolytes by furosemide.", "content": "The effect of furosemide on secretin-stimulated pancreatic secretion was examined in 12 normal subjects using a perfusion method to quantitate pancreatic output. During continuous secretin infusion (0.9 U per kg per hr), secretory volume rose to a steady state level of 32.5 +/- 10.2 ml per min. When a bolus injection of furosemide (20 mg) was given during continuous secretin infusion, mean secretory volume increased further to a maximum value of 110 +/- 14.7 ml per min. Similarly, the outputs of bicarbonate, sodium, and chloride increased significantly after furosemide, compared to values obtained with secretin infusion alone. Total bilirubin output fell after furosemide, suggesting that the effect of furosemide on secretory volume and electrolyte output was not due to a stimulatory effect on bile flow. Furosemide also had no effect on duodenal water transport. These observations demonstrate that furosemide stimulates pancreatic secretion of water and electrolytes, possibly via inhibition of pancreatic ductal absorption of sodium.", "contents": "Stimulation of pancreatic secretion of water and electrolytes by furosemide. The effect of furosemide on secretin-stimulated pancreatic secretion was examined in 12 normal subjects using a perfusion method to quantitate pancreatic output. During continuous secretin infusion (0.9 U per kg per hr), secretory volume rose to a steady state level of 32.5 +/- 10.2 ml per min. When a bolus injection of furosemide (20 mg) was given during continuous secretin infusion, mean secretory volume increased further to a maximum value of 110 +/- 14.7 ml per min. Similarly, the outputs of bicarbonate, sodium, and chloride increased significantly after furosemide, compared to values obtained with secretin infusion alone. Total bilirubin output fell after furosemide, suggesting that the effect of furosemide on secretory volume and electrolyte output was not due to a stimulatory effect on bile flow. Furosemide also had no effect on duodenal water transport. These observations demonstrate that furosemide stimulates pancreatic secretion of water and electrolytes, possibly via inhibition of pancreatic ductal absorption of sodium."}
{"id": "PMID:873121", "title": "Benign pneumoperitoneum after fiberoptic colonoscopy. A prospective study of 100 patients.", "content": "A prospective study of 100 consecutive unselected patients undergoing both diagnostic and therapeutic firoptic colonoscopy was undertaken. Our incidence of colonic perforation is 1%, which is similar to the incidence reported in the literature. This study suggests that even when immediate postcolonoscopic supine and erect abdominal radiographs as well as pre- and postcolonoscopic total blood counts and enzyme levels to supplement clinical impressions are obtained, the incidence of perforation of the colon after fiberoptic colonoscopy is low and not any higher than that reported in the literature. Pneumoperitoneum may occur after fiberoptic colonoscopy with minimal or no clinical evidence suggesting perforation. Perforation in some patients may be treated conservatively without the need of emergency laparotomy.", "contents": "Benign pneumoperitoneum after fiberoptic colonoscopy. A prospective study of 100 patients. A prospective study of 100 consecutive unselected patients undergoing both diagnostic and therapeutic firoptic colonoscopy was undertaken. Our incidence of colonic perforation is 1%, which is similar to the incidence reported in the literature. This study suggests that even when immediate postcolonoscopic supine and erect abdominal radiographs as well as pre- and postcolonoscopic total blood counts and enzyme levels to supplement clinical impressions are obtained, the incidence of perforation of the colon after fiberoptic colonoscopy is low and not any higher than that reported in the literature. Pneumoperitoneum may occur after fiberoptic colonoscopy with minimal or no clinical evidence suggesting perforation. Perforation in some patients may be treated conservatively without the need of emergency laparotomy."}
{"id": "PMID:873122", "title": "Reassessment of the Widal test in the diagnosis of typhoid.", "content": "The Widal test was done in 100 nontyphoidal febrile pients, 53 patients with proven typhoid, and in 61 patients with immunological disturbances in an are where typhoid is endemic. Salmonella typhi H or O agglutinin titers of 1:160 or more were seen in only 1% of nontyphoidal fevers. Using these criteria, the Widal test was of diagnostic value in 50 of 53 (94.3%) of patients with typhoid. The Widal test was positive in 85.7% of patients even in the first week of the illness, possibly owing to the hyperimmune state of the patients. A false-positive test was found in 11.5% of patients with major immunological disturbances in whom the Widal test must therefore be interpreted with caution.", "contents": "Reassessment of the Widal test in the diagnosis of typhoid. The Widal test was done in 100 nontyphoidal febrile pients, 53 patients with proven typhoid, and in 61 patients with immunological disturbances in an are where typhoid is endemic. Salmonella typhi H or O agglutinin titers of 1:160 or more were seen in only 1% of nontyphoidal fevers. Using these criteria, the Widal test was of diagnostic value in 50 of 53 (94.3%) of patients with typhoid. The Widal test was positive in 85.7% of patients even in the first week of the illness, possibly owing to the hyperimmune state of the patients. A false-positive test was found in 11.5% of patients with major immunological disturbances in whom the Widal test must therefore be interpreted with caution."}
{"id": "PMID:873123", "title": "Symptomatic diffuse esophageal spasm. Manometric follow-up and response to cholinergic stimulation and cholinesterase inhibition.", "content": "Uniform criteria for defining symptomatic diffuse esophageal spasm (SDES) are lacking. Records of patients undergoing esophageal motility studies over a 3-year period were reviewed. Those patients who fulfilled a predefined set of arbitrary criteria for SDES returned for repeat motility study. Manometric abnormalities seen on initial examination remained unchanged on follow-up evaluation. In addition, response in SDES to two pharmacological agents--a cholinergic agonist and cholinesterase inhibitor--was evaluated and compared to that seen in normal subjects and in subjects with heartburn. Patients with SDES responded similarly to both agents, and their responses were significantly greater than those seen in controls or in subjects with heartburn. The results suggest that SDES is a relatively homogenous entity, with respect to both maintaining stability of manometric abnormalities and response to two different pharmacological agents. The future evaluation of similarly defined patients may lead to ascertaining more clearly the underlying pathophysiology of this \"syndrome\".", "contents": "Symptomatic diffuse esophageal spasm. Manometric follow-up and response to cholinergic stimulation and cholinesterase inhibition. Uniform criteria for defining symptomatic diffuse esophageal spasm (SDES) are lacking. Records of patients undergoing esophageal motility studies over a 3-year period were reviewed. Those patients who fulfilled a predefined set of arbitrary criteria for SDES returned for repeat motility study. Manometric abnormalities seen on initial examination remained unchanged on follow-up evaluation. In addition, response in SDES to two pharmacological agents--a cholinergic agonist and cholinesterase inhibitor--was evaluated and compared to that seen in normal subjects and in subjects with heartburn. Patients with SDES responded similarly to both agents, and their responses were significantly greater than those seen in controls or in subjects with heartburn. The results suggest that SDES is a relatively homogenous entity, with respect to both maintaining stability of manometric abnormalities and response to two different pharmacological agents. The future evaluation of similarly defined patients may lead to ascertaining more clearly the underlying pathophysiology of this \"syndrome\"."}
{"id": "PMID:873124", "title": "Measurements of intestinal permeability using low molecular weight polyethylene glycols (PEG 400). I. Chemical analysis and biological properties of PEG 400.", "content": "A new approach to the measurement of intestinal permeability in man has been developed, using low molecular weight polyethylene glycol (PEG 400) as probe molecules. PEG 400 (range of molecular weight 232 to 594) is a mixture of water-soluble molecules of different sizes which can be extracted readily from biological fluids and analyzed by gas-liquid chromatography. PEG 400 is nontoxic, not degraded by intestinal bacteria, not metabolized after absorption, and rapidly excreted in urine. The different-sized molecular components cross the intestinal epithelium at different rates, allowing characterization of the passive permeability properties of the mucosa.", "contents": "Measurements of intestinal permeability using low molecular weight polyethylene glycols (PEG 400). I. Chemical analysis and biological properties of PEG 400. A new approach to the measurement of intestinal permeability in man has been developed, using low molecular weight polyethylene glycol (PEG 400) as probe molecules. PEG 400 (range of molecular weight 232 to 594) is a mixture of water-soluble molecules of different sizes which can be extracted readily from biological fluids and analyzed by gas-liquid chromatography. PEG 400 is nontoxic, not degraded by intestinal bacteria, not metabolized after absorption, and rapidly excreted in urine. The different-sized molecular components cross the intestinal epithelium at different rates, allowing characterization of the passive permeability properties of the mucosa."}
{"id": "PMID:873125", "title": "Measurements of intestinal permeability using low molecular weight polyethylene glycols (PEG 400). II. Application to normal and abnormal permeability states in man and animals.", "content": "A new approach to the measurement of intestinal permeability using low molecular weight polyethylene glycols (PEG 400) has been applied to the study of normal and abnormal permeability states in man and animals. Successful assessments of gastric, jejunal, ileal, and colonic permeability suggest that the technique has application to any area of the gastrointestinal tract. The method has shown that bile acids alter mucosal permeability in the stomach and colon and that celiac sprue is associated with decreased intestinal permeability. These examples illustrate the potential of the technique for studying the function of diseases intestine in man.", "contents": "Measurements of intestinal permeability using low molecular weight polyethylene glycols (PEG 400). II. Application to normal and abnormal permeability states in man and animals. A new approach to the measurement of intestinal permeability using low molecular weight polyethylene glycols (PEG 400) has been applied to the study of normal and abnormal permeability states in man and animals. Successful assessments of gastric, jejunal, ileal, and colonic permeability suggest that the technique has application to any area of the gastrointestinal tract. The method has shown that bile acids alter mucosal permeability in the stomach and colon and that celiac sprue is associated with decreased intestinal permeability. These examples illustrate the potential of the technique for studying the function of diseases intestine in man."}
{"id": "PMID:873126", "title": "Effect of histamine H2 antagonism by metiamide on the response of the canine gastric mucosa to acid and bile salt.", "content": "Prevention of acute gastric erosions with histamine H2-receptor blocking agents suggests that these drugs may improve the ability of the gastric mucosa to maintain electrical, ionic, and protein concentration gradients. In 5 awake mongrel dogs, transmural potential difference, ion fluxes, and protein loss were measured across Heidenhain pouches topically exposed to isotonic solutions containing either 80 mM HCl or 80 mM HCl plus 20 mM sodium taurocholate (BS). The dogs received an intravenous infusion of either saline (as a control) or the H2 antagonist metiamide, 10 mumoles per kg-hr. Metiamide increased the H+ clearance rate found after acid test solution exposure but had no significant effect on potential difference or ion fluxes. H2 antagonism decreased the protein loss but not the increase in cation permeability due to BS. Net H+ loss actually increased, which, along with a decrease in Cl- gain, suggests inhibition of acid secretion by metiamide in BS-exposed gastric mucosa. These effects of metiamide point to histamine as a likely mediator of the gastric mucosal damage due to BS.", "contents": "Effect of histamine H2 antagonism by metiamide on the response of the canine gastric mucosa to acid and bile salt. Prevention of acute gastric erosions with histamine H2-receptor blocking agents suggests that these drugs may improve the ability of the gastric mucosa to maintain electrical, ionic, and protein concentration gradients. In 5 awake mongrel dogs, transmural potential difference, ion fluxes, and protein loss were measured across Heidenhain pouches topically exposed to isotonic solutions containing either 80 mM HCl or 80 mM HCl plus 20 mM sodium taurocholate (BS). The dogs received an intravenous infusion of either saline (as a control) or the H2 antagonist metiamide, 10 mumoles per kg-hr. Metiamide increased the H+ clearance rate found after acid test solution exposure but had no significant effect on potential difference or ion fluxes. H2 antagonism decreased the protein loss but not the increase in cation permeability due to BS. Net H+ loss actually increased, which, along with a decrease in Cl- gain, suggests inhibition of acid secretion by metiamide in BS-exposed gastric mucosa. These effects of metiamide point to histamine as a likely mediator of the gastric mucosal damage due to BS."}
{"id": "PMID:873127", "title": "Exocrine pancreatic insufficiency syndrome in CBA/J mice. III. Pathological and genetic analysis.", "content": "A clinical and histopathological description of exocrine pancreatic insufficiency syndrome in CBA/J mice is presented. Amelioration of clinical symptoms by pancreatic enzyme replacement therapy is described, as are breeding experiments designed to test the hypothesis that the etiology of this syndrome is a recessive mutation. Our failure to propagate the expected numbers of animals with the syndrome by genetic means leads us to the conclusion that it is not transmitted as an autosomal recessive mutation. Our finding of focal histological lesions of the exocrine pancreas in large numbers of clinically normal CBA/J mice suggests that the CBA/J genetic background is some way predisposes this strain to the spontaneous necrosis and atrophy of exocrine cells that is pathognomonic of this disease.", "contents": "Exocrine pancreatic insufficiency syndrome in CBA/J mice. III. Pathological and genetic analysis. A clinical and histopathological description of exocrine pancreatic insufficiency syndrome in CBA/J mice is presented. Amelioration of clinical symptoms by pancreatic enzyme replacement therapy is described, as are breeding experiments designed to test the hypothesis that the etiology of this syndrome is a recessive mutation. Our failure to propagate the expected numbers of animals with the syndrome by genetic means leads us to the conclusion that it is not transmitted as an autosomal recessive mutation. Our finding of focal histological lesions of the exocrine pancreas in large numbers of clinically normal CBA/J mice suggests that the CBA/J genetic background is some way predisposes this strain to the spontaneous necrosis and atrophy of exocrine cells that is pathognomonic of this disease."}
{"id": "PMID:873128", "title": "Modulation of colonic motility by peripheral neural inputs to neurons of the inferior mesenteric ganglion.", "content": "Colonic motility is known to be regulated, in part, by postganglionic sympathetic neurons whose cell bodies are located in the inferior mesenteric ganglion (IMG). Several studies have demonstrated that the neural activity of postganglionic neurons located in the IMG results from the synaptic integration of neural input received not only from the central nervous system via the inferior splanchnic nerves but also from sensory receptors located in the periphery and received via the lumbar colonic, intermesenteric, and hypogastric nerves. To investigate some of the interactions among colonic motility, peripheral neural input to the IMG, and postganglionic neural activity, intracellular recordings were made from single neurons located in the IMG of in vitro IMG-colon preparations obtained from guinea pigs. Recordings of colonic intraluminal pressures were simultaneously obtained with these neurophysiological recordings. Gross afferent input to the IMG from colonic mechanoreceptors was found to be nonadapting, to the correlated with physiological levels of intraluminal pressure, and to vary with propulsive motor activity. Both peripheral and central preganglionic inputs to the IMG reduced or abolished colonic motiligy, but with varying degrees of effectiveness. It is concluded that the firing patterns of sympathetic postganglionic neurons affecting motility of the terminal colon result primarily from the synaptic integration of inputs from preganglionic fibers of both central and peripheral origin.", "contents": "Modulation of colonic motility by peripheral neural inputs to neurons of the inferior mesenteric ganglion. Colonic motility is known to be regulated, in part, by postganglionic sympathetic neurons whose cell bodies are located in the inferior mesenteric ganglion (IMG). Several studies have demonstrated that the neural activity of postganglionic neurons located in the IMG results from the synaptic integration of neural input received not only from the central nervous system via the inferior splanchnic nerves but also from sensory receptors located in the periphery and received via the lumbar colonic, intermesenteric, and hypogastric nerves. To investigate some of the interactions among colonic motility, peripheral neural input to the IMG, and postganglionic neural activity, intracellular recordings were made from single neurons located in the IMG of in vitro IMG-colon preparations obtained from guinea pigs. Recordings of colonic intraluminal pressures were simultaneously obtained with these neurophysiological recordings. Gross afferent input to the IMG from colonic mechanoreceptors was found to be nonadapting, to the correlated with physiological levels of intraluminal pressure, and to vary with propulsive motor activity. Both peripheral and central preganglionic inputs to the IMG reduced or abolished colonic motiligy, but with varying degrees of effectiveness. It is concluded that the firing patterns of sympathetic postganglionic neurons affecting motility of the terminal colon result primarily from the synaptic integration of inputs from preganglionic fibers of both central and peripheral origin."}
{"id": "PMID:873129", "title": "Percutaneous transhepatic catheterization of the portal vein for the study of portal hemodynamics and shunts. A preliminary report.", "content": "A technique for catheterizing the portal vein transhepatically, based on our method for percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography, is described. Using this technique, quantitation of the intrahepatic shunt and extrahepatic shunt from the splenoportal axis is possible. It involves injection of 99mTc-macroaggregated albumin into the splenic vein at the splenic hilum and 131I-macroaggregated albumin into the portal trunk, followed by differential counting over predetermined areas of the liver and lungs. Catheterization was successful in 20 of 30 patients in whom it was attempted. The intrahepatic shunt indices varied from 1.0 to 78.4% and the extrahepatic shunt indices ranged from 0 to 49.9%. These values appeared to correlate closely with the size of collaterals opacified by portography.", "contents": "Percutaneous transhepatic catheterization of the portal vein for the study of portal hemodynamics and shunts. A preliminary report. A technique for catheterizing the portal vein transhepatically, based on our method for percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography, is described. Using this technique, quantitation of the intrahepatic shunt and extrahepatic shunt from the splenoportal axis is possible. It involves injection of 99mTc-macroaggregated albumin into the splenic vein at the splenic hilum and 131I-macroaggregated albumin into the portal trunk, followed by differential counting over predetermined areas of the liver and lungs. Catheterization was successful in 20 of 30 patients in whom it was attempted. The intrahepatic shunt indices varied from 1.0 to 78.4% and the extrahepatic shunt indices ranged from 0 to 49.9%. These values appeared to correlate closely with the size of collaterals opacified by portography."}
{"id": "PMID:873130", "title": "Radioimmunoassay of bile acids: development, validation, and preliminary application of an assay for conjugates of chenodeoxycholic acid.", "content": "A rapid, sensitive, precise radioimmunoassay for conjugates of chenodeoxycholic (chenic) acid has been developed and validated. Immunogen was prepared with chenylglycine couples to bovine serum albumin, emulsified in Freund's complete adjuvant, and injected intracutaneously in rabbits. Antibodies of moderate titer (used at 1:7500 final dilution) were obtained. Tracer of high specific activity was prepared by reductive tritiation of delta11-chenylglycine. The binding step required 1 hr at room temperature; separation of bound tracer was achieved by addition of ammonium sulfate. The limit of sensitivity of the assay was about 20 nmoles per liter, and the lower limit of the working range was 0.4 mumole per liter. The assay was validated by measuring levels in samples of fasting state serum to which known amounts of chenylglycine had been added; the assay was also validated by means of gas-liquid chromatography on sera from jaundiced patients. The median fasting state serum level in 56 Caucasians and blacks was 0.9 mumole per liter (upper limit of normal (95% confidence) being 2.3), which is in the same range as that reported by others using gas-liquid chromatography. A 5- to 10-fold increase in levels of chenyl conjugates was observed 1 hr after the ingestion of a liquid meal in healthy persons.", "contents": "Radioimmunoassay of bile acids: development, validation, and preliminary application of an assay for conjugates of chenodeoxycholic acid. A rapid, sensitive, precise radioimmunoassay for conjugates of chenodeoxycholic (chenic) acid has been developed and validated. Immunogen was prepared with chenylglycine couples to bovine serum albumin, emulsified in Freund's complete adjuvant, and injected intracutaneously in rabbits. Antibodies of moderate titer (used at 1:7500 final dilution) were obtained. Tracer of high specific activity was prepared by reductive tritiation of delta11-chenylglycine. The binding step required 1 hr at room temperature; separation of bound tracer was achieved by addition of ammonium sulfate. The limit of sensitivity of the assay was about 20 nmoles per liter, and the lower limit of the working range was 0.4 mumole per liter. The assay was validated by measuring levels in samples of fasting state serum to which known amounts of chenylglycine had been added; the assay was also validated by means of gas-liquid chromatography on sera from jaundiced patients. The median fasting state serum level in 56 Caucasians and blacks was 0.9 mumole per liter (upper limit of normal (95% confidence) being 2.3), which is in the same range as that reported by others using gas-liquid chromatography. A 5- to 10-fold increase in levels of chenyl conjugates was observed 1 hr after the ingestion of a liquid meal in healthy persons."}
{"id": "PMID:873132", "title": "Increased sulfation and decreased 7alpha-hydroxylation of deoxycholic acid in ethinyl estradiol-induced cholestasis in rats.", "content": "Deoxycholic acid conjugation, transport capacity, and metabolism were compared in control and ethinyl estradiol-treated rats. Control rats were found to have a lower capacity to transport deoxycholic acid than taurodeoxycholic acid, and both were decreased by ethinyl estradiol treatment. During [24-14C]sodium deoxycholate infusion, [14C]biliary bile acid secretion increased, but bile flow did not change significantly in either control or ethinyl estradiol-treated rats. Ethinyl estradiol-treated animals excreted significantly less 14C as taurocholic acid than did control animals, consistent with an impairment of 7alpha-hydroxylation of taurodeoxycholic acid. Ethinyl estradiol treatment did not impair conjugation of deoxycholic acid, but did result in an increase in sulfation of taurodeoxycholic acid from 1.5% in controls to nearly 4.0% (P less than 0.01). These results are consistent with the hypothesis that the rat has a poorer tolerance for deoxycholic acid than do certain other species. Furthermore, the rat converts deoxycholic acid, a poor choleretic, to taurocholic acid, a good choleretic. When this conversion is impaired with ethinyl estradiol treatment, sulfation may be an important alternate pathway for excretion of this potentially harmful bile acid.", "contents": "Increased sulfation and decreased 7alpha-hydroxylation of deoxycholic acid in ethinyl estradiol-induced cholestasis in rats. Deoxycholic acid conjugation, transport capacity, and metabolism were compared in control and ethinyl estradiol-treated rats. Control rats were found to have a lower capacity to transport deoxycholic acid than taurodeoxycholic acid, and both were decreased by ethinyl estradiol treatment. During [24-14C]sodium deoxycholate infusion, [14C]biliary bile acid secretion increased, but bile flow did not change significantly in either control or ethinyl estradiol-treated rats. Ethinyl estradiol-treated animals excreted significantly less 14C as taurocholic acid than did control animals, consistent with an impairment of 7alpha-hydroxylation of taurodeoxycholic acid. Ethinyl estradiol treatment did not impair conjugation of deoxycholic acid, but did result in an increase in sulfation of taurodeoxycholic acid from 1.5% in controls to nearly 4.0% (P less than 0.01). These results are consistent with the hypothesis that the rat has a poorer tolerance for deoxycholic acid than do certain other species. Furthermore, the rat converts deoxycholic acid, a poor choleretic, to taurocholic acid, a good choleretic. When this conversion is impaired with ethinyl estradiol treatment, sulfation may be an important alternate pathway for excretion of this potentially harmful bile acid."}
{"id": "PMID:873134", "title": "Studies of idiopathic intestinal pseudoobstruction. I. Hereditary hollow visceral myopathy: clinical and pathological studies.", "content": "A 15-year-old girl with idiopathic intestinal pseudoobstruction is reported. She presented with a long term history of low grade obstructive symptoms, diarrhea, and poor nutrition culminating in an acute obstructive attack leading to exploratory laparotomy. At surgery, the small bowel and colon were dilated, with no mechanical obstruction found. Further evaluation revealed her to have a diffuse disorder of gastrointestinal smooth muscle function involving esophagus, small bowel, and colon. Because medical management failed to control symptom, a gastrojejunostomy was done to bypass a megaduodenum. A third laparotomy was necessary 2 months later because of intractable obstructive symptoms. At this last laparotomy, the afferent loop was taken down and a duodenoplasty and duodenojejunostomy were performed, resulting in clinical improvement. Light and electron microscopic study of the excised small intestine showed marked thinning and degeneraton of the smooth muscle, with replacement by fibrous tissue. The myenteric plexus was normal. This case demonstrates that a degenerative disease of smooth muscle may be one cause of idiopathic intestinal pseudoobstruction.", "contents": "Studies of idiopathic intestinal pseudoobstruction. I. Hereditary hollow visceral myopathy: clinical and pathological studies. A 15-year-old girl with idiopathic intestinal pseudoobstruction is reported. She presented with a long term history of low grade obstructive symptoms, diarrhea, and poor nutrition culminating in an acute obstructive attack leading to exploratory laparotomy. At surgery, the small bowel and colon were dilated, with no mechanical obstruction found. Further evaluation revealed her to have a diffuse disorder of gastrointestinal smooth muscle function involving esophagus, small bowel, and colon. Because medical management failed to control symptom, a gastrojejunostomy was done to bypass a megaduodenum. A third laparotomy was necessary 2 months later because of intractable obstructive symptoms. At this last laparotomy, the afferent loop was taken down and a duodenoplasty and duodenojejunostomy were performed, resulting in clinical improvement. Light and electron microscopic study of the excised small intestine showed marked thinning and degeneraton of the smooth muscle, with replacement by fibrous tissue. The myenteric plexus was normal. This case demonstrates that a degenerative disease of smooth muscle may be one cause of idiopathic intestinal pseudoobstruction."}
{"id": "PMID:873135", "title": "Studies of idiopathic intestinal pseudoobstruction. II. Hereditary hollow visceral myopathy: family studies.", "content": "Twelve relatives of a 15-year-old girl with idiopathic intestinal pseudoobstruction were studied with esophageal manometry or cine-esophagography to determine whether the disease was genetically transmitted. Four maternal relatives, including the patient's mother, 13-year-old brother, one aunt, and one of that aunt's children had mild dysphagia and esophageal motor dysfunction. In addition, the patient's mother and 13-year-old brother had a flaccid bladder and bilateral ureteral reflux, respectively. The brother had abnormal bladder smooth muscle by light microscopy. We conclude that idiopathic intestinal pseudoobstruction in this family is secondary to a generalized disease of smooth muscle which is transmitted as a dominant trait of variable expressivity, manifested in some family members as a mild disorder of esophageal smooth muscle dysfunction, at times accompanied by bladder dysfunction. We suggest that this form of idiopathic intestinal pseudoobstruction be called \"hereditary hollow visceral myopathy.\" Esophageal manometry may prove useful as a tool for studying the inheritance of this disorder.", "contents": "Studies of idiopathic intestinal pseudoobstruction. II. Hereditary hollow visceral myopathy: family studies. Twelve relatives of a 15-year-old girl with idiopathic intestinal pseudoobstruction were studied with esophageal manometry or cine-esophagography to determine whether the disease was genetically transmitted. Four maternal relatives, including the patient's mother, 13-year-old brother, one aunt, and one of that aunt's children had mild dysphagia and esophageal motor dysfunction. In addition, the patient's mother and 13-year-old brother had a flaccid bladder and bilateral ureteral reflux, respectively. The brother had abnormal bladder smooth muscle by light microscopy. We conclude that idiopathic intestinal pseudoobstruction in this family is secondary to a generalized disease of smooth muscle which is transmitted as a dominant trait of variable expressivity, manifested in some family members as a mild disorder of esophageal smooth muscle dysfunction, at times accompanied by bladder dysfunction. We suggest that this form of idiopathic intestinal pseudoobstruction be called \"hereditary hollow visceral myopathy.\" Esophageal manometry may prove useful as a tool for studying the inheritance of this disorder."}
{"id": "PMID:873136", "title": "Downhill varices: report of a case 29 years after resection of a substernal thyroid gland.", "content": "A case of varices of the entire esophagus in a patient who had undergone resection of a substernal thyroid gland 29 years previously is reported. Dilated esophageal veins, varices, may serve as collateral channels between the portal and systemic systems. When the superior vena cava is obstructed, blood from the upper extremities and head is returned to the heart via downhill varices. Obstruction of the superior vena cava proximal to the azygos vein results in varices of the upper esophagus. Obstruction distal to the asygos vein, as in this patient, results in varices of the entire esophagus. Portacaval shunt has no place in the management of these patients. Downhill varices should be considered in any patient with superior vena caval obstruction from any cause.", "contents": "Downhill varices: report of a case 29 years after resection of a substernal thyroid gland. A case of varices of the entire esophagus in a patient who had undergone resection of a substernal thyroid gland 29 years previously is reported. Dilated esophageal veins, varices, may serve as collateral channels between the portal and systemic systems. When the superior vena cava is obstructed, blood from the upper extremities and head is returned to the heart via downhill varices. Obstruction of the superior vena cava proximal to the azygos vein results in varices of the upper esophagus. Obstruction distal to the asygos vein, as in this patient, results in varices of the entire esophagus. Portacaval shunt has no place in the management of these patients. Downhill varices should be considered in any patient with superior vena caval obstruction from any cause."}
{"id": "PMID:873137", "title": "Hepatic veno-occlusive disease due to pyrrolizidine (Senecio) poisoning in Arizona.", "content": "An infant with documented hepatic veno-occlusive disease due to ingestion of pyrrolizidine alkaloids is presented. The alkaloids were ingested in the form of an herbal tea commonly used as a folk remedy among the Mexican-American population. Among these people, this herb is known as gordolobo yerba. The patient presented with acute hepatocellular disease and portal hypertension which progressed over 2 months to extensive hepatic fibrosis. Other potential causes of hepatic venous occlusion were absent.", "contents": "Hepatic veno-occlusive disease due to pyrrolizidine (Senecio) poisoning in Arizona. An infant with documented hepatic veno-occlusive disease due to ingestion of pyrrolizidine alkaloids is presented. The alkaloids were ingested in the form of an herbal tea commonly used as a folk remedy among the Mexican-American population. Among these people, this herb is known as gordolobo yerba. The patient presented with acute hepatocellular disease and portal hypertension which progressed over 2 months to extensive hepatic fibrosis. Other potential causes of hepatic venous occlusion were absent."}
{"id": "PMID:873148", "title": "Specific diagnosis of foodborne disease.", "content": "To control foodborne disease effectively and to treat patients and their contacts appropriately, it is important to determine the etiology of a foodborne disease outbreak. The majority of such outbreaks reported to the Center for Disease Control are of undetermined etiology, usually for lack of appropriate laboratory tests. In this paper, the commonly reported foodborne diseases are differentiated clinically by their median incubation period, predominant symptomatology, and median durations of illness, and epidemiologically by their vehicles of transmission, geographic locations, and seasonal predilections. Laboratory tests are recommended with which to confirm the initial clinical and epidemiological impression.", "contents": "Specific diagnosis of foodborne disease. To control foodborne disease effectively and to treat patients and their contacts appropriately, it is important to determine the etiology of a foodborne disease outbreak. The majority of such outbreaks reported to the Center for Disease Control are of undetermined etiology, usually for lack of appropriate laboratory tests. In this paper, the commonly reported foodborne diseases are differentiated clinically by their median incubation period, predominant symptomatology, and median durations of illness, and epidemiologically by their vehicles of transmission, geographic locations, and seasonal predilections. Laboratory tests are recommended with which to confirm the initial clinical and epidemiological impression."}
{"id": "PMID:873153", "title": "Effects of calcium and magnesium ions upon fat absorption by sacs of everted hamster intestine.", "content": "Sacs of everted hamster jejunum were incubated with fatty acid and monoglyceride in bile salt solutions either with or without added salts of calcium and magnesium. At very low concentrations of Ca2+ and Mg2+, the intestine produced very few chylomicrons. However, at physiological concentrations of the ions, the gut-preparation released numerous chylomicron-like particles into the serosal fluid.", "contents": "Effects of calcium and magnesium ions upon fat absorption by sacs of everted hamster intestine. Sacs of everted hamster jejunum were incubated with fatty acid and monoglyceride in bile salt solutions either with or without added salts of calcium and magnesium. At very low concentrations of Ca2+ and Mg2+, the intestine produced very few chylomicrons. However, at physiological concentrations of the ions, the gut-preparation released numerous chylomicron-like particles into the serosal fluid."}
{"id": "PMID:873154", "title": "Thyroxine-evoked decrease of jejunal lactase activity in adult rats.", "content": "Daily administration of L-thyroxine (20 micrograms or 200 micrograms/100 g body weight) to adult male rats decreased jejunal lactase activity by 35% after 2-, 3-, 4- and 10 days. Four days of injections of D-thyroxine (200 micrograms/100 g body weight/day) produced a similar decrease of lactase activity. Sucrase activity was uninfluenced except for a 30% increase after daily injections of L-thyroxine (200 micrograms/100 g body weight) for 10 days. Acid beta-galactosidase activity was unaffected by either D- or L-thyroxine.", "contents": "Thyroxine-evoked decrease of jejunal lactase activity in adult rats. Daily administration of L-thyroxine (20 micrograms or 200 micrograms/100 g body weight) to adult male rats decreased jejunal lactase activity by 35% after 2-, 3-, 4- and 10 days. Four days of injections of D-thyroxine (200 micrograms/100 g body weight/day) produced a similar decrease of lactase activity. Sucrase activity was uninfluenced except for a 30% increase after daily injections of L-thyroxine (200 micrograms/100 g body weight) for 10 days. Acid beta-galactosidase activity was unaffected by either D- or L-thyroxine."}
{"id": "PMID:873155", "title": "Histamine-sensitive adenylate cyclase of human gastric mucosa.", "content": "The adenylate cyclase system of human fundic gastric mucosa was found to respond to histamine, prostaglandin E 2 and the non-hormonal activators NaF and 5'-guanylyl-imidodiphosphate (GMP(PNP)). Half maximal stimulation of enzyme activity was observed at a histamine concentration of 50 micrometer. Maximal stimulation (about 25%) occurred at a histamine concentration of 1 mM. The stimulatory effect of histamine was competitively inhibited by cimetidine. The stimulatory effect of prostaglandin E 2 was found to be dose-dependent over a concentration range from 0.1 micrometer to 1 mM exerting maximal effects at 0.3 mM. NaF and GMP(PNP) by inducing an about 3.5-fold increase of enzyme activity were more potent in stimulating the human enzyme system than histamine and prostaglandin E 2. Maximal stimulatory doses of prostaglandin E 2 and histamine had an additive effect on the adenylate cyclase activity from fundic gastric mucosa. This implies that histamine acts on an individual adenylate cyclase system. Our results are suggestive for the existence of an adenylate cyclase system in human gastric mucosa coupled to histamine H 2-receptor sites.", "contents": "Histamine-sensitive adenylate cyclase of human gastric mucosa. The adenylate cyclase system of human fundic gastric mucosa was found to respond to histamine, prostaglandin E 2 and the non-hormonal activators NaF and 5'-guanylyl-imidodiphosphate (GMP(PNP)). Half maximal stimulation of enzyme activity was observed at a histamine concentration of 50 micrometer. Maximal stimulation (about 25%) occurred at a histamine concentration of 1 mM. The stimulatory effect of histamine was competitively inhibited by cimetidine. The stimulatory effect of prostaglandin E 2 was found to be dose-dependent over a concentration range from 0.1 micrometer to 1 mM exerting maximal effects at 0.3 mM. NaF and GMP(PNP) by inducing an about 3.5-fold increase of enzyme activity were more potent in stimulating the human enzyme system than histamine and prostaglandin E 2. Maximal stimulatory doses of prostaglandin E 2 and histamine had an additive effect on the adenylate cyclase activity from fundic gastric mucosa. This implies that histamine acts on an individual adenylate cyclase system. Our results are suggestive for the existence of an adenylate cyclase system in human gastric mucosa coupled to histamine H 2-receptor sites."}
{"id": "PMID:873156", "title": "An inhibitory innervation at the gastroduodenal junction in anesthetized dogs.", "content": "Our aim was to investigate the existence of an inhibitory innervation at the gastroduodenal junction (GDJ) in the whole animal. Motility induced by vagal stimulation was monitored with strain force transducers on the gastric antrum, pylorus and duodenum. The experiments were carried out in two phases: the control phase following vagotomy (TV), and the treated phase where atropine sulfate (1 mg/Kg) was injected intravenously (TV+A). After TV, antral, pyloric and duodenal contractile activity was significantly increased (P less than 0.01) during the period of vagal stimulation. After (TV+A), spontaneous activity in the antrum and duodenum was abolished and vagal stimulation did not increase motility in these organs. Spontaneous pyloric activity present after atropine administration was inhibited by stimulation, and a concomitant relaxation of the pylorus was also demonstrated. Following the termination of the stimulus, a significant increase in contractions was noted on the pylorus. These experiments demonstrate the existence of an atropine-resistant inhibitory innervation at the GDJ in the anesthetized dog.", "contents": "An inhibitory innervation at the gastroduodenal junction in anesthetized dogs. Our aim was to investigate the existence of an inhibitory innervation at the gastroduodenal junction (GDJ) in the whole animal. Motility induced by vagal stimulation was monitored with strain force transducers on the gastric antrum, pylorus and duodenum. The experiments were carried out in two phases: the control phase following vagotomy (TV), and the treated phase where atropine sulfate (1 mg/Kg) was injected intravenously (TV+A). After TV, antral, pyloric and duodenal contractile activity was significantly increased (P less than 0.01) during the period of vagal stimulation. After (TV+A), spontaneous activity in the antrum and duodenum was abolished and vagal stimulation did not increase motility in these organs. Spontaneous pyloric activity present after atropine administration was inhibited by stimulation, and a concomitant relaxation of the pylorus was also demonstrated. Following the termination of the stimulus, a significant increase in contractions was noted on the pylorus. These experiments demonstrate the existence of an atropine-resistant inhibitory innervation at the GDJ in the anesthetized dog."}
{"id": "PMID:873159", "title": "[Programmed labor: methods, results, guidelines (author's transl)].", "content": "The programming of labor (setting the best possbile time under optimal conditions) was carried out in the University Women's Hospital, Freiburg i. Br. between 1970 and 1975 in 1121 cases. No perinatal mortality was reported. The secondary frequency of cesarean section for this primarily uncomplicated labor was 3.21% (general hospital statistics for this time period: 6.29%). The most important factors for the strict standardized method of induction is the observation of the pelvic score (desired: greater than 6) and a moderate dose of oxytocin or prostaglandin based on the essential amniotomy. In a statistical comparison of three groups of patients (n = 786): programmed labor (n = 427), induction via the same type of method where transference was suspected (n = 158), and uncomplicated spontaneous labor (n=183), the results with induced labor were better than those with spontaneous labor. In addition for the fact that the course of labor could be preplanned and the period of labor shortened intrauterine and partal complications occurred less frequently with programmed labor than with spontaneous labor. Placental complications and the tendency toward postpartum atony must be discussed. Minor complications decreased as the weight, length and gestation period of the newborn increased. Individual palpation until the physiological maturity for birth is reached would, therefore, seem to be required. Observe the conditions and increase antepartal controls. Only by setting the exact time for labor with modern methods of supervision is it theoretically possible to eliminate the danger of active management. The organizational problem involved with a general programming of labor poses the major problem at present.", "contents": "[Programmed labor: methods, results, guidelines (author's transl)]. The programming of labor (setting the best possbile time under optimal conditions) was carried out in the University Women's Hospital, Freiburg i. Br. between 1970 and 1975 in 1121 cases. No perinatal mortality was reported. The secondary frequency of cesarean section for this primarily uncomplicated labor was 3.21% (general hospital statistics for this time period: 6.29%). The most important factors for the strict standardized method of induction is the observation of the pelvic score (desired: greater than 6) and a moderate dose of oxytocin or prostaglandin based on the essential amniotomy. In a statistical comparison of three groups of patients (n = 786): programmed labor (n = 427), induction via the same type of method where transference was suspected (n = 158), and uncomplicated spontaneous labor (n=183), the results with induced labor were better than those with spontaneous labor. In addition for the fact that the course of labor could be preplanned and the period of labor shortened intrauterine and partal complications occurred less frequently with programmed labor than with spontaneous labor. Placental complications and the tendency toward postpartum atony must be discussed. Minor complications decreased as the weight, length and gestation period of the newborn increased. Individual palpation until the physiological maturity for birth is reached would, therefore, seem to be required. Observe the conditions and increase antepartal controls. Only by setting the exact time for labor with modern methods of supervision is it theoretically possible to eliminate the danger of active management. The organizational problem involved with a general programming of labor poses the major problem at present."}
{"id": "PMID:873160", "title": "[Atypical forms of the Mayer-Rokitansky-K\u00fcster-syndrom (author's transl)].", "content": "The internal genitalia in extraordinary forms of m\u00fcllerian duct malformations were studied in ten patients wit the so called Mayer-Rokitansky-K\u00fcster syndrome. Additional abnormalities of the kidneys and the urinary tract were observed in seven cases. Unilateral malformations of the genitalia were not necessarily combined with homolateral malformations of the kidneys and the urinary tract.--Another pathogenetic mechanism seems therefore to exist. There are some clues, that a faulty gonadal differentiation might be responsible, thus inducing regression of the m\u00fcllerian ducts, as normally seen in male individuals.", "contents": "[Atypical forms of the Mayer-Rokitansky-K\u00fcster-syndrom (author's transl)]. The internal genitalia in extraordinary forms of m\u00fcllerian duct malformations were studied in ten patients wit the so called Mayer-Rokitansky-K\u00fcster syndrome. Additional abnormalities of the kidneys and the urinary tract were observed in seven cases. Unilateral malformations of the genitalia were not necessarily combined with homolateral malformations of the kidneys and the urinary tract.--Another pathogenetic mechanism seems therefore to exist. There are some clues, that a faulty gonadal differentiation might be responsible, thus inducing regression of the m\u00fcllerian ducts, as normally seen in male individuals."}
{"id": "PMID:873161", "title": "[Two-dimensional echography with a real-time scanner in extrauterine pregnancy (author's transl)].", "content": "Fifty-nine cases of ectopic pregnancies in the region of the adnexa and 2 cases with intracervical localization were described with the help of picutres acquired via the so-called \"rapid intensity modulated ultrasonography\". The findings were based on 16,000 examinations. Problems involved with interpretations were presented. The possiblities and limitations of the methods were discussed in light of the available literature.", "contents": "[Two-dimensional echography with a real-time scanner in extrauterine pregnancy (author's transl)]. Fifty-nine cases of ectopic pregnancies in the region of the adnexa and 2 cases with intracervical localization were described with the help of picutres acquired via the so-called \"rapid intensity modulated ultrasonography\". The findings were based on 16,000 examinations. Problems involved with interpretations were presented. The possiblities and limitations of the methods were discussed in light of the available literature."}
{"id": "PMID:873162", "title": "[Development of perinatal mortality rate in a central hospital (author's transl)].", "content": "Perinatal mortality rate is an important parameter of the obstetrical efficacy. The analysis of case reports of 10 590 newborn infants results in the fact, that perinatal mortality could be decreased from 27,15% to 20,11%. Special interest is directed to subpartual mortality, being the proportion of entire mortality reflecting the quality of intrapartal supervision. Critical and precise single case analysis of subpartual deaths was performed in order to detect failures of the supervision system with consequential amelioration of perinatal care. Methods of intensive obstetrical care, introduced since 1973 such as ultrasonic diagnostic, screening for placental insufficiency, amniotic fluid diagnostics tocolysis, cardiotocography and micro-blood analysis, resulted in a significant raise of quality. Unselected perinatal mortality could be decreased by approximately 25%.", "contents": "[Development of perinatal mortality rate in a central hospital (author's transl)]. Perinatal mortality rate is an important parameter of the obstetrical efficacy. The analysis of case reports of 10 590 newborn infants results in the fact, that perinatal mortality could be decreased from 27,15% to 20,11%. Special interest is directed to subpartual mortality, being the proportion of entire mortality reflecting the quality of intrapartal supervision. Critical and precise single case analysis of subpartual deaths was performed in order to detect failures of the supervision system with consequential amelioration of perinatal care. Methods of intensive obstetrical care, introduced since 1973 such as ultrasonic diagnostic, screening for placental insufficiency, amniotic fluid diagnostics tocolysis, cardiotocography and micro-blood analysis, resulted in a significant raise of quality. Unselected perinatal mortality could be decreased by approximately 25%."}
{"id": "PMID:873164", "title": "[Parametrial aspiration cytology (author's transl)].", "content": "Cytologic reports of fine needle aspiration from the parametrial region are compared with the clinical course of 48 patients with and without recurrence after therapy of gynaecologic cancer. Parametrial aspiration cytology is a reliable as histology done by Van Silverman biopsy. The frequency of complications and insufficient material is low. Anaesthesia is not necessary. The procedure is simple. Aspiration cytology seems to be a progress in detecting recurrence of cancer in the parametrial soft tissue region.", "contents": "[Parametrial aspiration cytology (author's transl)]. Cytologic reports of fine needle aspiration from the parametrial region are compared with the clinical course of 48 patients with and without recurrence after therapy of gynaecologic cancer. Parametrial aspiration cytology is a reliable as histology done by Van Silverman biopsy. The frequency of complications and insufficient material is low. Anaesthesia is not necessary. The procedure is simple. Aspiration cytology seems to be a progress in detecting recurrence of cancer in the parametrial soft tissue region."}
{"id": "PMID:873165", "title": "[Needle biopsies of areas suspicious of recurrence in patients with gynaecological tumors (author's transl)].", "content": "With the biopsy needle of Franz\u00e9n, 403 needle biopsies were carried out in 263 patients with gynaecological malignant tumors. In 152 cases the results of the aspiration cytology were compared with microscopic examinations or with the clinical course for at least 6 months. In 88 cases with probable recurrence the needle biospy showed a positive or suspicious result in 73 cases. A positive needle biopsy result was confirmation of recurrent tumor whereas a negative result did not rule out a recurrence. Aspiration cytology is a valuable ancillary method in the diagnosis of the recurrence of gynaecological tumors.", "contents": "[Needle biopsies of areas suspicious of recurrence in patients with gynaecological tumors (author's transl)]. With the biopsy needle of Franz\u00e9n, 403 needle biopsies were carried out in 263 patients with gynaecological malignant tumors. In 152 cases the results of the aspiration cytology were compared with microscopic examinations or with the clinical course for at least 6 months. In 88 cases with probable recurrence the needle biospy showed a positive or suspicious result in 73 cases. A positive needle biopsy result was confirmation of recurrent tumor whereas a negative result did not rule out a recurrence. Aspiration cytology is a valuable ancillary method in the diagnosis of the recurrence of gynaecological tumors."}
{"id": "PMID:873166", "title": "[The diagnosis and treatment of mixed anaerobic vaginal dischargs (authors' transl)].", "content": "In about 5% of 3355 patients the microscopic examination of the vaginal discharge in normal saline showed a characteristic fast moving rod. More than 80% of these patients  complained of a discharge with a foul smell during the menstrual period. Bactriology showed an anaerob gram negative rod which was difficult to grow and is as yet unclassified. Following treatment with one gram of Mimorazol every 12 hours for 3 doses, 71,5% of the patients were cured and showed a normal vaginal flora without further treatment. In around 24,13% of the patients the gram negative rod disappeared but a persistent mixed flora required further treatment. In 4.3% of the patients a recurrence occurred. An attempt was made to prevent recurrent infection prior to the follow-up examination by prohibition of sexual intercourse with an untreated partner, bathing in public swimming pools, and the use of sponges or wash cloths. In the course of the investigation the suspicion of contamination from the water of public pools became apparent. The diagnosis, treatment and transmission and the pathogenecity of the fast moving negative rod is discussed.", "contents": "[The diagnosis and treatment of mixed anaerobic vaginal dischargs (authors' transl)]. In about 5% of 3355 patients the microscopic examination of the vaginal discharge in normal saline showed a characteristic fast moving rod. More than 80% of these patients  complained of a discharge with a foul smell during the menstrual period. Bactriology showed an anaerob gram negative rod which was difficult to grow and is as yet unclassified. Following treatment with one gram of Mimorazol every 12 hours for 3 doses, 71,5% of the patients were cured and showed a normal vaginal flora without further treatment. In around 24,13% of the patients the gram negative rod disappeared but a persistent mixed flora required further treatment. In 4.3% of the patients a recurrence occurred. An attempt was made to prevent recurrent infection prior to the follow-up examination by prohibition of sexual intercourse with an untreated partner, bathing in public swimming pools, and the use of sponges or wash cloths. In the course of the investigation the suspicion of contamination from the water of public pools became apparent. The diagnosis, treatment and transmission and the pathogenecity of the fast moving negative rod is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:873167", "title": "The effect of descriptive anger expression, insult, and no feedback on interpersonal aggression, hostility, and empathy motivation.", "content": "In a test of the hypothesis that descriptive anger expression elicits less subsequent aggression and greater empathy than does aggressive insult, 60 male undergraduates were instructed to set varying levels of shock for an opponent during a series of competitive trials before and after hearing one of four types of taped comment. Results indicated that descriptive anger expression led to a significant decrease in aggression, while no feedback (opponent said nothing) led to an increase in aggression. Insult and no anger feedback resulted in little change in aggressive behavior. In contrast, descriptive anger expression, insult, and no anger feedback produced more residual hostility than did no feedback. Descriptive anger expression Ss appeared to be more motivated by empathy in setting shocks, as compared to the other three groups. Empathy was found to be generally associated with lower shock settings initially and with reductions in shock settings following the opponent's comments. Empathy, however, was not related to Ss' hostility ratings. The results tend to support the clinical utility of descriptive anger expression in improving interpersonal relations.", "contents": "The effect of descriptive anger expression, insult, and no feedback on interpersonal aggression, hostility, and empathy motivation. In a test of the hypothesis that descriptive anger expression elicits less subsequent aggression and greater empathy than does aggressive insult, 60 male undergraduates were instructed to set varying levels of shock for an opponent during a series of competitive trials before and after hearing one of four types of taped comment. Results indicated that descriptive anger expression led to a significant decrease in aggression, while no feedback (opponent said nothing) led to an increase in aggression. Insult and no anger feedback resulted in little change in aggressive behavior. In contrast, descriptive anger expression, insult, and no anger feedback produced more residual hostility than did no feedback. Descriptive anger expression Ss appeared to be more motivated by empathy in setting shocks, as compared to the other three groups. Empathy was found to be generally associated with lower shock settings initially and with reductions in shock settings following the opponent's comments. Empathy, however, was not related to Ss' hostility ratings. The results tend to support the clinical utility of descriptive anger expression in improving interpersonal relations."}
{"id": "PMID:873168", "title": "Who is responsible for elderly patients on orthopedic wards?", "content": "A retrospective survey of the geriatrician's role on the orthopedic ward showed that his or her main aim should be to advise the orthopedic team of the advantages of long-term planning for every elderly patient admitted. From the moment of the initial assessment, it is important to emphasize the need for a more detailed medical, social, and psychiatric history; to alter the management of incontinence; and to point out the differences in the nursing and rehabilitation requirements of elderly patients. Once this is achieved, the geriatrician should revert to the role of the clinical adviser in medical diseases affecting the elderly.", "contents": "Who is responsible for elderly patients on orthopedic wards? A retrospective survey of the geriatrician's role on the orthopedic ward showed that his or her main aim should be to advise the orthopedic team of the advantages of long-term planning for every elderly patient admitted. From the moment of the initial assessment, it is important to emphasize the need for a more detailed medical, social, and psychiatric history; to alter the management of incontinence; and to point out the differences in the nursing and rehabilitation requirements of elderly patients. Once this is achieved, the geriatrician should revert to the role of the clinical adviser in medical diseases affecting the elderly."}
{"id": "PMID:873172", "title": "Understanding and diagnosing senile dementia.", "content": "Dementia is one of the most common syndromes afflicting the aged, and it should be ranked as a major cause of death. Senile dementia and Alzheimer's disease should now be viewed as one and the same. Familiarity with the cardinal signs of dementia enables the physician to differentiate it from various \"functional\" disorders. Before making a diagnosis of senile dementia, it is important to exclude all forms of treatable disease, including toxic, metabolic, infectious, neoplastic, and traumatic disorders. Most older patients with dementia will be found to have Alzheimer's disease, for which no definitive treatment is available.", "contents": "Understanding and diagnosing senile dementia. Dementia is one of the most common syndromes afflicting the aged, and it should be ranked as a major cause of death. Senile dementia and Alzheimer's disease should now be viewed as one and the same. Familiarity with the cardinal signs of dementia enables the physician to differentiate it from various \"functional\" disorders. Before making a diagnosis of senile dementia, it is important to exclude all forms of treatable disease, including toxic, metabolic, infectious, neoplastic, and traumatic disorders. Most older patients with dementia will be found to have Alzheimer's disease, for which no definitive treatment is available."}
{"id": "PMID:873320", "title": "Evidence for a transmissible factor in Crohn's disease.", "content": "The injection of rabbits' ileum with homogenates of both normal and Crohn's affected human bowel tissue gave Crohn's-like changes in 11 of 27 animals after six months, but 12 months after injection the rabbit bowel had reverted to normal. The addition of ampicillin to the homogenates prevented the appearance of these Crohn's-like changes in 12 out of 12 rabbits. These results are interpreted as providing evidence for a transmissible factor present in both normal and Crohn's affected bowel in the aetiology of Crohn's disease.", "contents": "Evidence for a transmissible factor in Crohn's disease. The injection of rabbits' ileum with homogenates of both normal and Crohn's affected human bowel tissue gave Crohn's-like changes in 11 of 27 animals after six months, but 12 months after injection the rabbit bowel had reverted to normal. The addition of ampicillin to the homogenates prevented the appearance of these Crohn's-like changes in 12 out of 12 rabbits. These results are interpreted as providing evidence for a transmissible factor present in both normal and Crohn's affected bowel in the aetiology of Crohn's disease."}
{"id": "PMID:873319", "title": "Giardiasis: clinical and therapeutic aspects.", "content": "Malabsorption was present in 29 of 40 symptomatic patients with giardiasis. Twenty-three had impaired D-xylose absorption; in 20 vitamin B12 absorption was low, and 15 patients had steatorrhoea. More severe malabsorption was associated with more marked histological abnormalities. Metronidazole, 2-0 g as a single daily dose on three successive days, produced a parasitological cure rate of 91%. In contrast, the standard course of mepacrine, 100 mg thrice daily for 10 days, eradicated the parasite in only 63% of patients. Improvements in absorption and jejunal morphology followed anti-giardial treatment. Tetracycline in eight patients failed to eradicate the parasite, intestinal absorption was unaltered, and histological appearances of the jejunal mucosa often deteriorated.", "contents": "Giardiasis: clinical and therapeutic aspects. Malabsorption was present in 29 of 40 symptomatic patients with giardiasis. Twenty-three had impaired D-xylose absorption; in 20 vitamin B12 absorption was low, and 15 patients had steatorrhoea. More severe malabsorption was associated with more marked histological abnormalities. Metronidazole, 2-0 g as a single daily dose on three successive days, produced a parasitological cure rate of 91%. In contrast, the standard course of mepacrine, 100 mg thrice daily for 10 days, eradicated the parasite in only 63% of patients. Improvements in absorption and jejunal morphology followed anti-giardial treatment. Tetracycline in eight patients failed to eradicate the parasite, intestinal absorption was unaltered, and histological appearances of the jejunal mucosa often deteriorated."}
{"id": "PMID:873321", "title": "Nodular lymphoid hyperplasia of the bowel in primary hypogammaglobulinaemia: study of in vivo and in vitro lymphocyte function.", "content": "In vitro and in vivo lymphocyte function was studied in six patients with primary hypogammaglobulinaemia and nodular lymphoid hyperplasia (NLH) of the bowel. Lymphocyte transformation, numbers of circulating T and B lymphocytes, and delayed hypersensitivity skin tests did not significantly differ when compared with hypogammaglobulinaemic patients without NLH. However, patients with NLH had higher jejunal juice IgM concentrations and a tendency to higher serum IgM concentrations than those without NLH. The morphological features of NLH are similar to the germinal centres of lymph nodes but more closely resemble the follicle zone of Peyer's patches. These findings suggest that NLH represents a local immune response to antigens originating in the gut lumen.", "contents": "Nodular lymphoid hyperplasia of the bowel in primary hypogammaglobulinaemia: study of in vivo and in vitro lymphocyte function. In vitro and in vivo lymphocyte function was studied in six patients with primary hypogammaglobulinaemia and nodular lymphoid hyperplasia (NLH) of the bowel. Lymphocyte transformation, numbers of circulating T and B lymphocytes, and delayed hypersensitivity skin tests did not significantly differ when compared with hypogammaglobulinaemic patients without NLH. However, patients with NLH had higher jejunal juice IgM concentrations and a tendency to higher serum IgM concentrations than those without NLH. The morphological features of NLH are similar to the germinal centres of lymph nodes but more closely resemble the follicle zone of Peyer's patches. These findings suggest that NLH represents a local immune response to antigens originating in the gut lumen."}
{"id": "PMID:873322", "title": "Enterochromaffin cells in the duodenal mucosa of children with coeliac disease.", "content": "A cell counting technique was used to count enterochromaffin (EC) cells in the duodenal mucosa of 10 children with coeliac disease and 10 controls, and significantly greater numbers of EC cells were found in children with coeliac disease. In four children with a clinical history suggestive of coeliac disease, but with minor histopathological changes in the duodenum, gluten challenge resulted in increased numbers of EC cells. Abnormalities of 5-hydroxytryptamine metabolism in coeliac disease may result from hyperplasia of EC cells in the small intestine.", "contents": "Enterochromaffin cells in the duodenal mucosa of children with coeliac disease. A cell counting technique was used to count enterochromaffin (EC) cells in the duodenal mucosa of 10 children with coeliac disease and 10 controls, and significantly greater numbers of EC cells were found in children with coeliac disease. In four children with a clinical history suggestive of coeliac disease, but with minor histopathological changes in the duodenum, gluten challenge resulted in increased numbers of EC cells. Abnormalities of 5-hydroxytryptamine metabolism in coeliac disease may result from hyperplasia of EC cells in the small intestine."}
{"id": "PMID:873323", "title": "Simple method for the preparation of single cell suspensions from normal and tumorous rat colonic mucosa.", "content": "Viable single cell suspensions from rat colonic epithelium were obtained by using phosphate buffered saline containing 0-2 M mannitol. The method, which requires no prior enzyme treatment, provides undamaged cells in high yield within one hour. The procedure was also applied to neoplastic rat colonic tissue, which was induced by repeated intrarectal infusion of N-methyl-N-nitrosourea. Comparison between normal and neoplastic cells has shown that the latter have a higher nucleus: cytoplasm ratio and a higher metabolic activity.", "contents": "Simple method for the preparation of single cell suspensions from normal and tumorous rat colonic mucosa. Viable single cell suspensions from rat colonic epithelium were obtained by using phosphate buffered saline containing 0-2 M mannitol. The method, which requires no prior enzyme treatment, provides undamaged cells in high yield within one hour. The procedure was also applied to neoplastic rat colonic tissue, which was induced by repeated intrarectal infusion of N-methyl-N-nitrosourea. Comparison between normal and neoplastic cells has shown that the latter have a higher nucleus: cytoplasm ratio and a higher metabolic activity."}
{"id": "PMID:873324", "title": "Effect of the prostaglandin precursor, arachidonic acid, on histamine stimulated gastric secretion in the conscious dog, and observations on the effect of inhibiting endogenous prostaglandin synthesis.", "content": "The effects of intravenous infusions of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and arachidonic acid (AA) on histamine-stimulated gastric secretion have been studied in conscious dogs with either a simple gastric fistula or a denervated Heidenhain pouch. Both compounds produced a dose-related inhibition of acid secretion, though AA was 86-5 to 203-2 times less potent than PGE2. The maximal effect of AA was not achieved until 20 to 40 minutes after the infusion had ceased, suggesting that AA has to undergo some kinetic or metabolic process before it can act. Eicosatetraynoic acid (ETYN) 1-0 microgram.kg-1min-1, an inhibitor of PG biosynthesis, almost totally abolished the anti-secretory effect of AA up to 200 microgram.kg-1min-1. At 400 microgram AA.kg-1min-1, the antisecretory effect was reduced by about one half. The effect of PGE2 was not altered by ETYN. Furthermore, ETYN did not increase the response to histamine stimulation in control studies, which suggests that, in this model at least, prostaglandins are not involved in regulating gastric secretion.", "contents": "Effect of the prostaglandin precursor, arachidonic acid, on histamine stimulated gastric secretion in the conscious dog, and observations on the effect of inhibiting endogenous prostaglandin synthesis. The effects of intravenous infusions of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and arachidonic acid (AA) on histamine-stimulated gastric secretion have been studied in conscious dogs with either a simple gastric fistula or a denervated Heidenhain pouch. Both compounds produced a dose-related inhibition of acid secretion, though AA was 86-5 to 203-2 times less potent than PGE2. The maximal effect of AA was not achieved until 20 to 40 minutes after the infusion had ceased, suggesting that AA has to undergo some kinetic or metabolic process before it can act. Eicosatetraynoic acid (ETYN) 1-0 microgram.kg-1min-1, an inhibitor of PG biosynthesis, almost totally abolished the anti-secretory effect of AA up to 200 microgram.kg-1min-1. At 400 microgram AA.kg-1min-1, the antisecretory effect was reduced by about one half. The effect of PGE2 was not altered by ETYN. Furthermore, ETYN did not increase the response to histamine stimulation in control studies, which suggests that, in this model at least, prostaglandins are not involved in regulating gastric secretion."}
{"id": "PMID:873325", "title": "Calcium stimulation of gastrin and gastric acid secretion: effect of small doses of calcium carbonate.", "content": "Oral calcium carbonate (0-5 g, pH 9-4) increased serum gastrin and gastric acid output with slight but insignificant change in serum calcium. A similar rise in serum calcium during an intravenous infusion of calcium gluconate failed to increase serum gastrin and gastric acid output. Both intragastric calcium actions were abolished by acidification of the calcium carbonate solution (pH 1-0). The increase in serum gastrin and gastric acid output after intragastric calcium carbonate was not affected, however, by a simultaneous intraduodenal acid load. Equivalent neutralising doses of magnesium hydroxide (pH 9-4) did not increase serum gastrin and gastric acid output above basal levels, whereas antral acidification with 20 ml 0-1 N HCl resulted in a slight decrease in serum gastrin. Intraduodenal calcium carbonate (pH 3-0) also increased serum gastrin and gastric acid output, whereas an equivalent volume of intraduodenal saline (pH 3-0) had no effect. These findings indicate that calcium increases serum gastrin by local stimulation of antral and duodenal mucosa. They also suggest that the action of calcium on gastric secretion is partly mediated by gastrin.", "contents": "Calcium stimulation of gastrin and gastric acid secretion: effect of small doses of calcium carbonate. Oral calcium carbonate (0-5 g, pH 9-4) increased serum gastrin and gastric acid output with slight but insignificant change in serum calcium. A similar rise in serum calcium during an intravenous infusion of calcium gluconate failed to increase serum gastrin and gastric acid output. Both intragastric calcium actions were abolished by acidification of the calcium carbonate solution (pH 1-0). The increase in serum gastrin and gastric acid output after intragastric calcium carbonate was not affected, however, by a simultaneous intraduodenal acid load. Equivalent neutralising doses of magnesium hydroxide (pH 9-4) did not increase serum gastrin and gastric acid output above basal levels, whereas antral acidification with 20 ml 0-1 N HCl resulted in a slight decrease in serum gastrin. Intraduodenal calcium carbonate (pH 3-0) also increased serum gastrin and gastric acid output, whereas an equivalent volume of intraduodenal saline (pH 3-0) had no effect. These findings indicate that calcium increases serum gastrin by local stimulation of antral and duodenal mucosa. They also suggest that the action of calcium on gastric secretion is partly mediated by gastrin."}
{"id": "PMID:873326", "title": "Post-vagotomy insulin test: improved predictability of ulcer recurrence after corrections for height and collection errors.", "content": "Insulin stimulated gastric secretion was studied in 74 unoperated duodenal ulcer patients (DUs), (20 women and 54 men). Three indices of secretion were studied--observed volume, acid output, and volume of gastric juice corrected for pyloric loss and duodenal reflux (VG). These three measurements were expressed both as peak secretion and as secretion during the 1/2 to two hour period after insulin, and also both before and after standardisation for height, making 12 different indices in all. From the data a significant correlation between insulin-stimulated secretion and height in DUs was found. A method of standardising each patient's secretion for height is described. We confirm a significantly higher insulin-stimulated secretion in men than in women and show that this difference can be explained by their difference in height. For each of the 12 indices of secretion, the range of secretion for the unoperated subjects was obtained. The same indices were measured in 155 postvagotomy patients, including 33 patients with recurrent DUs, and compared with the ranges of secretion established in the unoperated patients. Responses above the lower 95% tolerance limit of the preoperative range were designated positive and those below negative. The Hollander status was determined. It was found that the least satisfactory criterion was Hollander's (7% false negative and 69% false positive). The best was 1/2-2 VG standardised for height (3% false negatives and 43% false positives). The improvement in predictably was significant at the 0-0005 level.", "contents": "Post-vagotomy insulin test: improved predictability of ulcer recurrence after corrections for height and collection errors. Insulin stimulated gastric secretion was studied in 74 unoperated duodenal ulcer patients (DUs), (20 women and 54 men). Three indices of secretion were studied--observed volume, acid output, and volume of gastric juice corrected for pyloric loss and duodenal reflux (VG). These three measurements were expressed both as peak secretion and as secretion during the 1/2 to two hour period after insulin, and also both before and after standardisation for height, making 12 different indices in all. From the data a significant correlation between insulin-stimulated secretion and height in DUs was found. A method of standardising each patient's secretion for height is described. We confirm a significantly higher insulin-stimulated secretion in men than in women and show that this difference can be explained by their difference in height. For each of the 12 indices of secretion, the range of secretion for the unoperated subjects was obtained. The same indices were measured in 155 postvagotomy patients, including 33 patients with recurrent DUs, and compared with the ranges of secretion established in the unoperated patients. Responses above the lower 95% tolerance limit of the preoperative range were designated positive and those below negative. The Hollander status was determined. It was found that the least satisfactory criterion was Hollander's (7% false negative and 69% false positive). The best was 1/2-2 VG standardised for height (3% false negatives and 43% false positives). The improvement in predictably was significant at the 0-0005 level."}
{"id": "PMID:873327", "title": "Effect of lysolecithin on gastric mucosal structure and potential difference.", "content": "The effect of lysolecithin (100 mg%) on the guinea-pig gastric mucosa was studied by instilling a solution for 30 minutes, preceded and followed by 100 MN HCl into 10 total gastric pouches. Ten control animals had HCl throughout. Lysolecithin produced a significant change in transmucosal potential difference, macroscopic erosions, and mucosal damage on histology and electron scanning microscopy. None of these changes was seen in the control animals. This is further evidence that the reflux of lysolecithin from the duodenum is an important factor in causing active gastritis and gastric erosions.", "contents": "Effect of lysolecithin on gastric mucosal structure and potential difference. The effect of lysolecithin (100 mg%) on the guinea-pig gastric mucosa was studied by instilling a solution for 30 minutes, preceded and followed by 100 MN HCl into 10 total gastric pouches. Ten control animals had HCl throughout. Lysolecithin produced a significant change in transmucosal potential difference, macroscopic erosions, and mucosal damage on histology and electron scanning microscopy. None of these changes was seen in the control animals. This is further evidence that the reflux of lysolecithin from the duodenum is an important factor in causing active gastritis and gastric erosions."}
{"id": "PMID:873328", "title": "Gastric emptying in diabetic autonomic neuropathy.", "content": "Gastric emptying was studied in 12 diabetic patients, six with and six without objective evidence of autonomic neuropathy and in 20 non-diabetic controls, using a double isotope scinti-scanning technique which differentiated between solid and liquid emptying. Three patients with autonomic neuropathy exhibited gastric stasis, although this was detected by conventional radiology in only one. Neither the patients with stasis nor those without exhibited abnormally rapid early gastric emptying. In patients without stasis, the normal differentiation between solid and liquid emptying was impaired, suggesting an abnormality of antral peristalsis not attributable to vagal denervation. Both intravenous and oral metoclopramide produced symptomatic improvement in two patients with gastric stasis and restored their gastric emptying to normal.", "contents": "Gastric emptying in diabetic autonomic neuropathy. Gastric emptying was studied in 12 diabetic patients, six with and six without objective evidence of autonomic neuropathy and in 20 non-diabetic controls, using a double isotope scinti-scanning technique which differentiated between solid and liquid emptying. Three patients with autonomic neuropathy exhibited gastric stasis, although this was detected by conventional radiology in only one. Neither the patients with stasis nor those without exhibited abnormally rapid early gastric emptying. In patients without stasis, the normal differentiation between solid and liquid emptying was impaired, suggesting an abnormality of antral peristalsis not attributable to vagal denervation. Both intravenous and oral metoclopramide produced symptomatic improvement in two patients with gastric stasis and restored their gastric emptying to normal."}
{"id": "PMID:873329", "title": "Hepatic damage associated with mineral oil deposits.", "content": "The case of a 33 year old male is reported. Hepatic inflammation and scarring were associated with deposits of mineral oil in portal triads. This is believed to be the first reported case of hepatic damage resulting from mineral oil accumulation. Possible sources of the oil are considered.", "contents": "Hepatic damage associated with mineral oil deposits. The case of a 33 year old male is reported. Hepatic inflammation and scarring were associated with deposits of mineral oil in portal triads. This is believed to be the first reported case of hepatic damage resulting from mineral oil accumulation. Possible sources of the oil are considered."}
{"id": "PMID:873330", "title": "Intestinal perfusion studies in tropical sprue. 2. Movement of water and electrolytes.", "content": "Jejunal absorption of sodium and water has been investigated in 10 normal Indians and 11 patients with chronic tropical sprue. Normal saline and solutions containing amino acids and dipeptides were studied. In both groups little absorption of sodium and water from normal saline was seen. Mean water and sodium absorption from the free amino acid or dipeptide solutions showed no significant difference between the groups and was similar to absorption from normal saline. These results differ from data obtained in normal English subjects where at these concentrations significant stimulation of sodium and water absorption was seen. In a proportion of subjects in both groups net secretion was observed. However, no correlation was seen between mucosal histology or luminal bacteriology and sodium or water movement. These findings in patients with chronic tropical sprue are similar to findings in normal Indians and suggest that jejunal handling of sodium and water is abnormal when compared with normal English subjects, but that the mucosa is not in a secretory phase as seen in certain other diarrhoeal states or in the acute early phase of sprue.", "contents": "Intestinal perfusion studies in tropical sprue. 2. Movement of water and electrolytes. Jejunal absorption of sodium and water has been investigated in 10 normal Indians and 11 patients with chronic tropical sprue. Normal saline and solutions containing amino acids and dipeptides were studied. In both groups little absorption of sodium and water from normal saline was seen. Mean water and sodium absorption from the free amino acid or dipeptide solutions showed no significant difference between the groups and was similar to absorption from normal saline. These results differ from data obtained in normal English subjects where at these concentrations significant stimulation of sodium and water absorption was seen. In a proportion of subjects in both groups net secretion was observed. However, no correlation was seen between mucosal histology or luminal bacteriology and sodium or water movement. These findings in patients with chronic tropical sprue are similar to findings in normal Indians and suggest that jejunal handling of sodium and water is abnormal when compared with normal English subjects, but that the mucosa is not in a secretory phase as seen in certain other diarrhoeal states or in the acute early phase of sprue."}
{"id": "PMID:873331", "title": "Anal pressure studies in spinal patients.", "content": "Maximal and sphincter pressure was measured in 22 patients with spinal cord lesions and in a group of 10 controls, using perfused sleeve manometry. The mean resting pressure of the spinal patients was 63+/-8 (SEM) mm Hg, and of the control group 116+/-14 (SEM) mm Hg, P less than 0-01. When the rectum was distended by a balloon inflated with 100 ml of air a fall in anal sphincter pressure to 33+/-6 (SEM) mm Hg in the spinal group and to 78+/-10 (SEM) mm Hg in the control group was observed.", "contents": "Anal pressure studies in spinal patients. Maximal and sphincter pressure was measured in 22 patients with spinal cord lesions and in a group of 10 controls, using perfused sleeve manometry. The mean resting pressure of the spinal patients was 63+/-8 (SEM) mm Hg, and of the control group 116+/-14 (SEM) mm Hg, P less than 0-01. When the rectum was distended by a balloon inflated with 100 ml of air a fall in anal sphincter pressure to 33+/-6 (SEM) mm Hg in the spinal group and to 78+/-10 (SEM) mm Hg in the control group was observed."}
{"id": "PMID:873332", "title": "Effects of proximal gastric vagotomy (PGV) followed by total vagotomy (TV) on postprandial and fasting myoelectrical activity of the canine stomach and duodenum.", "content": "Experiments were designed to study the effect of proximal gastric vagotomy (PGV) followed by total vagotomy (TV) on the myoelectrical activity of the canine stomach and duodenum after a meat meal and during fasting. Dogs were prepared with chronically implanted Ag-AgCl-electrodes on the stomach and duodenum. Recordings of electrical activity were made for one hour after the ingestion of a meat meal and records of four to six hours were taken on the fasting animals. In the postprandial records no effect on co-ordination of antral and duodenal myoelectrical activity was found after either PGV or TV. These results suggest that the co-ordinating mechanism is not dependent on vagal innervation. Impairment of gastric emptying after TV does not appear to be due to disturbance of antral-duodenal conduction. Normal patterns of fasting activity were found in control and after PGV. They were grossly disturbed after TV, probably because of delayed gastric emptying. These findings suggest that PGV does not delay gastric emptying as does TV, and that the proximal vagal supply to the stomach is unimportant in the control of fasting activity.", "contents": "Effects of proximal gastric vagotomy (PGV) followed by total vagotomy (TV) on postprandial and fasting myoelectrical activity of the canine stomach and duodenum. Experiments were designed to study the effect of proximal gastric vagotomy (PGV) followed by total vagotomy (TV) on the myoelectrical activity of the canine stomach and duodenum after a meat meal and during fasting. Dogs were prepared with chronically implanted Ag-AgCl-electrodes on the stomach and duodenum. Recordings of electrical activity were made for one hour after the ingestion of a meat meal and records of four to six hours were taken on the fasting animals. In the postprandial records no effect on co-ordination of antral and duodenal myoelectrical activity was found after either PGV or TV. These results suggest that the co-ordinating mechanism is not dependent on vagal innervation. Impairment of gastric emptying after TV does not appear to be due to disturbance of antral-duodenal conduction. Normal patterns of fasting activity were found in control and after PGV. They were grossly disturbed after TV, probably because of delayed gastric emptying. These findings suggest that PGV does not delay gastric emptying as does TV, and that the proximal vagal supply to the stomach is unimportant in the control of fasting activity."}
{"id": "PMID:873333", "title": "Clinical picture of peptic ulceration diagnosed endoscopically.", "content": "Clinical features and laboratory data are presented for 100 patients with benign gastric ulceration and 150 patients with duodenal ulceration confirmed endoscopically in a district general hospital unit. Abdominal pain was the commonest indication for endoscopy, but one third of examinations were performed for acute gastrointestinal haemorrhage. Although the patients were selected by referral for endoscopy their clinical presentation, age, and sex distribution were similar to those reported in previous general surveys. There were no clinical features which clearly distinguished gastric from duodenal ulceration. However, of those with gastric ulceration younger patients more often had distal ulcers and presented with pain, while elderly subjects tended to have high lesser curve involvement and presented with haemorrhage. Moreover, all females presenting with haemorrhage were aged over 50 years, while 6% of males bleeding from gastric ulceration and 40% of males bleeding from duodenal ulceration were under this age. Anaemia when present, except in two premenopausal females, indicated either a recent acute gastrointestinal haemorrhage or a coexistent second diagnosis.", "contents": "Clinical picture of peptic ulceration diagnosed endoscopically. Clinical features and laboratory data are presented for 100 patients with benign gastric ulceration and 150 patients with duodenal ulceration confirmed endoscopically in a district general hospital unit. Abdominal pain was the commonest indication for endoscopy, but one third of examinations were performed for acute gastrointestinal haemorrhage. Although the patients were selected by referral for endoscopy their clinical presentation, age, and sex distribution were similar to those reported in previous general surveys. There were no clinical features which clearly distinguished gastric from duodenal ulceration. However, of those with gastric ulceration younger patients more often had distal ulcers and presented with pain, while elderly subjects tended to have high lesser curve involvement and presented with haemorrhage. Moreover, all females presenting with haemorrhage were aged over 50 years, while 6% of males bleeding from gastric ulceration and 40% of males bleeding from duodenal ulceration were under this age. Anaemia when present, except in two premenopausal females, indicated either a recent acute gastrointestinal haemorrhage or a coexistent second diagnosis."}
{"id": "PMID:873334", "title": "Gastric emptying of barium sulphate suspension compared with that of water.", "content": "Test meals consisting of water or a suspension of barium sulphate were given to two normal subjects. The rates of decrease of the volume of the gastric contents were indistinguishable for the two meals.", "contents": "Gastric emptying of barium sulphate suspension compared with that of water. Test meals consisting of water or a suspension of barium sulphate were given to two normal subjects. The rates of decrease of the volume of the gastric contents were indistinguishable for the two meals."}
{"id": "PMID:873335", "title": "Cholelithiasis in subjects with hypercalcaemia and primary hyperparathyroidism detected in a health screening.", "content": "The frequency of gallstone disease was studied in a group of 82 subjects (69 females and 13 males; mean ages 55-0 and 52-3 years, respectively) with verified hypercalcaemia (VHC) detected in a health screening in the Stockholm area. All non-cholecystectomised subjects were examined with a peroral cholecystography. Causes of hypercalcaemia other than primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT) had been excluded as far as possible. Sixty-two patients had been operated upon and all but two males were found to have parathyroid adenomas. The patients were compared with a series of 82 normocalcaemic age- and sex-matched subjects, selected from the health screening register. The patients with VHC and/or PHPT had about the same frequency of gallstone disease as the controls. The results are at variance with those of other investigators who have reported that PHPT is associated with an abnormally high frequency of gallstone disease. Possible explanations of the discrepancy in results is discussed.", "contents": "Cholelithiasis in subjects with hypercalcaemia and primary hyperparathyroidism detected in a health screening. The frequency of gallstone disease was studied in a group of 82 subjects (69 females and 13 males; mean ages 55-0 and 52-3 years, respectively) with verified hypercalcaemia (VHC) detected in a health screening in the Stockholm area. All non-cholecystectomised subjects were examined with a peroral cholecystography. Causes of hypercalcaemia other than primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT) had been excluded as far as possible. Sixty-two patients had been operated upon and all but two males were found to have parathyroid adenomas. The patients were compared with a series of 82 normocalcaemic age- and sex-matched subjects, selected from the health screening register. The patients with VHC and/or PHPT had about the same frequency of gallstone disease as the controls. The results are at variance with those of other investigators who have reported that PHPT is associated with an abnormally high frequency of gallstone disease. Possible explanations of the discrepancy in results is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:873336", "title": "Behaviour of 125I-fibrinogen and 131I-albumin in experimental galactosamine-induced hepatitis.", "content": "The turnover of 125I-labelled fibrinogen and 131I-labelled albumin was studied in the course of galactosamine-induced hepatitis in rabbits. In addition to galactosamine, some animals were treated with epsilon-aminocaproic acid (EACA) to inhibit the activation of the fibrinolytic system. The infusion of galactosamine and EACA caused generation of fibrin-rich microclots in the renal glomerular capillaries in seven out of 12 rabbits. Correspondingly, the incorporation of 125I-radioactivity into liver, spleen, and kidneys was pronounced in galactosamine- and EACA-treated rabbits compared with control animals treated with EACA. An acceleration of the 125I-fibrinogen elimination from the plasma was observed between eight and 12 hours after the start of the galactosamine infusion. The administration of heparin in addition to galactosamine and EACA prevented the occurrence of intravascular coagulation, but shortened the survival times of the animals because of bleeding into visceral organs. The elimination of 131I-albumin in plasma as well as the distribution of 131I-radioactivity in organs were similar in all the rabbits independent of the treatment with galactosamine, EACA, or heparin. The experiments indicate that, in addition to diminished synthesis of coagulation factors, disseminated intravascular coagulation is involved in galactosamine-induced hepatitis and contributes to the haemostatic disorder.", "contents": "Behaviour of 125I-fibrinogen and 131I-albumin in experimental galactosamine-induced hepatitis. The turnover of 125I-labelled fibrinogen and 131I-labelled albumin was studied in the course of galactosamine-induced hepatitis in rabbits. In addition to galactosamine, some animals were treated with epsilon-aminocaproic acid (EACA) to inhibit the activation of the fibrinolytic system. The infusion of galactosamine and EACA caused generation of fibrin-rich microclots in the renal glomerular capillaries in seven out of 12 rabbits. Correspondingly, the incorporation of 125I-radioactivity into liver, spleen, and kidneys was pronounced in galactosamine- and EACA-treated rabbits compared with control animals treated with EACA. An acceleration of the 125I-fibrinogen elimination from the plasma was observed between eight and 12 hours after the start of the galactosamine infusion. The administration of heparin in addition to galactosamine and EACA prevented the occurrence of intravascular coagulation, but shortened the survival times of the animals because of bleeding into visceral organs. The elimination of 131I-albumin in plasma as well as the distribution of 131I-radioactivity in organs were similar in all the rabbits independent of the treatment with galactosamine, EACA, or heparin. The experiments indicate that, in addition to diminished synthesis of coagulation factors, disseminated intravascular coagulation is involved in galactosamine-induced hepatitis and contributes to the haemostatic disorder."}
{"id": "PMID:873337", "title": "Hyperoxaluria correlates with fat malabsorption in patients with sprue.", "content": "The effect of fat malabsorption on the absorption and renal excretion of dietary oxalate was studied in four patients with sprue and in two patients with dermatitis herpetiformis and sprue-like jejunal histology. Hyperoxaluria was present in all patients with sprue when fat malabsorption was severe. Urinary oxalate excretion decreased in two of the three patients with coeliac sprue when their fat malabsorption had improved after three months of dietary gluten restriction. Neither patient with dermatitis herpetiformis and sprue had steatorrhoea. In these patients, urinary oxalate excretion was always within normal limits. A significant positive linear relationship (y=28.25 +4-84x; r=0-82; P less than 0-01) was demonstrated between faecal fat and urinary oxalate excretion. The results of this study support the concept that severe malabsorption of dietary fat plays a primary causative role in enteric hyperoxaluria.", "contents": "Hyperoxaluria correlates with fat malabsorption in patients with sprue. The effect of fat malabsorption on the absorption and renal excretion of dietary oxalate was studied in four patients with sprue and in two patients with dermatitis herpetiformis and sprue-like jejunal histology. Hyperoxaluria was present in all patients with sprue when fat malabsorption was severe. Urinary oxalate excretion decreased in two of the three patients with coeliac sprue when their fat malabsorption had improved after three months of dietary gluten restriction. Neither patient with dermatitis herpetiformis and sprue had steatorrhoea. In these patients, urinary oxalate excretion was always within normal limits. A significant positive linear relationship (y=28.25 +4-84x; r=0-82; P less than 0-01) was demonstrated between faecal fat and urinary oxalate excretion. The results of this study support the concept that severe malabsorption of dietary fat plays a primary causative role in enteric hyperoxaluria."}
{"id": "PMID:873338", "title": "Effect of intraluminal oxygen on endotoxin absorption in experimental occlusion of the superior mesenteric artery.", "content": "Absorption of bacterial endotoxin has been shown to occur after release of the occluded superior mesenteric artery in the rat. A significant reduction in endotoxin absorption was observed as a result of the infusion of gaseous oxygen into the bowel lumen during the period of ischaemia (P less than 0-001). The methods of endotoxin identification and assay are described, and the possible reasons for this effect of intraluminal oxygen are discussed.", "contents": "Effect of intraluminal oxygen on endotoxin absorption in experimental occlusion of the superior mesenteric artery. Absorption of bacterial endotoxin has been shown to occur after release of the occluded superior mesenteric artery in the rat. A significant reduction in endotoxin absorption was observed as a result of the infusion of gaseous oxygen into the bowel lumen during the period of ischaemia (P less than 0-001). The methods of endotoxin identification and assay are described, and the possible reasons for this effect of intraluminal oxygen are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:873339", "title": "Variation in the incidence of diverticular disease within the city of Edinburgh.", "content": "An estimate of the incidence of diverticular disease of the colon was based on all the barium enema examinations in Edinburgh over four years (12 335 cases); using the census data for 1971, incidence rates for the city by age, sex, and electoral ward were calculated. The overall annual incidence rate was 1-55/1000, the rate rising sharply with increasing age. The incidence of diverticular disease varies from ward to ward (range 0-92-2-04/1000), adjacent wards have similar incidence rates and the six wards with the lowest rates are clustered together in the South East of the city. Ward incidence rates have a significant negative association with the percentage of owner occupiers living in that area.", "contents": "Variation in the incidence of diverticular disease within the city of Edinburgh. An estimate of the incidence of diverticular disease of the colon was based on all the barium enema examinations in Edinburgh over four years (12 335 cases); using the census data for 1971, incidence rates for the city by age, sex, and electoral ward were calculated. The overall annual incidence rate was 1-55/1000, the rate rising sharply with increasing age. The incidence of diverticular disease varies from ward to ward (range 0-92-2-04/1000), adjacent wards have similar incidence rates and the six wards with the lowest rates are clustered together in the South East of the city. Ward incidence rates have a significant negative association with the percentage of owner occupiers living in that area."}
{"id": "PMID:873340", "title": "[Neuropathies following hand surgery under supraclavicular plexus anesthesia].", "content": "15 cases with pain in the shoulder girdle following an operation in supraclavicular brachial plexus anesthesia are reported. The pain developped after an interval of several days. According to the neurological findings the diagnosis is regarded as neuralgic amyotrophy. Possible causes are discussed.", "contents": "[Neuropathies following hand surgery under supraclavicular plexus anesthesia]. 15 cases with pain in the shoulder girdle following an operation in supraclavicular brachial plexus anesthesia are reported. The pain developped after an interval of several days. According to the neurological findings the diagnosis is regarded as neuralgic amyotrophy. Possible causes are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:873341", "title": "[Classification of total and subtotal amputations].", "content": "Up to now the succes rates in replantation surgery which are reported in the literature do not include the functional results. To compare the final functional results it is necessary to have a common international classification of what is a complete amputation and what is a incomplete one. It is then important to compare only similar subtotal amputations. In this paper we suggest a definition and classification of amputations in the upper extremity in the following way: type I....bone type II....extensor tendons type III....flexor tendons type IV....palmar digital nerves type V....skin A subtotal amputation will intakt flexor and extensor tendons as well as palmar nerves should be classified as \"type II, III. IV\".", "contents": "[Classification of total and subtotal amputations]. Up to now the succes rates in replantation surgery which are reported in the literature do not include the functional results. To compare the final functional results it is necessary to have a common international classification of what is a complete amputation and what is a incomplete one. It is then important to compare only similar subtotal amputations. In this paper we suggest a definition and classification of amputations in the upper extremity in the following way: type I....bone type II....extensor tendons type III....flexor tendons type IV....palmar digital nerves type V....skin A subtotal amputation will intakt flexor and extensor tendons as well as palmar nerves should be classified as \"type II, III. IV\"."}
{"id": "PMID:873342", "title": "[A rare anatomical condition causing carpal tunnel syndrome].", "content": "We present a case of carpal tunnel syndrome that was caused by longitudinal splitting of the median nerve by an additional M. flexor digitorum sublimis. This is an anatomical variant, that has in this form not yet been described as the cause of a carpal tunnel syndrome.", "contents": "[A rare anatomical condition causing carpal tunnel syndrome]. We present a case of carpal tunnel syndrome that was caused by longitudinal splitting of the median nerve by an additional M. flexor digitorum sublimis. This is an anatomical variant, that has in this form not yet been described as the cause of a carpal tunnel syndrome."}
{"id": "PMID:873344", "title": "[Intraosseous neurinoma].", "content": "A case of neurilemmoma in bone localized in the proximal phalanx of the right thumb is described. There are less than 40 cases of this typoe of tumor to be found in the literature. The majority of them were localized in the jaw and maxillary bones. The tumor usually grows slowly, histories of up to 20 years duration being described. Clinical symptoms are not characteristic. X-ray examination shows cystic bone defects. The origin of the neurilemmoma in bone is believed to be cells of SCHWANN of the paravasal nerves, which accompany the nutrient artery. Microscopically two types of cells can be distinguished in the tumor. The neurilemmoma in bone is probably always benign. The therapy of choice is local excision of the tumor.", "contents": "[Intraosseous neurinoma]. A case of neurilemmoma in bone localized in the proximal phalanx of the right thumb is described. There are less than 40 cases of this typoe of tumor to be found in the literature. The majority of them were localized in the jaw and maxillary bones. The tumor usually grows slowly, histories of up to 20 years duration being described. Clinical symptoms are not characteristic. X-ray examination shows cystic bone defects. The origin of the neurilemmoma in bone is believed to be cells of SCHWANN of the paravasal nerves, which accompany the nutrient artery. Microscopically two types of cells can be distinguished in the tumor. The neurilemmoma in bone is probably always benign. The therapy of choice is local excision of the tumor."}
{"id": "PMID:873348", "title": "[The \"open-palm\" technic in the treatment of Dupuytren's contracture].", "content": "We report our experience in the treatment of 39 patients with Dupuytrens' contracture using the \"open-palm\" technique (McCASH). In this method the palmar fascia is excised through a transverse incision in the distal plamer crease. The wound is left open. The advantages of this method are: no necrosis of the skin, absence of haematomas, closure of other incisions without tension, early motion with little postoperative discomfort. Based on our experience we recommend this method for a selected group of patients.", "contents": "[The \"open-palm\" technic in the treatment of Dupuytren's contracture]. We report our experience in the treatment of 39 patients with Dupuytrens' contracture using the \"open-palm\" technique (McCASH). In this method the palmar fascia is excised through a transverse incision in the distal plamer crease. The wound is left open. The advantages of this method are: no necrosis of the skin, absence of haematomas, closure of other incisions without tension, early motion with little postoperative discomfort. Based on our experience we recommend this method for a selected group of patients."}
{"id": "PMID:873365", "title": "Cooperative apartments: new programs in community mental health.", "content": "The potential of cooperative apartments as an alternative in residential care for former mental patients is only beginning to be explored. Existing programs demonstrate the viability of these apartments as a last stepping-stone to be used by patients as they move toward a completely independent way of life. In contrast to other residential arrangements, such as foster home care or halfway houses, cooperative apartments seem on balance to be less likely to induce patient dependence or to have an aura reminiscent of the hospital to patients. Moreover, they are relatively inexpensive, can be established without attracting untoward attention in the community, and permit their occupants to live more like other people and with comparatively little stigma. As indicated by the variety of sponsoring agencies described in this article, the impetus to establish cooperative apartments can come from many sources. Such diversity is currently necessary. Only through the evaluation of different models and their effectiveness will criteria be established for a national policy regarding residential care.", "contents": "Cooperative apartments: new programs in community mental health. The potential of cooperative apartments as an alternative in residential care for former mental patients is only beginning to be explored. Existing programs demonstrate the viability of these apartments as a last stepping-stone to be used by patients as they move toward a completely independent way of life. In contrast to other residential arrangements, such as foster home care or halfway houses, cooperative apartments seem on balance to be less likely to induce patient dependence or to have an aura reminiscent of the hospital to patients. Moreover, they are relatively inexpensive, can be established without attracting untoward attention in the community, and permit their occupants to live more like other people and with comparatively little stigma. As indicated by the variety of sponsoring agencies described in this article, the impetus to establish cooperative apartments can come from many sources. Such diversity is currently necessary. Only through the evaluation of different models and their effectiveness will criteria be established for a national policy regarding residential care."}
{"id": "PMID:873372", "title": "Social work with genetic problems.", "content": "The generic utility of social work practice skills and knowledge applies to this field of practice as to any other. What is required is a delineation of the role that social workers are to take, a clear articulation of what they can do and do well, and their acquisition of the specific knowledge related to genetic problems that would provide the framework in which to practice social work in this area. From their practice experience, social workers in genetics are in a unique position to contribute important knowledge about their clients that would help to provide essential and needed services as well as guide social work intervention. The key role for social workers in genetics is the provision of supportive counseling to help clients deal with the social dimensions of their genetic problems. In other words, genetic social work focuses mainly on assisting clients with problems in living that are generated by a genetic diagnosis and that may be more problematic or distressing than the genetic defect itself.", "contents": "Social work with genetic problems. The generic utility of social work practice skills and knowledge applies to this field of practice as to any other. What is required is a delineation of the role that social workers are to take, a clear articulation of what they can do and do well, and their acquisition of the specific knowledge related to genetic problems that would provide the framework in which to practice social work in this area. From their practice experience, social workers in genetics are in a unique position to contribute important knowledge about their clients that would help to provide essential and needed services as well as guide social work intervention. The key role for social workers in genetics is the provision of supportive counseling to help clients deal with the social dimensions of their genetic problems. In other words, genetic social work focuses mainly on assisting clients with problems in living that are generated by a genetic diagnosis and that may be more problematic or distressing than the genetic defect itself."}
{"id": "PMID:873413", "title": "[Puerperal mastitis].", "content": "The puerperal mastitis is a staphylococcal infection of the lactating mamma cumulating during the third and fourth week after delivery. It is seen three times as often after hospital than after house delivery, and it is also more frequent with primiparae than with multiparae. The infection is caused by bacterial hospitalism. Most commonly mamilla and milkducts are infected via the child's nasopharynx. Mastitis rarely occurs in non-nursing women. Early diagnosis before the appearance of all classical inflammatory symptoms is important, to start the treatment with antibiotics before abscess formation takes place. We mentioned Fucidine, Oleandomycin and Oxacillin as staphylococcal-effective, penicillinase-resistent antibiotics. Additionally low-dose X-ray radiation may be given. In case of abscess formation local antibiotic-instillation combined with oral antibiotic treatment should be tried before incision. It is best to incise an abscess only after is complete breakdown. Complications to be looked for are maternal sepsis and staphylococcal infection of the newborn.", "contents": "[Puerperal mastitis]. The puerperal mastitis is a staphylococcal infection of the lactating mamma cumulating during the third and fourth week after delivery. It is seen three times as often after hospital than after house delivery, and it is also more frequent with primiparae than with multiparae. The infection is caused by bacterial hospitalism. Most commonly mamilla and milkducts are infected via the child's nasopharynx. Mastitis rarely occurs in non-nursing women. Early diagnosis before the appearance of all classical inflammatory symptoms is important, to start the treatment with antibiotics before abscess formation takes place. We mentioned Fucidine, Oleandomycin and Oxacillin as staphylococcal-effective, penicillinase-resistent antibiotics. Additionally low-dose X-ray radiation may be given. In case of abscess formation local antibiotic-instillation combined with oral antibiotic treatment should be tried before incision. It is best to incise an abscess only after is complete breakdown. Complications to be looked for are maternal sepsis and staphylococcal infection of the newborn."}
{"id": "PMID:873414", "title": "[Pathogenesis of the toxic and allergic nephrotic syndrome. Metabolic studies on kidney-cortex slices and on glomeruli].", "content": "The in vitro metabolism of isolated rat glomeruli in Daunomycin-nephrosis (DMS) and neophrotoxic nephritis (ANS) was determined in order to investigate questions about the nephrotic syndrome. Glomeruli of rats with Daunomycin-nephrosis influenced metabolic steps as follows: 1. Oxydative decarboxydation of pyruvate and probably also of alpha-ketoglutarate is decreased. This disturbance might be located in the formation of acetyl-and/or succinyl-CoA. 2. Incubation with pyruvate and alpha-ketoglutarat resulted in reduced oxygen uptake, and resynthesis of ATP. 3. Incorporation of thimidin into glomerular DNS is inhibited in the beginning stage of Daunomycin-nephrosis; while incorporation of amino acids into glomerular protein is not, beta-oxydation of fatty acids is at least until entrance into the TCA cycle undisturbed. In contrast, glomeruli of rats with nephrotoxic nephritis utilised more oxygen and the stationary concentration of ATP within the glomeruli was elevated. The pathway of the nephrotic syndrome is not exactly known. Metabolic and morphologic studies with glomeruli of the immunologically and the toxically induced nephrotic syndrome showed different biochemical and histological disorders for the same clinical symptoms. As the beginning of nephrotic syndrome very different lesions in the glomerulus have to be expected, which result in a greater permeability of basal membranes.", "contents": "[Pathogenesis of the toxic and allergic nephrotic syndrome. Metabolic studies on kidney-cortex slices and on glomeruli]. The in vitro metabolism of isolated rat glomeruli in Daunomycin-nephrosis (DMS) and neophrotoxic nephritis (ANS) was determined in order to investigate questions about the nephrotic syndrome. Glomeruli of rats with Daunomycin-nephrosis influenced metabolic steps as follows: 1. Oxydative decarboxydation of pyruvate and probably also of alpha-ketoglutarate is decreased. This disturbance might be located in the formation of acetyl-and/or succinyl-CoA. 2. Incubation with pyruvate and alpha-ketoglutarat resulted in reduced oxygen uptake, and resynthesis of ATP. 3. Incorporation of thimidin into glomerular DNS is inhibited in the beginning stage of Daunomycin-nephrosis; while incorporation of amino acids into glomerular protein is not, beta-oxydation of fatty acids is at least until entrance into the TCA cycle undisturbed. In contrast, glomeruli of rats with nephrotoxic nephritis utilised more oxygen and the stationary concentration of ATP within the glomeruli was elevated. The pathway of the nephrotic syndrome is not exactly known. Metabolic and morphologic studies with glomeruli of the immunologically and the toxically induced nephrotic syndrome showed different biochemical and histological disorders for the same clinical symptoms. As the beginning of nephrotic syndrome very different lesions in the glomerulus have to be expected, which result in a greater permeability of basal membranes."}
{"id": "PMID:873415", "title": "[Squamus epithelial carcinoma in anal fistula].", "content": "The case of a patient is reported, who developed a squamous cell cancer in a long standing anal fistula track. The observations seem to prove that irritated epithelium of chronic anal fistulas may be the source of a malignant disease.", "contents": "[Squamus epithelial carcinoma in anal fistula]. The case of a patient is reported, who developed a squamous cell cancer in a long standing anal fistula track. The observations seem to prove that irritated epithelium of chronic anal fistulas may be the source of a malignant disease."}
{"id": "PMID:873418", "title": "[Are sandflea infections increasing?].", "content": "A report on two cases is given. The patients showed the typical skin affections after trips to Africa. Tungiasis occasionally leads to secondary infections and may be the cause of longterm inflammation or erysipelas. Treatment is discussed and a possible increase of tungiasis because of an increase of tourists to tropical countries is pointed out.", "contents": "[Are sandflea infections increasing?]. A report on two cases is given. The patients showed the typical skin affections after trips to Africa. Tungiasis occasionally leads to secondary infections and may be the cause of longterm inflammation or erysipelas. Treatment is discussed and a possible increase of tungiasis because of an increase of tourists to tropical countries is pointed out."}
{"id": "PMID:873419", "title": "[Chronic post-traumatic osteomyelitis and its treatment].", "content": "In spite of modern therapeutical concepts chronic osteomyelitis is a disease, which can be resistant to all trials with antibiotics, surgical or other treatments. Since the percentage of bone infections increases by increasing accidents the possibilities of classical treatment are discussed and new therapeutical ideas developed by considerations regarding the pathomechanism. The basical reflections for this new treatment can be summarized with the fact that a chronic infection can only develop in an organism with a lack of immune resistance. As the immune response of an organism can be stimulated by vaccination there is a high possibility to overcome a chronic infection by a vaccination procedure. In fact, first therapeutical results confirm this consideration in chronic osteomyelitis.", "contents": "[Chronic post-traumatic osteomyelitis and its treatment]. In spite of modern therapeutical concepts chronic osteomyelitis is a disease, which can be resistant to all trials with antibiotics, surgical or other treatments. Since the percentage of bone infections increases by increasing accidents the possibilities of classical treatment are discussed and new therapeutical ideas developed by considerations regarding the pathomechanism. The basical reflections for this new treatment can be summarized with the fact that a chronic infection can only develop in an organism with a lack of immune resistance. As the immune response of an organism can be stimulated by vaccination there is a high possibility to overcome a chronic infection by a vaccination procedure. In fact, first therapeutical results confirm this consideration in chronic osteomyelitis."}
{"id": "PMID:873420", "title": "[Proliferation kinetic models for the understanding of the epidermal cell cycle in psoriasis].", "content": "Pulse labeling of spontaneous, stimulated or disturbed epidermal cell reinforcements with tritium thymidine offers a simple system to appraise relations of different phases in cell cycle. For example, if the duplication of DNA during the S-phase takes much time, many cells actually synthesizing DNA must be found labeled. Therefore, a high labeling index does not necessarily indicate fast cell cycles (and fast cell cycles do not necessarily produce high labeling indices). The slower S-phases proceed, the less use is for tritium thymidine, offered during the short availability time of a single pulse label. As a result, only few silver grains per cell nucleus are produced in the film emulsion by autoradiography. The typical pattern of this DNA-synthesis would be a high labeling index, combined with a low silver grain index. All other possible combinations and degrees of high, low, normal silver grain indices with high, low or normal labeling indices allow to appraise not only the S-phase duration in comparison with controls, but also in dependence of the other phases, mainly G1, and their duration in cell cycle.", "contents": "[Proliferation kinetic models for the understanding of the epidermal cell cycle in psoriasis]. Pulse labeling of spontaneous, stimulated or disturbed epidermal cell reinforcements with tritium thymidine offers a simple system to appraise relations of different phases in cell cycle. For example, if the duplication of DNA during the S-phase takes much time, many cells actually synthesizing DNA must be found labeled. Therefore, a high labeling index does not necessarily indicate fast cell cycles (and fast cell cycles do not necessarily produce high labeling indices). The slower S-phases proceed, the less use is for tritium thymidine, offered during the short availability time of a single pulse label. As a result, only few silver grains per cell nucleus are produced in the film emulsion by autoradiography. The typical pattern of this DNA-synthesis would be a high labeling index, combined with a low silver grain index. All other possible combinations and degrees of high, low, normal silver grain indices with high, low or normal labeling indices allow to appraise not only the S-phase duration in comparison with controls, but also in dependence of the other phases, mainly G1, and their duration in cell cycle."}
{"id": "PMID:873421", "title": "[Experimental principles of immunotherapy in malignant tumors using microbial substances. 2. Effect of streptococci on ascites-rethotelsarcoma of the mouse in vitro].", "content": "The antitumoral activity of specific strains of beta-hemolytic streptococci, group A, published by Okamoto and his group, could be confirmed also with an in vivo-method. An own strain (No. 1C) with good antitumoral effect was used in the ascites-retothelsarcoma of the mouse. This effect was strain-specific. A hypothetical anti-tumor-factor of the streptococci is assumed. First clinical results are described.", "contents": "[Experimental principles of immunotherapy in malignant tumors using microbial substances. 2. Effect of streptococci on ascites-rethotelsarcoma of the mouse in vitro]. The antitumoral activity of specific strains of beta-hemolytic streptococci, group A, published by Okamoto and his group, could be confirmed also with an in vivo-method. An own strain (No. 1C) with good antitumoral effect was used in the ascites-retothelsarcoma of the mouse. This effect was strain-specific. A hypothetical anti-tumor-factor of the streptococci is assumed. First clinical results are described."}
{"id": "PMID:873426", "title": "[Follow-up of 2300 vaginal and abdominal hysterectomies].", "content": "The report deals with the 2330 hysterectomies, performed in the \"Women's Hospital of the City of Nuernberg\", in 1968 through 1973. One thousand extirpations were done the abdominal way, whereas 1330 were done using the vaginal method. The average age of the patients was 50 years. The distribution of the parity of the abdominal hysterectomies was about equal, whereas the parity of the vaginal operations was 11 times higher, mainly because of technical reasons. The main indications of the vaginal extirpations were: descensus, uterus myomatosus and non invasive cancer; the one of the abdominal extirpations was uterus myomatosus, benign and malign ovarial tumors and cancer of corpus uteri. The total ratio of complications (including abscess of the abdominal wall, seromes etc.) amounts ot 19,1% of the abdominal operations, 9,6% of the vaginal operations. The total mortality of the abdominal operations was nearly 1,7% the one of the vaginal operations approached 0,37%. In 50% respectively 80% the cause of death was an acute emboly of the lungs.", "contents": "[Follow-up of 2300 vaginal and abdominal hysterectomies]. The report deals with the 2330 hysterectomies, performed in the \"Women's Hospital of the City of Nuernberg\", in 1968 through 1973. One thousand extirpations were done the abdominal way, whereas 1330 were done using the vaginal method. The average age of the patients was 50 years. The distribution of the parity of the abdominal hysterectomies was about equal, whereas the parity of the vaginal operations was 11 times higher, mainly because of technical reasons. The main indications of the vaginal extirpations were: descensus, uterus myomatosus and non invasive cancer; the one of the abdominal extirpations was uterus myomatosus, benign and malign ovarial tumors and cancer of corpus uteri. The total ratio of complications (including abscess of the abdominal wall, seromes etc.) amounts ot 19,1% of the abdominal operations, 9,6% of the vaginal operations. The total mortality of the abdominal operations was nearly 1,7% the one of the vaginal operations approached 0,37%. In 50% respectively 80% the cause of death was an acute emboly of the lungs."}
{"id": "PMID:873431", "title": "[Classification and pathogenesis of pituitary adenomas in humans and animal experiments].", "content": "Pituitary adenomas should be classified by the grade of differentiation in undifferentiated (acidophil or mucoid cell type) and in highly differentiated types. Corresponding to their structural identify, the latter are separated into GH cell-, prolactin cell-, TSH cell-, or ACTH cell-adenomas. Chromophobe adenomas which are nearly ungranulated tumors, were divided into small cell- and large cell-adenomas and into oncocytic adenomas. Undifferentiated acidophil and GH cell-adenomas mostly induce an acromegaly. Undifferentiated mucoid and ACTH cell-tumors result exclusively in a hyperfunction of ACTH. The morphological correlate of a hyperprolactinemia is variable. Chromophobe adenomas of small cell type and oncocytic adenomas are on the whole endocrinologically inactive. Studies of the paraadenomatous adenohypophysis let us assume that prolactin cell- and ACTH cell-adenomas develop from hyperplasias of the specific cells. In animal experiments, pituitary adenomas can be classified into highly differentiated (prolactin cell-, TSH cell-, or ACTH cell-adenomas) and also into undifferentiated adenomas. The highly differentiated ones develop hyperplasiogenic and are monohormonally active. They are on the whole structurally identical with the human adenomas. The undifferentiated ones are the consequence of a process of dedifferentiation. They show in part a plurihormonal activity.", "contents": "[Classification and pathogenesis of pituitary adenomas in humans and animal experiments]. Pituitary adenomas should be classified by the grade of differentiation in undifferentiated (acidophil or mucoid cell type) and in highly differentiated types. Corresponding to their structural identify, the latter are separated into GH cell-, prolactin cell-, TSH cell-, or ACTH cell-adenomas. Chromophobe adenomas which are nearly ungranulated tumors, were divided into small cell- and large cell-adenomas and into oncocytic adenomas. Undifferentiated acidophil and GH cell-adenomas mostly induce an acromegaly. Undifferentiated mucoid and ACTH cell-tumors result exclusively in a hyperfunction of ACTH. The morphological correlate of a hyperprolactinemia is variable. Chromophobe adenomas of small cell type and oncocytic adenomas are on the whole endocrinologically inactive. Studies of the paraadenomatous adenohypophysis let us assume that prolactin cell- and ACTH cell-adenomas develop from hyperplasias of the specific cells. In animal experiments, pituitary adenomas can be classified into highly differentiated (prolactin cell-, TSH cell-, or ACTH cell-adenomas) and also into undifferentiated adenomas. The highly differentiated ones develop hyperplasiogenic and are monohormonally active. They are on the whole structurally identical with the human adenomas. The undifferentiated ones are the consequence of a process of dedifferentiation. They show in part a plurihormonal activity."}
{"id": "PMID:873432", "title": "[The treatment of premature labor with partusisten. Observations by 35 patients].", "content": "The authors describe the results of treatment of premature onset of uterine contractions with Partusisten in 35 patients. Therapeutical tocolysis was performed in 32 cases, prophylactic treatment after operations on the pregnant uterus in 2 cases, spray-tocolysis in uterine tetanus in third stage of labour in 1 case. The pregnancies could be prolonged for 7,1 weeks. No effect of the treatment could be achieved in case of contractions because of premature rupture of membranes and in chorionamnionitis.", "contents": "[The treatment of premature labor with partusisten. Observations by 35 patients]. The authors describe the results of treatment of premature onset of uterine contractions with Partusisten in 35 patients. Therapeutical tocolysis was performed in 32 cases, prophylactic treatment after operations on the pregnant uterus in 2 cases, spray-tocolysis in uterine tetanus in third stage of labour in 1 case. The pregnancies could be prolonged for 7,1 weeks. No effect of the treatment could be achieved in case of contractions because of premature rupture of membranes and in chorionamnionitis."}
{"id": "PMID:873433", "title": "[Continuous intrauterine pO2 determination in the fetus during birth].", "content": "A study about continuous intrauterine pO2-measurement of the human fetus sub partu. It is reported about a continuous intrauterine unbloody pO2-measurement of the human fetus sub partu. There was found a good correlation in different cardiotocographic patterns between labour, fetal heart frequency and pO2-registration.", "contents": "[Continuous intrauterine pO2 determination in the fetus during birth]. A study about continuous intrauterine pO2-measurement of the human fetus sub partu. It is reported about a continuous intrauterine unbloody pO2-measurement of the human fetus sub partu. There was found a good correlation in different cardiotocographic patterns between labour, fetal heart frequency and pO2-registration."}
{"id": "PMID:873434", "title": "[Blood coagulation activity and fibrinolysis in umbilical vein blood of healthy and asphyxiated newborn infants].", "content": "In two groups of 35 healthy and 15 asphyctic newborns the factors of blood coagulation and fibrinolysis were determined and compared with the normal values of non-pregnant women. The study demonstrates an increased coagulability and increased fibrinolytic activity at decreased levels of most of the single factors in the umbilical vein blood of the newborn. There is a statistically significant decrease of the concentration of plasminogen and increase of the concentration of fibrin degradation products and fibrin monomers in the groups of asphyctic newborns as compared with healthy newborns. These results may be considered as factors in the etiology of the respiratory distress syndrome of the newborn resulting in the formation of hyaline membranes. An increased tendency to hemorrhages in asphyctic newborn due to a hypocoagulation of the umbilical vein blood cannot be suggested by these results. The study confirms and supplements previous research findings from our laboratory and from others reported in the literature.", "contents": "[Blood coagulation activity and fibrinolysis in umbilical vein blood of healthy and asphyxiated newborn infants]. In two groups of 35 healthy and 15 asphyctic newborns the factors of blood coagulation and fibrinolysis were determined and compared with the normal values of non-pregnant women. The study demonstrates an increased coagulability and increased fibrinolytic activity at decreased levels of most of the single factors in the umbilical vein blood of the newborn. There is a statistically significant decrease of the concentration of plasminogen and increase of the concentration of fibrin degradation products and fibrin monomers in the groups of asphyctic newborns as compared with healthy newborns. These results may be considered as factors in the etiology of the respiratory distress syndrome of the newborn resulting in the formation of hyaline membranes. An increased tendency to hemorrhages in asphyctic newborn due to a hypocoagulation of the umbilical vein blood cannot be suggested by these results. The study confirms and supplements previous research findings from our laboratory and from others reported in the literature."}
{"id": "PMID:873435", "title": "[Colestipol by hypercholesteremia in diabetics].", "content": "The study comprises 90 diabetic patients with hypercholesterolemia. They received colestipol, a basic anion exchange resin, which binds the bile acids in the intestinal tract and thus prevents its enterohepatic circulation. The constant regeneration of bile acids from cholesterol leads to a decrease of the cholesterol level. A significant reduction of the cholesterol level was achieved in 73 of 85 evaluated cases. The observed triglyceride levels showed a different behaviour. All other laboratory data, especially the blood-sugar level, remained unchanged under the treatment with colestipol. Colestipol was well tolerated and, due to its neutral taste, was readily taken by the patients. Only a few patients suffered from slight constipation which did not lead to discontinuation of the treatment.", "contents": "[Colestipol by hypercholesteremia in diabetics]. The study comprises 90 diabetic patients with hypercholesterolemia. They received colestipol, a basic anion exchange resin, which binds the bile acids in the intestinal tract and thus prevents its enterohepatic circulation. The constant regeneration of bile acids from cholesterol leads to a decrease of the cholesterol level. A significant reduction of the cholesterol level was achieved in 73 of 85 evaluated cases. The observed triglyceride levels showed a different behaviour. All other laboratory data, especially the blood-sugar level, remained unchanged under the treatment with colestipol. Colestipol was well tolerated and, due to its neutral taste, was readily taken by the patients. Only a few patients suffered from slight constipation which did not lead to discontinuation of the treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:873446", "title": "Distributing the goods the right way.", "content": "Distribution is an integral part of the supply process; a product or supply has little value until it is in the hands of those who can use it. The traditional \"reverse distribution process,\" in which nursing or other departmental personnel go down to central stores to pick up any needed materials, results in a costly, inefficient use of manpower. When choosing a supply system, one of the foremost considerations that a hospital should keep in mind is how the supply or product will be delivered to where it can be used.", "contents": "Distributing the goods the right way. Distribution is an integral part of the supply process; a product or supply has little value until it is in the hands of those who can use it. The traditional \"reverse distribution process,\" in which nursing or other departmental personnel go down to central stores to pick up any needed materials, results in a costly, inefficient use of manpower. When choosing a supply system, one of the foremost considerations that a hospital should keep in mind is how the supply or product will be delivered to where it can be used."}
{"id": "PMID:873447", "title": "Equipping a new hospital: bringing method to the madness.", "content": "Equipping a new hospital involves quickly shifting and sometimes overlapping phases. Consequently, considerable coordination is required among the hospital administration, user departments, purchasing department, suppliers, architect, builder, trade unions, and other involved parties. Detailed procedures such as those described in this article can help to efficiently organize this effort and protect the hospital's interests regarding the costs, specifications, acceptability, and safety of the equipment that is acquired and installed.", "contents": "Equipping a new hospital: bringing method to the madness. Equipping a new hospital involves quickly shifting and sometimes overlapping phases. Consequently, considerable coordination is required among the hospital administration, user departments, purchasing department, suppliers, architect, builder, trade unions, and other involved parties. Detailed procedures such as those described in this article can help to efficiently organize this effort and protect the hospital's interests regarding the costs, specifications, acceptability, and safety of the equipment that is acquired and installed."}
{"id": "PMID:873448", "title": "Capitalizing on capital purchases.", "content": "The acquisition of capital equipment is considerably more involved than the purchase of supply items. Because of the long life of capital equipment, errors in judgment at the time of acquisition can haunt a purchasing manager for years. But if he exercises good judgment and does not lose sight of the particular needs of his hospital, capital equipment can be acquired in a manner that will be in the continuing best interests of the hospital.", "contents": "Capitalizing on capital purchases. The acquisition of capital equipment is considerably more involved than the purchase of supply items. Because of the long life of capital equipment, errors in judgment at the time of acquisition can haunt a purchasing manager for years. But if he exercises good judgment and does not lose sight of the particular needs of his hospital, capital equipment can be acquired in a manner that will be in the continuing best interests of the hospital."}
{"id": "PMID:873449", "title": "Negotiating and bidding for good results.", "content": "When determining a method of procurement, the purchasing manager must remember his goals. Whether it be by bidding, negotiating, or open-ended contracts, the method chosen is a means of obtaining savings for the hospital and, ultimately, for the patient.", "contents": "Negotiating and bidding for good results. When determining a method of procurement, the purchasing manager must remember his goals. Whether it be by bidding, negotiating, or open-ended contracts, the method chosen is a means of obtaining savings for the hospital and, ultimately, for the patient."}
{"id": "PMID:873450", "title": "Committees ensure cost efficiency in purchasing.", "content": "Purchasing committees are essential to effective materials procurement and management. These committees perform not only initial evaluation of materials and supplies but also ongoing reevaluation. Thus, they help to ensure that the hospital obtains and maintains appropriate quality, quantities, and cost effectiveness in its purchases and its inventory.", "contents": "Committees ensure cost efficiency in purchasing. Purchasing committees are essential to effective materials procurement and management. These committees perform not only initial evaluation of materials and supplies but also ongoing reevaluation. Thus, they help to ensure that the hospital obtains and maintains appropriate quality, quantities, and cost effectiveness in its purchases and its inventory."}
{"id": "PMID:873517", "title": "Schizophrenia: genetic factors.", "content": "In the first of three articles on schizophrenia, evidence for a genetic component is reviewed, including the high concordance in monozygotic twins, even when reared apart, and in children born to a schizophrenic parent or parents. The myth of the \"schizophrenogenic mother\" is rejected, though it does appear that as yet undefined environmental factors, by bringing about biochemical changes, may play an important role.", "contents": "Schizophrenia: genetic factors. In the first of three articles on schizophrenia, evidence for a genetic component is reviewed, including the high concordance in monozygotic twins, even when reared apart, and in children born to a schizophrenic parent or parents. The myth of the \"schizophrenogenic mother\" is rejected, though it does appear that as yet undefined environmental factors, by bringing about biochemical changes, may play an important role."}
{"id": "PMID:873519", "title": "A double outlet to relieve left ventricular hypertension.", "content": "The patient with aortic stenosis may have reduced left ventricular outflow with a relatively normal valvular architecture and little or no myocardial hypertrophy. For such a patient, surgery directly on the outflow structures may involve serious problems and \"trade-offs\". Construction of a supplementary conduit from the ventricular apex to the abdominal aorta can provide a valid alternative to more conventional approaches.", "contents": "A double outlet to relieve left ventricular hypertension. The patient with aortic stenosis may have reduced left ventricular outflow with a relatively normal valvular architecture and little or no myocardial hypertrophy. For such a patient, surgery directly on the outflow structures may involve serious problems and \"trade-offs\". Construction of a supplementary conduit from the ventricular apex to the abdominal aorta can provide a valid alternative to more conventional approaches."}
{"id": "PMID:873535", "title": "Epidemiological review of lung cancer in man.", "content": "Lung cancer is primarily a 20th century phenomenon; its epidemiology is reviewed and the usefulness of epidemiological studies in providing clues to etiology is evaluated. Internationally, lung cancer accounts for up to 13% of all deaths in age groups above 45 years. It is a disease characterized by large international variations in incidence; in addition, urban-rural differences occur in many countries. Male:female ratios are high, 4 to 5; but after a rise during the first half of the century, these ratios are now declining in a number of countries. Neither racial distribution nor migrant studies indicate that genetic factors play any important role in the etiology of lung cancer. The only possible indication of their playing such a role is the high incidence of lung cancer among Chinese, primarily Cantonese, women. A genetic determination of individual susceptibility has been suggested, but racial differences remain to be demonstrated. The increase in lung cancer that started during the first decades of the 20th century in Europe and North America is consistent with the introduction of a carcinogen into the environment at the turn of the century. Both spatial and temporal trends of lung cancer support the hypothesis that cigarette smoking is the major etiological factor. This is further supported by numerous specific investigations of the problem. A decrease in lung cancer incidence in certain age groups in a number of countries may reflect changing smoking habits and the diminishing tar content of modern cigarettes, thus indicating ways of prevention. Current knowledge of general air pollution seems to ascribe it a secondary role as an etiological factor. The risk of lung cancer is greater in certain occupations, often because of an interaction between industrial air pollution and smoking. It may be concluded that lung cancer is largely a problem of modern society and that the epidemiological results are consistent with an etiological role of preventable environmental factors.", "contents": "Epidemiological review of lung cancer in man. Lung cancer is primarily a 20th century phenomenon; its epidemiology is reviewed and the usefulness of epidemiological studies in providing clues to etiology is evaluated. Internationally, lung cancer accounts for up to 13% of all deaths in age groups above 45 years. It is a disease characterized by large international variations in incidence; in addition, urban-rural differences occur in many countries. Male:female ratios are high, 4 to 5; but after a rise during the first half of the century, these ratios are now declining in a number of countries. Neither racial distribution nor migrant studies indicate that genetic factors play any important role in the etiology of lung cancer. The only possible indication of their playing such a role is the high incidence of lung cancer among Chinese, primarily Cantonese, women. A genetic determination of individual susceptibility has been suggested, but racial differences remain to be demonstrated. The increase in lung cancer that started during the first decades of the 20th century in Europe and North America is consistent with the introduction of a carcinogen into the environment at the turn of the century. Both spatial and temporal trends of lung cancer support the hypothesis that cigarette smoking is the major etiological factor. This is further supported by numerous specific investigations of the problem. A decrease in lung cancer incidence in certain age groups in a number of countries may reflect changing smoking habits and the diminishing tar content of modern cigarettes, thus indicating ways of prevention. Current knowledge of general air pollution seems to ascribe it a secondary role as an etiological factor. The risk of lung cancer is greater in certain occupations, often because of an interaction between industrial air pollution and smoking. It may be concluded that lung cancer is largely a problem of modern society and that the epidemiological results are consistent with an etiological role of preventable environmental factors."}
{"id": "PMID:873536", "title": "Epidemiology of lung cancer in the United States.", "content": "This paper has reviewed the temporal and spatial distribution of lung cancer in the United States. Some of the personal characteristics which are important determinants of this type of cancer and which need to be considered in assessing the role of environmental air pollution have also been considered. Recent studies which have attempted to relate lung cancer mortality to possible arsenic exposure or to levels of benzo[a]pyrene in different places are noted. While an urban effect is undoubted, it is still not certain that it is due to carcinogenic pollutants in the air. Although there may be exceptional areas, environmental air pollution probably contributes only a very small fraction to the effect of cigarette smoking on this type of cancer.", "contents": "Epidemiology of lung cancer in the United States. This paper has reviewed the temporal and spatial distribution of lung cancer in the United States. Some of the personal characteristics which are important determinants of this type of cancer and which need to be considered in assessing the role of environmental air pollution have also been considered. Recent studies which have attempted to relate lung cancer mortality to possible arsenic exposure or to levels of benzo[a]pyrene in different places are noted. While an urban effect is undoubted, it is still not certain that it is due to carcinogenic pollutants in the air. Although there may be exceptional areas, environmental air pollution probably contributes only a very small fraction to the effect of cigarette smoking on this type of cancer."}
{"id": "PMID:873542", "title": "Microsomal metabolism of chemical carcinogens in animals and man.", "content": "As the first step in the interaction between chemical carcinogen and cell, it has been recognized that most carcinogens, being chemically inert, must be metabolically converted into reactive, electrophilic 'ultimate carcinogens'. Ironically, the enzymes that activate carcinogens are the same microsomal, drug-metabolizing enzymes, mostly mixed-function oxidases, whose primary function is the detoxification and disposal of foreign chemicals. From the limited data available, it appears that, qualitatively, animals and man metabolize carcinogens via very similar pathways. However, in animals as well as in man there are marked species-related and individual differences in the basal levels of microsomal metabolism as well as in its inducibility. Therefore, the extrapolation to man of existing animal data on metabolic activation and carcinogenesis of chemicals is at present impossible. However, it might be possible to detect 'high-risk' individuals, i.e., individuals who might be especially endangered by exposure to environmental carcinogens due to their high rate of metabolism (for instance, some cigarette smokers), by determinations of human microsomal metabolism in vitro, using human leucocytes, or in vivo, employing safe drugs which are metabolized in a similar way to carcinogens, as indirect indices for individual variations in microsomal metabolism.", "contents": "Microsomal metabolism of chemical carcinogens in animals and man. As the first step in the interaction between chemical carcinogen and cell, it has been recognized that most carcinogens, being chemically inert, must be metabolically converted into reactive, electrophilic 'ultimate carcinogens'. Ironically, the enzymes that activate carcinogens are the same microsomal, drug-metabolizing enzymes, mostly mixed-function oxidases, whose primary function is the detoxification and disposal of foreign chemicals. From the limited data available, it appears that, qualitatively, animals and man metabolize carcinogens via very similar pathways. However, in animals as well as in man there are marked species-related and individual differences in the basal levels of microsomal metabolism as well as in its inducibility. Therefore, the extrapolation to man of existing animal data on metabolic activation and carcinogenesis of chemicals is at present impossible. However, it might be possible to detect 'high-risk' individuals, i.e., individuals who might be especially endangered by exposure to environmental carcinogens due to their high rate of metabolism (for instance, some cigarette smokers), by determinations of human microsomal metabolism in vitro, using human leucocytes, or in vivo, employing safe drugs which are metabolized in a similar way to carcinogens, as indirect indices for individual variations in microsomal metabolism."}
{"id": "PMID:873544", "title": "Benzo[a]pyrene-induced early alterations of the respiratory epithelium in the Syrian golden hamster.", "content": "Pathological alterations occurring in the epithelia of the trachea and the lobar and segmental bronchi of Syrian golden hamsters during a 20-week period of weekly BaP administrations were examined by means of light and electron microscopy. In the trachea these early changes included hyperplasia and squamous metaplasia. In the bronchi the development of small adenomas was observed, but no squamous metaplasia occurred.", "contents": "Benzo[a]pyrene-induced early alterations of the respiratory epithelium in the Syrian golden hamster. Pathological alterations occurring in the epithelia of the trachea and the lobar and segmental bronchi of Syrian golden hamsters during a 20-week period of weekly BaP administrations were examined by means of light and electron microscopy. In the trachea these early changes included hyperplasia and squamous metaplasia. In the bronchi the development of small adenomas was observed, but no squamous metaplasia occurred."}
{"id": "PMID:873560", "title": "Earthworm coelomocytes in vitro.", "content": "Contamination and low viability of earthworm coelemocytes in tissue culture have delayed in vitro studies. Using penicillin, streptomycin, tetracycline and Amphotericin B, Lumbricus terrestis coelomocytes were maintained viable and uncontaminated for 10 days at 15degreesC in medium L-15 supplemented with 5 to 10% fetal bovine serum. The coelomocytes survived for at least 10 days with 85% viability as assessed by trypan blue exclusion assays and phagocytosis of heat-killed yeast. Studies on the thymidine uptake, however, were negative. With the involvement of coelomocytes in tissue graft rejection, in vitro techniques can now be applied to study their capacity in the immune response.", "contents": "Earthworm coelomocytes in vitro. Contamination and low viability of earthworm coelemocytes in tissue culture have delayed in vitro studies. Using penicillin, streptomycin, tetracycline and Amphotericin B, Lumbricus terrestis coelomocytes were maintained viable and uncontaminated for 10 days at 15degreesC in medium L-15 supplemented with 5 to 10% fetal bovine serum. The coelomocytes survived for at least 10 days with 85% viability as assessed by trypan blue exclusion assays and phagocytosis of heat-killed yeast. Studies on the thymidine uptake, however, were negative. With the involvement of coelomocytes in tissue graft rejection, in vitro techniques can now be applied to study their capacity in the immune response."}
{"id": "PMID:873561", "title": "Fibroblast monolayer cultures in scintillation counting vials: metabolic and growth experiments using radioisotopes and a microfluoremetric DNA assay.", "content": "We have developed a simple technique for the investigation of cellular metabolism and growth in cultured human fibroblasts which facilitates experiments using up to 3 x 10(5) cells in each of 100 or more culture vessels. The method has been used to study cell growth, glucose utilization and oxidation, and protein, RNA and DNA sysnthesis. The use of radiolabeled substrates in tracer experiments is  simplified since transfer of cell material is not required. Methods for measuring both total cellular protein and DNA have been adapted to this culture system. Although we have used this tecnique for fibroblast cultures, it also can be easily applied to experiments on any other type of cell that can be grown in a monolayer.", "contents": "Fibroblast monolayer cultures in scintillation counting vials: metabolic and growth experiments using radioisotopes and a microfluoremetric DNA assay. We have developed a simple technique for the investigation of cellular metabolism and growth in cultured human fibroblasts which facilitates experiments using up to 3 x 10(5) cells in each of 100 or more culture vessels. The method has been used to study cell growth, glucose utilization and oxidation, and protein, RNA and DNA sysnthesis. The use of radiolabeled substrates in tracer experiments is  simplified since transfer of cell material is not required. Methods for measuring both total cellular protein and DNA have been adapted to this culture system. Although we have used this tecnique for fibroblast cultures, it also can be easily applied to experiments on any other type of cell that can be grown in a monolayer."}
{"id": "PMID:873563", "title": "Effect of activated charcoal on callus growth and shoot organogenesis in tobacco.", "content": "Incorporating activated charcoal (AC) in culture media has been shown to affect growth and development of various organisms. Since AC stimulates the development of tobacco haploid plantlets from cultured anthers, research was conducted to determine the effect of activated charcoal on pith-derived callus growth and shoot development in Nicotiana tabacum cv. Wisconsin 38. Our results indicate that the hormones required for callues growth and shoot development in Wisconsin-38 tobacco are adsorbed by AC, thereby inhibiting callus growth and prohibiting shoot development. This effect was observed even when AC was removed from the medium by filtration prior to culturing the callus.", "contents": "Effect of activated charcoal on callus growth and shoot organogenesis in tobacco. Incorporating activated charcoal (AC) in culture media has been shown to affect growth and development of various organisms. Since AC stimulates the development of tobacco haploid plantlets from cultured anthers, research was conducted to determine the effect of activated charcoal on pith-derived callus growth and shoot development in Nicotiana tabacum cv. Wisconsin 38. Our results indicate that the hormones required for callues growth and shoot development in Wisconsin-38 tobacco are adsorbed by AC, thereby inhibiting callus growth and prohibiting shoot development. This effect was observed even when AC was removed from the medium by filtration prior to culturing the callus."}
{"id": "PMID:873564", "title": "Defined conditions for the initiation and growth of cotton callus in vitro. I. Gossypium arboreum.", "content": "Defined in vitro conditions for callus initiation by Gossypium arboreum L. were determined, and different tissues were evaluated as explant sources, Environmental conditions tested included light versus dark, and low light versus high light. Different nutrient media as well as carbohydrate sources were examined. Our data show that hypocotyl tissue was superior to cotyledon or leaf tissue as the explant source for callus proliferation; the Murashige-Skoog inorganic formulation with (in mg per 1) 100 myo-inositol, 0.4 thiamine-HCl, 2 indoleacetic acid (IAA), 1 kinetin, and 3% glucose solidifield by agar was the best medium to initiate callus. Cultures with sucrose as a carbohydrate source browned rapidly. Callus proliferation was superior under high light (8000 to 9000 lux) conditions at 20 +/- 1 degree C. Various combinations of auxins and cytokinins were tested for their ability to improve callus proliferation and subsequent growth of subcultures. Although the MS medium containing IAA and kinetin was found superior for obtaining rapid proliferation of callus from hypocotyl explants, a second medium containing 2 mg per 1 naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) and 0.5 to 1 mg per 1 benzyladenine (BA) was found necessary for vigorous growth of subcultured callus. A MS medium with 5 to 10 mg per 1 N6-[delta2-isopentenyl]-adenine (2ip) and 1 mg per 1 NAA was also favorable for continued subculturing.", "contents": "Defined conditions for the initiation and growth of cotton callus in vitro. I. Gossypium arboreum. Defined in vitro conditions for callus initiation by Gossypium arboreum L. were determined, and different tissues were evaluated as explant sources, Environmental conditions tested included light versus dark, and low light versus high light. Different nutrient media as well as carbohydrate sources were examined. Our data show that hypocotyl tissue was superior to cotyledon or leaf tissue as the explant source for callus proliferation; the Murashige-Skoog inorganic formulation with (in mg per 1) 100 myo-inositol, 0.4 thiamine-HCl, 2 indoleacetic acid (IAA), 1 kinetin, and 3% glucose solidifield by agar was the best medium to initiate callus. Cultures with sucrose as a carbohydrate source browned rapidly. Callus proliferation was superior under high light (8000 to 9000 lux) conditions at 20 +/- 1 degree C. Various combinations of auxins and cytokinins were tested for their ability to improve callus proliferation and subsequent growth of subcultures. Although the MS medium containing IAA and kinetin was found superior for obtaining rapid proliferation of callus from hypocotyl explants, a second medium containing 2 mg per 1 naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) and 0.5 to 1 mg per 1 benzyladenine (BA) was found necessary for vigorous growth of subcultured callus. A MS medium with 5 to 10 mg per 1 N6-[delta2-isopentenyl]-adenine (2ip) and 1 mg per 1 NAA was also favorable for continued subculturing."}
{"id": "PMID:873569", "title": "Host serum proteins in Echinococcus multilocularis: complement activation via the classical pathway.", "content": "The presence of host serum proteins, including IgG and IgM, within the cyst membranes and on the surface of protoscoleces of Echinococcus multilocularis was demonstrated by the use of HRPO-conjugated purified antisera. Viable protoscoleces incubated either in EDTA- or EGTA-fresh human sera were not lysed; the addition of calcium restored the protoscolecidal activity of the EGTA serum. It is concluded that the complement-mediated lysis of this metazoan organism proceeds via the classical pathway of complement activation. The results are discussed in relation to the ability of this parasite to survive in the immunologically hostile environment of the host.", "contents": "Host serum proteins in Echinococcus multilocularis: complement activation via the classical pathway. The presence of host serum proteins, including IgG and IgM, within the cyst membranes and on the surface of protoscoleces of Echinococcus multilocularis was demonstrated by the use of HRPO-conjugated purified antisera. Viable protoscoleces incubated either in EDTA- or EGTA-fresh human sera were not lysed; the addition of calcium restored the protoscolecidal activity of the EGTA serum. It is concluded that the complement-mediated lysis of this metazoan organism proceeds via the classical pathway of complement activation. The results are discussed in relation to the ability of this parasite to survive in the immunologically hostile environment of the host."}
{"id": "PMID:873570", "title": "The effect of sera from patients with connective tissue diseases on red cell binding and phagocytosis by monocytes.", "content": "The uptake by human blood monocytes of sheep erythrocytes treated with rabbit anti-sheep antibody with or without mouse complement was assessed by a radioactive method to discover whether immune complexes would inhibit this reaction. It was found that sera from SLE patients inhibited uptake whereas normal sera enhanced. Some rheumatoid sera and rheumatoid joint fluids inhibited uptake whereas sera from juvenile rheumatoid patients did not.", "contents": "The effect of sera from patients with connective tissue diseases on red cell binding and phagocytosis by monocytes. The uptake by human blood monocytes of sheep erythrocytes treated with rabbit anti-sheep antibody with or without mouse complement was assessed by a radioactive method to discover whether immune complexes would inhibit this reaction. It was found that sera from SLE patients inhibited uptake whereas normal sera enhanced. Some rheumatoid sera and rheumatoid joint fluids inhibited uptake whereas sera from juvenile rheumatoid patients did not."}
{"id": "PMID:873571", "title": "Thermodynamics of the interaction of epsilon-dinitrophenyl-L-lysine and the subunits (Fab) of bovine colostral immunoglobulin G1 anti-dinitrophenyl antibody.", "content": "Investigation of the binding of epsilon-DNP-1-lysine to the subunits (Fab') of bovine colostral IgG1 anti-DNP over a wide range of temperatures yielded non-linear van't Hoff plots with curvatures which were indicative of large positive heat capacity changes. Thermodynamic functions which were calculated using a non-linear least-squares procedure revealed an enthalpy-entropy compensation mechanism for binding. While the enthalpy factor was the driving force for the hapten-subunit interaction(s) at low temperatures, the entropy factor assumed greater importance with increasing temperatures. In addition, the enthalpy-entropy compensation plot for the interaction of epsilon-DNP-1-lysine with bovine colostral Fab' anti-DNP, intact anti-DNP IgG1 and rabbit IgG anti-DNP revealed a constant compensation temperature (T degrees c) of 27 degrees which might be considered as indicative of a single kind of protein-solvent conformation.", "contents": "Thermodynamics of the interaction of epsilon-dinitrophenyl-L-lysine and the subunits (Fab) of bovine colostral immunoglobulin G1 anti-dinitrophenyl antibody. Investigation of the binding of epsilon-DNP-1-lysine to the subunits (Fab') of bovine colostral IgG1 anti-DNP over a wide range of temperatures yielded non-linear van't Hoff plots with curvatures which were indicative of large positive heat capacity changes. Thermodynamic functions which were calculated using a non-linear least-squares procedure revealed an enthalpy-entropy compensation mechanism for binding. While the enthalpy factor was the driving force for the hapten-subunit interaction(s) at low temperatures, the entropy factor assumed greater importance with increasing temperatures. In addition, the enthalpy-entropy compensation plot for the interaction of epsilon-DNP-1-lysine with bovine colostral Fab' anti-DNP, intact anti-DNP IgG1 and rabbit IgG anti-DNP revealed a constant compensation temperature (T degrees c) of 27 degrees which might be considered as indicative of a single kind of protein-solvent conformation."}
{"id": "PMID:873572", "title": "Augmented local anaphylaxis at sites of delayed hypersensitivity skin reactions.", "content": "The magnitude of passive anti-ovalbumin IgE-mediated reactions was quantified at normal skin sites and sites of tuberculin reactions in rats by measurement of induration. It was found that significantly greater immediate reactions occurred at sites of positive tuberculin reactions than at normal skin sites. The augmentation of IgE-mediated reactions was maximal in tuberculin reactions elicited 1 week after active immunization but was still significant in reactions elicited 6 weeks after immunization. The magnitude of the delayed reaction influenced the degree of augmentation of the IgE-mediated reaction observed, greater tuberculin reactions producing greater augmentation. Similar degrees of augmentation by the tuberculin reaction were observed in IgE-mediated reactions elicited 24, 48, and 72 hs after elicitation of the delayed skin test.", "contents": "Augmented local anaphylaxis at sites of delayed hypersensitivity skin reactions. The magnitude of passive anti-ovalbumin IgE-mediated reactions was quantified at normal skin sites and sites of tuberculin reactions in rats by measurement of induration. It was found that significantly greater immediate reactions occurred at sites of positive tuberculin reactions than at normal skin sites. The augmentation of IgE-mediated reactions was maximal in tuberculin reactions elicited 1 week after active immunization but was still significant in reactions elicited 6 weeks after immunization. The magnitude of the delayed reaction influenced the degree of augmentation of the IgE-mediated reaction observed, greater tuberculin reactions producing greater augmentation. Similar degrees of augmentation by the tuberculin reaction were observed in IgE-mediated reactions elicited 24, 48, and 72 hs after elicitation of the delayed skin test."}
{"id": "PMID:873573", "title": "Macrophage phagocytic recognition sites. Demonstration of selectivity by hetero- and alloantisera.", "content": "Separate and independent phagocytic recognition sites have been identified on mouse peritoneal macrophages through the use of xenogeneic antimacrophage serum (AMS) and allogeneic anti H-2 antisera. Anti H-2d and anti H-2b antisera inhibit the binding and ingestion of opsonized erythrocytes (EA) by macrophages bearing H-2 haplotypes d and b, respectively. AMS and its F(ab')2 and Fab fragments inhibit the binding and ingestion of EA, and the ingestion but not the binding of 125I-labelled Shigella by macrophages. Neither antiserum inhibited the binding or ingestion of latex particles by macrophages. The results suggest that particulate binding to macrophages can be inhibited by two different mechanisms: a non-specific one where antibody bound to certain cell-surface antigens can mediate either directly or indirectly, and a specific interaction with Fc receptors. The possible mechanisms of non-specific antibody mediated phagocytic inhibition are discussed.", "contents": "Macrophage phagocytic recognition sites. Demonstration of selectivity by hetero- and alloantisera. Separate and independent phagocytic recognition sites have been identified on mouse peritoneal macrophages through the use of xenogeneic antimacrophage serum (AMS) and allogeneic anti H-2 antisera. Anti H-2d and anti H-2b antisera inhibit the binding and ingestion of opsonized erythrocytes (EA) by macrophages bearing H-2 haplotypes d and b, respectively. AMS and its F(ab')2 and Fab fragments inhibit the binding and ingestion of EA, and the ingestion but not the binding of 125I-labelled Shigella by macrophages. Neither antiserum inhibited the binding or ingestion of latex particles by macrophages. The results suggest that particulate binding to macrophages can be inhibited by two different mechanisms: a non-specific one where antibody bound to certain cell-surface antigens can mediate either directly or indirectly, and a specific interaction with Fc receptors. The possible mechanisms of non-specific antibody mediated phagocytic inhibition are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:873574", "title": "Circulating immune complexes in schistosomiasis.", "content": "Circulating immune complexes (CIC) were investigated by the [125I]Clq binding test, the complement fixation test (CFT) and optical density measurement after redissolving 3% polyethylene glycol precipitates of serum from patients infected by Schistosoma mansoni. A highly significant correlation was obtained among these three techniques. More than 60% of the patients demonstrated significantly higher values than control individuals. The level of CIC was found to be higher in the mild than in the hepatosplenic form of the disease. Parasite antigen, IgG, IgM and IgE were characterized in these CIC. In experimental schistosomiasis in mice, maximum levels of CIC, evaluated by the CFT, were observed between the 40th and the 70th day of infection.", "contents": "Circulating immune complexes in schistosomiasis. Circulating immune complexes (CIC) were investigated by the [125I]Clq binding test, the complement fixation test (CFT) and optical density measurement after redissolving 3% polyethylene glycol precipitates of serum from patients infected by Schistosoma mansoni. A highly significant correlation was obtained among these three techniques. More than 60% of the patients demonstrated significantly higher values than control individuals. The level of CIC was found to be higher in the mild than in the hepatosplenic form of the disease. Parasite antigen, IgG, IgM and IgE were characterized in these CIC. In experimental schistosomiasis in mice, maximum levels of CIC, evaluated by the CFT, were observed between the 40th and the 70th day of infection."}
{"id": "PMID:873575", "title": "A neutrophil-dependent pathway for the generation of a neutral peptide mediator. II. Subcellular localization of the neutrophil protease.", "content": "The human neutrophil neutral peptide-generating protease was associated with the plasma membrane marker 5'-nucleotidase on sucrose density gradient centrifugation of sonicates of granule-free fractions following homogenization and velocity sedimentation. The two activities were also associated on sucrose density gradient fractionation of plasma membranes obtained by hypotonic lysis in EDTA containing buffers, a technique which minimizes aggregation. Treatment of fractions containing these enzymatic activities with 1-0 M NaCl separated the neutral peptide-generating proteasein to the eluate while leaving the 5'-nucleotidase in the pellet. Gel filtration of the solubilized neutral peptide-generating protease through Sephadex G-100 in 1-0 M NaCl demonstrated that the protease had an approximate mol. wt of 20,000 while filtration in physiological salt concentrations yielded activity only in the excluded volume. In both cases, there was complete recovery of neutral peptide-generating activity suggesting that the filtration characteristics of the protease were determined by the salt concentration. The solubilized purified protease, the whole cell sonicates, and the intact cells interacted with heat-inactivated plasma to yield the same product, a neutral peptide with a 1000 molecular weight and an isoelectric point of 7-2-7-6. The neutral peptide-generating protease in each instance was inhibited in dose-response fashion by alpha-1-antitrypsin, LBTI, and DFP. Only 30-60% of the protease sites were functional on intact cells as revealed by substrate cleavage or were available to inhibitors. The neutrophil protease which generates neutral peptide is an extrinsic plasma membrane protein with an approximate mol. wt of 20,000 which functions as an ectoenzyme.", "contents": "A neutrophil-dependent pathway for the generation of a neutral peptide mediator. II. Subcellular localization of the neutrophil protease. The human neutrophil neutral peptide-generating protease was associated with the plasma membrane marker 5'-nucleotidase on sucrose density gradient centrifugation of sonicates of granule-free fractions following homogenization and velocity sedimentation. The two activities were also associated on sucrose density gradient fractionation of plasma membranes obtained by hypotonic lysis in EDTA containing buffers, a technique which minimizes aggregation. Treatment of fractions containing these enzymatic activities with 1-0 M NaCl separated the neutral peptide-generating proteasein to the eluate while leaving the 5'-nucleotidase in the pellet. Gel filtration of the solubilized neutral peptide-generating protease through Sephadex G-100 in 1-0 M NaCl demonstrated that the protease had an approximate mol. wt of 20,000 while filtration in physiological salt concentrations yielded activity only in the excluded volume. In both cases, there was complete recovery of neutral peptide-generating activity suggesting that the filtration characteristics of the protease were determined by the salt concentration. The solubilized purified protease, the whole cell sonicates, and the intact cells interacted with heat-inactivated plasma to yield the same product, a neutral peptide with a 1000 molecular weight and an isoelectric point of 7-2-7-6. The neutral peptide-generating protease in each instance was inhibited in dose-response fashion by alpha-1-antitrypsin, LBTI, and DFP. Only 30-60% of the protease sites were functional on intact cells as revealed by substrate cleavage or were available to inhibitors. The neutrophil protease which generates neutral peptide is an extrinsic plasma membrane protein with an approximate mol. wt of 20,000 which functions as an ectoenzyme."}
{"id": "PMID:873576", "title": "Assay of immune cytolysis of lymphocytes and tumour cells by automatic determination of cell volume distribution.", "content": "Immune cytolysis (lysis) of cells due to the action of antibody in the presence of complement is usually substantiated by the uptake of vital dye by the cells, or by the escape of radiolabel from the cells. Immune cytolysis has now been assayed by determination of cell volume distribution with a Coulter multi-channel particle size analyser used in conjunction with a Coulter counter. For Ehrlich ascites and sarcoma-180 cells, volume degradation corresponding to vital staining was obtained only if trypsin (final concentration 625 microgram/ml) was added immediately after the usual 1 h incubation period for cells, antibody and complement. For L1210 leukaemia cells, trypsin was added at 0 degrees just 1 min before Coulter evaluation, to avoid potentiation of antibody-mediated cell lysis by trypsin. Immune cytolysis of mouse thymic, splenic and lymph node lymphocytes required addition of pronase (final concentration 625 microgram/ml) at 0 degrees for further disruption of antibody-damaged cells, prior to determination of cell volume distribution in the Coulter equipment. Scanning electron micrographs of L1210 cells undergoing immune cytolysis illustrated the changes in cell volume recorded by the Coulter apparatus. This new method for determination of immune cytolysis provides detailed information about the volume distribution of target cells, which permits detection of subtle changes and gives insight into the process of cytolysis. It is not intended to displace other procedures in routine use, except that complete automation of the present method is possible in future.", "contents": "Assay of immune cytolysis of lymphocytes and tumour cells by automatic determination of cell volume distribution. Immune cytolysis (lysis) of cells due to the action of antibody in the presence of complement is usually substantiated by the uptake of vital dye by the cells, or by the escape of radiolabel from the cells. Immune cytolysis has now been assayed by determination of cell volume distribution with a Coulter multi-channel particle size analyser used in conjunction with a Coulter counter. For Ehrlich ascites and sarcoma-180 cells, volume degradation corresponding to vital staining was obtained only if trypsin (final concentration 625 microgram/ml) was added immediately after the usual 1 h incubation period for cells, antibody and complement. For L1210 leukaemia cells, trypsin was added at 0 degrees just 1 min before Coulter evaluation, to avoid potentiation of antibody-mediated cell lysis by trypsin. Immune cytolysis of mouse thymic, splenic and lymph node lymphocytes required addition of pronase (final concentration 625 microgram/ml) at 0 degrees for further disruption of antibody-damaged cells, prior to determination of cell volume distribution in the Coulter equipment. Scanning electron micrographs of L1210 cells undergoing immune cytolysis illustrated the changes in cell volume recorded by the Coulter apparatus. This new method for determination of immune cytolysis provides detailed information about the volume distribution of target cells, which permits detection of subtle changes and gives insight into the process of cytolysis. It is not intended to displace other procedures in routine use, except that complete automation of the present method is possible in future."}
{"id": "PMID:873586", "title": "Sedative action of some substituted benzylamides.", "content": "Substituted benzylamide derivatives of amino acylamide (compound A,B,C, & D) were found to be less potent local anaesthetics than lignocaine and procaine. However, the four compounds exhibited sedation without ptosis and reduced spontaneous locomotor activity better than methaqualone. Compound A alone antagonised methylamphetamine induced hypermotor activity. The test compounds potentiated hexobarbitone induced hypnosis. Three compounds antagonised calcium induced stoppage of isolated heart of frog. Except compound C all caused a transitory fall of blood pressure in dog which was not blocked either by atropine or propranolol. These compounds showed neuromuscular blockade and possessed slight analgesic activity but were devoid of anticonvulsant and tranquillizing activity. LD 50 values were calculated to be 164.1 +/- 23.0, 229.1 +/- 51.0, 181.6 +/- 28.18 and 416+/-38.2 mg/kg for compounds A,B,C & D respectively.", "contents": "Sedative action of some substituted benzylamides. Substituted benzylamide derivatives of amino acylamide (compound A,B,C, & D) were found to be less potent local anaesthetics than lignocaine and procaine. However, the four compounds exhibited sedation without ptosis and reduced spontaneous locomotor activity better than methaqualone. Compound A alone antagonised methylamphetamine induced hypermotor activity. The test compounds potentiated hexobarbitone induced hypnosis. Three compounds antagonised calcium induced stoppage of isolated heart of frog. Except compound C all caused a transitory fall of blood pressure in dog which was not blocked either by atropine or propranolol. These compounds showed neuromuscular blockade and possessed slight analgesic activity but were devoid of anticonvulsant and tranquillizing activity. LD 50 values were calculated to be 164.1 +/- 23.0, 229.1 +/- 51.0, 181.6 +/- 28.18 and 416+/-38.2 mg/kg for compounds A,B,C & D respectively."}
{"id": "PMID:873587", "title": "Effect of centrally administered insulin on blood glucose levels in dogs.", "content": "The effects of minimal doses of insulin administered by intracerebroventricular (ICV) and intracisternal (IC) routes in mongrel dogs, on peripheral blood glucose level (BGL) have been studied. The dose of 0.1 U of insulin was found to be the minimal dose. This dose produced an immediate short lived hyperglycaemia followed by a marked and sustained hypoglycaemia. Both the effects were not observed in spinal cord transected-vagosympathectomised animals. The immediate hyperglycaemic effect was not observed in adrenalectomised animals whereas the subsequent hypoglycaemic effect did not appear only when the liver was removed. In an attempt to identify the precise site of action in the central nervous system (CNS), The cerebellomedullary angles were found to be the most sensitive sites for the action of locally applied insulin. It is suggested that insulin on central administration causes a rise in the BGL by an action on the adrenal glands and subsequently causes a marked fall in BGL by an action on the liver through some nerve fibers.", "contents": "Effect of centrally administered insulin on blood glucose levels in dogs. The effects of minimal doses of insulin administered by intracerebroventricular (ICV) and intracisternal (IC) routes in mongrel dogs, on peripheral blood glucose level (BGL) have been studied. The dose of 0.1 U of insulin was found to be the minimal dose. This dose produced an immediate short lived hyperglycaemia followed by a marked and sustained hypoglycaemia. Both the effects were not observed in spinal cord transected-vagosympathectomised animals. The immediate hyperglycaemic effect was not observed in adrenalectomised animals whereas the subsequent hypoglycaemic effect did not appear only when the liver was removed. In an attempt to identify the precise site of action in the central nervous system (CNS), The cerebellomedullary angles were found to be the most sensitive sites for the action of locally applied insulin. It is suggested that insulin on central administration causes a rise in the BGL by an action on the adrenal glands and subsequently causes a marked fall in BGL by an action on the liver through some nerve fibers."}
{"id": "PMID:873588", "title": "Effect of hyperthermia on glucose homeostasis in young dogs. An experimental study.", "content": "Hyperthermia was produced in healthy anaesthetized young dogs by keeping them in a theromostatically controlled chamber, and the effects on blood glucose concentration were studies. The blood glucose levels decreased significantly at body temperatures of 40.5 degrees C and 42.5 degrees C. The decrease was greater at the latter temperature. Intravenous glucose tolerance tests were performed to study the rates of glucose utilization during hyperthermia. The calculated fractional rates of disappearance of glucose (Kt values) were found to be significantly higher in dogs having a body temperature of 42.4 degrees C. The cause of hypoglycemia produced at high body temperature seems to be due to an elevated insulin secretion which increases the over all utilization of glucose by the peripheral tissues. The study of time course of hyperglycemic response following intravenous glucose tolerance tests performed at high body temperature further support the possibility of an increase in insulin secretion in dogs subjected to hyperthermia.", "contents": "Effect of hyperthermia on glucose homeostasis in young dogs. An experimental study. Hyperthermia was produced in healthy anaesthetized young dogs by keeping them in a theromostatically controlled chamber, and the effects on blood glucose concentration were studies. The blood glucose levels decreased significantly at body temperatures of 40.5 degrees C and 42.5 degrees C. The decrease was greater at the latter temperature. Intravenous glucose tolerance tests were performed to study the rates of glucose utilization during hyperthermia. The calculated fractional rates of disappearance of glucose (Kt values) were found to be significantly higher in dogs having a body temperature of 42.4 degrees C. The cause of hypoglycemia produced at high body temperature seems to be due to an elevated insulin secretion which increases the over all utilization of glucose by the peripheral tissues. The study of time course of hyperglycemic response following intravenous glucose tolerance tests performed at high body temperature further support the possibility of an increase in insulin secretion in dogs subjected to hyperthermia."}
{"id": "PMID:873589", "title": "Some pharmacological investigations of embelin and its semisynthetic derivatives.", "content": "Embelin, obtained from Embolin ribes was condensed with different primary amines. Depending on the conditions of reaction, disalts or diimines were formed. Ten such disalts and fourteen diimines were developed. Embelin and all its disalts showed analgesic activity whereas all the diimines derivatives were inactive. The disalt, 2:5 disobutyl amine embelin showed maximum action. Analgesic effect was noticed only after intraperitoneal administration but not after subcutaneous, intramuscular or oral administration. The compounds cause some local irritation. The possibility of peritoneal irritation rendering the animals unresponsive to experimental pain seems to deserve consideration. However, analgesic effect could be seen in dogs and cats after intravenous injection. Embelin and its disalt, 2:5 isobutyl amine embelin also exhibited antipyretic and antiinflammatory activities.", "contents": "Some pharmacological investigations of embelin and its semisynthetic derivatives. Embelin, obtained from Embolin ribes was condensed with different primary amines. Depending on the conditions of reaction, disalts or diimines were formed. Ten such disalts and fourteen diimines were developed. Embelin and all its disalts showed analgesic activity whereas all the diimines derivatives were inactive. The disalt, 2:5 disobutyl amine embelin showed maximum action. Analgesic effect was noticed only after intraperitoneal administration but not after subcutaneous, intramuscular or oral administration. The compounds cause some local irritation. The possibility of peritoneal irritation rendering the animals unresponsive to experimental pain seems to deserve consideration. However, analgesic effect could be seen in dogs and cats after intravenous injection. Embelin and its disalt, 2:5 isobutyl amine embelin also exhibited antipyretic and antiinflammatory activities."}
{"id": "PMID:873590", "title": "Single plane cineangiographic study of normal left ventricular volumes in human subjects.", "content": "Single plane cine angiographic estimation of left ventricular volumes in 10 Indian subjects with no evidence of left ventricular disease was carried out. The figures obtained were end diastolic volume 72.43+/-10.27 ml/M2, endsystolic volume 26.82+/-7.46 ml/M2, stroke volume 45.61+/-12.23ml/M2, ejection faction 62.30+/-10.90%. These values compare well with those already reported in literature from Western countries. No study in Indian subjects was available for comparison so far.", "contents": "Single plane cineangiographic study of normal left ventricular volumes in human subjects. Single plane cine angiographic estimation of left ventricular volumes in 10 Indian subjects with no evidence of left ventricular disease was carried out. The figures obtained were end diastolic volume 72.43+/-10.27 ml/M2, endsystolic volume 26.82+/-7.46 ml/M2, stroke volume 45.61+/-12.23ml/M2, ejection faction 62.30+/-10.90%. These values compare well with those already reported in literature from Western countries. No study in Indian subjects was available for comparison so far."}
{"id": "PMID:873591", "title": "A pharmacological study of the effect of adrenaline, noradrenaline and acetylcholine on kidneys.", "content": "The effects of different doses of adrenaline, noradrenaline and acetylcholine administered intravenous intrarenal and intra-cerebro-ventricular routes were studied on the urine out put in dogs. The findings are correlated with the known haemodynamic actions of these neurohumors as well as their direct actions on the reabsorptive mechanisms of the renal tubules. The effects of ICV administration are possibly due to the liberation of A.D.H. from posterior pituitary.", "contents": "A pharmacological study of the effect of adrenaline, noradrenaline and acetylcholine on kidneys. The effects of different doses of adrenaline, noradrenaline and acetylcholine administered intravenous intrarenal and intra-cerebro-ventricular routes were studied on the urine out put in dogs. The findings are correlated with the known haemodynamic actions of these neurohumors as well as their direct actions on the reabsorptive mechanisms of the renal tubules. The effects of ICV administration are possibly due to the liberation of A.D.H. from posterior pituitary."}
{"id": "PMID:873592", "title": "Parasympathomimetic effects of mono sodium glutamate.", "content": "The effects of Mono sodium glutamate on smooth muscles were studied using the guinea-pig isolated ileum. Mono sodium glutamate produced spasmogenic effect. Atropine blocked the contractile response elicited by Mono sodium glutamate whereas mepyramine and hexamethonium failed to do so. These findings suggest a cholinergic involvement at post ganglionic site of action.", "contents": "Parasympathomimetic effects of mono sodium glutamate. The effects of Mono sodium glutamate on smooth muscles were studied using the guinea-pig isolated ileum. Mono sodium glutamate produced spasmogenic effect. Atropine blocked the contractile response elicited by Mono sodium glutamate whereas mepyramine and hexamethonium failed to do so. These findings suggest a cholinergic involvement at post ganglionic site of action."}
{"id": "PMID:873593", "title": "Dispersion of sulfamoxole in tissues of poultry.", "content": "The blood levels and tissue dispersion of sulfamoxole in poultry has been investigated. The clinical importance and public health hazards on the basis of the results obtained has been discussed.", "contents": "Dispersion of sulfamoxole in tissues of poultry. The blood levels and tissue dispersion of sulfamoxole in poultry has been investigated. The clinical importance and public health hazards on the basis of the results obtained has been discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:873595", "title": "Metallic ions as negative modifiers of cholinesterase.", "content": "Copper and Zinc have been found to be potent inhibitors of pseudo-cholinesterase of human plasma and true-cholinesterase of erythrocytes and rat brain.", "contents": "Metallic ions as negative modifiers of cholinesterase. Copper and Zinc have been found to be potent inhibitors of pseudo-cholinesterase of human plasma and true-cholinesterase of erythrocytes and rat brain."}
{"id": "PMID:873594", "title": "Action of acetylcholine on the atropinised frog heart during the winter months.", "content": "During the winter months, high doses of acetylcholine produced positive inotropic action without any chronotropic action on the perfused atropinised frog heart, in 5 out of 24 preparations. In the remaining preparations acetylcholine failed to produce any action and positive inotropic effect of acetylcholine on these preparations was noticed if they were perfused with the medium containing excess of calcium. However, the rate remained unchanged. The positive inotropic action was blocked by the local anaesthetic amethocaine and thus may be due to increased penetration of calcium into the cardiac cell.", "contents": "Action of acetylcholine on the atropinised frog heart during the winter months. During the winter months, high doses of acetylcholine produced positive inotropic action without any chronotropic action on the perfused atropinised frog heart, in 5 out of 24 preparations. In the remaining preparations acetylcholine failed to produce any action and positive inotropic effect of acetylcholine on these preparations was noticed if they were perfused with the medium containing excess of calcium. However, the rate remained unchanged. The positive inotropic action was blocked by the local anaesthetic amethocaine and thus may be due to increased penetration of calcium into the cardiac cell."}
{"id": "PMID:873596", "title": "Gastric responses to flupenthixol, a new thioxanthene derivative in rats.", "content": "Flupenthixol, a new thioxanthene derivative, was studied for its effects on gastric secretion and gastric ulcers in rats. The compound diminished the volume of gastric secretion, decreased total acid output and protected the glandular gastric mucosa. The observations may be of clinical significance.", "contents": "Gastric responses to flupenthixol, a new thioxanthene derivative in rats. Flupenthixol, a new thioxanthene derivative, was studied for its effects on gastric secretion and gastric ulcers in rats. The compound diminished the volume of gastric secretion, decreased total acid output and protected the glandular gastric mucosa. The observations may be of clinical significance."}
{"id": "PMID:873604", "title": "Polyol metabolism by a caries-conducive Streptococcus: purification and properties of a nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide-dependent mannitol-1-phosphate dehydrogenase.", "content": "The mannitol-1-phosphate dehydrogenase (M1PDH) (EC 1.1.1.17) from Streptococcus mutans strain FA-1 was purified to approximately a 425-fold increase in specific activity with a 29% recovery of total enzyme units, using a combination of (i) streptomycin sulfate and ammonium sulfate precipitation and (ii) diethyl-aminoethyl-cellulose (DE-52), agarose A 0.5M, and agarose-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) affinity column chromatography. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of the purified enzyme preparation showed a single protein component that coincided with a band of M1PDH activity. The enzyme had a molecular weight of approximately 45,000 and was stable for long periods of time when stored at -80 degrees C in the presence of beta-mercaptoethanol. Its activity was not affected by mono- or divalent cations, and high concentrations of ethylenedia-minetetraacetic acid were not inhibitory. The M1PDH catalyzed both the NAD-dependent oxidation of mannitol-1-phosphate and the reduced NAD (NADH)-dependent reduction of fructose-6-phosphate. The forward reaction was highly specific for mannitol-1-phosphate and NAD, whereas the reverse reaction was highly specific for NADH and fructose-6-phosphate. The K(m) values for mannitol-1-phosphate and NAD were 0.15 and 0.066 mM, respectively, and the K(m) values for fructose-6-phosphate and NADH were 1.66 and 0.016 mM, respectively. The forward and reverse reactions catalyzed by the M1PDH from S. mutans appeared to be under cellular control. Both adenosine 5'-triphosphate and fructose-6-phosphate were negative effectors of the forward reaction, whereas adenosine 5'-diphosphate served as a negative effector of the reverse reaction catalyzed by the enzyme.", "contents": "Polyol metabolism by a caries-conducive Streptococcus: purification and properties of a nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide-dependent mannitol-1-phosphate dehydrogenase. The mannitol-1-phosphate dehydrogenase (M1PDH) (EC 1.1.1.17) from Streptococcus mutans strain FA-1 was purified to approximately a 425-fold increase in specific activity with a 29% recovery of total enzyme units, using a combination of (i) streptomycin sulfate and ammonium sulfate precipitation and (ii) diethyl-aminoethyl-cellulose (DE-52), agarose A 0.5M, and agarose-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) affinity column chromatography. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of the purified enzyme preparation showed a single protein component that coincided with a band of M1PDH activity. The enzyme had a molecular weight of approximately 45,000 and was stable for long periods of time when stored at -80 degrees C in the presence of beta-mercaptoethanol. Its activity was not affected by mono- or divalent cations, and high concentrations of ethylenedia-minetetraacetic acid were not inhibitory. The M1PDH catalyzed both the NAD-dependent oxidation of mannitol-1-phosphate and the reduced NAD (NADH)-dependent reduction of fructose-6-phosphate. The forward reaction was highly specific for mannitol-1-phosphate and NAD, whereas the reverse reaction was highly specific for NADH and fructose-6-phosphate. The K(m) values for mannitol-1-phosphate and NAD were 0.15 and 0.066 mM, respectively, and the K(m) values for fructose-6-phosphate and NADH were 1.66 and 0.016 mM, respectively. The forward and reverse reactions catalyzed by the M1PDH from S. mutans appeared to be under cellular control. Both adenosine 5'-triphosphate and fructose-6-phosphate were negative effectors of the forward reaction, whereas adenosine 5'-diphosphate served as a negative effector of the reverse reaction catalyzed by the enzyme."}
{"id": "PMID:873605", "title": "Serial enzymatic hydrolysis of cell walls of two serotypes of yeast-form Histoplasma capsulatum with alpha(1 leads to 3)-glucanase, beta(1 leads to 3)-glucanase, pronase, and chitinase.", "content": "A serial enzymatic hydrolysis procedure for the partial lysis of Histoplasma capsulatum yeast-form cell walls was described, and  its application for the differentiation of two serotypes was evaluated. Cell walls were serially digested with alpha(1 leads to 3)-glucanase and beta(1 leads to 3)-glucanse of Cladosporium resinae, then by Pronase, and then by chitinase. The walls of serotype 1, 2, 3 (61.5% digested) were not susceptible to alpha(1 leads to 3)-glucanse, and they contained 30.3% chitin, thus identifying the strain as chemotype 1 (chem 1). Serotype 1, 4 cells walls (51.6% digested) released 27.3% as glucose after treatment with alpha(1 leads to 3)-glucanse and contained 7.8% chitin, compatible with chemotype 2 (chem 2). In addition to quantitating the monomeric products of enzymolysis, I recovered soluble nondialyzable polysaccharide from the digests of both serotypes.", "contents": "Serial enzymatic hydrolysis of cell walls of two serotypes of yeast-form Histoplasma capsulatum with alpha(1 leads to 3)-glucanase, beta(1 leads to 3)-glucanase, pronase, and chitinase. A serial enzymatic hydrolysis procedure for the partial lysis of Histoplasma capsulatum yeast-form cell walls was described, and  its application for the differentiation of two serotypes was evaluated. Cell walls were serially digested with alpha(1 leads to 3)-glucanase and beta(1 leads to 3)-glucanse of Cladosporium resinae, then by Pronase, and then by chitinase. The walls of serotype 1, 2, 3 (61.5% digested) were not susceptible to alpha(1 leads to 3)-glucanse, and they contained 30.3% chitin, thus identifying the strain as chemotype 1 (chem 1). Serotype 1, 4 cells walls (51.6% digested) released 27.3% as glucose after treatment with alpha(1 leads to 3)-glucanse and contained 7.8% chitin, compatible with chemotype 2 (chem 2). In addition to quantitating the monomeric products of enzymolysis, I recovered soluble nondialyzable polysaccharide from the digests of both serotypes."}
{"id": "PMID:873606", "title": "Selectivity of the 2-deoxyglucose transport system in human and guinea pig polymorphonuclear leukocytes.", "content": "To determine whether the deleterious action of D-galactose upon phagocyte function could be related to inhibition of glucose uptake, the properties of glucose transport were investigated by following the incorporation of [G-3H]2-deoxyglucose into human and guinea pig polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN). Uptake of [G-3H]2-deoxyglucose by guinea pig PMN proceeded in vitro with a Km of 1.8 mM and Vmax of 0.67 nmol/min per 10(6) cells. This system was competitively inhibited by glucose and mannose but was not significantly affected by galactose, fructose, or 3-0-methylglucose. Maximal uptake of 2-deoxyglucose occurred at 41 degrees C, and phosphorylation was necessary for its intracellular concentration. Transport of 2-deoxyglucose, although not altered by uncouplers of oxidative phosphorylation, was sensitive to inhibitors of glycolysis. Preincubation of cells with 2 mM iodoacetate for 30 min significantly reduced the uptake of 2-deoxyglucose and the intracellular levels of adenosine-5'-triphosphate without decreasing cell viability. These results indicated that uptake of 2-deoxyglucose in guinea pig PMN occurred by facilitated diffusion with subsequent phosphorylation. Similar results were obtained with PMN isolated from human peripheral blood.", "contents": "Selectivity of the 2-deoxyglucose transport system in human and guinea pig polymorphonuclear leukocytes. To determine whether the deleterious action of D-galactose upon phagocyte function could be related to inhibition of glucose uptake, the properties of glucose transport were investigated by following the incorporation of [G-3H]2-deoxyglucose into human and guinea pig polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN). Uptake of [G-3H]2-deoxyglucose by guinea pig PMN proceeded in vitro with a Km of 1.8 mM and Vmax of 0.67 nmol/min per 10(6) cells. This system was competitively inhibited by glucose and mannose but was not significantly affected by galactose, fructose, or 3-0-methylglucose. Maximal uptake of 2-deoxyglucose occurred at 41 degrees C, and phosphorylation was necessary for its intracellular concentration. Transport of 2-deoxyglucose, although not altered by uncouplers of oxidative phosphorylation, was sensitive to inhibitors of glycolysis. Preincubation of cells with 2 mM iodoacetate for 30 min significantly reduced the uptake of 2-deoxyglucose and the intracellular levels of adenosine-5'-triphosphate without decreasing cell viability. These results indicated that uptake of 2-deoxyglucose in guinea pig PMN occurred by facilitated diffusion with subsequent phosphorylation. Similar results were obtained with PMN isolated from human peripheral blood."}
{"id": "PMID:873607", "title": "Decreased oral colonization of Streptococcus mutans during aging of Sprague-Dawley rats.", "content": "The colonization by streptomycin-resistant Streptococcus mutans strains of the teeth of conventional and ex-germfree Sprague-Dawley rats of various ages fed either a high-sucrose or a high-glucose diet was studied. Bacterial colonization occurred with increasingly greater difficulty as the rats became older. This was observed in studies of the implantation of the test organism after oral inoculation with different cell numbers as well as its transmission between infected and uninfected rats. With rat fed sucrose diet, the effect of age could not be demonstrated until they were age 3 months or older; the results from rats fed a glucose diet suggest that changes may already have occurred early after weaning. Changes in susceptibility to colonization during aging manifested themselves as a decrease in the proportions of rats which became infected as well as lower population levels in infected rats. The possible mechanism(s) involved as well as the possible significance of the findings was discussed.", "contents": "Decreased oral colonization of Streptococcus mutans during aging of Sprague-Dawley rats. The colonization by streptomycin-resistant Streptococcus mutans strains of the teeth of conventional and ex-germfree Sprague-Dawley rats of various ages fed either a high-sucrose or a high-glucose diet was studied. Bacterial colonization occurred with increasingly greater difficulty as the rats became older. This was observed in studies of the implantation of the test organism after oral inoculation with different cell numbers as well as its transmission between infected and uninfected rats. With rat fed sucrose diet, the effect of age could not be demonstrated until they were age 3 months or older; the results from rats fed a glucose diet suggest that changes may already have occurred early after weaning. Changes in susceptibility to colonization during aging manifested themselves as a decrease in the proportions of rats which became infected as well as lower population levels in infected rats. The possible mechanism(s) involved as well as the possible significance of the findings was discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:873608", "title": "Effects of cigarette smoke components on in vitro chemotaxis of human polymorphonuclear leukocytes.", "content": "Some ciliostatic components of cigarette smoke were studied as inhibitors of in vitro chemotaxis of human polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs). In comparison to their concentration in an inhibitory level of cigarette smoke, the unsaturated aldehydes acrolein and crotonaldehyde were the most potent inhibitors, whereas nicotine, cyanide, acetaldehyde, and furfural were the next strongest inhibitors. In contrast, sulfide, propionaldehyde, butyraldehyde, and the phenols (phenol and o-, m-, and p-cresol) were relatively weak inhibitors of PMN chemotaxis. Acrolein and crotonaldehyde mimicked whole cigarette smoke in their effects on PMNs by not causing loss of PMN viability, yet their effects were prevented by the addition of cysteine. On the other hand, addition of nicotine, cyanide, acetaldehyde, and furfural to PMN suspensions resulted in a limited loss of cellular viabilities, and their effects on PMNs were not prevented by cysteine. Of the tested components, only cyanide significantly altered PMN glucose metabolism by increasing carbon flow via the glycolytic and hexose monophosphate pathways in a manner similar to that observed with whole cigarette smoke. The results of this study suggest that the unsaturated aldehydes, including acrolein and crotonaldehyde, are major contributors to the inhibitory properties of cigarette smoke. The inhibitory effects of these unsaturated aldehydes are probably due to a direct interaction of these oxidants and/or thiol-alkylating agents with PMNs, yet the glucose metabolism of these cells is unaffected. One interpretation of these data is that PMN chemotaxis is dependent upon particular cellular proteins containing one or more essential thiol group(s) but that these proteins are unrelated to glucose metabolism.", "contents": "Effects of cigarette smoke components on in vitro chemotaxis of human polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Some ciliostatic components of cigarette smoke were studied as inhibitors of in vitro chemotaxis of human polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs). In comparison to their concentration in an inhibitory level of cigarette smoke, the unsaturated aldehydes acrolein and crotonaldehyde were the most potent inhibitors, whereas nicotine, cyanide, acetaldehyde, and furfural were the next strongest inhibitors. In contrast, sulfide, propionaldehyde, butyraldehyde, and the phenols (phenol and o-, m-, and p-cresol) were relatively weak inhibitors of PMN chemotaxis. Acrolein and crotonaldehyde mimicked whole cigarette smoke in their effects on PMNs by not causing loss of PMN viability, yet their effects were prevented by the addition of cysteine. On the other hand, addition of nicotine, cyanide, acetaldehyde, and furfural to PMN suspensions resulted in a limited loss of cellular viabilities, and their effects on PMNs were not prevented by cysteine. Of the tested components, only cyanide significantly altered PMN glucose metabolism by increasing carbon flow via the glycolytic and hexose monophosphate pathways in a manner similar to that observed with whole cigarette smoke. The results of this study suggest that the unsaturated aldehydes, including acrolein and crotonaldehyde, are major contributors to the inhibitory properties of cigarette smoke. The inhibitory effects of these unsaturated aldehydes are probably due to a direct interaction of these oxidants and/or thiol-alkylating agents with PMNs, yet the glucose metabolism of these cells is unaffected. One interpretation of these data is that PMN chemotaxis is dependent upon particular cellular proteins containing one or more essential thiol group(s) but that these proteins are unrelated to glucose metabolism."}
{"id": "PMID:873610", "title": "Experimental model of corynebacterium renale pyelonephritis produced in mice.", "content": "Corynebacterium renale type I (strain 115), 1.7 X 10(7) to 4.5 X 10(7) organisms, introduced intravenously into mice disappeared from the blood less than 24 h after inoculation and did not produce pyelonephritis. The same strain, 1 X 10(7) to 5 X 10(7) organisms, inoculated into the urinary bladder of mice was not recovered from the blood in any of the mice, but caused pyelonephritis accompanied by ureteritis and cystitis in 16 of 21 (76%) mice. Pyelonephritis and cystitis in mice were histopathologically similar to those found in cows. The antibody response was observed only in the mice with pyelonephritis or pyelitis, but not in those with only cystitis or in those without lesions, as found in cows. Similar diseases were produced in mice by C. renale types II and III but less frequently than by type I. It is suggested, therefore, that mice may be useful in the study of bovine C. renale infection.", "contents": "Experimental model of corynebacterium renale pyelonephritis produced in mice. Corynebacterium renale type I (strain 115), 1.7 X 10(7) to 4.5 X 10(7) organisms, introduced intravenously into mice disappeared from the blood less than 24 h after inoculation and did not produce pyelonephritis. The same strain, 1 X 10(7) to 5 X 10(7) organisms, inoculated into the urinary bladder of mice was not recovered from the blood in any of the mice, but caused pyelonephritis accompanied by ureteritis and cystitis in 16 of 21 (76%) mice. Pyelonephritis and cystitis in mice were histopathologically similar to those found in cows. The antibody response was observed only in the mice with pyelonephritis or pyelitis, but not in those with only cystitis or in those without lesions, as found in cows. Similar diseases were produced in mice by C. renale types II and III but less frequently than by type I. It is suggested, therefore, that mice may be useful in the study of bovine C. renale infection."}
{"id": "PMID:873609", "title": "Effect of treatment with BCG on the course of visceral leishmaniasis in BALB/c mice.", "content": "Intravenous inoculation of BCG was found to be both prophylactic and therapeutic in BALB/c mice against challenge with amastigotes of Leishmania donovani. Spleens and livers of mice inoculated with BCG maintained total parasite burdens at significantly lower levels when compared to controls. BCG administered intravenously 14 days prior to and on the same day of protozoan challenge was more protective than vaccine given 30 and 14 days prior to challenge. A level of 10(7) viable units of BCG provided more protection against challenge with parasites than did 10(6) viable units. BCG given the same route as the challenge dose of amastigotes provided more protection than if administered via some other route. BCG given to mice with an already established infection was shown to significantly reduce their parasite burdens.", "contents": "Effect of treatment with BCG on the course of visceral leishmaniasis in BALB/c mice. Intravenous inoculation of BCG was found to be both prophylactic and therapeutic in BALB/c mice against challenge with amastigotes of Leishmania donovani. Spleens and livers of mice inoculated with BCG maintained total parasite burdens at significantly lower levels when compared to controls. BCG administered intravenously 14 days prior to and on the same day of protozoan challenge was more protective than vaccine given 30 and 14 days prior to challenge. A level of 10(7) viable units of BCG provided more protection against challenge with parasites than did 10(6) viable units. BCG given the same route as the challenge dose of amastigotes provided more protection than if administered via some other route. BCG given to mice with an already established infection was shown to significantly reduce their parasite burdens."}
{"id": "PMID:873611", "title": "Experimental animal infections with Mycoplasma hominis and Ureaplasma urealyticum.", "content": "Subcutaneous tissue cavities in mice and guinea pigs were infected with human isolates of Ureaplasma urealyticum and Mycoplasma hominis. The minimal infective dose for M. hominis was as low as less than 10 color-changing units (CCU) for mice and 10(2) CCU for guinea pigs. The minimal infective dose for U. urealyticum was as low as less than 10 CCU for mice and 10(4) CCU for guinea pigs. Mouse infections with either U. urealyticum or M. hominis persisted for 1 day to greater than 4 months. Guinea pigs remained infected for up to 4 weeks. Two M. hominis isolates were similar in their ability to infect subcutaneous tissue cavities but two U. urealyticum isolates varied in their ability to infect the cavities. The histopathology of the M. hominis and U. urealyticum infections was similar: an initial intense polymorphonuclear response with giant cells, followed in 4 weeks by histiocytes and giant cells with some plasma cells and lymphocytes.", "contents": "Experimental animal infections with Mycoplasma hominis and Ureaplasma urealyticum. Subcutaneous tissue cavities in mice and guinea pigs were infected with human isolates of Ureaplasma urealyticum and Mycoplasma hominis. The minimal infective dose for M. hominis was as low as less than 10 color-changing units (CCU) for mice and 10(2) CCU for guinea pigs. The minimal infective dose for U. urealyticum was as low as less than 10 CCU for mice and 10(4) CCU for guinea pigs. Mouse infections with either U. urealyticum or M. hominis persisted for 1 day to greater than 4 months. Guinea pigs remained infected for up to 4 weeks. Two M. hominis isolates were similar in their ability to infect subcutaneous tissue cavities but two U. urealyticum isolates varied in their ability to infect the cavities. The histopathology of the M. hominis and U. urealyticum infections was similar: an initial intense polymorphonuclear response with giant cells, followed in 4 weeks by histiocytes and giant cells with some plasma cells and lymphocytes."}
{"id": "PMID:873612", "title": "Comparative study of invertases of Streptococcus mutans.", "content": "Sucrase activity was studied in 13 strains of Streptococcus mutans representing the five Bratthall serotypes. Sucrose-adapted cells have sucrase activity in the 37,000 x g-soluble fraction of all strains. The enzyme was identified as invertase (beta-d-fructofuranoside fructohydrolase; EC 3.2.1.26) because it hydrolyzed the beta-fructofuranoside trisaccharide raffinose, giving fructose and melibiose as its products, and because it hydrolyzed the beta-fructofuranoside dissacharide sucrose, giving equimolar glucose and fructose as its products. Invertases of c and e strains exhibit two activity peaks by molecular exclusion chromatography with molecular weights of 45,000 to 50,000 and about 180,000; those of serotypes a, b, and d strains exhibit only a single component of 45,000 to 50,000 molecular weight. The electrophoretic mobility of invertases is different between the serotypes and the same within them. Inorganic orthophosphate (P(i)) has a weak positive effect on the V(max) of invertases of serotypes c and e cells but a strong positive effect on the invertases of serotype b cells; P(i) has a strong positive effect on the apparent K(m) of the invertases of serotype d cells, but has no effect on the V(max); P(i) has a strong positive effect on both the apparent K(m) and V(max) of the invertases of serotype a cells. Thus, the invertases were different between all of the serotypes but similar within the serotypes. These findings support the taxonomic schemes of Coykendall and of Bratthall. It was additionally noted that 37,000 x g-soluble fractions of only serotypes b and c but not serotypes a, d, and e cells have melibiase activity, and it could be deduced that serotype d cells lack an intact raffinose permease system.", "contents": "Comparative study of invertases of Streptococcus mutans. Sucrase activity was studied in 13 strains of Streptococcus mutans representing the five Bratthall serotypes. Sucrose-adapted cells have sucrase activity in the 37,000 x g-soluble fraction of all strains. The enzyme was identified as invertase (beta-d-fructofuranoside fructohydrolase; EC 3.2.1.26) because it hydrolyzed the beta-fructofuranoside trisaccharide raffinose, giving fructose and melibiose as its products, and because it hydrolyzed the beta-fructofuranoside dissacharide sucrose, giving equimolar glucose and fructose as its products. Invertases of c and e strains exhibit two activity peaks by molecular exclusion chromatography with molecular weights of 45,000 to 50,000 and about 180,000; those of serotypes a, b, and d strains exhibit only a single component of 45,000 to 50,000 molecular weight. The electrophoretic mobility of invertases is different between the serotypes and the same within them. Inorganic orthophosphate (P(i)) has a weak positive effect on the V(max) of invertases of serotypes c and e cells but a strong positive effect on the invertases of serotype b cells; P(i) has a strong positive effect on the apparent K(m) of the invertases of serotype d cells, but has no effect on the V(max); P(i) has a strong positive effect on both the apparent K(m) and V(max) of the invertases of serotype a cells. Thus, the invertases were different between all of the serotypes but similar within the serotypes. These findings support the taxonomic schemes of Coykendall and of Bratthall. It was additionally noted that 37,000 x g-soluble fractions of only serotypes b and c but not serotypes a, d, and e cells have melibiase activity, and it could be deduced that serotype d cells lack an intact raffinose permease system."}
{"id": "PMID:873613", "title": "Heterogeneity of hepatitis B surface antigen-associated particles isolated from chimpanzee plasma.", "content": "Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) was purified from approximately 8 liters of pooled plasma from a carrier chimpanzee. Precipitation of HBsAg with polyethylene glycol resulted in more than 20-fold purification, with about 80% recovery of antigenic activity. The sample was separated by further purification and fractionation into three populations of HBsAg-associated particles by column chromatography on hydroxylapatite: the first contained short filaments and 22- to 28-nm spheres, the second was composed of larger filaments and variable-sized spheres, and the third contained mostly 16- to 22-nm spherical particles. A large volume of the polyethylene glycol precipitate passed through hydroxyl-apatite twice yielded over 650 mg of partially purified HBsAg. A pooled preparation of purified HBsAg was separated by zone-convection electrofocusing into five peaks of antigenic activity within the pH range of 4.7 to 5.7.", "contents": "Heterogeneity of hepatitis B surface antigen-associated particles isolated from chimpanzee plasma. Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) was purified from approximately 8 liters of pooled plasma from a carrier chimpanzee. Precipitation of HBsAg with polyethylene glycol resulted in more than 20-fold purification, with about 80% recovery of antigenic activity. The sample was separated by further purification and fractionation into three populations of HBsAg-associated particles by column chromatography on hydroxylapatite: the first contained short filaments and 22- to 28-nm spheres, the second was composed of larger filaments and variable-sized spheres, and the third contained mostly 16- to 22-nm spherical particles. A large volume of the polyethylene glycol precipitate passed through hydroxyl-apatite twice yielded over 650 mg of partially purified HBsAg. A pooled preparation of purified HBsAg was separated by zone-convection electrofocusing into five peaks of antigenic activity within the pH range of 4.7 to 5.7."}
{"id": "PMID:873614", "title": "Effect of zinc on peritoneal macrophages in vitro.", "content": "Rat peritoneal macrophages incubated in a medium with 10% autologous serum showed 50% inhibition of O2 consumption by 0.4 mM zinc only when activated by yeast. Zinc ions had no effect on resting macrophages. The inhibitory efficiency of zinc depended on the ratio of yeast particles to macrophages; with more activated cells, the inhibition was less. The multiple-shaped intact macrophages changed into rounded cells in the presence of 0.1 and 0.5 mM Zn2+ as shown by photomicrography and scanning electron microscopy. When the incubation medium was replaced by zinc-free medium, cells recovered and became irregularly shaped. The reversibility of zinc effect on cell morphology corresponded with uptake and release of zinc by macrophages. The presence of serum in the medium interfered with the magnitude of zinc uptake by macrophages. We conclude that besides already reported effects of zinc on mast cells, platelets, and granulocytes, zinc ions also inhibit some functions of macrophages.", "contents": "Effect of zinc on peritoneal macrophages in vitro. Rat peritoneal macrophages incubated in a medium with 10% autologous serum showed 50% inhibition of O2 consumption by 0.4 mM zinc only when activated by yeast. Zinc ions had no effect on resting macrophages. The inhibitory efficiency of zinc depended on the ratio of yeast particles to macrophages; with more activated cells, the inhibition was less. The multiple-shaped intact macrophages changed into rounded cells in the presence of 0.1 and 0.5 mM Zn2+ as shown by photomicrography and scanning electron microscopy. When the incubation medium was replaced by zinc-free medium, cells recovered and became irregularly shaped. The reversibility of zinc effect on cell morphology corresponded with uptake and release of zinc by macrophages. The presence of serum in the medium interfered with the magnitude of zinc uptake by macrophages. We conclude that besides already reported effects of zinc on mast cells, platelets, and granulocytes, zinc ions also inhibit some functions of macrophages."}
{"id": "PMID:873615", "title": "Bacteriolytic activity in staphylococci.", "content": "The bacteriolytic activity of Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus albus strains was tested with various media. Whereas S. aureus strains were found to be active under all conditions, the percentage of active S. albus strains was significantly influenced by the composition of the medium. Ionic strength and concentration of the organic nitrogen source were found to be the main factors affecting the expression of bacteriolytic activity of straphylococci. Virtually all of 318 S. aureus and 603 S. albus strains were active on a medium containing 3% peptone, 0.3% glucose, 0.2% yeast extract, 0.1% disodium phosphate, 2.2% sodium chloride and 0.9% agar. The optimal conditions for the bacteriolytic activity of S. aureus strains were different from those of most S. albus strains. Within S. albus, optimal conditions differed also from strain to strain. It is suggested that further studies on this subject may prove useful for the identification and taxonomy of staphylococci. A possible relationship between the production of extracellular bacteriolytic enzymes and pathogenic properties of staphylococci is also considered.", "contents": "Bacteriolytic activity in staphylococci. The bacteriolytic activity of Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus albus strains was tested with various media. Whereas S. aureus strains were found to be active under all conditions, the percentage of active S. albus strains was significantly influenced by the composition of the medium. Ionic strength and concentration of the organic nitrogen source were found to be the main factors affecting the expression of bacteriolytic activity of straphylococci. Virtually all of 318 S. aureus and 603 S. albus strains were active on a medium containing 3% peptone, 0.3% glucose, 0.2% yeast extract, 0.1% disodium phosphate, 2.2% sodium chloride and 0.9% agar. The optimal conditions for the bacteriolytic activity of S. aureus strains were different from those of most S. albus strains. Within S. albus, optimal conditions differed also from strain to strain. It is suggested that further studies on this subject may prove useful for the identification and taxonomy of staphylococci. A possible relationship between the production of extracellular bacteriolytic enzymes and pathogenic properties of staphylococci is also considered."}
{"id": "PMID:873616", "title": "New models of chronic synovitis in rabbits induced by mycoplasmas: microbiological, histopathological, and immunological observations on rabbits injected with Mycoplasma arthritidis and Mycoplasma pulmonis.", "content": "A dose-dependent chronic synovitis was induced in rabbit knees after the intra-articular injection of both Mycoplasma arthritidis and Mycoplasma pulmonis. The inflammation progressed from an initial acute phase at 1 week characterized by edema, infiltration of the synovium with monocytes and heterophils, and desquamation of lining cells, to a more chronic phase at 1 and 3 months, in which villus hyperplasia, lymph \"nodules,\" mononuclear cell infiltration, fibroplasia, and collagen deposition were prominent. With one exception, mycoplasmas could no longer be cultivated from the joints 1 month postinoculation. Both mycoplasma species evoked a humoral antibody response that was more marked in synovial fluids than in peripheral blood. A cell-mediated immune reaction, as evidence by enhanced uptake by [3H]thymidine by sensitized blood, spleen, or node lymphocytes in the presence of homologous antigen, was detected only in rabbits injected with M. pulmonis. Lymphocytes taken from arthritic rabbits were no more cytotoxic toward synovial cells derived from normal or arthritic rabbits than were normal lymphocytes. The models of synovitis described in this study offer a convenient probe for determining the mechanisms of mycoplasma-induced inflammation, since they require only a single injection of the initiating agent and, in addition, utilize an animal host large enough for detailed investigation into the nature of mycoplasma/synovium interactions.", "contents": "New models of chronic synovitis in rabbits induced by mycoplasmas: microbiological, histopathological, and immunological observations on rabbits injected with Mycoplasma arthritidis and Mycoplasma pulmonis. A dose-dependent chronic synovitis was induced in rabbit knees after the intra-articular injection of both Mycoplasma arthritidis and Mycoplasma pulmonis. The inflammation progressed from an initial acute phase at 1 week characterized by edema, infiltration of the synovium with monocytes and heterophils, and desquamation of lining cells, to a more chronic phase at 1 and 3 months, in which villus hyperplasia, lymph \"nodules,\" mononuclear cell infiltration, fibroplasia, and collagen deposition were prominent. With one exception, mycoplasmas could no longer be cultivated from the joints 1 month postinoculation. Both mycoplasma species evoked a humoral antibody response that was more marked in synovial fluids than in peripheral blood. A cell-mediated immune reaction, as evidence by enhanced uptake by [3H]thymidine by sensitized blood, spleen, or node lymphocytes in the presence of homologous antigen, was detected only in rabbits injected with M. pulmonis. Lymphocytes taken from arthritic rabbits were no more cytotoxic toward synovial cells derived from normal or arthritic rabbits than were normal lymphocytes. The models of synovitis described in this study offer a convenient probe for determining the mechanisms of mycoplasma-induced inflammation, since they require only a single injection of the initiating agent and, in addition, utilize an animal host large enough for detailed investigation into the nature of mycoplasma/synovium interactions."}
{"id": "PMID:873617", "title": "Release of e antigen from a Dane particle-rich preparation of hepatitis B virus.", "content": "Tween 80 treatment of a Dana particle-rich pellet obtained from sera of a carrier with a hepatitis type B infection resulted in the release of e antigen.", "contents": "Release of e antigen from a Dane particle-rich preparation of hepatitis B virus. Tween 80 treatment of a Dana particle-rich pellet obtained from sera of a carrier with a hepatitis type B infection resulted in the release of e antigen."}
{"id": "PMID:873618", "title": "Immunoprophylaxis of experimental Mycoplasma pneumoniae disease: effect of route of administration on the immunogenicity and protective effect of inactivated M. pneumoniae vaccine.", "content": "Formalin-inactivated Mycoplasma pneumoniae vaccine was administered subcutaneously or intranasally to hamsters to examine the effect of route of administration on immunogenicity and protective effect. Parenterally administered vaccine in the doses employed induced serum complement-fixing antibody formation, but did not significantly decrease the frequency of pneumonia following challenge with virulent M. pneumoniae. Intranasally instilled vaccine was ineffective in stimulating serum antibody, but did diminish the frequency of experimentally induced pneumonia due to M. pneumoniae. However, a greater degree of resistance was induced by intranasal infection with either wild-type organisms or the ts 640 attenuated mutant of M. pneumoniae.", "contents": "Immunoprophylaxis of experimental Mycoplasma pneumoniae disease: effect of route of administration on the immunogenicity and protective effect of inactivated M. pneumoniae vaccine. Formalin-inactivated Mycoplasma pneumoniae vaccine was administered subcutaneously or intranasally to hamsters to examine the effect of route of administration on immunogenicity and protective effect. Parenterally administered vaccine in the doses employed induced serum complement-fixing antibody formation, but did not significantly decrease the frequency of pneumonia following challenge with virulent M. pneumoniae. Intranasally instilled vaccine was ineffective in stimulating serum antibody, but did diminish the frequency of experimentally induced pneumonia due to M. pneumoniae. However, a greater degree of resistance was induced by intranasal infection with either wild-type organisms or the ts 640 attenuated mutant of M. pneumoniae."}
{"id": "PMID:873619", "title": "Immunoprophylaxis of experimental Mycoplasma pneumoniae disease: effect of aerosol particle size and site of deposition of M. pneumoniae on the pattern of respiratory infection, disease, and immunity in hamsters.", "content": "The distribution of Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection in the respiratory tract and the extent of pulmonary pathology were determined by the site of deposition and the number of organisms administered to hamsters. Infection of the upper and lower areas of the respiratory tract occurred when organisms were introduced into both areas by small-particle aerosol (2.3 micrometer) or by intranasal (i.n.) instillation of a 200-microliter inoculum. In contrast, when organisms were delivered primarily to the upper respiratory tract by large-particle aerosol (8 micrometer) or by i.n. instillation of a small volume of inoculum (2 or 20 microliter), infection remained limited to this area in most or all instances. When the lungs became infected after i.n. administration of a 200-microliter inoculum, the most extensive pulmonary lesions were seen in the animals given the largest number of organisms. Each of the modes of administration of M. pneumoniae initiated an infection which conferred measurable resistance to a subsequent challenge capable of inducing extensive pulmonary disease. The most effective resistance was induced by the two modes of administration which produced an infection involving the entire respiratory tract, i.e., small-particle aerosol or i.n. instillation of a 200-microliter inoculum.", "contents": "Immunoprophylaxis of experimental Mycoplasma pneumoniae disease: effect of aerosol particle size and site of deposition of M. pneumoniae on the pattern of respiratory infection, disease, and immunity in hamsters. The distribution of Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection in the respiratory tract and the extent of pulmonary pathology were determined by the site of deposition and the number of organisms administered to hamsters. Infection of the upper and lower areas of the respiratory tract occurred when organisms were introduced into both areas by small-particle aerosol (2.3 micrometer) or by intranasal (i.n.) instillation of a 200-microliter inoculum. In contrast, when organisms were delivered primarily to the upper respiratory tract by large-particle aerosol (8 micrometer) or by i.n. instillation of a small volume of inoculum (2 or 20 microliter), infection remained limited to this area in most or all instances. When the lungs became infected after i.n. administration of a 200-microliter inoculum, the most extensive pulmonary lesions were seen in the animals given the largest number of organisms. Each of the modes of administration of M. pneumoniae initiated an infection which conferred measurable resistance to a subsequent challenge capable of inducing extensive pulmonary disease. The most effective resistance was induced by the two modes of administration which produced an infection involving the entire respiratory tract, i.e., small-particle aerosol or i.n. instillation of a 200-microliter inoculum."}
{"id": "PMID:873620", "title": "Immunogenicity of random polymers of l-glutamic acid, l-alanine and l-tyrosine in inbred hamsters.", "content": "The random terpolymer GAT has been found to be immunogenic in hamsters whereas the random copolymers GA or GT were found to be nonimmunogenic. Although no immune responses to GA or GT could be elicited, the anti-GAT antibody response contained populations inhibited specifically by GA, GT and poly-G. These data suggest that in hamsters, recognition of GAT occurs via determinants which are not present in GA or GT.", "contents": "Immunogenicity of random polymers of l-glutamic acid, l-alanine and l-tyrosine in inbred hamsters. The random terpolymer GAT has been found to be immunogenic in hamsters whereas the random copolymers GA or GT were found to be nonimmunogenic. Although no immune responses to GA or GT could be elicited, the anti-GAT antibody response contained populations inhibited specifically by GA, GT and poly-G. These data suggest that in hamsters, recognition of GAT occurs via determinants which are not present in GA or GT."}
{"id": "PMID:873621", "title": "Killer cell (K) activity in human normal lymph node, regional tumour lymph node and inflammatory lymph node.", "content": "Human normal lymph nodes, irrespective of their anatomical site of origin, have a low K cell activity, which may not be detected except with the appropriate target cell and at high lymphocyte to target cell ratios (100:1). This very low killer cell activity is also found in all the homolateral axillary nodes of patients with clinical stage I and II carcinoma of the breast and in the regional draining nodes of a variety of solid tumours, whether small and localized or large and with extensive spread. In all cases proximity to the tumour and obious hyperplastic changes in the nodes have no modifying effect. This pattern of minimal reactivity is similarly found with tonsillar lymphocytes and with nodes draining inflammatory foci. The Fc and C3 receptors on surface membranes are dectected with ease, and pretreatment of lymphocytes by incubation, washing and enzymatic treatment fail to alter their reactivity, thus excluding effector cell inhibition by immune complexes. The killer cell activity of lymphocytes from the blood of breast tumor patients is similar to the activity of lymphocytes from healthy controls.", "contents": "Killer cell (K) activity in human normal lymph node, regional tumour lymph node and inflammatory lymph node. Human normal lymph nodes, irrespective of their anatomical site of origin, have a low K cell activity, which may not be detected except with the appropriate target cell and at high lymphocyte to target cell ratios (100:1). This very low killer cell activity is also found in all the homolateral axillary nodes of patients with clinical stage I and II carcinoma of the breast and in the regional draining nodes of a variety of solid tumours, whether small and localized or large and with extensive spread. In all cases proximity to the tumour and obious hyperplastic changes in the nodes have no modifying effect. This pattern of minimal reactivity is similarly found with tonsillar lymphocytes and with nodes draining inflammatory foci. The Fc and C3 receptors on surface membranes are dectected with ease, and pretreatment of lymphocytes by incubation, washing and enzymatic treatment fail to alter their reactivity, thus excluding effector cell inhibition by immune complexes. The killer cell activity of lymphocytes from the blood of breast tumor patients is similar to the activity of lymphocytes from healthy controls."}
{"id": "PMID:873622", "title": "Solid phase radioimmunoassay for quantitating anti-HBs in hepatitis B immune globulin.", "content": "A solid phase radioimmunoassay was used to quantitate the antibody in hepatitis B immune globulin. Polystyrene tubes coated with HBsAg were incubated with several dilutions of trace-labeled immune globulin, and the specific uptake was measure. Resulting data could be used to obtain the total antibody concentration in micrograms per milliliter as well as the intrinsic binding constant and index of heterogeneity.", "contents": "Solid phase radioimmunoassay for quantitating anti-HBs in hepatitis B immune globulin. A solid phase radioimmunoassay was used to quantitate the antibody in hepatitis B immune globulin. Polystyrene tubes coated with HBsAg were incubated with several dilutions of trace-labeled immune globulin, and the specific uptake was measure. Resulting data could be used to obtain the total antibody concentration in micrograms per milliliter as well as the intrinsic binding constant and index of heterogeneity."}
{"id": "PMID:873623", "title": "IgG anti-gamma-globulin factor in rheumatoid arthritis sera detected by mixed agglutination test.", "content": "In mixed agglutination tests with patient's sera and sensitized sheep erythrocytes on a glass slide, IgG rheumatoid factor was dected in 15 of 30 rheumatoid arthritis, 3 of 4 progressive systemic sclerosis and 1 of 3 systemic lupus erythematosus sera as well as in 3 of 4 synovial fluids of rheumatoid patients but in none of 10 normal sera. The IgG nature of this factor was confirmed by demonstrating this factor in IgG fractions of positive sera eluted from DEAE-cellulose and its insensitivity to mercaptoethanol.", "contents": "IgG anti-gamma-globulin factor in rheumatoid arthritis sera detected by mixed agglutination test. In mixed agglutination tests with patient's sera and sensitized sheep erythrocytes on a glass slide, IgG rheumatoid factor was dected in 15 of 30 rheumatoid arthritis, 3 of 4 progressive systemic sclerosis and 1 of 3 systemic lupus erythematosus sera as well as in 3 of 4 synovial fluids of rheumatoid patients but in none of 10 normal sera. The IgG nature of this factor was confirmed by demonstrating this factor in IgG fractions of positive sera eluted from DEAE-cellulose and its insensitivity to mercaptoethanol."}
{"id": "PMID:873624", "title": "Studies on adsorption by tumor tissue of erythrocytes sensitized by IgG antibodies.", "content": "Cryostat sections of methylcholanthrene-induced murine tumors were previously shown to adsorb erythocytes sensitized by subagglutinating concentrations of antierythocyte antibodies. This type of hemadsorption was seen also with sections of normal murine spleen. It was shown in the present study that immune complexes composed of bovine serum albumin (BSA) and rabbit anti-BSA serum, or human IgG and mouse anti-human IgG serum inhibit adsorption of sensitized erythocytes by tumor and spleen sections. Maximum inhibition was produced by complexes formed at excess of antigen. In contrast inhibition was not seen with complexes formed at equivalence. In addition, heat-aggregated human IgG, but not monomeric human IgG, inhibited hemadsorption by tumor tissue. Anti-BSA, antihuman IgG, BSA or human IgG alone did not produce significant inhibition. These results support the contention that murine tumor cell and lymphocytes have similar Fc receptors on their surface. The implication that the nonspecific attachment of immune complexes to the tumor cells and lymphocytes may alter the immunological response of the host to the tumor is discussed.", "contents": "Studies on adsorption by tumor tissue of erythrocytes sensitized by IgG antibodies. Cryostat sections of methylcholanthrene-induced murine tumors were previously shown to adsorb erythocytes sensitized by subagglutinating concentrations of antierythocyte antibodies. This type of hemadsorption was seen also with sections of normal murine spleen. It was shown in the present study that immune complexes composed of bovine serum albumin (BSA) and rabbit anti-BSA serum, or human IgG and mouse anti-human IgG serum inhibit adsorption of sensitized erythocytes by tumor and spleen sections. Maximum inhibition was produced by complexes formed at excess of antigen. In contrast inhibition was not seen with complexes formed at equivalence. In addition, heat-aggregated human IgG, but not monomeric human IgG, inhibited hemadsorption by tumor tissue. Anti-BSA, antihuman IgG, BSA or human IgG alone did not produce significant inhibition. These results support the contention that murine tumor cell and lymphocytes have similar Fc receptors on their surface. The implication that the nonspecific attachment of immune complexes to the tumor cells and lymphocytes may alter the immunological response of the host to the tumor is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:873625", "title": "Biologic activity of transfer factor tested in vitro with cord blood lymphocytes.", "content": "Cord blood lymphocytes, generally believed to be immunologically uncommitted, were used for investigating the possible conversion by transfer factor (TF) of non-immune to immune lymphocytes in vitro. TF was prepared from pooled buffy coats of normal blood bank donors by ultrafiltration and lyophilization, and it ability to influence lymphocyte transformation was assessed by measuring increases in 3H-thymidine uptake into DNA after stimulation with purified protein derivative of tuberculin and/or streptokinase-streptodornase in 23 experiments with cord blood and 15 adult controls. TF stimulated cord blood lymphocytes nonspecifically when added to the medium alone. In the presence of antigen, TF acted in a synergistic, antigen-dependent way with either amplifying or inhibitory effects in adult good responders. These effects were negligible in adult low responders and in cord blood. From our observations no specific conversion of lymphocytes by TF in vitro can be deduced.", "contents": "Biologic activity of transfer factor tested in vitro with cord blood lymphocytes. Cord blood lymphocytes, generally believed to be immunologically uncommitted, were used for investigating the possible conversion by transfer factor (TF) of non-immune to immune lymphocytes in vitro. TF was prepared from pooled buffy coats of normal blood bank donors by ultrafiltration and lyophilization, and it ability to influence lymphocyte transformation was assessed by measuring increases in 3H-thymidine uptake into DNA after stimulation with purified protein derivative of tuberculin and/or streptokinase-streptodornase in 23 experiments with cord blood and 15 adult controls. TF stimulated cord blood lymphocytes nonspecifically when added to the medium alone. In the presence of antigen, TF acted in a synergistic, antigen-dependent way with either amplifying or inhibitory effects in adult good responders. These effects were negligible in adult low responders and in cord blood. From our observations no specific conversion of lymphocytes by TF in vitro can be deduced."}
{"id": "PMID:873626", "title": "HLA antigens and hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia.", "content": "HLA antigens (27 HLA alleles of the A and B loci) were determined in 20 subjects of the same family, covering three generations; 6 of them were suffering from hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia. The haplotype HLA A2, Bw17 was found in all the sufferers. The same haplotype was not found in clinically health members except two of the generation III, but a visceral angiomatosis without clinical evidence cannot be excluded. An association of hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia with the haplotype HLA A2, Bw17 can be suspected in this family.", "contents": "HLA antigens and hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia. HLA antigens (27 HLA alleles of the A and B loci) were determined in 20 subjects of the same family, covering three generations; 6 of them were suffering from hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia. The haplotype HLA A2, Bw17 was found in all the sufferers. The same haplotype was not found in clinically health members except two of the generation III, but a visceral angiomatosis without clinical evidence cannot be excluded. An association of hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia with the haplotype HLA A2, Bw17 can be suspected in this family."}
{"id": "PMID:873627", "title": "HLA antigens and erythrocyte glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G-6-PD) deficiency in Sardinia.", "content": "The frequency of 17 HLA antigens from locus A and locus B has been evaluated by microlymphocytotoxicity test in a population of 233 subjects (157 normal and 76 with deficiency of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase [G-6PD]in red cells) from a village of Sardinia, a mediterranean island relatively close to continental Italy. It appears that G-6-PD-deficient people show a frequency of some HLA antigens (A2, A10, B12, BW35) significatively different from normal Sardinian subjects but close to (A10, BW35) or higher (A2, B12) than that of subjects from peninsular Italy.", "contents": "HLA antigens and erythrocyte glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G-6-PD) deficiency in Sardinia. The frequency of 17 HLA antigens from locus A and locus B has been evaluated by microlymphocytotoxicity test in a population of 233 subjects (157 normal and 76 with deficiency of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase [G-6PD]in red cells) from a village of Sardinia, a mediterranean island relatively close to continental Italy. It appears that G-6-PD-deficient people show a frequency of some HLA antigens (A2, A10, B12, BW35) significatively different from normal Sardinian subjects but close to (A10, BW35) or higher (A2, B12) than that of subjects from peninsular Italy."}
{"id": "PMID:873628", "title": "A new allergen from the perienteric fluid of Ascaris suum with respect to charges.", "content": "A NEW ALLERGEN WITH PI in the 6.0 region was obtained from the perienteric fluid of Ascaris suum through isoelectric focusing techniques. This new allergen shows strong allergenicity, at a concentration of 10(-9) microgram/ml, in rats passively sensitized with the reaginic antiserum produced against Ascaris perienteric fluid.", "contents": "A new allergen from the perienteric fluid of Ascaris suum with respect to charges. A NEW ALLERGEN WITH PI in the 6.0 region was obtained from the perienteric fluid of Ascaris suum through isoelectric focusing techniques. This new allergen shows strong allergenicity, at a concentration of 10(-9) microgram/ml, in rats passively sensitized with the reaginic antiserum produced against Ascaris perienteric fluid."}
{"id": "PMID:873629", "title": "Effect of phenytoin on the immune response in rabbits.", "content": "Rabbits treated with phenytoin in various ways, were immunized with human serum or with sheep erythrocytes. The antibody response in rabbits injected with the antigen mixed with phenytoin differed distinctly from the response obtained in animals having received the antigen alone or mixed with diluent. The effect of phenytoin on the antibody response depended on the nature of the antigen. The response to some antigens was suppressed, to some potentiated, and to some potentiated in the early phase and then suppressed. The effect comprised both IgM and IgG responses. Skin hypersensitivity tests did not reveal any effect on the cellular immune response. These findings may explain why particularly IgA is affected in patients taking phenytoin by the oral route, and why either reduction or elevation of IgA may occur.", "contents": "Effect of phenytoin on the immune response in rabbits. Rabbits treated with phenytoin in various ways, were immunized with human serum or with sheep erythrocytes. The antibody response in rabbits injected with the antigen mixed with phenytoin differed distinctly from the response obtained in animals having received the antigen alone or mixed with diluent. The effect of phenytoin on the antibody response depended on the nature of the antigen. The response to some antigens was suppressed, to some potentiated, and to some potentiated in the early phase and then suppressed. The effect comprised both IgM and IgG responses. Skin hypersensitivity tests did not reveal any effect on the cellular immune response. These findings may explain why particularly IgA is affected in patients taking phenytoin by the oral route, and why either reduction or elevation of IgA may occur."}
{"id": "PMID:873630", "title": "Relationship between mitogenic factor and in vitro lymphocyte stimulation during guinea pig immune response to KLH.", "content": "Lymphocyte stimulation and production of the lymphokine mitogenic factor (MF) in response to specific in vitro challenge were studied in parallel using lymphocytes from animals sensitized with different doses of keyhole limpet haemocyanin at various times after sensitization. Overall, agreement between the two assays of cellular response was good. However, examination of the antigen dose-response characteristics in each experimental situation revealed dissociation in some cultures. Blood leucocyte responses developed later than those of lymph node cells. The latter gave good MF but were poorly stimulated at day 60, when both responses were maximal for blood leucocytes, indicating a possible redistribution of responsive cells from the nodes to the blood. Treatment of guinea pigs with cyclophosphamide affected lymphocyte stimulation to a greater extent than MF production. Only a part of the antigen-induced stimulation of lymph node cells could be attributed to MF elicited in culture.", "contents": "Relationship between mitogenic factor and in vitro lymphocyte stimulation during guinea pig immune response to KLH. Lymphocyte stimulation and production of the lymphokine mitogenic factor (MF) in response to specific in vitro challenge were studied in parallel using lymphocytes from animals sensitized with different doses of keyhole limpet haemocyanin at various times after sensitization. Overall, agreement between the two assays of cellular response was good. However, examination of the antigen dose-response characteristics in each experimental situation revealed dissociation in some cultures. Blood leucocyte responses developed later than those of lymph node cells. The latter gave good MF but were poorly stimulated at day 60, when both responses were maximal for blood leucocytes, indicating a possible redistribution of responsive cells from the nodes to the blood. Treatment of guinea pigs with cyclophosphamide affected lymphocyte stimulation to a greater extent than MF production. Only a part of the antigen-induced stimulation of lymph node cells could be attributed to MF elicited in culture."}
{"id": "PMID:873631", "title": "Norepinephrine uptake in guinea pig lung. Effects of anaphylaxis, phenoxybenzamine and cocaine.", "content": "Lungs from control and sensitized guinea pigs were perfused via the pulmonary artery with Tyrode's solution. Infusion of equimolar concentrations (3x10(-9) to 3x10(-6 M) of 3H-1-norepinephrine (NE) and 14C-urea was started 1 min after injection of 1 ml 0.9% NaCl or 50 mg ovalbumin in 1 ml 0.9% NaCl and continued for 15 min. Anaphylactic lungs retained more urea, NE, and NE metabolites than control lungs at all NE concentrations and the proportion of unchanged NE was higher. Phenoxybenzamine decreased the 3H/14C ratio due to decreased 3H accumulation. Cocaine affected predominantly the control lungs. The results indicate that anaphylaxis increased the net uptake of NE in the lung and decreased the metabolism of retained NE.", "contents": "Norepinephrine uptake in guinea pig lung. Effects of anaphylaxis, phenoxybenzamine and cocaine. Lungs from control and sensitized guinea pigs were perfused via the pulmonary artery with Tyrode's solution. Infusion of equimolar concentrations (3x10(-9) to 3x10(-6 M) of 3H-1-norepinephrine (NE) and 14C-urea was started 1 min after injection of 1 ml 0.9% NaCl or 50 mg ovalbumin in 1 ml 0.9% NaCl and continued for 15 min. Anaphylactic lungs retained more urea, NE, and NE metabolites than control lungs at all NE concentrations and the proportion of unchanged NE was higher. Phenoxybenzamine decreased the 3H/14C ratio due to decreased 3H accumulation. Cocaine affected predominantly the control lungs. The results indicate that anaphylaxis increased the net uptake of NE in the lung and decreased the metabolism of retained NE."}
{"id": "PMID:873632", "title": "Platelet migration inhibition test for platelet antibodies. Parameters and simplified methodology.", "content": "A simplified methodology and parameters associated with the performance of a platelet migration inhibition test for the detection of antiplatelet-associated antibodies is described.", "contents": "Platelet migration inhibition test for platelet antibodies. Parameters and simplified methodology. A simplified methodology and parameters associated with the performance of a platelet migration inhibition test for the detection of antiplatelet-associated antibodies is described."}
{"id": "PMID:873633", "title": "Mast cell numbers and passive cutaneous anaphylaxis in irradiated mice.", "content": "IgE antibody levels in irradiated mice immunized with primed spleen cells are significantly higher than those measured in actively immunized intact mice. The possible role of mast cells in this elevated IgE response was assessed by the enumeration of mast cells and by determining their capacity to give rise to passive cutaneous anaphylactic (PCA) reactions in the skin of irradiated mice. The number of mast cells was found to be not significantly depleted over a period of 11 days by the irradiation doses used. Furthermore, the capacity of these mast cells to give PCA reactions was unimpaired. Radiation effects on mast cells in adoptively immunized mice therefore do not contribute to the high IgE levels observed in such animals.", "contents": "Mast cell numbers and passive cutaneous anaphylaxis in irradiated mice. IgE antibody levels in irradiated mice immunized with primed spleen cells are significantly higher than those measured in actively immunized intact mice. The possible role of mast cells in this elevated IgE response was assessed by the enumeration of mast cells and by determining their capacity to give rise to passive cutaneous anaphylactic (PCA) reactions in the skin of irradiated mice. The number of mast cells was found to be not significantly depleted over a period of 11 days by the irradiation doses used. Furthermore, the capacity of these mast cells to give PCA reactions was unimpaired. Radiation effects on mast cells in adoptively immunized mice therefore do not contribute to the high IgE levels observed in such animals."}
{"id": "PMID:873634", "title": "Effect of aluminium hydroxide gel on the secondary response in mice.", "content": "The necessity of using A1(OH)3 gel as an adjuvant in the IgE secondary response to a low dose of ovalbumin in mice was studied. Our results demonstrated that a good secondary response can be obtained independent of the presence of A1(OH)3 gel.", "contents": "Effect of aluminium hydroxide gel on the secondary response in mice. The necessity of using A1(OH)3 gel as an adjuvant in the IgE secondary response to a low dose of ovalbumin in mice was studied. Our results demonstrated that a good secondary response can be obtained independent of the presence of A1(OH)3 gel."}
{"id": "PMID:873635", "title": "Assessment of the older person in the community.", "content": "The Cross-National Geriatric Community study is being conducted by the United States-United Kingdom Cross-National Project. Semi-structured interviews have been completed with over 850 community residents over the age of sixty-five years randomly selected from the metropolitan regions of New York and London. The assessment techniques described in this section may be of interest not only to other research workers conducting geriatric community surveys but also to health professionals concerned with the clinical examination of the older ambulatory patient and the early detection and appropriate referral of the need for health and social services.", "contents": "Assessment of the older person in the community. The Cross-National Geriatric Community study is being conducted by the United States-United Kingdom Cross-National Project. Semi-structured interviews have been completed with over 850 community residents over the age of sixty-five years randomly selected from the metropolitan regions of New York and London. The assessment techniques described in this section may be of interest not only to other research workers conducting geriatric community surveys but also to health professionals concerned with the clinical examination of the older ambulatory patient and the early detection and appropriate referral of the need for health and social services."}
{"id": "PMID:873640", "title": "Loss of specific natural cell-mediated cytotoxicity with absorption of natural antibodies from serum.", "content": "When effector cells from most individuals are tested directly against a number of target cells for cell-mediated cytotoxicity, most of the reactivity is non-selective. This apparent non-selectiveness is a result of specific activity against multiple antigens on target cells by each effector suspension. The specific reactions can be demonstrated through competitive inhibition of natural cell-mediated cytotoxicity. The specific inhibition of cytotoxicity by competitor cells directed our attention toward the determination of specificity to the effector cell surface. Natural cell-mediated cytotoxicity was decreased when effector cells were treated with proteolytic enzymes or low pH and regained when these cells were incubated in serum, suggesting an antibody on cell surfaces of the effector cell. Reconstitution of trypsinized effector cells with absorbed serum resulted in selective loss of cytotoxicity against the absorbing cell. To determine the role of the effector cell and the role of antibodies in natural cell-mediated cytotoxicity, effector cells from two different persons were reconstituted in the same absorbed sera. The selective pattern achieved was similar. When effector cells from the same individual were reconstituted with two different sera absorbed in the same way, the selective pattern achieved showed greater differences. We concluded that natural antibodies loosely attached to effector cells provided the specificity of natural cell-mediated cytotoxicity.", "contents": "Loss of specific natural cell-mediated cytotoxicity with absorption of natural antibodies from serum. When effector cells from most individuals are tested directly against a number of target cells for cell-mediated cytotoxicity, most of the reactivity is non-selective. This apparent non-selectiveness is a result of specific activity against multiple antigens on target cells by each effector suspension. The specific reactions can be demonstrated through competitive inhibition of natural cell-mediated cytotoxicity. The specific inhibition of cytotoxicity by competitor cells directed our attention toward the determination of specificity to the effector cell surface. Natural cell-mediated cytotoxicity was decreased when effector cells were treated with proteolytic enzymes or low pH and regained when these cells were incubated in serum, suggesting an antibody on cell surfaces of the effector cell. Reconstitution of trypsinized effector cells with absorbed serum resulted in selective loss of cytotoxicity against the absorbing cell. To determine the role of the effector cell and the role of antibodies in natural cell-mediated cytotoxicity, effector cells from two different persons were reconstituted in the same absorbed sera. The selective pattern achieved was similar. When effector cells from the same individual were reconstituted with two different sera absorbed in the same way, the selective pattern achieved showed greater differences. We concluded that natural antibodies loosely attached to effector cells provided the specificity of natural cell-mediated cytotoxicity."}
{"id": "PMID:873636", "title": "Assessment of mental health and social problems during multiple friendly visits: the development and evaluation of a friendly visiting program for the isolated elderly.", "content": "The Friendly Visitor Program was designed to reduce social isolation. Visits were made by a pair of trained visitors to twenty-three isolated, elderly New York City residents. Pre- and post-testing visits to experimental and control Ss collected data on measures of isolation, adjustment, cognitive impairment and mental state. The major procedure was an hour long structured visit every two weeks for six months and a six month follow-up. For the experimental group only apartment upkeep and mental state improved and isolation diminished at the time of follow-up, indicating friendly visiting probably was therapeutic.", "contents": "Assessment of mental health and social problems during multiple friendly visits: the development and evaluation of a friendly visiting program for the isolated elderly. The Friendly Visitor Program was designed to reduce social isolation. Visits were made by a pair of trained visitors to twenty-three isolated, elderly New York City residents. Pre- and post-testing visits to experimental and control Ss collected data on measures of isolation, adjustment, cognitive impairment and mental state. The major procedure was an hour long structured visit every two weeks for six months and a six month follow-up. For the experimental group only apartment upkeep and mental state improved and isolation diminished at the time of follow-up, indicating friendly visiting probably was therapeutic."}
{"id": "PMID:873637", "title": "Evaluation study of the exploratory visit: an innovative outreach activity of the ILGWU's friendly visiting program.", "content": "The exploratory visit to recent retirees, an outreach component of the International Ladies Garment Workers Union Friendly Visiting Program, was evaluated during a ten month period beginning in September 1973. An operations analysis found that need identifying activities of Friendly Vistors by type of service need. A post-test only control group effect study revealed exploratory visits were effective in establishing a link between the program and the retiree although they had no significant impact on the retirees' service needs.", "contents": "Evaluation study of the exploratory visit: an innovative outreach activity of the ILGWU's friendly visiting program. The exploratory visit to recent retirees, an outreach component of the International Ladies Garment Workers Union Friendly Visiting Program, was evaluated during a ten month period beginning in September 1973. An operations analysis found that need identifying activities of Friendly Vistors by type of service need. A post-test only control group effect study revealed exploratory visits were effective in establishing a link between the program and the retiree although they had no significant impact on the retirees' service needs."}
{"id": "PMID:873641", "title": "K cell mediated lysis of cultured colon carcinoma and urinary bladder carcinoma cells induced by monospecific antisera against carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) and two CEA-related normal glycoproteins.", "content": "Antibody dependent lymphocyte (K cell) mediated lysis of tumor cells in vitro was used to assay for cell surface associated carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) and two CEA-related normal tissue components, \"normal glycoprotein\" (NGP) and biliary glycoprotein I (BGP I). Three tumor cell lines were used as target cells. These were HT-29, colon carcinoma, T-24, urinary bladder transitional cell carcinoma and Mel-1, malignant melanoma. To induce lysis we used the IgG-fraction of specific rabbit and monkey anti-CEA sera and of specific rabbit anti-NGP and anti-BGP I sera, respectively. Purified human lymphocytes were used as effector cells. HT-29 was efficiently killed by low concentrations of rabbit anti-CEA and less efficiently by monkey anti-CEA. T-24 and Mel-1 were not lysed by anti-CEA, HT-29 and T-24 were lysed by low concentrations of anti-BGP I. In contrast only HT-29 was lysed by anti-NGP. Only a fraction of the tumor cells was killed by the different antisera although kinetic studies showed that the lytic reaction was complete well before the end of the eighteen hour incubation period used in the assay. Anti-CEA and anti-BGP I gave 30-40% corrected lysis of HT-29. With anti-NGP the corresponding figure was 10-20%.", "contents": "K cell mediated lysis of cultured colon carcinoma and urinary bladder carcinoma cells induced by monospecific antisera against carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) and two CEA-related normal glycoproteins. Antibody dependent lymphocyte (K cell) mediated lysis of tumor cells in vitro was used to assay for cell surface associated carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) and two CEA-related normal tissue components, \"normal glycoprotein\" (NGP) and biliary glycoprotein I (BGP I). Three tumor cell lines were used as target cells. These were HT-29, colon carcinoma, T-24, urinary bladder transitional cell carcinoma and Mel-1, malignant melanoma. To induce lysis we used the IgG-fraction of specific rabbit and monkey anti-CEA sera and of specific rabbit anti-NGP and anti-BGP I sera, respectively. Purified human lymphocytes were used as effector cells. HT-29 was efficiently killed by low concentrations of rabbit anti-CEA and less efficiently by monkey anti-CEA. T-24 and Mel-1 were not lysed by anti-CEA, HT-29 and T-24 were lysed by low concentrations of anti-BGP I. In contrast only HT-29 was lysed by anti-NGP. Only a fraction of the tumor cells was killed by the different antisera although kinetic studies showed that the lytic reaction was complete well before the end of the eighteen hour incubation period used in the assay. Anti-CEA and anti-BGP I gave 30-40% corrected lysis of HT-29. With anti-NGP the corresponding figure was 10-20%."}
{"id": "PMID:873642", "title": "Familial leukemia and inherited chromosomal aberration.", "content": "This communication contributes a family with 12 cases of cancer and two cases of leukemia. Chromosomal analysis was performed on three occasions, 9 months apart. In unaffected first-degree relatives, we have demonstrated high frequency of tetraradial figures: in parents, 1:243 mitoses, and in all first degree relatives, 1:328 mitoses. The rate of chromosomal breakage was moderately elevated in comparison with carefully matched controls, mainly in father (6.17), mother (4.01) and one sister (4.07). G-banded and C-banded karyotypes revealed no structural chromosomal abnormality in relatives of leukemic children. This family is one of five leukemic families investigated. Analogous methods of chromosomal analysis have been employed in all, but chromatid exchange figures and elevated chromosomal breakage were detected only in the presently reported pedigree. It has been postulated that in this family there exists a possible relation between increased incidence of chromatid exchange figures and increased tendency to leukemia.", "contents": "Familial leukemia and inherited chromosomal aberration. This communication contributes a family with 12 cases of cancer and two cases of leukemia. Chromosomal analysis was performed on three occasions, 9 months apart. In unaffected first-degree relatives, we have demonstrated high frequency of tetraradial figures: in parents, 1:243 mitoses, and in all first degree relatives, 1:328 mitoses. The rate of chromosomal breakage was moderately elevated in comparison with carefully matched controls, mainly in father (6.17), mother (4.01) and one sister (4.07). G-banded and C-banded karyotypes revealed no structural chromosomal abnormality in relatives of leukemic children. This family is one of five leukemic families investigated. Analogous methods of chromosomal analysis have been employed in all, but chromatid exchange figures and elevated chromosomal breakage were detected only in the presently reported pedigree. It has been postulated that in this family there exists a possible relation between increased incidence of chromatid exchange figures and increased tendency to leukemia."}
{"id": "PMID:873638", "title": "The human element in survey research.", "content": "This paper addresses itself to issues related to data collection in survey research with a community population. Areas discussed related to practical human problems in conducting a community survey of a stratified random sample of people sixty-five years of age and over in New York City. Some of these problems occur in most large scale community surveys, but some are a result of special features of this particular study. Topics covered include difficulties encountered in obtaining interviews, maintaining the staff, and coordinating the research team in the ongoing U.S.-U.K. Cross-National Project.", "contents": "The human element in survey research. This paper addresses itself to issues related to data collection in survey research with a community population. Areas discussed related to practical human problems in conducting a community survey of a stratified random sample of people sixty-five years of age and over in New York City. Some of these problems occur in most large scale community surveys, but some are a result of special features of this particular study. Topics covered include difficulties encountered in obtaining interviews, maintaining the staff, and coordinating the research team in the ongoing U.S.-U.K. Cross-National Project."}
{"id": "PMID:873644", "title": "Competition for cytotoxic immune capacity against a 'syngeneic' mouse tumour distributed at two sites.", "content": "Normal C3H mice will develop fatal ascites after the intraperitoneal injection of as few as 100 BP8 cells. However, mice can be immunized so that they can specifically reject an intraperitoneal challenge of 10(7) of these C3H-derived tumour cells. This paper investigates a phenomenon in which the capacity of immunized mice to reject an intraperitoneal challenge of tumour cells is lost between two to seven days after tumour cells have been given subcutaneously. Investigation of this temporary loss of capacity to reject the intraperitoneal challenge of tumour suggests that this might be due to the attraction of cytotoxic immunity to the site of subcutaneous injection. The possibility that this phenomenon is due to blocking factors, tumour overload, suppressor cells or enhancing antibody has been investigated but experimental results are given which do not favour these explanations.", "contents": "Competition for cytotoxic immune capacity against a 'syngeneic' mouse tumour distributed at two sites. Normal C3H mice will develop fatal ascites after the intraperitoneal injection of as few as 100 BP8 cells. However, mice can be immunized so that they can specifically reject an intraperitoneal challenge of 10(7) of these C3H-derived tumour cells. This paper investigates a phenomenon in which the capacity of immunized mice to reject an intraperitoneal challenge of tumour cells is lost between two to seven days after tumour cells have been given subcutaneously. Investigation of this temporary loss of capacity to reject the intraperitoneal challenge of tumour suggests that this might be due to the attraction of cytotoxic immunity to the site of subcutaneous injection. The possibility that this phenomenon is due to blocking factors, tumour overload, suppressor cells or enhancing antibody has been investigated but experimental results are given which do not favour these explanations."}
{"id": "PMID:873643", "title": "[Estrogen and progestogen cytosol receptors in human breast carcinoma (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors have studied Estrogen (RE) and Progestin (RP) cytosol receptors in 379 human breast carcinomas: 281 tumors suitable for surgery, 26 pseudo-inflammatory tumors, 52 metastases and 20 recurrences. They have used an exchange technique with estradiol for RE and a synthetic compound, R 5020, for RP. The results point out that high rates of RE correlate with post-menopausal women and high rates of RP with pre-menopausal women. Tumours are considered receptor-positive when the binding sites concentration exceeds 100 fmoles/g tissue. Using this as a base 32% of the tumors are RE and RP negative. Considering only the positive tumors, 54% contain both receptors, 31% only RE and 15% only RP. The percentages are also given in terms of the hormonal state of the patients. The results are discussed in terms of McGuire's hypothesis that both receptors are necessary to obtain a positive response to hormonal therapy. Correlation between histology and receptors is also discussed.", "contents": "[Estrogen and progestogen cytosol receptors in human breast carcinoma (author's transl)]. The authors have studied Estrogen (RE) and Progestin (RP) cytosol receptors in 379 human breast carcinomas: 281 tumors suitable for surgery, 26 pseudo-inflammatory tumors, 52 metastases and 20 recurrences. They have used an exchange technique with estradiol for RE and a synthetic compound, R 5020, for RP. The results point out that high rates of RE correlate with post-menopausal women and high rates of RP with pre-menopausal women. Tumours are considered receptor-positive when the binding sites concentration exceeds 100 fmoles/g tissue. Using this as a base 32% of the tumors are RE and RP negative. Considering only the positive tumors, 54% contain both receptors, 31% only RE and 15% only RP. The percentages are also given in terms of the hormonal state of the patients. The results are discussed in terms of McGuire's hypothesis that both receptors are necessary to obtain a positive response to hormonal therapy. Correlation between histology and receptors is also discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:873645", "title": "Transformation of normal hamster cells by benzo(a)pyrene diol-epoxide.", "content": "The frequency of cell transformation was determined after treatment of normal hamster embryo cells with benzo(a)pyrene (BP) and six of its metabolites. These metabolites included the trans 4,5-, 7,8- and 9,10-dihydrodiols; the 4,5-epoxide; and two stereoisomers of the non-K-region diol epoxides r-7, t-8-dihydroxy t-9, 10-oxy-7,8,9,10-tetrahydrobenzo(a)pyrene (diol-epoxide 1) and r-7, t-8, dihydroxy c-9, 10-oxy-7,8,9,10-tetrahydrobenzo(a)pyrene (diol-epoxide 11). The trans 7,8-dihydrodiol was more active than the other two dihydrodiols tested and was also more active than the parent hydrocrabon BP. Of the three epoxides tested, the diol-epoxide 1 was more active than the 4,5-epoxide and diol-epoxide 11. The results suggest that diol-epoxide 1 is a major cell-transforming metabolite of BP.", "contents": "Transformation of normal hamster cells by benzo(a)pyrene diol-epoxide. The frequency of cell transformation was determined after treatment of normal hamster embryo cells with benzo(a)pyrene (BP) and six of its metabolites. These metabolites included the trans 4,5-, 7,8- and 9,10-dihydrodiols; the 4,5-epoxide; and two stereoisomers of the non-K-region diol epoxides r-7, t-8-dihydroxy t-9, 10-oxy-7,8,9,10-tetrahydrobenzo(a)pyrene (diol-epoxide 1) and r-7, t-8, dihydroxy c-9, 10-oxy-7,8,9,10-tetrahydrobenzo(a)pyrene (diol-epoxide 11). The trans 7,8-dihydrodiol was more active than the other two dihydrodiols tested and was also more active than the parent hydrocrabon BP. Of the three epoxides tested, the diol-epoxide 1 was more active than the 4,5-epoxide and diol-epoxide 11. The results suggest that diol-epoxide 1 is a major cell-transforming metabolite of BP."}
{"id": "PMID:873646", "title": "The metabolic activation of 7-methylbenz(a)anthracene: the induction of malignant transformation and mutation in mammalian cells by non-K-region dihydrodiols.", "content": "Four different dihydrodiols derived from 7-methylbenz(a)anthracene have been tested, together with the parent hydrocarbon, for their ability to induce the in vitro malignant transformation of mouse M2 fibroblasts and mutations in V79 Chinese hamster cells. In the transformation tests withe the non-K-region dihydrodiols, the 3,4-diol was the most active dihydrodiol tested and the 8,9-diol was also more active than 7-methylbenz(a)anthracene itself; the 1,2-diol showed only slight activity. The K-region dihydrodiol, the 5,6-diol, which cannot be directly metabolized to a vicinal diol-epoxide, was inactive. These differences in biological activity were similar to those apparent in the results from the mutagenicity tests. The data support the general hypothesis that non-I-region dihydrodiols, which can be metabolized to vicinal diol-epoxides, are important in the metabolic activation of the carcinogenic polycyclic hydrocarbons and, when taken together with other results, indicate that 3,4-dihydro-3,4-dihydroxy-7-methylbenz(a)anthracene is most probably involved in the metabolic activation of 7-methylbenz(a)anthracene presumably following conversion into the related diol-epoxide, 3,4-dihydro-3,4-dihydroxy-7-methylbenz(a)anthracene 1,2,-oxide.", "contents": "The metabolic activation of 7-methylbenz(a)anthracene: the induction of malignant transformation and mutation in mammalian cells by non-K-region dihydrodiols. Four different dihydrodiols derived from 7-methylbenz(a)anthracene have been tested, together with the parent hydrocarbon, for their ability to induce the in vitro malignant transformation of mouse M2 fibroblasts and mutations in V79 Chinese hamster cells. In the transformation tests withe the non-K-region dihydrodiols, the 3,4-diol was the most active dihydrodiol tested and the 8,9-diol was also more active than 7-methylbenz(a)anthracene itself; the 1,2-diol showed only slight activity. The K-region dihydrodiol, the 5,6-diol, which cannot be directly metabolized to a vicinal diol-epoxide, was inactive. These differences in biological activity were similar to those apparent in the results from the mutagenicity tests. The data support the general hypothesis that non-I-region dihydrodiols, which can be metabolized to vicinal diol-epoxides, are important in the metabolic activation of the carcinogenic polycyclic hydrocarbons and, when taken together with other results, indicate that 3,4-dihydro-3,4-dihydroxy-7-methylbenz(a)anthracene is most probably involved in the metabolic activation of 7-methylbenz(a)anthracene presumably following conversion into the related diol-epoxide, 3,4-dihydro-3,4-dihydroxy-7-methylbenz(a)anthracene 1,2,-oxide."}
{"id": "PMID:873647", "title": "Drug sensitivity studies on clonal cell lines isolated from heteroploid tumour cell populations. I. Dose response of clones growing in monolayer cultures.", "content": "Drug sensitivity of a heteroploid tumour cell line and three clones isolated from it was studied in tissue culture. Cells of the parent line P0, and of clone P1 were fibroblast-like and pseudo- and hypodiploid. Cones P3 and P4 consisted mostly of epithelial and round cells, respectively, and were hypotetraploid. In dose-response experiments, P1 and P4 clones were more sensitive to dianhydrodulcitol than tp0 or P3 clones. Adriamycin was more toxic to P3 than to the other three cell lines. P3 and P4 clones were more sensitive to vincristine than P0 or P1 clones. N-formyl-leurosine, a new derivative of the Vinca alkaloids, was least toxic to P4 cells, and the other three cell lines were equally sensitive. It was concluded that relative sensitivity of the clones depended on the particular drug. Presence of clones of lower sensitivity in heteroploid cell populations may have some bearing on regrowth of tumours after chemotherapy.", "contents": "Drug sensitivity studies on clonal cell lines isolated from heteroploid tumour cell populations. I. Dose response of clones growing in monolayer cultures. Drug sensitivity of a heteroploid tumour cell line and three clones isolated from it was studied in tissue culture. Cells of the parent line P0, and of clone P1 were fibroblast-like and pseudo- and hypodiploid. Cones P3 and P4 consisted mostly of epithelial and round cells, respectively, and were hypotetraploid. In dose-response experiments, P1 and P4 clones were more sensitive to dianhydrodulcitol than tp0 or P3 clones. Adriamycin was more toxic to P3 than to the other three cell lines. P3 and P4 clones were more sensitive to vincristine than P0 or P1 clones. N-formyl-leurosine, a new derivative of the Vinca alkaloids, was least toxic to P4 cells, and the other three cell lines were equally sensitive. It was concluded that relative sensitivity of the clones depended on the particular drug. Presence of clones of lower sensitivity in heteroploid cell populations may have some bearing on regrowth of tumours after chemotherapy."}
{"id": "PMID:873639", "title": "The Comprehensive assessment and Referral Evaluation (CARE)--rationale, development and reliability.", "content": "The Comprehensive Assessment and Referral Evaluation (CARE) is a new assessment technique which is intended to reliably elicit, record, grade and classify information on the health and social problems of the older person. The CARE is basically a semi-structured interview guide and an inventory of defined ratings. It is designated comprehensive because it covers psychiatric, medical, nutritional, economic and social problems rather than the interests of only one professional discipline. The style, scope and scoring of the CARE makes it suitable for use with both patients and non-patients, and a potentially useful aid in determining whether an elderly person should be referred, and to whom, for a health or social service. The CARE can also be employed in evaluating the effectiveness of that service if given.", "contents": "The Comprehensive assessment and Referral Evaluation (CARE)--rationale, development and reliability. The Comprehensive Assessment and Referral Evaluation (CARE) is a new assessment technique which is intended to reliably elicit, record, grade and classify information on the health and social problems of the older person. The CARE is basically a semi-structured interview guide and an inventory of defined ratings. It is designated comprehensive because it covers psychiatric, medical, nutritional, economic and social problems rather than the interests of only one professional discipline. The style, scope and scoring of the CARE makes it suitable for use with both patients and non-patients, and a potentially useful aid in determining whether an elderly person should be referred, and to whom, for a health or social service. The CARE can also be employed in evaluating the effectiveness of that service if given."}
{"id": "PMID:873648", "title": "Biological characterization of a tumour-growth-promoting factor from ascitic fluid of tumour-bearing mice.", "content": "Tumour-growth-promoting activity has been observed in ascitic fluids of mice with progressively growing SV40- and chemically induced tumours. Administration of ascitic fluid to animals together with a normally non-tumorigenic dose of SV40- transformed tissue culture cells (TU-5) will cause these cells to grow progressively and eventually kill the animals. Also, the mKSA-specfic, immunologically non-responsive state (the eclipse phase) of mice bearing large mKSA tumours can be maintained by administration of ascitic fluid or serum from tumour-bearing animals after the tumours have been surgically removed. Normally, complete immunity to a secondary tumour cell challenge is re-established approximately 10 days after removal of the primary tumour, but daily injections of ascitic fluid or serum will maintain sclipse so that a secondary challenge of tumour cells will grow progressively. The active component apparently acts non-specifically, since ascitic fluid from an unrelated tumour also is able to maintain the mKSA-specific eclipse phase. Thascitic fluid has no apparent immunosuppressive activity in vivo.", "contents": "Biological characterization of a tumour-growth-promoting factor from ascitic fluid of tumour-bearing mice. Tumour-growth-promoting activity has been observed in ascitic fluids of mice with progressively growing SV40- and chemically induced tumours. Administration of ascitic fluid to animals together with a normally non-tumorigenic dose of SV40- transformed tissue culture cells (TU-5) will cause these cells to grow progressively and eventually kill the animals. Also, the mKSA-specfic, immunologically non-responsive state (the eclipse phase) of mice bearing large mKSA tumours can be maintained by administration of ascitic fluid or serum from tumour-bearing animals after the tumours have been surgically removed. Normally, complete immunity to a secondary tumour cell challenge is re-established approximately 10 days after removal of the primary tumour, but daily injections of ascitic fluid or serum will maintain sclipse so that a secondary challenge of tumour cells will grow progressively. The active component apparently acts non-specifically, since ascitic fluid from an unrelated tumour also is able to maintain the mKSA-specific eclipse phase. Thascitic fluid has no apparent immunosuppressive activity in vivo."}
{"id": "PMID:873649", "title": "A system for studying biorhythms in domestic sheep in confinement.", "content": "A system is described for studying biorhythms in domestic sheep. One animal in each of four temperature and light controlled rooms can be studied in pens designed to permit continuous monitoring of eating, drinking, walking, resting, body temperature and cardiac rate. Automated data acquisition, including analog-to-digital conversion, is controlled with a minicomputer. Digitized data are recorded on magnetic and punched paper tape. Data processing on large scale computers includes editing, summarisation, machine plotting and time-series statistical analysis of the period, amplitude and phase of the biorhythms.", "contents": "A system for studying biorhythms in domestic sheep in confinement. A system is described for studying biorhythms in domestic sheep. One animal in each of four temperature and light controlled rooms can be studied in pens designed to permit continuous monitoring of eating, drinking, walking, resting, body temperature and cardiac rate. Automated data acquisition, including analog-to-digital conversion, is controlled with a minicomputer. Digitized data are recorded on magnetic and punched paper tape. Data processing on large scale computers includes editing, summarisation, machine plotting and time-series statistical analysis of the period, amplitude and phase of the biorhythms."}
{"id": "PMID:873650", "title": "Vaginal temperature rhythms in sheep.", "content": "Six ovariectomized adult sheep were tethered in a temperature--and light--controlled room and given feed and water ad lib. Vaginal temperatures were recorded at 10m intervals for 12 or 17d. Hourly means were calculated and subjected to statistical anlayses by time--series procedures. Initial analysis revealed a positive linear trend in most animals suggesting a low frequency rhythm with a period greater than the 17d experimental period. All subsequent analyses were, therefore, conducted on data adjusted for a linear trend. The periodogram, correlogram and spectral density analyses revealed a predominant circadian rhythm in 5 of the 6 animals. Ultradian rhythms, with periods of 12 and 8h, were also present in some animals. The magnitude of the rhythmic change in vaginal temperature, as estimated from the amplitude of the circadian component, varied from 0.05 degrees to 0.16 degrees C. Calculation of the external acrophase indicated that the daily maximum temperature occurred between 0851 and 1727.", "contents": "Vaginal temperature rhythms in sheep. Six ovariectomized adult sheep were tethered in a temperature--and light--controlled room and given feed and water ad lib. Vaginal temperatures were recorded at 10m intervals for 12 or 17d. Hourly means were calculated and subjected to statistical anlayses by time--series procedures. Initial analysis revealed a positive linear trend in most animals suggesting a low frequency rhythm with a period greater than the 17d experimental period. All subsequent analyses were, therefore, conducted on data adjusted for a linear trend. The periodogram, correlogram and spectral density analyses revealed a predominant circadian rhythm in 5 of the 6 animals. Ultradian rhythms, with periods of 12 and 8h, were also present in some animals. The magnitude of the rhythmic change in vaginal temperature, as estimated from the amplitude of the circadian component, varied from 0.05 degrees to 0.16 degrees C. Calculation of the external acrophase indicated that the daily maximum temperature occurred between 0851 and 1727."}
{"id": "PMID:873651", "title": "Estimating a population in need of alcoholism services: a new approach.", "content": "A new approach for estimating a population at risk of alcoholism and problem drinking is discussed. Its advantages include specification of planning-relevant social-demographic characteristics of a population at risk and the identification of a population base in terms of which alcoholism programs, services, and resources can be comparatively evaluated.", "contents": "Estimating a population in need of alcoholism services: a new approach. A new approach for estimating a population at risk of alcoholism and problem drinking is discussed. Its advantages include specification of planning-relevant social-demographic characteristics of a population at risk and the identification of a population base in terms of which alcoholism programs, services, and resources can be comparatively evaluated."}
{"id": "PMID:873652", "title": "A survey of Thai student use of illicit drugs.", "content": "In a survey of drug use by 1,506 Thai students, about one-fourth report having used illicit drugs and 6% report current use. Point prevalence of drug use in this population appears to be much lower than that reported by local news media. Prevalence and patterns of drug use among Thai and American students are remarkably similar. The authors conclude that easy availability of drugs of abuse does not necessarily lead to endemic or epidemic use. The isolation of high risk groups and study of cultural factors which may help to maintain low levels of drug use are suggested for future research.", "contents": "A survey of Thai student use of illicit drugs. In a survey of drug use by 1,506 Thai students, about one-fourth report having used illicit drugs and 6% report current use. Point prevalence of drug use in this population appears to be much lower than that reported by local news media. Prevalence and patterns of drug use among Thai and American students are remarkably similar. The authors conclude that easy availability of drugs of abuse does not necessarily lead to endemic or epidemic use. The isolation of high risk groups and study of cultural factors which may help to maintain low levels of drug use are suggested for future research."}
{"id": "PMID:873653", "title": "Heroin addicts with a history of glue sniffing: a deviant group within a deviant group.", "content": "Sociodemographic, drug-taking history and psychological test data were collected from 133 male heroin addicts in treatment programs. Those addicts who had ever sniffed glue (26.4%) were characterized by a unique orientation toward death. Not only were they significantly more likely to have attempted suicide, but also they more often fantasized about death both while on heroin and when clean, and they acknowledged less fear of the pain/deterioration involved in dying as measured by the Collett-Lester Scales. In addition, they had on the average abused more than twice as many different substances as addicts without a glue use history.", "contents": "Heroin addicts with a history of glue sniffing: a deviant group within a deviant group. Sociodemographic, drug-taking history and psychological test data were collected from 133 male heroin addicts in treatment programs. Those addicts who had ever sniffed glue (26.4%) were characterized by a unique orientation toward death. Not only were they significantly more likely to have attempted suicide, but also they more often fantasized about death both while on heroin and when clean, and they acknowledged less fear of the pain/deterioration involved in dying as measured by the Collett-Lester Scales. In addition, they had on the average abused more than twice as many different substances as addicts without a glue use history."}
{"id": "PMID:873654", "title": "Patterns of alcohol and multiple drug use among rural white and American Indian adolescents.", "content": "This study examined the attitudes and practices of sample of White (N=667) and American Indian (N=280) adolescents in regard to the use of alcohol and other drugs. The findings lend general support to the hypothesis of Whitehead et al. that users of any one drug will show increased probability to use another drug when compared to those not using that drug. Additionally, it was found that rural Indian youth are somewhat more likely than rural White youth to be involved with alcohol, marijuana, and hard drugs.", "contents": "Patterns of alcohol and multiple drug use among rural white and American Indian adolescents. This study examined the attitudes and practices of sample of White (N=667) and American Indian (N=280) adolescents in regard to the use of alcohol and other drugs. The findings lend general support to the hypothesis of Whitehead et al. that users of any one drug will show increased probability to use another drug when compared to those not using that drug. Additionally, it was found that rural Indian youth are somewhat more likely than rural White youth to be involved with alcohol, marijuana, and hard drugs."}
{"id": "PMID:873655", "title": "Small group dynamics and drug abuse in an Army setting: a case study.", "content": "Drug abuse has been subjected to a myriad of empirical and theoretical explorations which have attempted to explicate its occurrence as a sociobehavioral phenomenon. The study of the organization of drug-related behavioral manifestations requires the investigation of variant psychosocial, situational, environmental, and structural variables. Small groups within the military establishment are relatively numerous and vitally important. A sense of comradeship exists within such groups and troop morale is frequently facilitated by their existence. The purpose of this paper is to present a descriptive case study of the role of the small group as a central organizing locus around which drug abuse in an army setting revolves. The data presented were collected from subpopulations identified in the course of an epidemiological study of drug and alcohol use at a military post. The paper describes the small group observed in terms of its functional relationships and interactive dynamics. The case study data are presented relative to role differentiation within the group, group norms, values, boundaries, identity, sanctions, and controls. These concepts are examined with a view toward assessing the manner in which drug abuse is initiated, maintained, and controlled via small group dynamics.", "contents": "Small group dynamics and drug abuse in an Army setting: a case study. Drug abuse has been subjected to a myriad of empirical and theoretical explorations which have attempted to explicate its occurrence as a sociobehavioral phenomenon. The study of the organization of drug-related behavioral manifestations requires the investigation of variant psychosocial, situational, environmental, and structural variables. Small groups within the military establishment are relatively numerous and vitally important. A sense of comradeship exists within such groups and troop morale is frequently facilitated by their existence. The purpose of this paper is to present a descriptive case study of the role of the small group as a central organizing locus around which drug abuse in an army setting revolves. The data presented were collected from subpopulations identified in the course of an epidemiological study of drug and alcohol use at a military post. The paper describes the small group observed in terms of its functional relationships and interactive dynamics. The case study data are presented relative to role differentiation within the group, group norms, values, boundaries, identity, sanctions, and controls. These concepts are examined with a view toward assessing the manner in which drug abuse is initiated, maintained, and controlled via small group dynamics."}
{"id": "PMID:873656", "title": "Prediction of treatment effectiveness in a drug-free therapeutic community.", "content": "Treatment effectiveness for drug dependance is evaluated and compared with success rates reported in the literature. Program differences and varying follow-up procedures make assessment difficult. Identical pre- and posttreatment quantitative adjustment indices are recommended in order to improve the measurement of improvement. Education and length of stay in treatment are among the most important predictors of posttreatment drug usage and work akjustment. Education and improved treatment success with lower class youth are discussed.", "contents": "Prediction of treatment effectiveness in a drug-free therapeutic community. Treatment effectiveness for drug dependance is evaluated and compared with success rates reported in the literature. Program differences and varying follow-up procedures make assessment difficult. Identical pre- and posttreatment quantitative adjustment indices are recommended in order to improve the measurement of improvement. Education and length of stay in treatment are among the most important predictors of posttreatment drug usage and work akjustment. Education and improved treatment success with lower class youth are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:873657", "title": "Preliminary observations on an intervention program for heavy smokers.", "content": "Each of 571 smokers selected one of three methods of smoking cessation: group therapy, individual counseling, and hypnosis. One-year results suggest little difference between the three methods in producing ex-smokers. All methods produced an average success rate of approximately 20%. It should be noted, however, that with all types of verbal or verbally related therapy it is not known precisely how these techniques work or whether  the outcomes are really a function of what is put into the therapy by the treatment agent and/or the recipient. It was generally found that younger, more educated smokers chose hypnosis; older, more educated smokers chose group therapy; and older, less-formally educated smokers chose individual counseling while the youngest and generally less educated smokers chose to become nonattenders and not take part in therapy. These results have important implications for designing optimal treatment programs which will be acceptable and effective for the greatest number of smokers.", "contents": "Preliminary observations on an intervention program for heavy smokers. Each of 571 smokers selected one of three methods of smoking cessation: group therapy, individual counseling, and hypnosis. One-year results suggest little difference between the three methods in producing ex-smokers. All methods produced an average success rate of approximately 20%. It should be noted, however, that with all types of verbal or verbally related therapy it is not known precisely how these techniques work or whether  the outcomes are really a function of what is put into the therapy by the treatment agent and/or the recipient. It was generally found that younger, more educated smokers chose hypnosis; older, more educated smokers chose group therapy; and older, less-formally educated smokers chose individual counseling while the youngest and generally less educated smokers chose to become nonattenders and not take part in therapy. These results have important implications for designing optimal treatment programs which will be acceptable and effective for the greatest number of smokers."}
{"id": "PMID:873658", "title": "Satiation and sensory deprivation combined in smoking therapy: some case studies and unexpected side-effects.", "content": "Two promising techniques for smoking reduction, sensory deprivation and stimulus satiation, were applied in combination to five smokers. All were successful initially in achieving abstinence and four ultimately in maintaning abstinence. The issue of possible side-effects is worth considering. Quitting per se and both satiation and sensory deprivation may be stressful and as a result may potentially produce negative side effects. The observation of positive side-effects in these cases balances this possibility to some extent.", "contents": "Satiation and sensory deprivation combined in smoking therapy: some case studies and unexpected side-effects. Two promising techniques for smoking reduction, sensory deprivation and stimulus satiation, were applied in combination to five smokers. All were successful initially in achieving abstinence and four ultimately in maintaning abstinence. The issue of possible side-effects is worth considering. Quitting per se and both satiation and sensory deprivation may be stressful and as a result may potentially produce negative side effects. The observation of positive side-effects in these cases balances this possibility to some extent."}
{"id": "PMID:873659", "title": "Psychological test and demographic variables associated with retention of narcotic addicts in treatment.", "content": "The relationships of psychological and demographic variables to retention in treatment of narcotic addicts were examined. Age and race were not related to retention. The IQ's of subjects retained longer seemed to be higher but the relationship did not reach statistical significance with this sample size. Legal pressure was clearly associated with longer retention as were higher scores on the Suitable for Treatment Scale. Legal pressure seemed to exert its major influence early in treatment. Treatment center variables and patient variables probably interact to determine retention.", "contents": "Psychological test and demographic variables associated with retention of narcotic addicts in treatment. The relationships of psychological and demographic variables to retention in treatment of narcotic addicts were examined. Age and race were not related to retention. The IQ's of subjects retained longer seemed to be higher but the relationship did not reach statistical significance with this sample size. Legal pressure was clearly associated with longer retention as were higher scores on the Suitable for Treatment Scale. Legal pressure seemed to exert its major influence early in treatment. Treatment center variables and patient variables probably interact to determine retention."}
{"id": "PMID:873660", "title": "The usefulness and reliability of a drug severity scale.", "content": "This paper reports on the interrater reliability of a previously developed method for measuring severity of multidrug use. This method is based on interviewer's ratings of the number of different drugs used, the frequency of use, and the length of use of each drug. The results show that relatively unsophisticated raters in comparison with trained and experienced raters are able to utilize the drug severity form with a minimum of error.", "contents": "The usefulness and reliability of a drug severity scale. This paper reports on the interrater reliability of a previously developed method for measuring severity of multidrug use. This method is based on interviewer's ratings of the number of different drugs used, the frequency of use, and the length of use of each drug. The results show that relatively unsophisticated raters in comparison with trained and experienced raters are able to utilize the drug severity form with a minimum of error."}
{"id": "PMID:873661", "title": "Measuring various drug use dimensions with a calendar method.", "content": "This note presents a technique used to acquire a variety of time-specific data on drug use. The calendar technique involves self-reported patterns of consumption and any changes therein, including cessation. Advantages of this technique over other approaches are discussed, and examples of the variety of use measures that can be derived from the calendar method are  illustrated.", "contents": "Measuring various drug use dimensions with a calendar method. This note presents a technique used to acquire a variety of time-specific data on drug use. The calendar technique involves self-reported patterns of consumption and any changes therein, including cessation. Advantages of this technique over other approaches are discussed, and examples of the variety of use measures that can be derived from the calendar method are  illustrated."}
{"id": "PMID:873662", "title": "The consequences of osmotic diuresis in residual nephrons for urinary drug excretion.", "content": "The renal clearance of chloramphenicol (calculated per 100 ml of inulin clearance) increased in linear relation to fractional sodium and water excretion. The renal excretion of chloramphenicol may be influenced by changes in fractional water excretion without changes in fractional sodium excretion. The low sodium diet did not significantly change chloramphenicol urinary excretion in patients with chronic renal insufficiency. The results obtained are compatible with the view that osmotic diuresis in residual nephrons, the development of which is in part accounted for by an adaptive decrease in tubular sodium reabsorption, affects urinary excretion of drugs, the tubular transport of which depends on fractional water reabsorption.", "contents": "The consequences of osmotic diuresis in residual nephrons for urinary drug excretion. The renal clearance of chloramphenicol (calculated per 100 ml of inulin clearance) increased in linear relation to fractional sodium and water excretion. The renal excretion of chloramphenicol may be influenced by changes in fractional water excretion without changes in fractional sodium excretion. The low sodium diet did not significantly change chloramphenicol urinary excretion in patients with chronic renal insufficiency. The results obtained are compatible with the view that osmotic diuresis in residual nephrons, the development of which is in part accounted for by an adaptive decrease in tubular sodium reabsorption, affects urinary excretion of drugs, the tubular transport of which depends on fractional water reabsorption."}
{"id": "PMID:873663", "title": "Validation of plasma and urinary canrenone for determination of bioavailability of spironolactone--comparison of tablets with solution/suspension.", "content": "Data showing a linear relationship between spironolactone dose and the levels of canrenone in plasma and urine are presented to support the use of canrenone levels as a measure of the bioavailability of spironolactone. The bioavailability of a selected batch of spironolactone 25 mg tablets was compared to that of an oral aqueous suspension of spironolactone in a separate balanced cross-over study involving 10 healthy subjects. The tablets were equivalent to suspension as regards area under the plasma concentration-time curve and total urinary excretion of canrenone, the prinicipal unconjugated metabolite of spironolactone. Peak plasma concentrations of canrenone were higher, and were attained significantly earlier, after treatment with spironolactone in suspension. The results indicate that spironolactone was absorbed more rapidly from the suspension, but that the total absorption did not differ between the two formulations.", "contents": "Validation of plasma and urinary canrenone for determination of bioavailability of spironolactone--comparison of tablets with solution/suspension. Data showing a linear relationship between spironolactone dose and the levels of canrenone in plasma and urine are presented to support the use of canrenone levels as a measure of the bioavailability of spironolactone. The bioavailability of a selected batch of spironolactone 25 mg tablets was compared to that of an oral aqueous suspension of spironolactone in a separate balanced cross-over study involving 10 healthy subjects. The tablets were equivalent to suspension as regards area under the plasma concentration-time curve and total urinary excretion of canrenone, the prinicipal unconjugated metabolite of spironolactone. Peak plasma concentrations of canrenone were higher, and were attained significantly earlier, after treatment with spironolactone in suspension. The results indicate that spironolactone was absorbed more rapidly from the suspension, but that the total absorption did not differ between the two formulations."}
{"id": "PMID:873664", "title": "A survey of drug interaction.", "content": "A survey is presented of the interaction phenomena between two or more simultaneously used drugs. The well known mechanisms of drug interaction, like chemical incompatibility, displacement of protein binding, enzyme induction, etc., are summarized and illustrated by means of practically relevant examples. Attention is paid to the fact that drug interaction can sometimes be advantageous from the clinical point of view, although in many cases it is an unwanted phenomenon in practical pharmacotherapy. Furthermore, the predictability and detection of interaction phenomena are mentioned briefly, together with the possibilities of distributing appropriate information to physicians and pharmacists.", "contents": "A survey of drug interaction. A survey is presented of the interaction phenomena between two or more simultaneously used drugs. The well known mechanisms of drug interaction, like chemical incompatibility, displacement of protein binding, enzyme induction, etc., are summarized and illustrated by means of practically relevant examples. Attention is paid to the fact that drug interaction can sometimes be advantageous from the clinical point of view, although in many cases it is an unwanted phenomenon in practical pharmacotherapy. Furthermore, the predictability and detection of interaction phenomena are mentioned briefly, together with the possibilities of distributing appropriate information to physicians and pharmacists."}
{"id": "PMID:873665", "title": "The significance of the simultaneous determination of carbamazepine and its 10,11-epoxide from plasma and human erythrocytes.", "content": "The distribution of carbamazepine and its 10,11-epoxide derivative into human erythrocytes was studied in child and adult epileptics on long-term therapy. Firstly, it was found that carbamazepine penetrated into erythrocytes, where the mean concentration of the drug was in rational agreement with the unbound fraction in plasma. Secondly, the relationship between the percentage of carbamazepine concentration in red cell and the drug level in plasma resembled the relationship between the percentage of unbound carbamazepine and the drug level in plasma, which relation has been described in literature recently. This similarity favors this: by determining the ratio of carbamazepine in red cells to the drug in plasma, the unbound fraction can be deduced. Thirdly, carbamazepine-10,11-epoxide was not found in red cells.", "contents": "The significance of the simultaneous determination of carbamazepine and its 10,11-epoxide from plasma and human erythrocytes. The distribution of carbamazepine and its 10,11-epoxide derivative into human erythrocytes was studied in child and adult epileptics on long-term therapy. Firstly, it was found that carbamazepine penetrated into erythrocytes, where the mean concentration of the drug was in rational agreement with the unbound fraction in plasma. Secondly, the relationship between the percentage of carbamazepine concentration in red cell and the drug level in plasma resembled the relationship between the percentage of unbound carbamazepine and the drug level in plasma, which relation has been described in literature recently. This similarity favors this: by determining the ratio of carbamazepine in red cells to the drug in plasma, the unbound fraction can be deduced. Thirdly, carbamazepine-10,11-epoxide was not found in red cells."}
{"id": "PMID:873666", "title": "Pharmacokinetics of papaverine in man.", "content": "A retrospective pharmacokinetic analysis was done of papaverine plasma level data in man reported in the literature. Upon i.v. administration the plasma level vs time curve can best be described by an open two-compartment model, and upon p.o. administration by open-compartment model. The biological half-life of papaverine varies between 1.5 and 2.2 hours, and has a volume of distribution of approximately 15% of the body weight. Papaverine is practically completely metabolized and underlies the first-pass effect upon p.o. administration.", "contents": "Pharmacokinetics of papaverine in man. A retrospective pharmacokinetic analysis was done of papaverine plasma level data in man reported in the literature. Upon i.v. administration the plasma level vs time curve can best be described by an open two-compartment model, and upon p.o. administration by open-compartment model. The biological half-life of papaverine varies between 1.5 and 2.2 hours, and has a volume of distribution of approximately 15% of the body weight. Papaverine is practically completely metabolized and underlies the first-pass effect upon p.o. administration."}
{"id": "PMID:873674", "title": "Eye color in skin cancer.", "content": "In Spain, 2175 patients with skin disease were studied for eye color; 425 had skin cancer and 1750 had other skin conditions. Of the skin cancer patients, 359 had light-colored eyes (blue, green, gray or light brown). Of the others, 60% had dark-colored eyes (black or dark brown).", "contents": "Eye color in skin cancer. In Spain, 2175 patients with skin disease were studied for eye color; 425 had skin cancer and 1750 had other skin conditions. Of the skin cancer patients, 359 had light-colored eyes (blue, green, gray or light brown). Of the others, 60% had dark-colored eyes (black or dark brown)."}
{"id": "PMID:873676", "title": "New uses for benzoyl peroxide: a broad-spectrum antimicrobial agent.", "content": "Benzoyl peroxide is a useful agent in the treatment of acne, chronic ulcers, tinea pedis, and tinea versicolor, probably because of its antimicrobial power. 2.5% concentration is almost as active as 5%. Although potential irritancy and allergic reaction have not been a problem on the face, benzoyl peroxide should be used judiciously in chronically inflamed or ulcerated skin. Several potential uses are mentioned.", "contents": "New uses for benzoyl peroxide: a broad-spectrum antimicrobial agent. Benzoyl peroxide is a useful agent in the treatment of acne, chronic ulcers, tinea pedis, and tinea versicolor, probably because of its antimicrobial power. 2.5% concentration is almost as active as 5%. Although potential irritancy and allergic reaction have not been a problem on the face, benzoyl peroxide should be used judiciously in chronically inflamed or ulcerated skin. Several potential uses are mentioned."}
{"id": "PMID:873677", "title": "Nonsuture surgery for basal cell carcinoma: an alternative method.", "content": "Eighty-seven basal cell carcinomas were treated by surgical excision. Sites of removal were allowed to heal by secondary intention. Advantages of this method include histologic monitoring of the adequacy of incision, a less formidable surgical procedure, and a cosmetically acceptable scar.", "contents": "Nonsuture surgery for basal cell carcinoma: an alternative method. Eighty-seven basal cell carcinomas were treated by surgical excision. Sites of removal were allowed to heal by secondary intention. Advantages of this method include histologic monitoring of the adequacy of incision, a less formidable surgical procedure, and a cosmetically acceptable scar."}
{"id": "PMID:873696", "title": "Maintaining spontaneous respiration in the postoperative phase of cardiac surgery.", "content": "With the described technic we were able to eliminate the use of a ventilator with its attendant problems. No ventilator can adjust to the body's demand for ample ventilation as correctly as the body itselt. All anesthetic agents used are without depressant effect on the respiratory and cardiovascular systems. The most important result of this technic is that at the end of surgery the patient is quite awake and breathing normally. There is therefore no need for a ventilator in the postoperative phase. An illustrative case is presented.", "contents": "Maintaining spontaneous respiration in the postoperative phase of cardiac surgery. With the described technic we were able to eliminate the use of a ventilator with its attendant problems. No ventilator can adjust to the body's demand for ample ventilation as correctly as the body itselt. All anesthetic agents used are without depressant effect on the respiratory and cardiovascular systems. The most important result of this technic is that at the end of surgery the patient is quite awake and breathing normally. There is therefore no need for a ventilator in the postoperative phase. An illustrative case is presented."}
{"id": "PMID:873698", "title": "Esophageal atresia with tracheoesophageal fistula.", "content": "Our experience in treating ten full-term and six premature infants with esophageal atresia and distal tracheoesophageal fistula was reported. Fourteen cases were treated by a one-stage procedure and two cases by a two-stage procedure. One patient died due to pulmonary infection following the one-stage procedure and one died of septicemia after the two-stage procedure. Anastomotic stricture developed in four cases and was treated successfully by dilatation.", "contents": "Esophageal atresia with tracheoesophageal fistula. Our experience in treating ten full-term and six premature infants with esophageal atresia and distal tracheoesophageal fistula was reported. Fourteen cases were treated by a one-stage procedure and two cases by a two-stage procedure. One patient died due to pulmonary infection following the one-stage procedure and one died of septicemia after the two-stage procedure. Anastomotic stricture developed in four cases and was treated successfully by dilatation."}
{"id": "PMID:873699", "title": "Rational use of operation in pericardial constriction.", "content": "The most appropriate operation for constricting pericardial disease must be selected to provide optimum chance for permanent recovery of myocardial function with minimal morbidity. Our 18 patients demonstrate the changing cause of pericardial constrictive disease and the application of newer surgical treatments. Good results were obtained in 16 patients.", "contents": "Rational use of operation in pericardial constriction. The most appropriate operation for constricting pericardial disease must be selected to provide optimum chance for permanent recovery of myocardial function with minimal morbidity. Our 18 patients demonstrate the changing cause of pericardial constrictive disease and the application of newer surgical treatments. Good results were obtained in 16 patients."}
{"id": "PMID:873702", "title": "Pyloric origin of gastric and duodenal ulcers: surgical connotations.", "content": "A new theory on cause and treatment of peptic diseases proposes that these disorders result from dysfunction of the pyloric muscle causing delay in gastric emptying of solids. It emphasizes the separate function of the duodenal sphincter and the gastric sphincter components of this muscle. Dysfunction of either results in delayed gastric emptying of solids. Peritoneal patch pyloroplasty (PPP) has been devised to correct delayed gastric emptying. Testing of gastric emptying by the barium burger meal is essential to proper diagnosis. One hundred consecutive patients who required surgery for peptic diseases during the past five years have undergone PPP, the first 20 with, and the next 80 without, vagotomy. Results included two deaths and 94 favorable results. Follow-up studies in these patients continue.", "contents": "Pyloric origin of gastric and duodenal ulcers: surgical connotations. A new theory on cause and treatment of peptic diseases proposes that these disorders result from dysfunction of the pyloric muscle causing delay in gastric emptying of solids. It emphasizes the separate function of the duodenal sphincter and the gastric sphincter components of this muscle. Dysfunction of either results in delayed gastric emptying of solids. Peritoneal patch pyloroplasty (PPP) has been devised to correct delayed gastric emptying. Testing of gastric emptying by the barium burger meal is essential to proper diagnosis. One hundred consecutive patients who required surgery for peptic diseases during the past five years have undergone PPP, the first 20 with, and the next 80 without, vagotomy. Results included two deaths and 94 favorable results. Follow-up studies in these patients continue."}
{"id": "PMID:873704", "title": "Legg-Calv\u00e9-Perthes disease in Nigerians.", "content": "Ten new patients with Legg-Calv\u00e9-Perthes disease were seen in the University College Hospital, Ibadan, in ten years, out of a hospital pediatric population of 550,000, giving an incidence of 1:55,000. This result is consistent with previous reports that Legg-Calv\u00e9-Perthes disease is less common in Negroes than in Caucasians but Negroes are not immune.", "contents": "Legg-Calv\u00e9-Perthes disease in Nigerians. Ten new patients with Legg-Calv\u00e9-Perthes disease were seen in the University College Hospital, Ibadan, in ten years, out of a hospital pediatric population of 550,000, giving an incidence of 1:55,000. This result is consistent with previous reports that Legg-Calv\u00e9-Perthes disease is less common in Negroes than in Caucasians but Negroes are not immune."}
{"id": "PMID:873705", "title": "Enchondroma of the hand.", "content": "Thirty-three patients with enchondroma of the hand underwent operation for removal of the enchondroma and filling of the cavity with bone meal. Twenty-six patients had pathological fractures of the phalanges or metacarpals.", "contents": "Enchondroma of the hand. Thirty-three patients with enchondroma of the hand underwent operation for removal of the enchondroma and filling of the cavity with bone meal. Twenty-six patients had pathological fractures of the phalanges or metacarpals."}
{"id": "PMID:873708", "title": "Parietal cell vagotomy and omentopexy as definitive surgery for perforated duodenal ulcer.", "content": "We recommend a definitive procedure as initial management for acute perforated duodenal ulcer. In the two patients herein reported, the parietal cell vagotomy with omentopexy and without drainage was performed as a definitive procedure for perforated duodenal ulcer. No wound infection, dumping symptoms or diarrhea occurred in the early postoperative period. Gastrointestinal follow-up study in one patient showed normal passage. These early favorable results with minimal morbidity encourage us to broaden the indications for definitive operation for acute perforation.", "contents": "Parietal cell vagotomy and omentopexy as definitive surgery for perforated duodenal ulcer. We recommend a definitive procedure as initial management for acute perforated duodenal ulcer. In the two patients herein reported, the parietal cell vagotomy with omentopexy and without drainage was performed as a definitive procedure for perforated duodenal ulcer. No wound infection, dumping symptoms or diarrhea occurred in the early postoperative period. Gastrointestinal follow-up study in one patient showed normal passage. These early favorable results with minimal morbidity encourage us to broaden the indications for definitive operation for acute perforation."}
{"id": "PMID:873709", "title": "Gait study in evaluation of results in intramedullary nailing for femoral shaft fractures.", "content": "The present preliminary investigation conducted on six adult males whose femur shaft fractures had been fixed internally by means of Hansen-Street intermedullary nails indicated that our gait study technic helps confirm the clinical findings in such cases. Five patients, although their fractures had united and they had resumed their usual activities, were not deemed quite normal as yet and the causes for their gait abnormality were identified in the clinical examination. The gait study technic thus provided fairly accurate quantitative support of the clinical findings.", "contents": "Gait study in evaluation of results in intramedullary nailing for femoral shaft fractures. The present preliminary investigation conducted on six adult males whose femur shaft fractures had been fixed internally by means of Hansen-Street intermedullary nails indicated that our gait study technic helps confirm the clinical findings in such cases. Five patients, although their fractures had united and they had resumed their usual activities, were not deemed quite normal as yet and the causes for their gait abnormality were identified in the clinical examination. The gait study technic thus provided fairly accurate quantitative support of the clinical findings."}
{"id": "PMID:873713", "title": "The surgical gallbladder.", "content": "A series of 412 personally performed cholecystectomies is analyzed and discussed. Surgical cases were divided into groups based on whether or not the gallbladder was visualized by cholecystography. A third group required immediate surgery without attempting radiologic investigation. We do not accept the diagnosis of dyskinesia which is a radiological finding as an indication for surgery and no such cases are included in the series. Quite a number of cases operated on for \"chronic cholecystitis\" were found at surgery to have other less common pathological lesions, as proved by later histologic examination of the excised gallbladders. Bilharzial gallbladder disease is discussed and the new terms bilharzial cholecystitis and bilharzioma of the gallbladder are suggested for the lesions described. We stress the need to explore, inspect and aspirate the common bile duct in every case of calculous cholecystitis as the only alternative to operative cholangiography. By so doing biliary fistulas were completely eliminated from the series.", "contents": "The surgical gallbladder. A series of 412 personally performed cholecystectomies is analyzed and discussed. Surgical cases were divided into groups based on whether or not the gallbladder was visualized by cholecystography. A third group required immediate surgery without attempting radiologic investigation. We do not accept the diagnosis of dyskinesia which is a radiological finding as an indication for surgery and no such cases are included in the series. Quite a number of cases operated on for \"chronic cholecystitis\" were found at surgery to have other less common pathological lesions, as proved by later histologic examination of the excised gallbladders. Bilharzial gallbladder disease is discussed and the new terms bilharzial cholecystitis and bilharzioma of the gallbladder are suggested for the lesions described. We stress the need to explore, inspect and aspirate the common bile duct in every case of calculous cholecystitis as the only alternative to operative cholangiography. By so doing biliary fistulas were completely eliminated from the series."}
{"id": "PMID:873715", "title": "Prophylactic lithium and personality variables. An international collaborative study.", "content": "61 patients - 28 suffering from bipolar, and 33 from unipolar psychotic affective disorders - completed two personality inventories, one before and one about 6 months after starting lithium treatment to prevent relapses. On the basis of empirical observations it had been assumed that personality characteristics would change more in bipolar than in unipolar patients and that these changes would concern mainly those personality characteristics which reflect sociability and impulsivity. The inventories used were the EPI and the MNT. The results were in agreement with the predictions. Moreover, a significant decrease in N-scores was found both in bipolar and unipolar patients. It is assumed that these changes reflect both the therapeutic effect of lithium and an effect upon the personality characteristics of patients who suffer from bipolar or unipolar affective disorders.", "contents": "Prophylactic lithium and personality variables. An international collaborative study. 61 patients - 28 suffering from bipolar, and 33 from unipolar psychotic affective disorders - completed two personality inventories, one before and one about 6 months after starting lithium treatment to prevent relapses. On the basis of empirical observations it had been assumed that personality characteristics would change more in bipolar than in unipolar patients and that these changes would concern mainly those personality characteristics which reflect sociability and impulsivity. The inventories used were the EPI and the MNT. The results were in agreement with the predictions. Moreover, a significant decrease in N-scores was found both in bipolar and unipolar patients. It is assumed that these changes reflect both the therapeutic effect of lithium and an effect upon the personality characteristics of patients who suffer from bipolar or unipolar affective disorders."}
{"id": "PMID:873714", "title": "A controlled study of a dopa decarboxylase inhibitor (benserazide) in the treatment of schizophrenic patients.", "content": "In a double-blind controlled study lasting 6 weeks, 32 schizophrenic patients were randomly assigned to one of two treatments: chlorpromazine or benserazide, a dopa decarboxylase inhibitor. Results on each measure were subject to multifactorial analysis of covariance. Benserazide did not appear to be as effective an antipsychotic medicaiton as chlorpromazine. In fact, chlorpromazine was significantly better on measures of tension, excitement, hallucinatory behavior, thinking disturbance, social interest, and drop-out rate. At the relatively low dosages used in this study, it would seem that benserazide had little effect on the cerebral dopa decarboxylase, and it would be worthwhile trying higher dosages.", "contents": "A controlled study of a dopa decarboxylase inhibitor (benserazide) in the treatment of schizophrenic patients. In a double-blind controlled study lasting 6 weeks, 32 schizophrenic patients were randomly assigned to one of two treatments: chlorpromazine or benserazide, a dopa decarboxylase inhibitor. Results on each measure were subject to multifactorial analysis of covariance. Benserazide did not appear to be as effective an antipsychotic medicaiton as chlorpromazine. In fact, chlorpromazine was significantly better on measures of tension, excitement, hallucinatory behavior, thinking disturbance, social interest, and drop-out rate. At the relatively low dosages used in this study, it would seem that benserazide had little effect on the cerebral dopa decarboxylase, and it would be worthwhile trying higher dosages."}
{"id": "PMID:873716", "title": "Clinical study with bromperidol, a new butyrophenone derivative.", "content": "20 psychotic - predominantly schizophrenic - patients underwent treatment with the new butyrophenone derivative bromperidol for a period of 4 weeks; the drug was administered in the form of 1 mg tablets. The daily dose (initial dose: 1 mg; mean dose at the end of the trial: 4.47 mg) was always administered in one single dose. 19 patients finished the trial, and in 18 cases the therapeutic result was considered very good to good. These results were confirmed by statistical analysis. Nine patients exhibited mild to moderate extrapyramidal concomitant symptoms; no other side effects were observed. The results of detailed laboratory tests and evaluations of various quantitative and qualitative tolerability parameters were not indicative of toxic effects. The therapeutic value of this new substance will be demonstrated by a double-blind study.", "contents": "Clinical study with bromperidol, a new butyrophenone derivative. 20 psychotic - predominantly schizophrenic - patients underwent treatment with the new butyrophenone derivative bromperidol for a period of 4 weeks; the drug was administered in the form of 1 mg tablets. The daily dose (initial dose: 1 mg; mean dose at the end of the trial: 4.47 mg) was always administered in one single dose. 19 patients finished the trial, and in 18 cases the therapeutic result was considered very good to good. These results were confirmed by statistical analysis. Nine patients exhibited mild to moderate extrapyramidal concomitant symptoms; no other side effects were observed. The results of detailed laboratory tests and evaluations of various quantitative and qualitative tolerability parameters were not indicative of toxic effects. The therapeutic value of this new substance will be demonstrated by a double-blind study."}
{"id": "PMID:873717", "title": "[Psychopathometric methods for the testing of psychopharmaceuticals. Efficiency increase].", "content": "The rentability of tests of psychopharmacological drugs can essentially be influenced by psychopathometric procedures. Shortness and simplicity of the test decisively adds to the rentability and the validity of the examination. Procedures considering patients' demands, also demand a high amount of variation and robustness by which (1) the validity is increased and (2) the rentability is decreased. Investigations in time series make further economizing of tests possible, if - valid for reversible physically caused psychosis and cyclothymical depression - symptoms and syndromes will be changed in a rectifying manner. This is shown in a study with the antidepressant Mefexamid given to depressive patients. From these patients were taken one objective and three self-rating scales. In these cases each test on its own gave 84% of the information which it had given together with a second scale.", "contents": "[Psychopathometric methods for the testing of psychopharmaceuticals. Efficiency increase]. The rentability of tests of psychopharmacological drugs can essentially be influenced by psychopathometric procedures. Shortness and simplicity of the test decisively adds to the rentability and the validity of the examination. Procedures considering patients' demands, also demand a high amount of variation and robustness by which (1) the validity is increased and (2) the rentability is decreased. Investigations in time series make further economizing of tests possible, if - valid for reversible physically caused psychosis and cyclothymical depression - symptoms and syndromes will be changed in a rectifying manner. This is shown in a study with the antidepressant Mefexamid given to depressive patients. From these patients were taken one objective and three self-rating scales. In these cases each test on its own gave 84% of the information which it had given together with a second scale."}
{"id": "PMID:873718", "title": "Open trial and double-blind clinical trial of the antidepressant Ro 8-1998 in comparison with imipramine.", "content": "Based on the results of an open trial with Ro 8-1998 (chemic name: N,N-dimethyl-3-(1-methyl-5H-dibenzo(a,d)cycloheptene-5-ylidene)-propylamine N-oxide hydrochloride) in 11 endogenous depressed outpatients a double-blind trial with imipramine was proposed. Therapeutic efficacy and side effects of Ro 8-1998 and imipramine were compared in a double-blind trial with 30 patients who were newly hospitalized. Most of them suffered from endogenous depression. On days 0, 5, 10, 15 and 20 the patients were examined and the symptoms were documented with the AMP system, the Hamilton scale for depression, a behaviour rating and the \"global depression rating Zurich\". Ro 8-1998 caused a decrease of systolic blood pressure, an increase of heart frequency and urea. Twelve out of 15 patients showed a decrease of white blood cells. In four patients the number of white blood cells dropped below 4,000. Statistical analyses proved both substances to be potent antidepressants. The therapeutic efficacy of Ro 8-1998 was at least equal to that of imipramine. Further trials with bigger groups of patients are necessary to show whether the trend towards a better antidepressant efficacy of Ro 8-1998 can be reproduced.", "contents": "Open trial and double-blind clinical trial of the antidepressant Ro 8-1998 in comparison with imipramine. Based on the results of an open trial with Ro 8-1998 (chemic name: N,N-dimethyl-3-(1-methyl-5H-dibenzo(a,d)cycloheptene-5-ylidene)-propylamine N-oxide hydrochloride) in 11 endogenous depressed outpatients a double-blind trial with imipramine was proposed. Therapeutic efficacy and side effects of Ro 8-1998 and imipramine were compared in a double-blind trial with 30 patients who were newly hospitalized. Most of them suffered from endogenous depression. On days 0, 5, 10, 15 and 20 the patients were examined and the symptoms were documented with the AMP system, the Hamilton scale for depression, a behaviour rating and the \"global depression rating Zurich\". Ro 8-1998 caused a decrease of systolic blood pressure, an increase of heart frequency and urea. Twelve out of 15 patients showed a decrease of white blood cells. In four patients the number of white blood cells dropped below 4,000. Statistical analyses proved both substances to be potent antidepressants. The therapeutic efficacy of Ro 8-1998 was at least equal to that of imipramine. Further trials with bigger groups of patients are necessary to show whether the trend towards a better antidepressant efficacy of Ro 8-1998 can be reproduced."}
{"id": "PMID:873719", "title": "Plasma renin activity during lithium treatment of patients.", "content": "Plasma renin activity (PRA) was determined in patients given lithium treatment. In a longitudinal study PRA was determined in 9 patients before the start of lithium treatment and at intervals during 3 months of treatment. The activity was increased significantly above pretreatment values on day 8 of the treatment; thereafter it fell to pretreatment values. In a transversal study 18 patients given lithium treatment for 2-20 years were compared with 11 control persons. PRA did not differ significantly between the two groups. The results indicate that PRA rises transiently shortly after start of lithium treatment and thereafter falls to pretreatment values where it remains even under prolonged lithium administration.", "contents": "Plasma renin activity during lithium treatment of patients. Plasma renin activity (PRA) was determined in patients given lithium treatment. In a longitudinal study PRA was determined in 9 patients before the start of lithium treatment and at intervals during 3 months of treatment. The activity was increased significantly above pretreatment values on day 8 of the treatment; thereafter it fell to pretreatment values. In a transversal study 18 patients given lithium treatment for 2-20 years were compared with 11 control persons. PRA did not differ significantly between the two groups. The results indicate that PRA rises transiently shortly after start of lithium treatment and thereafter falls to pretreatment values where it remains even under prolonged lithium administration."}
{"id": "PMID:873722", "title": "The normal and abnormal human corneal epithelial surface: a scanning electron microscope study.", "content": "The surface morphology of 108 corneal buttons obtained at keratoplasty showed specific patterns for each disease process. The surface over a traumatically scarred cornea was identical to that of undamaged sites, showing microvilli and microplicae in various numbers and combinations. Keratoconus specimens showed many dark cells, frequently noted to have surface blebs 0.25 to 3 micrometer in size over the entire cone in the nipple type, and in a broad basal band inside the cone or over the entire button in the sagging-cone type. Some blebs contained cytoplasm and 250 A glycogen-like granules. In larger, dark cells, holes were found in the blebs and the plasma membrane was degenerated. Corneal epithelial edema was manifested by a large irregular surface caused by the anterior bulge of edematous cells, many attached by only a small area, and variable-sized depressions, often the size of epithelial cells. More than a year after stromal scarring from herpetic keratitis, many epithelial cells lay loosely on the surface whereas other epithelial cells were edematous and partially detached from the surface cell sheet. Localized heaping of rounded epithelial and inflammatory cells persisted in some areas.", "contents": "The normal and abnormal human corneal epithelial surface: a scanning electron microscope study. The surface morphology of 108 corneal buttons obtained at keratoplasty showed specific patterns for each disease process. The surface over a traumatically scarred cornea was identical to that of undamaged sites, showing microvilli and microplicae in various numbers and combinations. Keratoconus specimens showed many dark cells, frequently noted to have surface blebs 0.25 to 3 micrometer in size over the entire cone in the nipple type, and in a broad basal band inside the cone or over the entire button in the sagging-cone type. Some blebs contained cytoplasm and 250 A glycogen-like granules. In larger, dark cells, holes were found in the blebs and the plasma membrane was degenerated. Corneal epithelial edema was manifested by a large irregular surface caused by the anterior bulge of edematous cells, many attached by only a small area, and variable-sized depressions, often the size of epithelial cells. More than a year after stromal scarring from herpetic keratitis, many epithelial cells lay loosely on the surface whereas other epithelial cells were edematous and partially detached from the surface cell sheet. Localized heaping of rounded epithelial and inflammatory cells persisted in some areas."}
{"id": "PMID:873724", "title": "Pseudomonas eye infections in cyclophosphamide-treated mice.", "content": "Swiss-Webster mice challenged intracorneally with varying doses of P. aeruginosa exhibit eye infection within 24 hr. as detected by corneal opacity. The infection remains localized and spontaneously heals within 4 to 6 weeks. However, when mice are pretreated with a single i.p. injection of cyclophosphamide 4 days prior to either intracorneal or anterior-chamber challenge with various bacterial cell suspensions (10(1) to 10(8)), 83% of the anterior chamber and 54% of the intracorneally challenged mice (most at higher dilutions of the bacteria) died of Pseudomonas septicemia within 48 hr. Corneal damage was histochemically and ultrastructurally observed in surviving animals by 24 to 48 hr. following challenge by either route.", "contents": "Pseudomonas eye infections in cyclophosphamide-treated mice. Swiss-Webster mice challenged intracorneally with varying doses of P. aeruginosa exhibit eye infection within 24 hr. as detected by corneal opacity. The infection remains localized and spontaneously heals within 4 to 6 weeks. However, when mice are pretreated with a single i.p. injection of cyclophosphamide 4 days prior to either intracorneal or anterior-chamber challenge with various bacterial cell suspensions (10(1) to 10(8)), 83% of the anterior chamber and 54% of the intracorneally challenged mice (most at higher dilutions of the bacteria) died of Pseudomonas septicemia within 48 hr. Corneal damage was histochemically and ultrastructurally observed in surviving animals by 24 to 48 hr. following challenge by either route."}
{"id": "PMID:873725", "title": "Simplification of glutathione-bicarbonate-Ringer solution: its effect on corneal thickness.", "content": "Glutathione and adenosine can safely be omitted from glutathione-bicarbonate-Ringer solution (GBR) which is used as an irrigating solution during vitrectomy, without significant reduction in the solution's efficacy or increase in corneal toxicity. Bicarbonate appears to be an essential ingredient and should not be omitted from the Ringer solution.", "contents": "Simplification of glutathione-bicarbonate-Ringer solution: its effect on corneal thickness. Glutathione and adenosine can safely be omitted from glutathione-bicarbonate-Ringer solution (GBR) which is used as an irrigating solution during vitrectomy, without significant reduction in the solution's efficacy or increase in corneal toxicity. Bicarbonate appears to be an essential ingredient and should not be omitted from the Ringer solution."}
{"id": "PMID:873726", "title": "Acoustic microscopy of the human retina and pigment epithelium.", "content": "An acoustic microscope uses sound waves rather than light to image a sample, and displays viscoelastic rather than optical properties. The Stanford instrument, operating at frequencies near 1,000 MHz, achieves resolution and magnification that is comparable to a light microscope. Using this instrument, we examined sections of normal human retina and pigment epithelium and found that characteristic degrees of acoustic attenuation or phase shift were produced by structures such as cell nuclei, rod and cone outer segments, Bruch's membrane, red blood cells, and ocular pigment. Resolution was better with thin than thick sections, and fixation did not significantly alter the acoustic properties of the tissues studied. A comparison of iris tissue from albino and pigmented rabbits showed that melanin was a particularly strong acoustic attenuator. Acoustic microscopy may provide a new and direct means of probing the physical structure of tissues and cells.", "contents": "Acoustic microscopy of the human retina and pigment epithelium. An acoustic microscope uses sound waves rather than light to image a sample, and displays viscoelastic rather than optical properties. The Stanford instrument, operating at frequencies near 1,000 MHz, achieves resolution and magnification that is comparable to a light microscope. Using this instrument, we examined sections of normal human retina and pigment epithelium and found that characteristic degrees of acoustic attenuation or phase shift were produced by structures such as cell nuclei, rod and cone outer segments, Bruch's membrane, red blood cells, and ocular pigment. Resolution was better with thin than thick sections, and fixation did not significantly alter the acoustic properties of the tissues studied. A comparison of iris tissue from albino and pigmented rabbits showed that melanin was a particularly strong acoustic attenuator. Acoustic microscopy may provide a new and direct means of probing the physical structure of tissues and cells."}
{"id": "PMID:873727", "title": "Double-membrane arrays in type II fibers of mouse extraocular muscle.", "content": "Double-membrane arrays were observed in singly innervated type II fibers of the global region of mouse superior rectus. These arrays were selectively confined to the endplate region of such cells. Close associations and continuities between the cisternae of the arrays with those of the intermyofibrillar sarcoplasmic reticulum suggest derivation of the former from the latter. These proliferations of the cellular smooth membranes might be related to the specialized functional requirements of the innervation site.", "contents": "Double-membrane arrays in type II fibers of mouse extraocular muscle. Double-membrane arrays were observed in singly innervated type II fibers of the global region of mouse superior rectus. These arrays were selectively confined to the endplate region of such cells. Close associations and continuities between the cisternae of the arrays with those of the intermyofibrillar sarcoplasmic reticulum suggest derivation of the former from the latter. These proliferations of the cellular smooth membranes might be related to the specialized functional requirements of the innervation site."}
{"id": "PMID:873728", "title": "Electro-oculography in infants.", "content": "To record the electro-oculogram in infants without using general anesthesia and passive globe rotation, we used the static vestibular reflex in which compensatory eye movements occur in response to angular rotation of the semicircular canal. To produce these eye movements, we placed the infant in a supine position in his mother's arms in a rocking chair and, while he nursed from a bottle, directed his attention to a distracting stimulus. We recorded the electro-oculogram during rocking under conditions of light and dark adaptation. We used the electro-oculograms to calculate the conventional light-to-dark amplitude ratio.", "contents": "Electro-oculography in infants. To record the electro-oculogram in infants without using general anesthesia and passive globe rotation, we used the static vestibular reflex in which compensatory eye movements occur in response to angular rotation of the semicircular canal. To produce these eye movements, we placed the infant in a supine position in his mother's arms in a rocking chair and, while he nursed from a bottle, directed his attention to a distracting stimulus. We recorded the electro-oculogram during rocking under conditions of light and dark adaptation. We used the electro-oculograms to calculate the conventional light-to-dark amplitude ratio."}
{"id": "PMID:873730", "title": "Fusing human rod outer segments from an eye enucleated for choroidal melanoma.", "content": "In the retina from an eye enucleated for choroidal melanoma apposed rod outer segments were seen by transmission electron microscopy to be fusing together in groups by the confluence of their plasma membranes and the formation of cytoplasmic bridges between adjacent outer segments. These fusions were seen in areas distant from the melanoma but where the retina was not normal in appearance.", "contents": "Fusing human rod outer segments from an eye enucleated for choroidal melanoma. In the retina from an eye enucleated for choroidal melanoma apposed rod outer segments were seen by transmission electron microscopy to be fusing together in groups by the confluence of their plasma membranes and the formation of cytoplasmic bridges between adjacent outer segments. These fusions were seen in areas distant from the melanoma but where the retina was not normal in appearance."}
{"id": "PMID:873732", "title": "Unfocused ultrasound for localized tissue destruction in rabbit kidneys.", "content": "The rabbit kidney was subjected to exposure from an unfocused ultrasound source in an effort to create a relatively large volume of ultrasound-damaged tissue in the rabbit kidney. The results of this exposure were followed for 1 year. An insignificant change in blood pressure was noted up to 1 month after exposure to ultrasound and no persistent hypertension was noted thereafter. Marked gross, histologic, and vascular changes were found in the area of exposure culminating in marked absorption of renal substance (in excess of 25 per cent of total kidney weight). Calcific stones formed in the pelvis of the kidney in virtually all animals observed from 6 months to 1 year after ultrasound exposure. These stones appeared to be related to the calcification within the transitional epithelium of tubules at the junction of normal and ultrasound-damaged tissue. The marked ability of the absorptive processes to ablate large volumes of physically damaged tissue is demonstrated.", "contents": "Unfocused ultrasound for localized tissue destruction in rabbit kidneys. The rabbit kidney was subjected to exposure from an unfocused ultrasound source in an effort to create a relatively large volume of ultrasound-damaged tissue in the rabbit kidney. The results of this exposure were followed for 1 year. An insignificant change in blood pressure was noted up to 1 month after exposure to ultrasound and no persistent hypertension was noted thereafter. Marked gross, histologic, and vascular changes were found in the area of exposure culminating in marked absorption of renal substance (in excess of 25 per cent of total kidney weight). Calcific stones formed in the pelvis of the kidney in virtually all animals observed from 6 months to 1 year after ultrasound exposure. These stones appeared to be related to the calcification within the transitional epithelium of tubules at the junction of normal and ultrasound-damaged tissue. The marked ability of the absorptive processes to ablate large volumes of physically damaged tissue is demonstrated."}
{"id": "PMID:873734", "title": "Castration effects on tumor specific immunity.", "content": "Using two immunogenic methylcholanthrene-induced fibrosarcomas in CD2F1 male mice, initial observations suggested that the rate of tumor growth might be enhanced by castration. For confirmation, tumor transplantation experiments using more than 500 mice were carried out in order to compare tumor specific transplantation immunity in castrate and in control male mice. Inbred mice bearing a 3-methylcholanthrene-induced fibrosarcoma transplant underwent surgical excision of the tumor; and specific resistance to subsequent challenges using varying doses of that tumor cell line were compared in castrate and in noncastrate groups of mice. Although castration influenced the rate of tumor growth, castration had no apparent effect on tumor specific immunoresistance. Mechanisms of host-tumor immunorelationships are discussed.", "contents": "Castration effects on tumor specific immunity. Using two immunogenic methylcholanthrene-induced fibrosarcomas in CD2F1 male mice, initial observations suggested that the rate of tumor growth might be enhanced by castration. For confirmation, tumor transplantation experiments using more than 500 mice were carried out in order to compare tumor specific transplantation immunity in castrate and in control male mice. Inbred mice bearing a 3-methylcholanthrene-induced fibrosarcoma transplant underwent surgical excision of the tumor; and specific resistance to subsequent challenges using varying doses of that tumor cell line were compared in castrate and in noncastrate groups of mice. Although castration influenced the rate of tumor growth, castration had no apparent effect on tumor specific immunoresistance. Mechanisms of host-tumor immunorelationships are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:873735", "title": "Quantitation of urinary immunogloublins by a double antibody technique.", "content": "A double antibody method for quantitation of urinary immunoglobulins that is sensitive enough to avoid the need for urine concentrations has been developed. The first antibody is goat antiserum monospecific for the heavy chains of IgA, IgG, and IgM. The second, and precipitating, antibody is developed in rabbits made tolerant to human IgG. Normal values for male and female children and adults are presented. Elevated levels of urinary IgA and IgG were found after urinary tract infection.", "contents": "Quantitation of urinary immunogloublins by a double antibody technique. A double antibody method for quantitation of urinary immunoglobulins that is sensitive enough to avoid the need for urine concentrations has been developed. The first antibody is goat antiserum monospecific for the heavy chains of IgA, IgG, and IgM. The second, and precipitating, antibody is developed in rabbits made tolerant to human IgG. Normal values for male and female children and adults are presented. Elevated levels of urinary IgA and IgG were found after urinary tract infection."}
{"id": "PMID:873736", "title": "Dynamics of the continent ileal bladder. An experimental study in dogs.", "content": "A continent ileal bladder was constructed in six dogs. The most important requirements for a continent ileal bladder as a reliable mechanism of continency and for prevention of back flow in the ureters could be achieved by two intussusception valves (nipples) of small bowel in opposite directions. The dynamics of these \"nipple valves\" were studied electromanometrically and radiologically. These experiments showed that these intussusception valves did not binder a free flow in the isoperistaltic direction and did prevent reflux in the antiperistaltic direction.", "contents": "Dynamics of the continent ileal bladder. An experimental study in dogs. A continent ileal bladder was constructed in six dogs. The most important requirements for a continent ileal bladder as a reliable mechanism of continency and for prevention of back flow in the ureters could be achieved by two intussusception valves (nipples) of small bowel in opposite directions. The dynamics of these \"nipple valves\" were studied electromanometrically and radiologically. These experiments showed that these intussusception valves did not binder a free flow in the isoperistaltic direction and did prevent reflux in the antiperistaltic direction."}
{"id": "PMID:873737", "title": "Excretion of 4-pyridoxic acid and oxalic acid in patients with urinary calculi.", "content": "Urinary excretion of 4-pyridoxic acid and oxalic acid was investigated in 75 patients with urinary calculi and in 50 normal subjects on regular diet. Mean excretion of 4-pyridoxic acid was 0.85 and 0.90 mg per day, respectively, and mean excretion of oxalic acid was 27.5 and 28.0 mg per day, respectively. Statistically there was no difference between the two groups in 4-pyridoxic acid excretion or in oxalic acid excretion. There was a weak positive correlation between the urinary excretion of 4-pyridoxic acid and oxalic acid. Patients who were on ascorbic acid supplementation during the urine collection period excreted increased amounts of oxalic acid. It was concluded from this investigation that most patients with urinary calculi had 4-pyridoxic acid excretion and oxalic acid excretion within normal limits. Low 4-pyridoxic acid values were not combined with high excretion values of oxalic acid, and the nutritional state of vitamin B6 in patients with urinary calculi was assumed to be satisfactory in order to control the endogenous oxalic acid production. The significance of high excretion values of 4-pyridoxic acid and oxalic acid is discussed.", "contents": "Excretion of 4-pyridoxic acid and oxalic acid in patients with urinary calculi. Urinary excretion of 4-pyridoxic acid and oxalic acid was investigated in 75 patients with urinary calculi and in 50 normal subjects on regular diet. Mean excretion of 4-pyridoxic acid was 0.85 and 0.90 mg per day, respectively, and mean excretion of oxalic acid was 27.5 and 28.0 mg per day, respectively. Statistically there was no difference between the two groups in 4-pyridoxic acid excretion or in oxalic acid excretion. There was a weak positive correlation between the urinary excretion of 4-pyridoxic acid and oxalic acid. Patients who were on ascorbic acid supplementation during the urine collection period excreted increased amounts of oxalic acid. It was concluded from this investigation that most patients with urinary calculi had 4-pyridoxic acid excretion and oxalic acid excretion within normal limits. Low 4-pyridoxic acid values were not combined with high excretion values of oxalic acid, and the nutritional state of vitamin B6 in patients with urinary calculi was assumed to be satisfactory in order to control the endogenous oxalic acid production. The significance of high excretion values of 4-pyridoxic acid and oxalic acid is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:873738", "title": "Spectrophotometry of the canine bladder.", "content": "Canine bladders were subjected to spectrophotometric analysis in order to choose a laser for experimental endoscopic use. Percentages of transmission and reflection were obtained; these allowed derivation of an absorption curve throughout the wavelength range of water transparency. We conclude that the argon laser was the most appropriate system available at the present time.", "contents": "Spectrophotometry of the canine bladder. Canine bladders were subjected to spectrophotometric analysis in order to choose a laser for experimental endoscopic use. Percentages of transmission and reflection were obtained; these allowed derivation of an absorption curve throughout the wavelength range of water transparency. We conclude that the argon laser was the most appropriate system available at the present time."}
{"id": "PMID:873739", "title": "Carbon urinary conduits. Animal experiments.", "content": "A new type of urinary conduit utilizing pure carbon has been used in dogs. It appears to be inert with respect to urine, acts as an adequate conduit in dogs, and theoretically should work in humans. Twelve vesicostomies and two ileal-bladder using carbon as a conduit were performed in dogs. Evaluation of the biocompatibility of the carbon material, a report on the experimental animal testing procedures showing protocol and results, and detailed description of the surgical technique are shown. Carbon conduits, so designed, functioned well and should be tolerated in humans as long term urinary conduits obviating the need for indwelling catheters and bulky adhesive dressing.", "contents": "Carbon urinary conduits. Animal experiments. A new type of urinary conduit utilizing pure carbon has been used in dogs. It appears to be inert with respect to urine, acts as an adequate conduit in dogs, and theoretically should work in humans. Twelve vesicostomies and two ileal-bladder using carbon as a conduit were performed in dogs. Evaluation of the biocompatibility of the carbon material, a report on the experimental animal testing procedures showing protocol and results, and detailed description of the surgical technique are shown. Carbon conduits, so designed, functioned well and should be tolerated in humans as long term urinary conduits obviating the need for indwelling catheters and bulky adhesive dressing."}
{"id": "PMID:873741", "title": "Induction of Venezuelan equine encephalitis (Mucambo) virus by iododeoxyuridine in chronically infected 'cured' cultured mosquito cells.", "content": "Infection of cultured Aedes aegypti mosquito cells with Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (Mucambo subtype) results in the establishment of a chronic non-cytopathic infection. Infected cells could be 'cured' when they were grown in the presence of immune serum for 3-4 passages. 'Cured' cells could then be subcultured repeatedly, in the absence of immune serum, without showing any indication of infectious virus production. When 'cured' cells were exposed to 50 microgram/ml of 5-iodo-2-deoxyuridine for 24 h, efficient induction of virus was observed. The enhancement of virus replication could not be related with increased susceptibility of the uninfected cell population. The phenotype (plaque size and virulence) of the induced virus resembles more closely that of the standard virus than the phenotype of the virus produced in chronically infected mosquito cells. These findings indicate that virus information can be maintained in chronically infected mosquito cells in a latent inducible form, and constitute indirect evidence suggesting the existence of a DNA provirus in this system.", "contents": "Induction of Venezuelan equine encephalitis (Mucambo) virus by iododeoxyuridine in chronically infected 'cured' cultured mosquito cells. Infection of cultured Aedes aegypti mosquito cells with Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (Mucambo subtype) results in the establishment of a chronic non-cytopathic infection. Infected cells could be 'cured' when they were grown in the presence of immune serum for 3-4 passages. 'Cured' cells could then be subcultured repeatedly, in the absence of immune serum, without showing any indication of infectious virus production. When 'cured' cells were exposed to 50 microgram/ml of 5-iodo-2-deoxyuridine for 24 h, efficient induction of virus was observed. The enhancement of virus replication could not be related with increased susceptibility of the uninfected cell population. The phenotype (plaque size and virulence) of the induced virus resembles more closely that of the standard virus than the phenotype of the virus produced in chronically infected mosquito cells. These findings indicate that virus information can be maintained in chronically infected mosquito cells in a latent inducible form, and constitute indirect evidence suggesting the existence of a DNA provirus in this system."}
{"id": "PMID:873742", "title": "Cell fusion by canine distemper virus-infected cells and their plasma membranes.", "content": "Cells first gain detectable fusion induction ability 4-6 h after infection with canine distemper virus even though mature virions are not released until about 10 h. Plasma membranes isolated from cells as early as 6 h after infection also have the ability to induce early fusion. While protein synthesis is not required for fusion in the early fusion assay itself, it is required in infected cells for induction of fusion ability. Early cell fusion by infected cells is apparently the result of synthesis of a virus-induced protein that is found in association with the cell plasma membrane.", "contents": "Cell fusion by canine distemper virus-infected cells and their plasma membranes. Cells first gain detectable fusion induction ability 4-6 h after infection with canine distemper virus even though mature virions are not released until about 10 h. Plasma membranes isolated from cells as early as 6 h after infection also have the ability to induce early fusion. While protein synthesis is not required for fusion in the early fusion assay itself, it is required in infected cells for induction of fusion ability. Early cell fusion by infected cells is apparently the result of synthesis of a virus-induced protein that is found in association with the cell plasma membrane."}
{"id": "PMID:873756", "title": "Effects of thymectomy on the endocrine glands of the rat.", "content": "The effects of thymectomy on the thyroid gland, the adrenal cortex, the testes and the lymph nodes of the rat follow the same pattern as those observed in guinea pigs but in a very attenuated form. Thymectomized rats do not show the wasting observed in thymectomized guinea pigs. The effects on the adenohypophysis are approximately the same in rats and guinea pigs, but the sequence of the changes is different. Injections of thymic extract or of presumably pure thymic hormone suppressed all the effects of thymectomy on the endocrine glands of the rat. In  rats, thymic hormone was found in the thymus, the lymph nodes and the spleen. It disappeared from the lymph nodes and the spleen within three days of thymectomy and did not reappear, although most of the changes in the endocrine glands were transitory. The implications of the observations for understanding the consequences of thymectomy are discussed.", "contents": "Effects of thymectomy on the endocrine glands of the rat. The effects of thymectomy on the thyroid gland, the adrenal cortex, the testes and the lymph nodes of the rat follow the same pattern as those observed in guinea pigs but in a very attenuated form. Thymectomized rats do not show the wasting observed in thymectomized guinea pigs. The effects on the adenohypophysis are approximately the same in rats and guinea pigs, but the sequence of the changes is different. Injections of thymic extract or of presumably pure thymic hormone suppressed all the effects of thymectomy on the endocrine glands of the rat. In  rats, thymic hormone was found in the thymus, the lymph nodes and the spleen. It disappeared from the lymph nodes and the spleen within three days of thymectomy and did not reappear, although most of the changes in the endocrine glands were transitory. The implications of the observations for understanding the consequences of thymectomy are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:873757", "title": "Mammalian embryo: a model for congenital prolonged QT syndrome.", "content": "The QT interval has been studied in ECG in mouse and rat embryos during two stages of development. The QT interval during the early stage of development is prolonged and an ST segment clearly exists. Both disappear during fetal development and do not exist in adult animals in which the T wave immediately follows the QRS. Mammalian embryos have therefore been proposed as a model for the study of QT prolongation. It is suggested that the origin of the QT prolongation in the young embryos is caused by the prolonged duration of the action potentials of the primordial cardiac tissue. During embryonic development this tissue becomes organized as a conductive system surrounded by \"neomyocardial\" tissue with a shorter duration of action potential, which causes the shorter QT interval at this stage. Our working hypothesis is that the pathogenesis of the prolonged QT syndrome in children could be interpreted as an incomplete or delayed differentiation between the primordial or primordial-like myocardium retaining prolonged action potential duration, and \"neomyocardium\" with short duration.", "contents": "Mammalian embryo: a model for congenital prolonged QT syndrome. The QT interval has been studied in ECG in mouse and rat embryos during two stages of development. The QT interval during the early stage of development is prolonged and an ST segment clearly exists. Both disappear during fetal development and do not exist in adult animals in which the T wave immediately follows the QRS. Mammalian embryos have therefore been proposed as a model for the study of QT prolongation. It is suggested that the origin of the QT prolongation in the young embryos is caused by the prolonged duration of the action potentials of the primordial cardiac tissue. During embryonic development this tissue becomes organized as a conductive system surrounded by \"neomyocardial\" tissue with a shorter duration of action potential, which causes the shorter QT interval at this stage. Our working hypothesis is that the pathogenesis of the prolonged QT syndrome in children could be interpreted as an incomplete or delayed differentiation between the primordial or primordial-like myocardium retaining prolonged action potential duration, and \"neomyocardium\" with short duration."}
{"id": "PMID:873758", "title": "Leptospirosis among dairy workers in the valley of Jezreel: first recorded isolation of Leptospira hardjo in Israel.", "content": "Five cases of leptospirosis among dairy farmers in the Valley of Jezreel are described. The disease was caused by leptospirae of serotype hardjo and available epidemiological evidence suggested infection due to contact with cows. This is the first time that Leptospira hardjo has been isolated and identified in Israel. Infection with L. hardjo should be regarded as a significant occupational risk and this strain should be included in the group of antigens used for screening sera for leptospira antibodies in Israel.", "contents": "Leptospirosis among dairy workers in the valley of Jezreel: first recorded isolation of Leptospira hardjo in Israel. Five cases of leptospirosis among dairy farmers in the Valley of Jezreel are described. The disease was caused by leptospirae of serotype hardjo and available epidemiological evidence suggested infection due to contact with cows. This is the first time that Leptospira hardjo has been isolated and identified in Israel. Infection with L. hardjo should be regarded as a significant occupational risk and this strain should be included in the group of antigens used for screening sera for leptospira antibodies in Israel."}
{"id": "PMID:873759", "title": "Prenatal diagnosis of genetic disease. A report on 200 amniocenteses.", "content": "The results of 200 prenatal diagnoses following amniocentesis are summarized. The routine withdrawal of 40 to 45 ml amniotic fluid caused no increase in maternal morbidity, fetal loss, prematurity or congenital malformations. There were no culture failures and in all cases in which amniotic fluid was obtained the prenatal diagnosis was subsequently confirmed. Electron microscopy was used in the prenatal diagnosis of a newly described metabolic storage disease (mucolipidosis IV). Eleven abnormal fetuses and one male fetus at risk for hemophilia A were diagnosed and aborted.", "contents": "Prenatal diagnosis of genetic disease. A report on 200 amniocenteses. The results of 200 prenatal diagnoses following amniocentesis are summarized. The routine withdrawal of 40 to 45 ml amniotic fluid caused no increase in maternal morbidity, fetal loss, prematurity or congenital malformations. There were no culture failures and in all cases in which amniotic fluid was obtained the prenatal diagnosis was subsequently confirmed. Electron microscopy was used in the prenatal diagnosis of a newly described metabolic storage disease (mucolipidosis IV). Eleven abnormal fetuses and one male fetus at risk for hemophilia A were diagnosed and aborted."}
{"id": "PMID:873760", "title": "The association of HL-A-B8 and childhood celiac disease in an Israeli population.", "content": "The frequency of histocompatibility antigens (HL-A) was studied in 33 children with celiac disease. HL-A-B8 phenotype was detected in 27.3% of the celiac patients and 7.5% of 395 carefully matched control subjects (X2 for heterogeneity=14.23; P less than 10(-4)). HL-A typing, especially in children, is advocated both as a diagnostic and a prognostic measure. The importance of ethnically matched control subjects is discussed together with a proposal for the construction of such control groups.", "contents": "The association of HL-A-B8 and childhood celiac disease in an Israeli population. The frequency of histocompatibility antigens (HL-A) was studied in 33 children with celiac disease. HL-A-B8 phenotype was detected in 27.3% of the celiac patients and 7.5% of 395 carefully matched control subjects (X2 for heterogeneity=14.23; P less than 10(-4)). HL-A typing, especially in children, is advocated both as a diagnostic and a prognostic measure. The importance of ethnically matched control subjects is discussed together with a proposal for the construction of such control groups."}
{"id": "PMID:873761", "title": "Thrombosis on Bj\u00f6rk-Shiley aortic valve prosthesis. A case report and review of the literature.", "content": "A patient who developed thrombosis on a Bj\u00f6rk-Shiley aortic valve prosthesis is reported. The patient presented with severe angina pectoris and the main physical findings were absence of the closing click of the prosthetic valve and the presence of systolic and diastolic aortic murmurs. Echocardiography showed early closure of the mitral valve and depressed left ventricular function. An emergency operation was performed and the clot was removed. The patient's recovery was uneventful and he is well one year after surgery. Awareness of the possibility of valve thrombosis is necessary in view of the need for emergency surgical treatment. The literature on the subject is reviewed.", "contents": "Thrombosis on Bj\u00f6rk-Shiley aortic valve prosthesis. A case report and review of the literature. A patient who developed thrombosis on a Bj\u00f6rk-Shiley aortic valve prosthesis is reported. The patient presented with severe angina pectoris and the main physical findings were absence of the closing click of the prosthetic valve and the presence of systolic and diastolic aortic murmurs. Echocardiography showed early closure of the mitral valve and depressed left ventricular function. An emergency operation was performed and the clot was removed. The patient's recovery was uneventful and he is well one year after surgery. Awareness of the possibility of valve thrombosis is necessary in view of the need for emergency surgical treatment. The literature on the subject is reviewed."}
{"id": "PMID:873763", "title": "Meteorologic factors and temporal variations of cardiac mortality in an urban setting in a desert climatic zone.", "content": "The aim of this investigation was to study, by use of the unbiased and rigorous techniques of lagged cross-covariance and spectral analyses, the associations between daily cardiac mortality and weather conditions in Beersheba, an urban center situated in a hot and dry climatic zone. The results of the analyses point to the existence of seasonal differences in mortality, with a peak in winter. Of greater interest is the statistical documentation of temporal associations between short-term increases in daily mortality and certain weather situations corresponding to the transitional periods of turbulent atmosphere with below normal air temperatures, strong gusty winds and a drop in relative humidity, i.e., conditions accompanying the intrusion of a winter cold wave. The crests in short-term mortality occurred most often within a week of the intrusion of the cold air masses. No consistent cross association was found between high summer temperatures and mortality. The results of this investigation are discussed in the light of those previously reported for Tel Aviv (a coastal city) and Jerusalem (a city situated at a high altitude).", "contents": "Meteorologic factors and temporal variations of cardiac mortality in an urban setting in a desert climatic zone. The aim of this investigation was to study, by use of the unbiased and rigorous techniques of lagged cross-covariance and spectral analyses, the associations between daily cardiac mortality and weather conditions in Beersheba, an urban center situated in a hot and dry climatic zone. The results of the analyses point to the existence of seasonal differences in mortality, with a peak in winter. Of greater interest is the statistical documentation of temporal associations between short-term increases in daily mortality and certain weather situations corresponding to the transitional periods of turbulent atmosphere with below normal air temperatures, strong gusty winds and a drop in relative humidity, i.e., conditions accompanying the intrusion of a winter cold wave. The crests in short-term mortality occurred most often within a week of the intrusion of the cold air masses. No consistent cross association was found between high summer temperatures and mortality. The results of this investigation are discussed in the light of those previously reported for Tel Aviv (a coastal city) and Jerusalem (a city situated at a high altitude)."}
{"id": "PMID:873764", "title": "Low cortisol and growth hormone secretion in response to methoxamine administration in obese subjects.", "content": "To investigate the hypothalamic responsiveness in obesity, changes in the levels of plasma cortisol and growth hormone (GH) were studied in 11 obese and six normal-weight subjects after hypothalamic alpha-adrenergic stimulation with methoxamine, 20 mg i.v. To allow for dose/body weight differences, five additional obese subjects received 30 mg methoxamine. Plasma GH, cortisol, insulin, free fatty acid and glucose levels were determined during the 3-h infusion of methoxamine. The responses of cortisol and GH were reduced in the obese subjects as compared with the normal-weight subjects. No significant changes in plasma glucose, free fatty acids or insulin were observed in any of the groups. The reduced responses of plasma cortisol ang GH in the obese subjects are considered to be an expression of hypothalamic underresponsiveness, since the stimuli for the secretion of these hormones are at least partially controlled by an alpha-adrenergic mechanism.", "contents": "Low cortisol and growth hormone secretion in response to methoxamine administration in obese subjects. To investigate the hypothalamic responsiveness in obesity, changes in the levels of plasma cortisol and growth hormone (GH) were studied in 11 obese and six normal-weight subjects after hypothalamic alpha-adrenergic stimulation with methoxamine, 20 mg i.v. To allow for dose/body weight differences, five additional obese subjects received 30 mg methoxamine. Plasma GH, cortisol, insulin, free fatty acid and glucose levels were determined during the 3-h infusion of methoxamine. The responses of cortisol and GH were reduced in the obese subjects as compared with the normal-weight subjects. No significant changes in plasma glucose, free fatty acids or insulin were observed in any of the groups. The reduced responses of plasma cortisol ang GH in the obese subjects are considered to be an expression of hypothalamic underresponsiveness, since the stimuli for the secretion of these hormones are at least partially controlled by an alpha-adrenergic mechanism."}
{"id": "PMID:873765", "title": "Elective cervical suture in preventing premature delivery in multiple pregnancies.", "content": "Of 133 pregnancies conceived after ovulation induced by menotropins and chorionic gonadotropins, a group of 20 women with multiple gestations--15 twins, three triplets and two quadruplets-had elective cervical suture during the 12th to 15th weeks of pregnancy. A comparable group 20 women with multiple pregnancies without cervical suture served as the control for comparing the mean duration of pregnancy, fetal survival rate and mean length of hospitalization. Duration of pregnancy was significantly longer in the sutured group (P less than 0.05). The perinatal loss was significantly lower--16 of 47 infants in the sutured patients, as compared with 25 of 47 infants in the control group. The mean hospitalization period was shorter in women who underwent cervical suture (P less than 0.025).", "contents": "Elective cervical suture in preventing premature delivery in multiple pregnancies. Of 133 pregnancies conceived after ovulation induced by menotropins and chorionic gonadotropins, a group of 20 women with multiple gestations--15 twins, three triplets and two quadruplets-had elective cervical suture during the 12th to 15th weeks of pregnancy. A comparable group 20 women with multiple pregnancies without cervical suture served as the control for comparing the mean duration of pregnancy, fetal survival rate and mean length of hospitalization. Duration of pregnancy was significantly longer in the sutured group (P less than 0.05). The perinatal loss was significantly lower--16 of 47 infants in the sutured patients, as compared with 25 of 47 infants in the control group. The mean hospitalization period was shorter in women who underwent cervical suture (P less than 0.025)."}
{"id": "PMID:873766", "title": "Triploidy in man: a clearly recognizable syndrome?", "content": "Complete triploidy in a 13-week-old fetus and in a full-term liveborn infant is described. A previous pregnancy of one of the mothers had resulted in a hydatidiform mole. Hydatidiform degeneration of the placenta of triploid abortuses and newborn infants may be responsible for the intrauterine growth retardation and fetal death often observed. Although many phenotypic features are common in triploidy, a review of the literature indicated that a pathognomonic syndrome could not be delineated. Nevertheless, a certain combination of findings may be suggestive of the diagnosis.", "contents": "Triploidy in man: a clearly recognizable syndrome? Complete triploidy in a 13-week-old fetus and in a full-term liveborn infant is described. A previous pregnancy of one of the mothers had resulted in a hydatidiform mole. Hydatidiform degeneration of the placenta of triploid abortuses and newborn infants may be responsible for the intrauterine growth retardation and fetal death often observed. Although many phenotypic features are common in triploidy, a review of the literature indicated that a pathognomonic syndrome could not be delineated. Nevertheless, a certain combination of findings may be suggestive of the diagnosis."}
{"id": "PMID:873767", "title": "Mother and child health in Africa: the role of health education.", "content": "Research and practical experience clearly indicate that most mother and child health problems in Africa are preventable. Most are associated with poor personal hygiene and environmental sanitation, ignorance, poverty, and inadequacy or nonutilization of available health services. Improved health planning can either alleviate or totally abolish many of these problems. Health education is an integral part of mother and child health and other medical care programs. Because the reaction of the individual to medical intervention is largely determined by the sociocultural and community environment, health education should not be directed towards the health-deficient target population alone, but towards the community as a whole.", "contents": "Mother and child health in Africa: the role of health education. Research and practical experience clearly indicate that most mother and child health problems in Africa are preventable. Most are associated with poor personal hygiene and environmental sanitation, ignorance, poverty, and inadequacy or nonutilization of available health services. Improved health planning can either alleviate or totally abolish many of these problems. Health education is an integral part of mother and child health and other medical care programs. Because the reaction of the individual to medical intervention is largely determined by the sociocultural and community environment, health education should not be directed towards the health-deficient target population alone, but towards the community as a whole."}
{"id": "PMID:873768", "title": "Maternal, perinatal and infant health in Bedouin and Jews in southern Israel.", "content": "A study has been made of 3,745 Bedouin and 9,422 Jewish babies born in 1972-73 to residents of the Beersheba district of southern Israel (the Negev). Newborn infants weighing less than 1 kg were excluded. Thirty-seven percent of the Bedouin babies were born at home; their mothers tended to be older and of higher parity than those choosing to deliver in hospital. Less than 6% of Bedouin mothers had been to school, compared with 90% of the Jews; 30% were aged under 20 or over 34 years, compared with 18% of the Jews, and 23% were having their seventh or later baby, compared with 12% of the Jews. Mean birth weight of babies born in hospital was about 200 g lower in Bedouin than in Jews, and 11.4% of Bedouin and 6.5% of Jewish infants weighed less than 2.5 kg. There was little variation in complications of labor between the 1,959 Bedouin and 8,877 Jewish women delivered in Beersheba's Soroka Medical Center. The cesarean section rate was 1.8% in Bedouin and 4.3% in Jews, while in 0.3% of Bedouin and 1.4% of Jews labor was induced. Monozygous twinning rates were similar in the two ethnic groups (4.8 and 4.5 sets/1,000 deliveries, respectively) but dizygous twinning was twice as common among the Bedouin as among the Jews (13.0 vs 6.0 sets/ 1,000). Male births accounted for 0.526 and 0.512 of the total in Bedouin and Jews, respectively. Perinatal mortality rates for hospital births were 31.1 and 18.3/1,000 in Bedouin and Jews, respectively. Infant deaths among Bedouin (31.0/1,000) were underreported; the rate was 16.8/1,000 for Jewish infants. Although rates of all specific causes of death were higher in Bedouin than in Jews, patterns of mortality in subgroups based on birth weight, sex, twinning and maternal age were quite similar in the two ethnic groups. There were six reported deaths from tetanus among Bedouin babies. For the cohort of babies born in 1972, admissions to the Soroka Medical Center pediatric wards were recorded in 366 (195.5/1,000) Bedouin and 787 (174.3/1,000) Jewish babies younger than the age of one year. Bedouin admission rates were higher than those of Jews for gastroenteritis (119.1 and 64.5/1,000 respectively), infectious and parasitic diseases (29.4 and 21.9), malnutrition (25.6 and 8.0) and external causes (10.1 and 4.4). Admission rates for bronchitis and pneumonia were, however, lower among Bedouin than Jews in the first six months of life.", "contents": "Maternal, perinatal and infant health in Bedouin and Jews in southern Israel. A study has been made of 3,745 Bedouin and 9,422 Jewish babies born in 1972-73 to residents of the Beersheba district of southern Israel (the Negev). Newborn infants weighing less than 1 kg were excluded. Thirty-seven percent of the Bedouin babies were born at home; their mothers tended to be older and of higher parity than those choosing to deliver in hospital. Less than 6% of Bedouin mothers had been to school, compared with 90% of the Jews; 30% were aged under 20 or over 34 years, compared with 18% of the Jews, and 23% were having their seventh or later baby, compared with 12% of the Jews. Mean birth weight of babies born in hospital was about 200 g lower in Bedouin than in Jews, and 11.4% of Bedouin and 6.5% of Jewish infants weighed less than 2.5 kg. There was little variation in complications of labor between the 1,959 Bedouin and 8,877 Jewish women delivered in Beersheba's Soroka Medical Center. The cesarean section rate was 1.8% in Bedouin and 4.3% in Jews, while in 0.3% of Bedouin and 1.4% of Jews labor was induced. Monozygous twinning rates were similar in the two ethnic groups (4.8 and 4.5 sets/1,000 deliveries, respectively) but dizygous twinning was twice as common among the Bedouin as among the Jews (13.0 vs 6.0 sets/ 1,000). Male births accounted for 0.526 and 0.512 of the total in Bedouin and Jews, respectively. Perinatal mortality rates for hospital births were 31.1 and 18.3/1,000 in Bedouin and Jews, respectively. Infant deaths among Bedouin (31.0/1,000) were underreported; the rate was 16.8/1,000 for Jewish infants. Although rates of all specific causes of death were higher in Bedouin than in Jews, patterns of mortality in subgroups based on birth weight, sex, twinning and maternal age were quite similar in the two ethnic groups. There were six reported deaths from tetanus among Bedouin babies. For the cohort of babies born in 1972, admissions to the Soroka Medical Center pediatric wards were recorded in 366 (195.5/1,000) Bedouin and 787 (174.3/1,000) Jewish babies younger than the age of one year. Bedouin admission rates were higher than those of Jews for gastroenteritis (119.1 and 64.5/1,000 respectively), infectious and parasitic diseases (29.4 and 21.9), malnutrition (25.6 and 8.0) and external causes (10.1 and 4.4). Admission rates for bronchitis and pneumonia were, however, lower among Bedouin than Jews in the first six months of life."}
{"id": "PMID:873796", "title": "[Metastizing basalioma. A case contribution].", "content": "A case of a metastasizing basal cell carcinoma that began 24 years earlier as a rodent ulcer on the back is reported. Histologically there were strands of characteristic basal cell type cells and, in addition, areas of squamous cell differentiation. The problem of \"epithelioma metatypique\" is discussed. The autopsy showed pure basal cell metastases in the lungs, the paraaortal lymph nodes and penetration of the tumor masses into the vena cava inferior. The unsufficient treatment by X-ray seems to be a conditioning factor by injuring the surrounding stroma.", "contents": "[Metastizing basalioma. A case contribution]. A case of a metastasizing basal cell carcinoma that began 24 years earlier as a rodent ulcer on the back is reported. Histologically there were strands of characteristic basal cell type cells and, in addition, areas of squamous cell differentiation. The problem of \"epithelioma metatypique\" is discussed. The autopsy showed pure basal cell metastases in the lungs, the paraaortal lymph nodes and penetration of the tumor masses into the vena cava inferior. The unsufficient treatment by X-ray seems to be a conditioning factor by injuring the surrounding stroma."}
{"id": "PMID:873797", "title": "[Linear pigmentation of nails].", "content": "A case of linear pigmentation of three fingernails is reported. Following extraction of the nail of the thumb the matrix displayed a 2X4 mm circumscribed pigmented area. Histologic examination revealed a junction nevus.", "contents": "[Linear pigmentation of nails]. A case of linear pigmentation of three fingernails is reported. Following extraction of the nail of the thumb the matrix displayed a 2X4 mm circumscribed pigmented area. Histologic examination revealed a junction nevus."}
{"id": "PMID:873798", "title": "[Unusual garland-like lichen planopilaris of the face].", "content": "Report about two male patients with uncommon lichen planopilaris of the face. The disease resolved with garland-like vermiculate scars.", "contents": "[Unusual garland-like lichen planopilaris of the face]. Report about two male patients with uncommon lichen planopilaris of the face. The disease resolved with garland-like vermiculate scars."}
{"id": "PMID:873799", "title": "[Treatment of molluscum contagiosum].", "content": "Puncture with a toothpick dipped in phenolum liquefactum is a suitable method for the treatment especially of small mollusca contagiosa in children. The danger of phenol intoxication through resorption during the treatment of multiple molluscs always must be borne in mind. Comparable studies in rats' nipples using the puncture technique showed that up to 0.7 mg phenol can be applied to one molluscum.", "contents": "[Treatment of molluscum contagiosum]. Puncture with a toothpick dipped in phenolum liquefactum is a suitable method for the treatment especially of small mollusca contagiosa in children. The danger of phenol intoxication through resorption during the treatment of multiple molluscs always must be borne in mind. Comparable studies in rats' nipples using the puncture technique showed that up to 0.7 mg phenol can be applied to one molluscum."}
{"id": "PMID:873802", "title": "[Malignant melanoma of penis].", "content": "Two cases of malignant melanoma of the penis are reported. A further case report of a naevus caeruleus of the glans penis is presented with regard to the differential diagnosis of malignant melanoma of the penis. A comprehensive review of the literature has revealed 41 case reports of malignant melanoma of the penis. A brief characterisation of malignant melanoma of the penis is given.", "contents": "[Malignant melanoma of penis]. Two cases of malignant melanoma of the penis are reported. A further case report of a naevus caeruleus of the glans penis is presented with regard to the differential diagnosis of malignant melanoma of the penis. A comprehensive review of the literature has revealed 41 case reports of malignant melanoma of the penis. A brief characterisation of malignant melanoma of the penis is given."}
{"id": "PMID:873803", "title": "[Elastic globes].", "content": "After a short compilation of the descriptions of the elastic globes offered in the literature, the results of 446 tissue specimens of five different dermatoses (lichen planus, erythematodes chronicus discoides, tuberculosis cutis luposa, basal cell carcinoma, and nervus cell nevi). An increased appearance of elastic globes was found in erythematodes chronicus discoides and tuberculosis cutis luposa, compared with the other dermatoses. Elastic globes were not limited to special areas of the body, but there were topographical preferences. Elastic globes are common in the aged. The histopathology is descripted.", "contents": "[Elastic globes]. After a short compilation of the descriptions of the elastic globes offered in the literature, the results of 446 tissue specimens of five different dermatoses (lichen planus, erythematodes chronicus discoides, tuberculosis cutis luposa, basal cell carcinoma, and nervus cell nevi). An increased appearance of elastic globes was found in erythematodes chronicus discoides and tuberculosis cutis luposa, compared with the other dermatoses. Elastic globes were not limited to special areas of the body, but there were topographical preferences. Elastic globes are common in the aged. The histopathology is descripted."}
{"id": "PMID:873804", "title": "[Effect of topical drug vehicles on wound contraction].", "content": "The effect of vehicles of medical preparations upon wound contraction was tested in animals. The detraction of experimental skin defects on the back of guinea pigs was used which is caused first of all by wound contraction. Wound contraction is more favourably influenced by vaselinum flavum than by pasta zinci mollis and amylum maydis. The influence of pasta zinci mollis was more favourable than the influence of amylum maydis. The comparison of the three unspecific powder constituents lactose, amylum maydis and talcum revealed differences. These investigations do not allow the general recommendation of the use of fatty vehicles in the treatment of ulcers but they do show that such a recommendation can be made when the ulcer is in a region where wound contraction plays an important part in wound healing and when there is no super infection of the ulcer.", "contents": "[Effect of topical drug vehicles on wound contraction]. The effect of vehicles of medical preparations upon wound contraction was tested in animals. The detraction of experimental skin defects on the back of guinea pigs was used which is caused first of all by wound contraction. Wound contraction is more favourably influenced by vaselinum flavum than by pasta zinci mollis and amylum maydis. The influence of pasta zinci mollis was more favourable than the influence of amylum maydis. The comparison of the three unspecific powder constituents lactose, amylum maydis and talcum revealed differences. These investigations do not allow the general recommendation of the use of fatty vehicles in the treatment of ulcers but they do show that such a recommendation can be made when the ulcer is in a region where wound contraction plays an important part in wound healing and when there is no super infection of the ulcer."}
{"id": "PMID:873805", "title": "[Ascher's syndrome].", "content": "A case of Ascher's syndrome with blepharochalasis and double upper lip is described. It is emphasized that the combined appearance of these two symptoms is essential for the definition of this syndrome.", "contents": "[Ascher's syndrome]. A case of Ascher's syndrome with blepharochalasis and double upper lip is described. It is emphasized that the combined appearance of these two symptoms is essential for the definition of this syndrome."}
{"id": "PMID:873806", "title": "[Oligozoospermia in Klinefelter's syndrome].", "content": "Case report of a 31 year old male with a 47-XXY-Klinefelter-syndrome which showed a maximum of 4,0 million spermatozoa/ml with a motility of up to 51% in his ejaculate. No rise of spermatozoa counts could be observed after 3x25 mg mesterolone/day over 8 weeks.", "contents": "[Oligozoospermia in Klinefelter's syndrome]. Case report of a 31 year old male with a 47-XXY-Klinefelter-syndrome which showed a maximum of 4,0 million spermatozoa/ml with a motility of up to 51% in his ejaculate. No rise of spermatozoa counts could be observed after 3x25 mg mesterolone/day over 8 weeks."}
{"id": "PMID:873809", "title": "The clinical significance of Acinetobacter species.", "content": "Of 50 consecutive patients from whom Acinetobacter species were isolated, only one had an infection due to the organism which required antibiotic therapy. Fourteen of the isolates were associated with minor body surface infections and the remainder occurred as the result of either colonization without infection or culture contamination. The taxonomy, natural occurrence and antibiotic sensitivity of Acinetobacter species and their differentiation from more pathogenic organisms are reviewed.", "contents": "The clinical significance of Acinetobacter species. Of 50 consecutive patients from whom Acinetobacter species were isolated, only one had an infection due to the organism which required antibiotic therapy. Fourteen of the isolates were associated with minor body surface infections and the remainder occurred as the result of either colonization without infection or culture contamination. The taxonomy, natural occurrence and antibiotic sensitivity of Acinetobacter species and their differentiation from more pathogenic organisms are reviewed."}
{"id": "PMID:873810", "title": "Wisconsin's laboratory evaluation and certification program.", "content": "A review of methods used in the evaluation of test performance and certification of laboratories in Wisconsin.", "contents": "Wisconsin's laboratory evaluation and certification program. A review of methods used in the evaluation of test performance and certification of laboratories in Wisconsin."}
{"id": "PMID:873812", "title": "An evaluation of four telemedicine systems for primary care.", "content": "In an evaluation of the efficacy of four two-way telecommunication systems for use in primary care, more than 1,000 patients seeking care at a community health center received an additional remote examination by use of either color television, black and white television, still-frame black and white television, or hands-free telephone. The diagnosis, clinical tests and X rays requested, and proposed patient management were compared to the actual care received by the patients at the health center. There were no significant differences between any of the modes in relation to diagnostic accuracy, time for the diagnostic interview, tests requested, or referral rates. Furthermore, patient attitudes did not vary significantly. Thus the relatively inexpensive telephone proved to be as efficient and effective a means for delivery of remote physician care as did any of the visual communication systems.", "contents": "An evaluation of four telemedicine systems for primary care. In an evaluation of the efficacy of four two-way telecommunication systems for use in primary care, more than 1,000 patients seeking care at a community health center received an additional remote examination by use of either color television, black and white television, still-frame black and white television, or hands-free telephone. The diagnosis, clinical tests and X rays requested, and proposed patient management were compared to the actual care received by the patients at the health center. There were no significant differences between any of the modes in relation to diagnostic accuracy, time for the diagnostic interview, tests requested, or referral rates. Furthermore, patient attitudes did not vary significantly. Thus the relatively inexpensive telephone proved to be as efficient and effective a means for delivery of remote physician care as did any of the visual communication systems."}
{"id": "PMID:873813", "title": "Multiple prescriptions and drug appropriateness.", "content": "The relationship between number of prescriptions per office visit and the appropriateness of the prescribed drugs is examined, using data on more than 20,000 prescriptions purchased for a low-income rural population during 1973 and 1974. Criteria for drug appropriateness are based on an AMA evaluation of drugs. The results show that greater numbers of prescriptions per visit are associated with lower percentages of appropriate drugs prescribed and that patients whose prescriptions were written by specialists received a higher percentage of appropriate drugs than did those whose prescriptions were written by general practitioners. It is concluded, in support of other researchers, that a better knowledge of drugs leads to more conservative use of them.", "contents": "Multiple prescriptions and drug appropriateness. The relationship between number of prescriptions per office visit and the appropriateness of the prescribed drugs is examined, using data on more than 20,000 prescriptions purchased for a low-income rural population during 1973 and 1974. Criteria for drug appropriateness are based on an AMA evaluation of drugs. The results show that greater numbers of prescriptions per visit are associated with lower percentages of appropriate drugs prescribed and that patients whose prescriptions were written by specialists received a higher percentage of appropriate drugs than did those whose prescriptions were written by general practitioners. It is concluded, in support of other researchers, that a better knowledge of drugs leads to more conservative use of them."}
{"id": "PMID:873814", "title": "A microscope stage sample holder for microfluorometric measurements of biological specimen in the range of temperature between 3.5 to 300 K.", "content": "A cryostat was constructed, which permits measurements of the intracellular fluorescence within a range of temperature between 3.5 to 300 K. The cooling unit operates in accordance with the \"Continuous Flow Principle\" and allows the application of objectives up to a numerical aperture of 0.6. It results from measurement of BAO Feulgen stained nuclear DNA, that a decrease of fluorescence intensity is caused by two different mechanisms: (1) There is a highly temperature dependent effect, originating from phenomena of solid physics, and (2) a second effect, which is almost temperature independent, and can be explained as a photochemical reaction.", "contents": "A microscope stage sample holder for microfluorometric measurements of biological specimen in the range of temperature between 3.5 to 300 K. A cryostat was constructed, which permits measurements of the intracellular fluorescence within a range of temperature between 3.5 to 300 K. The cooling unit operates in accordance with the \"Continuous Flow Principle\" and allows the application of objectives up to a numerical aperture of 0.6. It results from measurement of BAO Feulgen stained nuclear DNA, that a decrease of fluorescence intensity is caused by two different mechanisms: (1) There is a highly temperature dependent effect, originating from phenomena of solid physics, and (2) a second effect, which is almost temperature independent, and can be explained as a photochemical reaction."}
{"id": "PMID:873815", "title": "Fluorescence histochemical demonstration of dopa thioethers by condensation with gaseous formaldehyde.", "content": "The usefulness of the formaldehyde (FA) and glyoxylic acid (GA) methods for the fluorescence histochemical demonstration of dopa thioethers has been tested using protein droplet models. Similar fluorescence intensities were recorded from these compounds after either FA or GA treatment. Cysteinyldopa gave a high fluorescence yield similar to that obtained from dopamine and dopa in the FA reaction, whereas gluatitodopa showed a lower, although clearly visible fluorescence. Since the FA method seemed to be the most useful one for demonstration of catechol thioethers, the FA-induced fluorophores of these compounds were further characterized by microspectrofluorometry. The spectral characteristics of the thioether fluorophores (excitation maxima at 420 nm and emission maxima at 480-485 nm) distinguish these substances from dopa and other compounds fluorogenic in the Falck-Hillarp method. Dopa thioethers are proposed to form fluorophores with FA in a manner analogous to that of the primary catecholamines i.e. via low-fluorescent tetrahydroisoquinolines, along two different pathways, to strongly fluorescent 3,4-dihydroisoquinolines and 2-methyl-dihydroisoquinolinium compounds. These dihydroisoquinolines are in a pH-dependent tautomeric equilbrium with their quinoidal forms as reflected by a characteristic spectral shift upon acidification. The results of this study provide the guide-lines for the characterization of fluorogenic compounds in pigment-forming cells.", "contents": "Fluorescence histochemical demonstration of dopa thioethers by condensation with gaseous formaldehyde. The usefulness of the formaldehyde (FA) and glyoxylic acid (GA) methods for the fluorescence histochemical demonstration of dopa thioethers has been tested using protein droplet models. Similar fluorescence intensities were recorded from these compounds after either FA or GA treatment. Cysteinyldopa gave a high fluorescence yield similar to that obtained from dopamine and dopa in the FA reaction, whereas gluatitodopa showed a lower, although clearly visible fluorescence. Since the FA method seemed to be the most useful one for demonstration of catechol thioethers, the FA-induced fluorophores of these compounds were further characterized by microspectrofluorometry. The spectral characteristics of the thioether fluorophores (excitation maxima at 420 nm and emission maxima at 480-485 nm) distinguish these substances from dopa and other compounds fluorogenic in the Falck-Hillarp method. Dopa thioethers are proposed to form fluorophores with FA in a manner analogous to that of the primary catecholamines i.e. via low-fluorescent tetrahydroisoquinolines, along two different pathways, to strongly fluorescent 3,4-dihydroisoquinolines and 2-methyl-dihydroisoquinolinium compounds. These dihydroisoquinolines are in a pH-dependent tautomeric equilbrium with their quinoidal forms as reflected by a characteristic spectral shift upon acidification. The results of this study provide the guide-lines for the characterization of fluorogenic compounds in pigment-forming cells."}
{"id": "PMID:873816", "title": "Flow microfluorometric monitoring of the interaction of lipid vesicles with cells.", "content": "Flow microfluorometric techniques have been applied to experiments concerned with the penetration of cells by lipid vesicles. The high sensitivity of laser flow systems enables to measure the weak fluorescence emitted by individiual liposomes tagged with perylene, inserted into their multilamellar layer. The total fluorescence of cells which habe incorporated such perylene-loaded liposomes could be measured and well separated from that unbound liposomes. Significant differences in the incorporation rates of cationic and anionic liposomes were shown by means of time-course analyses of cellular fluorescence spectra. The advantages of the rapid data analysis by flow fluorescence techniques is discussed in comparison with conventional radio-isotopic methods.", "contents": "Flow microfluorometric monitoring of the interaction of lipid vesicles with cells. Flow microfluorometric techniques have been applied to experiments concerned with the penetration of cells by lipid vesicles. The high sensitivity of laser flow systems enables to measure the weak fluorescence emitted by individiual liposomes tagged with perylene, inserted into their multilamellar layer. The total fluorescence of cells which habe incorporated such perylene-loaded liposomes could be measured and well separated from that unbound liposomes. Significant differences in the incorporation rates of cationic and anionic liposomes were shown by means of time-course analyses of cellular fluorescence spectra. The advantages of the rapid data analysis by flow fluorescence techniques is discussed in comparison with conventional radio-isotopic methods."}
{"id": "PMID:873827", "title": "Effects of physical characteristics of milking machines on teats and udders.", "content": "A milking machine must remove milk from a cow thoroughly and rapidly but not impose excessive stress or contaminate teats with bacteria. The machine removes milk by applying vacuum to the exterior of the teat until it stretches sufficiently to open the streak canal. Periodic collapse of the teat cup liner relieves tension on the teat sphincter and aids circulation of blood through the teat. The milking machine may affect the likelihood of mastitis by directly implanting pathogenic organisms into the streak canal, by engendering long-term deterioration of the teats, and by serving as a reservoir of pathogens.", "contents": "Effects of physical characteristics of milking machines on teats and udders. A milking machine must remove milk from a cow thoroughly and rapidly but not impose excessive stress or contaminate teats with bacteria. The machine removes milk by applying vacuum to the exterior of the teat until it stretches sufficiently to open the streak canal. Periodic collapse of the teat cup liner relieves tension on the teat sphincter and aids circulation of blood through the teat. The milking machine may affect the likelihood of mastitis by directly implanting pathogenic organisms into the streak canal, by engendering long-term deterioration of the teats, and by serving as a reservoir of pathogens."}
{"id": "PMID:873835", "title": "Role of teat dips and hygiene in mastitis control.", "content": "The primary sources of mastitis pathogens are infected quarters, chapped, sore, or eroded teat ends, and the environment. The major means of transfer of the most predominant mastitis pathogens is the milking routine. Methods are available to reduce the number of organisms normally transferred during each of the procedures. However, with the exception of teat cup pasteurization, the application of hygienic procedures in herds where teat dipping is practiced did not result in additional beneficial effects. Effectiveness of 4% chlorine, 0.5 and 1% iodine, and 0.5% chlorhexidine teat dips has been demonstrated in field trials and should be the preferred products in a mastitis control program. Most gram-negative organisms get on teats by direct contact with the bedding. In herds with clinical coliform mastitis, changing the bedding material has been associated with fewer clinical mastitis cases.", "contents": "Role of teat dips and hygiene in mastitis control. The primary sources of mastitis pathogens are infected quarters, chapped, sore, or eroded teat ends, and the environment. The major means of transfer of the most predominant mastitis pathogens is the milking routine. Methods are available to reduce the number of organisms normally transferred during each of the procedures. However, with the exception of teat cup pasteurization, the application of hygienic procedures in herds where teat dipping is practiced did not result in additional beneficial effects. Effectiveness of 4% chlorine, 0.5 and 1% iodine, and 0.5% chlorhexidine teat dips has been demonstrated in field trials and should be the preferred products in a mastitis control program. Most gram-negative organisms get on teats by direct contact with the bedding. In herds with clinical coliform mastitis, changing the bedding material has been associated with fewer clinical mastitis cases."}
{"id": "PMID:873837", "title": "The leukocyte as a defense mechanism.", "content": "Within the udder, neutrophil polymorphonuclear (PMN) leukocytes are capable of phagocytosing a wide variety of particles (microorganisms, milk fat globules, casein). Studies of PMN leukocyte function indicate that milk fat globules and casein are perhaps significant deterrents to phagocytosis and destruction of Staphylococcus aureus by PMN leukocytes in milk. These deterrents could be a major factor in establishment of intramammary infections by invading mastitis pathogens. Elimination of fat and casein from milk during clinical or subclinical mastitis may free PMN leukocytes to function properly and may remove infection from the mammary gland. Further observations on PMN leukocyte function indicate that considerable variation exists among cows in the ability of whole milk and skimmed milk to support phagocytosis and in the ability of PMN leukocytes to phagocytose. Variation in this basic defense mechanism could account for the differences that exist in susceptibility to infection by mastitis pathogens.", "contents": "The leukocyte as a defense mechanism. Within the udder, neutrophil polymorphonuclear (PMN) leukocytes are capable of phagocytosing a wide variety of particles (microorganisms, milk fat globules, casein). Studies of PMN leukocyte function indicate that milk fat globules and casein are perhaps significant deterrents to phagocytosis and destruction of Staphylococcus aureus by PMN leukocytes in milk. These deterrents could be a major factor in establishment of intramammary infections by invading mastitis pathogens. Elimination of fat and casein from milk during clinical or subclinical mastitis may free PMN leukocytes to function properly and may remove infection from the mammary gland. Further observations on PMN leukocyte function indicate that considerable variation exists among cows in the ability of whole milk and skimmed milk to support phagocytosis and in the ability of PMN leukocytes to phagocytose. Variation in this basic defense mechanism could account for the differences that exist in susceptibility to infection by mastitis pathogens."}
{"id": "PMID:873838", "title": "Immune response of the mammary gland and role of immunization in mastitis control.", "content": "It has been mentioned that IgG1 is the major secretory immunoglobulin class in mammary gland secretions; in addition, most immunoglobulins of all classes in these secretions are of humoral origin. A transport mechanism selectively favors IgG1. A lesser amount of immunoglobulin is produced locally in the gland, this local contribution apparently increasing after antigenic stimulation. Therefore, systemic and local stimulation would be likely to contribute to the presence of specific antibodies in secretions. The role of cellular immune phenomena as it relates to the mammary gland has not been determined. There is evidence for the influence of phagocytic cells in the mammary gland. Published reports have established that a state of heightened resistance to mammary gland infection can be induced. Research workers have clearly shown that immunized animals resist challenge exposure to infection to a greater degree than do nonimmunized animals. This resistance, being not absolute, causes reluctance to use the term immune. It is apparent that reexamination must be made of the correct conditions, i.e., effective antigenic preparation, proper inoculation route, dose, and duration necessary to stimulate an immune response in the mammary gland.", "contents": "Immune response of the mammary gland and role of immunization in mastitis control. It has been mentioned that IgG1 is the major secretory immunoglobulin class in mammary gland secretions; in addition, most immunoglobulins of all classes in these secretions are of humoral origin. A transport mechanism selectively favors IgG1. A lesser amount of immunoglobulin is produced locally in the gland, this local contribution apparently increasing after antigenic stimulation. Therefore, systemic and local stimulation would be likely to contribute to the presence of specific antibodies in secretions. The role of cellular immune phenomena as it relates to the mammary gland has not been determined. There is evidence for the influence of phagocytic cells in the mammary gland. Published reports have established that a state of heightened resistance to mammary gland infection can be induced. Research workers have clearly shown that immunized animals resist challenge exposure to infection to a greater degree than do nonimmunized animals. This resistance, being not absolute, causes reluctance to use the term immune. It is apparent that reexamination must be made of the correct conditions, i.e., effective antigenic preparation, proper inoculation route, dose, and duration necessary to stimulate an immune response in the mammary gland."}
{"id": "PMID:873843", "title": "Western equine encephalomyelitis in horses in the Northern Red River Valley, 1975.", "content": "In mid-July, 1975, western equine encephalomyelitis (WEE) virus was isolated from mosquitoes collected in flooded areas of eastern North Dakota and western Minnesota. Inasmuch as clinical manifestations of WEE are usually observed in horses before human cases of encephalitis are recognized, surveillance of equine disease was initiated. Sixty-one practicing veterinarians from the are under surveillance reported 281 cases of WEE in horses from June through September, with peak incidence in late July. The high percentage of sero-positive, clinically normal, unvaccinated horses in one region suggested that many horses had developed non-clinical infections. The efficacy of vaccines used by the practitioners appears to have been execllent, as none of the horses vaccinated before the epizootic became ill during the period of surveillance. It was concluded that data collected from routine surveillance of encephalomyelitis in horses could be used to predict epidemics of WEE.", "contents": "Western equine encephalomyelitis in horses in the Northern Red River Valley, 1975. In mid-July, 1975, western equine encephalomyelitis (WEE) virus was isolated from mosquitoes collected in flooded areas of eastern North Dakota and western Minnesota. Inasmuch as clinical manifestations of WEE are usually observed in horses before human cases of encephalitis are recognized, surveillance of equine disease was initiated. Sixty-one practicing veterinarians from the are under surveillance reported 281 cases of WEE in horses from June through September, with peak incidence in late July. The high percentage of sero-positive, clinically normal, unvaccinated horses in one region suggested that many horses had developed non-clinical infections. The efficacy of vaccines used by the practitioners appears to have been execllent, as none of the horses vaccinated before the epizootic became ill during the period of surveillance. It was concluded that data collected from routine surveillance of encephalomyelitis in horses could be used to predict epidemics of WEE."}
{"id": "PMID:873844", "title": "Epidural melanoma causing posterior paresis in a horse.", "content": "An aged gray stallion was examined because of fullminating posterior paresis, bladder paralysis, and perineal anesthesia. Lower motor neuron dysfunction was detected at the lumbosacral level of the spinal cord, and cerebrospinal fluid was yellow. After brief supportive treatment, the horse died. Necropsy revealed a single epidural melanoma at L5-6. The absence of cutaneous melanotic growth, absence of organ involvement, and extensive vertebral remodeling indicated the neoplasm to have been primary and to have been present for an extended period. Neurologic dysfunction was acute and progressive, as a result of spinal cord compression by the neoplasm.", "contents": "Epidural melanoma causing posterior paresis in a horse. An aged gray stallion was examined because of fullminating posterior paresis, bladder paralysis, and perineal anesthesia. Lower motor neuron dysfunction was detected at the lumbosacral level of the spinal cord, and cerebrospinal fluid was yellow. After brief supportive treatment, the horse died. Necropsy revealed a single epidural melanoma at L5-6. The absence of cutaneous melanotic growth, absence of organ involvement, and extensive vertebral remodeling indicated the neoplasm to have been primary and to have been present for an extended period. Neurologic dysfunction was acute and progressive, as a result of spinal cord compression by the neoplasm."}
{"id": "PMID:873845", "title": "Diaphragmatic hernias in the horse: a review of the literature and an analysis of six additional cases.", "content": "Eighteen cases of equine diaphragmatic hernia were reviewed. Most of the cases were of long duration, with an additional factor  precipitating acute abdominal crisis. History and physical examination were of little diagnostic significance. Radiography, if available, and exploratory laparotomy were the most useful diagnostic procedures. The prognosis for successful surgical repair and recovery was poor.", "contents": "Diaphragmatic hernias in the horse: a review of the literature and an analysis of six additional cases. Eighteen cases of equine diaphragmatic hernia were reviewed. Most of the cases were of long duration, with an additional factor  precipitating acute abdominal crisis. History and physical examination were of little diagnostic significance. Radiography, if available, and exploratory laparotomy were the most useful diagnostic procedures. The prognosis for successful surgical repair and recovery was poor."}
{"id": "PMID:873847", "title": "Coccidia and intestinal nematodes of East Central Illinois cats.", "content": "In a fecal examination survey (1975-1976) of 217 cats from laboratory colonies, a humane society shelter, and homes in east central Illinois, Toxocara mystax eggs were found in 32%, Toxascaris leonina eggs in 6%, Ancylostoma eggs in 9%, Capillaria eggs in 4%, Isospora felis oocysts in 23%, Isospora rivolta oocysts in 24%, and Toxoplasma or Besnoitia oocysts in 1%. The laboratory and humane shelter cats were the most heavily infected. Isospora felis and I rivolta could not be transmitted to 2 pups by feeding oocysts from the cat or to 2 other pups by feeding the organs of mice that had been fed the oocysts.", "contents": "Coccidia and intestinal nematodes of East Central Illinois cats. In a fecal examination survey (1975-1976) of 217 cats from laboratory colonies, a humane society shelter, and homes in east central Illinois, Toxocara mystax eggs were found in 32%, Toxascaris leonina eggs in 6%, Ancylostoma eggs in 9%, Capillaria eggs in 4%, Isospora felis oocysts in 23%, Isospora rivolta oocysts in 24%, and Toxoplasma or Besnoitia oocysts in 1%. The laboratory and humane shelter cats were the most heavily infected. Isospora felis and I rivolta could not be transmitted to 2 pups by feeding oocysts from the cat or to 2 other pups by feeding the organs of mice that had been fed the oocysts."}
{"id": "PMID:873849", "title": "Tracheal osteochondroma in a dog.", "content": "A young female Labrador Retriever-type dog had a 4 1/2-month history of respiratory distress, which eventually became severe, leading to cyanosis. Physical examination suggested an upper airway obstructive lesion, which was confirmed by bronchoscopy and radiography to be a mass in the thoracic portion of the trachea. The mass was removed surgically and, on histologic examination, was found to be an osteochondroma. Six months after surgical extirpation, there was no indication of recurrence of tumor.", "contents": "Tracheal osteochondroma in a dog. A young female Labrador Retriever-type dog had a 4 1/2-month history of respiratory distress, which eventually became severe, leading to cyanosis. Physical examination suggested an upper airway obstructive lesion, which was confirmed by bronchoscopy and radiography to be a mass in the thoracic portion of the trachea. The mass was removed surgically and, on histologic examination, was found to be an osteochondroma. Six months after surgical extirpation, there was no indication of recurrence of tumor."}
{"id": "PMID:873881", "title": "Evidence for the presence of phosphoriboisomerase and ribulose-1,5-diphosphate carboxylase in extracts of Desulfovibrio vulgaris.", "content": "Cell extracts of Desulfovibrio vulgaris were found to incorporate 14CO2 into acid-stable products when ribose-5-phosphate or ribulose-1,5-diphosphate was used as a substrate. This CO2 fixation required adenosine triphosphate and produced 3-phosphoglyceric acid as one of the products. The assimilation of CO2 by pentose phosphates was unrelated to the pyruvate-CO2 exchange reaction. The pyruvate-CO2 exchange did not require adenosine triphosphate, did not produce phosphorylated compounds, and, unlike the pentose phosphate system, required an acidic protein fraction for activity.", "contents": "Evidence for the presence of phosphoriboisomerase and ribulose-1,5-diphosphate carboxylase in extracts of Desulfovibrio vulgaris. Cell extracts of Desulfovibrio vulgaris were found to incorporate 14CO2 into acid-stable products when ribose-5-phosphate or ribulose-1,5-diphosphate was used as a substrate. This CO2 fixation required adenosine triphosphate and produced 3-phosphoglyceric acid as one of the products. The assimilation of CO2 by pentose phosphates was unrelated to the pyruvate-CO2 exchange reaction. The pyruvate-CO2 exchange did not require adenosine triphosphate, did not produce phosphorylated compounds, and, unlike the pentose phosphate system, required an acidic protein fraction for activity."}
{"id": "PMID:873882", "title": "Structural analysis of the surface polysaccharide of Staphylococcus aureus M.", "content": "The chemical structure of the surface polysaccharide from Staphylococcus aureus M was investigated by a combination of methanolytic, hydrolytic, and chromatographic techniques. The repeating unit that was most consistent with the data was a hexasaccharide composed of N-acetyl-D-aminogalacturonic acid, N-acetyl-D-fucosamine, and taurine in molar ratios of 4:2:1. A disaccharide was isolated and characterized, by combined gas-liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, as N-acetyl-D-aminogalacturonyl-(1 leads to 3)-N-acetyl-D-fucosamine. Taurine is linked to a carboxyl group of N-acetyl-D-aminogalacturonic acid via an amide bond.", "contents": "Structural analysis of the surface polysaccharide of Staphylococcus aureus M. The chemical structure of the surface polysaccharide from Staphylococcus aureus M was investigated by a combination of methanolytic, hydrolytic, and chromatographic techniques. The repeating unit that was most consistent with the data was a hexasaccharide composed of N-acetyl-D-aminogalacturonic acid, N-acetyl-D-fucosamine, and taurine in molar ratios of 4:2:1. A disaccharide was isolated and characterized, by combined gas-liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, as N-acetyl-D-aminogalacturonyl-(1 leads to 3)-N-acetyl-D-fucosamine. Taurine is linked to a carboxyl group of N-acetyl-D-aminogalacturonic acid via an amide bond."}
{"id": "PMID:873883", "title": "Detection and characterization of plasmids in Pseudomonas glycinea.", "content": "Pathogenic strains of Pseudomonas glycinea were shown to possess plasmid deoxyribonucleic acid by dye-buoyant density gradient centrifugation. The size and number of plasmids of four different isolates were determined by neutral sucrose gradient centrifugation. Two isolates were found to harbor a single plasmid; however, they differed in size, having molecular weights of 43 X 10(6) and 54 X 10(6). Two other isolates each contained two different plasmids. Plasmids with molecular weights of 43 X 10(6) and 73 X 10(6) were observed in one isolate, and the other carried plasmids with molecular weights of 25 X 10(6) and 87 X 10(6). An auxotrophic mutant derived from the latter strain was found to contain plasmids of identical size. The plasmids were found to be under stringent control of replication, having plasmid copies of 1.0 to 2.7 per chromosome equivalent. By the dye-cesium chloride technique, the mutant showed twice as much covalently closed circular deoxyribonucleic acid as did the parental strain.", "contents": "Detection and characterization of plasmids in Pseudomonas glycinea. Pathogenic strains of Pseudomonas glycinea were shown to possess plasmid deoxyribonucleic acid by dye-buoyant density gradient centrifugation. The size and number of plasmids of four different isolates were determined by neutral sucrose gradient centrifugation. Two isolates were found to harbor a single plasmid; however, they differed in size, having molecular weights of 43 X 10(6) and 54 X 10(6). Two other isolates each contained two different plasmids. Plasmids with molecular weights of 43 X 10(6) and 73 X 10(6) were observed in one isolate, and the other carried plasmids with molecular weights of 25 X 10(6) and 87 X 10(6). An auxotrophic mutant derived from the latter strain was found to contain plasmids of identical size. The plasmids were found to be under stringent control of replication, having plasmid copies of 1.0 to 2.7 per chromosome equivalent. By the dye-cesium chloride technique, the mutant showed twice as much covalently closed circular deoxyribonucleic acid as did the parental strain."}
{"id": "PMID:873884", "title": "Characterization of a plasmid from Streptomyces coelicolor A3(2).", "content": "Covalently closed circular deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) with a molecular weight of 20 X 10(6) was identified in strains of Streptomyces coelicolor A3(2) of various fertility types. Hybridization studies and digestion by various restriction endonucleases indicated that the circular DNAs (pSH1) were identical regardless of the fertility type (UF, IF, or NF) of the strain from which it was isolated. The pSH1 DNA was cleaved to many fragments by the endonucleases HincII, SmaI, and SalI and to three or four fragments by BamHI and PstI. Plasmid pSH1 carries single sites for each of the two restriction enzymes, EcoRI and HindIII. These sites are 7.6 X 10(6) daltons apart. Attempts to isolate the fertility factor SCP1 as covalently closed circular DNA were unsuccessful. These data suggest that the biochemically isolated plasmid pSH1 is not identical to the genetically characterized fertility factor SCP1, which has been identified in an autonomous state in IF-type strains and in an integrated state in NF-type strains.", "contents": "Characterization of a plasmid from Streptomyces coelicolor A3(2). Covalently closed circular deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) with a molecular weight of 20 X 10(6) was identified in strains of Streptomyces coelicolor A3(2) of various fertility types. Hybridization studies and digestion by various restriction endonucleases indicated that the circular DNAs (pSH1) were identical regardless of the fertility type (UF, IF, or NF) of the strain from which it was isolated. The pSH1 DNA was cleaved to many fragments by the endonucleases HincII, SmaI, and SalI and to three or four fragments by BamHI and PstI. Plasmid pSH1 carries single sites for each of the two restriction enzymes, EcoRI and HindIII. These sites are 7.6 X 10(6) daltons apart. Attempts to isolate the fertility factor SCP1 as covalently closed circular DNA were unsuccessful. These data suggest that the biochemically isolated plasmid pSH1 is not identical to the genetically characterized fertility factor SCP1, which has been identified in an autonomous state in IF-type strains and in an integrated state in NF-type strains."}
{"id": "PMID:873885", "title": "Stalkless mutants of Caulobacter crescentus.", "content": "A stalk, a single falgellum, several pili, and deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) phage receptors are polar surface structures expressed at a defined time in the Caulobacter crescentus cell cycle. When mutants were isolated as DNA phage phiCbK-resistant or ribonucleic acid (RNA) phage phiCp2-resistant, as well as nonmotile, strains, 5 out of 30 such mutant isolates were found not to possess stalks, but did possess inactive flagella. These stalkless mutants were resistant simultaneously to both DNA and RNA phages and did not possess pili and DNA pendent stalkless mutants. All motile revertants simultaneously regained the capacity to form stalks and susceptibility to DNA and RNA phages. It is suggested that a single mutation pleiotropically affects stalk formation, flagella motility, and coordinate polar morphogenesis of pili and DNA phage receptors. The stalkless mutants grew at a generation time similar to that of the wild-type strain at 30 degrees C. Cell size and morphology of a stalkless mutant, C. crescentus CB13 pdr-819, were also similar to those of the wild-type strain, except for the absence of a stalk. In addition, the CB13 pdr-819 predivisional cells were partitioned into smaller and larger portions, indicating asymmetrical cell division, as in the wild-type strain. From these results, it is suggested that swarmer cells undergo transition to cells of a stalked-cell nature without stalk formation and that the cell cycle of the stalkless mutant proceeds in an ordered sequence similar to that defining the wild-type cell cycle.", "contents": "Stalkless mutants of Caulobacter crescentus. A stalk, a single falgellum, several pili, and deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) phage receptors are polar surface structures expressed at a defined time in the Caulobacter crescentus cell cycle. When mutants were isolated as DNA phage phiCbK-resistant or ribonucleic acid (RNA) phage phiCp2-resistant, as well as nonmotile, strains, 5 out of 30 such mutant isolates were found not to possess stalks, but did possess inactive flagella. These stalkless mutants were resistant simultaneously to both DNA and RNA phages and did not possess pili and DNA pendent stalkless mutants. All motile revertants simultaneously regained the capacity to form stalks and susceptibility to DNA and RNA phages. It is suggested that a single mutation pleiotropically affects stalk formation, flagella motility, and coordinate polar morphogenesis of pili and DNA phage receptors. The stalkless mutants grew at a generation time similar to that of the wild-type strain at 30 degrees C. Cell size and morphology of a stalkless mutant, C. crescentus CB13 pdr-819, were also similar to those of the wild-type strain, except for the absence of a stalk. In addition, the CB13 pdr-819 predivisional cells were partitioned into smaller and larger portions, indicating asymmetrical cell division, as in the wild-type strain. From these results, it is suggested that swarmer cells undergo transition to cells of a stalked-cell nature without stalk formation and that the cell cycle of the stalkless mutant proceeds in an ordered sequence similar to that defining the wild-type cell cycle."}
{"id": "PMID:873886", "title": "Ultrastructural surface changes associated with dextran synthesis by Leuconostoc mesenteroides.", "content": "When Leuconostoc mesenteroides NCDO 1875 was grown in MRS broth and fixed for electron microscopy in the presence of ruthenium red, the cell wall appeared as a triple-layered structure similar to other, gram-positive bacteria. When such logarithmic-phase cultures were exposed to sucrose, the appearance and growth of a uniform layer of electron-dense material was evident on the surface of the cell wall. After 2 h in the presence of sucrose, the formation of this surface coat (110 to 130 nm thick) was complete. For 85 to 90% of the cells, continued exposure to sucrose did not produce any further change in their appearance, but the rest of the population began to accumulate insoluble capsular dextran at the surface of their coat material. Within 18 h, these cells had produced a large capsule (maximum diameter, 6 micrometer) composed mainly of an extensive reticulum of fine filaments. Periodate-reactive carbohydrate was localized cytochemically in the capsular dextran and in the surface coat of all cells. It is suggested that the surface coat of sucrose-grown cells represents a cell-bound dextran-dextransucrase complex and that the acapsulate cells produce the relatively soluble S dextran reported by previous workers.", "contents": "Ultrastructural surface changes associated with dextran synthesis by Leuconostoc mesenteroides. When Leuconostoc mesenteroides NCDO 1875 was grown in MRS broth and fixed for electron microscopy in the presence of ruthenium red, the cell wall appeared as a triple-layered structure similar to other, gram-positive bacteria. When such logarithmic-phase cultures were exposed to sucrose, the appearance and growth of a uniform layer of electron-dense material was evident on the surface of the cell wall. After 2 h in the presence of sucrose, the formation of this surface coat (110 to 130 nm thick) was complete. For 85 to 90% of the cells, continued exposure to sucrose did not produce any further change in their appearance, but the rest of the population began to accumulate insoluble capsular dextran at the surface of their coat material. Within 18 h, these cells had produced a large capsule (maximum diameter, 6 micrometer) composed mainly of an extensive reticulum of fine filaments. Periodate-reactive carbohydrate was localized cytochemically in the capsular dextran and in the surface coat of all cells. It is suggested that the surface coat of sucrose-grown cells represents a cell-bound dextran-dextransucrase complex and that the acapsulate cells produce the relatively soluble S dextran reported by previous workers."}
{"id": "PMID:873887", "title": "Morphology and ultrastructure of Crenothrix polyspora Cohn.", "content": "Naturally grown cell material of Crenothrix polyspora from the well of a waterworks was studied by means of phase-contrast and Nomarski interference microscopy as well as by transmission electron microscopy. The material consisted of clusters of sheathed filaments up to 2 cm long. Propagation forms observed were nonmotile, spherical cells that arose by simple (\"macrogonidia\") or multiple (\"microgonidia\") septation of the filamental tips. Ultrastructural analysis revealed Crenothrix to be procaryotic and gram negative, with several layers of sheath material surrounding the filaments. On thin sections, individual cells had elaborate membrane systems in the form of lamellar stacks. They resembled thylakoids of photosynthetic bacteria. Spectrophotometric analysis gave no indication of photosynthetic pigments. The cells also contained large hexagonal bodies, rod-shaped fibrillar elements, and polyphosphate granules.", "contents": "Morphology and ultrastructure of Crenothrix polyspora Cohn. Naturally grown cell material of Crenothrix polyspora from the well of a waterworks was studied by means of phase-contrast and Nomarski interference microscopy as well as by transmission electron microscopy. The material consisted of clusters of sheathed filaments up to 2 cm long. Propagation forms observed were nonmotile, spherical cells that arose by simple (\"macrogonidia\") or multiple (\"microgonidia\") septation of the filamental tips. Ultrastructural analysis revealed Crenothrix to be procaryotic and gram negative, with several layers of sheath material surrounding the filaments. On thin sections, individual cells had elaborate membrane systems in the form of lamellar stacks. They resembled thylakoids of photosynthetic bacteria. Spectrophotometric analysis gave no indication of photosynthetic pigments. The cells also contained large hexagonal bodies, rod-shaped fibrillar elements, and polyphosphate granules."}
{"id": "PMID:873888", "title": "Characterization of bdellocysts of Bdellovibrio sp.", "content": "Bdellovibrio sp. strain W will infect and produce resting cells, termed bdellocysts, in a variety of gram-negative bacteria. Bdellocysts appeared to be produced only within susceptible prey and never in their absence. Optimum conditions for encystment included infection of stationary-phase prey cells in 0.05 M potassium phosphate buffer (pH 7.5) at concentrations of prey and bdellovibrios of 2 X 10(9) cells per ml with a multiplicity of infection of unity. Bdellocysts contained more deoxyribonucleic acid, ribonucleic acid, protein, and carbohydrate per cell than did vegetative cells. Poly-beta-hydroxybutyrate and dipicolinic acid were not detected. Bdellocysts were more resistant than vegetative cells to effects of elevated temperatures, sonic treatment, and desiccation. Bdellocysts remained viable for extended periods when incubated in the absence of prey, whereas vegetative cells lost viability rapidly under the same conditions. Their survival under starvation conditions may be due to the low rate of endogenous respiration by the bdellocysts. Bdellocysts are capable of germination in the presence or absence of prey cells in rich medium such as peptone-yeast extract.", "contents": "Characterization of bdellocysts of Bdellovibrio sp. Bdellovibrio sp. strain W will infect and produce resting cells, termed bdellocysts, in a variety of gram-negative bacteria. Bdellocysts appeared to be produced only within susceptible prey and never in their absence. Optimum conditions for encystment included infection of stationary-phase prey cells in 0.05 M potassium phosphate buffer (pH 7.5) at concentrations of prey and bdellovibrios of 2 X 10(9) cells per ml with a multiplicity of infection of unity. Bdellocysts contained more deoxyribonucleic acid, ribonucleic acid, protein, and carbohydrate per cell than did vegetative cells. Poly-beta-hydroxybutyrate and dipicolinic acid were not detected. Bdellocysts were more resistant than vegetative cells to effects of elevated temperatures, sonic treatment, and desiccation. Bdellocysts remained viable for extended periods when incubated in the absence of prey, whereas vegetative cells lost viability rapidly under the same conditions. Their survival under starvation conditions may be due to the low rate of endogenous respiration by the bdellocysts. Bdellocysts are capable of germination in the presence or absence of prey cells in rich medium such as peptone-yeast extract."}
{"id": "PMID:873889", "title": "Ultrastructural changes during encystment and germination of Bdellovibrio sp.", "content": "Under proper conditions, Bdellovibrio sp. strain W cells develop into bdellocysts in appropriate prey bacteria. After attachment and penetration of the prey cell, the encysting bdellovibrio began to accumulate inclusion material and increase in size, and was surrounded by an outer layer of amorphous electrondense material. The cytoplasm of the encysting cell appeared more electron dense, and nuclear areas appeared more compact. During germination of bdellocysts, the outer wall was uniformly broken down the inclusion material changed shape and affinity for the heavy metal stain, and the nuclear areas expanded. As the outer wall was dissolved, outgrowth began with the elongation of the germinant as it emerged from the prey ghost as an actively motile cell.", "contents": "Ultrastructural changes during encystment and germination of Bdellovibrio sp. Under proper conditions, Bdellovibrio sp. strain W cells develop into bdellocysts in appropriate prey bacteria. After attachment and penetration of the prey cell, the encysting bdellovibrio began to accumulate inclusion material and increase in size, and was surrounded by an outer layer of amorphous electrondense material. The cytoplasm of the encysting cell appeared more electron dense, and nuclear areas appeared more compact. During germination of bdellocysts, the outer wall was uniformly broken down the inclusion material changed shape and affinity for the heavy metal stain, and the nuclear areas expanded. As the outer wall was dissolved, outgrowth began with the elongation of the germinant as it emerged from the prey ghost as an actively motile cell."}
{"id": "PMID:873890", "title": "Caulobacter crescentus pili: structure and stage-specific expression.", "content": "Pili are functionally expressed during the predivisional and swarmer stages of the Caulobacter crescentus differentiation cycle. They appear on the developing swarmer pole and at the same cellular location as flagella and the phiCbK receptor sites. Pili disappear when the swarmer cell differentiates into a stalked cell; this occurs with the loss of flagella and the disappearance of phage receptor sites. C. crescentus CB13B1a pili have been purified and characterized. Monomeric pilin is a protein with an apparent molecular weight of 8,500 that stains weakly with periodic acid-Schiff reagent. The amino acid composition of purified pilin reveals very low quantities of basic amino acids and a complete absence of methionine. Pilin is synthesized throughout the C. crescentus differentiation cycle. Neither free pili nor pilin monomers are detectable in the growth media, suggesting that loss of piliation in the swarmer- to stalked-cell transition occurs via pilus retraction.", "contents": "Caulobacter crescentus pili: structure and stage-specific expression. Pili are functionally expressed during the predivisional and swarmer stages of the Caulobacter crescentus differentiation cycle. They appear on the developing swarmer pole and at the same cellular location as flagella and the phiCbK receptor sites. Pili disappear when the swarmer cell differentiates into a stalked cell; this occurs with the loss of flagella and the disappearance of phage receptor sites. C. crescentus CB13B1a pili have been purified and characterized. Monomeric pilin is a protein with an apparent molecular weight of 8,500 that stains weakly with periodic acid-Schiff reagent. The amino acid composition of purified pilin reveals very low quantities of basic amino acids and a complete absence of methionine. Pilin is synthesized throughout the C. crescentus differentiation cycle. Neither free pili nor pilin monomers are detectable in the growth media, suggesting that loss of piliation in the swarmer- to stalked-cell transition occurs via pilus retraction."}
{"id": "PMID:873891", "title": "Selenium requirement for the growth of Clostridium sporogenes with glycine as the oxidant in stickland reaction systems.", "content": "Clostridium sporogenes was found to have an absolute requirement for selenium to utilize glycine but not proline as oxidant in Stickland-type fermentations. No glycine reductase activity was detectable in cells from media without added selenium. The data indicate that this organism could be used for microbiological assays for very low levels of selenium in certain forms.", "contents": "Selenium requirement for the growth of Clostridium sporogenes with glycine as the oxidant in stickland reaction systems. Clostridium sporogenes was found to have an absolute requirement for selenium to utilize glycine but not proline as oxidant in Stickland-type fermentations. No glycine reductase activity was detectable in cells from media without added selenium. The data indicate that this organism could be used for microbiological assays for very low levels of selenium in certain forms."}
{"id": "PMID:873892", "title": "Gamma-ray sensitivity during synchronous cell differentiation in Caulobacter crescentus.", "content": "Gamma-ray sensitivity of Caulobacter crescentus during its cell cycle was examined. Survival curves of the swarmer and stalked cells were similar and exponential in shape, whereas that of the predivisional cell was sigmoidal, with an extrapolation number of 1.8.", "contents": "Gamma-ray sensitivity during synchronous cell differentiation in Caulobacter crescentus. Gamma-ray sensitivity of Caulobacter crescentus during its cell cycle was examined. Survival curves of the swarmer and stalked cells were similar and exponential in shape, whereas that of the predivisional cell was sigmoidal, with an extrapolation number of 1.8."}
{"id": "PMID:873893", "title": "Phthalate metabolism in Pseudomonas testosteroni: accumulation of 4,5-dihydroxyphthalate by a mutant strain.", "content": "A mutant strain of Pseudomonas testosteroni blocked in phthalate catabolism converted phthalate into 4,5-dihydroxyphthalate. The latter compound was isolated, and its physical properties were determined. A stoichiometric conversion of the compound to protocatechuate was demonstrated spectrophotometrically with crude extracts of a protocatechuate 4,5-dioxygenase-deficient mutant. Therefore, phthalate is metabolized through 4,5-dihydroxyphthalate and protocatechuate, which is further degraded by protocatechuate 4,5-dioxygenase in P. testosteroni. By using several mutants blocked in phthalate catabolism, 4,5-dihydroxyphthalate decarboxylase was shown to be induced by phthalate. A simple spectrophotometric assay for the enzyme is also reported.", "contents": "Phthalate metabolism in Pseudomonas testosteroni: accumulation of 4,5-dihydroxyphthalate by a mutant strain. A mutant strain of Pseudomonas testosteroni blocked in phthalate catabolism converted phthalate into 4,5-dihydroxyphthalate. The latter compound was isolated, and its physical properties were determined. A stoichiometric conversion of the compound to protocatechuate was demonstrated spectrophotometrically with crude extracts of a protocatechuate 4,5-dioxygenase-deficient mutant. Therefore, phthalate is metabolized through 4,5-dihydroxyphthalate and protocatechuate, which is further degraded by protocatechuate 4,5-dioxygenase in P. testosteroni. By using several mutants blocked in phthalate catabolism, 4,5-dihydroxyphthalate decarboxylase was shown to be induced by phthalate. A simple spectrophotometric assay for the enzyme is also reported."}
{"id": "PMID:873894", "title": "Metabolism of the alkane analogue n-dioctyl ether by Acinetobacter species.", "content": "Metabolism of n-dioctyl ether by Acinetobacter species HO1-N resulted in formation of 8-n-octoxy-1-octanoic acid and 2-n-octoxy-1-acetic acid. The 16-carbon ether acid was incorporated into the cellular lipids, whereas the 10-carbon ether acid accumulated in the growth medium. Qualitative and quantitative characteristics of the cellular phospholipids were similar to hexadecane-grown cells. The growth of Acinetobacter on dioctyl ether occurred at the expense of six-carbon atoms of dioctyl ether.", "contents": "Metabolism of the alkane analogue n-dioctyl ether by Acinetobacter species. Metabolism of n-dioctyl ether by Acinetobacter species HO1-N resulted in formation of 8-n-octoxy-1-octanoic acid and 2-n-octoxy-1-acetic acid. The 16-carbon ether acid was incorporated into the cellular lipids, whereas the 10-carbon ether acid accumulated in the growth medium. Qualitative and quantitative characteristics of the cellular phospholipids were similar to hexadecane-grown cells. The growth of Acinetobacter on dioctyl ether occurred at the expense of six-carbon atoms of dioctyl ether."}
{"id": "PMID:873895", "title": "Processes and strategies for implementation of learning modules in a nursing curriculum.", "content": "This paper explains the processes and strategies utilized by the faculty at the University of California, San Francisco, School of Nursing, to implement modularization in the undergraduate nursing program. Goals for modularization are presented and note is made of conditions that facilitated implementation, problems and constraints which were encountered, and strategies that were utilized for implementation. The paper also summarizes response of students to this method of learning and identifies areas for research of self-instructional methods in nursing.", "contents": "Processes and strategies for implementation of learning modules in a nursing curriculum. This paper explains the processes and strategies utilized by the faculty at the University of California, San Francisco, School of Nursing, to implement modularization in the undergraduate nursing program. Goals for modularization are presented and note is made of conditions that facilitated implementation, problems and constraints which were encountered, and strategies that were utilized for implementation. The paper also summarizes response of students to this method of learning and identifies areas for research of self-instructional methods in nursing."}
{"id": "PMID:873896", "title": "Readability - where has it gone?", "content": "For the sake of innovation, new typographic devices and styles were introduced in recent years to printed materials that go contrary to the fundamentals of eye physiology and do violence to well-tested and established reading habits. If this trend continues, the saying \"Johnny can't read\" may have to be modified to \"John, at age 50, does not want to read, he rather listens to a tape.\"", "contents": "Readability - where has it gone? For the sake of innovation, new typographic devices and styles were introduced in recent years to printed materials that go contrary to the fundamentals of eye physiology and do violence to well-tested and established reading habits. If this trend continues, the saying \"Johnny can't read\" may have to be modified to \"John, at age 50, does not want to read, he rather listens to a tape.\""}
{"id": "PMID:873898", "title": "Community oriented videotapes - action tools for health educators.", "content": "Over the last 4 years the Health Education Project (HEP) at the College of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey in Newark, New Jersey has established health education activities in the Outpatient Department waiting room of Martland Hospital and in various community settings. Bilingual, community-oriented videotapes are used consistently in these settings as teaching tools to inform consumers about critical health information. All videotapes are tailored to specific health education teaching objectives and are interwoven into health education discussion groups conducted by skilled group leaders.", "contents": "Community oriented videotapes - action tools for health educators. Over the last 4 years the Health Education Project (HEP) at the College of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey in Newark, New Jersey has established health education activities in the Outpatient Department waiting room of Martland Hospital and in various community settings. Bilingual, community-oriented videotapes are used consistently in these settings as teaching tools to inform consumers about critical health information. All videotapes are tailored to specific health education teaching objectives and are interwoven into health education discussion groups conducted by skilled group leaders."}
{"id": "PMID:873899", "title": "Evidence that puriified liver microsomal cytochrome P-450 is a one-electron acceptor.", "content": "Two forms of highly purified liver microsomal cytochrome P-450, P-450LM2, and P-450LM4, have been titrated with standardized solutions of sodium dithionite under anaerobic conditions. Only 1 electron was consumed per hemin molecule, and reoxidation of the reduced heme is accompanied by the transfer of 1 electron to oxidizing agents such as cytochrome c, cytochrome b5, or potassium ferricyanide. The present results are in disagreement with earlier dithionite titrations and reoxidation experiments which indicate that liver microsomal cytochrome P-450 is a 2-electron acceptor, but are in accord with previous potentimetric titrations and product yield data which indicate that this hemeprotein is a 1-electron acceptor. The cause for the discrepancy between the present and previous results is not fully understood.", "contents": "Evidence that puriified liver microsomal cytochrome P-450 is a one-electron acceptor. Two forms of highly purified liver microsomal cytochrome P-450, P-450LM2, and P-450LM4, have been titrated with standardized solutions of sodium dithionite under anaerobic conditions. Only 1 electron was consumed per hemin molecule, and reoxidation of the reduced heme is accompanied by the transfer of 1 electron to oxidizing agents such as cytochrome c, cytochrome b5, or potassium ferricyanide. The present results are in disagreement with earlier dithionite titrations and reoxidation experiments which indicate that liver microsomal cytochrome P-450 is a 2-electron acceptor, but are in accord with previous potentimetric titrations and product yield data which indicate that this hemeprotein is a 1-electron acceptor. The cause for the discrepancy between the present and previous results is not fully understood."}
{"id": "PMID:873900", "title": "Molecular interactions between lecithin and sphingomyelin. Temperature- and composition-dependent phase separation.", "content": "X-ray diffraction, scanning calorimetry, and polarizing light microscopy have used to determine the complete ternary phase diagram egg yolk lecithin/bovine brain sphingomyelin/water over the temperature range 10-44 degrees. The phase diagram shows that lateral separation of phospholipid bilayer phases can arise from variations in both composition and temperature. At 44 degrees in excess water, lecithin and sphingomyelin are miscible at all ratios in a lamellar liquid crystal bilayer phase. For samples containing greater than 33 mol % sphingomyelin, colling to 20 degrees results in the progressive lateral separation of an ordered chain sphingomyelin lamellar gel phase from the lecithin/sphingomyelin liquid crystal bilayer phase. At 20 degrees and below, the spingomyelin gel phase co-exists with an ordered bilayer phase, a stoichiometric peritectic molecular compound (66 mol % lecithin, 33 mol % sphingomyelin). Cooling mixtures containing less than 33 mol % sphingomyelin ultimately separates the compound from a lecithin liquid crystal bilayer phase containing small amounts of sphingomyelin. Although singificant variations in the lecithin/sphingomyelin ratio occur in normal and pathological membranes, at 37 degrees our results would suggest complete bilayer phase and lateral phase separation of the \"ordered\" sphingomyelin gel phase appears uplikely.", "contents": "Molecular interactions between lecithin and sphingomyelin. Temperature- and composition-dependent phase separation. X-ray diffraction, scanning calorimetry, and polarizing light microscopy have used to determine the complete ternary phase diagram egg yolk lecithin/bovine brain sphingomyelin/water over the temperature range 10-44 degrees. The phase diagram shows that lateral separation of phospholipid bilayer phases can arise from variations in both composition and temperature. At 44 degrees in excess water, lecithin and sphingomyelin are miscible at all ratios in a lamellar liquid crystal bilayer phase. For samples containing greater than 33 mol % sphingomyelin, colling to 20 degrees results in the progressive lateral separation of an ordered chain sphingomyelin lamellar gel phase from the lecithin/sphingomyelin liquid crystal bilayer phase. At 20 degrees and below, the spingomyelin gel phase co-exists with an ordered bilayer phase, a stoichiometric peritectic molecular compound (66 mol % lecithin, 33 mol % sphingomyelin). Cooling mixtures containing less than 33 mol % sphingomyelin ultimately separates the compound from a lecithin liquid crystal bilayer phase containing small amounts of sphingomyelin. Although singificant variations in the lecithin/sphingomyelin ratio occur in normal and pathological membranes, at 37 degrees our results would suggest complete bilayer phase and lateral phase separation of the \"ordered\" sphingomyelin gel phase appears uplikely."}
{"id": "PMID:873901", "title": "Specific cytosol-binding protein for 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 in rat intestine.", "content": "Cytosol prepared from intestinal homogenates of vitamin D3-deficient rats demonstrate a 3.2 S protein having high affinity and low capacity for 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3. Appearance of the protein is dependent upon the presence of 0.3 M potassium chloride and dithiothreitol in the homogenization buffer. A 6 S protein having greater affinity for 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 than 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 is observed using all conditions and is increased by the addition of rat serum to cytosol. The 3.2 S protein is neither a serum contaminant nor a component of the 6 S protein and is probably not a consituent of tissues which which are not responsive to vitamin D3.", "contents": "Specific cytosol-binding protein for 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 in rat intestine. Cytosol prepared from intestinal homogenates of vitamin D3-deficient rats demonstrate a 3.2 S protein having high affinity and low capacity for 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3. Appearance of the protein is dependent upon the presence of 0.3 M potassium chloride and dithiothreitol in the homogenization buffer. A 6 S protein having greater affinity for 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 than 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 is observed using all conditions and is increased by the addition of rat serum to cytosol. The 3.2 S protein is neither a serum contaminant nor a component of the 6 S protein and is probably not a consituent of tissues which which are not responsive to vitamin D3."}
{"id": "PMID:873902", "title": "Characterization of reticulocyte release factor.", "content": "The release factor (RF) of reticulocytes has been purified to greater than 75% homogeneity. The RF has a native molecular weight of 105,000 and subunit molecular weight of 56,500. The RF protein will bind to reticulocyte ribosomes in response to UAAA, UAGA, or UGAA and therefore participates in codon recognition. The fraction possess a ribosome-dependent GTPase activity. The RF is stimulated in its activity by a second protein fraction.", "contents": "Characterization of reticulocyte release factor. The release factor (RF) of reticulocytes has been purified to greater than 75% homogeneity. The RF has a native molecular weight of 105,000 and subunit molecular weight of 56,500. The RF protein will bind to reticulocyte ribosomes in response to UAAA, UAGA, or UGAA and therefore participates in codon recognition. The fraction possess a ribosome-dependent GTPase activity. The RF is stimulated in its activity by a second protein fraction."}
{"id": "PMID:873903", "title": "Antibody as immunological probe for studying refolding of bovine serum albumin. Refolding within each domain.", "content": "Antiserum to bovine serum albumin was fractionated into populations of antibody directed against party, an apparent pathway of refolding within each domain was obtained which is consistent with the proposed evolutionary pathway of the albumin molecule. The COOH-terminal one-third of each domain refolds faster than the NH2-terminal two-thirds of each respective domain. In addition, further evidence in given for a correlation between the rate of refolding and the degree of interdomain influence that might restrict refolding.", "contents": "Antibody as immunological probe for studying refolding of bovine serum albumin. Refolding within each domain. Antiserum to bovine serum albumin was fractionated into populations of antibody directed against party, an apparent pathway of refolding within each domain was obtained which is consistent with the proposed evolutionary pathway of the albumin molecule. The COOH-terminal one-third of each domain refolds faster than the NH2-terminal two-thirds of each respective domain. In addition, further evidence in given for a correlation between the rate of refolding and the degree of interdomain influence that might restrict refolding."}
{"id": "PMID:873907", "title": "Alpha-Aminoadipate aminotransferase and kynurenine aminotransferase. Purification, characterization, and further evidence for identity.", "content": "Alpha-Aminoadipate aminotransferase and kynurenine aminotransferase activities were co-purified from the rat kidney supernatant fraction. The resulting preparation was determined to be nearly homogenous by analytical disc gel electrophoresis at pH 8.9 and 7.5 isoelectric focusing on polyacrylamide gels, and sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. A molecular weight of approximately 85,000 was determined on Sephadex G-200 chromatography and sucrose density gradient analysis. The enzyme was determined to be comprised of two subunits of approximately the same molecular weight (45,500 +/- 850) by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. An isoelectric pH of 6.56 +/- 0.06 was determined by focusing on polyacrylamide gels. Further evidence is provided to support the idea that the alpha-aminoadipate aminotransferase and kynureine aminotransferase activities are properties of a single protein: (a) co-purification of the two activities from the rat kidney supernatant fraction with the ratio of their specific activities remaining constant, (b) similar chromatographic behavior, (c) a similarity in their dependence on added pyridoxal-P for activity, and (d) a similar pattern of heat inactivation.", "contents": "Alpha-Aminoadipate aminotransferase and kynurenine aminotransferase. Purification, characterization, and further evidence for identity. Alpha-Aminoadipate aminotransferase and kynurenine aminotransferase activities were co-purified from the rat kidney supernatant fraction. The resulting preparation was determined to be nearly homogenous by analytical disc gel electrophoresis at pH 8.9 and 7.5 isoelectric focusing on polyacrylamide gels, and sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. A molecular weight of approximately 85,000 was determined on Sephadex G-200 chromatography and sucrose density gradient analysis. The enzyme was determined to be comprised of two subunits of approximately the same molecular weight (45,500 +/- 850) by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. An isoelectric pH of 6.56 +/- 0.06 was determined by focusing on polyacrylamide gels. Further evidence is provided to support the idea that the alpha-aminoadipate aminotransferase and kynureine aminotransferase activities are properties of a single protein: (a) co-purification of the two activities from the rat kidney supernatant fraction with the ratio of their specific activities remaining constant, (b) similar chromatographic behavior, (c) a similarity in their dependence on added pyridoxal-P for activity, and (d) a similar pattern of heat inactivation."}
{"id": "PMID:873911", "title": "Submit and disulfide structure of monomeric and dimeric forms of detergent-soluble HLA antigens.", "content": "The structure of monomeric and disulfide-bonded dimeric forms of HLA antigens has been studied. Detergent-soluble HLA antigen heavy chains contain one or two easily reduced sulfhydryl groups not found in papain-solubilized HLA antigens, as demonstrated by amino acid analysis (Springer, T. A., and Strominger, J.L. (1976) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 73, 2481-2485, and Terhorst, C., Parham, P., Mann, D.L., and Strominger, J.L. (1976) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 73, 910-914) and by labeling with iodo[3H]acetate. Dimer formation occurred during purification, since it was prevented by pretreatment of membranes containing HLA antigen with iodoacetamide. Cross-linking studies showed that the non-disulfide-bonded form of HLA antigens contains one subunit each of the Mr = 44,000 heavy chain and the Mr = 12,000 light chain (beta2-microglobulin).", "contents": "Submit and disulfide structure of monomeric and dimeric forms of detergent-soluble HLA antigens. The structure of monomeric and disulfide-bonded dimeric forms of HLA antigens has been studied. Detergent-soluble HLA antigen heavy chains contain one or two easily reduced sulfhydryl groups not found in papain-solubilized HLA antigens, as demonstrated by amino acid analysis (Springer, T. A., and Strominger, J.L. (1976) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 73, 2481-2485, and Terhorst, C., Parham, P., Mann, D.L., and Strominger, J.L. (1976) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 73, 910-914) and by labeling with iodo[3H]acetate. Dimer formation occurred during purification, since it was prevented by pretreatment of membranes containing HLA antigen with iodoacetamide. Cross-linking studies showed that the non-disulfide-bonded form of HLA antigens contains one subunit each of the Mr = 44,000 heavy chain and the Mr = 12,000 light chain (beta2-microglobulin)."}
{"id": "PMID:873914", "title": "Reductive titration of cytochrome P-450 in rat liver microsomes.", "content": "Microsomal cytochromes b5 and P-450 of rat liver have been titrated with standardized sodium dithionite solution with a newly developed titrating apparatus that allows spectrophotometric monitoring of the reduction process while strictly O2-free conditions are maintained throughout the procedure. Cytochrome b5 and other electron acceptors in the microsomal preparation were saturated with reducing equivalents prior to addition of carbon monoxide to the system. Continued titration in the presence of CO revealed that 1 electron equivalent was required for the formation of P-450(Fe2+)-CO. These results are in agreement with previous findings of 1 electron equivalence for cytochrome P-450 of adrenocortical mitochondria and P-450CAM.", "contents": "Reductive titration of cytochrome P-450 in rat liver microsomes. Microsomal cytochromes b5 and P-450 of rat liver have been titrated with standardized sodium dithionite solution with a newly developed titrating apparatus that allows spectrophotometric monitoring of the reduction process while strictly O2-free conditions are maintained throughout the procedure. Cytochrome b5 and other electron acceptors in the microsomal preparation were saturated with reducing equivalents prior to addition of carbon monoxide to the system. Continued titration in the presence of CO revealed that 1 electron equivalent was required for the formation of P-450(Fe2+)-CO. These results are in agreement with previous findings of 1 electron equivalence for cytochrome P-450 of adrenocortical mitochondria and P-450CAM."}
{"id": "PMID:873915", "title": "Deoxyribonucleic acid replication in human diploid fibroblasts stimulated to proliferate.", "content": "The elongation of replicating DNA chains was studied in resting (G0) cultures of WI-38 cells stimulated to proliferate. An alkaline sucrose gradient sedimentation method which avoids shear effects was employed. The earliest detected intermediate is a short (4.5 S) piece of DNA which is converted to 11 S and larger (50 to 60 S) pieces within 1 min. The 50 to 60 S pieces are gradually converted to two distinct size classes, 212 S and 275 S, which are in turn converted to a chromosomal aggregate of about 400 S. The overall rate of elongation of DNA is about 1.4 X 10(6) daltons/min.", "contents": "Deoxyribonucleic acid replication in human diploid fibroblasts stimulated to proliferate. The elongation of replicating DNA chains was studied in resting (G0) cultures of WI-38 cells stimulated to proliferate. An alkaline sucrose gradient sedimentation method which avoids shear effects was employed. The earliest detected intermediate is a short (4.5 S) piece of DNA which is converted to 11 S and larger (50 to 60 S) pieces within 1 min. The 50 to 60 S pieces are gradually converted to two distinct size classes, 212 S and 275 S, which are in turn converted to a chromosomal aggregate of about 400 S. The overall rate of elongation of DNA is about 1.4 X 10(6) daltons/min."}
{"id": "PMID:873916", "title": "Studies on Limulus amoebocyte lysate II. Purification of the coagulogen and the mechanism of clotting.", "content": "A coagulogen in Limulus lysate has been purified to apparent homogeneity as judged by sodium dodecyl sulfate-gel electrophoresis. The purified coagulogen identified by its ability to clot with either trypsin or the purified Limulus clotting enzyme (Tai, J.Y., and Liu, T. Y. (1976) Fed. Proc. 35, 1486) has a molecular weight of 24,500. It consists of a single polypeptide chain of about 220 amino acids with glycine and serine as its NH2- and COOH-terminal residues; respectively. When acted upon by the Limulus clotting enzyme, the coagulogen releases a soluble C-peptide of about 45 amino acids and an insoluble coagulin of about 170 amino acids. The latter interacts in a noncovalent fashion to form the clot. Amino acid analyses together with the results of NH2- and COOH-terminal analyses suggest that the clot formation involves the cleavage of an--Arg--Lys--bond. Trypsin acts on the coagulogen to cause clotting by splitting the same peptide bond.", "contents": "Studies on Limulus amoebocyte lysate II. Purification of the coagulogen and the mechanism of clotting. A coagulogen in Limulus lysate has been purified to apparent homogeneity as judged by sodium dodecyl sulfate-gel electrophoresis. The purified coagulogen identified by its ability to clot with either trypsin or the purified Limulus clotting enzyme (Tai, J.Y., and Liu, T. Y. (1976) Fed. Proc. 35, 1486) has a molecular weight of 24,500. It consists of a single polypeptide chain of about 220 amino acids with glycine and serine as its NH2- and COOH-terminal residues; respectively. When acted upon by the Limulus clotting enzyme, the coagulogen releases a soluble C-peptide of about 45 amino acids and an insoluble coagulin of about 170 amino acids. The latter interacts in a noncovalent fashion to form the clot. Amino acid analyses together with the results of NH2- and COOH-terminal analyses suggest that the clot formation involves the cleavage of an--Arg--Lys--bond. Trypsin acts on the coagulogen to cause clotting by splitting the same peptide bond."}
{"id": "PMID:873917", "title": "Re-evaluation of the kinetic mechanism of the choline acetyltransferase reaction.", "content": "Initial velocity patterns for human placental choline acetyltransferase show a series of converging lines for both the forward and reverse reaction; with Kacetyl coenzyme A = 11.9 micron, Kcholine = 0.41 mM, KCOA = 8.8 micron, and Kacetylcholine = 1.3 mM. The relative rates of acetylcholine synthesis (Vf) to acetylcholine breakdown (Vr) is 4.5. Product inhibition by acetylcholine is competitive with respect to choline and noncompetitive with respect to acetyl-CoA, while product inhibition by choline is competitive with respect to acetylcholine and noncompetitive with respect to coenzyme A. Chlorocholine, diethylaminoethanol, and acetylaminocholine were used as dead-end inhibitors and shown to inhibit competitively with respect to acetylcholine, and noncompetitively with respect to choline, acetyl-CoA, and CoA. At high choline concentrations, uncompetitive substrate inhibition is observed, and inhibition by acetylaminocholine changes from noncompetitive to competitive. Comparing the reactivity of dimethylaminoethanol to choline, and acetyldimethylaminoethanol to acetylcholine, the maximal velocities obtained with these analogues was approximately 25% of the natural substrates. These data are not consistent with the previously proposed ordered Theorell-Chance reaction mechanism, and have been interpreted in terms of a random binding mechanism.", "contents": "Re-evaluation of the kinetic mechanism of the choline acetyltransferase reaction. Initial velocity patterns for human placental choline acetyltransferase show a series of converging lines for both the forward and reverse reaction; with Kacetyl coenzyme A = 11.9 micron, Kcholine = 0.41 mM, KCOA = 8.8 micron, and Kacetylcholine = 1.3 mM. The relative rates of acetylcholine synthesis (Vf) to acetylcholine breakdown (Vr) is 4.5. Product inhibition by acetylcholine is competitive with respect to choline and noncompetitive with respect to acetyl-CoA, while product inhibition by choline is competitive with respect to acetylcholine and noncompetitive with respect to coenzyme A. Chlorocholine, diethylaminoethanol, and acetylaminocholine were used as dead-end inhibitors and shown to inhibit competitively with respect to acetylcholine, and noncompetitively with respect to choline, acetyl-CoA, and CoA. At high choline concentrations, uncompetitive substrate inhibition is observed, and inhibition by acetylaminocholine changes from noncompetitive to competitive. Comparing the reactivity of dimethylaminoethanol to choline, and acetyldimethylaminoethanol to acetylcholine, the maximal velocities obtained with these analogues was approximately 25% of the natural substrates. These data are not consistent with the previously proposed ordered Theorell-Chance reaction mechanism, and have been interpreted in terms of a random binding mechanism."}
{"id": "PMID:873919", "title": "Exchange of cytochrome b5 between phospholipid vesicles.", "content": "Detergent-extracted cytochrome b5, which binds readily to phosphatidylcholine vesicles, has been shown to exchange between vesicles by the following experiments. When preformed cytochrome b5-vesicle complexes are incubated with fresh vesicles a new species arises which sediments in the analytical ultracentrifuge with a rate intermediate between those of the original components. When the same mixture is subjected to free boundary electrophoresis no slow moving component corresponding to pure vesicles is seen. The results of sucrose density gradient centrifugation are also consistent with the conclusion that cytochrome b5 exchanges between vesicles. The possibility that the above results were produced by vesicle fusion or aggregation was eliminated by light-scattering studies and a direct assay for vesicle fusion. The ability of cytochrome b5 to exchange between lipid structures has important implications not only in the cytochrome b5-lipid system but also in enzymatic reactions in which cytochrome b5 is involved.", "contents": "Exchange of cytochrome b5 between phospholipid vesicles. Detergent-extracted cytochrome b5, which binds readily to phosphatidylcholine vesicles, has been shown to exchange between vesicles by the following experiments. When preformed cytochrome b5-vesicle complexes are incubated with fresh vesicles a new species arises which sediments in the analytical ultracentrifuge with a rate intermediate between those of the original components. When the same mixture is subjected to free boundary electrophoresis no slow moving component corresponding to pure vesicles is seen. The results of sucrose density gradient centrifugation are also consistent with the conclusion that cytochrome b5 exchanges between vesicles. The possibility that the above results were produced by vesicle fusion or aggregation was eliminated by light-scattering studies and a direct assay for vesicle fusion. The ability of cytochrome b5 to exchange between lipid structures has important implications not only in the cytochrome b5-lipid system but also in enzymatic reactions in which cytochrome b5 is involved."}
{"id": "PMID:873920", "title": "Amino acid sequence of phospholipase A2-alpha from the venom of Crotalus adamanteus. A new classification of phospholipases A2 based upon structural determinants.", "content": "The complete amino acid sequence of Crotalus adamanteus venom phospholipase A2-alpha has been determined by analysis of the five tryptic peptides from the citraconylated, reduced, and S-[14C]carboxamidomethylated enzyme. Earlier studies (Tsao, F. H. C., Keim, P. S., and Heinrikson, R. L. (1975) Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 167, 706) provided the information necessary to align the tryptic fragments so that secondary cleavage procedures to establish overlaps were unnecessary. The subunit in the phospholipase A2-alpha dimer is a single polypeptide chain containing 122 amino acids and seven disulfide bonds. The histidine residue implicated in the active site of mammalian phospholipases is at position 47 in the C. adamanteus enzyme and is located in a domain of the molecule which is highly homologous in sequence with corresponding regions of phospholipases from a variety of venom and pancreatic sources. Comparative sequence analysis has revealed insights with regard to the function and evolution of phospholipases A2. Primary structural relationships observed among the snake venom enzymes parallel the phylogenetic classification of the venomous reptiles from which they were derived. It is proposed that phospholipases A2 of this general type be divided into two groups depending upon the presence or absence of distinctive structural features elucidated in this study.", "contents": "Amino acid sequence of phospholipase A2-alpha from the venom of Crotalus adamanteus. A new classification of phospholipases A2 based upon structural determinants. The complete amino acid sequence of Crotalus adamanteus venom phospholipase A2-alpha has been determined by analysis of the five tryptic peptides from the citraconylated, reduced, and S-[14C]carboxamidomethylated enzyme. Earlier studies (Tsao, F. H. C., Keim, P. S., and Heinrikson, R. L. (1975) Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 167, 706) provided the information necessary to align the tryptic fragments so that secondary cleavage procedures to establish overlaps were unnecessary. The subunit in the phospholipase A2-alpha dimer is a single polypeptide chain containing 122 amino acids and seven disulfide bonds. The histidine residue implicated in the active site of mammalian phospholipases is at position 47 in the C. adamanteus enzyme and is located in a domain of the molecule which is highly homologous in sequence with corresponding regions of phospholipases from a variety of venom and pancreatic sources. Comparative sequence analysis has revealed insights with regard to the function and evolution of phospholipases A2. Primary structural relationships observed among the snake venom enzymes parallel the phylogenetic classification of the venomous reptiles from which they were derived. It is proposed that phospholipases A2 of this general type be divided into two groups depending upon the presence or absence of distinctive structural features elucidated in this study."}
{"id": "PMID:873928", "title": "Human beta-globin messenger RNA. I. Nucleotide sequences derived from complementary RNA.", "content": "Sequence analysis studies were carried out on human beta-globin mRNA (beta-mRNA) prepared from alpha-thalassemic, sickle cell, and Hb A reticulocytes. Highly purified beta-mRNA served as substrate for the preparation of cDNA by RNA-dependent DNA polymerase. The cDNA was transcribed by Escherichia coli RNA polymerase and the resulting cRNA was analyzed. Over 300 nucleotides were assigned to the beta-mRNA coding region and 37 nucleotides were assigned to the 3'-terminal noncoding region. The normal termination codon is UAA which is separated by 28 nucleotides from an out of phase UAA triplet. The origin of each of the abnormally long beta-globin variants Tak and Cranston is consistent with reduplication of dinucleotides prior to the normal termination codon, and both globin variants can terminate at the out of phase UAA.", "contents": "Human beta-globin messenger RNA. I. Nucleotide sequences derived from complementary RNA. Sequence analysis studies were carried out on human beta-globin mRNA (beta-mRNA) prepared from alpha-thalassemic, sickle cell, and Hb A reticulocytes. Highly purified beta-mRNA served as substrate for the preparation of cDNA by RNA-dependent DNA polymerase. The cDNA was transcribed by Escherichia coli RNA polymerase and the resulting cRNA was analyzed. Over 300 nucleotides were assigned to the beta-mRNA coding region and 37 nucleotides were assigned to the 3'-terminal noncoding region. The normal termination codon is UAA which is separated by 28 nucleotides from an out of phase UAA triplet. The origin of each of the abnormally long beta-globin variants Tak and Cranston is consistent with reduplication of dinucleotides prior to the normal termination codon, and both globin variants can terminate at the out of phase UAA."}
{"id": "PMID:873929", "title": "The purine nucleotide cycle. Studies of ammonia production by skeletal muscle in situ and in perfused preparations.", "content": "Ammonia production by hind limbs of rat was studied in perfused preparations during rest, exercise, and hypoxia, and while the perfusate contained epinephrine or cyanide. Ammonia production by hind limbs was also studied in situ during rest and exercise. Strong correlations were observed between ammonia, IMP, and lactate formation. Adenylosuccinate was not present in detectable amounts in resting muscle (less than 1 nmol/g dry weight) but it appeared and rose sharply in exercising muscle, and then declined during recovery. The maximum found was about 18 nmol/g dry weight. When IMP accumulation exceeded 2.8 mumol/g dry weight, the formation of adenylosuccinate diminished, presumably because of an inhibition of adenylosuccinate synthetase by excess substrate. Exercise resulted in a greatly increased output of ammonia and a decreased output of alanine and glutamine. The tissue contents of aspartate and glutamate were decreased, while that of alanine was increased. The content of malate increased 3-fold during exercise. Epinephrine, hypoxia, and cyanide each caused an increased output of ammonia at the expense of the amino acid content of the tissue. These results provide evidence for the operation of the purine nucleotide cycle in skeletal muscle under various conditions that are associated with an increased rate of glycolysis.", "contents": "The purine nucleotide cycle. Studies of ammonia production by skeletal muscle in situ and in perfused preparations. Ammonia production by hind limbs of rat was studied in perfused preparations during rest, exercise, and hypoxia, and while the perfusate contained epinephrine or cyanide. Ammonia production by hind limbs was also studied in situ during rest and exercise. Strong correlations were observed between ammonia, IMP, and lactate formation. Adenylosuccinate was not present in detectable amounts in resting muscle (less than 1 nmol/g dry weight) but it appeared and rose sharply in exercising muscle, and then declined during recovery. The maximum found was about 18 nmol/g dry weight. When IMP accumulation exceeded 2.8 mumol/g dry weight, the formation of adenylosuccinate diminished, presumably because of an inhibition of adenylosuccinate synthetase by excess substrate. Exercise resulted in a greatly increased output of ammonia and a decreased output of alanine and glutamine. The tissue contents of aspartate and glutamate were decreased, while that of alanine was increased. The content of malate increased 3-fold during exercise. Epinephrine, hypoxia, and cyanide each caused an increased output of ammonia at the expense of the amino acid content of the tissue. These results provide evidence for the operation of the purine nucleotide cycle in skeletal muscle under various conditions that are associated with an increased rate of glycolysis."}
{"id": "PMID:873930", "title": "Hepatic microsomal dealkylations. Inhibition by a tyrosine-copper (II) complex provided with superoxide dismutase activity.", "content": "The effect of a divalent copper-tyrosine complex has been evaluated in rat liver microsome-catalyzed dealkylations. The copper complex, which is provided with superoxide dismutase activity, inhibits at micromolar concentrations aminopyrine, p-nitroanisol, and 7-ethoxycoumarin dealkylations. It has also been found that cumene hydroperoxide-supported p-nitroanisol demethylation, the formation of a 440 nm species, and the formation of superoxide radicals are inhibited by the divalent copper complex. On the other hand, 3-chloroperbenzoic acid has been found to support a copper complex-insensitive 7-ethoxycoumarin dealkylation. Oxygen uptake by rat liver microsomes is also inhibited by the copper complex. The data support the concept that the copper complex acts as a superoxide dismutase at the level of a cytochrome P-450 intermediate species, liganded with superoxide anions.", "contents": "Hepatic microsomal dealkylations. Inhibition by a tyrosine-copper (II) complex provided with superoxide dismutase activity. The effect of a divalent copper-tyrosine complex has been evaluated in rat liver microsome-catalyzed dealkylations. The copper complex, which is provided with superoxide dismutase activity, inhibits at micromolar concentrations aminopyrine, p-nitroanisol, and 7-ethoxycoumarin dealkylations. It has also been found that cumene hydroperoxide-supported p-nitroanisol demethylation, the formation of a 440 nm species, and the formation of superoxide radicals are inhibited by the divalent copper complex. On the other hand, 3-chloroperbenzoic acid has been found to support a copper complex-insensitive 7-ethoxycoumarin dealkylation. Oxygen uptake by rat liver microsomes is also inhibited by the copper complex. The data support the concept that the copper complex acts as a superoxide dismutase at the level of a cytochrome P-450 intermediate species, liganded with superoxide anions."}
{"id": "PMID:873933", "title": "Steady state kinetics of 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase from human liver (III).", "content": "Kinetic experiments have been made with an apparently homogenous preparation of human liver 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase Form 3 (4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate: oxygen oxidoreductase (hydroxylating, decarboxylating), EC 1.13.11.27) at 37 degrees in 0.2 M Tris/HCL, pH 7.5, by measuring the evolved carbon dioxide from the 1-14C-labeled substrate or the formation of homogentisate from the U-14C-labeled substrate. The effect of variations in the concentrations of substrates, products, and metal chelators on the velocity of the forward reaction was studied. The results agree with an Ordered Bi Bi kinetic mechanism (Cleland, W. W. (1963) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 67, 104--137), where 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate is added prior to oxygen and CO2 released before homogentisate. A Theorell-Chance mechanism has not been excluded.", "contents": "Steady state kinetics of 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase from human liver (III). Kinetic experiments have been made with an apparently homogenous preparation of human liver 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase Form 3 (4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate: oxygen oxidoreductase (hydroxylating, decarboxylating), EC 1.13.11.27) at 37 degrees in 0.2 M Tris/HCL, pH 7.5, by measuring the evolved carbon dioxide from the 1-14C-labeled substrate or the formation of homogentisate from the U-14C-labeled substrate. The effect of variations in the concentrations of substrates, products, and metal chelators on the velocity of the forward reaction was studied. The results agree with an Ordered Bi Bi kinetic mechanism (Cleland, W. W. (1963) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 67, 104--137), where 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate is added prior to oxygen and CO2 released before homogentisate. A Theorell-Chance mechanism has not been excluded."}
{"id": "PMID:873935", "title": "Membrane polypeptides co-induced with the bacterial bioluminescent system.", "content": "Electrophoretic analysis of membrane proteins and electron microscopy of freeze-fracture replicas reveal that certain polypeptides and intramembrane particles are absent in Beneckea harveyi harvested prior to luminescence induction but present after induction. The polypeptides and particles are also absent in mutants which fail to synthesize the luminescent system. These correlations implicate membrane polypeptides in the bacterial bioluminescent system.", "contents": "Membrane polypeptides co-induced with the bacterial bioluminescent system. Electrophoretic analysis of membrane proteins and electron microscopy of freeze-fracture replicas reveal that certain polypeptides and intramembrane particles are absent in Beneckea harveyi harvested prior to luminescence induction but present after induction. The polypeptides and particles are also absent in mutants which fail to synthesize the luminescent system. These correlations implicate membrane polypeptides in the bacterial bioluminescent system."}
{"id": "PMID:873940", "title": "Blood compatibility of methyl, methyl vinyl, methyl phenyl, and trifluoropropylmethylvinyl silicone rubber without silica fillers in the spiral-coiled membrane lung.", "content": "Spiral-coiled membrane lungs of 0.6 m2 surface area were fabricated from silicone rubber membranes coated with four types of commercially available pure-gum polysiloxane rubber: 1) polytrifluoropropylmethylvinylsiloxane, 2) polymethylphenylsiloxane, 3) polymethylvinylsiloxane, and 4) polydimethylsiloxane. Membranes lungs were tested in an arteriovenous shunt without added heparin after bypass was begun. All group 4 had major rise in resistance to blood flow or clotting in over 33% of the membrane lungs studied, after 6 hr of bypass. Membrane lungs with polydimethylsiloxane (group 4) had no rise in resistance to blood flow during 24 hr of bypass and had the least amount of changes in blood platelet count.", "contents": "Blood compatibility of methyl, methyl vinyl, methyl phenyl, and trifluoropropylmethylvinyl silicone rubber without silica fillers in the spiral-coiled membrane lung. Spiral-coiled membrane lungs of 0.6 m2 surface area were fabricated from silicone rubber membranes coated with four types of commercially available pure-gum polysiloxane rubber: 1) polytrifluoropropylmethylvinylsiloxane, 2) polymethylphenylsiloxane, 3) polymethylvinylsiloxane, and 4) polydimethylsiloxane. Membranes lungs were tested in an arteriovenous shunt without added heparin after bypass was begun. All group 4 had major rise in resistance to blood flow or clotting in over 33% of the membrane lungs studied, after 6 hr of bypass. Membrane lungs with polydimethylsiloxane (group 4) had no rise in resistance to blood flow during 24 hr of bypass and had the least amount of changes in blood platelet count."}
{"id": "PMID:873941", "title": "Progress in splat-cooling of dental alloys.", "content": "Improved techniques in preparing and sizing dental alloy powders containing Ag, Sn, and Cu have led to amalgams with higher strengths and less spread in dimensional change but very poor shelf life. Since maximum strengths occurred for amalgams containing about 15% more Sn than previously reported, and consequently presumably more of the weak gamma2 phase, the higher strengths are difficult to understand. The poor shelf life may be explained by oxidation of the highly reactive splat-cooled alloy or possibly by the existence of highly reactive metastable phases which transform fairly rapidly to the less reactive equilibrium ones.", "contents": "Progress in splat-cooling of dental alloys. Improved techniques in preparing and sizing dental alloy powders containing Ag, Sn, and Cu have led to amalgams with higher strengths and less spread in dimensional change but very poor shelf life. Since maximum strengths occurred for amalgams containing about 15% more Sn than previously reported, and consequently presumably more of the weak gamma2 phase, the higher strengths are difficult to understand. The poor shelf life may be explained by oxidation of the highly reactive splat-cooled alloy or possibly by the existence of highly reactive metastable phases which transform fairly rapidly to the less reactive equilibrium ones."}
{"id": "PMID:873942", "title": "Influence of cold plastic deformation on critical pitting potential of AISI 316 L and 304 L steels in an artificial physiological solution simulating the aggressiveness of the human body.", "content": "The effect of cold working on critical pitting potential of AISI 316 L and 304 L steels in a buffered physiological solution has been studied. In particular, the importance of deformation degree, orientation of the specimen surface to the deformation direction, and cold working temperature in lowering the critical pitting potential is shown.", "contents": "Influence of cold plastic deformation on critical pitting potential of AISI 316 L and 304 L steels in an artificial physiological solution simulating the aggressiveness of the human body. The effect of cold working on critical pitting potential of AISI 316 L and 304 L steels in a buffered physiological solution has been studied. In particular, the importance of deformation degree, orientation of the specimen surface to the deformation direction, and cold working temperature in lowering the critical pitting potential is shown."}
{"id": "PMID:873943", "title": "Wear of dental amalgam.", "content": "The wear of cental amalgam was studied by single- and double-pass sliding and by a silicon carbide abrasion test. A dispersed amalgam showed significantly better resistance to two-body abrasion than the spherical amalgams tested. The wear amalgam was determined by resistance to penetration and by a ductile mode of surface failure over the load range studied. Differences in the wear of amalgam and restorative resins and composites are discussed.", "contents": "Wear of dental amalgam. The wear of cental amalgam was studied by single- and double-pass sliding and by a silicon carbide abrasion test. A dispersed amalgam showed significantly better resistance to two-body abrasion than the spherical amalgams tested. The wear amalgam was determined by resistance to penetration and by a ductile mode of surface failure over the load range studied. Differences in the wear of amalgam and restorative resins and composites are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:873944", "title": "Analysis of biomaterials deposited on soft contact lenses.", "content": "Formation of opaque deposits on the anterior (air) surface of hydrophilic soft contact lenses is a problem worthy of investigation by all concerned. These deposits have been analyzed for biomaterials by chemical, biochemical, electrophoretic, and immunological techniques. Qualitative and quantitative chemical colorimetric tests revealed the presence of variable amounts of protein (5-10 microgram/lens), carbohydrate (1.0-1.2 microgram/lens), and phospholipids (0.01-0.05 micronmole/lens). Cholesterol and glucose were not present at detectable levels. Fluorescent antibody tests with appropriate controls gave positive tests for albumin, lysozyme, gamma-G-globulin, and alpha1-lipoprotein in the deposits, all proteins present in tear fluid. Deposits were most effectively  removed from the lenses by the combination of heat, sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) detergent, and the thiol reagent dithiothreitol (DTT). SDS-denatured protein migrated on polyacrylamide gels with electrophoretic patterns corresponding to molecular weights for those proteins detected by the above antibody tests. The nature of the bonding interactions of biomaterials to the lenses was probed by chemical reagents used to remove them, employed singly and in all possible combinations. Urea, guanidine hydrochloride, potassium thiocyanate, potassium perchlorate, hydroxylamine, and EDTA were much less effective than SDS and DTT. These data suggest that apolar interactions plus disulfide bonds may be important in stabilizing the deposit structure, and point to improved cleaning procedures.", "contents": "Analysis of biomaterials deposited on soft contact lenses. Formation of opaque deposits on the anterior (air) surface of hydrophilic soft contact lenses is a problem worthy of investigation by all concerned. These deposits have been analyzed for biomaterials by chemical, biochemical, electrophoretic, and immunological techniques. Qualitative and quantitative chemical colorimetric tests revealed the presence of variable amounts of protein (5-10 microgram/lens), carbohydrate (1.0-1.2 microgram/lens), and phospholipids (0.01-0.05 micronmole/lens). Cholesterol and glucose were not present at detectable levels. Fluorescent antibody tests with appropriate controls gave positive tests for albumin, lysozyme, gamma-G-globulin, and alpha1-lipoprotein in the deposits, all proteins present in tear fluid. Deposits were most effectively  removed from the lenses by the combination of heat, sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) detergent, and the thiol reagent dithiothreitol (DTT). SDS-denatured protein migrated on polyacrylamide gels with electrophoretic patterns corresponding to molecular weights for those proteins detected by the above antibody tests. The nature of the bonding interactions of biomaterials to the lenses was probed by chemical reagents used to remove them, employed singly and in all possible combinations. Urea, guanidine hydrochloride, potassium thiocyanate, potassium perchlorate, hydroxylamine, and EDTA were much less effective than SDS and DTT. These data suggest that apolar interactions plus disulfide bonds may be important in stabilizing the deposit structure, and point to improved cleaning procedures."}
{"id": "PMID:873945", "title": "Crevice corrosion in orthopedic implant metals.", "content": "Studies of orthopedic implant alloys in crevice configuration suggest that cobalt-chromium alloys such as Haynes-Stellite 25 are the best choice for multicomponent implants. It is also shown that severe crevice attack may result from use of mixed metals.", "contents": "Crevice corrosion in orthopedic implant metals. Studies of orthopedic implant alloys in crevice configuration suggest that cobalt-chromium alloys such as Haynes-Stellite 25 are the best choice for multicomponent implants. It is also shown that severe crevice attack may result from use of mixed metals."}
{"id": "PMID:873946", "title": "Cellulosic ion-exchange membranes for hemodialysis.", "content": "The application of cellulosic ion-exchange membranes to hemodialysis was studied in vitro. The membranes were prepared by radiation-grafting methacrylic acid and vinylpyridine to films of DuPont cellophane PD-215 to produce cation-exchange and anion-exchange membranes, respectively. Solutions of urea, creatinine, glucose, and uric acid were studied for their interactions with and diffusion through the membranes. Ultrafiltration rates were also determined. Cuprophane and PD-215 cellophane were studied as controls. Dialysis plots for the membranes revealed a mechanism of \"assisted transport.\" Initially, the solutes were removed from solution by a sorption/adsorption mechanism followed by a steady-state diffusion process. The calculated diffusivities for these later steady-state regions increased linearly with capacity for urea, creatinine, and uric acid, while for glucose the reverse was true. The combined processes involved provided considerably greater mass transport per unit thickness than either DuPont PD-215 cellophane or Cupropane.", "contents": "Cellulosic ion-exchange membranes for hemodialysis. The application of cellulosic ion-exchange membranes to hemodialysis was studied in vitro. The membranes were prepared by radiation-grafting methacrylic acid and vinylpyridine to films of DuPont cellophane PD-215 to produce cation-exchange and anion-exchange membranes, respectively. Solutions of urea, creatinine, glucose, and uric acid were studied for their interactions with and diffusion through the membranes. Ultrafiltration rates were also determined. Cuprophane and PD-215 cellophane were studied as controls. Dialysis plots for the membranes revealed a mechanism of \"assisted transport.\" Initially, the solutes were removed from solution by a sorption/adsorption mechanism followed by a steady-state diffusion process. The calculated diffusivities for these later steady-state regions increased linearly with capacity for urea, creatinine, and uric acid, while for glucose the reverse was true. The combined processes involved provided considerably greater mass transport per unit thickness than either DuPont PD-215 cellophane or Cupropane."}
{"id": "PMID:873947", "title": "Analysis of the ingredients and determination of the residual components of acrylic bone cements.", "content": "Rapid and reliable methods for the characterization and quantitative determination of ingredients usually present in self-curing methacrylate bone cements were developed using spectrophotometric, gas chromatographic (GC), and coventional gravimetric procedures. These procedures are applicable to non-crosslinked methacrylate resins. In the presence of some copolymers, polymer blends or crosslinking agents, or other ingredients which will result in the formation of insoluble methacrylate resins, some modification of the identification procedures and quantitative estimation of the resin components will be required. Molecular weight and molecular weight distribution of the powder and cured cement were obtained from viscosity and gel-permeation measurements. Residual low molecular weight materials in the cured cement were determined for various storage times. Residual and water-leachable monomer and residual dimethyl-p-toluidine (DMPT) were measured by GC. In air, The monomer content of the cured resin decreased from 3.3% after 1 hr to 2.4% after 215 days. When stored in water at 37 degrees C, over 65% of the extractable monomer is leached out within 10 min. After 6 hr, the rate of diffusion of monomer into the aqueous phase is low. The cured cement contains as much as 0.6% DMPT, which does not leach out. Residual peroxide, estimated spectrophotometrically, amounts to 0.8%, but decreases to 0.14% after 15 months in water at 37 degrees C. A semiquantitative colorimetric test indicated that the hydroquinone content of specimens analyzed within 24 hr after curing amounted to 9 ppm.", "contents": "Analysis of the ingredients and determination of the residual components of acrylic bone cements. Rapid and reliable methods for the characterization and quantitative determination of ingredients usually present in self-curing methacrylate bone cements were developed using spectrophotometric, gas chromatographic (GC), and coventional gravimetric procedures. These procedures are applicable to non-crosslinked methacrylate resins. In the presence of some copolymers, polymer blends or crosslinking agents, or other ingredients which will result in the formation of insoluble methacrylate resins, some modification of the identification procedures and quantitative estimation of the resin components will be required. Molecular weight and molecular weight distribution of the powder and cured cement were obtained from viscosity and gel-permeation measurements. Residual low molecular weight materials in the cured cement were determined for various storage times. Residual and water-leachable monomer and residual dimethyl-p-toluidine (DMPT) were measured by GC. In air, The monomer content of the cured resin decreased from 3.3% after 1 hr to 2.4% after 215 days. When stored in water at 37 degrees C, over 65% of the extractable monomer is leached out within 10 min. After 6 hr, the rate of diffusion of monomer into the aqueous phase is low. The cured cement contains as much as 0.6% DMPT, which does not leach out. Residual peroxide, estimated spectrophotometrically, amounts to 0.8%, but decreases to 0.14% after 15 months in water at 37 degrees C. A semiquantitative colorimetric test indicated that the hydroquinone content of specimens analyzed within 24 hr after curing amounted to 9 ppm."}
{"id": "PMID:873952", "title": "Fracture of the hook of the hamate in athletes.", "content": "During an eight-year period, four tennis players, seven golfers, and nine baseball players were seen with a fracture of the hook of the hamate. Eighteen of these twenty patients were disabled by pain and after the fracture fragment was removed, all eighteen were relieved so that they returned to their athletic pursuits. Two patients were asymptomatic, their old fracture being discovered accidentally when they were treated for other injuries. Nineteen of the twenty patients had been examined before coming under our care, but the correct diagnosis had been made in only two. Conservative treatment, including rest, physical therapy, and injections of steroids into the wrist and hand, had not been beneficial. From the history and findings, we believe that these fractures were caused by a direct blow against the hook of the hamate caused by the handle of the tennis racket, golf club, or bat during a swing, and not by indirect force produced by the ligaments and muscles attached to the hook. The fracture was demonstrated in all twenty patients by a roentgenogram (profile view) of the carpal tunnel.", "contents": "Fracture of the hook of the hamate in athletes. During an eight-year period, four tennis players, seven golfers, and nine baseball players were seen with a fracture of the hook of the hamate. Eighteen of these twenty patients were disabled by pain and after the fracture fragment was removed, all eighteen were relieved so that they returned to their athletic pursuits. Two patients were asymptomatic, their old fracture being discovered accidentally when they were treated for other injuries. Nineteen of the twenty patients had been examined before coming under our care, but the correct diagnosis had been made in only two. Conservative treatment, including rest, physical therapy, and injections of steroids into the wrist and hand, had not been beneficial. From the history and findings, we believe that these fractures were caused by a direct blow against the hook of the hamate caused by the handle of the tennis racket, golf club, or bat during a swing, and not by indirect force produced by the ligaments and muscles attached to the hook. The fracture was demonstrated in all twenty patients by a roentgenogram (profile view) of the carpal tunnel."}
{"id": "PMID:873953", "title": "Ununited fracture of the hook of the hamate.", "content": "Of nine ununited fractures of the hook of the hamate, eight were treated by surgical excision of the fragment. All eight patients had relief from persistent pain and regained the preinjury level of function. This fracture occurs frequently in athletes and is often not diagnosed because it can be demonstrated only by special roentgenographic views. It is concluded that this fracture may be less rare than is commonly believed and that surgical excision permits early return of function, especially in athletes and laborers who must be able to grip hard objects strongly.", "contents": "Ununited fracture of the hook of the hamate. Of nine ununited fractures of the hook of the hamate, eight were treated by surgical excision of the fragment. All eight patients had relief from persistent pain and regained the preinjury level of function. This fracture occurs frequently in athletes and is often not diagnosed because it can be demonstrated only by special roentgenographic views. It is concluded that this fracture may be less rare than is commonly believed and that surgical excision permits early return of function, especially in athletes and laborers who must be able to grip hard objects strongly."}
{"id": "PMID:873954", "title": "Supracondylar fractures of the humerus: the role of dynamic factors in prevention of deformity.", "content": "In a retrospective survey of eighty-two children with supracondylar fractures of the humerus, forty were found to have sufficient clinical and roentgenographic data to classify the fractures as varus or valgus, and to determine the carrying angles at end result. The initial displacement (varus or valgus) of the distal fragment correlated with the final carrying angle, but the use of internal fixation, the adequacy of reduction achieved and the duration of traction or immobilization did not. The sixteen varus supracondylar fractures immobilized with the forearm in supination had a mean varus deformity of about 16 degrees, whereas the eight immobilized in pronation had a varus deformity of only 3 degrees. The findings in the few valgus fractures suggested that the valgus angulation was less at follow-up if they had been immobilized in supination. Dissection of eight cadaver limbs and electromyographic studies of one normal limb suggested that the position of the forearm affects the result by altering muscle tension.", "contents": "Supracondylar fractures of the humerus: the role of dynamic factors in prevention of deformity. In a retrospective survey of eighty-two children with supracondylar fractures of the humerus, forty were found to have sufficient clinical and roentgenographic data to classify the fractures as varus or valgus, and to determine the carrying angles at end result. The initial displacement (varus or valgus) of the distal fragment correlated with the final carrying angle, but the use of internal fixation, the adequacy of reduction achieved and the duration of traction or immobilization did not. The sixteen varus supracondylar fractures immobilized with the forearm in supination had a mean varus deformity of about 16 degrees, whereas the eight immobilized in pronation had a varus deformity of only 3 degrees. The findings in the few valgus fractures suggested that the valgus angulation was less at follow-up if they had been immobilized in supination. Dissection of eight cadaver limbs and electromyographic studies of one normal limb suggested that the position of the forearm affects the result by altering muscle tension."}
{"id": "PMID:873955", "title": "Functional bracing of fractures of the shaft of the humerus.", "content": "We treated fifty-one cases of fracture of the shaft of the humerus with a functional method of treatment consisting of a plastic sleeve, individually molded or prefabricated. It maintained good alignment of the fragments and permitted rapid and uninterrupted osteogenesis. The early introduction of functional activity to the entire extremity appears to provide a desirable physiological environment conducive to rapid healing. Non-unions have not been encountered in nonpathological fractures. Healing time has been rapid, and there has been consistent restoration of motion of all joints prior to the completion of healing. The morbidity was minimum.", "contents": "Functional bracing of fractures of the shaft of the humerus. We treated fifty-one cases of fracture of the shaft of the humerus with a functional method of treatment consisting of a plastic sleeve, individually molded or prefabricated. It maintained good alignment of the fragments and permitted rapid and uninterrupted osteogenesis. The early introduction of functional activity to the entire extremity appears to provide a desirable physiological environment conducive to rapid healing. Non-unions have not been encountered in nonpathological fractures. Healing time has been rapid, and there has been consistent restoration of motion of all joints prior to the completion of healing. The morbidity was minimum."}
{"id": "PMID:873956", "title": "The spherocentric knee: biomechanical testing and clinical trial.", "content": "The spherocentric knee is a non-hinged, intrinsically stable knee-joint prosthesis which allows controlled triaxial rotation and was designed specifically for use in severely deformed or grossly unstable knees. Biomechanical evaluation of the prosthesis implanted in fresh human cadaver limbs demonstrated highly favorable motion, stability, strength, deflection, and energy absorption characterists for the spherocentric prosthesis-bone assembly as compared with control cadaver knees. After an average follow-up of 25.5 months after the first twenty-five spherocentric arthroplasties, the clinical results were highly satisfactory and suggested that the spherocentric knee may be relatively resistant to the problems of wear debris, loosening, and breakage which have plagued other intrinsically stable knee-joint prostheses.", "contents": "The spherocentric knee: biomechanical testing and clinical trial. The spherocentric knee is a non-hinged, intrinsically stable knee-joint prosthesis which allows controlled triaxial rotation and was designed specifically for use in severely deformed or grossly unstable knees. Biomechanical evaluation of the prosthesis implanted in fresh human cadaver limbs demonstrated highly favorable motion, stability, strength, deflection, and energy absorption characterists for the spherocentric prosthesis-bone assembly as compared with control cadaver knees. After an average follow-up of 25.5 months after the first twenty-five spherocentric arthroplasties, the clinical results were highly satisfactory and suggested that the spherocentric knee may be relatively resistant to the problems of wear debris, loosening, and breakage which have plagued other intrinsically stable knee-joint prostheses."}
{"id": "PMID:873957", "title": "Painful knees in older patients: radionuclide diagnosis of possible osteonecrosis with spontaneous resolution.", "content": "The syndrome of osteonecrosis of the femur at the knee presents as sudden onset of knee pain in elderly patients. It is classically associated with a subchondral radiolucency and a positive radionuclide bone scan. The lesion may progress to collapse of the bone. In this report, twelve cases are described in which the clinical entity of osteonecrosis of the femoral condyle was diagnosed because the patients had a clinical picture identical to that of osteonecrosis and also had positive bone scans. However, roentgenographic changes supposedly diagnostic of the condition were not seen. In twelve patients, arthrotomy was avoided. They became asymptomatic and their bone scans returned to normal in a few months.", "contents": "Painful knees in older patients: radionuclide diagnosis of possible osteonecrosis with spontaneous resolution. The syndrome of osteonecrosis of the femur at the knee presents as sudden onset of knee pain in elderly patients. It is classically associated with a subchondral radiolucency and a positive radionuclide bone scan. The lesion may progress to collapse of the bone. In this report, twelve cases are described in which the clinical entity of osteonecrosis of the femoral condyle was diagnosed because the patients had a clinical picture identical to that of osteonecrosis and also had positive bone scans. However, roentgenographic changes supposedly diagnostic of the condition were not seen. In twelve patients, arthrotomy was avoided. They became asymptomatic and their bone scans returned to normal in a few months."}
{"id": "PMID:873958", "title": "Metal carcinogenesis: a study of the carcinogenic activity of solid metal alloys in rats.", "content": "The carcinogenic activity of seven metallic alloys was studied by implanting solid rods of each alloy in the gluteal muscles of Sprague-Dawley rats which were killed after twenty-four months. When the number of tumors in these rats was compared with the numbers in rats not operated on, in rats which had a sham operation, and in rats implanted with Silastic rods, no statistically significant differences in the incidences of the tumors in the several groups were found.", "contents": "Metal carcinogenesis: a study of the carcinogenic activity of solid metal alloys in rats. The carcinogenic activity of seven metallic alloys was studied by implanting solid rods of each alloy in the gluteal muscles of Sprague-Dawley rats which were killed after twenty-four months. When the number of tumors in these rats was compared with the numbers in rats not operated on, in rats which had a sham operation, and in rats implanted with Silastic rods, no statistically significant differences in the incidences of the tumors in the several groups were found."}
{"id": "PMID:873959", "title": "Damage to the capital femoral epiphysis due to Frejka pillow treatment.", "content": "Seven cases of damage to the capital femoral epiphysis in seven infants with congenital dysplasis, subluxation, or dislocation of the hip treated with a Frejka pillow splint are described. The pillow was first applied shortly after birth (up to four months of age) and was continued for three to six months. The roentgenographic changes in the femoral head and neck were consistent with either avascular necrosis of the femoral head or a growth disturbance causing alteration of the normal angle of the neck and shortening of the affected femur.", "contents": "Damage to the capital femoral epiphysis due to Frejka pillow treatment. Seven cases of damage to the capital femoral epiphysis in seven infants with congenital dysplasis, subluxation, or dislocation of the hip treated with a Frejka pillow splint are described. The pillow was first applied shortly after birth (up to four months of age) and was continued for three to six months. The roentgenographic changes in the femoral head and neck were consistent with either avascular necrosis of the femoral head or a growth disturbance causing alteration of the normal angle of the neck and shortening of the affected femur."}
{"id": "PMID:873960", "title": "Determination of the vascularity of the femoral head with technetium 99m-sulphur-colloid.", "content": "The results of technetium 99m-sulphur-colloid scans performed at the Los Angeles County-University of Southern California Medical Center and Rancho Los Amigos Hospital to assess the vascular status of the femoral head after sixty-five displaced and thirty undisplaced fractures of the neck of the femur and forty-four traumatic hip dislocations as well as in fifty patients with idiopathic ischemic necrosis of seventy femoral heads were evaluated by histological and clinical examination after follow-up of two years or more. The accuracy of the scan as corroborated by the histological findings and clinical results was 95 per cent. The method is safe, reliable, accurate, and simple in contrast to other methods which have disadvantages related primarily to technical complexities, difficulty in interpretation, and expense.", "contents": "Determination of the vascularity of the femoral head with technetium 99m-sulphur-colloid. The results of technetium 99m-sulphur-colloid scans performed at the Los Angeles County-University of Southern California Medical Center and Rancho Los Amigos Hospital to assess the vascular status of the femoral head after sixty-five displaced and thirty undisplaced fractures of the neck of the femur and forty-four traumatic hip dislocations as well as in fifty patients with idiopathic ischemic necrosis of seventy femoral heads were evaluated by histological and clinical examination after follow-up of two years or more. The accuracy of the scan as corroborated by the histological findings and clinical results was 95 per cent. The method is safe, reliable, accurate, and simple in contrast to other methods which have disadvantages related primarily to technical complexities, difficulty in interpretation, and expense."}
{"id": "PMID:873961", "title": "Bone-mineral content of the femoral neck and spine versus the radius or ulna.", "content": "The interrelationship between the bone-mineral content of sites on the radius or ulna and that of the femoral neck and lower thoracic vertebrae of twenty-four human skeletons was determined. The average correlation coefficients, -/r, were 0.82 and 0.57. Regression analysis showed that the bone-mineral content of the radius provides a good estimate of the bone-mineral content of the femoral neck (standard error of estimate approximately 16 per cent). Multiple regression analysis using the age of the subject and the bone-mineral content of the radius provides an equation with a similar standard error of estimate for the vertebrae.", "contents": "Bone-mineral content of the femoral neck and spine versus the radius or ulna. The interrelationship between the bone-mineral content of sites on the radius or ulna and that of the femoral neck and lower thoracic vertebrae of twenty-four human skeletons was determined. The average correlation coefficients, -/r, were 0.82 and 0.57. Regression analysis showed that the bone-mineral content of the radius provides a good estimate of the bone-mineral content of the femoral neck (standard error of estimate approximately 16 per cent). Multiple regression analysis using the age of the subject and the bone-mineral content of the radius provides an equation with a similar standard error of estimate for the vertebrae."}
{"id": "PMID:873962", "title": "Effect of beta-aminopropionitrile on bone mechanical properties.", "content": "In vivo beta-aminopropionitrile treatment caused significant changes in the mechanical properties of rat femora. In femora treated with beta-aminopropinitrile as compared with controls, there was a 44 per cent decrease in bone stiffness and a 47 per cent increase in bone deformation to failure. Bone ash was decreased 5 per cent in the treated group. It is likely that the decrease in bone ash was secondary to impaired intermolecular bone-collagen cross-linking, which is a well established consequence of treatment with beta-aminopropionitrile. Thus, beta-aminopropionitrile influences bone mechanical properties directly by impairing collagen cross-linking and indirectly by altering bone-matrix mineralization.", "contents": "Effect of beta-aminopropionitrile on bone mechanical properties. In vivo beta-aminopropionitrile treatment caused significant changes in the mechanical properties of rat femora. In femora treated with beta-aminopropinitrile as compared with controls, there was a 44 per cent decrease in bone stiffness and a 47 per cent increase in bone deformation to failure. Bone ash was decreased 5 per cent in the treated group. It is likely that the decrease in bone ash was secondary to impaired intermolecular bone-collagen cross-linking, which is a well established consequence of treatment with beta-aminopropionitrile. Thus, beta-aminopropionitrile influences bone mechanical properties directly by impairing collagen cross-linking and indirectly by altering bone-matrix mineralization."}
{"id": "PMID:873974", "title": "Orthopaedic aspects of spinal tumors in children.", "content": "A retrospective survey has been made of forty children with spinal tumours. Difficulties in establishing the correct diagnosis are mentioned and the value of radiological and cerebrospinal fluid investigations discussed. The major orthopaedic disabilities are spinal deformity or instability, and paraplegia. The main factor in the development of the former is the site of laminectomy: the higher the level the greater is the likelihood of deformity or instability developing. Measures to prevent this distressing complication are discussed. The role of the orthopaedic surgeon in the management of these children is emphasised.", "contents": "Orthopaedic aspects of spinal tumors in children. A retrospective survey has been made of forty children with spinal tumours. Difficulties in establishing the correct diagnosis are mentioned and the value of radiological and cerebrospinal fluid investigations discussed. The major orthopaedic disabilities are spinal deformity or instability, and paraplegia. The main factor in the development of the former is the site of laminectomy: the higher the level the greater is the likelihood of deformity or instability developing. Measures to prevent this distressing complication are discussed. The role of the orthopaedic surgeon in the management of these children is emphasised."}
{"id": "PMID:873975", "title": "Sub-capital coxa valga after varus osteotomy for congenital dislocation of the hip.", "content": "Coxa valga may sometimes occur as a complication of varus osteotomy for congenital dislocation of the hip. Six such cases are described with a minimum follow-up of nine years. In three cases the varus osteotomy had been performed on only one side; in one case it was done on both sides and coxa valga developed bilaterally; and in two further bilateral cases coxa valga developed on one side only. In each case the coxa valga was sub-capital. Detailed radiographic analysis included measurements of neck-shaft angle, acetabular angle and C.E. angle. The epiphysis-shaft angle is described; it is an index of the constant tendency of the capital epiphysis to assume a horizontal position. The cause remains unknown, but damage to the trochanteric growth plate or to the lateral part of the capital growth plate could not be identified as aetiological factors. Poor acetabular cover was considered a possible factor. All the patients in this series had functionally excellent hips, but the long-term prognosis of the hips with partly uncovered femoral heads is doubtful.", "contents": "Sub-capital coxa valga after varus osteotomy for congenital dislocation of the hip. Coxa valga may sometimes occur as a complication of varus osteotomy for congenital dislocation of the hip. Six such cases are described with a minimum follow-up of nine years. In three cases the varus osteotomy had been performed on only one side; in one case it was done on both sides and coxa valga developed bilaterally; and in two further bilateral cases coxa valga developed on one side only. In each case the coxa valga was sub-capital. Detailed radiographic analysis included measurements of neck-shaft angle, acetabular angle and C.E. angle. The epiphysis-shaft angle is described; it is an index of the constant tendency of the capital epiphysis to assume a horizontal position. The cause remains unknown, but damage to the trochanteric growth plate or to the lateral part of the capital growth plate could not be identified as aetiological factors. Poor acetabular cover was considered a possible factor. All the patients in this series had functionally excellent hips, but the long-term prognosis of the hips with partly uncovered femoral heads is doubtful."}
{"id": "PMID:873976", "title": "A technique of correction and internal fixation for scoliosis.", "content": "This report describes a technique for the correction and fusion of scoliosis with the aid of a flexible metal rod that is fixed by wires under tension to the bases of the spinous processes on the convex side of the curve at a number of points. The results in a series of 100 cases are reported. In the last seventy patients, the average correction at one month was 51 per cent, and after two years 45 per cent. In these seventy cases the incidence of pseudarthrosis was 5-7 per cent.", "contents": "A technique of correction and internal fixation for scoliosis. This report describes a technique for the correction and fusion of scoliosis with the aid of a flexible metal rod that is fixed by wires under tension to the bases of the spinous processes on the convex side of the curve at a number of points. The results in a series of 100 cases are reported. In the last seventy patients, the average correction at one month was 51 per cent, and after two years 45 per cent. In these seventy cases the incidence of pseudarthrosis was 5-7 per cent."}
{"id": "PMID:873977", "title": "The painful arc syndrome. Clinical classification as a guide to management.", "content": "Ninety-seven patients suffering from painful arc syndrome of the shoulder were studied. Local anaesthetic and radiographic contrast investigations were carried out. One-third of the patients had lesions in the posterior part of the rotator cuff which resolved after injections of local anaesthetic and steroid. One-third had anterior lesions in the subscapularis tendon: almost all resolved under the same regime but two required division of the coraco-acromial ligament. The remaining third had lesions of the supraspinatus tendon, usually associated with degeneration of the acromio-clavicular joint: most of these failed to gain relief from the local anaesthetic and steroid. Twenty-two operations were performed either by a transcromial or by a deltoid splitting approach. Excision of the outer end of the clavicle and division of the coraco-acromial ligament abolished the pain in most cases.", "contents": "The painful arc syndrome. Clinical classification as a guide to management. Ninety-seven patients suffering from painful arc syndrome of the shoulder were studied. Local anaesthetic and radiographic contrast investigations were carried out. One-third of the patients had lesions in the posterior part of the rotator cuff which resolved after injections of local anaesthetic and steroid. One-third had anterior lesions in the subscapularis tendon: almost all resolved under the same regime but two required division of the coraco-acromial ligament. The remaining third had lesions of the supraspinatus tendon, usually associated with degeneration of the acromio-clavicular joint: most of these failed to gain relief from the local anaesthetic and steroid. Twenty-two operations were performed either by a transcromial or by a deltoid splitting approach. Excision of the outer end of the clavicle and division of the coraco-acromial ligament abolished the pain in most cases."}
{"id": "PMID:873978", "title": "The morphometry and pathological anatomy of the lumbar spine in South African negroes and caucasoids with specific reference to spinal stenosis.", "content": "Direct measurements were made on 2,166 lumbar vertebrae of 433 adult negro and caucasoid skeletons. On statistical analysis, forty-five vertebrae in twenty-seven skeletons were found to be stenotic, the mid-sagittal diameter being the significantly reduced dimension. Whereas spinal stenosis syndromes are rare in South African negroes, the lumbar canal is marginally narrower in the negro. There is a uniformity of configuration and capacity of the lumbar spinal canal, which transcends race and sex. By a new method of determining the dorsal limit of the lumbar canal on lateral plain radiography, the overall average lower limit of normal of the mid-sagittal diameter is established at 15 millimetres, and of the transverse diameter 20 millimetres. Bony degenerative changes are more likely to cause neurological compression in the nerve root tunnel than in the spinal canal. The role of skeletal narrowing of the spinal canal as an exclusive cause of the spinal stenosis syndrome may have been exaggerated.", "contents": "The morphometry and pathological anatomy of the lumbar spine in South African negroes and caucasoids with specific reference to spinal stenosis. Direct measurements were made on 2,166 lumbar vertebrae of 433 adult negro and caucasoid skeletons. On statistical analysis, forty-five vertebrae in twenty-seven skeletons were found to be stenotic, the mid-sagittal diameter being the significantly reduced dimension. Whereas spinal stenosis syndromes are rare in South African negroes, the lumbar canal is marginally narrower in the negro. There is a uniformity of configuration and capacity of the lumbar spinal canal, which transcends race and sex. By a new method of determining the dorsal limit of the lumbar canal on lateral plain radiography, the overall average lower limit of normal of the mid-sagittal diameter is established at 15 millimetres, and of the transverse diameter 20 millimetres. Bony degenerative changes are more likely to cause neurological compression in the nerve root tunnel than in the spinal canal. The role of skeletal narrowing of the spinal canal as an exclusive cause of the spinal stenosis syndrome may have been exaggerated."}
{"id": "PMID:873979", "title": "Diffusion of antibiotics from acrylic bone-cement in vitro.", "content": "The diffusion of Fucidin, gentamicin, and clindamycin from acrylic cement was tested in an in vitro system. The activity of Fucidin was very short-lived and only against gram-positive organisms; gentamicin inhibited gram-positive and gram-negative organisms for twenty-two and eleven days respectively; clindamycin had significant action only against gram-positive organisms and retained some activity for fifty-six days. We suggest that the destruction of organisms in the tissues is more likely to be achieved by topical and intravenous administration of antibiotics during the operation than by incorporation of antibiotic in the cement.", "contents": "Diffusion of antibiotics from acrylic bone-cement in vitro. The diffusion of Fucidin, gentamicin, and clindamycin from acrylic cement was tested in an in vitro system. The activity of Fucidin was very short-lived and only against gram-positive organisms; gentamicin inhibited gram-positive and gram-negative organisms for twenty-two and eleven days respectively; clindamycin had significant action only against gram-positive organisms and retained some activity for fifty-six days. We suggest that the destruction of organisms in the tissues is more likely to be achieved by topical and intravenous administration of antibiotics during the operation than by incorporation of antibiotic in the cement."}
{"id": "PMID:873980", "title": "Antibiotic-loaded acrylic cement.", "content": "Laboratory experiments and clinical investigations have confirmed the various claims made originally by Buchholz and Engelbrecht (1970) that antibiotic-loaded acrylic cement releases the antibiotic into the surroundings in useful concentrations. Palacos R cement released higher concentrations than CMW, Simplex and Sulfix brands of cement and over longer periods. Concentrations of gentamycin and fucidin were sufficient to penetrate dead cortical bone. These conclusions need to be assessed with animal studies, mechanical testing and clinical results before the ideal place of antibiotic-loaded acrylic cement is established.", "contents": "Antibiotic-loaded acrylic cement. Laboratory experiments and clinical investigations have confirmed the various claims made originally by Buchholz and Engelbrecht (1970) that antibiotic-loaded acrylic cement releases the antibiotic into the surroundings in useful concentrations. Palacos R cement released higher concentrations than CMW, Simplex and Sulfix brands of cement and over longer periods. Concentrations of gentamycin and fucidin were sufficient to penetrate dead cortical bone. These conclusions need to be assessed with animal studies, mechanical testing and clinical results before the ideal place of antibiotic-loaded acrylic cement is established."}
{"id": "PMID:873981", "title": "The ultrastructure of normal digital flexor tendon sheath and of the tissue formed around silicone and polyethylene implants in man.", "content": "Three normal digital flexor tendon sheaths and the corresponding tissue formed around five silicone rod tendon implants, two silicone rubber mammary prostheses and one polyethylene tubing implant have been examined by light microscopy and by transmission and scanning electron microscopy. No principal difference in morphology was found. The surface facing tendon or implant was almost invariably covered with an irregular layer of amorphous material and filaments; only occasionally were collagen fibrils or cells exposed. Beneath the surface there were abundant collagen fibrils and some cells; besides fibroblasts, cells rich in filaments and often with numerous glycogen granules, mitochondria and peripherally located vesicles were found. These cells were frequently surrounded by a thick layer of an amorphous matrix. The results indicate that the implants caused remarkably little tissue reaction.", "contents": "The ultrastructure of normal digital flexor tendon sheath and of the tissue formed around silicone and polyethylene implants in man. Three normal digital flexor tendon sheaths and the corresponding tissue formed around five silicone rod tendon implants, two silicone rubber mammary prostheses and one polyethylene tubing implant have been examined by light microscopy and by transmission and scanning electron microscopy. No principal difference in morphology was found. The surface facing tendon or implant was almost invariably covered with an irregular layer of amorphous material and filaments; only occasionally were collagen fibrils or cells exposed. Beneath the surface there were abundant collagen fibrils and some cells; besides fibroblasts, cells rich in filaments and often with numerous glycogen granules, mitochondria and peripherally located vesicles were found. These cells were frequently surrounded by a thick layer of an amorphous matrix. The results indicate that the implants caused remarkably little tissue reaction."}
{"id": "PMID:873982", "title": "Chondrosarcoma of the bones of the hand.", "content": "Nineteen chondrosarcomas are reported arising in proximal phalanges or metacarpal bones of the hand mainly in elderly patients, predominantly women. The usual clinical presentation was of a progressively painful large tumour, often arising in a dormant lesion near the metacarpo-phalangeal joint. Radiologically most showed some bone expansion with a poorly defined area of destruction and a considerable soft-tissue swelling. Histologically, malignancy was usually obvious, but confusion might arise from the inclusion of bland areas of chondromatous tissue that probably represented the original lesion. Four tumours, initially curetted and grafted, recurred locally and necessitated amputation of the digit or ray. Amputation was the primary treatment for fourteen other tumours and was curative except in one patient who eventually needed amputation through the forearm for a large second recurrence. One tumour was satisfactorily controlled by excision of the affected phalanx. None of these nineteen tumours is known to have metastasised. Correct treatment implies a carefully considered balance between conservation of function and complete removal of all tumour tissue.", "contents": "Chondrosarcoma of the bones of the hand. Nineteen chondrosarcomas are reported arising in proximal phalanges or metacarpal bones of the hand mainly in elderly patients, predominantly women. The usual clinical presentation was of a progressively painful large tumour, often arising in a dormant lesion near the metacarpo-phalangeal joint. Radiologically most showed some bone expansion with a poorly defined area of destruction and a considerable soft-tissue swelling. Histologically, malignancy was usually obvious, but confusion might arise from the inclusion of bland areas of chondromatous tissue that probably represented the original lesion. Four tumours, initially curetted and grafted, recurred locally and necessitated amputation of the digit or ray. Amputation was the primary treatment for fourteen other tumours and was curative except in one patient who eventually needed amputation through the forearm for a large second recurrence. One tumour was satisfactorily controlled by excision of the affected phalanx. None of these nineteen tumours is known to have metastasised. Correct treatment implies a carefully considered balance between conservation of function and complete removal of all tumour tissue."}
{"id": "PMID:873983", "title": "Conformity in condylar replacement knee prosthesis.", "content": "Experiments were carried out to determine the optimum conformity between the femoral and tibial condyles in condylar replacement knee prostheses. Wear tests and observations from removed prostheses indicated that both high and low conformity produced characteristic abrasion and fatigue. Partly conforming condyles provided stability under load-bearing but allowed laxity to occur. Fixation to resist the various forces on the tibial components was enhanced by a short central intramedullary peg. Partial conformity is proposed as the optimum configuration between femoral and tibial components.", "contents": "Conformity in condylar replacement knee prosthesis. Experiments were carried out to determine the optimum conformity between the femoral and tibial condyles in condylar replacement knee prostheses. Wear tests and observations from removed prostheses indicated that both high and low conformity produced characteristic abrasion and fatigue. Partly conforming condyles provided stability under load-bearing but allowed laxity to occur. Fixation to resist the various forces on the tibial components was enhanced by a short central intramedullary peg. Partial conformity is proposed as the optimum configuration between femoral and tibial components."}
{"id": "PMID:873984", "title": "Polytenosynovitis caused by Toxoplasma gondii.", "content": "Two cases are reported of polytenosynovitis involving the wrists and ankles and caused by toxoplasmosis, together with the investigations that led to the diagnosis. Medical and surgical treatment of the first patient and medical treatment only of the second patient gave satisfactory results.", "contents": "Polytenosynovitis caused by Toxoplasma gondii. Two cases are reported of polytenosynovitis involving the wrists and ankles and caused by toxoplasmosis, together with the investigations that led to the diagnosis. Medical and surgical treatment of the first patient and medical treatment only of the second patient gave satisfactory results."}
{"id": "PMID:873985", "title": "Posterior displacement osteotomy of the calcaneus.", "content": "In cases of established calcaneus after anterior poliomyelitis the deformity can be greatly reduced by combining an extensive plantar release with an oblique transverse osteotomy of the calcaneus that permits displacement upwards and backwards of the posterior weight-bearing part of the bone. The procedure greatly improves the mechanical advantage of subsequent tendon transplantations to the heel. Between 1956 and 1969 fifteen such osteotomies were carried out and the long-term results have been reviewed.", "contents": "Posterior displacement osteotomy of the calcaneus. In cases of established calcaneus after anterior poliomyelitis the deformity can be greatly reduced by combining an extensive plantar release with an oblique transverse osteotomy of the calcaneus that permits displacement upwards and backwards of the posterior weight-bearing part of the bone. The procedure greatly improves the mechanical advantage of subsequent tendon transplantations to the heel. Between 1956 and 1969 fifteen such osteotomies were carried out and the long-term results have been reviewed."}
{"id": "PMID:873986", "title": "A new method of measuring patellar height.", "content": "To measure the patellar height the ratio of the articular length of the patella to the height of the lower pole of the articular cartilage above the tibial plateau is measured on a lateral radiography of the knee, flexed beyond 30 degrees. Normal values lie between 0-54 and 1-06. The subluxing patella is at the upper end of the normal range, but, in chondromalacia, the male patellae were lower than average, but the female patellae were normal.", "contents": "A new method of measuring patellar height. To measure the patellar height the ratio of the articular length of the patella to the height of the lower pole of the articular cartilage above the tibial plateau is measured on a lateral radiography of the knee, flexed beyond 30 degrees. Normal values lie between 0-54 and 1-06. The subluxing patella is at the upper end of the normal range, but, in chondromalacia, the male patellae were lower than average, but the female patellae were normal."}
{"id": "PMID:873987", "title": "Glycoprotein transport in the surface mucous cells of the rat stomach.", "content": "The intracellular transport of glycoproteins pulse-labeled in vitro with tritiated leucine and galactose in the surface mucous lining cells (SMC) of the fundus of the rat stomach was studied by electron microscope autoradiography. The SMC survive for several hours in pieces of the fundus incubated in a bicarbonate-buffered medium. The SMC have a normal ultrastructure for at least 4 h of incubation. Kinetic activity is normal for at least 5 h, as demonstrated by the normal nuclear incorporation of tritiated thymidine; The SMC incorporate labeled leucine and galactose at normal rates up to 4 h and 6 h, respectively. In contrast to the SMC, the cells of the gastric glands show signs of degeneration within 1 h after the start of incubation. In the SMC the secretory protein forms a smaller part of the total protein synthesized than in other secretory cells studied. The intracellular tranpsort of the leucine-labeled moiety of the glycoproteins follows the normal pathway. The RER loses 35% of its transportable labeled protein within 30 min. The Golgi complex is maximally labeled at 40 min and the mucous granules after 120 min. Galactose is attached to the glycoproteins mainly in the Golgi complex. Glycoproteins are not secreted within 2 h after synthesis of their protein moiety.", "contents": "Glycoprotein transport in the surface mucous cells of the rat stomach. The intracellular transport of glycoproteins pulse-labeled in vitro with tritiated leucine and galactose in the surface mucous lining cells (SMC) of the fundus of the rat stomach was studied by electron microscope autoradiography. The SMC survive for several hours in pieces of the fundus incubated in a bicarbonate-buffered medium. The SMC have a normal ultrastructure for at least 4 h of incubation. Kinetic activity is normal for at least 5 h, as demonstrated by the normal nuclear incorporation of tritiated thymidine; The SMC incorporate labeled leucine and galactose at normal rates up to 4 h and 6 h, respectively. In contrast to the SMC, the cells of the gastric glands show signs of degeneration within 1 h after the start of incubation. In the SMC the secretory protein forms a smaller part of the total protein synthesized than in other secretory cells studied. The intracellular tranpsort of the leucine-labeled moiety of the glycoproteins follows the normal pathway. The RER loses 35% of its transportable labeled protein within 30 min. The Golgi complex is maximally labeled at 40 min and the mucous granules after 120 min. Galactose is attached to the glycoproteins mainly in the Golgi complex. Glycoproteins are not secreted within 2 h after synthesis of their protein moiety."}
{"id": "PMID:873988", "title": "Release of spectrin-free vesicles from human erythrocytes during ATP depletion. I. Characterization of spectrin-free vesicles.", "content": "Human erythrocytes incubated without glucose at 37 degrees C (in vitro aging) release spectrin-free vesicles after 12 or more hours. The release of vesicles is dependent upon ATP depletion. If the endogenous level of ATP is maintained, vesicle release is completely inhibited up to 54 h. Vesicle release is independent of hemolysis because in vitro aged cells and cells that maintain their ATP levels lose identical amounts of hemoglobin up to 45 h. 93 percent of all membrane particles released constitute a uniform population of spheres with a diameter of 185 +/- 23nm. These vesicles are of slightly varying densities due to varying contents of hemoglobin. Vesicles contain half the amount of membrane protein that is found in intact membranes when referred to the content of phospholipids phosphorus. This is primarily due to the absence of spectrin. However, their content of protein component III, glycophorin, and cholesterol remains the same as in intact membranes. Thus, the major integral membrane proteins are present in vesicles in similar quantities were surface area as in cells except for the enzyme acetylcholinesterase that is enriched up to twofold. The phospholipids composition of these vesicles is representative of the intact membrane except that the amount of phosphatidic acid is 10-fold higher and the amount of phosphatidylethanolamine is slightly lower than in erythrocytes. These results suggest a selective release of membrane domains that lack peripheral membrane proteins and are enriched in acetylcholinesterase. This release of spectrin-free vesicles from cells aged in vitro could represent an acceleration of the physiological aging process.", "contents": "Release of spectrin-free vesicles from human erythrocytes during ATP depletion. I. Characterization of spectrin-free vesicles. Human erythrocytes incubated without glucose at 37 degrees C (in vitro aging) release spectrin-free vesicles after 12 or more hours. The release of vesicles is dependent upon ATP depletion. If the endogenous level of ATP is maintained, vesicle release is completely inhibited up to 54 h. Vesicle release is independent of hemolysis because in vitro aged cells and cells that maintain their ATP levels lose identical amounts of hemoglobin up to 45 h. 93 percent of all membrane particles released constitute a uniform population of spheres with a diameter of 185 +/- 23nm. These vesicles are of slightly varying densities due to varying contents of hemoglobin. Vesicles contain half the amount of membrane protein that is found in intact membranes when referred to the content of phospholipids phosphorus. This is primarily due to the absence of spectrin. However, their content of protein component III, glycophorin, and cholesterol remains the same as in intact membranes. Thus, the major integral membrane proteins are present in vesicles in similar quantities were surface area as in cells except for the enzyme acetylcholinesterase that is enriched up to twofold. The phospholipids composition of these vesicles is representative of the intact membrane except that the amount of phosphatidic acid is 10-fold higher and the amount of phosphatidylethanolamine is slightly lower than in erythrocytes. These results suggest a selective release of membrane domains that lack peripheral membrane proteins and are enriched in acetylcholinesterase. This release of spectrin-free vesicles from cells aged in vitro could represent an acceleration of the physiological aging process."}
{"id": "PMID:873989", "title": "Mitogenic activity of pituitary hormones on cell cultures of normal and carcinogen-induced tumor epithelium from rat mammary glands.", "content": "Cell suspension containing normal or tumor epithelium were readily obtained by enzymatically digesting rat mammary glands from perphenazine-treated (prolactin-hypersecreting) cycling, female virgin animals or hormone- responsive mammary tumors from animal treated with dimethylbenzanthracene. Cell suspensions were fractioned into predominantly epithelial and predominantly stromal cells by their differential rates of attachment to culture dishes. Both normal mammary and tumor epithelial cells were characterized by the presence of specific cell-junctional complexes, desmosome-like structures, surface microvilli, and their ability to synthesize casein. Serum-dependent protease activity was greater in cultures derived from tumors, and cells from such cultures grew in agarose whereas those from the non-neoplastic gland did not. The addition of prolactin to the culture medium stimulated DNA synthesis in primary or secondary epithelial cultures from tumors, whereas additional insulin and hydrocortisone with prolactin were required for similar levels of DNA synthesis in cultures from non-neoplastic glands. The fraction of cells synthesizing DNA was, however, smaller than that with 10 percent serum measured in the same time period. Both growth hormone and epidermal growth factor stimulated DNA synthesis but to a lesser extent than did prolactin. Prolactin with hydrocortisone and insulin were relatively inactive in promoting DNA synthesis of the nonepithelial cells whereas pituitary fibroblast growth factor was more active. These mitogenic effects were obtained when the hormones were added to the medium at near physiological concentrations, and paralleled the known activities of the hormones in control of mammary gland growth and development in the rat.", "contents": "Mitogenic activity of pituitary hormones on cell cultures of normal and carcinogen-induced tumor epithelium from rat mammary glands. Cell suspension containing normal or tumor epithelium were readily obtained by enzymatically digesting rat mammary glands from perphenazine-treated (prolactin-hypersecreting) cycling, female virgin animals or hormone- responsive mammary tumors from animal treated with dimethylbenzanthracene. Cell suspensions were fractioned into predominantly epithelial and predominantly stromal cells by their differential rates of attachment to culture dishes. Both normal mammary and tumor epithelial cells were characterized by the presence of specific cell-junctional complexes, desmosome-like structures, surface microvilli, and their ability to synthesize casein. Serum-dependent protease activity was greater in cultures derived from tumors, and cells from such cultures grew in agarose whereas those from the non-neoplastic gland did not. The addition of prolactin to the culture medium stimulated DNA synthesis in primary or secondary epithelial cultures from tumors, whereas additional insulin and hydrocortisone with prolactin were required for similar levels of DNA synthesis in cultures from non-neoplastic glands. The fraction of cells synthesizing DNA was, however, smaller than that with 10 percent serum measured in the same time period. Both growth hormone and epidermal growth factor stimulated DNA synthesis but to a lesser extent than did prolactin. Prolactin with hydrocortisone and insulin were relatively inactive in promoting DNA synthesis of the nonepithelial cells whereas pituitary fibroblast growth factor was more active. These mitogenic effects were obtained when the hormones were added to the medium at near physiological concentrations, and paralleled the known activities of the hormones in control of mammary gland growth and development in the rat."}
{"id": "PMID:873990", "title": "Inhibitory effect of colchicine on amylase secretion by rat parotid glands. Possible localization in the Golgi area.", "content": "Colchicine inhibited amylase secretion by isolated rat parotid glands only 6 h after administration of the drug in vivo. This delayed effect was not the result of the inability of the drug to reach its reaction site. When parotid glands were emptied of their secretory granules by isoproterenol treatment, the subsequent replenishment of cells with granules was inhibited by colchicines. Colchicine concomitantly produced alterations of the Golgi complexes, the cisternae of which were reduced in size and surrounded by clusters of microvesicles. Incubation of parotid glands with colchicines for prolonged durations failed to alter stored amylase secretion as stimulated by isoproterenol, but it inhibited the release of de novo synthesized enzyme. Another colchicines-binding activity, firmly bound to the particular fraction of homogenates, was found, of which a part may represent membrane located microtubular protein. An assembly-disassembly cycle of microtubules appears to exist in the parotid gland, as in the liver. However, only 14 percent of tubulin was found to be polymerized as microtubules in parotid glands as opposed to 40 percent in the liver. The present data suggest that colchicine primarily inhibits the transfer of secretory material towards or away from the Golgi complexes but not the hormone-stimulated secretion of stored amylase.", "contents": "Inhibitory effect of colchicine on amylase secretion by rat parotid glands. Possible localization in the Golgi area. Colchicine inhibited amylase secretion by isolated rat parotid glands only 6 h after administration of the drug in vivo. This delayed effect was not the result of the inability of the drug to reach its reaction site. When parotid glands were emptied of their secretory granules by isoproterenol treatment, the subsequent replenishment of cells with granules was inhibited by colchicines. Colchicine concomitantly produced alterations of the Golgi complexes, the cisternae of which were reduced in size and surrounded by clusters of microvesicles. Incubation of parotid glands with colchicines for prolonged durations failed to alter stored amylase secretion as stimulated by isoproterenol, but it inhibited the release of de novo synthesized enzyme. Another colchicines-binding activity, firmly bound to the particular fraction of homogenates, was found, of which a part may represent membrane located microtubular protein. An assembly-disassembly cycle of microtubules appears to exist in the parotid gland, as in the liver. However, only 14 percent of tubulin was found to be polymerized as microtubules in parotid glands as opposed to 40 percent in the liver. The present data suggest that colchicine primarily inhibits the transfer of secretory material towards or away from the Golgi complexes but not the hormone-stimulated secretion of stored amylase."}
{"id": "PMID:873991", "title": "Protein of insect sperm mitochondrial crystals. Crystallomitin.", "content": "Mitochondrial derivatives of insect sperm usually contain a crystalline protein that shows a 45-nm main period, made up of 20-nm subperiods, determined by the coiling of filament bundles. Filaments are 2 nm thick and have a globular appearance. The crystals contain two main polypeptides, 52,000 and 55,000 daltons. These polypeptides are closely related, contain a high percentage of proline, and are insoluble in sodium dodecyl sulfate due to disulfide cross links. We suggest for this class of protein the name crystallomitin.", "contents": "Protein of insect sperm mitochondrial crystals. Crystallomitin. Mitochondrial derivatives of insect sperm usually contain a crystalline protein that shows a 45-nm main period, made up of 20-nm subperiods, determined by the coiling of filament bundles. Filaments are 2 nm thick and have a globular appearance. The crystals contain two main polypeptides, 52,000 and 55,000 daltons. These polypeptides are closely related, contain a high percentage of proline, and are insoluble in sodium dodecyl sulfate due to disulfide cross links. We suggest for this class of protein the name crystallomitin."}
{"id": "PMID:873992", "title": "Nuclear matrix. Isolation and characterization of a framework structure from rat liver nuclei.", "content": "A nuclear framework structure termed the nuclear matrix has been isolated and characterized. This matrix forms the major residual structure of isolated nuclei and consists largely of protein with smaller amounts of RNA, DNA, carbohydrate, and phospholipid. The nuclear matrix can be further resolved by combined treatment with DNase and RNase. The remaining nuclear protein structure, after extraction of 90 percent of the nuclear protein, 99.9 percent of the DNA, and 98 percent of the RNA and phospholipid, is termed the nuclear protein matrix. Electron microscopy of this final nuclear protein matrix reveals an interior framework structure composed of residual nucleolar structures associated with a granular and fibrous internal matrix structure. The internal matrix framework is derived from the interchromatinic structures of the nucleus, and is connected to a surrounding residual nuclear envelope layer containing residual nuclear pore complex structures. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-acrylamide gel electrophoresis of the nuclear matrix proteins demonstrates three major polypeptide fractions, P-1, P-2, and P-3, with average molecular weights of approximately 69,000, 66,000 and 62,000, as well as several minor polypeptides which migrate at approximately 50,000 and at higher molecular weights (>100,000). Polypeptides with molecular weights identical to those of P-1, P-2 and P-3 are also components of isolated nuclear envelopes and nucleoli, whereas isolated chromatin contains no detectable matrix polypeptides. This suggests that the major matrix polypeptides are localized in specific structural regions of the nucleus, i.e., nuclear envelope, nucleoli, and interchromatinic structures. The presence of cytochrome oxidase activity in the isolated nuclear matrix indicates that at least some integral proteins of the nuclear membrane are associated with the matrix.", "contents": "Nuclear matrix. Isolation and characterization of a framework structure from rat liver nuclei. A nuclear framework structure termed the nuclear matrix has been isolated and characterized. This matrix forms the major residual structure of isolated nuclei and consists largely of protein with smaller amounts of RNA, DNA, carbohydrate, and phospholipid. The nuclear matrix can be further resolved by combined treatment with DNase and RNase. The remaining nuclear protein structure, after extraction of 90 percent of the nuclear protein, 99.9 percent of the DNA, and 98 percent of the RNA and phospholipid, is termed the nuclear protein matrix. Electron microscopy of this final nuclear protein matrix reveals an interior framework structure composed of residual nucleolar structures associated with a granular and fibrous internal matrix structure. The internal matrix framework is derived from the interchromatinic structures of the nucleus, and is connected to a surrounding residual nuclear envelope layer containing residual nuclear pore complex structures. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-acrylamide gel electrophoresis of the nuclear matrix proteins demonstrates three major polypeptide fractions, P-1, P-2, and P-3, with average molecular weights of approximately 69,000, 66,000 and 62,000, as well as several minor polypeptides which migrate at approximately 50,000 and at higher molecular weights (>100,000). Polypeptides with molecular weights identical to those of P-1, P-2 and P-3 are also components of isolated nuclear envelopes and nucleoli, whereas isolated chromatin contains no detectable matrix polypeptides. This suggests that the major matrix polypeptides are localized in specific structural regions of the nucleus, i.e., nuclear envelope, nucleoli, and interchromatinic structures. The presence of cytochrome oxidase activity in the isolated nuclear matrix indicates that at least some integral proteins of the nuclear membrane are associated with the matrix."}
{"id": "PMID:873993", "title": "On the mechanism of ATP-induced shape changes in human erythrocyte membranes. I. The role of the spectrin complex.", "content": "Human erythrocyte ghosts have been shown, by scanning electron microscopy, to undergo ATP-dependent shape changes. Under appropriate conditions the ghosts prepared from normal disk-shaped intact cells adopt a highly crenated shape, which in the presence of Mg-ATP at 37 degrees C is slowly converted to the disk shape and eventually to the cup shape. These changes are not observed with other nucleotides or with 5'-adenylyl imidodiphosphate. Anti-spectrin antibodies, incorporated along with the Mg-ATP into the ghosts in amounts less than equivalent to the spectrin, markedly accelerate the shape changes observed with the Mg-ATP alone. The Fab fragments of these antibodies, however, have no effect. The conclusion is that the structural effect produced by the ATP is promoted by the cross-linking of spectrin by its antibodies, and may therefore itself be some kind of polymerization or network formation involving the spectrin complex on the cytoplasmic face of the membrane. The factors that contribute to the shape of the ghost and of the intact erythrocyte are discussed in the light of these findings.", "contents": "On the mechanism of ATP-induced shape changes in human erythrocyte membranes. I. The role of the spectrin complex. Human erythrocyte ghosts have been shown, by scanning electron microscopy, to undergo ATP-dependent shape changes. Under appropriate conditions the ghosts prepared from normal disk-shaped intact cells adopt a highly crenated shape, which in the presence of Mg-ATP at 37 degrees C is slowly converted to the disk shape and eventually to the cup shape. These changes are not observed with other nucleotides or with 5'-adenylyl imidodiphosphate. Anti-spectrin antibodies, incorporated along with the Mg-ATP into the ghosts in amounts less than equivalent to the spectrin, markedly accelerate the shape changes observed with the Mg-ATP alone. The Fab fragments of these antibodies, however, have no effect. The conclusion is that the structural effect produced by the ATP is promoted by the cross-linking of spectrin by its antibodies, and may therefore itself be some kind of polymerization or network formation involving the spectrin complex on the cytoplasmic face of the membrane. The factors that contribute to the shape of the ghost and of the intact erythrocyte are discussed in the light of these findings."}
{"id": "PMID:873994", "title": "Terminal phase of cytokinesis in D-98s cells.", "content": "The events leading to the completion of cytokinesis after the formation of the midbody and intercellular bridge in D-98S cells were studied with light and electron microscopy. Pairs of daughter cells corresponding to different stages of cytokineses, as determined previously form time lapse films, were selected from embedded monolayers for serial sectioning. Separation of daughter cells is preceded by the reduction in diameter of the intercellular bridge from 1-1.5 mum to approx. 0.2 mum. Two processes contribute to this reduction: (a) The intercellular bridge becomes gradually thinner after telophase; a progressive breakdown of midbody structures accompanies this change; and (b) the more significant contribution to reduction in bridge diameter occurs through the localized constriction of a segment of the intercellular bridge.. The microtubules within the constricted portion of the bridge are forced closer together, and some microtubules disappear as this narrowing progresses. The plasma membrane over the narrowed segments is thrown into a series of wavelike ripples. Separation of daughter cells is achieved through movements of the cells which stretch and break the diameter-reduced bridge. The midbody is discarded after separation and begins to deteriorate. Occasional pairs of daughter cells were found in which incomplete karyokineses resulted in their nuclei being connected by a strand of nuclear material traversing the bridge and midbody. Such cells do not complete cytokinesis but merge together several hours after telophase. This merging of daughter cells coincides with the nearly complete breakdown of the midbody.", "contents": "Terminal phase of cytokinesis in D-98s cells. The events leading to the completion of cytokinesis after the formation of the midbody and intercellular bridge in D-98S cells were studied with light and electron microscopy. Pairs of daughter cells corresponding to different stages of cytokineses, as determined previously form time lapse films, were selected from embedded monolayers for serial sectioning. Separation of daughter cells is preceded by the reduction in diameter of the intercellular bridge from 1-1.5 mum to approx. 0.2 mum. Two processes contribute to this reduction: (a) The intercellular bridge becomes gradually thinner after telophase; a progressive breakdown of midbody structures accompanies this change; and (b) the more significant contribution to reduction in bridge diameter occurs through the localized constriction of a segment of the intercellular bridge.. The microtubules within the constricted portion of the bridge are forced closer together, and some microtubules disappear as this narrowing progresses. The plasma membrane over the narrowed segments is thrown into a series of wavelike ripples. Separation of daughter cells is achieved through movements of the cells which stretch and break the diameter-reduced bridge. The midbody is discarded after separation and begins to deteriorate. Occasional pairs of daughter cells were found in which incomplete karyokineses resulted in their nuclei being connected by a strand of nuclear material traversing the bridge and midbody. Such cells do not complete cytokinesis but merge together several hours after telophase. This merging of daughter cells coincides with the nearly complete breakdown of the midbody."}
{"id": "PMID:873995", "title": "Movements and associations of ribosomal subunits in a secretory cell during growth inhibition by starvation.", "content": "In Chironomus tentans salivary gland cells, the cytoplasm can be dissected into concentric zones situated at increasing distances from the nuclear envelope. After RNA labeling, the newly made ribosomal subunits are found in the cytoplasm mainly in the neighborhood of the nucleus with a gradient of increasing abundance towards the periphery of the cell. The gradient for the small subunit lasts for a few hours and disappears entirely after treatment with puromycin. The large subunit also forms a gradient but one which is only partially abolished by puromycin. The residual gradient which which is resistant to the addition of the drug is probably due to the binding of some large ribosomal units to the membranes of the endoplasmic reticulum (J.-E. Edstrom and u. Lonn. 1976. J. Cell Biol. 70:562-572, and U. Lonn and J.-E. Edstrom. 1976. J. Cell. Biol. 70:573-580). If growth is inhibited by starvation, only the puromycin-sensitive type gradient is observed for the large subunit, suggesting that the attachment of these newly made subunits to the endoplasmic reticulum membranes will not occur. If, on the other hand, the drug-resistant gradient is allowed to form in feeding animals, it is conserved during a subsequent starvation for longer periods than in control feeding animals. This observation provides a further support for an effect of starvation on the normal turnover of the large subunits associated with the endoplasmic reticulum. These results also indicate a considerable structural stability in the cytoplasm of these cells worth little or no gross redistribution of cytoplasmic structures over a period of at least 6 days.", "contents": "Movements and associations of ribosomal subunits in a secretory cell during growth inhibition by starvation. In Chironomus tentans salivary gland cells, the cytoplasm can be dissected into concentric zones situated at increasing distances from the nuclear envelope. After RNA labeling, the newly made ribosomal subunits are found in the cytoplasm mainly in the neighborhood of the nucleus with a gradient of increasing abundance towards the periphery of the cell. The gradient for the small subunit lasts for a few hours and disappears entirely after treatment with puromycin. The large subunit also forms a gradient but one which is only partially abolished by puromycin. The residual gradient which which is resistant to the addition of the drug is probably due to the binding of some large ribosomal units to the membranes of the endoplasmic reticulum (J.-E. Edstrom and u. Lonn. 1976. J. Cell Biol. 70:562-572, and U. Lonn and J.-E. Edstrom. 1976. J. Cell. Biol. 70:573-580). If growth is inhibited by starvation, only the puromycin-sensitive type gradient is observed for the large subunit, suggesting that the attachment of these newly made subunits to the endoplasmic reticulum membranes will not occur. If, on the other hand, the drug-resistant gradient is allowed to form in feeding animals, it is conserved during a subsequent starvation for longer periods than in control feeding animals. This observation provides a further support for an effect of starvation on the normal turnover of the large subunits associated with the endoplasmic reticulum. These results also indicate a considerable structural stability in the cytoplasm of these cells worth little or no gross redistribution of cytoplasmic structures over a period of at least 6 days."}
{"id": "PMID:873997", "title": "Relationships between levels of membrane-bound glucuronidase and the associated protein egasyn in mouse tissues.", "content": "Mouse beta-glucuronidase has a dual intracellular localization, being present in both endoplasmic reticulum and lysosomes of several tissues. Previous studies demonstrated that the protein egasyn is complexed with microsomal but not lysosomal glucuronidase and that a mutant lacking egasyn is deficient in microsomal, but not lysosomal, glucuronidase. By means of a recently developed radioimmunoassay for egasyn, the relationship between microsomal glucuronidase levels and egasyn levels has been examined in various adult tissues, during postnatal development in liver, and after androgen induction of glucuronidase in kidney. The results indicate that the relative availability of egasyn determines the balance between glucuronidase incorporation into membranes and that into lysosomes.", "contents": "Relationships between levels of membrane-bound glucuronidase and the associated protein egasyn in mouse tissues. Mouse beta-glucuronidase has a dual intracellular localization, being present in both endoplasmic reticulum and lysosomes of several tissues. Previous studies demonstrated that the protein egasyn is complexed with microsomal but not lysosomal glucuronidase and that a mutant lacking egasyn is deficient in microsomal, but not lysosomal, glucuronidase. By means of a recently developed radioimmunoassay for egasyn, the relationship between microsomal glucuronidase levels and egasyn levels has been examined in various adult tissues, during postnatal development in liver, and after androgen induction of glucuronidase in kidney. The results indicate that the relative availability of egasyn determines the balance between glucuronidase incorporation into membranes and that into lysosomes."}
{"id": "PMID:873998", "title": "Annulate lamellae in phloem cells of virus-infected Sonchus plants.", "content": "The occurrence of annulate lamellae (AL) in differentiating phloem of Sonchus oleraceus (Compositae) singly infected with sowthistle yellow vein virus (SYVV) and doubly infected with a combination of SYVV and beet yellow stunt virus is documented by electron microscopy. Cell types in which AL were found were immature sieve elements and phloem parenchyma cells. AL were found only in cells that also contained SYVV particles although a direct association between the virus and AL was not apparent. The substructure of the AL and the relationships between the AL and the nuclear envelope and endoplasmic reticulum  are similar to those reported in other descriptions of this organelle in the literature. This report appears to be the first one concerning the association of AL with a plant virus disease.", "contents": "Annulate lamellae in phloem cells of virus-infected Sonchus plants. The occurrence of annulate lamellae (AL) in differentiating phloem of Sonchus oleraceus (Compositae) singly infected with sowthistle yellow vein virus (SYVV) and doubly infected with a combination of SYVV and beet yellow stunt virus is documented by electron microscopy. Cell types in which AL were found were immature sieve elements and phloem parenchyma cells. AL were found only in cells that also contained SYVV particles although a direct association between the virus and AL was not apparent. The substructure of the AL and the relationships between the AL and the nuclear envelope and endoplasmic reticulum  are similar to those reported in other descriptions of this organelle in the literature. This report appears to be the first one concerning the association of AL with a plant virus disease."}
{"id": "PMID:873999", "title": "Changes in cell surface and cortical cytoplasmic organization during early embryogenesis in the preimplantation mouse embryo.", "content": "Membrane topography and organization of cortical cytoskeletal elements and organelles during early embryogenesis of the mouse have been studied by transmission and scanning electron microscopy with improved cellular preservation. At the four- and early eight-cell stages, blastomeres are round, and scanning electron microscopy shows a uniform distribution of microvilli over the cell surface. At the onset of morphogenesis, a reorganization of the blastomere surface is observed in which microvilli becomes restricted to an apical region and the basal zone of intercellular contact. As the blastomeres spread on each other during compaction, many microvilli remain in the basal region of imminent cell-cell contacts, but few are present where the cells have completed spreading on each other. Microvilli on the surface of these embryos contain linear arrays of microfilaments with lateral cross bridges. Microtubules and mitochondria become localized beneath the apposed cell membranes during compaction. Arrays of cortical microtubules are aligned parallel to regions of apposed membranes. During cytokinesis, microtubules become redistributed in the region of the mitotic spindle, and fewer microvilli are present on most of the cell surface. The cell surface and cortical changes initiated during compaction are the first manifestations of cell polarity in embryogenesis. These and previous findings are interpreted as evidence that cell surface changes associated with trophoblast development appear as early as the eight-cell stage. Our observations suggest that morphogenesis involves the activation of a developmental program which coordinately controls cortical cytoplasmic and cell surface organization.", "contents": "Changes in cell surface and cortical cytoplasmic organization during early embryogenesis in the preimplantation mouse embryo. Membrane topography and organization of cortical cytoskeletal elements and organelles during early embryogenesis of the mouse have been studied by transmission and scanning electron microscopy with improved cellular preservation. At the four- and early eight-cell stages, blastomeres are round, and scanning electron microscopy shows a uniform distribution of microvilli over the cell surface. At the onset of morphogenesis, a reorganization of the blastomere surface is observed in which microvilli becomes restricted to an apical region and the basal zone of intercellular contact. As the blastomeres spread on each other during compaction, many microvilli remain in the basal region of imminent cell-cell contacts, but few are present where the cells have completed spreading on each other. Microvilli on the surface of these embryos contain linear arrays of microfilaments with lateral cross bridges. Microtubules and mitochondria become localized beneath the apposed cell membranes during compaction. Arrays of cortical microtubules are aligned parallel to regions of apposed membranes. During cytokinesis, microtubules become redistributed in the region of the mitotic spindle, and fewer microvilli are present on most of the cell surface. The cell surface and cortical changes initiated during compaction are the first manifestations of cell polarity in embryogenesis. These and previous findings are interpreted as evidence that cell surface changes associated with trophoblast development appear as early as the eight-cell stage. Our observations suggest that morphogenesis involves the activation of a developmental program which coordinately controls cortical cytoplasmic and cell surface organization."}
{"id": "PMID:874000", "title": "Choline acetyltransferase activity of spinal cord cell cultures increased by co-culture with muscle and by muscle-conditioned medium.", "content": "Activity of the enzyme choline acetyltransferase (CAT), which mediates the synthesis of the neurotransmitter, acetylcholine, was increased up to 20- fold in spinal cord (SC) cells grown in culture with muscle cells for 2 wk. This increase was directly related to the duration of co-culture as well as to the cell density of both the SC and muscle involved and was not affected by the presence of the acetylcholine receptor blocking agent, alpha-bungarotoxin. Glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) activity was often markedly decreased in SC-muscle cultures while the activities of acetylcholinesterase and several other enzymes were little changed. Increased CAT activity was also observed when SC cultures were maintained in medium which had been conditioned by muscle cells or by undifferentiated cells from embryonic muscle. Muscle-conditioned medium (CM) did not affect the activities of SC cell GAD or acetylcholinesterase. Dilution or concentration of the CM directly affected its ability to increase SC CAT activity , as did the duration and timing of exposure of the SC cells to the CM. The medium could be conditioned by muscle cells in the presence or absence of serum, and remained effective after dialysis or heating to 58 degrees C. Membrane filtration data were consistent with the conclusion that the active material(s) in CM had a molecular weight in excess of 50,000 daltons. We conclude that large molecular weight material that is released by muscle cells is capable of producing a specific increase in CAT activity of SC cells.", "contents": "Choline acetyltransferase activity of spinal cord cell cultures increased by co-culture with muscle and by muscle-conditioned medium. Activity of the enzyme choline acetyltransferase (CAT), which mediates the synthesis of the neurotransmitter, acetylcholine, was increased up to 20- fold in spinal cord (SC) cells grown in culture with muscle cells for 2 wk. This increase was directly related to the duration of co-culture as well as to the cell density of both the SC and muscle involved and was not affected by the presence of the acetylcholine receptor blocking agent, alpha-bungarotoxin. Glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) activity was often markedly decreased in SC-muscle cultures while the activities of acetylcholinesterase and several other enzymes were little changed. Increased CAT activity was also observed when SC cultures were maintained in medium which had been conditioned by muscle cells or by undifferentiated cells from embryonic muscle. Muscle-conditioned medium (CM) did not affect the activities of SC cell GAD or acetylcholinesterase. Dilution or concentration of the CM directly affected its ability to increase SC CAT activity , as did the duration and timing of exposure of the SC cells to the CM. The medium could be conditioned by muscle cells in the presence or absence of serum, and remained effective after dialysis or heating to 58 degrees C. Membrane filtration data were consistent with the conclusion that the active material(s) in CM had a molecular weight in excess of 50,000 daltons. We conclude that large molecular weight material that is released by muscle cells is capable of producing a specific increase in CAT activity of SC cells."}
{"id": "PMID:874001", "title": "Quantitation of nexus junctions in the granulosa cell layer of rabbit ovarian follicles during ovulation.", "content": "Electron microscopy was used in a semi-quantitative study to determine changes in the abundance and size of surface nexuses and changes in the abundance of interiorized nexuses in growing and mature ovarian follicles during the ovulatory process. Mature follicles contain larger granulosa cells than follicles in the early stage of antral formation. Also, the granulosa cells of mature follicles have a slightly greater number of surface nexuses (without a change in nexus length), and more interiorized nexuses, compared to immature follicles. As a mature follicle approaches rupture, there is an appreciable decrease in the number of surface nexuses per granulosa cell. There is also a slight reduction in the number of interiorized nexuses at this time. It is concluded that this decrease in both surface nexuses and interiorized nexuses may be a  consequence of ovulatory changes during which the rate of granulosa cell division is greater than the rate of formation of new nexuses. Additionally, the disruption to cell-to-cell cohesion during the ovulatory process appears to be independent of the interiorization of surface nexuses.", "contents": "Quantitation of nexus junctions in the granulosa cell layer of rabbit ovarian follicles during ovulation. Electron microscopy was used in a semi-quantitative study to determine changes in the abundance and size of surface nexuses and changes in the abundance of interiorized nexuses in growing and mature ovarian follicles during the ovulatory process. Mature follicles contain larger granulosa cells than follicles in the early stage of antral formation. Also, the granulosa cells of mature follicles have a slightly greater number of surface nexuses (without a change in nexus length), and more interiorized nexuses, compared to immature follicles. As a mature follicle approaches rupture, there is an appreciable decrease in the number of surface nexuses per granulosa cell. There is also a slight reduction in the number of interiorized nexuses at this time. It is concluded that this decrease in both surface nexuses and interiorized nexuses may be a  consequence of ovulatory changes during which the rate of granulosa cell division is greater than the rate of formation of new nexuses. Additionally, the disruption to cell-to-cell cohesion during the ovulatory process appears to be independent of the interiorization of surface nexuses."}
{"id": "PMID:874002", "title": "The effect of oxygen and vitamin E on the lifespan of human diploid cells in vitro.", "content": "Human diploid cells (WI-38) were serially subcultivated at partial pressures of oxygen (Po2) ranging from 5.6 mm Hg to 608 mm Hg. At a Po2 of 5.6 mm Hg, the number of doublings to phase out was less than that of control cells at a Po2 of 137 mm Hg. Cultures grown at Po2's of 24, 49, or 137 mm Hg grew at the same rate and phased out after a similar number of population doublings. Population lifespan was markedly shortened by chronic exposure to elevated Po2's, a phenomenon that was, in part, reversible. d-1-alpha-Tocopherol (10 microgram/ml or 100 microgram/ml) homogenized into the medium at each weekly subcultivation did not extend the lifespan of cells at reduced, ambient, or elevated oxygen tensions. These results indicate that neither oxygen toxicity nor free radical reactions play a significant role in limiting the lifespan of WI-38 cells grown in vitro under ambient oxygen tensions (Po2 137 mm Hg).", "contents": "The effect of oxygen and vitamin E on the lifespan of human diploid cells in vitro. Human diploid cells (WI-38) were serially subcultivated at partial pressures of oxygen (Po2) ranging from 5.6 mm Hg to 608 mm Hg. At a Po2 of 5.6 mm Hg, the number of doublings to phase out was less than that of control cells at a Po2 of 137 mm Hg. Cultures grown at Po2's of 24, 49, or 137 mm Hg grew at the same rate and phased out after a similar number of population doublings. Population lifespan was markedly shortened by chronic exposure to elevated Po2's, a phenomenon that was, in part, reversible. d-1-alpha-Tocopherol (10 microgram/ml or 100 microgram/ml) homogenized into the medium at each weekly subcultivation did not extend the lifespan of cells at reduced, ambient, or elevated oxygen tensions. These results indicate that neither oxygen toxicity nor free radical reactions play a significant role in limiting the lifespan of WI-38 cells grown in vitro under ambient oxygen tensions (Po2 137 mm Hg)."}
{"id": "PMID:874003", "title": "Spermatogenic cells of the prepuberal mouse. Isolation and morphological characterization.", "content": "A procedure is described which permits the isolation from the prepuberal mouse testis of highly purified populations of primitive type A spermatogonia, type A spermatogonia, type B spermatogonia, preleptotene primary spermatocytes, leptotene and zygotene primary spermatocytes, pachytene primary spermatocytes and Sertoli cells. The successful isolation of these prepuberal cell types was accomplished by: (a) defining distinctive morphological characteristics of the cells, (b) determining the temporal appearance of spermatogenic cells during prepuberal development, (c) isolating purified seminiferous cords, after dissociation of the testis with collagenase, (d) separating the trypsin-dispersed seminiferous cells by sedimentation velocity at unit gravity, and (e) assessing the identity and purity of the isolated cell types by microscopy. The seminiferous epithelium from day 6 animals contains only primitive type A spermatogonia and Sertoli cells. Type A and type B spermatogonia are present by day 8. At day 10, meiotic prophase is initiated, with the germ cells reaching the early and late pachytene stages by 14 and 18, respectively. Secondary spermatocytes and haploid spermatids appear throughout this developmental period. The purity and optimum day for the recovery of specific cell types are as follows: day 6, Sertoli cells (purity>99 percent) and primitive type A spermatogonia (90 percent); day 8, type A spermatogonia (91 percent) and type B spermatogonia (76 percent); day 18, preleptotene spermatocytes (93 percent), leptotene/zygotene spermatocytes (52 percent), and pachytene spermatocytes (89 percent), leptotene/zygotene spermatocytes (52 percent), and pachytene spermatocytes (89 percent).", "contents": "Spermatogenic cells of the prepuberal mouse. Isolation and morphological characterization. A procedure is described which permits the isolation from the prepuberal mouse testis of highly purified populations of primitive type A spermatogonia, type A spermatogonia, type B spermatogonia, preleptotene primary spermatocytes, leptotene and zygotene primary spermatocytes, pachytene primary spermatocytes and Sertoli cells. The successful isolation of these prepuberal cell types was accomplished by: (a) defining distinctive morphological characteristics of the cells, (b) determining the temporal appearance of spermatogenic cells during prepuberal development, (c) isolating purified seminiferous cords, after dissociation of the testis with collagenase, (d) separating the trypsin-dispersed seminiferous cells by sedimentation velocity at unit gravity, and (e) assessing the identity and purity of the isolated cell types by microscopy. The seminiferous epithelium from day 6 animals contains only primitive type A spermatogonia and Sertoli cells. Type A and type B spermatogonia are present by day 8. At day 10, meiotic prophase is initiated, with the germ cells reaching the early and late pachytene stages by 14 and 18, respectively. Secondary spermatocytes and haploid spermatids appear throughout this developmental period. The purity and optimum day for the recovery of specific cell types are as follows: day 6, Sertoli cells (purity>99 percent) and primitive type A spermatogonia (90 percent); day 8, type A spermatogonia (91 percent) and type B spermatogonia (76 percent); day 18, preleptotene spermatocytes (93 percent), leptotene/zygotene spermatocytes (52 percent), and pachytene spermatocytes (89 percent), leptotene/zygotene spermatocytes (52 percent), and pachytene spermatocytes (89 percent)."}
{"id": "PMID:874004", "title": "Organization of cell junctions in the peritoneal mesothelium.", "content": "Intercellular junctions in the mesothelium of the visceral (mesentery and omentum), and parietal (diaphragm, pre-aortic, and iliac region) peritoneum were examined in rats and mice by using freeze-cleaved preparations. In addition to usual intercellular junctions (cell body junctions), special junctions are found between cell processes and the surface of the neighboring cell (cell process junctions). Cell body junctions are provided with tight junctions and communicating (gap) junctions. The former consist of one to two junctional strands which show a characteristic staggered arrangement, and focal discontinuities. In cell process junctions, the strands form loops or appear as short, free-ending elements; their polymorphism suggests considerable lability, probably in connection with their assembly and disassembly. The existence of free-ending strands indicates that such structures can be used as attachment devices without being concomitantly involved in the formation of occluding zonules. In both types of junctions, the strands can be resolved into bars, approximately 80- 100nm long, frequently provided with terminal enlargements and intercalated particles which occur singly or in small clusters. These particles are morphologically similar to those present in communicating (gap) junctions. The mesothelium is also provided with isolate composite macular junctions. Throughout the mesothelium, the cleavage plane follows the outer contour of junctional strands and particles, suggesting that strand-to-strand interactions in the apposed membranes are weaker than interactions between each strand and underlying cytoplasmic structures. In their general geometry and cleavage characteristics, the mesothelial junctions resemble the junctions found in the venular endothelium.", "contents": "Organization of cell junctions in the peritoneal mesothelium. Intercellular junctions in the mesothelium of the visceral (mesentery and omentum), and parietal (diaphragm, pre-aortic, and iliac region) peritoneum were examined in rats and mice by using freeze-cleaved preparations. In addition to usual intercellular junctions (cell body junctions), special junctions are found between cell processes and the surface of the neighboring cell (cell process junctions). Cell body junctions are provided with tight junctions and communicating (gap) junctions. The former consist of one to two junctional strands which show a characteristic staggered arrangement, and focal discontinuities. In cell process junctions, the strands form loops or appear as short, free-ending elements; their polymorphism suggests considerable lability, probably in connection with their assembly and disassembly. The existence of free-ending strands indicates that such structures can be used as attachment devices without being concomitantly involved in the formation of occluding zonules. In both types of junctions, the strands can be resolved into bars, approximately 80- 100nm long, frequently provided with terminal enlargements and intercalated particles which occur singly or in small clusters. These particles are morphologically similar to those present in communicating (gap) junctions. The mesothelium is also provided with isolate composite macular junctions. Throughout the mesothelium, the cleavage plane follows the outer contour of junctional strands and particles, suggesting that strand-to-strand interactions in the apposed membranes are weaker than interactions between each strand and underlying cytoplasmic structures. In their general geometry and cleavage characteristics, the mesothelial junctions resemble the junctions found in the venular endothelium."}
{"id": "PMID:874005", "title": "[Generalised fecal peritonitis. Etiopathogenic and therapeutic considerations in 30 cases (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors analyse a series of 30 cases of generalised fecal peritonitis which represents a less frequent form of peritoneal infection. The etiology was mainly diverticular perforation (50 p. cent) or neoplasia (25 p. cent). The mortality was high (63 p. cent). It seems, in the light of the results, that the best treatment consists of operating in two stages, the first being the eradication of the colonic lesion which should be carried out as a routine without attempting immediate anastomosis. Wide drainage with peritoneal lavage and the use of \"noxythioline\" may improve the results of a disease which always remains very severe.", "contents": "[Generalised fecal peritonitis. Etiopathogenic and therapeutic considerations in 30 cases (author's transl)]. The authors analyse a series of 30 cases of generalised fecal peritonitis which represents a less frequent form of peritoneal infection. The etiology was mainly diverticular perforation (50 p. cent) or neoplasia (25 p. cent). The mortality was high (63 p. cent). It seems, in the light of the results, that the best treatment consists of operating in two stages, the first being the eradication of the colonic lesion which should be carried out as a routine without attempting immediate anastomosis. Wide drainage with peritoneal lavage and the use of \"noxythioline\" may improve the results of a disease which always remains very severe."}
{"id": "PMID:874006", "title": "[Treatment of fractures of the cervical spine and of the dorso lumbar spine with neurological complications (author's transl)].", "content": "Our surgical therapeutic attitude in neurological complications of fractures of the spine seems to us justified by the results which we have obtained. It never caused any aggravation and permitted better relief of the complications of bed rest during the early stages. It always permitted satisfactory vertebral position. It is of course difficult to say definitely whether it was responsible for the neurological recovery often observed. It is nevertheless probable in a certain number of cases and in any case, this recovery will occur under better conditions more favourable for later rehabilitation. But one should emphasise if one wishes to improve further the results, that this reduction should be performed very rapidly.", "contents": "[Treatment of fractures of the cervical spine and of the dorso lumbar spine with neurological complications (author's transl)]. Our surgical therapeutic attitude in neurological complications of fractures of the spine seems to us justified by the results which we have obtained. It never caused any aggravation and permitted better relief of the complications of bed rest during the early stages. It always permitted satisfactory vertebral position. It is of course difficult to say definitely whether it was responsible for the neurological recovery often observed. It is nevertheless probable in a certain number of cases and in any case, this recovery will occur under better conditions more favourable for later rehabilitation. But one should emphasise if one wishes to improve further the results, that this reduction should be performed very rapidly."}
{"id": "PMID:874007", "title": "[Peri-ano-rectal cysts and tumours of vestigial origin in the adult (author's transl)].", "content": "Four cases of cysts or tumours developing from embryological remnants in the peri-ano-rectal space are reported. The authors propose for these rare lesions a coherent and simplified classification in two main groups: teratomas on the one hand, developmental cysts on the other hand. The various methods of diagnosis are studied. The precise diagnosis of a congenital cyst can only be made by pathological examination of the specimen after surgical removable. Any rapid local change implied malignant degeneration. Such a risk suggests immediate removal of any known ano-rectal cyst or tumour. The route of approach is usually perineal. Kraske's position gives good access to the retro-ano-rectal space. Possible pelvic spread of these lesions sometimes requires the use of the abdominal approach, either straight away or secondarily when total removal is impossible by the perineal route alone.", "contents": "[Peri-ano-rectal cysts and tumours of vestigial origin in the adult (author's transl)]. Four cases of cysts or tumours developing from embryological remnants in the peri-ano-rectal space are reported. The authors propose for these rare lesions a coherent and simplified classification in two main groups: teratomas on the one hand, developmental cysts on the other hand. The various methods of diagnosis are studied. The precise diagnosis of a congenital cyst can only be made by pathological examination of the specimen after surgical removable. Any rapid local change implied malignant degeneration. Such a risk suggests immediate removal of any known ano-rectal cyst or tumour. The route of approach is usually perineal. Kraske's position gives good access to the retro-ano-rectal space. Possible pelvic spread of these lesions sometimes requires the use of the abdominal approach, either straight away or secondarily when total removal is impossible by the perineal route alone."}
{"id": "PMID:874008", "title": "[Acute postoperative arterial ischemia (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors analyse 16 cases of acute ischemia observed over a period of one month after an operation of general surgery. The classical cardiac origin, e.g. infarct, arrythmia, was found in only three patients. The septic etiology was predominant, septic arterial emboli but not infective or acute thrombosis during septic or post-operative shock. The clinical aspect showed no special characteristics. Surgery remains the principal form of treatment. The results are good, except in acute arterial thrombosis justifying plastic surgery which may give better results than simple thrombectomy.", "contents": "[Acute postoperative arterial ischemia (author's transl)]. The authors analyse 16 cases of acute ischemia observed over a period of one month after an operation of general surgery. The classical cardiac origin, e.g. infarct, arrythmia, was found in only three patients. The septic etiology was predominant, septic arterial emboli but not infective or acute thrombosis during septic or post-operative shock. The clinical aspect showed no special characteristics. Surgery remains the principal form of treatment. The results are good, except in acute arterial thrombosis justifying plastic surgery which may give better results than simple thrombectomy."}
{"id": "PMID:874009", "title": "[Wounds of the hand by injection of fluids under high pressure (author's transl)].", "content": "The result of mechanisation and technical improvements in industry, wounds by high pressure pistols are very serious. They are often neglected at first for they may be undiagnosed. To the toxicity of the injected product, which diffuses far from the minimal point of entry, may be added the destructive effect of the high pressure on the cell spaces of the hand, which are narrow and inextensible. Surgical treatment includes the association of antibiotics, anti-inflammatory drugs, analgesics and wide removal of the affected tissues as well as the foreign material. Active physiotherapy after immobilisation in a functional position, will permit recovery of satisfactory movements. Amputation is unfortunately often necessary, thus great efforts should be made to prevent work accidents.", "contents": "[Wounds of the hand by injection of fluids under high pressure (author's transl)]. The result of mechanisation and technical improvements in industry, wounds by high pressure pistols are very serious. They are often neglected at first for they may be undiagnosed. To the toxicity of the injected product, which diffuses far from the minimal point of entry, may be added the destructive effect of the high pressure on the cell spaces of the hand, which are narrow and inextensible. Surgical treatment includes the association of antibiotics, anti-inflammatory drugs, analgesics and wide removal of the affected tissues as well as the foreign material. Active physiotherapy after immobilisation in a functional position, will permit recovery of satisfactory movements. Amputation is unfortunately often necessary, thus great efforts should be made to prevent work accidents."}
{"id": "PMID:874010", "title": "[Primary cancer of the gallbladder. Analysis of a surgical series of 24 cases. Attempted anatomical classification of its prognosis. Proposal of a preventive approach].", "content": "This analysis of 24 cases of primary carcinoma of the gall bladder is compared with series in the literature. The extremely poor prognosis of this carcinoma, recognised by all authors, may be explained by the unfavourable background, delay in diagnosis at all stages, early regional spread, difficulty in laying down the therapeutic indications. A Pathological classification for prognosis has been proposed for the surgeon with stages: O, I, II, II a and b, IV a and b, in relation to the spread of the gall bladder carcinoma and reflexions inspired by analysis of the operative results in the literature. Even with better knowledge of predisposing factors, and if new methods of treatment gave greater hope in the future, more frequent use of cholecystectomy seems the best prevention of bladder carcinoma in any case of cholelithiasis whether symptomatic or not, in the absence of any contra-indication.", "contents": "[Primary cancer of the gallbladder. Analysis of a surgical series of 24 cases. Attempted anatomical classification of its prognosis. Proposal of a preventive approach]. This analysis of 24 cases of primary carcinoma of the gall bladder is compared with series in the literature. The extremely poor prognosis of this carcinoma, recognised by all authors, may be explained by the unfavourable background, delay in diagnosis at all stages, early regional spread, difficulty in laying down the therapeutic indications. A Pathological classification for prognosis has been proposed for the surgeon with stages: O, I, II, II a and b, IV a and b, in relation to the spread of the gall bladder carcinoma and reflexions inspired by analysis of the operative results in the literature. Even with better knowledge of predisposing factors, and if new methods of treatment gave greater hope in the future, more frequent use of cholecystectomy seems the best prevention of bladder carcinoma in any case of cholelithiasis whether symptomatic or not, in the absence of any contra-indication."}
{"id": "PMID:874011", "title": "[Familial colonic polyposis (author's transl)].", "content": "During the last 5 years, 7 families suffering from familial polyposis coli have been investigated; we found 23 members affected and we operated 10 of them. One of them died of metastases and 9 members of these pedigrees died of carcinoma which appeared at the average age of 41,5 years. This confirms that this condition is the most serious precancerous illness and needs regular controls of all members of these families. At the occasion of this review, we describe the main features of this condition and briefly our surgical attitude.", "contents": "[Familial colonic polyposis (author's transl)]. During the last 5 years, 7 families suffering from familial polyposis coli have been investigated; we found 23 members affected and we operated 10 of them. One of them died of metastases and 9 members of these pedigrees died of carcinoma which appeared at the average age of 41,5 years. This confirms that this condition is the most serious precancerous illness and needs regular controls of all members of these families. At the occasion of this review, we describe the main features of this condition and briefly our surgical attitude."}
{"id": "PMID:874012", "title": "[New acquisitions on the arterial vascularization of the 3d and 4th portions of the duodenum. Surgical applications].", "content": "The authors studied the blood supply of the 3rd and 4th parts of the duodenum in 15 adult subjects. Although the duodeno-pancreatic arches are constantly found, the branches to the duodenum have a variable lay-out. On the right, the superior mesenteric artery, the distribution of which is always regular on both sides of the 3rd part of the duodenum. On the other hand, on the left, the superior mesenteric artery, there is sometimes a vascular hiatus which may extend to the duodeno-jejunal angle. Although in 60 p. cent of cases this part of the duodenum is well supplied with blood on both surfaces, in 40 p. cent of cases on the other hand, there exists an avascular area on both sides. This lay-out is not favourable for division and anastomsis of this segment of the digestive tract.", "contents": "[New acquisitions on the arterial vascularization of the 3d and 4th portions of the duodenum. Surgical applications]. The authors studied the blood supply of the 3rd and 4th parts of the duodenum in 15 adult subjects. Although the duodeno-pancreatic arches are constantly found, the branches to the duodenum have a variable lay-out. On the right, the superior mesenteric artery, the distribution of which is always regular on both sides of the 3rd part of the duodenum. On the other hand, on the left, the superior mesenteric artery, there is sometimes a vascular hiatus which may extend to the duodeno-jejunal angle. Although in 60 p. cent of cases this part of the duodenum is well supplied with blood on both surfaces, in 40 p. cent of cases on the other hand, there exists an avascular area on both sides. This lay-out is not favourable for division and anastomsis of this segment of the digestive tract."}
{"id": "PMID:874013", "title": "[Late urological complications of reconstructive surgery of the aortic bifurcation (author's transl)].", "content": "Ureteral obstruction following aorto-iliac or aorto-femoral dacron prosthesis has rarely been described. It seems, however, as shown in our three cases, that this complication is more common than was previously believed. In all three cases, ureteral obstruction was attributed to retroperitoneal fibrosis enclosing the graft. The threat of such a complication should lead the surgeon to carry out intravenous urography in all patients with a vascular prosthesis.", "contents": "[Late urological complications of reconstructive surgery of the aortic bifurcation (author's transl)]. Ureteral obstruction following aorto-iliac or aorto-femoral dacron prosthesis has rarely been described. It seems, however, as shown in our three cases, that this complication is more common than was previously believed. In all three cases, ureteral obstruction was attributed to retroperitoneal fibrosis enclosing the graft. The threat of such a complication should lead the surgeon to carry out intravenous urography in all patients with a vascular prosthesis."}
{"id": "PMID:874015", "title": "[General anesthesia in rabbits for digestive surgical research. A spontaneous ventilation technic by Nembutal-diazepam combination].", "content": "General anesthesia in the rabbit in spontaneous ventilation, followed by normal awakening and prolonged survival, has been studied here in order to have a series of chronic preparations which the authors could use in their research on digestive surgery. These type of anesthesia requires less personnel, but raises certain difficulties due to the closeness of the thresholds of efficacy and toxicity, the length of the experiment and program requirements. The reliable technic exposed here permits prolonged anesthesia (up to eight hours) with normal survival of the animals. The mortality due to anesthesia was low.", "contents": "[General anesthesia in rabbits for digestive surgical research. A spontaneous ventilation technic by Nembutal-diazepam combination]. General anesthesia in the rabbit in spontaneous ventilation, followed by normal awakening and prolonged survival, has been studied here in order to have a series of chronic preparations which the authors could use in their research on digestive surgery. These type of anesthesia requires less personnel, but raises certain difficulties due to the closeness of the thresholds of efficacy and toxicity, the length of the experiment and program requirements. The reliable technic exposed here permits prolonged anesthesia (up to eight hours) with normal survival of the animals. The mortality due to anesthesia was low."}
{"id": "PMID:874020", "title": "Separation of estrogen glucorinides, sulphates and phosphates on ion-exchange cellulose by high-pressure liquid chromatography.", "content": "In continuation of previous work, the selectivity of anion-exchange cellulose systems with respect to thirty estrogen conjugates was studied. The influence of the type and particle size of cellulose anion exchangers, the type and concentration of the counter anion, pH and temperature was investigated. On the basis of the results the optimal choice of the ion-exchange material, the eluent and the operating conditions is demonstrated. The results of the optimization are exemplified by a number of chromatograms showing rapid separations, including the determination of the estrogen conjugate profile of human pregnancy urine.", "contents": "Separation of estrogen glucorinides, sulphates and phosphates on ion-exchange cellulose by high-pressure liquid chromatography. In continuation of previous work, the selectivity of anion-exchange cellulose systems with respect to thirty estrogen conjugates was studied. The influence of the type and particle size of cellulose anion exchangers, the type and concentration of the counter anion, pH and temperature was investigated. On the basis of the results the optimal choice of the ion-exchange material, the eluent and the operating conditions is demonstrated. The results of the optimization are exemplified by a number of chromatograms showing rapid separations, including the determination of the estrogen conjugate profile of human pregnancy urine."}
{"id": "PMID:874021", "title": "Use of a modified Tenax GC column packing for the direct gas chromatographic analysis of phenols in water at the ppm level.", "content": "Dilute solutions of phenols in water at the ppm level may be analysed gas chromatographically by direct injection onto a column with a packing similar to that used in the Viking 1975 spacecraft: Tenax GC (2,6-diphenyl-p-phenylene oxide polymer) modified with polymetaphenyl ether liquid phase to eradicate irreversible adsorption. Symmetrical peaks were observed for injections of less than 1 ng of phenol and some of its alkylated derivatives. Chromatographic properties of modified Tenax GC columns are reported along with their application to the analysis of some industrial effluents with previous work-up.", "contents": "Use of a modified Tenax GC column packing for the direct gas chromatographic analysis of phenols in water at the ppm level. Dilute solutions of phenols in water at the ppm level may be analysed gas chromatographically by direct injection onto a column with a packing similar to that used in the Viking 1975 spacecraft: Tenax GC (2,6-diphenyl-p-phenylene oxide polymer) modified with polymetaphenyl ether liquid phase to eradicate irreversible adsorption. Symmetrical peaks were observed for injections of less than 1 ng of phenol and some of its alkylated derivatives. Chromatographic properties of modified Tenax GC columns are reported along with their application to the analysis of some industrial effluents with previous work-up."}
{"id": "PMID:874022", "title": "Bonded peptide stationary phases for the separation of amino acids and peptides using liquid chromatography.", "content": "Bonded optically active tripeptides have been applied as stationary phases for liquid chromatography. Significant retention variations are shown for some UV absorbing amino acids when compared to a silica gel column using the same mobile phase. The separation of certain isomeric dipeptides has been accomplished using  the bonded optically active tripeptide stationary phases. It is shown that these separations are superior to those possible on silica gel, although the efficiencies of the column are low. Phenylthiohydatoin (PTH)-amino acids have also been analyzed using the bonded tripeptide L-Val-L-Ala-L-Ser on silica gel CT and 1% citric acid-water as the mobile phase. No two PTH-amino acids showed the same capacity ratio out of 25 tested and the separation of 15 in one isocratic run is presented. The implications and future for the use of bonded opitcally active peptides as stationary phases for liquid chromatography are discussed.", "contents": "Bonded peptide stationary phases for the separation of amino acids and peptides using liquid chromatography. Bonded optically active tripeptides have been applied as stationary phases for liquid chromatography. Significant retention variations are shown for some UV absorbing amino acids when compared to a silica gel column using the same mobile phase. The separation of certain isomeric dipeptides has been accomplished using  the bonded optically active tripeptide stationary phases. It is shown that these separations are superior to those possible on silica gel, although the efficiencies of the column are low. Phenylthiohydatoin (PTH)-amino acids have also been analyzed using the bonded tripeptide L-Val-L-Ala-L-Ser on silica gel CT and 1% citric acid-water as the mobile phase. No two PTH-amino acids showed the same capacity ratio out of 25 tested and the separation of 15 in one isocratic run is presented. The implications and future for the use of bonded opitcally active peptides as stationary phases for liquid chromatography are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:874023", "title": "Single- and two-step extraction and thin-layer detection procedures for benzoylecgonine (cocaine metabolite) alone or in combination with a wide variety of commonly abused drugs in urine screening programs.", "content": "Three extraction procedures for the detection of benzoylecgonine (a major metabolite of cocaine) in urine are presented. Each technique has its advantages, depending on the needs of a clinical operation. Procedures I and II involve the use of ion-exchange resin-loaded paper. Procedure I has a sensitivity of 1 microng/ml and requires 20 ml of urine, and is recommended when the aim is to test for the abuse of cocaine only. Procedure II is a two-step extraction method in which a wide variety of abused drugs are extracted by the first step and the benzoylecgonine left in the aqueous buffer phase is extracted in the second step. The sensitivity for benzoylecgonine using this procedure is 2 microng/ml and it requires 20-50 ml of urine. Procedure III involves the direct extraction of benzoylecgonine using 5 ml of urine and has a sensitivity of 0.5 microng/ml.", "contents": "Single- and two-step extraction and thin-layer detection procedures for benzoylecgonine (cocaine metabolite) alone or in combination with a wide variety of commonly abused drugs in urine screening programs. Three extraction procedures for the detection of benzoylecgonine (a major metabolite of cocaine) in urine are presented. Each technique has its advantages, depending on the needs of a clinical operation. Procedures I and II involve the use of ion-exchange resin-loaded paper. Procedure I has a sensitivity of 1 microng/ml and requires 20 ml of urine, and is recommended when the aim is to test for the abuse of cocaine only. Procedure II is a two-step extraction method in which a wide variety of abused drugs are extracted by the first step and the benzoylecgonine left in the aqueous buffer phase is extracted in the second step. The sensitivity for benzoylecgonine using this procedure is 2 microng/ml and it requires 20-50 ml of urine. Procedure III involves the direct extraction of benzoylecgonine using 5 ml of urine and has a sensitivity of 0.5 microng/ml."}
{"id": "PMID:874024", "title": "Thin-layer chromatography of chlorinated catechols.", "content": "The thin-layer chromatography of catechol and six chlorinated catechols has been studied on five adsorbents. Acetic acid in the developing solvent was essential for the production of sharp zones. The best separation of the individual compounds occurred on alumina, whereas silica gel appeared to be good for group separation (clean-up) from other compounds.", "contents": "Thin-layer chromatography of chlorinated catechols. The thin-layer chromatography of catechol and six chlorinated catechols has been studied on five adsorbents. Acetic acid in the developing solvent was essential for the production of sharp zones. The best separation of the individual compounds occurred on alumina, whereas silica gel appeared to be good for group separation (clean-up) from other compounds."}
{"id": "PMID:874025", "title": "Retention behaviour of a bonded reversed phase in a high-performance liquid chromatographic assay of serum theophylline.", "content": "A simple, rapid assay for serum theophylline is described. Optimisation of the high-performance liquid chromatographic system has allowed the analysis of minimun sample volume (50 micronl) in the shortest time (8 min) with good between-batch precision (C.V. = 8.3%)and accuracy (recovery ca. 100%). The behaviour of theophylline and other xanthine derivatives, theobromine, caffeine and 8-chlorotheophylline, on a bonded octadecyl reversed-phase system suggests that C18 phase effects solute separation by mixed retention mechanisms rather than by pure reversed-phase chromatography. This behaviour is attributed to the participation of underivatised silanol groups in the chromatographic process, and observation corroborated by independent investigation. The mechanism of the silanol participation is difficult to rationalise; however, a normal-phase  liquid partition system complies with the experimental data.", "contents": "Retention behaviour of a bonded reversed phase in a high-performance liquid chromatographic assay of serum theophylline. A simple, rapid assay for serum theophylline is described. Optimisation of the high-performance liquid chromatographic system has allowed the analysis of minimun sample volume (50 micronl) in the shortest time (8 min) with good between-batch precision (C.V. = 8.3%)and accuracy (recovery ca. 100%). The behaviour of theophylline and other xanthine derivatives, theobromine, caffeine and 8-chlorotheophylline, on a bonded octadecyl reversed-phase system suggests that C18 phase effects solute separation by mixed retention mechanisms rather than by pure reversed-phase chromatography. This behaviour is attributed to the participation of underivatised silanol groups in the chromatographic process, and observation corroborated by independent investigation. The mechanism of the silanol participation is difficult to rationalise; however, a normal-phase  liquid partition system complies with the experimental data."}
{"id": "PMID:874026", "title": "Comparison of non-biospecific effects in immunoaffinity chromatography using cyanogen bromide and bifunctional oxirane as immobilising agents.", "content": "Polypeptide antigen, glucagon, antibodies to glucagon and non-immune globulins were immobilised on agarose using CNBr and a bifunctional oxirane. Irrespective of the ligand immolilised, positively charged groups introduced to conjugates by CNBr caused electrostatic interactions with impurities and soluble biospecific ligands. Solvents required for elution of bound antibodies and antigens were more strongly deforming when immunoaffinity conjugates were prepared with CNBr than with the oxirane. This is attributed to compound affinity resulting from reinforcement of biospecific by non-biospecific interactions. Strongly deforming solvents were still required for oxirane conjugates, however, when antibodies had high affinity for antigen.", "contents": "Comparison of non-biospecific effects in immunoaffinity chromatography using cyanogen bromide and bifunctional oxirane as immobilising agents. Polypeptide antigen, glucagon, antibodies to glucagon and non-immune globulins were immobilised on agarose using CNBr and a bifunctional oxirane. Irrespective of the ligand immolilised, positively charged groups introduced to conjugates by CNBr caused electrostatic interactions with impurities and soluble biospecific ligands. Solvents required for elution of bound antibodies and antigens were more strongly deforming when immunoaffinity conjugates were prepared with CNBr than with the oxirane. This is attributed to compound affinity resulting from reinforcement of biospecific by non-biospecific interactions. Strongly deforming solvents were still required for oxirane conjugates, however, when antibodies had high affinity for antigen."}
{"id": "PMID:874027", "title": "High-pressure chromatography of tobacco mosaic virus on Spheron gels.", "content": "High-pressure chromatography on Spheron 300 BTD and Spheron 1000 was used to separate tobacco mosaic virus from other components of an extract from infected tobacco leaves, including F1, a protein having a molecular weight of 0.58 X 10(6). Comparative experiments have shown that the virus is not adsorbed by the carrier and is eluted in the free volume of the column; the virus is free from contamination by vegetable-juice components and is regained quantitatively. The virus can be separated partially, but distinctly, from the F1 protein by using a column of microgranular Spheron 300. Polyhydric phenols in the vegetable extract are adsorbed on Spheron and eluted from the column after a delay.", "contents": "High-pressure chromatography of tobacco mosaic virus on Spheron gels. High-pressure chromatography on Spheron 300 BTD and Spheron 1000 was used to separate tobacco mosaic virus from other components of an extract from infected tobacco leaves, including F1, a protein having a molecular weight of 0.58 X 10(6). Comparative experiments have shown that the virus is not adsorbed by the carrier and is eluted in the free volume of the column; the virus is free from contamination by vegetable-juice components and is regained quantitatively. The virus can be separated partially, but distinctly, from the F1 protein by using a column of microgranular Spheron 300. Polyhydric phenols in the vegetable extract are adsorbed on Spheron and eluted from the column after a delay."}
{"id": "PMID:874028", "title": "Method for improved protein separation in human and animal sera.", "content": "A method of improved protein separation in human and animal sera on columns of diethylaminoethyl cellulose is described. The improvement in protein separation is achieved by employing suitably modified elution gradients, the construction of which is described. A comparison with other work shows that improved resolution has been achieved over shorter elution times.", "contents": "Method for improved protein separation in human and animal sera. A method of improved protein separation in human and animal sera on columns of diethylaminoethyl cellulose is described. The improvement in protein separation is achieved by employing suitably modified elution gradients, the construction of which is described. A comparison with other work shows that improved resolution has been achieved over shorter elution times."}
{"id": "PMID:874045", "title": "Somatostatin modulation of pancreatic glucagon, insulin, glucose and free fatty acids following beta-adrenergic stimulation.", "content": "This study was undertaken to determine the effect of somatostatin on acute, orciprenaline mediated, beta-adrenergic stimulation of free fatty acids, blood glucose, insulin, and glucagon in healthy subjects. After orciprenaline and somatostatin insulin and glucagon decreased, whereas blood glucose and free fatty acids increased, probably in part as a result of the lesser inhibition of glucagon (50%) than of insulin (83%). From these observations it is tentatively concluded that the inhibitory effects of somatostatin on insulin and glucagon release in man are a consequence of beta-adrenergic receptor involvement. These effects are possibly mediated through increased destruction of cAMP, blocking of camp dependent secretion or impairment of calcium uptake.", "contents": "Somatostatin modulation of pancreatic glucagon, insulin, glucose and free fatty acids following beta-adrenergic stimulation. This study was undertaken to determine the effect of somatostatin on acute, orciprenaline mediated, beta-adrenergic stimulation of free fatty acids, blood glucose, insulin, and glucagon in healthy subjects. After orciprenaline and somatostatin insulin and glucagon decreased, whereas blood glucose and free fatty acids increased, probably in part as a result of the lesser inhibition of glucagon (50%) than of insulin (83%). From these observations it is tentatively concluded that the inhibitory effects of somatostatin on insulin and glucagon release in man are a consequence of beta-adrenergic receptor involvement. These effects are possibly mediated through increased destruction of cAMP, blocking of camp dependent secretion or impairment of calcium uptake."}
{"id": "PMID:874047", "title": "Thyroid function tests during the early phase of subacute thyroiditis.", "content": "Six patients with subacute thyroditis were followed with serial measurements of T4, FT4, TSH and RAI uptake. Five of the six underwent TRH stimulation early in the course of their illness. All six patients had elevated or high normal values for T4 and FT4 at the time of their clinical presentation (mean = 13.8 microgram per 100 ml and 3.9 ng per 100 ml, respectively). RAI uptakes were 1% or less in all six. TRH testing revealed a suppressed TSH response (mean deltaTSH less than0.1 muU/ml) in all five patients tested, suggesting hyperthyroidism. After initial studies were performed, five patients were treated with L-triiodothyronine (L-T3) and one with aspirin. All patients improved over a two to four week period of time, no relapses being noted.", "contents": "Thyroid function tests during the early phase of subacute thyroiditis. Six patients with subacute thyroditis were followed with serial measurements of T4, FT4, TSH and RAI uptake. Five of the six underwent TRH stimulation early in the course of their illness. All six patients had elevated or high normal values for T4 and FT4 at the time of their clinical presentation (mean = 13.8 microgram per 100 ml and 3.9 ng per 100 ml, respectively). RAI uptakes were 1% or less in all six. TRH testing revealed a suppressed TSH response (mean deltaTSH less than0.1 muU/ml) in all five patients tested, suggesting hyperthyroidism. After initial studies were performed, five patients were treated with L-triiodothyronine (L-T3) and one with aspirin. All patients improved over a two to four week period of time, no relapses being noted."}
{"id": "PMID:874048", "title": "Catecholamine metabolism in thyroid disease. II. Norepinephrine secretion rate in hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism.", "content": "We have measured the secretion rate of norepinephrine (NE) in 6 euthyroid subjects, 6 hyperthyroid and 6 hypothyroid patients, infused at a constant rate (0.1 microC/kg/min) for 1 h with tritiated norepinephrine (New England Nuclear Inc.). Plasma NE concentrations were measured by a modification of the fluorometric method of Anton and Sayre. A significant linear relationship was observed between plasma NE and age in normal subjects. Accordingly, values for plasma NE have been corrected for age. Plasma NE concentration was 18.3 +/- 4.2 ng/100 ml (mean+/-SEM) in normal subjects compared with 17.5 +/- 3.3 ng/100 ml in hyperthyroid patients. There was a significant elevation of plasma NE (30.3 +/- 2.9 ng/100 ml) in hypothyroid patients (P less than 0.05). A significant elevation was observed in plasma NE secretion rates in hypothyroidism 4.62 +/- 0.98 microgram/kg/day (P less than 0.02) when compared to the control group (1.46 +/- 0.35 microgram/kg/day). No significant difference was observed between the hyperthyroid group (1.74 +/- 0.49 microgram/kg/day) and the controls. These data indicate that the plasma NE secretion rate is normal in hyperthyroidism, and is significantly elevated in hypothyroidism thereby explaining the higher plasma NE concentrations seen in hypothyroidism.", "contents": "Catecholamine metabolism in thyroid disease. II. Norepinephrine secretion rate in hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism. We have measured the secretion rate of norepinephrine (NE) in 6 euthyroid subjects, 6 hyperthyroid and 6 hypothyroid patients, infused at a constant rate (0.1 microC/kg/min) for 1 h with tritiated norepinephrine (New England Nuclear Inc.). Plasma NE concentrations were measured by a modification of the fluorometric method of Anton and Sayre. A significant linear relationship was observed between plasma NE and age in normal subjects. Accordingly, values for plasma NE have been corrected for age. Plasma NE concentration was 18.3 +/- 4.2 ng/100 ml (mean+/-SEM) in normal subjects compared with 17.5 +/- 3.3 ng/100 ml in hyperthyroid patients. There was a significant elevation of plasma NE (30.3 +/- 2.9 ng/100 ml) in hypothyroid patients (P less than 0.05). A significant elevation was observed in plasma NE secretion rates in hypothyroidism 4.62 +/- 0.98 microgram/kg/day (P less than 0.02) when compared to the control group (1.46 +/- 0.35 microgram/kg/day). No significant difference was observed between the hyperthyroid group (1.74 +/- 0.49 microgram/kg/day) and the controls. These data indicate that the plasma NE secretion rate is normal in hyperthyroidism, and is significantly elevated in hypothyroidism thereby explaining the higher plasma NE concentrations seen in hypothyroidism."}
{"id": "PMID:874049", "title": "Increased plasma 11-deoxycorticosterone during spironolactone medication.", "content": "The increase of plasma deoxycorticosterone (DOC) levels after administration of spironolactone is a real effect and not due to cross-interference of the drug or its metabolites with the DOC-assay. This is proved by in vitro and in vivo results. Of all the metabolites only canrenone interferes to some extent with DOC after liquid-liquid-extraction and paper chromatography. The antiserum, however, is so highly specific, that the final cross-interference of the total procedure amounts to less than 2% of the DOC plasma levels. Moreover, in patients with Addison's disease only a very small increase of DOC plasma levels can be observed after administration of spironolactone in contrast to normal subjects.", "contents": "Increased plasma 11-deoxycorticosterone during spironolactone medication. The increase of plasma deoxycorticosterone (DOC) levels after administration of spironolactone is a real effect and not due to cross-interference of the drug or its metabolites with the DOC-assay. This is proved by in vitro and in vivo results. Of all the metabolites only canrenone interferes to some extent with DOC after liquid-liquid-extraction and paper chromatography. The antiserum, however, is so highly specific, that the final cross-interference of the total procedure amounts to less than 2% of the DOC plasma levels. Moreover, in patients with Addison's disease only a very small increase of DOC plasma levels can be observed after administration of spironolactone in contrast to normal subjects."}
{"id": "PMID:874051", "title": "Plasma 17alpha-hydroxyprogesterone in spironolactone-treated hypertensives.", "content": "When measured by a specific radio-assay method which excludes drug interference, plasma 17alpha-hydroxyprogesterone levels were found to be similar in spironolactone treated hypertensives, in untreated hypertensives, and in normotensive volunteers. No in vivo evidence for a significant inhibitory effect of spironolactone on adrenal 11beta, 17alpha and 21 hydroxylases was uncovered.", "contents": "Plasma 17alpha-hydroxyprogesterone in spironolactone-treated hypertensives. When measured by a specific radio-assay method which excludes drug interference, plasma 17alpha-hydroxyprogesterone levels were found to be similar in spironolactone treated hypertensives, in untreated hypertensives, and in normotensive volunteers. No in vivo evidence for a significant inhibitory effect of spironolactone on adrenal 11beta, 17alpha and 21 hydroxylases was uncovered."}
{"id": "PMID:874052", "title": "Change in affinity of insulin receptors following oral glucose in normal adults.", "content": "125I-insulin binding to circulating monocytes has been studied in 4 normal volunteers in the basal state as well as at 2 and 5 hours after ingestion of 100 g of glucose. In each study five hours after glucose ingestion, the competition-inhibition curve was shifted to the left and was steeper than that in the basal study; the amount of insulin that caused a 50% decrease in specific binding of 125I-insulin in the basal study was 3-11 fold higher than at 5 hours after glucose. These changes in binding after glucose ingestion were largely due to major alterations of receptor affinity. We conclude that acute changes in receptor affinity occur normally as part of the physiologic regulation of target cell sensitivity to hormonal stimulation.", "contents": "Change in affinity of insulin receptors following oral glucose in normal adults. 125I-insulin binding to circulating monocytes has been studied in 4 normal volunteers in the basal state as well as at 2 and 5 hours after ingestion of 100 g of glucose. In each study five hours after glucose ingestion, the competition-inhibition curve was shifted to the left and was steeper than that in the basal study; the amount of insulin that caused a 50% decrease in specific binding of 125I-insulin in the basal study was 3-11 fold higher than at 5 hours after glucose. These changes in binding after glucose ingestion were largely due to major alterations of receptor affinity. We conclude that acute changes in receptor affinity occur normally as part of the physiologic regulation of target cell sensitivity to hormonal stimulation."}
{"id": "PMID:874053", "title": "Conversion of cortisol to cortisone by the human uterus and its reversal in pregnancy.", "content": "Inter-conversion of cortisol (F) and cortisone (E) was investigated by incubating minced tissue with tritiated cortisol or cortisone and then separating the products by Sephadex LH-20 column chromatography. In non-pregnant subjects conversion of F to E predominated (43.4+/-3.4% vs 0.1+/-0.4% for E to F). In early pregnancy F leads to E decreased and E leads to F rose while at term E leads to F (46.3+/-9.1%) exceeded F leads to E (15.1+/-6.8%). These results were in accord with those obtained by assaying the endogenous concentrations. In non-pregnant subjects the F/E ratio (1.1+/-0.6) was lower than that found in serum (6.3+/-2.2) while at term the uterine F/E (9.0+/-1.8) was similar to that of serum (8.8+/-2.0). These changes resulted in an 8-fold increase in uterine F compared with a 3-fold increase in serum F, while uterine E fell to 1/2 and serum E doubled. Thus, during pregnancy there is a dramatic reversal of the reaction in the uterus in favour of the active hormone. It seems possible that the increase in cortisol thus brought about may play an anti-immune role in uterine wall, the single tissue apart from blood in direct contact with fetal tissue.", "contents": "Conversion of cortisol to cortisone by the human uterus and its reversal in pregnancy. Inter-conversion of cortisol (F) and cortisone (E) was investigated by incubating minced tissue with tritiated cortisol or cortisone and then separating the products by Sephadex LH-20 column chromatography. In non-pregnant subjects conversion of F to E predominated (43.4+/-3.4% vs 0.1+/-0.4% for E to F). In early pregnancy F leads to E decreased and E leads to F rose while at term E leads to F (46.3+/-9.1%) exceeded F leads to E (15.1+/-6.8%). These results were in accord with those obtained by assaying the endogenous concentrations. In non-pregnant subjects the F/E ratio (1.1+/-0.6) was lower than that found in serum (6.3+/-2.2) while at term the uterine F/E (9.0+/-1.8) was similar to that of serum (8.8+/-2.0). These changes resulted in an 8-fold increase in uterine F compared with a 3-fold increase in serum F, while uterine E fell to 1/2 and serum E doubled. Thus, during pregnancy there is a dramatic reversal of the reaction in the uterus in favour of the active hormone. It seems possible that the increase in cortisol thus brought about may play an anti-immune role in uterine wall, the single tissue apart from blood in direct contact with fetal tissue."}
{"id": "PMID:874054", "title": "Cortisol in human breast cancer tissue.", "content": "Endogenous cortisol levels were measured by radioimmunoassay in 140 primary and 31 metastatic human breast cancer specimens. The adjacent normal breast was assayed in 15 cases. Mean values for normal breast were 17.3 ng/g tissue. Significantly higher levels were found in cancer tissue. Primary lesions contained 26 ng/g and metastases 32.5 ng/g cortisol. These results lend support to our previous data on increased cortisol binding activity in human breast cancer.", "contents": "Cortisol in human breast cancer tissue. Endogenous cortisol levels were measured by radioimmunoassay in 140 primary and 31 metastatic human breast cancer specimens. The adjacent normal breast was assayed in 15 cases. Mean values for normal breast were 17.3 ng/g tissue. Significantly higher levels were found in cancer tissue. Primary lesions contained 26 ng/g and metastases 32.5 ng/g cortisol. These results lend support to our previous data on increased cortisol binding activity in human breast cancer."}
{"id": "PMID:874055", "title": "The augmentation effects of secretin on the insulin responses to known stimuli: specificity for glucose.", "content": "Secretin stimulates insulin release directly and augments insulin responses when administered prior to an insulinogenic stimulus. The magnitude and specificity of this augmentation effect of secretin pretreatment was evaluated in normal subjects to pulses of the following stimuli: 5 g glucose (n = 6), 1 g arginine (n = 8), 2 microgram isoproterenol (n = 6), 0.5 g tolbutamide (n = 5) and 0.5 mg glucagon (n = 6). Secretin was administered either as a 15 U pulse with a 3 U/min infusion for 25 min or as 4-150 U pulses. A period of 30 min elapsed after either the cessation of the infusion or the final 150 U pulse. In all studies, the acute insulin responses immediately following secretin were observed and had returned to baseline levels prior to the administration of any insulinogenic stimulus. Secretin only augmented the acute insulin responses to 5 g glucose pulses (pre-secretin glucose; 28 +/- 20 muU/ml, mean +/- SD; post-secretin glucose pulse: 45 +/- 37 muU/ml, P less than 0.5), an increase of 56 +/- 21% (P less than .005). A highly linear relationship was noted (r = .98, P less than .01) between the acute insulin response to glucose before and after secretin suggesting that the insulin response to the control glucose pulse is a major determinant of the glucose stimulated response after secretin. Secretin pretreatment did not augment the insulin responses to arginine, isoproterenol, tolbutamide and glucagon. The specificity of secretin for augmenting glucose stimulated insulin release suggets a possible role for secretin in carbohydrate metabolism.", "contents": "The augmentation effects of secretin on the insulin responses to known stimuli: specificity for glucose. Secretin stimulates insulin release directly and augments insulin responses when administered prior to an insulinogenic stimulus. The magnitude and specificity of this augmentation effect of secretin pretreatment was evaluated in normal subjects to pulses of the following stimuli: 5 g glucose (n = 6), 1 g arginine (n = 8), 2 microgram isoproterenol (n = 6), 0.5 g tolbutamide (n = 5) and 0.5 mg glucagon (n = 6). Secretin was administered either as a 15 U pulse with a 3 U/min infusion for 25 min or as 4-150 U pulses. A period of 30 min elapsed after either the cessation of the infusion or the final 150 U pulse. In all studies, the acute insulin responses immediately following secretin were observed and had returned to baseline levels prior to the administration of any insulinogenic stimulus. Secretin only augmented the acute insulin responses to 5 g glucose pulses (pre-secretin glucose; 28 +/- 20 muU/ml, mean +/- SD; post-secretin glucose pulse: 45 +/- 37 muU/ml, P less than 0.5), an increase of 56 +/- 21% (P less than .005). A highly linear relationship was noted (r = .98, P less than .01) between the acute insulin response to glucose before and after secretin suggesting that the insulin response to the control glucose pulse is a major determinant of the glucose stimulated response after secretin. Secretin pretreatment did not augment the insulin responses to arginine, isoproterenol, tolbutamide and glucagon. The specificity of secretin for augmenting glucose stimulated insulin release suggets a possible role for secretin in carbohydrate metabolism."}
{"id": "PMID:874056", "title": "Effects of angiotensin II blockade by saralasin in normal man.", "content": "To evaluate the role of angiotensin II in normal man, sar1-ala8-angiotensin II (saralasin), a specific competitive inhibitor or angiotensin II, was given by graded iv infusion (1-20 microgram/kg/min over 1 h) to 6 healthy young volunteers. Significant angiotensin II-dependence of blood pressure was found only after the combined stimulus of sodium restriction (10 mEq daily for 4 days) and ambulation. Systolic blood pressure fell during saralasin infusion from 106.2 +/- 2.0 to 95.8 +/- 2.9 mm (P less than .05). At the same time, plasma renin activity rose strikingly from 3.3 +/- 0.6 to 21.6 +/- 8.5 ng/ml/h, and then fell to 9.3 +/- 4.9 over the post-infusion hour despite continued ambulation. Peak plasma renin activity correlated well with the simultaneous fall in blood pressure (r = .91; P less than .01), suggesting a compensatory response to the vascular effects of angiotensin blockaded. On an ad lib. diet, saralasin infusion had no consistent effect on plasma renin activity serum potassium, or blood pressure, but in supine volunteers plasma aldosterone increased from 9.8 +/- 2.1 to 16.5 +/- 4.8 ng/dl, an average increase of 55 +/- 17% (P less than .05). Although mena plasma cortisol decresed, individual changes in cortisol did not correlate with changes in plasma aldosterone. These data suggest that saralasin has an agonist effect on basal aldosterone secretion.", "contents": "Effects of angiotensin II blockade by saralasin in normal man. To evaluate the role of angiotensin II in normal man, sar1-ala8-angiotensin II (saralasin), a specific competitive inhibitor or angiotensin II, was given by graded iv infusion (1-20 microgram/kg/min over 1 h) to 6 healthy young volunteers. Significant angiotensin II-dependence of blood pressure was found only after the combined stimulus of sodium restriction (10 mEq daily for 4 days) and ambulation. Systolic blood pressure fell during saralasin infusion from 106.2 +/- 2.0 to 95.8 +/- 2.9 mm (P less than .05). At the same time, plasma renin activity rose strikingly from 3.3 +/- 0.6 to 21.6 +/- 8.5 ng/ml/h, and then fell to 9.3 +/- 4.9 over the post-infusion hour despite continued ambulation. Peak plasma renin activity correlated well with the simultaneous fall in blood pressure (r = .91; P less than .01), suggesting a compensatory response to the vascular effects of angiotensin blockaded. On an ad lib. diet, saralasin infusion had no consistent effect on plasma renin activity serum potassium, or blood pressure, but in supine volunteers plasma aldosterone increased from 9.8 +/- 2.1 to 16.5 +/- 4.8 ng/dl, an average increase of 55 +/- 17% (P less than .05). Although mena plasma cortisol decresed, individual changes in cortisol did not correlate with changes in plasma aldosterone. These data suggest that saralasin has an agonist effect on basal aldosterone secretion."}
{"id": "PMID:874057", "title": "Secretion of parathyroid hormone by abnormal human parathyroid glands in vitro.", "content": "The secretory response of abnormal parathyroid glands obtained surgically from eleven patients with primary and secondary hyperparathyroidsm was tested in vitro. Short term flask studies were used to measure release of parathyroid hormone (PTH) at high (3.0 mM) and low (0.5 mM) calcium. Of eight adenomas, all but one showed increased release of hormone when exposed to low calcium (\"responsive to calcium\"), the degree of stimulation at three hours ranging from 15 to 209%. By comparison, two normal human glands were stimulated an average of 180%. Glands from three patients with secondary hyperplasia were also responsive to calcium. Thus, parathyroid glands from patients with primary and secondary hyperparathyroidism were characterized by a spectrum of responsiveness to calcium, and absolute \"autonomy\" was unusual. Even at high calcium concentrations, hormone release persisted at a low but definite level (\"basal secretion\"). The total number of functioning parathyroid cells is therefore a principal determinant in the oversecretion of PTH in hyperparathyroidism.", "contents": "Secretion of parathyroid hormone by abnormal human parathyroid glands in vitro. The secretory response of abnormal parathyroid glands obtained surgically from eleven patients with primary and secondary hyperparathyroidsm was tested in vitro. Short term flask studies were used to measure release of parathyroid hormone (PTH) at high (3.0 mM) and low (0.5 mM) calcium. Of eight adenomas, all but one showed increased release of hormone when exposed to low calcium (\"responsive to calcium\"), the degree of stimulation at three hours ranging from 15 to 209%. By comparison, two normal human glands were stimulated an average of 180%. Glands from three patients with secondary hyperplasia were also responsive to calcium. Thus, parathyroid glands from patients with primary and secondary hyperparathyroidism were characterized by a spectrum of responsiveness to calcium, and absolute \"autonomy\" was unusual. Even at high calcium concentrations, hormone release persisted at a low but definite level (\"basal secretion\"). The total number of functioning parathyroid cells is therefore a principal determinant in the oversecretion of PTH in hyperparathyroidism."}
{"id": "PMID:874058", "title": "Hypoparathyroidism: a possible cause of osteomalacia .", "content": "A 17 year old man with longstanding hypocalcemia and hyperphosphatemia presented with incapacitating bone pain and progressive weakness nad bowing of the legs. The serum abnormalities were due to idiopathic hypoparathyroidism as evidenced by a decreased serum concentration of parathyroid hormone and an appropriate rise in urinary cyclic AMP and phosphate excretion, and serum calcium concentration, in response to exogenously administered parathyroid extract. The serum concentration of 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol was appropriately decreased. The bone findings were due to osteomalacia as documented by physical findings, bone roentgenograms, and bone biopsy. Normal renal tubular function, blood pH, and serum concentration of 25-hydroxycholecalciferol and elevated serum alkaline phosphatase excluded the common causes of osteomalacia. The data are consistent with the hypothsis that lack of parathyroid hormone causes both hypocalcemia and a decreased serum concentration of 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol which, in turn, limit the availability of calcium and cause defective synthesis of bone matrix resulting in abnormal mineralization.", "contents": "Hypoparathyroidism: a possible cause of osteomalacia . A 17 year old man with longstanding hypocalcemia and hyperphosphatemia presented with incapacitating bone pain and progressive weakness nad bowing of the legs. The serum abnormalities were due to idiopathic hypoparathyroidism as evidenced by a decreased serum concentration of parathyroid hormone and an appropriate rise in urinary cyclic AMP and phosphate excretion, and serum calcium concentration, in response to exogenously administered parathyroid extract. The serum concentration of 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol was appropriately decreased. The bone findings were due to osteomalacia as documented by physical findings, bone roentgenograms, and bone biopsy. Normal renal tubular function, blood pH, and serum concentration of 25-hydroxycholecalciferol and elevated serum alkaline phosphatase excluded the common causes of osteomalacia. The data are consistent with the hypothsis that lack of parathyroid hormone causes both hypocalcemia and a decreased serum concentration of 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol which, in turn, limit the availability of calcium and cause defective synthesis of bone matrix resulting in abnormal mineralization."}
{"id": "PMID:874059", "title": "Effect of simultaneous potassium and saline loading on plasma aldosterone levels.", "content": "To assess the relative importance of the renin-antiotensin system and potassium in the acute regulation of aldosterone secretion in the salt depleted state, normal subjects were infused with an asotonic saline solution containing potassium chloride (KCl) and the responses compared to the infusions of isotonic saline (500 ml/h) and KCl alone (20 mEq K+/h). Subjects were studied recumbent in balance on a 10 mEq sodium/100 mEq potassium diet. The rates of infusing saline and potassium were selected to produce comparable but opposite effects on the levels of plasma aldosterone. As plasma renin activity (PRA) declined and plama potassium increased during the combined saline-KCl infusions, plasma aldosterone levels appeared to be the arithmetic sum of the changes in these parameters. In fact, the calculated changes in aldosterone levels per unit change in PRA or potassium from each infusion alone, correlated well with the observed levels, further supporting an additive relationship. These data support the concept that in the salt depleted state the renin-angiotensin system and potassium are equally important in the acute regulation of plasma levels of aldosterone.", "contents": "Effect of simultaneous potassium and saline loading on plasma aldosterone levels. To assess the relative importance of the renin-antiotensin system and potassium in the acute regulation of aldosterone secretion in the salt depleted state, normal subjects were infused with an asotonic saline solution containing potassium chloride (KCl) and the responses compared to the infusions of isotonic saline (500 ml/h) and KCl alone (20 mEq K+/h). Subjects were studied recumbent in balance on a 10 mEq sodium/100 mEq potassium diet. The rates of infusing saline and potassium were selected to produce comparable but opposite effects on the levels of plasma aldosterone. As plasma renin activity (PRA) declined and plama potassium increased during the combined saline-KCl infusions, plasma aldosterone levels appeared to be the arithmetic sum of the changes in these parameters. In fact, the calculated changes in aldosterone levels per unit change in PRA or potassium from each infusion alone, correlated well with the observed levels, further supporting an additive relationship. These data support the concept that in the salt depleted state the renin-angiotensin system and potassium are equally important in the acute regulation of plasma levels of aldosterone."}
{"id": "PMID:874061", "title": "Plasma renin and angiotensin II measurement in hypertensive and normal subjects: correlation of basal and stimulated states.", "content": "Plasma renin activity (PRA) and angiotensin II (AII) were measured in peripheral venous samples obtained from the following subgroups: normal ambulant subjects (n = 61): normal subjects after 7 days treatment with a thiazide diuretic (n = 27): hypertensive subjects before and after a thiazide diruretic (n = 35); severely hypertensive subjects after diazoxide treatment (n = 14) and untreated severely hypertensive subjects (n = 27). In addition aortic (n = 27) and renal vein (n =48) samples were taken from the latter group during investigation of possible renovascular hypertension. Values for PRA and AII were clearly correlated in all groups. Further, calculated regression lines of PRA upon AII did not differ significantly from that calculated for normal subjects, with the exception of the intercept of the diazoxide treated group. However, when the regression line for renal venous samples was compared with that calculated for peripheral venous samples of all other subjects (199), there was a relative increase in the ratio of PRA to AII at all values. Thus, except in the renal vein, measurement of AII and PRA appear to reflect changes in activity of the renin-angiotensin system equally well and there is no support for the view that there is a discrepancy between measured AII and PRA in peripheral venous blood in the clinical situations examined here.", "contents": "Plasma renin and angiotensin II measurement in hypertensive and normal subjects: correlation of basal and stimulated states. Plasma renin activity (PRA) and angiotensin II (AII) were measured in peripheral venous samples obtained from the following subgroups: normal ambulant subjects (n = 61): normal subjects after 7 days treatment with a thiazide diuretic (n = 27): hypertensive subjects before and after a thiazide diruretic (n = 35); severely hypertensive subjects after diazoxide treatment (n = 14) and untreated severely hypertensive subjects (n = 27). In addition aortic (n = 27) and renal vein (n =48) samples were taken from the latter group during investigation of possible renovascular hypertension. Values for PRA and AII were clearly correlated in all groups. Further, calculated regression lines of PRA upon AII did not differ significantly from that calculated for normal subjects, with the exception of the intercept of the diazoxide treated group. However, when the regression line for renal venous samples was compared with that calculated for peripheral venous samples of all other subjects (199), there was a relative increase in the ratio of PRA to AII at all values. Thus, except in the renal vein, measurement of AII and PRA appear to reflect changes in activity of the renin-angiotensin system equally well and there is no support for the view that there is a discrepancy between measured AII and PRA in peripheral venous blood in the clinical situations examined here."}
{"id": "PMID:874062", "title": "The simultaneous radioimmunoassay of seven steroids in human spermatic and peripheral venous blood.", "content": "Seven unconjugated neutral steroids, including testosterone and some of its precursors and metabolites, were measured in the peripheral and spermatic venous blood males, employing specific radioimmunoassays after the fractionation of steroids on Lipidex-5000 (hydroxyalkoxypropyl Sephadex) microcolumns. Respective mean concentrations (ng/ml) and ranges of steroids estimated in peripheral and spermatic venous blood in all groups of patients were as follows: pregnenolone, 0.71 (0.29-2.39) and 10.97 (0.83-30.1); progesterone, 0.31 (0.02-0.57) and 10.17 (1.51-33.24); 17 alpha-hydroxyprogesterone, 1.04 (0.48-2.20) and 37.33 (1.68-141.00); androstenedione, 1.01 (0.26-2.65) and 11.87 (0.97-30.18); testosterone, 3.84 (0.63-10.64) and 255.1 (2.85-619.1); 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone, 0.19 (0.07-0.28) and 3.74 (0.04-9.71); androsterone, 0.27 (0.12-0.47) and 0.97 (0.20-2.15). Concentrations are similar to those estimated by mass spectrometry and protein binding assays, except for androsterone which has not previously been measured in this context. The low, but significant testicular secretion of both 5alpha-hydrotestosterone and androsterone suggests that these two steroids are testicular androgen metabolites, and that androgen metabolism in this tissue may be monitored by way of their measurement in spermatic vein blood.", "contents": "The simultaneous radioimmunoassay of seven steroids in human spermatic and peripheral venous blood. Seven unconjugated neutral steroids, including testosterone and some of its precursors and metabolites, were measured in the peripheral and spermatic venous blood males, employing specific radioimmunoassays after the fractionation of steroids on Lipidex-5000 (hydroxyalkoxypropyl Sephadex) microcolumns. Respective mean concentrations (ng/ml) and ranges of steroids estimated in peripheral and spermatic venous blood in all groups of patients were as follows: pregnenolone, 0.71 (0.29-2.39) and 10.97 (0.83-30.1); progesterone, 0.31 (0.02-0.57) and 10.17 (1.51-33.24); 17 alpha-hydroxyprogesterone, 1.04 (0.48-2.20) and 37.33 (1.68-141.00); androstenedione, 1.01 (0.26-2.65) and 11.87 (0.97-30.18); testosterone, 3.84 (0.63-10.64) and 255.1 (2.85-619.1); 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone, 0.19 (0.07-0.28) and 3.74 (0.04-9.71); androsterone, 0.27 (0.12-0.47) and 0.97 (0.20-2.15). Concentrations are similar to those estimated by mass spectrometry and protein binding assays, except for androsterone which has not previously been measured in this context. The low, but significant testicular secretion of both 5alpha-hydrotestosterone and androsterone suggests that these two steroids are testicular androgen metabolites, and that androgen metabolism in this tissue may be monitored by way of their measurement in spermatic vein blood."}
{"id": "PMID:874063", "title": "Hyperprolactinemia in girls with idiopathic precocious puberty under prolonged treatment with cyproterone acetate.", "content": "Pasma prolactin response to the acute injection of sulpiride (1.5 mg/k BW im) was measured at 0800-0900h in 4 girls with idiopathic precocious puberty before and after 6 to 11 months of continuous therapy with 50 mg daily of cyproterone acetate (CA) orally administered. Two additional girls were examined after 26 and 28 months of therapy, respectively. Mean baseline prolactin concentrations were significantly higher in untreated girls with precocious puberty as compared to that of normal controls of the same chronological age and of a comparable degree of sexual maturation (14.5 +/- 1.9 SE vs. 7.4 +/- 1.8 SE ng/ml and vs. 9.5 +/- 1.8 ng/ml, respectively; P less than .02). Treatment with CA caused a significant further increase of plasma prolactin concentration (P less than .02 as compared to pre-treatment values); no correlation was observed between prolactin concentration and duration of treatment. No significant change in the integrated areas of prlactin response to sulpiride occurred after prolonged CA therapy. The results suggest that in idiopathic precocious puberty the action of CA upon the hypothalamic-hypophyseal complex is not solely antigonadotropic and that prolactin secretion is enhanced in patients given this drug.", "contents": "Hyperprolactinemia in girls with idiopathic precocious puberty under prolonged treatment with cyproterone acetate. Pasma prolactin response to the acute injection of sulpiride (1.5 mg/k BW im) was measured at 0800-0900h in 4 girls with idiopathic precocious puberty before and after 6 to 11 months of continuous therapy with 50 mg daily of cyproterone acetate (CA) orally administered. Two additional girls were examined after 26 and 28 months of therapy, respectively. Mean baseline prolactin concentrations were significantly higher in untreated girls with precocious puberty as compared to that of normal controls of the same chronological age and of a comparable degree of sexual maturation (14.5 +/- 1.9 SE vs. 7.4 +/- 1.8 SE ng/ml and vs. 9.5 +/- 1.8 ng/ml, respectively; P less than .02). Treatment with CA caused a significant further increase of plasma prolactin concentration (P less than .02 as compared to pre-treatment values); no correlation was observed between prolactin concentration and duration of treatment. No significant change in the integrated areas of prlactin response to sulpiride occurred after prolonged CA therapy. The results suggest that in idiopathic precocious puberty the action of CA upon the hypothalamic-hypophyseal complex is not solely antigonadotropic and that prolactin secretion is enhanced in patients given this drug."}
{"id": "PMID:874064", "title": "Thyroxine concentration in human milk.", "content": "Thyroxine (T4) concentrations were measured by RIA in 37 milk samples from 19 healthy eutryroid mothers, obtained between 3-165 days postpartum. The mean milk T4 concentration in the first week postpartum was 0.38 +/- 0.07 microgram/100 ml (mean +/- SEM). The mean T4 concentrations between 8 and 48 days rose to 4.27 +/- 0.50 microgram/100 ml (mean +/- SEM), and decreased to 1.11 +/- 0.25 microgram/100 ml (mean +/- SEM) after 50 days postpartum. The data suggest that human milk can provide a significant exogenous source of T4 to the infant. In the hypothyroid infant, the amount of T4 in human milk may delay clinical recognition of the disease. Although this exogenous source of T4 may alleviate the disease, it is insufficient to prevent the detrimetal effects of hypothyroidism.", "contents": "Thyroxine concentration in human milk. Thyroxine (T4) concentrations were measured by RIA in 37 milk samples from 19 healthy eutryroid mothers, obtained between 3-165 days postpartum. The mean milk T4 concentration in the first week postpartum was 0.38 +/- 0.07 microgram/100 ml (mean +/- SEM). The mean T4 concentrations between 8 and 48 days rose to 4.27 +/- 0.50 microgram/100 ml (mean +/- SEM), and decreased to 1.11 +/- 0.25 microgram/100 ml (mean +/- SEM) after 50 days postpartum. The data suggest that human milk can provide a significant exogenous source of T4 to the infant. In the hypothyroid infant, the amount of T4 in human milk may delay clinical recognition of the disease. Although this exogenous source of T4 may alleviate the disease, it is insufficient to prevent the detrimetal effects of hypothyroidism."}
{"id": "PMID:874065", "title": "Inhibition of the renin-aldosterone response to furosemide by indomethacin.", "content": "In 12 human volunteers, indomethacin was shown to inhibit renal prostaglandin produciton as reflected by RIA of urinary PGE2. The increases in plasma renin activity and plasma and urinary aldosterone following acute furosemide challenge were markedly blunted in the presence of indomethacin. In light of recent development indicating an intimate relationship between prostaglandins and renin release, these results provide further evidence for a pivotal role of renal prostaglandins in modulating the responsiveness of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone axis in Mam.", "contents": "Inhibition of the renin-aldosterone response to furosemide by indomethacin. In 12 human volunteers, indomethacin was shown to inhibit renal prostaglandin produciton as reflected by RIA of urinary PGE2. The increases in plasma renin activity and plasma and urinary aldosterone following acute furosemide challenge were markedly blunted in the presence of indomethacin. In light of recent development indicating an intimate relationship between prostaglandins and renin release, these results provide further evidence for a pivotal role of renal prostaglandins in modulating the responsiveness of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone axis in Mam."}
{"id": "PMID:874068", "title": "Hypercalcemic hyperparathyroidism in hypophosphatemic rickets.", "content": "A 25-year-old white woman with sporadic hypophosphatemic rickets presented with a 7 year history of chronic mild hypercalcemia, osteitis fibrosa cystic and hypercalcemic nephropathy. Serum immunoreactive parathyroid hormone was elevated by greater than 100-fold and a 3.5 g parathyroid tumor was found at operation. Survey of the literature reveals that of 9 previous cases in which hypercalcemic hyperparathyroidism occurred in association with hypophosphatemic rickets, only two had classical x-linked familial hypophosphatemic rickets. It appears more than likely that this unusual combination of skeletal diseases represents the chance occurrence of primary hyperparathyroidism in patients with underlying x-linked familial hypophosphatemic rickets rather than a complication of phosphate therapy.", "contents": "Hypercalcemic hyperparathyroidism in hypophosphatemic rickets. A 25-year-old white woman with sporadic hypophosphatemic rickets presented with a 7 year history of chronic mild hypercalcemia, osteitis fibrosa cystic and hypercalcemic nephropathy. Serum immunoreactive parathyroid hormone was elevated by greater than 100-fold and a 3.5 g parathyroid tumor was found at operation. Survey of the literature reveals that of 9 previous cases in which hypercalcemic hyperparathyroidism occurred in association with hypophosphatemic rickets, only two had classical x-linked familial hypophosphatemic rickets. It appears more than likely that this unusual combination of skeletal diseases represents the chance occurrence of primary hyperparathyroidism in patients with underlying x-linked familial hypophosphatemic rickets rather than a complication of phosphate therapy."}
{"id": "PMID:874069", "title": "The influence of severe illness on gonadotropin secretion in the postmenopausal female.", "content": "Severe weight loss in amenorrheic premenopausal women may significantly depress gonadotropin secretion. Gonadotropin leves were studied in 111 postmenopausal women to determine if weight loss and cachexia could similarly affect gonadotropin function. Thirty-three healthy ambulatory postmenopausal women and twenty-seven healthy hospitalized women admitted electively were found to have a wide range of elevated values, whose mean did not differ significantly. Mean levels for both LH and FSH were significantly suppressed (P less than .005) in severely ill postmenopausal women both with or without weight loss. (formula: see text) Recovety from illness in six patients was associated with a rapid rise in FSH levels while LH remained depressed. Two severely ill patients studied over a 6 h period revealed constant depression of both gonadotropins without the characteristic pulses seen in four normal control postmenopausal women. These results indicate that gonadotropin secretion may be suppressed in severely ill postmenopausal women whether weight loss is present of not, and the central nervous regulatory mechanism responsible for intermittant release of gonadotropins is impaired. The disparate FSH and LH recovery indicates that if separate gonadotrophs exist, the LH gonadotroph is more severely affected than the FSH gonadotroph and/or that the responsible regulatory mechanisms are different.", "contents": "The influence of severe illness on gonadotropin secretion in the postmenopausal female. Severe weight loss in amenorrheic premenopausal women may significantly depress gonadotropin secretion. Gonadotropin leves were studied in 111 postmenopausal women to determine if weight loss and cachexia could similarly affect gonadotropin function. Thirty-three healthy ambulatory postmenopausal women and twenty-seven healthy hospitalized women admitted electively were found to have a wide range of elevated values, whose mean did not differ significantly. Mean levels for both LH and FSH were significantly suppressed (P less than .005) in severely ill postmenopausal women both with or without weight loss. (formula: see text) Recovety from illness in six patients was associated with a rapid rise in FSH levels while LH remained depressed. Two severely ill patients studied over a 6 h period revealed constant depression of both gonadotropins without the characteristic pulses seen in four normal control postmenopausal women. These results indicate that gonadotropin secretion may be suppressed in severely ill postmenopausal women whether weight loss is present of not, and the central nervous regulatory mechanism responsible for intermittant release of gonadotropins is impaired. The disparate FSH and LH recovery indicates that if separate gonadotrophs exist, the LH gonadotroph is more severely affected than the FSH gonadotroph and/or that the responsible regulatory mechanisms are different."}
{"id": "PMID:874070", "title": "Comparative evaluation of three different commercial blood culture media for recovery of anaerobic organisms.", "content": "A comparison of three different commercial media was made to assess their recovery of anaerobic organisms from the blood stream. The three media used were the 50-ml brain heart infusion broth with added CO2 (Pfizer), the 50-ml Thiol broth with added CO2 (Difco), and the 50-ml prereduced, supplemented peptone broth in a Vacutainer tube with added CO2 (Becton-Dickinson). During a period of 17 consecutive months, 12,216 specimens of blood were processed with each broth. Aerobic or anaerobic bacteria were recovered from 913 specimens (7%). Seventy-four specimens (8%) of the total positive cultures contained anaerobic organisms. When potential contaminants were removed from the totals, 7% of the positive cultures contained anaerobic organisms and 7% of the patients with positive cultures had bacteremia with anaerobic bacteria. Of the three commercial blood culture media studied, the prereduced, supplemented peptone broth recovered more anaerobic organisms than did either the brain heart infusion or Thiol broths.", "contents": "Comparative evaluation of three different commercial blood culture media for recovery of anaerobic organisms. A comparison of three different commercial media was made to assess their recovery of anaerobic organisms from the blood stream. The three media used were the 50-ml brain heart infusion broth with added CO2 (Pfizer), the 50-ml Thiol broth with added CO2 (Difco), and the 50-ml prereduced, supplemented peptone broth in a Vacutainer tube with added CO2 (Becton-Dickinson). During a period of 17 consecutive months, 12,216 specimens of blood were processed with each broth. Aerobic or anaerobic bacteria were recovered from 913 specimens (7%). Seventy-four specimens (8%) of the total positive cultures contained anaerobic organisms. When potential contaminants were removed from the totals, 7% of the positive cultures contained anaerobic organisms and 7% of the patients with positive cultures had bacteremia with anaerobic bacteria. Of the three commercial blood culture media studied, the prereduced, supplemented peptone broth recovered more anaerobic organisms than did either the brain heart infusion or Thiol broths."}
{"id": "PMID:874071", "title": "Pathogenicity of nonpigmented cultures of Chromobacterium violaceum.", "content": "Nonpigmented cultures of Chromobacterium violaceum have been found to be similar to pigmented cultures in their virulence for mice and the pathology of their infections. Clinicians and microbiologists should be prepared to consider nonpigmented C. violaceum in their differential diagnoses of infections caused by gram-negative bacteria. The laboratorian who is not aware of this possibility is likely to erroneously identify nonpigmented strains of C. violaceum as members of closely associated genera, particularly Aeromonas. It is known that violet pigmentation is not an essential feature or an exclusive character of the genus Chromobacterium. This study has also shown that pigmentation of C. violaceum is not related to its pathogenicity or to the pathology of its infections.", "contents": "Pathogenicity of nonpigmented cultures of Chromobacterium violaceum. Nonpigmented cultures of Chromobacterium violaceum have been found to be similar to pigmented cultures in their virulence for mice and the pathology of their infections. Clinicians and microbiologists should be prepared to consider nonpigmented C. violaceum in their differential diagnoses of infections caused by gram-negative bacteria. The laboratorian who is not aware of this possibility is likely to erroneously identify nonpigmented strains of C. violaceum as members of closely associated genera, particularly Aeromonas. It is known that violet pigmentation is not an essential feature or an exclusive character of the genus Chromobacterium. This study has also shown that pigmentation of C. violaceum is not related to its pathogenicity or to the pathology of its infections."}
{"id": "PMID:874072", "title": "Bacteriocin typing of streptococcal isolates from endocarditis.", "content": "A typing system based on bacteriocin production and sensitivity for Streptococcus sanguis strains was devised. Bacteriocin producer strains were grown (37degrees C) anaerobically on brain heart infusion-yeast extract agar for 18 h. Bacteriocin indicator strains were suspended to molten brain heart infusion-yeast extract agar and then overlayed onto the producer strain. After an additional 18 to 24 h of incubation, zones of bacteriocin inhibition were recorded. After establishment of the typing system, eight Streptococcus strains from bacterial endocarditis patients were characterized by the typing system. Four patient strains had identical bacteriocin reduction patterns but could be differentiated by differences in their bacteriocin sensitivity. Two isolates from the same patient had identical production and sensitivity patterns. By including both bacteriocin production and bacteriocin sensitivity, all seven epidemiologically unrelated isolates could be differentiated. On the basis of these results, there does not appear to be a correlation between bacteriocin production and infectivity, but the usefulness of the application of a typing system to a clinical situation is demonstrated.", "contents": "Bacteriocin typing of streptococcal isolates from endocarditis. A typing system based on bacteriocin production and sensitivity for Streptococcus sanguis strains was devised. Bacteriocin producer strains were grown (37degrees C) anaerobically on brain heart infusion-yeast extract agar for 18 h. Bacteriocin indicator strains were suspended to molten brain heart infusion-yeast extract agar and then overlayed onto the producer strain. After an additional 18 to 24 h of incubation, zones of bacteriocin inhibition were recorded. After establishment of the typing system, eight Streptococcus strains from bacterial endocarditis patients were characterized by the typing system. Four patient strains had identical bacteriocin reduction patterns but could be differentiated by differences in their bacteriocin sensitivity. Two isolates from the same patient had identical production and sensitivity patterns. By including both bacteriocin production and bacteriocin sensitivity, all seven epidemiologically unrelated isolates could be differentiated. On the basis of these results, there does not appear to be a correlation between bacteriocin production and infectivity, but the usefulness of the application of a typing system to a clinical situation is demonstrated."}
{"id": "PMID:874073", "title": "Salt-dependent hemagglutination with Bunyaviridae antigens.", "content": "Hemagglutination titers of antigens from nine serologic groups of Bunyaviridae were increased by hypertonic NaCl. The effect was predominantly on sonically treated antigens and was additive with the increase from sonic treatment alone.", "contents": "Salt-dependent hemagglutination with Bunyaviridae antigens. Hemagglutination titers of antigens from nine serologic groups of Bunyaviridae were increased by hypertonic NaCl. The effect was predominantly on sonically treated antigens and was additive with the increase from sonic treatment alone."}
{"id": "PMID:874074", "title": "Selective release of archidonic acid from the phospholipids of human platelets in response to thrombin.", "content": "Arachidonic acid is unique amongst human platelet fatty acids in that it is the precursor of prostaglandins and thromboxanes. Since a number of these oxygenated products of arachidonic acid have potent effects on platelet function, an understanding of the metabolsim of their precursor is important. Human platelets have a mechanism for incorporating arachidonic acid from plasma into their phospholipids and, in response to thrombin, they reveal mechanisms for hydrolyzing this arachidonic acid from platelet phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylinositol. This report deals with the specificity of these mechanisms. The present studies show that human platelets contain phospholipase A2 activities that preferentially release arachidonic acid. One of these activities specifically utilizes 1-acyl-2-arachidonyl-phosphatidyl-choline. Another utilizes platelet phosphatidylinositol and/or phosphatidylserine, both of which are highly enriched with arachidonic acid.", "contents": "Selective release of archidonic acid from the phospholipids of human platelets in response to thrombin. Arachidonic acid is unique amongst human platelet fatty acids in that it is the precursor of prostaglandins and thromboxanes. Since a number of these oxygenated products of arachidonic acid have potent effects on platelet function, an understanding of the metabolsim of their precursor is important. Human platelets have a mechanism for incorporating arachidonic acid from plasma into their phospholipids and, in response to thrombin, they reveal mechanisms for hydrolyzing this arachidonic acid from platelet phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylinositol. This report deals with the specificity of these mechanisms. The present studies show that human platelets contain phospholipase A2 activities that preferentially release arachidonic acid. One of these activities specifically utilizes 1-acyl-2-arachidonyl-phosphatidyl-choline. Another utilizes platelet phosphatidylinositol and/or phosphatidylserine, both of which are highly enriched with arachidonic acid."}
{"id": "PMID:874075", "title": "The rate of synthesis of glycosaminoglycans and collagen by fibroblasts cultured from adult human liver biopsies.", "content": "Adult human liver biopsies were cultured from normal, alcoholic hepatitis, chronic active hepatitis, fibrosis plus alcoholic hepatitis (active cirrhosis), inactive cirrhosis, and drug hepatitis. The synthesis of collagen was estimated in cultures from 58 livers by measuring the conversion of [(14)C]proline to the [(14)C]hydroxyproline of collagen; that of glycosaminoglycans in cultures from 57 livers by the incorporation of [(3)H]acetate and (35)SO(4) into glycosaminoglycans (GAG). The synthesis of procollagen was increased only in cultures from alcoholic hepatitis, both in the pulse medium (P < 0.05) and in the chase medium (P < 0.02). The synthesis of insoluble collagen was increased in cultures from chronic (active) hepatitis (P < 0.01), fibrosis plus alcoholic hepatitis (active cirrhosis) (P < 0.001), and inactive cirrhosis (P < 0.05). Essentially all radioactive GAG was soluble in culture media. The predominant GAG were chondroitin-4 or -6-SO(4). The synthesis of GAG was increased only in cultures from fibrosis plus alcoholic hepatitis (active cirrhosis) both in the pulse medium (P < 0.01) and chase medium (P < 0.001). The data indicate that in the absence of immuno-competent cells or their secretory products, tissue cultures from livers showing biopsy evidence of active fibrosis in vivo may demonstrate increased synthesis of collagen and GAG in vitro. Increased (soluble) procollagen synthesis in cultures from alcoholic hepatitis was not associated with histologically demonstrable overt hepatic fibrosis in vivo, nor was it associated with increased GAG synthesis in vitro. No significant difference was demonstrable in collagen or GAG synthesis in paired cultures which contained either 300 mg/dl ethanol or 3.75 mg/dl methylprednisolone compared to their respective controls.", "contents": "The rate of synthesis of glycosaminoglycans and collagen by fibroblasts cultured from adult human liver biopsies. Adult human liver biopsies were cultured from normal, alcoholic hepatitis, chronic active hepatitis, fibrosis plus alcoholic hepatitis (active cirrhosis), inactive cirrhosis, and drug hepatitis. The synthesis of collagen was estimated in cultures from 58 livers by measuring the conversion of [(14)C]proline to the [(14)C]hydroxyproline of collagen; that of glycosaminoglycans in cultures from 57 livers by the incorporation of [(3)H]acetate and (35)SO(4) into glycosaminoglycans (GAG). The synthesis of procollagen was increased only in cultures from alcoholic hepatitis, both in the pulse medium (P < 0.05) and in the chase medium (P < 0.02). The synthesis of insoluble collagen was increased in cultures from chronic (active) hepatitis (P < 0.01), fibrosis plus alcoholic hepatitis (active cirrhosis) (P < 0.001), and inactive cirrhosis (P < 0.05). Essentially all radioactive GAG was soluble in culture media. The predominant GAG were chondroitin-4 or -6-SO(4). The synthesis of GAG was increased only in cultures from fibrosis plus alcoholic hepatitis (active cirrhosis) both in the pulse medium (P < 0.01) and chase medium (P < 0.001). The data indicate that in the absence of immuno-competent cells or their secretory products, tissue cultures from livers showing biopsy evidence of active fibrosis in vivo may demonstrate increased synthesis of collagen and GAG in vitro. Increased (soluble) procollagen synthesis in cultures from alcoholic hepatitis was not associated with histologically demonstrable overt hepatic fibrosis in vivo, nor was it associated with increased GAG synthesis in vitro. No significant difference was demonstrable in collagen or GAG synthesis in paired cultures which contained either 300 mg/dl ethanol or 3.75 mg/dl methylprednisolone compared to their respective controls."}
{"id": "PMID:874076", "title": "Decreased fluidity of red cell membrane lipids in abetalipoproteinemia.", "content": "Acanthocytic red cells in patients with abetalipoproteinemia are morphologically similar to the red cells in spur cell anemia. Fluidity of membrane lipids is decreased in spur cells due to their excess cholesterol content. Acanthocyte membranes have an increased content of sphingomyelin and a decreased content of lecithin. To assess the effect of this abnormality of acanthocyte membrane lipid composition on membrane fluidity, we studied red cells from five patients with abetalipoproteinemia and four obligate heterozygote family members. Membrane fluidity was measured in terms of microviscosity ( eta) at 37 degrees C, assessed by means of the fluorescence polarization of 1,6-diphenyl-1,3,5-hexatriene. It was increased from 3.2+/-0.1 poise in normals to 4.01-4.14 poise in acanthocytes. This was associated with an increase in the sphingomyelin/lecithin ratio from 0.84+/-0.08 in normals in 1.45-1.61 in acanthocytes. The eta of acanthocyte membranes was not influenced by the degree of vitamin E deficiency. Similar changes in eta were observed in liposomes prepared from red cell lipids. Heterozygotes had normal sphingomyelin/lecithin ratios and normal values for eta. The flow activation energy for viscosity, a measure of the degree of order in the hydrophobic portion of the membrane, was decreased from 8.3 kcal/mole in normal red cells to 7.2 kcal/mole in acanthocytes, indicating that acanthocyte membrane lipids are more ordered. Variations in the sphingomyelin/lecithin mole ratio of liposomes prepared from brain sphingomyelin and egg lecithin with equimolar cholesterol caused similar changes in both eta and activation energy. The deformability of acanthocytes, assessed by means of filtration through 3-mum filters, was decreased. These studies indicate that the increased sphingomyelin/lecithin ratio of acanthocytes is responsible for their decreased membrane fluidity. As in spur cells and in red cells enriched with cholesterol in vitro, this decrease in membrane fluidity occurs coincidentally with an abnormality in cell contour and an impairment in cell deformability.", "contents": "Decreased fluidity of red cell membrane lipids in abetalipoproteinemia. Acanthocytic red cells in patients with abetalipoproteinemia are morphologically similar to the red cells in spur cell anemia. Fluidity of membrane lipids is decreased in spur cells due to their excess cholesterol content. Acanthocyte membranes have an increased content of sphingomyelin and a decreased content of lecithin. To assess the effect of this abnormality of acanthocyte membrane lipid composition on membrane fluidity, we studied red cells from five patients with abetalipoproteinemia and four obligate heterozygote family members. Membrane fluidity was measured in terms of microviscosity ( eta) at 37 degrees C, assessed by means of the fluorescence polarization of 1,6-diphenyl-1,3,5-hexatriene. It was increased from 3.2+/-0.1 poise in normals to 4.01-4.14 poise in acanthocytes. This was associated with an increase in the sphingomyelin/lecithin ratio from 0.84+/-0.08 in normals in 1.45-1.61 in acanthocytes. The eta of acanthocyte membranes was not influenced by the degree of vitamin E deficiency. Similar changes in eta were observed in liposomes prepared from red cell lipids. Heterozygotes had normal sphingomyelin/lecithin ratios and normal values for eta. The flow activation energy for viscosity, a measure of the degree of order in the hydrophobic portion of the membrane, was decreased from 8.3 kcal/mole in normal red cells to 7.2 kcal/mole in acanthocytes, indicating that acanthocyte membrane lipids are more ordered. Variations in the sphingomyelin/lecithin mole ratio of liposomes prepared from brain sphingomyelin and egg lecithin with equimolar cholesterol caused similar changes in both eta and activation energy. The deformability of acanthocytes, assessed by means of filtration through 3-mum filters, was decreased. These studies indicate that the increased sphingomyelin/lecithin ratio of acanthocytes is responsible for their decreased membrane fluidity. As in spur cells and in red cells enriched with cholesterol in vitro, this decrease in membrane fluidity occurs coincidentally with an abnormality in cell contour and an impairment in cell deformability."}
{"id": "PMID:874077", "title": "Big and little forms of osteoclast activating factor.", "content": "We have further characterized osteoclast activating factor (OAF) using a bioassay for bone resorption which utilizes the release of previously incorporated (45)Ca from fetal rat long bones in organ culture. When supernatant media from activated leukocyte cultures were concentrated on Amicon PM10 membranes (assigned molecular weight cutoff 10,000 daltons) and chromatographed on Sephadex G-50 columns, the bone-resorbing activity eluted between the molecular weight markers chymotrypsinogen (25,000 daltons) and cytochrome c (12,500 daltons). This peak of biological activity has been called big OAF. When filtrates from the PM10 membranes were concentrated on Amicon UM2 membranes (assigned molecular weight cutoff 1,000 daltons) and chromatographed on Sephadex G-50 columns, some of the biological activity eluted between the molecular weight markers chymotrypsinogen and cytochrome c (big OAF), but there was a separate peak of biological activity which eluted with [(3)H]proline (140 daltons). This second peak has been called little OAF. Little OAF was eluted from Bio-Gel P6 columns between the molecular weight markers calcitonin (approximately 3,500 daltons) and vitamin B(12) (1,330 daltons), but was retained by Spectrapor dialysis tubing (nominal molecular weight cutoff 3,500 daltons). Big OAF was converted to little OAF by equilibration in 1 M NaCl or 2 M urea. Little OAF was self-associated back to big OAF by equilibration in buffers of low ionic strength (Tris-HCl 10-50 mM). Little OAF was extracted into the organic phase in ethyl acetate after acidification of the sample to pH 3.5. The biological activity remained in the aqueous phase after ethyl acetate extraction at pH 7.5-8.4. Little OAF has been purified more than 6,000-fold compared with the original material so that bone-resorbing activity is maximal in a sample with a protein concentration of 80 ng/ml.", "contents": "Big and little forms of osteoclast activating factor. We have further characterized osteoclast activating factor (OAF) using a bioassay for bone resorption which utilizes the release of previously incorporated (45)Ca from fetal rat long bones in organ culture. When supernatant media from activated leukocyte cultures were concentrated on Amicon PM10 membranes (assigned molecular weight cutoff 10,000 daltons) and chromatographed on Sephadex G-50 columns, the bone-resorbing activity eluted between the molecular weight markers chymotrypsinogen (25,000 daltons) and cytochrome c (12,500 daltons). This peak of biological activity has been called big OAF. When filtrates from the PM10 membranes were concentrated on Amicon UM2 membranes (assigned molecular weight cutoff 1,000 daltons) and chromatographed on Sephadex G-50 columns, some of the biological activity eluted between the molecular weight markers chymotrypsinogen and cytochrome c (big OAF), but there was a separate peak of biological activity which eluted with [(3)H]proline (140 daltons). This second peak has been called little OAF. Little OAF was eluted from Bio-Gel P6 columns between the molecular weight markers calcitonin (approximately 3,500 daltons) and vitamin B(12) (1,330 daltons), but was retained by Spectrapor dialysis tubing (nominal molecular weight cutoff 3,500 daltons). Big OAF was converted to little OAF by equilibration in 1 M NaCl or 2 M urea. Little OAF was self-associated back to big OAF by equilibration in buffers of low ionic strength (Tris-HCl 10-50 mM). Little OAF was extracted into the organic phase in ethyl acetate after acidification of the sample to pH 3.5. The biological activity remained in the aqueous phase after ethyl acetate extraction at pH 7.5-8.4. Little OAF has been purified more than 6,000-fold compared with the original material so that bone-resorbing activity is maximal in a sample with a protein concentration of 80 ng/ml."}
{"id": "PMID:874078", "title": "Urinary kallikrein and plasma renin activity as determinants of renal blood flow. The influence of race and dietary sodium intake.", "content": "We investigated the relationship of the kallikrein-kinin system and the renin-angiotensin system in the regulation of blood pressure, salt and water excretion, and renal blood flow. Normotensive and hypertensive black and white men were studied during unresticted sodium intake as well as on a 10-meq/day sodium intake; potassium intake was held constant throughout the study (80 meq/day). During unrestricted sodium intake, urinary kallikrein activity was greater in white normotensives than white hypertensives or black normotensives. There was no difference (P greater than 0.05) between white and black hypertensives or between black normotensives and black hypertensives. All groups had greater urinary kallikrein activity on low sodium vs. unrestricted sodium intake, but the increase in black hypertensives was small, and they excreted significantly less kallikrein than the ogher groups on the low sodium diet. Plasma renin activity showed similar increments after sodium restriction in all groups. Urinary kallikrein activity correlated with renal blood flow in all groups except the black normotensives on low sodium intake. Renal blood flow could be correlated uniformly with log (urinary kallikrein activity/supine plasma renin activity) in all groups on either diet. Urinary sodium and potassium excretion and urine volume were not different among the groups. We conclude: (a) important racial differences exist in urinary kallikrein activity that are unrelated to sodium or potassium excretion or urine volume; (b) dietary sodium restriction further delineates racial differences and suggests alternative pathophysiologic mechanisms for huma hypertension; (c) urinary kallikrein activity correlates with renal blood flow; and (d) our data support the concept that the kallikrein-kinin system and the renin-angiotensin system contribute to the regulation of renal blood flow and may account for racial differences in renal vascular resistance.", "contents": "Urinary kallikrein and plasma renin activity as determinants of renal blood flow. The influence of race and dietary sodium intake. We investigated the relationship of the kallikrein-kinin system and the renin-angiotensin system in the regulation of blood pressure, salt and water excretion, and renal blood flow. Normotensive and hypertensive black and white men were studied during unresticted sodium intake as well as on a 10-meq/day sodium intake; potassium intake was held constant throughout the study (80 meq/day). During unrestricted sodium intake, urinary kallikrein activity was greater in white normotensives than white hypertensives or black normotensives. There was no difference (P greater than 0.05) between white and black hypertensives or between black normotensives and black hypertensives. All groups had greater urinary kallikrein activity on low sodium vs. unrestricted sodium intake, but the increase in black hypertensives was small, and they excreted significantly less kallikrein than the ogher groups on the low sodium diet. Plasma renin activity showed similar increments after sodium restriction in all groups. Urinary kallikrein activity correlated with renal blood flow in all groups except the black normotensives on low sodium intake. Renal blood flow could be correlated uniformly with log (urinary kallikrein activity/supine plasma renin activity) in all groups on either diet. Urinary sodium and potassium excretion and urine volume were not different among the groups. We conclude: (a) important racial differences exist in urinary kallikrein activity that are unrelated to sodium or potassium excretion or urine volume; (b) dietary sodium restriction further delineates racial differences and suggests alternative pathophysiologic mechanisms for huma hypertension; (c) urinary kallikrein activity correlates with renal blood flow; and (d) our data support the concept that the kallikrein-kinin system and the renin-angiotensin system contribute to the regulation of renal blood flow and may account for racial differences in renal vascular resistance."}
{"id": "PMID:874079", "title": "Peripheral airways as a determinant of ventilatory function in the human lung.", "content": "We have investigated the morphological differences responsible for the variability in two tests of pulmonary function, maximal expiratory flow rates (MEF) and the frequency dependence of dynamic compliance (CDYN ratio). Functional measurements were obtained from 53 normal and minimally diseased postmortem human lungs. Morphological measurements performed on these same lungs included airway diameter at three levels in the bronchial tree, the amount of bronchial gland mass, and the alveolar surface to volume ratio. Multiple regression analysis suggests that the diameter of the peripheral conduction airways (membranous bronchioles) is the major morphological determinant for both MEF and the CDYN ratio in lungs at any particular age. Age-dependent changes in both functional tests were associated primarily with differences in the alveolar surface to volume ratio. Minimal emphysema and a lesion associated with cigarette smoking, respiratory bronchiolitis, have no demonstrable effect on either MEF or the CDYN ratio. These studies provide further evidence that the peripheral conducting airways are a major determinant of ventilatory function in the normal human lung.", "contents": "Peripheral airways as a determinant of ventilatory function in the human lung. We have investigated the morphological differences responsible for the variability in two tests of pulmonary function, maximal expiratory flow rates (MEF) and the frequency dependence of dynamic compliance (CDYN ratio). Functional measurements were obtained from 53 normal and minimally diseased postmortem human lungs. Morphological measurements performed on these same lungs included airway diameter at three levels in the bronchial tree, the amount of bronchial gland mass, and the alveolar surface to volume ratio. Multiple regression analysis suggests that the diameter of the peripheral conduction airways (membranous bronchioles) is the major morphological determinant for both MEF and the CDYN ratio in lungs at any particular age. Age-dependent changes in both functional tests were associated primarily with differences in the alveolar surface to volume ratio. Minimal emphysema and a lesion associated with cigarette smoking, respiratory bronchiolitis, have no demonstrable effect on either MEF or the CDYN ratio. These studies provide further evidence that the peripheral conducting airways are a major determinant of ventilatory function in the normal human lung."}
{"id": "PMID:874080", "title": "Mechanisms of the puromycin-induced defects in the transglomerular passage of water and macromolecules.", "content": "To investigate the mechanism(s) of increased filtration of serum proteins after glomerular injury, polydisperse samples of uncharged [(3)H]dextran (D) or anionic [(3)H]dextran sulfate (DS) were infused into 14 control and 16 puromycin aminonucleoside- (PAN) treated Munich-Wistar rats. Fractional clearances of D or DS ranging in radius from 18 to 42A were determined in these rats, together with direct measurements of the forces governing the glomerular filtration rate of water. Whole kidney and single nephron glomerular filtration rates were approximately 40% lower in PAN-treated rats, relative to controls, due mainly to a marked reduction in the glomerular capillary ultrafiltration coefficient and, to a lesser extent, to a small reduction in glomerular plasma flow rate as well. In PAN-treated rats, as in normal controls, inulin was found to permeate the glomerular capillary wall without measurable restriction, and both D and DS were shown to be neither secreted nor reabsorbed. Fractional clearances of uncharged D were reduced after PAN administration, falling significantly for effective D radii from 22 to 38A. Utilizing a theory based on macromolecular transport through pores, these results indicate that in PAN-treated rats, effective pore radius is the same as in controls, approximately 44A. In PAN nephrosis, however, the ratio of total pore surface area/pore length, a measure of pore density, is reduced to approximately one-third that of control, due very likely to a reduction in filtration surface area. In contrast to the results with uncharged D, fractional clearances of DS were found to increase after PAN administration for all DS radii studied. These results with D and DS suggest that proteinuria in PAN nephrosis is due, not to an increase in effective pore radius or number of pores, but rather to a diminution of the electrostatic barrier function of the glomerular capillary wall, thereby allowing increased passage of polyanions such as DS and albumin.", "contents": "Mechanisms of the puromycin-induced defects in the transglomerular passage of water and macromolecules. To investigate the mechanism(s) of increased filtration of serum proteins after glomerular injury, polydisperse samples of uncharged [(3)H]dextran (D) or anionic [(3)H]dextran sulfate (DS) were infused into 14 control and 16 puromycin aminonucleoside- (PAN) treated Munich-Wistar rats. Fractional clearances of D or DS ranging in radius from 18 to 42A were determined in these rats, together with direct measurements of the forces governing the glomerular filtration rate of water. Whole kidney and single nephron glomerular filtration rates were approximately 40% lower in PAN-treated rats, relative to controls, due mainly to a marked reduction in the glomerular capillary ultrafiltration coefficient and, to a lesser extent, to a small reduction in glomerular plasma flow rate as well. In PAN-treated rats, as in normal controls, inulin was found to permeate the glomerular capillary wall without measurable restriction, and both D and DS were shown to be neither secreted nor reabsorbed. Fractional clearances of uncharged D were reduced after PAN administration, falling significantly for effective D radii from 22 to 38A. Utilizing a theory based on macromolecular transport through pores, these results indicate that in PAN-treated rats, effective pore radius is the same as in controls, approximately 44A. In PAN nephrosis, however, the ratio of total pore surface area/pore length, a measure of pore density, is reduced to approximately one-third that of control, due very likely to a reduction in filtration surface area. In contrast to the results with uncharged D, fractional clearances of DS were found to increase after PAN administration for all DS radii studied. These results with D and DS suggest that proteinuria in PAN nephrosis is due, not to an increase in effective pore radius or number of pores, but rather to a diminution of the electrostatic barrier function of the glomerular capillary wall, thereby allowing increased passage of polyanions such as DS and albumin."}
{"id": "PMID:874081", "title": "Effects of acetazolamide on proximal tubule C1, Na, and HCO3 transport in normal and acidotic dogs during distal blockade.", "content": "It has been suggested that the establishment of a tubular fluid to plasma chloride gradient in the late proximal tubule by the reabsorption of bicarbonate (and other anions) in the early proximal tubule is responsible for a significant part of sodium chloride and water reabsorption in the proximal tubule. In the present study the effects of acetazolamide on proximal tubule water and electrolyte excretion were examined in 6 normal dogs and 10 chronic ammonium chloride-loaded dogs during distal blockade produced by ethacrynic acid and chlorothiazide administration. During distal blockade control urine/plasma osmolality and urine/plasma sodium were close to unity in all experiments. Urine/plasma chloride and urine/plasma bicarbonate were 1.21+/-0.02 and 0.75+/-0.07 in normal and 1.24+/-0.01 and 0.04+/-0.01 in acidotic dogs, respectively. After the administration of acetazolamide (20 mg/kg i.v.), there was a significant increase in urine flow, absolute and fractional excretion of sodium, bicarbonate, and chloride in all animals. Associated with these effects, urine/plasma osmolality and urine/plasma sodium remained unchanged but urine/plasma chloride decreased significantly to 1.15+/-0.01 in normal and to 1.19+/-0.01 in acidotic dogs. In acidotic dogs there was a significant correlation between the increase in bicarbonate, sodium, or chloride excretion after acetazolamide and the plasma bicarbonate level (range 6.8-12.5 meq/liter). These data demonstrate a significant effect of acetazolamide on bicarbonate, sodium, and chloride reabsorption in the proximal tubule even in the face of severe acidosis. Moreover, the data suggest that the decrease in chloride reabsorption (and accompanying sodium) after acetazolamide is related to the decrease in bicarbonate reabsorption and the associated decrease in the transtubular chloride gradient.", "contents": "Effects of acetazolamide on proximal tubule C1, Na, and HCO3 transport in normal and acidotic dogs during distal blockade. It has been suggested that the establishment of a tubular fluid to plasma chloride gradient in the late proximal tubule by the reabsorption of bicarbonate (and other anions) in the early proximal tubule is responsible for a significant part of sodium chloride and water reabsorption in the proximal tubule. In the present study the effects of acetazolamide on proximal tubule water and electrolyte excretion were examined in 6 normal dogs and 10 chronic ammonium chloride-loaded dogs during distal blockade produced by ethacrynic acid and chlorothiazide administration. During distal blockade control urine/plasma osmolality and urine/plasma sodium were close to unity in all experiments. Urine/plasma chloride and urine/plasma bicarbonate were 1.21+/-0.02 and 0.75+/-0.07 in normal and 1.24+/-0.01 and 0.04+/-0.01 in acidotic dogs, respectively. After the administration of acetazolamide (20 mg/kg i.v.), there was a significant increase in urine flow, absolute and fractional excretion of sodium, bicarbonate, and chloride in all animals. Associated with these effects, urine/plasma osmolality and urine/plasma sodium remained unchanged but urine/plasma chloride decreased significantly to 1.15+/-0.01 in normal and to 1.19+/-0.01 in acidotic dogs. In acidotic dogs there was a significant correlation between the increase in bicarbonate, sodium, or chloride excretion after acetazolamide and the plasma bicarbonate level (range 6.8-12.5 meq/liter). These data demonstrate a significant effect of acetazolamide on bicarbonate, sodium, and chloride reabsorption in the proximal tubule even in the face of severe acidosis. Moreover, the data suggest that the decrease in chloride reabsorption (and accompanying sodium) after acetazolamide is related to the decrease in bicarbonate reabsorption and the associated decrease in the transtubular chloride gradient."}
{"id": "PMID:874082", "title": "Activation and function of human Hageman factor. The role of high molecular weight kininogen and prekallikrein.", "content": "The activation and function of surface-bound Hageman factor in human plasma are dependent upon both high molecular weight (HMW) kininogen and prekallikrein. HMW kininogen does not affect the binding of Hageman factor to surfaces, but it enhances the function of surface-bound Hageman factor as assessed by its ability to activate prekallikrein and Factor XI. The initial conversion of prekallikrein to kallikrein by the surface-bound Hageman factor in the presence of HMW kininogen is followed by a rapid enzymatic activation of Hageman factor by kallikrein. The latter interaction is also facilitated by HMW kininogen. Kallikrein therefore functions as an activator of Hageman factor by a positive feedback mechanism and generates most of the activated Hageman factor during brief exposure of plasma to activating surfaces. HMW kininogen is a cofactor in the enzymatic activation of Hageman factor by kallikrein and it also augments the function of the activated Hageman factor generated. The stoichiometry of the Hagman factor interaction with HMW kininogen suggests that it enhances the activity of the active site of Hageman factor. Since HMW kininogen and prekallikrein circulate as a complex, HMW kininogen may also place the prekallikrein in an optimal position for its reciprocal interaction with Hageman factor to proceed. The surface appears to play a passive role upon which bound Hageman factor and the prekallikrein-HMW kininogen complex can interact.", "contents": "Activation and function of human Hageman factor. The role of high molecular weight kininogen and prekallikrein. The activation and function of surface-bound Hageman factor in human plasma are dependent upon both high molecular weight (HMW) kininogen and prekallikrein. HMW kininogen does not affect the binding of Hageman factor to surfaces, but it enhances the function of surface-bound Hageman factor as assessed by its ability to activate prekallikrein and Factor XI. The initial conversion of prekallikrein to kallikrein by the surface-bound Hageman factor in the presence of HMW kininogen is followed by a rapid enzymatic activation of Hageman factor by kallikrein. The latter interaction is also facilitated by HMW kininogen. Kallikrein therefore functions as an activator of Hageman factor by a positive feedback mechanism and generates most of the activated Hageman factor during brief exposure of plasma to activating surfaces. HMW kininogen is a cofactor in the enzymatic activation of Hageman factor by kallikrein and it also augments the function of the activated Hageman factor generated. The stoichiometry of the Hagman factor interaction with HMW kininogen suggests that it enhances the activity of the active site of Hageman factor. Since HMW kininogen and prekallikrein circulate as a complex, HMW kininogen may also place the prekallikrein in an optimal position for its reciprocal interaction with Hageman factor to proceed. The surface appears to play a passive role upon which bound Hageman factor and the prekallikrein-HMW kininogen complex can interact."}
{"id": "PMID:874083", "title": "Cold urticaria. Recognition and characterization of a neutrophil chemotactic factor which appears in serum during experimental cold challenge.", "content": "Sera were obtained from the venous effluents of cold-challenged arms of patients with idiopathic cold urticaria without plasma or serum cryoproteins; these sera exhibited increased neutrophil chemotactic activity without alterations of the complement system. A two- to fourfold augmentation of the base-line neutrophil chemotactic activity of serum from the immersed extremity began within 1 min, peaked at 2 min, and returned to base-line levels within 15 min, whereas there was no change in the serum chemotactic activity in the control arm. The augmented chemotactic activity in the serum specimens from the challenged arm of each patient appeared in a high molecular-weight region, as assessed by the difference in activity recovered after Sephadex G-200 gel filtration of the paired lesional and control specimens. Sequential purification of this high molecular-weight activity by anion- and cation-exchange chromatography revealed a single peak of activity at both steps. The partially purified material continued to exhibit a high molecular weight, being excluded on Sepharose 4B, and had a neutral isoelectric point. The partially purified material showed a preferential chemotactic activity for neutrophilic polymorphonuclear leukocytes, required a gradient for expression of this function, and exhibited a capacity to deactivate this cell type. This active principle, termed high molecular-weight neutrophil chemotactic factor, exhibited a time-course of release that could be superimposed upon that of histamine and the low molecular-weight eosinophil chemotactic factor and may represent another mast cell-derived mediator.", "contents": "Cold urticaria. Recognition and characterization of a neutrophil chemotactic factor which appears in serum during experimental cold challenge. Sera were obtained from the venous effluents of cold-challenged arms of patients with idiopathic cold urticaria without plasma or serum cryoproteins; these sera exhibited increased neutrophil chemotactic activity without alterations of the complement system. A two- to fourfold augmentation of the base-line neutrophil chemotactic activity of serum from the immersed extremity began within 1 min, peaked at 2 min, and returned to base-line levels within 15 min, whereas there was no change in the serum chemotactic activity in the control arm. The augmented chemotactic activity in the serum specimens from the challenged arm of each patient appeared in a high molecular-weight region, as assessed by the difference in activity recovered after Sephadex G-200 gel filtration of the paired lesional and control specimens. Sequential purification of this high molecular-weight activity by anion- and cation-exchange chromatography revealed a single peak of activity at both steps. The partially purified material continued to exhibit a high molecular weight, being excluded on Sepharose 4B, and had a neutral isoelectric point. The partially purified material showed a preferential chemotactic activity for neutrophilic polymorphonuclear leukocytes, required a gradient for expression of this function, and exhibited a capacity to deactivate this cell type. This active principle, termed high molecular-weight neutrophil chemotactic factor, exhibited a time-course of release that could be superimposed upon that of histamine and the low molecular-weight eosinophil chemotactic factor and may represent another mast cell-derived mediator."}
{"id": "PMID:874084", "title": "Spatial and nonspatial influences on the TG-ST segment deflection of ischemia. Theoretical and experimental analysis in the pig.", "content": "Spatial and nonspatial aspects of TQ-ST segment mapping were studied with the solid angle theorem and randomly coded data from 15,000 electrograms of 160 anterior descending artery occlusions each of 100-s duration performed in 18 pigs. Factors analyzed included electrode location, ischemic area and shape, wall thickness, and increases in plasma potassium (K(+)). Change from control in the TQ-ST recorded at 60 s (DeltaTQ-ST) was measured at 22 ischemic (IS) and nonischemic (NIS) epicardial sites overlying right (RV) and left (LV) ventricles. In IS regions, DeltaTQ-ST decreased according to LV > septum > RV and LV base > LV apex. In NIS regions, LV sites had negative (Neg) DeltaTQ-ST which increased as LV IS border was approached. However, RV NIS had positive (Pos) DeltaTQ-ST which again increased as RV IS border was approached. With large artery occlusion IS area increased 123+/-18%, DeltaTQ-ST at IS sites decreased (-38.1+/-3.6%), and sum of DeltaTQ-ST at IS sites increased by only 67.3+/-10.3%. In RV NIS Pos DeltaTQ-ST became Neg. With increased K(+), DeltaTQ-ST decreased proportionately to log K(+) (r = 0.97+/-0.01) at IS and NIS sites on the epicardium and precordium. TQ-ST at 60 s was obliterated when K(+) = 8.7+/-0.2 mM. All findings were significant (P < 0.005) and agreed with the solid angle theorem. Thus, a transmembrane potential difference and current flow at the IS boundary alone are responsible for the TQ-ST. Nonspatial factors affect the magnitude of transmembrane potential difference, while spatial factors alter the position of the boundary to the electrode site.", "contents": "Spatial and nonspatial influences on the TG-ST segment deflection of ischemia. Theoretical and experimental analysis in the pig. Spatial and nonspatial aspects of TQ-ST segment mapping were studied with the solid angle theorem and randomly coded data from 15,000 electrograms of 160 anterior descending artery occlusions each of 100-s duration performed in 18 pigs. Factors analyzed included electrode location, ischemic area and shape, wall thickness, and increases in plasma potassium (K(+)). Change from control in the TQ-ST recorded at 60 s (DeltaTQ-ST) was measured at 22 ischemic (IS) and nonischemic (NIS) epicardial sites overlying right (RV) and left (LV) ventricles. In IS regions, DeltaTQ-ST decreased according to LV > septum > RV and LV base > LV apex. In NIS regions, LV sites had negative (Neg) DeltaTQ-ST which increased as LV IS border was approached. However, RV NIS had positive (Pos) DeltaTQ-ST which again increased as RV IS border was approached. With large artery occlusion IS area increased 123+/-18%, DeltaTQ-ST at IS sites decreased (-38.1+/-3.6%), and sum of DeltaTQ-ST at IS sites increased by only 67.3+/-10.3%. In RV NIS Pos DeltaTQ-ST became Neg. With increased K(+), DeltaTQ-ST decreased proportionately to log K(+) (r = 0.97+/-0.01) at IS and NIS sites on the epicardium and precordium. TQ-ST at 60 s was obliterated when K(+) = 8.7+/-0.2 mM. All findings were significant (P < 0.005) and agreed with the solid angle theorem. Thus, a transmembrane potential difference and current flow at the IS boundary alone are responsible for the TQ-ST. Nonspatial factors affect the magnitude of transmembrane potential difference, while spatial factors alter the position of the boundary to the electrode site."}
{"id": "PMID:874085", "title": "Prostaglandin biosynthesis by rabbit renomedullary interstitial cells in tissue culture. Stimulation by angiotensin II, bradykinin, and arginine vasopressin.", "content": "Rabbit renomedullary interstitial cells were isolated and grown in tissue culture. These cells synthesize 0.8 ng of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) per microgram cellular protein per hour in monolayer tissue culture; prostaglandins A2 and F2alpha (PGA2 and PGF2alpha) biosynthesis was 10 and 5% of PGE2 biosynthesis, respectively. Arachidonic acid markedly stimulated the production of PGE2 and PGF2alpha, with conversion rates of 0.24 and 0.02%/h, respectively. Angiotensin II, hyperosmolality, bradykinin, and arginine vasopressin each stimulated PGE2 biosynthesis; maximum stimulation was 20, 3.7, 3.6, and 3.2 times basal production, respectively. PGE2 biosynthesis by the renomedullary interstitial cells was inhibited by isoproterenol, potassium, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents (indomethacin, naproxen, ibuprofen, suprofen, meclofenamate, and acetylsalicylic acid), mepacrine (a phospholipase inhibitor), hydrocortisone, and cortisone. The rabbit renomedullary interstitial cell in tissue culture is a model system for the study of hormonal regulation of PGE2 biosynthesis.", "contents": "Prostaglandin biosynthesis by rabbit renomedullary interstitial cells in tissue culture. Stimulation by angiotensin II, bradykinin, and arginine vasopressin. Rabbit renomedullary interstitial cells were isolated and grown in tissue culture. These cells synthesize 0.8 ng of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) per microgram cellular protein per hour in monolayer tissue culture; prostaglandins A2 and F2alpha (PGA2 and PGF2alpha) biosynthesis was 10 and 5% of PGE2 biosynthesis, respectively. Arachidonic acid markedly stimulated the production of PGE2 and PGF2alpha, with conversion rates of 0.24 and 0.02%/h, respectively. Angiotensin II, hyperosmolality, bradykinin, and arginine vasopressin each stimulated PGE2 biosynthesis; maximum stimulation was 20, 3.7, 3.6, and 3.2 times basal production, respectively. PGE2 biosynthesis by the renomedullary interstitial cells was inhibited by isoproterenol, potassium, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents (indomethacin, naproxen, ibuprofen, suprofen, meclofenamate, and acetylsalicylic acid), mepacrine (a phospholipase inhibitor), hydrocortisone, and cortisone. The rabbit renomedullary interstitial cell in tissue culture is a model system for the study of hormonal regulation of PGE2 biosynthesis."}
{"id": "PMID:874086", "title": "The occurrence and effects of human vitamin E deficiency. A study in patients with cystic fibrosis.", "content": "The role of vitamin E in human nutrition was studied by investigation of patients with cystic fibrosis (CF) and associated pancreatic insufficiency. Vitamin E status was assessed by measurement of the plasma concentration of the principal circulating isomer, alpha-tocopherol. Results of such determinations in 52 CF patients with pancreatogenic steatorrhea revealed that all were deficient in the vitamin. The extent of decreased plasma tocopherol varied markedly but correlated with indices of intestinal malabsorption, such as the serum carotene concentration and percentage of dietary fat absorbed. Supplementation with 5-10 times the recommended daily allowance of vitamin E in a water-miscible form increased the plasma alpha-tocopherol concentrations to normal in all 19 CF patients so evaluated. Studies on the effects of vitamin E deficiency focused on possible hematologic alterations. An improved technique was developed to measure erythrocyte hemolysis in vitro in the presence of hydrogen peroxide. While erythrocyte suspensions from control subjects demonstrated resistance to hemolysis during a 3-h incubation, all samples from tocopherol-deficient CF patients showed abnormal oxidant susceptibility, evidenced by greater than 5% hemoglobin release. The degree of peroxide-induced hemolysis was related to the plasma alpha-tocopherol concentration in an inverse, sigmoidal manner. The possibility of in vivo hemolysis was assessed by measuring the survival of (51)Cr-labeled erythrocytes in 19 vitamin-E deficient patients. A moderate but statistically significant decrease in the mean (51)Cr erythrocyte half-life value was found in this group. Measurement of erythrocyte survival before and after supplementation of 6 patients with vitamin E demonstrated that the shortened erythrocyte lifespan could be corrected to normal with this treatment. Other hematologic indices in deficient subjects, however, were normal and did not change upon supplementation with vitamin E. It is concluded that CF is invariably associated with vitamin E deficiency, provided that the patient in question has pancreatic achylia and is not taking supplementary doses of tocopherol. Concomitant hematologic effects consistent with mild hemolysis, but not anemia, occur and may be reversed with vitamin E therapy. Patients with CF should be given daily doses of a water-miscible form of vitamin E to correct the deficiency.", "contents": "The occurrence and effects of human vitamin E deficiency. A study in patients with cystic fibrosis. The role of vitamin E in human nutrition was studied by investigation of patients with cystic fibrosis (CF) and associated pancreatic insufficiency. Vitamin E status was assessed by measurement of the plasma concentration of the principal circulating isomer, alpha-tocopherol. Results of such determinations in 52 CF patients with pancreatogenic steatorrhea revealed that all were deficient in the vitamin. The extent of decreased plasma tocopherol varied markedly but correlated with indices of intestinal malabsorption, such as the serum carotene concentration and percentage of dietary fat absorbed. Supplementation with 5-10 times the recommended daily allowance of vitamin E in a water-miscible form increased the plasma alpha-tocopherol concentrations to normal in all 19 CF patients so evaluated. Studies on the effects of vitamin E deficiency focused on possible hematologic alterations. An improved technique was developed to measure erythrocyte hemolysis in vitro in the presence of hydrogen peroxide. While erythrocyte suspensions from control subjects demonstrated resistance to hemolysis during a 3-h incubation, all samples from tocopherol-deficient CF patients showed abnormal oxidant susceptibility, evidenced by greater than 5% hemoglobin release. The degree of peroxide-induced hemolysis was related to the plasma alpha-tocopherol concentration in an inverse, sigmoidal manner. The possibility of in vivo hemolysis was assessed by measuring the survival of (51)Cr-labeled erythrocytes in 19 vitamin-E deficient patients. A moderate but statistically significant decrease in the mean (51)Cr erythrocyte half-life value was found in this group. Measurement of erythrocyte survival before and after supplementation of 6 patients with vitamin E demonstrated that the shortened erythrocyte lifespan could be corrected to normal with this treatment. Other hematologic indices in deficient subjects, however, were normal and did not change upon supplementation with vitamin E. It is concluded that CF is invariably associated with vitamin E deficiency, provided that the patient in question has pancreatic achylia and is not taking supplementary doses of tocopherol. Concomitant hematologic effects consistent with mild hemolysis, but not anemia, occur and may be reversed with vitamin E therapy. Patients with CF should be given daily doses of a water-miscible form of vitamin E to correct the deficiency."}
{"id": "PMID:874087", "title": "Intestinal calcium absorption in exogenous hypercortisonism. Role of 25-hydroxyvitamin D and corticosteroid dose.", "content": "Pharmacologic doses of corticosteroids impair intestinal calcium absorption and contribute to negative calcium balance. However, the relationship between the impaired calcium absorption and a possible defect in the conversion of vitamin D to its physiologically active form, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D, is unknown. We compared fractional calcium absorption (double-isotope method, 100-mg carrier) and serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25-OH-D) (Haddad method) in 27 patients receiving pharmacologic doses of prednisone with 27 age-, sex-, and season-matched normal subjects. In patients receiving high daily doses of prednisone (15-100 mg/day), calcium absorption (P < 0.02) and serum 25-OH-D (P < 0.001) were decreased. However, in patients receiving low doses (8-10 mg/day) or high doses (30-100 mg) of prednisone on an alternate-day schedule, both of these parameters were normal. Calcium absorption in the patients treated with daily prednisone correlated inversely with the dose of corticosteroids (r = -0.52, P < 0.025) and, in all steroid-treated patients, correlated directly with serum 25-OH-D (r = 0.58, P < 0.01). In four patients who received high-dose corticosteroid therapy for an average of 4 wk, serum 25-OH-D decreased by 35.5% from pretreatment values. Administration of a physiologic or near-physiologic dose of synthetic 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) (0.4 mug daily for 7 days) to patients receiving high-dose corticosteroids led to an increase in calcium absorption in all patients. These results suggest that calcium malabsorption in the corticosteroid-treated patients is due to a dose-related abnormality of vitamin D metabolism and not to a direct effect of corticosteroids on depressing transmucosal intestinal absorption of calcium.", "contents": "Intestinal calcium absorption in exogenous hypercortisonism. Role of 25-hydroxyvitamin D and corticosteroid dose. Pharmacologic doses of corticosteroids impair intestinal calcium absorption and contribute to negative calcium balance. However, the relationship between the impaired calcium absorption and a possible defect in the conversion of vitamin D to its physiologically active form, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D, is unknown. We compared fractional calcium absorption (double-isotope method, 100-mg carrier) and serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25-OH-D) (Haddad method) in 27 patients receiving pharmacologic doses of prednisone with 27 age-, sex-, and season-matched normal subjects. In patients receiving high daily doses of prednisone (15-100 mg/day), calcium absorption (P < 0.02) and serum 25-OH-D (P < 0.001) were decreased. However, in patients receiving low doses (8-10 mg/day) or high doses (30-100 mg) of prednisone on an alternate-day schedule, both of these parameters were normal. Calcium absorption in the patients treated with daily prednisone correlated inversely with the dose of corticosteroids (r = -0.52, P < 0.025) and, in all steroid-treated patients, correlated directly with serum 25-OH-D (r = 0.58, P < 0.01). In four patients who received high-dose corticosteroid therapy for an average of 4 wk, serum 25-OH-D decreased by 35.5% from pretreatment values. Administration of a physiologic or near-physiologic dose of synthetic 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) (0.4 mug daily for 7 days) to patients receiving high-dose corticosteroids led to an increase in calcium absorption in all patients. These results suggest that calcium malabsorption in the corticosteroid-treated patients is due to a dose-related abnormality of vitamin D metabolism and not to a direct effect of corticosteroids on depressing transmucosal intestinal absorption of calcium."}
{"id": "PMID:874088", "title": "Complement (C5-a)-induced granulocyte aggregation in vitro. A possible mechanism of complement-mediated leukostasis and leukopenia.", "content": "Activated plasma complement will induce biphasic aggregation of human granulocytes dectable by standard nephelometric techniques. The responsible active component was suggested to be C5a by molecular weight and heat-stability assays; moreover, aggragating activity was ablated by anti-C5 but not anti-C3 antibodies. C5a prepared by trypsinization of purified C5 reproduced the aggregating activity of whole activated plasma, whereas plasma from a C5-deficient donor did not support aggregation. Embolization of granulocyte aggregates might be a previously unsuspected cause of leukostasis and pulmonary damage in various clinical situations where intravascular complement activation occurs.", "contents": "Complement (C5-a)-induced granulocyte aggregation in vitro. A possible mechanism of complement-mediated leukostasis and leukopenia. Activated plasma complement will induce biphasic aggregation of human granulocytes dectable by standard nephelometric techniques. The responsible active component was suggested to be C5a by molecular weight and heat-stability assays; moreover, aggragating activity was ablated by anti-C5 but not anti-C3 antibodies. C5a prepared by trypsinization of purified C5 reproduced the aggregating activity of whole activated plasma, whereas plasma from a C5-deficient donor did not support aggregation. Embolization of granulocyte aggregates might be a previously unsuspected cause of leukostasis and pulmonary damage in various clinical situations where intravascular complement activation occurs."}
{"id": "PMID:874089", "title": "A possible role for malonyl-CoA in the regulation of hepatic fatty acid oxidation and ketogenesis.", "content": "Studied on the oxidation of oleic and octanoic acids to ketone bodies were carried out in homogenates and in mitochondrial fractions of livers taken from fed and fasted rats. Malonyl-CoA inhibited ketogenesis from the former but not from the latter substrate. The site of inhibition appeared to be the carnitine acyltransferase I reaction. The effect was specific and easily reversible. Inhibitory concentrations were in the range of values obtained in livers from fed rats by others. It is proposed that malonyl-CoA functions as both precursor for fatty acid synthesis and suppressor of fatty acid oxidation. As such, it might be an important element in the carbohydrate-induced sparing of fatty acid oxidation.", "contents": "A possible role for malonyl-CoA in the regulation of hepatic fatty acid oxidation and ketogenesis. Studied on the oxidation of oleic and octanoic acids to ketone bodies were carried out in homogenates and in mitochondrial fractions of livers taken from fed and fasted rats. Malonyl-CoA inhibited ketogenesis from the former but not from the latter substrate. The site of inhibition appeared to be the carnitine acyltransferase I reaction. The effect was specific and easily reversible. Inhibitory concentrations were in the range of values obtained in livers from fed rats by others. It is proposed that malonyl-CoA functions as both precursor for fatty acid synthesis and suppressor of fatty acid oxidation. As such, it might be an important element in the carbohydrate-induced sparing of fatty acid oxidation."}
{"id": "PMID:874090", "title": "Metabolic control of circulation. Effects of iodoacetate and fluoroacetate.", "content": "The circulatory effects of selective metabolic inhibition of glycolysis and of the tricarboxylic acid cycle by iodoacetate and fluoroacetate were studied in intact chloralose-anesthetized dogs. Pulmonary arterial blood pressure and vascular resistance increased after administration of both inhibitors, but neither systemic hemodynamics nor myocardial contractility changed significantly. Coronary blood flow did not change after iodoacetate administration but increased four- to five-fold after fluoroacetate. Administration of normal saline had no effect on any of the parameters. The changes in pulmonary arterial blood pressure and coronary blood flow after fluoroacetate were not mediated via the autonomic nerves or adrenergic neurohumors because they still occurred after autonomic nervous system inhibition. Neither myocardial oxygen consumption nor left ventricular work changed. A selective increase in myocardial blood flow also occurred in conscious dogs after fluoroacetate administration; hepatic artery flow was reduced, but other organ flows did not change significantly. These results indicate that pulmonary pressor and coronary dilator effects may be produced in intact dogs by selective metabolic blockade, in the absence of reduced oxygen supply or impairment in the electron transport system. These results also suggest that the increases in pulmonary arterial blood pressure, coronary blood flow, and cardiac output that occur during hypoxia probably are related to separate metabolic events in the tissue.", "contents": "Metabolic control of circulation. Effects of iodoacetate and fluoroacetate. The circulatory effects of selective metabolic inhibition of glycolysis and of the tricarboxylic acid cycle by iodoacetate and fluoroacetate were studied in intact chloralose-anesthetized dogs. Pulmonary arterial blood pressure and vascular resistance increased after administration of both inhibitors, but neither systemic hemodynamics nor myocardial contractility changed significantly. Coronary blood flow did not change after iodoacetate administration but increased four- to five-fold after fluoroacetate. Administration of normal saline had no effect on any of the parameters. The changes in pulmonary arterial blood pressure and coronary blood flow after fluoroacetate were not mediated via the autonomic nerves or adrenergic neurohumors because they still occurred after autonomic nervous system inhibition. Neither myocardial oxygen consumption nor left ventricular work changed. A selective increase in myocardial blood flow also occurred in conscious dogs after fluoroacetate administration; hepatic artery flow was reduced, but other organ flows did not change significantly. These results indicate that pulmonary pressor and coronary dilator effects may be produced in intact dogs by selective metabolic blockade, in the absence of reduced oxygen supply or impairment in the electron transport system. These results also suggest that the increases in pulmonary arterial blood pressure, coronary blood flow, and cardiac output that occur during hypoxia probably are related to separate metabolic events in the tissue."}
{"id": "PMID:874091", "title": "Potentiation of the function of Hageman factor fragments by high molecular weight kininogen.", "content": "Patients lacking high molecular weight (HMW) kininogen have profound abnormalities of the Hageman factor-dependent pathways of coagulation, kinin formation, and fibrinolysis. The ability of HMW kininogen to potentiate the Hageman factor fragments (HFf) activation of prekallikrein and Factor XI in plasma was studied. HFf only partially converted Factor XI to XIa and prekallikrein to kallikrein in plasma deficient in HMW kininogen (Williams trait), while enhanced activation of Factor XI and prekallikrein by HFf resulted after reconstitution with HMW kininogen. In a system using highly purified components, HMW kininogen increased the initial rate of prekallikrein activation whether the kallikrein formed was assayed by arginine esterase activity or kininforming ability. The potentiation of prekallikrein activation occurred over a 12-fold range of enzyme (HFf) concentration and was nonhyperbolic with respect to substrate (prekallikrein). HMW kininogen exerted its effect even in the absence of prekallikrein since the hydrolysis of acetylglycyl-lysine methyl ester by HFf was increased by HMW kininogen. These results suggest that one of the functions of HMW kininogen is to augment the catalytic action of HFf.", "contents": "Potentiation of the function of Hageman factor fragments by high molecular weight kininogen. Patients lacking high molecular weight (HMW) kininogen have profound abnormalities of the Hageman factor-dependent pathways of coagulation, kinin formation, and fibrinolysis. The ability of HMW kininogen to potentiate the Hageman factor fragments (HFf) activation of prekallikrein and Factor XI in plasma was studied. HFf only partially converted Factor XI to XIa and prekallikrein to kallikrein in plasma deficient in HMW kininogen (Williams trait), while enhanced activation of Factor XI and prekallikrein by HFf resulted after reconstitution with HMW kininogen. In a system using highly purified components, HMW kininogen increased the initial rate of prekallikrein activation whether the kallikrein formed was assayed by arginine esterase activity or kininforming ability. The potentiation of prekallikrein activation occurred over a 12-fold range of enzyme (HFf) concentration and was nonhyperbolic with respect to substrate (prekallikrein). HMW kininogen exerted its effect even in the absence of prekallikrein since the hydrolysis of acetylglycyl-lysine methyl ester by HFf was increased by HMW kininogen. These results suggest that one of the functions of HMW kininogen is to augment the catalytic action of HFf."}
{"id": "PMID:874092", "title": "Dysfibrinogenemia associated with liver disease.", "content": "To test the possibility that a functionally abnormal fibrinogen may exist in some patients with liver disease, we studied the plasma and purified fibrinogens of five patients whose plasma thrombin times were prolonged at least 40% over normal controls. In no patient was there evidence of disseminated intravascular coagulation and/or fibrinolysis. No abnormalities were detected by immunoelectrophoresis of plasmas or purified fibrinogens. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of reduced patient fibrinogens showed normal mobility and amount of Aalpha, Bbeta, and gamma chains. Alkaline polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and gradient elution, DEAE-cellulose chromatography of admixtures of radio-iodinated patient (125)I-fibrinogen and normal (131)I-fibrinogen showed identical mobility in the gel and simultaneous elution from the column, respectively. Thrombin and Reptilase (Abbott Scientific Products Div., Abbott Laboratories, South Pasadena, Calif.) times of purified patient fibrinogens were prolonged, and calcium ions improved but did not completely correct these defects. Increasing amounts of thrombin progressively shortened the clotting times of patient fibrinogens but not to the level of normal. Addition of equal amounts of patient fibrinogen to normal fibrinogen resulted in a prolongation of the thrombin time of the normal protein. Thrombin-induced fibrinopeptide release was normal. Fibrin monomers prepared from patient plasmas and purified fibrinogens demonstrated impaired aggregation at low (0.12) and high (0.24) ionic strength. These studies demonstrate that some patients with liver disease and prolonged plasma thrombin times have a dysfibrinogenemia functionally characterized by an abnormality of fibrin monomer polymerization.", "contents": "Dysfibrinogenemia associated with liver disease. To test the possibility that a functionally abnormal fibrinogen may exist in some patients with liver disease, we studied the plasma and purified fibrinogens of five patients whose plasma thrombin times were prolonged at least 40% over normal controls. In no patient was there evidence of disseminated intravascular coagulation and/or fibrinolysis. No abnormalities were detected by immunoelectrophoresis of plasmas or purified fibrinogens. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of reduced patient fibrinogens showed normal mobility and amount of Aalpha, Bbeta, and gamma chains. Alkaline polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and gradient elution, DEAE-cellulose chromatography of admixtures of radio-iodinated patient (125)I-fibrinogen and normal (131)I-fibrinogen showed identical mobility in the gel and simultaneous elution from the column, respectively. Thrombin and Reptilase (Abbott Scientific Products Div., Abbott Laboratories, South Pasadena, Calif.) times of purified patient fibrinogens were prolonged, and calcium ions improved but did not completely correct these defects. Increasing amounts of thrombin progressively shortened the clotting times of patient fibrinogens but not to the level of normal. Addition of equal amounts of patient fibrinogen to normal fibrinogen resulted in a prolongation of the thrombin time of the normal protein. Thrombin-induced fibrinopeptide release was normal. Fibrin monomers prepared from patient plasmas and purified fibrinogens demonstrated impaired aggregation at low (0.12) and high (0.24) ionic strength. These studies demonstrate that some patients with liver disease and prolonged plasma thrombin times have a dysfibrinogenemia functionally characterized by an abnormality of fibrin monomer polymerization."}
{"id": "PMID:874093", "title": "Metabolism of autologous and homologous IgG in rheumatoid arthritis.", "content": "The metabolism of radioiodinated IgG was studied in 20 patients with rheumatoid arthritis and 11 normal controls using autologous IgG and homologous IgG pooled from normal donors. Fractional catabolic rates in the controls were 4.44% of the autologous- and 4.29% of the homologous-labeled protein per day. The corresponding rates in the rheumatoid patients were 9.67% of the autologous- and 8.64% of the homologous-labeled protein per day. Extravascular catabolism occurred only in the rheumatoid group and accounted essentially for the entire increased catabolism of IgG observed in these patients. 10 patients were especially hypercatabolic, with fractional catabolic rates for autologous IgG greater than 10%. Moreover, they catabolized their autologous IgG significantly faster than the homologous IgG (12.6 vs. 9.9%). The increment of catabolism of autologous over homologous IgG also occurred in the extravascular compartment. These highly hypercatabolic patients had a significantly increased number of manifestations of extra-articular disease. The hypercatabolism of IgG could not be correlated with age, weight, sex, duration of disease, joint erosions, corticosteroid therapy, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, rheumatoid factor titer, serum IgG concentration, or circulating immune complexes as measured by the Raji cell radioimmunoassay. Conceivable sites of extravascular catabolism and possible causes of faster catabolism of autologous (rheumatoid) than of homologous (normal) IgG are discussed.", "contents": "Metabolism of autologous and homologous IgG in rheumatoid arthritis. The metabolism of radioiodinated IgG was studied in 20 patients with rheumatoid arthritis and 11 normal controls using autologous IgG and homologous IgG pooled from normal donors. Fractional catabolic rates in the controls were 4.44% of the autologous- and 4.29% of the homologous-labeled protein per day. The corresponding rates in the rheumatoid patients were 9.67% of the autologous- and 8.64% of the homologous-labeled protein per day. Extravascular catabolism occurred only in the rheumatoid group and accounted essentially for the entire increased catabolism of IgG observed in these patients. 10 patients were especially hypercatabolic, with fractional catabolic rates for autologous IgG greater than 10%. Moreover, they catabolized their autologous IgG significantly faster than the homologous IgG (12.6 vs. 9.9%). The increment of catabolism of autologous over homologous IgG also occurred in the extravascular compartment. These highly hypercatabolic patients had a significantly increased number of manifestations of extra-articular disease. The hypercatabolism of IgG could not be correlated with age, weight, sex, duration of disease, joint erosions, corticosteroid therapy, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, rheumatoid factor titer, serum IgG concentration, or circulating immune complexes as measured by the Raji cell radioimmunoassay. Conceivable sites of extravascular catabolism and possible causes of faster catabolism of autologous (rheumatoid) than of homologous (normal) IgG are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:874094", "title": "The mechanism of adaptation of left atrial stretch receptors in dogs with chronic congestive heart failure.", "content": "Chronic congestive heart failure (CHF) was induced in dogs by the construction of an aorto-caval fistula below the level of the renal arteries. Aorto-caval fistula dogs showed signs of CHF which included ascites, hind limb edema, and pulmonary congestion. Ventricular catheterization indicated a significantly higher left ventricular end diastolic pressure and lower maximum velocity of left ventricular pressure development/left ventricular end diastolic pressure in CHF dogs when compared to sham-operated controls. Heart weight/body weight ratios were significantly higher in CHF dogs. Electrophysiological recordings from medullated left atrial type B receptors from the cervical vagus indicated a depressed sensitivity of these receptors in CHF dogs when compared to sham-operated control dogs. For any given change in left atrial pressure, the discharge of left atrial receptors was significantly reduced in CHF dogs compared with sham-operated controls. The mechanism for this depressed sensitivity was investigated. Sonomicrometry of the left atrial appendage indicated a decreased compliance of the left atrial appendage in the dogs with chronic CHF. In addition, microscope examination of the complex unencapsulated receptor endings taken from the left atrial endocardium indicated a marked alteration in receptor morphology. A loss of the end arborization was the most typical finding. It is concluded that chronic CHF brought about by an aorto-caval fistula results in a depressed left atrial stretch receptor response and that both decreased left atrial compliance and structural alterations in the receptor endings may account for this depressed sensitivity.", "contents": "The mechanism of adaptation of left atrial stretch receptors in dogs with chronic congestive heart failure. Chronic congestive heart failure (CHF) was induced in dogs by the construction of an aorto-caval fistula below the level of the renal arteries. Aorto-caval fistula dogs showed signs of CHF which included ascites, hind limb edema, and pulmonary congestion. Ventricular catheterization indicated a significantly higher left ventricular end diastolic pressure and lower maximum velocity of left ventricular pressure development/left ventricular end diastolic pressure in CHF dogs when compared to sham-operated controls. Heart weight/body weight ratios were significantly higher in CHF dogs. Electrophysiological recordings from medullated left atrial type B receptors from the cervical vagus indicated a depressed sensitivity of these receptors in CHF dogs when compared to sham-operated control dogs. For any given change in left atrial pressure, the discharge of left atrial receptors was significantly reduced in CHF dogs compared with sham-operated controls. The mechanism for this depressed sensitivity was investigated. Sonomicrometry of the left atrial appendage indicated a decreased compliance of the left atrial appendage in the dogs with chronic CHF. In addition, microscope examination of the complex unencapsulated receptor endings taken from the left atrial endocardium indicated a marked alteration in receptor morphology. A loss of the end arborization was the most typical finding. It is concluded that chronic CHF brought about by an aorto-caval fistula results in a depressed left atrial stretch receptor response and that both decreased left atrial compliance and structural alterations in the receptor endings may account for this depressed sensitivity."}
{"id": "PMID:874095", "title": "Phosphate control and 25-hydroxycholecalciferol administration in preventing experimental renal osteodystrophy in the dog.", "content": "Previous studies from this laboratory demonstrated that secondary hyperparathyroidism in dogs with chronic renal disease may occur, at least in part, as a consequence of the need for progressive adaptation in renal phosphorus (P) excretion that occurs as glomerular filtration rate falls. However, the studies were of relatively short duration. Moreover, no information emerged regarding a potential role of calcium malabsorption in the pathogenesis of secondary hyperparathyroidism. The short duration of the protocol did not lend itself to the study of the effect of P control or the administration of vitamin D in the pathogenesis of renal osteodystrophy. In the present studies, 14 dogs with experimental chronic renal disease were studied serially for a period of 2 yr. Each animal was studied first with two normal kidneys on an intake of P of 1,200 mg/day. Then, renal insufficiency was produced by 5/6 nephrectomy. The dogs then were divided into three groups. In group I, 1,200 mg/day P intake was administered for the full 2 yr. In group II, P intake was reduced from the initial 1,200 mg/day, in proportion to the measured fall in glomerular filtration rate, in an effort to obviate the renal adaptation in P excretion. In group III, \"proportional reduction\" of P intake also was employed; but in addition, 20 mug of 25(OH)D(3) were administered orally three times a week. In group I, parathyroid hormone (PTH) levels rose throughout the 2-yr period reaching a final concentration of 557+/-70 U (normal 10-60). In group II, values for PTH remained normal throughout the 1st yr, increased modestly between the 12th and the 18th mo, but then did not rise after the 18th mo. In group III, no elevation of PTH levels was observed at any time; however, these animals were hypercalcemic. Histomorphologic analyses of the ribs of these dogs were performed serially throughout the 2-yr period. A linear relationship was obtained between the osteoclastic resorption surface and the concentration of circulating immunoreactive PTH. The osteoid volume was greater in group I animals when compared to those in group II. None of the morphologic abnormalities associated with renal osteodystrophy were observed in the animals in the third group.", "contents": "Phosphate control and 25-hydroxycholecalciferol administration in preventing experimental renal osteodystrophy in the dog. Previous studies from this laboratory demonstrated that secondary hyperparathyroidism in dogs with chronic renal disease may occur, at least in part, as a consequence of the need for progressive adaptation in renal phosphorus (P) excretion that occurs as glomerular filtration rate falls. However, the studies were of relatively short duration. Moreover, no information emerged regarding a potential role of calcium malabsorption in the pathogenesis of secondary hyperparathyroidism. The short duration of the protocol did not lend itself to the study of the effect of P control or the administration of vitamin D in the pathogenesis of renal osteodystrophy. In the present studies, 14 dogs with experimental chronic renal disease were studied serially for a period of 2 yr. Each animal was studied first with two normal kidneys on an intake of P of 1,200 mg/day. Then, renal insufficiency was produced by 5/6 nephrectomy. The dogs then were divided into three groups. In group I, 1,200 mg/day P intake was administered for the full 2 yr. In group II, P intake was reduced from the initial 1,200 mg/day, in proportion to the measured fall in glomerular filtration rate, in an effort to obviate the renal adaptation in P excretion. In group III, \"proportional reduction\" of P intake also was employed; but in addition, 20 mug of 25(OH)D(3) were administered orally three times a week. In group I, parathyroid hormone (PTH) levels rose throughout the 2-yr period reaching a final concentration of 557+/-70 U (normal 10-60). In group II, values for PTH remained normal throughout the 1st yr, increased modestly between the 12th and the 18th mo, but then did not rise after the 18th mo. In group III, no elevation of PTH levels was observed at any time; however, these animals were hypercalcemic. Histomorphologic analyses of the ribs of these dogs were performed serially throughout the 2-yr period. A linear relationship was obtained between the osteoclastic resorption surface and the concentration of circulating immunoreactive PTH. The osteoid volume was greater in group I animals when compared to those in group II. None of the morphologic abnormalities associated with renal osteodystrophy were observed in the animals in the third group."}
{"id": "PMID:874096", "title": "Effects of propranolol on regional myocardial function, electrograms, and blood flow in conscious dogs with myocardial ischemia.", "content": "The effects of coronary occlusion and of subsequent propranolol administration were examined in 18 conscious dogs. Overall left ventricular (LV) function was assessed by measurements of LV pressure and dP/dt, and regional myocardial function was assessed by measurements of segment length (SL), velocity of SL shortening and regional myocardial \"work\", i.e., pressure-length loops in normal, moderately, and severely ischemic zones. Regional intra-myocardial electrograms were measured from the same sites along with regional myocardial blood flow as determined by the radioactive microsphere technique. Coronary occlusion resulted in graded loss of function from the normal to severely ischemic zones with graded flow reduction and graded elevation of the ST segment. Propranolol depressed overall LV function, function in the normal zone (work fell by 17+/-4%), and in the majority of moderately ischemic segments (work fell by 7+/-3%). In severely ischemic segments the extent of paradoxical motion and post-systolic shortening was reduced by propranolol. After propranolol regional myocardial blood flow fell in the normal zone (11+/-2%) and rose in the moderately (15+/-4%) and severely (63+/-10%) ischemic zones. Thus, in the conscious dog with regional myocardial ischemia, propranolol induces a redistribution of myocardial blood flow, with flow falling in normal zones and rising in moderately and severely ischemic zones. The improvement in perfusion of ischemic tissue was associated with slight but significant depression of shortening, velocity, and work in the moderately ischemic zones and of paradoxical bulging and post-systolic shortening in the severely ischemic zone.", "contents": "Effects of propranolol on regional myocardial function, electrograms, and blood flow in conscious dogs with myocardial ischemia. The effects of coronary occlusion and of subsequent propranolol administration were examined in 18 conscious dogs. Overall left ventricular (LV) function was assessed by measurements of LV pressure and dP/dt, and regional myocardial function was assessed by measurements of segment length (SL), velocity of SL shortening and regional myocardial \"work\", i.e., pressure-length loops in normal, moderately, and severely ischemic zones. Regional intra-myocardial electrograms were measured from the same sites along with regional myocardial blood flow as determined by the radioactive microsphere technique. Coronary occlusion resulted in graded loss of function from the normal to severely ischemic zones with graded flow reduction and graded elevation of the ST segment. Propranolol depressed overall LV function, function in the normal zone (work fell by 17+/-4%), and in the majority of moderately ischemic segments (work fell by 7+/-3%). In severely ischemic segments the extent of paradoxical motion and post-systolic shortening was reduced by propranolol. After propranolol regional myocardial blood flow fell in the normal zone (11+/-2%) and rose in the moderately (15+/-4%) and severely (63+/-10%) ischemic zones. Thus, in the conscious dog with regional myocardial ischemia, propranolol induces a redistribution of myocardial blood flow, with flow falling in normal zones and rising in moderately and severely ischemic zones. The improvement in perfusion of ischemic tissue was associated with slight but significant depression of shortening, velocity, and work in the moderately ischemic zones and of paradoxical bulging and post-systolic shortening in the severely ischemic zone."}
{"id": "PMID:874097", "title": "Evidence for hydroxyl radical production by human neutrophils.", "content": "The possibility that neutrophils produce the hydroxyl radical (OH-) was studied by examining the ability of these cells to support the release of ethylene from methional, a reaction in which it has been shown that OH-, but not O2- or H2O2, may serve as the oxidizing agent. When neutrophils were exposed to opsonized zymosan in the presence of 0.35 mM methional, ethylene was released in quantities amounting to 44.6+/-3.6 pmol/10(6) cells/40 min. Ethylene production required the presence of neutrophils, opsonized zymosan, and methional, indicating that it was formed from methional by stimulated but not resting neutrophils. Ethylene was not produced by zymosan-treated cells from patients with chronic granulomatous disease, confirming the requirement for respiratory burst activity in this process. Ethylene production was suppressed by benzoic acid, an OH- scavenger. Superoxide dismutase (3 microgram/ml) reduced ethylene production to 21% of control levels, but catalase had no significant effect in this system. These findings indicate that stimulated neutrophils produce a highly reactive oxidizing radical, possibly OH-, which releases ethylene from methional, and that the O2-generated during the respiratory burst is involved in the production of this reactive species.", "contents": "Evidence for hydroxyl radical production by human neutrophils. The possibility that neutrophils produce the hydroxyl radical (OH-) was studied by examining the ability of these cells to support the release of ethylene from methional, a reaction in which it has been shown that OH-, but not O2- or H2O2, may serve as the oxidizing agent. When neutrophils were exposed to opsonized zymosan in the presence of 0.35 mM methional, ethylene was released in quantities amounting to 44.6+/-3.6 pmol/10(6) cells/40 min. Ethylene production required the presence of neutrophils, opsonized zymosan, and methional, indicating that it was formed from methional by stimulated but not resting neutrophils. Ethylene was not produced by zymosan-treated cells from patients with chronic granulomatous disease, confirming the requirement for respiratory burst activity in this process. Ethylene production was suppressed by benzoic acid, an OH- scavenger. Superoxide dismutase (3 microgram/ml) reduced ethylene production to 21% of control levels, but catalase had no significant effect in this system. These findings indicate that stimulated neutrophils produce a highly reactive oxidizing radical, possibly OH-, which releases ethylene from methional, and that the O2-generated during the respiratory burst is involved in the production of this reactive species."}
{"id": "PMID:874098", "title": "Comparative study of protoporphyrins in erythropoietic protoporphyria and griseofulvin-induced murine protoporphyria. Binding affinities, distribution, and fluorescence spectra in various blood fractions.", "content": "Excess erythrocyte protoporphyrins of human congenital erythropoietic protoporphyria and of griseofulvin-induced murine hepatic protoporphyria were found to be associated with hemoglobin and stroma fractions in similar relationships. More than 99.5% of total erythrocyte protoporphyrin was bound to hemoglobin in each case. However, profound differences were found when protoporphyrin concentration was measured in erythrocytes that had been segregated into populations of progressive age on discontinuous density gradients. In erythropoietic protoporphyria, porphyrin content diminished rapidly with age; in murine protoporphyria, the aging erythrocyte populations became progressively more porphyrin rich. In vitro diffusion of protoporphyrin from plasma across the intact erythrocyte membrane was demonstrated. The equimolar binding affinity of protoporphyrin to hemoglobin was shown to be 40 times that of protoporphyrin to serum albumin. This strong affinity provides the driving force for the observed transmembrane diffusion, and explains the high erythrocyte/plasma porphyrin ratio in murine hepatic protoporphyria. The opposite rapid efflux of intra-erythrocytic protoporphyrin into plasma previously shown in uncomplicated erythropoietic protoporphyria occurs despite this strong hemoglobin affinity, implying continuous efficient clearance of protoporphyrin from plasma by the liver. Furthermore, these and other data suggest that a hepatic synthetic source for any significant fraction of the blood protoporphyrin in erythropoietic protoporphyria is highly improbable.", "contents": "Comparative study of protoporphyrins in erythropoietic protoporphyria and griseofulvin-induced murine protoporphyria. Binding affinities, distribution, and fluorescence spectra in various blood fractions. Excess erythrocyte protoporphyrins of human congenital erythropoietic protoporphyria and of griseofulvin-induced murine hepatic protoporphyria were found to be associated with hemoglobin and stroma fractions in similar relationships. More than 99.5% of total erythrocyte protoporphyrin was bound to hemoglobin in each case. However, profound differences were found when protoporphyrin concentration was measured in erythrocytes that had been segregated into populations of progressive age on discontinuous density gradients. In erythropoietic protoporphyria, porphyrin content diminished rapidly with age; in murine protoporphyria, the aging erythrocyte populations became progressively more porphyrin rich. In vitro diffusion of protoporphyrin from plasma across the intact erythrocyte membrane was demonstrated. The equimolar binding affinity of protoporphyrin to hemoglobin was shown to be 40 times that of protoporphyrin to serum albumin. This strong affinity provides the driving force for the observed transmembrane diffusion, and explains the high erythrocyte/plasma porphyrin ratio in murine hepatic protoporphyria. The opposite rapid efflux of intra-erythrocytic protoporphyrin into plasma previously shown in uncomplicated erythropoietic protoporphyria occurs despite this strong hemoglobin affinity, implying continuous efficient clearance of protoporphyrin from plasma by the liver. Furthermore, these and other data suggest that a hepatic synthetic source for any significant fraction of the blood protoporphyrin in erythropoietic protoporphyria is highly improbable."}
{"id": "PMID:874099", "title": "The origin of chylomicron phosphatidylcholine in the rat.", "content": "This study investigates the pathways of origin of chylomicron phosphatidylcholine (PC) using a lymph- and bile-fistulated rat infused with a stabilized triolein emulsion. [(14)C-glycerol]PC was used to evaluate chylomicron PC generated by lyso PC acyltransferase. The percentage of chylomicron PC derived from the PC infused was directly proportional to the PC concentration in the infusate. When the infusate PC concentration was 10 mM, essentially all the chylomicron PC was derived therefrom at 4-6 h of infusion. Incorporation of the radiolabel was not found to be as great in the lymph subnatant PC as in chylomicron PC, suggesting that chylomicron and lymph subnatant PC might be supplied from different PC precursor pools.(32)P(i) was infused into similarly prepared rats to judge chylomicron PC synthesized from de novo sources. In these experiments it was found that the percentage of chylomicron PC derived from de novo synthesis was inversely related to the PC concentration of the infusate. This suggests that exogenously infused PC inhibits de novo PC synthesis. When [(32)P]rat bile PC was infused with [(14)C-glycerol]potato PC, the bile PC was preferred as a chylomicron precursor despite the greater similarity of the saturated fatty acids of potato PC to those of chylomicron PC. When the saturated fatty acids of bile and chylomicron PC were compared, chylomicron PC was significantly richer in stearate, suggesting extensive enterocyte modification of the saturated fatty acids of bile PC.", "contents": "The origin of chylomicron phosphatidylcholine in the rat. This study investigates the pathways of origin of chylomicron phosphatidylcholine (PC) using a lymph- and bile-fistulated rat infused with a stabilized triolein emulsion. [(14)C-glycerol]PC was used to evaluate chylomicron PC generated by lyso PC acyltransferase. The percentage of chylomicron PC derived from the PC infused was directly proportional to the PC concentration in the infusate. When the infusate PC concentration was 10 mM, essentially all the chylomicron PC was derived therefrom at 4-6 h of infusion. Incorporation of the radiolabel was not found to be as great in the lymph subnatant PC as in chylomicron PC, suggesting that chylomicron and lymph subnatant PC might be supplied from different PC precursor pools.(32)P(i) was infused into similarly prepared rats to judge chylomicron PC synthesized from de novo sources. In these experiments it was found that the percentage of chylomicron PC derived from de novo synthesis was inversely related to the PC concentration of the infusate. This suggests that exogenously infused PC inhibits de novo PC synthesis. When [(32)P]rat bile PC was infused with [(14)C-glycerol]potato PC, the bile PC was preferred as a chylomicron precursor despite the greater similarity of the saturated fatty acids of potato PC to those of chylomicron PC. When the saturated fatty acids of bile and chylomicron PC were compared, chylomicron PC was significantly richer in stearate, suggesting extensive enterocyte modification of the saturated fatty acids of bile PC."}
{"id": "PMID:874100", "title": "The role of the liver in glucagon metabolism.", "content": "Total plasma immunoreactive pancreatic glucagon (IRG) was measured in samples taken simultaneously from the proximal portal vein and superior vena cava of 26 healthy rats. The portal-peripheral ratio of IRG was 2.80+/-0.25, the portal-peripheral difference (Delta) 124+/-15 pg/ml, and percentage extraction 58+/-3. Gel filtration of paired portal and peripheral vein samples showed that reduction in the 3,500-dalton IRG component (glucagon) in peripheral samples accounted for almost all the differences, there being minimal and inconsistent changes in the high molecular weight (>40,000) fraction. The portal-peripheral ratio of the 3,500-dalton glucagon was 5.24+/-1.10, the portal-peripheral difference 130+/-33 pg/ml, and the percentage extraction 81+/-5. To study the transhepatic differences in the 9,000-dalton \"proglucagon-like\" material, the experiment was repeated in nine rats 24 h after bilateral nephrectomy, a procedure which increases plasma levels of this fraction. The portal-peripheral ratio for plasma IRG in these rats was 1.48+/-0.12, the portal-peripheral difference 140+/-29 pg/ml, and percentage extraction 28+/-5. Gel filtration revealed no consistent differences between portal and peripheral concentrations of the 9,000- and >40,000-dalton components, which comprised 40 and 13%, respectively, of the mean IRG level of 492+/-35 pg/ml. In contrast, there were marked differences between portal and peripheral levels of the 3,500-dalton component the ratio being 3.42+/-0.63, the portal-peripheral difference 182+/-32 pg/ml, and percentage extraction 64+/-5. Similar studies in a healthy dog, in which species there are significant circulating levels of the 9,000-dalton IRG component, confirmed the selective hepatic extraction of the 3,500-dalton fraction. We conclude that the various IRG fractions are metabolized differently by the liver, and that portal-peripheral ratios based on direct assay of plasma IRG will vary depending on the percentage glucagon immunoreactivity in each fraction; the greater the combined contribution of fractions other than the 3,500-dalton component to total plasma IRG, the lower will be the ratio. Because of the heterogeneity of circulating IRG and significant differences in the metabolism of its various components, gel filtration of plasma samples is necessary for precise quantitation of the hepatic uptake of each particular fraction.", "contents": "The role of the liver in glucagon metabolism. Total plasma immunoreactive pancreatic glucagon (IRG) was measured in samples taken simultaneously from the proximal portal vein and superior vena cava of 26 healthy rats. The portal-peripheral ratio of IRG was 2.80+/-0.25, the portal-peripheral difference (Delta) 124+/-15 pg/ml, and percentage extraction 58+/-3. Gel filtration of paired portal and peripheral vein samples showed that reduction in the 3,500-dalton IRG component (glucagon) in peripheral samples accounted for almost all the differences, there being minimal and inconsistent changes in the high molecular weight (>40,000) fraction. The portal-peripheral ratio of the 3,500-dalton glucagon was 5.24+/-1.10, the portal-peripheral difference 130+/-33 pg/ml, and the percentage extraction 81+/-5. To study the transhepatic differences in the 9,000-dalton \"proglucagon-like\" material, the experiment was repeated in nine rats 24 h after bilateral nephrectomy, a procedure which increases plasma levels of this fraction. The portal-peripheral ratio for plasma IRG in these rats was 1.48+/-0.12, the portal-peripheral difference 140+/-29 pg/ml, and percentage extraction 28+/-5. Gel filtration revealed no consistent differences between portal and peripheral concentrations of the 9,000- and >40,000-dalton components, which comprised 40 and 13%, respectively, of the mean IRG level of 492+/-35 pg/ml. In contrast, there were marked differences between portal and peripheral levels of the 3,500-dalton component the ratio being 3.42+/-0.63, the portal-peripheral difference 182+/-32 pg/ml, and percentage extraction 64+/-5. Similar studies in a healthy dog, in which species there are significant circulating levels of the 9,000-dalton IRG component, confirmed the selective hepatic extraction of the 3,500-dalton fraction. We conclude that the various IRG fractions are metabolized differently by the liver, and that portal-peripheral ratios based on direct assay of plasma IRG will vary depending on the percentage glucagon immunoreactivity in each fraction; the greater the combined contribution of fractions other than the 3,500-dalton component to total plasma IRG, the lower will be the ratio. Because of the heterogeneity of circulating IRG and significant differences in the metabolism of its various components, gel filtration of plasma samples is necessary for precise quantitation of the hepatic uptake of each particular fraction."}
{"id": "PMID:874101", "title": "Studies on the role of cephalic-vagal stimulation in the acid secretory response to eating in normal human subjects.", "content": "These experiments were performed to determine the importance of cephalic-vagal stimulation in the acid secretory response to eating in normal human subjects. Cephalic stimulation was induced by a modified sham feeding (MSF) technique, during which subjects chewed and expectorated appetizing food. The response to MSF was compared with that to gastric distention with 600 ml NaCl, glucose, or food. In addition, we measured the extent to which cephalic stimulation augments acid secretion that has been stimulated simultaneously by these other mechanisms. Our conclusions are as follows: (a) cephalic stimulation accounts for approximately one-third of the acid secreted when all mechanisms act simultaneously (food-distention plus MSF); (b) within the limits imposed by the maximal secretory capacity, the response to MSF is approximately the same, regardless of whether acid secretion is otherwise unstimulated or is stimulated simultaneously by gastric distention with NaCl, glucose, or food; and (c) gastric distention prolongs the response to cephalic stimulation.", "contents": "Studies on the role of cephalic-vagal stimulation in the acid secretory response to eating in normal human subjects. These experiments were performed to determine the importance of cephalic-vagal stimulation in the acid secretory response to eating in normal human subjects. Cephalic stimulation was induced by a modified sham feeding (MSF) technique, during which subjects chewed and expectorated appetizing food. The response to MSF was compared with that to gastric distention with 600 ml NaCl, glucose, or food. In addition, we measured the extent to which cephalic stimulation augments acid secretion that has been stimulated simultaneously by these other mechanisms. Our conclusions are as follows: (a) cephalic stimulation accounts for approximately one-third of the acid secreted when all mechanisms act simultaneously (food-distention plus MSF); (b) within the limits imposed by the maximal secretory capacity, the response to MSF is approximately the same, regardless of whether acid secretion is otherwise unstimulated or is stimulated simultaneously by gastric distention with NaCl, glucose, or food; and (c) gastric distention prolongs the response to cephalic stimulation."}
{"id": "PMID:874102", "title": "Perifusion of isolated rat adipose cells. Modulation of lipolysis by adenosine.", "content": "Incubation of isolated rat epididymal fat cells is associated with the accumulation of adenosine in the incubation medium. To more clearly define the effect of adenosine on lipolysis, isolated rat epididymal adipocytes were studied with the perifusion system. Various combinations of epinephrine, adenosine, and adenosine deaminase were perifused through the adipocytes. Exogenous adenosine, 0.001-10.0 muM, had no discernible influence upon unstimulated lipolysis; but exogenous adenosine inhibited epinephrine-sensitive lipolysis in a concentration-dependent manner. Cells perifused with 0.3 muM epinephrine plus 0.001 muM adenosine did not show any impairment of the lipolytic response to 0.3 muM epinephrine alone. Adenosine, 0.01 muM, inhibited the response to epinephrine by 50%; response to 0.3 muM epinephrine plus 0.1 muM adenosine was similar to the basal rate. Perifusion with adenosine deaminase significantly increased basal lipolysis to 30% of the epinephrine response. Adenosine deaminase and epinephrine were synergistic in stimulating lipolysis to 180% of the response to epinephrine alone. Isolated fat cells were incubated for 30 min, and the cell-free used medium was perifused through fresh fat cells. Epinephrine in used medium was less effective in promoting lipolysis than epinephrine in fresh buffer. High-pressure liquid chromatography identified adenosine in the used medium. Bovine serum albumin possessed adenosine deaminase activity but accounted for negligible conversion of adenosine to inosine. Adenosine is shown to have a modulating effect upon basal and hormone-stimulated lipolysis in the perifusion system. Sufficient endogenous adenosine (<0.01 muM) is present to maximally affect basal lipolysis. Hormone-stimulated lipolysis, although inhibited somewhat by endogenous adenosine, requires the addition of exogenous adenosine for complete inhibition.", "contents": "Perifusion of isolated rat adipose cells. Modulation of lipolysis by adenosine. Incubation of isolated rat epididymal fat cells is associated with the accumulation of adenosine in the incubation medium. To more clearly define the effect of adenosine on lipolysis, isolated rat epididymal adipocytes were studied with the perifusion system. Various combinations of epinephrine, adenosine, and adenosine deaminase were perifused through the adipocytes. Exogenous adenosine, 0.001-10.0 muM, had no discernible influence upon unstimulated lipolysis; but exogenous adenosine inhibited epinephrine-sensitive lipolysis in a concentration-dependent manner. Cells perifused with 0.3 muM epinephrine plus 0.001 muM adenosine did not show any impairment of the lipolytic response to 0.3 muM epinephrine alone. Adenosine, 0.01 muM, inhibited the response to epinephrine by 50%; response to 0.3 muM epinephrine plus 0.1 muM adenosine was similar to the basal rate. Perifusion with adenosine deaminase significantly increased basal lipolysis to 30% of the epinephrine response. Adenosine deaminase and epinephrine were synergistic in stimulating lipolysis to 180% of the response to epinephrine alone. Isolated fat cells were incubated for 30 min, and the cell-free used medium was perifused through fresh fat cells. Epinephrine in used medium was less effective in promoting lipolysis than epinephrine in fresh buffer. High-pressure liquid chromatography identified adenosine in the used medium. Bovine serum albumin possessed adenosine deaminase activity but accounted for negligible conversion of adenosine to inosine. Adenosine is shown to have a modulating effect upon basal and hormone-stimulated lipolysis in the perifusion system. Sufficient endogenous adenosine (<0.01 muM) is present to maximally affect basal lipolysis. Hormone-stimulated lipolysis, although inhibited somewhat by endogenous adenosine, requires the addition of exogenous adenosine for complete inhibition."}
{"id": "PMID:874103", "title": "A new antigen system expressed in human endothelial cells.", "content": "Kidney transplant recipients were previously found to have antibodies that reacted with cells isolated from the endothelium of umbilical cord veins and which were not cytotoxic for lymphocytes from the same donors. Results of the present experiments indicate that endothelial (E) antigens are different from previously known HLA antigens and also from Ia-like antigens of bone marrow-derived (B) lymphocytes. Attempts to absorb E antibodies with lymphocytes from E-positive donors failed in most cases. Antigen redistribution experiments showed that E antigens were located in separate molecules from the products of HLA-A, B, and C. Thus, E cells treated with E antibody became resistant to lysis by the antibody used, but remained susceptible to the effects of typing sera for alleles of HLA-A, B, and C. Antibodies to E cells were also cytotoxic for blood monocytes. Moreover, monocytes were able to absorb E-antibody reactions, indicating that similar antigens were expressed in both cells. E antibodies did not react with B lymphocytes isolated from peripheral blood. In that regard E antibodies were different from antibodies to human Ia-like antigens which reacted with E cells, monocytes, and isolated B lymphocytes. Thus it appears that E antigens constitute a system of human alloantigens which has not been previously identified. The possibility that these antigens play a role in kidney allograft rejection should now be investigated since matching can be performed using monocytes isolated from the blood of recipients and donors.", "contents": "A new antigen system expressed in human endothelial cells. Kidney transplant recipients were previously found to have antibodies that reacted with cells isolated from the endothelium of umbilical cord veins and which were not cytotoxic for lymphocytes from the same donors. Results of the present experiments indicate that endothelial (E) antigens are different from previously known HLA antigens and also from Ia-like antigens of bone marrow-derived (B) lymphocytes. Attempts to absorb E antibodies with lymphocytes from E-positive donors failed in most cases. Antigen redistribution experiments showed that E antigens were located in separate molecules from the products of HLA-A, B, and C. Thus, E cells treated with E antibody became resistant to lysis by the antibody used, but remained susceptible to the effects of typing sera for alleles of HLA-A, B, and C. Antibodies to E cells were also cytotoxic for blood monocytes. Moreover, monocytes were able to absorb E-antibody reactions, indicating that similar antigens were expressed in both cells. E antibodies did not react with B lymphocytes isolated from peripheral blood. In that regard E antibodies were different from antibodies to human Ia-like antigens which reacted with E cells, monocytes, and isolated B lymphocytes. Thus it appears that E antigens constitute a system of human alloantigens which has not been previously identified. The possibility that these antigens play a role in kidney allograft rejection should now be investigated since matching can be performed using monocytes isolated from the blood of recipients and donors."}
{"id": "PMID:874104", "title": "Massive extranglandular aromatization of plasma androstenedione resulting in feminization of a prepubertal boy.", "content": "This report describes the mechanism of origin and the quantity of estrogen produced in a prepubertal boy who developed severe feminization at 8 yr of age as the result of a heretofore undescribed metabolic abnormality. The clinical findings were gynecomastia and accelerated linear growth and bone maturation. At the time feminization developed, there were no signs of growth or development of the otherwise normal prepubertal male external genitalia or any increase of muscle mass that normally accompanies male puberty. The hyperestrogenism was found to be the consequence of massive extraglandular conversion of plasma androstenedione to estrone. During a 6-mo period of study, the plasma production rate of androstenedione ranged from 1.2 to 1.6 mg/day. More than 55% of plasma androstenedione was metabolized by aromatization to estrone which, in turn, was extensively sulfurylated in the tissue sites of aromatization before its entry into the blood. Thus, estrone sulfate was the final product in the aromatizing sites, and the plasma production rate of estrone sulfate derived from plasma androstenedione was 782 mug/24 h. The extent of extraglandular conversion of plasma androstenedione to estrone measured in this boy was 50 times that observed in two normal prepubertal boys. Moreover, 94% of the extraglandular aromatization occurred in extrahepatic sites. The metabolic clearance rate of plasma androstenedione, 2,380 liters/day per m(2), was markedly increased in this boy. Approximately 1,500 liters of plasma androstenedione clearance was accounted for by extrahepatic, extraglandular aromatization. The fractional conversion of testosterone to estradiol, 0.16, was 50 times greater in this boy than that observed in normal young adult men. The total extent of aromatization of plasma prehormones was even greater in this boy inasmuch as evidence was obtained that aromatization of 16-hydroxysteroids, e.g. 16alpha-hydroxy androstenedione and 16alpha-hydroxy dehydroisoandrosterone (sulfate), resulted in estriol formation independent of estrone formation. Thus, extensive extrahepatic, extraglandular aromatization resulted in advanced feminization in this prepubertal boy by a previously undescribed metabolic abnormality.", "contents": "Massive extranglandular aromatization of plasma androstenedione resulting in feminization of a prepubertal boy. This report describes the mechanism of origin and the quantity of estrogen produced in a prepubertal boy who developed severe feminization at 8 yr of age as the result of a heretofore undescribed metabolic abnormality. The clinical findings were gynecomastia and accelerated linear growth and bone maturation. At the time feminization developed, there were no signs of growth or development of the otherwise normal prepubertal male external genitalia or any increase of muscle mass that normally accompanies male puberty. The hyperestrogenism was found to be the consequence of massive extraglandular conversion of plasma androstenedione to estrone. During a 6-mo period of study, the plasma production rate of androstenedione ranged from 1.2 to 1.6 mg/day. More than 55% of plasma androstenedione was metabolized by aromatization to estrone which, in turn, was extensively sulfurylated in the tissue sites of aromatization before its entry into the blood. Thus, estrone sulfate was the final product in the aromatizing sites, and the plasma production rate of estrone sulfate derived from plasma androstenedione was 782 mug/24 h. The extent of extraglandular conversion of plasma androstenedione to estrone measured in this boy was 50 times that observed in two normal prepubertal boys. Moreover, 94% of the extraglandular aromatization occurred in extrahepatic sites. The metabolic clearance rate of plasma androstenedione, 2,380 liters/day per m(2), was markedly increased in this boy. Approximately 1,500 liters of plasma androstenedione clearance was accounted for by extrahepatic, extraglandular aromatization. The fractional conversion of testosterone to estradiol, 0.16, was 50 times greater in this boy than that observed in normal young adult men. The total extent of aromatization of plasma prehormones was even greater in this boy inasmuch as evidence was obtained that aromatization of 16-hydroxysteroids, e.g. 16alpha-hydroxy androstenedione and 16alpha-hydroxy dehydroisoandrosterone (sulfate), resulted in estriol formation independent of estrone formation. Thus, extensive extrahepatic, extraglandular aromatization resulted in advanced feminization in this prepubertal boy by a previously undescribed metabolic abnormality."}
{"id": "PMID:874105", "title": "Respiratory muscle blood flow distribution during expiratory resistance.", "content": "When work load on the respiratory system is increased the relative increase in blood flow to each of the muscles of breathing provides an index of how the augmented effort of breathing is partitioned among the different muscles. We have used a radio-active microsphere technique to measure blood flow to each of the muscles of respiration in supine dogs during unobstructed respiration and breathing against graded expiratory threshold loads. 79% of the augmented flow went to expiratory muscles; of this increased flow to expiratory muscles 74% went to abdominal wall muscles and 26% to internal intercostals. In our earlier studies of hyperventilation induced by CO(2) rebreathing where expiratory work loads were low, 44% of the increase in flow went to expiratory muscles; of this, only 39% went to abdominal wall muscles and 61% to internal intercostals. During inspiratory resistance which produced small increases in expiratory work, 27% of the increase in blood flow went to expiratory muscles; of this, only 37% went to abdominal wall muscles and 63% to internal intercostals. These results suggest that the internal intercostals are predominantly used for expiration when expiratory work loads are low, whereas the abdominal wall muscles are predominantly used when loads are high. For similar rates of pressure-volume work done on the lung, the total respiratory muscle blood flow is significantly greater during expiratory loads than during unobstructed hyperventilation or inspiratory loads. Thus, the abdominal wall muscles that are utilized for overcoming high pressure expiratory loads are relatively inefficient in converting metabolic energy into pressure-volume work.", "contents": "Respiratory muscle blood flow distribution during expiratory resistance. When work load on the respiratory system is increased the relative increase in blood flow to each of the muscles of breathing provides an index of how the augmented effort of breathing is partitioned among the different muscles. We have used a radio-active microsphere technique to measure blood flow to each of the muscles of respiration in supine dogs during unobstructed respiration and breathing against graded expiratory threshold loads. 79% of the augmented flow went to expiratory muscles; of this increased flow to expiratory muscles 74% went to abdominal wall muscles and 26% to internal intercostals. In our earlier studies of hyperventilation induced by CO(2) rebreathing where expiratory work loads were low, 44% of the increase in flow went to expiratory muscles; of this, only 39% went to abdominal wall muscles and 61% to internal intercostals. During inspiratory resistance which produced small increases in expiratory work, 27% of the increase in blood flow went to expiratory muscles; of this, only 37% went to abdominal wall muscles and 63% to internal intercostals. These results suggest that the internal intercostals are predominantly used for expiration when expiratory work loads are low, whereas the abdominal wall muscles are predominantly used when loads are high. For similar rates of pressure-volume work done on the lung, the total respiratory muscle blood flow is significantly greater during expiratory loads than during unobstructed hyperventilation or inspiratory loads. Thus, the abdominal wall muscles that are utilized for overcoming high pressure expiratory loads are relatively inefficient in converting metabolic energy into pressure-volume work."}
{"id": "PMID:874106", "title": "Activation of rabbit platelets by platelet-activating factor derived from IgE-sensitized basophils. Characteristics of the aggregation and its dissociation from secretion.", "content": "Platelet-activating factor (PAF) is liberated from antigen-stimulated, IgE-sensitized rabbit basophils and induces aggregation of platelets and secretion of their content of vasoactive amines. Experiments were performed to determine the relationship between these two platelet responses to this stimulus.(a) Aggregation was initiated by appreciably lower concentrations of PAF than were required to produce even minimal release of constituents. PAF-induced aggregation was also resistant to agents which destroy ADP, such as creatine phosphate/creatine phosphokinase or apyrase, and occurred with platelets made unresponsive (refractory) to ADP. It was concluded that PAF can induce aggregation by a mechanism which is distinguishable from the release reaction and from the aggregating effect of ADP.(b) Secretion can probably occur independently of aggregation because incubation without agitation resulted in secretion without detectable aggregation.(c) Despite the suggestion that the two platelet responses can be independent, they may be induced by the same stimulus. This was indicated by experiments in which platelets specifically desensitized to PAF-induced secretion were also found to be unresponsive to PAF-stimulated aggregation. Moreover, identical levels of inhibition and identical inhibition profiles were obtained for both responses with serine esterase inhibitor, diisopropylphosphofluoridate, and with amino acid esters. It was concluded that the same stimulus-specific activable protease (esterase) was most likely involved in PAF-induced aggregation and secretion.", "contents": "Activation of rabbit platelets by platelet-activating factor derived from IgE-sensitized basophils. Characteristics of the aggregation and its dissociation from secretion. Platelet-activating factor (PAF) is liberated from antigen-stimulated, IgE-sensitized rabbit basophils and induces aggregation of platelets and secretion of their content of vasoactive amines. Experiments were performed to determine the relationship between these two platelet responses to this stimulus.(a) Aggregation was initiated by appreciably lower concentrations of PAF than were required to produce even minimal release of constituents. PAF-induced aggregation was also resistant to agents which destroy ADP, such as creatine phosphate/creatine phosphokinase or apyrase, and occurred with platelets made unresponsive (refractory) to ADP. It was concluded that PAF can induce aggregation by a mechanism which is distinguishable from the release reaction and from the aggregating effect of ADP.(b) Secretion can probably occur independently of aggregation because incubation without agitation resulted in secretion without detectable aggregation.(c) Despite the suggestion that the two platelet responses can be independent, they may be induced by the same stimulus. This was indicated by experiments in which platelets specifically desensitized to PAF-induced secretion were also found to be unresponsive to PAF-stimulated aggregation. Moreover, identical levels of inhibition and identical inhibition profiles were obtained for both responses with serine esterase inhibitor, diisopropylphosphofluoridate, and with amino acid esters. It was concluded that the same stimulus-specific activable protease (esterase) was most likely involved in PAF-induced aggregation and secretion."}
{"id": "PMID:874107", "title": "Isolation of Actinomyces viscosus from two patients with clinical infections.", "content": "The isolation of Actinomyces viscosus from two patients is described. One was a case of multiple myeloma, the organism being found on blood culture; the other was a patient with a submandibular abscess. These are believed to be the first such isolations of A. viscosus in this country.", "contents": "Isolation of Actinomyces viscosus from two patients with clinical infections. The isolation of Actinomyces viscosus from two patients is described. One was a case of multiple myeloma, the organism being found on blood culture; the other was a patient with a submandibular abscess. These are believed to be the first such isolations of A. viscosus in this country."}
{"id": "PMID:874108", "title": "Serum gentamicin assays of 100 clinical serum samples by a rapid 40 degrees C. Klebsiella method compared with overnight plate diffusion and acetyltransferase assays.", "content": "We have compared the results of gentamicin assay of 100 clinical serum samples by a rapid 40 degrees C plate diffusion method, an overnight plate assay at 37 degrees C, and radioactive acetyltransferase methods. The results of assay obtained by both plate diffusion methods agreed closely. There was excellent correlation between the results of acetyltransferase and plate assays provided that human serum gentamicin standards were used for the acetyltransferase assay and turbid sera were excluded. Lipaemic sera were associated with falsely high results by the acetyltransferase method. There was no difference in specificity between the methods when antibiotics other than gentamicin were present. Much less skilled technician time was required to perform the rapid 40 degrees C plate method than the radioactive acetyltransferase method. The 40 degrees C plate method is preferred for routine serum gentamicin assays in our clinical laboratories.", "contents": "Serum gentamicin assays of 100 clinical serum samples by a rapid 40 degrees C. Klebsiella method compared with overnight plate diffusion and acetyltransferase assays. We have compared the results of gentamicin assay of 100 clinical serum samples by a rapid 40 degrees C plate diffusion method, an overnight plate assay at 37 degrees C, and radioactive acetyltransferase methods. The results of assay obtained by both plate diffusion methods agreed closely. There was excellent correlation between the results of acetyltransferase and plate assays provided that human serum gentamicin standards were used for the acetyltransferase assay and turbid sera were excluded. Lipaemic sera were associated with falsely high results by the acetyltransferase method. There was no difference in specificity between the methods when antibiotics other than gentamicin were present. Much less skilled technician time was required to perform the rapid 40 degrees C plate method than the radioactive acetyltransferase method. The 40 degrees C plate method is preferred for routine serum gentamicin assays in our clinical laboratories."}
{"id": "PMID:874109", "title": "Estimation of serum gentamicin by quenching fluoroimmunoassay.", "content": "A new type of non-isotopic immunoassay, applied to the determination of serum gentamicin, is reported. The method is based on partial quenching of fluorescence observed when fluorescein-labelled gentamicin is bound by anti-gentamicin serum. The fluorescence intensity of the labelled gentamicin in an unseparated immunoassay incubation mixture therefore serves to indicate the extent of binding, which is related to the amount of competing unlabelled gentamicin present. Precision and accuracy are shown to be similar to those of the best existing methods for gentamicin, while the new assay is more rapid and technically simpler, and avoids the use of expensive radio-chemicals with their attendant health hazard. Assays of patient samples correlate with established bioassay and polarisation fluoroimmunoassay methods.", "contents": "Estimation of serum gentamicin by quenching fluoroimmunoassay. A new type of non-isotopic immunoassay, applied to the determination of serum gentamicin, is reported. The method is based on partial quenching of fluorescence observed when fluorescein-labelled gentamicin is bound by anti-gentamicin serum. The fluorescence intensity of the labelled gentamicin in an unseparated immunoassay incubation mixture therefore serves to indicate the extent of binding, which is related to the amount of competing unlabelled gentamicin present. Precision and accuracy are shown to be similar to those of the best existing methods for gentamicin, while the new assay is more rapid and technically simpler, and avoids the use of expensive radio-chemicals with their attendant health hazard. Assays of patient samples correlate with established bioassay and polarisation fluoroimmunoassay methods."}
{"id": "PMID:874110", "title": "Cancer-associated proteins in effusion fluids.", "content": "Two cancer-associated proteins, carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) and pregnancy-associated alpha2 glycoprotein (PAG), together with 13 normal serum proteins were measured in the serum and effusion fluid of patients with ascites and pleural effusions. The results indicate that CEA measurement in effusion fluid is more effective than serum measurement in distinguishing cancerous from congestive or inflammatory effusions. Comparisons with the results of cytological examination suggest that fluid CEA estimation may prove a useful clinical tool. Serum PAG levels were higher in patients with cancer, but fluid determination offers no advantage in separating the disease groups. Similarly, the estimation of individual normal serum proteins in effusion fluids is unlikely to be of diagnostic value.", "contents": "Cancer-associated proteins in effusion fluids. Two cancer-associated proteins, carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) and pregnancy-associated alpha2 glycoprotein (PAG), together with 13 normal serum proteins were measured in the serum and effusion fluid of patients with ascites and pleural effusions. The results indicate that CEA measurement in effusion fluid is more effective than serum measurement in distinguishing cancerous from congestive or inflammatory effusions. Comparisons with the results of cytological examination suggest that fluid CEA estimation may prove a useful clinical tool. Serum PAG levels were higher in patients with cancer, but fluid determination offers no advantage in separating the disease groups. Similarly, the estimation of individual normal serum proteins in effusion fluids is unlikely to be of diagnostic value."}
{"id": "PMID:874111", "title": "A new coagulation defect associated with a case of melanomatosis.", "content": "A marked abnormality of the intrinsic coagulation system was observed in a patient with melanomatosis and frank melanuria. With successful treatment of the tumour there was a parallel improvement in the clotting abnormality. This defect was shown to be a deficiency of factor XI together with a previously unrecognised factor. This is distinct from either Fletcher or Fitzgerald factors and appears to act between factors XI and X in the coagulation sequence.", "contents": "A new coagulation defect associated with a case of melanomatosis. A marked abnormality of the intrinsic coagulation system was observed in a patient with melanomatosis and frank melanuria. With successful treatment of the tumour there was a parallel improvement in the clotting abnormality. This defect was shown to be a deficiency of factor XI together with a previously unrecognised factor. This is distinct from either Fletcher or Fitzgerald factors and appears to act between factors XI and X in the coagulation sequence."}
{"id": "PMID:874112", "title": "Cerebral involvement with disseminated intravascular coagulation in intestinal disease.", "content": "Over a two-and-a-half-year period at the Sheffield Royal Infirmary, six patients developed disseminated intravascular coagulation as a serious complication of intestinal disease. There was clinical evidence of cerebral involvement in all six patients, and small vessel thrombi were demonstrated in the brains of all three cases examined post mortem. Where the true significance of the cerebral disorder was not recognised, this led to delay in the diagnosis with serious risk to the patient. In the single case in which the diagnosis was made early, the intravascular coagulation was completely reversed with heparin therapy.", "contents": "Cerebral involvement with disseminated intravascular coagulation in intestinal disease. Over a two-and-a-half-year period at the Sheffield Royal Infirmary, six patients developed disseminated intravascular coagulation as a serious complication of intestinal disease. There was clinical evidence of cerebral involvement in all six patients, and small vessel thrombi were demonstrated in the brains of all three cases examined post mortem. Where the true significance of the cerebral disorder was not recognised, this led to delay in the diagnosis with serious risk to the patient. In the single case in which the diagnosis was made early, the intravascular coagulation was completely reversed with heparin therapy."}
{"id": "PMID:874113", "title": "Light and electron microscopy study of capillaries in normal and inflammatory human synovial membrane.", "content": "Synovium aspirated from the knee joint by trochar was studied by light and electron microscopy in 40 cases of inflammatory arthritis and in 10 controls. The morphology of synovial capillaries, extravascular plasma diffusion, interendothelial vascular gaps, extracapillary blood cell migration, vascular congestion, endothelial hyperplasia, and obliteration of the capillary lumen by endothelial cells were compared in normal and inflammatory synovia. Inflammatory synovitis was characterised by the number and diversity of blood cells migrating through the interendothelial pathway out of the capillary lumen. Polymorphonuclear leucocytes were the blood cells most often seen at interendothelial junctions. No other capillary changes that might be related to synovial inflammation were found.", "contents": "Light and electron microscopy study of capillaries in normal and inflammatory human synovial membrane. Synovium aspirated from the knee joint by trochar was studied by light and electron microscopy in 40 cases of inflammatory arthritis and in 10 controls. The morphology of synovial capillaries, extravascular plasma diffusion, interendothelial vascular gaps, extracapillary blood cell migration, vascular congestion, endothelial hyperplasia, and obliteration of the capillary lumen by endothelial cells were compared in normal and inflammatory synovia. Inflammatory synovitis was characterised by the number and diversity of blood cells migrating through the interendothelial pathway out of the capillary lumen. Polymorphonuclear leucocytes were the blood cells most often seen at interendothelial junctions. No other capillary changes that might be related to synovial inflammation were found."}
{"id": "PMID:874114", "title": "Macrophage infiltration of breast tumours: a prospective study.", "content": "In 50 cases of infiltrating breast cancer investigated in a prospective study the number of macrophages within each tumour was assessed. The macrophages were identified by their cytoplasmic acid phosphatase activity. The number of lymphocytes and plasma cells within the tumours were graded by a scoring technique. Significantly fewer cases with metastases were found among those with high macrophage and plasma cell scores. There was no correlation between lymphoreticular infiltration and the degree of tumour differentiation, but in cases without metastases the lymphoreticular infiltration between tumour cells was nearly always only slight when the macrophage score was low.", "contents": "Macrophage infiltration of breast tumours: a prospective study. In 50 cases of infiltrating breast cancer investigated in a prospective study the number of macrophages within each tumour was assessed. The macrophages were identified by their cytoplasmic acid phosphatase activity. The number of lymphocytes and plasma cells within the tumours were graded by a scoring technique. Significantly fewer cases with metastases were found among those with high macrophage and plasma cell scores. There was no correlation between lymphoreticular infiltration and the degree of tumour differentiation, but in cases without metastases the lymphoreticular infiltration between tumour cells was nearly always only slight when the macrophage score was low."}
{"id": "PMID:874115", "title": "Evaluation of a teaching hospital necropsy service.", "content": "The information returned to the hospital clinician after a necropsy was investigated in a series of 1000 patients. It was found that specific clinical queries were answered in 83% of cases, that the necropsy corrected the major clinical diagnosis in 36% of cases, and that 29% of cases were used for undergraduate or postgraduate teaching. The results demonstrate the continuing value of the necropsy as an investigative and educative procedure.", "contents": "Evaluation of a teaching hospital necropsy service. The information returned to the hospital clinician after a necropsy was investigated in a series of 1000 patients. It was found that specific clinical queries were answered in 83% of cases, that the necropsy corrected the major clinical diagnosis in 36% of cases, and that 29% of cases were used for undergraduate or postgraduate teaching. The results demonstrate the continuing value of the necropsy as an investigative and educative procedure."}
{"id": "PMID:874116", "title": "Delayed matching performance after visual Wulst lesions in pigeons.", "content": "Pigeons were trained preoperatively on a mixed delayed matching-to-sample (DMTS) task in which six different conditions were presented randomly; simultaneous matching, 0-, 1-, 2-, 4-, and 8-sec delays. Subjects that sustained extensive or complete damage to the visual Wulst and moderate damage to hyperstriatum ventrale showed a decrease in accuracy of performance to chance levels at all of the delay conditions as well as on simultaneous matching. After extensive retraining on the 0-sec-delay matching alone, performance on 0-sec-delay and simultaneous matching, presented in mixed DMTS, improved to between 70% and 90% correct. However, performance on delay conditions remained at chance level. All but one bird failed to show signs of postoperative improvement on delay problems in the course of the final testing. The data suggest that the conditional property of the task was a critical factor in the initial drop in accuracy on all of the presented problems. The relatively permanent loss of accuracy on all delay conditions is attributed mainly to the temporal separation of sample and comparison stimuli.", "contents": "Delayed matching performance after visual Wulst lesions in pigeons. Pigeons were trained preoperatively on a mixed delayed matching-to-sample (DMTS) task in which six different conditions were presented randomly; simultaneous matching, 0-, 1-, 2-, 4-, and 8-sec delays. Subjects that sustained extensive or complete damage to the visual Wulst and moderate damage to hyperstriatum ventrale showed a decrease in accuracy of performance to chance levels at all of the delay conditions as well as on simultaneous matching. After extensive retraining on the 0-sec-delay matching alone, performance on 0-sec-delay and simultaneous matching, presented in mixed DMTS, improved to between 70% and 90% correct. However, performance on delay conditions remained at chance level. All but one bird failed to show signs of postoperative improvement on delay problems in the course of the final testing. The data suggest that the conditional property of the task was a critical factor in the initial drop in accuracy on all of the presented problems. The relatively permanent loss of accuracy on all delay conditions is attributed mainly to the temporal separation of sample and comparison stimuli."}
{"id": "PMID:874117", "title": "Intensity difference thresholds after lesions of the visual Wulst in pigeons.", "content": "Visual intensity difference thresholds were studied before and after telencephalic lesions in pigeons. Subjects with visual Wulst lesions showed initial postoperative threshold elevations that represented losses of 19%-49% of their preoperative sensory capacity. This initial loss was correlated with the extent of damage to three components of the visual Wulst: nucleus intercalatus hyperstriati accessorii, hyperstriatum intercalatus suprema, and hyperstriatum accessorium. The damage to hyperstriatum dorsale, another component of the visual Wulst, made no contribution to the initial deficit. The sensory capacity of all but one pigeon improved as a result of postoperative retraining.", "contents": "Intensity difference thresholds after lesions of the visual Wulst in pigeons. Visual intensity difference thresholds were studied before and after telencephalic lesions in pigeons. Subjects with visual Wulst lesions showed initial postoperative threshold elevations that represented losses of 19%-49% of their preoperative sensory capacity. This initial loss was correlated with the extent of damage to three components of the visual Wulst: nucleus intercalatus hyperstriati accessorii, hyperstriatum intercalatus suprema, and hyperstriatum accessorium. The damage to hyperstriatum dorsale, another component of the visual Wulst, made no contribution to the initial deficit. The sensory capacity of all but one pigeon improved as a result of postoperative retraining."}
{"id": "PMID:874118", "title": "Absence of differential associative responses to novel and familiar taste stimuli in rats lacking gustatory neocortex.", "content": "Rats lacking gustatory neocortex (n = 24) and normal rats (n = 24) were familiarized to either hydrochloric acid (10(-1.6) M) or quinine hydrochloride (10(-4) M) solutions during free-drinking trials. They were trained subsequently to avoid either the familiar or the novel taste stimulus, using a balanced design, by pairing the to-be-associated taste with ip injections of apomorphine hydrochloride. Balanced, nonpaired presentations of the other taste solution and water were presented also. Normal rats more efficiently learned to avoid the novel compared with the familiar taste. Rats with gustatory neocortex lesions did not differentiate novel from familiar tastes. They learned aversions to both in a manner highly similar to the aversion learning of familiar tastes by the normal group. Therefore, rats lacking gustatory neocortex displayed an associative deficiency, relative to normal, only when they were trained on novel stimuli. This observation supports an earlier suggestion that gustatory neocortex lesions disrupt the conditionability of taste stimuli by reducing or eliminating responses to taste novelty. This suggestion is supported further by the absence of a \"neophobic\" response in the operated rats to the first presentation of a taste stimulus.", "contents": "Absence of differential associative responses to novel and familiar taste stimuli in rats lacking gustatory neocortex. Rats lacking gustatory neocortex (n = 24) and normal rats (n = 24) were familiarized to either hydrochloric acid (10(-1.6) M) or quinine hydrochloride (10(-4) M) solutions during free-drinking trials. They were trained subsequently to avoid either the familiar or the novel taste stimulus, using a balanced design, by pairing the to-be-associated taste with ip injections of apomorphine hydrochloride. Balanced, nonpaired presentations of the other taste solution and water were presented also. Normal rats more efficiently learned to avoid the novel compared with the familiar taste. Rats with gustatory neocortex lesions did not differentiate novel from familiar tastes. They learned aversions to both in a manner highly similar to the aversion learning of familiar tastes by the normal group. Therefore, rats lacking gustatory neocortex displayed an associative deficiency, relative to normal, only when they were trained on novel stimuli. This observation supports an earlier suggestion that gustatory neocortex lesions disrupt the conditionability of taste stimuli by reducing or eliminating responses to taste novelty. This suggestion is supported further by the absence of a \"neophobic\" response in the operated rats to the first presentation of a taste stimulus."}
{"id": "PMID:874119", "title": "Damage to hippocampus and hippocampal connections: effects on DRL and spontaneous alternation.", "content": "Male albino rats were tested both pre- and postoperatively either on a schedule of differential reinforcement of low-rate responding (DRL 20 sec; Experiment 1) or for spontaneous alternation (Experiment 2). Selective lesions were produced in the hippocampus and its fiber connections. Performance of both behaviors was consistently disrupted by total fornix, medial fornix, and septum lesions, while neither behavior was significantly disrupted by postcommissural fornix or entorhinal cortex lesions. Anterior hippocampus lesions consistently disrupted only DRL performance, while neither posterior hippocampus nor lateral fornix lesions resulted in consistently impaired performance of either behavior. These data are discussed as representing a possible functional differentiation between anterior and posterior portions of the hippocampal system.", "contents": "Damage to hippocampus and hippocampal connections: effects on DRL and spontaneous alternation. Male albino rats were tested both pre- and postoperatively either on a schedule of differential reinforcement of low-rate responding (DRL 20 sec; Experiment 1) or for spontaneous alternation (Experiment 2). Selective lesions were produced in the hippocampus and its fiber connections. Performance of both behaviors was consistently disrupted by total fornix, medial fornix, and septum lesions, while neither behavior was significantly disrupted by postcommissural fornix or entorhinal cortex lesions. Anterior hippocampus lesions consistently disrupted only DRL performance, while neither posterior hippocampus nor lateral fornix lesions resulted in consistently impaired performance of either behavior. These data are discussed as representing a possible functional differentiation between anterior and posterior portions of the hippocampal system."}
{"id": "PMID:874120", "title": "Effects of septal lesions on factors of mouse emotionality.", "content": "Sixty mice from two emotionally divergent inbred strains, BALB/Alb and C57BL/10Alb, were assigned to one of three experimental groups: septal surgery, control surgery, and intact. Subsequently, all animals were administered a battery of five tasks that yielded 19 measures of emotionality. Factor scores were computed on six invariant factors obtained previously from these measures. Each factor was analyzed by an analysis of variance design with main effects for strain, sex, lesion, and days of testing. Strain and lesion main effects were found on Motor Discharge and Autonomic Balance, Strain X Lesion interaction effects on Motor Discharge and Tunneling 1, and a Lesion X Sex interaction effect on Territorial Marking. The results support the interpretation that the septum affects distinct processes modulating Autonomic Balance and Motor Discharge factors.", "contents": "Effects of septal lesions on factors of mouse emotionality. Sixty mice from two emotionally divergent inbred strains, BALB/Alb and C57BL/10Alb, were assigned to one of three experimental groups: septal surgery, control surgery, and intact. Subsequently, all animals were administered a battery of five tasks that yielded 19 measures of emotionality. Factor scores were computed on six invariant factors obtained previously from these measures. Each factor was analyzed by an analysis of variance design with main effects for strain, sex, lesion, and days of testing. Strain and lesion main effects were found on Motor Discharge and Autonomic Balance, Strain X Lesion interaction effects on Motor Discharge and Tunneling 1, and a Lesion X Sex interaction effect on Territorial Marking. The results support the interpretation that the septum affects distinct processes modulating Autonomic Balance and Motor Discharge factors."}
{"id": "PMID:874121", "title": "Plasticity of the acoustic startle response in the acutely decerebrate rat.", "content": "Plasticity of the acoustic startle reflex was measured in rats in which a complete transection between the forebrain and midbrain was made. During a period from 60 to 100 min after surgery, startle amplitude in the transected rats was relatively stable and comparable with that of the controls (which had been anesthetized with halothane and placed in a stereotaxic instrument). During this period the transection did not alter the temporal recovery process (with intervals of 2, 4, 8, or 16 sec) or auditory prepulse inhibition (with intervals of 25, 50, 100, 500, or 1,000 msec) or the normal reduction in startle caused by high levels of background noise. The transection did prevent the normal increase in startle caused by moderate levels of background noise and eliminated within-session habituation. The effect on habituation was particularly convincing since the curves of the transected and nontransected rats actually crossed. The results are discussed in terms of how the transection procedure can be used to evaluate various hypotheses about underlying mechanisms of startle plasticity.", "contents": "Plasticity of the acoustic startle response in the acutely decerebrate rat. Plasticity of the acoustic startle reflex was measured in rats in which a complete transection between the forebrain and midbrain was made. During a period from 60 to 100 min after surgery, startle amplitude in the transected rats was relatively stable and comparable with that of the controls (which had been anesthetized with halothane and placed in a stereotaxic instrument). During this period the transection did not alter the temporal recovery process (with intervals of 2, 4, 8, or 16 sec) or auditory prepulse inhibition (with intervals of 25, 50, 100, 500, or 1,000 msec) or the normal reduction in startle caused by high levels of background noise. The transection did prevent the normal increase in startle caused by moderate levels of background noise and eliminated within-session habituation. The effect on habituation was particularly convincing since the curves of the transected and nontransected rats actually crossed. The results are discussed in terms of how the transection procedure can be used to evaluate various hypotheses about underlying mechanisms of startle plasticity."}
{"id": "PMID:874122", "title": "Water-intake volume regulation in the rat: schedule-induced drinking compared with water-deprivation-induced drinking.", "content": "Hungry rats drink extremely large amounts of water when they are intermittently fed small amount of food (schedule-induced polydipsia). Are such animals motivated to drink for long durations, to ingest large amounts of fluid, or to do both? When drinking-tube apertures were decreased to slow the rate of water ingestion, each of eight rats spent more time drinking (M = 11.5 min) than when larger apertures were used (M = 7.8 min). The mean volumes ingested were not different. These equal volumes were generated by adjustment of each drink duration in accordance with ingestion rate even during the first few drinks of the sessioons, even when the drinking tubes were frequently switched (every 1-3 min) during the sessions. During drinking induced by water deprivation when food was concurrently available, restriction of the driking-tube apertures reduced intake volumes by 18%-19%. However, when food was not concurrently available during water-deprivation-induced driking, regulation of intake volumes was comparable with that found during schedule-induced polydipsia. These data pose difficulties for theories that ascribe a crucial role to the motor aspects of schedule-induced drinking.", "contents": "Water-intake volume regulation in the rat: schedule-induced drinking compared with water-deprivation-induced drinking. Hungry rats drink extremely large amounts of water when they are intermittently fed small amount of food (schedule-induced polydipsia). Are such animals motivated to drink for long durations, to ingest large amounts of fluid, or to do both? When drinking-tube apertures were decreased to slow the rate of water ingestion, each of eight rats spent more time drinking (M = 11.5 min) than when larger apertures were used (M = 7.8 min). The mean volumes ingested were not different. These equal volumes were generated by adjustment of each drink duration in accordance with ingestion rate even during the first few drinks of the sessioons, even when the drinking tubes were frequently switched (every 1-3 min) during the sessions. During drinking induced by water deprivation when food was concurrently available, restriction of the driking-tube apertures reduced intake volumes by 18%-19%. However, when food was not concurrently available during water-deprivation-induced driking, regulation of intake volumes was comparable with that found during schedule-induced polydipsia. These data pose difficulties for theories that ascribe a crucial role to the motor aspects of schedule-induced drinking."}
{"id": "PMID:874123", "title": "Long-and short-term regulation of feeding patterns in the rat.", "content": "Analysis of feeding patterns in rats showed that the amount of food eaten in relatively long intervals (24-72 hr) was correlated with mean meal size and was essentially uncorrelated with meal frequency. Similarly, the regulatory adjustment in daily food intake occurring in response to changes in environmental temperature was shown to be the result of an adjustment in mean meal size, with no change in meal frequency. On the other hand, the amount of food eaten in relatively short intervals (3-12 hr) was shown to be more highly correlated with meal frequency than with mean meal size, and a reliable correlation between meal size and the postmeal interval was obtained. It was also shown that the meal size/postmeal interval regression equation predicts the long-term relation between mean meal size and the amount of food eaten. Take together, these results indicate that meal frequency is controlled largely by short-term regulatory signals and that at least some long-term regulatory signals affect meal size directly.", "contents": "Long-and short-term regulation of feeding patterns in the rat. Analysis of feeding patterns in rats showed that the amount of food eaten in relatively long intervals (24-72 hr) was correlated with mean meal size and was essentially uncorrelated with meal frequency. Similarly, the regulatory adjustment in daily food intake occurring in response to changes in environmental temperature was shown to be the result of an adjustment in mean meal size, with no change in meal frequency. On the other hand, the amount of food eaten in relatively short intervals (3-12 hr) was shown to be more highly correlated with meal frequency than with mean meal size, and a reliable correlation between meal size and the postmeal interval was obtained. It was also shown that the meal size/postmeal interval regression equation predicts the long-term relation between mean meal size and the amount of food eaten. Take together, these results indicate that meal frequency is controlled largely by short-term regulatory signals and that at least some long-term regulatory signals affect meal size directly."}
{"id": "PMID:874124", "title": "Effects of degree of obesity, age of onset, and weight loss on responsiveness to sensory and external stimuli.", "content": "Four experiments tested responsiveness to external and sensory stimuli in female human subjects who differed in degree of overweight and in age of onset of their obesity. The effects of weight loss upon external responsiveness were assessed by testing subjects before and after weight reduction in order to determine the role of energy deficit and deprivation in mediating heightened responsiveness to external cues. There was no significant positive correlation between degree of overweight and degree of external responsiveness. In general, the age of onset of the obesity was also not a relevant factor in the degree of externality. Weight loss did not change responses to visual and cognitive cue salience manipulations in measures of feeding, emotionality, time perception, and short-term recall, whereas responsiveness to variations in palatability increased following weight reduction. While external cue responsiveness does not appear to result from adiposity per se or from deprivation, responsiveness to taste stimuli may reflect these parameters. The role of external and sensory cues in the development and maintenance of obesity is discussed.", "contents": "Effects of degree of obesity, age of onset, and weight loss on responsiveness to sensory and external stimuli. Four experiments tested responsiveness to external and sensory stimuli in female human subjects who differed in degree of overweight and in age of onset of their obesity. The effects of weight loss upon external responsiveness were assessed by testing subjects before and after weight reduction in order to determine the role of energy deficit and deprivation in mediating heightened responsiveness to external cues. There was no significant positive correlation between degree of overweight and degree of external responsiveness. In general, the age of onset of the obesity was also not a relevant factor in the degree of externality. Weight loss did not change responses to visual and cognitive cue salience manipulations in measures of feeding, emotionality, time perception, and short-term recall, whereas responsiveness to variations in palatability increased following weight reduction. While external cue responsiveness does not appear to result from adiposity per se or from deprivation, responsiveness to taste stimuli may reflect these parameters. The role of external and sensory cues in the development and maintenance of obesity is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:874125", "title": "Generality of learning differences in brain-weight-selected mice.", "content": "Eight lines of mice from two independent selection programs for high, medium, and low brain weight were raised in enriched environments and tested on active avoidance, water maze, operant discrimination, and passive avoidance tasks. Although statistically reliable performance differences were found on each task within at least one selection, there was no consistent relation within selections and across tests or within tests and across selections between brain weight and performance. The results emphasize the necessity of eliminating confounded performance variables in behavior genetic research on learning phenotypes and suggest that brain weight-learing corrleations in mice are either small or nonexistent.", "contents": "Generality of learning differences in brain-weight-selected mice. Eight lines of mice from two independent selection programs for high, medium, and low brain weight were raised in enriched environments and tested on active avoidance, water maze, operant discrimination, and passive avoidance tasks. Although statistically reliable performance differences were found on each task within at least one selection, there was no consistent relation within selections and across tests or within tests and across selections between brain weight and performance. The results emphasize the necessity of eliminating confounded performance variables in behavior genetic research on learning phenotypes and suggest that brain weight-learing corrleations in mice are either small or nonexistent."}
{"id": "PMID:874126", "title": "Tryptophan and tonic immobility in chickens: effects of dietary and systemic manipulations.", "content": "Consistent with a serotonergic-midbrain raphe model of tonic immobility, four experiments designed to affect changes in serum tryptophan produced reliable effects on the duration of the response in chickens. Systemic injections of tryptophan, the dietary precursor to serotonin, led to a dose-dependent increase in immobility, with optimal effects being observed within 30 min after injection. Dietary depletion of endogenous tryptophan served to attenuate the duration of immobility, and a diet completely free of tryptophan, but supplemented with niacin, practically abolished the reaction. Dietary replacement served to reinstate the response. In a fifth experiment, tryptamine, an alternative metabolic by-product of tryptophan, was found to have no effect on immobility. The data are discussed in light of evidence showing serotonergic involvement in tonic immobility.", "contents": "Tryptophan and tonic immobility in chickens: effects of dietary and systemic manipulations. Consistent with a serotonergic-midbrain raphe model of tonic immobility, four experiments designed to affect changes in serum tryptophan produced reliable effects on the duration of the response in chickens. Systemic injections of tryptophan, the dietary precursor to serotonin, led to a dose-dependent increase in immobility, with optimal effects being observed within 30 min after injection. Dietary depletion of endogenous tryptophan served to attenuate the duration of immobility, and a diet completely free of tryptophan, but supplemented with niacin, practically abolished the reaction. Dietary replacement served to reinstate the response. In a fifth experiment, tryptamine, an alternative metabolic by-product of tryptophan, was found to have no effect on immobility. The data are discussed in light of evidence showing serotonergic involvement in tonic immobility."}
{"id": "PMID:874127", "title": "Stimulation of specific regions of brain in rats modifies retention for newly acquired and old habits.", "content": "Three experiments were designed to investigate some effects of low-level stimulation of the amygdaloid complex (AMYG) and the mesencephalic reticular formation (MRF). Experiment 1 used a tilt box to test for motivational and/or reinforcement effects and failed to demonstrate these effects with stimulation of either structure. Experiment 2 used a one-trial fear-conditioning task and revealed that stimulation of the AMYG disrupted retention when given immediately after training or, under some conditions, 4 days after training. In the same task, Experiment 3 showed that stimulation of the MRF enhanced retention when given immediately after training or, under some conditions, 4 days after training. These data indicate that under these conditions, modification of retention by low-level stimulation of specific brain structures is independent of the age of the memory. Some implications of this result are discussed.", "contents": "Stimulation of specific regions of brain in rats modifies retention for newly acquired and old habits. Three experiments were designed to investigate some effects of low-level stimulation of the amygdaloid complex (AMYG) and the mesencephalic reticular formation (MRF). Experiment 1 used a tilt box to test for motivational and/or reinforcement effects and failed to demonstrate these effects with stimulation of either structure. Experiment 2 used a one-trial fear-conditioning task and revealed that stimulation of the AMYG disrupted retention when given immediately after training or, under some conditions, 4 days after training. In the same task, Experiment 3 showed that stimulation of the MRF enhanced retention when given immediately after training or, under some conditions, 4 days after training. These data indicate that under these conditions, modification of retention by low-level stimulation of specific brain structures is independent of the age of the memory. Some implications of this result are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:874128", "title": "Selenium/vitamin E: role in fertilization of bovine ova.", "content": "The effect of combined supplementation with selenium and Vitamin E upon fertilization of ova was evaluated in beef cattle maintained on either an adequate or inadequate nutrition. Fertilization of ova was 100% in those females receiving supplemental selenium/vitamin E and on an adequate plane of nutrition. Interaction between plane of nutrition and selenium/vitamin E was significant for percent fertility.", "contents": "Selenium/vitamin E: role in fertilization of bovine ova. The effect of combined supplementation with selenium and Vitamin E upon fertilization of ova was evaluated in beef cattle maintained on either an adequate or inadequate nutrition. Fertilization of ova was 100% in those females receiving supplemental selenium/vitamin E and on an adequate plane of nutrition. Interaction between plane of nutrition and selenium/vitamin E was significant for percent fertility."}
{"id": "PMID:874129", "title": "Protein, casein, and noncasein protein percentages in milk with high somatic cell counts.", "content": "More than 1000 milk samples of individual cows with somatic cell counts ranging from 20,000 to 20,000,000 per ml were analyzed by amido black dye binding for total protein, whey protein, and casein. Ten classes of varying somatic cell counts were established. The mean total protein percentage for normal samples (counts less than 500,000/ml) was 3.2% and different from all the other protein class means, ranging from 3.4 to 3.9%. Total protein content increased with somatic cell count. There was no significant difference among any of the ten classes for casein values. Whey protein percentages for normal samples were different from the rest. Whey protein content increased with somatic cell count.", "contents": "Protein, casein, and noncasein protein percentages in milk with high somatic cell counts. More than 1000 milk samples of individual cows with somatic cell counts ranging from 20,000 to 20,000,000 per ml were analyzed by amido black dye binding for total protein, whey protein, and casein. Ten classes of varying somatic cell counts were established. The mean total protein percentage for normal samples (counts less than 500,000/ml) was 3.2% and different from all the other protein class means, ranging from 3.4 to 3.9%. Total protein content increased with somatic cell count. There was no significant difference among any of the ten classes for casein values. Whey protein percentages for normal samples were different from the rest. Whey protein content increased with somatic cell count."}
{"id": "PMID:874132", "title": "Fetal and maternal mineral concentrations in dairy cattle during late pregnancy.", "content": "Concentrations of ionic and total calcium, magnesium, and inorganic phosphorus in plasma were determined in bovine fetuses and their mothers within the last month before delivery. Mean fetal concentrations were higher than corresponding maternal contents during the 22 days before delivery. Ionic and total calcium in plasma fell towards term in mother and fetus. Fetal phosphorus was elevated before parturition while maternal phosphorus fell. Maternal magnesium was elevated slightly at parturition.", "contents": "Fetal and maternal mineral concentrations in dairy cattle during late pregnancy. Concentrations of ionic and total calcium, magnesium, and inorganic phosphorus in plasma were determined in bovine fetuses and their mothers within the last month before delivery. Mean fetal concentrations were higher than corresponding maternal contents during the 22 days before delivery. Ionic and total calcium in plasma fell towards term in mother and fetus. Fetal phosphorus was elevated before parturition while maternal phosphorus fell. Maternal magnesium was elevated slightly at parturition."}
{"id": "PMID:874133", "title": "Assay of prolactin after freezing cow's milk.", "content": "Concentrations of prolactin were similar in aliquots of the same milk sample stored for 2 days at 4 C or --23 C but averaged lower if prepared for assay at 30 C than if prepared at 40 or 50 C. Average deviations in prolactin between duplicate measurements relative to respective treatment averages were lowest generally when technique of mixing included vortexing for 5 s immediately prior to pipetting volumes of milk for assay. The average deviation of differences in prolactin among duplicate measurements relative to average concentrations of prolactin were about the same for colostrum, milk, and blood plasma (11, 17, and 14%) stored frozen. Prolactin can be measured reliably in frozen cow's milk provided samples are warmed to 40 C to 50 C and mixed thoroughly when prepared for assay.", "contents": "Assay of prolactin after freezing cow's milk. Concentrations of prolactin were similar in aliquots of the same milk sample stored for 2 days at 4 C or --23 C but averaged lower if prepared for assay at 30 C than if prepared at 40 or 50 C. Average deviations in prolactin between duplicate measurements relative to respective treatment averages were lowest generally when technique of mixing included vortexing for 5 s immediately prior to pipetting volumes of milk for assay. The average deviation of differences in prolactin among duplicate measurements relative to average concentrations of prolactin were about the same for colostrum, milk, and blood plasma (11, 17, and 14%) stored frozen. Prolactin can be measured reliably in frozen cow's milk provided samples are warmed to 40 C to 50 C and mixed thoroughly when prepared for assay."}
{"id": "PMID:874143", "title": "A clinical comparison of Xe-127 and Xe-133 for ventilation studies.", "content": "Xenon-133 and xenon-127 were compared by performing ventilation studies with both radionuclides in 19 patients with a variety of lung diseases. Assessment of the counting rate over the chest, relative to the radioactivity in the lungs, permitted the evaluation of each isotope in terms of usable photons detected by a scintillation camera with a large field of view and appropriate collimation. A greater photon yield was obtained with Xe-127. Markedly improved resolution was shown by measurement of a line phantom, but was not apparent on subjective appraisal of scintiphotos except in the washout phase. Xenon-127 appears to be preferable to Xe-133 because of the higher counting rates, lower patient radiation dose, and longer shelf life. In addition, a prior perfusion study using a Tc-99m radiopharmaceutical does not affect the quality of a Xe-127 ventilation study. The use of Xe-127 therefore permits the selection for ventilation studies of only those patients with suspected pulmonary embolism, and eliminates unnecessary radiation exposure. A further improvement in image quality obtained with Xe-127 should be possible with certain modifications of the scintillation camera that would permit use of the 375-keV photopeak along with the 172- and 203-keV gamma energies. Charcoal traps designed for Xe-133 will require additional shielding and longer storage time when used for Xe-127. Xenon-127, however, might be used again after appropriate processing.", "contents": "A clinical comparison of Xe-127 and Xe-133 for ventilation studies. Xenon-133 and xenon-127 were compared by performing ventilation studies with both radionuclides in 19 patients with a variety of lung diseases. Assessment of the counting rate over the chest, relative to the radioactivity in the lungs, permitted the evaluation of each isotope in terms of usable photons detected by a scintillation camera with a large field of view and appropriate collimation. A greater photon yield was obtained with Xe-127. Markedly improved resolution was shown by measurement of a line phantom, but was not apparent on subjective appraisal of scintiphotos except in the washout phase. Xenon-127 appears to be preferable to Xe-133 because of the higher counting rates, lower patient radiation dose, and longer shelf life. In addition, a prior perfusion study using a Tc-99m radiopharmaceutical does not affect the quality of a Xe-127 ventilation study. The use of Xe-127 therefore permits the selection for ventilation studies of only those patients with suspected pulmonary embolism, and eliminates unnecessary radiation exposure. A further improvement in image quality obtained with Xe-127 should be possible with certain modifications of the scintillation camera that would permit use of the 375-keV photopeak along with the 172- and 203-keV gamma energies. Charcoal traps designed for Xe-133 will require additional shielding and longer storage time when used for Xe-127. Xenon-127, however, might be used again after appropriate processing."}
{"id": "PMID:874139", "title": "Thermography of malignant melanomas.", "content": "Thermography is investigated as a tool for the diagnosis of malignant melanoma. A correlation between hyperthermia and malignancy is demonstrated in about two-thirds of the cases examined.", "contents": "Thermography of malignant melanomas. Thermography is investigated as a tool for the diagnosis of malignant melanoma. A correlation between hyperthermia and malignancy is demonstrated in about two-thirds of the cases examined."}
{"id": "PMID:874144", "title": "Dynamic measurement of regional ventilation and perfusion of the lung with Xe-133.", "content": "A method for measuring regional distribution of ventilation and perfusion with Xe-133 during tidal breathing was developed with normal subjects, and compared with current breath-holding techniques in patients and in animals. Normal values for a ventilation index during washin, a perfusion index, and a washout slope index were determined in both supine and upright normal subjects. Comparisons of tidal-breathing and breath-holding measurements in patients with localized bullous disease of the lung showed roughly equal values for perfusion index by the two methods, but the tidal-breathing method was more sensitive to abnormalities in ventilation index. During occlusion of branches of the pulmonary artery in animals, the tidal-breathing and breath-holding methods were again comparable in the measurement of perfusion indices, but the tidal-breathing method provided a more sensitive assessment of ventilatory changes due to partial bronchial occlusion in animals. This technique appears superior to standard methods and is well suited to dynamic measurement of regional ventilation and perfusion in a number of experimental and clinical circumstances.", "contents": "Dynamic measurement of regional ventilation and perfusion of the lung with Xe-133. A method for measuring regional distribution of ventilation and perfusion with Xe-133 during tidal breathing was developed with normal subjects, and compared with current breath-holding techniques in patients and in animals. Normal values for a ventilation index during washin, a perfusion index, and a washout slope index were determined in both supine and upright normal subjects. Comparisons of tidal-breathing and breath-holding measurements in patients with localized bullous disease of the lung showed roughly equal values for perfusion index by the two methods, but the tidal-breathing method was more sensitive to abnormalities in ventilation index. During occlusion of branches of the pulmonary artery in animals, the tidal-breathing and breath-holding methods were again comparable in the measurement of perfusion indices, but the tidal-breathing method provided a more sensitive assessment of ventilatory changes due to partial bronchial occlusion in animals. This technique appears superior to standard methods and is well suited to dynamic measurement of regional ventilation and perfusion in a number of experimental and clinical circumstances."}
{"id": "PMID:874137", "title": "Treatment of melanotic freckles by radiotherapy.", "content": "Uncomplicated cases of melanotic freckles respond well to radiotherapy with grenz rays. If, however, a conversion into melanoma is in progress or already established, the prognosis is poorer and treatment with harder rays combined with surgical excision should be practiced.", "contents": "Treatment of melanotic freckles by radiotherapy. Uncomplicated cases of melanotic freckles respond well to radiotherapy with grenz rays. If, however, a conversion into melanoma is in progress or already established, the prognosis is poorer and treatment with harder rays combined with surgical excision should be practiced."}
{"id": "PMID:874146", "title": "Noninvasive experimental determination of the individual kidney filtration fraction by means of a dual-tracer technique.", "content": "A noninvasive method for measurement of the individual kidney filtration fraction (FF) is presented, based on an analysis of the early rise of the kidneys' time-activity curves obtained after simultaneous injection of tubular [131I] ortho-iodohippurate and glomerular (Tc-99m DTPA) tracers. The analysis is based on the assumption that an insignificant amount of tracer leaves the kidney during the first few moments following injection. Therefore the kidney activity during this period is directly proportional to the integral of the blood (heart) activity. The dual-tracer technique allows the direct calculation of the ratio of glomerular to tubular clearances, i.e., the FF. In vivo studies were performed on 12 dogs, including normals as well as others with acute ureteral ligation or Benemid-induced tubular blockade. The calculated FF correlated well with the FF obtained from single-shot clearances performed simultaneously. We conclude that the FF can be calculated directly for each kidney, noninvasively, from the early part of the tubular and glomerular time-activity curves by noninvasive external detection.", "contents": "Noninvasive experimental determination of the individual kidney filtration fraction by means of a dual-tracer technique. A noninvasive method for measurement of the individual kidney filtration fraction (FF) is presented, based on an analysis of the early rise of the kidneys' time-activity curves obtained after simultaneous injection of tubular [131I] ortho-iodohippurate and glomerular (Tc-99m DTPA) tracers. The analysis is based on the assumption that an insignificant amount of tracer leaves the kidney during the first few moments following injection. Therefore the kidney activity during this period is directly proportional to the integral of the blood (heart) activity. The dual-tracer technique allows the direct calculation of the ratio of glomerular to tubular clearances, i.e., the FF. In vivo studies were performed on 12 dogs, including normals as well as others with acute ureteral ligation or Benemid-induced tubular blockade. The calculated FF correlated well with the FF obtained from single-shot clearances performed simultaneously. We conclude that the FF can be calculated directly for each kidney, noninvasively, from the early part of the tubular and glomerular time-activity curves by noninvasive external detection."}
{"id": "PMID:874145", "title": "Diagnosis of angiotensinogenic hypertension: the complementary roles of renal scintigraphy and the saralasin infusion test.", "content": "A recently developed 1-day screening procedure for angiotensinogenic (\"high-renin\") hypertension is based on (A) a fall in blood pressure in response to intravenous infusion of the angiotensin antagonist, saralasin (P-113), and (B) peripheral venous renin assays by radioimmunoassay, in a sodium-depleted state. Out of 700 hypertensive patients screened by these tests, 160 had renal imaging performed with technetium-99m glucoheptonate and iodine-131 Hippuran. The P-113 infusion test proved superior to peripheral venous renin assays for the detection of angiotensinogenic hypertension. Positive infusion tests correlated well with renal vein renin assays. Frequently, however, both these tests were positive with bilateral renal disease and/or malignant hypertension. While renal imaging proved valuable in indicating which patients had a unilateral abnormality, it frequently could not distinguish unilateral renovascular disease from unilateral parenchymal disease unrelated to angiotensinogenic hypertension. Twenty-five patients in this series had arteriographic renal artery stenosis, of whom 3 had false negative P-113 infusion tests, 9 had negative peripheral renin assays, and 3 had no imaging abnormalities. This study indicates that scintigraphy is a useful procedure for the investigation of hypertensive patients when the initial P-113 infusion test is positive, or discordant with other findings. By imaging, angiotensinogenic hypertension due to bilateral renal disease can be distinguished from unilateral renovascular disease, and the site of the ischemic renal tissue can usually be identified.", "contents": "Diagnosis of angiotensinogenic hypertension: the complementary roles of renal scintigraphy and the saralasin infusion test. A recently developed 1-day screening procedure for angiotensinogenic (\"high-renin\") hypertension is based on (A) a fall in blood pressure in response to intravenous infusion of the angiotensin antagonist, saralasin (P-113), and (B) peripheral venous renin assays by radioimmunoassay, in a sodium-depleted state. Out of 700 hypertensive patients screened by these tests, 160 had renal imaging performed with technetium-99m glucoheptonate and iodine-131 Hippuran. The P-113 infusion test proved superior to peripheral venous renin assays for the detection of angiotensinogenic hypertension. Positive infusion tests correlated well with renal vein renin assays. Frequently, however, both these tests were positive with bilateral renal disease and/or malignant hypertension. While renal imaging proved valuable in indicating which patients had a unilateral abnormality, it frequently could not distinguish unilateral renovascular disease from unilateral parenchymal disease unrelated to angiotensinogenic hypertension. Twenty-five patients in this series had arteriographic renal artery stenosis, of whom 3 had false negative P-113 infusion tests, 9 had negative peripheral renin assays, and 3 had no imaging abnormalities. This study indicates that scintigraphy is a useful procedure for the investigation of hypertensive patients when the initial P-113 infusion test is positive, or discordant with other findings. By imaging, angiotensinogenic hypertension due to bilateral renal disease can be distinguished from unilateral renovascular disease, and the site of the ischemic renal tissue can usually be identified."}
{"id": "PMID:874147", "title": "Gallium-67 citrate imaging in Hodgkin's disease: final report of cooperative group.", "content": "A large cooperative study of Ga-67 uptake in Hodgkin's disease showed that 88% of untreated patients had a positive uptake in one or more lesions. The percent of individual lesions seen on scan, however, was significantly lower; this indicated that negative findings at any one site do not argue strongly against the possiblilty of a lesion there. After treatment, the number of visualized lesions decreased sharply, but the exact role of Ga-67 in evaluating therapy is still not clear. Of the various histologic types of Hodgkin's disease, there was a high incidence of localization in all except the lymphocyte-predominance type, which showed a slightly lower uptake. No lesions less than 1 cm in diameter were successfully imaged and the size most easily detected was 4 cm in diameter. As expected, the imaging technique was much less successful for abdominal lesions than for those at other sites because of interfering concentration in bowel and liver. Both radiotherpy and chemotherapy tend to reverse the abnormalities seen on scan. The finding of a significant number of unsuspected positive lesions in asymptomatic patients returning for routine followup suggests that this is a distinctly valuable use of Ga-67, allowing early therpy for recurrences.", "contents": "Gallium-67 citrate imaging in Hodgkin's disease: final report of cooperative group. A large cooperative study of Ga-67 uptake in Hodgkin's disease showed that 88% of untreated patients had a positive uptake in one or more lesions. The percent of individual lesions seen on scan, however, was significantly lower; this indicated that negative findings at any one site do not argue strongly against the possiblilty of a lesion there. After treatment, the number of visualized lesions decreased sharply, but the exact role of Ga-67 in evaluating therapy is still not clear. Of the various histologic types of Hodgkin's disease, there was a high incidence of localization in all except the lymphocyte-predominance type, which showed a slightly lower uptake. No lesions less than 1 cm in diameter were successfully imaged and the size most easily detected was 4 cm in diameter. As expected, the imaging technique was much less successful for abdominal lesions than for those at other sites because of interfering concentration in bowel and liver. Both radiotherpy and chemotherapy tend to reverse the abnormalities seen on scan. The finding of a significant number of unsuspected positive lesions in asymptomatic patients returning for routine followup suggests that this is a distinctly valuable use of Ga-67, allowing early therpy for recurrences."}
{"id": "PMID:874148", "title": "Bone scanning in osteolytic Paget's disease: case report.", "content": "Technetium-99m polyphosphate bone scans of three elderly patients with osteolytic Paget's disease are presented. Similar findings of increased accumulation of the tracer in the region of diseased bone, and even greater uptake at the advancing edge of osteolysis, are seen in both the skull and long bones. The reason for this scintigraphic pattern is postulated from histologic findings of osteolytic Paget's disease.", "contents": "Bone scanning in osteolytic Paget's disease: case report. Technetium-99m polyphosphate bone scans of three elderly patients with osteolytic Paget's disease are presented. Similar findings of increased accumulation of the tracer in the region of diseased bone, and even greater uptake at the advancing edge of osteolysis, are seen in both the skull and long bones. The reason for this scintigraphic pattern is postulated from histologic findings of osteolytic Paget's disease."}
{"id": "PMID:874138", "title": "Stewart-Treves syndrome: the histopathological evolution of epithelial metastases.", "content": "Clinical, histopathologic, and ultrastructural observations in a patient who developed all the characteristics of the Stewart-Treves syndrome 25 years after mastectomy has convinced the authors that the neoplasm arises as a glandular metastasis after an initial phase of sclerosis and that the neoplastic cells are of myoepithelial type.", "contents": "Stewart-Treves syndrome: the histopathological evolution of epithelial metastases. Clinical, histopathologic, and ultrastructural observations in a patient who developed all the characteristics of the Stewart-Treves syndrome 25 years after mastectomy has convinced the authors that the neoplasm arises as a glandular metastasis after an initial phase of sclerosis and that the neoplastic cells are of myoepithelial type."}
{"id": "PMID:874149", "title": "Phantom kidney in technetium-99m DTPA studies of renal blood flow: case report.", "content": "Renal perfusion, filtration rate, and excretion can be evaluated with technetium-99m diethylenetriamine pentaactate (Tc-DTPA) using immediate and delayed imaging. Two cases are presented in which the immediate images reveal a bilateral distribution of radiotracer characteristic of bilateral renal perfusion, but the delayed images showed no evidence of filtration or excretion on one side. There was congenital absence of the kidney on that side in one case and surgical absence in the other. The apparent renal perfusion on the side of the absent kidney was probably attributable to perfusion of small bowel occupying the renal fossa.", "contents": "Phantom kidney in technetium-99m DTPA studies of renal blood flow: case report. Renal perfusion, filtration rate, and excretion can be evaluated with technetium-99m diethylenetriamine pentaactate (Tc-DTPA) using immediate and delayed imaging. Two cases are presented in which the immediate images reveal a bilateral distribution of radiotracer characteristic of bilateral renal perfusion, but the delayed images showed no evidence of filtration or excretion on one side. There was congenital absence of the kidney on that side in one case and surgical absence in the other. The apparent renal perfusion on the side of the absent kidney was probably attributable to perfusion of small bowel occupying the renal fossa."}
{"id": "PMID:874150", "title": "Nasoethmoidal encephalomeningocele demonstrated by cisternography: case report.", "content": "A mass at the base of the nose, suspected of containing a nasoethmoidal encephalomeningocele, was shown to communicate with the cerebrospinal fluid by cisternography. The diagnosis of encephalomeningocele was confirmed at surgery.", "contents": "Nasoethmoidal encephalomeningocele demonstrated by cisternography: case report. A mass at the base of the nose, suspected of containing a nasoethmoidal encephalomeningocele, was shown to communicate with the cerebrospinal fluid by cisternography. The diagnosis of encephalomeningocele was confirmed at surgery."}
{"id": "PMID:874151", "title": "Radionuclide angiography--brain and bone imaging in craniofacial fibrous dysplasia (CFD): case report.", "content": "Craniofacial fibrous dysplasia (CFD) may show arterial displacement or increased uptake during arterial, capillary, venous, and blood-pool phases of radionuclide angiography. Extensive single or multiple areas of uptake are present on brain and bone images. These findings are probably due to the highly vascular bone often found in CFD. The distribution of the areas of abnormal uptake, along with pertinent clinical history and skull radiographs, usually alllows conditions to be excluded.", "contents": "Radionuclide angiography--brain and bone imaging in craniofacial fibrous dysplasia (CFD): case report. Craniofacial fibrous dysplasia (CFD) may show arterial displacement or increased uptake during arterial, capillary, venous, and blood-pool phases of radionuclide angiography. Extensive single or multiple areas of uptake are present on brain and bone images. These findings are probably due to the highly vascular bone often found in CFD. The distribution of the areas of abnormal uptake, along with pertinent clinical history and skull radiographs, usually alllows conditions to be excluded."}
{"id": "PMID:874152", "title": "Comparison of 19-lodocholesterol and 6-lodomethylnorcholesterol as adrenal-scanning agents.", "content": "The two adrenal-specific compounds, 19-iodocholest-5-en-3beta-ol (19-iodocholesterol) and 6beta-iodometyly-19-norcholest-5(10)-en-3beta-ol (6-iodomethylnorcholesterol), synthesized pure in gram amounts have been labeled with iodine-125 and used for tissue-distribution studies in the rat. Radioactivity from 6-iodomethylnorcholesterol is accumulated in the rat adrenal gland at least 18 times more than is radioactivity from 19-iodocholesterol at 24 hr, and 50 times more at 72 hr. The use of radioactive 6-iodomethylnorcholesterol gave superior adrenal images in rats at earlier times than did radioactive 19-iodocholesterol, and the former should be equally superior when used in humans.", "contents": "Comparison of 19-lodocholesterol and 6-lodomethylnorcholesterol as adrenal-scanning agents. The two adrenal-specific compounds, 19-iodocholest-5-en-3beta-ol (19-iodocholesterol) and 6beta-iodometyly-19-norcholest-5(10)-en-3beta-ol (6-iodomethylnorcholesterol), synthesized pure in gram amounts have been labeled with iodine-125 and used for tissue-distribution studies in the rat. Radioactivity from 6-iodomethylnorcholesterol is accumulated in the rat adrenal gland at least 18 times more than is radioactivity from 19-iodocholesterol at 24 hr, and 50 times more at 72 hr. The use of radioactive 6-iodomethylnorcholesterol gave superior adrenal images in rats at earlier times than did radioactive 19-iodocholesterol, and the former should be equally superior when used in humans."}
{"id": "PMID:874153", "title": "The effect of window fraction on the deadtime of Anger cameras: concise communication.", "content": "The deadtime characteristics of an Anger camera are analyzed using a model consisting of a paralyzable front end and nonparalyzable display circuits. This model differs from previous deadtime analyses in that it considers the change in the fraction of counts passed by the pulse height analyzer as a function of the true count rate. Deadtime curves are analyzed for a Pho/Gamma IV Anger camera using 10%, 20%, and 35% windows.", "contents": "The effect of window fraction on the deadtime of Anger cameras: concise communication. The deadtime characteristics of an Anger camera are analyzed using a model consisting of a paralyzable front end and nonparalyzable display circuits. This model differs from previous deadtime analyses in that it considers the change in the fraction of counts passed by the pulse height analyzer as a function of the true count rate. Deadtime curves are analyzed for a Pho/Gamma IV Anger camera using 10%, 20%, and 35% windows."}
{"id": "PMID:874154", "title": "Thyroid hormones and [14C] glucose metabolism in bacteria.", "content": "The effects of triiodothyronine and thyroxine on metabolism and growth of bacteria were studied. It was observed that over a certain range of concentration thyroxine and triiodothyronine produced increase in 14CO2 release from [14C]-labeled glucose and also stimulated bacteria growth.", "contents": "Thyroid hormones and [14C] glucose metabolism in bacteria. The effects of triiodothyronine and thyroxine on metabolism and growth of bacteria were studied. It was observed that over a certain range of concentration thyroxine and triiodothyronine produced increase in 14CO2 release from [14C]-labeled glucose and also stimulated bacteria growth."}
{"id": "PMID:874162", "title": "Tomographic scintigraphy of regional myocardial perfusion.", "content": "Estimation of the extent of regional ischemia by scintigraphic methods has been hampered by the geometric constraints of two-dimensional imaging. Myocardial perfusion scintigraphy was performed using the Fresnel zone-plate tomographic camera after the injection of Tc-99m microspheres (20-40 micron) into a coronary artery. Coronary artery occlusion was performed in six dogs by embolization via a catheter guidewire system. Twenty milicuries of Tc-99m microspheres were injected into the left main coronary artery of the six occluded and three unoccluded dogs. Scintigraphy was performed in multiple projections in the living animal. Optical reconstruction of the holographic image provided tomographic gamma images of the heart. Scintigraphy was also performed with an Anger camera for comparison. The extent of the perfusion defect was measured by planimetry and expressed as a percentage of the ventricular area in that projection. The average of the right and left anterior oblique projections provided the most accurate estimate of the size of the perfusion defect (average error: 13.6%; range: 0-38.2%). Fresnel zone-plate imaging provided an accurate in vivo assessment of the extent of altered myocardial perfusion.", "contents": "Tomographic scintigraphy of regional myocardial perfusion. Estimation of the extent of regional ischemia by scintigraphic methods has been hampered by the geometric constraints of two-dimensional imaging. Myocardial perfusion scintigraphy was performed using the Fresnel zone-plate tomographic camera after the injection of Tc-99m microspheres (20-40 micron) into a coronary artery. Coronary artery occlusion was performed in six dogs by embolization via a catheter guidewire system. Twenty milicuries of Tc-99m microspheres were injected into the left main coronary artery of the six occluded and three unoccluded dogs. Scintigraphy was performed in multiple projections in the living animal. Optical reconstruction of the holographic image provided tomographic gamma images of the heart. Scintigraphy was also performed with an Anger camera for comparison. The extent of the perfusion defect was measured by planimetry and expressed as a percentage of the ventricular area in that projection. The average of the right and left anterior oblique projections provided the most accurate estimate of the size of the perfusion defect (average error: 13.6%; range: 0-38.2%). Fresnel zone-plate imaging provided an accurate in vivo assessment of the extent of altered myocardial perfusion."}
{"id": "PMID:874163", "title": "Myocardial imaging with thallium-201: an experimental model for analysis of the true myocardial and background image components.", "content": "The true myocardial and background components of a resting thallium-201 myocardial image were determined in an experimental dog model. True background was determined by imaging after the heart had been removed and replaced with a water-filled balloon of equal size and shape. In all studies, the background estimated from the region surrounding the heart exceeded true background activity. Furthermore, the relationship between true myocardial background and that estimated from the pericardiac region was inconsistent. Background estimates based on the activity surrounding the heart were not accurate predictors of true background activity.", "contents": "Myocardial imaging with thallium-201: an experimental model for analysis of the true myocardial and background image components. The true myocardial and background components of a resting thallium-201 myocardial image were determined in an experimental dog model. True background was determined by imaging after the heart had been removed and replaced with a water-filled balloon of equal size and shape. In all studies, the background estimated from the region surrounding the heart exceeded true background activity. Furthermore, the relationship between true myocardial background and that estimated from the pericardiac region was inconsistent. Background estimates based on the activity surrounding the heart were not accurate predictors of true background activity."}
{"id": "PMID:874164", "title": "Quality of bone scans compared with time between dose and scan.", "content": "The usual time interval between the administration of technetium-labeled bone-seeking radiopharmaceuticals and imaging varies among nuclear-medical departments. Pharmacokinetic data indicate that the interval could be as short as 2 hr. We have studied overall quality of bone detail in 280 bone scans performed at intervals varying from 2 to 5 hr following injection of technetium-99m diphosphonate. No significant qualitative difference was found between the studies performed at 2 hr and those done at later intervals.", "contents": "Quality of bone scans compared with time between dose and scan. The usual time interval between the administration of technetium-labeled bone-seeking radiopharmaceuticals and imaging varies among nuclear-medical departments. Pharmacokinetic data indicate that the interval could be as short as 2 hr. We have studied overall quality of bone detail in 280 bone scans performed at intervals varying from 2 to 5 hr following injection of technetium-99m diphosphonate. No significant qualitative difference was found between the studies performed at 2 hr and those done at later intervals."}
{"id": "PMID:874165", "title": "Biliary scanning with Tc-99m pyridoxylideneglutamate--the effect of food in normal subjects: concise communication.", "content": "Technetium-99m pyridoxylideneglutamate biliary scans were performed in 19 normal subjects in both the fasted and nonfasted state. The effect of eating was to reduce visualization of the gallbladder from 100% (fasted) to 47% (nonfasted). The common bile duct was seen in 84% on both occasions but intrahepatic and cystic ducts were seen less frequently in the nonfasted group. Preparation of patients by fasting is essential if information concerning gallbladder function is sought.", "contents": "Biliary scanning with Tc-99m pyridoxylideneglutamate--the effect of food in normal subjects: concise communication. Technetium-99m pyridoxylideneglutamate biliary scans were performed in 19 normal subjects in both the fasted and nonfasted state. The effect of eating was to reduce visualization of the gallbladder from 100% (fasted) to 47% (nonfasted). The common bile duct was seen in 84% on both occasions but intrahepatic and cystic ducts were seen less frequently in the nonfasted group. Preparation of patients by fasting is essential if information concerning gallbladder function is sought."}
{"id": "PMID:874166", "title": "A kinetic study of [131I] iodide and [99mTc] pertechnetate in thyroid carcinoma to explain a scan discrepancy: case report.", "content": "A study of unusual 1-131 and [99mTc] pertechnetate kinetics was carried out in a case of thyroid carcinoma. A major discrepancy in the handling of iodide, probably resulting from a deficient iodine organification process, was shown.", "contents": "A kinetic study of [131I] iodide and [99mTc] pertechnetate in thyroid carcinoma to explain a scan discrepancy: case report. A study of unusual 1-131 and [99mTc] pertechnetate kinetics was carried out in a case of thyroid carcinoma. A major discrepancy in the handling of iodide, probably resulting from a deficient iodine organification process, was shown."}
{"id": "PMID:874167", "title": "Uptake of Tc-99m diphosphonate in a massively calcified mitral annulus: case report.", "content": "In a patient with no recent myocardial insult, uptake of technetium-99m diphosphonate was noted in a region corresponding to massive calcification of the mitral annulus. The similarity of this finding to pathologic myocardial uptake is a potential source of error in the interpretation of myocardial scintigrams.", "contents": "Uptake of Tc-99m diphosphonate in a massively calcified mitral annulus: case report. In a patient with no recent myocardial insult, uptake of technetium-99m diphosphonate was noted in a region corresponding to massive calcification of the mitral annulus. The similarity of this finding to pathologic myocardial uptake is a potential source of error in the interpretation of myocardial scintigrams."}
{"id": "PMID:874168", "title": "Bone scan artifact caused by hyperhidrosis: case report.", "content": "An unusual unilateral axillary concentration of radioactivity was observed in a bone scan. The cause was contamination of the patient's undershirt due to localized hyperhidrosis.", "contents": "Bone scan artifact caused by hyperhidrosis: case report. An unusual unilateral axillary concentration of radioactivity was observed in a bone scan. The cause was contamination of the patient's undershirt due to localized hyperhidrosis."}
{"id": "PMID:874169", "title": "Radiopharmaceuticals for acutely damaged myocardium. II: Synthesis and evaluation of [203Hg] hydroxymercurifluoresceins.", "content": "Six [203Hg] hydroxymercurifluoresceins were prepared by two methods and compared with [3H] fluorescein, [131I] rose bengal, and [203Hg] mercuric nitrate, in a rat model for myocardial necrosis, to determine their specificities for damaged myocardium (DM). The nonhalogenated [203Hg] hydroxymercurifluorescein had the highest ratios of the series for DM/normal heart (51.5+/-13.5) and DM/blood (22.1+/-8.1). Halide substituents at the 2' or 4' positions of the fluorescein moiety decreased the tissue selectivity, and bis-hydroxymercuration had no significant effect. The six tracers studied had greater absolute uptake and better target-to-nontarget ratios than [3H] fluorescein, [131I] rose bengal, or [203Hg] mercuric nitrate, indicating a cooperative effect between the fluorescein and hydroxymercuri-moieties in the overall sequestration process in damaged tissues.", "contents": "Radiopharmaceuticals for acutely damaged myocardium. II: Synthesis and evaluation of [203Hg] hydroxymercurifluoresceins. Six [203Hg] hydroxymercurifluoresceins were prepared by two methods and compared with [3H] fluorescein, [131I] rose bengal, and [203Hg] mercuric nitrate, in a rat model for myocardial necrosis, to determine their specificities for damaged myocardium (DM). The nonhalogenated [203Hg] hydroxymercurifluorescein had the highest ratios of the series for DM/normal heart (51.5+/-13.5) and DM/blood (22.1+/-8.1). Halide substituents at the 2' or 4' positions of the fluorescein moiety decreased the tissue selectivity, and bis-hydroxymercuration had no significant effect. The six tracers studied had greater absolute uptake and better target-to-nontarget ratios than [3H] fluorescein, [131I] rose bengal, or [203Hg] mercuric nitrate, indicating a cooperative effect between the fluorescein and hydroxymercuri-moieties in the overall sequestration process in damaged tissues."}
{"id": "PMID:874170", "title": "Pharmacokinetics of technetium-99m diphosphonate.", "content": "Increased diagnostic information may be derived with Tc-99m diphosphonate from a detailed kinetic analysis of blood disappearance, urinary excretion, and quantitative assessment of skeletal uptake. Blood and urine determinations were studied in three populations: normal volunteers, patients with negative bone scans, and patients with positive bone scans. Quantitative imaging studies were performed in normal volunteers and patients with a scintillation camera interfaced to a computer. All subjects were scanned in the lower lumbar region up to 1 hr after Tc-99m diphosphonate administration. Blood levels exhibited a triexponential clearance pattern. Significant (p less than 0.05) differences were observed for the 5-min blood and 0-1 hr urine values among the various groups. The computer-generated images showed an initial early uptake in bone, kidneys and soft tissue. Thereafter, a parallel fall-off in activity was observed in kidney and soft tissue, with a concomitant increase in bone. Skeletal uptake was different for normal and diseased bone.", "contents": "Pharmacokinetics of technetium-99m diphosphonate. Increased diagnostic information may be derived with Tc-99m diphosphonate from a detailed kinetic analysis of blood disappearance, urinary excretion, and quantitative assessment of skeletal uptake. Blood and urine determinations were studied in three populations: normal volunteers, patients with negative bone scans, and patients with positive bone scans. Quantitative imaging studies were performed in normal volunteers and patients with a scintillation camera interfaced to a computer. All subjects were scanned in the lower lumbar region up to 1 hr after Tc-99m diphosphonate administration. Blood levels exhibited a triexponential clearance pattern. Significant (p less than 0.05) differences were observed for the 5-min blood and 0-1 hr urine values among the various groups. The computer-generated images showed an initial early uptake in bone, kidneys and soft tissue. Thereafter, a parallel fall-off in activity was observed in kidney and soft tissue, with a concomitant increase in bone. Skeletal uptake was different for normal and diseased bone."}
{"id": "PMID:874171", "title": "Effect of oxygen on the reduction of pertechnetate by stannous ion.", "content": "The effect of oxygen on the reduction of sodium pertechnetate by stannous chloride has been investigated using a paper electrophoresis method. It has been shown that oxygen interferes with the reduction process by oxidizing stannous ion, Sn(II), to stannic, Sn(IV), thereby leaving less Sn(II) available for the reduction of pertechnetate ion. In a solution of 1.66 X 13(-3)M TcO4- saturated with oxygen, a 3.4 molar ratio of Sn(II) to TcO4- was required for complete reduction of TcO4-, whereas in a nitrogen atmosphere, a 2.4 molar ratio was required for the same purpose. The oxygen interference increases as the concentration of TcO4- decreases. In a nitrogen atmosphere, 1.40 and 10.05 molar ratios of Sn(II) to TcO4- were required for the complete reduction of 1.66 X 10(-2)M and 1.66 X 10(-5)M TcO4- respectively. Once the reduction is accomplished, however, it is not easily reversible. Bubbling with oxygen for 1 hr had no effect on the quantity of reduced technetium.", "contents": "Effect of oxygen on the reduction of pertechnetate by stannous ion. The effect of oxygen on the reduction of sodium pertechnetate by stannous chloride has been investigated using a paper electrophoresis method. It has been shown that oxygen interferes with the reduction process by oxidizing stannous ion, Sn(II), to stannic, Sn(IV), thereby leaving less Sn(II) available for the reduction of pertechnetate ion. In a solution of 1.66 X 13(-3)M TcO4- saturated with oxygen, a 3.4 molar ratio of Sn(II) to TcO4- was required for complete reduction of TcO4-, whereas in a nitrogen atmosphere, a 2.4 molar ratio was required for the same purpose. The oxygen interference increases as the concentration of TcO4- decreases. In a nitrogen atmosphere, 1.40 and 10.05 molar ratios of Sn(II) to TcO4- were required for the complete reduction of 1.66 X 10(-2)M and 1.66 X 10(-5)M TcO4- respectively. Once the reduction is accomplished, however, it is not easily reversible. Bubbling with oxygen for 1 hr had no effect on the quantity of reduced technetium."}
{"id": "PMID:874172", "title": "An evaluation of radiocolloid sizing techniques.", "content": "Techniques for sizing radiocolloids are reviewed. The small size range (1-100 nm) of many radiocolloids and their polydispersity limit the choice of the technique used. To compare several techniques directly, the particle size of Technetium-99m sulfide colloid was studied using Nuclepore filtration, ultracentrifugation and electron microscopy. The last of these was adopted as the method of choice. Using this technique, the particle size and shape of colloids below 100 nm can be accurately determined. Technetium-99m antimony sulfide colloid and indium-113m hydroxide were then examined by electron microscopy, and the chemical nature of the particles was determined by x-ray fluorescence analysis. Results resolved the size discrepancies reported in the literature and demonstrated the importance of identifying the chemical nature of the particles under examination.", "contents": "An evaluation of radiocolloid sizing techniques. Techniques for sizing radiocolloids are reviewed. The small size range (1-100 nm) of many radiocolloids and their polydispersity limit the choice of the technique used. To compare several techniques directly, the particle size of Technetium-99m sulfide colloid was studied using Nuclepore filtration, ultracentrifugation and electron microscopy. The last of these was adopted as the method of choice. Using this technique, the particle size and shape of colloids below 100 nm can be accurately determined. Technetium-99m antimony sulfide colloid and indium-113m hydroxide were then examined by electron microscopy, and the chemical nature of the particles was determined by x-ray fluorescence analysis. Results resolved the size discrepancies reported in the literature and demonstrated the importance of identifying the chemical nature of the particles under examination."}
{"id": "PMID:874173", "title": "Bismuth germanate as a potential scintillation detector in positron cameras.", "content": "Timing and energy resolutions of the bismuth germanate (Bi4Ge3O12) scintillation crystals were studied, with particular respect to a positron-camera application. In comparison with the NaI(Tl) system, the detection efficiency for annihilation radiation is more than triple, and coincidence detection efficiency is more than ten times as good. This paper explores the properties of the new scintillator material and their bearing on the spatial resolution and the efficiency of coincidence detection in positron cameras with stationary ring detectors.", "contents": "Bismuth germanate as a potential scintillation detector in positron cameras. Timing and energy resolutions of the bismuth germanate (Bi4Ge3O12) scintillation crystals were studied, with particular respect to a positron-camera application. In comparison with the NaI(Tl) system, the detection efficiency for annihilation radiation is more than triple, and coincidence detection efficiency is more than ten times as good. This paper explores the properties of the new scintillator material and their bearing on the spatial resolution and the efficiency of coincidence detection in positron cameras with stationary ring detectors."}
{"id": "PMID:874174", "title": "Determination of radionuclide concentrations with positron CT scanning (PETT): concise communication.", "content": "A series of experiments was undertaken to evaluate the response of a positron emission transverse tomograph (PETT) to measured radionuclide concentrations similar to those encountered in human studies. The correlation between the response of the imaging system (mean PETT number/min), and the concentration of the radioactivity producing the output data, was linear with a computed sensitivity of 2720 PETT number/min, per micronCi/ml, per picture element, for a radionuclide (100% beta+) contained in either of two phantoms and imaged with a reduction of 1.5 cm. It was concluded that the output data are essentially independent of the imaged object's physical dimensions for the range of 18-28-cm diam and faithfully reflect the regional radioactivity concentration within the object, provided valid attenuation correction is achieved and the sampled area is not compromised by the imaging system's limitations of spatial resolution.", "contents": "Determination of radionuclide concentrations with positron CT scanning (PETT): concise communication. A series of experiments was undertaken to evaluate the response of a positron emission transverse tomograph (PETT) to measured radionuclide concentrations similar to those encountered in human studies. The correlation between the response of the imaging system (mean PETT number/min), and the concentration of the radioactivity producing the output data, was linear with a computed sensitivity of 2720 PETT number/min, per micronCi/ml, per picture element, for a radionuclide (100% beta+) contained in either of two phantoms and imaged with a reduction of 1.5 cm. It was concluded that the output data are essentially independent of the imaged object's physical dimensions for the range of 18-28-cm diam and faithfully reflect the regional radioactivity concentration within the object, provided valid attenuation correction is achieved and the sampled area is not compromised by the imaging system's limitations of spatial resolution."}
{"id": "PMID:874175", "title": "Radionuclide left ventriculography with the slant hole collimator.", "content": "A 30 degrees slant-hole collimator was used during radionuclide ventriculography of the cardiac blood pool to improve imaging of the heart in both the modified left anterior oblique (MLAO) and right anterior oblique (RAO) views. In the MLAO view, with the holes slanted caudally, good separation between the left atrium and left ventricle was achieved, and the septum was displayed without foreshortening. In the RAO view with the collimator flat against the chest there was better resolution of the cardiac apex. The results of ejection fraction and wall motion analysis in these patients correlated well with contrast ventriculography (r=0.94). Combination of the slant-hole collimator, in vivo red blood cell labeling with stannous pyrophosphate, simultaneous collection of all phases of the cardiac cycle, and cine mode display, provide a practical system for the noninvasive measurement of left ventricular performance parameters.", "contents": "Radionuclide left ventriculography with the slant hole collimator. A 30 degrees slant-hole collimator was used during radionuclide ventriculography of the cardiac blood pool to improve imaging of the heart in both the modified left anterior oblique (MLAO) and right anterior oblique (RAO) views. In the MLAO view, with the holes slanted caudally, good separation between the left atrium and left ventricle was achieved, and the septum was displayed without foreshortening. In the RAO view with the collimator flat against the chest there was better resolution of the cardiac apex. The results of ejection fraction and wall motion analysis in these patients correlated well with contrast ventriculography (r=0.94). Combination of the slant-hole collimator, in vivo red blood cell labeling with stannous pyrophosphate, simultaneous collection of all phases of the cardiac cycle, and cine mode display, provide a practical system for the noninvasive measurement of left ventricular performance parameters."}
{"id": "PMID:874208", "title": "Effect of deep inspiration on airway conductance in subjects with allergic rhinitis and allergic asthma.", "content": "We measured specific airway conductance (Gaw/Vtg) in a body plethysmograph before and after a deep inspiratory maneuver in 8 subjects with allergic rhinitis and 8 subjects with allergic asthma. In hay fever subjects deep inspiration had no effect on Gaw/Vtg if it was performed in the control state; however, when methacholine-induced bronchoconstriction was present, deep inspiration transiently increased Gaw/Vtg. In asthmatic subjects deep inspiration was followed by a transeint fall in baseline Gaw/Vtg in the control state; however, when bronchoconstriction was present, deep inspiration was followed by small and variable changes in Gaw/Vtg in 7 subjects and marked improvement in Gaw/Vtg in 1 subject. In asthmatic subjects the bronchoconstrictor response to deep inspiration performed in the control state is thought to be due to reflex changes in bronchomotor tone mediated by cholinergic (vagal) nerve pathways. Like asthmatic subjects, hay fever subjects, hay fever subjects also possess cholinergic-mediated airway hyperreactivity compared with normals. Our results indicate that, in spite of their increased airway reactivity, hay fever subjects respond more like normal subjects than like asthmatic subjects after a deep inspiratory maneuver.", "contents": "Effect of deep inspiration on airway conductance in subjects with allergic rhinitis and allergic asthma. We measured specific airway conductance (Gaw/Vtg) in a body plethysmograph before and after a deep inspiratory maneuver in 8 subjects with allergic rhinitis and 8 subjects with allergic asthma. In hay fever subjects deep inspiration had no effect on Gaw/Vtg if it was performed in the control state; however, when methacholine-induced bronchoconstriction was present, deep inspiration transiently increased Gaw/Vtg. In asthmatic subjects deep inspiration was followed by a transeint fall in baseline Gaw/Vtg in the control state; however, when bronchoconstriction was present, deep inspiration was followed by small and variable changes in Gaw/Vtg in 7 subjects and marked improvement in Gaw/Vtg in 1 subject. In asthmatic subjects the bronchoconstrictor response to deep inspiration performed in the control state is thought to be due to reflex changes in bronchomotor tone mediated by cholinergic (vagal) nerve pathways. Like asthmatic subjects, hay fever subjects, hay fever subjects also possess cholinergic-mediated airway hyperreactivity compared with normals. Our results indicate that, in spite of their increased airway reactivity, hay fever subjects respond more like normal subjects than like asthmatic subjects after a deep inspiratory maneuver."}
{"id": "PMID:874209", "title": "Allergic skin testing: a clinical investigation.", "content": "Forty patients were administered a total of 2,395 skin tests in order to assess the effects of method, concentration, diluent, manufacturer, and mixtures on patient reaction to inhalant extract solutions. The prick method was found to be superior to the scratch method. The intracutaneous technique exhibited the greatest degree of specificity. Patients reacted at a higher level to higher concentrations of extract solution, descending to a lower level of reaction to lesser concentrations of extract solution. Patient reactions were variable to aqueous vs glycerin solutions. Clear differences in the potency of extract solutions produced by manufacturers A, B, and C were evident. Specifically, the products of manufacturer C were least potent. The results illustrate the possibility of a dilution factor existing in mixtures of extract solutions, producing a decrease in their potency when compared to the potency of their individually administered components. A technique with the potential for wide acceptance and clinical applicability is proposed.", "contents": "Allergic skin testing: a clinical investigation. Forty patients were administered a total of 2,395 skin tests in order to assess the effects of method, concentration, diluent, manufacturer, and mixtures on patient reaction to inhalant extract solutions. The prick method was found to be superior to the scratch method. The intracutaneous technique exhibited the greatest degree of specificity. Patients reacted at a higher level to higher concentrations of extract solution, descending to a lower level of reaction to lesser concentrations of extract solution. Patient reactions were variable to aqueous vs glycerin solutions. Clear differences in the potency of extract solutions produced by manufacturers A, B, and C were evident. Specifically, the products of manufacturer C were least potent. The results illustrate the possibility of a dilution factor existing in mixtures of extract solutions, producing a decrease in their potency when compared to the potency of their individually administered components. A technique with the potential for wide acceptance and clinical applicability is proposed."}
{"id": "PMID:874210", "title": "Inhibition of homocytotropic antibody responses in adult inbred mice by previous feeding of the specific antigen.", "content": "Profound and prolonged states of specific immunologic tolerance were induced in adult mice of high-responder genetic background by a single exposure to moderate doses of the specific antigen by digestive route.", "contents": "Inhibition of homocytotropic antibody responses in adult inbred mice by previous feeding of the specific antigen. Profound and prolonged states of specific immunologic tolerance were induced in adult mice of high-responder genetic background by a single exposure to moderate doses of the specific antigen by digestive route."}
{"id": "PMID:874211", "title": "Methacholine and physostigmine airway reactivity in asthmatic and nonasthmatic subjects.", "content": "Inhalation challenges using methacholine and physostigmine were performed in 3 human asthmatic and 3 nonallergic normal subjects. Plethysmographic measurements of specific airways conductance (Gaw/Vtg) were used to monitor the response. The dose required to produce a 17% fall in Gaw/Vtg was significantly lower in asthmatic subjects than in normal subjects for both physostigmine (p less than 0.0125) and methacholine (p less than 0.05). Moreover, in all subjects the relative airway sensitivity to methacholine correlated with the relative airway sensitivity to physostigmine. Both methacholine and physostigmine are cholinergic agents. Whereas methacholine acts directly at the end organ cholinergic receptor, physostigmine acts by increasing release and decreasing destruction of endogenous acetycholine at the vagal distal innervation. This suggests that the cholinergic airway hyperreactivity characteristic of asthma is a manifestation of end organ hypersensitivity.", "contents": "Methacholine and physostigmine airway reactivity in asthmatic and nonasthmatic subjects. Inhalation challenges using methacholine and physostigmine were performed in 3 human asthmatic and 3 nonallergic normal subjects. Plethysmographic measurements of specific airways conductance (Gaw/Vtg) were used to monitor the response. The dose required to produce a 17% fall in Gaw/Vtg was significantly lower in asthmatic subjects than in normal subjects for both physostigmine (p less than 0.0125) and methacholine (p less than 0.05). Moreover, in all subjects the relative airway sensitivity to methacholine correlated with the relative airway sensitivity to physostigmine. Both methacholine and physostigmine are cholinergic agents. Whereas methacholine acts directly at the end organ cholinergic receptor, physostigmine acts by increasing release and decreasing destruction of endogenous acetycholine at the vagal distal innervation. This suggests that the cholinergic airway hyperreactivity characteristic of asthma is a manifestation of end organ hypersensitivity."}
{"id": "PMID:874212", "title": "Abnormalities of leukotaxis in atopic dermatitis.", "content": "Leukocyte chemotaxis studies were performed in 14 patients with atopic dermatitis. Monocyte chemotactic responsiveness (MCR), polymorphonuclear leukocyte (PMN) chemotactic responsiveness (PCR), and patient serum inhibition of normal monocyte chemotaxis were evaluated. The most common defect noted was depressed MCR. This was found in 8 of the 14 patients and was associated with a chemotactic inhibitor in the serum of 5 of 6 of the 8 with depressed MCR whose sera were so tested. Depressed PCR was found in 3 of 10 patients studied. Ten of the 14 patients had depressed chemotaxis of at least one cell type. Depressed chemotaxis was not related to the presence of infection, to the serum IgE level, or to the severity of the eczema, and it could not be produced in vitro by incubating normal cells with histamine or IgE myeloma. These studies demonstrate a high frequency of leukocyte chemotactic abnormalities in patients with severe atopic dermatitis. Elucidation of the clinical significance of the leukotactic abnormalities observed and determination of whether they are basic or secondary to the disease process must await further study.", "contents": "Abnormalities of leukotaxis in atopic dermatitis. Leukocyte chemotaxis studies were performed in 14 patients with atopic dermatitis. Monocyte chemotactic responsiveness (MCR), polymorphonuclear leukocyte (PMN) chemotactic responsiveness (PCR), and patient serum inhibition of normal monocyte chemotaxis were evaluated. The most common defect noted was depressed MCR. This was found in 8 of the 14 patients and was associated with a chemotactic inhibitor in the serum of 5 of 6 of the 8 with depressed MCR whose sera were so tested. Depressed PCR was found in 3 of 10 patients studied. Ten of the 14 patients had depressed chemotaxis of at least one cell type. Depressed chemotaxis was not related to the presence of infection, to the serum IgE level, or to the severity of the eczema, and it could not be produced in vitro by incubating normal cells with histamine or IgE myeloma. These studies demonstrate a high frequency of leukocyte chemotactic abnormalities in patients with severe atopic dermatitis. Elucidation of the clinical significance of the leukotactic abnormalities observed and determination of whether they are basic or secondary to the disease process must await further study."}
{"id": "PMID:874246", "title": "Aging and insulin resistance in a group of nonobese male volunteers.", "content": "The relationship of age to insulin resistance was determined in 100 nonobese men whose ages ranged from 22 to 69 years. Seventy of the 100 subjects had normal glucose tolerance, and 30 had chemical diabetes. Insulin resistance was estimated by measuring the steady-state plasma glucose response to a continuous infusion of insulin, glucose, epinephrine, and propranolol. This approach permitted inhibition of endogenous insulin release, achievement of a comparable steady-state plasma level of exogenous insulin, and use of the height of the steady-state plasma glucose response as a direct estimate of insulin resistance. With this experimental method, no correlation was found between age and insulin resistance over the age span of the experimental population. Furthermore, there was no correlation between age and the height of the plasma glucose response to an oral glucose challenge in this population of nonobese, healthy ambulatory men.", "contents": "Aging and insulin resistance in a group of nonobese male volunteers. The relationship of age to insulin resistance was determined in 100 nonobese men whose ages ranged from 22 to 69 years. Seventy of the 100 subjects had normal glucose tolerance, and 30 had chemical diabetes. Insulin resistance was estimated by measuring the steady-state plasma glucose response to a continuous infusion of insulin, glucose, epinephrine, and propranolol. This approach permitted inhibition of endogenous insulin release, achievement of a comparable steady-state plasma level of exogenous insulin, and use of the height of the steady-state plasma glucose response as a direct estimate of insulin resistance. With this experimental method, no correlation was found between age and insulin resistance over the age span of the experimental population. Furthermore, there was no correlation between age and the height of the plasma glucose response to an oral glucose challenge in this population of nonobese, healthy ambulatory men."}
{"id": "PMID:874247", "title": "Signs of sensory deprivation versus cerebral injury in post-hip-fracture patients.", "content": "Patients with a primary diagnosis of \"postoperative hip fracture\" often have a poor prognosis because of their inability to participate in rehabilitation programs. They tend to remain in a state of physical inactivity and sensory deprivation. The signs and symptoms of head injury associated with the hip fracture may be overlooked and attributed to sensory deprivation. Thirty-nine patients with fractured hip and 18 with multiple fractures were studied by means of electroencephalography, echoencephalography, and computer axial tomography. In 7, the findings indicated a cerebral lesion. At operation, a subdural hematoma was found in 5 patients and a tumor in 2; all but one made a dramatic recovery. Thus, after hip fracture, it is important that the patient be tested appropriately so that signs and symptoms of sensory deprivation may not be confused with those of an occult head injury. When indicated, surgical intervention may be a life-saving process.", "contents": "Signs of sensory deprivation versus cerebral injury in post-hip-fracture patients. Patients with a primary diagnosis of \"postoperative hip fracture\" often have a poor prognosis because of their inability to participate in rehabilitation programs. They tend to remain in a state of physical inactivity and sensory deprivation. The signs and symptoms of head injury associated with the hip fracture may be overlooked and attributed to sensory deprivation. Thirty-nine patients with fractured hip and 18 with multiple fractures were studied by means of electroencephalography, echoencephalography, and computer axial tomography. In 7, the findings indicated a cerebral lesion. At operation, a subdural hematoma was found in 5 patients and a tumor in 2; all but one made a dramatic recovery. Thus, after hip fracture, it is important that the patient be tested appropriately so that signs and symptoms of sensory deprivation may not be confused with those of an occult head injury. When indicated, surgical intervention may be a life-saving process."}
{"id": "PMID:874248", "title": "Incidence of mental illness in the aged: unmasking the effects of a diagnosis of chronic brain syndrome.", "content": "A combination of three psychiatric screening tests was used to uncover the extent of affective-psychotic symptoms, the indications of \"chronic brain syndrome,\" and the perceptual limitations among two selected populations of elderly persons. It was found that 25% of 48 residents in a home for the aged, and 9% of 45 members in a social club, had four or more affective-psychotic complaints. In the former group, 75% had symptoms of moderate to severe \"chronic brain syndrome,\" versus 7% in the latter group. Among the residents of the home, 10% had serious disturbances as measured by all three tests. The significant number of affective-psychotic symptoms found in this population with extensive manifestations classifiable as \"chronic brain syndrome\" indicates that this diagnosis should not be allowed to preclude regular psychiatric evaluation of these elderly patients. When a specific diagnosis is established, available treatment modalities should be provided as needed.", "contents": "Incidence of mental illness in the aged: unmasking the effects of a diagnosis of chronic brain syndrome. A combination of three psychiatric screening tests was used to uncover the extent of affective-psychotic symptoms, the indications of \"chronic brain syndrome,\" and the perceptual limitations among two selected populations of elderly persons. It was found that 25% of 48 residents in a home for the aged, and 9% of 45 members in a social club, had four or more affective-psychotic complaints. In the former group, 75% had symptoms of moderate to severe \"chronic brain syndrome,\" versus 7% in the latter group. Among the residents of the home, 10% had serious disturbances as measured by all three tests. The significant number of affective-psychotic symptoms found in this population with extensive manifestations classifiable as \"chronic brain syndrome\" indicates that this diagnosis should not be allowed to preclude regular psychiatric evaluation of these elderly patients. When a specific diagnosis is established, available treatment modalities should be provided as needed."}
{"id": "PMID:874249", "title": "True aneurysm of the radial artery: report of a case with long-term follow-up.", "content": "Reports on aneurysm of the arteries of the wrist and hand are relatively rare. Presented here is a case of true aneurysm of the radial artery in a 41-year-old-man. The patient had an enlarging painful swelling on the volar aspect of the left wrist, of six months' duration. Under local anesthesia, a transverse incision over the wrist crease revealed an arterial aneurysm. The aneurysm was excised, followed by end-to-end anastomosis. The patient recovered uneventfully and was discharged nine days after the operation. A follow-up arteriogram, five days later, showed a patent radial artery with good blood flow. This is an excellent example of a successful reconstructive surgical procedure involving a small artery.", "contents": "True aneurysm of the radial artery: report of a case with long-term follow-up. Reports on aneurysm of the arteries of the wrist and hand are relatively rare. Presented here is a case of true aneurysm of the radial artery in a 41-year-old-man. The patient had an enlarging painful swelling on the volar aspect of the left wrist, of six months' duration. Under local anesthesia, a transverse incision over the wrist crease revealed an arterial aneurysm. The aneurysm was excised, followed by end-to-end anastomosis. The patient recovered uneventfully and was discharged nine days after the operation. A follow-up arteriogram, five days later, showed a patent radial artery with good blood flow. This is an excellent example of a successful reconstructive surgical procedure involving a small artery."}
{"id": "PMID:874250", "title": "The second heart sound in old age.", "content": "The second heart sound was studied by phonocardiography and carotid tracings in 103 elderly subjects without overt evidence of heart disease. Their ages ranged from 60 to 99 years. A normal type of splitting was found in 55.3%, and a single sound in 41.7%. The difference between these percentages and those found in 60 normal younger persons was not significant. Thus, a single second sound should not be considered a typical finding in old age. However, a reverse type of splitting, noted in only 3 patients, should be regarded as evidence of severe latent heart disease.", "contents": "The second heart sound in old age. The second heart sound was studied by phonocardiography and carotid tracings in 103 elderly subjects without overt evidence of heart disease. Their ages ranged from 60 to 99 years. A normal type of splitting was found in 55.3%, and a single sound in 41.7%. The difference between these percentages and those found in 60 normal younger persons was not significant. Thus, a single second sound should not be considered a typical finding in old age. However, a reverse type of splitting, noted in only 3 patients, should be regarded as evidence of severe latent heart disease."}
{"id": "PMID:874271", "title": "Binocular vision therapy for general practice.", "content": "Guidelines are given for selection of patients who need binocular visual therapy. These guidelines are useful for the optometrist who wishes to start binocular vision training in his practice. Treatment techniques for each type of binocular problem are discussed. Case reports are included which detail diagnosis and treatment.", "contents": "Binocular vision therapy for general practice. Guidelines are given for selection of patients who need binocular visual therapy. These guidelines are useful for the optometrist who wishes to start binocular vision training in his practice. Treatment techniques for each type of binocular problem are discussed. Case reports are included which detail diagnosis and treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:874272", "title": "The future of vision screening.", "content": "The future of vision screening is presently receiving heated debate. Recent federal legislative activity in the area of comprehensive health planning has caused renewed interest in vision screening. Optometric recommendations supported at various governmental levels call for the development of standards for comprehensive vision screening of school children on a national scale. This paper attempts to review the philosophy and justification for school vision screening and to bring the readers up to date on related governmental activity. The question of adequate manpower to implement a nationwide vision screening program is discussed, and an argument is developed for preparing school nurse practitioners to assume an expanded role in comprehensive vision screening.", "contents": "The future of vision screening. The future of vision screening is presently receiving heated debate. Recent federal legislative activity in the area of comprehensive health planning has caused renewed interest in vision screening. Optometric recommendations supported at various governmental levels call for the development of standards for comprehensive vision screening of school children on a national scale. This paper attempts to review the philosophy and justification for school vision screening and to bring the readers up to date on related governmental activity. The question of adequate manpower to implement a nationwide vision screening program is discussed, and an argument is developed for preparing school nurse practitioners to assume an expanded role in comprehensive vision screening."}
{"id": "PMID:874273", "title": "An optical evaluation of book retinoscopy.", "content": "The technique known as book retinoscopy has been used for more than 25 years to evaluate visual performance. The lack of a clear explanation of the phenomena observed during book retinoscopy has led to some confusion regarding the interpretation of the phenomena. This paper shows that all of the changes that are observed can be explained by the optical effects of accommodative changes and eye movements.", "contents": "An optical evaluation of book retinoscopy. The technique known as book retinoscopy has been used for more than 25 years to evaluate visual performance. The lack of a clear explanation of the phenomena observed during book retinoscopy has led to some confusion regarding the interpretation of the phenomena. This paper shows that all of the changes that are observed can be explained by the optical effects of accommodative changes and eye movements."}
{"id": "PMID:874274", "title": "Refractive amblyopia: its classification, etiology, and epidemiology.", "content": "The traditional classification of functional amblyopia and von Noorden's classification are compared to a problem-oriented classification. The newly proposed classification is different from the others primarily by its inclusion of refractive amblyopia. The etiology and epidemiology of refractive amblyopia are also discussed.", "contents": "Refractive amblyopia: its classification, etiology, and epidemiology. The traditional classification of functional amblyopia and von Noorden's classification are compared to a problem-oriented classification. The newly proposed classification is different from the others primarily by its inclusion of refractive amblyopia. The etiology and epidemiology of refractive amblyopia are also discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:874275", "title": "The cause of blindness in children: a review of the literature.", "content": "A review of the epidemiological literature dealing with the distribution of affections causing blindness in children was performed. Twenty-one studies throughout the world during the past twenty years were found and analyzed. The emergence of genetic factors and the decline of infectious factors as causative agents is discussed with the emphasis on the need for prevention from a public health standpoint.", "contents": "The cause of blindness in children: a review of the literature. A review of the epidemiological literature dealing with the distribution of affections causing blindness in children was performed. Twenty-one studies throughout the world during the past twenty years were found and analyzed. The emergence of genetic factors and the decline of infectious factors as causative agents is discussed with the emphasis on the need for prevention from a public health standpoint."}
{"id": "PMID:874276", "title": "A non-cycloplegic refraction technique for infants and young children.", "content": "An objective, near-retinoscopy technique for assessing non-cyloplegic refractions in infants and young children is presented. The technique involves performing retinoscopy at near in an otherwise dark room, as the patient fixates the retinoscope light with one eye, while the other is occluded. Data are presented which support the reliability and validity of this technique in adults and infants.", "contents": "A non-cycloplegic refraction technique for infants and young children. An objective, near-retinoscopy technique for assessing non-cyloplegic refractions in infants and young children is presented. The technique involves performing retinoscopy at near in an otherwise dark room, as the patient fixates the retinoscope light with one eye, while the other is occluded. Data are presented which support the reliability and validity of this technique in adults and infants."}
{"id": "PMID:874292", "title": "Radiobichemistry of phytodrugs: II. Activity of Altoside (r) and Altozar (R) in the biosynthesis of proteins and RNA in larvae of shrimps in vivo studied by leucine-U-14C and uridine-2-14C.", "content": "The present communication concerns the investigation of the effect of various concentrations of Altosid (R), J.H.A., on the biosynthesis of proteins and RNA in cultures of shrimp larvae in vivo measured by the uptake up Leucine, U-14C and Uridine-2-14C. The incorporation of Leucine follows different behaviour in the presence of either 0.01 or 1 ppm concentration of J.H.A.. At any dose Altosid (R) and Altozar (R) decrease the protein synthesis in the larvae of shrimps also at concentrations of 0.01 ppm, the main dose used for their application. In fact in these condition the synthesis of proteins is lower than in the control. For the RNA biosynthesis the uptake of Uridine is much higher in the presence of J.H.A. than in the control. It is suggested then an abnormal s-RNA is formed in the first hours, which does not synthetize proteins.", "contents": "Radiobichemistry of phytodrugs: II. Activity of Altoside (r) and Altozar (R) in the biosynthesis of proteins and RNA in larvae of shrimps in vivo studied by leucine-U-14C and uridine-2-14C. The present communication concerns the investigation of the effect of various concentrations of Altosid (R), J.H.A., on the biosynthesis of proteins and RNA in cultures of shrimp larvae in vivo measured by the uptake up Leucine, U-14C and Uridine-2-14C. The incorporation of Leucine follows different behaviour in the presence of either 0.01 or 1 ppm concentration of J.H.A.. At any dose Altosid (R) and Altozar (R) decrease the protein synthesis in the larvae of shrimps also at concentrations of 0.01 ppm, the main dose used for their application. In fact in these condition the synthesis of proteins is lower than in the control. For the RNA biosynthesis the uptake of Uridine is much higher in the presence of J.H.A. than in the control. It is suggested then an abnormal s-RNA is formed in the first hours, which does not synthetize proteins."}
{"id": "PMID:874293", "title": "Metabolism of pentachlorophenol by a soil microbe.", "content": "Metabolism of pentachlorophenol (PCP)-ring-14C(U) by a microorganism (Pseudomonas sp.) isolated from soil was examined. The microorganism degraded PCP-14C rapidly, and released 14CO2 equivalent to approximately 50% of the PCP-14c added to the bacterial cell suspension in 1 hour of incubation. The results of amino acid analysis of the bacterial cells incubated with PCP-14C showed that radioactive carbon derived from PCP-14C was incorporated rapidly into the cell constituents, and that the pattern of 14C-amino acids in the cell constituents was not much different between the 15 minute and 24 hour incubation periods. Intermediate metabolities of PCP isolated from the incubation medium were identified as tetrachlorocatechol and tetrachlorohydroquinone by spectral analyses.", "contents": "Metabolism of pentachlorophenol by a soil microbe. Metabolism of pentachlorophenol (PCP)-ring-14C(U) by a microorganism (Pseudomonas sp.) isolated from soil was examined. The microorganism degraded PCP-14C rapidly, and released 14CO2 equivalent to approximately 50% of the PCP-14c added to the bacterial cell suspension in 1 hour of incubation. The results of amino acid analysis of the bacterial cells incubated with PCP-14C showed that radioactive carbon derived from PCP-14C was incorporated rapidly into the cell constituents, and that the pattern of 14C-amino acids in the cell constituents was not much different between the 15 minute and 24 hour incubation periods. Intermediate metabolities of PCP isolated from the incubation medium were identified as tetrachlorocatechol and tetrachlorohydroquinone by spectral analyses."}
{"id": "PMID:874294", "title": "Relationship between omega values and parathion sorption capacity in soils.", "content": "The relationship between Lambert's omega (omega), an idex for active fraction of soil organic matter governing pesticide sorption, and parathion sorption capacity (y) in several Indian soils was studied using 14C-labeled parathion. A regression equation log y=1.984 - 0.279 1/omega accounted for 99.5% variation. The omega values were affected by soil to solution ratios.", "contents": "Relationship between omega values and parathion sorption capacity in soils. The relationship between Lambert's omega (omega), an idex for active fraction of soil organic matter governing pesticide sorption, and parathion sorption capacity (y) in several Indian soils was studied using 14C-labeled parathion. A regression equation log y=1.984 - 0.279 1/omega accounted for 99.5% variation. The omega values were affected by soil to solution ratios."}
{"id": "PMID:874295", "title": "4-(p-Nitrobenzyl)pyridine as a spray reagent for the thin-layer chromatographic detection of dimethyl tetrachloroterphthalate herbicide.", "content": "The developed thin-layer chromatogram of DCPA (Dacthal) is sprayed with 4-(p-nitrobenzyl)pyridine chromogenic reagent followed by ammonium carbonate solution. The chromatogram is then heated in an over at 130 degrees C for 20 minutes. When cool, the chromatogram is sprayed with tetraethylenepentamine reagent. DCPA spots appear blue against a white background. The sensitivity of this test is about 1 microgram. The procedure is useful to detect DCPA in water and in soil.", "contents": "4-(p-Nitrobenzyl)pyridine as a spray reagent for the thin-layer chromatographic detection of dimethyl tetrachloroterphthalate herbicide. The developed thin-layer chromatogram of DCPA (Dacthal) is sprayed with 4-(p-nitrobenzyl)pyridine chromogenic reagent followed by ammonium carbonate solution. The chromatogram is then heated in an over at 130 degrees C for 20 minutes. When cool, the chromatogram is sprayed with tetraethylenepentamine reagent. DCPA spots appear blue against a white background. The sensitivity of this test is about 1 microgram. The procedure is useful to detect DCPA in water and in soil."}
{"id": "PMID:874296", "title": "Some models for the adsorption kinetics of pesticides in soil.", "content": "Three models describing adsorption-desorption kinetics of pesticides in soil, that could be incorporated into computer programs on pesticide movement in soil, were discussed, The first model involved single first-order rate equations for adsorption and desorption. Results from an analytical and a numerical solution for local equilibration were compared. Concentration-time relationships for the solution and absorbed phases were calculated for different rate constants, initial conditions, and partition ratios at equilibrium. The second model described simultaneous adsorption-desorption equilibration with two mechanisms, both with their own rate constants. After a comparatively fast equilibration with the first mechanism, there was a gradual increase in extent of overall-adsorption, accompanied with a shift to greater amounts adsorbed by the second mechanism. With the thrid model, adsorption equilibration occurred by diffusion into a stagnant region. With diffusion distances ranging from 0.1 to 4.0 cm, the time needed for approach to adsorption equilibrium varied from about 0.25 days to about one year. Some of the possibilities of these models were discussed considering published experimental results.", "contents": "Some models for the adsorption kinetics of pesticides in soil. Three models describing adsorption-desorption kinetics of pesticides in soil, that could be incorporated into computer programs on pesticide movement in soil, were discussed, The first model involved single first-order rate equations for adsorption and desorption. Results from an analytical and a numerical solution for local equilibration were compared. Concentration-time relationships for the solution and absorbed phases were calculated for different rate constants, initial conditions, and partition ratios at equilibrium. The second model described simultaneous adsorption-desorption equilibration with two mechanisms, both with their own rate constants. After a comparatively fast equilibration with the first mechanism, there was a gradual increase in extent of overall-adsorption, accompanied with a shift to greater amounts adsorbed by the second mechanism. With the thrid model, adsorption equilibration occurred by diffusion into a stagnant region. With diffusion distances ranging from 0.1 to 4.0 cm, the time needed for approach to adsorption equilibrium varied from about 0.25 days to about one year. Some of the possibilities of these models were discussed considering published experimental results."}
{"id": "PMID:874297", "title": "The political economy on national health insurance. Policy analysis and political evaluation.", "content": "National health insurance (NHI) is discussed as a redistributive issue (that is, conflict over it is characterized by stable coalitions with important ideological differences). Discussion of policy alternatives has been intensified, but obscured, by a rhetoric which insists that the medical care system is in crisis. Both rhetoric and discussion point to three problem areas: cost, quality, and distribution of care. Three kinds of NHI proposals exist--minimal intervention measurees (e.g., AMAs Medicredit proposal), major government action (e.g., Kennedy-Corman), and mixed strategies (e.g., CHIP). While these have different potentials for mitigating the problem areas discussed, none can provide complete solutions. Rather, the goal of NHI is to avert financial catastrophe for families and individuals. The emergence of Democratic majorities in Congress and a Democratic White House increases the chances that some NHI plan will be adopted. Political analysis suggests that, short of aggressive leadership committed to a comprehensive scheme, a \"middle ground\" solution will be outcome.", "contents": "The political economy on national health insurance. Policy analysis and political evaluation. National health insurance (NHI) is discussed as a redistributive issue (that is, conflict over it is characterized by stable coalitions with important ideological differences). Discussion of policy alternatives has been intensified, but obscured, by a rhetoric which insists that the medical care system is in crisis. Both rhetoric and discussion point to three problem areas: cost, quality, and distribution of care. Three kinds of NHI proposals exist--minimal intervention measurees (e.g., AMAs Medicredit proposal), major government action (e.g., Kennedy-Corman), and mixed strategies (e.g., CHIP). While these have different potentials for mitigating the problem areas discussed, none can provide complete solutions. Rather, the goal of NHI is to avert financial catastrophe for families and individuals. The emergence of Democratic majorities in Congress and a Democratic White House increases the chances that some NHI plan will be adopted. Political analysis suggests that, short of aggressive leadership committed to a comprehensive scheme, a \"middle ground\" solution will be outcome."}
{"id": "PMID:874300", "title": "The economics of moral values. Policy implications.", "content": "This paper attempts to determine the extent to which the growing acceptance of deviant behaviors (sexual, sumptuary, and regarding abortion and euthanasia) is related to economic considerations and to draw out some of the attendant implications for health policy in light of notions of social justice. The analysis suggests that economic factors are very influential if not determining variables in this relationship and that they may conflict with \"higher-order values\" such as human dignity and respect for human life as bases for policy formulation, particularly with respect to the care of the elderly.", "contents": "The economics of moral values. Policy implications. This paper attempts to determine the extent to which the growing acceptance of deviant behaviors (sexual, sumptuary, and regarding abortion and euthanasia) is related to economic considerations and to draw out some of the attendant implications for health policy in light of notions of social justice. The analysis suggests that economic factors are very influential if not determining variables in this relationship and that they may conflict with \"higher-order values\" such as human dignity and respect for human life as bases for policy formulation, particularly with respect to the care of the elderly."}
{"id": "PMID:874301", "title": "The effect of physician-controlled health insurance. U.S. v. Oregon State Medical Society.", "content": "The trial record in an antitrust case against the Oregon State Medical Society, finally decided in 1952, was examined to reconstruct the behavior of a competitive market for health insurance coverage. Health insurers, called \"hospital associations,\" were found to have engaged individually in cost-control efforts similar to, but possibly more aggressive than, today's utilization review under professional sponsorship. The subsequent disappearance of these insurer-initiated cost controls in Oregon is traced to the medical society's organization of a competing Blue Shield plan as a model of insurer conduct and to a simultaneous boycott by physicians of the hospital associations as long as they persisted in questioning doctors' practices. Some modern parallels are noted, and the advantages of fostering privately sponsored cost-control efforts are suggested.", "contents": "The effect of physician-controlled health insurance. U.S. v. Oregon State Medical Society. The trial record in an antitrust case against the Oregon State Medical Society, finally decided in 1952, was examined to reconstruct the behavior of a competitive market for health insurance coverage. Health insurers, called \"hospital associations,\" were found to have engaged individually in cost-control efforts similar to, but possibly more aggressive than, today's utilization review under professional sponsorship. The subsequent disappearance of these insurer-initiated cost controls in Oregon is traced to the medical society's organization of a competing Blue Shield plan as a model of insurer conduct and to a simultaneous boycott by physicians of the hospital associations as long as they persisted in questioning doctors' practices. Some modern parallels are noted, and the advantages of fostering privately sponsored cost-control efforts are suggested."}
{"id": "PMID:874304", "title": "Cytological differentiation and sexual isolation between populations of Drosophila nigricruria.", "content": "Drosophila nigricruria has a distribution ranging from northern Mexico to Chile. It is a relatively rare species, primarily limited to cactus deserts or pine-oak associations at altitudes of 1200 to 2100 meters above sea level. The species comprises two cytological races with a zone of hybridization in the Oaxaca and Puebla regions of Mexico. Despite the zone of hybridization, gene flow for chromosome 4 genes is limited, or non-existent, between the two races. Sexual isolation tests were run using a population from the northern race, a hybrid population, and a population that is essentially southern. Sexual discrimination among these strains was on the same order of magnitude as that found between geographical populations of other species. There was no evidence to indicate that sexual isolation is any stronger between the cytological races of nigricruria than one might expect between any two geographical populations within a species.", "contents": "Cytological differentiation and sexual isolation between populations of Drosophila nigricruria. Drosophila nigricruria has a distribution ranging from northern Mexico to Chile. It is a relatively rare species, primarily limited to cactus deserts or pine-oak associations at altitudes of 1200 to 2100 meters above sea level. The species comprises two cytological races with a zone of hybridization in the Oaxaca and Puebla regions of Mexico. Despite the zone of hybridization, gene flow for chromosome 4 genes is limited, or non-existent, between the two races. Sexual isolation tests were run using a population from the northern race, a hybrid population, and a population that is essentially southern. Sexual discrimination among these strains was on the same order of magnitude as that found between geographical populations of other species. There was no evidence to indicate that sexual isolation is any stronger between the cytological races of nigricruria than one might expect between any two geographical populations within a species."}
{"id": "PMID:874306", "title": "X-monosomy in the Indian black rat.", "content": "The south Indian black rat, Rattus r. rufescens (Gray) has a diploid number of 38 chromosomes. A random sample from Hinakal (Mysore, S.W. India) revealed the presence of rats with aneuploid chromosome numbers, viz. 2n = 37, 39, 40, and 42. The 37-chromosome individual was a female and possessed the XO constitution. The diploid numbers higher than 38 were due to the presence of supernumerary (B) chromosomes. The origin and consequences of the XO condition in Rattus r. rufescens and other mammals is discussed.", "contents": "X-monosomy in the Indian black rat. The south Indian black rat, Rattus r. rufescens (Gray) has a diploid number of 38 chromosomes. A random sample from Hinakal (Mysore, S.W. India) revealed the presence of rats with aneuploid chromosome numbers, viz. 2n = 37, 39, 40, and 42. The 37-chromosome individual was a female and possessed the XO constitution. The diploid numbers higher than 38 were due to the presence of supernumerary (B) chromosomes. The origin and consequences of the XO condition in Rattus r. rufescens and other mammals is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:874307", "title": "Studies on tail length of Rambouillet and Mouflon sheep.", "content": "Data are presented on tail length of various breeds or crosses of sheep and various combinations of Mouflon X Rambouillet breeding. Mouflons sheep had 11 coccygeal vertebrae, and Rambouillet had 18-24. Others were intermediate between these types. Finewool sheep (Merino or Rambouillet) had longer tails than medium wool (Dorset, Suffolk or Hampshire), crossed, or Rambouillet breeds. Heritability estimates for tail length of Rambouillet were 0.387 (intra-sire regression), 0.344 (half-sib method), and 0.706 for inter se matings in a population containing some Mouflon breeding. In the Rambouillet breed, tail length was shown to be correlated with various measures of wool production. However, this relationship was low and only wool covering and staple length were significant. The significance of this to the development of long tails in animals under domestication is discussed.", "contents": "Studies on tail length of Rambouillet and Mouflon sheep. Data are presented on tail length of various breeds or crosses of sheep and various combinations of Mouflon X Rambouillet breeding. Mouflons sheep had 11 coccygeal vertebrae, and Rambouillet had 18-24. Others were intermediate between these types. Finewool sheep (Merino or Rambouillet) had longer tails than medium wool (Dorset, Suffolk or Hampshire), crossed, or Rambouillet breeds. Heritability estimates for tail length of Rambouillet were 0.387 (intra-sire regression), 0.344 (half-sib method), and 0.706 for inter se matings in a population containing some Mouflon breeding. In the Rambouillet breed, tail length was shown to be correlated with various measures of wool production. However, this relationship was low and only wool covering and staple length were significant. The significance of this to the development of long tails in animals under domestication is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:874309", "title": "Chromosomal and allozymic diagnosis of three species of Drosophila. Drosophila pseudoobscura, D. persimilis, and D. miranda.", "content": "Techniques are presented for distinguishing the sibling species D. pseudoobscura, D. persimilis, and D. miranda in two ways: by differences in the banding sequence of salivary chromosomes, and by the frequencies of allozymes at certain diagnostic loci.", "contents": "Chromosomal and allozymic diagnosis of three species of Drosophila. Drosophila pseudoobscura, D. persimilis, and D. miranda. Techniques are presented for distinguishing the sibling species D. pseudoobscura, D. persimilis, and D. miranda in two ways: by differences in the banding sequence of salivary chromosomes, and by the frequencies of allozymes at certain diagnostic loci."}
{"id": "PMID:874311", "title": "Isozymes of Culex p. fatigans. I. An esterase locus in linkage group III and its variability in natural populations.", "content": "Acrylamide gel electrophoresis revealed 19 frequent and 4 rare sites of esterase activity in various Brazilian populations of Culex p. fatigans. One pair of allozymes designated as Est-1 F and Est-1 S was selected for detailed investigation. Est-1 locus shows independent assortment from linkage group I marker, sex, and linkage group II markers, yellow and ruby, and therefore is assigned to linkage group III. Gene frequencies of Est-1 F varied from 0.49 to 0.92 in various Brazilian populations. Inhibition studies suggest that Est-1 F and Est-1 S are ali-esterases.", "contents": "Isozymes of Culex p. fatigans. I. An esterase locus in linkage group III and its variability in natural populations. Acrylamide gel electrophoresis revealed 19 frequent and 4 rare sites of esterase activity in various Brazilian populations of Culex p. fatigans. One pair of allozymes designated as Est-1 F and Est-1 S was selected for detailed investigation. Est-1 locus shows independent assortment from linkage group I marker, sex, and linkage group II markers, yellow and ruby, and therefore is assigned to linkage group III. Gene frequencies of Est-1 F varied from 0.49 to 0.92 in various Brazilian populations. Inhibition studies suggest that Est-1 F and Est-1 S are ali-esterases."}
{"id": "PMID:874319", "title": "Inhibition of complement by mouse serum: selective inactivation of the fourth component of human complement.", "content": "Bound human C4b on EAC4 is rapidly inactivated in the presence of murine serum reagents. The functional characteristics of this inactivation suggest that it is probably caused by factor(s) homologous to human C3bI-C4bI: inactivation is temperature-dependent and occurs without concomitant consumption of the inactivator(s); loss of hemolytic function is associated with the cleavage of the bound C4b into C4c, which is released, and C4d, which is retained on the cell membrane. Murine serum reagents inhibit bound human C4b far more efficiently than C3b and may therefore be employed to selectively inhibit C4b.", "contents": "Inhibition of complement by mouse serum: selective inactivation of the fourth component of human complement. Bound human C4b on EAC4 is rapidly inactivated in the presence of murine serum reagents. The functional characteristics of this inactivation suggest that it is probably caused by factor(s) homologous to human C3bI-C4bI: inactivation is temperature-dependent and occurs without concomitant consumption of the inactivator(s); loss of hemolytic function is associated with the cleavage of the bound C4b into C4c, which is released, and C4d, which is retained on the cell membrane. Murine serum reagents inhibit bound human C4b far more efficiently than C3b and may therefore be employed to selectively inhibit C4b."}
{"id": "PMID:874320", "title": "Neutrophil aggregation and swelling induced by chemotactic agents.", "content": "An assay is described for measuring neutrophil aggregation and cell size with a Coulter Counter equipped with a mean cell volume computer and volume channalyzer. With this assay, it was found that several chemotactically active agents rapidly induce rabbit peritoneal polymorphonuclear neutrophils in suspension to aggregate reversibly. The aggregating activities of these chemotactic agents paralleled their in vitro chemotactic- and in vivo neutropenia-inducing potencies. Neutrophil aggregation may underlie the neutropenia which follows the infusion of these agents into rabbits. Chemotactic agents may also induce polymorphonuclear neutrophils to increase in volume; this effect appears to be independent of aggregation. The volume change develops more slowly and does not appear reversible under the conditions employed. The volume increase may be an expression of pseudopodia formation and membrane ruffling known to develop in neutrophils exposed to chemotactic agents.", "contents": "Neutrophil aggregation and swelling induced by chemotactic agents. An assay is described for measuring neutrophil aggregation and cell size with a Coulter Counter equipped with a mean cell volume computer and volume channalyzer. With this assay, it was found that several chemotactically active agents rapidly induce rabbit peritoneal polymorphonuclear neutrophils in suspension to aggregate reversibly. The aggregating activities of these chemotactic agents paralleled their in vitro chemotactic- and in vivo neutropenia-inducing potencies. Neutrophil aggregation may underlie the neutropenia which follows the infusion of these agents into rabbits. Chemotactic agents may also induce polymorphonuclear neutrophils to increase in volume; this effect appears to be independent of aggregation. The volume change develops more slowly and does not appear reversible under the conditions employed. The volume increase may be an expression of pseudopodia formation and membrane ruffling known to develop in neutrophils exposed to chemotactic agents."}
{"id": "PMID:874321", "title": "Modification of fetal immune system by maternal anti-DNA antibody. I. Enhanced immune response to DNA in the mice exposed to anti-DNA antibody early in life.", "content": "The offspring mice of C3H/He strain whose mothers had been immunized with DNA or passively administered anti-DNA antibody showed enhanced ability to respond to DNA stimulation (3-fold increase in the amount of serum anti-DNA antibody and in the number of anti-DNA antibody-forming cells). The acquisition of the enhanced immune responsiveness to DNA in the offspring was most likely mediated by passively transmitted maternal antibody, not by such other factors as concomitantly transmitted antigen, carrier protein, and adjuvant. The effect of maternal antibody to carrier protein and the possible involvement of maternal lymphocytes transmitted to the progeny were also excluded. This phenomenon was observed in the mice after the transmitted antibody had been removed from them, distinguishing the effect of antibody in fetal and/or neonatal period from the regulatory effect of antibody in adult animals. The effect of maternal antibody was antigen specific. Maternal antibody might in some way modify the clonal development of fetal immune-responding cells.", "contents": "Modification of fetal immune system by maternal anti-DNA antibody. I. Enhanced immune response to DNA in the mice exposed to anti-DNA antibody early in life. The offspring mice of C3H/He strain whose mothers had been immunized with DNA or passively administered anti-DNA antibody showed enhanced ability to respond to DNA stimulation (3-fold increase in the amount of serum anti-DNA antibody and in the number of anti-DNA antibody-forming cells). The acquisition of the enhanced immune responsiveness to DNA in the offspring was most likely mediated by passively transmitted maternal antibody, not by such other factors as concomitantly transmitted antigen, carrier protein, and adjuvant. The effect of maternal antibody to carrier protein and the possible involvement of maternal lymphocytes transmitted to the progeny were also excluded. This phenomenon was observed in the mice after the transmitted antibody had been removed from them, distinguishing the effect of antibody in fetal and/or neonatal period from the regulatory effect of antibody in adult animals. The effect of maternal antibody was antigen specific. Maternal antibody might in some way modify the clonal development of fetal immune-responding cells."}
{"id": "PMID:874322", "title": "Regulation of cytotoxic lymphocyte responses in vitro by alloantigen-activated spleen cells.", "content": "Spleen cells obtained from BALB/c mice 4 days after allosensitization to C57BL/6 spleen cells via footpad injection suppressed the in vitro generation of BALB/c cytotoxic lymphocytes (CL) against C57BL/6 spleen cells in mixed leukocyte cultures (MLC). Suppressor activity was demonstrated by spleen cells at 4 and 7 days but not at 2, 10, or 14 days after allosensitization and was abolished by treatment with anti-Thy-1,2 serum and complement. A weak and transient cytotoxic response directed against the sensitizing alloantigen was associated with suppressor spleen cell populations, but was dissociated from suppressor function by two experimental approaches. First, increasing stimulatory cell concentration in MLC did not competitively diminish the suppressor activity; rather, the magnitude of suppression increased as the stimulatory cell concentration was increased. Second. BALB/c suppressor cells generated in vivo by either H-2b or H-2k alloantigens suppressed CL responses generated simultaneously against both alloantigens in vitro. CL responses generated against one or the other H-2 haplotype in vitro were suppressed only by suppressor cells activated by that haplotype. Therefore, splenic suppressor cells activated by alloantigen in vivo required antigen-specific restimulation in vitro; thereafter, responder cells syngeneic with the suppressor cell were rendered hyporesponsive to alloantigens by an antigen-nonspecific mechanism.", "contents": "Regulation of cytotoxic lymphocyte responses in vitro by alloantigen-activated spleen cells. Spleen cells obtained from BALB/c mice 4 days after allosensitization to C57BL/6 spleen cells via footpad injection suppressed the in vitro generation of BALB/c cytotoxic lymphocytes (CL) against C57BL/6 spleen cells in mixed leukocyte cultures (MLC). Suppressor activity was demonstrated by spleen cells at 4 and 7 days but not at 2, 10, or 14 days after allosensitization and was abolished by treatment with anti-Thy-1,2 serum and complement. A weak and transient cytotoxic response directed against the sensitizing alloantigen was associated with suppressor spleen cell populations, but was dissociated from suppressor function by two experimental approaches. First, increasing stimulatory cell concentration in MLC did not competitively diminish the suppressor activity; rather, the magnitude of suppression increased as the stimulatory cell concentration was increased. Second. BALB/c suppressor cells generated in vivo by either H-2b or H-2k alloantigens suppressed CL responses generated simultaneously against both alloantigens in vitro. CL responses generated against one or the other H-2 haplotype in vitro were suppressed only by suppressor cells activated by that haplotype. Therefore, splenic suppressor cells activated by alloantigen in vivo required antigen-specific restimulation in vitro; thereafter, responder cells syngeneic with the suppressor cell were rendered hyporesponsive to alloantigens by an antigen-nonspecific mechanism."}
{"id": "PMID:874323", "title": "Soluble factors in tolerance and contact sensitivity to 2,4-dinitrofluorobenzene in mice. I. Suppression of contact sensitivity by soluble suppressor factor released in vitro by lymph node cell populations containing specific suppressor cells.", "content": "Tolerance to 2,4-dinitrofluorobenzene (DNFB) contact sensitivity is in part mediated by suppressor thymus-derived cells (T cells) which are induced by pretreatment with the hapten 2,4-dinitrobenzenesulfonate. If lymph node cell suspensions containing suppressor cells are cultured in vitro, soluble suppressor factor (SSF) is released into the supernatant. When DNFB-immune lymph node cells are incubated with SSF, their ability to transfer contact sensitivity to normal recipients is suppressed. In order for SSF to be produced and/or released, it was necessary to paint the tolerant animals with DNFB 16 to 20 hr before the lymph node cells were cultured, suggesting that SSF was made in response to antigen stimulation. Specificity studies showed that SSF was both antigen specific and strain specific in its action. In addition, it was found that SSF could be absorbed by 2,4-dinitrophenyl-keyhold limpet hemocyanin (DNP-KLH) (not by KLH alone) and by anti-H-2 antibodies but not by trinitrophenyl-KLH, anti-immunoglobulin, or anti-DNP antibodies. Taken together, these results indicate that SSF is a product of the major histocompatibility complex which, although not antibody, has affinity and specificity for the hapten DNP. Furthermore, in order for SSF to suppress DNFB sensitivity, identity is required among genes in the H-2 complex between the donor of SSF and the immune lymph node cells.", "contents": "Soluble factors in tolerance and contact sensitivity to 2,4-dinitrofluorobenzene in mice. I. Suppression of contact sensitivity by soluble suppressor factor released in vitro by lymph node cell populations containing specific suppressor cells. Tolerance to 2,4-dinitrofluorobenzene (DNFB) contact sensitivity is in part mediated by suppressor thymus-derived cells (T cells) which are induced by pretreatment with the hapten 2,4-dinitrobenzenesulfonate. If lymph node cell suspensions containing suppressor cells are cultured in vitro, soluble suppressor factor (SSF) is released into the supernatant. When DNFB-immune lymph node cells are incubated with SSF, their ability to transfer contact sensitivity to normal recipients is suppressed. In order for SSF to be produced and/or released, it was necessary to paint the tolerant animals with DNFB 16 to 20 hr before the lymph node cells were cultured, suggesting that SSF was made in response to antigen stimulation. Specificity studies showed that SSF was both antigen specific and strain specific in its action. In addition, it was found that SSF could be absorbed by 2,4-dinitrophenyl-keyhold limpet hemocyanin (DNP-KLH) (not by KLH alone) and by anti-H-2 antibodies but not by trinitrophenyl-KLH, anti-immunoglobulin, or anti-DNP antibodies. Taken together, these results indicate that SSF is a product of the major histocompatibility complex which, although not antibody, has affinity and specificity for the hapten DNP. Furthermore, in order for SSF to suppress DNFB sensitivity, identity is required among genes in the H-2 complex between the donor of SSF and the immune lymph node cells."}
{"id": "PMID:874324", "title": "Human factor D of the alternative complement pathway: purification and characterization.", "content": "D was purified to homogeneity from outdated human plasma by successive chromatography on Bio Rex 70, Sephadex G-200, Bio Rex 70, and Sephadex G-75. Column fractions were monitored for D activity by a hemolytic diffusion plate assay. The overall yield was approximately 4% by activity. A m.w. of 22,900 daltons was established by sedimentation equilibrium. Amino acid analyses have been obtained and Isoleucine has been determined as the NH2-terminus. Incubation of D with purified B and CoVF in the presence of Mg++ resulted in cleavage of B, as judged by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and immunoelectrophoresis. D hydrolyzed certain synthetic amino acid esters of arginine, lysine, and tyrosine. Benzoyl-L-arginine methyl esters (BAME) was the most sensitive substrate for D among those tested. The substrate profile of D was dinstinct when compared to that of CIs, CIr, plasmin, urokinase, and trypsin. Both the enzymatic and hemolytic activity of D were irreversibly inhibited by treatment with 10 mM DFP as well as by reduction and alkylation.", "contents": "Human factor D of the alternative complement pathway: purification and characterization. D was purified to homogeneity from outdated human plasma by successive chromatography on Bio Rex 70, Sephadex G-200, Bio Rex 70, and Sephadex G-75. Column fractions were monitored for D activity by a hemolytic diffusion plate assay. The overall yield was approximately 4% by activity. A m.w. of 22,900 daltons was established by sedimentation equilibrium. Amino acid analyses have been obtained and Isoleucine has been determined as the NH2-terminus. Incubation of D with purified B and CoVF in the presence of Mg++ resulted in cleavage of B, as judged by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and immunoelectrophoresis. D hydrolyzed certain synthetic amino acid esters of arginine, lysine, and tyrosine. Benzoyl-L-arginine methyl esters (BAME) was the most sensitive substrate for D among those tested. The substrate profile of D was dinstinct when compared to that of CIs, CIr, plasmin, urokinase, and trypsin. Both the enzymatic and hemolytic activity of D were irreversibly inhibited by treatment with 10 mM DFP as well as by reduction and alkylation."}
{"id": "PMID:874325", "title": "Isolation of the cytoplasmic granules of guinea pig basophilic leukocytes: identification of esterase and protease activities.", "content": "Procedures were developed for isolating highly purified cytoplasmic granules of basophilic leukocytes from guinea pig peripheral blood. The methods involved disruption of cells in 0.34 M sucrose followed by a series of membrane filtrations and fractionation on sucrose density gradients. These preparations, up to 95% pure basophil granules by electron microscopy, contained a mixture of neutral esterases-proteases including caseinolytic activity; both trypsin- and chymotrypsin-like serine hydrolases were identified by means of appropriate inhibitors. Localization of at least one such activity to the basophil granule was confirmed by a cytochemical method; this activity was absent in contaminating lymphocytes and eosinophils. By contrast, several lysosomal enzymes, lactic dehydrogenase, and plasminogen activator activity, present in cell homogenates, were absent from purified granules. The granule matrix of guinea pig basophils, unlike the cytoplasmic granules of other granulocytes or mast cells, was little altered by high or low salt concentration but was disrupted into insoluble fragments by 0.01 N HCl and by Triton X-100. Granules were solubilized by papain and by urea-SDS but enzyme activity was destroyed. Triton X-100 incubation with freeze-thawing proved to be the optimal method for extracting esterase activities. Esterase activities were not released from basophils under conditions of anaphylactic degranulation that liberated the great majority of basophil granule histamine.", "contents": "Isolation of the cytoplasmic granules of guinea pig basophilic leukocytes: identification of esterase and protease activities. Procedures were developed for isolating highly purified cytoplasmic granules of basophilic leukocytes from guinea pig peripheral blood. The methods involved disruption of cells in 0.34 M sucrose followed by a series of membrane filtrations and fractionation on sucrose density gradients. These preparations, up to 95% pure basophil granules by electron microscopy, contained a mixture of neutral esterases-proteases including caseinolytic activity; both trypsin- and chymotrypsin-like serine hydrolases were identified by means of appropriate inhibitors. Localization of at least one such activity to the basophil granule was confirmed by a cytochemical method; this activity was absent in contaminating lymphocytes and eosinophils. By contrast, several lysosomal enzymes, lactic dehydrogenase, and plasminogen activator activity, present in cell homogenates, were absent from purified granules. The granule matrix of guinea pig basophils, unlike the cytoplasmic granules of other granulocytes or mast cells, was little altered by high or low salt concentration but was disrupted into insoluble fragments by 0.01 N HCl and by Triton X-100. Granules were solubilized by papain and by urea-SDS but enzyme activity was destroyed. Triton X-100 incubation with freeze-thawing proved to be the optimal method for extracting esterase activities. Esterase activities were not released from basophils under conditions of anaphylactic degranulation that liberated the great majority of basophil granule histamine."}
{"id": "PMID:874326", "title": "Human cell-mediated immunity to tuberculin as assayed by the agarose micro-droplet leukocyte migration inhibition technique: comparison with the capillary tube assay.", "content": "Direct and indirect agarose microdroplet migration inhibition assays were performed with log dilutions (50--5 X 10(-8) microgram/ml) of soluble purified protein derivative (PPD) of tuberculin and leukocytes (4 X 10(5)/droplet) from PPD skin test positive or negative individuals. Some tests were run in parallel with the capillary tube method. Inhibition of migration of leukocytes from 9/11 PPD skin test positive donors studied was observed in direct tests when employing PPD doses ranging from 1--50 microgram/ml PPD. Inhibition of migration of leukocytes from some PPD skin reactive donors was obtained with as little as 5 X 10(-3)--5 X 10(-7) microgram/ml (i.e., 5 nanograms to 0.5 picograms). Some inhibition of leukocyte migration was seen with skin test negative donors (presumably toxicity) with the higher doses of PPD (50 microgram/ml), but generally little inhibition was observed with these donors at lower doses. Comparative experimetns of the agarose micromethod and the capillary tube technique indicated that the agarose assay was more sensitive in that it could detect reactivity with 2--4 logs lower antigen concentration. Indirect assays using supernatants of cultures of PPD triggered mononuclear cells and indicator granulocytes in agarose droplets demonstrating that a lymphokine (presumable leukocyte inhibitory factor) was being produced and suggested that cell-mediate immune (CMI) reactions were operative. The results indicate the usefulness of this technique in the sensitive-detection of CMI against such antigens as soluble PPD. The assay should prove useful in quantitative assessment of cell-mediated reactivity by using a wide range of antigen concentrations and the leukocytes from as little as 2--5 ml of blood.", "contents": "Human cell-mediated immunity to tuberculin as assayed by the agarose micro-droplet leukocyte migration inhibition technique: comparison with the capillary tube assay. Direct and indirect agarose microdroplet migration inhibition assays were performed with log dilutions (50--5 X 10(-8) microgram/ml) of soluble purified protein derivative (PPD) of tuberculin and leukocytes (4 X 10(5)/droplet) from PPD skin test positive or negative individuals. Some tests were run in parallel with the capillary tube method. Inhibition of migration of leukocytes from 9/11 PPD skin test positive donors studied was observed in direct tests when employing PPD doses ranging from 1--50 microgram/ml PPD. Inhibition of migration of leukocytes from some PPD skin reactive donors was obtained with as little as 5 X 10(-3)--5 X 10(-7) microgram/ml (i.e., 5 nanograms to 0.5 picograms). Some inhibition of leukocyte migration was seen with skin test negative donors (presumably toxicity) with the higher doses of PPD (50 microgram/ml), but generally little inhibition was observed with these donors at lower doses. Comparative experimetns of the agarose micromethod and the capillary tube technique indicated that the agarose assay was more sensitive in that it could detect reactivity with 2--4 logs lower antigen concentration. Indirect assays using supernatants of cultures of PPD triggered mononuclear cells and indicator granulocytes in agarose droplets demonstrating that a lymphokine (presumable leukocyte inhibitory factor) was being produced and suggested that cell-mediate immune (CMI) reactions were operative. The results indicate the usefulness of this technique in the sensitive-detection of CMI against such antigens as soluble PPD. The assay should prove useful in quantitative assessment of cell-mediated reactivity by using a wide range of antigen concentrations and the leukocytes from as little as 2--5 ml of blood."}
{"id": "PMID:874338", "title": "Multiple foreign non-H-2 determinants on the surface of a chemically-induced murine sarcoma.", "content": "By immunizing BALF/c (H-2d) mice against normal tissues from C57BL/6J (H-2d), C3Hf (H-2k) and DBA/2 (H-2d), but not from AKR (H-2k) strains, resistance was induced to the subsequent challenge of the 'syngeneic' methyl-cholanthrene-induced BALB/c sarcoma ST5; lymph node cells from alloimmune BALB/c mice were also able to exert a parallel cytotoxic effect against in vitro cultured ST5 cells. The involvement of foreign H-2 specificities in the observed cross-reactions was ruled out by absorption of H-2 monospecific sera and by the interallelic combinations used, thus suggesting that non-H-2 histocompatibility antigens were responsible for the above findings. By using the indirect isotopic antiglobulin assay, BALF/c anti-C57BL/6J and anti-C3Hf polyspecific sera were found to bind specifically to cultured ST5 cells. C57BL/6J and C3Hf, but not DBA/2, lymph node cells were able to absorb the anti-ST5 activity of the anti-C57BL/6J serum. These results indicated that ST5 cells expressed on their surface at least two different sets of foreign non-H-2 antigens: one shared by C57BL/6J and C3Hf tissues, and detected by both cell-mediated and serological techniques; the other one belonging to DBA/2 tissues, and revealed mainly at the cell-mediated level.", "contents": "Multiple foreign non-H-2 determinants on the surface of a chemically-induced murine sarcoma. By immunizing BALF/c (H-2d) mice against normal tissues from C57BL/6J (H-2d), C3Hf (H-2k) and DBA/2 (H-2d), but not from AKR (H-2k) strains, resistance was induced to the subsequent challenge of the 'syngeneic' methyl-cholanthrene-induced BALB/c sarcoma ST5; lymph node cells from alloimmune BALB/c mice were also able to exert a parallel cytotoxic effect against in vitro cultured ST5 cells. The involvement of foreign H-2 specificities in the observed cross-reactions was ruled out by absorption of H-2 monospecific sera and by the interallelic combinations used, thus suggesting that non-H-2 histocompatibility antigens were responsible for the above findings. By using the indirect isotopic antiglobulin assay, BALF/c anti-C57BL/6J and anti-C3Hf polyspecific sera were found to bind specifically to cultured ST5 cells. C57BL/6J and C3Hf, but not DBA/2, lymph node cells were able to absorb the anti-ST5 activity of the anti-C57BL/6J serum. These results indicated that ST5 cells expressed on their surface at least two different sets of foreign non-H-2 antigens: one shared by C57BL/6J and C3Hf tissues, and detected by both cell-mediated and serological techniques; the other one belonging to DBA/2 tissues, and revealed mainly at the cell-mediated level."}
{"id": "PMID:874343", "title": "Effects of local anesthetics on tactile sensitivity thresholds for cutaneous and mucous membranes.", "content": "New, reliable, and precise methods for measuring absolute pressure sensitivity in mucous membranes and on intact skin are described. Studies were conducted to determine how local anesthetics (phenol and sodium phenolate and Benzocaine) affect tactile sensitivity thresholds in the oropharynx and on the intact skin of the volar surface of the forearms, ankles, knees, elbows, and dorsum of the hands. Gargling and expectorating a solution containing phenol had a significantly greater anesthetic effect on the mucous membranes of the oropharynx than spraying and swallowing, which, in turn, had a greater effect than drinking the solution. Compared with ethanol and petroleum jelly (Vaseline), the topical application of Benzocaine (0, .5, 1, 3, and 5% solutions in 100% ethanol) significantly increased the tactile sensory thresholds on the volar surface of the forearm. A highly significant loss of tactual sensitivity of the oropharynx was demonstrated in smokers.", "contents": "Effects of local anesthetics on tactile sensitivity thresholds for cutaneous and mucous membranes. New, reliable, and precise methods for measuring absolute pressure sensitivity in mucous membranes and on intact skin are described. Studies were conducted to determine how local anesthetics (phenol and sodium phenolate and Benzocaine) affect tactile sensitivity thresholds in the oropharynx and on the intact skin of the volar surface of the forearms, ankles, knees, elbows, and dorsum of the hands. Gargling and expectorating a solution containing phenol had a significantly greater anesthetic effect on the mucous membranes of the oropharynx than spraying and swallowing, which, in turn, had a greater effect than drinking the solution. Compared with ethanol and petroleum jelly (Vaseline), the topical application of Benzocaine (0, .5, 1, 3, and 5% solutions in 100% ethanol) significantly increased the tactile sensory thresholds on the volar surface of the forearm. A highly significant loss of tactual sensitivity of the oropharynx was demonstrated in smokers."}
{"id": "PMID:874346", "title": "A key to the classification of cutaneous mechanoreceptors.", "content": "The cutaneous mechanoreceptors of the cat can be assigned to one of 11 groups by using physiologic tests performed with hand-held stimulators. The method of classification is described, and the validity and utility of this classification scheme are discussed.", "contents": "A key to the classification of cutaneous mechanoreceptors. The cutaneous mechanoreceptors of the cat can be assigned to one of 11 groups by using physiologic tests performed with hand-held stimulators. The method of classification is described, and the validity and utility of this classification scheme are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:874360", "title": "Cytochrome P-450 content and mixed-function oxidation by microsomes from rabbit alveolar macrophages.", "content": "Cytochrome P-450 content and p-nitroanisole demethylation (a mixed-function oxidation) were investigated in the microsomal fraction from rabbit alveolar macrophages. The content of cytochrome P-450 was 0.13 +/- 0.024 (mean +/- S.E., n = 9) nmol/mg protein and was not stimulated by pretreatment of rabbits with chlorpromazine. Pretreatment with BCG resulted in decreased cytochrome P-450-specific content, suggesting that the microsomal protein pool was diluted by de novo synthesis of noncytochrome proteins. Demethylation of p-nitroanisole by alveolar macrophage microsomes during a 1 hr incubation was 17.1 +/- 1.4 nmol X hr-1 X mg protein-1. The microsomal fraction from homogenates of whole lungs had a cytochrome P-450 content of 0.32 +/- 0.078 nmol/mg protein and p-nitroanisole demethylase activity of 26.6 +/- 8.7 nmol X hr-1 X mg protein-1. The results indicate the presence of cytochrome P-450 in rabbit alveolar macrophages and show that the microsomal fraction can catalyze a mixed-function oxidation reaction. Comparison of alveolar macrophage and whole lung microsomal preparations indicates that alveolar macrophage cytochrome P-450 comprises a minor fraction of the total pulmonary pool.", "contents": "Cytochrome P-450 content and mixed-function oxidation by microsomes from rabbit alveolar macrophages. Cytochrome P-450 content and p-nitroanisole demethylation (a mixed-function oxidation) were investigated in the microsomal fraction from rabbit alveolar macrophages. The content of cytochrome P-450 was 0.13 +/- 0.024 (mean +/- S.E., n = 9) nmol/mg protein and was not stimulated by pretreatment of rabbits with chlorpromazine. Pretreatment with BCG resulted in decreased cytochrome P-450-specific content, suggesting that the microsomal protein pool was diluted by de novo synthesis of noncytochrome proteins. Demethylation of p-nitroanisole by alveolar macrophage microsomes during a 1 hr incubation was 17.1 +/- 1.4 nmol X hr-1 X mg protein-1. The microsomal fraction from homogenates of whole lungs had a cytochrome P-450 content of 0.32 +/- 0.078 nmol/mg protein and p-nitroanisole demethylase activity of 26.6 +/- 8.7 nmol X hr-1 X mg protein-1. The results indicate the presence of cytochrome P-450 in rabbit alveolar macrophages and show that the microsomal fraction can catalyze a mixed-function oxidation reaction. Comparison of alveolar macrophage and whole lung microsomal preparations indicates that alveolar macrophage cytochrome P-450 comprises a minor fraction of the total pulmonary pool."}
{"id": "PMID:874361", "title": "A rapid, inexpensive, infrared screening method for elevated serum triglycerides.", "content": "The application of infrared absorption spectrophotometry to the mass screening of human serum for elevated triglyceride levels has been investigated, and results in both normal and elevated ranges have been compared with values obtained by manual and automated procedures. By means of a simple technique serum samples were scanned with a typical instrument, and the difference in absorbance at 1,740 and 1,725 cm-1 was plotted vs. triglyceride concentration to prepare a Beer-Lambert plot; several hundren serum samples were then determined with the plot, and results were compared with those from two independent methods with good agreement. Significantly elevated serum cholesterol ester levels gave high values, but this was not considered a disadvantage in view of the general screening nature of the determination. The standard deviation at 160 mg/dl was found to be 13. The infrared method is presented at a viable mass screening procedure; it is not proposed that it supplant presently available laboratory procedures for routine use at this time. Advantages of the infrared method include simplicity, rapidity, low supply cost per test, and small sample volume.", "contents": "A rapid, inexpensive, infrared screening method for elevated serum triglycerides. The application of infrared absorption spectrophotometry to the mass screening of human serum for elevated triglyceride levels has been investigated, and results in both normal and elevated ranges have been compared with values obtained by manual and automated procedures. By means of a simple technique serum samples were scanned with a typical instrument, and the difference in absorbance at 1,740 and 1,725 cm-1 was plotted vs. triglyceride concentration to prepare a Beer-Lambert plot; several hundren serum samples were then determined with the plot, and results were compared with those from two independent methods with good agreement. Significantly elevated serum cholesterol ester levels gave high values, but this was not considered a disadvantage in view of the general screening nature of the determination. The standard deviation at 160 mg/dl was found to be 13. The infrared method is presented at a viable mass screening procedure; it is not proposed that it supplant presently available laboratory procedures for routine use at this time. Advantages of the infrared method include simplicity, rapidity, low supply cost per test, and small sample volume."}
{"id": "PMID:874362", "title": "Adaptation of TSH filter paper method for regionalized screening for congenital hypothyroidism.", "content": "A sensitive, specific, rapid radioimmunoassay is described for the determination of thyrotropin (TSH) in eluates from two 3 mm discs punched from dried blood filter-paper specimens. This method is sufficiently sensitive to easily discriminate between normal infants and infants with primary hypothyroidism. The use of two 3 mm discs enables screening laboratories to easily incorporate this methodology into the currently available, fully automated systems to screen for several metabolic disorders. Since mental retardation occurs in untreated infants with primary hypothyroidism, our TSH method as the primary screening test alone, or in association with a thyroxine (T4) screening test, should detect all infants with primary hypothyroidism with a very acceptable low false-positive recall rate.", "contents": "Adaptation of TSH filter paper method for regionalized screening for congenital hypothyroidism. A sensitive, specific, rapid radioimmunoassay is described for the determination of thyrotropin (TSH) in eluates from two 3 mm discs punched from dried blood filter-paper specimens. This method is sufficiently sensitive to easily discriminate between normal infants and infants with primary hypothyroidism. The use of two 3 mm discs enables screening laboratories to easily incorporate this methodology into the currently available, fully automated systems to screen for several metabolic disorders. Since mental retardation occurs in untreated infants with primary hypothyroidism, our TSH method as the primary screening test alone, or in association with a thyroxine (T4) screening test, should detect all infants with primary hypothyroidism with a very acceptable low false-positive recall rate."}
{"id": "PMID:874363", "title": "The role of RNA metabolism in polymorphonuclear leukocyte phagocytosis.", "content": "The role of RNA metabolism in human PMN phagocytosis was examined. By the inhibition of RNA synthesis with actinomycin D, intracellular killing of a strain of actinomycin D-resistant S. epidermidis was unaffected by 1 hr but significantly decreased by 2 and 3 hr. After 1 hr, phagocytosis began to decrease, and iodination of proteins also decreased in the presence of actinomycin D. Hexosemonophosphate shunt activity remained similar for both actinomycin D treated PMN's and control cells at 30 min and 2 hr. Protein synthesis was inhibited by incubating PMN's with puromycin. The ability of the PMN's to kill puromycin-resistant S. epidermidis was significantly decreased at 2 and 3 hr.", "contents": "The role of RNA metabolism in polymorphonuclear leukocyte phagocytosis. The role of RNA metabolism in human PMN phagocytosis was examined. By the inhibition of RNA synthesis with actinomycin D, intracellular killing of a strain of actinomycin D-resistant S. epidermidis was unaffected by 1 hr but significantly decreased by 2 and 3 hr. After 1 hr, phagocytosis began to decrease, and iodination of proteins also decreased in the presence of actinomycin D. Hexosemonophosphate shunt activity remained similar for both actinomycin D treated PMN's and control cells at 30 min and 2 hr. Protein synthesis was inhibited by incubating PMN's with puromycin. The ability of the PMN's to kill puromycin-resistant S. epidermidis was significantly decreased at 2 and 3 hr."}
{"id": "PMID:874364", "title": "The lumi-aggregometer: a new instrument for simultaneous measurement of secretion and aggregation by platelets.", "content": "We have developed a new instrument that simultaneously monitors aggregation and secretion of ATP from the same sample of platelets. Aggregation is determined by the usual turbidimetric method; secretion of ATP is followed by measuring luminescence from the firefly luciferase system at right angles to the aggregometer light path. Data are recorded on a two-pen strip chart recorder and reveal the temporal relations between the two platelet responses.", "contents": "The lumi-aggregometer: a new instrument for simultaneous measurement of secretion and aggregation by platelets. We have developed a new instrument that simultaneously monitors aggregation and secretion of ATP from the same sample of platelets. Aggregation is determined by the usual turbidimetric method; secretion of ATP is followed by measuring luminescence from the firefly luciferase system at right angles to the aggregometer light path. Data are recorded on a two-pen strip chart recorder and reveal the temporal relations between the two platelet responses."}
{"id": "PMID:874368", "title": "Biological behavior of higher molecular weight products of fibrinolysis.", "content": "We have examined the consequence of infusions into rabbits of the products of limited plasmin hydrolysis of fibrin (early fibrin degradation products, or early fdp) containing defined quantities of fibrin fragment X. For comparison, early fibrinogen degradation products (early FDP) and late fibrin degradation products (late fdp) consisting almost exclusively of core fragments D and E were infused into separate groups of animals. Components of early fdp, probably fibrin fragment X, behaved in many respects like fibrin monomer. Infused unlabeled early fdp produced circulating soluble fibrin complexes with 125I-labeled fibrinogen. 125I-labeled early fdp rapidly accumulated in the spleen and liver and also to a significant degree in the lungs as insoluble, nonextractable tissue-bound protein; in contrast, only minimal quantities of early FDP and late fdp accumulated in organs. When 125I-labeled early fdp were administered to animals given continuous infusions of epsilon-aminocaproic acid to block fibrinolysis, substantial amounts of radioisotope also accumulated in the kidneys. These observations suggest a possible pathophysiological role for the products of lysing fibrin encountered in clinical states associated with disseminated intravascular coagulation.", "contents": "Biological behavior of higher molecular weight products of fibrinolysis. We have examined the consequence of infusions into rabbits of the products of limited plasmin hydrolysis of fibrin (early fibrin degradation products, or early fdp) containing defined quantities of fibrin fragment X. For comparison, early fibrinogen degradation products (early FDP) and late fibrin degradation products (late fdp) consisting almost exclusively of core fragments D and E were infused into separate groups of animals. Components of early fdp, probably fibrin fragment X, behaved in many respects like fibrin monomer. Infused unlabeled early fdp produced circulating soluble fibrin complexes with 125I-labeled fibrinogen. 125I-labeled early fdp rapidly accumulated in the spleen and liver and also to a significant degree in the lungs as insoluble, nonextractable tissue-bound protein; in contrast, only minimal quantities of early FDP and late fdp accumulated in organs. When 125I-labeled early fdp were administered to animals given continuous infusions of epsilon-aminocaproic acid to block fibrinolysis, substantial amounts of radioisotope also accumulated in the kidneys. These observations suggest a possible pathophysiological role for the products of lysing fibrin encountered in clinical states associated with disseminated intravascular coagulation."}
{"id": "PMID:874369", "title": "Electrophoretic variation in the partial deficiency of hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase.", "content": "Mutant hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase from four patients with a partial deficiency of this enzyme has been studied by isoelectric focusing. The isoenzymes found in these hemolysates were different from the normal isoenzymes and were different from each other. These observations suggest that electrophoretic variation is a common occurrence in this disorder and they support the existence of structural gene mutations with genetic heterogeneity in this X-linked hyperuricemia.", "contents": "Electrophoretic variation in the partial deficiency of hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase. Mutant hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase from four patients with a partial deficiency of this enzyme has been studied by isoelectric focusing. The isoenzymes found in these hemolysates were different from the normal isoenzymes and were different from each other. These observations suggest that electrophoretic variation is a common occurrence in this disorder and they support the existence of structural gene mutations with genetic heterogeneity in this X-linked hyperuricemia."}
{"id": "PMID:874370", "title": "Use of breath hydrogen (H2) to quantitate small bowel transit time following partial gastrectomy.", "content": "The relation between small intestinal transit time and postgastrectomy diarrhea was investigated with a technique which employs the measurement of pulmonary H2 excretion after ingestion of the nonabsorbable sugar, lactulose. Ten postgastrectomy patients with persistent diarrhea had an average small bowel transit time of 35.2 +/- 3 min (S.E.M.), which was significantly (p less than 0.05) shorter than either that of 10 patients without diarrhea (74.6 +/- 5 min) or 40 healthy controls (72.6 +/- 5 min). These decreased transit times appeared to be due to rapid gastric emptying rather than to a primary intestinal abnormality, since the transit of lactulose instilled directly into the jejunum was equally rapid in patients and controls. All postgastrectomy patients with diarrhea failed to absorb a portion of a 100 gm dose of glucose (quantitated by pulmonary H2 measurements), but all patients without diarrhea and 10 healthy control subjects absorbed the entire dose. Constant perfusion studies of the terminal ileum in two patients indicated that glucose absorption was least efficient from the most rapidly moving front of the ingested bolus of glucose. These studies suggest that the diarrhea observed in some postgastrectomy patients is, in part, the result of malabsorption of carbohydrate due to excessively rapid small bowel transit which is secondary to rapid gastric emptying.", "contents": "Use of breath hydrogen (H2) to quantitate small bowel transit time following partial gastrectomy. The relation between small intestinal transit time and postgastrectomy diarrhea was investigated with a technique which employs the measurement of pulmonary H2 excretion after ingestion of the nonabsorbable sugar, lactulose. Ten postgastrectomy patients with persistent diarrhea had an average small bowel transit time of 35.2 +/- 3 min (S.E.M.), which was significantly (p less than 0.05) shorter than either that of 10 patients without diarrhea (74.6 +/- 5 min) or 40 healthy controls (72.6 +/- 5 min). These decreased transit times appeared to be due to rapid gastric emptying rather than to a primary intestinal abnormality, since the transit of lactulose instilled directly into the jejunum was equally rapid in patients and controls. All postgastrectomy patients with diarrhea failed to absorb a portion of a 100 gm dose of glucose (quantitated by pulmonary H2 measurements), but all patients without diarrhea and 10 healthy control subjects absorbed the entire dose. Constant perfusion studies of the terminal ileum in two patients indicated that glucose absorption was least efficient from the most rapidly moving front of the ingested bolus of glucose. These studies suggest that the diarrhea observed in some postgastrectomy patients is, in part, the result of malabsorption of carbohydrate due to excessively rapid small bowel transit which is secondary to rapid gastric emptying."}
{"id": "PMID:874372", "title": "Digital blood pressure monitoring in critical care and dialysis patients.", "content": "We describe a new technique for determining blood pressure in intensive care and dialysis patients in whom the routine antecubital pressure measurements are difficult to obtain or interpret. The method utilizes a Doppler instrument to monitor digital blood pressure.", "contents": "Digital blood pressure monitoring in critical care and dialysis patients. We describe a new technique for determining blood pressure in intensive care and dialysis patients in whom the routine antecubital pressure measurements are difficult to obtain or interpret. The method utilizes a Doppler instrument to monitor digital blood pressure."}
{"id": "PMID:874373", "title": "Ferritin distribution and synthesis in sex-linked anemia.", "content": "The ferritin concentration of duodenum, liver, and spleen and the incorporation of L-leucine-3H into immunoprecipitated duodenal and liver ferritin was measured in genotypically normal (+/Y) mice and mice with sex-linked anemia (sla/Y), an X-linked recessive trait determined by a defect in intestinal iron absorption. Liver and splenic ferritin concentration was lower in sla/Y animals than in +/Y animals. Parenteral iron administration produced an increase in the duodenal, liver, and splenic ferritin concentration in both sla/Y and +/Y animals that was most striking in the case of the liver. Duodenal ferritin synthesis, both in vivo and in vitro, was increased in iron-deficient sla/Y animals and decreased in iron-deficient +/Y animals. In contrast, liver ferritin synthesis was decreased in both sla/Y and +/Y iron-deficient animals. In sla/Y animals fed an iron-deficient diet, duodenal ferritin synthesis decreased to near normal levels. These results indicating a high level of duodenal ferritin synthesis in standard-fed mice with sex-linked anemia suggest that the primary genetic defect is more likely a disorder of intramucosal iron transport than a primary disturbance of ferritin metabolism.", "contents": "Ferritin distribution and synthesis in sex-linked anemia. The ferritin concentration of duodenum, liver, and spleen and the incorporation of L-leucine-3H into immunoprecipitated duodenal and liver ferritin was measured in genotypically normal (+/Y) mice and mice with sex-linked anemia (sla/Y), an X-linked recessive trait determined by a defect in intestinal iron absorption. Liver and splenic ferritin concentration was lower in sla/Y animals than in +/Y animals. Parenteral iron administration produced an increase in the duodenal, liver, and splenic ferritin concentration in both sla/Y and +/Y animals that was most striking in the case of the liver. Duodenal ferritin synthesis, both in vivo and in vitro, was increased in iron-deficient sla/Y animals and decreased in iron-deficient +/Y animals. In contrast, liver ferritin synthesis was decreased in both sla/Y and +/Y iron-deficient animals. In sla/Y animals fed an iron-deficient diet, duodenal ferritin synthesis decreased to near normal levels. These results indicating a high level of duodenal ferritin synthesis in standard-fed mice with sex-linked anemia suggest that the primary genetic defect is more likely a disorder of intramucosal iron transport than a primary disturbance of ferritin metabolism."}
{"id": "PMID:874374", "title": "Estrogen suppression of surgically induced vascular intimal hyperplasia in rabbits.", "content": "Since estrogen has been shown to reduce aortic medial hypertrophy in hypertensive rats, a naturally occurring estrogen compound, estradiol, was studied for its ability to suppress the intimal hyperplasia which follows vessel transection and anastomosis. Suture lines and adjacent abdominal aortas were examined by light and electron microscopy 1 month after surgery, in 23 rabbits. Test animals were given 200 microgram of Depoestradiol I.M. weekly, starting 3 days preoperatively. Control animals were similarly manipulated but received no estrogen. Control animals showed striking intimal thickening over the sutures, in contrast to the estrogen-treated group in which there was significantly less growth of corresponding tissue (p less than 0.01).", "contents": "Estrogen suppression of surgically induced vascular intimal hyperplasia in rabbits. Since estrogen has been shown to reduce aortic medial hypertrophy in hypertensive rats, a naturally occurring estrogen compound, estradiol, was studied for its ability to suppress the intimal hyperplasia which follows vessel transection and anastomosis. Suture lines and adjacent abdominal aortas were examined by light and electron microscopy 1 month after surgery, in 23 rabbits. Test animals were given 200 microgram of Depoestradiol I.M. weekly, starting 3 days preoperatively. Control animals were similarly manipulated but received no estrogen. Control animals showed striking intimal thickening over the sutures, in contrast to the estrogen-treated group in which there was significantly less growth of corresponding tissue (p less than 0.01)."}
{"id": "PMID:874378", "title": "Radiation therapy of squamous carcinoma of the floor of mouth and the lower alveolar ridge.", "content": "Treatment for 139 patients with squamous carcinomas in the floor of mouth and the lower alveolar ridge, which accounted for one-third of all patients with intra-oral cancer, are evaluated and classified after UICC and AJC's TNM recommendations retrospectively, for cancer staging and End Result Reporting. The figures include 50% women with tumours and in lower alveolar ridge. Two treatment schemes: external cobalt irradiation and external irradiation in combination with intra-oral radium-mould have been used in spite of primary bone invasion. 30% had remnant tumours and 22% recurred locally. 70% of the recurrences were discovered within a year after treatment. The total crude survival for all patients was 32%, identical for both groups. Lymph node metastases lower the survival significantly. Less than one-third had difficulties in mucous healing after treatment and 9% developed osteoradionecrosis, but only half of those patients had symptoms.", "contents": "Radiation therapy of squamous carcinoma of the floor of mouth and the lower alveolar ridge. Treatment for 139 patients with squamous carcinomas in the floor of mouth and the lower alveolar ridge, which accounted for one-third of all patients with intra-oral cancer, are evaluated and classified after UICC and AJC's TNM recommendations retrospectively, for cancer staging and End Result Reporting. The figures include 50% women with tumours and in lower alveolar ridge. Two treatment schemes: external cobalt irradiation and external irradiation in combination with intra-oral radium-mould have been used in spite of primary bone invasion. 30% had remnant tumours and 22% recurred locally. 70% of the recurrences were discovered within a year after treatment. The total crude survival for all patients was 32%, identical for both groups. Lymph node metastases lower the survival significantly. Less than one-third had difficulties in mucous healing after treatment and 9% developed osteoradionecrosis, but only half of those patients had symptoms."}
{"id": "PMID:874379", "title": "Profound bilateral sensorineural hearing loss during gentamicin therapy.", "content": "A case of profound bilateral sensorineural deafness occurring during gentamicin therapy is presented. Considerable recovery of the hearing in the right ear was observed but the left ear remained \"dead\". Electrocochleography confirmed the end-organ nature of the damage. Apart from the profound sudden deafness the unusual feature of this case was the total absence of vestibular effects. The ototoxic effects of gentamicin are discussed including the predisposing factors. While the incidence of ototoxicity with gentamicin is low (2-3%) this figure will only remain acceptable if the use of the drug is restricted to those patients who might die or suffer severe morbidity without it. The factors which make side-effects more likely to occur should always be borne in mind and due attention paid to the monitoring of renal function and serum antibiotic levels.", "contents": "Profound bilateral sensorineural hearing loss during gentamicin therapy. A case of profound bilateral sensorineural deafness occurring during gentamicin therapy is presented. Considerable recovery of the hearing in the right ear was observed but the left ear remained \"dead\". Electrocochleography confirmed the end-organ nature of the damage. Apart from the profound sudden deafness the unusual feature of this case was the total absence of vestibular effects. The ototoxic effects of gentamicin are discussed including the predisposing factors. While the incidence of ototoxicity with gentamicin is low (2-3%) this figure will only remain acceptable if the use of the drug is restricted to those patients who might die or suffer severe morbidity without it. The factors which make side-effects more likely to occur should always be borne in mind and due attention paid to the monitoring of renal function and serum antibiotic levels."}
{"id": "PMID:874383", "title": "Cervical angiofollicular lymph node hyperplasia (lymphoid hamartoma).", "content": "A case of the hyaline vascular type of angiofollicular lymph node hyperplasia (lymphoid hamartoma) in the neck of a 25-year-old Hindu male is reported. A brief review of the literature is presented and relevant clinical, pathological and therapeutic aspects of this lesion are discussed.", "contents": "Cervical angiofollicular lymph node hyperplasia (lymphoid hamartoma). A case of the hyaline vascular type of angiofollicular lymph node hyperplasia (lymphoid hamartoma) in the neck of a 25-year-old Hindu male is reported. A brief review of the literature is presented and relevant clinical, pathological and therapeutic aspects of this lesion are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:874396", "title": "Influence of foetal genotype on the follicle-stimulating hormone:luteinizing hormone ratio of pregnant mare serum gonadotrophin.", "content": "Rat testicular radioreceptor assays specific for FSH and LH were used to determine the FSH:LH ratio of PMSG produced by horse, donkey, mule and hinny conceptuses. Measurements of FSH and LH activities in PMSG produced both in vivo and in vitro by the four types of conceptuses showed that the genotype of the foetus markedly influences the FSH:LH ratio of PMSG. The FSH:LH ratio of PMSG produced by the horse conceptus was around unity whereas the ratio of PMSG produced by the donkey conceptus was as low as 0-2. Furthermore, the hybrid mule and hinny conceptuses both produced PMSG with an FSH:LH ratio which was approximately midway between those of the horse and donkey.", "contents": "Influence of foetal genotype on the follicle-stimulating hormone:luteinizing hormone ratio of pregnant mare serum gonadotrophin. Rat testicular radioreceptor assays specific for FSH and LH were used to determine the FSH:LH ratio of PMSG produced by horse, donkey, mule and hinny conceptuses. Measurements of FSH and LH activities in PMSG produced both in vivo and in vitro by the four types of conceptuses showed that the genotype of the foetus markedly influences the FSH:LH ratio of PMSG. The FSH:LH ratio of PMSG produced by the horse conceptus was around unity whereas the ratio of PMSG produced by the donkey conceptus was as low as 0-2. Furthermore, the hybrid mule and hinny conceptuses both produced PMSG with an FSH:LH ratio which was approximately midway between those of the horse and donkey."}
{"id": "PMID:874399", "title": "Steroid synthesis in vitro by the placenta of the guinea-pig, and progesterone concentrations in systemic and uterine plasma.", "content": "The spongy zone (SZ) syncytiotrophoblast has been identified as the prinicipal site of progesterone synthesis in the placenta of the guinea-pig. This was evident from the relatively large amounts of progesterone synthesized by the SZ from [7alpha-3H]pregnenolone and the exact correlation of SZ development and the estimated progesterone secretory activity of the placenta throughout gestation. Placental progesterone secretion started between days 20--25 of gestation when the SZ was being formed. Progesterone secretion rose to a maximum by day 30 and was maintained until at least day 53, reflecting the large amount of SZ tissue present in the placenta during this period. Secretory activity decreased simultaneously with decrease in SZ tissue, even though a decrease in progesterone concentration in systemic plasma was not evident. The results also suggested that the yolk sac was able to synthesize progesterone and metabolize steroids in vitro. Small quantities of 5-saturated C21 steroids were also synthesized by the placenta.", "contents": "Steroid synthesis in vitro by the placenta of the guinea-pig, and progesterone concentrations in systemic and uterine plasma. The spongy zone (SZ) syncytiotrophoblast has been identified as the prinicipal site of progesterone synthesis in the placenta of the guinea-pig. This was evident from the relatively large amounts of progesterone synthesized by the SZ from [7alpha-3H]pregnenolone and the exact correlation of SZ development and the estimated progesterone secretory activity of the placenta throughout gestation. Placental progesterone secretion started between days 20--25 of gestation when the SZ was being formed. Progesterone secretion rose to a maximum by day 30 and was maintained until at least day 53, reflecting the large amount of SZ tissue present in the placenta during this period. Secretory activity decreased simultaneously with decrease in SZ tissue, even though a decrease in progesterone concentration in systemic plasma was not evident. The results also suggested that the yolk sac was able to synthesize progesterone and metabolize steroids in vitro. Small quantities of 5-saturated C21 steroids were also synthesized by the placenta."}
{"id": "PMID:874400", "title": "Impairment of the control of gonadotrophin secretion after oestrogen administration to adult female rats.", "content": "The possible occurrence of long-term changes in gonadotrophin control mechanisms following the administration of oestrogen to adult female rats has been studied. Administration of 2-5 mg oestradiol benzoate (OB) to normal female rats at 60 days of age did not result in failure of ovulation at 120 days of age but significant impairment of the LH and FSH responses to progesterone after ovariectomy and oestrogen priming was observed at 160-180 days of age. Treatment with the same dose of OB at 60 days of rats injected with 10 microgram testosterone propionate on Day 4 of postnatal life resulted in an increased incidence of failure of ovulation at 120 though not at 150 days of age but did not further impair the already reduced gonadotrophin response to progesterone at 160-180 days of age. Removal of the ovaries at 60 days of age did not modify the effects of oestrogen given at 60 days of age in either group nor did ovariectomy at 60 days improve the response of neonatally androgen-treated rats to progesterone at 160-180 days of age. The increases in plasma prolactin and TSH levels in response to oestrogen priming after ovariectomy were not affected in any of the experimental groups. The administration of a long-acting oestrogen preparation (oestradiol cyclopentyl propionate, 2-5 mg at 60 days of age) to normal female rats suppressed ovulation and depressed plasma LH and FSH concentrations for at least 90 days; anterior pituitary weights were greatly increased and plasma prolactin concentrations were very high.", "contents": "Impairment of the control of gonadotrophin secretion after oestrogen administration to adult female rats. The possible occurrence of long-term changes in gonadotrophin control mechanisms following the administration of oestrogen to adult female rats has been studied. Administration of 2-5 mg oestradiol benzoate (OB) to normal female rats at 60 days of age did not result in failure of ovulation at 120 days of age but significant impairment of the LH and FSH responses to progesterone after ovariectomy and oestrogen priming was observed at 160-180 days of age. Treatment with the same dose of OB at 60 days of rats injected with 10 microgram testosterone propionate on Day 4 of postnatal life resulted in an increased incidence of failure of ovulation at 120 though not at 150 days of age but did not further impair the already reduced gonadotrophin response to progesterone at 160-180 days of age. Removal of the ovaries at 60 days of age did not modify the effects of oestrogen given at 60 days of age in either group nor did ovariectomy at 60 days improve the response of neonatally androgen-treated rats to progesterone at 160-180 days of age. The increases in plasma prolactin and TSH levels in response to oestrogen priming after ovariectomy were not affected in any of the experimental groups. The administration of a long-acting oestrogen preparation (oestradiol cyclopentyl propionate, 2-5 mg at 60 days of age) to normal female rats suppressed ovulation and depressed plasma LH and FSH concentrations for at least 90 days; anterior pituitary weights were greatly increased and plasma prolactin concentrations were very high."}
{"id": "PMID:874402", "title": "Analysis of androgen-binding protein in media from sertoli cell incubations and cytosols from rat testes.", "content": "Binding ability of androgen-binding protein (ABP) in concentrated media from Setoli cell cultures and in various preparations of cytosols from rat testicular tissue have been estimated using dialysis and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE). Equilibrium dialysis in the presence of 1 nM-17beta-hydroxy-5alpha-androstan-3-one appears to be the most convenient and reliable method for estimation of ABP if no other binding proteins are present. PAGE can be applied for estimation of ABP in samples which also contain other steroid-binding proteins. Estimated binding activities in culture media measured by PAGE and dialysis were essentially similar. Binding of androgens to ABP estimated with PAGE in cytosols prepared after sonication of testicular tissue was much lower than in cytosols obtained after homogenization using a Potter-Elvehjem homogenizer. When ABP was added to cytosols prepared after sonication or homogenization, approximately 50 and 90% respectively of the original binding of androgens to ABP was recovered.", "contents": "Analysis of androgen-binding protein in media from sertoli cell incubations and cytosols from rat testes. Binding ability of androgen-binding protein (ABP) in concentrated media from Setoli cell cultures and in various preparations of cytosols from rat testicular tissue have been estimated using dialysis and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE). Equilibrium dialysis in the presence of 1 nM-17beta-hydroxy-5alpha-androstan-3-one appears to be the most convenient and reliable method for estimation of ABP if no other binding proteins are present. PAGE can be applied for estimation of ABP in samples which also contain other steroid-binding proteins. Estimated binding activities in culture media measured by PAGE and dialysis were essentially similar. Binding of androgens to ABP estimated with PAGE in cytosols prepared after sonication of testicular tissue was much lower than in cytosols obtained after homogenization using a Potter-Elvehjem homogenizer. When ABP was added to cytosols prepared after sonication or homogenization, approximately 50 and 90% respectively of the original binding of androgens to ABP was recovered."}
{"id": "PMID:874407", "title": "Effect of hypophysectomy on p-aminohippurate transport kinetics in rat renal cortical slices.", "content": "Recent work on kidneys from hypophysectomized (hypox) rats has shown atrophy of the proximal tubules with no effects on the other parts of the nephron. We carried out experiments to determine whether the reduction of p-aminohippurate (PAH) is consistent with structural changes in the proximal tubule of hypophysectomized rats. Initial velocities of PAH uptake by renal cortical slices were found to be constant over 30 min of incubation at concentrations of PAH up to 0-5 mmol/1 for both control and hypox animals. Using kinetic analysis, it was found that both maximal velocity, Vmax, and the Michaelis constant, Km, were reduced in hypox animals, the relative reduction being similar for both parameters. Comparison between high Na (100 mmol/1) and low Na (6 mmol/1) media indicated that in both control and hypox rats, Vmax was significantly lower in low Na medium than in high Na medium, whereas Km was not changed. Efflux of PAH from pre-loaded tissue also showed a reduction in hypox animals. These results may indicate that hypophysectomy alters the capacity of PAH transport in renal cortical slices by (1) reducing the effective transport area or sites, and (2) by changing carrier-substrate affinity.", "contents": "Effect of hypophysectomy on p-aminohippurate transport kinetics in rat renal cortical slices. Recent work on kidneys from hypophysectomized (hypox) rats has shown atrophy of the proximal tubules with no effects on the other parts of the nephron. We carried out experiments to determine whether the reduction of p-aminohippurate (PAH) is consistent with structural changes in the proximal tubule of hypophysectomized rats. Initial velocities of PAH uptake by renal cortical slices were found to be constant over 30 min of incubation at concentrations of PAH up to 0-5 mmol/1 for both control and hypox animals. Using kinetic analysis, it was found that both maximal velocity, Vmax, and the Michaelis constant, Km, were reduced in hypox animals, the relative reduction being similar for both parameters. Comparison between high Na (100 mmol/1) and low Na (6 mmol/1) media indicated that in both control and hypox rats, Vmax was significantly lower in low Na medium than in high Na medium, whereas Km was not changed. Efflux of PAH from pre-loaded tissue also showed a reduction in hypox animals. These results may indicate that hypophysectomy alters the capacity of PAH transport in renal cortical slices by (1) reducing the effective transport area or sites, and (2) by changing carrier-substrate affinity."}
{"id": "PMID:874408", "title": "A phylogenetic study of sulphation factor activity in 26 species.", "content": "Somatomedin (sulphation factor) activity was measured in 26 species by a porcine cartilage bioassay. Although non-dialysable inhibitory factors were present in many species, sulphation factor activity was present in the sera of all the vertebrates studied but was absent from the invertebrates.", "contents": "A phylogenetic study of sulphation factor activity in 26 species. Somatomedin (sulphation factor) activity was measured in 26 species by a porcine cartilage bioassay. Although non-dialysable inhibitory factors were present in many species, sulphation factor activity was present in the sera of all the vertebrates studied but was absent from the invertebrates."}
{"id": "PMID:874409", "title": "Plasma renin activity and blood corticosteroids in the Australian lungfish Neoceratodus forsteri.", "content": "Plasma renin activity (PRA) and blood aldosterone and deoxycorticosterone levels were measured in Australian lungfish. Plasma renin activity was depressed after intravenous infusions of iso-osmotic (0-6%) NaCl but not after hypo-osmotic (0-3%) infusions. The presence of PRA in this fish is consistent with prior reports of renal renin activity in other sarcopterygian fishes. The results of the infusion experiments suggest that a fall in plasma osmolality or electrolyte concentrations may oppose the reduction in renin release in response to volume expansion. Aldosterone and deoxycorticosterone were identified in the blood of Neoceratodus. The concentrations of both appeared higher in females than in males. Infusions of [5-valine]-angiotensin II amide for 2-4 h at rates known to increase blood pressure in this species did not alter blood aldosterone concentrations. This negative finding may suggest that the renin/angiotensin system is not involved in aldosterone regulation in Neoceratodus or that angiotensin receptors involved in regulation of steroidogenesis have a greater specificity for endogenous angiotensin than do vascular receptors.", "contents": "Plasma renin activity and blood corticosteroids in the Australian lungfish Neoceratodus forsteri. Plasma renin activity (PRA) and blood aldosterone and deoxycorticosterone levels were measured in Australian lungfish. Plasma renin activity was depressed after intravenous infusions of iso-osmotic (0-6%) NaCl but not after hypo-osmotic (0-3%) infusions. The presence of PRA in this fish is consistent with prior reports of renal renin activity in other sarcopterygian fishes. The results of the infusion experiments suggest that a fall in plasma osmolality or electrolyte concentrations may oppose the reduction in renin release in response to volume expansion. Aldosterone and deoxycorticosterone were identified in the blood of Neoceratodus. The concentrations of both appeared higher in females than in males. Infusions of [5-valine]-angiotensin II amide for 2-4 h at rates known to increase blood pressure in this species did not alter blood aldosterone concentrations. This negative finding may suggest that the renin/angiotensin system is not involved in aldosterone regulation in Neoceratodus or that angiotensin receptors involved in regulation of steroidogenesis have a greater specificity for endogenous angiotensin than do vascular receptors."}
{"id": "PMID:874417", "title": "Induction of the rat prostate gland by androgens in organ culture.", "content": "The induction of the prostate gland by testosterone or dihydrotestosterone was studied in urogenital sinuses from Wistar rat embryos explanted in organ culture. In normal development, prostatic rudiments appeared in the urogenital sinuses of 18-19 day male foetuses as epithelial buds projecting into the mesenchyme. Male urogenital sinuses from 17-5 and 18-5 day foetuses formed buds in control medium, and addition of testosterone or dihydrotestosterone increased their number and size. In contrast, sinuses from 15-5 and 16-5 day male foetuses did not form buds in the absence of androgens, while exposure to the hormones induced them de novo. A concentration of 0-0015 microgram testosterone/ml was sufficient to elicit prostatic buds. The same effect was seen after continuous treatment with testosterone or brief exposure to the hormone followed by cultivation in control medium. The development of the buds followed the same time sequence as in the organ in  situ. Testosterone and dihydrotestosterone elicited prostatic buds in female sinuses from 15-5 to 18-5 day foetuses, but their response to androgens decreased with advancing foetal age. Male and female sinuses from 15-5 day foetuses did not respond to testosterone but formed buds after exposure to dihydrotestosterone. This difference was considered to be due to a low content or absence of 5alpha-reductase at this stage. Testes from 15-5 to 18-5 day foetuses grown in close contact with urogenital sinuses or explants of mature prostate glands induced prostatic buds or augmented the height of the prostatic epithelium. It was concluded that androgens are necessary for the initiation of the rat prostate gland and that the effect of testosterone is mediated via 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone. The onset of 5alpha-reductase synthesis is likely to occur between days 14 and 15 of foetal life. The early androgenic activity of the testes suggests that bud formation in the older male sinuses in the absence of androgens is due to exposure to endogenous testosterone before explanation.", "contents": "Induction of the rat prostate gland by androgens in organ culture. The induction of the prostate gland by testosterone or dihydrotestosterone was studied in urogenital sinuses from Wistar rat embryos explanted in organ culture. In normal development, prostatic rudiments appeared in the urogenital sinuses of 18-19 day male foetuses as epithelial buds projecting into the mesenchyme. Male urogenital sinuses from 17-5 and 18-5 day foetuses formed buds in control medium, and addition of testosterone or dihydrotestosterone increased their number and size. In contrast, sinuses from 15-5 and 16-5 day male foetuses did not form buds in the absence of androgens, while exposure to the hormones induced them de novo. A concentration of 0-0015 microgram testosterone/ml was sufficient to elicit prostatic buds. The same effect was seen after continuous treatment with testosterone or brief exposure to the hormone followed by cultivation in control medium. The development of the buds followed the same time sequence as in the organ in  situ. Testosterone and dihydrotestosterone elicited prostatic buds in female sinuses from 15-5 to 18-5 day foetuses, but their response to androgens decreased with advancing foetal age. Male and female sinuses from 15-5 day foetuses did not respond to testosterone but formed buds after exposure to dihydrotestosterone. This difference was considered to be due to a low content or absence of 5alpha-reductase at this stage. Testes from 15-5 to 18-5 day foetuses grown in close contact with urogenital sinuses or explants of mature prostate glands induced prostatic buds or augmented the height of the prostatic epithelium. It was concluded that androgens are necessary for the initiation of the rat prostate gland and that the effect of testosterone is mediated via 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone. The onset of 5alpha-reductase synthesis is likely to occur between days 14 and 15 of foetal life. The early androgenic activity of the testes suggests that bud formation in the older male sinuses in the absence of androgens is due to exposure to endogenous testosterone before explanation."}
{"id": "PMID:874418", "title": "Desensitization of the dopaminergic inhibition of pituitary luteinizing hormone release by prolactin in ovariectomized rats.", "content": "Increase of plasma prolactin in chronically ovariectomized rats by transplanting pituitary glands from male rats to the kidney capsule reduced pituitary LH output for 1 week. At the end of this time, despite the fact that prolactin remained high, plasma LH levels rose to reach the value seen in ovariectomized control rats. High plasma prolactin did not affect FSH concentrations. Treatment of ovariectomized rats with apomorphine, a dopamine-receptor stimulating drug, reduced pituitary LH release in a dose-dependent way at doses of 1, 2, 5 and 10 mg/kg body weight. Higher doses either had no effect or they stimulated pituitary LH release. Apomorphine did not reduce pituitary LH secretion in chronically hyperprolactinaemic rats at doses which significantly inhibited LH release in ovariectomized animals. Plasma FSH levels were not affected by apomorphine treatment. In both groups of animals the drug reduced plasma prolactin levels to basal values, indicating that the dopamine agonist inhibits pituitary prolactin release by direct action on the pituitary gland. These results suggest that dopamine inhibits pituitary LH release, probably by reducing hypothalamic LH-releasing hormone release. The mechanism by which chronically high prolactin levels cause apomorphine to be less effective in reducing pituitary LH release may be a desensitization of some dopamine-receptive mechanism which is inhibitory to LH release.", "contents": "Desensitization of the dopaminergic inhibition of pituitary luteinizing hormone release by prolactin in ovariectomized rats. Increase of plasma prolactin in chronically ovariectomized rats by transplanting pituitary glands from male rats to the kidney capsule reduced pituitary LH output for 1 week. At the end of this time, despite the fact that prolactin remained high, plasma LH levels rose to reach the value seen in ovariectomized control rats. High plasma prolactin did not affect FSH concentrations. Treatment of ovariectomized rats with apomorphine, a dopamine-receptor stimulating drug, reduced pituitary LH release in a dose-dependent way at doses of 1, 2, 5 and 10 mg/kg body weight. Higher doses either had no effect or they stimulated pituitary LH release. Apomorphine did not reduce pituitary LH secretion in chronically hyperprolactinaemic rats at doses which significantly inhibited LH release in ovariectomized animals. Plasma FSH levels were not affected by apomorphine treatment. In both groups of animals the drug reduced plasma prolactin levels to basal values, indicating that the dopamine agonist inhibits pituitary prolactin release by direct action on the pituitary gland. These results suggest that dopamine inhibits pituitary LH release, probably by reducing hypothalamic LH-releasing hormone release. The mechanism by which chronically high prolactin levels cause apomorphine to be less effective in reducing pituitary LH release may be a desensitization of some dopamine-receptive mechanism which is inhibitory to LH release."}
{"id": "PMID:874419", "title": "Effects of testosterone, testosterone metabolites and anti-androgens on the function of the male accessory glands in the rabbit and rat.", "content": "The androgenic potencies of testosterone, 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone, 5alpha-androstane-3alpha,17beta-diol and 5alpha-androstane-3beta,17beta-diol towards the prostate, glandula seminalis+glandula vesicularis, ampullae and epididymis were evaluated after administration to castrated rabbits. The influence of cyproterone acetate, stilboestrol and medrogestone on accessory gland function was also investigated in rabbits and rats. In the rabbit it was found that the minimum dose of testosterone propionate that would maintain the function of all accessroy glands at normal levels was approximately 200 microgram/animal/day. Higher levels of testosterone propionate overstimulated the function of the prostate, glandula seminalis+glandula vesicularis and ampullae, but did not affect the epidiymis. Whereas testosterone propionate and 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone propionate were essentially equipotent in their capcity to support growth and secretory activity and stimulated all the accessory glands, 5alpha-androstane-3alpha,17beta-diol dipropionate had a pronounced differential effect; it was considerably more potent than testosterone propionate in promoting secretion in the prostate, but was ineffective in maintaining the function of the epididymis. 5alpha-Androstane-3beta,17beta-diol dipropionate was the weakest androgen tested. Evidence also indicated that the potency of a steroid can depend on whether it is administered as its free or esterified form. Cyproterone acetate suppressed fructose secretion in the prostate of the rabbit but had no adverse effects on the function of the epididymis in either the rabbit or rat. Stilboestrol was the most potent anti-androgen tested and medrogestone the least effective.", "contents": "Effects of testosterone, testosterone metabolites and anti-androgens on the function of the male accessory glands in the rabbit and rat. The androgenic potencies of testosterone, 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone, 5alpha-androstane-3alpha,17beta-diol and 5alpha-androstane-3beta,17beta-diol towards the prostate, glandula seminalis+glandula vesicularis, ampullae and epididymis were evaluated after administration to castrated rabbits. The influence of cyproterone acetate, stilboestrol and medrogestone on accessory gland function was also investigated in rabbits and rats. In the rabbit it was found that the minimum dose of testosterone propionate that would maintain the function of all accessroy glands at normal levels was approximately 200 microgram/animal/day. Higher levels of testosterone propionate overstimulated the function of the prostate, glandula seminalis+glandula vesicularis and ampullae, but did not affect the epidiymis. Whereas testosterone propionate and 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone propionate were essentially equipotent in their capcity to support growth and secretory activity and stimulated all the accessory glands, 5alpha-androstane-3alpha,17beta-diol dipropionate had a pronounced differential effect; it was considerably more potent than testosterone propionate in promoting secretion in the prostate, but was ineffective in maintaining the function of the epididymis. 5alpha-Androstane-3beta,17beta-diol dipropionate was the weakest androgen tested. Evidence also indicated that the potency of a steroid can depend on whether it is administered as its free or esterified form. Cyproterone acetate suppressed fructose secretion in the prostate of the rabbit but had no adverse effects on the function of the epididymis in either the rabbit or rat. Stilboestrol was the most potent anti-androgen tested and medrogestone the least effective."}
{"id": "PMID:874420", "title": "The nature of control by spoken words over visual stimulus selection.", "content": "Eight retarded adolescents were trained to select one (a trained S+) of two visual stimuli in response to a spoken word (a trained word). Two different visual stimuli alternated randomly as the S-. To determine if the spoken work was merely a temporal discriminative stimulus for when to respond, or if it also specified which visual stimulus to select, the subjects were given intermittent presentations of untrained (novel) spoken words. All subjects consistently selected the trained S+ in response to the trained spoken word and selected the previous S- in response to the untrained spoken words. It was hypothesized that the subjects were responding away from the trained S+ in response to untrained spoken words, and control by untrained spoken words would not be observed when the trained S+ was not present. The two visual S- stimuli selected on trials of untrained spoken words were presented simultaneously. The untrained spoken words presented on these trials no longer controlled stimulus selections for seven subjects. The results supported the hypothesis that previous control by spoken words was due to responding away from the trained S+ in response to untrained spoken words.", "contents": "The nature of control by spoken words over visual stimulus selection. Eight retarded adolescents were trained to select one (a trained S+) of two visual stimuli in response to a spoken word (a trained word). Two different visual stimuli alternated randomly as the S-. To determine if the spoken work was merely a temporal discriminative stimulus for when to respond, or if it also specified which visual stimulus to select, the subjects were given intermittent presentations of untrained (novel) spoken words. All subjects consistently selected the trained S+ in response to the trained spoken word and selected the previous S- in response to the untrained spoken words. It was hypothesized that the subjects were responding away from the trained S+ in response to untrained spoken words, and control by untrained spoken words would not be observed when the trained S+ was not present. The two visual S- stimuli selected on trials of untrained spoken words were presented simultaneously. The untrained spoken words presented on these trials no longer controlled stimulus selections for seven subjects. The results supported the hypothesis that previous control by spoken words was due to responding away from the trained S+ in response to untrained spoken words."}
{"id": "PMID:874421", "title": "Immunity in taeniasis-cysticercosis I. Vaccination against Taenia taeniaeformis in rats using purified antigen.", "content": "Artificial immunization of rats against Taenia taeniaeformis was studied using somatic antigen (Som-Ag) and excretory-secretory antigen (ES-Ag). It was found that both Som-Ag and ES-Ag stimulated immediate-type hypersensitivity and delayed-type hypersensitivity reactions of similar levels. Antibody levels rose from the 2nd wk and peaked around the 6th and 7th wk. Both IgM and IgG were detectable from the 2nd wk onwards, with IgG at a considerably higher level compared to IgM. It terms of protection, 90-100% reduction in cyst counts were detected if the rats were challenged 10 days or more after immunization. In all cases, no significant difference was observed between immunization with either Som-Ag or ES-Ag were purified and characterized using Sephadex G-200 chromatography, double immunodiffusion, and disk acrylamide gel electrophoresis. A purified antigen (mol wt, 140,000 daltons) was obtained, and highly significant protection against infection resulted with injections of 50, 10, or 1 mug doses of this antigen with complete Freund's adjuvant.", "contents": "Immunity in taeniasis-cysticercosis I. Vaccination against Taenia taeniaeformis in rats using purified antigen. Artificial immunization of rats against Taenia taeniaeformis was studied using somatic antigen (Som-Ag) and excretory-secretory antigen (ES-Ag). It was found that both Som-Ag and ES-Ag stimulated immediate-type hypersensitivity and delayed-type hypersensitivity reactions of similar levels. Antibody levels rose from the 2nd wk and peaked around the 6th and 7th wk. Both IgM and IgG were detectable from the 2nd wk onwards, with IgG at a considerably higher level compared to IgM. It terms of protection, 90-100% reduction in cyst counts were detected if the rats were challenged 10 days or more after immunization. In all cases, no significant difference was observed between immunization with either Som-Ag or ES-Ag were purified and characterized using Sephadex G-200 chromatography, double immunodiffusion, and disk acrylamide gel electrophoresis. A purified antigen (mol wt, 140,000 daltons) was obtained, and highly significant protection against infection resulted with injections of 50, 10, or 1 mug doses of this antigen with complete Freund's adjuvant."}
{"id": "PMID:874422", "title": "Suppressor cells in tolerance to contact sensitivity active against hapten-syngeneic and hapten-allogeneic determinants.", "content": "Genetic restrictions in generation and expression of hapten-specific suppressor cells for contact sensitivity were found. Dinitrophenol- (DNP) or trinitrophenol-modified mouse spleen cells (SC) induced suppressors in donors able to transfer suppression to normal recipients. When allogeneic DNP-SC were injected into BALB/c mice, cells were generated which were suppressive only in the allogeneic strain providing the DNP-SC. In contrast, when DNP-BALB/c-SC were injected into BALB/c mice, suppressors were generated which were active both in BALB/c and in allogeneic mice (e.g., CBA). This apparent absence of syngeneic major histocompability complex restriction may be explained by cross reactive T-cell receptors which are VH gene products.", "contents": "Suppressor cells in tolerance to contact sensitivity active against hapten-syngeneic and hapten-allogeneic determinants. Genetic restrictions in generation and expression of hapten-specific suppressor cells for contact sensitivity were found. Dinitrophenol- (DNP) or trinitrophenol-modified mouse spleen cells (SC) induced suppressors in donors able to transfer suppression to normal recipients. When allogeneic DNP-SC were injected into BALB/c mice, cells were generated which were suppressive only in the allogeneic strain providing the DNP-SC. In contrast, when DNP-BALB/c-SC were injected into BALB/c mice, suppressors were generated which were active both in BALB/c and in allogeneic mice (e.g., CBA). This apparent absence of syngeneic major histocompability complex restriction may be explained by cross reactive T-cell receptors which are VH gene products."}
{"id": "PMID:874423", "title": "Activation of factor XII by tobacco glycoprotein.", "content": "A glycoprotein of mol wt ca. 18,000 daltons isolated from cured tobacco leaves (TGP-L) and from cigarette smoke condensate (TGP-CSC) activated factor XII in normal human plasma in vitro as measured by (a) shortening of the partial thromboplastin time, (b) shortening of the lysis time of euglobulin clots, and (c) generation of kinin activity. These effects were not demonstrable in plasma deficient in factor XII. The capacity of TGP-L and TGP-CSC to activate factor XII was shown to depend on the presence of rutin, a substance chemically similar to quercetin and ellagic acid, which are known activators of factor XII. Rutin and rutin coupled to bovine serum albumin, but not bovine serum albumin alone, were also demonstrated to activate factor XII. The presence in cigarette smoke of material that is both allergenic and capable of activating factor XII of the intrinsic pathway of coagulatin may be important to the pathogenesis of cardiovascular and pulmonary disease associated with cigarette smoking.", "contents": "Activation of factor XII by tobacco glycoprotein. A glycoprotein of mol wt ca. 18,000 daltons isolated from cured tobacco leaves (TGP-L) and from cigarette smoke condensate (TGP-CSC) activated factor XII in normal human plasma in vitro as measured by (a) shortening of the partial thromboplastin time, (b) shortening of the lysis time of euglobulin clots, and (c) generation of kinin activity. These effects were not demonstrable in plasma deficient in factor XII. The capacity of TGP-L and TGP-CSC to activate factor XII was shown to depend on the presence of rutin, a substance chemically similar to quercetin and ellagic acid, which are known activators of factor XII. Rutin and rutin coupled to bovine serum albumin, but not bovine serum albumin alone, were also demonstrated to activate factor XII. The presence in cigarette smoke of material that is both allergenic and capable of activating factor XII of the intrinsic pathway of coagulatin may be important to the pathogenesis of cardiovascular and pulmonary disease associated with cigarette smoking."}
{"id": "PMID:874431", "title": "Effects of chronic illness on the family.", "content": "Chronic illness is perhaps the most common type of illness encountered by the physician in our society. The clinical management of chronic illness includes a consideration for the social, cultural, and psychological situation of the patient and his family. This paper examines some of the common effects of chronic illness on the family and indicates how the family physician can assist families in adjusting to chronic illness, which will facilitate its clinical management.", "contents": "Effects of chronic illness on the family. Chronic illness is perhaps the most common type of illness encountered by the physician in our society. The clinical management of chronic illness includes a consideration for the social, cultural, and psychological situation of the patient and his family. This paper examines some of the common effects of chronic illness on the family and indicates how the family physician can assist families in adjusting to chronic illness, which will facilitate its clinical management."}
{"id": "PMID:874432", "title": "Improving communication with the deaf patient.", "content": "Deafness affects 1.8 million people in the United States. The special comminication problems of deaf people may lead to serious misunderstandings, particularly during a medical evaluation. Patients with no residual hearing usually read lips with only 40 percent accuracy. Furthermore, physicians may have great difficulty understanding the deaf patient's impaired speech and faulty written English. Underestimating the patient's intelligence, the doctor may give reassurances or oversimplified explanations. The purposes of this paper are to clarify the reasons for the speech and language problems of deaf people and to dispel some common misconceptions about deafness and sign language. Recommendations are given for improving doctor-patient communication.", "contents": "Improving communication with the deaf patient. Deafness affects 1.8 million people in the United States. The special comminication problems of deaf people may lead to serious misunderstandings, particularly during a medical evaluation. Patients with no residual hearing usually read lips with only 40 percent accuracy. Furthermore, physicians may have great difficulty understanding the deaf patient's impaired speech and faulty written English. Underestimating the patient's intelligence, the doctor may give reassurances or oversimplified explanations. The purposes of this paper are to clarify the reasons for the speech and language problems of deaf people and to dispel some common misconceptions about deafness and sign language. Recommendations are given for improving doctor-patient communication."}
{"id": "PMID:874433", "title": "Coital (cardiac) convulsions: case report of a unique presentation of complete heart block.", "content": "A 55-year-old man presented with the acute onset of seizures occurring during the post orgasmic phase of sexual intercourse. Evaluation for brain neoplasm was negative. During the hospital stay, the patient developed status epilepticus during which electrocardiogram documented complete heart block. The seizure disorder was corrected with the insertion of a permanent epicardial pacemaker.", "contents": "Coital (cardiac) convulsions: case report of a unique presentation of complete heart block. A 55-year-old man presented with the acute onset of seizures occurring during the post orgasmic phase of sexual intercourse. Evaluation for brain neoplasm was negative. During the hospital stay, the patient developed status epilepticus during which electrocardiogram documented complete heart block. The seizure disorder was corrected with the insertion of a permanent epicardial pacemaker."}
{"id": "PMID:874435", "title": "Diagnostic perceptions and diagnostic behavior in a family practice unit.", "content": "Results of a pilot study with nine physicians in a model Family Practice Unit are described in this report. It was hypothesized that decisions regarding treatment priorities would lead to the \"undertreatment\" of ailments for which the physicians felt relatively ineffective and that feelings of efficacy would be greater for primarily organic than for primarily psychological ailments. Physician interviews and examination of the Unit's diagnostic file provided the data for this study. A treatment bias as a function of the degree to which an ailment had a psychological compenent was not demonstrated. However, the physicians did feel less effective (less comfortable) in treating problems that were significantly psychological and also felt that methods of intervention for such ailments were less clear-cut. Physician comfort level was greater when there were few alternative treatment methods generally used for the ailment and when the ailment was recorded frequently. A suggestion is made that medical curricula include more practical experience in treating ailments which have notable psychological components in order to increase physician comfort and probably physician effectiveness.", "contents": "Diagnostic perceptions and diagnostic behavior in a family practice unit. Results of a pilot study with nine physicians in a model Family Practice Unit are described in this report. It was hypothesized that decisions regarding treatment priorities would lead to the \"undertreatment\" of ailments for which the physicians felt relatively ineffective and that feelings of efficacy would be greater for primarily organic than for primarily psychological ailments. Physician interviews and examination of the Unit's diagnostic file provided the data for this study. A treatment bias as a function of the degree to which an ailment had a psychological compenent was not demonstrated. However, the physicians did feel less effective (less comfortable) in treating problems that were significantly psychological and also felt that methods of intervention for such ailments were less clear-cut. Physician comfort level was greater when there were few alternative treatment methods generally used for the ailment and when the ailment was recorded frequently. A suggestion is made that medical curricula include more practical experience in treating ailments which have notable psychological components in order to increase physician comfort and probably physician effectiveness."}
{"id": "PMID:874437", "title": "An operational model for teaching geriatric medicine in a family practice residency program.", "content": "Increased concern for our aging population has necessitated an evaluation of the role of gerontology and geriatric medicine in both undergraduate and graduate medical education programs. The instructional model developed for the Family Practice Residency Program at the University of Minnesota Medical School emphasizes removing barriers to health care for the aged and modifying attitudes of physicians toward normal aging. Three general components make up the Geriatric Medicine Program: (1) clinical rotations in geriatric medicine in ambulatory residential facilities, in multilevel long-term care facilities, and in an acute care hospital; (2) geriatric case conferences; and (3) a seminar in gerontology and geriatric medicine. Evaluation of these components by the residents indicates a high degree of satisfaction with the experience and belief in its applicability to future practice.", "contents": "An operational model for teaching geriatric medicine in a family practice residency program. Increased concern for our aging population has necessitated an evaluation of the role of gerontology and geriatric medicine in both undergraduate and graduate medical education programs. The instructional model developed for the Family Practice Residency Program at the University of Minnesota Medical School emphasizes removing barriers to health care for the aged and modifying attitudes of physicians toward normal aging. Three general components make up the Geriatric Medicine Program: (1) clinical rotations in geriatric medicine in ambulatory residential facilities, in multilevel long-term care facilities, and in an acute care hospital; (2) geriatric case conferences; and (3) a seminar in gerontology and geriatric medicine. Evaluation of these components by the residents indicates a high degree of satisfaction with the experience and belief in its applicability to future practice."}
{"id": "PMID:874438", "title": "Prevention of complications in initial development of family practice residency programs.", "content": "The development of a family practice residency program involves a complex process that requires careful attention to a wide range of factors, such as educational, clinical, attitudinal, economic, and administrative. Although there are many requisites in common with all such programs, each developing program must be adapted to the particular resources and needs of its own community. The initial planning phase is perhaps the most critical period in a program's development. There are many potential pitfalls that must be avoided in starting a program, any one of which can jeopardize its accreditation and future successful operation. This paper presents a hypothetical case of a developing family practice residency program which illustrates a number of serious pitfalls. Common pitfalls are described, and ten basic principles are presented which are useful in planning and will help to prevent complications in developing programs.", "contents": "Prevention of complications in initial development of family practice residency programs. The development of a family practice residency program involves a complex process that requires careful attention to a wide range of factors, such as educational, clinical, attitudinal, economic, and administrative. Although there are many requisites in common with all such programs, each developing program must be adapted to the particular resources and needs of its own community. The initial planning phase is perhaps the most critical period in a program's development. There are many potential pitfalls that must be avoided in starting a program, any one of which can jeopardize its accreditation and future successful operation. This paper presents a hypothetical case of a developing family practice residency program which illustrates a number of serious pitfalls. Common pitfalls are described, and ten basic principles are presented which are useful in planning and will help to prevent complications in developing programs."}
{"id": "PMID:874439", "title": "A method for assessing the outcome of acute primary care.", "content": "Some 1,700 acute care episodes were studied to assess the outcomes in terms of the extent to which patients regained their usual functional status. Involving active follow-up of each patient, the study serves as a prototype for measuring several components of quality of care including actual outcomes, patient expectation of outcome, physician expectation of outcome, and patient satisfaction with outcome and care. Because this study was conducted in a family practice residency training setting, we hope that it will serve as a model of how such information may be used to increase residents' sensitivity to the course of illness commonly seen in primary care, and to encourage the residents to set expectations for the care they give.", "contents": "A method for assessing the outcome of acute primary care. Some 1,700 acute care episodes were studied to assess the outcomes in terms of the extent to which patients regained their usual functional status. Involving active follow-up of each patient, the study serves as a prototype for measuring several components of quality of care including actual outcomes, patient expectation of outcome, physician expectation of outcome, and patient satisfaction with outcome and care. Because this study was conducted in a family practice residency training setting, we hope that it will serve as a model of how such information may be used to increase residents' sensitivity to the course of illness commonly seen in primary care, and to encourage the residents to set expectations for the care they give."}
{"id": "PMID:874440", "title": "Consultation and referral patterns of family physicians.", "content": "A one-month study of all consultations and referrals to medical specialists and other community resources made by 39 family physicians was undertaken in London, Ontario, in the spring of 1975. Eight physicians were in practice in the community and 31 were staff physicians or residents in family medical centers associated with the Department of Family Medicine of the University of Western Ontario, London. Rates of referral per 100 office visits are calculated and examined according to physician experience and location of practice. The reasons given for referral and for choosing the specific consultant or agency are also analyzed. Referral rates are compared with previous studies.", "contents": "Consultation and referral patterns of family physicians. A one-month study of all consultations and referrals to medical specialists and other community resources made by 39 family physicians was undertaken in London, Ontario, in the spring of 1975. Eight physicians were in practice in the community and 31 were staff physicians or residents in family medical centers associated with the Department of Family Medicine of the University of Western Ontario, London. Rates of referral per 100 office visits are calculated and examined according to physician experience and location of practice. The reasons given for referral and for choosing the specific consultant or agency are also analyzed. Referral rates are compared with previous studies."}
{"id": "PMID:874442", "title": "An intregrated medical record and data system for primary care. Part 2: classifications of health problems for use by family physicians.", "content": "Health problems encountered in the ambulatory setting differ from those of hospitalized individuals. For that reason disease classifications of morbidity devised for inpatient categorization are not totally applicable in the ambulatory setting. Numerous classification systems have been devised to overcome this discrepancy and have enjoyed varying levels of success. The International Classification of Health Problems in Primary Care (ICHPPC) is one of the more useful for family physicians and other primary care physicians. Its hierarchical structure and compatibility with the International Classification of Diseases (ICD) permits comparative use. The history, characteristics, and uses of ICHPPC are discussed as are those of additional classification systems recently developed for other purposes. One of these, a classification of performed procedures, may be used in conjunction with ICHPPC to provide a useful record for the provider as well as facilitating the referral of health-care information to third-party payors.", "contents": "An intregrated medical record and data system for primary care. Part 2: classifications of health problems for use by family physicians. Health problems encountered in the ambulatory setting differ from those of hospitalized individuals. For that reason disease classifications of morbidity devised for inpatient categorization are not totally applicable in the ambulatory setting. Numerous classification systems have been devised to overcome this discrepancy and have enjoyed varying levels of success. The International Classification of Health Problems in Primary Care (ICHPPC) is one of the more useful for family physicians and other primary care physicians. Its hierarchical structure and compatibility with the International Classification of Diseases (ICD) permits comparative use. The history, characteristics, and uses of ICHPPC are discussed as are those of additional classification systems recently developed for other purposes. One of these, a classification of performed procedures, may be used in conjunction with ICHPPC to provide a useful record for the provider as well as facilitating the referral of health-care information to third-party payors."}
{"id": "PMID:874444", "title": "Ultrastructural analysis of gene interaction and melanosome differentiation in the retinal pigment cells of the albino goldfish.", "content": "The genotype of albino goldfish is represented by pp,cc, and the non-albino fish is PP,CC. The P gene begins to control the melanosome formation of retinal pigment cells at St-21; and the C, which is epistatic to P and p, governs melanosome formation in the dermal melanophores and in retinal pigment cells after St-22. Then  in the pp,CC fish, between St-21 and St-22, melanosomes of the pigmented retina are albino in type, but after St-22 they become non-albino in type. From ultrastructural observations on the melanosomes of these late-melanizing fish, it is apparent that the imcompletely melanized albino pigment granules can differentiate into normal melanosomes under the control of the C gene. The processes of melanosome maturation in the late-melanizing goldfish are evident from these observations.", "contents": "Ultrastructural analysis of gene interaction and melanosome differentiation in the retinal pigment cells of the albino goldfish. The genotype of albino goldfish is represented by pp,cc, and the non-albino fish is PP,CC. The P gene begins to control the melanosome formation of retinal pigment cells at St-21; and the C, which is epistatic to P and p, governs melanosome formation in the dermal melanophores and in retinal pigment cells after St-22. Then  in the pp,CC fish, between St-21 and St-22, melanosomes of the pigmented retina are albino in type, but after St-22 they become non-albino in type. From ultrastructural observations on the melanosomes of these late-melanizing fish, it is apparent that the imcompletely melanized albino pigment granules can differentiate into normal melanosomes under the control of the C gene. The processes of melanosome maturation in the late-melanizing goldfish are evident from these observations."}
{"id": "PMID:874445", "title": "Pituitary enhancement of Wolffian lens regeneration in vitro: spatial and temporal requirements.", "content": "When irido-corneal complexes (ICC's) from eyes of adult newts (Notophthalmus viridescens) are cultured on top of pituitary glands they produce advanced lens regenerates in up to 90% of the cases (this report and Connelly et al., '73). To determine if the iris and pituitary gland must be in direct contact with each other in order to produce this enhancement of lens regeneration, ICC's were cultured next to pituitary glands or separated from them by a Nuclepore filter. Cultures behaved as ICC's cultured in the absence of the pituitary gland and produced few advanced lens regenerates. To determine how long the iris and pituitary must be in contact for the enhancement to occur, ICC's were explanted and 5, 10 or 15 days later pituitary glands were placed beneath the dorsal iris pupillary margin. There was a progressive decrease in the number of advanced lens regenerates formed in cultures receiving pituitary glands later than five days after initial explantation of the iris. The conclusions drawn from these experiments are that the iris and pituitary gland must be in extensive direct contact during the first five to ten days in culture in order for pronounced enhancement of lens regeneration to occur.", "contents": "Pituitary enhancement of Wolffian lens regeneration in vitro: spatial and temporal requirements. When irido-corneal complexes (ICC's) from eyes of adult newts (Notophthalmus viridescens) are cultured on top of pituitary glands they produce advanced lens regenerates in up to 90% of the cases (this report and Connelly et al., '73). To determine if the iris and pituitary gland must be in direct contact with each other in order to produce this enhancement of lens regeneration, ICC's were cultured next to pituitary glands or separated from them by a Nuclepore filter. Cultures behaved as ICC's cultured in the absence of the pituitary gland and produced few advanced lens regenerates. To determine how long the iris and pituitary must be in contact for the enhancement to occur, ICC's were explanted and 5, 10 or 15 days later pituitary glands were placed beneath the dorsal iris pupillary margin. There was a progressive decrease in the number of advanced lens regenerates formed in cultures receiving pituitary glands later than five days after initial explantation of the iris. The conclusions drawn from these experiments are that the iris and pituitary gland must be in extensive direct contact during the first five to ten days in culture in order for pronounced enhancement of lens regeneration to occur."}
{"id": "PMID:874449", "title": "A radioresistant Gram-positive asporogenous rod isolated from the faeces of a giant panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca).", "content": "A highly radioresistant bacterium was isolated from the faeces of a giant panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca). When the organism was subjected to gamma irradiation in phosphate buffer, the induction dose and D10 values were 846 and 345 krad, respectively, for cells grown on PCNZ agar, and 700 and 460 krad, respectively, for the enlarged cells grown on 5% (v/v) horse blood brain heart infusion agar. The D10 value of the former cells was about 1.8 times higher than that of Micrococcus radiodurans grown on PCNZ agar.", "contents": "A radioresistant Gram-positive asporogenous rod isolated from the faeces of a giant panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca). A highly radioresistant bacterium was isolated from the faeces of a giant panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca). When the organism was subjected to gamma irradiation in phosphate buffer, the induction dose and D10 values were 846 and 345 krad, respectively, for cells grown on PCNZ agar, and 700 and 460 krad, respectively, for the enlarged cells grown on 5% (v/v) horse blood brain heart infusion agar. The D10 value of the former cells was about 1.8 times higher than that of Micrococcus radiodurans grown on PCNZ agar."}
{"id": "PMID:874450", "title": "The actinomycete-genus Rhodococcus: a home for the \"rhodochrous\" complex.", "content": "A numerical taxonomic classification study was carried out on 177 strains representing the \"rhodochrous\" complex and the genera Gordona, Mycobacterium and Nocardia. The strains were examined for 92 unit characters and the data were analysed by computer. Three clusters were defined at the 75 to 80% similarity level. The first was a heterogeneous cluster corresponding to the \"rhodochrous\" taxon whereas the other two contained Mycobacterium and Nocardia strains respectively. The good correlation between the numerical analysis and chemo-taxonomic, serological and genetical data collected from previous studies provides sufficient evidence for raising the \"rhodochrous\" taxon to generic status. We consider the generic name Rhodococcus Aopf to have priority over Proactinomyces (Jensen) Bradley & Bond, Jensenia Bisset & Moore and Gordona Tsukamura. In addition to the type species, Rhodococcus rhodochrous, nine species are recognized: R. bronchialis, R. coprophilus, R. corallinus, R. erythropolis, R. equi, R. rhodnii, R. rubrus, R. rubropertinctus and R. terrae.", "contents": "The actinomycete-genus Rhodococcus: a home for the \"rhodochrous\" complex. A numerical taxonomic classification study was carried out on 177 strains representing the \"rhodochrous\" complex and the genera Gordona, Mycobacterium and Nocardia. The strains were examined for 92 unit characters and the data were analysed by computer. Three clusters were defined at the 75 to 80% similarity level. The first was a heterogeneous cluster corresponding to the \"rhodochrous\" taxon whereas the other two contained Mycobacterium and Nocardia strains respectively. The good correlation between the numerical analysis and chemo-taxonomic, serological and genetical data collected from previous studies provides sufficient evidence for raising the \"rhodochrous\" taxon to generic status. We consider the generic name Rhodococcus Aopf to have priority over Proactinomyces (Jensen) Bradley & Bond, Jensenia Bisset & Moore and Gordona Tsukamura. In addition to the type species, Rhodococcus rhodochrous, nine species are recognized: R. bronchialis, R. coprophilus, R. corallinus, R. erythropolis, R. equi, R. rhodnii, R. rubrus, R. rubropertinctus and R. terrae."}
{"id": "PMID:874451", "title": "Evidence for a cytosol counterpart of the major plasma membrane protein in Acanthamoeba castellanii.", "content": "Isolated plasma membranes from Acanthamoeba castellanii incorporated radio-activity when incubated in a corresponding labelled cytosol fraction. The incorporation increased linearly with time and reached saturation at high cytosol: membrane protein ratios in the incubation mixture. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of treated membranes showed that the major protein, which comprised 40 to 50% of the total, was labelled, suggesting that it had exchanged with a radioactive cytosol counterpart. The same protein was discernible in polypeptide profiles of labelled cytosol and showed a higher specific radioactie membrane by solutions of high ionic strength or chelation, this protein appears to be integral rather than peripheral.", "contents": "Evidence for a cytosol counterpart of the major plasma membrane protein in Acanthamoeba castellanii. Isolated plasma membranes from Acanthamoeba castellanii incorporated radio-activity when incubated in a corresponding labelled cytosol fraction. The incorporation increased linearly with time and reached saturation at high cytosol: membrane protein ratios in the incubation mixture. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of treated membranes showed that the major protein, which comprised 40 to 50% of the total, was labelled, suggesting that it had exchanged with a radioactive cytosol counterpart. The same protein was discernible in polypeptide profiles of labelled cytosol and showed a higher specific radioactie membrane by solutions of high ionic strength or chelation, this protein appears to be integral rather than peripheral."}
{"id": "PMID:874452", "title": "The characteristics of extracellular protein secretion by Staphylococcus aureus (Wood 46) and their relationship to the regulation of alpha-toxin formation.", "content": "The progress of secretion of alpha-toxin and total extracellular protein by Staphylococcus aureus (Wood 46), grown aerobically at 37 degrees C, in a 3% (s/v) tryptone soya broth medium supplemented with vitamins was followed. Exoprotein was secreted at a high rate by intact bacteria during the exponential phase (to 9 h) and into the post-exponential phase. After 18 h, when exoprotein accounted for 33% of the total protein in the culture, no further exoprotein was secreted although the bacterial density continued to increase at a low rate beyond this time. During the phase of active secretion, alpha-toxin represented a constant proportion of total exoprotein, the differential rate of synthesis of which increased by a factor of four after the end of exponential growth. Concomitant with the increase in the differential rate of exoprotein formation there was a fourfold increase in the intracellular concentration of RNA precursor material.", "contents": "The characteristics of extracellular protein secretion by Staphylococcus aureus (Wood 46) and their relationship to the regulation of alpha-toxin formation. The progress of secretion of alpha-toxin and total extracellular protein by Staphylococcus aureus (Wood 46), grown aerobically at 37 degrees C, in a 3% (s/v) tryptone soya broth medium supplemented with vitamins was followed. Exoprotein was secreted at a high rate by intact bacteria during the exponential phase (to 9 h) and into the post-exponential phase. After 18 h, when exoprotein accounted for 33% of the total protein in the culture, no further exoprotein was secreted although the bacterial density continued to increase at a low rate beyond this time. During the phase of active secretion, alpha-toxin represented a constant proportion of total exoprotein, the differential rate of synthesis of which increased by a factor of four after the end of exponential growth. Concomitant with the increase in the differential rate of exoprotein formation there was a fourfold increase in the intracellular concentration of RNA precursor material."}
{"id": "PMID:874453", "title": "Isolation of mitochondria and mitochondrial RNA from Crithidia fasciculata.", "content": "Two methods were used to isolate mitochondria from Crithidia fasciculata. In the first method, cells were weakened by exposure to hypotonic conditions and then disrupted by blending; mitochondria were subsequently isolated using disodium 3,5-diacetoamido-2,4,6-triiodobenzoate gradients. In the second, cells were treated with digitonin before disruption; mitochondria were purified by differential centrifugation. Both preparations were examined with the electron microscope and were also shown to possess several characteristic biochemical properties of mitochondria. Kinetoplast DNA was present in the mitochondria, uncontaminated by nuclear DNA. Analysis by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis showed two RNA components of molecular weights of 0-47 X 10(6) and 0-22 X 10(6), in addition to cytoplasmic RNA contamination. Four mitochondrial components with sedimentation coefficients of 14-6S, 11-4S, 10-1S and 9-9S were identified on sucrose density gradients. Ethidium bromide abolished the incorporation of [5-3H]uridine into the presumed mitochondrial RNA.", "contents": "Isolation of mitochondria and mitochondrial RNA from Crithidia fasciculata. Two methods were used to isolate mitochondria from Crithidia fasciculata. In the first method, cells were weakened by exposure to hypotonic conditions and then disrupted by blending; mitochondria were subsequently isolated using disodium 3,5-diacetoamido-2,4,6-triiodobenzoate gradients. In the second, cells were treated with digitonin before disruption; mitochondria were purified by differential centrifugation. Both preparations were examined with the electron microscope and were also shown to possess several characteristic biochemical properties of mitochondria. Kinetoplast DNA was present in the mitochondria, uncontaminated by nuclear DNA. Analysis by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis showed two RNA components of molecular weights of 0-47 X 10(6) and 0-22 X 10(6), in addition to cytoplasmic RNA contamination. Four mitochondrial components with sedimentation coefficients of 14-6S, 11-4S, 10-1S and 9-9S were identified on sucrose density gradients. Ethidium bromide abolished the incorporation of [5-3H]uridine into the presumed mitochondrial RNA."}
{"id": "PMID:874454", "title": "Host modification and restriction with a mycobacteriophage isolated from a pseudolysogenic Mycobacterium chelonei.", "content": "A pseudolysogenic Mycobacterium chelonei and its phage phi630 are described. Phage phi630 is the first mycobacteriophate reported to be resistant to the nonpolar solvents chloroform, dioxan and diethyl ether. The phage had a latent period of 75 min, a rise period of 90 min and a burst size of 5I. Evidence is presented for host modification and restriction. Phage phi630A, grown on host strain M. chelonei F-630 Rg, plated on the alternative host M. smegmatis ATCC607 with an efficiency of plating (e.o.p.) of 10(-5). Phage phi630B, grown on host M. smegmatis, plated with an e.o.p. of 10(-5) on the alternative host F-630 Rg. Phages phi630A and phi630B absorbed equally well on their alternative hosts and on their indicator host strains. The progeny of plaques from initial platings on the alternative host, when grown in the alternative host, exhibited a marked reduction in e.o.p. on their original host.", "contents": "Host modification and restriction with a mycobacteriophage isolated from a pseudolysogenic Mycobacterium chelonei. A pseudolysogenic Mycobacterium chelonei and its phage phi630 are described. Phage phi630 is the first mycobacteriophate reported to be resistant to the nonpolar solvents chloroform, dioxan and diethyl ether. The phage had a latent period of 75 min, a rise period of 90 min and a burst size of 5I. Evidence is presented for host modification and restriction. Phage phi630A, grown on host strain M. chelonei F-630 Rg, plated on the alternative host M. smegmatis ATCC607 with an efficiency of plating (e.o.p.) of 10(-5). Phage phi630B, grown on host M. smegmatis, plated with an e.o.p. of 10(-5) on the alternative host F-630 Rg. Phages phi630A and phi630B absorbed equally well on their alternative hosts and on their indicator host strains. The progeny of plaques from initial platings on the alternative host, when grown in the alternative host, exhibited a marked reduction in e.o.p. on their original host."}
{"id": "PMID:874455", "title": "Serological grouping of virulent and avirulent strains of the lobster pathogen Aerococcus viridans.", "content": "Virulent strains of Aerococcus viridans (formerly Gaffkya homari) are the aetiologic agents of gaffkemia, a septicaemic disease of the American lobster (Homarus americanus). The virulent and avirulent forms of this bacterium, previously thought to be taxonomically indistinguishable, have been differentiated by serological studies. Antisera were produced in rabbits using autoclaved bacteria as antigens. Reactions were measured by agglutination tests using microtitre techniques and an antigenic scheme was determined. Specific antisera were prepared by absorption and used to determine antigens of strains of A. viridans and other Gram-positive cocci. In general, only virulent strains of A. viridans have antigen b. Both virulent and avirulent strains possess other antigens also detected in strains of the genus Staphylococcus.", "contents": "Serological grouping of virulent and avirulent strains of the lobster pathogen Aerococcus viridans. Virulent strains of Aerococcus viridans (formerly Gaffkya homari) are the aetiologic agents of gaffkemia, a septicaemic disease of the American lobster (Homarus americanus). The virulent and avirulent forms of this bacterium, previously thought to be taxonomically indistinguishable, have been differentiated by serological studies. Antisera were produced in rabbits using autoclaved bacteria as antigens. Reactions were measured by agglutination tests using microtitre techniques and an antigenic scheme was determined. Specific antisera were prepared by absorption and used to determine antigens of strains of A. viridans and other Gram-positive cocci. In general, only virulent strains of A. viridans have antigen b. Both virulent and avirulent strains possess other antigens also detected in strains of the genus Staphylococcus."}
{"id": "PMID:874459", "title": "Ultrastructure of bacteriophage phi 6: arrangement of the double-stranded RNA and envelope.", "content": "Pseudomonas phaseolicola cells synchronously infected with phi 6 were fixed and embedded by several procedures. The diameter of phi 6 measured 75 nm and its nucleocapsid 60 nm. Virus nucleocapsids were icosahedral and surrounded by a double membrane. In planar sections the nucleic acid appeared as a hexagonal ring and in cross section as two angular structures.", "contents": "Ultrastructure of bacteriophage phi 6: arrangement of the double-stranded RNA and envelope. Pseudomonas phaseolicola cells synchronously infected with phi 6 were fixed and embedded by several procedures. The diameter of phi 6 measured 75 nm and its nucleocapsid 60 nm. Virus nucleocapsids were icosahedral and surrounded by a double membrane. In planar sections the nucleic acid appeared as a hexagonal ring and in cross section as two angular structures."}
{"id": "PMID:874460", "title": "Bacteriophages of Streptococcus equi.", "content": "Bacteriophages were isolated from twelve lysogenic strains of Streptococcus equi. Based on sensitivity data and antiserum neutralization tests, the phage isolates were divided into two distinct but related groups. All twelve phage change the colonial morphology of S. equi from mucoid to matt. Possible phage-mediated effects on S. equi virulence are discussed.", "contents": "Bacteriophages of Streptococcus equi. Bacteriophages were isolated from twelve lysogenic strains of Streptococcus equi. Based on sensitivity data and antiserum neutralization tests, the phage isolates were divided into two distinct but related groups. All twelve phage change the colonial morphology of S. equi from mucoid to matt. Possible phage-mediated effects on S. equi virulence are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:874462", "title": "[Genetic counselling (results of ten years experience). II. Requests (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors give a summing up of ten years of genetic counselling concerning 1271 requests and single out two equally important categories of consultants. The first might require premarital counselling (in cases of consanguineous unions, or when one of the partners or relatives are affected) but, in fact, come to consultation, four times out of ten, after marriage and even after procreation. The consultants of the second group need prenatal counselling either because a child suffers from a hereditary disorder, or because earlier pregnancies did not come to term. Whichever the type, one consultation out of seven concerned a pregnant woman. A classification by type disorder and by mode of transmission is given.", "contents": "[Genetic counselling (results of ten years experience). II. Requests (author's transl)]. The authors give a summing up of ten years of genetic counselling concerning 1271 requests and single out two equally important categories of consultants. The first might require premarital counselling (in cases of consanguineous unions, or when one of the partners or relatives are affected) but, in fact, come to consultation, four times out of ten, after marriage and even after procreation. The consultants of the second group need prenatal counselling either because a child suffers from a hereditary disorder, or because earlier pregnancies did not come to term. Whichever the type, one consultation out of seven concerned a pregnant woman. A classification by type disorder and by mode of transmission is given."}
{"id": "PMID:874464", "title": "Sternum length and intermammillary distance in normal newborns.", "content": "Short sternum and widely spaced nipples are recognized clinical findings in Edwards' and Patau's syndromes and in Noonan's, Turner's and renal hypoplasia syndromes, respectively. Sternum length, intermammillary distance, length of trunk and thoracic circumference were measured in 307 consecutive live newborns. Intermammillary distance was found to have the highest partial regression coefficient over sternum length. It seems therefore advisable to consider both parameters in the phenotypic description of syndromes where an abnormal variation of one of them is suspected.", "contents": "Sternum length and intermammillary distance in normal newborns. Short sternum and widely spaced nipples are recognized clinical findings in Edwards' and Patau's syndromes and in Noonan's, Turner's and renal hypoplasia syndromes, respectively. Sternum length, intermammillary distance, length of trunk and thoracic circumference were measured in 307 consecutive live newborns. Intermammillary distance was found to have the highest partial regression coefficient over sternum length. It seems therefore advisable to consider both parameters in the phenotypic description of syndromes where an abnormal variation of one of them is suspected."}
{"id": "PMID:874467", "title": "Brief communication. Transvestism in history.", "content": "Cross-dressing recorded in Western history, from mythological to modern times, is briefly reported. These accounts are presented to broaden the context of current reports of transsexualism as well as homosexuality.", "contents": "Brief communication. Transvestism in history. Cross-dressing recorded in Western history, from mythological to modern times, is briefly reported. These accounts are presented to broaden the context of current reports of transsexualism as well as homosexuality."}
{"id": "PMID:874468", "title": "Single case study. Behavioral treatment of boy with 47,XYY karyotype.", "content": "Controversy exists with regard to the genetic programmability of antisocial, aggressive behavior in males with 47,XYY karyotype. This study reports the reduction of disruptive behavior in a 7-year-old boy with this chromosomal anomaly. Behavioral manipulations of environmental contingencies were used to alter several types of problematic behaviors successfully. Theoretical and clinical implications with regard to the notion of genetic causality are discussed.", "contents": "Single case study. Behavioral treatment of boy with 47,XYY karyotype. Controversy exists with regard to the genetic programmability of antisocial, aggressive behavior in males with 47,XYY karyotype. This study reports the reduction of disruptive behavior in a 7-year-old boy with this chromosomal anomaly. Behavioral manipulations of environmental contingencies were used to alter several types of problematic behaviors successfully. Theoretical and clinical implications with regard to the notion of genetic causality are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:874469", "title": "Single case study. Conjugal suicide pact.", "content": "Prior to entering into a suicide pact the married couple in this case study formed an intensely interdependent and socially isolated unit that illness threatened to dissolve. The depressed husband conveyed suicidal ideation to his wife in a manner suggestive of folie \u00e0 deux.", "contents": "Single case study. Conjugal suicide pact. Prior to entering into a suicide pact the married couple in this case study formed an intensely interdependent and socially isolated unit that illness threatened to dissolve. The depressed husband conveyed suicidal ideation to his wife in a manner suggestive of folie \u00e0 deux."}
{"id": "PMID:874470", "title": "The demonstration of a change in responsiveness of mice to physostigmine and atropine after withdrawal from long-term haloperidol pretreatment.", "content": "Mice, administered haloperidol 3 mg/kg/day, in their drinking water for 21 days, were tested for their responsiveness to cholinergic and anticholinergic drugs 4 days after withdrawal from haloperidol (or vehicle). Haloperidol-treated animals administered methylhyoscine (1 mg/kg i.p.) and various doses of physostigmine (5 to 1215 microgram/kg) displayed significantly less depression of locomotor activity than vehicle-treated animals. Atropine, 5 mg/kg, whilst ineffective in producing locomotor stimulation in vehicle-treated animals, produced marked stimulation in haloperidol-treated animals. Methylatropine (5 mg/kg) did not produce significant stimulation in either group. Dopamine receptor supersensitivity was present in these animals as haloperidol-treated mice, pretreated with alpha-methyltyrosine and reserpine, displayed a significantly greater locomotor response to apomorphine than did vehicle-treated animals. The data support the hypothesis that long-term administration of haloperidol produces an apparent hyposensitivity of central muscarinic receptors.", "contents": "The demonstration of a change in responsiveness of mice to physostigmine and atropine after withdrawal from long-term haloperidol pretreatment. Mice, administered haloperidol 3 mg/kg/day, in their drinking water for 21 days, were tested for their responsiveness to cholinergic and anticholinergic drugs 4 days after withdrawal from haloperidol (or vehicle). Haloperidol-treated animals administered methylhyoscine (1 mg/kg i.p.) and various doses of physostigmine (5 to 1215 microgram/kg) displayed significantly less depression of locomotor activity than vehicle-treated animals. Atropine, 5 mg/kg, whilst ineffective in producing locomotor stimulation in vehicle-treated animals, produced marked stimulation in haloperidol-treated animals. Methylatropine (5 mg/kg) did not produce significant stimulation in either group. Dopamine receptor supersensitivity was present in these animals as haloperidol-treated mice, pretreated with alpha-methyltyrosine and reserpine, displayed a significantly greater locomotor response to apomorphine than did vehicle-treated animals. The data support the hypothesis that long-term administration of haloperidol produces an apparent hyposensitivity of central muscarinic receptors."}
{"id": "PMID:874471", "title": "Antagonism by haloperidol of locomotor depression induced by small doses of apomorphine.", "content": "Administration of 0.025--0.1 mg/kg of apomorphine i.p. to mice produced a dose-dependent locomotor depression. Haloperidol, 0.025 mg/kg, produced locomotor stimulation, whereas 0.1 mg/kg caused locomotor depression. Pretreatment with haloperidol also reversed the depression caused by apomorphine. The functional antagonism is discussed in terms of a possible agonist-antagonist interaction on dopaminergic autoreceptors.", "contents": "Antagonism by haloperidol of locomotor depression induced by small doses of apomorphine. Administration of 0.025--0.1 mg/kg of apomorphine i.p. to mice produced a dose-dependent locomotor depression. Haloperidol, 0.025 mg/kg, produced locomotor stimulation, whereas 0.1 mg/kg caused locomotor depression. Pretreatment with haloperidol also reversed the depression caused by apomorphine. The functional antagonism is discussed in terms of a possible agonist-antagonist interaction on dopaminergic autoreceptors."}
{"id": "PMID:874472", "title": "Effect of nomifensine on central 5-hydroxytryptamine neurons.", "content": "Effects of nomifensine (8-amino-1, 2, 3, 4-tetrahydro-2-methyl-4-phenyl-isoquinoline) (NF), an antidepressant drug which inhibits dopamine uptake, on central serotonergic structures were studied in rats. NF affects of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid levels in the whole brain as well as in the separate rat brain structures. The 5-HT turnover is decreased in the whole brain and the striatum but increased in the midbrain and the hippocamp as judged from experiments with tryptophan hydroxylase inhibitor, alpha-propyldopacetamide. Pretreatment with dopamine-receptor blocking agent, spiperone, antagonized the increase of 5-HT turnover rate in brain regions mentioned above. NF stimulates the hind limb flexor reflex in spinal rat, a preparation regarded as a model for evaluation of drug action on central 5-HT neurons. This stimulatory effect was antogonized by cyproheptadine, by reserpine and imipramine. The obtained results indicate that NF activates central 5-HT neurons both directly and indirectly, via stimulation of dopamine receptors as described previously for other dopamine agonists.", "contents": "Effect of nomifensine on central 5-hydroxytryptamine neurons. Effects of nomifensine (8-amino-1, 2, 3, 4-tetrahydro-2-methyl-4-phenyl-isoquinoline) (NF), an antidepressant drug which inhibits dopamine uptake, on central serotonergic structures were studied in rats. NF affects of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid levels in the whole brain as well as in the separate rat brain structures. The 5-HT turnover is decreased in the whole brain and the striatum but increased in the midbrain and the hippocamp as judged from experiments with tryptophan hydroxylase inhibitor, alpha-propyldopacetamide. Pretreatment with dopamine-receptor blocking agent, spiperone, antagonized the increase of 5-HT turnover rate in brain regions mentioned above. NF stimulates the hind limb flexor reflex in spinal rat, a preparation regarded as a model for evaluation of drug action on central 5-HT neurons. This stimulatory effect was antogonized by cyproheptadine, by reserpine and imipramine. The obtained results indicate that NF activates central 5-HT neurons both directly and indirectly, via stimulation of dopamine receptors as described previously for other dopamine agonists."}
{"id": "PMID:874473", "title": "Separation of pineal extracts by gelfiltration. VI. Isolation and identification from sheep pineals of biopterin; comparison of the isolated compound with some synthetic pteridines and the biological activity in in vitro and in vivo bioassays.", "content": "Aqueous extracts of sheep pineal bodies were separated on Sephadex G-25. Two low molecular weight Sephadex G-25 fractions, F2 and F3, were ultrafiltrated through the Amicon membrane UM-2. The UM-2 filtrate was subsequently filtrated through the ultramembrane UM-05 and the UM-05 filtrate was separated on Sephadex G-10 columns. After paper electrophoresis, preparative paper chromatography was carried out. The fluorescent band showing a Rf value identical with synthetic 6-biopterin was eluted; gas liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry of the isolated compound were carried out. The mass spectra of the isolated compound were shown to be identical with synthetic 6-biopterin. The results of the Crithidia fasciculata test and thinlayer chromatography study revealed that the isolated compound is identical with 6-L-erythro-biopterin. The activities of the isolated compound and of synthetic biopterin in in vitro and in vivo bioassays are demonstrated.", "contents": "Separation of pineal extracts by gelfiltration. VI. Isolation and identification from sheep pineals of biopterin; comparison of the isolated compound with some synthetic pteridines and the biological activity in in vitro and in vivo bioassays. Aqueous extracts of sheep pineal bodies were separated on Sephadex G-25. Two low molecular weight Sephadex G-25 fractions, F2 and F3, were ultrafiltrated through the Amicon membrane UM-2. The UM-2 filtrate was subsequently filtrated through the ultramembrane UM-05 and the UM-05 filtrate was separated on Sephadex G-10 columns. After paper electrophoresis, preparative paper chromatography was carried out. The fluorescent band showing a Rf value identical with synthetic 6-biopterin was eluted; gas liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry of the isolated compound were carried out. The mass spectra of the isolated compound were shown to be identical with synthetic 6-biopterin. The results of the Crithidia fasciculata test and thinlayer chromatography study revealed that the isolated compound is identical with 6-L-erythro-biopterin. The activities of the isolated compound and of synthetic biopterin in in vitro and in vivo bioassays are demonstrated."}
{"id": "PMID:874474", "title": "Serum growth hormone levels in schizophrenic patients during sleep.", "content": "Ten schizophrenic and five epileptic patients under antipsychotic drug treatment were studied to evaluate sleep-related GH secretion. Four of the schizophrenic patients had a high secretion peak of GH (range 15.2 to 38.0 ng/ml), four had a moderate peak (range 5.8--8.3 ng/ml), while two had no increase in GH secretion during sleep (range 0.5--1.0 ng/mg). Four of the five epileptic patients had a moderately increased secretion (range 5.8--9.2 ng/ml) and one had no increase in GH secretion during sleep. Thus, the GH secretory pattern varied with the patient as in known to be also with healthy individuals. However, no clear disturbances were noted in sleep-related GH secretion in schizophrenic patients receiving antipsychotic drug treatment, when compared e.g. to non-schizophrenic, epileptic patients under a same kind of drug treatment.", "contents": "Serum growth hormone levels in schizophrenic patients during sleep. Ten schizophrenic and five epileptic patients under antipsychotic drug treatment were studied to evaluate sleep-related GH secretion. Four of the schizophrenic patients had a high secretion peak of GH (range 15.2 to 38.0 ng/ml), four had a moderate peak (range 5.8--8.3 ng/ml), while two had no increase in GH secretion during sleep (range 0.5--1.0 ng/mg). Four of the five epileptic patients had a moderately increased secretion (range 5.8--9.2 ng/ml) and one had no increase in GH secretion during sleep. Thus, the GH secretory pattern varied with the patient as in known to be also with healthy individuals. However, no clear disturbances were noted in sleep-related GH secretion in schizophrenic patients receiving antipsychotic drug treatment, when compared e.g. to non-schizophrenic, epileptic patients under a same kind of drug treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:874475", "title": "Regional distribution of acid phosphatase-positive axonal systems in the rat spinal cord and medulla, representing central terminals of cutaneous and visceral nociceptive neurons.", "content": "In addition to the substantia gelatinosa Rolandi, acid phosphatase active axonal systems are described (1) in the viscerosensory nucleus of the vagus nerve, (2) in Lissauer's band, (3) in the fasciculus cornus posterioris (Cajal), and (4) in the nucleus basilaris externus (Cajal). Electron microscopically, acid phosphatase is located in between synaptic vesicles of axon terminals; the vesicle population of such terminals in the Rolando substance, however, markedly differs from that in systems 1--4, characterized by the presence of large dense-core vesicles. While acid phosphatase-active axon terminals in the Rolando substance appear to subserve cutaneous nociception, circumstantial evidence suggests participation of systems 1--4 in processing visceral nociception.", "contents": "Regional distribution of acid phosphatase-positive axonal systems in the rat spinal cord and medulla, representing central terminals of cutaneous and visceral nociceptive neurons. In addition to the substantia gelatinosa Rolandi, acid phosphatase active axonal systems are described (1) in the viscerosensory nucleus of the vagus nerve, (2) in Lissauer's band, (3) in the fasciculus cornus posterioris (Cajal), and (4) in the nucleus basilaris externus (Cajal). Electron microscopically, acid phosphatase is located in between synaptic vesicles of axon terminals; the vesicle population of such terminals in the Rolando substance, however, markedly differs from that in systems 1--4, characterized by the presence of large dense-core vesicles. While acid phosphatase-active axon terminals in the Rolando substance appear to subserve cutaneous nociception, circumstantial evidence suggests participation of systems 1--4 in processing visceral nociception."}
{"id": "PMID:874479", "title": "The presence  of transfer RNA in the axoplasm of the squid giant axon.", "content": "Previous work has revealed that 4S RNA is the primary species of RNA in the axoplasm from the giant axons of the squid and Myxicola. This study shows that axoplasmic 4S RNA from the squid giant axon has the functional properties of tRNA. Axoplasmic RNA was charged with amino acids by aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases prepared from squid brain. Tthe aminoacylation was prevented by incubating the RNA with RNase prior to running the reaction. The amino acid-RNA complex was labile at pH 9, which is characteristic of the acyl linkage between an amino acid and its tRNA. Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase activity was also present in the axoplasm, primarily in the soluble fraction.", "contents": "The presence  of transfer RNA in the axoplasm of the squid giant axon. Previous work has revealed that 4S RNA is the primary species of RNA in the axoplasm from the giant axons of the squid and Myxicola. This study shows that axoplasmic 4S RNA from the squid giant axon has the functional properties of tRNA. Axoplasmic RNA was charged with amino acids by aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases prepared from squid brain. Tthe aminoacylation was prevented by incubating the RNA with RNase prior to running the reaction. The amino acid-RNA complex was labile at pH 9, which is characteristic of the acyl linkage between an amino acid and its tRNA. Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase activity was also present in the axoplasm, primarily in the soluble fraction."}
{"id": "PMID:874508", "title": "Carnitine deficiency: clinical, morphological, and biochemical observations in a fatal case.", "content": "A fatal case of carnitine deficiency is described. The patient had intermittent metabolic acidosis, fluctuating hepatomegaly, and progressive muscle weakness since 22 months of age. One of two liver biopsies revealed lipid accumulation in the hepatocytes, and a muscle biopsy at age 5 years showed a lipid storage myopathy. Type 1 fibres were the most severely affected. Satellite and vascular endothelial cells also contained abnormal lipid deposits. Quantitative electron microscopy demonstrated an approximately 50-fold increase in lipid material, and a twofold increase in mitochondria in myofibres. The muscle carnitine level was less than one-seventh of the lowest value encountered in 74 biopsies from non-weak or neuromuscular disease controls. The basic abnormality in this patient is assumed to be a defect in carnitine biosynthesis.", "contents": "Carnitine deficiency: clinical, morphological, and biochemical observations in a fatal case. A fatal case of carnitine deficiency is described. The patient had intermittent metabolic acidosis, fluctuating hepatomegaly, and progressive muscle weakness since 22 months of age. One of two liver biopsies revealed lipid accumulation in the hepatocytes, and a muscle biopsy at age 5 years showed a lipid storage myopathy. Type 1 fibres were the most severely affected. Satellite and vascular endothelial cells also contained abnormal lipid deposits. Quantitative electron microscopy demonstrated an approximately 50-fold increase in lipid material, and a twofold increase in mitochondria in myofibres. The muscle carnitine level was less than one-seventh of the lowest value encountered in 74 biopsies from non-weak or neuromuscular disease controls. The basic abnormality in this patient is assumed to be a defect in carnitine biosynthesis."}
{"id": "PMID:874509", "title": "So-called neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis. Neurophysiological studies in 60 children.", "content": "EEG, ERG, and VEP studies were carried out in 60 children with verified neuronal storage of ceroid/lipofuscin-like material. Comparing and contrasting the EEG/ERG/VER features of each child during the symptomatic phase of the disease, three distinct main groups could be recognised: (1) Progressive diminution in amplitude of the EEG and VEP beginning about the age of 2 years was seen in seven children, and all phasic cerebral activity was unrecordable at 3-4 years of age; the clinical onset with regression in skills began at 1-2 years of age; (2) Large amplitude irregular slow activity and polyphasic spikes appeared in 27 children in whom characteristic discharges were elicited at low rates of photic stimulation (grossly enlarged VEP); the clinical onset was around 3 years of age with an occasional seizure and some clumsiness; (3) Runs of slow wave and spike complexes were seen in the EEG of 10 children with a small or absent VEP; the clinical onset with visual failure began around 5-7 years of age. In the remaining 16 children, the EEG and the clinical features fell into much smaller groups, possibly of rarer type. The ERG became unrecordable at an early symptomatic phase in all 60 children. The present findings suggest that such umbrella terms as neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis or Batten's disease, which imply a single disease entity, are misleading. Neurophysiological investigations can help in early identification of these separate conditions. When the biochemical basis of these disorders becomes fully understood a more rational nomenclature will be possible.", "contents": "So-called neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis. Neurophysiological studies in 60 children. EEG, ERG, and VEP studies were carried out in 60 children with verified neuronal storage of ceroid/lipofuscin-like material. Comparing and contrasting the EEG/ERG/VER features of each child during the symptomatic phase of the disease, three distinct main groups could be recognised: (1) Progressive diminution in amplitude of the EEG and VEP beginning about the age of 2 years was seen in seven children, and all phasic cerebral activity was unrecordable at 3-4 years of age; the clinical onset with regression in skills began at 1-2 years of age; (2) Large amplitude irregular slow activity and polyphasic spikes appeared in 27 children in whom characteristic discharges were elicited at low rates of photic stimulation (grossly enlarged VEP); the clinical onset was around 3 years of age with an occasional seizure and some clumsiness; (3) Runs of slow wave and spike complexes were seen in the EEG of 10 children with a small or absent VEP; the clinical onset with visual failure began around 5-7 years of age. In the remaining 16 children, the EEG and the clinical features fell into much smaller groups, possibly of rarer type. The ERG became unrecordable at an early symptomatic phase in all 60 children. The present findings suggest that such umbrella terms as neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis or Batten's disease, which imply a single disease entity, are misleading. Neurophysiological investigations can help in early identification of these separate conditions. When the biochemical basis of these disorders becomes fully understood a more rational nomenclature will be possible."}
{"id": "PMID:874510", "title": "Diabetes mellitus in normal pressure hydrocephalus.", "content": "Seventeen of 33 patients (51.5%) with normal pressure hydrocephalus were discovered to have diabetes mellitus. This was significantly greater than the 12.1% incidence found in age-matched control subjects. The diabetes was not accounted for either by the patients' ages nor by their physical inactivity due to hospitalisation. Diabetes mellitus concurrent with normal pressure hydrocephalus may result from involvement of hypothalamic and brainstem autonomic structures by the expanding ventricles during the evolution of hydrocephalus.", "contents": "Diabetes mellitus in normal pressure hydrocephalus. Seventeen of 33 patients (51.5%) with normal pressure hydrocephalus were discovered to have diabetes mellitus. This was significantly greater than the 12.1% incidence found in age-matched control subjects. The diabetes was not accounted for either by the patients' ages nor by their physical inactivity due to hospitalisation. Diabetes mellitus concurrent with normal pressure hydrocephalus may result from involvement of hypothalamic and brainstem autonomic structures by the expanding ventricles during the evolution of hydrocephalus."}
{"id": "PMID:874511", "title": "Idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus-- a report of 73 patients.", "content": "In 1973 we reported results of ventricular shunting in 28 patients with idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus. The present report consists of a three year follow-up of the latter (series 1), and an additional 45 patients (series 2) are presented for further insight into the conclusions drawn from the original experiences.", "contents": "Idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus-- a report of 73 patients. In 1973 we reported results of ventricular shunting in 28 patients with idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus. The present report consists of a three year follow-up of the latter (series 1), and an additional 45 patients (series 2) are presented for further insight into the conclusions drawn from the original experiences."}
{"id": "PMID:874512", "title": "Electrodiagnostic study in delayed facial palsy after closed head injury.", "content": "The time course of electrical reactions in this condition varied much from that after section of the facial nerve or after Bell's palsy. It was at least a week before denervation could be suspected in the latter conditions by electrodiagnostic methods. In post-traumatic delayed facial palsy we have demonstrated electrical reactions showing denervation at the time of palsy or even a few days before, and this is probably related to its pathogenesis. Denervation occurred in 82% of cases which is about double the incidence in Bell's palsy.", "contents": "Electrodiagnostic study in delayed facial palsy after closed head injury. The time course of electrical reactions in this condition varied much from that after section of the facial nerve or after Bell's palsy. It was at least a week before denervation could be suspected in the latter conditions by electrodiagnostic methods. In post-traumatic delayed facial palsy we have demonstrated electrical reactions showing denervation at the time of palsy or even a few days before, and this is probably related to its pathogenesis. Denervation occurred in 82% of cases which is about double the incidence in Bell's palsy."}
{"id": "PMID:874513", "title": "Anterior horn cell disease associated with pontocerebellar hypoplasia in infants.", "content": "Three sibs presented with an identical clinical picture of severe mental retardation, cortical blindness, and extensive peripheral paralysis of lower motor neurone type, and died before one year of age. In the one necropsied case, spinal cord lesions, indistinguishable form those of Werding-Hoffman disease, were associated with extreme hypoplasia and atrophy of the cerebellum, and with atrophy of the ventral part of the pons. No prominent abnormalities were found in the nerves sampled despite gross reduction of motor and sensory conduction velocities in two infants. It is proposed that this familial disorder is distinct from Werdnig-Hoffmann disease, and represents a further subtype in the heterogeneous group of the infantile muscular atrophies.", "contents": "Anterior horn cell disease associated with pontocerebellar hypoplasia in infants. Three sibs presented with an identical clinical picture of severe mental retardation, cortical blindness, and extensive peripheral paralysis of lower motor neurone type, and died before one year of age. In the one necropsied case, spinal cord lesions, indistinguishable form those of Werding-Hoffman disease, were associated with extreme hypoplasia and atrophy of the cerebellum, and with atrophy of the ventral part of the pons. No prominent abnormalities were found in the nerves sampled despite gross reduction of motor and sensory conduction velocities in two infants. It is proposed that this familial disorder is distinct from Werdnig-Hoffmann disease, and represents a further subtype in the heterogeneous group of the infantile muscular atrophies."}
{"id": "PMID:874514", "title": "Ocular bobbing with extra-axial haematoma of posterior fossa.", "content": "A patient with a subarachnoid haematoma anterior to the brain stem demonstrated \"typical\" ocular bobbing. The absence of CNS parenchymal involvement is distinct from previously described posterior fossa lesions associated with this particular eye movement disorder.", "contents": "Ocular bobbing with extra-axial haematoma of posterior fossa. A patient with a subarachnoid haematoma anterior to the brain stem demonstrated \"typical\" ocular bobbing. The absence of CNS parenchymal involvement is distinct from previously described posterior fossa lesions associated with this particular eye movement disorder."}
{"id": "PMID:874515", "title": "Prosopagnosia: a clinical, psychological, and anatomical study of three patients.", "content": "Three patients with prosopagnosia are described of whom two had right occipital lesions. An analysis of visual and perceptual functions demonstrated a defect in perceptual classification which appeared to be stimulus-specific. A special mechanism for facial recognition is postulated, and the importance of the right sided posterior lesion is stressed.", "contents": "Prosopagnosia: a clinical, psychological, and anatomical study of three patients. Three patients with prosopagnosia are described of whom two had right occipital lesions. An analysis of visual and perceptual functions demonstrated a defect in perceptual classification which appeared to be stimulus-specific. A special mechanism for facial recognition is postulated, and the importance of the right sided posterior lesion is stressed."}
{"id": "PMID:874516", "title": "Epileptiform syndrome in rats produced by injecting tetanus toxin into the hippocampus.", "content": "An epileptiform syndrome in rats produced by injecting small doses (a few (mouse)LD50) of tetanus toxin into the hippocampus is described. The animals had intermittent seizures, with at least a superficial resemblance to human epilepsy, for some weeks but they eventually recovered. They were hyperkinetic for several weeks after the injection of toxin, and showed intermittent aggressive behaviour. Control animals which received similar injections of tetanus toxin first neutralised with antitoxin did not have seizures, and their behaviour appeared normal. EEG recordings showed characteristic seizure activity. Histological examination of the site of injection showed very little morphological damage.", "contents": "Epileptiform syndrome in rats produced by injecting tetanus toxin into the hippocampus. An epileptiform syndrome in rats produced by injecting small doses (a few (mouse)LD50) of tetanus toxin into the hippocampus is described. The animals had intermittent seizures, with at least a superficial resemblance to human epilepsy, for some weeks but they eventually recovered. They were hyperkinetic for several weeks after the injection of toxin, and showed intermittent aggressive behaviour. Control animals which received similar injections of tetanus toxin first neutralised with antitoxin did not have seizures, and their behaviour appeared normal. EEG recordings showed characteristic seizure activity. Histological examination of the site of injection showed very little morphological damage."}
{"id": "PMID:874518", "title": "HLA antigens and myasthenia gravis in Japan.", "content": "Recent studies have noted an increased association of the histocompatibility antigen HLA-B8 with myasthenia gravis in Caucasian patients. The HLA types of 63 Japanese patients with myasthenia were compared to those of 271 controls. The present study was designed to assess correlations between HLA antigens, sex, age at onset, the presence of autoantibodies and thymic morphology. HLA-B12 was increased Japanese patients, especially females with early age at onset, and in addition it was significantly correlated with thymic hyperplasia. HLA-B5 was frequently found in the patients with thymoma. Statistically the most frequent haplotype found in this disease was HLA-A10-HLA-B12.", "contents": "HLA antigens and myasthenia gravis in Japan. Recent studies have noted an increased association of the histocompatibility antigen HLA-B8 with myasthenia gravis in Caucasian patients. The HLA types of 63 Japanese patients with myasthenia were compared to those of 271 controls. The present study was designed to assess correlations between HLA antigens, sex, age at onset, the presence of autoantibodies and thymic morphology. HLA-B12 was increased Japanese patients, especially females with early age at onset, and in addition it was significantly correlated with thymic hyperplasia. HLA-B5 was frequently found in the patients with thymoma. Statistically the most frequent haplotype found in this disease was HLA-A10-HLA-B12."}
{"id": "PMID:874520", "title": "Histocompatibility antigens associated with motor neurone disease.", "content": "The distribution of histocompatibility antigens was studied in 44 patients with motor neurone disease (MND). An unusually high incidence of HLA antigens A2 and A28 was found, compared to a control population.", "contents": "Histocompatibility antigens associated with motor neurone disease. The distribution of histocompatibility antigens was studied in 44 patients with motor neurone disease (MND). An unusually high incidence of HLA antigens A2 and A28 was found, compared to a control population."}
{"id": "PMID:874521", "title": "Urinary monoamine metabolite excretion in disorders of movement. Effects of amantadine and levodopa.", "content": "We have studied the urinary excretion of 1,4-methylhistamine (1,4-MeHm), 5-hydroxyindole-3-acetic acid (5-HIAA) and homovanillic acid (HVA) in patients with Parkinson's disease, choreiform movements and essential tremor. The effect of amantadine on urinary excretion has been measured in each group of patients as well as the effect of levodopa in patients with Parkinson's disease. In patients with Parkinson's disease, excretion of 1,4-MeHm and HVA was significantly lower than in controls. Patients with choreiform movements had a reduced excretion of HVA but trends toward low levels of 1,4-MeHm and, in patients with Huntington's chorea, elevated excretion of 5-HIAA, were not significant. In patients with essential tremor, urinary excretion of the amine metabolities studied did nof differ significantly from controls. Administration of amantadine to patients with Parkinson's disease was not followed by increased excretion of monoamine metabolites except in those patients who were already receiving anticholinergic drugs. This increase is not significant and there was no effect in other groups of patients. These findings lend no support to the view that amantadine has a general amine-releasing action although there is limited evidence for such an effect in Parkinson's disease. In addition to the expected increase in HVA excretion, administration of levodopa to Parkinsonian patients was followed by significantly reduced excretion of 1,4-MeHm and 5-HIAA. However, if amantadine and levodopa were given together, excretion of 5-HIAA was still reduced, but that of 1,4-MeHm was normal. Levodopa may thus modify the turnover of histamine, which appears to be reduced in Parkinson's disease, and this effect may be modified by amantadine.", "contents": "Urinary monoamine metabolite excretion in disorders of movement. Effects of amantadine and levodopa. We have studied the urinary excretion of 1,4-methylhistamine (1,4-MeHm), 5-hydroxyindole-3-acetic acid (5-HIAA) and homovanillic acid (HVA) in patients with Parkinson's disease, choreiform movements and essential tremor. The effect of amantadine on urinary excretion has been measured in each group of patients as well as the effect of levodopa in patients with Parkinson's disease. In patients with Parkinson's disease, excretion of 1,4-MeHm and HVA was significantly lower than in controls. Patients with choreiform movements had a reduced excretion of HVA but trends toward low levels of 1,4-MeHm and, in patients with Huntington's chorea, elevated excretion of 5-HIAA, were not significant. In patients with essential tremor, urinary excretion of the amine metabolities studied did nof differ significantly from controls. Administration of amantadine to patients with Parkinson's disease was not followed by increased excretion of monoamine metabolites except in those patients who were already receiving anticholinergic drugs. This increase is not significant and there was no effect in other groups of patients. These findings lend no support to the view that amantadine has a general amine-releasing action although there is limited evidence for such an effect in Parkinson's disease. In addition to the expected increase in HVA excretion, administration of levodopa to Parkinsonian patients was followed by significantly reduced excretion of 1,4-MeHm and 5-HIAA. However, if amantadine and levodopa were given together, excretion of 5-HIAA was still reduced, but that of 1,4-MeHm was normal. Levodopa may thus modify the turnover of histamine, which appears to be reduced in Parkinson's disease, and this effect may be modified by amantadine."}
{"id": "PMID:874522", "title": "The effect of age on the nucleic acid content of slow- and fast-twitch muscle in normal and dystrophic mice and their litter mates.", "content": "RNA, DNA, and NCP content were measured in fast- and slow-twitch skeletal muscle of normal and dystrophic mice (HDM) and their littermates at ages 4 through 29 weeks. In normal and litter mate mice RNA and DNA content were far greater in the soleus than in the gastrocnemius while the RNA/DNA ratio and NCP content were greater in the gastrocnemius. In dystrophic mice, however, the differences between nuleic acid content of the 2 muscles were far less, apparently due to a proportionately higher content in the dystrophic gastrocnemius. Due to a proportionately lower ratio in the gastrocnemius, dystrophic RNA/DNA ratios for the 2 muscles were essentially the same. Age had a marked effect on the nucleic acid content of both muscles in all 3 mice types but to varying degrees. In the soleus, RNA and DNA content rapidly decreased until 9 to 10 weeks of age followed by a gradual decline. Soleus RNA/DNA ratios showed little change with age except in the HDM mice in which there was a significant overall decline. In the gastrocnemius, RNA content followed the same pattern but with a smaller decline in the younger ages. Age had no affect on DNA content in the normal gastrocnemius, but there was significant decline in the HDM gastrocnemius. RNA/DNA gastrocnemius ratios showed marked fluctuations in both normal and dystrophic mice but did not appear to be affected by age.", "contents": "The effect of age on the nucleic acid content of slow- and fast-twitch muscle in normal and dystrophic mice and their litter mates. RNA, DNA, and NCP content were measured in fast- and slow-twitch skeletal muscle of normal and dystrophic mice (HDM) and their littermates at ages 4 through 29 weeks. In normal and litter mate mice RNA and DNA content were far greater in the soleus than in the gastrocnemius while the RNA/DNA ratio and NCP content were greater in the gastrocnemius. In dystrophic mice, however, the differences between nuleic acid content of the 2 muscles were far less, apparently due to a proportionately higher content in the dystrophic gastrocnemius. Due to a proportionately lower ratio in the gastrocnemius, dystrophic RNA/DNA ratios for the 2 muscles were essentially the same. Age had a marked effect on the nucleic acid content of both muscles in all 3 mice types but to varying degrees. In the soleus, RNA and DNA content rapidly decreased until 9 to 10 weeks of age followed by a gradual decline. Soleus RNA/DNA ratios showed little change with age except in the HDM mice in which there was a significant overall decline. In the gastrocnemius, RNA content followed the same pattern but with a smaller decline in the younger ages. Age had no affect on DNA content in the normal gastrocnemius, but there was significant decline in the HDM gastrocnemius. RNA/DNA gastrocnemius ratios showed marked fluctuations in both normal and dystrophic mice but did not appear to be affected by age."}
{"id": "PMID:874523", "title": "Asymmetries of the skull and handedness. Phrenology revisited.", "content": "Some of the asymmetries noted in cerebral computerized transaxial tomography (CTT) studies are reflected in the shape of the skull resulting most often in backward protrusion of the occipital bone on the left and a less striking forward protrusion of the right frontal bone. Asymmetries are less marked in left-handed individuals but the opposite features, i.e. forward protrusion of the left frontal bone and posterior protrusion of the right occipital bone, are more frequent in left handers than in right handers.", "contents": "Asymmetries of the skull and handedness. Phrenology revisited. Some of the asymmetries noted in cerebral computerized transaxial tomography (CTT) studies are reflected in the shape of the skull resulting most often in backward protrusion of the occipital bone on the left and a less striking forward protrusion of the right frontal bone. Asymmetries are less marked in left-handed individuals but the opposite features, i.e. forward protrusion of the left frontal bone and posterior protrusion of the right occipital bone, are more frequent in left handers than in right handers."}
{"id": "PMID:874524", "title": "Microscopic analysis of early histopathological spinal cord alterations following trauma in normal and cathecholamine-depleted cats.", "content": "The progressive histopathological sequence over the first 3 hr after a 400 g-cm blunt injury to the spinal cord of catecholamine (CA)-intact and CA-depleted cats is described. Norepinephrine levels were measured in all animals. The experiments were designed to determine the role of CA in progressive hemorrhagic necrosis of the spinal cord by removing CA from one group of animals prior to trauma. A second group of CA-intact animals was subjected to identical experimentally-induced trauma. Upon analysis of the histopathological changes, it appears that the sequential nature of the development of hemorrhagic necrosis is both qualitatively and quantitatively similar in both experimental groups. The general conclusion is drawn that catecholamines in greater than normal amounts are present at the lesion site after trauma, but these catecholamines are probably not involved in the process of central hemorrhagic necrosis.", "contents": "Microscopic analysis of early histopathological spinal cord alterations following trauma in normal and cathecholamine-depleted cats. The progressive histopathological sequence over the first 3 hr after a 400 g-cm blunt injury to the spinal cord of catecholamine (CA)-intact and CA-depleted cats is described. Norepinephrine levels were measured in all animals. The experiments were designed to determine the role of CA in progressive hemorrhagic necrosis of the spinal cord by removing CA from one group of animals prior to trauma. A second group of CA-intact animals was subjected to identical experimentally-induced trauma. Upon analysis of the histopathological changes, it appears that the sequential nature of the development of hemorrhagic necrosis is both qualitatively and quantitatively similar in both experimental groups. The general conclusion is drawn that catecholamines in greater than normal amounts are present at the lesion site after trauma, but these catecholamines are probably not involved in the process of central hemorrhagic necrosis."}
{"id": "PMID:874531", "title": "Correlation analysis of stimulus-evoked changes in excitability of spontaneously firing neurons.", "content": "1. Theoretical expressions for the cross-correlation function are described which relate the output spike train of a neuron to an input spike train. The cross-correlation function is related to a convolution integral of two functions: 1) a waiting-time density, which describes the probability of observing the next succeeding output spike given an arbitrary input; and 2) a conditional output autocorrelation function, which contains information related to the statistical properties of the output spike train itself, and to the carry-over of the effects of an input to subsequent intervals. 2. The primary synaptic effect appears in the cross-correlation function as a distorted version of the derivative of the PSP. Depending on the duration of the evoked excitability change, as compared to the mean output interspike interval, periodicities due to the spontaneous activity of the cell appear to a greater or lesser extent in the cross-correlation. 3. To estimate underlying excitability changes using correlation techniques, one must estimate both the cross- and the conditional output autocorrelation functions. In cases when the excitability changes are short and do not carry forward to subsequent intervals, the more readily estimated unconditional output autocorrelation can be used in place of the conditional correlation.", "contents": "Correlation analysis of stimulus-evoked changes in excitability of spontaneously firing neurons. 1. Theoretical expressions for the cross-correlation function are described which relate the output spike train of a neuron to an input spike train. The cross-correlation function is related to a convolution integral of two functions: 1) a waiting-time density, which describes the probability of observing the next succeeding output spike given an arbitrary input; and 2) a conditional output autocorrelation function, which contains information related to the statistical properties of the output spike train itself, and to the carry-over of the effects of an input to subsequent intervals. 2. The primary synaptic effect appears in the cross-correlation function as a distorted version of the derivative of the PSP. Depending on the duration of the evoked excitability change, as compared to the mean output interspike interval, periodicities due to the spontaneous activity of the cell appear to a greater or lesser extent in the cross-correlation. 3. To estimate underlying excitability changes using correlation techniques, one must estimate both the cross- and the conditional output autocorrelation functions. In cases when the excitability changes are short and do not carry forward to subsequent intervals, the more readily estimated unconditional output autocorrelation can be used in place of the conditional correlation."}
{"id": "PMID:874532", "title": "A determination of excitability changes in dorsal spinocerebellar tract neurons from spike-train analysis.", "content": "1. Responses of DSCT neurons to random electrical stimulation of peripheral nerves of the hindleg at group I intensity were studied using cross-correlation analysis of the output spike train with the stimulus. Three types of response were found: type 1 was due to monosynaptic activation of DSCT cells, type 2 resulted from inhibition of those cells, and type 3 was due to a long-latency excitation that was probably polysynaptic. 2. Most of the units studied responded to stimulation of both proximal and distal flexor and extensor nerves. The extensive convergence of afferent input on DSCT cells is much greater than has been observed previously, with type 2 and type 3 responses totaling 80% of the observed responses. We attribute this to the sensitivity of the analysis in detecting small changes in postsynaptic excitability. 3. The results of the study, particularly the derivation of postsynaptic excitability changes, generally confirm those of earlier work employing intracellular recording. 4. By varying stimulus rate and stimulus intensity in the group 1 range and simulating the resulting correlations, we conclude that excitability changes in DSCT cells are the net result of complex interactions involving excitation and inhibition. A summary of these findings is presented as a model for the minimum circuitry necessary to account for the observed behavior.", "contents": "A determination of excitability changes in dorsal spinocerebellar tract neurons from spike-train analysis. 1. Responses of DSCT neurons to random electrical stimulation of peripheral nerves of the hindleg at group I intensity were studied using cross-correlation analysis of the output spike train with the stimulus. Three types of response were found: type 1 was due to monosynaptic activation of DSCT cells, type 2 resulted from inhibition of those cells, and type 3 was due to a long-latency excitation that was probably polysynaptic. 2. Most of the units studied responded to stimulation of both proximal and distal flexor and extensor nerves. The extensive convergence of afferent input on DSCT cells is much greater than has been observed previously, with type 2 and type 3 responses totaling 80% of the observed responses. We attribute this to the sensitivity of the analysis in detecting small changes in postsynaptic excitability. 3. The results of the study, particularly the derivation of postsynaptic excitability changes, generally confirm those of earlier work employing intracellular recording. 4. By varying stimulus rate and stimulus intensity in the group 1 range and simulating the resulting correlations, we conclude that excitability changes in DSCT cells are the net result of complex interactions involving excitation and inhibition. A summary of these findings is presented as a model for the minimum circuitry necessary to account for the observed behavior."}
{"id": "PMID:874541", "title": "Microsurgical treatment of internal carotid artery aneurysms.", "content": "Seventy consecutive cases of internal carotid artery aneurysm were operated on utilizing the surgical microscope. There were three deaths (4.3% mortality), one of which occurred in a deeply comatose apneic patient. Fifty-nine patients (84%) had excellent results. Four (6%) had postoperative morbidity directly related to their operation; three of them were operated on within 2 weeks after subarachnoid hemmorrhage and had neurological deficits attributed to cerebrovascular spasm. The low morbidity and mortality rates are partially related to patient selection but also significantly influenced by improved surgical techniques made possible by the microscope and microsurgical instrumentation. It is the authors' opinion that microsurgery should be standard procedure for craniotomy for intracranial aneurysm.  It is suggested that future reported series of aneurysm therapy, regardless of the method of treatment employed, should be compared with the anticipated natural history.", "contents": "Microsurgical treatment of internal carotid artery aneurysms. Seventy consecutive cases of internal carotid artery aneurysm were operated on utilizing the surgical microscope. There were three deaths (4.3% mortality), one of which occurred in a deeply comatose apneic patient. Fifty-nine patients (84%) had excellent results. Four (6%) had postoperative morbidity directly related to their operation; three of them were operated on within 2 weeks after subarachnoid hemmorrhage and had neurological deficits attributed to cerebrovascular spasm. The low morbidity and mortality rates are partially related to patient selection but also significantly influenced by improved surgical techniques made possible by the microscope and microsurgical instrumentation. It is the authors' opinion that microsurgery should be standard procedure for craniotomy for intracranial aneurysm.  It is suggested that future reported series of aneurysm therapy, regardless of the method of treatment employed, should be compared with the anticipated natural history."}
{"id": "PMID:874542", "title": "Evaluation of brain function in severe human head trauma with multimodality evoked potentials. Part 1: Evoked brain-injury potentials, methods, and analysis.", "content": "Methods for obtaining multimodality evoked potentials, somatosensory, visual, auditory, and auditory brain-stem potentials in patients with severe head trauma are described. A method of analyzing abnormal multimodality evoked potentials (graded evoked brain-injury potentials) is proposed that defines the degree of abnormality of the electrophysiological data and expresses it simply in four grades per modality. Data from 20 normal subjects are given for comparison with the abnormal data obtained from 51 patients with head trauma.", "contents": "Evaluation of brain function in severe human head trauma with multimodality evoked potentials. Part 1: Evoked brain-injury potentials, methods, and analysis. Methods for obtaining multimodality evoked potentials, somatosensory, visual, auditory, and auditory brain-stem potentials in patients with severe head trauma are described. A method of analyzing abnormal multimodality evoked potentials (graded evoked brain-injury potentials) is proposed that defines the degree of abnormality of the electrophysiological data and expresses it simply in four grades per modality. Data from 20 normal subjects are given for comparison with the abnormal data obtained from 51 patients with head trauma."}
{"id": "PMID:874544", "title": "An audible alarm for monitoring air embolism during neurosurgery.", "content": "The sensitivity of various monitors during experimental pulmonary air embolization was measured in five dogs. Changes in vital signs, electrocardiogram, Doppler sound, and end tidal CO2 were observed. An audible alarm was incorporated in the end tidal CO2 monitor. The results showed that a 0.01 cc to 0.02cc/kg dose of air triggered the Doppler consistently, but the changes in heart sounds were heard only transiently. The fall in end tical CO2 occurred at 0.5 to 1.0 cc/kg of intravenously injected air and was confirmed by pen write-out. The audible alarm device was constructed to sound after four consecutive breaths with preset percentage fall in end tidal CO2. The changes in vital signs occurred at doses of 4 to 8 cc/kg of air and death occurred at 8 to 10 cc/kg. The sound alarms was used in 30 patients during sitting craniotomies. Eight patients developed air emboli initially detected by transient change in Doppler sound. The alarm called attention to the fall in end tidal CO2 and confirmed the occurence of air emboli.", "contents": "An audible alarm for monitoring air embolism during neurosurgery. The sensitivity of various monitors during experimental pulmonary air embolization was measured in five dogs. Changes in vital signs, electrocardiogram, Doppler sound, and end tidal CO2 were observed. An audible alarm was incorporated in the end tidal CO2 monitor. The results showed that a 0.01 cc to 0.02cc/kg dose of air triggered the Doppler consistently, but the changes in heart sounds were heard only transiently. The fall in end tical CO2 occurred at 0.5 to 1.0 cc/kg of intravenously injected air and was confirmed by pen write-out. The audible alarm device was constructed to sound after four consecutive breaths with preset percentage fall in end tidal CO2. The changes in vital signs occurred at doses of 4 to 8 cc/kg of air and death occurred at 8 to 10 cc/kg. The sound alarms was used in 30 patients during sitting craniotomies. Eight patients developed air emboli initially detected by transient change in Doppler sound. The alarm called attention to the fall in end tidal CO2 and confirmed the occurence of air emboli."}
{"id": "PMID:874545", "title": "Management of craniopharyngioma in children.", "content": "The authors review 48 cases of craniopharyngioma in children treated during 25 years, 1950 to 1975. Complete excision of the tumor, attempted in 23 patients, was possible in 17. The authors advocate aggressive treatment aimed at complete excision of the tumor, using radiotherapy only when adherence of the tumor to the internal carotid artery precludes total excision, and symptoms recur.", "contents": "Management of craniopharyngioma in children. The authors review 48 cases of craniopharyngioma in children treated during 25 years, 1950 to 1975. Complete excision of the tumor, attempted in 23 patients, was possible in 17. The authors advocate aggressive treatment aimed at complete excision of the tumor, using radiotherapy only when adherence of the tumor to the internal carotid artery precludes total excision, and symptoms recur."}
{"id": "PMID:874546", "title": "Non-pneumococcal Gram-positive coccal meningitis related to neurosurgery.", "content": "Thirty-eight of 154 cases (25%) of bacterial meningitis seen by the authors during a 7-year period were due to non-pneumococcal Gram-positive cocci. Thirty cases (80%) resulted from neurosurgical manipulation; half of these were shunt infections and half were early postoperative complications. Only three cases (8%) occurred de novo in patients with presumably normal host defenses. Signs, symptoms, and laboratory data related more to predisposing factors than to infecting microorganisms. Fever, peripheral leukocytosis, abnormal cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), and positive Gram stain were the most reliable indicators of infection. Prognosis was good with antibiotic therapy and removal of CSF shunt equipment when present.", "contents": "Non-pneumococcal Gram-positive coccal meningitis related to neurosurgery. Thirty-eight of 154 cases (25%) of bacterial meningitis seen by the authors during a 7-year period were due to non-pneumococcal Gram-positive cocci. Thirty cases (80%) resulted from neurosurgical manipulation; half of these were shunt infections and half were early postoperative complications. Only three cases (8%) occurred de novo in patients with presumably normal host defenses. Signs, symptoms, and laboratory data related more to predisposing factors than to infecting microorganisms. Fever, peripheral leukocytosis, abnormal cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), and positive Gram stain were the most reliable indicators of infection. Prognosis was good with antibiotic therapy and removal of CSF shunt equipment when present."}
{"id": "PMID:874547", "title": "Experimental head injury in the rat. Part 1: Mechanics, pathophysiology, and morphology in an impact acceleration trauma model.", "content": "Impact acceleration was used to elicit cerebral concussion in the albino rat. The pathophysiological response and morphological damage from the concussion were studied in groups of animals. The animals were grouped according to impact velocity (6-11 m/sec), and the threshold and different degrees of the concussive response were established. The concept of concussion as primarily a neuronal, functional disturbance was confirmed. However, this reaction was readily influenced by respiratory and circulatory changes, and morphological damage. Defined reactions could be elicited in groups of animals according to impact velocity. Thus, the model appeared well standardized for further studies of concussion pathophysiology, expressed in terms of cerebral energy metabolism and blood flow.", "contents": "Experimental head injury in the rat. Part 1: Mechanics, pathophysiology, and morphology in an impact acceleration trauma model. Impact acceleration was used to elicit cerebral concussion in the albino rat. The pathophysiological response and morphological damage from the concussion were studied in groups of animals. The animals were grouped according to impact velocity (6-11 m/sec), and the threshold and different degrees of the concussive response were established. The concept of concussion as primarily a neuronal, functional disturbance was confirmed. However, this reaction was readily influenced by respiratory and circulatory changes, and morphological damage. Defined reactions could be elicited in groups of animals according to impact velocity. Thus, the model appeared well standardized for further studies of concussion pathophysiology, expressed in terms of cerebral energy metabolism and blood flow."}
{"id": "PMID:874548", "title": "Exerimental head injury in the rat. Part 2: Regional brain energy metabolism in concussive trauma.", "content": "A standardized model of acceleration concussion in the rat was used for the study of cerebral energy metabolism during the acute concussive reaction. Impact velocities of 7 and 9 m/sec were used, and the cerebral metabolic state was determined 1, 4, and 15 minutes after the impact. A concussive response could be sustained with a normal energy state in the tissue, but with the more intense reaction to a 9 m/sec impact, energy depletion usually occurred. At 1 minute these changes were most pronounced in the brain-stem regions. At 4 minutes the reactions were more varied but a progression usually occurred during this time, while at 15 minutes restitution was indicated. Hypoxia due to neurogenic pulmonary edema aggravated the state. The findings are compatible with a high metabolic rate during concussion, but progressive changes indicate the rapid appearance of complicating factors, including hypoxemia and probably also ischemia.", "contents": "Exerimental head injury in the rat. Part 2: Regional brain energy metabolism in concussive trauma. A standardized model of acceleration concussion in the rat was used for the study of cerebral energy metabolism during the acute concussive reaction. Impact velocities of 7 and 9 m/sec were used, and the cerebral metabolic state was determined 1, 4, and 15 minutes after the impact. A concussive response could be sustained with a normal energy state in the tissue, but with the more intense reaction to a 9 m/sec impact, energy depletion usually occurred. At 1 minute these changes were most pronounced in the brain-stem regions. At 4 minutes the reactions were more varied but a progression usually occurred during this time, while at 15 minutes restitution was indicated. Hypoxia due to neurogenic pulmonary edema aggravated the state. The findings are compatible with a high metabolic rate during concussion, but progressive changes indicate the rapid appearance of complicating factors, including hypoxemia and probably also ischemia."}
{"id": "PMID:874549", "title": "Experimental head injury in the rat. Part 3: Cerebral blood flow and oxygen consumption after concussive impact acceleration.", "content": "Cerebral blood flow (CBF) and oxygen consumption (CMRO2) were determined during timmediate posttraumatic period in rats subjected to concussive impact acceleration. According to previous studies an impact of 9 m/sec velocity elicited typical and marked symptoms of experimental concussion and often a prolonged comatose state, accompanied by cerebral metabolic signs of energy failure. During the immediate concussive response there was an increase of the CBF, followed within the next few minutes by a decrease to about one-third of normal flow, and then by a tendency toward normalization of flow 20 to 40 minutes posttrauma. Simultaneous measurements of cerebral oxygen extraction indicated an increase of the CMRO2 during the first minute. During the ischemic phase oxygen extraction increased but the lowest CBF values were only partially compensated for, and normal oxygen availability could not be maintained. The combined data, including cerebrospinal fluid pressure measurements, indicated primary cerebrovascular effects of the concussive trauma. These vasomotor effects may induce critical cerebral ischemia and thus profoundly influence posttraumatic cerebral function, and cause irreversible damage.", "contents": "Experimental head injury in the rat. Part 3: Cerebral blood flow and oxygen consumption after concussive impact acceleration. Cerebral blood flow (CBF) and oxygen consumption (CMRO2) were determined during timmediate posttraumatic period in rats subjected to concussive impact acceleration. According to previous studies an impact of 9 m/sec velocity elicited typical and marked symptoms of experimental concussion and often a prolonged comatose state, accompanied by cerebral metabolic signs of energy failure. During the immediate concussive response there was an increase of the CBF, followed within the next few minutes by a decrease to about one-third of normal flow, and then by a tendency toward normalization of flow 20 to 40 minutes posttrauma. Simultaneous measurements of cerebral oxygen extraction indicated an increase of the CMRO2 during the first minute. During the ischemic phase oxygen extraction increased but the lowest CBF values were only partially compensated for, and normal oxygen availability could not be maintained. The combined data, including cerebrospinal fluid pressure measurements, indicated primary cerebrovascular effects of the concussive trauma. These vasomotor effects may induce critical cerebral ischemia and thus profoundly influence posttraumatic cerebral function, and cause irreversible damage."}
{"id": "PMID:874550", "title": "Rate of cerebral energy consumption in concussive head injury in the rat.", "content": "The metabolic rate was determined in the rat brain during the immediate concussive response to standardized impact accelerations of 7 and 9 m/sec velocity. In one series, the metabolic state was determined in freeze-clamped cortical and brain-stem tissue 20 seconds after the impact. The metabolic rate was calculated from the rate of energy depletion in the adjacent unclamped tissue during 10 seconds of total ischemia. The freeze-clamping procedure per se was shown to enhance the metabolic rate probably by inducing mechanical excitation. In another series, in situ freezing was used for tissue sampling in the same situation. A 10-second period of heart standstill induced a standardized period of ischemia. During the acute concussive response to impact acceleration at 7 m/sec velocity, there was an increase of the metabolic rate in the brain stem. A more intense concussive impact at 9 m/sec velocity further enhanced this reaction and also involved the cortex. It is concluded that the basis of the immediate concussive response is a mechanically elicited neuronal excitation. This may lead to energy depletion unless the increased metabolic demands are met.", "contents": "Rate of cerebral energy consumption in concussive head injury in the rat. The metabolic rate was determined in the rat brain during the immediate concussive response to standardized impact accelerations of 7 and 9 m/sec velocity. In one series, the metabolic state was determined in freeze-clamped cortical and brain-stem tissue 20 seconds after the impact. The metabolic rate was calculated from the rate of energy depletion in the adjacent unclamped tissue during 10 seconds of total ischemia. The freeze-clamping procedure per se was shown to enhance the metabolic rate probably by inducing mechanical excitation. In another series, in situ freezing was used for tissue sampling in the same situation. A 10-second period of heart standstill induced a standardized period of ischemia. During the acute concussive response to impact acceleration at 7 m/sec velocity, there was an increase of the metabolic rate in the brain stem. A more intense concussive impact at 9 m/sec velocity further enhanced this reaction and also involved the cortex. It is concluded that the basis of the immediate concussive response is a mechanically elicited neuronal excitation. This may lead to energy depletion unless the increased metabolic demands are met."}
{"id": "PMID:874551", "title": "Resection of a vertebral hemangioma after preoperative embolization. Case report.", "content": "Preoperative arterial embolization of a vertebral hemangioma allowed surgical excision of the vertebral body, restoration of normal anatomic continuity of the spinal canal, and improvement in myelopathy.", "contents": "Resection of a vertebral hemangioma after preoperative embolization. Case report. Preoperative arterial embolization of a vertebral hemangioma allowed surgical excision of the vertebral body, restoration of normal anatomic continuity of the spinal canal, and improvement in myelopathy."}
{"id": "PMID:874552", "title": "Pneumocephalus secondary to cerebrobronchial fistula formed by a ventriculoatrial shunt. Case report.", "content": "A case is presented in which the atrial tip of a ventriculoatrial shunt formed a fistulous connection with the bronchial tree in a child. This resulted in acute bronchopneumonia, pneumocephalus, and ventriculitis. Pneumocephalus was created by an artificial respirator forcing air along the shunt tract during treatment of bronchopneumonia. Sudden death was related to transtentorial herniation. The diagnosis of a cerebrobronchial fistula should be entertained in shunt patients with respiratory distress and radiographic pulmonary densities unresponsive to antibiotics.", "contents": "Pneumocephalus secondary to cerebrobronchial fistula formed by a ventriculoatrial shunt. Case report. A case is presented in which the atrial tip of a ventriculoatrial shunt formed a fistulous connection with the bronchial tree in a child. This resulted in acute bronchopneumonia, pneumocephalus, and ventriculitis. Pneumocephalus was created by an artificial respirator forcing air along the shunt tract during treatment of bronchopneumonia. Sudden death was related to transtentorial herniation. The diagnosis of a cerebrobronchial fistula should be entertained in shunt patients with respiratory distress and radiographic pulmonary densities unresponsive to antibiotics."}
{"id": "PMID:874553", "title": "The syndrome of acute central cervical spinal cord injury after gunshot lesion. Case report.", "content": "The authors describe a unique case in which a bullet was lodged in the spinal canal at the C2-3 level. The patient exhibited clinically the syndrome of acute central cervical spinal cord injury. The pathogenesis is discussed with reference to three similar cases in the literature.", "contents": "The syndrome of acute central cervical spinal cord injury after gunshot lesion. Case report. The authors describe a unique case in which a bullet was lodged in the spinal canal at the C2-3 level. The patient exhibited clinically the syndrome of acute central cervical spinal cord injury. The pathogenesis is discussed with reference to three similar cases in the literature."}
{"id": "PMID:874554", "title": "Elephantiasis of eyelids following repeated craniotomy. Case report.", "content": "A case is reported in which craniectomy for removal of right frontal meningioma was complicated by porencephaly. A peculiar granulomatous area was found over the brain at reoperation for cranioplasty. Iodine solution was used to paint the reactive material under the scalp flap. Giant swelling of the isilateral eyelids gradually developed, ascribed to interference with lymphatic drainage from the eyelids. There was no communication between eyelids and cerebrospinal fluid spaces. The enlarged eyelids were removed by ophthalmic plastic surgery.", "contents": "Elephantiasis of eyelids following repeated craniotomy. Case report. A case is reported in which craniectomy for removal of right frontal meningioma was complicated by porencephaly. A peculiar granulomatous area was found over the brain at reoperation for cranioplasty. Iodine solution was used to paint the reactive material under the scalp flap. Giant swelling of the isilateral eyelids gradually developed, ascribed to interference with lymphatic drainage from the eyelids. There was no communication between eyelids and cerebrospinal fluid spaces. The enlarged eyelids were removed by ophthalmic plastic surgery."}
{"id": "PMID:874555", "title": "An intracranial complication of nasogastric intubation. Case report.", "content": "A case is presented in which a patient who had suffered severe facial fractures erroneously had a nasogastric tube placed in the intracranial cavity. It is believed that no such complication of nasogastric intubation has been reported previously.", "contents": "An intracranial complication of nasogastric intubation. Case report. A case is presented in which a patient who had suffered severe facial fractures erroneously had a nasogastric tube placed in the intracranial cavity. It is believed that no such complication of nasogastric intubation has been reported previously."}
{"id": "PMID:874559", "title": "Supplementation of a semipurified casein diet for catfish with free amino acids and gelatin.", "content": "Semipurified diets with casein as the sole protein source were supplemented with gelatin, arginine, cystine, methionine or tryptophan, and fed to channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) fingerlings. Increasing the arginine level from 1.1% to 1.7% of diet by the isonitrogenous substitution of gelatin for casein resulted in a significant enhancement of growth. However, the addition of free arginine, cystine, tryptophan or methionine to casein had little effect on growth or food conversion. These data substantiate a previous report that suggested catfish were similar to carp in their inability to utilize free amino acids.", "contents": "Supplementation of a semipurified casein diet for catfish with free amino acids and gelatin. Semipurified diets with casein as the sole protein source were supplemented with gelatin, arginine, cystine, methionine or tryptophan, and fed to channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) fingerlings. Increasing the arginine level from 1.1% to 1.7% of diet by the isonitrogenous substitution of gelatin for casein resulted in a significant enhancement of growth. However, the addition of free arginine, cystine, tryptophan or methionine to casein had little effect on growth or food conversion. These data substantiate a previous report that suggested catfish were similar to carp in their inability to utilize free amino acids."}
{"id": "PMID:874563", "title": "Effects of a prolonged vitamin E deficiency in the rat.", "content": "Rats fed a vitamin E-deficient diet containing 10% \"stripped\" corn oil had reduced growth rate and elevated platelet count by 12 weeks of age, and a normocytic anemia with elevated reticulocytes by 16 weeks of age. After 5 months, rats became emaciated and developed kyphoscoliosis. Some rats developed skin ulcers and tremors, and mortality was high. Neuromuscular lesions included a chronic necrotizing myopathy and localized axonal dystrophy. There was also a selective activation of lysosomes in the central nervous system microcirculation. Liver ascorbic acid of deficient rats was the same as in those receiving vitamin E. Urinary excretion of p-hydroxyphenylpyruvate after a tyrosine load was also the same in deficient and control rats. It was concluded that neither vitamin C synthesis or utilization was affected the E-deficient rats.", "contents": "Effects of a prolonged vitamin E deficiency in the rat. Rats fed a vitamin E-deficient diet containing 10% \"stripped\" corn oil had reduced growth rate and elevated platelet count by 12 weeks of age, and a normocytic anemia with elevated reticulocytes by 16 weeks of age. After 5 months, rats became emaciated and developed kyphoscoliosis. Some rats developed skin ulcers and tremors, and mortality was high. Neuromuscular lesions included a chronic necrotizing myopathy and localized axonal dystrophy. There was also a selective activation of lysosomes in the central nervous system microcirculation. Liver ascorbic acid of deficient rats was the same as in those receiving vitamin E. Urinary excretion of p-hydroxyphenylpyruvate after a tyrosine load was also the same in deficient and control rats. It was concluded that neither vitamin C synthesis or utilization was affected the E-deficient rats."}
{"id": "PMID:874565", "title": "Exclusion of pancreatic exocrine secretion from intestine in the pig: existence of a digestive compensation.", "content": "The apparent digestibility of a diet was studied over a period of 87 days after ligature of the pancreatic duct, in the growing pig. Sham operated pigs were used as controls. Feces and urine collections were made during three periods of 10 days each. Mean daily gain of sham operated pigs was higher (560 g/day) than that of pancreatic duct ligated pigs (421 g/day), throughout the experiment. Within the first period (15-24 days after ligature), the apparent digestibility of nitrogen was most affected (-35.6%) while that of energy decreased by 12.1% as compared to values obtained in sham operated pigs. Nitrogen retention was similar in all pigs. Between the 1st (15-25 days) and the 3rd period (78-87 days) after exclusion of the pancreatic secretion from intestine, the apparent digestibility of nitrogen increased by 20% and that of energy by 6%, which might suggest digestive compensation. At the end of the experiment, weights of empty small intestine and liver were significantly higher in the pancreatic duct ligated pigs. The origin of the digestive compensation is discussed.", "contents": "Exclusion of pancreatic exocrine secretion from intestine in the pig: existence of a digestive compensation. The apparent digestibility of a diet was studied over a period of 87 days after ligature of the pancreatic duct, in the growing pig. Sham operated pigs were used as controls. Feces and urine collections were made during three periods of 10 days each. Mean daily gain of sham operated pigs was higher (560 g/day) than that of pancreatic duct ligated pigs (421 g/day), throughout the experiment. Within the first period (15-24 days after ligature), the apparent digestibility of nitrogen was most affected (-35.6%) while that of energy decreased by 12.1% as compared to values obtained in sham operated pigs. Nitrogen retention was similar in all pigs. Between the 1st (15-25 days) and the 3rd period (78-87 days) after exclusion of the pancreatic secretion from intestine, the apparent digestibility of nitrogen increased by 20% and that of energy by 6%, which might suggest digestive compensation. At the end of the experiment, weights of empty small intestine and liver were significantly higher in the pancreatic duct ligated pigs. The origin of the digestive compensation is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:874566", "title": "Analogous effects of zinc deficiency and aspirin toxicity in the pregnant rat.", "content": "At or near term, zinc deficient pregnant rats are depressed and exhibit difficult and extended parturition with excessive bleeding. This investigation was designed to develop objective measures of this pathology and to apply these parameters to the assessment of possible interrelationships of zinc with aldosterone and the prostaglandins. Female rats were fed during gestation a low zinc diet based on soybean protein (less than 1 ppm Zn) or the same diet supplemented with zinc (100ppm). Some of the rats were treated with aldosterone or aspirin, a prostaglandin inhibitor. Following parturition, both body temperature and blood pressure were depressed in the zinc deficient dams. Bleeding time and blood loss were also increased. Plasma potassium value were slightly elevated, adrenal weights increased and thymus weights decreased. Aldosterone had no effect on the incidence of the postpartum illness: temperature and blood pressure were unchanged. Toxic doses of aspirin produced pathologic signs analogous to those of zinc deficiency, including extended gestation period, difficult and prolonged parturition, excess bleeding, and low blood pressure and rectal temperature. The results suggest a role for zinc in prostaglandin metabolism.", "contents": "Analogous effects of zinc deficiency and aspirin toxicity in the pregnant rat. At or near term, zinc deficient pregnant rats are depressed and exhibit difficult and extended parturition with excessive bleeding. This investigation was designed to develop objective measures of this pathology and to apply these parameters to the assessment of possible interrelationships of zinc with aldosterone and the prostaglandins. Female rats were fed during gestation a low zinc diet based on soybean protein (less than 1 ppm Zn) or the same diet supplemented with zinc (100ppm). Some of the rats were treated with aldosterone or aspirin, a prostaglandin inhibitor. Following parturition, both body temperature and blood pressure were depressed in the zinc deficient dams. Bleeding time and blood loss were also increased. Plasma potassium value were slightly elevated, adrenal weights increased and thymus weights decreased. Aldosterone had no effect on the incidence of the postpartum illness: temperature and blood pressure were unchanged. Toxic doses of aspirin produced pathologic signs analogous to those of zinc deficiency, including extended gestation period, difficult and prolonged parturition, excess bleeding, and low blood pressure and rectal temperature. The results suggest a role for zinc in prostaglandin metabolism."}
{"id": "PMID:874569", "title": "Influence of estrogen treatment on hepatic cystathionine synthase and cystathionase of female rats fed varying levels of vitamin B-6.", "content": "Diets containing 8, 4, 2, or 0 mg vitamin B-6/kg were fed to intact, female rats designated high-, medium-, low-, and deficient-diet groups, respectively. After receiving the diets for 2 weeks, each group was subdivided so as to receive scheduled subcutaneous injections of corn oil with or without estradiol benzoate (Es and NoEs rats, respectively). In experiment 1, rats were fed ad libitum and injections given daily for 2 weeks. In experiment 2, rats were pair-fed and injections given every other day for 3 weeks. Es injections contained 10 microgram and 20 microgram of estradiol benzoate in experiments 1 and 2, respectively. Hepatic cysthionine synthase (CStase) and cystathionase (CNase) activities were determined both with and without exogenous pyridoxal-5-phosphate (stimulated and basal activities, respectively). Regardless of estradiol treatment, the deficient-diet decreased food intake, weight gain, and the basal and stimulated activities of both enzymes with the exception of stimulated CNase activity in Es rats. Estradiol reduced stimulated CNase activity in the medium- and high-diet groups in experiment 1. In experiment 2, estradiol reduced basal CNase activity of all diet groups and reduced stimulated CNase of low- and high-diet groups. It had little effect on CStase activity.", "contents": "Influence of estrogen treatment on hepatic cystathionine synthase and cystathionase of female rats fed varying levels of vitamin B-6. Diets containing 8, 4, 2, or 0 mg vitamin B-6/kg were fed to intact, female rats designated high-, medium-, low-, and deficient-diet groups, respectively. After receiving the diets for 2 weeks, each group was subdivided so as to receive scheduled subcutaneous injections of corn oil with or without estradiol benzoate (Es and NoEs rats, respectively). In experiment 1, rats were fed ad libitum and injections given daily for 2 weeks. In experiment 2, rats were pair-fed and injections given every other day for 3 weeks. Es injections contained 10 microgram and 20 microgram of estradiol benzoate in experiments 1 and 2, respectively. Hepatic cysthionine synthase (CStase) and cystathionase (CNase) activities were determined both with and without exogenous pyridoxal-5-phosphate (stimulated and basal activities, respectively). Regardless of estradiol treatment, the deficient-diet decreased food intake, weight gain, and the basal and stimulated activities of both enzymes with the exception of stimulated CNase activity in Es rats. Estradiol reduced stimulated CNase activity in the medium- and high-diet groups in experiment 1. In experiment 2, estradiol reduced basal CNase activity of all diet groups and reduced stimulated CNase of low- and high-diet groups. It had little effect on CStase activity."}
{"id": "PMID:874570", "title": "Influence of dietary fat on fatty livers of choline-deficient rats.", "content": "Our purpose was to evaluate the influence of type of dietary fat on nature and severity of liver lipid changes induced in male weanling rats by low choline diets. Beef tallow, a blend of tallow and safflower oil (SO) each provided 48% of total energy value of a control diet and a low choline diet. Livers from choline-deficient rats fed tallow, blend, or SO diets contained approximately 4.5, 5, and 2.5 times as much lipid, respectively, as livers from corresponding control groups. Liver lipids from rats fed SO diets as compared with those from rats fed tallow diets contained lower percentages of saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids, and higher percentages of polyunsaturated fatty acids. Values for groups fed blend diets were intermediate, except for 18:0 and 20:4 in the control group. Choline deficiency resulted in significant increases in proportions of the predominant fatty acid(s) of the dietary fat in liver lipids (but not in fat pad lipids) at the expense of 18:0 and 20:4. Ratios of 16:0 to 18:0 in both liver and fat pad lipids were greater in choline-deficient than in corresponding control groups, probably reflecting greater fatty acid synthesis.", "contents": "Influence of dietary fat on fatty livers of choline-deficient rats. Our purpose was to evaluate the influence of type of dietary fat on nature and severity of liver lipid changes induced in male weanling rats by low choline diets. Beef tallow, a blend of tallow and safflower oil (SO) each provided 48% of total energy value of a control diet and a low choline diet. Livers from choline-deficient rats fed tallow, blend, or SO diets contained approximately 4.5, 5, and 2.5 times as much lipid, respectively, as livers from corresponding control groups. Liver lipids from rats fed SO diets as compared with those from rats fed tallow diets contained lower percentages of saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids, and higher percentages of polyunsaturated fatty acids. Values for groups fed blend diets were intermediate, except for 18:0 and 20:4 in the control group. Choline deficiency resulted in significant increases in proportions of the predominant fatty acid(s) of the dietary fat in liver lipids (but not in fat pad lipids) at the expense of 18:0 and 20:4. Ratios of 16:0 to 18:0 in both liver and fat pad lipids were greater in choline-deficient than in corresponding control groups, probably reflecting greater fatty acid synthesis."}
{"id": "PMID:874572", "title": "Effects of selenium and vitamin E deficiencies on reproduction, growth, blood components, and tissue lesions in sheep fed purified diets.", "content": "Three 2 X 2 factorial experiments were conducted with sheep fed purified diets to determine the effects of selenium and vitamin E on the incidence of white muscle disease (WMD) and blood components. All lambs reaching 6 weeks of age in the group receiving no vitamin E or selenium developed WMD lesions, whereas only a few lambs in either the +E - Se or -E + Se treatment groups developed these lesions. Plasma activities of creatine phosphokinase, lactic dehydrogenase and glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase were significantly elevated in lambs receiving no vitamin E or selenium, whereas these enzyme activities in those receiving only selenium were non-significantly elevated. The enzyme activities in plasma of those on the +E - Se or +E + Se treatments were maintained at low levels, suggesting vitamin E alone is more effective in preventing WMD than selenium alone. The metabolic interactions of these essentials are discussed.", "contents": "Effects of selenium and vitamin E deficiencies on reproduction, growth, blood components, and tissue lesions in sheep fed purified diets. Three 2 X 2 factorial experiments were conducted with sheep fed purified diets to determine the effects of selenium and vitamin E on the incidence of white muscle disease (WMD) and blood components. All lambs reaching 6 weeks of age in the group receiving no vitamin E or selenium developed WMD lesions, whereas only a few lambs in either the +E - Se or -E + Se treatment groups developed these lesions. Plasma activities of creatine phosphokinase, lactic dehydrogenase and glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase were significantly elevated in lambs receiving no vitamin E or selenium, whereas these enzyme activities in those receiving only selenium were non-significantly elevated. The enzyme activities in plasma of those on the +E - Se or +E + Se treatments were maintained at low levels, suggesting vitamin E alone is more effective in preventing WMD than selenium alone. The metabolic interactions of these essentials are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:874573", "title": "Effects of selenium and vitamin E on blood selenium levels, tissue glutathione peroxidase activities and white muscle disease in sheep fed purified or hay diets.", "content": "The effects of selenium and vitamin E on blood selenium levels and tissue glutathione peroxidase activities were determined in sheep fed purified and hay diets. A significant increase of blood levels of this element and tissue glutathione peroxidase activities was found in sheep given selenium as compared to those not receiving this element. Of the tissues examined, the highest glutathione peroxidase activity was found in the heart. Vitamin E had no influence on either the blood selenium levels or upon the tissue glutathione peroxidase activity. With hydrogen peroxide as the substrate, tissue glutathione peroxidase activity was not correlated with the incidence of white muscle disease. Evidence is presented to suggest that 0.1 ppm dietary selenium is not sufficient under some conditions to meet the physiological requirements for this element.", "contents": "Effects of selenium and vitamin E on blood selenium levels, tissue glutathione peroxidase activities and white muscle disease in sheep fed purified or hay diets. The effects of selenium and vitamin E on blood selenium levels and tissue glutathione peroxidase activities were determined in sheep fed purified and hay diets. A significant increase of blood levels of this element and tissue glutathione peroxidase activities was found in sheep given selenium as compared to those not receiving this element. Of the tissues examined, the highest glutathione peroxidase activity was found in the heart. Vitamin E had no influence on either the blood selenium levels or upon the tissue glutathione peroxidase activity. With hydrogen peroxide as the substrate, tissue glutathione peroxidase activity was not correlated with the incidence of white muscle disease. Evidence is presented to suggest that 0.1 ppm dietary selenium is not sufficient under some conditions to meet the physiological requirements for this element."}
{"id": "PMID:874574", "title": "Valine requirement of the growing kitten.", "content": "The valine requirement of the kitten was studied using a crossover design with two groups of three weanling kittens. The kittens were fed a semipurified diet containing only free amino acids as a source of nitrogen containing 0.0%, 0.6%, or 1.8% valine. The mean +/- SE of the linear components of growth (g/day) of the six kittens were respectively:-13.8 +/- 1.7, 17.3 +/- 4.8, and 15.3 +/- 2.6. Corresponding food intakes were 26.0 +/- 3.9, 50.4 +/- 2.5, and 44.0 +/- 1.5. Nitrogen balance was positive with the same amount retained for the two valine-containing diets while nitrogen balance was negative for the kittens fed the valine-free diet. Plasms valine dropped markedly when the dietary valine was decreased from 1.8% to 0.6% (363 +/- 59 versus 66 +/- 13 nmole/ml), and was further decreased (33 +/- 13) when the valine-free diet was fed. It does not appear that the valine requirement of the kitten exceeds 0.6% of a diet containing 25% fat. These results support the hypothesis that the high protein requirement of the kitten is not a result of a high requirement for all the essential amino acids, but a result of a high \"nitrogen\" requirement.", "contents": "Valine requirement of the growing kitten. The valine requirement of the kitten was studied using a crossover design with two groups of three weanling kittens. The kittens were fed a semipurified diet containing only free amino acids as a source of nitrogen containing 0.0%, 0.6%, or 1.8% valine. The mean +/- SE of the linear components of growth (g/day) of the six kittens were respectively:-13.8 +/- 1.7, 17.3 +/- 4.8, and 15.3 +/- 2.6. Corresponding food intakes were 26.0 +/- 3.9, 50.4 +/- 2.5, and 44.0 +/- 1.5. Nitrogen balance was positive with the same amount retained for the two valine-containing diets while nitrogen balance was negative for the kittens fed the valine-free diet. Plasms valine dropped markedly when the dietary valine was decreased from 1.8% to 0.6% (363 +/- 59 versus 66 +/- 13 nmole/ml), and was further decreased (33 +/- 13) when the valine-free diet was fed. It does not appear that the valine requirement of the kitten exceeds 0.6% of a diet containing 25% fat. These results support the hypothesis that the high protein requirement of the kitten is not a result of a high requirement for all the essential amino acids, but a result of a high \"nitrogen\" requirement."}
{"id": "PMID:874578", "title": "Effect of supplementation of limiting amino acids on tyrosine toxicity in rats fed wheat gluten diets.", "content": "The effect of supplementation of limiting amino acids on rats fed a 10 or 20% wheat gluten diet containing 5% tyrosine has been investigated. Growth-limiting amino acids in a 20% wheat gluten diet were lysine and threonine. When rats were fed a 20% wheat gluten diet containing excess tyrosine, the addition of 1.0% lysine-HCl or 1.0% lysine-HCl and 0.4% threonine completely prevented the development of tyrosine toxicity, and was accompanied by a lowering of free tyrosine concentrations in plasma, liver and muscle. In rats receiving a 10% wheat gluten diet, lysine, threonine and methionine were limiting for growth. The addition of 1.0% lysine-HCl to the 10% wheat gluten plus 5% tyrosine diet failed to alleviate the tyrosine toxicity, but the supplement of 1.0% lysine-HCl and 0.4% threonine could partially alleviate the toxicity. The combined addition of 1.0% lysine-HCl, 0.4% threonine and 0.5% methionine was most effective. The free tyrosine concentrations in plasma, liver and muscle were lowered greatly by the supplementation of three limiting amino acids, but amounts of free tyrosine and phenolic metabolites excreted in the urine did not decrease with addition of these limiting amino acids.", "contents": "Effect of supplementation of limiting amino acids on tyrosine toxicity in rats fed wheat gluten diets. The effect of supplementation of limiting amino acids on rats fed a 10 or 20% wheat gluten diet containing 5% tyrosine has been investigated. Growth-limiting amino acids in a 20% wheat gluten diet were lysine and threonine. When rats were fed a 20% wheat gluten diet containing excess tyrosine, the addition of 1.0% lysine-HCl or 1.0% lysine-HCl and 0.4% threonine completely prevented the development of tyrosine toxicity, and was accompanied by a lowering of free tyrosine concentrations in plasma, liver and muscle. In rats receiving a 10% wheat gluten diet, lysine, threonine and methionine were limiting for growth. The addition of 1.0% lysine-HCl to the 10% wheat gluten plus 5% tyrosine diet failed to alleviate the tyrosine toxicity, but the supplement of 1.0% lysine-HCl and 0.4% threonine could partially alleviate the toxicity. The combined addition of 1.0% lysine-HCl, 0.4% threonine and 0.5% methionine was most effective. The free tyrosine concentrations in plasma, liver and muscle were lowered greatly by the supplementation of three limiting amino acids, but amounts of free tyrosine and phenolic metabolites excreted in the urine did not decrease with addition of these limiting amino acids."}
{"id": "PMID:874579", "title": "Nutritional quality of rice protein compared with whole egg protein.", "content": "The nutritional quality of rice protein was compared with that of whole egg protein by slope ratio assay. Diets for each food at four levels of protein, 4, 6, 10 and 15% and a protein-free diet were given to male weanling rats of the Sprague-Dawley strain for 21 days. The slopes of the regression lines of the whole egg and rice groups calculated from the changes of body weight (Y in g/21 days) with nitrogen intake (X in g/21 days), including and (excluding) zero protein group were, respectively, Y=27.39 X-12.26 (Y=24.41 X-1.86) and Y = 13.86 X-8.06 (Y = 12.54 X +0.50). Assuming a potency of 100 for the egg protein, the relative potency of rice estimated from body weight gain with nitrogen intake was 51 (51). The values for rice calculated from body water gain and nitrogen retention with nitrogen intake were, respectively, 51 (47) and 46 (44). These values were compared with RNV of several varieties of conventional rice and high-protein rice.", "contents": "Nutritional quality of rice protein compared with whole egg protein. The nutritional quality of rice protein was compared with that of whole egg protein by slope ratio assay. Diets for each food at four levels of protein, 4, 6, 10 and 15% and a protein-free diet were given to male weanling rats of the Sprague-Dawley strain for 21 days. The slopes of the regression lines of the whole egg and rice groups calculated from the changes of body weight (Y in g/21 days) with nitrogen intake (X in g/21 days), including and (excluding) zero protein group were, respectively, Y=27.39 X-12.26 (Y=24.41 X-1.86) and Y = 13.86 X-8.06 (Y = 12.54 X +0.50). Assuming a potency of 100 for the egg protein, the relative potency of rice estimated from body weight gain with nitrogen intake was 51 (51). The values for rice calculated from body water gain and nitrogen retention with nitrogen intake were, respectively, 51 (47) and 46 (44). These values were compared with RNV of several varieties of conventional rice and high-protein rice."}
{"id": "PMID:874580", "title": "An improved method for the purification of eggplant trypsin inhibitor.", "content": "The trypsin inhibitor in eggplant, Solanum melongena L., was isolated and purified by the improved method with the techniques of dialysis using acetylated cellulose tube and ion-exchange chromatography on DEAE-Sephadex. The final preparation was found to be homogeneous by disc and SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. This inhibitor had the molecular weight of about 6,200, the pI value of 4.7, and furthermore characteristic amino acid composition lacking in tryptophan, histidine, valine and methionine. The trypsin inhibition data indicated that the purified inhibitor combined with bovine trypsin [EC 3.4.21.4] in the molar ratio of 1:1. These properties of this inhibitor were in agreement with those of the dialyzable eggplant trypsin inhibitor previously purified, indicating that the dialyzable and non-dialyzable inhibitors in eggplant are identical.", "contents": "An improved method for the purification of eggplant trypsin inhibitor. The trypsin inhibitor in eggplant, Solanum melongena L., was isolated and purified by the improved method with the techniques of dialysis using acetylated cellulose tube and ion-exchange chromatography on DEAE-Sephadex. The final preparation was found to be homogeneous by disc and SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. This inhibitor had the molecular weight of about 6,200, the pI value of 4.7, and furthermore characteristic amino acid composition lacking in tryptophan, histidine, valine and methionine. The trypsin inhibition data indicated that the purified inhibitor combined with bovine trypsin [EC 3.4.21.4] in the molar ratio of 1:1. These properties of this inhibitor were in agreement with those of the dialyzable eggplant trypsin inhibitor previously purified, indicating that the dialyzable and non-dialyzable inhibitors in eggplant are identical."}
{"id": "PMID:874581", "title": "Identification and properties of reactive sites in protein capable of binding carbon dioxide in a gas-solid phase system.", "content": "In order to identify the functional groups which really contribute to the carbon dioxide gas adsorption by proteins, epsilon-amino groups of lysine residues of egg albumin were chemically modified with trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid to various degrees. About 60% of the total amount of carbon dioxide gas absorbed by solid egg albumin diminished by complete modification. The amount of carbon dioxide gas adsorbed by lysozyme, its hydrolyzates and gelatin hydrolyzates depended upon the lysine content, arginine content and average molecular weight. The good correlation was obtained between the amount of carbon dioxide gas absorbed and the total of lysine and arginine content of them. The ability of carbon dioxide gas adsorption by alpha-amino group of amino acids and oligopeptides was found to be developed by the elongation of the peptide chain of glycine and other amino acid, by the removal of alpha-carboxyl group of histidine and tyrosine to corresponding amines and by the esterification of alpha-carboxyl group of leucine with p-nitrophenol. These results clearly indicate that CO2 binding sites in protein in the gas-solid phase system are epsilon-amino, alpha-amino and guanidinium groups.", "contents": "Identification and properties of reactive sites in protein capable of binding carbon dioxide in a gas-solid phase system. In order to identify the functional groups which really contribute to the carbon dioxide gas adsorption by proteins, epsilon-amino groups of lysine residues of egg albumin were chemically modified with trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid to various degrees. About 60% of the total amount of carbon dioxide gas absorbed by solid egg albumin diminished by complete modification. The amount of carbon dioxide gas adsorbed by lysozyme, its hydrolyzates and gelatin hydrolyzates depended upon the lysine content, arginine content and average molecular weight. The good correlation was obtained between the amount of carbon dioxide gas absorbed and the total of lysine and arginine content of them. The ability of carbon dioxide gas adsorption by alpha-amino group of amino acids and oligopeptides was found to be developed by the elongation of the peptide chain of glycine and other amino acid, by the removal of alpha-carboxyl group of histidine and tyrosine to corresponding amines and by the esterification of alpha-carboxyl group of leucine with p-nitrophenol. These results clearly indicate that CO2 binding sites in protein in the gas-solid phase system are epsilon-amino, alpha-amino and guanidinium groups."}
{"id": "PMID:874582", "title": "Tocopherol level in human fetal and infant liver.", "content": "This investigation was undertaken to decide if tocopherol is actually depleted in the fetus and newborn infant by measuring liver tocopherol level. First, a reliable assay method was established as follows. The colorimetric values obtained by Emmerie-Engel's principle from liver extracts which were eluted through a floridine column were corrected by using the ratios of the tocopherol band area to the ratios of the tocopherol band area to the total scanning values of TLC analysis by densitometry carried out simultaneously. The recovery of tocopherol added to the liver homogenate was always greater than 90%, as measured in this procedure. Thus, tocopherol levels were determined in the human fetal, infant and adult liver with this method. The levels were very low in the fetal liver even though they gradually increased throughout fetal life. After birth, a slight elevation in tocopherol levels was observed during infancy when compared with those in fetal life, but they were still one-third or less of the adult level.", "contents": "Tocopherol level in human fetal and infant liver. This investigation was undertaken to decide if tocopherol is actually depleted in the fetus and newborn infant by measuring liver tocopherol level. First, a reliable assay method was established as follows. The colorimetric values obtained by Emmerie-Engel's principle from liver extracts which were eluted through a floridine column were corrected by using the ratios of the tocopherol band area to the ratios of the tocopherol band area to the total scanning values of TLC analysis by densitometry carried out simultaneously. The recovery of tocopherol added to the liver homogenate was always greater than 90%, as measured in this procedure. Thus, tocopherol levels were determined in the human fetal, infant and adult liver with this method. The levels were very low in the fetal liver even though they gradually increased throughout fetal life. After birth, a slight elevation in tocopherol levels was observed during infancy when compared with those in fetal life, but they were still one-third or less of the adult level."}
{"id": "PMID:874590", "title": "Apparent effect of an azodicarbonamide on the lungs. A preliminary report.", "content": "This preliminary study calls attention to the possible pulmonary reactivity of inhaled finely ground azodicarbonamide to which small numbers of workers may be exposed. The conditions in this particular plant involving significant exposure to respirable dust in the mg/m3 range may occur in other plants handling these fine powders. Engineering controls are indicated to protect the workers. We hope that this report will stimulate more detailed studies to validate or refute these observations.", "contents": "Apparent effect of an azodicarbonamide on the lungs. A preliminary report. This preliminary study calls attention to the possible pulmonary reactivity of inhaled finely ground azodicarbonamide to which small numbers of workers may be exposed. The conditions in this particular plant involving significant exposure to respirable dust in the mg/m3 range may occur in other plants handling these fine powders. Engineering controls are indicated to protect the workers. We hope that this report will stimulate more detailed studies to validate or refute these observations."}
{"id": "PMID:874592", "title": "Aberration tolerances for visual optical systems.", "content": "The effects of aberrations on images formed by a total system, including the eye, are assessed in terms of modulation threshold, grating detectability, and modulation transfer functions. The effects of approximately one and two waves of third-order spherical aberration, coma, and astigmatism on the total system modulation transfer function are investigated using three-bar resolution targets and Ronchi rulings in two separate psychophysical experiments. The results of both experiments indicate that the experimentally determined system modulation transfer function is closely approximated by the theoretically calculated modulation transfer function of the total system optics (dioptrics included) in the presence of instrument aberrations. The data indicate that the eye accomodates of a \"best focus\" when spherical aberration and astigmatism (but not coma) are present in the instrument. The quantitative data are used to determine aberration tolerances for instruments that are designed for specific visual tasks and that employ simple targets similar to those investigated.", "contents": "Aberration tolerances for visual optical systems. The effects of aberrations on images formed by a total system, including the eye, are assessed in terms of modulation threshold, grating detectability, and modulation transfer functions. The effects of approximately one and two waves of third-order spherical aberration, coma, and astigmatism on the total system modulation transfer function are investigated using three-bar resolution targets and Ronchi rulings in two separate psychophysical experiments. The results of both experiments indicate that the experimentally determined system modulation transfer function is closely approximated by the theoretically calculated modulation transfer function of the total system optics (dioptrics included) in the presence of instrument aberrations. The data indicate that the eye accomodates of a \"best focus\" when spherical aberration and astigmatism (but not coma) are present in the instrument. The quantitative data are used to determine aberration tolerances for instruments that are designed for specific visual tasks and that employ simple targets similar to those investigated."}
{"id": "PMID:874593", "title": "Saturation of colored samples at various levels of reflectance.", "content": "The dependence of saturation on the level of reflectance of colored surfaces was measured by numerical estimation and by matching judgments. Four sets of chromatic samples, one for each hue--blue, 460 nm, green, 510 nm, yellow, 580 nm, and red, 620 nm--within a range between 4% and 65% reflectance, were presented to the observers. The largest changes of saturation were observed at the high and low values of reflectance. The effect is more pronounced for the yellows than for the reds and greens, and relatively less apparent for the blues. For each hue, saturation grows faster at intermediate values of reflectance. The four families of saturation functions permitted us to draw a map of equal-purity contours. There are values of colorimetric purity for which saturation remains constant for all levels of reflectance.", "contents": "Saturation of colored samples at various levels of reflectance. The dependence of saturation on the level of reflectance of colored surfaces was measured by numerical estimation and by matching judgments. Four sets of chromatic samples, one for each hue--blue, 460 nm, green, 510 nm, yellow, 580 nm, and red, 620 nm--within a range between 4% and 65% reflectance, were presented to the observers. The largest changes of saturation were observed at the high and low values of reflectance. The effect is more pronounced for the yellows than for the reds and greens, and relatively less apparent for the blues. For each hue, saturation grows faster at intermediate values of reflectance. The four families of saturation functions permitted us to draw a map of equal-purity contours. There are values of colorimetric purity for which saturation remains constant for all levels of reflectance."}
{"id": "PMID:874594", "title": "Analysis of chromatic-adaptation effect by a linkage model.", "content": "Hunt suggested that an adaptation-dependent linkage in the visual pathway from the retina to the brain can explain the variation of saturation produced by change of adapting luminance. If variation of saturation is caused by change of linkage, this change must also be involved in chromatic adaptation to light sources that have different chromaticities. By considering the effective adaptation levels of receptors, the model is extended and formulated for application to prediction of chromatic adaptation. It is tested by use of experimental results for chromatic adaptation obtained by Burnham et al. Suitable selection of parameters that specify the state of linkage produces good predictions of the effects of chromatic adaptation.", "contents": "Analysis of chromatic-adaptation effect by a linkage model. Hunt suggested that an adaptation-dependent linkage in the visual pathway from the retina to the brain can explain the variation of saturation produced by change of adapting luminance. If variation of saturation is caused by change of linkage, this change must also be involved in chromatic adaptation to light sources that have different chromaticities. By considering the effective adaptation levels of receptors, the model is extended and formulated for application to prediction of chromatic adaptation. It is tested by use of experimental results for chromatic adaptation obtained by Burnham et al. Suitable selection of parameters that specify the state of linkage produces good predictions of the effects of chromatic adaptation."}
{"id": "PMID:874595", "title": "Perceived saturation in complex stimuli viewed in light and dark surrounds.", "content": "Two similar complex targets, consisting of neutral patches ranging from white to black, were viewed, one in a dark surround and the other in an extended illuminated surround of 20% reflectance. Each target was viewed from a distance of three times its width, which is typical of picture viewing. The luminances of corresponding areas of the two targets were adjusted to produce equal apparent brightnesses and contrasts. Pairs of test colors of equal hues and apparent lightnesses and 2 degrees subtense were positioned successively within the pair of complex targets and were judged for relative color saturation. Under these conditions of equalized brightnesses, approximately the same purities were required for equal saturation in light-surround and dark-surround viewing conditions. These results, which differ from those reported for simple stimuli, are important in establishing aims for color reproduction.", "contents": "Perceived saturation in complex stimuli viewed in light and dark surrounds. Two similar complex targets, consisting of neutral patches ranging from white to black, were viewed, one in a dark surround and the other in an extended illuminated surround of 20% reflectance. Each target was viewed from a distance of three times its width, which is typical of picture viewing. The luminances of corresponding areas of the two targets were adjusted to produce equal apparent brightnesses and contrasts. Pairs of test colors of equal hues and apparent lightnesses and 2 degrees subtense were positioned successively within the pair of complex targets and were judged for relative color saturation. Under these conditions of equalized brightnesses, approximately the same purities were required for equal saturation in light-surround and dark-surround viewing conditions. These results, which differ from those reported for simple stimuli, are important in establishing aims for color reproduction."}
{"id": "PMID:874596", "title": "Photoreceptor diameter and spacing for highest resolving power.", "content": "The maximum center-to-center angular spacing delta phi of photoreceptors tolerated for reconstructing the highest spatial frequency passed by a diffraction-limited pupil of diameter D is delta phi - lambda/D square root 3 when the photoreceptors are packed in a hexagonal array, where lambda is the wavelength in vacuum. This spacing gives the maximum signal-to-photon noise ratio when the inner segments touch. The mean luminance required for an eye to achieve its highest resolving power is independent of eye size, provided the retina is designed to sample the highest spatial frequency passed by the diffraction-limited optics.", "contents": "Photoreceptor diameter and spacing for highest resolving power. The maximum center-to-center angular spacing delta phi of photoreceptors tolerated for reconstructing the highest spatial frequency passed by a diffraction-limited pupil of diameter D is delta phi - lambda/D square root 3 when the photoreceptors are packed in a hexagonal array, where lambda is the wavelength in vacuum. This spacing gives the maximum signal-to-photon noise ratio when the inner segments touch. The mean luminance required for an eye to achieve its highest resolving power is independent of eye size, provided the retina is designed to sample the highest spatial frequency passed by the diffraction-limited optics."}
{"id": "PMID:874625", "title": "Maturing neuroblastoma and ganglioneuroblastoma: a study of four cases with long survival.", "content": "A retrospective study of four tumours of the peripheral nervous system originally diagnosed as neuroblastomas or ganglioneuroblastomas has been made. The patients have all survived since the original diagnosis. Evidence of residual tumour was seen only in one patient, and was associated with evidence of increasing histological differentiation over a period of time. Maturation of primitive cell types is known to alter the prognosis of neuroblastic tumours. It is suggested first, that even minimal evidence of maturation indicates a better prognosis. Second, that evidence of maturation may be uneven, small areas occurring in otherwise totally undifferentiated tumours, or, immature areas remaining even in apparently benign fully mature tumours; if these areas show maturation the prognosis remains good and the tumour should not be confused with a composite ganglioneuroblastoma. Third, that maturing tumours may behave in a malignant fashion, invade and metastasise, but but with maturation of the primary tumour and its metastases the ultimate prognosis may be better than the initial behaviour suggests.", "contents": "Maturing neuroblastoma and ganglioneuroblastoma: a study of four cases with long survival. A retrospective study of four tumours of the peripheral nervous system originally diagnosed as neuroblastomas or ganglioneuroblastomas has been made. The patients have all survived since the original diagnosis. Evidence of residual tumour was seen only in one patient, and was associated with evidence of increasing histological differentiation over a period of time. Maturation of primitive cell types is known to alter the prognosis of neuroblastic tumours. It is suggested first, that even minimal evidence of maturation indicates a better prognosis. Second, that evidence of maturation may be uneven, small areas occurring in otherwise totally undifferentiated tumours, or, immature areas remaining even in apparently benign fully mature tumours; if these areas show maturation the prognosis remains good and the tumour should not be confused with a composite ganglioneuroblastoma. Third, that maturing tumours may behave in a malignant fashion, invade and metastasise, but but with maturation of the primary tumour and its metastases the ultimate prognosis may be better than the initial behaviour suggests."}
{"id": "PMID:874626", "title": "The Schistosoma mansoni egg granuloma: quantitation of cell populations.", "content": "Granulomas were induced by the intravenous injection of eggs of Schistosoma mansoni into the lungs of mice which were either unsensitised, sensitised by prior intraperitoneal injection of eggs, or naturally infected with S. mansoni. At various time intervals after egg injection (8, 16 and 32 days in unsensitised mice; 4, 8 and 16 days in sensitised mice; and 8 days in mice infected for 4, 8 16 and 24 wk) the lungs were removed from groups of mice and were placed in a Waring blender at low speed. Complete intact granulomas were isolated, the lesions were dispersed with collagenase and pronase and the cell populations quantified and classified as eosinophils, neutrophils and mononuclear cells less than or equal to 12 or greater than 12 micron in diameter. Small mononuclear cells consisting almost exclusively of lymphocytes were the predominant cells initially, but eosinophils became the most common cell type, reaching a peak of 71% of cells in sensitised animals 16 days after injection. Large mononuclear cells remained relatively constant at about 30% of the total cells. Neutrophils neverreached more than 10% of cells. Sensitisation by a prior intraperitoneal injection of eggs led to an acceleration of granuloma formation. In infected mice, the granulomas with the largest cell counts were seen 8 wk after infection while the smaller granulomas in the mice infected for 16 or 24 wk confirm the previously reported modulation of this immunopathological reaction.", "contents": "The Schistosoma mansoni egg granuloma: quantitation of cell populations. Granulomas were induced by the intravenous injection of eggs of Schistosoma mansoni into the lungs of mice which were either unsensitised, sensitised by prior intraperitoneal injection of eggs, or naturally infected with S. mansoni. At various time intervals after egg injection (8, 16 and 32 days in unsensitised mice; 4, 8 and 16 days in sensitised mice; and 8 days in mice infected for 4, 8 16 and 24 wk) the lungs were removed from groups of mice and were placed in a Waring blender at low speed. Complete intact granulomas were isolated, the lesions were dispersed with collagenase and pronase and the cell populations quantified and classified as eosinophils, neutrophils and mononuclear cells less than or equal to 12 or greater than 12 micron in diameter. Small mononuclear cells consisting almost exclusively of lymphocytes were the predominant cells initially, but eosinophils became the most common cell type, reaching a peak of 71% of cells in sensitised animals 16 days after injection. Large mononuclear cells remained relatively constant at about 30% of the total cells. Neutrophils neverreached more than 10% of cells. Sensitisation by a prior intraperitoneal injection of eggs led to an acceleration of granuloma formation. In infected mice, the granulomas with the largest cell counts were seen 8 wk after infection while the smaller granulomas in the mice infected for 16 or 24 wk confirm the previously reported modulation of this immunopathological reaction."}
{"id": "PMID:874627", "title": "The mechanism of escape of plasma protein from small blood vessels in the mucosa of the small intestine of the rat.", "content": "A study has been made in rats of the relative rates of escape of plasma protein, measured by accumulation of Evans Blue, and of the large marker particle, HgS, into uninjured small bowel and into an area of intradermal injection of histamine. The rate of escape of Evans Blue, per unit mass of tissue, into small bowel and into an area of histamine-stimulated skin were found to be almost the same, but leakage of HgS into the bowel was only about 1/10 of leakage of the same tracer into a site of intradermal histamine injection. If it be assumed, as is generally accepted, that all the protein that leaks from histamine-stimulated vessels does so via gaps in vascular endothelium that are large enough to allow escape of large marker particles like  HgS, these findings show that only a small fraction of the protein that leaks into normal intestinal mucosa can escape via gaps, and that most of the leakage must occur by a route not permeable to particles of HgS. The findings give no indication of the nature of the alternative route for escape of protein.", "contents": "The mechanism of escape of plasma protein from small blood vessels in the mucosa of the small intestine of the rat. A study has been made in rats of the relative rates of escape of plasma protein, measured by accumulation of Evans Blue, and of the large marker particle, HgS, into uninjured small bowel and into an area of intradermal injection of histamine. The rate of escape of Evans Blue, per unit mass of tissue, into small bowel and into an area of histamine-stimulated skin were found to be almost the same, but leakage of HgS into the bowel was only about 1/10 of leakage of the same tracer into a site of intradermal histamine injection. If it be assumed, as is generally accepted, that all the protein that leaks from histamine-stimulated vessels does so via gaps in vascular endothelium that are large enough to allow escape of large marker particles like  HgS, these findings show that only a small fraction of the protein that leaks into normal intestinal mucosa can escape via gaps, and that most of the leakage must occur by a route not permeable to particles of HgS. The findings give no indication of the nature of the alternative route for escape of protein."}
{"id": "PMID:874628", "title": "Mannosidosis--pathogenesis of lesions in exocrine cells.", "content": "The finding of zymogen granules within lysosomal storage vesicles in pancreatic exocrine tissue in bovine mannosidosis may explain the widespread vacuolation of exocrine cells in this disease. It is uncertain if they enter the lysosomal system by the process of crinophagy but if so it would indicate that this regulatory mechanism could operate in normal exocrine tissue as well.", "contents": "Mannosidosis--pathogenesis of lesions in exocrine cells. The finding of zymogen granules within lysosomal storage vesicles in pancreatic exocrine tissue in bovine mannosidosis may explain the widespread vacuolation of exocrine cells in this disease. It is uncertain if they enter the lysosomal system by the process of crinophagy but if so it would indicate that this regulatory mechanism could operate in normal exocrine tissue as well."}
{"id": "PMID:874629", "title": "Vascular changes in the lungs of rats after the intravenous injection of pyrrole carbamates.", "content": "The effects on the lung of some synthetic compounds related to monocrotaline pyrrole have been studied and compared with those previously found with that compound. When injected into a systemic vein doses of pyrrole mono- and dicarbamate produced acute pulmonary oedema. Pyrrole alcohol and ethyl carbamate had no such effect and although furyl carbamate did not cause pleural effusion in rats it did so in mice. Like monocrotaline pyrrole, when injected into other vessels the pyrrole carbamates produced oedema in the region of the first capillary bed encountered. When colloidal carbon was injected intravenously after the pyrrole carbamates, carbon \"labelling\" was seen in both the post-capillary venules and the capillaries of the lungs. On the whole, venular \"labelling\" occurred before capillary \"labelling\" which was best seen when the carbon was injected more than 4 hr after the pyrrole. The distribution of the carbon as seen by electron microscopy is described. No \"labelling\" was seen after furyl carbamate. The effects of the synthetic pyrrole esters were similar to those of monocrotaline pyrrole. Although both the pyrrole carbamates were less active on a molecular basis they had a broader action on the pulmonary vasculature causing venular as well as capillary \"labelling\". To affect the lungs acutely the compound had to have the pyrrole ring structure and at least one ester side-chain.", "contents": "Vascular changes in the lungs of rats after the intravenous injection of pyrrole carbamates. The effects on the lung of some synthetic compounds related to monocrotaline pyrrole have been studied and compared with those previously found with that compound. When injected into a systemic vein doses of pyrrole mono- and dicarbamate produced acute pulmonary oedema. Pyrrole alcohol and ethyl carbamate had no such effect and although furyl carbamate did not cause pleural effusion in rats it did so in mice. Like monocrotaline pyrrole, when injected into other vessels the pyrrole carbamates produced oedema in the region of the first capillary bed encountered. When colloidal carbon was injected intravenously after the pyrrole carbamates, carbon \"labelling\" was seen in both the post-capillary venules and the capillaries of the lungs. On the whole, venular \"labelling\" occurred before capillary \"labelling\" which was best seen when the carbon was injected more than 4 hr after the pyrrole. The distribution of the carbon as seen by electron microscopy is described. No \"labelling\" was seen after furyl carbamate. The effects of the synthetic pyrrole esters were similar to those of monocrotaline pyrrole. Although both the pyrrole carbamates were less active on a molecular basis they had a broader action on the pulmonary vasculature causing venular as well as capillary \"labelling\". To affect the lungs acutely the compound had to have the pyrrole ring structure and at least one ester side-chain."}
{"id": "PMID:874630", "title": "Primary \"flat\" melanoma of the trachea.", "content": "A 47-yr-old woman, complaining of shortness of breath, had a chest X-ray showing a right parahilar mass and bronchoscopic examination disclosed a bluish flat lesion on the posterior wall of the trachea at the level of the fifth and sixth rings. Histological examination of the resected segment of trachea and an adjacent lymph-node revealed a primary tracheal melanoma with lymph-node metastasis. Review of five reported cases and of the literature on mucosal melanomas disclosed that the flat configuration of the tumour and the abundance of melanophages observed in the present case were unique. Possible relationships to mucosal melanosis and squamous metaplasia were briefly discussed.", "contents": "Primary \"flat\" melanoma of the trachea. A 47-yr-old woman, complaining of shortness of breath, had a chest X-ray showing a right parahilar mass and bronchoscopic examination disclosed a bluish flat lesion on the posterior wall of the trachea at the level of the fifth and sixth rings. Histological examination of the resected segment of trachea and an adjacent lymph-node revealed a primary tracheal melanoma with lymph-node metastasis. Review of five reported cases and of the literature on mucosal melanomas disclosed that the flat configuration of the tumour and the abundance of melanophages observed in the present case were unique. Possible relationships to mucosal melanosis and squamous metaplasia were briefly discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:874631", "title": "Subcellular reactions to injury. I. Ultrastructural and biochemical investigations on the hepatic cellular damage produced by haemorrhagic shock in dogs.", "content": "The ultrastructural changes produced by haemorrhagic shock in hepatocytes have been studied in dogs. The associated biochemical and biophysical system alterations allow us to propose a unitary pathogenetic mechanism of the cellular injury based on oxygen deprivation and its effect on the function and structure of the cellular compartments.", "contents": "Subcellular reactions to injury. I. Ultrastructural and biochemical investigations on the hepatic cellular damage produced by haemorrhagic shock in dogs. The ultrastructural changes produced by haemorrhagic shock in hepatocytes have been studied in dogs. The associated biochemical and biophysical system alterations allow us to propose a unitary pathogenetic mechanism of the cellular injury based on oxygen deprivation and its effect on the function and structure of the cellular compartments."}
{"id": "PMID:874632", "title": "Ultrastructural changes in rat lung arterioles in conditions of altered permeability.", "content": "By means of the colloidal carbon technique and injection of a barium-gelatin mixture into the pulmonary artery, the ultrastructure of lung arterioles in a state of increased permeability has been studied. In certain conditions pulmonary arteriolar permeability changes are frequent and the carbon particles adhere to the endothelium. Leakage of carbon into the interstitial space is observed only rarely. It is concluded that the pulmonary and systemic vessels have different patterns of response to altered permeability.", "contents": "Ultrastructural changes in rat lung arterioles in conditions of altered permeability. By means of the colloidal carbon technique and injection of a barium-gelatin mixture into the pulmonary artery, the ultrastructure of lung arterioles in a state of increased permeability has been studied. In certain conditions pulmonary arteriolar permeability changes are frequent and the carbon particles adhere to the endothelium. Leakage of carbon into the interstitial space is observed only rarely. It is concluded that the pulmonary and systemic vessels have different patterns of response to altered permeability."}
{"id": "PMID:874633", "title": "Vascular and glomerular changes in the ageing kidney.", "content": "Glomerular size, shape and number were examined in 44 human kidneys obtained at necropsy. Intrarenal vascular appearances were assessed histologically and by post-mortem angiography. The mean cross-sectional area of glomeruli varied nearly three-fold and glomerular number varied more than three-fold when kidneys from different adult subjects were compared but kidneys from the same subject resembled one another in glomerular size and number. A significant negative correlation existed in the adult between glomerular number and dimensions. Glomerular numbers in the few immature kidneys studied were similar to those in adult kidneys but glomeruli were smaller. Glomerular numbers tended to decline as age and severity of age-related vascular changes increased but correlation was poor. The possibility remains that glomerular involution in the senescent kidney occurs independently of events in the vessels. In men, but not in women, totally hyalinised glomeruli were observed more frequently with increasing age but their presence did not appear to be related to the degree of vascular change. In the senescent kidney, glomerular lobulations tended to disappear. This, together with glomerular loss, must result in a reduction in the area available for filtration. Assessments of total glomerular surface area should take account of glomerular shape and dimensions as well as numbers.", "contents": "Vascular and glomerular changes in the ageing kidney. Glomerular size, shape and number were examined in 44 human kidneys obtained at necropsy. Intrarenal vascular appearances were assessed histologically and by post-mortem angiography. The mean cross-sectional area of glomeruli varied nearly three-fold and glomerular number varied more than three-fold when kidneys from different adult subjects were compared but kidneys from the same subject resembled one another in glomerular size and number. A significant negative correlation existed in the adult between glomerular number and dimensions. Glomerular numbers in the few immature kidneys studied were similar to those in adult kidneys but glomeruli were smaller. Glomerular numbers tended to decline as age and severity of age-related vascular changes increased but correlation was poor. The possibility remains that glomerular involution in the senescent kidney occurs independently of events in the vessels. In men, but not in women, totally hyalinised glomeruli were observed more frequently with increasing age but their presence did not appear to be related to the degree of vascular change. In the senescent kidney, glomerular lobulations tended to disappear. This, together with glomerular loss, must result in a reduction in the area available for filtration. Assessments of total glomerular surface area should take account of glomerular shape and dimensions as well as numbers."}
{"id": "PMID:874634", "title": "Ultrastructural alterations of APUD cells during nitrosamine-induced lung carcinogenesis.", "content": "Groups of Syrian golden hamsters were treated twice weekly for life with 1/10 LD50 DEN, or once weekly for life with 1/5 LD50 DBN. The sequential alterations in the ultrastructure of Apud cells in their bronchial lining were examined. Both carcinogens caused pronounced proliferation of this cell type during the initial treatment period. Thereafter, the formation of increasing numbers of filamentous bundles was observed in the cytoplasm of the Apud cells, whereas their neurosecretory granules decreased in number. The present findings suggest that after an initial phase of proliferation, the Apud cells undergo squamous metaplasia when treated with the two nitrosamines investigated.", "contents": "Ultrastructural alterations of APUD cells during nitrosamine-induced lung carcinogenesis. Groups of Syrian golden hamsters were treated twice weekly for life with 1/10 LD50 DEN, or once weekly for life with 1/5 LD50 DBN. The sequential alterations in the ultrastructure of Apud cells in their bronchial lining were examined. Both carcinogens caused pronounced proliferation of this cell type during the initial treatment period. Thereafter, the formation of increasing numbers of filamentous bundles was observed in the cytoplasm of the Apud cells, whereas their neurosecretory granules decreased in number. The present findings suggest that after an initial phase of proliferation, the Apud cells undergo squamous metaplasia when treated with the two nitrosamines investigated."}
{"id": "PMID:874635", "title": "Ultrastructure of hypoxic hypertensive pulmonary vascular disease.", "content": "Ten adult female Wistar albino rats were subjected to a sub-atmospheric pressure of 380 mm Hg for periods up to 35 days. Five control rats were also studied. The rats exposed to chronic hypoxia developed right-ventricular hypertrophy secondary to hypoxic hypertensive pulmonary vascular disease. Electron microscopy of control rats revealed individual smooth muscle cells immediately beneath the endothelium of pulmonary arterioles. On exposure to chronic hypoxia there was a hyperplasia of immature smooth muscle cells to form a distinct media between external and internal elastic laminae. The external lamina is thick and represents the original single lamina of the normal pulmonary arteriole. The inner lamina is thin and is newly formed internal to the smooth muscle cells. In hypoxic hypertensive pulmonary vascular disease there is no form of intimal proliferation so that the associated pulmonary hypertension is reversible.", "contents": "Ultrastructure of hypoxic hypertensive pulmonary vascular disease. Ten adult female Wistar albino rats were subjected to a sub-atmospheric pressure of 380 mm Hg for periods up to 35 days. Five control rats were also studied. The rats exposed to chronic hypoxia developed right-ventricular hypertrophy secondary to hypoxic hypertensive pulmonary vascular disease. Electron microscopy of control rats revealed individual smooth muscle cells immediately beneath the endothelium of pulmonary arterioles. On exposure to chronic hypoxia there was a hyperplasia of immature smooth muscle cells to form a distinct media between external and internal elastic laminae. The external lamina is thick and represents the original single lamina of the normal pulmonary arteriole. The inner lamina is thin and is newly formed internal to the smooth muscle cells. In hypoxic hypertensive pulmonary vascular disease there is no form of intimal proliferation so that the associated pulmonary hypertension is reversible."}
{"id": "PMID:874637", "title": "Comparative study of the ultrastructural alterations in the pulmonary vessels of rats treated with alpha-naphthylthiourea (ANTU) and ammonium sulphate.", "content": "A comparative study of the ultrastructural changes in rat pulmonary vessels was made in two different situtations of increased vascular permeability: one caused by alpha-naphthylthiourea (ANTU) and the other induced by ammonium sulphate (AS). AS had a more destructive effect on the capillaries but showed little alteration in vessels larger than capillaries. ANTU provoked milder ultrastructural lesions but acted on capillaries, arterial and venous structures. In both conditions intravenously injected carbon particles adhered to the vessel wall and leakage into the interstitial space was rarely seen despite the presence of endothelial gaps. It was concluded that ANTU and AS provoke different ultrastructural alterations and that pulmonary and systemic vessels react differently when undergoing changes in permeability.", "contents": "Comparative study of the ultrastructural alterations in the pulmonary vessels of rats treated with alpha-naphthylthiourea (ANTU) and ammonium sulphate. A comparative study of the ultrastructural changes in rat pulmonary vessels was made in two different situtations of increased vascular permeability: one caused by alpha-naphthylthiourea (ANTU) and the other induced by ammonium sulphate (AS). AS had a more destructive effect on the capillaries but showed little alteration in vessels larger than capillaries. ANTU provoked milder ultrastructural lesions but acted on capillaries, arterial and venous structures. In both conditions intravenously injected carbon particles adhered to the vessel wall and leakage into the interstitial space was rarely seen despite the presence of endothelial gaps. It was concluded that ANTU and AS provoke different ultrastructural alterations and that pulmonary and systemic vessels react differently when undergoing changes in permeability."}
{"id": "PMID:874638", "title": "Long-term results of superficial defects in articular cartilage: a scanning electron-microscope study.", "content": "Superficial defects produced in rabbit articular cartilage were studied with the scanning electron microscope over a period of 2 yr. It would appear that at first a new layer of matrix forms on the injured surface but that this is abraded away by joint movement so that even after 2 yr the defect does not heal. In some instances the general articular surface developed superficial fissures, deep ravines, and foci of fibrillation.", "contents": "Long-term results of superficial defects in articular cartilage: a scanning electron-microscope study. Superficial defects produced in rabbit articular cartilage were studied with the scanning electron microscope over a period of 2 yr. It would appear that at first a new layer of matrix forms on the injured surface but that this is abraded away by joint movement so that even after 2 yr the defect does not heal. In some instances the general articular surface developed superficial fissures, deep ravines, and foci of fibrillation."}
{"id": "PMID:874639", "title": "The morphology of the endocrine system in congenitally athymic (nude) mice.", "content": "The endocrine system (adenohypophysis, thyroid, adrenals, ovaries, testes) and the submandibulary salivary gland of both female and male congenitally athymic (nu/nu) B10LP mice at various ages post partum (2, 4, 6, 8 and 12 wks) were studied morphologically and compared with their heterozygous thymus-bearing (+/nu) littermates. The animals were held under conventional conditions. The adenohypophysis of male nu/nu mice showed a decrease in size of the acidophilic cells. In the thyroid glands a slight hyperactivity of the follicles was seen in both female and male nu/nu mice in comparison with the +/nu mice. No changes were observed in the adrenals. The ovaries of the nu/nu females showed degeneration in the follicles while the corpora lutea were absent or, if present, degenerated. In the testes of nu/nu mice only a slight retardation in spermatogenesis was seen at wk 4. In the submandibular salivary glands of the nu/nu males the normal sex-dependent presence of well-developed tubular structures was absent from wk 4 onwards. The results were compared with those described in the literature for athymic mice with another genetic background and for thymectomised mice. It was concluded that alterations in immunological reactivity in athymic mice are not necessarily due to changes in the immune system, but may also be dependent on changes in endocrine function.", "contents": "The morphology of the endocrine system in congenitally athymic (nude) mice. The endocrine system (adenohypophysis, thyroid, adrenals, ovaries, testes) and the submandibulary salivary gland of both female and male congenitally athymic (nu/nu) B10LP mice at various ages post partum (2, 4, 6, 8 and 12 wks) were studied morphologically and compared with their heterozygous thymus-bearing (+/nu) littermates. The animals were held under conventional conditions. The adenohypophysis of male nu/nu mice showed a decrease in size of the acidophilic cells. In the thyroid glands a slight hyperactivity of the follicles was seen in both female and male nu/nu mice in comparison with the +/nu mice. No changes were observed in the adrenals. The ovaries of the nu/nu females showed degeneration in the follicles while the corpora lutea were absent or, if present, degenerated. In the testes of nu/nu mice only a slight retardation in spermatogenesis was seen at wk 4. In the submandibular salivary glands of the nu/nu males the normal sex-dependent presence of well-developed tubular structures was absent from wk 4 onwards. The results were compared with those described in the literature for athymic mice with another genetic background and for thymectomised mice. It was concluded that alterations in immunological reactivity in athymic mice are not necessarily due to changes in the immune system, but may also be dependent on changes in endocrine function."}
{"id": "PMID:874640", "title": "Pulmonary ultrastructure after oral and intravenous dosage of paraquat to rats.", "content": "Paraquat was administered to rats by gavage or intravenously at doses which were approximately equitoxic (680 mu. moles/kh and 65 mu. moles/kg respectively) and the lungs examined by light and electron microscopy at intervals up to 48 hours. No significant changes were observed in alveolar endothelial cells at any of the time intervals studied. After intravenous administration the first ultrastructural changes were observed at 4 hr in the type I cells which were less electron dense and contained few organelles. At 8 hr these lesions were more marked and in some places the basement memebrane was denuded. Type II cells were also showing damage to mitochondria and loss of microvilli. After oral dosing, the type and sequence of changes was similar but the first changes were not seen until 22 hr. Intravenous injection of 0-03 micron carbon particles 1 hr before killing showed no significant leakage from the alveolar endothelium. This study provides no morphological evidence that the oedema of the lung caused by paraquat in rats is due to damage to endothelial cells. It appears that, following dosing by the two routes, the difference in interval between dosing and the development of lesions is due to the accumulation of paraquat. Lesions in type I cells therefore occurred when a certain concentration of paraquat is known to be present in the lung. It is suggested that a prime compartment into which paraquat is accumulated is the alveolar epithelial cell.", "contents": "Pulmonary ultrastructure after oral and intravenous dosage of paraquat to rats. Paraquat was administered to rats by gavage or intravenously at doses which were approximately equitoxic (680 mu. moles/kh and 65 mu. moles/kg respectively) and the lungs examined by light and electron microscopy at intervals up to 48 hours. No significant changes were observed in alveolar endothelial cells at any of the time intervals studied. After intravenous administration the first ultrastructural changes were observed at 4 hr in the type I cells which were less electron dense and contained few organelles. At 8 hr these lesions were more marked and in some places the basement memebrane was denuded. Type II cells were also showing damage to mitochondria and loss of microvilli. After oral dosing, the type and sequence of changes was similar but the first changes were not seen until 22 hr. Intravenous injection of 0-03 micron carbon particles 1 hr before killing showed no significant leakage from the alveolar endothelium. This study provides no morphological evidence that the oedema of the lung caused by paraquat in rats is due to damage to endothelial cells. It appears that, following dosing by the two routes, the difference in interval between dosing and the development of lesions is due to the accumulation of paraquat. Lesions in type I cells therefore occurred when a certain concentration of paraquat is known to be present in the lung. It is suggested that a prime compartment into which paraquat is accumulated is the alveolar epithelial cell."}
{"id": "PMID:874641", "title": "Osteoarthrotic articular cartilage lesions of the femoral head observed in the scanning electron microscope.", "content": "A topographical study of the articular surface of 21 femoral heads removed for surgery of osteoarthrosis was made using the scanning electron microscope. Sections of degenerate cartilage were pretreated with H2O2 and trypsin to reveal the collagenous framework. Torn and frayed collagen bundles were evident on all the specimens studied, the length of these bundles varying from 20 to 150 micron. The frequency of the bundles over the degenerate fibrous areas varied considerably, and bundle sizes ranged from 20 to 70 micron. The topography of a single femoral head removed from a rheumatoid arthritic was very much smoother, with torn fibre ends ruptured at the same level. Although the exposed bone was considerably \"smoother\" than the residual fibrocartilage, ruptured osteons and trabeculae revealed large voids in the surface which would presumably alter the lubrication and fluid flow characteristics of the functioning joint. The effects of these changes on joint tension and lubrication are discussed.", "contents": "Osteoarthrotic articular cartilage lesions of the femoral head observed in the scanning electron microscope. A topographical study of the articular surface of 21 femoral heads removed for surgery of osteoarthrosis was made using the scanning electron microscope. Sections of degenerate cartilage were pretreated with H2O2 and trypsin to reveal the collagenous framework. Torn and frayed collagen bundles were evident on all the specimens studied, the length of these bundles varying from 20 to 150 micron. The frequency of the bundles over the degenerate fibrous areas varied considerably, and bundle sizes ranged from 20 to 70 micron. The topography of a single femoral head removed from a rheumatoid arthritic was very much smoother, with torn fibre ends ruptured at the same level. Although the exposed bone was considerably \"smoother\" than the residual fibrocartilage, ruptured osteons and trabeculae revealed large voids in the surface which would presumably alter the lubrication and fluid flow characteristics of the functioning joint. The effects of these changes on joint tension and lubrication are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:874642", "title": "Fusion of macrophages following simultaneous attempted phagocytosis of glutaraldehyde-fixed red cells.", "content": "A model for the fusion of macrophages in areas of chronic inflammation in vivo has been presented which is derived from the associations of macrophage fusion in vivo and in vitro. It is suggested that in granulomata, where macrophages are closely packed in the presence of endocytogenic material, this material may on occasion attach simultaneously to more than one macrophage. Ensuing endosome margin formation may then lead to the endosome margins of one macrophage fusing with those of the other. By causing macrophages to phagocytose glutaraldehyde-fixed red blood cells in vitro under circumstances which more closely reflect in-vivo phagocytosis than the phagocytosis of the red cells by macrophages in a glass adherent monolayer, it has been shown that simultaneous attachment leads to macrophage fusion. It is suggested that giant cell formation in vivo in granulomata results from the process of simultaneous attempted endocytosis.", "contents": "Fusion of macrophages following simultaneous attempted phagocytosis of glutaraldehyde-fixed red cells. A model for the fusion of macrophages in areas of chronic inflammation in vivo has been presented which is derived from the associations of macrophage fusion in vivo and in vitro. It is suggested that in granulomata, where macrophages are closely packed in the presence of endocytogenic material, this material may on occasion attach simultaneously to more than one macrophage. Ensuing endosome margin formation may then lead to the endosome margins of one macrophage fusing with those of the other. By causing macrophages to phagocytose glutaraldehyde-fixed red blood cells in vitro under circumstances which more closely reflect in-vivo phagocytosis than the phagocytosis of the red cells by macrophages in a glass adherent monolayer, it has been shown that simultaneous attachment leads to macrophage fusion. It is suggested that giant cell formation in vivo in granulomata results from the process of simultaneous attempted endocytosis."}
{"id": "PMID:874643", "title": "The identification and significance of early stromal invasion in papillary carcinomas of the urinary bladder.", "content": "The incidence of early stromal invasion in apparently non-invasive papillary carcinomas of the bladder has been investigated, using methenamine silver/periodic acid-Schiff stains (MS/PAS). It is shown that where there is some difficulty in making this assessment in haematoxylin and eosin stained sections, MS/PAS stains are helpful. It has also been shown that three of 44 non-invasive tumours show evidence of invasion at deeper levels in the paraffin block. Finally, contrary to expectations, the presence or absence of invasion could not be used as an indication of subsequent behaviour.", "contents": "The identification and significance of early stromal invasion in papillary carcinomas of the urinary bladder. The incidence of early stromal invasion in apparently non-invasive papillary carcinomas of the bladder has been investigated, using methenamine silver/periodic acid-Schiff stains (MS/PAS). It is shown that where there is some difficulty in making this assessment in haematoxylin and eosin stained sections, MS/PAS stains are helpful. It has also been shown that three of 44 non-invasive tumours show evidence of invasion at deeper levels in the paraffin block. Finally, contrary to expectations, the presence or absence of invasion could not be used as an indication of subsequent behaviour."}
{"id": "PMID:874644", "title": "Organic fragmentation in pulmonary thrombo-emboli.", "content": "Organic fragmentation is a cell-mediated process whereby the periphery of thrombo-emboli is broken up into multiple tiny fragments lined by flat cells and separated by endothelialised clefts and spaces. The process was looked for in 238 lung emboli from 107 subjects and was observed in 45 emboli (41 subjects). The true incidence is much higher since fragmentation is preceded by the surfacing of emboli by flat endothelial cells. Among such emboli its frequency was 41%. Fragmentation can involve emboli of all sizes though it is most frequent and extensive in small ones. The process is important for the resolution of emboli and helps the canalisation of the embolised arteries. It reduces the size of emboli and may also undermine mural attachments and thereby lessen the extent of anchoring to the vessel wall. The mechanism of fragmentation and the origin of the cells responsible are discussed.", "contents": "Organic fragmentation in pulmonary thrombo-emboli. Organic fragmentation is a cell-mediated process whereby the periphery of thrombo-emboli is broken up into multiple tiny fragments lined by flat cells and separated by endothelialised clefts and spaces. The process was looked for in 238 lung emboli from 107 subjects and was observed in 45 emboli (41 subjects). The true incidence is much higher since fragmentation is preceded by the surfacing of emboli by flat endothelial cells. Among such emboli its frequency was 41%. Fragmentation can involve emboli of all sizes though it is most frequent and extensive in small ones. The process is important for the resolution of emboli and helps the canalisation of the embolised arteries. It reduces the size of emboli and may also undermine mural attachments and thereby lessen the extent of anchoring to the vessel wall. The mechanism of fragmentation and the origin of the cells responsible are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:874645", "title": "Neonatal lactic acidosis and renal failure: the role of peritoneal dialysis.", "content": "Lactic acidosis accompanied by acute renal failure in the newborn period was studied in two infants with circulatory insufficiency and hypoxia. Peritoneal dialysis was necessitated by  anuria and serum potassium concentrations of 12.0 and 8.9 mEq/1. Plasma lactate concentration was 35 and 50 mM/1 and blood pH 7.23 and 7.18, respectively, at the time dialysis was instituted. Because of the uncontrollable anaerobic metabolism in these two patients, and the attendant inability to metabolize lactate, the use of commercial lactate-containing dialysates as a source of base was shown to be ineffective in correcting the acidosis and hypothesized to cause a worsening of metabolic acidosis due to a loss of bicarbonate from extracellular fluid into dialysate. Stabilization or improvement in the metabolic acidosis occurred with the utilization of a dilaysate containing bicarbonate with a gradient favoring movement of bicarbonate into, and lactate out of, extracellular fluid.", "contents": "Neonatal lactic acidosis and renal failure: the role of peritoneal dialysis. Lactic acidosis accompanied by acute renal failure in the newborn period was studied in two infants with circulatory insufficiency and hypoxia. Peritoneal dialysis was necessitated by  anuria and serum potassium concentrations of 12.0 and 8.9 mEq/1. Plasma lactate concentration was 35 and 50 mM/1 and blood pH 7.23 and 7.18, respectively, at the time dialysis was instituted. Because of the uncontrollable anaerobic metabolism in these two patients, and the attendant inability to metabolize lactate, the use of commercial lactate-containing dialysates as a source of base was shown to be ineffective in correcting the acidosis and hypothesized to cause a worsening of metabolic acidosis due to a loss of bicarbonate from extracellular fluid into dialysate. Stabilization or improvement in the metabolic acidosis occurred with the utilization of a dilaysate containing bicarbonate with a gradient favoring movement of bicarbonate into, and lactate out of, extracellular fluid."}
{"id": "PMID:874647", "title": "A study of factors affecting blood pressure and angiotensin II in newborn infants.", "content": "Blood pressure has been measured using the Doppler ultrasonic technique in 144 infants in the first 11 days of life. Venous angiotensin II levels measured by radioimmunoassay were determined in 75 of these babies. Highly significant correlations were found between systolic blood pressure and gestational age and body weight. AII was inversely related to blood pressure and significantly related to birth weight. Babies with respiratory distress were found to be significantly hypotensive and to have markedly raised AII levels.", "contents": "A study of factors affecting blood pressure and angiotensin II in newborn infants. Blood pressure has been measured using the Doppler ultrasonic technique in 144 infants in the first 11 days of life. Venous angiotensin II levels measured by radioimmunoassay were determined in 75 of these babies. Highly significant correlations were found between systolic blood pressure and gestational age and body weight. AII was inversely related to blood pressure and significantly related to birth weight. Babies with respiratory distress were found to be significantly hypotensive and to have markedly raised AII levels."}
{"id": "PMID:874648", "title": "The lack of nurse-infant transmission of type B hepatitis in a special care nursery.", "content": "Twenty-four infants cared for by a nurse who developed acute B hepatitis with HBsAg present in her serum and saliva were examined for serologic evidence of hepatitis B virus transmission. None of the infants had HBsAg by radioimmunoassay or anti-HBc by complement fixation. One infant had anti-HBs whose transient presence was consistent with passive acquisition. Using sensitive serologic tests, no identifiable risk to newborn infants in a special care nursery could be documented as a result of exposure to a nurse who developed acute type B hepatitis during their period of care.", "contents": "The lack of nurse-infant transmission of type B hepatitis in a special care nursery. Twenty-four infants cared for by a nurse who developed acute B hepatitis with HBsAg present in her serum and saliva were examined for serologic evidence of hepatitis B virus transmission. None of the infants had HBsAg by radioimmunoassay or anti-HBc by complement fixation. One infant had anti-HBs whose transient presence was consistent with passive acquisition. Using sensitive serologic tests, no identifiable risk to newborn infants in a special care nursery could be documented as a result of exposure to a nurse who developed acute type B hepatitis during their period of care."}
{"id": "PMID:874649", "title": "The effects of methylphenidate on the handwriting of children with minimal brain dysfunction.", "content": "Fifty children with minimal brain dysfunction who had handwriting deficits received methylphenidate or placebo under double-blind conditions. Twenty-six children (52%) showed improvement in hand-writing following treatment with methylphenidate for four weeks. One child receiving placebo had improvement in handwriting, but his handwriting improved further after he was switched to methylphenidate. In general, handwriting tended to deteriorate promptly when drug treatment was discontinued. Thirty-six patients (72%) receiving methylphenidate for four weeks were rated behaviorally improved by teachers; in contrast, seven children (14%) showed behavioral improvement following treatment with placebo. Improvement in attention and behavior, which was ascertained by the use of Conners' Abbreviated Teacher Rating Scale, did not always correspond with improvement in handwriting. Advances in handwriting skills following treatment with methylphenidate may have been directly related to improvement in fine motor coordination. Gains in handwriting were maintained for up to 26 months of follow-up in 21 children who received methylphenidate on a long-term basis.", "contents": "The effects of methylphenidate on the handwriting of children with minimal brain dysfunction. Fifty children with minimal brain dysfunction who had handwriting deficits received methylphenidate or placebo under double-blind conditions. Twenty-six children (52%) showed improvement in hand-writing following treatment with methylphenidate for four weeks. One child receiving placebo had improvement in handwriting, but his handwriting improved further after he was switched to methylphenidate. In general, handwriting tended to deteriorate promptly when drug treatment was discontinued. Thirty-six patients (72%) receiving methylphenidate for four weeks were rated behaviorally improved by teachers; in contrast, seven children (14%) showed behavioral improvement following treatment with placebo. Improvement in attention and behavior, which was ascertained by the use of Conners' Abbreviated Teacher Rating Scale, did not always correspond with improvement in handwriting. Advances in handwriting skills following treatment with methylphenidate may have been directly related to improvement in fine motor coordination. Gains in handwriting were maintained for up to 26 months of follow-up in 21 children who received methylphenidate on a long-term basis."}
{"id": "PMID:874650", "title": "Globin biosynthesis in sickle cell, Hb SC, and Hb C diseases.", "content": "The wide range of globin synthesis ratios reported in patients with sickle cell disease casts doubt on whether the presence of genes for alpha- or beta-thalassemia in combination with Hb S can be detected by globin synthesis studies. We have studied globin synthesis in 20 patients with Hb SS who had a mean betaA/alpha ratio of 1.05+/-0.04, similar to that of 28 control children. In nine of these patients the percentage of newly synthesized radioactive alpha-chains in dimer or monomer forms was 16.3%+/-1.3, also similar to the control subjects. The remainder of alpha-chain was in hemoglobin tetramer. In nine patients with Hb SC, the (non-alpha)/alpha ratio was 0.97+/-0.04, and the free alpha-chain pool radioactivity in four patients was 14.1%+/-4.2. In three patients with Hb CC, betac/alpha ratios were 0.99, 1.07, and 1.10. These results indicate that globin synthesis ratios and alpha-chain radioactivity in the free alpha-chain pool of peripheral blood of patients with Hb SS, Hb SC, and Hb CC have narrow ranges, close to those of nonthalassemic controls. The data provide a basis for detecting syndromes with Hb S or Hb C associated with alpha- or beta-thalassemia. This precise differentiation is important for clinical studies of severity in sickle cell disease and for genetic counseling.", "contents": "Globin biosynthesis in sickle cell, Hb SC, and Hb C diseases. The wide range of globin synthesis ratios reported in patients with sickle cell disease casts doubt on whether the presence of genes for alpha- or beta-thalassemia in combination with Hb S can be detected by globin synthesis studies. We have studied globin synthesis in 20 patients with Hb SS who had a mean betaA/alpha ratio of 1.05+/-0.04, similar to that of 28 control children. In nine of these patients the percentage of newly synthesized radioactive alpha-chains in dimer or monomer forms was 16.3%+/-1.3, also similar to the control subjects. The remainder of alpha-chain was in hemoglobin tetramer. In nine patients with Hb SC, the (non-alpha)/alpha ratio was 0.97+/-0.04, and the free alpha-chain pool radioactivity in four patients was 14.1%+/-4.2. In three patients with Hb CC, betac/alpha ratios were 0.99, 1.07, and 1.10. These results indicate that globin synthesis ratios and alpha-chain radioactivity in the free alpha-chain pool of peripheral blood of patients with Hb SS, Hb SC, and Hb CC have narrow ranges, close to those of nonthalassemic controls. The data provide a basis for detecting syndromes with Hb S or Hb C associated with alpha- or beta-thalassemia. This precise differentiation is important for clinical studies of severity in sickle cell disease and for genetic counseling."}
{"id": "PMID:874651", "title": "Management of severe childhood hypertension with minoxidil: a controlled clinical study.", "content": "The therapeutic efficacy of four antihypertensive regimens (minoxidil, propranolol, and hydrochlorothiazide; propranolol and hydrochlorothiazide; methyldopa and hydroch-orothiazide; and hydrochlorothiazide alone) was evaluated in one child with systolic hypertension and in eight children with systolic and diastolic hypertension. The mean blood pressure of 148/98+/-8/4 mm Hg observed during the hydrochlorothiazide control period fell to 142/88+/-8/4 mm Hg following methyldopa and hydrochlorothiazide, 141/85+/-6/2 mm Hg following propranolol and hydrochlorothiazide, and 128/74+/-4/2 mm Hg following minoxidil, propranolol, and hydrochlorothiazide. The only side effect directly associated with administration of minoxidil was hypertrichosis. The effectiveness of minoxidil in the present study suggests that this drug offers an important adjunct to current antihypertensive therapy in children.", "contents": "Management of severe childhood hypertension with minoxidil: a controlled clinical study. The therapeutic efficacy of four antihypertensive regimens (minoxidil, propranolol, and hydrochlorothiazide; propranolol and hydrochlorothiazide; methyldopa and hydroch-orothiazide; and hydrochlorothiazide alone) was evaluated in one child with systolic hypertension and in eight children with systolic and diastolic hypertension. The mean blood pressure of 148/98+/-8/4 mm Hg observed during the hydrochlorothiazide control period fell to 142/88+/-8/4 mm Hg following methyldopa and hydrochlorothiazide, 141/85+/-6/2 mm Hg following propranolol and hydrochlorothiazide, and 128/74+/-4/2 mm Hg following minoxidil, propranolol, and hydrochlorothiazide. The only side effect directly associated with administration of minoxidil was hypertrichosis. The effectiveness of minoxidil in the present study suggests that this drug offers an important adjunct to current antihypertensive therapy in children."}
{"id": "PMID:874653", "title": "The mental health of children in an HMO program.", "content": "Collaboration between pediatricians and mental health clinicians in an HMO has provided a useful method of identifying and caring for the usual spectrum of developmental and situational disturbances in children and the associated parent-child conflicts. A social worker is included in the primary-care team in pediatrics; other mental health resources are available when indicated. In 1974, 5.7% of total visits and 8.9% of all children under 19 years of age were noted to have emotional problems. A follow-up study carried out early in 1976 disclosed that most of the observed emotional problems were resolved or quiescent.", "contents": "The mental health of children in an HMO program. Collaboration between pediatricians and mental health clinicians in an HMO has provided a useful method of identifying and caring for the usual spectrum of developmental and situational disturbances in children and the associated parent-child conflicts. A social worker is included in the primary-care team in pediatrics; other mental health resources are available when indicated. In 1974, 5.7% of total visits and 8.9% of all children under 19 years of age were noted to have emotional problems. A follow-up study carried out early in 1976 disclosed that most of the observed emotional problems were resolved or quiescent."}
{"id": "PMID:874660", "title": "Benign course of extreme hyperbilirubinemia in sickle cell anemia: analysis of six cases.", "content": "Since the approach to the management and outcome of extreme hyperbilirubinemia in patients with sickle cell anemia is not clearly defined, we reviewed our experience with marked hyperbilirubinemia in six children with sickle cell disease. Intrahepatic sickling (sickle hepatopathy) rather than hepatitis or biliary stones appeared primarily responsible for the extreme jaundice in at least four children and possibly in all six. Signs and symptoms were few, and laboratory abnormalities were not striking other than marked hyperbilirubinemia (total serum bilirubin concentrations ranging from 20.4 to 57.6 mg/dl with approximately one half conjugated). All of the children improved within days to weeks and currently are well, without recurrence of hyperbilirubinemia or evidence of chronic liver disease. The patients described here suggest that sickling within the liver, previously reported to be a serious and even fatal syndrome, usually is a benign and self-limited process.", "contents": "Benign course of extreme hyperbilirubinemia in sickle cell anemia: analysis of six cases. Since the approach to the management and outcome of extreme hyperbilirubinemia in patients with sickle cell anemia is not clearly defined, we reviewed our experience with marked hyperbilirubinemia in six children with sickle cell disease. Intrahepatic sickling (sickle hepatopathy) rather than hepatitis or biliary stones appeared primarily responsible for the extreme jaundice in at least four children and possibly in all six. Signs and symptoms were few, and laboratory abnormalities were not striking other than marked hyperbilirubinemia (total serum bilirubin concentrations ranging from 20.4 to 57.6 mg/dl with approximately one half conjugated). All of the children improved within days to weeks and currently are well, without recurrence of hyperbilirubinemia or evidence of chronic liver disease. The patients described here suggest that sickling within the liver, previously reported to be a serious and even fatal syndrome, usually is a benign and self-limited process."}
{"id": "PMID:874661", "title": "Computerized tomography in the management of intracranial bleeding in hemophilia.", "content": "Computerized tomography was used to evaluate the severity of six episodes of suspected intracranial bleeding in four patients with hemophilia. In all instances the CT scan rapidly provided information on the extent and location of the intracranial hemorrhage. Results of the initial scan provided a rational basis for therapy, and subsequent scans were a noninvasive means of evaluating the effects of treatment. If available, computerized tomography is a valuable aid in the management of the hemophiliac patient with intracranial bleeding.", "contents": "Computerized tomography in the management of intracranial bleeding in hemophilia. Computerized tomography was used to evaluate the severity of six episodes of suspected intracranial bleeding in four patients with hemophilia. In all instances the CT scan rapidly provided information on the extent and location of the intracranial hemorrhage. Results of the initial scan provided a rational basis for therapy, and subsequent scans were a noninvasive means of evaluating the effects of treatment. If available, computerized tomography is a valuable aid in the management of the hemophiliac patient with intracranial bleeding."}
{"id": "PMID:874662", "title": "Nutrition and growth.", "content": "Longitudinal growth data on children who developed obesity during childhood reveal a distinct tendency for height gain to accelerate coincident with or after the onset of excessive weight gain. The magnitude of the relative height increment is related to the degree of overweight. Overnutrition accelerates growth, just as undernutrition retards it.", "contents": "Nutrition and growth. Longitudinal growth data on children who developed obesity during childhood reveal a distinct tendency for height gain to accelerate coincident with or after the onset of excessive weight gain. The magnitude of the relative height increment is related to the degree of overweight. Overnutrition accelerates growth, just as undernutrition retards it."}
{"id": "PMID:874663", "title": "Osteopetrosis in children: a report of 26 cases.", "content": "We have observed 26 cases of osteopetrosis among 165,594 children hospitalized over a period of 10 years in the National Children's Hospital. The hospital serves Costa Rica, a country of nearly 2,000,000 inhabitants with 60,000 live births per year. All patients had characteristic roentgenographic bony changes. Among the early manifestations of the disease, nasal obstruction and an adenoidal expression were common. The facial appearance of the patient is characteristic. Serious complications of the disease are hematologic and neurologic disorders.", "contents": "Osteopetrosis in children: a report of 26 cases. We have observed 26 cases of osteopetrosis among 165,594 children hospitalized over a period of 10 years in the National Children's Hospital. The hospital serves Costa Rica, a country of nearly 2,000,000 inhabitants with 60,000 live births per year. All patients had characteristic roentgenographic bony changes. Among the early manifestations of the disease, nasal obstruction and an adenoidal expression were common. The facial appearance of the patient is characteristic. Serious complications of the disease are hematologic and neurologic disorders."}
{"id": "PMID:874664", "title": "Potassium-renin-aldosterone relationships during the first year of life.", "content": "In order to gain insight into factors controlling aldosterone secretion during the first year of life, we studied the relationships between PRA, serum potassium, sodium, and serum aldosterone levels. While we found a dissociation during the early neonatal period, there was a high degree of correlation between serum aldosteron, PRA, and serum potassium by 3 to 12 months of age. This suggests that aldosterone secretion in the 3- to 12-month-old child, as in adults, is regulated by the circulating levels of potassium and angiotensin II.", "contents": "Potassium-renin-aldosterone relationships during the first year of life. In order to gain insight into factors controlling aldosterone secretion during the first year of life, we studied the relationships between PRA, serum potassium, sodium, and serum aldosterone levels. While we found a dissociation during the early neonatal period, there was a high degree of correlation between serum aldosteron, PRA, and serum potassium by 3 to 12 months of age. This suggests that aldosterone secretion in the 3- to 12-month-old child, as in adults, is regulated by the circulating levels of potassium and angiotensin II."}
{"id": "PMID:874665", "title": "Familial nephrosis, nerve deafness, and hypoparathyroidism.", "content": "Two male siblings with nephrotic syndrome, nerve deafness, and hypoparathyroidism are described. Each child, one at five years of age and the other at eight years, died in renal failure. At autopsy the parathyroid glands were absent in one child and hypoplastic in the other one. Two twin male siblings presented with similar findings and died at the age of three years. At autopsy their parathyroid glands were fibrotic, and glomerular basement membranes were thickened. This may be the first recorded association of familial nephrosis, nerve deafness, and hypoparathyroidism. The mode of transmission is compatible with autosomal recessive inheritance.", "contents": "Familial nephrosis, nerve deafness, and hypoparathyroidism. Two male siblings with nephrotic syndrome, nerve deafness, and hypoparathyroidism are described. Each child, one at five years of age and the other at eight years, died in renal failure. At autopsy the parathyroid glands were absent in one child and hypoplastic in the other one. Two twin male siblings presented with similar findings and died at the age of three years. At autopsy their parathyroid glands were fibrotic, and glomerular basement membranes were thickened. This may be the first recorded association of familial nephrosis, nerve deafness, and hypoparathyroidism. The mode of transmission is compatible with autosomal recessive inheritance."}
{"id": "PMID:874673", "title": "Effect of phototherapy on growth of low-birth-weight infants--two-year follow-up.", "content": "The effect of phototherapy on subsequent growth of low-birth-weight infants has been evaluated at two-year follow-up of infants from two separate controlled neonatal studies. Growth of weight, length, and head circumference in the treated infants of Group I was slower than that of control subjects. Growth was comparable in treated infants and control subjects in Group II, and the two control groups, although not concurrent were also similar. Infants whose heads were growing at a normal rate, even though below 2 SD from the norms, were developing normally. Only infants who had deceleration in rate of head growth were abnormal. It is unlikely that phototherapy was responsible for the slow growth patterns seen in Group I, since these patterns were not reproducible in Group II.", "contents": "Effect of phototherapy on growth of low-birth-weight infants--two-year follow-up. The effect of phototherapy on subsequent growth of low-birth-weight infants has been evaluated at two-year follow-up of infants from two separate controlled neonatal studies. Growth of weight, length, and head circumference in the treated infants of Group I was slower than that of control subjects. Growth was comparable in treated infants and control subjects in Group II, and the two control groups, although not concurrent were also similar. Infants whose heads were growing at a normal rate, even though below 2 SD from the norms, were developing normally. Only infants who had deceleration in rate of head growth were abnormal. It is unlikely that phototherapy was responsible for the slow growth patterns seen in Group I, since these patterns were not reproducible in Group II."}
{"id": "PMID:874674", "title": "Possible urate nephropathy of the newborn infant as a cause of transient renal insufficiency.", "content": "Oliguric renal failure, bilateral renal enlargement, and hyperuricemia were noted in three term infants. The findings on intravenous pyelography and radionuclide renography were consistent with intratubular obstruction to urinary outflow in two of the infants. The onset of diuresis appeared to follow intravenous pyelography in these infants. Urinary urate crystalluria was prominent in each infant in the first few days after the onset of diuresis, during which normal serum urate concentrations and normal renal function were established.", "contents": "Possible urate nephropathy of the newborn infant as a cause of transient renal insufficiency. Oliguric renal failure, bilateral renal enlargement, and hyperuricemia were noted in three term infants. The findings on intravenous pyelography and radionuclide renography were consistent with intratubular obstruction to urinary outflow in two of the infants. The onset of diuresis appeared to follow intravenous pyelography in these infants. Urinary urate crystalluria was prominent in each infant in the first few days after the onset of diuresis, during which normal serum urate concentrations and normal renal function were established."}
{"id": "PMID:874675", "title": "Current controversies in childhood obesity.", "content": "The conclusions that one can state with assurance are remarkably few. Adiposity in children is best monitored clinically by the measurement of skin-fold thickness. The likelihood that obesity will progress from infancy to childhood to adult life is still questionable and may be more important in the individual child than as a significant cause of adult obesity. Behavioral and social factors pedominate in etiology, yet biologic factors, including genetic, are also involved. Behavioral and social factors are critical in the significance of obesity to the individual. Although there are definite disease hazards, they appear to be predominantly confined to the very obese. The best treatment appears to be prophylaxis, again heavily involving behavioral and social factors as well as the wide-spread distribution of sound nutritional information. When prophylaxis fails, the behavioral modification approach to therapy currently holds the greatest promise.", "contents": "Current controversies in childhood obesity. The conclusions that one can state with assurance are remarkably few. Adiposity in children is best monitored clinically by the measurement of skin-fold thickness. The likelihood that obesity will progress from infancy to childhood to adult life is still questionable and may be more important in the individual child than as a significant cause of adult obesity. Behavioral and social factors pedominate in etiology, yet biologic factors, including genetic, are also involved. Behavioral and social factors are critical in the significance of obesity to the individual. Although there are definite disease hazards, they appear to be predominantly confined to the very obese. The best treatment appears to be prophylaxis, again heavily involving behavioral and social factors as well as the wide-spread distribution of sound nutritional information. When prophylaxis fails, the behavioral modification approach to therapy currently holds the greatest promise."}
{"id": "PMID:874676", "title": "Correlation between gestational age, weight, or ponderosity and serum thyroxine concentration at birth.", "content": "Thyroxine levels were measured in cord blood sera from 2,1800 healthy infants born of \"low-risk\" mothers in Los Angeles. Variations of T4 with gestational age, birth weight, ponderosity (size related to weight), sex, and race were studied, as well as the variation of W and P with GA. Over the range of GA 30 to 47 weeks, serum T4 concentrations, W, and P each increase with GA, leveling off to approximately constant values from 42 to 47 weeks; the increases are 12, 66, and 20%, respectively. For a fixed GA, T4 increases with increasing W but is not correlated with P; W, GA, and their product are useful measurements for predicting T4, but P is not. Formulas for predicting cord T4 are given for possible use in improving computer-assisted screening programs for congenital hypothyroidism; mean T4 values (+/- I SD) are tabulated against W and GA.", "contents": "Correlation between gestational age, weight, or ponderosity and serum thyroxine concentration at birth. Thyroxine levels were measured in cord blood sera from 2,1800 healthy infants born of \"low-risk\" mothers in Los Angeles. Variations of T4 with gestational age, birth weight, ponderosity (size related to weight), sex, and race were studied, as well as the variation of W and P with GA. Over the range of GA 30 to 47 weeks, serum T4 concentrations, W, and P each increase with GA, leveling off to approximately constant values from 42 to 47 weeks; the increases are 12, 66, and 20%, respectively. For a fixed GA, T4 increases with increasing W but is not correlated with P; W, GA, and their product are useful measurements for predicting T4, but P is not. Formulas for predicting cord T4 are given for possible use in improving computer-assisted screening programs for congenital hypothyroidism; mean T4 values (+/- I SD) are tabulated against W and GA."}
{"id": "PMID:874677", "title": "Pancreatitis in children and adolescents.", "content": "Normal serum amylase values were established for the pediatric age group (47.7 +/- 28.6 mg/dl); these are higher than previously stated. Average serum amylase values increased with increasing age (r = 0.55). The three commonest causes of pancreatitis in 54 patients studied were drug induced (16), idiopathic (10), and traumatic (7). Prednisone was the most frequently implicated drug. Midepigastric pain and vomiting were the presenting symptoms in 75% of the patients. Serum amylase values were more than three times normal in 63.8% of patients; 17% of patients presented with normal serum amylase values. The typical patient received intravenous therapy for 5.4 days and was hospitalized for 9.4 days. Treatment with antibiotic and anticholinergic drugs did not alter mortality or morbidity rates. Mortality rate for acute interstitial pancreatitis was 17.5%, and for acute hemorrhagic pancreatitis was 86%.", "contents": "Pancreatitis in children and adolescents. Normal serum amylase values were established for the pediatric age group (47.7 +/- 28.6 mg/dl); these are higher than previously stated. Average serum amylase values increased with increasing age (r = 0.55). The three commonest causes of pancreatitis in 54 patients studied were drug induced (16), idiopathic (10), and traumatic (7). Prednisone was the most frequently implicated drug. Midepigastric pain and vomiting were the presenting symptoms in 75% of the patients. Serum amylase values were more than three times normal in 63.8% of patients; 17% of patients presented with normal serum amylase values. The typical patient received intravenous therapy for 5.4 days and was hospitalized for 9.4 days. Treatment with antibiotic and anticholinergic drugs did not alter mortality or morbidity rates. Mortality rate for acute interstitial pancreatitis was 17.5%, and for acute hemorrhagic pancreatitis was 86%."}
{"id": "PMID:874678", "title": "Hyper-M-immunoglobulinemia in children with bronchial asthma.", "content": "Radial immunodiffusion was used to measure the concentrations of IgG, IgA, and IgM in the sera of 224 asthmatic children, ages 6 months to 14 years. IgM was greater than two standard deviations above age-matched normal values in 51% of these asthmatic subjects. Immunoglobulin profiles were repeated up to four years later in 29 individuals with elevated IgM and increased IgM synthesis was sustained in 14 of these asthmatic subjects. Serum IgE concentrations were elevated in 23 of 35 asthmatic patients. There was no statistical difference in mean IgE between asthmatic children with normal or increased IgM. The distribution of IgE in each group was similar. Only 10 of 224 subjects had an IgA concentration less than 2 SD below age-matched control subjects. The significance and possible mechanisms of hyper-M-immunoglobulinemia are discussed.", "contents": "Hyper-M-immunoglobulinemia in children with bronchial asthma. Radial immunodiffusion was used to measure the concentrations of IgG, IgA, and IgM in the sera of 224 asthmatic children, ages 6 months to 14 years. IgM was greater than two standard deviations above age-matched normal values in 51% of these asthmatic subjects. Immunoglobulin profiles were repeated up to four years later in 29 individuals with elevated IgM and increased IgM synthesis was sustained in 14 of these asthmatic subjects. Serum IgE concentrations were elevated in 23 of 35 asthmatic patients. There was no statistical difference in mean IgE between asthmatic children with normal or increased IgM. The distribution of IgE in each group was similar. Only 10 of 224 subjects had an IgA concentration less than 2 SD below age-matched control subjects. The significance and possible mechanisms of hyper-M-immunoglobulinemia are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:874679", "title": "In vitro effects of fatty acids on serum-ionized calcium.", "content": "Ionized calcium was determined in vitro in human serum in relation to increased concentrations (0.32 to 10 mM) of free fatty acids. Serum iCa levels varied inversely and linearly with increasing FFA concentrations. It is suggested that the formation of Ca-FFA complexes at clinically attainable levels of FFA decreases iCa and that elevated serum FFA levels may be a factor in the development of hypocalcemia.", "contents": "In vitro effects of fatty acids on serum-ionized calcium. Ionized calcium was determined in vitro in human serum in relation to increased concentrations (0.32 to 10 mM) of free fatty acids. Serum iCa levels varied inversely and linearly with increasing FFA concentrations. It is suggested that the formation of Ca-FFA complexes at clinically attainable levels of FFA decreases iCa and that elevated serum FFA levels may be a factor in the development of hypocalcemia."}
{"id": "PMID:874680", "title": "5-oxoprolinuria: biochemical observations and case report.", "content": "We have studied a patient with 5-oxoprolinuria who presented with hemolysis and metabolic acidosis as a neonate; he has had normal growth and development to one year of age. Compensated hemolytic anemia persists, and he requires alkalinizing agents for correction of acidosis. Biochemical studies have confirmed that a deficiency of glutathione synthetase is responsible for the 5-oxoprolinuria. Genetic heterogeneity was apparent on comparative study of glutathione synthetase kinetics in cells from two patients with this disorder. The consequences of the deficiency of glutathione synthetase, decreased intracellular glutathione, and overproduction of 5-oxoproline are discussed with reference to the possible cellular roles of these compounds.", "contents": "5-oxoprolinuria: biochemical observations and case report. We have studied a patient with 5-oxoprolinuria who presented with hemolysis and metabolic acidosis as a neonate; he has had normal growth and development to one year of age. Compensated hemolytic anemia persists, and he requires alkalinizing agents for correction of acidosis. Biochemical studies have confirmed that a deficiency of glutathione synthetase is responsible for the 5-oxoprolinuria. Genetic heterogeneity was apparent on comparative study of glutathione synthetase kinetics in cells from two patients with this disorder. The consequences of the deficiency of glutathione synthetase, decreased intracellular glutathione, and overproduction of 5-oxoproline are discussed with reference to the possible cellular roles of these compounds."}
{"id": "PMID:874681", "title": "Prolidase deficiency: report of a second case with quantitation of the excessively excreted amino acids.", "content": "The second documented case of prolidase deficiency is presented. Clinical manifestations include chronic otitis media and sinusitis, dermatitis, and splenomegaly. Prolidase is undetectable in the white blood cells of the patient and near or less than the lower range of normal in each parent. The peptide chromatographic pattern of the urine is similar to that of the previously reported patient with prolidase deficiency. The quantity of amino acids excreted in urine per 24 hours is at least three times that of the upper range of normal (of these same amino acids) for the patients age group. More than 80% of the total amino acids excreted are in peptide form. The proline-to-hydroxyproline ratio suggests that the dipeptides are the catabolic products of other proteins in addition to collagen.", "contents": "Prolidase deficiency: report of a second case with quantitation of the excessively excreted amino acids. The second documented case of prolidase deficiency is presented. Clinical manifestations include chronic otitis media and sinusitis, dermatitis, and splenomegaly. Prolidase is undetectable in the white blood cells of the patient and near or less than the lower range of normal in each parent. The peptide chromatographic pattern of the urine is similar to that of the previously reported patient with prolidase deficiency. The quantity of amino acids excreted in urine per 24 hours is at least three times that of the upper range of normal (of these same amino acids) for the patients age group. More than 80% of the total amino acids excreted are in peptide form. The proline-to-hydroxyproline ratio suggests that the dipeptides are the catabolic products of other proteins in addition to collagen."}
{"id": "PMID:874682", "title": "Recurrent myoglobinuria and muscle carnitine palmityltransferase deficiency.", "content": "A 16-year-old boy with a two-year history of recurrent attacks of myalgia, muscle cramps without weakness, and myoglobinuria was shown to have a deficiency in muscle carnitine palmityltransferase. Serum concentrations of creatinine phosphokinase, serum glutamic oxalacetic transaminase, and aldolase were elevated. An electromyogram was consistent with a nonspecific myopathy as were microscopic and ultrastructural examinations of biopsied muscle. Venous lactic acid response to ischemic exercise was compatible with paroxysmal idiopathic myoglobinuria. Activities of muscle phosphorylase A and B, phosphofructokinase, muscle palmityl CoA synthetase, carnitine, and serum carnitine were normal as was the glycogen content. Activity of muscle carnitine palmityltransferase (2.7 microM/minute/mg protein), as measured by a spectrophotometric method and by radioactive assay, was significantly reduced when compared to normal control subjects (14.5 microM/minute/mg protein) and ischemic control subjects (13.8 microM/minute/mg protein). Muscle carnitine acetyltransferase (13.4 microM/minute/mg protein) was approximately 50% of normal control values (25.5 microM/minute/mg protein). This is the third reported case of myoglobinuria in a patient associated with a deficiency of muscle carnitine palmityltransferase activity.", "contents": "Recurrent myoglobinuria and muscle carnitine palmityltransferase deficiency. A 16-year-old boy with a two-year history of recurrent attacks of myalgia, muscle cramps without weakness, and myoglobinuria was shown to have a deficiency in muscle carnitine palmityltransferase. Serum concentrations of creatinine phosphokinase, serum glutamic oxalacetic transaminase, and aldolase were elevated. An electromyogram was consistent with a nonspecific myopathy as were microscopic and ultrastructural examinations of biopsied muscle. Venous lactic acid response to ischemic exercise was compatible with paroxysmal idiopathic myoglobinuria. Activities of muscle phosphorylase A and B, phosphofructokinase, muscle palmityl CoA synthetase, carnitine, and serum carnitine were normal as was the glycogen content. Activity of muscle carnitine palmityltransferase (2.7 microM/minute/mg protein), as measured by a spectrophotometric method and by radioactive assay, was significantly reduced when compared to normal control subjects (14.5 microM/minute/mg protein) and ischemic control subjects (13.8 microM/minute/mg protein). Muscle carnitine acetyltransferase (13.4 microM/minute/mg protein) was approximately 50% of normal control values (25.5 microM/minute/mg protein). This is the third reported case of myoglobinuria in a patient associated with a deficiency of muscle carnitine palmityltransferase activity."}
{"id": "PMID:874689", "title": "Toxicity to bilirubin in neonates: infant development during first year in relation to maximum neonatal serum bilirubin concentration.", "content": "Neurologic and developmental performance during the first year of life was correlated with maximum neonatal serum bilirubin levels for 27,000 infants in the Collaborative Perinatal Project. The infants were grouped by race and by five birth weight/gestational age categories to control for the effect of these factors on hyperbilirubinemia and developmental outcome. Low mean eight-month motor scores and delayed one-year motor development were associated with serum bilirubin levels in the range of 10 to 14 mg/dl and above. This relationship was strongest for low-birth-weight/short-gestational-period infants. A persistent association of developmental outcome with hyperbilirubinemia was found over and above the variation of maturity within the birth weight/gestational age categories.", "contents": "Toxicity to bilirubin in neonates: infant development during first year in relation to maximum neonatal serum bilirubin concentration. Neurologic and developmental performance during the first year of life was correlated with maximum neonatal serum bilirubin levels for 27,000 infants in the Collaborative Perinatal Project. The infants were grouped by race and by five birth weight/gestational age categories to control for the effect of these factors on hyperbilirubinemia and developmental outcome. Low mean eight-month motor scores and delayed one-year motor development were associated with serum bilirubin levels in the range of 10 to 14 mg/dl and above. This relationship was strongest for low-birth-weight/short-gestational-period infants. A persistent association of developmental outcome with hyperbilirubinemia was found over and above the variation of maturity within the birth weight/gestational age categories."}
{"id": "PMID:874690", "title": "Development of anaerobic fecal flora in healthy newborn infants.", "content": "Stool samples from 196 healthy infants less than ten days of age were cultured to delineate bacterial colonization patterns of the intestine. By one week of age, isolation rates of Bacteroides fragilis and other anaerobic bacteria in term infants following vaginal delivery and formula feeding approach that of adults. Differences in gestational age, type of delivery, and type of feeding are associated with significantly different colonization patterns of anaerobic and aerobic bacteria in the first week after birth.", "contents": "Development of anaerobic fecal flora in healthy newborn infants. Stool samples from 196 healthy infants less than ten days of age were cultured to delineate bacterial colonization patterns of the intestine. By one week of age, isolation rates of Bacteroides fragilis and other anaerobic bacteria in term infants following vaginal delivery and formula feeding approach that of adults. Differences in gestational age, type of delivery, and type of feeding are associated with significantly different colonization patterns of anaerobic and aerobic bacteria in the first week after birth."}
{"id": "PMID:874692", "title": "Quantitative nitrobluetetrazolium reduction by normal newborn monocytes.", "content": "The phagocytosis-induced metabolic burst of human newborn monocytes, as evaluated by their capacity to reduce NBT, was comparable to that of adult monocytes. The NBT reduction assay constitutes a simple method of ascertaining the functional capacity of human monocytes.", "contents": "Quantitative nitrobluetetrazolium reduction by normal newborn monocytes. The phagocytosis-induced metabolic burst of human newborn monocytes, as evaluated by their capacity to reduce NBT, was comparable to that of adult monocytes. The NBT reduction assay constitutes a simple method of ascertaining the functional capacity of human monocytes."}
{"id": "PMID:874695", "title": "Intrapatient variability in theophylline kinetics.", "content": "Seven asthmatic children had repeat determinations of theophylline pharmacokinetic measurements over three- to nine-month intervals. Significant intrapatient variability was found in the theophylline clearance and t1/2, which determine the dosage regimen necessary to provide given average, peak, and trough theophylline plasma levels. Repeat clearance values were, on average, 52% different from the original clearances, with a range of -57% to +142%. A single determination of theophylline kinetic measurements in any individual patient cannot be used routinely to predict future theophylline dosage regimens for that patient.", "contents": "Intrapatient variability in theophylline kinetics. Seven asthmatic children had repeat determinations of theophylline pharmacokinetic measurements over three- to nine-month intervals. Significant intrapatient variability was found in the theophylline clearance and t1/2, which determine the dosage regimen necessary to provide given average, peak, and trough theophylline plasma levels. Repeat clearance values were, on average, 52% different from the original clearances, with a range of -57% to +142%. A single determination of theophylline kinetic measurements in any individual patient cannot be used routinely to predict future theophylline dosage regimens for that patient."}
{"id": "PMID:874710", "title": "A colobomatous optic disc anomaly and associated retinal detachement.", "content": "A case is presented of a two-year-old white female with an optic nerve anomaly and an associated retinal detachment. A unilateral colobomatous disc was noted to be surrounded by a chorioretinal pigmentary alteration in the form of an annulus. A clear zone with absence pigmentation ringed the more central gray-black area. The retinal vessels were noted to come directly out of the deeply colobomatous disc area and to run between the cystic convolutions of the adiacent retinal tissue. A surrounding area of retinal detachment extended for a distance of three disc diameters from the disc. This case is one of a few yet reported in the literature.", "contents": "A colobomatous optic disc anomaly and associated retinal detachement. A case is presented of a two-year-old white female with an optic nerve anomaly and an associated retinal detachment. A unilateral colobomatous disc was noted to be surrounded by a chorioretinal pigmentary alteration in the form of an annulus. A clear zone with absence pigmentation ringed the more central gray-black area. The retinal vessels were noted to come directly out of the deeply colobomatous disc area and to run between the cystic convolutions of the adiacent retinal tissue. A surrounding area of retinal detachment extended for a distance of three disc diameters from the disc. This case is one of a few yet reported in the literature."}
{"id": "PMID:874716", "title": "One hundred consecutive coarctation resections followed from one to thirteen years.", "content": "The technique of operative repair for coarctation of the aorta is now well standardized and the immediate surgical mortality has been lowered to less than 5% in most large series. Long term follow up, however, is only recently being reported. This paper describes the current status of 100 consecutive patients who underwent elective resection from 1--13 yr ago. There was only one operative death. In contrast with other reports, residual systemic hypertension is rare in the 97 survivors. These observations confirm that coarctation of the aorta can be repaired surgically with an acceptable operative mortality; the outlook of the survivors appears excellent.", "contents": "One hundred consecutive coarctation resections followed from one to thirteen years. The technique of operative repair for coarctation of the aorta is now well standardized and the immediate surgical mortality has been lowered to less than 5% in most large series. Long term follow up, however, is only recently being reported. This paper describes the current status of 100 consecutive patients who underwent elective resection from 1--13 yr ago. There was only one operative death. In contrast with other reports, residual systemic hypertension is rare in the 97 survivors. These observations confirm that coarctation of the aorta can be repaired surgically with an acceptable operative mortality; the outlook of the survivors appears excellent."}
{"id": "PMID:874712", "title": "Sector shaped membranous cataract.", "content": "A sector shaped membranous defect of the lens is described. Possible causes for the defect are discussed. An injury to a small area of the anterior layer of epithelial cells plus a localized rupture of the capsule occurring between the third and eighth months of development might account for this defect.", "contents": "Sector shaped membranous cataract. A sector shaped membranous defect of the lens is described. Possible causes for the defect are discussed. An injury to a small area of the anterior layer of epithelial cells plus a localized rupture of the capsule occurring between the third and eighth months of development might account for this defect."}
{"id": "PMID:874717", "title": "Modified Blalock shunts utilizing pericardial tube grafts.", "content": "In the last decade, 14 patients underwent an aorticpulmonary shunt for cyanotic heart disease, at which time the subclavian artery was either deemed too small or too short to function satisfactorily as a Blalock shunt. In each case a rectangular piece of pericardium was excised, rolled into a tube, and sutured down one edge to create a tube graft. One end of the graft was sutured to the stump of the subclavian artery near its takeoff and the other end was sutured end-to-side to the corresponding pulmonary artery. During the same period, 5 children had azygos vein grafts and 2 had Teflon grafts inserted to create a modified Blalock shunt. This article will discuss the indications, techniques, and long term results of aorticpulmonary shunts of all types, and more specifically the complications and long term results in patients where these grafts were used.", "contents": "Modified Blalock shunts utilizing pericardial tube grafts. In the last decade, 14 patients underwent an aorticpulmonary shunt for cyanotic heart disease, at which time the subclavian artery was either deemed too small or too short to function satisfactorily as a Blalock shunt. In each case a rectangular piece of pericardium was excised, rolled into a tube, and sutured down one edge to create a tube graft. One end of the graft was sutured to the stump of the subclavian artery near its takeoff and the other end was sutured end-to-side to the corresponding pulmonary artery. During the same period, 5 children had azygos vein grafts and 2 had Teflon grafts inserted to create a modified Blalock shunt. This article will discuss the indications, techniques, and long term results of aorticpulmonary shunts of all types, and more specifically the complications and long term results in patients where these grafts were used."}
{"id": "PMID:874718", "title": "Surgical correction of pectus excavatum.", "content": "It has been observed that some patients who had correction of funnel chest deformity by methods which failed to provide fixed elevation of the involved sternal segment developed progressive sagging in later years in spite of looking good at the operating table. This has led to the adoption of a new technique of double sternal support. This procedure has resulted in 35 of 37 children (94%) being classified as excellent or satisfactory. This double support was initially established in 1959 by overlapping the upper transsected sternum while maintaining elevation of the lower end with a soft tissue sling of perichondrium and intercostal muscle. Beginning in 1961, a rigid bridge of rib or stainless steel bar was substituted at the lower end of the sternum. This has provided better support and the current preference of using the steel bar has been validated in this group of patients. The few disappointments were related to removal of the bar earlier than desired, failure to excise all the protruding sternal cartilage stumps or rib graft tips and inability to cover the lateral sternal edges with pectoral muscles. If possible, the steel bar should not be removed before 12 mo. When these pitfalls were avoided, the results were almost uniformly excellent. The wisdom of excising all depressed cartilaginous segments, as advocated by Ravitch in 1949, has been substantiated. A submammary transverse incision has provided an excellent cosmetic appearance. The morbidity has been low and the mortality zero. In spite of the absence of objective evidence of cardiopulmonary dysfunction, there seems to be an almost uniform improvement in appearance and in patient activity following successful correction of the funnel chest. The latter may be as much a psychological response as a physiologic one. The low morbidity, satisfactory long term results, and general improvement in the patient's body image and outlook on life indicate the need to offer correction of the severe pectus excavatum deformity to low risk children.", "contents": "Surgical correction of pectus excavatum. It has been observed that some patients who had correction of funnel chest deformity by methods which failed to provide fixed elevation of the involved sternal segment developed progressive sagging in later years in spite of looking good at the operating table. This has led to the adoption of a new technique of double sternal support. This procedure has resulted in 35 of 37 children (94%) being classified as excellent or satisfactory. This double support was initially established in 1959 by overlapping the upper transsected sternum while maintaining elevation of the lower end with a soft tissue sling of perichondrium and intercostal muscle. Beginning in 1961, a rigid bridge of rib or stainless steel bar was substituted at the lower end of the sternum. This has provided better support and the current preference of using the steel bar has been validated in this group of patients. The few disappointments were related to removal of the bar earlier than desired, failure to excise all the protruding sternal cartilage stumps or rib graft tips and inability to cover the lateral sternal edges with pectoral muscles. If possible, the steel bar should not be removed before 12 mo. When these pitfalls were avoided, the results were almost uniformly excellent. The wisdom of excising all depressed cartilaginous segments, as advocated by Ravitch in 1949, has been substantiated. A submammary transverse incision has provided an excellent cosmetic appearance. The morbidity has been low and the mortality zero. In spite of the absence of objective evidence of cardiopulmonary dysfunction, there seems to be an almost uniform improvement in appearance and in patient activity following successful correction of the funnel chest. The latter may be as much a psychological response as a physiologic one. The low morbidity, satisfactory long term results, and general improvement in the patient's body image and outlook on life indicate the need to offer correction of the severe pectus excavatum deformity to low risk children."}
{"id": "PMID:874713", "title": "Spiral looping of retinal artery.", "content": "An isolated retinal vascular anomaly in the form of an arterial loop is presented in a 32-year-old male. This loop originated on the retina beyond the optic disc border and returned to the lower branch of the central artery on the retinal tissue after making six spirals. The retinal circulatory dynamics of this eye, defined by fluorescein angiography, was observed over a period of 12 years with no loss of function to the involved eye.", "contents": "Spiral looping of retinal artery. An isolated retinal vascular anomaly in the form of an arterial loop is presented in a 32-year-old male. This loop originated on the retina beyond the optic disc border and returned to the lower branch of the central artery on the retinal tissue after making six spirals. The retinal circulatory dynamics of this eye, defined by fluorescein angiography, was observed over a period of 12 years with no loss of function to the involved eye."}
{"id": "PMID:874714", "title": "Peripheral uveitis in children.", "content": "The treatment of peripheral uveitis in the young patient requires close supervision. Early diagnosis of the inflammation will permit the ophthalmologist versed in the use of local, periocular, and systemic corticosteroid therapy to control the inflammation in these young patients and to preserve their vision. Treatment should be instituted when vision decreases to less than 20/40, and when optic nerve or retinal changes appear to be progressing. The use of general anesthesia in patients less than 14 years of age is necessary when they are treated with periocular injections.", "contents": "Peripheral uveitis in children. The treatment of peripheral uveitis in the young patient requires close supervision. Early diagnosis of the inflammation will permit the ophthalmologist versed in the use of local, periocular, and systemic corticosteroid therapy to control the inflammation in these young patients and to preserve their vision. Treatment should be instituted when vision decreases to less than 20/40, and when optic nerve or retinal changes appear to be progressing. The use of general anesthesia in patients less than 14 years of age is necessary when they are treated with periocular injections."}
{"id": "PMID:874719", "title": "Transtracheal drainage of lung abscesses in children.", "content": "Experience with three patients with primary lung abscesses indicates that transtracheal catheter drainage of lung abscesses is a safe and beneficial procedure in childhood. The ability to drain abscesses not easily reached percutaneously will promote emptying and collapse of the abscess and provide bacteriological information which will enable the physician to select the correct antibiotics.", "contents": "Transtracheal drainage of lung abscesses in children. Experience with three patients with primary lung abscesses indicates that transtracheal catheter drainage of lung abscesses is a safe and beneficial procedure in childhood. The ability to drain abscesses not easily reached percutaneously will promote emptying and collapse of the abscess and provide bacteriological information which will enable the physician to select the correct antibiotics."}
{"id": "PMID:874720", "title": "Early recognition and aggressive treatment of gastroesophageal reflux following repair of esophageal atresia.", "content": "Twelve patients with gastroesophageal reflux following repair of esophageal atresia are presented. Reflux produced recurrent stricture, failure to thrive, repeated pneumonitis, and in one patient, respiratory arrest and nearly death. Treatment consists of positional therapy or fundoplication operation both of which seem less successful in this combination of lesions than with GER and a  normal esophagus. There was one death as a late postoperative complication of fundoplication.", "contents": "Early recognition and aggressive treatment of gastroesophageal reflux following repair of esophageal atresia. Twelve patients with gastroesophageal reflux following repair of esophageal atresia are presented. Reflux produced recurrent stricture, failure to thrive, repeated pneumonitis, and in one patient, respiratory arrest and nearly death. Treatment consists of positional therapy or fundoplication operation both of which seem less successful in this combination of lesions than with GER and a  normal esophagus. There was one death as a late postoperative complication of fundoplication."}
{"id": "PMID:874715", "title": "The Vogt--Koyanagi--Harada syndrome in children.", "content": "Two cases of the Vogt--Koyanagi--Harada syndrome in children, a very rare disorder in this age group, are reported; one patient had the chronic diffuse type, and the other had neurologic symptoms and exudative retinal detachments. Various theories of causation of the syndrome have been proposed, including viral infection, sympathetic ophthalmia, and altered immunologic status, but the etiology remains obscure.", "contents": "The Vogt--Koyanagi--Harada syndrome in children. Two cases of the Vogt--Koyanagi--Harada syndrome in children, a very rare disorder in this age group, are reported; one patient had the chronic diffuse type, and the other had neurologic symptoms and exudative retinal detachments. Various theories of causation of the syndrome have been proposed, including viral infection, sympathetic ophthalmia, and altered immunologic status, but the etiology remains obscure."}
{"id": "PMID:874721", "title": "Subcutaneous reduction clitoroplasty.", "content": "Congenital clitoral hypertrophy should be corrected in infancy. Most surgeons perform a total clitroectomy or one of several kinds of clitoral recession procedures. There are some reasons for dissatisfaction with both of these alternatives. An operation in which the corpora cavernosum are resected subcutaneously and the glans sutured to the pubis preserves blood supply and sensation and results in a perineal appearance close to normal. The author has performed this operation infive cases of clitoral hypertrophy associated with adrenogenital syndrome and suggests a wider trial of procedure.", "contents": "Subcutaneous reduction clitoroplasty. Congenital clitoral hypertrophy should be corrected in infancy. Most surgeons perform a total clitroectomy or one of several kinds of clitoral recession procedures. There are some reasons for dissatisfaction with both of these alternatives. An operation in which the corpora cavernosum are resected subcutaneously and the glans sutured to the pubis preserves blood supply and sensation and results in a perineal appearance close to normal. The author has performed this operation infive cases of clitoral hypertrophy associated with adrenogenital syndrome and suggests a wider trial of procedure."}
{"id": "PMID:874722", "title": "Intussusception in the 1970s: indications for operation.", "content": "Eighty-one patients with proven intussusception were treated at the Cincinnati Children's Hospital from 1970-1974. One died. Seven of these had ileo-ileal intussusception, all treated surgically. Seventy-four had colonic components of their intussusceptions. In 58 of these patients (78%), reduction was attempted at barium enema, successfully in 32. Hydrostatic reduction was abandoned and the patient operated upon when the intussusception was not pushed out of the colon, when barium failed to reflux into several loops of ileum, or when there was a large persistent filling defect in the cecum or terminal ileum. Primary operation without barium enema was done in 16 patients. The appearance of intestinal obstruction by abdominal x-ray seemed to give the best warning about the complicated, incarcerated, or gangrenous intussusception. Primary operation is, therefore, advised for the patient with intussusception if there is x-ray evidence of intestinal obstruction. The age of the patient and the duration of his symptoms do not seem important in this regard, except as they correlate with peritonitis or obstruction. For the patient without peritonitis or intestinal obstruction, attempted reduction of the intussusception at barium enema seems safe and effective, regardless of the patient's age or duration of his symptoms.", "contents": "Intussusception in the 1970s: indications for operation. Eighty-one patients with proven intussusception were treated at the Cincinnati Children's Hospital from 1970-1974. One died. Seven of these had ileo-ileal intussusception, all treated surgically. Seventy-four had colonic components of their intussusceptions. In 58 of these patients (78%), reduction was attempted at barium enema, successfully in 32. Hydrostatic reduction was abandoned and the patient operated upon when the intussusception was not pushed out of the colon, when barium failed to reflux into several loops of ileum, or when there was a large persistent filling defect in the cecum or terminal ileum. Primary operation without barium enema was done in 16 patients. The appearance of intestinal obstruction by abdominal x-ray seemed to give the best warning about the complicated, incarcerated, or gangrenous intussusception. Primary operation is, therefore, advised for the patient with intussusception if there is x-ray evidence of intestinal obstruction. The age of the patient and the duration of his symptoms do not seem important in this regard, except as they correlate with peritonitis or obstruction. For the patient without peritonitis or intestinal obstruction, attempted reduction of the intussusception at barium enema seems safe and effective, regardless of the patient's age or duration of his symptoms."}
{"id": "PMID:874723", "title": "Traumatic death in urban children.", "content": "Trauma has remained one of the leading causes of death in children in spite of improved medical care. A review of 911 pediatric trauma deaths which occurred over a 5 yr period in an urban setting revealed that almost 50% of these children died before receiving medical care. A significant improvement of the trauma mortality can thus only be accomplished by reducing the number of \"DOAs\". We therefore analyzed the cause and type of injury and its relationship to age, sex, race, seasonal occurrence, and sociological circumstances. The following four categories are merely part of the overall material developed in this review. Even with improved medical care of trauma patients the overall pediatric trauma mortality cannot be significantly reduced unless the number of DOAs is decreased through prevention. Educational and family assistance programs can be designed for specific problem areas to reach identified susceptible groups through existing channels such as day care centers, schools, or welfare agencies. Statistical data, such as presented here (but not previously available) are essential to analyze the particular problems of specific geographic and sociologic areas. Since the vast majority of pediatric trauma deaths fall within the interest sphere of the pediatric surgeon, our active participation in accident prevention is essential to achieve a significant reduction of pediatric trauma mortalities.", "contents": "Traumatic death in urban children. Trauma has remained one of the leading causes of death in children in spite of improved medical care. A review of 911 pediatric trauma deaths which occurred over a 5 yr period in an urban setting revealed that almost 50% of these children died before receiving medical care. A significant improvement of the trauma mortality can thus only be accomplished by reducing the number of \"DOAs\". We therefore analyzed the cause and type of injury and its relationship to age, sex, race, seasonal occurrence, and sociological circumstances. The following four categories are merely part of the overall material developed in this review. Even with improved medical care of trauma patients the overall pediatric trauma mortality cannot be significantly reduced unless the number of DOAs is decreased through prevention. Educational and family assistance programs can be designed for specific problem areas to reach identified susceptible groups through existing channels such as day care centers, schools, or welfare agencies. Statistical data, such as presented here (but not previously available) are essential to analyze the particular problems of specific geographic and sociologic areas. Since the vast majority of pediatric trauma deaths fall within the interest sphere of the pediatric surgeon, our active participation in accident prevention is essential to achieve a significant reduction of pediatric trauma mortalities."}
{"id": "PMID:874724", "title": "Radioisotope diagnosis of splenic trauma.", "content": "Multiple injury or delay in seeking medical attention may prevent confident clinical diagnosis of splenic trauma. The spleen scan is a rapid, simple, noninvasive test useful in such circumstances. When peritoneal lavage is contraindicated, unrevealing, or inapproapriate, radioisotope imaging of the spleen can help confirm a suspicion of splenic injury.", "contents": "Radioisotope diagnosis of splenic trauma. Multiple injury or delay in seeking medical attention may prevent confident clinical diagnosis of splenic trauma. The spleen scan is a rapid, simple, noninvasive test useful in such circumstances. When peritoneal lavage is contraindicated, unrevealing, or inapproapriate, radioisotope imaging of the spleen can help confirm a suspicion of splenic injury."}
{"id": "PMID:874725", "title": "Use of fresh amnion as a burn dressing.", "content": "Thirty-seven children with second and third degree burns dressed with amnion were compared to seventy-three children treated with Furacin (Eaton Labs, Norwich, N.Y.) dressing. Amnion was found to be as easy to use as Furacin. Fewer split thickness skin grafts were needed in amnion treated children and these patients required fewer days of hospitalization. Bacterial culture data suggests that amnion is as good as and possibly superior to nitrofurazone in decreasing the number of organisms on the burn wound. No adverse reactions to amnion were noted. The use of amnion is supported by this preliminary study and is deserving of further investigation and clinical use.", "contents": "Use of fresh amnion as a burn dressing. Thirty-seven children with second and third degree burns dressed with amnion were compared to seventy-three children treated with Furacin (Eaton Labs, Norwich, N.Y.) dressing. Amnion was found to be as easy to use as Furacin. Fewer split thickness skin grafts were needed in amnion treated children and these patients required fewer days of hospitalization. Bacterial culture data suggests that amnion is as good as and possibly superior to nitrofurazone in decreasing the number of organisms on the burn wound. No adverse reactions to amnion were noted. The use of amnion is supported by this preliminary study and is deserving of further investigation and clinical use."}
{"id": "PMID:874726", "title": "Composition of amniotic fluid with experimental jejuno-ileal atresia.", "content": "The possibility that the composition of amniotic fluid is significantly altered with fetal intestinal obstruction was examined in 15 normal, 15 sham operated and 15 ewes in which jejuno-ileal atresia was created by devascularizing a 15 cm intestinal segment in the fetus at 90--100 days gestation. Samples of amniotic fluid for osmolality, urea N, creatinine, electrolytes, amylase, lipase, bilirubin, and proteins were obtained at 100 days gestation and at C-section performed 5 days prior to the anticipated date of delivery. One sham operated and four operated fetuses aborted prior to term for an 83% overall fetal survival rate. All surviving operated animals had total intestinal obstruction with the classical appearance of jejuno-ileal atresia. The volume of amniotic fluid at term varied from gelatinous material to as much as 1.0 liter of clear yellow to dark orange fluid. Amniotic fluid composition in term animals was not significantly different from those at 100 days gestation when the creatinine was below 15 mg%. However, sodium and chloride were significantly elevated in all groups at term when the creatinine was above 15 mg%. The osmolality and urea N in the latter group was not significantly different from animals at 100 days gestation. The amylase, lipase, total proteins, albumin, total and direct, and bilirubin in control animals at term was not significantly different from sham operated and experimental subjects. This study suggests that routine amniocentesis in the \"high risk\" patient would not be diagnostic of fetal intestinal obstruction.", "contents": "Composition of amniotic fluid with experimental jejuno-ileal atresia. The possibility that the composition of amniotic fluid is significantly altered with fetal intestinal obstruction was examined in 15 normal, 15 sham operated and 15 ewes in which jejuno-ileal atresia was created by devascularizing a 15 cm intestinal segment in the fetus at 90--100 days gestation. Samples of amniotic fluid for osmolality, urea N, creatinine, electrolytes, amylase, lipase, bilirubin, and proteins were obtained at 100 days gestation and at C-section performed 5 days prior to the anticipated date of delivery. One sham operated and four operated fetuses aborted prior to term for an 83% overall fetal survival rate. All surviving operated animals had total intestinal obstruction with the classical appearance of jejuno-ileal atresia. The volume of amniotic fluid at term varied from gelatinous material to as much as 1.0 liter of clear yellow to dark orange fluid. Amniotic fluid composition in term animals was not significantly different from those at 100 days gestation when the creatinine was below 15 mg%. However, sodium and chloride were significantly elevated in all groups at term when the creatinine was above 15 mg%. The osmolality and urea N in the latter group was not significantly different from animals at 100 days gestation. The amylase, lipase, total proteins, albumin, total and direct, and bilirubin in control animals at term was not significantly different from sham operated and experimental subjects. This study suggests that routine amniocentesis in the \"high risk\" patient would not be diagnostic of fetal intestinal obstruction."}
{"id": "PMID:874727", "title": "Fine structural changes in the gastro-intestinal tract of the hypoxic puppy: a study of natural history.", "content": "The present study demonstrates that a 2 hr period of sustained hypoxia results in a focally destructive process, a process which resolves by 5 days. That the changes described in earlier work are not overwhelming to the animal suggest that an early, focal, and reversible stage of the development of acute enterocolitis in the puppy can be described with the aid of electron microsocpy.", "contents": "Fine structural changes in the gastro-intestinal tract of the hypoxic puppy: a study of natural history. The present study demonstrates that a 2 hr period of sustained hypoxia results in a focally destructive process, a process which resolves by 5 days. That the changes described in earlier work are not overwhelming to the animal suggest that an early, focal, and reversible stage of the development of acute enterocolitis in the puppy can be described with the aid of electron microsocpy."}
{"id": "PMID:874728", "title": "A critical appraisal of two common \"neonatal\" experiment subjects.", "content": "A comparative study of 11 physiologic variables in 200 piglets and puppies during the first 7 days of life was done. Seven of 11 physiologic variables significantly changed in the 1st wk of the piglets' life. Five of 11 variables significantly changed in the first week of the puppies' life. Six of 11 variables were significantly different when the newborn piglet was compared to the newborn puppy. The rate and/or direction of 7 of 11 physiologic changes during the first day of life were significantly different when the piglet was compared to the puppy. It was concluded that there are marked physiologic differences between: the newborn piglets and the 7 day old piglet; the newborn puppy and the 7 day old puppy; the newborn piglet and the newborn puppy and the \"maturation\" rate of the piglet and the puppy.", "contents": "A critical appraisal of two common \"neonatal\" experiment subjects. A comparative study of 11 physiologic variables in 200 piglets and puppies during the first 7 days of life was done. Seven of 11 physiologic variables significantly changed in the 1st wk of the piglets' life. Five of 11 variables significantly changed in the first week of the puppies' life. Six of 11 variables were significantly different when the newborn piglet was compared to the newborn puppy. The rate and/or direction of 7 of 11 physiologic changes during the first day of life were significantly different when the piglet was compared to the puppy. It was concluded that there are marked physiologic differences between: the newborn piglets and the 7 day old piglet; the newborn puppy and the 7 day old puppy; the newborn piglet and the newborn puppy and the \"maturation\" rate of the piglet and the puppy."}
{"id": "PMID:874729", "title": "VCN-releasable sialic acid and gangliosides in human neuroblastomas.", "content": "The ganglioside pattern and VCN-releasable sialic acid residues of six human neuroblastomas were studied. There was no correlation between VCN-releasable sialic acid and prognosis. The ganglioside patterns were more complex in those cases with an expected good prognosis as reflected by the presence of trisialoganglioside. The complexity of the ganglioside pattern did not always correlate with the histologic grade of the tumor. These results suggest the ganglioside pattern may serve as a chemical marker for predicting the prognosis in patients with neuroblastomas.", "contents": "VCN-releasable sialic acid and gangliosides in human neuroblastomas. The ganglioside pattern and VCN-releasable sialic acid residues of six human neuroblastomas were studied. There was no correlation between VCN-releasable sialic acid and prognosis. The ganglioside patterns were more complex in those cases with an expected good prognosis as reflected by the presence of trisialoganglioside. The complexity of the ganglioside pattern did not always correlate with the histologic grade of the tumor. These results suggest the ganglioside pattern may serve as a chemical marker for predicting the prognosis in patients with neuroblastomas."}
{"id": "PMID:874730", "title": "Prognosis for children with neuroblastoma presenting with paralysis.", "content": "Since 1947, we have treated 19 children with neuroblastoma whose first symptoms were paralysis or weakness of an extremity, and/or incontinence due to tumor in the spinal canal. In 18 patients, the spine tumor was part of a dumbbell tumor which was present in the adjacent paravertebral area and in one, no extraspinal tumor was found. Aggressive treatment was employed for all. In 17 children, the intraspinal tumor was treated by laminectomy and irradiation with and without chemotherapy. Radiation and chemotherapy were used for two. The extraspinal tumor was excised totally in six and partially in six. All 12 children received postoperative radiation and chemotherapy. In 6 children, the extraspinal tumor was treated only with radiation and chemotherapy. Nine of 19 children are alive without evidence of neuroblastoma. Thirteen patients showed either partial (6) or full (7) neurologic recovery. Survival was related to the child's age at diagnosis and the extent of disease. While 8 of 9 children under 1 yr of age survived, only 1 of 10 children over 1 yr survived. None of the 5 children with Stage IV disease at diagnosis could be saved. The degree and frequency of neurologic recovery were greatest in children whose neurologic symptoms had been present the shortest times and were equal among those who survived and those who died. The outlook for children who became paralyzed by neuroblastoma is not hopeless; therapy aimed at saving life or neurologic function is both worthwhile and rewarding.", "contents": "Prognosis for children with neuroblastoma presenting with paralysis. Since 1947, we have treated 19 children with neuroblastoma whose first symptoms were paralysis or weakness of an extremity, and/or incontinence due to tumor in the spinal canal. In 18 patients, the spine tumor was part of a dumbbell tumor which was present in the adjacent paravertebral area and in one, no extraspinal tumor was found. Aggressive treatment was employed for all. In 17 children, the intraspinal tumor was treated by laminectomy and irradiation with and without chemotherapy. Radiation and chemotherapy were used for two. The extraspinal tumor was excised totally in six and partially in six. All 12 children received postoperative radiation and chemotherapy. In 6 children, the extraspinal tumor was treated only with radiation and chemotherapy. Nine of 19 children are alive without evidence of neuroblastoma. Thirteen patients showed either partial (6) or full (7) neurologic recovery. Survival was related to the child's age at diagnosis and the extent of disease. While 8 of 9 children under 1 yr of age survived, only 1 of 10 children over 1 yr survived. None of the 5 children with Stage IV disease at diagnosis could be saved. The degree and frequency of neurologic recovery were greatest in children whose neurologic symptoms had been present the shortest times and were equal among those who survived and those who died. The outlook for children who became paralyzed by neuroblastoma is not hopeless; therapy aimed at saving life or neurologic function is both worthwhile and rewarding."}
{"id": "PMID:874731", "title": "The changing signs of congenital hip dislocation.", "content": "A total of 36 patients (42 hips) with frank congenital hip dislocation were studied. The initial clinical and x-ray signs were evaluated according to the age at which the patient was first seen and treatment started.", "contents": "The changing signs of congenital hip dislocation. A total of 36 patients (42 hips) with frank congenital hip dislocation were studied. The initial clinical and x-ray signs were evaluated according to the age at which the patient was first seen and treatment started."}
{"id": "PMID:874732", "title": "Endobronchial cryotherapy in the treatment of tracheal strictures.", "content": "Modern advances in ventilatory support systems have introduced a patient population requiring long term endotracheal intubation or tracheostomy. The formation of tracheal strictures in such patients remains a very significant clinical problem despite new modifications in endotracheal tube design and materials. Dissatisfied with standard modalities of treatment for these lesions, we have explored the usefulness of endobronchial cryotherapy for the treatment of such stricture. Cervical tracheal strictures were produced in 11 sheep. In six animals a prototype cryosurgical probe was passed through the bronchoscope and these lesions frozen to -80 degrees C. Respiratory epithelial regeneration was complete, but significant reduction in strictures was not noted. Utilizing the cryosurgical probe in conjunction with the endobronchial resection of tracheal strictures in three animals did, however, produce significant reduction in stricture size. Healing following cryonecrosis was associated with minimal fibrosis. Endobronchial cryotherapy is easily performed and has been well tolerated by these animals.", "contents": "Endobronchial cryotherapy in the treatment of tracheal strictures. Modern advances in ventilatory support systems have introduced a patient population requiring long term endotracheal intubation or tracheostomy. The formation of tracheal strictures in such patients remains a very significant clinical problem despite new modifications in endotracheal tube design and materials. Dissatisfied with standard modalities of treatment for these lesions, we have explored the usefulness of endobronchial cryotherapy for the treatment of such stricture. Cervical tracheal strictures were produced in 11 sheep. In six animals a prototype cryosurgical probe was passed through the bronchoscope and these lesions frozen to -80 degrees C. Respiratory epithelial regeneration was complete, but significant reduction in strictures was not noted. Utilizing the cryosurgical probe in conjunction with the endobronchial resection of tracheal strictures in three animals did, however, produce significant reduction in stricture size. Healing following cryonecrosis was associated with minimal fibrosis. Endobronchial cryotherapy is easily performed and has been well tolerated by these animals."}
{"id": "PMID:874733", "title": "Fiberoptic transillumination: a new tool for the pediatric surgeon.", "content": "Transillumination (TI) is a safe and reliable technique for evaluating masses or the presence of free air in the thorax or abdomen. TI can also be of help in the accurate placement of catheters or needles in the chest, abdomen, bladder, or vessels. Its use in several hundred cases has been documented by this report.", "contents": "Fiberoptic transillumination: a new tool for the pediatric surgeon. Transillumination (TI) is a safe and reliable technique for evaluating masses or the presence of free air in the thorax or abdomen. TI can also be of help in the accurate placement of catheters or needles in the chest, abdomen, bladder, or vessels. Its use in several hundred cases has been documented by this report."}
{"id": "PMID:874734", "title": "Late results of ureteroureterostomy in puppies.", "content": "Experimental resection of a segment of ureter in the puppy with end-to-end ureteroureterostomy led to severe anastomotic stricture, obstructive atrophy, and 100% ipsilateral renal loss at one year. This may have been the result of unrecognized anastomotic tension. Transureteroureterostomy was followed by normally functioning upper urinary tracts at the end of one year, without evidence of damage to the recipient ureter. These experimental findings in the growing animal suggest that transureteroureterostomy in the immature nondilated ureter is a safe and reliable procedure in the management of surgically acquired unilateral segmental ureteral defects.", "contents": "Late results of ureteroureterostomy in puppies. Experimental resection of a segment of ureter in the puppy with end-to-end ureteroureterostomy led to severe anastomotic stricture, obstructive atrophy, and 100% ipsilateral renal loss at one year. This may have been the result of unrecognized anastomotic tension. Transureteroureterostomy was followed by normally functioning upper urinary tracts at the end of one year, without evidence of damage to the recipient ureter. These experimental findings in the growing animal suggest that transureteroureterostomy in the immature nondilated ureter is a safe and reliable procedure in the management of surgically acquired unilateral segmental ureteral defects."}
{"id": "PMID:874735", "title": "Surgical management of thirty-nine children with lymphedema.", "content": "Thirty-nine children underwent staged excisional surgery for lymphedema. The procedures are described in detail. All the children operated on have improved and have a more normal appearance. The decrease in attacks of cellulitis and lymphangitis is striking. The morbidity of this simple procedure is negligible. The operation is tedious, fatiguing, anatomically unexciting, and has a vague end-point. At this time, staged subcutaneous excision appears to be the procedure of choice in moderate to severe lymphedema in children regardless of etiology or classification. The procedure is not a cure.", "contents": "Surgical management of thirty-nine children with lymphedema. Thirty-nine children underwent staged excisional surgery for lymphedema. The procedures are described in detail. All the children operated on have improved and have a more normal appearance. The decrease in attacks of cellulitis and lymphangitis is striking. The morbidity of this simple procedure is negligible. The operation is tedious, fatiguing, anatomically unexciting, and has a vague end-point. At this time, staged subcutaneous excision appears to be the procedure of choice in moderate to severe lymphedema in children regardless of etiology or classification. The procedure is not a cure."}
{"id": "PMID:874736", "title": "Maturation of the rectoanal response in premature and perinatal infants.", "content": "Twenty unselected premature and perinatal infants, and 40 older infants and children with chronic constipation were investigated manometrically. Anorectal pressure studies were found to be a safe and reliable screening method for Hirschsprung's disease. Many unnecessary deep and superficial rectal biopsies were avoided by recording a normal rectoanal response. Failure to record a normal reflex requires further evaluation by tissue diagnosis. A normal reflex does not occur in premature or perinatal infants in whom maturational age (gestational age plus age after birth) has yet to reach 39 wk, and who weigh less than 6 lb.", "contents": "Maturation of the rectoanal response in premature and perinatal infants. Twenty unselected premature and perinatal infants, and 40 older infants and children with chronic constipation were investigated manometrically. Anorectal pressure studies were found to be a safe and reliable screening method for Hirschsprung's disease. Many unnecessary deep and superficial rectal biopsies were avoided by recording a normal rectoanal response. Failure to record a normal reflex requires further evaluation by tissue diagnosis. A normal reflex does not occur in premature or perinatal infants in whom maturational age (gestational age plus age after birth) has yet to reach 39 wk, and who weigh less than 6 lb."}
{"id": "PMID:874737", "title": "Need compatibility and marital adjustment in young married couples.", "content": "This investigation of need compatibility in married couples introduced several theoretical and methodological innovations in an effort to overcome the problems inherent in previous studies. It was predicted that spouses would express greater adjustment on the Locke-Wallace Marital-Adjustment Scale to the extent that they were similar on 9 needs and complementary on 3 needs (Type 1) and 14 need combinations (Type 2). The needs of 66 young married couples were assessed by having them respond to a revised version of Jackson's Personality Research Form under four instructional sets: self, ideal self, spouse, and ideal spouse. The results revealed that although all couples tended to be similar in their ideal ratings, well-adjusted spouses were more similar than poorly adjusted spouses in their self and spouse ratings, as predicted, especially in the needs for affiliation, aggression, autonomy, and nutrurance. No evidence for either Type 1 or Type 2 complementarity emerged. The results were discussed in terms of their implications for Winch's theory of complementary needs and for past and future investigation of need compatibility.", "contents": "Need compatibility and marital adjustment in young married couples. This investigation of need compatibility in married couples introduced several theoretical and methodological innovations in an effort to overcome the problems inherent in previous studies. It was predicted that spouses would express greater adjustment on the Locke-Wallace Marital-Adjustment Scale to the extent that they were similar on 9 needs and complementary on 3 needs (Type 1) and 14 need combinations (Type 2). The needs of 66 young married couples were assessed by having them respond to a revised version of Jackson's Personality Research Form under four instructional sets: self, ideal self, spouse, and ideal spouse. The results revealed that although all couples tended to be similar in their ideal ratings, well-adjusted spouses were more similar than poorly adjusted spouses in their self and spouse ratings, as predicted, especially in the needs for affiliation, aggression, autonomy, and nutrurance. No evidence for either Type 1 or Type 2 complementarity emerged. The results were discussed in terms of their implications for Winch's theory of complementary needs and for past and future investigation of need compatibility."}
{"id": "PMID:874738", "title": "Pitch changes during attempted deception.", "content": "Two studies on speech samples from 32 male college students are reported. In the first, it was shown that the average voice fundamental frequency of the subjects was higher when lying than when telling the truth. In the second, judges rated the truthfulness of 64 true and false utterances either from an audiotape that had been electronically filtered to render the semantic content unintelligible or from an unfiltered tape. The truthfulness ratings of the judges who heard the content-filtered tape were negatively correlated with fundamental frequency, whereas for the unfiltered condition, truthfulness ratings were uncorrelated with pitch. Although raings made under the two conditions did not differ in overalll accuracy, accuracy differences were found that depended on how an utterance had been elicited originally.", "contents": "Pitch changes during attempted deception. Two studies on speech samples from 32 male college students are reported. In the first, it was shown that the average voice fundamental frequency of the subjects was higher when lying than when telling the truth. In the second, judges rated the truthfulness of 64 true and false utterances either from an audiotape that had been electronically filtered to render the semantic content unintelligible or from an unfiltered tape. The truthfulness ratings of the judges who heard the content-filtered tape were negatively correlated with fundamental frequency, whereas for the unfiltered condition, truthfulness ratings were uncorrelated with pitch. Although raings made under the two conditions did not differ in overalll accuracy, accuracy differences were found that depended on how an utterance had been elicited originally."}
{"id": "PMID:874739", "title": "Attributions of blame and coping in the \"real world\": severe accident victims react to their lot.", "content": "The purpose of this study was to examine the relation between victims' attributions of causality for their accidents and their ability to cope with severe misfortune. A total of 29 individuals who had been paralyzed in serious accidents were intensively interviewed. Both quantitative and open-ended questions were used to elicit attributions of blame and causality by respondents; coping scores were obtained from a social worker and a nurse familiar with each respondent's case. Findings suggested that blaming another and feeling that one could have avoided the accident were successful predictors of poor coping; self-blame was a successful predictor of good coping. The question, \"Why me?\" was posed by all respondents, and 28 of the 29 related specific hypotheses that they entertained to explain why the accident had happened to them. Their responses seemed to illustrate the respondents' need for meaning in explaining the selective incidence of the accident.", "contents": "Attributions of blame and coping in the \"real world\": severe accident victims react to their lot. The purpose of this study was to examine the relation between victims' attributions of causality for their accidents and their ability to cope with severe misfortune. A total of 29 individuals who had been paralyzed in serious accidents were intensively interviewed. Both quantitative and open-ended questions were used to elicit attributions of blame and causality by respondents; coping scores were obtained from a social worker and a nurse familiar with each respondent's case. Findings suggested that blaming another and feeling that one could have avoided the accident were successful predictors of poor coping; self-blame was a successful predictor of good coping. The question, \"Why me?\" was posed by all respondents, and 28 of the 29 related specific hypotheses that they entertained to explain why the accident had happened to them. Their responses seemed to illustrate the respondents' need for meaning in explaining the selective incidence of the accident."}
{"id": "PMID:874740", "title": "Self-esteem in young men: a longitudinal analysis of the impact of educational and occupational attainment.", "content": "This paper analyzes relationships among self-esteem, educational attainment, and occupational status. Data from a nationwide longitudinal study of more than 1600 young men show a substantial increase in self-esteem between 19TT (when respondents were beginning tenth grade) and 1974. Reliability and construct validity data for the self-esteem measure are reported. As expected, both educational attainment and occupational status are correlated with self-esteem. Contrary to expectations, educational attainment as of 1974 is more strongly correlated with tenth grade self-esteem than with 1974 self-esteem. A path analysis led to these conclusions: (a) Self-esteem during high school has little or no direct causal impact on later educational and occupational attainment; self-esteem and attainment are correlated primarily because of shared prior causes including family background, ability, and scholastic performance. (b) Occupational status has a direct positive impact on self-esteem. (c) Post high school educational attainment has no direct impact on self-esteem and only a trivial indirect impact via occupational status. Additional findings indicate that factors associated with educational success become less central to the self-evaluations of young men during late high school and the years thereafter.", "contents": "Self-esteem in young men: a longitudinal analysis of the impact of educational and occupational attainment. This paper analyzes relationships among self-esteem, educational attainment, and occupational status. Data from a nationwide longitudinal study of more than 1600 young men show a substantial increase in self-esteem between 19TT (when respondents were beginning tenth grade) and 1974. Reliability and construct validity data for the self-esteem measure are reported. As expected, both educational attainment and occupational status are correlated with self-esteem. Contrary to expectations, educational attainment as of 1974 is more strongly correlated with tenth grade self-esteem than with 1974 self-esteem. A path analysis led to these conclusions: (a) Self-esteem during high school has little or no direct causal impact on later educational and occupational attainment; self-esteem and attainment are correlated primarily because of shared prior causes including family background, ability, and scholastic performance. (b) Occupational status has a direct positive impact on self-esteem. (c) Post high school educational attainment has no direct impact on self-esteem and only a trivial indirect impact via occupational status. Additional findings indicate that factors associated with educational success become less central to the self-evaluations of young men during late high school and the years thereafter."}
{"id": "PMID:874741", "title": "GI motor inhibition associated with acute exposure to methyl methacrylate vapor.", "content": "A mixture of monomeric methyl methacrylate vapor in air was delivered into the breathing air of chloralose-urethan anesthetized dogs. Fixed length exposures to 2000-ppm doses of the vapor resulted in a transient drop in arterial blood pressure and a marked inhibition of ongoing GI motor activities. Motor inhibition always continued for a variable time (approximately 10-15 min) subsequent to the cessation of methyl methacrylate vapor administration. This inhibitory response was not blocked by bilateral vagotomy, spinal transection, splanchnectomy, or the intravenous administration of tetraethylammonium chloride. Another series of experiments determined that the administration of blood from a dog receiving methyl methacrylate vapor produced GI motor inhibition in another dog not connected to the experimental gas mixture. Therefore, it is concluded that, aside from any reflex effects produced, methyl methacrylate vapor in sufficient concentration probably exerts a direct inhibitory effect upon GI smooth muscle that is mediated by the cardiopulmonary systems.", "contents": "GI motor inhibition associated with acute exposure to methyl methacrylate vapor. A mixture of monomeric methyl methacrylate vapor in air was delivered into the breathing air of chloralose-urethan anesthetized dogs. Fixed length exposures to 2000-ppm doses of the vapor resulted in a transient drop in arterial blood pressure and a marked inhibition of ongoing GI motor activities. Motor inhibition always continued for a variable time (approximately 10-15 min) subsequent to the cessation of methyl methacrylate vapor administration. This inhibitory response was not blocked by bilateral vagotomy, spinal transection, splanchnectomy, or the intravenous administration of tetraethylammonium chloride. Another series of experiments determined that the administration of blood from a dog receiving methyl methacrylate vapor produced GI motor inhibition in another dog not connected to the experimental gas mixture. Therefore, it is concluded that, aside from any reflex effects produced, methyl methacrylate vapor in sufficient concentration probably exerts a direct inhibitory effect upon GI smooth muscle that is mediated by the cardiopulmonary systems."}
{"id": "PMID:874742", "title": "Disposition of sulfonamides in food-producing animals IV: Pharmacokinetics of sulfamethazine in cattle following administration of an intravenous dose and three oral dosage forms.", "content": "The plasma and urine data obtained following intravenous administration of sulfamethazine to cattle were fit to a one-compartment pharmacokinetic model with a half-life of elimination of 9 hr and a volume of distribution of 0.35 liter/kg. Sulfamethazine was eliminated by excretion of unchanged sulfamethazine (18%) into urine and by formation of three metabolites subsequently excreted into urine. Sulfamethazine also was administered as a solution, a rapid-release bolus, and a sustained-release bolus. The change in the urinary metabolic pattern with different routes of administration suggested that first-pass metabolism was occurring during the absorption process. The absorption half-life was 6 hr. The absorption process for the two solid boluses kinetically appeared to include a dissolution step.", "contents": "Disposition of sulfonamides in food-producing animals IV: Pharmacokinetics of sulfamethazine in cattle following administration of an intravenous dose and three oral dosage forms. The plasma and urine data obtained following intravenous administration of sulfamethazine to cattle were fit to a one-compartment pharmacokinetic model with a half-life of elimination of 9 hr and a volume of distribution of 0.35 liter/kg. Sulfamethazine was eliminated by excretion of unchanged sulfamethazine (18%) into urine and by formation of three metabolites subsequently excreted into urine. Sulfamethazine also was administered as a solution, a rapid-release bolus, and a sustained-release bolus. The change in the urinary metabolic pattern with different routes of administration suggested that first-pass metabolism was occurring during the absorption process. The absorption half-life was 6 hr. The absorption process for the two solid boluses kinetically appeared to include a dissolution step."}
{"id": "PMID:874743", "title": "GLC determination of acetohexamide and hydroxyhexamide in biological fluids.", "content": "A sensitive and specific GLC assay was developed for acetohexamide and hydroxyhexamide, its major metabolite, in plasma and urine. The assay uses tolbutamide as a mass internal standard. Compounds are extracted from acidified plasma or urine with toluene, converted to methylated derivatives with dimethyl sulfate, and measured by GLC using a flame-ionization detector. With GLC-mass spectrometry, the compounds measured are the N-methylsulfonamides resulting from GLC pyrolysis. Plasma and urine data are presented from a bioavailability study to demonstrate the utility of this method.", "contents": "GLC determination of acetohexamide and hydroxyhexamide in biological fluids. A sensitive and specific GLC assay was developed for acetohexamide and hydroxyhexamide, its major metabolite, in plasma and urine. The assay uses tolbutamide as a mass internal standard. Compounds are extracted from acidified plasma or urine with toluene, converted to methylated derivatives with dimethyl sulfate, and measured by GLC using a flame-ionization detector. With GLC-mass spectrometry, the compounds measured are the N-methylsulfonamides resulting from GLC pyrolysis. Plasma and urine data are presented from a bioavailability study to demonstrate the utility of this method."}
{"id": "PMID:874744", "title": "Structure-activity studies using valence molecular connectivity.", "content": "The extension of the molecular connectivity concept to the treatment of heteroatom molecules affords an opportunity to examine structure-activity relationships in a wide variety of molecule series that possess biological activity. Four series are described in this report. The correlations found indicate that molecular connectivity is an extremely useful descriptor of structure in studying drug molecule structure-activity relationships.", "contents": "Structure-activity studies using valence molecular connectivity. The extension of the molecular connectivity concept to the treatment of heteroatom molecules affords an opportunity to examine structure-activity relationships in a wide variety of molecule series that possess biological activity. Four series are described in this report. The correlations found indicate that molecular connectivity is an extremely useful descriptor of structure in studying drug molecule structure-activity relationships."}
{"id": "PMID:874745", "title": "Bioavailability of digoxin-hydroquinone complex: a new oral digoxin formulation.", "content": "A new oral digoxin formulation, a digoxin-hydroquinone complex (99% dissolution at 5 min), was evaluated in 12 healthy human volunteers with reference to bioavailability and extent and time of peak serum digoxin levels. This preparation was compared with a commercial digoxin tablet (26% dissolution at 5 min), digoxin elixir, and a parenteral digoxin solution. Bioavailability was assessed by the 24-hr area under the serum digoxin-time curve and 48-hr digoxin excretion in urine. The bioavailability of the complex was similar to that of the elixir but not statistically different from that of the tablet. The tablet was less bioavailable than the elixir. There was less interindividual variation in bioavailability with the complex than with the elixir. Peak serum digoxin levels were higher with the complex than the tablet and were achieved more quickly.", "contents": "Bioavailability of digoxin-hydroquinone complex: a new oral digoxin formulation. A new oral digoxin formulation, a digoxin-hydroquinone complex (99% dissolution at 5 min), was evaluated in 12 healthy human volunteers with reference to bioavailability and extent and time of peak serum digoxin levels. This preparation was compared with a commercial digoxin tablet (26% dissolution at 5 min), digoxin elixir, and a parenteral digoxin solution. Bioavailability was assessed by the 24-hr area under the serum digoxin-time curve and 48-hr digoxin excretion in urine. The bioavailability of the complex was similar to that of the elixir but not statistically different from that of the tablet. The tablet was less bioavailable than the elixir. There was less interindividual variation in bioavailability with the complex than with the elixir. Peak serum digoxin levels were higher with the complex than the tablet and were achieved more quickly."}
{"id": "PMID:874746", "title": "Diffusion model for drug release from suspensions I: theoretical considerations.", "content": "A new mathematical model based on physicochemical principles is presented; it does not require a \"diffusion layer\" for the release of a suspended drug from a semisolid vehicle. This general model has wide range application to systems where release is controlled by the diffusion rate or dissolution rate of a drug. The appropriate mathematical relationships are derived and evaluated. Theoretical drug concentration distributions in the vehicle and a membrane and the predicted cumulative drug mass uptake by blood under specified conditions are presented. The dissolution rate of solid drug in the vehicle markedly influences predicted drug release using the model presented. It is anticipated that the model will stimulate further research to confirm or reject the assumption that the dissolution rate may be slow enough to be important in the systems studied.", "contents": "Diffusion model for drug release from suspensions I: theoretical considerations. A new mathematical model based on physicochemical principles is presented; it does not require a \"diffusion layer\" for the release of a suspended drug from a semisolid vehicle. This general model has wide range application to systems where release is controlled by the diffusion rate or dissolution rate of a drug. The appropriate mathematical relationships are derived and evaluated. Theoretical drug concentration distributions in the vehicle and a membrane and the predicted cumulative drug mass uptake by blood under specified conditions are presented. The dissolution rate of solid drug in the vehicle markedly influences predicted drug release using the model presented. It is anticipated that the model will stimulate further research to confirm or reject the assumption that the dissolution rate may be slow enough to be important in the systems studied."}
{"id": "PMID:874747", "title": "Diffusion model for drug release from suspensions II: release to a perfect sink.", "content": "Numerical mathematical methods are applied to a diffusion model based on physicochemical principles to predict drug release from suspensions of drug in semisolid vehicles. The predicted mass of drug released versus time curves using this model are in agreement with some reported experimental data but differ from predictions using the classical model for semisolid suspensions. The differences are discussed in relation to the drug dissolution rate and diffusion rate in the vehicle.", "contents": "Diffusion model for drug release from suspensions II: release to a perfect sink. Numerical mathematical methods are applied to a diffusion model based on physicochemical principles to predict drug release from suspensions of drug in semisolid vehicles. The predicted mass of drug released versus time curves using this model are in agreement with some reported experimental data but differ from predictions using the classical model for semisolid suspensions. The differences are discussed in relation to the drug dissolution rate and diffusion rate in the vehicle."}
{"id": "PMID:874748", "title": "Polymorphism of phenylbutazone: properties and compressional behavior of crystals.", "content": "Data from X-ray diffraction, thermal analysis, IR spectroscopy, and solubility studies were used for the identification and characterization of four crystalline modifications of phenylbutazone. The thermal behavior of the polymorphs under different treatment conditions also was investigated. Compression of the thermodynamically unstable forms, at a compression force of 1590--2040 kg, induced polymorphic changes in the crystals. Similar changes also were produced through grinding. The apparent equilibrium solubilties of polymorphs were determined, as was the dissolution of the polymorphs as compressed disks in an aqueous medium. The small effective surface area possessed by one polymorph resulted in slow dissolution.", "contents": "Polymorphism of phenylbutazone: properties and compressional behavior of crystals. Data from X-ray diffraction, thermal analysis, IR spectroscopy, and solubility studies were used for the identification and characterization of four crystalline modifications of phenylbutazone. The thermal behavior of the polymorphs under different treatment conditions also was investigated. Compression of the thermodynamically unstable forms, at a compression force of 1590--2040 kg, induced polymorphic changes in the crystals. Similar changes also were produced through grinding. The apparent equilibrium solubilties of polymorphs were determined, as was the dissolution of the polymorphs as compressed disks in an aqueous medium. The small effective surface area possessed by one polymorph resulted in slow dissolution."}
{"id": "PMID:874749", "title": "Antipyretic testing of commercial aspirin formulations in rats.", "content": "Four commercial aspirin formulations and aspirin powder USP were assayed in yeast-fevered rats for antipyretic activity. Tablets allowed to disintegrate spontaneously prior to dosing yielded aggregates of various sizes which failed to produce uniform patterns of antipyresis. When tested at smaller, more uniform particle sizes of total product, consistent, statistically significant antipyresis was observed with no significant variation among formulations. The ED50 values and parallel line assays were homogeneous.", "contents": "Antipyretic testing of commercial aspirin formulations in rats. Four commercial aspirin formulations and aspirin powder USP were assayed in yeast-fevered rats for antipyretic activity. Tablets allowed to disintegrate spontaneously prior to dosing yielded aggregates of various sizes which failed to produce uniform patterns of antipyresis. When tested at smaller, more uniform particle sizes of total product, consistent, statistically significant antipyresis was observed with no significant variation among formulations. The ED50 values and parallel line assays were homogeneous."}
{"id": "PMID:874750", "title": "Effect of temperature and relative humidity on nitrazepam stability in solid state.", "content": "The decomposition of a 1% dilution of nitrazepam in microcrystalline cellulose was established by quantitative determination of the two main breakdown products, 2-amino-5-nitrobenzophenone and 3-amino-6-nitro-4-phenyl-2(1H)-quinolone, using in situ diffuse reflectance measurements on thin-layer chromatograms. The decomposition and formation rate constant of nitrazepam and of the breakdown products, respectively, were determined at four temperatures and six relative humidities. By means of a three-parameter regression equation, it was possible to correlate quantitatively the decomposition constant of nitrazepam to both temperature and relative humidity.", "contents": "Effect of temperature and relative humidity on nitrazepam stability in solid state. The decomposition of a 1% dilution of nitrazepam in microcrystalline cellulose was established by quantitative determination of the two main breakdown products, 2-amino-5-nitrobenzophenone and 3-amino-6-nitro-4-phenyl-2(1H)-quinolone, using in situ diffuse reflectance measurements on thin-layer chromatograms. The decomposition and formation rate constant of nitrazepam and of the breakdown products, respectively, were determined at four temperatures and six relative humidities. By means of a three-parameter regression equation, it was possible to correlate quantitatively the decomposition constant of nitrazepam to both temperature and relative humidity."}
{"id": "PMID:874752", "title": "High-performance liquid chromatographic determination of chlordiazepoxide and major related impurities in pharmaceuticals.", "content": "A rapid, precise, forward-phase (adsorption) high-performance liquid chromatographic procedure is presented for the determination of chlordiazepoxide and two common impurities, 7-chloro-1,3-dihydro-5-phenyl-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one 4-oxide and 2-amino-5-chlorobenzophenone, in commercial formulations and for the determination of the benzophenone in the chlordiazepoxide drug substance. The method involves simultaneous quantitation of chlordiazepoxide and the 1,3-dihhydro impurity, followed by quantitation of the benzophenone from a separate sample extract using a second mobile phase. A single microparticulate silica gel column is used throughout. Nitrazepam and o-dinitrobenzene are the internal standards, Quantitation is by peak area using a computing integrator, except that the peak due to the benzophenone is quantitated by peak height. The described procedure is of equivalent precision, but superior accuracy, to the BP 1973 spectrophotometric procedure for the analysis of chlordiazepoxide in chlordiazepoxide formulations. Quantitation of the 1,3-dihydro and the benzophenone impurities at levels as low as 6.3 and 0.9 ng, respectively, is demonstrated.", "contents": "High-performance liquid chromatographic determination of chlordiazepoxide and major related impurities in pharmaceuticals. A rapid, precise, forward-phase (adsorption) high-performance liquid chromatographic procedure is presented for the determination of chlordiazepoxide and two common impurities, 7-chloro-1,3-dihydro-5-phenyl-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one 4-oxide and 2-amino-5-chlorobenzophenone, in commercial formulations and for the determination of the benzophenone in the chlordiazepoxide drug substance. The method involves simultaneous quantitation of chlordiazepoxide and the 1,3-dihhydro impurity, followed by quantitation of the benzophenone from a separate sample extract using a second mobile phase. A single microparticulate silica gel column is used throughout. Nitrazepam and o-dinitrobenzene are the internal standards, Quantitation is by peak area using a computing integrator, except that the peak due to the benzophenone is quantitated by peak height. The described procedure is of equivalent precision, but superior accuracy, to the BP 1973 spectrophotometric procedure for the analysis of chlordiazepoxide in chlordiazepoxide formulations. Quantitation of the 1,3-dihydro and the benzophenone impurities at levels as low as 6.3 and 0.9 ng, respectively, is demonstrated."}
{"id": "PMID:874753", "title": "Stable nonaqueous pentobarbital sodium solutions for use in laboratory animals.", "content": "The degradation kinetics of pentobarbital sodium in propylene glycol-based solutions were studied along with the in vivo effects in laboratory animals. The degradation rate constant was directly proportional to the water concentration in propylene glycol-water solvent systems. An activation energy of 23.4 kcal/mole was obtained in propylene glycol-water (1:1). Pentobarbital sodium solutions in anhydrous propylene glycol and 9:1 mixtures of propylene glycol with ethanol, glycerin, or dimethylacetamide gave relatively slow degradation rates at 100 degrees with all projected 25 degrees t 99% values greater than 4.5 years. Intravenous administration of pentobarbital sodium in various anhydrous propylene glycol-based vehicles to rats produced no hemolysis of gross organ damage that would interfere with pathological evaluations. Results of an intraperitoneal sleeptime study indicated that pentobarbital sodium produced consistent hypnotic effect when administered as an aqueous solution or in anhydrous propylene glycol-based vehicles.", "contents": "Stable nonaqueous pentobarbital sodium solutions for use in laboratory animals. The degradation kinetics of pentobarbital sodium in propylene glycol-based solutions were studied along with the in vivo effects in laboratory animals. The degradation rate constant was directly proportional to the water concentration in propylene glycol-water solvent systems. An activation energy of 23.4 kcal/mole was obtained in propylene glycol-water (1:1). Pentobarbital sodium solutions in anhydrous propylene glycol and 9:1 mixtures of propylene glycol with ethanol, glycerin, or dimethylacetamide gave relatively slow degradation rates at 100 degrees with all projected 25 degrees t 99% values greater than 4.5 years. Intravenous administration of pentobarbital sodium in various anhydrous propylene glycol-based vehicles to rats produced no hemolysis of gross organ damage that would interfere with pathological evaluations. Results of an intraperitoneal sleeptime study indicated that pentobarbital sodium produced consistent hypnotic effect when administered as an aqueous solution or in anhydrous propylene glycol-based vehicles."}
{"id": "PMID:874754", "title": "Bactericidal properties of quaternary ammonium compounds in dispersed systems.", "content": "Alkyltrimethylammonium bromides of selected chain length were synthesized and characterized with respect to their bactericidal properties. A partitioning method was developed, and the aqueous phases of the partitioned systems were evaluated for their antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus. The relationships between the quaternary ammonium compound chain length and the aliphatic alcohol chain length were determined. The effect of selected hydrocarbons on the bactericidal effectiveness of the systems was studied. Cream systems corresponding to the partitioned systems were prepared and evaluated against S. aureus. The relationship between the aqueous phase concentration of the bactericidal agent was studied, and a correlation was shown between the bactericidal activity of the partitioned systems and cream systems.", "contents": "Bactericidal properties of quaternary ammonium compounds in dispersed systems. Alkyltrimethylammonium bromides of selected chain length were synthesized and characterized with respect to their bactericidal properties. A partitioning method was developed, and the aqueous phases of the partitioned systems were evaluated for their antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus. The relationships between the quaternary ammonium compound chain length and the aliphatic alcohol chain length were determined. The effect of selected hydrocarbons on the bactericidal effectiveness of the systems was studied. Cream systems corresponding to the partitioned systems were prepared and evaluated against S. aureus. The relationship between the aqueous phase concentration of the bactericidal agent was studied, and a correlation was shown between the bactericidal activity of the partitioned systems and cream systems."}
{"id": "PMID:874755", "title": "Determination of solasodine in fruits of Solanum species.", "content": "A potentiometric nonaqueous titration procedure was developed for the quantitative determination of solasodine in fruits of the Solanum species. The steroid glycoalkaloids were extracted from freshly harvested fruits with 2% acetic acid and methanol. After hydrolysis, the common aglycone solasodine was extracted with benzene. An aliquot was mixed with an equal volume of acetone and titrated potentiometrically with 0.005 N perchloric acid in dioxane, using glass and silver electrodes for the determination.", "contents": "Determination of solasodine in fruits of Solanum species. A potentiometric nonaqueous titration procedure was developed for the quantitative determination of solasodine in fruits of the Solanum species. The steroid glycoalkaloids were extracted from freshly harvested fruits with 2% acetic acid and methanol. After hydrolysis, the common aglycone solasodine was extracted with benzene. An aliquot was mixed with an equal volume of acetone and titrated potentiometrically with 0.005 N perchloric acid in dioxane, using glass and silver electrodes for the determination."}
{"id": "PMID:874756", "title": "Utilization of cyclodextrin complexation for separation of E, A, and B prostaglandins by ion-exchange liquid chromatography.", "content": "Application of cyclodextrin complexation to the separation of E-, A-, and B-type prostaglandins by ion-exchange liquid chromatography is demonstrated. The addition of alpha-or beta-cyclodextrin into the mobile phase on an anion-exchange support decreased the retention times of the prostaglandins significantly because of soluble complex formation. Chromatographic separation behavior is discussed on the basis of the stability of the inclusion complex. A rapid and sensitive method for the separation and quantification of the prostaglandins, using beta-cyclodextrin in the mobile phase, is described.", "contents": "Utilization of cyclodextrin complexation for separation of E, A, and B prostaglandins by ion-exchange liquid chromatography. Application of cyclodextrin complexation to the separation of E-, A-, and B-type prostaglandins by ion-exchange liquid chromatography is demonstrated. The addition of alpha-or beta-cyclodextrin into the mobile phase on an anion-exchange support decreased the retention times of the prostaglandins significantly because of soluble complex formation. Chromatographic separation behavior is discussed on the basis of the stability of the inclusion complex. A rapid and sensitive method for the separation and quantification of the prostaglandins, using beta-cyclodextrin in the mobile phase, is described."}
{"id": "PMID:874757", "title": "Benzoyl peroxide stability in pharmaceutical gel preparations.", "content": "The storage stability of benzoyl peroxide in the presence of both individual and combined pharmaceutical gel ingredients was investigated. Benzoyl peroxide was quite unstable in the presence of nucleophilic agents and certain acidic substances. At both 30 and 40 degrees storage temperatures, benzoyl peroxide was destroyed rapidly (within 1 month) in the presence of ethanol and acidic chelating agents. The substitution of acetone for ethanol, the elimination of chelating agents, and the addition of sodium hydroxide to gel preparations markedly reduced degradation.", "contents": "Benzoyl peroxide stability in pharmaceutical gel preparations. The storage stability of benzoyl peroxide in the presence of both individual and combined pharmaceutical gel ingredients was investigated. Benzoyl peroxide was quite unstable in the presence of nucleophilic agents and certain acidic substances. At both 30 and 40 degrees storage temperatures, benzoyl peroxide was destroyed rapidly (within 1 month) in the presence of ethanol and acidic chelating agents. The substitution of acetone for ethanol, the elimination of chelating agents, and the addition of sodium hydroxide to gel preparations markedly reduced degradation."}
{"id": "PMID:874758", "title": "GLC determination of free triclocarban in blood.", "content": "A method is presented for the quantitative determination of free triclocarban in rat or human blood. The procedure involves the extraction from blood with acetone, a TLC cleanup, derivatization with N,O-bis (trimethylsily) acetonide, and GLC using an electron-capture detector. GLC-mass spectral analysis confirmed that the structure of the derivative was a bis (trimethylsilyl) molecule with one group on a nitrogen and the second group attached to the enol tautomer. The method is sensitive to 25 ng (12.5 microgram/liter of blood). Recoveries of added triclocarban in the 12.5--50-microgram/liter range weree between 80 and 90%.", "contents": "GLC determination of free triclocarban in blood. A method is presented for the quantitative determination of free triclocarban in rat or human blood. The procedure involves the extraction from blood with acetone, a TLC cleanup, derivatization with N,O-bis (trimethylsily) acetonide, and GLC using an electron-capture detector. GLC-mass spectral analysis confirmed that the structure of the derivative was a bis (trimethylsilyl) molecule with one group on a nitrogen and the second group attached to the enol tautomer. The method is sensitive to 25 ng (12.5 microgram/liter of blood). Recoveries of added triclocarban in the 12.5--50-microgram/liter range weree between 80 and 90%."}
{"id": "PMID:874759", "title": "Effect of surfactants on absorption through membranes V: Concentration-dependent effect of a bile salt (sodium deoxycholate) on absorption of a poorly absorbable drug, phenolsulfonphthalein, in humans.", "content": "The effect of administration of 600-and 300-mg doses of sodium deoxycholate 1 hr before phenolsulfonphthalein solution is reported. The 600-mg dose caused a decrease in drug bioavailability as measured by the total amount excreted in 24 hr. The 300-mg dose cause and increase in the initial phenolsulfonphthalein absorption rate, suggesting a direct action of the bile salt on membrane permeability. The decrease in absorption upon administration of 600 mg was attributed to micellar entrapment of the drug molecule.", "contents": "Effect of surfactants on absorption through membranes V: Concentration-dependent effect of a bile salt (sodium deoxycholate) on absorption of a poorly absorbable drug, phenolsulfonphthalein, in humans. The effect of administration of 600-and 300-mg doses of sodium deoxycholate 1 hr before phenolsulfonphthalein solution is reported. The 600-mg dose caused a decrease in drug bioavailability as measured by the total amount excreted in 24 hr. The 300-mg dose cause and increase in the initial phenolsulfonphthalein absorption rate, suggesting a direct action of the bile salt on membrane permeability. The decrease in absorption upon administration of 600 mg was attributed to micellar entrapment of the drug molecule."}
{"id": "PMID:874760", "title": "Uptake of acetazolamide by human erythrocytes in vitro.", "content": "The binding of acetazolamide to human erythrocytes was studied in vitro. Blood and plasma samples were analyzed by electron-capture GLC. At 37 degrees, drug equilibrated between plasma and erythrocytes in approximately 40 min. The effect of plasma concentration on the steady-state level of drug within the erythrocytes was examined. Erythrocyte accumulation of acetazolamide appeared to be a composite of two processes: a nonlinear, saturable process and a linear, diffusion-controlled process. By appropriate linear transformation of the data, estimates of the data, estimates of the erythrocyte binding capacity and the dissociation constant for the drug were obtained.", "contents": "Uptake of acetazolamide by human erythrocytes in vitro. The binding of acetazolamide to human erythrocytes was studied in vitro. Blood and plasma samples were analyzed by electron-capture GLC. At 37 degrees, drug equilibrated between plasma and erythrocytes in approximately 40 min. The effect of plasma concentration on the steady-state level of drug within the erythrocytes was examined. Erythrocyte accumulation of acetazolamide appeared to be a composite of two processes: a nonlinear, saturable process and a linear, diffusion-controlled process. By appropriate linear transformation of the data, estimates of the data, estimates of the erythrocyte binding capacity and the dissociation constant for the drug were obtained."}
{"id": "PMID:874761", "title": "Direct analysis of salicylic acid in keratolytic plaster by gas-solid chromatography.", "content": "A rapid gas-solid chromatographic method is reported for the direct analysis of salicylic acid in keratolytic plaster. The method requires no preseparation or derivatization and takes about 14 min. Since it requires only 2-7 mg of sample, it can determine the salicylic acid concentration in a particular area of plaster. The analyzing column is packed with porous polymer beads of 2,6-diphenyl-1,4-phenylene oxide. An automatic solid sampling system is used to connection with the gas chromatograph employing dual flame-ionization detectors. The average recovery of salicylic acid in synthetic samples containing 400-2700 microgram was 100.6 +/-1.6%. The average correlation coefficient of the peak area against the standard was +0.9995 +/- 0.0003 for samples in the 300-3000-microgram range.", "contents": "Direct analysis of salicylic acid in keratolytic plaster by gas-solid chromatography. A rapid gas-solid chromatographic method is reported for the direct analysis of salicylic acid in keratolytic plaster. The method requires no preseparation or derivatization and takes about 14 min. Since it requires only 2-7 mg of sample, it can determine the salicylic acid concentration in a particular area of plaster. The analyzing column is packed with porous polymer beads of 2,6-diphenyl-1,4-phenylene oxide. An automatic solid sampling system is used to connection with the gas chromatograph employing dual flame-ionization detectors. The average recovery of salicylic acid in synthetic samples containing 400-2700 microgram was 100.6 +/-1.6%. The average correlation coefficient of the peak area against the standard was +0.9995 +/- 0.0003 for samples in the 300-3000-microgram range."}
{"id": "PMID:874762", "title": "Stability of phenylbutazone in presence of pharmaceutical colors.", "content": "The degradation of phenylbutazone was studied in the presence of lakes suitable for coloring the sugar coats of phenylbutazone tablets. The drug was degraded, in light, in the presence of erythrosine sodium. The degradation probably proceeds via singlet oxygen generated by the light-exicited dye. The degradation may be important in some quality control procedures and can lead, for example, to unusual results in dissolution rate testing.", "contents": "Stability of phenylbutazone in presence of pharmaceutical colors. The degradation of phenylbutazone was studied in the presence of lakes suitable for coloring the sugar coats of phenylbutazone tablets. The drug was degraded, in light, in the presence of erythrosine sodium. The degradation probably proceeds via singlet oxygen generated by the light-exicited dye. The degradation may be important in some quality control procedures and can lead, for example, to unusual results in dissolution rate testing."}
{"id": "PMID:874763", "title": "High-pressure liquid chromatographic analysis of polythiazide in pharmaceutical tablet formulations.", "content": "A high-pressure liquid chromatographic method was developed for the quantitative determination of polythiazide in pharmaceutical tablet formulations after extraction of the powdered tablets with a water-acetonitrile solvent. Analysis is a accomplished by comparison of peak areas after chromatography.", "contents": "High-pressure liquid chromatographic analysis of polythiazide in pharmaceutical tablet formulations. A high-pressure liquid chromatographic method was developed for the quantitative determination of polythiazide in pharmaceutical tablet formulations after extraction of the powdered tablets with a water-acetonitrile solvent. Analysis is a accomplished by comparison of peak areas after chromatography."}
{"id": "PMID:874764", "title": "Quantitative high-pressure liquid chromatographic determination of thimerosal in pharmaceutical formulations.", "content": "A quantitative high-pressure liquid chromatographic method an anion-exchange resin column and an aqueous perchlorate solution as the mobile phase is employed for the determination of thimerosal in pharmaceutical formulations. With a liquid formulation containing large amounts of edetate disodium, calcium chloride is used for complexation to eliminate the interference from edetate disodium.", "contents": "Quantitative high-pressure liquid chromatographic determination of thimerosal in pharmaceutical formulations. A quantitative high-pressure liquid chromatographic method an anion-exchange resin column and an aqueous perchlorate solution as the mobile phase is employed for the determination of thimerosal in pharmaceutical formulations. With a liquid formulation containing large amounts of edetate disodium, calcium chloride is used for complexation to eliminate the interference from edetate disodium."}
{"id": "PMID:874765", "title": "Mathematical description of solute velocities during dissolution from a horizontal surface.", "content": "A mathematical analysis of solute flow in a descending column following dissolution is presented. The acceleration of a solute particle from zero velocity, when it is in the solid phase, to its final equilibrium descending velocity was analyzed. The maximum velocity for N-(3-methylphenyl) acetamide developed essentially at the solid-liquid interface, contradicting the postulate of a microsize diffusional layer. The possibility of a diffusional layer existing for solids of lower solubility than N-(3-methylphenyl)acetamide is discussed.", "contents": "Mathematical description of solute velocities during dissolution from a horizontal surface. A mathematical analysis of solute flow in a descending column following dissolution is presented. The acceleration of a solute particle from zero velocity, when it is in the solid phase, to its final equilibrium descending velocity was analyzed. The maximum velocity for N-(3-methylphenyl) acetamide developed essentially at the solid-liquid interface, contradicting the postulate of a microsize diffusional layer. The possibility of a diffusional layer existing for solids of lower solubility than N-(3-methylphenyl)acetamide is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:874767", "title": "Novel method for determination of partition coefficients of penicillins and cephalosporins by high-pressure liquid chromatography.", "content": "Newly defined lipophilic indexes, log k', of a series of penicillins and cephalosporins were rapidly and reliably determined by reversed-phase high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) on bonded octadecylsilane supports. The log k' values obtained from their retention times exhibited a linear relationship with methanol concentration (v/v%) in the mobile phase. The extrapolated log k' values to zero and those at 30% correlated well with the partition coefficients, log P, in 1-octanol-water and with Rm values from TLC. This HPLC technique provided some new log P and Rm values for highly ionizable beta-lactam antibiotics. The HPLC method for the determination of partition coefficients of drugs has some advantages and is a useful alternative for the determination of log P and Rm.", "contents": "Novel method for determination of partition coefficients of penicillins and cephalosporins by high-pressure liquid chromatography. Newly defined lipophilic indexes, log k', of a series of penicillins and cephalosporins were rapidly and reliably determined by reversed-phase high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) on bonded octadecylsilane supports. The log k' values obtained from their retention times exhibited a linear relationship with methanol concentration (v/v%) in the mobile phase. The extrapolated log k' values to zero and those at 30% correlated well with the partition coefficients, log P, in 1-octanol-water and with Rm values from TLC. This HPLC technique provided some new log P and Rm values for highly ionizable beta-lactam antibiotics. The HPLC method for the determination of partition coefficients of drugs has some advantages and is a useful alternative for the determination of log P and Rm."}
{"id": "PMID:874768", "title": "Rapid GLD determination of ibuprofen in serum.", "content": "A rapid procedure for the determination of ibuprofen in human serum was developed using a single extraction with carbon tetrachloride after deproteinization with perchloric acid. The internal standard, 3-methyl-3-phenylbutyric acid, was added directly to the serum. Gas chromatograms were free of interfering peaks. Calibration curves (0--40 micron g/ml) were linear with a sensitivity of 0.5 micron of ibuprofen/ml of serum. Relative standard deviations ranged from 1.1 to 25%.", "contents": "Rapid GLD determination of ibuprofen in serum. A rapid procedure for the determination of ibuprofen in human serum was developed using a single extraction with carbon tetrachloride after deproteinization with perchloric acid. The internal standard, 3-methyl-3-phenylbutyric acid, was added directly to the serum. Gas chromatograms were free of interfering peaks. Calibration curves (0--40 micron g/ml) were linear with a sensitivity of 0.5 micron of ibuprofen/ml of serum. Relative standard deviations ranged from 1.1 to 25%."}
{"id": "PMID:874769", "title": "Liquid chromatography in pharmaceutical analysis VII: determination of dantrolene sodium in biological fluids.", "content": "Dantrolene sodium can be determined in plasma and urine samples by high-pressure liquid chromatography without interference from its two major metabolites, the hydroxy and acetamido compounds. The minimum detectability of the drug using this procedure is 8 ng. The complete assay including extraction, evaporation, and separation steps can be performed in approximately 70 min with an accuracy of 1--3%.", "contents": "Liquid chromatography in pharmaceutical analysis VII: determination of dantrolene sodium in biological fluids. Dantrolene sodium can be determined in plasma and urine samples by high-pressure liquid chromatography without interference from its two major metabolites, the hydroxy and acetamido compounds. The minimum detectability of the drug using this procedure is 8 ng. The complete assay including extraction, evaporation, and separation steps can be performed in approximately 70 min with an accuracy of 1--3%."}
{"id": "PMID:874770", "title": "Polynitro aromatic compounds in analytical chemistry I: reaction with ouabain and digitoxin.", "content": "By the use of NMR spectroscopy, the highly colored reaction products formed by ouabain or digitoxin in with 1,3,5-trinitrobenzene or 2,4,6-trinitroanisole in the presence of alkali (as used for the determination of these glycosides) are shown to be Meisenheimer complexes. The complexes are produced by attachment of a carbon of the butenolide ring to an aromatic carbon of the nitro compound with formation of a charge-delocalized cyclohexadienate anion.", "contents": "Polynitro aromatic compounds in analytical chemistry I: reaction with ouabain and digitoxin. By the use of NMR spectroscopy, the highly colored reaction products formed by ouabain or digitoxin in with 1,3,5-trinitrobenzene or 2,4,6-trinitroanisole in the presence of alkali (as used for the determination of these glycosides) are shown to be Meisenheimer complexes. The complexes are produced by attachment of a carbon of the butenolide ring to an aromatic carbon of the nitro compound with formation of a charge-delocalized cyclohexadienate anion."}
{"id": "PMID:874773", "title": "Sensitive assay procedure for ethambutol hydrochloride via charge transfer complex formation.", "content": "The charge transfer complex formation between ethambutol and iodine was investigated and utilized as the basis for a sensitive spectrophotometric procedure for ethambutol and its dosage forms. The solutions exhibited blue-shifted iodine bands at 293 and 360 nm. A Job's plot of corrected absorbance against the mole ratio of ethambutol to iodine indicated a 1:2 drug-iodine ratio. At 293 nm, the absorbance was linear (r=0.9998) over the 0.25-15-microgram/ml concentration range, but the concentration range for best accuracy is 1.6-5.8 microgram/ml. The method can be applied successfully to the analysis of commercially available ethambutol tablets.", "contents": "Sensitive assay procedure for ethambutol hydrochloride via charge transfer complex formation. The charge transfer complex formation between ethambutol and iodine was investigated and utilized as the basis for a sensitive spectrophotometric procedure for ethambutol and its dosage forms. The solutions exhibited blue-shifted iodine bands at 293 and 360 nm. A Job's plot of corrected absorbance against the mole ratio of ethambutol to iodine indicated a 1:2 drug-iodine ratio. At 293 nm, the absorbance was linear (r=0.9998) over the 0.25-15-microgram/ml concentration range, but the concentration range for best accuracy is 1.6-5.8 microgram/ml. The method can be applied successfully to the analysis of commercially available ethambutol tablets."}
{"id": "PMID:874774", "title": "GLC determination of lasalocid and its bromo analog as their silyl derivatives.", "content": "A GLC method is presented for the determination of lasalocid and its bromo analog. The method is based on the quantitative trimethylsilylation of the compounds without any molecular cleavage, followed by chromatography on a nonpolar silicone column. Silylation was carried out directly without any extraction or prior cleanup, despite the complexity of the dosage forms. This procedure was used for the assay of pure substances, pellets, premixes, experimental ampul solutions, and mycelial filter cakes. The results were in good agreement with data obtained by microbiological procedures.", "contents": "GLC determination of lasalocid and its bromo analog as their silyl derivatives. A GLC method is presented for the determination of lasalocid and its bromo analog. The method is based on the quantitative trimethylsilylation of the compounds without any molecular cleavage, followed by chromatography on a nonpolar silicone column. Silylation was carried out directly without any extraction or prior cleanup, despite the complexity of the dosage forms. This procedure was used for the assay of pure substances, pellets, premixes, experimental ampul solutions, and mycelial filter cakes. The results were in good agreement with data obtained by microbiological procedures."}
{"id": "PMID:874775", "title": "Simplified method to study stability of pharmaceutical preparations.", "content": "Data simulating zero-, first-, and simple second- and third-order kinetic reactions are employed at four elevated temperatures. The existence of a linear relationship is established between the logarithm of t0.9 (the time required for the concentration of the reactant remaining to decompose to reach 90% of its original value) and the reciprocal of the corresponding temperature in absolute degrees. The independence of the result from the order of the reaction is reconfirmed using literature data. The application of the linear relationship to predict the shelflife of dosage forms is discussed.", "contents": "Simplified method to study stability of pharmaceutical preparations. Data simulating zero-, first-, and simple second- and third-order kinetic reactions are employed at four elevated temperatures. The existence of a linear relationship is established between the logarithm of t0.9 (the time required for the concentration of the reactant remaining to decompose to reach 90% of its original value) and the reciprocal of the corresponding temperature in absolute degrees. The independence of the result from the order of the reaction is reconfirmed using literature data. The application of the linear relationship to predict the shelflife of dosage forms is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:874776", "title": "Simple GLC determination of ethylene oxide and its reaction products in drugs and formulations.", "content": "Convenient rapid GLC methods for the estimation of residual ethylene oxide, ethylene chlorohydrin, and ethylene glycol in ethylene oxide-sterilized bulk drugs and formulations prepared therefrom are described. Ethylene oxide was chromatographed using a porous polymer column; ethylene chlorohydrin and ethylene glycol were chromatographed using either polyethylene glycol 400 or a porous polymer column. All three residuals were determined from the same sample preparation for each type of drug or formulation examined. Recoveries of each of the three residuals were greater than 95% for all samples examined. Detection limits, at moderate electrometer sensitivities, were 2 microgram/g or ml for ethylene oxide and ethylene chlorohydrin and 5 microgram/g or ml for ethylene glycol. The most likely interferences are discussed.", "contents": "Simple GLC determination of ethylene oxide and its reaction products in drugs and formulations. Convenient rapid GLC methods for the estimation of residual ethylene oxide, ethylene chlorohydrin, and ethylene glycol in ethylene oxide-sterilized bulk drugs and formulations prepared therefrom are described. Ethylene oxide was chromatographed using a porous polymer column; ethylene chlorohydrin and ethylene glycol were chromatographed using either polyethylene glycol 400 or a porous polymer column. All three residuals were determined from the same sample preparation for each type of drug or formulation examined. Recoveries of each of the three residuals were greater than 95% for all samples examined. Detection limits, at moderate electrometer sensitivities, were 2 microgram/g or ml for ethylene oxide and ethylene chlorohydrin and 5 microgram/g or ml for ethylene glycol. The most likely interferences are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:874777", "title": "Enzymatic activity of pig heart mitochondrial malate dehydrogenase monomolecular films by surface exchange technique.", "content": "A technique for studying the catalytic activity of enzymes spread as a film at an air-water interface, by exchanging the subphase under the film to remove unspread enzyme molecules, was developed, and its effectiveness was studied using surface-spread mitochondrial malate dehydrogenase. Mitochondrial malate dehydrogenase formed stable films which gave reproducible pi-A curves. The enzyme activity was measured by the oxidation rate of reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) in the presence of the substrate oxalacetic acid. Oxalacetic acid and NADH were injected into the subphase. The catalytic activity of the enzyme was dependent on the surface pressure of the film. The maximum catalytic activity was observed at a surface pressure of 4.4 dynes/cm. The activity was higher at intermediate surface pressures than at very low or very high surface pressures. A high bulk catalytic activity was observed in the unstable region, i.e., at a high degree of compression, of the film. The catalytic activity of the surface-spread enzyme was only a fraction of an equivalent amount of enzyme in solution.", "contents": "Enzymatic activity of pig heart mitochondrial malate dehydrogenase monomolecular films by surface exchange technique. A technique for studying the catalytic activity of enzymes spread as a film at an air-water interface, by exchanging the subphase under the film to remove unspread enzyme molecules, was developed, and its effectiveness was studied using surface-spread mitochondrial malate dehydrogenase. Mitochondrial malate dehydrogenase formed stable films which gave reproducible pi-A curves. The enzyme activity was measured by the oxidation rate of reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) in the presence of the substrate oxalacetic acid. Oxalacetic acid and NADH were injected into the subphase. The catalytic activity of the enzyme was dependent on the surface pressure of the film. The maximum catalytic activity was observed at a surface pressure of 4.4 dynes/cm. The activity was higher at intermediate surface pressures than at very low or very high surface pressures. A high bulk catalytic activity was observed in the unstable region, i.e., at a high degree of compression, of the film. The catalytic activity of the surface-spread enzyme was only a fraction of an equivalent amount of enzyme in solution."}
{"id": "PMID:874778", "title": "GLC determination of plasma acenocoumarol levels.", "content": "A method for the quantitative estimation of acenocoumarol in plasma is described. Plasma containing acenocoumarol, to which a known amount of gamma-oxo derivative of phenylbutazone is added as an internal standard, is acidified and extracted with ethylene dichloride. The drug and the internal standard are then back-extracted into alkali, which, in turn, is acidified and reextracted with ethylene dichloride. The organic extract is evaporated and treated with an ethereal solution of diazomethane (100 microliter). The reacted mixture is evaporated, and the residue is dissolved in 25 microliter of carbon disulfide. Aliquots (2-3 microliter) are injected into a gas chromatograph equipped with a flame-ionization detector. The methyl derivatives of acenocoumarol and the internal standard give sharp, well-separated, symmetrical peaks. The method is of sufficient sensitivity to determine 0.25 microgram/ml of the drug in plasma with a relative standard deviation of 4%.", "contents": "GLC determination of plasma acenocoumarol levels. A method for the quantitative estimation of acenocoumarol in plasma is described. Plasma containing acenocoumarol, to which a known amount of gamma-oxo derivative of phenylbutazone is added as an internal standard, is acidified and extracted with ethylene dichloride. The drug and the internal standard are then back-extracted into alkali, which, in turn, is acidified and reextracted with ethylene dichloride. The organic extract is evaporated and treated with an ethereal solution of diazomethane (100 microliter). The reacted mixture is evaporated, and the residue is dissolved in 25 microliter of carbon disulfide. Aliquots (2-3 microliter) are injected into a gas chromatograph equipped with a flame-ionization detector. The methyl derivatives of acenocoumarol and the internal standard give sharp, well-separated, symmetrical peaks. The method is of sufficient sensitivity to determine 0.25 microgram/ml of the drug in plasma with a relative standard deviation of 4%."}
{"id": "PMID:874779", "title": "Binding of codeine, morphine, and methadone to human serum proteins.", "content": "The binding properties of codeine, morphine (as representative opium alkaloids), and methadone (a synthetic pharmacologically similar compound) were studied with selected human serum proteins. The methodology involved equilibrium and dynamic dialysis using 3H-and/or 14C-labeled compounds. For estimation of the percent binding with equilibrium dialysis, concentrations of the ligand used were approximately therapeutic blood levels and another concentration 30-60 times higher. The percent binding to whole human serum ranged from about 20% for morphine to almost 60% for methadone. Of the human serum proteins investigated, the highest percent binding was found with albumin, except for methadone for which it was beta-globulin III. The affinity for other serum proteins varied with the ligand. In studies with albumin using dynamic dialysis, the plots of nubar divided by free concentration versus nubar were similar for all three ligands studied and had positive slopes, unlike those reported for acidic compounds for which the slope is always negative. In studies of binding of one ligand in the presence of another, significant competition was demonstrated, suggesting that the same binding sites were involved.", "contents": "Binding of codeine, morphine, and methadone to human serum proteins. The binding properties of codeine, morphine (as representative opium alkaloids), and methadone (a synthetic pharmacologically similar compound) were studied with selected human serum proteins. The methodology involved equilibrium and dynamic dialysis using 3H-and/or 14C-labeled compounds. For estimation of the percent binding with equilibrium dialysis, concentrations of the ligand used were approximately therapeutic blood levels and another concentration 30-60 times higher. The percent binding to whole human serum ranged from about 20% for morphine to almost 60% for methadone. Of the human serum proteins investigated, the highest percent binding was found with albumin, except for methadone for which it was beta-globulin III. The affinity for other serum proteins varied with the ligand. In studies with albumin using dynamic dialysis, the plots of nubar divided by free concentration versus nubar were similar for all three ligands studied and had positive slopes, unlike those reported for acidic compounds for which the slope is always negative. In studies of binding of one ligand in the presence of another, significant competition was demonstrated, suggesting that the same binding sites were involved."}
{"id": "PMID:874781", "title": "Liquid chromatography in pharmaceutical analysis VIII: determination of isoniazid and acetyl derivative in plasma and urine samples.", "content": "Parameters are described for the qualitative and quantitative analysis of a mixture of isoniazid and its acetyl derivative. The compounds are chromatographed on an octadecylsilane column, using absolute methanol-distilled water (60:40) at pH 2.5 containing 0.01 M dioctyl sodium sulfosuccinate. The flow rate was 2.0 ml/min (2500 psig). The separation and quantification are applicable to plasma and urine samples. The determination in each biological fluid can be achieved in approximately 90 min with percentage accuracies for isoniazid of 5.25 and 7.45 and for the acetyl derivative of 4.47 and 1.56 in plasma and urine, respectively.", "contents": "Liquid chromatography in pharmaceutical analysis VIII: determination of isoniazid and acetyl derivative in plasma and urine samples. Parameters are described for the qualitative and quantitative analysis of a mixture of isoniazid and its acetyl derivative. The compounds are chromatographed on an octadecylsilane column, using absolute methanol-distilled water (60:40) at pH 2.5 containing 0.01 M dioctyl sodium sulfosuccinate. The flow rate was 2.0 ml/min (2500 psig). The separation and quantification are applicable to plasma and urine samples. The determination in each biological fluid can be achieved in approximately 90 min with percentage accuracies for isoniazid of 5.25 and 7.45 and for the acetyl derivative of 4.47 and 1.56 in plasma and urine, respectively."}
{"id": "PMID:874782", "title": "In vitro and in vivo considerations of a novel matrix-controlled bovine progesterone-releasing intravaginal device.", "content": "An in vitro system measuring progesterone release from silicone matrixes into serum is described. Drug release followed a matrix-controlled diffusion model in which the cumulative quantity released was linear with the square root of time. A bovine intravaginal device, consisting of a steel coil coated on both sides with a progesterone silicone matrix, was used as an in vivo drug delivery system. In vivo drug release also was matrix controlled, with rates comparable to those obtained in vitro. However, lag times of 1.7 and 4.2 days before reaching the steady-state rate were obtained for the outer and inner surfaces, respectively. The combination of effects resulted in a pseudo-zero-order drug-releasing device in which cumulative drug released was linear with time for at least 16 days.", "contents": "In vitro and in vivo considerations of a novel matrix-controlled bovine progesterone-releasing intravaginal device. An in vitro system measuring progesterone release from silicone matrixes into serum is described. Drug release followed a matrix-controlled diffusion model in which the cumulative quantity released was linear with the square root of time. A bovine intravaginal device, consisting of a steel coil coated on both sides with a progesterone silicone matrix, was used as an in vivo drug delivery system. In vivo drug release also was matrix controlled, with rates comparable to those obtained in vitro. However, lag times of 1.7 and 4.2 days before reaching the steady-state rate were obtained for the outer and inner surfaces, respectively. The combination of effects resulted in a pseudo-zero-order drug-releasing device in which cumulative drug released was linear with time for at least 16 days."}
{"id": "PMID:874783", "title": "Prostaglandin monolayers II: monomolecular film behavior of dinoprost C-15 alkyl esters.", "content": "Monomolecular film compression-relaxation behavior was examined for select dinoprost C-15 alkyl esters. Higher homologs of the series such as palmitate and decanoate esters yielded stable expanded monolayers that exhibited minimal relaxation of surface pressure during noncompression. Their limiting molecular areas were consistent with a Hirschfelder model projection in which the prostaglandin moiety assumes a horizontal orientation at the interface with its alkyl ester chain oriented vertical to the surface plane. Shorter chain homologs such as hexanoate, valerate, butyrate, propionate, and acetate also formed expanded monolayers but exhibited increased instability with decreased alkyl chain length, as reflected in their lower surface pressure development during compression and significant relaxation of pressure during noncompression. Such instability can be tied to their increased solubility in the subphase solution and higher desorption rate from the interface.", "contents": "Prostaglandin monolayers II: monomolecular film behavior of dinoprost C-15 alkyl esters. Monomolecular film compression-relaxation behavior was examined for select dinoprost C-15 alkyl esters. Higher homologs of the series such as palmitate and decanoate esters yielded stable expanded monolayers that exhibited minimal relaxation of surface pressure during noncompression. Their limiting molecular areas were consistent with a Hirschfelder model projection in which the prostaglandin moiety assumes a horizontal orientation at the interface with its alkyl ester chain oriented vertical to the surface plane. Shorter chain homologs such as hexanoate, valerate, butyrate, propionate, and acetate also formed expanded monolayers but exhibited increased instability with decreased alkyl chain length, as reflected in their lower surface pressure development during compression and significant relaxation of pressure during noncompression. Such instability can be tied to their increased solubility in the subphase solution and higher desorption rate from the interface."}
{"id": "PMID:874784", "title": "Effect of primidone concentration on glass transition temperature and dissolution of solid dispersion systems containing primidone and citric acid.", "content": "The glass transition temperatures of glasses containing various concentrations of primidone in citric acid were measured and found to increase as the primidone concentration increased. Dissolution studies of these systems and particle-size measurements of primidone precipitated during dissolution of devitrified glasses suggest that the increase in the dissolution rate of the devitrified systems is due to both the small size of the precipitated crystals and the excellent wettability of these systems.", "contents": "Effect of primidone concentration on glass transition temperature and dissolution of solid dispersion systems containing primidone and citric acid. The glass transition temperatures of glasses containing various concentrations of primidone in citric acid were measured and found to increase as the primidone concentration increased. Dissolution studies of these systems and particle-size measurements of primidone precipitated during dissolution of devitrified glasses suggest that the increase in the dissolution rate of the devitrified systems is due to both the small size of the precipitated crystals and the excellent wettability of these systems."}
{"id": "PMID:874785", "title": "Quantitation of the antimalarial agent, mefloquine, in blood, plasma, and urine using high-pressure liquid chromatography.", "content": "Sensitive and specific assays are described for the quantitation of mefloquine in whole blood, plasma, and urine specimens using high-pressure liquid chromatography. Specimens were extracted with ethyl acetate and concentrated before chromatography. Whole blood and plasma extracts were chromatographed on a polar bonded phase partitioning column, and urine extracts were chromatographed on a bonded reversed-phase partitioning column. The sensitivity of the assays for mefloquine was 0.05 microgram/ml of whole blood or plasma and 0.25 microgram/ml of urine using 5-ml samples. The assays are suitable for studying mefloquine pharmacokinetics in humans.", "contents": "Quantitation of the antimalarial agent, mefloquine, in blood, plasma, and urine using high-pressure liquid chromatography. Sensitive and specific assays are described for the quantitation of mefloquine in whole blood, plasma, and urine specimens using high-pressure liquid chromatography. Specimens were extracted with ethyl acetate and concentrated before chromatography. Whole blood and plasma extracts were chromatographed on a polar bonded phase partitioning column, and urine extracts were chromatographed on a bonded reversed-phase partitioning column. The sensitivity of the assays for mefloquine was 0.05 microgram/ml of whole blood or plasma and 0.25 microgram/ml of urine using 5-ml samples. The assays are suitable for studying mefloquine pharmacokinetics in humans."}
{"id": "PMID:874786", "title": "Cytolysis of neuroblastoma cells in vitro and treatment of neuronal tumors in vivo with bromoacetylcholine.", "content": "The effect of bromoacetylcholine on mouse neuroblastoma C-1300 was investigated in cell culture as well as in A/J mice. In vitro, bromoacetylcholine (1 X 10(-5) M) was a potent cytolytic agent and produced an additive effect in combination with vincristine (3 X 10(-9) M). Since the choline acetyltransferase inhibitor, dimethylaminoethyl chloroacetate, does not inhibit neuroblastoma efficiently in vitro, the potent cytolytic action of bromoacetylcholine is probably not due to its choline acetyltransferase inhibitory action. Furthermore, the neuroblastoma inhibitory effect of bromoacetylcholine was not affected by atropine. Therefore, the inhibitory action is not related to the interaction of bromoacetylcholine with muscarinic receptors either. In in vivo experiments, 1, 10, or 30 mg/kg of bromoacetylcholine was injected directly into the tumors three times daily for 6 weeks. Bromoacetylcholine at 10 and 30 mg/kg gave significant protection of A/J mice from the death induced by neuroblastoma inoculation, and the lifespan was prolonged significantly with these bromoacetylcholine treatments.", "contents": "Cytolysis of neuroblastoma cells in vitro and treatment of neuronal tumors in vivo with bromoacetylcholine. The effect of bromoacetylcholine on mouse neuroblastoma C-1300 was investigated in cell culture as well as in A/J mice. In vitro, bromoacetylcholine (1 X 10(-5) M) was a potent cytolytic agent and produced an additive effect in combination with vincristine (3 X 10(-9) M). Since the choline acetyltransferase inhibitor, dimethylaminoethyl chloroacetate, does not inhibit neuroblastoma efficiently in vitro, the potent cytolytic action of bromoacetylcholine is probably not due to its choline acetyltransferase inhibitory action. Furthermore, the neuroblastoma inhibitory effect of bromoacetylcholine was not affected by atropine. Therefore, the inhibitory action is not related to the interaction of bromoacetylcholine with muscarinic receptors either. In in vivo experiments, 1, 10, or 30 mg/kg of bromoacetylcholine was injected directly into the tumors three times daily for 6 weeks. Bromoacetylcholine at 10 and 30 mg/kg gave significant protection of A/J mice from the death induced by neuroblastoma inoculation, and the lifespan was prolonged significantly with these bromoacetylcholine treatments."}
{"id": "PMID:874787", "title": "Determination of triprolidine in human plasma by quantitative TLC.", "content": "A chromatographic thin-layer fluorescence procedure, with a sensitivity limit of 0.8 ng/ml, is described for the quantitative analysis of triprolidine in human and rat plasma. Following the intravenous administration of 1 mg/kg of triprolidine to rats, the drug distributed rapidly into tissues and was eliminated from plasma with a half-life of 53 min. The method was used to determine the plasma triprolidine levels in 16 normal human volunteers following oral administration of 3.75 mg of triprolidine hydrochloride in 15 ml of a syrup. The drug obtained a mean peak plasma level of 8.2 ng/ml in 2 hr and was eliminated from the plasma with a half-life of 5 hr. Considerable individual variation was observed in the area under the plasma triprolidine level-time curve; values ranged from 19 to 163 ng hr/ml with a mean value of 75 ng hr/ml.", "contents": "Determination of triprolidine in human plasma by quantitative TLC. A chromatographic thin-layer fluorescence procedure, with a sensitivity limit of 0.8 ng/ml, is described for the quantitative analysis of triprolidine in human and rat plasma. Following the intravenous administration of 1 mg/kg of triprolidine to rats, the drug distributed rapidly into tissues and was eliminated from plasma with a half-life of 53 min. The method was used to determine the plasma triprolidine levels in 16 normal human volunteers following oral administration of 3.75 mg of triprolidine hydrochloride in 15 ml of a syrup. The drug obtained a mean peak plasma level of 8.2 ng/ml in 2 hr and was eliminated from the plasma with a half-life of 5 hr. Considerable individual variation was observed in the area under the plasma triprolidine level-time curve; values ranged from 19 to 163 ng hr/ml with a mean value of 75 ng hr/ml."}
{"id": "PMID:874788", "title": "Potential antitumor agents: procarbazine analogs and other methylhydrazine derivatives.", "content": "With the objective of developing new antitumor agents, two groups of hydrazine compounds, having structural features in common with the antitumor agents procarbazine and 1-acetyl-2-picolinoylhydrazine, were synthesized. The L-1210 leukemia system was used to evaluate compounds of both groups. The aliphatic procarbazines also were screened for antitumor activity as bis(benzyloxycarbonyl) derivatives and as derivatives having a phthalazine nucleus. No L-1210 antitumor activity was exhibited by these compounds.", "contents": "Potential antitumor agents: procarbazine analogs and other methylhydrazine derivatives. With the objective of developing new antitumor agents, two groups of hydrazine compounds, having structural features in common with the antitumor agents procarbazine and 1-acetyl-2-picolinoylhydrazine, were synthesized. The L-1210 leukemia system was used to evaluate compounds of both groups. The aliphatic procarbazines also were screened for antitumor activity as bis(benzyloxycarbonyl) derivatives and as derivatives having a phthalazine nucleus. No L-1210 antitumor activity was exhibited by these compounds."}
{"id": "PMID:874789", "title": "Formulation factors affecting strength and dissolution of uncoated oxytetracycline tablets.", "content": "The effect of various formulation and processing factors on the properties of 300-mg oxytetracycline tablets was studied. At a constant moisture level and packing fraction, an increase in gelatin concentration resulted in increased tensile strength, increased disintegration and dissolution times, and reduced capping tendency. The Wagner theory of dissolution applied satisfactorily to tablets containing up to 5% (w/w) gelatin but was less applicable at higher gelatin levels. Dissolution rate constants were calculated, and their values depended on the gelatin content and packing fraction of the tablets.", "contents": "Formulation factors affecting strength and dissolution of uncoated oxytetracycline tablets. The effect of various formulation and processing factors on the properties of 300-mg oxytetracycline tablets was studied. At a constant moisture level and packing fraction, an increase in gelatin concentration resulted in increased tensile strength, increased disintegration and dissolution times, and reduced capping tendency. The Wagner theory of dissolution applied satisfactorily to tablets containing up to 5% (w/w) gelatin but was less applicable at higher gelatin levels. Dissolution rate constants were calculated, and their values depended on the gelatin content and packing fraction of the tablets."}
{"id": "PMID:874790", "title": "Pharmacokinetics of methylphenidate in the rat using single-ion monitoring GLC-mass spectrometry.", "content": "A GLC-mass spectrometric assay for methylphenidate in biological fluids was developed using the ethyl ester homolog of the drug as the internal standard. The procedure has a lower level of sensitivity of 1.2 ng/ml and is based on GLC-mass spectrometic monitoring of the m/e 180 ion common to the mass spectra of the N-trifluoroacetyl derivatives of the drug and internal standard. The brain and plasma levels of methylphenidate in rats were determined after intravenous administration of 0.5 mg/kg of the drug. The two-compartment open pharmacokinetic model fit the data.", "contents": "Pharmacokinetics of methylphenidate in the rat using single-ion monitoring GLC-mass spectrometry. A GLC-mass spectrometric assay for methylphenidate in biological fluids was developed using the ethyl ester homolog of the drug as the internal standard. The procedure has a lower level of sensitivity of 1.2 ng/ml and is based on GLC-mass spectrometic monitoring of the m/e 180 ion common to the mass spectra of the N-trifluoroacetyl derivatives of the drug and internal standard. The brain and plasma levels of methylphenidate in rats were determined after intravenous administration of 0.5 mg/kg of the drug. The two-compartment open pharmacokinetic model fit the data."}
{"id": "PMID:874791", "title": "GI absorption of niacin in humans.", "content": "By using the GI tube technique, niacin was shown to be equally well absorbed from the stomach and the upper small intestine. The maximum plasma niacin concentrations occurred 10-20 and 5-10 min, respectively, after instillation. Thus, the physiological prerequisites for a physically retarded niacin preparation were established.", "contents": "GI absorption of niacin in humans. By using the GI tube technique, niacin was shown to be equally well absorbed from the stomach and the upper small intestine. The maximum plasma niacin concentrations occurred 10-20 and 5-10 min, respectively, after instillation. Thus, the physiological prerequisites for a physically retarded niacin preparation were established."}
{"id": "PMID:874792", "title": "Alkaloids of Glaucium flavum Grantz, populations Isfahan and Kazerun.", "content": "Glaucium flavum Grantz, population Isfahan, contained four major alkaloids: dicentrine (0.8%), bulbocapnine (0.42%), protopine (0.35%), and salutaridine (0.2%). G. flavum Grantz, population Kazerun, contained four major alkaloids: dicentrine (1.4%), bulbocapnine (0.5%), O-methylflavinantine (0.5%), and salutaridine (0.3%); it also contained two minor alkaloids, protopine and alpha-allocryptonine. O-Methylflavinantine was found for the first time in the Papaveraceae.", "contents": "Alkaloids of Glaucium flavum Grantz, populations Isfahan and Kazerun. Glaucium flavum Grantz, population Isfahan, contained four major alkaloids: dicentrine (0.8%), bulbocapnine (0.42%), protopine (0.35%), and salutaridine (0.2%). G. flavum Grantz, population Kazerun, contained four major alkaloids: dicentrine (1.4%), bulbocapnine (0.5%), O-methylflavinantine (0.5%), and salutaridine (0.3%); it also contained two minor alkaloids, protopine and alpha-allocryptonine. O-Methylflavinantine was found for the first time in the Papaveraceae."}
{"id": "PMID:874793", "title": "Rapid determination of procainamide and its N-acetyl derivative in human plasma by high-pressure liquid chromatography.", "content": "A rapid, specific, high-pressure liquid chromatographic method for the determination of procainamide and its N-acetyl derivative in plasma was developed. The procedure is fast enough (15 min from receipt of blood to reporting value) to be used for emergency determinations. The sensitivity, precision, and accuracy are sufficient for routine monitoring of therapeutic levels in patients. The assay is specific enough to be valid in the presence of a number of drugs and dietary substances present in clinical samples.", "contents": "Rapid determination of procainamide and its N-acetyl derivative in human plasma by high-pressure liquid chromatography. A rapid, specific, high-pressure liquid chromatographic method for the determination of procainamide and its N-acetyl derivative in plasma was developed. The procedure is fast enough (15 min from receipt of blood to reporting value) to be used for emergency determinations. The sensitivity, precision, and accuracy are sufficient for routine monitoring of therapeutic levels in patients. The assay is specific enough to be valid in the presence of a number of drugs and dietary substances present in clinical samples."}
{"id": "PMID:874794", "title": "Lipid-protein interactions: detergent binding to L-glutamic acid dehydrogenase.", "content": "A nonionic detergent was found to bind to the enzyme L-glutamic acid dehydrogenase [L-glutamate:nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidoreductase (deaminating) EC 1.4.1.3]. The amount bound was 17 moles of detergent/mole of enzyme, which, however, was not sufficient for the enzyme to be included in a detergent micelle.", "contents": "Lipid-protein interactions: detergent binding to L-glutamic acid dehydrogenase. A nonionic detergent was found to bind to the enzyme L-glutamic acid dehydrogenase [L-glutamate:nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidoreductase (deaminating) EC 1.4.1.3]. The amount bound was 17 moles of detergent/mole of enzyme, which, however, was not sufficient for the enzyme to be included in a detergent micelle."}
{"id": "PMID:874795", "title": "Separation and quantitative determination of 2,4-disulfamyl-5-trifluoromethylaniline in hydroflumethiazide using high-pressure liquid chromatography.", "content": "A high-pressure liquid chromatographic method was developed to quantify 2,4-disulfamyl-5-trifluoromethylaniline in hydroflumethiazide using a bonded pellicular packing. An internal standard was added to the samples to ensure reproducibility. The results were compared with methods currently in use.", "contents": "Separation and quantitative determination of 2,4-disulfamyl-5-trifluoromethylaniline in hydroflumethiazide using high-pressure liquid chromatography. A high-pressure liquid chromatographic method was developed to quantify 2,4-disulfamyl-5-trifluoromethylaniline in hydroflumethiazide using a bonded pellicular packing. An internal standard was added to the samples to ensure reproducibility. The results were compared with methods currently in use."}
{"id": "PMID:874796", "title": "Enhancement of intestinal glucose transport following chronic parathion poisoning.", "content": "Chronic administration of parathion to male rats stimulated glucose (p less than 0.05) but not calcium (p greater than 0.05) transport in the everted duodenal gut sac preparation. Chronic parathion stimulation was not reduced by concurrent administered of atropine. Acutely applied parathion or paraoxon, its active metabolite, did not increase glucose transport in this preparation.", "contents": "Enhancement of intestinal glucose transport following chronic parathion poisoning. Chronic administration of parathion to male rats stimulated glucose (p less than 0.05) but not calcium (p greater than 0.05) transport in the everted duodenal gut sac preparation. Chronic parathion stimulation was not reduced by concurrent administered of atropine. Acutely applied parathion or paraoxon, its active metabolite, did not increase glucose transport in this preparation."}
{"id": "PMID:874797", "title": "Metabolic studies with the nonnutritive sweetener cycloheptylsulfamate.", "content": "The nonnutritive sweetener cycloheptylsulfamate was administered orally to rabbits and rats. The urine of each species was separately collected for 3 days and examined for the metabolites cycloheptylamine, cycloheptanone, and cycloheptanol and for cycloheptylsulfamate. A previously tested GLC method was adapted for the determination of the metabolites. Cycloheptylsulfamate was assayed by hydrolysis and subsequent measurement of the absorbance of the product formed (lambdamax=489 nm) by the liberated amine with p-benzoquinone. The conversions to the metabolites were 0.276, 0.390, and 0.170%, respectively, in rabbits and 0.064, 0.022, and 0.017%, respectively, in rats.", "contents": "Metabolic studies with the nonnutritive sweetener cycloheptylsulfamate. The nonnutritive sweetener cycloheptylsulfamate was administered orally to rabbits and rats. The urine of each species was separately collected for 3 days and examined for the metabolites cycloheptylamine, cycloheptanone, and cycloheptanol and for cycloheptylsulfamate. A previously tested GLC method was adapted for the determination of the metabolites. Cycloheptylsulfamate was assayed by hydrolysis and subsequent measurement of the absorbance of the product formed (lambdamax=489 nm) by the liberated amine with p-benzoquinone. The conversions to the metabolites were 0.276, 0.390, and 0.170%, respectively, in rabbits and 0.064, 0.022, and 0.017%, respectively, in rats."}
{"id": "PMID:874798", "title": "NMR solvent shift data for methoxylated xanthones.", "content": "The NMR spectra of 1-, 2-, 3-, and 4-hydroxyanthones, 1,3-, 1,5-, 1,6-, 1,7-, 1,8-, 2,5-, 3,4-, 3,5-, 3,6-, and 4,5-dihydroxyxanthones, 1,3,6- and 1,3,8-trihydroxyxanthones, and 1,3,6,8-tetrahydroxyxanthone, as well as those of the corresponding methyl ethers and acetates, were recorded. The spectra of the methyl ethers were measured in deuterochloroform, benzene, trifluoroacetic acid, and 3% trifluoroacetic acid in benzene. The solvent shift parameters for the methoxyl resonances are tabulated and discussed.", "contents": "NMR solvent shift data for methoxylated xanthones. The NMR spectra of 1-, 2-, 3-, and 4-hydroxyanthones, 1,3-, 1,5-, 1,6-, 1,7-, 1,8-, 2,5-, 3,4-, 3,5-, 3,6-, and 4,5-dihydroxyxanthones, 1,3,6- and 1,3,8-trihydroxyxanthones, and 1,3,6,8-tetrahydroxyxanthone, as well as those of the corresponding methyl ethers and acetates, were recorded. The spectra of the methyl ethers were measured in deuterochloroform, benzene, trifluoroacetic acid, and 3% trifluoroacetic acid in benzene. The solvent shift parameters for the methoxyl resonances are tabulated and discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:874799", "title": "Synthesis of 5-substituted 2-oxazolidinethiones and their antagonism to uterotropic effect of diethylstilbestrol.", "content": "5-(4-Aminophenoxymethyl)-2-oxazolidinethiones were synthesized by the cyclization of 1-(4-aminophenoxy)-3-amino-2-propanol in the presence of potassium hydroxide and carbon disulfide. This oxazolidinethione, on reaction with suitable isothiocyanates, yielded 5-[4-(substituted thiocarbamido)phenoxymethyl]-2-oxazolidinethiones. These compounds antagonized the uterotropic effects of diethylstilbestrol in female rats and possessed approximate LD50 values of 400-greater than 800 mg/kg.", "contents": "Synthesis of 5-substituted 2-oxazolidinethiones and their antagonism to uterotropic effect of diethylstilbestrol. 5-(4-Aminophenoxymethyl)-2-oxazolidinethiones were synthesized by the cyclization of 1-(4-aminophenoxy)-3-amino-2-propanol in the presence of potassium hydroxide and carbon disulfide. This oxazolidinethione, on reaction with suitable isothiocyanates, yielded 5-[4-(substituted thiocarbamido)phenoxymethyl]-2-oxazolidinethiones. These compounds antagonized the uterotropic effects of diethylstilbestrol in female rats and possessed approximate LD50 values of 400-greater than 800 mg/kg."}
{"id": "PMID:874800", "title": "Cytotoxic agents from Bursera klugii (Burseraceae) I: isolation of sapelins A and B.", "content": "A crude chloroform-soluble fraction of the ethanol extract of the leaves of Bursera klugii showed activity against two test systems, the P-388 lymphocytic leukemia (3PS) and the human epidermoid carcinoma of the nasopharynx (9KB). The PS activity was due to two constituents, sapelins A and B.", "contents": "Cytotoxic agents from Bursera klugii (Burseraceae) I: isolation of sapelins A and B. A crude chloroform-soluble fraction of the ethanol extract of the leaves of Bursera klugii showed activity against two test systems, the P-388 lymphocytic leukemia (3PS) and the human epidermoid carcinoma of the nasopharynx (9KB). The PS activity was due to two constituents, sapelins A and B."}
{"id": "PMID:874801", "title": "Quinuclidine chemistry: autocondensation reactions of 3-quinuclidinone.", "content": "During the synthesis of 3-hydroxy-3-ethinylquinuclidine (I), two additional products were isolated and identified as (E)-3-[2-(3-oxoquinuclidine)]quinuclidylidene (III) and (E)-3-[2-(3-hydroxy-3-ethinylquinuclidine)]quinuclidylidene (V). The base-catalyzed autocondensation of 3-quinuclidinone resulted in the alpha,beta-unsaturated ketone dimer (III) as a single isomer. The geometric configuration was deduced by examination of the NMR spectra of the methyl iodide salt. Compound V was thus the result of attack on the carbonyl carbon of III by the acetylide anion. The isolation and identification of these compounds clarified the reported differences in the physical properties of I and its analogs.", "contents": "Quinuclidine chemistry: autocondensation reactions of 3-quinuclidinone. During the synthesis of 3-hydroxy-3-ethinylquinuclidine (I), two additional products were isolated and identified as (E)-3-[2-(3-oxoquinuclidine)]quinuclidylidene (III) and (E)-3-[2-(3-hydroxy-3-ethinylquinuclidine)]quinuclidylidene (V). The base-catalyzed autocondensation of 3-quinuclidinone resulted in the alpha,beta-unsaturated ketone dimer (III) as a single isomer. The geometric configuration was deduced by examination of the NMR spectra of the methyl iodide salt. Compound V was thus the result of attack on the carbonyl carbon of III by the acetylide anion. The isolation and identification of these compounds clarified the reported differences in the physical properties of I and its analogs."}
{"id": "PMID:874802", "title": "Modified electron-capture GLC assay for salsolinol in brain tissue.", "content": "A modified assay for a neuroamine-derived tetrahydroisoquinoline, salsolinol, is presented. It combines the ease and rapidity of solvent extraction from brain tiessue with the sensitivity of electron-capture GLC. Detection of salsolinol (1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-1-methyl-6,7-isoquinolinediol), the alkaloid derived from condensation of dopamine and acetaldehyde, at levels of 5-10 ng/g of brain tissue is possible. The advantages afforded by the modifications are discussed in relation to existing procedures.", "contents": "Modified electron-capture GLC assay for salsolinol in brain tissue. A modified assay for a neuroamine-derived tetrahydroisoquinoline, salsolinol, is presented. It combines the ease and rapidity of solvent extraction from brain tiessue with the sensitivity of electron-capture GLC. Detection of salsolinol (1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-1-methyl-6,7-isoquinolinediol), the alkaloid derived from condensation of dopamine and acetaldehyde, at levels of 5-10 ng/g of brain tissue is possible. The advantages afforded by the modifications are discussed in relation to existing procedures."}
{"id": "PMID:874803", "title": "Quantitative determinations of codeine phosphate, guaifenesin, pheniramine maleate, phenylpropanolamine hydrochloride, and pyrilamine maleate in an expectorant by high-pressure liquid chromatography.", "content": "The quantitative determinations of codeine phosphate, guaifenesin, pheniramine maleate, phenylpropanolamine hydrochloride, and pyrilamine maleate in a liquid dosage form are described. All active and inactive ingredients (sodium benzoate and FD&C Yellow No. 5 dye) can be separated with high-pressure liquid chromatography except the two antihistamines, pheniramine maleate and pyrilamine maleate. Pheniramine maleate is determined colorimetrically, and pyrilamine maleate is determined either by difference or spectrophotometrically. The methods are simple short, accurate, and precise. The standard deviations are reported.", "contents": "Quantitative determinations of codeine phosphate, guaifenesin, pheniramine maleate, phenylpropanolamine hydrochloride, and pyrilamine maleate in an expectorant by high-pressure liquid chromatography. The quantitative determinations of codeine phosphate, guaifenesin, pheniramine maleate, phenylpropanolamine hydrochloride, and pyrilamine maleate in a liquid dosage form are described. All active and inactive ingredients (sodium benzoate and FD&C Yellow No. 5 dye) can be separated with high-pressure liquid chromatography except the two antihistamines, pheniramine maleate and pyrilamine maleate. Pheniramine maleate is determined colorimetrically, and pyrilamine maleate is determined either by difference or spectrophotometrically. The methods are simple short, accurate, and precise. The standard deviations are reported."}
{"id": "PMID:874804", "title": "Quantitative determinations of antipyrine and benzocaine in ear drops by high-pressure liquid chromatography.", "content": "Antipyrine and benzocaine were determined quantitatively in ear drops by high-pressure liquid chromatography on an octadecyltrichlorosilane permanently bonded to a Si-C column, using 0.02 M KH2PO4 in methanol-water as the mobile phase. Both compounds can be assayed in combination directly without interference from each other or from oxyquinoline sulfate (the preservative). The method is accurate, precise (estimated universe standard deviations of 0.68% for antipyrine and 1.18% for benzocaine), simple, and short (requires 30 min versus 2-3 hr by the NF method). The method was tried on a commercial product with excellent results and can be used in the presence of decomposition products.", "contents": "Quantitative determinations of antipyrine and benzocaine in ear drops by high-pressure liquid chromatography. Antipyrine and benzocaine were determined quantitatively in ear drops by high-pressure liquid chromatography on an octadecyltrichlorosilane permanently bonded to a Si-C column, using 0.02 M KH2PO4 in methanol-water as the mobile phase. Both compounds can be assayed in combination directly without interference from each other or from oxyquinoline sulfate (the preservative). The method is accurate, precise (estimated universe standard deviations of 0.68% for antipyrine and 1.18% for benzocaine), simple, and short (requires 30 min versus 2-3 hr by the NF method). The method was tried on a commercial product with excellent results and can be used in the presence of decomposition products."}
{"id": "PMID:874805", "title": "GI pharmacology of polyethyleneimine I: effects on gastric emptying in rats.", "content": "Experiments were conducted to determine the effect of ingested polyethyleneimine upon gastric emptying of the fasted rat. Emptying was evaluated by the phenolsulfonphthalein and resin bead methods. The two techniques gave comparable results; both showed that this agent inhibited gastric emptying. A delay in gastric emptying could be detected within 15 min of intubation. The effect was dose related, quite long lasting (approximately 4 hr), and reversible. Commercially available, branched polyethyleneimines were highly active, but the linear polyethyleneimine was without observable effect. A branched polyethyleneimine derivative with all primary amine sites selectively acetylated also was inactive.", "contents": "GI pharmacology of polyethyleneimine I: effects on gastric emptying in rats. Experiments were conducted to determine the effect of ingested polyethyleneimine upon gastric emptying of the fasted rat. Emptying was evaluated by the phenolsulfonphthalein and resin bead methods. The two techniques gave comparable results; both showed that this agent inhibited gastric emptying. A delay in gastric emptying could be detected within 15 min of intubation. The effect was dose related, quite long lasting (approximately 4 hr), and reversible. Commercially available, branched polyethyleneimines were highly active, but the linear polyethyleneimine was without observable effect. A branched polyethyleneimine derivative with all primary amine sites selectively acetylated also was inactive."}
{"id": "PMID:874806", "title": "New compounds: potential antituberculous agents I: alkylaryl 4-arylformamidinothiosemicarbazones.", "content": "A series of alkylaryl 4-arylformamidinothiosemicarbazones was synthesized for evaluation as antituberculous agents. The synthesis was effected by the condensation of different arylcyanamides with various thiosemicarbazones. The required intermediates also are described.", "contents": "New compounds: potential antituberculous agents I: alkylaryl 4-arylformamidinothiosemicarbazones. A series of alkylaryl 4-arylformamidinothiosemicarbazones was synthesized for evaluation as antituberculous agents. The synthesis was effected by the condensation of different arylcyanamides with various thiosemicarbazones. The required intermediates also are described."}
{"id": "PMID:874810", "title": "Plasma catecholamine concentrations in unanesthetized rats during sleep, wakefulness, immobilization and after decapitation.", "content": "A relatively unstressful technique for obtaining blood samples from rats has been employed to determine the amounts of catecholamines in blood during physiological sleep, undistrubed wakefulness, gentle handling and physical immobilization. These circulating plasma levels of catecholamines [0.46 ng of norepinephrine (NE) and 0.18 ng of epinephrine (EPI) per ml*were found to be markedly lower than previously reported for rats, which were generally handled or restrained prior to blood sampling. Compared with animals in natural sleep, awake rats had increases in plasma levels of EPI but larger increases of NE. Gentle handling, produced an additional increase in EPI only, whereas physical immobilization, produced massive elevations of circulating levels of both EPI and NE. Decapitation was found to be associated with a 10-fold increase in circulating NE and an 80-fold increase in circulating levels of EPI, whereas dopamine remained at undetectable levels. The high levels of plasma catecholamines in rats compared with other animals and humans, and changes produced in pharmacological and physiological experiments, probably reflect environmentally induced changes in sympathoadrenomedullary activity rather than differences in basal sympathetic neuronal activity.", "contents": "Plasma catecholamine concentrations in unanesthetized rats during sleep, wakefulness, immobilization and after decapitation. A relatively unstressful technique for obtaining blood samples from rats has been employed to determine the amounts of catecholamines in blood during physiological sleep, undistrubed wakefulness, gentle handling and physical immobilization. These circulating plasma levels of catecholamines [0.46 ng of norepinephrine (NE) and 0.18 ng of epinephrine (EPI) per ml*were found to be markedly lower than previously reported for rats, which were generally handled or restrained prior to blood sampling. Compared with animals in natural sleep, awake rats had increases in plasma levels of EPI but larger increases of NE. Gentle handling, produced an additional increase in EPI only, whereas physical immobilization, produced massive elevations of circulating levels of both EPI and NE. Decapitation was found to be associated with a 10-fold increase in circulating NE and an 80-fold increase in circulating levels of EPI, whereas dopamine remained at undetectable levels. The high levels of plasma catecholamines in rats compared with other animals and humans, and changes produced in pharmacological and physiological experiments, probably reflect environmentally induced changes in sympathoadrenomedullary activity rather than differences in basal sympathetic neuronal activity."}
{"id": "PMID:874811", "title": "A comparison of the effects of haloperidol on dopamine turnover in the striatum, olfactory tubercule and median eminence.", "content": "A sensitive radioenzymatic procedure was used to quantify the effect of haloperidol on dopamine concentrations and rates of turnover in rat striatum, olfactory tubercle and median eminence, regions containing terminals of nigrostriatal, mesolimbic and tuberoinfundibular neurons, respectively. Haloperidol (2.5 mg/kg s.c.) did not alter the steady-state concentrations of dopamine in any of these brain regions at any time. Haloperidol increased dopamine turnover in the striatum and olfactory tubercle 2 and 8 hours after adminstration. The rate of dopamine turnover was increased only in the median eminence 16 and 24 hours after the administration of haloperidol, and effect which was blocked by hypophysectomy. Two other antipsychotic agents, clozapine and thioridazine, also increased dopamine turnover in the median eminence 16 hours after the first of two injections. These results provide evidence for the existence of hormonal neuronal feedback modulation of tuberoinfundibular dopaminergic neurons in contrast to the neuronal feedback modulation of nigrostriatal and mesolimbic neurons.", "contents": "A comparison of the effects of haloperidol on dopamine turnover in the striatum, olfactory tubercule and median eminence. A sensitive radioenzymatic procedure was used to quantify the effect of haloperidol on dopamine concentrations and rates of turnover in rat striatum, olfactory tubercle and median eminence, regions containing terminals of nigrostriatal, mesolimbic and tuberoinfundibular neurons, respectively. Haloperidol (2.5 mg/kg s.c.) did not alter the steady-state concentrations of dopamine in any of these brain regions at any time. Haloperidol increased dopamine turnover in the striatum and olfactory tubercle 2 and 8 hours after adminstration. The rate of dopamine turnover was increased only in the median eminence 16 and 24 hours after the administration of haloperidol, and effect which was blocked by hypophysectomy. Two other antipsychotic agents, clozapine and thioridazine, also increased dopamine turnover in the median eminence 16 hours after the first of two injections. These results provide evidence for the existence of hormonal neuronal feedback modulation of tuberoinfundibular dopaminergic neurons in contrast to the neuronal feedback modulation of nigrostriatal and mesolimbic neurons."}
{"id": "PMID:874814", "title": "Centrally mediated intestinal stimulation by morphine.", "content": "A study was designed to examine the effects of intraventricularly (i.vt.) administered morphine, apomorphine and epinephrine on the small intestine. Adult cats of either sex were implanted chronically with extracellular, monopolar electrodes at equal intervals along the entire small intestine. A collison cannula was placed in the left lateral cerebral ventricle in each animal. In animals that did not respond with emesis, morphine sulfate (200 micron g) administered i.vt. increased the incidence of spike potentials over the proximal three-quarters of the small intestine almost immediately. The response to i.vt. morphine was abolished by pretreatment with i.vt. naloxone HC1 (200 micron g) and was not obtained after peripheral (i.p.) injection of morphine at the same dose effective centrall. Now change in the number of spike potentials occure after i.vt. administration of two other potent emetic agents, apomorphine HC1 (200 micron g) and epinephrine HC1 (15O micron g), in animals that did not respond with emesis. The results suggest that the increased incidence of spike potentials after i.vt. morphine is a naloxone-sensitive, centrally mediated event not associated with activation of the central emetic mechanism.", "contents": "Centrally mediated intestinal stimulation by morphine. A study was designed to examine the effects of intraventricularly (i.vt.) administered morphine, apomorphine and epinephrine on the small intestine. Adult cats of either sex were implanted chronically with extracellular, monopolar electrodes at equal intervals along the entire small intestine. A collison cannula was placed in the left lateral cerebral ventricle in each animal. In animals that did not respond with emesis, morphine sulfate (200 micron g) administered i.vt. increased the incidence of spike potentials over the proximal three-quarters of the small intestine almost immediately. The response to i.vt. morphine was abolished by pretreatment with i.vt. naloxone HC1 (200 micron g) and was not obtained after peripheral (i.p.) injection of morphine at the same dose effective centrall. Now change in the number of spike potentials occure after i.vt. administration of two other potent emetic agents, apomorphine HC1 (200 micron g) and epinephrine HC1 (15O micron g), in animals that did not respond with emesis. The results suggest that the increased incidence of spike potentials after i.vt. morphine is a naloxone-sensitive, centrally mediated event not associated with activation of the central emetic mechanism."}
{"id": "PMID:874815", "title": "Effect of L-dopa on plasma renin activity with and without inhibition of extracerebral dopa decarboxylase in dogs.", "content": "The aim of the present study was to investigate the possibility that catecholaminergic pathways within the central nervous system play a role in the control of renin secretion. Plasma renin activity (PRA) was measured after intravenous administration of L-dopa with and without prior inhibition of extracerebral dopa decarboxylase by carbidopa (MK-486) in pentobarbital-anesthetized dogs in which changes in renal perfusion pressure were minimized by means of a suprarenal aortic clamp. When L-dopa (20 mg/kg ) was administered intravenously without carbidopa. PRA and blood pressure increased. In contrast, administration of L-dopa (20 mg/kg i.v.) after blockade of extracerebral, but not cerebral dopa decarboxylase by intravenous carbidopa (20 mg/kg), produced significant decrease in both PRA and blood pressure. Larger doses of l-dopa (30-50) mg/kg i.v.) also lowered both PRA and blood presure in three carbidopa-treated animals, whereas a smaller dose of L-dopa (10 mg/kg i.v.) significantly lowered blood pressure but not PRA. In dogs with both kidneys acutely denervated, L-dopa (20 mg/kg i.v.) with carbidopa lowered arterial pressure but did not consistently alter PRA. These data suggest that catecholamines formed within the central nervous system can act to lower renin secretion as well as blood pressure.", "contents": "Effect of L-dopa on plasma renin activity with and without inhibition of extracerebral dopa decarboxylase in dogs. The aim of the present study was to investigate the possibility that catecholaminergic pathways within the central nervous system play a role in the control of renin secretion. Plasma renin activity (PRA) was measured after intravenous administration of L-dopa with and without prior inhibition of extracerebral dopa decarboxylase by carbidopa (MK-486) in pentobarbital-anesthetized dogs in which changes in renal perfusion pressure were minimized by means of a suprarenal aortic clamp. When L-dopa (20 mg/kg ) was administered intravenously without carbidopa. PRA and blood pressure increased. In contrast, administration of L-dopa (20 mg/kg i.v.) after blockade of extracerebral, but not cerebral dopa decarboxylase by intravenous carbidopa (20 mg/kg), produced significant decrease in both PRA and blood pressure. Larger doses of l-dopa (30-50) mg/kg i.v.) also lowered both PRA and blood presure in three carbidopa-treated animals, whereas a smaller dose of L-dopa (10 mg/kg i.v.) significantly lowered blood pressure but not PRA. In dogs with both kidneys acutely denervated, L-dopa (20 mg/kg i.v.) with carbidopa lowered arterial pressure but did not consistently alter PRA. These data suggest that catecholamines formed within the central nervous system can act to lower renin secretion as well as blood pressure."}
{"id": "PMID:874817", "title": "Blood and tissue levels of [14C]isosorbide dinitrate after oral and intravenous administration to rat.", "content": "Rat blood and various tissues were analyzed for levels of isosorbide dinitrate (ISDN), an antianginal drug, after the administration of 14C-labeled compound. Unaltered [14C]ISDN was found in all tissues analyzed and in the circulating blood for up to 4 hours after p.o. or i.v. administration. These results clearly show that ISDN is not completely degraded in a single pass through the liver after either route of administration. ISDN concentration (nanograms of ISDN per gram wet weight of tissue) in vascular tissue were significantly greater than other tissues or the blood.", "contents": "Blood and tissue levels of [14C]isosorbide dinitrate after oral and intravenous administration to rat. Rat blood and various tissues were analyzed for levels of isosorbide dinitrate (ISDN), an antianginal drug, after the administration of 14C-labeled compound. Unaltered [14C]ISDN was found in all tissues analyzed and in the circulating blood for up to 4 hours after p.o. or i.v. administration. These results clearly show that ISDN is not completely degraded in a single pass through the liver after either route of administration. ISDN concentration (nanograms of ISDN per gram wet weight of tissue) in vascular tissue were significantly greater than other tissues or the blood."}
{"id": "PMID:874818", "title": "The pharmacology of verapamil. I. Elimination kinetics in dogs and correlation of plasma levels with effect on the eletrocardiogram.", "content": "The elimination kinetics of verapamil, an experimental antiarrhythmic agent which inhibits slow-channel activity, have been studied in mongrel dogs after i.v. drug administration. The disposition of verapamil follows first-order kinetics and may be adequately described by a one-compartment model. After single i.v. doses of the drug, the overall elimination rate constant (mean +/-S.E.M.) was 0.0146 +/- 0.0021 min-1; the apparent volume of distribution was 4.47 +/- 0.40 liters/kg; and the total body drug clearance was 1244 +/- 113.4 ml/min. After longer i.v. infusions, the disposition kinetics were similar to those found with bolus dosing. A linear relationship was found between verapamil plasma concentrations and changes in atrioventricular conduction time, as estimated from the P-R interval of the surface electrocardiogram (r = 0.95, P less than .001). No changes were seen in the QRS duration of Q-T interval. These data show that the effect of verapamil of verapamil on slow-channel-dependent conduction in the heart is directly related to the concentration of the drug in plasma.", "contents": "The pharmacology of verapamil. I. Elimination kinetics in dogs and correlation of plasma levels with effect on the eletrocardiogram. The elimination kinetics of verapamil, an experimental antiarrhythmic agent which inhibits slow-channel activity, have been studied in mongrel dogs after i.v. drug administration. The disposition of verapamil follows first-order kinetics and may be adequately described by a one-compartment model. After single i.v. doses of the drug, the overall elimination rate constant (mean +/-S.E.M.) was 0.0146 +/- 0.0021 min-1; the apparent volume of distribution was 4.47 +/- 0.40 liters/kg; and the total body drug clearance was 1244 +/- 113.4 ml/min. After longer i.v. infusions, the disposition kinetics were similar to those found with bolus dosing. A linear relationship was found between verapamil plasma concentrations and changes in atrioventricular conduction time, as estimated from the P-R interval of the surface electrocardiogram (r = 0.95, P less than .001). No changes were seen in the QRS duration of Q-T interval. These data show that the effect of verapamil of verapamil on slow-channel-dependent conduction in the heart is directly related to the concentration of the drug in plasma."}
{"id": "PMID:874819", "title": "Ultrastructural changes in guinea-pig myocardium after acute ouabain treatment.", "content": "Ultrastructural changes in the region adjacent to the nuclear pole were identified in the ventricular myocardium of ouabain-treated guinea pigs after 1 to 4 hours of treatment. Significant changes include expansion of the Golgi complex, an increase in the number of coated vesicles and an increase in the number of cytoplasmic particulates including glycogen particles and ribosomes. The coated vesicles appear to coalesce with the internal terminal regions of T-tubules and thereby may contribute to increase tubular mass or surface. In contrast to acute ouabain treatment, the morphologic change identified with the administration of another positive inotropic drug, isoproterenol, consists of some increase in cytoplasmic particulates, but no significant change in the Golgi apparatus or in the number of coated vesicles compared with control hearts. It is concluded that the administration of ouabain leads to activation of the Golgi complex, possibly associated with the synthesis of new T-tubular membrane components.", "contents": "Ultrastructural changes in guinea-pig myocardium after acute ouabain treatment. Ultrastructural changes in the region adjacent to the nuclear pole were identified in the ventricular myocardium of ouabain-treated guinea pigs after 1 to 4 hours of treatment. Significant changes include expansion of the Golgi complex, an increase in the number of coated vesicles and an increase in the number of cytoplasmic particulates including glycogen particles and ribosomes. The coated vesicles appear to coalesce with the internal terminal regions of T-tubules and thereby may contribute to increase tubular mass or surface. In contrast to acute ouabain treatment, the morphologic change identified with the administration of another positive inotropic drug, isoproterenol, consists of some increase in cytoplasmic particulates, but no significant change in the Golgi apparatus or in the number of coated vesicles compared with control hearts. It is concluded that the administration of ouabain leads to activation of the Golgi complex, possibly associated with the synthesis of new T-tubular membrane components."}
{"id": "PMID:874824", "title": "Testicular blood flow and a study of the testicular venous to arterial transfer of radioactive krypton and testosterone in the rhesus monkey.", "content": "1. Testicular blood flow (ml. 100 g(-1).min(-1); mean +/- S.E. of the mean) measured in monkeys by (133)Xe clearance was 15.9 +/- 1.2 (twenty-six estimations on three monkeys; six testes) within 15 min of anaesthesia and 7.5 +/- 0.8 (twelve estimates; four monkeys, eight testes), after 1-2 hr of anaesthesia; and, when measured by (85)Kr clearance in the second hour of anaesthesia was 9.1 +/- 3.7 (seven estimates; four monkeys, four testes). Testicular temperature was 32.9 +/- 0.2 degrees C (mean +/- S.E. of mean) when deep body temperature was 37.2 +/- 0.2 degrees C.2. Blood flow in the caput epididymidis was 27.4 +/- 2.1 ml. 100 g(-1).min(-1) (mean +/- S.E. of mean; four estimates).3. Radioactivity accumulated in the ipsilateral testis and epididymis but not in the contralateral tissues, during the infusion of (85)Kr saline into the testicular veins.4. During [(3)H]testosterone infusions into the testicular veins, radioactivity was consistently higher in ipsilateral testicular arterial plasma than in plasma withdrawn simultaneously from the aorta in four of five experiments with no difference in one. After two such infusions, the radioactivity was up to 5 times greater in the ipsilateral testis and epididymis than in the contralateral tissues.5. During one infusion of [(125)I]bovine serum albumin into the testicular veins, there was no accumulation of radioactivity in the ipsilateral tissues.6. Testosterone concentrations (ng.ml(-1); mean +/- S.E. of mean) in plasma from seven anaesthetized monkeys which were sexually experienced were: testicular vein 53.22 +/- 8.03 (eight estimates); testicular artery, 4.58 +/- 0.94 (14); saphenous vein, 3.81 +/- 0.68 (14). The corresponding values from four sexually inexperienced monkeys were 25.27 +/- 2.11 (12); 2.89 +/- 1.99 (12); aorta 2.76 +/- 0.57 (12).7. The results are discussed as evidence for vascular exchange of molecules between the testicular veins and artery in the spermatic cord.", "contents": "Testicular blood flow and a study of the testicular venous to arterial transfer of radioactive krypton and testosterone in the rhesus monkey. 1. Testicular blood flow (ml. 100 g(-1).min(-1); mean +/- S.E. of the mean) measured in monkeys by (133)Xe clearance was 15.9 +/- 1.2 (twenty-six estimations on three monkeys; six testes) within 15 min of anaesthesia and 7.5 +/- 0.8 (twelve estimates; four monkeys, eight testes), after 1-2 hr of anaesthesia; and, when measured by (85)Kr clearance in the second hour of anaesthesia was 9.1 +/- 3.7 (seven estimates; four monkeys, four testes). Testicular temperature was 32.9 +/- 0.2 degrees C (mean +/- S.E. of mean) when deep body temperature was 37.2 +/- 0.2 degrees C.2. Blood flow in the caput epididymidis was 27.4 +/- 2.1 ml. 100 g(-1).min(-1) (mean +/- S.E. of mean; four estimates).3. Radioactivity accumulated in the ipsilateral testis and epididymis but not in the contralateral tissues, during the infusion of (85)Kr saline into the testicular veins.4. During [(3)H]testosterone infusions into the testicular veins, radioactivity was consistently higher in ipsilateral testicular arterial plasma than in plasma withdrawn simultaneously from the aorta in four of five experiments with no difference in one. After two such infusions, the radioactivity was up to 5 times greater in the ipsilateral testis and epididymis than in the contralateral tissues.5. During one infusion of [(125)I]bovine serum albumin into the testicular veins, there was no accumulation of radioactivity in the ipsilateral tissues.6. Testosterone concentrations (ng.ml(-1); mean +/- S.E. of mean) in plasma from seven anaesthetized monkeys which were sexually experienced were: testicular vein 53.22 +/- 8.03 (eight estimates); testicular artery, 4.58 +/- 0.94 (14); saphenous vein, 3.81 +/- 0.68 (14). The corresponding values from four sexually inexperienced monkeys were 25.27 +/- 2.11 (12); 2.89 +/- 1.99 (12); aorta 2.76 +/- 0.57 (12).7. The results are discussed as evidence for vascular exchange of molecules between the testicular veins and artery in the spermatic cord."}
{"id": "PMID:874826", "title": "Effects of replacing medium sodium by choline, caesium, or rubidium, on water and ion contents of renal cortical slices.", "content": "1. Renal cortical slices from rat, rabbit, and guinea-pig were incubated in media in which choline, caesium or rubidium replaced sodium.2. Slices of rabbit and guinea-pig renal cortex incubated in oxygenated choline Ringer decreased in volume initially and did not swell over 3 hr at 25 degrees C. There was a steady loss of potassium. Inhibition of metabolism (N(2) + 1 mM iodoacetamide) caused some swelling. Ouabain, 10 mM, in choline Ringer affected neither loss of potassium nor tissue water content.3. Slices of rat renal cortex similarly incubated in choline Ringer swelled over 3 hr at 25 degrees C whether or not metabolism was inhibited; ouabain (15 mM) affected neither tissue potassium loss nor tissue water content.4. Incubation in choline Ringer containing either 0.2 mMp-chloromercuribenzoic acid, or 1 mM ethacrynic acid increased the tissue water content of guinea-pig renal cortical slices.5. Depletion of cellular potassium (by preliminary incubation in oxygenated potassium-free sodium Ringer with 10 mM ouabain at 30 degrees C) resulted in increased tissue water content when rabbit renal cortical slices were subsequently incubated in oxygenated choline Ringer at 25 degrees C for 3 hr.6. There was no evidence of energy-dependent extrusion of water or ions from either equilibrated rat or rabbit renal cortical slices leached at 0.5 degrees C and then reincubated at 25 degrees C in choline Ringer.7. Rat and guinea-pig renal cortical slices leached at 0.5 degrees C and reincubated at 25 degrees C swelled in rubidium Ringer and in caesium Ringer. There was no evidence of energy-dependent water or ion extrusion when metabolism was restored after leaching in either of these media. Metabolizing rat slices but not guinea-pig slices swelled faster than slices whose metabolism was inhibited.8. These results lend no support to the mechano-chemical hypothesis which ascribes cellular volume regulation to a contractile mechanism squeezing isotonic extracellular fluid from the cells. Instead it is suggested that cellular water content in these experiments reflects the balance between the rate of loss of potassium (and chloride) from the cells and the rate of uptake of extracellular cation (and chloride) into the cells - these rates reflecting both the electrochemical potential gradients of the ions and membrane permeability to them. The implications in relation to the hypothesis of ouabain-insensitive cellular volume regulation are discussed.", "contents": "Effects of replacing medium sodium by choline, caesium, or rubidium, on water and ion contents of renal cortical slices. 1. Renal cortical slices from rat, rabbit, and guinea-pig were incubated in media in which choline, caesium or rubidium replaced sodium.2. Slices of rabbit and guinea-pig renal cortex incubated in oxygenated choline Ringer decreased in volume initially and did not swell over 3 hr at 25 degrees C. There was a steady loss of potassium. Inhibition of metabolism (N(2) + 1 mM iodoacetamide) caused some swelling. Ouabain, 10 mM, in choline Ringer affected neither loss of potassium nor tissue water content.3. Slices of rat renal cortex similarly incubated in choline Ringer swelled over 3 hr at 25 degrees C whether or not metabolism was inhibited; ouabain (15 mM) affected neither tissue potassium loss nor tissue water content.4. Incubation in choline Ringer containing either 0.2 mMp-chloromercuribenzoic acid, or 1 mM ethacrynic acid increased the tissue water content of guinea-pig renal cortical slices.5. Depletion of cellular potassium (by preliminary incubation in oxygenated potassium-free sodium Ringer with 10 mM ouabain at 30 degrees C) resulted in increased tissue water content when rabbit renal cortical slices were subsequently incubated in oxygenated choline Ringer at 25 degrees C for 3 hr.6. There was no evidence of energy-dependent extrusion of water or ions from either equilibrated rat or rabbit renal cortical slices leached at 0.5 degrees C and then reincubated at 25 degrees C in choline Ringer.7. Rat and guinea-pig renal cortical slices leached at 0.5 degrees C and reincubated at 25 degrees C swelled in rubidium Ringer and in caesium Ringer. There was no evidence of energy-dependent water or ion extrusion when metabolism was restored after leaching in either of these media. Metabolizing rat slices but not guinea-pig slices swelled faster than slices whose metabolism was inhibited.8. These results lend no support to the mechano-chemical hypothesis which ascribes cellular volume regulation to a contractile mechanism squeezing isotonic extracellular fluid from the cells. Instead it is suggested that cellular water content in these experiments reflects the balance between the rate of loss of potassium (and chloride) from the cells and the rate of uptake of extracellular cation (and chloride) into the cells - these rates reflecting both the electrochemical potential gradients of the ions and membrane permeability to them. The implications in relation to the hypothesis of ouabain-insensitive cellular volume regulation are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:874832", "title": "Effects of sodium, potassium and calcium ions on the slow wave in the circular muscle of the guinea-pig stomach.", "content": "1. The contribution of Na, K and Ca ions to the generation of slow waves in the circular muscle of the guinea-pig stomach was studied.2. The slow waves had a lower, potential-independent (first) and an upper, potential-dependent (second) component. Reduction of the external Na prolonged the first component, but complete removal of Na depolarized the membrane and caused deterioration of the slow wave.3. Readmission of Na (5-10 mM) restored the slow wave; this action was not abolished by ouabain.4. Removal of K depolarized the membrane and slightly reduced the amplitude and duration of the slow waves. Readmission of K hyperpolarized the membrane and increased the amplitude and duration of the slow waves, particularly of the first component. Ouabain blocked the effects on the membrane potential, but not the effects on the slow waves.5. An increase in extracellular Ca prolonged the first component and reduced the frequency. Removal of extracellular Ca abolished the slow wave activity. Excess Ca enhanced, and low Ca reduced the effects of altering the concentrations of external K.6. It is concluded that the ouabain-sensitive Na-K pump may not be directly involved in generating slow waves, but that some other metabolic process is involved, which is regulated to a large extent by Ca, and possibly also by Na and K.", "contents": "Effects of sodium, potassium and calcium ions on the slow wave in the circular muscle of the guinea-pig stomach. 1. The contribution of Na, K and Ca ions to the generation of slow waves in the circular muscle of the guinea-pig stomach was studied.2. The slow waves had a lower, potential-independent (first) and an upper, potential-dependent (second) component. Reduction of the external Na prolonged the first component, but complete removal of Na depolarized the membrane and caused deterioration of the slow wave.3. Readmission of Na (5-10 mM) restored the slow wave; this action was not abolished by ouabain.4. Removal of K depolarized the membrane and slightly reduced the amplitude and duration of the slow waves. Readmission of K hyperpolarized the membrane and increased the amplitude and duration of the slow waves, particularly of the first component. Ouabain blocked the effects on the membrane potential, but not the effects on the slow waves.5. An increase in extracellular Ca prolonged the first component and reduced the frequency. Removal of extracellular Ca abolished the slow wave activity. Excess Ca enhanced, and low Ca reduced the effects of altering the concentrations of external K.6. It is concluded that the ouabain-sensitive Na-K pump may not be directly involved in generating slow waves, but that some other metabolic process is involved, which is regulated to a large extent by Ca, and possibly also by Na and K."}
{"id": "PMID:874834", "title": "The effect of anaesthesia on the inhibition of pentagastrin-evoked gastric acid secretion induced by atropine in the rat.", "content": "1. In the anaesthetized, vagally intact rat, with a perfused gastric lumen, atropine produced a maximum inhibition of 60% of maximal pentagastrin-evoked gastric acid secretion. Sub-maximal pentagastrin-stimulated secretion was also inhibited by atropine.2. In the anaesthetized, vagotomized rat, with a perfused gastric lumen, atropine had no inhibitory effect on maximal pentagastrin-evoked gastric acid secretion.3. In the conscious fistula rat, atropine totally abolished both the basal gastric acid secretion and the maximal gastric acid secretion evoked by pentagastrin. In the anaesthetized chronic fistula rat, doses of atropine up to 1.6 mg.kg(-1) administered subcutaneously produced a maximum inhibition of 70% of maximal pentagastrin-evoked gastric acid secretion. Vagotomy did not affect the response to atropine.4. In the conscious Heidenhain pouch rat, doses of atropine up to 1.6 mg.kg(-1) administered subcutaneously produced a maximum inhibition of 70.9% of maximal pentagastrin-evoked gastric acid secretion. Both anaesthesia and vagotomy, alone or in combination, did not affect the response to atropine.", "contents": "The effect of anaesthesia on the inhibition of pentagastrin-evoked gastric acid secretion induced by atropine in the rat. 1. In the anaesthetized, vagally intact rat, with a perfused gastric lumen, atropine produced a maximum inhibition of 60% of maximal pentagastrin-evoked gastric acid secretion. Sub-maximal pentagastrin-stimulated secretion was also inhibited by atropine.2. In the anaesthetized, vagotomized rat, with a perfused gastric lumen, atropine had no inhibitory effect on maximal pentagastrin-evoked gastric acid secretion.3. In the conscious fistula rat, atropine totally abolished both the basal gastric acid secretion and the maximal gastric acid secretion evoked by pentagastrin. In the anaesthetized chronic fistula rat, doses of atropine up to 1.6 mg.kg(-1) administered subcutaneously produced a maximum inhibition of 70% of maximal pentagastrin-evoked gastric acid secretion. Vagotomy did not affect the response to atropine.4. In the conscious Heidenhain pouch rat, doses of atropine up to 1.6 mg.kg(-1) administered subcutaneously produced a maximum inhibition of 70.9% of maximal pentagastrin-evoked gastric acid secretion. Both anaesthesia and vagotomy, alone or in combination, did not affect the response to atropine."}
{"id": "PMID:874836", "title": "The distribution of alpha-bungarotoxin binding sites of mammalian skeletal muscle developing in vivo.", "content": "1. The distribution of alpha-bungarotoxin binding sites on embryonic and neonatal rat skeletal muscle fibres was determined by autoradiography. Most of the bungarotoxin binding could be inhibited by curare. This observation, together with the spatial distribution of toxin-binding sites, indicates that the distribution of bound toxin reflects that of acetylcholine (ACh) receptors on these developing muscle cells.2. At 15 days of embryogenesis, muscle fibres showed an essentially uniform distribution of receptors. By 16 days, many fibres showed an accumulation of receptors in their mid-region. This accumulation was at the same location as histochemically demonstrated cholinesterase activity.3. At 16 days ACh receptors were distributed over the entire length of the fibres, with a gradient of increasing density as the accumulation was appoached. The density of toxin binding sites in the accumulation was greater than the general level on 15 day cells, suggesting that the high junctional density does not develop solely by the loss of extrajunctional receptors.4. The accumulations of ACh receptors became more pronounced and circumscribed with embryonic development, and after birth the extent of the localizations appeared to follow the size of the neuromuscular junction. The extrajunctional receptor density decreased with development, and by 1 week after birth was undetectable by the methods used.5. The results suggest that the high junctional receptor density found on adult, innervated skeletal muscle fibres develops after the formation of the neuromuscular junction.", "contents": "The distribution of alpha-bungarotoxin binding sites of mammalian skeletal muscle developing in vivo. 1. The distribution of alpha-bungarotoxin binding sites on embryonic and neonatal rat skeletal muscle fibres was determined by autoradiography. Most of the bungarotoxin binding could be inhibited by curare. This observation, together with the spatial distribution of toxin-binding sites, indicates that the distribution of bound toxin reflects that of acetylcholine (ACh) receptors on these developing muscle cells.2. At 15 days of embryogenesis, muscle fibres showed an essentially uniform distribution of receptors. By 16 days, many fibres showed an accumulation of receptors in their mid-region. This accumulation was at the same location as histochemically demonstrated cholinesterase activity.3. At 16 days ACh receptors were distributed over the entire length of the fibres, with a gradient of increasing density as the accumulation was appoached. The density of toxin binding sites in the accumulation was greater than the general level on 15 day cells, suggesting that the high junctional density does not develop solely by the loss of extrajunctional receptors.4. The accumulations of ACh receptors became more pronounced and circumscribed with embryonic development, and after birth the extent of the localizations appeared to follow the size of the neuromuscular junction. The extrajunctional receptor density decreased with development, and by 1 week after birth was undetectable by the methods used.5. The results suggest that the high junctional receptor density found on adult, innervated skeletal muscle fibres develops after the formation of the neuromuscular junction."}
{"id": "PMID:874842", "title": "Sucrose absorption by the rat small intestine in vivo and in vitro.", "content": "1. The absorption of glucose and fructose derived from sucrose has been studied using in vitro and in vivo loops of the rat jejunum.2. At low sucrose concentrations (1 and 10 mM) glucose appeared in the serosal compartment of the in vitro preparation at a faster rate than fructose, but at high sucrose concentrations (50 and 100 mM) the rates of serosal transfer of the two sugars were similar. Glucose and fructose appeared in the mucosal compartment, with the rate of fructose appearance exceeding that of glucose, at all the sucrose concentrations studied.3. Phlorizin (5 x 10(-5)M) added to the mucosal medium of the in vitro preparation abolished the serosal transfer of glucose derived from 50 mM sucrose, and reduced that of fructose by 75%.4. In the absence of sodium ions, the in vitro preparation failed to transfer glucose and fructose derived from 50 mM sucrose, into the serosal compartment.5. Glucose was actively accumulated in the whole gut wall of the in vivo preparation to concentrations higher than those in the plasma at 50 and 100 mM, but not at 10 mM sucrose concentrations. Fructose was also actively accumulated to about half the extent of glucose, but reached tissue concentrations greater than those in the plasma, at each sucrose concentration.6. The whole wall concentrations of glucose and fructose derived from sucrose added to the lumen continued to rise when the blood supply to the in vivo preparation was terminated.7. No increase in the in vivo whole wall concentrations of glucose and fructose were detected when sucrose was added to the lumen together with concentrations of glucose sufficient to saturate the monosaccharide transport systems.8. The results favour the view that disaccharide hydrolysis and resulting hexose transfer are sequential, separate events.", "contents": "Sucrose absorption by the rat small intestine in vivo and in vitro. 1. The absorption of glucose and fructose derived from sucrose has been studied using in vitro and in vivo loops of the rat jejunum.2. At low sucrose concentrations (1 and 10 mM) glucose appeared in the serosal compartment of the in vitro preparation at a faster rate than fructose, but at high sucrose concentrations (50 and 100 mM) the rates of serosal transfer of the two sugars were similar. Glucose and fructose appeared in the mucosal compartment, with the rate of fructose appearance exceeding that of glucose, at all the sucrose concentrations studied.3. Phlorizin (5 x 10(-5)M) added to the mucosal medium of the in vitro preparation abolished the serosal transfer of glucose derived from 50 mM sucrose, and reduced that of fructose by 75%.4. In the absence of sodium ions, the in vitro preparation failed to transfer glucose and fructose derived from 50 mM sucrose, into the serosal compartment.5. Glucose was actively accumulated in the whole gut wall of the in vivo preparation to concentrations higher than those in the plasma at 50 and 100 mM, but not at 10 mM sucrose concentrations. Fructose was also actively accumulated to about half the extent of glucose, but reached tissue concentrations greater than those in the plasma, at each sucrose concentration.6. The whole wall concentrations of glucose and fructose derived from sucrose added to the lumen continued to rise when the blood supply to the in vivo preparation was terminated.7. No increase in the in vivo whole wall concentrations of glucose and fructose were detected when sucrose was added to the lumen together with concentrations of glucose sufficient to saturate the monosaccharide transport systems.8. The results favour the view that disaccharide hydrolysis and resulting hexose transfer are sequential, separate events."}
{"id": "PMID:874861", "title": "Skin temperature during running--a study using infra-red colour thermography.", "content": "Infra-red colour thermography has been used to visualize skin temperatures in two athletes standing and running in an outdoor environment at 20 degrees C and in a climatic chamber at 11 degrees C. Temperature distributions and changes have been recorded on film and analysed. Mean skin temperatures determined by this method have been compared with skin temperatures obtained with a probe thermocouple. During running, skin temperatures were higher over muscles than over other structures and the distribution differed dramatically from that observed before exercise. Regional mean skin temperatures obtained by thermography differed by up to 4 degrees C from those obtained with the thermocouple probe. Overall mean skin temperatures obtained by both methods agreed to within 1-5 degrees C.", "contents": "Skin temperature during running--a study using infra-red colour thermography. Infra-red colour thermography has been used to visualize skin temperatures in two athletes standing and running in an outdoor environment at 20 degrees C and in a climatic chamber at 11 degrees C. Temperature distributions and changes have been recorded on film and analysed. Mean skin temperatures determined by this method have been compared with skin temperatures obtained with a probe thermocouple. During running, skin temperatures were higher over muscles than over other structures and the distribution differed dramatically from that observed before exercise. Regional mean skin temperatures obtained by thermography differed by up to 4 degrees C from those obtained with the thermocouple probe. Overall mean skin temperatures obtained by both methods agreed to within 1-5 degrees C."}
{"id": "PMID:874863", "title": "Reduction of the duration of isovolumic relaxation in the ejecting left ventricle of the dog: residual volume clamping.", "content": "1. The individual effects of stroke volume and speed of ejection on the duration of the isovolumic relaxation phase were analysed in the canine left ventricle with a constant end-systolic residual volume.2. A new technique was employed to maintain the ventricular end-systolic residual volume at a desired constant value regardless of wide changes in stroke volume and speed of ejection in a given inotropic background.3. The duration of isovolumic relaxation, which was defined to be the time taken for ventricular pressure to fall from its end-systolic level to its 75, 50 and 25% levels, markedly decreased with increases in stroke volume. The reduction amounted to as much as 30-50% when stroke volume was increased from zero (isovolumic) to 20-25 ml.4. The degree of shortening of the duration of isovolumic relaxation was largely independent of changes in speed of ejection which ranged from about 100-800 ml./sec at a constant stroke volume of 15 ml.5. It was therefore concluded that stroke volume itself could be a major determinant of the duration of isovolumic relaxation.6. It was speculated that the mechanism of the observed phenomenon might be a manifestation of the uncoupling effect of muscle shortening on contractile state.", "contents": "Reduction of the duration of isovolumic relaxation in the ejecting left ventricle of the dog: residual volume clamping. 1. The individual effects of stroke volume and speed of ejection on the duration of the isovolumic relaxation phase were analysed in the canine left ventricle with a constant end-systolic residual volume.2. A new technique was employed to maintain the ventricular end-systolic residual volume at a desired constant value regardless of wide changes in stroke volume and speed of ejection in a given inotropic background.3. The duration of isovolumic relaxation, which was defined to be the time taken for ventricular pressure to fall from its end-systolic level to its 75, 50 and 25% levels, markedly decreased with increases in stroke volume. The reduction amounted to as much as 30-50% when stroke volume was increased from zero (isovolumic) to 20-25 ml.4. The degree of shortening of the duration of isovolumic relaxation was largely independent of changes in speed of ejection which ranged from about 100-800 ml./sec at a constant stroke volume of 15 ml.5. It was therefore concluded that stroke volume itself could be a major determinant of the duration of isovolumic relaxation.6. It was speculated that the mechanism of the observed phenomenon might be a manifestation of the uncoupling effect of muscle shortening on contractile state."}
{"id": "PMID:874865", "title": "Electrophysiological study of the antiluminal membrane in the proximal tubule of Necturus: effect of inorganic anions and SCN-.", "content": "1. A study has been made of the effects of anionic substitutions on the electrical potential difference (p.d.) and conductance characteristics of the antiluminal (peritubular) membrane of the proximal tubule of Necturus kidney. The tubular lumina were filled with oil in order to minimize potential and conductance contributions from luminal membrane and from paracellular shunt pathway.2. Isosmotic substitutions, [A](o) for [Cl](o), produced the following average changes in membrane p.d. (mV): F(-) +1.7, BrO(3) (-) +0.1, Br(-) -4.5, ClO(3) (-) -5.2, I(-) -7.9, NO(3) (-) -12.1, ClO(4) (-) -17.8, SCN(-) -25.3.3. The amplitude of the depolarization caused by increase in K concentration (K-depolarization) in the peritubular perfusate was found to increase during perfusion of the tissue with ClO(4) (-) (by 78%), SCN(-) (45%), I(-) (23%), NO(3) (-) (20%), Br(-) (16%); it decreased with F(-) (by 17%).4. Comparison of membrane p.d. at peak K-depolarization in the control state (during KCl perfusion) with that obtained in the experimental state (during KA perfusion) was found to be more reliable than determination of bi-ionic potentials as a qualitative estimate of the permeabilities of the various anions (P(A)) relative to that of chloride (P(Cl)).5. Study of both peak K-depolarization p.d. and bi-ionic potentials yielded the following sequence for halide anion permeabilities: P(F) > P(Cl) > P(Br) > P(I). The peritubular membrane was found to be substantially more permeable to NO(3) (-), ClO(4) (-) and SCN(-) than to Cl(-).6. The sequence of membrane conductances during anionic substitutions was Cl(-) approximately BrO(3) (-) < Br(-) </= ClO(3) (-) < I(-) approximately F(-) < NO(3) (-) < ClO(4) (-) < SCN(-).7. From the changes in p.d. induced by K-depolarization, the absolute values of p.d. at peak K-depolarization and from the changes in membrane conductance induced by anionic substitutions, it may be inferred that Br(-), I(-), NO(3) (-), ClO(4) (-) and SCN(-) all increase P(K); and that F(-) increases P(Na) (though a smaller increase in P(K) cannot be excluded).", "contents": "Electrophysiological study of the antiluminal membrane in the proximal tubule of Necturus: effect of inorganic anions and SCN-. 1. A study has been made of the effects of anionic substitutions on the electrical potential difference (p.d.) and conductance characteristics of the antiluminal (peritubular) membrane of the proximal tubule of Necturus kidney. The tubular lumina were filled with oil in order to minimize potential and conductance contributions from luminal membrane and from paracellular shunt pathway.2. Isosmotic substitutions, [A](o) for [Cl](o), produced the following average changes in membrane p.d. (mV): F(-) +1.7, BrO(3) (-) +0.1, Br(-) -4.5, ClO(3) (-) -5.2, I(-) -7.9, NO(3) (-) -12.1, ClO(4) (-) -17.8, SCN(-) -25.3.3. The amplitude of the depolarization caused by increase in K concentration (K-depolarization) in the peritubular perfusate was found to increase during perfusion of the tissue with ClO(4) (-) (by 78%), SCN(-) (45%), I(-) (23%), NO(3) (-) (20%), Br(-) (16%); it decreased with F(-) (by 17%).4. Comparison of membrane p.d. at peak K-depolarization in the control state (during KCl perfusion) with that obtained in the experimental state (during KA perfusion) was found to be more reliable than determination of bi-ionic potentials as a qualitative estimate of the permeabilities of the various anions (P(A)) relative to that of chloride (P(Cl)).5. Study of both peak K-depolarization p.d. and bi-ionic potentials yielded the following sequence for halide anion permeabilities: P(F) > P(Cl) > P(Br) > P(I). The peritubular membrane was found to be substantially more permeable to NO(3) (-), ClO(4) (-) and SCN(-) than to Cl(-).6. The sequence of membrane conductances during anionic substitutions was Cl(-) approximately BrO(3) (-) < Br(-) </= ClO(3) (-) < I(-) approximately F(-) < NO(3) (-) < ClO(4) (-) < SCN(-).7. From the changes in p.d. induced by K-depolarization, the absolute values of p.d. at peak K-depolarization and from the changes in membrane conductance induced by anionic substitutions, it may be inferred that Br(-), I(-), NO(3) (-), ClO(4) (-) and SCN(-) all increase P(K); and that F(-) increases P(Na) (though a smaller increase in P(K) cannot be excluded)."}
{"id": "PMID:874867", "title": "On the question of body fluid volume or sodium status influencing renin release.", "content": "1. The extent to which renin release is affected by simultaneous changes in body Na and body fluid volume was studied in six sheep. 2. The animals' water intake was restricted for 10-17 days after which they were offered solutions containing varying amounts of NaCl. 3. Plasma renin concentration (PRC) of water restricted sheep was 2-3 times normal. 4. The changes in PRC following drinking were inversely related to the amount of sodium consumed, Na excretion and plasma Na concentration. There was no correlation between the changes of PRC and of plasma volume in so far as the latter is reflected by alterations in plasma protein concentration. 5. We conclude that changes in renin release were related to the animals' handling of NA, and not to alterations in body fluid volume. 6. These findings are compatible with the proposition that renin release was mediated by a macula densa mechanism.", "contents": "On the question of body fluid volume or sodium status influencing renin release. 1. The extent to which renin release is affected by simultaneous changes in body Na and body fluid volume was studied in six sheep. 2. The animals' water intake was restricted for 10-17 days after which they were offered solutions containing varying amounts of NaCl. 3. Plasma renin concentration (PRC) of water restricted sheep was 2-3 times normal. 4. The changes in PRC following drinking were inversely related to the amount of sodium consumed, Na excretion and plasma Na concentration. There was no correlation between the changes of PRC and of plasma volume in so far as the latter is reflected by alterations in plasma protein concentration. 5. We conclude that changes in renin release were related to the animals' handling of NA, and not to alterations in body fluid volume. 6. These findings are compatible with the proposition that renin release was mediated by a macula densa mechanism."}
{"id": "PMID:874868", "title": "The pupillary, the intraocular pressure and the vasomotor responses to noradrenaline in rabbits.", "content": "1. A study has been made of the cause of the temporal disparity between the pupillary and intraocular pressure responses to noradrenaline applied topically. 2. Over a 5-day experimental period, the quantitative characteristics of the pupillary response to noradrenaline applied either once or several times daily remained essentially unchanged. In the same rabbits the delay in pressure response to noradrenaline on the first day was increased by a second application and, on subsequent days, multiple applications of noradrenaline induced a biphasic pressure response. 3. Intravenous phenoxybenzamine inhibited both the pupillary and the biphasic pressure responses to noradrenaline. Phenoxybenzamine applied topically inhibited the ocular hypertensive but not the hypotensive and pupillary responses. 4. Analysis of aqueous humour dynamics by manometric procedures showed that the hyper- and hypotensive responses were associated with increase and decrease, respectively, of the resistance to outflow of the aqueous humour.", "contents": "The pupillary, the intraocular pressure and the vasomotor responses to noradrenaline in rabbits. 1. A study has been made of the cause of the temporal disparity between the pupillary and intraocular pressure responses to noradrenaline applied topically. 2. Over a 5-day experimental period, the quantitative characteristics of the pupillary response to noradrenaline applied either once or several times daily remained essentially unchanged. In the same rabbits the delay in pressure response to noradrenaline on the first day was increased by a second application and, on subsequent days, multiple applications of noradrenaline induced a biphasic pressure response. 3. Intravenous phenoxybenzamine inhibited both the pupillary and the biphasic pressure responses to noradrenaline. Phenoxybenzamine applied topically inhibited the ocular hypertensive but not the hypotensive and pupillary responses. 4. Analysis of aqueous humour dynamics by manometric procedures showed that the hyper- and hypotensive responses were associated with increase and decrease, respectively, of the resistance to outflow of the aqueous humour."}
{"id": "PMID:874869", "title": "Inactivation of the asymmetrical displacement current in giant axons of Loligo forbesi.", "content": "1. Asymmetrical displacement currents ('gating currents') have been recorded in intracellularly perfused squid giant axons by averaging the currents associated with depolarizing and hyperpolarizing pulses. The relation between 'gating current' and Na inactivation was studied by investigating the effect of pulse duration and conditioning pulses. 2. Increasing the pulse duration from 0-3-1 msec to 10-20 msec reduced the off-response of the 'gating current' to 50-70% of its normal size; the time constant was 5 msec at +20 mV and 8 degrees C. The decrease of the Na current during a 10-20 msec pulse was stronger and faster; it decayed to 10-26% with a time constant of 1-35 msec. 3. The effect of pulse duration could also be demonstrated by using only depolarizing pulses. The charge displacement at the end of single or averaged depolarizing pulses was smaller for long pulse durations than for short. A long depolarizing pulse was followed by a small long-lasting tail of inward current. 4. A conditioning depolarizing pulse of 10-20 msec duration to a potential of -30 or +10 mV, followed by a short recovery period at -70 mV, decreased the on-response of the 'gating current'. Its size was reduced to 46-71% and 61-94%, respectively, for a recovery interval of 1-75 and 5 msec at 2-3 degrees C. The reduction of the Na current, measured under similar conditions, was more pronounced; the Na current was decreased to less than 50% of its normal value. 5. The observations about the effect of pulse duration and conditioning pulses on the 'gating current' are qualitatively consistent with those of Bezanilla & Armstrong (1974, 1975) and support the view that part of the asymmetrical charge displacement is inactivated during a 10-20 msec depolarization.", "contents": "Inactivation of the asymmetrical displacement current in giant axons of Loligo forbesi. 1. Asymmetrical displacement currents ('gating currents') have been recorded in intracellularly perfused squid giant axons by averaging the currents associated with depolarizing and hyperpolarizing pulses. The relation between 'gating current' and Na inactivation was studied by investigating the effect of pulse duration and conditioning pulses. 2. Increasing the pulse duration from 0-3-1 msec to 10-20 msec reduced the off-response of the 'gating current' to 50-70% of its normal size; the time constant was 5 msec at +20 mV and 8 degrees C. The decrease of the Na current during a 10-20 msec pulse was stronger and faster; it decayed to 10-26% with a time constant of 1-35 msec. 3. The effect of pulse duration could also be demonstrated by using only depolarizing pulses. The charge displacement at the end of single or averaged depolarizing pulses was smaller for long pulse durations than for short. A long depolarizing pulse was followed by a small long-lasting tail of inward current. 4. A conditioning depolarizing pulse of 10-20 msec duration to a potential of -30 or +10 mV, followed by a short recovery period at -70 mV, decreased the on-response of the 'gating current'. Its size was reduced to 46-71% and 61-94%, respectively, for a recovery interval of 1-75 and 5 msec at 2-3 degrees C. The reduction of the Na current, measured under similar conditions, was more pronounced; the Na current was decreased to less than 50% of its normal value. 5. The observations about the effect of pulse duration and conditioning pulses on the 'gating current' are qualitatively consistent with those of Bezanilla & Armstrong (1974, 1975) and support the view that part of the asymmetrical charge displacement is inactivated during a 10-20 msec depolarization."}
{"id": "PMID:874870", "title": "Slow recovery of sodium current and 'gating current' from inactivation.", "content": "1. Asymmetrical displacement currents ('gating currents') and Na currents have been recorded in intracellularly perfused squid giant axons with the voltage-clamp method. Inactivation of the currents by a long-lasting depolarization to -30 mV and subsequent removal of inactivation have been studied at temperatures of 0-5-3 degrees and 8-9 degrees C. 2. The asymmetrical displacement current, recorded with the divided pulse procedure, was markedly reduced by a 1-5-800 msec depolarization to -30 mV; a 3 min depolarization led to almost complete blockage. 3. Recovery of the asymmetrical displacement current from a 3 min depolarization to -30 mV was slow (20-40% recovery after 50-800 msec at -70 mV and 8-9 degrees C); full recovery from a long-lasting depolarization took several minutes. 4. Recovery of the Na current followed a similar time course (20% recovery after 50-800 msec at -70 mV and 8-9 degrees C); the time constant of full recovery was 2-3-5 min. 5. Slow recovery was also demonstrated by recording the displacement currents associated with single depolarizing pulses. 6. The results are consistent with the idea that the asymmetrical displacement current is related to the function of the Na gates.", "contents": "Slow recovery of sodium current and 'gating current' from inactivation. 1. Asymmetrical displacement currents ('gating currents') and Na currents have been recorded in intracellularly perfused squid giant axons with the voltage-clamp method. Inactivation of the currents by a long-lasting depolarization to -30 mV and subsequent removal of inactivation have been studied at temperatures of 0-5-3 degrees and 8-9 degrees C. 2. The asymmetrical displacement current, recorded with the divided pulse procedure, was markedly reduced by a 1-5-800 msec depolarization to -30 mV; a 3 min depolarization led to almost complete blockage. 3. Recovery of the asymmetrical displacement current from a 3 min depolarization to -30 mV was slow (20-40% recovery after 50-800 msec at -70 mV and 8-9 degrees C); full recovery from a long-lasting depolarization took several minutes. 4. Recovery of the Na current followed a similar time course (20% recovery after 50-800 msec at -70 mV and 8-9 degrees C); the time constant of full recovery was 2-3-5 min. 5. Slow recovery was also demonstrated by recording the displacement currents associated with single depolarizing pulses. 6. The results are consistent with the idea that the asymmetrical displacement current is related to the function of the Na gates."}
{"id": "PMID:874871", "title": "Kinetic analysis and partitioning of sodium and chloride influxes across the gills of sea water adapted trout.", "content": "1. Sodium and chloride influxes across the gills of sea water adapted trout were studied with the perfused isolated head technique. 2. The haemodynamic scheme describing anastomoses between efferent gill arteries and the filamentous sinus was confirmed and utilized to determine partitioning of sodium and chloride influxes. 3. Two routes of sodium and chloride entry were demonstrated, one lamellar and the other sinusal. The lamellar sodium and chloride fluxes are respectively 133+/-21-8 and 271+/-43-7 micronequiv/hr. 100 g. The sinus sodium and chloride fluxes are: 50+/-18-3 and 50+/-11-3 micronequiv/hr. 100 g. 4. The relative permeabilities of the apical and basal barriers of the lamellar epithelium were determined with influx experiments coupled to radioactive unloading experiments. The basal membrane is 30 times less permeable than the apical to sodium, while this ratio is 45 for chloride. Thus, the basal membrane represents the limiting factor in salt movement across the branchial epithelium. 5. The intracellular pools of the lamellar compartment were calculated for sodium: 1-1+/-0-17 micronequiv/100 g of fish weight; and for chloride: 5-1+/-0-83 micronequiv/100 g of fish weight.", "contents": "Kinetic analysis and partitioning of sodium and chloride influxes across the gills of sea water adapted trout. 1. Sodium and chloride influxes across the gills of sea water adapted trout were studied with the perfused isolated head technique. 2. The haemodynamic scheme describing anastomoses between efferent gill arteries and the filamentous sinus was confirmed and utilized to determine partitioning of sodium and chloride influxes. 3. Two routes of sodium and chloride entry were demonstrated, one lamellar and the other sinusal. The lamellar sodium and chloride fluxes are respectively 133+/-21-8 and 271+/-43-7 micronequiv/hr. 100 g. The sinus sodium and chloride fluxes are: 50+/-18-3 and 50+/-11-3 micronequiv/hr. 100 g. 4. The relative permeabilities of the apical and basal barriers of the lamellar epithelium were determined with influx experiments coupled to radioactive unloading experiments. The basal membrane is 30 times less permeable than the apical to sodium, while this ratio is 45 for chloride. Thus, the basal membrane represents the limiting factor in salt movement across the branchial epithelium. 5. The intracellular pools of the lamellar compartment were calculated for sodium: 1-1+/-0-17 micronequiv/100 g of fish weight; and for chloride: 5-1+/-0-83 micronequiv/100 g of fish weight."}
{"id": "PMID:874872", "title": "Responses of spinocervical tract neurones to noxious stimulation of the skin.", "content": "1. Activity of single spinocervical tract neurones has been recorded in the lumbar spinal cord of chloralose anaesthetized or decerebrated cats. Reversible spinalization was produced by cold block at L3. Sensitivity of these neurones to noxious stimulation was studied by heating their cutaneous receptive fields above 40-45 degrees C. 2. Most of the units were located in lamina IV of the dorsal horn and had their receptive fields in the ipsilateral foot. All but one of the studied neurones were excited by moving hairs or by gentle mechanical stimulation of the skin. 3. Eighty-four % of the units were affected by noxious stimuli and three kinds of response were obtained: (i) 61% were excited (E-cells) by noxious heat; (ii) 19% were inhibited (I-cells); and (iii) 19% gave a mixed response reversing from excitatory  to inhibitory (EI-cells). 4. E-cells had axons with a wider range of conduction velocities than the rest and also received the strongest descending inhibition from supraspinal structures. 5. The recording sites of EI-cells were located in the medial third of the dorsal horn whereas E- and I-cells were distributed over the full width of the dorsal horn. 6. The possible role of the spinocervical tract in nociception is discussed.", "contents": "Responses of spinocervical tract neurones to noxious stimulation of the skin. 1. Activity of single spinocervical tract neurones has been recorded in the lumbar spinal cord of chloralose anaesthetized or decerebrated cats. Reversible spinalization was produced by cold block at L3. Sensitivity of these neurones to noxious stimulation was studied by heating their cutaneous receptive fields above 40-45 degrees C. 2. Most of the units were located in lamina IV of the dorsal horn and had their receptive fields in the ipsilateral foot. All but one of the studied neurones were excited by moving hairs or by gentle mechanical stimulation of the skin. 3. Eighty-four % of the units were affected by noxious stimuli and three kinds of response were obtained: (i) 61% were excited (E-cells) by noxious heat; (ii) 19% were inhibited (I-cells); and (iii) 19% gave a mixed response reversing from excitatory  to inhibitory (EI-cells). 4. E-cells had axons with a wider range of conduction velocities than the rest and also received the strongest descending inhibition from supraspinal structures. 5. The recording sites of EI-cells were located in the medial third of the dorsal horn whereas E- and I-cells were distributed over the full width of the dorsal horn. 6. The possible role of the spinocervical tract in nociception is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:874873", "title": "Some electrophysiological properties of neurones of rat locus coeruleus.", "content": "1. Electrical activity of neurones of the locus coeruleus (LC) was studied in rats anaesthetized with urethane. By stimulating the dorsal pathway (DP) of axons of LC neurones in the mid=brain and observing field responses in the dorsolateral tegmentum of the pons, micro-electrodes were oriented to record unit discharges of LC neurones. They were evoked by DP stimulation mainly during the negative wave of the field response. 2. In the extraceullar records of spike discharges of LC meurones A and B spikes were distinguished. Very often the third component (C spike) was observed to ride on the descending stroke of the B spike. When present in the evoked discharge, it was also seen in the spontaneous discharge. 3. The DP-elicited unit discharges of LC neurones were classified into three types. The type 1 response had a fixed latency and a distinct A-B step. In the type 2 response the A spike occurred with a fixed latency, but the B spike followed it with variable delays, sometimes exceeding 5 msec. Being supported by the data of the collision test with spontaneous discharges, the type 1 and 2 responses were assumed to be due to antidromic excitation. The type 3 response whose characteristic was a wide variation of the latency from stimulation to stimulation was categorized as orthodromic excitation. Among seventy-four responses, forty-four were type 1, eight type 2 and twenty-two type 3. The conduction velocities of axons of LC neurones, determined from the latencies of the A spike of the type 1 and 2 responses, ranged from 0-3 to 1-4 m/sec with a mean of 0-69 m/sec. 4. Delay of the B spike in antidromic excitation was observed as a unique property of LC neurones. It was seen in the response to a single shock of DP (type 2 response) or in the response to the second shock of DP following the first one shortly (type 1 response). Since delay of the B spike in the type 2 response could not be ascribed to refractoriness, it was suggested that DP stimulation produced an inhibitory effect upon LC neurones. 5. LC neurones were invaded antidromically from the frontal or visual cortex, hippocampus, cerebellum or from varied combinations of them. About 70% of LC neurones were activated antidromically from the frontal cortex. The antidromic latencies ranged from 15 to 90 msec. 6. Some LC neurones were activated trans-synaptically by stimulation of those forebrain sites which received axonal projections from LC. All LC neurones examined were excited trans-synaptically by eletrical stimulation of the skin and the optic nerve. The sensory inputs arising from a vast area of the skin or those from the skin and the optic nerve were proved to converge on to the same LC neurones.", "contents": "Some electrophysiological properties of neurones of rat locus coeruleus. 1. Electrical activity of neurones of the locus coeruleus (LC) was studied in rats anaesthetized with urethane. By stimulating the dorsal pathway (DP) of axons of LC neurones in the mid=brain and observing field responses in the dorsolateral tegmentum of the pons, micro-electrodes were oriented to record unit discharges of LC neurones. They were evoked by DP stimulation mainly during the negative wave of the field response. 2. In the extraceullar records of spike discharges of LC meurones A and B spikes were distinguished. Very often the third component (C spike) was observed to ride on the descending stroke of the B spike. When present in the evoked discharge, it was also seen in the spontaneous discharge. 3. The DP-elicited unit discharges of LC neurones were classified into three types. The type 1 response had a fixed latency and a distinct A-B step. In the type 2 response the A spike occurred with a fixed latency, but the B spike followed it with variable delays, sometimes exceeding 5 msec. Being supported by the data of the collision test with spontaneous discharges, the type 1 and 2 responses were assumed to be due to antidromic excitation. The type 3 response whose characteristic was a wide variation of the latency from stimulation to stimulation was categorized as orthodromic excitation. Among seventy-four responses, forty-four were type 1, eight type 2 and twenty-two type 3. The conduction velocities of axons of LC neurones, determined from the latencies of the A spike of the type 1 and 2 responses, ranged from 0-3 to 1-4 m/sec with a mean of 0-69 m/sec. 4. Delay of the B spike in antidromic excitation was observed as a unique property of LC neurones. It was seen in the response to a single shock of DP (type 2 response) or in the response to the second shock of DP following the first one shortly (type 1 response). Since delay of the B spike in the type 2 response could not be ascribed to refractoriness, it was suggested that DP stimulation produced an inhibitory effect upon LC neurones. 5. LC neurones were invaded antidromically from the frontal or visual cortex, hippocampus, cerebellum or from varied combinations of them. About 70% of LC neurones were activated antidromically from the frontal cortex. The antidromic latencies ranged from 15 to 90 msec. 6. Some LC neurones were activated trans-synaptically by stimulation of those forebrain sites which received axonal projections from LC. All LC neurones examined were excited trans-synaptically by eletrical stimulation of the skin and the optic nerve. The sensory inputs arising from a vast area of the skin or those from the skin and the optic nerve were proved to converge on to the same LC neurones."}
{"id": "PMID:874874", "title": "Endogenous pyrogen-like substance produced by reptiles.", "content": "1. Injection of lizards (Dipsosaurus dorsalis) with rabbit endogenous pyrogen led to a fever. Injections with denatured endogenous pyrogen did not affect body temperature. 2. Injection of lizards with lizard endogenous pyrogen led to a fever of short duration, while injection of denatured lizard endogenous pyrogen produced no change in body temperature. 3. These data support the hypothesis that the febrile mechanism observed in the higher vertebrates has its origins in some primitive vertebrate.", "contents": "Endogenous pyrogen-like substance produced by reptiles. 1. Injection of lizards (Dipsosaurus dorsalis) with rabbit endogenous pyrogen led to a fever. Injections with denatured endogenous pyrogen did not affect body temperature. 2. Injection of lizards with lizard endogenous pyrogen led to a fever of short duration, while injection of denatured lizard endogenous pyrogen produced no change in body temperature. 3. These data support the hypothesis that the febrile mechanism observed in the higher vertebrates has its origins in some primitive vertebrate."}
{"id": "PMID:874875", "title": "Effects of cardiac aglycones on the sodium efflux in barnacle muscle fibres.", "content": "1. External application of 10(-4) M digitoxigenin caused an 80% fall in the Na efflux in barnacle muscle fibres. The observed inhibition was irreversible and could be produced by as little as 10(-7) M digitoxigenin. 2. Internal application of 10(-2) M digitoxigenin lowered the Na efflux by 46% but was without effect following addition of external ouabain or K removal. 3. External application of digitoxigenin (or ouabain) following internal application of the aglycone was without effect on the Na efflux. 4. The efflux of [3H]digitoxigenin was fairly rapid, whereas that of [3H]ouabain was slow. 5. Inhibition of the Na efflux by internal application of digitoxigenin is probably the result of an action of the aglycone on the external side of the membrane following its leakage from the fibre interior.", "contents": "Effects of cardiac aglycones on the sodium efflux in barnacle muscle fibres. 1. External application of 10(-4) M digitoxigenin caused an 80% fall in the Na efflux in barnacle muscle fibres. The observed inhibition was irreversible and could be produced by as little as 10(-7) M digitoxigenin. 2. Internal application of 10(-2) M digitoxigenin lowered the Na efflux by 46% but was without effect following addition of external ouabain or K removal. 3. External application of digitoxigenin (or ouabain) following internal application of the aglycone was without effect on the Na efflux. 4. The efflux of [3H]digitoxigenin was fairly rapid, whereas that of [3H]ouabain was slow. 5. Inhibition of the Na efflux by internal application of digitoxigenin is probably the result of an action of the aglycone on the external side of the membrane following its leakage from the fibre interior."}
{"id": "PMID:874876", "title": "Gas deposition by counter-current multiplication in the eel swim-bladder: experimental verification of a mathematical model.", "content": "1. Blood pO2 along the rete of eel has been investigated with a microelectrode, the swim-bladder gas being replaced by air. 2. When the eel does not secrete gas, the pO2 profile is flat, whereas in actively secreting eel the pO2, along the rete has a maximum of approximately 1 atm near the bladder pole of the rete. 3. The findings confirm predictions of a mathematical model for counter current multiplication in the swim-bladder.", "contents": "Gas deposition by counter-current multiplication in the eel swim-bladder: experimental verification of a mathematical model. 1. Blood pO2 along the rete of eel has been investigated with a microelectrode, the swim-bladder gas being replaced by air. 2. When the eel does not secrete gas, the pO2 profile is flat, whereas in actively secreting eel the pO2, along the rete has a maximum of approximately 1 atm near the bladder pole of the rete. 3. The findings confirm predictions of a mathematical model for counter current multiplication in the swim-bladder."}
{"id": "PMID:874877", "title": "Internal recording of the early receptor potential in turtle cones.", "content": "1. Early receptor potentials (E.R.P.s) were recorded with internal electrodes in turtle cones by applying brief flashes from a xenon tube with a maximum photon density equivalent to 2-3 x 10(8) photons micronm-2 at the optimum wave-length. 2. The E.R.P. was separated from the late receptor potential (L.R.P.) by superposing in flash on a step of light which was strong enough to saturate the L.R.P. 3. In red-sensitive cones the E.R.P. consisted of a brief depolarizing phase (R1) followed by a hyperpolarizing phase (R2) of maximum amplitude 10 mV and duration 30-40 msec. R1 was small or absent in green-sensitive cones. 4. With flashes of increasing intensity the E.R.P. approached its maximum exponentially with an exponential constant Q of about 10(8) photons micronm-2 which is of the same order as the reciprocal of the photosensitivity of porphyropsin; the implication of this result, which is considered in the theoretical section, is the the E.R.P. is proportional to the number of photoisomerizations. 5. When tested with a constant xenon flash at varying times after the beginning of a bleaching light the E.R.P. declined exponentially with a similar value of Q. 6. After prolonged bleaches the E.R.P. recovered with a time constant of about 100 sec but much quicker recoveries were observed after relatively brief bleaches. 7. The form and size of the E.R.P. are consistent with the accepted view that it arises from a redistribution of charge in the cone pigment molecule. 8. The effect of a single photoisomerization in an isolated cone was estimated as about 10(-10) V or one electronic charge through about 10% of the membrane.", "contents": "Internal recording of the early receptor potential in turtle cones. 1. Early receptor potentials (E.R.P.s) were recorded with internal electrodes in turtle cones by applying brief flashes from a xenon tube with a maximum photon density equivalent to 2-3 x 10(8) photons micronm-2 at the optimum wave-length. 2. The E.R.P. was separated from the late receptor potential (L.R.P.) by superposing in flash on a step of light which was strong enough to saturate the L.R.P. 3. In red-sensitive cones the E.R.P. consisted of a brief depolarizing phase (R1) followed by a hyperpolarizing phase (R2) of maximum amplitude 10 mV and duration 30-40 msec. R1 was small or absent in green-sensitive cones. 4. With flashes of increasing intensity the E.R.P. approached its maximum exponentially with an exponential constant Q of about 10(8) photons micronm-2 which is of the same order as the reciprocal of the photosensitivity of porphyropsin; the implication of this result, which is considered in the theoretical section, is the the E.R.P. is proportional to the number of photoisomerizations. 5. When tested with a constant xenon flash at varying times after the beginning of a bleaching light the E.R.P. declined exponentially with a similar value of Q. 6. After prolonged bleaches the E.R.P. recovered with a time constant of about 100 sec but much quicker recoveries were observed after relatively brief bleaches. 7. The form and size of the E.R.P. are consistent with the accepted view that it arises from a redistribution of charge in the cone pigment molecule. 8. The effect of a single photoisomerization in an isolated cone was estimated as about 10(-10) V or one electronic charge through about 10% of the membrane."}
{"id": "PMID:874878", "title": "The site and receptors responsible for the inhibition by sympathetic nerves of intestinal smooth muscle and its parasympathetic motor nerves.", "content": "1. The effects of three inhibitory stimuli, sympathetic nerve stimulation, noradrenaline (NA) and isoprenaline have been examined on three forms of motor activity in the rabbit colon, the response to pelvic (parasympathetic) nerve stimulation, acetylcholine (ACh) and spontaneous tone.2. The response to pelvic nerve stimulation is most effectively inhibited by sympathetic nerve stimulation, much less effectively by NA and hardly at all by isoprenaline. The sympathetic nerves can inhibit the pelvic response at frequencies of stimulation which do not affect spontaneous tone. The inhibitory effect of sympathetic stimulation, and of NA, on the pelvic response is reduced by phentolamine 5 x 10(-6)M and unaffected by propranolol 5 x 10(-6)M suggesting the effect is mediated via alpha receptors.3. The response to ACh is inhibited by all three stimuli equally. The inhibitory effect of sympathetic nerve stimulation and of isoprenaline is reduced by propranolol 5 x 10(-6)M. The inhibitory effect of NA is also reduced by propranolol but to a lesser extent. Phentolamine 5 x 10(-6)M has a small effect in reducing the inhibitory effect of sympathetic nerve stimulation or of NA. This effect of phentolamine is lost if the participation of motor nerves in the response to ACh is excluded by either tetrodotoxin 10(-7) g/ml. or cold storage for 10-14 days. These results suggest that inhibition of the ACh response takes place mainly at the muscle by activation of beta receptors but that ACh may have a small indirect stimulant action through motor nerves and this is susceptible to inhibition through alpha receptors.4. All three stimuli are equally effective in lowering smooth muscle tone. This inhibitory effect of sympathetic nerve stimulation and of isoprenaline is reduced by propranolol 5 x 10(-6)M and unaffected by phentolamine 5 x 10(-6)M. The inhibitory effect of NA is reduced by propranolol but again is less sensitive to block than the other two inhibitory stimuli. Phentolamine is without effect on the inhibitory action of NA and the combination of phentolamine with propranolol is no more effective than propranolol alone. These results suggest that NA liberated by sympathetic nerves and isoprenaline inhibit myogenic tone in the smooth muscle by an action on beta receptors but the action of NA added to the bath cannot be fully explained in this way.", "contents": "The site and receptors responsible for the inhibition by sympathetic nerves of intestinal smooth muscle and its parasympathetic motor nerves. 1. The effects of three inhibitory stimuli, sympathetic nerve stimulation, noradrenaline (NA) and isoprenaline have been examined on three forms of motor activity in the rabbit colon, the response to pelvic (parasympathetic) nerve stimulation, acetylcholine (ACh) and spontaneous tone.2. The response to pelvic nerve stimulation is most effectively inhibited by sympathetic nerve stimulation, much less effectively by NA and hardly at all by isoprenaline. The sympathetic nerves can inhibit the pelvic response at frequencies of stimulation which do not affect spontaneous tone. The inhibitory effect of sympathetic stimulation, and of NA, on the pelvic response is reduced by phentolamine 5 x 10(-6)M and unaffected by propranolol 5 x 10(-6)M suggesting the effect is mediated via alpha receptors.3. The response to ACh is inhibited by all three stimuli equally. The inhibitory effect of sympathetic nerve stimulation and of isoprenaline is reduced by propranolol 5 x 10(-6)M. The inhibitory effect of NA is also reduced by propranolol but to a lesser extent. Phentolamine 5 x 10(-6)M has a small effect in reducing the inhibitory effect of sympathetic nerve stimulation or of NA. This effect of phentolamine is lost if the participation of motor nerves in the response to ACh is excluded by either tetrodotoxin 10(-7) g/ml. or cold storage for 10-14 days. These results suggest that inhibition of the ACh response takes place mainly at the muscle by activation of beta receptors but that ACh may have a small indirect stimulant action through motor nerves and this is susceptible to inhibition through alpha receptors.4. All three stimuli are equally effective in lowering smooth muscle tone. This inhibitory effect of sympathetic nerve stimulation and of isoprenaline is reduced by propranolol 5 x 10(-6)M and unaffected by phentolamine 5 x 10(-6)M. The inhibitory effect of NA is reduced by propranolol but again is less sensitive to block than the other two inhibitory stimuli. Phentolamine is without effect on the inhibitory action of NA and the combination of phentolamine with propranolol is no more effective than propranolol alone. These results suggest that NA liberated by sympathetic nerves and isoprenaline inhibit myogenic tone in the smooth muscle by an action on beta receptors but the action of NA added to the bath cannot be fully explained in this way."}
{"id": "PMID:874882", "title": "Movements of radioactive potassium in isolated rat ganglia.", "content": "1. Isolated rat superior cervical ganglia were continuously superfused with (42)K (or (86)Rb) solution and the amount of radioactivity taken up was monitored using scintillation counting.2. Entry of (42)K into the ganglia could be resolved into two components, one amounting to 83% of the total (42)K uptake, with a rate constant of 0.015 min(-1), and the other of 17% of the total, with a rate constant of 0.15 min(-1).3. With 6 mM-K in the bathing solution, the equilibrium uptake of (42)K after 4 hr corresponded to an intracellular concentration of 147 mM-K. Changes in the K concentration of the bathing solution (0.5-20 mM) had little effect on this value.4. Carbachol or nicotine caused a rapid net loss of (42)K. (42)K was recaptured on washing out the depolarizing agents, with a rate constant of about 0.3 min(-1). This recapture rate was slowed by ouabain, dinitrophenol, cyanide, mersalyl and by reducing the K concentration in the bathing solution.5. Efflux of (42)K from preloaded ganglia occurred with a rate constant of 0.017 min(-1). This rate was increased about sixfold by 180 muM carbachol in 6 mM-K but not in 150 mM-K suggesting that the increase in efflux was mainly a consequence of the depolarization caused by carbachol.6. (86)Rb fluxes and the effects of carbachol thereon were similar.", "contents": "Movements of radioactive potassium in isolated rat ganglia. 1. Isolated rat superior cervical ganglia were continuously superfused with (42)K (or (86)Rb) solution and the amount of radioactivity taken up was monitored using scintillation counting.2. Entry of (42)K into the ganglia could be resolved into two components, one amounting to 83% of the total (42)K uptake, with a rate constant of 0.015 min(-1), and the other of 17% of the total, with a rate constant of 0.15 min(-1).3. With 6 mM-K in the bathing solution, the equilibrium uptake of (42)K after 4 hr corresponded to an intracellular concentration of 147 mM-K. Changes in the K concentration of the bathing solution (0.5-20 mM) had little effect on this value.4. Carbachol or nicotine caused a rapid net loss of (42)K. (42)K was recaptured on washing out the depolarizing agents, with a rate constant of about 0.3 min(-1). This recapture rate was slowed by ouabain, dinitrophenol, cyanide, mersalyl and by reducing the K concentration in the bathing solution.5. Efflux of (42)K from preloaded ganglia occurred with a rate constant of 0.017 min(-1). This rate was increased about sixfold by 180 muM carbachol in 6 mM-K but not in 150 mM-K suggesting that the increase in efflux was mainly a consequence of the depolarization caused by carbachol.6. (86)Rb fluxes and the effects of carbachol thereon were similar."}
{"id": "PMID:874886", "title": "Oscillation of the human ankle joint in response to applied sinusoidal torque on the foot.", "content": "1. Low-frequency (3-30 Hz) oscillatory rotation of the ankle joint in plantarflexion-dorsiflexion was generated with a torque motor. Torque, rotation about the ankle and electromyograms (e.m.g.s) for the gastrocnemius-soleus and the anterior tibial muscles were recorded.2. Fourier coefficients at each drive frequency were used to calculate the effective compliance (ratio of rotation and torque). The compliance has a sharp resonance when tonic, voluntary muscle activity is present.3. The resonant frequency of compliance is between 3 and 8 Hz. The location of the resonant frequency and the magnitude of the compliance at resonance depend upon both the degree of tonic muscle activity and the amplitude of the driving torque. The resonant frequency increases with increasing tonic activity.4. With tonic muscle activity, the compliance in the frequency range below resonance increases with increasing amplitudes of driving torque.5. The e.m.g., when evoked by the rhythmic stretch, lags the start of stretching by between 50 and 70 msec.6. When tonic muscle activity is present, the resonant frequency of the stretch reflex is between 5 and 6.5 Hz.7. Following the start of driven oscillation at frequencies near resonance, slowly increasing amplitudes of angular rotation (to a limit) are observed.8. Distortion (from the sinusoidal wave shape) of angular rotation is frequently observed with drive frequencies between 8 and 12 Hz during which there sometimes occur spontaneous recurrences of oscillation at the drive frequency. For the angular rotation, a significant portion of the power may be in subharmonic frequency components of the drive frequency when that frequency is between 8 and 12 Hz.9. Self-sustaining oscillation (clonus) near the resonant frequency of the compliance is sometimes observed after the modulation signal to the motor is turned off. This is most often seen when the gastrocnemius-soleus muscles are fatigued. Clonus may be evoked by driven oscillation at any frequency.10. The hypothesis that physiological tremor, which occurs between 8 and 12 Hz, is a consequence of stretch reflex servo properties seems to be at odds with the observations of resonance in the compliance and of self-generated clonus both occurring in the 5-8 Hz region.", "contents": "Oscillation of the human ankle joint in response to applied sinusoidal torque on the foot. 1. Low-frequency (3-30 Hz) oscillatory rotation of the ankle joint in plantarflexion-dorsiflexion was generated with a torque motor. Torque, rotation about the ankle and electromyograms (e.m.g.s) for the gastrocnemius-soleus and the anterior tibial muscles were recorded.2. Fourier coefficients at each drive frequency were used to calculate the effective compliance (ratio of rotation and torque). The compliance has a sharp resonance when tonic, voluntary muscle activity is present.3. The resonant frequency of compliance is between 3 and 8 Hz. The location of the resonant frequency and the magnitude of the compliance at resonance depend upon both the degree of tonic muscle activity and the amplitude of the driving torque. The resonant frequency increases with increasing tonic activity.4. With tonic muscle activity, the compliance in the frequency range below resonance increases with increasing amplitudes of driving torque.5. The e.m.g., when evoked by the rhythmic stretch, lags the start of stretching by between 50 and 70 msec.6. When tonic muscle activity is present, the resonant frequency of the stretch reflex is between 5 and 6.5 Hz.7. Following the start of driven oscillation at frequencies near resonance, slowly increasing amplitudes of angular rotation (to a limit) are observed.8. Distortion (from the sinusoidal wave shape) of angular rotation is frequently observed with drive frequencies between 8 and 12 Hz during which there sometimes occur spontaneous recurrences of oscillation at the drive frequency. For the angular rotation, a significant portion of the power may be in subharmonic frequency components of the drive frequency when that frequency is between 8 and 12 Hz.9. Self-sustaining oscillation (clonus) near the resonant frequency of the compliance is sometimes observed after the modulation signal to the motor is turned off. This is most often seen when the gastrocnemius-soleus muscles are fatigued. Clonus may be evoked by driven oscillation at any frequency.10. The hypothesis that physiological tremor, which occurs between 8 and 12 Hz, is a consequence of stretch reflex servo properties seems to be at odds with the observations of resonance in the compliance and of self-generated clonus both occurring in the 5-8 Hz region."}
{"id": "PMID:874889", "title": "Reconstruction of the action potential of ventricular myocardial fibres.", "content": "1. A mathematical model of membrane action potentials of mammalian ventricular myocardial fibres is described. The reconstruction model is based as closely as possible on ionic currents which have been measured by the voltage-clamp method.2. Four individual components of ionic current were formulated mathematically in terms of Hodgkin-Huxley type equations. The model incorporates two voltage- and time-dependent inward currents, the excitatory inward sodium current, i(Na), and a secondary or slow inward current, i(s), primarily carried by calcium ions. A time-independent outward potassium current, i(K1), exhibiting inward-going rectification, and a voltage- and time-dependent outward current, i(x1), primarily carried by potassium ions, are further elements of the model.3. The i(Na) is primarily responsible for the rapid upstroke of the action potential, while the other current components determine the configuration of the plateau of the action potential and the re-polarization phase. The relative importance of inactivation of i(s) and of activation of i(x1) for termination of the plateau is evaluated by the model.4. Experimental phenomena like slow recovery of the sodium system from inactivation, frequency dependence of the action potential duration, all-or-nothing re-polarization, membrane oscillations are adequately described by the model.5. Possible inadequacies and shortcomings of the model are discussed.", "contents": "Reconstruction of the action potential of ventricular myocardial fibres. 1. A mathematical model of membrane action potentials of mammalian ventricular myocardial fibres is described. The reconstruction model is based as closely as possible on ionic currents which have been measured by the voltage-clamp method.2. Four individual components of ionic current were formulated mathematically in terms of Hodgkin-Huxley type equations. The model incorporates two voltage- and time-dependent inward currents, the excitatory inward sodium current, i(Na), and a secondary or slow inward current, i(s), primarily carried by calcium ions. A time-independent outward potassium current, i(K1), exhibiting inward-going rectification, and a voltage- and time-dependent outward current, i(x1), primarily carried by potassium ions, are further elements of the model.3. The i(Na) is primarily responsible for the rapid upstroke of the action potential, while the other current components determine the configuration of the plateau of the action potential and the re-polarization phase. The relative importance of inactivation of i(s) and of activation of i(x1) for termination of the plateau is evaluated by the model.4. Experimental phenomena like slow recovery of the sodium system from inactivation, frequency dependence of the action potential duration, all-or-nothing re-polarization, membrane oscillations are adequately described by the model.5. Possible inadequacies and shortcomings of the model are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:874892", "title": "Membrane properties of Aplysia neurones intracellularly injected with phospholipases A and C.", "content": "1. The effects of phospholipases A from bee venom and from porcine pancreas and of phospholipases C from Clostridium welchii and Bacillus cereus on active and passive membrane properties of Aplysia neurones have been studied. Consistent alterations in electrical membrane properties were found following intracellular application of three of these enzymes.2. Bee venom phospholipase A produced a rapid decrease of membrane potential and resistance. Voltage clamping revealed a marked depression of peak transient current with little or no effect in the late outward current.3. Mammalian phospholipase A was found ineffective in changing either the resting or active membrane properties.4. Phospholipase C from Bacillus cereus led to a strong hyperpolarization and a fall in membrane resistance. Voltage clamping revealed a marked increase in the late outward current.5. Neurones injected with Clostridium welchii phospholipase C manifested a several-fold rise in resting membrane resistance as well as a tendency to slight hyperpolarization.6. All enzymes were ineffective when externally applied.7. It is tentatively concluded that the internally applied phospholipases affect specific ionic permeabilities both in the resting and active excitable membrane. Various mechanisms by which the differing actions of enzymes of the same type could be explained are discussed.", "contents": "Membrane properties of Aplysia neurones intracellularly injected with phospholipases A and C. 1. The effects of phospholipases A from bee venom and from porcine pancreas and of phospholipases C from Clostridium welchii and Bacillus cereus on active and passive membrane properties of Aplysia neurones have been studied. Consistent alterations in electrical membrane properties were found following intracellular application of three of these enzymes.2. Bee venom phospholipase A produced a rapid decrease of membrane potential and resistance. Voltage clamping revealed a marked depression of peak transient current with little or no effect in the late outward current.3. Mammalian phospholipase A was found ineffective in changing either the resting or active membrane properties.4. Phospholipase C from Bacillus cereus led to a strong hyperpolarization and a fall in membrane resistance. Voltage clamping revealed a marked increase in the late outward current.5. Neurones injected with Clostridium welchii phospholipase C manifested a several-fold rise in resting membrane resistance as well as a tendency to slight hyperpolarization.6. All enzymes were ineffective when externally applied.7. It is tentatively concluded that the internally applied phospholipases affect specific ionic permeabilities both in the resting and active excitable membrane. Various mechanisms by which the differing actions of enzymes of the same type could be explained are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:874895", "title": "Sodium currents in mammalian muscle.", "content": "1. A method is described which allows the approximate computation of membrane current from measurements with three electrodes in the mid-region of a muscle fibre.2. Measurements of inward sodium current in frog muscle are compared with the results of previous clamping studies to test the validity of the new method.3. Sodium current in rat muscle (extensor digitorum longus) is in general similar to sodium current in frog muscle. Two differences in detail have been found between sodium current in rat and frog muscle: (a) at the same temperature (in the range 0-20 degrees C) inactivation is slower in the rat than in the frog; (b) in rat the steady-state activation is shifted negatively on the voltage axis by some 10-15 mV.4. Delayed outward current and charge movement (Schneider & Chandler, 1973) are present in rat muscle.5. Rat muscle fibres are more resistant than frog muscle fibres to the action of tetrodotoxin. Inward current is still detectable in rat muscle at 100 nM tetrodotoxin. We found no evidence to suggest the existence in rat muscle of two kinds of sodium channel, one sensitive and one less sensitive to tetrodotoxin.", "contents": "Sodium currents in mammalian muscle. 1. A method is described which allows the approximate computation of membrane current from measurements with three electrodes in the mid-region of a muscle fibre.2. Measurements of inward sodium current in frog muscle are compared with the results of previous clamping studies to test the validity of the new method.3. Sodium current in rat muscle (extensor digitorum longus) is in general similar to sodium current in frog muscle. Two differences in detail have been found between sodium current in rat and frog muscle: (a) at the same temperature (in the range 0-20 degrees C) inactivation is slower in the rat than in the frog; (b) in rat the steady-state activation is shifted negatively on the voltage axis by some 10-15 mV.4. Delayed outward current and charge movement (Schneider & Chandler, 1973) are present in rat muscle.5. Rat muscle fibres are more resistant than frog muscle fibres to the action of tetrodotoxin. Inward current is still detectable in rat muscle at 100 nM tetrodotoxin. We found no evidence to suggest the existence in rat muscle of two kinds of sodium channel, one sensitive and one less sensitive to tetrodotoxin."}
{"id": "PMID:874897", "title": "Inhibition of cuneate neurones: its afferent source and influence on dynamically sensitive \"tactile\" neurones.", "content": "1. Responses were recorded in decereberate, unanaesthetized cats from individual cuneate neurones in order to determine firstly, the afferent sources of inhibition on cuneate neurones and secondly, the influence of afferent-induced inhibition on those response features of dynamically sensitive tactile neurones which determine their capacity to code information about parameters of tactile stimuli.2. For all cuneate neurones which displayed afferent-induced inhibition from areas surrounding or within their excitatory receptive field (71% of the sample) it was consistently found that 300 Hz vibration at low amplitudes (< 25-50 mum) which selectively engages Pacinian corpuscles was an effective source of inhibition. In contrast, steady indentation which activates slowly adapting tactile afferents was quite ineffective, as was low frequency vibration (30 Hz) at amplitudes of < 50-100 mum. The latter stimulus can be used to engage rapidly adapting receptors either within glabrous skin (presumed to be Meissners corpuscles) or in association with hair follicles. It is concluded that afferents from Pacinian corpuscles are the dominant or exclusive source of afferent-induced inhibition of cuneate neurones.3. For dynamically sensitive neurones responsive to low frequency cutaneous vibration (30 Hz) there was a reduction in the slope of stimulus-response relations with afferent-induced inhibition, but no expansion of the range of stimulus amplitudes over which the neurone responded.4. The influence of afferent-induced inhibition on the phase-locking of impulse activity to a cutaneous vibratory wave form was examined by constructing post-stimulus time histograms and cycle histograms. Measures of dispersion of impulse activity around the preferred point of firing in the vibratory waveform indicated that the capacity of individual cuneate neurones to code information about the frequency of the cutaneous vibration was not systematically changed in the presence of afferent-induced inhibition.", "contents": "Inhibition of cuneate neurones: its afferent source and influence on dynamically sensitive \"tactile\" neurones. 1. Responses were recorded in decereberate, unanaesthetized cats from individual cuneate neurones in order to determine firstly, the afferent sources of inhibition on cuneate neurones and secondly, the influence of afferent-induced inhibition on those response features of dynamically sensitive tactile neurones which determine their capacity to code information about parameters of tactile stimuli.2. For all cuneate neurones which displayed afferent-induced inhibition from areas surrounding or within their excitatory receptive field (71% of the sample) it was consistently found that 300 Hz vibration at low amplitudes (< 25-50 mum) which selectively engages Pacinian corpuscles was an effective source of inhibition. In contrast, steady indentation which activates slowly adapting tactile afferents was quite ineffective, as was low frequency vibration (30 Hz) at amplitudes of < 50-100 mum. The latter stimulus can be used to engage rapidly adapting receptors either within glabrous skin (presumed to be Meissners corpuscles) or in association with hair follicles. It is concluded that afferents from Pacinian corpuscles are the dominant or exclusive source of afferent-induced inhibition of cuneate neurones.3. For dynamically sensitive neurones responsive to low frequency cutaneous vibration (30 Hz) there was a reduction in the slope of stimulus-response relations with afferent-induced inhibition, but no expansion of the range of stimulus amplitudes over which the neurone responded.4. The influence of afferent-induced inhibition on the phase-locking of impulse activity to a cutaneous vibratory wave form was examined by constructing post-stimulus time histograms and cycle histograms. Measures of dispersion of impulse activity around the preferred point of firing in the vibratory waveform indicated that the capacity of individual cuneate neurones to code information about the frequency of the cutaneous vibration was not systematically changed in the presence of afferent-induced inhibition."}
{"id": "PMID:874904", "title": "Human erythrocyte anion permeabilities measured under conditions of net charge transfer.", "content": "1. The permeability of the human erythrocyte to anions has been measured under conditions of net charge transfer: for Cl(-) and HCO(3) (-) ions, at 37 degrees C, this permeability is 5 orders of magnitude too small to account for the rate of the electroneutral anion exchange which is responsible for the chloride, or Hamburger, shift.2. The method is an indirect one in which the ionophore, valinomycin, is used to increase the erythrocyte K(+) permeability: in the absence of permeant cation externally, the rate of the resulting K(+) efflux may be limited by the slowness of the accompanying anion efflux, allowing the true anion permeability to be estimated.3. The average Cl(-) permeability estimated in ACD-stored erythrocytes (seven experiments) and erythrocytes from fresh blood (two experiments) was 2.1 x 10(-8) cm/sec at 37 degrees C and pH 7.4: this may also be expressed as a Cl(-) conductance of about 1.0 x 10(-5) Omega(-1) cm(-2). The apparent activation energy for net efflux of Cl(-) was found to be 3.9 kJ/mole (16.4 kcal/mole).4. In fresh cells, the ratios of Cl(-), HCO(3) (-), Br(-) and I(-) permeabilities (or conductances) were 1:0.8:1.5:5. The three halide ions follow Eisenman's Sequence I, representing a binding site of low field strength.", "contents": "Human erythrocyte anion permeabilities measured under conditions of net charge transfer. 1. The permeability of the human erythrocyte to anions has been measured under conditions of net charge transfer: for Cl(-) and HCO(3) (-) ions, at 37 degrees C, this permeability is 5 orders of magnitude too small to account for the rate of the electroneutral anion exchange which is responsible for the chloride, or Hamburger, shift.2. The method is an indirect one in which the ionophore, valinomycin, is used to increase the erythrocyte K(+) permeability: in the absence of permeant cation externally, the rate of the resulting K(+) efflux may be limited by the slowness of the accompanying anion efflux, allowing the true anion permeability to be estimated.3. The average Cl(-) permeability estimated in ACD-stored erythrocytes (seven experiments) and erythrocytes from fresh blood (two experiments) was 2.1 x 10(-8) cm/sec at 37 degrees C and pH 7.4: this may also be expressed as a Cl(-) conductance of about 1.0 x 10(-5) Omega(-1) cm(-2). The apparent activation energy for net efflux of Cl(-) was found to be 3.9 kJ/mole (16.4 kcal/mole).4. In fresh cells, the ratios of Cl(-), HCO(3) (-), Br(-) and I(-) permeabilities (or conductances) were 1:0.8:1.5:5. The three halide ions follow Eisenman's Sequence I, representing a binding site of low field strength."}
{"id": "PMID:874908", "title": "Calcium currents and conductances in the msucle membrane of the crayfish.", "content": "1. Membrane currents in calcium type muscle membrane of the cray-fish Astacus fluviatilis were analysed by a method in which a membrane microarea was isolated by circulating sucrose rings contacting the fibre perpendicular to the fibre surface.2. The early calcium inward currents were separated from the total membrane currents by subtraction of the early and delayed potassium currents from the total membrane current.3. The isolated calcium currents show a time course characteristic for a transient change of calcium conductance. The presence of inactivation was further checked by the time course of the tail currents at the end of voltage clamp pulses of variable duration.4. The reversal potential of the early calcium currents determined from the current-voltage relations was +85 +/- 4.2 mV. The calcium potentials were used to express the calcium currents in the form of chord conductances.5. Calcium conductances (g(Ca)) as functions of time and voltage were found to be described quantitatively on the assumption that g(Ca) is determined by two variables (m and h), according to the equation g(Ca) = m(6)hg(Ca), where g(Ca) is a constant and m and h obey first order differential equations of the Hodgkin-Huxley type.6. The activation parameters of the g(Ca) were determined by fitting the solutions of the above equations to the experimental values of the g(Ca). This method was also used to check the inactivation parameters.7. The inactivation parameters of the g(Ca) were obtained from the inactivation curves, which were determined for several membrane potentials by variation of the duration of the conditioning step.8. The average calcium conductance constants were tabulated and compared with sodium conductance constants in excitable membranes.", "contents": "Calcium currents and conductances in the msucle membrane of the crayfish. 1. Membrane currents in calcium type muscle membrane of the cray-fish Astacus fluviatilis were analysed by a method in which a membrane microarea was isolated by circulating sucrose rings contacting the fibre perpendicular to the fibre surface.2. The early calcium inward currents were separated from the total membrane currents by subtraction of the early and delayed potassium currents from the total membrane current.3. The isolated calcium currents show a time course characteristic for a transient change of calcium conductance. The presence of inactivation was further checked by the time course of the tail currents at the end of voltage clamp pulses of variable duration.4. The reversal potential of the early calcium currents determined from the current-voltage relations was +85 +/- 4.2 mV. The calcium potentials were used to express the calcium currents in the form of chord conductances.5. Calcium conductances (g(Ca)) as functions of time and voltage were found to be described quantitatively on the assumption that g(Ca) is determined by two variables (m and h), according to the equation g(Ca) = m(6)hg(Ca), where g(Ca) is a constant and m and h obey first order differential equations of the Hodgkin-Huxley type.6. The activation parameters of the g(Ca) were determined by fitting the solutions of the above equations to the experimental values of the g(Ca). This method was also used to check the inactivation parameters.7. The inactivation parameters of the g(Ca) were obtained from the inactivation curves, which were determined for several membrane potentials by variation of the duration of the conditioning step.8. The average calcium conductance constants were tabulated and compared with sodium conductance constants in excitable membranes."}
{"id": "PMID:874910", "title": "Supporting effects of myoepithelial cells in submandibular glands of dogs when acting against increased intraluminal pressure.", "content": "1. In dogs under chloralose-urethane anaesthesia secretion from the submandibular gland was recorded with the outflow at gland level and at heights of up to 50 cm above the gland.2. With the outflow level increased, secretion elicited by sympathetic nerve stimulation was far better maintained before than after injection of the alpha-adrenoceptor blocking agent dihydroergotamine.3. When the outflow level was raised while no secretion occurred, fluid flowed into the gland. Part of this amount was returned on lowering the outflow to gland level. This volume was assumed to have been accommodated in the distended luminal system, whereas some fluid was obviously lost into the gland tissues.4. Both these fractions of the fluid flowing into the gland when the outflow level was high could be reduced by injecting the alpha-receptor agonist phenylephrine. Bradykinin, which like phenylephrine is known to contract salivary myoepithelial cells, had the same effect on the two inflow volumes.5. It is concluded that myoepithelial contraction reduced the distensibility of the luminal system and in addition supported the acini, thereby diminishing backflow into the glandular tissues and enabling the gland to discharge saliva against a high pressure.6. Morphologically it was found that in resting glands PAS-positive saliva was displaced from the ductal system when the outflow cannula was raised, but it was preserved in the lumina under similar conditions when the myoepithelial cells were being stimulated by phenylephrine or bradykinin.7. Although sympathetic secretion could be maintained against a head of pressure, so long as it was accompanied by myoepithelial contraction, the increased force caused by the secretion led to disruptive damage of striated ducts which are the first part of the luminal system not supported by myoepithelial cells.8. The morphological findings reinforce the belief that contraction of myoepithelial cells gives active support to the underlying parenchyma.", "contents": "Supporting effects of myoepithelial cells in submandibular glands of dogs when acting against increased intraluminal pressure. 1. In dogs under chloralose-urethane anaesthesia secretion from the submandibular gland was recorded with the outflow at gland level and at heights of up to 50 cm above the gland.2. With the outflow level increased, secretion elicited by sympathetic nerve stimulation was far better maintained before than after injection of the alpha-adrenoceptor blocking agent dihydroergotamine.3. When the outflow level was raised while no secretion occurred, fluid flowed into the gland. Part of this amount was returned on lowering the outflow to gland level. This volume was assumed to have been accommodated in the distended luminal system, whereas some fluid was obviously lost into the gland tissues.4. Both these fractions of the fluid flowing into the gland when the outflow level was high could be reduced by injecting the alpha-receptor agonist phenylephrine. Bradykinin, which like phenylephrine is known to contract salivary myoepithelial cells, had the same effect on the two inflow volumes.5. It is concluded that myoepithelial contraction reduced the distensibility of the luminal system and in addition supported the acini, thereby diminishing backflow into the glandular tissues and enabling the gland to discharge saliva against a high pressure.6. Morphologically it was found that in resting glands PAS-positive saliva was displaced from the ductal system when the outflow cannula was raised, but it was preserved in the lumina under similar conditions when the myoepithelial cells were being stimulated by phenylephrine or bradykinin.7. Although sympathetic secretion could be maintained against a head of pressure, so long as it was accompanied by myoepithelial contraction, the increased force caused by the secretion led to disruptive damage of striated ducts which are the first part of the luminal system not supported by myoepithelial cells.8. The morphological findings reinforce the belief that contraction of myoepithelial cells gives active support to the underlying parenchyma."}
{"id": "PMID:874912", "title": "Maintained function of foreign and appropriate junctions on reinnervated goldfish extraocular muscles.", "content": "1. The ability of a multiply innervated muscle to become dually innervated, that is to accept a functional innervation from both its original and a foreign nerve, was investigated using the superior oblique muscle (s.o. muscle) of the goldfish.2. Dual innervation of s.o. muscles was achieved by allowing the original nerve (cranial NIV) to regenerate to its s.o. muscle which had been previously denervated and cross-innervated by a foreign nerve (cranial NIII), or by allowing the original and the foreign nerve to regenerate simultaneously to a denervated muscle.3. Behavioural observations suggested that in some fish reinnervation of the s.o. muscle by its original nerve repressed the function of a previously established foreign innervation. However, physiological tests which involved the stimulation of both foreign and appropriate nerves, and the recording of mechanical and electrical activity of the s.o. muscle, demonstrated that there was no functional displacement of foreign innervation on these muscles, even on individual dually innervated fibres.4. Dual innervation of the s.o. muscle persisted, apparently unchanged, for as long as the observations were continued (up to 7 months). The s.o. muscle contains two populations of fibres, fast and slow, and both types became and remained dually innervated.5. When both NIII and NIV were allowed to regenerate simultaneously to a denervated s.o. muscle there was no obvious selectivity in the final pattern of innervation. On the average both nerves elicited approximately equal tension from s.o. muscles, and evoked excitatory junctional potentials (e.j.p.s) of similar mean quantal contents.6. ;Myotypic respecification' was shown not to be responsible for the discrepancy between the behavioural results which sugested that repression of foreign innervation had occurred, and the physiological results which demonstrated that this was not the case. Anatomical and physiological findings indicated that the discrepancy was attributable to eye rotation produced by regenerated inferior oblique muscle fibres which contracted simultaneously with the cross-innervated s.o. muscle. The net result was an eye movement in which the activity of the s.o. muscle was masked.7. It is concluded that repression of established foreign neuromuscular connexions following reinnervation by the embryologically correct nerve does not occur on goldfish extraocular muscles. The s.o. muscle can become non-selectively innervated by both foreign and appropriate axons, and remains so, at least for several months.", "contents": "Maintained function of foreign and appropriate junctions on reinnervated goldfish extraocular muscles. 1. The ability of a multiply innervated muscle to become dually innervated, that is to accept a functional innervation from both its original and a foreign nerve, was investigated using the superior oblique muscle (s.o. muscle) of the goldfish.2. Dual innervation of s.o. muscles was achieved by allowing the original nerve (cranial NIV) to regenerate to its s.o. muscle which had been previously denervated and cross-innervated by a foreign nerve (cranial NIII), or by allowing the original and the foreign nerve to regenerate simultaneously to a denervated muscle.3. Behavioural observations suggested that in some fish reinnervation of the s.o. muscle by its original nerve repressed the function of a previously established foreign innervation. However, physiological tests which involved the stimulation of both foreign and appropriate nerves, and the recording of mechanical and electrical activity of the s.o. muscle, demonstrated that there was no functional displacement of foreign innervation on these muscles, even on individual dually innervated fibres.4. Dual innervation of the s.o. muscle persisted, apparently unchanged, for as long as the observations were continued (up to 7 months). The s.o. muscle contains two populations of fibres, fast and slow, and both types became and remained dually innervated.5. When both NIII and NIV were allowed to regenerate simultaneously to a denervated s.o. muscle there was no obvious selectivity in the final pattern of innervation. On the average both nerves elicited approximately equal tension from s.o. muscles, and evoked excitatory junctional potentials (e.j.p.s) of similar mean quantal contents.6. ;Myotypic respecification' was shown not to be responsible for the discrepancy between the behavioural results which sugested that repression of foreign innervation had occurred, and the physiological results which demonstrated that this was not the case. Anatomical and physiological findings indicated that the discrepancy was attributable to eye rotation produced by regenerated inferior oblique muscle fibres which contracted simultaneously with the cross-innervated s.o. muscle. The net result was an eye movement in which the activity of the s.o. muscle was masked.7. It is concluded that repression of established foreign neuromuscular connexions following reinnervation by the embryologically correct nerve does not occur on goldfish extraocular muscles. The s.o. muscle can become non-selectively innervated by both foreign and appropriate axons, and remains so, at least for several months."}
{"id": "PMID:874914", "title": "Self-facilitation of ganglion cells in the retina of the turtle.", "content": "1. Ganglion cells responses to illumination and to optic nerve stimulation were recorded intracellularly from the retina of the turtle. All ganglion cells were identified by their antidromic responses to optic nerve stimulation.2. When solitary spikes are produced following antidromic, orthodromic or intracellular stimulation, about 20% of the recorded ganglion cells show an additional depolarization along the falling phase of the action potential (post-spike depolarization, PSD).3. The PSD following the antidromic action potential disappears upon collision with a direct spike or when the antidromic spike is prevented from invading the cell soma.4. By pairing two optic nerve stimuli the PSD is depressed with brief interstimulus intervals, but gradually recovers to the control amplitude 600-800 msec after the conditioning shock.5. The PSD is tentatively interpreted as an e.p.s.p. transmitted by ganglion cell collaterals originating at the level of the soma dendritic complex of the recorded cell.6. The interspike interval histogram of ganglion cells showing PSD is characterized by a peak at about 10 msec, as opposed to a peak between 12 and 100 msec observed in cells without PSD. It is suggested that the occurrence of PSD facilitate the onset of additional action potentials at brief interspikes intervals, thus potentiating ganglion cell discharges.", "contents": "Self-facilitation of ganglion cells in the retina of the turtle. 1. Ganglion cells responses to illumination and to optic nerve stimulation were recorded intracellularly from the retina of the turtle. All ganglion cells were identified by their antidromic responses to optic nerve stimulation.2. When solitary spikes are produced following antidromic, orthodromic or intracellular stimulation, about 20% of the recorded ganglion cells show an additional depolarization along the falling phase of the action potential (post-spike depolarization, PSD).3. The PSD following the antidromic action potential disappears upon collision with a direct spike or when the antidromic spike is prevented from invading the cell soma.4. By pairing two optic nerve stimuli the PSD is depressed with brief interstimulus intervals, but gradually recovers to the control amplitude 600-800 msec after the conditioning shock.5. The PSD is tentatively interpreted as an e.p.s.p. transmitted by ganglion cell collaterals originating at the level of the soma dendritic complex of the recorded cell.6. The interspike interval histogram of ganglion cells showing PSD is characterized by a peak at about 10 msec, as opposed to a peak between 12 and 100 msec observed in cells without PSD. It is suggested that the occurrence of PSD facilitate the onset of additional action potentials at brief interspikes intervals, thus potentiating ganglion cell discharges."}
{"id": "PMID:874915", "title": "Short-circuit current and total conductance measurements on rabbit ileum.", "content": "1. Short-curcuit current (SCC) and total conductance (Gt) measurements were made in in vitro preparations of rabbit terminal ileum. 2. Successive additions of D-glucose increased the SCC and Gt in a stepwise way and both effects were seen to correlate linearly. 3. Measurements of SCC ant Gt were also made after replacing Na in the Krebs solution by K or sucrose. The SCC decreased to nearly zero in both cases but the decrease in Gt was larger when sucrose was used. 4. SCC and Gt were monitored after the addition of ouabain. SCC decreased to nearly zero but Gt remained constant. 5. On successive additions of sucrose after the preparation was mounted in 1/4 Na Krebs without osmolal compensation, SCC decreased and Gt increased, a linear relationship being found between both changes. 6. Successive additions of 2-deoxy-td-glucose caused a stepwise decrease of SCC and an increase in Gt. These effects seemed independent of the presence of glucose. 7. A model in which a resistance in series is added to the basic model by Ussing & Windhager (1964), modified by Rose & tschultz (1971), is proposed to account for these findings.", "contents": "Short-circuit current and total conductance measurements on rabbit ileum. 1. Short-curcuit current (SCC) and total conductance (Gt) measurements were made in in vitro preparations of rabbit terminal ileum. 2. Successive additions of D-glucose increased the SCC and Gt in a stepwise way and both effects were seen to correlate linearly. 3. Measurements of SCC ant Gt were also made after replacing Na in the Krebs solution by K or sucrose. The SCC decreased to nearly zero in both cases but the decrease in Gt was larger when sucrose was used. 4. SCC and Gt were monitored after the addition of ouabain. SCC decreased to nearly zero but Gt remained constant. 5. On successive additions of sucrose after the preparation was mounted in 1/4 Na Krebs without osmolal compensation, SCC decreased and Gt increased, a linear relationship being found between both changes. 6. Successive additions of 2-deoxy-td-glucose caused a stepwise decrease of SCC and an increase in Gt. These effects seemed independent of the presence of glucose. 7. A model in which a resistance in series is added to the basic model by Ussing & Windhager (1964), modified by Rose & tschultz (1971), is proposed to account for these findings."}
{"id": "PMID:874916", "title": "Laminar differences in receptive field properties of cells in cat primary visual cortex.", "content": "1. Cells in area 17 of the cat visual cortex were studied with a view towards correlating receptive field properties with layering. A number of receptive field parameters were measured for all units, and nearly every unit was marked with a microlesion to determine accurately the layer in which it was found.2. Cells were defined as simple or complex by mapping with stationary stimuli, using the criteria of Hubel & Wiesel (1962). Complex cells fell into two groups: those that showed summation for increased slit length (standard complex) and those that did not (special complex).3. The simple cells were located in the deep part of layer 3, in layer 4, and in layer 6. This corresponds to the distribution of afferents from the dorsal layers of the lateral geniculate nucleus. In these cortical layers the simple cells differed primarily with respect to their receptive field size, cells in layer 4 having the smallest, layer 3 intermediate, and layer 6 the largest fields. Layer 4 was the only layer in which simple cells showed end-inhibition (a reduction in response to slits extending beyond the excitatory portion of the receptive field).4. The standard complex cells were found in all layers, but were quite scarce in layer 4. As with the simple cells, field size varied with layer: in layer 2+3 they had small to intermediate field sizes, in layer 5 intermediate, and in layer 6 very large. Layer 6 cells showed summation for slits of increased length up to very large values, and responded best when the slits were centred in the receptive field. The only standard complex cells that showed end-inhibition were those in layer 2+3, and these were similar to the layer 4 simple cells in terms of proportion of end-inhibited units and degree of end-inhibition.5. The special complex cells, originally described by Palmer & Rosenquist (1974), were found in two tiers: the upper one at the layer 3/layer 4 border and the lower one in layer 5. They were different from the standard complex cells in having a high spontaneous activity, high velocity preference, and large fields which were similar in size (at a given eccentricity) from one cell to the next. Many showed reduced response to slits of increasing length, even for slits that did not extend beyond the borders of the responsive region.6. Cells in layer 6 (the origin of the corticogeniculate projection) were antidromically activated from the lateral geniculate nucleus. The antidromically activated units included both simple and complex cells, and they had the long receptive fields characteristic of the overall population of cells in layer 6.7. The results showed that there are different types of simple and complex cells, and that cells in different layers have different properties. Taken together with their differences in site of projection, this demonstrates that the anatomical lamination pattern is reflected in functional differences between cells in different layers.", "contents": "Laminar differences in receptive field properties of cells in cat primary visual cortex. 1. Cells in area 17 of the cat visual cortex were studied with a view towards correlating receptive field properties with layering. A number of receptive field parameters were measured for all units, and nearly every unit was marked with a microlesion to determine accurately the layer in which it was found.2. Cells were defined as simple or complex by mapping with stationary stimuli, using the criteria of Hubel & Wiesel (1962). Complex cells fell into two groups: those that showed summation for increased slit length (standard complex) and those that did not (special complex).3. The simple cells were located in the deep part of layer 3, in layer 4, and in layer 6. This corresponds to the distribution of afferents from the dorsal layers of the lateral geniculate nucleus. In these cortical layers the simple cells differed primarily with respect to their receptive field size, cells in layer 4 having the smallest, layer 3 intermediate, and layer 6 the largest fields. Layer 4 was the only layer in which simple cells showed end-inhibition (a reduction in response to slits extending beyond the excitatory portion of the receptive field).4. The standard complex cells were found in all layers, but were quite scarce in layer 4. As with the simple cells, field size varied with layer: in layer 2+3 they had small to intermediate field sizes, in layer 5 intermediate, and in layer 6 very large. Layer 6 cells showed summation for slits of increased length up to very large values, and responded best when the slits were centred in the receptive field. The only standard complex cells that showed end-inhibition were those in layer 2+3, and these were similar to the layer 4 simple cells in terms of proportion of end-inhibited units and degree of end-inhibition.5. The special complex cells, originally described by Palmer & Rosenquist (1974), were found in two tiers: the upper one at the layer 3/layer 4 border and the lower one in layer 5. They were different from the standard complex cells in having a high spontaneous activity, high velocity preference, and large fields which were similar in size (at a given eccentricity) from one cell to the next. Many showed reduced response to slits of increasing length, even for slits that did not extend beyond the borders of the responsive region.6. Cells in layer 6 (the origin of the corticogeniculate projection) were antidromically activated from the lateral geniculate nucleus. The antidromically activated units included both simple and complex cells, and they had the long receptive fields characteristic of the overall population of cells in layer 6.7. The results showed that there are different types of simple and complex cells, and that cells in different layers have different properties. Taken together with their differences in site of projection, this demonstrates that the anatomical lamination pattern is reflected in functional differences between cells in different layers."}
{"id": "PMID:874917", "title": "Appearance of new acetylcholine receptors on the baby chick biventer cervicis and denervated rat diaphragm muscles after blockade with alpha-bungarotoxin.", "content": "1. The recovery of contractile responses and appearance of new alpha-bungarotoxin-binding sites were studied in the baby chick biventer cervicis and the rat diaphragm muscles after saturating the existing acetylcholine (ACh) receptors (AChR) with alpha-bungarotoxin in vitro.2. Washout of alpha-bungarotoxin restored gradually the response to exogenous ACh attaining about 30% recovery in 3 hr either in the chick muscle or in the denervated rat diaphragm. No recovery was obtained, however, for the response to nerve stimulation.3. The recovery of ACh-response was abolished by decreasing the bath temperature to 9 degrees C during the washout of the toxin whereas the recovery was not reduced in the presence of cycloheximide.4. The half-life of [(3)H]acetyl alpha-bungarotoxin bound specifically on the existing AChRs, junctional and extrajunctional receptors combined, was 16 hr in the chick muscle. That on the extrajunctional AChR was estimated to be 8 hr.5. New toxin-binding sites were found to be incorporated on the membrane of extrajunctional site rapidly after treatment with alpha-bungarotoxin in the chick and the denervated rat muscles along the muscle fibres but not in the innervated rat diaphragm. Treatment with (+)-tubocurarine, ACh or decamethonium did not cause an appreciable increase of the toxin-binding sites.6. The appearance of new binding sites was progressive during 5 hr at a rate of 24 sites/mum(2).hr in the chick muscle and 42 sites/mum(2).hr in the rat diaphragm denervated for 7 days. The existing extrajunctional AChR were about 50/mum(2) and 192/mum(2), respectively.7. ACh effectively antagonized the binding of alpha-bungarotoxin with the new sites whereas (+)-tubocurarine was less effective than its effect on the existing AChR.8. The new toxin-binding sites appeared to have a reduced capacity to evoke ACh response.9. The incorporation of new binding sites was reduced by lowering of the temperature, treatment with dinitrophenol, high K(+), high Ca(2+) and by the stimulation of either nerve or muscle. Cycloheximide, ACh, decrease of [Na(+)](o) and increase of [Mg(2+)](o) were without effect.10. It is suggested that binding of the extrajunctional AChRs with alpha-bungarotoxin cause a change of membrane architecture and trigger the incorporation of cytoplasmic AChR-precursor or hidden AChR into the membrane.", "contents": "Appearance of new acetylcholine receptors on the baby chick biventer cervicis and denervated rat diaphragm muscles after blockade with alpha-bungarotoxin. 1. The recovery of contractile responses and appearance of new alpha-bungarotoxin-binding sites were studied in the baby chick biventer cervicis and the rat diaphragm muscles after saturating the existing acetylcholine (ACh) receptors (AChR) with alpha-bungarotoxin in vitro.2. Washout of alpha-bungarotoxin restored gradually the response to exogenous ACh attaining about 30% recovery in 3 hr either in the chick muscle or in the denervated rat diaphragm. No recovery was obtained, however, for the response to nerve stimulation.3. The recovery of ACh-response was abolished by decreasing the bath temperature to 9 degrees C during the washout of the toxin whereas the recovery was not reduced in the presence of cycloheximide.4. The half-life of [(3)H]acetyl alpha-bungarotoxin bound specifically on the existing AChRs, junctional and extrajunctional receptors combined, was 16 hr in the chick muscle. That on the extrajunctional AChR was estimated to be 8 hr.5. New toxin-binding sites were found to be incorporated on the membrane of extrajunctional site rapidly after treatment with alpha-bungarotoxin in the chick and the denervated rat muscles along the muscle fibres but not in the innervated rat diaphragm. Treatment with (+)-tubocurarine, ACh or decamethonium did not cause an appreciable increase of the toxin-binding sites.6. The appearance of new binding sites was progressive during 5 hr at a rate of 24 sites/mum(2).hr in the chick muscle and 42 sites/mum(2).hr in the rat diaphragm denervated for 7 days. The existing extrajunctional AChR were about 50/mum(2) and 192/mum(2), respectively.7. ACh effectively antagonized the binding of alpha-bungarotoxin with the new sites whereas (+)-tubocurarine was less effective than its effect on the existing AChR.8. The new toxin-binding sites appeared to have a reduced capacity to evoke ACh response.9. The incorporation of new binding sites was reduced by lowering of the temperature, treatment with dinitrophenol, high K(+), high Ca(2+) and by the stimulation of either nerve or muscle. Cycloheximide, ACh, decrease of [Na(+)](o) and increase of [Mg(2+)](o) were without effect.10. It is suggested that binding of the extrajunctional AChRs with alpha-bungarotoxin cause a change of membrane architecture and trigger the incorporation of cytoplasmic AChR-precursor or hidden AChR into the membrane."}
{"id": "PMID:874919", "title": "The effect of internal and external 4-aminopyridine on the potassium currents in intracellularly perfused squid giant axons.", "content": "1. The effect of 4-aminopyridine (4-AP) on the K outward and inward currents in perfused giant axons of Loligo forbesi has been studied with the voltage-clamp technique.2. Small internal or external 4-AP concentrations (10-100 muM) considerably delay the rise of the K outward current. Repetitive pulsing with a pulse interval of 0.1-5 sec leads to a faster rise of the K current; in 10 muM 4-AP a small effect is visible even with a pulse interval of 60 sec.3. The phenomenon has been studied quantitatively by using a prepulse of varying height and duration, followed after 5 sec by a constant test pulse. The effect of changing the holding potential has been investigated.4. The effect of repetitive pulsing disappears in higher 4-AP concentrations; 1-10 mM 4-AP markedly reduce the size of the K outward current; the blocking effect is less pronounced for large depolarizing pulses than for small.5. In K-rich sea water 4-AP reduces both the K outward current and the K inward current; the blocking effect on the K outward current is smaller than in K-free sea water.6. The K outward current in fibres treated with 10 muM 4-AP and immersed in K-rich sea water is increased and accelerated by repetitive depolarizing pulses. The effect of repetitive pulsing is not dependent on the size of the K outward current (which can be increased by removing K inactivation).7. The effect of repetitive pulsing and the voltage dependence of the 4-AP block can be explained by the hypothesis that 4-AP molecules are displaced from their blocking sites during the pulse and slowly rebound afterwards. Removal of the 4-AP block by a depolarizing pulse seems to be a direct effect of the potential during the pulse and not related to K current.", "contents": "The effect of internal and external 4-aminopyridine on the potassium currents in intracellularly perfused squid giant axons. 1. The effect of 4-aminopyridine (4-AP) on the K outward and inward currents in perfused giant axons of Loligo forbesi has been studied with the voltage-clamp technique.2. Small internal or external 4-AP concentrations (10-100 muM) considerably delay the rise of the K outward current. Repetitive pulsing with a pulse interval of 0.1-5 sec leads to a faster rise of the K current; in 10 muM 4-AP a small effect is visible even with a pulse interval of 60 sec.3. The phenomenon has been studied quantitatively by using a prepulse of varying height and duration, followed after 5 sec by a constant test pulse. The effect of changing the holding potential has been investigated.4. The effect of repetitive pulsing disappears in higher 4-AP concentrations; 1-10 mM 4-AP markedly reduce the size of the K outward current; the blocking effect is less pronounced for large depolarizing pulses than for small.5. In K-rich sea water 4-AP reduces both the K outward current and the K inward current; the blocking effect on the K outward current is smaller than in K-free sea water.6. The K outward current in fibres treated with 10 muM 4-AP and immersed in K-rich sea water is increased and accelerated by repetitive depolarizing pulses. The effect of repetitive pulsing is not dependent on the size of the K outward current (which can be increased by removing K inactivation).7. The effect of repetitive pulsing and the voltage dependence of the 4-AP block can be explained by the hypothesis that 4-AP molecules are displaced from their blocking sites during the pulse and slowly rebound afterwards. Removal of the 4-AP block by a depolarizing pulse seems to be a direct effect of the potential during the pulse and not related to K current."}
{"id": "PMID:874918", "title": "Properties of vestibular neurones projecting to neck segments of the cat spinal cord.", "content": "1. Vestibular neurones projecting to the upper cervical grey matter (vestibulocollic neurones) were identified by localized microstimulation in the C3 segment of the cat spinal cord.2. The neurones were found in the lateral (Deiters'), medial and descending nuclei bilaterally and projected to the spinal cord in the lateral and medial vestibulospinal tracts (LVST and MVST). Ipsilateral axons of Deiters' neurones were mostly in the LVST, axons of medial and descending neurones in the MVST; a few Deiters' neurones had axons in the MVST; some descending neurones had axons in the LVST. Most axons of contralateral neurones were in the MVST.3. The axons of 62% of ipsilateral vestibulocollic Deiters' neurones not only gave off a collateral to C3, but also extended as far as the cervical enlargement (;branching'); some of these neurones projected as far as the upper thoracic cord, almost none to the lumbar cord. Ipsilateral descending nucleus neurones branch in the same fashion, but there is no branching in the relatively small medial nucleus population.4. A large majority of vestibulocollic neurones receive monosynaptic excitation from the ipsilateral labyrinth and a number are inhibited by stimulation of the contralateral labyrinth (commissural inhibition). It is possible that commissural inhibition acts on a broad population of vestibular neurones involved in the control of eye, head and trunk movement.5. Vestibulocollic neurones do not make up a homogeneous population acting only on the neck. Instead it is likely that subpopulations, for example branching and non-branching neurones, have different functions.", "contents": "Properties of vestibular neurones projecting to neck segments of the cat spinal cord. 1. Vestibular neurones projecting to the upper cervical grey matter (vestibulocollic neurones) were identified by localized microstimulation in the C3 segment of the cat spinal cord.2. The neurones were found in the lateral (Deiters'), medial and descending nuclei bilaterally and projected to the spinal cord in the lateral and medial vestibulospinal tracts (LVST and MVST). Ipsilateral axons of Deiters' neurones were mostly in the LVST, axons of medial and descending neurones in the MVST; a few Deiters' neurones had axons in the MVST; some descending neurones had axons in the LVST. Most axons of contralateral neurones were in the MVST.3. The axons of 62% of ipsilateral vestibulocollic Deiters' neurones not only gave off a collateral to C3, but also extended as far as the cervical enlargement (;branching'); some of these neurones projected as far as the upper thoracic cord, almost none to the lumbar cord. Ipsilateral descending nucleus neurones branch in the same fashion, but there is no branching in the relatively small medial nucleus population.4. A large majority of vestibulocollic neurones receive monosynaptic excitation from the ipsilateral labyrinth and a number are inhibited by stimulation of the contralateral labyrinth (commissural inhibition). It is possible that commissural inhibition acts on a broad population of vestibular neurones involved in the control of eye, head and trunk movement.5. Vestibulocollic neurones do not make up a homogeneous population acting only on the neck. Instead it is likely that subpopulations, for example branching and non-branching neurones, have different functions."}
{"id": "PMID:874920", "title": "Sensory deprivation during development decreases the responsiveness of cricket giant interneurones.", "content": "1. The effect sensory deprivation, early in development, has on the adult response properties of identified neurones was studied in the abdominal nervous system of the cricket Acheta domesticus.2. Neural activity in the cercal-to-giant interneurone system was lowered by blocking the movement of the mechanosensitive hairs, located on each cercus, with a facial cleansing cream.3. When specimens were treated unilaterally one of a pair of homologous neurones exhibited drastically altered response properties. The neurone which received its afferent input from the treated receptors was much less sensitive to tones. Its threshold was increased approximately 20 db with respect to its untreated homologue.4. Bilateral treatment lowered the responsiveness of both of the bilaterally homologous neurones.5. Increased levels of inhibition impinging on the treated neurones accounts for part of the altered responsiveness. The inhibitory pathway is activated by the untreated mechanoreceptors.6. Control experiments demonstrate that the sensory apparatus is not injured or modified by the treatment.7. The results suggest that normal development of some invertebrate neural pathways may be more dependent on experience during ontogeny than has previously been assumed.", "contents": "Sensory deprivation during development decreases the responsiveness of cricket giant interneurones. 1. The effect sensory deprivation, early in development, has on the adult response properties of identified neurones was studied in the abdominal nervous system of the cricket Acheta domesticus.2. Neural activity in the cercal-to-giant interneurone system was lowered by blocking the movement of the mechanosensitive hairs, located on each cercus, with a facial cleansing cream.3. When specimens were treated unilaterally one of a pair of homologous neurones exhibited drastically altered response properties. The neurone which received its afferent input from the treated receptors was much less sensitive to tones. Its threshold was increased approximately 20 db with respect to its untreated homologue.4. Bilateral treatment lowered the responsiveness of both of the bilaterally homologous neurones.5. Increased levels of inhibition impinging on the treated neurones accounts for part of the altered responsiveness. The inhibitory pathway is activated by the untreated mechanoreceptors.6. Control experiments demonstrate that the sensory apparatus is not injured or modified by the treatment.7. The results suggest that normal development of some invertebrate neural pathways may be more dependent on experience during ontogeny than has previously been assumed."}
{"id": "PMID:874921", "title": "The gecko visual pigments: a microspectrophotometric study.", "content": "1. A dual system of visual pigments having absorbance maxima in the green and blue respectively has been found in the retinas of geckos both by single cell microspectrophotometry and by the method of extraction. Microspectrophotometry has shown the system to be present in four species of geckos representing four genera. Along with previous work with extracts (Crescitelli, 1972) this indicates a fundamental property in this family of lizards. No other photopigments have been detected.2. For Gekko gekko, the species most intensively studied, the two pigments have absorbance maxima at 521 and 467 nm respectively. Both are based on vitamin A(1) and both are characterized by absorbance spectra that nearly conform to the Dartnall nomogram.3. In situ, the 521-pigment is not temperature-sensitive, and has virtually the same absorbance spectrum at 23 degrees C as at 5 degrees C. On extraction into digitonin solution, however, the absorbance spectrum of the pigment becomes temperature-dependent and, though identical when measured at low temperature (2-5 degrees C) with the constant in situ curve, is displaced to shorter wave-lengths at higher temperatures (10-25 degrees C). Thus the extract spectrum is relevant to the in situ spectrum only at low temperature (and in the presence of chloride ions).4. Unlike the rhodopsins of several vertebrates, the gecko 521-pigment displays no evidence of a meta-III stage in the sequence of products following photic bleaching, even at low temperatures. This is true for the pigment in situ as well as in the extracted condition.", "contents": "The gecko visual pigments: a microspectrophotometric study. 1. A dual system of visual pigments having absorbance maxima in the green and blue respectively has been found in the retinas of geckos both by single cell microspectrophotometry and by the method of extraction. Microspectrophotometry has shown the system to be present in four species of geckos representing four genera. Along with previous work with extracts (Crescitelli, 1972) this indicates a fundamental property in this family of lizards. No other photopigments have been detected.2. For Gekko gekko, the species most intensively studied, the two pigments have absorbance maxima at 521 and 467 nm respectively. Both are based on vitamin A(1) and both are characterized by absorbance spectra that nearly conform to the Dartnall nomogram.3. In situ, the 521-pigment is not temperature-sensitive, and has virtually the same absorbance spectrum at 23 degrees C as at 5 degrees C. On extraction into digitonin solution, however, the absorbance spectrum of the pigment becomes temperature-dependent and, though identical when measured at low temperature (2-5 degrees C) with the constant in situ curve, is displaced to shorter wave-lengths at higher temperatures (10-25 degrees C). Thus the extract spectrum is relevant to the in situ spectrum only at low temperature (and in the presence of chloride ions).4. Unlike the rhodopsins of several vertebrates, the gecko 521-pigment displays no evidence of a meta-III stage in the sequence of products following photic bleaching, even at low temperatures. This is true for the pigment in situ as well as in the extracted condition."}
{"id": "PMID:874922", "title": "Mechanical work and efficiency in level walking and running.", "content": "1. The mechanical power spent to accelerate the limbs relative to the trunk in level walking and running, W(int), has been measured at various ;constant' speeds (3-33 km/hr) with the cinematographic procedure used by Fenn (1930a) at high speeds of running.2. W(int) increases approximately as the square of the speed of walking and running. For a given speed W(int) is greater in walking than in running.3. In walking above 3 km/hr, W(int) is greater than the power spent to accelerate and lift the centre of mass of the body at each step, W(ext) (measured by Cavagna, Thys & Zamboni, 1976b). In running W(int) < W(ext) up to about 20 km/hr, whereas at higher speeds W(int) > W(ext).4. The total work done by the muscles was calculated as W(tot) = W(int) + W(ext). Except that at the highest speeds of walking, the total work done per unit distance W(tot)/km is greater in running than in walking.5. The efficiency of positive work was measured from the ratio W(tot)/Net energy expenditure: this is greater than 0.25 indicating that both in walking and in running the muscles utilize, during shortening, some energy stored during a previous phase of negative work (stretching).6. In walking the efficiency reaches a maximum (0.35-0.40) at intermediate speeds, as may be expected from the properties of the contractile component of muscle. In running the efficiency increases steadily with speed (from 0.45 to 0.70-0.80) suggesting that positive work derives mainly from the passive recoil of muscle elastic elements and to a lesser extent from the active shortening of the contractile machinery. These findings are consistent with the different mechanics of the two exercises.", "contents": "Mechanical work and efficiency in level walking and running. 1. The mechanical power spent to accelerate the limbs relative to the trunk in level walking and running, W(int), has been measured at various ;constant' speeds (3-33 km/hr) with the cinematographic procedure used by Fenn (1930a) at high speeds of running.2. W(int) increases approximately as the square of the speed of walking and running. For a given speed W(int) is greater in walking than in running.3. In walking above 3 km/hr, W(int) is greater than the power spent to accelerate and lift the centre of mass of the body at each step, W(ext) (measured by Cavagna, Thys & Zamboni, 1976b). In running W(int) < W(ext) up to about 20 km/hr, whereas at higher speeds W(int) > W(ext).4. The total work done by the muscles was calculated as W(tot) = W(int) + W(ext). Except that at the highest speeds of walking, the total work done per unit distance W(tot)/km is greater in running than in walking.5. The efficiency of positive work was measured from the ratio W(tot)/Net energy expenditure: this is greater than 0.25 indicating that both in walking and in running the muscles utilize, during shortening, some energy stored during a previous phase of negative work (stretching).6. In walking the efficiency reaches a maximum (0.35-0.40) at intermediate speeds, as may be expected from the properties of the contractile component of muscle. In running the efficiency increases steadily with speed (from 0.45 to 0.70-0.80) suggesting that positive work derives mainly from the passive recoil of muscle elastic elements and to a lesser extent from the active shortening of the contractile machinery. These findings are consistent with the different mechanics of the two exercises."}
{"id": "PMID:874923", "title": "[Tomodensitometric appearances in \"medical\" cerebral haemorrhages (author's transl)].", "content": "On the basis of experience of more than 5,000 cases (since 1974), the authors describe the tomodensitometric appearences of non-surgical cerebral haemorrhages, together with the correlation between values of radiodensity and histological lesions. They emphasise the chronological changes which take place in the tomodensitometric appearance of the lesions and the possibility of easy repeated studies. Such studies, in combination with observation of the clinical course, have enabled the authors to give the scanner an important place in decisions to proceed to surgery. The authors stress the superiority of the scanner over invasive techniques used to explore such patients, from both an ethical as well as a diagnostic standpoint. They consider that it will be of value in the future in experimental studies aimed at elucidating the physiopathology of these lesions.", "contents": "[Tomodensitometric appearances in \"medical\" cerebral haemorrhages (author's transl)]. On the basis of experience of more than 5,000 cases (since 1974), the authors describe the tomodensitometric appearences of non-surgical cerebral haemorrhages, together with the correlation between values of radiodensity and histological lesions. They emphasise the chronological changes which take place in the tomodensitometric appearance of the lesions and the possibility of easy repeated studies. Such studies, in combination with observation of the clinical course, have enabled the authors to give the scanner an important place in decisions to proceed to surgery. The authors stress the superiority of the scanner over invasive techniques used to explore such patients, from both an ethical as well as a diagnostic standpoint. They consider that it will be of value in the future in experimental studies aimed at elucidating the physiopathology of these lesions."}
{"id": "PMID:874925", "title": "[Triple ureter. One case. Diagnostic problem and review of the literature (author's transl)].", "content": "In the light of a case of right triple ureter in a 5 month old girl, the authors review the embryology of the ureter and describe the different types of triplication. A general review of the literature including 70 cases gives an indication of the circumstances of discovery and the contribution of radiology. The complications of complete ureteral triplication are the same but greater than those of complete duplication and are related to the ectopic position of the ureteral orifices with regard to the trigone. They are dominated by reflux and stasis in the case of high ectopia and by false incontinence (20% of cases) in low ectopia.", "contents": "[Triple ureter. One case. Diagnostic problem and review of the literature (author's transl)]. In the light of a case of right triple ureter in a 5 month old girl, the authors review the embryology of the ureter and describe the different types of triplication. A general review of the literature including 70 cases gives an indication of the circumstances of discovery and the contribution of radiology. The complications of complete ureteral triplication are the same but greater than those of complete duplication and are related to the ectopic position of the ureteral orifices with regard to the trigone. They are dominated by reflux and stasis in the case of high ectopia and by false incontinence (20% of cases) in low ectopia."}
{"id": "PMID:874926", "title": "[Ambulatory preparation for double contrast enema. Retrospective study involving 100 nonhospitalised patients (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors present a technique of preparation for double contrast barium enema, using the oral route only. It was used in 100 consecutive, suitable non-hospitalised patients with the following results: colonic empyting was perfect in 64% of cases, satisfactory in 25% and inadequate in 11%. Tolerance was deemed to be good. The authors do not suggest that the technique should be used in hospitalised patients, often proving inadequate under such circumstances.", "contents": "[Ambulatory preparation for double contrast enema. Retrospective study involving 100 nonhospitalised patients (author's transl)]. The authors present a technique of preparation for double contrast barium enema, using the oral route only. It was used in 100 consecutive, suitable non-hospitalised patients with the following results: colonic empyting was perfect in 64% of cases, satisfactory in 25% and inadequate in 11%. Tolerance was deemed to be good. The authors do not suggest that the technique should be used in hospitalised patients, often proving inadequate under such circumstances."}
{"id": "PMID:874927", "title": "[Appendicular abcess presenting as an abdominal mass in early childhood. Radiological diagnosis (author's transl)].", "content": "Two boys (two years and a half old) were admitted in this hospital for an abdominal tumor. In both cases a pelvic abcess was present, secondary to a pelvic appendicitis. Symptoms have been deeply modified by previous antibiotherapy. Radiological examinations including opacification of the urinary tract by a intravenous pyelogram and opacification of the recto-sigmoid by a baryum enema allowed in both cases to localize the mass and to lead to the diagnosis with the clinical data.", "contents": "[Appendicular abcess presenting as an abdominal mass in early childhood. Radiological diagnosis (author's transl)]. Two boys (two years and a half old) were admitted in this hospital for an abdominal tumor. In both cases a pelvic abcess was present, secondary to a pelvic appendicitis. Symptoms have been deeply modified by previous antibiotherapy. Radiological examinations including opacification of the urinary tract by a intravenous pyelogram and opacification of the recto-sigmoid by a baryum enema allowed in both cases to localize the mass and to lead to the diagnosis with the clinical data."}
{"id": "PMID:874933", "title": "A comparison of general practice in Britain and Ireland.", "content": "The work patterns of general practitioners in the British NHS and in the General Medical Services Scheme in the Republic of Ireland are compared. Doctors in the Republic have higher consultation and domiciliary visiting rates. These differences are not explainable in terms of the different age/sex structures of the populations under care.", "contents": "A comparison of general practice in Britain and Ireland. The work patterns of general practitioners in the British NHS and in the General Medical Services Scheme in the Republic of Ireland are compared. Doctors in the Republic have higher consultation and domiciliary visiting rates. These differences are not explainable in terms of the different age/sex structures of the populations under care."}
{"id": "PMID:874935", "title": "Asian mothers' use of general-practitioner and maternal/child welfare services.", "content": "A matched control study was carried out to determine whether Asian immigrants in Nottingham made more or less use of the general-practitioner services than British-born white subjects.The study was limited to antenatal, postnatal, and infant care in one general practice, and information was collected from general-practitioner and health-visitor records and by an interview with the mother. The findings showed no difference between the two groups in the use of the general-practitioner or maternal and child welfare services.", "contents": "Asian mothers' use of general-practitioner and maternal/child welfare services. A matched control study was carried out to determine whether Asian immigrants in Nottingham made more or less use of the general-practitioner services than British-born white subjects.The study was limited to antenatal, postnatal, and infant care in one general practice, and information was collected from general-practitioner and health-visitor records and by an interview with the mother. The findings showed no difference between the two groups in the use of the general-practitioner or maternal and child welfare services."}
{"id": "PMID:874936", "title": "Communications between doctors and social workers in a general practice.", "content": "This study describes an investigation into the information and attitudes which were held by a social worker and general practitioners about the same clients, and records the communication between them about these clients.", "contents": "Communications between doctors and social workers in a general practice. This study describes an investigation into the information and attitudes which were held by a social worker and general practitioners about the same clients, and records the communication between them about these clients."}
{"id": "PMID:874931", "title": "[Acetyl-cysteine in colonic mucography (author's transl)].", "content": "Acetyl-cysteine, its origin, nature, the constitution of its molecule and its main properties are reviewed. This study involved essentially the best means of using the mucolytic properties of this amino acid. Acetyl-cysteine has an excellent detergent effect on the mucosa, with good evacuation, and favourises the adhesion of barium, all the better when the particles of the latter are finer. It is thus possible to obtain good thin layer and double contrast pictures. Prior preparation remains of the utmost importance.", "contents": "[Acetyl-cysteine in colonic mucography (author's transl)]. Acetyl-cysteine, its origin, nature, the constitution of its molecule and its main properties are reviewed. This study involved essentially the best means of using the mucolytic properties of this amino acid. Acetyl-cysteine has an excellent detergent effect on the mucosa, with good evacuation, and favourises the adhesion of barium, all the better when the particles of the latter are finer. It is thus possible to obtain good thin layer and double contrast pictures. Prior preparation remains of the utmost importance."}
{"id": "PMID:874937", "title": "Social workers and their clients: a comparison between primary health care and local authority setting.", "content": "A social work attachment scheme to several general practitioners was established. Data from the first 300 referrals to the scheme were compared with data from a previous study of referrals to the ;intake' teams of the social services department of the same London borough. In addition, data about the activities of the social workers in the ;attachment' were collected, and the work was found to be predominantly short-term.The populations referred to social workers in both settings were found to be similar in age and sex. Although general practitioners in the area referred only a few clients to social services departments, the clients in both groups were generally in poor health.The psychiatric morbidity of those referred to the attached social workers was significantly higher, however, than those referred to the intake team (p < 0.01), and their problems were also more likely to need psychological help rather than practical measures. These differences were considered to be due mostly to the different types of referral agencies operating in the two settings and to their perceptions of the social worker's role.THE FINDINGS SUPPORT THE ARGUMENT FOR CLOSER LIAISON BETWEEN MEDICAL AND SOCIAL SERVICES IN THE COMMUNITY: the attachment of social workers to general practices proved to be particularly valuable in the management and treatment of patients with emotional and mental illness.", "contents": "Social workers and their clients: a comparison between primary health care and local authority setting. A social work attachment scheme to several general practitioners was established. Data from the first 300 referrals to the scheme were compared with data from a previous study of referrals to the ;intake' teams of the social services department of the same London borough. In addition, data about the activities of the social workers in the ;attachment' were collected, and the work was found to be predominantly short-term.The populations referred to social workers in both settings were found to be similar in age and sex. Although general practitioners in the area referred only a few clients to social services departments, the clients in both groups were generally in poor health.The psychiatric morbidity of those referred to the attached social workers was significantly higher, however, than those referred to the intake team (p < 0.01), and their problems were also more likely to need psychological help rather than practical measures. These differences were considered to be due mostly to the different types of referral agencies operating in the two settings and to their perceptions of the social worker's role.THE FINDINGS SUPPORT THE ARGUMENT FOR CLOSER LIAISON BETWEEN MEDICAL AND SOCIAL SERVICES IN THE COMMUNITY: the attachment of social workers to general practices proved to be particularly valuable in the management and treatment of patients with emotional and mental illness."}
{"id": "PMID:874938", "title": "Total care usage of a defined population.", "content": "The North Staffordshire (Stoke) Morbidity Survey was set up to bring together data about the total use of general practice, hospital and local authority services by each individual patient in a representative sample of the population of Stoke, and to examine the associated problems of data linkage and confidentiality. Approximately 47.8 per cent (32.1 per cent if allowance is made for all measurable possible errors) of the patients attending hospital and 43.8 per cent of patients attending local authority services during the year, did not attend their general practitioner.Primary automation of the registered list of patients at risk is essential to the success of any automated linkage study. Where the list consists of Hogben numbers to identify individuals, this also ensures the necessary confidentiality of sensitive data.", "contents": "Total care usage of a defined population. The North Staffordshire (Stoke) Morbidity Survey was set up to bring together data about the total use of general practice, hospital and local authority services by each individual patient in a representative sample of the population of Stoke, and to examine the associated problems of data linkage and confidentiality. Approximately 47.8 per cent (32.1 per cent if allowance is made for all measurable possible errors) of the patients attending hospital and 43.8 per cent of patients attending local authority services during the year, did not attend their general practitioner.Primary automation of the registered list of patients at risk is essential to the success of any automated linkage study. Where the list consists of Hogben numbers to identify individuals, this also ensures the necessary confidentiality of sensitive data."}
{"id": "PMID:874942", "title": "Unrecognized amnionitis and prematurity: a preliminary report.", "content": "Quantitative amniotic fluid cultures were performed on 12 patients delivered of premature infants (10-premature labor, 2-premature rupture of membranes). Specimens from patients in premature labor were obtained at the time of amniotomy via transcervical needle aspiration or intrauterine catheter. Of the seven patients with colony counts greater than 1,000 per ml, two mothers and four neonates had clinical evidence of infection. Blood cultures from two infants and one mother and cerebrospinal fluid cultures from one newborn infant were positive for the same organism isolated from amniotic fluid. Anearobic bacteria were the predominant isolates in four specimens and included Bacteriodes species in two. In contrast, the five mothers and infants associated with counts of less than 1,000 per ml exhibited no infectious morbidity. Three had no bacterial growth from amniotic fluid, and factors commonly associated with prematurity were recognized in four. These clinical and microbiologic observations suggest that current methods of evaluating patients with premature labor and delivery are incomplete, and the role of unrecognized amnionitis should be reevaluated.", "contents": "Unrecognized amnionitis and prematurity: a preliminary report. Quantitative amniotic fluid cultures were performed on 12 patients delivered of premature infants (10-premature labor, 2-premature rupture of membranes). Specimens from patients in premature labor were obtained at the time of amniotomy via transcervical needle aspiration or intrauterine catheter. Of the seven patients with colony counts greater than 1,000 per ml, two mothers and four neonates had clinical evidence of infection. Blood cultures from two infants and one mother and cerebrospinal fluid cultures from one newborn infant were positive for the same organism isolated from amniotic fluid. Anearobic bacteria were the predominant isolates in four specimens and included Bacteriodes species in two. In contrast, the five mothers and infants associated with counts of less than 1,000 per ml exhibited no infectious morbidity. Three had no bacterial growth from amniotic fluid, and factors commonly associated with prematurity were recognized in four. These clinical and microbiologic observations suggest that current methods of evaluating patients with premature labor and delivery are incomplete, and the role of unrecognized amnionitis should be reevaluated."}
{"id": "PMID:874945", "title": "[Tick resistance to pesticides in the R.S.A. - some observations (author's transl)].", "content": "Observations on the screening for resistance against acaricides in both larvae and adults of tick species commonly found on cattly in South Africa, have shown that widespread resistance of varying degrees occurs in strains of all these species against compounds of the arsenical, organochlorine and organophosphorous groups. With few exceptions the degree of resistance is of a low order and probably indicative of selection at the low acaricide concentrations generally used by stockowners. The distribution of less susceptible and resistant strains is patchy, and fully susceptible strains are found in the same areas.", "contents": "[Tick resistance to pesticides in the R.S.A. - some observations (author's transl)]. Observations on the screening for resistance against acaricides in both larvae and adults of tick species commonly found on cattly in South Africa, have shown that widespread resistance of varying degrees occurs in strains of all these species against compounds of the arsenical, organochlorine and organophosphorous groups. With few exceptions the degree of resistance is of a low order and probably indicative of selection at the low acaricide concentrations generally used by stockowners. The distribution of less susceptible and resistant strains is patchy, and fully susceptible strains are found in the same areas."}
{"id": "PMID:874946", "title": "[Sheep scab: control and problems in South Africa (author's transl)].", "content": "This is a summary compiled on a regional basis from reports of officials of the Division of Veterinary Services in respect of sheep scab outbreaks occurring between 1967 and 1976. Possible sources of infection responsible for outbreaks occurring between 1940 and 1966 are discussed. Action to be taken where the disease is suspected, and control measures in terms of the Animal Diseases and Parasites Act (13/1956) when the disease has been confirmed, are dealt with. Possible causes for the continuing spread of the disease and dipping problems are discussed. Recommendations for the future control and eradication of sheep scab in the Republic of South Africa are put forward.", "contents": "[Sheep scab: control and problems in South Africa (author's transl)]. This is a summary compiled on a regional basis from reports of officials of the Division of Veterinary Services in respect of sheep scab outbreaks occurring between 1967 and 1976. Possible sources of infection responsible for outbreaks occurring between 1940 and 1966 are discussed. Action to be taken where the disease is suspected, and control measures in terms of the Animal Diseases and Parasites Act (13/1956) when the disease has been confirmed, are dealt with. Possible causes for the continuing spread of the disease and dipping problems are discussed. Recommendations for the future control and eradication of sheep scab in the Republic of South Africa are put forward."}
{"id": "PMID:874947", "title": "An inactivated rift valley fever vaccine.", "content": "The immunising potency of an inactivated Rift Valley fever (RVF) vaccine prepared from RVF virus infected mouse brain and RVF infected cell culture was studied in cattle and sheep. Different doses and adjuvants were compared. In laboratory trials both cattle and sheep developed neutralising antibodies against virulent RVF virus and in cattle antibodies were still detectable 9 months after immunisation. Although the immunity produced was inadequate to prevent viraemia after challenge, evidence of protection against clinical RVF was obtained. Field trials in sheep showed that vaccination induced a good immunity in pregnant ewes.", "contents": "An inactivated rift valley fever vaccine. The immunising potency of an inactivated Rift Valley fever (RVF) vaccine prepared from RVF virus infected mouse brain and RVF infected cell culture was studied in cattle and sheep. Different doses and adjuvants were compared. In laboratory trials both cattle and sheep developed neutralising antibodies against virulent RVF virus and in cattle antibodies were still detectable 9 months after immunisation. Although the immunity produced was inadequate to prevent viraemia after challenge, evidence of protection against clinical RVF was obtained. Field trials in sheep showed that vaccination induced a good immunity in pregnant ewes."}
{"id": "PMID:874948", "title": "The effect of sample size and culture method on the recovery of salmonella spp. from naturally contaminated carcase meal.", "content": "The results of parallel examination by two methods of 223 consignment samples of carcase meal were compared. Selective pre-enrichment of 5 g of sample prior to plating on to a solid media disclosed that 2,7% of consignments were contaminated with Salmonella. Non-selective pre-enrichment of 100 g followed by selective enrichment prior to plating food 21,5% of the consignment to contain Salmonella.", "contents": "The effect of sample size and culture method on the recovery of salmonella spp. from naturally contaminated carcase meal. The results of parallel examination by two methods of 223 consignment samples of carcase meal were compared. Selective pre-enrichment of 5 g of sample prior to plating on to a solid media disclosed that 2,7% of consignments were contaminated with Salmonella. Non-selective pre-enrichment of 100 g followed by selective enrichment prior to plating food 21,5% of the consignment to contain Salmonella."}
{"id": "PMID:874950", "title": "Schistosoma mettheei infestation in the ox: the intestinal syndrome.", "content": "Twenty-eight Friesland calves were infested at 7 to 11 months of age with 5 000-45 OOO cercariae of Schistosoma mattheei. At 7 to 8 weeks post-infestation the majority developed an acute intestinal syndrome characterised by diarrhoea or dysentery, anorexia and loss of condition, from which they recovered spontansously. The severity and duration of illness was proportional to the level of infestation. Two heavily infested animals on a low plan of nutrition developed a subacute syndrome in which the initial acute disease was succeeded by prolonged unthriftiness, without diarrhoea, from which recovery occurred when the nutritional status was improved. Both acute and subacute forms of the syndrome were encountered in natural outbreaks.", "contents": "Schistosoma mettheei infestation in the ox: the intestinal syndrome. Twenty-eight Friesland calves were infested at 7 to 11 months of age with 5 000-45 OOO cercariae of Schistosoma mattheei. At 7 to 8 weeks post-infestation the majority developed an acute intestinal syndrome characterised by diarrhoea or dysentery, anorexia and loss of condition, from which they recovered spontansously. The severity and duration of illness was proportional to the level of infestation. Two heavily infested animals on a low plan of nutrition developed a subacute syndrome in which the initial acute disease was succeeded by prolonged unthriftiness, without diarrhoea, from which recovery occurred when the nutritional status was improved. Both acute and subacute forms of the syndrome were encountered in natural outbreaks."}
{"id": "PMID:874951", "title": "Resistance to toxaphene by the Bont tick, Amblyomma hebraeum (Koch).", "content": "A series of in vitro and in vivo trials confirmed resistance by the three-host Bont tick, Amblyomma hebraeum (Koch), to Toxaphene in the Cape, Natal and Transvaal Provinces of the Republic of South Africa, and in Swaziland and Transkei. Resistance was present in 80 of 97 field strains examined. Lindane and DDT resistance was present in the one field strain tested. The results of comparative in vivo hand spraying and plunge dipping trials confirmed those of the larval in vitro tests, thus validating the usefulness of this latter technique for identifying changes of susceptibility in field tick strains to ixodicides. Selection of Toxaphene resistance in A. hebraeum occurred within a period of four years when a 14-day interval of treatment was used continuously. The presence of all three tick instars in all stages of engorgement at the time of each treatment under this regimen is thought to have enhanced this selection.", "contents": "Resistance to toxaphene by the Bont tick, Amblyomma hebraeum (Koch). A series of in vitro and in vivo trials confirmed resistance by the three-host Bont tick, Amblyomma hebraeum (Koch), to Toxaphene in the Cape, Natal and Transvaal Provinces of the Republic of South Africa, and in Swaziland and Transkei. Resistance was present in 80 of 97 field strains examined. Lindane and DDT resistance was present in the one field strain tested. The results of comparative in vivo hand spraying and plunge dipping trials confirmed those of the larval in vitro tests, thus validating the usefulness of this latter technique for identifying changes of susceptibility in field tick strains to ixodicides. Selection of Toxaphene resistance in A. hebraeum occurred within a period of four years when a 14-day interval of treatment was used continuously. The presence of all three tick instars in all stages of engorgement at the time of each treatment under this regimen is thought to have enhanced this selection."}
{"id": "PMID:874952", "title": "New inhibitors of steroid 11beta-hydroxylase. Structure--activity relationship studies of metyrapone-like compounds.", "content": "A series of metyrapone analogues was synthesized for study as inhibitors of steroid 11beta-hydroxylase. Racemic mixtures of the new compounds were evaluated in vitro. Preliminary results revealed several analogues to be effective inhibitors of deoxycorticosterone hydroxylation. 2-(3-pyridyl)propiophenone (13) and alpha,beta-diphenyl-3-pyridineethanol (16) were the most active new compounds. Each was 65% as potent as metyrapone; 3-Pyridyl alpha-3-pyridylbenzyl ketone (3), 2-phenyl-2-(3-pyridyl)acetophenone (4), alpha-(diphenylmethyl)-3-pyridinemethanol (17), and 1,2-di-3-pyridyl-1-propanol (26) were 52, 32, 25, and 41% as inhibitory as metyrapone, respectively. Diphenylmethyl 3-pyridyl ketone (5), benzyl 3-pyridyl ketone (10), 2-(3-pyridyl)acetophenone (12), 2-phenyl-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-propanone (11), alpha,beta-di-3-pyridylphenethyl alcohol (15), and 1,2-di-3-pyridylethanol (27) had less than 25% the activity of metyrapone. All compounds displaying a metyrapone-like inhibition contained appropriately substituted alcoholic or ketonic functions. A phenyl or methyl group alpha to the carbon bearing the oxygen was necessary for appreciable activity. A 3-phridyl group alpha to the carbonyl carbon could be replaced by a phenyl group. For optimal activity, however, the other 3-pyridyl group of metyrapone could not be exchanged for a phenyl group.", "contents": "New inhibitors of steroid 11beta-hydroxylase. Structure--activity relationship studies of metyrapone-like compounds. A series of metyrapone analogues was synthesized for study as inhibitors of steroid 11beta-hydroxylase. Racemic mixtures of the new compounds were evaluated in vitro. Preliminary results revealed several analogues to be effective inhibitors of deoxycorticosterone hydroxylation. 2-(3-pyridyl)propiophenone (13) and alpha,beta-diphenyl-3-pyridineethanol (16) were the most active new compounds. Each was 65% as potent as metyrapone; 3-Pyridyl alpha-3-pyridylbenzyl ketone (3), 2-phenyl-2-(3-pyridyl)acetophenone (4), alpha-(diphenylmethyl)-3-pyridinemethanol (17), and 1,2-di-3-pyridyl-1-propanol (26) were 52, 32, 25, and 41% as inhibitory as metyrapone, respectively. Diphenylmethyl 3-pyridyl ketone (5), benzyl 3-pyridyl ketone (10), 2-(3-pyridyl)acetophenone (12), 2-phenyl-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-propanone (11), alpha,beta-di-3-pyridylphenethyl alcohol (15), and 1,2-di-3-pyridylethanol (27) had less than 25% the activity of metyrapone. All compounds displaying a metyrapone-like inhibition contained appropriately substituted alcoholic or ketonic functions. A phenyl or methyl group alpha to the carbon bearing the oxygen was necessary for appreciable activity. A 3-phridyl group alpha to the carbonyl carbon could be replaced by a phenyl group. For optimal activity, however, the other 3-pyridyl group of metyrapone could not be exchanged for a phenyl group."}
{"id": "PMID:874953", "title": "Comparative stereochemistry in the aziridine ring openings of N-methylmitomycin A and 7-methoxy-1,2-(N-methylaziridino)mitosene.", "content": "A useful method was found for the conversion of mitomycin C into N-methylmitomycin A. The latter compound gave only two products on acid hydrolysis, the cis- and trans-1-hydroxy-7-methoxy-2-methylaminomitosenes. This selectivity allowed the cis--trans ratio to be quantitatively determined as 4:1. Such a predominance of the cis isomer is unexpected in view of the trans stereochemistry obtained in the opening of simple aziridines. In order to determine if the 9a-methoxy group of mitomycins controlled the direction of aziridine ring opening 7-methoxy-1,2-(N-methylaziridino)mitosene, which lacks this substituent, was prepared and hydrolyzed in acid. It gave the same two products in a 3:1 cis-trans ratio. In the induction of lambda-bacteriophage in Escherichia coli cis-1-hydroxy-7-methoxy-2-methylaminomitosene was more active than the corresponding trans isomer, but both of these compounds were less active than the aziridinomitosene or the mitomycins. Mitomycin A, mitomycin C, and N-methylmitomycin A were active against P388 leukemia in mice.", "contents": "Comparative stereochemistry in the aziridine ring openings of N-methylmitomycin A and 7-methoxy-1,2-(N-methylaziridino)mitosene. A useful method was found for the conversion of mitomycin C into N-methylmitomycin A. The latter compound gave only two products on acid hydrolysis, the cis- and trans-1-hydroxy-7-methoxy-2-methylaminomitosenes. This selectivity allowed the cis--trans ratio to be quantitatively determined as 4:1. Such a predominance of the cis isomer is unexpected in view of the trans stereochemistry obtained in the opening of simple aziridines. In order to determine if the 9a-methoxy group of mitomycins controlled the direction of aziridine ring opening 7-methoxy-1,2-(N-methylaziridino)mitosene, which lacks this substituent, was prepared and hydrolyzed in acid. It gave the same two products in a 3:1 cis-trans ratio. In the induction of lambda-bacteriophage in Escherichia coli cis-1-hydroxy-7-methoxy-2-methylaminomitosene was more active than the corresponding trans isomer, but both of these compounds were less active than the aziridinomitosene or the mitomycins. Mitomycin A, mitomycin C, and N-methylmitomycin A were active against P388 leukemia in mice."}
{"id": "PMID:874954", "title": "Synthesis and antiinflammatory activity of some 2-aryl-6-benzoxazoleacetic acid derivatives.", "content": "Various approaches to the synthesis of 2-aryl-6-substituted benzoxazoles are described. The products, which included the 6-methyl derivative 4a, ethylamines 10 and 19, ethanols 12 and 14, the acetic and alpha-methylacetic acids 9 and 16a--f, and the acetic ester 11, were screened for antiinflammatory activity on the carrageenan-induced rat paw edema test. Some of the compounds possessed activity superior to that of phenylbutazone and of the same order as that of benoxaprofen.", "contents": "Synthesis and antiinflammatory activity of some 2-aryl-6-benzoxazoleacetic acid derivatives. Various approaches to the synthesis of 2-aryl-6-substituted benzoxazoles are described. The products, which included the 6-methyl derivative 4a, ethylamines 10 and 19, ethanols 12 and 14, the acetic and alpha-methylacetic acids 9 and 16a--f, and the acetic ester 11, were screened for antiinflammatory activity on the carrageenan-induced rat paw edema test. Some of the compounds possessed activity superior to that of phenylbutazone and of the same order as that of benoxaprofen."}
{"id": "PMID:874955", "title": "Synthesis and antileukemic activity of 5-substituted 2,3-dihydro-6,7-bis(hydroxymethyl)-1H-pyrrolizine diesters.", "content": "Treatment of N-acylproline derivatives, 2, with acetic anhydride--dimethyl acetylenedicarboxylate (DMAD) gave 5-substituted derivatives of dimethyl 2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolizine-6,7-dicarboxylate (5). The reaction proceeds via a 1,3-dipolar addition of DMAD with the mesoionic oxazalone intermediate 3, generated in situ, with concomitant elimination of carbon dioxide. Reduction of 5 gave the diols 6 which upon subsequent acylation gave 1. The bis(N-methylcarbamate) 1d and the diacetate li show a modest level of in vivo antileukemia activity in the L1210 assay. A majority of the diesters, 1, showed significant antileukemic activity in the in vivo P-388 assay. The bis(carbamate) 1d afforded \"cures\" at dose levels as low as 12.5 mg/kg; 1 q showed potent activity at doses as low as 0.78 mg/kg. Several other compounds showed potent activity against P-388 over a greater than fourfold dose range with no acute toxicity. Half-lives for several diacetate derivatives of 1 were determined for aqueous Me2SO solutions. The preparation of 7 and 8 shows that 1 may react by O-alkyl ester cleavage.", "contents": "Synthesis and antileukemic activity of 5-substituted 2,3-dihydro-6,7-bis(hydroxymethyl)-1H-pyrrolizine diesters. Treatment of N-acylproline derivatives, 2, with acetic anhydride--dimethyl acetylenedicarboxylate (DMAD) gave 5-substituted derivatives of dimethyl 2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolizine-6,7-dicarboxylate (5). The reaction proceeds via a 1,3-dipolar addition of DMAD with the mesoionic oxazalone intermediate 3, generated in situ, with concomitant elimination of carbon dioxide. Reduction of 5 gave the diols 6 which upon subsequent acylation gave 1. The bis(N-methylcarbamate) 1d and the diacetate li show a modest level of in vivo antileukemia activity in the L1210 assay. A majority of the diesters, 1, showed significant antileukemic activity in the in vivo P-388 assay. The bis(carbamate) 1d afforded \"cures\" at dose levels as low as 12.5 mg/kg; 1 q showed potent activity at doses as low as 0.78 mg/kg. Several other compounds showed potent activity against P-388 over a greater than fourfold dose range with no acute toxicity. Half-lives for several diacetate derivatives of 1 were determined for aqueous Me2SO solutions. The preparation of 7 and 8 shows that 1 may react by O-alkyl ester cleavage."}
{"id": "PMID:874956", "title": "Antiarrhythmics. 2. Synthesis and antiarrhythmic activity of N-(piperidylalkyl)trifluoroethoxybenzamides.", "content": "Benzamides characterized by one or more 2,2,2-trifluoroethoxy ring substituents and a heterocyclic amide side chain have been prepared and evaluated for oral antiarrhythmic activity in mice. The most potent compounds are derived from 2,5-bis(2,2,2-trifluoroethoxy)benzamide, and, within this group, both tertiary as well as secondary benzamides are active. Considerable variation in the heterocyclic ring is permissible, but antiarrhythmic activity is strongly influenced by the basicity of the amine nitrogen and the nature of the link between heterocycle and amide nitrogen. One of these compounds, N-(2-piperidylmethyl)-2,5-bis(2,2,2-trifluoroethoxy)benzamide acetate (flecainide acetate, USAN), was studied extensively in animals and selected for clinical trial as an antiarrhythmic.", "contents": "Antiarrhythmics. 2. Synthesis and antiarrhythmic activity of N-(piperidylalkyl)trifluoroethoxybenzamides. Benzamides characterized by one or more 2,2,2-trifluoroethoxy ring substituents and a heterocyclic amide side chain have been prepared and evaluated for oral antiarrhythmic activity in mice. The most potent compounds are derived from 2,5-bis(2,2,2-trifluoroethoxy)benzamide, and, within this group, both tertiary as well as secondary benzamides are active. Considerable variation in the heterocyclic ring is permissible, but antiarrhythmic activity is strongly influenced by the basicity of the amine nitrogen and the nature of the link between heterocycle and amide nitrogen. One of these compounds, N-(2-piperidylmethyl)-2,5-bis(2,2,2-trifluoroethoxy)benzamide acetate (flecainide acetate, USAN), was studied extensively in animals and selected for clinical trial as an antiarrhythmic."}
{"id": "PMID:874957", "title": "Synthesis of 5-chloro-3'-nitro-4'-substituted salicylanilides, a new series of anthelmintic and antimicrobial agents.", "content": "A number of 5-chloro-3'-nitro-4'-substituted salicylanilides (6--23) have been synthesized by treating 4',5-dichloro-3'-nitrosalicylanilide (5) with various sodium aryl oxides, alkoxides, or amines. These compounds have been tested against Hymenolepis nana infection in rats and have also been evaluated for their in vitro antimicrobial activity against various strains of bacteria and fungi. In the former test 17 was the most active cestodicidal agent showing activity at 30 mg/kg. In the antimicrobial screening, 22 inhibited the growth of all the bacteria and fungi used while 6 was active against the penicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus at a minimum inhibitory concentration of 0.00609 microgram/mL.", "contents": "Synthesis of 5-chloro-3'-nitro-4'-substituted salicylanilides, a new series of anthelmintic and antimicrobial agents. A number of 5-chloro-3'-nitro-4'-substituted salicylanilides (6--23) have been synthesized by treating 4',5-dichloro-3'-nitrosalicylanilide (5) with various sodium aryl oxides, alkoxides, or amines. These compounds have been tested against Hymenolepis nana infection in rats and have also been evaluated for their in vitro antimicrobial activity against various strains of bacteria and fungi. In the former test 17 was the most active cestodicidal agent showing activity at 30 mg/kg. In the antimicrobial screening, 22 inhibited the growth of all the bacteria and fungi used while 6 was active against the penicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus at a minimum inhibitory concentration of 0.00609 microgram/mL."}
{"id": "PMID:874959", "title": "Synthesis of medroxyprogesterone bromoacetate for affinity labeling.", "content": "Medroxyprogesterone bromoacetate (17alpha-hydroxy-6alpha-methyl-4-pregnene-3,20-dione 17-bromoacetate) was synthesized by reaction of 17alpha-hydroxy-6alpha-methyl-4-pregnene-3,20-dione with bromoacetic acid--trifluoroacetic anhydride followed by treatment of the intermediate with dilute ethanolic HBr. The product forms conjugates with L-cysteine, L-histidine, and L-methionine and inactivates 20beta-hydroxy steroid dehydrogenase (E.C. 1.1.1.53.) from Streptomyces hydrogenans in a time-dependent and irreversible manner. The title compound possesses a long-acting progestational effect in day 9 pregnant bilaterally ovariectomized rats. The affinity labeling analogue of the oral contraceptive medroxyprogesterone acetate is proposed for use in reproductive biological experiments.", "contents": "Synthesis of medroxyprogesterone bromoacetate for affinity labeling. Medroxyprogesterone bromoacetate (17alpha-hydroxy-6alpha-methyl-4-pregnene-3,20-dione 17-bromoacetate) was synthesized by reaction of 17alpha-hydroxy-6alpha-methyl-4-pregnene-3,20-dione with bromoacetic acid--trifluoroacetic anhydride followed by treatment of the intermediate with dilute ethanolic HBr. The product forms conjugates with L-cysteine, L-histidine, and L-methionine and inactivates 20beta-hydroxy steroid dehydrogenase (E.C. 1.1.1.53.) from Streptomyces hydrogenans in a time-dependent and irreversible manner. The title compound possesses a long-acting progestational effect in day 9 pregnant bilaterally ovariectomized rats. The affinity labeling analogue of the oral contraceptive medroxyprogesterone acetate is proposed for use in reproductive biological experiments."}
{"id": "PMID:874960", "title": "2,3-Disubstituted 1,8-naphthyridines as potential diuretic agents. 2. 5,7-Dimethyl derivatives.", "content": "A variety of 2,3-disubstituted 5,7-dimethyl-1,8-naphthyridines was synthesized and tested in saline-loaded rats for their diuretic properties. The 2-amino-3-carbomethoxy and four 2-amino-3-N-alkylcarbamoyl compounds exhibited significant activity as measured by volume output; however, they were generally less potent than the corresponding 5,7-unsubstituted naphthyridines previously reported. Further screening without saline-loading indicated that the amides lacked kaliuretic properties; while, interestingly, the ester lacked an effect on either urine volume or sodium excretion.", "contents": "2,3-Disubstituted 1,8-naphthyridines as potential diuretic agents. 2. 5,7-Dimethyl derivatives. A variety of 2,3-disubstituted 5,7-dimethyl-1,8-naphthyridines was synthesized and tested in saline-loaded rats for their diuretic properties. The 2-amino-3-carbomethoxy and four 2-amino-3-N-alkylcarbamoyl compounds exhibited significant activity as measured by volume output; however, they were generally less potent than the corresponding 5,7-unsubstituted naphthyridines previously reported. Further screening without saline-loading indicated that the amides lacked kaliuretic properties; while, interestingly, the ester lacked an effect on either urine volume or sodium excretion."}
{"id": "PMID:874961", "title": "Preparation and antitumor activity of 1-aryl-3,3-dimethyltriazene derivatives.", "content": "Several 1-aryl-3,3-dimethyltriazene derivatives have been synthesized and tested for their antitumor activity against the TLX5 lymphoma in mice. These compounds are characterized by the presence of a carbonyl group bound to the benzene nucleus in the para position to the triazene funciton. Three p-sulfamoyl derivatives have also been included and proved to be inactive. Among the carbonyl derivatives compounds 1 and 20, which can be used as reference, cause ILS of about 50%, respectively, at four and three dose levels. Compound 16, the o-nitro-phenylhydrazone of the hydrazide 1, is active at all six dose levels studied. The adduct 19, obtained from the same hydrazide and p-nitrobenzaldehyde, is active at four dose levels, and the ILS values at two optimum doses are significantly greater than those caused by compound 1.", "contents": "Preparation and antitumor activity of 1-aryl-3,3-dimethyltriazene derivatives. Several 1-aryl-3,3-dimethyltriazene derivatives have been synthesized and tested for their antitumor activity against the TLX5 lymphoma in mice. These compounds are characterized by the presence of a carbonyl group bound to the benzene nucleus in the para position to the triazene funciton. Three p-sulfamoyl derivatives have also been included and proved to be inactive. Among the carbonyl derivatives compounds 1 and 20, which can be used as reference, cause ILS of about 50%, respectively, at four and three dose levels. Compound 16, the o-nitro-phenylhydrazone of the hydrazide 1, is active at all six dose levels studied. The adduct 19, obtained from the same hydrazide and p-nitrobenzaldehyde, is active at four dose levels, and the ILS values at two optimum doses are significantly greater than those caused by compound 1."}
{"id": "PMID:874963", "title": "Various 5-substituted and 2,5-disubstituted 1,3-dioxanes, a new class of analgesic agents.", "content": "A series of 5-substituted and 2,5-disubstituted 1,3-dioxanes was prepared and evaluated for analgesic activity in mice and rats. Some of the compounds possessed significant analgesic effects; their structure-activity relationships and chemistry are discussed. These compounds represent a unique series of analgesic agents.", "contents": "Various 5-substituted and 2,5-disubstituted 1,3-dioxanes, a new class of analgesic agents. A series of 5-substituted and 2,5-disubstituted 1,3-dioxanes was prepared and evaluated for analgesic activity in mice and rats. Some of the compounds possessed significant analgesic effects; their structure-activity relationships and chemistry are discussed. These compounds represent a unique series of analgesic agents."}
{"id": "PMID:874964", "title": "Isoquinolines. 5. Synthesis and antiarrhythmic activity of benzylisoquinoline derivatives.", "content": "The synthesis of a series of benzylisoquinolines 2-9 containing aminoacetamide side chains is described. The method involved reduction of the appropriately substituted nitrobenzylisoquinolines followed by acylation to the chloroacylamide derivatives. Amination with the appropriate amine yielded the desires secondary and tertiary amines. The primary amines were prepared via the phthalimides. Two acetanilides 14 and 15 are also described and compared with the benzylisoquinoline derivatives. All compounds were evaluated for their ability to protect against chloroform-induced ventricular fibrillation in mice. The active compounds 6 and 7 were tested for their effect against ventricular arrhythmias in dogs with myocardial infarction. All compounds with the exception of 5 and 12 exhibited some antiarrhythmic effect. The most potent compound, 1-[2-(2-ethylaminoacetyl)amino-3,4-dimethoxybenzyl]isoquinoline (7), showed greater antiarrhythmic potency, was considerably less toxic than lidocaine, and is a candidate for further evaluation.", "contents": "Isoquinolines. 5. Synthesis and antiarrhythmic activity of benzylisoquinoline derivatives. The synthesis of a series of benzylisoquinolines 2-9 containing aminoacetamide side chains is described. The method involved reduction of the appropriately substituted nitrobenzylisoquinolines followed by acylation to the chloroacylamide derivatives. Amination with the appropriate amine yielded the desires secondary and tertiary amines. The primary amines were prepared via the phthalimides. Two acetanilides 14 and 15 are also described and compared with the benzylisoquinoline derivatives. All compounds were evaluated for their ability to protect against chloroform-induced ventricular fibrillation in mice. The active compounds 6 and 7 were tested for their effect against ventricular arrhythmias in dogs with myocardial infarction. All compounds with the exception of 5 and 12 exhibited some antiarrhythmic effect. The most potent compound, 1-[2-(2-ethylaminoacetyl)amino-3,4-dimethoxybenzyl]isoquinoline (7), showed greater antiarrhythmic potency, was considerably less toxic than lidocaine, and is a candidate for further evaluation."}
{"id": "PMID:874965", "title": "Synthesis of octanoyl[8-leucyl]angiotensin II, a lipophilic angiotensin antagonist.", "content": "Octanoyl[8-leucyl]angiotensin II (oct-LAT) was synthesized with the aim of obtaining a longer acting angiotensin (AT) inhibitor. The new compound, with a partition coefficient K=7.00 in n-BuOH-HOAc-H2O, was compared with [Leu8]angiotensin II (LAT, K=0.18) as an AT antagonist in two isolated smooth muscle preparations and in the rat blood pressure assay. The two compounds were equally potent in the rat uterus, but LAT was more effective in the guinea pig ileum and the in vivo assay. LAT's effect was longer lasting in the smooth muscles, but the duration of in vivo inhibition was the same for the two compounds. It is concluded that partitioning between external medium and biophase is not a limiting factor for antagonistic potency and permanence of effects of 8-substituted AT derivatives.", "contents": "Synthesis of octanoyl[8-leucyl]angiotensin II, a lipophilic angiotensin antagonist. Octanoyl[8-leucyl]angiotensin II (oct-LAT) was synthesized with the aim of obtaining a longer acting angiotensin (AT) inhibitor. The new compound, with a partition coefficient K=7.00 in n-BuOH-HOAc-H2O, was compared with [Leu8]angiotensin II (LAT, K=0.18) as an AT antagonist in two isolated smooth muscle preparations and in the rat blood pressure assay. The two compounds were equally potent in the rat uterus, but LAT was more effective in the guinea pig ileum and the in vivo assay. LAT's effect was longer lasting in the smooth muscles, but the duration of in vivo inhibition was the same for the two compounds. It is concluded that partitioning between external medium and biophase is not a limiting factor for antagonistic potency and permanence of effects of 8-substituted AT derivatives."}
{"id": "PMID:874966", "title": "Antitumor agents. 25. Synthesis and antitumor activity of uracil and thymine alpha-methylene-gamma-lactones and related derivatives.", "content": "Uracil and thymine alpha-methylene-gamma-lactones and related derivatives have been synthesized as novel potential alkylating antitumor agents. The synthesis of these compounds involved the convenient Reformatsky-type reaction between ethyl-alpha-(bromomethyl)acrylate and the proper pyrimidinyl ketones. Preliminary in vivo tumor assay indicated that these compounds were active against the Walker 256 carcinosarcoma in rats and the P-388 lymphocytic leukemia as well as the B-16 melanotic melanoma in mice at 2.5-25 mg/kg.", "contents": "Antitumor agents. 25. Synthesis and antitumor activity of uracil and thymine alpha-methylene-gamma-lactones and related derivatives. Uracil and thymine alpha-methylene-gamma-lactones and related derivatives have been synthesized as novel potential alkylating antitumor agents. The synthesis of these compounds involved the convenient Reformatsky-type reaction between ethyl-alpha-(bromomethyl)acrylate and the proper pyrimidinyl ketones. Preliminary in vivo tumor assay indicated that these compounds were active against the Walker 256 carcinosarcoma in rats and the P-388 lymphocytic leukemia as well as the B-16 melanotic melanoma in mice at 2.5-25 mg/kg."}
{"id": "PMID:874967", "title": "Isoxazole anthelmintics.", "content": "A series of 3-halo-5-phenyl- and 3-phenyl-5-haloisoxazoles has demonstrated anthelmintic activity at doses ranging from 16 to 500 mg/kg orally against the rat roundworm, Nippostrongylus braziliensis. In the 5-phenyl series a halogen at the 3 position of the isoxazole ring was required for activity. However, in the 3-phenyl series activity was maintained after replacement of the 5-halogen with certain alkoxyl, thioalkoxyl, or amino groups. The 3-phenyl and 5-phenyl series apparently are not acting biologically at a common receptor site. Synthetic methods and structure-activity relationships are discussed.", "contents": "Isoxazole anthelmintics. A series of 3-halo-5-phenyl- and 3-phenyl-5-haloisoxazoles has demonstrated anthelmintic activity at doses ranging from 16 to 500 mg/kg orally against the rat roundworm, Nippostrongylus braziliensis. In the 5-phenyl series a halogen at the 3 position of the isoxazole ring was required for activity. However, in the 3-phenyl series activity was maintained after replacement of the 5-halogen with certain alkoxyl, thioalkoxyl, or amino groups. The 3-phenyl and 5-phenyl series apparently are not acting biologically at a common receptor site. Synthetic methods and structure-activity relationships are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:874968", "title": "Anticoccidial 1-substituted 4(1H)-pyridinone hydrazones.", "content": "4-Chlorobenzaldehyde 1-(4-chlorophenyl)-4(1H)-pyridinylidene hydrazone fluorusulfonate (4) was found to have excellent anticoccidial activity in chickens. The synthesis and biological evaluation of related analogues are presented. Presumably 4 shares a common mechanism of action with robenidine (25) since it was not active on a robenidine tolerant strain of E. tenella. Structural comparisons of the two molecules are presented.", "contents": "Anticoccidial 1-substituted 4(1H)-pyridinone hydrazones. 4-Chlorobenzaldehyde 1-(4-chlorophenyl)-4(1H)-pyridinylidene hydrazone fluorusulfonate (4) was found to have excellent anticoccidial activity in chickens. The synthesis and biological evaluation of related analogues are presented. Presumably 4 shares a common mechanism of action with robenidine (25) since it was not active on a robenidine tolerant strain of E. tenella. Structural comparisons of the two molecules are presented."}
{"id": "PMID:874969", "title": "Hydrophobicity of several rhodium(II) carboxylates correlated with their biologic activity.", "content": "Rhodium(II) carboxylates differ greatly in antitumor activity and toxicity depending on the properties of the carboxylate group (methoxyacetate, propionate, butyrate, etc.) involved. The solubility characteristics of rhodium(II) carboxylates correlate well with both the antitumor activity and toxicity that these compounds display. The amount of rhodium which is adsorbed by tumor cells in vitro also correlates with the partition coefficient of the rhodium(II) compounds studied. Survival and toxicity studies show rhodium(II) pentanoate to possess the highest therapeutic index against the Ehrlich ascites tumor strain and also show that lengthening the carboxylate R chain beyond the pentanoate reduces the drugs' therapeutic efficacy.", "contents": "Hydrophobicity of several rhodium(II) carboxylates correlated with their biologic activity. Rhodium(II) carboxylates differ greatly in antitumor activity and toxicity depending on the properties of the carboxylate group (methoxyacetate, propionate, butyrate, etc.) involved. The solubility characteristics of rhodium(II) carboxylates correlate well with both the antitumor activity and toxicity that these compounds display. The amount of rhodium which is adsorbed by tumor cells in vitro also correlates with the partition coefficient of the rhodium(II) compounds studied. Survival and toxicity studies show rhodium(II) pentanoate to possess the highest therapeutic index against the Ehrlich ascites tumor strain and also show that lengthening the carboxylate R chain beyond the pentanoate reduces the drugs' therapeutic efficacy."}
{"id": "PMID:874970", "title": "Synthesis and central nervous system evaluation of some 5-alkoxy-3H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2(1H)-ones.", "content": "A series of 1-R-5-alkoxy-3H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2(1H)-ones was prepared and evaluated for central nervous system depressant activity. Several of these compounds, in particular, 7-chloro-5-ethoxy-1-methyl-3H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2(1H)-one (2), gave a profile and activity level similar to diazepam when measured in mice.", "contents": "Synthesis and central nervous system evaluation of some 5-alkoxy-3H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2(1H)-ones. A series of 1-R-5-alkoxy-3H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2(1H)-ones was prepared and evaluated for central nervous system depressant activity. Several of these compounds, in particular, 7-chloro-5-ethoxy-1-methyl-3H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2(1H)-one (2), gave a profile and activity level similar to diazepam when measured in mice."}
{"id": "PMID:874971", "title": "Hydrolysis of 3-chloro-3-cephems. Intramolecular nucleophilic attack in cefaclor.", "content": "The chemical reactivity of 3-chloro-3-cephems was found to be similar to that of the correspondingly substituted 7-aminocephalosporanic acids and 12-13 times greater than that of the correspondingly substituted 7-aminode-acetoxycephalosporanic acids. Cefaclor, 7-(D-2-amino-2-phenylacetamido)-3-chloro-3-cephem-4-carboxylic acid, was found to undergo intramolecular nucleophilic attack at the beta-lactam. Loss of chlorine from 3-chloro-3-cephem may be a general reaction subsequent to beta-lactam opening.", "contents": "Hydrolysis of 3-chloro-3-cephems. Intramolecular nucleophilic attack in cefaclor. The chemical reactivity of 3-chloro-3-cephems was found to be similar to that of the correspondingly substituted 7-aminocephalosporanic acids and 12-13 times greater than that of the correspondingly substituted 7-aminode-acetoxycephalosporanic acids. Cefaclor, 7-(D-2-amino-2-phenylacetamido)-3-chloro-3-cephem-4-carboxylic acid, was found to undergo intramolecular nucleophilic attack at the beta-lactam. Loss of chlorine from 3-chloro-3-cephem may be a general reaction subsequent to beta-lactam opening."}
{"id": "PMID:874972", "title": "Cephalosporin degradations.", "content": "The acidic aqueous degradation of the 7alpha-aminophenylglycinamido-containing cephalosporin cephalexin (1a) has been examined. Two major degradation products have been isolated and characterized: 3-formyl-3,6-dihydro-6-phenyl-2.5(1H,4H)-pyrazinedione (5) and 3-hydroxy-4-methyl-2(5H)-thiophenone (6). By carrying out the reaction in 18O-enriched H2O, the intramolecular nature of the cephalexin degradation has been demonstrated.", "contents": "Cephalosporin degradations. The acidic aqueous degradation of the 7alpha-aminophenylglycinamido-containing cephalosporin cephalexin (1a) has been examined. Two major degradation products have been isolated and characterized: 3-formyl-3,6-dihydro-6-phenyl-2.5(1H,4H)-pyrazinedione (5) and 3-hydroxy-4-methyl-2(5H)-thiophenone (6). By carrying out the reaction in 18O-enriched H2O, the intramolecular nature of the cephalexin degradation has been demonstrated."}
{"id": "PMID:874973", "title": "3-hydroxyisoxazole-5-hydroxamic acid.", "content": "The synthesis of the title compound, 3-hydroxyisoxazole-5-hydroxamic acid (4b), by two procedures is described. The first, involving the treatment of dimethyl acetylenedicarboxylate with hydroxylamine, had previously been reported to give the 3-hydroxyisoxazole-5-carboxylic acid (4a). In the second, treatment of chlorofumaroyl dichloride with hydroxylamine also gave the intermediate chlorofumarodihydroxamic acid (6). Compound 6 was found to have some activity against P388 lymphocytic leukemia.", "contents": "3-hydroxyisoxazole-5-hydroxamic acid. The synthesis of the title compound, 3-hydroxyisoxazole-5-hydroxamic acid (4b), by two procedures is described. The first, involving the treatment of dimethyl acetylenedicarboxylate with hydroxylamine, had previously been reported to give the 3-hydroxyisoxazole-5-carboxylic acid (4a). In the second, treatment of chlorofumaroyl dichloride with hydroxylamine also gave the intermediate chlorofumarodihydroxamic acid (6). Compound 6 was found to have some activity against P388 lymphocytic leukemia."}
{"id": "PMID:874981", "title": "Cancer and truth.", "content": "In this paper the authors discuss the continuing dilemma for doctors who have to tell a patient that he has cancer, particularly the moment when he should confirm a diagnosis that most patients have already sensed. For the writers it is most important that the doctor should be a bridge for the patient to return to his everyday world from the physical and spiritual isolation which his disease has created.", "contents": "Cancer and truth. In this paper the authors discuss the continuing dilemma for doctors who have to tell a patient that he has cancer, particularly the moment when he should confirm a diagnosis that most patients have already sensed. For the writers it is most important that the doctor should be a bridge for the patient to return to his everyday world from the physical and spiritual isolation which his disease has created."}
{"id": "PMID:874986", "title": "A comparison of medical students from medical and nonmedical families.", "content": "A total of 1,195 students from 11 classes at the University of California, San Francisco, School of Medicine was studied. Of these, 162 were from medical and 1,033 from nonmedical families. Those from medical families were insignificantly different from their classmates on premedical scholastic achievement and Medical College Admission Test scores, but they were slightly younger and attended more prestigious undergraduate colleges. Academic and clinical performance in medical school was equivalent for the two groups. However, long-range consequences in regard to choice of specialty were observable. Psysicians from medical families were more likely than their peers to be in ophthalmology and otorhinolarngoloy, dermatology, and surgery and less likely to be in psychiatry, pediatrics, and obstericsgynecology.", "contents": "A comparison of medical students from medical and nonmedical families. A total of 1,195 students from 11 classes at the University of California, San Francisco, School of Medicine was studied. Of these, 162 were from medical and 1,033 from nonmedical families. Those from medical families were insignificantly different from their classmates on premedical scholastic achievement and Medical College Admission Test scores, but they were slightly younger and attended more prestigious undergraduate colleges. Academic and clinical performance in medical school was equivalent for the two groups. However, long-range consequences in regard to choice of specialty were observable. Psysicians from medical families were more likely than their peers to be in ophthalmology and otorhinolarngoloy, dermatology, and surgery and less likely to be in psychiatry, pediatrics, and obstericsgynecology."}
{"id": "PMID:874987", "title": "Selection of medical specialties: preferences versus choices.", "content": "This study was undertaken to examine the extent to which there are differences between preferences and choices of specialty areas among medical students. A total of 350 medical students completed a questionnaire dealing with various aspects of a career in medicine, including specialty preference and choice decisions. The Intolerance of Ambiguity Scale was included as part of the questionnaire. Differences between specialty preference and choice were found for the total group as well as for male and female comparisons. Intolerance of ambiguity was found to be associated with the specialty decision process. Factors contribution to the differences were examined and recommendations for further research were discussed.", "contents": "Selection of medical specialties: preferences versus choices. This study was undertaken to examine the extent to which there are differences between preferences and choices of specialty areas among medical students. A total of 350 medical students completed a questionnaire dealing with various aspects of a career in medicine, including specialty preference and choice decisions. The Intolerance of Ambiguity Scale was included as part of the questionnaire. Differences between specialty preference and choice were found for the total group as well as for male and female comparisons. Intolerance of ambiguity was found to be associated with the specialty decision process. Factors contribution to the differences were examined and recommendations for further research were discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:874988", "title": "Some considerations in the design of family practice residency experiences.", "content": "A time-study of residents in a family practice training program is reported. Data concerning time with patients and time with attending physicians tended to be inversely associated with patient volume. The proportions of time spent in these two activities are compared with related activities reported for other participants in postgraduate medical education and for practicing physicians. Study results are used to illustrate and develop some issues involved in thd design of residency experiences for primary care physicians.", "contents": "Some considerations in the design of family practice residency experiences. A time-study of residents in a family practice training program is reported. Data concerning time with patients and time with attending physicians tended to be inversely associated with patient volume. The proportions of time spent in these two activities are compared with related activities reported for other participants in postgraduate medical education and for practicing physicians. Study results are used to illustrate and develop some issues involved in thd design of residency experiences for primary care physicians."}
{"id": "PMID:874989", "title": "Physician participation in health administrator education.", "content": "A seminar in quality of care analysis was developed with three objectives in mind: (a) to familiarize health administration students with methods for measuring the quality of health care (b), to sensitize students to complexities of the medical care process, and (c) to provide a setting where students interact directly with physicians in dealing with a common problem. Students developed individual evaluation projects at participating institutions in cooperation with faculty of the program and staff at the institutions. Evaluation of the seminar in terms of state objectives was performed both quantitatively and qualitatively. Indications are that the course was well accepted by students and achieved its major goals.", "contents": "Physician participation in health administrator education. A seminar in quality of care analysis was developed with three objectives in mind: (a) to familiarize health administration students with methods for measuring the quality of health care (b), to sensitize students to complexities of the medical care process, and (c) to provide a setting where students interact directly with physicians in dealing with a common problem. Students developed individual evaluation projects at participating institutions in cooperation with faculty of the program and staff at the institutions. Evaluation of the seminar in terms of state objectives was performed both quantitatively and qualitatively. Indications are that the course was well accepted by students and achieved its major goals."}
{"id": "PMID:874990", "title": "Evaluation of clinical skills for a specialty board during residency training.", "content": "Since 1971 the directors of residency training programs in internal medicine have had the responsibility for evaluating the clinical skills of their trainees for the American Board of Internal Medicine. Satisfactory performance is required by the board as a qualification for admission to its written certifying examination. This report presents the board's experience with the evaluation of clinical skills through June 1975 based on visits with the administrators of 166 residency training programs. Described are the evaluative methods employed by the programs, the delineation and observation of acceptable minimum standards of performance, and the benefits to training in internal medicine accruing from the institution of these evaluation procedures and from the related visits to hospitals by representatives of the board.", "contents": "Evaluation of clinical skills for a specialty board during residency training. Since 1971 the directors of residency training programs in internal medicine have had the responsibility for evaluating the clinical skills of their trainees for the American Board of Internal Medicine. Satisfactory performance is required by the board as a qualification for admission to its written certifying examination. This report presents the board's experience with the evaluation of clinical skills through June 1975 based on visits with the administrators of 166 residency training programs. Described are the evaluative methods employed by the programs, the delineation and observation of acceptable minimum standards of performance, and the benefits to training in internal medicine accruing from the institution of these evaluation procedures and from the related visits to hospitals by representatives of the board."}
{"id": "PMID:874991", "title": "An educational program to modify laboratory use by house staff.", "content": "An earlier study showed that the prothrombin time determination is overutilized as a routine admission laboratory test. In the present study the investigator evaluated the effectiveness of an educational program in decreasing utilization of the prothrombin time determination by house staff physicians at a teaching hospital. Six months after the educational program, use of the prothrombin time determination as a routine admission test had decreased significantly from 87 percent to 55 percent. Eighteen months after the educational program, the use of this test by the study group had returned to initial levels. These results emphasize the need to measure the long-term outcome of educational programs aimed at modifying the clinical behavior of physicians and to institute follow-up programs to ensure that an educational effort will have a lasting effect.", "contents": "An educational program to modify laboratory use by house staff. An earlier study showed that the prothrombin time determination is overutilized as a routine admission laboratory test. In the present study the investigator evaluated the effectiveness of an educational program in decreasing utilization of the prothrombin time determination by house staff physicians at a teaching hospital. Six months after the educational program, use of the prothrombin time determination as a routine admission test had decreased significantly from 87 percent to 55 percent. Eighteen months after the educational program, the use of this test by the study group had returned to initial levels. These results emphasize the need to measure the long-term outcome of educational programs aimed at modifying the clinical behavior of physicians and to institute follow-up programs to ensure that an educational effort will have a lasting effect."}
{"id": "PMID:874992", "title": "Development and evaluation of a sex education program for medical students.", "content": "This paper describes the development of a sex education program for medical students at the University of Missouri-Columbia School of Medicine. A description is given on the method used to achieve the objectives of giving knowledge of sexual behavior, modifying attitudes which block understanding of sexuality, and developing skills for the evaluation and management of sexual problems. The importance of using discussion groups assisted by skilled group facilitators to reach these objectives is discussed. The Sex Knowledge and Attitude Test, by which pretest and posttest differences in knowledge and attitude were assessed, and the results obtained are discussed.", "contents": "Development and evaluation of a sex education program for medical students. This paper describes the development of a sex education program for medical students at the University of Missouri-Columbia School of Medicine. A description is given on the method used to achieve the objectives of giving knowledge of sexual behavior, modifying attitudes which block understanding of sexuality, and developing skills for the evaluation and management of sexual problems. The importance of using discussion groups assisted by skilled group facilitators to reach these objectives is discussed. The Sex Knowledge and Attitude Test, by which pretest and posttest differences in knowledge and attitude were assessed, and the results obtained are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:875005", "title": "Gleno-humeral joint in the chimpanzee: comparative anatomical analysis for use in endoprosthetic replacement.", "content": "The gleno-humeral joint of the adult chimpanzee is morphologically compared to the human shoulder to assess the feasibility of this animal for use in experimental prosthetic replacement. The anatomical structure appears similar enough to man to warrant investigation of this animal as a vehicle for experimental implant design in the shoulder. Several anatomical structural differences were noted which necessitated modification of the fixturing segments of a \"Floating Socket\" total gleno-humeral endoprosthesis.", "contents": "Gleno-humeral joint in the chimpanzee: comparative anatomical analysis for use in endoprosthetic replacement. The gleno-humeral joint of the adult chimpanzee is morphologically compared to the human shoulder to assess the feasibility of this animal for use in experimental prosthetic replacement. The anatomical structure appears similar enough to man to warrant investigation of this animal as a vehicle for experimental implant design in the shoulder. Several anatomical structural differences were noted which necessitated modification of the fixturing segments of a \"Floating Socket\" total gleno-humeral endoprosthesis."}
{"id": "PMID:875006", "title": "Elimination of the Shigella carrier state in rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) by trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole.", "content": "The Shigella carrier state was eliminated from its nonhuman primate host, Macaca mulatta. Each of 31 animals was treated twice a day for ten consecutive days with 16 mg trimethoprim and 80 mg sulfamethoxazole delivered via stomach tube. Fresh rectal swab and stool enrichment cultures were taken for seven consecutive days as well as the 35th and 78th days after treatment, and all were negative for shigellae. In addition, no clinical signs of shigellosis were observed during or following an extensive period of stress.", "contents": "Elimination of the Shigella carrier state in rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) by trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. The Shigella carrier state was eliminated from its nonhuman primate host, Macaca mulatta. Each of 31 animals was treated twice a day for ten consecutive days with 16 mg trimethoprim and 80 mg sulfamethoxazole delivered via stomach tube. Fresh rectal swab and stool enrichment cultures were taken for seven consecutive days as well as the 35th and 78th days after treatment, and all were negative for shigellae. In addition, no clinical signs of shigellosis were observed during or following an extensive period of stress."}
{"id": "PMID:875007", "title": "The effect of prostaglandins on the electromyogram and motility of the monkey uterus and oviduct in late pregnancy and postpartum.", "content": "The electromyogram of the monkey (Macaca fuscata fuscata and Macaca mulatta) uterus in labor presents spike bursts which accompany the rising intrauterine pressure. Asynchronous localized electrical activity develops into synchronous activity during the course of labor. The early postpartum uterus shows an irregular pattern or continuous small bursts of spikes. During labor it responds markedly to prostaglandins (PGs); this declines in postpartum. Direct intrauterine injection of PGF2a is effective in the early postpartum. Intravaginal application of PGE2 (5 mg/kg) in late pregnancy induces regular, frequent bursts of spikes and successful delivery. Electrical activity of the oviduct was not affected by PGs except in early postpartum.", "contents": "The effect of prostaglandins on the electromyogram and motility of the monkey uterus and oviduct in late pregnancy and postpartum. The electromyogram of the monkey (Macaca fuscata fuscata and Macaca mulatta) uterus in labor presents spike bursts which accompany the rising intrauterine pressure. Asynchronous localized electrical activity develops into synchronous activity during the course of labor. The early postpartum uterus shows an irregular pattern or continuous small bursts of spikes. During labor it responds markedly to prostaglandins (PGs); this declines in postpartum. Direct intrauterine injection of PGF2a is effective in the early postpartum. Intravaginal application of PGE2 (5 mg/kg) in late pregnancy induces regular, frequent bursts of spikes and successful delivery. Electrical activity of the oviduct was not affected by PGs except in early postpartum."}
{"id": "PMID:875009", "title": "Organometallic and organometalloid compounds as standards for microprobe analysis of epoxy resin embedded tissue.", "content": "X-ray microanalysis of phosphorus, transition elements and heavy metals in biological tissue is frequently carried out on thin sections of specimens embedded in epoxy resin. A logical choice for the quantitive microprobe analysis of these specimens is a standard, consisting of a homogenous solution of the elements of interest in the epoxy resin. Four kinds of compounds were found suitable  for this purpose: (1) phenyl compounds containing group Vb elements, (2) cyclopentadienyl-derivatives, (3) a pentanedione derivative (acetylacetonate) and (4) complexes of metals with dialkyldithiocarbamates. In the latter case, the standard also contains sulphur. Standards for P, Sb (1) Mn, Fe (2) Ni (3) Cu, Zn, Cd, Hg, Pb, Bi (4) were prepared in Epon 812 or Spurr epoxy resin. The compounds were mixed with the resin (without accelerator) to which some propylene oxide may be added, and dissolved immediately or after short heating. The maximal concentration of metal was in the order of magnitude of several promilles to 1%. Solubility in the Spurr resin was better than in Epon 812. After addition of the accelerator, polymerization was carried out as usual. The compounds used are commercially availalbe at low cost or can be easily prepared.", "contents": "Organometallic and organometalloid compounds as standards for microprobe analysis of epoxy resin embedded tissue. X-ray microanalysis of phosphorus, transition elements and heavy metals in biological tissue is frequently carried out on thin sections of specimens embedded in epoxy resin. A logical choice for the quantitive microprobe analysis of these specimens is a standard, consisting of a homogenous solution of the elements of interest in the epoxy resin. Four kinds of compounds were found suitable  for this purpose: (1) phenyl compounds containing group Vb elements, (2) cyclopentadienyl-derivatives, (3) a pentanedione derivative (acetylacetonate) and (4) complexes of metals with dialkyldithiocarbamates. In the latter case, the standard also contains sulphur. Standards for P, Sb (1) Mn, Fe (2) Ni (3) Cu, Zn, Cd, Hg, Pb, Bi (4) were prepared in Epon 812 or Spurr epoxy resin. The compounds were mixed with the resin (without accelerator) to which some propylene oxide may be added, and dissolved immediately or after short heating. The maximal concentration of metal was in the order of magnitude of several promilles to 1%. Solubility in the Spurr resin was better than in Epon 812. After addition of the accelerator, polymerization was carried out as usual. The compounds used are commercially availalbe at low cost or can be easily prepared."}
{"id": "PMID:875010", "title": "How dangerous is sodium cacodylate?", "content": "Circumstantial evidence suggests that sodium cacodylate may be a far greater health hazard than has been generally assumed. Until further information is available, electron microscopists should see that extreme care is exercised during the preparation of cacodylate buffers by their staff.", "contents": "How dangerous is sodium cacodylate? Circumstantial evidence suggests that sodium cacodylate may be a far greater health hazard than has been generally assumed. Until further information is available, electron microscopists should see that extreme care is exercised during the preparation of cacodylate buffers by their staff."}
{"id": "PMID:875039", "title": "Structure and carbohydrate histochemistry of the esophagus in ten teleostean species.", "content": "The histology and carbohydrate histochemistry of ten teleostean esophagi were compared. Structurally, the four layers of atypical vertebrate digestive tract were consistently present. The epithelium was always stratified and in all but one species (Ictalurus nebulosus) contained taste buds. Esophageal mucous cells were not the typical goblet cells seen in other vertebrates but appeared to be of six different types, pairs of which were associated with particular families. In esocids, poorly developed mucous acini and serous monogranular cells were present. In all species, the subepithelial connective tissue was not divided into definitive lamina propriae submucosae due to the absence of muscularis mucosae. Variably present in this connective tissue region were argentophilic fibers and in esocids only, randomly dispersed striated muscle fibers. The arrangement of the muscularis was reverse to that of the general vertebrate plan. In mucous cells, three general types of epithelial mucosubstances were identified and in broad terms were recognized as sulfomucins, sialomucins and neutral mucosubstances. Morphological differences were accompained by differences in carbohydrate localization, each esophageal epithelium containing at least two different mucosubstances. However, the mucosubstances identified in each mucous cell had a profile of characteristics different in some respects from any other. Thus teleostean esophagi appear to perform an integrated diversity of functions as reflected by their complex morphology and carbohydrate histochemistry.", "contents": "Structure and carbohydrate histochemistry of the esophagus in ten teleostean species. The histology and carbohydrate histochemistry of ten teleostean esophagi were compared. Structurally, the four layers of atypical vertebrate digestive tract were consistently present. The epithelium was always stratified and in all but one species (Ictalurus nebulosus) contained taste buds. Esophageal mucous cells were not the typical goblet cells seen in other vertebrates but appeared to be of six different types, pairs of which were associated with particular families. In esocids, poorly developed mucous acini and serous monogranular cells were present. In all species, the subepithelial connective tissue was not divided into definitive lamina propriae submucosae due to the absence of muscularis mucosae. Variably present in this connective tissue region were argentophilic fibers and in esocids only, randomly dispersed striated muscle fibers. The arrangement of the muscularis was reverse to that of the general vertebrate plan. In mucous cells, three general types of epithelial mucosubstances were identified and in broad terms were recognized as sulfomucins, sialomucins and neutral mucosubstances. Morphological differences were accompained by differences in carbohydrate localization, each esophageal epithelium containing at least two different mucosubstances. However, the mucosubstances identified in each mucous cell had a profile of characteristics different in some respects from any other. Thus teleostean esophagi appear to perform an integrated diversity of functions as reflected by their complex morphology and carbohydrate histochemistry."}
{"id": "PMID:875041", "title": "Morphology of the macula neglecta in sharks of the genus Carcharhinus.", "content": "Ears from several species of carcharhinid sharks were studied by gross dissection, light microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and scanning electron microscopy. Structures along a possible sound transmission path to the ear are described, but main consideration is given to the structure of the macula neglecta. The macula neglecta is composed of two patches of sensory epithelium which line part of the posterior canal duct. In an adult shark the larger of these contains 224,000 sensory hair cells oriented so as to detect forces directed posteroventrolaterally in the duct. The smaller patch contains 43,000 hair cells oriented so as to detect oppositely directed forces. These receptor cells project through numerous small terminals to a total for both patches of 4,700 myelinated nerve fibers. Cytostructural variations throughout the hair cell population are also reported. Estimated acoustic properties of the tissues in this complex and the processing potential of the neural elements are interpreted as suggestive of auditory function. A mechanism based on the geometry of the receptor arrays is proposed to explain behaviorally observed instantaneous sound localization from the farfield. Evolution of the macula neglecta is reviewed, and evidence for homology of the macula neglecta and amphibian papilla is presented.", "contents": "Morphology of the macula neglecta in sharks of the genus Carcharhinus. Ears from several species of carcharhinid sharks were studied by gross dissection, light microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and scanning electron microscopy. Structures along a possible sound transmission path to the ear are described, but main consideration is given to the structure of the macula neglecta. The macula neglecta is composed of two patches of sensory epithelium which line part of the posterior canal duct. In an adult shark the larger of these contains 224,000 sensory hair cells oriented so as to detect forces directed posteroventrolaterally in the duct. The smaller patch contains 43,000 hair cells oriented so as to detect oppositely directed forces. These receptor cells project through numerous small terminals to a total for both patches of 4,700 myelinated nerve fibers. Cytostructural variations throughout the hair cell population are also reported. Estimated acoustic properties of the tissues in this complex and the processing potential of the neural elements are interpreted as suggestive of auditory function. A mechanism based on the geometry of the receptor arrays is proposed to explain behaviorally observed instantaneous sound localization from the farfield. Evolution of the macula neglecta is reviewed, and evidence for homology of the macula neglecta and amphibian papilla is presented."}
{"id": "PMID:875048", "title": "Splenic erythroid response to friend polycythemia virus: time course in vitro after infection in vivo.", "content": "When spleen cells removed from plethoric BALB/c mice shortly after infection with Friend polycythemia virus were cultured, they subsequently increased their rate of hemoglobin synthesis in vitro without the addition of the hormone erythropoietin. The increased 59Fe incorporation into hemoglobin in vitro was part of a well-defined single wave unlike the progressive increase in hemoglobin synthesis that occurs in vivo. The peak occurred within the same total time (85-105 hr after infection), irrespective of either the virus dose or time after infection when the cells were removed from the animal and cultured. However, the magnitude of the peak increased with an increase in either of these two variables. Medium change experiments indicated that the time during which the peak occurred was not artificially determined by depletion of some medium component or the accumulation of an inhibitor. This system may be useful in separating the early events of Friend virus infection from the late effects on erythroid differentiation.", "contents": "Splenic erythroid response to friend polycythemia virus: time course in vitro after infection in vivo. When spleen cells removed from plethoric BALB/c mice shortly after infection with Friend polycythemia virus were cultured, they subsequently increased their rate of hemoglobin synthesis in vitro without the addition of the hormone erythropoietin. The increased 59Fe incorporation into hemoglobin in vitro was part of a well-defined single wave unlike the progressive increase in hemoglobin synthesis that occurs in vivo. The peak occurred within the same total time (85-105 hr after infection), irrespective of either the virus dose or time after infection when the cells were removed from the animal and cultured. However, the magnitude of the peak increased with an increase in either of these two variables. Medium change experiments indicated that the time during which the peak occurred was not artificially determined by depletion of some medium component or the accumulation of an inhibitor. This system may be useful in separating the early events of Friend virus infection from the late effects on erythroid differentiation."}
{"id": "PMID:875049", "title": "The uptake and secretion of 3-methylcholanthrene by the prostate glands of the rat and dog.", "content": "In anesthetized rats in which prostatic fluid was collected over a 2-hour interval from 24 to 26 hours after a single ip dose of 5 mg [6-14C]3-methylcholanthrene ([14C]MCA)/kg, radioactivity was found in the fluid at levels only slightly less than those in plasma; at 26 hours after treatment, levels of radioactivity within the prostate were higher than those in prostatic fluid or plasma. When unanesthetized dogs with surgically prepared prostatic fistulas were given a single ip dose of 0.5 mg [14C]MCA/kg and when serial prostatic fluid and plasma samples were collected over the ensuing 50 hours (2 dogs) or 212 hours (1 dog), radioactivity appeared in the prostatic fluid at levels initially greater than those in plasma and then fell progressively with time to less than those of plasma. At 50 hours after treatment, radioactivity was recovered from the prostate glands of 2 dogs with fistula and 2 dogs without fistula at levels of about one-fourth those of plasma. Thus it was found that [14C]MCA and/or its metabolites entered the prostate glands and prostatic fluids of the rat and dog.", "contents": "The uptake and secretion of 3-methylcholanthrene by the prostate glands of the rat and dog. In anesthetized rats in which prostatic fluid was collected over a 2-hour interval from 24 to 26 hours after a single ip dose of 5 mg [6-14C]3-methylcholanthrene ([14C]MCA)/kg, radioactivity was found in the fluid at levels only slightly less than those in plasma; at 26 hours after treatment, levels of radioactivity within the prostate were higher than those in prostatic fluid or plasma. When unanesthetized dogs with surgically prepared prostatic fistulas were given a single ip dose of 0.5 mg [14C]MCA/kg and when serial prostatic fluid and plasma samples were collected over the ensuing 50 hours (2 dogs) or 212 hours (1 dog), radioactivity appeared in the prostatic fluid at levels initially greater than those in plasma and then fell progressively with time to less than those of plasma. At 50 hours after treatment, radioactivity was recovered from the prostate glands of 2 dogs with fistula and 2 dogs without fistula at levels of about one-fourth those of plasma. Thus it was found that [14C]MCA and/or its metabolites entered the prostate glands and prostatic fluids of the rat and dog."}
{"id": "PMID:875051", "title": "Acute effects of N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine on canine gastric mucosa.", "content": "The electrophysiological effects of the chemical gastric carcinogen N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoquanidine (MNNG) were determined in an in vivo chambered canine stomach and in an in vitro canine gastric mucosal preparation. In the in vivo stomach, the topical application of 2.5 mg MNNG/ml decreased the transmural electrical potential difference, and the systemic blood pressure was essentially unchanged. In the in vitro preparation, exposure of the mucosal side of the isolated canine gastric mucosa to 0.25 and 2.5 mg MNNG/ml for 1 hour sequentially or exposure of the serosal side to 2.5 mg MNNG/ml for 2 hours inhibited net Na+ and Cl- fluxes. With longer duration, the undirectional fluxes of Na+ and Cl- increased, indicating an increase in permeability. These findings suggested that inhibition of active transport in the gastric mucosa may have an important function in the gastric carcinogenicity of MNNG.", "contents": "Acute effects of N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine on canine gastric mucosa. The electrophysiological effects of the chemical gastric carcinogen N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoquanidine (MNNG) were determined in an in vivo chambered canine stomach and in an in vitro canine gastric mucosal preparation. In the in vivo stomach, the topical application of 2.5 mg MNNG/ml decreased the transmural electrical potential difference, and the systemic blood pressure was essentially unchanged. In the in vitro preparation, exposure of the mucosal side of the isolated canine gastric mucosa to 0.25 and 2.5 mg MNNG/ml for 1 hour sequentially or exposure of the serosal side to 2.5 mg MNNG/ml for 2 hours inhibited net Na+ and Cl- fluxes. With longer duration, the undirectional fluxes of Na+ and Cl- increased, indicating an increase in permeability. These findings suggested that inhibition of active transport in the gastric mucosa may have an important function in the gastric carcinogenicity of MNNG."}
{"id": "PMID:875052", "title": "Corynebacterium parvum-induced radiosensitivity and cycling changes of hematopoietic spleen colony-forming units.", "content": "Ten days after total-body irradiation with 550 rads of b0Co, spleen colonies were observed in adult C57BL mice. A change in radiosensitivity induced by Corynebacterium parvum, as measured by increased numbers of colony-forming units that survived the 550 rads, began shortly after C. parvum stimulation and extended for at least 7 days before irradiation. C. parvum given 4-24 hours before, followed by high specific activity [3H]thymidine (HSATT) 1 hour before total-body irradiation greatly reduced survival of the stem cells that formed spleen colonies (CFUs) and CFUs radiosensitivity to control levels. The HSATT sensitivity by \"suicide\" assay in vivo and the time-response change in radiosensitivity corresponded with the decrease in radiosensitivity, which showed that CFUs were stimulated by C. parvum administration and entered the S-phase shortly after stimulation. The data indicated a resting population close to the S-phase. After stimulation, this population entered S-phase. Syngeneic mouse lymphoma cells injected iv 24 hours earlier did not elicit any effect as a stimulus to CFUs radiosensitivity change.", "contents": "Corynebacterium parvum-induced radiosensitivity and cycling changes of hematopoietic spleen colony-forming units. Ten days after total-body irradiation with 550 rads of b0Co, spleen colonies were observed in adult C57BL mice. A change in radiosensitivity induced by Corynebacterium parvum, as measured by increased numbers of colony-forming units that survived the 550 rads, began shortly after C. parvum stimulation and extended for at least 7 days before irradiation. C. parvum given 4-24 hours before, followed by high specific activity [3H]thymidine (HSATT) 1 hour before total-body irradiation greatly reduced survival of the stem cells that formed spleen colonies (CFUs) and CFUs radiosensitivity to control levels. The HSATT sensitivity by \"suicide\" assay in vivo and the time-response change in radiosensitivity corresponded with the decrease in radiosensitivity, which showed that CFUs were stimulated by C. parvum administration and entered the S-phase shortly after stimulation. The data indicated a resting population close to the S-phase. After stimulation, this population entered S-phase. Syngeneic mouse lymphoma cells injected iv 24 hours earlier did not elicit any effect as a stimulus to CFUs radiosensitivity change."}
{"id": "PMID:875053", "title": "Lower limb paralysis induced in mice by a temperature-sensitive mutant of Moloney leukemia virus.", "content": "A temperature-sensitive mutant of Moloney murine leukemia virus defective in an early function and injected into newborn mice produced lower limb paralysis. Susceptible mice were inbred strains CFW/D, CBA/H, C3H/Bi/Ka, and outbred NIH Swiss stock. Inbred W/Fu rats and C57BL/Ka mice did not develop the paralysis, though the latter were infected with virus; the sera from these mice produced paralysis in susceptible CFW mice.", "contents": "Lower limb paralysis induced in mice by a temperature-sensitive mutant of Moloney leukemia virus. A temperature-sensitive mutant of Moloney murine leukemia virus defective in an early function and injected into newborn mice produced lower limb paralysis. Susceptible mice were inbred strains CFW/D, CBA/H, C3H/Bi/Ka, and outbred NIH Swiss stock. Inbred W/Fu rats and C57BL/Ka mice did not develop the paralysis, though the latter were infected with virus; the sera from these mice produced paralysis in susceptible CFW mice."}
{"id": "PMID:875054", "title": "Inhibition or enhancement of rat mammary tumors dependent on dose BCG.", "content": "The effect of BCG on the growth of transplantable rat mammary tumors in W/Fu rats was studied. Admixture of mycobacteria to tumor cells in vitro prior to their injection in vivo either had no effect on or resulted in inhibition of or enhancement of the growth of the tumor transplants. Inhibition occurred at high and enhancement at low mycobacteria:tumor cell ratios. However, following suppression of local tumor growth with high doses of BCG, the growth of a second tumor graft was enhanced. Pretreatment of rats with BCG alone also enhanced the growth of a subsequent tumor graft. These results suggest an inverse relationship between the optimal dose of BCG for suppression of local tumor and that required to induced systemic immunity.", "contents": "Inhibition or enhancement of rat mammary tumors dependent on dose BCG. The effect of BCG on the growth of transplantable rat mammary tumors in W/Fu rats was studied. Admixture of mycobacteria to tumor cells in vitro prior to their injection in vivo either had no effect on or resulted in inhibition of or enhancement of the growth of the tumor transplants. Inhibition occurred at high and enhancement at low mycobacteria:tumor cell ratios. However, following suppression of local tumor growth with high doses of BCG, the growth of a second tumor graft was enhanced. Pretreatment of rats with BCG alone also enhanced the growth of a subsequent tumor graft. These results suggest an inverse relationship between the optimal dose of BCG for suppression of local tumor and that required to induced systemic immunity."}
{"id": "PMID:875055", "title": "Rapid assays for evaluating the drug sensitivity of tumor cells.", "content": "Assays that assess the ability of cells to incorporate labeled precursors into acid-precipitable material in the presence of adriamycin, daunorubicin, puromycin, vinblastine, melphalan, or methotrexate were investigated as an approach to the detection of resistant cells in human tumor samples. Each assay was evaluated with suitable drug-resistant Chinese hamster ovary cell lines and normal human fibroblasts to determine whether the assays reflected the drug sensitivity of these lines. Moreover, the ability to detect the presence of drug-resistance cells in a mixed population was evaluated. Validated assays were then used to measure the drug sensitivity of cell samples from pleural and peritoneal effusions of patients, mainly with carcinoma of the breast or ovary. Though the responsiveness of the majority of the samples in these assays was similar to that of a human fetal lung fibroblast line, 37 of 142 samples displayed responses consistent with the presence of a significant proportion of drug-resistant cells. Of these 37 nonresponsive samples, 12 displayed nonresponsiveness to three drugs.", "contents": "Rapid assays for evaluating the drug sensitivity of tumor cells. Assays that assess the ability of cells to incorporate labeled precursors into acid-precipitable material in the presence of adriamycin, daunorubicin, puromycin, vinblastine, melphalan, or methotrexate were investigated as an approach to the detection of resistant cells in human tumor samples. Each assay was evaluated with suitable drug-resistant Chinese hamster ovary cell lines and normal human fibroblasts to determine whether the assays reflected the drug sensitivity of these lines. Moreover, the ability to detect the presence of drug-resistance cells in a mixed population was evaluated. Validated assays were then used to measure the drug sensitivity of cell samples from pleural and peritoneal effusions of patients, mainly with carcinoma of the breast or ovary. Though the responsiveness of the majority of the samples in these assays was similar to that of a human fetal lung fibroblast line, 37 of 142 samples displayed responses consistent with the presence of a significant proportion of drug-resistant cells. Of these 37 nonresponsive samples, 12 displayed nonresponsiveness to three drugs."}
{"id": "PMID:875056", "title": "Reduced forms of aminopterin and methotrexate in L1210 lymphoma.", "content": "We examined several characteristics of reduced forms of folate antagonists. Dihydro and tetrahydro derivatives of aminopterin and methotrexate (MTX) were chemically prepared. When titrated with dihydrofolate reductase, reduced derivatives were equipotent with the parent compounds and titrated stoichiometrically with the enzyme at pH 6 and nonstoichiometrically at higher pH conditions (pH 7.4 and above). When incubated with L1210 cells in vitro, rates of uptake of tritiated reduced compounds were significantly less in L1210 and L1210/MTX cells compared with the respective oxidized parent compounds and significantly less in L1210/MTX than in L1210 cells. Although dihydroaminopterin and tetrahydromethotrexate increased the survival rate of mice bearing L1210 tumors, these compounds had no such effect on the life-spans of animals with L1210/MTX tumors.", "contents": "Reduced forms of aminopterin and methotrexate in L1210 lymphoma. We examined several characteristics of reduced forms of folate antagonists. Dihydro and tetrahydro derivatives of aminopterin and methotrexate (MTX) were chemically prepared. When titrated with dihydrofolate reductase, reduced derivatives were equipotent with the parent compounds and titrated stoichiometrically with the enzyme at pH 6 and nonstoichiometrically at higher pH conditions (pH 7.4 and above). When incubated with L1210 cells in vitro, rates of uptake of tritiated reduced compounds were significantly less in L1210 and L1210/MTX cells compared with the respective oxidized parent compounds and significantly less in L1210/MTX than in L1210 cells. Although dihydroaminopterin and tetrahydromethotrexate increased the survival rate of mice bearing L1210 tumors, these compounds had no such effect on the life-spans of animals with L1210/MTX tumors."}
{"id": "PMID:875057", "title": "Pepstatin, an ascites retardant of L1210 tumor-bearing mice.", "content": "The effect of pepstatin on the kinetics of ascitic fluid accumulation in L1210 tumor-bearing mice (DBA/2) was observed. Following inoculation of 1.5x10(6) tumor cells, untreated mice reached a peak of fluid accumulation on day 6 and remained at this level until death on day 9. A \"lag\" phase of 4 days occurred before fluid accumulation was seen. Pepstatin administered SC in a single dose of 80 mg/kg during the lag phase, significantly retarded fluid accumulation as compared to untreated animals. Pepstatin administered following fluid accumulation was much less effective. We concluded that pepstatin prevents fluid accumulation rather than acts as a diuretic agent. The term \"ascites retardant\" is suggested for the pharmacologic actions of pepstatin, since it prevents fluid accumulation without diminishing the cell count.", "contents": "Pepstatin, an ascites retardant of L1210 tumor-bearing mice. The effect of pepstatin on the kinetics of ascitic fluid accumulation in L1210 tumor-bearing mice (DBA/2) was observed. Following inoculation of 1.5x10(6) tumor cells, untreated mice reached a peak of fluid accumulation on day 6 and remained at this level until death on day 9. A \"lag\" phase of 4 days occurred before fluid accumulation was seen. Pepstatin administered SC in a single dose of 80 mg/kg during the lag phase, significantly retarded fluid accumulation as compared to untreated animals. Pepstatin administered following fluid accumulation was much less effective. We concluded that pepstatin prevents fluid accumulation rather than acts as a diuretic agent. The term \"ascites retardant\" is suggested for the pharmacologic actions of pepstatin, since it prevents fluid accumulation without diminishing the cell count."}
{"id": "PMID:875058", "title": "Effect of different doses of BCG on an allogeneic cell-mediated antitumor response in mice.", "content": "The effect of BCG on the development of cell-mediated cytotoxicity (CMC) in the spleens of allogeneic tumor-bearing (C57BL/6 X A)F1 mice was studied. BCG-treated tumor-bearing animals elicited a stronger CMC response than did the untreated tumor-bearing animals. Furthermore, the degree of activation was dependent on different doses of BCG, so that if the BCG was administered at doses above or below the optimum dose, a less marked stimulation of the CMC resulted. The combination of BCG given before the tumor implant plus an intratumor inoculation resulted in a significantly higher CMC than did either treatment alone.", "contents": "Effect of different doses of BCG on an allogeneic cell-mediated antitumor response in mice. The effect of BCG on the development of cell-mediated cytotoxicity (CMC) in the spleens of allogeneic tumor-bearing (C57BL/6 X A)F1 mice was studied. BCG-treated tumor-bearing animals elicited a stronger CMC response than did the untreated tumor-bearing animals. Furthermore, the degree of activation was dependent on different doses of BCG, so that if the BCG was administered at doses above or below the optimum dose, a less marked stimulation of the CMC resulted. The combination of BCG given before the tumor implant plus an intratumor inoculation resulted in a significantly higher CMC than did either treatment alone."}
{"id": "PMID:875059", "title": "Glycosyltransferase levels in tumors metastatic to liver and in uninvolved liver tissue.", "content": "Elevated levels of three plasma glycosyltransferases were associated with neoplasia in cancer patients, notably those with tumor metastatic to liver. We examined levels of sialyltransferase, galactosyltransferase, and fucosyltransferase in metastatic tumor and apparently uninvolved host liver tissue in attempts to delineate possible sources of elevated plasma enzyme levels. Highest levels of fucosyltransferase activity were found associated with tumor tissue; in contrast, sialyltransferase and galactosyltransferase activity was often highest at the tumor-liver interface.", "contents": "Glycosyltransferase levels in tumors metastatic to liver and in uninvolved liver tissue. Elevated levels of three plasma glycosyltransferases were associated with neoplasia in cancer patients, notably those with tumor metastatic to liver. We examined levels of sialyltransferase, galactosyltransferase, and fucosyltransferase in metastatic tumor and apparently uninvolved host liver tissue in attempts to delineate possible sources of elevated plasma enzyme levels. Highest levels of fucosyltransferase activity were found associated with tumor tissue; in contrast, sialyltransferase and galactosyltransferase activity was often highest at the tumor-liver interface."}
{"id": "PMID:875060", "title": "Cell proliferation in human cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma.", "content": "Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the skin, a fairly slow-growing locally invasive tumor that occasionally matastasizes, was studied in 12 patients in vivo with the use of intralesional tritiated thymidine as a marker for cell proliferation kinetics. Analysis of the cell cycle of the germinative population revealed that the duration of S-phase was 12.5 hours; G1-phase, 28.8 hours; mitotic period (M-phase), 2 hours; G-pahse, 6.9 hours; and the total germinative cell cycle, 50.2 hours. The application of cell kinetics to programming chemotherapy for skin cancer with phase-specific cytotoxins was discussed.", "contents": "Cell proliferation in human cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma. Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the skin, a fairly slow-growing locally invasive tumor that occasionally matastasizes, was studied in 12 patients in vivo with the use of intralesional tritiated thymidine as a marker for cell proliferation kinetics. Analysis of the cell cycle of the germinative population revealed that the duration of S-phase was 12.5 hours; G1-phase, 28.8 hours; mitotic period (M-phase), 2 hours; G-pahse, 6.9 hours; and the total germinative cell cycle, 50.2 hours. The application of cell kinetics to programming chemotherapy for skin cancer with phase-specific cytotoxins was discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:875062", "title": "Hormonal status of breast cancer. III. Further analysis of ovarian-adrenal dysfunction.", "content": "Detailed studies of urinary steroids in patients with breast cancer and normal controls have shown that abnormal aging processes and depressed corpus luteum function were associated with the presence of this form of cancer. The ratio of androsterone to tetrahydrocortisol, an index of the aging process, was significantly lower in a breast cancer group than in a normal group at both premenopausal and postmenopausal stages. In premenopausal women, the ratio decreased in the order of rural controls, urban controls, and patients with breast cancer. It was indicated that the ratio may serve as a measure of risk for breast cancer. Aside from the general depression of menstruation-dependent steroids, breast cancer was associated with disproportionately low excretions of prenanediol and pregnanetriol within the menstruation-dependent steroid family. The notion that this finding reflects the delay or complete failure of ovulation was supported by a reduced parturition rate of our patients with breast cancer as compared with that of our normal controls. The physiologic significance of steroidal disturbances was considered in relation to the genesis of breast cancer.", "contents": "Hormonal status of breast cancer. III. Further analysis of ovarian-adrenal dysfunction. Detailed studies of urinary steroids in patients with breast cancer and normal controls have shown that abnormal aging processes and depressed corpus luteum function were associated with the presence of this form of cancer. The ratio of androsterone to tetrahydrocortisol, an index of the aging process, was significantly lower in a breast cancer group than in a normal group at both premenopausal and postmenopausal stages. In premenopausal women, the ratio decreased in the order of rural controls, urban controls, and patients with breast cancer. It was indicated that the ratio may serve as a measure of risk for breast cancer. Aside from the general depression of menstruation-dependent steroids, breast cancer was associated with disproportionately low excretions of prenanediol and pregnanetriol within the menstruation-dependent steroid family. The notion that this finding reflects the delay or complete failure of ovulation was supported by a reduced parturition rate of our patients with breast cancer as compared with that of our normal controls. The physiologic significance of steroidal disturbances was considered in relation to the genesis of breast cancer."}
{"id": "PMID:875063", "title": "Relationship between steroid excretion patterns and breast cancer incidence in Israeli women of various origins.", "content": "A nationwide study of the steroid excretion patterns in postmenopausal Israeli migrant women demonstrated differences between high- and low-risk groups for breast cancer in the following variables: age at first parturition, number of pregnancies, number of live births, height, and weight. The direction of the differnces was in line with those observed for breast cancer patients. The groups also differed in the exretion of estriol, 17-ketosteroids, and allotetrahydrocortisol. Multiple regression analysis revealed that the exretion of estriol was significantly lower in population groups in whom breast cancer incidence was high. Possibly this trend--which has also been observed in adolescent and premenopausal women--reflected environmental influences on peripheral estrogen metabolism.", "contents": "Relationship between steroid excretion patterns and breast cancer incidence in Israeli women of various origins. A nationwide study of the steroid excretion patterns in postmenopausal Israeli migrant women demonstrated differences between high- and low-risk groups for breast cancer in the following variables: age at first parturition, number of pregnancies, number of live births, height, and weight. The direction of the differnces was in line with those observed for breast cancer patients. The groups also differed in the exretion of estriol, 17-ketosteroids, and allotetrahydrocortisol. Multiple regression analysis revealed that the exretion of estriol was significantly lower in population groups in whom breast cancer incidence was high. Possibly this trend--which has also been observed in adolescent and premenopausal women--reflected environmental influences on peripheral estrogen metabolism."}
{"id": "PMID:875064", "title": "Surgical aspects of intestinal ascariasis.", "content": "At the University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria, a common differential diagnosis of acute abdomen is intestinal ascariasis. This condition mimics many causes of acute abdomen so that accurate pre-operative diagnosis depends mainly on a high index of suspicion.The purpose of this paper is to call attention to this condition which is prevalent in tropical countries, where preventive and social medicine have not reached their peak, and to review the pathological processes resulting from this disease.", "contents": "Surgical aspects of intestinal ascariasis. At the University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria, a common differential diagnosis of acute abdomen is intestinal ascariasis. This condition mimics many causes of acute abdomen so that accurate pre-operative diagnosis depends mainly on a high index of suspicion.The purpose of this paper is to call attention to this condition which is prevalent in tropical countries, where preventive and social medicine have not reached their peak, and to review the pathological processes resulting from this disease."}
{"id": "PMID:875065", "title": "Care of the patient with a critical illness.", "content": "A method of care applicable to all forms of critical illness is presented. A patient is considered to be critically ill when he is threatened with hypoxia. According to this concept, procedures to understand and solve problems of critical care are coordinated and unified. The relevant physiology and monitoring of the components of the oxygenating system are described. The treatment of patients with impaired function of these components is described.", "contents": "Care of the patient with a critical illness. A method of care applicable to all forms of critical illness is presented. A patient is considered to be critically ill when he is threatened with hypoxia. According to this concept, procedures to understand and solve problems of critical care are coordinated and unified. The relevant physiology and monitoring of the components of the oxygenating system are described. The treatment of patients with impaired function of these components is described."}
{"id": "PMID:875066", "title": "The gold button technique for intraoral interstitial implants with iridium-192 seeds.", "content": "The higher the radiation dose, the better is tumor control. High tumor doses are feasible only by interstitial irradiation. To achieve uniform dose distribution throughout the area or volume of implant, one has to use established distribution rules. In straight tube technique we have to use heavy endloading to compensate for uncrossed ends. In implants for intraoral lesions, heavy endloading gives a high dose to the opposing normal mucosa. The new gold button technique considerably reduces the dose to the normal mucosa, thus minimizing the morbidity.", "contents": "The gold button technique for intraoral interstitial implants with iridium-192 seeds. The higher the radiation dose, the better is tumor control. High tumor doses are feasible only by interstitial irradiation. To achieve uniform dose distribution throughout the area or volume of implant, one has to use established distribution rules. In straight tube technique we have to use heavy endloading to compensate for uncrossed ends. In implants for intraoral lesions, heavy endloading gives a high dose to the opposing normal mucosa. The new gold button technique considerably reduces the dose to the normal mucosa, thus minimizing the morbidity."}
{"id": "PMID:875067", "title": "Cancer of the prostate in blacks.", "content": "The exact etiology of adenocarcinoma of the prostate gland remains an enigma. However, there appears to be a clear-cut mandate to search for, and to eradicate if possible, all infections of the genital tract including prostatitis. Diets with adequate zinc or zinc supplements should be considered. Sexual practices could be more closely scrutinized. Finally, an urgent appeal is made for intense investigation of this malady.Two cases of prostatic carcinoma are presented and pertinent literature is reviewed.", "contents": "Cancer of the prostate in blacks. The exact etiology of adenocarcinoma of the prostate gland remains an enigma. However, there appears to be a clear-cut mandate to search for, and to eradicate if possible, all infections of the genital tract including prostatitis. Diets with adequate zinc or zinc supplements should be considered. Sexual practices could be more closely scrutinized. Finally, an urgent appeal is made for intense investigation of this malady.Two cases of prostatic carcinoma are presented and pertinent literature is reviewed."}
{"id": "PMID:875068", "title": "Albright's syndrome in a Nigerian: a case report.", "content": "A Nigerian male with typical features of Albright's syndrome will be described. Although the lesions were predominantly unilateral, his main complaint was that of severe facial deformity. He had a radical excision of the facial lesion which was followed by a rapid recurrence. The differential diagnosis of Albright's syndrome will be discussed.", "contents": "Albright's syndrome in a Nigerian: a case report. A Nigerian male with typical features of Albright's syndrome will be described. Although the lesions were predominantly unilateral, his main complaint was that of severe facial deformity. He had a radical excision of the facial lesion which was followed by a rapid recurrence. The differential diagnosis of Albright's syndrome will be discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:875069", "title": "Success rate of detoxification from methadone maintenance in an ambulatory care unit.", "content": "The success rate of detoxification of patients on methadone maintenance in four outpatient clinics is studied. In comparison with patients in an in-house program, or a hospital environment, the study group did relatively poorly. It is felt that a confined and carefully structured therapeutic environment is much more likely to produce patients who are amenable to successful detoxification from hallucinogenic drugs, than is a walk-in clinic.", "contents": "Success rate of detoxification from methadone maintenance in an ambulatory care unit. The success rate of detoxification of patients on methadone maintenance in four outpatient clinics is studied. In comparison with patients in an in-house program, or a hospital environment, the study group did relatively poorly. It is felt that a confined and carefully structured therapeutic environment is much more likely to produce patients who are amenable to successful detoxification from hallucinogenic drugs, than is a walk-in clinic."}
{"id": "PMID:875070", "title": "Pulmonary edema: an anatomic, pathophysiologic, and roentgenologic analysis.", "content": "Pulmonary edema is a complex subject. Knowledge of the anatomy of the distal air space is essential to the understanding of the pathophysiology of pulmonary edema.Histological evaluation of experimental pulmonary edema in dogs by Staub et al using the quick freeze method indicates that the edema begins in the interstitium. An x-ray examination at this time would be interpreted as negative or normal. Similarly, with only partial filling of the alveolus, a negative reading may be given.A method for classification of pulmonary edema by mechanisms is reviewed.Cases of pulmonary edema caused by different etiologies are presented for an overview of the problem.", "contents": "Pulmonary edema: an anatomic, pathophysiologic, and roentgenologic analysis. Pulmonary edema is a complex subject. Knowledge of the anatomy of the distal air space is essential to the understanding of the pathophysiology of pulmonary edema.Histological evaluation of experimental pulmonary edema in dogs by Staub et al using the quick freeze method indicates that the edema begins in the interstitium. An x-ray examination at this time would be interpreted as negative or normal. Similarly, with only partial filling of the alveolus, a negative reading may be given.A method for classification of pulmonary edema by mechanisms is reviewed.Cases of pulmonary edema caused by different etiologies are presented for an overview of the problem."}
{"id": "PMID:875071", "title": "The drug insert and the physician's concern.", "content": "The package insert has achieved an increasingly important role, not only as a device to communicate prescribing information to physicians, but also as a key element in the standards used to determine the liability of physicians for adverse drug reactions. Regulations recently proposed by the FDA illustrate the significance of the package insert from the governmental perspective. This paper deals with the impact of these regulations on the medical profession.", "contents": "The drug insert and the physician's concern. The package insert has achieved an increasingly important role, not only as a device to communicate prescribing information to physicians, but also as a key element in the standards used to determine the liability of physicians for adverse drug reactions. Regulations recently proposed by the FDA illustrate the significance of the package insert from the governmental perspective. This paper deals with the impact of these regulations on the medical profession."}
{"id": "PMID:875073", "title": "A closed-flow water caloric system.", "content": "This paper describes a new method and apparatus to induce nystagmus. Flow of fluid into the ear to induce nystagmus is eliminated by utilization of a closed-flow system. A probe adapted for insertion to a standardized depth into the ear, provides a flow-through path for nystagmus-inducing liquid while expanding in response to the pressurized liquid to conform to the contours of the external auditory canal and tympanic membrane. Thermal conductivity through the membrane-like probe material permits heat exchange between the flowing liquid, and the external auditory canal and/or tympanic membrane to induce nystagmus.At this time, the authors can state only that the quality of nystagmus produced is similar to that produced by current conventional methods. In the small number of patients tested, discomfort appeared to be almost negligible. The system appears to be a promising improvement dependent on the establishment of accurate parameters for diagnosis.", "contents": "A closed-flow water caloric system. This paper describes a new method and apparatus to induce nystagmus. Flow of fluid into the ear to induce nystagmus is eliminated by utilization of a closed-flow system. A probe adapted for insertion to a standardized depth into the ear, provides a flow-through path for nystagmus-inducing liquid while expanding in response to the pressurized liquid to conform to the contours of the external auditory canal and tympanic membrane. Thermal conductivity through the membrane-like probe material permits heat exchange between the flowing liquid, and the external auditory canal and/or tympanic membrane to induce nystagmus.At this time, the authors can state only that the quality of nystagmus produced is similar to that produced by current conventional methods. In the small number of patients tested, discomfort appeared to be almost negligible. The system appears to be a promising improvement dependent on the establishment of accurate parameters for diagnosis."}
{"id": "PMID:875075", "title": "Adverse effects of intravenous cannabis tea.", "content": "Adverse effects occurred in four youths after intravenous injection of an aqueous cannabis-seed tea, which was prepared by boiling the seeds. The effects were immediate and included nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, watery diarrhea, chills, fever, hypovolemic shock, hypotension, and non-oligemic transitory renal failure. Other manifestations included persistent hypoglycemia, tachycardia, gastrointestinal bleeding, conjunctival hemorrhage, injury, jaundice, splenomegaly, leucocytosis, myalgia, arthralgia, motor weakness, and prostration. Ischemia was noted on electrocardiogram (EKG). All manifestations appeared to reverse within weeks, but these effects had been potentially fatal.", "contents": "Adverse effects of intravenous cannabis tea. Adverse effects occurred in four youths after intravenous injection of an aqueous cannabis-seed tea, which was prepared by boiling the seeds. The effects were immediate and included nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, watery diarrhea, chills, fever, hypovolemic shock, hypotension, and non-oligemic transitory renal failure. Other manifestations included persistent hypoglycemia, tachycardia, gastrointestinal bleeding, conjunctival hemorrhage, injury, jaundice, splenomegaly, leucocytosis, myalgia, arthralgia, motor weakness, and prostration. Ischemia was noted on electrocardiogram (EKG). All manifestations appeared to reverse within weeks, but these effects had been potentially fatal."}
{"id": "PMID:875076", "title": "Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma in Ibadan, Nigeria.", "content": "One hundred patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma were admitted to the University College Hospital in Ibadan, Nigeria between 1960 and 1975. Their cases have been analyzed with respect to clinical findings, histological classification, and response to therapy. There was a preponderance of males over females (2:1) and the majority of the patients (87 percent) had reticulum cell sarcoma. Therapy consisted mainly of single-agent chemotherapy but a few patients had either surgical excision combined with chemotherapy or multiple-agent chemotherapy. The results of treatment were poor because of the very high default rate, late presentation, inadequate supply of drugs, and lack of radiotherapeutic facilities.", "contents": "Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma in Ibadan, Nigeria. One hundred patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma were admitted to the University College Hospital in Ibadan, Nigeria between 1960 and 1975. Their cases have been analyzed with respect to clinical findings, histological classification, and response to therapy. There was a preponderance of males over females (2:1) and the majority of the patients (87 percent) had reticulum cell sarcoma. Therapy consisted mainly of single-agent chemotherapy but a few patients had either surgical excision combined with chemotherapy or multiple-agent chemotherapy. The results of treatment were poor because of the very high default rate, late presentation, inadequate supply of drugs, and lack of radiotherapeutic facilities."}
{"id": "PMID:875077", "title": "Osteomyelitis of the calcaneus secondary to heel pad puncture: a case report.", "content": "Heel pad puncture, a well-established procedure for obtaining hematologic samples from infants, may be complicated by acute osteomyelitis of the calcaneus. One such case is presented which involved a 3\u00bd-month-old female. Physicians are cautioned that calcaneal osteomyelitis should be suspected if soft tissue swelling and erythema are present around the heel area.", "contents": "Osteomyelitis of the calcaneus secondary to heel pad puncture: a case report. Heel pad puncture, a well-established procedure for obtaining hematologic samples from infants, may be complicated by acute osteomyelitis of the calcaneus. One such case is presented which involved a 3\u00bd-month-old female. Physicians are cautioned that calcaneal osteomyelitis should be suspected if soft tissue swelling and erythema are present around the heel area."}
{"id": "PMID:875078", "title": "The strip graft as a means of hairline replacement.", "content": "The strip-graft hairline replacement is a surgical procedure requiring meticulous tissue handling and attention to detail. Even then, the unpredictability of successful \"takes\" causes the cosmetic surgeon some concern. When combined with the original Orentreich autograft technique it can be valuable in the surgical treatment of male pattern baldness.", "contents": "The strip graft as a means of hairline replacement. The strip-graft hairline replacement is a surgical procedure requiring meticulous tissue handling and attention to detail. Even then, the unpredictability of successful \"takes\" causes the cosmetic surgeon some concern. When combined with the original Orentreich autograft technique it can be valuable in the surgical treatment of male pattern baldness."}
{"id": "PMID:875079", "title": "Another look at pseudotumor cerebri.", "content": "Thirteen black patients with diagnoses of pseudotumor cerebri (benign intracranial hypertension) were treated in Howard University (Freedmen's Hospital) between 1962 and 1974. These patients presented features similar to others reported with this syndrome as regards age, sex, habitus, menstrual irregularities, treatment, and prognosis. There was no suggestion of higher incidence of the syndrome in blacks. This paper emphasizes the unknown etiology. Only a complete patient work-up, including hemoglobin genotype, endocrine study, pulmonary function tests, blood and cerebrospinal fluid gases and, where applicable, brain Po(2), Pco(2) and pH can serve as a reasonable prelude to an experimental model for studying the pathophysiology of this poorly understood syndrome and a more rational basis for therapy. A review of the literature dealing with suspected etiology, diagnosis, and therapy is also presented.", "contents": "Another look at pseudotumor cerebri. Thirteen black patients with diagnoses of pseudotumor cerebri (benign intracranial hypertension) were treated in Howard University (Freedmen's Hospital) between 1962 and 1974. These patients presented features similar to others reported with this syndrome as regards age, sex, habitus, menstrual irregularities, treatment, and prognosis. There was no suggestion of higher incidence of the syndrome in blacks. This paper emphasizes the unknown etiology. Only a complete patient work-up, including hemoglobin genotype, endocrine study, pulmonary function tests, blood and cerebrospinal fluid gases and, where applicable, brain Po(2), Pco(2) and pH can serve as a reasonable prelude to an experimental model for studying the pathophysiology of this poorly understood syndrome and a more rational basis for therapy. A review of the literature dealing with suspected etiology, diagnosis, and therapy is also presented."}
{"id": "PMID:875082", "title": "The natural history of electrical injury.", "content": "The natural history of electrical injury, exclusive of electrical flash burns, was determined in 64 patients. These patients sustained relatively small burns (x=11%); only nine patients (14%) had burns greater than 25%. Forty-six patients suffered 114 major complications. EKG abnormalities occurred in 36%, including major cardiac arrhythmias in ten patients. One-fourth of the patients developed neurologic sequelae (CNS-8, peripheral-8). Electrical vascular injury with subsequent arterial occlusion was responsible for many of the major amputations. Nineteen patients required 32 amputations (digits-17, hand-1, foot-2, leg-3, arm-9). Early patient referral and vigorous fluid resuscitation minimized renal failure (1.5%) and mortality (3.1%). Early fasciotomy and vigorous debridement appeared to decrease wound sepsis (8%), but apparently had little if any effect on major limb salvage. The unsolved problems of electrical injury, namely neurological and vascular sequelae, are major contributors to the high morbidity of electrical injury.", "contents": "The natural history of electrical injury. The natural history of electrical injury, exclusive of electrical flash burns, was determined in 64 patients. These patients sustained relatively small burns (x=11%); only nine patients (14%) had burns greater than 25%. Forty-six patients suffered 114 major complications. EKG abnormalities occurred in 36%, including major cardiac arrhythmias in ten patients. One-fourth of the patients developed neurologic sequelae (CNS-8, peripheral-8). Electrical vascular injury with subsequent arterial occlusion was responsible for many of the major amputations. Nineteen patients required 32 amputations (digits-17, hand-1, foot-2, leg-3, arm-9). Early patient referral and vigorous fluid resuscitation minimized renal failure (1.5%) and mortality (3.1%). Early fasciotomy and vigorous debridement appeared to decrease wound sepsis (8%), but apparently had little if any effect on major limb salvage. The unsolved problems of electrical injury, namely neurological and vascular sequelae, are major contributors to the high morbidity of electrical injury."}
{"id": "PMID:875083", "title": "Indications for thoracotomy following penetrating thoracic injury.", "content": "The treatment of penetrating thoracic injuries has been reviewed in both civilian and military series. Although most surgeons agree that closed that closed thoracostomy drainage is the initial treatment of choice, the timing of early thoracotomy and perhaps cardiorrhaphy upon patients with penetrating thoracic injuries remains controversial. The purpose of this study was to determine which patients will require immediate thoractomy or cardiorrhaphy following penetrating chest injury. Over a two-year period 190 patients with penetrating thoracic injuries were treated. Of 53 patients who required immediate thoracotomy, 31 suffered cardiac wounds. Seventy-nine patients required laparotomy for associated intra-abdominal injuries. The mortality rate was related to exsanguinating hemorrhage or postoperative intra-abdominal sepsis. Cardiopulmonary complications were rare in the absence of intra-abdominal sepsis and could not be attributed to the thoracic injury or thoracotomy. Indications for immediate cardiorrhaphy or thoracotomy are: 1) location of the entrance wound (70% in upper mediastinum); 2) blood pressure on admission less than 90; 3) initial thoracostomy blood loss greater than 800 cc; 4) radiographic evidence of retained hemothorax; and/or 5) clinical evidence of pericardial tamponade.", "contents": "Indications for thoracotomy following penetrating thoracic injury. The treatment of penetrating thoracic injuries has been reviewed in both civilian and military series. Although most surgeons agree that closed that closed thoracostomy drainage is the initial treatment of choice, the timing of early thoracotomy and perhaps cardiorrhaphy upon patients with penetrating thoracic injuries remains controversial. The purpose of this study was to determine which patients will require immediate thoractomy or cardiorrhaphy following penetrating chest injury. Over a two-year period 190 patients with penetrating thoracic injuries were treated. Of 53 patients who required immediate thoracotomy, 31 suffered cardiac wounds. Seventy-nine patients required laparotomy for associated intra-abdominal injuries. The mortality rate was related to exsanguinating hemorrhage or postoperative intra-abdominal sepsis. Cardiopulmonary complications were rare in the absence of intra-abdominal sepsis and could not be attributed to the thoracic injury or thoracotomy. Indications for immediate cardiorrhaphy or thoracotomy are: 1) location of the entrance wound (70% in upper mediastinum); 2) blood pressure on admission less than 90; 3) initial thoracostomy blood loss greater than 800 cc; 4) radiographic evidence of retained hemothorax; and/or 5) clinical evidence of pericardial tamponade."}
{"id": "PMID:875084", "title": "Improved retention of stroma-free hemoglobin solution by chemical modification.", "content": "The major problems requiring solution before full-scale evaluation of stroma-free hemoglobin solution (SFHS) in a clinical environment are its high oxygen affinity and relatively short intravascular retention time. Through postmanufacture chemical modification of SFHS we have been able to improve both properties as determined in in vitro and in vivo studies. Permatization of SFHS with pyridoxal 5'-phosphate (PLP) does not affect oxygen-carrying capacity and improves the P50 and intravascular retention. This chemically modified hemoglobin is worthy of further evaluation.", "contents": "Improved retention of stroma-free hemoglobin solution by chemical modification. The major problems requiring solution before full-scale evaluation of stroma-free hemoglobin solution (SFHS) in a clinical environment are its high oxygen affinity and relatively short intravascular retention time. Through postmanufacture chemical modification of SFHS we have been able to improve both properties as determined in in vitro and in vivo studies. Permatization of SFHS with pyridoxal 5'-phosphate (PLP) does not affect oxygen-carrying capacity and improves the P50 and intravascular retention. This chemically modified hemoglobin is worthy of further evaluation."}
{"id": "PMID:875087", "title": "Chronic monitoring of head injury with an implantable ventricular module.", "content": "An elementary technique for discontinuously measuring intracranial pressure, ventricular chemistry, cellularity, and topography, employing percutaneous needle tapping of an implanted module consisting of a Rickham reservoir-ventricular catheter for the chronic monitoring of severe head injury patients is presented. The intracranial pathophysiological conditions (increased ICP, persistent CSF cellularity, xanthochromia and elevated protein levels, and hydrocephalus) occurring in seven so instrumental patients recovering from such injuries are reviewed. The simplicity, safety, and multidiagnostic capability of the system are emphasized.", "contents": "Chronic monitoring of head injury with an implantable ventricular module. An elementary technique for discontinuously measuring intracranial pressure, ventricular chemistry, cellularity, and topography, employing percutaneous needle tapping of an implanted module consisting of a Rickham reservoir-ventricular catheter for the chronic monitoring of severe head injury patients is presented. The intracranial pathophysiological conditions (increased ICP, persistent CSF cellularity, xanthochromia and elevated protein levels, and hydrocephalus) occurring in seven so instrumental patients recovering from such injuries are reviewed. The simplicity, safety, and multidiagnostic capability of the system are emphasized."}
{"id": "PMID:875086", "title": "Autogenous venous interposition grafts in repair of major venous injuries.", "content": "1) This review of 51 former Vietnam casualties who had lower extremity venous injuries repaired using autogenous interposition venous grafts is the largest series of this type of venous repair to be reported. Nevertheless, additional information is needed, including more extensive phlebographic documentation of the current status of venous reconstructions. 2) The results of these venous repairs performed by essentially a different surgical team in every case are encouraging. Only one patient, or 2.0% of the total, developed thrombophlebitis in the postoperative period and this was transitory in nature. No patients developed pulmonary embolism. There was no edema in the postoperative period in 66.6% of the total. During the longterm followup, only six patients, or 11.8%, had residual edema. This is in marked contrast to a similar number of patients followed in the Registry who had ligation of popliteal veins following trauma with persistent edema in 50.9%. 3) Although this study remains incomplete, the favorable data should stimulate interest in performing additional repair of major lower extremity venous injuries utilizing autogenous venous grafts. Expanded experimental and clinical research is needed to define a readily available conduit of variable sizes which can be utilized successfully in reconstruction of the low-flow venous system.", "contents": "Autogenous venous interposition grafts in repair of major venous injuries. 1) This review of 51 former Vietnam casualties who had lower extremity venous injuries repaired using autogenous interposition venous grafts is the largest series of this type of venous repair to be reported. Nevertheless, additional information is needed, including more extensive phlebographic documentation of the current status of venous reconstructions. 2) The results of these venous repairs performed by essentially a different surgical team in every case are encouraging. Only one patient, or 2.0% of the total, developed thrombophlebitis in the postoperative period and this was transitory in nature. No patients developed pulmonary embolism. There was no edema in the postoperative period in 66.6% of the total. During the longterm followup, only six patients, or 11.8%, had residual edema. This is in marked contrast to a similar number of patients followed in the Registry who had ligation of popliteal veins following trauma with persistent edema in 50.9%. 3) Although this study remains incomplete, the favorable data should stimulate interest in performing additional repair of major lower extremity venous injuries utilizing autogenous venous grafts. Expanded experimental and clinical research is needed to define a readily available conduit of variable sizes which can be utilized successfully in reconstruction of the low-flow venous system."}
{"id": "PMID:875089", "title": "Factors limiting extremity function following vascular injury.", "content": "The clinical management of 47 patients with vascular injuries of the extremities is presented with emphasis on functional results. The method of restoration of vascular continuity or the presence of associated fractures or venous injury had little bearing on either the success of arterial repair or functional result. The most significant factor adversely affecting restoration of extremity function was the presence of associated major proximal nerve injury.", "contents": "Factors limiting extremity function following vascular injury. The clinical management of 47 patients with vascular injuries of the extremities is presented with emphasis on functional results. The method of restoration of vascular continuity or the presence of associated fractures or venous injury had little bearing on either the success of arterial repair or functional result. The most significant factor adversely affecting restoration of extremity function was the presence of associated major proximal nerve injury."}
{"id": "PMID:875092", "title": "Primary repair of colonic injuries: a clinical evaluation.", "content": "Fifty-seven patients with colonic injuries were treated by primary repair with or without exteriorization. Forty-six of these had other associated major intra-abdominal, intrathoracic, and musculoskeletal injuries. All had minimal contamination of the peritoneal cavity and were operated upon within 6 hours of injury. None showed any evidence of anastomical leakage or breakdown. Minor complications occurred in 12 patients (21%). Two deaths (3.5%) resulted, but neither was attributable to the repair of the colon; one died from renal failure and the other from pulmonary embolism. On the basis of this study, it is concluded that most isolated injuries of the colon resulting from low-velocity bullets and sharp objects can be closed primarily if peritoneal contamination is minimal and antibiotics are administered immediately after injury, during operation, and post-operatively.", "contents": "Primary repair of colonic injuries: a clinical evaluation. Fifty-seven patients with colonic injuries were treated by primary repair with or without exteriorization. Forty-six of these had other associated major intra-abdominal, intrathoracic, and musculoskeletal injuries. All had minimal contamination of the peritoneal cavity and were operated upon within 6 hours of injury. None showed any evidence of anastomical leakage or breakdown. Minor complications occurred in 12 patients (21%). Two deaths (3.5%) resulted, but neither was attributable to the repair of the colon; one died from renal failure and the other from pulmonary embolism. On the basis of this study, it is concluded that most isolated injuries of the colon resulting from low-velocity bullets and sharp objects can be closed primarily if peritoneal contamination is minimal and antibiotics are administered immediately after injury, during operation, and post-operatively."}
{"id": "PMID:875095", "title": "A study of the treatment of pit viper envenomization in 45 patients.", "content": "Forty-five patients with snake bite were studied: 33 were classified nontoxic and 12 toxic. There were no deaths and four complications in the nontoxic group; two deaths and three complications in the toxic group. The data suggest that rapid recovery is generally to be expected in nontoxic patients regardless of the form of local therapy. The risk of antivenin complications outweighs the minimal therapeutic benefits when administered to most nontoxic patients. If nausea and vomiting are the only manifestations of systemic toxicity antivenin may not be necessary for rapid and complete recovery. The combination of hypotension and bleeding diathesis represents a particularly severe form of toxicity that may result in death if adequate systemic and supportive therapy is not rapidly instituted.", "contents": "A study of the treatment of pit viper envenomization in 45 patients. Forty-five patients with snake bite were studied: 33 were classified nontoxic and 12 toxic. There were no deaths and four complications in the nontoxic group; two deaths and three complications in the toxic group. The data suggest that rapid recovery is generally to be expected in nontoxic patients regardless of the form of local therapy. The risk of antivenin complications outweighs the minimal therapeutic benefits when administered to most nontoxic patients. If nausea and vomiting are the only manifestations of systemic toxicity antivenin may not be necessary for rapid and complete recovery. The combination of hypotension and bleeding diathesis represents a particularly severe form of toxicity that may result in death if adequate systemic and supportive therapy is not rapidly instituted."}
{"id": "PMID:875096", "title": "The dominance of vertebral column fractures associated with neurologic deficits among survivors of light-plane accidents.", "content": "The vertebral injuries sustained by 13 survivors of four light-plane crashes were reviewed. Eight patients sustained major nonvertebral injuries. Eleven patients sustained 18 lower thoracic and/or upper lumbar fractures. Eighty-five per cent of the fractures involved T12, L1, L2, or L3. Seven patients sustained vertebral burst fractures; ten sustained vertebral flexion fractures. In nine patients these vertebral fractures had associated fracture-dislocations of the posterior pedicles. Eight of these nine patients (89%) developed neurologic deficits of the conus medullaris and/or cauda equina. The severity and time of onset of these neurologic deficits were similar for the occupants of each aircraft. Downward vertical deceleration and rotational violence were the dominant forces which inflicted the vertebral column fractures which resulted in neurologic deficits.", "contents": "The dominance of vertebral column fractures associated with neurologic deficits among survivors of light-plane accidents. The vertebral injuries sustained by 13 survivors of four light-plane crashes were reviewed. Eight patients sustained major nonvertebral injuries. Eleven patients sustained 18 lower thoracic and/or upper lumbar fractures. Eighty-five per cent of the fractures involved T12, L1, L2, or L3. Seven patients sustained vertebral burst fractures; ten sustained vertebral flexion fractures. In nine patients these vertebral fractures had associated fracture-dislocations of the posterior pedicles. Eight of these nine patients (89%) developed neurologic deficits of the conus medullaris and/or cauda equina. The severity and time of onset of these neurologic deficits were similar for the occupants of each aircraft. Downward vertical deceleration and rotational violence were the dominant forces which inflicted the vertebral column fractures which resulted in neurologic deficits."}
{"id": "PMID:875097", "title": "Profile of pediatric drowning victims in a water-oriented society.", "content": "Drowning accounts for 32% of all pediatric accidental deaths in Dade County, Florida. Swimming pools, primarily home pools, are the most common site, 38%; followed by canals, 27%; lakes, ponds and rockpits, 13%; and the ocean and bay, 11%. The majority of drowning victims could not swim and were dead at the scene of the accident. Most pool victims were white, male, and 3 years old. Most victims were thought to be engaged in a non-pool related activity before the accident. Children who drowned in lakes, ponds, and rockpits, canals, and the ocean and bay were usually of school age and unsupervised. Black children had a higher rate of drowning than white children in these sites. Recommendations to prevent drowning: 1) Community education programs; 2) Safety fence around the perimeter of swimming pool; 3) Higher water levels in pools; 4) Investigation of \"drown-proofing\" instructions for preschool children; 5) Mandatory swimming and water safety instructions in public schools; 6) More supervised public swimming sites.", "contents": "Profile of pediatric drowning victims in a water-oriented society. Drowning accounts for 32% of all pediatric accidental deaths in Dade County, Florida. Swimming pools, primarily home pools, are the most common site, 38%; followed by canals, 27%; lakes, ponds and rockpits, 13%; and the ocean and bay, 11%. The majority of drowning victims could not swim and were dead at the scene of the accident. Most pool victims were white, male, and 3 years old. Most victims were thought to be engaged in a non-pool related activity before the accident. Children who drowned in lakes, ponds, and rockpits, canals, and the ocean and bay were usually of school age and unsupervised. Black children had a higher rate of drowning than white children in these sites. Recommendations to prevent drowning: 1) Community education programs; 2) Safety fence around the perimeter of swimming pool; 3) Higher water levels in pools; 4) Investigation of \"drown-proofing\" instructions for preschool children; 5) Mandatory swimming and water safety instructions in public schools; 6) More supervised public swimming sites."}
{"id": "PMID:875098", "title": "Regional categorization and quality of care in major trauma.", "content": "A statewide evaluation of major inpatient trauma treatment was completed demonstrating the relationship of emergency medical service categorization and quality of trauma care. Demographic and organ injury data provided guidelines for preventive and medical education emphasizing the need for more practical sessions. The differences between the review process of primary care physicians and specialists was also discussed.", "contents": "Regional categorization and quality of care in major trauma. A statewide evaluation of major inpatient trauma treatment was completed demonstrating the relationship of emergency medical service categorization and quality of trauma care. Demographic and organ injury data provided guidelines for preventive and medical education emphasizing the need for more practical sessions. The differences between the review process of primary care physicians and specialists was also discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:875099", "title": "Abdominal injuries in automobile accidents: review of care of fatally injured patients.", "content": "Hypovolemia continues to be an important cause of death in patients who die as a result of vehicular trauma. Diagnosis and treatment of a series of 127 patients who died with blunt abdominal trauma from automobile accidents during 1969-1974 in Vermont are reported. The most frequent errors in the cases reviewed were failure to recognize and adequately treat hypovolemia, and to appreciate the urgent need for surgery. Death on the X-ray table while allowing persistence of hypovolemia was the common denominator in four of the five victims who died of ruptured spleens in the emergency departments, after having arrived alive following vehicular trauma. Forty-seven per cent of all reported deaths in automobile accidents had blunt abdominal trauma. Of those with blunt abdominal trauma who arrived alive, 26% might have survived with appropriate treatment which should have been available.", "contents": "Abdominal injuries in automobile accidents: review of care of fatally injured patients. Hypovolemia continues to be an important cause of death in patients who die as a result of vehicular trauma. Diagnosis and treatment of a series of 127 patients who died with blunt abdominal trauma from automobile accidents during 1969-1974 in Vermont are reported. The most frequent errors in the cases reviewed were failure to recognize and adequately treat hypovolemia, and to appreciate the urgent need for surgery. Death on the X-ray table while allowing persistence of hypovolemia was the common denominator in four of the five victims who died of ruptured spleens in the emergency departments, after having arrived alive following vehicular trauma. Forty-seven per cent of all reported deaths in automobile accidents had blunt abdominal trauma. Of those with blunt abdominal trauma who arrived alive, 26% might have survived with appropriate treatment which should have been available."}
{"id": "PMID:875100", "title": "Ureteral injuries due to external violence: 10 years' experience with 59 cases.", "content": "Fifty-nine cases of traumatic ureteral damage are presented. Gunshot wounds comprise the majority (52/59). Need for a high index of suspicion and aggressive diagnostic measures is stressed. The effects of missile velocity on the ureter are noted. Prompt operative management is advocated: choice of procedure depends on the location of the ureteral defect. Urinary complications occurred in 11/59 (19%). Four complications resulted from operative techniques no longer recommended. The death rate of 10% is related to the high incidence (57/59) of associated visceral and vascular injuries.", "contents": "Ureteral injuries due to external violence: 10 years' experience with 59 cases. Fifty-nine cases of traumatic ureteral damage are presented. Gunshot wounds comprise the majority (52/59). Need for a high index of suspicion and aggressive diagnostic measures is stressed. The effects of missile velocity on the ureter are noted. Prompt operative management is advocated: choice of procedure depends on the location of the ureteral defect. Urinary complications occurred in 11/59 (19%). Four complications resulted from operative techniques no longer recommended. The death rate of 10% is related to the high incidence (57/59) of associated visceral and vascular injuries."}
{"id": "PMID:875101", "title": "Fat embolism prophylaxis: a study of four treatment modalities.", "content": "Significant coagulation and blood gas changes may occur with uncomplicated extremity fractures. To more accurately define the effect of therapy on these changes, a prospective study of 58 patients with uncomplicated fractures was undertaken. An initial group of 10 selected patients was studied to determine the changes with \"standard therapy.\" The remaining 48 patients were then randomized into five groups: control, increased fluid intake, increased glucose intake, aspirin, and massive steroids. The patients were studied on 5 consecutive days. Treatment of patients in the latter four groups with aspirin or steroids resulted in significant normalization of blood gases, coagulation proteins, and platelet numbers when compared to controls. These measurements in patients treated with fluid loading or increased glucose intake were not significantly different from controls.", "contents": "Fat embolism prophylaxis: a study of four treatment modalities. Significant coagulation and blood gas changes may occur with uncomplicated extremity fractures. To more accurately define the effect of therapy on these changes, a prospective study of 58 patients with uncomplicated fractures was undertaken. An initial group of 10 selected patients was studied to determine the changes with \"standard therapy.\" The remaining 48 patients were then randomized into five groups: control, increased fluid intake, increased glucose intake, aspirin, and massive steroids. The patients were studied on 5 consecutive days. Treatment of patients in the latter four groups with aspirin or steroids resulted in significant normalization of blood gases, coagulation proteins, and platelet numbers when compared to controls. These measurements in patients treated with fluid loading or increased glucose intake were not significantly different from controls."}
{"id": "PMID:875102", "title": "Evaluation of peritoneal lavage and local exploration in lower chest and abdominal stab wounds.", "content": "One hundred twenty-three patients with lower chest and abdominal stab wounds were evaluated. If chest wounds were located between the two anterior axillary lines and abdominal examination was negative, peritoneal lavage was performed. If abdominal wounds were located between the two anterior axillary lines and physical examination was negative, local exploration was performed followed by lavage if local exploration was positive. Patients with negative lavage were observed and those with positive lavage were operated upon. Of the patients in this selected series 69.9% were spared an operative procedure. The incidence of negative laparotomy was 4.1%. It is concluded that the combination of local exploration and peritoneal lavage will increase diagnostic accuracy, eliminate unnecessary hospitalization, and reduce the number of negative laparotomies.", "contents": "Evaluation of peritoneal lavage and local exploration in lower chest and abdominal stab wounds. One hundred twenty-three patients with lower chest and abdominal stab wounds were evaluated. If chest wounds were located between the two anterior axillary lines and abdominal examination was negative, peritoneal lavage was performed. If abdominal wounds were located between the two anterior axillary lines and physical examination was negative, local exploration was performed followed by lavage if local exploration was positive. Patients with negative lavage were observed and those with positive lavage were operated upon. Of the patients in this selected series 69.9% were spared an operative procedure. The incidence of negative laparotomy was 4.1%. It is concluded that the combination of local exploration and peritoneal lavage will increase diagnostic accuracy, eliminate unnecessary hospitalization, and reduce the number of negative laparotomies."}
{"id": "PMID:875104", "title": "Rabies in the Arab Republic of Egypt: III. Enzootic rabies in wildlife.", "content": "Five hundred and thirty-two rodents (10 species) and 112 other wild mammals (six species) were examined for rabies infections in Egypt. Rabies virus was isolated from the brains of three (1-2%) of 249 Gerbils, Gerbillus gerbillus and one (1-8%) of 56 foxes, Vulpes species. In neutralization tests these isolates were found to be identical to classical rabies virus. Significant numbers of rodent and other wild mammal species need to be examined before they may be excluded as possible reservoirs of rabies virus in Egypt. Based on initial findings it may be wise to reevaluate antirabies treatment for rodent bites occurring within the Arab Republic of Egypt.", "contents": "Rabies in the Arab Republic of Egypt: III. Enzootic rabies in wildlife. Five hundred and thirty-two rodents (10 species) and 112 other wild mammals (six species) were examined for rabies infections in Egypt. Rabies virus was isolated from the brains of three (1-2%) of 249 Gerbils, Gerbillus gerbillus and one (1-8%) of 56 foxes, Vulpes species. In neutralization tests these isolates were found to be identical to classical rabies virus. Significant numbers of rodent and other wild mammal species need to be examined before they may be excluded as possible reservoirs of rabies virus in Egypt. Based on initial findings it may be wise to reevaluate antirabies treatment for rodent bites occurring within the Arab Republic of Egypt."}
{"id": "PMID:875114", "title": "[Renal angiomyolipomas. 9 cases (author's transl)].", "content": "Renal angiomyolipoma is a benign mesenchymatous tumour. Whether isolated or associated with phacomatoses, they are histologically identical and the hypothesis which suggests that isolated angiomyolipomas represent a forme fruste or tuberose sclerosis is attractive. The tumour is benign and resembles a carcinoma clincally and radiologically, to such an extent as to lead to confusion. Improved knowledge and more detailed study of radiological documents should avoid their always being, in the words of R. Couvelaire\" a constant operative or histological surprise\". However whilst there remains no doubt as to its benign nature, the association of true malignant tumours is possible and even seems frequent, which takes us back to the starting point and, given the difficulty of the pre-operative differential diagnosis with a carcinoma; we prefer to opt for extended nephrectomy when operation is indicated.", "contents": "[Renal angiomyolipomas. 9 cases (author's transl)]. Renal angiomyolipoma is a benign mesenchymatous tumour. Whether isolated or associated with phacomatoses, they are histologically identical and the hypothesis which suggests that isolated angiomyolipomas represent a forme fruste or tuberose sclerosis is attractive. The tumour is benign and resembles a carcinoma clincally and radiologically, to such an extent as to lead to confusion. Improved knowledge and more detailed study of radiological documents should avoid their always being, in the words of R. Couvelaire\" a constant operative or histological surprise\". However whilst there remains no doubt as to its benign nature, the association of true malignant tumours is possible and even seems frequent, which takes us back to the starting point and, given the difficulty of the pre-operative differential diagnosis with a carcinoma; we prefer to opt for extended nephrectomy when operation is indicated."}
{"id": "PMID:875121", "title": "[Renal heamangioma (author's transl)].", "content": "Two cases of renal haemangioma. The literature is reviewed, 150 cases being presented. The aetiology is variously taken to be a tumour or malformation. The predominant clinical sign is haematuria. The authors stress the difficulty of making the diagnosis preoperatively. Amongst the various histological types, the cavernous variety is the most common. Treatment is essentially surgical though radiotherapy has centain indications.", "contents": "[Renal heamangioma (author's transl)]. Two cases of renal haemangioma. The literature is reviewed, 150 cases being presented. The aetiology is variously taken to be a tumour or malformation. The predominant clinical sign is haematuria. The authors stress the difficulty of making the diagnosis preoperatively. Amongst the various histological types, the cavernous variety is the most common. Treatment is essentially surgical though radiotherapy has centain indications."}
{"id": "PMID:875122", "title": "[Diagnostic and therapeutic of arteriovenous fistulas (author's transl)].", "content": "The clinical signs of 2 arteriovenous fistulas are discussed and compared with the literature. Arteriovenous fistulas following percutaneous kidney bioposies are very frequent. Most of them are not to be treated. In contrast to the common spontaneous closure of these fistulas in the kidney periphery, central arteriovenous fistulas should be operated always by partial resection.", "contents": "[Diagnostic and therapeutic of arteriovenous fistulas (author's transl)]. The clinical signs of 2 arteriovenous fistulas are discussed and compared with the literature. Arteriovenous fistulas following percutaneous kidney bioposies are very frequent. Most of them are not to be treated. In contrast to the common spontaneous closure of these fistulas in the kidney periphery, central arteriovenous fistulas should be operated always by partial resection."}
{"id": "PMID:875123", "title": "[The surgical treatment of urinary stress incontinence following hysterectomy or operation for genital prolapse (author's transl)].", "content": "Thirty patients suffering from stress incontinence of urine following hysterectomy or operation for genital prolapse underwent operation after study of the colpocystogram. This examination, practically painless and free of risk, visualises pelvic visceral kinetics and is felt by the author to be essential. It confirms the existence of stress incontinence, reveals the usual cause, detects associated abnormalities and indicates the appropriate surgical technique. The method of treatment was paramedial or medial fixation of the uterus, vagina or residual cervix to the public promontory, complemented in some cases by excision of the pouch of Douglas or posterior myorraphy. Apart from in certain special cases (irritable tirgone syndrome) the cure of mictional problems can be guaranteed.", "contents": "[The surgical treatment of urinary stress incontinence following hysterectomy or operation for genital prolapse (author's transl)]. Thirty patients suffering from stress incontinence of urine following hysterectomy or operation for genital prolapse underwent operation after study of the colpocystogram. This examination, practically painless and free of risk, visualises pelvic visceral kinetics and is felt by the author to be essential. It confirms the existence of stress incontinence, reveals the usual cause, detects associated abnormalities and indicates the appropriate surgical technique. The method of treatment was paramedial or medial fixation of the uterus, vagina or residual cervix to the public promontory, complemented in some cases by excision of the pouch of Douglas or posterior myorraphy. Apart from in certain special cases (irritable tirgone syndrome) the cure of mictional problems can be guaranteed."}
{"id": "PMID:875124", "title": "[Reno-colic fistula, spontaneous rupture of the ureter, triple urter: ureterocoele: an unusual combination (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors report a case which is exceptional both on the basis of the association of malformations present as well as the presenting complications. Right triple ureter with ectopic implantation. Spontaneous fistulisation into the colon of a supernumerary pelvis. Rupture of a megaureter into the retroperitoneal space, the initial episode. Finally, double ureter on the left with ureterocoele. The difficulty of precise diagnosis before operation is emphasised. The latter did not permit immediate complete assessment of the lesions, the discovery and treatment of which required several operations.", "contents": "[Reno-colic fistula, spontaneous rupture of the ureter, triple urter: ureterocoele: an unusual combination (author's transl)]. The authors report a case which is exceptional both on the basis of the association of malformations present as well as the presenting complications. Right triple ureter with ectopic implantation. Spontaneous fistulisation into the colon of a supernumerary pelvis. Rupture of a megaureter into the retroperitoneal space, the initial episode. Finally, double ureter on the left with ureterocoele. The difficulty of precise diagnosis before operation is emphasised. The latter did not permit immediate complete assessment of the lesions, the discovery and treatment of which required several operations."}
{"id": "PMID:875126", "title": "[Priapism in a 13 year old boy. Caverno-spongiosal anastomosis with a successful result (author's transl)].", "content": "Idiopathic priapism is rare and even more so when it affects a pre-pubertal child. The authors study this curious disorders on the basis of one case and show the value of caverno-spongiosal anastomosis, even when carried out late.", "contents": "[Priapism in a 13 year old boy. Caverno-spongiosal anastomosis with a successful result (author's transl)]. Idiopathic priapism is rare and even more so when it affects a pre-pubertal child. The authors study this curious disorders on the basis of one case and show the value of caverno-spongiosal anastomosis, even when carried out late."}
{"id": "PMID:875133", "title": "Transcription of the genome of adenovirus type 12. IV. Maps of stable late RNA from productively infected human cells.", "content": "From human KB cells productively infected with adenovirus type 12, mRNA and stable nuclear RNA were isolated late (42 h) after infection. Using restriction endonuclease fragments of adenovirus type 12 DNA, mRNA and stable nuclear RNA sequences were mapped on the viral genome. Late after infection, preferentially the r (= rightward) strand is transcribed into stable nuclear RNA, whereas the l (= leftward) strand is expressed only to a minor extent. Adenovirus type 12-specific mRNA originates from the following sections on the viral genome: 0 to 0.11, 0.18 to 0.20, 0.27 to 0.49, 0.56 to 0.63, 0.68 to 0.84, and 0.89 to 0.92 fractional length units on the r strand and 0.11 to 0.16, 0.22 to 0.27, 0.50 to 0.54, 0.62 to 0.66, 0.855 to 0.865, and 0.93 to 1.0 fractional length units on the l strand. Self-complementary viral RNA isolated at 42 h postinfection anneals to 70 to 80% of each strand of the viral genome.", "contents": "Transcription of the genome of adenovirus type 12. IV. Maps of stable late RNA from productively infected human cells. From human KB cells productively infected with adenovirus type 12, mRNA and stable nuclear RNA were isolated late (42 h) after infection. Using restriction endonuclease fragments of adenovirus type 12 DNA, mRNA and stable nuclear RNA sequences were mapped on the viral genome. Late after infection, preferentially the r (= rightward) strand is transcribed into stable nuclear RNA, whereas the l (= leftward) strand is expressed only to a minor extent. Adenovirus type 12-specific mRNA originates from the following sections on the viral genome: 0 to 0.11, 0.18 to 0.20, 0.27 to 0.49, 0.56 to 0.63, 0.68 to 0.84, and 0.89 to 0.92 fractional length units on the r strand and 0.11 to 0.16, 0.22 to 0.27, 0.50 to 0.54, 0.62 to 0.66, 0.855 to 0.865, and 0.93 to 1.0 fractional length units on the l strand. Self-complementary viral RNA isolated at 42 h postinfection anneals to 70 to 80% of each strand of the viral genome."}
{"id": "PMID:875134", "title": "Envelopments of Sindbis virus: synthesis and organization of proteins in cells infected with wild type and maturation-defective mutants.", "content": "The synthesis and organization of Sindbis virus structural proteins was investigated in BHK cells infected with wild-type virus (SVHR) or temperature-sensitive (ts) mutants defective in maturation. Cells infected with ts-23 or ts-20 (complementation groups D and E) were similar in the polypeptides synthesized at the nonpermissive temperature and differed from SVHR-infected cells in that the envelope protein E2 was not cleaved from the PE2 precursor. Data from experiments utilizing pulse-chase procedures or protein synthesis inhibitors indicated that although infectious virions were released from cells infected with these mutants in shift-down experiments, the particles were produced almost exclusively from proteins synthesized after the return to permissive temperature. This suggests that a stable complex may be formed among the structural proteins before budding. A membrane fraction isolated from cells infected with either ts mutants or SVHR contained the PE2, E1, and C polypeptides, whereas E2 was restricted to fractions obtained from SVHR-infected cells. Although equivalent amounts of virus-specific protein were synthesized in cells infected with either mutant and the cells contained qualitatively the same proteins in the isolated membranes, cells infected with ts-23 did not have virus-specific proteins exposed on their surface that could be detected by ferritin-conjugated antibody-labeling procedures or lactoperoxidase-mediated iodination. In contrast, ts-20-infected cells had significant amounts of viral protein, mainly E1, that could be detected on the plasma membrane by either procedure. Iodine was incorporated into E1 and E2 on the surface of SVHR-infected cells in the same relative amounts as seen in iodinated virions. PE2, however, although present in membranes, could not be iodinated on the surface of infected cells under any of the conditions used in this study. We also monitored the relative efficiency with which these viral proteins could be removed from intact cells by dilute solutions of nonionic detergents. The results indicated that E2 was most efficiently removed, followed by E1. PE2 (the precursor to E2) and C remained associated with the cell and could be subsequently isolated in the membrane fraction.", "contents": "Envelopments of Sindbis virus: synthesis and organization of proteins in cells infected with wild type and maturation-defective mutants. The synthesis and organization of Sindbis virus structural proteins was investigated in BHK cells infected with wild-type virus (SVHR) or temperature-sensitive (ts) mutants defective in maturation. Cells infected with ts-23 or ts-20 (complementation groups D and E) were similar in the polypeptides synthesized at the nonpermissive temperature and differed from SVHR-infected cells in that the envelope protein E2 was not cleaved from the PE2 precursor. Data from experiments utilizing pulse-chase procedures or protein synthesis inhibitors indicated that although infectious virions were released from cells infected with these mutants in shift-down experiments, the particles were produced almost exclusively from proteins synthesized after the return to permissive temperature. This suggests that a stable complex may be formed among the structural proteins before budding. A membrane fraction isolated from cells infected with either ts mutants or SVHR contained the PE2, E1, and C polypeptides, whereas E2 was restricted to fractions obtained from SVHR-infected cells. Although equivalent amounts of virus-specific protein were synthesized in cells infected with either mutant and the cells contained qualitatively the same proteins in the isolated membranes, cells infected with ts-23 did not have virus-specific proteins exposed on their surface that could be detected by ferritin-conjugated antibody-labeling procedures or lactoperoxidase-mediated iodination. In contrast, ts-20-infected cells had significant amounts of viral protein, mainly E1, that could be detected on the plasma membrane by either procedure. Iodine was incorporated into E1 and E2 on the surface of SVHR-infected cells in the same relative amounts as seen in iodinated virions. PE2, however, although present in membranes, could not be iodinated on the surface of infected cells under any of the conditions used in this study. We also monitored the relative efficiency with which these viral proteins could be removed from intact cells by dilute solutions of nonionic detergents. The results indicated that E2 was most efficiently removed, followed by E1. PE2 (the precursor to E2) and C remained associated with the cell and could be subsequently isolated in the membrane fraction."}
{"id": "PMID:875135", "title": "Genome RNAs and polypeptides of reovirus serotypes 1, 2, and 3.", "content": "The virus-specific double-stranded genome RNA and polypeptides present in virions and cells infected with the three mammalian reovirus serotypes have been examined by co-electrophoresis in several different polyacrylamide gel systems. The double-stranded RNA and polypeptide species previously described for type 3 Dearing were found to have corresponding species in the other serotypes examined. In each serotype several RNA and polypeptide species were found to have different electrophoretic mobilities from the corresponding RNA or polypeptide species of type 3 Dearing. The combination of electrophoretic variants among the RNAs and polypeptides of the reovirus serotypes gave electrophoretic markers in all 10 of the reovirus genes. The usefulness of these electrophoretic markers in \"mapping\" the reovirus genome is discussed.", "contents": "Genome RNAs and polypeptides of reovirus serotypes 1, 2, and 3. The virus-specific double-stranded genome RNA and polypeptides present in virions and cells infected with the three mammalian reovirus serotypes have been examined by co-electrophoresis in several different polyacrylamide gel systems. The double-stranded RNA and polypeptide species previously described for type 3 Dearing were found to have corresponding species in the other serotypes examined. In each serotype several RNA and polypeptide species were found to have different electrophoretic mobilities from the corresponding RNA or polypeptide species of type 3 Dearing. The combination of electrophoretic variants among the RNAs and polypeptides of the reovirus serotypes gave electrophoretic markers in all 10 of the reovirus genes. The usefulness of these electrophoretic markers in \"mapping\" the reovirus genome is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:875136", "title": "Genetic mapping of regA mutants of bacteriophage T4D.", "content": "SP62, a mutant of bacteriophage T4 shown by Wiberg et al. (1973) to be defective in regulation of T4 protein synthesis, was shown by complementation tests to define a new gene, regA, and by intergenic mapping to lie between genes 43 and 62. The mapping involved crossing SP62 with a quadruple amber mutant defective in genes 42, 43, 62, and 44, selecting all six classes of amber-containing recombinants caused by single crossover events, and then scoring the presence or absence of SP62 in these recombinants. In addition, 15 new, spontaneous regA mutants were isolated, and 13 of these were mapped against each other; a total of eight different mutation sites were thus defined. Most of the new mutants were isolated as pseudorevertants of a leaky amber mutant in gene 62, according to Karam and Bowles (1974), whereas one was identified by virtue of the \"white ring\" around its plaque, a phenotype possessed by all the regA mutants at high temperature, SP62 was renamed regA1, and the new mutants were named regA2, regA3, etc.", "contents": "Genetic mapping of regA mutants of bacteriophage T4D. SP62, a mutant of bacteriophage T4 shown by Wiberg et al. (1973) to be defective in regulation of T4 protein synthesis, was shown by complementation tests to define a new gene, regA, and by intergenic mapping to lie between genes 43 and 62. The mapping involved crossing SP62 with a quadruple amber mutant defective in genes 42, 43, 62, and 44, selecting all six classes of amber-containing recombinants caused by single crossover events, and then scoring the presence or absence of SP62 in these recombinants. In addition, 15 new, spontaneous regA mutants were isolated, and 13 of these were mapped against each other; a total of eight different mutation sites were thus defined. Most of the new mutants were isolated as pseudorevertants of a leaky amber mutant in gene 62, according to Karam and Bowles (1974), whereas one was identified by virtue of the \"white ring\" around its plaque, a phenotype possessed by all the regA mutants at high temperature, SP62 was renamed regA1, and the new mutants were named regA2, regA3, etc."}
{"id": "PMID:875137", "title": "Bacteriophage T4D head morphogenesis. VIII. DNA-protein associations in intermediate head structures that accumulate in gene 49--mutant-infected cells.", "content": "We have utilized the gene 49(-) mutant-infected cells of bacteriophage T4D to accumulate large numbers of nucleic acid-protein intermediate head structures. These heads were used as substrates for experiments in the investigations of the mechanism of DNA packaging. Specifically, we have examined: (i) the susceptibility of the DNA in these structures to digestion by a variety of nucleases after a series of increasing temperature pulses from 25 to 100 degrees C, (ii) the physicochemical characteristics of the DNA inside these heads, and (iii) the mechanism by which proteins are displaced from the interior of the head after treatment with basic proteins. We isolated DNA from these gene 49(-) heads by use of gradient centrifugation procedures. The DNA had a molecular weight of 8 x 10(6) and a density of 1.697 +/- 0.005 g/cm(3), and it contained a short resistant fraction (SRF) which, when associated with the gene 49(-) heads, exhibited AT-protected regions that were not susceptible to micrococcal nuclease digestion. Such a fraction may contain pieces which are important in the initial association of the DNA with the prohead. Exposure of the gene 49(-) intermediate capsid structures to basic proteins, such as bovine trypsin inhibitor, lysozyme, and l-polylysine-70, caused a displacement of an amorphous-appearing structure which may be a complex of the gene 49(-) DNA and interior components of the capsid (e.g., internal proteins, polyamines). Our general conclusion is that in the gene 49(-) intermediate head structures which are only partly filled with DNA, this DNA is held inside the head by strong electrostatic linkages with interior polypeptides and polyamines.", "contents": "Bacteriophage T4D head morphogenesis. VIII. DNA-protein associations in intermediate head structures that accumulate in gene 49--mutant-infected cells. We have utilized the gene 49(-) mutant-infected cells of bacteriophage T4D to accumulate large numbers of nucleic acid-protein intermediate head structures. These heads were used as substrates for experiments in the investigations of the mechanism of DNA packaging. Specifically, we have examined: (i) the susceptibility of the DNA in these structures to digestion by a variety of nucleases after a series of increasing temperature pulses from 25 to 100 degrees C, (ii) the physicochemical characteristics of the DNA inside these heads, and (iii) the mechanism by which proteins are displaced from the interior of the head after treatment with basic proteins. We isolated DNA from these gene 49(-) heads by use of gradient centrifugation procedures. The DNA had a molecular weight of 8 x 10(6) and a density of 1.697 +/- 0.005 g/cm(3), and it contained a short resistant fraction (SRF) which, when associated with the gene 49(-) heads, exhibited AT-protected regions that were not susceptible to micrococcal nuclease digestion. Such a fraction may contain pieces which are important in the initial association of the DNA with the prohead. Exposure of the gene 49(-) intermediate capsid structures to basic proteins, such as bovine trypsin inhibitor, lysozyme, and l-polylysine-70, caused a displacement of an amorphous-appearing structure which may be a complex of the gene 49(-) DNA and interior components of the capsid (e.g., internal proteins, polyamines). Our general conclusion is that in the gene 49(-) intermediate head structures which are only partly filled with DNA, this DNA is held inside the head by strong electrostatic linkages with interior polypeptides and polyamines."}
{"id": "PMID:875138", "title": "Adenovirus strand nomenclature: a proposal.", "content": "Thirty-six scientists have agreed to standardize the nomenclature of DNA strands of all adenovirus serotypes according to certain criteria.", "contents": "Adenovirus strand nomenclature: a proposal. Thirty-six scientists have agreed to standardize the nomenclature of DNA strands of all adenovirus serotypes according to certain criteria."}
{"id": "PMID:875139", "title": "Placebo versus allopurinol for renal calculi.", "content": "Certain patients with recurrent calcium oxalate calculi will show a mild uricacidemia and/or uricosuria. A prospective blind study was begun in 1970, comparing placebo to allopurinol in the management of these patients. The 92 patients had been followed for a minimum of 6 months to 5 years before the code was broken. It is demonstrated clearly that there is a placebo effect in the management of renal calculous disease. It also has been shown that the only event that clearly separates the 2 groups is complete cessation of calculous formation. Allopurinol is effective in 61 per cent of the patients and these successes usually can be identified after 1 year of treatment.", "contents": "Placebo versus allopurinol for renal calculi. Certain patients with recurrent calcium oxalate calculi will show a mild uricacidemia and/or uricosuria. A prospective blind study was begun in 1970, comparing placebo to allopurinol in the management of these patients. The 92 patients had been followed for a minimum of 6 months to 5 years before the code was broken. It is demonstrated clearly that there is a placebo effect in the management of renal calculous disease. It also has been shown that the only event that clearly separates the 2 groups is complete cessation of calculous formation. Allopurinol is effective in 61 per cent of the patients and these successes usually can be identified after 1 year of treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:875141", "title": "A comparative study of open surgical and percutaneous renal biopsies.", "content": "Percutaneous renal biopsy was performed on 171 patients during the same interval as an open surgical biopsy was done on 100 patients in the same hospital. Patients who underwent an open biopsy had more severe renal dysfunction and hypertension than those who had a percutaneous biopsy. Tissue adequate for diagnosis was obtained in 100 per cent of the open biopsies. The kidney was reached in 88 per cent of all percutaneous biopsies with tissue adequate for diagnosis in 82.5 per cent. Of 87 patients biopsied with image-amplification fluoroscopy renal tissue was obtained in 97 per cent with tissue adequate for diagnosis in 92 per cent. No nephrectomies were done and no deaths occurred in either group. Our complications and yield by percutaneous biopsy compared favorably to those of other series. Further, open biopsy in a high risk population was associated with a high yield of tissue adequate for diagnosis with no increase in complications. Procurement of renal tissue need rarely be denied a patient if a biopsy is clinically indicated.", "contents": "A comparative study of open surgical and percutaneous renal biopsies. Percutaneous renal biopsy was performed on 171 patients during the same interval as an open surgical biopsy was done on 100 patients in the same hospital. Patients who underwent an open biopsy had more severe renal dysfunction and hypertension than those who had a percutaneous biopsy. Tissue adequate for diagnosis was obtained in 100 per cent of the open biopsies. The kidney was reached in 88 per cent of all percutaneous biopsies with tissue adequate for diagnosis in 82.5 per cent. Of 87 patients biopsied with image-amplification fluoroscopy renal tissue was obtained in 97 per cent with tissue adequate for diagnosis in 92 per cent. No nephrectomies were done and no deaths occurred in either group. Our complications and yield by percutaneous biopsy compared favorably to those of other series. Further, open biopsy in a high risk population was associated with a high yield of tissue adequate for diagnosis with no increase in complications. Procurement of renal tissue need rarely be denied a patient if a biopsy is clinically indicated."}
{"id": "PMID:875142", "title": "Preoperative diagnosis of renal angiomyolipoma.", "content": "Six cases of renal angiomyolipoma are reviewed. In 5 of these 6 cases a characteristics radiolucent fat sign was present overlying the renal mass. In 10 cases of hypernephroma selected only on the basis of a tissue diagnosis and the availability of a pre-injection scout film this sign was not present. The recent literature is reviewed on the radiographic diagnosis of angiomyolipoma. We conclude that angiography is not reliable in the differentiation of angiomyolipoma from hypernephroma. However, demonstration of a radiolucency on the pre-injection scout film is virtually pathognomonic of angiomyolipoma. Tomographic cuts without contrast injection may increase diagnostic accuracy.", "contents": "Preoperative diagnosis of renal angiomyolipoma. Six cases of renal angiomyolipoma are reviewed. In 5 of these 6 cases a characteristics radiolucent fat sign was present overlying the renal mass. In 10 cases of hypernephroma selected only on the basis of a tissue diagnosis and the availability of a pre-injection scout film this sign was not present. The recent literature is reviewed on the radiographic diagnosis of angiomyolipoma. We conclude that angiography is not reliable in the differentiation of angiomyolipoma from hypernephroma. However, demonstration of a radiolucency on the pre-injection scout film is virtually pathognomonic of angiomyolipoma. Tomographic cuts without contrast injection may increase diagnostic accuracy."}
{"id": "PMID:875143", "title": "Unsuspected renal tumors associated with renal cysts.", "content": "A series of renal tumors associated with renal cysts is presented. Prior to surgical exploration appropriate diagnostic studies failed to indicate evidence of the presence of neoplastic lesions. The importance of surgical exploration of avascular \"benign\" renal masses is emphasized.", "contents": "Unsuspected renal tumors associated with renal cysts. A series of renal tumors associated with renal cysts is presented. Prior to surgical exploration appropriate diagnostic studies failed to indicate evidence of the presence of neoplastic lesions. The importance of surgical exploration of avascular \"benign\" renal masses is emphasized."}
{"id": "PMID:875144", "title": "Sterol synthesis in cultured human renal cell cancer.", "content": "Studies on sterol synthesis in cultured human renal cell carcinoma were conducted in an attempt to elucidate the mechanism by which clear cell tumors accumulate cholesterol in the cytoplasm. Cultured renal cell carcinoma requires serum lipoproteins for optimal growth. In some renal cell carcinomas cellular cholesterol content was significantly higher than that present in cultured kidney cells under similar conditions. Renal cell carcinoma synthesizes sterols from labeled acetate. The rate of sterol synthesis is inversely proportional to the levels of exogenous cholesterol in the growth medium, suggesting the presence of a negative feedback mechanism. In addition, the conversion of 27-carbon-atom sterol precursors to cholesterol appears to be slow and inefficient under the presnt conditions. We conclude that an aberrant regulation of cholesterol synthesis cannot be invoked necessarily to explain cholesterol accumulation in renal cell carcinoma.", "contents": "Sterol synthesis in cultured human renal cell cancer. Studies on sterol synthesis in cultured human renal cell carcinoma were conducted in an attempt to elucidate the mechanism by which clear cell tumors accumulate cholesterol in the cytoplasm. Cultured renal cell carcinoma requires serum lipoproteins for optimal growth. In some renal cell carcinomas cellular cholesterol content was significantly higher than that present in cultured kidney cells under similar conditions. Renal cell carcinoma synthesizes sterols from labeled acetate. The rate of sterol synthesis is inversely proportional to the levels of exogenous cholesterol in the growth medium, suggesting the presence of a negative feedback mechanism. In addition, the conversion of 27-carbon-atom sterol precursors to cholesterol appears to be slow and inefficient under the presnt conditions. We conclude that an aberrant regulation of cholesterol synthesis cannot be invoked necessarily to explain cholesterol accumulation in renal cell carcinoma."}
{"id": "PMID:875146", "title": "Fracture of the penis with associated laceration of the urethra.", "content": "Two patients with rupture of the urethra secondary to sexual trauma are described. Our results with the surgical treatment of such injuries are reported and the potential etiologies are postulated. One patient had an excellent result, while the other had a residual urethral stricture.", "contents": "Fracture of the penis with associated laceration of the urethra. Two patients with rupture of the urethra secondary to sexual trauma are described. Our results with the surgical treatment of such injuries are reported and the potential etiologies are postulated. One patient had an excellent result, while the other had a residual urethral stricture."}
{"id": "PMID:875147", "title": "Embryologic considerations of diphallus and associated anomalies.", "content": "Two patients, 1 adult and 1 infant, with complete duplication of the penis are described. The adult had a single bladder, a bifid scrotum, a low abdominal wall hernia, separation of the symphysis pubis, bilateral inguinal hernias, rectal prolapse, bilateral vesicoureteral reflux and bilateral staghorn calculi. The infant had duplication of the bladder, hypoplasia of the left kidney, lumbosacral anomalies, a hypoplastic left lower extremity, an imperforate anus, a infraumbilical wall hernia and separation of the symphysis pubis. A survey of the anomalies accompanying the 2 main types of diphallus (shaft and glans, and glans alone)showed that there was a preponderance of anomalies of posterior structures such as colon, bladder and spine in the shaft and glans diphallus, and a higher incidence of isolated exstrophy of the bladder in diphallus of the glans alone. The embryogenic implications of these findings are discussed.", "contents": "Embryologic considerations of diphallus and associated anomalies. Two patients, 1 adult and 1 infant, with complete duplication of the penis are described. The adult had a single bladder, a bifid scrotum, a low abdominal wall hernia, separation of the symphysis pubis, bilateral inguinal hernias, rectal prolapse, bilateral vesicoureteral reflux and bilateral staghorn calculi. The infant had duplication of the bladder, hypoplasia of the left kidney, lumbosacral anomalies, a hypoplastic left lower extremity, an imperforate anus, a infraumbilical wall hernia and separation of the symphysis pubis. A survey of the anomalies accompanying the 2 main types of diphallus (shaft and glans, and glans alone)showed that there was a preponderance of anomalies of posterior structures such as colon, bladder and spine in the shaft and glans diphallus, and a higher incidence of isolated exstrophy of the bladder in diphallus of the glans alone. The embryogenic implications of these findings are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:875148", "title": "Multiple germ cell tumors: reports of 3 cases, 1 with 3 primary lesions.", "content": "Tumors may develop in both testes, either concomitantly or sequentially. We herein report 3 cases of bilateral testicular neoplasms. One patient had concomitant seminomas of the testes and another had sequential germ cell tumors separated by an 11-year interval. The third patient is an unusual case in that he had bilateral testicular germ cell tumors diagnosed concomitantly 8 years after irradiation of an extragonadal, histologically proved, seminoma in the mediastinum. Evidence suggests that all 3 sites, each testis and the mediastinum, were primary lesions. Standard methods of therapy should be used in the treatment of malignancies.", "contents": "Multiple germ cell tumors: reports of 3 cases, 1 with 3 primary lesions. Tumors may develop in both testes, either concomitantly or sequentially. We herein report 3 cases of bilateral testicular neoplasms. One patient had concomitant seminomas of the testes and another had sequential germ cell tumors separated by an 11-year interval. The third patient is an unusual case in that he had bilateral testicular germ cell tumors diagnosed concomitantly 8 years after irradiation of an extragonadal, histologically proved, seminoma in the mediastinum. Evidence suggests that all 3 sites, each testis and the mediastinum, were primary lesions. Standard methods of therapy should be used in the treatment of malignancies."}
{"id": "PMID:875149", "title": "The response of metastatic retroperitoneal seminoma to chemotherapy.", "content": "Two patients with advanced metastatic seminoma were treated with radiation therapy, triple-drug chemotherapy and radical surgical resection. In 1 patient the seminoma was radiation-recurrent and radiation-resistant, while in the second patient the metastatic seminoma encroached upon both kidneys and could not be irradiated initially for fear of bilateral radiation nephritis. Both tumors were reduced in size markedly by the chemotherapy and the residual mass was excised in each instance. One patient was free of the tumor 18 months after treatment, while the other patient had recurrence in a distant area after 16 months. The marked responsiveness of both tumors to triple-drug chemotherapy emphasizes the importance of an aggressive approach to advanced metastatic seminoma, including radiation therapy, chemotherapy and surgery.", "contents": "The response of metastatic retroperitoneal seminoma to chemotherapy. Two patients with advanced metastatic seminoma were treated with radiation therapy, triple-drug chemotherapy and radical surgical resection. In 1 patient the seminoma was radiation-recurrent and radiation-resistant, while in the second patient the metastatic seminoma encroached upon both kidneys and could not be irradiated initially for fear of bilateral radiation nephritis. Both tumors were reduced in size markedly by the chemotherapy and the residual mass was excised in each instance. One patient was free of the tumor 18 months after treatment, while the other patient had recurrence in a distant area after 16 months. The marked responsiveness of both tumors to triple-drug chemotherapy emphasizes the importance of an aggressive approach to advanced metastatic seminoma, including radiation therapy, chemotherapy and surgery."}
{"id": "PMID:875150", "title": "Elevated bone marrow acid phosphatase: the problem of false positives.", "content": "Bone marrow acid phosphatase values were studied in 24 patients (12 men and 12 women) selected at random, including 6 at autopsy. False positive results were noted in 8 of the 18 patients who were alive and in all 6 patients studied at autopsy. The possible causes for these falsely elevated results are discussed. The bone marrow acid phosphatase is a test of poor specificity and should not be used as the sole test on which vital decisions regarding management of the patient are based.", "contents": "Elevated bone marrow acid phosphatase: the problem of false positives. Bone marrow acid phosphatase values were studied in 24 patients (12 men and 12 women) selected at random, including 6 at autopsy. False positive results were noted in 8 of the 18 patients who were alive and in all 6 patients studied at autopsy. The possible causes for these falsely elevated results are discussed. The bone marrow acid phosphatase is a test of poor specificity and should not be used as the sole test on which vital decisions regarding management of the patient are based."}
{"id": "PMID:875151", "title": "A comparison between lymphangiography and pelvic node dissection in the staging of prostatic cancer.", "content": "On 40 consecutive patients with prostatic cancer who had pedal lymphangiography during the initial evaluation and, subsequently, underwent pelvic node dissection or biopsy, a surprisingly high number had falsely positive (59 per cent) or negative (36 per cent) x-ray findings. Initially the tumors were considered clinically to be stage B in 24 cases, stage C in 13 and stage D in 3. After lymph node dissection only 17 tumors were still considered to be stage B and 7 were stage C, while 16 tumors were actually stage D. This surgical staging is important for the further management of the patient as well as the prognosis, Pedal lymphangiogrpahy alone is unreliable for accurate assessment of the regional lymph node status in clinically localized prostatic cancer.", "contents": "A comparison between lymphangiography and pelvic node dissection in the staging of prostatic cancer. On 40 consecutive patients with prostatic cancer who had pedal lymphangiography during the initial evaluation and, subsequently, underwent pelvic node dissection or biopsy, a surprisingly high number had falsely positive (59 per cent) or negative (36 per cent) x-ray findings. Initially the tumors were considered clinically to be stage B in 24 cases, stage C in 13 and stage D in 3. After lymph node dissection only 17 tumors were still considered to be stage B and 7 were stage C, while 16 tumors were actually stage D. This surgical staging is important for the further management of the patient as well as the prognosis, Pedal lymphangiogrpahy alone is unreliable for accurate assessment of the regional lymph node status in clinically localized prostatic cancer."}
{"id": "PMID:875152", "title": "Intercostal nerve block with flank incision.", "content": "We studied the postoperative course of 20 consecutive patients with T10 to 12 flank incisions, half of whom had intraoperative bupivacaine intercostal nerve blocks. The nerve block patients required less pain medication (p less than 0.001), ambulated 3 days earlier (p less than 0.001) and took a regular diet 2 days sooner (p less than 0.01) than the control patients.", "contents": "Intercostal nerve block with flank incision. We studied the postoperative course of 20 consecutive patients with T10 to 12 flank incisions, half of whom had intraoperative bupivacaine intercostal nerve blocks. The nerve block patients required less pain medication (p less than 0.001), ambulated 3 days earlier (p less than 0.001) and took a regular diet 2 days sooner (p less than 0.01) than the control patients."}
{"id": "PMID:875153", "title": "The clinical value of lymphangiography: are the nodes surrounding the obturator nerve visualized?", "content": "Twenty-five patients subjected to pelvic node dissection for urologic malignancies underwent bilateral pedal lymphangiography preoperatively. Postoperatively, 50 samples of the nodes selectively removed from the regions surrounding the obturator nerve were radiographed. All 50 samples revealed the presence of radiopaque dye. The lymph nodes surrounding the obturator nerve represent the first point of lymphatic metastases in carcinoma of the prostate and the bladder. Their visualization by lymphangiography emphasizes the importance of such a diagnostic study for the correct clinical staging of these diseases. The lymphatic anatomy of the pelvis is reviewed and compared to the radiological findings in lymphangiography.", "contents": "The clinical value of lymphangiography: are the nodes surrounding the obturator nerve visualized? Twenty-five patients subjected to pelvic node dissection for urologic malignancies underwent bilateral pedal lymphangiography preoperatively. Postoperatively, 50 samples of the nodes selectively removed from the regions surrounding the obturator nerve were radiographed. All 50 samples revealed the presence of radiopaque dye. The lymph nodes surrounding the obturator nerve represent the first point of lymphatic metastases in carcinoma of the prostate and the bladder. Their visualization by lymphangiography emphasizes the importance of such a diagnostic study for the correct clinical staging of these diseases. The lymphatic anatomy of the pelvis is reviewed and compared to the radiological findings in lymphangiography."}
{"id": "PMID:875154", "title": "Electrical stimulation of the rectal ampulla causing reflex voiding.", "content": "Electrical stimulation of the rectal ampulla resulted in a desire to void and defecate in 11 patients with an intact nervous system. There was a contraction of the detrusor and the rectal ampulla with relaxation of the anal sphincter. Electrical stimulation of the rectal ampulla and anal sphincter has clinical applications in patients with incontinence of, or inability to empty, the lower urinary tract or fecal system.", "contents": "Electrical stimulation of the rectal ampulla causing reflex voiding. Electrical stimulation of the rectal ampulla resulted in a desire to void and defecate in 11 patients with an intact nervous system. There was a contraction of the detrusor and the rectal ampulla with relaxation of the anal sphincter. Electrical stimulation of the rectal ampulla and anal sphincter has clinical applications in patients with incontinence of, or inability to empty, the lower urinary tract or fecal system."}
{"id": "PMID:875155", "title": "Changing concepts in the urodynamic evaluation of children.", "content": "Urodynamic evaluation was performed in 46 children with myelodysplasia, spinal cord injury, enuresis, postoperative incontinece, sacral agenesis and recurrent urinary tract infection. The basic study consisted of voiding cystourethrography followed by the simultaneous recording of intra-abdominal and intravesical pressure with external urethral sphincter electromyography. Urethral pressure profile, urinary flow rate and anal sphincter electromyography were performed selectively. There was no correlation between the clinical neurological level and the cystometric pattern in patients with spinal cord lesions. Bladder-external sphincter dyssynergia was associated with a high post-void residual urine in children with hypertonic bladders, while in children with hypotonic bladders dyssynergia did not affect the post-void residual. Since, urinary symptoms bore little relationship to urodynamic findings in our study we recommend complete evaluation of children who have persistent disturbances of micturition.", "contents": "Changing concepts in the urodynamic evaluation of children. Urodynamic evaluation was performed in 46 children with myelodysplasia, spinal cord injury, enuresis, postoperative incontinece, sacral agenesis and recurrent urinary tract infection. The basic study consisted of voiding cystourethrography followed by the simultaneous recording of intra-abdominal and intravesical pressure with external urethral sphincter electromyography. Urethral pressure profile, urinary flow rate and anal sphincter electromyography were performed selectively. There was no correlation between the clinical neurological level and the cystometric pattern in patients with spinal cord lesions. Bladder-external sphincter dyssynergia was associated with a high post-void residual urine in children with hypertonic bladders, while in children with hypotonic bladders dyssynergia did not affect the post-void residual. Since, urinary symptoms bore little relationship to urodynamic findings in our study we recommend complete evaluation of children who have persistent disturbances of micturition."}
{"id": "PMID:875156", "title": "Crawford modification of Denis Browne hypospadias procedure.", "content": "At Alder Hey Children's Hospital 96 hypospadias repairs were performed from 1969 to 1975, using the Crawford modification of the Denis Browne procedure. The technique is decribed in detail. A 7.29 per cent fistula rate occurred in 69 distal penile, 18 penile, 8 penoscrotal and 1 perineal repairs. The advantageous difference between the Crawford modification and the original description of Denis Browne is that the meatus is placed well onto the glans penis.", "contents": "Crawford modification of Denis Browne hypospadias procedure. At Alder Hey Children's Hospital 96 hypospadias repairs were performed from 1969 to 1975, using the Crawford modification of the Denis Browne procedure. The technique is decribed in detail. A 7.29 per cent fistula rate occurred in 69 distal penile, 18 penile, 8 penoscrotal and 1 perineal repairs. The advantageous difference between the Crawford modification and the original description of Denis Browne is that the meatus is placed well onto the glans penis."}
{"id": "PMID:875158", "title": "Matrix stones.", "content": "A scanning electron microscopic examination of matrix stones, which have been obtained from a 27-month-old Japanese boy with congenital hydronephrosis, revealed a rough fibrous net structure with small depositions of calcium phosphate. We believe that fibrous matrix may be the primary constituent and that the matrix stone may be the consequence of calcium deposition to it.", "contents": "Matrix stones. A scanning electron microscopic examination of matrix stones, which have been obtained from a 27-month-old Japanese boy with congenital hydronephrosis, revealed a rough fibrous net structure with small depositions of calcium phosphate. We believe that fibrous matrix may be the primary constituent and that the matrix stone may be the consequence of calcium deposition to it."}
{"id": "PMID:875159", "title": "Echinococcal cyst of the kidney.", "content": "A renal echinococcal cyst presenting with ureteral obstruction is described. Characteristic diagnostic features, including renal angiography, are discussed. Whereas partial nephrectomy is appropriate for a small closed renal cyst, total nephrectomy is indicated for most large or open cysts.", "contents": "Echinococcal cyst of the kidney. A renal echinococcal cyst presenting with ureteral obstruction is described. Characteristic diagnostic features, including renal angiography, are discussed. Whereas partial nephrectomy is appropriate for a small closed renal cyst, total nephrectomy is indicated for most large or open cysts."}
{"id": "PMID:875160", "title": "Regression of renal cell hepatic metastasis following removal of primary lesions.", "content": "Although spontaneous regression of metastatic renal cell carcinoma occurs it is so uncommon that it should not be considered the primary basis for recommending removal of the asymptomatic primary lesion. Such a recommendation should be made when other treatment modalitis are available to augment the factors influencing the patient-tumor interface. Spontaneous regression of a documented solitary liver metastatic lesion is reported. Removal of the residual hepatic lesion failed to prolong the patient's life.", "contents": "Regression of renal cell hepatic metastasis following removal of primary lesions. Although spontaneous regression of metastatic renal cell carcinoma occurs it is so uncommon that it should not be considered the primary basis for recommending removal of the asymptomatic primary lesion. Such a recommendation should be made when other treatment modalitis are available to augment the factors influencing the patient-tumor interface. Spontaneous regression of a documented solitary liver metastatic lesion is reported. Removal of the residual hepatic lesion failed to prolong the patient's life."}
{"id": "PMID:875164", "title": "Pyocystis.", "content": "A case of pyocystis occurring in a woman after supravesical urinary diversion for complicated neuropathic bladder is reported. Treatment consisted of a vaginal vesicostomy. Indications for the precedure and the problems associated with it are discussed with special emphasis on sexual intercourse.", "contents": "Pyocystis. A case of pyocystis occurring in a woman after supravesical urinary diversion for complicated neuropathic bladder is reported. Treatment consisted of a vaginal vesicostomy. Indications for the precedure and the problems associated with it are discussed with special emphasis on sexual intercourse."}
{"id": "PMID:875165", "title": "Congenital bladder duplication and diverticulum.", "content": "Evaluation of urinary infection in a 5-month-old male infant revealed duplication of the prostatic urethra and bladder. Associated anomalies were a right bladder diverticulum, left vesicoureteral reflux and bowel duplication.", "contents": "Congenital bladder duplication and diverticulum. Evaluation of urinary infection in a 5-month-old male infant revealed duplication of the prostatic urethra and bladder. Associated anomalies were a right bladder diverticulum, left vesicoureteral reflux and bowel duplication."}
{"id": "PMID:875167", "title": "Capillary hemangioma of the male urethra: case report with literature review.", "content": "The seventeenth case of hemangioma of the urethra is reported. A review of the literature supports our own experience that this growth tends to recur locally. It is our opinion that an initial wide resection should be performed. The margins of the removed lesion must be uninvolved or recurrence is almost certain.", "contents": "Capillary hemangioma of the male urethra: case report with literature review. The seventeenth case of hemangioma of the urethra is reported. A review of the literature supports our own experience that this growth tends to recur locally. It is our opinion that an initial wide resection should be performed. The margins of the removed lesion must be uninvolved or recurrence is almost certain."}
{"id": "PMID:875170", "title": "Propantheline as a diagnostic tool--a serious complication.", "content": "Propantheline bromide is a synthetic quaternary ammonium compound widely used in urologic patients to block the action of acetylcholine at the postganglionic nerve endings of the bladder's parasympathetic innervation. It is used clinically in a wide range of doses in ambulatory outpatients as well as hospitalized patients. To document its effects on the bladder, test doses are given with a cystometrogram documenting the dynamic changes. Herein we report a case of serious cardiac toxicity from a diagnostic test dose.", "contents": "Propantheline as a diagnostic tool--a serious complication. Propantheline bromide is a synthetic quaternary ammonium compound widely used in urologic patients to block the action of acetylcholine at the postganglionic nerve endings of the bladder's parasympathetic innervation. It is used clinically in a wide range of doses in ambulatory outpatients as well as hospitalized patients. To document its effects on the bladder, test doses are given with a cystometrogram documenting the dynamic changes. Herein we report a case of serious cardiac toxicity from a diagnostic test dose."}
{"id": "PMID:875173", "title": "Segmental intrarenal catheterization in renin-mediated hypertension.", "content": "Segmental renal vein blood was collected in 9 hypertensive patients who had a focal renal lesion on excretory urography and/or a high peripheral plasma renin activity. The main renal vein catheterization was normal in all patients. Segmental renal vein catheterization demonstrated a renin-producing lesion in 3 patients, all of whom were cured of the hypertension postoperatively. Segmental renal vein catheterization is safe and allows the recognition of increased renin production from focal lesions of the kidney that may not be demonstrated radiographically or by main vein catheterization.", "contents": "Segmental intrarenal catheterization in renin-mediated hypertension. Segmental renal vein blood was collected in 9 hypertensive patients who had a focal renal lesion on excretory urography and/or a high peripheral plasma renin activity. The main renal vein catheterization was normal in all patients. Segmental renal vein catheterization demonstrated a renin-producing lesion in 3 patients, all of whom were cured of the hypertension postoperatively. Segmental renal vein catheterization is safe and allows the recognition of increased renin production from focal lesions of the kidney that may not be demonstrated radiographically or by main vein catheterization."}
{"id": "PMID:875174", "title": "Recurrence of renal tuberculosis 29 years after therapy.", "content": "A case of renal tuberculosis in a man when he was 23 years old is reported. He was treated with streptomycin and reported routinely for followup examinations. When the patient was 52 years old, 29 years after treatment, he had a positive urine culture from the remaining kidney. Triple drug therapy was administered and has been effective. The need for lifelong examination of patients with renal tuberculosis is justified.", "contents": "Recurrence of renal tuberculosis 29 years after therapy. A case of renal tuberculosis in a man when he was 23 years old is reported. He was treated with streptomycin and reported routinely for followup examinations. When the patient was 52 years old, 29 years after treatment, he had a positive urine culture from the remaining kidney. Triple drug therapy was administered and has been effective. The need for lifelong examination of patients with renal tuberculosis is justified."}
{"id": "PMID:875177", "title": "Avulsion of the ureter from both ends as a complication of interruption of pregnancy with vacuum aspirator.", "content": "A case of avulsion of a ureter from the pelvioureteral junction and its discharge through the vagina during an attempt to interrupt pregnancy by suction is presented. The preoperative and operative findings are described, as well as the mechanism that caused this kind of trauma. The proposed management of such a case is discussed.", "contents": "Avulsion of the ureter from both ends as a complication of interruption of pregnancy with vacuum aspirator. A case of avulsion of a ureter from the pelvioureteral junction and its discharge through the vagina during an attempt to interrupt pregnancy by suction is presented. The preoperative and operative findings are described, as well as the mechanism that caused this kind of trauma. The proposed management of such a case is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:875179", "title": "Cyclophosphamide hemorrhagic cystitis requiring urinary diversion.", "content": "Hemorrhagic cystitis secondary to cyclophosphamide is a well recognized and unique urologic complication of this widely used agent. Cessation of the drug and supportive care are usually sufficient for management but refractory cases are difficult to treat and potentially life-threatening. A review of the pathology and treatment of this disorder is presented with specific reference to a patient requiring urinary diversion.", "contents": "Cyclophosphamide hemorrhagic cystitis requiring urinary diversion. Hemorrhagic cystitis secondary to cyclophosphamide is a well recognized and unique urologic complication of this widely used agent. Cessation of the drug and supportive care are usually sufficient for management but refractory cases are difficult to treat and potentially life-threatening. A review of the pathology and treatment of this disorder is presented with specific reference to a patient requiring urinary diversion."}
{"id": "PMID:875182", "title": "Testicular scan, diagnosis and followup for torsion of testis.", "content": "Testicular scan is an important method to improve the preoperative diagnosis of torsion of the testis. We used this method to diagnose torsion of the testis and for 3-month followup studies we correlated the followup scanning with testicular biopsy. We believe that one should always attempt to leave the twisted testicular portion in the scrotum because some vital cells might still be functioning.", "contents": "Testicular scan, diagnosis and followup for torsion of testis. Testicular scan is an important method to improve the preoperative diagnosis of torsion of the testis. We used this method to diagnose torsion of the testis and for 3-month followup studies we correlated the followup scanning with testicular biopsy. We believe that one should always attempt to leave the twisted testicular portion in the scrotum because some vital cells might still be functioning."}
{"id": "PMID:875183", "title": "Allergic prostatosis.", "content": "The first case of prostatic eosinophilic infiltration treated with antihistaminic therapy is reported. Histological specimens before and after treatment are included.", "contents": "Allergic prostatosis. The first case of prostatic eosinophilic infiltration treated with antihistaminic therapy is reported. Histological specimens before and after treatment are included."}
{"id": "PMID:875184", "title": "A case of parathyroid carcinoma concurred with hyperplasia: an electron microscopic study.", "content": "A case of parathyroid carcinoma is reported. The histology of the parathyroid glands disclosed carcinoma in 1 gland and chief cell hyperplasia in another. Therefore, we recommend careful exploration of all parathyroid glands. An electron microscopic feature of parathyroid carcinoma is presented.", "contents": "A case of parathyroid carcinoma concurred with hyperplasia: an electron microscopic study. A case of parathyroid carcinoma is reported. The histology of the parathyroid glands disclosed carcinoma in 1 gland and chief cell hyperplasia in another. Therefore, we recommend careful exploration of all parathyroid glands. An electron microscopic feature of parathyroid carcinoma is presented."}
{"id": "PMID:875187", "title": "Iatrogenic renal artery thrombosis.", "content": "Renal calculi were removed from 2 women--in 1 case by renal bisection and in the other by nephrolithotomy. In each case a small bulldog clamp was applied to the renal artery for less than 30 minutes. Both patients suffered renal artery thrombosis necessitating nephrectomy. When the histories of these patients were reviewed the common factor found was oral contraceptives, suggesting that oral contraceptives may predispose to renal artery thrombosis.", "contents": "Iatrogenic renal artery thrombosis. Renal calculi were removed from 2 women--in 1 case by renal bisection and in the other by nephrolithotomy. In each case a small bulldog clamp was applied to the renal artery for less than 30 minutes. Both patients suffered renal artery thrombosis necessitating nephrectomy. When the histories of these patients were reviewed the common factor found was oral contraceptives, suggesting that oral contraceptives may predispose to renal artery thrombosis."}
{"id": "PMID:875188", "title": "Renal aneurysmectomy in the ex vivo setting.", "content": "The use of ex vivo dissection and reconstruction as definitive surgical management in 3 cases of renal artery aneurysms is presented. The indications, rationale for therapy and review of technique are discussed.", "contents": "Renal aneurysmectomy in the ex vivo setting. The use of ex vivo dissection and reconstruction as definitive surgical management in 3 cases of renal artery aneurysms is presented. The indications, rationale for therapy and review of technique are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:875189", "title": "Renal lymphangioma.", "content": "Lymphangioma cavernosum of the kidney is a benign tumor. Metastasis has not been found in any of the 20 cases reported to date. The sex ratio of patients is 1.5 to 1, favoring female subjects. Average patient age is 33.7 years. Treatment has consisted of nephrectomy in 18 patients, since the possibility of a malignant tumor could not be eliminated preoperatively.", "contents": "Renal lymphangioma. Lymphangioma cavernosum of the kidney is a benign tumor. Metastasis has not been found in any of the 20 cases reported to date. The sex ratio of patients is 1.5 to 1, favoring female subjects. Average patient age is 33.7 years. Treatment has consisted of nephrectomy in 18 patients, since the possibility of a malignant tumor could not be eliminated preoperatively."}
{"id": "PMID:875190", "title": "Early treatment of ureteral injuries found after gynecological surgery.", "content": "Five consecutive patients with 7 ureteral injuries found after gynecological operations were treated conservatively. The complications ensuing this type of management are reported briefly. Twenty more consecutive patients with 27 ureteral injuries were treated immediately after diagnosis and definitively. Important points of technique are 1) little attempt to stay extraperitoneally, 2) sacrifice of all abnormal ureter, 3) re-establishment of ureteral continuity between a normal ureter and the bladder by usual means, 4) peritoneal closure only when easy, 5) adequate drainage and 6) use of antibiotics. The results obtained were excellent. Early and definitive treatment of ureteral injuries found after gynecological operations seems to be the safest and easiest type of management in all cases.", "contents": "Early treatment of ureteral injuries found after gynecological surgery. Five consecutive patients with 7 ureteral injuries found after gynecological operations were treated conservatively. The complications ensuing this type of management are reported briefly. Twenty more consecutive patients with 27 ureteral injuries were treated immediately after diagnosis and definitively. Important points of technique are 1) little attempt to stay extraperitoneally, 2) sacrifice of all abnormal ureter, 3) re-establishment of ureteral continuity between a normal ureter and the bladder by usual means, 4) peritoneal closure only when easy, 5) adequate drainage and 6) use of antibiotics. The results obtained were excellent. Early and definitive treatment of ureteral injuries found after gynecological operations seems to be the safest and easiest type of management in all cases."}
{"id": "PMID:875191", "title": "Ileal trigonal urinary diversion: 5-year followup evaluation.", "content": "We anastomosed the intact, undisturbed vesical trigone to the isolated ileal conduit in 24 patients, most of whom have been followed for 5 years. None of these patients has had any pyelographic evidence of upper tract deterioration. There have been no episodes of pyelonephritis, no hydronephrosis, no renal stones and only 4 of the 46 renal units have demonstrated reflux. These data indicate unsurpassed protection of the upper tracts in those patients with neurogenic bladder dysfunction.", "contents": "Ileal trigonal urinary diversion: 5-year followup evaluation. We anastomosed the intact, undisturbed vesical trigone to the isolated ileal conduit in 24 patients, most of whom have been followed for 5 years. None of these patients has had any pyelographic evidence of upper tract deterioration. There have been no episodes of pyelonephritis, no hydronephrosis, no renal stones and only 4 of the 46 renal units have demonstrated reflux. These data indicate unsurpassed protection of the upper tracts in those patients with neurogenic bladder dysfunction."}
{"id": "PMID:875192", "title": "Colonic adenocarcinoma: a delayed complication of ureterosigmoidostomy.", "content": "Two cases are reported of adenocarcinoma of the colon developing 26 and 33 years after the patients had undergone ureterosigmoidostomy. The literature is reviewed and the clinical implications are discussed.", "contents": "Colonic adenocarcinoma: a delayed complication of ureterosigmoidostomy. Two cases are reported of adenocarcinoma of the colon developing 26 and 33 years after the patients had undergone ureterosigmoidostomy. The literature is reviewed and the clinical implications are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:875193", "title": "Augmentation enterocystoplasty: a critical review.", "content": "Augmentation cystoplasty appears to offer a successful long-term solution for patients with small contracted bladders of almost any etiology. If proper indications are observed the procedure is well tolerated. With refined urodynamic diagnostic techniques our over-all failure rate of 35 per cent can be expected to decrease. Contraindications of the procedure include azotemia (creatinine clearance less than 40 cc per minute), vesical malignancy, neurogenic bladder with spastic pelvic floor (that cannot be modified) and young boys (mucus problems). In addition, patients with a strong psychiatric history should be approached with caution. The non-functional contracted bladder in which the cause of prior diversion is unclear or was performed because of an apparent outflow obstruction that spontaneously has been corrected by rest during the period of supravesical diversion also should be approached with care.", "contents": "Augmentation enterocystoplasty: a critical review. Augmentation cystoplasty appears to offer a successful long-term solution for patients with small contracted bladders of almost any etiology. If proper indications are observed the procedure is well tolerated. With refined urodynamic diagnostic techniques our over-all failure rate of 35 per cent can be expected to decrease. Contraindications of the procedure include azotemia (creatinine clearance less than 40 cc per minute), vesical malignancy, neurogenic bladder with spastic pelvic floor (that cannot be modified) and young boys (mucus problems). In addition, patients with a strong psychiatric history should be approached with caution. The non-functional contracted bladder in which the cause of prior diversion is unclear or was performed because of an apparent outflow obstruction that spontaneously has been corrected by rest during the period of supravesical diversion also should be approached with care."}
{"id": "PMID:875194", "title": "Is cystectomy a safe procedure in elderly patients with carcinoma of the bladder?", "content": "Often total cystectomy is not advocated in elderly patients for the treatment of carcinoma of the bladder. A group of 25 patients more than 70 years old were reviewed to determine if cystectomy is a reasonable therapeutic alternative in elderly individuals. Since there was satisfactory survival and no immediate operative mortalities elderly patients should not be denied this form of therapy on the basis of age alone. A higher incidence of postoperative complications was noted in the patients treated previously with radiation therapy.", "contents": "Is cystectomy a safe procedure in elderly patients with carcinoma of the bladder? Often total cystectomy is not advocated in elderly patients for the treatment of carcinoma of the bladder. A group of 25 patients more than 70 years old were reviewed to determine if cystectomy is a reasonable therapeutic alternative in elderly individuals. Since there was satisfactory survival and no immediate operative mortalities elderly patients should not be denied this form of therapy on the basis of age alone. A higher incidence of postoperative complications was noted in the patients treated previously with radiation therapy."}
{"id": "PMID:875195", "title": "Radiation-induced bladder tumors.", "content": "A recent 25-year experience with patients treated for carcinoma of the uterine cervix who subsequently had bladder tumors is presented. Of the 3,091 patients treated 2,674 had received radiotherapy and 8 suffered vesical malignancies of varied histopathological type 6 months to 20 years after irradiation. This incidence rate is 299.9 per 100,000, which is 57.6 times that of the general female population. Benign radiation reactions of the bladder and the possible etiology of radiation-induced bladder cancers are discussed.", "contents": "Radiation-induced bladder tumors. A recent 25-year experience with patients treated for carcinoma of the uterine cervix who subsequently had bladder tumors is presented. Of the 3,091 patients treated 2,674 had received radiotherapy and 8 suffered vesical malignancies of varied histopathological type 6 months to 20 years after irradiation. This incidence rate is 299.9 per 100,000, which is 57.6 times that of the general female population. Benign radiation reactions of the bladder and the possible etiology of radiation-induced bladder cancers are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:875198", "title": "Surgical treatment of erectile impotence with inflatable penile prosthesis.", "content": "Thirty-nine men with erectile impotence were treated with surgical implantation of an inflatable penile prosthesis. The patients were followed for 6 months to 2 years. Thirty-five patients (90 per cent) have expressed long-term satisfaction with the appearance and performance of the prosthesis. Major complications developed in 9 patients (23 per cent), requiring 12 subsequent operative procedures.", "contents": "Surgical treatment of erectile impotence with inflatable penile prosthesis. Thirty-nine men with erectile impotence were treated with surgical implantation of an inflatable penile prosthesis. The patients were followed for 6 months to 2 years. Thirty-five patients (90 per cent) have expressed long-term satisfaction with the appearance and performance of the prosthesis. Major complications developed in 9 patients (23 per cent), requiring 12 subsequent operative procedures."}
{"id": "PMID:875199", "title": "Non-specific granulomatous prostatitis.", "content": "Between 1963 and 1972, 86 patients with non-specific granulomatous prostatitis were seen. Symptomatology was suggestive of a lower urinary tract infection in the majority of the cases. The most important feature on prostatic examination was the likelihood of confusion with prostatic carcinoma. Management by whatever means yielded uniformly good results. The natural history of this disease seems to be that of gradual resolution.", "contents": "Non-specific granulomatous prostatitis. Between 1963 and 1972, 86 patients with non-specific granulomatous prostatitis were seen. Symptomatology was suggestive of a lower urinary tract infection in the majority of the cases. The most important feature on prostatic examination was the likelihood of confusion with prostatic carcinoma. Management by whatever means yielded uniformly good results. The natural history of this disease seems to be that of gradual resolution."}
{"id": "PMID:875200", "title": "Accuracy of transurethral resection of the prostate versus transrectal needle biopsy in the diagnosis of prostatic carcinoma.", "content": "Transurethral prostatic resection for obstructive uropathy often yields malignant tissue in a significant number of patients with prostatic carcinoma. A comparison of the diagnostic accuracy of transurethral prostatectomy and transrectal prostatic biopsy in 139 patients who had both procedures demonstrated no significant difference. It is suggested that patients with obstruction and suspected prostatic carcinoma, who are not candidates for curative treatment, should have transurethral prostatectomy to relieve the obstruction and to confirm the diagnosis simultaneously.", "contents": "Accuracy of transurethral resection of the prostate versus transrectal needle biopsy in the diagnosis of prostatic carcinoma. Transurethral prostatic resection for obstructive uropathy often yields malignant tissue in a significant number of patients with prostatic carcinoma. A comparison of the diagnostic accuracy of transurethral prostatectomy and transrectal prostatic biopsy in 139 patients who had both procedures demonstrated no significant difference. It is suggested that patients with obstruction and suspected prostatic carcinoma, who are not candidates for curative treatment, should have transurethral prostatectomy to relieve the obstruction and to confirm the diagnosis simultaneously."}
{"id": "PMID:875201", "title": "Gynecomastia demonstrated on the bone scan.", "content": "Bone scans with 99mtechnetium diphosphonate were performed on 2 patients with gynecomastia induced by diethylstilbestrol therapy for adenocarcinoma of the prostate. Neither patient had evidence of bone metastases but both scans revealed increased isotope concentration over the anterior rib cage at the lateral margin of the chest wall, corresponding in location to the hypertrophic breasts. This observation may be related to similar radionuclide uptake in normal and abnormal female breasts. One should not mistake the finding of gynecomastia for metastases of the ribs.", "contents": "Gynecomastia demonstrated on the bone scan. Bone scans with 99mtechnetium diphosphonate were performed on 2 patients with gynecomastia induced by diethylstilbestrol therapy for adenocarcinoma of the prostate. Neither patient had evidence of bone metastases but both scans revealed increased isotope concentration over the anterior rib cage at the lateral margin of the chest wall, corresponding in location to the hypertrophic breasts. This observation may be related to similar radionuclide uptake in normal and abnormal female breasts. One should not mistake the finding of gynecomastia for metastases of the ribs."}
{"id": "PMID:875202", "title": "Salmonella infection and the genitourinary system.", "content": "Six cases of severe salmonella genitourinary infection and a case of salmonella septicemia after prostatectomy are reported. The mechanism whereby the urinary tract is involved in salmonellosis is described, as are the different manifestations of genitourinary salmonellosis. Host factors predisposing to the development of genitourinary salmonella infection include other urologic pathology, malignant neoplasms and states of depressed immunity. Recommendations are made with regard to the diagnosis and management of this sometimes lethal condition.", "contents": "Salmonella infection and the genitourinary system. Six cases of severe salmonella genitourinary infection and a case of salmonella septicemia after prostatectomy are reported. The mechanism whereby the urinary tract is involved in salmonellosis is described, as are the different manifestations of genitourinary salmonellosis. Host factors predisposing to the development of genitourinary salmonella infection include other urologic pathology, malignant neoplasms and states of depressed immunity. Recommendations are made with regard to the diagnosis and management of this sometimes lethal condition."}
{"id": "PMID:875204", "title": "Surgical management of major renal trauma: a review of 102 cases treated by conservative surgery.", "content": "A review is presented of 102 patients with significant renal trauma seen in the last 5 years. All patients underwent exploratory laparotomy for abdominal trauma and had associated urologic injuries, which were managed by conservative surgery. Forty-eight patients had non-expanding retroperitoneal hematoma and were treated expectantly. Nine patients needed exploration and drainage only, while 18 had some form of renorrhaphy. Four patients underwent repairs of renal pelvic injuries, 12 underwent partial nephrectomy and 11 underwent repairs of renal pedicle injuries. A conservative approach to renal trauma is emphasized.", "contents": "Surgical management of major renal trauma: a review of 102 cases treated by conservative surgery. A review is presented of 102 patients with significant renal trauma seen in the last 5 years. All patients underwent exploratory laparotomy for abdominal trauma and had associated urologic injuries, which were managed by conservative surgery. Forty-eight patients had non-expanding retroperitoneal hematoma and were treated expectantly. Nine patients needed exploration and drainage only, while 18 had some form of renorrhaphy. Four patients underwent repairs of renal pelvic injuries, 12 underwent partial nephrectomy and 11 underwent repairs of renal pedicle injuries. A conservative approach to renal trauma is emphasized."}
{"id": "PMID:875205", "title": "Auscultation of urinary flow.", "content": "Urinary flow in the male subject is associated with turbulence at the bladder neck. This turbulence is associated with the production of a sound in the healthy male subject, transmitted to the perineum.", "contents": "Auscultation of urinary flow. Urinary flow in the male subject is associated with turbulence at the bladder neck. This turbulence is associated with the production of a sound in the healthy male subject, transmitted to the perineum."}
{"id": "PMID:875206", "title": "Staghorn calculi in children.", "content": "Nineteen children who underwent extensive nephrotomies and anatrophic nephrotomies for staghorn calculi (bilateral in 4 cases) are presented. Proteus infection was the cause of the calculus in most cases. In the absence of recurrent stones, renal growth and function were excellent post-operatively. Stone recurrence was minimal if all calculi were removed and infection was controlled. Followup ranged from a few months to 13 years.", "contents": "Staghorn calculi in children. Nineteen children who underwent extensive nephrotomies and anatrophic nephrotomies for staghorn calculi (bilateral in 4 cases) are presented. Proteus infection was the cause of the calculus in most cases. In the absence of recurrent stones, renal growth and function were excellent post-operatively. Stone recurrence was minimal if all calculi were removed and infection was controlled. Followup ranged from a few months to 13 years."}
{"id": "PMID:875207", "title": "Renal adenocarcinoma in adolescence and childhood: emphasis on angiographic findings.", "content": "Four cases of hypernephroma occurring in the first 2 decades of life are presented. Of these patients 3 were adolescents and 1 was a child. Angiography was used in 8 cases, including 6 that were reported previously and 2 from the present series. Sparse neovascularity, faint tumor stain and no arteriovenous shunting were the manifestations in 4 cases. Differentiation from Wilms tumor could be difficult in this circumstance.", "contents": "Renal adenocarcinoma in adolescence and childhood: emphasis on angiographic findings. Four cases of hypernephroma occurring in the first 2 decades of life are presented. Of these patients 3 were adolescents and 1 was a child. Angiography was used in 8 cases, including 6 that were reported previously and 2 from the present series. Sparse neovascularity, faint tumor stain and no arteriovenous shunting were the manifestations in 4 cases. Differentiation from Wilms tumor could be difficult in this circumstance."}
{"id": "PMID:875208", "title": "Patterns of neurogenic bladder dysfunction in sacral agenesis.", "content": "Patterns of neurogenic bladder disease were defined in 13 patients with sacral agenesis. Each patient demonstrated an individualized mixture of upper and/or lower motor neuronal deficits. The paucity of clinical parameters capable of identifying and assessing bladder dysfunction in these patients mandates complete neurourological evaluation and careful followup.", "contents": "Patterns of neurogenic bladder dysfunction in sacral agenesis. Patterns of neurogenic bladder disease were defined in 13 patients with sacral agenesis. Each patient demonstrated an individualized mixture of upper and/or lower motor neuronal deficits. The paucity of clinical parameters capable of identifying and assessing bladder dysfunction in these patients mandates complete neurourological evaluation and careful followup."}
{"id": "PMID:875210", "title": "Infundibulopyelostomy for vascular obstruction of a middle infundibulum.", "content": "The syndrome of nephralgia caused by vascular compression of a superior infundibulum of the kidney and its surgical resolution are reported. A case is presented to demonstrate that this syndrome also can involve a middle infundibulum, which can be treated by the same surgical technique.", "contents": "Infundibulopyelostomy for vascular obstruction of a middle infundibulum. The syndrome of nephralgia caused by vascular compression of a superior infundibulum of the kidney and its surgical resolution are reported. A case is presented to demonstrate that this syndrome also can involve a middle infundibulum, which can be treated by the same surgical technique."}
{"id": "PMID:875211", "title": "The localization of intrarenal calculi during surgery.", "content": "This is a summary review of past and present technology for accurate anatomical localization of calculi within the surgically exposed kidney. The methodology is applicable to reconstructive renal surgery for pathological processes other than calculi.", "contents": "The localization of intrarenal calculi during surgery. This is a summary review of past and present technology for accurate anatomical localization of calculi within the surgically exposed kidney. The methodology is applicable to reconstructive renal surgery for pathological processes other than calculi."}
{"id": "PMID:875212", "title": "Pelvioplasty--patient selection.", "content": "An ever-increasing number of modalities provide diagnostic and predictive indicators for better patient selection in the treatment of ureteropelvic juncture obstruction. Contemporary histological studies and improved results have culminated in the selection of the dismembered pelvioplasty as the operation of choice. When the renal scan, renogram, renal biopsy or nitroblue tetrazolium studies are used fewer patients are subjected to a needless reconstructive operation. Dismembered pelvioplasty provides excision of the diseased ureter, reduction of pelvic redundancy and an opportunity for the \"pacemaker\" cells to function properly.", "contents": "Pelvioplasty--patient selection. An ever-increasing number of modalities provide diagnostic and predictive indicators for better patient selection in the treatment of ureteropelvic juncture obstruction. Contemporary histological studies and improved results have culminated in the selection of the dismembered pelvioplasty as the operation of choice. When the renal scan, renogram, renal biopsy or nitroblue tetrazolium studies are used fewer patients are subjected to a needless reconstructive operation. Dismembered pelvioplasty provides excision of the diseased ureter, reduction of pelvic redundancy and an opportunity for the \"pacemaker\" cells to function properly."}
{"id": "PMID:875213", "title": "Initial complications and late results in dismembered pyeloplasty.", "content": "A total of 109 dismembered pyeloplasties has been reviewed and examples of initial complications and their management are discussed. These early complications do not preclude excellent long-term results. Over-all followup studies show resolution of pain, hematuria and infection in the vast majority of patients. X-ray results have since, in general, improved or stabilized. No nephrectomies have been done subsequent to the repair of the hydronephrosis.", "contents": "Initial complications and late results in dismembered pyeloplasty. A total of 109 dismembered pyeloplasties has been reviewed and examples of initial complications and their management are discussed. These early complications do not preclude excellent long-term results. Over-all followup studies show resolution of pain, hematuria and infection in the vast majority of patients. X-ray results have since, in general, improved or stabilized. No nephrectomies have been done subsequent to the repair of the hydronephrosis."}
{"id": "PMID:875214", "title": "Early detection but delayed appearance of a bladder tumor.", "content": "Herein is described a case of bladder cancer first detected by urinary cytology 20 years before a definite cystoscopic diagnosis could be established. To our knowledge, this represents the longest such interval on record. The case indicates the reliability of Papanicolaou studies of the urine, especially when tumor cells are identified.", "contents": "Early detection but delayed appearance of a bladder tumor. Herein is described a case of bladder cancer first detected by urinary cytology 20 years before a definite cystoscopic diagnosis could be established. To our knowledge, this represents the longest such interval on record. The case indicates the reliability of Papanicolaou studies of the urine, especially when tumor cells are identified."}
{"id": "PMID:875215", "title": "Changes in grade and stage of recurrent bladder tumors.", "content": "A retrospective study with adequate followup of 5 years of longer of 114 patients who had transurethral resection for cure or control of bladder tumors and in whom there were 1 or more recurrences is reported. There was recurrence of the tumor in a higher grade in 19 per cent of the cases and in a higher stage in 22 per cent. The interval between the treatment of the original tumor and a recurrence in a higher grade or state varied from 0.25 (3 months) to 27 years. When a low grade or low stage tumor recurs in a higher category in less than 3 years more aggressive treatment should be considered.", "contents": "Changes in grade and stage of recurrent bladder tumors. A retrospective study with adequate followup of 5 years of longer of 114 patients who had transurethral resection for cure or control of bladder tumors and in whom there were 1 or more recurrences is reported. There was recurrence of the tumor in a higher grade in 19 per cent of the cases and in a higher stage in 22 per cent. The interval between the treatment of the original tumor and a recurrence in a higher grade or state varied from 0.25 (3 months) to 27 years. When a low grade or low stage tumor recurs in a higher category in less than 3 years more aggressive treatment should be considered."}
{"id": "PMID:875216", "title": "Pre-cystectomy radiation for carcinoma of the bladder: 17-year experience.", "content": "Our experience with pre-cystectomy radiation for carcinoma of the bladder from July 1959 through June 1976 is presented. Pre-cystectomy radiation would appear to be beneficial in the management of patients with invasive bladder cancer. There is an impressive improvement in survival rates in those patients demonstrating reduction in staging after radiation. Our experience correlates well with other comparative series. Based on this 17-year experience guide lines are outlines for the subsequent management of patients with bladder cancer.", "contents": "Pre-cystectomy radiation for carcinoma of the bladder: 17-year experience. Our experience with pre-cystectomy radiation for carcinoma of the bladder from July 1959 through June 1976 is presented. Pre-cystectomy radiation would appear to be beneficial in the management of patients with invasive bladder cancer. There is an impressive improvement in survival rates in those patients demonstrating reduction in staging after radiation. Our experience correlates well with other comparative series. Based on this 17-year experience guide lines are outlines for the subsequent management of patients with bladder cancer."}
{"id": "PMID:875218", "title": "Vesicourethral anastomosis after radical prostatectomy: experience with the Jewett modification.", "content": "The author's experience with the Jewett method of vesicourethral anastomosis after radical prostatectomy is described. Only 1 instance of stress incontinence has been encountered in more than 200 personal cases. The technique is described in detail.", "contents": "Vesicourethral anastomosis after radical prostatectomy: experience with the Jewett modification. The author's experience with the Jewett method of vesicourethral anastomosis after radical prostatectomy is described. Only 1 instance of stress incontinence has been encountered in more than 200 personal cases. The technique is described in detail."}
{"id": "PMID:875219", "title": "Experimental models for the study of prostatic adenocarcinoma.", "content": "The Dunning R3327H transplantable rat tumor is a well differentiated prostatic adenocarcinoma. The biological properties of this tumor have been characterized, and it appears that this animal model is well suited for studying the nature of prostatic cancer. The established tumor responds to castration therapy and this is subsequently followed by relapse to a predominant state of hormone insensitivity. Cell kinetic studies indicate that 70 to 90 per cent of the total tumor cells are hormonally sensitive, and a subpopulation of 8 to 30 per cent are hormone insensitive. The therapeutic relapse to androgen deprivation represents the continued growth of the clone of cells, which were hormone insensitive. It appears that this animal mimics the relapse of phenomenon observed in the hormone control of human prostatic cancer.", "contents": "Experimental models for the study of prostatic adenocarcinoma. The Dunning R3327H transplantable rat tumor is a well differentiated prostatic adenocarcinoma. The biological properties of this tumor have been characterized, and it appears that this animal model is well suited for studying the nature of prostatic cancer. The established tumor responds to castration therapy and this is subsequently followed by relapse to a predominant state of hormone insensitivity. Cell kinetic studies indicate that 70 to 90 per cent of the total tumor cells are hormonally sensitive, and a subpopulation of 8 to 30 per cent are hormone insensitive. The therapeutic relapse to androgen deprivation represents the continued growth of the clone of cells, which were hormone insensitive. It appears that this animal mimics the relapse of phenomenon observed in the hormone control of human prostatic cancer."}
{"id": "PMID:875224", "title": "Management of patients in shock.", "content": "Clinical study was conducted in the course of treatment of patients with hypovolemic and septic shock at Department of Traumatology, Osaka University Hospital. We have found large difference between data obtained in our study and experimental results obtained in animals. In hypovolemic shock of man, we could not observe \"taking up phenomenon\" to abdominal organs. Therefore, if the shock does not respond to transfusion and infusion, we must look for other causes. In patients whose shock state persisted more than 10 hours, death related to shock organs increased remarkably. The nature of septic shock in man is hyperdynamic state. Hemodynamic change during the development of septic shock from sepsis was described and the difference from experimental research on endotoxin shock in animals was discussed.", "contents": "Management of patients in shock. Clinical study was conducted in the course of treatment of patients with hypovolemic and septic shock at Department of Traumatology, Osaka University Hospital. We have found large difference between data obtained in our study and experimental results obtained in animals. In hypovolemic shock of man, we could not observe \"taking up phenomenon\" to abdominal organs. Therefore, if the shock does not respond to transfusion and infusion, we must look for other causes. In patients whose shock state persisted more than 10 hours, death related to shock organs increased remarkably. The nature of septic shock in man is hyperdynamic state. Hemodynamic change during the development of septic shock from sepsis was described and the difference from experimental research on endotoxin shock in animals was discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:875226", "title": "The use of the Bj\u00f6rk-Shiley prosthetic valve in children under 10 years of age.", "content": "Five children under 10 years of age were operated on with a Bj\u00f6rk-Shiley disc valve. The mitral valve was replaced in four patients and the tricuspid valve in one. No hospital death, late death or thromboembolic episode was observed during the 155 patient-months of the follow-up. Moreover, a marked reduction in cardiomegaly was demonstrated to parallel the clinical improvement and low risk seen in adults. We feel that our experience might justify a more aggressive approach in the management of valvular disease in children of the younger age group.", "contents": "The use of the Bj\u00f6rk-Shiley prosthetic valve in children under 10 years of age. Five children under 10 years of age were operated on with a Bj\u00f6rk-Shiley disc valve. The mitral valve was replaced in four patients and the tricuspid valve in one. No hospital death, late death or thromboembolic episode was observed during the 155 patient-months of the follow-up. Moreover, a marked reduction in cardiomegaly was demonstrated to parallel the clinical improvement and low risk seen in adults. We feel that our experience might justify a more aggressive approach in the management of valvular disease in children of the younger age group."}
{"id": "PMID:875229", "title": "[Clinical experiences and experimental studies of false sensing with demand pacemakers (author's transl)].", "content": "False triggering with a ventricular triggered pacemaker and false inhibition with a ventricular inhibited pacemaker were observed in two patients with complete heart block. These arrhythmias were considered to be attributable to false sensing with a demand pacemaker. Both in vitro and in vivo studies were performed to elucidate the mechanism of these false sensings, and the false sensings were reproduced in a series of experiments. Loose contact of the tip of electrodes to myocardial tissue, refractory period, the distance between two electrodes, and the after potential and its dv/dt of pacemaker impulses are considered to affect the performance of demand pacers.", "contents": "[Clinical experiences and experimental studies of false sensing with demand pacemakers (author's transl)]. False triggering with a ventricular triggered pacemaker and false inhibition with a ventricular inhibited pacemaker were observed in two patients with complete heart block. These arrhythmias were considered to be attributable to false sensing with a demand pacemaker. Both in vitro and in vivo studies were performed to elucidate the mechanism of these false sensings, and the false sensings were reproduced in a series of experiments. Loose contact of the tip of electrodes to myocardial tissue, refractory period, the distance between two electrodes, and the after potential and its dv/dt of pacemaker impulses are considered to affect the performance of demand pacers."}
{"id": "PMID:875230", "title": "Radioisotope angiocardiographic evaluation of left ventricular function in cardiac patients.", "content": "Left ventricular volumes were determined by means of ECG-gated RI angiocardiography, which were compared with volumes derived from contrast cineangiocardiography in 25 patients with various heart disease. There was a close correlation of end-diastolic and end-systolic volumes and ejection fraction between RI and contrast angiocardiography, although stroke volume yielded rather scattered values. In 46 of 52 patients with myocardial infarction left ventricular asynergy was demonstrated with our method. Mean velocity of circumferential shortening (mVcf) was exaggerated in patients with apical asynergy. mVcf derived from direct axis measurement yielded a higher value than that from area-length method. Left ventricular volume curve was constructed to obtain normalized systolic ejection rate during initial 100--200 msec after the start of ventricular depolarization. The index was in parallel to ejection fraction in every patient except in moderately severe hypertensive patients. End-diastolic compliance was calculated from Gaasch formula by obtaining pulmonary artery wedge pressure and end-diastolic volume, which was determined by injecting 99mTc pertechnetate into pulmonary artery through Swan-Ganz catheter. This way of access to patient with acute myocard infarction was most useful to evaluate the mechanism of elevated left ventricular end-diastolic pressure.", "contents": "Radioisotope angiocardiographic evaluation of left ventricular function in cardiac patients. Left ventricular volumes were determined by means of ECG-gated RI angiocardiography, which were compared with volumes derived from contrast cineangiocardiography in 25 patients with various heart disease. There was a close correlation of end-diastolic and end-systolic volumes and ejection fraction between RI and contrast angiocardiography, although stroke volume yielded rather scattered values. In 46 of 52 patients with myocardial infarction left ventricular asynergy was demonstrated with our method. Mean velocity of circumferential shortening (mVcf) was exaggerated in patients with apical asynergy. mVcf derived from direct axis measurement yielded a higher value than that from area-length method. Left ventricular volume curve was constructed to obtain normalized systolic ejection rate during initial 100--200 msec after the start of ventricular depolarization. The index was in parallel to ejection fraction in every patient except in moderately severe hypertensive patients. End-diastolic compliance was calculated from Gaasch formula by obtaining pulmonary artery wedge pressure and end-diastolic volume, which was determined by injecting 99mTc pertechnetate into pulmonary artery through Swan-Ganz catheter. This way of access to patient with acute myocard infarction was most useful to evaluate the mechanism of elevated left ventricular end-diastolic pressure."}
{"id": "PMID:875231", "title": "Clinical evaluation of myocardial contractility and its problems.", "content": "Studies were performed to assess clinical applicability and usefullness of several non-invasive indices of myocardial contractility, especially, ET/PEP, Pd/ICT and (Pd/ICT)(AO/EO). In dogs preload, afterload or myocardial contractility was altered by durgs. The ET/PEP was influenced by preload as well afterload and PdICT by afterload, respectively. A correction of Pd/ICT with preload, (Pd/ICT)/(AO/EO)showed a satisfactory correlation to Vmas even when the preload and/or afterload were altered. In clinical cases, ET/PEP, Pd/ICT and (Pd/ICT)/(AO/EO) all changed following administration of positive inotropic substances. Moreover, in azotemic cases with primary change in preload the gradient of the Frank-Sterling's curve increased progressively and the entire curve was located upwards with increase of (Pd/ICT)/(AO/EO) value. In case of high-resistance type hypertension, nevertheless, (Pd/ICT)/(AO/EO) showed a tendency to change in association with alteration of its constituent factor Pd. Since there exists no absolutely perfect non-invasive index of myocardial contractility available for clinical application as yet, it would be appropriate to make overall evaluation of myocardial contractility by combined use of several indices, with underlying pathological conditions and characteristics of individual parameters taken into consideration.", "contents": "Clinical evaluation of myocardial contractility and its problems. Studies were performed to assess clinical applicability and usefullness of several non-invasive indices of myocardial contractility, especially, ET/PEP, Pd/ICT and (Pd/ICT)(AO/EO). In dogs preload, afterload or myocardial contractility was altered by durgs. The ET/PEP was influenced by preload as well afterload and PdICT by afterload, respectively. A correction of Pd/ICT with preload, (Pd/ICT)/(AO/EO)showed a satisfactory correlation to Vmas even when the preload and/or afterload were altered. In clinical cases, ET/PEP, Pd/ICT and (Pd/ICT)/(AO/EO) all changed following administration of positive inotropic substances. Moreover, in azotemic cases with primary change in preload the gradient of the Frank-Sterling's curve increased progressively and the entire curve was located upwards with increase of (Pd/ICT)/(AO/EO) value. In case of high-resistance type hypertension, nevertheless, (Pd/ICT)/(AO/EO) showed a tendency to change in association with alteration of its constituent factor Pd. Since there exists no absolutely perfect non-invasive index of myocardial contractility available for clinical application as yet, it would be appropriate to make overall evaluation of myocardial contractility by combined use of several indices, with underlying pathological conditions and characteristics of individual parameters taken into consideration."}
{"id": "PMID:875244", "title": "Value of prophylactic oophorectomy in advanced breast cancer with parasternal lymph nodes metastasis.", "content": "In order to improve the poor prognosis of advanced breast cancer cases with positive parasternal lymph nodes metastasis, prophylactic oophorectomy was performed in 25 unselected cases. In a retrospective study on the breast cancer cases operated on from 1958 to 1969, comparison of eight advanced breast cancer cases with positive parasternal lymph nodes metastasis after radical mastectomy of Halsted type and parasternal lymph nodes dissection with, and 17 cases without prophylactic bilateral oophorectomy was made with respect to the survival rate, the survival time pattern by Mantel-Haenszel's procedure in their entirety and the recurrence rate. These results suggest the effectiveness of prophylactic oophorectomy for the advanced breast cancer.", "contents": "Value of prophylactic oophorectomy in advanced breast cancer with parasternal lymph nodes metastasis. In order to improve the poor prognosis of advanced breast cancer cases with positive parasternal lymph nodes metastasis, prophylactic oophorectomy was performed in 25 unselected cases. In a retrospective study on the breast cancer cases operated on from 1958 to 1969, comparison of eight advanced breast cancer cases with positive parasternal lymph nodes metastasis after radical mastectomy of Halsted type and parasternal lymph nodes dissection with, and 17 cases without prophylactic bilateral oophorectomy was made with respect to the survival rate, the survival time pattern by Mantel-Haenszel's procedure in their entirety and the recurrence rate. These results suggest the effectiveness of prophylactic oophorectomy for the advanced breast cancer."}
{"id": "PMID:875245", "title": "A small pulsatile pump for extracorporeal circulation.", "content": "A new pulsatile pump was constructed with variable beat rate and the stroke volume, controlled systolic maximum pressure and a very steep built-up curve, to be used for extracorporeal circulation.", "contents": "A small pulsatile pump for extracorporeal circulation. A new pulsatile pump was constructed with variable beat rate and the stroke volume, controlled systolic maximum pressure and a very steep built-up curve, to be used for extracorporeal circulation."}
{"id": "PMID:875246", "title": "Perfusion cooling by pulsatile flow.", "content": "Organ temperature changes and the temperature gradient between organs with cooling and rewarming were studied in rabbits using pulsatile flow perfusion. The temperature gradient between organs was within 3 degrees C. At the initial stage of cooling and rewarming, organ temperatures changed rapidly. During circulatory arrest, organ temperatures rose gradually. Brain temperature changes were similar to other organs.", "contents": "Perfusion cooling by pulsatile flow. Organ temperature changes and the temperature gradient between organs with cooling and rewarming were studied in rabbits using pulsatile flow perfusion. The temperature gradient between organs was within 3 degrees C. At the initial stage of cooling and rewarming, organ temperatures changed rapidly. During circulatory arrest, organ temperatures rose gradually. Brain temperature changes were similar to other organs."}
{"id": "PMID:875247", "title": "Emergency department visits--a statewide survey.", "content": "In a review by questionnaire of the emergency visits to 185 Florida hospitals, the number of annual estimated visits appears to exceed national estimates. In addition, the concept that in excess of 75% of patients are not true emergencies is not borne out. In spite of changes in the emergency medical services system, only 10% of patients came by ambulance or rescue vehicle. These patients were more likely to be seriously ill as attested to by the fact that 50% required hospitalization. Definitive care was provided for 80% of patients. Some 40% of Florida's emergency departments have full-time emergency physicians. Although nearly 70% of the emergency patients were seen by these physicians, 2.4% were seen by interns only, and a total of 10% were seen by house officers only. There was a great variety of referral patterns among the Health Service Agencies.", "contents": "Emergency department visits--a statewide survey. In a review by questionnaire of the emergency visits to 185 Florida hospitals, the number of annual estimated visits appears to exceed national estimates. In addition, the concept that in excess of 75% of patients are not true emergencies is not borne out. In spite of changes in the emergency medical services system, only 10% of patients came by ambulance or rescue vehicle. These patients were more likely to be seriously ill as attested to by the fact that 50% required hospitalization. Definitive care was provided for 80% of patients. Some 40% of Florida's emergency departments have full-time emergency physicians. Although nearly 70% of the emergency patients were seen by these physicians, 2.4% were seen by interns only, and a total of 10% were seen by house officers only. There was a great variety of referral patterns among the Health Service Agencies."}
{"id": "PMID:875248", "title": "Hospital emergency department surveillance system: a data base for patient care, management, research and teaching.", "content": "The Johns Hopkins Health Services Research and Development Center and Emergency Department have developed a processing and feedback mechanism to provide a data base for management planning, allocating available resources, research strategies to evaluate the quality of care and teaching programs to train physicians in emergency medicine. A 10% sample of all emergency department visits is randomly selected each day, and data collected on patient age, sex, race, marital status, mode of arrival, method of payment, census tract of residence, complaint, diagnosis, disposition, date of visit, and times of entry and departure. In addition, process data on nursing care are collected. A sub-sample is selected for telephone or household follow-up aimed at gathering outcome data as part of the surveillance study. Turnaround time from the subject's emergency department visit to provider's feedback is one month. Thus, an ongoing, current description of usage is available. Retrieval of data for longer time periods provides valuable information on daily, monthly and seasonal usage patterns.", "contents": "Hospital emergency department surveillance system: a data base for patient care, management, research and teaching. The Johns Hopkins Health Services Research and Development Center and Emergency Department have developed a processing and feedback mechanism to provide a data base for management planning, allocating available resources, research strategies to evaluate the quality of care and teaching programs to train physicians in emergency medicine. A 10% sample of all emergency department visits is randomly selected each day, and data collected on patient age, sex, race, marital status, mode of arrival, method of payment, census tract of residence, complaint, diagnosis, disposition, date of visit, and times of entry and departure. In addition, process data on nursing care are collected. A sub-sample is selected for telephone or household follow-up aimed at gathering outcome data as part of the surveillance study. Turnaround time from the subject's emergency department visit to provider's feedback is one month. Thus, an ongoing, current description of usage is available. Retrieval of data for longer time periods provides valuable information on daily, monthly and seasonal usage patterns."}
{"id": "PMID:875249", "title": "Recognition of type 1 second degree atrial ventricular block during incomplete atrial ventricular dissociation in acute inferior myocardial infarction.", "content": "Type 1 (Wenckebach) atrial ventricular blocks and accelerated junctional rhythms occur frequently and early in acute inferior myocardial infarction. Combined they present a puzzling arrhythmia. A systematic approach to interpretation and recognition of the RP interval is the critical determinant for conduction. Correct evaluation of these arrhythmias prevents unnecessary therapy.", "contents": "Recognition of type 1 second degree atrial ventricular block during incomplete atrial ventricular dissociation in acute inferior myocardial infarction. Type 1 (Wenckebach) atrial ventricular blocks and accelerated junctional rhythms occur frequently and early in acute inferior myocardial infarction. Combined they present a puzzling arrhythmia. A systematic approach to interpretation and recognition of the RP interval is the critical determinant for conduction. Correct evaluation of these arrhythmias prevents unnecessary therapy."}
{"id": "PMID:875250", "title": "EMS communication system in Osaka, Japan.", "content": "Osaka prefecture, an industrial and commercial center in western Japan with a population of 7.4 million, is divided into 40 municipalities. Each municipality has an independent ambulance dispatching center to provide ambulances and rescue personnel information about availability of physicians and hospital beds in that municipality's receiving hospitals. An Emergency Medical Services Information Center (EMS-IC), equipped with a wireless network and memory devices, collects information on available specialits and vacant hospital beds every three hours from 300 hospitals and clinics in the whole prefecture and supplies them to physicians, ambulances, medical institutions, fire services headquarters, police departments, ambulance dispatching centers, medical societies and the Red Cross. EMS-IC can provide the name of the most appropriate medical institution to a running ambulance on request from rescue personnel. EMS-IC also stores information on bank blood and antiserum.", "contents": "EMS communication system in Osaka, Japan. Osaka prefecture, an industrial and commercial center in western Japan with a population of 7.4 million, is divided into 40 municipalities. Each municipality has an independent ambulance dispatching center to provide ambulances and rescue personnel information about availability of physicians and hospital beds in that municipality's receiving hospitals. An Emergency Medical Services Information Center (EMS-IC), equipped with a wireless network and memory devices, collects information on available specialits and vacant hospital beds every three hours from 300 hospitals and clinics in the whole prefecture and supplies them to physicians, ambulances, medical institutions, fire services headquarters, police departments, ambulance dispatching centers, medical societies and the Red Cross. EMS-IC can provide the name of the most appropriate medical institution to a running ambulance on request from rescue personnel. EMS-IC also stores information on bank blood and antiserum."}
{"id": "PMID:875252", "title": "A thoracostomy tube for field and emergency department use.", "content": "A small, easily insertable tube in combination with a one-way flutter valve serves as a quick but effective small chest tube for use in trauma both in the prehospital stage and the emergency department. The dart was effective in resolving pneumothorax in dogs and humans. Paramedics can be trained easily to use it.", "contents": "A thoracostomy tube for field and emergency department use. A small, easily insertable tube in combination with a one-way flutter valve serves as a quick but effective small chest tube for use in trauma both in the prehospital stage and the emergency department. The dart was effective in resolving pneumothorax in dogs and humans. Paramedics can be trained easily to use it."}
{"id": "PMID:875258", "title": "Lung disease in reformed drug addicts: diagnostic and physiologic correlations.", "content": "Pulmonary morphologic alterations secondary alterations secondary to intravenous drug abuse have been previously identified by histopathologic study of autopsy and biopsy material. Recent investigative efforts have been directed toward defining functional abnormalities that would allow for early clinical diagnosis. For this reason, 12 asymptomatic addicts were studied with roentgenography, spirometry, single breath diffusing capacity (DLco), 99Tc perfusion and 133 Xe ventilation scanning. Nine of the twelve were heavy cigarette smokers. None reported historical evidence of chronic bronchitis or right-sided endocarditis. The DLco was the only significant routine pulmonary function abnormality (p less than .001) observed in these patients. The DLco was significantly reduced even after correction for smoking habits (p less than .001). The decrease in DLco correlated with the number of perfusion defects detected by 99Tc scanning (r = -.560). There was no correlation between DLco and the number of defects on the 133Xe ventilation scan, age, pack-years smoked, or other routine pulmonary function tests. Further, there was no correlation between the number of perfusion and the number of ventilation defects. The data suggest that the decrease in DLco found in these addicts is the result of reduction of the pulmonary capillary bed secondary to vascular or interstitial granulomatosis.", "contents": "Lung disease in reformed drug addicts: diagnostic and physiologic correlations. Pulmonary morphologic alterations secondary alterations secondary to intravenous drug abuse have been previously identified by histopathologic study of autopsy and biopsy material. Recent investigative efforts have been directed toward defining functional abnormalities that would allow for early clinical diagnosis. For this reason, 12 asymptomatic addicts were studied with roentgenography, spirometry, single breath diffusing capacity (DLco), 99Tc perfusion and 133 Xe ventilation scanning. Nine of the twelve were heavy cigarette smokers. None reported historical evidence of chronic bronchitis or right-sided endocarditis. The DLco was the only significant routine pulmonary function abnormality (p less than .001) observed in these patients. The DLco was significantly reduced even after correction for smoking habits (p less than .001). The decrease in DLco correlated with the number of perfusion defects detected by 99Tc scanning (r = -.560). There was no correlation between DLco and the number of defects on the 133Xe ventilation scan, age, pack-years smoked, or other routine pulmonary function tests. Further, there was no correlation between the number of perfusion and the number of ventilation defects. The data suggest that the decrease in DLco found in these addicts is the result of reduction of the pulmonary capillary bed secondary to vascular or interstitial granulomatosis."}
{"id": "PMID:875262", "title": "Fever in the first eight weeks of life.", "content": "Sixty-one febrile infants in the first eight weeks of life were evaluated for serious, treatable illness. Infants with bacteremia could not be distinguished from non-bacteremic infants by height of fever, white blood cell count, absolute number of juvenile or mature polymorphonuclear leukocytes, or the presence of a focus of infection (meningitis excluded). The examiners' overall assessment (\"clinical judgment\") correctly identified eight of the nine infants with bacteremia as not being \"well\"; one 2-week-old with group B streptococcal bacteremia was \"missed\" clinically, This points up the limitation of clinical judgment in assessing febrile infants in the age group studied and supports an aggressive approach in the management of very young febrile infants.", "contents": "Fever in the first eight weeks of life. Sixty-one febrile infants in the first eight weeks of life were evaluated for serious, treatable illness. Infants with bacteremia could not be distinguished from non-bacteremic infants by height of fever, white blood cell count, absolute number of juvenile or mature polymorphonuclear leukocytes, or the presence of a focus of infection (meningitis excluded). The examiners' overall assessment (\"clinical judgment\") correctly identified eight of the nine infants with bacteremia as not being \"well\"; one 2-week-old with group B streptococcal bacteremia was \"missed\" clinically, This points up the limitation of clinical judgment in assessing febrile infants in the age group studied and supports an aggressive approach in the management of very young febrile infants."}
{"id": "PMID:875311", "title": "[The Contractile Function of the Surviving Heart Muscle Following Coronary Occlusion (author's transl)].", "content": "Following acute myocardial infarction the functional load of the surviving heart muscle does increase considerably, leading to an increased release of adrenergic neurotransmitters with a consequent decrease in endogenous catecholamine stores. Within the first 24 h following infarction, a temporary decline in the high-energy phosphate content is observed in the surviving heart muscle; futhermore, a reduction in lactate extraction is noted. In the intact organism an increased shortening of the surviving heart muscle is noted as a consequence of the altered ventricular geometry and the increased release of catecholamines. If these effects are excluded by means of isolation and analysis in vitro, a decrease in contractile function could be demonstrated in the surviving heart muscle in the early phase following infarction; the response to positive inotropic interventions was depressed as well. These changes are reversible; six weeks following infarction a normal contractile behaviour is observed.", "contents": "[The Contractile Function of the Surviving Heart Muscle Following Coronary Occlusion (author's transl)]. Following acute myocardial infarction the functional load of the surviving heart muscle does increase considerably, leading to an increased release of adrenergic neurotransmitters with a consequent decrease in endogenous catecholamine stores. Within the first 24 h following infarction, a temporary decline in the high-energy phosphate content is observed in the surviving heart muscle; futhermore, a reduction in lactate extraction is noted. In the intact organism an increased shortening of the surviving heart muscle is noted as a consequence of the altered ventricular geometry and the increased release of catecholamines. If these effects are excluded by means of isolation and analysis in vitro, a decrease in contractile function could be demonstrated in the surviving heart muscle in the early phase following infarction; the response to positive inotropic interventions was depressed as well. These changes are reversible; six weeks following infarction a normal contractile behaviour is observed."}
{"id": "PMID:875313", "title": "[Catamnestic and endocrinological investigations in women with idiopathic edema (author's transl)].", "content": "The clinical picture and the course of idiopathic edema is described after evaluating catamnestic questionnaires on 39 patients. It appears that the syndrome often occurs in other female family members, especially in mothers of propositi and that two thirds of patients have also suffered from symptoms of allergy. In contrast to observations of other groups, diabetes mellitus and slight hypoalbuminemia were found only in a few patients. Secondary hyperaldosteronism was almost exclusively observed in patients who had been taking diuretics during the last few days before the measurements were done. The plasma concentrations of 6 other adrenal steroidal hormones were measured in 33 patients. Only in few of them, mostly patients who had taken diuretics, increased level of 11-deoxycorticosterone, 18-OH-11-deoxycorticosterone and corticosterone were observed. Idiopathic edema does not seem to be a disease entity, but some prediposing factor related to the female reproductive system is likely to exist. Results of systematic psychosomatic studies in our patients will be reported later on.", "contents": "[Catamnestic and endocrinological investigations in women with idiopathic edema (author's transl)]. The clinical picture and the course of idiopathic edema is described after evaluating catamnestic questionnaires on 39 patients. It appears that the syndrome often occurs in other female family members, especially in mothers of propositi and that two thirds of patients have also suffered from symptoms of allergy. In contrast to observations of other groups, diabetes mellitus and slight hypoalbuminemia were found only in a few patients. Secondary hyperaldosteronism was almost exclusively observed in patients who had been taking diuretics during the last few days before the measurements were done. The plasma concentrations of 6 other adrenal steroidal hormones were measured in 33 patients. Only in few of them, mostly patients who had taken diuretics, increased level of 11-deoxycorticosterone, 18-OH-11-deoxycorticosterone and corticosterone were observed. Idiopathic edema does not seem to be a disease entity, but some prediposing factor related to the female reproductive system is likely to exist. Results of systematic psychosomatic studies in our patients will be reported later on."}
{"id": "PMID:875314", "title": "Leukocyte response to somatostatin in normals and patients with bacterial leukocytosis.", "content": "In normals and patients with acute bakterial leukocytosis synthetic somatostatin decreases cell count of stab neutrophils, neutrophils and eosinophils. After termination of somatostatin infusion a rebound phenomenon occurred. In healthy normals lymphocyte count increased during somatostatin infusion. This effect outlasts the end of infusion for more than 24 h. No significant effect could be demonstrated in patients with a bacterial leukocytosis.", "contents": "Leukocyte response to somatostatin in normals and patients with bacterial leukocytosis. In normals and patients with acute bakterial leukocytosis synthetic somatostatin decreases cell count of stab neutrophils, neutrophils and eosinophils. After termination of somatostatin infusion a rebound phenomenon occurred. In healthy normals lymphocyte count increased during somatostatin infusion. This effect outlasts the end of infusion for more than 24 h. No significant effect could be demonstrated in patients with a bacterial leukocytosis."}
{"id": "PMID:875315", "title": "Effects of antikaliuretic agents on cardiac electrophysiology--measurements in papillary heart muscle and in purkinje fibers.", "content": "Electrophysiological parameters of myocardial excitability of heart muscle in vitro were studied under the influence of antikaliuretic diuretics. Potassium canrenoate, amiloride and triamterene were added in final concentrations of 5-440 mug/ml incubation medium. Resting and action potentials as well as refractory periods of single muscle cells and Purkinje fibers were measured by the microelectrode technique.--The antikaliuretic substances potassium canrenoate, amiloride and triamterene led to a significant concentration-dependent prolongation of action potential duration and, correspondingly, to a lengthening of the refractory period. Glycoside-induced shortening of the refractory period could be demonstrated to be antagonized by triamterene.--Results suggest that aldosterone antagonists, amiloride and triamterene may exhibit antiarrhythmic properties in the ventricular myocardium as well as in the conducting tissue. Drugs are equally effective when compared in molar concentrations. The application of antikaliuretic diuretics seems to be useful in the therapy of congestive heart failure with respect to their extrarenal cardiac effects, too.", "contents": "Effects of antikaliuretic agents on cardiac electrophysiology--measurements in papillary heart muscle and in purkinje fibers. Electrophysiological parameters of myocardial excitability of heart muscle in vitro were studied under the influence of antikaliuretic diuretics. Potassium canrenoate, amiloride and triamterene were added in final concentrations of 5-440 mug/ml incubation medium. Resting and action potentials as well as refractory periods of single muscle cells and Purkinje fibers were measured by the microelectrode technique.--The antikaliuretic substances potassium canrenoate, amiloride and triamterene led to a significant concentration-dependent prolongation of action potential duration and, correspondingly, to a lengthening of the refractory period. Glycoside-induced shortening of the refractory period could be demonstrated to be antagonized by triamterene.--Results suggest that aldosterone antagonists, amiloride and triamterene may exhibit antiarrhythmic properties in the ventricular myocardium as well as in the conducting tissue. Drugs are equally effective when compared in molar concentrations. The application of antikaliuretic diuretics seems to be useful in the therapy of congestive heart failure with respect to their extrarenal cardiac effects, too."}
{"id": "PMID:875316", "title": "[Radioimmunological estimation of digoxin in urine (author's transl)].", "content": "When separating free and antibody bound digoxin, dextrancoated charcoal suspensions in protein-free urine dilutions develop an improve sieve effect which improves with aging of the suspensions. On addition of albumin to the dilution medium (buffer), the adsorptive capacities become stabilized. In urine dilutions less than of 1:50, false positive digoxin concentrations were measured. Determinations of 0-5 ng digoxin/ml in the diluted urine (1:100) and in the buffer solution show identical results. The recovery of added digoxin (1 ng and 2 ng/ml) is 100%; the lower detection limit is 3.6 mug/l urine. Between-assay variation for means of duplicates shows in the main measuring range (1.5-2.8 ng digoxin/ml) a variation coefficient less than of 4.5%; for a commercial test this value is distinctly higher. Dihydrodigoxin is measured at 3% only. Application of this method for measuring cumulative glycoside elimination of 5 healthy persons (0.5 mg digoxin daily intravenously during 2 weeks) results in a minimal interindividual variation of 5.1%. In a test preparation with a bioavailability of 94.6% the variation is 5.2%.", "contents": "[Radioimmunological estimation of digoxin in urine (author's transl)]. When separating free and antibody bound digoxin, dextrancoated charcoal suspensions in protein-free urine dilutions develop an improve sieve effect which improves with aging of the suspensions. On addition of albumin to the dilution medium (buffer), the adsorptive capacities become stabilized. In urine dilutions less than of 1:50, false positive digoxin concentrations were measured. Determinations of 0-5 ng digoxin/ml in the diluted urine (1:100) and in the buffer solution show identical results. The recovery of added digoxin (1 ng and 2 ng/ml) is 100%; the lower detection limit is 3.6 mug/l urine. Between-assay variation for means of duplicates shows in the main measuring range (1.5-2.8 ng digoxin/ml) a variation coefficient less than of 4.5%; for a commercial test this value is distinctly higher. Dihydrodigoxin is measured at 3% only. Application of this method for measuring cumulative glycoside elimination of 5 healthy persons (0.5 mg digoxin daily intravenously during 2 weeks) results in a minimal interindividual variation of 5.1%. In a test preparation with a bioavailability of 94.6% the variation is 5.2%."}
{"id": "PMID:875317", "title": "[Intestinal absorption of digoxin in systemic sclerosis (author's transl)].", "content": "Gastro-intestinal absorption of digoxin was evaluated in 18 patients with progressive systemic sclerosis. In 8 patients a single-dose crossover study was performed after oral and intravenous administration of 0.5 mg digoxin by comparing the aera under the eight-hour plasma concentration curve. The fraction of the dose absorbed was diminished in 4 patients to less than 55%. There was a significant positive correlation between the extent of digoxin absorption and xylose renal excretion. In addition, steady state digoxin plasma levels and 24-h urinary excretion of digoxin were determined during maintenance therapy in 12 patients. In 6 patients renal excretion of digoxin was clearly less than in normal subjects during chronic dosing of the same digoxin preparation. This finding corresponded well with digoxin plasma levels below the usual therapeutic range in most of the patients. The impaired absorption of digoxin failed to correlate with the extent of the skin manifestation or the time course of the disease while there was massive oesophageal dysfunction in most of these patients. The results suggest that an inadequate therapeutic response to cardiac glycosides in patients suffering from progressive systemic sclerosis is at least partially due to impaired digoxin absorption. Similar problems could occur in therapy of the disease itself due to insufficient enteral absorption of drugs used in treatment of systemic sclerosis.", "contents": "[Intestinal absorption of digoxin in systemic sclerosis (author's transl)]. Gastro-intestinal absorption of digoxin was evaluated in 18 patients with progressive systemic sclerosis. In 8 patients a single-dose crossover study was performed after oral and intravenous administration of 0.5 mg digoxin by comparing the aera under the eight-hour plasma concentration curve. The fraction of the dose absorbed was diminished in 4 patients to less than 55%. There was a significant positive correlation between the extent of digoxin absorption and xylose renal excretion. In addition, steady state digoxin plasma levels and 24-h urinary excretion of digoxin were determined during maintenance therapy in 12 patients. In 6 patients renal excretion of digoxin was clearly less than in normal subjects during chronic dosing of the same digoxin preparation. This finding corresponded well with digoxin plasma levels below the usual therapeutic range in most of the patients. The impaired absorption of digoxin failed to correlate with the extent of the skin manifestation or the time course of the disease while there was massive oesophageal dysfunction in most of these patients. The results suggest that an inadequate therapeutic response to cardiac glycosides in patients suffering from progressive systemic sclerosis is at least partially due to impaired digoxin absorption. Similar problems could occur in therapy of the disease itself due to insufficient enteral absorption of drugs used in treatment of systemic sclerosis."}
{"id": "PMID:875318", "title": "[Indocyanine green kinetics in newborns with non-hemolytic hyperbilirubinemia (author's transl)].", "content": "The kinetic parameters of indocyanine green elimination from blood were determined after an intravenous load of the dye in a dosage of 2-4 mg per kg body weight in 22 newborns with a non-hemolytic hyperbilirubinemia. Since the uptake of indocyanine green by liver is selectively carried out and the dye is not further metabolised, these kinetic parameters serve as measures for the performance of hepatocellular elimination. 11 of these newborns were treated 5 days previously with 7.5 mg phenobarbital per kg body weight. Compared to the untreated group, the serum bilirubin concentration significantly decreased after treatment with phenobarbital and the parameters of elimination of the dye from blood changed as described by saturation-kinetics. The maximal elimination-rate Vmax and the Michaelis-Menten-constant Km were significantly higher in newborns treated with phenobarbital (71.1 muMol/l-min and 356.4 muMol/l) than in the untreated ones (23.4 muMol/l-min and 100.0 mutmol/l). Kinetic data of indocyanine green elimination gathered in newborns treated with and without phenobarbital support the hypothesis that cytoplasmatic proteins oliver should facilitate the uptake of organic anions inclusively bilirubin into the liver cell. A defiency of such transport proteins may be one of the causes of non-hemolytic hyperbilirubinemia in newborns.", "contents": "[Indocyanine green kinetics in newborns with non-hemolytic hyperbilirubinemia (author's transl)]. The kinetic parameters of indocyanine green elimination from blood were determined after an intravenous load of the dye in a dosage of 2-4 mg per kg body weight in 22 newborns with a non-hemolytic hyperbilirubinemia. Since the uptake of indocyanine green by liver is selectively carried out and the dye is not further metabolised, these kinetic parameters serve as measures for the performance of hepatocellular elimination. 11 of these newborns were treated 5 days previously with 7.5 mg phenobarbital per kg body weight. Compared to the untreated group, the serum bilirubin concentration significantly decreased after treatment with phenobarbital and the parameters of elimination of the dye from blood changed as described by saturation-kinetics. The maximal elimination-rate Vmax and the Michaelis-Menten-constant Km were significantly higher in newborns treated with phenobarbital (71.1 muMol/l-min and 356.4 muMol/l) than in the untreated ones (23.4 muMol/l-min and 100.0 mutmol/l). Kinetic data of indocyanine green elimination gathered in newborns treated with and without phenobarbital support the hypothesis that cytoplasmatic proteins oliver should facilitate the uptake of organic anions inclusively bilirubin into the liver cell. A defiency of such transport proteins may be one of the causes of non-hemolytic hyperbilirubinemia in newborns."}
{"id": "PMID:875319", "title": "[Concentration of plasma glycosphingolipids in acute hepatitis (author's transl)].", "content": "There are mainly four neutral glycosphingolipids in human blood plasma: Monohexosyl, dihexosyl, trihexosyl and tetrahexosyl ceramide. In patients with viral hepatitis (n=21) during the acute phase all four fractions of plasma glycosphingolipids were elevated compared to healthy subjects (n=23). With the exception of trihexosyl ceramide all fractions demonstrated statistically striking elevations in the acute phase of viral hepatitis. Simultaneously in the acute phase of hepatitis triglycerides and cholesterol in serum were significantly increased. It is concluded the elevation of glycosphingolipid levels in plasma is a metabolic consequence of hyperlipoproteinemia. Furthermore it is supposed that a part of plasma glycosphingolipids is synthezised de novo by the liver like VLDL.", "contents": "[Concentration of plasma glycosphingolipids in acute hepatitis (author's transl)]. There are mainly four neutral glycosphingolipids in human blood plasma: Monohexosyl, dihexosyl, trihexosyl and tetrahexosyl ceramide. In patients with viral hepatitis (n=21) during the acute phase all four fractions of plasma glycosphingolipids were elevated compared to healthy subjects (n=23). With the exception of trihexosyl ceramide all fractions demonstrated statistically striking elevations in the acute phase of viral hepatitis. Simultaneously in the acute phase of hepatitis triglycerides and cholesterol in serum were significantly increased. It is concluded the elevation of glycosphingolipid levels in plasma is a metabolic consequence of hyperlipoproteinemia. Furthermore it is supposed that a part of plasma glycosphingolipids is synthezised de novo by the liver like VLDL."}
{"id": "PMID:875347", "title": "[State of the microscopic and crystalline structures, the microhardness and mineral saturation of human bone tissue after prolonged space flight].", "content": "The bone tissue removed by autopsy from the crewmembers of the orbital station Salyut-1 after their 23-day space flight was investigated histologically, crystallographically, biophysically and biochemically. The comprehensive studies showed good correlation of the parameters studied. The microscopic and crystalline structures of bone tissue of every skeletal bone tested (ox calcis, frmoral epiphysis and diaphysis, vertebrae, ribs, sternum) did not differ from the normal. The data were in agreement with the parameters of bone microhardness and mineralization which also remained within the normal limits. No pathological changes in the above parameters were noted. Greater packing of the crystal lattice, increased microhardness and mineralization of bone tissue can be attributed to the effect of exercises.", "contents": "[State of the microscopic and crystalline structures, the microhardness and mineral saturation of human bone tissue after prolonged space flight]. The bone tissue removed by autopsy from the crewmembers of the orbital station Salyut-1 after their 23-day space flight was investigated histologically, crystallographically, biophysically and biochemically. The comprehensive studies showed good correlation of the parameters studied. The microscopic and crystalline structures of bone tissue of every skeletal bone tested (ox calcis, frmoral epiphysis and diaphysis, vertebrae, ribs, sternum) did not differ from the normal. The data were in agreement with the parameters of bone microhardness and mineralization which also remained within the normal limits. No pathological changes in the above parameters were noted. Greater packing of the crystal lattice, increased microhardness and mineralization of bone tissue can be attributed to the effect of exercises."}
{"id": "PMID:875348", "title": "[Characteristics of the regional circulation and vasomotor regulation after a 2-month space flight].", "content": "The paper presents the results of rheographic study of regional hemodynamics of Soyuz-18 -- Salyut-4 crewmembers at rest and during orthostatic tests before and after their 63-day space flight. On the 1st postflight day a marked decrease of dicrotic and diastolic indices in hemispheric rheoencephalograms of both cosmonauts and in bimastoidal rheoencephalograms of V.I. Sevastyanov was noted. These events of cerebral and venous hypotension were followed in V.I. Sevastyanov by a noticeable increase in the cerebral pulse blood filling and in P.I. Klimuk by a slight decrease of the hemispheric blood filling. A marked asymmetry of rheoencephalograms, especially of the vascular tone, was detected. On the 1st postflight day orthostatic tolerance was diminished, particularly in P.I. Klimuk. He showed predominant phenomena of arteriolar and venous hypotension of cerebral vessels in the vertebral-basillary system and V.I. Sevastyanov exhibited hypotension primarily in the basin of the interior carotid artery. Responses of the regional hemodynamics to orthostatic tests in both cosmonauts improved continuously and reached the preflight level by the 16th postflight day.", "contents": "[Characteristics of the regional circulation and vasomotor regulation after a 2-month space flight]. The paper presents the results of rheographic study of regional hemodynamics of Soyuz-18 -- Salyut-4 crewmembers at rest and during orthostatic tests before and after their 63-day space flight. On the 1st postflight day a marked decrease of dicrotic and diastolic indices in hemispheric rheoencephalograms of both cosmonauts and in bimastoidal rheoencephalograms of V.I. Sevastyanov was noted. These events of cerebral and venous hypotension were followed in V.I. Sevastyanov by a noticeable increase in the cerebral pulse blood filling and in P.I. Klimuk by a slight decrease of the hemispheric blood filling. A marked asymmetry of rheoencephalograms, especially of the vascular tone, was detected. On the 1st postflight day orthostatic tolerance was diminished, particularly in P.I. Klimuk. He showed predominant phenomena of arteriolar and venous hypotension of cerebral vessels in the vertebral-basillary system and V.I. Sevastyanov exhibited hypotension primarily in the basin of the interior carotid artery. Responses of the regional hemodynamics to orthostatic tests in both cosmonauts improved continuously and reached the preflight level by the 16th postflight day."}
{"id": "PMID:875349", "title": "[Circulatory studies in LBNP on board the \"Saliut-4\" orbital station].", "content": "Orthostatic tolerance of the Salyut-4 crewmembers was measured by means of LBNP tests (--25 mm Hg for 2 min and --35 mm Hg for subsequent 3 min). Orthostatic tolerance decreased, remaining, however, satisfactory throughout the 2-month flight. During LBNP tests the pattern of most cardiovascular changes inflight and on the earth was similar. In weightlessness heart rate increased reaching maximum preflight values; cardiac output and stroke volume decreased noticeably; the systolic time interval changed significantly. The recommended regimen of LBNP did not deteriorate the health state of the crewmembers and was adequate to predict their orthostatic tolerance. Criteria for the evaluation of the health condition of space crewmembers were developed.", "contents": "[Circulatory studies in LBNP on board the \"Saliut-4\" orbital station]. Orthostatic tolerance of the Salyut-4 crewmembers was measured by means of LBNP tests (--25 mm Hg for 2 min and --35 mm Hg for subsequent 3 min). Orthostatic tolerance decreased, remaining, however, satisfactory throughout the 2-month flight. During LBNP tests the pattern of most cardiovascular changes inflight and on the earth was similar. In weightlessness heart rate increased reaching maximum preflight values; cardiac output and stroke volume decreased noticeably; the systolic time interval changed significantly. The recommended regimen of LBNP did not deteriorate the health state of the crewmembers and was adequate to predict their orthostatic tolerance. Criteria for the evaluation of the health condition of space crewmembers were developed."}
{"id": "PMID:875350", "title": "[Dynamics of the orthostatic tolerance of cosmonauts after flights lasting from 2 to 63 days].", "content": "Changes in orthostatic tolerance were studied in 25 cosmonauts after their flights to 2 to 63 days in duration aboard the spacecraft Soyuz and the orbital station Salyut. Postflight orthostatic tolerance decreased to a greater extent in those cosmanauts in whom it was below the medium level preflight. Orthostatic intolerance increased with the  flight time. The development of orthostatic intolerance in the crewmembers of the Salyut station was significantly delayed due to better environmental conditions and countermeasures against adverse effects of space flight. An application of countermeasures against postflight orthostatic intolerance and a gentle regimen of readaptation are indicated. An exposure to prolonged weightlessness changes significantly the structure of orthostatic responses. This ought to be taken into consideration when inflight orthostatic tests are being evaluated and when countermeasures against postflight orthostatic intolerance are developed.", "contents": "[Dynamics of the orthostatic tolerance of cosmonauts after flights lasting from 2 to 63 days]. Changes in orthostatic tolerance were studied in 25 cosmonauts after their flights to 2 to 63 days in duration aboard the spacecraft Soyuz and the orbital station Salyut. Postflight orthostatic tolerance decreased to a greater extent in those cosmanauts in whom it was below the medium level preflight. Orthostatic intolerance increased with the  flight time. The development of orthostatic intolerance in the crewmembers of the Salyut station was significantly delayed due to better environmental conditions and countermeasures against adverse effects of space flight. An application of countermeasures against postflight orthostatic intolerance and a gentle regimen of readaptation are indicated. An exposure to prolonged weightlessness changes significantly the structure of orthostatic responses. This ought to be taken into consideration when inflight orthostatic tests are being evaluated and when countermeasures against postflight orthostatic intolerance are developed."}
{"id": "PMID:875351", "title": "[Histochemical study of the digestive organs of rats after a flight on \"Kosmos-605\"].", "content": "The histochemical study of the stomach, small and large intestines and pancreas of rats flown aboard the biosatellite Cosmos-605 as well as of synchronous and vivarium controls demonstrated a significant decline in the mucine producing capacity of epithelial cells of the stomach of the flight rats on the R + 1 day. The study showed an increased content of sialo- and sulphosaccharides in goblet cells of cryptae of large intestine and a reduced content of free cation protein in the acinar cells of the pancreas of flight rats. The changes were transient and disappeared by the R + 26 day.", "contents": "[Histochemical study of the digestive organs of rats after a flight on \"Kosmos-605\"]. The histochemical study of the stomach, small and large intestines and pancreas of rats flown aboard the biosatellite Cosmos-605 as well as of synchronous and vivarium controls demonstrated a significant decline in the mucine producing capacity of epithelial cells of the stomach of the flight rats on the R + 1 day. The study showed an increased content of sialo- and sulphosaccharides in goblet cells of cryptae of large intestine and a reduced content of free cation protein in the acinar cells of the pancreas of flight rats. The changes were transient and disappeared by the R + 26 day."}
{"id": "PMID:875352", "title": "[Respiratory mechanics during speech at the time of a static physical load].", "content": "In 12 healthy male test subjects, aged 18--35, respiratory characteristics during talking at rest and when doing static exercises were studied by simultaneous recording of their pneumotachograms, integrated spirograms and transpulmonary intrathoracic pressures. By building pressure-volume curves for lungs and correcting them for transpulmonary pressure, variations in the pressure under the vocal cords when saying a standardized phrase were determined as related to the exercise level. The relationship between the rate and volume parameters of pulmonary ventilation and airway resistance during talking, on the one hand, and the level of exercises, on the other, was established.", "contents": "[Respiratory mechanics during speech at the time of a static physical load]. In 12 healthy male test subjects, aged 18--35, respiratory characteristics during talking at rest and when doing static exercises were studied by simultaneous recording of their pneumotachograms, integrated spirograms and transpulmonary intrathoracic pressures. By building pressure-volume curves for lungs and correcting them for transpulmonary pressure, variations in the pressure under the vocal cords when saying a standardized phrase were determined as related to the exercise level. The relationship between the rate and volume parameters of pulmonary ventilation and airway resistance during talking, on the one hand, and the level of exercises, on the other, was established."}
{"id": "PMID:875353", "title": "[Hematopoiesis in dogs irradiated with protons in lethal doses with screening of the bone marrow].", "content": "The paper presents the results of a 6-year investigation of hemopoiesis of dogs which were exposed to double irradiations (with a 1.5-month interval) with protons at a dose of 350 rad when different parts of the body (head, chest, abdomen, pelvis) were shielded. Throughout the entire period the dogs showed moderate leucopenia and by the end of the investigation insignificant anemia. The dogs irradiated with shielded abdomen displayed disturbances in bone marrow hemopoiesis, whereas other dogs exhibited relative, although transient, normalization. All the dogs showed a significant decrease of erythropoiesis and a relative stability of leucopoiesis as well as a significant elevation of the number of reticulocytes, monocytes and plasmocytes 5.5 year after irradiation.", "contents": "[Hematopoiesis in dogs irradiated with protons in lethal doses with screening of the bone marrow]. The paper presents the results of a 6-year investigation of hemopoiesis of dogs which were exposed to double irradiations (with a 1.5-month interval) with protons at a dose of 350 rad when different parts of the body (head, chest, abdomen, pelvis) were shielded. Throughout the entire period the dogs showed moderate leucopenia and by the end of the investigation insignificant anemia. The dogs irradiated with shielded abdomen displayed disturbances in bone marrow hemopoiesis, whereas other dogs exhibited relative, although transient, normalization. All the dogs showed a significant decrease of erythropoiesis and a relative stability of leucopoiesis as well as a significant elevation of the number of reticulocytes, monocytes and plasmocytes 5.5 year after irradiation."}
{"id": "PMID:875359", "title": "The pancreas of the Syrian hamster (Mesocricetus auratus). I Anatomical study.", "content": "An anatomical study was made of the pancreas of the Syrian hamster (Mestocricetus auratus). The pancreas was found to consist of a head and three well-defined segments: the duodenal, gastric, and splenic lobes. The duct systems from each of the three lobes converge at the head region of the pancreas and develop into two major ducts which enter the distal portion of the common bile duct to form a common duct. The tails of the gastric and splenic lobes are connected by a string of omental fat which contains the major blood vessels of the two lobes. The gross anatomy of the hamster pancreas differs to some extent from that of the mouse and rat, but the principal structure of the ducts is similar.", "contents": "The pancreas of the Syrian hamster (Mesocricetus auratus). I Anatomical study. An anatomical study was made of the pancreas of the Syrian hamster (Mestocricetus auratus). The pancreas was found to consist of a head and three well-defined segments: the duodenal, gastric, and splenic lobes. The duct systems from each of the three lobes converge at the head region of the pancreas and develop into two major ducts which enter the distal portion of the common bile duct to form a common duct. The tails of the gastric and splenic lobes are connected by a string of omental fat which contains the major blood vessels of the two lobes. The gross anatomy of the hamster pancreas differs to some extent from that of the mouse and rat, but the principal structure of the ducts is similar."}
{"id": "PMID:875360", "title": "Suppurative otitis media in the rabbit: prevalence, pathology, and microbiology.", "content": "The middle ears of 2001 young and 583 adult rabbits being slaughtered for human consumption were examined. Otitis media was found in 87 (4%) of the young rabbits, and in 188 (32%) of the adult rabbits. The condition was bilateral in 61% of the affected young rabbits and 70% of the affected adults. Pasteurella multocida was isolated from 60 (98%) of 61 affected young rabbits. The gross and microscopic lesions and secondary complications were similar to those described in children. Rupture of the tympanic membrane was observed in both affected young and affected adult rabbits.", "contents": "Suppurative otitis media in the rabbit: prevalence, pathology, and microbiology. The middle ears of 2001 young and 583 adult rabbits being slaughtered for human consumption were examined. Otitis media was found in 87 (4%) of the young rabbits, and in 188 (32%) of the adult rabbits. The condition was bilateral in 61% of the affected young rabbits and 70% of the affected adults. Pasteurella multocida was isolated from 60 (98%) of 61 affected young rabbits. The gross and microscopic lesions and secondary complications were similar to those described in children. Rupture of the tympanic membrane was observed in both affected young and affected adult rabbits."}
{"id": "PMID:875361", "title": "A case of placental fusion in a Sprague Dawley rat.", "content": "Placental fusion was observed in one of 62 Sprague Dawley rats examined on the 20th day of gestation. The associated fetuses were smaller than usual, but were not otherwise abnormal.", "contents": "A case of placental fusion in a Sprague Dawley rat. Placental fusion was observed in one of 62 Sprague Dawley rats examined on the 20th day of gestation. The associated fetuses were smaller than usual, but were not otherwise abnormal."}
{"id": "PMID:875362", "title": "Hyperglycemia in the hamster anesthetized with Inactin [5-ethyl-5-(-methyl propyl)-2-thiobarbiturate].", "content": "Adult, male hamsters anesthetized with lnactin [5-ethyl-5-(1-methyl propyl)-2-thiobarbiturate] were found to be hyperglycemic. Blood glucose concentrations in anesthetized hamsters (300.1+/-15.6 mg/dl) were more than twice those of control animals (144.8+/-7.7 mg/dl). Neither the length of time under anesthesia nor the performance of surgery influenced the blood glucose concentration.", "contents": "Hyperglycemia in the hamster anesthetized with Inactin [5-ethyl-5-(-methyl propyl)-2-thiobarbiturate]. Adult, male hamsters anesthetized with lnactin [5-ethyl-5-(1-methyl propyl)-2-thiobarbiturate] were found to be hyperglycemic. Blood glucose concentrations in anesthetized hamsters (300.1+/-15.6 mg/dl) were more than twice those of control animals (144.8+/-7.7 mg/dl). Neither the length of time under anesthesia nor the performance of surgery influenced the blood glucose concentration."}
{"id": "PMID:875363", "title": "Physiologic changes in the dog anesthetized with thiamylal and enflurane.", "content": "Enflurane anesthesia with thiamylal induction in the dog produced only slight, statistically insignificant, changes in the heart rate and the mean systemic blood pressure. A significant depression of the respiratory rate with an associated significant increase in the arterial partial pressure of CO2 was produced, accompanied by a decrease in the blood pH. Progressive drop of the body temperature occurred throughout anesthesia. Significant hematologic changes included a reduction in the packed cell volume and the erythrocyte and leukocyte counts. The only significant change in the blood chemistry was an increase in alkaline phosphatase at 24 and 48 hours after induction of anesthesia.", "contents": "Physiologic changes in the dog anesthetized with thiamylal and enflurane. Enflurane anesthesia with thiamylal induction in the dog produced only slight, statistically insignificant, changes in the heart rate and the mean systemic blood pressure. A significant depression of the respiratory rate with an associated significant increase in the arterial partial pressure of CO2 was produced, accompanied by a decrease in the blood pH. Progressive drop of the body temperature occurred throughout anesthesia. Significant hematologic changes included a reduction in the packed cell volume and the erythrocyte and leukocyte counts. The only significant change in the blood chemistry was an increase in alkaline phosphatase at 24 and 48 hours after induction of anesthesia."}
{"id": "PMID:875364", "title": "Computer program for maintenance of individual animal records in a nonhuman primate colony.", "content": "A computer program was developed to maintain animal records for a nonhuman primate colony used in research. The program was designed for use with an existing laboratory notebook system. The computer program identifies each notebook entry containing information about each animal and keeps other information, including animal name, sex, species, projects to which the animal is assigned, location of the animal, dates and body weights. The program is interactive and easy to use. Information stored in the system is readily accessible to all investigators using the animals. In 17 months of use, 1382 master file entries were developed for 113 monkeys.", "contents": "Computer program for maintenance of individual animal records in a nonhuman primate colony. A computer program was developed to maintain animal records for a nonhuman primate colony used in research. The program was designed for use with an existing laboratory notebook system. The computer program identifies each notebook entry containing information about each animal and keeps other information, including animal name, sex, species, projects to which the animal is assigned, location of the animal, dates and body weights. The program is interactive and easy to use. Information stored in the system is readily accessible to all investigators using the animals. In 17 months of use, 1382 master file entries were developed for 113 monkeys."}
{"id": "PMID:875365", "title": "Large scale production of White Carneaux pigeons with reliable pedigrees: reproductive characteristics and parent-offspring identification.", "content": "The loft-breeding method was used for the production of 439 White Carneaux pigeons with reliable pedigrees. During the 1-year study, annual productivity averaged 10.5 offspring per parental pair, with a mean of 1.5 offspring per clutch. Early mortality was 13%; most deaths occurred during the first 10 days of age. Eighty-six percent of the clutches contained two eggs, 54% of which hatched. Only 23% of the single-egg clutches hatched. A majority of breeding pairs in the colony made alternate use of two adjacent nests. A seasonal variation was observed in the time intervals between successive clutches; the shortest intervals (37 days) occurred from March through July, while the longest intervals (119 days) occurred in midwinter. A regular daily pattern of parental nest hovering was seen: males incubated eggs and hovered newly hatched birds from 1000 until late afternoon, while females occupied the nests the remainder of the time. The loft-breeding method required frequent observations and accurate record keeping but, compared to individual mating of caged pairs, it had the advantages of lower cost and reduced management problems. The large outdoor lofts allowed the pigeons exercise, group social interactions, and exposure to natural environmental conditions.", "contents": "Large scale production of White Carneaux pigeons with reliable pedigrees: reproductive characteristics and parent-offspring identification. The loft-breeding method was used for the production of 439 White Carneaux pigeons with reliable pedigrees. During the 1-year study, annual productivity averaged 10.5 offspring per parental pair, with a mean of 1.5 offspring per clutch. Early mortality was 13%; most deaths occurred during the first 10 days of age. Eighty-six percent of the clutches contained two eggs, 54% of which hatched. Only 23% of the single-egg clutches hatched. A majority of breeding pairs in the colony made alternate use of two adjacent nests. A seasonal variation was observed in the time intervals between successive clutches; the shortest intervals (37 days) occurred from March through July, while the longest intervals (119 days) occurred in midwinter. A regular daily pattern of parental nest hovering was seen: males incubated eggs and hovered newly hatched birds from 1000 until late afternoon, while females occupied the nests the remainder of the time. The loft-breeding method required frequent observations and accurate record keeping but, compared to individual mating of caged pairs, it had the advantages of lower cost and reduced management problems. The large outdoor lofts allowed the pigeons exercise, group social interactions, and exposure to natural environmental conditions."}
{"id": "PMID:875391", "title": "The establishment of a cancer center.", "content": "This article describes the designated comprehensive cancer center in the Pacific Northwest section of the United States. The local financial, political, and medical problems associated with the initial establishment of this center are discussed. The general philosophy of the approach to cancer, cancer research, and care are included. The programs described differ very little from other similar centers with exceptions that are noted. These are the establishment of the major clinical facilities or units outside of the center proper. The utilization, not duplication, of already existing surgical, irradiation, and hospital facilities representing a departure from the usual custom is discussed. Active participation with real input by the physicians of our region through the extramural council is described.", "contents": "The establishment of a cancer center. This article describes the designated comprehensive cancer center in the Pacific Northwest section of the United States. The local financial, political, and medical problems associated with the initial establishment of this center are discussed. The general philosophy of the approach to cancer, cancer research, and care are included. The programs described differ very little from other similar centers with exceptions that are noted. These are the establishment of the major clinical facilities or units outside of the center proper. The utilization, not duplication, of already existing surgical, irradiation, and hospital facilities representing a departure from the usual custom is discussed. Active participation with real input by the physicians of our region through the extramural council is described."}
{"id": "PMID:875392", "title": "Impaired lymphocyte blastogenic response in patients with colon adenocarcinoma: effects of disease and age.", "content": "The in vitro blastogenic response of 76 patients with colon adenocarcinoma and 29 age-matched normal healthy volunteers was compared. An age-related decline in cellular immunocompetence was observed in both the patient and control group. Within each age interval, the patients' blastogenic responses were lower than the controls' and the rate of decline of the blastogenic response in the patient group was greater in magnitude, suggesting that their disease state also contributed to loss of cellular immunocompetence. Thus, both increasing age and presence of tumor are factors that contribute to the decline the immunocompetence in patients with colon adenocarcinoma.", "contents": "Impaired lymphocyte blastogenic response in patients with colon adenocarcinoma: effects of disease and age. The in vitro blastogenic response of 76 patients with colon adenocarcinoma and 29 age-matched normal healthy volunteers was compared. An age-related decline in cellular immunocompetence was observed in both the patient and control group. Within each age interval, the patients' blastogenic responses were lower than the controls' and the rate of decline of the blastogenic response in the patient group was greater in magnitude, suggesting that their disease state also contributed to loss of cellular immunocompetence. Thus, both increasing age and presence of tumor are factors that contribute to the decline the immunocompetence in patients with colon adenocarcinoma."}
{"id": "PMID:875393", "title": "Effects of subcutaneously implanted sustained-release cyclophosphamide capsules on Walker 256 solid rat tumor.", "content": "Complete regression of Walker 256 solid rat tumor was brought about by the subcutaneous implantation of a single sustained-release cyclophosphamide capsule adjacent to the tumor mass. Untreated control animals died within 3 weeks after receiving the tumor with large necrotic masses. Rats with sustained-release capsules experienced complete tumor regression within 28 days. Upon examination, the tissues around the previous tumor mass has regenerated, and no viable tumor cells could be found in the area where the previous tumor mass was. Around the implanted sustained-release cyclophosphamide capsule a fibrous sheath has developed over the 3 weeks it was in situ. This study suggests an alternate means of cytoxic drug administration in the treatment of solid tumors in experimental animals.", "contents": "Effects of subcutaneously implanted sustained-release cyclophosphamide capsules on Walker 256 solid rat tumor. Complete regression of Walker 256 solid rat tumor was brought about by the subcutaneous implantation of a single sustained-release cyclophosphamide capsule adjacent to the tumor mass. Untreated control animals died within 3 weeks after receiving the tumor with large necrotic masses. Rats with sustained-release capsules experienced complete tumor regression within 28 days. Upon examination, the tissues around the previous tumor mass has regenerated, and no viable tumor cells could be found in the area where the previous tumor mass was. Around the implanted sustained-release cyclophosphamide capsule a fibrous sheath has developed over the 3 weeks it was in situ. This study suggests an alternate means of cytoxic drug administration in the treatment of solid tumors in experimental animals."}
{"id": "PMID:875394", "title": "Inhibitory effects of xenogeneic antiserum on the growth of Moloney virus-induced sarcomas.", "content": "An antiserum was developed in rabbits by injections of a virus concentrate from Moloney murine sarcomas. Passive transfer of this antiserum attenuated the growth of both primary and transplanted Moloney murine sarcomas. It also facilitated tumor regression and increased survival times of young mice with primary Moloney sarcomas.", "contents": "Inhibitory effects of xenogeneic antiserum on the growth of Moloney virus-induced sarcomas. An antiserum was developed in rabbits by injections of a virus concentrate from Moloney murine sarcomas. Passive transfer of this antiserum attenuated the growth of both primary and transplanted Moloney murine sarcomas. It also facilitated tumor regression and increased survival times of young mice with primary Moloney sarcomas."}
{"id": "PMID:875395", "title": "Blood group distribution in prostatic cancer patients.", "content": "Blood group distribution in 264 Stage D relapsing patients from the National Prostatic Cancer Project was analyzed. No significant differences were found in distribution of blood groups in prostatic cancer patients as compared to the control population. This study does not support the observation of others of a relationship between blood group A and susceptibility to carcinoma of the prostate. Other patient groups may, however, be of value in searching for this relationship.", "contents": "Blood group distribution in prostatic cancer patients. Blood group distribution in 264 Stage D relapsing patients from the National Prostatic Cancer Project was analyzed. No significant differences were found in distribution of blood groups in prostatic cancer patients as compared to the control population. This study does not support the observation of others of a relationship between blood group A and susceptibility to carcinoma of the prostate. Other patient groups may, however, be of value in searching for this relationship."}
{"id": "PMID:875396", "title": "The effect of surgical removal of a rat sarcoma on lymphocyte cytotoxicity.", "content": "The effect of surgical removal of tumors on cytotoxicity reactions was studied in Lewis-Wister inbred rats bearing a transplantable methylcholanthrene-induced sarcoma (MCI). Lymphocyte cytotoxicity and the effect of the serum in blocking (decreasing) or potentiating (increasing) lymphocyte cytotoxicity were studied using MCI tissue culture cells, prelabeled with 3H-proline, as target cells. After surgical removal of the tumors, tumor nodules were again palpable in all rats by the seventh day after surgery and regrew at an accelerated rate. In control rats bearing the MCI sarcoma, serum blocking activity appeared between the 8th and 13th days and completely inhibited lymphocyte cytotoxicity until death of the animals. Surgical removal of the tumors resulted in a decrease in lymphocyte cytotoxicity and complete absence of serum blocking activity for at least 7 days. By the 13th day, when tumors were again growing rapidly, lymphocyte cytotoxicity had increased markedly, and blocking activity again appeared in the serum.", "contents": "The effect of surgical removal of a rat sarcoma on lymphocyte cytotoxicity. The effect of surgical removal of tumors on cytotoxicity reactions was studied in Lewis-Wister inbred rats bearing a transplantable methylcholanthrene-induced sarcoma (MCI). Lymphocyte cytotoxicity and the effect of the serum in blocking (decreasing) or potentiating (increasing) lymphocyte cytotoxicity were studied using MCI tissue culture cells, prelabeled with 3H-proline, as target cells. After surgical removal of the tumors, tumor nodules were again palpable in all rats by the seventh day after surgery and regrew at an accelerated rate. In control rats bearing the MCI sarcoma, serum blocking activity appeared between the 8th and 13th days and completely inhibited lymphocyte cytotoxicity until death of the animals. Surgical removal of the tumors resulted in a decrease in lymphocyte cytotoxicity and complete absence of serum blocking activity for at least 7 days. By the 13th day, when tumors were again growing rapidly, lymphocyte cytotoxicity had increased markedly, and blocking activity again appeared in the serum."}
{"id": "PMID:875426", "title": "Ultrasonic evaluation of thrombosis of Bj\u00f6rk-Shiley aortic valve prosthesis.", "content": "Recognition of thrombosis of a Bj\u00f6rk-Shiley aortic valve prosthesis 4 years after insertion in a patient was based upon sudden clinical deterioration, loss of prosthetic sounds, and development of new stenotic and regurgitant murmurs. Thrombotic fixation was confirmed by diagnostic alterations on the echocardiogram. All manifestations reverted to normal after successful surgical debridement of the prosthesis. Echocardiography is a valuable noninvasive adjunct in the differential diagnosis of prosthetic valve malfunction.", "contents": "Ultrasonic evaluation of thrombosis of Bj\u00f6rk-Shiley aortic valve prosthesis. Recognition of thrombosis of a Bj\u00f6rk-Shiley aortic valve prosthesis 4 years after insertion in a patient was based upon sudden clinical deterioration, loss of prosthetic sounds, and development of new stenotic and regurgitant murmurs. Thrombotic fixation was confirmed by diagnostic alterations on the echocardiogram. All manifestations reverted to normal after successful surgical debridement of the prosthesis. Echocardiography is a valuable noninvasive adjunct in the differential diagnosis of prosthetic valve malfunction."}
{"id": "PMID:875425", "title": "Diaphragm pacing. Evaluation of current waveforms for effective ventilation.", "content": "To evaluate the effectiveness of the configuration of the stimulating waveform on diaphragm pacing, we evaluated several different current forms: UDC-bipolar, UDC-monopolar cathodal, UDC-monopolar anodal, and ABDC. During stimulation with a pulse interval of 37 msec., a decrease in tidal volume was observed during the initial 30 hours with UDC-bipolar and UDC-monopolar anodal waveforms. Both UDC-monopolar cathodal and ABDC stimulation maintained the initial effectiveness for 6 hours. The decrease in tidal volume of UDC-monopolar anodal closely paralleled that of UDC-bipolar stimulation. Decreasing the pulse interval to 20 msec. caused a decrease in tidal volume with both UDC-monopolar cathodal and ABDC waveforms. Arterial oxygen tension (PaO2) in these experiments decreased to about 60 mm. Hg soon after the onset of unilateral diaphragm pacing. The concomitant decrease in tidal volume seen with UDC-bipolar stimulation could be avoided through the administration of oxygen to keep the animal's PaO2 about 100 mm. Hg. The amplitude of the evoked diaphragmatic action potentials decreased significantly under hypoxemia and returned to normal with hyperoxygenation. From these short-term experiments, our findings indicate that waveform configuration does influence the time of onset of diaphragm fatigue due to either an neuromuscular junction. Further, hypoxemia accelerates the occurrence of fatigue.", "contents": "Diaphragm pacing. Evaluation of current waveforms for effective ventilation. To evaluate the effectiveness of the configuration of the stimulating waveform on diaphragm pacing, we evaluated several different current forms: UDC-bipolar, UDC-monopolar cathodal, UDC-monopolar anodal, and ABDC. During stimulation with a pulse interval of 37 msec., a decrease in tidal volume was observed during the initial 30 hours with UDC-bipolar and UDC-monopolar anodal waveforms. Both UDC-monopolar cathodal and ABDC stimulation maintained the initial effectiveness for 6 hours. The decrease in tidal volume of UDC-monopolar anodal closely paralleled that of UDC-bipolar stimulation. Decreasing the pulse interval to 20 msec. caused a decrease in tidal volume with both UDC-monopolar cathodal and ABDC waveforms. Arterial oxygen tension (PaO2) in these experiments decreased to about 60 mm. Hg soon after the onset of unilateral diaphragm pacing. The concomitant decrease in tidal volume seen with UDC-bipolar stimulation could be avoided through the administration of oxygen to keep the animal's PaO2 about 100 mm. Hg. The amplitude of the evoked diaphragmatic action potentials decreased significantly under hypoxemia and returned to normal with hyperoxygenation. From these short-term experiments, our findings indicate that waveform configuration does influence the time of onset of diaphragm fatigue due to either an neuromuscular junction. Further, hypoxemia accelerates the occurrence of fatigue."}
{"id": "PMID:875427", "title": "A hitherto undescribed cause of prosthetic mitral valve obstruction.", "content": "A case is described in which severe prosthetic mitral valve obstruction was produced by entanglement of sutures across the central axis of the prosthesis on its ventricular side. The entangled sutures prevented the tilting disc occluder from falling into the left ventricular cavity during ventricular diastole.", "contents": "A hitherto undescribed cause of prosthetic mitral valve obstruction. A case is described in which severe prosthetic mitral valve obstruction was produced by entanglement of sutures across the central axis of the prosthesis on its ventricular side. The entangled sutures prevented the tilting disc occluder from falling into the left ventricular cavity during ventricular diastole."}
{"id": "PMID:875428", "title": "The role of carbon dioxide in the development of pulmonary insufficiency.", "content": "The effects of carbon dioxide (PCO2 = 40 versus PCO2 = 20) on pulmonary function changes during 2 hours of hemorrhagic hypotension followed by resuscitation are evaluated in 21 dogs. Pulmonary hemodynamics, mechanics, gas exchange, functional residual capacity, and morphology are studied. In the preshock period, hypocapnia is associated with a decreased cardiac output, increased dead space, and increased alveolar-arterial (A-a) gradiant (room air). During the period of hypotension, all parameters in both groups changed similarly. After resuscitation, the A-a gradients in the two groups further widened. Following the return to control levels of normocapnia in all animals, the group which had been hypocapnic during the hypotensive episode continued to show increased shunting (20 versus 13 percent, p less than 0.05). These results correlated well with cinemicroscopic findings, which showed the normocapnic group to have less interstitial edema and better capillary flow.", "contents": "The role of carbon dioxide in the development of pulmonary insufficiency. The effects of carbon dioxide (PCO2 = 40 versus PCO2 = 20) on pulmonary function changes during 2 hours of hemorrhagic hypotension followed by resuscitation are evaluated in 21 dogs. Pulmonary hemodynamics, mechanics, gas exchange, functional residual capacity, and morphology are studied. In the preshock period, hypocapnia is associated with a decreased cardiac output, increased dead space, and increased alveolar-arterial (A-a) gradiant (room air). During the period of hypotension, all parameters in both groups changed similarly. After resuscitation, the A-a gradients in the two groups further widened. Following the return to control levels of normocapnia in all animals, the group which had been hypocapnic during the hypotensive episode continued to show increased shunting (20 versus 13 percent, p less than 0.05). These results correlated well with cinemicroscopic findings, which showed the normocapnic group to have less interstitial edema and better capillary flow."}
{"id": "PMID:875429", "title": "Congenital lobar emphysema resulting from bronchial sling around a normal right main pulmonary artery.", "content": "A 5-month-old female infant was transferred to our institution for evaluation of recurrent upper respiratory tract symptoms and chest x-ray films showing hyperaeration of the right upper lobe. Preoperative studies including chest fluoroscopy, lung scan, and bronchoscopy suggested congenital lobar emphysema. At thoracotomy, an anomalous right upper lobe bronchus which bifurcated around the main pulmonary artery in a sling fashion was found. This anatomic abnormality has not been described previously and is a unique cause of congenital lobar emphysema.", "contents": "Congenital lobar emphysema resulting from bronchial sling around a normal right main pulmonary artery. A 5-month-old female infant was transferred to our institution for evaluation of recurrent upper respiratory tract symptoms and chest x-ray films showing hyperaeration of the right upper lobe. Preoperative studies including chest fluoroscopy, lung scan, and bronchoscopy suggested congenital lobar emphysema. At thoracotomy, an anomalous right upper lobe bronchus which bifurcated around the main pulmonary artery in a sling fashion was found. This anatomic abnormality has not been described previously and is a unique cause of congenital lobar emphysema."}
{"id": "PMID:875430", "title": "Implantable artificial lung. Preliminary report.", "content": "The ultimate treatment of chronic respiratory insufficiency is pulmonary replacement by an artificial organ, homologous lung transplantation, or chronic paracorporeal respiratory supplementation. The woven capillary membrane oxygenator appears to be a major development toward implantable artificial organs. The four units tested are made up of screens 3.5 by 4.0 cm. of capillary tubing 0.3 mm. I.D. by 0.64 mm. O.D. assembled into rectangular blocks. Units made up by five, ten, twenty, and forty screens have been assembled and tested according to the protocol suggested by Galletti. The maximum oxygen transfer rate with blood was 48 ml. per minute per square meter. Water carbon dioxide transfer rate was 23.1 ml. per minute per square meter. The pressure drops in the liquid phase were 8.5, 15.3, 13.8, 17.6 mm. Hg at 1 L. per minute flow. These results indicate that the woven capillary membrane lung is an acceptably efficient oxygenator. The characteristics of design and performance suggest that this oxygenator can be made to be implanted into the chest or used as a paracorporeal respiratory assistance device.", "contents": "Implantable artificial lung. Preliminary report. The ultimate treatment of chronic respiratory insufficiency is pulmonary replacement by an artificial organ, homologous lung transplantation, or chronic paracorporeal respiratory supplementation. The woven capillary membrane oxygenator appears to be a major development toward implantable artificial organs. The four units tested are made up of screens 3.5 by 4.0 cm. of capillary tubing 0.3 mm. I.D. by 0.64 mm. O.D. assembled into rectangular blocks. Units made up by five, ten, twenty, and forty screens have been assembled and tested according to the protocol suggested by Galletti. The maximum oxygen transfer rate with blood was 48 ml. per minute per square meter. Water carbon dioxide transfer rate was 23.1 ml. per minute per square meter. The pressure drops in the liquid phase were 8.5, 15.3, 13.8, 17.6 mm. Hg at 1 L. per minute flow. These results indicate that the woven capillary membrane lung is an acceptably efficient oxygenator. The characteristics of design and performance suggest that this oxygenator can be made to be implanted into the chest or used as a paracorporeal respiratory assistance device."}
{"id": "PMID:875431", "title": "Sclerosing mediastinitis with occlusion of pulmonary veins. Manifestations and management.", "content": "A case of mediastinal fibrosis with occlusion of the right inferior and middle lobe pulmonary veins is described. The patient had severe hemoptysis, and the diagnosis was established with thoracotomy. Review of the literature emphasizes the lethal nature of this syndrome if untreated. Resection of the involved bronchopulmonary tissue, when feasible, offers good palliation, although the long-term prognosis is unpredictable.", "contents": "Sclerosing mediastinitis with occlusion of pulmonary veins. Manifestations and management. A case of mediastinal fibrosis with occlusion of the right inferior and middle lobe pulmonary veins is described. The patient had severe hemoptysis, and the diagnosis was established with thoracotomy. Review of the literature emphasizes the lethal nature of this syndrome if untreated. Resection of the involved bronchopulmonary tissue, when feasible, offers good palliation, although the long-term prognosis is unpredictable."}
{"id": "PMID:875432", "title": "Accidental pneumatic rupture of the esophagus.", "content": "A case of accidental pneumatic rupture of the thoracic esophagus in a 6-year-old boy is reported. Early operation with transthoracic esophageal repair resulted in survival of the patient, and follow-up at 18 months has demonstrated normal esophageal function and anatomy. A search of the literature has yielded 11 similar cases.", "contents": "Accidental pneumatic rupture of the esophagus. A case of accidental pneumatic rupture of the thoracic esophagus in a 6-year-old boy is reported. Early operation with transthoracic esophageal repair resulted in survival of the patient, and follow-up at 18 months has demonstrated normal esophageal function and anatomy. A search of the literature has yielded 11 similar cases."}
{"id": "PMID:875433", "title": "Inhalation of foreign bodies in children. Report of 500 cases.", "content": "Inhalation of foreign bodies is a major cause of accidental death during childhood. Aspiration of foreign bodies is common in children aged 1 to 3 years, especially in boys. A past history of foreign body aspiration is itself an indication for bronchoscopic examination of the airways, because some children with aspirated foreign bodies are without symptoms and chest x-ray films may not show abnormalities. Bronchoscopic removal of the foreign bodies requires close communication between the anesthesiologist and the endoscopist. Forgotten foreign bodies in the airways cause chronic pulmonary infections, allergic asthma, bronchiectatic changes, and lung abscess. Foreign bodies that cannot be grasped by bronchoscopic forceps should be removed by thoracotomy and bronchotomy. This report describes our experience in 500 children with suspected foreign body inhalation. We routinely use prednisolone, 1 to 2 mg. per kilogram, and nebulization just after bronchoscopic examination of the airways. This medication greatly diminishes the rate of postbronchoscopic complications such as laryngeal edema, which require tracheostomy. In our series of 500 case, the incidence of postbronchoscopic tracheostomy is 1.4 per cent and the total mortality rate is 1.8 per cent.", "contents": "Inhalation of foreign bodies in children. Report of 500 cases. Inhalation of foreign bodies is a major cause of accidental death during childhood. Aspiration of foreign bodies is common in children aged 1 to 3 years, especially in boys. A past history of foreign body aspiration is itself an indication for bronchoscopic examination of the airways, because some children with aspirated foreign bodies are without symptoms and chest x-ray films may not show abnormalities. Bronchoscopic removal of the foreign bodies requires close communication between the anesthesiologist and the endoscopist. Forgotten foreign bodies in the airways cause chronic pulmonary infections, allergic asthma, bronchiectatic changes, and lung abscess. Foreign bodies that cannot be grasped by bronchoscopic forceps should be removed by thoracotomy and bronchotomy. This report describes our experience in 500 children with suspected foreign body inhalation. We routinely use prednisolone, 1 to 2 mg. per kilogram, and nebulization just after bronchoscopic examination of the airways. This medication greatly diminishes the rate of postbronchoscopic complications such as laryngeal edema, which require tracheostomy. In our series of 500 case, the incidence of postbronchoscopic tracheostomy is 1.4 per cent and the total mortality rate is 1.8 per cent."}
{"id": "PMID:875434", "title": "Traumatic perforation of the hypopharynx in infants.", "content": "Three cases of traumatic perforation and pseudodiverticulum of the hypopharynx in newborn infants are presented. This lesion may be encountered with increasing frequency as a result of the more aggressive management of newborn infants with respiratory distress. Early recognition of this complication is essential to successful therapy. Appropriate management includes local drainage, treatment with antibiotics, and use of a nasogastric tube or gastrostomy to provide a safe route for intestinal alimentation.", "contents": "Traumatic perforation of the hypopharynx in infants. Three cases of traumatic perforation and pseudodiverticulum of the hypopharynx in newborn infants are presented. This lesion may be encountered with increasing frequency as a result of the more aggressive management of newborn infants with respiratory distress. Early recognition of this complication is essential to successful therapy. Appropriate management includes local drainage, treatment with antibiotics, and use of a nasogastric tube or gastrostomy to provide a safe route for intestinal alimentation."}
{"id": "PMID:875439", "title": "His bundle electrograms in 51 patients requiring permanent transvenous pacemakers.", "content": "Fifty-one patients required the implantation of a Cordis Omnis-Stanicor permanent pacemaker. His bundle electrograms studies, which included right atrial pacing and sinoatrial (SA) node postsuppression recovery times, were performed prior to the implantations. Pacing and sensing thresholds were obtained in all patients. Syncope or episodes of dizziness were the presenting symptoms in virtually every patient. Twenty-eight of the 51 patients had the sick sinus syndrome. Only nine patients were in complete heart block, and an additional nine were in second-degree heart block. The His bundle electrogram technique was not particularly helpful in selecting the potential pacemaker candidate. The symptomatic patient with second- or third-degree heart block requires a pacemaker. In the sick sinus syndrome, the His bundle electrogram was a disappointing tool in detecting abnormalities. In chronic bundle branch block, the His bundle electrogram appears to play a major role. A prolonged H-V interval in a symptomatic patient, in whom a specific noncardiac cause cannot be identified, signifies that a pacemaker is required.", "contents": "His bundle electrograms in 51 patients requiring permanent transvenous pacemakers. Fifty-one patients required the implantation of a Cordis Omnis-Stanicor permanent pacemaker. His bundle electrograms studies, which included right atrial pacing and sinoatrial (SA) node postsuppression recovery times, were performed prior to the implantations. Pacing and sensing thresholds were obtained in all patients. Syncope or episodes of dizziness were the presenting symptoms in virtually every patient. Twenty-eight of the 51 patients had the sick sinus syndrome. Only nine patients were in complete heart block, and an additional nine were in second-degree heart block. The His bundle electrogram technique was not particularly helpful in selecting the potential pacemaker candidate. The symptomatic patient with second- or third-degree heart block requires a pacemaker. In the sick sinus syndrome, the His bundle electrogram was a disappointing tool in detecting abnormalities. In chronic bundle branch block, the His bundle electrogram appears to play a major role. A prolonged H-V interval in a symptomatic patient, in whom a specific noncardiac cause cannot be identified, signifies that a pacemaker is required."}
{"id": "PMID:875440", "title": "Tissue uptake of 3H-methylprednisolone in acute myocardial ischemia.", "content": "The tissue uptake of 3H-methylprednisolone (3H-MP) was studied in anesthetized cats during acute myocardial ischemia 1 and 2 hours after injection of 3H-MP. There was a rapid uptake of 3H-MP by many tissues. Liver, kidney, and pancreas exhibited tissue/perfusion ratios of 3 to 7, heart, lungs, and intestine about 2, spleen, adrenal, and aorta 1 to 2, and skeletal muscle and omentum less than 1. Very similar tissue uptakes occurred in cats subjected to myocardial ischemia and sham myocardial ischemia at 1 and 2 hours. Plasma clearances of 3H-MP was not significantly altered either 1 or 2 hours after the onset of myocardial ischemia. Although ischemic myocardial tissue took up less than nonischemic myocardial tissue, this region accumulated significant amounts of 3H-MP. Myocardial tissue metabolized only about 15 to 20 per cent of the 3H-MP taken up after 2 hours. These data indicate that in acute myocardial ischemia, myocardial tissue takes up large amounts of exogenously administered glucocorticoid, most of which remains in the native form during the early phase of acute myocardial infarction.", "contents": "Tissue uptake of 3H-methylprednisolone in acute myocardial ischemia. The tissue uptake of 3H-methylprednisolone (3H-MP) was studied in anesthetized cats during acute myocardial ischemia 1 and 2 hours after injection of 3H-MP. There was a rapid uptake of 3H-MP by many tissues. Liver, kidney, and pancreas exhibited tissue/perfusion ratios of 3 to 7, heart, lungs, and intestine about 2, spleen, adrenal, and aorta 1 to 2, and skeletal muscle and omentum less than 1. Very similar tissue uptakes occurred in cats subjected to myocardial ischemia and sham myocardial ischemia at 1 and 2 hours. Plasma clearances of 3H-MP was not significantly altered either 1 or 2 hours after the onset of myocardial ischemia. Although ischemic myocardial tissue took up less than nonischemic myocardial tissue, this region accumulated significant amounts of 3H-MP. Myocardial tissue metabolized only about 15 to 20 per cent of the 3H-MP taken up after 2 hours. These data indicate that in acute myocardial ischemia, myocardial tissue takes up large amounts of exogenously administered glucocorticoid, most of which remains in the native form during the early phase of acute myocardial infarction."}
{"id": "PMID:875441", "title": "Pseudoaneurysm of atrioventricular groove. A late complication of mitral valve replacement.", "content": "This report describes an unusual late complication of mitral valve replacement in which a false aneurysm of the atrioventricular groove produced compression on the circumflex coronary artery and myocardial infarction. The cause of this condition is not well explained, but its potential is present whenever there is early separation of the mitral anulus from the fibrous skeleton of the heart. Early hematoma formation resulting in frank perforation and hemorrhage has been reported, but late pseudoaneurysm formation after initial mitral valve replacement appears to be a rare occurrence.", "contents": "Pseudoaneurysm of atrioventricular groove. A late complication of mitral valve replacement. This report describes an unusual late complication of mitral valve replacement in which a false aneurysm of the atrioventricular groove produced compression on the circumflex coronary artery and myocardial infarction. The cause of this condition is not well explained, but its potential is present whenever there is early separation of the mitral anulus from the fibrous skeleton of the heart. Early hematoma formation resulting in frank perforation and hemorrhage has been reported, but late pseudoaneurysm formation after initial mitral valve replacement appears to be a rare occurrence."}
{"id": "PMID:875442", "title": "Pericardial tamponade due to perforation with a permanent endocardial pacing catheter.", "content": "A case is presented in which shock developed suddenly during implantation of a permanent pacemaker. The cause proved to be pericardial tamponade secondary to catheter perforation. Analysis of this case and the 6 similar cases reported in the literature reveals that although perforation occurs not infrequently from immediately to many months after implantation, tamponade is quite rare and is invariably closely related temporally to catheter manipulation. Tamponade has occurred with different catheter sizes and makes. It is more likely related to local myocardial factors than to faulty technique. Closed pericardiocentesis is generally unsuccessful in relieving the tamponade, and prompt open drainage through the subxiphoid approach is recommended.", "contents": "Pericardial tamponade due to perforation with a permanent endocardial pacing catheter. A case is presented in which shock developed suddenly during implantation of a permanent pacemaker. The cause proved to be pericardial tamponade secondary to catheter perforation. Analysis of this case and the 6 similar cases reported in the literature reveals that although perforation occurs not infrequently from immediately to many months after implantation, tamponade is quite rare and is invariably closely related temporally to catheter manipulation. Tamponade has occurred with different catheter sizes and makes. It is more likely related to local myocardial factors than to faulty technique. Closed pericardiocentesis is generally unsuccessful in relieving the tamponade, and prompt open drainage through the subxiphoid approach is recommended."}
{"id": "PMID:875443", "title": "Double-outlet right ventricle (S,D,D), VSD related to pulmonary artery, and pulmonic stenosis absent. Correction with an intraventricular conduit in infancy.", "content": "The case history of a 5-month-old infant with double-outlet right ventricle (S,D,D) ventricular septal defect (VSD) related to the pulmonary artery, and absence of pulmonic stenosis is reported. The anomaly was repaired with an internal intraventricular conduit. This is the youngest infant with this subset of DORV to survive complete repair and the youngest in whom an intraventricular conduit was used. The diagnosis was not suspected preoperatively, and it is fortunate that the intracardiac anatomy permitted this type of repair at this age. The optimal management program for this subset of DORV should be initial pulmonary artery banding with later complete repair.", "contents": "Double-outlet right ventricle (S,D,D), VSD related to pulmonary artery, and pulmonic stenosis absent. Correction with an intraventricular conduit in infancy. The case history of a 5-month-old infant with double-outlet right ventricle (S,D,D) ventricular septal defect (VSD) related to the pulmonary artery, and absence of pulmonic stenosis is reported. The anomaly was repaired with an internal intraventricular conduit. This is the youngest infant with this subset of DORV to survive complete repair and the youngest in whom an intraventricular conduit was used. The diagnosis was not suspected preoperatively, and it is fortunate that the intracardiac anatomy permitted this type of repair at this age. The optimal management program for this subset of DORV should be initial pulmonary artery banding with later complete repair."}
{"id": "PMID:875444", "title": "Serum and urinary amylase levels following pulsatile and continuous cardiopulmonary bypass.", "content": "The incidence of elevated serum and urine amylase values was examined in a prospective clinical study of patients subjected to either continuous or pulsatile extracorporeal perfusion. Mean postoperative values for urine and serum amylase were higher in the continuous group, and the incidence of abnormal values was also greater in the continuous group (70 percent versus 32 percent, p less than 0.01). Clinical pancreatitis was absent in both groups. This study documents a high incidence of elevated amylase values following bypass with either modality and provides evidence for possible improved visceral circulation with pulsatile extracorporeal bypass during routine cardiac operations.", "contents": "Serum and urinary amylase levels following pulsatile and continuous cardiopulmonary bypass. The incidence of elevated serum and urine amylase values was examined in a prospective clinical study of patients subjected to either continuous or pulsatile extracorporeal perfusion. Mean postoperative values for urine and serum amylase were higher in the continuous group, and the incidence of abnormal values was also greater in the continuous group (70 percent versus 32 percent, p less than 0.01). Clinical pancreatitis was absent in both groups. This study documents a high incidence of elevated amylase values following bypass with either modality and provides evidence for possible improved visceral circulation with pulsatile extracorporeal bypass during routine cardiac operations."}
{"id": "PMID:875445", "title": "Primary liposarcoma of the mediastinum. Report of a case and review of the literature.", "content": "Primary liposarcomas of the mediastinum are very rare tumors. We record herein the fiftieth documented case, and the sixth in which there was evidence of superior vena caval obstruction. All previously reported cases have been studied; their salient clinical and pathological features have been tabulated. Review of these case reports reveals that the majority of patients have complaints of respiratory distress or chest pain. Other common presenting complaints include cough and weight loss. These tumors grow to an enormous size, and symptoms are referable to compression of contiguous intrathoracic structures. Radiotherapy or chemotherapy or both are ineffective theraputic modalities. The treatment of choice is surgical in all cases. Such an approach serves to establish a tissue diagnosis, to relieve the patient's symptoms, and may at times result in a cure.", "contents": "Primary liposarcoma of the mediastinum. Report of a case and review of the literature. Primary liposarcomas of the mediastinum are very rare tumors. We record herein the fiftieth documented case, and the sixth in which there was evidence of superior vena caval obstruction. All previously reported cases have been studied; their salient clinical and pathological features have been tabulated. Review of these case reports reveals that the majority of patients have complaints of respiratory distress or chest pain. Other common presenting complaints include cough and weight loss. These tumors grow to an enormous size, and symptoms are referable to compression of contiguous intrathoracic structures. Radiotherapy or chemotherapy or both are ineffective theraputic modalities. The treatment of choice is surgical in all cases. Such an approach serves to establish a tissue diagnosis, to relieve the patient's symptoms, and may at times result in a cure."}
{"id": "PMID:875446", "title": "The role of preoperative mesenteric arteriography in colon interposition.", "content": "In a series of mesenteric arteriograms, the marginal artery in the right colon was present in six of 20 studies (30 percent); in the left colon it was present in all of the 20 cases studied (100 percent). Such preoperative knowledge of the vascular pattern permits the surgeon to choose a suitable segment of bowel for successful colon interposition and assists him in shortening the operative time. When this information was applied in 19 consecutive left colon interpositions, only one major suture line dehiscence in the neck was encountered (5.3 percent).", "contents": "The role of preoperative mesenteric arteriography in colon interposition. In a series of mesenteric arteriograms, the marginal artery in the right colon was present in six of 20 studies (30 percent); in the left colon it was present in all of the 20 cases studied (100 percent). Such preoperative knowledge of the vascular pattern permits the surgeon to choose a suitable segment of bowel for successful colon interposition and assists him in shortening the operative time. When this information was applied in 19 consecutive left colon interpositions, only one major suture line dehiscence in the neck was encountered (5.3 percent)."}
{"id": "PMID:875462", "title": "The ophthalmologic manifestations of Wilson's disease.", "content": "Fifty-three patients with Wilson's disease were studied with regard to ophthalmologic abnormalities. Of the 35 symptomatic patients initially seen and treated at the Mayo Clinic, 34 (97%) had Kayser-Fleischer rings and 6 (17%) had sunflower cataracts at the time of diagnosis. In patients followed for a year or more, penicillamine therapy resulted in improvement of the Kayser-Fleischer rings in 18 of 20 (90%) patients and total clearing of the sunflower cataracts in 4 of 5 patients. The specific pattern of copper deposition in Kayser-Fleischer rings and the improvement with treatment occurred along four reproducible stages. None of five asymptomatic siblings of patients with known Wilson's disease had Kayer-Fleischer rings at the time of initial study. In one (untreated) of the five, Kayser-Fleischer rings developed 20 months after the initial normal slit-lamp examination. The presence of Kayser-Fleischer rings, and the absence of other ophthalmologic signs (such as nystagmus, cranial nerve palsies, and other movement disorders), can be of great assistance in the diagnosis of Wilson's disease. Once the condition has been diagnosed, specific medical therapy with penicillamine and low-copper diet dramatically improves what would otherwise be an inevitably fatal course.", "contents": "The ophthalmologic manifestations of Wilson's disease. Fifty-three patients with Wilson's disease were studied with regard to ophthalmologic abnormalities. Of the 35 symptomatic patients initially seen and treated at the Mayo Clinic, 34 (97%) had Kayser-Fleischer rings and 6 (17%) had sunflower cataracts at the time of diagnosis. In patients followed for a year or more, penicillamine therapy resulted in improvement of the Kayser-Fleischer rings in 18 of 20 (90%) patients and total clearing of the sunflower cataracts in 4 of 5 patients. The specific pattern of copper deposition in Kayser-Fleischer rings and the improvement with treatment occurred along four reproducible stages. None of five asymptomatic siblings of patients with known Wilson's disease had Kayer-Fleischer rings at the time of initial study. In one (untreated) of the five, Kayser-Fleischer rings developed 20 months after the initial normal slit-lamp examination. The presence of Kayser-Fleischer rings, and the absence of other ophthalmologic signs (such as nystagmus, cranial nerve palsies, and other movement disorders), can be of great assistance in the diagnosis of Wilson's disease. Once the condition has been diagnosed, specific medical therapy with penicillamine and low-copper diet dramatically improves what would otherwise be an inevitably fatal course."}
{"id": "PMID:875463", "title": "Half-life of circulating renin under different experimental conditions.", "content": "The half-life of circulating renin was studied in normal rats and in rats with a single kidney that was ischemic. The resulting disappearance curve represented the sum of two exponentials. The average half-life of the fast component was 11.5 minutes for normal rats, 11 minutes for rats with mild renal ischemia, and 8 minutes for rats with severe renal ischemia. The mean half-life of the slow component was 67 minutes in normality, 84 minutes in mild ischemia, and 121 minutes in severe ischemia. Also, the calculated proportion of the slower component was different for each group--60.3% in normality, 68.2% in mild ischemia, and 82.2% in severe iischemia. The results suggest that more than one kind of renin may be produced and released by the kidney, and also that renal ischemia may modify the normal metabolism of renin.", "contents": "Half-life of circulating renin under different experimental conditions. The half-life of circulating renin was studied in normal rats and in rats with a single kidney that was ischemic. The resulting disappearance curve represented the sum of two exponentials. The average half-life of the fast component was 11.5 minutes for normal rats, 11 minutes for rats with mild renal ischemia, and 8 minutes for rats with severe renal ischemia. The mean half-life of the slow component was 67 minutes in normality, 84 minutes in mild ischemia, and 121 minutes in severe ischemia. Also, the calculated proportion of the slower component was different for each group--60.3% in normality, 68.2% in mild ischemia, and 82.2% in severe iischemia. The results suggest that more than one kind of renin may be produced and released by the kidney, and also that renal ischemia may modify the normal metabolism of renin."}
{"id": "PMID:875464", "title": "The role of calcium in the response of rabbit aorta to angiotensin.", "content": "The role of Ca++ in the stimulus-contraction coupling of the response of the isolated rabbit aorta to angiotensin II was investigated. Angiotensin was found to have lower intrinsic activity than epinephrine and to be more sensitive to acute exposure of the organ to Ca++-free medium. Two minutes after removal of Ca++, the maximal responses to angiotensin and epinephrine were reduced by 40% +/- 8% and 7% +/- 5%, respectively. Further loss of response for the two agonists followed parallel time courses. In another series of experiments, angiotensin tachyphylaxis was obtained in the rabbit aorta by administration of either [1-sarcosine]angiotensin or betainyl-angiotensin. The intrinsic activity of [1-sarcosine]angiotensin was lower than that of angiotensin and was not affected by removal of Ca++. It is concluded that the low intrinsic activity and the tachyphylaxis may be dependent on a strong binding of the molecule's positively charged N-terminus to sites responsible for release of Ca++ into the cell.", "contents": "The role of calcium in the response of rabbit aorta to angiotensin. The role of Ca++ in the stimulus-contraction coupling of the response of the isolated rabbit aorta to angiotensin II was investigated. Angiotensin was found to have lower intrinsic activity than epinephrine and to be more sensitive to acute exposure of the organ to Ca++-free medium. Two minutes after removal of Ca++, the maximal responses to angiotensin and epinephrine were reduced by 40% +/- 8% and 7% +/- 5%, respectively. Further loss of response for the two agonists followed parallel time courses. In another series of experiments, angiotensin tachyphylaxis was obtained in the rabbit aorta by administration of either [1-sarcosine]angiotensin or betainyl-angiotensin. The intrinsic activity of [1-sarcosine]angiotensin was lower than that of angiotensin and was not affected by removal of Ca++. It is concluded that the low intrinsic activity and the tachyphylaxis may be dependent on a strong binding of the molecule's positively charged N-terminus to sites responsible for release of Ca++ into the cell."}
{"id": "PMID:875465", "title": "Physiologic mechanisms of bupicomide- and hydralazine-induced increase in plasma renin activity in hypertensive patients.", "content": "A study was made of the possible mechanisms underlying bupicomide- and hydralazine-induced increase of plasma renin activity. Six patients with mild to moderate hypertension were treated with both bupicomide and hydralazine on separate occasions in random order. Bupicomide lowered mean arterial pressure from 124.2 +/- 3.7 mm Hg (mean +/- SE) to 107.2 +/- 3.9 mm Hg (P less than 0.001). The associated increase in plasma renin activity was 1.27 ng/ml per hour and the increase in heart rate was 16.5 beats/min. Hydralazine reduced mean arterial pressure from 124.2 +/- 3.7 mm Hg to 107.0 +/- 2.0 mm Hg (P less than 0.01). The associated increase in plasma renin activity was 2.20 ng/ml per hour and the increase in heart rate was 22.4 beats/min. Plasma renin activity during bupicomide and hydralazine administration correlated positively with control plasma renin activity (r = 0.98, P less than 0.001). The log of plasma renin activity correlated positively with heart rate (r = 0.51, P less than 0.02) and negatively with mean arterial pressure (r = -0.62, P less than 0.005). We conclude that control plasma renin activity is a major determinant of change in plasma renin activity during administration of bupicomide or hydralazine. Both an increase in sympathetic activity and a decrease in perfusion pressure may contribute to the bupicomide- and hydralazine-induced increase in plasma renin activity, possibly by a baroreceptor-mediated increase in adrenergic tone.", "contents": "Physiologic mechanisms of bupicomide- and hydralazine-induced increase in plasma renin activity in hypertensive patients. A study was made of the possible mechanisms underlying bupicomide- and hydralazine-induced increase of plasma renin activity. Six patients with mild to moderate hypertension were treated with both bupicomide and hydralazine on separate occasions in random order. Bupicomide lowered mean arterial pressure from 124.2 +/- 3.7 mm Hg (mean +/- SE) to 107.2 +/- 3.9 mm Hg (P less than 0.001). The associated increase in plasma renin activity was 1.27 ng/ml per hour and the increase in heart rate was 16.5 beats/min. Hydralazine reduced mean arterial pressure from 124.2 +/- 3.7 mm Hg to 107.0 +/- 2.0 mm Hg (P less than 0.01). The associated increase in plasma renin activity was 2.20 ng/ml per hour and the increase in heart rate was 22.4 beats/min. Plasma renin activity during bupicomide and hydralazine administration correlated positively with control plasma renin activity (r = 0.98, P less than 0.001). The log of plasma renin activity correlated positively with heart rate (r = 0.51, P less than 0.02) and negatively with mean arterial pressure (r = -0.62, P less than 0.005). We conclude that control plasma renin activity is a major determinant of change in plasma renin activity during administration of bupicomide or hydralazine. Both an increase in sympathetic activity and a decrease in perfusion pressure may contribute to the bupicomide- and hydralazine-induced increase in plasma renin activity, possibly by a baroreceptor-mediated increase in adrenergic tone."}
{"id": "PMID:875466", "title": "Continuous measurement of aortic caliber in conscious rats. Effect of acute hypertension.", "content": "For continuously measuring the circumference of the aorta in conscious rats for up to 20 days, a new electrolytic strain gauge of high sensitivity and stability was constructed of silicone tubing filled with copper nitrate. The mean systolic and diastolic circumferences measured in 11 nonanesthetized undisturbed rats were 6.557 +/- 0.128 mm and 6.533 +/- 0.128 mm, respectively--the pulse pressure (51 mm Hg) producing an increase of 0.024 mm in aortic size (0.37% increase of the diastolic circumference). The calculated dynamic elastic modulus was 13,908 dynes/cm2. Infusions of blood, angiotensin, and noradrenaline to increase mean aortic pressure acutely by 50 mm Hg caused aortic circumference to increase by 0.59, 0.58, and 0.53%, respectively. Seven rats were subjected to acute hypertension produced by subdiaphragmatic aortic constriction after recording the control measurements. Over the period of study (6 hours) after aortic constriction, mean aortic blood pressure was increased 50 mm Hg from the control of 101 mm Hg. A mean maximal increase of 6% in aortic circumference was seen at 3 hours and a mean minimum of 0.9% at 4 hours, with an average increase of 3% for the entire 6-hour period. These changes in aortic circumference coincide with an upward displacement of about 30% in the range of activation of the aortic baroreceptors.", "contents": "Continuous measurement of aortic caliber in conscious rats. Effect of acute hypertension. For continuously measuring the circumference of the aorta in conscious rats for up to 20 days, a new electrolytic strain gauge of high sensitivity and stability was constructed of silicone tubing filled with copper nitrate. The mean systolic and diastolic circumferences measured in 11 nonanesthetized undisturbed rats were 6.557 +/- 0.128 mm and 6.533 +/- 0.128 mm, respectively--the pulse pressure (51 mm Hg) producing an increase of 0.024 mm in aortic size (0.37% increase of the diastolic circumference). The calculated dynamic elastic modulus was 13,908 dynes/cm2. Infusions of blood, angiotensin, and noradrenaline to increase mean aortic pressure acutely by 50 mm Hg caused aortic circumference to increase by 0.59, 0.58, and 0.53%, respectively. Seven rats were subjected to acute hypertension produced by subdiaphragmatic aortic constriction after recording the control measurements. Over the period of study (6 hours) after aortic constriction, mean aortic blood pressure was increased 50 mm Hg from the control of 101 mm Hg. A mean maximal increase of 6% in aortic circumference was seen at 3 hours and a mean minimum of 0.9% at 4 hours, with an average increase of 3% for the entire 6-hour period. These changes in aortic circumference coincide with an upward displacement of about 30% in the range of activation of the aortic baroreceptors."}
{"id": "PMID:875467", "title": "Vascular renin-like activity and blood pressure.", "content": "Plasma renin activity, reninlike activity present at the artery wall, pressor response to exogenous hog renin, renin half-life time, and renin-like activity present at the artery wall 1 hour after injection of renin were measured in conscious rats 1 month after inducing hypertension by renal artery constriction and contralateral nephrectomy (one-kidney hypertension). Plasma renin activity was higher but without statistical significance in one-kidney hypertensive rats when compared with normotensive or sham-operated animals. Renin-like activity present at the artery wall was significantly increased in hypertensive animals only when compared with one-kidney normotensive rats. Pressor responses to renin in one-kidney hypertensive and normotensive rats were of significantly longer duration than in sham-operated animals. The inactivation rate of exogenous renin followed a first-order reaction with a half-life of 6 minutes in sham-operated rats and of 12 minutes in one-kidney hypertensive and normotensive animals. Decreased inactivation of circulating renin could explain the protraction of the pressor response; however, the slope of the regression equation describing the inactivation of renin in all of the rats was steeper than the slope of the pressor response, indicating a dissociation between blood pressure and plasma renin activity. The renin-like activity present at the artery wall 1 hour after injection of renin was determined in the three groups; the arterial tissue of one-kidney hypertensive rats bound more circulating renin than that of normotensive rats and the latter more than that of sham-operated animals, suggesting the participation of this binding capacity in the protraction of the pressor response and in the maintenance of hypertension.", "contents": "Vascular renin-like activity and blood pressure. Plasma renin activity, reninlike activity present at the artery wall, pressor response to exogenous hog renin, renin half-life time, and renin-like activity present at the artery wall 1 hour after injection of renin were measured in conscious rats 1 month after inducing hypertension by renal artery constriction and contralateral nephrectomy (one-kidney hypertension). Plasma renin activity was higher but without statistical significance in one-kidney hypertensive rats when compared with normotensive or sham-operated animals. Renin-like activity present at the artery wall was significantly increased in hypertensive animals only when compared with one-kidney normotensive rats. Pressor responses to renin in one-kidney hypertensive and normotensive rats were of significantly longer duration than in sham-operated animals. The inactivation rate of exogenous renin followed a first-order reaction with a half-life of 6 minutes in sham-operated rats and of 12 minutes in one-kidney hypertensive and normotensive animals. Decreased inactivation of circulating renin could explain the protraction of the pressor response; however, the slope of the regression equation describing the inactivation of renin in all of the rats was steeper than the slope of the pressor response, indicating a dissociation between blood pressure and plasma renin activity. The renin-like activity present at the artery wall 1 hour after injection of renin was determined in the three groups; the arterial tissue of one-kidney hypertensive rats bound more circulating renin than that of normotensive rats and the latter more than that of sham-operated animals, suggesting the participation of this binding capacity in the protraction of the pressor response and in the maintenance of hypertension."}
{"id": "PMID:875468", "title": "Altitude and hypertension.", "content": "In order to study the prevalence of hypertension and some of the factors relevant to its natural history, cross-sectional surveys were performed during the period 1967 to 1973 in five small Peruvian communities, two located at sea level and three above 13,000 feet of altitude. In total, 4,359 persons were studied at sea level (1,970 males and 2,389 females) and 3,055 at high altitude 2,189 males and 866 females). At high altitude, the age-adjusted prevalence of hypertension (particularly systolic) was definitely low; diastolic hypertension was more frequent in men than in women, and it was commoner than systolic hypertension. The reverse was observed in communities at sea level. Long-term blood pressure changes observed in natives accustomed to high altitudes but living at sea level, as well as in white persons usually living at sea level but residing at high altitude, appear to indicate that environmental forces are more important than genetic predispositions in determing the rarity of hypertension in the highlands. Among the environmental forces, chronic hypoxia seems to play an important causal role.", "contents": "Altitude and hypertension. In order to study the prevalence of hypertension and some of the factors relevant to its natural history, cross-sectional surveys were performed during the period 1967 to 1973 in five small Peruvian communities, two located at sea level and three above 13,000 feet of altitude. In total, 4,359 persons were studied at sea level (1,970 males and 2,389 females) and 3,055 at high altitude 2,189 males and 866 females). At high altitude, the age-adjusted prevalence of hypertension (particularly systolic) was definitely low; diastolic hypertension was more frequent in men than in women, and it was commoner than systolic hypertension. The reverse was observed in communities at sea level. Long-term blood pressure changes observed in natives accustomed to high altitudes but living at sea level, as well as in white persons usually living at sea level but residing at high altitude, appear to indicate that environmental forces are more important than genetic predispositions in determing the rarity of hypertension in the highlands. Among the environmental forces, chronic hypoxia seems to play an important causal role."}
{"id": "PMID:875469", "title": "New approaches to the study of angiotensin tachyphylaxis.", "content": "Of the various mechanisms proposed to explain the development of tachyphylaxis, the initial step of drug-receptor interaction has received the most attention. The present study suggests that the affinity of angiotensin II itself or an angiotensin analogue for the angiotensin receptor is a determing factor in the development of tachyphylaxis. The concept of negative cooperativity is introduced as a consequence of the observed correlation in the present study between slopes of less than unity as determined in Hill plots and the development of tachyphylaxis.", "contents": "New approaches to the study of angiotensin tachyphylaxis. Of the various mechanisms proposed to explain the development of tachyphylaxis, the initial step of drug-receptor interaction has received the most attention. The present study suggests that the affinity of angiotensin II itself or an angiotensin analogue for the angiotensin receptor is a determing factor in the development of tachyphylaxis. The concept of negative cooperativity is introduced as a consequence of the observed correlation in the present study between slopes of less than unity as determined in Hill plots and the development of tachyphylaxis."}
{"id": "PMID:875470", "title": "Renal kallikrein system, volemia, and renal hypertension.", "content": "Plasma, blood, and urine volumes, renal kallikrein, and arterial pressure were measured in control and renal hypertensive rats in order to study the role of the renal kallikrein system in regulating arterial pressure and its relation with the alterations in water handling observed in hypertension. A decrease in kallikrein content of the kidney (157 +/- 17 versus 236 +/- 16 ng bradykinin equivalents per gram of tissue in control rats) was associated with an increase in plasma volume (38.0 \"/- 1.6 versus 32.0 +/- 0.9 ml/kg body weight in control rats) and an increase in urine volume (45.5 +/- 4.9 versus 20.3 +/- 1.6 ml/kg body weight per 24 hours in control rats). No linear correlation was found between these factors and the arterial pressure of hypertensive animals. These findings support the hypothesis that changes in renal kallikrein are more directly related to water and electrolyte metabolism than to the arterial pressure regulation. Our results also suggest an interaction between the kallikrein-kinin and the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone systems. The possible relations of both enzymatic systems to the regulation of arterial pressure and of water-electrolyte handling are summarized schematically.", "contents": "Renal kallikrein system, volemia, and renal hypertension. Plasma, blood, and urine volumes, renal kallikrein, and arterial pressure were measured in control and renal hypertensive rats in order to study the role of the renal kallikrein system in regulating arterial pressure and its relation with the alterations in water handling observed in hypertension. A decrease in kallikrein content of the kidney (157 +/- 17 versus 236 +/- 16 ng bradykinin equivalents per gram of tissue in control rats) was associated with an increase in plasma volume (38.0 \"/- 1.6 versus 32.0 +/- 0.9 ml/kg body weight in control rats) and an increase in urine volume (45.5 +/- 4.9 versus 20.3 +/- 1.6 ml/kg body weight per 24 hours in control rats). No linear correlation was found between these factors and the arterial pressure of hypertensive animals. These findings support the hypothesis that changes in renal kallikrein are more directly related to water and electrolyte metabolism than to the arterial pressure regulation. Our results also suggest an interaction between the kallikrein-kinin and the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone systems. The possible relations of both enzymatic systems to the regulation of arterial pressure and of water-electrolyte handling are summarized schematically."}
{"id": "PMID:875471", "title": "Hypertension and the interrelated renal circulatory effects of prostaglandins and the renin-angiotensin system.", "content": "Blockade of prostaglandin synthesis with indomethacin (1) did not induce significant changes in blood pressure or in renal circulation in renovascular hypertensive rabbits with normal renal blood flow; (2) induced renal insufficiency and aggravated hypertension in hypertensive rabbits whose renal blood flow was below normal levels; (3) did not alter the reversal of renovascular hypertension produced by the release of the renal arterial constriction; and (4) induced a decrease in plasma renin activity by decreasing renin release. These findings indicate that the vasodilator and natriuretic actions of prostaglandins may play an important role in protecting the kidney against ischemia; the facilitating role of renal prostaglandins on renin release raises the possibility that a primary hypersecretion of renal prostaglandins is responsible for Bartter's syndrome, whereas a primary deficiency may be responsible for \"low-renin hypertension.\"", "contents": "Hypertension and the interrelated renal circulatory effects of prostaglandins and the renin-angiotensin system. Blockade of prostaglandin synthesis with indomethacin (1) did not induce significant changes in blood pressure or in renal circulation in renovascular hypertensive rabbits with normal renal blood flow; (2) induced renal insufficiency and aggravated hypertension in hypertensive rabbits whose renal blood flow was below normal levels; (3) did not alter the reversal of renovascular hypertension produced by the release of the renal arterial constriction; and (4) induced a decrease in plasma renin activity by decreasing renin release. These findings indicate that the vasodilator and natriuretic actions of prostaglandins may play an important role in protecting the kidney against ischemia; the facilitating role of renal prostaglandins on renin release raises the possibility that a primary hypersecretion of renal prostaglandins is responsible for Bartter's syndrome, whereas a primary deficiency may be responsible for \"low-renin hypertension.\""}
{"id": "PMID:875472", "title": "Urinary kallikrein in rats bred for susceptibility and resistance to the hypertensive effect of salt and in New Zealand genetically hypertensive rats.", "content": "Urinary kallikrein excretion was studied in rats bred for susceptibility and resistance to the hypertensive effect of salt. The rats were on a regular rat chow diet (0.45% sodium content) and tap water and were not hypertensive at the time of the study. Urinary kallikrein excretion, measured by kinin radioimmunoassay, was 10 to 20 times lower in the susceptible rats than in the resistant rats (4.39 +/- 1.61 microgram/24 hours and 56.4 +/- 5.8 microgram/24 hours, respectively; P less than 0.001). Urinary kallikrein excretion was also measured in New Zealand genetically hypertensive rats and in normotensive Wistar-Otago rats (controls). Kallikrein was found to be significantly lower in the genetically hypertensive rats than in the controls (49.1 +/- 6.2 microgram/24 hours and 76.8 +/- 6.9 microgram/24 hours, respectively); however, when expressed per 100 g of body weight, there was no significant difference. In conclusion, although urinary kallikrein excretion per rat was decreased in the genetically hypertensive rats when compared with the controls, this difference could be caused by the lower body weight of the genetically hypertensive rats. Urinary kallikrein excretion, when expressed per 100 g of body weight, is significantly lower in susceptible than in resistant rats. This could be a consequence of a genetic defect that may play a role in the development of hypertension, perhaps through alteration of renal function.", "contents": "Urinary kallikrein in rats bred for susceptibility and resistance to the hypertensive effect of salt and in New Zealand genetically hypertensive rats. Urinary kallikrein excretion was studied in rats bred for susceptibility and resistance to the hypertensive effect of salt. The rats were on a regular rat chow diet (0.45% sodium content) and tap water and were not hypertensive at the time of the study. Urinary kallikrein excretion, measured by kinin radioimmunoassay, was 10 to 20 times lower in the susceptible rats than in the resistant rats (4.39 +/- 1.61 microgram/24 hours and 56.4 +/- 5.8 microgram/24 hours, respectively; P less than 0.001). Urinary kallikrein excretion was also measured in New Zealand genetically hypertensive rats and in normotensive Wistar-Otago rats (controls). Kallikrein was found to be significantly lower in the genetically hypertensive rats than in the controls (49.1 +/- 6.2 microgram/24 hours and 76.8 +/- 6.9 microgram/24 hours, respectively); however, when expressed per 100 g of body weight, there was no significant difference. In conclusion, although urinary kallikrein excretion per rat was decreased in the genetically hypertensive rats when compared with the controls, this difference could be caused by the lower body weight of the genetically hypertensive rats. Urinary kallikrein excretion, when expressed per 100 g of body weight, is significantly lower in susceptible than in resistant rats. This could be a consequence of a genetic defect that may play a role in the development of hypertension, perhaps through alteration of renal function."}
{"id": "PMID:875491", "title": "A population-based assessment of the continuity of ambulatory care.", "content": "A strategy is described in which explicit patient care criteria are used to measure the continuity of the health problem solving process. Prevalent diseases are selected to represent the work load of the health system. Continuity is defined in terms of rates of transition between the major clinical elements: screening, the definitive diagnostic evaluation, treatment, and follow-up evaluation. Results define critical dropout patterns and promote constructive assessment of the health care system. Sample data from the Indian Health Service are presented and discussed.", "contents": "A population-based assessment of the continuity of ambulatory care. A strategy is described in which explicit patient care criteria are used to measure the continuity of the health problem solving process. Prevalent diseases are selected to represent the work load of the health system. Continuity is defined in terms of rates of transition between the major clinical elements: screening, the definitive diagnostic evaluation, treatment, and follow-up evaluation. Results define critical dropout patterns and promote constructive assessment of the health care system. Sample data from the Indian Health Service are presented and discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:875492", "title": "Interdiagnosis relationships of physican recording in ambulatory child health care.", "content": "The joint Committee on Quality Assurance developed and validated by expert opinion a list of criteria for each of seven areas of ambulatory child health care: well-child supervision in four age ranges: bith to 1 year, 1 through 5 years, 6 through 12 years, and 13 through 18 years; and three diseases: bronchial asthma, tonsillopharyngitis, and urinary tract infection in the female. Each physician was scored on a list of criteria for each of the seven areas. The relationship among the areas was studied by correlating the scores on these criteria. The degrees of the relationships among the seven areas of care, and the reliability of each list of criteria are reported. All relationships were positive. Various age ranges of health supervision were more strongly related to one another than to any of the diseases. Individual diseases were more strongly related to one another than to health supervision. Reliabilities of each list ranged from .74 to .95. All correlations between areas were positive and, except for health supervision (birth to one year) with the three diseases, significant (p less than.01). These high correlations would imply a great deal of homogeneity among health care areas of ambulatory child health care.", "contents": "Interdiagnosis relationships of physican recording in ambulatory child health care. The joint Committee on Quality Assurance developed and validated by expert opinion a list of criteria for each of seven areas of ambulatory child health care: well-child supervision in four age ranges: bith to 1 year, 1 through 5 years, 6 through 12 years, and 13 through 18 years; and three diseases: bronchial asthma, tonsillopharyngitis, and urinary tract infection in the female. Each physician was scored on a list of criteria for each of the seven areas. The relationship among the areas was studied by correlating the scores on these criteria. The degrees of the relationships among the seven areas of care, and the reliability of each list of criteria are reported. All relationships were positive. Various age ranges of health supervision were more strongly related to one another than to any of the diseases. Individual diseases were more strongly related to one another than to health supervision. Reliabilities of each list ranged from .74 to .95. All correlations between areas were positive and, except for health supervision (birth to one year) with the three diseases, significant (p less than.01). These high correlations would imply a great deal of homogeneity among health care areas of ambulatory child health care."}
{"id": "PMID:875487", "title": "Respiratory activities of hepatocytes isolated from rats of various ages. A brief note.", "content": "The ratio between the oxygen consumption of isolated hepatocytes in the presence of an inhibitor of oxidative phosphorylation (oligomycin, atractyloside) and in the presence of an uncoupler (dinitrophenol) is used as an estimation of the respiratory control ratio of mitochondria inside the isolated liver parenchymal cell. No significant age-related decline in the functional integrity of the mitochondria could be detected.", "contents": "Respiratory activities of hepatocytes isolated from rats of various ages. A brief note. The ratio between the oxygen consumption of isolated hepatocytes in the presence of an inhibitor of oxidative phosphorylation (oligomycin, atractyloside) and in the presence of an uncoupler (dinitrophenol) is used as an estimation of the respiratory control ratio of mitochondria inside the isolated liver parenchymal cell. No significant age-related decline in the functional integrity of the mitochondria could be detected."}
{"id": "PMID:875488", "title": "Colony size distribution as a measure of age in cultured human cells. A brief note.", "content": "Individual human diploid cells from the same culture differ greatly in the number of doublings they can achieve and consequently the size of colony they can initiate. Computer simulations suggested that the life-span of a culture could be determined from the distribution of colony sizes. Colony size distributions of cultures of a human diploid fibroblast, WI-38, were determined experimentally and found to be a sensitive measure of in vitro age. In particular, there is a highly significant linear correlation between the percentage of colonies of sixteen or more cells and the number of population doublings remaining in the in vitro life-span. Thus, the colony size distribution can be used to predict the number of population doublings remaining in the vitro life-span of a human diploid fibroblast cell culture without knowledge of its prior history.", "contents": "Colony size distribution as a measure of age in cultured human cells. A brief note. Individual human diploid cells from the same culture differ greatly in the number of doublings they can achieve and consequently the size of colony they can initiate. Computer simulations suggested that the life-span of a culture could be determined from the distribution of colony sizes. Colony size distributions of cultures of a human diploid fibroblast, WI-38, were determined experimentally and found to be a sensitive measure of in vitro age. In particular, there is a highly significant linear correlation between the percentage of colonies of sixteen or more cells and the number of population doublings remaining in the in vitro life-span. Thus, the colony size distribution can be used to predict the number of population doublings remaining in the vitro life-span of a human diploid fibroblast cell culture without knowledge of its prior history."}
{"id": "PMID:875493", "title": "Interdiagnosis relationships of physician performance measures in hospitals.", "content": "Correlations among ten diagnostic categories of hospital care physican performance measures are reported. Using measures of conformance to predetermined criteria for optimal performance, mean scores of individual physican performances within diagnostic categories were calculated and correlated. Measurement reliability estimates were computed and it was suggested that a minimum of four cases in each diagnostic category be used for measurement of performance on the individual physician level of analysis. There appeared to be homogeneity of performance measures among some but not all diagnoses studied. This finding reinforces the need to examine interdiagnostic correlations before attempting to measure overall individual physican performance by combining measures from separate diagnostic categories.", "contents": "Interdiagnosis relationships of physician performance measures in hospitals. Correlations among ten diagnostic categories of hospital care physican performance measures are reported. Using measures of conformance to predetermined criteria for optimal performance, mean scores of individual physican performances within diagnostic categories were calculated and correlated. Measurement reliability estimates were computed and it was suggested that a minimum of four cases in each diagnostic category be used for measurement of performance on the individual physician level of analysis. There appeared to be homogeneity of performance measures among some but not all diagnoses studied. This finding reinforces the need to examine interdiagnostic correlations before attempting to measure overall individual physican performance by combining measures from separate diagnostic categories."}
{"id": "PMID:875494", "title": "Variation among physicians in use of laboratory tests. II. Relation to clinical productivity and outcomes of care.", "content": "Previous studies from this institution have shown extreme variation in laboratory and x-ray use among comparably trained physicians caring for similar patients. In addition, essentially no correlation (r = --.13) existed between a physician's lab use profile and subjective estimates of clinical competence. This study compares variations in lab use with both clinical productivity and outcome of care. Costs of lab tests of 149 long-term ambulatory hypertensive patients cared for by 13 faculty internists during one year were computed. Variation in mean annual lab costs per patient among the internists was great (range, $8-$161; standard deviation, $42). Outcomes of care were estimated using hypertension as an indicator condition. The physicians were scored according to percentage of hypertensive patients with systolic and diastolic pressures below specified levels. Correlation between lab use profiles and outcomes was negative (r = --.42) but not significant. Clinical productivity was estimated by two methods: adjusted panel size and subjective estimates of efficiency by the clinic administrator. Correlations between lab use behavior and each estimate of productivity were negligible (.13 and --.16 respectively). These data indicate that in this setting there is no positive association between a physician's frequency of lab use and either clinical productivity or outcomes of care.", "contents": "Variation among physicians in use of laboratory tests. II. Relation to clinical productivity and outcomes of care. Previous studies from this institution have shown extreme variation in laboratory and x-ray use among comparably trained physicians caring for similar patients. In addition, essentially no correlation (r = --.13) existed between a physician's lab use profile and subjective estimates of clinical competence. This study compares variations in lab use with both clinical productivity and outcome of care. Costs of lab tests of 149 long-term ambulatory hypertensive patients cared for by 13 faculty internists during one year were computed. Variation in mean annual lab costs per patient among the internists was great (range, $8-$161; standard deviation, $42). Outcomes of care were estimated using hypertension as an indicator condition. The physicians were scored according to percentage of hypertensive patients with systolic and diastolic pressures below specified levels. Correlation between lab use profiles and outcomes was negative (r = --.42) but not significant. Clinical productivity was estimated by two methods: adjusted panel size and subjective estimates of efficiency by the clinic administrator. Correlations between lab use behavior and each estimate of productivity were negligible (.13 and --.16 respectively). These data indicate that in this setting there is no positive association between a physician's frequency of lab use and either clinical productivity or outcomes of care."}
{"id": "PMID:875495", "title": "Accuracy of physicans' predictions of cholecystography results.", "content": "In the decision theory model of medical diagnosis and treatment, optimal choice of diagnostic tests requires accurate estimation of the probability that a given test will be positive. We assessed the ability of physicians to estimate the probability that a specific test (cholecystography) would be positive. For 102 patients, the predicted number of gallstone cases, 35.8, was significantly greater than the observed number, 15 (p less than 0.001), even though 13 of the 15 observed cases were patients with previous radiographic evidence of gallstones. The overestimation of probability of positive tests casts doubt on the correctness of decisions regarding selection of diagnostic tests when these decisions are derived from probability estimates based on intuition or expert opinion.", "contents": "Accuracy of physicans' predictions of cholecystography results. In the decision theory model of medical diagnosis and treatment, optimal choice of diagnostic tests requires accurate estimation of the probability that a given test will be positive. We assessed the ability of physicians to estimate the probability that a specific test (cholecystography) would be positive. For 102 patients, the predicted number of gallstone cases, 35.8, was significantly greater than the observed number, 15 (p less than 0.001), even though 13 of the 15 observed cases were patients with previous radiographic evidence of gallstones. The overestimation of probability of positive tests casts doubt on the correctness of decisions regarding selection of diagnostic tests when these decisions are derived from probability estimates based on intuition or expert opinion."}
{"id": "PMID:875490", "title": "The effect of age on protein synthesis by isolated liver parenchymal cells.", "content": "The protein synthesizing capacity of liver parenchymal cells isolated from 3-, 12-, 24-, 31- and 36-month-old rats was determined by the incorporation of 14C-leucine. Conditions for optimum protein synthesis included the use of an enriched medium (modified Waymouth's MB 752/1) and cell suspension concentrations ranging from 0.25 to 4 X 10(6) cells/ml medium. The cells were incubated with a dose of 6 micronmol leucine/ml medium for 2 h at 37 degrees C under an atmosphere of 95% O2 and 5% CO2. With parenchymal cells isolated from 3-month-old rats, a leucine incorporation rate of 14.4 nmol leucine/h/10(6) cells was found. The capacity of the parenchymal cells to synthesize protein decreased between 3 and 12 months, remained constant between 12 and 24 months and increased between 24 and 26 months. Degradation of newly synthesized proteins or reutilization of 14C-leucine did not occur during the incubation period. The ratio between albumin and total protein synthesis as a function of age was determined. This ratio did not change between 3 and 24 months but there was a significant increase between 24 and 36 months. The increase in total protein synthesis in late age may be due to a compensation by the liver for a more pronounced proteinuria, increased proteolysis or an accumulation of \"altered\" proteins.", "contents": "The effect of age on protein synthesis by isolated liver parenchymal cells. The protein synthesizing capacity of liver parenchymal cells isolated from 3-, 12-, 24-, 31- and 36-month-old rats was determined by the incorporation of 14C-leucine. Conditions for optimum protein synthesis included the use of an enriched medium (modified Waymouth's MB 752/1) and cell suspension concentrations ranging from 0.25 to 4 X 10(6) cells/ml medium. The cells were incubated with a dose of 6 micronmol leucine/ml medium for 2 h at 37 degrees C under an atmosphere of 95% O2 and 5% CO2. With parenchymal cells isolated from 3-month-old rats, a leucine incorporation rate of 14.4 nmol leucine/h/10(6) cells was found. The capacity of the parenchymal cells to synthesize protein decreased between 3 and 12 months, remained constant between 12 and 24 months and increased between 24 and 26 months. Degradation of newly synthesized proteins or reutilization of 14C-leucine did not occur during the incubation period. The ratio between albumin and total protein synthesis as a function of age was determined. This ratio did not change between 3 and 24 months but there was a significant increase between 24 and 36 months. The increase in total protein synthesis in late age may be due to a compensation by the liver for a more pronounced proteinuria, increased proteolysis or an accumulation of \"altered\" proteins."}
{"id": "PMID:875489", "title": "Developmental patterns of plasma TSH, T4 and T3 in rats deprived of light from birth.", "content": "Plasma levels of TSH, T4 and T3 in the rat show characteristic developmental patterns within the first postnatal month, with TSH reaching a peak on day 13, T4 on day 16 and T3 on day 20. In dark-reared rats, a significant reduction in plasma T3 associated with low plasma T4 as well as high plasma TSH suggest that light-deprivation from birth impairs and/or delays maturation of pituitary-thyroid axis.", "contents": "Developmental patterns of plasma TSH, T4 and T3 in rats deprived of light from birth. Plasma levels of TSH, T4 and T3 in the rat show characteristic developmental patterns within the first postnatal month, with TSH reaching a peak on day 13, T4 on day 16 and T3 on day 20. In dark-reared rats, a significant reduction in plasma T3 associated with low plasma T4 as well as high plasma TSH suggest that light-deprivation from birth impairs and/or delays maturation of pituitary-thyroid axis."}
{"id": "PMID:875496", "title": "Factors affecting nursing home medical review Implications for program and facility planning.", "content": "A system for the Medical Review of nursing home patients has been fully operational in the state of Rhode Island since 1973. This study examines recommendations as to the appropriate level of care required by each of 1,309 skilled nursing patients reviewed during the system's first full year of operation and relates these recommendations to a number of other factors, including patient and facility characteristics. Variables measuring patient medical condition and need for skilled nursing care correlated strongly with level of care recommendations made by the team of professional reviewers. In addition, facility licensing status emerged as a significant influence in the decision-making process concerning appropriate level of care assignments. Skilled nursing patients in multi-level (SN/ICF) facilities were much more likely to be recommended for less intensive, intermediate levels of nursing care than were patients residing in single-level (SN) facilities. This relationship persisted after controlling for variations in patient characteristics, but was strongest among those patients for whom the need for continued SN care seemed most dubious. The authors conclude that 1) the relationship can be attributed to a reluctance on the part of the review team to physically relocate aged patients, and 2) long-term care patients with complexly intertwining medical and social needs might be most appropriately placed in facilities which offer a spectrum of services and multiple levels of care.", "contents": "Factors affecting nursing home medical review Implications for program and facility planning. A system for the Medical Review of nursing home patients has been fully operational in the state of Rhode Island since 1973. This study examines recommendations as to the appropriate level of care required by each of 1,309 skilled nursing patients reviewed during the system's first full year of operation and relates these recommendations to a number of other factors, including patient and facility characteristics. Variables measuring patient medical condition and need for skilled nursing care correlated strongly with level of care recommendations made by the team of professional reviewers. In addition, facility licensing status emerged as a significant influence in the decision-making process concerning appropriate level of care assignments. Skilled nursing patients in multi-level (SN/ICF) facilities were much more likely to be recommended for less intensive, intermediate levels of nursing care than were patients residing in single-level (SN) facilities. This relationship persisted after controlling for variations in patient characteristics, but was strongest among those patients for whom the need for continued SN care seemed most dubious. The authors conclude that 1) the relationship can be attributed to a reluctance on the part of the review team to physically relocate aged patients, and 2) long-term care patients with complexly intertwining medical and social needs might be most appropriately placed in facilities which offer a spectrum of services and multiple levels of care."}
{"id": "PMID:875500", "title": "Clinical engineering: an in-depth review of its economic potential.", "content": "Clinical Engineers are currently employed in hospitals to see that the more complex instrumentation is electrically safe and well maintained. Such an objective fails to capitalize on the economic advantages which can be derived from specialist management. This paper proposes that the objective be broadened to cover the application of engineering technology for lower cost-higher quality health care. The functions involved and the staff needed to attain this objective are analyzed, together with the modus operandi for selecting and integrating cost-effective equipment, designing practical maintenance programs, and training the staff to avoid equipment abuse. Details of recent equipment-oriented malpractice suits are reviewed to identify already proven vulnerable areas. The results achieved from this approach at a 450-bed University Hospital show an estimated reduction of from $144 to $59 for the average cost of a repair, and an overall 60 per cent cost saving in the handling of the biomedical electronic equipment.", "contents": "Clinical engineering: an in-depth review of its economic potential. Clinical Engineers are currently employed in hospitals to see that the more complex instrumentation is electrically safe and well maintained. Such an objective fails to capitalize on the economic advantages which can be derived from specialist management. This paper proposes that the objective be broadened to cover the application of engineering technology for lower cost-higher quality health care. The functions involved and the staff needed to attain this objective are analyzed, together with the modus operandi for selecting and integrating cost-effective equipment, designing practical maintenance programs, and training the staff to avoid equipment abuse. Details of recent equipment-oriented malpractice suits are reviewed to identify already proven vulnerable areas. The results achieved from this approach at a 450-bed University Hospital show an estimated reduction of from $144 to $59 for the average cost of a repair, and an overall 60 per cent cost saving in the handling of the biomedical electronic equipment."}
{"id": "PMID:875501", "title": "U. S. medical graduates versus foreign medical graduates. Are there performance differences in practice?", "content": "This study has attempted to determine the relationship between physicians' medical education and their performances (technical quality and utilization of medical care resources) in offices and hospitals. The sample consisted of 506 physicians of Hawaii, involving 18 specialty categories. The study finds little evidence of the influence of the type of medical schools on physicians' technical quality and utilization of medical resources in practice. The mean differences between the categories of medical schools were not statistically significant (except for the quality when specialists practiced within their own areas of specialization). There is no evidence that all categories of U.S. medical graduates provided a higher quality care and better utilization than all categories of foreign medical graduates. There was no consistent pattern of performances within the categories of U.S. medical schools and of foreign medical schools in these dimensions of performances.", "contents": "U. S. medical graduates versus foreign medical graduates. Are there performance differences in practice? This study has attempted to determine the relationship between physicians' medical education and their performances (technical quality and utilization of medical care resources) in offices and hospitals. The sample consisted of 506 physicians of Hawaii, involving 18 specialty categories. The study finds little evidence of the influence of the type of medical schools on physicians' technical quality and utilization of medical resources in practice. The mean differences between the categories of medical schools were not statistically significant (except for the quality when specialists practiced within their own areas of specialization). There is no evidence that all categories of U.S. medical graduates provided a higher quality care and better utilization than all categories of foreign medical graduates. There was no consistent pattern of performances within the categories of U.S. medical schools and of foreign medical schools in these dimensions of performances."}
{"id": "PMID:875502", "title": "Physicians' knowledge of and response to patients' problems.", "content": "The purposes of the study were: 1) to describe the extent of the physician's knowledge and his response; 2) to measure the degree of correlation among four indicators of knowledge and among four indicators of response; and 3) to measure the association between physician's knowledge and his response. There were five physicians and 299 patients in the study. All the patients had at least one chronic condition and one current complaint. The four indicators referred to the four kinds of problems considered: discomfort, worry, disturbance of daily living, and social problems. The physicians had high percentages of perfect scores on knowledge of discomfort, worry, and disturbance of daily living, but a low percentage on knowledge of social problems. Scores on response to discomfort were high but were low on response to other aspects. The correlations between knowledge and response, although statistically significant, were low for all four types of problems. It is possible that these correlations were underestimated because the physician's responses were recorded only for the three-month period of the study.", "contents": "Physicians' knowledge of and response to patients' problems. The purposes of the study were: 1) to describe the extent of the physician's knowledge and his response; 2) to measure the degree of correlation among four indicators of knowledge and among four indicators of response; and 3) to measure the association between physician's knowledge and his response. There were five physicians and 299 patients in the study. All the patients had at least one chronic condition and one current complaint. The four indicators referred to the four kinds of problems considered: discomfort, worry, disturbance of daily living, and social problems. The physicians had high percentages of perfect scores on knowledge of discomfort, worry, and disturbance of daily living, but a low percentage on knowledge of social problems. Scores on response to discomfort were high but were low on response to other aspects. The correlations between knowledge and response, although statistically significant, were low for all four types of problems. It is possible that these correlations were underestimated because the physician's responses were recorded only for the three-month period of the study."}
{"id": "PMID:875503", "title": "Treated adverse effects of drugs in an ambulatory population.", "content": "Adverse drug reactions represent an area of concern in the delivery of medical care. Current data available indicating the nature and extent of the problem of adverse drug reactions are recognized as inadequate for policy making. This study contributes new information about the adverse effects of drugs treated in an outpatient population. The findings showed that the adverse effects of oral contraceptives accounted for a large share of medical care contacts, procedures rendered, and estimated dollars expended. The incidence and prevalence rates indicated relatively few persons among the population were treated for adverse effects of drugs. Annual costs to the medical care system of treating adverse drug effects were estimated to be $.83 per person. Additional information is needed about adverse drug reactions if strategies and approaches to deal with adverse effects of drugs are to be efficient and effective.", "contents": "Treated adverse effects of drugs in an ambulatory population. Adverse drug reactions represent an area of concern in the delivery of medical care. Current data available indicating the nature and extent of the problem of adverse drug reactions are recognized as inadequate for policy making. This study contributes new information about the adverse effects of drugs treated in an outpatient population. The findings showed that the adverse effects of oral contraceptives accounted for a large share of medical care contacts, procedures rendered, and estimated dollars expended. The incidence and prevalence rates indicated relatively few persons among the population were treated for adverse effects of drugs. Annual costs to the medical care system of treating adverse drug effects were estimated to be $.83 per person. Additional information is needed about adverse drug reactions if strategies and approaches to deal with adverse effects of drugs are to be efficient and effective."}
{"id": "PMID:875515", "title": "Common neurologic syndromes in medical practice.", "content": "The cases presented here are intended to illustrate an approach to the patient with complaints which may be vague, evanescent, or related to emotional factors. A scheme to analyze only five factors, mood, movement, sensation, cognition, and consciousness is presented to simplify the complexity of human behavior in order to arrive at correct diagnoses. The importance of a complete medical evaluation is stressed. Psychosis and other major psychiatric illness have been alluded to, but space does not permit discussion of the very important issues of the genetics, the neurochemistry, and the differential diagnosis of schizophrenia, mood disorders, and the organic brain syndromes. Some of the many manifestations of epilepsy have been presented, and the importance of electroencephalography and computed axial tomography is stressed. The references have been chosen for their general utility to practicing clinicians, especially the works of Pincus, Glaser and Tumulty.", "contents": "Common neurologic syndromes in medical practice. The cases presented here are intended to illustrate an approach to the patient with complaints which may be vague, evanescent, or related to emotional factors. A scheme to analyze only five factors, mood, movement, sensation, cognition, and consciousness is presented to simplify the complexity of human behavior in order to arrive at correct diagnoses. The importance of a complete medical evaluation is stressed. Psychosis and other major psychiatric illness have been alluded to, but space does not permit discussion of the very important issues of the genetics, the neurochemistry, and the differential diagnosis of schizophrenia, mood disorders, and the organic brain syndromes. Some of the many manifestations of epilepsy have been presented, and the importance of electroencephalography and computed axial tomography is stressed. The references have been chosen for their general utility to practicing clinicians, especially the works of Pincus, Glaser and Tumulty."}
{"id": "PMID:875516", "title": "Psychological aspects of oncology.", "content": "The patient with cancer presents the physician with challenging psychological issues: maintenance of an effective and understanding physician-patient relationship, in the context of optimal medical care, and alertness to signs of significant psychologic symptoms that may occur more commonly in the course of cancer. The closest relative, also under great emotional stress, must be considered in communications about the patient's clinical state and treatment. Psychological aspects of oncology are a demanding component of total care of the cancer patient, yet an integral part of optimal cancer care.", "contents": "Psychological aspects of oncology. The patient with cancer presents the physician with challenging psychological issues: maintenance of an effective and understanding physician-patient relationship, in the context of optimal medical care, and alertness to signs of significant psychologic symptoms that may occur more commonly in the course of cancer. The closest relative, also under great emotional stress, must be considered in communications about the patient's clinical state and treatment. Psychological aspects of oncology are a demanding component of total care of the cancer patient, yet an integral part of optimal cancer care."}
{"id": "PMID:875518", "title": "Pain: the most common psychosomatic problem.", "content": "The individual who complains of pain often has a combined emotional and organic experience. Pain is the resultant symptom of organic factors, personal and developmental phenomena, as well as social and cultural characteristics of the individual. The individuals who complain of pain often have chronic histories of difficulty and disability thus creating a difficult treatment problem. The physician who faces such individuals must attend the psychological, social, and organic entities in order to adequately manage and help rehabilitate these distressed individuals.", "contents": "Pain: the most common psychosomatic problem. The individual who complains of pain often has a combined emotional and organic experience. Pain is the resultant symptom of organic factors, personal and developmental phenomena, as well as social and cultural characteristics of the individual. The individuals who complain of pain often have chronic histories of difficulty and disability thus creating a difficult treatment problem. The physician who faces such individuals must attend the psychological, social, and organic entities in order to adequately manage and help rehabilitate these distressed individuals."}
{"id": "PMID:875519", "title": "Basic considerations in the treatment of obesity.", "content": "The recognition and treatment of obesity has undergone marked changes in the past two decades. Along with the abandoning of the concept of exogenous obesity, the physician has discovered a variety of developmental, psychological, pharmacologic, socioeconomic, neurological, and genetic roots for the syndrome. The clinician has also found medical treatment modalities (fasting and behavior modification) that hold much more promise than traditional supportive relationships with dietary consultation and anorexogenic medications. Surgical treatment also, ileojejunal bypass, is gradually emerging as a treatment of choice for certain well-motivated, super-obese people for whom all other treatment modalities have failed. Future research into central serotonergic mechanisms offers hope that we can begin to know what it is that turns on hunger, turns off appetite, and regulates weight in such a stable manner over such a long period of time.", "contents": "Basic considerations in the treatment of obesity. The recognition and treatment of obesity has undergone marked changes in the past two decades. Along with the abandoning of the concept of exogenous obesity, the physician has discovered a variety of developmental, psychological, pharmacologic, socioeconomic, neurological, and genetic roots for the syndrome. The clinician has also found medical treatment modalities (fasting and behavior modification) that hold much more promise than traditional supportive relationships with dietary consultation and anorexogenic medications. Surgical treatment also, ileojejunal bypass, is gradually emerging as a treatment of choice for certain well-motivated, super-obese people for whom all other treatment modalities have failed. Future research into central serotonergic mechanisms offers hope that we can begin to know what it is that turns on hunger, turns off appetite, and regulates weight in such a stable manner over such a long period of time."}
{"id": "PMID:875565", "title": "Rhabdomyoma of the pharyngeal wall.", "content": "Rhabdomyoma is a rare benign tumor of skeletal muscle, and the head and neck region is the most common extracardiac area for these tumors to occur. Twenty-one cases have previously been reported, and this report, \"A Rhabdomyoma of the Pharyngeal Wall,\" brings the total to 22. Pathologically, these tumors show abundant polygonal skeletal muscle cells with demonstrable cross striations. Differential diagnosis of these tumors has included granular cell myoblastoma and rhabdomyoscarcoma. Treatment is usually complete excision.", "contents": "Rhabdomyoma of the pharyngeal wall. Rhabdomyoma is a rare benign tumor of skeletal muscle, and the head and neck region is the most common extracardiac area for these tumors to occur. Twenty-one cases have previously been reported, and this report, \"A Rhabdomyoma of the Pharyngeal Wall,\" brings the total to 22. Pathologically, these tumors show abundant polygonal skeletal muscle cells with demonstrable cross striations. Differential diagnosis of these tumors has included granular cell myoblastoma and rhabdomyoscarcoma. Treatment is usually complete excision."}
{"id": "PMID:875566", "title": "Assessment by audiotympanometric testing: three case reports.", "content": "Tympanometric measurements are versatile and accurate when more than one type of ear disease is present. Three cases are presented where information from tympanometry beyond that derived from otological and routine audiological testing yielded accurate diagnoses. A patient with a history of middle-ear disease presented with a sensori-neural loss. Measures of static conductance correctly identified the problem as stiffness of the ossicular chain. An infant with unilateral congenital atresia and questionable hearing in her normal-appearing ear was determined to have serous otitis media by tympanometry and reflex testing. The course of the disease was monitored and reversed. A 17-year-old female suffered a basal skull fracture with a sudden conductive hearing loss. Low conductance and high impedance correctly identified loss of mobility of the ossicular chain which was confirmed surgically. These three cases illustrate the advantages of tympanometry in making rapid, accurate, objective measurements involving complex diagnoses of middle-ear function.", "contents": "Assessment by audiotympanometric testing: three case reports. Tympanometric measurements are versatile and accurate when more than one type of ear disease is present. Three cases are presented where information from tympanometry beyond that derived from otological and routine audiological testing yielded accurate diagnoses. A patient with a history of middle-ear disease presented with a sensori-neural loss. Measures of static conductance correctly identified the problem as stiffness of the ossicular chain. An infant with unilateral congenital atresia and questionable hearing in her normal-appearing ear was determined to have serous otitis media by tympanometry and reflex testing. The course of the disease was monitored and reversed. A 17-year-old female suffered a basal skull fracture with a sudden conductive hearing loss. Low conductance and high impedance correctly identified loss of mobility of the ossicular chain which was confirmed surgically. These three cases illustrate the advantages of tympanometry in making rapid, accurate, objective measurements involving complex diagnoses of middle-ear function."}
{"id": "PMID:875568", "title": "Nystagmus responses to water and air caloric stimulation in clinical populations.", "content": "The nystagmus responses of two groups of patients referred for electronystagraphy were compared to test for differences between air and water caloric stimulation. Responses from patients with spontaneous or positional nystagmus or who showed greater than 30% directional preponderance or excitability of labyrinth were removed from the data. The 30 degree C and 44 degree C water and the 24 degree C air produced equivalent responses. The 50 degree C air produced responses with slow component velocities greater than expected; however, the distributions of computed directional preponderance and excitability of labyrinth showed no differences between the air and water caloric stimulation.", "contents": "Nystagmus responses to water and air caloric stimulation in clinical populations. The nystagmus responses of two groups of patients referred for electronystagraphy were compared to test for differences between air and water caloric stimulation. Responses from patients with spontaneous or positional nystagmus or who showed greater than 30% directional preponderance or excitability of labyrinth were removed from the data. The 30 degree C and 44 degree C water and the 24 degree C air produced equivalent responses. The 50 degree C air produced responses with slow component velocities greater than expected; however, the distributions of computed directional preponderance and excitability of labyrinth showed no differences between the air and water caloric stimulation."}
{"id": "PMID:875570", "title": "Sequenced scintigraphy: a morphological and functional study of the salivary glands.", "content": "The use of scintigraphy in sequenced registration shows that there are three fundamental stages in the intraglandular turnover of the radionuclide: 1. At very early stage (between 3 min. and 15 min.), the major salivary glands could be clearly distinguished; 2. At the stage immediately following (between 20 min. and 35 min.), both the parotid and submaxillary glands were already less well defined; while in the mouth projection zone, quite intense radioactivity, connected with a progressive accumulation of the radionuclide in the minor salivary glands, was seen; 3. Within an hour after injection, maximum captation took place in the minor salivary glands, while both the parotid and the submaxillary glands were hardly distinct. These three stages are strictly related to the three phases of behavior of the radionuclide in each salivary gland; arrival, accumulation, dismissal. Then, each documented variation from the normal pattern will indicate a determined functional anomaly related to defined disease of the salivary glands. The sequenced scintigrraphy offers a functional study of the salivary glands from which it is possible to obtain many elements of practical clinical utility.", "contents": "Sequenced scintigraphy: a morphological and functional study of the salivary glands. The use of scintigraphy in sequenced registration shows that there are three fundamental stages in the intraglandular turnover of the radionuclide: 1. At very early stage (between 3 min. and 15 min.), the major salivary glands could be clearly distinguished; 2. At the stage immediately following (between 20 min. and 35 min.), both the parotid and submaxillary glands were already less well defined; while in the mouth projection zone, quite intense radioactivity, connected with a progressive accumulation of the radionuclide in the minor salivary glands, was seen; 3. Within an hour after injection, maximum captation took place in the minor salivary glands, while both the parotid and the submaxillary glands were hardly distinct. These three stages are strictly related to the three phases of behavior of the radionuclide in each salivary gland; arrival, accumulation, dismissal. Then, each documented variation from the normal pattern will indicate a determined functional anomaly related to defined disease of the salivary glands. The sequenced scintigrraphy offers a functional study of the salivary glands from which it is possible to obtain many elements of practical clinical utility."}
{"id": "PMID:875572", "title": "Ototoxicity and the olivocochlear bundle.", "content": "Cochlear hair cell damage due to kanamycin sulfate was studied in chinchillas receiving 200 mg/kg kanamycin for nine days. The drug was given to a group of animals with lesions of the crossed olivocochlear bundle, a group that had received a sham operative procedure, and a group of normal animals. The animals were sacrificed 14 days after the last drug injection and the cochleae removed for examination by surface preparation. The lesioned animals showed markedly less hair cell loss than the control groups, and this was attributed to the fact that the loss of the efferent endings rendered these animals less susceptible to the ototoxic effects of kanamycin.", "contents": "Ototoxicity and the olivocochlear bundle. Cochlear hair cell damage due to kanamycin sulfate was studied in chinchillas receiving 200 mg/kg kanamycin for nine days. The drug was given to a group of animals with lesions of the crossed olivocochlear bundle, a group that had received a sham operative procedure, and a group of normal animals. The animals were sacrificed 14 days after the last drug injection and the cochleae removed for examination by surface preparation. The lesioned animals showed markedly less hair cell loss than the control groups, and this was attributed to the fact that the loss of the efferent endings rendered these animals less susceptible to the ototoxic effects of kanamycin."}
{"id": "PMID:875573", "title": "Liposarcoma of the larynx: a multicentric or a metastatic malignancy.", "content": "The third case of liposarcoma of the larynx, this one arising from the preepiglottic space, is presented. The report is unique in so far as the patient previously had been treated for a liposarcoma in another anatomic region. The diagnosis in this case was in doubt until electron microscopic studies were done. Since the histopathology of the laryngeal and the previous liposarcoma were different, the question of metastasis versus multicentricity was raised. Other discussions of liposarcomas over the past three decades have not resolved this aspect of their behavior completely. In this instance, after considering avenues of metastatic spread in conjuction with the histopathology, it would appear that the laryngeal lesion was a second primary and not a metastasis.", "contents": "Liposarcoma of the larynx: a multicentric or a metastatic malignancy. The third case of liposarcoma of the larynx, this one arising from the preepiglottic space, is presented. The report is unique in so far as the patient previously had been treated for a liposarcoma in another anatomic region. The diagnosis in this case was in doubt until electron microscopic studies were done. Since the histopathology of the laryngeal and the previous liposarcoma were different, the question of metastasis versus multicentricity was raised. Other discussions of liposarcomas over the past three decades have not resolved this aspect of their behavior completely. In this instance, after considering avenues of metastatic spread in conjuction with the histopathology, it would appear that the laryngeal lesion was a second primary and not a metastasis."}
{"id": "PMID:875574", "title": "Otoadmittance in normal subjects.", "content": "Otoadmittance audiometry was performed on a group of young subjects (18-30 years old) with normal hearing. Mean values and standard deviations for static admittance, conductance and susceptance were computed on the basis of the point of maximum compliance, as well as the point of zero cross (drum-free position). In addition, the values of curve width for conductance and susceptance, middle ear pressure and the threshold of the acoustic reflex for pure tones and interrupted tones were evaluated. Subjects presenting an abnormality of the tympanic membrane were studied as a separate group. The results obtained in this study were compared with those reported in the literature.", "contents": "Otoadmittance in normal subjects. Otoadmittance audiometry was performed on a group of young subjects (18-30 years old) with normal hearing. Mean values and standard deviations for static admittance, conductance and susceptance were computed on the basis of the point of maximum compliance, as well as the point of zero cross (drum-free position). In addition, the values of curve width for conductance and susceptance, middle ear pressure and the threshold of the acoustic reflex for pure tones and interrupted tones were evaluated. Subjects presenting an abnormality of the tympanic membrane were studied as a separate group. The results obtained in this study were compared with those reported in the literature."}
{"id": "PMID:875578", "title": "Traumatic carotid-cavernous sinus fistula.", "content": "Seventy-five percent of carotid-cavernous sinus fistulae result from high velocity head trauma. The most common symptom is a pulse synchronous bruit which usually becomes apparent when the patient regains his sensorium. The objective manifestations of such an arteriovenous fistula are characteristically localized to the ipsilateral orbit. A periorbital bruit and venous engorgement of the palpebral and bulbar conjunctivae are pathognomonic features. Bilateral carotid angiography confirms the diagnosis and determines which of several techniques might be used to obliterate the fistula. Occasionally the classic signs and symptoms may be delayed for days or weeks. Thus, the maxillofacial surgeon must be aware of this clinical entity to avoid untimely repair of facial fractures with potentially disastrous consequences.", "contents": "Traumatic carotid-cavernous sinus fistula. Seventy-five percent of carotid-cavernous sinus fistulae result from high velocity head trauma. The most common symptom is a pulse synchronous bruit which usually becomes apparent when the patient regains his sensorium. The objective manifestations of such an arteriovenous fistula are characteristically localized to the ipsilateral orbit. A periorbital bruit and venous engorgement of the palpebral and bulbar conjunctivae are pathognomonic features. Bilateral carotid angiography confirms the diagnosis and determines which of several techniques might be used to obliterate the fistula. Occasionally the classic signs and symptoms may be delayed for days or weeks. Thus, the maxillofacial surgeon must be aware of this clinical entity to avoid untimely repair of facial fractures with potentially disastrous consequences."}
{"id": "PMID:875579", "title": "Squamous cell carcinoma of the soft palate.", "content": "Thirty-eight patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the soft palate treated between 1960 and 1975 were reviewed. Males in the seventh decade predominated. All symptomatic patients complained of sore throat and/or odynophagia. Seventy-eight percent were symptomatic less than three months. Approximately equal numbers of patients presented with T1, T2, and T3 tumors. Twenty-seven percent had cervical metastases when initially seen. The majority (89%) of patients were treated with radiation initially and the remainder (11%) received radiation therapy at the time of postsurgical recurrence with an absolute five year survival of 33%. Patients less than 60 years of age and those with small primary tumors and no neck metastases demonstrated better survival. Radiation therapy to the primary tumor and neck appears to be the preferred modality of initial treatment.", "contents": "Squamous cell carcinoma of the soft palate. Thirty-eight patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the soft palate treated between 1960 and 1975 were reviewed. Males in the seventh decade predominated. All symptomatic patients complained of sore throat and/or odynophagia. Seventy-eight percent were symptomatic less than three months. Approximately equal numbers of patients presented with T1, T2, and T3 tumors. Twenty-seven percent had cervical metastases when initially seen. The majority (89%) of patients were treated with radiation initially and the remainder (11%) received radiation therapy at the time of postsurgical recurrence with an absolute five year survival of 33%. Patients less than 60 years of age and those with small primary tumors and no neck metastases demonstrated better survival. Radiation therapy to the primary tumor and neck appears to be the preferred modality of initial treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:875581", "title": "Partial horizontal supraglottic laryngectomy. A method of reconstruction.", "content": "Despite the low occurrence of early laryngeal lesions amenable to Partial Supraglottic Laryngectomy, they form a very interesting and important group of lesions. Timing is important in their recognition, since adequate treatment can then be secured and important functions of the larynx preserved. The draw back in the treatment of these lesions by partial laryngectomy lies in the difficulty in restoring the patient to his preoperative pattern of life. Repeated aspiration pneumonitis becomes a life threatening problem in a good number of such patients. A new method of reconstruction is described here by which the aspiration problem is obviated with the aid of a pedicle flap to line the raw surface of the transected base of the tongue allowing the organ to remain in a position capable of occluding the glottis during deglutition, and at the same time guiding the food along the posterior pharyngeal wall and into the esophagus.", "contents": "Partial horizontal supraglottic laryngectomy. A method of reconstruction. Despite the low occurrence of early laryngeal lesions amenable to Partial Supraglottic Laryngectomy, they form a very interesting and important group of lesions. Timing is important in their recognition, since adequate treatment can then be secured and important functions of the larynx preserved. The draw back in the treatment of these lesions by partial laryngectomy lies in the difficulty in restoring the patient to his preoperative pattern of life. Repeated aspiration pneumonitis becomes a life threatening problem in a good number of such patients. A new method of reconstruction is described here by which the aspiration problem is obviated with the aid of a pedicle flap to line the raw surface of the transected base of the tongue allowing the organ to remain in a position capable of occluding the glottis during deglutition, and at the same time guiding the food along the posterior pharyngeal wall and into the esophagus."}
{"id": "PMID:875584", "title": "Clinical evaluation of TMJ arthroplasties with insertion of articular eminence prosthesis on ninety patients (an eight year study).", "content": "This paper represents an analysis, accomplished over an eight-year period, of 90 individuals who have been operated on for various arthritic diseases of their temporomandibular joints (TMJ). In arthritic changes of the joint, several changes may occur: perforation of the disc, flattening of the articular eminence, asymmetrical condylar movement, and chronic synovitis. This may result in increased synovial pressure on nerve fibers within the capsule of the joint, and a variety of referred pain symptoms. Prior to operation, a careful differential diagnosis was made by an otolaryngologist and, frequently, by a neurologist/neurosurgeon and a psychologist. The prosthesis inserted during surgery was a metallic device which fits over the articular eminence in the upper portion of the joint. This prosthesis accomplished primarily three functions: elimination of the crepitus; restoration of the contour of the eminence; separation of the articular surface of the joint.", "contents": "Clinical evaluation of TMJ arthroplasties with insertion of articular eminence prosthesis on ninety patients (an eight year study). This paper represents an analysis, accomplished over an eight-year period, of 90 individuals who have been operated on for various arthritic diseases of their temporomandibular joints (TMJ). In arthritic changes of the joint, several changes may occur: perforation of the disc, flattening of the articular eminence, asymmetrical condylar movement, and chronic synovitis. This may result in increased synovial pressure on nerve fibers within the capsule of the joint, and a variety of referred pain symptoms. Prior to operation, a careful differential diagnosis was made by an otolaryngologist and, frequently, by a neurologist/neurosurgeon and a psychologist. The prosthesis inserted during surgery was a metallic device which fits over the articular eminence in the upper portion of the joint. This prosthesis accomplished primarily three functions: elimination of the crepitus; restoration of the contour of the eminence; separation of the articular surface of the joint."}
{"id": "PMID:875586", "title": "Recording projection of nasal landmarks in rhinoplasty.", "content": "Because of difficulties in making accurate measurements from before and after photographs, we have devised measuring techniques not dependent upon exact reduplication of photographic circumstances before, during, and after surgery. Measuring devices contacting the head of the patient in specified ways are described. They allow simple and exact reduplication so that measurements made at different times can be compared. Lengths of nose and of columella and actual projection of brow, nasofrontal angle, rhinion, supratip region, the tip itself, and of the columella-labial junction can be measured. Tip rotation, cephalic or caudal, can be determined and quantitated. The devices and techniques for using them are described. We believe that employment of the suggested measuring techniques will allow better reporting of rhinoplastic methods and results should significantly increase our understanding of this complex surgical procedure.", "contents": "Recording projection of nasal landmarks in rhinoplasty. Because of difficulties in making accurate measurements from before and after photographs, we have devised measuring techniques not dependent upon exact reduplication of photographic circumstances before, during, and after surgery. Measuring devices contacting the head of the patient in specified ways are described. They allow simple and exact reduplication so that measurements made at different times can be compared. Lengths of nose and of columella and actual projection of brow, nasofrontal angle, rhinion, supratip region, the tip itself, and of the columella-labial junction can be measured. Tip rotation, cephalic or caudal, can be determined and quantitated. The devices and techniques for using them are described. We believe that employment of the suggested measuring techniques will allow better reporting of rhinoplastic methods and results should significantly increase our understanding of this complex surgical procedure."}
{"id": "PMID:875638", "title": "Studies on the total synthesis of bisindole alkaloids in the vinblastine-vincristine series.", "content": "A series of investigations involving the total syntheses of a variety of indole and dihydroindole alkaloids in the Aspidosperma, Iboga and Vinca families are discussed. In this lecture particular emphasis is placed on studies relating to the synthesis of the clinically important bisindole or \"dimeric\" alkaloids of the vinblastine-vincristine family. Apart from the activity demonstrated by the natural alkaloids, it is shown that closely related synthetic derivatives can possess interesting anti-tumor activity as well.", "contents": "Studies on the total synthesis of bisindole alkaloids in the vinblastine-vincristine series. A series of investigations involving the total syntheses of a variety of indole and dihydroindole alkaloids in the Aspidosperma, Iboga and Vinca families are discussed. In this lecture particular emphasis is placed on studies relating to the synthesis of the clinically important bisindole or \"dimeric\" alkaloids of the vinblastine-vincristine family. Apart from the activity demonstrated by the natural alkaloids, it is shown that closely related synthetic derivatives can possess interesting anti-tumor activity as well."}
{"id": "PMID:875640", "title": "A comparison of the mechanisms of action of VP-16-213 and podophyllotoxin.", "content": "A comparison of the mechanism of action of VP 16-213 and podophyllotoxin has revealed that although both drugs inhibit nucleoside uptake in HeLa cells, they exhibit other biological properties which are quite distinct. Podophyllotoxin inhibits microtubule assembly in vitro while VP-16-213 has no effect in this system. VP-16-213 induces single-stranded breaks in DNA in HeLa cells, an effect which may explain the cytoxicity of VP-16-213. In contrast to VP-16-213-treated cells, cells treated with podophyllotoxin maintain DNA integrity and show no evidence of single-stranded breaks.", "contents": "A comparison of the mechanisms of action of VP-16-213 and podophyllotoxin. A comparison of the mechanism of action of VP 16-213 and podophyllotoxin has revealed that although both drugs inhibit nucleoside uptake in HeLa cells, they exhibit other biological properties which are quite distinct. Podophyllotoxin inhibits microtubule assembly in vitro while VP-16-213 has no effect in this system. VP-16-213 induces single-stranded breaks in DNA in HeLa cells, an effect which may explain the cytoxicity of VP-16-213. In contrast to VP-16-213-treated cells, cells treated with podophyllotoxin maintain DNA integrity and show no evidence of single-stranded breaks."}
{"id": "PMID:875641", "title": "Purification and properties of anthranilate synthetase from the ergot fungus, Claviceps spec., strain SD 58.", "content": "A three-enzyme complex containing anthranilate synthetase, phosphoribosyl anthranilate isomerase and indole-3-glycerol phosphate synthetase was partially purified from Claviceps spec., strain SD 58. The anthranilate synthetase activity of the enzyme complex was quite unstable unless glutamine, MgCl2, TRIS and, most importantly, glycerol were included in the extraction buffer. The three-enzyme complex showed a molecular weight of 400,000 when estimated using Sephadex gel filtration, and a molecular weight of 200,000 when using sucrose density gradient centrifugation. At least two bands of anthranilate synthetase were detected on disc gel electrophoresis. An enzyme complex containing phosphoribosyl anthranilate synthetase and indoleglycerol phosphate synthetase, but no anthranilate synthetase, was isolated from Claviceps. This enzyme complex had an apparent molecular weight of 165,000 as estimated by sucrose gradient centrifugation. Anthranilate synthetase is inhibited by L-tryptophan and elymoclavine, the terminal ergot alkaloid produced by this strain of Claviceps. No differences could be detected between the enzyme complexes isolated from 2-day-old growing mycelia and from 6-day-old alkaloid-producing mycelia of the organism.", "contents": "Purification and properties of anthranilate synthetase from the ergot fungus, Claviceps spec., strain SD 58. A three-enzyme complex containing anthranilate synthetase, phosphoribosyl anthranilate isomerase and indole-3-glycerol phosphate synthetase was partially purified from Claviceps spec., strain SD 58. The anthranilate synthetase activity of the enzyme complex was quite unstable unless glutamine, MgCl2, TRIS and, most importantly, glycerol were included in the extraction buffer. The three-enzyme complex showed a molecular weight of 400,000 when estimated using Sephadex gel filtration, and a molecular weight of 200,000 when using sucrose density gradient centrifugation. At least two bands of anthranilate synthetase were detected on disc gel electrophoresis. An enzyme complex containing phosphoribosyl anthranilate synthetase and indoleglycerol phosphate synthetase, but no anthranilate synthetase, was isolated from Claviceps. This enzyme complex had an apparent molecular weight of 165,000 as estimated by sucrose gradient centrifugation. Anthranilate synthetase is inhibited by L-tryptophan and elymoclavine, the terminal ergot alkaloid produced by this strain of Claviceps. No differences could be detected between the enzyme complexes isolated from 2-day-old growing mycelia and from 6-day-old alkaloid-producing mycelia of the organism."}
{"id": "PMID:875642", "title": "Two metabolites from Aspergillus flavipes.", "content": "Two novel fungal metabolites, N-benzoyl-L-phenylalaninol (1a) and asperphenamate (2) were isolated from the culture filtrate and mycelium of Aspergillus flavipes ATCC 11013. N-benzoyl-L-phenylalaninol was identified by direct comparison with an authentic sample. The structure of asperphenamate is proposed as (S)-N-benzoyl-phenylalanine-(S)-2-benzamido-3-phenyl propyl ester, based on chemical and spectroscopic evidence.", "contents": "Two metabolites from Aspergillus flavipes. Two novel fungal metabolites, N-benzoyl-L-phenylalaninol (1a) and asperphenamate (2) were isolated from the culture filtrate and mycelium of Aspergillus flavipes ATCC 11013. N-benzoyl-L-phenylalaninol was identified by direct comparison with an authentic sample. The structure of asperphenamate is proposed as (S)-N-benzoyl-phenylalanine-(S)-2-benzamido-3-phenyl propyl ester, based on chemical and spectroscopic evidence."}
{"id": "PMID:875644", "title": "Toxic principles of hippomane mancinella. II. Structure of Hippomanin A.", "content": "Hippomanin A is a pale yellow crystalline toxic principle isolated from the water-soluble portion of the ethanolic extract of Hippomane mancinella. Acid hydrolysis gave glucose, gallic acid and ellagic acid, thus showing that it belonged to the class of \"crystalline tannins\" and was isomeric with corilagin. The presence of free anomeric hydroxyl was shown by methylation and by reduction with sodium borohydride. Mass spectral and chemical evidence showed that the structure was 2-galloyl-4,6-hexahydroxydiphenoyl-D-glucose.", "contents": "Toxic principles of hippomane mancinella. II. Structure of Hippomanin A. Hippomanin A is a pale yellow crystalline toxic principle isolated from the water-soluble portion of the ethanolic extract of Hippomane mancinella. Acid hydrolysis gave glucose, gallic acid and ellagic acid, thus showing that it belonged to the class of \"crystalline tannins\" and was isomeric with corilagin. The presence of free anomeric hydroxyl was shown by methylation and by reduction with sodium borohydride. Mass spectral and chemical evidence showed that the structure was 2-galloyl-4,6-hexahydroxydiphenoyl-D-glucose."}
{"id": "PMID:875643", "title": "Potential anticancer agents. IV. Constituents of Jacaranda caucana Pittier (Bignoniaceae).", "content": "An aqueous ethanol extract of Jacaranda caucana Pittier (Bignoniaceae) showed in vivo antitumor activity against the P-388 lymphocytic leukemia system. Fractionation, accompanied by monitoring for biological activity, afforded a novel phytoquinoid derivative jacaranone, which exhibited both in vivo antitumor and in vitro cytotoxic activity. beta-Sitosterol, betulinic acid, ursolic acid, 2alpha-hydroxyursolic acid, 2alpha,3alpha-dihydroxyurs-12-en-28-oic acid and a new triterpene acid, jacarandic acid, were also isolated. The structure elucidation of jacarandic acid is described.", "contents": "Potential anticancer agents. IV. Constituents of Jacaranda caucana Pittier (Bignoniaceae). An aqueous ethanol extract of Jacaranda caucana Pittier (Bignoniaceae) showed in vivo antitumor activity against the P-388 lymphocytic leukemia system. Fractionation, accompanied by monitoring for biological activity, afforded a novel phytoquinoid derivative jacaranone, which exhibited both in vivo antitumor and in vitro cytotoxic activity. beta-Sitosterol, betulinic acid, ursolic acid, 2alpha-hydroxyursolic acid, 2alpha,3alpha-dihydroxyurs-12-en-28-oic acid and a new triterpene acid, jacarandic acid, were also isolated. The structure elucidation of jacarandic acid is described."}
{"id": "PMID:875645", "title": "Cactus alkaloids. XXXI. beta-Phenethylamines and tetrahydroisoquinolines from the Mexican cactus dolichothele uberiformis.", "content": "A total of ten alkaloids have been identified in extracts of a Mexican cactus, Dolichothele uberiformis (Zucc.) Br. and R. The data provide documentation for the presence of (--)-synephrine, (--)-longimammine, N-methyl-3,4-dimethoxy-beta-phenethylamine, N-methyl-4-methoxy-beta-phenethylamine, (--y-normacromerine, N-methyltryramine, hordenine, longimammatine, and the first reported isolation of (--)-N,N-dimethyl-beta-hydroxy-beta-phenethylamine (ubine) from a natural source. Spectral data support the identification of another new alkaloid (uberine) as 5-methoxy-7-hydroxy-2-methyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline.", "contents": "Cactus alkaloids. XXXI. beta-Phenethylamines and tetrahydroisoquinolines from the Mexican cactus dolichothele uberiformis. A total of ten alkaloids have been identified in extracts of a Mexican cactus, Dolichothele uberiformis (Zucc.) Br. and R. The data provide documentation for the presence of (--)-synephrine, (--)-longimammine, N-methyl-3,4-dimethoxy-beta-phenethylamine, N-methyl-4-methoxy-beta-phenethylamine, (--y-normacromerine, N-methyltryramine, hordenine, longimammatine, and the first reported isolation of (--)-N,N-dimethyl-beta-hydroxy-beta-phenethylamine (ubine) from a natural source. Spectral data support the identification of another new alkaloid (uberine) as 5-methoxy-7-hydroxy-2-methyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline."}
{"id": "PMID:875720", "title": "Mannosidosis in three brothers--a review of the literature.", "content": "Three brothers with mannosidosis were studied, and their clinical and biochemical manifestations are compared with those of 41 cases in the literature. All three boys have psychomotor and growth retardation, characteristic facies, recurrent respiratory infections, sensorineural deafness, craniosynostosis, protuberant abdomens, and thin limbs. Roentgenographic findings of mild dysostosis multiplex, thick calvaria, abnormally contoured vertebrae, coarse trabeculi and thin cortices are consistent with those of reported cases. The lymphocytes of peripheral blood and bone marrow are vacuolated. Alpha-mannosidase deficiency in leukocytes and cultured skin fibroblasts and glycoproteinuria have been documented. The biochemistry  of this glycoproteinosis and the pitfalls in diagnosis, such as improper assay conditions of pH and substrate concentration, are discussed. Extrapolation of in vitro and animal model studies suggest that trace metal therapy may be more effective than attempts at enzyme replacement to treat this hereditary storage disease.", "contents": "Mannosidosis in three brothers--a review of the literature. Three brothers with mannosidosis were studied, and their clinical and biochemical manifestations are compared with those of 41 cases in the literature. All three boys have psychomotor and growth retardation, characteristic facies, recurrent respiratory infections, sensorineural deafness, craniosynostosis, protuberant abdomens, and thin limbs. Roentgenographic findings of mild dysostosis multiplex, thick calvaria, abnormally contoured vertebrae, coarse trabeculi and thin cortices are consistent with those of reported cases. The lymphocytes of peripheral blood and bone marrow are vacuolated. Alpha-mannosidase deficiency in leukocytes and cultured skin fibroblasts and glycoproteinuria have been documented. The biochemistry  of this glycoproteinosis and the pitfalls in diagnosis, such as improper assay conditions of pH and substrate concentration, are discussed. Extrapolation of in vitro and animal model studies suggest that trace metal therapy may be more effective than attempts at enzyme replacement to treat this hereditary storage disease."}
{"id": "PMID:875732", "title": "Carbohydrate metabolism in hypothyroid myopathy.", "content": "The carbohydrate metabolism in hypothyroid patients was investigated. After an overnight fast, the blood glucose level was 24% lower and the blood lactate level was 35% lower in the untreated hypothyroid patients than that observed in the treated hypothyroid patients or in the normal subjects. There was no difference in the blood alanine or plasma free fatty acid values between the subject groups. Skeletal muscle biopsied from two hypothyroid patients with marked myopathy showed normal glycogen content, 0.83%-0.86% (normal 1.06%), but reduced activity of acid maltase, 32-50 nmoles/min/g (normal 97). Forearm ischemic stimulation applied to hypothyroid patients failed to elevate the level of lactate. The results are compatible with impaired glycogenolysis from the skeletal muscle, which may be a contributory factor in the myopathy in hypothyroidism.", "contents": "Carbohydrate metabolism in hypothyroid myopathy. The carbohydrate metabolism in hypothyroid patients was investigated. After an overnight fast, the blood glucose level was 24% lower and the blood lactate level was 35% lower in the untreated hypothyroid patients than that observed in the treated hypothyroid patients or in the normal subjects. There was no difference in the blood alanine or plasma free fatty acid values between the subject groups. Skeletal muscle biopsied from two hypothyroid patients with marked myopathy showed normal glycogen content, 0.83%-0.86% (normal 1.06%), but reduced activity of acid maltase, 32-50 nmoles/min/g (normal 97). Forearm ischemic stimulation applied to hypothyroid patients failed to elevate the level of lactate. The results are compatible with impaired glycogenolysis from the skeletal muscle, which may be a contributory factor in the myopathy in hypothyroidism."}
{"id": "PMID:875734", "title": "Glucocorticoid control of hepatic proline oxidase.", "content": "Since adrenal corticosteroids are known to affect amino acid metabolism and gluconeogenesis, we examined the relationship of these hormones to hepatic proline oxidase, the mitochondrial enzyme degrading L-proline. In adrenalectomized rats hepatic proline oxidase activity decreased to about 50% of control levels within 5-6 days. This depressed activity can be restored to normal by 4 days of corticosteroid repletion. Treatment of intact rats with supraphysiologic doses of corticosteroid further elevated proline oxidase activity. The level in treated intact rats was three-fold that of adrenalectomized rats. Kinetic analysis revealed that corticosteroid increased the amount of enzyme without altering enzyme affinity for proline. Administration of a single dose of corticosteroid to either adrenalectomized or intact animals increased enzyme activities, with a lag time of less than 2 hr. The maximum effect occurred 5-6 hr following injection. Since proline degraded by this pathway can contribute carbon skeletons directly to carbohydrate, corticosteroid induction of proline oxidase may play an important role in hepatic gluconeogenesis occurring with corticosteroid action.", "contents": "Glucocorticoid control of hepatic proline oxidase. Since adrenal corticosteroids are known to affect amino acid metabolism and gluconeogenesis, we examined the relationship of these hormones to hepatic proline oxidase, the mitochondrial enzyme degrading L-proline. In adrenalectomized rats hepatic proline oxidase activity decreased to about 50% of control levels within 5-6 days. This depressed activity can be restored to normal by 4 days of corticosteroid repletion. Treatment of intact rats with supraphysiologic doses of corticosteroid further elevated proline oxidase activity. The level in treated intact rats was three-fold that of adrenalectomized rats. Kinetic analysis revealed that corticosteroid increased the amount of enzyme without altering enzyme affinity for proline. Administration of a single dose of corticosteroid to either adrenalectomized or intact animals increased enzyme activities, with a lag time of less than 2 hr. The maximum effect occurred 5-6 hr following injection. Since proline degraded by this pathway can contribute carbon skeletons directly to carbohydrate, corticosteroid induction of proline oxidase may play an important role in hepatic gluconeogenesis occurring with corticosteroid action."}
{"id": "PMID:875735", "title": "Amino acid modulation of glucose-induced insulin and glucagon release in diabetic patients.", "content": "In order to determine whether amino acids have a beneficial effect on glucose tolerance in diabetes, the effect of intravenous infusion of mixed amino acids on plasma insulin, glucagon, and blood glucose responses to oral glucose loading was studied in patients with mild to moderate diabetes. Intravenous infusion of mixed amino acids over a period of 30 min which was started 30 min or immediately before oral glucose loading significantly augmented the insulin response but did not improve the blood glucose curve, probably due to excessive glucagon response. However, amino acid infusion over a period of 60 min started immediately before oral glucose loading evoked a sustained rise of plasma insulin associated with a lesser degree of glucagon secretion, thus causing significant improvement of the blood glucose curve.", "contents": "Amino acid modulation of glucose-induced insulin and glucagon release in diabetic patients. In order to determine whether amino acids have a beneficial effect on glucose tolerance in diabetes, the effect of intravenous infusion of mixed amino acids on plasma insulin, glucagon, and blood glucose responses to oral glucose loading was studied in patients with mild to moderate diabetes. Intravenous infusion of mixed amino acids over a period of 30 min which was started 30 min or immediately before oral glucose loading significantly augmented the insulin response but did not improve the blood glucose curve, probably due to excessive glucagon response. However, amino acid infusion over a period of 60 min started immediately before oral glucose loading evoked a sustained rise of plasma insulin associated with a lesser degree of glucagon secretion, thus causing significant improvement of the blood glucose curve."}
{"id": "PMID:875736", "title": "The effect of glycerol and other intermediates on the incorporation of 14C-fructose and 14C-glucose to hepatic triglyceride.", "content": "Mature male rats were given, orally, 14C-fructose either alone or in conjunction with dihydroxyacetone, glyceraldehyde, or glycerol. Glycerol was also administered with 14C-glucose in a dose equimolar with fructose. After 2 hr the rats were killed and the liver triglyceride fraction was separated. Estimations of the degree of incorporation of 14C from the radioactive labeled carbohydrate into the glycerol and fatty acid moieties were carried out. Dihydroxyacetone and glyceraldehyde reduced the incorporation of 14C-fructose into hepatic triglyceride to approximately equal extents, suggesting that both trioses contribute equally to alpha-glycerophosphate formation. Glycerol, however, brought about a profound increase in the amount of fructose converted to triglyceride. This effect of glycerol was not apparent to any measurable extent on glucose incorporation into triglyceride and none of the intermediates affected the proportional distribution of radioactive counts between the fatty acid and glycerol moieties of the triglyceride after 14C-fructose administration.", "contents": "The effect of glycerol and other intermediates on the incorporation of 14C-fructose and 14C-glucose to hepatic triglyceride. Mature male rats were given, orally, 14C-fructose either alone or in conjunction with dihydroxyacetone, glyceraldehyde, or glycerol. Glycerol was also administered with 14C-glucose in a dose equimolar with fructose. After 2 hr the rats were killed and the liver triglyceride fraction was separated. Estimations of the degree of incorporation of 14C from the radioactive labeled carbohydrate into the glycerol and fatty acid moieties were carried out. Dihydroxyacetone and glyceraldehyde reduced the incorporation of 14C-fructose into hepatic triglyceride to approximately equal extents, suggesting that both trioses contribute equally to alpha-glycerophosphate formation. Glycerol, however, brought about a profound increase in the amount of fructose converted to triglyceride. This effect of glycerol was not apparent to any measurable extent on glucose incorporation into triglyceride and none of the intermediates affected the proportional distribution of radioactive counts between the fatty acid and glycerol moieties of the triglyceride after 14C-fructose administration."}
{"id": "PMID:875737", "title": "Suppression of human growth hormone secretion by cyproheptadine.", "content": "In order to determine whether or not a serotoninergic mechanism is involved in the secretion of the growth hormone (GH), a study was made of the effect of cyproheptadine, an antiserotonin agent, on plasma GH levels in normal children. The oral administration of cyproheptadine (12 mg daily) reduced GH responses to both L-dopa and glucagon; similarly, the mean GH response to oral glucose administration was significantly reduced after cyproheptadine administration. Plasma glucose values during the tests were not altered by cyproheptadine therapy. These results suggest that the serotoninergic mechanism might be involved in L-dopa-, glucagon-, and glucose-induced GH release.", "contents": "Suppression of human growth hormone secretion by cyproheptadine. In order to determine whether or not a serotoninergic mechanism is involved in the secretion of the growth hormone (GH), a study was made of the effect of cyproheptadine, an antiserotonin agent, on plasma GH levels in normal children. The oral administration of cyproheptadine (12 mg daily) reduced GH responses to both L-dopa and glucagon; similarly, the mean GH response to oral glucose administration was significantly reduced after cyproheptadine administration. Plasma glucose values during the tests were not altered by cyproheptadine therapy. These results suggest that the serotoninergic mechanism might be involved in L-dopa-, glucagon-, and glucose-induced GH release."}
{"id": "PMID:875761", "title": "Isolation and biological characterization of a measles virus-like agent from the brain of an autopsied case of subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE).", "content": "Isolation of a cytopathic agent causing formation of syncytial giant cells in co-cultivated Vero cells from the brain of an autopsied case of subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE) is reported. The syncytia usually autolyzed from the center after growing to 1 to 2 mm in diameter and then detached from the culture vessels, and finally made macroscopically recognizable round plaques on the monolayer under liquid overlay. The agent was identified serologically as an agent related to measles virus, by both immunofluorescent tests and plaque reduction tests using anti-measles sera. However, the infected cells did not produce either virions or hemagglutinin, and failed to show hemadsorption and hemolysis of African green monkey red cells even after the 55th passage through Vero cells. Newborn mice, adult mice and hamsters showed neurologic signs after intracerebral inoculations of the infected cells, and most of them died from acute encephalitis. Guinea pigs were unsusceptible. From the brain of the animals with neurologic signs, a similar agent to the inoculated one was recovered. The new isolate appears to be a strain closely related to measles virus on the basis of serology, and was designated as SSPE-\"Kitaken-1\" strain.", "contents": "Isolation and biological characterization of a measles virus-like agent from the brain of an autopsied case of subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE). Isolation of a cytopathic agent causing formation of syncytial giant cells in co-cultivated Vero cells from the brain of an autopsied case of subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE) is reported. The syncytia usually autolyzed from the center after growing to 1 to 2 mm in diameter and then detached from the culture vessels, and finally made macroscopically recognizable round plaques on the monolayer under liquid overlay. The agent was identified serologically as an agent related to measles virus, by both immunofluorescent tests and plaque reduction tests using anti-measles sera. However, the infected cells did not produce either virions or hemagglutinin, and failed to show hemadsorption and hemolysis of African green monkey red cells even after the 55th passage through Vero cells. Newborn mice, adult mice and hamsters showed neurologic signs after intracerebral inoculations of the infected cells, and most of them died from acute encephalitis. Guinea pigs were unsusceptible. From the brain of the animals with neurologic signs, a similar agent to the inoculated one was recovered. The new isolate appears to be a strain closely related to measles virus on the basis of serology, and was designated as SSPE-\"Kitaken-1\" strain."}
{"id": "PMID:875762", "title": "Properties of virus isolated from an epidemic of hand-foot-and-mouth disease in 1973 in the city of Matsue. Comparison with Coxsackievirus group A type 16 prototype.", "content": "The virus strains isolated from clinical cases in an epidemic of hand-foot-and-mouth disease in Matsue in 1973 were characterized and its properties were compared with those of the Coxsackievirus group A type 16 (CA 16) prototype strain. The virus isolated in 1973 was similar to CA16 prototype virus with respect to morphology in electron microscopy, resistance to ether and capability to replicate in meidum containing fluorodeoxyuridine. Cross neutralization tests using guinea-pig and horse antisera revealed that there was little or no detectable common antigen between the two viruses. The two viruses also differed in heat stability of virion infectivity: the 1973-viruses were much more resistant to heat than the prototype virus. Under one-step growth conditions in Vero cell cultures, growth rate and virus yield of the 1973-viruses were lower than those of CA16, but this property was independent of incubation temperatures, pH of culture medium and other culture conditions. Several other differences in property between the 2 strains are also described. It is concluded that the epidemic in 1973 was caused by a virus whose properties differed greatly from those of the CA16 prototype.", "contents": "Properties of virus isolated from an epidemic of hand-foot-and-mouth disease in 1973 in the city of Matsue. Comparison with Coxsackievirus group A type 16 prototype. The virus strains isolated from clinical cases in an epidemic of hand-foot-and-mouth disease in Matsue in 1973 were characterized and its properties were compared with those of the Coxsackievirus group A type 16 (CA 16) prototype strain. The virus isolated in 1973 was similar to CA16 prototype virus with respect to morphology in electron microscopy, resistance to ether and capability to replicate in meidum containing fluorodeoxyuridine. Cross neutralization tests using guinea-pig and horse antisera revealed that there was little or no detectable common antigen between the two viruses. The two viruses also differed in heat stability of virion infectivity: the 1973-viruses were much more resistant to heat than the prototype virus. Under one-step growth conditions in Vero cell cultures, growth rate and virus yield of the 1973-viruses were lower than those of CA16, but this property was independent of incubation temperatures, pH of culture medium and other culture conditions. Several other differences in property between the 2 strains are also described. It is concluded that the epidemic in 1973 was caused by a virus whose properties differed greatly from those of the CA16 prototype."}
{"id": "PMID:875763", "title": "Measurement of flow dynamics in the microcirculation.", "content": "The measurement of flow in the microcirculation is based on the processing of optical signals derived from photometers onto which is projected the image of the microvessel under study. Reliable flow records can be obtained from capillaries up to vessels 100 micrometer in diameter. Television recordings of microvascular scenes provide additional data since flow in many capillaries can be determined simultaneously. A specialized correlator provides a dynamic response sufficient to quantify pulsatile flow, vasomotion, and the effects of physiological maneuvers. The methodology is presently being applied to studies in the human skin.", "contents": "Measurement of flow dynamics in the microcirculation. The measurement of flow in the microcirculation is based on the processing of optical signals derived from photometers onto which is projected the image of the microvessel under study. Reliable flow records can be obtained from capillaries up to vessels 100 micrometer in diameter. Television recordings of microvascular scenes provide additional data since flow in many capillaries can be determined simultaneously. A specialized correlator provides a dynamic response sufficient to quantify pulsatile flow, vasomotion, and the effects of physiological maneuvers. The methodology is presently being applied to studies in the human skin."}
{"id": "PMID:875764", "title": "Noninvasive numerical vivisection of anatomic structure and function of the intact circulatory system using high temporal resolution cylindrical scanning computerized tomography.", "content": "A high temporal resolution cylindrical scanning computerized tomographic system (DSR) is being built for study of anatomic structural/functional relationships of heart, lungs, vascular anatomy, and circulatory dynamics in any region of the body. Unlike current commercial CT scanners which scan only one or, at most, a few cross sections at a time, cylindrical scanners such as the current Mayo SSDSR and upcoming DSR scan nearly 250 cross sections simultaneously. Twenty-eight or more multiplanar images over a range of 160 or more degrees of an entire rapidly moving structure such as the heart or a segment of the circulation will be recorded in periods as short as 10 msec by the DSR at 60/sec rates and stored in computer memory. The scanned volumes can then be sectioned mathematically in any direction at will, including zooming in on regions of interest to problems at hand (e.g., clinical diagnoses). Progression from biomedical investigation to practical clinical and health care uses requires development of special-purpose, readily replicable, economical (but very high speed and volume) data handling and computational devices. The ultimates overall objective is to quantitatively characterize the performance of the human cardiopulmonary and circulatory systems utilizing pertubations associated with various types of physiologic stress and congenital or acquired disease processes including neoplasia.", "contents": "Noninvasive numerical vivisection of anatomic structure and function of the intact circulatory system using high temporal resolution cylindrical scanning computerized tomography. A high temporal resolution cylindrical scanning computerized tomographic system (DSR) is being built for study of anatomic structural/functional relationships of heart, lungs, vascular anatomy, and circulatory dynamics in any region of the body. Unlike current commercial CT scanners which scan only one or, at most, a few cross sections at a time, cylindrical scanners such as the current Mayo SSDSR and upcoming DSR scan nearly 250 cross sections simultaneously. Twenty-eight or more multiplanar images over a range of 160 or more degrees of an entire rapidly moving structure such as the heart or a segment of the circulation will be recorded in periods as short as 10 msec by the DSR at 60/sec rates and stored in computer memory. The scanned volumes can then be sectioned mathematically in any direction at will, including zooming in on regions of interest to problems at hand (e.g., clinical diagnoses). Progression from biomedical investigation to practical clinical and health care uses requires development of special-purpose, readily replicable, economical (but very high speed and volume) data handling and computational devices. The ultimates overall objective is to quantitatively characterize the performance of the human cardiopulmonary and circulatory systems utilizing pertubations associated with various types of physiologic stress and congenital or acquired disease processes including neoplasia."}
{"id": "PMID:875765", "title": "When to measure flow and when to hold it constant.", "content": "There is a time to measure blood flow and a time to hold it constant. Natural pressure/natural flow (pressure and flow measured), controlled pressure (flow measured), and controlled flow (pressure measured) are the possibilities, and there are definite indications for the use of each. For example, when the aim is to determine the natural hemodynamics of vascular beds, we operate in the natural pressure/natural flow mode. When the objective is to study autoregulation of blood flow, the controlled pressure mode is used. When the aim is to determine the activity of a substance on an in situ vascular bed, it is convenient to set flow constant and measure perfusion pressure, because in this mode blood concentrations can be predetermined and repeated as often as desired. In this review, the virtues and indications for each of these three possible modes of study are considered.", "contents": "When to measure flow and when to hold it constant. There is a time to measure blood flow and a time to hold it constant. Natural pressure/natural flow (pressure and flow measured), controlled pressure (flow measured), and controlled flow (pressure measured) are the possibilities, and there are definite indications for the use of each. For example, when the aim is to determine the natural hemodynamics of vascular beds, we operate in the natural pressure/natural flow mode. When the objective is to study autoregulation of blood flow, the controlled pressure mode is used. When the aim is to determine the activity of a substance on an in situ vascular bed, it is convenient to set flow constant and measure perfusion pressure, because in this mode blood concentrations can be predetermined and repeated as often as desired. In this review, the virtues and indications for each of these three possible modes of study are considered."}
{"id": "PMID:875766", "title": "Blood flow measurement: future applications and prospects.", "content": "Blood flow measurements have great potential value for evaluating ventricular performance in humans in terms of dynamic properties--peak velocity, acceleration, and instantaneous power development. Transcutaneous ultrasonic Doppler flow sensors provide new and exciting opportunities as simple, noninvasive techniques for ready access to this kind of information under many different circumstances. Recent developments in laser-Doppler technology provide promise of new methods for measuring blood flow in superficial vessels (i.e., skin or retina) without even contact with the surface of the body.", "contents": "Blood flow measurement: future applications and prospects. Blood flow measurements have great potential value for evaluating ventricular performance in humans in terms of dynamic properties--peak velocity, acceleration, and instantaneous power development. Transcutaneous ultrasonic Doppler flow sensors provide new and exciting opportunities as simple, noninvasive techniques for ready access to this kind of information under many different circumstances. Recent developments in laser-Doppler technology provide promise of new methods for measuring blood flow in superficial vessels (i.e., skin or retina) without even contact with the surface of the body."}
{"id": "PMID:875773", "title": "A hospital-based community paediatric unit.", "content": "Children with multiple handicaps often require the services of a team of professionals to ensure that they receive a comprehensive assessment. It is essential that the information derived from this assessment is conveyed accurately to the child's parents in language that they understand. It is also important that a member of the assessment team is made responsible for seeing that the recommendations made for the child's future are actually carried out. On hundred and twenty-nine children referred for assessment of developmental delay were found to have multiple intellectual, physical and social problems needing a team approach to their assessment, and the mobilization of a variety of community resources to provide their ongoing care.", "contents": "A hospital-based community paediatric unit. Children with multiple handicaps often require the services of a team of professionals to ensure that they receive a comprehensive assessment. It is essential that the information derived from this assessment is conveyed accurately to the child's parents in language that they understand. It is also important that a member of the assessment team is made responsible for seeing that the recommendations made for the child's future are actually carried out. On hundred and twenty-nine children referred for assessment of developmental delay were found to have multiple intellectual, physical and social problems needing a team approach to their assessment, and the mobilization of a variety of community resources to provide their ongoing care."}
{"id": "PMID:875774", "title": "Immediate sterility after vasectomy.", "content": "Phenyl mercuric nitrate as an injection, in a dilution of 0-02% and buffered to pH 7, is a potent spermicidal agent which has been demonstrated to have no harmful side effects. It produces rapid death of all spermatozoa on contact. The injection of 2-5 ml of the solution into the lumen of each vas at the time of vasectomy is a simple procedure and adds no significant time and no complications to the operation. Studies have shown that no viable spermatozoa were present at seminal counts carried out one or two weeks after operation.", "contents": "Immediate sterility after vasectomy. Phenyl mercuric nitrate as an injection, in a dilution of 0-02% and buffered to pH 7, is a potent spermicidal agent which has been demonstrated to have no harmful side effects. It produces rapid death of all spermatozoa on contact. The injection of 2-5 ml of the solution into the lumen of each vas at the time of vasectomy is a simple procedure and adds no significant time and no complications to the operation. Studies have shown that no viable spermatozoa were present at seminal counts carried out one or two weeks after operation."}
{"id": "PMID:875775", "title": "A case of non-agglutinable vibrio gastroenteritis with anuria.", "content": "A case of non-agglutinable vibrio (Heiberg Group II) gastroenteritis is presented. The patient, an alcoholic, acquired this infection in Australia and recovered fully. The need to use selective vibrio media when diarrhoeal stools are cultured is emphasized.", "contents": "A case of non-agglutinable vibrio gastroenteritis with anuria. A case of non-agglutinable vibrio (Heiberg Group II) gastroenteritis is presented. The patient, an alcoholic, acquired this infection in Australia and recovered fully. The need to use selective vibrio media when diarrhoeal stools are cultured is emphasized."}
{"id": "PMID:875776", "title": "Appendicitis presenting as a swollen thigh.", "content": "A case of acute appendicitis presenting as an abscess in the thigh with associated gas is described. The tracking of the pus down the psoas muscle is stressed, and its association with the psoas sign is noted.", "contents": "Appendicitis presenting as a swollen thigh. A case of acute appendicitis presenting as an abscess in the thigh with associated gas is described. The tracking of the pus down the psoas muscle is stressed, and its association with the psoas sign is noted."}
{"id": "PMID:875777", "title": "Cardiac failure in infancy and childhood.", "content": "Cardiac failure in infants and children frequently results from pathophysiological mechanisms different from those of cardiac failure in adults. An age-based approach to aetiology is presented and attention drawn to details of management which should allow a high rate of salvage of patients who have reversible or correctable underlying conditions.", "contents": "Cardiac failure in infancy and childhood. Cardiac failure in infants and children frequently results from pathophysiological mechanisms different from those of cardiac failure in adults. An age-based approach to aetiology is presented and attention drawn to details of management which should allow a high rate of salvage of patients who have reversible or correctable underlying conditions."}
{"id": "PMID:875778", "title": "Evaluation of the new Gravigard IUCD inserter.", "content": "Incorporation of a flexible plastic rod into the new Gravigard plastic inserter assembly has, in our opinion, allowed for easier insertion and positioning of the device in the uterus compared with the previously available metal rod.", "contents": "Evaluation of the new Gravigard IUCD inserter. Incorporation of a flexible plastic rod into the new Gravigard plastic inserter assembly has, in our opinion, allowed for easier insertion and positioning of the device in the uterus compared with the previously available metal rod."}
{"id": "PMID:875785", "title": "Detection and follow-up of moderate and severe hypertensive subjects in the Australia community.", "content": "A national screening project has detected 989 subjects aged 30 to 69 years with untreated moderate or severe hypertension. The 1-2% incidence of this condition indicates a total of about 100,000 people in the Australian community potentially requiring therapy. The sample showed that half the subjects were previously unaware of a blood pressure problem. Those so detected showed a very high rate (90-7%) of acceptance of advice to see their own doctor. The local doctors confirmed the elevated pressure level in nearly two-thirds of the patients referred, and initiated treatment in a similar proportion.", "contents": "Detection and follow-up of moderate and severe hypertensive subjects in the Australia community. A national screening project has detected 989 subjects aged 30 to 69 years with untreated moderate or severe hypertension. The 1-2% incidence of this condition indicates a total of about 100,000 people in the Australian community potentially requiring therapy. The sample showed that half the subjects were previously unaware of a blood pressure problem. Those so detected showed a very high rate (90-7%) of acceptance of advice to see their own doctor. The local doctors confirmed the elevated pressure level in nearly two-thirds of the patients referred, and initiated treatment in a similar proportion."}
{"id": "PMID:875786", "title": "A sequential trial of viloxazine (Vivalan) and imipramine in moderately depressed patients.", "content": "Patients with moderately severe depressive illness were matched for age, sex, severity of symptoms and number of previous episodes of affective illness. Eleven pairs of patients were randomly assigned to four weeks' treatment with either viloxazine (100 mg three times a day) or imipramine (50 mg three times a day). Both treatments were associated with significant reductions in the scores on depression rating scales. With a sequential testing plan based on repeated significance tests and formed into a skewed restricted plan, no difference in the two treatments was shown. Significantly fewer side effects were reported by patients receiving viloxazine.", "contents": "A sequential trial of viloxazine (Vivalan) and imipramine in moderately depressed patients. Patients with moderately severe depressive illness were matched for age, sex, severity of symptoms and number of previous episodes of affective illness. Eleven pairs of patients were randomly assigned to four weeks' treatment with either viloxazine (100 mg three times a day) or imipramine (50 mg three times a day). Both treatments were associated with significant reductions in the scores on depression rating scales. With a sequential testing plan based on repeated significance tests and formed into a skewed restricted plan, no difference in the two treatments was shown. Significantly fewer side effects were reported by patients receiving viloxazine."}
{"id": "PMID:875787", "title": "Meningeal cysticercosis diagnosed in Western Australia.", "content": "Two cases of the relatively unusual meningeal form of intracranial cysticercosis are described in adult Italian immigrants to Western Australia. Each presented solely with raised intracranial pressure caused by communicating hydrocephalus in association with chronic meningitis, characterized by a very low cerebrospinal fluid glucose level. The diagnosis was confirmed histologically on tissue obtained fortuitously at lumbar puncture. These cases draw attention to the epidemiological implications of cysticercosis in the Australian scene. As well, they demonstrate that repeated cerebrospinal fluid analysis may result in diagnostic confirmation of intracerebral cysticercosis of the racemose type.", "contents": "Meningeal cysticercosis diagnosed in Western Australia. Two cases of the relatively unusual meningeal form of intracranial cysticercosis are described in adult Italian immigrants to Western Australia. Each presented solely with raised intracranial pressure caused by communicating hydrocephalus in association with chronic meningitis, characterized by a very low cerebrospinal fluid glucose level. The diagnosis was confirmed histologically on tissue obtained fortuitously at lumbar puncture. These cases draw attention to the epidemiological implications of cysticercosis in the Australian scene. As well, they demonstrate that repeated cerebrospinal fluid analysis may result in diagnostic confirmation of intracerebral cysticercosis of the racemose type."}
{"id": "PMID:875788", "title": "The prevalence of cysticerci of Taenia saginata in cattle reared on sewage-irrigated pasture.", "content": "The hearts, masseter muscles, tongues and laryngeal muscles from 200 cattle aged 10 to 11 months, and 100 cattle aged 20 to 21 months, which had been reared on sewage-irrigated pastures at the Melbourne and Metropolitan Board of Works Farm, Werribee, Victoria, were examined for infection with cysticerci of Taenia saginata by slicing in the laboratory and the result obtained were compared with those recorded during normal meat inspection procedures at the abattoir. Of the 10 to 11-month-old cattle 51-5% were found to be infected and 8% of the total animals harboured viable cysticerci. Of the 20 to 21-month-old animals 33% were infected, and, even at this age, 8% of the animals still carried viable cysticerci. On-line meat inspection at the abattoir detected significantly fewer infections than did laboratory slicing.", "contents": "The prevalence of cysticerci of Taenia saginata in cattle reared on sewage-irrigated pasture. The hearts, masseter muscles, tongues and laryngeal muscles from 200 cattle aged 10 to 11 months, and 100 cattle aged 20 to 21 months, which had been reared on sewage-irrigated pastures at the Melbourne and Metropolitan Board of Works Farm, Werribee, Victoria, were examined for infection with cysticerci of Taenia saginata by slicing in the laboratory and the result obtained were compared with those recorded during normal meat inspection procedures at the abattoir. Of the 10 to 11-month-old cattle 51-5% were found to be infected and 8% of the total animals harboured viable cysticerci. Of the 20 to 21-month-old animals 33% were infected, and, even at this age, 8% of the animals still carried viable cysticerci. On-line meat inspection at the abattoir detected significantly fewer infections than did laboratory slicing."}
{"id": "PMID:875789", "title": "Contraceptive practice by women presenting to a free-standing abortion clinic.", "content": "A study was made of the contraceptive methods practised by the first 1,007 women who presented to the Preterm Sydney Clinic regarding pregnancy termination, after the clinic opened in June, 1974. The women's use of contraception at the time of the conception in particular, and also the women's general contraceptive history are described. These factors are related to social and demographic variables of age, marital status, educational level, occupation, country of birth, and religion. Additional discussion is included on the types of contraception used, the sources of contraceptive knowledge, and the methods chosen to use after the abortion.", "contents": "Contraceptive practice by women presenting to a free-standing abortion clinic. A study was made of the contraceptive methods practised by the first 1,007 women who presented to the Preterm Sydney Clinic regarding pregnancy termination, after the clinic opened in June, 1974. The women's use of contraception at the time of the conception in particular, and also the women's general contraceptive history are described. These factors are related to social and demographic variables of age, marital status, educational level, occupation, country of birth, and religion. Additional discussion is included on the types of contraception used, the sources of contraceptive knowledge, and the methods chosen to use after the abortion."}
{"id": "PMID:875790", "title": "Neonatal tachycardia.", "content": "This paper presents two cases of neonatal paroxysmal atrial tachycardia originating in the same country area, and in fact, presenting to the same general practitioner within a month of each other. Both cases were complicated by cardiac failure, and various forms of treatment were employed with variable success.", "contents": "Neonatal tachycardia. This paper presents two cases of neonatal paroxysmal atrial tachycardia originating in the same country area, and in fact, presenting to the same general practitioner within a month of each other. Both cases were complicated by cardiac failure, and various forms of treatment were employed with variable success."}
{"id": "PMID:875791", "title": "The long and the short.", "content": "The diagnostic problems posed by unusually great height at various ages are discussed, together with the principles governing treatment to curtail height by exhibition of oestrogens or androgens. Short stature is then discussed in terms of an initial approach to assessment and diagnosis, followed by a systematic one. The main agents used in treatment are briefly mentioned, together with some details concerning the use of human growth hormone (hGH).", "contents": "The long and the short. The diagnostic problems posed by unusually great height at various ages are discussed, together with the principles governing treatment to curtail height by exhibition of oestrogens or androgens. Short stature is then discussed in terms of an initial approach to assessment and diagnosis, followed by a systematic one. The main agents used in treatment are briefly mentioned, together with some details concerning the use of human growth hormone (hGH)."}
{"id": "PMID:875792", "title": "Carriage by air of the seriously ill.", "content": "Almost any patient may be carried by air, but air transport introduces possible problems associated with the effects of altitude, noise levels, turbulence, and the special environment. Because of these factors it is important, when considering a patient for air transport, to know the type of aircraft to be used, and the flight profile--its duration and expected cabin altitudes. It is essential to carry all equipment (as simple and as portable as possible), drugs, and diets that may be needed and to be sure that all the skills and nursing help needed to deal with any possible problems are available.", "contents": "Carriage by air of the seriously ill. Almost any patient may be carried by air, but air transport introduces possible problems associated with the effects of altitude, noise levels, turbulence, and the special environment. Because of these factors it is important, when considering a patient for air transport, to know the type of aircraft to be used, and the flight profile--its duration and expected cabin altitudes. It is essential to carry all equipment (as simple and as portable as possible), drugs, and diets that may be needed and to be sure that all the skills and nursing help needed to deal with any possible problems are available."}
{"id": "PMID:875793", "title": "Drugs and the law.", "content": "Legal control of drugs available in Australia varies according to the nature of the drug. This article considers the question whether the different degrees of legal control can be justified on the basis of the pharmacological effects of the drugs or on the basis of their correlation with violent behaviour.", "contents": "Drugs and the law. Legal control of drugs available in Australia varies according to the nature of the drug. This article considers the question whether the different degrees of legal control can be justified on the basis of the pharmacological effects of the drugs or on the basis of their correlation with violent behaviour."}
{"id": "PMID:875795", "title": "The urinary excretion of cortisol and cortisone glucosiduronates in pregnancy.", "content": "The urinary excretions of cortisol and cortisone glucosiduronates were measured at monthly intervals in three normal pregnancies by a double isotope dilution derivative method. The excretions were mostly within the normal range, but some were above the normal range suggesting that these excretions may increase in some pregnancies.", "contents": "The urinary excretion of cortisol and cortisone glucosiduronates in pregnancy. The urinary excretions of cortisol and cortisone glucosiduronates were measured at monthly intervals in three normal pregnancies by a double isotope dilution derivative method. The excretions were mostly within the normal range, but some were above the normal range suggesting that these excretions may increase in some pregnancies."}
{"id": "PMID:875796", "title": "Australian multicentre trial of streptokinase in acute myocardial infarction.", "content": "The Australian multicentre trial of streptokinase in acute myocardial infarction has now been concluded. In all, 376 patients were treated with streptokinase followed by heparin and warfarin, and 371 received anticoagulants only. All patients were followed for 12 months. There was no significant difference in mortality (13-6% v. 17-0%; chi2 = 1-69).", "contents": "Australian multicentre trial of streptokinase in acute myocardial infarction. The Australian multicentre trial of streptokinase in acute myocardial infarction has now been concluded. In all, 376 patients were treated with streptokinase followed by heparin and warfarin, and 371 received anticoagulants only. All patients were followed for 12 months. There was no significant difference in mortality (13-6% v. 17-0%; chi2 = 1-69)."}
{"id": "PMID:875802", "title": "The surgical treatment of chronic interstitial cystitis.", "content": "Satisfactory relief of the symptoms of intolerable frequency and painful voiding due to interstitial cystitis has been attained by ileocystoplasty and colocystoplasty in eight patients.", "contents": "The surgical treatment of chronic interstitial cystitis. Satisfactory relief of the symptoms of intolerable frequency and painful voiding due to interstitial cystitis has been attained by ileocystoplasty and colocystoplasty in eight patients."}
{"id": "PMID:875803", "title": "A hospital study of a new absorbent bed pad for incontinent patients.", "content": "The benefits of a unique washable and reusable absorbent bed pad (Kylie) present significant advantages over drawsheets. In a crossover study on incontinent geriatric patients, those on the new bed pads required less than half the bed changes needed by patients who were lying on drawsheets. The patients benefited by having longer periods when their skin was dry, so that the incidence of erythema was reduced. The new bed pads also demonstrated other advantages, such as less wrinkling and creasing and a reduction in the level of odour, which resulted in patients being more restful. The subsequent need for less linen meant a reduced workload for nurses and cost savings to hospitals and laundries. This bed pad represents a significant advance in the management of incontinent patients.", "contents": "A hospital study of a new absorbent bed pad for incontinent patients. The benefits of a unique washable and reusable absorbent bed pad (Kylie) present significant advantages over drawsheets. In a crossover study on incontinent geriatric patients, those on the new bed pads required less than half the bed changes needed by patients who were lying on drawsheets. The patients benefited by having longer periods when their skin was dry, so that the incidence of erythema was reduced. The new bed pads also demonstrated other advantages, such as less wrinkling and creasing and a reduction in the level of odour, which resulted in patients being more restful. The subsequent need for less linen meant a reduced workload for nurses and cost savings to hospitals and laundries. This bed pad represents a significant advance in the management of incontinent patients."}
{"id": "PMID:875804", "title": "Ewing's tumour: uncommon presentation of an uncommon tumour.", "content": "A case of Ewing's sarcoma presenting with high cervical cord compression is described and disseminated disease was present at the time of diagnosis. A combination of radiotherapy and chemotherapy did not result in a cure. The current treatment of Ewing's sarcoma is briefly reviewed.", "contents": "Ewing's tumour: uncommon presentation of an uncommon tumour. A case of Ewing's sarcoma presenting with high cervical cord compression is described and disseminated disease was present at the time of diagnosis. A combination of radiotherapy and chemotherapy did not result in a cure. The current treatment of Ewing's sarcoma is briefly reviewed."}
{"id": "PMID:875811", "title": "Prevention of childhood drowning accidents.", "content": "The data from the Brisban Drowning Study have been analysed in this article to provide guidelines for preventive strategies. The separate causal links comprising the drowning chain have been identified, and quantitative scores have been assigned to the three identifiable groups of causative factors--environmental, parent-related and victim-related. The identifiable causes of child drowning are absence of a safety barrier or fence around the water hazard, non-supervision of a child, a parental \"vulnerable period\", an inadequate safety barrier, and tempting objects in or on the water. Effective environmental control  can be achieved only through legislation. The complementary role of a public educational thrust in discussed. Increasing the tempo of \"drownproofing* and of teaching children to swim will help, but the expected reduction in deaths and near-deaths from this strategy alone cannot yet be assessed. Compulsory first aid training for pool owners is required. Costs of implementing a total drowning preventive programme are presented.", "contents": "Prevention of childhood drowning accidents. The data from the Brisban Drowning Study have been analysed in this article to provide guidelines for preventive strategies. The separate causal links comprising the drowning chain have been identified, and quantitative scores have been assigned to the three identifiable groups of causative factors--environmental, parent-related and victim-related. The identifiable causes of child drowning are absence of a safety barrier or fence around the water hazard, non-supervision of a child, a parental \"vulnerable period\", an inadequate safety barrier, and tempting objects in or on the water. Effective environmental control  can be achieved only through legislation. The complementary role of a public educational thrust in discussed. Increasing the tempo of \"drownproofing* and of teaching children to swim will help, but the expected reduction in deaths and near-deaths from this strategy alone cannot yet be assessed. Compulsory first aid training for pool owners is required. Costs of implementing a total drowning preventive programme are presented."}
{"id": "PMID:875812", "title": "Pseudomonas pneumonia with bacteraemia.", "content": "A previously healthy man developed fulminating pneumonia and bacteraemia due to Pseudomonas aeruginosa. This organism was isolated from sputum and blood before death, and from the lung, liver and spleen at autopsy. Bacteraemic psuedomonas pneumonia is rare, carries a high mortality, and is usually associated with serious underlying disease.", "contents": "Pseudomonas pneumonia with bacteraemia. A previously healthy man developed fulminating pneumonia and bacteraemia due to Pseudomonas aeruginosa. This organism was isolated from sputum and blood before death, and from the lung, liver and spleen at autopsy. Bacteraemic psuedomonas pneumonia is rare, carries a high mortality, and is usually associated with serious underlying disease."}
{"id": "PMID:875813", "title": "Foot lesions in diabetic patients: pathogenesis and management.", "content": "Vascular disease is the major factor in the development of many lesions in diabetics, although the independent role of neuropathy has been increasingly recognized. The major problem in assessment is to decide the severity of ischaemia and neuropathy present in a particular patient. Healing after local surgery can be expected in those lesions which are painless, and peripheral (that is, are situated on the toes or forefoot), especially if the ankle pulses are present. Operation must provide adequate drainage and wound care must be meticulous. The problem of prevention of recurrences remains unsolved, but recurrences can probably be delayed or prevented by a careful follow-up.", "contents": "Foot lesions in diabetic patients: pathogenesis and management. Vascular disease is the major factor in the development of many lesions in diabetics, although the independent role of neuropathy has been increasingly recognized. The major problem in assessment is to decide the severity of ischaemia and neuropathy present in a particular patient. Healing after local surgery can be expected in those lesions which are painless, and peripheral (that is, are situated on the toes or forefoot), especially if the ankle pulses are present. Operation must provide adequate drainage and wound care must be meticulous. The problem of prevention of recurrences remains unsolved, but recurrences can probably be delayed or prevented by a careful follow-up."}
{"id": "PMID:875814", "title": "The work load and distribution of obstetricians and gynaecologists.", "content": "A questionnaire to members of the College was returned, completed, by over half the members. It appears that very heavy work loads are carried by many members, and 44% of those in private practice consider themselves overworked. The opinion of 18% of the respondents is that too few specialists are being trained, and 61% of them said that too few general practitioner obstetricians are being trained. Eighty per cent believe that specialists and trained practitioners should practise obstetrics. Recertification is thought desirable by 79%, and continuing education by every respondent.", "contents": "The work load and distribution of obstetricians and gynaecologists. A questionnaire to members of the College was returned, completed, by over half the members. It appears that very heavy work loads are carried by many members, and 44% of those in private practice consider themselves overworked. The opinion of 18% of the respondents is that too few specialists are being trained, and 61% of them said that too few general practitioner obstetricians are being trained. Eighty per cent believe that specialists and trained practitioners should practise obstetrics. Recertification is thought desirable by 79%, and continuing education by every respondent."}
{"id": "PMID:875818", "title": "A survey of epidemic polyarthritis in the Riverland area, 1976.", "content": "In a survey of 93 cases of epidemic polyarthritis which occurred in South Australia in 1976, 77 patients suffered from a rash, and 87 patients had joint pains. Forty-five patients had positive serological results. In a control group, only eight of 34 controls had positive serological results. The distributions of rash and joint pains, together with those of other symptoms, are presented. Forty-five patients were unable to work during their illness. The incidence of doctor contact and the drugs taken are given.", "contents": "A survey of epidemic polyarthritis in the Riverland area, 1976. In a survey of 93 cases of epidemic polyarthritis which occurred in South Australia in 1976, 77 patients suffered from a rash, and 87 patients had joint pains. Forty-five patients had positive serological results. In a control group, only eight of 34 controls had positive serological results. The distributions of rash and joint pains, together with those of other symptoms, are presented. Forty-five patients were unable to work during their illness. The incidence of doctor contact and the drugs taken are given."}
{"id": "PMID:875819", "title": "Dopamine hydrochloride (Intropin) and open-heart surgery: results of a clinical trial.", "content": "Dopamine hydrochloride (Intropin) has been used in the postoperative management of open-heart surgical patients, both children and adults. It has been associated with a very low incidence of undesirable responses and a high frequency of circulatory improvement associated with diuresis. Its administration requires careful control of infusion rate and measurement of response. In the dosages employed, it has been free of most of the undesirable side effects of other commonly used catecholamines.", "contents": "Dopamine hydrochloride (Intropin) and open-heart surgery: results of a clinical trial. Dopamine hydrochloride (Intropin) has been used in the postoperative management of open-heart surgical patients, both children and adults. It has been associated with a very low incidence of undesirable responses and a high frequency of circulatory improvement associated with diuresis. Its administration requires careful control of infusion rate and measurement of response. In the dosages employed, it has been free of most of the undesirable side effects of other commonly used catecholamines."}
{"id": "PMID:875820", "title": "Hypnosis in a treatment programme for alcoholism.", "content": "This is a report on a pilot study of the use of hypnosis in the treatment of alcoholism at an outpatient clinic. It describes the characteristic features of the sample of patients who seem to have responded to treatment and gives an account of the therapeutic programme.", "contents": "Hypnosis in a treatment programme for alcoholism. This is a report on a pilot study of the use of hypnosis in the treatment of alcoholism at an outpatient clinic. It describes the characteristic features of the sample of patients who seem to have responded to treatment and gives an account of the therapeutic programme."}
{"id": "PMID:875821", "title": "Family response to loss of a child by sudden infant death syndrome.", "content": "Nineteen families were interviewed after their loss of an infant by sudden infant death syndrome. Their bereavement responses are described. The outcome after 13 months is studied in terms of resumption of normal living, and health changes. The parents' perceptions of intervention are discussed, and recommendations are made about how best to help such families.", "contents": "Family response to loss of a child by sudden infant death syndrome. Nineteen families were interviewed after their loss of an infant by sudden infant death syndrome. Their bereavement responses are described. The outcome after 13 months is studied in terms of resumption of normal living, and health changes. The parents' perceptions of intervention are discussed, and recommendations are made about how best to help such families."}
{"id": "PMID:875822", "title": "Rebound hypertension after sudden discontinuation of methyldopa therapy.", "content": "A case of \"rebound hypertension\" resulting from the sudden cessation of methyldopa (Aldomet) therapy is described. The importance of educating patients about the possible outcome of abruptly withdrawing antihypertensive medication is emphasized.", "contents": "Rebound hypertension after sudden discontinuation of methyldopa therapy. A case of \"rebound hypertension\" resulting from the sudden cessation of methyldopa (Aldomet) therapy is described. The importance of educating patients about the possible outcome of abruptly withdrawing antihypertensive medication is emphasized."}
{"id": "PMID:875824", "title": "Do support systems prevent psychiatric disorders?", "content": "\"Support\" is a concept which is widely used by clinicians and laymen. What it consists of, though, is quite unclear. The proposition is examined, that just as certain components of the psychosocial environment are noxious, so other parts may cushion or protect the individual against adversity. Such an hypothesis would go some way towards understanding the sex distribution of neurosis, the active ingredient in Caplan's \"psychosocial supplies\", the presence for most adults of a principal attachment figure, the cohesion of the social network and the affectional function of the medical consultation. The development of this concept provides a new dimension for research in social psychiatry.", "contents": "Do support systems prevent psychiatric disorders? \"Support\" is a concept which is widely used by clinicians and laymen. What it consists of, though, is quite unclear. The proposition is examined, that just as certain components of the psychosocial environment are noxious, so other parts may cushion or protect the individual against adversity. Such an hypothesis would go some way towards understanding the sex distribution of neurosis, the active ingredient in Caplan's \"psychosocial supplies\", the presence for most adults of a principal attachment figure, the cohesion of the social network and the affectional function of the medical consultation. The development of this concept provides a new dimension for research in social psychiatry."}
{"id": "PMID:875831", "title": "Neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis: 1. Clinical aspects.", "content": "Forty-infants were diagnosed as having necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) during a 33 months' period; these represented 4% of all neonatal admissions. Pathological confirmation was obtained at surgery in 12 cases and at autopsy in 11, In the case of 21 infants who recovered without operation, the diagnosis was based on clinical and radiological criteria inculding the presence of intramural gas. NEC occurred primarily, though not exclusively , in low-birth-weight infants. Two-thirds of the infants developed NEC in the first week of life. Clinical features attributable to gastrointestinal malfunction as well as a systemic illness could be defined. Complications included pneumoperitoneum (34%), localized peritonitis as suggested by the development of an abdominal mass (11%) and intestinal obstruction (25%). Fourteen of the 15 cases of pneumoperitoneum were diagnosed within 24 hours after the onset of NEC. The 5 infants were localized peritonitis, who were managed conservatively initially, developed intestinal obstruction during recovery. Intestinal obstruction presented between 2 and 7 weeks after the onset of NEC. The overally mortality was 25%, infants with intestinal perforation or obstruction having and increased mortality of 38%.", "contents": "Neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis: 1. Clinical aspects. Forty-infants were diagnosed as having necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) during a 33 months' period; these represented 4% of all neonatal admissions. Pathological confirmation was obtained at surgery in 12 cases and at autopsy in 11, In the case of 21 infants who recovered without operation, the diagnosis was based on clinical and radiological criteria inculding the presence of intramural gas. NEC occurred primarily, though not exclusively , in low-birth-weight infants. Two-thirds of the infants developed NEC in the first week of life. Clinical features attributable to gastrointestinal malfunction as well as a systemic illness could be defined. Complications included pneumoperitoneum (34%), localized peritonitis as suggested by the development of an abdominal mass (11%) and intestinal obstruction (25%). Fourteen of the 15 cases of pneumoperitoneum were diagnosed within 24 hours after the onset of NEC. The 5 infants were localized peritonitis, who were managed conservatively initially, developed intestinal obstruction during recovery. Intestinal obstruction presented between 2 and 7 weeks after the onset of NEC. The overally mortality was 25%, infants with intestinal perforation or obstruction having and increased mortality of 38%."}
{"id": "PMID:875832", "title": "Artificial insemination with donor semen.", "content": "Fifty-three consecutive couples requesting artificial insemination with donor semen are presented. Insemination was carried out with fresh semen. Forty-three proven pregnancies were achieved with a mean of 3-4 treatment cycles per pregnancy. Psychological and legal aspects relating to this method of treatment are discussed.", "contents": "Artificial insemination with donor semen. Fifty-three consecutive couples requesting artificial insemination with donor semen are presented. Insemination was carried out with fresh semen. Forty-three proven pregnancies were achieved with a mean of 3-4 treatment cycles per pregnancy. Psychological and legal aspects relating to this method of treatment are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:875833", "title": "Present prognosis in neonatal meningitis.", "content": "A retrospective study of neonatal meningitis for a period of 6 years (1970 to 1975) is described. It was found that though the survival rate had increased since the introduction of the aminoglycosides, it was at the expense of major neurological sequelae in the survivors. It is suggested that breast feeding of all infants in the first few days of life will reduce the incidence of neonatatl meningitis. It is recommended that pooled human breast milk should not be heat-sterilized as this destroys anti-Escherichia coli immunoglobulin A.", "contents": "Present prognosis in neonatal meningitis. A retrospective study of neonatal meningitis for a period of 6 years (1970 to 1975) is described. It was found that though the survival rate had increased since the introduction of the aminoglycosides, it was at the expense of major neurological sequelae in the survivors. It is suggested that breast feeding of all infants in the first few days of life will reduce the incidence of neonatatl meningitis. It is recommended that pooled human breast milk should not be heat-sterilized as this destroys anti-Escherichia coli immunoglobulin A."}
{"id": "PMID:875834", "title": "Some atypical features of Still's disease.", "content": "Still's disease can no longer be considered a rare disorder. Although the onset usually follows one of several definable patterns, some patients may present with features at variance with classical descriptions of the disease. Four such patients are described to illustrate some of the diagnostic problems which may arise.", "contents": "Some atypical features of Still's disease. Still's disease can no longer be considered a rare disorder. Although the onset usually follows one of several definable patterns, some patients may present with features at variance with classical descriptions of the disease. Four such patients are described to illustrate some of the diagnostic problems which may arise."}
{"id": "PMID:875835", "title": "Aboriginal versus non-aboriginal alcoholics in an alcohol withdrawal unit.", "content": "Fifty-five Aboriginal alcoholic males were compared with ninety non-Aboriginal alcoholic males, presenting voluntarily for treatment at an alcohol withdrawal unit. Although the chronological development of excessive drinking habits was similar, significant differences in drinking patterns and social backgrounds were found. Aboriginal patients consumed more alcohol, had lower levels of education and vocational achievement and were more often homeless. However, physical condition was similar in both groups. It was suggested that treatment of both groups should be similar in the acute withdrawal phase and that there was need for more rehabilitation and after-care facilities for Aboriginal alcoholics rather than for more medical units.", "contents": "Aboriginal versus non-aboriginal alcoholics in an alcohol withdrawal unit. Fifty-five Aboriginal alcoholic males were compared with ninety non-Aboriginal alcoholic males, presenting voluntarily for treatment at an alcohol withdrawal unit. Although the chronological development of excessive drinking habits was similar, significant differences in drinking patterns and social backgrounds were found. Aboriginal patients consumed more alcohol, had lower levels of education and vocational achievement and were more often homeless. However, physical condition was similar in both groups. It was suggested that treatment of both groups should be similar in the acute withdrawal phase and that there was need for more rehabilitation and after-care facilities for Aboriginal alcoholics rather than for more medical units."}
{"id": "PMID:875837", "title": "Human artificial insemination: some social and legal issues.", "content": "The demand for human artificial insemination (AI) is increasing as a function of declining numbers of babies available for adoption and greater community awareness. This paper reviews some of the social and legal issues associated with the practice of AI: prevalence of marital infertility; demand for AI; moral objections; effect on marriage; legality of practice; legal position of all the parties to the practice; legislation proposed to regulate the practice; and payment of medical benefits.", "contents": "Human artificial insemination: some social and legal issues. The demand for human artificial insemination (AI) is increasing as a function of declining numbers of babies available for adoption and greater community awareness. This paper reviews some of the social and legal issues associated with the practice of AI: prevalence of marital infertility; demand for AI; moral objections; effect on marriage; legality of practice; legal position of all the parties to the practice; legislation proposed to regulate the practice; and payment of medical benefits."}
{"id": "PMID:875855", "title": "The control of hydatid disease and ovine cysticercoses in the Australian Capital Territory and southern New South Wales.", "content": "A survey of human hydatid disease in New South Wales and the Australian Capital Territory over the period 1968 to 1973 was made from hospital records in Sydney and Canberra. The 162 new cases found represent an incidence, of 0-57 per 100,000 per annum, but the 20 patients living in the Central West Statistical Division of New South Wales at the time of admission to hospital represent an incidence of 12-6 per 100,000 per annum in that area. A survey of A.C.T. farms revealed dogs carrying the causative parasite Echinococcus granulosus on five out of 44 properties (11-4%). Community attitudes favoured control measures but displayed a misplaced faith in anthelmintic drugs. The high regional prevalence on the Australian mainland reveals a need to restrict availability of anthelmintics and extend the vigorous control measures employed successfully in Tasmania.", "contents": "The control of hydatid disease and ovine cysticercoses in the Australian Capital Territory and southern New South Wales. A survey of human hydatid disease in New South Wales and the Australian Capital Territory over the period 1968 to 1973 was made from hospital records in Sydney and Canberra. The 162 new cases found represent an incidence, of 0-57 per 100,000 per annum, but the 20 patients living in the Central West Statistical Division of New South Wales at the time of admission to hospital represent an incidence of 12-6 per 100,000 per annum in that area. A survey of A.C.T. farms revealed dogs carrying the causative parasite Echinococcus granulosus on five out of 44 properties (11-4%). Community attitudes favoured control measures but displayed a misplaced faith in anthelmintic drugs. The high regional prevalence on the Australian mainland reveals a need to restrict availability of anthelmintics and extend the vigorous control measures employed successfully in Tasmania."}
{"id": "PMID:875856", "title": "Neonates at risk. Screening for deafness--practical or not?", "content": "Over a six-year period, 3,507 neonates in King George V Memorial Hospital, classified as being at risk for deafness, were screened for hearing. Although 144 failed to respond in the nurseries, 88 of them were cleared at a later test. The remainder, whether suspect, untraceable or still to return, would all be outside the neonatal period by now. No sensorineural impairment of hearing was detected in all neonates in the programme.", "contents": "Neonates at risk. Screening for deafness--practical or not? Over a six-year period, 3,507 neonates in King George V Memorial Hospital, classified as being at risk for deafness, were screened for hearing. Although 144 failed to respond in the nurseries, 88 of them were cleared at a later test. The remainder, whether suspect, untraceable or still to return, would all be outside the neonatal period by now. No sensorineural impairment of hearing was detected in all neonates in the programme."}
{"id": "PMID:875857", "title": "Varihesive sealed dressing for indolent leg ulcers.", "content": "Forty-three patients with indolent leg ulcers that were resistant to a wide variety of treatment methods for an average period of 353 weeks, were treated by the application of sealed dressings with Varihesive (a compound of gelatin, pectin, sodium carboxymethyl-cellulose and polyisobutylene) a non-allergenic wafer which sticks to a moist surface. Varihesive dressings proved to be effective both in affording pain relief, and in allowing healing of 36 out of 43 ulcers (84%) in a mean time of 10 weeks. It is concluded that such a non-allergenic seal provides optimum conditions for reepithelialization of chronic ulcers and that Varihesive dressings are a valuable adjunct in the local treatment of skin ulceration.", "contents": "Varihesive sealed dressing for indolent leg ulcers. Forty-three patients with indolent leg ulcers that were resistant to a wide variety of treatment methods for an average period of 353 weeks, were treated by the application of sealed dressings with Varihesive (a compound of gelatin, pectin, sodium carboxymethyl-cellulose and polyisobutylene) a non-allergenic wafer which sticks to a moist surface. Varihesive dressings proved to be effective both in affording pain relief, and in allowing healing of 36 out of 43 ulcers (84%) in a mean time of 10 weeks. It is concluded that such a non-allergenic seal provides optimum conditions for reepithelialization of chronic ulcers and that Varihesive dressings are a valuable adjunct in the local treatment of skin ulceration."}
{"id": "PMID:875858", "title": "Pregnancy after jejunoileal shunt.", "content": "This report describes an unsuccessful pregnancy after a jejunoileal bypass operation that produced a severe secondary malabsorption syndrome with superimposed mechanical and metabolic effects of pregnancy to which the patient nearly succumbed.", "contents": "Pregnancy after jejunoileal shunt. This report describes an unsuccessful pregnancy after a jejunoileal bypass operation that produced a severe secondary malabsorption syndrome with superimposed mechanical and metabolic effects of pregnancy to which the patient nearly succumbed."}
{"id": "PMID:875865", "title": "[Relapsing polychondritis (author's transl)].", "content": "Report about a case of relapsing polychondritis in a woman aged 60 years, which was proofed through autopsy. There was involvement of the trachea, the bronchial system and the cartilages of the ribs. The cartilages of nose and ear did not show any typical changes; therefore the diagnosis could not be established during life. The pecularities of the clinical picture and the pathohistological findings are reported in detail. It seems that the polychondritis is related in it's pathogenesis to the rheumatic disorders. tthe etiology, however, remains obscure.", "contents": "[Relapsing polychondritis (author's transl)]. Report about a case of relapsing polychondritis in a woman aged 60 years, which was proofed through autopsy. There was involvement of the trachea, the bronchial system and the cartilages of the ribs. The cartilages of nose and ear did not show any typical changes; therefore the diagnosis could not be established during life. The pecularities of the clinical picture and the pathohistological findings are reported in detail. It seems that the polychondritis is related in it's pathogenesis to the rheumatic disorders. tthe etiology, however, remains obscure."}
{"id": "PMID:875867", "title": "[Heart and pericardial metastases resulting from bronchial carcinoma. Side effects of radiotherapy (author's transl)].", "content": "A brief survey of bibliography on heart and pericardial metastases resulting from bronchial carcinoma is followed by a report on our autopsy findings in 110 patients suffering from bronchial carcinoma. In 29 cases, i.e. 26 p.c., heart and pericardial metastases were found. In three cases, only the heart was affected, in 16 cases only the pericardium, and in 10 cases both heart and pericardium were involved. In 27 cases, they were spread by way of the blood and were mostly part of a general formation of hematogenous metastases. In-growth exclusively from primary tumour regions was found only in two cases. In 19 cases, metastases were both hematogenous and grown-in per continuitatem. Anatomicopathologically, 18 patients had a small cell carcinoma, 10 a squamous cell carcinoma, and one showed an adenocarcinoma. While 15, i.e. 14%, of our 110 patients, on whom we performed an autopsy, had died from arrosion bleeding, this was true only in one case in the group of 29 patients with heart and pericardial metastases. Radiation side effects in the form of lung and pericardial fibroses in the patients, who had generally been treated with cobalt 60 gamma rays, were confirmed by autopsy findings only in one third in both cases as compared with the findings by X-ray diagnosis during life. Lung fibroses were found in 16 cases (14%), and pericardial fibroses in 6 cases (5.5%). They were not strictly dependent on the dose.", "contents": "[Heart and pericardial metastases resulting from bronchial carcinoma. Side effects of radiotherapy (author's transl)]. A brief survey of bibliography on heart and pericardial metastases resulting from bronchial carcinoma is followed by a report on our autopsy findings in 110 patients suffering from bronchial carcinoma. In 29 cases, i.e. 26 p.c., heart and pericardial metastases were found. In three cases, only the heart was affected, in 16 cases only the pericardium, and in 10 cases both heart and pericardium were involved. In 27 cases, they were spread by way of the blood and were mostly part of a general formation of hematogenous metastases. In-growth exclusively from primary tumour regions was found only in two cases. In 19 cases, metastases were both hematogenous and grown-in per continuitatem. Anatomicopathologically, 18 patients had a small cell carcinoma, 10 a squamous cell carcinoma, and one showed an adenocarcinoma. While 15, i.e. 14%, of our 110 patients, on whom we performed an autopsy, had died from arrosion bleeding, this was true only in one case in the group of 29 patients with heart and pericardial metastases. Radiation side effects in the form of lung and pericardial fibroses in the patients, who had generally been treated with cobalt 60 gamma rays, were confirmed by autopsy findings only in one third in both cases as compared with the findings by X-ray diagnosis during life. Lung fibroses were found in 16 cases (14%), and pericardial fibroses in 6 cases (5.5%). They were not strictly dependent on the dose."}
{"id": "PMID:875868", "title": "[T1 carcinoma of the stomach in endoscopy and microscopy (author's transl)].", "content": "After intensification of our gastroscopic examinations in 15 cases of early stage T1-carcinoma of the stomach was found by biopsy and proven in the resection specimen. Further, 144 advanced carcinomata of type T2 and T3 were detected. The incidence was 0,42% of all gastroscopies and 9,3% of all assessed carcinomata. The discovery of 284 high risk patients is of special importance and it is expected that intensive follow-up examinations of this group will enable the early detection and surgical cure of gastric carcinoma. We are not agreeing with pessimistic authors believing that the early diagnosis of the wide spread gastric carcinoma may not be improved. The main problem seems to us the too great time delay until diagnosis. As it is valid in general for the early detection of cancer it has to be an important task for the practizing physician to recognize the very first gastric symptoms in order to admit the patient as early as possible to gastroenteroscopy.", "contents": "[T1 carcinoma of the stomach in endoscopy and microscopy (author's transl)]. After intensification of our gastroscopic examinations in 15 cases of early stage T1-carcinoma of the stomach was found by biopsy and proven in the resection specimen. Further, 144 advanced carcinomata of type T2 and T3 were detected. The incidence was 0,42% of all gastroscopies and 9,3% of all assessed carcinomata. The discovery of 284 high risk patients is of special importance and it is expected that intensive follow-up examinations of this group will enable the early detection and surgical cure of gastric carcinoma. We are not agreeing with pessimistic authors believing that the early diagnosis of the wide spread gastric carcinoma may not be improved. The main problem seems to us the too great time delay until diagnosis. As it is valid in general for the early detection of cancer it has to be an important task for the practizing physician to recognize the very first gastric symptoms in order to admit the patient as early as possible to gastroenteroscopy."}
{"id": "PMID:875870", "title": "[Diagnosis of skeletal metastases in prostatic cancer using gamma camera (author's transl)].", "content": "On 170 patients with histologically proven carcinoma of the prostate scintigraphic studies of the skeleton using gamma camera and follow-up examinations were performed and compared with x-ray as well as serum alkaline and acid phosphatase. Osseous metastases in 47% had no radiological evidence and were only scintigraphically detectable. Positive scans were registered in 48% of the patients with prostatic cancer, 20% of them were positive due to metastases and 28% were false positive caused by osteoarthrotic and arthritic changes, sporadically by post-traumatic lesions and in 3 cases by Paget's disease. At the time of the initial diagnosis of prostatic cancer 21% of 159 patients studied scintigraphically had radiological or scan  evidence of osseous metastases. Analyses corresponding stages of tumor revealed an unequivocal dependance of the frequency of metastases upon the extent of the primary tumor. The successful treatment is characterized by the decreased uptake of radioactivity primarily accumulated in skeletal metastases.", "contents": "[Diagnosis of skeletal metastases in prostatic cancer using gamma camera (author's transl)]. On 170 patients with histologically proven carcinoma of the prostate scintigraphic studies of the skeleton using gamma camera and follow-up examinations were performed and compared with x-ray as well as serum alkaline and acid phosphatase. Osseous metastases in 47% had no radiological evidence and were only scintigraphically detectable. Positive scans were registered in 48% of the patients with prostatic cancer, 20% of them were positive due to metastases and 28% were false positive caused by osteoarthrotic and arthritic changes, sporadically by post-traumatic lesions and in 3 cases by Paget's disease. At the time of the initial diagnosis of prostatic cancer 21% of 159 patients studied scintigraphically had radiological or scan  evidence of osseous metastases. Analyses corresponding stages of tumor revealed an unequivocal dependance of the frequency of metastases upon the extent of the primary tumor. The successful treatment is characterized by the decreased uptake of radioactivity primarily accumulated in skeletal metastases."}
{"id": "PMID:875871", "title": "[Germ cell tumours in gonadal dysgenesis (author's transl)].", "content": "In a 17-year-old patient gonadal dysgenesis with a XY-karyotype was diagnosed by laparoscopy and chromosomal analysis. Two years later, the patient came again to the hospital because of a large tumour which proved to be a dysgerminoma. Except dysgerminomas, other germ cell tumours are also found in gonadal dysgenesis, for example gonadoblastomas, which consist of germinal cells, Sertoli-granulosa-cells and interstitial cells. In most cases of gonadal dysgenesis with a germ cell tumour a Y-chromosome is present. The risk of a gonadal tumour in such cases is estimated to be 25%. In gonadal dysgenesis with a Y-chromosome a prophylactic extirpation of the gonads is necessary, which should be combined with a hysterectomy.", "contents": "[Germ cell tumours in gonadal dysgenesis (author's transl)]. In a 17-year-old patient gonadal dysgenesis with a XY-karyotype was diagnosed by laparoscopy and chromosomal analysis. Two years later, the patient came again to the hospital because of a large tumour which proved to be a dysgerminoma. Except dysgerminomas, other germ cell tumours are also found in gonadal dysgenesis, for example gonadoblastomas, which consist of germinal cells, Sertoli-granulosa-cells and interstitial cells. In most cases of gonadal dysgenesis with a germ cell tumour a Y-chromosome is present. The risk of a gonadal tumour in such cases is estimated to be 25%. In gonadal dysgenesis with a Y-chromosome a prophylactic extirpation of the gonads is necessary, which should be combined with a hysterectomy."}
{"id": "PMID:875875", "title": "[Treatment of glomerulonephritis with heparin (author's transl)].", "content": "32 patients with different histologically proven forms of glomerulonephritis were treated with heparin for an average of 31 days. A dosage of heparin was chosen, which allowed an increase in thrombin time to 20-40 seconds. Histological findings alone do not allow any prediction concerning the therapeutic success of heparin treatment in glomerulonephritis. According to our results and comparable information given in the literature, the following therapeutic scheme can be recommended: Best results are seen in patients with a slow decrease of GFR (i.e. less than 30 ml/min) during the year preceding the beginning of the treatment. In rapid progredient glomerulonephritis, however, as in patients without any changes of GFR during this time, predictions as to the course of illness cannot be made. A high level of fibrin split products in serum may be expected to be the most valuable sign of therapeutic effect, as could be documented in 7 out of 8 successfully treated patients. Hypertension and proteinuria were not influenced by the treatment. Because of severe side effects the heparin treatment of glomerulonephritis should not be initiated in patients with severe hypertension.", "contents": "[Treatment of glomerulonephritis with heparin (author's transl)]. 32 patients with different histologically proven forms of glomerulonephritis were treated with heparin for an average of 31 days. A dosage of heparin was chosen, which allowed an increase in thrombin time to 20-40 seconds. Histological findings alone do not allow any prediction concerning the therapeutic success of heparin treatment in glomerulonephritis. According to our results and comparable information given in the literature, the following therapeutic scheme can be recommended: Best results are seen in patients with a slow decrease of GFR (i.e. less than 30 ml/min) during the year preceding the beginning of the treatment. In rapid progredient glomerulonephritis, however, as in patients without any changes of GFR during this time, predictions as to the course of illness cannot be made. A high level of fibrin split products in serum may be expected to be the most valuable sign of therapeutic effect, as could be documented in 7 out of 8 successfully treated patients. Hypertension and proteinuria were not influenced by the treatment. Because of severe side effects the heparin treatment of glomerulonephritis should not be initiated in patients with severe hypertension."}
{"id": "PMID:875876", "title": "[Folic acid substitution in advanced renal disease (author's transl)].", "content": "The plasma content of folic acid was evaluated in 27 patients with advanced renal disease. There were no significant morphologic changes within the erythrocyts of the peripheral blood and bone marrow. The hematologic response of the reticulocyts, hemoglobin and hematokrit were studied after oral treatment with folic acid. There was a significant reticulocytosis at the 5th to the 8th day after initiating the oral treatment. This reaction underlines a definite, mainly nutritional (latent) folic acid deficiency being one cause for the renal anemia in these patients. A subsequent rise of the hemoglobin or hematocrit did not occur. Further possible causes for these clinical data are being discussed.", "contents": "[Folic acid substitution in advanced renal disease (author's transl)]. The plasma content of folic acid was evaluated in 27 patients with advanced renal disease. There were no significant morphologic changes within the erythrocyts of the peripheral blood and bone marrow. The hematologic response of the reticulocyts, hemoglobin and hematokrit were studied after oral treatment with folic acid. There was a significant reticulocytosis at the 5th to the 8th day after initiating the oral treatment. This reaction underlines a definite, mainly nutritional (latent) folic acid deficiency being one cause for the renal anemia in these patients. A subsequent rise of the hemoglobin or hematocrit did not occur. Further possible causes for these clinical data are being discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:875878", "title": "[Kinetics and differentiation of monocytes in man (author's transl)].", "content": "This paper gives a short review of the monocytopoiesis in the bone marrow, the kinetics of monocytes in the blood, the differentiation of monocytes in the tissue and presents new data on monocyte transit time through the peripheral blood. Monocyte kinetics were studied in three hematologically normal persons, four patients with Hodgkin's disease and four patients with chroniclymphocytic leukemia using 3H-TdR-pulse-injection or 3H-TdR continuous infusion. The average value of the mean blood monocyte transit time was 25.1 hours. The mean blood transit times of haematologically normal persons and patients with lymphatic disorders did not differ significantly.", "contents": "[Kinetics and differentiation of monocytes in man (author's transl)]. This paper gives a short review of the monocytopoiesis in the bone marrow, the kinetics of monocytes in the blood, the differentiation of monocytes in the tissue and presents new data on monocyte transit time through the peripheral blood. Monocyte kinetics were studied in three hematologically normal persons, four patients with Hodgkin's disease and four patients with chroniclymphocytic leukemia using 3H-TdR-pulse-injection or 3H-TdR continuous infusion. The average value of the mean blood monocyte transit time was 25.1 hours. The mean blood transit times of haematologically normal persons and patients with lymphatic disorders did not differ significantly."}
{"id": "PMID:875885", "title": "A staphylococcal radioimmunoassay for detection of antibodies to Mycoplasma pneumoniae.", "content": "A radioimmunoassay (RIA) which depends on the property of protein A of Stapbylococcus aureus to combine with the Fc-fragment of immunoblobulins was developed. This technique was employed to measure antibodies in human and various animal sera. It coulb be demonstrated that the staphylococcal RIA was at least as sensitive as the previously decribed radioimmunoprecipitation technique in detecting antibodies to M.pneumoniae in human sera. In addition, antibodies to M. pneumoniae could be demonstrated in sera of hamsters intranasally inoculated with the organisms. Antibodies could also be demonstrated in rabbit sera after immunization with M.pneumoniae. The test proved to the considerably more sensitive than conventional tests for detection of antibodies to the organisms. The test requires only small amounts of reagents and is relatively inexpensive.", "contents": "A staphylococcal radioimmunoassay for detection of antibodies to Mycoplasma pneumoniae. A radioimmunoassay (RIA) which depends on the property of protein A of Stapbylococcus aureus to combine with the Fc-fragment of immunoblobulins was developed. This technique was employed to measure antibodies in human and various animal sera. It coulb be demonstrated that the staphylococcal RIA was at least as sensitive as the previously decribed radioimmunoprecipitation technique in detecting antibodies to M.pneumoniae in human sera. In addition, antibodies to M. pneumoniae could be demonstrated in sera of hamsters intranasally inoculated with the organisms. Antibodies could also be demonstrated in rabbit sera after immunization with M.pneumoniae. The test proved to the considerably more sensitive than conventional tests for detection of antibodies to the organisms. The test requires only small amounts of reagents and is relatively inexpensive."}
{"id": "PMID:875886", "title": "The use of RD cells in the isolation of Echo type 30 virus from patients with aseptic meningitis.", "content": "Between early July and August 1976, 60 cases of aseptic meningitis and pharyngitis in children from various parts of West Germany were reported to this institute. Successful virus isolation from spinal fluid in 12 out of 36 cases was greatly facilitated by the use of RD cell tissue cultures, whereas isolation attempts in HEL, Vero, and HFDK cells were unsuccessful. In all cases, the isolated virus was identified as ECHO type 30. Neutralization studies with sera of 48 remaining cases also using RD cells clearly indicated that the epidemic outbreak was caused by ECHO type 30 virus.", "contents": "The use of RD cells in the isolation of Echo type 30 virus from patients with aseptic meningitis. Between early July and August 1976, 60 cases of aseptic meningitis and pharyngitis in children from various parts of West Germany were reported to this institute. Successful virus isolation from spinal fluid in 12 out of 36 cases was greatly facilitated by the use of RD cell tissue cultures, whereas isolation attempts in HEL, Vero, and HFDK cells were unsuccessful. In all cases, the isolated virus was identified as ECHO type 30. Neutralization studies with sera of 48 remaining cases also using RD cells clearly indicated that the epidemic outbreak was caused by ECHO type 30 virus."}
{"id": "PMID:875887", "title": "Action of some pancreatic enzymes on Vibrio cholerae.", "content": "The action of pancreatic amylase, trypsin, lipase, and whole pancreatin was tested on five strains of Bibrio cholerae. Amylase did not act on any strain in concentrations to 10,000 IU/ml whereas trypsin increased vacuolization and lipase enhanced retraction of the protoplasm particularly in 2 of the 5 tested vibrio strains. Pancreatin caused damage hoth of the cell wall and the cytoplasm. It is suggested that these enzymes may play a role in the defense of the body against cholera vibrios.", "contents": "Action of some pancreatic enzymes on Vibrio cholerae. The action of pancreatic amylase, trypsin, lipase, and whole pancreatin was tested on five strains of Bibrio cholerae. Amylase did not act on any strain in concentrations to 10,000 IU/ml whereas trypsin increased vacuolization and lipase enhanced retraction of the protoplasm particularly in 2 of the 5 tested vibrio strains. Pancreatin caused damage hoth of the cell wall and the cytoplasm. It is suggested that these enzymes may play a role in the defense of the body against cholera vibrios."}
{"id": "PMID:875888", "title": "Anti-staphylococcal gamma hemolysin antibodies in rabbits with staphylococcal osteomyelitis.", "content": "Titers of antibodies against staphylococcal gamma hemolysin were estimated in 23 rabbits with experimental staphylococcal osteomyelitis and in 32 control animals. In all but three infected animals from 2- to 64-fold increases of the antibody titers were detected. Most of the control animals showed no changes in anti-gamma toxin antibody titers, but in two animals some increase was noted. The possible significance of these differences is discussed.", "contents": "Anti-staphylococcal gamma hemolysin antibodies in rabbits with staphylococcal osteomyelitis. Titers of antibodies against staphylococcal gamma hemolysin were estimated in 23 rabbits with experimental staphylococcal osteomyelitis and in 32 control animals. In all but three infected animals from 2- to 64-fold increases of the antibody titers were detected. Most of the control animals showed no changes in anti-gamma toxin antibody titers, but in two animals some increase was noted. The possible significance of these differences is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:875889", "title": "Radioimmunoassay for LCM virus antigens and anti-LCM virus antibodies and its application in an epidemiologic survey of people exposed to syrian hamsters.", "content": "A specific and sensitive solid-phase radioimmunoassay has been developed for the detection of LCM virus antigens and anti-LCM virus antibodies. The test was performed in a microtiter system using polyvinylcholoride wells coated with anti-LCM virus rabbit hyperimmune serum. LCM virus antigens were allowed to bind to this antibody and afterwards detected by 125J-labeled anti-LCM virus-gamma-globulin. Anti-LCM virus antibodies were assayed by specific inhibition of these bound antigens. Since this technique is rapid and easy to perform the solid-phase radioimmunoassay is a valuable test for detecting LCM virus infections. Selected at random, 208 girls with, and 208 girls without, contact to Syrian hamsters were investigated for anti-LCM virus antibodies. Five (2.4%) of the hamster-exposed girls had anti-LCM virus antibodies (RIA-titer 1:8-1:32) in contrast to none of the control group (P=0.03).", "contents": "Radioimmunoassay for LCM virus antigens and anti-LCM virus antibodies and its application in an epidemiologic survey of people exposed to syrian hamsters. A specific and sensitive solid-phase radioimmunoassay has been developed for the detection of LCM virus antigens and anti-LCM virus antibodies. The test was performed in a microtiter system using polyvinylcholoride wells coated with anti-LCM virus rabbit hyperimmune serum. LCM virus antigens were allowed to bind to this antibody and afterwards detected by 125J-labeled anti-LCM virus-gamma-globulin. Anti-LCM virus antibodies were assayed by specific inhibition of these bound antigens. Since this technique is rapid and easy to perform the solid-phase radioimmunoassay is a valuable test for detecting LCM virus infections. Selected at random, 208 girls with, and 208 girls without, contact to Syrian hamsters were investigated for anti-LCM virus antibodies. Five (2.4%) of the hamster-exposed girls had anti-LCM virus antibodies (RIA-titer 1:8-1:32) in contrast to none of the control group (P=0.03)."}
{"id": "PMID:875891", "title": "Ethical issues in investigation of screening strategies.", "content": "Screening programs can be designed to be useful for data collection to study effectiveness of screening. High-risk populations may be identified, and screening techniques applied to a randomly selected subgroup with another subgroup serving as controls. This raises the ethical question of not applying helpful surveillance to individuals known to be at high-risk. Attention should be paid to management of controls, for example, to screen them less frequently, or at least to inform them of their increased risk and advise periodic exams. Against such recommendations is that differences between test and control groups would be minimized and the study less conclusive. Another approach is to use adaptive design, selecting the study group for a large population which is being subject to medical surveillance for some other reason. As in other clinical trails, studies of screening programs must include appropriate surveillance for controls to properly safeguard their rights and medical needs.", "contents": "Ethical issues in investigation of screening strategies. Screening programs can be designed to be useful for data collection to study effectiveness of screening. High-risk populations may be identified, and screening techniques applied to a randomly selected subgroup with another subgroup serving as controls. This raises the ethical question of not applying helpful surveillance to individuals known to be at high-risk. Attention should be paid to management of controls, for example, to screen them less frequently, or at least to inform them of their increased risk and advise periodic exams. Against such recommendations is that differences between test and control groups would be minimized and the study less conclusive. Another approach is to use adaptive design, selecting the study group for a large population which is being subject to medical surveillance for some other reason. As in other clinical trails, studies of screening programs must include appropriate surveillance for controls to properly safeguard their rights and medical needs."}
{"id": "PMID:875892", "title": "Social and ethical implications of claims for cancer hazards.", "content": "Current data show that about 80% of human cancers can be traced to environmental causes. The majority of human cancers are associated with two main etiologic factors: smoking of cigarettes and diet, which account for most of the cancers in the respiratory tract, in the digestive tract, and in the endocrine sensitive and reproductive organs. The evidence for these multifactorial causes is both ipidemiologic and experimental. In recent years a number of lay and professional groups have expressed concern that the microcontaminants in our environment are responsible for cancer in man. Agitation, press releases, and statements before legislative and excutive government departments have made claims for cancer hazards which do not appear to rest on sound epidemiologic or experimental bases, yet these claims hav alarmed and indeed scared the public. Government agencies and industry have spent funds to investigate such claims. It appears that such actions not only divert valuable research funds and efforts into lines which do not seem to be fruitful in leading to a reduction in cancer risk for the main human cancers, but by falsely alarming the public, dilute serious efforts of cancer prevention with respect to the experimentally and epidemiologically established cancer risk.", "contents": "Social and ethical implications of claims for cancer hazards. Current data show that about 80% of human cancers can be traced to environmental causes. The majority of human cancers are associated with two main etiologic factors: smoking of cigarettes and diet, which account for most of the cancers in the respiratory tract, in the digestive tract, and in the endocrine sensitive and reproductive organs. The evidence for these multifactorial causes is both ipidemiologic and experimental. In recent years a number of lay and professional groups have expressed concern that the microcontaminants in our environment are responsible for cancer in man. Agitation, press releases, and statements before legislative and excutive government departments have made claims for cancer hazards which do not appear to rest on sound epidemiologic or experimental bases, yet these claims hav alarmed and indeed scared the public. Government agencies and industry have spent funds to investigate such claims. It appears that such actions not only divert valuable research funds and efforts into lines which do not seem to be fruitful in leading to a reduction in cancer risk for the main human cancers, but by falsely alarming the public, dilute serious efforts of cancer prevention with respect to the experimentally and epidemiologically established cancer risk."}
{"id": "PMID:875895", "title": "Releasing carcinogenesis test results: timing and extent of reporting.", "content": "A carcinogenic in an animal bioassay is usually characterized by gradaul accumulation of a tumor incidence significantly in excess in the treated versus the control animals. In some cases, a definite response is realized relatively early, prior to planned sacrifice. In others, positive results are found at termination. In both cases, a long delay may occur before the information is ready to reach the public due to the time needed to complete pathology, data analysis, publication of a report. Since the finding that a chemical is carcinogenic may have serious implications for public health and technology, reports of carcinogenesis bioassays should be thoroughly and critically reviewed before being issued. A delicate ethical dilemma confronts scientists in selecting the proper timing and extent for the release of carcinogenesis test results. Early findings may not be confirmed and may cause technological and economic problems and unnecessary anxiety. On the other hand, delaying public notification of highly suspicious findings until a final, detailed report is published, may delay preventive actions that could protect exposed populations from unnecessary risks. To meet differing requirements in regard to timing and extent of reporting, procedures were developed to issue reports on National Cancer Institute (NCI) carcinogenesis bioassays when the findings are clearly identified and well documented in the following forms: a) reports of preliminary findings, when the evidence is strongly suggestive; b) summary reports of completed bioassays; and c) detailed technical reports. Availability of such reports, particularly for preliminary findings, will be announced in the Federal Register and in a press release. The reports will be submitted for publication in the scientific literature.", "contents": "Releasing carcinogenesis test results: timing and extent of reporting. A carcinogenic in an animal bioassay is usually characterized by gradaul accumulation of a tumor incidence significantly in excess in the treated versus the control animals. In some cases, a definite response is realized relatively early, prior to planned sacrifice. In others, positive results are found at termination. In both cases, a long delay may occur before the information is ready to reach the public due to the time needed to complete pathology, data analysis, publication of a report. Since the finding that a chemical is carcinogenic may have serious implications for public health and technology, reports of carcinogenesis bioassays should be thoroughly and critically reviewed before being issued. A delicate ethical dilemma confronts scientists in selecting the proper timing and extent for the release of carcinogenesis test results. Early findings may not be confirmed and may cause technological and economic problems and unnecessary anxiety. On the other hand, delaying public notification of highly suspicious findings until a final, detailed report is published, may delay preventive actions that could protect exposed populations from unnecessary risks. To meet differing requirements in regard to timing and extent of reporting, procedures were developed to issue reports on National Cancer Institute (NCI) carcinogenesis bioassays when the findings are clearly identified and well documented in the following forms: a) reports of preliminary findings, when the evidence is strongly suggestive; b) summary reports of completed bioassays; and c) detailed technical reports. Availability of such reports, particularly for preliminary findings, will be announced in the Federal Register and in a press release. The reports will be submitted for publication in the scientific literature."}
{"id": "PMID:875896", "title": "Estimation of risks due to environmental carcinogenesis.", "content": "Several Federal agencies share responsibility for enforcing laws designed to control human exposures to carcinogens. This enforcement activity often has immense effects on other factors of our environment. Absolute safety is not possible, but increased protection is obtainable. Improvements are urgently needed in our ability not only to detect but also to quantify relative risk. Resources should be directed for maximum overall effect. Relative risk must be quantified if we are to reasonably compare risk and benefit. Examples of the inexactness of current toxicological, epidemiological, and mathematical models for estimating risk due to exposures to DDT, aflatoxinb1, DES, and benzidine are presented. The impact of different laws and regulations applicable to the control of these agents is compared. Reference is made to major programs in toxicological methods for risk estimation.", "contents": "Estimation of risks due to environmental carcinogenesis. Several Federal agencies share responsibility for enforcing laws designed to control human exposures to carcinogens. This enforcement activity often has immense effects on other factors of our environment. Absolute safety is not possible, but increased protection is obtainable. Improvements are urgently needed in our ability not only to detect but also to quantify relative risk. Resources should be directed for maximum overall effect. Relative risk must be quantified if we are to reasonably compare risk and benefit. Examples of the inexactness of current toxicological, epidemiological, and mathematical models for estimating risk due to exposures to DDT, aflatoxinb1, DES, and benzidine are presented. The impact of different laws and regulations applicable to the control of these agents is compared. Reference is made to major programs in toxicological methods for risk estimation."}
{"id": "PMID:876022", "title": "Kinetics of Mu DNA synthesis.", "content": "Mu specific DNA synthesis starts at 10 min after infection. All essentail amber mutants of Mu were tested for the ability to replicate in a non permissive host. Except for the amber mutants A and B, which were already known to be blocked in Mu DNA synthesis (Wijffelman et al., 1974), all the other mutants showed normal Mu DNA replication. Using mitomycin C-treated cells Mu DNA synthesis was found to start at about 20 min after induction. However using the much more sensitive method of DNA-RNA hybridization, it was found that the DNA synthesis starts already at 10 min after induction, and that at 20 min after induction about 7 copies of the Mu DNA are present per cell.", "contents": "Kinetics of Mu DNA synthesis. Mu specific DNA synthesis starts at 10 min after infection. All essentail amber mutants of Mu were tested for the ability to replicate in a non permissive host. Except for the amber mutants A and B, which were already known to be blocked in Mu DNA synthesis (Wijffelman et al., 1974), all the other mutants showed normal Mu DNA replication. Using mitomycin C-treated cells Mu DNA synthesis was found to start at about 20 min after induction. However using the much more sensitive method of DNA-RNA hybridization, it was found that the DNA synthesis starts already at 10 min after induction, and that at 20 min after induction about 7 copies of the Mu DNA are present per cell."}
{"id": "PMID:876023", "title": "Rapid screening for plasmid DNA.", "content": "A procedure is described for demonstrating plasmid DNA and its molecular weight, based on rate zonal centrifugation of unlabelled DNA in neutral sucrose gradients containing a low concentration of ethidium bromide. Each DNA species is then visualized as a discrete fluorescent band when the centrifuge tube is illuminated with ultra-violet light. Plasmids exist as closed circular and as relaxed circular molecules, which sediment separately, but during preparation of lysates, closed circular molecules are nicked so that each plasmid forms only a single band of relaxed circles within the gradient.", "contents": "Rapid screening for plasmid DNA. A procedure is described for demonstrating plasmid DNA and its molecular weight, based on rate zonal centrifugation of unlabelled DNA in neutral sucrose gradients containing a low concentration of ethidium bromide. Each DNA species is then visualized as a discrete fluorescent band when the centrifuge tube is illuminated with ultra-violet light. Plasmids exist as closed circular and as relaxed circular molecules, which sediment separately, but during preparation of lysates, closed circular molecules are nicked so that each plasmid forms only a single band of relaxed circles within the gradient."}
{"id": "PMID:876024", "title": "The isolation and genetic characterization of extrachromosomal chloramphenicol and oligomycin-resistant mutants from the petite-negative yeast Kluyveromyces lactis.", "content": "Spontaneous mutants of the petite-negative yeast Kluyveromyces lactis, resistant to the antibiotics chloramphenicol and oligomycin, were isolated and genetically characterized. Three chloramphenicol-resistant mutants showed non-Mendelian inheritance when crossed to sensitive parents. Of 5 oligomycin-resistant strains studied, three exhibited resistance due to the presence of an extrachromosomal mutation. The resistance of the other two deriving from a nuclear and recessive mutation. When two factor crosses in trans configuration were performed between two of the chloramphenicol and the five oligomycin-resistant mutants a polarity in recombination was observed with a predominance of sensitive (OSCS) over resistant (ORCR) reciprocal recombinants. Allelism tests carried out among the oligomycin-resistant mutants indicated the presence of at least two distinct extrachromosomal regions responsible for the resistance.", "contents": "The isolation and genetic characterization of extrachromosomal chloramphenicol and oligomycin-resistant mutants from the petite-negative yeast Kluyveromyces lactis. Spontaneous mutants of the petite-negative yeast Kluyveromyces lactis, resistant to the antibiotics chloramphenicol and oligomycin, were isolated and genetically characterized. Three chloramphenicol-resistant mutants showed non-Mendelian inheritance when crossed to sensitive parents. Of 5 oligomycin-resistant strains studied, three exhibited resistance due to the presence of an extrachromosomal mutation. The resistance of the other two deriving from a nuclear and recessive mutation. When two factor crosses in trans configuration were performed between two of the chloramphenicol and the five oligomycin-resistant mutants a polarity in recombination was observed with a predominance of sensitive (OSCS) over resistant (ORCR) reciprocal recombinants. Allelism tests carried out among the oligomycin-resistant mutants indicated the presence of at least two distinct extrachromosomal regions responsible for the resistance."}
{"id": "PMID:876025", "title": "Rolling circle replicative structure of bacteriophage lambda DNA in a recombination deficient system.", "content": "Rolling-circle replicating structures which represent late stage lambda DNA replication can be detected among intracellular phage lambda DNA molecules under recombination deficient conditions as well as in wild-type infections. Furthermore, if initiation of lambda replication is delayed until the late stage of lambda infection, then nearly all replicating molecules are rolling-circle, even in the first round. Thus neither genetic recombination nor termination of a round of replication are required for generation of rolling-circle replicating molecules of lambda DNA.", "contents": "Rolling circle replicative structure of bacteriophage lambda DNA in a recombination deficient system. Rolling-circle replicating structures which represent late stage lambda DNA replication can be detected among intracellular phage lambda DNA molecules under recombination deficient conditions as well as in wild-type infections. Furthermore, if initiation of lambda replication is delayed until the late stage of lambda infection, then nearly all replicating molecules are rolling-circle, even in the first round. Thus neither genetic recombination nor termination of a round of replication are required for generation of rolling-circle replicating molecules of lambda DNA."}
{"id": "PMID:876026", "title": "Phosphorylation of ribosomal protein S6 in suspension cultured HeLa cells.", "content": "HeLa cell ribosomal protein S6, and the increase in its phosphorylation level that occurs after resuspending cells in fresh medium plus serum, were studied using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. The maximum level of S6 phosphorylation occurs about 2 h after adding fresh medium and seum to cells that have been allowed to grow to high density; this results in an almost complete shift of the spot representing S6 in two-dimensional polacrylamide gels to a new location. Mixing experiments showed that the differences in the level of phosphorylation occur in vivo and are not an artifact of in vitro sample preparation. This method of stimulating S6 phosphorylation provides a convenient system for studying the functional significance of the phenomenon. Only one other ribosomal protein was detectably phosphorylated using [32P]-labeling and autoradiography of dried two-dimensional gels. The level of phosphorylation of this protein, L14, does not change after serum stimulation.", "contents": "Phosphorylation of ribosomal protein S6 in suspension cultured HeLa cells. HeLa cell ribosomal protein S6, and the increase in its phosphorylation level that occurs after resuspending cells in fresh medium plus serum, were studied using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. The maximum level of S6 phosphorylation occurs about 2 h after adding fresh medium and seum to cells that have been allowed to grow to high density; this results in an almost complete shift of the spot representing S6 in two-dimensional polacrylamide gels to a new location. Mixing experiments showed that the differences in the level of phosphorylation occur in vivo and are not an artifact of in vitro sample preparation. This method of stimulating S6 phosphorylation provides a convenient system for studying the functional significance of the phenomenon. Only one other ribosomal protein was detectably phosphorylated using [32P]-labeling and autoradiography of dried two-dimensional gels. The level of phosphorylation of this protein, L14, does not change after serum stimulation."}
{"id": "PMID:876027", "title": "A new nucleic acid-protein cross-linking reagent.", "content": "A new photoactivable reagent is described, which allows the formation of RNA-protein cross-links via disulfide bridges in combination with mercaptobutyrimidate. The reconstituted L24 protein-23S RNA complex from the large subunit of E. coli ribosomes has been used as a model system for the cross-linking. The main advantages of the reagent are the absence of U.V. generated cross-links, since photoactivation is carried out at 360 nm, on one hand and the ease of cleavage of the cross-link by mild reduction (beta-mercaptoethanol) on the other.", "contents": "A new nucleic acid-protein cross-linking reagent. A new photoactivable reagent is described, which allows the formation of RNA-protein cross-links via disulfide bridges in combination with mercaptobutyrimidate. The reconstituted L24 protein-23S RNA complex from the large subunit of E. coli ribosomes has been used as a model system for the cross-linking. The main advantages of the reagent are the absence of U.V. generated cross-links, since photoactivation is carried out at 360 nm, on one hand and the ease of cleavage of the cross-link by mild reduction (beta-mercaptoethanol) on the other."}
{"id": "PMID:876028", "title": "DNA synthesis during meiosis of eight-spored strains of Chlamydomonas reinhardi.", "content": "In strain 137F of Chlamydomonas reinhardi, the zygospores undergo one round of nuclear DNA replication followed by three divisions to produce octospores. The third division without replication has been interpreted by Sueoka et al. (1967, 1969) to mean that the gametes and vegetative cells have at least binemic chromosomes. We have repeated their experiments using the same strain. However, the meiotic products were inviable--unable to undergo postmeiotic vegetative growth, DNA replication or division. On the other hand, using a variant of strain 137C which also has three divisions during germination we have shown that meiosis is normal. Zygospores from this strain undergo two rounds of nuclear DNA replication prior to the formation of octospores. These meiotic products are viable and capable of postmeiotic vegetative growth, replication and division. Since the third division without DNA replication subsequent to the two meiotic divisions leads to inviable products, and the strain which has viable products after three divisions does not lack the additional replication, meiosis in Chlamydomonas reinhardi provides no evidence of a bineme chromosome structure.", "contents": "DNA synthesis during meiosis of eight-spored strains of Chlamydomonas reinhardi. In strain 137F of Chlamydomonas reinhardi, the zygospores undergo one round of nuclear DNA replication followed by three divisions to produce octospores. The third division without replication has been interpreted by Sueoka et al. (1967, 1969) to mean that the gametes and vegetative cells have at least binemic chromosomes. We have repeated their experiments using the same strain. However, the meiotic products were inviable--unable to undergo postmeiotic vegetative growth, DNA replication or division. On the other hand, using a variant of strain 137C which also has three divisions during germination we have shown that meiosis is normal. Zygospores from this strain undergo two rounds of nuclear DNA replication prior to the formation of octospores. These meiotic products are viable and capable of postmeiotic vegetative growth, replication and division. Since the third division without DNA replication subsequent to the two meiotic divisions leads to inviable products, and the strain which has viable products after three divisions does not lack the additional replication, meiosis in Chlamydomonas reinhardi provides no evidence of a bineme chromosome structure."}
{"id": "PMID:876029", "title": "Extrachromosomal inheritance in Schizosaccharomyces pombe. III. Isolation and characterization of paromomycin-resistant mutants.", "content": "In the antimycin--resistant mutant anar-8 of the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe (Sch.p.) spontaneous mutants were isolated showing high resistance to the aminoglycoside antibiotic paromomycin. All mutants were resistant to the structurally related antibiotic neomycin. Tetrad analysis, mitotic segregation analysis, and mitotic haploidization revealed extrachromosomal, very likely mitochondrial inheritance. In contrast to the rapid segregation of mitochondrial markers in zygotic clones of Saccharomyces cerevisiae (S.c.) the heteroplasmic state of diploids proved to persist for at least 50 generations after zygote formation. Stationary cultures of the paromomycin-resistant mutants parr-106 and parr-112 contain up to 6% respiratory-deficient mutants, but no reversion to paromomycin-sensitivity was observed among 1700-1800 colonies tested. The ability of mutant anar-8 to produce spontaneously respiratory-deficient mutants could be separated from the antimycin-resistant phenotype of anar-8.", "contents": "Extrachromosomal inheritance in Schizosaccharomyces pombe. III. Isolation and characterization of paromomycin-resistant mutants. In the antimycin--resistant mutant anar-8 of the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe (Sch.p.) spontaneous mutants were isolated showing high resistance to the aminoglycoside antibiotic paromomycin. All mutants were resistant to the structurally related antibiotic neomycin. Tetrad analysis, mitotic segregation analysis, and mitotic haploidization revealed extrachromosomal, very likely mitochondrial inheritance. In contrast to the rapid segregation of mitochondrial markers in zygotic clones of Saccharomyces cerevisiae (S.c.) the heteroplasmic state of diploids proved to persist for at least 50 generations after zygote formation. Stationary cultures of the paromomycin-resistant mutants parr-106 and parr-112 contain up to 6% respiratory-deficient mutants, but no reversion to paromomycin-sensitivity was observed among 1700-1800 colonies tested. The ability of mutant anar-8 to produce spontaneously respiratory-deficient mutants could be separated from the antimycin-resistant phenotype of anar-8."}
{"id": "PMID:876030", "title": "Chromosomal and extrachromosomal inheritance of erythromycin-resistance in the \"petite-negative\" yeast Kluyveromyces lactis.", "content": "Spontaneously arising erythromycin-resistant mutants were isolated in the \"petite-negative\" yeast Kluyveromyces lactis. Two independently arising mutants were studied, in one erythromycin-resistance was conferred by a single dominant nuclear gene, and in the other the resistance was extrachromosomally inherited. In fermentable medium growth of sensitive and resistant strains in presence or absence of erythromycin does not qualitatively change the cytochrome absorption spectra, whereas oxygen uptake of parental strains growing in glucose-medium is affected by the drug. The importance of \"petite-negative\" yeasts like Kluyveromyces lactis for the study of nucleo-cytoplasmic interrelations is discussed.", "contents": "Chromosomal and extrachromosomal inheritance of erythromycin-resistance in the \"petite-negative\" yeast Kluyveromyces lactis. Spontaneously arising erythromycin-resistant mutants were isolated in the \"petite-negative\" yeast Kluyveromyces lactis. Two independently arising mutants were studied, in one erythromycin-resistance was conferred by a single dominant nuclear gene, and in the other the resistance was extrachromosomally inherited. In fermentable medium growth of sensitive and resistant strains in presence or absence of erythromycin does not qualitatively change the cytochrome absorption spectra, whereas oxygen uptake of parental strains growing in glucose-medium is affected by the drug. The importance of \"petite-negative\" yeasts like Kluyveromyces lactis for the study of nucleo-cytoplasmic interrelations is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:876037", "title": "Management of retinoblastoma.", "content": "The management of 499 cases attending Moorfields Eye Hospital and St Bartholomew's Hospital, London, is described. The method of examination and differential diagnoses, together with the indications for treatment with light coagulation, cryosurgical techniques, cobalt plaque applications, cobalt beam therapy or the linear accelerator and chemotherapy, are listed in terms of the experience gained with this number of cases. Nowadays, the survival rate is approximately 90%.", "contents": "Management of retinoblastoma. The management of 499 cases attending Moorfields Eye Hospital and St Bartholomew's Hospital, London, is described. The method of examination and differential diagnoses, together with the indications for treatment with light coagulation, cryosurgical techniques, cobalt plaque applications, cobalt beam therapy or the linear accelerator and chemotherapy, are listed in terms of the experience gained with this number of cases. Nowadays, the survival rate is approximately 90%."}
{"id": "PMID:876039", "title": "[Treatment of retinoblastoma by radioactive cobalt and xenon photocoagulation].", "content": "During the years 1961-1975, 50 cases of retinoblastoma in 31 boys and 19 girls from all parts of Poland were under treatment in the Ophthalmological Clinic in Cracow. The ages of the children at the time of diagnosis ranged from a few months to 10 years. The largest group included children between 1 and 3 years. In the majority of patients, neoplasm affected both eyes. The eye with the most advanced changes was enucleated, and the other subjected to treatment if the size of the tumor gave a prognosis of at least partial preservation of vision. In the case of unilateral tumors, treatment was undertaken if the changes were not too advanced. In the patients under treatment, 60Co according to themethod of Stallard and xenon light coagulation was applied. The observation period varied between 0.5 and 15 years. In our work, a correlation was found between the results and the size of the tumors, their localization, and postoperative complications. Our treatments proved successful in 70% (50.0-90.9%) of the cases.", "contents": "[Treatment of retinoblastoma by radioactive cobalt and xenon photocoagulation]. During the years 1961-1975, 50 cases of retinoblastoma in 31 boys and 19 girls from all parts of Poland were under treatment in the Ophthalmological Clinic in Cracow. The ages of the children at the time of diagnosis ranged from a few months to 10 years. The largest group included children between 1 and 3 years. In the majority of patients, neoplasm affected both eyes. The eye with the most advanced changes was enucleated, and the other subjected to treatment if the size of the tumor gave a prognosis of at least partial preservation of vision. In the case of unilateral tumors, treatment was undertaken if the changes were not too advanced. In the patients under treatment, 60Co according to themethod of Stallard and xenon light coagulation was applied. The observation period varied between 0.5 and 15 years. In our work, a correlation was found between the results and the size of the tumors, their localization, and postoperative complications. Our treatments proved successful in 70% (50.0-90.9%) of the cases."}
{"id": "PMID:876040", "title": "Combined B- and  A-scan ultrasonography in the management and preoperative assessment of vitreo retinal pathology.", "content": "Newer surgical techniques such as vitrectomy instrumentation and microsurgery now allow us to take a full advantage of ultrasonic evaluation of vitreal-retinal pathology. The ultrasonic techniques of A- and B-scan as well as M-scan allow us to more adequately evaluate the opaque vitreous, retinal detachment, traumatic changes to the globe, thus directing the newer surgical techniques to achieve therapeutic results never previously possible.", "contents": "Combined B- and  A-scan ultrasonography in the management and preoperative assessment of vitreo retinal pathology. Newer surgical techniques such as vitrectomy instrumentation and microsurgery now allow us to take a full advantage of ultrasonic evaluation of vitreal-retinal pathology. The ultrasonic techniques of A- and B-scan as well as M-scan allow us to more adequately evaluate the opaque vitreous, retinal detachment, traumatic changes to the globe, thus directing the newer surgical techniques to achieve therapeutic results never previously possible."}
{"id": "PMID:876041", "title": "[50 years of treatment of retinal tumors at the Curie Foundation].", "content": "During the past 50 years, technical changes have led to an undeniable improvement of the lesions and the percentage of cures. Systematic treatment of the orbital cavity and optic nerve is indispensable in the case of a unilateral tumour where the optic nerve has been affected. The surveillance of a unilateral tumour must continue for a long time because bilateralisation can intervene 5 or 6 years later. One must never make a double enucleation, but always attempt a conservative treatment, on the least affected eye.  Cases which are very advanced in appearence can have a favourable development and provide a useful vision.", "contents": "[50 years of treatment of retinal tumors at the Curie Foundation]. During the past 50 years, technical changes have led to an undeniable improvement of the lesions and the percentage of cures. Systematic treatment of the orbital cavity and optic nerve is indispensable in the case of a unilateral tumour where the optic nerve has been affected. The surveillance of a unilateral tumour must continue for a long time because bilateralisation can intervene 5 or 6 years later. One must never make a double enucleation, but always attempt a conservative treatment, on the least affected eye.  Cases which are very advanced in appearence can have a favourable development and provide a useful vision."}
{"id": "PMID:876042", "title": "beta-Irradiation of retinoblastoma with 106Ru/106Rh applicators.", "content": "Therapeutic results after beta-irradiation suggest that 106Ru/106Rh applicators have become an acceptable means of radiotherapy in patients suffering from retinoblastoma with a height of not exceeding 5 mm. Because of the rapid fall-off radiation dose it is possible to deliver a high dosage to the tumor without danger of radiogenic damage to the whole globe. Out of 22 children suffering from retinoblastoma a complete destruction and scarification of the tumor could be obtained in 18 eyes with sufficient vision acuity over a follow-up period of more than 5 years. In 4 cases an additional photocoagulation was necessary. beta-Irradiation avoids an undesirable high-volume dose. It may, therefore, be regarded as a useful contribution to radiotherapy of retinoblastoma.", "contents": "beta-Irradiation of retinoblastoma with 106Ru/106Rh applicators. Therapeutic results after beta-irradiation suggest that 106Ru/106Rh applicators have become an acceptable means of radiotherapy in patients suffering from retinoblastoma with a height of not exceeding 5 mm. Because of the rapid fall-off radiation dose it is possible to deliver a high dosage to the tumor without danger of radiogenic damage to the whole globe. Out of 22 children suffering from retinoblastoma a complete destruction and scarification of the tumor could be obtained in 18 eyes with sufficient vision acuity over a follow-up period of more than 5 years. In 4 cases an additional photocoagulation was necessary. beta-Irradiation avoids an undesirable high-volume dose. It may, therefore, be regarded as a useful contribution to radiotherapy of retinoblastoma."}
{"id": "PMID:876043", "title": "Diagnosis of retinoblastoma by cytologic examination of the aqueous and the vitreous.", "content": "Cytological examination by aspiration of the aqueous and the vitreous can be an additional useful technique to aid in the diagnosis of certain anteriorly located unusual appearances of retinoblastoma with opaque media, particularly if the information from ultrasound is not available or is unsatisfactory. A positive cytological diagnosis should be immediately followed by enucleation. Personal experience is presented.", "contents": "Diagnosis of retinoblastoma by cytologic examination of the aqueous and the vitreous. Cytological examination by aspiration of the aqueous and the vitreous can be an additional useful technique to aid in the diagnosis of certain anteriorly located unusual appearances of retinoblastoma with opaque media, particularly if the information from ultrasound is not available or is unsatisfactory. A positive cytological diagnosis should be immediately followed by enucleation. Personal experience is presented."}
{"id": "PMID:876044", "title": "[A typical treatment of a case of bilateral retinoblastoma].", "content": "The treatment of bilateral retinal tumors requires very delicate decisions. The author used to follow the same procedures as his colleagues, that is enucleation of the worse eye and conservative treatment of the other eye. But the case he presents induced him to modigy his view. Enucleation of the right eye was planned. Prior to enucleation it was irradiated prophylactically together with the left eye. A few days after irradiation, the tumor became inexpectedly smaller and could be destructed by photocoagulation. The left eye was treated in the same way. The girl has now been followed for 5 years. Her visual acuity is reduced to peripheral vision on the right eye and to 0.7 on the left eye. Upon the last control in May 1976 no new lesions or recurrences were observed.", "contents": "[A typical treatment of a case of bilateral retinoblastoma]. The treatment of bilateral retinal tumors requires very delicate decisions. The author used to follow the same procedures as his colleagues, that is enucleation of the worse eye and conservative treatment of the other eye. But the case he presents induced him to modigy his view. Enucleation of the right eye was planned. Prior to enucleation it was irradiated prophylactically together with the left eye. A few days after irradiation, the tumor became inexpectedly smaller and could be destructed by photocoagulation. The left eye was treated in the same way. The girl has now been followed for 5 years. Her visual acuity is reduced to peripheral vision on the right eye and to 0.7 on the left eye. Upon the last control in May 1976 no new lesions or recurrences were observed."}
{"id": "PMID:876046", "title": "Analysis of misdiagnosed retinoblastoma in a series of 726 enucleated eyes.", "content": "Of 726 eyes consecutively enucleated at the Mayo Clinic from 1954 through 1974, 41 contained retinoblastoma. In no instance was unsuspected retinoblastoma identified, nor could retinoblastoma be confirmed pathologically in an additional eight eyes in which retinoblastoma was considered in the differential diagnosis. In each of our eight misdiagnosed cases, the eyes were already blind and were cosmetically defective. The frequency of clinical misdiagnosis of retinoblastoma is high in part because it must be considered in every case of leukokoria. Although every effort was made to arrive at an accurate clinical diagnosis, the clinical misdiagnosis of retinoblastoma in a blind eye is of far less serious consequence than the clinical misdiagnosis of a tumor in a seeing eye.", "contents": "Analysis of misdiagnosed retinoblastoma in a series of 726 enucleated eyes. Of 726 eyes consecutively enucleated at the Mayo Clinic from 1954 through 1974, 41 contained retinoblastoma. In no instance was unsuspected retinoblastoma identified, nor could retinoblastoma be confirmed pathologically in an additional eight eyes in which retinoblastoma was considered in the differential diagnosis. In each of our eight misdiagnosed cases, the eyes were already blind and were cosmetically defective. The frequency of clinical misdiagnosis of retinoblastoma is high in part because it must be considered in every case of leukokoria. Although every effort was made to arrive at an accurate clinical diagnosis, the clinical misdiagnosis of retinoblastoma in a blind eye is of far less serious consequence than the clinical misdiagnosis of a tumor in a seeing eye."}
{"id": "PMID:876047", "title": "[Retinoblastoma and transmission of balanced chromosomal modifications].", "content": "Two cases of retinoblastoma in two children showing a chromosomal rearrangement in the karyotype  were reported. In the first case, a pericentric inversion of chromosome 9 was observed both in the child and his father. In the second case, a reciprocal translocation t (3;12)(q29;q15) present also in the paternal karyotype was identified. A strict connection cannot be established between the tumour itself and the family chromosomal aberrations, but these observations raise the problem of a possible \"interchromosomal effect\".", "contents": "[Retinoblastoma and transmission of balanced chromosomal modifications]. Two cases of retinoblastoma in two children showing a chromosomal rearrangement in the karyotype  were reported. In the first case, a pericentric inversion of chromosome 9 was observed both in the child and his father. In the second case, a reciprocal translocation t (3;12)(q29;q15) present also in the paternal karyotype was identified. A strict connection cannot be established between the tumour itself and the family chromosomal aberrations, but these observations raise the problem of a possible \"interchromosomal effect\"."}
{"id": "PMID:876049", "title": "Is the procedure of vitreous suction out of date since introduction of vitrectomy?", "content": "Vitreous suction is still a useful procedure in cases of severe vitreous opacification. In spite of the technical perfection and good results of vitrectomy, the chances of a vitreous suction should be taken into consideration before a definite decision is made. The surgical technique of vitreous suction is very simple, lensectomy is never required, and the possibility of a subsequent vitrectomy is not impaired of the suction manoeuvre has failed. The frequency of complications, namely retinal detachment and bacterial intraocular infection, is reasonable if the almost hopeless condition of the affected eyes, and the severe general diabetic angiopathy and poor resistance are considered, which in individuals with postoperative endophthalmitis usually are found. Vitreous suction is still acceptable as a minor sort of vitrectomy.", "contents": "Is the procedure of vitreous suction out of date since introduction of vitrectomy? Vitreous suction is still a useful procedure in cases of severe vitreous opacification. In spite of the technical perfection and good results of vitrectomy, the chances of a vitreous suction should be taken into consideration before a definite decision is made. The surgical technique of vitreous suction is very simple, lensectomy is never required, and the possibility of a subsequent vitrectomy is not impaired of the suction manoeuvre has failed. The frequency of complications, namely retinal detachment and bacterial intraocular infection, is reasonable if the almost hopeless condition of the affected eyes, and the severe general diabetic angiopathy and poor resistance are considered, which in individuals with postoperative endophthalmitis usually are found. Vitreous suction is still acceptable as a minor sort of vitrectomy."}
{"id": "PMID:876050", "title": "What is the present status of pars plana vitreous surgery in Zurich?", "content": "Although we have not changed the principles of our technique, increasing experience has made it possible to refine some details of the instrument set and the surgical technique. The electrical part of the vitreous stripper is safer, and a diathermy source for endodiathermy belonging to theinstrument set has been developed. Not only the slit lamp for the microscope, but also the fibre-optic illumination are in their final form. A new contract lens facilitates bimanual operation in the vitreous space. Progress in surgical technique has been made in the simultaneous extraction of the cataract in diabetic patients, in the extraction of non-magnetic foreign bodies, and in the combined vitreous-retinal detachment surgery.", "contents": "What is the present status of pars plana vitreous surgery in Zurich? Although we have not changed the principles of our technique, increasing experience has made it possible to refine some details of the instrument set and the surgical technique. The electrical part of the vitreous stripper is safer, and a diathermy source for endodiathermy belonging to theinstrument set has been developed. Not only the slit lamp for the microscope, but also the fibre-optic illumination are in their final form. A new contract lens facilitates bimanual operation in the vitreous space. Progress in surgical technique has been made in the simultaneous extraction of the cataract in diabetic patients, in the extraction of non-magnetic foreign bodies, and in the combined vitreous-retinal detachment surgery."}
{"id": "PMID:876051", "title": "An ocular fixation device for freehand pars plana vitrectomy.", "content": "An adaptation of the stereotaxic micromanipulator is described which provides ocular support and stabilization during freehand vitrectomy. It consists of a baseplate for immobilization of the patient's head and an ocular fixation arm assembly which connects to the eye by grasping a special Flieringa ring sewed to the postlimbal sclera. The ocular fixation arm can be made alternately flexible or rigid, thereby providing needed ocular mobility or stability during the operation as is desired by the surgeon.", "contents": "An ocular fixation device for freehand pars plana vitrectomy. An adaptation of the stereotaxic micromanipulator is described which provides ocular support and stabilization during freehand vitrectomy. It consists of a baseplate for immobilization of the patient's head and an ocular fixation arm assembly which connects to the eye by grasping a special Flieringa ring sewed to the postlimbal sclera. The ocular fixation arm can be made alternately flexible or rigid, thereby providing needed ocular mobility or stability during the operation as is desired by the surgeon."}
{"id": "PMID:876052", "title": "Combined A- and B-scan echography. Preoperative evaluation of vitrectomy patients.", "content": "The preoperative ultrasound evaluation of vitrectomy patients is of great value. The combined use of an optimized and standardized A-scan and B-contact scan echography gives good results. While the A-scan echography gives information about the quantitative and kinetic characteristics of the examined structures, B-scan echography demonstrates, in addition, the shape and topographic relationship of the investigated structures. The combination of A-scan and B-scan echography is not time-consuming and does not inconvenience the patient as does the use of an immersion water bath. The results of 105 echographically evaluated vitrectomy patients are presented.", "contents": "Combined A- and B-scan echography. Preoperative evaluation of vitrectomy patients. The preoperative ultrasound evaluation of vitrectomy patients is of great value. The combined use of an optimized and standardized A-scan and B-contact scan echography gives good results. While the A-scan echography gives information about the quantitative and kinetic characteristics of the examined structures, B-scan echography demonstrates, in addition, the shape and topographic relationship of the investigated structures. The combination of A-scan and B-scan echography is not time-consuming and does not inconvenience the patient as does the use of an immersion water bath. The results of 105 echographically evaluated vitrectomy patients are presented."}
{"id": "PMID:876053", "title": "New developments in instrumentation for vitreous surgery.", "content": "The paper describes new instruments for cutting of vitreous strands (vibrotome) and for removal of vitreous tissue (hyalophage). In addition, a motorized stereotaxic micromanipulator is presented.", "contents": "New developments in instrumentation for vitreous surgery. The paper describes new instruments for cutting of vitreous strands (vibrotome) and for removal of vitreous tissue (hyalophage). In addition, a motorized stereotaxic micromanipulator is presented."}
{"id": "PMID:876054", "title": "\"Arlene\"--the electronic Roto-Extractor assistant.", "content": "Using an analysis of the surgical assistant's manual aspiration functions as a guide, an electronic Roto-Extractor surgical assistant has been developed that is entirely subservient to the surgeon's foot control. The electronic assistant communicates audibly to the surgeon regarding the interplay of actual fluid flow and the accumulation or build up of vacuum in the aspiration lines of infusion-aspiration-cutting instruments.", "contents": "\"Arlene\"--the electronic Roto-Extractor assistant. Using an analysis of the surgical assistant's manual aspiration functions as a guide, an electronic Roto-Extractor surgical assistant has been developed that is entirely subservient to the surgeon's foot control. The electronic assistant communicates audibly to the surgeon regarding the interplay of actual fluid flow and the accumulation or build up of vacuum in the aspiration lines of infusion-aspiration-cutting instruments."}
{"id": "PMID:876055", "title": "Incisional complications in pars plana vitrectomy.", "content": "Four cases of incisional complications following pars plana vitrectomy are presented. In each instance, excessive fibrosis occurred at the wound site. In one patient, the disorder was mild and did not lead to clinical difficulties during his lifetime, however, in the three severe cases the eyes were lost secondary to intraocular organization and phthisis bulbi. Possible contributing factors include diabetes mellitus, excessive trauma and necrosis at the wound site, postoperative inflammation, and vitreous involvement in the wound. Since no treatment is known, atraumatic management of the incision using microsurgical techniques is strongly recommended.", "contents": "Incisional complications in pars plana vitrectomy. Four cases of incisional complications following pars plana vitrectomy are presented. In each instance, excessive fibrosis occurred at the wound site. In one patient, the disorder was mild and did not lead to clinical difficulties during his lifetime, however, in the three severe cases the eyes were lost secondary to intraocular organization and phthisis bulbi. Possible contributing factors include diabetes mellitus, excessive trauma and necrosis at the wound site, postoperative inflammation, and vitreous involvement in the wound. Since no treatment is known, atraumatic management of the incision using microsurgical techniques is strongly recommended."}
{"id": "PMID:876056", "title": "Vitreolysis.", "content": "Pars plana vitreolysis appears to be a promising procedure and should be investigated more thoroughly during the years ahead. 22 cases are reported, which showed maintenance of the visual acuity in 20 eyes over a follow-up period averaging 13 months. The technique and indications have been discussed for this new procedure.", "contents": "Vitreolysis. Pars plana vitreolysis appears to be a promising procedure and should be investigated more thoroughly during the years ahead. 22 cases are reported, which showed maintenance of the visual acuity in 20 eyes over a follow-up period averaging 13 months. The technique and indications have been discussed for this new procedure."}
{"id": "PMID:876057", "title": "Prophylactic vitrectomy in proliferative diabetic retinopathy.", "content": "Ten eyes with proliferative diabetic retinopathy but good visual function had pars plana viterectomies in an attempt to limit the future progression of the disease and maintain the good preoperative visual acuities. This goal was successfully achieved in nine of the eyes with no evidence of new proliferations after the vitrectomy procedure.", "contents": "Prophylactic vitrectomy in proliferative diabetic retinopathy. Ten eyes with proliferative diabetic retinopathy but good visual function had pars plana viterectomies in an attempt to limit the future progression of the disease and maintain the good preoperative visual acuities. This goal was successfully achieved in nine of the eyes with no evidence of new proliferations after the vitrectomy procedure."}
{"id": "PMID:876059", "title": "Results of primary vitrectomy in severe perforating ocular injuries.", "content": "Vitrectomy in the initial treatment of perforating injuries is indicated when lens damage involves the posterior capsule, when anterior segment disruption involves vitreous, with extensive vitreous haemorrhage and overt or suspected retinal damage, in removal of a non-magnetic intraocular foreign body and in perforating  injury with endophthalmitis. The visual results in 72 eyes followed for up to 6 years are: blind or enucleated 19 (26%), acuity less than 0.1 in 14 (19%), 0.1-0.4 in 18 (25%) and 0.5 or better in 21 (30%). Retinal detachment occurred in 27 eyes with successful reattachment in 18 (66%).", "contents": "Results of primary vitrectomy in severe perforating ocular injuries. Vitrectomy in the initial treatment of perforating injuries is indicated when lens damage involves the posterior capsule, when anterior segment disruption involves vitreous, with extensive vitreous haemorrhage and overt or suspected retinal damage, in removal of a non-magnetic intraocular foreign body and in perforating  injury with endophthalmitis. The visual results in 72 eyes followed for up to 6 years are: blind or enucleated 19 (26%), acuity less than 0.1 in 14 (19%), 0.1-0.4 in 18 (25%) and 0.5 or better in 21 (30%). Retinal detachment occurred in 27 eyes with successful reattachment in 18 (66%)."}
{"id": "PMID:876060", "title": "The insufflation of freon in vitreoretinal surgery.", "content": "Among the various gases recommended for intravitreal injection, sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) and octafluorocyclobutane (C4F8) are the most commonly used. The purpose of the injection is to restore the vitreous chamber after drainage of subretinal fluid or after vitrectomy. Some of the fluorinated hydrocarbons which belong to the group known as Freon (a registered trademark) have previously been used in the animal with the same end in view. Of these, Freon-12 and Freon-114 were selected on account of their physical properties, the fact that they remain in the vitreous cavity for 4-14 days, their availability and their innocuousness, and used in humans as an adjunct to vitreoretinal surgery. The results are compared to those obtained with other halogenated gases.", "contents": "The insufflation of freon in vitreoretinal surgery. Among the various gases recommended for intravitreal injection, sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) and octafluorocyclobutane (C4F8) are the most commonly used. The purpose of the injection is to restore the vitreous chamber after drainage of subretinal fluid or after vitrectomy. Some of the fluorinated hydrocarbons which belong to the group known as Freon (a registered trademark) have previously been used in the animal with the same end in view. Of these, Freon-12 and Freon-114 were selected on account of their physical properties, the fact that they remain in the vitreous cavity for 4-14 days, their availability and their innocuousness, and used in humans as an adjunct to vitreoretinal surgery. The results are compared to those obtained with other halogenated gases."}
{"id": "PMID:876061", "title": "Intravitreal gas- an asset or debit in retinal detachment surgery?", "content": "38 retinal detachment cases in which intravitreal gas was injected were compared to 156 cases without intravitreal gas injection to determine if intraocular gas had deleterious effects upon the visual and surgical results. No differences were found in either group. Intraocular gas enhances the technical aspects in retinal detachment surgery.", "contents": "Intravitreal gas- an asset or debit in retinal detachment surgery? 38 retinal detachment cases in which intravitreal gas was injected were compared to 156 cases without intravitreal gas injection to determine if intraocular gas had deleterious effects upon the visual and surgical results. No differences were found in either group. Intraocular gas enhances the technical aspects in retinal detachment surgery."}
{"id": "PMID:876062", "title": "Vitreous inflammatory reaction. Vitreous inflammation in rabbits, induced by saline, air, or sodium salt of hyaluronic acid.", "content": "Inflammation of the vitreous body of rabbits after the injection of normal saline, sterile air, or SSHA was studied over a period of 30 days. The course of the inflammation follows a definite pattern: it shows an exacerbation 24 h after injection, an abrupt regression 48 h after injection, a new peak on the 8th day and subsequently a gradual regression until the 30th day. Although the course of the inflammation is approximately the same for the three vitreous substitutes, the reaction they provoke varies in intensity. The inflammation is most intense after the injection of SSHA and mildest after saline injection, while the intensity of the reaction caused by air lies between the two. The reaction was assessed by measuring the number and types of vitreous cells and the changes in the percentual proportions of globulin and albumin in the vitreous body, as well as by ascertaining the alterations of the vitreous structure.", "contents": "Vitreous inflammatory reaction. Vitreous inflammation in rabbits, induced by saline, air, or sodium salt of hyaluronic acid. Inflammation of the vitreous body of rabbits after the injection of normal saline, sterile air, or SSHA was studied over a period of 30 days. The course of the inflammation follows a definite pattern: it shows an exacerbation 24 h after injection, an abrupt regression 48 h after injection, a new peak on the 8th day and subsequently a gradual regression until the 30th day. Although the course of the inflammation is approximately the same for the three vitreous substitutes, the reaction they provoke varies in intensity. The inflammation is most intense after the injection of SSHA and mildest after saline injection, while the intensity of the reaction caused by air lies between the two. The reaction was assessed by measuring the number and types of vitreous cells and the changes in the percentual proportions of globulin and albumin in the vitreous body, as well as by ascertaining the alterations of the vitreous structure."}
{"id": "PMID:876063", "title": "[Echoculmetry in ablation surgery without subretinal drainage].", "content": "Based on echo-oculometric measurements of the maximum height of retinal detachments during the first hours and days after surgery without subretinal drainage, using a sound frequency of 12 MHz, final success (24 cases) or failure (2 cases) could be predicted within 24 h at the latest.", "contents": "[Echoculmetry in ablation surgery without subretinal drainage]. Based on echo-oculometric measurements of the maximum height of retinal detachments during the first hours and days after surgery without subretinal drainage, using a sound frequency of 12 MHz, final success (24 cases) or failure (2 cases) could be predicted within 24 h at the latest."}
{"id": "PMID:876064", "title": "Ectopia lentis: management by combined lensectomy and vitrectomy.", "content": "A technique is presented for removal of subluxated or dislocated lenses (ectopia lentis), along with performance of vitrectomy. It is believed that this method permits avoidance or reduction of the hazards and complications of techniques used in the past.", "contents": "Ectopia lentis: management by combined lensectomy and vitrectomy. A technique is presented for removal of subluxated or dislocated lenses (ectopia lentis), along with performance of vitrectomy. It is believed that this method permits avoidance or reduction of the hazards and complications of techniques used in the past."}
{"id": "PMID:876065", "title": "The effect of translatory and rotatory movements upon the eye. Their significance in the development of retinal detachment.", "content": "It was shown in experimental models that translational movements of a closed chamber do not induce liquid flow in the chamber, but rotational movements do induce a current. It was also demonstrated in the experiments that rotational currents are able to elevate a rubber membrane if there is a hole and that a liquid flow is then passing through the opening. These observations initiated the idea of fixation of the eye in cases of retinal detachment in order to promote a reattachment.", "contents": "The effect of translatory and rotatory movements upon the eye. Their significance in the development of retinal detachment. It was shown in experimental models that translational movements of a closed chamber do not induce liquid flow in the chamber, but rotational movements do induce a current. It was also demonstrated in the experiments that rotational currents are able to elevate a rubber membrane if there is a hole and that a liquid flow is then passing through the opening. These observations initiated the idea of fixation of the eye in cases of retinal detachment in order to promote a reattachment."}
{"id": "PMID:876066", "title": "Active immobilization of the eye in the treatment of retinal detachment.", "content": "40 eyes with retinal detachment were immobilized by traction sutures under the inferior and medial rectus muscles in order to study the rate of \"spontaneous\" reattachment following such fixation. There was an almost complete reattachment in 45% of cases, and partial reattachment (at least half of the detached area) in 40%. Little or no reattachment was observed in 15% of cases. Reattachment of the retina prior to the operation is considered advantageous for the success of surgery.", "contents": "Active immobilization of the eye in the treatment of retinal detachment. 40 eyes with retinal detachment were immobilized by traction sutures under the inferior and medial rectus muscles in order to study the rate of \"spontaneous\" reattachment following such fixation. There was an almost complete reattachment in 45% of cases, and partial reattachment (at least half of the detached area) in 40%. Little or no reattachment was observed in 15% of cases. Reattachment of the retina prior to the operation is considered advantageous for the success of surgery."}
{"id": "PMID:876067", "title": "[Ultrasonics in the diagnosis of retinal detachment].", "content": "With the help of ultrasonography, 360 cases of opaque anterior segment of the eye have been examined. In these, 99 cases (27%) of retinal detachment have been found. Also in 200 cases of opaque media of the posterior segment, 61 cases (30%) of retinal detachment were present.", "contents": "[Ultrasonics in the diagnosis of retinal detachment]. With the help of ultrasonography, 360 cases of opaque anterior segment of the eye have been examined. In these, 99 cases (27%) of retinal detachment have been found. Also in 200 cases of opaque media of the posterior segment, 61 cases (30%) of retinal detachment were present."}
{"id": "PMID:876069", "title": "The natural history of senile retinoschisis.", "content": "The natural history of senile retinoschisis was studied in 193 eyes of 108 non-referred patients while refraining from the use of any prophylactic intervention, over follow-up periods ranging from 2 to 11 years. No case of clinical symptomatic retinal detachment occurred. 2 cases of small localized subclinical retinal detachment  occurred, but these did not progress. 9 eyes showed new retinal holes. 11 showed increase in extent, and 7 showed spontaneous regression of lesions. An estimated risk of clinical detachment is calculated and four indications for treatment are given.", "contents": "The natural history of senile retinoschisis. The natural history of senile retinoschisis was studied in 193 eyes of 108 non-referred patients while refraining from the use of any prophylactic intervention, over follow-up periods ranging from 2 to 11 years. No case of clinical symptomatic retinal detachment occurred. 2 cases of small localized subclinical retinal detachment  occurred, but these did not progress. 9 eyes showed new retinal holes. 11 showed increase in extent, and 7 showed spontaneous regression of lesions. An estimated risk of clinical detachment is calculated and four indications for treatment are given."}
{"id": "PMID:876070", "title": "Clinical classification and quantitative surgery of retinal detachment.", "content": "Rhegmatogenous retinal detachments were divided into four groups according to the location of the retinal breaks. The periphery group which had retinal breaks between the line of 17-19 mm from the limbus and the posterior margin of the vitreous base comprised about three quarters of the total rhegmatogenic retinal detachments. Lattice degeneration was the most important causal lesion of retinal breaks in this group. The periphery group was subdivided into the peripheral hole and the peripheral tear subgroup. The former was typical of young myopes, and the latter of elderly pwople suffering from posterior vitreous detachment. For treatment, the eyes of the periphery group could be classified according to the amount of subretinal fluid residue which was estimated after 24-48 h bed rest with binocular bandages. The quantitative surgery was planned and performed and the amount of eyeball volume lessened by the operation was equalized with the volume of subretinal fluid residue.", "contents": "Clinical classification and quantitative surgery of retinal detachment. Rhegmatogenous retinal detachments were divided into four groups according to the location of the retinal breaks. The periphery group which had retinal breaks between the line of 17-19 mm from the limbus and the posterior margin of the vitreous base comprised about three quarters of the total rhegmatogenic retinal detachments. Lattice degeneration was the most important causal lesion of retinal breaks in this group. The periphery group was subdivided into the peripheral hole and the peripheral tear subgroup. The former was typical of young myopes, and the latter of elderly pwople suffering from posterior vitreous detachment. For treatment, the eyes of the periphery group could be classified according to the amount of subretinal fluid residue which was estimated after 24-48 h bed rest with binocular bandages. The quantitative surgery was planned and performed and the amount of eyeball volume lessened by the operation was equalized with the volume of subretinal fluid residue."}
{"id": "PMID:876071", "title": "360-degree buckling as the procedure of choice in cases of retinal detachment with poor prognosis.", "content": "A 360-degree scleral buckling procedure was used 82 cases of retinal detachment with poor prognosis. This procedure was successful in 58.6% of the cases after one operation and 76.8% after two operations. Because the complications observed were partially attributed to the extensiveness of the operation, it is proposed that this procedure be reserved for certain cases of retinal detachment with poor prognosis.", "contents": "360-degree buckling as the procedure of choice in cases of retinal detachment with poor prognosis. A 360-degree scleral buckling procedure was used 82 cases of retinal detachment with poor prognosis. This procedure was successful in 58.6% of the cases after one operation and 76.8% after two operations. Because the complications observed were partially attributed to the extensiveness of the operation, it is proposed that this procedure be reserved for certain cases of retinal detachment with poor prognosis."}
{"id": "PMID:876073", "title": "[Microsurgical experiences in retinal detachment].", "content": "For many years, the microscope has played an increasingly front-line role in surgery. Five years of experience with the microscope in retinal detachments are now reported both in ophthalmoscopy - under the microscope with the help of Goldmann's three-mirror contact glass - and for episcleral preparation. Since this time, the microscope has been used exclusively for operations. The technical conditions, and advantages and disadvantages of the new technique are discussed.", "contents": "[Microsurgical experiences in retinal detachment]. For many years, the microscope has played an increasingly front-line role in surgery. Five years of experience with the microscope in retinal detachments are now reported both in ophthalmoscopy - under the microscope with the help of Goldmann's three-mirror contact glass - and for episcleral preparation. Since this time, the microscope has been used exclusively for operations. The technical conditions, and advantages and disadvantages of the new technique are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:876074", "title": "Geometry of intraocular gas used in retinal surgery.", "content": "The relationship between the volume of an intraocular gas bubble and the area of retina covered by the bubble was studied using both a transparent model and a mathematical model of the vitreous cavity. The arc of contact of intraocular bubbles was calculated for vitreous cavities of various diameters. A 0.28-cm3 bubble will cover 90 degrees of retina and be of sufficient size to manage the majority of problems for which an internal retinal tamponade would be useful. Larger retinal tears require disproportionately large increases in bubble volume to achieve modest increases in the area of retina covered. Estimating bubble volume by observing the height of the bubble meniscus in the dilated pupil is subjected to errors induced by small shifts in the angle of observation. A correct evaluation requires that the plan of observation be adjusted so that it coincides with the plane of the meniscus.", "contents": "Geometry of intraocular gas used in retinal surgery. The relationship between the volume of an intraocular gas bubble and the area of retina covered by the bubble was studied using both a transparent model and a mathematical model of the vitreous cavity. The arc of contact of intraocular bubbles was calculated for vitreous cavities of various diameters. A 0.28-cm3 bubble will cover 90 degrees of retina and be of sufficient size to manage the majority of problems for which an internal retinal tamponade would be useful. Larger retinal tears require disproportionately large increases in bubble volume to achieve modest increases in the area of retina covered. Estimating bubble volume by observing the height of the bubble meniscus in the dilated pupil is subjected to errors induced by small shifts in the angle of observation. A correct evaluation requires that the plan of observation be adjusted so that it coincides with the plane of the meniscus."}
{"id": "PMID:876075", "title": "Microsurgical technique for drainage of subretinal fluid with the aid of a sclerotomy retractor.", "content": "In order to open the scleral incision during the whole length of microsurgical drainage of the subretinal fluid, a simple retractor was designed which allows the edges of the sclerotomy wound to spread out without the additional help of the surgeon's or  assistant's hands. By elevating the instrument, traction release of subretinal fluid is also possible, even in areas far behind the equator.", "contents": "Microsurgical technique for drainage of subretinal fluid with the aid of a sclerotomy retractor. In order to open the scleral incision during the whole length of microsurgical drainage of the subretinal fluid, a simple retractor was designed which allows the edges of the sclerotomy wound to spread out without the additional help of the surgeon's or  assistant's hands. By elevating the instrument, traction release of subretinal fluid is also possible, even in areas far behind the equator."}
{"id": "PMID:876076", "title": "Factors influencing absorption of subretinal fluid.", "content": "In 200 cases of retinal detachment successfully treated without drainage of subretinal fluid, complete reattachment of the retina was achieved in the first post-operative week in 76% of cases. Delay in subretinal fluid absorption in the remaining 24% of cases was directly related to the duration of the retinal detachment, but was not influenced by the patients age, refractive error or the characteristics of the detachment.", "contents": "Factors influencing absorption of subretinal fluid. In 200 cases of retinal detachment successfully treated without drainage of subretinal fluid, complete reattachment of the retina was achieved in the first post-operative week in 76% of cases. Delay in subretinal fluid absorption in the remaining 24% of cases was directly related to the duration of the retinal detachment, but was not influenced by the patients age, refractive error or the characteristics of the detachment."}
{"id": "PMID:876077", "title": "[Current technics in surgery of retinal detachment in children. Surgical and anesthesiologic aspects].", "content": "After some premises on the etiology of retinal detachment in children, the authors report their own surgical procedures. The indications, the advantages and disadvantages of the use of plastic or organic substances, with the effects of transitory or permanent plombages are discussed. Moreover, the anesthesiological problems concerning the preparation of young patients, the intraoperative phase and often numerous postoperative diagnostic controls are examined.", "contents": "[Current technics in surgery of retinal detachment in children. Surgical and anesthesiologic aspects]. After some premises on the etiology of retinal detachment in children, the authors report their own surgical procedures. The indications, the advantages and disadvantages of the use of plastic or organic substances, with the effects of transitory or permanent plombages are discussed. Moreover, the anesthesiological problems concerning the preparation of young patients, the intraoperative phase and often numerous postoperative diagnostic controls are examined."}
{"id": "PMID:876078", "title": "Long-term follow-up of scleral buckling procedures with sickle cell disease and retinal detachment treated with the use of hyperbaric oxygen.", "content": "We have presenteed a late follow-up study of 8 eyes previously presented which were treated with scleral buckling procedures under hyperbaric oxygen conditions for repair of rhegmatogenous retinal detachments complicating sickle cell disease. In addition, we have presented a patient treated under similar conditions with a scleral shortening procedure and drainage of subretinal fluid for repair of a non-rhegmatogenous traction detachment secondary to diabetic retinopathy and sickle disease. We feel that our successful results in these cases and our lack of the usually reported complications merits the continued use of this technique in these difficult cases of detachment of the retina.", "contents": "Long-term follow-up of scleral buckling procedures with sickle cell disease and retinal detachment treated with the use of hyperbaric oxygen. We have presenteed a late follow-up study of 8 eyes previously presented which were treated with scleral buckling procedures under hyperbaric oxygen conditions for repair of rhegmatogenous retinal detachments complicating sickle cell disease. In addition, we have presented a patient treated under similar conditions with a scleral shortening procedure and drainage of subretinal fluid for repair of a non-rhegmatogenous traction detachment secondary to diabetic retinopathy and sickle disease. We feel that our successful results in these cases and our lack of the usually reported complications merits the continued use of this technique in these difficult cases of detachment of the retina."}
{"id": "PMID:876079", "title": "[Possibilities and limits of echographic examination of retinal detachment before and after surgery].", "content": "Ultrasonography can provide priceless information about a retinal detachment when the fundus is invisible because of a cataract or an unclear vitreous. The exploration of an eye with A-scan ultrasonography is a long and careful procedure which is made step by step along the meridians, then along the parallels of the eyeball. Quantitative ultrasonography is necessary to separate the echoes of the vitreous opacities and of the detached retina. The B-scan gives the same information - except the biometric data - in a much shorter time and is now available without the interposition of water between the patient and the probe. It also permits an easy diagnosis of the choroidal detachment. After the operation, when the media are not clear, A-and B-scan ultrasonography can give an early indication of whether the retina is reattached or not. But at that time a mistake may be made due to the edge of buckling and everyone should be aware of this.", "contents": "[Possibilities and limits of echographic examination of retinal detachment before and after surgery]. Ultrasonography can provide priceless information about a retinal detachment when the fundus is invisible because of a cataract or an unclear vitreous. The exploration of an eye with A-scan ultrasonography is a long and careful procedure which is made step by step along the meridians, then along the parallels of the eyeball. Quantitative ultrasonography is necessary to separate the echoes of the vitreous opacities and of the detached retina. The B-scan gives the same information - except the biometric data - in a much shorter time and is now available without the interposition of water between the patient and the probe. It also permits an easy diagnosis of the choroidal detachment. After the operation, when the media are not clear, A-and B-scan ultrasonography can give an early indication of whether the retina is reattached or not. But at that time a mistake may be made due to the edge of buckling and everyone should be aware of this."}
{"id": "PMID:876080", "title": "[Advantages of microsurgery of retinal detachment].", "content": "The precision of adjustment, of control of indentation, and above all of cryocoagulation made under microscopic control with Goldman's glass, allows us to improve our anatomical and functional results in the surgical treatment of retinal detachment.", "contents": "[Advantages of microsurgery of retinal detachment]. The precision of adjustment, of control of indentation, and above all of cryocoagulation made under microscopic control with Goldman's glass, allows us to improve our anatomical and functional results in the surgical treatment of retinal detachment."}
{"id": "PMID:876081", "title": "[Scleral control of cryotherapy in the treatment of retinal detachment].", "content": "The necessary condition for the creation of a chorioretinal scar is the freezing of the pigment epithelium (associated with that of the choroid during cryoapplication). In the case of retinal detachment, when the indentation of the cryode permits one to reach the detached retina, one can use the retinal control of the cryoapplication, i.e. the whitening of the retina. When the cryode indentation does not reach the detached retina, one must not wait for the retinal whitening for it produces a considerable over-application to the choroid during the time it takes for the ice to go through the subretinal fluid. In these cases, it is proposed to observe the development of the freezing area in the sclera on each side of the cryode. When it reaches 1 mm, it has the depth required to freeze the choroid and pigment epithelium. During this procudure, the sclera must not be indented. One is therefore certain thanks to the scleral control, not to freeze the retina or the vitreous and thus secondary retinal-vitreal complications.", "contents": "[Scleral control of cryotherapy in the treatment of retinal detachment]. The necessary condition for the creation of a chorioretinal scar is the freezing of the pigment epithelium (associated with that of the choroid during cryoapplication). In the case of retinal detachment, when the indentation of the cryode permits one to reach the detached retina, one can use the retinal control of the cryoapplication, i.e. the whitening of the retina. When the cryode indentation does not reach the detached retina, one must not wait for the retinal whitening for it produces a considerable over-application to the choroid during the time it takes for the ice to go through the subretinal fluid. In these cases, it is proposed to observe the development of the freezing area in the sclera on each side of the cryode. When it reaches 1 mm, it has the depth required to freeze the choroid and pigment epithelium. During this procudure, the sclera must not be indented. One is therefore certain thanks to the scleral control, not to freeze the retina or the vitreous and thus secondary retinal-vitreal complications."}
{"id": "PMID:876082", "title": "Cryopexy of the reattached retina.", "content": "Light coagulation of a retinal defect or of the whole buckle following successful retinal detachment surgery, can be replaced by cryopexy. This is particularly useful in the case of opacity of the refracting media, or where too contracted a pupil hinders light coagulation. The technique and advantages of this proceeding are discussed.", "contents": "Cryopexy of the reattached retina. Light coagulation of a retinal defect or of the whole buckle following successful retinal detachment surgery, can be replaced by cryopexy. This is particularly useful in the case of opacity of the refracting media, or where too contracted a pupil hinders light coagulation. The technique and advantages of this proceeding are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:876083", "title": "Ultrasonography of subretinal space in rhegmatogenous retinal detachment.", "content": "Ultrasonographic analysis of cases with pathological echoes from the subretinal space was made. An A-scan technique was used. Special attention was given to rhegmatogenous detachments. The results of the examinations, among others, were compared with the retinal detachment duration, with the state of the vitreous, and the state of the uveal tract, and with the type of the retinal holes.", "contents": "Ultrasonography of subretinal space in rhegmatogenous retinal detachment. Ultrasonographic analysis of cases with pathological echoes from the subretinal space was made. An A-scan technique was used. Special attention was given to rhegmatogenous detachments. The results of the examinations, among others, were compared with the retinal detachment duration, with the state of the vitreous, and the state of the uveal tract, and with the type of the retinal holes."}
{"id": "PMID:876084", "title": "Macular morphology in the re-attached retina.", "content": "A sequential study of the macula using biomicroscopy and fluorescein angiography in patients who had undergone successful retinal re-attachment procedures is reported. The purpose of this study is to identify the morphological changes which occur at the macula following retinal re-attachment surgery, and to relate these changes to the post-operative visual function.", "contents": "Macular morphology in the re-attached retina. A sequential study of the macula using biomicroscopy and fluorescein angiography in patients who had undergone successful retinal re-attachment procedures is reported. The purpose of this study is to identify the morphological changes which occur at the macula following retinal re-attachment surgery, and to relate these changes to the post-operative visual function."}
{"id": "PMID:876085", "title": "Motility disturbances induced by operations for retinal detachment.", "content": "Study of the incidence and  characteristics of motility alterations following various operations for retinal detachment. Diplopia and asthenopia following retinal surgery are rare, despite relatively frequent muscular imbalance, because of: (a) suppresion (which war frequently found even in orthophorics with good postoperative vision in both eyes); (b) compensation owing to fusional power, and (c) probable role of the sensory factor for the compensation of the subjective experience of cyclotropia. However, asthenopia and diplopia may occur and may be hard to deal with. It is felt that these disorders could be avoided in many cases since they are frequently the result of technical errors.", "contents": "Motility disturbances induced by operations for retinal detachment. Study of the incidence and  characteristics of motility alterations following various operations for retinal detachment. Diplopia and asthenopia following retinal surgery are rare, despite relatively frequent muscular imbalance, because of: (a) suppresion (which war frequently found even in orthophorics with good postoperative vision in both eyes); (b) compensation owing to fusional power, and (c) probable role of the sensory factor for the compensation of the subjective experience of cyclotropia. However, asthenopia and diplopia may occur and may be hard to deal with. It is felt that these disorders could be avoided in many cases since they are frequently the result of technical errors."}
{"id": "PMID:876086", "title": "Prognosis of return of macular function after retinal reattachment.", "content": "A prospective analysis of macular function in 266 retinal detachment patients has been made. All of the patients were reattached by using cryopexy, and an external sponge technique. No drainage was done in 90% of the cases. To correlate the preoperative detachment with the postoperative function, the area of detachment in the posterior pole was measured and divided into five groups on the basis of the extension of the detached retina in the area of the macula and around the disc. The validity of this presurgical grouping was tested by postsurgical evaluation of visual acuity, light-sensitivity threshold, and metamorphopsia. Visual acuity was tested over a period of 1 year. Recovery of macular function appears to be dependent upon (1) presurgical extension and elevation of the macular detachment; (2) it duration; (3) the age of the patient, and (4) the degree of myopia.", "contents": "Prognosis of return of macular function after retinal reattachment. A prospective analysis of macular function in 266 retinal detachment patients has been made. All of the patients were reattached by using cryopexy, and an external sponge technique. No drainage was done in 90% of the cases. To correlate the preoperative detachment with the postoperative function, the area of detachment in the posterior pole was measured and divided into five groups on the basis of the extension of the detached retina in the area of the macula and around the disc. The validity of this presurgical grouping was tested by postsurgical evaluation of visual acuity, light-sensitivity threshold, and metamorphopsia. Visual acuity was tested over a period of 1 year. Recovery of macular function appears to be dependent upon (1) presurgical extension and elevation of the macular detachment; (2) it duration; (3) the age of the patient, and (4) the degree of myopia."}
{"id": "PMID:876087", "title": "The influence of changing cataract techniques on the ophthalmologist concerned with retinal diseases.", "content": "This paper briefly presents a review of some of the retinal problems the ophthalmologist faces because of changing techniques in cataract surgery. It emphasizes the need for controlled clinical trials to properly evaluate the benefits or disadvantages of these changing techniques.", "contents": "The influence of changing cataract techniques on the ophthalmologist concerned with retinal diseases. This paper briefly presents a review of some of the retinal problems the ophthalmologist faces because of changing techniques in cataract surgery. It emphasizes the need for controlled clinical trials to properly evaluate the benefits or disadvantages of these changing techniques."}
{"id": "PMID:876088", "title": "Cataract operations in a retina centre.", "content": "The position of the cataract surgeon in a retinal surgical centre is a particular one. Close collaboration with the retinal specialist obliges him never to lose sight of the judgement of the latter. The retinal surgeon does not judge the success of a cataract operation by the consequent visual acuteness obtained, but must wait to see the fundus of the eye, and in particular the retinal periphery. This is a problem with which we are occupied. We have studied from the point of view of the cataract specialist the modifications and retinal complications occurring in 2000 cataract operations. In addition, we have tried to make, from the point of view of the retina specialist, an analysis of detachments of the aphakia which occurred in relation to the cataract operations during the same period of time.", "contents": "Cataract operations in a retina centre. The position of the cataract surgeon in a retinal surgical centre is a particular one. Close collaboration with the retinal specialist obliges him never to lose sight of the judgement of the latter. The retinal surgeon does not judge the success of a cataract operation by the consequent visual acuteness obtained, but must wait to see the fundus of the eye, and in particular the retinal periphery. This is a problem with which we are occupied. We have studied from the point of view of the cataract specialist the modifications and retinal complications occurring in 2000 cataract operations. In addition, we have tried to make, from the point of view of the retina specialist, an analysis of detachments of the aphakia which occurred in relation to the cataract operations during the same period of time."}
{"id": "PMID:876089", "title": "Ultrasound in the differential diagnosis of juvenile retinal detachment.", "content": "495 ultrasonograms were performed on children with intraocular pathology. In this report 66 eyes with juvenile retinal detachment are reviewed and exemplary cases are presented. The most common indications for ultrasound in eyes with juvenile retinal detachment were opaque media due to trauma first and leucocoria second.", "contents": "Ultrasound in the differential diagnosis of juvenile retinal detachment. 495 ultrasonograms were performed on children with intraocular pathology. In this report 66 eyes with juvenile retinal detachment are reviewed and exemplary cases are presented. The most common indications for ultrasound in eyes with juvenile retinal detachment were opaque media due to trauma first and leucocoria second."}
{"id": "PMID:876090", "title": "[Aphakic retinal detachment as a function of the technic and course of cataract extraction].", "content": "Myopic patients, in particular, should be carefully observed by contactglass examination prior to and after cataract surgery, in order to be able to perform prophylactic photocoagulation. In cases of vitreous  loss, the risk of having an aphakic retinal detachment will be 20 times as high; that is to say, in one of every five cases cataract extraction with vitreous loss can be expected to produce a retinal detachment. It can be said, therefore, that the best cataract procedure- as far as aphakic retinal detachment is concerned-will be that in which we can expect the lowest rate of vitreous loss. Whether an extensive anterior vitrectomy will reduce the number of aphakic detachments, we cannot yet say defintely, because in these cases we have only routinely performed vitrectomy during the past 2 years.", "contents": "[Aphakic retinal detachment as a function of the technic and course of cataract extraction]. Myopic patients, in particular, should be carefully observed by contactglass examination prior to and after cataract surgery, in order to be able to perform prophylactic photocoagulation. In cases of vitreous  loss, the risk of having an aphakic retinal detachment will be 20 times as high; that is to say, in one of every five cases cataract extraction with vitreous loss can be expected to produce a retinal detachment. It can be said, therefore, that the best cataract procedure- as far as aphakic retinal detachment is concerned-will be that in which we can expect the lowest rate of vitreous loss. Whether an extensive anterior vitrectomy will reduce the number of aphakic detachments, we cannot yet say defintely, because in these cases we have only routinely performed vitrectomy during the past 2 years."}
{"id": "PMID:876091", "title": "Number and shape of tears in aphakic retinal detachment: its relationship with different surgical techniques of cataract extraction.", "content": "An analysis is made of retinal detachments which occurred in patients operated upon for cataract with different surgical techniques, as well as the degree of operating experience of the surgeons. The main clinical features of the detachments are recorded such as number, shape, localization of retinal tears, type and extension. The different surgical techniques are explained and a statistical comparison of the incidence of detachments is set up.", "contents": "Number and shape of tears in aphakic retinal detachment: its relationship with different surgical techniques of cataract extraction. An analysis is made of retinal detachments which occurred in patients operated upon for cataract with different surgical techniques, as well as the degree of operating experience of the surgeons. The main clinical features of the detachments are recorded such as number, shape, localization of retinal tears, type and extension. The different surgical techniques are explained and a statistical comparison of the incidence of detachments is set up."}
{"id": "PMID:876092", "title": "Preludes to retinal detachment in the aphakic eye.", "content": "The author reviews the characteristic differences in primary rhegmatogenous retina detachment occurring in phakic eyes and in aphakic eyes. The preoperative findings in aphakic detachment are explained on the basis of two factors: surgical trauma during cataract extraction and postoperative changes in the macromolecular compostion of the vitreous.", "contents": "Preludes to retinal detachment in the aphakic eye. The author reviews the characteristic differences in primary rhegmatogenous retina detachment occurring in phakic eyes and in aphakic eyes. The preoperative findings in aphakic detachment are explained on the basis of two factors: surgical trauma during cataract extraction and postoperative changes in the macromolecular compostion of the vitreous."}
{"id": "PMID:876093", "title": "[Structure of the vitreous body in the aphakic eye].", "content": "The structure of the vitreous body and the retinal periphery have been examined in 180 eyes after the use of different extraction methods of the lens. The smallest changes have been observed after cryoextraction without alpha-chymotrypsine. The investigations have been conducted using the three-mirror contact glass of Goldmann and concerned early observations.", "contents": "[Structure of the vitreous body in the aphakic eye]. The structure of the vitreous body and the retinal periphery have been examined in 180 eyes after the use of different extraction methods of the lens. The smallest changes have been observed after cryoextraction without alpha-chymotrypsine. The investigations have been conducted using the three-mirror contact glass of Goldmann and concerned early observations."}
{"id": "PMID:876094", "title": "[Prevention of retinal detachment in subjects before and after being operated on for cataract].", "content": "Some premises on the clinical aspects of retinal detachment in patients operated upon for cataract and in conditions of lens dislocation are made. The different aspects of the preoperative prophylaxis (indications, techniques, application time) are dealt with, and the technical procedures used during operation for cataract are described. The authors point out the necessity of a postoperative control of the aphakic eyes, at short-or long-term in order to avoid vitreo retinal alterations.", "contents": "[Prevention of retinal detachment in subjects before and after being operated on for cataract]. Some premises on the clinical aspects of retinal detachment in patients operated upon for cataract and in conditions of lens dislocation are made. The different aspects of the preoperative prophylaxis (indications, techniques, application time) are dealt with, and the technical procedures used during operation for cataract are described. The authors point out the necessity of a postoperative control of the aphakic eyes, at short-or long-term in order to avoid vitreo retinal alterations."}
{"id": "PMID:876095", "title": "Cataract operation and retinal detachment.", "content": "(1) 36 patients with a certified retinal detachment and a dense senile cataract who underwent cataract surgery prior to retinal surgery, (2) 32 patients with a history of detachment of one eye and a senile cataract of the other eye, who suffered a retinal detachment after cataract surgery. Discussion of the results of retinal surgery in the first group and on the incidence of retinal detachment and results of retinal surgery in the second group.", "contents": "Cataract operation and retinal detachment. (1) 36 patients with a certified retinal detachment and a dense senile cataract who underwent cataract surgery prior to retinal surgery, (2) 32 patients with a history of detachment of one eye and a senile cataract of the other eye, who suffered a retinal detachment after cataract surgery. Discussion of the results of retinal surgery in the first group and on the incidence of retinal detachment and results of retinal surgery in the second group."}
{"id": "PMID:876096", "title": "[Indications, technics and results of cataract surgery on an eye effected with healed or present retinal detachment or predisposed to detachment].", "content": "This communication is a survey of 53 cataract operations followed up during a period of 1-6 years, with an average of 4 years, and performed on patients who had a high risk of subsequent retinal detachment because of a preceding detachment on the fellow eye or on the cataractous eye, because of peripheral retinal degenerations, or a history of hereditary retinal detachment. Most of the operations were performed under general anesthesia and ocular hypotony. In all the cases, a limbal-based conjonctival flap with a double line of sutures (scleral and conjonctival), an iridectomy in segment, a zonulolysis and a cryoextraction, were done. As for the retina, 18 eyes received a coagulation before the cataract extraction by galvano- or cryocoagulation or even by  xenon photocoagulation. Among them 3 had a detachment after the cataract extraction, but 2 of them were cured by a new operation. 15 eyes had peripheral retinal lesions which were coagulated after the cataract extraction by cryo-, laser or xenon coagulation. Nevertheless 2 had a detachment. 13 patients with a detachment on the fellow eye or in the family, had no peripheral lesion and were not coagulated. None of them had a retinal detachment after the cataract extraction. Finally the eyes operated upon a short time after the  cataract extraction suffered severe complications: reopening of the cataract incision, loss of vitreous and finally loss of 2 eyes out of 3.", "contents": "[Indications, technics and results of cataract surgery on an eye effected with healed or present retinal detachment or predisposed to detachment]. This communication is a survey of 53 cataract operations followed up during a period of 1-6 years, with an average of 4 years, and performed on patients who had a high risk of subsequent retinal detachment because of a preceding detachment on the fellow eye or on the cataractous eye, because of peripheral retinal degenerations, or a history of hereditary retinal detachment. Most of the operations were performed under general anesthesia and ocular hypotony. In all the cases, a limbal-based conjonctival flap with a double line of sutures (scleral and conjonctival), an iridectomy in segment, a zonulolysis and a cryoextraction, were done. As for the retina, 18 eyes received a coagulation before the cataract extraction by galvano- or cryocoagulation or even by  xenon photocoagulation. Among them 3 had a detachment after the cataract extraction, but 2 of them were cured by a new operation. 15 eyes had peripheral retinal lesions which were coagulated after the cataract extraction by cryo-, laser or xenon coagulation. Nevertheless 2 had a detachment. 13 patients with a detachment on the fellow eye or in the family, had no peripheral lesion and were not coagulated. None of them had a retinal detachment after the cataract extraction. Finally the eyes operated upon a short time after the  cataract extraction suffered severe complications: reopening of the cataract incision, loss of vitreous and finally loss of 2 eyes out of 3."}
{"id": "PMID:876097", "title": "Results in cataract extraction after retinal detachment surgery.", "content": "Out of 58 eyes in which a cataract extraction followed a successful detachment operation, only 8, or 15.5%, developed a detachment of the retina after the cataract operation and, of these 8 eyes, 7 were cured with further retinal detachment operation. Thus, in 58 healed detachment eyes, only 1 (1.7%) lost useful vision because of incurable retinal detachment following cataract extraction. Therefore, one may conclude that, in a patient definitely handicapped by poor vision due to a cataract in an eye with a healed retinal detachment, extraction of this cataract is justified and carries a good prognosis.", "contents": "Results in cataract extraction after retinal detachment surgery. Out of 58 eyes in which a cataract extraction followed a successful detachment operation, only 8, or 15.5%, developed a detachment of the retina after the cataract operation and, of these 8 eyes, 7 were cured with further retinal detachment operation. Thus, in 58 healed detachment eyes, only 1 (1.7%) lost useful vision because of incurable retinal detachment following cataract extraction. Therefore, one may conclude that, in a patient definitely handicapped by poor vision due to a cataract in an eye with a healed retinal detachment, extraction of this cataract is justified and carries a good prognosis."}
{"id": "PMID:876098", "title": "The treatment of 4 cases of retinal detachment following insertion of an intraocular lens.", "content": "4 cases of retinal detachment following the use of an intraocular lens have been described. Each offered a different problem in management, the results being satisfactory in 3 out of 4 cases. The ability to dilate the pupil and the clarity of the media, along with the maintenance of the proper position of the lens seem to be the most important factors in the treatment of these cases.", "contents": "The treatment of 4 cases of retinal detachment following insertion of an intraocular lens. 4 cases of retinal detachment following the use of an intraocular lens have been described. Each offered a different problem in management, the results being satisfactory in 3 out of 4 cases. The ability to dilate the pupil and the clarity of the media, along with the maintenance of the proper position of the lens seem to be the most important factors in the treatment of these cases."}
{"id": "PMID:876099", "title": "Intraocular lenses and retinal detachment.", "content": "IOL are a new challenge to the retina surgeon. 32 eyes with pseudophakia and retinal detachment were examined. ICCE and ECCE had been performed and different types of lenses had been implanted. The single most important factor for the successful repair of these pseudophakic detachments was the clarity of the media.", "contents": "Intraocular lenses and retinal detachment. IOL are a new challenge to the retina surgeon. 32 eyes with pseudophakia and retinal detachment were examined. ICCE and ECCE had been performed and different types of lenses had been implanted. The single most important factor for the successful repair of these pseudophakic detachments was the clarity of the media."}
{"id": "PMID:876100", "title": "Pseudophakic retinal detachment.", "content": "Our experiences with a small group of patients who had intraocular lens implants performed at the time of cataract extraction, and who subsequently developed retinal detachment are reviewed. The technical problems related to retinal detachment surgery in the presence of intraocular lenses and the results of this surgery are summarized.", "contents": "Pseudophakic retinal detachment. Our experiences with a small group of patients who had intraocular lens implants performed at the time of cataract extraction, and who subsequently developed retinal detachment are reviewed. The technical problems related to retinal detachment surgery in the presence of intraocular lenses and the results of this surgery are summarized."}
{"id": "PMID:876101", "title": "Retinal detachment following cataract extraction by phacoemulsification.", "content": "A review of 1,107 cases of cataract extraction by phacoemulsification is presented. The incidence of retinal detachment in this group was found to be 1,7%. This incidence of retinal detachment following phacoemulsification appears to be favorable compared to that following conventional cataract extraction. It is hoped that this report will encourage others to study this important subject.", "contents": "Retinal detachment following cataract extraction by phacoemulsification. A review of 1,107 cases of cataract extraction by phacoemulsification is presented. The incidence of retinal detachment in this group was found to be 1,7%. This incidence of retinal detachment following phacoemulsification appears to be favorable compared to that following conventional cataract extraction. It is hoped that this report will encourage others to study this important subject."}
{"id": "PMID:876102", "title": "Phacoemulsification and retinal detachment.", "content": "Retinal detachment is not eliminated nor decreased to a rare complication after PE. There were 94 eyes with retinal detachments after PE examined and the majority operated. The fundus view might be hampered and some areas of the retina obscured by this form of lens extraction. There are, however, some cases where the small incision and relative clarity of the media, soon after cataract surgery, offer an advantage.", "contents": "Phacoemulsification and retinal detachment. Retinal detachment is not eliminated nor decreased to a rare complication after PE. There were 94 eyes with retinal detachments after PE examined and the majority operated. The fundus view might be hampered and some areas of the retina obscured by this form of lens extraction. There are, however, some cases where the small incision and relative clarity of the media, soon after cataract surgery, offer an advantage."}
{"id": "PMID:876103", "title": "The influence of new surgical procedures on retinal pathology in aphakia after congenital cataract surgery.", "content": "After reviewing the incidence of aphakic retinal detachment more specifically on eyes that have been submitted to surgery for congenital cataracts, the authors make some remarks and discuss the value, the advantages, and the yet unknown risks that the new methods of lens removal may have as regards retinal pathology. Special consideration is given to the balance of the advantages: more complete elimination of the opacities, lower incidence of immediate morbidity, better visual results and postoperative possibilities of retinal examinations; against the, as yet unknown, late retinal complications with new procedures such as ultrasonics, phacoemulsification, pars plana approach for lens removal, etc. Moreover, bearing in mind the typical late onset of retinal detachment in aphakic eyes after congenital cataract surgery with the older methods, such as linear extraction and multiple discussions, special attention is given to this feature as a comparative landmark for a prospective evaluation of recent methods of extracapsular lens surgery.", "contents": "The influence of new surgical procedures on retinal pathology in aphakia after congenital cataract surgery. After reviewing the incidence of aphakic retinal detachment more specifically on eyes that have been submitted to surgery for congenital cataracts, the authors make some remarks and discuss the value, the advantages, and the yet unknown risks that the new methods of lens removal may have as regards retinal pathology. Special consideration is given to the balance of the advantages: more complete elimination of the opacities, lower incidence of immediate morbidity, better visual results and postoperative possibilities of retinal examinations; against the, as yet unknown, late retinal complications with new procedures such as ultrasonics, phacoemulsification, pars plana approach for lens removal, etc. Moreover, bearing in mind the typical late onset of retinal detachment in aphakic eyes after congenital cataract surgery with the older methods, such as linear extraction and multiple discussions, special attention is given to this feature as a comparative landmark for a prospective evaluation of recent methods of extracapsular lens surgery."}
{"id": "PMID:876104", "title": "Incidence of cystoid macular edema after different cataract operations.", "content": "With the development of new cataract surgical techniques, the question has arisen of whether the incidence of cystoid macular edema has actually increased, decreased or remained unchanged. A control study to determine the incidence of persistent cystoid edema following extracapsular cataract extraction and artificial lens implantation versus a similar age-group is being done in Miami using the traditional intracapsular cataract technique. The incidence of cystoid edema among patients submitted for phacoemulsification with or without lens implantation are also discussed.", "contents": "Incidence of cystoid macular edema after different cataract operations. With the development of new cataract surgical techniques, the question has arisen of whether the incidence of cystoid macular edema has actually increased, decreased or remained unchanged. A control study to determine the incidence of persistent cystoid edema following extracapsular cataract extraction and artificial lens implantation versus a similar age-group is being done in Miami using the traditional intracapsular cataract technique. The incidence of cystoid edema among patients submitted for phacoemulsification with or without lens implantation are also discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:876105", "title": "[Role of anterior vitrectomy in the prevention of retinal detachment after vitreous loss].", "content": "A study was performed in two series of patients on whom lens extraction was done. Congenital cataracts were excluded from this study. In one series. the closure of the wounds was satisfactory; in the other, large anterior vitrectomy was carried out. The frequency of detachment (about 4%) seems to be approximately the same in the two series, but inflammatory signs and hypertony are more frequent when vitrectomy is not done.", "contents": "[Role of anterior vitrectomy in the prevention of retinal detachment after vitreous loss]. A study was performed in two series of patients on whom lens extraction was done. Congenital cataracts were excluded from this study. In one series. the closure of the wounds was satisfactory; in the other, large anterior vitrectomy was carried out. The frequency of detachment (about 4%) seems to be approximately the same in the two series, but inflammatory signs and hypertony are more frequent when vitrectomy is not done."}
{"id": "PMID:876106", "title": "Exudative retinal detachment secondary to dislocated lenses.", "content": "2 cases of retinal detachment with ectopia lentis are described. In each, the retinal elevations had surface features consistent with exudative detachments. Following removal of the posteriorly displaced lenses spontaneous retinal attachment was noted. The clinical and surgical course of these patients suggest a diagnosis of lens-induced exudative retinal detachment.", "contents": "Exudative retinal detachment secondary to dislocated lenses. 2 cases of retinal detachment with ectopia lentis are described. In each, the retinal elevations had surface features consistent with exudative detachments. Following removal of the posteriorly displaced lenses spontaneous retinal attachment was noted. The clinical and surgical course of these patients suggest a diagnosis of lens-induced exudative retinal detachment."}
{"id": "PMID:876107", "title": "Prevention of aphakic retinal detachment by circumferential cryotherapy.", "content": "In a series of ARD'S, the incidence of bilaterality was 35%, as opposed to an incidence of bilaterality of 12% in patients with PRDs. The purpose of this communication is to determine whether the very high incidence of bilaterality in patients with ARDs can be reduced significantly by prophylactic treatment of the fellow eye. The fellow eye of patients who had suffered a unilateral ARDs were treated by prophylactic circumferential equatorial cryopexy irrespective of whether or not predisposing lesions were present. The eyes were treated either prior to lens extraction or following lens extraction. The techniques, complications and results of treatment are discussed.", "contents": "Prevention of aphakic retinal detachment by circumferential cryotherapy. In a series of ARD'S, the incidence of bilaterality was 35%, as opposed to an incidence of bilaterality of 12% in patients with PRDs. The purpose of this communication is to determine whether the very high incidence of bilaterality in patients with ARDs can be reduced significantly by prophylactic treatment of the fellow eye. The fellow eye of patients who had suffered a unilateral ARDs were treated by prophylactic circumferential equatorial cryopexy irrespective of whether or not predisposing lesions were present. The eyes were treated either prior to lens extraction or following lens extraction. The techniques, complications and results of treatment are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:876108", "title": "[Preventive treatment of retinal detachment in aphakic eyes].", "content": "We have examined 243 cases with retinal detachment occurring within 6 months following cataract surgery. In 92 of them retinal tear was due to lattice degeneration, in 66 to snail track degeneration and in 17 to equatorial degeneration. 290 other patients had preventive treatments. In this group, there were only 10 cases of retinal detachment. 9 out of 22 patients who had no preventive treatment suffered retinal detachments. There are two reasons for the occurrence of this retinal detachment in the 6 months following cataract surgery in eyes where retinal degenerations are found: (1) surgical trauma even with cryoextraction is responsible for traction of the vitreous base, (2) rapid disappearance of the hyaluronic acid in the aphakic vitreous is responsible for the degradation of the vitreous with formation of large zones of liquid vitreous. When adhesion between the vitreous and the retinal degeneration area remains, the traction is responsible for retinal tear or retinal detachment. The importance of the preventive treatment of retinal lesions prior to cataract surgery should be stressed.", "contents": "[Preventive treatment of retinal detachment in aphakic eyes]. We have examined 243 cases with retinal detachment occurring within 6 months following cataract surgery. In 92 of them retinal tear was due to lattice degeneration, in 66 to snail track degeneration and in 17 to equatorial degeneration. 290 other patients had preventive treatments. In this group, there were only 10 cases of retinal detachment. 9 out of 22 patients who had no preventive treatment suffered retinal detachments. There are two reasons for the occurrence of this retinal detachment in the 6 months following cataract surgery in eyes where retinal degenerations are found: (1) surgical trauma even with cryoextraction is responsible for traction of the vitreous base, (2) rapid disappearance of the hyaluronic acid in the aphakic vitreous is responsible for the degradation of the vitreous with formation of large zones of liquid vitreous. When adhesion between the vitreous and the retinal degeneration area remains, the traction is responsible for retinal tear or retinal detachment. The importance of the preventive treatment of retinal lesions prior to cataract surgery should be stressed."}
{"id": "PMID:876109", "title": "[Biometric modification of the eyeball in chorioretinal surgery by Lincoff's indentation method].", "content": "Biometric modifications were observed on eyeballs operated upon using the indentation method of Lincoff. The biometric modification of the anteroposterieur axis of the eye was studied by an opticoechographic method. 30 eyeballs with retinal detachment were operated upon using the Lincoff method with silastic implants. The length of the eyeball is not modified. But the analysis of the results indicates a significant reduction of the depth of the anterior chamber. This is entirely neutralized by a slight augmentation of the axial length of the vitreous body. The orientation of the implant has an influence on the biometric data. If it is a radial one, the anteriorposterior axis is lengthened; when it is parallel to the limbus, there a shortening with a reduction in the depth of the anterior chamber.", "contents": "[Biometric modification of the eyeball in chorioretinal surgery by Lincoff's indentation method]. Biometric modifications were observed on eyeballs operated upon using the indentation method of Lincoff. The biometric modification of the anteroposterieur axis of the eye was studied by an opticoechographic method. 30 eyeballs with retinal detachment were operated upon using the Lincoff method with silastic implants. The length of the eyeball is not modified. But the analysis of the results indicates a significant reduction of the depth of the anterior chamber. This is entirely neutralized by a slight augmentation of the axial length of the vitreous body. The orientation of the implant has an influence on the biometric data. If it is a radial one, the anteriorposterior axis is lengthened; when it is parallel to the limbus, there a shortening with a reduction in the depth of the anterior chamber."}
{"id": "PMID:876110", "title": "B-scan ultrasonography of lesions simulating choroidal melanomas.", "content": "The B-scan ultrasonographic features of a number of well-known fundus lesions have been described. Emphasis has been placed upon those features which help to differentiate choroidal melanomas from lesions which sometimes clinically simulate melanomas.", "contents": "B-scan ultrasonography of lesions simulating choroidal melanomas. The B-scan ultrasonographic features of a number of well-known fundus lesions have been described. Emphasis has been placed upon those features which help to differentiate choroidal melanomas from lesions which sometimes clinically simulate melanomas."}
{"id": "PMID:876111", "title": "[Can the lifting of heavy weights provoke a spasm of ciliary muscles conducive in turn to retinal detachment?].", "content": "It was reported by Harms (discussion remark 62, DOG Heidelberg 1959, p. 234) that, during the lifting of a heavy weight, excessive accommodation occurs. If this is the case, the causing ciliary spasm could possibly be regarded as a predisposing factor in the pathogenesis of a retinal detachment. To obtain objective data whether there is an accommodative spasm under the above mentioned condition, the thickness of the lens of emmetropic young persons was measured by ultrasound. Three series of measurement were performed: (1) during accommodation; (2) during the lifting of a 25-kg-heavy weight without excluding the possibility of focusing nearer objects at the same time, and (3) during lifting of the same weight with the exclusion of any possibility of focusing nearer objects at the same time. According to the results of these experiments, there is only very little likelihood that the lifting of heavy weights could provoke a considerable ciliary spasm.", "contents": "[Can the lifting of heavy weights provoke a spasm of ciliary muscles conducive in turn to retinal detachment?]. It was reported by Harms (discussion remark 62, DOG Heidelberg 1959, p. 234) that, during the lifting of a heavy weight, excessive accommodation occurs. If this is the case, the causing ciliary spasm could possibly be regarded as a predisposing factor in the pathogenesis of a retinal detachment. To obtain objective data whether there is an accommodative spasm under the above mentioned condition, the thickness of the lens of emmetropic young persons was measured by ultrasound. Three series of measurement were performed: (1) during accommodation; (2) during the lifting of a 25-kg-heavy weight without excluding the possibility of focusing nearer objects at the same time, and (3) during lifting of the same weight with the exclusion of any possibility of focusing nearer objects at the same time. According to the results of these experiments, there is only very little likelihood that the lifting of heavy weights could provoke a considerable ciliary spasm."}
{"id": "PMID:876112", "title": "Triangle retinal detachment- ultrasonic identification of massive periretinal proliferation in eyes with opaque media.", "content": "The demonstration of a triangle configuration retinal detachment by B-scan ultrasonography in eyes with opaque media is diagnostic of advanced massive periretinal proliferation. Eyes with this type of retinal detachment have a very poor surgical prognosis even with modern vitrectomy techniques.", "contents": "Triangle retinal detachment- ultrasonic identification of massive periretinal proliferation in eyes with opaque media. The demonstration of a triangle configuration retinal detachment by B-scan ultrasonography in eyes with opaque media is diagnostic of advanced massive periretinal proliferation. Eyes with this type of retinal detachment have a very poor surgical prognosis even with modern vitrectomy techniques."}
{"id": "PMID:876113", "title": "Clinical experience with the 32P test and the semiconductor probe in diagnosis of intraocular tumors.", "content": "The ultrasonic examination gives no answer as to the metabolic activity of pathological intraocular tissue. Therefore, the combination with the 32P uptake test is great clinical value. The diagnosis of intraocular tumors is possible with a 95% certainty. A new probe with a Si(Li) semiconductor detector is presented.", "contents": "Clinical experience with the 32P test and the semiconductor probe in diagnosis of intraocular tumors. The ultrasonic examination gives no answer as to the metabolic activity of pathological intraocular tissue. Therefore, the combination with the 32P uptake test is great clinical value. The diagnosis of intraocular tumors is possible with a 95% certainty. A new probe with a Si(Li) semiconductor detector is presented."}
{"id": "PMID:876114", "title": "Ultrasonic control of ocular dimensions and surgical indentations in retinal detachment.", "content": "Ultrasonography is a useful procedure to evaluate volumetric changes in the eye before and after retinal detachment surgery. We found myopic eyes to be variable in shape, most of them ovoidal, and some of them nearly spherical. Given a similar anteroposterior diameter, a spherical eye will have a larger volume than an ovoidal one, and a circling operation will produce a greater reduction than the same procedure in an ovoidal eye. Ultrasonography has been used also to measure the indentation produced by retinal surgery and to follow up its variations through the years.", "contents": "Ultrasonic control of ocular dimensions and surgical indentations in retinal detachment. Ultrasonography is a useful procedure to evaluate volumetric changes in the eye before and after retinal detachment surgery. We found myopic eyes to be variable in shape, most of them ovoidal, and some of them nearly spherical. Given a similar anteroposterior diameter, a spherical eye will have a larger volume than an ovoidal one, and a circling operation will produce a greater reduction than the same procedure in an ovoidal eye. Ultrasonography has been used also to measure the indentation produced by retinal surgery and to follow up its variations through the years."}
{"id": "PMID:876115", "title": "[Reliability of electrophysiologic examinations for cataract surgery in cases of suspected retinal detachment].", "content": "Justification for cataract surgery obviously depends on retinal efficiency. The study of light projections makes it sometimes possible to suspect a retinal detachment. We are, therefore, trying to check for retinal detachment by means of the various exploration processes now available. Results of echography, electroretinography, electro-oculography, and visual evoked potentials are discussed according to the exper-ence gained.", "contents": "[Reliability of electrophysiologic examinations for cataract surgery in cases of suspected retinal detachment]. Justification for cataract surgery obviously depends on retinal efficiency. The study of light projections makes it sometimes possible to suspect a retinal detachment. We are, therefore, trying to check for retinal detachment by means of the various exploration processes now available. Results of echography, electroretinography, electro-oculography, and visual evoked potentials are discussed according to the exper-ence gained."}
{"id": "PMID:876116", "title": "Retinoblastoma.", "content": "Newer concepts in the diagnosis and treatment of retinoblastoma are briefly discussed. The role of ultrasonography, EMI scanning and LDH assays in the anterior chamber are evaluated. The greatest problems in differential diagnosis in recent years have been larval granulomatosis caused by Toxicara canis, Coat's disease and unclassifiable retinal dysplasias. The Ellsworth-Reese classification is discussed. The \"cure rate\" has been widely misinterpreted as survival and has led to many misapprehensions in the treatment of unilateral disease. The cases in group IV now do better for a variety of reasons and the results in orbital cases have been more extensively studied. The genetics of retinoblastoma have been intensively studied in our laboratory along with Dr. Kitchin and some newer concepts are briefly discussed. The relative roles of orthovoltage, external beam 60Co, linear accelerators and betatron are presented. Dosage level is distinctly related to radiation complications, especially retinal vascular necrosis and fatal radiation-induced neoplasms. The relationship of the latter to the pattern of inheritance is to be stressed. Chemotherapy has been used both as an adjuvant to radiation and for the destruction of micrometastases and a new protocol is described. The results of treatment are presented to update the 1966 report at the Gonin Club Meeting in Munich.", "contents": "Retinoblastoma. Newer concepts in the diagnosis and treatment of retinoblastoma are briefly discussed. The role of ultrasonography, EMI scanning and LDH assays in the anterior chamber are evaluated. The greatest problems in differential diagnosis in recent years have been larval granulomatosis caused by Toxicara canis, Coat's disease and unclassifiable retinal dysplasias. The Ellsworth-Reese classification is discussed. The \"cure rate\" has been widely misinterpreted as survival and has led to many misapprehensions in the treatment of unilateral disease. The cases in group IV now do better for a variety of reasons and the results in orbital cases have been more extensively studied. The genetics of retinoblastoma have been intensively studied in our laboratory along with Dr. Kitchin and some newer concepts are briefly discussed. The relative roles of orthovoltage, external beam 60Co, linear accelerators and betatron are presented. Dosage level is distinctly related to radiation complications, especially retinal vascular necrosis and fatal radiation-induced neoplasms. The relationship of the latter to the pattern of inheritance is to be stressed. Chemotherapy has been used both as an adjuvant to radiation and for the destruction of micrometastases and a new protocol is described. The results of treatment are presented to update the 1966 report at the Gonin Club Meeting in Munich."}
{"id": "PMID:876117", "title": "'Mapping' of postulated Ir genes within HLA by studies in allergic populations.", "content": "Analysis of specific IgE responses to highly purified allergens provides a particularly good model to study the genetics of human immune response. The use of this model is illustrated by studies of large populations of allergic individuals in terms of their HLA phenotype, basal total IgE level and specific IgE-mediated sensitivities to rye grass group I (Rye I) and to ragweed Ra3. We find significant associations between HLA-B8 and Rye I response and HLA-A2 and Ra3 response, which become more striking in those atypical allergic subjects who have low total IgE levels. Our studies point to the importance of genetic regulation of basal IgE level in determining specific IgE response. Also, they suggest possible approaches toward a tentative 'mapping' of postulated Ir genes based on the linkage disequilibrium existing within the HLA complex.", "contents": "'Mapping' of postulated Ir genes within HLA by studies in allergic populations. Analysis of specific IgE responses to highly purified allergens provides a particularly good model to study the genetics of human immune response. The use of this model is illustrated by studies of large populations of allergic individuals in terms of their HLA phenotype, basal total IgE level and specific IgE-mediated sensitivities to rye grass group I (Rye I) and to ragweed Ra3. We find significant associations between HLA-B8 and Rye I response and HLA-A2 and Ra3 response, which become more striking in those atypical allergic subjects who have low total IgE levels. Our studies point to the importance of genetic regulation of basal IgE level in determining specific IgE response. Also, they suggest possible approaches toward a tentative 'mapping' of postulated Ir genes based on the linkage disequilibrium existing within the HLA complex."}
{"id": "PMID:876118", "title": "Evaluation of genetic control of the immune response to penicillin in man.", "content": "HLA typing of 46 patients with demonstrated penicillin allergy did not show significant correlation of hypersensitivity to the penicilloyl group with any HLA antigens. On the other hand, lymphocytes from penicillin-sensitive patients generated nonspecific cytotoxic cells (e.g., cytotoxic for P 815 mastocytoma mouse cells or chicken red blood cells) when cultured in vitro together with penicillin. Under similar conditions, only some lymphocyte populations from nonpenicillin-sensitive normal individuals showed cytotoxicity. Although family studies are required to demonstrate that differences in the generation of cytotoxic cells by penicillin in nonsensitive populations are due to genetic factors, it is obvious that attempts to achieve primary sensitization in vitro is the most rational approach to a study of Ir genes in man.", "contents": "Evaluation of genetic control of the immune response to penicillin in man. HLA typing of 46 patients with demonstrated penicillin allergy did not show significant correlation of hypersensitivity to the penicilloyl group with any HLA antigens. On the other hand, lymphocytes from penicillin-sensitive patients generated nonspecific cytotoxic cells (e.g., cytotoxic for P 815 mastocytoma mouse cells or chicken red blood cells) when cultured in vitro together with penicillin. Under similar conditions, only some lymphocyte populations from nonpenicillin-sensitive normal individuals showed cytotoxicity. Although family studies are required to demonstrate that differences in the generation of cytotoxic cells by penicillin in nonsensitive populations are due to genetic factors, it is obvious that attempts to achieve primary sensitization in vitro is the most rational approach to a study of Ir genes in man."}
{"id": "PMID:876120", "title": "HLA antigens and atopic dermatitis.", "content": "The frequency of HLA antigens was determined in 27 unrelated children and 44 of their parents, compared to 326 healthy controls. HLA-BW35 frequency is significantly increased in the patients (37 instead of 11.6%; Pc less than 0.01) and in the parents (34 instead of 11.6%; Pc less than 0.05). However HLA segregation was not disturbed in 23 families with 33 patients and 24 healthy siblings. These data confirm the hereditary character of atopy but does not allow the exclusion of the hypothesis of a linkage between a HLA-B gene and an Ir gene conditioning abnormal humoral response to several allergens.", "contents": "HLA antigens and atopic dermatitis. The frequency of HLA antigens was determined in 27 unrelated children and 44 of their parents, compared to 326 healthy controls. HLA-BW35 frequency is significantly increased in the patients (37 instead of 11.6%; Pc less than 0.01) and in the parents (34 instead of 11.6%; Pc less than 0.05). However HLA segregation was not disturbed in 23 families with 33 patients and 24 healthy siblings. These data confirm the hereditary character of atopy but does not allow the exclusion of the hypothesis of a linkage between a HLA-B gene and an Ir gene conditioning abnormal humoral response to several allergens."}
{"id": "PMID:876121", "title": "HLA in asthma.", "content": "100 adult patients with asthma were typed for HLA. These patients were skin tested with a panel of allergens and divided into skin test positive (61) and skin test negative (39) patients. There was a decreased frequency of HLA-B12 in the negative skin test group (18%) compared to the skin test positive group (43%) and the controls (36%). A further subdivision of these patients into extrinsic asthma (positive skin tests and/or allergic history) and intrinsic asthma (negative skin tests and no allergic history) was made. There was an increased frequency in the extrinsic asthmatics of HLA-B8 (37 compared to 28% in normals) and a decreased frequency of B12 in the intrinsic asthmatics (13 compared to 36% in normals). 4 or 5 patients who had negative skin tests but gave a history of asthma following exposure to specific allergens, suggesting a type III immune complex asthma, were both A1 and B8.", "contents": "HLA in asthma. 100 adult patients with asthma were typed for HLA. These patients were skin tested with a panel of allergens and divided into skin test positive (61) and skin test negative (39) patients. There was a decreased frequency of HLA-B12 in the negative skin test group (18%) compared to the skin test positive group (43%) and the controls (36%). A further subdivision of these patients into extrinsic asthma (positive skin tests and/or allergic history) and intrinsic asthma (negative skin tests and no allergic history) was made. There was an increased frequency in the extrinsic asthmatics of HLA-B8 (37 compared to 28% in normals) and a decreased frequency of B12 in the intrinsic asthmatics (13 compared to 36% in normals). 4 or 5 patients who had negative skin tests but gave a history of asthma following exposure to specific allergens, suggesting a type III immune complex asthma, were both A1 and B8."}
{"id": "PMID:876122", "title": "HLA antigens and susceptibility to atopic dermatitis.", "content": "The possible association between peculiar HLA antigens ant atopic dermatitis associated allergic rhinitis and/or bronchial asthma was investigated. (1) Atopic dermatitis (no deviation in HLA), complicating allergic rhinitis (HLA-BW40), and bronchial asthma (HLA-B12) are associated by different HLA antigens. (2) The diseases are associated through the same antigen (HLA-BW15), if the concept of disease resistant antigen is accepted. (3) No association is found between HLA antigens and serum IgE levels in patients.", "contents": "HLA antigens and susceptibility to atopic dermatitis. The possible association between peculiar HLA antigens ant atopic dermatitis associated allergic rhinitis and/or bronchial asthma was investigated. (1) Atopic dermatitis (no deviation in HLA), complicating allergic rhinitis (HLA-BW40), and bronchial asthma (HLA-B12) are associated by different HLA antigens. (2) The diseases are associated through the same antigen (HLA-BW15), if the concept of disease resistant antigen is accepted. (3) No association is found between HLA antigens and serum IgE levels in patients."}
{"id": "PMID:876124", "title": "HLA and bird breeder's hypersensitivity pneumonitis.", "content": "HLA antigen status was assessed in non-related individuals and related family members with bird breeder's hypersensitivity pneumonitis (HP). 35% of 20 non-related patients carried HLABW40 compared to 10% of 861 normal controls (p less than 0.001, Pc less than 0.05, respectively). A consistent association of an HLA haplotype with disease was demonstrated in three of four families. Selected HLA antisera contained antibodies which blocked the blastogenic response to bird antigen. This study suggests the existence of an HLA associated Ir gene in bird breeder's HP.", "contents": "HLA and bird breeder's hypersensitivity pneumonitis. HLA antigen status was assessed in non-related individuals and related family members with bird breeder's hypersensitivity pneumonitis (HP). 35% of 20 non-related patients carried HLABW40 compared to 10% of 861 normal controls (p less than 0.001, Pc less than 0.05, respectively). A consistent association of an HLA haplotype with disease was demonstrated in three of four families. Selected HLA antisera contained antibodies which blocked the blastogenic response to bird antigen. This study suggests the existence of an HLA associated Ir gene in bird breeder's HP."}
{"id": "PMID:876125", "title": "HLA and the sudden infant death syndrome.", "content": "HLA phenotypes of 66 parents of 33 infants succumbing to the sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) were determined using a standard microlymphocytotoxicity method. Heterogeneity testing over all  locus antigens revealed a significant difference between the parents and a control group consisting of blood donors and healthy unrelated volunteers. This heterogeneity was still evident when maternal and paternal groups were considered separately with the controls and when compared with each other. Individual A locus antigens displaying frequency deviation from control values included A9 (decreased in husbands), A10 (increased in wives and total parent group), and A28 (increased in wives). The increase in frequency of A10 became highly significant when only parents of children with evidence of laryngitis at post mortem were used for comparison with control values. No difference in B locus antigens between any of the groups was observed. The results obtained are compatible with the view that SIDS is the result of a hypersensitivity reaction to one or more allergens and that genes coding for these specific responses are linked to the HLA complex. Differences observed between the maternal and paternal groups may be explained on the basis of maternal antibody, passively acquired by the infant, which serves a protective role in the respiratory tract, prior to the development of immunocompetence. The production of these antibodies is also dependent on genes linked to the maternal HLA complex.", "contents": "HLA and the sudden infant death syndrome. HLA phenotypes of 66 parents of 33 infants succumbing to the sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) were determined using a standard microlymphocytotoxicity method. Heterogeneity testing over all  locus antigens revealed a significant difference between the parents and a control group consisting of blood donors and healthy unrelated volunteers. This heterogeneity was still evident when maternal and paternal groups were considered separately with the controls and when compared with each other. Individual A locus antigens displaying frequency deviation from control values included A9 (decreased in husbands), A10 (increased in wives and total parent group), and A28 (increased in wives). The increase in frequency of A10 became highly significant when only parents of children with evidence of laryngitis at post mortem were used for comparison with control values. No difference in B locus antigens between any of the groups was observed. The results obtained are compatible with the view that SIDS is the result of a hypersensitivity reaction to one or more allergens and that genes coding for these specific responses are linked to the HLA complex. Differences observed between the maternal and paternal groups may be explained on the basis of maternal antibody, passively acquired by the infant, which serves a protective role in the respiratory tract, prior to the development of immunocompetence. The production of these antibodies is also dependent on genes linked to the maternal HLA complex."}
{"id": "PMID:876127", "title": "Search for a correlation between familial allergy to cocksfoot pollen and HLA antigens.", "content": "Twelve families comprising 62 individuals, 31 allergic to grasses, were examined. No significant correlation between pollinosis and the HLA system was observed. However, there was a close correlation between cocksfoot skin tests and the RAST (p less than 10(-6)).", "contents": "Search for a correlation between familial allergy to cocksfoot pollen and HLA antigens. Twelve families comprising 62 individuals, 31 allergic to grasses, were examined. No significant correlation between pollinosis and the HLA system was observed. However, there was a close correlation between cocksfoot skin tests and the RAST (p less than 10(-6))."}
{"id": "PMID:876128", "title": "HLA antigens in grass pollinosis.", "content": "48 patients with grass pollinosis and strongly positive skin tests to crude timothy pollen extract, as well as the relatives of 11 of the, were typed for 26 HLA antigens of the A and B loci. No significant alteration in the frequencies of any particular antigen was observed, except for an increase of HLA-A1 and B8 in patients with multiple manifestations of reaginic disease. In the 11 families investigated, susceptibility to grass pollinosis and IgE levels did not appear to be linked to HLA haplotypes. Preliminary studies with anti-lymphocyte B sera did not reveal any significant alteration in the frequency of positive reactions, using enriched population of B lymphocytes from 16 patients.", "contents": "HLA antigens in grass pollinosis. 48 patients with grass pollinosis and strongly positive skin tests to crude timothy pollen extract, as well as the relatives of 11 of the, were typed for 26 HLA antigens of the A and B loci. No significant alteration in the frequencies of any particular antigen was observed, except for an increase of HLA-A1 and B8 in patients with multiple manifestations of reaginic disease. In the 11 families investigated, susceptibility to grass pollinosis and IgE levels did not appear to be linked to HLA haplotypes. Preliminary studies with anti-lymphocyte B sera did not reveal any significant alteration in the frequency of positive reactions, using enriched population of B lymphocytes from 16 patients."}
{"id": "PMID:876130", "title": "HLA-B7 cross-reacting group and human IgE-mediated sensitivity to ragweed allergen Ra5.", "content": "HLA typing and cutaneous testing for allergen sensitivity of 76 ragweed allergic patients confirmed previous findings of a significant association between sensitivity to ragweed allergen Ra5 and possession of one or other of the HLA-B7 cross-reacting group of antigens.", "contents": "HLA-B7 cross-reacting group and human IgE-mediated sensitivity to ragweed allergen Ra5. HLA typing and cutaneous testing for allergen sensitivity of 76 ragweed allergic patients confirmed previous findings of a significant association between sensitivity to ragweed allergen Ra5 and possession of one or other of the HLA-B7 cross-reacting group of antigens."}
{"id": "PMID:876131", "title": "HLA and ragweed allergy.", "content": "In summary, two large families were subjected to genetic analysis of the distribution of the immune response. S linkage analysis indicated that this locus for positive skin test reaction to antigen E and/or personal history or seasonal allergy is linked to HLA-B. The maximum likelihood estimate of the recombination frequency is 0.13 in males and 0.53 in females, with a lod score of 2.53.", "contents": "HLA and ragweed allergy. In summary, two large families were subjected to genetic analysis of the distribution of the immune response. S linkage analysis indicated that this locus for positive skin test reaction to antigen E and/or personal history or seasonal allergy is linked to HLA-B. The maximum likelihood estimate of the recombination frequency is 0.13 in males and 0.53 in females, with a lod score of 2.53."}
{"id": "PMID:876132", "title": "Family study HLA antigen and Ir gene linkage in ragweed and dust allergy.", "content": "A family was studied for HLA antigen Ir-gene linkage in ragweed and dust allergy by clinical history, skin test, mixed lymphocyte cultures, lymphocyte culture for cellular immunity to antigen E and dust allergens, RAST  assay for ragweed and dust antigens and HLA typing. These results confirm previous observations that ragweed Ir genes are linked to the inheritance of the HLA complex. The Ir genes may map at some distance from the closely linked HLA and MLC genes. It is also of interest that Ir genes for dust allergy in this family appear closely associated with ragweed genes. The set of twins with identical HLA complexes but different expression of presumably identical Ir genes will bear watching.", "contents": "Family study HLA antigen and Ir gene linkage in ragweed and dust allergy. A family was studied for HLA antigen Ir-gene linkage in ragweed and dust allergy by clinical history, skin test, mixed lymphocyte cultures, lymphocyte culture for cellular immunity to antigen E and dust allergens, RAST  assay for ragweed and dust antigens and HLA typing. These results confirm previous observations that ragweed Ir genes are linked to the inheritance of the HLA complex. The Ir genes may map at some distance from the closely linked HLA and MLC genes. It is also of interest that Ir genes for dust allergy in this family appear closely associated with ragweed genes. The set of twins with identical HLA complexes but different expression of presumably identical Ir genes will bear watching."}
{"id": "PMID:876133", "title": "HLA-B7 associated tuberculin hyporesponsiveness in BCG treated melanoma patients.", "content": "Cutaneous responses to tuberculin and control antigens were measured in 24 HLA-B7 and 39 non-B7 patients before and 5-44 (average 10.5) weeks after BCG immunotherapy for malignant melanoma. Delayed tuberculin hypersensitivity increased after immunotherapy (p less than or equal 0.0001). The averaged area of induration (48 h) detected in HLA-B7 patients was half the area of induration of non-B7 patients before (p less than or equal to 0.0184) and after (p less than or equal to 0.0007) BCG treatment. Cutaneous anaphylactic hypersensitivity (0.25 h) responses to 19 of 22 antigens were significantly smaller (p less than 0.05) in HLA-B7 patients after BCG immunotherapy (p less than or equal to 0.0001). HLA-B7 patients had specific delayed cutaneous hyporesponsiveness to tuberculin and nonspecific cutaneous anaphylactic hyporesponsiveness after BCG immunotherapy.", "contents": "HLA-B7 associated tuberculin hyporesponsiveness in BCG treated melanoma patients. Cutaneous responses to tuberculin and control antigens were measured in 24 HLA-B7 and 39 non-B7 patients before and 5-44 (average 10.5) weeks after BCG immunotherapy for malignant melanoma. Delayed tuberculin hypersensitivity increased after immunotherapy (p less than or equal 0.0001). The averaged area of induration (48 h) detected in HLA-B7 patients was half the area of induration of non-B7 patients before (p less than or equal to 0.0184) and after (p less than or equal to 0.0007) BCG treatment. Cutaneous anaphylactic hypersensitivity (0.25 h) responses to 19 of 22 antigens were significantly smaller (p less than 0.05) in HLA-B7 patients after BCG immunotherapy (p less than or equal to 0.0001). HLA-B7 patients had specific delayed cutaneous hyporesponsiveness to tuberculin and nonspecific cutaneous anaphylactic hyporesponsiveness after BCG immunotherapy."}
{"id": "PMID:876217", "title": "[Unstructured congenital myopathies (author's transl)].", "content": "Nonprogressive congenital myopathies are usually classified according to structural or ultrastructural changes in the muscle fibres. In our material cases without specific structural characteristics but with an abnormal distribution and size of one fibre type, and dystrophic changes with or without fibre type changes are far more numerous. 15 cases are reviewed: Congenital dystrophy (4 cases); congenital dystrophy with complete lack of type II fibres [1]; fibre type disproportion with predominance of abnormally small type I fibres [5]; fibre type disproportion with predominance of small and large type I fibres and rare small type II fibres (1); type II hypotrophy with cardiomyopathy [3]; type II hypotrophy without cardiac or cerebral abnormalities [1]. Ultrastructural investigation shows unspecific changes mainly of myofilaments. The EMG is \"myopathic\" with normal interference pattern and short polyphasic unit potentials.", "contents": "[Unstructured congenital myopathies (author's transl)]. Nonprogressive congenital myopathies are usually classified according to structural or ultrastructural changes in the muscle fibres. In our material cases without specific structural characteristics but with an abnormal distribution and size of one fibre type, and dystrophic changes with or without fibre type changes are far more numerous. 15 cases are reviewed: Congenital dystrophy (4 cases); congenital dystrophy with complete lack of type II fibres [1]; fibre type disproportion with predominance of abnormally small type I fibres [5]; fibre type disproportion with predominance of small and large type I fibres and rare small type II fibres (1); type II hypotrophy with cardiomyopathy [3]; type II hypotrophy without cardiac or cerebral abnormalities [1]. Ultrastructural investigation shows unspecific changes mainly of myofilaments. The EMG is \"myopathic\" with normal interference pattern and short polyphasic unit potentials."}
{"id": "PMID:876257", "title": "[Hepatitis B virus components and cytoplasmic virus-like corpuscles in chronic hepatitis (electron microscopic study)].", "content": "Author in the needle-biopsy specimen of the liver of a HBsAg positive patient previously treated with immunosupressive preparates (Corticosteroid + Imuran) in the nuclei of hepatocytes by the aid of electron microscope revealed ring-shaped particula of 20-25 nm in diameter (core), in the cytoplasma of ground-glass hepatocytes in the canals of the rough-surfaced endoplasmic reticulum filamentous formations in average of 23nm in diameter (surface antigen). In addition in a few number cytoplasmic core particula have also been revealed. Dane-particula were not seen. Further in the cytoplasma round or ring-shaped virus-like bodies of unknown origin of 80 nm in diameter were found. These particula could be easily distinguished from the Dane particula and from the B virus components (a second virus infection?). Author believe, that the immunsupressive therapy could play some role in the occurrence of the B virus components, since before the therapy with Imuran they could not be detected in the liver.", "contents": "[Hepatitis B virus components and cytoplasmic virus-like corpuscles in chronic hepatitis (electron microscopic study)]. Author in the needle-biopsy specimen of the liver of a HBsAg positive patient previously treated with immunosupressive preparates (Corticosteroid + Imuran) in the nuclei of hepatocytes by the aid of electron microscope revealed ring-shaped particula of 20-25 nm in diameter (core), in the cytoplasma of ground-glass hepatocytes in the canals of the rough-surfaced endoplasmic reticulum filamentous formations in average of 23nm in diameter (surface antigen). In addition in a few number cytoplasmic core particula have also been revealed. Dane-particula were not seen. Further in the cytoplasma round or ring-shaped virus-like bodies of unknown origin of 80 nm in diameter were found. These particula could be easily distinguished from the Dane particula and from the B virus components (a second virus infection?). Author believe, that the immunsupressive therapy could play some role in the occurrence of the B virus components, since before the therapy with Imuran they could not be detected in the liver."}
{"id": "PMID:876258", "title": "[Submicroscopic structure of the jejunal mucosa of human fetuses].", "content": "Authors investigated the submicroscopic structure of the jejunal mucosa of 6--12 week old human foetuses, obtained from arteficial abortions. It was established, that in this age the jejunal mucosa differentiates and develops intensively. In the third month it is build up of morphological units enterocytes. Their structure is morphologically similar to that of the enterocytes of the adult, although in this age they have no function at all.", "contents": "[Submicroscopic structure of the jejunal mucosa of human fetuses]. Authors investigated the submicroscopic structure of the jejunal mucosa of 6--12 week old human foetuses, obtained from arteficial abortions. It was established, that in this age the jejunal mucosa differentiates and develops intensively. In the third month it is build up of morphological units enterocytes. Their structure is morphologically similar to that of the enterocytes of the adult, although in this age they have no function at all."}
{"id": "PMID:876259", "title": "[Antenatal thrombosis of renal veins and hemorrhagic renal necrosis].", "content": "One case of symmetrical, synchron, antenatal thrombosis of the renal veins and haemorrhagic necosis of the kidneys in a 4 hours-old newborn is reported. In the pathomechanism of the process in addition to perinatal shock, asphyxia-hypoxia Schwartzmann's phenomenon may also play a part.", "contents": "[Antenatal thrombosis of renal veins and hemorrhagic renal necrosis]. One case of symmetrical, synchron, antenatal thrombosis of the renal veins and haemorrhagic necosis of the kidneys in a 4 hours-old newborn is reported. In the pathomechanism of the process in addition to perinatal shock, asphyxia-hypoxia Schwartzmann's phenomenon may also play a part."}
{"id": "PMID:876260", "title": "[Pulmonary fibrosis following nitrous gas poisoning].", "content": "Authors in the autopsy material of the Department of Forensic Medicine of Semmelweis Medical University analysed nitrous-gas-poisoning cases. In the period of 1971--1975 out of 22 223 autopsy cases one case of nitrous gas-poisoning occurred. Data of the literature are summarized. Possible pathomechanism of the nitrous gas poisoning is also discussed.", "contents": "[Pulmonary fibrosis following nitrous gas poisoning]. Authors in the autopsy material of the Department of Forensic Medicine of Semmelweis Medical University analysed nitrous-gas-poisoning cases. In the period of 1971--1975 out of 22 223 autopsy cases one case of nitrous gas-poisoning occurred. Data of the literature are summarized. Possible pathomechanism of the nitrous gas poisoning is also discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:876261", "title": "[Ahaptoglobinemia (hypohaptoglobinemia), its incidence, etiology and significance in paternity serology].", "content": "Frequency of ahaptoglobinaemia (ahp) in adult population (on the base of investigation of 4000 cases) was found 0.225 per cent, in children (on the base of investigation of 119 children younger than 2 years) 0.94 per cent. Frequency of ahp among children younger 4 months 44 per cent. These observations support the hypothesis, on the role of a mutagen allel (Hp2m) in the origin of the ahp. If in cases of discussed paternity in the child ahp was revealed and the Hp constellation of the mother: putative father was: Hp 1--1 X 1--1 or 2--2 X 2--2--provided that the paternity with the testing of other blood-group systems could not be excluded--it's necessary to try to identify the true Hp type of the child--since it might give the possibility for exclusion of paternity.", "contents": "[Ahaptoglobinemia (hypohaptoglobinemia), its incidence, etiology and significance in paternity serology]. Frequency of ahaptoglobinaemia (ahp) in adult population (on the base of investigation of 4000 cases) was found 0.225 per cent, in children (on the base of investigation of 119 children younger than 2 years) 0.94 per cent. Frequency of ahp among children younger 4 months 44 per cent. These observations support the hypothesis, on the role of a mutagen allel (Hp2m) in the origin of the ahp. If in cases of discussed paternity in the child ahp was revealed and the Hp constellation of the mother: putative father was: Hp 1--1 X 1--1 or 2--2 X 2--2--provided that the paternity with the testing of other blood-group systems could not be excluded--it's necessary to try to identify the true Hp type of the child--since it might give the possibility for exclusion of paternity."}
{"id": "PMID:876263", "title": "[Nephropathy associated with systemic lupus erythematosus].", "content": "The investigation of needle- kidney biopsy from patients with SLE- nephrotic syndrome was carried out by the aid of light- immunofluorescent- and electron microscopy. Membranous-, focal-proliferative-, and diffuse-proliferative forms of the SLE- nephrotic syndrome were distinguished. Clinical characteristics of the different forms are described. Authors believe, that the underlying process of nephrological symptoms of various degree as well as readily distinguishable clinico-pathological pictures is the formation of circulating immunocomplexes of different size, developing due to basic disease itself. Comparison of the clinical symptoms and the morphological picture indicate that the elapse of time between the onset of the underlying disease and the nephrotic syndrome has an important part in the formation of the SLE-nephropathy of focal- and diffuse-proliferative type.", "contents": "[Nephropathy associated with systemic lupus erythematosus]. The investigation of needle- kidney biopsy from patients with SLE- nephrotic syndrome was carried out by the aid of light- immunofluorescent- and electron microscopy. Membranous-, focal-proliferative-, and diffuse-proliferative forms of the SLE- nephrotic syndrome were distinguished. Clinical characteristics of the different forms are described. Authors believe, that the underlying process of nephrological symptoms of various degree as well as readily distinguishable clinico-pathological pictures is the formation of circulating immunocomplexes of different size, developing due to basic disease itself. Comparison of the clinical symptoms and the morphological picture indicate that the elapse of time between the onset of the underlying disease and the nephrotic syndrome has an important part in the formation of the SLE-nephropathy of focal- and diffuse-proliferative type."}
{"id": "PMID:876264", "title": "[Ultrathin sections in postmortem morphological diagnosis of kidney diseases].", "content": "Authors for the light-microscopic examination of various--mainly glomerular--diseases of kidneys in addition to paraffin section have used also ultrathin sections  (0,5 mu). Material was fixed in buffered-formalin solution and embedded in metacrylate or Durcupan ACM. Sections obtained by this method can be studied by electron micro-scope as well. Sections were stained with methylene-blue and basicfuchsine, further with periodic-acid silver methenamine. The use of ultrathin sections for the light-microscopic studies can not replace the study of paraffin-sections. Ultrathin sections are suitable for the detection of fine details. They can be studied by light- and electron microscopy as well.", "contents": "[Ultrathin sections in postmortem morphological diagnosis of kidney diseases]. Authors for the light-microscopic examination of various--mainly glomerular--diseases of kidneys in addition to paraffin section have used also ultrathin sections  (0,5 mu). Material was fixed in buffered-formalin solution and embedded in metacrylate or Durcupan ACM. Sections obtained by this method can be studied by electron micro-scope as well. Sections were stained with methylene-blue and basicfuchsine, further with periodic-acid silver methenamine. The use of ultrathin sections for the light-microscopic studies can not replace the study of paraffin-sections. Ultrathin sections are suitable for the detection of fine details. They can be studied by light- and electron microscopy as well."}
{"id": "PMID:876265", "title": "Pre-implantation embryos of Chinese hamster. I. Incidence of karyotype anomalies in 226 control embryos.", "content": "Karyotyes were determined in 226 pre-implantation embryos (4--8-cell stages) of Chinese hamster. The study was carried out under controlled natural breeding conditions, without superovulation and with the embryos developing in their mothers. A total of 5.3% karyotypically abnormal embryos were found. Over half, 3.1%, were due to ploidy mutations, 5 cases of triploidy and 2 cases of haploidy. Only 0.9% genome mutations were present, consisting of one autosomal trisomy and one autosomal monosomy. Structural aberrations were found in 1.8%, half of these probably due to a balanced maternal aberration and the rest appearing the mosaic condition only. These results are compared with the scarce body of mammalian data from the literature. Compared with the situation in man, the spontaneous aberration rates in the Chinese hamster and other experimental mammals are extremely low. This may be due, in part, to optimal timing of copulation in respect to estrus and ovulation prevailing in these animals but not in man. The low spontaneous aberration rate in the reported system is a valuable asset for purposes of mutagen testing.", "contents": "Pre-implantation embryos of Chinese hamster. I. Incidence of karyotype anomalies in 226 control embryos. Karyotyes were determined in 226 pre-implantation embryos (4--8-cell stages) of Chinese hamster. The study was carried out under controlled natural breeding conditions, without superovulation and with the embryos developing in their mothers. A total of 5.3% karyotypically abnormal embryos were found. Over half, 3.1%, were due to ploidy mutations, 5 cases of triploidy and 2 cases of haploidy. Only 0.9% genome mutations were present, consisting of one autosomal trisomy and one autosomal monosomy. Structural aberrations were found in 1.8%, half of these probably due to a balanced maternal aberration and the rest appearing the mosaic condition only. These results are compared with the scarce body of mammalian data from the literature. Compared with the situation in man, the spontaneous aberration rates in the Chinese hamster and other experimental mammals are extremely low. This may be due, in part, to optimal timing of copulation in respect to estrus and ovulation prevailing in these animals but not in man. The low spontaneous aberration rate in the reported system is a valuable asset for purposes of mutagen testing."}
{"id": "PMID:876266", "title": "Pre-implantation embryos of Chinese hamster. II incidence and type of karyotype anomalies after treatment of the paternal post-meiotic germ cells with an alkylating mutagen.", "content": "Ninety-two male Chinese hamsters were treated with a single, sub-lethal dose of the alkylating cytostatic drug Trenimon. After 3--23 days they were mated with untreated females. The great majority of the male germ cells had been exposed to the mutagen while they were in the highly sensitive post-meiotic spermatid stage. The karyotypes of the resulting embryos were studied in the 4--8-cell stage. Out of 221 analysable embryos, 24.4% had aberrant karyotypes. Ploidy and genome mutations were, at 0.9% each, within control limits. Structural aberrations, involving one or several chromosomes, were present in 23.6% of the embryos (control 1.8%). 51% had a single aberrant centric element. The most frequent aberration types were deletions (54%), dicentrics (16%), translocations inversions and complex rearrangements with 22% and rings with 7%. About one-third of the cells, in addition, contained acentric fragments.", "contents": "Pre-implantation embryos of Chinese hamster. II incidence and type of karyotype anomalies after treatment of the paternal post-meiotic germ cells with an alkylating mutagen. Ninety-two male Chinese hamsters were treated with a single, sub-lethal dose of the alkylating cytostatic drug Trenimon. After 3--23 days they were mated with untreated females. The great majority of the male germ cells had been exposed to the mutagen while they were in the highly sensitive post-meiotic spermatid stage. The karyotypes of the resulting embryos were studied in the 4--8-cell stage. Out of 221 analysable embryos, 24.4% had aberrant karyotypes. Ploidy and genome mutations were, at 0.9% each, within control limits. Structural aberrations, involving one or several chromosomes, were present in 23.6% of the embryos (control 1.8%). 51% had a single aberrant centric element. The most frequent aberration types were deletions (54%), dicentrics (16%), translocations inversions and complex rearrangements with 22% and rings with 7%. About one-third of the cells, in addition, contained acentric fragments."}
{"id": "PMID:876267", "title": "Mutagenic effect of argemone oil in Oryza sativa L.", "content": "In view of the large scale adulteration of edible oils with Argemone oil, a study was undertaken to test its mutagenicity on rice seed. In treatment with screw-pressed oil a marked reduction in seed germination and high chlorophyll mutation and mutant frequencies were observed. In sequential treatments between gamma rays and Argemone oil both mutation and mutant frequencies were significantly higher than that of individual treatments. This study clearly indicates that Argemone oil is a potent mutagen with serious implications for the genetic hygiene of human beings.", "contents": "Mutagenic effect of argemone oil in Oryza sativa L. In view of the large scale adulteration of edible oils with Argemone oil, a study was undertaken to test its mutagenicity on rice seed. In treatment with screw-pressed oil a marked reduction in seed germination and high chlorophyll mutation and mutant frequencies were observed. In sequential treatments between gamma rays and Argemone oil both mutation and mutant frequencies were significantly higher than that of individual treatments. This study clearly indicates that Argemone oil is a potent mutagen with serious implications for the genetic hygiene of human beings."}
{"id": "PMID:876268", "title": "Chromosomal damage induced by some ergot derivatives in vitro.", "content": "Three ergot derivatives, dihydroergotoxine, ergotamine and methysergide, were tested for their ability to induce chromosomal damage in human lymphocytes in culture. The aberration frequency was significantly increased after treatment of the cells with 0.1 microng/ml, 0.25 microng/ml and 0.5 microng/ml of each drug. However the degree of damage was considerably less than that produced by 0.1 mg/ml to 0.5 mg/ml of caffeine, which was used as a positive control and is a known mutagen in this test-system.", "contents": "Chromosomal damage induced by some ergot derivatives in vitro. Three ergot derivatives, dihydroergotoxine, ergotamine and methysergide, were tested for their ability to induce chromosomal damage in human lymphocytes in culture. The aberration frequency was significantly increased after treatment of the cells with 0.1 microng/ml, 0.25 microng/ml and 0.5 microng/ml of each drug. However the degree of damage was considerably less than that produced by 0.1 mg/ml to 0.5 mg/ml of caffeine, which was used as a positive control and is a known mutagen in this test-system."}
{"id": "PMID:876269", "title": "Cytogenetic effect of some anti-tuberculosis drugs in vitro.", "content": "The comparative cytogenetic effects of some widely used anti-tuberculosis drugs (PAS Na, PRA, RMA) were estimated depending on the in vitro administered concentrations, in human peripheral blood cultures. The structural chromosomal lesions were randomly distributed between the different chromosome groups of the human karyotype; nearly 10 to 30% of affected cells had more than one lesion per metaphase. In the treatements with PAS Na and PRA the analysis of the frequencies of the cell carring chromosomal aberrations and of the chromosomal lesion types indicated a dose-response correlation. The significance of the results obtained in vitro on the chromosome-breaking effects of anti-tuberculosis agents and the genetic peril is pointed out.", "contents": "Cytogenetic effect of some anti-tuberculosis drugs in vitro. The comparative cytogenetic effects of some widely used anti-tuberculosis drugs (PAS Na, PRA, RMA) were estimated depending on the in vitro administered concentrations, in human peripheral blood cultures. The structural chromosomal lesions were randomly distributed between the different chromosome groups of the human karyotype; nearly 10 to 30% of affected cells had more than one lesion per metaphase. In the treatements with PAS Na and PRA the analysis of the frequencies of the cell carring chromosomal aberrations and of the chromosomal lesion types indicated a dose-response correlation. The significance of the results obtained in vitro on the chromosome-breaking effects of anti-tuberculosis agents and the genetic peril is pointed out."}
{"id": "PMID:876270", "title": "Chromosome tests with 134 compounds on Chinese hamster cells in vitro--a screening for chemical carcinogens.", "content": "Chromosomal aberration tests in vitro were carried out on Chinese hamster cells grown in culture with various chemicals, including carcinogenic N-nitroso compounds and their related derivatives, food additives, medical drugs, pesticides and other chemicals commonly used in laboratories or industries. Sixty-three of the 134 chemicals gave negative results in our test system even with doses at which the cell growth was markedly inhibited. Nearly all compounds known to be mutagenic in bacteria were also positive in our tests. Both urethane and diethylstilbestrol were positive, even though they are known to be carcinogenic but not mutagenic in bacteria. Compounds such as N-alkyl-N'-nitroguanidines, barbital, sodium benzoate, saccharin sodium, sodium nitrite, sodium nitrate and 4-aminoquinoline-1-oxide were positive in our chromosome tests, but they have not been conclusively tested for their carcinogenicity.", "contents": "Chromosome tests with 134 compounds on Chinese hamster cells in vitro--a screening for chemical carcinogens. Chromosomal aberration tests in vitro were carried out on Chinese hamster cells grown in culture with various chemicals, including carcinogenic N-nitroso compounds and their related derivatives, food additives, medical drugs, pesticides and other chemicals commonly used in laboratories or industries. Sixty-three of the 134 chemicals gave negative results in our test system even with doses at which the cell growth was markedly inhibited. Nearly all compounds known to be mutagenic in bacteria were also positive in our tests. Both urethane and diethylstilbestrol were positive, even though they are known to be carcinogenic but not mutagenic in bacteria. Compounds such as N-alkyl-N'-nitroguanidines, barbital, sodium benzoate, saccharin sodium, sodium nitrite, sodium nitrate and 4-aminoquinoline-1-oxide were positive in our chromosome tests, but they have not been conclusively tested for their carcinogenicity."}
{"id": "PMID:876271", "title": "Mutagenic effect of epichlorohydrin. II. Analysis of chromosomal aberrations in lymphocytes of persons occupationally exposed to epichlorohydrin.", "content": "A prospective cytogenetic study was conducted in 35 workers occupationally exposed to epichlorohydrin (ECHH). Blood samples for cytogenetic analysis were collected before the exposure (to serve as a control) and after the first and second years of ECHH exposure; the cultivation time was 56--58 h. Four slides from each worker were prepared, coded and two of them separately analysed in two collaborating cytogenetic laboratories. About 50 cells were analysed on each slide, giving a total 16,674 scored cells. The percentage of cells with chromosomal aberrations in blood samples of workers was 1.37 before exposure, 1.91 after the first year and 2.69 after the second year of exposure. The difference between percentages of aberrant cells before and after two years of occupational exposure was highly significant (P less than 0.0001). There was particularly observed an increase of chromatid and chomosomal breaks after exposure, simultaneously with an increased number of breaks per 100 cells. These results are concordant with previously reported cytogenetic data found in experiments with mammals and human cells in vitro.", "contents": "Mutagenic effect of epichlorohydrin. II. Analysis of chromosomal aberrations in lymphocytes of persons occupationally exposed to epichlorohydrin. A prospective cytogenetic study was conducted in 35 workers occupationally exposed to epichlorohydrin (ECHH). Blood samples for cytogenetic analysis were collected before the exposure (to serve as a control) and after the first and second years of ECHH exposure; the cultivation time was 56--58 h. Four slides from each worker were prepared, coded and two of them separately analysed in two collaborating cytogenetic laboratories. About 50 cells were analysed on each slide, giving a total 16,674 scored cells. The percentage of cells with chromosomal aberrations in blood samples of workers was 1.37 before exposure, 1.91 after the first year and 2.69 after the second year of exposure. The difference between percentages of aberrant cells before and after two years of occupational exposure was highly significant (P less than 0.0001). There was particularly observed an increase of chromatid and chomosomal breaks after exposure, simultaneously with an increased number of breaks per 100 cells. These results are concordant with previously reported cytogenetic data found in experiments with mammals and human cells in vitro."}
{"id": "PMID:876272", "title": "Chromosome studies of bone marrow cells and peripheral blood lymphocytes from diphenylhydantoin-treated patients.", "content": "Chromosome studies were performed on both bone-marrow cells and peripheral blood lymphocytes from ten patients with epilepsy, treated with diphenylhydantoin alone. There was no evidence of chromosome damage. Furthermore, the bone-marrow smears from five of the patients were studied for the presence of micronuclei. There was no increase in the number of micronuclei compared with control persons. Conflicting results about the cytogenetic effect of diphenylhydantoin have appeared in the literature. It is emphasized that, in studies on the chromosome-damaging effect of chemical agents in man, bone marrow cells seem to be most indicative of the conditions in vivo.", "contents": "Chromosome studies of bone marrow cells and peripheral blood lymphocytes from diphenylhydantoin-treated patients. Chromosome studies were performed on both bone-marrow cells and peripheral blood lymphocytes from ten patients with epilepsy, treated with diphenylhydantoin alone. There was no evidence of chromosome damage. Furthermore, the bone-marrow smears from five of the patients were studied for the presence of micronuclei. There was no increase in the number of micronuclei compared with control persons. Conflicting results about the cytogenetic effect of diphenylhydantoin have appeared in the literature. It is emphasized that, in studies on the chromosome-damaging effect of chemical agents in man, bone marrow cells seem to be most indicative of the conditions in vivo."}
{"id": "PMID:876274", "title": "Metabolic effects of somatostatin in maturity-onset diabetes.", "content": "To examine the effects of prolonged infusions of somatostatin in maturity-onset diabetes, we administered five-hour infusions to eight patients. This infusion resulted in a 45 to 55 per cent decline in plasma insulin and glucagon. Plasma glucose initially fell by 20 to 25 mg per 100 ml, but later rose despite continuing hypoglucagonemia. After five hours, plasma glucose concentration was 40 to 50 mg per 100 ml higher than that observed with saline infusion (P less than 0.001). The degree of hyperglycemia and plasma insulin levels correlated inversely at completion of the infusion (P less than 0.01). In addition, somatostatin resulted in a fivefold increase in beta-hydroxybutyrate and a 40 to 45 per cent rise in branched-chain amino acids (P less than 0.005). Our findings suggest that glucagon is not essential for the development and maintenance of fasting hyperglycemia. Furthermore, accentuation by somatostatin of hyperglycemia, hyperketonemia and hyperaminoacidemia in maturity-onset diabetes argues against its use in patients with residual insulin secretion.", "contents": "Metabolic effects of somatostatin in maturity-onset diabetes. To examine the effects of prolonged infusions of somatostatin in maturity-onset diabetes, we administered five-hour infusions to eight patients. This infusion resulted in a 45 to 55 per cent decline in plasma insulin and glucagon. Plasma glucose initially fell by 20 to 25 mg per 100 ml, but later rose despite continuing hypoglucagonemia. After five hours, plasma glucose concentration was 40 to 50 mg per 100 ml higher than that observed with saline infusion (P less than 0.001). The degree of hyperglycemia and plasma insulin levels correlated inversely at completion of the infusion (P less than 0.01). In addition, somatostatin resulted in a fivefold increase in beta-hydroxybutyrate and a 40 to 45 per cent rise in branched-chain amino acids (P less than 0.005). Our findings suggest that glucagon is not essential for the development and maintenance of fasting hyperglycemia. Furthermore, accentuation by somatostatin of hyperglycemia, hyperketonemia and hyperaminoacidemia in maturity-onset diabetes argues against its use in patients with residual insulin secretion."}
{"id": "PMID:876275", "title": "Primary medical practice in the United Kingdom and the United States.", "content": "Comparisons between the United Kingdom and the United States reveal definite differences in the style and content of primary medical practice. In the United States emphasis is on diagnosis. In the United Kingdom emphasis is on continuity and homebased care supported by a nationwide network of paramedical and social services. In both countries more is known about what discontents physicians than what satisfies patients. Medical practice and physician-patient relations are profoundly affected by external factors, including social attitudes, privileges, tradition, personal expectations and, above all, econimics. The American medical profession is the more exposed to external criticism, and future conflict and preoccupation with survival is largely an American phenomenon. Little is known in either cooutry about the long-term outcome of different forms of medical care. In Britain patients appear to value kindness above applied medical technology.", "contents": "Primary medical practice in the United Kingdom and the United States. Comparisons between the United Kingdom and the United States reveal definite differences in the style and content of primary medical practice. In the United States emphasis is on diagnosis. In the United Kingdom emphasis is on continuity and homebased care supported by a nationwide network of paramedical and social services. In both countries more is known about what discontents physicians than what satisfies patients. Medical practice and physician-patient relations are profoundly affected by external factors, including social attitudes, privileges, tradition, personal expectations and, above all, econimics. The American medical profession is the more exposed to external criticism, and future conflict and preoccupation with survival is largely an American phenomenon. Little is known in either cooutry about the long-term outcome of different forms of medical care. In Britain patients appear to value kindness above applied medical technology."}
{"id": "PMID:876299", "title": "Gastrointestinal myoelectrical activity in idiopathic intestinal pseudo-obstruction.", "content": "We evaluated the myoelectrical and motor function of the esophagus, small intestine, colon and anal sphincter in four patients with chronic idiopathic intestinal pseudo-obstruction. All patients had aperistalsis of the esophagus, with incomplete relaxation of the lower esophageal sphincter after swallowing or balloon distension. Duodenal slow-wave frequency was normal at 11.4+/-0.3 (+/-S.E.M.) cycles per minute. The patients did not have a normal increase in duodenal spike or motor activity after intestinal distension, but duodenal activity increased after stimulation with intravenous secretin. Colonic slow-wave activities were present at two frequencies, 6.2+/-0.3 and 3.3+/-0.1 cycles per minute. Neostigmine administration increased both colonic spike and motor activity normally. These studies suggest that in this disorder, physiologic neural responses to swallowing or intestinal distension are impaired but the intestinal smooth-muscle slow-wave activity and the spike and motor responses to exogenous neurohormonal stimulation are intact.", "contents": "Gastrointestinal myoelectrical activity in idiopathic intestinal pseudo-obstruction. We evaluated the myoelectrical and motor function of the esophagus, small intestine, colon and anal sphincter in four patients with chronic idiopathic intestinal pseudo-obstruction. All patients had aperistalsis of the esophagus, with incomplete relaxation of the lower esophageal sphincter after swallowing or balloon distension. Duodenal slow-wave frequency was normal at 11.4+/-0.3 (+/-S.E.M.) cycles per minute. The patients did not have a normal increase in duodenal spike or motor activity after intestinal distension, but duodenal activity increased after stimulation with intravenous secretin. Colonic slow-wave activities were present at two frequencies, 6.2+/-0.3 and 3.3+/-0.1 cycles per minute. Neostigmine administration increased both colonic spike and motor activity normally. These studies suggest that in this disorder, physiologic neural responses to swallowing or intestinal distension are impaired but the intestinal smooth-muscle slow-wave activity and the spike and motor responses to exogenous neurohormonal stimulation are intact."}
{"id": "PMID:876312", "title": "Efficacy of preoperative and postoperative bone scanning in the management of breast carcinoma.", "content": "With use of 99mtechnetium-labeled phosphates, we performed preoperative bone scans on 122 women with biopsy-proved breast carcinoma. Only two of the 110 patients with Stage I or II disease had scan abnormalities interpreted as bone metastases. Of 55 patients with normal preoperative scans, 20 later had changes suggesting bone metastases on the subsequent scans, most within 24 months of operation. In women with Stage I and II tumors, 13 of 48 (27 per cent) had scan evidence of bone metastasis of postoperative follow-up examination. Five of 23 with potential surgical cures (negative lymph nodes at operation) had bone metastasis within two years of operation. In Stage I and II patients, postoperative discovery of evolving metastases was most often (11 to 13) made by bone scan. Although the initial yield from preoperative bone scans is low, preoperative scanning combined with sequential postoperative scans constitutes one of the most sensitive indicators of evolving metastatic disease.", "contents": "Efficacy of preoperative and postoperative bone scanning in the management of breast carcinoma. With use of 99mtechnetium-labeled phosphates, we performed preoperative bone scans on 122 women with biopsy-proved breast carcinoma. Only two of the 110 patients with Stage I or II disease had scan abnormalities interpreted as bone metastases. Of 55 patients with normal preoperative scans, 20 later had changes suggesting bone metastases on the subsequent scans, most within 24 months of operation. In women with Stage I and II tumors, 13 of 48 (27 per cent) had scan evidence of bone metastasis of postoperative follow-up examination. Five of 23 with potential surgical cures (negative lymph nodes at operation) had bone metastasis within two years of operation. In Stage I and II patients, postoperative discovery of evolving metastases was most often (11 to 13) made by bone scan. Although the initial yield from preoperative bone scans is low, preoperative scanning combined with sequential postoperative scans constitutes one of the most sensitive indicators of evolving metastatic disease."}
{"id": "PMID:876313", "title": "Autonomy for burned patients when survival is unprecedented.", "content": "Altered states of consciousness often exclude the seriously burned patient from decision making in his own case. During the first few hours of hospitalization, however, even the most severely burned patient is usually alert and mentally competent. When burns are so severe that survival is unprecedented, we use an aggressive approach to decision making to preserve patient autonomy. While still lucid, and with sufficient information, the patient is asked if he wishes to choose between a full therapeutic regimen or ordinary care, reassured that with either choice, the burn team will provide the constant presence of human caring and full use of its professional skills. This approach has not changed the mortality rate of such patients, but has increased both the self-determination that they exercise and the empathy that they receive.", "contents": "Autonomy for burned patients when survival is unprecedented. Altered states of consciousness often exclude the seriously burned patient from decision making in his own case. During the first few hours of hospitalization, however, even the most severely burned patient is usually alert and mentally competent. When burns are so severe that survival is unprecedented, we use an aggressive approach to decision making to preserve patient autonomy. While still lucid, and with sufficient information, the patient is asked if he wishes to choose between a full therapeutic regimen or ordinary care, reassured that with either choice, the burn team will provide the constant presence of human caring and full use of its professional skills. This approach has not changed the mortality rate of such patients, but has increased both the self-determination that they exercise and the empathy that they receive."}
{"id": "PMID:876324", "title": "Healing of duodenal ulcer with an antacid regimen.", "content": "To determine whether a large-dose antacid regimen is effective in promoting healing of duodenal ulcer, 74 patients with endoscopically proved duodenal ulcer completed a 28-day double-blind clinical trial comparing such a regimen with an inert placebo. The ulcer healed completely in 28 of the 36 antacid-treated as compared to 17 of the 38 placebo-treated patients (P less than 0.005). The antacid regimen was not more effective than placebo in relieving ulcer symptoms. Presence or absence of symptoms during the fourth treatment week was a poor predictor of presence or absence of an ulcer crater. Ulcers of placebo-treated patients who smoked cigarettes were less likely to heal than those of nonsmokers (P = 0.03). Except for mild diarrhea, no side effects of the antacid regimen were observed. We conclude that a large-dose antacid regimen hastens the healing of duodenal ulcer.", "contents": "Healing of duodenal ulcer with an antacid regimen. To determine whether a large-dose antacid regimen is effective in promoting healing of duodenal ulcer, 74 patients with endoscopically proved duodenal ulcer completed a 28-day double-blind clinical trial comparing such a regimen with an inert placebo. The ulcer healed completely in 28 of the 36 antacid-treated as compared to 17 of the 38 placebo-treated patients (P less than 0.005). The antacid regimen was not more effective than placebo in relieving ulcer symptoms. Presence or absence of symptoms during the fourth treatment week was a poor predictor of presence or absence of an ulcer crater. Ulcers of placebo-treated patients who smoked cigarettes were less likely to heal than those of nonsmokers (P = 0.03). Except for mild diarrhea, no side effects of the antacid regimen were observed. We conclude that a large-dose antacid regimen hastens the healing of duodenal ulcer."}
{"id": "PMID:876325", "title": "Questionable relation of aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase to lung-cancer risk.", "content": "To test whether the genetically determined trait, aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase inducibility, affects susceptibility to lung cancer, we measured this trait in cultured lymphocytes from a normal population, patients with lung cancer and progeny of such patients. We found very low aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase activity (19 per cent of normal) in about half the patients with lung cancer. Only part of this activity can be accounted for by reduced cell growth and by reduced protein synthesis. In an indirect assessment of inducibility, both 57 progeny and 27 matched controls had a mean inducibility of 2.95 and a similar distribution into low, intermediate and high groups (chi-square = 0.3 P = 0.9). No differences in basal or induced activity were observed. Thus, if patients with lung cancer possess altered aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase inducibility or activity these characteristics are not transmitted to their progeny.", "contents": "Questionable relation of aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase to lung-cancer risk. To test whether the genetically determined trait, aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase inducibility, affects susceptibility to lung cancer, we measured this trait in cultured lymphocytes from a normal population, patients with lung cancer and progeny of such patients. We found very low aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase activity (19 per cent of normal) in about half the patients with lung cancer. Only part of this activity can be accounted for by reduced cell growth and by reduced protein synthesis. In an indirect assessment of inducibility, both 57 progeny and 27 matched controls had a mean inducibility of 2.95 and a similar distribution into low, intermediate and high groups (chi-square = 0.3 P = 0.9). No differences in basal or induced activity were observed. Thus, if patients with lung cancer possess altered aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase inducibility or activity these characteristics are not transmitted to their progeny."}
{"id": "PMID:876326", "title": "Partial androgen insensitivity: the Reifenstein syndrome revisited.", "content": "We investigated eight patients with the Reifenstein syndrome to define the hormonal basis for this condition. The patients had normal or elevated concentrations of plasma androgens, normal production rates of testosterone and dihydrotestosterone, elevated serum levels of luteinizing hormone and normal 5alpha-reductase activity in skin fibroblasts. These findings indicate that the syndrome results from defective androgen action rather than from decreased androgen synthesis. The term \"partial androgen insensitivity syndrome\" describes this condition more accurately than a term based on clinical phenotype. Dihydrotestosterone binding studies in skin fibroblasts demonstrated two genetic variants similar to those reported in complete androgen insensitivity syndrome. One patient had a partial deficiency of cytoplasmic dihydrotestosterone binding, and four others had normal binding activity. The cause of the androgen insensitivity in the last four cases is unknown. Treatment with testosterone suppressed serum luteinizing hormone levels and promoted mild virilizing effects.", "contents": "Partial androgen insensitivity: the Reifenstein syndrome revisited. We investigated eight patients with the Reifenstein syndrome to define the hormonal basis for this condition. The patients had normal or elevated concentrations of plasma androgens, normal production rates of testosterone and dihydrotestosterone, elevated serum levels of luteinizing hormone and normal 5alpha-reductase activity in skin fibroblasts. These findings indicate that the syndrome results from defective androgen action rather than from decreased androgen synthesis. The term \"partial androgen insensitivity syndrome\" describes this condition more accurately than a term based on clinical phenotype. Dihydrotestosterone binding studies in skin fibroblasts demonstrated two genetic variants similar to those reported in complete androgen insensitivity syndrome. One patient had a partial deficiency of cytoplasmic dihydrotestosterone binding, and four others had normal binding activity. The cause of the androgen insensitivity in the last four cases is unknown. Treatment with testosterone suppressed serum luteinizing hormone levels and promoted mild virilizing effects."}
{"id": "PMID:876327", "title": "An evaluation of early or delayed adjuvant chemotherapy in premenopausal patients with advanced breast cancer undergoing oophorectomy.", "content": "We treated randomly 75 premenopausal patients with advanced breast cancer with combination chemotherapy (5-fluorouracil, cyclophosphamide and prednisone), either as an early adjunct to oophorectomy or as a delayed treatment upon appearance of progressive metastatic disease after operation. The group receiving early systemic chemotherapy enjoyed an improved response rate, an improved survival rate and, most importantly, an improved progression-free interval (median of 53 versus 17 weeks). With the exclusion of the group with early (within three weeks after oophorectomy) progression, the progression-free intervals had a median duration of 77 weeks in the early-treatment group versus 33 weeks in the control group. The early-progression group did exceedingly poorly, although systemic chemotherapy was employed at that juncture, having a median survival of 22 weeks as compared to 144 weeks in the immediate-treatment group and 105 weeks in the control group.", "contents": "An evaluation of early or delayed adjuvant chemotherapy in premenopausal patients with advanced breast cancer undergoing oophorectomy. We treated randomly 75 premenopausal patients with advanced breast cancer with combination chemotherapy (5-fluorouracil, cyclophosphamide and prednisone), either as an early adjunct to oophorectomy or as a delayed treatment upon appearance of progressive metastatic disease after operation. The group receiving early systemic chemotherapy enjoyed an improved response rate, an improved survival rate and, most importantly, an improved progression-free interval (median of 53 versus 17 weeks). With the exclusion of the group with early (within three weeks after oophorectomy) progression, the progression-free intervals had a median duration of 77 weeks in the early-treatment group versus 33 weeks in the control group. The early-progression group did exceedingly poorly, although systemic chemotherapy was employed at that juncture, having a median survival of 22 weeks as compared to 144 weeks in the immediate-treatment group and 105 weeks in the control group."}
{"id": "PMID:876328", "title": "Elective surgical rates--do high rates mean lower standards? Tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy in Manitoba.", "content": "We used claims data from the Canadian province of Manitoba to test alternative explanations for regional differences in tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy rates. Respiratory morbidity, standards of selection for operation, and surgical resources were compared with elective surgical rates across geographic areas. Statistically significant correlations were not found. Individual practice patterns were then examined. In some regions, a few physicians accounted for the great majority of tonsil/adenoid operations. In other regions, the work was much more widely distributed. Despite great variation among individual physicians in the frequency of performing tonsil/adenoid operations and the standards of selection for operation, use of these procedures and standards applied were only weakly related to such variables as physician age, place of training and specialty.", "contents": "Elective surgical rates--do high rates mean lower standards? Tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy in Manitoba. We used claims data from the Canadian province of Manitoba to test alternative explanations for regional differences in tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy rates. Respiratory morbidity, standards of selection for operation, and surgical resources were compared with elective surgical rates across geographic areas. Statistically significant correlations were not found. Individual practice patterns were then examined. In some regions, a few physicians accounted for the great majority of tonsil/adenoid operations. In other regions, the work was much more widely distributed. Despite great variation among individual physicians in the frequency of performing tonsil/adenoid operations and the standards of selection for operation, use of these procedures and standards applied were only weakly related to such variables as physician age, place of training and specialty."}
{"id": "PMID:876343", "title": "Biochemical studies on Egyptian buffalo meat Part 1. Determination of phosphorus, calcium and magnesium.", "content": "The effect of age, sex, season and cut on the phosphorus, calcium and magnesium contents of buffalo meat was studied in 128 samples. Statistical analysis for the data showed significant difference to 0.01 level for phosphorus in relation to sex and in dry season in relation to sex. There is also significant difference for both calcium and magnesium in relation to season and also in case of both male and female in relation to season. At 0.05 level, phosphorus shows a significant difference in green season in relation to sex and at 0.1 level in relation to season.", "contents": "Biochemical studies on Egyptian buffalo meat Part 1. Determination of phosphorus, calcium and magnesium. The effect of age, sex, season and cut on the phosphorus, calcium and magnesium contents of buffalo meat was studied in 128 samples. Statistical analysis for the data showed significant difference to 0.01 level for phosphorus in relation to sex and in dry season in relation to sex. There is also significant difference for both calcium and magnesium in relation to season and also in case of both male and female in relation to season. At 0.05 level, phosphorus shows a significant difference in green season in relation to sex and at 0.1 level in relation to season."}
{"id": "PMID:876344", "title": "Biochemical studied on Egyptian buffalo meat. Part 2. Determination of iron, zinc and copper.", "content": "A total of 128 samples of Egyptian buffalo meat were collected from animals differing in age, sex, season and cuts. Their samples were analysed for iron, zinc and copper contents. Statistical analysis of the data obtained shows, that zinc and copper differ significantly at 0.01 level in relation to cut variation. In case of female, they differ also at the same level in relation to season. Zinc differes significantly at 0.01 level seasonally and in male in relation to season. On the other hand copper differs significantly at 0.05 level for green season in relation to sex. Iron and copper show significant differences at 0.1 level due to sex and in dry season in  relation to sex, respectively.", "contents": "Biochemical studied on Egyptian buffalo meat. Part 2. Determination of iron, zinc and copper. A total of 128 samples of Egyptian buffalo meat were collected from animals differing in age, sex, season and cuts. Their samples were analysed for iron, zinc and copper contents. Statistical analysis of the data obtained shows, that zinc and copper differ significantly at 0.01 level in relation to cut variation. In case of female, they differ also at the same level in relation to season. Zinc differes significantly at 0.01 level seasonally and in male in relation to season. On the other hand copper differs significantly at 0.05 level for green season in relation to sex. Iron and copper show significant differences at 0.1 level due to sex and in dry season in  relation to sex, respectively."}
{"id": "PMID:876345", "title": "Biochemical studies on Egyptian buffalo meat. Part 3. Determination of sodium, potassium and chloride.", "content": "Sodium, potassium and chloride contents fo buffalo meat were studied in 128 samples. Statistical analysis for the data obtained show significant difference at 0.01 level for sodium, potassium, and chloride in relation to season, and in female in relation to season. Sodium and potassium differs significantly at 0.01 level in male animals in relation to season, and chloride differs at this level due to green season in relation to sex. At 0.05 level sodium shows a significant difference in cut while chloride shows a variation at this level due to dry season in relation to sex.", "contents": "Biochemical studies on Egyptian buffalo meat. Part 3. Determination of sodium, potassium and chloride. Sodium, potassium and chloride contents fo buffalo meat were studied in 128 samples. Statistical analysis for the data obtained show significant difference at 0.01 level for sodium, potassium, and chloride in relation to season, and in female in relation to season. Sodium and potassium differs significantly at 0.01 level in male animals in relation to season, and chloride differs at this level due to green season in relation to sex. At 0.05 level sodium shows a significant difference in cut while chloride shows a variation at this level due to dry season in relation to sex."}
{"id": "PMID:876346", "title": "Gamma-irradiation and storage effects on some chemical aspects of carrots.", "content": "Studies on chemical changes induced by gamma-irradiation at optimum dose of 75 krad in carrots were undertaken. Sugars, nitrogen, free amino acids, amino acids of alcohol insoluble solids, and pectin fractions were determined. The results indicate that the postharvest irradiation of carrots does not dramatically affect their chemical composition during storage. However, it was observed that storage time affected significantly the biochemical changes occurring in the constituents of carrots exposed to gamma-irradiation.", "contents": "Gamma-irradiation and storage effects on some chemical aspects of carrots. Studies on chemical changes induced by gamma-irradiation at optimum dose of 75 krad in carrots were undertaken. Sugars, nitrogen, free amino acids, amino acids of alcohol insoluble solids, and pectin fractions were determined. The results indicate that the postharvest irradiation of carrots does not dramatically affect their chemical composition during storage. However, it was observed that storage time affected significantly the biochemical changes occurring in the constituents of carrots exposed to gamma-irradiation."}
{"id": "PMID:876348", "title": "[Thin-layer chromatographic determination of chlordimeform in cucumbers and apples].", "content": "The author describes two methods for the thin-layer chromatographic determination of chlordimeform residues in cucumbers and apples. Chlordimeform is determined alone or together with its relevant metabolites after conversion into 4-chloro-o-toluidine. The limit of detection is 0.1 and 0.05 p.p.m., respectively. The rate of recovery is 76-85 and 90-105%, respectively. Studies on the stability of the residues and on the metabolism and distribution of chlordimeform in cucumbers are discussed.", "contents": "[Thin-layer chromatographic determination of chlordimeform in cucumbers and apples]. The author describes two methods for the thin-layer chromatographic determination of chlordimeform residues in cucumbers and apples. Chlordimeform is determined alone or together with its relevant metabolites after conversion into 4-chloro-o-toluidine. The limit of detection is 0.1 and 0.05 p.p.m., respectively. The rate of recovery is 76-85 and 90-105%, respectively. Studies on the stability of the residues and on the metabolism and distribution of chlordimeform in cucumbers are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:876349", "title": "[Gas-chromatographic determination of insecticidal chlorinated hydrocarbons using the GCHF 18.3-6 gas chromatograph with an attached electron detector].", "content": "The authors describe the gas chromatographic determination of residues of insecticidal chlorinated hydrocarbons in foods by means of the GCHF 18.3-6 gas chromatograph with electron attachment detector of the VEB Chromatron Berlin which is most frequently available in the GDR for routine work. Furthermore, the authors deal with possibilities of identifying and confirming residues of chlorinated hydrocarbons with the aid of chemical reactions.", "contents": "[Gas-chromatographic determination of insecticidal chlorinated hydrocarbons using the GCHF 18.3-6 gas chromatograph with an attached electron detector]. The authors describe the gas chromatographic determination of residues of insecticidal chlorinated hydrocarbons in foods by means of the GCHF 18.3-6 gas chromatograph with electron attachment detector of the VEB Chromatron Berlin which is most frequently available in the GDR for routine work. Furthermore, the authors deal with possibilities of identifying and confirming residues of chlorinated hydrocarbons with the aid of chemical reactions."}
{"id": "PMID:876398", "title": "Studies on sodium ion retention and antidiuretic effects after administration of L-tryptophan to rats.", "content": "Under certain conditions the i.p. injection of L-tryptophan leads to a reduction of elimination of Na+. At the same time, the fractional Na+ -reabsorption increases. No increase in the absolute tubular sodium transport rate was observed since the significantly reduced plasma-sodium concentration leads to a decreased sodium load. The most probable cause of a decreased plasma-sodium concentration seems to be a retention of sodium-free water under the chosen conditions of infusion. The water retention is compatible with the antidiuretic effect of 5-hydroxytryptamine.", "contents": "Studies on sodium ion retention and antidiuretic effects after administration of L-tryptophan to rats. Under certain conditions the i.p. injection of L-tryptophan leads to a reduction of elimination of Na+. At the same time, the fractional Na+ -reabsorption increases. No increase in the absolute tubular sodium transport rate was observed since the significantly reduced plasma-sodium concentration leads to a decreased sodium load. The most probable cause of a decreased plasma-sodium concentration seems to be a retention of sodium-free water under the chosen conditions of infusion. The water retention is compatible with the antidiuretic effect of 5-hydroxytryptamine."}
{"id": "PMID:876399", "title": "The effects of an inhibitor of phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase upon stimulated adrenal catecholamine release and excretion in the rat.", "content": "SK&F 64139, an inhibitor of adrenal phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase (PNMT), was found to significantly decrease 2-deoxy-D-glucose (2-DG) induced epinephrine excretion in the conscious rat under conditions where the former agent was administered chromically at 50 and 200 mg/kg/day over a 12-day period and 2-DG was administered after 3, 7 and 11 days of treatment. The reduced epinephrine output caused by SK&F 64139 in response to 2-DG was accompanied by an increased norepinephrine excretion pattern at 200 mg/kg/day of the compound. The reductions in epinephrine excretion were also associated with significant decreases in adrenal epinephrine and increases in the norepinephrine content.", "contents": "The effects of an inhibitor of phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase upon stimulated adrenal catecholamine release and excretion in the rat. SK&F 64139, an inhibitor of adrenal phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase (PNMT), was found to significantly decrease 2-deoxy-D-glucose (2-DG) induced epinephrine excretion in the conscious rat under conditions where the former agent was administered chromically at 50 and 200 mg/kg/day over a 12-day period and 2-DG was administered after 3, 7 and 11 days of treatment. The reduced epinephrine output caused by SK&F 64139 in response to 2-DG was accompanied by an increased norepinephrine excretion pattern at 200 mg/kg/day of the compound. The reductions in epinephrine excretion were also associated with significant decreases in adrenal epinephrine and increases in the norepinephrine content."}
{"id": "PMID:876400", "title": "Effect of atropine and acetylcholine on nerve stimulated output of noradrenaline and dopamine-beta-hydroxylase from isolated rabbit and guinea pig hearts.", "content": "The role of a cholinergic muscarinic inhibitory mechanism in sympathetic neurotransmission was investigated in isolated rabbit and guinea pig hearts with intact sympathetic nerves. The effect of varying frequencies of stimulation (2.5, 5 and 10 Hz) on the concentration of noradrenaline (NA) and dopamine-beta-hydroxylase (DBH) released into the perfusate was investigated. Stimulation in the presence of atropine sulfate (3.4 micrometer) resulted in an augmented outflow of NA at all three frequencies while DBH outflow was significantly incrreased only at 5 and 10 Hz. d-Tubocurarine (2.0 micrometer) attenuated the augmenting effect of atropine on NA release at all frequencies of stimulation whereas it negated the significant effect of atropine on DBH release. Nerve stimulation in the presence of acetylcholine (0.55 micrometer) resulted in a significant decrease in the concentrations of NA and DBH in the perfusate. It is suggested that atropine augments NA outflow in part by blocking an \"intrinsic\" muscarinic inhibitory mechanism. Acetylcholine's inhibitory effect on NA release is reflected in a similar decrease in DBH release and, therefore, may function in vivo via an effect on exocytosis at the adrenergic nerve ending.", "contents": "Effect of atropine and acetylcholine on nerve stimulated output of noradrenaline and dopamine-beta-hydroxylase from isolated rabbit and guinea pig hearts. The role of a cholinergic muscarinic inhibitory mechanism in sympathetic neurotransmission was investigated in isolated rabbit and guinea pig hearts with intact sympathetic nerves. The effect of varying frequencies of stimulation (2.5, 5 and 10 Hz) on the concentration of noradrenaline (NA) and dopamine-beta-hydroxylase (DBH) released into the perfusate was investigated. Stimulation in the presence of atropine sulfate (3.4 micrometer) resulted in an augmented outflow of NA at all three frequencies while DBH outflow was significantly incrreased only at 5 and 10 Hz. d-Tubocurarine (2.0 micrometer) attenuated the augmenting effect of atropine on NA release at all frequencies of stimulation whereas it negated the significant effect of atropine on DBH release. Nerve stimulation in the presence of acetylcholine (0.55 micrometer) resulted in a significant decrease in the concentrations of NA and DBH in the perfusate. It is suggested that atropine augments NA outflow in part by blocking an \"intrinsic\" muscarinic inhibitory mechanism. Acetylcholine's inhibitory effect on NA release is reflected in a similar decrease in DBH release and, therefore, may function in vivo via an effect on exocytosis at the adrenergic nerve ending."}
{"id": "PMID:876401", "title": "Increased incorporation of fatty acids into phospholipids of lungs and livers of rabbits under the influence of bromhexine and ambroxol.", "content": "The incorporation of lauric acid, palmitic acid and oleic acid into phospholipids of lung and liver has been studied in tissue slices of control rabbits and of rabbits treated with bromhexine or ambroxol in doses of 10 mg/kg. A marked increase (up to 200% of the controls) of palmitic acid incorporation into phosphatidylcholine (lecithin) and phosphatidylethanolamine of the lung was found whereas the incorporation rate of palmitic acid into lecithin and phosphatidylethanolamine of the liver displayed no significant change. The incorporation of lauric acid and oleic acid into lung phospholipids was not accelerated. The observed effects were more marked in short time experiments (analysis 2 h after drug injection) than after treatements for 7 days. It is concluded that the phospholipid synthesis is stimulated by the drugs especially in the lungs. This seems to be of particular interest with respect to the surfactant system of the lung and might have some therapeutic relevance.", "contents": "Increased incorporation of fatty acids into phospholipids of lungs and livers of rabbits under the influence of bromhexine and ambroxol. The incorporation of lauric acid, palmitic acid and oleic acid into phospholipids of lung and liver has been studied in tissue slices of control rabbits and of rabbits treated with bromhexine or ambroxol in doses of 10 mg/kg. A marked increase (up to 200% of the controls) of palmitic acid incorporation into phosphatidylcholine (lecithin) and phosphatidylethanolamine of the lung was found whereas the incorporation rate of palmitic acid into lecithin and phosphatidylethanolamine of the liver displayed no significant change. The incorporation of lauric acid and oleic acid into lung phospholipids was not accelerated. The observed effects were more marked in short time experiments (analysis 2 h after drug injection) than after treatements for 7 days. It is concluded that the phospholipid synthesis is stimulated by the drugs especially in the lungs. This seems to be of particular interest with respect to the surfactant system of the lung and might have some therapeutic relevance."}
{"id": "PMID:876402", "title": "Mechanism of the enrichment of phosphatidylcholine in liver accompanying enzyme induction by phenobarbital.", "content": "The mechanism of the increase of phosphatidylcholine in liver, accompanying enzyme induction by phenobarbital, has been studied in rats. Using radioactively labeled precursors, the two main pathways of phosphatidylcholine biosynthesis--the CDP-choline pathway and the methylation of phosphatidylethanolamine--were analyzed after pretreatment with 4 doses of phenobarbital (80 mg/kg) on 3 consecutive days. After i.v. injection of choline [Me-3H], choline [Me-14C] or NaH2[32P]O4 the specific radioactivity (sp. act.) of phosphatidylcholine (dpm/nmol) was decreased by 60%, and after methionine [Me-3H] or ethanolamine [1.2-14C] by 40% compared to control rats. These changes are partly due to the increased concentration of phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine, causing the incorporated precursors to dilute, and partly to a secondary effect which leads to a reduction of the sp. act. of free choline in pretreated animals. The concentration of glycerylphosphorylcholine, one of the metabolites of phosphatidylcholine catabolism, was also diminished by almost 50%. From these results it may be concluded that the increase of phosphatidylcholine is due to a retardation of its breakdown rather than to an increase of its synthesis.", "contents": "Mechanism of the enrichment of phosphatidylcholine in liver accompanying enzyme induction by phenobarbital. The mechanism of the increase of phosphatidylcholine in liver, accompanying enzyme induction by phenobarbital, has been studied in rats. Using radioactively labeled precursors, the two main pathways of phosphatidylcholine biosynthesis--the CDP-choline pathway and the methylation of phosphatidylethanolamine--were analyzed after pretreatment with 4 doses of phenobarbital (80 mg/kg) on 3 consecutive days. After i.v. injection of choline [Me-3H], choline [Me-14C] or NaH2[32P]O4 the specific radioactivity (sp. act.) of phosphatidylcholine (dpm/nmol) was decreased by 60%, and after methionine [Me-3H] or ethanolamine [1.2-14C] by 40% compared to control rats. These changes are partly due to the increased concentration of phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine, causing the incorporated precursors to dilute, and partly to a secondary effect which leads to a reduction of the sp. act. of free choline in pretreated animals. The concentration of glycerylphosphorylcholine, one of the metabolites of phosphatidylcholine catabolism, was also diminished by almost 50%. From these results it may be concluded that the increase of phosphatidylcholine is due to a retardation of its breakdown rather than to an increase of its synthesis."}
{"id": "PMID:876437", "title": "Treatment of urinary-tract infection with a single dose of amoxycillin.", "content": "31 patients with a urinary infection were treated with a single oral dose (3 g for adults and 100 mg/kg for children) of amoxycillin; 23 (74%) were cured. 20 women and 26 children were then randomly allocated to either a single dose of amoxycillin of a 5- to 7-day conventional course of the same antibiotic. The results of both treatment regimens were comparable. Single-dose therapy for the treatment of urinary-tract infections was simple, effective and well tolerated. Patients preferred taking their treatment in this manner. Failure of single-dose therapy to eradicate bacteriuria may indicate which patients require subsequent investigations of their urinary tract.", "contents": "Treatment of urinary-tract infection with a single dose of amoxycillin. 31 patients with a urinary infection were treated with a single oral dose (3 g for adults and 100 mg/kg for children) of amoxycillin; 23 (74%) were cured. 20 women and 26 children were then randomly allocated to either a single dose of amoxycillin of a 5- to 7-day conventional course of the same antibiotic. The results of both treatment regimens were comparable. Single-dose therapy for the treatment of urinary-tract infections was simple, effective and well tolerated. Patients preferred taking their treatment in this manner. Failure of single-dose therapy to eradicate bacteriuria may indicate which patients require subsequent investigations of their urinary tract."}
{"id": "PMID:876438", "title": "Hyperchloremia associated with membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis.", "content": "16 patients with membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis had a mean serum chloride level significantly higher than that in normal subjects or in comparable groups of patients with nephrotic syndrome secondary to either systemic lupus erythematosus or to other primary nephrotic glomerular diseases. Differences in the severity of histologic alterations of the renal interstitium did not correlate with the different levels of serum chloride seen in these groups. The increased chloride concentration may be partially explained as a compensating reaction for a decrease in protein anions. However, a renal tubular acidifying defect demonstrated in one of our patients may also contribute to the hyperchloremia in some cases.", "contents": "Hyperchloremia associated with membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis. 16 patients with membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis had a mean serum chloride level significantly higher than that in normal subjects or in comparable groups of patients with nephrotic syndrome secondary to either systemic lupus erythematosus or to other primary nephrotic glomerular diseases. Differences in the severity of histologic alterations of the renal interstitium did not correlate with the different levels of serum chloride seen in these groups. The increased chloride concentration may be partially explained as a compensating reaction for a decrease in protein anions. However, a renal tubular acidifying defect demonstrated in one of our patients may also contribute to the hyperchloremia in some cases."}
{"id": "PMID:876439", "title": "Renal hemodynamics in HgCl2-induced acute renal failure.", "content": "Renal blood flow (RBF), outer cortical blood flow (OC-rbf) and inner cortical blood flow were determined by the microsphere method in water-drinking rats and chronic saline-drinking rats at 3, 12 and 24 h after injection of HgCl2, 4.7 mg/kh body weight. RFB and OC-rbf were decreased in both groups at 3 h post HgCl2 injection. Persistent reduction of OC-rbf was noted in water-drinking rats at 12 and 24 h post HgCl2 even though the total RBF returned to normal by 24 h. These parameters were normal in chronic saline-drinking rats. Despite normal RBF in water-drinking and saline-drinking rats, serum creatinines were still signigicantly elevated 24 h post HgCl2. Therefore, alterations in total renal perfusion do not entirely account for the decreased renal function that occurs under these circumstances.", "contents": "Renal hemodynamics in HgCl2-induced acute renal failure. Renal blood flow (RBF), outer cortical blood flow (OC-rbf) and inner cortical blood flow were determined by the microsphere method in water-drinking rats and chronic saline-drinking rats at 3, 12 and 24 h after injection of HgCl2, 4.7 mg/kh body weight. RFB and OC-rbf were decreased in both groups at 3 h post HgCl2 injection. Persistent reduction of OC-rbf was noted in water-drinking rats at 12 and 24 h post HgCl2 even though the total RBF returned to normal by 24 h. These parameters were normal in chronic saline-drinking rats. Despite normal RBF in water-drinking and saline-drinking rats, serum creatinines were still signigicantly elevated 24 h post HgCl2. Therefore, alterations in total renal perfusion do not entirely account for the decreased renal function that occurs under these circumstances."}
{"id": "PMID:876440", "title": "Failure of sodium restriction to abolish exaggerated natriuresis in poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis.", "content": "Exaggerated natriuresis in response to hypertonic saline infusion occurs with great regularity in patients with documented previous attacks of poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis. Five patients were studied before and after 1 week of dietary sodium restriction in order to examine the possibility that increased extracellular fluid volume might play a role in the response to acute saline infusion. Plasma renin activity (PRA) and PRA responsiveness to sodium depletion were normal, suggesting that extracellular fluid volume was not increased. In all patients, extracellular fluid volume decreased during sodium restriction, as judged by weight loss, cumulative negative sodium balance, small decreases in measured plasma volume, and appropriate increases of PRA and plasma aldosterone concentration. Hypertonic saline infusion provoked exaggerated natriuresis in all patients equally as well after dietary sodium restriction as before. Exaggerated natriuresis in poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis occurs without evidence of chronic expansion of extracellular fluid volume and is not affected by reduction of extracellular fluid volume.", "contents": "Failure of sodium restriction to abolish exaggerated natriuresis in poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis. Exaggerated natriuresis in response to hypertonic saline infusion occurs with great regularity in patients with documented previous attacks of poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis. Five patients were studied before and after 1 week of dietary sodium restriction in order to examine the possibility that increased extracellular fluid volume might play a role in the response to acute saline infusion. Plasma renin activity (PRA) and PRA responsiveness to sodium depletion were normal, suggesting that extracellular fluid volume was not increased. In all patients, extracellular fluid volume decreased during sodium restriction, as judged by weight loss, cumulative negative sodium balance, small decreases in measured plasma volume, and appropriate increases of PRA and plasma aldosterone concentration. Hypertonic saline infusion provoked exaggerated natriuresis in all patients equally as well after dietary sodium restriction as before. Exaggerated natriuresis in poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis occurs without evidence of chronic expansion of extracellular fluid volume and is not affected by reduction of extracellular fluid volume."}
{"id": "PMID:876441", "title": "Sequential clearance and dialysance measurements in chronic peritoneal dialysis patients.", "content": "The long-term efficiency of chronic peritoneal dialysis was investigated during a 10-months follow-up period in eight patients with indwelling Tenckhoff catheters by determining sequential urea, creatine and glucose clearances. Dialysis was performed in the hospital with nurses changing commercially prepared 2-liter dialysate bottles. Mean +/- SE urea clearance declined from an initial valua of 23.6 +/- 1.5 ml/min to 17.7 +/- 1.2 at the termination of the study. The mean glucose and creatinine clearance also decreased from 14.1 +/- 0.9 to 10.2 +/- 0.7 and from 17.5 +/- 1.9 to 12.9 +/- 1.0, respectively. All of these decreases were statistically significant (p less than 0.05) by paired t testing analysis. It is concluded that the efficiency of chronic peritoneal dialysis may decline during maintenance therapy and that sequential clearance measurements should be obtained in all chronic peritoneal dialysis patients.", "contents": "Sequential clearance and dialysance measurements in chronic peritoneal dialysis patients. The long-term efficiency of chronic peritoneal dialysis was investigated during a 10-months follow-up period in eight patients with indwelling Tenckhoff catheters by determining sequential urea, creatine and glucose clearances. Dialysis was performed in the hospital with nurses changing commercially prepared 2-liter dialysate bottles. Mean +/- SE urea clearance declined from an initial valua of 23.6 +/- 1.5 ml/min to 17.7 +/- 1.2 at the termination of the study. The mean glucose and creatinine clearance also decreased from 14.1 +/- 0.9 to 10.2 +/- 0.7 and from 17.5 +/- 1.9 to 12.9 +/- 1.0, respectively. All of these decreases were statistically significant (p less than 0.05) by paired t testing analysis. It is concluded that the efficiency of chronic peritoneal dialysis may decline during maintenance therapy and that sequential clearance measurements should be obtained in all chronic peritoneal dialysis patients."}
{"id": "PMID:876442", "title": "Effect of dialysis on hearing acuity.", "content": "In order to determine the effect of dialysis on hearing acuity, 20 patients on chronic maintenance hemodialysis or peritoneal were followed with hearing examinations every 6 months over a follow-up period of 1-4 years. While 70% of the study group had some measureable hearing loss at the beginning of the study, 75% of the patients showed no deterioration of hearing loss during the follow-up period. It is suggested that hearing deficits in chronic renal failure are common and multifactorial in etiology, and that most patients undergoing chronic dialysis show no further deterioration in hearing acuity.", "contents": "Effect of dialysis on hearing acuity. In order to determine the effect of dialysis on hearing acuity, 20 patients on chronic maintenance hemodialysis or peritoneal were followed with hearing examinations every 6 months over a follow-up period of 1-4 years. While 70% of the study group had some measureable hearing loss at the beginning of the study, 75% of the patients showed no deterioration of hearing loss during the follow-up period. It is suggested that hearing deficits in chronic renal failure are common and multifactorial in etiology, and that most patients undergoing chronic dialysis show no further deterioration in hearing acuity."}
{"id": "PMID:876443", "title": "Peritoneal dialysis: a temporizing means for hemodialysis patients with subdural hematomas.", "content": "Subdural hematoma has a higher mortality rate with hemodialysis patients than the normal population. One reason for this is the coagulation abnormalities of hemodialyzed patients. One case of a successfully treated subdural hematoma in a chronic peritoneal dialysis patient is presented. Changing the mode of dialysis from hemodialysis to peritoneal dialysis in a patient suspected of having a subdural hematoma may be beneficial in improving overally survival.", "contents": "Peritoneal dialysis: a temporizing means for hemodialysis patients with subdural hematomas. Subdural hematoma has a higher mortality rate with hemodialysis patients than the normal population. One reason for this is the coagulation abnormalities of hemodialyzed patients. One case of a successfully treated subdural hematoma in a chronic peritoneal dialysis patient is presented. Changing the mode of dialysis from hemodialysis to peritoneal dialysis in a patient suspected of having a subdural hematoma may be beneficial in improving overally survival."}
{"id": "PMID:876445", "title": "[Evaluation of different treatment in minimal brain damage].", "content": "In 78 children (5-13 years old) with minimal brain dysfunction, a comparative trial was carried out in order to evaluate three different treatment plans: carbamazepine alone, carbamazepine plus psychotherapy and psychotherapy alone. The improvement obtained in children who received carbamazepine (alone or with psychoterapy) was greater than that of patients treated with psychotherapy only. The difference was highly statistically significant (p=0.01). Carbamazepine was well tolerated. This trial has shown that carbamazepine is a useful aid in the treatment of behavioral and learning disorders occurring in children with minimal brain dysfunction.", "contents": "[Evaluation of different treatment in minimal brain damage]. In 78 children (5-13 years old) with minimal brain dysfunction, a comparative trial was carried out in order to evaluate three different treatment plans: carbamazepine alone, carbamazepine plus psychotherapy and psychotherapy alone. The improvement obtained in children who received carbamazepine (alone or with psychoterapy) was greater than that of patients treated with psychotherapy only. The difference was highly statistically significant (p=0.01). Carbamazepine was well tolerated. This trial has shown that carbamazepine is a useful aid in the treatment of behavioral and learning disorders occurring in children with minimal brain dysfunction."}
{"id": "PMID:876447", "title": "[Neurophysiological bases of hypnosis].", "content": "A neurophysiological hypothesis for hypnosis is suggested. Frequently, a hypnotic state is considered close to sleep. Experiments show that it closer to wakefulness, that attention is present and, at times, increased. Physiological changes under hypnosis, changes in suggestibility, conditionability, memory, visceral and endocrine changes, are outlined. Four large neuronal groups with diverse functions are described: wakefulness system, sleep system, that of conscious experience and the executive system; these last two, localized in the midbrain, pons and medulla, are considered the structural basis for the hypnotic state which arises from their increased or decreased functions. In the hypnotic state, through functional variations in these groups, modifications are seen in the spinal chord, in afferent fibers such as the optic ribbon and in complicated cortical functions such as memory.", "contents": "[Neurophysiological bases of hypnosis]. A neurophysiological hypothesis for hypnosis is suggested. Frequently, a hypnotic state is considered close to sleep. Experiments show that it closer to wakefulness, that attention is present and, at times, increased. Physiological changes under hypnosis, changes in suggestibility, conditionability, memory, visceral and endocrine changes, are outlined. Four large neuronal groups with diverse functions are described: wakefulness system, sleep system, that of conscious experience and the executive system; these last two, localized in the midbrain, pons and medulla, are considered the structural basis for the hypnotic state which arises from their increased or decreased functions. In the hypnotic state, through functional variations in these groups, modifications are seen in the spinal chord, in afferent fibers such as the optic ribbon and in complicated cortical functions such as memory."}
{"id": "PMID:876448", "title": "Endocystography in cystic neurilemmoma.", "content": "During myelographic evaluation for a suspected herniated disc, a cystic neurilemmoma in the lower lumbar region was inadvertently punctured and a contrast study of the interior of the lesion resulted. The possibility of puncture of a cystic mass should be considered in the differential diagnosis when a complete block is encountered above and below the site of needle puncutre, and particularly when the contrast column demonstrates a relatively smooth biconcave appearance.", "contents": "Endocystography in cystic neurilemmoma. During myelographic evaluation for a suspected herniated disc, a cystic neurilemmoma in the lower lumbar region was inadvertently punctured and a contrast study of the interior of the lesion resulted. The possibility of puncture of a cystic mass should be considered in the differential diagnosis when a complete block is encountered above and below the site of needle puncutre, and particularly when the contrast column demonstrates a relatively smooth biconcave appearance."}
{"id": "PMID:876449", "title": "Unrecognized atypical tuberous sclerosis diagnosed with CT.", "content": "Past experience in this hospital has shown that the neuroradiological diagnosis of tuberous sclerosis is often made before the diagnosis is clinically suspected. We present a child in such a circumstance in whom axial and coronal CT demonstrated significant neoplastic progression of this disease. The presenting symptom was merely that of increased intracranial pressure.", "contents": "Unrecognized atypical tuberous sclerosis diagnosed with CT. Past experience in this hospital has shown that the neuroradiological diagnosis of tuberous sclerosis is often made before the diagnosis is clinically suspected. We present a child in such a circumstance in whom axial and coronal CT demonstrated significant neoplastic progression of this disease. The presenting symptom was merely that of increased intracranial pressure."}
{"id": "PMID:876450", "title": "Spinal epidural angiomatous malformations draining into intrathecal veins.", "content": "Nine angiomatous malformations situated on the outer surface of the dura and one situated in the pelvis, from which draining veins pierced the dura and joined the coronal venous plexus are described. The clinical manifestations and myelographic appearances are similar to those of the majority of intradural angiomatous malformations. This suggests that neurological deficiences with both types of malformation are usually due to raised venous pressure with secondary ischaemic hypoxia.", "contents": "Spinal epidural angiomatous malformations draining into intrathecal veins. Nine angiomatous malformations situated on the outer surface of the dura and one situated in the pelvis, from which draining veins pierced the dura and joined the coronal venous plexus are described. The clinical manifestations and myelographic appearances are similar to those of the majority of intradural angiomatous malformations. This suggests that neurological deficiences with both types of malformation are usually due to raised venous pressure with secondary ischaemic hypoxia."}
{"id": "PMID:876451", "title": "Constancy of convexity air block on pneumoencephalography.", "content": "Twenty-two patients with dementia were examined by pneumoencephalography using special technic with the aim of filling the subarachnoid convexity space. Seven had no obvious hydrocephalus. All patients had convexity blocks which were more or less extensive. Ten had bilateral air block in the frontal, parietal and occipital regions. It was concluded that convexity air block is not a technical artifact and consequently seems to have an organic background.", "contents": "Constancy of convexity air block on pneumoencephalography. Twenty-two patients with dementia were examined by pneumoencephalography using special technic with the aim of filling the subarachnoid convexity space. Seven had no obvious hydrocephalus. All patients had convexity blocks which were more or less extensive. Ten had bilateral air block in the frontal, parietal and occipital regions. It was concluded that convexity air block is not a technical artifact and consequently seems to have an organic background."}
{"id": "PMID:876452", "title": "Cardiovascular reactions to myelography with watersoluble contrast media.", "content": "Arterial blood pressure and heart rate were recorded for 5 to 7 h during myelography with iothalamate meglumine and metrizamide in 23 rabbits. After 0.6 ml iothalamate meglumine containing 280 mg I/ml a significant decrease in blood pressure and signs of circulatory failure were found. After identical doses of metrizamide and after reduction of the dose of iothalamate meglumine to 0.4 ml containing 140 mg I/ml no significant fall in blood pressure was recorded. A decrease of blood pressure was always accompanied by a decrease of heart rate. Arterial blood pressure and heart rate during experimental myelography are suggested as useful variables in the evaluation and comparison of new contrast media for myelography.", "contents": "Cardiovascular reactions to myelography with watersoluble contrast media. Arterial blood pressure and heart rate were recorded for 5 to 7 h during myelography with iothalamate meglumine and metrizamide in 23 rabbits. After 0.6 ml iothalamate meglumine containing 280 mg I/ml a significant decrease in blood pressure and signs of circulatory failure were found. After identical doses of metrizamide and after reduction of the dose of iothalamate meglumine to 0.4 ml containing 140 mg I/ml no significant fall in blood pressure was recorded. A decrease of blood pressure was always accompanied by a decrease of heart rate. Arterial blood pressure and heart rate during experimental myelography are suggested as useful variables in the evaluation and comparison of new contrast media for myelography."}
{"id": "PMID:876453", "title": "Arterial and venous signs of tumors within the fourth ventricle.", "content": "A positive diagnosis of tumors located within the fourth ventricle should be based on specific signs therby excluding other space occupying lesions in the posterior fossa. These are a typical omega form of the hemispheric cerebellar branches on the lateral projection, and an also typical inverted 3 form of the PICA in the semiaxial projection. Alteration of the veins of the lateral recess of the fourth ventricle and of the precentral cerebellar vein are important venous signs. Indirect signs are found in the absence of tonsillar herniation with arterial and venous signs of AP stretching of the cerebellar tonsils.", "contents": "Arterial and venous signs of tumors within the fourth ventricle. A positive diagnosis of tumors located within the fourth ventricle should be based on specific signs therby excluding other space occupying lesions in the posterior fossa. These are a typical omega form of the hemispheric cerebellar branches on the lateral projection, and an also typical inverted 3 form of the PICA in the semiaxial projection. Alteration of the veins of the lateral recess of the fourth ventricle and of the precentral cerebellar vein are important venous signs. Indirect signs are found in the absence of tonsillar herniation with arterial and venous signs of AP stretching of the cerebellar tonsils."}
{"id": "PMID:876454", "title": "The anatomy of the inferolateral trunk (ILT) of the internal carotid artery.", "content": "The authors of the paper present the results of 20 anatomical dissections of the cavernous sinus area, correlated to 90 angiographies and to basic embryological knowledge; they emphasize the role played by the inferolateral trunk in the arterial blood supply of the cavernous area and its complex and the value of the internal maxillary angiogram for its visualization.", "contents": "The anatomy of the inferolateral trunk (ILT) of the internal carotid artery. The authors of the paper present the results of 20 anatomical dissections of the cavernous sinus area, correlated to 90 angiographies and to basic embryological knowledge; they emphasize the role played by the inferolateral trunk in the arterial blood supply of the cavernous area and its complex and the value of the internal maxillary angiogram for its visualization."}
{"id": "PMID:876455", "title": "Angiography before and after radiotherapy for a thalamic tumor.", "content": "A patient with a thalamic tumor received radiotherapy. A right cerebral angiogram seven days after the irradiation was finished revealed increased vascularity, early filled deep cerebral veins and signs of increased mass. A subsequent angiogram showed gradual regression of these features. There is no literature on angiographic progression with early venous filling following radiotherapy.", "contents": "Angiography before and after radiotherapy for a thalamic tumor. A patient with a thalamic tumor received radiotherapy. A right cerebral angiogram seven days after the irradiation was finished revealed increased vascularity, early filled deep cerebral veins and signs of increased mass. A subsequent angiogram showed gradual regression of these features. There is no literature on angiographic progression with early venous filling following radiotherapy."}
{"id": "PMID:876457", "title": "The malpractice controversy and the quality of patient care.", "content": "The widespread doctor strikes of 1975 stimulated belated attention to a crisis in malpractice insurance. Most state legislatures responded only to a shadow crisis in insurance as they rallied to the defense of health care providers. The smouldering substantive crisis--the reality of malpractice--is now galvanizing institutions and professions into aggressive activities for quality assurance and renewal of trust between patient and doctor. New procedural experiments offer prospects for preserving economy and equity by containing the causes of malpractice suits within the health care system itself.", "contents": "The malpractice controversy and the quality of patient care. The widespread doctor strikes of 1975 stimulated belated attention to a crisis in malpractice insurance. Most state legislatures responded only to a shadow crisis in insurance as they rallied to the defense of health care providers. The smouldering substantive crisis--the reality of malpractice--is now galvanizing institutions and professions into aggressive activities for quality assurance and renewal of trust between patient and doctor. New procedural experiments offer prospects for preserving economy and equity by containing the causes of malpractice suits within the health care system itself."}
{"id": "PMID:876472", "title": "[Current acquisitions on the treatment of pseudocysts of the pancreas].", "content": "Modern views concerning the surgical treatment of pseudocysts of the pancreas are presented. The patient's general condition, the presence of complications, the features and site of the pseudocysts, and the state of \"maturation of the wall\" will determine the steps to be taken in any given case. The different of operation employed are described, together with their indications and contraindications, possible complications and results.", "contents": "[Current acquisitions on the treatment of pseudocysts of the pancreas]. Modern views concerning the surgical treatment of pseudocysts of the pancreas are presented. The patient's general condition, the presence of complications, the features and site of the pseudocysts, and the state of \"maturation of the wall\" will determine the steps to be taken in any given case. The different of operation employed are described, together with their indications and contraindications, possible complications and results."}
{"id": "PMID:876473", "title": "[Proximal selective vagotomy. Statistical review approximately 200 cases of selective vagotomy. Preventive note].", "content": "Gastric resection for the correction of duodenal hyperacidity in patients suffering from duodenal ulcer has always seemed out of proportion to the objective which is simply that of the clinical and anatomopathological cure of a small lesion. Vagotomy, particularly proximal selective v. offers the surgeon a rational approach to duodenal ulcer. This is also seen in the series of the F. Ponti Surgery Division of the Ca' Granda General Hospital of Milan.", "contents": "[Proximal selective vagotomy. Statistical review approximately 200 cases of selective vagotomy. Preventive note]. Gastric resection for the correction of duodenal hyperacidity in patients suffering from duodenal ulcer has always seemed out of proportion to the objective which is simply that of the clinical and anatomopathological cure of a small lesion. Vagotomy, particularly proximal selective v. offers the surgeon a rational approach to duodenal ulcer. This is also seen in the series of the F. Ponti Surgery Division of the Ca' Granda General Hospital of Milan."}
{"id": "PMID:876474", "title": "[Case reports of emergency exeresis for intractable pulmonary hemorrhages].", "content": "Five cases of surgically treated unrestrainable pulmonary haemorrhage are described. The satisfactory results obtained show that pulmonary exeresis, in some cases of haemorrhages, is the only effective method for saving the patient's life and removing the anatomic cause of the haemorrhage.", "contents": "[Case reports of emergency exeresis for intractable pulmonary hemorrhages]. Five cases of surgically treated unrestrainable pulmonary haemorrhage are described. The satisfactory results obtained show that pulmonary exeresis, in some cases of haemorrhages, is the only effective method for saving the patient's life and removing the anatomic cause of the haemorrhage."}
{"id": "PMID:876475", "title": "[Stenosis of the left angle of the colon caused by chronic pancreatitis].", "content": "Case of stenosis of the left flexure of the colon caused by pancreatitis is reported. The relevant literature is surveyed and an account is given of the pathogenesis of this forms, and the examinations required in its diagnosis, particularly coloscopy. A preference is expressed for an internal colic derivation (colon-colon anastomosis) rather than resection, on account of the smaller degree of risk involved.", "contents": "[Stenosis of the left angle of the colon caused by chronic pancreatitis]. Case of stenosis of the left flexure of the colon caused by pancreatitis is reported. The relevant literature is surveyed and an account is given of the pathogenesis of this forms, and the examinations required in its diagnosis, particularly coloscopy. A preference is expressed for an internal colic derivation (colon-colon anastomosis) rather than resection, on account of the smaller degree of risk involved."}
{"id": "PMID:876477", "title": "[Hepatorenal syndrome].", "content": "The term \"hepatorenal syndrome\" is used to bring together a variety of syndromes whose common feature is liver and kidney parenchymal distress. For this reason, its use has been questioned by many workers. A subdivision into acute and chronic forms is proposed and emphasis is placed on the common physiopathogenetic processes, together with the notable importance of DIC. This approach is supported by reference to a series of 36 chronic and 6 acute cases.", "contents": "[Hepatorenal syndrome]. The term \"hepatorenal syndrome\" is used to bring together a variety of syndromes whose common feature is liver and kidney parenchymal distress. For this reason, its use has been questioned by many workers. A subdivision into acute and chronic forms is proposed and emphasis is placed on the common physiopathogenetic processes, together with the notable importance of DIC. This approach is supported by reference to a series of 36 chronic and 6 acute cases."}
{"id": "PMID:876497", "title": "[Anatomo-surgical assumptions in typical hepatic resections].", "content": "The synthetic resin moulds of the human normal livers permit the schematization of the distribution and the disposition of the vascular elements of the hepatic tree. The authors have described all the segments and sectors of the ilus in their modal disposition that are important from the point of view of the operation. Beside that, they have pointed out the presence of anastomosis, at the level of the ilaris plate and the existence of anastomotical ramifications between the right and left sectors, and the close dependence of each sector from his own vascular ilus. The authors emphasize the importance of this observation from the surgical point of view.", "contents": "[Anatomo-surgical assumptions in typical hepatic resections]. The synthetic resin moulds of the human normal livers permit the schematization of the distribution and the disposition of the vascular elements of the hepatic tree. The authors have described all the segments and sectors of the ilus in their modal disposition that are important from the point of view of the operation. Beside that, they have pointed out the presence of anastomosis, at the level of the ilaris plate and the existence of anastomotical ramifications between the right and left sectors, and the close dependence of each sector from his own vascular ilus. The authors emphasize the importance of this observation from the surgical point of view."}
{"id": "PMID:876507", "title": "[Jaundice caused by estro-progestinic agents. Description of a case].", "content": "A case of oestroprogestinic icterus is reported. The potential toxicity of these drugs, which have now been in use for twenty years in medical and non-medical practice, on liver parenchyma is discussed. Such treatment should be carried out only under the attentive, constant control of a physician who should not neglect liver function in his examination.", "contents": "[Jaundice caused by estro-progestinic agents. Description of a case]. A case of oestroprogestinic icterus is reported. The potential toxicity of these drugs, which have now been in use for twenty years in medical and non-medical practice, on liver parenchyma is discussed. Such treatment should be carried out only under the attentive, constant control of a physician who should not neglect liver function in his examination."}
{"id": "PMID:876508", "title": "[Indications for permanent cardiac pacemaking].", "content": "Technical improvements have considerably extended the indications for the implantation of pacemakers. Nearly all forms of bradyarrhythmia and some forms of tachycardia, including sinus node disease, have gradually been added alongside stable A-V blocks, while preventive implantation is now commonly indicated in asymptomatic forms and bradycardia due to drugs. The recent appearance of rapid-pulse and scanning pacemakers has further extended their indication to cover other forms of ectopic and reciprocating tachycardia.", "contents": "[Indications for permanent cardiac pacemaking]. Technical improvements have considerably extended the indications for the implantation of pacemakers. Nearly all forms of bradyarrhythmia and some forms of tachycardia, including sinus node disease, have gradually been added alongside stable A-V blocks, while preventive implantation is now commonly indicated in asymptomatic forms and bradycardia due to drugs. The recent appearance of rapid-pulse and scanning pacemakers has further extended their indication to cover other forms of ectopic and reciprocating tachycardia."}
{"id": "PMID:876509", "title": "[Permanent endocardiac electrostimulation. Considerations on 511 implantations and reimplantations in 7 years of practice].", "content": "Permanent pacemakers were implanted and reimplanted in a total of 511 patients (mostly men) during a period of about 7 yr. Mean age was 67.9 yr. The cephalic route was used in nearly every case, with subclavicular implantation of the generator. Mean hospital stay was 7.6 days. Ventricular inhibition pacemakers were used in over 84% and fixed-frequency models in 7%. Mean pacemaker life was 24.1 months, with longer periods in the last months of the period of observation. The evaluation of battery run-down and recent and long-term complications is discussed, together with a particular type of decubitus of electrolytic origin. Hospital mortality was 2%. Survival was 91% at 1 yr and 54% at 6 yr. Emphasis is placed on the fact that subjects continue to be heart patients. Their well-being depends on psychological and general medical care, together with help from their, families and society, quite apart from cardiological attention.", "contents": "[Permanent endocardiac electrostimulation. Considerations on 511 implantations and reimplantations in 7 years of practice]. Permanent pacemakers were implanted and reimplanted in a total of 511 patients (mostly men) during a period of about 7 yr. Mean age was 67.9 yr. The cephalic route was used in nearly every case, with subclavicular implantation of the generator. Mean hospital stay was 7.6 days. Ventricular inhibition pacemakers were used in over 84% and fixed-frequency models in 7%. Mean pacemaker life was 24.1 months, with longer periods in the last months of the period of observation. The evaluation of battery run-down and recent and long-term complications is discussed, together with a particular type of decubitus of electrolytic origin. Hospital mortality was 2%. Survival was 91% at 1 yr and 54% at 6 yr. Emphasis is placed on the fact that subjects continue to be heart patients. Their well-being depends on psychological and general medical care, together with help from their, families and society, quite apart from cardiological attention."}
{"id": "PMID:876510", "title": "[Phonomechanocardiographic evaluation of hypertensive cardiopathy].", "content": "The result of a study of 100 cases of arterial hypertension with various aetiology is presented from a phonomechanocardiographic viewpoint. Findings suggest that irregularities in the apicocardiographic curve recorded in Pachon position, and particularly the \"a\" wave and the \"a\" index, are highly sensitive and provide an early warning of contractile deficiency of the left ventricle. The mechanism leading to the pathological appearance of the \"a\" wave is discussed.", "contents": "[Phonomechanocardiographic evaluation of hypertensive cardiopathy]. The result of a study of 100 cases of arterial hypertension with various aetiology is presented from a phonomechanocardiographic viewpoint. Findings suggest that irregularities in the apicocardiographic curve recorded in Pachon position, and particularly the \"a\" wave and the \"a\" index, are highly sensitive and provide an early warning of contractile deficiency of the left ventricle. The mechanism leading to the pathological appearance of the \"a\" wave is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:876512", "title": "Amniotic fluid neutrophils prior to Cesarean section and intrauterine infection.", "content": "Amniotic fluid from 35 patients delivered by cesarean section was examined by Wright's stain. Of the patients in labor and with rupture of the membranes, 32% had more than 1 polymorphonuclear neutrophil per oil field (PMN/OF) while 68% had less than 1 PMN/OF. In both groups, endometritis occurred frequently, and fever indexes were similar. With ruptured membranes prior to cesarean section, observing greater than 1 PMN/OF of amniotic fluid did not discriminate groups at high and low risk for intrauterine infection.", "contents": "Amniotic fluid neutrophils prior to Cesarean section and intrauterine infection. Amniotic fluid from 35 patients delivered by cesarean section was examined by Wright's stain. Of the patients in labor and with rupture of the membranes, 32% had more than 1 polymorphonuclear neutrophil per oil field (PMN/OF) while 68% had less than 1 PMN/OF. In both groups, endometritis occurred frequently, and fever indexes were similar. With ruptured membranes prior to cesarean section, observing greater than 1 PMN/OF of amniotic fluid did not discriminate groups at high and low risk for intrauterine infection."}
{"id": "PMID:876513", "title": "Adriamycin-methotrexate combination chemotherapy of advanced carcinoma of the cervix.", "content": "Sixteen women with advanced carcinoma of the cervix were treated with adriamycin and methotrexate. Median age on entry into the study was 51 years. Seven subjects were premenopausal, 7 postmenopausal, and 2 were within 2 years of their last menstrual period at the time of diagnosis. Median time of inclusion in the study was 3.3 months. Median survival from initial diagnosis thus far has been 39.0 months. Median survival from the institution of therapy has been 5.8 months. Of 16 evaluable patients the following results were obtained: no complete remissions (0%), 2 partial remissions (12.5%), 1 patient with stable disease (6.2%). When used in dosages which do not precipitate dangerous toxicity this therapy is not effective and in the opinion of the authors should be abandoned.", "contents": "Adriamycin-methotrexate combination chemotherapy of advanced carcinoma of the cervix. Sixteen women with advanced carcinoma of the cervix were treated with adriamycin and methotrexate. Median age on entry into the study was 51 years. Seven subjects were premenopausal, 7 postmenopausal, and 2 were within 2 years of their last menstrual period at the time of diagnosis. Median time of inclusion in the study was 3.3 months. Median survival from initial diagnosis thus far has been 39.0 months. Median survival from the institution of therapy has been 5.8 months. Of 16 evaluable patients the following results were obtained: no complete remissions (0%), 2 partial remissions (12.5%), 1 patient with stable disease (6.2%). When used in dosages which do not precipitate dangerous toxicity this therapy is not effective and in the opinion of the authors should be abandoned."}
{"id": "PMID:876514", "title": "Foley catheter for salpingography, pneumonography, tubal insufflation, and hydrotubation.", "content": "Using a pediatric Foley catheter, salpingography, CO2 insufflation, hydrotubation, pelvic pneumography, pelvic pneumoperitoneum for laparoscopy, and pneumohysterosalpingography were performed in more than 1000 cases. The Foley catheter technic was fully described and the advantages outlined. In general, the Foley catheter proved to be a simple and atraumatic technic, eliminating some of the difficulties associated with the use of the metal cannula.", "contents": "Foley catheter for salpingography, pneumonography, tubal insufflation, and hydrotubation. Using a pediatric Foley catheter, salpingography, CO2 insufflation, hydrotubation, pelvic pneumography, pelvic pneumoperitoneum for laparoscopy, and pneumohysterosalpingography were performed in more than 1000 cases. The Foley catheter technic was fully described and the advantages outlined. In general, the Foley catheter proved to be a simple and atraumatic technic, eliminating some of the difficulties associated with the use of the metal cannula."}
{"id": "PMID:876516", "title": "Team nursing coverage of prenatal-intrapartum patients at a university hospital. An innovation in obstetric nursing.", "content": "A unique approach in utilization of nursing personnel was instituted at the University of Colorado Medical Center to alleviate the following patient care problems: 1) lack of continuity of care of obstetric patients, 2) inadequate prenatal instruction, and 3) the unpredictability of patient census in the labor and delivery area. Half the nurses from the labor and delivery area were organized into four teams of two nurses each who acquired a case load of patients for antepartum care. When a patient was admitted to the hostpial in labor, the nurse from her team who was on call came in and provided all nursing care during the intrapartum period. The problems and benefits of this new approach to nursing care are discussed.", "contents": "Team nursing coverage of prenatal-intrapartum patients at a university hospital. An innovation in obstetric nursing. A unique approach in utilization of nursing personnel was instituted at the University of Colorado Medical Center to alleviate the following patient care problems: 1) lack of continuity of care of obstetric patients, 2) inadequate prenatal instruction, and 3) the unpredictability of patient census in the labor and delivery area. Half the nurses from the labor and delivery area were organized into four teams of two nurses each who acquired a case load of patients for antepartum care. When a patient was admitted to the hostpial in labor, the nurse from her team who was on call came in and provided all nursing care during the intrapartum period. The problems and benefits of this new approach to nursing care are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:876517", "title": "Ovarian dysgenesis and chromosome abnormalities.", "content": "The association of ovarian hypoplasia with trisomy 18 in 6 infants and trisomy 13 in 5 infants and 1 fetus is reported. Three infants also had thymic hypoplasia. The possible etiology of ovarian dysgenesis is discussed in relation to a variety of clinical and experimental associations.", "contents": "Ovarian dysgenesis and chromosome abnormalities. The association of ovarian hypoplasia with trisomy 18 in 6 infants and trisomy 13 in 5 infants and 1 fetus is reported. Three infants also had thymic hypoplasia. The possible etiology of ovarian dysgenesis is discussed in relation to a variety of clinical and experimental associations."}
{"id": "PMID:876518", "title": "Carcinoma of the cervix in the young patient.", "content": "Two thousand and two cases of cervical carcinoma were studied, and the patients were divided into 3 age groups specifically to study the prognosis of the young patient. The distribution of histologic tumor types was the same in all age groups. The young patients had a more favorable stage distribution and as a group a better prognosis than the older ones, but within each stage the same 5-year survival was found for all age groups. The period studied was relatively short (6 years), and modern therapy was available to all patients.", "contents": "Carcinoma of the cervix in the young patient. Two thousand and two cases of cervical carcinoma were studied, and the patients were divided into 3 age groups specifically to study the prognosis of the young patient. The distribution of histologic tumor types was the same in all age groups. The young patients had a more favorable stage distribution and as a group a better prognosis than the older ones, but within each stage the same 5-year survival was found for all age groups. The period studied was relatively short (6 years), and modern therapy was available to all patients."}
{"id": "PMID:876519", "title": "Erosions and ulcers of the vulva: diagnosis, incidence, and management.", "content": "In a study of 877 patients with disorders of the vulva seen at a vulva clinic, 375 (43%) presented with an erosion or ulceration or a condition in which an erosion or ulceration developed as a complicating feature. One hundred sixty-one of these patients had a sexually transmitted disease. This report identifies the conditions associated with erosions and ulcerations of the vulva by incidence and provides a simple clinical classification of them as an aid in diagnosis. Methods of study of this group of diseases and their management are discussed.", "contents": "Erosions and ulcers of the vulva: diagnosis, incidence, and management. In a study of 877 patients with disorders of the vulva seen at a vulva clinic, 375 (43%) presented with an erosion or ulceration or a condition in which an erosion or ulceration developed as a complicating feature. One hundred sixty-one of these patients had a sexually transmitted disease. This report identifies the conditions associated with erosions and ulcerations of the vulva by incidence and provides a simple clinical classification of them as an aid in diagnosis. Methods of study of this group of diseases and their management are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:876521", "title": "Initiation of human parturition. VIII. Metabolism of progesterone by fetal membranes of early and late human gestation.", "content": "A decreased rate of progesterone metabolism is detected in human fetal membranes several weeks preceding normal parturition at term. A 10- to 20-fold decrease in 20alpha-hydroxysteroid oxidoreductase activity and a 2- to 6-fold decrease in 5alpha-reductase activity are observed in human amnion and chorion laeve after 33 weeks' gestation.", "contents": "Initiation of human parturition. VIII. Metabolism of progesterone by fetal membranes of early and late human gestation. A decreased rate of progesterone metabolism is detected in human fetal membranes several weeks preceding normal parturition at term. A 10- to 20-fold decrease in 20alpha-hydroxysteroid oxidoreductase activity and a 2- to 6-fold decrease in 5alpha-reductase activity are observed in human amnion and chorion laeve after 33 weeks' gestation."}
{"id": "PMID:876522", "title": "Fetal movements in utero: nature, assessment, prognostic value, timing of delivery.", "content": "Fetal movements in utero are an expression of fetal well-being. However, a sudden increase of fetal movements is a sign of acute fetal distress, such as in cases of cord complications or abruptio placentae. Decreased fetal movements are seen in cases of chronic fetal distress such as preeclampsia, hypertension in pregnancy, etc. It was shown that in these cases a pronounced decrease up to cessation of fetal movements occurred before fetal death in utero while fetal heart beats were still audible for at least 12 hours. This situation was called \"movements alarm signal\" (MAS). This sign points to a severely disturbed fetus and indicates impending intrauterine fetal death. Such a development is an indication for immediate delivery of the fetus, provided it is viable. High-risk pregnant women are instructed to assess and record fetal movements daily as a monitor of fetal condition. A special device which records fetal movements is used to confirm the women's assessment of fetal movement. It was shown that fetal movement monitoring was found to be more reliable than the urinary estriol determination in predicting impending fetal death in utero. It was also shown that in cases of MAS, fetal heart rate (FHR) changes will appear 1 to 4 days after the MAS has appeared. Meconium was found in only 50% of these cases. Increased fetal movements are manifested as a response to various stimuli such as sound, light, touch, and ultrasound. Classification of high-risk pregnancies into 3 groups according to the hormone assays, enzyme assays, ultrasonic cephalometry, fetal movements, and FHR is suggested.", "contents": "Fetal movements in utero: nature, assessment, prognostic value, timing of delivery. Fetal movements in utero are an expression of fetal well-being. However, a sudden increase of fetal movements is a sign of acute fetal distress, such as in cases of cord complications or abruptio placentae. Decreased fetal movements are seen in cases of chronic fetal distress such as preeclampsia, hypertension in pregnancy, etc. It was shown that in these cases a pronounced decrease up to cessation of fetal movements occurred before fetal death in utero while fetal heart beats were still audible for at least 12 hours. This situation was called \"movements alarm signal\" (MAS). This sign points to a severely disturbed fetus and indicates impending intrauterine fetal death. Such a development is an indication for immediate delivery of the fetus, provided it is viable. High-risk pregnant women are instructed to assess and record fetal movements daily as a monitor of fetal condition. A special device which records fetal movements is used to confirm the women's assessment of fetal movement. It was shown that fetal movement monitoring was found to be more reliable than the urinary estriol determination in predicting impending fetal death in utero. It was also shown that in cases of MAS, fetal heart rate (FHR) changes will appear 1 to 4 days after the MAS has appeared. Meconium was found in only 50% of these cases. Increased fetal movements are manifested as a response to various stimuli such as sound, light, touch, and ultrasound. Classification of high-risk pregnancies into 3 groups according to the hormone assays, enzyme assays, ultrasonic cephalometry, fetal movements, and FHR is suggested."}
{"id": "PMID:876523", "title": "Effects of terbutaline on the pregnant baboon and fetus.", "content": "The effects of terbutaline on the mother and fetus were evaluated in 8 near-term pregnant baboons. Significant suppression of postoperative spontaneous and oxytocin-augmented uterine activity was achieved with infusion rates of 0.36 and 0.56 microgram/kg/min, respectively. Maternal and fetal blood pressure and acid-base states as well as fetal heart rate were unaffected by the administration of terbutaline to the mother, but a mild maternal tachycardia was observed. Both maternal and fetal blood glucose increased during terbutaline infusion. Direct administration of terbutaline to the fetus did not alter the fetal cardiovascular or acid-base state. It is concluded that in the baboon, terbutaline is an effective tocolytic agent with minimal untoward effects on either mother or fetus.", "contents": "Effects of terbutaline on the pregnant baboon and fetus. The effects of terbutaline on the mother and fetus were evaluated in 8 near-term pregnant baboons. Significant suppression of postoperative spontaneous and oxytocin-augmented uterine activity was achieved with infusion rates of 0.36 and 0.56 microgram/kg/min, respectively. Maternal and fetal blood pressure and acid-base states as well as fetal heart rate were unaffected by the administration of terbutaline to the mother, but a mild maternal tachycardia was observed. Both maternal and fetal blood glucose increased during terbutaline infusion. Direct administration of terbutaline to the fetus did not alter the fetal cardiovascular or acid-base state. It is concluded that in the baboon, terbutaline is an effective tocolytic agent with minimal untoward effects on either mother or fetus."}
{"id": "PMID:876524", "title": "The preventability of \"bloody taps\" in second trimester amniocentesis by ultrasound scanning.", "content": "In 856 patients over a 6-year period, amniocentesis was performed in the midtrimester for prenatal genetic counseling. The use of ultrasound scanning of the gravid uterus prior to the procedure reduced the incidence of bloody taps threefold and the withdrawal of grossly bloody amniotic fluid by fourfold. The best results (7.6% overall and 2.0% grossly bloody taps) were obtained when the procedure was performed by an operator not only experienced and adept at intrauterine manipulation but who had training and experience in ultrasonography as well. These results contrast favorably with that of operators utilizing but not trained in ultrasound scanning (36% overall, 8% grossly bloody taps) and of those who had the uterus \"mapped out\" by a sonographist but performed the amniocentesis later in their offices (18% overall, 12.1% grossly bloody taps). Other advantages of prior sonography are also discussed.", "contents": "The preventability of \"bloody taps\" in second trimester amniocentesis by ultrasound scanning. In 856 patients over a 6-year period, amniocentesis was performed in the midtrimester for prenatal genetic counseling. The use of ultrasound scanning of the gravid uterus prior to the procedure reduced the incidence of bloody taps threefold and the withdrawal of grossly bloody amniotic fluid by fourfold. The best results (7.6% overall and 2.0% grossly bloody taps) were obtained when the procedure was performed by an operator not only experienced and adept at intrauterine manipulation but who had training and experience in ultrasonography as well. These results contrast favorably with that of operators utilizing but not trained in ultrasound scanning (36% overall, 8% grossly bloody taps) and of those who had the uterus \"mapped out\" by a sonographist but performed the amniocentesis later in their offices (18% overall, 12.1% grossly bloody taps). Other advantages of prior sonography are also discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:876525", "title": "Ultrasonography preceding diagnostic amniocentesis and its effect on amniotic fluid cell growth.", "content": "Experience with 107 consecutive patients with and without ultrasonography preceding diagnostic amniocentesis is presented. Cell cultures and alpha-fetoprotein levels were obtained on all specimens. Adequate cell growth was found in both groups. The frequency of bloody taps was reduced from 15 to 6.9% and of repeat taps from 6.3 to 0%. Possible complications of amniocentesis which might be avoided by prior ultrasonography are discussed. The use of gray scale or real time ultrasonography prior to diagnostic amniocentesis is stressed.", "contents": "Ultrasonography preceding diagnostic amniocentesis and its effect on amniotic fluid cell growth. Experience with 107 consecutive patients with and without ultrasonography preceding diagnostic amniocentesis is presented. Cell cultures and alpha-fetoprotein levels were obtained on all specimens. Adequate cell growth was found in both groups. The frequency of bloody taps was reduced from 15 to 6.9% and of repeat taps from 6.3 to 0%. Possible complications of amniocentesis which might be avoided by prior ultrasonography are discussed. The use of gray scale or real time ultrasonography prior to diagnostic amniocentesis is stressed."}
{"id": "PMID:876526", "title": "Amniotic fluid L/S ratio in twin gestation.", "content": "Transabdominal amniocenteses were performed on both sacs of 14 sets of twins. In each instance one sac was marked with methylene blue to correctly identify the fluids. The lecithin/sphingomyelin ratio was determined on each fluid, and the correlation coefficient between the two sets of fluids was 0.86. There was no significant difference in the fluids' L/S ratios. The importance of this in terms of understanding the variables affecting fetal lung maturation and in clinically managing twin pregnancies is stressed.", "contents": "Amniotic fluid L/S ratio in twin gestation. Transabdominal amniocenteses were performed on both sacs of 14 sets of twins. In each instance one sac was marked with methylene blue to correctly identify the fluids. The lecithin/sphingomyelin ratio was determined on each fluid, and the correlation coefficient between the two sets of fluids was 0.86. There was no significant difference in the fluids' L/S ratios. The importance of this in terms of understanding the variables affecting fetal lung maturation and in clinically managing twin pregnancies is stressed."}
{"id": "PMID:876527", "title": "Is cerebral palsy a preventable disease?", "content": "The causes of cerebral palsy in 96 young patients were analyzed. Potentially avoidable situations including inappropriate obstetric management and inappropriate neonatal care occurred in 38%. There should be a shift in emphasis from the rehabilitation of cerebral palsy to its prevention by improving services for reproductive care. Prevention can be undertaken by 1) identification and referral of the mother with a high-risk pregnancy to a perinatal center for her confinement; 2) fetal monitoring and appropriate resuscitation at delivery; and 3) early transfer of compromised infants to a neonatal care unit under good supervision.", "contents": "Is cerebral palsy a preventable disease? The causes of cerebral palsy in 96 young patients were analyzed. Potentially avoidable situations including inappropriate obstetric management and inappropriate neonatal care occurred in 38%. There should be a shift in emphasis from the rehabilitation of cerebral palsy to its prevention by improving services for reproductive care. Prevention can be undertaken by 1) identification and referral of the mother with a high-risk pregnancy to a perinatal center for her confinement; 2) fetal monitoring and appropriate resuscitation at delivery; and 3) early transfer of compromised infants to a neonatal care unit under good supervision."}
{"id": "PMID:876528", "title": "Hepatitis Bs antigen (HBsAg) during pregnancy.", "content": "Three patients with serum hepatitis during pregnancy are described. The first patient was delivered of an infant in whom hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) was detected at 3 months of age; the second patient had a child who became HBsAg positive at 6 weeks of age; and the third patient's child (recently delivered) was negative for HBsAg at birth. Suggestions for the management of this unusual complication of pregnancy are made.", "contents": "Hepatitis Bs antigen (HBsAg) during pregnancy. Three patients with serum hepatitis during pregnancy are described. The first patient was delivered of an infant in whom hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) was detected at 3 months of age; the second patient had a child who became HBsAg positive at 6 weeks of age; and the third patient's child (recently delivered) was negative for HBsAg at birth. Suggestions for the management of this unusual complication of pregnancy are made."}
{"id": "PMID:876529", "title": "The rape victim: a review of 117 consecutive cases.", "content": "The case records of 117 women examined at University Hospital for the complaint of alleged rape have been reviewed. The usual victim was white, single, under the age of 25 years, and attacked by a single assailant. Fifteen patients sustained serious physical injury, and 60 received minor injuries. Six children required hospitalization for reparative surgery. One patient required hospitalization for 9 days secondary to severe emotional stress. The number of attacks was lowest in the daytime and highest from midnight to 6:00 AM. Cultures from the endocervix were positive for gonorrhea in 12% of rape victims. Unfortunately, it would appear from public records that there is little hope of the attackers being convicted.", "contents": "The rape victim: a review of 117 consecutive cases. The case records of 117 women examined at University Hospital for the complaint of alleged rape have been reviewed. The usual victim was white, single, under the age of 25 years, and attacked by a single assailant. Fifteen patients sustained serious physical injury, and 60 received minor injuries. Six children required hospitalization for reparative surgery. One patient required hospitalization for 9 days secondary to severe emotional stress. The number of attacks was lowest in the daytime and highest from midnight to 6:00 AM. Cultures from the endocervix were positive for gonorrhea in 12% of rape victims. Unfortunately, it would appear from public records that there is little hope of the attackers being convicted."}
{"id": "PMID:876530", "title": "Cloacal dysgenesis.", "content": "Cloacal dysgenesis is a rare anomaly. Fifty cases have been reported in the literature. This condition differs from the usual imperforate anus. The diagnosis, evaluation, and therapeutic management require an understanding of the embryogenesis of the cloaca. The presence at birth of a single interlabial orifice or an abnormality sited anus is a surgical emergency. Early salvage of the kidneys and relieving intestinal obstruction are emphasized. There is a high incidence of multiple system congenital abnormalities.", "contents": "Cloacal dysgenesis. Cloacal dysgenesis is a rare anomaly. Fifty cases have been reported in the literature. This condition differs from the usual imperforate anus. The diagnosis, evaluation, and therapeutic management require an understanding of the embryogenesis of the cloaca. The presence at birth of a single interlabial orifice or an abnormality sited anus is a surgical emergency. Early salvage of the kidneys and relieving intestinal obstruction are emphasized. There is a high incidence of multiple system congenital abnormalities."}
{"id": "PMID:876531", "title": "Combination chemotherapy of advanced endometrial adenocarcinoma with adriamycin, cyclophosphamide, 5-fluorouracil, and medroxyprogesterone acetate.", "content": "Seven patients with advanced endometrial adenocarcinoma achieved objective tumor regression following chemotherapy with cyclophosphamide, Adriamycin, 5-fluorouracil, and medroxyprogesterone acetate. Combination chemotherapy has a favorable risk/benefit ratio for patients with advanced endometrial adenocarcinoma, including patients with severe debilitation, if supportive care such as hospitalization, parenteral antibiotics, and platelet transfusions are available. New Adriamycin-based drug combinations have sufficient antitumor activity to warrant major prospective evaluation by oncology cooperative groups.", "contents": "Combination chemotherapy of advanced endometrial adenocarcinoma with adriamycin, cyclophosphamide, 5-fluorouracil, and medroxyprogesterone acetate. Seven patients with advanced endometrial adenocarcinoma achieved objective tumor regression following chemotherapy with cyclophosphamide, Adriamycin, 5-fluorouracil, and medroxyprogesterone acetate. Combination chemotherapy has a favorable risk/benefit ratio for patients with advanced endometrial adenocarcinoma, including patients with severe debilitation, if supportive care such as hospitalization, parenteral antibiotics, and platelet transfusions are available. New Adriamycin-based drug combinations have sufficient antitumor activity to warrant major prospective evaluation by oncology cooperative groups."}
{"id": "PMID:876532", "title": "Adriamycin treatment of advanced vulvar carcinoma.", "content": "Four consecutive patients with measurable recurrent squamous cell carcinoma of the vulva were treated with Adriamycin, in small doses approximately 45 mg/square meter of body surface area every 3 weeks. Three patients achieved objective regression of nodal metastases and residual tumor with clinical subjective benefit. Tumor control was maintained for 32, 31+, and 28+ weeks.", "contents": "Adriamycin treatment of advanced vulvar carcinoma. Four consecutive patients with measurable recurrent squamous cell carcinoma of the vulva were treated with Adriamycin, in small doses approximately 45 mg/square meter of body surface area every 3 weeks. Three patients achieved objective regression of nodal metastases and residual tumor with clinical subjective benefit. Tumor control was maintained for 32, 31+, and 28+ weeks."}
{"id": "PMID:876533", "title": "Peutz-Jeghers syndrome: case presentation.", "content": "The different aspects of the Peutz-Jeghers syndrome are discussed following a case presentation of a 36-year-old woman with Peutz-Jeghers syndrome, sex cord tumor with annular tubules of Scully, mucinous metaplasia of tubal epithelium, and adenocarcinoma of the endocervix. The latter two findings have not been described with the syndrome and an attempt is made to correlate them with Peutz-Jeghers syndrome.", "contents": "Peutz-Jeghers syndrome: case presentation. The different aspects of the Peutz-Jeghers syndrome are discussed following a case presentation of a 36-year-old woman with Peutz-Jeghers syndrome, sex cord tumor with annular tubules of Scully, mucinous metaplasia of tubal epithelium, and adenocarcinoma of the endocervix. The latter two findings have not been described with the syndrome and an attempt is made to correlate them with Peutz-Jeghers syndrome."}
{"id": "PMID:876534", "title": "Verrucous carcinoma arising from an artificial vagina.", "content": "Verrucous carcinoma is a well known and extensively reported entity in the English literature. It can occur in many tissues including vaginal mucosa. The first report of this entity occuring in an artificial vagina, including typical gross and histologic features, is presented with a discussion of the literature. The best mode of therapy remains primary excision of the lesion, and prognosis is excellent if early surgical intervention is accomplished.", "contents": "Verrucous carcinoma arising from an artificial vagina. Verrucous carcinoma is a well known and extensively reported entity in the English literature. It can occur in many tissues including vaginal mucosa. The first report of this entity occuring in an artificial vagina, including typical gross and histologic features, is presented with a discussion of the literature. The best mode of therapy remains primary excision of the lesion, and prognosis is excellent if early surgical intervention is accomplished."}
{"id": "PMID:876535", "title": "Giant uterine tumors: case report and review of the literature.", "content": "This is a case report of the management and surgical removal of a 65-lb uterine leiomyoma. This is the 56th reported case of a giant uterine tumor (25 lb or over) and the eighth such case reported in the last 35 years. The literature concerning these large tumors is reviewed, and a discussion of some of the important aspects of surgical management is presented.", "contents": "Giant uterine tumors: case report and review of the literature. This is a case report of the management and surgical removal of a 65-lb uterine leiomyoma. This is the 56th reported case of a giant uterine tumor (25 lb or over) and the eighth such case reported in the last 35 years. The literature concerning these large tumors is reviewed, and a discussion of some of the important aspects of surgical management is presented."}
{"id": "PMID:876536", "title": "Functional lutein cyst in a postmenopausal woman.", "content": "A postmenopausal woman presented with enlarged breasts, increased vaginal mucus, and elevated serum estrogen and normal progesterone levels. A laparotomy was performed and revealed a cystic right ovary. Histologic examination of the ovary demonstrated a cyst lined by stratified lutein cells with abundant eosinophilic cytoplasm. The endometrium showed cystic and adenomatous hyperplasia. The diagnosis was functional lutein cyst. Removal of the cystic ovary reduced the estrogen levels, and the clinical picture reverted to that of a normal postmenopausal state.", "contents": "Functional lutein cyst in a postmenopausal woman. A postmenopausal woman presented with enlarged breasts, increased vaginal mucus, and elevated serum estrogen and normal progesterone levels. A laparotomy was performed and revealed a cystic right ovary. Histologic examination of the ovary demonstrated a cyst lined by stratified lutein cells with abundant eosinophilic cytoplasm. The endometrium showed cystic and adenomatous hyperplasia. The diagnosis was functional lutein cyst. Removal of the cystic ovary reduced the estrogen levels, and the clinical picture reverted to that of a normal postmenopausal state."}
{"id": "PMID:876537", "title": "A case of bilateral gonadoblastoma in streak gonads.", "content": "A report of a patient with bilateral gonadoblastomas who sought consultation for primary amenorrhea and infertility is presented. Thelarche and adrenarche occurred spontaneously at age 13. Clitoromegaly and a hypoplastic uterus were noted on physical examination. Flat plate X-ray of the abdomen demonstrated radiopaque material in both adnexa. Urinary 17-ketosteroid levels were normal, but the serum testosterone concentration was elevated. Serum gonadotropin values were markedly elevated, and total serum estrogens levels were very low. The karyotype was XY. The gonads were extirpated, and typical histology is demonstrated. A postulate was made to explain the clinical findings.", "contents": "A case of bilateral gonadoblastoma in streak gonads. A report of a patient with bilateral gonadoblastomas who sought consultation for primary amenorrhea and infertility is presented. Thelarche and adrenarche occurred spontaneously at age 13. Clitoromegaly and a hypoplastic uterus were noted on physical examination. Flat plate X-ray of the abdomen demonstrated radiopaque material in both adnexa. Urinary 17-ketosteroid levels were normal, but the serum testosterone concentration was elevated. Serum gonadotropin values were markedly elevated, and total serum estrogens levels were very low. The karyotype was XY. The gonads were extirpated, and typical histology is demonstrated. A postulate was made to explain the clinical findings."}
{"id": "PMID:876538", "title": "Bilateral gonadoblastoma with chromosomal aberration.", "content": "A case is presented of a patient with bilateral gonadoblastoma characterized by primary amenorrhea and intense, generalized hirsutism. The physical examination showed somatic stigmas compatible with gonadal dysgenesis. Pneumopelvigraphy showed a uterus and hypoplastic gonads; no microcalcification was seen. Negative sex chromatin in buccal mucosal cells and a 46, XXr/46,XXp-q-45,X karyotypic constitution was found.", "contents": "Bilateral gonadoblastoma with chromosomal aberration. A case is presented of a patient with bilateral gonadoblastoma characterized by primary amenorrhea and intense, generalized hirsutism. The physical examination showed somatic stigmas compatible with gonadal dysgenesis. Pneumopelvigraphy showed a uterus and hypoplastic gonads; no microcalcification was seen. Negative sex chromatin in buccal mucosal cells and a 46, XXr/46,XXp-q-45,X karyotypic constitution was found."}
{"id": "PMID:876539", "title": "Progesterone production by an ovarian granulosa cell carcinoma.", "content": "A patient with a progesterone-producing granulosa cell carcinoma is the basis of this report. Seven years after initial surgical therapy pelvic masses were palpated. At laparotomy the recurrence of tumor was confirmed, and many nonresectable metastases were discovered on the surface of the liver and on the mesentery of the bowel. An exceedingly high plasma progesterone level of 6270 pg/ml was obtained in the postoperative period. During 12 months of single agent chemotherapy with melphalan, serial plasma progesterone assays declined to 310 pg/ml. Complete tumor regression was subsequently confirmed by laparoscopy. Evaluation of progesterone levels in patients with granulosa cell tumors is recommended to determine the incidence of this finding and to further assess its value in following response to therapy.", "contents": "Progesterone production by an ovarian granulosa cell carcinoma. A patient with a progesterone-producing granulosa cell carcinoma is the basis of this report. Seven years after initial surgical therapy pelvic masses were palpated. At laparotomy the recurrence of tumor was confirmed, and many nonresectable metastases were discovered on the surface of the liver and on the mesentery of the bowel. An exceedingly high plasma progesterone level of 6270 pg/ml was obtained in the postoperative period. During 12 months of single agent chemotherapy with melphalan, serial plasma progesterone assays declined to 310 pg/ml. Complete tumor regression was subsequently confirmed by laparoscopy. Evaluation of progesterone levels in patients with granulosa cell tumors is recommended to determine the incidence of this finding and to further assess its value in following response to therapy."}
{"id": "PMID:876540", "title": "Subclinical spontaneous abortion.", "content": "Blood samples were obtained from 5 women during the menstrual cycle in which they had conceived. Although neither the women nor their physicians were clinically aware that conception had occurred, one or more of the blood specimens from each woman contained human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), as measured by a specific radioimmunoassay. Each patient underwent a spontaneous abortion with 4 of the 5 women describing a delayed, but otherwise normal, menses. The fifth noted an unusually abundant amount of vaginal bleeding. Immunologic urinary pregnancy slide tests were negative in the 4 women on whom the tests were performed. The levels of hCG in the serum of these women were abnormally low for the estimated length of gestation, suggesting that defective trophoblastic function may be important in the pathogenesis of this phenomenon. These examples illustrate that some women may conceive and abort so early that the pregnancy and the abortion may remain subclinical. Therefore, it is likely that the true incidence of spontaneous abortions during the first trimester is greater than the presently accepted incidence of 15%.", "contents": "Subclinical spontaneous abortion. Blood samples were obtained from 5 women during the menstrual cycle in which they had conceived. Although neither the women nor their physicians were clinically aware that conception had occurred, one or more of the blood specimens from each woman contained human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), as measured by a specific radioimmunoassay. Each patient underwent a spontaneous abortion with 4 of the 5 women describing a delayed, but otherwise normal, menses. The fifth noted an unusually abundant amount of vaginal bleeding. Immunologic urinary pregnancy slide tests were negative in the 4 women on whom the tests were performed. The levels of hCG in the serum of these women were abnormally low for the estimated length of gestation, suggesting that defective trophoblastic function may be important in the pathogenesis of this phenomenon. These examples illustrate that some women may conceive and abort so early that the pregnancy and the abortion may remain subclinical. Therefore, it is likely that the true incidence of spontaneous abortions during the first trimester is greater than the presently accepted incidence of 15%."}
{"id": "PMID:876541", "title": "Hypokalemia and cardiac arrhythmia associated with prostaglandin-induced abortion.", "content": "Experience with 1 patient undergoing second trimester therapeutic abortion induced by prostaglandin F2alpha administration is described. Serious hypokalemia in association with cardiac arrhythmia followed intraamniotic administration of the drug. Further observations on a group of normal subjects receiving prostaglandin injections for induction of abortion showed a small but significant serum hypokalemia after treatment.", "contents": "Hypokalemia and cardiac arrhythmia associated with prostaglandin-induced abortion. Experience with 1 patient undergoing second trimester therapeutic abortion induced by prostaglandin F2alpha administration is described. Serious hypokalemia in association with cardiac arrhythmia followed intraamniotic administration of the drug. Further observations on a group of normal subjects receiving prostaglandin injections for induction of abortion showed a small but significant serum hypokalemia after treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:876542", "title": "Meconium staining of amniotic fluid at midtrimester amniocentesis.", "content": "Meconium-stained fluid was found in six of the first 234 amniocenteses performed at the University of Washington Prenatal Diagnosis Center. The taps were done between 16 and 20 weeks from the last menstrual period. Although in each case there was a factor that could have produced fetal distress, in no instance did intrauterine demise occur. All the pregnancies have terminated in the births of healthy children. Therefore, we believe that meconium staining of midtrimester amniotic fluid may in fact reflect a transient episode of fetal compromise but that the finding cannot be used to prognosticate either impending fetal death or the presence of congenital malformations in the newborn.", "contents": "Meconium staining of amniotic fluid at midtrimester amniocentesis. Meconium-stained fluid was found in six of the first 234 amniocenteses performed at the University of Washington Prenatal Diagnosis Center. The taps were done between 16 and 20 weeks from the last menstrual period. Although in each case there was a factor that could have produced fetal distress, in no instance did intrauterine demise occur. All the pregnancies have terminated in the births of healthy children. Therefore, we believe that meconium staining of midtrimester amniotic fluid may in fact reflect a transient episode of fetal compromise but that the finding cannot be used to prognosticate either impending fetal death or the presence of congenital malformations in the newborn."}
{"id": "PMID:876543", "title": "Fetal bradycardia without fetal distress: case presentation and review of the literature.", "content": "A case of a term pregnancy with a persistent fetal heart rate of 65 to 80 beats/min is presented. Initially this was presumed to be due to congenital heart block. Subsequent fetal ECG revealed blocked atrial extrasystoles. Review of the literature showed 31 previously reported cases of heart block diagnosed in utero. A review of this literature is discussed and the importance of differentiating bradycardia due to heart block from bradycardia due to fetal distress is emphasized.", "contents": "Fetal bradycardia without fetal distress: case presentation and review of the literature. A case of a term pregnancy with a persistent fetal heart rate of 65 to 80 beats/min is presented. Initially this was presumed to be due to congenital heart block. Subsequent fetal ECG revealed blocked atrial extrasystoles. Review of the literature showed 31 previously reported cases of heart block diagnosed in utero. A review of this literature is discussed and the importance of differentiating bradycardia due to heart block from bradycardia due to fetal distress is emphasized."}
{"id": "PMID:876544", "title": "Intrauterine fetal demise after negative oxytocin challenge tests.", "content": "The oxytocin challenge test was used to evaluate the fetoplacental unit in 572 patients over a 5-year period. Four fetuses died in utero within 7 days of a negative test. None had periodic fetal heart rate decelerations of any type. All 4 showed periodic accelerations of the fetal heart rate (FHR) in association with fetal movement. Two had baseline changes in the fetal heart rate during the oxytocin challenge test.", "contents": "Intrauterine fetal demise after negative oxytocin challenge tests. The oxytocin challenge test was used to evaluate the fetoplacental unit in 572 patients over a 5-year period. Four fetuses died in utero within 7 days of a negative test. None had periodic fetal heart rate decelerations of any type. All 4 showed periodic accelerations of the fetal heart rate (FHR) in association with fetal movement. Two had baseline changes in the fetal heart rate during the oxytocin challenge test."}
{"id": "PMID:876545", "title": "Fetal trigeminal rhythm.", "content": "A case of fetal trigeminal cardiac arrhythmia in labor is presented. The literature on fetal cardiac arrhythmias is reviewed. The significance and management of abnormal fetal rhythms in labor is discussed. The majority of fetal arrhythmias in labor do not require therapy.", "contents": "Fetal trigeminal rhythm. A case of fetal trigeminal cardiac arrhythmia in labor is presented. The literature on fetal cardiac arrhythmias is reviewed. The significance and management of abnormal fetal rhythms in labor is discussed. The majority of fetal arrhythmias in labor do not require therapy."}
{"id": "PMID:876546", "title": "Diagnostic studies and fetal assessment in advanced extrauterine pregnancy.", "content": "Advanced extrauterine pregnancy occurs rarely and may present diagnostic difficulty. Failure to induce uterine contractions during oxytocin infusion is a well-established diagnostic technic. The present case suggests that additional newer technics for fetal assessment, including sonography, unstressed monitoring of the fetal heart rate, uterine contractions, fetal movements, and serial urinary estriol determinations may also be useful in diagnosing and managing such complex cas-s.", "contents": "Diagnostic studies and fetal assessment in advanced extrauterine pregnancy. Advanced extrauterine pregnancy occurs rarely and may present diagnostic difficulty. Failure to induce uterine contractions during oxytocin infusion is a well-established diagnostic technic. The present case suggests that additional newer technics for fetal assessment, including sonography, unstressed monitoring of the fetal heart rate, uterine contractions, fetal movements, and serial urinary estriol determinations may also be useful in diagnosing and managing such complex cas-s."}
{"id": "PMID:876547", "title": "Villous adenoma of the rectum diagnosed during labor.", "content": "A villous adenoma of the rectum was first discovered when it was forced through the anal canal during the second stage of labor. This is the first case of its kind reported. The management of this case is presented along with a discussion of the characteristics and possibly premalignant behavior of the villous adenoma.", "contents": "Villous adenoma of the rectum diagnosed during labor. A villous adenoma of the rectum was first discovered when it was forced through the anal canal during the second stage of labor. This is the first case of its kind reported. The management of this case is presented along with a discussion of the characteristics and possibly premalignant behavior of the villous adenoma."}
{"id": "PMID:876548", "title": "Tricuspid atresia and pregnancy.", "content": "Tricuspid atresia is one of the rarest heart defects, and it is rarely associated with prolonged survival. This paper describes the third known case of pregnancy associated with tricuspid atresia. This is the first detailed report of the clinical course of a patient with this disorder. Complications included heart failure, multiple pulmonary emboli, cerebral embolization, and premature labor. Recommendations are made regarding patient care.", "contents": "Tricuspid atresia and pregnancy. Tricuspid atresia is one of the rarest heart defects, and it is rarely associated with prolonged survival. This paper describes the third known case of pregnancy associated with tricuspid atresia. This is the first detailed report of the clinical course of a patient with this disorder. Complications included heart failure, multiple pulmonary emboli, cerebral embolization, and premature labor. Recommendations are made regarding patient care."}
{"id": "PMID:876549", "title": "Infant survival following uterine rupture and complete abruptio placentae.", "content": "This report concerns a case of spontaneous rupture of the uterus through a previous cesarean scar with resulting complete abruptio placentae and extrusion of the fetus inside the intact membranes and the placenta into the peritoneal cavity. That the infant survived this dual insult is worthy of reporting.", "contents": "Infant survival following uterine rupture and complete abruptio placentae. This report concerns a case of spontaneous rupture of the uterus through a previous cesarean scar with resulting complete abruptio placentae and extrusion of the fetus inside the intact membranes and the placenta into the peritoneal cavity. That the infant survived this dual insult is worthy of reporting."}
{"id": "PMID:876550", "title": "Maternal death in a patient with Eisenmenger's syndrome.", "content": "A pregnant patient with Eisenmenger's syndrome is reported. The hemodynamic data gathered during this pregnancy suggest that decreased peripheral vascular resistance and reflex bradycardia secondary to postural changes could be of extreme importance in contributing to the extremely high maternal mortality. Suggestions are made with respect to the management of these patients which could be of value in preventing maternal death.", "contents": "Maternal death in a patient with Eisenmenger's syndrome. A pregnant patient with Eisenmenger's syndrome is reported. The hemodynamic data gathered during this pregnancy suggest that decreased peripheral vascular resistance and reflex bradycardia secondary to postural changes could be of extreme importance in contributing to the extremely high maternal mortality. Suggestions are made with respect to the management of these patients which could be of value in preventing maternal death."}
{"id": "PMID:876551", "title": "Severe sarcoidosis in pregnancy.", "content": "A case of pulmonary sarcoidosis in a pregnant woman with severe constitutional symptoms and markedly restricted pulmonary function is presented. Serial pulmonary function testing before and during steroid therapy documented significant improvement. Although the severity of this patient's disease is apparently rare, more studies are required to define the prevalence of significant pulmonary function impairment in pregnant women with sarcoidosis.", "contents": "Severe sarcoidosis in pregnancy. A case of pulmonary sarcoidosis in a pregnant woman with severe constitutional symptoms and markedly restricted pulmonary function is presented. Serial pulmonary function testing before and during steroid therapy documented significant improvement. Although the severity of this patient's disease is apparently rare, more studies are required to define the prevalence of significant pulmonary function impairment in pregnant women with sarcoidosis."}
{"id": "PMID:876552", "title": "Endometrial response to estrogen and progesterone therapy in patients with gonadal dysgenesis.", "content": "A study was made of the endometria of 16 patients with gonadal dysgenesis who had been give cyclic replacement treatment with conjugated estrogens for 2 to 10 years, and of 9 other patients who had received medroxyprogesterone in addition to the conjugated estrogens for 2 to 5 years. Seven of the former group showed varying degrees of endometrial hyperplasia, and in all of these cases the duration of estrogen therapy had exceeded 5 years. At the time of the study no cases had developed frank adenocarcinoma. Only 1 of the 9 patients who had been given medroxyprogesterone in addition to the conjugated estrogens demonstrated evidence of hyperplastic change. Progesterone may afford some protection against the development of endometrial hyperplastic activity, but its potential role in protecting against neoplasia remains to be determined. This study supports the view that estrogen replacement therapy in gonadal dysgenesis carries the risk of endometrial hyperplasia and neoplasia. Possible methods of decreasing this hazard are discussed.", "contents": "Endometrial response to estrogen and progesterone therapy in patients with gonadal dysgenesis. A study was made of the endometria of 16 patients with gonadal dysgenesis who had been give cyclic replacement treatment with conjugated estrogens for 2 to 10 years, and of 9 other patients who had received medroxyprogesterone in addition to the conjugated estrogens for 2 to 5 years. Seven of the former group showed varying degrees of endometrial hyperplasia, and in all of these cases the duration of estrogen therapy had exceeded 5 years. At the time of the study no cases had developed frank adenocarcinoma. Only 1 of the 9 patients who had been given medroxyprogesterone in addition to the conjugated estrogens demonstrated evidence of hyperplastic change. Progesterone may afford some protection against the development of endometrial hyperplastic activity, but its potential role in protecting against neoplasia remains to be determined. This study supports the view that estrogen replacement therapy in gonadal dysgenesis carries the risk of endometrial hyperplasia and neoplasia. Possible methods of decreasing this hazard are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:876553", "title": "Chorionic gonadotropin and progesterone levels in ectopic pregnancy.", "content": "It is assumed that one function of hCG is to preserve the developing corpus luteum and maintain pregnancy by producing progesterone and thus preventing menstrual shedding. In 8 of 17 cases of ectopic pregnancy, progesterone values were in the range of the proliferative phase of a normal cycle (0.1-1ng/ml), whereas the levels of hCG were 299-1600 mIU/ml. In 8 cases the progesterone levels were in the range of the secretory phase (2.3-6.9 ng/ml), and the hCG level was 182-5500 mIU/ml. In 1 case only was the progesterone level 15.0 ng/ml with an hCG level of 325 mIU/ml. In normal pregnancies of the same gestational age, the values of progesterone were 3.8-18.7 ng/ml, and the levels of hCG were 260-1300 mIU/ml. It seems that in addition to the level of hCG, a normal fetoplacental unit is needed for the preservation of the function of the corpus luteum.", "contents": "Chorionic gonadotropin and progesterone levels in ectopic pregnancy. It is assumed that one function of hCG is to preserve the developing corpus luteum and maintain pregnancy by producing progesterone and thus preventing menstrual shedding. In 8 of 17 cases of ectopic pregnancy, progesterone values were in the range of the proliferative phase of a normal cycle (0.1-1ng/ml), whereas the levels of hCG were 299-1600 mIU/ml. In 8 cases the progesterone levels were in the range of the secretory phase (2.3-6.9 ng/ml), and the hCG level was 182-5500 mIU/ml. In 1 case only was the progesterone level 15.0 ng/ml with an hCG level of 325 mIU/ml. In normal pregnancies of the same gestational age, the values of progesterone were 3.8-18.7 ng/ml, and the levels of hCG were 260-1300 mIU/ml. It seems that in addition to the level of hCG, a normal fetoplacental unit is needed for the preservation of the function of the corpus luteum."}
{"id": "PMID:876554", "title": "Effect of preoperative scrub on the bacterial flora of the endocervix and vagina.", "content": "A study was designed to evaluate the effectiveness of a preoperative vaginal and perineal scrub in reducing bacteria. An iodophore soap followed by an iodophore solution was used for the scrub. Cultures were taken from the vagina and endocervix of 50 patients before and after the scrub, and cultured for aerobes, anaerobes, and mycoplasma. An average of 5.62 bacterial species per patient was cultured from the vagina before the scrub and 3.9 from the endocervix. The corresponding numbers after the scrub were 0.08 species per patient from the vagina and 1.84 from the endocervix. The reduction of organisms from the vagina was unrelated to the reduction in the endocervix. The scrub was by far more effective in the vagina than in the endocervix. The vagina was bacteria free in 92% of cases while the endocervix was bacteria free in only 8% of cases. No organisms could be recovered from the cervix of 8 patients who had removal of the endocervix by hot conization followed by the iodophore scrub. There was an average of 4.25 species per patient from the 8 cultures of the endocervix prior to the cone and scrub.", "contents": "Effect of preoperative scrub on the bacterial flora of the endocervix and vagina. A study was designed to evaluate the effectiveness of a preoperative vaginal and perineal scrub in reducing bacteria. An iodophore soap followed by an iodophore solution was used for the scrub. Cultures were taken from the vagina and endocervix of 50 patients before and after the scrub, and cultured for aerobes, anaerobes, and mycoplasma. An average of 5.62 bacterial species per patient was cultured from the vagina before the scrub and 3.9 from the endocervix. The corresponding numbers after the scrub were 0.08 species per patient from the vagina and 1.84 from the endocervix. The reduction of organisms from the vagina was unrelated to the reduction in the endocervix. The scrub was by far more effective in the vagina than in the endocervix. The vagina was bacteria free in 92% of cases while the endocervix was bacteria free in only 8% of cases. No organisms could be recovered from the cervix of 8 patients who had removal of the endocervix by hot conization followed by the iodophore scrub. There was an average of 4.25 species per patient from the 8 cultures of the endocervix prior to the cone and scrub."}
{"id": "PMID:876555", "title": "A formula for selective lymphadenectomy. Its application to cancer of the vulva.", "content": "A statistical formula can be applied to aid clinical judgment in decisions regarding the advisability of lymphadenectomy in gynecologic cancer. If benefit (B) factors in a given case do not exceed debit (D) factors, the procedure is ill-advised. In unilateral vulvar cancer, for example, if the ipsilateral inguinal nodes are negative, the risks from routine contralateral or deep pelvic node dissection appear to exceed the benefits.", "contents": "A formula for selective lymphadenectomy. Its application to cancer of the vulva. A statistical formula can be applied to aid clinical judgment in decisions regarding the advisability of lymphadenectomy in gynecologic cancer. If benefit (B) factors in a given case do not exceed debit (D) factors, the procedure is ill-advised. In unilateral vulvar cancer, for example, if the ipsilateral inguinal nodes are negative, the risks from routine contralateral or deep pelvic node dissection appear to exceed the benefits."}
{"id": "PMID:876556", "title": "Myometrial invasion and hysterography in endometrial carcinoma.", "content": "One hundred and seventy-nine patients with endometrial carcinoma underwent hysterography as part of their pretreatment evaluation. One hundred and twenty-six women received preoperative irradiation followed by hysterectomy; 30 had surgery alone; while 23 received radical radiotherapy. We have classified hysterograms by the degree of tumor invasion suggested radiographically and have compared these, in the operated cases, with postoperative pathologic examination. Characteristically, lesions confined to the endometrium, or with superficial myometrial penetration, demonstrate either no radiologic abnormality or a small, shallow defect by hysterogram. In those patients with deep myometrial invasion of cancer, hysterograms usually demonstrate a large defect in the endometrial cavity. We believe that hysterography helps assure optimum treatment of each individualized case by helping to determine the volume of tumor and extension into the myometirum.", "contents": "Myometrial invasion and hysterography in endometrial carcinoma. One hundred and seventy-nine patients with endometrial carcinoma underwent hysterography as part of their pretreatment evaluation. One hundred and twenty-six women received preoperative irradiation followed by hysterectomy; 30 had surgery alone; while 23 received radical radiotherapy. We have classified hysterograms by the degree of tumor invasion suggested radiographically and have compared these, in the operated cases, with postoperative pathologic examination. Characteristically, lesions confined to the endometrium, or with superficial myometrial penetration, demonstrate either no radiologic abnormality or a small, shallow defect by hysterogram. In those patients with deep myometrial invasion of cancer, hysterograms usually demonstrate a large defect in the endometrial cavity. We believe that hysterography helps assure optimum treatment of each individualized case by helping to determine the volume of tumor and extension into the myometirum."}
{"id": "PMID:876557", "title": "Management of the pelvic floor after pelvic exenteration.", "content": "At the Mayo Clinic, 198 exenterative operations were performed from 1950 through 1971. Although the 5-year survival rate of all patients was 33%, bowel obstruction occurred in 11.6% of patients and intestinal fistula formation in 12.6%. The majority of patients with these complications had had previous pelvic irradiation. The difficulty in dealing with the large raw area in the pelvis is discussed with a review of the various methods that have been tried to date to reperitonealize the pelvis and thereby, it is hoped, prevent adhesions or fistula formation.", "contents": "Management of the pelvic floor after pelvic exenteration. At the Mayo Clinic, 198 exenterative operations were performed from 1950 through 1971. Although the 5-year survival rate of all patients was 33%, bowel obstruction occurred in 11.6% of patients and intestinal fistula formation in 12.6%. The majority of patients with these complications had had previous pelvic irradiation. The difficulty in dealing with the large raw area in the pelvis is discussed with a review of the various methods that have been tried to date to reperitonealize the pelvis and thereby, it is hoped, prevent adhesions or fistula formation."}
{"id": "PMID:876558", "title": "Diagnosis of hydatidiform mole with and without coexistent fetus by nonstored image echography.", "content": "One hundred ten patients suspected of having hydatidiform mole or partial mole were examined during a 21/2-year period, utilizing nonstored image echography. All echograms were performed and interpreted by an obstetrician-gynecologist. Hydatidiform mole was confirmed in 23 patients, 4 of whom presented with a coexistent fetus and 3 with blighted ovum. No false diagnoses of hydatidiform mole were made. Reasons for the superiority of a nonstored image technique are discussed, particularly with regard to elimination of primary and secondary problems inherent in echographic diagnosis.", "contents": "Diagnosis of hydatidiform mole with and without coexistent fetus by nonstored image echography. One hundred ten patients suspected of having hydatidiform mole or partial mole were examined during a 21/2-year period, utilizing nonstored image echography. All echograms were performed and interpreted by an obstetrician-gynecologist. Hydatidiform mole was confirmed in 23 patients, 4 of whom presented with a coexistent fetus and 3 with blighted ovum. No false diagnoses of hydatidiform mole were made. Reasons for the superiority of a nonstored image technique are discussed, particularly with regard to elimination of primary and secondary problems inherent in echographic diagnosis."}
{"id": "PMID:876559", "title": "Fetal immune response following congenital toxoplasmosis.", "content": "Serum concentrations of IgA, its subgroups IgA1 and IgA2, IgM, IgG, and IgD were determined in a group of 14 mothers who contracted toxoplasmosis during pregnancy and their 14 offspring. Four newborns developed toxoplasmosis, 10 did not. The 4 infants with congenital toxoplasmosis had evidence of increased immunoglobulin synthesis in utero in sharp contrast to the 10 offspring of toxoplasmosis-infected mothers who failed to develop the disease. Three of these 4 affected children had elevated IgM levels; all 4 had significantly increased IgA values. The use of IgA subclass IgA1 and IgA2 was not helpful in distinguishing infants with congenital toxoplasmosis from unaffected infants. The present series is consistent with other studies from this laboratory, indicating that the fetal immune response to intrauterine infection may include IgA as well as IgM.", "contents": "Fetal immune response following congenital toxoplasmosis. Serum concentrations of IgA, its subgroups IgA1 and IgA2, IgM, IgG, and IgD were determined in a group of 14 mothers who contracted toxoplasmosis during pregnancy and their 14 offspring. Four newborns developed toxoplasmosis, 10 did not. The 4 infants with congenital toxoplasmosis had evidence of increased immunoglobulin synthesis in utero in sharp contrast to the 10 offspring of toxoplasmosis-infected mothers who failed to develop the disease. Three of these 4 affected children had elevated IgM levels; all 4 had significantly increased IgA values. The use of IgA subclass IgA1 and IgA2 was not helpful in distinguishing infants with congenital toxoplasmosis from unaffected infants. The present series is consistent with other studies from this laboratory, indicating that the fetal immune response to intrauterine infection may include IgA as well as IgM."}
{"id": "PMID:876560", "title": "Abnormal fetal growth patterns. Ultrasonic diagnosis and management.", "content": "Diagnostic ultrasound is a useful tool in the management of high-risk pregnancies and provides valuable information about abnormal fetal growth patterns including excessive fetal size and intrauterine growth retardation. Two patterns of growth retardation can be distinguished ultrasonically. Fetuses exhibiting \"reduced growth potential\" type patterns have little risk of fetal distress and are readily recognized as small for gestational age at birth. Fetuses suffering from uteroplacental insufficiency frequently exhibit a pattern of biparietal growth arrest in the third trimester. These fetuses have a high risk of fetal distress and should be closely monitored with other parameters of fetal-placental function including serial estriols and oxytocin challenge tests. Utilizing conventional pediatric growth criteria, the existence of intrauterine growth retardation is often unrecognized in this latter group.", "contents": "Abnormal fetal growth patterns. Ultrasonic diagnosis and management. Diagnostic ultrasound is a useful tool in the management of high-risk pregnancies and provides valuable information about abnormal fetal growth patterns including excessive fetal size and intrauterine growth retardation. Two patterns of growth retardation can be distinguished ultrasonically. Fetuses exhibiting \"reduced growth potential\" type patterns have little risk of fetal distress and are readily recognized as small for gestational age at birth. Fetuses suffering from uteroplacental insufficiency frequently exhibit a pattern of biparietal growth arrest in the third trimester. These fetuses have a high risk of fetal distress and should be closely monitored with other parameters of fetal-placental function including serial estriols and oxytocin challenge tests. Utilizing conventional pediatric growth criteria, the existence of intrauterine growth retardation is often unrecognized in this latter group."}
{"id": "PMID:876561", "title": "Experience with an adolescent pregnancy program. A preliminary report.", "content": "A program has been designed to give comprehensive health care services to pregnant adolescents. The program components include community liason, patient education, counseling and social services, a nurse \"on call\" program for labor and delivery, and pediatric nurse-practitioner followup. In addition, a drug use identification component screens the patients by interview and urinalysis. Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy occurred in 10% of the first 202 patients. Forty-three percent had anemia (hematocrit less than 35%), and screening cervical cultures for gonorrhea were positive in 3.5%. Cigarettes, alcohol, and marijuana constituted the most common nonmedical drugs used, and aspirin the most common medical drug. Eighty-one percent of the patients attended 7 or more antenatal visits, one-half did not miss a single clinic appointment, and 95% completed a post-partum visit, indicating that the program was well accepted by the adolescents.", "contents": "Experience with an adolescent pregnancy program. A preliminary report. A program has been designed to give comprehensive health care services to pregnant adolescents. The program components include community liason, patient education, counseling and social services, a nurse \"on call\" program for labor and delivery, and pediatric nurse-practitioner followup. In addition, a drug use identification component screens the patients by interview and urinalysis. Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy occurred in 10% of the first 202 patients. Forty-three percent had anemia (hematocrit less than 35%), and screening cervical cultures for gonorrhea were positive in 3.5%. Cigarettes, alcohol, and marijuana constituted the most common nonmedical drugs used, and aspirin the most common medical drug. Eighty-one percent of the patients attended 7 or more antenatal visits, one-half did not miss a single clinic appointment, and 95% completed a post-partum visit, indicating that the program was well accepted by the adolescents."}
{"id": "PMID:876563", "title": "Catamenial pneumothorax. Bilateral occurrence while on suppressive therapy.", "content": "A case of recurrent bilateral catamenial pneumothorax is presented with pathologic, cytologic, and radiologic documentation. Unlike previously reported cases where the pneumothorax is unilateral and the symptoms relieved while ovulation is suppressed with cyclic oral contraceptives, in the present case the pneumothorax occurred despite oral contraceptive therapy concurrent with anovulatory withdrawal or breakthrough bleeding.", "contents": "Catamenial pneumothorax. Bilateral occurrence while on suppressive therapy. A case of recurrent bilateral catamenial pneumothorax is presented with pathologic, cytologic, and radiologic documentation. Unlike previously reported cases where the pneumothorax is unilateral and the symptoms relieved while ovulation is suppressed with cyclic oral contraceptives, in the present case the pneumothorax occurred despite oral contraceptive therapy concurrent with anovulatory withdrawal or breakthrough bleeding."}
{"id": "PMID:876564", "title": "An automated clinic management system for a family planning network.", "content": "The medical information, financial, and logistic aspects of a comprehensive computer-based Appointment, Registration, Information System, and Evaluation (ARISE) are analyzed for the management of a family planning program serving 30,000 patients annually. An overview of the existing computer system network is presented with descriptions of the interactive master patient index, the batch appointment process, the management statistics package, and Department of Health, Education, and Welfare (HEW) reporting. Emphasis is placed on the financial management control system which includes 1) procedures for third-party submission of claims for payment, in particular Titles IVA, XX, and XIX (Social Security Act), together with discussion of related administrative requirements; 2) technics of auditing data integrity including systematic sampling of collected data; and 3) the process of billing and receipts collection. Methodology and implementation aspects of ARISE may have wide applicability to other family planning and similarly structured clinical programs.", "contents": "An automated clinic management system for a family planning network. The medical information, financial, and logistic aspects of a comprehensive computer-based Appointment, Registration, Information System, and Evaluation (ARISE) are analyzed for the management of a family planning program serving 30,000 patients annually. An overview of the existing computer system network is presented with descriptions of the interactive master patient index, the batch appointment process, the management statistics package, and Department of Health, Education, and Welfare (HEW) reporting. Emphasis is placed on the financial management control system which includes 1) procedures for third-party submission of claims for payment, in particular Titles IVA, XX, and XIX (Social Security Act), together with discussion of related administrative requirements; 2) technics of auditing data integrity including systematic sampling of collected data; and 3) the process of billing and receipts collection. Methodology and implementation aspects of ARISE may have wide applicability to other family planning and similarly structured clinical programs."}
{"id": "PMID:876565", "title": "Endometrial cancer after menopausal use of estrogens.", "content": "The incidence of endometrial cancer has increased rapidly during recent years, paralleling the increased postmenopausal use of estrogens. The relation of endometrial cancer to disease conditions in which estrogens are elevated and three case-control epidemiologic studies suggest the likelihood of a cause-and-effect relation between estrogen use and endometrial cancer. These studies and New York State Cancer Registry data further suggest that the incidence will continue to rise in coming years. A thorough reevaluation of the medical indications for estrogen replacement therapy is urgently needed. Women with long-term exposure to estrogens should have periodic cancer screening examinations.", "contents": "Endometrial cancer after menopausal use of estrogens. The incidence of endometrial cancer has increased rapidly during recent years, paralleling the increased postmenopausal use of estrogens. The relation of endometrial cancer to disease conditions in which estrogens are elevated and three case-control epidemiologic studies suggest the likelihood of a cause-and-effect relation between estrogen use and endometrial cancer. These studies and New York State Cancer Registry data further suggest that the incidence will continue to rise in coming years. A thorough reevaluation of the medical indications for estrogen replacement therapy is urgently needed. Women with long-term exposure to estrogens should have periodic cancer screening examinations."}
{"id": "PMID:876609", "title": "[Comparison of the isoacceptor makeup of transfer RNA for 2 early stages in the development of loach embryos].", "content": "The chromatographic profiles of isoacceptor tRNA's for 9 amino acids from the loach embryos at two early developmental stages were compared by the method of chromatography on sepharose column in the decreasing gradient of ammonium sulphate concentration to elucidate the possible role of tRNA in the control of early embryogenesis processes. Certain differences both in the proportions of some isoacceptor peaks and their relative positions on the chromatographic profile were found for 8 aminoacyl tRNA. Methionyl-tRNA was represented by one constant peak.", "contents": "[Comparison of the isoacceptor makeup of transfer RNA for 2 early stages in the development of loach embryos]. The chromatographic profiles of isoacceptor tRNA's for 9 amino acids from the loach embryos at two early developmental stages were compared by the method of chromatography on sepharose column in the decreasing gradient of ammonium sulphate concentration to elucidate the possible role of tRNA in the control of early embryogenesis processes. Certain differences both in the proportions of some isoacceptor peaks and their relative positions on the chromatographic profile were found for 8 aminoacyl tRNA. Methionyl-tRNA was represented by one constant peak."}
{"id": "PMID:876610", "title": "[Switching on sequence of lactate dehydrogenase loci in the early embryonic development of the mouse].", "content": "The dynamics of changes in the spectrum of lactate dehydrogenase was studied in the early pre- and postimplantation development in the CBA mice by the method of ultramicrophoresis. In the preimplantation embryos only LDH-1 was found during the first 5 days of development. The LDH-5 first appears by the 5th day of development and is preserved at all subsequent stages. The LDH spectrum of 5--7 days old embryos is represented by LDH-1 and LDH-5 and a very small amount of hybrid forms. The distribution of isozymes in the spectrum does not correspond to the binomial one. The LDH-1 is completely absent from 8--11 days old embryos and reappears in some tissues beginning from the 13th day of development. The distribution of isozymes in the LDH spectra from the 8th day of development is close to the binomial one.", "contents": "[Switching on sequence of lactate dehydrogenase loci in the early embryonic development of the mouse]. The dynamics of changes in the spectrum of lactate dehydrogenase was studied in the early pre- and postimplantation development in the CBA mice by the method of ultramicrophoresis. In the preimplantation embryos only LDH-1 was found during the first 5 days of development. The LDH-5 first appears by the 5th day of development and is preserved at all subsequent stages. The LDH spectrum of 5--7 days old embryos is represented by LDH-1 and LDH-5 and a very small amount of hybrid forms. The distribution of isozymes in the spectrum does not correspond to the binomial one. The LDH-1 is completely absent from 8--11 days old embryos and reappears in some tissues beginning from the 13th day of development. The distribution of isozymes in the LDH spectra from the 8th day of development is close to the binomial one."}
{"id": "PMID:876611", "title": "[Study of the stability of morphogenetic substances in Acetabularia].", "content": "It was shown by means of interspecific transplantation that the morphogenetic substances in the A. crenulata cytoplasm kept their ability to determine the species specific morphogenesis in the A. mediterranea fragments during not less than 30 days. The isolation of the A. crenulata cytoplasm from the cell resulted in the complete inactivation of morphogenetic substances within 2--3 hrs. The removal of chloroplasts from the injected cytoplasm did not change its morphogenetic activity. The cytoplasm treatment by exogenous ribonuclease accelerated the inactivation of morphogenetic substances; this suggests its ribonucleic nature.", "contents": "[Study of the stability of morphogenetic substances in Acetabularia]. It was shown by means of interspecific transplantation that the morphogenetic substances in the A. crenulata cytoplasm kept their ability to determine the species specific morphogenesis in the A. mediterranea fragments during not less than 30 days. The isolation of the A. crenulata cytoplasm from the cell resulted in the complete inactivation of morphogenetic substances within 2--3 hrs. The removal of chloroplasts from the injected cytoplasm did not change its morphogenetic activity. The cytoplasm treatment by exogenous ribonuclease accelerated the inactivation of morphogenetic substances; this suggests its ribonucleic nature."}
{"id": "PMID:876612", "title": "[Study of the destruction of the sympathetic ganglia by the administration of guanethidine to newborn rats and mice].", "content": "Following the injection of guanethidine (25 mg/kg) to rats from the first day of life during 2 weeks, over 70% of sympathic neurons in the stellate ganglion die. If the injections are carried out during 4 weeks, over 99% of neurons die. The injection of guanethidine to mice during 5 weeks did not result in the destruction of nerve elements in the ganglion, as compared with the control.", "contents": "[Study of the destruction of the sympathetic ganglia by the administration of guanethidine to newborn rats and mice]. Following the injection of guanethidine (25 mg/kg) to rats from the first day of life during 2 weeks, over 70% of sympathic neurons in the stellate ganglion die. If the injections are carried out during 4 weeks, over 99% of neurons die. The injection of guanethidine to mice during 5 weeks did not result in the destruction of nerve elements in the ganglion, as compared with the control."}
{"id": "PMID:876613", "title": "Cicatricial entropion.", "content": "One hundred thirty-five cases of cicatricial entropion operated by the Oculo-Plastic Service of the Manhattan Eye, Ear & Throat Hospital were reviewed. Results of 114 of these were available for study. There was an overall success rate in primary surgery of 57 percent. Of those cases reoperated, only nine percent had a subsequent successful result. The most common procedure done was the transverse blepharotomy and marginal rotation. There was no statistical correlation between the success rate and the age or sex of the patient. Results on the fellow eye correlated well with results of the first eye in bilateral cases.", "contents": "Cicatricial entropion. One hundred thirty-five cases of cicatricial entropion operated by the Oculo-Plastic Service of the Manhattan Eye, Ear & Throat Hospital were reviewed. Results of 114 of these were available for study. There was an overall success rate in primary surgery of 57 percent. Of those cases reoperated, only nine percent had a subsequent successful result. The most common procedure done was the transverse blepharotomy and marginal rotation. There was no statistical correlation between the success rate and the age or sex of the patient. Results on the fellow eye correlated well with results of the first eye in bilateral cases."}
{"id": "PMID:876614", "title": "Normal lid margin after eyelid reconstruction.", "content": "To prevent corneal damage, the central lid margin must have a normal skin-conjunctiva interface following the lid reconstruction. A two-step procedure may be employed: In the lower lid an initial Hughes reconstruction should be tried. If this is unacceptable, a subsequent block excision of the segment is performed. The important step in both phases is a thorough lateral cantholysis. In the upper lid, the central defect is immediately reconstructed by sliding the lateral lid remnant to the medial remnant. The resulting lateral defect is reconstructed with a Hughes procedure. In both cases, a physiologic lid margin is insured, because normal lid is sutured to normal lid.", "contents": "Normal lid margin after eyelid reconstruction. To prevent corneal damage, the central lid margin must have a normal skin-conjunctiva interface following the lid reconstruction. A two-step procedure may be employed: In the lower lid an initial Hughes reconstruction should be tried. If this is unacceptable, a subsequent block excision of the segment is performed. The important step in both phases is a thorough lateral cantholysis. In the upper lid, the central defect is immediately reconstructed by sliding the lateral lid remnant to the medial remnant. The resulting lateral defect is reconstructed with a Hughes procedure. In both cases, a physiologic lid margin is insured, because normal lid is sutured to normal lid."}
{"id": "PMID:876618", "title": "Delayed hypotony, shallow anterior chamber, and choroidal detachment in the postoperative cataract eye. A comparative study of closure with 7-0 silk, 9-0 silk, and 9-0 nylon.", "content": "To determine the time relationships between hypotony, choroidal detachment, and shallowing of the anterior chamber, an initial 64 eyes closed with 7-0 black silk were studied with applanation tensions, indirect ophthalmoscopy, and slit lamp examinations before surgery and for six weeks after cataract extraction. Applanation tension less than 6 mm Hg was detected in 72% of eyes, choroidal detachment in 44%, and shallowing of the anterior chamber in 28%. Low intraocular pressure was always detected at the same time or before either choroidal detachment or shallow anterior chamber. The peak period when pressure dropped to less than 6 mm Hg was shortly before 12 to 14 day suture removal or the day after. Suture tract leakage appears to be the predominant mechanism triggering this hypotony. Hypotony is prolonged past the leakage period, probably by ciliary body detachment. This 7-0 silk closure group is compared with 53 eyes closed with 9-0 virgin silk and 45 eyes closed with 9-0 nylon. Both of these latter groups showed substantially lower incidences of hypotony, choroidal detachment, and shallowing of the anterior chamber.", "contents": "Delayed hypotony, shallow anterior chamber, and choroidal detachment in the postoperative cataract eye. A comparative study of closure with 7-0 silk, 9-0 silk, and 9-0 nylon. To determine the time relationships between hypotony, choroidal detachment, and shallowing of the anterior chamber, an initial 64 eyes closed with 7-0 black silk were studied with applanation tensions, indirect ophthalmoscopy, and slit lamp examinations before surgery and for six weeks after cataract extraction. Applanation tension less than 6 mm Hg was detected in 72% of eyes, choroidal detachment in 44%, and shallowing of the anterior chamber in 28%. Low intraocular pressure was always detected at the same time or before either choroidal detachment or shallow anterior chamber. The peak period when pressure dropped to less than 6 mm Hg was shortly before 12 to 14 day suture removal or the day after. Suture tract leakage appears to be the predominant mechanism triggering this hypotony. Hypotony is prolonged past the leakage period, probably by ciliary body detachment. This 7-0 silk closure group is compared with 53 eyes closed with 9-0 virgin silk and 45 eyes closed with 9-0 nylon. Both of these latter groups showed substantially lower incidences of hypotony, choroidal detachment, and shallowing of the anterior chamber."}
{"id": "PMID:876619", "title": "Dacryocystectomy for tumors of the lacrimal sac.", "content": "A high index of suspicion is very important in the early diagnosis and treatment of potentially lethal tumors of the lacrimal sac. The triad of a mass above the medial canthal tendon, chronic dacryocystitis which irrigates freely and bloody reflux on irrigation should alert the ophthalmologist of this potentially fatal situation. Complete surgical excision and postoperative irradiation are important in the treatment of malignant tumors.", "contents": "Dacryocystectomy for tumors of the lacrimal sac. A high index of suspicion is very important in the early diagnosis and treatment of potentially lethal tumors of the lacrimal sac. The triad of a mass above the medial canthal tendon, chronic dacryocystitis which irrigates freely and bloody reflux on irrigation should alert the ophthalmologist of this potentially fatal situation. Complete surgical excision and postoperative irradiation are important in the treatment of malignant tumors."}
{"id": "PMID:876666", "title": "Reversal of morphine and stimulus-produced analgesia by subtotal spinal cord lesions.", "content": "This study examined the hypothesis that descending inhibitory pathways from brain stem to spinal cord mediate the analgesic effect of both electrical brain stimulation and morphine. In the first set of experiments, the effect of subtotal midthoracic spinal cord lesions on the analgesic effect of electrical stimulation in the periaqueductal gray matter of the rat was examined. In the second, the effect of similar cord lesions on the analgesic effect of intraperitoneal morphine was studied. In both cases, a lesion of the dorsal part of the lateral funiculus (DLF) reduced or abolished the analgesia of the hindlimbs. Analgesia of the forelimbs was unaffected. Lesions of the dorsal columns, which include the corticospinal tract, or lesions of the ventral part of the lateral funiculus had no effect on analgesia. It is concluded that an inhibitory pathway, which descends in the dorsal part of the lateral funiculus and which probably originates in the nucleus raphe magnus of the medulla, mediates the descending control found in both morphine and stimulus-produced analgesia.", "contents": "Reversal of morphine and stimulus-produced analgesia by subtotal spinal cord lesions. This study examined the hypothesis that descending inhibitory pathways from brain stem to spinal cord mediate the analgesic effect of both electrical brain stimulation and morphine. In the first set of experiments, the effect of subtotal midthoracic spinal cord lesions on the analgesic effect of electrical stimulation in the periaqueductal gray matter of the rat was examined. In the second, the effect of similar cord lesions on the analgesic effect of intraperitoneal morphine was studied. In both cases, a lesion of the dorsal part of the lateral funiculus (DLF) reduced or abolished the analgesia of the hindlimbs. Analgesia of the forelimbs was unaffected. Lesions of the dorsal columns, which include the corticospinal tract, or lesions of the ventral part of the lateral funiculus had no effect on analgesia. It is concluded that an inhibitory pathway, which descends in the dorsal part of the lateral funiculus and which probably originates in the nucleus raphe magnus of the medulla, mediates the descending control found in both morphine and stimulus-produced analgesia."}
{"id": "PMID:876667", "title": "Peripheral suppression of first pain and central summation of second pain evoked by noxious heat pulses.", "content": "Psychophysical experiments were carried out on 6 huma subjects to determine how first and second pain are influenced by peripheral receptor mechanisms and by central nervous system inhibitory and facilitatory mechanisms. For these experiments, brief natural painful stimuli delivered to the hand were a train of 4-8 constant waveform heat pulses generated by a contact thermode (peak temp. = 51-5% C). The magnitude of first and second pain sensations was estimated using cross-modality matching procedures and reaction times were determined. The latter confirmed the relationship between first and second pain and impulse conduction in Adelta and C noxious heat afferents, respectively. The intensity of first pain decreased with each successive heat pulse when the interpulse interval was 80 sec or less. This decrease was most likely the result of heat induced suppression of Adelta heat nociceptors since it did not occur if the probe location changed between successive heat pulses. In contrast, second pain increased in intensity with each successive heat pulse if the interval was 3 sec or less. This summation was most likely due to central nervous system summation mechanisms since it also occurred after blockage of first pain by ulnar nerve compression and when the location of the thermode changed between heat pulses. These observations and their interpretations are supported by our recording of responses of singlt Adelta heat nociceptive afferents, C polymodal nociceptive afferents, and \"warm\" afferents of rhsus monkeys to similar trains of noxious heat pulses. Their responses to these heat pulses show a progressive suppression. Furthermore, previous studies have shown that wide dynamic range dorsal horn neurons show summated responses to repeated volleys in C fibers (greater than 1/3 sec). These spinal cord summation mechanisms could account for the summation of second pain.", "contents": "Peripheral suppression of first pain and central summation of second pain evoked by noxious heat pulses. Psychophysical experiments were carried out on 6 huma subjects to determine how first and second pain are influenced by peripheral receptor mechanisms and by central nervous system inhibitory and facilitatory mechanisms. For these experiments, brief natural painful stimuli delivered to the hand were a train of 4-8 constant waveform heat pulses generated by a contact thermode (peak temp. = 51-5% C). The magnitude of first and second pain sensations was estimated using cross-modality matching procedures and reaction times were determined. The latter confirmed the relationship between first and second pain and impulse conduction in Adelta and C noxious heat afferents, respectively. The intensity of first pain decreased with each successive heat pulse when the interpulse interval was 80 sec or less. This decrease was most likely the result of heat induced suppression of Adelta heat nociceptors since it did not occur if the probe location changed between successive heat pulses. In contrast, second pain increased in intensity with each successive heat pulse if the interval was 3 sec or less. This summation was most likely due to central nervous system summation mechanisms since it also occurred after blockage of first pain by ulnar nerve compression and when the location of the thermode changed between heat pulses. These observations and their interpretations are supported by our recording of responses of singlt Adelta heat nociceptive afferents, C polymodal nociceptive afferents, and \"warm\" afferents of rhsus monkeys to similar trains of noxious heat pulses. Their responses to these heat pulses show a progressive suppression. Furthermore, previous studies have shown that wide dynamic range dorsal horn neurons show summated responses to repeated volleys in C fibers (greater than 1/3 sec). These spinal cord summation mechanisms could account for the summation of second pain."}
{"id": "PMID:876668", "title": "Comparative study of perceived pain and nociceptive flexion reflex in man.", "content": "The purpose of this study was to compare the amplitude of the flexion reflex of the biceps femoris muscle (BF) with the intensity of the painful sensation elicited by a nociceptive stimulation resulting from application of constant-current either on the sural nerve or on the skin in its distal receptive field. Experiments were carried out on 15 normal volunteers. It was observed that: (1) Stimulation of the sural nerve (either on or through the skin) elicits two different reflex responses in the BF: the first (RII) is of short latency, low threshold and corresponds to a tactile reflex. The second (RIII) is of longer latency and higher threshold, and corresponds to a nociceptive reflex. The threshold of RIII was found to be the threshold of a pain sensation. (2) Stimulation of the skin elicits only a late nociceptive (RIII) response in the BF. The threshold of this response was also found to be that of pain. (3) The threshold of both pain and RIII were found to be higher for sural nerve stimulation (10 mA) than for cutaneous stimulation (5 mA). It was suggested that the large diameter cutaneous fibers could have an inhibitory effect of both pain and the nociceptive reflex. This was supported by the results obtained during a selective ischemic block of the largest diameter fibers in the sural nerve, when a 10 mA stimulation was applied to the nerve. In this case, a decrease of the RII reflex was observed in BF, together with an increase of both RIII and pain sensation. Functional implications of these results are discussed.", "contents": "Comparative study of perceived pain and nociceptive flexion reflex in man. The purpose of this study was to compare the amplitude of the flexion reflex of the biceps femoris muscle (BF) with the intensity of the painful sensation elicited by a nociceptive stimulation resulting from application of constant-current either on the sural nerve or on the skin in its distal receptive field. Experiments were carried out on 15 normal volunteers. It was observed that: (1) Stimulation of the sural nerve (either on or through the skin) elicits two different reflex responses in the BF: the first (RII) is of short latency, low threshold and corresponds to a tactile reflex. The second (RIII) is of longer latency and higher threshold, and corresponds to a nociceptive reflex. The threshold of RIII was found to be the threshold of a pain sensation. (2) Stimulation of the skin elicits only a late nociceptive (RIII) response in the BF. The threshold of this response was also found to be that of pain. (3) The threshold of both pain and RIII were found to be higher for sural nerve stimulation (10 mA) than for cutaneous stimulation (5 mA). It was suggested that the large diameter cutaneous fibers could have an inhibitory effect of both pain and the nociceptive reflex. This was supported by the results obtained during a selective ischemic block of the largest diameter fibers in the sural nerve, when a 10 mA stimulation was applied to the nerve. In this case, a decrease of the RII reflex was observed in BF, together with an increase of both RIII and pain sensation. Functional implications of these results are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:876669", "title": "On the sensitivity of the tourniquet pain test.", "content": "Twenty-four chronic pain patients were given, on each of 4 successive days, oral doses of 60 mg morphine, 60 mg codeine, 600 mg aspirin and placebo, using a double-blind counterbalanced design. Two hours after ingestion, subjective pain estimates and tourniquet pain scores were obtained. Variability of the tourniquet pain scores was too great for differences in response to the analgesics to be significant. However, differences in pain estimates were also too small to discriminate among the drugs, and the lack of sensitivity may be a function of pain chronicity. The tourniquet techniques will continue to be useful until there is a purely objective measure of the severity of clinical pain.", "contents": "On the sensitivity of the tourniquet pain test. Twenty-four chronic pain patients were given, on each of 4 successive days, oral doses of 60 mg morphine, 60 mg codeine, 600 mg aspirin and placebo, using a double-blind counterbalanced design. Two hours after ingestion, subjective pain estimates and tourniquet pain scores were obtained. Variability of the tourniquet pain scores was too great for differences in response to the analgesics to be significant. However, differences in pain estimates were also too small to discriminate among the drugs, and the lack of sensitivity may be a function of pain chronicity. The tourniquet techniques will continue to be useful until there is a purely objective measure of the severity of clinical pain."}
{"id": "PMID:876670", "title": "Pharmacological modulations on the nociceptive flexion reflex in man.", "content": "Pharmacological actions on the nociceptive flexion flexes of the hindlimb were investigated in 14 normal subjects. These reflexes were used as an index of pain and were recorded in the biceps femoris muscle, elicited by electrical stimulation of the ipsilateral sural nerve (RIII,su) and of the skin in the distal receptive field of this nerve (RIII,Cu). The ratio of the threshold of RIII,Cu/RIII,Su was calculated since it gives an indication on the mechanism and the efficacy of the drug. During control periods, the mean values of RIII,Su threshold (10 mA) and of RIII,Cu threshold (5 mA) remained stable, as RIII,Cu/RIII,Su threshold (50%). Cutaneous application of naphthalene provoked a decrease in the RIII,Cu threshold and relative pain threshold, whereas lignocaine increased them. No changes in the RIII,Su, threshold and relative pain were observed. The ratio RIII,Cu/RIII,Su threshold and relative pain were observed. The ratio RIII,Cu/RIII,Su was lowered to 10% with naphthalene and increased to 110% with lignocaine. Intravenous injection of acetylsalicylic acid increased only the RIII,Cu threshold and relative pain threshold. The ratio RIII,Cu/RIII,Su was 90% at the maximal effect of the drug. In contrast, pethidine provoked a decrease in the RIII,Su threshold and an increase in RIII,Cu threshold, parallel with an increase in pain threshold sensation. The ratio was found to be 190% at the maximal effect. Practical implications of these results, concerning a method for testing the efficacy and mechamisms of an analgesic, are then discussed.", "contents": "Pharmacological modulations on the nociceptive flexion reflex in man. Pharmacological actions on the nociceptive flexion flexes of the hindlimb were investigated in 14 normal subjects. These reflexes were used as an index of pain and were recorded in the biceps femoris muscle, elicited by electrical stimulation of the ipsilateral sural nerve (RIII,su) and of the skin in the distal receptive field of this nerve (RIII,Cu). The ratio of the threshold of RIII,Cu/RIII,Su was calculated since it gives an indication on the mechanism and the efficacy of the drug. During control periods, the mean values of RIII,Su threshold (10 mA) and of RIII,Cu threshold (5 mA) remained stable, as RIII,Cu/RIII,Su threshold (50%). Cutaneous application of naphthalene provoked a decrease in the RIII,Cu threshold and relative pain threshold, whereas lignocaine increased them. No changes in the RIII,Su, threshold and relative pain were observed. The ratio RIII,Cu/RIII,Su threshold and relative pain were observed. The ratio RIII,Cu/RIII,Su was lowered to 10% with naphthalene and increased to 110% with lignocaine. Intravenous injection of acetylsalicylic acid increased only the RIII,Cu threshold and relative pain threshold. The ratio RIII,Cu/RIII,Su was 90% at the maximal effect of the drug. In contrast, pethidine provoked a decrease in the RIII,Su threshold and an increase in RIII,Cu threshold, parallel with an increase in pain threshold sensation. The ratio was found to be 190% at the maximal effect. Practical implications of these results, concerning a method for testing the efficacy and mechamisms of an analgesic, are then discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:876671", "title": "Perceived control over pain: individual differences and situational determinants.", "content": "Determinants of perceived control over pain were varied to assess their impact on pain tolerance to electric shock in an experimental setting where variably tolerant models were used to influence pain reports and behaviour. On the basis of locus of control scores, subjects were assigned to internal and external groups. Instructions were presented emphasizing personal or environmental determinants of pain. Fifty subjects were assigned randomly to 5 groups based on these instructions and whether they were paired with a model who was tolerant, intolerant or inactive. Findings indicated internals manifested greater pain tolerance, but that the instructions on situational as contrasted with personal sources of control over pain did not influence pain behaviour. As expected, the models promoted or inhibited exposure to the shocks consistent with the model's role. Subsequent disclosure of the model's roles, followed by further pain tolerance assessment, did not lead to changes in pain behaviour, indicating that the training effect was persistent. The discussion examines relative contributions of individual differences and situational factors to pain behaviour.", "contents": "Perceived control over pain: individual differences and situational determinants. Determinants of perceived control over pain were varied to assess their impact on pain tolerance to electric shock in an experimental setting where variably tolerant models were used to influence pain reports and behaviour. On the basis of locus of control scores, subjects were assigned to internal and external groups. Instructions were presented emphasizing personal or environmental determinants of pain. Fifty subjects were assigned randomly to 5 groups based on these instructions and whether they were paired with a model who was tolerant, intolerant or inactive. Findings indicated internals manifested greater pain tolerance, but that the instructions on situational as contrasted with personal sources of control over pain did not influence pain behaviour. As expected, the models promoted or inhibited exposure to the shocks consistent with the model's role. Subsequent disclosure of the model's roles, followed by further pain tolerance assessment, did not lead to changes in pain behaviour, indicating that the training effect was persistent. The discussion examines relative contributions of individual differences and situational factors to pain behaviour."}
{"id": "PMID:876672", "title": "A neurophysiological theory for the pain mechanism of tic douloureux.", "content": "In attempting to understand the mechanism of pain production in tic douloureux, one must account for the myelination pathology seen in the primary afferent fibers, the cases where trigger is in a different division than the pain, the frequent lack of a fixed neurologic deficit, the effective trigger stimuli corresponding to large caliber axons which would not seem to involve the small axons usually associated with pain production, and similar puzzling features of the disease. We present a theory which satisfactorily predicts, or is consistent with, most known features of tic; it is based upon two mechanistic assumptions, both of which have strong experimental foundations in the literature. The first is the trigeminal dorsal root reflex, and the second is the creation of extra action potentials at sites of altered myelination.", "contents": "A neurophysiological theory for the pain mechanism of tic douloureux. In attempting to understand the mechanism of pain production in tic douloureux, one must account for the myelination pathology seen in the primary afferent fibers, the cases where trigger is in a different division than the pain, the frequent lack of a fixed neurologic deficit, the effective trigger stimuli corresponding to large caliber axons which would not seem to involve the small axons usually associated with pain production, and similar puzzling features of the disease. We present a theory which satisfactorily predicts, or is consistent with, most known features of tic; it is based upon two mechanistic assumptions, both of which have strong experimental foundations in the literature. The first is the trigeminal dorsal root reflex, and the second is the creation of extra action potentials at sites of altered myelination."}
{"id": "PMID:876674", "title": "Effects of intrasegmental electrical acupuncture on dental pain: evaluation by threshold estimation and sensory decision theory.", "content": "The effect of 80 min of low frequency (2 Hz) electric acupunctural stimulation at facial sites on the perception of induced dental pain was evaluated using both pain threshold and sensory decision theory (SDT) procedures. The demonstration of a 187% increase in threshold over a 20 min period of acupunctural stimulation replicated earlier work by Swedish investigators. SDT analyses indicated that the threshold increase reflected a relatively pure sensory change with no significant modification of response bias. However, subjects were able to perceive some of the stimuli presented below threshold level following acupuncture, thus indicating that the threshold concept has been an inadequate description of the phenomenon. This study demonstrated that intrasegmental analgesic stimulation is more efficacious than the extrasegmental meridian point stimulation used in our earlier studies. Possible mechanisms for the observed effect were discussed.", "contents": "Effects of intrasegmental electrical acupuncture on dental pain: evaluation by threshold estimation and sensory decision theory. The effect of 80 min of low frequency (2 Hz) electric acupunctural stimulation at facial sites on the perception of induced dental pain was evaluated using both pain threshold and sensory decision theory (SDT) procedures. The demonstration of a 187% increase in threshold over a 20 min period of acupunctural stimulation replicated earlier work by Swedish investigators. SDT analyses indicated that the threshold increase reflected a relatively pure sensory change with no significant modification of response bias. However, subjects were able to perceive some of the stimuli presented below threshold level following acupuncture, thus indicating that the threshold concept has been an inadequate description of the phenomenon. This study demonstrated that intrasegmental analgesic stimulation is more efficacious than the extrasegmental meridian point stimulation used in our earlier studies. Possible mechanisms for the observed effect were discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:876675", "title": "Effects of root or nerve destruction on vibrotactile sensitivity in trigeminal neuralgia.", "content": "Vibrotactile thresholds were determined at 7 frequencies between 25 and 300 Hz at the medial edge of the cheek in 11 patients who had been or were currently being treated for major trigeminal neuralgia, tic douloureux. A control group, comparable in age but without neural pathology, was also tested. Results indicate essentially no difference between normal and affected sides of the face prior to surgery. The drug carbamazepine (Tegretol), commonly used to control pain of trigeminal neuralgia, did not affect vibrotactile thresholds. Infraorbital neurectomy resulted in an initial loss of sensitivity at all frequencies, followed by a gradual return of sensation which reached preoperative levels at approximately one year. The return of sensitivity was followed by the return of neuralgia. Following alcoholic gasserian rhizolysis, low-frequency thresholds were elevated considerably as after neurectomy, but sensation above 100 Hz was lost completely. A return of high-frequency sensitivity accompanied the recurrence of pain in some patients who had been injected up to 13 years prior to testing. The results are discussed in terms of recent anatomical, electrophysiological, and clinical findings.", "contents": "Effects of root or nerve destruction on vibrotactile sensitivity in trigeminal neuralgia. Vibrotactile thresholds were determined at 7 frequencies between 25 and 300 Hz at the medial edge of the cheek in 11 patients who had been or were currently being treated for major trigeminal neuralgia, tic douloureux. A control group, comparable in age but without neural pathology, was also tested. Results indicate essentially no difference between normal and affected sides of the face prior to surgery. The drug carbamazepine (Tegretol), commonly used to control pain of trigeminal neuralgia, did not affect vibrotactile thresholds. Infraorbital neurectomy resulted in an initial loss of sensitivity at all frequencies, followed by a gradual return of sensation which reached preoperative levels at approximately one year. The return of sensitivity was followed by the return of neuralgia. Following alcoholic gasserian rhizolysis, low-frequency thresholds were elevated considerably as after neurectomy, but sensation above 100 Hz was lost completely. A return of high-frequency sensitivity accompanied the recurrence of pain in some patients who had been injected up to 13 years prior to testing. The results are discussed in terms of recent anatomical, electrophysiological, and clinical findings."}
{"id": "PMID:876676", "title": "A comparison of primary dysmenorrhoea and intrauterine device related pain.", "content": "A pain questionnaire designed to measure sensory, affective, evaluative and temporal components of pain was administered to 119 patients with primary dysmenorrhoea and 75 patients with intrauterine device (IUD) related pain. In addition \"self-report\" information was obtained on the behavioural effects of pain, global ratings and biographical details of these patients. It was found that dysmenorrhoea and IUD related pain were generally similar in nature. This led to the conclusion that IUD insertion does not in general lead to an exacerbation of presenting dysmenorrhoea, nor does it radically alter the type of sensations experienced by the patient. While no differences between patient groups emerged, the implications of the different pain components did vary. Thus, pain intensity scores were reflected in a larger sensory component with IUD users, whereas with dysmenorrhoea the affective component predominated. The results show sufficient consensus in the two patient groups of word adjectives used to describe their pain, to allow the development and evaluation of a rapid card sort system for pain assessment.", "contents": "A comparison of primary dysmenorrhoea and intrauterine device related pain. A pain questionnaire designed to measure sensory, affective, evaluative and temporal components of pain was administered to 119 patients with primary dysmenorrhoea and 75 patients with intrauterine device (IUD) related pain. In addition \"self-report\" information was obtained on the behavioural effects of pain, global ratings and biographical details of these patients. It was found that dysmenorrhoea and IUD related pain were generally similar in nature. This led to the conclusion that IUD insertion does not in general lead to an exacerbation of presenting dysmenorrhoea, nor does it radically alter the type of sensations experienced by the patient. While no differences between patient groups emerged, the implications of the different pain components did vary. Thus, pain intensity scores were reflected in a larger sensory component with IUD users, whereas with dysmenorrhoea the affective component predominated. The results show sufficient consensus in the two patient groups of word adjectives used to describe their pain, to allow the development and evaluation of a rapid card sort system for pain assessment."}
{"id": "PMID:876677", "title": "The pain ward follow-up analyses.", "content": "Two-year and 3-year follow-up analyses show that those who did not receive surgery for pain relief did as well as those who did receive such surgery during their stay, both groups showing consistently lower pain levels and analgesic intake than on admission, while activity levels progressively increased. The surgical patients were more likely to be readmitted for their pain problem than were the others, whereas the others were more likely to be readmitted for other medical problems.", "contents": "The pain ward follow-up analyses. Two-year and 3-year follow-up analyses show that those who did not receive surgery for pain relief did as well as those who did receive such surgery during their stay, both groups showing consistently lower pain levels and analgesic intake than on admission, while activity levels progressively increased. The surgical patients were more likely to be readmitted for their pain problem than were the others, whereas the others were more likely to be readmitted for other medical problems."}
{"id": "PMID:876678", "title": "Transfer of immunity to Trichinella spiralis in the mouse with mesenteric lymph node cells: time of appearance of effective cells in donors and expression of immunity in recipients.", "content": "Cells capable of transferring immunity to Trichinella spiralis, i.e. of accelerating adult worm expulsion, were present in the mesenteric lymph nodes of mice infected for 4, 6 or 8 days, but not in mice infected for only 2 days. The time-course of worm expulsion in mice infected on the day of transfer was similar in recipients of day 4 or day 8 cells, expulsion becoming marked only when the recipients had been infected for at least 6 days. Transfer of cells 4 or 6 days after infection did not result in an accelerated worm expulsion; transfer 1 or 2 weeks before infection did not enhance the level of immunity in recipient mice. In contrast to the results obtained with mesenteric lymph node cells (MLNC) on immunity was transferred when recipients were given spleen cells taken from donors infected for 8 days. It is suggested that MLNC do not cause worm expulsion directly, but cooperate with another component of the host's defence mechanism. Accelerated expulsion in recipients of cells was accompanied by a premature decline in fecundity of female worms. Evidence is presented to show that worm expulsion and impaired reproduction may represent independent aspects of the immune response to T. spiralis.", "contents": "Transfer of immunity to Trichinella spiralis in the mouse with mesenteric lymph node cells: time of appearance of effective cells in donors and expression of immunity in recipients. Cells capable of transferring immunity to Trichinella spiralis, i.e. of accelerating adult worm expulsion, were present in the mesenteric lymph nodes of mice infected for 4, 6 or 8 days, but not in mice infected for only 2 days. The time-course of worm expulsion in mice infected on the day of transfer was similar in recipients of day 4 or day 8 cells, expulsion becoming marked only when the recipients had been infected for at least 6 days. Transfer of cells 4 or 6 days after infection did not result in an accelerated worm expulsion; transfer 1 or 2 weeks before infection did not enhance the level of immunity in recipient mice. In contrast to the results obtained with mesenteric lymph node cells (MLNC) on immunity was transferred when recipients were given spleen cells taken from donors infected for 8 days. It is suggested that MLNC do not cause worm expulsion directly, but cooperate with another component of the host's defence mechanism. Accelerated expulsion in recipients of cells was accompanied by a premature decline in fecundity of female worms. Evidence is presented to show that worm expulsion and impaired reproduction may represent independent aspects of the immune response to T. spiralis."}
{"id": "PMID:876679", "title": "Evidence for the involvement of a bone marrow-derived cell population in the immune expulsion of Trichinella spiralis.", "content": "When mice were irradiated immediately before infection with Trichinella spiralis there was a profound and long-lasting interference with their ability to expel adult worms from the intestine. Irradiation given after the fifth day of infection was progressively less effective in this respect. The ability to expel worms was not restored when mesenteric lymph node cells (MLNC) were transferred (a) on the day of infection in mice irradiated one day previously, or (b) on day 7 of an infection in mice irradiated on day 6, even though the MLNC transferred immunity to intact recipients. Transfer of bone marrow (BM) alone was also without effect. However, worm expulsion was restored if, following irradiation and injection of BM, 10 days were allowed for BM differentiation before transfer of MLNC. This restoration was effective even after lethal levels of irradiation and was clearly dependent upon a donor-derived BM component cooperating with, or responding to, the activity of the transferred MLNC. The possibility that the BM component is non-lymphoid in nature is discussed.", "contents": "Evidence for the involvement of a bone marrow-derived cell population in the immune expulsion of Trichinella spiralis. When mice were irradiated immediately before infection with Trichinella spiralis there was a profound and long-lasting interference with their ability to expel adult worms from the intestine. Irradiation given after the fifth day of infection was progressively less effective in this respect. The ability to expel worms was not restored when mesenteric lymph node cells (MLNC) were transferred (a) on the day of infection in mice irradiated one day previously, or (b) on day 7 of an infection in mice irradiated on day 6, even though the MLNC transferred immunity to intact recipients. Transfer of bone marrow (BM) alone was also without effect. However, worm expulsion was restored if, following irradiation and injection of BM, 10 days were allowed for BM differentiation before transfer of MLNC. This restoration was effective even after lethal levels of irradiation and was clearly dependent upon a donor-derived BM component cooperating with, or responding to, the activity of the transferred MLNC. The possibility that the BM component is non-lymphoid in nature is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:876680", "title": "The development of Haemonchus contortus, a nematode parasite of the ovine abomasum, in the laboratory rabbit.", "content": "The development and growth of Haemonchus contortus was studied in the stomach of the laboratory rabbit. Less than 1% of the ensheathed infective larvae given to rabbits became established, whereas after exsheathment in vitro under physiological conditions, 20-30% of the larvae administered developed to the 4th stage. Following doses of up to 10000 larvae, nearly all worms were lost from the 16th to the 21st day after infection, but after doses of 50000 larvae considerable numbers of 4th-stage larvae were recovered 25 days after infection. No adult worms were recovered and no eggs were found in the faeces. Infection was accompanied by inflammation, haemorrhage, disruption and flattening of the mucus secreting cells and by mononuclear infiltration. No cellular reactions in the immediate vicinity of the nematodes in the mucosa or changes in the pH of the stomach contents were observed.", "contents": "The development of Haemonchus contortus, a nematode parasite of the ovine abomasum, in the laboratory rabbit. The development and growth of Haemonchus contortus was studied in the stomach of the laboratory rabbit. Less than 1% of the ensheathed infective larvae given to rabbits became established, whereas after exsheathment in vitro under physiological conditions, 20-30% of the larvae administered developed to the 4th stage. Following doses of up to 10000 larvae, nearly all worms were lost from the 16th to the 21st day after infection, but after doses of 50000 larvae considerable numbers of 4th-stage larvae were recovered 25 days after infection. No adult worms were recovered and no eggs were found in the faeces. Infection was accompanied by inflammation, haemorrhage, disruption and flattening of the mucus secreting cells and by mononuclear infiltration. No cellular reactions in the immediate vicinity of the nematodes in the mucosa or changes in the pH of the stomach contents were observed."}
{"id": "PMID:876682", "title": "Pholeter anterouterus Fischthal & Nasir, 1974 (Digenea: Opisthorchiidae) redescribed, together with remarks on the genera Pholeter Odhner, 1914 and Phocitrema Goto & Ozaki, 1930 and their relationship to the centrocestine heterophyids.", "content": "Photoleter anterouterus Fischthal & Nasir, 1974, from Pelecanus occidentalis Linnaeus and Pelecanus erythrorhynchos Gmelin from Florida, USA and the ventro-genital complexes of Photeleter gastrophilus (Kossack, 1910) from Delphinus delphis Linnaeus from Queensland, Australia and of Phocitrema fusiforme Goto & Ozaki, 1930 from Alopex lagopus (Linnaeus) and Phoca vitulina Linnaeus from Alaska are redescribed. The genus Photoleter Odhner, 1914 is emended and compared with Phocitrema Goto & Ozaki, 1930 and both genera are compared with members of, and as a result transferred from the family Opisthorchiidae Looss, 1899 to, the subfamily Centrocestinae Looss, 1899, family Heterophyidae Odhner, 1914.", "contents": "Pholeter anterouterus Fischthal & Nasir, 1974 (Digenea: Opisthorchiidae) redescribed, together with remarks on the genera Pholeter Odhner, 1914 and Phocitrema Goto & Ozaki, 1930 and their relationship to the centrocestine heterophyids. Photoleter anterouterus Fischthal & Nasir, 1974, from Pelecanus occidentalis Linnaeus and Pelecanus erythrorhynchos Gmelin from Florida, USA and the ventro-genital complexes of Photeleter gastrophilus (Kossack, 1910) from Delphinus delphis Linnaeus from Queensland, Australia and of Phocitrema fusiforme Goto & Ozaki, 1930 from Alopex lagopus (Linnaeus) and Phoca vitulina Linnaeus from Alaska are redescribed. The genus Photoleter Odhner, 1914 is emended and compared with Phocitrema Goto & Ozaki, 1930 and both genera are compared with members of, and as a result transferred from the family Opisthorchiidae Looss, 1899 to, the subfamily Centrocestinae Looss, 1899, family Heterophyidae Odhner, 1914."}
{"id": "PMID:876683", "title": "Interference with Fasciola hepatica snail finding by various aquatic organisms.", "content": "Previous studies using radioactive miracidia have shown that a number of non-host snails and bivalves, interposed as 'decoys' in linear test channels, may interfere with the capacity of Fasciola hepatica miracidia to infect Lymnaea truncatula. Applying similar experimental principles, the role of several other potential interferents have been analysed in the present study. Daphnia pulex (Cladocera) and larvae of Corethra sp. (Diptera) exercised significant interfering effects by protecting 'target' snails from infection. Evidence suggested that this effect was a result of their normal predatory behaviour. Other organisms including Herpobdella testacea and Helobdella stagnalis (Hirudinea), Acellus aquaticus (Isopoda), Planaria lugubris (Turbellaria) and L. truncatula egg clusters failed to interfere with miracidial host-finding. Nor did P. lugubris and L. truncatula 'conditioned water' interfere with the capacity of the miracidia to infect their host snail.", "contents": "Interference with Fasciola hepatica snail finding by various aquatic organisms. Previous studies using radioactive miracidia have shown that a number of non-host snails and bivalves, interposed as 'decoys' in linear test channels, may interfere with the capacity of Fasciola hepatica miracidia to infect Lymnaea truncatula. Applying similar experimental principles, the role of several other potential interferents have been analysed in the present study. Daphnia pulex (Cladocera) and larvae of Corethra sp. (Diptera) exercised significant interfering effects by protecting 'target' snails from infection. Evidence suggested that this effect was a result of their normal predatory behaviour. Other organisms including Herpobdella testacea and Helobdella stagnalis (Hirudinea), Acellus aquaticus (Isopoda), Planaria lugubris (Turbellaria) and L. truncatula egg clusters failed to interfere with miracidial host-finding. Nor did P. lugubris and L. truncatula 'conditioned water' interfere with the capacity of the miracidia to infect their host snail."}
{"id": "PMID:876684", "title": "Babesia bigemina in Kenya: experimental transmission by Boophilus decoloratus and the production of tick-derived stabilates.", "content": "A Babesia-free batch of laboratory reared Boophilus decoloratus ticks was infected with a Kenyan strain of Babesia bigemina by feeding them on a steer infected by inoculation of a blood stabilate. The engorged female ticks showed developing stages of B. bigemina in their haemolymph and subsequently their progeny transmitted the parasite to a susceptible splenectomized steer. Attempts were made to produce stabilates from pre-fed larvae and nymphs derived from infected batches of B. decoloratus. Only the stabilates derived from the nymphs pre-fed either on cattle or rabbits produced B. bigemina infection when inoculated intravenously into susceptible cattle.", "contents": "Babesia bigemina in Kenya: experimental transmission by Boophilus decoloratus and the production of tick-derived stabilates. A Babesia-free batch of laboratory reared Boophilus decoloratus ticks was infected with a Kenyan strain of Babesia bigemina by feeding them on a steer infected by inoculation of a blood stabilate. The engorged female ticks showed developing stages of B. bigemina in their haemolymph and subsequently their progeny transmitted the parasite to a susceptible splenectomized steer. Attempts were made to produce stabilates from pre-fed larvae and nymphs derived from infected batches of B. decoloratus. Only the stabilates derived from the nymphs pre-fed either on cattle or rabbits produced B. bigemina infection when inoculated intravenously into susceptible cattle."}
{"id": "PMID:876685", "title": "Malignant melanoma with adjacent Hutchinson's melanotic freckle in Black Africans.", "content": "Hutchinson's melanotic freckle (lentigo maligna) is a well-known pigmented lesion, usually seen on the face of white patients. It may be associated with invasive malignant melanoma. This paper reports the incidence of this lesion in association with invasive malignant melanomas of the feet and hands of Black Africans. In Blacks, as in Whites, malignant melanoma with adjacent Hutchinson's melanotic freckle carries a considerably better prognosis than other histogenetic patterns of malignant melanoma.", "contents": "Malignant melanoma with adjacent Hutchinson's melanotic freckle in Black Africans. Hutchinson's melanotic freckle (lentigo maligna) is a well-known pigmented lesion, usually seen on the face of white patients. It may be associated with invasive malignant melanoma. This paper reports the incidence of this lesion in association with invasive malignant melanomas of the feet and hands of Black Africans. In Blacks, as in Whites, malignant melanoma with adjacent Hutchinson's melanotic freckle carries a considerably better prognosis than other histogenetic patterns of malignant melanoma."}
{"id": "PMID:876687", "title": "Bacteria in neonatal omphalitis.", "content": "A 6-year study of bacteria isolated from swabs taken from clinically apparent infections of the stump of the umbilical cord showed an overall infection rate of 0.7% (200/27,107), with a preponderance of Gram-negative organisms as compared with Gram-positive organisms (171/118), an excess which was statistically significant. When the data were broken down into premature and non-premature nurseries, the incidence of infection in the former was 2.08% (84/4028) and in the later 0.5% (116/23,079), a highly significant statistical difference. Most of the organisms isolated from the premature nurseries were Gram negative (83/120) and this finding too was statistically highly significant.", "contents": "Bacteria in neonatal omphalitis. A 6-year study of bacteria isolated from swabs taken from clinically apparent infections of the stump of the umbilical cord showed an overall infection rate of 0.7% (200/27,107), with a preponderance of Gram-negative organisms as compared with Gram-positive organisms (171/118), an excess which was statistically significant. When the data were broken down into premature and non-premature nurseries, the incidence of infection in the former was 2.08% (84/4028) and in the later 0.5% (116/23,079), a highly significant statistical difference. Most of the organisms isolated from the premature nurseries were Gram negative (83/120) and this finding too was statistically highly significant."}
{"id": "PMID:876688", "title": "Histiocytoid cardiomyopathy of infancy: an unexplained myofibre degeneration.", "content": "An unusual multifocal degeneration of the myofibres of all chambers and the conducting system of the heart was found in a 4-month-old female in whom ventricular pre-excitation (Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome) had been demonstrated. There was a complex malformation of the brain with hydrocephalus and bilateral corneal opacities and microphthalmos. The affected myofibres had a swollen vacuolated or granular cytoplasm and rounded nuclei giving a histiocytoid appearance. Disruption of myofibrils and gross dilation and disorganization of mitochondria were the major fine structural features. Reports of similar lesions in 8 other young female children are reviewed. 'Histiocytoid cardiomyopathy' is the term preferred over others which refer to an increased lipid content. The aetiology is unknown.", "contents": "Histiocytoid cardiomyopathy of infancy: an unexplained myofibre degeneration. An unusual multifocal degeneration of the myofibres of all chambers and the conducting system of the heart was found in a 4-month-old female in whom ventricular pre-excitation (Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome) had been demonstrated. There was a complex malformation of the brain with hydrocephalus and bilateral corneal opacities and microphthalmos. The affected myofibres had a swollen vacuolated or granular cytoplasm and rounded nuclei giving a histiocytoid appearance. Disruption of myofibrils and gross dilation and disorganization of mitochondria were the major fine structural features. Reports of similar lesions in 8 other young female children are reviewed. 'Histiocytoid cardiomyopathy' is the term preferred over others which refer to an increased lipid content. The aetiology is unknown."}
{"id": "PMID:876689", "title": "The distribution of dextran macromolecules in the glomeruli of normal and nephrotoxic rats.", "content": "The incorporation of intravenously injected dextran molecules (molecular weight 500,000 & 2,000,000) by the glomeruli of laboratory rats was studied by electron microscopy. In normal rats some dextran molecules were observed 12 minutes after injection in vesicles and invaginations of both endothelial and mesangial cells. Rats with nephrotoxic serum nephritis showed extensive separation of endothelial cells from the glomerular basement membrane. These subendothelial spaces contained irregular granular material, cytoplasmic extensions of mesangial cells and, in animals injected with dextran, dense accumulations of dextran molecules. There was no apparent difference in distribution of the two test samples of dextran. These findings demonstrated the involvement of both endothelial and mesangial cells in the glomerular localization of circulating material and indicated that immunologically inactive macromolecules can be incorporated into subendothelial deposits following immunological injury to the glomerulus.", "contents": "The distribution of dextran macromolecules in the glomeruli of normal and nephrotoxic rats. The incorporation of intravenously injected dextran molecules (molecular weight 500,000 & 2,000,000) by the glomeruli of laboratory rats was studied by electron microscopy. In normal rats some dextran molecules were observed 12 minutes after injection in vesicles and invaginations of both endothelial and mesangial cells. Rats with nephrotoxic serum nephritis showed extensive separation of endothelial cells from the glomerular basement membrane. These subendothelial spaces contained irregular granular material, cytoplasmic extensions of mesangial cells and, in animals injected with dextran, dense accumulations of dextran molecules. There was no apparent difference in distribution of the two test samples of dextran. These findings demonstrated the involvement of both endothelial and mesangial cells in the glomerular localization of circulating material and indicated that immunologically inactive macromolecules can be incorporated into subendothelial deposits following immunological injury to the glomerulus."}
{"id": "PMID:876690", "title": "Eosinophilia and mast cell hyperplasia induced by parasite phospholipid.", "content": "Phospholipid preparations from the nematode Ascaris suum or cysts of Echinococcus granulosus (hydatid cysts) induced an eosinophilia when injected into the peritoneal cavity of rats. Peritoneal eosinophilia persisted throughout 21 days of daily injections of Ascaris lipid and was accompanied by blood eosinophilia, mast cell granule lysis and mast cell hyperplasia. The active material consisted of lecithin and lecithin plasmalogen, and in aqueous suspension had a membrane-like appearance. Electron microscopy revealed that the phospholipid was ingested by all types of cells in the peritoneal cavity, including mast cells, and was rapidly broken down by eosinophils. Phagocytosis was found to be complement dependent. The lipid combined with properdin in human serum and stimulated complement breakdown via the alternative complement pathway.", "contents": "Eosinophilia and mast cell hyperplasia induced by parasite phospholipid. Phospholipid preparations from the nematode Ascaris suum or cysts of Echinococcus granulosus (hydatid cysts) induced an eosinophilia when injected into the peritoneal cavity of rats. Peritoneal eosinophilia persisted throughout 21 days of daily injections of Ascaris lipid and was accompanied by blood eosinophilia, mast cell granule lysis and mast cell hyperplasia. The active material consisted of lecithin and lecithin plasmalogen, and in aqueous suspension had a membrane-like appearance. Electron microscopy revealed that the phospholipid was ingested by all types of cells in the peritoneal cavity, including mast cells, and was rapidly broken down by eosinophils. Phagocytosis was found to be complement dependent. The lipid combined with properdin in human serum and stimulated complement breakdown via the alternative complement pathway."}
{"id": "PMID:876691", "title": "Serum pyridoxal concentrations in children with diabetes mellitus.", "content": "Serum pyridoxal concentrations were measured in 63 children with diabetes mellitus and compared with those in healthy children of the same age. Twenty-four per cent of diabetic children had concentrations below the limit of normal for age and sex. Diabetic children, as a group, had lower serum pyridoxal concentrations than healthy children.", "contents": "Serum pyridoxal concentrations in children with diabetes mellitus. Serum pyridoxal concentrations were measured in 63 children with diabetes mellitus and compared with those in healthy children of the same age. Twenty-four per cent of diabetic children had concentrations below the limit of normal for age and sex. Diabetic children, as a group, had lower serum pyridoxal concentrations than healthy children."}
{"id": "PMID:876692", "title": "Tetraploidy and the striate cortex.", "content": "A tetraploid population of glial cell nuclei has been identified in layers one, two and three of the entire striate cortex. These have approximately twice the volume of diploid glial cell nuclei.", "contents": "Tetraploidy and the striate cortex. A tetraploid population of glial cell nuclei has been identified in layers one, two and three of the entire striate cortex. These have approximately twice the volume of diploid glial cell nuclei."}
{"id": "PMID:876696", "title": "The effect of gestational age on the effective elastance of the respiratory system in neonates.", "content": "We measured the effective elastance of the respiratory system (E'RS) in 38 \"healthy\" neonates, gestational ages ranging from 28-42 weeks. E'RS was calculated by dividing the inspiratory pressure generated after nasal occlusion by the tidal volume of the breath preceding occlusion (E'RS = P/VT). E'RS decreased from 790 +/- 0.070 cm H2O/liter at 30.4 +/- 0.4 weeks of gestation to 520 +/- 0.030 at 34.5 +/- 0.3 weeks (P less than 0.01); then to 340 +/- 0.020 at 40 +/- 0.2 weeks (P less than 0.01). E'RS corrected for lung volume (\"specific\" E'RS) were 32 +/- 2,32 +/- 4, and 28 +/- 2 cm H2O at the above gestational ages, respectively (P greater than 0.05). We suggest: (1) the increased E'RS observed in preterm infants is lung volume dependent. Changes in lung volume may alter the geometry of the thorax, and therefore, the force/length characteristics of the respiratory muscles; (2) this increased E'RS is not of much benefit to preterm infants who have little respiratory stability when E'RS is maximum; and (3) if E'RS is an index of mechanical stability, apnea in preterm infants is independent of the mechanical properties of the respiratory system.", "contents": "The effect of gestational age on the effective elastance of the respiratory system in neonates. We measured the effective elastance of the respiratory system (E'RS) in 38 \"healthy\" neonates, gestational ages ranging from 28-42 weeks. E'RS was calculated by dividing the inspiratory pressure generated after nasal occlusion by the tidal volume of the breath preceding occlusion (E'RS = P/VT). E'RS decreased from 790 +/- 0.070 cm H2O/liter at 30.4 +/- 0.4 weeks of gestation to 520 +/- 0.030 at 34.5 +/- 0.3 weeks (P less than 0.01); then to 340 +/- 0.020 at 40 +/- 0.2 weeks (P less than 0.01). E'RS corrected for lung volume (\"specific\" E'RS) were 32 +/- 2,32 +/- 4, and 28 +/- 2 cm H2O at the above gestational ages, respectively (P greater than 0.05). We suggest: (1) the increased E'RS observed in preterm infants is lung volume dependent. Changes in lung volume may alter the geometry of the thorax, and therefore, the force/length characteristics of the respiratory muscles; (2) this increased E'RS is not of much benefit to preterm infants who have little respiratory stability when E'RS is maximum; and (3) if E'RS is an index of mechanical stability, apnea in preterm infants is independent of the mechanical properties of the respiratory system."}
{"id": "PMID:876697", "title": "The effect of maternal starvation on the metabolic response to cold of the newborn rabbit.", "content": "Acute starvation of the pregnant rabbit before delivery leads to lipid mobilization, the circulating concentrations of free fatty acids (FFA) increase, and more fatty acids cross the placenta and are stored as triglyceride in fetal tissues, particularly the liver and adipose tissue. Thus the newborns from these unfed does are born with larger fat stores than normal. In this investigation the responses of newborns of unfed and fed does were compared with respect to aspects of the metabolic responses to birth and subsequent cold exposure. It was found that at 2 hr of age the newborns of unfed does had higher circulating concentrations of FFA and triglycerides. The glucose and glycerol concentrations were similar in the two groups, but after 2 hr of cold exposure the newborns of fed does had much higher blood concentrations of both glucose and glycerol. In both, a large increase in FFA concentration was seen. The newborns of unfed and fed does had similar minimal metabolic rates, but the maximal rate of heat production was greater on average by 15% in the newborns of unfed does over the first 3 days of life. Maternal nutrition immediately before delivery has considerable effect on the circulating concentrations of metabolites and the responses to cold of the newborn.", "contents": "The effect of maternal starvation on the metabolic response to cold of the newborn rabbit. Acute starvation of the pregnant rabbit before delivery leads to lipid mobilization, the circulating concentrations of free fatty acids (FFA) increase, and more fatty acids cross the placenta and are stored as triglyceride in fetal tissues, particularly the liver and adipose tissue. Thus the newborns from these unfed does are born with larger fat stores than normal. In this investigation the responses of newborns of unfed and fed does were compared with respect to aspects of the metabolic responses to birth and subsequent cold exposure. It was found that at 2 hr of age the newborns of unfed does had higher circulating concentrations of FFA and triglycerides. The glucose and glycerol concentrations were similar in the two groups, but after 2 hr of cold exposure the newborns of fed does had much higher blood concentrations of both glucose and glycerol. In both, a large increase in FFA concentration was seen. The newborns of unfed and fed does had similar minimal metabolic rates, but the maximal rate of heat production was greater on average by 15% in the newborns of unfed does over the first 3 days of life. Maternal nutrition immediately before delivery has considerable effect on the circulating concentrations of metabolites and the responses to cold of the newborn."}
{"id": "PMID:876698", "title": "Metabolic rate and body composition in rats nutritionally deprived before or after weaning.", "content": "In order to manipulate cell size and cell number, rats were subjected to nutrient restriction either prenatally and until weaning at 3 weeks (group I), or from 3 until 10 weeks (group II). Body weights of group I rats were 30% of normal at the height of deprivation at 3 weeks. By 16 weeks of age maximum weights were reached, which remained subnormal in the majority; by 26 weeks only one of six had attained a normal weight. Body weights of group II were 27% of normal at the height of deprivation at 10 weeks; subsequently, only one of six did not recover. The weight, protein, and DNA content of liver, kidney, and heart were significantly decreased. The combined weight and protein content of the three organs was 30% of normal in group I and 25% of normal in group II; the DNA content of the three organs was 57% and 38% of normal in group I and group II, respectively. The greater deficit in weight than DNA content, and the mean protein/DNA ratios reflect a decrease in cell size (or increase in the cell density) of the three organs, which was greater in group I (60%) than group II (71%). Muscle cell density was increased in group I, but not in group II. At 16 weeks of age all parameters were similar in the two experimental groups (ranging from 68% to 82% or normal). Organ weight, protein, and DNA content remained deficient only in group I; these values were 74%, 70%, and 77% of normal, respectively, at 32 weeks. The deficit was proportionate to the deficit in body weight. The basal metabolic rate was measured 17-20 hr after food removal (BMR) on the day the animals were killed. In group I and II correlations between the BMR and four parameters of body composition were linear during a 4-period at the height of deprivation. Comparison of means from the regressions showed no difference between group I and II, or between these groups and normal controls with regard to the BMR per body weight, organ weight, and organ protein. The BMR per mg DNA was lower in group I and II than in normal control rats (P less than 0.05). The BMR of normal rats age 3-32 weeks showed a curvilinear correlation with body weight (BWt), BMR = 1.24 BWt0.583; organ weight (OWt), BMR = 4.30 OWt0.766; and organ protein (OPr), BMR = 4.30 OPr0.604. By contrast, the regression on DNA was linear (BMR = 7.97 + 0.449), although marked changes in body composition occurred between 3 and 32 weeks.", "contents": "Metabolic rate and body composition in rats nutritionally deprived before or after weaning. In order to manipulate cell size and cell number, rats were subjected to nutrient restriction either prenatally and until weaning at 3 weeks (group I), or from 3 until 10 weeks (group II). Body weights of group I rats were 30% of normal at the height of deprivation at 3 weeks. By 16 weeks of age maximum weights were reached, which remained subnormal in the majority; by 26 weeks only one of six had attained a normal weight. Body weights of group II were 27% of normal at the height of deprivation at 10 weeks; subsequently, only one of six did not recover. The weight, protein, and DNA content of liver, kidney, and heart were significantly decreased. The combined weight and protein content of the three organs was 30% of normal in group I and 25% of normal in group II; the DNA content of the three organs was 57% and 38% of normal in group I and group II, respectively. The greater deficit in weight than DNA content, and the mean protein/DNA ratios reflect a decrease in cell size (or increase in the cell density) of the three organs, which was greater in group I (60%) than group II (71%). Muscle cell density was increased in group I, but not in group II. At 16 weeks of age all parameters were similar in the two experimental groups (ranging from 68% to 82% or normal). Organ weight, protein, and DNA content remained deficient only in group I; these values were 74%, 70%, and 77% of normal, respectively, at 32 weeks. The deficit was proportionate to the deficit in body weight. The basal metabolic rate was measured 17-20 hr after food removal (BMR) on the day the animals were killed. In group I and II correlations between the BMR and four parameters of body composition were linear during a 4-period at the height of deprivation. Comparison of means from the regressions showed no difference between group I and II, or between these groups and normal controls with regard to the BMR per body weight, organ weight, and organ protein. The BMR per mg DNA was lower in group I and II than in normal control rats (P less than 0.05). The BMR of normal rats age 3-32 weeks showed a curvilinear correlation with body weight (BWt), BMR = 1.24 BWt0.583; organ weight (OWt), BMR = 4.30 OWt0.766; and organ protein (OPr), BMR = 4.30 OPr0.604. By contrast, the regression on DNA was linear (BMR = 7.97 + 0.449), although marked changes in body composition occurred between 3 and 32 weeks."}
{"id": "PMID:876699", "title": "Postnatal triiodothyronine concentrations in healthy preterm infants and in infants with respiratory distress syndrome.", "content": "Postnatal changes in triiodotyronine (T3) concentration were investigated in 12 preterm infants of 26-34 weeks of gestational age. Blood for measurement of T3 was obtained from the cord at delivery and from infants at 1 day of age and at weekly intervals for 4 weeks. Seven of the babies suffered from respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) and five were considred healthy. Gestational ages and body weight were comparable in both groups. In preterm infants with RDS, cord blood T3 concentration was significantly lower than that in cord blood of babies without RDS (22 +/- 2.6 versus 36 +/- 5 ng/dl, P less than 0.05). There was no significant rise in T3 concentration of RDS babies at 24 hr of age (22 +/- 2.6 versus 34.0 +/- 8 ng/dl, P greater than 0.05), and hypotriiodothyroninemia persisted for 3 weeks. At 4 weeks of age, T3 concentration in babies with RDS, although within the normal range (80-190 ng/dl), was significantly lower than that in the healthy preterm infants (110 +/- 10 versus 165 +/- 11 ng/dl, P less than 0.05). Postnatal T3 changes in healthy preterm infants wre characterized by the absence of the initial hypertriiodothyroninemia and by a gradual rise within the first month of life. The noted difference in the pattern of postnatal T3 changes in healthy preterm infants compared to full term infants may reflect thyroid immaturity. The machanism and the significance of the neonatal hypotriiodothyroninemia in RDS and its long term effects on the development of these babies remain to be investigated.", "contents": "Postnatal triiodothyronine concentrations in healthy preterm infants and in infants with respiratory distress syndrome. Postnatal changes in triiodotyronine (T3) concentration were investigated in 12 preterm infants of 26-34 weeks of gestational age. Blood for measurement of T3 was obtained from the cord at delivery and from infants at 1 day of age and at weekly intervals for 4 weeks. Seven of the babies suffered from respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) and five were considred healthy. Gestational ages and body weight were comparable in both groups. In preterm infants with RDS, cord blood T3 concentration was significantly lower than that in cord blood of babies without RDS (22 +/- 2.6 versus 36 +/- 5 ng/dl, P less than 0.05). There was no significant rise in T3 concentration of RDS babies at 24 hr of age (22 +/- 2.6 versus 34.0 +/- 8 ng/dl, P greater than 0.05), and hypotriiodothyroninemia persisted for 3 weeks. At 4 weeks of age, T3 concentration in babies with RDS, although within the normal range (80-190 ng/dl), was significantly lower than that in the healthy preterm infants (110 +/- 10 versus 165 +/- 11 ng/dl, P less than 0.05). Postnatal T3 changes in healthy preterm infants wre characterized by the absence of the initial hypertriiodothyroninemia and by a gradual rise within the first month of life. The noted difference in the pattern of postnatal T3 changes in healthy preterm infants compared to full term infants may reflect thyroid immaturity. The machanism and the significance of the neonatal hypotriiodothyroninemia in RDS and its long term effects on the development of these babies remain to be investigated."}
{"id": "PMID:876700", "title": "A paper chromatoelectrophoresis method for the determination of bilirubin binding to serum protein.", "content": "A technique is described in which paper chromatoelectrophoresis is used to measure the bilirubin binding capacity of albumin in serum. It is equivalent to the Sephadex G-25 method and its results are highly reproducible. From a single pool of serum, multiple determinations indicated the mean bilirubin binding capacity to be 23.7 +/- 0.76 (SD) mg/dl and the greatest difference between any two values was 2 mg/dl. This new technique can determine the bilirubin binding capacity of a serum sample in 15 min. Highly skilled technicians are not needed and very small quantities of serum are required, which gives it a definite advantage over the Sephadex G-25 method.", "contents": "A paper chromatoelectrophoresis method for the determination of bilirubin binding to serum protein. A technique is described in which paper chromatoelectrophoresis is used to measure the bilirubin binding capacity of albumin in serum. It is equivalent to the Sephadex G-25 method and its results are highly reproducible. From a single pool of serum, multiple determinations indicated the mean bilirubin binding capacity to be 23.7 +/- 0.76 (SD) mg/dl and the greatest difference between any two values was 2 mg/dl. This new technique can determine the bilirubin binding capacity of a serum sample in 15 min. Highly skilled technicians are not needed and very small quantities of serum are required, which gives it a definite advantage over the Sephadex G-25 method."}
{"id": "PMID:876701", "title": "Human beta-glucuronidase. I. Recognition and uptake by animal fibroblasts suggests animal models for enzyme replacement studies.", "content": "As part of an effort to develop an animal model for studies of uptake of human beta-glucuronidase, fibroblasts were established from primary explants of connective tissue from nine different animal species, and examined for their ability to take up human platelet beta-glucuronidase. Endogenous fibroblast beta-glucuronidase was inactivated by heating extracts to 65 degrees for 30 min. Human beta-glucuronidase was stable to this treatment. Uptake of human beta-glucuronidase by animal fibroblasts was measured as heat-stable beta-glucuronidase present in fibroblasts after exposure to partially purified human platelet beta-glucuronidase for 48 hr. Althought all animal fibroblasts examined exhibited some uptake capacity for human beta-glucuronidase, the uptake capacity of different animal fibroblasts varied over a 10-fold range. The uptake capacity of bovine fibroblasts was at least 80% that of human fibroblasts. Rat and hamster fibroblasts showed about half the uptake capacity of human fibroblasts. The rat fibroblasts resembled the human fibroblasts in the kinetics of uptake of hihg uptake (platelet) enzyme, poor uptake of human placental enzyme, and lack of appreciable turnover of enzyme taken up over 4 days. Heating extracts of rat organs containing added human beta-glucuronidase at 65 degrees selectively inactivated rat enzyme.", "contents": "Human beta-glucuronidase. I. Recognition and uptake by animal fibroblasts suggests animal models for enzyme replacement studies. As part of an effort to develop an animal model for studies of uptake of human beta-glucuronidase, fibroblasts were established from primary explants of connective tissue from nine different animal species, and examined for their ability to take up human platelet beta-glucuronidase. Endogenous fibroblast beta-glucuronidase was inactivated by heating extracts to 65 degrees for 30 min. Human beta-glucuronidase was stable to this treatment. Uptake of human beta-glucuronidase by animal fibroblasts was measured as heat-stable beta-glucuronidase present in fibroblasts after exposure to partially purified human platelet beta-glucuronidase for 48 hr. Althought all animal fibroblasts examined exhibited some uptake capacity for human beta-glucuronidase, the uptake capacity of different animal fibroblasts varied over a 10-fold range. The uptake capacity of bovine fibroblasts was at least 80% that of human fibroblasts. Rat and hamster fibroblasts showed about half the uptake capacity of human fibroblasts. The rat fibroblasts resembled the human fibroblasts in the kinetics of uptake of hihg uptake (platelet) enzyme, poor uptake of human placental enzyme, and lack of appreciable turnover of enzyme taken up over 4 days. Heating extracts of rat organs containing added human beta-glucuronidase at 65 degrees selectively inactivated rat enzyme."}
{"id": "PMID:876702", "title": "Human beta-glucuronidase. II. Fate of infused human placental beta-glucuronidase in the rat.", "content": "Human placental beta-glucuronidase could be identified in rat organs by heating organ extracts to 65 degrees which selectively inactivated endogenous rat enzyme. Infused enzyme was rapidly cleared from rat plasma (t0.5 of 3.5 min). From 50-60% of the infused dose was accounted for in rat liver and spleen 24 hr after infusion. Removal of abdominal viscera, including the spleen, and interruption of the portal circulation before infusion slowed the plasma disappearance (t0.5 of 60 min) and allowed significant uptake by bone and other organs. Subcellular fractionation of liver 18 hr postinfusion localized the human enzyme in the mitochondrial-lysosomal fraction. The half-disappearance times of infused human enzyme were 2.6 days in rat liver and 5.8 days in rat spleen. Periodate treatment of human placental beta-glucuronidase destroyed 90% of its binding to concanavalin A-Sephadex rose, reduced its heat stability, and abolished its rapid clearance from rat plasma after infusion.", "contents": "Human beta-glucuronidase. II. Fate of infused human placental beta-glucuronidase in the rat. Human placental beta-glucuronidase could be identified in rat organs by heating organ extracts to 65 degrees which selectively inactivated endogenous rat enzyme. Infused enzyme was rapidly cleared from rat plasma (t0.5 of 3.5 min). From 50-60% of the infused dose was accounted for in rat liver and spleen 24 hr after infusion. Removal of abdominal viscera, including the spleen, and interruption of the portal circulation before infusion slowed the plasma disappearance (t0.5 of 60 min) and allowed significant uptake by bone and other organs. Subcellular fractionation of liver 18 hr postinfusion localized the human enzyme in the mitochondrial-lysosomal fraction. The half-disappearance times of infused human enzyme were 2.6 days in rat liver and 5.8 days in rat spleen. Periodate treatment of human placental beta-glucuronidase destroyed 90% of its binding to concanavalin A-Sephadex rose, reduced its heat stability, and abolished its rapid clearance from rat plasma after infusion."}
{"id": "PMID:876703", "title": "Menkes' Kinky hair syndrome: studies of copper metabolism and long term copper therapy.", "content": "A patient with Menkes' kinky hair syndrome was treated with oral CuSO4. Plasma copper, ceruloplasmin, red cell copper, and 24-hr urine copper excretion remained essentially unchanged. Intravenous copper infusion resulted in a rise of serum ceruloplasmin. During administration of a test meal of 64Cu(NO3)2, the patient was given alternately a volume of 0.9% NaCl or an equal volume of plasma intravenously. Radioactivity found in the blood was unchanged after each infusion period. During 427 days of subcutaneous copper, plasma p-phenylenediamine oxidase activity and plasma copper rose toward normal. Subsequent balance studies showed that the patient was in negative copper balance because of large losses in feces. Scanning electron microscopy demonstrated persistent pili torti.", "contents": "Menkes' Kinky hair syndrome: studies of copper metabolism and long term copper therapy. A patient with Menkes' kinky hair syndrome was treated with oral CuSO4. Plasma copper, ceruloplasmin, red cell copper, and 24-hr urine copper excretion remained essentially unchanged. Intravenous copper infusion resulted in a rise of serum ceruloplasmin. During administration of a test meal of 64Cu(NO3)2, the patient was given alternately a volume of 0.9% NaCl or an equal volume of plasma intravenously. Radioactivity found in the blood was unchanged after each infusion period. During 427 days of subcutaneous copper, plasma p-phenylenediamine oxidase activity and plasma copper rose toward normal. Subsequent balance studies showed that the patient was in negative copper balance because of large losses in feces. Scanning electron microscopy demonstrated persistent pili torti."}
{"id": "PMID:876704", "title": "The chronically reserpinized rat as a possible model for cystic fibrosis. VI. Synergistic effects of isoproterenol on Ca++ and protein in the submaxillary gland.", "content": "Elevated calcium and protein concentration are a consistent abnormality in submaxillary saliva from patients with cystic fibrosis (CF) and from experimental animal models developed by the chronic administration of either isoproterenol (IPR) or reserpine. The possibility that the effects of the two drugs may be additive was investigated by assessing their combined effects on glandular and salivary C++ and protein in the rat submaxillary gland. Individually, their effects were also assessed in relation to the dose used. Results indicate that: (1) treatment for 7 days with 0.05, 0.50, and 5.0 mg/kg daily dose of reserpine caused, respectively, a 45%, 95%, and 120% increase in glandular Ca++ and a 9.3%, 16.5%, and 37.4% increase in glandular protein; (2) treatment for 7 days with a 5.0 mg/kg daily dose of isoproterenol caused a 138% increase in gland Ca++ and a 12.38% increase in gland protein. Treatment with a 5.0 mg/rat daily dose of this drug caused increases of 166% and 10.3% in gland Ca++ and protein; (3) in experiments involving a combination of the two drugs, isoproterenol was administered in a 5.0 mg/kg daily dose from days 1-7 and reserpine in a 0.5 mg/kg daily dose from days 4-10 of the treatment schedule. This procedure resulted in (a) a 217% increase in gland Ca++ and a 25.7% increase in gland protein; (b) a marked accumulation of a granular, basophilic material in acinar cells and the development of intraductal precipitates; (c) the secretion of turbid saliva with high Ca++ and protein concentrations after a secretory dose of isoproterenol (this type of stimulation also reduced the gland Ca++ (50%) and protein (20%) contents and produced vacuolization in the acinar cells); (d) the secretion of saliva with elevated Ca++ and protein in response to pilocarpine (these elevated concentrations were, however, one-fifth of those obtained after isoproterenol stimulation); (e) the secretion of smaller volume of saliva after both types of stimulation. These findings indicate that both IPR and reserpine have a dose-related and significant effect on submaxillary gland Ca++ and protein and that their individual effects are synergistic. The implications of this synergism for the physiologic state of the submaxillary gland and for the secretory abnormality of cystic fibrosis are discussed.", "contents": "The chronically reserpinized rat as a possible model for cystic fibrosis. VI. Synergistic effects of isoproterenol on Ca++ and protein in the submaxillary gland. Elevated calcium and protein concentration are a consistent abnormality in submaxillary saliva from patients with cystic fibrosis (CF) and from experimental animal models developed by the chronic administration of either isoproterenol (IPR) or reserpine. The possibility that the effects of the two drugs may be additive was investigated by assessing their combined effects on glandular and salivary C++ and protein in the rat submaxillary gland. Individually, their effects were also assessed in relation to the dose used. Results indicate that: (1) treatment for 7 days with 0.05, 0.50, and 5.0 mg/kg daily dose of reserpine caused, respectively, a 45%, 95%, and 120% increase in glandular Ca++ and a 9.3%, 16.5%, and 37.4% increase in glandular protein; (2) treatment for 7 days with a 5.0 mg/kg daily dose of isoproterenol caused a 138% increase in gland Ca++ and a 12.38% increase in gland protein. Treatment with a 5.0 mg/rat daily dose of this drug caused increases of 166% and 10.3% in gland Ca++ and protein; (3) in experiments involving a combination of the two drugs, isoproterenol was administered in a 5.0 mg/kg daily dose from days 1-7 and reserpine in a 0.5 mg/kg daily dose from days 4-10 of the treatment schedule. This procedure resulted in (a) a 217% increase in gland Ca++ and a 25.7% increase in gland protein; (b) a marked accumulation of a granular, basophilic material in acinar cells and the development of intraductal precipitates; (c) the secretion of turbid saliva with high Ca++ and protein concentrations after a secretory dose of isoproterenol (this type of stimulation also reduced the gland Ca++ (50%) and protein (20%) contents and produced vacuolization in the acinar cells); (d) the secretion of saliva with elevated Ca++ and protein in response to pilocarpine (these elevated concentrations were, however, one-fifth of those obtained after isoproterenol stimulation); (e) the secretion of smaller volume of saliva after both types of stimulation. These findings indicate that both IPR and reserpine have a dose-related and significant effect on submaxillary gland Ca++ and protein and that their individual effects are synergistic. The implications of this synergism for the physiologic state of the submaxillary gland and for the secretory abnormality of cystic fibrosis are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:876705", "title": "Possible mechanisms and significance of the neonatal surge in glucagon secretion: studies in newborn lambs.", "content": "Studies were conducted in newborn lambs to gain insight into the significance and mechanism(s) responsible for the rapid rise in plasma immunoreactive glucagon (IRG) which occurs in human and other newborn species immediately after delivery. Three sets of experiments were conducted: group A, control studies (n = 5) in which delivery into room air was followed 1 hr later by cutting of the umbilical cord and periodic blood sampling for a further hour; group B, studies (n = 5) in which somatostatin (SRIF), a known inhibitor of IRG and insulin (IRI) secretion, was infused int othe fetus for 10 min before, and for 1 hr after delivery and immediate cord cutting; group C, studies (n = 5) in which an identical dose regimen of SRIF was infused into fasting newborn lambs aged 24-72 hr. The doses of SRIF used were several fold higher than those proven to suppres pancreatic hormones secretion in other species. In the control studies, plasma IRG levels remained stable until the cord was cut, after which event levels rose 5-6-fold (59 +/- 15 pg/ml to 305 +/- 98 pg/ml, P less than 0.05). Simultaneously, plasma free fatty acid (FFA) concentrations rose significantly (280 +/- 80 to 780 +/- 100 muEq/liter, P less than 0.05) and IRI remained unchanged. Plasma glucose concentrations, however, in contrast to observations in other species, did not fall, and therefore, hypoglycemia was not the stimulus for the glucagon surge. SRIF infusion at birth (group B) did not prevent the rise in IRG. Again blood glucose values did not fall, but in contrast to the control studies plasma IRI levels rose and the rise in FFA did not occur. Later SRIF infusion (group C) resulted a prompt and sustained suppression of IRG and IRI and a significant fall in blood glucose. These results suggest that an adrenergic mechanism rather than curtailment of nutrients is the major stimulus to the neonatal surge in IRG.", "contents": "Possible mechanisms and significance of the neonatal surge in glucagon secretion: studies in newborn lambs. Studies were conducted in newborn lambs to gain insight into the significance and mechanism(s) responsible for the rapid rise in plasma immunoreactive glucagon (IRG) which occurs in human and other newborn species immediately after delivery. Three sets of experiments were conducted: group A, control studies (n = 5) in which delivery into room air was followed 1 hr later by cutting of the umbilical cord and periodic blood sampling for a further hour; group B, studies (n = 5) in which somatostatin (SRIF), a known inhibitor of IRG and insulin (IRI) secretion, was infused int othe fetus for 10 min before, and for 1 hr after delivery and immediate cord cutting; group C, studies (n = 5) in which an identical dose regimen of SRIF was infused into fasting newborn lambs aged 24-72 hr. The doses of SRIF used were several fold higher than those proven to suppres pancreatic hormones secretion in other species. In the control studies, plasma IRG levels remained stable until the cord was cut, after which event levels rose 5-6-fold (59 +/- 15 pg/ml to 305 +/- 98 pg/ml, P less than 0.05). Simultaneously, plasma free fatty acid (FFA) concentrations rose significantly (280 +/- 80 to 780 +/- 100 muEq/liter, P less than 0.05) and IRI remained unchanged. Plasma glucose concentrations, however, in contrast to observations in other species, did not fall, and therefore, hypoglycemia was not the stimulus for the glucagon surge. SRIF infusion at birth (group B) did not prevent the rise in IRG. Again blood glucose values did not fall, but in contrast to the control studies plasma IRI levels rose and the rise in FFA did not occur. Later SRIF infusion (group C) resulted a prompt and sustained suppression of IRG and IRI and a significant fall in blood glucose. These results suggest that an adrenergic mechanism rather than curtailment of nutrients is the major stimulus to the neonatal surge in IRG."}
{"id": "PMID:876706", "title": "The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system in the newborn lamb: response to furosemide.", "content": "Nine newborn lambs between 24 and 48 hr of age were studied before and after infusion of furosemide (2 mg/kg) over 1-2 min. Plasma renin activity (PRA) increased within 8 min after furosemide from a baseline value of 12.6 +/- 3.5 ng/ml/hr (mean and SEM) to a level of 24.1 +/- 8.6 ng/ml/hr (P less than 0.05), and peaked 20 mins after the furosemide infusion at a level of 33.1 +/- 8.0 ng/ml/hr. Plasma aldosterone concentration increased from a baseline of 12.2 +/- 3.1 to 22.8 +/- 9.1 ng/dl 35 min after the furosemide infusion, P less than 0.05. There were no changes in plasma sodium or blood hemoatocrit and minimal changes in blood pressure and plasma protein concentrations during the first 35 min after the furosemide infusion. The results indicate that the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system responds promptly to furosemide stimulation despite initially high PRA and aldosterone levels.", "contents": "The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system in the newborn lamb: response to furosemide. Nine newborn lambs between 24 and 48 hr of age were studied before and after infusion of furosemide (2 mg/kg) over 1-2 min. Plasma renin activity (PRA) increased within 8 min after furosemide from a baseline value of 12.6 +/- 3.5 ng/ml/hr (mean and SEM) to a level of 24.1 +/- 8.6 ng/ml/hr (P less than 0.05), and peaked 20 mins after the furosemide infusion at a level of 33.1 +/- 8.0 ng/ml/hr. Plasma aldosterone concentration increased from a baseline of 12.2 +/- 3.1 to 22.8 +/- 9.1 ng/dl 35 min after the furosemide infusion, P less than 0.05. There were no changes in plasma sodium or blood hemoatocrit and minimal changes in blood pressure and plasma protein concentrations during the first 35 min after the furosemide infusion. The results indicate that the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system responds promptly to furosemide stimulation despite initially high PRA and aldosterone levels."}
{"id": "PMID:876707", "title": "The influence of antenatal corticosteroids on hypoglycemia in newborn rats with intrauterine growth retardation.", "content": "This study examines the effect of maternally injected glucocorticoid on the pattern of hypoglycemia exhibited by rat pups with intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR). The majority of surgical procedures designed to produce small-for-gestational age (SGA) newborns for biochemical studies were carried out on days 18 and 19 of gestation because of favorable vields of pups with IUGR at those operative days. At birth, normal controls showed a mean +/- SE plasma glucose value of 63 +/- 2 mg/dl; mean glucose for the group with IUGR was significantly lower at 43 +/- 2 mg/dl. There was a further decrease in the plasma glucose concentration of pups with IUGR at 2-4 hr of age, whereas values in the control littermates did not fall during this interval. Through the first 2 hr of neonatal life, 46% of the pups with IUGR exhibited plasma glucose values less than 40 mg/dl, whereas only 18% of the control littermates manifiested hypoglycemia. During the 2-4-hr interval, the incidence of hypoglycemia in animals with IUGR increased to 91%; however, the incidence in control remained at 18% from 2-4 hr and fell to 4% at 4-6 hr of age. At birth, the pups with IUGR had a lower mean liver weight compared to their control littermates, but glycogen concentration of liver was similar to the control mean +/- SE of 25.7 +/- 1.8 (IUGR = 22.2 +/- 1.3 mg/g wet weight). Total hepatic glycogen stores, however, were markedly lower in dysmature rat pups (IUGR = 2.96 +/- 0.17 mg; control = 7.23 +/- 0.43 mg). Concentrations of plasma glucose at birth of individual control and IUGR animals were found to correlate significantly (r = 0.64, p less than 0.001) with total liver glycogen content. The decline in plasma glucose values in pups with IUGR was not present in animals whose dams received glucocorticoid injection 24 and 48 hr before delivery. At 4-6 hr of age, for instance, the mean plasma glucose concentration in the corticoid-treated IUGR group (70.1 +/- 6.9 mg/dl) approximated that of the control group. Instead on the 91% incidence of hypoglycemia noted in the nontreated dysmature pups, an incidence of 55% was found at 2-4 hr of age in offspring of mothers given glucocorticoid. At 4-6 hr, the treated group showed an incidence of 18% compared to a 67% figure in the nontreated IUGR animals. The concentration of liver glycogen in these animals also differed in that the treated IUGR pups showed significantly higher values (26.9 +/- 1.7 mg/g wet weight, mean +/- SE) than nontreated progeny. It is concluded that antenatally administered corticosteroid influence the development of neonatal hypoglycemia in the dysmature rat pup and that the major effect is not at birth, but during the 2-4-hr period of neonatal life.", "contents": "The influence of antenatal corticosteroids on hypoglycemia in newborn rats with intrauterine growth retardation. This study examines the effect of maternally injected glucocorticoid on the pattern of hypoglycemia exhibited by rat pups with intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR). The majority of surgical procedures designed to produce small-for-gestational age (SGA) newborns for biochemical studies were carried out on days 18 and 19 of gestation because of favorable vields of pups with IUGR at those operative days. At birth, normal controls showed a mean +/- SE plasma glucose value of 63 +/- 2 mg/dl; mean glucose for the group with IUGR was significantly lower at 43 +/- 2 mg/dl. There was a further decrease in the plasma glucose concentration of pups with IUGR at 2-4 hr of age, whereas values in the control littermates did not fall during this interval. Through the first 2 hr of neonatal life, 46% of the pups with IUGR exhibited plasma glucose values less than 40 mg/dl, whereas only 18% of the control littermates manifiested hypoglycemia. During the 2-4-hr interval, the incidence of hypoglycemia in animals with IUGR increased to 91%; however, the incidence in control remained at 18% from 2-4 hr and fell to 4% at 4-6 hr of age. At birth, the pups with IUGR had a lower mean liver weight compared to their control littermates, but glycogen concentration of liver was similar to the control mean +/- SE of 25.7 +/- 1.8 (IUGR = 22.2 +/- 1.3 mg/g wet weight). Total hepatic glycogen stores, however, were markedly lower in dysmature rat pups (IUGR = 2.96 +/- 0.17 mg; control = 7.23 +/- 0.43 mg). Concentrations of plasma glucose at birth of individual control and IUGR animals were found to correlate significantly (r = 0.64, p less than 0.001) with total liver glycogen content. The decline in plasma glucose values in pups with IUGR was not present in animals whose dams received glucocorticoid injection 24 and 48 hr before delivery. At 4-6 hr of age, for instance, the mean plasma glucose concentration in the corticoid-treated IUGR group (70.1 +/- 6.9 mg/dl) approximated that of the control group. Instead on the 91% incidence of hypoglycemia noted in the nontreated dysmature pups, an incidence of 55% was found at 2-4 hr of age in offspring of mothers given glucocorticoid. At 4-6 hr, the treated group showed an incidence of 18% compared to a 67% figure in the nontreated IUGR animals. The concentration of liver glycogen in these animals also differed in that the treated IUGR pups showed significantly higher values (26.9 +/- 1.7 mg/g wet weight, mean +/- SE) than nontreated progeny. It is concluded that antenatally administered corticosteroid influence the development of neonatal hypoglycemia in the dysmature rat pup and that the major effect is not at birth, but during the 2-4-hr period of neonatal life."}
{"id": "PMID:876708", "title": "Regulation of fetal lung phosphatidyl choline synthesis by cortisol: role of glycogen and glucose.", "content": "Twenty pregnant rabbits were studied in pairs. Half were given cortisol subcutaneously on days 24, 25, and 26 of gestation in dosage of 2 mg/kg/day. Half served as controls and received saline. The fetal lungs were studied on the 27th day of gestation by incubating lung slices in the presence of [6-14C]glucose. Glucose consumption significantly increased in the tissue from animals treated with cortisol, 17.61 \"/- 5.56 (SD) mumol/g in the controls (P less than 0.05). The glycogen content of tissue treated with cortisol was significantly reduced compared to the controls, 2.42 +/- 0.97 (SD) mg/g wet lung versus 3.81 +/- 1.05 (SD) mg/g (P less than 0.05). Treatment with cortisol resulted in significantly enhanced incorporation of the 14C label into glycogen and phosphatidyl choline (Tables 3 and 4). These data suggest that glucocorticoids affect fetal lung phosphatidyl choline production by promoting glycogenolysis and increasing glucose incorporation into phosphatidyl choline.", "contents": "Regulation of fetal lung phosphatidyl choline synthesis by cortisol: role of glycogen and glucose. Twenty pregnant rabbits were studied in pairs. Half were given cortisol subcutaneously on days 24, 25, and 26 of gestation in dosage of 2 mg/kg/day. Half served as controls and received saline. The fetal lungs were studied on the 27th day of gestation by incubating lung slices in the presence of [6-14C]glucose. Glucose consumption significantly increased in the tissue from animals treated with cortisol, 17.61 \"/- 5.56 (SD) mumol/g in the controls (P less than 0.05). The glycogen content of tissue treated with cortisol was significantly reduced compared to the controls, 2.42 +/- 0.97 (SD) mg/g wet lung versus 3.81 +/- 1.05 (SD) mg/g (P less than 0.05). Treatment with cortisol resulted in significantly enhanced incorporation of the 14C label into glycogen and phosphatidyl choline (Tables 3 and 4). These data suggest that glucocorticoids affect fetal lung phosphatidyl choline production by promoting glycogenolysis and increasing glucose incorporation into phosphatidyl choline."}
{"id": "PMID:876709", "title": "Coronary reserve and right ventricular function in awake newborn lambs with persistent right ventricular hypertension.", "content": "Right ventricular function curves as measured by right ventricular stroke work were normal in all control lambs, whereas three of five lambs with banded pulmonary arteries had relatively flat curves. Left ventricular function was similarly normal in the control group as compared to a near zero slope function curve in the banded group. Regional myocardial blood flow to the septum and right and left ventricles was similar in control and banded lambs. At rest right ventricular coronary vascular resistance was lower in the banded than in the control group and decreased in both groups during both isoproterenol and dextran stress states. In general, both groups had a similar ratio of right to left ventricular oxygen supply to demand ratio. These results show first that there is minimal, if any, biventricular functional reserve in lambs with persistent right ventricular hypertension, and second, that there is substantial coronary vascular reserve in both normal and banded groups.", "contents": "Coronary reserve and right ventricular function in awake newborn lambs with persistent right ventricular hypertension. Right ventricular function curves as measured by right ventricular stroke work were normal in all control lambs, whereas three of five lambs with banded pulmonary arteries had relatively flat curves. Left ventricular function was similarly normal in the control group as compared to a near zero slope function curve in the banded group. Regional myocardial blood flow to the septum and right and left ventricles was similar in control and banded lambs. At rest right ventricular coronary vascular resistance was lower in the banded than in the control group and decreased in both groups during both isoproterenol and dextran stress states. In general, both groups had a similar ratio of right to left ventricular oxygen supply to demand ratio. These results show first that there is minimal, if any, biventricular functional reserve in lambs with persistent right ventricular hypertension, and second, that there is substantial coronary vascular reserve in both normal and banded groups."}
{"id": "PMID:876721", "title": "Long-term outcome of Hemophilus influenzae meningitis related to antiobiotic treatment.", "content": "Of 82 patients treated for Hemophilus influenzae meningitis from 1968 to 1975, a total of 22 (26.8%) showed neurologic or psychologic sequelae, or both. Auditory impairment was the most common type of sequelae; it occurred in 15 patients. Complications during acute illness were more frequent in patients who later developed sequelae than in patients who recovered completely. Sequelae were more often found in patients who received both ampicillin and chloramphenicol concomitantly compared with patients who were treated with one of these drugs. A possible antagonistic interaction between ampicillin and chloramphenicol is discussed.", "contents": "Long-term outcome of Hemophilus influenzae meningitis related to antiobiotic treatment. Of 82 patients treated for Hemophilus influenzae meningitis from 1968 to 1975, a total of 22 (26.8%) showed neurologic or psychologic sequelae, or both. Auditory impairment was the most common type of sequelae; it occurred in 15 patients. Complications during acute illness were more frequent in patients who later developed sequelae than in patients who recovered completely. Sequelae were more often found in patients who received both ampicillin and chloramphenicol concomitantly compared with patients who were treated with one of these drugs. A possible antagonistic interaction between ampicillin and chloramphenicol is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:876732", "title": "Children in divorce: intervention in the phase of separation.", "content": "Divorce of their parents can create difficulties for the development of young children. The ability of children to integrate the various losses involved in the breaking up of a family is impeded by limitations of their cognitive understanding of events taking place during the separation phase. Because their thinking process is as yet immature, children often feel responsible for the divorce, and they otherwise distort the meaning of the events about them. The pediatrician can often guide and encourage parents to facilitate their children's understanding and acceptance of the changes in their lives.", "contents": "Children in divorce: intervention in the phase of separation. Divorce of their parents can create difficulties for the development of young children. The ability of children to integrate the various losses involved in the breaking up of a family is impeded by limitations of their cognitive understanding of events taking place during the separation phase. Because their thinking process is as yet immature, children often feel responsible for the divorce, and they otherwise distort the meaning of the events about them. The pediatrician can often guide and encourage parents to facilitate their children's understanding and acceptance of the changes in their lives."}
{"id": "PMID:876733", "title": "Summer camp hemodialysis for children with chronic renal failure.", "content": "A hemodialysis unit was established at a rural summer camp for children. Required medical treatment was planned so as to interfere as little as possible with normal camp programs. Campers who require dialysis were mixed fully into the population of normal campers. Twenty-two children participated during the first summer of operation. Our experience indicates that children on maintenance hemodialysis can be integrated with normal peers in a recreational program and can improve their self-image and self-confidence. The program also demonstrates that chronic pediatric hemodialysis can be safely performed in a rural satellite unit.", "contents": "Summer camp hemodialysis for children with chronic renal failure. A hemodialysis unit was established at a rural summer camp for children. Required medical treatment was planned so as to interfere as little as possible with normal camp programs. Campers who require dialysis were mixed fully into the population of normal campers. Twenty-two children participated during the first summer of operation. Our experience indicates that children on maintenance hemodialysis can be integrated with normal peers in a recreational program and can improve their self-image and self-confidence. The program also demonstrates that chronic pediatric hemodialysis can be safely performed in a rural satellite unit."}
{"id": "PMID:876734", "title": "Sudden infant death syndrome: normal QT interval on ECGs of relatives.", "content": "Genetically determined prolongation of the QT interval on ECGs has been proposed as one basic pathogenetic mechanism for the sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS). ECG studies in a total of 108 first-degree relatives of 26 patients with this syndrome in comparison with 99 such subjects from 22 control families failed to show any significant differences in the QT interval in these two groups. Hereditary prolongation of the QT interval is therefore unlikely to be a significant factor in the etiology of the vast majority of cases of SIDS.", "contents": "Sudden infant death syndrome: normal QT interval on ECGs of relatives. Genetically determined prolongation of the QT interval on ECGs has been proposed as one basic pathogenetic mechanism for the sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS). ECG studies in a total of 108 first-degree relatives of 26 patients with this syndrome in comparison with 99 such subjects from 22 control families failed to show any significant differences in the QT interval in these two groups. Hereditary prolongation of the QT interval is therefore unlikely to be a significant factor in the etiology of the vast majority of cases of SIDS."}
{"id": "PMID:876735", "title": "Ambiguous genitalia in XX male children: report of two infants.", "content": "Two infants with ambiguous genitalia were recognized to have the XX male syndrome. Although most XX males have normal penile development, a review of the reported cases showed that eight of the 14 affected children, diagnosed before age 15 years, had penile abnormalities, most commonly hypospadias and/or chordee. This syndrome should be considered in children with incomplete genital differentiation. The available indirect evidence suggests that deficient testosterone production by the fetal testes accounts for the genital ambiguity. Although no explanation has been established for the presence of testes in the apparent absence of the Y chromosome, studies of the X-linked Xg blood group in XX males demonstrate a high frequency of unusual inheritance patterns. This implies that the abnormality in the transmission of maleness in affected families may also be X-related rather than autosomal.", "contents": "Ambiguous genitalia in XX male children: report of two infants. Two infants with ambiguous genitalia were recognized to have the XX male syndrome. Although most XX males have normal penile development, a review of the reported cases showed that eight of the 14 affected children, diagnosed before age 15 years, had penile abnormalities, most commonly hypospadias and/or chordee. This syndrome should be considered in children with incomplete genital differentiation. The available indirect evidence suggests that deficient testosterone production by the fetal testes accounts for the genital ambiguity. Although no explanation has been established for the presence of testes in the apparent absence of the Y chromosome, studies of the X-linked Xg blood group in XX males demonstrate a high frequency of unusual inheritance patterns. This implies that the abnormality in the transmission of maleness in affected families may also be X-related rather than autosomal."}
{"id": "PMID:876736", "title": "Serum gastrin levels in infants and children.", "content": "Fasting serum gastrin concentrations were determined by radioimmunoassay for 124 infants and children free of gastrointestinal disease. Values for the entire group ranged from 1.1 to 167.9 pg/ml (mean, 32.3 pg/ml). Mean serum gastrin levels for children who fasted eight or more hours were 22.5+/-23.9 pg/ml while the mean serum gastrin levels for children who fasted four to eight hours ranged from 42.4+/-33.9 pg/ml to 59.2+/-49.6 pg/ml. The mean serum gastrin levels varied inversely with body surface area among children who fasted the same length of time.", "contents": "Serum gastrin levels in infants and children. Fasting serum gastrin concentrations were determined by radioimmunoassay for 124 infants and children free of gastrointestinal disease. Values for the entire group ranged from 1.1 to 167.9 pg/ml (mean, 32.3 pg/ml). Mean serum gastrin levels for children who fasted eight or more hours were 22.5+/-23.9 pg/ml while the mean serum gastrin levels for children who fasted four to eight hours ranged from 42.4+/-33.9 pg/ml to 59.2+/-49.6 pg/ml. The mean serum gastrin levels varied inversely with body surface area among children who fasted the same length of time."}
{"id": "PMID:876737", "title": "Children's behavior during automobile rides: do car seats make a difference?", "content": "The behavior of children riding in automobiles with their mothers was assessed by having an observer accompany them on repeated 15-minute automobile rides. Children riding in car seats exhibited very high levels of appropiate or safe behavior, whereas children not riding in car seats exhibited very low levels of appropriate behavior. When car seats were introduced to those children who previously had not used them, the level of appropriate behavior improved dramatically. These results were maintained at three-month follow-up observations. Prevention or reduction of disruptive child behavior on car rides is an obviously important, but previously unreported, benefit of the use of child restraint seats. This fact might very well be used by the pediatrician to further encourage or persuade parents to purchase and use child restraint seats. The use of a child restraint seat to reduce disruptive behavior during automobile rides is an advantage, beyond the safety aspects, of introducing car seats to young children.", "contents": "Children's behavior during automobile rides: do car seats make a difference? The behavior of children riding in automobiles with their mothers was assessed by having an observer accompany them on repeated 15-minute automobile rides. Children riding in car seats exhibited very high levels of appropiate or safe behavior, whereas children not riding in car seats exhibited very low levels of appropriate behavior. When car seats were introduced to those children who previously had not used them, the level of appropriate behavior improved dramatically. These results were maintained at three-month follow-up observations. Prevention or reduction of disruptive child behavior on car rides is an obviously important, but previously unreported, benefit of the use of child restraint seats. This fact might very well be used by the pediatrician to further encourage or persuade parents to purchase and use child restraint seats. The use of a child restraint seat to reduce disruptive behavior during automobile rides is an advantage, beyond the safety aspects, of introducing car seats to young children."}
{"id": "PMID:876738", "title": "Sudden infant death trends in six metropolitan communities, 1965-1974.", "content": "Data from six geographically dispersed metropolitan areas in the United States in which special sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) surveillance programs for detection and autopsy diagnosis existed during the period 1965 through 1974 reveal considerable diversity in overall ten-year incidence rates as well as in annual rate distribution patterns. A downward trend in SIDS incidence occurred in some areas but not in others. Non-SIDS postneonatal death rates, which were used for comparison, also decreased in some areas. Rate trends for whites and nonwhites were not consistent. During the same period, the fertility rate in the United States decreased by about a third for both whites and nonwhites. To explain the observed trends we postulate that concomitants of the fertility rate decline may have reduced the number of \"high mortality risk babies\" to a variable degree in different places and at different times.", "contents": "Sudden infant death trends in six metropolitan communities, 1965-1974. Data from six geographically dispersed metropolitan areas in the United States in which special sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) surveillance programs for detection and autopsy diagnosis existed during the period 1965 through 1974 reveal considerable diversity in overall ten-year incidence rates as well as in annual rate distribution patterns. A downward trend in SIDS incidence occurred in some areas but not in others. Non-SIDS postneonatal death rates, which were used for comparison, also decreased in some areas. Rate trends for whites and nonwhites were not consistent. During the same period, the fertility rate in the United States decreased by about a third for both whites and nonwhites. To explain the observed trends we postulate that concomitants of the fertility rate decline may have reduced the number of \"high mortality risk babies\" to a variable degree in different places and at different times."}
{"id": "PMID:876739", "title": "Surgical correction in infancy to reduce mortality in transposition of the great arteries.", "content": "The mortality for infants with transposition of the great arteries (TGA) prior to the introduction of medical and surgical septostomy was over 80% by 6 months of age. The mortality has fallen recently, due to balloon atrial septostomy (BAS), but still exceeds 25% by 6 months of age in major centers. The cumulative mortality rises to 40% by 1 year of age with or without additional surgical atrial septectomy. In our center, 12 patients with an average age of 3 months were operated on for interatrial baffle correction of their TGA under surface-induced deep hypothermia. BAS had been done preliminarily in those patients without an adequate atrial communication. Ten of these 12 patients (83%) survived. These patients have been followed up from one month to eight years with an average follow-up of over four years. Surgical correction during infancy offers a better survival rate for infants with TGA than does medical management, with or without palliative surgery.", "contents": "Surgical correction in infancy to reduce mortality in transposition of the great arteries. The mortality for infants with transposition of the great arteries (TGA) prior to the introduction of medical and surgical septostomy was over 80% by 6 months of age. The mortality has fallen recently, due to balloon atrial septostomy (BAS), but still exceeds 25% by 6 months of age in major centers. The cumulative mortality rises to 40% by 1 year of age with or without additional surgical atrial septectomy. In our center, 12 patients with an average age of 3 months were operated on for interatrial baffle correction of their TGA under surface-induced deep hypothermia. BAS had been done preliminarily in those patients without an adequate atrial communication. Ten of these 12 patients (83%) survived. These patients have been followed up from one month to eight years with an average follow-up of over four years. Surgical correction during infancy offers a better survival rate for infants with TGA than does medical management, with or without palliative surgery."}
{"id": "PMID:876774", "title": "Reversible perspective figures and eye movements.", "content": "Eye movements and perspective reversals were continuously recorded on film for 9 subjects who fixated a central point on black line drawings of the Necker cube and Rubin vase figure. There were significantly more Necker cube reversals than Rubin figure reversals in the 1 1/2-min. test periods. Perceptual reversals were unrelated to the occurrence of eye movements but appear possibly to be related to the perceived tridimensionality of the figures.", "contents": "Reversible perspective figures and eye movements. Eye movements and perspective reversals were continuously recorded on film for 9 subjects who fixated a central point on black line drawings of the Necker cube and Rubin vase figure. There were significantly more Necker cube reversals than Rubin figure reversals in the 1 1/2-min. test periods. Perceptual reversals were unrelated to the occurrence of eye movements but appear possibly to be related to the perceived tridimensionality of the figures."}
{"id": "PMID:876775", "title": "Movements while driving cars around curves.", "content": "The eye fixations of 5 experienced and 4 inexperienced car drivers were analyzed while driving curves to the left and to the right. For experienced drivers in a curve to the left the mean duration of eye fixations was longer and the amplitude of the eye movements greater than in a curve to the right. No such difference was observed in inexperienced drivers who manifested neither uniformity within the same curves nor differentiation between the two types of curves. Mean duration of eye fixations of experienced subjects was shorter while driving in a curve to right, but their amplitude of eye movement was greater in a curve to left than those of inexperienced drivers. In Esp. 2, it was pointed out that there is already a change in the pattern of eye movements prior to entering a curve. Upon approaching the curve the mean duration of eye fixation decreased, and the fixations were mainly shifted toward the future driving path. Results are interpreted in terms of the adequacy of the eye fixations (supposedly influenced by prior long-term learning) for information at near distance for vehicle control and at longer distances for setting proprioceptive forward programs for possible future sensomotoric activity.", "contents": "Movements while driving cars around curves. The eye fixations of 5 experienced and 4 inexperienced car drivers were analyzed while driving curves to the left and to the right. For experienced drivers in a curve to the left the mean duration of eye fixations was longer and the amplitude of the eye movements greater than in a curve to the right. No such difference was observed in inexperienced drivers who manifested neither uniformity within the same curves nor differentiation between the two types of curves. Mean duration of eye fixations of experienced subjects was shorter while driving in a curve to right, but their amplitude of eye movement was greater in a curve to left than those of inexperienced drivers. In Esp. 2, it was pointed out that there is already a change in the pattern of eye movements prior to entering a curve. Upon approaching the curve the mean duration of eye fixation decreased, and the fixations were mainly shifted toward the future driving path. Results are interpreted in terms of the adequacy of the eye fixations (supposedly influenced by prior long-term learning) for information at near distance for vehicle control and at longer distances for setting proprioceptive forward programs for possible future sensomotoric activity."}
{"id": "PMID:876776", "title": "Adaptation level and retroactive interference in motor short-term memory.", "content": "5 groups of 10 subjects were required to make and recall a linear self-generated arm-positioning movement. 4 of the groups made and recalled 4 interpolated self-generated positioning movements before the recall of the criterion was attempted. The lengths of the interpolated movements relative to the criterion varied from group to group. For one group all interpolated movements were longer, for another they were all shorter, and two groups produced alternating shorter and longer movements. Results indicated a significant difference in percentage algebraic error at recall of the criterion movement between the groups experiencing longer and experiencing shorter interpolated movements. The evidence is suggestive of two components in retroactive design studies, interference and adaptation level.", "contents": "Adaptation level and retroactive interference in motor short-term memory. 5 groups of 10 subjects were required to make and recall a linear self-generated arm-positioning movement. 4 of the groups made and recalled 4 interpolated self-generated positioning movements before the recall of the criterion was attempted. The lengths of the interpolated movements relative to the criterion varied from group to group. For one group all interpolated movements were longer, for another they were all shorter, and two groups produced alternating shorter and longer movements. Results indicated a significant difference in percentage algebraic error at recall of the criterion movement between the groups experiencing longer and experiencing shorter interpolated movements. The evidence is suggestive of two components in retroactive design studies, interference and adaptation level."}
{"id": "PMID:876777", "title": "Relation of the Aubert-Foerster phenomenon to manifest anxiety.", "content": "The relation of the increase in distance to narrowing of the visual angle was investigated with 20 subjects in high and low anxiety states. Stimulu were introduced from the periphery, and readings were taken at the limits of sharp perception of figures. The investigation partially confirmed that increase in distance resulted in narrowing of the visual field for the group low in anxiety. However, the visual angles were greater for the group high in anxiety.", "contents": "Relation of the Aubert-Foerster phenomenon to manifest anxiety. The relation of the increase in distance to narrowing of the visual angle was investigated with 20 subjects in high and low anxiety states. Stimulu were introduced from the periphery, and readings were taken at the limits of sharp perception of figures. The investigation partially confirmed that increase in distance resulted in narrowing of the visual field for the group low in anxiety. However, the visual angles were greater for the group high in anxiety."}
{"id": "PMID:876778", "title": "Reaction time in simultaneous motions.", "content": "EMG-RTs of biceps and triceps brachii muscles were measured in 3 different tasks: isolated motions, flexion or extension of either forearm; bilateral symmetrical motions, flexion or extension of both forearms; bilateral opposite motions, flexion of a forearm and extension of the other. EMG-RTs of opposite motions were slower than those of isolated and symmetrical motions, EMG-RTs of symmetrical motions were nearly equivalent to those of isolated motions. Simplicity and complexity of simultaneous motions are discussed.", "contents": "Reaction time in simultaneous motions. EMG-RTs of biceps and triceps brachii muscles were measured in 3 different tasks: isolated motions, flexion or extension of either forearm; bilateral symmetrical motions, flexion or extension of both forearms; bilateral opposite motions, flexion of a forearm and extension of the other. EMG-RTs of opposite motions were slower than those of isolated and symmetrical motions, EMG-RTs of symmetrical motions were nearly equivalent to those of isolated motions. Simplicity and complexity of simultaneous motions are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:876779", "title": "Maintenance of vigilance by non-task-related stimulation in the monitoring environment.", "content": "The effects of non-task-related stimulation on the performance of a simple visual vigilance task were investigated. 40 subjects monitored a stimulated CRT display for two 90-min sessions. The independent variables were variable vs constant intensity lighting and variable vs constant intensity noise. Probability of detection was not significantly different for the noise conditions; however, probability of detection was significantly higher under variable than under constant intensity lighting.", "contents": "Maintenance of vigilance by non-task-related stimulation in the monitoring environment. The effects of non-task-related stimulation on the performance of a simple visual vigilance task were investigated. 40 subjects monitored a stimulated CRT display for two 90-min sessions. The independent variables were variable vs constant intensity lighting and variable vs constant intensity noise. Probability of detection was not significantly different for the noise conditions; however, probability of detection was significantly higher under variable than under constant intensity lighting."}
{"id": "PMID:876780", "title": "Perception of horizontality by male and female college students.", "content": "Understanding of the principle of horizontality was tested by having 314 university students draw the water surface on pictures of tilted bottles. Adults appear to have difficulty with this task and females performed much more poorly than males.", "contents": "Perception of horizontality by male and female college students. Understanding of the principle of horizontality was tested by having 314 university students draw the water surface on pictures of tilted bottles. Adults appear to have difficulty with this task and females performed much more poorly than males."}
{"id": "PMID:876781", "title": "Subjective and objective symmetry in perception of form.", "content": "A new quantitative measure of the physical symmetry of 2-dimensional shapes is proposed which relates it to the proportion of translational and rotational (TR) overlap between a figure and its mirror image. Category ratings of the apparent vertical symmetry of distorted diamond figures correlate highly with this measure while it is also an important contributor in the prediction of the apparent symmetry and geometricity of random polygons.", "contents": "Subjective and objective symmetry in perception of form. A new quantitative measure of the physical symmetry of 2-dimensional shapes is proposed which relates it to the proportion of translational and rotational (TR) overlap between a figure and its mirror image. Category ratings of the apparent vertical symmetry of distorted diamond figures correlate highly with this measure while it is also an important contributor in the prediction of the apparent symmetry and geometricity of random polygons."}
{"id": "PMID:876782", "title": "Mode of input in long-term recognition.", "content": "Recent research by Garabedian, Yekovich, Sherman, and Dean has demonstrated that recognition from long-term memory was superior for words presented visually over those presented auditorily. Because their results could have been influenced by the salience of the projected visual items, the present investigation attempted to eliminate the possible visual bias. 16 undergraduates were presented a list of nouns of mixed input modality and were tested 6 min. later for incidental recognition of input mode. The present data corroborated findings by Garabedian, et al. who postulated that subjects use some form of stored visual information when identifying the input mode of words.", "contents": "Mode of input in long-term recognition. Recent research by Garabedian, Yekovich, Sherman, and Dean has demonstrated that recognition from long-term memory was superior for words presented visually over those presented auditorily. Because their results could have been influenced by the salience of the projected visual items, the present investigation attempted to eliminate the possible visual bias. 16 undergraduates were presented a list of nouns of mixed input modality and were tested 6 min. later for incidental recognition of input mode. The present data corroborated findings by Garabedian, et al. who postulated that subjects use some form of stored visual information when identifying the input mode of words."}
{"id": "PMID:876783", "title": "Components of asymmetrical visual encoding of geometrically transformed scripts.", "content": "Austrian and Israeli subjects were presented tachistoscopically with geometrically transformed numbers, nonsense syllables in Latin letters and Hebrew words (only the Israeli). Opposite reading and writing habits and different hand dominance were used as experimental variables. Criteria for evaluating the data were scanning pattern (voluntary preferred reading direction) and reading performance. A difference in reading pattern was found between Austrian right- and left-handed subjects but no difference in their reading performance. Also between Austrian and Israeli right-handed subjects a difference in the reading pattern appeared as well as in reading performance. Furthermore, the scanning pattern used by Austrian right-handed subjects in reading geometrically transformed numbers was different from their pattern in reading syllables. Distinguished were two sources of asymmetries, an intrinsic in visual mechanisms and a structural one in the stimulus itself.", "contents": "Components of asymmetrical visual encoding of geometrically transformed scripts. Austrian and Israeli subjects were presented tachistoscopically with geometrically transformed numbers, nonsense syllables in Latin letters and Hebrew words (only the Israeli). Opposite reading and writing habits and different hand dominance were used as experimental variables. Criteria for evaluating the data were scanning pattern (voluntary preferred reading direction) and reading performance. A difference in reading pattern was found between Austrian right- and left-handed subjects but no difference in their reading performance. Also between Austrian and Israeli right-handed subjects a difference in the reading pattern appeared as well as in reading performance. Furthermore, the scanning pattern used by Austrian right-handed subjects in reading geometrically transformed numbers was different from their pattern in reading syllables. Distinguished were two sources of asymmetries, an intrinsic in visual mechanisms and a structural one in the stimulus itself."}
{"id": "PMID:876784", "title": "Background Interference Procedure and discriminant function analysis in predicting clinically determined categories of learning disability.", "content": "There is a need to determine the extent to which the \"Background Interference Procedure\" as an adjunct to the Bender-Gestalt can account for criterion variance beyond that level predicted by an optimal battery. Discriminant functions empirically classified subjects into clinical categories of learning disability. A reduced battery of intellective and visual-motor predictors generated two significant functions, accounting for 91% of the variance. The first dimension reflected over-all intellectual functioning, the second, psychomotor skills. Empirical classification accurately categorized 71% of all subjects across five criterion groups. The functions efficiently separated the criteria, but the six Background Interference Procedure predictor variables did not improve prediction. Implications include using the Background Interference Procedure for early screening of learning disabilities and employing discriminant functions for data reduction and construct validation of teachers' and judges' ratings.", "contents": "Background Interference Procedure and discriminant function analysis in predicting clinically determined categories of learning disability. There is a need to determine the extent to which the \"Background Interference Procedure\" as an adjunct to the Bender-Gestalt can account for criterion variance beyond that level predicted by an optimal battery. Discriminant functions empirically classified subjects into clinical categories of learning disability. A reduced battery of intellective and visual-motor predictors generated two significant functions, accounting for 91% of the variance. The first dimension reflected over-all intellectual functioning, the second, psychomotor skills. Empirical classification accurately categorized 71% of all subjects across five criterion groups. The functions efficiently separated the criteria, but the six Background Interference Procedure predictor variables did not improve prediction. Implications include using the Background Interference Procedure for early screening of learning disabilities and employing discriminant functions for data reduction and construct validation of teachers' and judges' ratings."}
{"id": "PMID:876785", "title": "Originality and perceptual set: comparative study of Hungarians and Americans.", "content": "208 Hungarian and 200 American college adults were administered Sounds and Images. The criterion for breaking away from perceptual set was the production of non-sound images given sound stimuli. In response to four sounds presented three times, the greatest number of non-sound images was produced to the second and fourth sound stimuli by all subjects; Hungarians produced more non-sound images to the second and Americans to the fourth stimulus. Further, Americans produced a significantly greater number of non-sound images than Hungarians.", "contents": "Originality and perceptual set: comparative study of Hungarians and Americans. 208 Hungarian and 200 American college adults were administered Sounds and Images. The criterion for breaking away from perceptual set was the production of non-sound images given sound stimuli. In response to four sounds presented three times, the greatest number of non-sound images was produced to the second and fourth sound stimuli by all subjects; Hungarians produced more non-sound images to the second and Americans to the fourth stimulus. Further, Americans produced a significantly greater number of non-sound images than Hungarians."}
{"id": "PMID:876786", "title": "Effect of weight and sex on perception of line length.", "content": "56 obese and 103 normal-weight college students were asked to make line-length estimations of lines on either a light or dark background. Analysis of the results showed significant interactions between weight and contrast and sex and contrast, with the line estimations by women and normal weight individuals being more dependent on the contrast.", "contents": "Effect of weight and sex on perception of line length. 56 obese and 103 normal-weight college students were asked to make line-length estimations of lines on either a light or dark background. Analysis of the results showed significant interactions between weight and contrast and sex and contrast, with the line estimations by women and normal weight individuals being more dependent on the contrast."}
{"id": "PMID:876787", "title": "Time estimation by hyperactive and normal children.", "content": "In two studies [a pilot (12 7- to 10-yr.-olds) and a main study (100 8- to 12-yr.-olds)] hyperactive and normal children were compared on the ability to estimate time intervals ranging from 7 to 60 sec. The differences between estimated and elapsed time were larger for hyperactives than for normals, with the differences between the groups increasing with the length of the interval to be estimated.", "contents": "Time estimation by hyperactive and normal children. In two studies [a pilot (12 7- to 10-yr.-olds) and a main study (100 8- to 12-yr.-olds)] hyperactive and normal children were compared on the ability to estimate time intervals ranging from 7 to 60 sec. The differences between estimated and elapsed time were larger for hyperactives than for normals, with the differences between the groups increasing with the length of the interval to be estimated."}
{"id": "PMID:876788", "title": "A personal construct approach to perception of disclosure targets.", "content": "Investigating the perception of targets for self-disclosure from the perspective of the psychology of personal constructs, it was predicted that respondents from a mixed-nationality group would (a) characterize friends more than acquaintances in terms of 'superordinate' personality-descriptive dimensions, (b) 'differentiate' friends more than acquaintances by extensive application of constructs to them, and (c) 'polarize' targets for high disclosure by construing them sharply and meaningfully in terms of personally significant dimensions of meaning. All predictions received significant support for 34 college students (Mdnage 22 yr.) who responded in writing to a questionnaire. The results suggest the fruitfulness of further examining self-disclosure and friendship formation from a vantage point which emphasizes the perceptual and interpretive framework of an adult person.", "contents": "A personal construct approach to perception of disclosure targets. Investigating the perception of targets for self-disclosure from the perspective of the psychology of personal constructs, it was predicted that respondents from a mixed-nationality group would (a) characterize friends more than acquaintances in terms of 'superordinate' personality-descriptive dimensions, (b) 'differentiate' friends more than acquaintances by extensive application of constructs to them, and (c) 'polarize' targets for high disclosure by construing them sharply and meaningfully in terms of personally significant dimensions of meaning. All predictions received significant support for 34 college students (Mdnage 22 yr.) who responded in writing to a questionnaire. The results suggest the fruitfulness of further examining self-disclosure and friendship formation from a vantage point which emphasizes the perceptual and interpretive framework of an adult person."}
{"id": "PMID:876789", "title": "Novelty-seeking, fantasy, and sensitization in chronic insomniacs.", "content": "13 chronic primary insomniacs and a matched group of normal sleepers were studied in terms of their level of novelty-seeking, ability to fantasize, and cognitive rumination. All-night electroencephalographic patterns confirmed insomniac-control sleep differences. Chronic insomniacs differed from normal sleepers on a measure of cognitive activity as a defense pattern (Byrne's Repression-Sensitization Scale) but did not differ on measures of need for cognitive stimulation (Pearson's Internal and External Cognition Scales), ability to fantasize (Betts' imagery task), or preference for fantasy (Pearson's Internal and External Sensation Scales).", "contents": "Novelty-seeking, fantasy, and sensitization in chronic insomniacs. 13 chronic primary insomniacs and a matched group of normal sleepers were studied in terms of their level of novelty-seeking, ability to fantasize, and cognitive rumination. All-night electroencephalographic patterns confirmed insomniac-control sleep differences. Chronic insomniacs differed from normal sleepers on a measure of cognitive activity as a defense pattern (Byrne's Repression-Sensitization Scale) but did not differ on measures of need for cognitive stimulation (Pearson's Internal and External Cognition Scales), ability to fantasize (Betts' imagery task), or preference for fantasy (Pearson's Internal and External Sensation Scales)."}
{"id": "PMID:876790", "title": "Ability factors in motor learning.", "content": "Research dealing with the role of basic ability factors in motor learning has been characterized by an ever increasing realization of the high degree of task specificity associated with the acquisition of motor skills. Although various theoretical arguments have been offered to account for the changing factor structure of abilities which apparently accompanies increase in proficiency in motor performance, such theories have, by and large, ignored the role of information-processing models, as well as factors pertaining to human neurological organization. Theoretical positions and empirical research concerning the role of ability factors in motor learning are discussed and analyzed in the light of the limitations imposed by factors of task taxonomy.", "contents": "Ability factors in motor learning. Research dealing with the role of basic ability factors in motor learning has been characterized by an ever increasing realization of the high degree of task specificity associated with the acquisition of motor skills. Although various theoretical arguments have been offered to account for the changing factor structure of abilities which apparently accompanies increase in proficiency in motor performance, such theories have, by and large, ignored the role of information-processing models, as well as factors pertaining to human neurological organization. Theoretical positions and empirical research concerning the role of ability factors in motor learning are discussed and analyzed in the light of the limitations imposed by factors of task taxonomy."}
{"id": "PMID:876791", "title": "Two-pulse temporal resolution threshold in the peripheral visual field.", "content": "Using a 700-nm light-emitting diode, the minimum inter-pulse interval between two successively flashing pulses presented to 21 retinal loci along horizontal and vertical meridian were measured. The results showed inter-pulse interval changed as a W-shaped function of eccentricity on both meridians.", "contents": "Two-pulse temporal resolution threshold in the peripheral visual field. Using a 700-nm light-emitting diode, the minimum inter-pulse interval between two successively flashing pulses presented to 21 retinal loci along horizontal and vertical meridian were measured. The results showed inter-pulse interval changed as a W-shaped function of eccentricity on both meridians."}
{"id": "PMID:876793", "title": "Field articulation and predictive judgments: an exploratory study.", "content": "The relationship of differences in accuracy between men and women in interpersonal predictive judgments to those reported in field articulation research was explored. Field-dependent (ns = 14,12) and field-independent (ns = 21,12) men and women (ns = 35, 24) were tested for accuracy of predictive judgments. No statistically significant differences were found between thses undergraduate field-dependent and field-independent judges; however, under the field-independent condition, a cell-by-cell examination suggests greater accuracy. There were no significant differences in accuracy of prediction between male and female judges, but statistically significant differences in accuracy scores were found when the person whose behavior was being predicted was female as opposed to male.", "contents": "Field articulation and predictive judgments: an exploratory study. The relationship of differences in accuracy between men and women in interpersonal predictive judgments to those reported in field articulation research was explored. Field-dependent (ns = 14,12) and field-independent (ns = 21,12) men and women (ns = 35, 24) were tested for accuracy of predictive judgments. No statistically significant differences were found between thses undergraduate field-dependent and field-independent judges; however, under the field-independent condition, a cell-by-cell examination suggests greater accuracy. There were no significant differences in accuracy of prediction between male and female judges, but statistically significant differences in accuracy scores were found when the person whose behavior was being predicted was female as opposed to male."}
{"id": "PMID:876794", "title": "Analysis of processing demands in partial report.", "content": "Processing demands in the Sperling (1960) whole- and partial-report tasks were evaluated with the simple reaction-time probe procedure. 6 subjects responded to a buzzer probe presented at various temporal locations in the processing interval associated with performance in whole or partial report. The results showed relative increases in processing demands in partial report in the temporal vicinity (+/- 200 msec.) of the delivery of the auditory indicator cue as indicated by increases in probe reaction-time. Furthermore, reacting to the probe during this interval interfered with partial-report performance. This mutual interference was not detected when whole report was performed concurrently with the probe task. The results were interpreted in terms of an analysis of central processing capacity.", "contents": "Analysis of processing demands in partial report. Processing demands in the Sperling (1960) whole- and partial-report tasks were evaluated with the simple reaction-time probe procedure. 6 subjects responded to a buzzer probe presented at various temporal locations in the processing interval associated with performance in whole or partial report. The results showed relative increases in processing demands in partial report in the temporal vicinity (+/- 200 msec.) of the delivery of the auditory indicator cue as indicated by increases in probe reaction-time. Furthermore, reacting to the probe during this interval interfered with partial-report performance. This mutual interference was not detected when whole report was performed concurrently with the probe task. The results were interpreted in terms of an analysis of central processing capacity."}
{"id": "PMID:876795", "title": "Changes in GSR and heart rate during listening to tones, words, and nonsense syllables.", "content": "In order to compare the habituation of orienting responses to tones, words, and nonsense syllables, GSR and heart rate were recorded following mass (habituation) and discrete presentations of the stimuli. Each of 36 10-yr.-old boys and 36 male undergraduates listened to two presentations of a tone (word and nonsense syllable in a random order) under discrete condition in contrast to 40 presentations under mass condition. Immediately following 2 or 40 presentations, habituation of orienting response was measured while five instances of the stimulus were slowly presented. Results indicated (i) habituation of GSR but not of heart rate, (ii) nonsense syllables evoked the strongest GSRs and heart-rate changes among the three stimuli, and (iii) children showed stronger reactions than the adults in some measure of GSR and heart rate. These results were discussed in terms of the theory of Sokolov.", "contents": "Changes in GSR and heart rate during listening to tones, words, and nonsense syllables. In order to compare the habituation of orienting responses to tones, words, and nonsense syllables, GSR and heart rate were recorded following mass (habituation) and discrete presentations of the stimuli. Each of 36 10-yr.-old boys and 36 male undergraduates listened to two presentations of a tone (word and nonsense syllable in a random order) under discrete condition in contrast to 40 presentations under mass condition. Immediately following 2 or 40 presentations, habituation of orienting response was measured while five instances of the stimulus were slowly presented. Results indicated (i) habituation of GSR but not of heart rate, (ii) nonsense syllables evoked the strongest GSRs and heart-rate changes among the three stimuli, and (iii) children showed stronger reactions than the adults in some measure of GSR and heart rate. These results were discussed in terms of the theory of Sokolov."}
{"id": "PMID:876796", "title": "Use of distance and location in short-term motor memory.", "content": "A retroactive interference paradigm was used to determine whether kinesthetic distance, location, or distance and location cues are used at recall of a blind, simple linear movement. Students performed interpolated movements which varied distance and location cues separately or jointly. Relative to a rest condition, joint distance and location interpolation produced significant interference while no significant interference was found for interpolation of individual distance or location. The results were interpreted as supporting the involvement of multiple kinesthetic cues in the establishment of memorial representations of motor movements.", "contents": "Use of distance and location in short-term motor memory. A retroactive interference paradigm was used to determine whether kinesthetic distance, location, or distance and location cues are used at recall of a blind, simple linear movement. Students performed interpolated movements which varied distance and location cues separately or jointly. Relative to a rest condition, joint distance and location interpolation produced significant interference while no significant interference was found for interpolation of individual distance or location. The results were interpreted as supporting the involvement of multiple kinesthetic cues in the establishment of memorial representations of motor movements."}
{"id": "PMID:876797", "title": "Cross-national comparisons of projected social distances from mental patient-related stimuli.", "content": "A figure-placement procedure was used to assess attitudes toward mental patients and related items by measuring projected social distances which students from Australia, Great Britain, South Africa, and the U.S.A. perceived between themselves and several pertinent stimuli. While all male students responded similarly to all items, the responses of the female students were only similar on the neutral items and showed significant differences on the mental patient-related items. However, for all students the items \"Mental Hospital,\" \"Male,\" and \"Female Mental Patient\" were always most distant. The power of attraction to the opposite sex for most male students was interesting; despite differences between groups, none reflected such attraction for the \"Female Mental Patient.\"", "contents": "Cross-national comparisons of projected social distances from mental patient-related stimuli. A figure-placement procedure was used to assess attitudes toward mental patients and related items by measuring projected social distances which students from Australia, Great Britain, South Africa, and the U.S.A. perceived between themselves and several pertinent stimuli. While all male students responded similarly to all items, the responses of the female students were only similar on the neutral items and showed significant differences on the mental patient-related items. However, for all students the items \"Mental Hospital,\" \"Male,\" and \"Female Mental Patient\" were always most distant. The power of attraction to the opposite sex for most male students was interesting; despite differences between groups, none reflected such attraction for the \"Female Mental Patient.\""}
{"id": "PMID:876798", "title": "Selective attention in a multiple-response reaction-time task.", "content": "Consistently higher correlations (.74 to .89) were noted between hand and foot RT of 7 subjects assigned to a contralateral group than for another 7 assigned to an ipsilateral group (rs = .80 to .51). Subjects button pressed to onset of a light.", "contents": "Selective attention in a multiple-response reaction-time task. Consistently higher correlations (.74 to .89) were noted between hand and foot RT of 7 subjects assigned to a contralateral group than for another 7 assigned to an ipsilateral group (rs = .80 to .51). Subjects button pressed to onset of a light."}
{"id": "PMID:876799", "title": "Orientation bias in the Rod-and-Frame Test.", "content": "Rod-and-frame data for a sample of 21 males and 25 females showed marked asymmetries in the magnitudes of the frame effects for left and right frame-tilt. These asymmetries are interpreted as an underlying tendency for individuals to set the rod systematically clockwise or counterclockwise of true vertical, independently of the influence of the visible frame, and the term \"orientation bias\" is used to describe this tendency. 14 males and 14 females demonstrated orientation biases significantly different from zero. In group comparisons males differed significantly from females, the mean bias for males as a group lying significantly left (counterclockwise) of vertical while the mean for females as a group did not differ from zero. Implications for conventional measures of field dependence are discussed. Possible diagnostic significance of orientation performance for brain injury is also considered, and an unusual individual performance is described.", "contents": "Orientation bias in the Rod-and-Frame Test. Rod-and-frame data for a sample of 21 males and 25 females showed marked asymmetries in the magnitudes of the frame effects for left and right frame-tilt. These asymmetries are interpreted as an underlying tendency for individuals to set the rod systematically clockwise or counterclockwise of true vertical, independently of the influence of the visible frame, and the term \"orientation bias\" is used to describe this tendency. 14 males and 14 females demonstrated orientation biases significantly different from zero. In group comparisons males differed significantly from females, the mean bias for males as a group lying significantly left (counterclockwise) of vertical while the mean for females as a group did not differ from zero. Implications for conventional measures of field dependence are discussed. Possible diagnostic significance of orientation performance for brain injury is also considered, and an unusual individual performance is described."}
{"id": "PMID:876800", "title": "An experimental reunion of psychoanalytic theory with perceptual vigilance and defense. Reply to Blum.", "content": "Methodological criticisms are answered, and additional reasons for questioning Blum's theory and method are offered.", "contents": "An experimental reunion of psychoanalytic theory with perceptual vigilance and defense. Reply to Blum. Methodological criticisms are answered, and additional reasons for questioning Blum's theory and method are offered."}
{"id": "PMID:876801", "title": "Childhood depression: an explanation of a behavior disorder of children.", "content": "Depression is an important cause of behavioral disturbances in children. Childhood depression is an episodic disorder characterized by 10 criteria, symptoms of dysphoric mood, self-deprecatory ideation, agitation, loss of energy, reduced socialization, altered school performance, altered school attitude, sleep disturbance, appetite disturbance, and somatic compliants persisting for at least one month. Diagnosis and appropriate treatment can successfully alleviate the symptomatology in depressed children.", "contents": "Childhood depression: an explanation of a behavior disorder of children. Depression is an important cause of behavioral disturbances in children. Childhood depression is an episodic disorder characterized by 10 criteria, symptoms of dysphoric mood, self-deprecatory ideation, agitation, loss of energy, reduced socialization, altered school performance, altered school attitude, sleep disturbance, appetite disturbance, and somatic compliants persisting for at least one month. Diagnosis and appropriate treatment can successfully alleviate the symptomatology in depressed children."}
{"id": "PMID:876802", "title": "Effect of verbal and nonverbal short-term memory coding with normal and retarded children.", "content": "20 retarded children (CA 11.7 yr.), matched with 20 normal ones, were assigned to verbal or nonverbal stimulus conditions. Pairs of 8-point random shapes were shown as styrofoam objects or drawings. d' measures for adjacent positions showed better recall for verbal coding and three-dimensional stimuli. Serial position effects were noted. Coding and dimensionality interacted.", "contents": "Effect of verbal and nonverbal short-term memory coding with normal and retarded children. 20 retarded children (CA 11.7 yr.), matched with 20 normal ones, were assigned to verbal or nonverbal stimulus conditions. Pairs of 8-point random shapes were shown as styrofoam objects or drawings. d' measures for adjacent positions showed better recall for verbal coding and three-dimensional stimuli. Serial position effects were noted. Coding and dimensionality interacted."}
{"id": "PMID:876803", "title": "Noise and attention span.", "content": "The effect of emotional arousal, as induced by broad-band noise, upon breadth of attention was investigated. Four intensity levels were employed (no noise, 75 db, 85 db, and 100 db). Two of the tasks, Stroop color-word test, rod-and-frame test, required narrowed attention and the third, Tsai-Partington pathways test, required broader attention. Arousal level did not significantly affect performance on the rod-and-frame test or the pathways test, althouth in the latter a curvilinear trend was suggested. A complex relationship between arousal level and Stroop performance was obtained; performance of the 85-db group was superior to that of other groups, which did not differ significantly from one another. Results were discussed in terms of Easterbrook's (1959) arousal hypothesis.", "contents": "Noise and attention span. The effect of emotional arousal, as induced by broad-band noise, upon breadth of attention was investigated. Four intensity levels were employed (no noise, 75 db, 85 db, and 100 db). Two of the tasks, Stroop color-word test, rod-and-frame test, required narrowed attention and the third, Tsai-Partington pathways test, required broader attention. Arousal level did not significantly affect performance on the rod-and-frame test or the pathways test, althouth in the latter a curvilinear trend was suggested. A complex relationship between arousal level and Stroop performance was obtained; performance of the 85-db group was superior to that of other groups, which did not differ significantly from one another. Results were discussed in terms of Easterbrook's (1959) arousal hypothesis."}
{"id": "PMID:876804", "title": "Hemispheric asymmetry in making absolute judgments of monaurally presented pure tones.", "content": "Some recent studies have suggested that hemispheric asymmetry may be related to the quantity of information contained in a stimulus. To test this possibility, 20 subjects were given an auditory absolute-judgment task in which they were required to identify 3, 5, or 7 pure tones recorded on a tape. The presentation was monaural, and headphone placement was randomly alternated across subjects. The left ear showed a statistically significant advantage tones. The result is discussed in terms of previous work on auditory channel-capacity and the desirability of using an absolute-judgment paradigm to study hemispheric asymmetry for other kinds of stimuli is indicated.", "contents": "Hemispheric asymmetry in making absolute judgments of monaurally presented pure tones. Some recent studies have suggested that hemispheric asymmetry may be related to the quantity of information contained in a stimulus. To test this possibility, 20 subjects were given an auditory absolute-judgment task in which they were required to identify 3, 5, or 7 pure tones recorded on a tape. The presentation was monaural, and headphone placement was randomly alternated across subjects. The left ear showed a statistically significant advantage tones. The result is discussed in terms of previous work on auditory channel-capacity and the desirability of using an absolute-judgment paradigm to study hemispheric asymmetry for other kinds of stimuli is indicated."}
{"id": "PMID:876805", "title": "Relationship of field-dependence--independence to posture and judgment of time duration.", "content": "Relationships between 84 field-dependent subjects and 84 field-independent subjects, posture, and judgment of duration of time were examined. An analysis of variance yielded no significant difference between the two groups of subjects in the judgment of a 40-sec. interval while in the standing, sitting or horizontal postures or in the comparison of the three postures. Mean judgments of durations became larger from standing to sitting to horizontal postures and over trials for the three postures. It was suggested that the lengthening of the judgment of the 40-sec. interval could be related to a decrease in kinesthetic stimulation with a resultant increase in muscular relaxation which led to a decrease in vigilance.", "contents": "Relationship of field-dependence--independence to posture and judgment of time duration. Relationships between 84 field-dependent subjects and 84 field-independent subjects, posture, and judgment of duration of time were examined. An analysis of variance yielded no significant difference between the two groups of subjects in the judgment of a 40-sec. interval while in the standing, sitting or horizontal postures or in the comparison of the three postures. Mean judgments of durations became larger from standing to sitting to horizontal postures and over trials for the three postures. It was suggested that the lengthening of the judgment of the 40-sec. interval could be related to a decrease in kinesthetic stimulation with a resultant increase in muscular relaxation which led to a decrease in vigilance."}
{"id": "PMID:876806", "title": "Comparison of external and internal individuals' ability to perceive viewpoints of others.", "content": "College undergraduates scoring as internal (6 male and 42 female) and external (14 male and 41 female) on locus of control on Rotter's I-E scale were administered a modified version of Laurendeau and Pinard's Coordination of Perspectives Test. Internals were superior to externals in ability to perceive the viewpoints of others in regard to object arrangements.", "contents": "Comparison of external and internal individuals' ability to perceive viewpoints of others. College undergraduates scoring as internal (6 male and 42 female) and external (14 male and 41 female) on locus of control on Rotter's I-E scale were administered a modified version of Laurendeau and Pinard's Coordination of Perspectives Test. Internals were superior to externals in ability to perceive the viewpoints of others in regard to object arrangements."}
{"id": "PMID:876807", "title": "Transformation of stimulus information from very short-term memory.", "content": "Observers were shown a simple stimulus pattern, a mask pattern, and a test pattern on each trial. Different types of test patterns were used to assess transformations of material from very short-term memory. The durations of the initial stimulus pattern and the mask pattern were also varied. Significant differences in average response data were found between types of test pattern over exposure durations; however, sensitivity measures showed minimal differences between types of test pattern. This suggested some distinctions between input processing and response selection in the paradigm. Selective feature analysis seems to be a characteristic of response selection.", "contents": "Transformation of stimulus information from very short-term memory. Observers were shown a simple stimulus pattern, a mask pattern, and a test pattern on each trial. Different types of test patterns were used to assess transformations of material from very short-term memory. The durations of the initial stimulus pattern and the mask pattern were also varied. Significant differences in average response data were found between types of test pattern over exposure durations; however, sensitivity measures showed minimal differences between types of test pattern. This suggested some distinctions between input processing and response selection in the paradigm. Selective feature analysis seems to be a characteristic of response selection."}
{"id": "PMID:876808", "title": "Selective attention in fast and slow learners.", "content": "64 children aged 8 yr. were trained on a tactile simultaneous discrimination task. Selective attention was measured in terms of percentage contact time per trial to the relevant dimension. Inter- and intra-couplings per trial were also recorded. Multivariate analyses were carried out to examine the role of component factor scores, obtained from a component curve analysis of the percentage touching time per trial, and selected cognitive variables in differentiating between the fast and slow learner groups. Percentage touching time factor scores and a memory factor were significant, but there was no significant difference between the groups in the number of couplings made. As learning progressed the number of inter- and intra-couplings decreased.", "contents": "Selective attention in fast and slow learners. 64 children aged 8 yr. were trained on a tactile simultaneous discrimination task. Selective attention was measured in terms of percentage contact time per trial to the relevant dimension. Inter- and intra-couplings per trial were also recorded. Multivariate analyses were carried out to examine the role of component factor scores, obtained from a component curve analysis of the percentage touching time per trial, and selected cognitive variables in differentiating between the fast and slow learner groups. Percentage touching time factor scores and a memory factor were significant, but there was no significant difference between the groups in the number of couplings made. As learning progressed the number of inter- and intra-couplings decreased."}
{"id": "PMID:876810", "title": "Judged brightness as a function of dark, intermediate, and light adaptation.", "content": "33 subjects were randomly assigned to a dark-, intermediate-, or light-adapted condition. They were then presented with two lighted surfaces of different brightness and asked to adjust the comparison stimulus to apparent equality with that of the standard stimulus. Results showed a significant interaction between adaptation level and stimulus intensity. The dark-adapted group showed greater accuracy at low stimulus intensities than at medium or high, while the intermediate- and light-adapted groups were more accurate in judging brightness at medium and high stimulus intensities. Differences in perceived brightness were cited as contributing to this finding.", "contents": "Judged brightness as a function of dark, intermediate, and light adaptation. 33 subjects were randomly assigned to a dark-, intermediate-, or light-adapted condition. They were then presented with two lighted surfaces of different brightness and asked to adjust the comparison stimulus to apparent equality with that of the standard stimulus. Results showed a significant interaction between adaptation level and stimulus intensity. The dark-adapted group showed greater accuracy at low stimulus intensities than at medium or high, while the intermediate- and light-adapted groups were more accurate in judging brightness at medium and high stimulus intensities. Differences in perceived brightness were cited as contributing to this finding."}
{"id": "PMID:876811", "title": "Individual differences in responses to induced perceptual conflict.", "content": "Examining reactions to experimentally induced perceptual conflict may be a useful method of studying perceptual/cognitive disorganization and adaptive features of personality. Changes in field-dependence (rod-and frame test) were assessed in introverted and extraverted subjects (17-19 yr.) who were exposed to inversion of the visual field. Tolerance of ambiguity was also assessed. There were no significant differences between introverts (n = 20) and extraverts (n = 16) on preinversion measures of field-dependence. However, extraverts became more field-dependent on first exposure to inversion and maintained a generally higher level of field-dependence. Introverts became more field-dependent only after walking in the inverted visual condition and after a major change in exposure conditions. No significant differences in post-inversion levels of field-dependence were observed.", "contents": "Individual differences in responses to induced perceptual conflict. Examining reactions to experimentally induced perceptual conflict may be a useful method of studying perceptual/cognitive disorganization and adaptive features of personality. Changes in field-dependence (rod-and frame test) were assessed in introverted and extraverted subjects (17-19 yr.) who were exposed to inversion of the visual field. Tolerance of ambiguity was also assessed. There were no significant differences between introverts (n = 20) and extraverts (n = 16) on preinversion measures of field-dependence. However, extraverts became more field-dependent on first exposure to inversion and maintained a generally higher level of field-dependence. Introverts became more field-dependent only after walking in the inverted visual condition and after a major change in exposure conditions. No significant differences in post-inversion levels of field-dependence were observed."}
{"id": "PMID:876812", "title": "Perception of exertion in the elderly, effects of aging, mode of exercise and physical training.", "content": "Ratings of perceived exertion by the Borg psychophysical scale have been made on 26 men and 30 women aged 60 to 70 yr. All were volercise lines relating the ratings of exertion to heart rate were closely similar in men and women, scores at all heart rates being 2 or 3 units higher than in young adults. A brief progressive exercise protocol on the treadmill yielded somewhat lower ratings than bicycle ergometer work, the discrepancy being marked in women. At any given oxygen intake, ratings were higher for females than malesy nd higher for old than young subjects. However, when oxygen intake was expressed as a percentage of the directly measured maximum oxygen intake, scores became independent of sex and age. A 35-wk. period of conditioning substantially reduced heart rates but had little effect on the perception of effort at a given work load. This unexpected result may reflect a closer approximation of core and skin temperatures with reduction of sub-cutaneous fat.", "contents": "Perception of exertion in the elderly, effects of aging, mode of exercise and physical training. Ratings of perceived exertion by the Borg psychophysical scale have been made on 26 men and 30 women aged 60 to 70 yr. All were volercise lines relating the ratings of exertion to heart rate were closely similar in men and women, scores at all heart rates being 2 or 3 units higher than in young adults. A brief progressive exercise protocol on the treadmill yielded somewhat lower ratings than bicycle ergometer work, the discrepancy being marked in women. At any given oxygen intake, ratings were higher for females than malesy nd higher for old than young subjects. However, when oxygen intake was expressed as a percentage of the directly measured maximum oxygen intake, scores became independent of sex and age. A 35-wk. period of conditioning substantially reduced heart rates but had little effect on the perception of effort at a given work load. This unexpected result may reflect a closer approximation of core and skin temperatures with reduction of sub-cutaneous fat."}
{"id": "PMID:876813", "title": "The detection of line segments.", "content": "Many simple cells of the visual cortex have long narrow receptive fields, which are strongly excited by lines oriented along their long axis. In the present psychophysical analysis, we assume that there are similar independent 'subunits' which contribute, by probability summation, to the detection of a line. If a line segment is shorter than the subunit length, then extending the line length will increase the sensitivity of all the subunits affected by the line, and a relatively large increase in visual sensitivity will occur, corresponding to this 'physiological summation' within subunits. However, for a line segment which is much longer than the subunit length, the main effect of extending line length is to stimulate more subunits, resulting in a relatively small increase in sensitivity owing to probability summation. Thus a study of sensitivity (reciprocal threshold) as a function of line length may be used to test the subunit model and to estimate the subunit length. Here we use a quantitative model to demonstrate that sensitivity/line length data may be well fitted, assuming independent subunits having a constant length of 8-6'--in good agreement with the length of Adrews' \"ff\" units.", "contents": "The detection of line segments. Many simple cells of the visual cortex have long narrow receptive fields, which are strongly excited by lines oriented along their long axis. In the present psychophysical analysis, we assume that there are similar independent 'subunits' which contribute, by probability summation, to the detection of a line. If a line segment is shorter than the subunit length, then extending the line length will increase the sensitivity of all the subunits affected by the line, and a relatively large increase in visual sensitivity will occur, corresponding to this 'physiological summation' within subunits. However, for a line segment which is much longer than the subunit length, the main effect of extending line length is to stimulate more subunits, resulting in a relatively small increase in sensitivity owing to probability summation. Thus a study of sensitivity (reciprocal threshold) as a function of line length may be used to test the subunit model and to estimate the subunit length. Here we use a quantitative model to demonstrate that sensitivity/line length data may be well fitted, assuming independent subunits having a constant length of 8-6'--in good agreement with the length of Adrews' \"ff\" units."}
{"id": "PMID:876814", "title": "Auditory-visual interactions and the correspondence between perceived auditory space and perceived visual space.", "content": "Changes in the physical rate of a clicking or fluttering sound caused changes in the rate at which a simultaneously viewed light appears to flicker, even though the physical flicker rate remains constant. Perceived flicker rate increases in response to a rate of change of flicker frequency, and this auditory 'driving' does not depend on whether the auditory and visual sources have the same location. Visual evoked potentials do not correlate with 'driving'. Thus, the effect of auditory flutter upon perceived visual frequency is not due to the properties of Morrell-type bimodal neurons, nor does it reflect the activities of neurons responsible for maintaining correspondence between perceived auditory space and perceived visual space. The effect is possibly due to modification of a subjective criterion rather than, as previously suggested, to the entrainment or time-locking of physiological signals in the visual pathway.", "contents": "Auditory-visual interactions and the correspondence between perceived auditory space and perceived visual space. Changes in the physical rate of a clicking or fluttering sound caused changes in the rate at which a simultaneously viewed light appears to flicker, even though the physical flicker rate remains constant. Perceived flicker rate increases in response to a rate of change of flicker frequency, and this auditory 'driving' does not depend on whether the auditory and visual sources have the same location. Visual evoked potentials do not correlate with 'driving'. Thus, the effect of auditory flutter upon perceived visual frequency is not due to the properties of Morrell-type bimodal neurons, nor does it reflect the activities of neurons responsible for maintaining correspondence between perceived auditory space and perceived visual space. The effect is possibly due to modification of a subjective criterion rather than, as previously suggested, to the entrainment or time-locking of physiological signals in the visual pathway."}
{"id": "PMID:876815", "title": "Binocular convergence as a determinant of reaching behavior in infancy.", "content": "Reaching behavior in eighteen- to thirty-two-week-old infants was studied as a function of binocular convergence. The infant looked at the object to be reached for through prism arrangements which changed convergence only. The reaches obtained were nearly always directed at the virtual object defined by convergence. Corrections of the reaches, if any, were made rather late and often not before the hand arrived at the place of the virtual object.", "contents": "Binocular convergence as a determinant of reaching behavior in infancy. Reaching behavior in eighteen- to thirty-two-week-old infants was studied as a function of binocular convergence. The infant looked at the object to be reached for through prism arrangements which changed convergence only. The reaches obtained were nearly always directed at the virtual object defined by convergence. Corrections of the reaches, if any, were made rather late and often not before the hand arrived at the place of the virtual object."}
{"id": "PMID:876816", "title": "Stability of Wilkinson's linear model of prism adaptation over time for various targets.", "content": "Prism adaptation as measured by negative aftereffects (NA), proprioceptive shifts (PS), and visual shifts (VS) was assessed as a function of amount of exposure time and target specificity, whether an exposure and a test target background were the same or different, to determine the validity of Wilkinson's linear model (NA = PS + VS). With few exceptions the model was found to hold well up to 40 min of prism viewing regardless of type of exposure background. In addition target specificity affected magnitude of the NA component of adapation but not the PS and the VS components.", "contents": "Stability of Wilkinson's linear model of prism adaptation over time for various targets. Prism adaptation as measured by negative aftereffects (NA), proprioceptive shifts (PS), and visual shifts (VS) was assessed as a function of amount of exposure time and target specificity, whether an exposure and a test target background were the same or different, to determine the validity of Wilkinson's linear model (NA = PS + VS). With few exceptions the model was found to hold well up to 40 min of prism viewing regardless of type of exposure background. In addition target specificity affected magnitude of the NA component of adapation but not the PS and the VS components."}
{"id": "PMID:876817", "title": "Spatial-frequency adaptation and afterimages.", "content": "The contribution of afterimages to spatial-frequence adaptation was studied by comparing a number of different fixation paradigms designed to maximize of minimize afterimages. While it is clear that adaptation is not an afterimage artifact, nevertheless afterimages are produced at low spatial frequencies and can considerably distort the results of adaptation experiments unless steps are taken to eliminate them.", "contents": "Spatial-frequency adaptation and afterimages. The contribution of afterimages to spatial-frequence adaptation was studied by comparing a number of different fixation paradigms designed to maximize of minimize afterimages. While it is clear that adaptation is not an afterimage artifact, nevertheless afterimages are produced at low spatial frequencies and can considerably distort the results of adaptation experiments unless steps are taken to eliminate them."}
{"id": "PMID:876818", "title": "Existence and implications of a tilted binocular disparity space.", "content": "The existence of a tilted binocular disparity space was experimentally established. The results of the experiment showed that a texture surface which under binocular viewing appears to be oriented vertically and perpendicular to the line of sight in fact is tilted such that the portions of the texture surface above and below fixation incline toward and away from the observer, respectively. Under monocular viewing such a discrepancy between apparent and objective vertical tilt is not observed. This suggests that under binocular viewing the cortical representations of the upper and lower visual hemifields are biased toward uncrossed and crossed disparities, respectively. The tilted binocular disparity space is explained in terms of an experientially induced disparity gradient effected during development of the binocular system.", "contents": "Existence and implications of a tilted binocular disparity space. The existence of a tilted binocular disparity space was experimentally established. The results of the experiment showed that a texture surface which under binocular viewing appears to be oriented vertically and perpendicular to the line of sight in fact is tilted such that the portions of the texture surface above and below fixation incline toward and away from the observer, respectively. Under monocular viewing such a discrepancy between apparent and objective vertical tilt is not observed. This suggests that under binocular viewing the cortical representations of the upper and lower visual hemifields are biased toward uncrossed and crossed disparities, respectively. The tilted binocular disparity space is explained in terms of an experientially induced disparity gradient effected during development of the binocular system."}
{"id": "PMID:876819", "title": "The effects of temporal modulation on the oblique effect in humans.", "content": "Contrast thresholds were measured for vertical and oblique grating patterns. As shown previously, at higher spatial frequencies sensitivity for vertical is much greater than that for oblique. Present results show that this difference is sensitivity is found only with low rates of temporal modulation; with higher temporal frequencies this orientation difference disappears. Moreover, when contrast thresholds are based on the perception of flicker, vertical and oblique sensitivities are essentially identical even at low flicker rates. These results indicate that the so-called \"oblique effect' is confined to mechanisms with poor temporal resulving power, probably the sustained channels which have been studied psychophysically and neurophysiologically by others.", "contents": "The effects of temporal modulation on the oblique effect in humans. Contrast thresholds were measured for vertical and oblique grating patterns. As shown previously, at higher spatial frequencies sensitivity for vertical is much greater than that for oblique. Present results show that this difference is sensitivity is found only with low rates of temporal modulation; with higher temporal frequencies this orientation difference disappears. Moreover, when contrast thresholds are based on the perception of flicker, vertical and oblique sensitivities are essentially identical even at low flicker rates. These results indicate that the so-called \"oblique effect' is confined to mechanisms with poor temporal resulving power, probably the sustained channels which have been studied psychophysically and neurophysiologically by others."}
{"id": "PMID:876820", "title": "Measurement of visual preferences in cats.", "content": "A technique is described for measuring visual preferences in cats. The method involves a self-presentation paradigm, but provides strict control of the visual field and orientation of contours in the field. Two procedures are presented: a single-choice design and a multiple-choice design, both of which use duration of self-produced exposure as the dependent measure. Although both procedures may serve as indices of preference order, the multiple-choice method is preferable for measuring preference strength. The application of the technique as a behaviorual index of the effects of early environmental manipulation is suggested. Preliminary data from two normal cats indicate that, although homogeneous illumination is reinforcing, the presence of features, especially oriented contours, appears to increase the 'interest' value of the presentation.", "contents": "Measurement of visual preferences in cats. A technique is described for measuring visual preferences in cats. The method involves a self-presentation paradigm, but provides strict control of the visual field and orientation of contours in the field. Two procedures are presented: a single-choice design and a multiple-choice design, both of which use duration of self-produced exposure as the dependent measure. Although both procedures may serve as indices of preference order, the multiple-choice method is preferable for measuring preference strength. The application of the technique as a behaviorual index of the effects of early environmental manipulation is suggested. Preliminary data from two normal cats indicate that, although homogeneous illumination is reinforcing, the presence of features, especially oriented contours, appears to increase the 'interest' value of the presentation."}
{"id": "PMID:876821", "title": "A behavioural technique for the rapid assessment of the visual capabilities of kittens.", "content": "A behavioural method is described for the measurement of various visual spatial acuities in kittens as young as thirty days of age. Expamples are given of applications of the technique to measurement of the visual acuity for gratings in normal kittens as well as to studies of the time course of behavioural recovery from the effects of early monocular visual deprivation.", "contents": "A behavioural technique for the rapid assessment of the visual capabilities of kittens. A behavioural method is described for the measurement of various visual spatial acuities in kittens as young as thirty days of age. Expamples are given of applications of the technique to measurement of the visual acuity for gratings in normal kittens as well as to studies of the time course of behavioural recovery from the effects of early monocular visual deprivation."}
{"id": "PMID:876822", "title": "Global processes in stereopsis: some comments on Ramachandran and Nelson (1976).", "content": "The use of the term 'global in the context of stereopsis is discussed. It is concluded that different meanings of this term need to be kept carefully distinguished at all times. The discussion centres around a series of demonstrations introduced by Ramachandran and Nelson, and interpretations are offered for these demonstrations in terms of spatial-frequency-tuned stereopsis channels.", "contents": "Global processes in stereopsis: some comments on Ramachandran and Nelson (1976). The use of the term 'global in the context of stereopsis is discussed. It is concluded that different meanings of this term need to be kept carefully distinguished at all times. The discussion centres around a series of demonstrations introduced by Ramachandran and Nelson, and interpretations are offered for these demonstrations in terms of spatial-frequency-tuned stereopsis channels."}
{"id": "PMID:876824", "title": "Judgemental criteria and the perception of structure.", "content": "We repudiate Dodwell's claim that his relational model is predictively more accurate than our Garner-based treatment of AT. We claim instead, that his case is based on a fundamental misunderstanding of the essentials of Garner's complex thesis, together with a misreading of our own report. Rather than accept his notion of a single continuum of salience as providing for the genesis of structure, we argue instead that his 'single' continuum' compounds and confounds at least two continua which may be understood only where the criteria of judgement are made explicit.", "contents": "Judgemental criteria and the perception of structure. We repudiate Dodwell's claim that his relational model is predictively more accurate than our Garner-based treatment of AT. We claim instead, that his case is based on a fundamental misunderstanding of the essentials of Garner's complex thesis, together with a misreading of our own report. Rather than accept his notion of a single continuum of salience as providing for the genesis of structure, we argue instead that his 'single' continuum' compounds and confounds at least two continua which may be understood only where the criteria of judgement are made explicit."}
{"id": "PMID:876827", "title": "A halo visual illusion.", "content": "A visual illusion consisting of transparent halos extending beyond the boundaries of rotating discs is reported. The effect can be obtained by rotating a variety of black-and-white discs at moderate speeds. It is not due solely to rods, as opposed to cones, and does not appear to be explainable in terms of intermittent stimulation of portions of visual fields of fixed visual angle.", "contents": "A halo visual illusion. A visual illusion consisting of transparent halos extending beyond the boundaries of rotating discs is reported. The effect can be obtained by rotating a variety of black-and-white discs at moderate speeds. It is not due solely to rods, as opposed to cones, and does not appear to be explainable in terms of intermittent stimulation of portions of visual fields of fixed visual angle."}
{"id": "PMID:876829", "title": "[Problems in practical management of essential hypertension].", "content": "A study of 100 men with arterial hypertension showed that: 1) hypertension was predominantly moderate with 14% index of placebo reactivity; 2) only 3 patients had a surgically curable etiologic factor; 3) frequent associated findings were hereditary factors (60%), overweight and metabolic disorders (30 to 40%). Such results suggest that: a) hypertension could be treated, in the majority of patients, without preliminary etiologic investigations and, b) non invasive hemodynamics techniques are required to evaluate arterial and cardiac lesions which are the dominant factors in the prognosis.", "contents": "[Problems in practical management of essential hypertension]. A study of 100 men with arterial hypertension showed that: 1) hypertension was predominantly moderate with 14% index of placebo reactivity; 2) only 3 patients had a surgically curable etiologic factor; 3) frequent associated findings were hereditary factors (60%), overweight and metabolic disorders (30 to 40%). Such results suggest that: a) hypertension could be treated, in the majority of patients, without preliminary etiologic investigations and, b) non invasive hemodynamics techniques are required to evaluate arterial and cardiac lesions which are the dominant factors in the prognosis."}
{"id": "PMID:876830", "title": "[Clinical and diabetic research of the artificial extracorporeal pancreas].", "content": "With the external artificial pancreas used by the authors, blood glucose is continuously controlled by insulin delivered through an IV infusion and adjusted to two parameters: instantaneous blood glucose levels and increasing or decreasing patterns of blood glucose. The artificial pancreas can be used to treat acute diabetic disorders an to evaluate insulin needs. Furthermore, exogenous insulin homeostasis can be studied: the delay to reach an insulin effect is 18 mm +/- 2 and it remains within 28 mm +/- 2 after the infusion has been stopped; fractional insulin needs are evaluated. From these data, it appears that the efficiency of exogenous insulin exhibits a circadian rhythm.", "contents": "[Clinical and diabetic research of the artificial extracorporeal pancreas]. With the external artificial pancreas used by the authors, blood glucose is continuously controlled by insulin delivered through an IV infusion and adjusted to two parameters: instantaneous blood glucose levels and increasing or decreasing patterns of blood glucose. The artificial pancreas can be used to treat acute diabetic disorders an to evaluate insulin needs. Furthermore, exogenous insulin homeostasis can be studied: the delay to reach an insulin effect is 18 mm +/- 2 and it remains within 28 mm +/- 2 after the infusion has been stopped; fractional insulin needs are evaluated. From these data, it appears that the efficiency of exogenous insulin exhibits a circadian rhythm."}
{"id": "PMID:876832", "title": "[Congenital pulmonary lymphangiectasis. One new case with complete blockage of the return venous pulmonary circulation and marked interstitial emphysema].", "content": "In this unusual case of bilateral congenital pulmonary lymphangiectasia with complete block of pulmonary venous return, the radiological diagnosis was made difficult by the association of the lymphangiectasia with bilateral interstitial emphysema. Routine dissection of the heart, considered to be normal since the cardio-thoracic index was only 0.45, relealed the true cause of death. The heart was the site of extreme hypoplasia of the left heart with complete mitral and aortic atresia. The ostium secundum being completely closed, the left atrium, after receiving the pulmonary veins, was completely blocked. It communicated neither with the right atrium, nor with the non-existent left ventricule.", "contents": "[Congenital pulmonary lymphangiectasis. One new case with complete blockage of the return venous pulmonary circulation and marked interstitial emphysema]. In this unusual case of bilateral congenital pulmonary lymphangiectasia with complete block of pulmonary venous return, the radiological diagnosis was made difficult by the association of the lymphangiectasia with bilateral interstitial emphysema. Routine dissection of the heart, considered to be normal since the cardio-thoracic index was only 0.45, relealed the true cause of death. The heart was the site of extreme hypoplasia of the left heart with complete mitral and aortic atresia. The ostium secundum being completely closed, the left atrium, after receiving the pulmonary veins, was completely blocked. It communicated neither with the right atrium, nor with the non-existent left ventricule."}
{"id": "PMID:876841", "title": "[Automated evaluation and analysis of isotopic heart function tests with minimal cardiac transit times].", "content": "The clinical evaluation of cardiac function by non-invasive means with the help of radioactive isotopes registering minimal cardiac transit times (MTTs) is increasingly employed in routine diagnosis. In order to economise on work load and time expenditure and for the purpose of an objective and complete evaluation of data, automatic data processing is desirable. This paper describes a program that consists of 4 sections: 1. examination 2. generation of data 3. processing of data 4. evaluation of data. The program permits a nearly total automated data generation, analysis, calculation, classification, final clinical evaluation and the automated production of a medical report. This greatly reduces the time spent per examination to approximately 5 minutes. The automated evaluation of the data is based on clinical experience with  approximately 3.500 measurements in patients with the most frequent cardiac diseases. The result is an objective statement of causes of MTT changes and is highly useful for medical routine application. The control and the final inclusion of the findings into the spectrum of other clinical results remains the subject of the physician's judgement. The advantage of the method is the evaluation of all cardiac segments. This pertains to the evaluation of both atria and both ventricles, as well as of the entire central circulation with and without participation of the lung.", "contents": "[Automated evaluation and analysis of isotopic heart function tests with minimal cardiac transit times]. The clinical evaluation of cardiac function by non-invasive means with the help of radioactive isotopes registering minimal cardiac transit times (MTTs) is increasingly employed in routine diagnosis. In order to economise on work load and time expenditure and for the purpose of an objective and complete evaluation of data, automatic data processing is desirable. This paper describes a program that consists of 4 sections: 1. examination 2. generation of data 3. processing of data 4. evaluation of data. The program permits a nearly total automated data generation, analysis, calculation, classification, final clinical evaluation and the automated production of a medical report. This greatly reduces the time spent per examination to approximately 5 minutes. The automated evaluation of the data is based on clinical experience with  approximately 3.500 measurements in patients with the most frequent cardiac diseases. The result is an objective statement of causes of MTT changes and is highly useful for medical routine application. The control and the final inclusion of the findings into the spectrum of other clinical results remains the subject of the physician's judgement. The advantage of the method is the evaluation of all cardiac segments. This pertains to the evaluation of both atria and both ventricles, as well as of the entire central circulation with and without participation of the lung."}
{"id": "PMID:876842", "title": "A simple and rapid non-invasive radioisotope method to determine ventricular ejection fractions and cardiopulmonary transit times.", "content": "Ejection fractions and cardiopulmonary transit times were measured in 20 hospital patients by means of intravenously injected 99mTc-radiocardiography. Time activity curves from the regions of the whole heart, superior vena cava, right atrium, right ventricle, right lung, left atrium and left ventricle were drawn and analyzed by using the modified gamma function fitting method. The comparison between the ejection fractions determined from the whole heart curves and those from the ventricular curves shows a correlation coefficient of 0.93 for the right ventricle and of 0.90 for the left, although there was a systematic difference between the determinations. The analysis of the single ventricular curves gave about 10% higher values than those obtained from the whole heart curves. The cardiopulmonary parameters measured from the whole heart curves for 16 normal subjects the following results gave: right ventricular ejection fraction=0.57+/-0.08 left ventricular ejection fraction=0.62+/-0.08 pulmonary mean transit time=6.1+/-1.1 heart-beats intracardiac mean transit time=10.5+/-1.8 heart-beats right/left ventricular volume=1.10+/-0.09 These values agree closely with the data accumulated using more elaborate methods. The method presented here is simple to perform, it is non-invasive, time-saving, inexpensive, easy to analyze and suitable for exercising subjects and for bed-side measurements. Data assembly and analysis are easily automated so that results are obtainable immediately after measurements.", "contents": "A simple and rapid non-invasive radioisotope method to determine ventricular ejection fractions and cardiopulmonary transit times. Ejection fractions and cardiopulmonary transit times were measured in 20 hospital patients by means of intravenously injected 99mTc-radiocardiography. Time activity curves from the regions of the whole heart, superior vena cava, right atrium, right ventricle, right lung, left atrium and left ventricle were drawn and analyzed by using the modified gamma function fitting method. The comparison between the ejection fractions determined from the whole heart curves and those from the ventricular curves shows a correlation coefficient of 0.93 for the right ventricle and of 0.90 for the left, although there was a systematic difference between the determinations. The analysis of the single ventricular curves gave about 10% higher values than those obtained from the whole heart curves. The cardiopulmonary parameters measured from the whole heart curves for 16 normal subjects the following results gave: right ventricular ejection fraction=0.57+/-0.08 left ventricular ejection fraction=0.62+/-0.08 pulmonary mean transit time=6.1+/-1.1 heart-beats intracardiac mean transit time=10.5+/-1.8 heart-beats right/left ventricular volume=1.10+/-0.09 These values agree closely with the data accumulated using more elaborate methods. The method presented here is simple to perform, it is non-invasive, time-saving, inexpensive, easy to analyze and suitable for exercising subjects and for bed-side measurements. Data assembly and analysis are easily automated so that results are obtainable immediately after measurements."}
{"id": "PMID:876843", "title": "[Negative and positive imaging of myocardial infarct].", "content": "In 41 patients myocardial scintigrams were performed using 2 mCi 201T1 and 15 mCi 99mTc-diphosphate. 9 healthy persons showed no myocardial imaging with 99mTc-diphosphate and normal 201T1 scintigrams. Transmural infarctions could be documented by both isotopes, excepted lateral and apical infarctions which could only be shown by means of 99mTc-diphosphate. Non-transmural infarctions could not be identified, myocardial scars however--as was to be expected--showed only activity defects within the 201T1 scintigrams without corresponding images in the 99mTc-diphosphate scans. One patient with severe coronary heart disease showed diffuse diphosphate uptake all over the myocardium with  normal 201T1 scintigram. The combined myocardial scintigraphy provides a better diagnosis, enabling an improved localisation of infarction and avoiding misinterpretations.", "contents": "[Negative and positive imaging of myocardial infarct]. In 41 patients myocardial scintigrams were performed using 2 mCi 201T1 and 15 mCi 99mTc-diphosphate. 9 healthy persons showed no myocardial imaging with 99mTc-diphosphate and normal 201T1 scintigrams. Transmural infarctions could be documented by both isotopes, excepted lateral and apical infarctions which could only be shown by means of 99mTc-diphosphate. Non-transmural infarctions could not be identified, myocardial scars however--as was to be expected--showed only activity defects within the 201T1 scintigrams without corresponding images in the 99mTc-diphosphate scans. One patient with severe coronary heart disease showed diffuse diphosphate uptake all over the myocardium with  normal 201T1 scintigram. The combined myocardial scintigraphy provides a better diagnosis, enabling an improved localisation of infarction and avoiding misinterpretations."}
{"id": "PMID:876844", "title": "Plasma renin activity in patients with ischaemic heart disease.", "content": "Plasma renin activity (PRA) stimulated by upright posture was measured in  300 men aged 45-64 years using a radioimmunoassay of angiotensin-I. The examined subjects were normotensive or patients with benign essential hypertension and were divided into 6 groups according to the absence of manifest atherosclerosis, the presence of definite angina pectoris or a history of myocardial infarction. Each group contained 50 unselected subjects, with a comparable mean age. Significant differences in mean PRA were found between corresponding groups of hypertensives and normotensives, the values in hypertensives being lower. The percentage of low renin values was higher in hypertensives with ischaemic heart disease than in other groups. It is suggested that this finding might be explained by functional disturbances in the kidneys in hypertensives with ischaemic heart disease.", "contents": "Plasma renin activity in patients with ischaemic heart disease. Plasma renin activity (PRA) stimulated by upright posture was measured in  300 men aged 45-64 years using a radioimmunoassay of angiotensin-I. The examined subjects were normotensive or patients with benign essential hypertension and were divided into 6 groups according to the absence of manifest atherosclerosis, the presence of definite angina pectoris or a history of myocardial infarction. Each group contained 50 unselected subjects, with a comparable mean age. Significant differences in mean PRA were found between corresponding groups of hypertensives and normotensives, the values in hypertensives being lower. The percentage of low renin values was higher in hypertensives with ischaemic heart disease than in other groups. It is suggested that this finding might be explained by functional disturbances in the kidneys in hypertensives with ischaemic heart disease."}
{"id": "PMID:876845", "title": "Comparison of 131I-tetracycline and 67Ga-citrate as abscess localizing agents.", "content": "Previous studies have shown that radiolabeled tetracyclines tend to accumulate in infarcts and necrotic tumors. These results suggested that radiolabeled tetracyclines might also accumulate in necrotic abscesses or areas of inflammation. In order to develop a better abscess scanning agent, we compared the efficiency of 131I-tetracycline with 67Ga-citrate in labeling experimentally induced staphylococcal aureus abscesses in rats 24 and 72 hours after injection. In addition to evaluating 131I-tetracycline as an abscess scanning agent, we hoped to obtain data which might clarify the controversy regarding early versus late gallium scanning in suspected infection. 131I-tetracycline was chosen over 99mTc-tetracycline because the longer half-life of 131I would allow 72 hour imaging. Absolute concentrations of gallium in the abscess contents and in the surrounding areas of inflammation were significantly greater than the concentration of 131I-tetracycline at both 24 and 72 hours. With the exception of blood, muscle, and bone, the abscess-to-tissue activity ratios for gallium and 131I-tetracycline were similar; however, the ratio of gallium activity in the inflammed tissue to other tissues was greater than that of 131I-tetracycline for every tissue examined at both time periods. The data suggest that 131I-tetracycline has little potential as a general abscess scanning agent. The gallium tissue concentrations and tissue ratios suggest that abscesses which can be imaged at 72 hours can probably be imaged at 24 hours, thus allowing earlier initiation of appropriate therapy. Because of the higher lesion-to-blood ratio at 72 hours, a 72-hour scan would appear to be indicated before a scan is interpreted as normal.", "contents": "Comparison of 131I-tetracycline and 67Ga-citrate as abscess localizing agents. Previous studies have shown that radiolabeled tetracyclines tend to accumulate in infarcts and necrotic tumors. These results suggested that radiolabeled tetracyclines might also accumulate in necrotic abscesses or areas of inflammation. In order to develop a better abscess scanning agent, we compared the efficiency of 131I-tetracycline with 67Ga-citrate in labeling experimentally induced staphylococcal aureus abscesses in rats 24 and 72 hours after injection. In addition to evaluating 131I-tetracycline as an abscess scanning agent, we hoped to obtain data which might clarify the controversy regarding early versus late gallium scanning in suspected infection. 131I-tetracycline was chosen over 99mTc-tetracycline because the longer half-life of 131I would allow 72 hour imaging. Absolute concentrations of gallium in the abscess contents and in the surrounding areas of inflammation were significantly greater than the concentration of 131I-tetracycline at both 24 and 72 hours. With the exception of blood, muscle, and bone, the abscess-to-tissue activity ratios for gallium and 131I-tetracycline were similar; however, the ratio of gallium activity in the inflammed tissue to other tissues was greater than that of 131I-tetracycline for every tissue examined at both time periods. The data suggest that 131I-tetracycline has little potential as a general abscess scanning agent. The gallium tissue concentrations and tissue ratios suggest that abscesses which can be imaged at 72 hours can probably be imaged at 24 hours, thus allowing earlier initiation of appropriate therapy. Because of the higher lesion-to-blood ratio at 72 hours, a 72-hour scan would appear to be indicated before a scan is interpreted as normal."}
{"id": "PMID:876846", "title": "[Performance and clinical usefulness of the 14CO2-glycocholate-breath-test].", "content": "14C-glycocholate breath-tests were performed in 22 clinical patients without gastointestinal disorders, in 11 cases with M. Crohn of the ileum and in 8 patients, in whom an intestinal overgrowth with bacteria was suspected. Additional to the usual discontinuous measurement of the specific activity of 14CO2 the exhaled amount of CO2 and 14CO2 and 14C-serum activity were determined. No advantage was found in the determination of the latter; for 1. discontinuous measurement of the specific activity of 14CO2 was sufficient for detecting disturbed enterohepatic bile-salt circulation; and 2. measurement of 14C-serum-activity or 14C-activity in cholic acids or protein were of no help in differentiating between bacterial overgrowth and diseases of the ileum. There remained doubts regarding the clinical usefulness of the test. Low specificity and many positive tests in patients without corresponding symptoms require that therapeutical procedures in such patients are initiated with some reserve.", "contents": "[Performance and clinical usefulness of the 14CO2-glycocholate-breath-test]. 14C-glycocholate breath-tests were performed in 22 clinical patients without gastointestinal disorders, in 11 cases with M. Crohn of the ileum and in 8 patients, in whom an intestinal overgrowth with bacteria was suspected. Additional to the usual discontinuous measurement of the specific activity of 14CO2 the exhaled amount of CO2 and 14CO2 and 14C-serum activity were determined. No advantage was found in the determination of the latter; for 1. discontinuous measurement of the specific activity of 14CO2 was sufficient for detecting disturbed enterohepatic bile-salt circulation; and 2. measurement of 14C-serum-activity or 14C-activity in cholic acids or protein were of no help in differentiating between bacterial overgrowth and diseases of the ileum. There remained doubts regarding the clinical usefulness of the test. Low specificity and many positive tests in patients without corresponding symptoms require that therapeutical procedures in such patients are initiated with some reserve."}
{"id": "PMID:876847", "title": "A new radiopharmaceutical for gallbladder studies: 99mTc-Sn-LIDA complex.", "content": "A simple method for the preparation of 99mTc-Sn-LIDA complex is described. Organ distribution and blood clearance studies in animals are reported. This complex has also been used successfully in more than 50 patients for assessing gallbladder function.", "contents": "A new radiopharmaceutical for gallbladder studies: 99mTc-Sn-LIDA complex. A simple method for the preparation of 99mTc-Sn-LIDA complex is described. Organ distribution and blood clearance studies in animals are reported. This complex has also been used successfully in more than 50 patients for assessing gallbladder function."}
{"id": "PMID:876848", "title": "As bone marrow scintigraphy in patients treated with chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy.", "content": "Bone marrow scintigraphy after the application of indium 111In was compared with the results of bone marrow puncture in 18 patients with Hodgkin's disease treated with radiotherapy and/or chemotherapy. Agreement was found in 85% of the cases. When the results of bone marrow puncture were compared with the general state of haemopoiesis estimated scintigraphically agreement was found in only 65%. Bone marrow scintigraphy gives a more detailed knowledge of the general state of haemopoiesis and serves as a guide for the control of therapy with cytostatics and/or irradiation.", "contents": "As bone marrow scintigraphy in patients treated with chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy. Bone marrow scintigraphy after the application of indium 111In was compared with the results of bone marrow puncture in 18 patients with Hodgkin's disease treated with radiotherapy and/or chemotherapy. Agreement was found in 85% of the cases. When the results of bone marrow puncture were compared with the general state of haemopoiesis estimated scintigraphically agreement was found in only 65%. Bone marrow scintigraphy gives a more detailed knowledge of the general state of haemopoiesis and serves as a guide for the control of therapy with cytostatics and/or irradiation."}
{"id": "PMID:876895", "title": "Structural abnormalities in COPD.", "content": "Emphysema is classified by macroscopic examination of inflated lung sections as proximal acinar, panacinar, distal acinar, and/or paracicatricial. Alveolar fenestrations, the earliest morphologic expression of alveolar wall damage, may be defined with the aid of a dissecting or scanning electron microscope. In bronchial obstructive disease, lesions of both the large and small airways contribute to respiratory impairment. The structural changes of chronic bronchitis are, for practical purposes, always associated with severe emphysematous disease. Thus, it is mandatory for the morphologist who evaluates lung specimens for COPD to pay detailed attention to the acinar pattern of destruction of inflated emphysematous lungs as well as to the gross and microscopic pathology of large and small airways. These structural changes should then be correlated with clinical parameters relative to age, sex, air pollutants, cigarette smoking allergy, and hereditary deficiencies of antiproteolytic enzymes.", "contents": "Structural abnormalities in COPD. Emphysema is classified by macroscopic examination of inflated lung sections as proximal acinar, panacinar, distal acinar, and/or paracicatricial. Alveolar fenestrations, the earliest morphologic expression of alveolar wall damage, may be defined with the aid of a dissecting or scanning electron microscope. In bronchial obstructive disease, lesions of both the large and small airways contribute to respiratory impairment. The structural changes of chronic bronchitis are, for practical purposes, always associated with severe emphysematous disease. Thus, it is mandatory for the morphologist who evaluates lung specimens for COPD to pay detailed attention to the acinar pattern of destruction of inflated emphysematous lungs as well as to the gross and microscopic pathology of large and small airways. These structural changes should then be correlated with clinical parameters relative to age, sex, air pollutants, cigarette smoking allergy, and hereditary deficiencies of antiproteolytic enzymes."}
{"id": "PMID:876896", "title": "Air pollution and COPD.", "content": "Air pollution referable to increased ambient levels of sulfur dioxide and suspended particulates is associated with increased episodes of acute bronchitis and is also causally related to some cases of chronic bronchitis. Oxidant air pollution is associated with abnormalities of pulmonary function in children and is a major contributory factor in COP, especially bronchitis, in some areas of the United States. The relationship of nitrogen dioxide atmospheric contamination to COPD is still controversial. In our opinion, the epidemiologic studies conducted to date have been inadequate and further elucidation is indicated. Cadmium fumes and compounds have been found to be instrumental in the development of some cases of chronic bronchitis and emphysema in Sweden. This association is unproved in the United States and warrants a thorough clinical and epidemiologic evaluation.", "contents": "Air pollution and COPD. Air pollution referable to increased ambient levels of sulfur dioxide and suspended particulates is associated with increased episodes of acute bronchitis and is also causally related to some cases of chronic bronchitis. Oxidant air pollution is associated with abnormalities of pulmonary function in children and is a major contributory factor in COP, especially bronchitis, in some areas of the United States. The relationship of nitrogen dioxide atmospheric contamination to COPD is still controversial. In our opinion, the epidemiologic studies conducted to date have been inadequate and further elucidation is indicated. Cadmium fumes and compounds have been found to be instrumental in the development of some cases of chronic bronchitis and emphysema in Sweden. This association is unproved in the United States and warrants a thorough clinical and epidemiologic evaluation."}
{"id": "PMID:876897", "title": "Management of COPD: a physiologic approach.", "content": "The main goal of therapy for COPD is to improve the patient's quality of life. A rational approach to therapy requires improvement in pulmonary gas exchange by identification of the type or types of COPD present and tailoring of the therapeutic regimen to the severity and mechanism of obstruction. Other measures can be used to improve tissue oxygenation, including oxygen supplementation, maintenance of cardiac output and tissue perfusion, and reduction of metabolic demands. Complications of COPD are as important as the disease itself in terms of disability and require aggressive therapy.", "contents": "Management of COPD: a physiologic approach. The main goal of therapy for COPD is to improve the patient's quality of life. A rational approach to therapy requires improvement in pulmonary gas exchange by identification of the type or types of COPD present and tailoring of the therapeutic regimen to the severity and mechanism of obstruction. Other measures can be used to improve tissue oxygenation, including oxygen supplementation, maintenance of cardiac output and tissue perfusion, and reduction of metabolic demands. Complications of COPD are as important as the disease itself in terms of disability and require aggressive therapy."}
{"id": "PMID:876898", "title": "Pulmonary rehabilitation of the patient with COPD.", "content": "The basic aims in managing COPD are to minimize hypoxia and to improve the ventilation-perfusion relationship. A progressive daily walking exercise program together with pulmonary physiotherapy, creative or occupational therapy, and respiratory therapy to improve bronchial hygiene is advocated. The main benefits of this program, in addition to improved emotional and sociologic status, are increased exercise tolerance, reduced dyspnea (work of breathing), and reduced oxygen requirements.", "contents": "Pulmonary rehabilitation of the patient with COPD. The basic aims in managing COPD are to minimize hypoxia and to improve the ventilation-perfusion relationship. A progressive daily walking exercise program together with pulmonary physiotherapy, creative or occupational therapy, and respiratory therapy to improve bronchial hygiene is advocated. The main benefits of this program, in addition to improved emotional and sociologic status, are increased exercise tolerance, reduced dyspnea (work of breathing), and reduced oxygen requirements."}
{"id": "PMID:876900", "title": "Evaluation of the bleeding patient.", "content": "The evaluation of the bleeding patient starts with the integration of data from the history and physical examination. From this results either one probable explanation that can easily be substatniated by laboratory studies or, as more commonly occurs in practice, several possibilities that are reasonable and must be investigated by more extensive laboratory tests. In either event, the initial laboratory evaluation usually includes examination of the peripheral blood and measurement of the platelet count, bleeding time, prothrombin time, partial thromboplastin time, and thrombin time. More specific laboratory tests are then performed if indicated.", "contents": "Evaluation of the bleeding patient. The evaluation of the bleeding patient starts with the integration of data from the history and physical examination. From this results either one probable explanation that can easily be substatniated by laboratory studies or, as more commonly occurs in practice, several possibilities that are reasonable and must be investigated by more extensive laboratory tests. In either event, the initial laboratory evaluation usually includes examination of the peripheral blood and measurement of the platelet count, bleeding time, prothrombin time, partial thromboplastin time, and thrombin time. More specific laboratory tests are then performed if indicated."}
{"id": "PMID:876901", "title": "Intravascular coagulation and fibrinolysis.", "content": "Intravascular coagulation occurs as a sequela of many diverse conditions and may vary greatly in clinical and laboratory manifestations. The essence of the problem is that plasma is converted to serum in the circulation. As a result, both hemorrhagic and thrombotic events may occur. Platelet count and fibrinogen determination are the most important diagnostic tests. If values are abnormal, tests for fibrin (fibrinogen) degradation products are indicated. The first step in management is to identify and attempt to eliminate the underlying cause. Heparin therapy should be considered, particularly when clotting and severe fibrinolysis are both present. Replacement of clotting factors may be considered, but its value is a matter of debate.", "contents": "Intravascular coagulation and fibrinolysis. Intravascular coagulation occurs as a sequela of many diverse conditions and may vary greatly in clinical and laboratory manifestations. The essence of the problem is that plasma is converted to serum in the circulation. As a result, both hemorrhagic and thrombotic events may occur. Platelet count and fibrinogen determination are the most important diagnostic tests. If values are abnormal, tests for fibrin (fibrinogen) degradation products are indicated. The first step in management is to identify and attempt to eliminate the underlying cause. Heparin therapy should be considered, particularly when clotting and severe fibrinolysis are both present. Replacement of clotting factors may be considered, but its value is a matter of debate."}
{"id": "PMID:876902", "title": "Fever of unknown origin: the value of abdominal exploration.", "content": "The decision to perform exploratory laparatomy in search of the cause of prolonged fever should not be made hastily. The operation is not benign, and before the patient is subjected to it, a meticulous medical evaluation should be made. A number of recently developed diagnostic techniques are invaluable aids to the physician challenged by this diagnostic dilemma.", "contents": "Fever of unknown origin: the value of abdominal exploration. The decision to perform exploratory laparatomy in search of the cause of prolonged fever should not be made hastily. The operation is not benign, and before the patient is subjected to it, a meticulous medical evaluation should be made. A number of recently developed diagnostic techniques are invaluable aids to the physician challenged by this diagnostic dilemma."}
{"id": "PMID:876903", "title": "Fever: genuine or factitious?", "content": "Although patients with factitious fever form a small subgroup of all patients investigated for fever of unknown origin, the diagnosis should be kept in mind. If unsuspected, this phenomenon can lead to a multiplicity of laboratory investigations and misuse of hospital beds, as well as to unnecessary risk to the patient.", "contents": "Fever: genuine or factitious? Although patients with factitious fever form a small subgroup of all patients investigated for fever of unknown origin, the diagnosis should be kept in mind. If unsuspected, this phenomenon can lead to a multiplicity of laboratory investigations and misuse of hospital beds, as well as to unnecessary risk to the patient."}
{"id": "PMID:876904", "title": "Managing cerumen impaction.", "content": "The external auditory canal is self-cleaning. Excessive cerumen accumulation usually results from misguided attempts to remove wax and may go unnoticed until a hearing loss occurs. Mechanical removal of the wax or use of a ceruminolytic agent to soften it is recommended--irrigation may contaminate the middle ear space.", "contents": "Managing cerumen impaction. The external auditory canal is self-cleaning. Excessive cerumen accumulation usually results from misguided attempts to remove wax and may go unnoticed until a hearing loss occurs. Mechanical removal of the wax or use of a ceruminolytic agent to soften it is recommended--irrigation may contaminate the middle ear space."}
{"id": "PMID:876905", "title": "Angioimmunoblastic lymphadenopathy: common symptoms, uncommon diagnosis.", "content": "After five months of treatment for what was believed to be tuberculosis, a 49-year-old woman had recurrence of high spiking fever, lymphadenopathy, and malaise along with an intermittent maculopapular rash. Other findings were a positive Coombs test, iron deficiency, elevated gamma globulin levels, polyclonal gammopathy, and hepatosplenomegaly. Biopsy of a cervical lymph node revealed an angioblastic pattern consistent with angioimmunoblastic lymphadenopathy. Review of biopsy material obtained six months previously showed the same changes. Antituberculosis therapy was discontinued, and a regimen of prednisone and iron replacement was begun. The patient did well initially; when symptoms returned, they were controlled by adding azathioprine to the regimen for steroid-sparing effect. However, serologic abnormalities returned and within a few months, symptoms exacerbated; despite intensive medical therapy, the patient died. Angioimmunoblastic lymphadenopathy is a recently recognized disorder with a usually progressive course. No treatment has yet been established as effective, and death usually occurs within one year after diagnosis.", "contents": "Angioimmunoblastic lymphadenopathy: common symptoms, uncommon diagnosis. After five months of treatment for what was believed to be tuberculosis, a 49-year-old woman had recurrence of high spiking fever, lymphadenopathy, and malaise along with an intermittent maculopapular rash. Other findings were a positive Coombs test, iron deficiency, elevated gamma globulin levels, polyclonal gammopathy, and hepatosplenomegaly. Biopsy of a cervical lymph node revealed an angioblastic pattern consistent with angioimmunoblastic lymphadenopathy. Review of biopsy material obtained six months previously showed the same changes. Antituberculosis therapy was discontinued, and a regimen of prednisone and iron replacement was begun. The patient did well initially; when symptoms returned, they were controlled by adding azathioprine to the regimen for steroid-sparing effect. However, serologic abnormalities returned and within a few months, symptoms exacerbated; despite intensive medical therapy, the patient died. Angioimmunoblastic lymphadenopathy is a recently recognized disorder with a usually progressive course. No treatment has yet been established as effective, and death usually occurs within one year after diagnosis."}
{"id": "PMID:876906", "title": "Evaluating renal function: current status of clinical tests.", "content": "Most tests of renal function assess glomerular function, tubular function, or renal plasma flow. Glomerular function should be determined initially by measuring clearance of endogenous creatinine. Tubular function is best determined clinically by measuring urine concentrating ability of the kidney. At present, no test for measuring renal plasma flow is both accurate and readily available.", "contents": "Evaluating renal function: current status of clinical tests. Most tests of renal function assess glomerular function, tubular function, or renal plasma flow. Glomerular function should be determined initially by measuring clearance of endogenous creatinine. Tubular function is best determined clinically by measuring urine concentrating ability of the kidney. At present, no test for measuring renal plasma flow is both accurate and readily available."}
{"id": "PMID:876907", "title": "How food and fluid affect drug absorption: results of initial studies.", "content": "The rate and extent of absorption of many drugs may be influenced by the presence of food in the gastrointestinal tract and by the volume of fluid ingested with the dose. In most cases, food appears to inhibit or delay drug absorption. Relatively large fluid volume, on the other hand, appears to enhance absorption.", "contents": "How food and fluid affect drug absorption: results of initial studies. The rate and extent of absorption of many drugs may be influenced by the presence of food in the gastrointestinal tract and by the volume of fluid ingested with the dose. In most cases, food appears to inhibit or delay drug absorption. Relatively large fluid volume, on the other hand, appears to enhance absorption."}
{"id": "PMID:876908", "title": "Definition, differentiation, and classification of COPD.", "content": "The term \"COPD\" covers a spectrum of diseases with a common denominator, obstruction to airflow on expiration. Chronic asthma, chronic bronchitis, and pulmonary emphysema are the most prevalent conditions. The signs and symptoms of COPD are similar in all entities. Differential diagnosis may be difficult. Early detection of COPD is important, and tests are available for this purpose. For therapeutic and prognostic reasons it is also important to differentiate, wherever possible, which disease entity is predominant in a particular person. This can be done to a high degree by correlating clinical, radiologic, and physiologic findings. The radiologic manifestations of COPD are multiple, varied, and in many instances nonspecific. The primary radiologic feature in COPD is lung hyperinflation. In advanced disease, radiologic changes are diagnostic and correlate well with physiologic and clinical findings. Frequently, however, the chest film is normal even when clinical and physiologic manifestations indicate advanced disease.", "contents": "Definition, differentiation, and classification of COPD. The term \"COPD\" covers a spectrum of diseases with a common denominator, obstruction to airflow on expiration. Chronic asthma, chronic bronchitis, and pulmonary emphysema are the most prevalent conditions. The signs and symptoms of COPD are similar in all entities. Differential diagnosis may be difficult. Early detection of COPD is important, and tests are available for this purpose. For therapeutic and prognostic reasons it is also important to differentiate, wherever possible, which disease entity is predominant in a particular person. This can be done to a high degree by correlating clinical, radiologic, and physiologic findings. The radiologic manifestations of COPD are multiple, varied, and in many instances nonspecific. The primary radiologic feature in COPD is lung hyperinflation. In advanced disease, radiologic changes are diagnostic and correlate well with physiologic and clinical findings. Frequently, however, the chest film is normal even when clinical and physiologic manifestations indicate advanced disease."}
{"id": "PMID:876909", "title": "Acute renal failure following copper sulphate intoxication.", "content": "Eleven out of a series of twenty-nine patients (37-9%) with acute copper sulphate poisoning developed acute renal failure. Intravascular haemolysis appeared to be the chief factor responsible for renal lesions in these patients. Histological lesions observed in the kidney varied from those of mild shock to well established acute tubular necrosis. In one case, granulomatous lesions were seen in response to tubulorrhexis. Renal failure was the chief indication for dialysis in ten patients, whereas one patient was dialysed primarily for removal of copper. Notwithstanding the adequate control of uraemia by dialysis, only six of the eleven patients recovered. Septicaemia was responsible for death in three, hepatic failure in one and methaemoglobinaemia in another. It is postulated that release of copper from haemolysed red cells during acute haemolytic episodes may initiate, or contribute to, the development of renal damage.", "contents": "Acute renal failure following copper sulphate intoxication. Eleven out of a series of twenty-nine patients (37-9%) with acute copper sulphate poisoning developed acute renal failure. Intravascular haemolysis appeared to be the chief factor responsible for renal lesions in these patients. Histological lesions observed in the kidney varied from those of mild shock to well established acute tubular necrosis. In one case, granulomatous lesions were seen in response to tubulorrhexis. Renal failure was the chief indication for dialysis in ten patients, whereas one patient was dialysed primarily for removal of copper. Notwithstanding the adequate control of uraemia by dialysis, only six of the eleven patients recovered. Septicaemia was responsible for death in three, hepatic failure in one and methaemoglobinaemia in another. It is postulated that release of copper from haemolysed red cells during acute haemolytic episodes may initiate, or contribute to, the development of renal damage."}
{"id": "PMID:876910", "title": "Simple techniques to treat medical phobias.", "content": "Participant modelling, a behaviourally-orientated treatment technique, is an effect method of treating phobias associated with minor medical procedures or apparatus such as needles or intravenous catheters. The steps in this technique are described and two cases of severe needle phobias successfully treated with participant modelling are presented to illustrate further its application.", "contents": "Simple techniques to treat medical phobias. Participant modelling, a behaviourally-orientated treatment technique, is an effect method of treating phobias associated with minor medical procedures or apparatus such as needles or intravenous catheters. The steps in this technique are described and two cases of severe needle phobias successfully treated with participant modelling are presented to illustrate further its application."}
{"id": "PMID:876911", "title": "Paget's disease of bone--a clinical and genetic study.", "content": "An unselected series of 285 patients with Paget's disease of bone has been studied, of whom 54% were male and 46% female. The youngest was aged 25 years at diagnosis and the oldest 95. Of the patients 109 (38-2%) had never suffered serious symptoms. These diagnosed cases certainly represent only a small proportion, perhaps 10-15%, of all those with Paget's disease in the community from which they came. Few of the undiagnosed cases are likely to be suffering from serious symptoms or complications so it is apparent that the majority (probably over 80 or 90%) of those with the pathological state are relatively untroubled by their disease. The most common complication (8-8%) was pathological fracture. The fracture involved the shaft of the femur in 62% occurring in this section of the bone almost seven times more frequently in the patients with Paget's disease than in the general population. Because of the large number of undiagnosed cases in the community, the true incidence of pathological fracture and of sarcoma of bone in all patients with Paget's disease is probably only 1% and 0-1% respectively. Simultaneous estimates of the serum alkaline phosphatase and ESR were made in 128 of the patients. It was shown that the ESR is valueless as a measure of activity or extent of the disease. In many patients the level of the serum alkaline phosphatase changed very little over periods of several years. A history of the disease in one or more close relatives was found in three families, a lower incidence than was expected from previously recorded studies. The ABO blood groups were determined in 215 of the patients; 50% were of group A compared with 46% in a control group. The difference in distribution of blood groups in the two series of subjects is small and well within chance limits. The secretor status of 138 patients was investigated; 77% were secretors. This is similar to the proportion in control series. There is evidence to suggest that the degree of severity of Paget's disease does not vary, once it has developed in any particular individual, and that the more severe and extensive forms may have a stronger genetic basis.", "contents": "Paget's disease of bone--a clinical and genetic study. An unselected series of 285 patients with Paget's disease of bone has been studied, of whom 54% were male and 46% female. The youngest was aged 25 years at diagnosis and the oldest 95. Of the patients 109 (38-2%) had never suffered serious symptoms. These diagnosed cases certainly represent only a small proportion, perhaps 10-15%, of all those with Paget's disease in the community from which they came. Few of the undiagnosed cases are likely to be suffering from serious symptoms or complications so it is apparent that the majority (probably over 80 or 90%) of those with the pathological state are relatively untroubled by their disease. The most common complication (8-8%) was pathological fracture. The fracture involved the shaft of the femur in 62% occurring in this section of the bone almost seven times more frequently in the patients with Paget's disease than in the general population. Because of the large number of undiagnosed cases in the community, the true incidence of pathological fracture and of sarcoma of bone in all patients with Paget's disease is probably only 1% and 0-1% respectively. Simultaneous estimates of the serum alkaline phosphatase and ESR were made in 128 of the patients. It was shown that the ESR is valueless as a measure of activity or extent of the disease. In many patients the level of the serum alkaline phosphatase changed very little over periods of several years. A history of the disease in one or more close relatives was found in three families, a lower incidence than was expected from previously recorded studies. The ABO blood groups were determined in 215 of the patients; 50% were of group A compared with 46% in a control group. The difference in distribution of blood groups in the two series of subjects is small and well within chance limits. The secretor status of 138 patients was investigated; 77% were secretors. This is similar to the proportion in control series. There is evidence to suggest that the degree of severity of Paget's disease does not vary, once it has developed in any particular individual, and that the more severe and extensive forms may have a stronger genetic basis."}
{"id": "PMID:876912", "title": "Corrugation of the skull in Paget's disease of bone.", "content": "Paget's disease of bone has been known for about 100 years and the usual deformities of bone, e.g. bowed tibia, large head, are well described in medical text books. However, there does not appear to have been a description of corrugation of the skull as a recognized deformity in Paget's disease. Three cases are now described to illustrate this deformity as an unusual but valuable sign in this disease.", "contents": "Corrugation of the skull in Paget's disease of bone. Paget's disease of bone has been known for about 100 years and the usual deformities of bone, e.g. bowed tibia, large head, are well described in medical text books. However, there does not appear to have been a description of corrugation of the skull as a recognized deformity in Paget's disease. Three cases are now described to illustrate this deformity as an unusual but valuable sign in this disease."}
{"id": "PMID:876913", "title": "Myxoedema coma presenting in status epilepticus.", "content": "A 71-year-old woman with myxoedema coma presenting in status epilepticus is reported. Although this complication of myxoedema coma is considered to be fatal the patient described responded dramatically to treatment and remains in good health.", "contents": "Myxoedema coma presenting in status epilepticus. A 71-year-old woman with myxoedema coma presenting in status epilepticus is reported. Although this complication of myxoedema coma is considered to be fatal the patient described responded dramatically to treatment and remains in good health."}
{"id": "PMID:876914", "title": "Sarcoma complicating therapy with cyclophosphamide.", "content": "A patient is described who developed a poorly differentiated sarcoma after cyclophosphamide was used to treat his rheumatoid arthritis. This case emphasizes the importance ot considering neoplastic disease as a potential hazard associated with the use of immunosuppressive drugs.", "contents": "Sarcoma complicating therapy with cyclophosphamide. A patient is described who developed a poorly differentiated sarcoma after cyclophosphamide was used to treat his rheumatoid arthritis. This case emphasizes the importance ot considering neoplastic disease as a potential hazard associated with the use of immunosuppressive drugs."}
{"id": "PMID:876915", "title": "Histiocytic medullary reticulosis with hypogammaglobulinaemia and disseminated intravascular coagulation.", "content": "A case of histiocytic medullary reticulosis in a 45-year-old man is described. The presentation with a swinging pyrexia is typical. Associated features were very low levels of all immunoglobulins and proved disseminated intravascular coagulation. Heparin therapy was given and the difficulties of controlling such treatment are demonstrated. It is concluded that an increased awareness of the condition as a cause of pyrexia might lead to an improvement in prognosis.", "contents": "Histiocytic medullary reticulosis with hypogammaglobulinaemia and disseminated intravascular coagulation. A case of histiocytic medullary reticulosis in a 45-year-old man is described. The presentation with a swinging pyrexia is typical. Associated features were very low levels of all immunoglobulins and proved disseminated intravascular coagulation. Heparin therapy was given and the difficulties of controlling such treatment are demonstrated. It is concluded that an increased awareness of the condition as a cause of pyrexia might lead to an improvement in prognosis."}
{"id": "PMID:876916", "title": "Tricuspid incompetence complicating acute myocardial infarction.", "content": "A case of persistent tricuspid incompetence due to acute myocardial infarction is described. Review of the literature has revealed no similar case.", "contents": "Tricuspid incompetence complicating acute myocardial infarction. A case of persistent tricuspid incompetence due to acute myocardial infarction is described. Review of the literature has revealed no similar case."}
{"id": "PMID:876917", "title": "The simultaneous presentation of Hodgkin's disease of myeloma.", "content": "The simultaneous presentation of Hodgkin's disease and multiple myeloma is described. This is rare as only one previous case appears to have been documented. Speculations as to the aetiology are discussed as well as the significance of the presentation.", "contents": "The simultaneous presentation of Hodgkin's disease of myeloma. The simultaneous presentation of Hodgkin's disease and multiple myeloma is described. This is rare as only one previous case appears to have been documented. Speculations as to the aetiology are discussed as well as the significance of the presentation."}
{"id": "PMID:876918", "title": "An approach to realistic evaluation of antihypertensive regimes.", "content": "Where practicable, all subjects found with onset-phase-four blood pressure of 90 mmHg or more after referral were allocated, on a random basis, to alternative antihypertensive regimes at a dosage related to response. Of those 110 receiving either guanethidine, methyldopa or debrisoquine, only the group on methyldopa had significantly reduced median blood pressure by two out of four criteria and after 6 months of therapy. It is nevertheless considered that by assessment of the total group more significant conclusions can be drawn for an eventual attempt to control hypertension on a community basis than by studies of highly selected groups treated under unusually favourable conditions.", "contents": "An approach to realistic evaluation of antihypertensive regimes. Where practicable, all subjects found with onset-phase-four blood pressure of 90 mmHg or more after referral were allocated, on a random basis, to alternative antihypertensive regimes at a dosage related to response. Of those 110 receiving either guanethidine, methyldopa or debrisoquine, only the group on methyldopa had significantly reduced median blood pressure by two out of four criteria and after 6 months of therapy. It is nevertheless considered that by assessment of the total group more significant conclusions can be drawn for an eventual attempt to control hypertension on a community basis than by studies of highly selected groups treated under unusually favourable conditions."}
{"id": "PMID:876919", "title": "Transient hypercalcaemia following acute renal failure.", "content": "Two patients with transient hypercalcaemia during recovery from acute renal failure are described. The literature is reviewed and possible pathophysiological mechanisms discussed. Patients with renal failure following muscle damage should have regular measurement of plasma calcium.", "contents": "Transient hypercalcaemia following acute renal failure. Two patients with transient hypercalcaemia during recovery from acute renal failure are described. The literature is reviewed and possible pathophysiological mechanisms discussed. Patients with renal failure following muscle damage should have regular measurement of plasma calcium."}
{"id": "PMID:876920", "title": "Acute renal failure and hypoglycaemia due to sulphadiazine poisoning.", "content": "A 3-year-old girl is described who became oliguric and hypoglycaemic whilst receiving an excessive dose of sulphadiazine. The mechanism of the hypoglycaemia is discussed.", "contents": "Acute renal failure and hypoglycaemia due to sulphadiazine poisoning. A 3-year-old girl is described who became oliguric and hypoglycaemic whilst receiving an excessive dose of sulphadiazine. The mechanism of the hypoglycaemia is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:876921", "title": "Ulcerative colitis with chronic liver disease, eosinophilia and auto-immune thyroid disease.", "content": "A patient with chronic mild ulcerative colitis is described. Her illness was characterized by fluctuating blood eosinophilia, chronic persistent hepatitis and hypersensitivity to sulphasalazine. She subsequently developed auto-immune thyroid disease. The inter-relationships of these various disorders are discussed.", "contents": "Ulcerative colitis with chronic liver disease, eosinophilia and auto-immune thyroid disease. A patient with chronic mild ulcerative colitis is described. Her illness was characterized by fluctuating blood eosinophilia, chronic persistent hepatitis and hypersensitivity to sulphasalazine. She subsequently developed auto-immune thyroid disease. The inter-relationships of these various disorders are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:876922", "title": "Beh\u00e7et's syndrome with perforations of the colon.", "content": "A case of Beh\u00e7et's syndrome with mucosal ulcerations of the ascending colon and three perforations of the caecum is described. It is the first documented case of this syndrome where colitis has occurred without concomitant rectal lesions. The reported cases of Beh\u00e7et's syndrome with associated colonic lesions make up a heterogeneous group. It is suggested that the different patients may have suffered from pathogenetically different diseases.", "contents": "Beh\u00e7et's syndrome with perforations of the colon. A case of Beh\u00e7et's syndrome with mucosal ulcerations of the ascending colon and three perforations of the caecum is described. It is the first documented case of this syndrome where colitis has occurred without concomitant rectal lesions. The reported cases of Beh\u00e7et's syndrome with associated colonic lesions make up a heterogeneous group. It is suggested that the different patients may have suffered from pathogenetically different diseases."}
{"id": "PMID:876923", "title": "Survival and death from subdural haematoma on medical wards.", "content": "All patients with subdural haematoma presenting to medical wards in Nottingham over a 5-year period have been reviewed. Of twenty-one such patients eight were first diagnosed at post-mortem, whilst all of the remaining thirteen patients in whom the diagnosis was made in life survived following neurosurgical evacuation of the haematoma. Diagnostic failure was caused mainly by failure to consider the possibility of subdural haematoma or misinterpretation of negative investigations. An attempt has been made to characterize the clinical patterns that may suggest the presence of a subdural haematoma, and recommendations are made on the investigation of such patients.", "contents": "Survival and death from subdural haematoma on medical wards. All patients with subdural haematoma presenting to medical wards in Nottingham over a 5-year period have been reviewed. Of twenty-one such patients eight were first diagnosed at post-mortem, whilst all of the remaining thirteen patients in whom the diagnosis was made in life survived following neurosurgical evacuation of the haematoma. Diagnostic failure was caused mainly by failure to consider the possibility of subdural haematoma or misinterpretation of negative investigations. An attempt has been made to characterize the clinical patterns that may suggest the presence of a subdural haematoma, and recommendations are made on the investigation of such patients."}
{"id": "PMID:876924", "title": "Pathological validation of auscultation of the elderly heart.", "content": "Systolic murmurs present in 129 geriatric patients followed to post-mortem were assessed as mitral or aortic in origin by simple clinical assessment alone. Post-mortem examination contradicted clinical findings in only 2% of cases. Mitral valve pathology, mostly post-inflammatory scarring or mucoid degeneration, was present in 50% of the cases with murmurs. There was a significant correlation between the presence of murmurs, particularly mitral murmurs, and congestive cardiac failure, and there was also a significant correlation with age. A tendency for aortic systolic murmurs to be associated with a higher mean systolic blood pressure was not significant and there was no significant association between systolic murmurs and ischaemic heart disease.", "contents": "Pathological validation of auscultation of the elderly heart. Systolic murmurs present in 129 geriatric patients followed to post-mortem were assessed as mitral or aortic in origin by simple clinical assessment alone. Post-mortem examination contradicted clinical findings in only 2% of cases. Mitral valve pathology, mostly post-inflammatory scarring or mucoid degeneration, was present in 50% of the cases with murmurs. There was a significant correlation between the presence of murmurs, particularly mitral murmurs, and congestive cardiac failure, and there was also a significant correlation with age. A tendency for aortic systolic murmurs to be associated with a higher mean systolic blood pressure was not significant and there was no significant association between systolic murmurs and ischaemic heart disease."}
{"id": "PMID:876925", "title": "The clinical features and management of pituitary apoplexy.", "content": "The clinical features and management of three patients presenting with pituitary apoplexy are described. They illustrate the difficulty of differentiating pituitary apoplexy from other acute neurologic conditions. One of the patients is the first reported case of pituitary apoplexy occurring in a histologically proved craniopharyngioma. Two of the cases reported were treated conservatively and recovered without seriouplexy as a neurosurgical emergency. The relationship between radiotherapy and pituitary apoplexy is discussed.", "contents": "The clinical features and management of pituitary apoplexy. The clinical features and management of three patients presenting with pituitary apoplexy are described. They illustrate the difficulty of differentiating pituitary apoplexy from other acute neurologic conditions. One of the patients is the first reported case of pituitary apoplexy occurring in a histologically proved craniopharyngioma. Two of the cases reported were treated conservatively and recovered without seriouplexy as a neurosurgical emergency. The relationship between radiotherapy and pituitary apoplexy is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:876926", "title": "Transverse myelitis complicating Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection.", "content": "A 23-year-old man developed transverse myelitis following an infection with Mycoplasma pneumoniae. Neurological complications following infection with this organism are uncommon but the prognosis appears to be good.", "contents": "Transverse myelitis complicating Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection. A 23-year-old man developed transverse myelitis following an infection with Mycoplasma pneumoniae. Neurological complications following infection with this organism are uncommon but the prognosis appears to be good."}
{"id": "PMID:876927", "title": "Chlorpropamide-induced thrombocytopenia.", "content": "Thrombocytopenia is a rare complication of chlorpropamide therapy. An immunological mechanism is generally held responsible, but has never previously been proved. In the present case the existence of such a mechanism has been established.", "contents": "Chlorpropamide-induced thrombocytopenia. Thrombocytopenia is a rare complication of chlorpropamide therapy. An immunological mechanism is generally held responsible, but has never previously been proved. In the present case the existence of such a mechanism has been established."}
{"id": "PMID:876928", "title": "Systemic lupus erythematosus, Sj\u00f6gren's syndrome and glomerular nephritis.", "content": "The combination of systemic lupus erythematosus, Sj\u00f6gren's disease and severe diffuse glomerular nephritis has only rarely been reported. A 14-year-old girl is described with lupus nephritis in whom co-existent clinical and histological features of Sj\u00f6gren's syndrome were found. These include bilateral parotid enlargement, xerostomia, increased serum amylase, reduced salivary secretion and lymphocyte infiltration of both salivary glands and kidneys. The co-existence of systemic lupus erythematosus with Sj\u00f6gren's syndrome is discussed together with a consideration of pathogenesis.", "contents": "Systemic lupus erythematosus, Sj\u00f6gren's syndrome and glomerular nephritis. The combination of systemic lupus erythematosus, Sj\u00f6gren's disease and severe diffuse glomerular nephritis has only rarely been reported. A 14-year-old girl is described with lupus nephritis in whom co-existent clinical and histological features of Sj\u00f6gren's syndrome were found. These include bilateral parotid enlargement, xerostomia, increased serum amylase, reduced salivary secretion and lymphocyte infiltration of both salivary glands and kidneys. The co-existence of systemic lupus erythematosus with Sj\u00f6gren's syndrome is discussed together with a consideration of pathogenesis."}
{"id": "PMID:876929", "title": "Necrotizing fasciitis.", "content": "The author's experience of fourteen patients with necrotizing fasciitis is reviewed. The pathognomonic feature of this condition is an extensive necrosis of subcutaneous tissue caused by a vicious cycle of infection, local ischaemia and reduced host defence mechanisms. The diagnosis can only be confirmed by immediate exploratory incision. The reported mortality of 30-40% reflects the inadaquacy of conservative surgery in the treatment of this serious condition. Mortality can be reduced by early recognition followed by radical excision of the necrotic fascia and overlying skin. The preservation and subsequent use of the excised skin has the advantage of economy in the use of donor areas and reduction in morbidity. Hyperbaric oxygen therapy does not halt the spread of the necrotizing process and is not a substitute for radical surgery.", "contents": "Necrotizing fasciitis. The author's experience of fourteen patients with necrotizing fasciitis is reviewed. The pathognomonic feature of this condition is an extensive necrosis of subcutaneous tissue caused by a vicious cycle of infection, local ischaemia and reduced host defence mechanisms. The diagnosis can only be confirmed by immediate exploratory incision. The reported mortality of 30-40% reflects the inadaquacy of conservative surgery in the treatment of this serious condition. Mortality can be reduced by early recognition followed by radical excision of the necrotic fascia and overlying skin. The preservation and subsequent use of the excised skin has the advantage of economy in the use of donor areas and reduction in morbidity. Hyperbaric oxygen therapy does not halt the spread of the necrotizing process and is not a substitute for radical surgery."}
{"id": "PMID:876930", "title": "Early prediction of the outcome of a paracetamol overdose based on an analysis of 163 patients.", "content": "Clinical and biochemical data obtained from 163 patients who had taken an overdose of paracetamol were examined to determine which factors or measurements were of value in predicting the severity of ensuing liver damage early after ingestion of tablets. Although the overall severity of hepatic necrosis was found to increase with the dose of paracetamol ingested, correlation was not sufficiently close to provide an accurate prognostic index in individuals. Severe hepatic damage was less likely if the patient had vomited or had a stomach wash-out within 6 hr of overdose. The plasma concentrations of paracetamol, measured at known times after overdose, distinguished those who developed hepatic dysfunction from those who did not, but there was a poor correlation, particularly in the first 6 hr after ingestion of tablets, between these values and the severity of ensuing liver damage. Estimates of early plasma paracetamol half-lives from three or more samples taken within 4 hr of admission showed that all patients developing moderate or severe liver damage had half-lives greater than 4 hr, but this was also the case in nearly one-third of those with minimal liver lesions only. It is concluded that there is no completely reliable early prognostic test for individual patients with paracetamol overdose. If each patient is selected for treatment with cysteamine (mercaptamine) or other agents on the basis of plasma paracetamol levels, up to 30% may receive this agent who are at risk from trivial hepatic damage only.", "contents": "Early prediction of the outcome of a paracetamol overdose based on an analysis of 163 patients. Clinical and biochemical data obtained from 163 patients who had taken an overdose of paracetamol were examined to determine which factors or measurements were of value in predicting the severity of ensuing liver damage early after ingestion of tablets. Although the overall severity of hepatic necrosis was found to increase with the dose of paracetamol ingested, correlation was not sufficiently close to provide an accurate prognostic index in individuals. Severe hepatic damage was less likely if the patient had vomited or had a stomach wash-out within 6 hr of overdose. The plasma concentrations of paracetamol, measured at known times after overdose, distinguished those who developed hepatic dysfunction from those who did not, but there was a poor correlation, particularly in the first 6 hr after ingestion of tablets, between these values and the severity of ensuing liver damage. Estimates of early plasma paracetamol half-lives from three or more samples taken within 4 hr of admission showed that all patients developing moderate or severe liver damage had half-lives greater than 4 hr, but this was also the case in nearly one-third of those with minimal liver lesions only. It is concluded that there is no completely reliable early prognostic test for individual patients with paracetamol overdose. If each patient is selected for treatment with cysteamine (mercaptamine) or other agents on the basis of plasma paracetamol levels, up to 30% may receive this agent who are at risk from trivial hepatic damage only."}
{"id": "PMID:876931", "title": "Epidemics of haemorrhagic cystitis due to influenza A virus.", "content": "The present communication describes studies on thirty-three patients with haemorrhagic cystitis. The current epidemic variant of influenza type A virus, A/Tehran/5/75 (H3N2) [antigenically similar to A/Port Chalmers/1/73 (H3N2)], was recovered from the throats of eighteen and the urine of three patients. HI antibody rises to A/Tehran/5/75 virus were detected in over 50% of the cystitis patients tested.", "contents": "Epidemics of haemorrhagic cystitis due to influenza A virus. The present communication describes studies on thirty-three patients with haemorrhagic cystitis. The current epidemic variant of influenza type A virus, A/Tehran/5/75 (H3N2) [antigenically similar to A/Port Chalmers/1/73 (H3N2)], was recovered from the throats of eighteen and the urine of three patients. HI antibody rises to A/Tehran/5/75 virus were detected in over 50% of the cystitis patients tested."}
{"id": "PMID:876932", "title": "Accidental ingestion of poisons and child personality.", "content": "The personality of 105 children under 5 years of age admitted to Cardiff Hospital was compared with 105 control children by means of a semantic differential test. Poisoning-children were significantly more anxious (P less than 0-008), harder (P less than 0-01), and more active (P less than 0-04) than controls. They also caused more worry (P less than 0-04) and put other than food more ofter in their mouths (P less than 0-002). There were no significant differences in the age of walking, and the ages of becoming clean and dry between cases and controls. However, poisoning-children had significantly more accidents and hospital admissions than did controls. The relevance of these findings, particularly in relation to the important role of family stress, to the aetiology of accidental poisoning in childhood is discussed.", "contents": "Accidental ingestion of poisons and child personality. The personality of 105 children under 5 years of age admitted to Cardiff Hospital was compared with 105 control children by means of a semantic differential test. Poisoning-children were significantly more anxious (P less than 0-008), harder (P less than 0-01), and more active (P less than 0-04) than controls. They also caused more worry (P less than 0-04) and put other than food more ofter in their mouths (P less than 0-002). There were no significant differences in the age of walking, and the ages of becoming clean and dry between cases and controls. However, poisoning-children had significantly more accidents and hospital admissions than did controls. The relevance of these findings, particularly in relation to the important role of family stress, to the aetiology of accidental poisoning in childhood is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:876933", "title": "Epistaxis and hypertension.", "content": "The status of nose bleeding as a symptom of high blood pressure has been studied in patients admitted because of epistaxis. Twenty-six patients with a factor predisposing to nasal bleeding had age- and sex-adjusted systolic and diastolic scores similar to those of the general population. One hundred and sixty-eight patients with no such factor formed a different population with significantly higher age- and sex-adjusted systolic and diastolic scores. It is concluded that epistaxis is a true symptom of hypertension.", "contents": "Epistaxis and hypertension. The status of nose bleeding as a symptom of high blood pressure has been studied in patients admitted because of epistaxis. Twenty-six patients with a factor predisposing to nasal bleeding had age- and sex-adjusted systolic and diastolic scores similar to those of the general population. One hundred and sixty-eight patients with no such factor formed a different population with significantly higher age- and sex-adjusted systolic and diastolic scores. It is concluded that epistaxis is a true symptom of hypertension."}
{"id": "PMID:876934", "title": "Treatment of acute hepatic encephalopathy with L-dopa.", "content": "A clinical report of a 30-year-old woman who developed acute hepatic failure in the fifth month of pregnancy is presented. L-dopa administration resulted in a marked improvement in both level of consciousness and electroencephalogram. The literature dealing with L-dopa therapy in hepatic encephalopathy is reviewed.", "contents": "Treatment of acute hepatic encephalopathy with L-dopa. A clinical report of a 30-year-old woman who developed acute hepatic failure in the fifth month of pregnancy is presented. L-dopa administration resulted in a marked improvement in both level of consciousness and electroencephalogram. The literature dealing with L-dopa therapy in hepatic encephalopathy is reviewed."}
{"id": "PMID:876935", "title": "Cardiac tamponade and acute renal failure following Salmonella agona pericarditis.", "content": "A 19-year-old female presented with cardiac tamponade complicated by acute renal failure. Salmonella agona was cultured from pericardial aspirate after repeated pericardiocentesis in several sites. Treatment with ampicillin and intermittent haemodialysis led to complete recovery.", "contents": "Cardiac tamponade and acute renal failure following Salmonella agona pericarditis. A 19-year-old female presented with cardiac tamponade complicated by acute renal failure. Salmonella agona was cultured from pericardial aspirate after repeated pericardiocentesis in several sites. Treatment with ampicillin and intermittent haemodialysis led to complete recovery."}
{"id": "PMID:876936", "title": "Carcinoid tumour of the cervix.", "content": "A case of non-metastatic carcinoid tumour of the cervix is described from a patient without the carcinoid syndrome. The rarity of carcinoid tumour involving gynaecological structures other than the ovaries is discussed and a bried review of carcinoid disease presented.", "contents": "Carcinoid tumour of the cervix. A case of non-metastatic carcinoid tumour of the cervix is described from a patient without the carcinoid syndrome. The rarity of carcinoid tumour involving gynaecological structures other than the ovaries is discussed and a bried review of carcinoid disease presented."}
{"id": "PMID:876937", "title": "Inappropriate anti-diuretic hormone (ADH) secretion in association with carcinoma of the bladder.", "content": "A case of carcinoma of the bladder complicated by the syndrome of inappropriate anti-diuretic hormone secretion is reported. Management of the syndrome is discussed.", "contents": "Inappropriate anti-diuretic hormone (ADH) secretion in association with carcinoma of the bladder. A case of carcinoma of the bladder complicated by the syndrome of inappropriate anti-diuretic hormone secretion is reported. Management of the syndrome is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:876938", "title": "Non-African Burkitt lymphoma presenting as dysphagia.", "content": "Cases of non-African Burkitt lymphoma are rare, but the clinical manifestations of this and the African type are similar. The authors believe that this patient is the first described presenting with dysphagia without intrinsic gastrointestinal disease.", "contents": "Non-African Burkitt lymphoma presenting as dysphagia. Cases of non-African Burkitt lymphoma are rare, but the clinical manifestations of this and the African type are similar. The authors believe that this patient is the first described presenting with dysphagia without intrinsic gastrointestinal disease."}
{"id": "PMID:876939", "title": "Chlorpromazine-induced haemolytic anaemia in anorexia nervosa.", "content": "Two patients with anorexia nervosa who developed progressive haemolytic anaemia during chlorpromazine therapy are presented. In each case, withdrawal of the drug alone led to a prompt haematological response. Drug-induced oxidant damage is proposed as being the underlying haemolytic mechanism.", "contents": "Chlorpromazine-induced haemolytic anaemia in anorexia nervosa. Two patients with anorexia nervosa who developed progressive haemolytic anaemia during chlorpromazine therapy are presented. In each case, withdrawal of the drug alone led to a prompt haematological response. Drug-induced oxidant damage is proposed as being the underlying haemolytic mechanism."}
{"id": "PMID:876940", "title": "Fatal digoxin overdose.", "content": "Overdosage with cardiac glycosides is well documented, but not usually fatal. A case is described in which cardiac arrest in asystole was associated with a serum digoxin level of 50-4 microgram/1, the highest concentration yet reported after oral administration.", "contents": "Fatal digoxin overdose. Overdosage with cardiac glycosides is well documented, but not usually fatal. A case is described in which cardiac arrest in asystole was associated with a serum digoxin level of 50-4 microgram/1, the highest concentration yet reported after oral administration."}
{"id": "PMID:876941", "title": "Leiomyosarcomatosis of probable uterine origin with long survival--a case report.", "content": "A case of leiomyosarcomatosis is presented. Over a period of 15 years the patient underwent seven operations to remove eleven tumours, the largest as big as a football, before dying of widespread metastases: between operations the patient was remarkably well. The disease was almost certainly of uterine origin from apparently benign fibroids, and photomicrographs are provided as supportive evidence. The various modes of presentation of abdominal leiomyosarcoma--mass, pain, obstruction, fistula, anaemia--are illustrated in the case report. The value of repeated palliative surgery in such cases is emphasized.", "contents": "Leiomyosarcomatosis of probable uterine origin with long survival--a case report. A case of leiomyosarcomatosis is presented. Over a period of 15 years the patient underwent seven operations to remove eleven tumours, the largest as big as a football, before dying of widespread metastases: between operations the patient was remarkably well. The disease was almost certainly of uterine origin from apparently benign fibroids, and photomicrographs are provided as supportive evidence. The various modes of presentation of abdominal leiomyosarcoma--mass, pain, obstruction, fistula, anaemia--are illustrated in the case report. The value of repeated palliative surgery in such cases is emphasized."}
{"id": "PMID:876942", "title": "Staphylococcal septicaemia with disseminated intravascular coagulation associated with acupuncture.", "content": "A case of disseminated intravascular coagulation due to staphylococcal septicaemia is described in which the source of infection was likely to have been acupuncture therapy.", "contents": "Staphylococcal septicaemia with disseminated intravascular coagulation associated with acupuncture. A case of disseminated intravascular coagulation due to staphylococcal septicaemia is described in which the source of infection was likely to have been acupuncture therapy."}
{"id": "PMID:876959", "title": "[Elements to be taken into consideration in the establishment and supervision of respiratory rehabilitation programs].", "content": "For a good respiratory re-education, the handicap must be analyzed together with its causes and mechanisms, in relation with the patient's social environment, his age and profession. The handicapping factors should be analyzed in a medico-social (pollution, weather) and medical context by detecting the affection involved and the functional analysis. The latter is deduced from the clinical signs and measurements defining the functional syndrome justifying an appropriate treatment. The importance of the handicap is drawn out of the clinical measures of maximum effort studied by ergometry. There are 2 levels of handicap (without alteration of blood gases at rest) and of respiratory insufficiency: simple or complicated by decompensation bouts enabling the choice of re-adapatation methods correlated with age an environment. Clinical and functional supervision as well as the study of the integration in the environment, form the basis of the analysis of results obtained in 2 comparable groups or in one homogeneous group subjected first to a simple medical treatment, then to re-adaptation.", "contents": "[Elements to be taken into consideration in the establishment and supervision of respiratory rehabilitation programs]. For a good respiratory re-education, the handicap must be analyzed together with its causes and mechanisms, in relation with the patient's social environment, his age and profession. The handicapping factors should be analyzed in a medico-social (pollution, weather) and medical context by detecting the affection involved and the functional analysis. The latter is deduced from the clinical signs and measurements defining the functional syndrome justifying an appropriate treatment. The importance of the handicap is drawn out of the clinical measures of maximum effort studied by ergometry. There are 2 levels of handicap (without alteration of blood gases at rest) and of respiratory insufficiency: simple or complicated by decompensation bouts enabling the choice of re-adapatation methods correlated with age an environment. Clinical and functional supervision as well as the study of the integration in the environment, form the basis of the analysis of results obtained in 2 comparable groups or in one homogeneous group subjected first to a simple medical treatment, then to re-adaptation."}
{"id": "PMID:876960", "title": "[What interview methods can one propose in respiratory insufficiency before rehabilitation?].", "content": "In view of the readaptation of patients with respiratory insufficiency, the interrogation should aim at a clinical synthesis and define the sociological, familial and psychological context. It can be done by two ways; both with their pros and cons: 1) directed or self interrogation; 2) free talk or open questions. The first way is more specific, scientific, but less personal while the second is more personal though less objective. The latter is to be prefered, but a certain neutrality should be kept.", "contents": "[What interview methods can one propose in respiratory insufficiency before rehabilitation?]. In view of the readaptation of patients with respiratory insufficiency, the interrogation should aim at a clinical synthesis and define the sociological, familial and psychological context. It can be done by two ways; both with their pros and cons: 1) directed or self interrogation; 2) free talk or open questions. The first way is more specific, scientific, but less personal while the second is more personal though less objective. The latter is to be prefered, but a certain neutrality should be kept."}
{"id": "PMID:876962", "title": "[Rehabilitation of respiration in outbreaks of bronchial superinfection].", "content": "The authors analized the effect of reeducation on patients with an exacerbated bronchial stasis and mucostasis. The group studied was composed of 103 patients suffering from chronic bronchitis, with or without pulmonary emphysema, bronchial asthma and bronchiectasis. Examination methods and breathing reeducation methods were briefly reported. Values measured before and after reeducation enabled by comparison the appreciation of this as an independent method. The rates of pulse (P less than 0.005), of breathing (P less than 0.001) and of systolic pressure (P less than 0.05) were influenced favourably by reeducation. The average quantity of sputum per day increased by 69% (P less than 0.001) specially in asthmatic patients, in itself an important improvement. After exercise there was a slight decrease of PaO2 and SaO2, but after 2 hours of rest, improved values for PaO2 (P less than 0.05), SaO2 (P less than 0.05) Raw (P less than 0.05) and SGaw (P less than 0.05) were noted. The transitory decrease was probably due to tired respiratory muscles and auxillary respiratory muscles. Breathing reeducation favourably affected the clinical conditions, the sputum production, mucostasis, blood-gases exchange, and decreased the airways obstruction. For a greater objectivity, different methodological approaches should also be considered.", "contents": "[Rehabilitation of respiration in outbreaks of bronchial superinfection]. The authors analized the effect of reeducation on patients with an exacerbated bronchial stasis and mucostasis. The group studied was composed of 103 patients suffering from chronic bronchitis, with or without pulmonary emphysema, bronchial asthma and bronchiectasis. Examination methods and breathing reeducation methods were briefly reported. Values measured before and after reeducation enabled by comparison the appreciation of this as an independent method. The rates of pulse (P less than 0.005), of breathing (P less than 0.001) and of systolic pressure (P less than 0.05) were influenced favourably by reeducation. The average quantity of sputum per day increased by 69% (P less than 0.001) specially in asthmatic patients, in itself an important improvement. After exercise there was a slight decrease of PaO2 and SaO2, but after 2 hours of rest, improved values for PaO2 (P less than 0.05), SaO2 (P less than 0.05) Raw (P less than 0.05) and SGaw (P less than 0.05) were noted. The transitory decrease was probably due to tired respiratory muscles and auxillary respiratory muscles. Breathing reeducation favourably affected the clinical conditions, the sputum production, mucostasis, blood-gases exchange, and decreased the airways obstruction. For a greater objectivity, different methodological approaches should also be considered."}
{"id": "PMID:876964", "title": "[Exercise retraining].", "content": "Among the essential positive facts resulting from the physical training of patients with moderate to severe obstructive bronchopneumopathy, the following should be noted:-- the maximal capacity for work increases on average by 10%;-- physiologically this increment of work maximal capacity corresponds simply to a better extraction of oxygen by the muscles;--no specific central haemodynamic modification is usually observed at maximum or sub-maximum level;-- after training there is a favourable evolution of the PaO2 at rest. In the absence of spirographic modification and diffusion capacity, this increase of PO2 seems to result from an improvement of the ratio ventilation/perfusion.", "contents": "[Exercise retraining]. Among the essential positive facts resulting from the physical training of patients with moderate to severe obstructive bronchopneumopathy, the following should be noted:-- the maximal capacity for work increases on average by 10%;-- physiologically this increment of work maximal capacity corresponds simply to a better extraction of oxygen by the muscles;--no specific central haemodynamic modification is usually observed at maximum or sub-maximum level;-- after training there is a favourable evolution of the PaO2 at rest. In the absence of spirographic modification and diffusion capacity, this increase of PO2 seems to result from an improvement of the ratio ventilation/perfusion."}
{"id": "PMID:876965", "title": "Long term oxygen therapy.", "content": "In summary, we find that long term oxygen therapy is practical, that it can lower both pulmonary arterial pressure and the red cell mass, and also reduce the time spent in hospital. It is yet to be ascertained by a controlled trial if these improvements are significant when compared with those obtained in similar patients treated without oxygen. The Union Carbide Walker system is a convenient and relatively cheap way of giving oxygen over this long period. Although oxygen on exercise improves these patients' exercise tolerants, it would appear that weight of the Oxygen Walker might prevent much advantage to be taken of this in these severely disabled patients if the patient actually carries the Walker himself, but this portable system greatly increases the patient's social mobility.", "contents": "Long term oxygen therapy. In summary, we find that long term oxygen therapy is practical, that it can lower both pulmonary arterial pressure and the red cell mass, and also reduce the time spent in hospital. It is yet to be ascertained by a controlled trial if these improvements are significant when compared with those obtained in similar patients treated without oxygen. The Union Carbide Walker system is a convenient and relatively cheap way of giving oxygen over this long period. Although oxygen on exercise improves these patients' exercise tolerants, it would appear that weight of the Oxygen Walker might prevent much advantage to be taken of this in these severely disabled patients if the patient actually carries the Walker himself, but this portable system greatly increases the patient's social mobility."}
{"id": "PMID:876967", "title": "[Factors influencing particle measurement of aerosols and their retention in the lung].", "content": "The dimensional characteristics of the particles of an aerosol depend on the means used for producing them. Mechanical spray and ultrasonic dispersion give polydispersed particles. On the other hand, centrifugal atomization produces a monodispersed aerosol. Particle retention in the lung system depends on the particle diameter. In addition, retention varies according to the respiratory characteristics: it is minimal for about 15 inspirations per minute. Using iron-59 labeled particles, it was shown that the degree of retention varies considerably from one individual to the other and accessibility to the depths of the lungs is decreased under the effect of certain lesions. Bronchial retention appears to be increased in smokers.", "contents": "[Factors influencing particle measurement of aerosols and their retention in the lung]. The dimensional characteristics of the particles of an aerosol depend on the means used for producing them. Mechanical spray and ultrasonic dispersion give polydispersed particles. On the other hand, centrifugal atomization produces a monodispersed aerosol. Particle retention in the lung system depends on the particle diameter. In addition, retention varies according to the respiratory characteristics: it is minimal for about 15 inspirations per minute. Using iron-59 labeled particles, it was shown that the degree of retention varies considerably from one individual to the other and accessibility to the depths of the lungs is decreased under the effect of certain lesions. Bronchial retention appears to be increased in smokers."}
{"id": "PMID:876968", "title": "[Methodology of evaluating results of a rehabilitation technic].", "content": "The author presents a methodology to be used in all readaptation techniques, whatever the importance of the handicap and the technique used. He particularly insists on the necessity not to combine methods (mechanical and medicinal therapeutics...) if the efficiency of the different physical methods of readaptation is to be properly assessed.", "contents": "[Methodology of evaluating results of a rehabilitation technic]. The author presents a methodology to be used in all readaptation techniques, whatever the importance of the handicap and the technique used. He particularly insists on the necessity not to combine methods (mechanical and medicinal therapeutics...) if the efficiency of the different physical methods of readaptation is to be properly assessed."}
{"id": "PMID:876970", "title": "[Methods of evaluating results of physical rehabilitation].", "content": "Besides simple techniques of control of a readaptation program, the authors stress the importance of quantifying the intensity of the efforts imposed. They propose the comparative study of different parameters measured precisely at the level of well tolerated submaximal work: VE/VO2, SaO2/VO2 which they analize together with the effort test standardized by the EEC.", "contents": "[Methods of evaluating results of physical rehabilitation]. Besides simple techniques of control of a readaptation program, the authors stress the importance of quantifying the intensity of the efforts imposed. They propose the comparative study of different parameters measured precisely at the level of well tolerated submaximal work: VE/VO2, SaO2/VO2 which they analize together with the effort test standardized by the EEC."}
{"id": "PMID:876971", "title": "[Results of rehabilitation in pneumonectomy patients].", "content": "Up to now, there is in France no rehabilitation program after pneumonectomy but social security and kinesitherapy. Medical, functional and economical survey of 219 subjects operated 1 to 20 years earlier shows that, as far as return to work and psychological adaptation are concerned, these factors weight at least as much as severe respiratory insufficiency. Before setting up a program of rehabilitation one should study these factors and others that may eventually influence psychological equilibrium.", "contents": "[Results of rehabilitation in pneumonectomy patients]. Up to now, there is in France no rehabilitation program after pneumonectomy but social security and kinesitherapy. Medical, functional and economical survey of 219 subjects operated 1 to 20 years earlier shows that, as far as return to work and psychological adaptation are concerned, these factors weight at least as much as severe respiratory insufficiency. Before setting up a program of rehabilitation one should study these factors and others that may eventually influence psychological equilibrium."}
{"id": "PMID:876972", "title": "[Psychological rehabilitation of chronic pulmonary patients].", "content": "The readaptation of chronic pulmonary patients must be undertaken on a wide scope and particularly psychologically, considering the anxiety and immaturity of these patients. Whatever the length of the pulmonary disease and its treatment, they should benefit from a physical training together with a social and psychological help.", "contents": "[Psychological rehabilitation of chronic pulmonary patients]. The readaptation of chronic pulmonary patients must be undertaken on a wide scope and particularly psychologically, considering the anxiety and immaturity of these patients. Whatever the length of the pulmonary disease and its treatment, they should benefit from a physical training together with a social and psychological help."}
{"id": "PMID:877147", "title": "Evaluation of a clinical method of gait analysis.", "content": "Data on step and stride length, step width, foot angle, and cadence were collected from a sample of 30 normal women. The gait patterns were recorded on white paper by a method which involved the application of moleskin and ink to the soles of the subjects' shoes. The purpose of the investigation was to demonstrate the validity, technical reliability, and clinical feasibility of this method of gait analysis. The values obtained compared favorably with the results of a similarly designed laboratory study cited in the literature. In addition, the method was easy to apply, was not time consuming, and yielded data which were reproducible at greater than a 95% level of confidence.", "contents": "Evaluation of a clinical method of gait analysis. Data on step and stride length, step width, foot angle, and cadence were collected from a sample of 30 normal women. The gait patterns were recorded on white paper by a method which involved the application of moleskin and ink to the soles of the subjects' shoes. The purpose of the investigation was to demonstrate the validity, technical reliability, and clinical feasibility of this method of gait analysis. The values obtained compared favorably with the results of a similarly designed laboratory study cited in the literature. In addition, the method was easy to apply, was not time consuming, and yielded data which were reproducible at greater than a 95% level of confidence."}
{"id": "PMID:877148", "title": "Effect of sensory integrative therapy on the neurometer development of retarded children.", "content": "Three groups of trainable mentally retarded children participated in three different motor programs for an eight-month period. Children receiving sensory integrative therapy showed the greatest gains on test batteries for reflex integration and gross and fine motor skills. Children in a developmental physical education program demonstrated greater improvement on the same test batteries than a third group of children who participated in a recreational, adaptive physical education program and an \"arts and crafts\" oriented therapy program. Results of data analysis indicate that neuromotor development may be enhanced more effectively by activities which facilitate improved postural responses rather than by practice of specific motor skills.", "contents": "Effect of sensory integrative therapy on the neurometer development of retarded children. Three groups of trainable mentally retarded children participated in three different motor programs for an eight-month period. Children receiving sensory integrative therapy showed the greatest gains on test batteries for reflex integration and gross and fine motor skills. Children in a developmental physical education program demonstrated greater improvement on the same test batteries than a third group of children who participated in a recreational, adaptive physical education program and an \"arts and crafts\" oriented therapy program. Results of data analysis indicate that neuromotor development may be enhanced more effectively by activities which facilitate improved postural responses rather than by practice of specific motor skills."}
{"id": "PMID:877149", "title": "An integrated problem-solving curriculum design for physical therapy education.", "content": "Development of and experience with an integrated problem-solving curriculum design for physical therapy education is presented. The basic themes which relate discrete subject areas and a method of organizing the content around the themes are described. Problem-solving learning experiences are sequenced from the simple to the complex around the kind of situations found in clinical practice. Clinical education is integrated throughout the curriculum, and a calendar is developed based on the content of the learning experiences rather than the traditional university calendar.", "contents": "An integrated problem-solving curriculum design for physical therapy education. Development of and experience with an integrated problem-solving curriculum design for physical therapy education is presented. The basic themes which relate discrete subject areas and a method of organizing the content around the themes are described. Problem-solving learning experiences are sequenced from the simple to the complex around the kind of situations found in clinical practice. Clinical education is integrated throughout the curriculum, and a calendar is developed based on the content of the learning experiences rather than the traditional university calendar."}
{"id": "PMID:877150", "title": "Autism: an approach to learning.", "content": "The literature on autism as a childhood disorder is briefly reviewed, concentrating on diagnosis and methods of treatment. The autistic child is treated as a complex organism with many unknown factors in his development. A dysfunction in sensory integration is thought to interfere with the development of physical, intellectual, and emotional behavior. Because the primary cause of autism remains undetermined, no simple or direct approach to the treatment of the autistic child is known. The approach used for training autistic children at a summer camp sponsored by the North Carolina Society for Autistic Children is described, including the operational structure, daily activities, and training techniques. Informal observations of the physical and psychomotor characteristics of the children are discussed, and a short case report is included.", "contents": "Autism: an approach to learning. The literature on autism as a childhood disorder is briefly reviewed, concentrating on diagnosis and methods of treatment. The autistic child is treated as a complex organism with many unknown factors in his development. A dysfunction in sensory integration is thought to interfere with the development of physical, intellectual, and emotional behavior. Because the primary cause of autism remains undetermined, no simple or direct approach to the treatment of the autistic child is known. The approach used for training autistic children at a summer camp sponsored by the North Carolina Society for Autistic Children is described, including the operational structure, daily activities, and training techniques. Informal observations of the physical and psychomotor characteristics of the children are discussed, and a short case report is included."}
{"id": "PMID:877151", "title": "Cast-bracing. Principles, indications, and applications.", "content": "The advantages of the cast-brace include early independence in amublation resulting in decreased length of hospitalization and increased functional activities; increased knee function which allows sitting; avoidance of surgery and the possibility of concomitant complications; promotion of healing by decreasing edema and increasing callous formation; and decreasing the chance of delayed union; non-union, and refracture of the femur.", "contents": "Cast-bracing. Principles, indications, and applications. The advantages of the cast-brace include early independence in amublation resulting in decreased length of hospitalization and increased functional activities; increased knee function which allows sitting; avoidance of surgery and the possibility of concomitant complications; promotion of healing by decreasing edema and increasing callous formation; and decreasing the chance of delayed union; non-union, and refracture of the femur."}
{"id": "PMID:877152", "title": "Therapeutic program for the learning disabled child.", "content": "Thirty-two children, diagnosed as having learning disabilities, were evaluated according to developmental scales for problems in perceptual-motor, visual, and auditory skills by a physical therapist. Of these children, 12 had significant deficits in all these areas and remedial therapy was prescirbed. Short-term goals and long-term goals were defined. Parents were instructed in home programs to be carried out three times a week which were designed to supplement the w-ekly therapy sessions. After eight weeks, significant improvements were seen in identification of body parts, movement in space, gross motor activities (activities without rhythm components), and shape constancy. Appropriate classroom recommendations were made based on these results and the evaluations of other professionals as the child reached school age.", "contents": "Therapeutic program for the learning disabled child. Thirty-two children, diagnosed as having learning disabilities, were evaluated according to developmental scales for problems in perceptual-motor, visual, and auditory skills by a physical therapist. Of these children, 12 had significant deficits in all these areas and remedial therapy was prescirbed. Short-term goals and long-term goals were defined. Parents were instructed in home programs to be carried out three times a week which were designed to supplement the w-ekly therapy sessions. After eight weeks, significant improvements were seen in identification of body parts, movement in space, gross motor activities (activities without rhythm components), and shape constancy. Appropriate classroom recommendations were made based on these results and the evaluations of other professionals as the child reached school age."}
{"id": "PMID:877155", "title": "Rapping with a chaplain.", "content": "Group discussions for senior physical therapy students, led by the hospital chaplain, were held at the University of Florida Medical Center. The idea for these \"rap sessions\" originated with the Department of Physical Therapy at Shands Teaching Hospital. The content of the discussions grew out of the students' experiences during their clinical assignments. The experience was deemed beneficial to the learning process by students, clinic staff, and faculty and helped to create a more relaxed atmosphere for learning in the clinic.", "contents": "Rapping with a chaplain. Group discussions for senior physical therapy students, led by the hospital chaplain, were held at the University of Florida Medical Center. The idea for these \"rap sessions\" originated with the Department of Physical Therapy at Shands Teaching Hospital. The content of the discussions grew out of the students' experiences during their clinical assignments. The experience was deemed beneficial to the learning process by students, clinic staff, and faculty and helped to create a more relaxed atmosphere for learning in the clinic."}
{"id": "PMID:877156", "title": "Development of an outcome assessment and informational system for physical therapy. A multi-institutional project.", "content": "The profession of physical therapy needs an outcome assessment and informational system developed specifically for it. The goal-oriented assessment system and data collection procedures which use electronic data processing are an attempt to satisfy that need. The purpose of this project was to demonstrate that an electronic data processing of physical therapy services system could be adapted and implemented on a multi-institutional basis. Physical therapy departments in four community general hospitals in New Jersey implemented the program by applying the data base to all discharged patients during a six-month period. The program was again modified at the conclusion of actual use so that the requirements of all participating institutions would be satisfied. This outcome assessment and informational system can contribute to objective evaluation of physical therapy care.", "contents": "Development of an outcome assessment and informational system for physical therapy. A multi-institutional project. The profession of physical therapy needs an outcome assessment and informational system developed specifically for it. The goal-oriented assessment system and data collection procedures which use electronic data processing are an attempt to satisfy that need. The purpose of this project was to demonstrate that an electronic data processing of physical therapy services system could be adapted and implemented on a multi-institutional basis. Physical therapy departments in four community general hospitals in New Jersey implemented the program by applying the data base to all discharged patients during a six-month period. The program was again modified at the conclusion of actual use so that the requirements of all participating institutions would be satisfied. This outcome assessment and informational system can contribute to objective evaluation of physical therapy care."}
{"id": "PMID:877157", "title": "Accelerographic, temporal, and distance gait factors in below-knee amputees.", "content": "Gait characteristics of 19 patients with a unilateral below-knee amputation were studied. The accelerographic and foot placement method used in this study allowed for simultaneous acquisition of data commonly obtained in the experimental laboratory (acceleration) and data easily gathered in the physical therapy clinic (temporal and distance factors). The following results may be of interest to the clinician: 1) measures of cadence, stride length, and velocity were highly related and the magnitude of these measures was below commonly accepted values for normal; 2) the below-knee amputees spent more time in stance phase on their uninvolved lower extremity than on their involved (prosthetic) extemity; 3) the step length from heel strike of the uninvolved lower extremity to heel strike of the involved (prosthetic) lower extremity was greater and accomplished in less time than the opposite step; and 4) smoothness of the gait pattern and any single temporal and distance factor exhibited low statistical relationships.", "contents": "Accelerographic, temporal, and distance gait factors in below-knee amputees. Gait characteristics of 19 patients with a unilateral below-knee amputation were studied. The accelerographic and foot placement method used in this study allowed for simultaneous acquisition of data commonly obtained in the experimental laboratory (acceleration) and data easily gathered in the physical therapy clinic (temporal and distance factors). The following results may be of interest to the clinician: 1) measures of cadence, stride length, and velocity were highly related and the magnitude of these measures was below commonly accepted values for normal; 2) the below-knee amputees spent more time in stance phase on their uninvolved lower extremity than on their involved (prosthetic) extemity; 3) the step length from heel strike of the uninvolved lower extremity to heel strike of the involved (prosthetic) lower extremity was greater and accomplished in less time than the opposite step; and 4) smoothness of the gait pattern and any single temporal and distance factor exhibited low statistical relationships."}
{"id": "PMID:877158", "title": "Financial aspects of clinical education to facilities.", "content": "The financial aspects of clinical education for full-time junior and senior physical therapy students as related to facilities offering clinical affiliatins were determined. A questionnaire concerning supervisory expenses, student support, direct and indirect costs returned by 35 facilities of all types provided the basic information. Comparisons of costs and revenues were made for junior and senior students separately and for facilities according to type, size,and personnel involved in student supervision.", "contents": "Financial aspects of clinical education to facilities. The financial aspects of clinical education for full-time junior and senior physical therapy students as related to facilities offering clinical affiliatins were determined. A questionnaire concerning supervisory expenses, student support, direct and indirect costs returned by 35 facilities of all types provided the basic information. Comparisons of costs and revenues were made for junior and senior students separately and for facilities according to type, size,and personnel involved in student supervision."}
{"id": "PMID:877159", "title": "Cervical traction. Review of literature and treatment guidelines.", "content": "This article is a review of the literature on cervical traction. The various mechanical factors most relevant to cervical traction are organized and discussed. The factors presented are 1) neck position, 2) traction force, 3) duration of traction, 4) angle of pull, and 5) position of the patient. Treatment guidelines are suggested based on interpretation of the literature.", "contents": "Cervical traction. Review of literature and treatment guidelines. This article is a review of the literature on cervical traction. The various mechanical factors most relevant to cervical traction are organized and discussed. The factors presented are 1) neck position, 2) traction force, 3) duration of traction, 4) angle of pull, and 5) position of the patient. Treatment guidelines are suggested based on interpretation of the literature."}
{"id": "PMID:877166", "title": "[Hemostatic processes in aneurysmal hemorrhages].", "content": "Pathogenetic, diagnostic, and therapeutic problems and questions associated with ruptured cerebral aneurysms assume good knowledge of hemostatic processes. The three factors affecting hemostasia, namely, vasoactive, coagulative, and fibrinolytic risk factors in the blood, cerebro--spinal fluid, and at the site of damage to the vessel wall, are discussed withparticular reference to a thrombosing aneurysm. In the case of secondary hemorrhages it is necessary to determine the cause or pathogenesis, respectively, of the disturbance of coagulation or increase in fibrinolysis in order to be able to take suitable therapeutic measures and reduce the risk of secondary bleeding occurring within the first critical weeks after aneurysmal rupture.", "contents": "[Hemostatic processes in aneurysmal hemorrhages]. Pathogenetic, diagnostic, and therapeutic problems and questions associated with ruptured cerebral aneurysms assume good knowledge of hemostatic processes. The three factors affecting hemostasia, namely, vasoactive, coagulative, and fibrinolytic risk factors in the blood, cerebro--spinal fluid, and at the site of damage to the vessel wall, are discussed withparticular reference to a thrombosing aneurysm. In the case of secondary hemorrhages it is necessary to determine the cause or pathogenesis, respectively, of the disturbance of coagulation or increase in fibrinolysis in order to be able to take suitable therapeutic measures and reduce the risk of secondary bleeding occurring within the first critical weeks after aneurysmal rupture."}
{"id": "PMID:877167", "title": "[Cardiac involvement in chronic alcoholism].", "content": "Electrocardiographic examinations of thirty- to fifty-year-old patients with chronic alcoholism showed a variety of ECG alterations. Similar results obtained for cardiomyopathies suggest, at least for some of the sufferers from alcoholism included in this investigation, cases of alcoholic's cardiomyopathy. It is only by abstinence from alcohol that a complete regression of alcoholic's cardiomyopathy may be brought about. Anyway, it is recommended that sufferers from chronic alcoholism should be cardiologically examined at certain intervals of time.", "contents": "[Cardiac involvement in chronic alcoholism]. Electrocardiographic examinations of thirty- to fifty-year-old patients with chronic alcoholism showed a variety of ECG alterations. Similar results obtained for cardiomyopathies suggest, at least for some of the sufferers from alcoholism included in this investigation, cases of alcoholic's cardiomyopathy. It is only by abstinence from alcohol that a complete regression of alcoholic's cardiomyopathy may be brought about. Anyway, it is recommended that sufferers from chronic alcoholism should be cardiologically examined at certain intervals of time."}
{"id": "PMID:877168", "title": "[Multiple sex drive abnormalities in a patient with Klinefelter's syndrome].", "content": "The authors report various sexual instinct disturbances and, more specifically, exhibitionism and pedophilia of a 25-year-old patient with Klinefelter's syndrome. The patient had committed several punishable offenses and was referred to our specialty clinic for psychologic and psychiatric examinations. Aspects of psychopathology and causal etiopathogenetic relationships of the authors' own observations are discussed and compared with those reported in the literature. Environmental factors are considered to be primarily responsible for the development of sexual perversions. The Klinefelter syndrome as such may be regarded as being of predispositional importance only.", "contents": "[Multiple sex drive abnormalities in a patient with Klinefelter's syndrome]. The authors report various sexual instinct disturbances and, more specifically, exhibitionism and pedophilia of a 25-year-old patient with Klinefelter's syndrome. The patient had committed several punishable offenses and was referred to our specialty clinic for psychologic and psychiatric examinations. Aspects of psychopathology and causal etiopathogenetic relationships of the authors' own observations are discussed and compared with those reported in the literature. Environmental factors are considered to be primarily responsible for the development of sexual perversions. The Klinefelter syndrome as such may be regarded as being of predispositional importance only."}
{"id": "PMID:877169", "title": "[Neurocybernetic basis of hallucinations and related illusions].", "content": "Present concepts of circuits of neurons involved in the development of regular perception are used as a basis for discussing possible processes proceeding in these circuits and producing hallucinations and other illusions and false perceptions in mental patients or normal subjects.", "contents": "[Neurocybernetic basis of hallucinations and related illusions]. Present concepts of circuits of neurons involved in the development of regular perception are used as a basis for discussing possible processes proceeding in these circuits and producing hallucinations and other illusions and false perceptions in mental patients or normal subjects."}
{"id": "PMID:877170", "title": "[Some peculiarities of lithium intoxication in the elderly].", "content": "This is a report on two 73- and 68-year-old female patients with monophasic mania, who had been treated with lithium compounds for six years (without showing any complications) and who, because of a relapse of mania, were therapeutically treated with lithium compounds on an inpatient basis. The intoxications observed in the two female patients are described. Also discussed are the peculiarities of lithium intoxication in old age.", "contents": "[Some peculiarities of lithium intoxication in the elderly]. This is a report on two 73- and 68-year-old female patients with monophasic mania, who had been treated with lithium compounds for six years (without showing any complications) and who, because of a relapse of mania, were therapeutically treated with lithium compounds on an inpatient basis. The intoxications observed in the two female patients are described. Also discussed are the peculiarities of lithium intoxication in old age."}
{"id": "PMID:877178", "title": "[Treatment of alcoholics with cerebro-organic deterioration and no understanding of their illness (author's transl)].", "content": "A report was made of the methods of operating and setting up a ward in the psychiatric county hospital Weinsberg. This ward specializes in the treatment of alcoholics with cerebroorganic deterioration, who are unmotivated for therapy and have no understanding of their illness. One behavioral method is used during clinical treatment to control the alcohol intake was presented. Sociotherapeutic measures to help the patient abstain from alcohol after his release were discussed.", "contents": "[Treatment of alcoholics with cerebro-organic deterioration and no understanding of their illness (author's transl)]. A report was made of the methods of operating and setting up a ward in the psychiatric county hospital Weinsberg. This ward specializes in the treatment of alcoholics with cerebroorganic deterioration, who are unmotivated for therapy and have no understanding of their illness. One behavioral method is used during clinical treatment to control the alcohol intake was presented. Sociotherapeutic measures to help the patient abstain from alcohol after his release were discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:877185", "title": "Anterior pituitary hormone secretion in chronic schizophrenia--an approach to neurohumoral mechanisms.", "content": "Prolactin, FSH, LH and TSH were determined in repeated samples of serum from 16 unmedicated male patients with chronic schizophrenia. Changes in the mental states between the 2 occasions were related to changes in hormone levels. Significant inverse correlations were established between prolactin and incoherence of speech, between prolactin and total positive symptoms and between FSH and poverty of speech. A significant positive correlation was established between FSH and delusions. These findings are discussed in the context of evidence concerning the role of monoamines in the control of anterior pituitary function, and of the dopamine and other monoamine hypotheses of schizophrenia. Although prolactin secretion was not as low, as would be predicted on the basis of the dopamine overactivity hypothesis of schizophrenia, the relationship between symptom change and change in prolactin secretion was consistent with the hypothesis that increasing symptom severity is associated with increasing dopamine release from the tubero-infundibular system.", "contents": "Anterior pituitary hormone secretion in chronic schizophrenia--an approach to neurohumoral mechanisms. Prolactin, FSH, LH and TSH were determined in repeated samples of serum from 16 unmedicated male patients with chronic schizophrenia. Changes in the mental states between the 2 occasions were related to changes in hormone levels. Significant inverse correlations were established between prolactin and incoherence of speech, between prolactin and total positive symptoms and between FSH and poverty of speech. A significant positive correlation was established between FSH and delusions. These findings are discussed in the context of evidence concerning the role of monoamines in the control of anterior pituitary function, and of the dopamine and other monoamine hypotheses of schizophrenia. Although prolactin secretion was not as low, as would be predicted on the basis of the dopamine overactivity hypothesis of schizophrenia, the relationship between symptom change and change in prolactin secretion was consistent with the hypothesis that increasing symptom severity is associated with increasing dopamine release from the tubero-infundibular system."}
{"id": "PMID:877186", "title": "A reappraisal of body perception disturbance in anorexia nervosa.", "content": "Previous research has suggested that patients suffering from anorexia nervosa tend to overestimate their body size, whereas normal females tend to be very accurate in this respect. This paper presents the results of further investigations of body perception amongst anorexic and normal females. The results, in contrast to earlier findings, indicate no such difference between groups. Detailed analysis of the data, however, points to the likelihood of certain differences between the present group of anorexic patients and previous groups. Moreover, it seems that body perception disturbance is not a consistent feature of anorexia nervosa and is only present amongst some patients at certain stages during their illness. On subdividing the anorexic group it was demonstrated that patients who vomit tend to overestimate their size more than do non-vomiters. It also seems likely that normal females are far from homogeneous in terms of body perception. In line with previous findings, a direct relationship was found between marked overestimation of body size and an early relapse. Evidence is also discussed which suggests that body perception disturbance is not specific to anorexia nervosa and may reflect an abnormal sensitivity about body size associated with such factors as the anticipation of an undesired change in weight, extreme concern about slimness and anxiety about putting on weight.", "contents": "A reappraisal of body perception disturbance in anorexia nervosa. Previous research has suggested that patients suffering from anorexia nervosa tend to overestimate their body size, whereas normal females tend to be very accurate in this respect. This paper presents the results of further investigations of body perception amongst anorexic and normal females. The results, in contrast to earlier findings, indicate no such difference between groups. Detailed analysis of the data, however, points to the likelihood of certain differences between the present group of anorexic patients and previous groups. Moreover, it seems that body perception disturbance is not a consistent feature of anorexia nervosa and is only present amongst some patients at certain stages during their illness. On subdividing the anorexic group it was demonstrated that patients who vomit tend to overestimate their size more than do non-vomiters. It also seems likely that normal females are far from homogeneous in terms of body perception. In line with previous findings, a direct relationship was found between marked overestimation of body size and an early relapse. Evidence is also discussed which suggests that body perception disturbance is not specific to anorexia nervosa and may reflect an abnormal sensitivity about body size associated with such factors as the anticipation of an undesired change in weight, extreme concern about slimness and anxiety about putting on weight."}
{"id": "PMID:877187", "title": "Awareness of body dimensions during pregnancy: an analogue study.", "content": "Two alternative explanations of the body-image abnormality in anorexia nervosa patients are outlined: namely, the 'abnormal sensitivity' and 'adaptational failure' hypotheses. Evidence relating to these 2 conflicting hypotheses was obtained from body-perception measurements carried out on groups of pregnant women. In the first study 40 pregnant women, at approximately 4 month's duration, were found to overestimate their bodily dimensions, albeit to a lesser extent than the previously tested group of anorexia nervosa patients (Slade & Russell, 1973a). When they were subdivided on the basis of a history of weight change over the previous 12 months, the 'stable weight' subgroup was found to overestimate significantly more than the 'weight gain' and 'weight loss' subgroups. In a second study 16 of the original group of pregnant women were retested at approximately 8 month's duration. Although their weight and bodily dimensions had increased on retesting, their tendency to overestimate was found to be significantly reduced. It was concluded that the phenomenon of body-image disorder is not specific to anorexia nervosa, extending not only to patients with obesity and to some normal women, but also to women during pregnancy. Moreover, the 'abnormal sensitivity' hypothesis was considered to fit these and other recently accumulated data better than the alternative 'adaptational failure' hypothesis. Some of the theoretical and clinical implications of these findings are discussed.", "contents": "Awareness of body dimensions during pregnancy: an analogue study. Two alternative explanations of the body-image abnormality in anorexia nervosa patients are outlined: namely, the 'abnormal sensitivity' and 'adaptational failure' hypotheses. Evidence relating to these 2 conflicting hypotheses was obtained from body-perception measurements carried out on groups of pregnant women. In the first study 40 pregnant women, at approximately 4 month's duration, were found to overestimate their bodily dimensions, albeit to a lesser extent than the previously tested group of anorexia nervosa patients (Slade & Russell, 1973a). When they were subdivided on the basis of a history of weight change over the previous 12 months, the 'stable weight' subgroup was found to overestimate significantly more than the 'weight gain' and 'weight loss' subgroups. In a second study 16 of the original group of pregnant women were retested at approximately 8 month's duration. Although their weight and bodily dimensions had increased on retesting, their tendency to overestimate was found to be significantly reduced. It was concluded that the phenomenon of body-image disorder is not specific to anorexia nervosa, extending not only to patients with obesity and to some normal women, but also to women during pregnancy. Moreover, the 'abnormal sensitivity' hypothesis was considered to fit these and other recently accumulated data better than the alternative 'adaptational failure' hypothesis. Some of the theoretical and clinical implications of these findings are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:877188", "title": "Perceptual distortion of body image in adolescent girls: distortion of body image in adolescence.", "content": "Body image estimations in 86 normal-weight adolescent girls showed (a) a tendency to overestimate body width and underestimate body length and (b) an association between the younger ages and the extent of overestimation of body width. In particular there is a sharp drop in overestimation between ages 10 and 11 and thereafter a more gradual and non-significant decline. These age-specific normative data are useful in assessing body image distortions in a variety of medical and psychiatric disorders.", "contents": "Perceptual distortion of body image in adolescent girls: distortion of body image in adolescence. Body image estimations in 86 normal-weight adolescent girls showed (a) a tendency to overestimate body width and underestimate body length and (b) an association between the younger ages and the extent of overestimation of body width. In particular there is a sharp drop in overestimation between ages 10 and 11 and thereafter a more gradual and non-significant decline. These age-specific normative data are useful in assessing body image distortions in a variety of medical and psychiatric disorders."}
{"id": "PMID:877189", "title": "Schizophrenia and coeliac disease--the nature of the relationship.", "content": "To test the hypothesis of an association between schizophrenia and coeliac disease, the sera of 380 chronic schizophrenic in-patients in two mental hospitals in the West of Ireland have been screened for the presence of reticulin antibodies. Antibodies were found in 26 patients. Twenty-one of these patients were further studied by proximal duodenal mucosal biopsy. None of the biopsies showed the morphological and histological features found in untreated coeliac disease. The incidence of reticulin antibodies in schizophrenic patients and controls is similar. The findings of this study lead to the rejection of the hypothesis of a positive genetic relationship between schizophrenia and coeliac disease.", "contents": "Schizophrenia and coeliac disease--the nature of the relationship. To test the hypothesis of an association between schizophrenia and coeliac disease, the sera of 380 chronic schizophrenic in-patients in two mental hospitals in the West of Ireland have been screened for the presence of reticulin antibodies. Antibodies were found in 26 patients. Twenty-one of these patients were further studied by proximal duodenal mucosal biopsy. None of the biopsies showed the morphological and histological features found in untreated coeliac disease. The incidence of reticulin antibodies in schizophrenic patients and controls is similar. The findings of this study lead to the rejection of the hypothesis of a positive genetic relationship between schizophrenia and coeliac disease."}
{"id": "PMID:877190", "title": "Epileptic seizures induced by psychotropic drugs.", "content": "On the basis of information abstracted from case histories, 41 patients who had experienced epileptic seizures thought to be due either to treatment with psychiatric drugs or to withdrawal from sedative drugs were compared with a control group of patients. Those who had experienced seizures were more commonly first born and had a history of post-natal brain damage. During the week preceding the seizure there had been a marked increase in drug prescribing. The implications for drug management are discussed.", "contents": "Epileptic seizures induced by psychotropic drugs. On the basis of information abstracted from case histories, 41 patients who had experienced epileptic seizures thought to be due either to treatment with psychiatric drugs or to withdrawal from sedative drugs were compared with a control group of patients. Those who had experienced seizures were more commonly first born and had a history of post-natal brain damage. During the week preceding the seizure there had been a marked increase in drug prescribing. The implications for drug management are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:877191", "title": "Hysterical fits previously diagnosed as epilepsy.", "content": "Seventeen patients with hysterical fits, previously diagnosed and treated by neurologists as epileptics, were distinguished from a matched control group of 17 epileptics by 5 factors: a family history and personal history of psychiatric disorder, attempted suicide, sexual maladjustment, and a current affective syndrome.", "contents": "Hysterical fits previously diagnosed as epilepsy. Seventeen patients with hysterical fits, previously diagnosed and treated by neurologists as epileptics, were distinguished from a matched control group of 17 epileptics by 5 factors: a family history and personal history of psychiatric disorder, attempted suicide, sexual maladjustment, and a current affective syndrome."}
{"id": "PMID:877192", "title": "Depressive illness: the role of aggression further considered.", "content": "Measures of depression and undischarged drive were obtained for 292 psychiatric in-patients. In 200 of these cases inhibition of aggression was also assessed. All patients were classified as being endogenously depressed, reactively depressed, or as suffering from non-depressive primary disorders. The latter group was subdivided into secondarily depressed and non-depressed groups. The 3 depressed groups were then compared with the non-depressed subjects in respect of drive level and inhibition of aggressionmall 3 depressed groups showed significantly higher driver level than did the non-depressed subjects. The endogenous depressives also inhibited significantly more of their aggression than did the non-depressed subjects. The results are consistent with a drive inhibition theory of depression. However, while endogenous depression seems to be associated more specifically with the inhibition of aggression, reactive depression may be associated rather with the inhibition of drive generally.", "contents": "Depressive illness: the role of aggression further considered. Measures of depression and undischarged drive were obtained for 292 psychiatric in-patients. In 200 of these cases inhibition of aggression was also assessed. All patients were classified as being endogenously depressed, reactively depressed, or as suffering from non-depressive primary disorders. The latter group was subdivided into secondarily depressed and non-depressed groups. The 3 depressed groups were then compared with the non-depressed subjects in respect of drive level and inhibition of aggressionmall 3 depressed groups showed significantly higher driver level than did the non-depressed subjects. The endogenous depressives also inhibited significantly more of their aggression than did the non-depressed subjects. The results are consistent with a drive inhibition theory of depression. However, while endogenous depression seems to be associated more specifically with the inhibition of aggression, reactive depression may be associated rather with the inhibition of drive generally."}
{"id": "PMID:877193", "title": "People who deliberately poison or injure themselves: their problems and their contacts with helping agencies.", "content": "A representative sample of 130 people was interviewed shortly following self-poisoning or self-injury. The interview method is described. Events in the week prior to the attempt, and the incidence of various kinds of chronic problems are reported. Events involving key relationships were much more common than other kinds. The most important event was a quarrel, particularly in the 48 hours prior to the attempts and more common with female than with male attempters. The possible relevance of quarrels to understanding overdose behaviour is discussed. Nearly a third were receiving non-psychiatric treatment at the time of the 'attempt'. Approximately one quarter were currently receiving psychiatric treatment and a half had received it at some time. A substantial proportion had been admitted to either psychiatric or non-psychiatric hospitals within the past year. The proportions indicating the need for various kinds of help are reported. Most people said they needed 'someone to talk to'. More than half had been in contact with some form of helping agency during the week prior to the attempt. The possible significance of these findings is discussed. An attempt was made to look for 'syndromes' or groupings of problems. The resulting analysis, whilst of interest, did not lead to a satisfactory method for classifying individuals. It was concluded that a more satisfactory typology of 'attempters' is likely if types of relationship problems are investigated in more detail.", "contents": "People who deliberately poison or injure themselves: their problems and their contacts with helping agencies. A representative sample of 130 people was interviewed shortly following self-poisoning or self-injury. The interview method is described. Events in the week prior to the attempt, and the incidence of various kinds of chronic problems are reported. Events involving key relationships were much more common than other kinds. The most important event was a quarrel, particularly in the 48 hours prior to the attempts and more common with female than with male attempters. The possible relevance of quarrels to understanding overdose behaviour is discussed. Nearly a third were receiving non-psychiatric treatment at the time of the 'attempt'. Approximately one quarter were currently receiving psychiatric treatment and a half had received it at some time. A substantial proportion had been admitted to either psychiatric or non-psychiatric hospitals within the past year. The proportions indicating the need for various kinds of help are reported. Most people said they needed 'someone to talk to'. More than half had been in contact with some form of helping agency during the week prior to the attempt. The possible significance of these findings is discussed. An attempt was made to look for 'syndromes' or groupings of problems. The resulting analysis, whilst of interest, did not lead to a satisfactory method for classifying individuals. It was concluded that a more satisfactory typology of 'attempters' is likely if types of relationship problems are investigated in more detail."}
{"id": "PMID:877194", "title": "Neurotic illness in the families of children with asthma and wheezy bronchitis: a general practice population study.", "content": "In a controlled population study 111 families of children with asthma and wheezy bronchitis were screened. The mothers of asthmatics suffered more depressive illness than controls. This correlates with the severity of the child's asthma. There was no difference in immunological status between depressive and non-depressive mothers of asthmatics.", "contents": "Neurotic illness in the families of children with asthma and wheezy bronchitis: a general practice population study. In a controlled population study 111 families of children with asthma and wheezy bronchitis were screened. The mothers of asthmatics suffered more depressive illness than controls. This correlates with the severity of the child's asthma. There was no difference in immunological status between depressive and non-depressive mothers of asthmatics."}
{"id": "PMID:877195", "title": "Predicting success in psychiatric training for foreign medical graduates: II. Patterns in course.", "content": "Faculty ratings of 22 foreign medical graduates ('FMGs'), all of whom entered psychiatric residency training at the University of Missouri-Columbia from 1966 through 1973, were compared with those of a similar group of North American medical graduates ('AMGs'). An on-going evaluation programme provided data for a variety of parameters ranging from 'theoretical knowledge' to 'clinical skills'. Results indicated that in most of performance the median FMG started at a level substantially lower than that of the median AMG and very slowly caught up. When achievement criteria were utilized it became apparent that, at least by the third year of training, 'superior' FMGs could equal or surpass the median performance of 'superior' AMGs, whereas 'marginal' residents, whether foreign or native-born, seldom attained even competence in most major spheres of functioning. Implications of these findings and those in related studies are discussed.", "contents": "Predicting success in psychiatric training for foreign medical graduates: II. Patterns in course. Faculty ratings of 22 foreign medical graduates ('FMGs'), all of whom entered psychiatric residency training at the University of Missouri-Columbia from 1966 through 1973, were compared with those of a similar group of North American medical graduates ('AMGs'). An on-going evaluation programme provided data for a variety of parameters ranging from 'theoretical knowledge' to 'clinical skills'. Results indicated that in most of performance the median FMG started at a level substantially lower than that of the median AMG and very slowly caught up. When achievement criteria were utilized it became apparent that, at least by the third year of training, 'superior' FMGs could equal or surpass the median performance of 'superior' AMGs, whereas 'marginal' residents, whether foreign or native-born, seldom attained even competence in most major spheres of functioning. Implications of these findings and those in related studies are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:877196", "title": "Psychiatric morbidity among West Africans and West Indians living in London.", "content": "All west Africans and West Indians living in Camberwell who made a psychiatric contact between 1 January 1965 and 31 December 1968 were selected using the Camberwell Psychiatric Register as a sampling frame. Inception rates of psychiatric illness were then calculated using the 1966 10% census figures for West Africans and West Indians in Camberwell. The rates found were compared to those among the British living in Camberwell. For each major diagnostic caterogy, with the exception of reactive depression and paranoid states, the inception rates are significantly higher among West Africans than West Indians. They are also significantly higher among West Indians than British. However, the differences in inception rates are generally greater between West Africans and West Indians than between the latter and the British.", "contents": "Psychiatric morbidity among West Africans and West Indians living in London. All west Africans and West Indians living in Camberwell who made a psychiatric contact between 1 January 1965 and 31 December 1968 were selected using the Camberwell Psychiatric Register as a sampling frame. Inception rates of psychiatric illness were then calculated using the 1966 10% census figures for West Africans and West Indians in Camberwell. The rates found were compared to those among the British living in Camberwell. For each major diagnostic caterogy, with the exception of reactive depression and paranoid states, the inception rates are significantly higher among West Africans than West Indians. They are also significantly higher among West Indians than British. However, the differences in inception rates are generally greater between West Africans and West Indians than between the latter and the British."}
{"id": "PMID:877197", "title": "The characteristics of psychiatric patients readmitted within a month of discharge.", "content": "From the Camberwell Register it was found that 9-14% of all admissions in the years 1965-70 were readmissions within a month of discharge. The characteristics of these patients were compared with the total population admitted. No particular diagnostic category was associated with rapid readmissions but the rapidly readmitted group contained a high proportion of young patients and divorced or separated patients. The case notes of rapidly readmitted patients were examined and compared with the case notes of a control group. The circumstance which predisposed patients to require rapid readmission was the degree of socially disruptive behaviour of the patient. Patients benefited from readmission and the reasons for this are discussed.", "contents": "The characteristics of psychiatric patients readmitted within a month of discharge. From the Camberwell Register it was found that 9-14% of all admissions in the years 1965-70 were readmissions within a month of discharge. The characteristics of these patients were compared with the total population admitted. No particular diagnostic category was associated with rapid readmissions but the rapidly readmitted group contained a high proportion of young patients and divorced or separated patients. The case notes of rapidly readmitted patients were examined and compared with the case notes of a control group. The circumstance which predisposed patients to require rapid readmission was the degree of socially disruptive behaviour of the patient. Patients benefited from readmission and the reasons for this are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:877204", "title": "Implementation of legislative requirements for emergency medical services in prepaid group practice organizations.", "content": "The Health Maintenance Organization Act of 1973, the Emergency Medical Services (EMS) Systems Act of 1973, and other laws are examined for their effects on the organization and management of emergency services in prepaid group practice plans (PPGP). The study was conducted in 1974-75 by the Group Health Association of America. The data were gathered through interviews with administrators and providers of seven PPGPs and with leaders of health planning agencies in the same communities, as well as through reviews of internal documents and a 1-month utilization survey of emergency and urgent care services in each PPGP. Effects of the laws were found to be limited, with the health maintenance legislation appearing to have the greastes effect on the design of emergency servide models. In most localities, two parallel systems may operate in offering round-the-clock emergency care and programs to educate members and the public about the appropriate use of emergency facilities. The EMS legislation has had minimal effects on the design of emergency services in the PPGPs. The emergency services component is the most transitional aspect of the PPGS nad the one most amenable to change. Revisions have come through changes in internal management policy and from demands of subscribers. A regulating inference in the operation of the PGP, in the area of emergency services as well as in the delivery of primary care services, is that the plans must compete, both in costs and benefits, with available indemnity insurance coverage. The market dictates premium levels without regard to associated benefits. Additional costs for broader coverage and administrative regulatory mechanisms must be borne by the subscriber in the form of increased premiums. As a result, the utilization of expensive emergency care must be carefully controlled, and this restraint is often accomplished by requirements specifying which health problems are appropriate for the provision of emergency care, rather than by delaying assistance until the plan's office hours. The furtherance of the PPGP concept, that the entire health care of the individual person is provided and financed by one organization, definancedby one organization, detracts from the viability of a central body charged with the coordination of the delivery of all emergency services in the community. It results not only in duplication of effort but often in the establishment of potentially antagoistic organizations.", "contents": "Implementation of legislative requirements for emergency medical services in prepaid group practice organizations. The Health Maintenance Organization Act of 1973, the Emergency Medical Services (EMS) Systems Act of 1973, and other laws are examined for their effects on the organization and management of emergency services in prepaid group practice plans (PPGP). The study was conducted in 1974-75 by the Group Health Association of America. The data were gathered through interviews with administrators and providers of seven PPGPs and with leaders of health planning agencies in the same communities, as well as through reviews of internal documents and a 1-month utilization survey of emergency and urgent care services in each PPGP. Effects of the laws were found to be limited, with the health maintenance legislation appearing to have the greastes effect on the design of emergency servide models. In most localities, two parallel systems may operate in offering round-the-clock emergency care and programs to educate members and the public about the appropriate use of emergency facilities. The EMS legislation has had minimal effects on the design of emergency services in the PPGPs. The emergency services component is the most transitional aspect of the PPGS nad the one most amenable to change. Revisions have come through changes in internal management policy and from demands of subscribers. A regulating inference in the operation of the PGP, in the area of emergency services as well as in the delivery of primary care services, is that the plans must compete, both in costs and benefits, with available indemnity insurance coverage. The market dictates premium levels without regard to associated benefits. Additional costs for broader coverage and administrative regulatory mechanisms must be borne by the subscriber in the form of increased premiums. As a result, the utilization of expensive emergency care must be carefully controlled, and this restraint is often accomplished by requirements specifying which health problems are appropriate for the provision of emergency care, rather than by delaying assistance until the plan's office hours. The furtherance of the PPGP concept, that the entire health care of the individual person is provided and financed by one organization, definancedby one organization, detracts from the viability of a central body charged with the coordination of the delivery of all emergency services in the community. It results not only in duplication of effort but often in the establishment of potentially antagoistic organizations."}
{"id": "PMID:877206", "title": "A simplified method for approximation of shortages of rural physicians.", "content": "The distribution of physicians can be mapped and shortage areas and the number of physicians needed in them can be determined by use of the simple, inexpensive method described. However, the limitations of the methodology must be borne in mind. One should visualize the physician shortage as only a rough indication of the need for primary health care services. More detailed analysis of each area may be required before a new service is actually established, for example, developing a community profile of the planned service area (age sex mix, income, education, race, occupation, and so on), surveying service-level expectation in the community, or studying patients' use of primary care providers in neighboring areas. Even more important may be the selection among a number of possible choices of service alternatives, such as satellite practices, use of physician's assistants or nurse practitioners, or group practices. Estimates based on simplified data and approximations are useful in leading planners to areas of probable undersupply and in helping them to avoid the problems of oversupply. These estimates identify target areas that appear to have physician shortages and point out where more refined analysis should be concentrated.", "contents": "A simplified method for approximation of shortages of rural physicians. The distribution of physicians can be mapped and shortage areas and the number of physicians needed in them can be determined by use of the simple, inexpensive method described. However, the limitations of the methodology must be borne in mind. One should visualize the physician shortage as only a rough indication of the need for primary health care services. More detailed analysis of each area may be required before a new service is actually established, for example, developing a community profile of the planned service area (age sex mix, income, education, race, occupation, and so on), surveying service-level expectation in the community, or studying patients' use of primary care providers in neighboring areas. Even more important may be the selection among a number of possible choices of service alternatives, such as satellite practices, use of physician's assistants or nurse practitioners, or group practices. Estimates based on simplified data and approximations are useful in leading planners to areas of probable undersupply and in helping them to avoid the problems of oversupply. These estimates identify target areas that appear to have physician shortages and point out where more refined analysis should be concentrated."}
{"id": "PMID:877208", "title": "Diphtheria on Skid Road, Seattle, Wash., 1972-75.", "content": "From July 1972 to December 1975, an unusual outbreak of diphtheria in Seattle, Wash., resulted in a total of 558 cases and carriers, mostly among heavy alcohol users. Skin infections were predominant. Four white men died. The highest attack rate was among native American Indians. Environmental contamination and poor personal hygience were believed to be important in continuation of the epidemic, but could not be proved. Control measures included casefinding, isolation and quarantine, sanitizing dwelling units and mass immunization with Td toxoid. The high-risk geographic area was the city's Skid Road. This area continues to be the reservoir of continuing infection, but not all population subgroups there have been at equal risk. Spread to other geographic areas of the city and county has been minimal and remains under control.", "contents": "Diphtheria on Skid Road, Seattle, Wash., 1972-75. From July 1972 to December 1975, an unusual outbreak of diphtheria in Seattle, Wash., resulted in a total of 558 cases and carriers, mostly among heavy alcohol users. Skin infections were predominant. Four white men died. The highest attack rate was among native American Indians. Environmental contamination and poor personal hygience were believed to be important in continuation of the epidemic, but could not be proved. Control measures included casefinding, isolation and quarantine, sanitizing dwelling units and mass immunization with Td toxoid. The high-risk geographic area was the city's Skid Road. This area continues to be the reservoir of continuing infection, but not all population subgroups there have been at equal risk. Spread to other geographic areas of the city and county has been minimal and remains under control."}
{"id": "PMID:877211", "title": "Venezuelan equine encephalitis vaccination survey in Arizona and New Mexico, 1972.", "content": "Field studies were conducted in 1972 to determine the immunization status of equines along the Mexico, Arizona, and New Mexico borders. Interviews with horse owners were conducted along roads selected at random in the counties of Santa Cruz and Yuma, Ariz., and in Dona Ana County, N. Mex. At least 450 horse owners in each county were asked about the vaccination status of their animals, and information was taken on 1,260 animals. Blood specimens were obtained from every third equine, regardless of stated vaccination status, and tested for the presence of Venezuelan equine encephalitis (VEE), western equine encephalomyelitis (WEE), and eastern equine encephalomyelitis (EEE) neutralization antibodies. Serum samples were collected from 446 equines in the 3-county area; only 227 (50.7 percent) had both a history of VEE vaccination in 1971 (including 20 vaccinated in 1972) and serum neutralization antibody against VEE. Of the remaining 220 with no detectable neutralization antibody to VEE, 197 (89.5 percent) had a history of VEE vaccination in 1971 (including 5 revaccinated in 1972), 14 (6.4 percent) had no history of vaccination, and 9 (4.1 percent) had an unknown vaccination status. Eighty-two percent (160 of 1971) of the equines with a history of VEE vaccination and presence of dectectable WEE or EEE antibodies, or both, had no detectable levels of VEE antibody. Therefore, the results of this study suggest that the presence of WEE or EEE antibodies, or both, may suppress the development of dectable vaccine-induced VEE antibody response in the equine. As a result of this investigation, the U.S. Department of Agriculture, as an added precaution, recommended the revaccination of equines in areas of the United States bordering Mexico.", "contents": "Venezuelan equine encephalitis vaccination survey in Arizona and New Mexico, 1972. Field studies were conducted in 1972 to determine the immunization status of equines along the Mexico, Arizona, and New Mexico borders. Interviews with horse owners were conducted along roads selected at random in the counties of Santa Cruz and Yuma, Ariz., and in Dona Ana County, N. Mex. At least 450 horse owners in each county were asked about the vaccination status of their animals, and information was taken on 1,260 animals. Blood specimens were obtained from every third equine, regardless of stated vaccination status, and tested for the presence of Venezuelan equine encephalitis (VEE), western equine encephalomyelitis (WEE), and eastern equine encephalomyelitis (EEE) neutralization antibodies. Serum samples were collected from 446 equines in the 3-county area; only 227 (50.7 percent) had both a history of VEE vaccination in 1971 (including 20 vaccinated in 1972) and serum neutralization antibody against VEE. Of the remaining 220 with no detectable neutralization antibody to VEE, 197 (89.5 percent) had a history of VEE vaccination in 1971 (including 5 revaccinated in 1972), 14 (6.4 percent) had no history of vaccination, and 9 (4.1 percent) had an unknown vaccination status. Eighty-two percent (160 of 1971) of the equines with a history of VEE vaccination and presence of dectectable WEE or EEE antibodies, or both, had no detectable levels of VEE antibody. Therefore, the results of this study suggest that the presence of WEE or EEE antibodies, or both, may suppress the development of dectable vaccine-induced VEE antibody response in the equine. As a result of this investigation, the U.S. Department of Agriculture, as an added precaution, recommended the revaccination of equines in areas of the United States bordering Mexico."}
{"id": "PMID:877212", "title": "Trends in cancer incidence in Allegheny County, Pennsylvania, 1937-71.", "content": "Cancer incidence rates by race, sex, and cancer site were obtained from the Third National Cancer Survey for the years 1969-71 for residents of Allegheny County, Pennsylvania. When the sex-site-specific rates for 1969-71, as well as incidence rates from surveys in the county in 1937, 1947, and 1957-58, were compared with U.S. rates for 1937, 1947, and 1969-71, a number of significant changes in incidence were observed. Male incidence of cancers of the lung, bronchus, and trachea increased steadily between 1937 and 1969-71 both in Allegheny County and the United States. In the county, female incidence rates for these cancers decreased in the period 1947 to 1957-58 but showed an average annual increased of 9.2 percent in the interval 1957-58 to 1969-71. Incidence rates for county males increased by an average of 4.4 percent per year from 1957-58 to 1969-71. For stomach cancer, incidence rates for both sexes have decreased sharply in the county and in the United States. In the county, stomach cancer rates for females declined by an annual average of 4 percent from 1957-58 to 1969-71, while those formales dropped 2.1 percent. There appears to have been a steady decline over time in cervical cancer in Allegheny County, although the average annual rate of decrease of 2.8 percent for the latest interval (1957-58 to 1969-71) is not as large as the decrease of 3.9 percent per year from 1947 to 1957-58. Breast cancer rates for the county appear to have been steadily, although slowly, increasing at an average rate of about 0.6 percent per year, in contrast to almost constant U.S. rates. The county's breast cancer incidence rate for 1969-71 almost equals the U.S rate. There have been steady increases in prostate cancer incidence in both Allegheny County and the United States since 1937. For all sites combined, male cancer incidence rates increased, while those for females slowly decreased in both Allegheny County and the United States during the interval 1937 to 1969-71. In the county, male rates for the interval 1937 to 1969-71 increased an average of 1 percent per year, while female rates declined approximately 0.3 percent annually.", "contents": "Trends in cancer incidence in Allegheny County, Pennsylvania, 1937-71. Cancer incidence rates by race, sex, and cancer site were obtained from the Third National Cancer Survey for the years 1969-71 for residents of Allegheny County, Pennsylvania. When the sex-site-specific rates for 1969-71, as well as incidence rates from surveys in the county in 1937, 1947, and 1957-58, were compared with U.S. rates for 1937, 1947, and 1969-71, a number of significant changes in incidence were observed. Male incidence of cancers of the lung, bronchus, and trachea increased steadily between 1937 and 1969-71 both in Allegheny County and the United States. In the county, female incidence rates for these cancers decreased in the period 1947 to 1957-58 but showed an average annual increased of 9.2 percent in the interval 1957-58 to 1969-71. Incidence rates for county males increased by an average of 4.4 percent per year from 1957-58 to 1969-71. For stomach cancer, incidence rates for both sexes have decreased sharply in the county and in the United States. In the county, stomach cancer rates for females declined by an annual average of 4 percent from 1957-58 to 1969-71, while those formales dropped 2.1 percent. There appears to have been a steady decline over time in cervical cancer in Allegheny County, although the average annual rate of decrease of 2.8 percent for the latest interval (1957-58 to 1969-71) is not as large as the decrease of 3.9 percent per year from 1947 to 1957-58. Breast cancer rates for the county appear to have been steadily, although slowly, increasing at an average rate of about 0.6 percent per year, in contrast to almost constant U.S. rates. The county's breast cancer incidence rate for 1969-71 almost equals the U.S rate. There have been steady increases in prostate cancer incidence in both Allegheny County and the United States since 1937. For all sites combined, male cancer incidence rates increased, while those for females slowly decreased in both Allegheny County and the United States during the interval 1937 to 1969-71. In the county, male rates for the interval 1937 to 1969-71 increased an average of 1 percent per year, while female rates declined approximately 0.3 percent annually."}
{"id": "PMID:877242", "title": "A case of rotary dislocation of atlas on axis.", "content": "An unusual case of rotary dislocation of atlas upon axis is presented. Included in the article are associated causes, the articulations of the area, a case history and radiological assessment. The article ends with the radiographic and technical factors involved.", "contents": "A case of rotary dislocation of atlas on axis. An unusual case of rotary dislocation of atlas upon axis is presented. Included in the article are associated causes, the articulations of the area, a case history and radiological assessment. The article ends with the radiographic and technical factors involved."}
{"id": "PMID:877258", "title": "Tricuspid and right ventricular infundibular obstruction associated with calcified right ventricular pseudo-tumour. Radiologic and pathologic aspects.", "content": "The authors describe a rare 'pseudo-tumour' in the right heart, discovered after a cerebrovascular accident (paradoxal embolus probably). The mass occupied the anterior leaflet of the tricuspid valve. Its mobility and numerous calcifications facilitated diagnosis, determination of its exact position, and evaluation of haemodynamic consequences. The histopathologic features are reported, and its aetiology is discussed.", "contents": "Tricuspid and right ventricular infundibular obstruction associated with calcified right ventricular pseudo-tumour. Radiologic and pathologic aspects. The authors describe a rare 'pseudo-tumour' in the right heart, discovered after a cerebrovascular accident (paradoxal embolus probably). The mass occupied the anterior leaflet of the tricuspid valve. Its mobility and numerous calcifications facilitated diagnosis, determination of its exact position, and evaluation of haemodynamic consequences. The histopathologic features are reported, and its aetiology is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:877259", "title": "Pulmonary lesions caused by blunt chest injury.", "content": "This discussion of pulmonary lesions caused by blunt chest injury points out the importance of chest X-rays, particularly in the case of costal fractures, contusion of the lungs, and respiratory distress syndrome.", "contents": "Pulmonary lesions caused by blunt chest injury. This discussion of pulmonary lesions caused by blunt chest injury points out the importance of chest X-rays, particularly in the case of costal fractures, contusion of the lungs, and respiratory distress syndrome."}
{"id": "PMID:877260", "title": "Semiselective renal angiography, a useful method for evaluating the vascular supply in both kidneys.", "content": "A list of methods of semiselective renal angiography is presented. One of these methods is described. A series of 151 semiselective and 41 aortorenal angiographies is analyzed. The results are evaluated by comparing the visualization of the peripheral renal arteries and by comparing the opacification of other cranial branches of the abdominal aorta. Semiselective renal angiography is a useful method in cases requiring the examination of both kidneys.", "contents": "Semiselective renal angiography, a useful method for evaluating the vascular supply in both kidneys. A list of methods of semiselective renal angiography is presented. One of these methods is described. A series of 151 semiselective and 41 aortorenal angiographies is analyzed. The results are evaluated by comparing the visualization of the peripheral renal arteries and by comparing the opacification of other cranial branches of the abdominal aorta. Semiselective renal angiography is a useful method in cases requiring the examination of both kidneys."}
{"id": "PMID:877261", "title": "Postoperative pelvic gas collections mimicking abscesses or bowel injury.", "content": "Extraperitoneal gas collections were routinely found in the pelvic soft tissues following abdominal hysterectomies in 35 patients. These collections have the typical appearance of extraperitoneal gas, are absorbed gradually, and should not be confused with pelvic abscesses or bowel injury. There was no trapping of gas in the pelvic soft tissues following vaginal hysterectomies in 15 patients.", "contents": "Postoperative pelvic gas collections mimicking abscesses or bowel injury. Extraperitoneal gas collections were routinely found in the pelvic soft tissues following abdominal hysterectomies in 35 patients. These collections have the typical appearance of extraperitoneal gas, are absorbed gradually, and should not be confused with pelvic abscesses or bowel injury. There was no trapping of gas in the pelvic soft tissues following vaginal hysterectomies in 15 patients."}
{"id": "PMID:877263", "title": "[Proposals for standardizing the image quality of mammography (author's transl)].", "content": "The radiography of phantoms is not sufficient to test the image quality of mammography. In addition, patients mammograms have to be evaluated using our proposed quality criteria.", "contents": "[Proposals for standardizing the image quality of mammography (author's transl)]. The radiography of phantoms is not sufficient to test the image quality of mammography. In addition, patients mammograms have to be evaluated using our proposed quality criteria."}
{"id": "PMID:877262", "title": "Adverse reaction to 99Tcm sulfur colloid in a routine examination. A case report.", "content": "The case of a patient in whom an allergic reaction developed after injecting 99Tcm sulfur colloid for a routine liver scan is herein presented. Since this reaction did not appear when injecting the same patient 99Tcm polyphosphate for a bone scan, it can be assumed that the allergic reaction was due to the stabilizer.", "contents": "Adverse reaction to 99Tcm sulfur colloid in a routine examination. A case report. The case of a patient in whom an allergic reaction developed after injecting 99Tcm sulfur colloid for a routine liver scan is herein presented. Since this reaction did not appear when injecting the same patient 99Tcm polyphosphate for a bone scan, it can be assumed that the allergic reaction was due to the stabilizer."}
{"id": "PMID:877264", "title": "[The appropiate film for mammography (author's transl)].", "content": "Comparison of industrial film with long processing time and \"90-second-Film\" with film-screen combination showed the first type with long processing time to be distinctly superior. Number and shape of tiny clustered microcalcification were taken as criteria for correct visualization. Under present technical and geometrical conditions only industrial type film with long processing time gives high diagnostic accuracy in early breast cancer which depends to a large degree on proper delineation of microcalcifications.", "contents": "[The appropiate film for mammography (author's transl)]. Comparison of industrial film with long processing time and \"90-second-Film\" with film-screen combination showed the first type with long processing time to be distinctly superior. Number and shape of tiny clustered microcalcification were taken as criteria for correct visualization. Under present technical and geometrical conditions only industrial type film with long processing time gives high diagnostic accuracy in early breast cancer which depends to a large degree on proper delineation of microcalcifications."}
{"id": "PMID:877265", "title": "[Problems of image quality in mammography. Avoidable technical errors in performance and evaluation of mammograms (author's transl)].", "content": "Frequent serious technical errors in mammorgraphy proved to be due to incomplete outlining of the breast, underexposure and blurring. These errors are in most cases secondary to incorrect positioning, absence or improper adjustment of automatic exposure system, insufficient quality of x-ray tube, and use of inappropriate films. Each mammogram should be exposed in such a way so that the film reading can be done using a bright halogen lamp and a twofold magnifying glass. Grain, blurring and artefacts should not interfere with the visibility of diagnostically important details such as microcalcifications of the size of about 0,1 mm.", "contents": "[Problems of image quality in mammography. Avoidable technical errors in performance and evaluation of mammograms (author's transl)]. Frequent serious technical errors in mammorgraphy proved to be due to incomplete outlining of the breast, underexposure and blurring. These errors are in most cases secondary to incorrect positioning, absence or improper adjustment of automatic exposure system, insufficient quality of x-ray tube, and use of inappropriate films. Each mammogram should be exposed in such a way so that the film reading can be done using a bright halogen lamp and a twofold magnifying glass. Grain, blurring and artefacts should not interfere with the visibility of diagnostically important details such as microcalcifications of the size of about 0,1 mm."}
{"id": "PMID:877266", "title": "[Spontaneous Visibility of the Mammary Ducts in Plain Mammography (author's transl)].", "content": "Mammary ducts become visible as negative contrast in the mammogram. This is caused by an increased contents of fat or oil in the mammary secretion. The secretion of lipides can indicate hormonal disregulation.", "contents": "[Spontaneous Visibility of the Mammary Ducts in Plain Mammography (author's transl)]. Mammary ducts become visible as negative contrast in the mammogram. This is caused by an increased contents of fat or oil in the mammary secretion. The secretion of lipides can indicate hormonal disregulation."}
{"id": "PMID:877267", "title": "[The oblique mediolateral view of the breast (author's transl)].", "content": "The oblique mediolateral position provides the single most important view in mammography. It ensures optimal delineation of the largest possible area of the mammary gland including the axilla thus making an additional axillary view unnecessary. In a considerable precentage of cases it is usefull to take a film size of 20 x 30 cm instead of 18 x 24 cm. This view provides better results in radiomammography compared with xeromammography under present technical conditions.", "contents": "[The oblique mediolateral view of the breast (author's transl)]. The oblique mediolateral position provides the single most important view in mammography. It ensures optimal delineation of the largest possible area of the mammary gland including the axilla thus making an additional axillary view unnecessary. In a considerable precentage of cases it is usefull to take a film size of 20 x 30 cm instead of 18 x 24 cm. This view provides better results in radiomammography compared with xeromammography under present technical conditions."}
{"id": "PMID:877268", "title": "[Efficiency and practicability of the oblique mediolateral view as one-view mammography (author's transl)].", "content": "With one-view mammography the detection rate for carcinoma would seem to drop considerably, in the screening situation for early carcinoma (T0 and T1) down to 50 to 60% under unfavourable conditions. The precentage of mammographic findings not completely cleared up by one-view mammography amounts to 54% among our patients. One-view mammography therefore seems to be justified neither as screening nor as routine procedure.", "contents": "[Efficiency and practicability of the oblique mediolateral view as one-view mammography (author's transl)]. With one-view mammography the detection rate for carcinoma would seem to drop considerably, in the screening situation for early carcinoma (T0 and T1) down to 50 to 60% under unfavourable conditions. The precentage of mammographic findings not completely cleared up by one-view mammography amounts to 54% among our patients. One-view mammography therefore seems to be justified neither as screening nor as routine procedure."}
{"id": "PMID:877269", "title": "[Differential diagnosis of the microcalcifications. The calcified mastopathic microcyst (author's transl)].", "content": "Coarse plaqued calcifications which were up to now regarded as typical for sclerosing adenosis appear on the lateral films often as sickle- or linear shaped configurations. This pattern - described by the author as \"tea-cup-phenomenon\" corresponds to the microcyst filled with calcium milk. The sclerosing adenosis cannot be identified with this type of calcification.", "contents": "[Differential diagnosis of the microcalcifications. The calcified mastopathic microcyst (author's transl)]. Coarse plaqued calcifications which were up to now regarded as typical for sclerosing adenosis appear on the lateral films often as sickle- or linear shaped configurations. This pattern - described by the author as \"tea-cup-phenomenon\" corresponds to the microcyst filled with calcium milk. The sclerosing adenosis cannot be identified with this type of calcification."}
{"id": "PMID:877270", "title": "[Method for preoperative localization of non-palpable microcalcifications within the mammary gland (spherical marking) (author's transl)].", "content": "A method for preoperative localization of non-palpable suspected microcalcifications within the mammary gland is described. This procedure is superior to the conventional methods with methylenblue.", "contents": "[Method for preoperative localization of non-palpable microcalcifications within the mammary gland (spherical marking) (author's transl)]. A method for preoperative localization of non-palpable suspected microcalcifications within the mammary gland is described. This procedure is superior to the conventional methods with methylenblue."}
{"id": "PMID:877271", "title": "[Roentgenmorphology of the sulcus of the extensor carpi ulnaris muscle (author's transl)].", "content": "For the roentgenographic definition of the form of the Sulcus extensor carpi ulnaris muscle 500 plain roentgenfilms of the wrist were examined. Three types were differentiated: Type I narrow sulcus, type  II large sulcus, and type III no sulcus. In types Ia and IIa the distal end was slanted. They were classified as forms with increased concomitance of lesions of the radial part of the wrist. Consequences for joint mechanics are briefly discussed.", "contents": "[Roentgenmorphology of the sulcus of the extensor carpi ulnaris muscle (author's transl)]. For the roentgenographic definition of the form of the Sulcus extensor carpi ulnaris muscle 500 plain roentgenfilms of the wrist were examined. Three types were differentiated: Type I narrow sulcus, type  II large sulcus, and type III no sulcus. In types Ia and IIa the distal end was slanted. They were classified as forms with increased concomitance of lesions of the radial part of the wrist. Consequences for joint mechanics are briefly discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:877272", "title": "[The Blount's disease (author's transl)].", "content": "This case concerns a boy aged 7 years with Blount's disease. The authors describe the clinical, biochemical and radiological picture of this disease which embrace both tibiae and render standing and walking very difficult.", "contents": "[The Blount's disease (author's transl)]. This case concerns a boy aged 7 years with Blount's disease. The authors describe the clinical, biochemical and radiological picture of this disease which embrace both tibiae and render standing and walking very difficult."}
{"id": "PMID:877273", "title": "Radiologic recognition of bronchopleural fistula.", "content": "Examination of more than 30 cases of bronchopleural fistula (BPF), of diverse causes, including 6 following resectional surgery, revealed a distinctive configuration of air/fluid collections in the pleural space. Maler in 1940 independently observed that loculated BPF pockets conform in shape to the adjacent chest wall. With the most common posterior costophrenic angle location, there is a wide air-fluid level in the frontal view, but on lateral films the anteroposterior diameter is narrow. In contrast, abscess cavities tend to be spherical and farther from the ribs. Use of these plain film criteria permits earlier and more confident diagnosis.", "contents": "Radiologic recognition of bronchopleural fistula. Examination of more than 30 cases of bronchopleural fistula (BPF), of diverse causes, including 6 following resectional surgery, revealed a distinctive configuration of air/fluid collections in the pleural space. Maler in 1940 independently observed that loculated BPF pockets conform in shape to the adjacent chest wall. With the most common posterior costophrenic angle location, there is a wide air-fluid level in the frontal view, but on lateral films the anteroposterior diameter is narrow. In contrast, abscess cavities tend to be spherical and farther from the ribs. Use of these plain film criteria permits earlier and more confident diagnosis."}
{"id": "PMID:877274", "title": "The primary double-contrast examination of the postoperative stomach.", "content": "Examination of the postoperative stomach is a difficult and often confusing procedure. Traditional methods of investigation have depended on using small amounts of barium as well as appropriate pressure and positioning. The authors feel that the well-established technique of double-contrast radiography of the upper gastrointestinal tract (with appropriate modifications) is both easier and more diagnostic; moreover, with the exception of suspected perforation or anastomotic rupture, there are no contraindications to the use of gastrointestinal hypotonia, distension, and barium coating of the mucosa regardless of the presenting symptomatology or the acuteness or chronicity of complaints.", "contents": "The primary double-contrast examination of the postoperative stomach. Examination of the postoperative stomach is a difficult and often confusing procedure. Traditional methods of investigation have depended on using small amounts of barium as well as appropriate pressure and positioning. The authors feel that the well-established technique of double-contrast radiography of the upper gastrointestinal tract (with appropriate modifications) is both easier and more diagnostic; moreover, with the exception of suspected perforation or anastomotic rupture, there are no contraindications to the use of gastrointestinal hypotonia, distension, and barium coating of the mucosa regardless of the presenting symptomatology or the acuteness or chronicity of complaints."}
{"id": "PMID:877275", "title": "The use of prostaglandin F2 alpha in selective hepatic angiography.", "content": "Comparison has been made between slow infusion hepatic angiographic studies obtained before and after the intra-arterial injection of prostaglandin F2 alpha. The prostaglandin injection resulted in increased caliber of the hepatic arteries, increased opacification of the parenchyma of the liver and improved visualization of the wall of the gallbladder. Poorly vascularized metastatic lesions were better shown on the prostaglandin studies, and carcinoma of the gallbladder was diagnosed in two instances. The demonstration of highly vascularized metastatic tumor was enhanced on the prostaglandin studies, but further improved after the injection of angiotensin.", "contents": "The use of prostaglandin F2 alpha in selective hepatic angiography. Comparison has been made between slow infusion hepatic angiographic studies obtained before and after the intra-arterial injection of prostaglandin F2 alpha. The prostaglandin injection resulted in increased caliber of the hepatic arteries, increased opacification of the parenchyma of the liver and improved visualization of the wall of the gallbladder. Poorly vascularized metastatic lesions were better shown on the prostaglandin studies, and carcinoma of the gallbladder was diagnosed in two instances. The demonstration of highly vascularized metastatic tumor was enhanced on the prostaglandin studies, but further improved after the injection of angiotensin."}
{"id": "PMID:877276", "title": "Surgery and the progression of the occlusive process in patients with peripheral vascular disease.", "content": "The angiograms and clinical records of 42 patients with arteriosclerosis obliterans who underwent repeat angiography were analyzed in order to correlate the effects of surgery with progression of the occlusive process in native vessels. Occlusive disease progressed significantly faster in operated limbs (77%) than in nonoperated limbs (44%). When progression occurred, it was more likely to take the form of occlusion in operated limbs (85%) than in nonoperated limbs (61%). Graft closure was associated with a 93% incidence of disease progression, but even limbs with patent grafts had a more rapid progression than the nonoperated limbs (62% vs. 44%). There was a good correlation between the presence of symptoms and the angiographic progression.", "contents": "Surgery and the progression of the occlusive process in patients with peripheral vascular disease. The angiograms and clinical records of 42 patients with arteriosclerosis obliterans who underwent repeat angiography were analyzed in order to correlate the effects of surgery with progression of the occlusive process in native vessels. Occlusive disease progressed significantly faster in operated limbs (77%) than in nonoperated limbs (44%). When progression occurred, it was more likely to take the form of occlusion in operated limbs (85%) than in nonoperated limbs (61%). Graft closure was associated with a 93% incidence of disease progression, but even limbs with patent grafts had a more rapid progression than the nonoperated limbs (62% vs. 44%). There was a good correlation between the presence of symptoms and the angiographic progression."}
{"id": "PMID:877277", "title": "Scattered radiation doses to infants and children during EMI head scans.", "content": "Scattered radiation doses to the eyes, thyroid and gonads of infants and children undergoing EMI head scans have been measured with thermoluminescent dosimeters. An average skin dose of 1.3 rad per scan was measured. Results are reported relative to incident skin dose and indicate that it is likely that there is no somatic or genetic hazard due to scattered radiation during an EMI head scan.", "contents": "Scattered radiation doses to infants and children during EMI head scans. Scattered radiation doses to the eyes, thyroid and gonads of infants and children undergoing EMI head scans have been measured with thermoluminescent dosimeters. An average skin dose of 1.3 rad per scan was measured. Results are reported relative to incident skin dose and indicate that it is likely that there is no somatic or genetic hazard due to scattered radiation during an EMI head scan."}
{"id": "PMID:877278", "title": "Computed tomography as an adjunct in the staging of Hodgkin's disease and non-Hodgkin's lymphomas.", "content": "Computed tomography (CT) of the abdomen has been evaluated as an adjunct in the staging of 25 patients with Hodgkin's disease and non-Hodgkin's lymphomas. Enlarged para-aortic nodes were consistently identified as were splenomegaly and larger splenic nodules. While lymphography and other staging procedures remain necessary in the evaluation of such patients, CT provides additional information useful to the surgeon. The cross-sectional display aids in the planning of appropriate therapy ports since the adenopathy is often found to be more extensive than was demonstrated at lymphography.", "contents": "Computed tomography as an adjunct in the staging of Hodgkin's disease and non-Hodgkin's lymphomas. Computed tomography (CT) of the abdomen has been evaluated as an adjunct in the staging of 25 patients with Hodgkin's disease and non-Hodgkin's lymphomas. Enlarged para-aortic nodes were consistently identified as were splenomegaly and larger splenic nodules. While lymphography and other staging procedures remain necessary in the evaluation of such patients, CT provides additional information useful to the surgeon. The cross-sectional display aids in the planning of appropriate therapy ports since the adenopathy is often found to be more extensive than was demonstrated at lymphography."}
{"id": "PMID:877279", "title": "Application of longitudinal magnification effect to magnification stereoscopic angiography: a new method of cerebral angiography.", "content": "A new method of stereoscopic cerebral angiography has been developed which employs 2X radiographic magnification. In order to obtain the same depth perception in the object as with conventional contact stereoscopic angiography, one can made the x-ray exposures at two focal spot positions which are separated by only 1 inch (2.5 cm), whereas the contact technique requires a separation of 4 inches (10 cm). The smaller distance is possible because, with 2X magnification, the transverse detail in the object is magnified by a factor of two, but the longitudinal detail, which is related to the stereo effect, is magnified by a factor of four, due to the longitudinal magnification effect. The small focal spot separation results in advantages such as improved stereoscopic image detail, better image quality, and low radiation exposure to the patient.", "contents": "Application of longitudinal magnification effect to magnification stereoscopic angiography: a new method of cerebral angiography. A new method of stereoscopic cerebral angiography has been developed which employs 2X radiographic magnification. In order to obtain the same depth perception in the object as with conventional contact stereoscopic angiography, one can made the x-ray exposures at two focal spot positions which are separated by only 1 inch (2.5 cm), whereas the contact technique requires a separation of 4 inches (10 cm). The smaller distance is possible because, with 2X magnification, the transverse detail in the object is magnified by a factor of two, but the longitudinal detail, which is related to the stereo effect, is magnified by a factor of four, due to the longitudinal magnification effect. The small focal spot separation results in advantages such as improved stereoscopic image detail, better image quality, and low radiation exposure to the patient."}
{"id": "PMID:877280", "title": "Anterior pontomesencephalic vein and basilar artery in exophytic brainstem gilioma.", "content": "The angiographic differentiation of an intrinsic exophytic brainstem glioma from an extra-axial posterior fossa tumor is not always easy. The location of the basilar artery alone may not be significant. Displacement of the anterior pontomesencephalic vein anterior to the basilar artery appears to be a reliable indicator of an intrinsic exophytic brainstem glioma.", "contents": "Anterior pontomesencephalic vein and basilar artery in exophytic brainstem gilioma. The angiographic differentiation of an intrinsic exophytic brainstem glioma from an extra-axial posterior fossa tumor is not always easy. The location of the basilar artery alone may not be significant. Displacement of the anterior pontomesencephalic vein anterior to the basilar artery appears to be a reliable indicator of an intrinsic exophytic brainstem glioma."}
{"id": "PMID:877281", "title": "Metrizamide in pediatric myelography.", "content": "Metrizamide, a new water-solution iodinated contrast medium, was evaluated in 63 infants and children, most of whom had lumbosacral or low thoracic lesions. The diagnostic quality was found to be good, and no serious complications or permanent sequelae were encountered. Chief complications were headache, nausea, vomiting and fever. No myoclonic spasms or convulsions were seen. The advantages and disadvantages of metrizamide are discussed.", "contents": "Metrizamide in pediatric myelography. Metrizamide, a new water-solution iodinated contrast medium, was evaluated in 63 infants and children, most of whom had lumbosacral or low thoracic lesions. The diagnostic quality was found to be good, and no serious complications or permanent sequelae were encountered. Chief complications were headache, nausea, vomiting and fever. No myoclonic spasms or convulsions were seen. The advantages and disadvantages of metrizamide are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:877282", "title": "Scintigraphic diagnosis of ischemic intestine with technetium-99m sulfur colloid-labeled leukocytes.", "content": "Positive scintigrams were obtained in 13 of 15 dogs injected with technetium-99m sulfur colloid-labeled leukocytes following the experimental production of intestinal ischemia. The radioactivity of the ischemic intestines averaged 5.9 times that found in normal control segments of intestine from the same animal. Labeled leukocytes may be used as a rapid noninvasive technique for the early identification of ischemic intestine.", "contents": "Scintigraphic diagnosis of ischemic intestine with technetium-99m sulfur colloid-labeled leukocytes. Positive scintigrams were obtained in 13 of 15 dogs injected with technetium-99m sulfur colloid-labeled leukocytes following the experimental production of intestinal ischemia. The radioactivity of the ischemic intestines averaged 5.9 times that found in normal control segments of intestine from the same animal. Labeled leukocytes may be used as a rapid noninvasive technique for the early identification of ischemic intestine."}
{"id": "PMID:877283", "title": "The effect of tin on the tissue distribution of 99mTc-sodium pertechnetate.", "content": "When tin complex is administered prior to the injection of 99mTc-sodium pertechnetate, the distribution of the tracer is altered such that: (a) the concentration at foci of cerebral pathology is drastically reduced; (b) the concentration in the stomach (mucus cells), thyroid and salivary glands, and choroid plexus is greatly increased; and (c) there is a shift of the tracer from the plasma to the red blood cells. Bone studies utilizing a tin complex should be done after other organs have been evaluated.", "contents": "The effect of tin on the tissue distribution of 99mTc-sodium pertechnetate. When tin complex is administered prior to the injection of 99mTc-sodium pertechnetate, the distribution of the tracer is altered such that: (a) the concentration at foci of cerebral pathology is drastically reduced; (b) the concentration in the stomach (mucus cells), thyroid and salivary glands, and choroid plexus is greatly increased; and (c) there is a shift of the tracer from the plasma to the red blood cells. Bone studies utilizing a tin complex should be done after other organs have been evaluated."}
{"id": "PMID:877284", "title": "A new technique for the evaluation of the adrenal gland with gray scale ultrasonography.", "content": "Recent improvements in ultrasound instrumentation have provided the potential resolution to visualize the normal adrenal gland. However, conventional scanning approaches lack precise anatomic alignment. A new technique for scanning the adrenal gland and the results of a prospective evaluation of normal adrenal glands are presented.", "contents": "A new technique for the evaluation of the adrenal gland with gray scale ultrasonography. Recent improvements in ultrasound instrumentation have provided the potential resolution to visualize the normal adrenal gland. However, conventional scanning approaches lack precise anatomic alignment. A new technique for scanning the adrenal gland and the results of a prospective evaluation of normal adrenal glands are presented."}
{"id": "PMID:877285", "title": "Antenatal ultrasonic demonstration of fetal bowel.", "content": "Although ultrasound evaluation of the adult gastrointestinal tract is largely impossible because of bowel gas, the fetal bowel is fluid-filled and therefore not subject to this limitation. In our experience, the fetal bowel pattern can be recognized and antenatal abnormalities detected.", "contents": "Antenatal ultrasonic demonstration of fetal bowel. Although ultrasound evaluation of the adult gastrointestinal tract is largely impossible because of bowel gas, the fetal bowel is fluid-filled and therefore not subject to this limitation. In our experience, the fetal bowel pattern can be recognized and antenatal abnormalities detected."}
{"id": "PMID:877286", "title": "Prenatal fetal abdominal ultrasonography and diagnosis.", "content": "Despite the advent of gray scale recording, the feasibility and advantages of antenatal fetal ultrasound diagnosis have not received sufficient attention. This paper describes ultrasound fetal abdominal anatomy and illustrates prenatal diagnosis based on anatomical landmarks.", "contents": "Prenatal fetal abdominal ultrasonography and diagnosis. Despite the advent of gray scale recording, the feasibility and advantages of antenatal fetal ultrasound diagnosis have not received sufficient attention. This paper describes ultrasound fetal abdominal anatomy and illustrates prenatal diagnosis based on anatomical landmarks."}
{"id": "PMID:877287", "title": "Ultrasonic diagnosis of thanatophoric dwarfism in utero.", "content": "There are several types of short-limbed neonatal dwarfism. Before the delineation of thanatophoric dwarfism many dwarfs who died early in infancy were labeled \"achondroplastic.\" Intrauterine radiological diagnosis is possible and the clinician may be alerted to the possibility of the condition by noting short squat limbs with a relatively large head on ultrasound examination, especially in cases of hydramnios.", "contents": "Ultrasonic diagnosis of thanatophoric dwarfism in utero. There are several types of short-limbed neonatal dwarfism. Before the delineation of thanatophoric dwarfism many dwarfs who died early in infancy were labeled \"achondroplastic.\" Intrauterine radiological diagnosis is possible and the clinician may be alerted to the possibility of the condition by noting short squat limbs with a relatively large head on ultrasound examination, especially in cases of hydramnios."}
{"id": "PMID:877288", "title": "Primary ultrasonic detection of a double carcinoma of the colon.", "content": "Abdominal sonic scanning revealed two irregular, circular masses with light central reflexes followed by an acoustic shadowing effect. The diagnosis of two colonic tumors was subsequently confirmed by barium enema examination and surgery. Ultrasonic examination is capable of detecting colonic tumors above a certain unspecified size.", "contents": "Primary ultrasonic detection of a double carcinoma of the colon. Abdominal sonic scanning revealed two irregular, circular masses with light central reflexes followed by an acoustic shadowing effect. The diagnosis of two colonic tumors was subsequently confirmed by barium enema examination and surgery. Ultrasonic examination is capable of detecting colonic tumors above a certain unspecified size."}
{"id": "PMID:877289", "title": "Ultrasound in the staging of lymphoma.", "content": "Ultrasonography of the abdomen and pelvis was performed in 16 patients with lymphoma who underwent clinical and pathologic staging. The results of the ultrasound examinations were correlated with the pathological findings as were the results of gallium-67 scans, inferior vena cavagrams and lymphangiograms obtained in the same group. Analysis of the data indicated accuracies in the 80-90% range and specificities of greater than 90% for ultrasound. The sensitivity of ultrasound was somewhat lower, in the 60-70% range. These findings compare favorably with those of the other diagnostic procedures evaluated and indicate the usefulness of ultrasound in the staging of lymphoma.", "contents": "Ultrasound in the staging of lymphoma. Ultrasonography of the abdomen and pelvis was performed in 16 patients with lymphoma who underwent clinical and pathologic staging. The results of the ultrasound examinations were correlated with the pathological findings as were the results of gallium-67 scans, inferior vena cavagrams and lymphangiograms obtained in the same group. Analysis of the data indicated accuracies in the 80-90% range and specificities of greater than 90% for ultrasound. The sensitivity of ultrasound was somewhat lower, in the 60-70% range. These findings compare favorably with those of the other diagnostic procedures evaluated and indicate the usefulness of ultrasound in the staging of lymphoma."}
{"id": "PMID:877290", "title": "The significance of residual disease after external irradiation of squamous-cell carcinoma of the oropharynx.", "content": "366 patients with squamous-cell carcinoma of the oropharynx treated by external irradiation were studied to see whether residual disease at the end of treatment influences control. The frequency of recurrence was found to be significantly greater when residual disease was present. When the total dose was determined by the degree of regression of the primary lesion during treatment rather than the initial tumor volume, recurrence was significantly more frequent. Forcing the dose beyond a level suitable for the original volume of disease failed to prevent recurrence in patients with residual disease, most likely due to the hypoxic state of the remaining tumor cells.", "contents": "The significance of residual disease after external irradiation of squamous-cell carcinoma of the oropharynx. 366 patients with squamous-cell carcinoma of the oropharynx treated by external irradiation were studied to see whether residual disease at the end of treatment influences control. The frequency of recurrence was found to be significantly greater when residual disease was present. When the total dose was determined by the degree of regression of the primary lesion during treatment rather than the initial tumor volume, recurrence was significantly more frequent. Forcing the dose beyond a level suitable for the original volume of disease failed to prevent recurrence in patients with residual disease, most likely due to the hypoxic state of the remaining tumor cells."}
{"id": "PMID:877291", "title": "The position of the superior articular process of the cervical spine. Its relationship to cervical spondylotic radiculopathy.", "content": "Cervical spondylotic radiculopathy is likely to develop when the superior articular process is anterior to the posterior margin of the vertebral body, as determined by lateral radiographs of the spine.", "contents": "The position of the superior articular process of the cervical spine. Its relationship to cervical spondylotic radiculopathy. Cervical spondylotic radiculopathy is likely to develop when the superior articular process is anterior to the posterior margin of the vertebral body, as determined by lateral radiographs of the spine."}
{"id": "PMID:877292", "title": "Improved dynamic and static imaging of abdominal aortic aneurysms.", "content": "The authors describe a technique for rapid, convenient in vivo labeling of circulating erythrocytes with 99mTc and the application of this technique to the evaluation of abdominal aortic aneurysms. Dynamic perfusion images and equilibrium blood pool images were obtained in 9 patients with documented aneurysm, and 7 of them indicated an aneurysm on the radionuclide study.", "contents": "Improved dynamic and static imaging of abdominal aortic aneurysms. The authors describe a technique for rapid, convenient in vivo labeling of circulating erythrocytes with 99mTc and the application of this technique to the evaluation of abdominal aortic aneurysms. Dynamic perfusion images and equilibrium blood pool images were obtained in 9 patients with documented aneurysm, and 7 of them indicated an aneurysm on the radionuclide study."}
{"id": "PMID:877293", "title": "Method for localizing and calculating vaginal dose in brachytherapy.", "content": "Contrast agents in the vagina are being used to determine the position of vaginal surfaces relative to applicators in an effort to assess dose at these sites. Computer treatment planning allows consideration of dose at many more sites than was formerly possible, but dose prescription to critical tumor volumes then becomes of greater importance. Vaginal reference dose points VR, VL, VA, and VP are proposed. With dose specification determined at these points, the problem of low vaginal dose from overly wide vaginal ovoid geometries and related difficulties can be avoided. Attention to central vaginal doses can reduce the probability of central pelvic recurrence in the vagina. We have found the VR, VL doses were much larger than VA, VP doses in standard loaded implant configurations.", "contents": "Method for localizing and calculating vaginal dose in brachytherapy. Contrast agents in the vagina are being used to determine the position of vaginal surfaces relative to applicators in an effort to assess dose at these sites. Computer treatment planning allows consideration of dose at many more sites than was formerly possible, but dose prescription to critical tumor volumes then becomes of greater importance. Vaginal reference dose points VR, VL, VA, and VP are proposed. With dose specification determined at these points, the problem of low vaginal dose from overly wide vaginal ovoid geometries and related difficulties can be avoided. Attention to central vaginal doses can reduce the probability of central pelvic recurrence in the vagina. We have found the VR, VL doses were much larger than VA, VP doses in standard loaded implant configurations."}
{"id": "PMID:877294", "title": "Determination of X-ray spectra incident on and transmitted through breast tissue.", "content": "X-ray spectra incident on and transmitted through breast tissue were measured using a fresh whole excised breast. These spectra and corresponding radiographs show that hardening of the beam from a molybdenum-anoda x-ray tube by a 0.5-mm AI filter instead of the conventional 0.03-mm Mo filter allows shorter exposure times and reduces patient exposure. Acceptable image contrast is preserved in mammography of thick or dense breasts.", "contents": "Determination of X-ray spectra incident on and transmitted through breast tissue. X-ray spectra incident on and transmitted through breast tissue were measured using a fresh whole excised breast. These spectra and corresponding radiographs show that hardening of the beam from a molybdenum-anoda x-ray tube by a 0.5-mm AI filter instead of the conventional 0.03-mm Mo filter allows shorter exposure times and reduces patient exposure. Acceptable image contrast is preserved in mammography of thick or dense breasts."}
{"id": "PMID:877295", "title": "Transfrontal cavernous sinus venography. A simple method of selective superficial venous compression.", "content": "The authors describe a simple technique of selective superficial venous compression for transfrontal cavernous sinus venography. Sponge-rubber blocks are positioned at the nasomalar angle and held in place with Velcro, with a second set placed just above the orbit. The blocks are kept in place all during filming, resulting in reproducible opacification of the cavernous sinuses despite changes in the position of the patient's head.", "contents": "Transfrontal cavernous sinus venography. A simple method of selective superficial venous compression. The authors describe a simple technique of selective superficial venous compression for transfrontal cavernous sinus venography. Sponge-rubber blocks are positioned at the nasomalar angle and held in place with Velcro, with a second set placed just above the orbit. The blocks are kept in place all during filming, resulting in reproducible opacification of the cavernous sinuses despite changes in the position of the patient's head."}
{"id": "PMID:877296", "title": "A simple device for dependent compression mammography.", "content": "The authors describe an inexpensive device which displaces the dependent breast from the chest wall for optimum and uniform compression of breast tissue during mammography. Exposure is reduced, detail is enhanced, and superimposed structures are spread out. The filming time is about five minutes, and repeat or additional views are rarely necessary. The authors feel that by using this device, they have not missed any posterior lesions in more than 10 years of use. Even dense breasts are adequately visualized with this technique.", "contents": "A simple device for dependent compression mammography. The authors describe an inexpensive device which displaces the dependent breast from the chest wall for optimum and uniform compression of breast tissue during mammography. Exposure is reduced, detail is enhanced, and superimposed structures are spread out. The filming time is about five minutes, and repeat or additional views are rarely necessary. The authors feel that by using this device, they have not missed any posterior lesions in more than 10 years of use. Even dense breasts are adequately visualized with this technique."}
{"id": "PMID:877297", "title": "Orthopantomography of the cervical spine.", "content": "The authors describe the application of orthopantomography to study of the intervertebral foramina of the cervical spine in patients with cervical spondylosis. Other structures such as the lateral mass of the cervical spine can be studied by altering the speed of the rotating film holder, which in two changes the width of the arch of the focal layer.", "contents": "Orthopantomography of the cervical spine. The authors describe the application of orthopantomography to study of the intervertebral foramina of the cervical spine in patients with cervical spondylosis. Other structures such as the lateral mass of the cervical spine can be studied by altering the speed of the rotating film holder, which in two changes the width of the arch of the focal layer."}
{"id": "PMID:877298", "title": "Cervical spine lateral horizontal beam technique.", "content": "Two techniques are suggested for satisfactory horizontal beam laterals in the operating room for fusion level localization: (a) the prone cervical myelographic lateral in which a modification is suggested for the \"swimmer's position; and (b) patient supine with a 15 X 30-cm rolled sheet placed under the occiput and/or midline upper dorsal spine, which enables the shoulders to drop to the table, clearing the low cervical spine.", "contents": "Cervical spine lateral horizontal beam technique. Two techniques are suggested for satisfactory horizontal beam laterals in the operating room for fusion level localization: (a) the prone cervical myelographic lateral in which a modification is suggested for the \"swimmer's position; and (b) patient supine with a 15 X 30-cm rolled sheet placed under the occiput and/or midline upper dorsal spine, which enables the shoulders to drop to the table, clearing the low cervical spine."}
{"id": "PMID:877299", "title": "Telling children about diagnostic radiology procedures.", "content": "Illustrated explanations of various diagnostic radiology procedures have been designed to inform children and their parents precisely what will occur during the examinations. These explanations have been well received and may be requested from the author's.", "contents": "Telling children about diagnostic radiology procedures. Illustrated explanations of various diagnostic radiology procedures have been designed to inform children and their parents precisely what will occur during the examinations. These explanations have been well received and may be requested from the author's."}
{"id": "PMID:877300", "title": "Densitometry of single-emulsion film.", "content": "The measured optical density of single-emulsion films depends on the film orientation. The orientation of the emulsion influences the amount of scattered light entering the detector. It is suggested that this measurement be done with the emulsion side facing the light detector.", "contents": "Densitometry of single-emulsion film. The measured optical density of single-emulsion films depends on the film orientation. The orientation of the emulsion influences the amount of scattered light entering the detector. It is suggested that this measurement be done with the emulsion side facing the light detector."}
{"id": "PMID:877301", "title": "New technique for pelvic venography during ascending phlebography.", "content": "A technique of pelvic venography making it possible to obtain satisfactory opacification of the iliofemoral segment of the pelvic veins consistently during ascending phlebography is described. The main features are the compression of the inferior vena cava with a compression band and balloon, and the use of a large amount of contrast material.", "contents": "New technique for pelvic venography during ascending phlebography. A technique of pelvic venography making it possible to obtain satisfactory opacification of the iliofemoral segment of the pelvic veins consistently during ascending phlebography is described. The main features are the compression of the inferior vena cava with a compression band and balloon, and the use of a large amount of contrast material."}
{"id": "PMID:877302", "title": "Delayed imaging to distinguish bone lesions from urinary tract activity.", "content": "In 28/1,400 patients examined by bone imaging two hours after injection of 99mTc-polyphosphate or diphosphonate, it was found that activity in the urinary tract obscured the bony pelvis, making assessment of this region difficult or impossible. In several patients additional images were obtained 24 hours after the injection when decreased activity in the urinary tract allowed the pelvis to be more satisfactory visualized.", "contents": "Delayed imaging to distinguish bone lesions from urinary tract activity. In 28/1,400 patients examined by bone imaging two hours after injection of 99mTc-polyphosphate or diphosphonate, it was found that activity in the urinary tract obscured the bony pelvis, making assessment of this region difficult or impossible. In several patients additional images were obtained 24 hours after the injection when decreased activity in the urinary tract allowed the pelvis to be more satisfactory visualized."}
{"id": "PMID:877309", "title": "[Phagocytic activity by guinea-pig peritoneal macrophages and human peripheral leukocytes irradiated in vitro (author's transl)].", "content": "A dose/effect curve for phagocytic activity of guinea-pig peritoneal macrophages and human peripheral leukocytes was determined ranging from anti-inflammatory to immunosuppressive doses. The nitroblutetrazolium reduction test was used stimulating the phagocytes by latex microspheres. A significant enhancement of phagocytic activity by low doses of gamma radiation was observed in guinea-pig macrophages.", "contents": "[Phagocytic activity by guinea-pig peritoneal macrophages and human peripheral leukocytes irradiated in vitro (author's transl)]. A dose/effect curve for phagocytic activity of guinea-pig peritoneal macrophages and human peripheral leukocytes was determined ranging from anti-inflammatory to immunosuppressive doses. The nitroblutetrazolium reduction test was used stimulating the phagocytes by latex microspheres. A significant enhancement of phagocytic activity by low doses of gamma radiation was observed in guinea-pig macrophages."}
{"id": "PMID:877310", "title": "[Radiologic patterns of pulmonary edema in chronic pulmonary diseases (author's transl)].", "content": "Three atypical patterns of cardiac failure and pulmonary edema, as frequently seen in chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases, are described; I. regional; II. miliary-like; III. Swiss-cheese like. Their importance in early diagnosis of pulmonary edema is discussed in the light of a review of a series of 98 patients whose pulmonary function was also investigated. Examples and statistical data are drown from this series.", "contents": "[Radiologic patterns of pulmonary edema in chronic pulmonary diseases (author's transl)]. Three atypical patterns of cardiac failure and pulmonary edema, as frequently seen in chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases, are described; I. regional; II. miliary-like; III. Swiss-cheese like. Their importance in early diagnosis of pulmonary edema is discussed in the light of a review of a series of 98 patients whose pulmonary function was also investigated. Examples and statistical data are drown from this series."}
{"id": "PMID:877305", "title": "Blood flow measurements with radionuclide-labeled particles.", "content": "When appropriately and correctly applied, the microsphere technique is relatively simple and extremely accurate. Distribution patterns, both of total systemic arterial blood flow or venous return as well as within specific organs, can be measured. Several techniques have been applied to quantitate flow using microspheres; the reference sample method is extremely simple and by far the most accurate of all. Collection of venous effluent is perhaps more accurate but requires extensive surgery and is almost certainly the least physiologic. Other methods used for quantitation, such as bolus injections of indocyanine green dye or in fusions of diffusable indicators, are considerably less accurate and therefore significantly reduce the reliability of the microsphere technique. Selection of the appropriate size microspheres allows for definition of arteriovenous anastomoses as well as the measurement of organ blood flows and distribution of blood flow within those organs. In most instances, smaller microspheres (15mu diameter or 8-10mu diameter) have significant advantages over larger ones. They are distributed more like red cells, obstruct less of the vascular bed, are less variable in size, and can be given in significantly greater numbers. This latter point is important, since the statistical criteria need to be satisfied and the use of small spheres allows for the more reliable measurement of blood flow to small organs or to small regions of organs.", "contents": "Blood flow measurements with radionuclide-labeled particles. When appropriately and correctly applied, the microsphere technique is relatively simple and extremely accurate. Distribution patterns, both of total systemic arterial blood flow or venous return as well as within specific organs, can be measured. Several techniques have been applied to quantitate flow using microspheres; the reference sample method is extremely simple and by far the most accurate of all. Collection of venous effluent is perhaps more accurate but requires extensive surgery and is almost certainly the least physiologic. Other methods used for quantitation, such as bolus injections of indocyanine green dye or in fusions of diffusable indicators, are considerably less accurate and therefore significantly reduce the reliability of the microsphere technique. Selection of the appropriate size microspheres allows for definition of arteriovenous anastomoses as well as the measurement of organ blood flows and distribution of blood flow within those organs. In most instances, smaller microspheres (15mu diameter or 8-10mu diameter) have significant advantages over larger ones. They are distributed more like red cells, obstruct less of the vascular bed, are less variable in size, and can be given in significantly greater numbers. This latter point is important, since the statistical criteria need to be satisfied and the use of small spheres allows for the more reliable measurement of blood flow to small organs or to small regions of organs."}
{"id": "PMID:877312", "title": "[Angiography in the diagnosis of neurinomas of the acoustic nerve (author's transl)].", "content": "40 cases of neurinoma of the acoustic nerve, studied by vertebral arteriography and controlled at surgery are reviewed. The angiographic signs of the lesion are analysed and a number of examples presented.", "contents": "[Angiography in the diagnosis of neurinomas of the acoustic nerve (author's transl)]. 40 cases of neurinoma of the acoustic nerve, studied by vertebral arteriography and controlled at surgery are reviewed. The angiographic signs of the lesion are analysed and a number of examples presented."}
{"id": "PMID:877313", "title": "[Unusual progression of a case of moyamoya (author's transl)].", "content": "Angiographic follow-up of a case of moyamoya after three years revealed the appearance of arteriovenous anastomosis between the middle meningeal artery and the sigmoid sinus.", "contents": "[Unusual progression of a case of moyamoya (author's transl)]. Angiographic follow-up of a case of moyamoya after three years revealed the appearance of arteriovenous anastomosis between the middle meningeal artery and the sigmoid sinus."}
{"id": "PMID:877321", "title": "[Relationship between the renal electrical impedance variations with glomerular filtration rate changes in dogs (author's transl)].", "content": "Records of the electrical impedance were obtained by means of surface electrodes placed on ventral and dorsal sides of the left kidney of anesthetized dogs. Changes of the renal electrical impedance resulted from alterations of the glomerular filtration rate caused by decrease of blood renal pressure to 80 and 50 mm Hg either due to constriction of the aorta or bleeding. The relation were established also by using physiological solution's infusion. The results showed that changes of the means of renal electrical impedance were in opposite direction to changes in glomerular filtration rate. The electrodes employed were constituted of two parts: one fixed and another adjustable and flexible, possibiliting a good contact with the renal surface independently of the kidney size.", "contents": "[Relationship between the renal electrical impedance variations with glomerular filtration rate changes in dogs (author's transl)]. Records of the electrical impedance were obtained by means of surface electrodes placed on ventral and dorsal sides of the left kidney of anesthetized dogs. Changes of the renal electrical impedance resulted from alterations of the glomerular filtration rate caused by decrease of blood renal pressure to 80 and 50 mm Hg either due to constriction of the aorta or bleeding. The relation were established also by using physiological solution's infusion. The results showed that changes of the means of renal electrical impedance were in opposite direction to changes in glomerular filtration rate. The electrodes employed were constituted of two parts: one fixed and another adjustable and flexible, possibiliting a good contact with the renal surface independently of the kidney size."}
{"id": "PMID:877324", "title": "[Immune response to heart in rabbits: study of cellular and humoral immunity (author's transl)].", "content": "Four groups of rabbits injected with cardiac tissue and complete Freund's adjuvant or aluminum hydroxide gel adjuvant and two groups only injected with aluminum hydroxide gel adjuvant or complete Freud's adjuvant were studied. The humoral and cellular immunity in immunized animals was studied using heart soluble and insoluble extracts. The tests results from hemagglutination, immunoelectrophoresis and immunofluorescence have presented cross-reactions among sera and hearts of the several species. Similar cross-reactions were not revealed by immunodiffusion. The immunoelectrophoresis and hemagglutination reactions were related to heart soluble extract and the immunofluorescence reactions were related to insoluble extract located in sarcolemal, subsarcolemal and intermyofibrilar sites. By hemagglutination, it was verified the presence of antibodies to heart and skeletal muscle in the antisera. Is was not possible to negative completely the reactivity of these antibodies to heart by absorptions with skeletal muscle. Inhibition tests to leucocytes migration revealed that leucocytes from immunized animals present migration inhibition when faced to antigens sedimented at.....56.500 g.", "contents": "[Immune response to heart in rabbits: study of cellular and humoral immunity (author's transl)]. Four groups of rabbits injected with cardiac tissue and complete Freund's adjuvant or aluminum hydroxide gel adjuvant and two groups only injected with aluminum hydroxide gel adjuvant or complete Freud's adjuvant were studied. The humoral and cellular immunity in immunized animals was studied using heart soluble and insoluble extracts. The tests results from hemagglutination, immunoelectrophoresis and immunofluorescence have presented cross-reactions among sera and hearts of the several species. Similar cross-reactions were not revealed by immunodiffusion. The immunoelectrophoresis and hemagglutination reactions were related to heart soluble extract and the immunofluorescence reactions were related to insoluble extract located in sarcolemal, subsarcolemal and intermyofibrilar sites. By hemagglutination, it was verified the presence of antibodies to heart and skeletal muscle in the antisera. Is was not possible to negative completely the reactivity of these antibodies to heart by absorptions with skeletal muscle. Inhibition tests to leucocytes migration revealed that leucocytes from immunized animals present migration inhibition when faced to antigens sedimented at.....56.500 g."}
{"id": "PMID:877325", "title": "Histochemistry of the amyloid substance from familial amyloidotic polyneuropathy.", "content": "The histochemical properties of the amyloid substance from familial amyloidotic polyneuropathy (FAP) were studied. The results showed differences among the FAP amyloid and the others amyloid substance. The main difference being that FAP amyloid substance was free of or only contain a small amount of protein. It contains acid and neutral glycidic substances, constituting its major part.", "contents": "Histochemistry of the amyloid substance from familial amyloidotic polyneuropathy. The histochemical properties of the amyloid substance from familial amyloidotic polyneuropathy (FAP) were studied. The results showed differences among the FAP amyloid and the others amyloid substance. The main difference being that FAP amyloid substance was free of or only contain a small amount of protein. It contains acid and neutral glycidic substances, constituting its major part."}
{"id": "PMID:877326", "title": "[Chromosome complements of eleven bird species of the orders columbiformes, passeriformes and tinamiformes (author's transl)].", "content": "The chromosome complements of 11 species of birds from the Columbiformes, Passeriformes and Tinamiformes Orders are described. Their karyotypes' evolution are discussed and pericentric inversions, centric fissions and/or fusions seem to have been of great importance. Banding patterns in the several Orders will be of great importance to know better the mechanisms of chromosomal evolution.", "contents": "[Chromosome complements of eleven bird species of the orders columbiformes, passeriformes and tinamiformes (author's transl)]. The chromosome complements of 11 species of birds from the Columbiformes, Passeriformes and Tinamiformes Orders are described. Their karyotypes' evolution are discussed and pericentric inversions, centric fissions and/or fusions seem to have been of great importance. Banding patterns in the several Orders will be of great importance to know better the mechanisms of chromosomal evolution."}
{"id": "PMID:877376", "title": "Comparative hypoglycemic and hypoketonemic effects of tolbutamide and glypentide in rat.", "content": "Fed and 24 h fasted rats were treated by stomach tube with different doses of either tolbutamide or gluypentide and they were compared with controls treated with placebo. At low doses glypentide was ten times more effective as hypoglycemic agent than tolbultamide whereas it was only twice as effective in the fasted rats. Supramaximal doses of either drug produced the same effect decreasing blood glucose levels. Both drugs were able to decrease the rise of blood ketones in fasted rats, but the comparative effect was not parallel to the one observed on glycemia and not proportional to the doses used. The different responses are interpreted as function of the hypoglycemic effect, which would be mainly mediated through the insulinotropic action of these drugs, while the hypoketonemic would be the result of both their insulinotropic effect and their direct action on lipolysis and ketogenesis.", "contents": "Comparative hypoglycemic and hypoketonemic effects of tolbutamide and glypentide in rat. Fed and 24 h fasted rats were treated by stomach tube with different doses of either tolbutamide or gluypentide and they were compared with controls treated with placebo. At low doses glypentide was ten times more effective as hypoglycemic agent than tolbultamide whereas it was only twice as effective in the fasted rats. Supramaximal doses of either drug produced the same effect decreasing blood glucose levels. Both drugs were able to decrease the rise of blood ketones in fasted rats, but the comparative effect was not parallel to the one observed on glycemia and not proportional to the doses used. The different responses are interpreted as function of the hypoglycemic effect, which would be mainly mediated through the insulinotropic action of these drugs, while the hypoketonemic would be the result of both their insulinotropic effect and their direct action on lipolysis and ketogenesis."}
{"id": "PMID:877377", "title": "[Effect of dextropoxyphene on oxidative phosphorylation in brain and liver of rat (author's transl)].", "content": "Dextropropoxyphene hydrochloride increases significantly oxygen uptake in whole rat brain homogenates at concentrations of 10(-4), 10(-5), 10(-6) M when using sucrose 0.25 M pH 7.4 as incubation medium. If substrate and cofactors are added to the sucrose, this drug decreases oxygen uptake at 10(-3) M concentration in brain and liver rat homogenates, and it also decreases significantly the P:O quotient of mitochondria in both organs by uncoupling the oxidative phosphorylation.", "contents": "[Effect of dextropoxyphene on oxidative phosphorylation in brain and liver of rat (author's transl)]. Dextropropoxyphene hydrochloride increases significantly oxygen uptake in whole rat brain homogenates at concentrations of 10(-4), 10(-5), 10(-6) M when using sucrose 0.25 M pH 7.4 as incubation medium. If substrate and cofactors are added to the sucrose, this drug decreases oxygen uptake at 10(-3) M concentration in brain and liver rat homogenates, and it also decreases significantly the P:O quotient of mitochondria in both organs by uncoupling the oxidative phosphorylation."}
{"id": "PMID:877378", "title": "Effects and interactions of furosemide and acetazolamide on tubular function in rat kidney.", "content": "Furosemide and acetazolamide effects on tubular function in rat kidney have been studied by micropuncture. Furosemide produced a marked rise in fractional proximal fluid reabsorption when urine loss was not replaced, and sodium excretion rose significantly indicating a distal effect. If urinary losses were replaced proximal fractional reabsorption was depressed and fractional sodium excretion increased more than 60%. After replacing urinary losses, acetazolamide had a greater depressive effect on proximal tubular fluid reabsorption than furosemide but sodium excretion values were about 1/3 of those obtained with furosemide. Superimposition of one drug during the action of the other resulted in potentiation of proximal inhibition, suggesting a different mechanism of action. The changes observed in potassium excretion are of great interest. Separately, furosemide or acetazolamide produced kaliuresis. When furosemide was administered during acetazolamide diuresis, however, potassium excretion was reduced despite the sharp rise in sodium excretion.", "contents": "Effects and interactions of furosemide and acetazolamide on tubular function in rat kidney. Furosemide and acetazolamide effects on tubular function in rat kidney have been studied by micropuncture. Furosemide produced a marked rise in fractional proximal fluid reabsorption when urine loss was not replaced, and sodium excretion rose significantly indicating a distal effect. If urinary losses were replaced proximal fractional reabsorption was depressed and fractional sodium excretion increased more than 60%. After replacing urinary losses, acetazolamide had a greater depressive effect on proximal tubular fluid reabsorption than furosemide but sodium excretion values were about 1/3 of those obtained with furosemide. Superimposition of one drug during the action of the other resulted in potentiation of proximal inhibition, suggesting a different mechanism of action. The changes observed in potassium excretion are of great interest. Separately, furosemide or acetazolamide produced kaliuresis. When furosemide was administered during acetazolamide diuresis, however, potassium excretion was reduced despite the sharp rise in sodium excretion."}
{"id": "PMID:877379", "title": "Validation of a radioimmunoassay for rat thyrotrophic hormone. II. Comparison with results obtained by bioassay.", "content": "As previously reported a heterologous radioimmuoassay (RIA) system was developed for the determination of rat thyrotrophic hormone (TSH), using guinea-pig antiserum against bovine TSH and a purified murine TSH for labeling. With this RIA system it is possible to detect TSH in plasma from normal rats, to follow its decrease during ether anaesthesia, and to differentiate between the TSH levels of normal rats and those of hyphophysectomized or thyroid hormone-treated rats; in appears to be free from interferences due to high circulating gonadotrophin levels. Several preparations containing high concentrations of rat TSH were assayed simultaneously by this RIA and the McKenzie TSH bioassay. Bioassay values, especially for plasmas, tended to be higher than those obtained by RIA. The mean ratio of bioassay to RIA values for the limited number of samples tested so far is about 1.5 +/- 0.2. Therefore, it does not appear correct to express rat TSH values obtained by RIA in biological potency units; they should only be given in terms of weight equivalents of an international rat reference preparation.", "contents": "Validation of a radioimmunoassay for rat thyrotrophic hormone. II. Comparison with results obtained by bioassay. As previously reported a heterologous radioimmuoassay (RIA) system was developed for the determination of rat thyrotrophic hormone (TSH), using guinea-pig antiserum against bovine TSH and a purified murine TSH for labeling. With this RIA system it is possible to detect TSH in plasma from normal rats, to follow its decrease during ether anaesthesia, and to differentiate between the TSH levels of normal rats and those of hyphophysectomized or thyroid hormone-treated rats; in appears to be free from interferences due to high circulating gonadotrophin levels. Several preparations containing high concentrations of rat TSH were assayed simultaneously by this RIA and the McKenzie TSH bioassay. Bioassay values, especially for plasmas, tended to be higher than those obtained by RIA. The mean ratio of bioassay to RIA values for the limited number of samples tested so far is about 1.5 +/- 0.2. Therefore, it does not appear correct to express rat TSH values obtained by RIA in biological potency units; they should only be given in terms of weight equivalents of an international rat reference preparation."}
{"id": "PMID:877380", "title": "Protein distribution is submitochondrial particles after lipid peroxidation.", "content": "Three fractions of submitochondrial particles were isolated by differential centrifugation of mitochondrial inner membranes incubated with 1 mM ascorbate. Proteins were separated by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and their pattern was found to be different for the three fractions. These results are in agreement with previous work which showed the dissimilar enzyme distribution and chemical composition of these submitochondrial particles and pointed out the heterogeneity of the inner mitochondrial membrane.", "contents": "Protein distribution is submitochondrial particles after lipid peroxidation. Three fractions of submitochondrial particles were isolated by differential centrifugation of mitochondrial inner membranes incubated with 1 mM ascorbate. Proteins were separated by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and their pattern was found to be different for the three fractions. These results are in agreement with previous work which showed the dissimilar enzyme distribution and chemical composition of these submitochondrial particles and pointed out the heterogeneity of the inner mitochondrial membrane."}
{"id": "PMID:877381", "title": "Catalase and peroxidase activities, chlorophyll and proteins during storage of pea plants of chilling temperatures.", "content": "The effect of chilling temperatures on the catalase and peroxidase activities, soluble proteins and chlorophyll contents of excised organs of Pisum sativum plants has been studied. In leaf and stem tissues, storage at 0 degrees C did not bring about any statistically significant variation in the levels of heme enzymes, proteins and chlorophyll during four days. On the contrary, in root tissues catalase activity experimented a statistically significant depression after the onset of cold storage and during the whole treatment, whereas the other parameters remained nearly constant. Results obtained showed the suitability of storing plant material at 0 degrees C for the stabilization of catalase, peroxidase and chlorophyll in leaves and stems, as well as of peroxidase activity in roots.", "contents": "Catalase and peroxidase activities, chlorophyll and proteins during storage of pea plants of chilling temperatures. The effect of chilling temperatures on the catalase and peroxidase activities, soluble proteins and chlorophyll contents of excised organs of Pisum sativum plants has been studied. In leaf and stem tissues, storage at 0 degrees C did not bring about any statistically significant variation in the levels of heme enzymes, proteins and chlorophyll during four days. On the contrary, in root tissues catalase activity experimented a statistically significant depression after the onset of cold storage and during the whole treatment, whereas the other parameters remained nearly constant. Results obtained showed the suitability of storing plant material at 0 degrees C for the stabilization of catalase, peroxidase and chlorophyll in leaves and stems, as well as of peroxidase activity in roots."}
{"id": "PMID:877383", "title": "Stimulation of renin release by prostaglandin E2.", "content": "The effect of different doses of prostaglandin E2 on renin secretion in isolated perfused rat kidney has been studied. The infusion of 5 ng/ml of prostaglandin E2 produced a significant rise on renin secretion compared with control group. A dosage increase of prostaglandin E2 (10 and 50 ng/ml) produced an increase in the released renin. From this a correlation between doses and responses can be obtained. The perfusion pressure was slightly--but significantly--modified with the highest dose of prostaglandin (50 ng/ml). The possible pathways of action are dicussed.", "contents": "Stimulation of renin release by prostaglandin E2. The effect of different doses of prostaglandin E2 on renin secretion in isolated perfused rat kidney has been studied. The infusion of 5 ng/ml of prostaglandin E2 produced a significant rise on renin secretion compared with control group. A dosage increase of prostaglandin E2 (10 and 50 ng/ml) produced an increase in the released renin. From this a correlation between doses and responses can be obtained. The perfusion pressure was slightly--but significantly--modified with the highest dose of prostaglandin (50 ng/ml). The possible pathways of action are dicussed."}
{"id": "PMID:877384", "title": "A simple modification to the radiochemical assay of cortisol which avoids the extraction from serum.", "content": "A modification to the radiochemical assay method to measure cortisol in serum, that renders unnecessary the extraction of cortisol from a serum sample is described. The serum is heated at 60 degrees C for 3 hours, thereby transcortine is destroyed, then competition binding assay follows as usual.", "contents": "A simple modification to the radiochemical assay of cortisol which avoids the extraction from serum. A modification to the radiochemical assay method to measure cortisol in serum, that renders unnecessary the extraction of cortisol from a serum sample is described. The serum is heated at 60 degrees C for 3 hours, thereby transcortine is destroyed, then competition binding assay follows as usual."}
{"id": "PMID:877385", "title": "[Physical exercise as a functional test of hgh secretion (author's transl)].", "content": "The efficiency of L-dopa and exercise tests have been compared to diagnose the lack of human growth hormone. Both tests gave similar results. The exercise test is recommended as a screening method in large populations to discard growth inhibition due to HGH deficiency, because of its easy, quick and painless application to patients.", "contents": "[Physical exercise as a functional test of hgh secretion (author's transl)]. The efficiency of L-dopa and exercise tests have been compared to diagnose the lack of human growth hormone. Both tests gave similar results. The exercise test is recommended as a screening method in large populations to discard growth inhibition due to HGH deficiency, because of its easy, quick and painless application to patients."}
{"id": "PMID:877386", "title": "[Relation between urinary catecholamine and gonadotrophins and sexual hormones (author's transl)].", "content": "The urinary excretion of the norepinephrine, epinephrine and the norepinephrine/epinephrine ratio and its modifications by the ovariectomy, adrenalectomy, hypophysectomy and the administration of sexual hormones and gonadotrophins were studied in female Wistar rats. The ovariectomy increased epinephrine excretion and decreased the studied ratio. The adrenalectomy increased norepinephrine and the ratio levels and diminshed epinephrine excretion. Norepinephrine and norepinephrine/epinephrine ratio elimination increased in the ovariectomized and adrenalectomized rats. The sexual hormones did not alter catecholamine levels in the ovariectomized and adrenalectomized animals and were not effective to restore the control levels. The norepinephrine/epinephrine ratio reached a maximum under progesterone effects. Both urinary catecholamines rose in ovariectomized and hypophysectomized animals. The chorionic and the equine gonadotrophins did not restore the control levels, but they had a tendency to do it. The results showed the existence of a close interelationship between the sympathetic system and the sexual hormones and gonadrotrophins function, that could be related to regulatory mechanisms of the hypophyseal gonadotrophins secretion.", "contents": "[Relation between urinary catecholamine and gonadotrophins and sexual hormones (author's transl)]. The urinary excretion of the norepinephrine, epinephrine and the norepinephrine/epinephrine ratio and its modifications by the ovariectomy, adrenalectomy, hypophysectomy and the administration of sexual hormones and gonadotrophins were studied in female Wistar rats. The ovariectomy increased epinephrine excretion and decreased the studied ratio. The adrenalectomy increased norepinephrine and the ratio levels and diminshed epinephrine excretion. Norepinephrine and norepinephrine/epinephrine ratio elimination increased in the ovariectomized and adrenalectomized rats. The sexual hormones did not alter catecholamine levels in the ovariectomized and adrenalectomized animals and were not effective to restore the control levels. The norepinephrine/epinephrine ratio reached a maximum under progesterone effects. Both urinary catecholamines rose in ovariectomized and hypophysectomized animals. The chorionic and the equine gonadotrophins did not restore the control levels, but they had a tendency to do it. The results showed the existence of a close interelationship between the sympathetic system and the sexual hormones and gonadrotrophins function, that could be related to regulatory mechanisms of the hypophyseal gonadotrophins secretion."}
{"id": "PMID:877397", "title": "The discriminative stimulus properties of morphine in female rats chronically depleted of dopamine.", "content": "Female rats, 14 days of age, were chronically depleted of brain dopamine (DA) by the intracisternal administration of 6-OHDA 30 minutes following (i.p.) administration of desmethylimipramine (DMI). Dopamine depleted (DA) rats and their respective controls were trained to discriminate morphine from saline in a double bar discrimination task. While dopamine depletion did not hinder learning of the task, it markedly reduced morphine's suppressive effects as measured by response rates. Indications of stimulus generalization to methadone and haloperidol were observed in both groups via dose response tests. In addition, chronic morphine injections appeared to cause a repletion of DA in the DA group. Acute morphine-doses or chronic saline treated DA rats exhibited a 64-85% depletion of DA, while DA rats administered morphine chronically displayed a lesser depletion (42-46%).", "contents": "The discriminative stimulus properties of morphine in female rats chronically depleted of dopamine. Female rats, 14 days of age, were chronically depleted of brain dopamine (DA) by the intracisternal administration of 6-OHDA 30 minutes following (i.p.) administration of desmethylimipramine (DMI). Dopamine depleted (DA) rats and their respective controls were trained to discriminate morphine from saline in a double bar discrimination task. While dopamine depletion did not hinder learning of the task, it markedly reduced morphine's suppressive effects as measured by response rates. Indications of stimulus generalization to methadone and haloperidol were observed in both groups via dose response tests. In addition, chronic morphine injections appeared to cause a repletion of DA in the DA group. Acute morphine-doses or chronic saline treated DA rats exhibited a 64-85% depletion of DA, while DA rats administered morphine chronically displayed a lesser depletion (42-46%)."}
{"id": "PMID:877398", "title": "Styrene and acrylonitrile induced depression of hepatic nonprotein sulfhydryl content in various rodent species.", "content": "Adult female mice, male rats, female hamsters and male guinea pigs received various doses of styrene (150-1000 mg/kg of body weight) and acrylonitrile (20-80 mg/kg of body weight) intraperitoneally. Both styrene and acrylonitrile caused a depression of the hepatic nonprotein sulfhydryl content. Mouse was the most vulnerable and rat the most resistant species to the effect of both of these two important plastic monomers.", "contents": "Styrene and acrylonitrile induced depression of hepatic nonprotein sulfhydryl content in various rodent species. Adult female mice, male rats, female hamsters and male guinea pigs received various doses of styrene (150-1000 mg/kg of body weight) and acrylonitrile (20-80 mg/kg of body weight) intraperitoneally. Both styrene and acrylonitrile caused a depression of the hepatic nonprotein sulfhydryl content. Mouse was the most vulnerable and rat the most resistant species to the effect of both of these two important plastic monomers."}
{"id": "PMID:877399", "title": "Observations on the monamine oxidase activity of rat vasa deferentia, major blood vessels and human saphenous vein.", "content": "Monoamine oxidase (MAO) activity was characterized using whole tissue homogenates and kynuramine as the substrate. In rat vasa deferentia, kynuramine deamination was differentially inhibited by clorgyline, less so by deprenyl and not at all by pargyline. These studies, and mixed substrate experiments with tryptamine, proved that kynuramine is a substrate for MAO types A and B. Experiments made with rat abdominal aorta and inferior vena cava disclosed clorgyline-sensitive and resistant MAO activity, the latter being inhibited by semicarbazide but not by deprenyl or pargyline. No semicarbazide-sensitive species of MAO was found in human saphenous vein which also differed from the rat vasculature in that the predominant MAO activity was of the B type. It is concluded that kynuramine is also a good substrate for clorgyline-resistant enzymes and that rat vasculature may be a poor model for predicting deaminating mechanisms in human venous tissue.", "contents": "Observations on the monamine oxidase activity of rat vasa deferentia, major blood vessels and human saphenous vein. Monoamine oxidase (MAO) activity was characterized using whole tissue homogenates and kynuramine as the substrate. In rat vasa deferentia, kynuramine deamination was differentially inhibited by clorgyline, less so by deprenyl and not at all by pargyline. These studies, and mixed substrate experiments with tryptamine, proved that kynuramine is a substrate for MAO types A and B. Experiments made with rat abdominal aorta and inferior vena cava disclosed clorgyline-sensitive and resistant MAO activity, the latter being inhibited by semicarbazide but not by deprenyl or pargyline. No semicarbazide-sensitive species of MAO was found in human saphenous vein which also differed from the rat vasculature in that the predominant MAO activity was of the B type. It is concluded that kynuramine is also a good substrate for clorgyline-resistant enzymes and that rat vasculature may be a poor model for predicting deaminating mechanisms in human venous tissue."}
{"id": "PMID:877400", "title": "Influence of morphine on protein synthesis in synaptic plasma membranes of the rat brain.", "content": "The effects of acute and chronic morphine treatment on the incorporation of 3H-lysine into synaptic proteins were studied. No changes related to tolerance development were observed in the total incorporation of 3H-lysine into cortical or subcortical synaptic plasma membrane (SPM) or synaptic soluble proteins. Two populations of subcortical SPM were prepared, one from light (L) and one from heavy (H) nerve ending particles. When the labeled SPM-L proteins were separated by means of sodium dodecyl sulfate disc gel electrophoresis, an increased amount of label was found in the high molecular weight region of the gel. This increase depended on the rate of tolerance development. In contrast to the results found in the SPM-L gels, chronic morphinization significantly decreased the amount of high molecular weight labeled protein recovered from SPM-H gels.", "contents": "Influence of morphine on protein synthesis in synaptic plasma membranes of the rat brain. The effects of acute and chronic morphine treatment on the incorporation of 3H-lysine into synaptic proteins were studied. No changes related to tolerance development were observed in the total incorporation of 3H-lysine into cortical or subcortical synaptic plasma membrane (SPM) or synaptic soluble proteins. Two populations of subcortical SPM were prepared, one from light (L) and one from heavy (H) nerve ending particles. When the labeled SPM-L proteins were separated by means of sodium dodecyl sulfate disc gel electrophoresis, an increased amount of label was found in the high molecular weight region of the gel. This increase depended on the rate of tolerance development. In contrast to the results found in the SPM-L gels, chronic morphinization significantly decreased the amount of high molecular weight labeled protein recovered from SPM-H gels."}
{"id": "PMID:877402", "title": "Inhibition of the metabolism of cocaine by SKF-525A.", "content": "In vitro and in vivo studies in rats indicate cocaine to be metabolized primarily in the liver to form benzoylecgonine and norcocaine. The formation of these metabolites was significantly hindered by SKF-525A, a microsomal enzyme inhibitor. In in vivo studies, pretreatment of rats with SKF-525A prior to receiving cocaine resulted in increased amounts of unchanged cocaine in the brain. No accompanying increase in spontaneous motor activity was observed for these animals, indicating a possible role for metabolites in the stimulant action of cocaine.", "contents": "Inhibition of the metabolism of cocaine by SKF-525A. In vitro and in vivo studies in rats indicate cocaine to be metabolized primarily in the liver to form benzoylecgonine and norcocaine. The formation of these metabolites was significantly hindered by SKF-525A, a microsomal enzyme inhibitor. In in vivo studies, pretreatment of rats with SKF-525A prior to receiving cocaine resulted in increased amounts of unchanged cocaine in the brain. No accompanying increase in spontaneous motor activity was observed for these animals, indicating a possible role for metabolites in the stimulant action of cocaine."}
{"id": "PMID:877404", "title": "Possible significance of clozapine-induced increase in brain dopamine.", "content": "Clozapine elevates the concentration of dopamine in the brains of mice injected with doses of 5-20 mg/kg while a 40 mg/kg dose has no effect. This biphasic change in dopamine content is seen in both the striatum and olfactory tubercle. The elevated dopamine concentration is dose-dependently antagonized by apomorphine, while a corresponding clozapine-induced reduction in norepinephrine concentrations is unaffected by apomorphine. These results suggest that part of the action of clozapine may be to reduce the release of dopamine.", "contents": "Possible significance of clozapine-induced increase in brain dopamine. Clozapine elevates the concentration of dopamine in the brains of mice injected with doses of 5-20 mg/kg while a 40 mg/kg dose has no effect. This biphasic change in dopamine content is seen in both the striatum and olfactory tubercle. The elevated dopamine concentration is dose-dependently antagonized by apomorphine, while a corresponding clozapine-induced reduction in norepinephrine concentrations is unaffected by apomorphine. These results suggest that part of the action of clozapine may be to reduce the release of dopamine."}
{"id": "PMID:877405", "title": "The effects of methaqualone on the temperature regulation of mice.", "content": "Methaqualone produces dose and time dependent changes in the rectal temperature of mice. More specifically, the drug produces poikilothermia. This effect appears to be produced by methaqualone itself rather than a liver metabolite since SKF525A, a compound known to block drug metabolizing enzymes in the liver, does not abolish the phenomenon. Tolerance to the temperature altering effects of methaqualone is also shown.", "contents": "The effects of methaqualone on the temperature regulation of mice. Methaqualone produces dose and time dependent changes in the rectal temperature of mice. More specifically, the drug produces poikilothermia. This effect appears to be produced by methaqualone itself rather than a liver metabolite since SKF525A, a compound known to block drug metabolizing enzymes in the liver, does not abolish the phenomenon. Tolerance to the temperature altering effects of methaqualone is also shown."}
{"id": "PMID:877406", "title": "Penetration of some O-and/or N-methylated norepinephrine derivatives through the rat blood brain barrier.", "content": "Methods for the determination of a number of O and/or N-methylated derivatives of norepinephrine were developed. The IP injection of these compounds into rats shows quick absorption and short half-lives in plasma, liver and brain. Most compounds do not cross the Blood-Brain-Barrier (BBB) due to low lipid solubility. However, lipid solubility is not a sole determinant. Compounds which have at least one of the 2 phenolic hydroxyl groups methylated and possess a tertiary amino group do cross the BBB readily.", "contents": "Penetration of some O-and/or N-methylated norepinephrine derivatives through the rat blood brain barrier. Methods for the determination of a number of O and/or N-methylated derivatives of norepinephrine were developed. The IP injection of these compounds into rats shows quick absorption and short half-lives in plasma, liver and brain. Most compounds do not cross the Blood-Brain-Barrier (BBB) due to low lipid solubility. However, lipid solubility is not a sole determinant. Compounds which have at least one of the 2 phenolic hydroxyl groups methylated and possess a tertiary amino group do cross the BBB readily."}
{"id": "PMID:877407", "title": "Effect of pretreatment with antiinflammatory agents on paraquat toxicity in the rat.", "content": "Aspirin (ASA), indomethacin (IND), hydrocortisone (HYC) or 0.25% agar (control) were administered (p.o.) daily to rats for 5 days. Following drug pretreatments, the activities of cytosolic superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GP) and glutathione reductase (GR) were elevated 30-70%, 5-25% and 8-25%, respectively. In a second experiment, rats pretreated as above were injected (ip) on the 5th day with paraquat (PQ) (29 mg/kg). Rats in each group expired more ethane 2 hours after PQ injection. After 22 hours, expired ethane returned to zero time levels. All control rats died within 48 hours after PQ injection. At the end of 48 hours, rats pretreated with ASA, IND, or HYC demonstrated survival rates of 13%, 31%, and 47%, respectively. PQ injection produces marked elevations of SOD (82%), GP (328%), and GR (36%) in the lungs of PQ-injected controls rats over non-PQ injected controls. Elevation of these enzymes were also noted in drug-treated rats after PQ injection but at values less than PQ-injected controls. Anti-inflammatory drugs were tested in rat liver homogenates for their ability to inhibit thiobarbituric acid (TBA) reactive product formation. Only the addition of HYC resulted in a decrease formation of TBA-reactive products. Thus in vitro studies suggest that the antiinflammatory drugs tested, other than HYC, may have other mechanisms of actions in addition to inhibition of lipid peroxides.", "contents": "Effect of pretreatment with antiinflammatory agents on paraquat toxicity in the rat. Aspirin (ASA), indomethacin (IND), hydrocortisone (HYC) or 0.25% agar (control) were administered (p.o.) daily to rats for 5 days. Following drug pretreatments, the activities of cytosolic superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GP) and glutathione reductase (GR) were elevated 30-70%, 5-25% and 8-25%, respectively. In a second experiment, rats pretreated as above were injected (ip) on the 5th day with paraquat (PQ) (29 mg/kg). Rats in each group expired more ethane 2 hours after PQ injection. After 22 hours, expired ethane returned to zero time levels. All control rats died within 48 hours after PQ injection. At the end of 48 hours, rats pretreated with ASA, IND, or HYC demonstrated survival rates of 13%, 31%, and 47%, respectively. PQ injection produces marked elevations of SOD (82%), GP (328%), and GR (36%) in the lungs of PQ-injected controls rats over non-PQ injected controls. Elevation of these enzymes were also noted in drug-treated rats after PQ injection but at values less than PQ-injected controls. Anti-inflammatory drugs were tested in rat liver homogenates for their ability to inhibit thiobarbituric acid (TBA) reactive product formation. Only the addition of HYC resulted in a decrease formation of TBA-reactive products. Thus in vitro studies suggest that the antiinflammatory drugs tested, other than HYC, may have other mechanisms of actions in addition to inhibition of lipid peroxides."}
{"id": "PMID:877408", "title": "Effects of monoamine oxidase inhibitors on the borohydride stabilizable binding of serotonin and tryptamine in brain.", "content": "The in vivo and in vitro effects of various monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOI) on the borohydride stabilizable finding of serotonin (5-HT) or tryptamine in brain was investigated. A significant correlation between the extent of Mao inhibition and the amount of stabilized binding of the indolealkylamines was demonstrated. All hydrazine-type MAOI and harmine, a reversible nonhydrazine-type MAOI, employed in vitro, were shown to decrease the binding. beta-Phenylisopropylhydrazine apparently blocks the receptor carbonyl groups in the brain in vitro as well as in vivo.", "contents": "Effects of monoamine oxidase inhibitors on the borohydride stabilizable binding of serotonin and tryptamine in brain. The in vivo and in vitro effects of various monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOI) on the borohydride stabilizable finding of serotonin (5-HT) or tryptamine in brain was investigated. A significant correlation between the extent of Mao inhibition and the amount of stabilized binding of the indolealkylamines was demonstrated. All hydrazine-type MAOI and harmine, a reversible nonhydrazine-type MAOI, employed in vitro, were shown to decrease the binding. beta-Phenylisopropylhydrazine apparently blocks the receptor carbonyl groups in the brain in vitro as well as in vivo."}
{"id": "PMID:877409", "title": "3,4,3',4'-tetrachloroazobenzene: a potential environmental toxicant.", "content": "3,4,3',4'-tetrachloroazobenzene (TCAB), a potential environmental toxicant formed in the industrial manufacturing and the microbial degradation of chloroanilide herbicides, has been prepared in 87% yield by an improved procedure. In vitro experiments with C3H/10T1/2 cells have shown that TCAB is toxic to mammalian cells, which may be correlated with observable cytological changes. TCAB has also been found to be weakly mutagenic by the Salmonella/microsome test. In addition, C3H/10T1/2 cells are transformed following a ten day incubation with TCAB. These data suggest the potential health hazard associated with the environmental occurrence of TCAB.", "contents": "3,4,3',4'-tetrachloroazobenzene: a potential environmental toxicant. 3,4,3',4'-tetrachloroazobenzene (TCAB), a potential environmental toxicant formed in the industrial manufacturing and the microbial degradation of chloroanilide herbicides, has been prepared in 87% yield by an improved procedure. In vitro experiments with C3H/10T1/2 cells have shown that TCAB is toxic to mammalian cells, which may be correlated with observable cytological changes. TCAB has also been found to be weakly mutagenic by the Salmonella/microsome test. In addition, C3H/10T1/2 cells are transformed following a ten day incubation with TCAB. These data suggest the potential health hazard associated with the environmental occurrence of TCAB."}
{"id": "PMID:877410", "title": "Effects of lead and cadmium on adrenal and thyroid functions in rats.", "content": "Seventy sexually mature male rats were injected with lead (50 and 250 mcg), cadmium, (50 and 250 mcg) and a mixture of lead (25 mcg) and cadmium (25 mcg) for 70 days. TSR results show that 250 mcg cadmium had a stimulating effect but 1/10 of the dose of cadmium plus 25 mcg lead had the opposite effect. Plasma thyroid hormones indicated that 50 mcg lead had a stimulating effect on T4 but cadmium and a mixture of lead and cadmium had a suppressing effect on both T4 and T3. Plasma corticosterone and adrenal cortical histology showed increased adrenal function in animals treated with 50 mcg lead, 50 mcg and 250 mcg cadmium and a mixture of lead and cadmium. The data indicated that cadmium had more deleterious effects on thyroid and adrenal function than lead.", "contents": "Effects of lead and cadmium on adrenal and thyroid functions in rats. Seventy sexually mature male rats were injected with lead (50 and 250 mcg), cadmium, (50 and 250 mcg) and a mixture of lead (25 mcg) and cadmium (25 mcg) for 70 days. TSR results show that 250 mcg cadmium had a stimulating effect but 1/10 of the dose of cadmium plus 25 mcg lead had the opposite effect. Plasma thyroid hormones indicated that 50 mcg lead had a stimulating effect on T4 but cadmium and a mixture of lead and cadmium had a suppressing effect on both T4 and T3. Plasma corticosterone and adrenal cortical histology showed increased adrenal function in animals treated with 50 mcg lead, 50 mcg and 250 mcg cadmium and a mixture of lead and cadmium. The data indicated that cadmium had more deleterious effects on thyroid and adrenal function than lead."}
{"id": "PMID:877411", "title": "Toxic interactions of stimulants, narcotics and narcotic antagonists.", "content": "This study examines the lethality of combinations of central nervous system stimulants, narcotics and narcotic antagonists in rodents housed individually. The lethality of mice and rats from d-amphetamine was potentiated by methadone, cyclazocine and morphine, in that order of potency. Naloxone did not enhance lethality from d-amphetamine in mice, whereas it did antagonize lethality from morphine-d-amphetamine interactions. Naloxone did slightly enhance lethality from d-amphetamine in rats, but at a higher dose than those found to antagonize the lethality from morphine-d-amphetamine combinations. Methadone also enhanced the lethality from cocaine. These results have important implications for drug abusers and for patients being treated for narcotic addiction with either a methadone maintenance program or a cyclazocine administration program.", "contents": "Toxic interactions of stimulants, narcotics and narcotic antagonists. This study examines the lethality of combinations of central nervous system stimulants, narcotics and narcotic antagonists in rodents housed individually. The lethality of mice and rats from d-amphetamine was potentiated by methadone, cyclazocine and morphine, in that order of potency. Naloxone did not enhance lethality from d-amphetamine in mice, whereas it did antagonize lethality from morphine-d-amphetamine interactions. Naloxone did slightly enhance lethality from d-amphetamine in rats, but at a higher dose than those found to antagonize the lethality from morphine-d-amphetamine combinations. Methadone also enhanced the lethality from cocaine. These results have important implications for drug abusers and for patients being treated for narcotic addiction with either a methadone maintenance program or a cyclazocine administration program."}
{"id": "PMID:877412", "title": "Induction by carbon tetrachloride of a lipid peroxidation inhibitor (LPI) present in rat liver soluble fraction.", "content": "Oral administration of an adequate amount of carbon tetrachloride to rats resulted in an increase in the ability of the soluble fraction to inhibit microsomal NADPH-dependent lipid peroxidation. Aso, feeding of a fat-free, high carbohydrate diet to rats led an increase in the ability of the soluble fraction to prevent lipid peroxidation. Partial purification of the soluble factor inhibiting lipid peroxidation (LPI) by means of polyethylene glycol 6,000 (PEG) fractionation and hydroxylapatite column chromatography indicated that LPI is not glutathion peroxidase.", "contents": "Induction by carbon tetrachloride of a lipid peroxidation inhibitor (LPI) present in rat liver soluble fraction. Oral administration of an adequate amount of carbon tetrachloride to rats resulted in an increase in the ability of the soluble fraction to inhibit microsomal NADPH-dependent lipid peroxidation. Aso, feeding of a fat-free, high carbohydrate diet to rats led an increase in the ability of the soluble fraction to prevent lipid peroxidation. Partial purification of the soluble factor inhibiting lipid peroxidation (LPI) by means of polyethylene glycol 6,000 (PEG) fractionation and hydroxylapatite column chromatography indicated that LPI is not glutathion peroxidase."}
{"id": "PMID:877413", "title": "Deficiency of vitamin B6 in women taking contraceptive formulations.", "content": "The specific activities (S.A.) of the glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase from erythrocytes (EGOT) of 75 women taking 16 diversified contraceptive formulations were determined by the principle (CAS) of unsaturation and saturation of receptors of the Coenzyme-Apoenzyme-System with the coenzyme, pyridoxal 5'-phosphate. 52 women were not taking pyridoxine; 20 were taking 1-5 mg; 3 were taking 25-100 mg. The mean basal S.A. of the 52 women without pyridoxine was lower (p less than 0.01) than for the 20 on  1-5 mg. The mean basal S.A. for the women on 25-100 mg was higher (p less than 0.01) than for the women without pyridoxine. The mean % deficiency for the women on 25-100 mg was negligible and lower (p less than 0.01) than 18+/-8 for the 52 women, and 14+/-6 for the 20 women. These data indicate that 1-5 mg of pyridoxine is inadequate for women on contraceptives. The requisite daily dosage is projected at 50-100 mg. Other data indicate that 5-12 weeks of supplementation with pyridoxine can be required to reach a stable \"ceiling\" of S.A. of EGOT. This period indicates some regulatory mechanism by diminished levels of the apoenzyme upon gene expression to bring about normal levels of the transaminase.", "contents": "Deficiency of vitamin B6 in women taking contraceptive formulations. The specific activities (S.A.) of the glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase from erythrocytes (EGOT) of 75 women taking 16 diversified contraceptive formulations were determined by the principle (CAS) of unsaturation and saturation of receptors of the Coenzyme-Apoenzyme-System with the coenzyme, pyridoxal 5'-phosphate. 52 women were not taking pyridoxine; 20 were taking 1-5 mg; 3 were taking 25-100 mg. The mean basal S.A. of the 52 women without pyridoxine was lower (p less than 0.01) than for the 20 on  1-5 mg. The mean basal S.A. for the women on 25-100 mg was higher (p less than 0.01) than for the women without pyridoxine. The mean % deficiency for the women on 25-100 mg was negligible and lower (p less than 0.01) than 18+/-8 for the 52 women, and 14+/-6 for the 20 women. These data indicate that 1-5 mg of pyridoxine is inadequate for women on contraceptives. The requisite daily dosage is projected at 50-100 mg. Other data indicate that 5-12 weeks of supplementation with pyridoxine can be required to reach a stable \"ceiling\" of S.A. of EGOT. This period indicates some regulatory mechanism by diminished levels of the apoenzyme upon gene expression to bring about normal levels of the transaminase."}
{"id": "PMID:877414", "title": "Penicillamine effects on enzyme efflux from skeletal and heart muscle.", "content": "We have previously shown that pretreatment of mice with diethylstilbestrol (DES) or prednisolone (Pr) lowered enzyme efflux from isolated mouse skeletal muscle. These same agents also lowered the high serum enzyme activities in boys with Duchenne's muscular dystrophy (DMD). In a continuing search for other agents with similar effects, the influence of penicillamine (Pe) on enzyme efflux from isolated muscle was assessed, because it lowered the high plasma creatine phosphokinase (CPK) and produce beneficial effects in avian muscular dystrophy. Three groups of mice received 0, 1, or 10 mg Pe daily for 14 days. All mice were given supplementary pyridoxine. The egress of CPK and lactate dehydrogenase from the isolated left gastrocnemius and heart was determined over a 5 hour period. Pe produced more modest effects than did DES or Pr. The 10 mg dose reduced enzyme efflux from the gastrocnemius by 10%. In contrast, heart enzyme efflux was augmented by 20%. Similar dose-related disparate effects on enzyme efflux from skeletal muscle and heart have been previously noted for DES and Pr. Pe is the third agent found to lower the high serum enzyme activities in muscular dystrophy and reduce gastrocnemius enzyme efflux from isolated mouse skeletal muscle. This further establishes the usefulness of the mouse assay for identifying agents that lower the high serum enzyme activities in muscular dystrophy.", "contents": "Penicillamine effects on enzyme efflux from skeletal and heart muscle. We have previously shown that pretreatment of mice with diethylstilbestrol (DES) or prednisolone (Pr) lowered enzyme efflux from isolated mouse skeletal muscle. These same agents also lowered the high serum enzyme activities in boys with Duchenne's muscular dystrophy (DMD). In a continuing search for other agents with similar effects, the influence of penicillamine (Pe) on enzyme efflux from isolated muscle was assessed, because it lowered the high plasma creatine phosphokinase (CPK) and produce beneficial effects in avian muscular dystrophy. Three groups of mice received 0, 1, or 10 mg Pe daily for 14 days. All mice were given supplementary pyridoxine. The egress of CPK and lactate dehydrogenase from the isolated left gastrocnemius and heart was determined over a 5 hour period. Pe produced more modest effects than did DES or Pr. The 10 mg dose reduced enzyme efflux from the gastrocnemius by 10%. In contrast, heart enzyme efflux was augmented by 20%. Similar dose-related disparate effects on enzyme efflux from skeletal muscle and heart have been previously noted for DES and Pr. Pe is the third agent found to lower the high serum enzyme activities in muscular dystrophy and reduce gastrocnemius enzyme efflux from isolated mouse skeletal muscle. This further establishes the usefulness of the mouse assay for identifying agents that lower the high serum enzyme activities in muscular dystrophy."}
{"id": "PMID:877415", "title": "A rapid sensitive radioassay for serum native and denatured DNA.", "content": "A radioassay for human serum DNA using 3H-actinomycin D was developed and evaluated. The assay was found to be technically simple, precise, sensitive and specific for DNA. Both native and denatured DNA levels could be measured using a nuclease specific for sDNA, since denatured DNA reproducibly bound 3H-actinomycin D under the assay conditions. Analysis of human sera yielded results in accord with those previously reported for man.", "contents": "A rapid sensitive radioassay for serum native and denatured DNA. A radioassay for human serum DNA using 3H-actinomycin D was developed and evaluated. The assay was found to be technically simple, precise, sensitive and specific for DNA. Both native and denatured DNA levels could be measured using a nuclease specific for sDNA, since denatured DNA reproducibly bound 3H-actinomycin D under the assay conditions. Analysis of human sera yielded results in accord with those previously reported for man."}
{"id": "PMID:877416", "title": "Simultaneous assay of the methylxanthine metabolites of caffeine in plasma by high performance liquid chromatography.", "content": "A fast and sensitive method by high performance liquid chromatography for the quantification of the methylxanthine metabolites of caffeine in human plasma is described. Plasma is extracted with 20% isopropanol in chloroform and the evaporated residue is redissolved and chromatographed on silica gel using dichloromethane containing 2.2% of a solution of methanol-ammonium formateformic acid (100:0.02:0.017). The method is suitable for metabolic and pharmacokinetic studies of all mono- and dimethylxanthines in plasma. The limits of quantification, with C.V. of 10% or less are 40 ng/ml for the dimethylxanthines, 100 ng/ml for 3- and 7-methylxanthine and 500 ng/ml for 1-methylxanthine.", "contents": "Simultaneous assay of the methylxanthine metabolites of caffeine in plasma by high performance liquid chromatography. A fast and sensitive method by high performance liquid chromatography for the quantification of the methylxanthine metabolites of caffeine in human plasma is described. Plasma is extracted with 20% isopropanol in chloroform and the evaporated residue is redissolved and chromatographed on silica gel using dichloromethane containing 2.2% of a solution of methanol-ammonium formateformic acid (100:0.02:0.017). The method is suitable for metabolic and pharmacokinetic studies of all mono- and dimethylxanthines in plasma. The limits of quantification, with C.V. of 10% or less are 40 ng/ml for the dimethylxanthines, 100 ng/ml for 3- and 7-methylxanthine and 500 ng/ml for 1-methylxanthine."}
{"id": "PMID:877417", "title": "Dietary selenium status and pyrrolizidine alkaloid metabolism in vitro by rat liver microsomes.", "content": "The effect of dietary selenium status on the metabolism of pyrrolizidine alkaloids (monocrotaline, and mixed pyrrolizidine alkaloid from Senecio jacobaea) by rat liver microsomes in vitro was studied. In two experiments, there was no difference in the rate of metabolism of alkaloid by microsomes from selenium deficient or selenium supplemented rats. Selenium deficiency was confirmed by measurement of erythrocyte glutathione peroxidase. Administration of excess selenium by i.p. injection did not affect alkaloid metabolism. It was concluded that dietary selenium status was unlikely to influence the metabolism of pyrrolizidine alkaloids.", "contents": "Dietary selenium status and pyrrolizidine alkaloid metabolism in vitro by rat liver microsomes. The effect of dietary selenium status on the metabolism of pyrrolizidine alkaloids (monocrotaline, and mixed pyrrolizidine alkaloid from Senecio jacobaea) by rat liver microsomes in vitro was studied. In two experiments, there was no difference in the rate of metabolism of alkaloid by microsomes from selenium deficient or selenium supplemented rats. Selenium deficiency was confirmed by measurement of erythrocyte glutathione peroxidase. Administration of excess selenium by i.p. injection did not affect alkaloid metabolism. It was concluded that dietary selenium status was unlikely to influence the metabolism of pyrrolizidine alkaloids."}
{"id": "PMID:877418", "title": "Dependence of gel-filtered guinea pig hepatic microsomes on a soluble factor for maximum mono-oxygenase activities.", "content": "Guinea pig hepatic microsomes were prepared by gel filtration on Sepharose 2B. A second, peak containing protein and hemoproteins (Hp) markedly increased mono-oxygenase activities when added to the microsomes. Gel filtration of guinea pig microsomes prepared by differential centrifugation revealed possible dissociation during elution from the Sepharose column. Parallel experiments with rat liver were negative.", "contents": "Dependence of gel-filtered guinea pig hepatic microsomes on a soluble factor for maximum mono-oxygenase activities. Guinea pig hepatic microsomes were prepared by gel filtration on Sepharose 2B. A second, peak containing protein and hemoproteins (Hp) markedly increased mono-oxygenase activities when added to the microsomes. Gel filtration of guinea pig microsomes prepared by differential centrifugation revealed possible dissociation during elution from the Sepharose column. Parallel experiments with rat liver were negative."}
{"id": "PMID:877419", "title": "Urinary excretion of phenolic metabolites of N-(n-propyl)amphetamine in man.", "content": "In vivo metabolism of (+)-N-(n-propyl)amphetamine (NPA) in man (2 subjects) produced, among other products, two conjugated phenolic metabolites which are identified as 1-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-2-(n-propylamino)propane and 1-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-2-n-propylamino)propane. In a 24 hr urine sample (pH uncontrolled), 13.4% of the NPA administered was excreted as the former, and 3.5% as the latter metabolite.", "contents": "Urinary excretion of phenolic metabolites of N-(n-propyl)amphetamine in man. In vivo metabolism of (+)-N-(n-propyl)amphetamine (NPA) in man (2 subjects) produced, among other products, two conjugated phenolic metabolites which are identified as 1-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-2-(n-propylamino)propane and 1-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-2-n-propylamino)propane. In a 24 hr urine sample (pH uncontrolled), 13.4% of the NPA administered was excreted as the former, and 3.5% as the latter metabolite."}
{"id": "PMID:877420", "title": "Some observations on the antihistamine activity in the guinea pig of aliphatic 2,4-diketones, a new class of physiological tissue components.", "content": "Eight saturated aliphatic 2,4-diketones, ranging in chain length from C7 to C21 were examined for their potency in counteracting the effects of histamine anaphylaxis in guinea pigs. A 0.2% suspension of the mixed C15, C17, C19 and C21 diketones was more effective than a 1% phenylephrine solution when these were administered as aerosols. Of the individual diketones, 2,4-nonadecanedione was the most potent in vivo. ED50 data for the antihistamine activity of the C7, C9, and C13 homologues in the in vitro guinea pig ileum bioassay indicated that, on a weight basis, the activity increased with increasing molecular weight. The antiallergic activity of tissue and of urine extracts has been attributed to the presence of 2,4-diketones.", "contents": "Some observations on the antihistamine activity in the guinea pig of aliphatic 2,4-diketones, a new class of physiological tissue components. Eight saturated aliphatic 2,4-diketones, ranging in chain length from C7 to C21 were examined for their potency in counteracting the effects of histamine anaphylaxis in guinea pigs. A 0.2% suspension of the mixed C15, C17, C19 and C21 diketones was more effective than a 1% phenylephrine solution when these were administered as aerosols. Of the individual diketones, 2,4-nonadecanedione was the most potent in vivo. ED50 data for the antihistamine activity of the C7, C9, and C13 homologues in the in vitro guinea pig ileum bioassay indicated that, on a weight basis, the activity increased with increasing molecular weight. The antiallergic activity of tissue and of urine extracts has been attributed to the presence of 2,4-diketones."}
{"id": "PMID:877422", "title": "Biochemical changes in fowl serum during infection with strains of Newcastle disease virus of differing virulence. Changes in serum proteins, uric acid, lipids and electrolytes.", "content": "Chickens aged five to six weeks were inoculated with three strains of Newcastle disease virus of differing pathogenicity. The serum level of the metabolites: total protein, albumin, globulin, uric acid, total lipids, cholesterol and electrolytes: calcium, magnesium, sodium and potassium were determined. The changes in serum levels of metabolites were as follows: velogenic infection was accompanied by decrease in total protein and albumin, reduction of lipids and cholesterol and increase in uric acid. No significant changes were found in the values of these metabolites in the serum of chickens infected with mesogenic strain. Lentogenic strain caused elevation of uric acid and cholesterol. All three strains caused decrease of the level of potassium in serum.", "contents": "Biochemical changes in fowl serum during infection with strains of Newcastle disease virus of differing virulence. Changes in serum proteins, uric acid, lipids and electrolytes. Chickens aged five to six weeks were inoculated with three strains of Newcastle disease virus of differing pathogenicity. The serum level of the metabolites: total protein, albumin, globulin, uric acid, total lipids, cholesterol and electrolytes: calcium, magnesium, sodium and potassium were determined. The changes in serum levels of metabolites were as follows: velogenic infection was accompanied by decrease in total protein and albumin, reduction of lipids and cholesterol and increase in uric acid. No significant changes were found in the values of these metabolites in the serum of chickens infected with mesogenic strain. Lentogenic strain caused elevation of uric acid and cholesterol. All three strains caused decrease of the level of potassium in serum."}
{"id": "PMID:877424", "title": "Radiosulphate: its metabolism and use in measurement of extracellular fluid volume in calves.", "content": "Radiosulphate injected intravenously into calves under 14 days of age equilibrated, by 30 min, with a mean fluid volume of 311 ml/kg body weight. During the equilibration period 3-7 per cent of the injected dose was excreted in the urine. The volume of distribution of radiosulphate increased for at least 4-5 h after equilibration suggesting that it penetrated beyond the readily miscible water of the extracellular fluid.", "contents": "Radiosulphate: its metabolism and use in measurement of extracellular fluid volume in calves. Radiosulphate injected intravenously into calves under 14 days of age equilibrated, by 30 min, with a mean fluid volume of 311 ml/kg body weight. During the equilibration period 3-7 per cent of the injected dose was excreted in the urine. The volume of distribution of radiosulphate increased for at least 4-5 h after equilibration suggesting that it penetrated beyond the readily miscible water of the extracellular fluid."}
{"id": "PMID:877425", "title": "Age changes in Alcian blue staining of glycosaminoglycans in sheep articular cartilage.", "content": "Alcian blue staining of glycosaminoglycans in sheep articular cartilage is described and discussed. Chodrocytes contain mainly low molecular weight chondroitin sulphate in the outer layers but keratan sulphate increases with depth. Protein-polysaccharide interaction increases with age but the cellular staining decreases in intensity with age. Lacunar capsules contain material of higher molecular weight, much of which is chondroitin sulphate, but no protein-polysaccharide interaction occurs. The matrix of the outer layers is deeply stained while that of the inner layer is pale and consists mainly of keratan sulphate. When stained in high salt concentrations (greater than 0-7 M) the matrix of the middle layer shows two zones; hyaluronidase treatment allows these zones to be differentiated at lower salt concentrations.", "contents": "Age changes in Alcian blue staining of glycosaminoglycans in sheep articular cartilage. Alcian blue staining of glycosaminoglycans in sheep articular cartilage is described and discussed. Chodrocytes contain mainly low molecular weight chondroitin sulphate in the outer layers but keratan sulphate increases with depth. Protein-polysaccharide interaction increases with age but the cellular staining decreases in intensity with age. Lacunar capsules contain material of higher molecular weight, much of which is chondroitin sulphate, but no protein-polysaccharide interaction occurs. The matrix of the outer layers is deeply stained while that of the inner layer is pale and consists mainly of keratan sulphate. When stained in high salt concentrations (greater than 0-7 M) the matrix of the middle layer shows two zones; hyaluronidase treatment allows these zones to be differentiated at lower salt concentrations."}
{"id": "PMID:877426", "title": "Faecal thiaminase in clinically normal sheep associated with outbreaks of polioencephalomalacia.", "content": "Three flocks in which in with one of more sheep had succumbed to polioencephalomalacia (cerebrocortical necrosis) were used for faecal thiaminase studies. Up to one third of the clinically normal animals in these flocks to be excreting thiaminase on any one day and over half the  flock could be thiaminase excretors at some time during an outbreak. The possible detrimental effects of sub-clinical thiamine antagonism in sheep are therefore worthy of consideration. Thiaminase excretion by individual animals was variable and sometimes intermittent. It was unaffected by changes in diet, pasture or enviroment. In two of the flocks multiple cases of polioencephalomalacia followed the administration of the anthelmintics, levamisole hydrochloride and thiabendazole. This aspect merits further investigation in view of the widespread use of anthelmintics of this type, especially as the profuse diarrhoea which can be associated with outbreaks of polioencephalomalacia may be wrongly attributed to gastro-intestinal parasitism.", "contents": "Faecal thiaminase in clinically normal sheep associated with outbreaks of polioencephalomalacia. Three flocks in which in with one of more sheep had succumbed to polioencephalomalacia (cerebrocortical necrosis) were used for faecal thiaminase studies. Up to one third of the clinically normal animals in these flocks to be excreting thiaminase on any one day and over half the  flock could be thiaminase excretors at some time during an outbreak. The possible detrimental effects of sub-clinical thiamine antagonism in sheep are therefore worthy of consideration. Thiaminase excretion by individual animals was variable and sometimes intermittent. It was unaffected by changes in diet, pasture or enviroment. In two of the flocks multiple cases of polioencephalomalacia followed the administration of the anthelmintics, levamisole hydrochloride and thiabendazole. This aspect merits further investigation in view of the widespread use of anthelmintics of this type, especially as the profuse diarrhoea which can be associated with outbreaks of polioencephalomalacia may be wrongly attributed to gastro-intestinal parasitism."}
{"id": "PMID:877427", "title": "The competition of molybdate and sulphate ions for a transport system in the ovine small intestine.", "content": "The transport of molybdate and sulphate by segments of ovine small intestine in vitro was examined and kinetic constants derived for the late ileum where transport was highest. Sulphate inhibited the uptake of molybdate, probably by competition for sites on a common transport system. The significance of the results with respect to the problem of molybdate toxicity in animals is discussed, and related to the known protective effect of sulphate.", "contents": "The competition of molybdate and sulphate ions for a transport system in the ovine small intestine. The transport of molybdate and sulphate by segments of ovine small intestine in vitro was examined and kinetic constants derived for the late ileum where transport was highest. Sulphate inhibited the uptake of molybdate, probably by competition for sites on a common transport system. The significance of the results with respect to the problem of molybdate toxicity in animals is discussed, and related to the known protective effect of sulphate."}
{"id": "PMID:877429", "title": "Anti-larval antibodies in the serum and abomasal mucus of sheep hyperinfected with Haemonchus contortus.", "content": "A radioimmunoassay technique was used to follow the anti-larval antibody response in the serum of sheep subjected to repeated dosing with Haemonchus contortus. The response was found to develop slowly and seemed to decline as soon as the sheep stopped receiving larvae. No immunological memory was observed after the sheep were challenged with 4000 larvae nine weeks after daily dosing was stopped. Examination of abomasal mucus collected from the sheep at slaughter revealed the presence of IgA and IgG antibodies. It is suggested that most of this mucus IgG was derived from blood whereas the IgA was locally produced.", "contents": "Anti-larval antibodies in the serum and abomasal mucus of sheep hyperinfected with Haemonchus contortus. A radioimmunoassay technique was used to follow the anti-larval antibody response in the serum of sheep subjected to repeated dosing with Haemonchus contortus. The response was found to develop slowly and seemed to decline as soon as the sheep stopped receiving larvae. No immunological memory was observed after the sheep were challenged with 4000 larvae nine weeks after daily dosing was stopped. Examination of abomasal mucus collected from the sheep at slaughter revealed the presence of IgA and IgG antibodies. It is suggested that most of this mucus IgG was derived from blood whereas the IgA was locally produced."}
{"id": "PMID:877430", "title": "Intestinal absorption of palmitate and 2-aminoisobutyric acid in piglets infected with Strongyloides ransomi.", "content": "Piglets were infected with 5000 or 15,000 third stage larvae of Strongyloides ransomi/kg of body weight. On the 15th day post infection absorption of the amino acid 14C alpha-amino-isobutyric acid (AIB) and the fatty acid 3H palmitic acid were studied. It was found that the onset of absorption of amino and fatty acids was delayed in the infected animals. Defective absorption of the amino acid was found in heavily infected piglets, whereas in moderate infection there was no failure of absorption from the entire small intestine. There was no difference in the rates of absorption of 3H-palmitic acid between infected and control piglets.", "contents": "Intestinal absorption of palmitate and 2-aminoisobutyric acid in piglets infected with Strongyloides ransomi. Piglets were infected with 5000 or 15,000 third stage larvae of Strongyloides ransomi/kg of body weight. On the 15th day post infection absorption of the amino acid 14C alpha-amino-isobutyric acid (AIB) and the fatty acid 3H palmitic acid were studied. It was found that the onset of absorption of amino and fatty acids was delayed in the infected animals. Defective absorption of the amino acid was found in heavily infected piglets, whereas in moderate infection there was no failure of absorption from the entire small intestine. There was no difference in the rates of absorption of 3H-palmitic acid between infected and control piglets."}
{"id": "PMID:877431", "title": "Biochemical and physiological effects of catecholamine administration in the horse.", "content": "Adrenaline was given intramuscularly to resting horses. It increased heart rate, sweating, blood levels of lactic dehydrogenase, aldolase, creatine kinase, glucose, lactate, free fatty acids and glycerol. Responses to isoprenaline, to noradenaline and to adrenaline after pretreatment with propranolol indicated that beta receptors were involved in stimulation of tachycardia, sweating, lipolysis and muscle glycogenolysis, and alpha receptors in stimulation of liver glycogenolysis and leakage of intracellular enzymes. The time course and relative magnitude of the effects on different enzymes was not identical to that produced by exercise.", "contents": "Biochemical and physiological effects of catecholamine administration in the horse. Adrenaline was given intramuscularly to resting horses. It increased heart rate, sweating, blood levels of lactic dehydrogenase, aldolase, creatine kinase, glucose, lactate, free fatty acids and glycerol. Responses to isoprenaline, to noradenaline and to adrenaline after pretreatment with propranolol indicated that beta receptors were involved in stimulation of tachycardia, sweating, lipolysis and muscle glycogenolysis, and alpha receptors in stimulation of liver glycogenolysis and leakage of intracellular enzymes. The time course and relative magnitude of the effects on different enzymes was not identical to that produced by exercise."}
{"id": "PMID:877432", "title": "Haematological changes in fowls infested with black flies (Simulium griseicolle).", "content": "The effect of Simulium griseicolle on the blood of growing and laying birds was studied for periods of 10 and eight weeks respectively. The red cell counts and the haemoglobin concentrations were reduced but the mean corpuscular volume was increased. The packed cell volume and the mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration were only slightly changed. The macrocytic normochromic anaemia thus observed in the infested birds might have been due to nutritional factors rather than to blood loss caused by the feeding insects. Morphological changes were observed in the erythrocytes of the infested birds and these suggest presence of in vivo haemolysis, probably caused by some haemolysing agents in the saliva of the insects.", "contents": "Haematological changes in fowls infested with black flies (Simulium griseicolle). The effect of Simulium griseicolle on the blood of growing and laying birds was studied for periods of 10 and eight weeks respectively. The red cell counts and the haemoglobin concentrations were reduced but the mean corpuscular volume was increased. The packed cell volume and the mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration were only slightly changed. The macrocytic normochromic anaemia thus observed in the infested birds might have been due to nutritional factors rather than to blood loss caused by the feeding insects. Morphological changes were observed in the erythrocytes of the infested birds and these suggest presence of in vivo haemolysis, probably caused by some haemolysing agents in the saliva of the insects."}
{"id": "PMID:877433", "title": "A technique for chronic intermittent bile collection from the rat.", "content": "A technique is described for inserting into the bile duct, a re-entrant cannula with a sampling arm to allow intermittent collections of bile from unanaesthetised, minimally restrained rats, for a period of 30 days or more. The flow rate of bile (5.38+/-0-25 cm3/h/kg) was higher than that previously reported when using simple or re-entrant cannulas. This higher flow rate may be a result of allowing a minimum of 10 days post-operative recovery period before starting collection of bile and of avoiding anaesthesia and other stresses at the time of collection.", "contents": "A technique for chronic intermittent bile collection from the rat. A technique is described for inserting into the bile duct, a re-entrant cannula with a sampling arm to allow intermittent collections of bile from unanaesthetised, minimally restrained rats, for a period of 30 days or more. The flow rate of bile (5.38+/-0-25 cm3/h/kg) was higher than that previously reported when using simple or re-entrant cannulas. This higher flow rate may be a result of allowing a minimum of 10 days post-operative recovery period before starting collection of bile and of avoiding anaesthesia and other stresses at the time of collection."}
{"id": "PMID:877434", "title": "Altered absorption and regulation of iron in chicks with acute Salmonella gallinarum infection.", "content": "Chicks aged 15 days were infected orally with Salmonella gallinarum. During the six-day period immediately following infection the absorption of 59Fe from the gut fell progressively to be eventually about half that in noninfected chicks. This reduced uptake was accompanied by a shift in the distribution of the 59Fe absorbed, more occurring in the spleen and less in the liver and blood. During the eight-day period that immediately followed infection in another experiment, serum iron concentration on day 4 and 6 in infected chicks was significantly lower than that in noninfected birds. In the infected chicks also the transferrin saturation was significantly lower and the unsaturated ironbinding capacity higher, on days 4, 6, and 8 after infection. These findings show that there is a major disturbance in iron regulation in acute systemic bacterial infection in the immature fowl and suggest that the mild anaemia which occurs in chicks during acute S gallinarum infection a shortage of iron in the body.", "contents": "Altered absorption and regulation of iron in chicks with acute Salmonella gallinarum infection. Chicks aged 15 days were infected orally with Salmonella gallinarum. During the six-day period immediately following infection the absorption of 59Fe from the gut fell progressively to be eventually about half that in noninfected chicks. This reduced uptake was accompanied by a shift in the distribution of the 59Fe absorbed, more occurring in the spleen and less in the liver and blood. During the eight-day period that immediately followed infection in another experiment, serum iron concentration on day 4 and 6 in infected chicks was significantly lower than that in noninfected birds. In the infected chicks also the transferrin saturation was significantly lower and the unsaturated ironbinding capacity higher, on days 4, 6, and 8 after infection. These findings show that there is a major disturbance in iron regulation in acute systemic bacterial infection in the immature fowl and suggest that the mild anaemia which occurs in chicks during acute S gallinarum infection a shortage of iron in the body."}
{"id": "PMID:877435", "title": "The transfer of Newcastle serum antibody from the laying hen to the egg and the chick.", "content": "Four spaced injections of Newcastle disease virus were given to laying fowls. A state of hyperimmunity was reached at the 42nd day and was maintained up to the 91st day when haemagglutination inhibition antibody titre started to fall. Haemagglutination inhibition antibody produced by the hen could be detected both in egg yolks and chicks although to a lower titre than in the serum of the hen. Fuctuation of antibody transmitted by the individual hens was observed.", "contents": "The transfer of Newcastle serum antibody from the laying hen to the egg and the chick. Four spaced injections of Newcastle disease virus were given to laying fowls. A state of hyperimmunity was reached at the 42nd day and was maintained up to the 91st day when haemagglutination inhibition antibody titre started to fall. Haemagglutination inhibition antibody produced by the hen could be detected both in egg yolks and chicks although to a lower titre than in the serum of the hen. Fuctuation of antibody transmitted by the individual hens was observed."}
{"id": "PMID:877436", "title": "Electrolyte concentrations in sheep cerebrospinal fluid.", "content": "Cerebrospinal fluid (csf) of sheep was obtained by acute lumbar puncture and from chronic cannulations of the lateral cerebral ventricle. The concentrations of ions in the csf including chloride which had previously been reported to be very high, were found to be similar to those of other mammals and were not greatly affected by changes in plasma electrolyte composition associated with adrenalectomy.", "contents": "Electrolyte concentrations in sheep cerebrospinal fluid. Cerebrospinal fluid (csf) of sheep was obtained by acute lumbar puncture and from chronic cannulations of the lateral cerebral ventricle. The concentrations of ions in the csf including chloride which had previously been reported to be very high, were found to be similar to those of other mammals and were not greatly affected by changes in plasma electrolyte composition associated with adrenalectomy."}
{"id": "PMID:877437", "title": "The estimation of fibrinogen levels in animal plasmas by a simple refractometric method. A comparison with a biuret method.", "content": "A comparison was made between a biuret (reference) method and a simple refractometric (test) method for measuring fibrinogen levels in 84 animal plasmas. Although the correlation between the two methods was high (4=0.90 P less than 0-001) there was considerable random variation in the refractometric results in relation to the biuret results. This was thought to be due in part to the fact that refractometric results could only be expressed in multiples of 2.4 g/litre. In spite of this limitation, the refractometric method, on the grounds of speen and simplicity, is considered to have worthwhile application for fibrinogen determinations in practice laboratory.", "contents": "The estimation of fibrinogen levels in animal plasmas by a simple refractometric method. A comparison with a biuret method. A comparison was made between a biuret (reference) method and a simple refractometric (test) method for measuring fibrinogen levels in 84 animal plasmas. Although the correlation between the two methods was high (4=0.90 P less than 0-001) there was considerable random variation in the refractometric results in relation to the biuret results. This was thought to be due in part to the fact that refractometric results could only be expressed in multiples of 2.4 g/litre. In spite of this limitation, the refractometric method, on the grounds of speen and simplicity, is considered to have worthwhile application for fibrinogen determinations in practice laboratory."}
{"id": "PMID:877438", "title": "Mycobacterium avium infection in freeliving hedgehogs (Erinaceus europaeus L).", "content": "Mesenteric lymph nodes were examined from five hedgehogs captured on the Berkshire Downs. The single culture obtained was identified as Mycobacterium avium type 2.", "contents": "Mycobacterium avium infection in freeliving hedgehogs (Erinaceus europaeus L). Mesenteric lymph nodes were examined from five hedgehogs captured on the Berkshire Downs. The single culture obtained was identified as Mycobacterium avium type 2."}
{"id": "PMID:877439", "title": "The effect of niclosamide on Echinococcus granulosus, Taenia hydatigena and Taenia ovis infections in dogs.", "content": "The effect of niclosamide (particle size 1 micron m) and its piperazine salt (particle size 5-10 micron m) on Echinococcus granulosus and Taenia hydatigena has been investigated. The piperazine salt of niclosamide was also tested for activity against Taenia ovis. These trials involved 326 dogs. Irrespective of particle size, the drug was found to be virtually inactive against 28-day-old E granulosus. Some evidence was found indicating that there may be a low degree of activity against 70-day-old worms. The drug was found to be effective at 32 mg/kg and 64 mg/kg against T hydatigena and 50 mg/kg against T ovis. Some evidence was obtained that milk decrease the efficiency of the piperazine salt against T hydatigena at the lower dose rates. Micronisation of the drug did not increase the efficiency against this parasite. Vomiting and diarrhoea were common sequelae.", "contents": "The effect of niclosamide on Echinococcus granulosus, Taenia hydatigena and Taenia ovis infections in dogs. The effect of niclosamide (particle size 1 micron m) and its piperazine salt (particle size 5-10 micron m) on Echinococcus granulosus and Taenia hydatigena has been investigated. The piperazine salt of niclosamide was also tested for activity against Taenia ovis. These trials involved 326 dogs. Irrespective of particle size, the drug was found to be virtually inactive against 28-day-old E granulosus. Some evidence was found indicating that there may be a low degree of activity against 70-day-old worms. The drug was found to be effective at 32 mg/kg and 64 mg/kg against T hydatigena and 50 mg/kg against T ovis. Some evidence was obtained that milk decrease the efficiency of the piperazine salt against T hydatigena at the lower dose rates. Micronisation of the drug did not increase the efficiency against this parasite. Vomiting and diarrhoea were common sequelae."}
{"id": "PMID:877440", "title": "The effect of micronised nitroscanate on Echinococcus granulosus and Taenia hydatigena infections in dogs.", "content": "Trials with micronised nitroscanate carried out on 170 dogs infected with either Echinococcus granulosus or Taenia hydatigena indicated that a single treatment at 62-5 mg/kg and 16 mg/kg respectively significantly reduced the proportion of dogs infected with tapeworms. Some evidence is presented that micronisation may give a fourfold increase in the efficiency of nitroscanate in worm removal without increasing the toxic effects to the dog.", "contents": "The effect of micronised nitroscanate on Echinococcus granulosus and Taenia hydatigena infections in dogs. Trials with micronised nitroscanate carried out on 170 dogs infected with either Echinococcus granulosus or Taenia hydatigena indicated that a single treatment at 62-5 mg/kg and 16 mg/kg respectively significantly reduced the proportion of dogs infected with tapeworms. Some evidence is presented that micronisation may give a fourfold increase in the efficiency of nitroscanate in worm removal without increasing the toxic effects to the dog."}
{"id": "PMID:877441", "title": "Plasma zinc levels in sheep in the peri-parturient period.", "content": "No consistent pattern of plasma zinc concentrations was observed in the peri-parturient period in 17 ewes, although large transitory depressions of plasma zinc levels were recorded in five ewes including one non-pregnant control. Sheep with dystocia did not exhibit a fall in plasma zinc similar to that recorded in cattle.", "contents": "Plasma zinc levels in sheep in the peri-parturient period. No consistent pattern of plasma zinc concentrations was observed in the peri-parturient period in 17 ewes, although large transitory depressions of plasma zinc levels were recorded in five ewes including one non-pregnant control. Sheep with dystocia did not exhibit a fall in plasma zinc similar to that recorded in cattle."}
{"id": "PMID:877442", "title": "Human nasal mucosal function at controlled temperatures.", "content": "We exposed 16 healthy human volunteers to air temperatures ranging from 7 to 39 degrees C and measured nasal mucus flow, nasal airflow resistance, forced vital capacity, rectal and body surface temperature, and air temperature within the nasal passage. A moderate fall in nasal mucus flow rate in the anterior and middle parts of the nose was observed with temperature above or below 23 degrees C. The nasal airflow resistance decreased in warm air and tended to increase in cold air. No significant changes in forced vital capacities or rectal temperature were observed. Nasopharyngeal end inspiratory air temperatures at 23 degrees C averaged 32.6 degrees C. At environmental temperatures of 15 and 31 degrees C they average 28.1 and 32.8 degrees C, respectively. Although we found alterations in upper airway function associated with altered inspired air temperature, over the range of 32 degrees C studied these changes were of minor physiological significance.", "contents": "Human nasal mucosal function at controlled temperatures. We exposed 16 healthy human volunteers to air temperatures ranging from 7 to 39 degrees C and measured nasal mucus flow, nasal airflow resistance, forced vital capacity, rectal and body surface temperature, and air temperature within the nasal passage. A moderate fall in nasal mucus flow rate in the anterior and middle parts of the nose was observed with temperature above or below 23 degrees C. The nasal airflow resistance decreased in warm air and tended to increase in cold air. No significant changes in forced vital capacities or rectal temperature were observed. Nasopharyngeal end inspiratory air temperatures at 23 degrees C averaged 32.6 degrees C. At environmental temperatures of 15 and 31 degrees C they average 28.1 and 32.8 degrees C, respectively. Although we found alterations in upper airway function associated with altered inspired air temperature, over the range of 32 degrees C studied these changes were of minor physiological significance."}
{"id": "PMID:877443", "title": "Respiratory control of body temperature: a theoretical model.", "content": "The two-compartment model of a ventilatory CO2 chemostat of Grodins et al. (1954) is modified to describe a ventilatory thermostat fitting the requirements of panting. Allowance for the extra heat production during panting leads to a second order third degree differential equation which by introducing the ventilation/perfusion ratio can be reduced to the second degree. From the steady-state solutions calculated for dogs using experimentally determined constants it is concluded that: (1) the ventilation/perfusion ratio has no influence; (2) the ambient temperature leads to a marked panting only above 30 degree C; (3) the relative humidity of the air increases the panting; (4) due to the oxygen cost of panting, the regulation of the body temperature is possible only within limits. The limitation depends upon the energy requirements of the respiratory muscles, upon the set-point temperature and the controller gain. The unsteady-state solution is given by approximation. The ventilatory reaction to the heat stress appears to be slow with a half-time of about 15 min for a 20 kg dog. All properties of the model are mainly determined by the high specific heat of tissues relative to expired air.", "contents": "Respiratory control of body temperature: a theoretical model. The two-compartment model of a ventilatory CO2 chemostat of Grodins et al. (1954) is modified to describe a ventilatory thermostat fitting the requirements of panting. Allowance for the extra heat production during panting leads to a second order third degree differential equation which by introducing the ventilation/perfusion ratio can be reduced to the second degree. From the steady-state solutions calculated for dogs using experimentally determined constants it is concluded that: (1) the ventilation/perfusion ratio has no influence; (2) the ambient temperature leads to a marked panting only above 30 degree C; (3) the relative humidity of the air increases the panting; (4) due to the oxygen cost of panting, the regulation of the body temperature is possible only within limits. The limitation depends upon the energy requirements of the respiratory muscles, upon the set-point temperature and the controller gain. The unsteady-state solution is given by approximation. The ventilatory reaction to the heat stress appears to be slow with a half-time of about 15 min for a 20 kg dog. All properties of the model are mainly determined by the high specific heat of tissues relative to expired air."}
{"id": "PMID:877444", "title": "Diffusion of water vapor in binary and ternary gas mixtures at increased pressures.", "content": "Diffusion of water vapor was measured at 25 degrees C in the binary systems water vapor-He and water vapor-N2 at approximately 1, 4 10, 20 and 50 atm. Diffusion was also measured in the ternary system water vapor-He-O2 in both 2%O2-98%He, and at 1 and 20 atm. At 1 atm, comparison of binary diffusion coefficients (delta) shows that water vapor diffuses 3.3 times more readily in He than in N2. Values of delta at elevated pressures were reduced in proportion to 1/p, the absolute pressure, in qualitative agreement with Chapman-Enskog theory. However, the reduction in Delta was less than predicted at pressure above 4 atm in water vapor-N2 and above 20 atm in water vapor-He. The deviations from theory are more pronounced in N2 than in He, and become larger at higher pressures. When 26% O2 is present in the ternary system water vapor-He-O2, diffusion of water vapor is reduced to about 60% of its rate in pure He. In contrast, 2% O2 in He has little effect on diffusion of water vapor.", "contents": "Diffusion of water vapor in binary and ternary gas mixtures at increased pressures. Diffusion of water vapor was measured at 25 degrees C in the binary systems water vapor-He and water vapor-N2 at approximately 1, 4 10, 20 and 50 atm. Diffusion was also measured in the ternary system water vapor-He-O2 in both 2%O2-98%He, and at 1 and 20 atm. At 1 atm, comparison of binary diffusion coefficients (delta) shows that water vapor diffuses 3.3 times more readily in He than in N2. Values of delta at elevated pressures were reduced in proportion to 1/p, the absolute pressure, in qualitative agreement with Chapman-Enskog theory. However, the reduction in Delta was less than predicted at pressure above 4 atm in water vapor-N2 and above 20 atm in water vapor-He. The deviations from theory are more pronounced in N2 than in He, and become larger at higher pressures. When 26% O2 is present in the ternary system water vapor-He-O2, diffusion of water vapor is reduced to about 60% of its rate in pure He. In contrast, 2% O2 in He has little effect on diffusion of water vapor."}
{"id": "PMID:877445", "title": "Effects of uneven elastic loads on breathing pattern of anesthetized and conscious men.", "content": "In anesthetized subjects rib cage strapping (RCS) did not change tidal volume (VT) and increased ventilation (V), whereas abdomen strapping (AS) markedly decreased VT and V. Both kinds of strapping decreased expiratory duration (TE), but did not change inspiratory duration (TI) and breathing rate. RCS and AS decreased lung volume by about 200 ml and increased the elastance of the repiratory system by 12 cm H2O/1 and 9 CM H20/l, repectively. The changes produced are mainly due to mechanical factors, although reflexes also seem to be operating in some cases. In conscious subjects RCS decreased VT, TI, TE and did not change V, whereas AS did not change these parameters. The different changes in conscious and anesthetized subjects show the effects of cortical influences, which also partly explain the differen effects elicited in conscious subjects by RCS and AS. The effects produced by RCS are mainly due to the sensation of hindrance to rib cage expansion, rather than to that of rib cage squeezing, as shown by experiments of RCS without reduction of rib cage volume.", "contents": "Effects of uneven elastic loads on breathing pattern of anesthetized and conscious men. In anesthetized subjects rib cage strapping (RCS) did not change tidal volume (VT) and increased ventilation (V), whereas abdomen strapping (AS) markedly decreased VT and V. Both kinds of strapping decreased expiratory duration (TE), but did not change inspiratory duration (TI) and breathing rate. RCS and AS decreased lung volume by about 200 ml and increased the elastance of the repiratory system by 12 cm H2O/1 and 9 CM H20/l, repectively. The changes produced are mainly due to mechanical factors, although reflexes also seem to be operating in some cases. In conscious subjects RCS decreased VT, TI, TE and did not change V, whereas AS did not change these parameters. The different changes in conscious and anesthetized subjects show the effects of cortical influences, which also partly explain the differen effects elicited in conscious subjects by RCS and AS. The effects produced by RCS are mainly due to the sensation of hindrance to rib cage expansion, rather than to that of rib cage squeezing, as shown by experiments of RCS without reduction of rib cage volume."}
{"id": "PMID:877446", "title": "Hypoxic ventilatory response of cats at high altitude: an interpretation of 'blunting'.", "content": "Cats acclimatized to a simulated altitude of 5500 m developed attenuated ventilatory response in the hypoxic test range of PAO2 = 60-45 torr, but their CO2 response remained normal, although the curve was shifted to a lower PACO2 range. The acclimatized cats a high respiratory frequency and maintained hyperventilation under normoxia. Cats from 3100 m altitude had hypoxic reponses which were, on the average, slightly below sea level standards, but the difference was not statistically significant. Two cats raised at 4640 m had a normal hypoxic ventilatory response even though the frequency response was 'blunted'. These data suggest the possibility of hypoxic 'threshold' near 5500 m to produce an attenuation effect. Another series of cats acclimatized to 5500 m were tested with more severe hypoxia, and they exhibited brisk ventilatory response in range PAO2, 40-25 torr, although they showed typical 'blunting' in the range PAO2, 60-45 torr. These results suggested that the phenomenon of attenuated hypoxic response at high altitude was a reflection of shift of hypoxic set point to a lower PAO2. Finally, it was shown that the hypoxic responses of 'blunted' animals were restored to normal after mid-collicular decerebration; and that decortication resulted in a typical hyperexcitability of the hypoxic response. These results are discussed in terms of hypothesized suprapontine modulating influences on the control of breathing, and possiblities for a contribution of these mechanisms in pathogenesis of hypoxic 'blunting' are raised.", "contents": "Hypoxic ventilatory response of cats at high altitude: an interpretation of 'blunting'. Cats acclimatized to a simulated altitude of 5500 m developed attenuated ventilatory response in the hypoxic test range of PAO2 = 60-45 torr, but their CO2 response remained normal, although the curve was shifted to a lower PACO2 range. The acclimatized cats a high respiratory frequency and maintained hyperventilation under normoxia. Cats from 3100 m altitude had hypoxic reponses which were, on the average, slightly below sea level standards, but the difference was not statistically significant. Two cats raised at 4640 m had a normal hypoxic ventilatory response even though the frequency response was 'blunted'. These data suggest the possibility of hypoxic 'threshold' near 5500 m to produce an attenuation effect. Another series of cats acclimatized to 5500 m were tested with more severe hypoxia, and they exhibited brisk ventilatory response in range PAO2, 40-25 torr, although they showed typical 'blunting' in the range PAO2, 60-45 torr. These results suggested that the phenomenon of attenuated hypoxic response at high altitude was a reflection of shift of hypoxic set point to a lower PAO2. Finally, it was shown that the hypoxic responses of 'blunted' animals were restored to normal after mid-collicular decerebration; and that decortication resulted in a typical hyperexcitability of the hypoxic response. These results are discussed in terms of hypothesized suprapontine modulating influences on the control of breathing, and possiblities for a contribution of these mechanisms in pathogenesis of hypoxic 'blunting' are raised."}
{"id": "PMID:877447", "title": "Respiration and circulation during swimming activity in the dogfish Scyliorhinus stellaris.", "content": "A number of respiratory and circulatory parameters was measured in the Larger Spotted Dogfish Scyliorhinus stellaris before, during and after periods of spontaneous swimming. During swimming the gill ventilation was increased, mainly due to increased ventilatory stroke volume, the respiratory frequency showing a small rise only, and the cardiac output was increased at only slightly elevated cardiac frequency. Coordination between cardiac, ventilatory or locomotor (tail-beat) rhythms was not observed. The decrease in utilization of inspired water O2 during swimming was attributable to diffusion limitation in branchial O2 transfer. A considerable fraction of the total net amount of O2 required for swimming was taken up during the recovery phase. From the observations that (1) the decrease in gill ventilatory flow after cessation of swimming revealed a very rapid component (followed by a slow component), and that (2) changes in swimming speed were reflected by immediate changes in momentary ventilatory flow, it is concluded that the increased ventilation during swimming was in part mechanical-passive and/or due to nervous coupling between respiratory and locomotor centers.", "contents": "Respiration and circulation during swimming activity in the dogfish Scyliorhinus stellaris. A number of respiratory and circulatory parameters was measured in the Larger Spotted Dogfish Scyliorhinus stellaris before, during and after periods of spontaneous swimming. During swimming the gill ventilation was increased, mainly due to increased ventilatory stroke volume, the respiratory frequency showing a small rise only, and the cardiac output was increased at only slightly elevated cardiac frequency. Coordination between cardiac, ventilatory or locomotor (tail-beat) rhythms was not observed. The decrease in utilization of inspired water O2 during swimming was attributable to diffusion limitation in branchial O2 transfer. A considerable fraction of the total net amount of O2 required for swimming was taken up during the recovery phase. From the observations that (1) the decrease in gill ventilatory flow after cessation of swimming revealed a very rapid component (followed by a slow component), and that (2) changes in swimming speed were reflected by immediate changes in momentary ventilatory flow, it is concluded that the increased ventilation during swimming was in part mechanical-passive and/or due to nervous coupling between respiratory and locomotor centers."}
{"id": "PMID:877448", "title": "Mixing in flowing gas.", "content": "We used a mass spectrometer to analyze continuously from a flow stream after changeover of one gas to a mixture of other gases. At the end of a straight cylinder (length = 100 cm, inner diameter = 1/2 inch), light-weight gases appeared later but reached full-scale deflection earlier than heavy gases. Apparently gases with high molecular diffusivity tended to diffuse radially so that they were not carried forward axially in rapidly moving streams. This blunting of the profile of mean concentration vs distance as fresh gas move down a tube, plus spreading of a gradient region of transition between fresh gas and stale gas, are the fundamental processes of diffusion/convection interactions in the lung. Turbulence and molecular diffusion are similar in that they limit the penetration of inspired gases that could occur if laminar flow were the only process acting. However, turbulence and molecular diffusion cause true irreversible mixing of fresh and stale gases, whereas dispersion by laminar flow does not.", "contents": "Mixing in flowing gas. We used a mass spectrometer to analyze continuously from a flow stream after changeover of one gas to a mixture of other gases. At the end of a straight cylinder (length = 100 cm, inner diameter = 1/2 inch), light-weight gases appeared later but reached full-scale deflection earlier than heavy gases. Apparently gases with high molecular diffusivity tended to diffuse radially so that they were not carried forward axially in rapidly moving streams. This blunting of the profile of mean concentration vs distance as fresh gas move down a tube, plus spreading of a gradient region of transition between fresh gas and stale gas, are the fundamental processes of diffusion/convection interactions in the lung. Turbulence and molecular diffusion are similar in that they limit the penetration of inspired gases that could occur if laminar flow were the only process acting. However, turbulence and molecular diffusion cause true irreversible mixing of fresh and stale gases, whereas dispersion by laminar flow does not."}
{"id": "PMID:877449", "title": "Cardiopulmonary readjustments during graded immersion in water at 35 degrees C.", "content": "Six normal male volunteers, aged 25 to 34, suspended vertically in a harness that allowed them to completely relax their postural muscles, were studied in four randomly ordered conditions, namely in air at 28 degrees C, and immersed in water at 35 degrees C to the level of the hips, the xiphoid, or the chin. In each situation, several variables were measured by noninvasive techniques. Cardiac output rose from 5.11 min-1 (air) to 8.31-min-1 (chin), the increase in each of the three steps being significant at the 0.001 level. Heart rate dropped from 76 to 68 min-1 (P less than 0.001) from air to xiphoid immersion, but appeared to rise again (P less than 0.02) during chest immersion. Functional residual capacity decreased marginally during lower limb submergence, and considerably in each of the following stages. Pulmonary capillary blood volume rose significantly only during abdomen immersion. The arterial-endtidal PCO2 difference was minimally reduced as water reached hip level and then remained steady. Mixed venous PO2 increased during abdomen submergence, and PVCO2, was unaltered throughout. Analysis of the step-to-step changes demonstrates  that some variables are set by a combination of processes which may counteract each other, and explains the difference between results obtained by previous investigators.", "contents": "Cardiopulmonary readjustments during graded immersion in water at 35 degrees C. Six normal male volunteers, aged 25 to 34, suspended vertically in a harness that allowed them to completely relax their postural muscles, were studied in four randomly ordered conditions, namely in air at 28 degrees C, and immersed in water at 35 degrees C to the level of the hips, the xiphoid, or the chin. In each situation, several variables were measured by noninvasive techniques. Cardiac output rose from 5.11 min-1 (air) to 8.31-min-1 (chin), the increase in each of the three steps being significant at the 0.001 level. Heart rate dropped from 76 to 68 min-1 (P less than 0.001) from air to xiphoid immersion, but appeared to rise again (P less than 0.02) during chest immersion. Functional residual capacity decreased marginally during lower limb submergence, and considerably in each of the following stages. Pulmonary capillary blood volume rose significantly only during abdomen immersion. The arterial-endtidal PCO2 difference was minimally reduced as water reached hip level and then remained steady. Mixed venous PO2 increased during abdomen submergence, and PVCO2, was unaltered throughout. Analysis of the step-to-step changes demonstrates  that some variables are set by a combination of processes which may counteract each other, and explains the difference between results obtained by previous investigators."}
{"id": "PMID:877450", "title": "Cardiorespiratory and metabolic responses to positive, negative and minimum-load dynamic leg exercise.", "content": "Cardiorespiratory and metabolic responses to steady-state dynamic leg exercise were studied in seven male subjects who performed positive and negative work on a modified Krogh cycle ergometer at loads of 0, 16, 33, 49, 98, and 147 W with a pedalling rate of 60 rpm. In positive work, O2 uptake increased with the ergometric load in a parabolic fashion. Net O2 uptake averaged averaged 220 ml-min-1 at 0 W (loadless pedalling), and was 75 ml-min-1 lower at the point of physiological minimum load which occurred in negative work at approximately 9 W. The O2 cost of loadless pedalling is for one-third attributed to the work of overcoming elastic and viscous resistance, the remaining part being due mainly to the work of antagonistic muscle contraction in the moving legs. Although at a given VO2, work rate was much higher in negative than in positive work, corresponding values for VE were similar, suggesting that the mechanical tension in working muscles is of little or no importance in the control of ventilation in steady-state exercise. Heart rate increased linearly with VO2 in both positive and negative work, with a steeper slope in negative work. Evidence is presented that none of the current definitions of muscular efficiency yields the true efficiency of muscular contraction in cycle ergometry, net efficiency calculation resulting in too low estimates, and work and delta efficiency calculations in overestimated values in the low-intensity work range, and in underestimated values in the high-intensity range.", "contents": "Cardiorespiratory and metabolic responses to positive, negative and minimum-load dynamic leg exercise. Cardiorespiratory and metabolic responses to steady-state dynamic leg exercise were studied in seven male subjects who performed positive and negative work on a modified Krogh cycle ergometer at loads of 0, 16, 33, 49, 98, and 147 W with a pedalling rate of 60 rpm. In positive work, O2 uptake increased with the ergometric load in a parabolic fashion. Net O2 uptake averaged averaged 220 ml-min-1 at 0 W (loadless pedalling), and was 75 ml-min-1 lower at the point of physiological minimum load which occurred in negative work at approximately 9 W. The O2 cost of loadless pedalling is for one-third attributed to the work of overcoming elastic and viscous resistance, the remaining part being due mainly to the work of antagonistic muscle contraction in the moving legs. Although at a given VO2, work rate was much higher in negative than in positive work, corresponding values for VE were similar, suggesting that the mechanical tension in working muscles is of little or no importance in the control of ventilation in steady-state exercise. Heart rate increased linearly with VO2 in both positive and negative work, with a steeper slope in negative work. Evidence is presented that none of the current definitions of muscular efficiency yields the true efficiency of muscular contraction in cycle ergometry, net efficiency calculation resulting in too low estimates, and work and delta efficiency calculations in overestimated values in the low-intensity work range, and in underestimated values in the high-intensity range."}
{"id": "PMID:877451", "title": "Heart rate response to breath holding at 18.6 ATA.", "content": "The heart rate (HR) responses to breath-holding (BH) with the without face immersion (FI) in 31 or 27 degrees C water was studied in 1 ATA air and hyperbaric He-O2 environments in 4 male subjects during a dry saturation dive to simulated depth of 580 ft (18.6 ATA). When a 60 sec BH or FI was performed while leaning forward, there was a significant linear correlation between the maximal bradycardial response (delta HRmax) and ambient pressure for simple BH (r-0.08, P less than 0.05) and 31 degrees C FI (r = 0.91, P less than 0.01), but not for 27 degrees C FI. A similar trend was seen during 30 sec BH's while seated erect. The facial cold-dependent component of the FI bradycardia was not significantly altered by pressure. In general, there were significant correlations between the initial HR and the initial thoracic conductive volume (TCV; measured by the four-electrode Minnesota impedance cardiograph), and between the initial TCV and delta HRmax observed during seated erect BH's. Since the TCV was generally higher at depth, it is suggested that a mechanical effect due to increased TCV at depth, possibly related to increased gas density, is at least partly responsible for the pressure dependence of BH bradycardia.", "contents": "Heart rate response to breath holding at 18.6 ATA. The heart rate (HR) responses to breath-holding (BH) with the without face immersion (FI) in 31 or 27 degrees C water was studied in 1 ATA air and hyperbaric He-O2 environments in 4 male subjects during a dry saturation dive to simulated depth of 580 ft (18.6 ATA). When a 60 sec BH or FI was performed while leaning forward, there was a significant linear correlation between the maximal bradycardial response (delta HRmax) and ambient pressure for simple BH (r-0.08, P less than 0.05) and 31 degrees C FI (r = 0.91, P less than 0.01), but not for 27 degrees C FI. A similar trend was seen during 30 sec BH's while seated erect. The facial cold-dependent component of the FI bradycardia was not significantly altered by pressure. In general, there were significant correlations between the initial HR and the initial thoracic conductive volume (TCV; measured by the four-electrode Minnesota impedance cardiograph), and between the initial TCV and delta HRmax observed during seated erect BH's. Since the TCV was generally higher at depth, it is suggested that a mechanical effect due to increased TCV at depth, possibly related to increased gas density, is at least partly responsible for the pressure dependence of BH bradycardia."}
{"id": "PMID:877452", "title": "Pressure-flow relationships and power output of breathing.", "content": "The pressure-flow relationship obtained by Agostoni and Fenn (1960) during maximal inspiratory efforts against various external resistances contains information from which inferences regarding the power output, and the internal impedance of the breathing system can be made. Similar inferences can be made from measurements obtained with submaximal but constant inspiratory efforts. An analysis is presented to reconcile the observed linear pressure-flow relationships with the usually observed hyperbolic force-velocity relationship of muscle.", "contents": "Pressure-flow relationships and power output of breathing. The pressure-flow relationship obtained by Agostoni and Fenn (1960) during maximal inspiratory efforts against various external resistances contains information from which inferences regarding the power output, and the internal impedance of the breathing system can be made. Similar inferences can be made from measurements obtained with submaximal but constant inspiratory efforts. An analysis is presented to reconcile the observed linear pressure-flow relationships with the usually observed hyperbolic force-velocity relationship of muscle."}
{"id": "PMID:877453", "title": "Oxygen uptake transients at the onset and offset of arm and leg work.", "content": "The halftimes (t1/2) of the VO2 on-and off-responses have been determined on 4 moderately active subjects (1) in arm cranking (VO2 congruent to 1 1/min). (2) in leg pedaling at 4 graded submaximal (VO2 congruent to 0.8 to 2.51/min) work loads, and (3) when superimposing arm cranking on preexisting leg pedaling, both in the supine and in the upright position. In supine experiments the mean t1/2 of the VO2 on-response was longer for arm cranking than for leg pedaling (64 vs 44-49 sec) at equal VO2; however, at the same percentage of arm and leg VO2 max the respective t1/2 were similar. In sitting experiments all t1/2 of the VO2 on-response were shorter than when supine, but the t1/2 for the arms were still slightly longer than those for the legs. When arm cranking was superimposed on preexisting leg pedaling, the t1/4 for arms was reduced both in supine (from 64 to 35-38 sec) and in the sitting position (from 44 to 40 sec). The halftime of the VO2 off-response were much shorter (20-32 sec) than those of the on-response and similar in all experiments. In all conditions the O2 deficits at work onset were considerably larger than the fast component of the corresponding O2 debts during the first minutes of recovery. The difference was totally accounted for by anaerobic glycolysis occurring early during the VO2 on-response, particularly in arm exercise. It is concluded that at submaximal work loads the O2 deficit is accounted for the fast component of the O2 debt plus the O2 equivalent of the early lactate production.", "contents": "Oxygen uptake transients at the onset and offset of arm and leg work. The halftimes (t1/2) of the VO2 on-and off-responses have been determined on 4 moderately active subjects (1) in arm cranking (VO2 congruent to 1 1/min). (2) in leg pedaling at 4 graded submaximal (VO2 congruent to 0.8 to 2.51/min) work loads, and (3) when superimposing arm cranking on preexisting leg pedaling, both in the supine and in the upright position. In supine experiments the mean t1/2 of the VO2 on-response was longer for arm cranking than for leg pedaling (64 vs 44-49 sec) at equal VO2; however, at the same percentage of arm and leg VO2 max the respective t1/2 were similar. In sitting experiments all t1/2 of the VO2 on-response were shorter than when supine, but the t1/2 for the arms were still slightly longer than those for the legs. When arm cranking was superimposed on preexisting leg pedaling, the t1/4 for arms was reduced both in supine (from 64 to 35-38 sec) and in the sitting position (from 44 to 40 sec). The halftime of the VO2 off-response were much shorter (20-32 sec) than those of the on-response and similar in all experiments. In all conditions the O2 deficits at work onset were considerably larger than the fast component of the corresponding O2 debts during the first minutes of recovery. The difference was totally accounted for by anaerobic glycolysis occurring early during the VO2 on-response, particularly in arm exercise. It is concluded that at submaximal work loads the O2 deficit is accounted for the fast component of the O2 debt plus the O2 equivalent of the early lactate production."}
{"id": "PMID:877454", "title": "Measurement of cardiac output using improved chromatographic analysis of sulfur hexafluoride (SF6).", "content": "A constant current variable frequency pulsed electron capture detector has been incorporated into the gas chromatographic analysis of trace amounts of sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) in water and blood. The resulting system offers a broader effective operating range than more conventional electron capture units and has been utilized for measurements of cardiac output employing constant-rate infusion of dissolved SF6. The SF6 technique has been validated against direct volumetric measurements of cardiac output in a canine right-heart bypass preparation and used subsequently for rapidly repeated measurements in conscious animals and man.", "contents": "Measurement of cardiac output using improved chromatographic analysis of sulfur hexafluoride (SF6). A constant current variable frequency pulsed electron capture detector has been incorporated into the gas chromatographic analysis of trace amounts of sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) in water and blood. The resulting system offers a broader effective operating range than more conventional electron capture units and has been utilized for measurements of cardiac output employing constant-rate infusion of dissolved SF6. The SF6 technique has been validated against direct volumetric measurements of cardiac output in a canine right-heart bypass preparation and used subsequently for rapidly repeated measurements in conscious animals and man."}
{"id": "PMID:877514", "title": "Characterization of the cobalamins attached to transcobalamin I and transcobalamin II in human plasma.", "content": "Insolubilized antibody to transcobalamin I was used to separate transcobalamin I and transcobalamin II. By bioautography of the extracted cobalamins it was shown that transcobalamin II bound more deoxyadenosylcobalamin than did transcobalamin I, and that methylcobalamin accounts for most of the cobalamins attached to transcobalamin I. This finding may indicate that transcobalamin I has a function in the metabolism of methylcobalamin in man.", "contents": "Characterization of the cobalamins attached to transcobalamin I and transcobalamin II in human plasma. Insolubilized antibody to transcobalamin I was used to separate transcobalamin I and transcobalamin II. By bioautography of the extracted cobalamins it was shown that transcobalamin II bound more deoxyadenosylcobalamin than did transcobalamin I, and that methylcobalamin accounts for most of the cobalamins attached to transcobalamin I. This finding may indicate that transcobalamin I has a function in the metabolism of methylcobalamin in man."}
{"id": "PMID:877515", "title": "Vitamin B12 metabolism in myelomatosis.", "content": "In 38 patients with myelomatosis the serum cobalamin varied from 34 pmol/1 to 404 pmol/1, median 181.5 pmol/1, which is significantly lower than the levels in 22 control persons with range 173-535 pmol/1, median 265 pmol/1. In spite of low serum cobalamin no symptoms of vitamin B12 deficiency could be demonstrated in any of the patients, except for the one patient who had a serum cobalamin of 34 pmol/1. Mean values for Hb, MCV, PCV, serum lactate-dehydrogenase, adjested red cell folate and nucleated neutrophil count were similar in a group of patients with a serum cobalamin below 160 pmol/1 and a group of patients with higher serum cobalamin values. The decrease in serum cobalamin is due in part to a reduction in the major cobalamin binder (TC-I) in serum. Measuring serum cobalamin in relationship to gastric acis secretion, we found a significantly higher frequency of hypo- and achlorhydria in patients with serum cobalamin below 160 pmol/1 although the intestinal absorption of vitamin B12 was normal by a Schilling test. Although our finding of low saturation of TC-I in serum seems to demonstrate decreased vitamin B12 content in the body in myelomatosis, the lack of evidence for a functional vitamin B12 deficiency speaks against giving a supplement to patients with myelomatosis.", "contents": "Vitamin B12 metabolism in myelomatosis. In 38 patients with myelomatosis the serum cobalamin varied from 34 pmol/1 to 404 pmol/1, median 181.5 pmol/1, which is significantly lower than the levels in 22 control persons with range 173-535 pmol/1, median 265 pmol/1. In spite of low serum cobalamin no symptoms of vitamin B12 deficiency could be demonstrated in any of the patients, except for the one patient who had a serum cobalamin of 34 pmol/1. Mean values for Hb, MCV, PCV, serum lactate-dehydrogenase, adjested red cell folate and nucleated neutrophil count were similar in a group of patients with a serum cobalamin below 160 pmol/1 and a group of patients with higher serum cobalamin values. The decrease in serum cobalamin is due in part to a reduction in the major cobalamin binder (TC-I) in serum. Measuring serum cobalamin in relationship to gastric acis secretion, we found a significantly higher frequency of hypo- and achlorhydria in patients with serum cobalamin below 160 pmol/1 although the intestinal absorption of vitamin B12 was normal by a Schilling test. Although our finding of low saturation of TC-I in serum seems to demonstrate decreased vitamin B12 content in the body in myelomatosis, the lack of evidence for a functional vitamin B12 deficiency speaks against giving a supplement to patients with myelomatosis."}
{"id": "PMID:877516", "title": "Comparison of biochemical properties of human serum B12 binders derived from sephadex and DEAE-cellulose chromatography.", "content": "Vitamin B12 binding proteins were separated into 2 peaks corresponding to small (TCS) and large (TCL) molecular weight fractions by gel-filtration of Sephadex G-200 using 0.005 M-sodium phosphate buffer, pH 7.4 containing 1 M-NaC1. Each peak, after dialysis and concentration, was chromatographed on DEAE-cellulose. 3 peaks of radioactivity were recovered from both TCS and TCL. Peaks from TCS had an apparent mol. wt. of about 40,000 and those from TCL about 110,000, as determined by gel-filtration on Sephadex G-200. On electrophoresis, peaks eluted with 0.06 M-phosphate buffer, pH 5.85 from both TCS and TCL moved as beta-globulins; those eluted with 0.1 M buffer, pH 5.8 between beta- and alpha 2-globulin and those eluted with 0.25 M buffer, pH 5.4 between alpha 1-globulin. In our assay system, TCS delivered 57CoB12 to L-1210 leukaemic lymphoblasts while TCL had no such activity. Of the 6 binders from DEAE-cellulose, only peaks eluted with 0.06 M and 0.1 M buffers from TCS delivered labelled B12 to these cells. Antisera prepared against TC II B12 reacted only with TC II B12 from serum, TCS, and fractions D and E obtained from TCS which were eluted with 0.06 and 0.1 M buffers, respectively.", "contents": "Comparison of biochemical properties of human serum B12 binders derived from sephadex and DEAE-cellulose chromatography. Vitamin B12 binding proteins were separated into 2 peaks corresponding to small (TCS) and large (TCL) molecular weight fractions by gel-filtration of Sephadex G-200 using 0.005 M-sodium phosphate buffer, pH 7.4 containing 1 M-NaC1. Each peak, after dialysis and concentration, was chromatographed on DEAE-cellulose. 3 peaks of radioactivity were recovered from both TCS and TCL. Peaks from TCS had an apparent mol. wt. of about 40,000 and those from TCL about 110,000, as determined by gel-filtration on Sephadex G-200. On electrophoresis, peaks eluted with 0.06 M-phosphate buffer, pH 5.85 from both TCS and TCL moved as beta-globulins; those eluted with 0.1 M buffer, pH 5.8 between beta- and alpha 2-globulin and those eluted with 0.25 M buffer, pH 5.4 between alpha 1-globulin. In our assay system, TCS delivered 57CoB12 to L-1210 leukaemic lymphoblasts while TCL had no such activity. Of the 6 binders from DEAE-cellulose, only peaks eluted with 0.06 M and 0.1 M buffers from TCS delivered labelled B12 to these cells. Antisera prepared against TC II B12 reacted only with TC II B12 from serum, TCS, and fractions D and E obtained from TCS which were eluted with 0.06 and 0.1 M buffers, respectively."}
{"id": "PMID:877517", "title": "Ph1-negative eosinophilic leukaemia with trisomy 8. Case report and review of cytogenetic studies.", "content": "A case of eosinophilic leukaemia of the mature cell type in a 73-year-old man is described. Bone marrow chromosomes were studied in direct preparations on 3 occasions. With the G- and Q-banding techniques an extra chromosome number 8 was observed in all metaphases. There was no Ph1-chromosome. Therapy with vincristine and prednisone produced remissions but the course of the disease was accelerated. Review of the literature and study of the present case suggests that eosinophilic leukaemia like CGL may be divided into a Ph1-positive and a Ph1-negative group. In both groups karyotype abnormalities may be present and might herald a downhill course.", "contents": "Ph1-negative eosinophilic leukaemia with trisomy 8. Case report and review of cytogenetic studies. A case of eosinophilic leukaemia of the mature cell type in a 73-year-old man is described. Bone marrow chromosomes were studied in direct preparations on 3 occasions. With the G- and Q-banding techniques an extra chromosome number 8 was observed in all metaphases. There was no Ph1-chromosome. Therapy with vincristine and prednisone produced remissions but the course of the disease was accelerated. Review of the literature and study of the present case suggests that eosinophilic leukaemia like CGL may be divided into a Ph1-positive and a Ph1-negative group. In both groups karyotype abnormalities may be present and might herald a downhill course."}
{"id": "PMID:877518", "title": "Resistance to activated F IX concentrate (FEIBA).", "content": "A 10-year-old haemophiliac with an inhibitor to Factor VIII was treated by repeated infusion of an activated Factor IX concentrate (FEIBA). During therapy the patient was monitored with extensive coagulation studies, and the initial effect of FEIBA on the whole blood coagulation time was seen to disappear in spite of increased doses of concentrate. A fall in Factor IX activity and a rise of antithrombin III and anti-Factor Xa was recorded, while the titer of anti-F VIII remained unchanged. The exact nature of this FEIBA-resistant state was not revealed, however, it was speculated that a rise of natural inhibitors of the coagulation system could explain the findings.", "contents": "Resistance to activated F IX concentrate (FEIBA). A 10-year-old haemophiliac with an inhibitor to Factor VIII was treated by repeated infusion of an activated Factor IX concentrate (FEIBA). During therapy the patient was monitored with extensive coagulation studies, and the initial effect of FEIBA on the whole blood coagulation time was seen to disappear in spite of increased doses of concentrate. A fall in Factor IX activity and a rise of antithrombin III and anti-Factor Xa was recorded, while the titer of anti-F VIII remained unchanged. The exact nature of this FEIBA-resistant state was not revealed, however, it was speculated that a rise of natural inhibitors of the coagulation system could explain the findings."}
{"id": "PMID:877520", "title": "A comparison between the Grid Test of Schizophrenic Thought Disorder and diagnostic psychological testing.", "content": "Bannister and Fransella's Grid Test of Schizophrenic Thought Disorder based on  Personal Construct Theory and the concept of \"loosened construing\", as measurable in the scores of Intensity and Consistency between intercorrelations, has been applied to a Scandinavian sample of psychiatric patients. The validity of the test was illustrated, and a significant difference was found between a group of schizophrenics and schizophrenic borderline states and a group without schizophrenic thought disorders. The Grid Test scores were found to agree with thought disorder manifestations as evaluated in qualitative terms on the basis of cognitive and projective tests, but they did not differentiate between developmental levels of thinking corresponding to concreteness in organic impairment versus diffuseness in schizophrenia. Thus, the concept of \"loosened construing\" as applied in this thought disorder test seems too unspecific.", "contents": "A comparison between the Grid Test of Schizophrenic Thought Disorder and diagnostic psychological testing. Bannister and Fransella's Grid Test of Schizophrenic Thought Disorder based on  Personal Construct Theory and the concept of \"loosened construing\", as measurable in the scores of Intensity and Consistency between intercorrelations, has been applied to a Scandinavian sample of psychiatric patients. The validity of the test was illustrated, and a significant difference was found between a group of schizophrenics and schizophrenic borderline states and a group without schizophrenic thought disorders. The Grid Test scores were found to agree with thought disorder manifestations as evaluated in qualitative terms on the basis of cognitive and projective tests, but they did not differentiate between developmental levels of thinking corresponding to concreteness in organic impairment versus diffuseness in schizophrenia. Thus, the concept of \"loosened construing\" as applied in this thought disorder test seems too unspecific."}
{"id": "PMID:877521", "title": "The effect of amphetamine and L-dopa on tetrabenazine-induced suppression of intracranial self-stimulation in the rat.", "content": "The administration of d-amphetamine sulphate resulted in a restoration of intracranial self-stimulation (ICSS) suppressed by tetrabenazine (TBZ). A dose-dependent increase in the rate of ICSS was seen after L-dopa in animals pretreated with TBZ. d-Amhetamine is believed to act by facilitating the nerve-impulse induced release of central catecholamines (CA) whereas the blockage of the granular uptake-storage mechanism by TBZ will prevent the storage of CA formed from the administrated L-dopa and thereby interfere with their release by nerve-impulses. Thus, in the latter case, an activation of central CA receptors in all probability will be due to a dose-dependent diffusion of CA from nerve terminals. It is suggested that the failure to completely antagonize the TBZ-induced suppression of behaviour by L-dopa is due to the fact that a direct activation, independent of the nerve-impulse flow, of central CA receptors easily results in an overstimulation and a reduced specificity in behaviour.", "contents": "The effect of amphetamine and L-dopa on tetrabenazine-induced suppression of intracranial self-stimulation in the rat. The administration of d-amphetamine sulphate resulted in a restoration of intracranial self-stimulation (ICSS) suppressed by tetrabenazine (TBZ). A dose-dependent increase in the rate of ICSS was seen after L-dopa in animals pretreated with TBZ. d-Amhetamine is believed to act by facilitating the nerve-impulse induced release of central catecholamines (CA) whereas the blockage of the granular uptake-storage mechanism by TBZ will prevent the storage of CA formed from the administrated L-dopa and thereby interfere with their release by nerve-impulses. Thus, in the latter case, an activation of central CA receptors in all probability will be due to a dose-dependent diffusion of CA from nerve terminals. It is suggested that the failure to completely antagonize the TBZ-induced suppression of behaviour by L-dopa is due to the fact that a direct activation, independent of the nerve-impulse flow, of central CA receptors easily results in an overstimulation and a reduced specificity in behaviour."}
{"id": "PMID:877522", "title": "Emotion and cognition in vicarious instigation research.", "content": "It is argued that the vicarious instigation research would benefit from integrating phenomena and distinctions acknowledged within emotion psychology and cognitive psychology. In particular, suggestions are made which aim at increasing the specificity of terminological, methodological, and interpretational aspects of vicarious instigation research.", "contents": "Emotion and cognition in vicarious instigation research. It is argued that the vicarious instigation research would benefit from integrating phenomena and distinctions acknowledged within emotion psychology and cognitive psychology. In particular, suggestions are made which aim at increasing the specificity of terminological, methodological, and interpretational aspects of vicarious instigation research."}
{"id": "PMID:877524", "title": "[Clinical experiences with prostaglandin E 2 and F 2 alpha in the termination of pregnancy and labor induction in intrauterine fetal death].", "content": "In 34 cases of therapeutic termination of pregnancy in the second trimester and in 26 cases of fetal death in utero up to the 43rd week of pregnancy, expulsion of the uterine contents was achieved by means of transabdominal-intraamniotic and intravenous administration of prostaglandin (PG) E2 and PGF2lalpha. The average expulsion time was 14 1/2-16h. The following respective doses were needed: for intraamniotic use, 5-25 mg PGE2 and 40-120 mg PGF2alpha, and for intravenous use 5.8-7.3 mg PGE2 and 43.3-52.3 mg PGF2alpha. Two patients required treatment for side effects. These results are compared with existing data from the literature and the clinical application of various prostaglandins is discussed.", "contents": "[Clinical experiences with prostaglandin E 2 and F 2 alpha in the termination of pregnancy and labor induction in intrauterine fetal death]. In 34 cases of therapeutic termination of pregnancy in the second trimester and in 26 cases of fetal death in utero up to the 43rd week of pregnancy, expulsion of the uterine contents was achieved by means of transabdominal-intraamniotic and intravenous administration of prostaglandin (PG) E2 and PGF2lalpha. The average expulsion time was 14 1/2-16h. The following respective doses were needed: for intraamniotic use, 5-25 mg PGE2 and 40-120 mg PGF2alpha, and for intravenous use 5.8-7.3 mg PGE2 and 43.3-52.3 mg PGF2alpha. Two patients required treatment for side effects. These results are compared with existing data from the literature and the clinical application of various prostaglandins is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:877525", "title": "[Study of vitamin D deficiencies in the aged].", "content": "Plasma levels of 25-hydroxycalciferol (25-OH-D) and the biological parameters of phosphocalcium metabolism were determined in 55 patients institutionalized in a geriatric hospital in Geneva. They were compared with two control groups, one of the same age and the other younger. The mean plasma 25-OH-D level of the hospitalized patients was 22.7 +/- SD 13.6 microgram/l, which is significantly lower (p less than 0.001) than the mean level obtained from both the control group of the same age (46.2 +/- SD 20.1 microgram/1 25-OH-D) and the control group of young subjects (48.6 +/- SD 16.8 microgram 25-OH-D/1). Among the 55 hospitalized patients, 27 (49%) had a deficient 25-OH-D plasma level lower than 20 microgram/1. Compared to the control group of the same age, the group of hospitalized subjects had lower mean plasma level of inorganic phosphate (27.1 +/- SD 4.34 mg/1; p less than 0.01) and an elevated mean plasma level of alkaline phosphatase (46.9 +/- SD 16.5 UI/1; p less than 0.005). For those 27 patients deficient in 25-OH-D, a positive correlation exists between the plasma values of 25-OH-D and the total calcium (r = 0.584). The high incidence of biological indicators of osteomalacia found in the group of hospitalized patients suggests that vitamin D deficiency is a current problem of the elderly in Switzerland necessitating a review of the prophylactic measures now in use.", "contents": "[Study of vitamin D deficiencies in the aged]. Plasma levels of 25-hydroxycalciferol (25-OH-D) and the biological parameters of phosphocalcium metabolism were determined in 55 patients institutionalized in a geriatric hospital in Geneva. They were compared with two control groups, one of the same age and the other younger. The mean plasma 25-OH-D level of the hospitalized patients was 22.7 +/- SD 13.6 microgram/l, which is significantly lower (p less than 0.001) than the mean level obtained from both the control group of the same age (46.2 +/- SD 20.1 microgram/1 25-OH-D) and the control group of young subjects (48.6 +/- SD 16.8 microgram 25-OH-D/1). Among the 55 hospitalized patients, 27 (49%) had a deficient 25-OH-D plasma level lower than 20 microgram/1. Compared to the control group of the same age, the group of hospitalized subjects had lower mean plasma level of inorganic phosphate (27.1 +/- SD 4.34 mg/1; p less than 0.01) and an elevated mean plasma level of alkaline phosphatase (46.9 +/- SD 16.5 UI/1; p less than 0.005). For those 27 patients deficient in 25-OH-D, a positive correlation exists between the plasma values of 25-OH-D and the total calcium (r = 0.584). The high incidence of biological indicators of osteomalacia found in the group of hospitalized patients suggests that vitamin D deficiency is a current problem of the elderly in Switzerland necessitating a review of the prophylactic measures now in use."}
{"id": "PMID:877526", "title": "[Epidemiology of hepatitis--Canton of Zurich and environs, 1976].", "content": "338 consecutive patients with acute viral  hepatitis occurring in 1976 were analyzed and the data compared with similar studies from 1973 and 1974. 56% of the patients suffered from hepatitis B and the others had \"non B\" hepatitis. 44% were between 15 and 29 years old and 47% were women. In 43% of patients \"administration and consumption of medical measures\" were thought to be responsible for the viral transmission and in 24% foreign travel, while in 16% contact with hepatitis patients was suspected to be relevant. Clusters of hepatitis (more than 3 linked cases) occurred in only 3 instances (common travel abraod) involving 16 patients. While 73% of the patients with hepatitis thought to be the consequence of medical measures had hepatitis B, this was the case only in 13% of individuals in whom the disease occurred after trips to southern countries. 146 patients under hemodialysis and 78 staff members of five different hemodilaysis centers were tested for HBS-antigen and corresponding antibodies at intervals of 1-2 months. 57 individuals had signs of ongoing or past infection with hepatitis virus B at the beginning of 1976 while another 52 individuals were newly infected in the course of the year. The estimated risk of acquiring hepatitis was highest for drug addicts (15 per 1000 per year), followed by surgical staff (3-5) and travellers to \"high risk\" countries (4). Reasonable prophylactic measures to limit the circulation of hepatitis virus in the surveyed population are discussed.", "contents": "[Epidemiology of hepatitis--Canton of Zurich and environs, 1976]. 338 consecutive patients with acute viral  hepatitis occurring in 1976 were analyzed and the data compared with similar studies from 1973 and 1974. 56% of the patients suffered from hepatitis B and the others had \"non B\" hepatitis. 44% were between 15 and 29 years old and 47% were women. In 43% of patients \"administration and consumption of medical measures\" were thought to be responsible for the viral transmission and in 24% foreign travel, while in 16% contact with hepatitis patients was suspected to be relevant. Clusters of hepatitis (more than 3 linked cases) occurred in only 3 instances (common travel abraod) involving 16 patients. While 73% of the patients with hepatitis thought to be the consequence of medical measures had hepatitis B, this was the case only in 13% of individuals in whom the disease occurred after trips to southern countries. 146 patients under hemodialysis and 78 staff members of five different hemodilaysis centers were tested for HBS-antigen and corresponding antibodies at intervals of 1-2 months. 57 individuals had signs of ongoing or past infection with hepatitis virus B at the beginning of 1976 while another 52 individuals were newly infected in the course of the year. The estimated risk of acquiring hepatitis was highest for drug addicts (15 per 1000 per year), followed by surgical staff (3-5) and travellers to \"high risk\" countries (4). Reasonable prophylactic measures to limit the circulation of hepatitis virus in the surveyed population are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:877527", "title": "[Result of an antifibrinolytic treatment using tranexamic acid for the reduction of blood-loss during and after tonsillectomy].", "content": "Blood loss during and after tonsillectomy was assessed in 80 patients, 40 of whom were treated with tranexamic acid. A statistically significant reduction of blood loss (28%) was observed in this group during operation. Later bleedings occurred only in 27.5% (control: 67.5%) and stopped after 2 h (mean of control: 5.6h). Bleedings in the tranexamic acid group were mild and scarcely required other hemostyptic treatment, while in the control group some patients had to be treated with etamsylate or fibrogen for a longer period to stop bleeding. Tranexamic acid appears to be an effective and well-tolerated agent for reduction of blood loss caused by local hyperfibrinolysis.", "contents": "[Result of an antifibrinolytic treatment using tranexamic acid for the reduction of blood-loss during and after tonsillectomy]. Blood loss during and after tonsillectomy was assessed in 80 patients, 40 of whom were treated with tranexamic acid. A statistically significant reduction of blood loss (28%) was observed in this group during operation. Later bleedings occurred only in 27.5% (control: 67.5%) and stopped after 2 h (mean of control: 5.6h). Bleedings in the tranexamic acid group were mild and scarcely required other hemostyptic treatment, while in the control group some patients had to be treated with etamsylate or fibrogen for a longer period to stop bleeding. Tranexamic acid appears to be an effective and well-tolerated agent for reduction of blood loss caused by local hyperfibrinolysis."}
{"id": "PMID:877529", "title": "[Atypical spermatogonias as precancerous conditions].", "content": "Atypical spermatogonia are relatively frequent in the vicinity of testicular teratomas or seminomas. These voluminous cells are seminoma-like, showing broad and clear cytoplasm borders, big nuclei and peculiarly enlarged nucleoli. Atypical spermatogonia usually line the tubules and displace the remaining Sertoli cells towards the middle of the tubules. Recently, such atypical spermatogonia have been described in testicular biopsies performed for fertility disturbances. Two patients showing atypical spermatogonia developed, years later, malignant testicular tumors. Therefore, were checked all of our histological specimens from testicular biopsies over the period 1950-1976 for atypical spermatogonia. They originated from 1935 adult patients in whom biopsy had been performed, in general bilaterally, for fertility disturbances. In fact, atypical spermatogonia were found in the specimens of 9 patients, that is, 0.55%. Five of these patients developed malignant testicular tumours within periods ranging from months to six years, viz. three seminomas, one teratoma and one combined tumor, i.e. a teratoma and seminoma. The remaining four patients with atypical spermatogonia have shown no sign of tumor to date. As the results of our investigation show, atypical spermatogonia in testicular biopsies should not be taken lightly. We therefore strongly advise checks at short intervals on such patients in view of the high risk of their developing malignant testicular tumors.", "contents": "[Atypical spermatogonias as precancerous conditions]. Atypical spermatogonia are relatively frequent in the vicinity of testicular teratomas or seminomas. These voluminous cells are seminoma-like, showing broad and clear cytoplasm borders, big nuclei and peculiarly enlarged nucleoli. Atypical spermatogonia usually line the tubules and displace the remaining Sertoli cells towards the middle of the tubules. Recently, such atypical spermatogonia have been described in testicular biopsies performed for fertility disturbances. Two patients showing atypical spermatogonia developed, years later, malignant testicular tumors. Therefore, were checked all of our histological specimens from testicular biopsies over the period 1950-1976 for atypical spermatogonia. They originated from 1935 adult patients in whom biopsy had been performed, in general bilaterally, for fertility disturbances. In fact, atypical spermatogonia were found in the specimens of 9 patients, that is, 0.55%. Five of these patients developed malignant testicular tumours within periods ranging from months to six years, viz. three seminomas, one teratoma and one combined tumor, i.e. a teratoma and seminoma. The remaining four patients with atypical spermatogonia have shown no sign of tumor to date. As the results of our investigation show, atypical spermatogonia in testicular biopsies should not be taken lightly. We therefore strongly advise checks at short intervals on such patients in view of the high risk of their developing malignant testicular tumors."}
{"id": "PMID:877530", "title": "[Cheyne-Stokes respiration in chronic heart insufficiency].", "content": "1.26 of 340 patients with chronic heart failure (aortic-valve or mitral-valve disease, congestive cardiomyopathy) showed Cheyne-Stokes respiration in supine position. 2. The incidence of Cheyne-Stokes respiration in males is more than twice as high as in females with similar hemodynamic conditions. 3. Lung volumes and airway resistance did not appreciably deviate from the predicted values and are therefore of no etiologic significance. 4. Delay of the feedback between changes in the alveolar gas tensions and respiratory center caused by a prolonged circulation time (decreased cardiac index and increased central blood volume) is the predominant cause of Cheyne-Stokes breathing in patients with chronic heart failure. 5. Metabolic alkalosis (e.g. after diuretics) favors Cheyne-Stokes respiration in patients with congestive heart failure and low cardiac output, by lessening respiratory changes in pH of blood and cerebrospinal fluid.", "contents": "[Cheyne-Stokes respiration in chronic heart insufficiency]. 1.26 of 340 patients with chronic heart failure (aortic-valve or mitral-valve disease, congestive cardiomyopathy) showed Cheyne-Stokes respiration in supine position. 2. The incidence of Cheyne-Stokes respiration in males is more than twice as high as in females with similar hemodynamic conditions. 3. Lung volumes and airway resistance did not appreciably deviate from the predicted values and are therefore of no etiologic significance. 4. Delay of the feedback between changes in the alveolar gas tensions and respiratory center caused by a prolonged circulation time (decreased cardiac index and increased central blood volume) is the predominant cause of Cheyne-Stokes breathing in patients with chronic heart failure. 5. Metabolic alkalosis (e.g. after diuretics) favors Cheyne-Stokes respiration in patients with congestive heart failure and low cardiac output, by lessening respiratory changes in pH of blood and cerebrospinal fluid."}
{"id": "PMID:877531", "title": "[Buffering capacity and cost of fluid antacids in 1977].", "content": "The 12 liquid antacids most frequently used in Switzerland underwent in vitro determination of their buffering capacity, which was then related to their price. There was a twentyfold difference in buffering capacity between the most potent and the weakest antacid, and a 36-fold difference in price between the most expensive and the cheapest preparation. Based on these results and on the literature the guiding principles and effectiveness of antacid therapy in medical practice are discussed.", "contents": "[Buffering capacity and cost of fluid antacids in 1977]. The 12 liquid antacids most frequently used in Switzerland underwent in vitro determination of their buffering capacity, which was then related to their price. There was a twentyfold difference in buffering capacity between the most potent and the weakest antacid, and a 36-fold difference in price between the most expensive and the cheapest preparation. Based on these results and on the literature the guiding principles and effectiveness of antacid therapy in medical practice are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:877532", "title": "Pharmacokinetics of heparin after a single intravenous or subcutaneous injection.", "content": "In 2 groups of 4 probands the pharmacokinetics of heparin were investigated by a physiologic method (factor Xa inhibition) and an isotope method (35S-heparin) following a single intravenous injection of 5000 IU heparin and a single subcutaneous injection of 10000 IU heparin respectively. Following intravenous administration the anticoagulant effect and radioactivity fall exponentially. The half-life is about 50 min and the distribution volume 3000 ml (factor Xa inhibition) and 3800 ml (radioactivity). With subcutaneous injection peak concentrations above 0.2 IR heparin/ml were measured by both methods 2-4 h after administration; 9 h after administration, no further factor Xa inhibition was detectable in 2 probands. In the light of these and previously published results, some practical aspects of the conduct of therapy and prophylaxis of thromboembolism with heparin are discussed.", "contents": "Pharmacokinetics of heparin after a single intravenous or subcutaneous injection. In 2 groups of 4 probands the pharmacokinetics of heparin were investigated by a physiologic method (factor Xa inhibition) and an isotope method (35S-heparin) following a single intravenous injection of 5000 IU heparin and a single subcutaneous injection of 10000 IU heparin respectively. Following intravenous administration the anticoagulant effect and radioactivity fall exponentially. The half-life is about 50 min and the distribution volume 3000 ml (factor Xa inhibition) and 3800 ml (radioactivity). With subcutaneous injection peak concentrations above 0.2 IR heparin/ml were measured by both methods 2-4 h after administration; 9 h after administration, no further factor Xa inhibition was detectable in 2 probands. In the light of these and previously published results, some practical aspects of the conduct of therapy and prophylaxis of thromboembolism with heparin are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:877533", "title": "[Traumatic paramediastinal air cysts].", "content": "A case of double paramediastinal air cyst is described. The diagnosis is easy if the identity is known. Spontaneous regression was always the outcome in the cases published so far. No treatment is necessary. Radiologic examination should include only films of the chest and baryum swallow. The lesion must be recognised in order to avoid unnecessary diagnostic and therapeutic measures.", "contents": "[Traumatic paramediastinal air cysts]. A case of double paramediastinal air cyst is described. The diagnosis is easy if the identity is known. Spontaneous regression was always the outcome in the cases published so far. No treatment is necessary. Radiologic examination should include only films of the chest and baryum swallow. The lesion must be recognised in order to avoid unnecessary diagnostic and therapeutic measures."}
{"id": "PMID:877534", "title": "[Adjuvant chemotherapy of the colonic and rectal carcinoma: concepts and uptodate results].", "content": "The aim of adjuvant chemotherapy is the destruction of micrometastases after surgical removal of a malignant tumor. This treatment modality is gaining in importance in the light of experimental data and lcinical success in pediatric tumors. Results of ongoing studies in colo-rectal cancer show a marginal effect of prophylactic treatment with 5-fluorouracil. The treatment benefits in trials with historical controls are much greater than in studies with simultaneous controls. Use of historical controls is therefore of doubtful value. Ongoing trials use the combination of 5-fluorouracil and methyl-CCNU, which has been shown to double the remission rate in advanced gastrointestinal cancer. Adjuvant chemotherapy of colo-rectal cancer is still experimental and justified only in the framework of clinical trials.", "contents": "[Adjuvant chemotherapy of the colonic and rectal carcinoma: concepts and uptodate results]. The aim of adjuvant chemotherapy is the destruction of micrometastases after surgical removal of a malignant tumor. This treatment modality is gaining in importance in the light of experimental data and lcinical success in pediatric tumors. Results of ongoing studies in colo-rectal cancer show a marginal effect of prophylactic treatment with 5-fluorouracil. The treatment benefits in trials with historical controls are much greater than in studies with simultaneous controls. Use of historical controls is therefore of doubtful value. Ongoing trials use the combination of 5-fluorouracil and methyl-CCNU, which has been shown to double the remission rate in advanced gastrointestinal cancer. Adjuvant chemotherapy of colo-rectal cancer is still experimental and justified only in the framework of clinical trials."}
{"id": "PMID:877535", "title": "[Crisis and crisis intervention in modern psychiatry].", "content": "After discussion of the definition, concept and theory of psychic crisis, the modern techniques of crisis intervention are presented in the light of the literature and the author's personal experience, illustrated by case histories. Finally, the organizational place of crisis intervention in a modern psychiatric care system is discussed, with emphasis on the advantage of using socio-psychiatric half-way institutions for rehabilitation between hospital and ambulatory services for crisis intervention as well.", "contents": "[Crisis and crisis intervention in modern psychiatry]. After discussion of the definition, concept and theory of psychic crisis, the modern techniques of crisis intervention are presented in the light of the literature and the author's personal experience, illustrated by case histories. Finally, the organizational place of crisis intervention in a modern psychiatric care system is discussed, with emphasis on the advantage of using socio-psychiatric half-way institutions for rehabilitation between hospital and ambulatory services for crisis intervention as well."}
{"id": "PMID:877536", "title": "[Surgical therapy of severe chronic constipation].", "content": "Primary chronic constipation is an ailment of modern civilisation. Severe forms can seldom be treated satisfactorily by conservative methods, and in these cases surgical intervention must be considered. This consists of subtotal colectomy with ileosigmoidostomy. Partial resection and hemicolectomy do not afford the desired result. A report is presented on 28 patients who had subtotal colectomy for chronic constipation during the period 1959 to 1976. Immediate and long-term results have proved to be surprisingly good. Unsatisfactory conditions are to be expected in patients with strong complementary psychoneurotic symptoms. Preoperative investigations must be carried out with precision, morphological changes accurately identified and treated by differentiated surgical methods. The indication for colectomy in cases of chronic constipation must be strictly established, if possible in collaboration with a gastroenterologist.", "contents": "[Surgical therapy of severe chronic constipation]. Primary chronic constipation is an ailment of modern civilisation. Severe forms can seldom be treated satisfactorily by conservative methods, and in these cases surgical intervention must be considered. This consists of subtotal colectomy with ileosigmoidostomy. Partial resection and hemicolectomy do not afford the desired result. A report is presented on 28 patients who had subtotal colectomy for chronic constipation during the period 1959 to 1976. Immediate and long-term results have proved to be surprisingly good. Unsatisfactory conditions are to be expected in patients with strong complementary psychoneurotic symptoms. Preoperative investigations must be carried out with precision, morphological changes accurately identified and treated by differentiated surgical methods. The indication for colectomy in cases of chronic constipation must be strictly established, if possible in collaboration with a gastroenterologist."}
{"id": "PMID:877537", "title": "[VP 16-213 in combination with endoxan, methotrexate and oncovin as polychemotherapy for bronchogenic carcinoma].", "content": "Thirty patients with bronchogenic carcinoma underwent an 8 week course of induction therapy consisting of cyclophosphamide, methotrexate, vincristine, and VP 16-213 (NSC 141 540). Those who achieved objective remission or tumor stabilization were then placed on an intermittent treatment schedule with the same drugs. Of the 30 patients, 17 had an objective response, 5 were unchanged and 8 progressed. Responses were more frequent in anaplastic carcinoma (13/19) than epidermoid or adenocarcinoma (4/11). The toxicity mainly consisted of leukopenia, thrombopenia, alopecia, nausea and vomiting. The implications of these findings in the planning of further chemotherapeutic programs are discussed.", "contents": "[VP 16-213 in combination with endoxan, methotrexate and oncovin as polychemotherapy for bronchogenic carcinoma]. Thirty patients with bronchogenic carcinoma underwent an 8 week course of induction therapy consisting of cyclophosphamide, methotrexate, vincristine, and VP 16-213 (NSC 141 540). Those who achieved objective remission or tumor stabilization were then placed on an intermittent treatment schedule with the same drugs. Of the 30 patients, 17 had an objective response, 5 were unchanged and 8 progressed. Responses were more frequent in anaplastic carcinoma (13/19) than epidermoid or adenocarcinoma (4/11). The toxicity mainly consisted of leukopenia, thrombopenia, alopecia, nausea and vomiting. The implications of these findings in the planning of further chemotherapeutic programs are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:877545", "title": "Ammonia in the human airways: neutralization of inspired acid sulfate aerosols.", "content": "In the human being, expired ammonia concentrations from 7 to 520 micrograms per cubic meter are controlled by the last airway segment traversed by the air, and such concentrations are higher in the mouth than nose. Inspired submicrometric sulfuric acid aerosol at a mass concentration of 600 +/- 100 micrograms per cubic meter was found to be an ammonium salt with an average ammonium to sulfate molar ratio of greater than or equal to 1, when sampled  within 0.5 second after exhalation.", "contents": "Ammonia in the human airways: neutralization of inspired acid sulfate aerosols. In the human being, expired ammonia concentrations from 7 to 520 micrograms per cubic meter are controlled by the last airway segment traversed by the air, and such concentrations are higher in the mouth than nose. Inspired submicrometric sulfuric acid aerosol at a mass concentration of 600 +/- 100 micrograms per cubic meter was found to be an ammonium salt with an average ammonium to sulfate molar ratio of greater than or equal to 1, when sampled  within 0.5 second after exhalation."}
{"id": "PMID:877543", "title": "The cytoplasmic differentiation of jumelle Stylonychia.", "content": "Jumelle Stylonychia with oppositely oriented peristomes, which we obtained by artificial operations, carried on not only asexual reproduction and generation, but sexual reproduction and encystment as well, and seemingly tended to form a new species [7-10]. Our recent experimental analysis revealed that the sinister grew more and more dependent on its dextral sister organism, losing the ability of independent existence. Once cut off from the dexter, the organelles of the sinister ceased to regenerate, and the sinister died. But, if, when cutting, a portion is left connected to the dexter, the sinister will then be able to regenerate, and all its organelles become completely revealed. This indicates that dependence on the dexter weakened the metabolic functions of the sinister, primarily influencing the cytoplasm, which is manifested by the formation and development of its organelles. This, in effect, is a phenomenon of cytoplasmic differentiation induced by co-existence of the jumeaux.", "contents": "The cytoplasmic differentiation of jumelle Stylonychia. Jumelle Stylonychia with oppositely oriented peristomes, which we obtained by artificial operations, carried on not only asexual reproduction and generation, but sexual reproduction and encystment as well, and seemingly tended to form a new species [7-10]. Our recent experimental analysis revealed that the sinister grew more and more dependent on its dextral sister organism, losing the ability of independent existence. Once cut off from the dexter, the organelles of the sinister ceased to regenerate, and the sinister died. But, if, when cutting, a portion is left connected to the dexter, the sinister will then be able to regenerate, and all its organelles become completely revealed. This indicates that dependence on the dexter weakened the metabolic functions of the sinister, primarily influencing the cytoplasm, which is manifested by the formation and development of its organelles. This, in effect, is a phenomenon of cytoplasmic differentiation induced by co-existence of the jumeaux."}
{"id": "PMID:877546", "title": "Clomid or nafoxidine administered to neonatal rats causes reproductive tract abnormalities.", "content": "A single injection of either Clomid or Nafoxidine in neonatal rats causes multiple abnormalities of the reproductive tract of the adult female animal. These anomalies include cystic ovaries, ovarian hypoplasia, hilus cell tumors, oviductal hyperplasia, pyometra, epithelial metaplasia, uterine cystic hyperplasia, and tumors of the uterus.", "contents": "Clomid or nafoxidine administered to neonatal rats causes reproductive tract abnormalities. A single injection of either Clomid or Nafoxidine in neonatal rats causes multiple abnormalities of the reproductive tract of the adult female animal. These anomalies include cystic ovaries, ovarian hypoplasia, hilus cell tumors, oviductal hyperplasia, pyometra, epithelial metaplasia, uterine cystic hyperplasia, and tumors of the uterus."}
{"id": "PMID:877547", "title": "Adriamycin: the role of lipid peroxidation in cardiac toxicity and tumor response.", "content": "The antitumor antibiotic, adriamycin, induces severe cardiac toxicity associated with peroxidation of cardiac lipids in mice. Both this lipid peroxidation and cardiac toxicity of adriamycin are reduced by prior treatment of the animals with the free radical scavenger tocopherol. Such treatment with tocopherol does not, however, alter the magnitude or duration of the adriamycin-induced suppression of DNA synthesis in P388 ascites tumor, nor does it diminish the antitumor responsiveness of P388 ascites tumor. These results suggest that adriamycin has at least two mechanisms of tissue damage: one, which involves lipid peroxidation, is blocked by tocopherol and results in cardiac toxicity; the other, which involves binding to DNA, is not antagonized by tocopherol and is responsible for tumor response.", "contents": "Adriamycin: the role of lipid peroxidation in cardiac toxicity and tumor response. The antitumor antibiotic, adriamycin, induces severe cardiac toxicity associated with peroxidation of cardiac lipids in mice. Both this lipid peroxidation and cardiac toxicity of adriamycin are reduced by prior treatment of the animals with the free radical scavenger tocopherol. Such treatment with tocopherol does not, however, alter the magnitude or duration of the adriamycin-induced suppression of DNA synthesis in P388 ascites tumor, nor does it diminish the antitumor responsiveness of P388 ascites tumor. These results suggest that adriamycin has at least two mechanisms of tissue damage: one, which involves lipid peroxidation, is blocked by tocopherol and results in cardiac toxicity; the other, which involves binding to DNA, is not antagonized by tocopherol and is responsible for tumor response."}
{"id": "PMID:877548", "title": "Transport interaction of cystine and dibasic amino acids in renal brush border vesicles.", "content": "The uptake of cystine by vesicles prepared from rat kidney brush borders occurs by two distinct transport systems. The higher affinity system is inhibited by the dibasic amino acids lysine, arginine, and ornithine. The lower affinity system, unaffected by dibasic amino acids, appears to correspond to that observed by studying uptake of cystine by kidney slices.", "contents": "Transport interaction of cystine and dibasic amino acids in renal brush border vesicles. The uptake of cystine by vesicles prepared from rat kidney brush borders occurs by two distinct transport systems. The higher affinity system is inhibited by the dibasic amino acids lysine, arginine, and ornithine. The lower affinity system, unaffected by dibasic amino acids, appears to correspond to that observed by studying uptake of cystine by kidney slices."}
{"id": "PMID:877549", "title": "Angiotensin: physiological role in water-deprivation-induced thirst of rats.", "content": "Cerebroventricular infusion of P-113, the blocking agent of angiotensin II, into rats for 75 minutes prior to their being allowed to drink, significantly attenuated their water intake when they had been deprived of water for 30 hours. However, a similar infusion had no effect on the food intake in rats fasted for 30 hours. The results indicate a physiological role for angiotensin II in the drinking response of rats deprived of water.", "contents": "Angiotensin: physiological role in water-deprivation-induced thirst of rats. Cerebroventricular infusion of P-113, the blocking agent of angiotensin II, into rats for 75 minutes prior to their being allowed to drink, significantly attenuated their water intake when they had been deprived of water for 30 hours. However, a similar infusion had no effect on the food intake in rats fasted for 30 hours. The results indicate a physiological role for angiotensin II in the drinking response of rats deprived of water."}
{"id": "PMID:877550", "title": "Siamese cats: abnormal responses of retinal ganglion cells.", "content": "Comparison of optic tract recordings in Siamese and ordinary cats reveals that Siamese cats have a significantly lower percentage of Y-cells than of X-cells. In addition, Siamese cats show depressed responses to a contrast-reversal stimulus, a result that supports the lower spatial contrast sensitivity demonstrated behaviorally by these animals. Both physiological findings suggest neurophysiological anomalies in the Siamese retina.", "contents": "Siamese cats: abnormal responses of retinal ganglion cells. Comparison of optic tract recordings in Siamese and ordinary cats reveals that Siamese cats have a significantly lower percentage of Y-cells than of X-cells. In addition, Siamese cats show depressed responses to a contrast-reversal stimulus, a result that supports the lower spatial contrast sensitivity demonstrated behaviorally by these animals. Both physiological findings suggest neurophysiological anomalies in the Siamese retina."}
{"id": "PMID:877551", "title": "Fragile sites on human chromosomes: demonstration of their dependence on the type of tissue culture medium.", "content": "The observation of heritable fragile sites on human chromosomes prepared for lymphocyte cultures has been shown to depend on the type of tissue culture medium in which the lymphocytes are grown. The sites are observed at a much greater frequency when medium 199 is used than when RPMI 1640, Ham's F10, Eagle's (basal), and CMRL 1969 are used. One site on the X chromosome is of clinical significance in that it is a marker for X-linked mental retardation.", "contents": "Fragile sites on human chromosomes: demonstration of their dependence on the type of tissue culture medium. The observation of heritable fragile sites on human chromosomes prepared for lymphocyte cultures has been shown to depend on the type of tissue culture medium in which the lymphocytes are grown. The sites are observed at a much greater frequency when medium 199 is used than when RPMI 1640, Ham's F10, Eagle's (basal), and CMRL 1969 are used. One site on the X chromosome is of clinical significance in that it is a marker for X-linked mental retardation."}
{"id": "PMID:877552", "title": "Induction of acetylcholinesterase activity by beta-ecdysone in a Drosophila cell line.", "content": "When cells of the Drosophila Kc-H line are treated with larger than or equal to 10(-8) molar beta-ecdysone, they extend long processes and acquire acetylcholinesterase activity. Thus, this permanent line, derived originally from embryol cultures, may be composed of cells having some neural or glial characteristics.", "contents": "Induction of acetylcholinesterase activity by beta-ecdysone in a Drosophila cell line. When cells of the Drosophila Kc-H line are treated with larger than or equal to 10(-8) molar beta-ecdysone, they extend long processes and acquire acetylcholinesterase activity. Thus, this permanent line, derived originally from embryol cultures, may be composed of cells having some neural or glial characteristics."}
{"id": "PMID:877553", "title": "Proton-induced x-ray emission analysis of single human hair roots.", "content": "Collimated beams of 3.75 million electron volt protons were used to examine a 2-millimeter length of the root end of human hair; the concentrations of some hair root elements were correlated with the results of standard clinical assays of blood samples. The technique should be useful for the analysis of micro amounts of biological tissue.", "contents": "Proton-induced x-ray emission analysis of single human hair roots. Collimated beams of 3.75 million electron volt protons were used to examine a 2-millimeter length of the root end of human hair; the concentrations of some hair root elements were correlated with the results of standard clinical assays of blood samples. The technique should be useful for the analysis of micro amounts of biological tissue."}
{"id": "PMID:877554", "title": "Binocular differences in cortical receptive fields of kittens after rotationally disparate binocular experience.", "content": "Kittens were afforded visual experience only while wearing goggles fitted with prisms that rotated the inputs to the two eyes equally but in opposite directions about the visual axes (16 degrees for experimental subjects, 0 degrees for control subjects). Subsequently, receptive-field organization of the visual cortex was studied, special attention being given to the preferred orientation centered about the prism rotation experienced during early development. Thus, for moderate amounts of relative rotation, the development of interocular matching of orientation specificity in binocular cells of the visual cortex reflects the correspondence of early visual input between the two eyes.", "contents": "Binocular differences in cortical receptive fields of kittens after rotationally disparate binocular experience. Kittens were afforded visual experience only while wearing goggles fitted with prisms that rotated the inputs to the two eyes equally but in opposite directions about the visual axes (16 degrees for experimental subjects, 0 degrees for control subjects). Subsequently, receptive-field organization of the visual cortex was studied, special attention being given to the preferred orientation centered about the prism rotation experienced during early development. Thus, for moderate amounts of relative rotation, the development of interocular matching of orientation specificity in binocular cells of the visual cortex reflects the correspondence of early visual input between the two eyes."}
{"id": "PMID:877555", "title": "Fatty acids and their prostaglandin derivatives: inhibitors of proliferation in aortic smooth muscle cells.", "content": "Prostaglandins are synthesized from eicosa-8,11,14-trienoic acid and eicosa-5,8,11-14-tetraenoic acid by smooth muscle cell cultures from guinea pig aorta. Production is inhibited by indomethacin. The precursor fatty acids and their prostaglandin derivatives inhibit proliferation of the cell cultures. The relative availability of fatty acids for prostaglandin biosynthesis may represent a control mechanism for cell proliferation.", "contents": "Fatty acids and their prostaglandin derivatives: inhibitors of proliferation in aortic smooth muscle cells. Prostaglandins are synthesized from eicosa-8,11,14-trienoic acid and eicosa-5,8,11-14-tetraenoic acid by smooth muscle cell cultures from guinea pig aorta. Production is inhibited by indomethacin. The precursor fatty acids and their prostaglandin derivatives inhibit proliferation of the cell cultures. The relative availability of fatty acids for prostaglandin biosynthesis may represent a control mechanism for cell proliferation."}
{"id": "PMID:877557", "title": "Antibody-induced antigen redistribution and shedding from human breast cancer cells.", "content": "Cell surface antigens of human breast cancer cells undergo a rapid redistribution when bound by antibodies from cancer patients. The subsequent shedding of these antigen-antibody complexes and free antigen may be instrumental in tumor survival.", "contents": "Antibody-induced antigen redistribution and shedding from human breast cancer cells. Cell surface antigens of human breast cancer cells undergo a rapid redistribution when bound by antibodies from cancer patients. The subsequent shedding of these antigen-antibody complexes and free antigen may be instrumental in tumor survival."}
{"id": "PMID:877559", "title": "Stimulation by immune complexes of mucus release from goblet cells of the rat small intestine.", "content": "Immune complexes (bovine serum albumin with rat antibodies to bovine serum albumin) formed in twofold antibody excess were injected into the duodenum of normal rats. In comparison to controls injected with antigen only, there was a marked increase in the percentage of disrupted goblet cells (an index of mucus release) in segments from the intestine of rats exposed for 3 hours to immune complexes in vivo. Similarly, there was a significant increase in 35S-labeled mucus recovered by filtration of intestinal wash, rinse, and mucosal homogenate fluids from rats exposed to immune complexes compared to those from rats exposed to bovine serum albumin or purified rat antiserum to bovine serum albumin alone. These findings suggest that certain immune complexes can stimulate mucus release from intact rat small intestine; enhanced mucus release may have a role in clearing the surface of complexes.", "contents": "Stimulation by immune complexes of mucus release from goblet cells of the rat small intestine. Immune complexes (bovine serum albumin with rat antibodies to bovine serum albumin) formed in twofold antibody excess were injected into the duodenum of normal rats. In comparison to controls injected with antigen only, there was a marked increase in the percentage of disrupted goblet cells (an index of mucus release) in segments from the intestine of rats exposed for 3 hours to immune complexes in vivo. Similarly, there was a significant increase in 35S-labeled mucus recovered by filtration of intestinal wash, rinse, and mucosal homogenate fluids from rats exposed to immune complexes compared to those from rats exposed to bovine serum albumin or purified rat antiserum to bovine serum albumin alone. These findings suggest that certain immune complexes can stimulate mucus release from intact rat small intestine; enhanced mucus release may have a role in clearing the surface of complexes."}
{"id": "PMID:877560", "title": "Formation of a serine enzyme in the presence of bovine factor VIII (antihemophilic factor) and thrombin.", "content": "Factor VIII is present in plasma in a precursor or inactive form. When bovine factor VIII that has been purified approximately 10,000-fold is incubated with thrombin, an activated product is formed which participates in the conversion of factor X to factor Xa in the presence of factor IXa, calcium ions, and phospholipid. This activated product, which has been tentatively identified as activated factor XIII, was stable when formed in the presence of 0.25M CaCl2 but was rapidly inactivated in the absence of CaCl2. It was inhibited by diisopropyl phosphorofluoridate and antithrombin III, suggesting that it is a serine enzyme. The exact role of this serine enzyme in the intrinsic pathway of coagulation remains to be established.", "contents": "Formation of a serine enzyme in the presence of bovine factor VIII (antihemophilic factor) and thrombin. Factor VIII is present in plasma in a precursor or inactive form. When bovine factor VIII that has been purified approximately 10,000-fold is incubated with thrombin, an activated product is formed which participates in the conversion of factor X to factor Xa in the presence of factor IXa, calcium ions, and phospholipid. This activated product, which has been tentatively identified as activated factor XIII, was stable when formed in the presence of 0.25M CaCl2 but was rapidly inactivated in the absence of CaCl2. It was inhibited by diisopropyl phosphorofluoridate and antithrombin III, suggesting that it is a serine enzyme. The exact role of this serine enzyme in the intrinsic pathway of coagulation remains to be established."}
{"id": "PMID:877561", "title": "New Genetic marker in human parotid saliva (pm).", "content": "In 195 parotid saliva samples collected at random from a Japanese population, two phenotypes were observed by electrophoresis in acid-urea starch gels. The protein showing polymorphisms was detected in the middle zone between Pa and Pb, and was tentatively designated Pm. Inheritance was controlled by a dominant allele at an autosomal locus. The frequencies of the genes determining these phenotypes were, for the Japanese population studied, Pm+=.38+/-.03, Pm-=.62+/-.03.", "contents": "New Genetic marker in human parotid saliva (pm). In 195 parotid saliva samples collected at random from a Japanese population, two phenotypes were observed by electrophoresis in acid-urea starch gels. The protein showing polymorphisms was detected in the middle zone between Pa and Pb, and was tentatively designated Pm. Inheritance was controlled by a dominant allele at an autosomal locus. The frequencies of the genes determining these phenotypes were, for the Japanese population studied, Pm+=.38+/-.03, Pm-=.62+/-.03."}
{"id": "PMID:877562", "title": "North American egg parasite successfully controls a different host genus in South America.", "content": "Telenomus alsophilae, a parasite of the eggs of the geometrid Alsophila pometaria in North America, was introduced into Columbia, South America, for the biological control of a pest host in another genus, Oxydia trychiata. Successful results were obtained with this unorthodox procedure to control a forest insect.", "contents": "North American egg parasite successfully controls a different host genus in South America. Telenomus alsophilae, a parasite of the eggs of the geometrid Alsophila pometaria in North America, was introduced into Columbia, South America, for the biological control of a pest host in another genus, Oxydia trychiata. Successful results were obtained with this unorthodox procedure to control a forest insect."}
{"id": "PMID:877563", "title": "Adipose tissue regeneration following lipectomy.", "content": "Surgical removal of subcutaneous fat depots in weanling rats leads to a regenerative response. If the rats are fed a diet high in fat, adipose mass and adipocyte number are precisely restored within 7 months of surgery. Thus, under appropriate experimental circumstances, compensatory hyperplasia will occur in adipose tissues of the rat.", "contents": "Adipose tissue regeneration following lipectomy. Surgical removal of subcutaneous fat depots in weanling rats leads to a regenerative response. If the rats are fed a diet high in fat, adipose mass and adipocyte number are precisely restored within 7 months of surgery. Thus, under appropriate experimental circumstances, compensatory hyperplasia will occur in adipose tissues of the rat."}
{"id": "PMID:877564", "title": "Surgical removal of adipose tissue alters feeding behavior and the development of obesity in rats.", "content": "Lipectomized and sham-operated rats were fed a high-fat diet to induce hyperphagia and rapid fat accumulation. Lipectomized rats with 25% fewer adipocytes were less hyperphagic and accumulated less fat, but their adipocytes remained equal in size to adipocytes of controls. A role for adipocyte size in fat storage regulation and food intake control is postulated.", "contents": "Surgical removal of adipose tissue alters feeding behavior and the development of obesity in rats. Lipectomized and sham-operated rats were fed a high-fat diet to induce hyperphagia and rapid fat accumulation. Lipectomized rats with 25% fewer adipocytes were less hyperphagic and accumulated less fat, but their adipocytes remained equal in size to adipocytes of controls. A role for adipocyte size in fat storage regulation and food intake control is postulated."}
{"id": "PMID:877565", "title": "A critical period for acoustic trauma in the hamster and its relation to cochlear development.", "content": "Young hamsters pass through a developmental stage during which they are unusually susceptible to acoustic trauma. This sensitive period occurs after apparent structural and functional maturation of the ear and appears to be dependent on unidentified developmental changes within the cochlea.", "contents": "A critical period for acoustic trauma in the hamster and its relation to cochlear development. Young hamsters pass through a developmental stage during which they are unusually susceptible to acoustic trauma. This sensitive period occurs after apparent structural and functional maturation of the ear and appears to be dependent on unidentified developmental changes within the cochlea."}
{"id": "PMID:877566", "title": "Suprachiasmatic nuclear lesions do not abolish food-shifted circadian adrenal and temperature rhythmicity.", "content": "Daytime restriction of food and water availability in nocturnal animals phase shifts the circadian periodicity of plasma corticosteroid concentrations and body temperature. These shifted rhythms persist in animals with lesions of the suprachiasmatic nuclei who are arrhythmic under normal conditions. These findings suggest the existence of an additional \"clock\" that may be involved in the generation of the rhythm.", "contents": "Suprachiasmatic nuclear lesions do not abolish food-shifted circadian adrenal and temperature rhythmicity. Daytime restriction of food and water availability in nocturnal animals phase shifts the circadian periodicity of plasma corticosteroid concentrations and body temperature. These shifted rhythms persist in animals with lesions of the suprachiasmatic nuclei who are arrhythmic under normal conditions. These findings suggest the existence of an additional \"clock\" that may be involved in the generation of the rhythm."}
{"id": "PMID:877567", "title": "The development of language-like  communication without a language model.", "content": "Deaf children who are unable to acquire oral language naturally and who are not exposed to a standard manual language can spontaneously develop a structured sign system that has many of the properties of natural spoken language. This communication system appears to be largely the invention of the child himself rather than of the caretakers.", "contents": "The development of language-like  communication without a language model. Deaf children who are unable to acquire oral language naturally and who are not exposed to a standard manual language can spontaneously develop a structured sign system that has many of the properties of natural spoken language. This communication system appears to be largely the invention of the child himself rather than of the caretakers."}
{"id": "PMID:877569", "title": "Pesticide uptake into membranes measured by fluorescence quenching.", "content": "Pesticides that contain chlorine have been shown to quench the fluorescence of carbazole-labeled phospholipids. Incorporation of these carbazole-labeled phospholipds into model membranes provides a system that allows the rapid determination of the uptake rates of chlorinated hydrocarbons into model membranes. This technique can be used in the determination of diffusion rates and partition coefficients of chlorine-containing organic compounds in model membrane systems, and hence may provide a method by which the bioaccumulation potential of synthetic chlorine-containing compounds can be estimated.", "contents": "Pesticide uptake into membranes measured by fluorescence quenching. Pesticides that contain chlorine have been shown to quench the fluorescence of carbazole-labeled phospholipids. Incorporation of these carbazole-labeled phospholipds into model membranes provides a system that allows the rapid determination of the uptake rates of chlorinated hydrocarbons into model membranes. This technique can be used in the determination of diffusion rates and partition coefficients of chlorine-containing organic compounds in model membrane systems, and hence may provide a method by which the bioaccumulation potential of synthetic chlorine-containing compounds can be estimated."}
{"id": "PMID:877570", "title": "L-dopa: selective toxicity for melanoma cells in vitro.", "content": "In a study of the effect of L-dopa, an intermediate in the biosynthesis of the pigment melanin, on the growth of human and murine melanoma cells a highly selective inhibition of growth was observed for pigmented cell lines (S91A and human melanoma) as compared to the nonpigmented control cells (amelanotic melanoma S91B, mouse fibroblast L929, and Chinese hamster ovary). There was a correlation between toxicity and the extent of incorporation of radioactively labeled L-dopa by each line.", "contents": "L-dopa: selective toxicity for melanoma cells in vitro. In a study of the effect of L-dopa, an intermediate in the biosynthesis of the pigment melanin, on the growth of human and murine melanoma cells a highly selective inhibition of growth was observed for pigmented cell lines (S91A and human melanoma) as compared to the nonpigmented control cells (amelanotic melanoma S91B, mouse fibroblast L929, and Chinese hamster ovary). There was a correlation between toxicity and the extent of incorporation of radioactively labeled L-dopa by each line."}
{"id": "PMID:877571", "title": "Inhibition of a lymphocyte membrane enzyme by delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol in vitro.", "content": "Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (delta9-THC) inhibited the activity of lysolecithin acyl transferase, a membrane-bound lymphocyte enzyme, at concentrations above 1.3 muM. Stimulation of acyl transferase activity by concanavalin A, an early response in lymphocyte activation, was entirely abolished in the presence of delta9-THC.", "contents": "Inhibition of a lymphocyte membrane enzyme by delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol in vitro. Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (delta9-THC) inhibited the activity of lysolecithin acyl transferase, a membrane-bound lymphocyte enzyme, at concentrations above 1.3 muM. Stimulation of acyl transferase activity by concanavalin A, an early response in lymphocyte activation, was entirely abolished in the presence of delta9-THC."}
{"id": "PMID:877573", "title": "Perilla ketone: a potent lung toxin from the mint plant, Perilla frutescens Britton.", "content": "Perilla ketone, from the essential oil of Perilla frutescens, is a potent pulmonary edemagenic agent for laboratory animals and livestock. This finding would account for reported effects of the plant on grazing cattle. The use of perilla in oriental foods and medicinal preparations suggests possible hazards to human health as well.", "contents": "Perilla ketone: a potent lung toxin from the mint plant, Perilla frutescens Britton. Perilla ketone, from the essential oil of Perilla frutescens, is a potent pulmonary edemagenic agent for laboratory animals and livestock. This finding would account for reported effects of the plant on grazing cattle. The use of perilla in oriental foods and medicinal preparations suggests possible hazards to human health as well."}
{"id": "PMID:877574", "title": "Quantitation of cytoplasmic tubulin by radioimmunoassay.", "content": "A radioimmunoassay has been developed for the quantitation of crytoplasmic tubulin. It measures tubulin between 20 and 1500 nanograms and does so independently of decay in colchicine-binding activity. In addition, the state of tubulin as subunit or polymer does not alter the measurement.", "contents": "Quantitation of cytoplasmic tubulin by radioimmunoassay. A radioimmunoassay has been developed for the quantitation of crytoplasmic tubulin. It measures tubulin between 20 and 1500 nanograms and does so independently of decay in colchicine-binding activity. In addition, the state of tubulin as subunit or polymer does not alter the measurement."}
{"id": "PMID:877575", "title": "Event-related brain potentials: comparison between children and adults.", "content": "Event-related brain potentials in response to tachistoscopically presented stimuli were recorded from adults and children. Rare, nontarget stimuli (both novel and easily recognized) elicited different brain potentials in children and adults, while equally rare, target stimuli elicited similar potentials in children and adults.", "contents": "Event-related brain potentials: comparison between children and adults. Event-related brain potentials in response to tachistoscopically presented stimuli were recorded from adults and children. Rare, nontarget stimuli (both novel and easily recognized) elicited different brain potentials in children and adults, while equally rare, target stimuli elicited similar potentials in children and adults."}
{"id": "PMID:877576", "title": "Dopamine receptor binding enhancement accompanies lesion-induced behavioral supersensitivity.", "content": "The binding of [3H]haloperidol to rat striatal dopamine receptors increases after lesion (made by injection of 6-hydroxydopamine) of the nigrostriatal dopamine pathway in those rats which are behaviorally supersensitive, as reflected by apomorphine-induced contralateral rotations. The enhanced binding is associated with an increased number of receptor sites with no change in their affinity.", "contents": "Dopamine receptor binding enhancement accompanies lesion-induced behavioral supersensitivity. The binding of [3H]haloperidol to rat striatal dopamine receptors increases after lesion (made by injection of 6-hydroxydopamine) of the nigrostriatal dopamine pathway in those rats which are behaviorally supersensitive, as reflected by apomorphine-induced contralateral rotations. The enhanced binding is associated with an increased number of receptor sites with no change in their affinity."}
{"id": "PMID:877577", "title": "Catechol estrogens: presence in brain and endocrine tissues.", "content": "Catechol estrogens have been identified and measured in rat brain and various endocrine tissues with the use of a sensitive radioenzymatic assay. The specificity of this assay was confirmed by thin-layer chromatography and mass spectral analysis of the reaction products. The concentration of catechol estrogens in the hypothalamus and pituitary are at least ten times higher than reported previously for the parent estrogens. Catechol estrogens have potent endocrine effects and, because of their normal occurrence in the hypothalamic-pituitary axis, they have an important role in neuroendocrine regulation.", "contents": "Catechol estrogens: presence in brain and endocrine tissues. Catechol estrogens have been identified and measured in rat brain and various endocrine tissues with the use of a sensitive radioenzymatic assay. The specificity of this assay was confirmed by thin-layer chromatography and mass spectral analysis of the reaction products. The concentration of catechol estrogens in the hypothalamus and pituitary are at least ten times higher than reported previously for the parent estrogens. Catechol estrogens have potent endocrine effects and, because of their normal occurrence in the hypothalamic-pituitary axis, they have an important role in neuroendocrine regulation."}
{"id": "PMID:877578", "title": "Porphyrin induction: equivalent effects of 5alphaH and 5betaH steroids in chick embryo liver cells.", "content": "The 5alphaH (A : B trans) and 5betaH (A : B cis) steroids are equipotent in inducing delta-aminolevulinic acid synthetase and porphyrin accumulation in chick embryo liver cells maintained in serum-free culture medium. Thus there is no specific steric requirement for porphyrin-inducing activity in steroids.", "contents": "Porphyrin induction: equivalent effects of 5alphaH and 5betaH steroids in chick embryo liver cells. The 5alphaH (A : B trans) and 5betaH (A : B cis) steroids are equipotent in inducing delta-aminolevulinic acid synthetase and porphyrin accumulation in chick embryo liver cells maintained in serum-free culture medium. Thus there is no specific steric requirement for porphyrin-inducing activity in steroids."}
{"id": "PMID:877579", "title": "Hydrodynamic evidence in support of spacer regions in chromatin.", "content": "Quasi-elastic light scattering and sedimentation velocity methods were used to study the hydrodynamic properties of purified dimer subunits obtained from partial digestion of chicken erythrocyte chromatin with staphylococcal nuclease. The experimental value of 1.87 +/- 0.08 X 10(-7) gram per second for the friction factor of these dimer subunits in low ionic strength buffer cannot be reasonably interpreted in terms of a contiguous sphere model. Analysis by means of an equivalent dimer method suggests that the spacer region accounts for a maximum of 19 percent of the friction properties of the dimer.", "contents": "Hydrodynamic evidence in support of spacer regions in chromatin. Quasi-elastic light scattering and sedimentation velocity methods were used to study the hydrodynamic properties of purified dimer subunits obtained from partial digestion of chicken erythrocyte chromatin with staphylococcal nuclease. The experimental value of 1.87 +/- 0.08 X 10(-7) gram per second for the friction factor of these dimer subunits in low ionic strength buffer cannot be reasonably interpreted in terms of a contiguous sphere model. Analysis by means of an equivalent dimer method suggests that the spacer region accounts for a maximum of 19 percent of the friction properties of the dimer."}
{"id": "PMID:877580", "title": "Phenylketonuria: a new method for the simultaneous determination of plasma phenylalanine and tyrosine.", "content": "This quantitative spectrophotometric method is based on the conversion of phenylalanine and tyrosine by phenylalanine ammonia-lyase to trans-cinnamic acid and trans-coumaric acid, respectively. Neither deproteinization nor prior incubation of the sample is required, and the entire procedure can be performed in 20 minutes. The method is sensitive to 1-micromolar concentrations of the two compounds, and only 20 microliters of plasma or serum is required to determine both phenylalanine and tyrosine simultaneously. These amino acids were determined between molar ratios (phenylalanine to tyrosine) of 0.1 to 40 in the serum or plasma of healthy individuals and plasma of phenylketonuric patients.", "contents": "Phenylketonuria: a new method for the simultaneous determination of plasma phenylalanine and tyrosine. This quantitative spectrophotometric method is based on the conversion of phenylalanine and tyrosine by phenylalanine ammonia-lyase to trans-cinnamic acid and trans-coumaric acid, respectively. Neither deproteinization nor prior incubation of the sample is required, and the entire procedure can be performed in 20 minutes. The method is sensitive to 1-micromolar concentrations of the two compounds, and only 20 microliters of plasma or serum is required to determine both phenylalanine and tyrosine simultaneously. These amino acids were determined between molar ratios (phenylalanine to tyrosine) of 0.1 to 40 in the serum or plasma of healthy individuals and plasma of phenylketonuric patients."}
{"id": "PMID:877581", "title": "Hepatic binding protein: the protective role of its sialic acid residues.", "content": "Removal of sialic acid from a specific hepatic binding protein virtually abolishes its capacity to bind certain asialoglycoproteins. The loss of this capacity is the result of competition for the binding sites by galactosyl residues, of hepatic binding protein, that become terminal after desialylation.", "contents": "Hepatic binding protein: the protective role of its sialic acid residues. Removal of sialic acid from a specific hepatic binding protein virtually abolishes its capacity to bind certain asialoglycoproteins. The loss of this capacity is the result of competition for the binding sites by galactosyl residues, of hepatic binding protein, that become terminal after desialylation."}
{"id": "PMID:877582", "title": "Structure of a molluscan cardioexcitatory neuropeptide.", "content": "A cardioexcitatory substance from ganglia of the clam Macrocallista nimbosa, formerly designated peak C, is the tetrapeptide amide Phe-Met-Arg-Phe-NH2. Its structure was determined by the combined use of Edman dansyl degradation and tryptic digestion. The structure was confirmed by synthesis. This neuropeptide is active at about 10(-8)M when assayed on molluscan muscle.", "contents": "Structure of a molluscan cardioexcitatory neuropeptide. A cardioexcitatory substance from ganglia of the clam Macrocallista nimbosa, formerly designated peak C, is the tetrapeptide amide Phe-Met-Arg-Phe-NH2. Its structure was determined by the combined use of Edman dansyl degradation and tryptic digestion. The structure was confirmed by synthesis. This neuropeptide is active at about 10(-8)M when assayed on molluscan muscle."}
{"id": "PMID:877583", "title": "DNA strand scission by benzo[a]pyrene diol epoxides.", "content": "Syn-and anti-benzo[a]pyrene diol epoxides elicit a concentration-dependent nicking of superhelical Col E1 DNA in an in vitro reaction monitored by agarose gel electrophoresis and electron microscopy. This strand scission represents less than 1 percent of the DNA modification by diol epoxide. Kinetic analysis implicates the formation of unstable phosphotriesters, hydrolysis of which nick the DNA.", "contents": "DNA strand scission by benzo[a]pyrene diol epoxides. Syn-and anti-benzo[a]pyrene diol epoxides elicit a concentration-dependent nicking of superhelical Col E1 DNA in an in vitro reaction monitored by agarose gel electrophoresis and electron microscopy. This strand scission represents less than 1 percent of the DNA modification by diol epoxide. Kinetic analysis implicates the formation of unstable phosphotriesters, hydrolysis of which nick the DNA."}
{"id": "PMID:877584", "title": "Interferon: an inducer of macrophage activation by polyanions.", "content": "Purified mouse fibroblast interferon (IF) directly rendered resting macrophages tumoricidal. The physicochemical properties and species specificity of the stimulatory agent fall within the present definition of IF. Since a number of polyanions induce macrophage IF, the antitumor and antimicrobial activities may result from the ability of newly released IF to modify macrophage activity.", "contents": "Interferon: an inducer of macrophage activation by polyanions. Purified mouse fibroblast interferon (IF) directly rendered resting macrophages tumoricidal. The physicochemical properties and species specificity of the stimulatory agent fall within the present definition of IF. Since a number of polyanions induce macrophage IF, the antitumor and antimicrobial activities may result from the ability of newly released IF to modify macrophage activity."}
{"id": "PMID:877585", "title": "Toxicity of mild prenatal carbon monoxide exposure.", "content": "Rats prenatally exposed to a low concentration of carbon monoxide which results in carboxyhemoglobin levels equivalent to those maintained by human cigarette smokers, show reduced birth weight and decreased weight gain. Neuro-behavioral and biochemical testing of the offspring reveals lower behavioral activity levels through the preweaning period, altered central catecholamine activity, and reduction in total brain protein at birth.", "contents": "Toxicity of mild prenatal carbon monoxide exposure. Rats prenatally exposed to a low concentration of carbon monoxide which results in carboxyhemoglobin levels equivalent to those maintained by human cigarette smokers, show reduced birth weight and decreased weight gain. Neuro-behavioral and biochemical testing of the offspring reveals lower behavioral activity levels through the preweaning period, altered central catecholamine activity, and reduction in total brain protein at birth."}
{"id": "PMID:877586", "title": "Cerebral lateralization of haptic perception: interaction of responses to Braille and music reveals a functional basis.", "content": "Normally, haptic perception of the left hand surpasses that of the right. But simultaneously playing music into the left (but not the right) ear reverses this superiority. This suggests that the left cerebral hemisphere has full haptic perceptual capability, which is subject to right hemisphere interference unless the latter's attentional mechanisms are engaged by contralateral peripheral stimulation.", "contents": "Cerebral lateralization of haptic perception: interaction of responses to Braille and music reveals a functional basis. Normally, haptic perception of the left hand surpasses that of the right. But simultaneously playing music into the left (but not the right) ear reverses this superiority. This suggests that the left cerebral hemisphere has full haptic perceptual capability, which is subject to right hemisphere interference unless the latter's attentional mechanisms are engaged by contralateral peripheral stimulation."}
{"id": "PMID:877587", "title": "A developmental theory of environmental enrichment.", "content": "The differential brain development induced by sensory enrichment or deprivation is most apparent in rats with low brain weights. These differences are hypothesized to represent the retarded development of environment-dependent neurons in the isolated animals.", "contents": "A developmental theory of environmental enrichment. The differential brain development induced by sensory enrichment or deprivation is most apparent in rats with low brain weights. These differences are hypothesized to represent the retarded development of environment-dependent neurons in the isolated animals."}
{"id": "PMID:877610", "title": "Planning for ambulatory care: simple methods for improving patient flow.", "content": "A combined patient flow and work sampling study was done at the Ambulatory Pediatric Service of the Medical University of South Carolina. The biggest problem was that almost two thirds of the patient's time was spent waiting to see the doctor. Reasons for delay included too few examining rooms, the single block appointment system, and design of the facility.", "contents": "Planning for ambulatory care: simple methods for improving patient flow. A combined patient flow and work sampling study was done at the Ambulatory Pediatric Service of the Medical University of South Carolina. The biggest problem was that almost two thirds of the patient's time was spent waiting to see the doctor. Reasons for delay included too few examining rooms, the single block appointment system, and design of the facility."}
{"id": "PMID:877611", "title": "Pilot evaluation of teaching strategies in ambulatory pediatrics.", "content": "Creating an effective learning experience for medical students in ambulatory pediatrics can be a problem. In a pilot study several strategies to improve learning were tested on 51 students during their eight-week basic pediatric clerkship. Each student spent half of this clerkship in the outpatient area. Thirty-six received a detailed list of cognitive and skill objectives at the beginning of their outpatient experience, and 18 of these also had structured individual teaching sessions with a staff pediatrician. The individual teaching sessions tended to improve performance in patient evaluation skills, but neither approach improved the attainment of factual knowledge or the students' evaluations of their outpatient experiences. Further study of the qualitative and quantitative aspects of various teaching technics is needed.", "contents": "Pilot evaluation of teaching strategies in ambulatory pediatrics. Creating an effective learning experience for medical students in ambulatory pediatrics can be a problem. In a pilot study several strategies to improve learning were tested on 51 students during their eight-week basic pediatric clerkship. Each student spent half of this clerkship in the outpatient area. Thirty-six received a detailed list of cognitive and skill objectives at the beginning of their outpatient experience, and 18 of these also had structured individual teaching sessions with a staff pediatrician. The individual teaching sessions tended to improve performance in patient evaluation skills, but neither approach improved the attainment of factual knowledge or the students' evaluations of their outpatient experiences. Further study of the qualitative and quantitative aspects of various teaching technics is needed."}
{"id": "PMID:877612", "title": "Acetaminophen and hepatic dysfunction in infectious mononucleosis.", "content": "Two family members developed severe hepatitic dysfunction in association with infectious mononucleosis and acetaminophen administration. Since severe hepatitis is an extremely rare complication of infectious mononucleosis, we postulate that the hepatic dysfunction was induced by acetaminophen.", "contents": "Acetaminophen and hepatic dysfunction in infectious mononucleosis. Two family members developed severe hepatitic dysfunction in association with infectious mononucleosis and acetaminophen administration. Since severe hepatitis is an extremely rare complication of infectious mononucleosis, we postulate that the hepatic dysfunction was induced by acetaminophen."}
{"id": "PMID:877613", "title": "Management of open fractures of the tibial shaft.", "content": "In a retrospective study of 98 open fractures of the tibial shaft, the end result was found to be most closely correlated with the severity of the initial injury. Comparison of six different forms of treatment (external immobilization, external immobilization with early weight bearing, pins and plaster immobilization, intramedullary fixation, multiple screw fixation and plate and screw fixation) did not indicate a superiority of any one method of management.", "contents": "Management of open fractures of the tibial shaft. In a retrospective study of 98 open fractures of the tibial shaft, the end result was found to be most closely correlated with the severity of the initial injury. Comparison of six different forms of treatment (external immobilization, external immobilization with early weight bearing, pins and plaster immobilization, intramedullary fixation, multiple screw fixation and plate and screw fixation) did not indicate a superiority of any one method of management."}
{"id": "PMID:877614", "title": "Spinal epidural abscess.", "content": "This paper describes problems in the diagnosis and management of six patients with spinal epidural abscess. Since the clinical findings in this disease process are frequently misinterpreted, one must be careful to exclude this diagnosis in any patient with fever, leukocytosis, back pain and recent infection or back trauma. Alcoholic patients, in particular, seem at high risk for missed diagnosis since the clinical findings are frequently misinterpreted to be complications of alcoholism. Suspicion of spinal epidural abscess should lead to immediate lumbar puncture with manometrics as well as myelography. Once the diagnosis is established surgery should be immediate. Gram stains and cultures taken at the time of lumbar puncture or at operation will dictate appropriate antibiotic therapy. The cause of infection can be fairly well determined by the location of the abscess and a knowledge of the pathogenesis. Prognosis seems directly dependent on the preoperative neurologic status of the patient.", "contents": "Spinal epidural abscess. This paper describes problems in the diagnosis and management of six patients with spinal epidural abscess. Since the clinical findings in this disease process are frequently misinterpreted, one must be careful to exclude this diagnosis in any patient with fever, leukocytosis, back pain and recent infection or back trauma. Alcoholic patients, in particular, seem at high risk for missed diagnosis since the clinical findings are frequently misinterpreted to be complications of alcoholism. Suspicion of spinal epidural abscess should lead to immediate lumbar puncture with manometrics as well as myelography. Once the diagnosis is established surgery should be immediate. Gram stains and cultures taken at the time of lumbar puncture or at operation will dictate appropriate antibiotic therapy. The cause of infection can be fairly well determined by the location of the abscess and a knowledge of the pathogenesis. Prognosis seems directly dependent on the preoperative neurologic status of the patient."}
{"id": "PMID:877615", "title": "Childhood poisoning: a community hospital experience.", "content": "We reviewed medical records of 53 children who ingested poison and were treated as inpatients and 107 who were treated as outpatients in a Southeastern community hospital. Findings included a much higher incidence of petroleum distillate poisoning than is found nationally, and a low frequency of aspirin ingestions. Data on packaging of the poisons indicate that one third was stored in food containers. Of the products encountered, 33% currently require safety packaging but were found in obsolete containers.", "contents": "Childhood poisoning: a community hospital experience. We reviewed medical records of 53 children who ingested poison and were treated as inpatients and 107 who were treated as outpatients in a Southeastern community hospital. Findings included a much higher incidence of petroleum distillate poisoning than is found nationally, and a low frequency of aspirin ingestions. Data on packaging of the poisons indicate that one third was stored in food containers. Of the products encountered, 33% currently require safety packaging but were found in obsolete containers."}
{"id": "PMID:877616", "title": "Experience with deep hypothermia and elective circulatory arrest for cardiac surgery in infants.", "content": "During hypothermic circulatory arrest (19 C nasal) averaging 55 minutes in 25 infants, the mean increase in base deficit was only --3.95 mEq/liter, when arterial gases before circulatory arrest were compared with samples ten minutes after perfusion had been resumed. Few significant arrhythmias occurred, and all survivors appeared neurologically normal at discharge.", "contents": "Experience with deep hypothermia and elective circulatory arrest for cardiac surgery in infants. During hypothermic circulatory arrest (19 C nasal) averaging 55 minutes in 25 infants, the mean increase in base deficit was only --3.95 mEq/liter, when arterial gases before circulatory arrest were compared with samples ten minutes after perfusion had been resumed. Few significant arrhythmias occurred, and all survivors appeared neurologically normal at discharge."}
{"id": "PMID:877617", "title": "Current status of total knee replacement.", "content": "Correction of deformity and relief of pain in advanced arthritis of the knee joint can be obtained by implantation of a total knee prosthesis. For the painful, mildly damaged knee, the Charnley prosthesis may be used, while in the more moderately damaged knee, the geometric prosthesis may be indicated. For the unstable, severely damaged knee, a constrained prosthesis may be implanted. These knee prostheses can be used to treat knees which previously were not amenable to surgical correction, except by arthrodesis.", "contents": "Current status of total knee replacement. Correction of deformity and relief of pain in advanced arthritis of the knee joint can be obtained by implantation of a total knee prosthesis. For the painful, mildly damaged knee, the Charnley prosthesis may be used, while in the more moderately damaged knee, the geometric prosthesis may be indicated. For the unstable, severely damaged knee, a constrained prosthesis may be implanted. These knee prostheses can be used to treat knees which previously were not amenable to surgical correction, except by arthrodesis."}
{"id": "PMID:877618", "title": "The efficacy of percutaneous liver biopsy in the initial staging of patients with lymphoma.", "content": "To evaluate the usefulness of percutaneous needle liver biopsy in the initial staging of lymphoma patients, 115 patients presenting to M. D. Anderson Hospital between Sept 1, 1972, and Aug 31, 1975, and having either percutaneous (45) or celiotomy (70) liver biopsy were identified. Sixty-six patients had Hodgkin's disease, 49 non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Overall, results of 13 biopsies were positive--six by percutaneous biopsy, seven by celiotomy. Results showed little difference in yield between percutaneous and celiotomy biopsy. Positivity increased with increasing clinical stage, increasing age (Hodgkin's patients), and increasing number of abnormal liver function tests. It is concluded that percutaneous liver biopsy is useful in lymphoma staging, especially in patients with at least one abnormal liver function test, and in patients with Hodgkin's disease, mixed cell type. The early identification of otherwise unrecognized stage IV disease can spare many patients the morbidity of staging celiotomy.", "contents": "The efficacy of percutaneous liver biopsy in the initial staging of patients with lymphoma. To evaluate the usefulness of percutaneous needle liver biopsy in the initial staging of lymphoma patients, 115 patients presenting to M. D. Anderson Hospital between Sept 1, 1972, and Aug 31, 1975, and having either percutaneous (45) or celiotomy (70) liver biopsy were identified. Sixty-six patients had Hodgkin's disease, 49 non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Overall, results of 13 biopsies were positive--six by percutaneous biopsy, seven by celiotomy. Results showed little difference in yield between percutaneous and celiotomy biopsy. Positivity increased with increasing clinical stage, increasing age (Hodgkin's patients), and increasing number of abnormal liver function tests. It is concluded that percutaneous liver biopsy is useful in lymphoma staging, especially in patients with at least one abnormal liver function test, and in patients with Hodgkin's disease, mixed cell type. The early identification of otherwise unrecognized stage IV disease can spare many patients the morbidity of staging celiotomy."}
{"id": "PMID:877619", "title": "Recurrence patterns and survival after combined radical mastectomy and postoperative irradiation: a retrospective analysis.", "content": "Recurrence patterns were analyzed in 323 patients treated by radical mastectomy, 219 of whom received postoperative irradiation. Thirty-five patients with inner quadrant lesions and negative axillary nodes received postoperative regional node irradiation; 33 of these 35 patients are alive without recurrence from 2 to 22 years later. Six of 219 patients receiving postoperative regional lymph node irradiation developed recurrence in the treated area. In patients with positive axillary nodes, 27% of all recurrence developed initially in the chest wall region, and an additional 10% of patients developed distant metastases in addition to chest wall recurrence. The high incidence of chest wall recurrence in patients with four or more positive nodes, and in patients with two or three positive nodes and primary lesions over 3 cm in diameter who did not receive chest wall irradiation, suggests that the maximal benefit from postoperative irradiation would not be realized in prospective, randomized studies without the use of chest wall irradiation postoperatively in these categories of patients.", "contents": "Recurrence patterns and survival after combined radical mastectomy and postoperative irradiation: a retrospective analysis. Recurrence patterns were analyzed in 323 patients treated by radical mastectomy, 219 of whom received postoperative irradiation. Thirty-five patients with inner quadrant lesions and negative axillary nodes received postoperative regional node irradiation; 33 of these 35 patients are alive without recurrence from 2 to 22 years later. Six of 219 patients receiving postoperative regional lymph node irradiation developed recurrence in the treated area. In patients with positive axillary nodes, 27% of all recurrence developed initially in the chest wall region, and an additional 10% of patients developed distant metastases in addition to chest wall recurrence. The high incidence of chest wall recurrence in patients with four or more positive nodes, and in patients with two or three positive nodes and primary lesions over 3 cm in diameter who did not receive chest wall irradiation, suggests that the maximal benefit from postoperative irradiation would not be realized in prospective, randomized studies without the use of chest wall irradiation postoperatively in these categories of patients."}
{"id": "PMID:877620", "title": "Removal of foreign bodies: the flexible fiberoptic endoscope.", "content": "Three foreign bodies were successfully removed from the upper gastrointestinal tract with a fiberoptic endoscope. They included a food bolus lodged above an esophageal stricture, a metallic nebulizer tip impacted in the mid-esophagus, and a spoon lodged in the stomach. A razor blade could not be removed from the duodenum. Many foreign bodies, including large or elongated objects, can be removed from the upper gastrointestinal tract with flexible fiberoptic endoscopes.", "contents": "Removal of foreign bodies: the flexible fiberoptic endoscope. Three foreign bodies were successfully removed from the upper gastrointestinal tract with a fiberoptic endoscope. They included a food bolus lodged above an esophageal stricture, a metallic nebulizer tip impacted in the mid-esophagus, and a spoon lodged in the stomach. A razor blade could not be removed from the duodenum. Many foreign bodies, including large or elongated objects, can be removed from the upper gastrointestinal tract with flexible fiberoptic endoscopes."}
{"id": "PMID:877621", "title": "Traumatic spinal cord injuries due to automobile accidents.", "content": "Of the 1,164 patients with traumatic spinal cord injury admitted to the Texas Institute for Rehabilitation and Research from February 1959 through December 1975, 389 were injured in automobile accidents. The patients with spinal cord injury were predominantly male, and the average age was in the late 20s. Two thirds of the accidents involved a single automobile and occurred less than 50 miles from the residence. The driver's seat was the most common seating position. Seat belts were not worn in over 90% of the cases; many of the other victims wore their seat belts improperly. Some of the patients were probably injured because of structural defects of the automobile.", "contents": "Traumatic spinal cord injuries due to automobile accidents. Of the 1,164 patients with traumatic spinal cord injury admitted to the Texas Institute for Rehabilitation and Research from February 1959 through December 1975, 389 were injured in automobile accidents. The patients with spinal cord injury were predominantly male, and the average age was in the late 20s. Two thirds of the accidents involved a single automobile and occurred less than 50 miles from the residence. The driver's seat was the most common seating position. Seat belts were not worn in over 90% of the cases; many of the other victims wore their seat belts improperly. Some of the patients were probably injured because of structural defects of the automobile."}
{"id": "PMID:877622", "title": "Squamous carcinoma of the lower lip in patients under 40 years of age.", "content": "In a series of 1,308 squamous carcinomas of the lower lip, 97 (7%) occurred in patients under 40. Among the 56 followed up for at least five years, there were 12 deaths due to disease for a determinate mortality of 21%. In five of these patients (41%) the tumor persisted more than three years from the time of initial treatment and in four others (33%), for more than five years. Of all 97 patients, 15 (15%) developed additional primary tumors. Most second lesions were squamous or basal cell carcinomas of the skin; however, four patients developed second primary lesions with considerable malignant potential (one melanoma and three visceral cancers). Three of these patients died of their second tumors, raising the overall mortality to 26%. Squamous carcinoma of the lower lip appears to have a worse prognosis in younger patients. A significant fraction of these patients succumb to their disease more than five years after initial treatment. This, coupled with a tendency to develop significant second primaries, suggests that a protracted period of close clinical follow-up is essential.", "contents": "Squamous carcinoma of the lower lip in patients under 40 years of age. In a series of 1,308 squamous carcinomas of the lower lip, 97 (7%) occurred in patients under 40. Among the 56 followed up for at least five years, there were 12 deaths due to disease for a determinate mortality of 21%. In five of these patients (41%) the tumor persisted more than three years from the time of initial treatment and in four others (33%), for more than five years. Of all 97 patients, 15 (15%) developed additional primary tumors. Most second lesions were squamous or basal cell carcinomas of the skin; however, four patients developed second primary lesions with considerable malignant potential (one melanoma and three visceral cancers). Three of these patients died of their second tumors, raising the overall mortality to 26%. Squamous carcinoma of the lower lip appears to have a worse prognosis in younger patients. A significant fraction of these patients succumb to their disease more than five years after initial treatment. This, coupled with a tendency to develop significant second primaries, suggests that a protracted period of close clinical follow-up is essential."}
{"id": "PMID:877623", "title": "Emotional factors in inflammatory bowel disease.", "content": "Inflammatory bowel diseases are not caused by emotional conflicts, but emotional factors influence both the pathogenesis and the course of the illness. Establishing a trusting physician-patient relationship is important in helping the patient to (1) avoid denial of illness or chronic illness behavior, (2) understand symptoms and diagnostic and treatment procedures, and (3) cope with loss of a key person or the threat of lessened self-control.", "contents": "Emotional factors in inflammatory bowel disease. Inflammatory bowel diseases are not caused by emotional conflicts, but emotional factors influence both the pathogenesis and the course of the illness. Establishing a trusting physician-patient relationship is important in helping the patient to (1) avoid denial of illness or chronic illness behavior, (2) understand symptoms and diagnostic and treatment procedures, and (3) cope with loss of a key person or the threat of lessened self-control."}
{"id": "PMID:877624", "title": "Prognostic value of carcinoembryonic antigen in patients with breast cancer.", "content": "Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) levels were followed in 18 patients with a history of breast cancer to determine the prognostic value of serial determinations in predicting either the development of clinically evident metastatic disease or the progression of previously stable metastatic disease. In patients with local disease, values were in the normal range initially and tended to remain so for the duration of the study, correlating with clinical quiescence. Patients with nodal or extranodal involvement tended to have higher values, but changes could not be consistently correlated with clinical deterioration. Exceptions to these general trends were found in each group. This study suggests that the assay of CEA is of limited predictive value in an individual patient with a history of breast cancer.", "contents": "Prognostic value of carcinoembryonic antigen in patients with breast cancer. Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) levels were followed in 18 patients with a history of breast cancer to determine the prognostic value of serial determinations in predicting either the development of clinically evident metastatic disease or the progression of previously stable metastatic disease. In patients with local disease, values were in the normal range initially and tended to remain so for the duration of the study, correlating with clinical quiescence. Patients with nodal or extranodal involvement tended to have higher values, but changes could not be consistently correlated with clinical deterioration. Exceptions to these general trends were found in each group. This study suggests that the assay of CEA is of limited predictive value in an individual patient with a history of breast cancer."}
{"id": "PMID:877625", "title": "Median nerve injuries and their management.", "content": "Injuries of the median nerve cause two major syndromes. Interosseous nerve injury as it branches from the median just below the elbow produces a characteristic deformity. Treatment involves neurolysis, or primary or secondary repair. Various tendon transfers can be used to compensate for lost function. The other syndrome is produced by median nerve injury at the wrist and consists of thenar muscle paralysis and a sensory deficit on the radial aspect of the palm and radial 3 1/2 digits. The carpal tunnel syndrome is the most common cause. Treatment consists of incising the volar carpal ligament. Lacerations at this level should be repaired primarily if possible. Several types of opponensplasties are available to restore thumb opposition. Median nerve injuries impair the ability to pinch and should be carefully evaluated and treated.", "contents": "Median nerve injuries and their management. Injuries of the median nerve cause two major syndromes. Interosseous nerve injury as it branches from the median just below the elbow produces a characteristic deformity. Treatment involves neurolysis, or primary or secondary repair. Various tendon transfers can be used to compensate for lost function. The other syndrome is produced by median nerve injury at the wrist and consists of thenar muscle paralysis and a sensory deficit on the radial aspect of the palm and radial 3 1/2 digits. The carpal tunnel syndrome is the most common cause. Treatment consists of incising the volar carpal ligament. Lacerations at this level should be repaired primarily if possible. Several types of opponensplasties are available to restore thumb opposition. Median nerve injuries impair the ability to pinch and should be carefully evaluated and treated."}
{"id": "PMID:877626", "title": "Significant hematuria secondary to sickle cell trait in a white family.", "content": "A 21-year-old blond, white woman was evaluated for recurrent episodes of significant painless gross hematuria. She was found to have sickle cell trait, and hematologic evaluation made through four generations isolated the trait to the paternal side.", "contents": "Significant hematuria secondary to sickle cell trait in a white family. A 21-year-old blond, white woman was evaluated for recurrent episodes of significant painless gross hematuria. She was found to have sickle cell trait, and hematologic evaluation made through four generations isolated the trait to the paternal side."}
{"id": "PMID:877627", "title": "Chronic active hepatitis and cirrhosis in Wilson's disease.", "content": "A 32-year-old woman was found to have chronic active hepatitis and cirrhosis after exploratory celiotomy resulted in hepatic decompensation. Subsequent investigation confirmed the diagnosis of Wilson's disease. This case demonstrates that Wilson's disease may manifest itself as chronic active hepatitis as late as the fourth decade of life without neurologic symptoms or findings. Wilson's disease should be actively considered in patients with chronic active hepatitis or cirrhosis, even in older age groups and despite the absence of central nervous system manifestations.", "contents": "Chronic active hepatitis and cirrhosis in Wilson's disease. A 32-year-old woman was found to have chronic active hepatitis and cirrhosis after exploratory celiotomy resulted in hepatic decompensation. Subsequent investigation confirmed the diagnosis of Wilson's disease. This case demonstrates that Wilson's disease may manifest itself as chronic active hepatitis as late as the fourth decade of life without neurologic symptoms or findings. Wilson's disease should be actively considered in patients with chronic active hepatitis or cirrhosis, even in older age groups and despite the absence of central nervous system manifestations."}
{"id": "PMID:877628", "title": "Transient megacolon after gastroscopy.", "content": "A 38-year-old man who developed abdominal distention and pain following fiberoptic gastroscopy is described. The patient had had an upper gastrointestinal roentgenographic series earlier, and the dilatation of the colon was thought to be due to entrapment of air in the proximal colon secondary to inspissated barium in the descending colon. Premedication with meperidine hydrochloride and atropine also may have been contributory. A saline enema relieved the patient's symptoms and a barium enema examination later showed a normal colon.", "contents": "Transient megacolon after gastroscopy. A 38-year-old man who developed abdominal distention and pain following fiberoptic gastroscopy is described. The patient had had an upper gastrointestinal roentgenographic series earlier, and the dilatation of the colon was thought to be due to entrapment of air in the proximal colon secondary to inspissated barium in the descending colon. Premedication with meperidine hydrochloride and atropine also may have been contributory. A saline enema relieved the patient's symptoms and a barium enema examination later showed a normal colon."}
{"id": "PMID:877629", "title": "Echocardiographic diagnosis of supravalvular aortic stenosis.", "content": "The echocardiographic features of supravalvular aortic stenosis seen in a patient with valvular aortic and multiple pulmonary branch stenosis are described. Since patterns of valvular, discrete subvalvular, and supravalvular aortic stenosis can be recognized by echocardiography, it is now possible to screen close relatives of patients having supravalvular aortic stenosis and pulmonary branch stenosis by this non-invasive technic.", "contents": "Echocardiographic diagnosis of supravalvular aortic stenosis. The echocardiographic features of supravalvular aortic stenosis seen in a patient with valvular aortic and multiple pulmonary branch stenosis are described. Since patterns of valvular, discrete subvalvular, and supravalvular aortic stenosis can be recognized by echocardiography, it is now possible to screen close relatives of patients having supravalvular aortic stenosis and pulmonary branch stenosis by this non-invasive technic."}
{"id": "PMID:877633", "title": "Thromboelastographic distinction of malignant from benign breast masses: a preliminary report.", "content": "Thromboelastography is a newly applied tool for the detection of carcinoma. By comparing the thromboelastograph (TEG) of fresh whole blood (native) to that of blood to which celite has been added (celite activated), enhanced clotting is manifested which allows identification of individuals harboring carcinoma. Twenty women, obtained in a random sampling, entering the North Carolina Baptist Hospital for biopsy of breast masses were studied with routine clotting tests and TEGs preoperatively. TEG prediction of the biopsy result was correct in 16 of 20 patients (P less than 0.05). Thromboelastography may be a useful adjunct in screening for carcinoma in the evaluating persons with masses of unknown histology.", "contents": "Thromboelastographic distinction of malignant from benign breast masses: a preliminary report. Thromboelastography is a newly applied tool for the detection of carcinoma. By comparing the thromboelastograph (TEG) of fresh whole blood (native) to that of blood to which celite has been added (celite activated), enhanced clotting is manifested which allows identification of individuals harboring carcinoma. Twenty women, obtained in a random sampling, entering the North Carolina Baptist Hospital for biopsy of breast masses were studied with routine clotting tests and TEGs preoperatively. TEG prediction of the biopsy result was correct in 16 of 20 patients (P less than 0.05). Thromboelastography may be a useful adjunct in screening for carcinoma in the evaluating persons with masses of unknown histology."}
{"id": "PMID:877634", "title": "Pebble ingestion: an unusual form of geophagia.", "content": "Reported is a case representing an unusual form of geophagia, in which ingestion of pebbles by a 27-year-old mentally retarded woman resulted in impaction and complete filling of the colon with pebbles. Conservative therapy was successful in clearing the stones by the sixth day of treatment; however, a follow-up visit approximately six weeks later revealed that the patient was again ingesting pebbles.", "contents": "Pebble ingestion: an unusual form of geophagia. Reported is a case representing an unusual form of geophagia, in which ingestion of pebbles by a 27-year-old mentally retarded woman resulted in impaction and complete filling of the colon with pebbles. Conservative therapy was successful in clearing the stones by the sixth day of treatment; however, a follow-up visit approximately six weeks later revealed that the patient was again ingesting pebbles."}
{"id": "PMID:877635", "title": "Use of salt bridge in rhythm analysis.", "content": "Filling a catheter with electrolyte solution converts it to a conductor and allows the safe recording of an electrogram from near or within the right atrium. This technic is very useful in localizing the internal position of a cardiac catheter and particularly in rhythm analysis. Four cases are presented to review the value of this salt bridge technic.", "contents": "Use of salt bridge in rhythm analysis. Filling a catheter with electrolyte solution converts it to a conductor and allows the safe recording of an electrogram from near or within the right atrium. This technic is very useful in localizing the internal position of a cardiac catheter and particularly in rhythm analysis. Four cases are presented to review the value of this salt bridge technic."}
{"id": "PMID:877636", "title": "A pediatric residency program revisited.", "content": "There have been few assessments of residency programs by graduates; therefore, to investigate a practical means of evaluating programs we asked former trainees to relate aspects of their training to present professional needs. Former residents in the Duke pediatric program from 1960 to 1972 were asked to evaluate various aspects of their training. The overall training program was rated favorably, as were most deficiencies were identified in ambulatory pediatric care, such as surgery, dermatology, psychiatry, and radiology. Analysis according to respondent's period of participation in the program and current professional activity revealed little variation in patterns of response. This survey method provides an inexpensive means of monitoring inadequacies in residency programs and provides data to initiate changes.", "contents": "A pediatric residency program revisited. There have been few assessments of residency programs by graduates; therefore, to investigate a practical means of evaluating programs we asked former trainees to relate aspects of their training to present professional needs. Former residents in the Duke pediatric program from 1960 to 1972 were asked to evaluate various aspects of their training. The overall training program was rated favorably, as were most deficiencies were identified in ambulatory pediatric care, such as surgery, dermatology, psychiatry, and radiology. Analysis according to respondent's period of participation in the program and current professional activity revealed little variation in patterns of response. This survey method provides an inexpensive means of monitoring inadequacies in residency programs and provides data to initiate changes."}
{"id": "PMID:877637", "title": "Evaluation of posterior fossa lesions by computer assisted tomography (CAT).", "content": "Valuable neuroradiologic information can be obtained with routine examination of the posterior fossa by computer assisted tomography (CAT). The diagnosis can be difficult in the posterior fossa due to the relatively small size of the compartment and its proximities to large bony masses and air in the mastoid cells. However, many lesions can be accurately diagnosed when close attention is given to anatomic detail and the frequent use of contrast enhancement. We introduced a new CAT classification of posterior fossa neoplasms.", "contents": "Evaluation of posterior fossa lesions by computer assisted tomography (CAT). Valuable neuroradiologic information can be obtained with routine examination of the posterior fossa by computer assisted tomography (CAT). The diagnosis can be difficult in the posterior fossa due to the relatively small size of the compartment and its proximities to large bony masses and air in the mastoid cells. However, many lesions can be accurately diagnosed when close attention is given to anatomic detail and the frequent use of contrast enhancement. We introduced a new CAT classification of posterior fossa neoplasms."}
{"id": "PMID:877638", "title": "Bleeding, clotting, and functional disability following Beall prosthetic mitral valve replacement.", "content": "The incidence of fatal and nonfatal thromboemboli and bleeding episodes was compared in 53 patients who received sodium warfarin and in 17 successive patients who received no sodium warfarin after Beall mitral valve replacement. Actuarial curves showed that by 12 months postoperatively patients not receiving sodium warfarin had a greater incidence of emboli (P less than 0.01). This significant difference remained when the combined incidence of emboli and hemorrhage was considered (P less than 0.05). Deaths due to emboli or hemorrhage, however, were not statistically different in the two groups. The quality of control of prothrombin times (percent of prothrombin times two to two and a half times control) did not significantly influence the incidence of ebmoli although the numbers were small. However, fatal and nonfatal hemorrhagic episodes which did occur were almost invariably associated with prothrombin times greater than three to eight times control. Results of pre- and post-operative graded treadmill exercise tests in 39 patients receiving a Beall mitral valve replacement showed significant postoperative improvement in exercise tolerance. Nevertheless, the patients' postoperative working capacity was only 55% to 57% of that of age- and sex-matched sedentary controls. The present study supports the use of sodium warfarin therapy and strict anticoagulation control in Beall mitral valve replacement patients. It also documents a significant residual impairment in physical working capacity.", "contents": "Bleeding, clotting, and functional disability following Beall prosthetic mitral valve replacement. The incidence of fatal and nonfatal thromboemboli and bleeding episodes was compared in 53 patients who received sodium warfarin and in 17 successive patients who received no sodium warfarin after Beall mitral valve replacement. Actuarial curves showed that by 12 months postoperatively patients not receiving sodium warfarin had a greater incidence of emboli (P less than 0.01). This significant difference remained when the combined incidence of emboli and hemorrhage was considered (P less than 0.05). Deaths due to emboli or hemorrhage, however, were not statistically different in the two groups. The quality of control of prothrombin times (percent of prothrombin times two to two and a half times control) did not significantly influence the incidence of ebmoli although the numbers were small. However, fatal and nonfatal hemorrhagic episodes which did occur were almost invariably associated with prothrombin times greater than three to eight times control. Results of pre- and post-operative graded treadmill exercise tests in 39 patients receiving a Beall mitral valve replacement showed significant postoperative improvement in exercise tolerance. Nevertheless, the patients' postoperative working capacity was only 55% to 57% of that of age- and sex-matched sedentary controls. The present study supports the use of sodium warfarin therapy and strict anticoagulation control in Beall mitral valve replacement patients. It also documents a significant residual impairment in physical working capacity."}
{"id": "PMID:877639", "title": "A controlled clinical trial of two local agents in postepisiotomy pain and discomfort.", "content": "Postepisiotomy pain can be an annoying complication for physicians and nurses to manage after an otherwise uneventful delivery. A controlled prospective study was conducted in 100 parturients to test the relative efficacy of two agents. Of 50 patients given a mucoadhesive foam containing a local anesthetic plus a corticosteroid, 82% reported relief of pain and discomfort and 86% demonstrated resolution of edema. Of the 50 patients using a spray containing a local anesthetic plus and antiseptic agent, 40% reported relief of pain and 30% demonstrated resolution of edema.", "contents": "A controlled clinical trial of two local agents in postepisiotomy pain and discomfort. Postepisiotomy pain can be an annoying complication for physicians and nurses to manage after an otherwise uneventful delivery. A controlled prospective study was conducted in 100 parturients to test the relative efficacy of two agents. Of 50 patients given a mucoadhesive foam containing a local anesthetic plus a corticosteroid, 82% reported relief of pain and discomfort and 86% demonstrated resolution of edema. Of the 50 patients using a spray containing a local anesthetic plus and antiseptic agent, 40% reported relief of pain and 30% demonstrated resolution of edema."}
{"id": "PMID:877640", "title": "Treatment of patellar fractures by partial patellectomy.", "content": "Results of treating 238 transverse, longitudinal, and osteochondral fractures of the patella are reviewed. Of these, 89 patients had partial patellectomy and extensor mechanism reconstruction. After an average follow-up of four years, functional results have been excellent; there have been no late patellectomies and traumatic arthritis has not developed. Total patellectomy is recommended only when the entire patella is so severely comminuted that none of it can be used as part of the extensor mechanism of the knee.", "contents": "Treatment of patellar fractures by partial patellectomy. Results of treating 238 transverse, longitudinal, and osteochondral fractures of the patella are reviewed. Of these, 89 patients had partial patellectomy and extensor mechanism reconstruction. After an average follow-up of four years, functional results have been excellent; there have been no late patellectomies and traumatic arthritis has not developed. Total patellectomy is recommended only when the entire patella is so severely comminuted that none of it can be used as part of the extensor mechanism of the knee."}
{"id": "PMID:877641", "title": "The outpatient treatment of refractory hypertension with minoxidil.", "content": "Minoxidil is a potent orally administered vasodilator under investigation for use in severe hypertension. Fifteen patients with moderate to severe hypertension refractory to conventional antihypertensive drugs were treated with minoxidil on an outpatient basis. Propranolol and furosemide were administered concomitantly to control reflex tachycardia and fluid retention. Good blood pressure control was achieved in all but one patient with the average supine mean arterial blood pressure falling from 140 mm Hg with conventional drugs to 106 mm Hg with minoxidil (P less than 0.0005). The major side effects of fluid retention (9/15), hirsutism (15/15), and tachycardia were adequately controlled in all but one patient. We conclude that minoxidil will be a valuable drug in the outpatient management of refractory hypertension.", "contents": "The outpatient treatment of refractory hypertension with minoxidil. Minoxidil is a potent orally administered vasodilator under investigation for use in severe hypertension. Fifteen patients with moderate to severe hypertension refractory to conventional antihypertensive drugs were treated with minoxidil on an outpatient basis. Propranolol and furosemide were administered concomitantly to control reflex tachycardia and fluid retention. Good blood pressure control was achieved in all but one patient with the average supine mean arterial blood pressure falling from 140 mm Hg with conventional drugs to 106 mm Hg with minoxidil (P less than 0.0005). The major side effects of fluid retention (9/15), hirsutism (15/15), and tachycardia were adequately controlled in all but one patient. We conclude that minoxidil will be a valuable drug in the outpatient management of refractory hypertension."}
{"id": "PMID:877642", "title": "Nonunion of fractures of the proximal humerus: a method of treatment using a modified Moe plate.", "content": "Treatment of nonunion of fractures of the proximal or middle third of the humerus by use of a modified Moe plate is described. We have found this treatment to produce more favorable results than other methods using either internal or external immobilization. Simple modification of an existing mechanically sound device has led to a very useful instrument for the internal fixation of this type of fracture.", "contents": "Nonunion of fractures of the proximal humerus: a method of treatment using a modified Moe plate. Treatment of nonunion of fractures of the proximal or middle third of the humerus by use of a modified Moe plate is described. We have found this treatment to produce more favorable results than other methods using either internal or external immobilization. Simple modification of an existing mechanically sound device has led to a very useful instrument for the internal fixation of this type of fracture."}
{"id": "PMID:877643", "title": "Scar carcinoma: prognosis and treatment.", "content": "A 30-year experience with 31 cases of squamous cell carcinoma arising in scars is reviewed. Mean age of the patients was 58 years. Average time from injury to diagnosis was 23 years. The male to female ratio was 4:1. Tumors were well differentiated in 23 cases and poorly differentiated in eight cases. Three-year survival rate was 94% for patients with well-differentiated lesions, but only 38% for those with poorly differentiated ones which were more likely to metastasize. Implications of these findings are discussed in relation to therapy.", "contents": "Scar carcinoma: prognosis and treatment. A 30-year experience with 31 cases of squamous cell carcinoma arising in scars is reviewed. Mean age of the patients was 58 years. Average time from injury to diagnosis was 23 years. The male to female ratio was 4:1. Tumors were well differentiated in 23 cases and poorly differentiated in eight cases. Three-year survival rate was 94% for patients with well-differentiated lesions, but only 38% for those with poorly differentiated ones which were more likely to metastasize. Implications of these findings are discussed in relation to therapy."}
{"id": "PMID:877644", "title": "Endocarditis treated with clindamycin: relapse and liver dysfunction.", "content": "Clindamycin was used to treat six patients with endocarditis because of allergy to penicillin in five, and an unfavorable clinical response to methicillin in one. Only one patient had an uneventful cure with clindamycin. Two had hepatotoxicity which resolved rapidly after clindamycin was stopped. Two patients, one of whom had an aortic prosthesis, had completed four to six weeks of clindamycin therapy when clinical relapse occurred and blood cultures were again positive for a clindamycin-sensitive isolate. A fifth patient had peptostreptococcal endocarditis. Despite a favorable initial clinical and bacteriologic response, blood cultures taken on the 20th day of therapy again grew the Peptostreptococcus. This relapse pathogen had become resistant to clindamycin and was 100-fold less sensitive than the initial isolate. The few conditions in which clindamycin is indicated for therapy of bacterial endocarditis are outlined.", "contents": "Endocarditis treated with clindamycin: relapse and liver dysfunction. Clindamycin was used to treat six patients with endocarditis because of allergy to penicillin in five, and an unfavorable clinical response to methicillin in one. Only one patient had an uneventful cure with clindamycin. Two had hepatotoxicity which resolved rapidly after clindamycin was stopped. Two patients, one of whom had an aortic prosthesis, had completed four to six weeks of clindamycin therapy when clinical relapse occurred and blood cultures were again positive for a clindamycin-sensitive isolate. A fifth patient had peptostreptococcal endocarditis. Despite a favorable initial clinical and bacteriologic response, blood cultures taken on the 20th day of therapy again grew the Peptostreptococcus. This relapse pathogen had become resistant to clindamycin and was 100-fold less sensitive than the initial isolate. The few conditions in which clindamycin is indicated for therapy of bacterial endocarditis are outlined."}
{"id": "PMID:877645", "title": "Investigating the contacts and suspected contacts of tuberculous patients in New Orleans.", "content": "The New Orleans Health Department still investigates the contacts and suspected contacts of patients with tuberculosis, although it has stopped some tuberculosis control programs as unproductive. To determine whether contact investigation is worthwhile, in 1974 we sampled 1,110 men, women, infants, and children who had proved (391) or suspected (719) contact with a tuberculous patient. Nineteen percent (215 out of 1,110) of these contacts examined had tuberculous infections (reflected by positive skin tests). Seven (0.63%) also had pulmonary tuberculosis. We concluded that contact investigation effectively identified residents of New Orleans who were at risk of tuberculosis and the program should be continued.", "contents": "Investigating the contacts and suspected contacts of tuberculous patients in New Orleans. The New Orleans Health Department still investigates the contacts and suspected contacts of patients with tuberculosis, although it has stopped some tuberculosis control programs as unproductive. To determine whether contact investigation is worthwhile, in 1974 we sampled 1,110 men, women, infants, and children who had proved (391) or suspected (719) contact with a tuberculous patient. Nineteen percent (215 out of 1,110) of these contacts examined had tuberculous infections (reflected by positive skin tests). Seven (0.63%) also had pulmonary tuberculosis. We concluded that contact investigation effectively identified residents of New Orleans who were at risk of tuberculosis and the program should be continued."}
{"id": "PMID:877646", "title": "Pseudocholinesterase deficiency: an additional preoperative consideration in outpatient diagnostic procedures.", "content": "Because pseudocholinesterase deficiency is an unusual anesthetic complication which requires specialized equipment and postanesthetic management and nursing care for successful treatment, it takes on added significance when it occurs in the ambulatory surgical patient. It emphasizes the fact that while operative procedures performed in the ambulatory surgical setting may be of comparatively minor magnitude, this does not in any way render them minor anesthetic procedures.", "contents": "Pseudocholinesterase deficiency: an additional preoperative consideration in outpatient diagnostic procedures. Because pseudocholinesterase deficiency is an unusual anesthetic complication which requires specialized equipment and postanesthetic management and nursing care for successful treatment, it takes on added significance when it occurs in the ambulatory surgical patient. It emphasizes the fact that while operative procedures performed in the ambulatory surgical setting may be of comparatively minor magnitude, this does not in any way render them minor anesthetic procedures."}
{"id": "PMID:877647", "title": "Testing for the Tay-Sachs gene in the Atlanta Jewish population.", "content": "In May 1975, three mass screening clinics for the asymptomatic Tay-Sachs carrier were held in Atlanta, Georgia. Ninety percent of the 2,330 adults screened were of Ashkenazi Jewish ancestry. One hundred seventy-six people were identified as possible carriers, 145 returned for retesting, and 74 were diagnosed as carriers. The Tay-Sachs heterozygote frequency estimated from this tested population was 0.043 or 1 in 23. Retesting of all possible carriers and assessment of their first-degree relatives were emphasized as saids in diagnosis of the carrier state. Our results indicated that the hexosaminidase A values in the white celll lysates used for the retest procedure provided a more reliable diagnosis of the carrier state than did enzyme values obtained from screening sera alone. Test results from first-degree relatives in all cases supported the assigned genotype of probands.", "contents": "Testing for the Tay-Sachs gene in the Atlanta Jewish population. In May 1975, three mass screening clinics for the asymptomatic Tay-Sachs carrier were held in Atlanta, Georgia. Ninety percent of the 2,330 adults screened were of Ashkenazi Jewish ancestry. One hundred seventy-six people were identified as possible carriers, 145 returned for retesting, and 74 were diagnosed as carriers. The Tay-Sachs heterozygote frequency estimated from this tested population was 0.043 or 1 in 23. Retesting of all possible carriers and assessment of their first-degree relatives were emphasized as saids in diagnosis of the carrier state. Our results indicated that the hexosaminidase A values in the white celll lysates used for the retest procedure provided a more reliable diagnosis of the carrier state than did enzyme values obtained from screening sera alone. Test results from first-degree relatives in all cases supported the assigned genotype of probands."}
{"id": "PMID:877648", "title": "Visual field status in the management of chronic angle-closure glaucoma.", "content": "A retrospective analysis of the case histories of 40 patients with chronic angle-closure glaucoma yielded 31 eyes without visual field loss and 26 eyes with field loss. Peripheral iridectomy was highly successful in cases without field loss. Trabeculectomy was significantly more successful (93%) than iridectomy (64%) in treating cases with field loss. It is suggested that the choice of surgical procedure in this syndrome be dictated in part by the character of the visual field.", "contents": "Visual field status in the management of chronic angle-closure glaucoma. A retrospective analysis of the case histories of 40 patients with chronic angle-closure glaucoma yielded 31 eyes without visual field loss and 26 eyes with field loss. Peripheral iridectomy was highly successful in cases without field loss. Trabeculectomy was significantly more successful (93%) than iridectomy (64%) in treating cases with field loss. It is suggested that the choice of surgical procedure in this syndrome be dictated in part by the character of the visual field."}
{"id": "PMID:877649", "title": "The cephalosporin antibiotics in pediatric practice.", "content": "The efficacy of the cephalosporins against gram-positive cocci and some of the gram-negative bacilli together with their relative safety make this family of antibiotics potentially useful in treating pediatric infections, particularly in instances of penicillin hypersensitivity. Newer cephalosporins have broadened the antimicrobial spectral range and may offset some of the previous drawbacks to their use in children. Of potential interest to the pediatrician is the highly active inhibitory effect against Hemophilus influenzae by cefamandole, one of the newer cephalosporin congeners.", "contents": "The cephalosporin antibiotics in pediatric practice. The efficacy of the cephalosporins against gram-positive cocci and some of the gram-negative bacilli together with their relative safety make this family of antibiotics potentially useful in treating pediatric infections, particularly in instances of penicillin hypersensitivity. Newer cephalosporins have broadened the antimicrobial spectral range and may offset some of the previous drawbacks to their use in children. Of potential interest to the pediatrician is the highly active inhibitory effect against Hemophilus influenzae by cefamandole, one of the newer cephalosporin congeners."}
{"id": "PMID:877650", "title": "Addison's disease secondary to North American blastomycosis.", "content": "Reported is the fifth known case of Addison's disease due to adrenal involvement by North American blastomycosis (Blastomyces dermatitidis infection). The fact that amphotericin B therapy precipitated an addisonian crisis suggests that patients with disseminated blastomycosis should have their adrenal function and reserve evaluated before undergoing systemic chemotherapy.", "contents": "Addison's disease secondary to North American blastomycosis. Reported is the fifth known case of Addison's disease due to adrenal involvement by North American blastomycosis (Blastomyces dermatitidis infection). The fact that amphotericin B therapy precipitated an addisonian crisis suggests that patients with disseminated blastomycosis should have their adrenal function and reserve evaluated before undergoing systemic chemotherapy."}
{"id": "PMID:877651", "title": "Simultaneous infection of the central nervous system with Cryptococcus neoformans and Mycobacterium intracellulare.", "content": "A 46-year-old woman with cryptococcal meningoencephalitis also had Mycobacterium intracellulare isolated from her cerebrospinal fluid. She was treated with amphotericin B,5-fluorocytosine, and antituberculous agents (isoniazid and rifampin). She gradually improved and was well, except for residual neurologic damage, three years after discharge from the hospital. No evidence of significant underlying disease has been found.", "contents": "Simultaneous infection of the central nervous system with Cryptococcus neoformans and Mycobacterium intracellulare. A 46-year-old woman with cryptococcal meningoencephalitis also had Mycobacterium intracellulare isolated from her cerebrospinal fluid. She was treated with amphotericin B,5-fluorocytosine, and antituberculous agents (isoniazid and rifampin). She gradually improved and was well, except for residual neurologic damage, three years after discharge from the hospital. No evidence of significant underlying disease has been found."}
{"id": "PMID:877652", "title": "Spontaneous subcutaneous emphysema of the neck and mediastinum.", "content": "An unusual case of spontaneous subcutaneous emphysema and pneumomediastinum presumably caused by a laryngeal or hypopharyngeal tear during excessive phonation is presented. The patient was treated conservatively after a careful search for any causative factors. Observation, with parenteral ailimentation, intravenous antibiotics, and voice rest, is advocated for most cases. Tracheostomy and open repair or mediastinotomy are reserved for the unusually severe or unresolving case.", "contents": "Spontaneous subcutaneous emphysema of the neck and mediastinum. An unusual case of spontaneous subcutaneous emphysema and pneumomediastinum presumably caused by a laryngeal or hypopharyngeal tear during excessive phonation is presented. The patient was treated conservatively after a careful search for any causative factors. Observation, with parenteral ailimentation, intravenous antibiotics, and voice rest, is advocated for most cases. Tracheostomy and open repair or mediastinotomy are reserved for the unusually severe or unresolving case."}
{"id": "PMID:877654", "title": "New behavioral data concerning the autoerythrocyte sensitization syndrome.", "content": "A typical case of autoerythrocyte sensitization or the Gardner-Diamond syndrome was reviewed with respect to personality factors, hypnotic influence in general, the effect of controlled hypnosis under two variable conditions, and the measurement of certain psychophysiologic responses before and following hypnosis. In this case it was not possible to delineate a clear psychiatric syndrome and hypnotic suggestion induced the classical lesion only during the active phase of the disease. When the lesions were absent or quiescent, no changes in various psychophysiologic measurements taken were observed.", "contents": "New behavioral data concerning the autoerythrocyte sensitization syndrome. A typical case of autoerythrocyte sensitization or the Gardner-Diamond syndrome was reviewed with respect to personality factors, hypnotic influence in general, the effect of controlled hypnosis under two variable conditions, and the measurement of certain psychophysiologic responses before and following hypnosis. In this case it was not possible to delineate a clear psychiatric syndrome and hypnotic suggestion induced the classical lesion only during the active phase of the disease. When the lesions were absent or quiescent, no changes in various psychophysiologic measurements taken were observed."}
{"id": "PMID:877655", "title": "Ventricular tachycardia in a patient with the \"Chinese restaurant syndrome\".", "content": "A 36-year-old man developed severe weakness, palpitation, and diaphoresis 30 minutes after eating wonton soup. On admission to the hospital he was found to have ventricular tachycardia. He was given lidocaine intravenously and the rhythm converted to normal with the three minutes. It was concluded that monosodium L-glutamate might produce potentially serious arrhythmias in susceptible persons.", "contents": "Ventricular tachycardia in a patient with the \"Chinese restaurant syndrome\". A 36-year-old man developed severe weakness, palpitation, and diaphoresis 30 minutes after eating wonton soup. On admission to the hospital he was found to have ventricular tachycardia. He was given lidocaine intravenously and the rhythm converted to normal with the three minutes. It was concluded that monosodium L-glutamate might produce potentially serious arrhythmias in susceptible persons."}
{"id": "PMID:877656", "title": "Cholangiographic findings in agenesis of the gallbladder.", "content": "A case of agenesis of the gallbladder and cystic duct and the cholangiographic findings are presented. We believe this to be the first case documented by intravenous cholangiography.", "contents": "Cholangiographic findings in agenesis of the gallbladder. A case of agenesis of the gallbladder and cystic duct and the cholangiographic findings are presented. We believe this to be the first case documented by intravenous cholangiography."}
{"id": "PMID:877657", "title": "Peutz-Jeghers polyposis with metastasizing duodenal carcinoma.", "content": "A case of Peutz-Jeghers polyposis associated with duodenal carcinoma but without cutaneous pigmentation was presented. Duodenal carcinoma is the most commonly associated neoplasm. The presence of vitiligo in this patient is coincidental. Of 14 reported cases of Peutz-Jeghers syndrome associated with intestinal carcinoma, in only two was the tumor shown to originate in the polyp. In our case, too, we believe the carcinoma developed independently.", "contents": "Peutz-Jeghers polyposis with metastasizing duodenal carcinoma. A case of Peutz-Jeghers polyposis associated with duodenal carcinoma but without cutaneous pigmentation was presented. Duodenal carcinoma is the most commonly associated neoplasm. The presence of vitiligo in this patient is coincidental. Of 14 reported cases of Peutz-Jeghers syndrome associated with intestinal carcinoma, in only two was the tumor shown to originate in the polyp. In our case, too, we believe the carcinoma developed independently."}
{"id": "PMID:877658", "title": "Henoch-Sch\u00f6nlein purpura of the colon: an unusual gastrointestinal manifestation.", "content": "Henoch-Sch\u00f6nlein purpura is a nontraumatic hemorrhagic diathesis with bleeding into the joints, skin, and viscera. An unusual case demonstrating radiographic changes in the colon has been presented. Transitory submucosal bleeding found in the colon appears to be similar to that which has been seen in the small bowel.", "contents": "Henoch-Sch\u00f6nlein purpura of the colon: an unusual gastrointestinal manifestation. Henoch-Sch\u00f6nlein purpura is a nontraumatic hemorrhagic diathesis with bleeding into the joints, skin, and viscera. An unusual case demonstrating radiographic changes in the colon has been presented. Transitory submucosal bleeding found in the colon appears to be similar to that which has been seen in the small bowel."}
{"id": "PMID:877659", "title": "Endometriosis of the umbilicus.", "content": "A 39-year-old woman with a history of prolonged and excessive vaginal bleeding and bleeding from the umbilicus was found to have umbilical endometriosis. The umbilicus was excised following hysterectomy and bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy. Umbilical endometriosis should be considered in the differential diagnosis of umbilical lesions.", "contents": "Endometriosis of the umbilicus. A 39-year-old woman with a history of prolonged and excessive vaginal bleeding and bleeding from the umbilicus was found to have umbilical endometriosis. The umbilicus was excised following hysterectomy and bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy. Umbilical endometriosis should be considered in the differential diagnosis of umbilical lesions."}
{"id": "PMID:877782", "title": "Raised serum transaminase levels in patients with rheumatic fever treated with salicylates.", "content": "Of 11 patients with acute rheumatic fever, 9 were treated with a total daily salicylate dosage of 3,6 g or less, 1 patient required a total daily dosage of 5,4 g and another required 9,0 g daily. Six of the 11 patients had elevated serum transaminase levels, and all were asymptomatic. The elevated transaminase levels appear to bear a direct relationship to the serum salicylate level, and a serum salicylate level of 19,2 mg/100 ml appears to be the critical point. In 5 out of the 6 patients with elevated transaminases, the serum salicylate level exceeded 19,2 mg/100 ml, while in the 5 patients with normal transaminases the serum salicylate level did not exceed 19,2 mg/100 ml. Also, in 10 of the 11 patients eosinophilia was noted, but this decreased despite continued or increased salicylate administration. A narrow margin thus appears to exist between therapeutic serum salicylate levels and hepatotoxic levels, and serial serum transaminase estimations are advocated in patients on long-term salicylate therapy.", "contents": "Raised serum transaminase levels in patients with rheumatic fever treated with salicylates. Of 11 patients with acute rheumatic fever, 9 were treated with a total daily salicylate dosage of 3,6 g or less, 1 patient required a total daily dosage of 5,4 g and another required 9,0 g daily. Six of the 11 patients had elevated serum transaminase levels, and all were asymptomatic. The elevated transaminase levels appear to bear a direct relationship to the serum salicylate level, and a serum salicylate level of 19,2 mg/100 ml appears to be the critical point. In 5 out of the 6 patients with elevated transaminases, the serum salicylate level exceeded 19,2 mg/100 ml, while in the 5 patients with normal transaminases the serum salicylate level did not exceed 19,2 mg/100 ml. Also, in 10 of the 11 patients eosinophilia was noted, but this decreased despite continued or increased salicylate administration. A narrow margin thus appears to exist between therapeutic serum salicylate levels and hepatotoxic levels, and serial serum transaminase estimations are advocated in patients on long-term salicylate therapy."}
{"id": "PMID:877783", "title": "[Single treatment with repository steroid in non-articular sport injuries].", "content": "A single treatment with repository steroid (methylprednisolone acetate) was given to 300 sportsmen with minor non-articular soft-tissue injuries. The response to treatment was determined after 5 days. Fitness to participate in sport was used as a guide. The results were excellent in 133 (44%) patients, good in 103 (34%) and poor in 64 (21%). Owing to the generally satisfactory response and the few minor side-effects, there appears to be justification for this type of treatment in properly selected cases.", "contents": "[Single treatment with repository steroid in non-articular sport injuries]. A single treatment with repository steroid (methylprednisolone acetate) was given to 300 sportsmen with minor non-articular soft-tissue injuries. The response to treatment was determined after 5 days. Fitness to participate in sport was used as a guide. The results were excellent in 133 (44%) patients, good in 103 (34%) and poor in 64 (21%). Owing to the generally satisfactory response and the few minor side-effects, there appears to be justification for this type of treatment in properly selected cases."}
{"id": "PMID:877784", "title": "Studies on increases in growth rate of South African Black schoolchildren and their significance to health.", "content": "Heights and weights of Black schoolchildren aged 8-14 years, at five rural and two urban centres, have been compared with data secured at these places 12-38 years ago. Significant increases have occurred, although heights and weights in general remain lower than international reference standards. In the mass, pupils have normal weight for height. Evidence suggests that Black schoolchildren experience a high level of everyday good health. This must be validated. Research is required to determine the precise degrees of morbidity and mortality prevailing in slower compared with faster growing pupils.", "contents": "Studies on increases in growth rate of South African Black schoolchildren and their significance to health. Heights and weights of Black schoolchildren aged 8-14 years, at five rural and two urban centres, have been compared with data secured at these places 12-38 years ago. Significant increases have occurred, although heights and weights in general remain lower than international reference standards. In the mass, pupils have normal weight for height. Evidence suggests that Black schoolchildren experience a high level of everyday good health. This must be validated. Research is required to determine the precise degrees of morbidity and mortality prevailing in slower compared with faster growing pupils."}
{"id": "PMID:877785", "title": "Organic acidosis in infants.", "content": "Any child or adult who has persistent acidosis after apparently adequate treatment should be suspected of having an organic aciduria, as should any person with a large anion gap and acidosis. The possibility that some can presently be treated, makes early diagnosis urgent. Acidosis occurs in hypoperfused states, and treatment of the hypoperfusion with half- to two-thirds-strength of physiological saline with 40 mEq/1 of potassium may correct the acidosis without there being any need to use bicarbonate.", "contents": "Organic acidosis in infants. Any child or adult who has persistent acidosis after apparently adequate treatment should be suspected of having an organic aciduria, as should any person with a large anion gap and acidosis. The possibility that some can presently be treated, makes early diagnosis urgent. Acidosis occurs in hypoperfused states, and treatment of the hypoperfusion with half- to two-thirds-strength of physiological saline with 40 mEq/1 of potassium may correct the acidosis without there being any need to use bicarbonate."}
{"id": "PMID:877786", "title": "Non-occlusive ischaemic colitis in a South African black. A case report.", "content": "A rare case of non-occlusive ischaemic colitis in a South African Black is described. The appearance of the bowel at an initial operation, and the histopathological changes demonstrated in the resected specimen after a subsequent operation, provide evidence for this diagnosis. The clinical presentation and radiological features which were also compatible with the diagnosis are presented. While the initiating mechanism remains obscure, it is suggested that ischaemia of the colon wall is likely to have been responsible for the final histopathological picture in this case.", "contents": "Non-occlusive ischaemic colitis in a South African black. A case report. A rare case of non-occlusive ischaemic colitis in a South African Black is described. The appearance of the bowel at an initial operation, and the histopathological changes demonstrated in the resected specimen after a subsequent operation, provide evidence for this diagnosis. The clinical presentation and radiological features which were also compatible with the diagnosis are presented. While the initiating mechanism remains obscure, it is suggested that ischaemia of the colon wall is likely to have been responsible for the final histopathological picture in this case."}
{"id": "PMID:877787", "title": "Isoniazid-induced pellagra in a patient on vitamin B supplement.", "content": "A patient who was treated with isoniazid and who developed pellagra is presented. Vitamin B supplements did not help, but the patient's condition improved when isoniazid treatment was stopped.", "contents": "Isoniazid-induced pellagra in a patient on vitamin B supplement. A patient who was treated with isoniazid and who developed pellagra is presented. Vitamin B supplements did not help, but the patient's condition improved when isoniazid treatment was stopped."}
{"id": "PMID:877788", "title": "Traumatic lung cysts after penetrating chest injury. Report of three cases.", "content": "Three cases of traumatic lung cysts after penetrating chest injury are described and distinguished from pulmonary haematomas. The literature on pulmonary haematomas and traumatic lung cysts is briefly reviewed.", "contents": "Traumatic lung cysts after penetrating chest injury. Report of three cases. Three cases of traumatic lung cysts after penetrating chest injury are described and distinguished from pulmonary haematomas. The literature on pulmonary haematomas and traumatic lung cysts is briefly reviewed."}
{"id": "PMID:877789", "title": "Generalized surgical emphysema as an early complication of facial fracture: a case report.", "content": "A case of multiple facial fractures complicated by subcutaneous emphysema, pneumomediastinum and pneumoretroperitoneum, in the absence of intra-abdominal, neck or chest injuries, is described.", "contents": "Generalized surgical emphysema as an early complication of facial fracture: a case report. A case of multiple facial fractures complicated by subcutaneous emphysema, pneumomediastinum and pneumoretroperitoneum, in the absence of intra-abdominal, neck or chest injuries, is described."}
{"id": "PMID:877795", "title": "The effect of carbachol on the gallbladder in Black and White subjects.", "content": "The effect of carbachol on the gallbladder was assessed in 24 White and 24 Black volunteers. The results suggest that in Blacks the gallbladder empties to a signigicantly greater degree than it does in Whites after administration of carbachol. This fact may account, in part, for the lower incidence of cholelithiasis in Black populations. No difference in gallbladder contractility was found between men and women nor did gallbladder response appear to be influence by hormonal factors.", "contents": "The effect of carbachol on the gallbladder in Black and White subjects. The effect of carbachol on the gallbladder was assessed in 24 White and 24 Black volunteers. The results suggest that in Blacks the gallbladder empties to a signigicantly greater degree than it does in Whites after administration of carbachol. This fact may account, in part, for the lower incidence of cholelithiasis in Black populations. No difference in gallbladder contractility was found between men and women nor did gallbladder response appear to be influence by hormonal factors."}
{"id": "PMID:877796", "title": "Western diseases in developing peoples: in search of a 'marker'.", "content": "Phleboliths were sought in pelvic radiographs of some 1 500 patients of whom about half were White and half were Black. A marked difference was found, and many more phleboliths occured in the White group. It may be that the younger group of Blacks exhibit more phleboliths than do the older folk. Phleboliths may be found to serve as a 'marker' for a developing Western pattern of diseases.", "contents": "Western diseases in developing peoples: in search of a 'marker'. Phleboliths were sought in pelvic radiographs of some 1 500 patients of whom about half were White and half were Black. A marked difference was found, and many more phleboliths occured in the White group. It may be that the younger group of Blacks exhibit more phleboliths than do the older folk. Phleboliths may be found to serve as a 'marker' for a developing Western pattern of diseases."}
{"id": "PMID:877797", "title": "The child in hosptial.", "content": "The characteristic emotional reactions of the young child upon admission to hospital, and the long-term effects on his personality, are described. Children's attitudes to anaesthesia, pain, surgery and immobilization are examined. Guidelines are give for the minimization of emotional trauma whenever possible.", "contents": "The child in hosptial. The characteristic emotional reactions of the young child upon admission to hospital, and the long-term effects on his personality, are described. Children's attitudes to anaesthesia, pain, surgery and immobilization are examined. Guidelines are give for the minimization of emotional trauma whenever possible."}
{"id": "PMID:877798", "title": "Jaccoud's arthropathy: report of seven cases.", "content": "Seven patients with severe rheumatic heart disease and joint deformities, in whom there were no signs of active arthritis, are described. The fulfill the criteria for the diagnosis of Jaccoud's arthropathy (or 'chronic post-rheumatic arthritis'). We postulate that hypermobility may be a predisposing factor in the development of the deformity. This rare condition should be distinguished from rheumatoid arthritis because of its relatively favourable prognosis.", "contents": "Jaccoud's arthropathy: report of seven cases. Seven patients with severe rheumatic heart disease and joint deformities, in whom there were no signs of active arthritis, are described. The fulfill the criteria for the diagnosis of Jaccoud's arthropathy (or 'chronic post-rheumatic arthritis'). We postulate that hypermobility may be a predisposing factor in the development of the deformity. This rare condition should be distinguished from rheumatoid arthritis because of its relatively favourable prognosis."}
{"id": "PMID:877799", "title": "Intermittent maple syrup urine disease: a case report.", "content": "A case of intermittent maple syrup urine disease (branched chain keto-aciduria) in an 8-year-old girl is reported. The early detection of this rare disorder is important since control of branched chain amino acid intake may control metabolic abnormalities and prevent neurological damage.", "contents": "Intermittent maple syrup urine disease: a case report. A case of intermittent maple syrup urine disease (branched chain keto-aciduria) in an 8-year-old girl is reported. The early detection of this rare disorder is important since control of branched chain amino acid intake may control metabolic abnormalities and prevent neurological damage."}
{"id": "PMID:877805", "title": "Pulmonary disease associated with mycobacteria other than tubercle bacilli in miners.", "content": "Five patients with lung disease caused by mycobacteria other than tubercle (MOTT) bacilli are described. Mycobacterium kansasii was the causative organism in 4 patients and M. scrofulaceum in 1 patient. The species were repeatedly isolated from sputum specimens cultured on L\u00f6wenstein-Jensen medium. The clinical features, mycobacterial isolations, bacteriological properties of the pathogens and the therapeutic problems encountered are discussed.", "contents": "Pulmonary disease associated with mycobacteria other than tubercle bacilli in miners. Five patients with lung disease caused by mycobacteria other than tubercle (MOTT) bacilli are described. Mycobacterium kansasii was the causative organism in 4 patients and M. scrofulaceum in 1 patient. The species were repeatedly isolated from sputum specimens cultured on L\u00f6wenstein-Jensen medium. The clinical features, mycobacterial isolations, bacteriological properties of the pathogens and the therapeutic problems encountered are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:877806", "title": "The fate of drinkers: a six-year follow-up study of a community survey.", "content": "A study of the drinking habits of Coloured adults in 1963, and of a sample of the same population 6 years later, showed that drinking patterns had remained remarkably stable. Excessive drinkers tended to retain their drinking pattern. Very few ceased drinking on their own account and a negligible proportion came forward for treatment. Social drinkers and abstainers also tended to maintain their patterns of drinking--only a few became excessive drinkers. The mean age of excessive drinkers was lower than that of the social drinkers and abstainers. There was much less excessive drinking among women.", "contents": "The fate of drinkers: a six-year follow-up study of a community survey. A study of the drinking habits of Coloured adults in 1963, and of a sample of the same population 6 years later, showed that drinking patterns had remained remarkably stable. Excessive drinkers tended to retain their drinking pattern. Very few ceased drinking on their own account and a negligible proportion came forward for treatment. Social drinkers and abstainers also tended to maintain their patterns of drinking--only a few became excessive drinkers. The mean age of excessive drinkers was lower than that of the social drinkers and abstainers. There was much less excessive drinking among women."}
{"id": "PMID:877807", "title": "Gastric ulcer after the Nissen fundoplication: a complication of alkaline reflux.", "content": "Four of a series of 40 patients who underwent the Nissen fundoplication to correct reflux oesophagitis developed gastric ulceration 24, 22, 15 and 13 months respectively after the procedure. The gastric ulceration is attributed to bile reflux, and the original oesophagitis to \"alkaline\" reflux. When severe oesophagitis results from \"alkaline\" reflux, a Roux-en-Y bile diversion operation with vagotomy and fundoplication should be considered.", "contents": "Gastric ulcer after the Nissen fundoplication: a complication of alkaline reflux. Four of a series of 40 patients who underwent the Nissen fundoplication to correct reflux oesophagitis developed gastric ulceration 24, 22, 15 and 13 months respectively after the procedure. The gastric ulceration is attributed to bile reflux, and the original oesophagitis to \"alkaline\" reflux. When severe oesophagitis results from \"alkaline\" reflux, a Roux-en-Y bile diversion operation with vagotomy and fundoplication should be considered."}
{"id": "PMID:877808", "title": "Anorectal closing mechanisms.", "content": "The thrust of this contribution is contained in an analysis of the refined sealing devices which supplement the co-operative interactions between the anorectum and its surroundings. They include an active smooth-muscle complex which, with elastic tissue, is closely related to vascular anal cushions. These, when distended, plug the anal lumen and complete continence. Additional objectives are: (i) to draw attention to new concepts on the nature of haemorrhoids; (ii) to add illustrations to support the idea of tripartite sealing plugs in the form of anal \"cushions\"; (iii) to note discrepancies in the literature on the exact siting of the pectinate/dentate line in the anal canal which have a bearing on the theory of the anal cushion; (iv) to give reasons why the musculus submucosae ani should not be termed Treitz's muscle; (v) to review some morphological, pressure, motility and electromyographic sutdies of the neuromusculature of the anorectal region in normal subjects and in patients with haemorrhoids; and (vi) to add explanations and suggestions to fit the concept of the anal cushion into a broader framework of use to the surgeon.", "contents": "Anorectal closing mechanisms. The thrust of this contribution is contained in an analysis of the refined sealing devices which supplement the co-operative interactions between the anorectum and its surroundings. They include an active smooth-muscle complex which, with elastic tissue, is closely related to vascular anal cushions. These, when distended, plug the anal lumen and complete continence. Additional objectives are: (i) to draw attention to new concepts on the nature of haemorrhoids; (ii) to add illustrations to support the idea of tripartite sealing plugs in the form of anal \"cushions\"; (iii) to note discrepancies in the literature on the exact siting of the pectinate/dentate line in the anal canal which have a bearing on the theory of the anal cushion; (iv) to give reasons why the musculus submucosae ani should not be termed Treitz's muscle; (v) to review some morphological, pressure, motility and electromyographic sutdies of the neuromusculature of the anorectal region in normal subjects and in patients with haemorrhoids; and (vi) to add explanations and suggestions to fit the concept of the anal cushion into a broader framework of use to the surgeon."}
{"id": "PMID:877809", "title": "New observations on the cholangiographic pseudocalculus defect: a case report.", "content": "Contraction of the distal sphincter of the common bile duct (as distinct from the sphincter of Oddi) may produce a pseudocalculus defect. A typical case is described where the defect was thought to be a retained stone on T-tube cholangiography. The anatomy of the defect is emphasized by its persistence after sphincteroplasty. A diagnostic feature is the immediate abolition of the defect by hyoscine butylbromide (Buscopan, Boehringer Ingelheim).", "contents": "New observations on the cholangiographic pseudocalculus defect: a case report. Contraction of the distal sphincter of the common bile duct (as distinct from the sphincter of Oddi) may produce a pseudocalculus defect. A typical case is described where the defect was thought to be a retained stone on T-tube cholangiography. The anatomy of the defect is emphasized by its persistence after sphincteroplasty. A diagnostic feature is the immediate abolition of the defect by hyoscine butylbromide (Buscopan, Boehringer Ingelheim)."}
{"id": "PMID:877814", "title": "Neutral steroid concentrations in the faeces of North American White and South African Black populations at different risks for cancer of the colon.", "content": "To test the hypothesis that a high risk for cancer of the colon might be associated with high concentrations of neutral steroids in the colon and with breakdown of these compounds by intestinal bacteria, the faecal neutral steroid concentrations of 84 rural South African Black adults (a population at low risk for colonic cancer), and of 98 North American White adults (a population at high risk for colonic cancer) were compared. Not only were the concentrations of animal steroids higher in the faeces of the North Americans, but the chemical state of their faecal steroids was different from that of the Blacks. A high proportion of plant and animal steroids in the faeces of the Blacks was esterified to long-chain fatty acids, whereas in the faeces of the North Americans, most of the neutral steroids were free (non-esterified). There was considerable variation in the extent of cholesterol metabolism by the intestinal bacterial in the North Americans. This was not the case with the South African population, which was much more homogeneous with respect to cholesterol metabolism.", "contents": "Neutral steroid concentrations in the faeces of North American White and South African Black populations at different risks for cancer of the colon. To test the hypothesis that a high risk for cancer of the colon might be associated with high concentrations of neutral steroids in the colon and with breakdown of these compounds by intestinal bacteria, the faecal neutral steroid concentrations of 84 rural South African Black adults (a population at low risk for colonic cancer), and of 98 North American White adults (a population at high risk for colonic cancer) were compared. Not only were the concentrations of animal steroids higher in the faeces of the North Americans, but the chemical state of their faecal steroids was different from that of the Blacks. A high proportion of plant and animal steroids in the faeces of the Blacks was esterified to long-chain fatty acids, whereas in the faeces of the North Americans, most of the neutral steroids were free (non-esterified). There was considerable variation in the extent of cholesterol metabolism by the intestinal bacterial in the North Americans. This was not the case with the South African population, which was much more homogeneous with respect to cholesterol metabolism."}
{"id": "PMID:877815", "title": "Peripheral neuromuscular changes in Parkinson's disease.", "content": "The muscle, nerve terminal and end plates of 3 patients suffering from idiopathic Parkinson's disease have been studied electrophysiologically, histologically, histochemically and electron microscopically. No characteristic neuromuscular features of parkinsonism were discernible. Four additional patients suffering from idiopathic parkinsonism complicated by diabetes, myasthenia gravis and spinal atrophy were also studied.", "contents": "Peripheral neuromuscular changes in Parkinson's disease. The muscle, nerve terminal and end plates of 3 patients suffering from idiopathic Parkinson's disease have been studied electrophysiologically, histologically, histochemically and electron microscopically. No characteristic neuromuscular features of parkinsonism were discernible. Four additional patients suffering from idiopathic parkinsonism complicated by diabetes, myasthenia gravis and spinal atrophy were also studied."}
{"id": "PMID:877816", "title": "The role of screening in the prevention of inherited disease in South Africa.", "content": "It is now possible to screen for the presence of the carrier state of a number of inherited diseases. Such screening can alert one to the need for antenatal diagnosis where feasible, it can ensure that early treatment is given to affected infants, and it can assist carriers in reaching a decision about having children. Facilities for certain types of screening already exist in some centres in South Africa, and new techniques will be introduced in the future.", "contents": "The role of screening in the prevention of inherited disease in South Africa. It is now possible to screen for the presence of the carrier state of a number of inherited diseases. Such screening can alert one to the need for antenatal diagnosis where feasible, it can ensure that early treatment is given to affected infants, and it can assist carriers in reaching a decision about having children. Facilities for certain types of screening already exist in some centres in South Africa, and new techniques will be introduced in the future."}
{"id": "PMID:877818", "title": "The value of pretherapy para-aortic lymphadenectomy for carcinoma of the cervix uteri.", "content": "Pretherapy surgical staging in locally advanced carcinoma of the cervix uteri should not be routinely performed. In hospitals conducting therapy of patients with proved aortic node metastasis, differing dose time relationships in extended field therapy need to be established that have a lower complication rate and significant cure rate. Surgical staging should possibly be restricted to Stages IIIB and IV with the approximate respective 36 and 50 per cent incidence of para-aortic node metastases.", "contents": "The value of pretherapy para-aortic lymphadenectomy for carcinoma of the cervix uteri. Pretherapy surgical staging in locally advanced carcinoma of the cervix uteri should not be routinely performed. In hospitals conducting therapy of patients with proved aortic node metastasis, differing dose time relationships in extended field therapy need to be established that have a lower complication rate and significant cure rate. Surgical staging should possibly be restricted to Stages IIIB and IV with the approximate respective 36 and 50 per cent incidence of para-aortic node metastases."}
{"id": "PMID:877820", "title": "Treatment of squamous cell carcinoma of the floor of the mouth.", "content": "Treatment of 88 selected patients with Stages I and II squamous cell carcinoma of the floor of the mouth by monobloc resection has produced a high five year cure rate. The death of one patient in the series postoperatively was considered a surgical one. Disability after such a procedure is minimal, and dental complications are not a factor. Elective irradiation of the neck is recommended in those instances of positive sublingual or submandibular nodes found in the monobloc specimen and in all patients with Stages III and IV lesions. Radiation therapy is recommended for highly anaplastic neoplasms, for instances when speech impairment is important, for lesions in the posterior limits of the floor of the mouth, for edentulous patients without bone invasion, for the treatment of recurrent lesions after operation and for synchronous multiple primary carcinomas of the head and neck if one of which is a carcinoma of the floor of the mouth.", "contents": "Treatment of squamous cell carcinoma of the floor of the mouth. Treatment of 88 selected patients with Stages I and II squamous cell carcinoma of the floor of the mouth by monobloc resection has produced a high five year cure rate. The death of one patient in the series postoperatively was considered a surgical one. Disability after such a procedure is minimal, and dental complications are not a factor. Elective irradiation of the neck is recommended in those instances of positive sublingual or submandibular nodes found in the monobloc specimen and in all patients with Stages III and IV lesions. Radiation therapy is recommended for highly anaplastic neoplasms, for instances when speech impairment is important, for lesions in the posterior limits of the floor of the mouth, for edentulous patients without bone invasion, for the treatment of recurrent lesions after operation and for synchronous multiple primary carcinomas of the head and neck if one of which is a carcinoma of the floor of the mouth."}
{"id": "PMID:877821", "title": "Factors affecting prognosis in acute renal failure following cardiac operations.", "content": "Twenty-five patients with acute renal failure following cardiac operations using cardiopulmonary bypass were analyzed retrospectively to identify predictors of survival or mortality. Age and the number of postoperative medical complications served as predictors of mortality, p less than 0.05. A low survival rate occurred if the patient was in the seventh decade of life. Nonsurvivors had a higher number of postoperative medical complications. However, only cardiac failure and bacteremia occurred in a significantly greater proportion of those patients who died, p less than 0.05. The presence of non-oliguric renal failure was associated with a 100 per cent survival rate, p less than 0.05. The mortality of these 25 patients was 28 per cent, which is lower than that generally reported. Although an extremely serious postoperative complication, acute renal failure following cardiac operations does not imply a hopeless prognosis. A vigorous therapeutic effort is warranted.", "contents": "Factors affecting prognosis in acute renal failure following cardiac operations. Twenty-five patients with acute renal failure following cardiac operations using cardiopulmonary bypass were analyzed retrospectively to identify predictors of survival or mortality. Age and the number of postoperative medical complications served as predictors of mortality, p less than 0.05. A low survival rate occurred if the patient was in the seventh decade of life. Nonsurvivors had a higher number of postoperative medical complications. However, only cardiac failure and bacteremia occurred in a significantly greater proportion of those patients who died, p less than 0.05. The presence of non-oliguric renal failure was associated with a 100 per cent survival rate, p less than 0.05. The mortality of these 25 patients was 28 per cent, which is lower than that generally reported. Although an extremely serious postoperative complication, acute renal failure following cardiac operations does not imply a hopeless prognosis. A vigorous therapeutic effort is warranted."}
{"id": "PMID:877824", "title": "A morphologic study of the submucosa of the large intestine.", "content": "The morphologic structure of human, rat and mouse submucosa is similar. The strength, natural tension and extensibility of the submucosa can be readily interpreted form the physical properties of collagen and its structural arrangement as a pliable honeycomb. The perforations allow blood and lymph vessels to reach the mucosa.", "contents": "A morphologic study of the submucosa of the large intestine. The morphologic structure of human, rat and mouse submucosa is similar. The strength, natural tension and extensibility of the submucosa can be readily interpreted form the physical properties of collagen and its structural arrangement as a pliable honeycomb. The perforations allow blood and lymph vessels to reach the mucosa."}
{"id": "PMID:877825", "title": "Banked autologous blood in total hip replacement.", "content": "Transfusion of banked autologous blood was used in 61 patients requiring a total hip replacement. Up to 3 units of blood may be removed by phlebotomy within three weeks of the operation. Hemoglobin levels of less than 7 milligrams and hematocrit levels below 29 had no adverse effect on wound healing or resistance to infection. Autologous transfusion avoids many of the problems associated with homologous blood transfusion, especially serum hepatitis.", "contents": "Banked autologous blood in total hip replacement. Transfusion of banked autologous blood was used in 61 patients requiring a total hip replacement. Up to 3 units of blood may be removed by phlebotomy within three weeks of the operation. Hemoglobin levels of less than 7 milligrams and hematocrit levels below 29 had no adverse effect on wound healing or resistance to infection. Autologous transfusion avoids many of the problems associated with homologous blood transfusion, especially serum hepatitis."}
{"id": "PMID:877826", "title": "Closure of a postexstrophy prostatic fistula.", "content": "A technique for closure of difficult prostatic fistulas has been used in two patients with exstrophy and epispadias. In this technique, a rotated, twisted full thickness skin flap is used. The tip of the flap forms the roof of the closed fistula and is made out of the epidermis. The pedical of the flap is buried, and therefore, the epidermis is removed, leaving only the dermal layer to be buried. Consequently, there is no tension on the fistula closure, and the chance of breakdown is vastly reduced. The long term results is these two patients has been excellent. In the older child or adult, this technique may provide the only consistent means for achieving such a closure. The technique is obviously adaptable to other situations in which a simple closure is plagued with secondary breakdown.", "contents": "Closure of a postexstrophy prostatic fistula. A technique for closure of difficult prostatic fistulas has been used in two patients with exstrophy and epispadias. In this technique, a rotated, twisted full thickness skin flap is used. The tip of the flap forms the roof of the closed fistula and is made out of the epidermis. The pedical of the flap is buried, and therefore, the epidermis is removed, leaving only the dermal layer to be buried. Consequently, there is no tension on the fistula closure, and the chance of breakdown is vastly reduced. The long term results is these two patients has been excellent. In the older child or adult, this technique may provide the only consistent means for achieving such a closure. The technique is obviously adaptable to other situations in which a simple closure is plagued with secondary breakdown."}
{"id": "PMID:877827", "title": "The technique of modified radical mastectomy.", "content": "The functional and cosmetic results of this modified radical mastectomy are superior to those achieved by standard radical mastectomy. The incidence of lymphedema of the ipsilateral arm, which is one of the feared complications from a standard radical mastectomy, appears to be decidedly less.", "contents": "The technique of modified radical mastectomy. The functional and cosmetic results of this modified radical mastectomy are superior to those achieved by standard radical mastectomy. The incidence of lymphedema of the ipsilateral arm, which is one of the feared complications from a standard radical mastectomy, appears to be decidedly less."}
{"id": "PMID:877829", "title": "A simplified approach to hepatic vein injuries.", "content": "Hepatic vein injuries continue to be difficult and frustrating problems, presenting any surgeon with a formidable challenge. However, this simplified approach can be used successfully in many patients. It does not require extensive dissection and cannulation of the inferior vena cava, and it is more applicable for surgeons with limited vascular experience, who occasionally encounter an injury of this magnitude. Obviously, it is not suitable for all patients with hepatic vein trauma, especially those with extensive caval involvement which does require shunting and exclusion procedures. However, one should evaluate thoroughly the magnitude of the injury and strongly consider this simplified approach before selecting a technically more difficult method which may not be required and which may result in a fatal complication if not executed properly.", "contents": "A simplified approach to hepatic vein injuries. Hepatic vein injuries continue to be difficult and frustrating problems, presenting any surgeon with a formidable challenge. However, this simplified approach can be used successfully in many patients. It does not require extensive dissection and cannulation of the inferior vena cava, and it is more applicable for surgeons with limited vascular experience, who occasionally encounter an injury of this magnitude. Obviously, it is not suitable for all patients with hepatic vein trauma, especially those with extensive caval involvement which does require shunting and exclusion procedures. However, one should evaluate thoroughly the magnitude of the injury and strongly consider this simplified approach before selecting a technically more difficult method which may not be required and which may result in a fatal complication if not executed properly."}
{"id": "PMID:877833", "title": "Twenty-three years of experience with sphincterotomy and sphincteroplasty for stenosis of the sphincter of Oddi.", "content": "A 23 year experience with papillotomy, sphincterotomy and sphincteroplasty for stenosis of the sphincter of Oddi shows sphincteroplasty to be the best procedure, with 79% of the patients obtaining a good result. The procedure was done for a demonstrable organic change in the sphincter, often associated with acute cholecystitis in older patients, the postcholecystectomy syndrome in those in whom a long cystic stump had been left at the first operation or in patients with chronic recurring pancreatitis. The study included 138 private patients observed from two months to 22 years. There were four postoperative deaths, an operative mortality of 2.9%, as two patients had been operated upon twice. The poor results were associated with recurring attacks of pancreatitis not cured by the procedure or developing subsequent to it, probably being attributable to persistent obstruction of the terminal part of the pancreatic duct. The results suggest that sphincteroplasty, if performed on suitably selected patients, is a safe procedure which should give good results in more than 75% of the patients.", "contents": "Twenty-three years of experience with sphincterotomy and sphincteroplasty for stenosis of the sphincter of Oddi. A 23 year experience with papillotomy, sphincterotomy and sphincteroplasty for stenosis of the sphincter of Oddi shows sphincteroplasty to be the best procedure, with 79% of the patients obtaining a good result. The procedure was done for a demonstrable organic change in the sphincter, often associated with acute cholecystitis in older patients, the postcholecystectomy syndrome in those in whom a long cystic stump had been left at the first operation or in patients with chronic recurring pancreatitis. The study included 138 private patients observed from two months to 22 years. There were four postoperative deaths, an operative mortality of 2.9%, as two patients had been operated upon twice. The poor results were associated with recurring attacks of pancreatitis not cured by the procedure or developing subsequent to it, probably being attributable to persistent obstruction of the terminal part of the pancreatic duct. The results suggest that sphincteroplasty, if performed on suitably selected patients, is a safe procedure which should give good results in more than 75% of the patients."}
{"id": "PMID:877834", "title": "A biomechanical study of healing of skin incisions in rats during pregnancy.", "content": "Wound healing during both pregnancy and the postpartum phase results in stiffer, but not stronger, wounds. The probable mechanism is a hormonally mediated enhancement of fiber maturation. This mechanism, however, remains to be verified by a more direct study of the molecular stability of the collagen fibers. This study was undertaken to analyze the influence of pregnancy on reparative processes in extragenital connective tissue by using skin wound healing as an experimental model. Wounds were induced on gestational days 1 and 20, respectively, and analyzed biomechanically ten or 20 days later. Twenty day old wounds in rats in the pregnant and postpartal groups were found to be stiffer and required less energy to be ruptured than did those produced in nonpregnant rats, whereas ten day old wounds in pregnant rats were not found to differ in strength and stiffness from those in nonpregnant rats. The findings are compared with other studies on changes in reproductive hormone levels, and a mechanism for the biomechanical differences found is suggested.", "contents": "A biomechanical study of healing of skin incisions in rats during pregnancy. Wound healing during both pregnancy and the postpartum phase results in stiffer, but not stronger, wounds. The probable mechanism is a hormonally mediated enhancement of fiber maturation. This mechanism, however, remains to be verified by a more direct study of the molecular stability of the collagen fibers. This study was undertaken to analyze the influence of pregnancy on reparative processes in extragenital connective tissue by using skin wound healing as an experimental model. Wounds were induced on gestational days 1 and 20, respectively, and analyzed biomechanically ten or 20 days later. Twenty day old wounds in rats in the pregnant and postpartal groups were found to be stiffer and required less energy to be ruptured than did those produced in nonpregnant rats, whereas ten day old wounds in pregnant rats were not found to differ in strength and stiffness from those in nonpregnant rats. The findings are compared with other studies on changes in reproductive hormone levels, and a mechanism for the biomechanical differences found is suggested."}
{"id": "PMID:877835", "title": "The value of laparotomy in staging of lymphoma.", "content": "Seventy-one patients with lymphoma underwent staging laparotomy. Fifty of the patients had Hodgkin's disease and the remainder, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. One patient died from pulmonary embolism on the tenth postoperative day, one required temporary assisted ventilation, one required reoperation for hemorrhage and six patients had infectious complications which responded to appropriate antibiotic therapy. Despite extensive noninvasive procedures, including bone marrow trephine biopsy and lymphangiography, in approximately 30% of the patients, the disease was restaged as a result of the operation. Since primary management of these diseases is critically dependent upon accurate staging, we conclude that, at the present time, this procedure is indispensible for proper management, as it contributes information not available from other currently used investigational techniques.", "contents": "The value of laparotomy in staging of lymphoma. Seventy-one patients with lymphoma underwent staging laparotomy. Fifty of the patients had Hodgkin's disease and the remainder, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. One patient died from pulmonary embolism on the tenth postoperative day, one required temporary assisted ventilation, one required reoperation for hemorrhage and six patients had infectious complications which responded to appropriate antibiotic therapy. Despite extensive noninvasive procedures, including bone marrow trephine biopsy and lymphangiography, in approximately 30% of the patients, the disease was restaged as a result of the operation. Since primary management of these diseases is critically dependent upon accurate staging, we conclude that, at the present time, this procedure is indispensible for proper management, as it contributes information not available from other currently used investigational techniques."}
{"id": "PMID:877836", "title": "Five year survival after cryosurgery for carcinoma of the mouth.", "content": "Sixty patients with carcinoma of the mouth in various stages of development were treated by cryosurgery. Its outstanding feature was conservation of bone which forms the oral cavity. Thirty-two of 60 patients survived for five years. The best results were obtained in patients with small to moderate sized carcinomas without cervical lymphadenopathy. Cryosurgery is especially suitable for the high surgical risk patient.", "contents": "Five year survival after cryosurgery for carcinoma of the mouth. Sixty patients with carcinoma of the mouth in various stages of development were treated by cryosurgery. Its outstanding feature was conservation of bone which forms the oral cavity. Thirty-two of 60 patients survived for five years. The best results were obtained in patients with small to moderate sized carcinomas without cervical lymphadenopathy. Cryosurgery is especially suitable for the high surgical risk patient."}
{"id": "PMID:877837", "title": "A ten year study of heparin therapy for thrombophlebitis in ambulatory patients.", "content": "During the past ten years, we have observed 407 patients with thrombophlebitis using a standardized outpatient regimen including subcutaneously self-administered heparin therapy. A definite protocol for tapering and discontinuing anticoagulants was applied which allows a correlation between duration of heparin administration, decreasing heparin resistance and symptomatic improvement. In acute and subacute thrombophlebitis, this method induced symptomatic resolution within less than two months in half of the patients and within less than six months in 78%. The number of recurrences during the follow-up period was acceptable and the frequency of complications minimal. We conclude that, except in the most severe, toxic instances of thrombophlebitis or in suspected pulmonary embolism, hospitalization--complete bedrest and intravenously administered anticoagulants--is unnecessary and wasteful.", "contents": "A ten year study of heparin therapy for thrombophlebitis in ambulatory patients. During the past ten years, we have observed 407 patients with thrombophlebitis using a standardized outpatient regimen including subcutaneously self-administered heparin therapy. A definite protocol for tapering and discontinuing anticoagulants was applied which allows a correlation between duration of heparin administration, decreasing heparin resistance and symptomatic improvement. In acute and subacute thrombophlebitis, this method induced symptomatic resolution within less than two months in half of the patients and within less than six months in 78%. The number of recurrences during the follow-up period was acceptable and the frequency of complications minimal. We conclude that, except in the most severe, toxic instances of thrombophlebitis or in suspected pulmonary embolism, hospitalization--complete bedrest and intravenously administered anticoagulants--is unnecessary and wasteful."}
{"id": "PMID:877839", "title": "Eight years experience with civilian injuries of the colon.", "content": "A chart review of 130 patients with colonic injuries treated between the years 1968 and 1976 were reviewed. Types of operative procedure, complication rate, mortality and hospital stay were tabulated. The patients treated by primary closure and exteriorized primary repair had a 2% mortality, while various staged procedures used in the remaining patients resulted in a 6% mortality. Complications were common in all types of repair and correlated with the severity of the injury. Primary closure of the injured colon can safely be accomplished in carefully selected patients. Staged procedures necessitate a secondary operation which we found to be relatively benign, and we continue to use staged operations in the majority of our patients with colonic injuries. This management protocol has resulted in a 4 to 6% over-all mortality.", "contents": "Eight years experience with civilian injuries of the colon. A chart review of 130 patients with colonic injuries treated between the years 1968 and 1976 were reviewed. Types of operative procedure, complication rate, mortality and hospital stay were tabulated. The patients treated by primary closure and exteriorized primary repair had a 2% mortality, while various staged procedures used in the remaining patients resulted in a 6% mortality. Complications were common in all types of repair and correlated with the severity of the injury. Primary closure of the injured colon can safely be accomplished in carefully selected patients. Staged procedures necessitate a secondary operation which we found to be relatively benign, and we continue to use staged operations in the majority of our patients with colonic injuries. This management protocol has resulted in a 4 to 6% over-all mortality."}
{"id": "PMID:877840", "title": "Pregnancy in patients with a prosthetic heart valve.", "content": "Pregnancy and delivery were analyzed in 23 women one to ten years after undergoing prosthetic heart valve replacement. The main points of management during pregnancy and delivery were cardiac management and management against thromboembolism. The functional status of the pregnant patients was grade I of the New York Heart Association criteria in eight, grade II in 13 and grade III and higher in two. There were seven patients during pregnancy and eight after delivery who required hospitalization and treatment for congestive heart failure. Thromboembolism was observed in two during pregnancy and puerperium. Five of the patients were not given anticoagulation therapy, but when thromboembolism developed, warfarin was administered. Warfarin therapy was given indefinitely to seven patients, and 11 were given massive dosages of dipyridamole. In the first two groups, four patients had episodes of thromboembolism.", "contents": "Pregnancy in patients with a prosthetic heart valve. Pregnancy and delivery were analyzed in 23 women one to ten years after undergoing prosthetic heart valve replacement. The main points of management during pregnancy and delivery were cardiac management and management against thromboembolism. The functional status of the pregnant patients was grade I of the New York Heart Association criteria in eight, grade II in 13 and grade III and higher in two. There were seven patients during pregnancy and eight after delivery who required hospitalization and treatment for congestive heart failure. Thromboembolism was observed in two during pregnancy and puerperium. Five of the patients were not given anticoagulation therapy, but when thromboembolism developed, warfarin was administered. Warfarin therapy was given indefinitely to seven patients, and 11 were given massive dosages of dipyridamole. In the first two groups, four patients had episodes of thromboembolism."}
{"id": "PMID:877841", "title": "The relationship between antral function and completeness of vagotomy.", "content": "To assess whether or not a persistent antral response to meat extract stimulation is an indication of incomplete vagotomy, 29 patients with a duodenal ulcer who underwent operation had preoperative and postoperative acid studies as well as postoperative Hollander tests. In the preoperative tests, two groups of patients were delineated--antral and nonantral responders. Postoperative Hollander tests revealed three positive responses; in two patients with an early positive response, meat extract led to a significant increase in acid and gastrin response. In the patient with a late positive Hollander test, there was no response to meat extract. In two patients with proved stomal ulcers and negative Hollander tests, meat extract led to a significant increase in acid and gastrin output. These results suggest that an antral acid and gastrin response to meat extract indicate an incomplete vagotomy.", "contents": "The relationship between antral function and completeness of vagotomy. To assess whether or not a persistent antral response to meat extract stimulation is an indication of incomplete vagotomy, 29 patients with a duodenal ulcer who underwent operation had preoperative and postoperative acid studies as well as postoperative Hollander tests. In the preoperative tests, two groups of patients were delineated--antral and nonantral responders. Postoperative Hollander tests revealed three positive responses; in two patients with an early positive response, meat extract led to a significant increase in acid and gastrin response. In the patient with a late positive Hollander test, there was no response to meat extract. In two patients with proved stomal ulcers and negative Hollander tests, meat extract led to a significant increase in acid and gastrin output. These results suggest that an antral acid and gastrin response to meat extract indicate an incomplete vagotomy."}
{"id": "PMID:877842", "title": "Management of carcinoid tumors of the gastrointestinal tract.", "content": "Sixty-five patients seen at the Massachusetts General Hospital between 1951 and 1974 with carcinoid tumors of the gastrointestinal tract are reviewed. Sixty-two patients were operated upon, and only one carcinoid was discovered for the first time at autopsy. Although corrected actual five and ten year survival rates of more than 60% were attained, only one of 15 patients was alive five years after the discovery of liver metastases. Patients less than 60 years of age, with tumors of less than 0.5 centimeter in diameter and with no history of weight loss, survived best. Most rectal and appendiceal carcinoids were small, and there were no deaths in patients who had undergone local resection. Only 33% of the patients with small intestinal carcinoids survived for five years; none survived for more than one year after diagnosis of the carcinoid syndrome was made. All colonic carcinoids had metastasized by the time the operation was performed. Carcinoids of less than 0.5 centimeter in diameter located anywhere in the gastrointestinal tract can be managed by simple local resection. Tumors 1 centimeter in diameter warrant consideration of a more extensive operation. A radical excision usually is required for tumors of more than 2 centimeters in diameter, even in the presence of metastatic disease.", "contents": "Management of carcinoid tumors of the gastrointestinal tract. Sixty-five patients seen at the Massachusetts General Hospital between 1951 and 1974 with carcinoid tumors of the gastrointestinal tract are reviewed. Sixty-two patients were operated upon, and only one carcinoid was discovered for the first time at autopsy. Although corrected actual five and ten year survival rates of more than 60% were attained, only one of 15 patients was alive five years after the discovery of liver metastases. Patients less than 60 years of age, with tumors of less than 0.5 centimeter in diameter and with no history of weight loss, survived best. Most rectal and appendiceal carcinoids were small, and there were no deaths in patients who had undergone local resection. Only 33% of the patients with small intestinal carcinoids survived for five years; none survived for more than one year after diagnosis of the carcinoid syndrome was made. All colonic carcinoids had metastasized by the time the operation was performed. Carcinoids of less than 0.5 centimeter in diameter located anywhere in the gastrointestinal tract can be managed by simple local resection. Tumors 1 centimeter in diameter warrant consideration of a more extensive operation. A radical excision usually is required for tumors of more than 2 centimeters in diameter, even in the presence of metastatic disease."}
{"id": "PMID:877844", "title": "An experimental study of suture of colonic wounds in the rabbit.", "content": "It would seem that, during the early phase of healing of a sutured colonic wound in the rabbit when a single layer continuous suture is used, silk results in a significantly stronger wound when compared with polypropylene, polyglactin 910 and chromic catgut of the same gauge, 000. Although at 14 days after operation, no significant differences in wound strength are apparent there appears to be some weakening at 21 days after operation. This is most marked with absorbable sutures, especially polyglactin 910. The mechanism of this is uncertain but may well be at a biochemical level related to collagen maturation. The strength of the suture line bears no correlation whatever to the degree of acute inflammatory reaction or fibrosis excited by the suture material upon histologic examination.", "contents": "An experimental study of suture of colonic wounds in the rabbit. It would seem that, during the early phase of healing of a sutured colonic wound in the rabbit when a single layer continuous suture is used, silk results in a significantly stronger wound when compared with polypropylene, polyglactin 910 and chromic catgut of the same gauge, 000. Although at 14 days after operation, no significant differences in wound strength are apparent there appears to be some weakening at 21 days after operation. This is most marked with absorbable sutures, especially polyglactin 910. The mechanism of this is uncertain but may well be at a biochemical level related to collagen maturation. The strength of the suture line bears no correlation whatever to the degree of acute inflammatory reaction or fibrosis excited by the suture material upon histologic examination."}
{"id": "PMID:877846", "title": "Hilar hepatojejunostomy in resection of carcinoma of the main hepatic duct junction.", "content": "Two patients with carcinoma of the main hepatic duct junction had resection followed by reconstruction between a Roux-en-Y loop of jejunum and the hepatic tissue surrounding the bile ducts at the hilum of the liver. At 18 and 11 month intervals postoperatively, they are both free from known tumor recurrence and have normal serum bilirubin levels.", "contents": "Hilar hepatojejunostomy in resection of carcinoma of the main hepatic duct junction. Two patients with carcinoma of the main hepatic duct junction had resection followed by reconstruction between a Roux-en-Y loop of jejunum and the hepatic tissue surrounding the bile ducts at the hilum of the liver. At 18 and 11 month intervals postoperatively, they are both free from known tumor recurrence and have normal serum bilirubin levels."}
{"id": "PMID:877849", "title": "The gastric bladder: a continent reservoir for urinary diversion.", "content": "A continent reservoir (\"gastric bladder\") has been developed as an alternative to ileal conduits after urinary diversion procedures. The reservoir is fashioned from vagally denervated gastric fundus and has antireflux ureterogastric anastomoses and a continent \"neourethra,\" the latter which is easily catheterized to empty the contents; the main stomach retains vagal innervation. Continent reservoirs were prepared in six dogs, and Heidenhain pouches (without urinary diversion) were prepared in six control dogs. Effects of short-term and long-term exposure of gastric mucosa to urine and 1M, 2M and 4M urea solutions were studied. Basal and food-stimulated acid outputs were unaffected by prolonged exposure. Mucosal permeability to H+, Na+, K+ and Cl- after exposure to urine remained unaltered, but 4M urea solutions produced a temporary increase in permeability. Mucosal blood flow was unchanged. Reservoir capacity rapidly increased up to 2,000 ml without any change in serum electrolytes. No precipitation of uric acid occurred. No histologic differences were noted between the main stomach and the reservoir. Because gastric mucosa (especially when acidified) is relatively impermeable to ions, secretes rather than absorbs Cl-, and is unaffected by prolonged exposure to urine, a gastric pouch may be useful as a continent urinary reservoir while allowing the maintenance of normal serum electrolytes.", "contents": "The gastric bladder: a continent reservoir for urinary diversion. A continent reservoir (\"gastric bladder\") has been developed as an alternative to ileal conduits after urinary diversion procedures. The reservoir is fashioned from vagally denervated gastric fundus and has antireflux ureterogastric anastomoses and a continent \"neourethra,\" the latter which is easily catheterized to empty the contents; the main stomach retains vagal innervation. Continent reservoirs were prepared in six dogs, and Heidenhain pouches (without urinary diversion) were prepared in six control dogs. Effects of short-term and long-term exposure of gastric mucosa to urine and 1M, 2M and 4M urea solutions were studied. Basal and food-stimulated acid outputs were unaffected by prolonged exposure. Mucosal permeability to H+, Na+, K+ and Cl- after exposure to urine remained unaltered, but 4M urea solutions produced a temporary increase in permeability. Mucosal blood flow was unchanged. Reservoir capacity rapidly increased up to 2,000 ml without any change in serum electrolytes. No precipitation of uric acid occurred. No histologic differences were noted between the main stomach and the reservoir. Because gastric mucosa (especially when acidified) is relatively impermeable to ions, secretes rather than absorbs Cl-, and is unaffected by prolonged exposure to urine, a gastric pouch may be useful as a continent urinary reservoir while allowing the maintenance of normal serum electrolytes."}
{"id": "PMID:877850", "title": "Motor function of the esophagus after repair of esophageal atresia and tracheoesophageal fistula.", "content": "Eleven patients with previous esophageal atresia repair (TEF) underwent esophageal motility studies and were compared to 10 normal patients. The upper sphincters (UES) in the two groups did not differ in resting pressure, contraction pressure, or coordination. UES relaxation, was 100% in normal patients and 83+/-8% in the TEF patients (p less than 0.05). In the proximal esophagus, 100% of the TEF group showed a normal peristaltic wave, coupled with an abnormal nonperistaltic wave. The normal group did not show this type of contraction. In the middle esophagus, the mean peak pressure of 30.5+/-2.0 mm Hg was greater in controls than the 14.6+/-1.0 in the TEF group (p less than 0.001). Coordination was observed in 97+/-1% of the controls, while present in only 27+/-4% of the TEF patients (p less than 0.001). In the distal 10 cm of esophagus, peak contraction pressures were 43.3+/-1.6 in controls and 21.3+/-1.1 in the TEF group (p less than 0.001). Coordination was 94+/-1% in normal subjects and 66+/-4% in the TEF patients (p less than 0.001). The resting pressure in TEF patients was significantly higher at all three esophageal levels (proximal, mid, distal) than in normal patients. In both groups lower esophageal sphincter function did not show any significant difference, except for closing pressure, which was significantly higher in controls (39.9+/-6.8 mm Hg) than in the TEF groups (21.3+/-3.0 mm Hg) (p less than 0.02). These studies suggest that marked motility abnormalities occur in the repaired esophagus after atresia. These abnormalities are distinctly different from other motor disorders of the esophagus.", "contents": "Motor function of the esophagus after repair of esophageal atresia and tracheoesophageal fistula. Eleven patients with previous esophageal atresia repair (TEF) underwent esophageal motility studies and were compared to 10 normal patients. The upper sphincters (UES) in the two groups did not differ in resting pressure, contraction pressure, or coordination. UES relaxation, was 100% in normal patients and 83+/-8% in the TEF patients (p less than 0.05). In the proximal esophagus, 100% of the TEF group showed a normal peristaltic wave, coupled with an abnormal nonperistaltic wave. The normal group did not show this type of contraction. In the middle esophagus, the mean peak pressure of 30.5+/-2.0 mm Hg was greater in controls than the 14.6+/-1.0 in the TEF group (p less than 0.001). Coordination was observed in 97+/-1% of the controls, while present in only 27+/-4% of the TEF patients (p less than 0.001). In the distal 10 cm of esophagus, peak contraction pressures were 43.3+/-1.6 in controls and 21.3+/-1.1 in the TEF group (p less than 0.001). Coordination was 94+/-1% in normal subjects and 66+/-4% in the TEF patients (p less than 0.001). The resting pressure in TEF patients was significantly higher at all three esophageal levels (proximal, mid, distal) than in normal patients. In both groups lower esophageal sphincter function did not show any significant difference, except for closing pressure, which was significantly higher in controls (39.9+/-6.8 mm Hg) than in the TEF groups (21.3+/-3.0 mm Hg) (p less than 0.02). These studies suggest that marked motility abnormalities occur in the repaired esophagus after atresia. These abnormalities are distinctly different from other motor disorders of the esophagus."}
{"id": "PMID:877851", "title": "Mechanisms for oliguria in acute renal failure.", "content": "Warm ischemic (90 minutes) acute renal failure (ARF) was evaluated in the dog and found to cause polyuric ARF in the injured kidney if the opposite normal kidney was removed. In contrast, if the normal kidney were left intact, oliguric ARF was noted in the injured kidney. To further evaluate the mechanisms for oliguria and polyuria, chronic reinfusion of urine from a normal kidney into the inferior vena cava (ureterocaval anastomosis) resulted in polyuria in the opposite warm ischemic injured kidney; whereas chronic reinfusion of urine into the portal vein (ureteroportal anastomosis) resulted in profound oliguria in the opposite injured kidney. In separate additional experiments, urine acutely infused into the inferior vena cava at a rate of 0.38 ml/minute caused a significantly greater diuretic and renal hemodynamic response than seen with urine infused into the portal vein. Acute infusions of urea solution (0.38 ml/minute) with the same osmolality of urine were completely devoid of diuretic and renal hemodynamic effects. These studies reveal that urine contains a powerful hemodynamic and diuretic factor which appears to convert oliguric to polyuric ARF following warm ischemic renal injury in the dog. This factor is not urea and can be destroyed by the liver.", "contents": "Mechanisms for oliguria in acute renal failure. Warm ischemic (90 minutes) acute renal failure (ARF) was evaluated in the dog and found to cause polyuric ARF in the injured kidney if the opposite normal kidney was removed. In contrast, if the normal kidney were left intact, oliguric ARF was noted in the injured kidney. To further evaluate the mechanisms for oliguria and polyuria, chronic reinfusion of urine from a normal kidney into the inferior vena cava (ureterocaval anastomosis) resulted in polyuria in the opposite warm ischemic injured kidney; whereas chronic reinfusion of urine into the portal vein (ureteroportal anastomosis) resulted in profound oliguria in the opposite injured kidney. In separate additional experiments, urine acutely infused into the inferior vena cava at a rate of 0.38 ml/minute caused a significantly greater diuretic and renal hemodynamic response than seen with urine infused into the portal vein. Acute infusions of urea solution (0.38 ml/minute) with the same osmolality of urine were completely devoid of diuretic and renal hemodynamic effects. These studies reveal that urine contains a powerful hemodynamic and diuretic factor which appears to convert oliguric to polyuric ARF following warm ischemic renal injury in the dog. This factor is not urea and can be destroyed by the liver."}
{"id": "PMID:877852", "title": "Effect of corticosteroids on collagen synthesis.", "content": "Contraction and epithelization are two phenomena of \"wound healing\" retarded by corticosteroids. It is unclear how these agents affect collagen synthesis and wound remodeling. The methods used by several authors to conclude that steroids inhibit collagen synthesis are questioned. Therefore, collagen synthesis was measured in cultured steroid-treated chick embryo calvaria, 5 day open wounds in treated rats, and intralesionally injected human keloids. Collagen synthesis was suppressed only by long-term administration of massive systemic doses of a sustained release form of methylprednisolone (Depo-Medrol). Large, intermittent doses of corticosteroids (triamcinolone and Solu-Medrol) did not alter collagen synthesis. Because human keloids become softer and smaller following intralesional administration of triamcinolone without lowering the normally high rate of collagen synthesis, we hypothesize that corticosteroids enhance collagen degradation.", "contents": "Effect of corticosteroids on collagen synthesis. Contraction and epithelization are two phenomena of \"wound healing\" retarded by corticosteroids. It is unclear how these agents affect collagen synthesis and wound remodeling. The methods used by several authors to conclude that steroids inhibit collagen synthesis are questioned. Therefore, collagen synthesis was measured in cultured steroid-treated chick embryo calvaria, 5 day open wounds in treated rats, and intralesionally injected human keloids. Collagen synthesis was suppressed only by long-term administration of massive systemic doses of a sustained release form of methylprednisolone (Depo-Medrol). Large, intermittent doses of corticosteroids (triamcinolone and Solu-Medrol) did not alter collagen synthesis. Because human keloids become softer and smaller following intralesional administration of triamcinolone without lowering the normally high rate of collagen synthesis, we hypothesize that corticosteroids enhance collagen degradation."}
{"id": "PMID:877853", "title": "Cell surface antigens in a rat colon cancer model: correlation with inhibition of tumor growth.", "content": "Chemically induced bowel tumors in Wistar/Furth (W/F) rats possess surface antigens analogous to those demonstrated in humans with colon carcinoma. To determine if these in vitro tumors markers have any in vivo significance, tumor isograft challenge experiments were performed. Groups of animals received three immunizing doses of 10(7) cells from chemically induced colon carcinomas NG-W1, DMH-W49, or DMH-W9 or small-bowel adenocarcinoma DMH-W7. Control rats were immunized with a noncross-reacting, virally induced mammary fibroadenoma A9-W1. Six weeks after immunization, all animals were challenged with 1 X 10(5) or 3 X 10(4) colon carcinoma NG-W1 cells. None of the NG-W1-immunized animals developed tumors after either NG-W1 challenge dose. In contrast to this strong protection by \"private\" tumor rejection antigen (TRA), protection by common or \"tissue type specific\" antigens was evident only if tumor volumes were measured. Twenty-two days after low-dose NG-W1 challenge, mean tumor volume (m) in animals immunized with colon tumor DMH-W9 (m=0.25 cu cm) and DMH-W49 (m=0.17 cu cm) were less (p less than 0.05) than in animals untreated (m=1.0 cu cm) or immunized with mammary fibroadenoma A9-W1 (m=0.9 cu cm). Embryonic antigens also may function as weak TRAs. NG-W1 challenge tumor volumes in fetal-gut-immunized (m=0.9 cu cm) and whole embryo-immunized animals (m=0.9 cu cm) were less (p less than 0.05) than in fetal-kidney-immunized (m=2.5 cu cm) or adult-colon-immunized animals (m=1.8 cu cm). Low-dose NG-W1 challenge tumor volumes were less (p less than 0.01) in multiparous females (m=0.3 cu cm) than in either untreated (m=1.2 cu cm) or age-matched virgins (m=1.4 cu cm). In vitro tumor markers in this model may serve an important function in vivo as TRAs.", "contents": "Cell surface antigens in a rat colon cancer model: correlation with inhibition of tumor growth. Chemically induced bowel tumors in Wistar/Furth (W/F) rats possess surface antigens analogous to those demonstrated in humans with colon carcinoma. To determine if these in vitro tumors markers have any in vivo significance, tumor isograft challenge experiments were performed. Groups of animals received three immunizing doses of 10(7) cells from chemically induced colon carcinomas NG-W1, DMH-W49, or DMH-W9 or small-bowel adenocarcinoma DMH-W7. Control rats were immunized with a noncross-reacting, virally induced mammary fibroadenoma A9-W1. Six weeks after immunization, all animals were challenged with 1 X 10(5) or 3 X 10(4) colon carcinoma NG-W1 cells. None of the NG-W1-immunized animals developed tumors after either NG-W1 challenge dose. In contrast to this strong protection by \"private\" tumor rejection antigen (TRA), protection by common or \"tissue type specific\" antigens was evident only if tumor volumes were measured. Twenty-two days after low-dose NG-W1 challenge, mean tumor volume (m) in animals immunized with colon tumor DMH-W9 (m=0.25 cu cm) and DMH-W49 (m=0.17 cu cm) were less (p less than 0.05) than in animals untreated (m=1.0 cu cm) or immunized with mammary fibroadenoma A9-W1 (m=0.9 cu cm). Embryonic antigens also may function as weak TRAs. NG-W1 challenge tumor volumes in fetal-gut-immunized (m=0.9 cu cm) and whole embryo-immunized animals (m=0.9 cu cm) were less (p less than 0.05) than in fetal-kidney-immunized (m=2.5 cu cm) or adult-colon-immunized animals (m=1.8 cu cm). Low-dose NG-W1 challenge tumor volumes were less (p less than 0.01) in multiparous females (m=0.3 cu cm) than in either untreated (m=1.2 cu cm) or age-matched virgins (m=1.4 cu cm). In vitro tumor markers in this model may serve an important function in vivo as TRAs."}
{"id": "PMID:877854", "title": "Pancreatic secretion in hamsters with pancreatic cancer.", "content": "Pancreatic secretory abnormalities develop in most persons with pancreatic cancer and have been attributed to ductal obstruction. These experiments investigated whether abnormal secretion results instead from carcinogen-induced changes in the secreting cells. Fifty male Syrian Golden hamsters (40 to 100 grams) received weekly injections of di-isopropyl-nitrosamine (250 mg/kg, subcutaneously), and survivors and age-matched controls were studied after 3.5 to 6.5 months of treatment. Pancreatic secretion was stimulated by secretin or cholecystokinin (2 units/kg, intravenously, as a bolus). After each stimulus four 15-minute collections of pancreatic juice were analyzed for HCO3- and Cl- or total protein, amylase, trypsin, and chymotrypsin. The organs were examined histologically. Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma developed in 30% of the animals at 5 months, 56% at 5.5 months, and 100% at 6.5 months. The animals without cancer either had hyperplasia of the duct epithelium or were histologically normal. The histologic appearance of acinar tissue and protein secretion were normal in all groups. The tumors did not obstruct the major ducts. In all treated animals the pancreatic secretory response to secretin was of low volume, low maximal [HCO3-] and HCO3- output, and low [Cl- + HCO3-]; these changes progressed with time. The secretory abnormalities antedated the appearance of the neoplasms and were not caused by obstruction.", "contents": "Pancreatic secretion in hamsters with pancreatic cancer. Pancreatic secretory abnormalities develop in most persons with pancreatic cancer and have been attributed to ductal obstruction. These experiments investigated whether abnormal secretion results instead from carcinogen-induced changes in the secreting cells. Fifty male Syrian Golden hamsters (40 to 100 grams) received weekly injections of di-isopropyl-nitrosamine (250 mg/kg, subcutaneously), and survivors and age-matched controls were studied after 3.5 to 6.5 months of treatment. Pancreatic secretion was stimulated by secretin or cholecystokinin (2 units/kg, intravenously, as a bolus). After each stimulus four 15-minute collections of pancreatic juice were analyzed for HCO3- and Cl- or total protein, amylase, trypsin, and chymotrypsin. The organs were examined histologically. Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma developed in 30% of the animals at 5 months, 56% at 5.5 months, and 100% at 6.5 months. The animals without cancer either had hyperplasia of the duct epithelium or were histologically normal. The histologic appearance of acinar tissue and protein secretion were normal in all groups. The tumors did not obstruct the major ducts. In all treated animals the pancreatic secretory response to secretin was of low volume, low maximal [HCO3-] and HCO3- output, and low [Cl- + HCO3-]; these changes progressed with time. The secretory abnormalities antedated the appearance of the neoplasms and were not caused by obstruction."}
{"id": "PMID:877856", "title": "Does intermittent coronary perfusion offer greater myocardial protection than continuous aortic cross-clamping?", "content": "There has been considerable controversy concerning the relative merits of intermittent coronary perfusion vs. continuous aortic cross-clamping for cardiac procedures requiring ischemic arrest. Using the isovolumic ventricular balloon model and \"stop-freeze\" biopsy techniques, myocardial contractility (LV dp/dt max, length-tension, and force-velocity relationships) and metabolism (adenine nucleotides, creatine phosphate, and glycogen) were studied in 46 intact dogs supported by normothermic cardiopulmonary bypass and subjected to either 60 minutes of continuous ischemic arrest or to four 15-minute intervals of ischemia each followed by 5 minutes of reperfusion. Following ischemia the hearts were reperfused for 30 minutes and defibrillated after the first 10 minutes. There were no significant differences in either metabolic parameters or contractile function between the groups. Although partial regeneration of adenosine triphosphate and glycogen occurred during reperfusion, only creatine phosphate achieved normal values and the end result was no difference between the two techniques. These data indicate that 5 minutes of coronary reperfusion between consecutive episodes of ischemic arrest affords no greater intraoperative protection of the myocardium than does continuous aortic cross-clamping.", "contents": "Does intermittent coronary perfusion offer greater myocardial protection than continuous aortic cross-clamping? There has been considerable controversy concerning the relative merits of intermittent coronary perfusion vs. continuous aortic cross-clamping for cardiac procedures requiring ischemic arrest. Using the isovolumic ventricular balloon model and \"stop-freeze\" biopsy techniques, myocardial contractility (LV dp/dt max, length-tension, and force-velocity relationships) and metabolism (adenine nucleotides, creatine phosphate, and glycogen) were studied in 46 intact dogs supported by normothermic cardiopulmonary bypass and subjected to either 60 minutes of continuous ischemic arrest or to four 15-minute intervals of ischemia each followed by 5 minutes of reperfusion. Following ischemia the hearts were reperfused for 30 minutes and defibrillated after the first 10 minutes. There were no significant differences in either metabolic parameters or contractile function between the groups. Although partial regeneration of adenosine triphosphate and glycogen occurred during reperfusion, only creatine phosphate achieved normal values and the end result was no difference between the two techniques. These data indicate that 5 minutes of coronary reperfusion between consecutive episodes of ischemic arrest affords no greater intraoperative protection of the myocardium than does continuous aortic cross-clamping."}
{"id": "PMID:877857", "title": "Acute pancreatitis with hyperlipemia: studies with an isolated perfused canine pancreas.", "content": "Clinical evidence suggests that in many settings hypertriglyceridemia can initiate an episode of acute pancreatitis. Hydrolysis of triglycerides by pancreatic lipase with the local release of large quantities of free fatty acids (FFAs) has been proposed as the pathogenetic mechanism. To gather information to evaluate this mechanism an isolated, ex vivo, perfused pancreatic preparation was used. Control preparations remained normal in gross appearance, gained little weight (18 gm), extracted oxygen and glucose and released carbon dioxide, and continued to secrete during a 4 hour perfusion period. Serum amylase remained normal (972 CU/100 ml) as did FFAs (1.11 mEq/liter). When triglycerides were added to the perfusate to increase the serum triglycerides to 1,600 mg%, the glands became edematous, hemorrhagic, and gained considerable weight (52 gm) during the 4 hour perfusion period. Serum amylase became markedly elevated (2,624 CU/100 ml), as did the serum FFA (29.19 mEq/liter). When FFAs were added directly to the perfusate, the glands became edematous, hemorrhagic, and gained weight (90 gm), but did so much more rapidly than when triglycerides were added. These studies add support to the concept that hypertriglyceridemia can initiate pancreatic injury. Furthermore, they suggest that the mechanism may be through the release of FFAs.", "contents": "Acute pancreatitis with hyperlipemia: studies with an isolated perfused canine pancreas. Clinical evidence suggests that in many settings hypertriglyceridemia can initiate an episode of acute pancreatitis. Hydrolysis of triglycerides by pancreatic lipase with the local release of large quantities of free fatty acids (FFAs) has been proposed as the pathogenetic mechanism. To gather information to evaluate this mechanism an isolated, ex vivo, perfused pancreatic preparation was used. Control preparations remained normal in gross appearance, gained little weight (18 gm), extracted oxygen and glucose and released carbon dioxide, and continued to secrete during a 4 hour perfusion period. Serum amylase remained normal (972 CU/100 ml) as did FFAs (1.11 mEq/liter). When triglycerides were added to the perfusate to increase the serum triglycerides to 1,600 mg%, the glands became edematous, hemorrhagic, and gained considerable weight (52 gm) during the 4 hour perfusion period. Serum amylase became markedly elevated (2,624 CU/100 ml), as did the serum FFA (29.19 mEq/liter). When FFAs were added directly to the perfusate, the glands became edematous, hemorrhagic, and gained weight (90 gm), but did so much more rapidly than when triglycerides were added. These studies add support to the concept that hypertriglyceridemia can initiate pancreatic injury. Furthermore, they suggest that the mechanism may be through the release of FFAs."}
{"id": "PMID:877858", "title": "Direct measurement of arteriovenous anastomotic blood flow after lumbar sympathectomy.", "content": "Absolute blood flows through hind limb capillaries and arteriovenous anastomoses (AVA) were determined by the radioactive microsphere technique of relative shunt measurement combined with direct (electromagnetic) measurement of femoral artery flow. Hemodynamic parameters were measured before and after laparotomy, after unilateral lumbar sympathectomy, during reactive hyperemia, and during alpha adrenergic blockade in normal and sympathectomized hindlimbs of six anesthetized dogs. After sympathectomy arteriovenous (A-V) shunting increased from 3.8 to 32.1% (p less than 0.05). AVA flow increased from 4 to 54 ml/minute (p less than 0.01), while capillary flow was unchanged. Nonsympathectomized limbs did not demonstrate these changes. During reactive hyperemia, capillary flow increased more than 100% (p less than 0.03) in both normal and sympathectomized limbs, while AVA flow was unchanged. After phentolamine (5 mg, intravenously), AVA flow increased from 2 to 19 ml/minute (p less than 0.01) only in nonsympathectomized limbs. Phentolamine mimicked surgical sympathectomy effects in nonsympathectomized limbs, with paw temperature, femoral flow, A-V O2 difference, A-V shunting, AVA flow, and capillary flow equal to sympathectomized limbs after phentolamine administration. In the acute canine model, increased blood flow after sympathectomy is due to increased nonnutritive AVA flow, with no change in total hindlimb capillary flow, both at rest and during reactive hyperemia.", "contents": "Direct measurement of arteriovenous anastomotic blood flow after lumbar sympathectomy. Absolute blood flows through hind limb capillaries and arteriovenous anastomoses (AVA) were determined by the radioactive microsphere technique of relative shunt measurement combined with direct (electromagnetic) measurement of femoral artery flow. Hemodynamic parameters were measured before and after laparotomy, after unilateral lumbar sympathectomy, during reactive hyperemia, and during alpha adrenergic blockade in normal and sympathectomized hindlimbs of six anesthetized dogs. After sympathectomy arteriovenous (A-V) shunting increased from 3.8 to 32.1% (p less than 0.05). AVA flow increased from 4 to 54 ml/minute (p less than 0.01), while capillary flow was unchanged. Nonsympathectomized limbs did not demonstrate these changes. During reactive hyperemia, capillary flow increased more than 100% (p less than 0.03) in both normal and sympathectomized limbs, while AVA flow was unchanged. After phentolamine (5 mg, intravenously), AVA flow increased from 2 to 19 ml/minute (p less than 0.01) only in nonsympathectomized limbs. Phentolamine mimicked surgical sympathectomy effects in nonsympathectomized limbs, with paw temperature, femoral flow, A-V O2 difference, A-V shunting, AVA flow, and capillary flow equal to sympathectomized limbs after phentolamine administration. In the acute canine model, increased blood flow after sympathectomy is due to increased nonnutritive AVA flow, with no change in total hindlimb capillary flow, both at rest and during reactive hyperemia."}
{"id": "PMID:877859", "title": "The relative importance of incompetent communicating veins in the production of varicose veins and venous ulcers.", "content": "To investigate the possible anatomic and hemodynamic reasons for the variability in response to surgery for venous insufficiency (a 50% ulcer recurrence rate following ligation of incompetent perforating veins), we performed phlebography and venous pressure measurements in 109 legs of 77 patients and in 30 healthy volunteers. Patients were divided into five groups: saphenofemoral incompetence alone (group 1), saphenopopliteal incompetence (group 2), incompetent lower leg communicating veins alone (group 3), calf communicating veins and saphenous incompetence (group 4), and postthrombotic limbs (group 5). Patients in groups 1 through 4 had phlebographically normal deep veins. As compared to the normal controls (68%), preoperative pressure measurements revealed a significantly smaller pressure fall during exercise (deltaVPex) in all groups, which was the least marked in groups 3 (26%) and 5 (17%). These latter two groups failed to increase their pressure fall with thigh tourniquet. deltaVPex 3 months after operation demonstrated normalization in groups 1, 2, and 4 (52%, 57% and 59% respectively). Groups 3 and 5 improved little following surgical ligation. Whenever saphenous vein incompetence coexists with lower leg communicating vein incompetence, the former appears to be the dominant cause of the pressure abnormalities. Based on venous pressure measurements and phlebography, patients with normal deep veins and who increase their deltaVPex with a thigh tourniquet should respond favourably to orthodox surgical ligation of the saphenofemoral or saphenopopliteal junction. By contrast, if no change in deltaVPex is noted in patients with incompetent perforating veins and the deep veins look abnormal on the phlebogram, then ligation of the incompetent communicating veins would appear to be associated with a high recurrence rate.", "contents": "The relative importance of incompetent communicating veins in the production of varicose veins and venous ulcers. To investigate the possible anatomic and hemodynamic reasons for the variability in response to surgery for venous insufficiency (a 50% ulcer recurrence rate following ligation of incompetent perforating veins), we performed phlebography and venous pressure measurements in 109 legs of 77 patients and in 30 healthy volunteers. Patients were divided into five groups: saphenofemoral incompetence alone (group 1), saphenopopliteal incompetence (group 2), incompetent lower leg communicating veins alone (group 3), calf communicating veins and saphenous incompetence (group 4), and postthrombotic limbs (group 5). Patients in groups 1 through 4 had phlebographically normal deep veins. As compared to the normal controls (68%), preoperative pressure measurements revealed a significantly smaller pressure fall during exercise (deltaVPex) in all groups, which was the least marked in groups 3 (26%) and 5 (17%). These latter two groups failed to increase their pressure fall with thigh tourniquet. deltaVPex 3 months after operation demonstrated normalization in groups 1, 2, and 4 (52%, 57% and 59% respectively). Groups 3 and 5 improved little following surgical ligation. Whenever saphenous vein incompetence coexists with lower leg communicating vein incompetence, the former appears to be the dominant cause of the pressure abnormalities. Based on venous pressure measurements and phlebography, patients with normal deep veins and who increase their deltaVPex with a thigh tourniquet should respond favourably to orthodox surgical ligation of the saphenofemoral or saphenopopliteal junction. By contrast, if no change in deltaVPex is noted in patients with incompetent perforating veins and the deep veins look abnormal on the phlebogram, then ligation of the incompetent communicating veins would appear to be associated with a high recurrence rate."}
{"id": "PMID:877860", "title": "The nature of failure of pulmonary adaptation to atelectasis.", "content": "The ability of the lung to decrease blood flow to an atelectatic lobe and to increase flow to normal after reinflation was investigated with a model using left lower lobe atelectasis (LLLA) in the dog. The change in the shunt fraction QS/Qt with continuing LLLA was assumed to represent a change in blood flow to the LLL. With LLLA the Qs/Qt rose from 0.112 to 0.172 and then decreased to 0.119 by the end of 2 hours at the rate of -17%/hour. Reversal of atelectasis for varying times demonstrated that the pulmonary vasoconstrictive response persisted for at least 4 hours after reinflation of LLLA. With LLL ischemia for 1 and 2 hours followed by LLLA, Qs/Qt decreased, but at a rate less than the controls, whereas after hemorrhagic shock with venous reinfusion and LLLA, the Qs/Qt did not decrease. When hemorrhagic shock was followed by arterial reinfusion, 60% had a normal response to LLLA; 40% did not. There was no difference in PVR in these two groups. Pulmonary extravascular water in both groups was the same as in controls. Infusion of NE after 3 hours of LLLA caused Qs/Qt to rise from 0.125 to 0.248, comparable to the value immediately after onset of LLLA. EPi had similar results. Catecholamines may restore blood flow to the atelectatic lobe by causing a maximum generalized pulmonary vasocontriction or by overexpansion of the pulmonary blood volume secondary to peripheral vasoconstriction and thereby abolish any differential in pulmonary vascular resistance across the lung. The early hypoxemia of adult respiratory distress syndrome may arise not on the basis of any intrinsic lung pathology but rather as the result of a normal response of the lung to increased catecholamines.", "contents": "The nature of failure of pulmonary adaptation to atelectasis. The ability of the lung to decrease blood flow to an atelectatic lobe and to increase flow to normal after reinflation was investigated with a model using left lower lobe atelectasis (LLLA) in the dog. The change in the shunt fraction QS/Qt with continuing LLLA was assumed to represent a change in blood flow to the LLL. With LLLA the Qs/Qt rose from 0.112 to 0.172 and then decreased to 0.119 by the end of 2 hours at the rate of -17%/hour. Reversal of atelectasis for varying times demonstrated that the pulmonary vasoconstrictive response persisted for at least 4 hours after reinflation of LLLA. With LLL ischemia for 1 and 2 hours followed by LLLA, Qs/Qt decreased, but at a rate less than the controls, whereas after hemorrhagic shock with venous reinfusion and LLLA, the Qs/Qt did not decrease. When hemorrhagic shock was followed by arterial reinfusion, 60% had a normal response to LLLA; 40% did not. There was no difference in PVR in these two groups. Pulmonary extravascular water in both groups was the same as in controls. Infusion of NE after 3 hours of LLLA caused Qs/Qt to rise from 0.125 to 0.248, comparable to the value immediately after onset of LLLA. EPi had similar results. Catecholamines may restore blood flow to the atelectatic lobe by causing a maximum generalized pulmonary vasocontriction or by overexpansion of the pulmonary blood volume secondary to peripheral vasoconstriction and thereby abolish any differential in pulmonary vascular resistance across the lung. The early hypoxemia of adult respiratory distress syndrome may arise not on the basis of any intrinsic lung pathology but rather as the result of a normal response of the lung to increased catecholamines."}
{"id": "PMID:877861", "title": "Prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of pancreatic abscess.", "content": "Since pancreatic abscesses are a highly lethal complication of acute pancreatitis, factors influencing the genesis of major peripancreatic infection (MPI) were analyzed in 330 patients with pancreatitis. MPI developed in 28 (8.5%). Management of MPI was reviewed in 35 patients, including seven admitted with MPI. Etiology and severity of pancreatitis influenced MPI frequency. MPI was common in postoperative pancreatitis (39%), compared with alcoholic (6.6%), biliary (3.6%), or other causes (15%). \"Severity\" of pancreatitis was estimated by 11 early prognostic signs, which were reported previously. With fewer than three signs, MPI developed in 2.7%, three to five signs, 32%; more than five signs, 50%. Treatment of pancreatitis also influenced MPI. Early laparotomy increased MPI incidence from 1.6% to 23% in mild pancreatitis and from 24% to 67% in severe pancreatitis. Early oral feeding also appeared to predispose to MPI. Prolonged nasogastric suction and avoidance of early operation reduced MPI incidence from 16% in the first 100 patients to 5% in the next 230 patients. Outcome of MPI reflected severity of underlying pancreatitis. Mortality with fewer than three signs was 14%; with three to five signs, 65%; with more than six signs, 100%. Mortality was only 26% in 19 patients treated with radical sump drainage of the entire peripancreatic retroperitoneum, compared to 75% of 16 patients treated with conventional local drainage. In summary, MPI is related to etiology and severity of pancreatitis as quantified by early signs. Early laparotomy for pancreatitis increased MPI. Treatment of MPI with wide sump drainage appears more effective than local drainage.", "contents": "Prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of pancreatic abscess. Since pancreatic abscesses are a highly lethal complication of acute pancreatitis, factors influencing the genesis of major peripancreatic infection (MPI) were analyzed in 330 patients with pancreatitis. MPI developed in 28 (8.5%). Management of MPI was reviewed in 35 patients, including seven admitted with MPI. Etiology and severity of pancreatitis influenced MPI frequency. MPI was common in postoperative pancreatitis (39%), compared with alcoholic (6.6%), biliary (3.6%), or other causes (15%). \"Severity\" of pancreatitis was estimated by 11 early prognostic signs, which were reported previously. With fewer than three signs, MPI developed in 2.7%, three to five signs, 32%; more than five signs, 50%. Treatment of pancreatitis also influenced MPI. Early laparotomy increased MPI incidence from 1.6% to 23% in mild pancreatitis and from 24% to 67% in severe pancreatitis. Early oral feeding also appeared to predispose to MPI. Prolonged nasogastric suction and avoidance of early operation reduced MPI incidence from 16% in the first 100 patients to 5% in the next 230 patients. Outcome of MPI reflected severity of underlying pancreatitis. Mortality with fewer than three signs was 14%; with three to five signs, 65%; with more than six signs, 100%. Mortality was only 26% in 19 patients treated with radical sump drainage of the entire peripancreatic retroperitoneum, compared to 75% of 16 patients treated with conventional local drainage. In summary, MPI is related to etiology and severity of pancreatitis as quantified by early signs. Early laparotomy for pancreatitis increased MPI. Treatment of MPI with wide sump drainage appears more effective than local drainage."}
{"id": "PMID:877862", "title": "Operative management of penetrating vascular injuries of the thoracic outlet.", "content": "A five year experience with 20 patients who had penetrating vascular injuries of the thoracic outlet was reviewed. A median sternotomy with extension into the right neck was used to explore six patients with right subclavian vascular injuries. With injuries to the origin of the left common carotid artery, repair was accomplished through a median sternotomy combined with a left anterior thoracotomy in one patient and through a left posterolateral thoracotomy in the other. Injury to the left subclavian vessels occurred in five patients and was exposed through a left anterolateral thoracotomy combined with a supraclavicular incision in four patients and through a supraclavicular incision with clavicular resection in one patient. Axillary vessel trauma generally was managed with an extrathoracic incision only. The two deaths in this series were due to postoperative respiratory complications (mortality rate of 10%). Twenty arteries were repaired and all were patent on follow-up examination. Associated neural and venous injury caused significant morbidity in 28% and 10% of patients, respectively. As a result of this experience we continue to recommend an extended median sternotomy for repair of right-sided cervicothoracic vascular injury. Anterior or posterolateral thoracotomy combined with a supraclavicular incision is advocated for trauma to left-sided vessels of the thoracic outlet. When possible, injured veins should be repaired rather than ligated.", "contents": "Operative management of penetrating vascular injuries of the thoracic outlet. A five year experience with 20 patients who had penetrating vascular injuries of the thoracic outlet was reviewed. A median sternotomy with extension into the right neck was used to explore six patients with right subclavian vascular injuries. With injuries to the origin of the left common carotid artery, repair was accomplished through a median sternotomy combined with a left anterior thoracotomy in one patient and through a left posterolateral thoracotomy in the other. Injury to the left subclavian vessels occurred in five patients and was exposed through a left anterolateral thoracotomy combined with a supraclavicular incision in four patients and through a supraclavicular incision with clavicular resection in one patient. Axillary vessel trauma generally was managed with an extrathoracic incision only. The two deaths in this series were due to postoperative respiratory complications (mortality rate of 10%). Twenty arteries were repaired and all were patent on follow-up examination. Associated neural and venous injury caused significant morbidity in 28% and 10% of patients, respectively. As a result of this experience we continue to recommend an extended median sternotomy for repair of right-sided cervicothoracic vascular injury. Anterior or posterolateral thoracotomy combined with a supraclavicular incision is advocated for trauma to left-sided vessels of the thoracic outlet. When possible, injured veins should be repaired rather than ligated."}
{"id": "PMID:877863", "title": "Pulsatile buttock masses: gluteal and persistent sciatic artery aneurysms.", "content": "A case of persistent sciatic artery aneurysm in a 65-year-old woman was treated by exclusion and reconstruction with a saphenous vein graft. When cases such as this present as pulsatile buttock masses, arteriography is the most important diagnostic aide. It will indicate when the circulation must be reconstructed and when it is safe to simply ligate an aneurysm.", "contents": "Pulsatile buttock masses: gluteal and persistent sciatic artery aneurysms. A case of persistent sciatic artery aneurysm in a 65-year-old woman was treated by exclusion and reconstruction with a saphenous vein graft. When cases such as this present as pulsatile buttock masses, arteriography is the most important diagnostic aide. It will indicate when the circulation must be reconstructed and when it is safe to simply ligate an aneurysm."}
{"id": "PMID:877864", "title": "The production of an unusual tissue reaction in rabbit bowel injected with Crohn's disease homogenates.", "content": "Recent reports have suggested a transmissible factor in the etiology of Crohn's disease, which had yet to be confirmed. The specificity of the transmission was tested with a disease control of ulcerative colitis as well as normal bowel. Twenty New Zealand White rabbits received inoculum of tissue homogenates from the terminal ileum of normal, ulcerative colitic, and Crohn's disease patients. This inoculum was injected into the wall of the ascending colon and the animals were examined after one year. Changes were noted consistently only in those animals receiving the Crohn's disease inoculum. These changes consisted of thickened bowel wall with increased mucosal folds, thickened mesenteric fat with some creeping, irregular areas of thin colonic mucosa, and hyperplastic mesenteric lymph nodes. The terminal ileum distant from the inoculum site was smooth with atrophic changes only in the Crohn's inoculated group of animals. These animals also had discrete collections of macrophages in colon or sacculus, mucosal and submucosal edema, and chronic inflammation of the colon. However, the characteristic features of Crohn's disease were not reproduced.", "contents": "The production of an unusual tissue reaction in rabbit bowel injected with Crohn's disease homogenates. Recent reports have suggested a transmissible factor in the etiology of Crohn's disease, which had yet to be confirmed. The specificity of the transmission was tested with a disease control of ulcerative colitis as well as normal bowel. Twenty New Zealand White rabbits received inoculum of tissue homogenates from the terminal ileum of normal, ulcerative colitic, and Crohn's disease patients. This inoculum was injected into the wall of the ascending colon and the animals were examined after one year. Changes were noted consistently only in those animals receiving the Crohn's disease inoculum. These changes consisted of thickened bowel wall with increased mucosal folds, thickened mesenteric fat with some creeping, irregular areas of thin colonic mucosa, and hyperplastic mesenteric lymph nodes. The terminal ileum distant from the inoculum site was smooth with atrophic changes only in the Crohn's inoculated group of animals. These animals also had discrete collections of macrophages in colon or sacculus, mucosal and submucosal edema, and chronic inflammation of the colon. However, the characteristic features of Crohn's disease were not reproduced."}
{"id": "PMID:877865", "title": "Detection of deep vein thrombosis with an automatic electrically calibrated strain gauge plethysmograph.", "content": "A new strain gauge plethysmography was developed to permit accurate electrical calibration and automatic calculation of limb blood flow from a panel meter. This instrument was used to quantitate maximum venous outflow (MVO) in both limbs of 20 normal volunteers and 387 limbs of 195 patients with clinically suspected leg vein thrombosis. The MVO of normal subjects averaged 45 +/- 18 cc/minute/100 cc of calf tissue (mean +/- 1 SD). In 69 limbs with deep vein thrombosis documented by Doppler ultrasound and/or phlebography, the MVO averaged 17 +/- 13 cc/minute/100 cc, which was significantly less than that of normal limbs (p less than 0.001). Only three of 31 limbs with venous thrombosis above the knee  had MVO above 20 cc/minute/100 cc, the lower limit of normal, for a diagnostic sensitivity of 90%. The specificity of a normal MVO in excluding deep vein thrombosis was 81%, with only a 1% rate of false-negative diagnoses above the knee. This automatic strain gauge plethysmograph has the attribute of providing rapid quantitation of limb venous hemodynamics which facilitates noninvasive diagnosis and follow-up assessment of venous disease.", "contents": "Detection of deep vein thrombosis with an automatic electrically calibrated strain gauge plethysmograph. A new strain gauge plethysmography was developed to permit accurate electrical calibration and automatic calculation of limb blood flow from a panel meter. This instrument was used to quantitate maximum venous outflow (MVO) in both limbs of 20 normal volunteers and 387 limbs of 195 patients with clinically suspected leg vein thrombosis. The MVO of normal subjects averaged 45 +/- 18 cc/minute/100 cc of calf tissue (mean +/- 1 SD). In 69 limbs with deep vein thrombosis documented by Doppler ultrasound and/or phlebography, the MVO averaged 17 +/- 13 cc/minute/100 cc, which was significantly less than that of normal limbs (p less than 0.001). Only three of 31 limbs with venous thrombosis above the knee  had MVO above 20 cc/minute/100 cc, the lower limit of normal, for a diagnostic sensitivity of 90%. The specificity of a normal MVO in excluding deep vein thrombosis was 81%, with only a 1% rate of false-negative diagnoses above the knee. This automatic strain gauge plethysmograph has the attribute of providing rapid quantitation of limb venous hemodynamics which facilitates noninvasive diagnosis and follow-up assessment of venous disease."}
{"id": "PMID:877866", "title": "Demonstration of lymphocyte blastogenesis--inhibiting factors in sera of melanoma patients.", "content": "The proliferative response of lymphocytes obtained from a healthy volunteer to the mitogens phytohemagglutinin (PHA) and concanavalin A (Con A) was evaluated in the presence of sera from 101 patients with malignant melanoma and 75 normal controls. A significant decrease in blastogenic response was observed in the presence of sera from melanoma patients. Sera from patients with advanced disease were particularly inhibitory, suggesting that the circulating immunosuppressive factors were either tumor derived or tumor induced. Our observation that sera from patients who failed to display a delayed cutaneous hypersensitivity reaction to 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB) are more inhibitory to mitogen stimulation than sera from patients who react to this contact allergen suggests that DNCB skin testing may identify an immunological defect mediated by circulating humoral factors.", "contents": "Demonstration of lymphocyte blastogenesis--inhibiting factors in sera of melanoma patients. The proliferative response of lymphocytes obtained from a healthy volunteer to the mitogens phytohemagglutinin (PHA) and concanavalin A (Con A) was evaluated in the presence of sera from 101 patients with malignant melanoma and 75 normal controls. A significant decrease in blastogenic response was observed in the presence of sera from melanoma patients. Sera from patients with advanced disease were particularly inhibitory, suggesting that the circulating immunosuppressive factors were either tumor derived or tumor induced. Our observation that sera from patients who failed to display a delayed cutaneous hypersensitivity reaction to 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB) are more inhibitory to mitogen stimulation than sera from patients who react to this contact allergen suggests that DNCB skin testing may identify an immunological defect mediated by circulating humoral factors."}
{"id": "PMID:877867", "title": "Cardiorespiratory and sympathoadrenal responses during weaning from controlled ventilation.", "content": "Weaning from controlled ventilation was attempted in 20 patients who were ventilated with volume constant ventilators for at least 24 hours before study. Measurement of alveolar to arterial oxygen tension differences on 100% oxygen (Aa DO2 1.0) in patients who failed to wean (nonweaners, n = 10), showed a mean AaDO21.0 at 5 minutes after beginning to wean of 388 +/- 56 mm Hg (SEM), and right-to-left shunt (QS/Qt) of 21% values which were significantly different from control (p less than 0.025) and significantly different from ten patients who weaned (p less than 0.005). Since rises in QS/Qt were not accompanied by increased pulmonary capillary wedge pressure, the increased QS/Qt was most likely due to acute atelectasis and not left ventricular failure. These data suggest that patients who fail an initial period of weaning should be placed on positive end-expiratory pressure during subsequent weaning attempts. Significant increases in cardiac output and atrial PCO2 occurred in both groups. Assessment of urinary catecholamine excretion during weaning suggests that sympathoadrenal stimulation often is intense and usually is greater in those patients who weaned successfully. Increased arterial PCO2 may be the mechanism for sympathoadrenal stimulation and rises in cardiac output (r = 0.39, p less than 0.01) during weaning.", "contents": "Cardiorespiratory and sympathoadrenal responses during weaning from controlled ventilation. Weaning from controlled ventilation was attempted in 20 patients who were ventilated with volume constant ventilators for at least 24 hours before study. Measurement of alveolar to arterial oxygen tension differences on 100% oxygen (Aa DO2 1.0) in patients who failed to wean (nonweaners, n = 10), showed a mean AaDO21.0 at 5 minutes after beginning to wean of 388 +/- 56 mm Hg (SEM), and right-to-left shunt (QS/Qt) of 21% values which were significantly different from control (p less than 0.025) and significantly different from ten patients who weaned (p less than 0.005). Since rises in QS/Qt were not accompanied by increased pulmonary capillary wedge pressure, the increased QS/Qt was most likely due to acute atelectasis and not left ventricular failure. These data suggest that patients who fail an initial period of weaning should be placed on positive end-expiratory pressure during subsequent weaning attempts. Significant increases in cardiac output and atrial PCO2 occurred in both groups. Assessment of urinary catecholamine excretion during weaning suggests that sympathoadrenal stimulation often is intense and usually is greater in those patients who weaned successfully. Increased arterial PCO2 may be the mechanism for sympathoadrenal stimulation and rises in cardiac output (r = 0.39, p less than 0.01) during weaning."}
{"id": "PMID:877868", "title": "The ascitic leak: a case presentation. Management by paracentesis and saline--albumin reinfusion.", "content": "Postoperative ascites, particularly if infected, poses a difficult clinical situation for the surgeon. Concomitant use of salt and water restriction and diuretics will control most cases. However, in those patients who do not respond, paracentesis with a peritoneal dialysis cathether together with concomitant infusions, cubic centimeter for cubic centimeter, of saline-albumin or fresh frozen plasma will insure a sufficient intravascular volume to enable adequate renal perfusion, decrease intra-abdominal pressure to allow adequate respiratory mechanics, and decrease potential losses from around drainage tubes. Thus the cirrhotic patient may recover more easily from the insult of the nonhepatic surgical procedure. A case is presented demonstrating this technique.", "contents": "The ascitic leak: a case presentation. Management by paracentesis and saline--albumin reinfusion. Postoperative ascites, particularly if infected, poses a difficult clinical situation for the surgeon. Concomitant use of salt and water restriction and diuretics will control most cases. However, in those patients who do not respond, paracentesis with a peritoneal dialysis cathether together with concomitant infusions, cubic centimeter for cubic centimeter, of saline-albumin or fresh frozen plasma will insure a sufficient intravascular volume to enable adequate renal perfusion, decrease intra-abdominal pressure to allow adequate respiratory mechanics, and decrease potential losses from around drainage tubes. Thus the cirrhotic patient may recover more easily from the insult of the nonhepatic surgical procedure. A case is presented demonstrating this technique."}
{"id": "PMID:877869", "title": "Peripheral atheromatous embolization following blunt abdominal trauma.", "content": "A 65-year-old man sustained blunt abdominal trauma in an automobile accident which resulted in severe acute ischemia of the right lower leg and foot. Complete arteriography showed extensive aortoiliac arteriosclerosis and embolic occlusion of the distal right popliteal artery. Prompt embolectomy accomplished limb salvage and confirmed the diagnosis of traumatic artheromatous embolization.", "contents": "Peripheral atheromatous embolization following blunt abdominal trauma. A 65-year-old man sustained blunt abdominal trauma in an automobile accident which resulted in severe acute ischemia of the right lower leg and foot. Complete arteriography showed extensive aortoiliac arteriosclerosis and embolic occlusion of the distal right popliteal artery. Prompt embolectomy accomplished limb salvage and confirmed the diagnosis of traumatic artheromatous embolization."}
{"id": "PMID:877870", "title": "Highly selective vagotomy in the treatment of duodenal ulcer in a teaching hospital. A one-to-three year follow-up relating results to the number of operating surgeons, their surgical experience, and training conditions.", "content": "In the present series, highly selective vagotomy (HSV) was used in the treatment of duodenal ulcer and the patients were followed up 1 to 3 years after operation. Three months after operation, 57% of the patients had positive insulin tests (early and late positive). Ulcer recurrence rate was approximately 6.5%, whereas 18% of the results were judged to be therapeutic failures. The operations were done during the period of introduction of the method in a general surgical department of a teaching hospital, when the enthusiasm was great and the experience of the individual surgeon with HSV was small. The moderately poor results in this series are thought to be due to too many surgeons operating on a rather limited number of patients. Unrelated to this situation, a statistically significant increase in the frequency of positive insulin tests during the observation period was found, giving an incidence of 80% positive tests 2 years after the operation.", "contents": "Highly selective vagotomy in the treatment of duodenal ulcer in a teaching hospital. A one-to-three year follow-up relating results to the number of operating surgeons, their surgical experience, and training conditions. In the present series, highly selective vagotomy (HSV) was used in the treatment of duodenal ulcer and the patients were followed up 1 to 3 years after operation. Three months after operation, 57% of the patients had positive insulin tests (early and late positive). Ulcer recurrence rate was approximately 6.5%, whereas 18% of the results were judged to be therapeutic failures. The operations were done during the period of introduction of the method in a general surgical department of a teaching hospital, when the enthusiasm was great and the experience of the individual surgeon with HSV was small. The moderately poor results in this series are thought to be due to too many surgeons operating on a rather limited number of patients. Unrelated to this situation, a statistically significant increase in the frequency of positive insulin tests during the observation period was found, giving an incidence of 80% positive tests 2 years after the operation."}
{"id": "PMID:877871", "title": "Lymphatic disruption in varicose vein surgery.", "content": "In order to investigate the possibility of lymphatic disruption occurring during varicose vein surgery, lymphangiography performed by a modification of the Kinmonth technique was done in seven patients before and after standard surgical ablation of primary varicose veins. All seven patients demonstrated marked disruption of lymphatics. Extravasation of lymphangiogram contrast medium at the calf level and at the thigh level precluded demonstration of the groin lymphatics. It is concluded that lymphatic disruption attends varicose vein removal and such lymphatic damage contributes to postoperative leg edema.", "contents": "Lymphatic disruption in varicose vein surgery. In order to investigate the possibility of lymphatic disruption occurring during varicose vein surgery, lymphangiography performed by a modification of the Kinmonth technique was done in seven patients before and after standard surgical ablation of primary varicose veins. All seven patients demonstrated marked disruption of lymphatics. Extravasation of lymphangiogram contrast medium at the calf level and at the thigh level precluded demonstration of the groin lymphatics. It is concluded that lymphatic disruption attends varicose vein removal and such lymphatic damage contributes to postoperative leg edema."}
{"id": "PMID:877872", "title": "Erythrocytes cultured from bone marrow.", "content": "The long-range objective of this study is in vitro tissue culture of bone marrow stem cells to produce erythroid cells of sufficient volume for clinical transfusion. Bone marrow from dogs and patients was cultured in 29 experiments lasting up to 15 weeks. Peripheral erythroid cells from dogs were cultured in three control experiments. Optimal tissue culture media was NCTC 109 augmented with vitamin B12, erythropoietin (EP), folic acid, and 9% fetal protein in 60 mm glass Petri dishes. Additional media and Step III EP was added at 2 to 4 day intervals. Peripheral erythroid cells in culture all were dead within 4 weeks. Marrow erythroic cells in culture proliferated as demonstrated by (1) Fe59 incorporation into cells during culture, (2) H3 thymidine uptake into cultured cells, (3) microscopic evidence of mitoses, and (4) total erythrocyte concentration in cultures far exceeding that of peripheral culture controls. For as yet unexplained reasons the total mature red blood cell concentration in the culture media remained essentially constant throughout the studies. This is a first step in achieving the ultimate goal of bulk erythrocyte production from tissue culture.", "contents": "Erythrocytes cultured from bone marrow. The long-range objective of this study is in vitro tissue culture of bone marrow stem cells to produce erythroid cells of sufficient volume for clinical transfusion. Bone marrow from dogs and patients was cultured in 29 experiments lasting up to 15 weeks. Peripheral erythroid cells from dogs were cultured in three control experiments. Optimal tissue culture media was NCTC 109 augmented with vitamin B12, erythropoietin (EP), folic acid, and 9% fetal protein in 60 mm glass Petri dishes. Additional media and Step III EP was added at 2 to 4 day intervals. Peripheral erythroid cells in culture all were dead within 4 weeks. Marrow erythroic cells in culture proliferated as demonstrated by (1) Fe59 incorporation into cells during culture, (2) H3 thymidine uptake into cultured cells, (3) microscopic evidence of mitoses, and (4) total erythrocyte concentration in cultures far exceeding that of peripheral culture controls. For as yet unexplained reasons the total mature red blood cell concentration in the culture media remained essentially constant throughout the studies. This is a first step in achieving the ultimate goal of bulk erythrocyte production from tissue culture."}
{"id": "PMID:877953", "title": "Functional value analysis: a technique for reducing hospital overhead costs.", "content": "Many administrators feel that the methodology suggested for functional value analysis could beneficially be applied to many aspects of hospital administration beyond overhead functions. Some base their comments on their own experience in applying approaches similar to FVA to non-overhead activities. Others--who have not yet used a similar technique--believe that FVA's discipline in methodology and in-depth participation of hospital personnel could produce results in areas such as radiology, laboratory, and nursing.", "contents": "Functional value analysis: a technique for reducing hospital overhead costs. Many administrators feel that the methodology suggested for functional value analysis could beneficially be applied to many aspects of hospital administration beyond overhead functions. Some base their comments on their own experience in applying approaches similar to FVA to non-overhead activities. Others--who have not yet used a similar technique--believe that FVA's discipline in methodology and in-depth participation of hospital personnel could produce results in areas such as radiology, laboratory, and nursing."}
{"id": "PMID:877968", "title": "An inexpensive microphotometer system for measuring silver grain densities in autoradiographs.", "content": "An inexpensive microphotometric system is described which will facilitate reading grain-dense areas in autoradiographic material. It is reliable, easy to operate and adaptable to most light microscopes with a dark field condenser. In addition to the microscope, the components include a photodiode, an operational amplifier and a digital mV meter. Data are presented to demonstrate the sensitivity of the system and to illustrate the differential variability between the microphotometer and the counting of grains by eye.", "contents": "An inexpensive microphotometer system for measuring silver grain densities in autoradiographs. An inexpensive microphotometric system is described which will facilitate reading grain-dense areas in autoradiographic material. It is reliable, easy to operate and adaptable to most light microscopes with a dark field condenser. In addition to the microscope, the components include a photodiode, an operational amplifier and a digital mV meter. Data are presented to demonstrate the sensitivity of the system and to illustrate the differential variability between the microphotometer and the counting of grains by eye."}
{"id": "PMID:877970", "title": "[Primary radiation therapy of sarcoma of the uterus (author's transl)].", "content": "We report 24 cases of sarcoma of the corpus uteri treated by sole irradiation. The 5-year-survival-rate was 20,8%. The prognosis seems to be poor in this group treated by sole irradiation. Only inoperable cases of sarcoma of the corpus uteri ought to be treated by radiotherapy alone.", "contents": "[Primary radiation therapy of sarcoma of the uterus (author's transl)]. We report 24 cases of sarcoma of the corpus uteri treated by sole irradiation. The 5-year-survival-rate was 20,8%. The prognosis seems to be poor in this group treated by sole irradiation. Only inoperable cases of sarcoma of the corpus uteri ought to be treated by radiotherapy alone."}
{"id": "PMID:877971", "title": "Mutagenicity tests with irradiated food in the mouse.", "content": "Male and female mice from BALB/c strain received normal food or food irradiated with a mean dose of about 2.85 Mrad of gamma-rays. Three different tests were performed on mice fed for one month with control or irradiated pellets: estimation of prenatal loss and examination of somatic and male germ cells for the presence of chromosome aberrations. The negative results obtained in the three tests demonstrate that ingestion of irradiated food has no mutagenic effects large enough to be detected by the methods which were used.", "contents": "Mutagenicity tests with irradiated food in the mouse. Male and female mice from BALB/c strain received normal food or food irradiated with a mean dose of about 2.85 Mrad of gamma-rays. Three different tests were performed on mice fed for one month with control or irradiated pellets: estimation of prenatal loss and examination of somatic and male germ cells for the presence of chromosome aberrations. The negative results obtained in the three tests demonstrate that ingestion of irradiated food has no mutagenic effects large enough to be detected by the methods which were used."}
{"id": "PMID:877972", "title": "[Introduction in the problem of the time factor and its therapeutical significance (author's transl)].", "content": "Dependencies of biological radiation effects on time distribution of dose may result from a) restitution processes on all levels of effect and b) changes of radiation sensitivity by irradiation itself. In case of fractionated radiation therapy the following mechanisms are important: intercellular recovery, cell renewal, synchronization, reoxygenation and redistribution of cells within the cycle. It has to be proven whether and to what extent the particular processes differ in the radiation reaction of tumours on the side and of normal tissues on the other--so that these differences may be used for the development of optimal fractionation schemes. The Strandqvist concept of dose-time-effect relationship is to be considered as an approximation to complex biological conditions. From recent results of cell kinetic studies and of experimental tumour therapy one may expect that for various tumour types according to their specific growth-characteristics and radiation reactions individual modes of dosage may be developed in future in which the curative dose is lower than expected.", "contents": "[Introduction in the problem of the time factor and its therapeutical significance (author's transl)]. Dependencies of biological radiation effects on time distribution of dose may result from a) restitution processes on all levels of effect and b) changes of radiation sensitivity by irradiation itself. In case of fractionated radiation therapy the following mechanisms are important: intercellular recovery, cell renewal, synchronization, reoxygenation and redistribution of cells within the cycle. It has to be proven whether and to what extent the particular processes differ in the radiation reaction of tumours on the side and of normal tissues on the other--so that these differences may be used for the development of optimal fractionation schemes. The Strandqvist concept of dose-time-effect relationship is to be considered as an approximation to complex biological conditions. From recent results of cell kinetic studies and of experimental tumour therapy one may expect that for various tumour types according to their specific growth-characteristics and radiation reactions individual modes of dosage may be developed in future in which the curative dose is lower than expected."}
{"id": "PMID:877973", "title": "Repair in normal tissues and the possible relevance to radiotherapy.", "content": "Between each fraction in radiotherapy, there is repair and recovery of both normal and neoplastic tissues. Several different types of repair have been identified. Some relate specifically to the effect of changing the number of fractions and others to the overall treatment time. Each will be discussed and particular attention will be paid to slow repair phenomena which have recently been the subject of much interest.", "contents": "Repair in normal tissues and the possible relevance to radiotherapy. Between each fraction in radiotherapy, there is repair and recovery of both normal and neoplastic tissues. Several different types of repair have been identified. Some relate specifically to the effect of changing the number of fractions and others to the overall treatment time. Each will be discussed and particular attention will be paid to slow repair phenomena which have recently been the subject of much interest."}
{"id": "PMID:877974", "title": "Reoxygenation of hypoxic tumour cells.", "content": "The present status of our knowledge on the reoxygenation of hypoxic tumour cell during fractionated radiotherapy is reviewed. The phenomenon of reoxygenation does not eliminate the need for studies of hypoxic sensitizers or high LET radiation.", "contents": "Reoxygenation of hypoxic tumour cells. The present status of our knowledge on the reoxygenation of hypoxic tumour cell during fractionated radiotherapy is reviewed. The phenomenon of reoxygenation does not eliminate the need for studies of hypoxic sensitizers or high LET radiation."}
{"id": "PMID:877975", "title": "[Foundation of the Ellis-formula (author's transl)].", "content": "The Ellis-formula is used in radiation therapy to derive the nominal dose. This nominal dose is an index of effectiveness applicable to different fraction schemes. Its critical value, the standard nominal dose, corresponds to the tolerance of normal tissue. The Ellis-formula is first compared to the earlier equation of Strandqvist. The Strandqvist equation accounts only for the total duration of the irradiation series. In contrast, the dominant factor in the Ellis-formula is the dose per fraction; the total duration is of secondary importance. It is then explained how the so-called TDF-factor is applied to derive the nominal dose for the combination of two partial fractionation series. The usual way to account for an extended interruption in a fractionation schedule is also considered. The common generalozation of the Ellis-formula rests on approximations; it is also restricted to the combination of two partial series. In order to overcome the limitation a new numerical method is presented which provides nominal doses for irregular fractionation schedules. The procedure follows without additional postulates from the basic assumptions underlying the Ellis-formula. It does not apply to continuous irradiation.", "contents": "[Foundation of the Ellis-formula (author's transl)]. The Ellis-formula is used in radiation therapy to derive the nominal dose. This nominal dose is an index of effectiveness applicable to different fraction schemes. Its critical value, the standard nominal dose, corresponds to the tolerance of normal tissue. The Ellis-formula is first compared to the earlier equation of Strandqvist. The Strandqvist equation accounts only for the total duration of the irradiation series. In contrast, the dominant factor in the Ellis-formula is the dose per fraction; the total duration is of secondary importance. It is then explained how the so-called TDF-factor is applied to derive the nominal dose for the combination of two partial fractionation series. The usual way to account for an extended interruption in a fractionation schedule is also considered. The common generalozation of the Ellis-formula rests on approximations; it is also restricted to the combination of two partial series. In order to overcome the limitation a new numerical method is presented which provides nominal doses for irregular fractionation schedules. The procedure follows without additional postulates from the basic assumptions underlying the Ellis-formula. It does not apply to continuous irradiation."}
{"id": "PMID:877977", "title": "Histological changes in the canine stomach following massive electron beam irradiation.", "content": "The histologic changes induced by irradiation of the stomachs of dogs were examined one hour to nine months after irradiation. The irradiated area of the stomach progressed to ulcer formation by way of hyperemia and erosion; on the other hand, there were simultaneous signs of recovery. Regenerating epithelium appeared during the first week and migrated from the surface adjacent to the ulcer to the center of the ulcer. Subsequently the muscularis mucosae extended, and then the submucous coat was repaired. Regeneration of the nerve fibers around the muscularis mucosae seemed to reach its maximum three weeks after irradiation. These proliferating nerves degenerated with deepening of the radiation ulcer, but they were unexpectedly radioresistant and protrude from the surface of the ulcer into the necrotic surrounding tissues. It is concluded that the effect of irradiation on the alleviation of the pain of stomach cancer is not due to the degeneration of the nerves but to elimination of the stimulation of nerves on account of the radiation effect on the cancer cells themselves.", "contents": "Histological changes in the canine stomach following massive electron beam irradiation. The histologic changes induced by irradiation of the stomachs of dogs were examined one hour to nine months after irradiation. The irradiated area of the stomach progressed to ulcer formation by way of hyperemia and erosion; on the other hand, there were simultaneous signs of recovery. Regenerating epithelium appeared during the first week and migrated from the surface adjacent to the ulcer to the center of the ulcer. Subsequently the muscularis mucosae extended, and then the submucous coat was repaired. Regeneration of the nerve fibers around the muscularis mucosae seemed to reach its maximum three weeks after irradiation. These proliferating nerves degenerated with deepening of the radiation ulcer, but they were unexpectedly radioresistant and protrude from the surface of the ulcer into the necrotic surrounding tissues. It is concluded that the effect of irradiation on the alleviation of the pain of stomach cancer is not due to the degeneration of the nerves but to elimination of the stimulation of nerves on account of the radiation effect on the cancer cells themselves."}
{"id": "PMID:877978", "title": "RBE values of d (16) + Be and d (50) + Be neutrons for chromosome rearrangements induced in mouse spermatogonia.", "content": "The rate of reciprocal translocations induced in mouse spermatogonia by exposure to X-rays and to neutrons produced by 16 and 50 MeV deuterons has been estimated by scoring multivalent configurations in the descendant spermatocytes. In the X-irradiated group the yield of translocations increases from 2,1 per 100 cells after exposure to 100 rad to 5,7 after exposure to 300 rad. The dose-response relationship shows no statistical departure from linearity. After exposure to 50, 100 or 150 rad of d (16) + Be and d (50) + Be neutrons, the yield of translocations displays a humped curve. Up to this dose the RBE value decreases with absorbed dose and neutron energy.", "contents": "RBE values of d (16) + Be and d (50) + Be neutrons for chromosome rearrangements induced in mouse spermatogonia. The rate of reciprocal translocations induced in mouse spermatogonia by exposure to X-rays and to neutrons produced by 16 and 50 MeV deuterons has been estimated by scoring multivalent configurations in the descendant spermatocytes. In the X-irradiated group the yield of translocations increases from 2,1 per 100 cells after exposure to 100 rad to 5,7 after exposure to 300 rad. The dose-response relationship shows no statistical departure from linearity. After exposure to 50, 100 or 150 rad of d (16) + Be and d (50) + Be neutrons, the yield of translocations displays a humped curve. Up to this dose the RBE value decreases with absorbed dose and neutron energy."}
{"id": "PMID:877979", "title": "Effect of alpha-methyldopa and alpha-methyl-m-tyrosine on the amount of noradrenaline in the heart and brain of irradiated rats.", "content": "Effect of alpha-methyldopa and alpha-methyl-m-tyrosine on the amount of noradrenaline in the heart and brain of rats irradiated with 850 R was investigated. It was established that the application of alpha-methyldopa to the animals irradiated with 650 R caused significant decrease of noradrenaline stores in the heart and brain. Meanwhile, when alpha-methyldopa was applied to the animals irradiated with 850 R, there was no further decreasing of noradrenaline. The different effects may be tentatively explained: in animals irradiated with 650 R the processes of biosynthesis are still going on, while after the dose of 850 R, biosynthesis of catecholamine is badly damaged and the further inhibition of decarboxilase is probably impossible. Alpha-methyl-m-tyrosine caused, also, the strong discharge of noradrenaline storage in the heart and brain of irradiated animals. It is interesting to note there is no significant difference in inhibitory effect on animals irradiated with 650 and 850 R, respectively.", "contents": "Effect of alpha-methyldopa and alpha-methyl-m-tyrosine on the amount of noradrenaline in the heart and brain of irradiated rats. Effect of alpha-methyldopa and alpha-methyl-m-tyrosine on the amount of noradrenaline in the heart and brain of rats irradiated with 850 R was investigated. It was established that the application of alpha-methyldopa to the animals irradiated with 650 R caused significant decrease of noradrenaline stores in the heart and brain. Meanwhile, when alpha-methyldopa was applied to the animals irradiated with 850 R, there was no further decreasing of noradrenaline. The different effects may be tentatively explained: in animals irradiated with 650 R the processes of biosynthesis are still going on, while after the dose of 850 R, biosynthesis of catecholamine is badly damaged and the further inhibition of decarboxilase is probably impossible. Alpha-methyl-m-tyrosine caused, also, the strong discharge of noradrenaline storage in the heart and brain of irradiated animals. It is interesting to note there is no significant difference in inhibitory effect on animals irradiated with 650 and 850 R, respectively."}
{"id": "PMID:877980", "title": "Monoamine oxidase activity in gamma-irradiated rat brains.", "content": "The short-term effect of gamma-irradiation (single dose, 100 Gy = 10 000 rad) on tth monoamine oxidase activity in the rat brain was investigated. In contrast to other investigations virtually no changes in MAO-activity were found.", "contents": "Monoamine oxidase activity in gamma-irradiated rat brains. The short-term effect of gamma-irradiation (single dose, 100 Gy = 10 000 rad) on tth monoamine oxidase activity in the rat brain was investigated. In contrast to other investigations virtually no changes in MAO-activity were found."}
{"id": "PMID:877981", "title": "Repeat abortion in Denmark: an analysis based on national record linkage.", "content": "The abortion registration system maintained by the Danish government permits an analysis of abortion incidence by individual. Using computer techniques to sort all the abortion records for the 15-month period from October 1973, when the abortion law was liberalized, through December 1974, it has been possible to determine the rate of repeat abortion and some demographic variables associated with it. Of the women who experienced induced abortion in the period under study, 2.92 percent had more than one abortion. Repeat abortion was found to be more frequent among women aged 20-34 and among women with a greater number of pregnancies, live births, and induced abortions prior to the change in law. A higher rate of repeat abortion was observed in urban areas. The overall rate of repeat abortion is consistent with a high level of contraceptive effectiveness.", "contents": "Repeat abortion in Denmark: an analysis based on national record linkage. The abortion registration system maintained by the Danish government permits an analysis of abortion incidence by individual. Using computer techniques to sort all the abortion records for the 15-month period from October 1973, when the abortion law was liberalized, through December 1974, it has been possible to determine the rate of repeat abortion and some demographic variables associated with it. Of the women who experienced induced abortion in the period under study, 2.92 percent had more than one abortion. Repeat abortion was found to be more frequent among women aged 20-34 and among women with a greater number of pregnancies, live births, and induced abortions prior to the change in law. A higher rate of repeat abortion was observed in urban areas. The overall rate of repeat abortion is consistent with a high level of contraceptive effectiveness."}
{"id": "PMID:877983", "title": "Fertility decline in Barbados: some spatial considerations.", "content": "Despite its small size, Barbados exhibits some striking regional differences in fertility levels, which persisted during a period of major fertility decline in the 1960s. Regression analyses are performed for 28 subregions, using sex ratio, male occupational structure, female education, and female employment for 1960 and 1970 as the independent variables. The spatial influence of the Barbados family planning program is also considered. The author argues that a concentration of family planning programs in areas of greatest accessibility and modernization contributes to spatial variations in fertility.", "contents": "Fertility decline in Barbados: some spatial considerations. Despite its small size, Barbados exhibits some striking regional differences in fertility levels, which persisted during a period of major fertility decline in the 1960s. Regression analyses are performed for 28 subregions, using sex ratio, male occupational structure, female education, and female employment for 1960 and 1970 as the independent variables. The spatial influence of the Barbados family planning program is also considered. The author argues that a concentration of family planning programs in areas of greatest accessibility and modernization contributes to spatial variations in fertility."}
{"id": "PMID:877982", "title": "Successes and problems in family planning administration: experiences in two districts of Kerala, India.", "content": "The administrative organizations of the Ernakulam and Malappuram Districts' family planning programs during 1970-74 and the ways they dealt with typical problems of program organization are examined. Lack of personnel, poor staff morale, inadequate supplies, and political and religious opposition to various contraceptive methods, especially sterilization, existed to varying degrees in both districts' programs. The Ernakulam experience, involving mass sterilization camps that were part of an overall district development program, documents the effectiveness of a strong central leader. The Malappuram program illustrates, in contrast, the handicaps of poor areas where development programs were just beginning and administrative resources were overtaxed.", "contents": "Successes and problems in family planning administration: experiences in two districts of Kerala, India. The administrative organizations of the Ernakulam and Malappuram Districts' family planning programs during 1970-74 and the ways they dealt with typical problems of program organization are examined. Lack of personnel, poor staff morale, inadequate supplies, and political and religious opposition to various contraceptive methods, especially sterilization, existed to varying degrees in both districts' programs. The Ernakulam experience, involving mass sterilization camps that were part of an overall district development program, documents the effectiveness of a strong central leader. The Malappuram program illustrates, in contrast, the handicaps of poor areas where development programs were just beginning and administrative resources were overtaxed."}
{"id": "PMID:877984", "title": "Fertility and family planning in Hungary.", "content": "Hungary's birth rate has been declining fairly steadily since World War II, and Hungarian population policy is aimed at increasing fertility to at least replacement level through social, health, and economic benefits to encourage childbearing. Figures for the mid-1970s indicate that birth rates have been rising. Whether these recorded increases may be permanent is examined through analyses of data on Hungarian fertility since 1900 and through retrospective and prospective surveys of family planning attitudes and practice. Both fertility statistics and surveys of family-size desires document a trend toward the two-child family and a birth rate too low to achieve the desired net reproduction rate of more than one. The surveys also show that family planning has become more prevalent in recent decades, and previously heavy reliance on abortion and traditional contraception is increasingly giving way to use of modern contraceptives.", "contents": "Fertility and family planning in Hungary. Hungary's birth rate has been declining fairly steadily since World War II, and Hungarian population policy is aimed at increasing fertility to at least replacement level through social, health, and economic benefits to encourage childbearing. Figures for the mid-1970s indicate that birth rates have been rising. Whether these recorded increases may be permanent is examined through analyses of data on Hungarian fertility since 1900 and through retrospective and prospective surveys of family planning attitudes and practice. Both fertility statistics and surveys of family-size desires document a trend toward the two-child family and a birth rate too low to achieve the desired net reproduction rate of more than one. The surveys also show that family planning has become more prevalent in recent decades, and previously heavy reliance on abortion and traditional contraception is increasingly giving way to use of modern contraceptives."}
{"id": "PMID:877985", "title": "Family planning attitudes and practices in rural eastern Nigeria.", "content": "A survey was conducted in August 1974 in 16 Ngwa Igbo villages in the East Central State of Nigeria to determine the attitudes and practices of currently married women with regard to fertility and contraception. The results revealed that 50-60 percent of wives had ever used traditional contraceptives (abstinence, prolonged lactation, and rhythm), although data suggest that some of these methods may have been used for purposes other than contraception. Ever-use of modern contraceptives (pill, IUD, and tubal ligation) was shown to be very low and the desire for many children very strong. Nearly 80 percent of the women interviewed, however, expressed a willingness to attend a family planning clinic if one were accessible to them. This finding suggests that a significant interest in family planning services exists in Ngwa Igbo.", "contents": "Family planning attitudes and practices in rural eastern Nigeria. A survey was conducted in August 1974 in 16 Ngwa Igbo villages in the East Central State of Nigeria to determine the attitudes and practices of currently married women with regard to fertility and contraception. The results revealed that 50-60 percent of wives had ever used traditional contraceptives (abstinence, prolonged lactation, and rhythm), although data suggest that some of these methods may have been used for purposes other than contraception. Ever-use of modern contraceptives (pill, IUD, and tubal ligation) was shown to be very low and the desire for many children very strong. Nearly 80 percent of the women interviewed, however, expressed a willingness to attend a family planning clinic if one were accessible to them. This finding suggests that a significant interest in family planning services exists in Ngwa Igbo."}
{"id": "PMID:877986", "title": "The rural health worker as a family planning provider: a village trial in Iran.", "content": "The impact of the Kavar Village Health Worker Project on contraceptive knowledge, attitudes, and practice was studied 14 months after health workers were deployed in this pilot project in rural Iran. Results showed that knowledge and use of the pill were significantly higher in the project villages than in control villages, where the pill was supplied by a nonresident rural midwife: 28 percent of married women of reproductive age were using the pill in project villages compared with 15 percent in control villages. The sex of health workers did not appear to affect the proportion of pill acceptors or length of use. Attitudes toward contraceptive use, however, did not vary significantly between project and control villages.", "contents": "The rural health worker as a family planning provider: a village trial in Iran. The impact of the Kavar Village Health Worker Project on contraceptive knowledge, attitudes, and practice was studied 14 months after health workers were deployed in this pilot project in rural Iran. Results showed that knowledge and use of the pill were significantly higher in the project villages than in control villages, where the pill was supplied by a nonresident rural midwife: 28 percent of married women of reproductive age were using the pill in project villages compared with 15 percent in control villages. The sex of health workers did not appear to affect the proportion of pill acceptors or length of use. Attitudes toward contraceptive use, however, did not vary significantly between project and control villages."}
{"id": "PMID:877988", "title": "Cow's urine poisoning in Nigeria: cardiorespiratory effects of cow's urine in dogs.", "content": "\"Cow's urine\" concoction (CUPR) is a traditional remedy for convulsive seizures in Nigeria. Its administration has been associated with severe poisoning, sometimes with a fatal outcome in Nigerian children. Recently, we showed that several of the components of the concoction are toxic. We have demonstrated in the present study certain cardio-respiratory effects of cow's urine concoction in dogs. On the cardiovascular system, an initial bradycardia followed by tachycardia and a biphasic effect on blood pressue characterized by a fall followed by a rise were demonstrated. Progressive hypotension following repreated administration of CUPR was also shown in all experimental dogs. On the respiratory system, a short period of respiratory arrest and/or respiratory depression, followed by tachyponoea with associated hypoventilation of the lungs, were observed. The possible explanations for the observed cardiorespiratory effects of the concoction were discussed. On the basis of our findings, an hypothesis is advanced for the possible mechanisms of the neurological sequelae and/or death following cow's urine poisoning.", "contents": "Cow's urine poisoning in Nigeria: cardiorespiratory effects of cow's urine in dogs. \"Cow's urine\" concoction (CUPR) is a traditional remedy for convulsive seizures in Nigeria. Its administration has been associated with severe poisoning, sometimes with a fatal outcome in Nigerian children. Recently, we showed that several of the components of the concoction are toxic. We have demonstrated in the present study certain cardio-respiratory effects of cow's urine concoction in dogs. On the cardiovascular system, an initial bradycardia followed by tachycardia and a biphasic effect on blood pressue characterized by a fall followed by a rise were demonstrated. Progressive hypotension following repreated administration of CUPR was also shown in all experimental dogs. On the respiratory system, a short period of respiratory arrest and/or respiratory depression, followed by tachyponoea with associated hypoventilation of the lungs, were observed. The possible explanations for the observed cardiorespiratory effects of the concoction were discussed. On the basis of our findings, an hypothesis is advanced for the possible mechanisms of the neurological sequelae and/or death following cow's urine poisoning."}
{"id": "PMID:877989", "title": "Schistosomiasis mansoni: blockage of cercarial skin penetration by chemical agents: i. naphthoquinones and derivatives.", "content": "Skin penetration by Schistosoma mansoni cercariae may be blocked by 1,4-and 1,2-naphthoquinones applied topically. Of 23 naphthoquinone derivatives synthesized, 15 afforded almost complete protection when applied in solution to the tails of mice 24 hours before exposure to cercariae. On the basis of present evidence the 5-carbon atom side chain present in naturally occurring lapachol seems to be important for activity, and this is in accord with the previous observation that effective protective agents are liposoluble. Topically applied cercarial penetration inhibitors are presently the only prophylactic agents available for use in the field.", "contents": "Schistosomiasis mansoni: blockage of cercarial skin penetration by chemical agents: i. naphthoquinones and derivatives. Skin penetration by Schistosoma mansoni cercariae may be blocked by 1,4-and 1,2-naphthoquinones applied topically. Of 23 naphthoquinone derivatives synthesized, 15 afforded almost complete protection when applied in solution to the tails of mice 24 hours before exposure to cercariae. On the basis of present evidence the 5-carbon atom side chain present in naturally occurring lapachol seems to be important for activity, and this is in accord with the previous observation that effective protective agents are liposoluble. Topically applied cercarial penetration inhibitors are presently the only prophylactic agents available for use in the field."}
{"id": "PMID:877990", "title": "Serological survey for congenital toxoplasmosis among 4,136 pregnant women.", "content": "A prospective seroepidemiological survey for latent congenital toxoplasmosis was carried out among 4,136 women and 3,787 of their offspring in and around Montreal. The indirect immunofluorescent antibody test was used to titrate specific IgG and IgM antibodies and results were standardized in international units. The prevalence of antibodies was 40-8% for the mothers and 36-4% for the babies. Mean annual seroconversion rate was 0-95%. Thus, 30 women would have been expected to acquire toxoplasmosis during pregnancy: two cases only were observed and the reasons for it are discussed. Four cases of congenital toxoplasmosis were diagnosed serologically (0-1%), none of them showed any signs of illness. Preventive treatment was administered to 12 of 52 pregnant women suspected of a recently acquired infection.", "contents": "Serological survey for congenital toxoplasmosis among 4,136 pregnant women. A prospective seroepidemiological survey for latent congenital toxoplasmosis was carried out among 4,136 women and 3,787 of their offspring in and around Montreal. The indirect immunofluorescent antibody test was used to titrate specific IgG and IgM antibodies and results were standardized in international units. The prevalence of antibodies was 40-8% for the mothers and 36-4% for the babies. Mean annual seroconversion rate was 0-95%. Thus, 30 women would have been expected to acquire toxoplasmosis during pregnancy: two cases only were observed and the reasons for it are discussed. Four cases of congenital toxoplasmosis were diagnosed serologically (0-1%), none of them showed any signs of illness. Preventive treatment was administered to 12 of 52 pregnant women suspected of a recently acquired infection."}
{"id": "PMID:877991", "title": "The influence of above-optimal constant temperatures on South African Biomphalaria pfeifferi (Krauss) (Mollusca: Planorbidae).", "content": "The effects of constant above-optimal temperatures on the hatching, growth, survival, fecundity and development of the ovotestis of Biomphalaria pfeifferi from Komatipoort, South Africa, have been studied and compared with observations reported on B. glabrata. While rates of gametogenesis at 25 degrees C and ambient temperature (mean 22-8 degrees C) were similar, they were slightly accelerated at 27 degreesC. Fecundity and survival at 27 degrees C were considerably reduced and at 29 degrees C hyperthermia was pronounced.", "contents": "The influence of above-optimal constant temperatures on South African Biomphalaria pfeifferi (Krauss) (Mollusca: Planorbidae). The effects of constant above-optimal temperatures on the hatching, growth, survival, fecundity and development of the ovotestis of Biomphalaria pfeifferi from Komatipoort, South Africa, have been studied and compared with observations reported on B. glabrata. While rates of gametogenesis at 25 degrees C and ambient temperature (mean 22-8 degrees C) were similar, they were slightly accelerated at 27 degreesC. Fecundity and survival at 27 degrees C were considerably reduced and at 29 degrees C hyperthermia was pronounced."}
{"id": "PMID:877992", "title": "Man-biting species of Chrysops meigen, Culicoides latreille and Simulium latreille in Ethiopia, with discussion of their vector potentialities.", "content": "Human filariasis and its vectors are little known in Ethiopia. Wuchereia bancrofti is confined to the western lowlands and cannot be the aetiological agent of elephantiasis in the highlands. Onchocerca volvulus is widespread in the south-western highlands. Loa loa and Dipetalonema perstans are reported here for the first time and appear to be uncommon. Studies were conducted in 1973, mostly near Jimma in Kaffa Province, on potential vectors of all but the first of these parasites. Among Simuliidae, the only blackflies of apparent medical importance were S. woodi ethiopiense and a possibly new member of the S. damnosum complex. The former is less seasonal and much less numerous than the latter, but may be more widespread and important along smaller and higher streams. Onchocerca larvae were recovered from \"damnosum\", but not from the small number (46) of ethiopiense examined. In August, at the height of the rainy season, the biting-rate of ethiopiense at 1,710 m altitude on the Gilgil Ghibe river reached 9.5/man-hour at 10-1100 hours and about 12/man-hour at 14-1600 hours. At the same time and place, the attack of \"damnosum\" reached a midday climax of about 1,800/man-hour; this peak could be delayed or suppressed by rain. Another possibly anthropophilic blackfly, S. dentulosum, tended to become most common in December afer the rainy season had passed, but proved incompetent to bite man successfully. The only feasible loiasis vector found in Ethiopia was Chrysops streptobalius; however, this tabanid was not closely associated with man. Up to 34/man-day were caught in watermeadows by the Gojeb river (altitude 1,160 m) in October. Man-biting species of Ceratopogonidae in various parts of Ethiopia were Culicoides fulvithorax, C. grahamii, C. kingi and C. milnei. The first two of these were anthropophilic in lowlands, but apparently not so in highlands. C. milnei was extremely abundant biting man highlands. C. milnei was extremely abundant biting man and domestic animals both indoors and outdg cycle was irregular, usually displaying a succession of ill-define nocturnal peaks; sometimes it attacked in daylight. Up to 35,000 C. milnei per trap-night were caught in light traps. Most of the females entering light traps in a stable were already engorged with blood. It seemed  very likely that C. milnei would prove to be of veterinary importance. No firm indication was obtained as to what may transmit D. perstans in Ethiopia.", "contents": "Man-biting species of Chrysops meigen, Culicoides latreille and Simulium latreille in Ethiopia, with discussion of their vector potentialities. Human filariasis and its vectors are little known in Ethiopia. Wuchereia bancrofti is confined to the western lowlands and cannot be the aetiological agent of elephantiasis in the highlands. Onchocerca volvulus is widespread in the south-western highlands. Loa loa and Dipetalonema perstans are reported here for the first time and appear to be uncommon. Studies were conducted in 1973, mostly near Jimma in Kaffa Province, on potential vectors of all but the first of these parasites. Among Simuliidae, the only blackflies of apparent medical importance were S. woodi ethiopiense and a possibly new member of the S. damnosum complex. The former is less seasonal and much less numerous than the latter, but may be more widespread and important along smaller and higher streams. Onchocerca larvae were recovered from \"damnosum\", but not from the small number (46) of ethiopiense examined. In August, at the height of the rainy season, the biting-rate of ethiopiense at 1,710 m altitude on the Gilgil Ghibe river reached 9.5/man-hour at 10-1100 hours and about 12/man-hour at 14-1600 hours. At the same time and place, the attack of \"damnosum\" reached a midday climax of about 1,800/man-hour; this peak could be delayed or suppressed by rain. Another possibly anthropophilic blackfly, S. dentulosum, tended to become most common in December afer the rainy season had passed, but proved incompetent to bite man successfully. The only feasible loiasis vector found in Ethiopia was Chrysops streptobalius; however, this tabanid was not closely associated with man. Up to 34/man-day were caught in watermeadows by the Gojeb river (altitude 1,160 m) in October. Man-biting species of Ceratopogonidae in various parts of Ethiopia were Culicoides fulvithorax, C. grahamii, C. kingi and C. milnei. The first two of these were anthropophilic in lowlands, but apparently not so in highlands. C. milnei was extremely abundant biting man highlands. C. milnei was extremely abundant biting man and domestic animals both indoors and outdg cycle was irregular, usually displaying a succession of ill-define nocturnal peaks; sometimes it attacked in daylight. Up to 35,000 C. milnei per trap-night were caught in light traps. Most of the females entering light traps in a stable were already engorged with blood. It seemed  very likely that C. milnei would prove to be of veterinary importance. No firm indication was obtained as to what may transmit D. perstans in Ethiopia."}
{"id": "PMID:878000", "title": "Metabolism by the rabbit of intravenously administered adenine.", "content": "A study was made of the metabolism by the rabbit of adenine administered intravenously at a dose of 35 mg/kg with 100 micronCi of 8-14C-adenine. The infused adenine was removed from the blood in two phases, first by diffusion into the tissues and second by metabolic reactions throughout the body. The adenine equilibrated within a few seconds equally between plasma and red blood cells and between them and kidney, liver, duodenum, lung and heart. Diffusion into skeletal muscle was much slower and into brain slowest. The more gradual disappearance of adenine from blood, and from the rest of the body, with a half-life of about 20 minutes and with complete removal by two hours, was predominantly along three pathways, leading to, after four hours: 1) 74 per cent in adenine nucleotide (mostly AMP, ADP, and (ATP); 2) 12 per cent as unchanged adenine in the urine; and 3) 11 per cent as a mixture in almost equal parts of 8-oxyadenine and 2,8-dioxyadenine in the urine. Conversion of adenine to adenine nucleotide, probably by initial reaction with phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate and adenine-phosphoribosyltransferase, was at widely different rates in the organs with duodenum, kidney, liver, and lung high and heart, red blood cell, skeletal muscle and brain relatively low. Sites of formation of the two oxyadenines, probably by action of xanthine oxidase, were not determined.", "contents": "Metabolism by the rabbit of intravenously administered adenine. A study was made of the metabolism by the rabbit of adenine administered intravenously at a dose of 35 mg/kg with 100 micronCi of 8-14C-adenine. The infused adenine was removed from the blood in two phases, first by diffusion into the tissues and second by metabolic reactions throughout the body. The adenine equilibrated within a few seconds equally between plasma and red blood cells and between them and kidney, liver, duodenum, lung and heart. Diffusion into skeletal muscle was much slower and into brain slowest. The more gradual disappearance of adenine from blood, and from the rest of the body, with a half-life of about 20 minutes and with complete removal by two hours, was predominantly along three pathways, leading to, after four hours: 1) 74 per cent in adenine nucleotide (mostly AMP, ADP, and (ATP); 2) 12 per cent as unchanged adenine in the urine; and 3) 11 per cent as a mixture in almost equal parts of 8-oxyadenine and 2,8-dioxyadenine in the urine. Conversion of adenine to adenine nucleotide, probably by initial reaction with phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate and adenine-phosphoribosyltransferase, was at widely different rates in the organs with duodenum, kidney, liver, and lung high and heart, red blood cell, skeletal muscle and brain relatively low. Sites of formation of the two oxyadenines, probably by action of xanthine oxidase, were not determined."}
{"id": "PMID:878001", "title": "Formation of oxyadenine metabolites in the rabbit after intravenous administration of adenine.", "content": "Adenine, 8-oxyadenine, and 2,8-dioxyadenine were analyzed, by Dowex-50 column chromatography, in rabbit urine four hours after IV infusion of the following doses of adenine in mg/kg: 2, 4, 8.75, 17.5, 35, 70, 140 and 210. The average excretion in mole percentage of the dose was: adenine, 11.1; 8-oxyadenine, 6.1; and 2,8-dioxyadenine, 6.2. The percentage of excretion of 8-oxyadenine and of 2,8-dioxyadenine was unrelated to the dose of adenine. At doses of adenine of 35 mg/kg and above more than 80 per cent of the 2,8-dioxyadenine in the urine was in the form of microscopic pale yellow spherical particles. The particulate 2,8-dioxyadenine was found in the kidney in a very small amount at the dose of 70 mg/kg and in much greater quantities at 140 and 210 mg/kg.", "contents": "Formation of oxyadenine metabolites in the rabbit after intravenous administration of adenine. Adenine, 8-oxyadenine, and 2,8-dioxyadenine were analyzed, by Dowex-50 column chromatography, in rabbit urine four hours after IV infusion of the following doses of adenine in mg/kg: 2, 4, 8.75, 17.5, 35, 70, 140 and 210. The average excretion in mole percentage of the dose was: adenine, 11.1; 8-oxyadenine, 6.1; and 2,8-dioxyadenine, 6.2. The percentage of excretion of 8-oxyadenine and of 2,8-dioxyadenine was unrelated to the dose of adenine. At doses of adenine of 35 mg/kg and above more than 80 per cent of the 2,8-dioxyadenine in the urine was in the form of microscopic pale yellow spherical particles. The particulate 2,8-dioxyadenine was found in the kidney in a very small amount at the dose of 70 mg/kg and in much greater quantities at 140 and 210 mg/kg."}
{"id": "PMID:878002", "title": "Metabolism by man of intravenously administered adenine.", "content": "A study was made of the metabolism by a human subject of adenine administered intravenously at a dose of 10 mg/kg with 200 micronCi of 8-14C-adenine to learn how similar and different the results might be from those obtained by a much more extensive study by this Laboratory on the rabbit. A rapid initial disappearance of radioactivity from the blood was followed by a slower loss with a half-life of about an hour. The first was probably due to diffusion into the extravascular fluid and the second to metabolism in the tissues. Fifteen per cent of the radioactivity infused was excreted in the urine during the first three hours as unchanged adenine and another 8 per cent was excreted during the first six hours as a mixture, in almost equal parts, of 8-oxyadenine and 2,8-dioxyadenine. Radioactivity in the urine after the second day, starting at 1.5 per cent of the dose per day and declining steadily to 0.5 per cent at three months, was predominantly in uric acid, reflecting turnover of the adenine which had entered body pools of purine nucleotide. Approximately 2 per cent of the injected radioactivity was incorporated into red blood cell AMP, ADP and ATP, each of which, by the second day, had the same specific radioactivity, which then decayed at a rate of 1.3 per cent per day. The results were remarkably similar to those obtained in a previous study on the rabbit. A variety of clinical observations and tests on blood and urine showed no abnormalities attributable to the infusion with adenine.", "contents": "Metabolism by man of intravenously administered adenine. A study was made of the metabolism by a human subject of adenine administered intravenously at a dose of 10 mg/kg with 200 micronCi of 8-14C-adenine to learn how similar and different the results might be from those obtained by a much more extensive study by this Laboratory on the rabbit. A rapid initial disappearance of radioactivity from the blood was followed by a slower loss with a half-life of about an hour. The first was probably due to diffusion into the extravascular fluid and the second to metabolism in the tissues. Fifteen per cent of the radioactivity infused was excreted in the urine during the first three hours as unchanged adenine and another 8 per cent was excreted during the first six hours as a mixture, in almost equal parts, of 8-oxyadenine and 2,8-dioxyadenine. Radioactivity in the urine after the second day, starting at 1.5 per cent of the dose per day and declining steadily to 0.5 per cent at three months, was predominantly in uric acid, reflecting turnover of the adenine which had entered body pools of purine nucleotide. Approximately 2 per cent of the injected radioactivity was incorporated into red blood cell AMP, ADP and ATP, each of which, by the second day, had the same specific radioactivity, which then decayed at a rate of 1.3 per cent per day. The results were remarkably similar to those obtained in a previous study on the rabbit. A variety of clinical observations and tests on blood and urine showed no abnormalities attributable to the infusion with adenine."}
{"id": "PMID:878003", "title": "The in vivo survival of red blood cells stored in modified CPD with adenine: report of a multi-institutional cooperative effort.", "content": "In order to provide data in support of licensure applications for citrate-phosphate-dextrose (CPD) supplemented with adenine, a multi-institutional cooperative effort was organized to determine survivability of red blood cells subjected to prolonged liquid storage. Two manufacturers supplied plastic multiple bag blood storage containers prefilled with modified CPD (glucose 25% greater than the normal concentration) supplemented with adenine (17.0 to 17.3 mg per 63 ml of anticoagulant; 0.25 millimolar approximate final concentration when diluted with 450 ml of whole blood for 35 days showed a mean survival of 80.53 +/- 6.44 per cent (1 SD). Both red blood cell and supernatant plasma biochemical characteristics were comparable to those reported for whole blood stored for 21 days in either acid-citrate-dextrose (ACD) or CPD. Red blood cells from 19 units stored as concentrates for 35 days (Hct 75.03 +/- 3.74%) had a mean survival of 71.38 +/- 10.3 per cent with considerable interdonor variation in survival and interlaboratory variation in some biochemical characteristics. Red blood cells from eight units stored as concentrates (Hct 75.38 +/- 4.30%) for 28 days showed a mean survival of 83.97 +/- 6.10 per cent and biochemical characteristics comparable to those reported for red blood cell concentrates stored in CPD or ACD for 21 days. Modified CPD with adenine as formulated offers an improved anticoagulant for blood banking by extending the permissible red blood cell storage period.", "contents": "The in vivo survival of red blood cells stored in modified CPD with adenine: report of a multi-institutional cooperative effort. In order to provide data in support of licensure applications for citrate-phosphate-dextrose (CPD) supplemented with adenine, a multi-institutional cooperative effort was organized to determine survivability of red blood cells subjected to prolonged liquid storage. Two manufacturers supplied plastic multiple bag blood storage containers prefilled with modified CPD (glucose 25% greater than the normal concentration) supplemented with adenine (17.0 to 17.3 mg per 63 ml of anticoagulant; 0.25 millimolar approximate final concentration when diluted with 450 ml of whole blood for 35 days showed a mean survival of 80.53 +/- 6.44 per cent (1 SD). Both red blood cell and supernatant plasma biochemical characteristics were comparable to those reported for whole blood stored for 21 days in either acid-citrate-dextrose (ACD) or CPD. Red blood cells from 19 units stored as concentrates for 35 days (Hct 75.03 +/- 3.74%) had a mean survival of 71.38 +/- 10.3 per cent with considerable interdonor variation in survival and interlaboratory variation in some biochemical characteristics. Red blood cells from eight units stored as concentrates (Hct 75.38 +/- 4.30%) for 28 days showed a mean survival of 83.97 +/- 6.10 per cent and biochemical characteristics comparable to those reported for red blood cell concentrates stored in CPD or ACD for 21 days. Modified CPD with adenine as formulated offers an improved anticoagulant for blood banking by extending the permissible red blood cell storage period."}
{"id": "PMID:878014", "title": "Serous lymphocytic exudates in Iraq: the value of various methods of investigation.", "content": "Fifty cases of lymphocytic exudate of the pleura and peritoneum were studied to determine the cause. Though tuberculosis was suspected provisionally in the majority, isolation of M. tuberculosis was rare and other investigations proved more helpful. Histological examination of material obtained by laparoscopy was the most reliable method followed by pleural biopsy, especially if it was an open one. This procedure has the invaluable advantage of a rapid diagnosis without the need to await the results of culture. The specific gravity and the cell count were of help to determine the exudative nature of the fluid. The protein content, the lactic dehydrogenase value of the fluid and its ratio to the blood value were more useful in determining a possible aetiology. A definite diagnosis of tuberculosis was made in 21 cases. A further 13 cases (3 with highly suggestive histological appearances) were judged to be tuberculosis in view of their suggestive history and excellent response to specific antituberculosis chemotherapy. Eleven cases proved to be due to malignant disease.", "contents": "Serous lymphocytic exudates in Iraq: the value of various methods of investigation. Fifty cases of lymphocytic exudate of the pleura and peritoneum were studied to determine the cause. Though tuberculosis was suspected provisionally in the majority, isolation of M. tuberculosis was rare and other investigations proved more helpful. Histological examination of material obtained by laparoscopy was the most reliable method followed by pleural biopsy, especially if it was an open one. This procedure has the invaluable advantage of a rapid diagnosis without the need to await the results of culture. The specific gravity and the cell count were of help to determine the exudative nature of the fluid. The protein content, the lactic dehydrogenase value of the fluid and its ratio to the blood value were more useful in determining a possible aetiology. A definite diagnosis of tuberculosis was made in 21 cases. A further 13 cases (3 with highly suggestive histological appearances) were judged to be tuberculosis in view of their suggestive history and excellent response to specific antituberculosis chemotherapy. Eleven cases proved to be due to malignant disease."}
{"id": "PMID:878015", "title": "Determination of the isoniazid acetylator phenotype in a West African population.", "content": "The concentration of isoniazid in plasma after an oral dose of 10 mg/kg was estimated in 120 Nigerians (39 normal, 81 tuberculous). The concentrations were bimodally distributed giving a good discrimination between slow and rapid acetylators. The proportion of rapid to slow acetylators in the whole group was 60:40. This is similar to the results of the only other study of acetylator phenotype in West Africans.", "contents": "Determination of the isoniazid acetylator phenotype in a West African population. The concentration of isoniazid in plasma after an oral dose of 10 mg/kg was estimated in 120 Nigerians (39 normal, 81 tuberculous). The concentrations were bimodally distributed giving a good discrimination between slow and rapid acetylators. The proportion of rapid to slow acetylators in the whole group was 60:40. This is similar to the results of the only other study of acetylator phenotype in West Africans."}
{"id": "PMID:878016", "title": "Tuberculous peritonitis in Nigerian Igbos.", "content": "An account is given of 30 Nigerian patients of the Igbo ethnic group whose biopsies showed tuberculous peritonitis. The maximum incidence occurred in the 20-39 year age group and the female: male ratio was 2:1. The commonest clinical findings were abdominal pain and swelling and ascites. An increase in the mean age was found in Igbos suffering from tuberculous peritonitis compared with those who had tuberculous peripheral lymphadenitis.", "contents": "Tuberculous peritonitis in Nigerian Igbos. An account is given of 30 Nigerian patients of the Igbo ethnic group whose biopsies showed tuberculous peritonitis. The maximum incidence occurred in the 20-39 year age group and the female: male ratio was 2:1. The commonest clinical findings were abdominal pain and swelling and ascites. An increase in the mean age was found in Igbos suffering from tuberculous peritonitis compared with those who had tuberculous peripheral lymphadenitis."}
{"id": "PMID:878017", "title": "Pneumothorax and pneumomediastinum complicating acute miliary tuberculosis.", "content": "Five adult cases of acute miliary tuberculosis are described. Four were complicated by pneumothoraces and 1 by pneumomediastinum. In 2 cases pneumothorax occurred on the left side while in 2 it was bilateral. None of the 5 patients died.", "contents": "Pneumothorax and pneumomediastinum complicating acute miliary tuberculosis. Five adult cases of acute miliary tuberculosis are described. Four were complicated by pneumothoraces and 1 by pneumomediastinum. In 2 cases pneumothorax occurred on the left side while in 2 it was bilateral. None of the 5 patients died."}
{"id": "PMID:878018", "title": "Spinal extraosseous extradural tuberculoma.", "content": "A case of spinal extraosseous, extradural tuberculoma is described. The 42-year-old patient had no other tuberculous lesion detectable elsewhere in his body. Following surgical removal of the tuberculoma the patient achieved complete neurological recovery from a preoperative state of total paralysis in his lower limbs.", "contents": "Spinal extraosseous extradural tuberculoma. A case of spinal extraosseous, extradural tuberculoma is described. The 42-year-old patient had no other tuberculous lesion detectable elsewhere in his body. Following surgical removal of the tuberculoma the patient achieved complete neurological recovery from a preoperative state of total paralysis in his lower limbs."}
{"id": "PMID:878020", "title": "Metastatic cervical carcinoma presenting as primary thyroid cancer. Case report.", "content": "Secondary neoplasm of the thyroid mimicking a primary thyroid lesion is a very rare finding. A case of squamous and anaplastic cell carcinoma of the uterine cervix metastatic to the thyroid is described.", "contents": "Metastatic cervical carcinoma presenting as primary thyroid cancer. Case report. Secondary neoplasm of the thyroid mimicking a primary thyroid lesion is a very rare finding. A case of squamous and anaplastic cell carcinoma of the uterine cervix metastatic to the thyroid is described."}
{"id": "PMID:878021", "title": "Effect of daunorubicin and adriamycin on nucleic acid synthesis of serum stimulated mouse embryo fibroblasts.", "content": "This paper reports the effects of daunorubicin and adriamycin on DNA and RNA synthesis of in vitro cultured mouse embryo fibroblasts (MEF) stimulated by fetal calf serum (FCS). The addition of FCS to quiescent MEF cultures brings about a wave of RNA synthesis, followed by DNA synthesis which starts between 8 and 12 h after change of medium and proceed for up to 24 h. These cells are therefore partially synchronized. The level of DNA synthesis depends on the amount of FCS added. Daunorubicin and adriamycin are almost equally effective in inhibiting DNA synthesis, as well as cell proliferation, which takes place later. Adriamycin is more active than daunorubicin on RNA synthesis. In cultures treated for an 8 h period starting at different times after FCS addition, the highest DNA synthesis inhibition is achieved by treatment during the first 8 h, when DNA synthesis has not yet started. The cellular uptake of daunorubicin is constantly higher than that of adriamycin, in any experimental condition tested. The results show that FCS-stimulated MEFcan provide a simple method for studying the effects of anthracycline antibiotics on partially synchronized cells.", "contents": "Effect of daunorubicin and adriamycin on nucleic acid synthesis of serum stimulated mouse embryo fibroblasts. This paper reports the effects of daunorubicin and adriamycin on DNA and RNA synthesis of in vitro cultured mouse embryo fibroblasts (MEF) stimulated by fetal calf serum (FCS). The addition of FCS to quiescent MEF cultures brings about a wave of RNA synthesis, followed by DNA synthesis which starts between 8 and 12 h after change of medium and proceed for up to 24 h. These cells are therefore partially synchronized. The level of DNA synthesis depends on the amount of FCS added. Daunorubicin and adriamycin are almost equally effective in inhibiting DNA synthesis, as well as cell proliferation, which takes place later. Adriamycin is more active than daunorubicin on RNA synthesis. In cultures treated for an 8 h period starting at different times after FCS addition, the highest DNA synthesis inhibition is achieved by treatment during the first 8 h, when DNA synthesis has not yet started. The cellular uptake of daunorubicin is constantly higher than that of adriamycin, in any experimental condition tested. The results show that FCS-stimulated MEFcan provide a simple method for studying the effects of anthracycline antibiotics on partially synchronized cells."}
{"id": "PMID:878022", "title": "Rhabdomyoma (adult type) of the sublingual region.", "content": "A case of sublingual rhabdomyoma (adult type) in a 40-year-old man is reported. A review of the world literature revealed 28 acceptable previous cases.", "contents": "Rhabdomyoma (adult type) of the sublingual region. A case of sublingual rhabdomyoma (adult type) in a 40-year-old man is reported. A review of the world literature revealed 28 acceptable previous cases."}
{"id": "PMID:878023", "title": "Histological typing and nuclear evaluation of endometrial adenocarcinoma.", "content": "On the basis of the nuclear pattern \"homologous adenocarcinoma\" of the endometrium, arising in women under 40, may be divided into three cytologically distinguishable entities: 1) atypical adenomatous hyperplasia Grade 1; 2) atypical adenomatous hyperplasia Grade 2; 3) adenocarcinoma; probably different also at biological level.", "contents": "Histological typing and nuclear evaluation of endometrial adenocarcinoma. On the basis of the nuclear pattern \"homologous adenocarcinoma\" of the endometrium, arising in women under 40, may be divided into three cytologically distinguishable entities: 1) atypical adenomatous hyperplasia Grade 1; 2) atypical adenomatous hyperplasia Grade 2; 3) adenocarcinoma; probably different also at biological level."}
{"id": "PMID:878025", "title": "Mortality among dock-yard workers in Genoa, Italy.", "content": "The causes of death among the dock-yard workers of Genoa from December 31, 1959 to January 1, 1970, have been investigated. These workers, mainly assigned to ship repair, refitting and construction, are exposed to several noxious substances, such as: asbestos, silica, paint solvents, welding smoke and volatile products of petroleum. Two different control groups were selected: the male population of Genoa and the staff of the San Martino Hospital in Genoa. Causes of death showing a significant increase were: gastric cancer (only in comparison with the hospital staff), cancer of colon excluding rectum, lung cancer, cancer of kidney, urinary bladder and other urinary organs, respiratory diseases, cirrhosis of the liver, cardiovascular diseases (only in comparison with the hospital staff).", "contents": "Mortality among dock-yard workers in Genoa, Italy. The causes of death among the dock-yard workers of Genoa from December 31, 1959 to January 1, 1970, have been investigated. These workers, mainly assigned to ship repair, refitting and construction, are exposed to several noxious substances, such as: asbestos, silica, paint solvents, welding smoke and volatile products of petroleum. Two different control groups were selected: the male population of Genoa and the staff of the San Martino Hospital in Genoa. Causes of death showing a significant increase were: gastric cancer (only in comparison with the hospital staff), cancer of colon excluding rectum, lung cancer, cancer of kidney, urinary bladder and other urinary organs, respiratory diseases, cirrhosis of the liver, cardiovascular diseases (only in comparison with the hospital staff)."}
{"id": "PMID:878024", "title": "Ten years experience with Ewing's sarcoma.", "content": "The series comprises 57 consecutive patients with Ewing's sarcoma admitted to the National Cancer Institute of Milan from 1965 to 1976. In 75% the diseas was confined to one bone, while in 25% multiple bone and/or visceral lesions were present. Patients with clinically localized tumor treated before 1971 with local therapy, showed a median disease-free survival of 5 months. After 1971, radiotherapy and/or surgery to local tumor was combined with multiple drug chemotherapy (ADM, VCR, CTX) and the projected median disease-free survival increased to 24+ months. In previously untreated patients with advanced tumor adriamycin, used as single drug, achieved an overall response rate of 73%. This is comparable to that achieved by a new combination including ADM, VCR, CTX, CCNU (75%). This multiple drug regimen is, however, expected to prolong the duration of response.", "contents": "Ten years experience with Ewing's sarcoma. The series comprises 57 consecutive patients with Ewing's sarcoma admitted to the National Cancer Institute of Milan from 1965 to 1976. In 75% the diseas was confined to one bone, while in 25% multiple bone and/or visceral lesions were present. Patients with clinically localized tumor treated before 1971 with local therapy, showed a median disease-free survival of 5 months. After 1971, radiotherapy and/or surgery to local tumor was combined with multiple drug chemotherapy (ADM, VCR, CTX) and the projected median disease-free survival increased to 24+ months. In previously untreated patients with advanced tumor adriamycin, used as single drug, achieved an overall response rate of 73%. This is comparable to that achieved by a new combination including ADM, VCR, CTX, CCNU (75%). This multiple drug regimen is, however, expected to prolong the duration of response."}
{"id": "PMID:878026", "title": "Complement-dependent serum cytotoxicity of cancer patients studied by 51Cr release assay on human cancer lines.", "content": "The conditions for a 51Cr release assay on cell lines derived from human solid tumors were determined by using a rabbit antihuman antiserum with human AB serum as source of complement. By this assay 38 sera collected before and after surgery from 19 breast cancer patients and 28 sera from 12 melanoma patients and 16 healthy donors were tested on 3 lines derived from breast cancer tissue and 1 line derived from normal breast tissue. Ten of the breast cancer patients had lymph node metastases and 9 did not. Positive reactions were obtained from 4 breast cancer patients, all with lymph node metastases, and from 1 healthy donor. In a second experiment, 58 coded sera belonging to 4 different groups of cancer and non-cancer individuals were assayed on a colonic cancer line (HT-29), and 33 and 20 of them were also treated on a melanoma line (MeWo) and on a breast cancer line (MaCa 13), respectively. Positive responses were few, and were more frequently observed among transfused than non-transfused patients.", "contents": "Complement-dependent serum cytotoxicity of cancer patients studied by 51Cr release assay on human cancer lines. The conditions for a 51Cr release assay on cell lines derived from human solid tumors were determined by using a rabbit antihuman antiserum with human AB serum as source of complement. By this assay 38 sera collected before and after surgery from 19 breast cancer patients and 28 sera from 12 melanoma patients and 16 healthy donors were tested on 3 lines derived from breast cancer tissue and 1 line derived from normal breast tissue. Ten of the breast cancer patients had lymph node metastases and 9 did not. Positive reactions were obtained from 4 breast cancer patients, all with lymph node metastases, and from 1 healthy donor. In a second experiment, 58 coded sera belonging to 4 different groups of cancer and non-cancer individuals were assayed on a colonic cancer line (HT-29), and 33 and 20 of them were also treated on a melanoma line (MeWo) and on a breast cancer line (MaCa 13), respectively. Positive responses were few, and were more frequently observed among transfused than non-transfused patients."}
{"id": "PMID:878063", "title": "Applications of a simple theory of the acoustic motion of fibrous networks in viscous media.", "content": "The rupture of blood capillaries in the spinal chords of rats by pulsed ultrasound and the motion of fibrils in the corneal stroma are analysed in detail in terms of a simple theory of wave propagation in a fibrous network permeated by a viscous medium. The advantages of inelastic light scattering experiments in connection with studies of ultrasound are emphasized.", "contents": "Applications of a simple theory of the acoustic motion of fibrous networks in viscous media. The rupture of blood capillaries in the spinal chords of rats by pulsed ultrasound and the motion of fibrils in the corneal stroma are analysed in detail in terms of a simple theory of wave propagation in a fibrous network permeated by a viscous medium. The advantages of inelastic light scattering experiments in connection with studies of ultrasound are emphasized."}
{"id": "PMID:878064", "title": "Frequency dependence of acoustic parameters of freshly excised tissues of Sprague Dawley rats.", "content": "A modified version of the pulse echo technique was used to measure the velocity of propagation and attenuation of ultrasound in excised tissue of young-adult Sprague-Dawley rats. The measurements were made at ultrasonic frequencies of 1.0, 2.25, 5.0, 7.5 and 10.0 MHz. The temperature of the tissues was monitored continuously to within +/- 0.1 degrees C of the ambient temperature. The acoustic parameters were measured in the liver, kidney, cardiac muscle and gastrocnemius muscle. All measurements were carried out in the near field region of the ultrasonic beam. It was observed that the velocity of propagation in tissues showed a slight dispersion with frequency. The attenuation in tissues increased with increasing frequency.", "contents": "Frequency dependence of acoustic parameters of freshly excised tissues of Sprague Dawley rats. A modified version of the pulse echo technique was used to measure the velocity of propagation and attenuation of ultrasound in excised tissue of young-adult Sprague-Dawley rats. The measurements were made at ultrasonic frequencies of 1.0, 2.25, 5.0, 7.5 and 10.0 MHz. The temperature of the tissues was monitored continuously to within +/- 0.1 degrees C of the ambient temperature. The acoustic parameters were measured in the liver, kidney, cardiac muscle and gastrocnemius muscle. All measurements were carried out in the near field region of the ultrasonic beam. It was observed that the velocity of propagation in tissues showed a slight dispersion with frequency. The attenuation in tissues increased with increasing frequency."}
{"id": "PMID:878065", "title": "An ultrasonic device for continuous measurement of cervical dilation during labor.", "content": "This paper describes ultrasonic apparatus for continuous registration of cervical dilation during the first stage of labour. The techniques used ensure maximum safety for the patients and do not influence the normal birth process.", "contents": "An ultrasonic device for continuous measurement of cervical dilation during labor. This paper describes ultrasonic apparatus for continuous registration of cervical dilation during the first stage of labour. The techniques used ensure maximum safety for the patients and do not influence the normal birth process."}
{"id": "PMID:878066", "title": "Distraction effect of cold water on performance of higher-order tasks.", "content": "Eight U.S. Navy-qualified scuba divers performed peripheral target detection and navigation problem-solving tasks continuously during 3-h exposures to moderate (15.5 degrees C) and cold (4.5 degrees C) water. Upon exiting the water, the divers did a series of arithmetic computations. Measures of physiological cold stress were periodically recorded, and estimates of changes in body heat content were calculated. Results suggest a significant distraction effect of cold water exposure on performance of high-order tasks. Hour-to-hour comparisons of task performance between the two exposures showed no significant differences except for the in-water tasks during the first hour of exposure. Furthermore, individual performance levels achieved during second and third hours of cold water exposure were significantly correlated with levels achieved in moderate water and not with individual differences in body cooling. It is recommended that the psychologically mediated effects of cold exposure be given greater attention in both research and operations.", "contents": "Distraction effect of cold water on performance of higher-order tasks. Eight U.S. Navy-qualified scuba divers performed peripheral target detection and navigation problem-solving tasks continuously during 3-h exposures to moderate (15.5 degrees C) and cold (4.5 degrees C) water. Upon exiting the water, the divers did a series of arithmetic computations. Measures of physiological cold stress were periodically recorded, and estimates of changes in body heat content were calculated. Results suggest a significant distraction effect of cold water exposure on performance of high-order tasks. Hour-to-hour comparisons of task performance between the two exposures showed no significant differences except for the in-water tasks during the first hour of exposure. Furthermore, individual performance levels achieved during second and third hours of cold water exposure were significantly correlated with levels achieved in moderate water and not with individual differences in body cooling. It is recommended that the psychologically mediated effects of cold exposure be given greater attention in both research and operations."}
{"id": "PMID:878067", "title": "Blood-brain and blood-lung barrier alteration by dysbaric exposure.", "content": "Failure of certain circulating substances to penetrate specific organs led to the concept of blood-organ barriers. Such barriers can be altered by various physical or chemical means. This report concerns modification of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and blood-lung barrier (BLB) by dysbaric exposure. Trypan blue was intravenously administered to 19 experimental rabbits (subjected to compression-decompression) and to 11 controls (kept at ambient pressure). Gross and microscopic examination and measurements of dye extracted from tissues revealed greater dye penetration into lung and brain of the experimental animals. Dye concentration in brain was 12.10 microgram/g tissue in experimental and 2.93 microgram in control animals; in lungs it was 935 microgram and 434 microgram, respectively (0.01 greater than P 0.001). Increased permeability of BBB and BLB was associated with intravascular bubbles. The mechanism of BBB and BLB alteration may involve chemical agents activated by gas-blood interface or vascular injury produced by bubbles. These observations could have pathogenetic implications in decompression sickness and may suggest new methods for facilitating penetration of therapeutic agents into the brain.", "contents": "Blood-brain and blood-lung barrier alteration by dysbaric exposure. Failure of certain circulating substances to penetrate specific organs led to the concept of blood-organ barriers. Such barriers can be altered by various physical or chemical means. This report concerns modification of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and blood-lung barrier (BLB) by dysbaric exposure. Trypan blue was intravenously administered to 19 experimental rabbits (subjected to compression-decompression) and to 11 controls (kept at ambient pressure). Gross and microscopic examination and measurements of dye extracted from tissues revealed greater dye penetration into lung and brain of the experimental animals. Dye concentration in brain was 12.10 microgram/g tissue in experimental and 2.93 microgram in control animals; in lungs it was 935 microgram and 434 microgram, respectively (0.01 greater than P 0.001). Increased permeability of BBB and BLB was associated with intravascular bubbles. The mechanism of BBB and BLB alteration may involve chemical agents activated by gas-blood interface or vascular injury produced by bubbles. These observations could have pathogenetic implications in decompression sickness and may suggest new methods for facilitating penetration of therapeutic agents into the brain."}
{"id": "PMID:878068", "title": "Visual evoked responses, EEG's and reaction time during a normoxic saturation dive, NISAT I.", "content": "Three Navy divers were exposed to a normoxic breathing mixture at 7.0 ATA for seven consecutive days. Visual evoked responses (VER's), electroencephalograms (EEG's) and simple reaction time (RT) were measured. Previously reported amplitude decreases in a VER to a flash rate of 1 Hz (VER 1) and to a flash rate of 16 Hz (VER 16) were again found during this dive. The variability of the VER 16 and the latency of the VER 1 also increased during the saturation period. In the EEG analysis, changes in the amplitude of both alpha and theta were found, as were decreases in alpha frequency. The RT task showed a marked elevation of response time at the beginning of the dive period which gradually returned to predive levels. Latency of the VER 160-180 ms component was highly correlated with the changes in RT. The results are discussed in terms of information processing and cerebral dysfunction.", "contents": "Visual evoked responses, EEG's and reaction time during a normoxic saturation dive, NISAT I. Three Navy divers were exposed to a normoxic breathing mixture at 7.0 ATA for seven consecutive days. Visual evoked responses (VER's), electroencephalograms (EEG's) and simple reaction time (RT) were measured. Previously reported amplitude decreases in a VER to a flash rate of 1 Hz (VER 1) and to a flash rate of 16 Hz (VER 16) were again found during this dive. The variability of the VER 16 and the latency of the VER 1 also increased during the saturation period. In the EEG analysis, changes in the amplitude of both alpha and theta were found, as were decreases in alpha frequency. The RT task showed a marked elevation of response time at the beginning of the dive period which gradually returned to predive levels. Latency of the VER 160-180 ms component was highly correlated with the changes in RT. The results are discussed in terms of information processing and cerebral dysfunction."}
{"id": "PMID:878069", "title": "Dive-induced modifications in platelet kinetics in rats.", "content": "The effect of a simulated dive to 8 ATA on platelet kinetics was studied in normal and splenectomized male and normal female rats. Platelet production and consumption was measured in vivo 1 h and 1 day postdive using 35S and 3H isotopes. An increased release of new platelets from the bone marrow and the spleen into the circulation was found 1 h postdive. Data from splenectomized males show that the consumption of new platelets was also increased, resulting in normal platelet counts. The delayed decrease in platelet levels one day postdive has been shown to be caused by a return of new platelet production to normal and an increase in old platelet consumption and/or splenic resorption. No evidence of lung trapping of platelets was found. It appears that decompression stimulates platelet production in the bone marrow and may serve as an adaptive, protective mechanism against severe thrombocytopenia that would otherwise develop in professional divers.", "contents": "Dive-induced modifications in platelet kinetics in rats. The effect of a simulated dive to 8 ATA on platelet kinetics was studied in normal and splenectomized male and normal female rats. Platelet production and consumption was measured in vivo 1 h and 1 day postdive using 35S and 3H isotopes. An increased release of new platelets from the bone marrow and the spleen into the circulation was found 1 h postdive. Data from splenectomized males show that the consumption of new platelets was also increased, resulting in normal platelet counts. The delayed decrease in platelet levels one day postdive has been shown to be caused by a return of new platelet production to normal and an increase in old platelet consumption and/or splenic resorption. No evidence of lung trapping of platelets was found. It appears that decompression stimulates platelet production in the bone marrow and may serve as an adaptive, protective mechanism against severe thrombocytopenia that would otherwise develop in professional divers."}
{"id": "PMID:878071", "title": "Dyspnea in divers at 49.5 ATA: mechanical, not chemical in origin.", "content": "Pulmonary function was studied in six divers living in a hyperbaric chamber at a pressure nearly fifty times normal (49.5 atmospheres absolute (ATA), equivalent to 488 m or 1600 ft seawater (fsw)). As expected, ventilatory function was reduced. At 49.5 ATA, maximum voluntary ventilation (MVV) was 45% less than the control value. Instantaneous rates of gas flow during forced expiration were similarly reduced, especially those flow rates measured high in the lung volume. These reductions occurred despite an apparent increase in functional residual capacity (FRC) and the use of transpulmonary pressures considerably greater than those exerted during the same maneuvers at normal (sea-level) pressure. During underwater work at 49.5 ATA, the divers rapidly became exhausted at moderate levels of oxygen consumption (1.9 liters/min), showing severe dyspnea and impending syncope. These symptoms were not due to retention of carbon dioxide, nor to hemodynamic or metabolic causes. Thus, dense gas breathing, like asthma, exemplifies a state in which severe dyspnea may occur with normal or low arterial carbon dioxide and normal oxygen transport. The physiological adjustments the divers employed were similar to those seen in acute asthma, imposing an elastic load in addition to the flow-resistive work of breathing a gas mixture eight times as dense as air. Although men can do moderate work under conditions similar to those of this experiment, they will have only a limited physiological reserve available to meet the possibilities of emergencies or respiratory infections.", "contents": "Dyspnea in divers at 49.5 ATA: mechanical, not chemical in origin. Pulmonary function was studied in six divers living in a hyperbaric chamber at a pressure nearly fifty times normal (49.5 atmospheres absolute (ATA), equivalent to 488 m or 1600 ft seawater (fsw)). As expected, ventilatory function was reduced. At 49.5 ATA, maximum voluntary ventilation (MVV) was 45% less than the control value. Instantaneous rates of gas flow during forced expiration were similarly reduced, especially those flow rates measured high in the lung volume. These reductions occurred despite an apparent increase in functional residual capacity (FRC) and the use of transpulmonary pressures considerably greater than those exerted during the same maneuvers at normal (sea-level) pressure. During underwater work at 49.5 ATA, the divers rapidly became exhausted at moderate levels of oxygen consumption (1.9 liters/min), showing severe dyspnea and impending syncope. These symptoms were not due to retention of carbon dioxide, nor to hemodynamic or metabolic causes. Thus, dense gas breathing, like asthma, exemplifies a state in which severe dyspnea may occur with normal or low arterial carbon dioxide and normal oxygen transport. The physiological adjustments the divers employed were similar to those seen in acute asthma, imposing an elastic load in addition to the flow-resistive work of breathing a gas mixture eight times as dense as air. Although men can do moderate work under conditions similar to those of this experiment, they will have only a limited physiological reserve available to meet the possibilities of emergencies or respiratory infections."}
{"id": "PMID:878072", "title": "Voice fundamental frequency levels of divers in helium-oxygen speaking environments.", "content": "Divers under hyperbaric conditions experience a marked deterioration in speech intelligibility. Included among the possible features that contribute to speech degradation is change/distrotion of speaking fundamental frequency (SFF). Based on the physics of the environment and the physiology of the diver, it would not be expected that SFF would change as a function of varying helium-oxygen pressure conditions. However, in an earlier pilot study, a rise in SFF was found with increases in depth. To test this hypothesis, and to expand the previous limited findings, a large number of U. S. Navy divers were studied. The diver/subjects produced speech samples at the surface and at depths of 200, 450, and 600 fsw in helium-rich environments. The resulting data revealed increases in fundamental frequency to the 450-fsw depth and a subsequent decrease at 600 fsw; further analysis, however, based on data transforms, showed a more linear increase in SFF. From other observations, it was judged that behavioral rather than physical conditions were the primary cause of these SFF shifts; specifically, they appear to have resulted from divers' attempts to speak more intelligibly.", "contents": "Voice fundamental frequency levels of divers in helium-oxygen speaking environments. Divers under hyperbaric conditions experience a marked deterioration in speech intelligibility. Included among the possible features that contribute to speech degradation is change/distrotion of speaking fundamental frequency (SFF). Based on the physics of the environment and the physiology of the diver, it would not be expected that SFF would change as a function of varying helium-oxygen pressure conditions. However, in an earlier pilot study, a rise in SFF was found with increases in depth. To test this hypothesis, and to expand the previous limited findings, a large number of U. S. Navy divers were studied. The diver/subjects produced speech samples at the surface and at depths of 200, 450, and 600 fsw in helium-rich environments. The resulting data revealed increases in fundamental frequency to the 450-fsw depth and a subsequent decrease at 600 fsw; further analysis, however, based on data transforms, showed a more linear increase in SFF. From other observations, it was judged that behavioral rather than physical conditions were the primary cause of these SFF shifts; specifically, they appear to have resulted from divers' attempts to speak more intelligibly."}
{"id": "PMID:878073", "title": "A method for measurement of the bubble formation threshold in biological liquids.", "content": "Liquid under pressure is saturated with a given gas, such as argon, nitrogen, or air, by circulation through a column of gas exchangers. A sample of the gas-saturated liquid is isolated in a test chamber, the volume of which can be increased by means of a moving piston. The piston motion is cyclical with a variable frequency. Pressure in the test chamber is measured by means of a capacitive pressure pick-up. When the volume increase of the gas-saturated liquid in the test chamber is compensated for by the development of gas phase bubbles, the pressure decrease will stop; the recording device will show a pressure plateau, or a dip in the pressure-time course, depending on the velocity of the growth of the bubbles. Bubble formation threshold was independent of the frequency of the piston movement within frequency limits from 1 Hz down to 10(-3) Hz. Most experiements were carried out at a single frequency of 0.5 Hz. This new method appears to have advantages over previous ones.", "contents": "A method for measurement of the bubble formation threshold in biological liquids. Liquid under pressure is saturated with a given gas, such as argon, nitrogen, or air, by circulation through a column of gas exchangers. A sample of the gas-saturated liquid is isolated in a test chamber, the volume of which can be increased by means of a moving piston. The piston motion is cyclical with a variable frequency. Pressure in the test chamber is measured by means of a capacitive pressure pick-up. When the volume increase of the gas-saturated liquid in the test chamber is compensated for by the development of gas phase bubbles, the pressure decrease will stop; the recording device will show a pressure plateau, or a dip in the pressure-time course, depending on the velocity of the growth of the bubbles. Bubble formation threshold was independent of the frequency of the piston movement within frequency limits from 1 Hz down to 10(-3) Hz. Most experiements were carried out at a single frequency of 0.5 Hz. This new method appears to have advantages over previous ones."}
{"id": "PMID:878101", "title": "Intrarenal reflux: anatomical, dynamic and radiological studies-part I.", "content": "The radiographic appearances and dynamics of intrarenal reflux have been defined in an experimental study of the pig's kidney. Intrarenal reflux occurs only with \"refluxing\" papillae and is an \"all-or-none\" phenomenon when the threshold figure of 10-15 mm Hg is exceeded. Increasing intrapelvic pressure leads to increasing density of the radiographic shadow but new areas of intrarenal reflux are not produced.", "contents": "Intrarenal reflux: anatomical, dynamic and radiological studies-part I. The radiographic appearances and dynamics of intrarenal reflux have been defined in an experimental study of the pig's kidney. Intrarenal reflux occurs only with \"refluxing\" papillae and is an \"all-or-none\" phenomenon when the threshold figure of 10-15 mm Hg is exceeded. Increasing intrapelvic pressure leads to increasing density of the radiographic shadow but new areas of intrarenal reflux are not produced."}
{"id": "PMID:878102", "title": "Urinary clearance of 113m In-DTPA and 99mTc-(Sn)DTPA measured by external arm counting.", "content": "Single shot glomerular filtration rate measurements involving chelates (113mIn-DTPA, 99mTc-DTPA etc) assume direct loss from the plasma to urine via glomerular filtration and excretion. Inherent errors, due to considerable uptake of activity in tissue and uncertainty of complete bladder emptying are ignored and taking of half-hourly blood and urine samples involves patient discomfort. This paper describes a simple method of measuring urinary clearance of chelates using serial external arm counting which entails only an initial injection and takes into account tissue loss from plasma. The resultant plotted curve exhibits three phases, the first two depicting input and equilibration between plasma and tissue and the third and exponential part, which is a measure of the biological half-life of the chelate, being representative of the efficiency of renal glomerular filtration, the parameter to be measured. Results obtained, compared with single shot glomerular filtration rate measurements performed simultaneously, gave better correlation with clinical data including renography.", "contents": "Urinary clearance of 113m In-DTPA and 99mTc-(Sn)DTPA measured by external arm counting. Single shot glomerular filtration rate measurements involving chelates (113mIn-DTPA, 99mTc-DTPA etc) assume direct loss from the plasma to urine via glomerular filtration and excretion. Inherent errors, due to considerable uptake of activity in tissue and uncertainty of complete bladder emptying are ignored and taking of half-hourly blood and urine samples involves patient discomfort. This paper describes a simple method of measuring urinary clearance of chelates using serial external arm counting which entails only an initial injection and takes into account tissue loss from plasma. The resultant plotted curve exhibits three phases, the first two depicting input and equilibration between plasma and tissue and the third and exponential part, which is a measure of the biological half-life of the chelate, being representative of the efficiency of renal glomerular filtration, the parameter to be measured. Results obtained, compared with single shot glomerular filtration rate measurements performed simultaneously, gave better correlation with clinical data including renography."}
{"id": "PMID:878103", "title": "Urinary sodium and calcium in various dog models and relationship to endogenous plasma glucagon.", "content": "Clearance studies were performed in 23 dogs undergoing extracellular volume (ECV) expansion by saline in order to evaluate relationship between endogenous glucagon and renal excretion of sodium and calcium. In control animals plasma glucagon (pG1) rose following 120 minutes of ECV expansion and was further increased by additional infusion of arginine. In pancreatectomised dogs ECV expansion failed to increase pG1. Both fractional and absolute urinary excretion of sodium in pancreatectomised dogs were markedly lower compared to control dogs. The difference in renal sodium excretion between control and pancreatectomised animals cannot be explained by the sum of nonhormonal factors influencing sodium excretion. In thyro-parathyroidectomised dogs renal sodium excretion was lower than in control dogs, but significantly higher than in pancreatectomised dogs. The arginine-induced increase of glucagon was associated with an increase of renal sodium and calcium excretion in each group under study without any change in glomerular filtration rate. In control dogs all parameters of renal sodium and calcium excretion investigated in this study were linearly correlated. Thyro-parathyroidectomy did not influence the relationship between renal sodium and calcium excretion. Hyperglucagonaemia therefore might be one factor contributing to the hypercalciuria associated with renal stone formation. In pancreatectomised dogs undergoing ECV expansion there was no significant correlation between renal sodium and calcium excretion. Pancreatic hormones might be involved in the coupling of renal sodium and calcium excretion.", "contents": "Urinary sodium and calcium in various dog models and relationship to endogenous plasma glucagon. Clearance studies were performed in 23 dogs undergoing extracellular volume (ECV) expansion by saline in order to evaluate relationship between endogenous glucagon and renal excretion of sodium and calcium. In control animals plasma glucagon (pG1) rose following 120 minutes of ECV expansion and was further increased by additional infusion of arginine. In pancreatectomised dogs ECV expansion failed to increase pG1. Both fractional and absolute urinary excretion of sodium in pancreatectomised dogs were markedly lower compared to control dogs. The difference in renal sodium excretion between control and pancreatectomised animals cannot be explained by the sum of nonhormonal factors influencing sodium excretion. In thyro-parathyroidectomised dogs renal sodium excretion was lower than in control dogs, but significantly higher than in pancreatectomised dogs. The arginine-induced increase of glucagon was associated with an increase of renal sodium and calcium excretion in each group under study without any change in glomerular filtration rate. In control dogs all parameters of renal sodium and calcium excretion investigated in this study were linearly correlated. Thyro-parathyroidectomy did not influence the relationship between renal sodium and calcium excretion. Hyperglucagonaemia therefore might be one factor contributing to the hypercalciuria associated with renal stone formation. In pancreatectomised dogs undergoing ECV expansion there was no significant correlation between renal sodium and calcium excretion. Pancreatic hormones might be involved in the coupling of renal sodium and calcium excretion."}
{"id": "PMID:878105", "title": "[The physiopathology of vesicoureteral reflux (author's transl)].", "content": "The tightness of the ureterovesical junction depends on all the structures composing the terminal and intra-mural ureter. The muscular, collagenic, and elastic fibers of the ureter constitute a mesh net which is stretched during bladder distention and closes the ureteric orifice as a valve. Congenital vesico-ureteric reflux results from a primary structural insufficiency of the terminal ureter or insufficiency of the bladder wall backing. As embryology shows primary reflux can be caused by a high ectopic implantation of the ureter. It results from the development of an ureteric bud appearing in a lower than normal position on the Wolffian duct. This results in a higher and more lateral opening of the ureteric orifice in the bladder which leads to a shorter intra-mural tunnel predisposing it to reflux. Secondary or acquired refluxes are associated with chronic obstructions (i.e. neurogenic bladder--lower urinary tract obstruction), and inflammatory lesions. Their pathogeneses are described and discussed. The maturation of the ureterovesical junction is considered a mechanism involving a reduced likelihood of secondary reflux. It may also, during the first years of life, palliate some minimal structural deficiencies of the intra-mural ureter, but growth and development are unlikely to normalize an ureter presenting at birth with a severe constitutional anomaly.", "contents": "[The physiopathology of vesicoureteral reflux (author's transl)]. The tightness of the ureterovesical junction depends on all the structures composing the terminal and intra-mural ureter. The muscular, collagenic, and elastic fibers of the ureter constitute a mesh net which is stretched during bladder distention and closes the ureteric orifice as a valve. Congenital vesico-ureteric reflux results from a primary structural insufficiency of the terminal ureter or insufficiency of the bladder wall backing. As embryology shows primary reflux can be caused by a high ectopic implantation of the ureter. It results from the development of an ureteric bud appearing in a lower than normal position on the Wolffian duct. This results in a higher and more lateral opening of the ureteric orifice in the bladder which leads to a shorter intra-mural tunnel predisposing it to reflux. Secondary or acquired refluxes are associated with chronic obstructions (i.e. neurogenic bladder--lower urinary tract obstruction), and inflammatory lesions. Their pathogeneses are described and discussed. The maturation of the ureterovesical junction is considered a mechanism involving a reduced likelihood of secondary reflux. It may also, during the first years of life, palliate some minimal structural deficiencies of the intra-mural ureter, but growth and development are unlikely to normalize an ureter presenting at birth with a severe constitutional anomaly."}
{"id": "PMID:878106", "title": "[Experiences with various antireflux operations (author's transl)].", "content": "One hundred and thirty-eight antireflux operations in 94 patients are reported from 1964 to 1974. Bischoff's method was used 44 times with 63% successful results; Lich/Gr\u00e9goir's method 38 times with 77% success; and Politano/Leadbetter's method 50 times with 92% success. Indications are briefly investigated.", "contents": "[Experiences with various antireflux operations (author's transl)]. One hundred and thirty-eight antireflux operations in 94 patients are reported from 1964 to 1974. Bischoff's method was used 44 times with 63% successful results; Lich/Gr\u00e9goir's method 38 times with 77% success; and Politano/Leadbetter's method 50 times with 92% success. Indications are briefly investigated."}
{"id": "PMID:878107", "title": "[Vesicorenal reflux (author's transl)].", "content": "Antireflux procedures show high efficiency and relatively few technical complications. A tabulated comparison between the intravesical procedure (Politano-Leadbetter) and the extravesical procedure (Lich-Gr\u00e9goir) reveals an overall success rate of 80%. To simplify the nomenclature, the term primary refluxing ureter is suggested for cases with a freely draining IVP and primary obstructive ureter for a dye collumnating dilated ureter. The indication for antirefluxplasty is divided into urgent cases and those with secondary priority, with immunologic tests providing helpful criteria.", "contents": "[Vesicorenal reflux (author's transl)]. Antireflux procedures show high efficiency and relatively few technical complications. A tabulated comparison between the intravesical procedure (Politano-Leadbetter) and the extravesical procedure (Lich-Gr\u00e9goir) reveals an overall success rate of 80%. To simplify the nomenclature, the term primary refluxing ureter is suggested for cases with a freely draining IVP and primary obstructive ureter for a dye collumnating dilated ureter. The indication for antirefluxplasty is divided into urgent cases and those with secondary priority, with immunologic tests providing helpful criteria."}
{"id": "PMID:878108", "title": "[Improvement of excretory urography with the routine use of tomography (author's transl)].", "content": "The additional use of routine tomography during excretory urography in our experience has led to a significant improvement in urographic diagnosis. Tomography has provided more diagnostic studies, it also has demonstrated tumors which would have remained undetected with the use of conventional urography alone. This applies particularly to small hypernephromas of stage A, which should be considered as curable.", "contents": "[Improvement of excretory urography with the routine use of tomography (author's transl)]. The additional use of routine tomography during excretory urography in our experience has led to a significant improvement in urographic diagnosis. Tomography has provided more diagnostic studies, it also has demonstrated tumors which would have remained undetected with the use of conventional urography alone. This applies particularly to small hypernephromas of stage A, which should be considered as curable."}
{"id": "PMID:878109", "title": "[Varicocele: spermiogram, testicular biopsy, plasma testosterone. Results of therapy (author's transl)].", "content": "In 73 patients with unilateral (70 patients) and bilateral (3 patients) varicocele and subfertility as a clinical finding, spermiograms, testicular biopsies, and plasma testosterone levels were examined for their prognostic evaluation, and therapeutic conclusions were drawn. The high ligature of the internal spermatic vein in the presence of a normal plasma testosterone level resulted, without accompanying therapy, in an improvement of normalization of the spermiogram in 23.3% of cases, and only in 7% did a pregnancy occur. A significant improvement of these results could be achieved through additional combined therapy with Mesterolone and Clomiphene. In primary testosterone deficiency, a combination of surgical correction and chemotheraphy (Mesterolone and Clomiphene) gave relatively satisfactory results. Primary sperm counts below 10(6)/ml, a motility index under 30%, and histologically proven desquamation of the germ epithelium in the testicular biopsy are to be regarded as extremely grave prognostic criteria.", "contents": "[Varicocele: spermiogram, testicular biopsy, plasma testosterone. Results of therapy (author's transl)]. In 73 patients with unilateral (70 patients) and bilateral (3 patients) varicocele and subfertility as a clinical finding, spermiograms, testicular biopsies, and plasma testosterone levels were examined for their prognostic evaluation, and therapeutic conclusions were drawn. The high ligature of the internal spermatic vein in the presence of a normal plasma testosterone level resulted, without accompanying therapy, in an improvement of normalization of the spermiogram in 23.3% of cases, and only in 7% did a pregnancy occur. A significant improvement of these results could be achieved through additional combined therapy with Mesterolone and Clomiphene. In primary testosterone deficiency, a combination of surgical correction and chemotheraphy (Mesterolone and Clomiphene) gave relatively satisfactory results. Primary sperm counts below 10(6)/ml, a motility index under 30%, and histologically proven desquamation of the germ epithelium in the testicular biopsy are to be regarded as extremely grave prognostic criteria."}
{"id": "PMID:878110", "title": "[Indication and clinical value of vesiculodeferentography concerning urologic-andrologic diseases (author's transl)].", "content": "There are 29 cases of vesiculodeferentography (VDG) (1962-1975) presented. The very indication of VDG was the evaluation of azoospermia due to occlusion of the vas deferens, in addition to other urologic diseases. Especially from the andrologic point of view the various forms of occlusion-azoospermia are classified and analyzed. It is pointed out, that the rete testis region is not to be elucidated by VDG.", "contents": "[Indication and clinical value of vesiculodeferentography concerning urologic-andrologic diseases (author's transl)]. There are 29 cases of vesiculodeferentography (VDG) (1962-1975) presented. The very indication of VDG was the evaluation of azoospermia due to occlusion of the vas deferens, in addition to other urologic diseases. Especially from the andrologic point of view the various forms of occlusion-azoospermia are classified and analyzed. It is pointed out, that the rete testis region is not to be elucidated by VDG."}
{"id": "PMID:878111", "title": "[The significance of the characteristics of lubricating jellies in use during transurethral prostate resections with metallic sheaths (author's transl)].", "content": "If a metallic sheath is used during a transurethral resection of the prostate with high-frequency currents, the lubricating jelly has to exceed a prescribed conductivity, in order to prevent dangerous current-density spots within the urethra. Furthermore, the mechanical behaviour of the lubricating jelly and the mode of its application have to be considered carefully.", "contents": "[The significance of the characteristics of lubricating jellies in use during transurethral prostate resections with metallic sheaths (author's transl)]. If a metallic sheath is used during a transurethral resection of the prostate with high-frequency currents, the lubricating jelly has to exceed a prescribed conductivity, in order to prevent dangerous current-density spots within the urethra. Furthermore, the mechanical behaviour of the lubricating jelly and the mode of its application have to be considered carefully."}
{"id": "PMID:878112", "title": "[A meatotome for dorsal incision in meatal stenosis (author's transl)].", "content": "A meatotomy described which is performed with a cut at 12 o'clock using a new meatotome. In contradistinction to the incision at 6 o'clock there is no so-called watering/car effect. With the new instrument the depth of the cut of the meatotome can be varied.", "contents": "[A meatotome for dorsal incision in meatal stenosis (author's transl)]. A meatotomy described which is performed with a cut at 12 o'clock using a new meatotome. In contradistinction to the incision at 6 o'clock there is no so-called watering/car effect. With the new instrument the depth of the cut of the meatotome can be varied."}
{"id": "PMID:878113", "title": "[Carcinoma of the bladder. Clinical stage classification and therapy (author's transl)].", "content": "The therapeutic management of bladder tumors at the Zurich University Hospital is pointed out. It is to emphasize the important rank of the TNM-classification, which is introduced in the European Association of Urology, for comparing the results of therapy.", "contents": "[Carcinoma of the bladder. Clinical stage classification and therapy (author's transl)]. The therapeutic management of bladder tumors at the Zurich University Hospital is pointed out. It is to emphasize the important rank of the TNM-classification, which is introduced in the European Association of Urology, for comparing the results of therapy."}
{"id": "PMID:878114", "title": "[Transurethral resection of bladder tumors--indication, technique and results (author's transl)].", "content": "In the period 1965 to 1975 treatment of bladder tumors was carried out in 730 patients. A transurethral tumor resection was performed in 86% of which 722 patients were reviewed. The results have been analyzed with respect to the grade and the stage of the tumor. There is a 55% survival with papilloma and transitional cell carcinoma grade 1 and 15% with grades 2, 3, squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma. The morbidity rate was low, 1.1%. Indication and technique for transurethral bladder tumor resection are reported in detail. From several points of view the transurethral resection is better than the total cystectomy.", "contents": "[Transurethral resection of bladder tumors--indication, technique and results (author's transl)]. In the period 1965 to 1975 treatment of bladder tumors was carried out in 730 patients. A transurethral tumor resection was performed in 86% of which 722 patients were reviewed. The results have been analyzed with respect to the grade and the stage of the tumor. There is a 55% survival with papilloma and transitional cell carcinoma grade 1 and 15% with grades 2, 3, squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma. The morbidity rate was low, 1.1%. Indication and technique for transurethral bladder tumor resection are reported in detail. From several points of view the transurethral resection is better than the total cystectomy."}
{"id": "PMID:878115", "title": "[Differential therapy of advanced bladder carcinoma and of postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy (author's transl)].", "content": "Advanced bladder carcinoma still has a poor prognosis. While the five-year-survival in stage T1N0M0 is about 80%, less than 50% of the patients in stage T2N0M0 survive 5 years. This prognosis could not be altered by a more radical operation or by radiation therapy. Therefore we started postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy in 1972. First we tested the effect of three different cytostatic drug therapy schedules. Although successful treatment was achieved in several cases, there were other patients who did not respond to one of the three therapy schedules. We then started applying all three schedules, one after the other, in intervals of 4 weeks. Therapeutic procedure now is: After diagnosis by cystoscopy and histology and TNM-classification, urologic therapy is performed (electroresection, cystectomy, etc.). Then in stage T2-4N0-1M0-1 postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy follows. Thus far, we have achieved complete remission in all patients except one (after radiation therapy). No definite comments as to survival can be made at this time.", "contents": "[Differential therapy of advanced bladder carcinoma and of postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy (author's transl)]. Advanced bladder carcinoma still has a poor prognosis. While the five-year-survival in stage T1N0M0 is about 80%, less than 50% of the patients in stage T2N0M0 survive 5 years. This prognosis could not be altered by a more radical operation or by radiation therapy. Therefore we started postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy in 1972. First we tested the effect of three different cytostatic drug therapy schedules. Although successful treatment was achieved in several cases, there were other patients who did not respond to one of the three therapy schedules. We then started applying all three schedules, one after the other, in intervals of 4 weeks. Therapeutic procedure now is: After diagnosis by cystoscopy and histology and TNM-classification, urologic therapy is performed (electroresection, cystectomy, etc.). Then in stage T2-4N0-1M0-1 postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy follows. Thus far, we have achieved complete remission in all patients except one (after radiation therapy). No definite comments as to survival can be made at this time."}
{"id": "PMID:878116", "title": "Renal adenocarcinoma: prognostics and treatment reflected by survival.", "content": "A retrospective study of 164 patients with renal adenocarcinoma has reconfirmed the highly malignant potential of this neoplasm. Stage and size of the tumor appear to be the best prognostic parameters. Radical surgery appears to have improved survival statistics. Follow-up must be indefinite since late metastases are not uncommon.", "contents": "Renal adenocarcinoma: prognostics and treatment reflected by survival. A retrospective study of 164 patients with renal adenocarcinoma has reconfirmed the highly malignant potential of this neoplasm. Stage and size of the tumor appear to be the best prognostic parameters. Radical surgery appears to have improved survival statistics. Follow-up must be indefinite since late metastases are not uncommon."}
{"id": "PMID:878117", "title": "Experience with adrenal cortical carcinoma.", "content": "Eight cases of histologically proved cortical carcinoma are reviewed and compared with several series from the literature. Emphasis is given to defining endocrinologic function in these tumors and to the role of nonoperative treatments. Whereas surgical therapy offered significant demonstrated in any of the patients.", "contents": "Experience with adrenal cortical carcinoma. Eight cases of histologically proved cortical carcinoma are reviewed and compared with several series from the literature. Emphasis is given to defining endocrinologic function in these tumors and to the role of nonoperative treatments. Whereas surgical therapy offered significant demonstrated in any of the patients."}
{"id": "PMID:878118", "title": "Ureteral reimplantation: Lich method.", "content": "In utilizing the ureteral reimplantation procedure we have performed 76 reimplantations and have a 96 per cent success rate on our first operation. We review our clinical indications, material, and complications as well as our over-all results. We believe that this operation as outlined is as good or better than other previously reported types of ureteral reimplantation and has avoided some of the major hazards, including no postoperative obstruction.", "contents": "Ureteral reimplantation: Lich method. In utilizing the ureteral reimplantation procedure we have performed 76 reimplantations and have a 96 per cent success rate on our first operation. We review our clinical indications, material, and complications as well as our over-all results. We believe that this operation as outlined is as good or better than other previously reported types of ureteral reimplantation and has avoided some of the major hazards, including no postoperative obstruction."}
{"id": "PMID:878119", "title": "Voiding pattern abnormalities in children.", "content": "Forty-two children with voiding pattern abnormalities (wetting, incontinence, inappropriate voiding) were evaluated by urodynamic techniques. All patients were urologically evaluated and carefully appraised of the mechanics of the urodynamic testing procedure. All patients demonstrated good cooperation in an anxiety-free atmosphere. Twenty-three abnormal bladder types were identified and characterized. Specific pharmacologic and urologic modalities were applied to achieve improved or normal micturition.", "contents": "Voiding pattern abnormalities in children. Forty-two children with voiding pattern abnormalities (wetting, incontinence, inappropriate voiding) were evaluated by urodynamic techniques. All patients were urologically evaluated and carefully appraised of the mechanics of the urodynamic testing procedure. All patients demonstrated good cooperation in an anxiety-free atmosphere. Twenty-three abnormal bladder types were identified and characterized. Specific pharmacologic and urologic modalities were applied to achieve improved or normal micturition."}
{"id": "PMID:878120", "title": "Prolaction and prostate cancer.", "content": "The efficacy of treating carcinoma of the prostate with levodopa (L-dopa), a known inhibitor of prolactin secretion, has been tested in 11 Stage D patients who were refractory to conventional modalities. Relief of bone pain and recovery of mobility was excellent in 6, fair in 2, questionable in 1, and nonexistent in 2. Acid phosphatase, where initially found to be elevated, was reduced to normal limits.", "contents": "Prolaction and prostate cancer. The efficacy of treating carcinoma of the prostate with levodopa (L-dopa), a known inhibitor of prolactin secretion, has been tested in 11 Stage D patients who were refractory to conventional modalities. Relief of bone pain and recovery of mobility was excellent in 6, fair in 2, questionable in 1, and nonexistent in 2. Acid phosphatase, where initially found to be elevated, was reduced to normal limits."}
{"id": "PMID:878121", "title": "Hydroxyurea in stage D carcinoma of prostate.", "content": "Thirty patients with histologically proved metastatic prostatic adenocarcinoma Stage D were treated with a single oral dose of 80 mg. per Kg. hydroxyurea every third day (based on ideal or actual weight, whichever is less) and 12 mg. chlorotrianisene per day. Toxicity was mild. The most common manifestations were nausea, occasional vomiting, and leukopenia. A definite attempt was made to depress the white blood count to approximately 2,000 cells per cu. mm. Hydroxyurea was not discontinued unless the white blood count decreased to less than 2,000 cells per cu. mm., after which a single dose was usually omitted. Omission of a single dose would allow the white blood count to return promptly to more than 2,000 cells per cu. mm. Objective tumor regression was demonstrated in 15 of the 30 patients, and most patients had a definite improvement in the quality of life.", "contents": "Hydroxyurea in stage D carcinoma of prostate. Thirty patients with histologically proved metastatic prostatic adenocarcinoma Stage D were treated with a single oral dose of 80 mg. per Kg. hydroxyurea every third day (based on ideal or actual weight, whichever is less) and 12 mg. chlorotrianisene per day. Toxicity was mild. The most common manifestations were nausea, occasional vomiting, and leukopenia. A definite attempt was made to depress the white blood count to approximately 2,000 cells per cu. mm. Hydroxyurea was not discontinued unless the white blood count decreased to less than 2,000 cells per cu. mm., after which a single dose was usually omitted. Omission of a single dose would allow the white blood count to return promptly to more than 2,000 cells per cu. mm. Objective tumor regression was demonstrated in 15 of the 30 patients, and most patients had a definite improvement in the quality of life."}
{"id": "PMID:878122", "title": "Transurethral resection of prostate via perineal urethrostomy: follow-up report.", "content": "A controlled, prospective clinical study was undertaken to determine the incidence and cause of urethral strictures after transurethral resection. Patients were assigned to one of three groups. Group A consisted of patients in whom it was considered preferable to perform prostatic resection through perineal urethrostomy; therefore, these were excluded from randomization. All other patients were randomized using a sealed envelope method into Group B who underwent resection via perineal urethrostomy and Group C who underwent resection via the entire urethra. Strictures occurred in 16.4 per cent of 85 patients in Group C and in 2.27 per cent of 88 patients in Group B; a statistically significant difference (p less than 0.01). It was concluded that strictures result from the trauma of the urethroscope via the entire urethra and not from the use of indwelling catheters. Perineal urethrostomy is the preferred route for prostatic resection and is mandatory whenever there is any question about the acceptability of the urethra to the resectoscope.", "contents": "Transurethral resection of prostate via perineal urethrostomy: follow-up report. A controlled, prospective clinical study was undertaken to determine the incidence and cause of urethral strictures after transurethral resection. Patients were assigned to one of three groups. Group A consisted of patients in whom it was considered preferable to perform prostatic resection through perineal urethrostomy; therefore, these were excluded from randomization. All other patients were randomized using a sealed envelope method into Group B who underwent resection via perineal urethrostomy and Group C who underwent resection via the entire urethra. Strictures occurred in 16.4 per cent of 85 patients in Group C and in 2.27 per cent of 88 patients in Group B; a statistically significant difference (p less than 0.01). It was concluded that strictures result from the trauma of the urethroscope via the entire urethra and not from the use of indwelling catheters. Perineal urethrostomy is the preferred route for prostatic resection and is mandatory whenever there is any question about the acceptability of the urethra to the resectoscope."}
{"id": "PMID:878123", "title": "Renal, vesical, and prostatic calculi associated with ochronosis.", "content": "A case report of a patient with ochronosis and simultaneously occurring renal, vesical, and prostatic calculi is presented. Literature review suggests an increased incidence of urinary calculi in this syndrome, yet stone composition in such cases is not remarkable.", "contents": "Renal, vesical, and prostatic calculi associated with ochronosis. A case report of a patient with ochronosis and simultaneously occurring renal, vesical, and prostatic calculi is presented. Literature review suggests an increased incidence of urinary calculi in this syndrome, yet stone composition in such cases is not remarkable."}
{"id": "PMID:878128", "title": "Mesonephric adenocarcinoma of bladder.", "content": "Mesonephric adenocarcinoma of the bladder is an unusual tumor, with its origin unclear. Metaplasia of urothelium and anaplasia of embryonic cell rests appear to be the cause of this tumor. A patient is described with mesonephric adenocarcinoma, who is now apparently free of disease two years after a radical cystectomy and ileal conduit. This represents the second such report in the literature.", "contents": "Mesonephric adenocarcinoma of bladder. Mesonephric adenocarcinoma of the bladder is an unusual tumor, with its origin unclear. Metaplasia of urothelium and anaplasia of embryonic cell rests appear to be the cause of this tumor. A patient is described with mesonephric adenocarcinoma, who is now apparently free of disease two years after a radical cystectomy and ileal conduit. This represents the second such report in the literature."}
{"id": "PMID:878130", "title": "Pseudotumor of kidney.", "content": "Pyelocancerous backflow during retrograde pyelography is a roentgen sign indicating renal tumors. An example of a pseudotumor (renal hematoma caused by anticoagulation) is presented which displayed this type of backlfow, demonstrating the nonspecificity of the sign. The diagnostic, especially radiographic, findings of intrarenal hematoma are discussed.", "contents": "Pseudotumor of kidney. Pyelocancerous backflow during retrograde pyelography is a roentgen sign indicating renal tumors. An example of a pseudotumor (renal hematoma caused by anticoagulation) is presented which displayed this type of backlfow, demonstrating the nonspecificity of the sign. The diagnostic, especially radiographic, findings of intrarenal hematoma are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:878131", "title": "Postprostatectomy urinary infection: cystourethrographic study.", "content": "Postoperative cystourethrography can be valuable in the diagnosis and management of urinary tract infection and other postprostatectomy complications. The authors have studied 50 patients and recommend voiding cystourethrography prior to endoscopic assessment of bladder outlet resistance. In addition, urinary infection may complicate a clear-cut obstructive lesion and present as a mixture of irritative and obstructive symptoms. The correlation between symptoms and the obstructive lesion is only 40 per cent. There is obviously a need for a more objective evaluation by means of cystourethrography.", "contents": "Postprostatectomy urinary infection: cystourethrographic study. Postoperative cystourethrography can be valuable in the diagnosis and management of urinary tract infection and other postprostatectomy complications. The authors have studied 50 patients and recommend voiding cystourethrography prior to endoscopic assessment of bladder outlet resistance. In addition, urinary infection may complicate a clear-cut obstructive lesion and present as a mixture of irritative and obstructive symptoms. The correlation between symptoms and the obstructive lesion is only 40 per cent. There is obviously a need for a more objective evaluation by means of cystourethrography."}
{"id": "PMID:878132", "title": "Paraganglioma of urinary bladder wall.", "content": "A classic case of pheochromocytoma of the urinary bladder is presented. The history of headaches and palpitations during micturition is the result of sudden release of catecholamines into the general circulation. The diagnosis using selective arteriography as well as the medical and surgical management are described.", "contents": "Paraganglioma of urinary bladder wall. A classic case of pheochromocytoma of the urinary bladder is presented. The history of headaches and palpitations during micturition is the result of sudden release of catecholamines into the general circulation. The diagnosis using selective arteriography as well as the medical and surgical management are described."}
{"id": "PMID:878134", "title": "Prevention of endothelial damage from intraocular lens insertion.", "content": "Previous studies have indicated that approximately half the corneal endothelial cells can be lost at the time of IOL insertion. Momentary contact between the methacrylate surface and the endothelial cell appears to cause an adhesion between these surfaces which damages the cells even without prolonged contact. Although other factors may also damage the endothelium, this endothelial damage which seems clinically important can be prevented by simply dipping IOL in simple solutions of PVP.", "contents": "Prevention of endothelial damage from intraocular lens insertion. Previous studies have indicated that approximately half the corneal endothelial cells can be lost at the time of IOL insertion. Momentary contact between the methacrylate surface and the endothelial cell appears to cause an adhesion between these surfaces which damages the cells even without prolonged contact. Although other factors may also damage the endothelium, this endothelial damage which seems clinically important can be prevented by simply dipping IOL in simple solutions of PVP."}
{"id": "PMID:878135", "title": "Phacoemulsification--why?", "content": "When a new operation replaces an old, it must be better, not just equally good. The Kelman method of cataract extraction has given impressive results in patients under the age of 30 years. However, for senile cataracts it is not better, the hospital stay is not shortened, and the recovery time is directly proportional to the age of the patient and to the preoperative condition of the eye, not to the type of extraction. Phacoemulsification is a cataract extraction and, therefore, should receive exactly the same monetary reward. No comparative series of cases done by the same surgeon or surgeons of equal skill has demonstrated that the Kelman phacoemulsification procedure is accompanied by fewer retinal detachments, Irvine-Gass syndromes, or other postoperative complications. The Kelman phacoemulsification method should be an adjunct to, and not a replacement for, the current intracapsular cataract extraction.", "contents": "Phacoemulsification--why? When a new operation replaces an old, it must be better, not just equally good. The Kelman method of cataract extraction has given impressive results in patients under the age of 30 years. However, for senile cataracts it is not better, the hospital stay is not shortened, and the recovery time is directly proportional to the age of the patient and to the preoperative condition of the eye, not to the type of extraction. Phacoemulsification is a cataract extraction and, therefore, should receive exactly the same monetary reward. No comparative series of cases done by the same surgeon or surgeons of equal skill has demonstrated that the Kelman phacoemulsification procedure is accompanied by fewer retinal detachments, Irvine-Gass syndromes, or other postoperative complications. The Kelman phacoemulsification method should be an adjunct to, and not a replacement for, the current intracapsular cataract extraction."}
{"id": "PMID:878139", "title": "Ophthalmia neonatorum associated with maternal chlamydial infections.", "content": "An unselected sample of 142 pregnant women had a single cervical culture for C trachomatis at 36 to 40 weeks' gestation. Of these women, 18 (12.7%) had positive cultures, and their infants were followed in postoperative fashion. Of these 18 infants, eight (44%) developed ophthalmia neonatorum. A combination of cultures and conjunctival smears for Giemsa staining and fluorescent-antibody examination for infected cells confirmed the diagnosis in 70% of the infants with conjunctivitis. However, 12 of 18 infants has serum antibodies against genital strain chlamydial antigens at 1 year of age, indicating that a majority of the infants were infected. Four of the infants had superior micropannus at 1 year of age; however, none of the infants had active conjunctivitis nor corneal or conjunctival scars.", "contents": "Ophthalmia neonatorum associated with maternal chlamydial infections. An unselected sample of 142 pregnant women had a single cervical culture for C trachomatis at 36 to 40 weeks' gestation. Of these women, 18 (12.7%) had positive cultures, and their infants were followed in postoperative fashion. Of these 18 infants, eight (44%) developed ophthalmia neonatorum. A combination of cultures and conjunctival smears for Giemsa staining and fluorescent-antibody examination for infected cells confirmed the diagnosis in 70% of the infants with conjunctivitis. However, 12 of 18 infants has serum antibodies against genital strain chlamydial antigens at 1 year of age, indicating that a majority of the infants were infected. Four of the infants had superior micropannus at 1 year of age; however, none of the infants had active conjunctivitis nor corneal or conjunctival scars."}
{"id": "PMID:878136", "title": "Keratoprosthesis: a 12-year follow-up.", "content": "A retrospective study of our total experience with implantation of four types of keratoprosthesis in 125 cases was reviewed. Diagnoses in the cases treated included chemical burns, derangement of the anterior segment from disease or injury, aphakic bullous keratopathy, ocular pemphigoid, Stevens-Johnson syndrome, anterior cleavage syndrome, Mooren ulcer, and blast injuries. The visual results in some cases have been gratifying and in others heartrending. Thirty percent of the patients attained 20/15 to 20/40 visual acuity, but at the end of 12 years, only 13% still had this visual acuity. Twenty-four percent attained 20/50 to 20/200 visual acuity, but this figure fell to 17% at the end of 12 years. Loss of initial good visual acuity was due to the numerous complications which required close observation and repeated surgery to control. The number of complications has been reduced by the use of a keratoprosthesis with a Dacron skirt and of the addition the Cardona nut and bolt to the shaft. The surgical technique has been improved by the use of a scleral expander, elimination of a scleral graft, and the use of the Tenon graft. The indications for the keratoprosthesis have changed over the years. Many alkali burns and practically all aphakic bullous keratopathy have been eliminated from the indications. Keratoprosthesis should be reserved for desperate cases. The technique of implantation is not complicated and initial results are usually good. The multiple complications, however, make it necessary for these cases to be followed by a surgeon who is familiar with the management of complications.", "contents": "Keratoprosthesis: a 12-year follow-up. A retrospective study of our total experience with implantation of four types of keratoprosthesis in 125 cases was reviewed. Diagnoses in the cases treated included chemical burns, derangement of the anterior segment from disease or injury, aphakic bullous keratopathy, ocular pemphigoid, Stevens-Johnson syndrome, anterior cleavage syndrome, Mooren ulcer, and blast injuries. The visual results in some cases have been gratifying and in others heartrending. Thirty percent of the patients attained 20/15 to 20/40 visual acuity, but at the end of 12 years, only 13% still had this visual acuity. Twenty-four percent attained 20/50 to 20/200 visual acuity, but this figure fell to 17% at the end of 12 years. Loss of initial good visual acuity was due to the numerous complications which required close observation and repeated surgery to control. The number of complications has been reduced by the use of a keratoprosthesis with a Dacron skirt and of the addition the Cardona nut and bolt to the shaft. The surgical technique has been improved by the use of a scleral expander, elimination of a scleral graft, and the use of the Tenon graft. The indications for the keratoprosthesis have changed over the years. Many alkali burns and practically all aphakic bullous keratopathy have been eliminated from the indications. Keratoprosthesis should be reserved for desperate cases. The technique of implantation is not complicated and initial results are usually good. The multiple complications, however, make it necessary for these cases to be followed by a surgeon who is familiar with the management of complications."}
{"id": "PMID:878172", "title": "[Acute destructive cholecystitis in children].", "content": "Under observation were 6 children, aged from 1 to 14 years, with destructive cholecystitis complicated with biliary peritonitis. All patients were subjected to surgery with favourable issues.", "contents": "[Acute destructive cholecystitis in children]. Under observation were 6 children, aged from 1 to 14 years, with destructive cholecystitis complicated with biliary peritonitis. All patients were subjected to surgery with favourable issues."}
{"id": "PMID:878173", "title": "[Natural resistance of the body in appendicular peritonitis in children].", "content": "It is found that in appendicular peritonitis, as the inflammatory process progresses, the protective functions of the organism are lowered, and the intensity of inflammatory changes is increased. The determination of the natural resistance status of the body in peritonitis in children may be used for an objective estimation of the process course, the efficacy of therapeutic measures and prognostication.", "contents": "[Natural resistance of the body in appendicular peritonitis in children]. It is found that in appendicular peritonitis, as the inflammatory process progresses, the protective functions of the organism are lowered, and the intensity of inflammatory changes is increased. The determination of the natural resistance status of the body in peritonitis in children may be used for an objective estimation of the process course, the efficacy of therapeutic measures and prognostication."}
{"id": "PMID:878174", "title": "[Treatment of rectal atresia with rectal and urinary fistulas in newborn infants].", "content": "It is the authors' opinion that one-moment proctoplasty with careful disjunction of fistulas is the best method of treatment of newborn infants with recto-anal atresia and urinary tract fistulas. The results of the treatment in 43 cases are described.", "contents": "[Treatment of rectal atresia with rectal and urinary fistulas in newborn infants]. It is the authors' opinion that one-moment proctoplasty with careful disjunction of fistulas is the best method of treatment of newborn infants with recto-anal atresia and urinary tract fistulas. The results of the treatment in 43 cases are described."}
{"id": "PMID:878175", "title": "[Plastic surgery of the arteries of the lower limbs with autologous vein and its association with lumbar sympathectomy].", "content": "In surgical treatment of patients with arterial occulsion of the lower limbs an autovein was employed as a transplant in 66 patients. In 22 patients reconstructive operation was performed after preliminary lumbar sympathectomy. Restored patency of the operated segment with restoration of foot artery pulsation was noted in 53 patients. Late results were followed up for 1--6 years in 32 patients. Major blood flow was maintained in 24 patients (75%). Other conditions being equal, reconstructive operations yield better results, if lumbar sympathectomy was preliminary performed.", "contents": "[Plastic surgery of the arteries of the lower limbs with autologous vein and its association with lumbar sympathectomy]. In surgical treatment of patients with arterial occulsion of the lower limbs an autovein was employed as a transplant in 66 patients. In 22 patients reconstructive operation was performed after preliminary lumbar sympathectomy. Restored patency of the operated segment with restoration of foot artery pulsation was noted in 53 patients. Late results were followed up for 1--6 years in 32 patients. Major blood flow was maintained in 24 patients (75%). Other conditions being equal, reconstructive operations yield better results, if lumbar sympathectomy was preliminary performed."}
{"id": "PMID:878176", "title": "[Early diagnosis of osteochondropathy of the hip joint].", "content": "The authors describe early signs of the disease: osteoporosis of the femoral head and neck, the enlargement of the articular fissure, loss of the head sphericity. Later, induration of the epiphysis and enlargement of the femoral neck become a manifest.", "contents": "[Early diagnosis of osteochondropathy of the hip joint]. The authors describe early signs of the disease: osteoporosis of the femoral head and neck, the enlargement of the articular fissure, loss of the head sphericity. Later, induration of the epiphysis and enlargement of the femoral neck become a manifest."}
{"id": "PMID:878177", "title": "[Method of increasing the effectiveness of veno-arterial perfusion].", "content": "Under study was the efficacy of heart unloading in different variants of asynchronous peripheral veno-arterial perfusion (VAP). In 12 experiments VAP was accomplished in association with the left ventricle decompression. Due to the latter, complete or nearly complete exsanguination of the left ventricle was gained in 11 experiments. In fibrillation of caridac ventricles no lung edema was noted in these cases. The elaborated technic was successfully employed twice in animals being in the state of \"cardiogenic shock\", induced by myocardiac infarction lasting for a day.", "contents": "[Method of increasing the effectiveness of veno-arterial perfusion]. Under study was the efficacy of heart unloading in different variants of asynchronous peripheral veno-arterial perfusion (VAP). In 12 experiments VAP was accomplished in association with the left ventricle decompression. Due to the latter, complete or nearly complete exsanguination of the left ventricle was gained in 11 experiments. In fibrillation of caridac ventricles no lung edema was noted in these cases. The elaborated technic was successfully employed twice in animals being in the state of \"cardiogenic shock\", induced by myocardiac infarction lasting for a day."}
{"id": "PMID:878178", "title": "[Activity of the heart and blood volume in patients with rectal cancer operated on after gamma therapy].", "content": "It is found that in irradiated patients subjected to abdomino-perineal extirpation of the rectum, a decrease of arterial pressure, blood volume, minute heart volume is more pronounced than in control patients.", "contents": "[Activity of the heart and blood volume in patients with rectal cancer operated on after gamma therapy]. It is found that in irradiated patients subjected to abdomino-perineal extirpation of the rectum, a decrease of arterial pressure, blood volume, minute heart volume is more pronounced than in control patients."}
{"id": "PMID:878179", "title": "[Various indicators of water-electrolyte metabolism in ulcer and cancer of the stomach].", "content": "101 patients suffering ulcerous disease and cancer of the stomach were examined. Disorders in water-electrolyte metabolism were revealed, these being aggravated in the postoperative period, especially at the 3d--5th day following the operation. The aimed correction of the disorders concerned was made. The best results were obtained under the correction, made on the basis of absolute indices of water-electrolyte metabolism disorders.", "contents": "[Various indicators of water-electrolyte metabolism in ulcer and cancer of the stomach]. 101 patients suffering ulcerous disease and cancer of the stomach were examined. Disorders in water-electrolyte metabolism were revealed, these being aggravated in the postoperative period, especially at the 3d--5th day following the operation. The aimed correction of the disorders concerned was made. The best results were obtained under the correction, made on the basis of absolute indices of water-electrolyte metabolism disorders."}
{"id": "PMID:878186", "title": "[Results of arterial shunting with autologous vein below the knee joint].", "content": "Good results of femoro-tibial shunting were obtained by the authors im 79.4% of patients in the early and in 60% in the late period. Surgery was performed in 72 patients.", "contents": "[Results of arterial shunting with autologous vein below the knee joint]. Good results of femoro-tibial shunting were obtained by the authors im 79.4% of patients in the early and in 60% in the late period. Surgery was performed in 72 patients."}
{"id": "PMID:878187", "title": "[Certain problems of pathogenesis and clinical course of chronic venous insufficiency in the lower limbs after deep burns].", "content": "Based on the examination of 66 patients with chronic venous insufficiency of the lower limbs following deep burns, the authors found that its occurrence mainly results from thromboses of profound veins of the lower extremities during the period of existence of burn wounds and mechnic obstruction of venous outflow, produced by extensive scars. In associated lesions of venous and lymph systems secondary postburn elephantiasis may develop.", "contents": "[Certain problems of pathogenesis and clinical course of chronic venous insufficiency in the lower limbs after deep burns]. Based on the examination of 66 patients with chronic venous insufficiency of the lower limbs following deep burns, the authors found that its occurrence mainly results from thromboses of profound veins of the lower extremities during the period of existence of burn wounds and mechnic obstruction of venous outflow, produced by extensive scars. In associated lesions of venous and lymph systems secondary postburn elephantiasis may develop."}
{"id": "PMID:878188", "title": "[Effectiveness of using gelatin sponge for hemostasis during treatment of acute iliofemoral venous thrombosis].", "content": "Patients with acute thrombosis of profound large veins of the lower limbs and pelvis (83) were administered anticoagulants of indirect action, heparin and thrombolytic drugs (fibrinolysin or thrombolytin), as a result of it all patients showed marked hypocoagulemia, contributing to increased blood loss during the operation and the development of hemorrhagic complications postoperatively. With the purpose of hemostasis gelatin sponge was employed in 47 operative interventions. The number of hemorrhagic complications, while using the sponge, was reliably decreased as compared with the group of patients (57) in whom the sponge was not employed.", "contents": "[Effectiveness of using gelatin sponge for hemostasis during treatment of acute iliofemoral venous thrombosis]. Patients with acute thrombosis of profound large veins of the lower limbs and pelvis (83) were administered anticoagulants of indirect action, heparin and thrombolytic drugs (fibrinolysin or thrombolytin), as a result of it all patients showed marked hypocoagulemia, contributing to increased blood loss during the operation and the development of hemorrhagic complications postoperatively. With the purpose of hemostasis gelatin sponge was employed in 47 operative interventions. The number of hemorrhagic complications, while using the sponge, was reliably decreased as compared with the group of patients (57) in whom the sponge was not employed."}
{"id": "PMID:878189", "title": "[Prognosis of postoperative hepatic insufficiency in patients with mechanical jaundice].", "content": "The experience with surgical treatment of 389 patients having mechanic jaundice underlie this work. It was found that the level of bilirubinemia and patient's age are of great importance for prognostication of postoperative mechanic jaundice. The greater quantitative characteristics of the former the higher is the incidence of this complication. The duration of jaundice before the operation and the etiology of biliary obstruction are not always of a decisive importance. A combination of most prognostically unfavourable factors does not lead to obligatory development of hepatic insufficiency and, therefore, it does not warrant a cancellation of the operation for a patient with mechanic jaundice.", "contents": "[Prognosis of postoperative hepatic insufficiency in patients with mechanical jaundice]. The experience with surgical treatment of 389 patients having mechanic jaundice underlie this work. It was found that the level of bilirubinemia and patient's age are of great importance for prognostication of postoperative mechanic jaundice. The greater quantitative characteristics of the former the higher is the incidence of this complication. The duration of jaundice before the operation and the etiology of biliary obstruction are not always of a decisive importance. A combination of most prognostically unfavourable factors does not lead to obligatory development of hepatic insufficiency and, therefore, it does not warrant a cancellation of the operation for a patient with mechanic jaundice."}
{"id": "PMID:878190", "title": "[Method of simultaneous transaortic endarterectomy in lesions of the visceral branches of the abdominal aorta].", "content": "A new method of transaortic endarterectomy is suggested, enabling a specialist to gain the correction of blood flow in visceral and renal branches of the abdominal aorta simultaneously. The technic described was employed during operations in 19 patients. The clinical effect was noted in 17 patients, 2 patients died due to acute cardiovascular insufficiency.", "contents": "[Method of simultaneous transaortic endarterectomy in lesions of the visceral branches of the abdominal aorta]. A new method of transaortic endarterectomy is suggested, enabling a specialist to gain the correction of blood flow in visceral and renal branches of the abdominal aorta simultaneously. The technic described was employed during operations in 19 patients. The clinical effect was noted in 17 patients, 2 patients died due to acute cardiovascular insufficiency."}
{"id": "PMID:878191", "title": "[Laparocentesis in emergency abdominal surgery].", "content": "The results of 180 diagnostic punctures of the abdomen after the A. N. Berkutov technic are reported (120--for abdominal trauma and 60-- for acute diseases). Indications to laparocentesis in urgent surgery of the abdomen are presented.", "contents": "[Laparocentesis in emergency abdominal surgery]. The results of 180 diagnostic punctures of the abdomen after the A. N. Berkutov technic are reported (120--for abdominal trauma and 60-- for acute diseases). Indications to laparocentesis in urgent surgery of the abdomen are presented."}
{"id": "PMID:878192", "title": "[Secretion of free hydrochloric acid after organ-saving surgery for duodenal ulcer].", "content": "Secretory function of the operated stomach was studied in 188 patients after trunk and selective vagotomy with distal resection and pyloroplasty of various extent. Under conditions of vagotomy the preservation of the whole stomach essentially fails to increase residual secretion of free hydrochloric acid.", "contents": "[Secretion of free hydrochloric acid after organ-saving surgery for duodenal ulcer]. Secretory function of the operated stomach was studied in 188 patients after trunk and selective vagotomy with distal resection and pyloroplasty of various extent. Under conditions of vagotomy the preservation of the whole stomach essentially fails to increase residual secretion of free hydrochloric acid."}
{"id": "PMID:878194", "title": "[Surgical wound dehiscence after esophageal anastomosis in radical surgery of cancer of the cardia].", "content": "The authors have analysed 64 observations of suture incompetency of esophageal anastomosis after resection for cancer of the gastric cardiac portion. Three pathogenic phases and three variants of the clinical course are distinguished in the development of the complication. The successful treatment of the complication largely depends on its recognition and properly selected method of treatment with relation to a variant of the course, a phase of the process and terms of its diagnosis.", "contents": "[Surgical wound dehiscence after esophageal anastomosis in radical surgery of cancer of the cardia]. The authors have analysed 64 observations of suture incompetency of esophageal anastomosis after resection for cancer of the gastric cardiac portion. Three pathogenic phases and three variants of the clinical course are distinguished in the development of the complication. The successful treatment of the complication largely depends on its recognition and properly selected method of treatment with relation to a variant of the course, a phase of the process and terms of its diagnosis."}
{"id": "PMID:878195", "title": "[Polyps of the major duodenal papilla].", "content": "Systematic performance of fibroduodenoscopy in patients with diseases of bile tracts and the pancreas made it possible in 90 cases to reveal polyps of papilla duodeni major, which were the cause of chronic recurrent pancreatitis. An experience with 50 operations evidences that transduodenal polypectomy is a radical method of treatment obviating recurrences of pancreatitis.", "contents": "[Polyps of the major duodenal papilla]. Systematic performance of fibroduodenoscopy in patients with diseases of bile tracts and the pancreas made it possible in 90 cases to reveal polyps of papilla duodeni major, which were the cause of chronic recurrent pancreatitis. An experience with 50 operations evidences that transduodenal polypectomy is a radical method of treatment obviating recurrences of pancreatitis."}
{"id": "PMID:878196", "title": "[Various problems of surgical treatment of volvulus of the sigmoid].", "content": "Some aspects of surgical tactics in 57 patients with sigmoid ileus are discussed. In 42 patients palliative operations were performed, 7 patients (16.7%) died. In 15 cases radical operations were performed. Palliative operations are recommended only for aged patients, but in most cases sigmoidectomy seems to be warranted.", "contents": "[Various problems of surgical treatment of volvulus of the sigmoid]. Some aspects of surgical tactics in 57 patients with sigmoid ileus are discussed. In 42 patients palliative operations were performed, 7 patients (16.7%) died. In 15 cases radical operations were performed. Palliative operations are recommended only for aged patients, but in most cases sigmoidectomy seems to be warranted."}
{"id": "PMID:878197", "title": "[Age aspects in etiology and pathogenesis of postoperative adhesive intestinal obstruction].", "content": "Based on the clinical observations and experiments on animals, the authors consider that in young growing organisms peritoneal adhesions are formed more rapidly and intensively than in adults. Moreover, children show a more rapid reverse development of postoperative adhesions.", "contents": "[Age aspects in etiology and pathogenesis of postoperative adhesive intestinal obstruction]. Based on the clinical observations and experiments on animals, the authors consider that in young growing organisms peritoneal adhesions are formed more rapidly and intensively than in adults. Moreover, children show a more rapid reverse development of postoperative adhesions."}
{"id": "PMID:878198", "title": "[Basic technical aspects of removal of colonic polyps with the use of fibrocolonoscopes].", "content": "The authors describe the technical aspects, which observation makes it possible to safely remove polyps from any portion of the colon. Complications necessitating operative interventions were 3: one hemorrhage and two perforations of the colon.", "contents": "[Basic technical aspects of removal of colonic polyps with the use of fibrocolonoscopes]. The authors describe the technical aspects, which observation makes it possible to safely remove polyps from any portion of the colon. Complications necessitating operative interventions were 3: one hemorrhage and two perforations of the colon."}
{"id": "PMID:878199", "title": "[Importance of morphological studies for precise determination of the limits of local spread of rectal cancer].", "content": "115 samples of the rectum were investigated after radical operation for its cancer. In 61 samples its intramural distribution was studied by means of transverse section of the rectum distally to tumor as well as the involvement of regional lymph nodes, cellular tissue and sphincter muscles. The preferential direction of tumor invasion in different stages of cancer growth is a \"perpendicular\" tumor growth. In 6 samples the spread of distal intramural growth exceeds 2 cm and in 1 sample -- 6cm. No sphincter involvement was noted. Regional metastases were found in 37 per cent of observations. Retrograde metastases were detected in 3 samples. In 7 of 15 samples with total proliferation of the rectal wall tumor elements were detected in peripheral cellular tissue \"perpendicularly\" above the tumor. The problem of the adequate extent of the operation should be solved taking into account the tumor site, histological structure, limits of intramural and extramural growth and tumor size.", "contents": "[Importance of morphological studies for precise determination of the limits of local spread of rectal cancer]. 115 samples of the rectum were investigated after radical operation for its cancer. In 61 samples its intramural distribution was studied by means of transverse section of the rectum distally to tumor as well as the involvement of regional lymph nodes, cellular tissue and sphincter muscles. The preferential direction of tumor invasion in different stages of cancer growth is a \"perpendicular\" tumor growth. In 6 samples the spread of distal intramural growth exceeds 2 cm and in 1 sample -- 6cm. No sphincter involvement was noted. Regional metastases were found in 37 per cent of observations. Retrograde metastases were detected in 3 samples. In 7 of 15 samples with total proliferation of the rectal wall tumor elements were detected in peripheral cellular tissue \"perpendicularly\" above the tumor. The problem of the adequate extent of the operation should be solved taking into account the tumor site, histological structure, limits of intramural and extramural growth and tumor size."}
{"id": "PMID:878200", "title": "[Surgical treatment of tuberculous spondylitis complicated by bronchial fistula].", "content": "The results of surgical treatment of 39 patients with tuberculous spondylitis, complicated with bronchial fistula, are analysed. The fistula was liquidated in 35 patients. Late results followed up from 3 to 18 years were studied in 26 patients. Bronchial fistula is yet present in 4 patients, who were discharged with its presence.", "contents": "[Surgical treatment of tuberculous spondylitis complicated by bronchial fistula]. The results of surgical treatment of 39 patients with tuberculous spondylitis, complicated with bronchial fistula, are analysed. The fistula was liquidated in 35 patients. Late results followed up from 3 to 18 years were studied in 26 patients. Bronchial fistula is yet present in 4 patients, who were discharged with its presence."}
{"id": "PMID:878201", "title": "[Use of proteolytic enzymes and ectericide in surgical treatment of suppuration].", "content": "The use of proteolytic enzymes and ectericide in treatment of patients with suppurative processes yielded positive results. The duration of the treatment and terms of patients incapacity are shortened.", "contents": "[Use of proteolytic enzymes and ectericide in surgical treatment of suppuration]. The use of proteolytic enzymes and ectericide in treatment of patients with suppurative processes yielded positive results. The duration of the treatment and terms of patients incapacity are shortened."}
{"id": "PMID:878202", "title": "[Clinical course, diagnosis and surgical treatment of Raynaud's disease].", "content": "The work is based on the experience with treatment of 86 patients with Raynaud's disease. 41 patients were treated conservatively, in 45 patients thoracic sympathectomy was performed. All 45 patients subjected to thoracic sympathectomy showed excellent and good immediate results. Late results were favourable in 20 out of 23 operated patients, examined within the terms from 5 to 15 years postoperatively. Thus, thoracic sympathectomy is an effective method of treatment for Raynaud's disease.", "contents": "[Clinical course, diagnosis and surgical treatment of Raynaud's disease]. The work is based on the experience with treatment of 86 patients with Raynaud's disease. 41 patients were treated conservatively, in 45 patients thoracic sympathectomy was performed. All 45 patients subjected to thoracic sympathectomy showed excellent and good immediate results. Late results were favourable in 20 out of 23 operated patients, examined within the terms from 5 to 15 years postoperatively. Thus, thoracic sympathectomy is an effective method of treatment for Raynaud's disease."}
{"id": "PMID:878232", "title": "Immunotherapy of bovine ocular squamous cell carcinomas.", "content": "Squamous cell carcinomas were collected from the eyes of cattle and saline phenol extracts of the tumours were prepared. The aqueous phase of the extract was used in studies on the immunotherapy of ocular squamous cell carcinomas in cattle. After a single intramuscular injection of the extract, regression and sometimes complete disappearance of eye tumours were observed in 39 of 46 carcinomas. Tumours as large as 4 X 5 cm regressed completely. Enhanced growth of tumours was noted in two of three cattle given multiple injections. Regressing tumours were examined histologically and regression appeared to be associated with a cell-mediated immune reaction. Spontaneous regression of a confirmed squamous cell carcinoma was observed in one animal. This spontaneous tumour in one of the larger domestic animals provides a useful experimental model for the study of tumour antigens.", "contents": "Immunotherapy of bovine ocular squamous cell carcinomas. Squamous cell carcinomas were collected from the eyes of cattle and saline phenol extracts of the tumours were prepared. The aqueous phase of the extract was used in studies on the immunotherapy of ocular squamous cell carcinomas in cattle. After a single intramuscular injection of the extract, regression and sometimes complete disappearance of eye tumours were observed in 39 of 46 carcinomas. Tumours as large as 4 X 5 cm regressed completely. Enhanced growth of tumours was noted in two of three cattle given multiple injections. Regressing tumours were examined histologically and regression appeared to be associated with a cell-mediated immune reaction. Spontaneous regression of a confirmed squamous cell carcinoma was observed in one animal. This spontaneous tumour in one of the larger domestic animals provides a useful experimental model for the study of tumour antigens."}
{"id": "PMID:878233", "title": "Observations on the reproductive performance of ewe lambs synchronised for oestrus.", "content": "Oestrus induction and synchronisation achieved by means of progesterone implants (Silestrus; Abbott) and one or two injections of 500 in FSH (Gestyl; Organon) at 15-day intervals was followed by natural service in 194 10-month-old ewe lambs, fed on pasture (Group A, of 101 animals) or pasture and concentrates (Group B, of 93 animals) used to study the influence of nutrition and of induction of a second synchronised oestrus on the percentage of oestrus manifestations, conception rate, number of lambings and of lambs born among the above animals.", "contents": "Observations on the reproductive performance of ewe lambs synchronised for oestrus. Oestrus induction and synchronisation achieved by means of progesterone implants (Silestrus; Abbott) and one or two injections of 500 in FSH (Gestyl; Organon) at 15-day intervals was followed by natural service in 194 10-month-old ewe lambs, fed on pasture (Group A, of 101 animals) or pasture and concentrates (Group B, of 93 animals) used to study the influence of nutrition and of induction of a second synchronised oestrus on the percentage of oestrus manifestations, conception rate, number of lambings and of lambs born among the above animals."}
{"id": "PMID:878234", "title": "Successful transfer of a bovine embryo through a cannulated fallopian tube.", "content": "The fallopian tubes of a recipient cow were surgically cannulated and the cannulae brought out through the flank. Two fertilised eggs, recovered surgically from a donor cow, were transferred to the uterus of the recipient cow through the cannulae. The recipient became pregnant and gave birth to a live normal female calf 289 days after the transfer. After the birth of the calf one cannula was found to be patent.", "contents": "Successful transfer of a bovine embryo through a cannulated fallopian tube. The fallopian tubes of a recipient cow were surgically cannulated and the cannulae brought out through the flank. Two fertilised eggs, recovered surgically from a donor cow, were transferred to the uterus of the recipient cow through the cannulae. The recipient became pregnant and gave birth to a live normal female calf 289 days after the transfer. After the birth of the calf one cannula was found to be patent."}
{"id": "PMID:878243", "title": "Fertility of norgestomet treated dairy heifers.", "content": "Four studies are described involving 2573 Friesian heifers treated with norgestomet and oestradiol valerate to control the ovarian cycle. All treated animals were inseminated at fixed times following treatment. In study 1 insemination 48 and/or 60 hours after treatment resulted in a non-significant greater proportion of heifers becoming pregnant than at 48 X 72 hours. Large variations in fertility among farms were recorded in field trials of norgestomet (Searle) and oestradiol valerate. In study III the effect on fertility of nutrition, weight and body condition was studied. In section IV a pregnancy rate to fixed time insemination of 66-8 per cent of 500 heifers inseminated at 48 and 60 or at 48 and 72 hours after norgestomet/oestradiol valerate treatment was obtained. Heifers in study IV were fed a balanced ration designed to provide a predicted daily liveweight gain of 0-7 kg for a 12-week period starting six weeks prior to the date of insemination. The range of fertility was from 59-0 per cent to 85-7 per cent.", "contents": "Fertility of norgestomet treated dairy heifers. Four studies are described involving 2573 Friesian heifers treated with norgestomet and oestradiol valerate to control the ovarian cycle. All treated animals were inseminated at fixed times following treatment. In study 1 insemination 48 and/or 60 hours after treatment resulted in a non-significant greater proportion of heifers becoming pregnant than at 48 X 72 hours. Large variations in fertility among farms were recorded in field trials of norgestomet (Searle) and oestradiol valerate. In study III the effect on fertility of nutrition, weight and body condition was studied. In section IV a pregnancy rate to fixed time insemination of 66-8 per cent of 500 heifers inseminated at 48 and 60 or at 48 and 72 hours after norgestomet/oestradiol valerate treatment was obtained. Heifers in study IV were fed a balanced ration designed to provide a predicted daily liveweight gain of 0-7 kg for a 12-week period starting six weeks prior to the date of insemination. The range of fertility was from 59-0 per cent to 85-7 per cent."}
{"id": "PMID:878244", "title": "Ascariasis: the development of eggs of Ascaris suum under the conditions prevailing in a pig house.", "content": "Eggs were collected from gravid female Ascaris suum in the abattoir. Cultures were prepared with the eggs in 2 to 3 mm depth of 1 per cent sulphuric acid or on the surface of 2% aqueous agar. They were allowed to develop in a piggery, fresh cultures being started at intervals from January to September. Eggs on the surface of agar developed failry uniformly and a high proportion eventually reached L2. In contrast those under 1% sulphuric acid were less uniform, slower in development and generally less successful. Cultures started on agar between January and May, or from September became infective at approximately the same time in July while those started during June and July contained infective eggs in August and September respectively. No recognisable development occurred between October and April. The significance of these findings for the epidemiology of ascariasis is discussed.", "contents": "Ascariasis: the development of eggs of Ascaris suum under the conditions prevailing in a pig house. Eggs were collected from gravid female Ascaris suum in the abattoir. Cultures were prepared with the eggs in 2 to 3 mm depth of 1 per cent sulphuric acid or on the surface of 2% aqueous agar. They were allowed to develop in a piggery, fresh cultures being started at intervals from January to September. Eggs on the surface of agar developed failry uniformly and a high proportion eventually reached L2. In contrast those under 1% sulphuric acid were less uniform, slower in development and generally less successful. Cultures started on agar between January and May, or from September became infective at approximately the same time in July while those started during June and July contained infective eggs in August and September respectively. No recognisable development occurred between October and April. The significance of these findings for the epidemiology of ascariasis is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:878245", "title": "Dystocia in a snake.", "content": "Herpetology is a rapidly growing interest in this country, reptiles being kept both for research purposes and as pets. However, there is a lack of literature on reptilian medicine and surgery; the authors know of only one available text (Frye 1973). Furthermore, there are only two published case histories of dystocia in the snake (Huff 1976, Hime 1976) and thus this case was considered to be of particular interest.", "contents": "Dystocia in a snake. Herpetology is a rapidly growing interest in this country, reptiles being kept both for research purposes and as pets. However, there is a lack of literature on reptilian medicine and surgery; the authors know of only one available text (Frye 1973). Furthermore, there are only two published case histories of dystocia in the snake (Huff 1976, Hime 1976) and thus this case was considered to be of particular interest."}
{"id": "PMID:878250", "title": "A study of a strategic dosing programme against ovine fascioliasis on a hill farm.", "content": "In a farm-scale veterinary preventive programme run from 1973 to 1976 the use of rafoxanide (Flukanide; Merck Sharp & Dohme) in the prophylaxis of ovine fascioliasis resulted in a marked reduction in the percentage of ewes passing fluke eggs in the faeces and an absence of clinical cases of fascioliasis throughout these years. Three separate flocks of hill sheep were used in this study in which the aim of the dosing programme followed was to kill the majority of liver flukes (Fasciola hepatica) before they reached adult egg laying stage, thereby eliminating, or considerably reducing, the number of eggs passed on to the pasture.", "contents": "A study of a strategic dosing programme against ovine fascioliasis on a hill farm. In a farm-scale veterinary preventive programme run from 1973 to 1976 the use of rafoxanide (Flukanide; Merck Sharp & Dohme) in the prophylaxis of ovine fascioliasis resulted in a marked reduction in the percentage of ewes passing fluke eggs in the faeces and an absence of clinical cases of fascioliasis throughout these years. Three separate flocks of hill sheep were used in this study in which the aim of the dosing programme followed was to kill the majority of liver flukes (Fasciola hepatica) before they reached adult egg laying stage, thereby eliminating, or considerably reducing, the number of eggs passed on to the pasture."}
{"id": "PMID:878251", "title": "The urinary excretion of synthetic corticosteroids by the horse.", "content": "A radioimmunoassay method has been developed that enables the administration of therapeutic doses of synthetic corticosteroids to be detected in horse urine. Fourteen proprietary preparations of these steroids have been given by intramuscular injection to ponies and thoroughbreds. The administration of some preperations could still be detected six days after a single intramuscular injection of a therapeutic dose. The route of injection of dexamethasone-21-sodium phosphate, whether intramuscular, intravenous or intra-articular, did not appear to alter the length of time over which the steroid or its metabolites were detected. However, the chemical and physical form of the steroid markedly affected the excretion in the urine and this parallelled the duration of its action.", "contents": "The urinary excretion of synthetic corticosteroids by the horse. A radioimmunoassay method has been developed that enables the administration of therapeutic doses of synthetic corticosteroids to be detected in horse urine. Fourteen proprietary preparations of these steroids have been given by intramuscular injection to ponies and thoroughbreds. The administration of some preperations could still be detected six days after a single intramuscular injection of a therapeutic dose. The route of injection of dexamethasone-21-sodium phosphate, whether intramuscular, intravenous or intra-articular, did not appear to alter the length of time over which the steroid or its metabolites were detected. However, the chemical and physical form of the steroid markedly affected the excretion in the urine and this parallelled the duration of its action."}
{"id": "PMID:878256", "title": "The serological relationship between Theileria parva (Muguga) and Theileria lawrence from Rhodesia.", "content": "Thirty-eight sera from cattle from a herd in Rhodesia naturally infected with Theileria lawrencei were titrated with the indirect immunofluorescent test against schizont antigens of T parva (Muguga) and T lawrencei from Rhodesia. T lawrencei was found to be indistinguishable from T parva with the test.", "contents": "The serological relationship between Theileria parva (Muguga) and Theileria lawrence from Rhodesia. Thirty-eight sera from cattle from a herd in Rhodesia naturally infected with Theileria lawrencei were titrated with the indirect immunofluorescent test against schizont antigens of T parva (Muguga) and T lawrencei from Rhodesia. T lawrencei was found to be indistinguishable from T parva with the test."}
{"id": "PMID:878267", "title": "Congenital nuclear cataracts in cattle.", "content": "A description is given of the investigation into two outbreaks of congenital cataract in dairy herds. There is a description of the clinical signs, the incidence, the period of time over which the cases occurred and of the seasonal distribution of the births. The type of herd management is descirbed and a hereditary factor is not considered to occur. The possibility of the involvement of other toxic and environmental agents is discussed. The macroscopic and microscopical findings are described; the relation to the early period of lens development of the bovine fetus suggested.", "contents": "Congenital nuclear cataracts in cattle. A description is given of the investigation into two outbreaks of congenital cataract in dairy herds. There is a description of the clinical signs, the incidence, the period of time over which the cases occurred and of the seasonal distribution of the births. The type of herd management is descirbed and a hereditary factor is not considered to occur. The possibility of the involvement of other toxic and environmental agents is discussed. The macroscopic and microscopical findings are described; the relation to the early period of lens development of the bovine fetus suggested."}
{"id": "PMID:878272", "title": "The effect of shearing pregnant ewes on lamb birth weights.", "content": "Shearing housed pregnant ewes at about the 11th week of pregnancy resulted in increased ewe liveweight gain (P greater than 0-01) and heavier twin litter weights (P greater than 0-01). The lambs from the shorn ewes also grew faster when put out to pasture. Unshorn pregnant ewes had a faster and more variable respiration rate, probably due to their being too hot in the prevailing conditions. The effect of this apparent heat stress on fetal nutrition is discussed.", "contents": "The effect of shearing pregnant ewes on lamb birth weights. Shearing housed pregnant ewes at about the 11th week of pregnancy resulted in increased ewe liveweight gain (P greater than 0-01) and heavier twin litter weights (P greater than 0-01). The lambs from the shorn ewes also grew faster when put out to pasture. Unshorn pregnant ewes had a faster and more variable respiration rate, probably due to their being too hot in the prevailing conditions. The effect of this apparent heat stress on fetal nutrition is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:878447", "title": "[Quantitative changes in produced and destroyed erythrocytes in hemopathy].", "content": "Ten healthy volunteers and 38 patients with iron deficiency anemia, aplastic anemia, chronic lymphadenosis, myelofibrosis were examined. On the base of the results from the kinetics of iron-59 and the marked with chromium-51 erythrocytes and from the corrected per cent reticulocytes, the authors set up the task to evaluate the etythropoetic potentialities of bone marrow and the severity of erythrocyte balance disorder, studying the quantity of produced and destroyed erythrocytes daily and comparing the data obtained with those from aspiration biopsy and treparobiopsy. The results, obtained by the authors, reveal the high potentialities indicated by the isotope investigation with iron-59 and chromium-51 as well as the corrected per cent of reticulocytes, for the evaluation of the erythropoetic potentialities of bone marrow and the high correlation between the results obtained and the clinical picture.", "contents": "[Quantitative changes in produced and destroyed erythrocytes in hemopathy]. Ten healthy volunteers and 38 patients with iron deficiency anemia, aplastic anemia, chronic lymphadenosis, myelofibrosis were examined. On the base of the results from the kinetics of iron-59 and the marked with chromium-51 erythrocytes and from the corrected per cent reticulocytes, the authors set up the task to evaluate the etythropoetic potentialities of bone marrow and the severity of erythrocyte balance disorder, studying the quantity of produced and destroyed erythrocytes daily and comparing the data obtained with those from aspiration biopsy and treparobiopsy. The results, obtained by the authors, reveal the high potentialities indicated by the isotope investigation with iron-59 and chromium-51 as well as the corrected per cent of reticulocytes, for the evaluation of the erythropoetic potentialities of bone marrow and the high correlation between the results obtained and the clinical picture."}
{"id": "PMID:878448", "title": "[Medical geographical map of Balkan endemic nephropathy in Vratsa District].", "content": "The author has studied the spread of the Balkan endemic nephropathy (BEN) according to the dispensary, clinical and post mortem data in the district of Vartza and established that the disease is met in 41 settlements of the district with a total population of 47,589. The average morbidity rate in the endemic villages is 35.9% of the population. In three villages it is over 200% in five--over 100--200% and four from 50--100%, in 25--from 2--50% and only in four villages under 2%. The author has elaborated a medico-geographical map on the base of the number of the settlements where patients with BEN are to be found. As seen from the map, the disease is met in settlements situated at the foot of the Balkan and its foothills: Vratza region of the Balkan and Veslez. It is interesting to be pointed out that certain settlements free of the disease are to be found among the endemic villages. The disease affects the village population. In the towns of Vratza and Mesdra, though situated in the center of the endemic region, no BEN patients have been found among the local population.", "contents": "[Medical geographical map of Balkan endemic nephropathy in Vratsa District]. The author has studied the spread of the Balkan endemic nephropathy (BEN) according to the dispensary, clinical and post mortem data in the district of Vartza and established that the disease is met in 41 settlements of the district with a total population of 47,589. The average morbidity rate in the endemic villages is 35.9% of the population. In three villages it is over 200% in five--over 100--200% and four from 50--100%, in 25--from 2--50% and only in four villages under 2%. The author has elaborated a medico-geographical map on the base of the number of the settlements where patients with BEN are to be found. As seen from the map, the disease is met in settlements situated at the foot of the Balkan and its foothills: Vratza region of the Balkan and Veslez. It is interesting to be pointed out that certain settlements free of the disease are to be found among the endemic villages. The disease affects the village population. In the towns of Vratza and Mesdra, though situated in the center of the endemic region, no BEN patients have been found among the local population."}
{"id": "PMID:878449", "title": "[Deviations in the level of serum lipids and higher fatty acids in liver cirrhosis and chronic hepatitis].", "content": "Serum lipids and higher fatty acids were investigated in 141 patients with portal liver cirrhosis, 51 patients with chronic hepatitis and 40 clinically healthy subjects--controls. Lower contents of cholesterin in blood was found in the patients with liver cirrhosis as compared with the healthy as well as of total lipids, phospholipids, beta-LP, palmitic, palmitoleic, oleic linoleic and linolenic acids and considerably higher contents, of NEFA endogene heparin, LPL and blood sugar. The deviations described are more manifested in decompensated liver cirrhosis. In the patients with chronic hepatitis, as compared with the controls higher contents of cholesterin, total lipids, phospholipids, triglyceride, beta-LP, NEFA, LPL, endogene heparin, stearinic, palmitic, palmitoleic and oleic acids and blood sugar were found. In the patients with liver cirrhosis, as compared with the patients with chronic hepatitis, a lower contents of cholesterin was found as well as of total lipids, phospholipids, triglycerides, beta-LP, palmitic, palmitoleic and oleic acids and a higher contents of and blood sugar. The described deviations in the contents of serum lipid indices are with a definite regular character and can be used in the diagnosis of liver diseases.", "contents": "[Deviations in the level of serum lipids and higher fatty acids in liver cirrhosis and chronic hepatitis]. Serum lipids and higher fatty acids were investigated in 141 patients with portal liver cirrhosis, 51 patients with chronic hepatitis and 40 clinically healthy subjects--controls. Lower contents of cholesterin in blood was found in the patients with liver cirrhosis as compared with the healthy as well as of total lipids, phospholipids, beta-LP, palmitic, palmitoleic, oleic linoleic and linolenic acids and considerably higher contents, of NEFA endogene heparin, LPL and blood sugar. The deviations described are more manifested in decompensated liver cirrhosis. In the patients with chronic hepatitis, as compared with the controls higher contents of cholesterin, total lipids, phospholipids, triglyceride, beta-LP, NEFA, LPL, endogene heparin, stearinic, palmitic, palmitoleic and oleic acids and blood sugar were found. In the patients with liver cirrhosis, as compared with the patients with chronic hepatitis, a lower contents of cholesterin was found as well as of total lipids, phospholipids, triglycerides, beta-LP, palmitic, palmitoleic and oleic acids and a higher contents of and blood sugar. The described deviations in the contents of serum lipid indices are with a definite regular character and can be used in the diagnosis of liver diseases."}
{"id": "PMID:878450", "title": "[Functional state of the genital system in men with obesity].", "content": "The results from the carried out investigations on fertility indices of ejaculate are reported as well as on the spermatogenic activity test with radioactive phosphorus and on the determination of total gonadotropic excretion in urine of males with high degree of obesity. A statistically significant decrease of all investigated in dices of ejaculate and the test of spermatogenic activity was found. The decreased gonadotropic activity in over half of the patients investigated with obesity, as well as the manifestations of diencephalic alterations in them made the authors admit the secondary character of the gonad disorders.", "contents": "[Functional state of the genital system in men with obesity]. The results from the carried out investigations on fertility indices of ejaculate are reported as well as on the spermatogenic activity test with radioactive phosphorus and on the determination of total gonadotropic excretion in urine of males with high degree of obesity. A statistically significant decrease of all investigated in dices of ejaculate and the test of spermatogenic activity was found. The decreased gonadotropic activity in over half of the patients investigated with obesity, as well as the manifestations of diencephalic alterations in them made the authors admit the secondary character of the gonad disorders."}
{"id": "PMID:878451", "title": "[Long-term follow-up of mitral commissurotomy patients from Razgrad District].", "content": "The authors observed 51 patients after mitral commisurotomy was performed for 1 to 12 years. After the operation the number of the decompensations and the rhythm disturbances had decreased. Twenty six subjects are back at the same work place, 23 retired on pension or changed their work, two died. The mitral commisurotomy appears the only ailing method in advanced cases of mitral stenosis. The active dispensary treatment is an important stage prior to the operation as well as after it.", "contents": "[Long-term follow-up of mitral commissurotomy patients from Razgrad District]. The authors observed 51 patients after mitral commisurotomy was performed for 1 to 12 years. After the operation the number of the decompensations and the rhythm disturbances had decreased. Twenty six subjects are back at the same work place, 23 retired on pension or changed their work, two died. The mitral commisurotomy appears the only ailing method in advanced cases of mitral stenosis. The active dispensary treatment is an important stage prior to the operation as well as after it."}
{"id": "PMID:878459", "title": "Carcinoma of the colon and rectum. A perspective for practicing physicians, with recommendations for screening.", "content": "Carcinoma of the colon and rectum is the most common serious type of cancer found in the United States and is second only to lung cancer among causes of death from cancer. Its cause is unknown but several environmental factors-especially low bulk, high fat diets-seem to predispose to its development. The disease is readily treatable by surgical operation if it is diagnosed early. Radiation and chemotherapy may offer some additional benefit in treating advanced disease but the response to all forms of therapy is disappointing in patients in whom disease has spread beyond the bowel wall. Colorectal cancer appears to be a very slowly progressive disease with a long asymptomatic period providing an ideal opportunity for diagnosis at an early treatable stage. Both proctosigmoidoscopy and screening specimens of stool for occult blood have been shown to be effective methods for identifying it before symptoms develop. These procedures should be done routinely in all patients over 40 years old and especially in those patients who have other risk factors such as positive family histories or hereditary conditions known to predispose to colorectal cancer.", "contents": "Carcinoma of the colon and rectum. A perspective for practicing physicians, with recommendations for screening. Carcinoma of the colon and rectum is the most common serious type of cancer found in the United States and is second only to lung cancer among causes of death from cancer. Its cause is unknown but several environmental factors-especially low bulk, high fat diets-seem to predispose to its development. The disease is readily treatable by surgical operation if it is diagnosed early. Radiation and chemotherapy may offer some additional benefit in treating advanced disease but the response to all forms of therapy is disappointing in patients in whom disease has spread beyond the bowel wall. Colorectal cancer appears to be a very slowly progressive disease with a long asymptomatic period providing an ideal opportunity for diagnosis at an early treatable stage. Both proctosigmoidoscopy and screening specimens of stool for occult blood have been shown to be effective methods for identifying it before symptoms develop. These procedures should be done routinely in all patients over 40 years old and especially in those patients who have other risk factors such as positive family histories or hereditary conditions known to predispose to colorectal cancer."}
{"id": "PMID:878469", "title": "Selective use of radiography of the skull and cervical spine.", "content": "Based on the findings of a five-month study, the authors suggest that physicians should be more discriminating in using radiography of the skull, especially when dealing with patients who are minimally injured. The low incidence of fractures disclosed by radiography in patients with insignificant head injuries is a primary factor in arriving at this recommendation. A lack of correlation between skull fractures, and cerebral injury, and subsequent therapy is another factor. Finally, the prohibitive cost of medical care generally (and radiographs in particular) makes greater selectiveness imperative. Although the number of cervical spine fractures in this study was small, the findings indicate that based on history and physical examination there can and should be increasing selectivity in ordering routine cervical spine series, without increasing the risk of missed fractures.", "contents": "Selective use of radiography of the skull and cervical spine. Based on the findings of a five-month study, the authors suggest that physicians should be more discriminating in using radiography of the skull, especially when dealing with patients who are minimally injured. The low incidence of fractures disclosed by radiography in patients with insignificant head injuries is a primary factor in arriving at this recommendation. A lack of correlation between skull fractures, and cerebral injury, and subsequent therapy is another factor. Finally, the prohibitive cost of medical care generally (and radiographs in particular) makes greater selectiveness imperative. Although the number of cervical spine fractures in this study was small, the findings indicate that based on history and physical examination there can and should be increasing selectivity in ordering routine cervical spine series, without increasing the risk of missed fractures."}
{"id": "PMID:878470", "title": "Familial Mediterranean fever. Recent advances in pathogenesis and management.", "content": "The success of colchicine therapy in the management of familial Mediterranean fever has provided new direction to investigations into the pathogenesis of this disease. Examination of HLA antigen frequencies in 53 patients with familial Mediterranean fever and appropriate controls, as well as various immunologic studies have yielded no significant differences. However, B lymphocyte typing and assays for immune complexes, lymphokines and prostaglandins may be of potential interest. Preliminary studies indicate that leukocytes of patients with familial Mediterranean fever release increased amounts of lysozyme (P<0.01), when subjected to high temperatures, and of both lysozyme and myeloperoxidase at low osmotic concentrations. The known and potential effects of colchicine on leukocyte and cellular metabolism, and the current status of colchicine prophylaxis are reviewed. In patients receiving an optimum colchicine dose of 1.5 to 1.8 mg per day, side effects have been minimal and the frequency of attacks has been decreased significantly.", "contents": "Familial Mediterranean fever. Recent advances in pathogenesis and management. The success of colchicine therapy in the management of familial Mediterranean fever has provided new direction to investigations into the pathogenesis of this disease. Examination of HLA antigen frequencies in 53 patients with familial Mediterranean fever and appropriate controls, as well as various immunologic studies have yielded no significant differences. However, B lymphocyte typing and assays for immune complexes, lymphokines and prostaglandins may be of potential interest. Preliminary studies indicate that leukocytes of patients with familial Mediterranean fever release increased amounts of lysozyme (P<0.01), when subjected to high temperatures, and of both lysozyme and myeloperoxidase at low osmotic concentrations. The known and potential effects of colchicine on leukocyte and cellular metabolism, and the current status of colchicine prophylaxis are reviewed. In patients receiving an optimum colchicine dose of 1.5 to 1.8 mg per day, side effects have been minimal and the frequency of attacks has been decreased significantly."}
{"id": "PMID:878476", "title": "Maternity and perinatal services in an urban-suburban area.", "content": "The need for community-wide planning of maternity and newborn services is illustrated by a survey of services in Alameda County, California. The decline in birthrate, coupled with the persistence of a number of low volume obstetrical and newborn units, is reflected in generally underutilized and unevenly distributed services. Primary, intermediate and tertiary levels of care are represented, but not always in a logical relationship to community needs. Postgraduate training in obstetrics and gynecology and in pediatrics continues to produce increasing numbers of specialists despite declining fertility and a decline (represented by children and youth) in the total population.", "contents": "Maternity and perinatal services in an urban-suburban area. The need for community-wide planning of maternity and newborn services is illustrated by a survey of services in Alameda County, California. The decline in birthrate, coupled with the persistence of a number of low volume obstetrical and newborn units, is reflected in generally underutilized and unevenly distributed services. Primary, intermediate and tertiary levels of care are represented, but not always in a logical relationship to community needs. Postgraduate training in obstetrics and gynecology and in pediatrics continues to produce increasing numbers of specialists despite declining fertility and a decline (represented by children and youth) in the total population."}
{"id": "PMID:878477", "title": "[A simple procedure to forecast the course of diseases (author's transl)].", "content": "A procedure is presented which enables the physician to forecast the course a disease will take by looking through a list of items with attached numbers, i.e. weights, and simply adding the weights of those items which hold true for a specific patient. The application of this procedure to three different diseases, namely schizophrenia, facial paresis, and aphasia is presented and proves its accuracy. Furthermore, a Monte Carlo Analysis of the procedure underlying this method--multiple linear regression of dichotomous items--leads to recommendations concerning the optimum definitions of items and the structuring of data. The procedure is compared with other methods used in computer diagnosis and its main advantage, apart from its high reliability, i.e. independence of computers in its application, is stressed. Its application to other diseases is encouraged and the presentation of data for processing by this Department is invited.", "contents": "[A simple procedure to forecast the course of diseases (author's transl)]. A procedure is presented which enables the physician to forecast the course a disease will take by looking through a list of items with attached numbers, i.e. weights, and simply adding the weights of those items which hold true for a specific patient. The application of this procedure to three different diseases, namely schizophrenia, facial paresis, and aphasia is presented and proves its accuracy. Furthermore, a Monte Carlo Analysis of the procedure underlying this method--multiple linear regression of dichotomous items--leads to recommendations concerning the optimum definitions of items and the structuring of data. The procedure is compared with other methods used in computer diagnosis and its main advantage, apart from its high reliability, i.e. independence of computers in its application, is stressed. Its application to other diseases is encouraged and the presentation of data for processing by this Department is invited."}
{"id": "PMID:878475", "title": "Nononcologic disease in patients with cancer.", "content": "Nononcologic medical problems are common in patients with cancer. Failure to evaluate and treat these problems leads to considerable morbidity and mortality in people who often have potential for both comfortable and productive lives. While a physician is sometimes powerless to prevent the progression of underlying cancer, he must not allow a diagnostic category to color his approach. By seeing only an end point which is inevitable for all people, one could be inclined not to treat what is treatable. With clinical judgment, information and the eternal question of diagnosticians, \"What else could this be?\", a physician can focus not on the inevitability of death but on the quality of life.", "contents": "Nononcologic disease in patients with cancer. Nononcologic medical problems are common in patients with cancer. Failure to evaluate and treat these problems leads to considerable morbidity and mortality in people who often have potential for both comfortable and productive lives. While a physician is sometimes powerless to prevent the progression of underlying cancer, he must not allow a diagnostic category to color his approach. By seeing only an end point which is inevitable for all people, one could be inclined not to treat what is treatable. With clinical judgment, information and the eternal question of diagnosticians, \"What else could this be?\", a physician can focus not on the inevitability of death but on the quality of life."}
{"id": "PMID:878478", "title": "[The familial incidence of various types of hyperlipoproteinaemia (author's transl)].", "content": "Serum lipid values were determined in the first degree relatives of 31 children within the framework of a screening programme for cardiovascular-disease risk factors in schoolchildren of either sex (11 to 12 years old). Familial hyperlipoproteinaemia was not present in 5 families. The investigations revealed 12 families with hypercholesterolaemia and 2 with hypertriglyceridaemia. 12 families showed that form of hyperlipoproteinaemia which has been described in the literature as \"familial combined\" or \"multiple type\" hyperlipoproteinaemia. Spontaneous variation in serum lipids was observed in 4 out of the 12 above-mentioned children when determinations were repeated. The variability in expression of hyperlipoproteinaemia in the individual case, as well as in families, is one of the reasons for the controversy over the classification of hyperlipoproteinaemias. It is well known that hyperlipoproteinaemia, especially of the familial type, represents a significant risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Thus, it is essential to treat persons with elevated serum cholesterol or triglyceride values and to examine their relatives for hyperlipoproteinaemia.", "contents": "[The familial incidence of various types of hyperlipoproteinaemia (author's transl)]. Serum lipid values were determined in the first degree relatives of 31 children within the framework of a screening programme for cardiovascular-disease risk factors in schoolchildren of either sex (11 to 12 years old). Familial hyperlipoproteinaemia was not present in 5 families. The investigations revealed 12 families with hypercholesterolaemia and 2 with hypertriglyceridaemia. 12 families showed that form of hyperlipoproteinaemia which has been described in the literature as \"familial combined\" or \"multiple type\" hyperlipoproteinaemia. Spontaneous variation in serum lipids was observed in 4 out of the 12 above-mentioned children when determinations were repeated. The variability in expression of hyperlipoproteinaemia in the individual case, as well as in families, is one of the reasons for the controversy over the classification of hyperlipoproteinaemias. It is well known that hyperlipoproteinaemia, especially of the familial type, represents a significant risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Thus, it is essential to treat persons with elevated serum cholesterol or triglyceride values and to examine their relatives for hyperlipoproteinaemia."}
{"id": "PMID:878479", "title": "[Lipoprotein analysis by means of the fluorescence probe 8-anilino-1-naphthalene sulphonic acid (author's transl)].", "content": "Single and mixed lipoprotein fractions were successfully analyzed by utilizing the fluorescent propertby of the applied reagent, 8-anilino-naphthalene sulphonic acid. The described method is especially useful for determination of lipoproteins present in high dilution, as found in chromatographic column effluents. The concentration dependence of the developed fluorescence was determined and this served as basis for quantitation. Furthermore, the measured activation spectra show two peaks for each lipoprotein class, the relative intesities being different for each class. The intensity quotient shows a tendency towards linear concentration dependence. Investigation of binary and ternary mixtures showed that the ratio of the two maximum intensities is additive, in contrast to the intensities themselves.", "contents": "[Lipoprotein analysis by means of the fluorescence probe 8-anilino-1-naphthalene sulphonic acid (author's transl)]. Single and mixed lipoprotein fractions were successfully analyzed by utilizing the fluorescent propertby of the applied reagent, 8-anilino-naphthalene sulphonic acid. The described method is especially useful for determination of lipoproteins present in high dilution, as found in chromatographic column effluents. The concentration dependence of the developed fluorescence was determined and this served as basis for quantitation. Furthermore, the measured activation spectra show two peaks for each lipoprotein class, the relative intesities being different for each class. The intensity quotient shows a tendency towards linear concentration dependence. Investigation of binary and ternary mixtures showed that the ratio of the two maximum intensities is additive, in contrast to the intensities themselves."}
{"id": "PMID:878480", "title": "[Separation and stability of australia antigen in human plasma fractions (author's transl)].", "content": "Commercially-produced human plasma protein fractions were investigated by a radio-immunological method for their content of Australia antigen (HBsAg). Albumin and gamma globulin solutions in which this antigen was present, were fractionated by isoelectric focussing and gel filtration on Sepharose 4 B. Characterization as to size and electrical charge of the HBsAs was carried out on these preparations. Inactivation studies were performed at different temperatures and concentrations to clarify the question of heat stability of HBsAg in plasma derivates. The importance of additional test methods is discussed.", "contents": "[Separation and stability of australia antigen in human plasma fractions (author's transl)]. Commercially-produced human plasma protein fractions were investigated by a radio-immunological method for their content of Australia antigen (HBsAg). Albumin and gamma globulin solutions in which this antigen was present, were fractionated by isoelectric focussing and gel filtration on Sepharose 4 B. Characterization as to size and electrical charge of the HBsAs was carried out on these preparations. Inactivation studies were performed at different temperatures and concentrations to clarify the question of heat stability of HBsAg in plasma derivates. The importance of additional test methods is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:878481", "title": "[Comparison of the efficacy of parenteral and enteral pertussis immunization in the rabbit (author's transl)].", "content": "The effects of immunization with inactivated B. pertussis were studied in the rabbit using enteral (oral and via suppositories) and parenteral immunization routes. The rise in agglutinating and complement-binding immunoglobulins in the rabbit serum was about equal following immunization by suppository and parenteral administration, but the demonstration of local immunity (immunoglobulins reacting with B. pertussis in salive) by immunofluorescence methods was observed only in the group immunized with enterally-administered B. pertussis.", "contents": "[Comparison of the efficacy of parenteral and enteral pertussis immunization in the rabbit (author's transl)]. The effects of immunization with inactivated B. pertussis were studied in the rabbit using enteral (oral and via suppositories) and parenteral immunization routes. The rise in agglutinating and complement-binding immunoglobulins in the rabbit serum was about equal following immunization by suppository and parenteral administration, but the demonstration of local immunity (immunoglobulins reacting with B. pertussis in salive) by immunofluorescence methods was observed only in the group immunized with enterally-administered B. pertussis."}
{"id": "PMID:878482", "title": "[Maximum exercise testing during hypobaria and normoxia (author's transl)].", "content": "The effects of high altitude (3000 m, low-pressure chamber) on maximum exercise and maximum oxygen uptake were studied in four normal subjects. In order to separate the effects of hypobaria and of hypoxia, exercise testing was performed under normoxic, hypobaric conditions and compared with the results under normoxic, normobaric conditions. There was no significant difference in performance, nor in the effects of exercise on the measured cardiovascular parameters.", "contents": "[Maximum exercise testing during hypobaria and normoxia (author's transl)]. The effects of high altitude (3000 m, low-pressure chamber) on maximum exercise and maximum oxygen uptake were studied in four normal subjects. In order to separate the effects of hypobaria and of hypoxia, exercise testing was performed under normoxic, hypobaric conditions and compared with the results under normoxic, normobaric conditions. There was no significant difference in performance, nor in the effects of exercise on the measured cardiovascular parameters."}
{"id": "PMID:878483", "title": "[Acute solitary gastric erosion (Dieulafoy) (author's transl)].", "content": "Acute solitary gastric erosion (Dieulafoy) is one rare cause of fulminant, fatal acute gastric haemorrhage. Conservative treatment is usually lethal and elimination of the source of haemorrhage by active surgical intervention is the only possible form of therapy. The key to successful surgical treatment is early preoperative diagnosis by means of emergency gastroscopy.", "contents": "[Acute solitary gastric erosion (Dieulafoy) (author's transl)]. Acute solitary gastric erosion (Dieulafoy) is one rare cause of fulminant, fatal acute gastric haemorrhage. Conservative treatment is usually lethal and elimination of the source of haemorrhage by active surgical intervention is the only possible form of therapy. The key to successful surgical treatment is early preoperative diagnosis by means of emergency gastroscopy."}
{"id": "PMID:878484", "title": "[Long-term results after isolated aortic and mitral valve replacement with a prosthesis (author's transl)].", "content": "111 patients with aortic valve replacement (AVR) and 159 patients with mitral valve replacement (MVR) were studied after hospital discharge. The late mortality was 20% after AVR and 32% after MVR. Of the survivors, 93% were greatly improved after AVR and 83% after MVR (functional class I or II). The calculated 5-year survival rate of the patients with AVR is 76% and with MVR 64%. The general state of health of the survivors, the thromboembolic rate and the fatal complications are discussed. Further improvement in the results can only be expected if valve replacement is performed before irreversible myocardial damage has occurred.", "contents": "[Long-term results after isolated aortic and mitral valve replacement with a prosthesis (author's transl)]. 111 patients with aortic valve replacement (AVR) and 159 patients with mitral valve replacement (MVR) were studied after hospital discharge. The late mortality was 20% after AVR and 32% after MVR. Of the survivors, 93% were greatly improved after AVR and 83% after MVR (functional class I or II). The calculated 5-year survival rate of the patients with AVR is 76% and with MVR 64%. The general state of health of the survivors, the thromboembolic rate and the fatal complications are discussed. Further improvement in the results can only be expected if valve replacement is performed before irreversible myocardial damage has occurred."}
{"id": "PMID:878485", "title": "[Pial vessel reactions in acute hypertension--an intravital microscopic study and its clinical relevance to traumatic brain oedema (author's transl)].", "content": "A fluorescence-angiographic investigation is presented of pital vessel reactions to acute drug-induced hypertension in cats. Observations and documentation were carried out by an intravital-microscopic technique. Acute hypertension, where pressure values of 220 to 260 mm Hg were reached within 10 to 20 sec, was followed by marked vasodilatation: Arterioles under 50 mu in diameter and capillaries were dilated to between 200 to 300% of the resting diameter, whilst arterioles of 50 to 100 mu showed an increase of 50 to 60%. Reddening of veins and acceleration of the blood flow occurred. Vasodilatation persisted after the blood pressure values had returned to normal. In connexion with investigations of the blood pressure immediately after a head injury, the role of acute hypertension in the development of hydrostatic brain oedema is discussed.", "contents": "[Pial vessel reactions in acute hypertension--an intravital microscopic study and its clinical relevance to traumatic brain oedema (author's transl)]. A fluorescence-angiographic investigation is presented of pital vessel reactions to acute drug-induced hypertension in cats. Observations and documentation were carried out by an intravital-microscopic technique. Acute hypertension, where pressure values of 220 to 260 mm Hg were reached within 10 to 20 sec, was followed by marked vasodilatation: Arterioles under 50 mu in diameter and capillaries were dilated to between 200 to 300% of the resting diameter, whilst arterioles of 50 to 100 mu showed an increase of 50 to 60%. Reddening of veins and acceleration of the blood flow occurred. Vasodilatation persisted after the blood pressure values had returned to normal. In connexion with investigations of the blood pressure immediately after a head injury, the role of acute hypertension in the development of hydrostatic brain oedema is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:878486", "title": "[Problems of hip arthrodesis (author's transl)].", "content": "A follow-up study of 84 hip arthrodesis is reported. Four methods of arthrodesis were applied: nailblock arthrodesis, double-nail, cross-plate and screw arthrodesis. Double-nail arthroplasty was abandoned in favour of total hip arthroplasty. Moreover application of the screw was given up on account of relatively bad results. Nail-block and cross-plate arthrodesis, when indicated, are still very valuable therapeutic methods, especially in the case of patients who are too young for a total hip arthroplasty and who are still actively working. The influence of an arthrodesized hip on the knee joint and lumbar spine are examined and discussed.", "contents": "[Problems of hip arthrodesis (author's transl)]. A follow-up study of 84 hip arthrodesis is reported. Four methods of arthrodesis were applied: nailblock arthrodesis, double-nail, cross-plate and screw arthrodesis. Double-nail arthroplasty was abandoned in favour of total hip arthroplasty. Moreover application of the screw was given up on account of relatively bad results. Nail-block and cross-plate arthrodesis, when indicated, are still very valuable therapeutic methods, especially in the case of patients who are too young for a total hip arthroplasty and who are still actively working. The influence of an arthrodesized hip on the knee joint and lumbar spine are examined and discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:878487", "title": "[The value of tracing amyloid in the gingiva in the diagnosis of general amyloidosis (author's transl)].", "content": "50% of patients with periodontopathy, exhibited the presence of amyloid in the clinically-altered gums. The biopsy specimen of the gums was examined microscopically by means of the crossed polar method. Seemingly-normal gum biopsies were, in all cases, amyloid positive. Amyloid was detected in two out of ten cases of healthy mucosa libera of the cheek. It was assumed that this deposition of amyloid was the consequence of a locally-limited pathological process. These results cast doubt on the possibility of tracing the pericollagenic form of general amyloidosis through gingival biopsy. An alternative procedure would be to biopsy the mucosa libera of the cheek.", "contents": "[The value of tracing amyloid in the gingiva in the diagnosis of general amyloidosis (author's transl)]. 50% of patients with periodontopathy, exhibited the presence of amyloid in the clinically-altered gums. The biopsy specimen of the gums was examined microscopically by means of the crossed polar method. Seemingly-normal gum biopsies were, in all cases, amyloid positive. Amyloid was detected in two out of ten cases of healthy mucosa libera of the cheek. It was assumed that this deposition of amyloid was the consequence of a locally-limited pathological process. These results cast doubt on the possibility of tracing the pericollagenic form of general amyloidosis through gingival biopsy. An alternative procedure would be to biopsy the mucosa libera of the cheek."}
{"id": "PMID:878488", "title": "[Prospects and limitations of the treatment of senile maculopathies with phosphatides (author's transl)].", "content": "All kinds of treatment attempted so far in cases of senile maculopathies were unsatisfactory. Intramuscular injections of retinal phosphatides were introduced six years ago. In this follow-up study 216 eyes of patients with senile maculopathy treated by Etaretin have been checked. The former experience was confirmed that an improvement in visual acuity can be obtained only in early cases of the dry type. In such cases i.m. injections of Etaretin are actually the treatment of choice. In fairly advanced cases eventually some stabilization of the process may be obtained. In terminal stages no effect can be expected. Experimental observations revealed that the therapeutic effect of a phosphatide compound depends on the content of the polyunsaturated fatty acid C 22:6, but not on the animal organ which serves as the source of the extract. From an economic point of view these findings are of importance for further experimental work, as well as for broad clinical application.", "contents": "[Prospects and limitations of the treatment of senile maculopathies with phosphatides (author's transl)]. All kinds of treatment attempted so far in cases of senile maculopathies were unsatisfactory. Intramuscular injections of retinal phosphatides were introduced six years ago. In this follow-up study 216 eyes of patients with senile maculopathy treated by Etaretin have been checked. The former experience was confirmed that an improvement in visual acuity can be obtained only in early cases of the dry type. In such cases i.m. injections of Etaretin are actually the treatment of choice. In fairly advanced cases eventually some stabilization of the process may be obtained. In terminal stages no effect can be expected. Experimental observations revealed that the therapeutic effect of a phosphatide compound depends on the content of the polyunsaturated fatty acid C 22:6, but not on the animal organ which serves as the source of the extract. From an economic point of view these findings are of importance for further experimental work, as well as for broad clinical application."}
{"id": "PMID:878489", "title": "[Differential diagnosis of liver disease by means of sonography: correlation with scintigraphy and angiography (author's transl)].", "content": "The value of sonography of the liver is assessed and compared with angiography and scintigraphy on the basis of case material from 102 patients, representing localized and diffuse liver processes. The diagnostic accuracy depends on the characteristic acoustic impedance differences in the examined tissue. Diffuse liver disease and processes without clearly defined acoustic borderlines may cause diagnostic difficulties and differentiation can only be attempted by additional clinical information. Defined tumours represent the main field of application. The combined use of ultrasound, scintigraphy and angiography permits a correct diagnosis to be made in nearly 90% of cases. Differential diagnosis between cystic and solid processes is possible only by ultrasound.", "contents": "[Differential diagnosis of liver disease by means of sonography: correlation with scintigraphy and angiography (author's transl)]. The value of sonography of the liver is assessed and compared with angiography and scintigraphy on the basis of case material from 102 patients, representing localized and diffuse liver processes. The diagnostic accuracy depends on the characteristic acoustic impedance differences in the examined tissue. Diffuse liver disease and processes without clearly defined acoustic borderlines may cause diagnostic difficulties and differentiation can only be attempted by additional clinical information. Defined tumours represent the main field of application. The combined use of ultrasound, scintigraphy and angiography permits a correct diagnosis to be made in nearly 90% of cases. Differential diagnosis between cystic and solid processes is possible only by ultrasound."}
{"id": "PMID:878490", "title": "[Exocrine pancreatic function in chronic alcoholics in Austria (author's transl)].", "content": "97 chronic alcoholic patients were investigated with regard to exocrine pancreatic function. Chronic calcifying pancreatitis was radiologically established in 7.2% of the cases. Secretin-pancreozymin tests were performed in 30 patients. Pancreatic insufficiency was found in 8 patients, while 8 patients showed marked hypersection. The daily faecal fat excretion in 10 other patients with partial gastrectomy and Billroth II operation was 5.3 g. Pancreatic disorders were, thus, detected in 53.2% cases of chronic alcoholism. This is higher than expected for Austria.", "contents": "[Exocrine pancreatic function in chronic alcoholics in Austria (author's transl)]. 97 chronic alcoholic patients were investigated with regard to exocrine pancreatic function. Chronic calcifying pancreatitis was radiologically established in 7.2% of the cases. Secretin-pancreozymin tests were performed in 30 patients. Pancreatic insufficiency was found in 8 patients, while 8 patients showed marked hypersection. The daily faecal fat excretion in 10 other patients with partial gastrectomy and Billroth II operation was 5.3 g. Pancreatic disorders were, thus, detected in 53.2% cases of chronic alcoholism. This is higher than expected for Austria."}
{"id": "PMID:878491", "title": "[Allergy diagnosis in childhood (author's transl)].", "content": "The determination of total IgE with the PRIST as well as its relevance to paediatric diseases is discussed. An allergic basis to bronchial asthma is detected by RAST in 80% of affected children, which contrasts with only 50% positive results found in adults. The most important allergens are grass pollens, house dust, house dust mite, cat hair, guinea-pig hair and moulds. The existence of pscyhosomatic factors as the sole cause of asthma is questioned. Furthermore, hyposensitization treatment is discussed and emphasis laid on the importance of suppressor-T-cells.", "contents": "[Allergy diagnosis in childhood (author's transl)]. The determination of total IgE with the PRIST as well as its relevance to paediatric diseases is discussed. An allergic basis to bronchial asthma is detected by RAST in 80% of affected children, which contrasts with only 50% positive results found in adults. The most important allergens are grass pollens, house dust, house dust mite, cat hair, guinea-pig hair and moulds. The existence of pscyhosomatic factors as the sole cause of asthma is questioned. Furthermore, hyposensitization treatment is discussed and emphasis laid on the importance of suppressor-T-cells."}
{"id": "PMID:878492", "title": "[The differential diagnosis of facial paralysis in the newborn: congenital hypoplasia of the depressor anguli oris and depressor labii inferioris muscles (author's transl)].", "content": "Six cases of congenital hypoplasia of the depressor anguli muscle and the depressor labii inferioris muscle are described. Hypoplasia of these muscles causes facial asymmetry in the newborn on crying and smiling, since the affected side of the lower lip cannot be drawn down and outwards. This frequently leads to the false diagnosis of partial facial palsy. Electromyography is helpful in the differential diagnosis by detection of the hypoplasia. In contrast to current opinion in the relevant literature, the authors believe that it is hypoplasia of the depressor labii inferioris muscle which is particularly responsible for the clinical picture, rather than merely hypoplasia of the depressor anguli oris muscle.", "contents": "[The differential diagnosis of facial paralysis in the newborn: congenital hypoplasia of the depressor anguli oris and depressor labii inferioris muscles (author's transl)]. Six cases of congenital hypoplasia of the depressor anguli muscle and the depressor labii inferioris muscle are described. Hypoplasia of these muscles causes facial asymmetry in the newborn on crying and smiling, since the affected side of the lower lip cannot be drawn down and outwards. This frequently leads to the false diagnosis of partial facial palsy. Electromyography is helpful in the differential diagnosis by detection of the hypoplasia. In contrast to current opinion in the relevant literature, the authors believe that it is hypoplasia of the depressor labii inferioris muscle which is particularly responsible for the clinical picture, rather than merely hypoplasia of the depressor anguli oris muscle."}
{"id": "PMID:878499", "title": "Hodgkin's disease. International mortality patterns and time trends.", "content": "Mortality rates for Hodgkin's disease calculated by WHO since 1957 are analyzed. In spite of a rather limited variability of the age-adjusted rates, important differences are found in age-specific rates. The mortality curve has 3 main peaks: one in childhood, one in young adults and one in older adults. Only the latter is observed uniformly in all populations. The international variability in the first 2 peaks suggests the effect of host factors in determining the age of onset and the clinical and pathological characteristics of the disease. The last peak is more in line with the usual shape of mortality curves of neoplastic diseases. A slight drop in mortality rates in recent years is reported from some countries.", "contents": "Hodgkin's disease. International mortality patterns and time trends. Mortality rates for Hodgkin's disease calculated by WHO since 1957 are analyzed. In spite of a rather limited variability of the age-adjusted rates, important differences are found in age-specific rates. The mortality curve has 3 main peaks: one in childhood, one in young adults and one in older adults. Only the latter is observed uniformly in all populations. The international variability in the first 2 peaks suggests the effect of host factors in determining the age of onset and the clinical and pathological characteristics of the disease. The last peak is more in line with the usual shape of mortality curves of neoplastic diseases. A slight drop in mortality rates in recent years is reported from some countries."}
{"id": "PMID:878502", "title": "[Lambdamycin, an antibiotic from strain IMET 31118 of Streptomyces glaucoachromogenes Prauser. II. Physiochemical properties and comparison with chartreusin].", "content": "The isolation and purification of the antibiotic lambdamycin are described. The physicochemical properties of the chromoglysoide lambdamycin resemble those of chartreusin. In this paper we compare the physicochemical properties of chartreusin and antibiotic X 465 with lambdamycin (alpha D, UV, IR). Lambdamycin is identified with chartreusin.", "contents": "[Lambdamycin, an antibiotic from strain IMET 31118 of Streptomyces glaucoachromogenes Prauser. II. Physiochemical properties and comparison with chartreusin]. The isolation and purification of the antibiotic lambdamycin are described. The physicochemical properties of the chromoglysoide lambdamycin resemble those of chartreusin. In this paper we compare the physicochemical properties of chartreusin and antibiotic X 465 with lambdamycin (alpha D, UV, IR). Lambdamycin is identified with chartreusin."}
{"id": "PMID:878525", "title": "[Interdisciplinary cooperation in the diagnosis and therapy of diseases of the adrenal glands and the parathyroid glands].", "content": "It is reported on the interdisciplinary cooperation between internists, radiologists and surgeons in the diagnostics and therapy of endocrinological diseases (suprarenal gland, parathyroid gland). On the basis of instances diagnostic step programmes are represented and first experiences of the cooperation are reported.", "contents": "[Interdisciplinary cooperation in the diagnosis and therapy of diseases of the adrenal glands and the parathyroid glands]. It is reported on the interdisciplinary cooperation between internists, radiologists and surgeons in the diagnostics and therapy of endocrinological diseases (suprarenal gland, parathyroid gland). On the basis of instances diagnostic step programmes are represented and first experiences of the cooperation are reported."}
{"id": "PMID:878526", "title": "[Iatrogenic thyroid diseases].", "content": "The authors investigated the patients of an ambulant dispensary for patients with diseases of the thyroid gland in the endemic district Dresden for cause, kind and frequency of iatrogenic diseases of the thyroid gland and in 13.1% of the patients they found such lesions which above all are conditioned by wrong use of thyroid hormones and thyreostatics. The foundation of special dispensaries is demanded.", "contents": "[Iatrogenic thyroid diseases]. The authors investigated the patients of an ambulant dispensary for patients with diseases of the thyroid gland in the endemic district Dresden for cause, kind and frequency of iatrogenic diseases of the thyroid gland and in 13.1% of the patients they found such lesions which above all are conditioned by wrong use of thyroid hormones and thyreostatics. The foundation of special dispensaries is demanded."}
{"id": "PMID:878528", "title": "[Results of 10 years hepatitis follow-up].", "content": "It is reported on the dispensary care of 789 patients suffering from infectious hepatitis. Of these patients 92.86% healed completely of hepatitis during observation. 2.91% developed sequels after hepatitis, among them 1.03% a posthepatitic hyperbilirubinaemia, 1.03% a chronic persistent hepatitis, 0.17% a chronic aggressive hepatitis, 0.34% a liver cirrhosis, 4.25% had concomitant diseases, such as fatty degeneration of the liver, diseases of the bile duct, pancreatitis, and ventricular ulcer. The probable associations of these diseases with infectious hepatitis are discussed. Three patients suffered from diabetes mellitus. One of these patients developed a chronic aggressive hepatitis and finally an incipient cirrhosis.", "contents": "[Results of 10 years hepatitis follow-up]. It is reported on the dispensary care of 789 patients suffering from infectious hepatitis. Of these patients 92.86% healed completely of hepatitis during observation. 2.91% developed sequels after hepatitis, among them 1.03% a posthepatitic hyperbilirubinaemia, 1.03% a chronic persistent hepatitis, 0.17% a chronic aggressive hepatitis, 0.34% a liver cirrhosis, 4.25% had concomitant diseases, such as fatty degeneration of the liver, diseases of the bile duct, pancreatitis, and ventricular ulcer. The probable associations of these diseases with infectious hepatitis are discussed. Three patients suffered from diabetes mellitus. One of these patients developed a chronic aggressive hepatitis and finally an incipient cirrhosis."}
{"id": "PMID:878529", "title": "[Diagnosis of rare paraproteins in plasmacytoma].", "content": "With a casuistics (multiple myoma with IgD-paraproteinaemia in a 64-year-old woman) some problems in the diagnostics of the rare paraproteins in plasmocytoma are described summarizing. In the case demonstrated with much accelerated BSR, dysproteinaemia and clear M-gradient in the pherogram as well as a deminution of IgG, IgA and IgM in the serum the IgD-paraprotein with multivalent antisera could not be proved; this was possible only with monospecific anti-IgD-serum.", "contents": "[Diagnosis of rare paraproteins in plasmacytoma]. With a casuistics (multiple myoma with IgD-paraproteinaemia in a 64-year-old woman) some problems in the diagnostics of the rare paraproteins in plasmocytoma are described summarizing. In the case demonstrated with much accelerated BSR, dysproteinaemia and clear M-gradient in the pherogram as well as a deminution of IgG, IgA and IgM in the serum the IgD-paraprotein with multivalent antisera could not be proved; this was possible only with monospecific anti-IgD-serum."}
{"id": "PMID:878530", "title": "[Kidney changes in experimental obesity].", "content": "In a survey renal changes in human obesity as well as in experimental obesity of laboratory animals are discussed. Own results are described about a comparison of biochemical and morphological studies on an experimental model of dietary-induced obesity after long-time feeding of a high-fat diet. Obese rats show normal concentrations of plasma proteins after feeding of a high-fat diet of some weeks. Urea-nitrogen levels are not modified as compared to control animals. Despite the mean levels of creatinine concentration in the dynamic and static phase of obesity are not different, some obese rats show increased creatinine values in the dynamic phase. Our histological studies reveal no pathological abnormalities of renal structures and blood vessels.", "contents": "[Kidney changes in experimental obesity]. In a survey renal changes in human obesity as well as in experimental obesity of laboratory animals are discussed. Own results are described about a comparison of biochemical and morphological studies on an experimental model of dietary-induced obesity after long-time feeding of a high-fat diet. Obese rats show normal concentrations of plasma proteins after feeding of a high-fat diet of some weeks. Urea-nitrogen levels are not modified as compared to control animals. Despite the mean levels of creatinine concentration in the dynamic and static phase of obesity are not different, some obese rats show increased creatinine values in the dynamic phase. Our histological studies reveal no pathological abnormalities of renal structures and blood vessels."}
{"id": "PMID:878531", "title": "[Casuistic contribution to the clinical picture of idiopathic hypertrophic osteoarthropathy].", "content": "On the basis of a casuistic contribution is referred to the rare, hitherto not clarified clinical picture of the idiopathic hypertrophic osteoarthropathy (pachydermo-periostosis, Touraine-Solente-Gol\u00e9 syndrome). In pronounced cases the diagnosis can easily be made, when pachydermia, drumstick-fingers with watch-glass nails and hyperostotic changes of the skeleton are present. Differential-diagnostic difficulties concerning the osteoarthropathie hypertrophiante pneumonique (P. Marie-Bamberger) are the result as in the present case in abortive forms of the syndrome.", "contents": "[Casuistic contribution to the clinical picture of idiopathic hypertrophic osteoarthropathy]. On the basis of a casuistic contribution is referred to the rare, hitherto not clarified clinical picture of the idiopathic hypertrophic osteoarthropathy (pachydermo-periostosis, Touraine-Solente-Gol\u00e9 syndrome). In pronounced cases the diagnosis can easily be made, when pachydermia, drumstick-fingers with watch-glass nails and hyperostotic changes of the skeleton are present. Differential-diagnostic difficulties concerning the osteoarthropathie hypertrophiante pneumonique (P. Marie-Bamberger) are the result as in the present case in abortive forms of the syndrome."}
{"id": "PMID:878532", "title": "[ECG studies during esophagogastroduodenoscopy].", "content": "Esophago-gastro-duodenoscopy combined with ECG-monitoring was carried out on a total of 300 patients. In the group of patients with pulmonary, cardiac and vascular damage (102 patients) there was a high incidence of irregularities in the rhythm and repolarization (21.2% and 36.2% resp.) The deviations observed were of a transitory nature and no permanent damage or deaths occurred.", "contents": "[ECG studies during esophagogastroduodenoscopy]. Esophago-gastro-duodenoscopy combined with ECG-monitoring was carried out on a total of 300 patients. In the group of patients with pulmonary, cardiac and vascular damage (102 patients) there was a high incidence of irregularities in the rhythm and repolarization (21.2% and 36.2% resp.) The deviations observed were of a transitory nature and no permanent damage or deaths occurred."}
{"id": "PMID:878533", "title": "[Intestinal pseudo-obstruction].", "content": "The report is the first on intestinal pseudoobstruction in german literature. The most impressive clinical signs and symptoms in our case were uncharacteristic abdominal discomfort, flatulence, and relapsing diarrhoe over a period of two decades. Finally we observed periods of inappetence, occasional vomiting a few hours after food intake and kachexia developing in 8 months. A localized dilatation of the duodenum and upper jejunum associated with complete atonia was found by laparatomy. The dilated segment of the intestine was largely resected. An impressive decrease in the thickness of the muscularis propria with splitting of muscle fibres and intact neural plexus was found by histology. After treatment with antibiotics it came to a satisfying restitution of the patient. The hitherto very rare clinical syndrome of localized dilatation of intestine with severe disturbance of motility and the published cases of the world literature are discussed.", "contents": "[Intestinal pseudo-obstruction]. The report is the first on intestinal pseudoobstruction in german literature. The most impressive clinical signs and symptoms in our case were uncharacteristic abdominal discomfort, flatulence, and relapsing diarrhoe over a period of two decades. Finally we observed periods of inappetence, occasional vomiting a few hours after food intake and kachexia developing in 8 months. A localized dilatation of the duodenum and upper jejunum associated with complete atonia was found by laparatomy. The dilated segment of the intestine was largely resected. An impressive decrease in the thickness of the muscularis propria with splitting of muscle fibres and intact neural plexus was found by histology. After treatment with antibiotics it came to a satisfying restitution of the patient. The hitherto very rare clinical syndrome of localized dilatation of intestine with severe disturbance of motility and the published cases of the world literature are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:878534", "title": "[Calcium palmitate and cholesterol gallstones].", "content": "Ca-palmitate is an abundant secondary constituent of cholesterol gallstones, especially of \"multiple facet\" and \"barrel\" stones. 60% of the 146 stones obtained by operation or autopsy contained crystalline Ca-palmitate. From these 70% were multiple and 11% solitary stones. The average percentage of Ca-palmitate calculated from 30 quantitative analyses amount to 1,75% with regard to the dry weight of stones. The occurrence of Ca-palmitate in gallbladder stones mainly depends on concrements which undergo structural alterations (formation of fissures for example) during their stay in the gallbladder and which are impregnated by bile. Ca-palmitate crystallizes within the fissures of these stones after concentration of included bile. There is no important hint that Ca-palmitate plays a role in stone nucleation. The occurence of Ca-palmitate in bile may be favoured by decreased micellar solubilization of palmitinic acid and by increased concentration of Ca as a result of inflammation.", "contents": "[Calcium palmitate and cholesterol gallstones]. Ca-palmitate is an abundant secondary constituent of cholesterol gallstones, especially of \"multiple facet\" and \"barrel\" stones. 60% of the 146 stones obtained by operation or autopsy contained crystalline Ca-palmitate. From these 70% were multiple and 11% solitary stones. The average percentage of Ca-palmitate calculated from 30 quantitative analyses amount to 1,75% with regard to the dry weight of stones. The occurrence of Ca-palmitate in gallbladder stones mainly depends on concrements which undergo structural alterations (formation of fissures for example) during their stay in the gallbladder and which are impregnated by bile. Ca-palmitate crystallizes within the fissures of these stones after concentration of included bile. There is no important hint that Ca-palmitate plays a role in stone nucleation. The occurence of Ca-palmitate in bile may be favoured by decreased micellar solubilization of palmitinic acid and by increased concentration of Ca as a result of inflammation."}
{"id": "PMID:878535", "title": "[Possibilities and limitations of obstetric intensive medicine: a cost-savings analysis (author's transl)].", "content": "With the increasing use of obstetrics intensive supervision methods, perinatal mortality could be decreased from greater than 2.5% to less than 1.0% between 1965-1975. Cases of clinically relevant acidosis in the umbilical artery (pH less than 7.10) declined from 2.41% to 0.51% between 1973-1975. On the basis of these results and the statistical data from Hagberg (14), it can be concluded that 1 child out of every 1.000 births can be preserved from a severe infantile cerebral paresis and 1 child from severe mental retardation via obstetric intensive supervision. The cost for obstetric intensive medicine per 1.000 births was 370.000 Swiss francs in 1975. As a result of the decline in cerebrally damaged and mentally retarded children, expenditures of between 1.3 to 1.9 million Swiss francs were avoided. This means a savings of 1 to 1.5 million Swiss francs.", "contents": "[Possibilities and limitations of obstetric intensive medicine: a cost-savings analysis (author's transl)]. With the increasing use of obstetrics intensive supervision methods, perinatal mortality could be decreased from greater than 2.5% to less than 1.0% between 1965-1975. Cases of clinically relevant acidosis in the umbilical artery (pH less than 7.10) declined from 2.41% to 0.51% between 1973-1975. On the basis of these results and the statistical data from Hagberg (14), it can be concluded that 1 child out of every 1.000 births can be preserved from a severe infantile cerebral paresis and 1 child from severe mental retardation via obstetric intensive supervision. The cost for obstetric intensive medicine per 1.000 births was 370.000 Swiss francs in 1975. As a result of the decline in cerebrally damaged and mentally retarded children, expenditures of between 1.3 to 1.9 million Swiss francs were avoided. This means a savings of 1 to 1.5 million Swiss francs."}
{"id": "PMID:878536", "title": "[Birth analgesia: late effects on newborn infants? (author's transl)].", "content": "Based upon scanty literature we discuss, whether unexpected fatal apneic spells of two full-term, apparently vigorous newborn infants at an age of 3 and 37 hours, respectively, may be related to Pethidine (+ Levallorphane) given to their mothers shortly before birth.", "contents": "[Birth analgesia: late effects on newborn infants? (author's transl)]. Based upon scanty literature we discuss, whether unexpected fatal apneic spells of two full-term, apparently vigorous newborn infants at an age of 3 and 37 hours, respectively, may be related to Pethidine (+ Levallorphane) given to their mothers shortly before birth."}
{"id": "PMID:878537", "title": "[Concerning the administration of pethidine (Dolantin during delivery: discussion to \"Analgesia during delivery--delayed effects for the child? by Riegel, Messow and Pielsticker (author's transl)].", "content": "The obstetrical problematic of intrapartal infant death following administration of Dolantin were discussed with the help of both of the cases described in the article by Riegel et al. At the same time, the question of analgesia during delivery with pethidine in combination with a respiratory depressant antidote was examined. Lorfalgyl, according to current opinion, cannot compensate the antidepressive effect of pethidine. Instead, the application of pure pethidine is recommended for obstetric analgesia in the first stage of labor. Today, naloxone used as antidote is particularly suitable before delivery or can be injected into the umbilical vein of the child after delivery. A plan of treatment for pathidine therapy during the first stage of labor in combination with the antidepressant was suggested.", "contents": "[Concerning the administration of pethidine (Dolantin during delivery: discussion to \"Analgesia during delivery--delayed effects for the child? by Riegel, Messow and Pielsticker (author's transl)]. The obstetrical problematic of intrapartal infant death following administration of Dolantin were discussed with the help of both of the cases described in the article by Riegel et al. At the same time, the question of analgesia during delivery with pethidine in combination with a respiratory depressant antidote was examined. Lorfalgyl, according to current opinion, cannot compensate the antidepressive effect of pethidine. Instead, the application of pure pethidine is recommended for obstetric analgesia in the first stage of labor. Today, naloxone used as antidote is particularly suitable before delivery or can be injected into the umbilical vein of the child after delivery. A plan of treatment for pathidine therapy during the first stage of labor in combination with the antidepressant was suggested."}
{"id": "PMID:878538", "title": "[Placental transfer of carticaine (Ultracain) a new local anesthetic agent (author's transl)].", "content": "Serum levels of carticaine were measured in 9 parturient women after peridural anesthesia as well as in the newborns. The neonatal serum level of carticaine amounted to 32 +/- 7% of the maternal (ratio = 0,32). This proportion is compared to those given in the literature for the local anesthetics Lidocaine (0,52-0,58), Mepivacaine (0,64) and Bupivacaine (0,23-0,26).", "contents": "[Placental transfer of carticaine (Ultracain) a new local anesthetic agent (author's transl)]. Serum levels of carticaine were measured in 9 parturient women after peridural anesthesia as well as in the newborns. The neonatal serum level of carticaine amounted to 32 +/- 7% of the maternal (ratio = 0,32). This proportion is compared to those given in the literature for the local anesthetics Lidocaine (0,52-0,58), Mepivacaine (0,64) and Bupivacaine (0,23-0,26)."}
{"id": "PMID:878539", "title": "[A new needle for low risk amniocentesis in early pregnancy (author's transl)].", "content": "A new needle will be described, which has been especially useful for amniocentesis in early pregnancy. Construction is based on the principle of the Verres-needle. After passing through the abdominal wall and entering the amniotic sac, a blunt stylet prevents the needle from contacting the fetus. The depth of the puncture is controlled by a device attached to the side of the needle. The needle is easily observed using ultrasound because of good sound waves reflections of specially constructed surface.", "contents": "[A new needle for low risk amniocentesis in early pregnancy (author's transl)]. A new needle will be described, which has been especially useful for amniocentesis in early pregnancy. Construction is based on the principle of the Verres-needle. After passing through the abdominal wall and entering the amniotic sac, a blunt stylet prevents the needle from contacting the fetus. The depth of the puncture is controlled by a device attached to the side of the needle. The needle is easily observed using ultrasound because of good sound waves reflections of specially constructed surface."}
{"id": "PMID:878540", "title": "[Anhidrotic ectodermal dysplasia--Identification of heterocygote (carrier) females (author's transl)].", "content": "We report on a newborn male infant suffering from anhidrotic ectodermal dysplasia. This x-linked recesive disorder has a high letality during the first year of life. Survivors are psychologically grossly impaired. This necessitates identification of carrier females. Characteristics of heterocygotes (e.g. palmar ridge flattening, paucety of pores, dermoglyphic pattern) are described. In pregnancy amniocentesis and chromosome analysis for sex determination are to be recommended.", "contents": "[Anhidrotic ectodermal dysplasia--Identification of heterocygote (carrier) females (author's transl)]. We report on a newborn male infant suffering from anhidrotic ectodermal dysplasia. This x-linked recesive disorder has a high letality during the first year of life. Survivors are psychologically grossly impaired. This necessitates identification of carrier females. Characteristics of heterocygotes (e.g. palmar ridge flattening, paucety of pores, dermoglyphic pattern) are described. In pregnancy amniocentesis and chromosome analysis for sex determination are to be recommended."}
{"id": "PMID:878541", "title": "[Prenatal diagnosis in early pregnancy].", "content": "The scope of prenatal diagnostics of hereditary diseases in early pregnancy and the cooperation of gynaecologists and human geneticists in this field are discussed.", "contents": "[Prenatal diagnosis in early pregnancy]. The scope of prenatal diagnostics of hereditary diseases in early pregnancy and the cooperation of gynaecologists and human geneticists in this field are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:878542", "title": "[Bilirubin level and estrogen elimination in newborns (author's transl)].", "content": "Free estradiol and estriol was determined radioimmunologically in cord blood and in peripheral venous blood during the third, fifth and seventh day of life. The steroid level of a group of children with icterus neonatorum simplex were compared with an anicteric control group. In spite of the higher level of estriol in cord blood during the first week of life, estriol was eliminated much more rapidly than estradiol and independent of the bilirubin level. Given the same initial values for estradiol in cord blood of both control groups, the estradiol elimination rate was significantly slower in icteric newborns. The level of estradiol in cord blood was significantly higher in newborn males than in newborn females. A higher level in cord blood, however, does not increase the risk of a later newborn hyperbilirubinemia. Our findings tend to indicate that no etiologic importance should be attached to the amount of estradiol and estradiol to be eliminated, for the development of icterus neonatorum  simplex. At the same time, icteric newborns have a relative insufficiency in estradiol elimination but not, however, in estriol elimination.", "contents": "[Bilirubin level and estrogen elimination in newborns (author's transl)]. Free estradiol and estriol was determined radioimmunologically in cord blood and in peripheral venous blood during the third, fifth and seventh day of life. The steroid level of a group of children with icterus neonatorum simplex were compared with an anicteric control group. In spite of the higher level of estriol in cord blood during the first week of life, estriol was eliminated much more rapidly than estradiol and independent of the bilirubin level. Given the same initial values for estradiol in cord blood of both control groups, the estradiol elimination rate was significantly slower in icteric newborns. The level of estradiol in cord blood was significantly higher in newborn males than in newborn females. A higher level in cord blood, however, does not increase the risk of a later newborn hyperbilirubinemia. Our findings tend to indicate that no etiologic importance should be attached to the amount of estradiol and estradiol to be eliminated, for the development of icterus neonatorum  simplex. At the same time, icteric newborns have a relative insufficiency in estradiol elimination but not, however, in estriol elimination."}
{"id": "PMID:878543", "title": "[Relationship between clinical parameters and labor (author's transl)].", "content": "In 200 cases of childbirth supervised by intra-amniotic tocometry the relations between various clinical parameters such as age, parity, gestosis, rise of temperature, birth weight, small circumference of the head, duration of the cervical dilatation and the expulsion period, and the exactly defined motility of the uterus were investigated during different phases. The results confirmed the very limited influence of selected clinical phenomena upon the multifactiorially regulated total complex of labour.", "contents": "[Relationship between clinical parameters and labor (author's transl)]. In 200 cases of childbirth supervised by intra-amniotic tocometry the relations between various clinical parameters such as age, parity, gestosis, rise of temperature, birth weight, small circumference of the head, duration of the cervical dilatation and the expulsion period, and the exactly defined motility of the uterus were investigated during different phases. The results confirmed the very limited influence of selected clinical phenomena upon the multifactiorially regulated total complex of labour."}
{"id": "PMID:878546", "title": "[Reduction of myocardial ischemia by betablocker (Pindolol) in patients with acute infarction (author's transl)].", "content": "Seven patients with acute anterior myocardial infarction were treated with a betablocker (Pindolol 0.1-0.2 mg i.v.). The goal of the study was to determine the course of the ischemic ST elevation by means of precordial Ecg mapping (sigma-ST). Within 20 min a reduction of of sigma-ST of 23% p less than 0.05 and of the heart rate of 10% p less than 0.05 was noticed. The mean arterial pressure remained constant. In one case the heart rate rose, so did the sigma-ST. -Beside heart rate reduction a competitive effect of the betablocker against myocardial catecholamines in the ischemic area may lead to these results.", "contents": "[Reduction of myocardial ischemia by betablocker (Pindolol) in patients with acute infarction (author's transl)]. Seven patients with acute anterior myocardial infarction were treated with a betablocker (Pindolol 0.1-0.2 mg i.v.). The goal of the study was to determine the course of the ischemic ST elevation by means of precordial Ecg mapping (sigma-ST). Within 20 min a reduction of of sigma-ST of 23% p less than 0.05 and of the heart rate of 10% p less than 0.05 was noticed. The mean arterial pressure remained constant. In one case the heart rate rose, so did the sigma-ST. -Beside heart rate reduction a competitive effect of the betablocker against myocardial catecholamines in the ischemic area may lead to these results."}
{"id": "PMID:878547", "title": "[The serum triglycerides and their role as a coronary risk factor (author's transl)].", "content": "291 patients with various types of hyperlipoproteinemia and 216 persons with normal serum lipid levels were examined for the frequency of angina pectoris and myocardial infarction. As a risk factor of myocardial infarction, Fredrickson's Type IIb was ranking on top, followed by simultaneous elevation of serum cholesterol and serum triglycerides regardless of the lipid-electrophoretic tappern, followed by Fredrickson's Type IV and finally by isolated hypercholesterolemia and Fredrickson's Type IIa. For angina pectoris, the order was slightly different: the highest risk factor was the simultaneous elevation of serum cholesterol and serum triglycerides, followed by hyperlipoproteinemia Type IV, hyperlipoproteinemia Type IIb, and finally by isolated hypercholesterolemia. The risk of both myocardial infarction and angina pectoris caused by isolated hypertriglycerolemia was not statistically significant, the same observation was made for the risk of angina pectoris in hyperlipoproteinemia Tye IIa. The present results confirm that an elevation of the serum triglycerides plays a minor role as a coronary risk factor in comparison to hypercholesterolemia.", "contents": "[The serum triglycerides and their role as a coronary risk factor (author's transl)]. 291 patients with various types of hyperlipoproteinemia and 216 persons with normal serum lipid levels were examined for the frequency of angina pectoris and myocardial infarction. As a risk factor of myocardial infarction, Fredrickson's Type IIb was ranking on top, followed by simultaneous elevation of serum cholesterol and serum triglycerides regardless of the lipid-electrophoretic tappern, followed by Fredrickson's Type IV and finally by isolated hypercholesterolemia and Fredrickson's Type IIa. For angina pectoris, the order was slightly different: the highest risk factor was the simultaneous elevation of serum cholesterol and serum triglycerides, followed by hyperlipoproteinemia Type IV, hyperlipoproteinemia Type IIb, and finally by isolated hypercholesterolemia. The risk of both myocardial infarction and angina pectoris caused by isolated hypertriglycerolemia was not statistically significant, the same observation was made for the risk of angina pectoris in hyperlipoproteinemia Tye IIa. The present results confirm that an elevation of the serum triglycerides plays a minor role as a coronary risk factor in comparison to hypercholesterolemia."}
{"id": "PMID:878548", "title": "[Studies on the differential diagnosis of carotid sinus syndrome and sick sinus syndrome (author's transl)].", "content": "55 patients suffering from syncopes or dizziness were investigated by atrial pacing and carotid sinus reflex. In 17 pts. the only pathologic finding was a prolonged sinus node recovery time, in 8 pts. a pathologic carotid sinus reflex. In 7 pts. both pathologic findings were present, a prolonged sinus node recovery time and a pathologic carotid sinus reflex. In 3 pts. suffering from atrial fibrillation in addition a pathologic carotid sinus reflex was found. In 20 pts. the findings were normal. It is concluded that sick sinus syndrome and carotid sinus syndrome are different diseases, which can be separated clearly.", "contents": "[Studies on the differential diagnosis of carotid sinus syndrome and sick sinus syndrome (author's transl)]. 55 patients suffering from syncopes or dizziness were investigated by atrial pacing and carotid sinus reflex. In 17 pts. the only pathologic finding was a prolonged sinus node recovery time, in 8 pts. a pathologic carotid sinus reflex. In 7 pts. both pathologic findings were present, a prolonged sinus node recovery time and a pathologic carotid sinus reflex. In 3 pts. suffering from atrial fibrillation in addition a pathologic carotid sinus reflex was found. In 20 pts. the findings were normal. It is concluded that sick sinus syndrome and carotid sinus syndrome are different diseases, which can be separated clearly."}
{"id": "PMID:878549", "title": "[The effect of ouabain on sinus node function and intracardiac conduction (author's transl)].", "content": "The effect of 0.5 mg Ouabain (O) i.v. on sinus node function and on intracardiac conduction was studied by His bundle electrography and atrial stimulation. 7 patients with normal sinus node function and av conduction (group I), 5 patients with sick sinus syndrome (group II), and 5 patients with av block of changing degree (group III) were examined. 2 additional patients had simultaneous sinus node dysfunction and av block (group II/III). The sinus node recovery time was prolonged in 6 patients, the av block was located proximal to the His bundle in 4 patients and distal to the His bundle in 3 patients. The spontaneous sinus rate decreased in group I and remained unchanged in group II and III after O. The PA interval increased slightly after O in groups II and III, the AH interval during sinus rhythm was prolonged after O in groups II and III and in the whole group together. During atrial pacing, the stimulus-His-time was increased in each group when compared at identical stimulation rates. In 4 of 7 patients av block type Wenckebach appeared at a lower stilmulation rate after O. The HV interval remained unaltered after O, the sinus node recovery time varied after O. Phenytoin had no positive effect on the changes observed after O. Unwanted actions of O such as increased bradycardia or increased av conduction disturbances were not observed. O appears to be reasonably safe in most patients with sick-sinus syndrome and changing av block.", "contents": "[The effect of ouabain on sinus node function and intracardiac conduction (author's transl)]. The effect of 0.5 mg Ouabain (O) i.v. on sinus node function and on intracardiac conduction was studied by His bundle electrography and atrial stimulation. 7 patients with normal sinus node function and av conduction (group I), 5 patients with sick sinus syndrome (group II), and 5 patients with av block of changing degree (group III) were examined. 2 additional patients had simultaneous sinus node dysfunction and av block (group II/III). The sinus node recovery time was prolonged in 6 patients, the av block was located proximal to the His bundle in 4 patients and distal to the His bundle in 3 patients. The spontaneous sinus rate decreased in group I and remained unchanged in group II and III after O. The PA interval increased slightly after O in groups II and III, the AH interval during sinus rhythm was prolonged after O in groups II and III and in the whole group together. During atrial pacing, the stimulus-His-time was increased in each group when compared at identical stimulation rates. In 4 of 7 patients av block type Wenckebach appeared at a lower stilmulation rate after O. The HV interval remained unaltered after O, the sinus node recovery time varied after O. Phenytoin had no positive effect on the changes observed after O. Unwanted actions of O such as increased bradycardia or increased av conduction disturbances were not observed. O appears to be reasonably safe in most patients with sick-sinus syndrome and changing av block."}
{"id": "PMID:878550", "title": "[Heart rate and refractoriness of accessory A-V- pathways (author's transl)].", "content": "In 20 patients with WPW-syndrome, the effective refractory periods of accessory A-V conduction were measured by programmed atrial stimulation during His-bundle electrography. The effects of basic heart rate on this parameter were evaluated. Three groups of patients were distinguished: A) The effective refractory periods of accessory A-V conduction were clearly longer than the effective refractory periods of the right atrium in 12 patients. In these patients, acceleration of heart rate shortened the effective refractory period of accessory A-V conduction. Refractoriness of accessory A-V conduction was a linear function of cycle length. B) Block of accessory A-V conduction occured at a rather long basic cycle length in three patients. No rate dependency of refractoriness could be evaluated. Methodical problems regarding the determination of effective refractory period of accessory A-V conduction were discussed. The significance of the parameter in question in respect to the trigger mechanism of paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardias (echozone) and the ventricular rate during atrial tachycardias were demonstrated.", "contents": "[Heart rate and refractoriness of accessory A-V- pathways (author's transl)]. In 20 patients with WPW-syndrome, the effective refractory periods of accessory A-V conduction were measured by programmed atrial stimulation during His-bundle electrography. The effects of basic heart rate on this parameter were evaluated. Three groups of patients were distinguished: A) The effective refractory periods of accessory A-V conduction were clearly longer than the effective refractory periods of the right atrium in 12 patients. In these patients, acceleration of heart rate shortened the effective refractory period of accessory A-V conduction. Refractoriness of accessory A-V conduction was a linear function of cycle length. B) Block of accessory A-V conduction occured at a rather long basic cycle length in three patients. No rate dependency of refractoriness could be evaluated. Methodical problems regarding the determination of effective refractory period of accessory A-V conduction were discussed. The significance of the parameter in question in respect to the trigger mechanism of paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardias (echozone) and the ventricular rate during atrial tachycardias were demonstrated."}
{"id": "PMID:878551", "title": "[The effect of Ro 11-1781, a calciumantagonist, on atrioventricular conduction (author's transl)].", "content": "The effect of an intravenous bolus of 1 mg/kg Ro 11-1781, a new calciumantagonist, on sinus node automaticity and intracardiac conduction was studied by His-bundle electrography and atrial stimulation. During sinus rhythm, no significant action of Ro 11-1781 on rate, P-A-interval, A-H interval, and H-V-interval was observed. The sinus node recovery time remained unaltered. On atrial stimulation, the St-H-interval was significantly (p less than 0.001) prolonged after Ro 11-1781. Wenckebach Periods occurred at lower stimulation rates in all patients after Ro 11-1781. It is concluded that Ro 11-1781 prolongs av nodal conduction and may be of  therapeutic value in the treatment of supraventricular arrhythmias.", "contents": "[The effect of Ro 11-1781, a calciumantagonist, on atrioventricular conduction (author's transl)]. The effect of an intravenous bolus of 1 mg/kg Ro 11-1781, a new calciumantagonist, on sinus node automaticity and intracardiac conduction was studied by His-bundle electrography and atrial stimulation. During sinus rhythm, no significant action of Ro 11-1781 on rate, P-A-interval, A-H interval, and H-V-interval was observed. The sinus node recovery time remained unaltered. On atrial stimulation, the St-H-interval was significantly (p less than 0.001) prolonged after Ro 11-1781. Wenckebach Periods occurred at lower stimulation rates in all patients after Ro 11-1781. It is concluded that Ro 11-1781 prolongs av nodal conduction and may be of  therapeutic value in the treatment of supraventricular arrhythmias."}
{"id": "PMID:878552", "title": "[Hemodynamics after mitral valve replacement with Starr-Edwards, Bj\u00f6rk-Shiley and Lillehei-Kaster protheses (author's transl)].", "content": "After mitral valve replacement hemodynamic abnormalities persist. These abnormalities were studied 1 year postoperatively. In 50 randomized patients; 15 with Starr-Edwards (SEM), 15 with Lillehei-Kaster (LKM) and 20 with Bj\u00f6rk-Shiley (BSM) prostheses at rest and during exercise. Simultaneously were determined: pulmonary arterial pressure, left atrial pressure, left ventricular enddiastolic pressure, mean diastolic pressure gradient across the prostheses, cardiac index, stroke volume index, valve orifice area, and ejection fraction. The results show an important stenosis by the prostheses leading to high pressure increase in pulmonary artery and left atrium during excercise. This stenosis depends on valve size and type. Bj\u00f6rk-Shiley tilting disc valves show the best hemodynamic results. This may be due to the most favourable ratio between internal and external diameter. Starr-Edwards prostheses with identical sizes show the most identical results if compared to each other. Therfore we suggest that Starr-Edwards prostheses open completely in every case. However, there is an important pressure gradient caused by the small internal diameter. Lillehei-Kaster pivoting disc valves reach surprisingly small functional valve areas. This may be caused by an incomplete opening of the disc.", "contents": "[Hemodynamics after mitral valve replacement with Starr-Edwards, Bj\u00f6rk-Shiley and Lillehei-Kaster protheses (author's transl)]. After mitral valve replacement hemodynamic abnormalities persist. These abnormalities were studied 1 year postoperatively. In 50 randomized patients; 15 with Starr-Edwards (SEM), 15 with Lillehei-Kaster (LKM) and 20 with Bj\u00f6rk-Shiley (BSM) prostheses at rest and during exercise. Simultaneously were determined: pulmonary arterial pressure, left atrial pressure, left ventricular enddiastolic pressure, mean diastolic pressure gradient across the prostheses, cardiac index, stroke volume index, valve orifice area, and ejection fraction. The results show an important stenosis by the prostheses leading to high pressure increase in pulmonary artery and left atrium during excercise. This stenosis depends on valve size and type. Bj\u00f6rk-Shiley tilting disc valves show the best hemodynamic results. This may be due to the most favourable ratio between internal and external diameter. Starr-Edwards prostheses with identical sizes show the most identical results if compared to each other. Therfore we suggest that Starr-Edwards prostheses open completely in every case. However, there is an important pressure gradient caused by the small internal diameter. Lillehei-Kaster pivoting disc valves reach surprisingly small functional valve areas. This may be caused by an incomplete opening of the disc."}
{"id": "PMID:878553", "title": "[Coronary artery fistula between the left anterior descending branch and the left ventricle; a case report (author's transl)].", "content": "The rare case of a coronary fistula from the left anterior descending branch to the left ventricle is presented. The 38 year old woman was admitted with homonymous quadrantanopsia and hyperacusis. An abnormal Ecg and a systolic and diastolic murmur of unknown origin were discovered. Cardiac catheterization yielded normal findings. Coronary angiography demonstrated an aneurysma of the dilated left anterior descending coronary artery with a fistulous communication into the left ventricle. This congenital left to left shunt produced a typical mid-diastolic murmur clearly separated from the systolic murmur.", "contents": "[Coronary artery fistula between the left anterior descending branch and the left ventricle; a case report (author's transl)]. The rare case of a coronary fistula from the left anterior descending branch to the left ventricle is presented. The 38 year old woman was admitted with homonymous quadrantanopsia and hyperacusis. An abnormal Ecg and a systolic and diastolic murmur of unknown origin were discovered. Cardiac catheterization yielded normal findings. Coronary angiography demonstrated an aneurysma of the dilated left anterior descending coronary artery with a fistulous communication into the left ventricle. This congenital left to left shunt produced a typical mid-diastolic murmur clearly separated from the systolic murmur."}
{"id": "PMID:878554", "title": "[Evaluation of social status and hemodynamic results four to six years after prosthetic valve replacement (author's transl)].", "content": "In 72 patients the professional and social status before and after prosthetic valve replacement was examined. In 60 of these patients the hemodynamic data (cardiac index, stroke volume index, pulmonary arterial pressure at rest and during exercise) were measured. The patients were classified according to their professional training, their last occupation, and their social status before operation. Postoperative changes in professional life and the daily work load were correlated to the hemodynamic results. The study shows that the social status plays a more important role in regaining the professional position postoperatively than the hemodynamic parameter.", "contents": "[Evaluation of social status and hemodynamic results four to six years after prosthetic valve replacement (author's transl)]. In 72 patients the professional and social status before and after prosthetic valve replacement was examined. In 60 of these patients the hemodynamic data (cardiac index, stroke volume index, pulmonary arterial pressure at rest and during exercise) were measured. The patients were classified according to their professional training, their last occupation, and their social status before operation. Postoperative changes in professional life and the daily work load were correlated to the hemodynamic results. The study shows that the social status plays a more important role in regaining the professional position postoperatively than the hemodynamic parameter."}
{"id": "PMID:878571", "title": "The hypnotherapeutic treatment of impotence.", "content": "Fifty cases of primary and secondary impotency are presented. A breakdown of the patients as to age shows that the problem is wide-spread from youth to middle-age; in this study there was a mean age of 29.40 years. All patients who remained in therapy were able to perform sexually at the time of their discharge. In followup of 66% of the patients, all stated they were doing well except for two. Hypnosis used as an uncovering modality is shown to be markedly effective. This, incorporated with ego-strengthening and new self-image suggestions, seems to be the treatment of choice for psychogenic impotence.", "contents": "The hypnotherapeutic treatment of impotence. Fifty cases of primary and secondary impotency are presented. A breakdown of the patients as to age shows that the problem is wide-spread from youth to middle-age; in this study there was a mean age of 29.40 years. All patients who remained in therapy were able to perform sexually at the time of their discharge. In followup of 66% of the patients, all stated they were doing well except for two. Hypnosis used as an uncovering modality is shown to be markedly effective. This, incorporated with ego-strengthening and new self-image suggestions, seems to be the treatment of choice for psychogenic impotence."}
{"id": "PMID:878632", "title": "The stable bubble test.", "content": "Idiopathic Respiratory Distress Syndrome (I.R.D.S.) occurs mainly in preterm babies (Halliday and McClure, 1976). The cause of the condition is a deficiency of surfactant in the fetal lung. (Avery and Mead, 1959). The condition, if untreated, is associated with high fetal mortality. A simple test, The Bubble Stability Test, which can predict the possibility of I.R.D.S. occuring is now in use in the University Teaching Hospital, Lusaka. An analysis of the use of the Bubble Stability Test in fifty cases is presented. In our series a positive Bubble Stability Test accurately predicted fetal lung maturity.", "contents": "The stable bubble test. Idiopathic Respiratory Distress Syndrome (I.R.D.S.) occurs mainly in preterm babies (Halliday and McClure, 1976). The cause of the condition is a deficiency of surfactant in the fetal lung. (Avery and Mead, 1959). The condition, if untreated, is associated with high fetal mortality. A simple test, The Bubble Stability Test, which can predict the possibility of I.R.D.S. occuring is now in use in the University Teaching Hospital, Lusaka. An analysis of the use of the Bubble Stability Test in fifty cases is presented. In our series a positive Bubble Stability Test accurately predicted fetal lung maturity."}
{"id": "PMID:878637", "title": "[The assignment of wines to location by determination of trace element patterns (author's transl)].", "content": "The concentrations of trace elements were determined in 70 wines by activation analysis and investigated as a function of location, grape variety and vintage year. It is possible using numerical taxonomy to cluster all the wines of one region by their greater similarity in trace element patterns. It is too early for a definative evaluation of the limits of this method.", "contents": "[The assignment of wines to location by determination of trace element patterns (author's transl)]. The concentrations of trace elements were determined in 70 wines by activation analysis and investigated as a function of location, grape variety and vintage year. It is possible using numerical taxonomy to cluster all the wines of one region by their greater similarity in trace element patterns. It is too early for a definative evaluation of the limits of this method."}
{"id": "PMID:878638", "title": "[Determination of OFF-SHOOT-T in vegetable substrates (author's transl)].", "content": "An analytical method has been developed to determine OFF-SHOOT-T in plant substrates. By this method the OFF-SHOOT-T content is calculated via the octanol-(1)-resp. decanol-(1)-concentrations determined via gas chromatography. The limit for determination of octanol-(1) resp. decanol-(1) in the substrates investigated is at around 0.1 mg/kg. This analytical method can be used for the examination of potato, onion, tabacco and other vegetable substrates.", "contents": "[Determination of OFF-SHOOT-T in vegetable substrates (author's transl)]. An analytical method has been developed to determine OFF-SHOOT-T in plant substrates. By this method the OFF-SHOOT-T content is calculated via the octanol-(1)-resp. decanol-(1)-concentrations determined via gas chromatography. The limit for determination of octanol-(1) resp. decanol-(1) in the substrates investigated is at around 0.1 mg/kg. This analytical method can be used for the examination of potato, onion, tabacco and other vegetable substrates."}
{"id": "PMID:878639", "title": "Radiation induced lipid oxidation in fish.", "content": "Oxidative rancidity in herring and redfish was studied as a function of the applied irradiation dose, the storage time and storage temperature and the packaging conditions.--Measurements of the TBA (thiobarbituric acid) value and the peroxide value were used to evaluate the degree of oxidation of lipids, and were related with sensory scores.--Especially for the fatty fish species (herring) irradiation accelerated lipid oxidation and induced oxidative rancidity. Irradiation of vacuum-packed herring fillets and subsequent storage at +2 degrees C seems to be an interesting process. For the experiments conducted on a semi-fatty fish (redfish), oxidative rancidity was never the limiting factor for organoleptic acceptability.", "contents": "Radiation induced lipid oxidation in fish. Oxidative rancidity in herring and redfish was studied as a function of the applied irradiation dose, the storage time and storage temperature and the packaging conditions.--Measurements of the TBA (thiobarbituric acid) value and the peroxide value were used to evaluate the degree of oxidation of lipids, and were related with sensory scores.--Especially for the fatty fish species (herring) irradiation accelerated lipid oxidation and induced oxidative rancidity. Irradiation of vacuum-packed herring fillets and subsequent storage at +2 degrees C seems to be an interesting process. For the experiments conducted on a semi-fatty fish (redfish), oxidative rancidity was never the limiting factor for organoleptic acceptability."}
{"id": "PMID:878633", "title": "Road traffic accidents in Lusaka and blood alcohol.", "content": "The present analysis highlights the 37% of deaths due to road traffic accidents 172(79.2%) males and 45(20.8%) females. About 50% deaths involved pedestrians and 15% drivers. Half of the total deaths involved the person below 34 years of age. 26.7% cases showed high blood alcohol more than the statutory limit of 80mg%. 50% of the drinking drivers were below the age of 30 years. The blood alcohol was found in 35 (31.1%) pedestrians out of 109 involved, 9 (17.7%) passengers out of 61, 10 (30.3%) drivers out of 33 and 4 (33.3%) cyclists out of 12 involved in accidents. A steep increase in the incidence of accidents during past years has been tabulated in Table (V) and discussed. One of the major causes for the accident appears to be high blood alcohol levels in the road users.", "contents": "Road traffic accidents in Lusaka and blood alcohol. The present analysis highlights the 37% of deaths due to road traffic accidents 172(79.2%) males and 45(20.8%) females. About 50% deaths involved pedestrians and 15% drivers. Half of the total deaths involved the person below 34 years of age. 26.7% cases showed high blood alcohol more than the statutory limit of 80mg%. 50% of the drinking drivers were below the age of 30 years. The blood alcohol was found in 35 (31.1%) pedestrians out of 109 involved, 9 (17.7%) passengers out of 61, 10 (30.3%) drivers out of 33 and 4 (33.3%) cyclists out of 12 involved in accidents. A steep increase in the incidence of accidents during past years has been tabulated in Table (V) and discussed. One of the major causes for the accident appears to be high blood alcohol levels in the road users."}
{"id": "PMID:878640", "title": "[Studies on coffee and coffee substitutes. XIX. Dependence of the quantity of a highly polymeric galactomannan on the degree of extraction coffee-extracts (author's transl)].", "content": "In extracts of Columbia Arabica Coffee the content of galactomannan precipitable with alcaline copper solution decreases slowly up to an extraction yield of 43.6%; it decreases somewhat more rapidly with higher extraction yields. An extract of Angola Robusta Coffee showed opposite behaviour. In this case the content of galactomannan increased with the extraction yield, although not evenly. Calculated on the basis of roasted coffee solids the extract of the Arabica coffee had a rather limited range precipitable polysaccharide, the Robusta coffee in contrast with rated increased amounts of galactomannan. The different behaviour of the two coffee varieties may be due to mote or less strong binding of this high-polymer carbohydrate to the cell wall.", "contents": "[Studies on coffee and coffee substitutes. XIX. Dependence of the quantity of a highly polymeric galactomannan on the degree of extraction coffee-extracts (author's transl)]. In extracts of Columbia Arabica Coffee the content of galactomannan precipitable with alcaline copper solution decreases slowly up to an extraction yield of 43.6%; it decreases somewhat more rapidly with higher extraction yields. An extract of Angola Robusta Coffee showed opposite behaviour. In this case the content of galactomannan increased with the extraction yield, although not evenly. Calculated on the basis of roasted coffee solids the extract of the Arabica coffee had a rather limited range precipitable polysaccharide, the Robusta coffee in contrast with rated increased amounts of galactomannan. The different behaviour of the two coffee varieties may be due to mote or less strong binding of this high-polymer carbohydrate to the cell wall."}
{"id": "PMID:878635", "title": "Syndrome of ankylosis, facial anomalies and pulmonary hypoplasia.", "content": "A newly recognized syndrome, with a pattern of malformations (fixation of joints, facial anomalies, and pulmonary hypoplasia) is reported from Zambia Central Africa in an African child. Additional features of deafness and cataract are included in the congenital abnormalities and it is suggested that a form of gentic abnormality is responsible for this condition.", "contents": "Syndrome of ankylosis, facial anomalies and pulmonary hypoplasia. A newly recognized syndrome, with a pattern of malformations (fixation of joints, facial anomalies, and pulmonary hypoplasia) is reported from Zambia Central Africa in an African child. Additional features of deafness and cataract are included in the congenital abnormalities and it is suggested that a form of gentic abnormality is responsible for this condition."}
{"id": "PMID:878641", "title": "[Prevention of behavior disturbances in small children within the scope of public health care].", "content": "Four approaches in secondary prevention are described: the personal initiative of the parents, a risk strategy based on social indicators, crisis intervention, and systematic screening. With the exception of the risk strategy, which--at least in a Swiss urban setting--appears to be rather ineffective, these approaches could make a significant contribution, but cannot be considered as sufficient by themselves. Primary prevention in the form of structured group work stimulating the parents to display own activity is an important part in a combined strategy. Some conditions for such a strategy to be successful are mentioned. The necessity of team work and of personal continuity is stressed. Well baby clinics provide the optimal organisational base on which to build the necessary cooperation between professionals of different fields and appropriate lay organisations.", "contents": "[Prevention of behavior disturbances in small children within the scope of public health care]. Four approaches in secondary prevention are described: the personal initiative of the parents, a risk strategy based on social indicators, crisis intervention, and systematic screening. With the exception of the risk strategy, which--at least in a Swiss urban setting--appears to be rather ineffective, these approaches could make a significant contribution, but cannot be considered as sufficient by themselves. Primary prevention in the form of structured group work stimulating the parents to display own activity is an important part in a combined strategy. Some conditions for such a strategy to be successful are mentioned. The necessity of team work and of personal continuity is stressed. Well baby clinics provide the optimal organisational base on which to build the necessary cooperation between professionals of different fields and appropriate lay organisations."}
{"id": "PMID:878642", "title": "[Problems in prevention of mental disorders in preschool children].", "content": "In primary prevention, we meet many methodological difficulties: the promotion of mental health requires the transmission of specialized knowledge: this is in fact very difficult to realise. Validation of such programs is impossible. Moreover, primary prevention remains generally unspecific, often helpless--as in the case of psychosis. Problems of prediction are so important that we are not even able to predict--and then to prevent--the development of depression, one of the most common forms of psychiatric disturbance. Early diagnosis (secondary prevention) is also still inadequate: in most cases, we do not know how symptoms detected in early childhood will develop. In view of the poor state of etiopathogenic theories, 2 concepts are being used preferentially in prevention: high risk groups, and the notion of crisis. Large segments of population can be evaluated from these points of view and provided with preventive interventions. Prevention programs can address themselves to either the child himself, his family, or his larger environment. Most successful prevention programs organised by psychiatrists have addressed themselves to the early mother-child interaction. This is one of the most valuable targets for high risk or crisis interventions. Now that various preventive programs have been active for years, one can start evaluating the first results of primary prevention: while difficulties are enormous, one should not regress to comfortable isolationism of clinical work only. On the other hand, utopian dreams of eradication of psychic troubles through environmental manipulation are not valid any longer.", "contents": "[Problems in prevention of mental disorders in preschool children]. In primary prevention, we meet many methodological difficulties: the promotion of mental health requires the transmission of specialized knowledge: this is in fact very difficult to realise. Validation of such programs is impossible. Moreover, primary prevention remains generally unspecific, often helpless--as in the case of psychosis. Problems of prediction are so important that we are not even able to predict--and then to prevent--the development of depression, one of the most common forms of psychiatric disturbance. Early diagnosis (secondary prevention) is also still inadequate: in most cases, we do not know how symptoms detected in early childhood will develop. In view of the poor state of etiopathogenic theories, 2 concepts are being used preferentially in prevention: high risk groups, and the notion of crisis. Large segments of population can be evaluated from these points of view and provided with preventive interventions. Prevention programs can address themselves to either the child himself, his family, or his larger environment. Most successful prevention programs organised by psychiatrists have addressed themselves to the early mother-child interaction. This is one of the most valuable targets for high risk or crisis interventions. Now that various preventive programs have been active for years, one can start evaluating the first results of primary prevention: while difficulties are enormous, one should not regress to comfortable isolationism of clinical work only. On the other hand, utopian dreams of eradication of psychic troubles through environmental manipulation are not valid any longer."}
{"id": "PMID:878643", "title": "[Preventive training of parents].", "content": "General conditions, the theoretical frame, the contents and purposes of our preventive training of parents are discussed. The attention is drawn to the fact that our preventive training of parents is--at the time being--examined in a pilot study with regard to acceptability and understanding. First results let suppose that our preventive training supports the parents in their educational behavior. An extensive study with two control groups and an accompanying study basing on psycho-pedagogical and social-medical criteria are planned.", "contents": "[Preventive training of parents]. General conditions, the theoretical frame, the contents and purposes of our preventive training of parents are discussed. The attention is drawn to the fact that our preventive training of parents is--at the time being--examined in a pilot study with regard to acceptability and understanding. First results let suppose that our preventive training supports the parents in their educational behavior. An extensive study with two control groups and an accompanying study basing on psycho-pedagogical and social-medical criteria are planned."}
{"id": "PMID:878644", "title": "[Epidemiological factors and personality structure].", "content": "The relation between sociodemographic characteristics and structure of personality (MMPI) was analyzed using the results of the \"Basle Adolescence Study\". Type of housing, family structure, employment of the mother and number of working hours of the father produced statistically significant differences, which, however, were small in respect to the general variability of the structure of personality.", "contents": "[Epidemiological factors and personality structure]. The relation between sociodemographic characteristics and structure of personality (MMPI) was analyzed using the results of the \"Basle Adolescence Study\". Type of housing, family structure, employment of the mother and number of working hours of the father produced statistically significant differences, which, however, were small in respect to the general variability of the structure of personality."}
{"id": "PMID:878645", "title": "[Personality, school-achievement and behavior disorders].", "content": "In the framework of the Basle Adolescence-Study, students with indications of behaviour disorders were the subject of a special analysis. The greater part of them belonged to the lower social class and frequented the intellectually less demanding branches of the school system. Even where this was not the case their personality profile showed the characteristics of the lower class populations. The theoretical base of the \"labelling approach\" could be verified. School and Counselling Service proved to be efficacious parts of the system of social control.", "contents": "[Personality, school-achievement and behavior disorders]. In the framework of the Basle Adolescence-Study, students with indications of behaviour disorders were the subject of a special analysis. The greater part of them belonged to the lower social class and frequented the intellectually less demanding branches of the school system. Even where this was not the case their personality profile showed the characteristics of the lower class populations. The theoretical base of the \"labelling approach\" could be verified. School and Counselling Service proved to be efficacious parts of the system of social control."}
{"id": "PMID:878646", "title": "[Epidemiological study on mental morbidity of the child at the age of latency].", "content": "A random sample of 300 9-year-old children in the canton of Vand were given a psychiatric examination. Boys showed psychopathology more often than girls, lower class children more than higher class children, children of foreign origin more than children of Swiss parents, children who had been separated from their families during their first three years of life more than children who had not been separated. On the other hand, the child psychiatric services were less well known by persons from those population groups, in which children showed psychopathologic findings more often. Questions concerning the intervention strategies that follow from these observations are discussed.", "contents": "[Epidemiological study on mental morbidity of the child at the age of latency]. A random sample of 300 9-year-old children in the canton of Vand were given a psychiatric examination. Boys showed psychopathology more often than girls, lower class children more than higher class children, children of foreign origin more than children of Swiss parents, children who had been separated from their families during their first three years of life more than children who had not been separated. On the other hand, the child psychiatric services were less well known by persons from those population groups, in which children showed psychopathologic findings more often. Questions concerning the intervention strategies that follow from these observations are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:878647", "title": "[Prevention of mental disorders after the loss of a sibling in childhood].", "content": "Reaction to the loss of somebody close is determined, not only by cultural, historical, social and family factors, but above all by the stage of individual development that has been reached. Children behave differently from adults following \"object loss\". Their ego and object relations are developing rapidly. The classical phenomena of mourning are usually manifested only after adolescence. When their psychological balance has been upset by bereavement children try to restore it through reparative and adaptive measures. If they are not given adequate support from the parents and paediatrician, or psychotherapeutic help when this is called for, then the loss of a significant person frequently disturbs children's further development. There is an important field for preventive psychohygienic measures open in relation to fatal illness in childhood.", "contents": "[Prevention of mental disorders after the loss of a sibling in childhood]. Reaction to the loss of somebody close is determined, not only by cultural, historical, social and family factors, but above all by the stage of individual development that has been reached. Children behave differently from adults following \"object loss\". Their ego and object relations are developing rapidly. The classical phenomena of mourning are usually manifested only after adolescence. When their psychological balance has been upset by bereavement children try to restore it through reparative and adaptive measures. If they are not given adequate support from the parents and paediatrician, or psychotherapeutic help when this is called for, then the loss of a significant person frequently disturbs children's further development. There is an important field for preventive psychohygienic measures open in relation to fatal illness in childhood."}
{"id": "PMID:878648", "title": "[Self-damaging mechanisms. Motivation of drug- and luxury-abuse, drug consumption, tendency for suicide].", "content": "Abuse of legal and illegal drugs, alcohol and cigarettes, and suicide tend to be studied separately from each other, and different organizations concern themselves with their respective treatments. A study of self-damaging behavior patterns conducted at the University of Zurich has shown that one and the same motivational structure is expressed through these different manifestations: Processes of self-devaluation explain a large part of those behaviors that reduce the chances of survival. Since inhibition of self-actualization can be explained by social structures, it follows that preventive medicine has to open a social political dimension. The conference on which this article is based presents numerous unpublished data on alcoholism, cigarette consumption, abuse of legal and illegal drugs, and suicide fantasy. The Zurich project is expected to be terminated in 1977.", "contents": "[Self-damaging mechanisms. Motivation of drug- and luxury-abuse, drug consumption, tendency for suicide]. Abuse of legal and illegal drugs, alcohol and cigarettes, and suicide tend to be studied separately from each other, and different organizations concern themselves with their respective treatments. A study of self-damaging behavior patterns conducted at the University of Zurich has shown that one and the same motivational structure is expressed through these different manifestations: Processes of self-devaluation explain a large part of those behaviors that reduce the chances of survival. Since inhibition of self-actualization can be explained by social structures, it follows that preventive medicine has to open a social political dimension. The conference on which this article is based presents numerous unpublished data on alcoholism, cigarette consumption, abuse of legal and illegal drugs, and suicide fantasy. The Zurich project is expected to be terminated in 1977."}
{"id": "PMID:878649", "title": "[Preventive aspect of behavioral disorders with emphasis on school and upbringing].", "content": "Prevention in the field of pre-school and school education is a permanent process, which has to be reflected in concrete measures. Based on practical experience, several such measures are proposed. These are discussed before the background of child development.", "contents": "[Preventive aspect of behavioral disorders with emphasis on school and upbringing]. Prevention in the field of pre-school and school education is a permanent process, which has to be reflected in concrete measures. Based on practical experience, several such measures are proposed. These are discussed before the background of child development."}
{"id": "PMID:878650", "title": "[Prevention of mental anesthesia caused by child-care pedagogics].", "content": "The phenomenon of the incapability to take initiative and decisions which is apparent in comparatively high proportions amongst welfare cases leaving educational institutions has led to concern in the practical activities of the Department of Social Welfare of the Canton of Tessin regarding the future of these cases. Various authors have observed the same phenomenon. It has been described as a syndrome which conveys the impression of a psychic anaesthesia. It has the characteristics of a masked depression. In spite of the absence of exact figures it is already obvious that apart from the deplorable state of mind of these cases, they are likely to in the long run become an increasing financial burden to the social welfare services of the productive part of the community. Effective prevention would require a structure of social services as well as educational institutions which correspond to the natural phases of development, and where the necessary satisfaction of psychic needs typical of each phase of development is achieved in a natural community including children of various ages.", "contents": "[Prevention of mental anesthesia caused by child-care pedagogics]. The phenomenon of the incapability to take initiative and decisions which is apparent in comparatively high proportions amongst welfare cases leaving educational institutions has led to concern in the practical activities of the Department of Social Welfare of the Canton of Tessin regarding the future of these cases. Various authors have observed the same phenomenon. It has been described as a syndrome which conveys the impression of a psychic anaesthesia. It has the characteristics of a masked depression. In spite of the absence of exact figures it is already obvious that apart from the deplorable state of mind of these cases, they are likely to in the long run become an increasing financial burden to the social welfare services of the productive part of the community. Effective prevention would require a structure of social services as well as educational institutions which correspond to the natural phases of development, and where the necessary satisfaction of psychic needs typical of each phase of development is achieved in a natural community including children of various ages."}
{"id": "PMID:878651", "title": "[Naive objectivism in the assessment of behavioral disorders].", "content": "Naive objectivism is a widespread attitude in human and social science research, although it disregards important principles of the theory of cognition. In the history of philosophy two naive approaches to the understanding of the world were continually disputed; 1. rationalism which purports unlimited cognitive power of the human mind, 2. a kind of empiricism which denies subjective elements in the process of cognition. Today the overestimation of human understanding is reflected in a dogmatic adherence to specific professional or idealogically biased doctrines and in the dubious ideal of a purely empirical science with its limited applicability to mankind. The exaggerated expectations regarding the inherent lawfulness of the empirical research field is demonstrated by excessive data collection and by the useless attempt to define behavioral disorders as deviation from the statistical norm. However, behavior disorders can only be understood, if the totality of being human is considered. They are to be seen as failing attempts to give and to maintain a meaning to life.", "contents": "[Naive objectivism in the assessment of behavioral disorders]. Naive objectivism is a widespread attitude in human and social science research, although it disregards important principles of the theory of cognition. In the history of philosophy two naive approaches to the understanding of the world were continually disputed; 1. rationalism which purports unlimited cognitive power of the human mind, 2. a kind of empiricism which denies subjective elements in the process of cognition. Today the overestimation of human understanding is reflected in a dogmatic adherence to specific professional or idealogically biased doctrines and in the dubious ideal of a purely empirical science with its limited applicability to mankind. The exaggerated expectations regarding the inherent lawfulness of the empirical research field is demonstrated by excessive data collection and by the useless attempt to define behavioral disorders as deviation from the statistical norm. However, behavior disorders can only be understood, if the totality of being human is considered. They are to be seen as failing attempts to give and to maintain a meaning to life."}
{"id": "PMID:878652", "title": "[Behavior disorders and epidemiological, classificatory and terminological aspects from the psychological viewpoint].", "content": "Natural language describing children with unusual forms of behavior may have different meanings, depending on context and situation. Labelling does not do justice to these subleties, and it tends to harm the child, as in the undertone of presently used terms, there tends to be an element of moral condemnation, predisposing for its part to poor prognosis. A necessary means of prevention would be by protecting our children from professional language, as it blocks the avenue to the art of a socially integrated, \"good\" life.", "contents": "[Behavior disorders and epidemiological, classificatory and terminological aspects from the psychological viewpoint]. Natural language describing children with unusual forms of behavior may have different meanings, depending on context and situation. Labelling does not do justice to these subleties, and it tends to harm the child, as in the undertone of presently used terms, there tends to be an element of moral condemnation, predisposing for its part to poor prognosis. A necessary means of prevention would be by protecting our children from professional language, as it blocks the avenue to the art of a socially integrated, \"good\" life."}
{"id": "PMID:878653", "title": "[Diagnosis and nosographic classification in the child-psychiatric epidemiology].", "content": "Psychiatric epidemiology is founded on clinical experience and scientific research; these two spheres are not contradictory but complementary. Different aspects need to be examined thoroughly; for instance, diagnosis, considered as the result of a rather complicated process has hardly ever been studied. This should not lead us to give up or to act in a pseudo-scientific way as if we could control all the problems. The existing results show us that diagnosis is getting significant only with complementary and specific items. From the methodological point of view, video-tape and discussions about case histories allow us to study the diagnosis process. Field researches, comparative studies about systematic case data of different services, clinical and longitudinal investigations contribute ot epidemiological knowledge and facilitate interdisciplinary and international cooperation. Any linear and causal explanations on epidemiological phenomena appear unreliable.", "contents": "[Diagnosis and nosographic classification in the child-psychiatric epidemiology]. Psychiatric epidemiology is founded on clinical experience and scientific research; these two spheres are not contradictory but complementary. Different aspects need to be examined thoroughly; for instance, diagnosis, considered as the result of a rather complicated process has hardly ever been studied. This should not lead us to give up or to act in a pseudo-scientific way as if we could control all the problems. The existing results show us that diagnosis is getting significant only with complementary and specific items. From the methodological point of view, video-tape and discussions about case histories allow us to study the diagnosis process. Field researches, comparative studies about systematic case data of different services, clinical and longitudinal investigations contribute ot epidemiological knowledge and facilitate interdisciplinary and international cooperation. Any linear and causal explanations on epidemiological phenomena appear unreliable."}
{"id": "PMID:878654", "title": "[Burdens due to noise and air pollution in residents of areas near streets with heavy traffic].", "content": "The residents of different streets with varying traffic density and building density were questioned about annoyance due to traffic noise and air pollution. Frequency and extent of annoyance felt, effects of immissions on such living aspects as recreation, or communication, and also the reactions to the disturbance felt (such as closing windows and taking sleeping pills) were investigated. Noise levels as well as particulate matter and gaseous air pollutant concentrations were measured along the streets under investigation. The evaluation of 1300 questionaires showed that reactions to noise were different in different quarters although noise levels were the same. In general, about 40% of residents were heavily disturbed during daytime when the noise level Leq was around 65 dB(A); while for the same noise level at night about 55% reported to be heavily disturbed. Strong correlations were also obtained between annoyance due to noise and that due to air pollution. The results show that annoyance felt is dependent not only on the measured noise levels and/or air pollution concentrations, but that there do exist interactions between the residential quarters and annoyance. These interactions should be considered while fixing the limits and standards.", "contents": "[Burdens due to noise and air pollution in residents of areas near streets with heavy traffic]. The residents of different streets with varying traffic density and building density were questioned about annoyance due to traffic noise and air pollution. Frequency and extent of annoyance felt, effects of immissions on such living aspects as recreation, or communication, and also the reactions to the disturbance felt (such as closing windows and taking sleeping pills) were investigated. Noise levels as well as particulate matter and gaseous air pollutant concentrations were measured along the streets under investigation. The evaluation of 1300 questionaires showed that reactions to noise were different in different quarters although noise levels were the same. In general, about 40% of residents were heavily disturbed during daytime when the noise level Leq was around 65 dB(A); while for the same noise level at night about 55% reported to be heavily disturbed. Strong correlations were also obtained between annoyance due to noise and that due to air pollution. The results show that annoyance felt is dependent not only on the measured noise levels and/or air pollution concentrations, but that there do exist interactions between the residential quarters and annoyance. These interactions should be considered while fixing the limits and standards."}
{"id": "PMID:878655", "title": "[The problem of noise adaptation during sleep].", "content": "Within experimental series carried out till now habituation to noise during sleep was, as a rule, statistically insignificant, though most of the papers are reporting a decrease of awakening-reaction during the experiment. This discrepancy rises from the small number of experimental trials, so that statistical test fail. Summarizing the published data the decrease of reaction during test series is significant. Based on these data a function of habituation has been calculated demonstrating an increase of O-reactions (all reactions less than a change of one sleep stage) and a decrease of awakening-reactions caused by acoustical stimuli. The ascent of the curve of habituation becomes flatter and is about 0 within the 9th test night. As indicated by the calculated curve, it seems that a second process of habituation takes place but this further decrease of reactions could not be proven. The increase of 0-reactions as well as the decrease of awakening reactions is dependent on the content of information of the acoustical stimuli which decreases with the number of stimuli.", "contents": "[The problem of noise adaptation during sleep]. Within experimental series carried out till now habituation to noise during sleep was, as a rule, statistically insignificant, though most of the papers are reporting a decrease of awakening-reaction during the experiment. This discrepancy rises from the small number of experimental trials, so that statistical test fail. Summarizing the published data the decrease of reaction during test series is significant. Based on these data a function of habituation has been calculated demonstrating an increase of O-reactions (all reactions less than a change of one sleep stage) and a decrease of awakening-reactions caused by acoustical stimuli. The ascent of the curve of habituation becomes flatter and is about 0 within the 9th test night. As indicated by the calculated curve, it seems that a second process of habituation takes place but this further decrease of reactions could not be proven. The increase of 0-reactions as well as the decrease of awakening reactions is dependent on the content of information of the acoustical stimuli which decreases with the number of stimuli."}
{"id": "PMID:878656", "title": "[Measure of lead exposure in a group of young girls].", "content": "In January--February 1976 blood analyses were performed for two groups (rural and urban) of young girls aged 11--16 years. The following parameters were measured: PbB, ALAD, FEP, haemoglobin and hematocrit. Results indicate only low blood lead levels (PbB less than or equal to 20 microgram/100 ml: ALAD by European method greater than or equal to 33 U/1. A small but statistically significant difference was observed in case of rural/urban ALAD values.", "contents": "[Measure of lead exposure in a group of young girls]. In January--February 1976 blood analyses were performed for two groups (rural and urban) of young girls aged 11--16 years. The following parameters were measured: PbB, ALAD, FEP, haemoglobin and hematocrit. Results indicate only low blood lead levels (PbB less than or equal to 20 microgram/100 ml: ALAD by European method greater than or equal to 33 U/1. A small but statistically significant difference was observed in case of rural/urban ALAD values."}
{"id": "PMID:878657", "title": "[Suspense-dust-, lead- and benzpyrene emissions in the city of Zurich].", "content": "Levels of particulate matter, lead and benzo(a)pyrene were measured during 1971--1976 at different monitoring stations in Zurich. Annual averages in city proper ranged between 90 and 180 microgram/m3 for particulate matter, 2 and 3 microgram/m3 for lead and between 6 and 7 ng/m3 for benzo(a)pyrene. Corresponding values for the suburbs as well as for the village of Netstal were about 1/3 to 1/2. Winter levels were higher than the summer ones at all the sites. These differences were more obvious in case of calms. Ambient concentrations of particulate matter and lead measured in the city center were similar to those measured in german cities and were in the same range as air quality standards. Primary attention should be paid to the reduction of emissions, as surveillance of space heating and incineration equipment, and the reduction of lead in fossil fuels.", "contents": "[Suspense-dust-, lead- and benzpyrene emissions in the city of Zurich]. Levels of particulate matter, lead and benzo(a)pyrene were measured during 1971--1976 at different monitoring stations in Zurich. Annual averages in city proper ranged between 90 and 180 microgram/m3 for particulate matter, 2 and 3 microgram/m3 for lead and between 6 and 7 ng/m3 for benzo(a)pyrene. Corresponding values for the suburbs as well as for the village of Netstal were about 1/3 to 1/2. Winter levels were higher than the summer ones at all the sites. These differences were more obvious in case of calms. Ambient concentrations of particulate matter and lead measured in the city center were similar to those measured in german cities and were in the same range as air quality standards. Primary attention should be paid to the reduction of emissions, as surveillance of space heating and incineration equipment, and the reduction of lead in fossil fuels."}
{"id": "PMID:878658", "title": "[Endotoxins: a neglected environmental factor].", "content": "The effects of bacterial endotoxins are well known form an experimental and clinical point of view. Their presence in the environment in general and their possible role for the development of clinical symptoms at low exposure levels has been less studied. Experimental and epidemiological evidence for such effects are reviewed with reference to particular environments where this exposure might be present.", "contents": "[Endotoxins: a neglected environmental factor]. The effects of bacterial endotoxins are well known form an experimental and clinical point of view. Their presence in the environment in general and their possible role for the development of clinical symptoms at low exposure levels has been less studied. Experimental and epidemiological evidence for such effects are reviewed with reference to particular environments where this exposure might be present."}
{"id": "PMID:878663", "title": "The feasibility of demonstration of GM- and InV-systems in decaying organs.", "content": "Gamma-globulin factors (Gm and InV-systems) were determined in 12 cadavers in blood and various organ exprimates (kidney, liver, spleen and muscle). Also checked was the time interval up to which these factors could still be demonstrated in decaying organs. For this purpose blood and portions of the organs were left to decay in plastic containers at an average temperature of 19.1 degree C. Examinations were done with the agglutination-inhibition-test. The exprimates were employed in dilutions 1:10 and 1:20. The serum factors Gm (1), (2), (4), (10) and InV (1) could be demonstrated for varying periods of time. In organs they could be demonstrated for between one and eight weeks. Only factors Gm(1) and Gm(2) could be demonstrated beyond this time. As a rule these serum factors were demonstrable in blood for a longer period of time than in organs; Factor Gm(4) proved to be the most stable one, as it could be demonstrated up to 11 weeks in decaying serum. In 2200 individuals tests with a dilution 1:20 no false positive results were obtained, with the dilution 1:10, however, 5 false positive tests were found. No explanation can be given for the different periods of time for which these factors can be demonstrated under conditions of decay.", "contents": "The feasibility of demonstration of GM- and InV-systems in decaying organs. Gamma-globulin factors (Gm and InV-systems) were determined in 12 cadavers in blood and various organ exprimates (kidney, liver, spleen and muscle). Also checked was the time interval up to which these factors could still be demonstrated in decaying organs. For this purpose blood and portions of the organs were left to decay in plastic containers at an average temperature of 19.1 degree C. Examinations were done with the agglutination-inhibition-test. The exprimates were employed in dilutions 1:10 and 1:20. The serum factors Gm (1), (2), (4), (10) and InV (1) could be demonstrated for varying periods of time. In organs they could be demonstrated for between one and eight weeks. Only factors Gm(1) and Gm(2) could be demonstrated beyond this time. As a rule these serum factors were demonstrable in blood for a longer period of time than in organs; Factor Gm(4) proved to be the most stable one, as it could be demonstrated up to 11 weeks in decaying serum. In 2200 individuals tests with a dilution 1:20 no false positive results were obtained, with the dilution 1:10, however, 5 false positive tests were found. No explanation can be given for the different periods of time for which these factors can be demonstrated under conditions of decay."}
{"id": "PMID:878664", "title": "The medicolegal usefulness of the Kidd system in exclusion of parentage.", "content": "The blood samples of 2741 people from Germany were examined. The gene frequencies of Jka was found  to be 0.49345 and of Jkb 0.50655. The theoretical probability of exclusion lies at 18,57%, the practical one only at 7.09%, because in many cases, the presumptive father is also the biological father. It is a system of dependable information. The Kidd system can be used as a classical system for exclusion of parentage.", "contents": "The medicolegal usefulness of the Kidd system in exclusion of parentage. The blood samples of 2741 people from Germany were examined. The gene frequencies of Jka was found  to be 0.49345 and of Jkb 0.50655. The theoretical probability of exclusion lies at 18,57%, the practical one only at 7.09%, because in many cases, the presumptive father is also the biological father. It is a system of dependable information. The Kidd system can be used as a classical system for exclusion of parentage."}
{"id": "PMID:878659", "title": "[Experience in a group of overweight persons].", "content": "The experience with group therapy of five obese persons over a ten-week period is being reported. The purpose was to effect changes in abnormal eating habits by means of behavioural methods toward self-control. The mean weight of the group was reduced from 79,4 kg to 72,2 kg during the period of the course; mean weight reduction was 7,2 kg while mean overweight was lowered from 22% to 10%. In order to prevent rebounds, it is recommended that participants remain under continued care. Despite the small number of probands, it is though that the study provides useful information about the effectiveness and problems of group-dynamic obesity treatment in population.", "contents": "[Experience in a group of overweight persons]. The experience with group therapy of five obese persons over a ten-week period is being reported. The purpose was to effect changes in abnormal eating habits by means of behavioural methods toward self-control. The mean weight of the group was reduced from 79,4 kg to 72,2 kg during the period of the course; mean weight reduction was 7,2 kg while mean overweight was lowered from 22% to 10%. In order to prevent rebounds, it is recommended that participants remain under continued care. Despite the small number of probands, it is though that the study provides useful information about the effectiveness and problems of group-dynamic obesity treatment in population."}
{"id": "PMID:878665", "title": "[The estimation of the time of death of corpses recovered from water (author's transl)].", "content": "Putrefaction, autolysis and maceration of water corpses follow a regular sequence depending on the water temperature and the interval in the water, the socalled water period. We have determined the beginning of characteristic exterior and interior changes in 395 water corpses of adult persons with known immersion intervals and water temperatures at the place of discovery at the time of recovery. The corpses had been kept in a cooling-rrom at 4 degrees C for 2 to 3 days until they were studied. Altogether 10 parameters have been considered and plotted (Fig. 1-3): intensive dyscoloration of the skin, gasformation, loosening of hair, loss of hair, putridity transsudate of more than 500 ml into the pleural cavitiesn, bloodlessness of heart, softening and liquefaction of the brain, loosening of fingernails, loss of washer-woman's skin from the hands and loss of fingernails. Several parameters are synchronous (Fig. 1,2). The studied intervals of exposure to water were from 2 to 47 days at water temperatures between 22 and 3 degrees C. - By means of the three diagrams it can be found out how many days at the minimum a corpse had been submerged, if the water temperature at the place of discovery is known and storage in a cooling-room has taken place for 2 to 3 days. Also statements are possible about the maximal period of time. - Corpses found in the Rhine will develop washer-woman's skin on hands and feet after no less than 5 hours, even at summer temperatures, and adipocere after no less than 2.5 to 3 months. There is no difference between running and stagnant water in the chronological developments of the parameters investigated. Also the degree of water pollution does not affect the estimation of the time of death.", "contents": "[The estimation of the time of death of corpses recovered from water (author's transl)]. Putrefaction, autolysis and maceration of water corpses follow a regular sequence depending on the water temperature and the interval in the water, the socalled water period. We have determined the beginning of characteristic exterior and interior changes in 395 water corpses of adult persons with known immersion intervals and water temperatures at the place of discovery at the time of recovery. The corpses had been kept in a cooling-rrom at 4 degrees C for 2 to 3 days until they were studied. Altogether 10 parameters have been considered and plotted (Fig. 1-3): intensive dyscoloration of the skin, gasformation, loosening of hair, loss of hair, putridity transsudate of more than 500 ml into the pleural cavitiesn, bloodlessness of heart, softening and liquefaction of the brain, loosening of fingernails, loss of washer-woman's skin from the hands and loss of fingernails. Several parameters are synchronous (Fig. 1,2). The studied intervals of exposure to water were from 2 to 47 days at water temperatures between 22 and 3 degrees C. - By means of the three diagrams it can be found out how many days at the minimum a corpse had been submerged, if the water temperature at the place of discovery is known and storage in a cooling-room has taken place for 2 to 3 days. Also statements are possible about the maximal period of time. - Corpses found in the Rhine will develop washer-woman's skin on hands and feet after no less than 5 hours, even at summer temperatures, and adipocere after no less than 2.5 to 3 months. There is no difference between running and stagnant water in the chronological developments of the parameters investigated. Also the degree of water pollution does not affect the estimation of the time of death."}
{"id": "PMID:878666", "title": "[Medicamentous sterility as a subterfuge in disputed paternity cases (author's transl)].", "content": "During forensic examination of male fertility in disputed paternity cases cheating is possible. There are substances with effects on spermatogenesis; on transport of spermatozoa and on hormonic regulation. Bis-dichloroacetyl-octamethylendiamine seems the most suitable. It has no side-effects, exept for an antabuse-effect. By daily treatment with 200 mg sterility starts after 2--3 months. After stopping the treatment fertility becomes normal after 2 months.", "contents": "[Medicamentous sterility as a subterfuge in disputed paternity cases (author's transl)]. During forensic examination of male fertility in disputed paternity cases cheating is possible. There are substances with effects on spermatogenesis; on transport of spermatozoa and on hormonic regulation. Bis-dichloroacetyl-octamethylendiamine seems the most suitable. It has no side-effects, exept for an antabuse-effect. By daily treatment with 200 mg sterility starts after 2--3 months. After stopping the treatment fertility becomes normal after 2 months."}
{"id": "PMID:878662", "title": "[The new center for environmental research at the Institute for Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Lausanne].", "content": "The organisation and the services of the new Research Center for Occupational Environment and Chemical Pollutants are described and commented. The advantages of this original structure for the monitoring and the prevention of health hazards on a community level are emphasized.", "contents": "[The new center for environmental research at the Institute for Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Lausanne]. The organisation and the services of the new Research Center for Occupational Environment and Chemical Pollutants are described and commented. The advantages of this original structure for the monitoring and the prevention of health hazards on a community level are emphasized."}
{"id": "PMID:878667", "title": "The effect of hypovolemia on the weights of human organs.", "content": "A significant hypovolemia causes a statistically significant decrease in the weights of the liver, spleen and kidneys. This decrease can be on an average of 17% of the theoretical normal weight. Postmortem weights and estimated theoretical values are compared and with respect to the organs mentioned above the difference was marked. The weight of thyroid gland increases significantly. The material consisted of data from of 3468 male and 1422 female corpses.", "contents": "The effect of hypovolemia on the weights of human organs. A significant hypovolemia causes a statistically significant decrease in the weights of the liver, spleen and kidneys. This decrease can be on an average of 17% of the theoretical normal weight. Postmortem weights and estimated theoretical values are compared and with respect to the organs mentioned above the difference was marked. The weight of thyroid gland increases significantly. The material consisted of data from of 3468 male and 1422 female corpses."}
{"id": "PMID:878661", "title": "[Relevant research gaps in the field of air pollution].", "content": "The Swiss Association for Environmental Research is regularly evaluating environmental research activities in Switzerland and has also tried to set priorities in this field which is important especially in a small country like Switzerland. More attention should be paid to the sectors of social and human sciences, energy, recycling and waste management, agriculture and cultivation in mountains, as well as to limits of maximum load of emissions and immissions within the field of environmental research. Dealing with immissions, one should differentiate between compounds which are already monitored and new compounds which are growing fast. In both cases occurrence, accumulation and effects have to be analyzed. In the sector of air hygiene probably the following areas are therefore the most critical: Immissions of nitrogen oxides, of specific hydrocarbons, of specific aerosols, of radioactive products and synergistic effects of several of these compounds and their interaction with natural processes.", "contents": "[Relevant research gaps in the field of air pollution]. The Swiss Association for Environmental Research is regularly evaluating environmental research activities in Switzerland and has also tried to set priorities in this field which is important especially in a small country like Switzerland. More attention should be paid to the sectors of social and human sciences, energy, recycling and waste management, agriculture and cultivation in mountains, as well as to limits of maximum load of emissions and immissions within the field of environmental research. Dealing with immissions, one should differentiate between compounds which are already monitored and new compounds which are growing fast. In both cases occurrence, accumulation and effects have to be analyzed. In the sector of air hygiene probably the following areas are therefore the most critical: Immissions of nitrogen oxides, of specific hydrocarbons, of specific aerosols, of radioactive products and synergistic effects of several of these compounds and their interaction with natural processes."}
{"id": "PMID:878668", "title": "[Measurements of rigor mortis on human skeletal muscles in situ (author's transl)].", "content": "The torque, necessary to break the rigor mortis of arms and legs at 17 female and 35 male cadavers stored at a temperature of 4 degrees C was determined. The values show differences between male and female cadavers to an extent, that both groups have to be treated separately. Relating the torque to the diameter or the cross section of the limb does not eliminate the differences: Frequently considerable differences between left and right limbs were obtained, however, without preference of one side over the other. There is no direct functional relationship between post mortem time and the intensity of r.m., but the values occasionally allow estimates on the maximum time post mortem.", "contents": "[Measurements of rigor mortis on human skeletal muscles in situ (author's transl)]. The torque, necessary to break the rigor mortis of arms and legs at 17 female and 35 male cadavers stored at a temperature of 4 degrees C was determined. The values show differences between male and female cadavers to an extent, that both groups have to be treated separately. Relating the torque to the diameter or the cross section of the limb does not eliminate the differences: Frequently considerable differences between left and right limbs were obtained, however, without preference of one side over the other. There is no direct functional relationship between post mortem time and the intensity of r.m., but the values occasionally allow estimates on the maximum time post mortem."}
{"id": "PMID:878669", "title": "Problems in determing A2B group specific properties in blood stains.", "content": "Blood stains belonging to various sub-group A combinations were examined by the absorption-elution method (in comparison with Holzer method and mixed agglutination). No difficulties were encountered in the identification of A1, A2, and A1B blood stains, while identification of A antigen in A2B stains was dubious (always negative with the others methods). This seems to be due to low anti-sera titer in relation to A antigen in this subgroup combination.", "contents": "Problems in determing A2B group specific properties in blood stains. Blood stains belonging to various sub-group A combinations were examined by the absorption-elution method (in comparison with Holzer method and mixed agglutination). No difficulties were encountered in the identification of A1, A2, and A1B blood stains, while identification of A antigen in A2B stains was dubious (always negative with the others methods). This seems to be due to low anti-sera titer in relation to A antigen in this subgroup combination."}
{"id": "PMID:878670", "title": "Determination of phenotypes of phosphoglucomutase (PGM1) in bloodstains by cellulose acetate electrophoresis.", "content": "A good separation of PGM1 isoenzymes from bloodstains has been obtained with an adapted Sonneborn method of electrophoresis on cellulose acetate. This method requires very small quantities of the examined material, a short time of electrophoresis, and is cheaper and simpler than hitherto described. A correct determination of PGM1 phenotypes from bloodstains was easy up to 24 weeks. Occasionally it was possible to determine phenotypes in bloodstains as old as 47 weeks, and in one case even in bloodstains 126 weeks old. This method may be useful in the forensic serology for determination of PGM1 phenotypes from bloodstains.", "contents": "Determination of phenotypes of phosphoglucomutase (PGM1) in bloodstains by cellulose acetate electrophoresis. A good separation of PGM1 isoenzymes from bloodstains has been obtained with an adapted Sonneborn method of electrophoresis on cellulose acetate. This method requires very small quantities of the examined material, a short time of electrophoresis, and is cheaper and simpler than hitherto described. A correct determination of PGM1 phenotypes from bloodstains was easy up to 24 weeks. Occasionally it was possible to determine phenotypes in bloodstains as old as 47 weeks, and in one case even in bloodstains 126 weeks old. This method may be useful in the forensic serology for determination of PGM1 phenotypes from bloodstains."}
{"id": "PMID:878671", "title": "Fractography of human intact long bone by bending.", "content": "Human intact tibiae were tested using the static bending method to learn about the relationship between the fracture surface and the failure mode. The bending test was applied to test pieces and to whole bones. The fracture surface was observed by scanning electron microscopy. The bone fracture is closely related to the architecture of the bone substance, especially to the direction of the Haversian canals and the lamellae. The failure mode and the sequence of the break line of the bone can be found out by the observation on the fracture surface. Hardly any crushing effects caused by the compressive force is seen. The mechanical properties of the fractured bone can be estimated to some extend by considering the direction of the break line and the failure mode. The strength calculated by the simple beam formula for elastic materials can not be obtained directly because of the plastic deformation of the bone. The results of the tensile test may be applied to the fracture using the static bending moment.", "contents": "Fractography of human intact long bone by bending. Human intact tibiae were tested using the static bending method to learn about the relationship between the fracture surface and the failure mode. The bending test was applied to test pieces and to whole bones. The fracture surface was observed by scanning electron microscopy. The bone fracture is closely related to the architecture of the bone substance, especially to the direction of the Haversian canals and the lamellae. The failure mode and the sequence of the break line of the bone can be found out by the observation on the fracture surface. Hardly any crushing effects caused by the compressive force is seen. The mechanical properties of the fractured bone can be estimated to some extend by considering the direction of the break line and the failure mode. The strength calculated by the simple beam formula for elastic materials can not be obtained directly because of the plastic deformation of the bone. The results of the tensile test may be applied to the fracture using the static bending moment."}
{"id": "PMID:878672", "title": "[Coronary embolism in the medico-legal autopsy material (author's transl)].", "content": "The author discusses the problem of diagnosis and evaluation of coronary embolism (CL). He presents four cases of his own observation, including histological examinations and a review of the pertinent literature. The following facts are necessary to make the diagnosis of CE: 1. An embolus consisting of foreign elements like tumor-cells, suture material or similar things. 2. Dilatation of the arterial lumen where the embolus is found. 3. No adherence between the embolus and the arterial wall. 4. Normal consistence of the arterial wall. 5. Knowledge of the source of the embolus. 6. Histomorphological conformity of the source of the embolus and the embolus itself. The mechanisms of flow and the interrelation between trauma and CE which are often difficult to judge in forensic medicine are discussed.", "contents": "[Coronary embolism in the medico-legal autopsy material (author's transl)]. The author discusses the problem of diagnosis and evaluation of coronary embolism (CL). He presents four cases of his own observation, including histological examinations and a review of the pertinent literature. The following facts are necessary to make the diagnosis of CE: 1. An embolus consisting of foreign elements like tumor-cells, suture material or similar things. 2. Dilatation of the arterial lumen where the embolus is found. 3. No adherence between the embolus and the arterial wall. 4. Normal consistence of the arterial wall. 5. Knowledge of the source of the embolus. 6. Histomorphological conformity of the source of the embolus and the embolus itself. The mechanisms of flow and the interrelation between trauma and CE which are often difficult to judge in forensic medicine are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:878673", "title": "An extraordinary case: suicide with insulin in a grave dug by the victim himself.", "content": "The undressed body of a young man was discovered in a pit in a forest. The victim was a 27 year old depressed man, suffering from a severe diabetes. Besides personal objects, three empty insulin vials (400 I.U./vial) and empty ampules of distilled water, injection-needles and a syringe were also found in the pit. The investigation carried out at the scene, the questioning of his family and physicians, and the autopsy clarified this unusual case. In conclusion the hypothesis of \"suicide\" was maintained: the man administered himself a large dose of insulin; in hypoglycaemic coma he died from a bronchopneumonia in a \"grave\" dug by himself.", "contents": "An extraordinary case: suicide with insulin in a grave dug by the victim himself. The undressed body of a young man was discovered in a pit in a forest. The victim was a 27 year old depressed man, suffering from a severe diabetes. Besides personal objects, three empty insulin vials (400 I.U./vial) and empty ampules of distilled water, injection-needles and a syringe were also found in the pit. The investigation carried out at the scene, the questioning of his family and physicians, and the autopsy clarified this unusual case. In conclusion the hypothesis of \"suicide\" was maintained: the man administered himself a large dose of insulin; in hypoglycaemic coma he died from a bronchopneumonia in a \"grave\" dug by himself."}
{"id": "PMID:878677", "title": "[Transrectal prostate puncture biopsy in ambulatory care].", "content": "The transrectal puncture biopsy is an effective method in the histological clarification of suspicious palpation findings of the prostate. The puncture is technically simple, is to be performed in an outpatient department, can be repeated if necessary and is only of little stress for the patient. Preparation of the intestine or anaesthesia are not necessary. No severe complications were observed. The only little traumatized tissue cylinders obtained by means of the TRU-cut-needle allow the pathologist as a rule an evident assertion.", "contents": "[Transrectal prostate puncture biopsy in ambulatory care]. The transrectal puncture biopsy is an effective method in the histological clarification of suspicious palpation findings of the prostate. The puncture is technically simple, is to be performed in an outpatient department, can be repeated if necessary and is only of little stress for the patient. Preparation of the intestine or anaesthesia are not necessary. No severe complications were observed. The only little traumatized tissue cylinders obtained by means of the TRU-cut-needle allow the pathologist as a rule an evident assertion."}
{"id": "PMID:878678", "title": "[Enzyme-histochemical examinations of prostatic adenofibromatosis. I. Enzyme activities of glucose metabolism].", "content": "In the present paper is reported on the histochemical demonstration of reference enzymes of the glucose metabolism in adenofibromyomatosis prostatae. Here non-glycolitic metabolic processes were particularly taken into consideration. The results do not show any restriction of the glucose metabolism in the benign growth process.", "contents": "[Enzyme-histochemical examinations of prostatic adenofibromatosis. I. Enzyme activities of glucose metabolism]. In the present paper is reported on the histochemical demonstration of reference enzymes of the glucose metabolism in adenofibromyomatosis prostatae. Here non-glycolitic metabolic processes were particularly taken into consideration. The results do not show any restriction of the glucose metabolism in the benign growth process."}
{"id": "PMID:878679", "title": "[Recurrence and \"pseudorecurrence\" after enucleation of adenomas of the vesical cervix].", "content": "With the help of observations the author adopts a definite attitude to the problem of recidivations, the residual adenomas, the calculi and the carcinomatous development (\"pseudorecidivations\") after the enucleation of adenomas of the vesical cervix. The cases in question are often carcinomas or parts of adenomas left in the primary operation. But real recidivations are also possible -- examples are alleged and theoretically proved, too.", "contents": "[Recurrence and \"pseudorecurrence\" after enucleation of adenomas of the vesical cervix]. With the help of observations the author adopts a definite attitude to the problem of recidivations, the residual adenomas, the calculi and the carcinomatous development (\"pseudorecidivations\") after the enucleation of adenomas of the vesical cervix. The cases in question are often carcinomas or parts of adenomas left in the primary operation. But real recidivations are also possible -- examples are alleged and theoretically proved, too."}
{"id": "PMID:878680", "title": "[Surgical removal of cast calculi using extensive longitudinal nephrotomy].", "content": "The results of the operative treatment of 21 large longitudinal nephrotomies on account of the existence of cast calculi of the renal calyx are reported and discussed. In complete cast calculi with participation of the whole renal pelvis and all renal calyces this operation method leads to satisfactory results. Of the 12 cases (57-1%) with ideal postoperative morphological findings 83-3% became bacteriologically sterile; according to our opinion the lesion of the parenchyma due to operation is to be accounted for. In stone formations which do not fill all the calyces and yet in many cases in literature are called cast calculi, a pyelotomy or resection of the renal pole may by all means be the therapy of choice.", "contents": "[Surgical removal of cast calculi using extensive longitudinal nephrotomy]. The results of the operative treatment of 21 large longitudinal nephrotomies on account of the existence of cast calculi of the renal calyx are reported and discussed. In complete cast calculi with participation of the whole renal pelvis and all renal calyces this operation method leads to satisfactory results. Of the 12 cases (57-1%) with ideal postoperative morphological findings 83-3% became bacteriologically sterile; according to our opinion the lesion of the parenchyma due to operation is to be accounted for. In stone formations which do not fill all the calyces and yet in many cases in literature are called cast calculi, a pyelotomy or resection of the renal pole may by all means be the therapy of choice."}
{"id": "PMID:878681", "title": "[Our experiences in the treatment of recurrent calculi of the upper urinary pathways in patients with single kidneys].", "content": "In the dispensary consulting hours we are relatively often confronted with the relapsing lithiasis and the presence of only one kidney. The number of relapsing calculi repeatedly operated in residual kidneys is, however, not large and arises special problems. It is reported on 29 patients in whom we had to perform altogether 64 operations on the residual kidney--among them up to 8 operations on one kidney. Indication to operation, metaphylaxis and prognosis are explained on own cases.", "contents": "[Our experiences in the treatment of recurrent calculi of the upper urinary pathways in patients with single kidneys]. In the dispensary consulting hours we are relatively often confronted with the relapsing lithiasis and the presence of only one kidney. The number of relapsing calculi repeatedly operated in residual kidneys is, however, not large and arises special problems. It is reported on 29 patients in whom we had to perform altogether 64 operations on the residual kidney--among them up to 8 operations on one kidney. Indication to operation, metaphylaxis and prognosis are explained on own cases."}
{"id": "PMID:878682", "title": "[Topographic phase analysis of urinary concrements using crystal-optic methods].", "content": "In the present paper was reported on the results of the topographic crystal-optic analysis of urinary calculi of 560 concrements. 59% of all urinary calculi had a different phase content in the nucleus and in the calyx. All frequent minerals of the urinary calculi could be proved in the nucleus of the calculus. It could be shown that nucleus and calyx may have a monomineral as well as a polymineral structure. It is referred to the importance of the topographic analysis of the urinary calculi for the metaphylaxis of the urolithiasis.", "contents": "[Topographic phase analysis of urinary concrements using crystal-optic methods]. In the present paper was reported on the results of the topographic crystal-optic analysis of urinary calculi of 560 concrements. 59% of all urinary calculi had a different phase content in the nucleus and in the calyx. All frequent minerals of the urinary calculi could be proved in the nucleus of the calculus. It could be shown that nucleus and calyx may have a monomineral as well as a polymineral structure. It is referred to the importance of the topographic analysis of the urinary calculi for the metaphylaxis of the urolithiasis."}
{"id": "PMID:878706", "title": "[Spontaneous hosts of broad bean wilt virus. Communication].", "content": "Of 110 plant species, grown from seeds in the vicinity of sources of broad bean wilt virus (BBWV) in 1974, exactly 50% proved to be infected by the mentioned virus within one vegetation period. Obviously 54 of the species are previously unknown hosts of BBWV. They belong to the following 21 families: Amaranthaceae, Boraginaceae, Campanulaceae, Caryophyllaceae, Chenopodiaceae, Commelinaceae, Compositae, Cruciferae, Euphorbiaceae, Hydrophyllaceae, Labiatae, Leguminosae, Loasaceae, Papaveraceae, Polemoniaceae, Portulacaceae, Ranunculaceae, Resedaceae, Scrophulariaceae, Solanaceae, and Umbelliferae. Within 6 families, marked by, no spontaneous hosts of BBWV were ascertained before. Only a few of the plant species found to be infected did not show disease symptoms. However, a considerable part of the BBWV hosts were additionally infected by cucumber mosaic virus. BBWV seems to possess a natural host range not very much less than alfalfa mosaic virus. Among monocotyls BBWV seems to have even a larger host range than alfalaf mosaic virus has.", "contents": "[Spontaneous hosts of broad bean wilt virus. Communication]. Of 110 plant species, grown from seeds in the vicinity of sources of broad bean wilt virus (BBWV) in 1974, exactly 50% proved to be infected by the mentioned virus within one vegetation period. Obviously 54 of the species are previously unknown hosts of BBWV. They belong to the following 21 families: Amaranthaceae, Boraginaceae, Campanulaceae, Caryophyllaceae, Chenopodiaceae, Commelinaceae, Compositae, Cruciferae, Euphorbiaceae, Hydrophyllaceae, Labiatae, Leguminosae, Loasaceae, Papaveraceae, Polemoniaceae, Portulacaceae, Ranunculaceae, Resedaceae, Scrophulariaceae, Solanaceae, and Umbelliferae. Within 6 families, marked by, no spontaneous hosts of BBWV were ascertained before. Only a few of the plant species found to be infected did not show disease symptoms. However, a considerable part of the BBWV hosts were additionally infected by cucumber mosaic virus. BBWV seems to possess a natural host range not very much less than alfalfa mosaic virus. Among monocotyls BBWV seems to have even a larger host range than alfalaf mosaic virus has."}
{"id": "PMID:878707", "title": "Studies on the formation of alpha-amylase by Thermomonospora vulgaris.", "content": "Conditions affecting the formation of alpha-amylase by static cultures of the thermophilic actinomycete Thermomonospora vulgaris were studied. The organism failed to grow under submerged culture conditions or when the culture medium was devoid of CaCO3-alpha-Amylase was produced during the logarithmic phase of growth and maximum yield was obtained after 3 to 9 days of incubation. Growth and amylase formation took place only in a range from 45 degrees to 55 degrees C; optimum temperature was 55 degrees C. Of the tested carbon sources only starch induced enzyme formation. Maximum enzyme yield was obtained when starch concentration of the medium was 2% and when ammonium citrate served as a nitrogen source. Crushed clay pots could substitute for CaCO3 of the medium, but growth and amylase yield were less.", "contents": "Studies on the formation of alpha-amylase by Thermomonospora vulgaris. Conditions affecting the formation of alpha-amylase by static cultures of the thermophilic actinomycete Thermomonospora vulgaris were studied. The organism failed to grow under submerged culture conditions or when the culture medium was devoid of CaCO3-alpha-Amylase was produced during the logarithmic phase of growth and maximum yield was obtained after 3 to 9 days of incubation. Growth and amylase formation took place only in a range from 45 degrees to 55 degrees C; optimum temperature was 55 degrees C. Of the tested carbon sources only starch induced enzyme formation. Maximum enzyme yield was obtained when starch concentration of the medium was 2% and when ammonium citrate served as a nitrogen source. Crushed clay pots could substitute for CaCO3 of the medium, but growth and amylase yield were less."}
{"id": "PMID:878708", "title": "[The effect of biocides on the microflora of soils and their degradation. 3. Interactions between modified populations of micro-organisms and the decomposition of plants for green-manure in comparison to the decomposition of straw (author's transl)].", "content": "The possibilities to influence the decomposition of straw and lucerne by fungicidal, bactericida and total acting microbiocides, respectively, were tested comparatively. Total or fungicidal acting substances caused the heaviest inhibition of decomposition at both the organic matters. The efficiency of active ingredients was greater at straw than at lucerne. The reason of the different inhibiting effects is that the lucerne which is easy to decompose and rich in protein can be decomposed alone by the physiologically active bacteria, which are resistant to active ingredients. That means the decomposition of lucerne takes place without the help of fungi. However, the fungi sensible to the active ingredients play a more important role in the straw decomposition. Therefore substances with permanent fungicidal effects are sufficient for the inhibition of straw decomposition. Inhibiting the decomposition of greenmanure presumes permanent acting fungicidal and bactericidal substances. Such substances are not available at present. Systemic fungicides did not influence the decomposition of plants for green-manure due to their limited scope of activity.", "contents": "[The effect of biocides on the microflora of soils and their degradation. 3. Interactions between modified populations of micro-organisms and the decomposition of plants for green-manure in comparison to the decomposition of straw (author's transl)]. The possibilities to influence the decomposition of straw and lucerne by fungicidal, bactericida and total acting microbiocides, respectively, were tested comparatively. Total or fungicidal acting substances caused the heaviest inhibition of decomposition at both the organic matters. The efficiency of active ingredients was greater at straw than at lucerne. The reason of the different inhibiting effects is that the lucerne which is easy to decompose and rich in protein can be decomposed alone by the physiologically active bacteria, which are resistant to active ingredients. That means the decomposition of lucerne takes place without the help of fungi. However, the fungi sensible to the active ingredients play a more important role in the straw decomposition. Therefore substances with permanent fungicidal effects are sufficient for the inhibition of straw decomposition. Inhibiting the decomposition of greenmanure presumes permanent acting fungicidal and bactericidal substances. Such substances are not available at present. Systemic fungicides did not influence the decomposition of plants for green-manure due to their limited scope of activity."}
{"id": "PMID:878709", "title": "[The effect of biocides on the microflora of soils and their degradation. 4. The influence of substances inhibiting the straw decomposition on the nitrogen transformation (author's transl)].", "content": "1. Active ingredients retarding the carbon-transformation of straw (TCP, Thiuram, TBTO) also retard the nitrification. Their active period depends on the concentration and on the presence of organic matter. High doses of urea can inhibit the nitrification as well. 2. The activity of urease and the ammonification could not be influenced by adequate doses of the tested active ingredients. 3. The species of bacterium Azotobacter fixing the nitrogen from the air were inhibited by TCP, urea and D-chloramphenicol and promoted by Thiuram and WTZ II 277 after a short period of inhibition. 4. The fungi are very important in the biological nitrogen fixation after manuring straw and in prevention of nitrogen leaching in the autumn. 5. The sufficient concentration of the active ingredients to inhibit the nitrification are lower than the fungicidal concentrations. The soil bacteria could even not be restrained by doses of 5000 ppm. The bacilli were more retarded in presence of organic matters than in a not manured soil.", "contents": "[The effect of biocides on the microflora of soils and their degradation. 4. The influence of substances inhibiting the straw decomposition on the nitrogen transformation (author's transl)]. 1. Active ingredients retarding the carbon-transformation of straw (TCP, Thiuram, TBTO) also retard the nitrification. Their active period depends on the concentration and on the presence of organic matter. High doses of urea can inhibit the nitrification as well. 2. The activity of urease and the ammonification could not be influenced by adequate doses of the tested active ingredients. 3. The species of bacterium Azotobacter fixing the nitrogen from the air were inhibited by TCP, urea and D-chloramphenicol and promoted by Thiuram and WTZ II 277 after a short period of inhibition. 4. The fungi are very important in the biological nitrogen fixation after manuring straw and in prevention of nitrogen leaching in the autumn. 5. The sufficient concentration of the active ingredients to inhibit the nitrification are lower than the fungicidal concentrations. The soil bacteria could even not be restrained by doses of 5000 ppm. The bacilli were more retarded in presence of organic matters than in a not manured soil."}
{"id": "PMID:878710", "title": "Survey of some Fusarium moniliforme strains from different host plants for compounds possessing gibberellin-like activity.", "content": "Fifty cultures of Fusarium moniliforme were isolated from different hosts and were studied morphologically and physiologically for gibberellin production. Gibberellin production is not limited to rice isolates, since isolates from other host plants revealed also production. These isolates were highly utilizing sucrose, fructose, glucose, sorbose, maltose, mannose, xylose, and arabinose, more than lactose; also ammonium nitrate, ammonium sulphate, and ammonium tartrate were better utilized as nitrogen source than soybean, dry yeast, and corn steep liquor.", "contents": "Survey of some Fusarium moniliforme strains from different host plants for compounds possessing gibberellin-like activity. Fifty cultures of Fusarium moniliforme were isolated from different hosts and were studied morphologically and physiologically for gibberellin production. Gibberellin production is not limited to rice isolates, since isolates from other host plants revealed also production. These isolates were highly utilizing sucrose, fructose, glucose, sorbose, maltose, mannose, xylose, and arabinose, more than lactose; also ammonium nitrate, ammonium sulphate, and ammonium tartrate were better utilized as nitrogen source than soybean, dry yeast, and corn steep liquor."}
{"id": "PMID:878711", "title": "Fusarium wilt of Prunus armeniaca seedlings.", "content": "Fusarium solani (Mart.) Sacc. was found to be the causal pathogen of Fusarium wilt of Prunus armeniaca seedlings. The fungus pathogenicity could be correlated with the increase in its mycelial growth and conidial germination under the influence of the host root exudates, volatile and gaseous exudates of either germinating seeds or roots, and the content of the host seedlings. Chromatographic and biological detection for indol derivatives in host root exudates indicated the presence of beta-indolacetic acid and indol-3-carbonic acid. Benzaldehyde, acetaldehyde, ethanol, ethylene, in addition to carbon dioxide, were among the volatile and gaseous exudates of either germinating seeds or roots of the host.", "contents": "Fusarium wilt of Prunus armeniaca seedlings. Fusarium solani (Mart.) Sacc. was found to be the causal pathogen of Fusarium wilt of Prunus armeniaca seedlings. The fungus pathogenicity could be correlated with the increase in its mycelial growth and conidial germination under the influence of the host root exudates, volatile and gaseous exudates of either germinating seeds or roots, and the content of the host seedlings. Chromatographic and biological detection for indol derivatives in host root exudates indicated the presence of beta-indolacetic acid and indol-3-carbonic acid. Benzaldehyde, acetaldehyde, ethanol, ethylene, in addition to carbon dioxide, were among the volatile and gaseous exudates of either germinating seeds or roots of the host."}
{"id": "PMID:878712", "title": "[Surgical treatment in deep venous thrombosis of the legs and pelvis (author's transl)].", "content": "The only effective causal therapy in thromboses of the deep pelvic and femoral veins is fibrinolysis or operative thrombectomy. Concerning the contraindications, fibrinolysis is successful only up to the 5th day. After that time patients with deep vein thrombosis were submitted to thrombectomy and at the same time, to prevent renewed thrombosis secondary to a slowing down of the flow, a peripheral arteriovenous fistula was temporarily positioned. Between 1974 and 1976, 14 patients were treated operatively this way. In 6 cases of pulmonary embolism a vena cava umbrella filter was inserted.", "contents": "[Surgical treatment in deep venous thrombosis of the legs and pelvis (author's transl)]. The only effective causal therapy in thromboses of the deep pelvic and femoral veins is fibrinolysis or operative thrombectomy. Concerning the contraindications, fibrinolysis is successful only up to the 5th day. After that time patients with deep vein thrombosis were submitted to thrombectomy and at the same time, to prevent renewed thrombosis secondary to a slowing down of the flow, a peripheral arteriovenous fistula was temporarily positioned. Between 1974 and 1976, 14 patients were treated operatively this way. In 6 cases of pulmonary embolism a vena cava umbrella filter was inserted."}
{"id": "PMID:878713", "title": "[Phlebography before and after surgery of the deep femoral and pelvic veins (author's transl)].", "content": "This paper deals with indications and results of phlebographic diagnostics in acute and chronic occlusive processes of the deep veins of the leg and the pelvis. While in former times phlebography was mostly with regard to surgical treatment of varicose veins, today the reconstruction of obliterated deep veins of the lower extremity by by-pass procedures or thrombectomy come to the fore. In the postoperative period is only phlebography that will prove the therapeutical effect exactly.", "contents": "[Phlebography before and after surgery of the deep femoral and pelvic veins (author's transl)]. This paper deals with indications and results of phlebographic diagnostics in acute and chronic occlusive processes of the deep veins of the leg and the pelvis. While in former times phlebography was mostly with regard to surgical treatment of varicose veins, today the reconstruction of obliterated deep veins of the lower extremity by by-pass procedures or thrombectomy come to the fore. In the postoperative period is only phlebography that will prove the therapeutical effect exactly."}
{"id": "PMID:878714", "title": "[Operation and maintenance of a.v. fistula for chronic hemodialysis; a preliminary report].", "content": "42 patients underwent chronic hemodialysis at the Medical City Teaching Hospital in Baghdad. The ages ranged from 11 to 64 years. 30 patients had AVF constructed above the wrist, in 9 patients the fistula was established at the anticubital fossa and 3 patients had saphenofemoral grafts. A satsifactory technique has been developed for vascular access in chronic hemodialysis with the so called tennis racket fistula constructed at the wrist joint together with distal ligation of the artery and vein. The use of Bovin graft and autogenous mandrils have been discussed.", "contents": "[Operation and maintenance of a.v. fistula for chronic hemodialysis; a preliminary report]. 42 patients underwent chronic hemodialysis at the Medical City Teaching Hospital in Baghdad. The ages ranged from 11 to 64 years. 30 patients had AVF constructed above the wrist, in 9 patients the fistula was established at the anticubital fossa and 3 patients had saphenofemoral grafts. A satsifactory technique has been developed for vascular access in chronic hemodialysis with the so called tennis racket fistula constructed at the wrist joint together with distal ligation of the artery and vein. The use of Bovin graft and autogenous mandrils have been discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:878715", "title": "[Traumatic aorto-caval fistula (author's transl)].", "content": "A 33-year-old man sustained a thoracoabdominal bullet injury discovered on exploration to have tears in the liver and perforation in the stomach. Two months later admitted for bilateral serosanguinous pleural effusion, hypertension, heart failure and continuous murmur heard at the right hypochondrium. Aortogram showed aorto-caval fistula at the site of the injured right renal artery and a non-functioning right kidney. Successful external obliteration technique of the fistula had to be performed because of the heavy adhesions encountered, together with right sided nephrectomy. Two other alternative methods of treatment were suggested namely the application of profound hypothermia and circulatory arrest or the use of the aortic compressors and open fistulectomy.", "contents": "[Traumatic aorto-caval fistula (author's transl)]. A 33-year-old man sustained a thoracoabdominal bullet injury discovered on exploration to have tears in the liver and perforation in the stomach. Two months later admitted for bilateral serosanguinous pleural effusion, hypertension, heart failure and continuous murmur heard at the right hypochondrium. Aortogram showed aorto-caval fistula at the site of the injured right renal artery and a non-functioning right kidney. Successful external obliteration technique of the fistula had to be performed because of the heavy adhesions encountered, together with right sided nephrectomy. Two other alternative methods of treatment were suggested namely the application of profound hypothermia and circulatory arrest or the use of the aortic compressors and open fistulectomy."}
{"id": "PMID:878716", "title": "[Problems of vascular injuries at a large industrial-accident hospital (19 year experiences at the industrial-accident hospital Vienna XII)].", "content": "This report covers 213 vessel injuries out of 840 000 injuries through accident. Even considering that these are mostly cases of polytrauma, the results could be improved significantly. This however, only under the condition that all traumatologists and surgeons active in traumatology receive practical training in vessel surgery.", "contents": "[Problems of vascular injuries at a large industrial-accident hospital (19 year experiences at the industrial-accident hospital Vienna XII)]. This report covers 213 vessel injuries out of 840 000 injuries through accident. Even considering that these are mostly cases of polytrauma, the results could be improved significantly. This however, only under the condition that all traumatologists and surgeons active in traumatology receive practical training in vessel surgery."}
{"id": "PMID:878718", "title": "[Incomplete aortic ring (arcus aortae circumflexus); compression of oesophagus and trachea (author's transl)].", "content": "A baby of 5 months had an incomplete aortic ring (arcus aortae circumflexus) in combination with a ligamentum arteriosum. Even in infancy specific symptoms may occur. Carefull angiographic investigation can avoid misjudging the symptoms (stridor, dysphagia) and can contribute to an exact diagnosis thus preventing unnecessary operation.", "contents": "[Incomplete aortic ring (arcus aortae circumflexus); compression of oesophagus and trachea (author's transl)]. A baby of 5 months had an incomplete aortic ring (arcus aortae circumflexus) in combination with a ligamentum arteriosum. Even in infancy specific symptoms may occur. Carefull angiographic investigation can avoid misjudging the symptoms (stridor, dysphagia) and can contribute to an exact diagnosis thus preventing unnecessary operation."}
{"id": "PMID:878719", "title": "[Amputation after traumatic lesion of the popliteal artery-avoidable or inevitable? (author's transl)].", "content": "Each serious injury of the joint of the knee involves the possibility of an additional lesion of the popliteal artery. Among the arterial injuries the traumatic lesions of the popliteal artery with a frequency of up to 20% are of great importance. Failure to recognize or estimate them correctly may result in a high rate of amputations. In addition, three own cases were critically analysed.", "contents": "[Amputation after traumatic lesion of the popliteal artery-avoidable or inevitable? (author's transl)]. Each serious injury of the joint of the knee involves the possibility of an additional lesion of the popliteal artery. Among the arterial injuries the traumatic lesions of the popliteal artery with a frequency of up to 20% are of great importance. Failure to recognize or estimate them correctly may result in a high rate of amputations. In addition, three own cases were critically analysed."}
{"id": "PMID:878723", "title": "[Normal standards for birth weight and birth length of newborns in the DDR].", "content": "Normal anthropometric standards of birth weight and birth length are presented for newborn boys and girls in the GDR between 28 and 44 weeks' gestational age. Newborns with uncertain duration of gestation, multiple births, malformations and stillbirths have been excluded. It is directed to necessity of regional standards.", "contents": "[Normal standards for birth weight and birth length of newborns in the DDR]. Normal anthropometric standards of birth weight and birth length are presented for newborn boys and girls in the GDR between 28 and 44 weeks' gestational age. Newborns with uncertain duration of gestation, multiple births, malformations and stillbirths have been excluded. It is directed to necessity of regional standards."}
{"id": "PMID:878724", "title": "[Estimation of the fetal head-trunk proportion by ultrasound (author's transl)].", "content": "Using ultrasonic A- and B-scan equipment, cross-sections of the fetal head and abdomen were recorded in 219 pregnancies of the last trimester. Normal values of the body composition were established by several diameters, the circumferences and the areas. The diagnostic reliability of the different methods is demonstrated in a case report.", "contents": "[Estimation of the fetal head-trunk proportion by ultrasound (author's transl)]. Using ultrasonic A- and B-scan equipment, cross-sections of the fetal head and abdomen were recorded in 219 pregnancies of the last trimester. Normal values of the body composition were established by several diameters, the circumferences and the areas. The diagnostic reliability of the different methods is demonstrated in a case report."}
{"id": "PMID:878725", "title": "[Effect of drug therapy during pregnancy on the clotting potential of the newborn].", "content": "Drug therapy in mothers may lead to various disturbances of the hemostasis of the newborn. Some authors reported on severe hemorrhages in newborn after coumarin treatment of the mothers, others had not or only seldom observed such events. Our examination did not reveal any significant clotting disorders in 4 newborns whose mothers had received Athrombom. Perhaps the indandion derivative does not significantly penetrate the placental barrier. However, therapy with anticoagulants of the vitamin K antagonist type may be instituted during pregnancy only in cases where it is strictly indicated. Streptokinase and heparin will certainly not enter the fetal circulation, therefore they may be used without risk for the child. Furthermore the clinican must known severe bleeding conditions of the vitamin K deficiency type in newborns of mothers with anticonvulsive therapy. Preventive administration of vitamin K to pregnant women and newborns or, in the presence of bleedings, instantaneous and exact substitution may bring under control the critical situation. Acetylsalicylic acid given during the last weeks of pregnancy causes an inhibition of the aggregation of thrombocytes of the newborn. Bleedings occur only seldom. Other drugs administered during pregnancy may induce neonatal thrombocytopenia through immunological or toxic mechanisms, such for instance quinine, quinidine, tolbutamide and thiazides.", "contents": "[Effect of drug therapy during pregnancy on the clotting potential of the newborn]. Drug therapy in mothers may lead to various disturbances of the hemostasis of the newborn. Some authors reported on severe hemorrhages in newborn after coumarin treatment of the mothers, others had not or only seldom observed such events. Our examination did not reveal any significant clotting disorders in 4 newborns whose mothers had received Athrombom. Perhaps the indandion derivative does not significantly penetrate the placental barrier. However, therapy with anticoagulants of the vitamin K antagonist type may be instituted during pregnancy only in cases where it is strictly indicated. Streptokinase and heparin will certainly not enter the fetal circulation, therefore they may be used without risk for the child. Furthermore the clinican must known severe bleeding conditions of the vitamin K deficiency type in newborns of mothers with anticonvulsive therapy. Preventive administration of vitamin K to pregnant women and newborns or, in the presence of bleedings, instantaneous and exact substitution may bring under control the critical situation. Acetylsalicylic acid given during the last weeks of pregnancy causes an inhibition of the aggregation of thrombocytes of the newborn. Bleedings occur only seldom. Other drugs administered during pregnancy may induce neonatal thrombocytopenia through immunological or toxic mechanisms, such for instance quinine, quinidine, tolbutamide and thiazides."}
{"id": "PMID:878726", "title": "[Sex chromatin and cytohormone smear in premature and dystrophic newborn during the first week of life].", "content": "In newborn females parallel investigations on: a) oestrogenisation symptoms, b) vaginal epithelium smears stained modo Shorr, c) sex chromatin positive nuclei in buccal epithelium smears, have been performed. Low frequency of sex chromatin in the day after birth suggested a relationship between hormone level and Barr bodies' appearance.", "contents": "[Sex chromatin and cytohormone smear in premature and dystrophic newborn during the first week of life]. In newborn females parallel investigations on: a) oestrogenisation symptoms, b) vaginal epithelium smears stained modo Shorr, c) sex chromatin positive nuclei in buccal epithelium smears, have been performed. Low frequency of sex chromatin in the day after birth suggested a relationship between hormone level and Barr bodies' appearance."}
{"id": "PMID:878727", "title": "[Mechanical action of obstetrical forceps on the fetal skull].", "content": "By means of schematic illustrations we demonstrate the working point of the power of labour, obstetrical forceps and vacuum extractor, The bones of the fetal skull are by sutures movable fastened together. Every extraction so will rise the intracranial pressure of the fetus, because the resistance of the birth canal tissues must be overcome. This for the extraction needed power and rising of the intracranial pressure is independent from the instrument with which the extraction is carried out. It is impossible to make a \"cage\" around the fetal head with the Shute forceps during extraction, to protect the fetal head from the extraction power. Another question is, that some instruments (included vacuum extractor) can limit the used power. By using forcipes with crossed lock without fixation the forces for extraction are not limited and there is a need of better operative technic. By the comparison of the forcipes from Shute, Naegele and Zweifel we can summarize, that for success is decided the indication and good operative technic and not the instrument. Every instrument for vaginal extraction has advantages and disadvantages in different obstetrical situations.", "contents": "[Mechanical action of obstetrical forceps on the fetal skull]. By means of schematic illustrations we demonstrate the working point of the power of labour, obstetrical forceps and vacuum extractor, The bones of the fetal skull are by sutures movable fastened together. Every extraction so will rise the intracranial pressure of the fetus, because the resistance of the birth canal tissues must be overcome. This for the extraction needed power and rising of the intracranial pressure is independent from the instrument with which the extraction is carried out. It is impossible to make a \"cage\" around the fetal head with the Shute forceps during extraction, to protect the fetal head from the extraction power. Another question is, that some instruments (included vacuum extractor) can limit the used power. By using forcipes with crossed lock without fixation the forces for extraction are not limited and there is a need of better operative technic. By the comparison of the forcipes from Shute, Naegele and Zweifel we can summarize, that for success is decided the indication and good operative technic and not the instrument. Every instrument for vaginal extraction has advantages and disadvantages in different obstetrical situations."}
{"id": "PMID:878728", "title": "[Intrauterine fetal skull injuries from an accident during pregnancy].", "content": "To 22 intrauterine fetal skull-injuries known in literature is hereby an additional case, in which the pregnant woman died from haemorrhage from ruptured uterus after a motor traffic accident. The fetus delivered through abdominal section strongly prove the occasionally doubted possibility of intrauterine skull-fractures, which causal mode is still bone of contention. The pregnancy stadium, the cause of accident resulting in maternal injuries as well as the location of the child's skull-fractures are discussed. Such skull-fractures are indeed seldom, but 7 children of the mentioned cases survived.", "contents": "[Intrauterine fetal skull injuries from an accident during pregnancy]. To 22 intrauterine fetal skull-injuries known in literature is hereby an additional case, in which the pregnant woman died from haemorrhage from ruptured uterus after a motor traffic accident. The fetus delivered through abdominal section strongly prove the occasionally doubted possibility of intrauterine skull-fractures, which causal mode is still bone of contention. The pregnancy stadium, the cause of accident resulting in maternal injuries as well as the location of the child's skull-fractures are discussed. Such skull-fractures are indeed seldom, but 7 children of the mentioned cases survived."}
{"id": "PMID:878729", "title": "[Simultaneous extra- and intrauterine pregnancy with the birth of a healthy child].", "content": "Report on the occurrence of a simultaneous intra- and extrauterine pregnancy. A live, mature infant was born at term. At the time of the operation of the ectopic pregnancy there was diagnosed the intrauterine pregnancy. The possible cause of a simultaneous intra- and extrauterine pregnancy are analysed and the clinic and diagnosis emphasized. In case of not having a child-wish the authors take into consideration a routine curettage of the uterus at the time of the operation of the ectopic pregnancy.", "contents": "[Simultaneous extra- and intrauterine pregnancy with the birth of a healthy child]. Report on the occurrence of a simultaneous intra- and extrauterine pregnancy. A live, mature infant was born at term. At the time of the operation of the ectopic pregnancy there was diagnosed the intrauterine pregnancy. The possible cause of a simultaneous intra- and extrauterine pregnancy are analysed and the clinic and diagnosis emphasized. In case of not having a child-wish the authors take into consideration a routine curettage of the uterus at the time of the operation of the ectopic pregnancy."}
{"id": "PMID:878737", "title": "Sarcoplasmic reticulum vesicles and glycogen-protein particles in microsomal fraction of skeletal muscle.", "content": "1. Heavy microsomal fraction (HM) of rabbit skeletal muscle obtained by differential centrifugation between 8 000-30 000 g and consisting of sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) vesicles contains variable amounts of glycogen and reveals some activity of phosphorylase b. The monomer of this enzyme of mol. wt. about 100 000 co-migrates in SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis with the main SR protein--Ca2+,Mg2+--dependent ATPase. 2. The highest specific activity of phosphorylase and the highest content of glycogen is present in the light microsomal (LM) fraction (30 000-100 000 g). 3. Contrary to the ATPase, phosphorylase b is released from the microsomal fraction by treatment with EDTA and is resistant to trypsin. 4. Both HM and LM fractions can be further fractionated on continuous sucrose density gradient at high speed. Main fraction of HM consists of highly purified SR vesicles. The second, small fraction of HM is identical with the main fraction of LM and consists of two populations: vesicles of structure and properties different from those of SR vesicles, and the particles of a complex of glycogen with some glycolytic enzymes.", "contents": "Sarcoplasmic reticulum vesicles and glycogen-protein particles in microsomal fraction of skeletal muscle. 1. Heavy microsomal fraction (HM) of rabbit skeletal muscle obtained by differential centrifugation between 8 000-30 000 g and consisting of sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) vesicles contains variable amounts of glycogen and reveals some activity of phosphorylase b. The monomer of this enzyme of mol. wt. about 100 000 co-migrates in SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis with the main SR protein--Ca2+,Mg2+--dependent ATPase. 2. The highest specific activity of phosphorylase and the highest content of glycogen is present in the light microsomal (LM) fraction (30 000-100 000 g). 3. Contrary to the ATPase, phosphorylase b is released from the microsomal fraction by treatment with EDTA and is resistant to trypsin. 4. Both HM and LM fractions can be further fractionated on continuous sucrose density gradient at high speed. Main fraction of HM consists of highly purified SR vesicles. The second, small fraction of HM is identical with the main fraction of LM and consists of two populations: vesicles of structure and properties different from those of SR vesicles, and the particles of a complex of glycogen with some glycolytic enzymes."}
{"id": "PMID:878738", "title": "A modified procedure for determination of metallothionein-like proteins in animal tissues.", "content": "1. The effect of low-molecular-weight substances interfering with determination of metallothionein is eliminated by precipitation of 203Hg-thionein by tannic acid. 2. In animals not exposed to metals, the mean values for metallothionein content in liver and kidney are, respectively, 0.10 and 0.18 mg/g in rats, 0.06 and 0.07 in mice and 0.12 and 0.29 in guinea-pigs, i.e. are 2-3 times lower as compared with the values obtained by the procedure not involving treatment with tannic acid.", "contents": "A modified procedure for determination of metallothionein-like proteins in animal tissues. 1. The effect of low-molecular-weight substances interfering with determination of metallothionein is eliminated by precipitation of 203Hg-thionein by tannic acid. 2. In animals not exposed to metals, the mean values for metallothionein content in liver and kidney are, respectively, 0.10 and 0.18 mg/g in rats, 0.06 and 0.07 in mice and 0.12 and 0.29 in guinea-pigs, i.e. are 2-3 times lower as compared with the values obtained by the procedure not involving treatment with tannic acid."}
{"id": "PMID:878739", "title": "Sensitive radioimmunoassay for thyrotropin by use of commercially available tracer and antibody.", "content": "The time course of the association and dissociation of radiolabeled thyrotropin with its antibody was studied. The binding is maximal after five days of incubation. The dissociation is much slower. Highest sensitivity is obtained by a total incubation time of five days with addition of the labeled ligand after three days of preincubation with the unlabeled thyrotropin. An improvement in the sensitivity from 0.4 mU/l to 0.08 mU/l is obtained by that method compared with equilibrium technique thus significantly diminishing the percentage of undetectable serum levels of euthyroid and hyperthyroid subjects. Average sensitivity is 0.14 mU/l, intraassay variance is 2%, interassay variance is about 13% in the normal range. Normal values for euthyroid subjects averaged 1.53 mU/l, for hyperthyroid subjects 0.19 mU/l.", "contents": "Sensitive radioimmunoassay for thyrotropin by use of commercially available tracer and antibody. The time course of the association and dissociation of radiolabeled thyrotropin with its antibody was studied. The binding is maximal after five days of incubation. The dissociation is much slower. Highest sensitivity is obtained by a total incubation time of five days with addition of the labeled ligand after three days of preincubation with the unlabeled thyrotropin. An improvement in the sensitivity from 0.4 mU/l to 0.08 mU/l is obtained by that method compared with equilibrium technique thus significantly diminishing the percentage of undetectable serum levels of euthyroid and hyperthyroid subjects. Average sensitivity is 0.14 mU/l, intraassay variance is 2%, interassay variance is about 13% in the normal range. Normal values for euthyroid subjects averaged 1.53 mU/l, for hyperthyroid subjects 0.19 mU/l."}
{"id": "PMID:878740", "title": "[Isolation and characterization of mistletoe extracts (Viscum album L.). I. Affinity chromatography of mistletoe extracts on immobilized plasma proteins].", "content": "The agglutinating effect of lectin from mistletoe (Viscum album L.) relative to erythrocytes and tumor cells is destroyed or reduced by plasma proteins. There is a competition between lectin receptors of plasma proteins, especially immunoglobulins and erythrocytes, as well as tumor cells. The preparation of insolubilized immunoglobin fractions allows one to separate lectin from the mistletoe extract. There exist chemical connections between the lectin fixed to the adsorbent and part of the toxic components.", "contents": "[Isolation and characterization of mistletoe extracts (Viscum album L.). I. Affinity chromatography of mistletoe extracts on immobilized plasma proteins]. The agglutinating effect of lectin from mistletoe (Viscum album L.) relative to erythrocytes and tumor cells is destroyed or reduced by plasma proteins. There is a competition between lectin receptors of plasma proteins, especially immunoglobulins and erythrocytes, as well as tumor cells. The preparation of insolubilized immunoglobin fractions allows one to separate lectin from the mistletoe extract. There exist chemical connections between the lectin fixed to the adsorbent and part of the toxic components."}
{"id": "PMID:878741", "title": "[Responses of single cells of the rat lateral geniculate body to light stimuli differing in wavelength and intensity].", "content": "Single unit responses of the rat's lateral geniculate body to red and green stimuli of light emission diods and to daylight spectrum flashes were recorded. The primary response consisted either in an increase or in a decrease of the discharging rate. Each unit was responsive to all light stimuli either with excitation or inhibition, i.e. the direction of the change in the discharging rate was always the same for one cell. When applying the stimuli in the above mentioned sequence we found a shortening of the latency period and a shorter duration of the primary response, more afterdischarges, and a more marked postexcitatory inhibition.", "contents": "[Responses of single cells of the rat lateral geniculate body to light stimuli differing in wavelength and intensity]. Single unit responses of the rat's lateral geniculate body to red and green stimuli of light emission diods and to daylight spectrum flashes were recorded. The primary response consisted either in an increase or in a decrease of the discharging rate. Each unit was responsive to all light stimuli either with excitation or inhibition, i.e. the direction of the change in the discharging rate was always the same for one cell. When applying the stimuli in the above mentioned sequence we found a shortening of the latency period and a shorter duration of the primary response, more afterdischarges, and a more marked postexcitatory inhibition."}
{"id": "PMID:878742", "title": "An improved method for the preparation of the DNA-dependent RNA polymerase B from calf thymus.", "content": "A simplified method is described for the large-scale preparation of a highly purified DNA-dependent RNA polymerase B from calf thymus. The method includes homogenization and lysis of the tissue, chromatography on DEAE-cellulose, phosphocellulose, hydroxylapatite-Sephadex G-10 and, once again, phosphocellulose. The procedure avoids the preparation of nuclei, the use of sonication, ammonium sulphate precipitations and dialysis steps and needs no ultracentrifugation.", "contents": "An improved method for the preparation of the DNA-dependent RNA polymerase B from calf thymus. A simplified method is described for the large-scale preparation of a highly purified DNA-dependent RNA polymerase B from calf thymus. The method includes homogenization and lysis of the tissue, chromatography on DEAE-cellulose, phosphocellulose, hydroxylapatite-Sephadex G-10 and, once again, phosphocellulose. The procedure avoids the preparation of nuclei, the use of sonication, ammonium sulphate precipitations and dialysis steps and needs no ultracentrifugation."}
{"id": "PMID:878745", "title": "[The effect of Mn++ on the electrotropic and inotropic vagal effect].", "content": "An isolated rabbit atrium, innervated by vagal nerve, was tested. Increased Mn++ concentrations decrease the areas of the action potentials and the amplitudes of contractions. At 2 mM Mn++ the contraction disappears and an extremely sharp action potential is recorded. By variation of both Ca++ and Mn++ concentrations one can observe parallely shifted concentration-response curves for the amplitudes of the contractions. This result is described by the model of a competitive-antagonistic Mn++-Ca++ action. At 1 mM Mn++ the inotropic and electrotropic effects disappear. Small concentrations of Mn++ (0.15 mM) increase the electrotropic vagal effects. At 0.5 mM Mn++ both vagal effects are diminished. The discussion of the results is based on the action of acetylcholine on the slow inward current of calcium and sodium ions.", "contents": "[The effect of Mn++ on the electrotropic and inotropic vagal effect]. An isolated rabbit atrium, innervated by vagal nerve, was tested. Increased Mn++ concentrations decrease the areas of the action potentials and the amplitudes of contractions. At 2 mM Mn++ the contraction disappears and an extremely sharp action potential is recorded. By variation of both Ca++ and Mn++ concentrations one can observe parallely shifted concentration-response curves for the amplitudes of the contractions. This result is described by the model of a competitive-antagonistic Mn++-Ca++ action. At 1 mM Mn++ the inotropic and electrotropic effects disappear. Small concentrations of Mn++ (0.15 mM) increase the electrotropic vagal effects. At 0.5 mM Mn++ both vagal effects are diminished. The discussion of the results is based on the action of acetylcholine on the slow inward current of calcium and sodium ions."}
{"id": "PMID:878746", "title": "[Quantitative relationship between the monosaccharide induced change in ion transport and the monosaccharide accumulation in the rat jejunum].", "content": "1. In the rat's jejunum, the changes induced by Na+-dependently transported monosaccharides (10 mM) of the unidirectional Na+- and K+-influx across the microvilli membrane were studied under varying metabolic conditions. 2. The monosaccharide induced change of Na+- and K+-influx is a function of the ion gradients active across the microvilli membrane. 3. In the in vitro preparation during the process of energy-dependent accumulation the monosaccharide induced change of permeability in the microvilli membrane decreases the K+ concentration, while the Na+ concentration increases. 4. The monosaccharide concentration in the tissue reaches a final value which is proportional to the change of Na+- and K+-influx and to the change in ion concentrations, and which is retained even upon compensation of the gradient and at low intracellular K+ concentrations. 5. The correlation between the breakdown of the ion gradient and the rise of monosaccharide accumulation is explained by the monosaccharide induced restriction of the active ion transport and the ensuing change of energy dissipation in favour of the monosaccharide transport. The (Na+ + K+)-ATPase in the microvilli membrane is discussed as being transmitter of the energy from the ion gradients.", "contents": "[Quantitative relationship between the monosaccharide induced change in ion transport and the monosaccharide accumulation in the rat jejunum]. 1. In the rat's jejunum, the changes induced by Na+-dependently transported monosaccharides (10 mM) of the unidirectional Na+- and K+-influx across the microvilli membrane were studied under varying metabolic conditions. 2. The monosaccharide induced change of Na+- and K+-influx is a function of the ion gradients active across the microvilli membrane. 3. In the in vitro preparation during the process of energy-dependent accumulation the monosaccharide induced change of permeability in the microvilli membrane decreases the K+ concentration, while the Na+ concentration increases. 4. The monosaccharide concentration in the tissue reaches a final value which is proportional to the change of Na+- and K+-influx and to the change in ion concentrations, and which is retained even upon compensation of the gradient and at low intracellular K+ concentrations. 5. The correlation between the breakdown of the ion gradient and the rise of monosaccharide accumulation is explained by the monosaccharide induced restriction of the active ion transport and the ensuing change of energy dissipation in favour of the monosaccharide transport. The (Na+ + K+)-ATPase in the microvilli membrane is discussed as being transmitter of the energy from the ion gradients."}
{"id": "PMID:878747", "title": "Chemical sterilization: effects of danazol administration on the testes and epididymides of male rabbit.", "content": "1. Danazol, a synthetic (2,3-isoxazole) derivative of 17 alpha-ethinyl testosterone has been studied in rabbits to support our earlier findings in dog, whether Danazol can be developed as an effective means for male contraception. 2. Chronic administration of Danazol resulted in a mass atrophy of the spermatogenic elements. Seminiferous tubule and Leydig cell nuclear dimensions were reduced. The lumen of epididymides and vas deferens were devoid of spermatozoa. These effects were reversible following a period of 60 days of recovery. 3. Hepatic function was followed with determination of SGOT, SGPT, alkaline phosphatase, cholesterol and blood sugar. Serum-amino-transferases were elevated during the period of administration but returned to normal after cessation of drug administration. 4. In conclusion, Danazol can be used as an effective means for male contraception in rabbit. The effects are reversible. Normal spermatogenesis occurs following a period of sixty days of recovery.", "contents": "Chemical sterilization: effects of danazol administration on the testes and epididymides of male rabbit. 1. Danazol, a synthetic (2,3-isoxazole) derivative of 17 alpha-ethinyl testosterone has been studied in rabbits to support our earlier findings in dog, whether Danazol can be developed as an effective means for male contraception. 2. Chronic administration of Danazol resulted in a mass atrophy of the spermatogenic elements. Seminiferous tubule and Leydig cell nuclear dimensions were reduced. The lumen of epididymides and vas deferens were devoid of spermatozoa. These effects were reversible following a period of 60 days of recovery. 3. Hepatic function was followed with determination of SGOT, SGPT, alkaline phosphatase, cholesterol and blood sugar. Serum-amino-transferases were elevated during the period of administration but returned to normal after cessation of drug administration. 4. In conclusion, Danazol can be used as an effective means for male contraception in rabbit. The effects are reversible. Normal spermatogenesis occurs following a period of sixty days of recovery."}
{"id": "PMID:878748", "title": "[Regulation of the IgM immune response. I. Changes in the affinity of carp anti-DNP-antibodies during immunization depending on the antigen dose].", "content": "The affinities of anti-DNP-antibodies (IgM) of carp, immunized with different doses of dinitrophenylated human serum albumin in complete Freund's adjuvant, were determined by a modified Farr-technique using the hapten epsilon-DNP-L-Lysine. Very low affinity antibodies were formed in the early immune response (Ko = 0.2 - 1.0-10(5) M-1). A progressive increase in IgM antibody affinity occurred during the immune reaction. After immunization with low doses of antigen (0.01 and 0.1 mg) the affinity increased up to four weeks (Ko = 3.2 and 9.1-10(5) M-1) and decreased in the subsequent three weeks (K = 0.8 and 1.2-10(5) M-1). Following immunization with a higher dose of antigen (1 and 10 mg), the affinity increased up to seven weeks (Ko = 4.9 and 11.9-10(5) M-1). The highest antibody concentration in all groups were observed at the maximum of affinity.", "contents": "[Regulation of the IgM immune response. I. Changes in the affinity of carp anti-DNP-antibodies during immunization depending on the antigen dose]. The affinities of anti-DNP-antibodies (IgM) of carp, immunized with different doses of dinitrophenylated human serum albumin in complete Freund's adjuvant, were determined by a modified Farr-technique using the hapten epsilon-DNP-L-Lysine. Very low affinity antibodies were formed in the early immune response (Ko = 0.2 - 1.0-10(5) M-1). A progressive increase in IgM antibody affinity occurred during the immune reaction. After immunization with low doses of antigen (0.01 and 0.1 mg) the affinity increased up to four weeks (Ko = 3.2 and 9.1-10(5) M-1) and decreased in the subsequent three weeks (K = 0.8 and 1.2-10(5) M-1). Following immunization with a higher dose of antigen (1 and 10 mg), the affinity increased up to seven weeks (Ko = 4.9 and 11.9-10(5) M-1). The highest antibody concentration in all groups were observed at the maximum of affinity."}
{"id": "PMID:878754", "title": "[Reconstructive surgery in diseases of the blood vessels of the neck].", "content": "The authors describe their experience with 40 patients operated upon during the last five years because of pathological processes of the large blood vessels of the neck. In seven cases pathological conditions unrelated to the systematic diseases of the arteries (birth defects, the results of injuries and tumours) existed, while the remaining 33 patients suffered from arteriosclerotic lesions most commonly located on the carotid artery. The localization of the pathological process and the number and extent of the neurological lesions are described. The authors particularly stress the importance of the period which elapses from the first signs of ischemic lesions to the moment of surgical intervention. The aim of surgical intervention is primarily to prevent ischemia and simultaneous cerebral apoplexy, and only after this to prevent the progressions of the existing ischemic changes. Patients with temporary attacks of ischemia without neurological attacks are ideal cases for surgical intervention. Good results can be achieved on patients with apoplexy within the first six hours from the moment at which the attack occurs. Intervention after a longer period gives uncertain results. Good results can be expected only when the diagnosis and localization of the vascular changes are exact and the neurological and general condition of the patient is precisely evaluated. This demands team work by the roentgenologist, the neurologist and the vascular surgeon.", "contents": "[Reconstructive surgery in diseases of the blood vessels of the neck]. The authors describe their experience with 40 patients operated upon during the last five years because of pathological processes of the large blood vessels of the neck. In seven cases pathological conditions unrelated to the systematic diseases of the arteries (birth defects, the results of injuries and tumours) existed, while the remaining 33 patients suffered from arteriosclerotic lesions most commonly located on the carotid artery. The localization of the pathological process and the number and extent of the neurological lesions are described. The authors particularly stress the importance of the period which elapses from the first signs of ischemic lesions to the moment of surgical intervention. The aim of surgical intervention is primarily to prevent ischemia and simultaneous cerebral apoplexy, and only after this to prevent the progressions of the existing ischemic changes. Patients with temporary attacks of ischemia without neurological attacks are ideal cases for surgical intervention. Good results can be achieved on patients with apoplexy within the first six hours from the moment at which the attack occurs. Intervention after a longer period gives uncertain results. Good results can be expected only when the diagnosis and localization of the vascular changes are exact and the neurological and general condition of the patient is precisely evaluated. This demands team work by the roentgenologist, the neurologist and the vascular surgeon."}
{"id": "PMID:878755", "title": "[Liver abscesses of biliary origin].", "content": "Liver abscesses represent a rare complication of inflammatory and calculous disease of the biliary system and are enhanced by tardy or delayed removal of the primary cause. Being the result of liver necrosis and depending on its extension they appear in polymorphous pattern and have the tendency to spread through the diaphragm into the chest. The differential diagnosis is not easy: from common cholangitis to sporadic necrosis of liver malignancy, suppurated hydatid cyst and other diseases. The best prophylaxis and the highest recovery rate is achieved by taking up an active surgical approach at the first signs of severe infection, especially in cases of relapse and of prolonged septic evolution in spite of the use of antibiotics and/or the (first) operative procedure. The choice of surgical procedure depends on local findings. An exceptional diagnostic difficulty represent the cases of suppurated intraheptic lithiasis.", "contents": "[Liver abscesses of biliary origin]. Liver abscesses represent a rare complication of inflammatory and calculous disease of the biliary system and are enhanced by tardy or delayed removal of the primary cause. Being the result of liver necrosis and depending on its extension they appear in polymorphous pattern and have the tendency to spread through the diaphragm into the chest. The differential diagnosis is not easy: from common cholangitis to sporadic necrosis of liver malignancy, suppurated hydatid cyst and other diseases. The best prophylaxis and the highest recovery rate is achieved by taking up an active surgical approach at the first signs of severe infection, especially in cases of relapse and of prolonged septic evolution in spite of the use of antibiotics and/or the (first) operative procedure. The choice of surgical procedure depends on local findings. An exceptional diagnostic difficulty represent the cases of suppurated intraheptic lithiasis."}
{"id": "PMID:878756", "title": "[Scanographic picture of development of spontaneous intracerebral hematoma (report of a case)].", "content": "The authors present a case of a  25 old male with spontaneous left temporal intracerebral haematoma. The first brain scan (In-113) performed on the 8th day after the onset of symptoms was normal. The second one, on the 12th day showed an abnormal accumulation of Tc-99m in the left temporal lobe. The clinical findings completed with such scanographic evolution suggested a preoperative diagnosis of intracerebral haematoma. The real diagnosis was confirmed during the surgery with the removal of a haematoma consisting of 100 ccm partly fluid, partly coagulated blood.", "contents": "[Scanographic picture of development of spontaneous intracerebral hematoma (report of a case)]. The authors present a case of a  25 old male with spontaneous left temporal intracerebral haematoma. The first brain scan (In-113) performed on the 8th day after the onset of symptoms was normal. The second one, on the 12th day showed an abnormal accumulation of Tc-99m in the left temporal lobe. The clinical findings completed with such scanographic evolution suggested a preoperative diagnosis of intracerebral haematoma. The real diagnosis was confirmed during the surgery with the removal of a haematoma consisting of 100 ccm partly fluid, partly coagulated blood."}
{"id": "PMID:878751", "title": "[Secreting tumors of the testis (author's transl)].", "content": "We have observed a secreting tumor of the testis classified as an intermediate malignant teratoma type A. This hormone secreting tumor was associated to bilateral gynecomasty. Surgery with radiotherapy were followed by disappearance of all symptoms for two years. Hormone levels, that were abnormal, returned to normal. Next to seminomas, testis teratomas are grouped in different types according to their differentiation, from well organized tissues to totally anaplastic cells. Clinical manifestations of these lesions are essentially dependent on their secretory capacity. Gynecomasty secondary to oestrogenic production of chorionic gonadotrophins or pituitary hormones, is the usual symptom; one may encounter hyperthyroidism or hypercortisolism. Generally, resection of the tumor is followed by a return to normal hormone values; recurrence of pathological values is often a sign of metastatic evolution. The treatment is orchidectomy with radiotherapy or eventually with chemotherapy.", "contents": "[Secreting tumors of the testis (author's transl)]. We have observed a secreting tumor of the testis classified as an intermediate malignant teratoma type A. This hormone secreting tumor was associated to bilateral gynecomasty. Surgery with radiotherapy were followed by disappearance of all symptoms for two years. Hormone levels, that were abnormal, returned to normal. Next to seminomas, testis teratomas are grouped in different types according to their differentiation, from well organized tissues to totally anaplastic cells. Clinical manifestations of these lesions are essentially dependent on their secretory capacity. Gynecomasty secondary to oestrogenic production of chorionic gonadotrophins or pituitary hormones, is the usual symptom; one may encounter hyperthyroidism or hypercortisolism. Generally, resection of the tumor is followed by a return to normal hormone values; recurrence of pathological values is often a sign of metastatic evolution. The treatment is orchidectomy with radiotherapy or eventually with chemotherapy."}
{"id": "PMID:878757", "title": "[Comparison of the results of surgical and conservative treatment of fractures of the diaphysis of the tibia].", "content": "In this paper is treated the fundamental problematic of the fracture of the diaphysis of the tibia and the therapeutic results after the conservative and operative treatment are confronted. Among 518 patients with 433 open fractures and 35 with closed fractures of the diaphysis of the tibia, successful treatment of more 2/3 was obtained in the period from 1968 to 1972. Following our casuistics and literature, whose results are similar, we find out that the average total treatment of the osteosynthesis of the fracture of the diaphysis was shortened for 2,5 months depending upon the type and the localisation of the fracture. Apolied methods of the operative and conservative and conservative treatment in relation to the velocity of the medical cure as well as to the extreme anatomical-functional results are analised. We noticed that osteosynthesis, made by the intermedullary nail and the extension of the canals or by a small AO table, by the achieved stability makes conditions of immediate motions and an early rehabilitation. Because of that it gives the best functional results.", "contents": "[Comparison of the results of surgical and conservative treatment of fractures of the diaphysis of the tibia]. In this paper is treated the fundamental problematic of the fracture of the diaphysis of the tibia and the therapeutic results after the conservative and operative treatment are confronted. Among 518 patients with 433 open fractures and 35 with closed fractures of the diaphysis of the tibia, successful treatment of more 2/3 was obtained in the period from 1968 to 1972. Following our casuistics and literature, whose results are similar, we find out that the average total treatment of the osteosynthesis of the fracture of the diaphysis was shortened for 2,5 months depending upon the type and the localisation of the fracture. Apolied methods of the operative and conservative and conservative treatment in relation to the velocity of the medical cure as well as to the extreme anatomical-functional results are analised. We noticed that osteosynthesis, made by the intermedullary nail and the extension of the canals or by a small AO table, by the achieved stability makes conditions of immediate motions and an early rehabilitation. Because of that it gives the best functional results."}
{"id": "PMID:878758", "title": "[Activity of some enzymes of the cerebrospinal fluid in lumbar disk hernia].", "content": "Enzyme activity of Acetylcholinesterase (E.C.3.1.1.7.), Glutamicoxalacetic-transminase (E.C.2.6.1.1.), Glutamic-piruvic-transaminase (E.C.2.6.1.2.), and Creatine-phosphokinase (E.C.2.7.3.2.) are significantly elevated in cerebrospinal fluid of patients with prolapsed lumbar discs lesions. Origin of elevated enzyme activities is from radiculitis which arosed because of root compression by prolapsed disk. There is also wide communication between spinal subarachnoidal space and lymphatic path of spinal roots, and because of that it is possible to note elevated enzyme activities in cerebrospinal fluid of the lubar sac. Elevation of enzyme activity is different of every investigated enzyme. This different elevations point to reversible and mild damage of cells and do not point to the cell necrosis in cases of prolapsed discs lesions. Determination of enzyme activities in cerebrospinal fluid could be clinically valid test.", "contents": "[Activity of some enzymes of the cerebrospinal fluid in lumbar disk hernia]. Enzyme activity of Acetylcholinesterase (E.C.3.1.1.7.), Glutamicoxalacetic-transminase (E.C.2.6.1.1.), Glutamic-piruvic-transaminase (E.C.2.6.1.2.), and Creatine-phosphokinase (E.C.2.7.3.2.) are significantly elevated in cerebrospinal fluid of patients with prolapsed lumbar discs lesions. Origin of elevated enzyme activities is from radiculitis which arosed because of root compression by prolapsed disk. There is also wide communication between spinal subarachnoidal space and lymphatic path of spinal roots, and because of that it is possible to note elevated enzyme activities in cerebrospinal fluid of the lubar sac. Elevation of enzyme activity is different of every investigated enzyme. This different elevations point to reversible and mild damage of cells and do not point to the cell necrosis in cases of prolapsed discs lesions. Determination of enzyme activities in cerebrospinal fluid could be clinically valid test."}
{"id": "PMID:878753", "title": "Primary reconstruction of the mandible after resection for oral cancer.", "content": "Forty-seven patients with cancer of the lower half of the oral cavity underwent primary restoration of mandibular continuity with a threaded wire after \"en bloc\" resection. The overall 3 years tolerance rate of the wire calculated according to the actuarial method is 0.29. Preoperative radiotherapy and inclusion of the wire into silastic reduced tolerance of the prosthesis. The occurrence of an oral fistula required removal of the wire.", "contents": "Primary reconstruction of the mandible after resection for oral cancer. Forty-seven patients with cancer of the lower half of the oral cavity underwent primary restoration of mandibular continuity with a threaded wire after \"en bloc\" resection. The overall 3 years tolerance rate of the wire calculated according to the actuarial method is 0.29. Preoperative radiotherapy and inclusion of the wire into silastic reduced tolerance of the prosthesis. The occurrence of an oral fistula required removal of the wire."}
{"id": "PMID:878759", "title": "[Anesthesia in surgery of the veins].", "content": "Patients with varicose complex of low extremities do not present any special problem in anaesthesiology. Method recommended is inhalational anaesthetic, eadly mobilisation of patient and infusion of low molecular dextran, during and immediately after operative procedure. During thrombectomy from deep venous system there is real danger of pulmonary embolism. This group of patients has higher risk than former, too. Authors recommended their own method for prevention of preoperative centripetal mobilization of thrombus, using a standard Recklinhausen's cuff inflated against abdominal wall under a plexiglass plate.", "contents": "[Anesthesia in surgery of the veins]. Patients with varicose complex of low extremities do not present any special problem in anaesthesiology. Method recommended is inhalational anaesthetic, eadly mobilisation of patient and infusion of low molecular dextran, during and immediately after operative procedure. During thrombectomy from deep venous system there is real danger of pulmonary embolism. This group of patients has higher risk than former, too. Authors recommended their own method for prevention of preoperative centripetal mobilization of thrombus, using a standard Recklinhausen's cuff inflated against abdominal wall under a plexiglass plate."}
{"id": "PMID:878760", "title": "[Osteosynthesis of the subtrochanteral fractures of the femur by using K\u00fcntscher's pin].", "content": "The method of intramedullary introduction of the K\u00fcntscher pin in order to penetrate, immobilize and stabilize a subtrochanteral fracture of the femur in children and adults has given excellent anatomical and functional results. This method is effective because it synthesizes the positive elements of a mechanical, vascular and biomechanical nature. The results published in our own and foreign literature and our own results indicate that this method is effective; it is a simple, quick technique which saves the tissue of the affected area from injury and maintains optimal functioning of the extremity.", "contents": "[Osteosynthesis of the subtrochanteral fractures of the femur by using K\u00fcntscher's pin]. The method of intramedullary introduction of the K\u00fcntscher pin in order to penetrate, immobilize and stabilize a subtrochanteral fracture of the femur in children and adults has given excellent anatomical and functional results. This method is effective because it synthesizes the positive elements of a mechanical, vascular and biomechanical nature. The results published in our own and foreign literature and our own results indicate that this method is effective; it is a simple, quick technique which saves the tissue of the affected area from injury and maintains optimal functioning of the extremity."}
{"id": "PMID:878761", "title": "[Comparative evaluation of x-ray pictures in septorhinosurgery].", "content": "The present trend to objectify the changes resulting from modern surgical procedures on the nasal pyramid, which are primarily functional, the aesthetic aspects being only secondary, has encouraged us to attempt to define these changes by means of measurements of specific angles and distances on the roentgenograms. It has been confirmed that it is possible to do this from antero-posterior radiographs of the sinus as well radiographs of the profile of the nasal bones. The study covers 126 patients and the tabulation reflects the type and method of the operation undertaken. We consider our results to be interesting, particularly as we have added a further objective method, which is available to all, needs no expensive apparatus and makes possible a comparison of the evaluations both before and after the operation, to the small number of existing objective methods. At the end of the study we stress that this method is ideal and a welcome supplement to the existing methods, although it is not sufficient on its own.", "contents": "[Comparative evaluation of x-ray pictures in septorhinosurgery]. The present trend to objectify the changes resulting from modern surgical procedures on the nasal pyramid, which are primarily functional, the aesthetic aspects being only secondary, has encouraged us to attempt to define these changes by means of measurements of specific angles and distances on the roentgenograms. It has been confirmed that it is possible to do this from antero-posterior radiographs of the sinus as well radiographs of the profile of the nasal bones. The study covers 126 patients and the tabulation reflects the type and method of the operation undertaken. We consider our results to be interesting, particularly as we have added a further objective method, which is available to all, needs no expensive apparatus and makes possible a comparison of the evaluations both before and after the operation, to the small number of existing objective methods. At the end of the study we stress that this method is ideal and a welcome supplement to the existing methods, although it is not sufficient on its own."}
{"id": "PMID:878763", "title": "[Early cancer of the stomach as a gastroenterological problem].", "content": "The article analyzed the problem of early gastric cancer; definition, endoscopic and surgical intraoperative diagnosis and kind of surgical treatment, and also results. It's emphasize importance of the diagnosis early gastric cancer. In that treated cases of early gastric cancer prognosis is excellent (85 -- 92%). The result of 6032 endoscopic examinations are: 360 cases of gastric cancer, and 14 was early gastric cancer. Surgical treated was eleven cases, and they are all have been lived. In the article is extensive discussion the problem of histopathological diagnosis and classification. Extensive is described operative proceed for which we think that is best in treated of early gastric cancer.", "contents": "[Early cancer of the stomach as a gastroenterological problem]. The article analyzed the problem of early gastric cancer; definition, endoscopic and surgical intraoperative diagnosis and kind of surgical treatment, and also results. It's emphasize importance of the diagnosis early gastric cancer. In that treated cases of early gastric cancer prognosis is excellent (85 -- 92%). The result of 6032 endoscopic examinations are: 360 cases of gastric cancer, and 14 was early gastric cancer. Surgical treated was eleven cases, and they are all have been lived. In the article is extensive discussion the problem of histopathological diagnosis and classification. Extensive is described operative proceed for which we think that is best in treated of early gastric cancer."}
{"id": "PMID:878777", "title": "[Most frequent errors in the treatment of articular and periarticular fractures of the elbow joint in childhood (report of own cases)].", "content": "The importance of the initial diagnosis in the treatment of the intra and periarticular fractures of the elbow joint in the childhood was discussed in the article. Good results in pathoanatomic as well as in functional view were obtained in this series, according to the carefully made terapeutic program and prolonged physiotherapy.", "contents": "[Most frequent errors in the treatment of articular and periarticular fractures of the elbow joint in childhood (report of own cases)]. The importance of the initial diagnosis in the treatment of the intra and periarticular fractures of the elbow joint in the childhood was discussed in the article. Good results in pathoanatomic as well as in functional view were obtained in this series, according to the carefully made terapeutic program and prolonged physiotherapy."}
{"id": "PMID:878787", "title": "[Osteotomy of the tibia in the prevention and therapy of post-traumatic knee arthrosis].", "content": "In this article it has been argued that: (1) factors leading to the post-traumatic osteoarthritis of the knee are (a) abnormal mechanical axis of the knee resulting from post-traumatic varus or valgus deformity, (b) damage to the articular surface of the tibial condyles and (c) excessive venous congestion in the subchondral zone of the upper tibial epiphysis. (2) high tibial osteotomy corrects all above mentioned factors and is therefore supposed to be the method of choice in the therapy and prevention of post-traumatic osteoarthritis of the knee. (3) in the years 1970-75 we performed 14 such operations and achieved 8 good and 6 fair results.", "contents": "[Osteotomy of the tibia in the prevention and therapy of post-traumatic knee arthrosis]. In this article it has been argued that: (1) factors leading to the post-traumatic osteoarthritis of the knee are (a) abnormal mechanical axis of the knee resulting from post-traumatic varus or valgus deformity, (b) damage to the articular surface of the tibial condyles and (c) excessive venous congestion in the subchondral zone of the upper tibial epiphysis. (2) high tibial osteotomy corrects all above mentioned factors and is therefore supposed to be the method of choice in the therapy and prevention of post-traumatic osteoarthritis of the knee. (3) in the years 1970-75 we performed 14 such operations and achieved 8 good and 6 fair results."}
{"id": "PMID:878800", "title": "[Blood vessels injuries in intra-articular and para-articular fractures].", "content": "The authors reviewed the problems of vascular injuries with fractures in the nearness of joints. They have pointed out the period from injuries to the operations. Particularly they accentuated importance of team work between bone and vascular surgeons. The paper emphasied the evaluation of the possibility and develop to the good and complete functional restitution of the extremity.", "contents": "[Blood vessels injuries in intra-articular and para-articular fractures]. The authors reviewed the problems of vascular injuries with fractures in the nearness of joints. They have pointed out the period from injuries to the operations. Particularly they accentuated importance of team work between bone and vascular surgeons. The paper emphasied the evaluation of the possibility and develop to the good and complete functional restitution of the extremity."}
{"id": "PMID:878801", "title": "[Carcinoma of the stomach in the Gorensjka region].", "content": "With the review of his patients author in the discussion brings in consideration some points of interest to him: 1. The gastroscopic control with histologic biopsies of the mucosa. 2. Agressive surgical approach with subtotal resection of the stomach and total omentectomy, also when the resection is only palliative. 3. The total resection of the stomach gives long terms bad results. 4. The best type of resection is Billtorh I, because it is physiologic. 5. The citostatic therapy must follow operation.", "contents": "[Carcinoma of the stomach in the Gorensjka region]. With the review of his patients author in the discussion brings in consideration some points of interest to him: 1. The gastroscopic control with histologic biopsies of the mucosa. 2. Agressive surgical approach with subtotal resection of the stomach and total omentectomy, also when the resection is only palliative. 3. The total resection of the stomach gives long terms bad results. 4. The best type of resection is Billtorh I, because it is physiologic. 5. The citostatic therapy must follow operation."}
{"id": "PMID:878808", "title": "[Perforation of idiopathic ulcer in the small intestine].", "content": "The authors present the case of 51 year old woman admitted to surgical unit from dermatology because of symptoms of diffuse peritonitis urgent laparotomy revealed perforated ulcer of terminal ileum. Segmental resection of small bowel with end to end anastomosis was septic coli peritonitis performed, histologically with non-specific appearance. On 7th postoperative day the patient died. The cause of death was septic coli peritonitis with dehiscence of anastomosis.", "contents": "[Perforation of idiopathic ulcer in the small intestine]. The authors present the case of 51 year old woman admitted to surgical unit from dermatology because of symptoms of diffuse peritonitis urgent laparotomy revealed perforated ulcer of terminal ileum. Segmental resection of small bowel with end to end anastomosis was septic coli peritonitis performed, histologically with non-specific appearance. On 7th postoperative day the patient died. The cause of death was septic coli peritonitis with dehiscence of anastomosis."}
{"id": "PMID:878810", "title": "[Portacaval anastomosis in experimental surgery as an educational method for the young surgeon].", "content": "Portacaval anastomosis in experimental surgery, authors used as one kind of education of young surgeons. Over portacaval anastomosis we learned vascular technic and vital anatomy porte hepatis. We recommend this method of education to other young surgeons.", "contents": "[Portacaval anastomosis in experimental surgery as an educational method for the young surgeon]. Portacaval anastomosis in experimental surgery, authors used as one kind of education of young surgeons. Over portacaval anastomosis we learned vascular technic and vital anatomy porte hepatis. We recommend this method of education to other young surgeons."}
{"id": "PMID:878813", "title": "[Compression of the ulnar nerve near the elbow].", "content": "The ulnar nerve is subject to an entrapment neuropathy at the elbow. The groove behind the medial epicondyle is by the adjacent structures transformed to a tunnel. This passage is the most significant entrapment point of nerve. Duurgery we treated 18 patients with the entrapment ulnar neuropathy at the elbow. Operative decompression had been performed and when necessary, anterior transposition and neurolysis under the microscope control. After the operation some of the patients had complete relief of symptoms. Lifelong cases had partly ameliorated. Three patients are described in details. In our paper we appeared the mechanism and diagnosis of cubital tunnel compression, It is pointed that early diagnosis and operative treatment are only preferable in healing the ulnar entrapment neuropathy at the elbow.", "contents": "[Compression of the ulnar nerve near the elbow]. The ulnar nerve is subject to an entrapment neuropathy at the elbow. The groove behind the medial epicondyle is by the adjacent structures transformed to a tunnel. This passage is the most significant entrapment point of nerve. Duurgery we treated 18 patients with the entrapment ulnar neuropathy at the elbow. Operative decompression had been performed and when necessary, anterior transposition and neurolysis under the microscope control. After the operation some of the patients had complete relief of symptoms. Lifelong cases had partly ameliorated. Three patients are described in details. In our paper we appeared the mechanism and diagnosis of cubital tunnel compression, It is pointed that early diagnosis and operative treatment are only preferable in healing the ulnar entrapment neuropathy at the elbow."}
{"id": "PMID:878815", "title": "[Review of patients with carcinoma of the cardia treated in the hospital of Celje during 1966-1975].", "content": "At the department of visceral surgery of the hospital in Celje has been during past ten years surgically treated 41 patients with cancer of cardia. This number of patients represents 11,48% of all patients suffering from cancer of stomach treated in the some period of time. In this short survey we present our methods, complications and results of treatment. Mortality rate of our surgically treated patients with cancer of cardia represents nearly 10% all cases.", "contents": "[Review of patients with carcinoma of the cardia treated in the hospital of Celje during 1966-1975]. At the department of visceral surgery of the hospital in Celje has been during past ten years surgically treated 41 patients with cancer of cardia. This number of patients represents 11,48% of all patients suffering from cancer of stomach treated in the some period of time. In this short survey we present our methods, complications and results of treatment. Mortality rate of our surgically treated patients with cancer of cardia represents nearly 10% all cases."}
{"id": "PMID:878818", "title": "[Choice of surgical technic in cancer of the stomach. Results in 999 cases].", "content": "Authors analyze 999 of stomach cancer, as well as 865 operated patients (86,58%). Choice of operative method depends concert tumor localisation, its growth, methastasis, general condition and age of patient.", "contents": "[Choice of surgical technic in cancer of the stomach. Results in 999 cases]. Authors analyze 999 of stomach cancer, as well as 865 operated patients (86,58%). Choice of operative method depends concert tumor localisation, its growth, methastasis, general condition and age of patient."}
{"id": "PMID:878819", "title": "[Current aspects of success in the surgical treatment of gastric carcinoma].", "content": "The various operative methods in surgical therapy for gastric carcinoma are presented. In his conclusion the author suggests systematic use of endoscopy together with other methods of examination, as well as the rigorous radicalness in operative procedure. Durable results may be expected from better functional reconstruction after resection and from deeper comprehension of chemo -- and immunotherapy of carcinoma.", "contents": "[Current aspects of success in the surgical treatment of gastric carcinoma]. The various operative methods in surgical therapy for gastric carcinoma are presented. In his conclusion the author suggests systematic use of endoscopy together with other methods of examination, as well as the rigorous radicalness in operative procedure. Durable results may be expected from better functional reconstruction after resection and from deeper comprehension of chemo -- and immunotherapy of carcinoma."}
{"id": "PMID:878823", "title": "[Surgico-technical pecularities of transabdominal gastrectomy in cancer of the stomach].", "content": "The review of basal surgical details in act of the transabdominal gastrectomy at the cases of stomach cancer. These details accelerate operation, and made it more reliable, and what is very important more radical. In the article is discussed indication for volume and kind of the resection, a new position about choice of a digestive anastomosis.", "contents": "[Surgico-technical pecularities of transabdominal gastrectomy in cancer of the stomach]. The review of basal surgical details in act of the transabdominal gastrectomy at the cases of stomach cancer. These details accelerate operation, and made it more reliable, and what is very important more radical. In the article is discussed indication for volume and kind of the resection, a new position about choice of a digestive anastomosis."}
{"id": "PMID:878824", "title": "[Is basal hypersecretion an indication of the presence of Zollinger-Ellison syndrome?].", "content": "Twenty patients with gastric basal hipersecretion over 15 mEq/hr and a suspicion on a Z-E syndrome or gastrinoma were studied by means of histamin gastric analisis, calcium test and measurement of lower esophageal sphincter pressures. In none of them a pancreatic tumour was found at operation, being their post-operative course normal up to a 60 months follow-up. The use of these everyday techniques is proposed for medical centers which have no facilities for gastrin radioimmunoassay techniques.", "contents": "[Is basal hypersecretion an indication of the presence of Zollinger-Ellison syndrome?]. Twenty patients with gastric basal hipersecretion over 15 mEq/hr and a suspicion on a Z-E syndrome or gastrinoma were studied by means of histamin gastric analisis, calcium test and measurement of lower esophageal sphincter pressures. In none of them a pancreatic tumour was found at operation, being their post-operative course normal up to a 60 months follow-up. The use of these everyday techniques is proposed for medical centers which have no facilities for gastrin radioimmunoassay techniques."}
{"id": "PMID:878825", "title": "[Angiographic study of the vascularization of primary malignant tumors of the liver: histological correlation].", "content": "During the last seven years 118 patients with histologic diagnosis of malign tumor in the liver were examinated by selective angiography, amongst other diagnostic recourses: 14 patients had primitive tumors: 12 hepatoma, 1 cholangiocarcinoma and 1 hepatocholangiocarcinoma. In 12 patients resection was contraindicated preoperative by the angiographic demonstration of the extension of the tumor to both lobes. In 1 patient with cholangiocarcinoma, the tumor was resected with an outlive of 4 years. In 1 patient with hepatoma very vascular a hard league of the right hepatic artery was done. Two months later angiography demonstrated a rich revascularisation of the tumor with development of the colateral circulation. In our experience the hiper or hipovascularization is related with the degree of fibrosis which accompanies the tumor and no so much with the histologic type, the degrees of differentiation or the existence of intratumoral necrosis. Emphasis is been done to show the diagnostical difficulties of hipovascularized tumors and the importance of angiography in the preoperative evaluation of hepatic tumors.", "contents": "[Angiographic study of the vascularization of primary malignant tumors of the liver: histological correlation]. During the last seven years 118 patients with histologic diagnosis of malign tumor in the liver were examinated by selective angiography, amongst other diagnostic recourses: 14 patients had primitive tumors: 12 hepatoma, 1 cholangiocarcinoma and 1 hepatocholangiocarcinoma. In 12 patients resection was contraindicated preoperative by the angiographic demonstration of the extension of the tumor to both lobes. In 1 patient with cholangiocarcinoma, the tumor was resected with an outlive of 4 years. In 1 patient with hepatoma very vascular a hard league of the right hepatic artery was done. Two months later angiography demonstrated a rich revascularisation of the tumor with development of the colateral circulation. In our experience the hiper or hipovascularization is related with the degree of fibrosis which accompanies the tumor and no so much with the histologic type, the degrees of differentiation or the existence of intratumoral necrosis. Emphasis is been done to show the diagnostical difficulties of hipovascularized tumors and the importance of angiography in the preoperative evaluation of hepatic tumors."}
{"id": "PMID:878827", "title": "[Study of gastric secretion in rats with ligation of the pylorus according to the Shay and Dai methods].", "content": "A comparative study of gastric secretion in rats with pyloric ligature according to either Shays' or Dais' methods was carried on, studying in both groups gastic acid and peptic secretions, mucous pepsinogen, and Na+, K+, and Cl-. The acid-peptic output as well as gastric Pu/g were greater in Dais' method. There were no changes regarding mucous pepsinogen when comparing both methods. Cl- and Na+ determinations showed minimal changes, whereas K+ showed no difference in both methods. We explain these modifications based on the difference in the secreted volume, since the acid concentration and Pu/ml are practically the same when comparing both methods.", "contents": "[Study of gastric secretion in rats with ligation of the pylorus according to the Shay and Dai methods]. A comparative study of gastric secretion in rats with pyloric ligature according to either Shays' or Dais' methods was carried on, studying in both groups gastic acid and peptic secretions, mucous pepsinogen, and Na+, K+, and Cl-. The acid-peptic output as well as gastric Pu/g were greater in Dais' method. There were no changes regarding mucous pepsinogen when comparing both methods. Cl- and Na+ determinations showed minimal changes, whereas K+ showed no difference in both methods. We explain these modifications based on the difference in the secreted volume, since the acid concentration and Pu/ml are practically the same when comparing both methods."}
{"id": "PMID:878828", "title": "[Ultrastructural study of chronic gastritis].", "content": "A study of gastric biopsies with optical and electronical microscope from patients with gastritis in different stages of evolution was realized. The ultraestructural results consist in phenomenal alterations at the epitelium level, apparition of bodies of mielinic aspects in the inside of the Oxintcs cells, reduction of the number of this and the peptic cells and even the disappearance of the last. There is an increase of the mucous cells with mitotic changes, notable hyperplasia of the arget cells and intestinal metaplasia in the advanced cases. In the stroma is demonstrative the infiltration of plasmatic cells having a endoplasmatic reticule in different stages of activity, linphocytes and macrophagous full of primary and secondary lysosomas. A very important fact is the increase of the argentofilous cells and its probably relation with the appearing of the gastritis. The presence of the plasma cells and lynphocyts mark the role that takes the immunitary reaction in this process.", "contents": "[Ultrastructural study of chronic gastritis]. A study of gastric biopsies with optical and electronical microscope from patients with gastritis in different stages of evolution was realized. The ultraestructural results consist in phenomenal alterations at the epitelium level, apparition of bodies of mielinic aspects in the inside of the Oxintcs cells, reduction of the number of this and the peptic cells and even the disappearance of the last. There is an increase of the mucous cells with mitotic changes, notable hyperplasia of the arget cells and intestinal metaplasia in the advanced cases. In the stroma is demonstrative the infiltration of plasmatic cells having a endoplasmatic reticule in different stages of activity, linphocytes and macrophagous full of primary and secondary lysosomas. A very important fact is the increase of the argentofilous cells and its probably relation with the appearing of the gastritis. The presence of the plasma cells and lynphocyts mark the role that takes the immunitary reaction in this process."}
{"id": "PMID:878829", "title": "Prostaglandin F2alpha as a mediator of pulmonary changes during platelet aggregation.", "content": "Increases in pulmonary arterial pressure, tracheal insufflation pressure, and blood levels of the prostaglandin F2alpha metabolite, 15-keto-13, 14-dihydro F2alpha, were observed after protamine chloride or thrombin-induced platelet aggregation and release reaction in dogs. These effects were largely eliminated after administration of acetylsalicylic acid, an inhibitor of prostaglandin synthesis. The platelet aggregation was not noticeably affected. It is suggested that release of prostaglandin F2alpha from platelets is an important factor for the pulmonary changes during induced platelet aggregation. The necessity of measuring metabolite levels, rather than prostaglandin F2alpha levels, in blood during in vivo conditions is demonstrated.", "contents": "Prostaglandin F2alpha as a mediator of pulmonary changes during platelet aggregation. Increases in pulmonary arterial pressure, tracheal insufflation pressure, and blood levels of the prostaglandin F2alpha metabolite, 15-keto-13, 14-dihydro F2alpha, were observed after protamine chloride or thrombin-induced platelet aggregation and release reaction in dogs. These effects were largely eliminated after administration of acetylsalicylic acid, an inhibitor of prostaglandin synthesis. The platelet aggregation was not noticeably affected. It is suggested that release of prostaglandin F2alpha from platelets is an important factor for the pulmonary changes during induced platelet aggregation. The necessity of measuring metabolite levels, rather than prostaglandin F2alpha levels, in blood during in vivo conditions is demonstrated."}
{"id": "PMID:878830", "title": "Selective lumbar epidural block in labour. A clinical analysis.", "content": "Segmental epidural analgesia (T10-T12) was performed in 418 parturients, using a 4-6 ml dose of 0.5% bupivacaine, with or without adrenaline. Seventy per cent of parturients were primiparas and 30% had histories, or signs, of possible uteroplacental insufficiency. Our aim was to relieve pain during the long passive opening phase, so that mothers would be rested and active at the beginning of the second phase, but also to avoid abolishing the bearing-down reflex, the absence of which causes an increased frequency of instrumental delivery. The analgesia during the opening phase was of good quality in 89% of primiparas, and 84% of multiparas. The onset of analgesia was rapid (3-5 min) and the duration was on average 2 1/2 h. The incidence of foetal heart rate changes, during the 30 min after epidural, was 5%. The second phase was less than 30 min in about 90% of cases. About 90% of parturients delivered spontaneously, and the frequency of instrument delivery was only 7.4%. Caesarean section was required in 3.7%. Slight, but rapidly correctable, hypotension occurred in 16.5%, and in two cases the hypotension led to more serious complications. This stresses the importance of the availability and competence of both the anaesthetic and obstetric teams. There were no maternal or neonatal mortalities, and the Apgar scores compared well with the figures for the normal material in our obstetric unit.", "contents": "Selective lumbar epidural block in labour. A clinical analysis. Segmental epidural analgesia (T10-T12) was performed in 418 parturients, using a 4-6 ml dose of 0.5% bupivacaine, with or without adrenaline. Seventy per cent of parturients were primiparas and 30% had histories, or signs, of possible uteroplacental insufficiency. Our aim was to relieve pain during the long passive opening phase, so that mothers would be rested and active at the beginning of the second phase, but also to avoid abolishing the bearing-down reflex, the absence of which causes an increased frequency of instrumental delivery. The analgesia during the opening phase was of good quality in 89% of primiparas, and 84% of multiparas. The onset of analgesia was rapid (3-5 min) and the duration was on average 2 1/2 h. The incidence of foetal heart rate changes, during the 30 min after epidural, was 5%. The second phase was less than 30 min in about 90% of cases. About 90% of parturients delivered spontaneously, and the frequency of instrument delivery was only 7.4%. Caesarean section was required in 3.7%. Slight, but rapidly correctable, hypotension occurred in 16.5%, and in two cases the hypotension led to more serious complications. This stresses the importance of the availability and competence of both the anaesthetic and obstetric teams. There were no maternal or neonatal mortalities, and the Apgar scores compared well with the figures for the normal material in our obstetric unit."}
{"id": "PMID:878831", "title": "Peripheral nerve injury due to injection needles used for regional anesthesia. An experimental study of the acute effects of needle point trauma.", "content": "Nerve injury can arise as a complication peripheral nerve block anesthesia. Of the various factors involved, the trauma caused by the injection needle may be of significance. In this experimental study the frequency of fascicular injury was investigated immediately after needling isolated rabbit sciatic nerve preparations, and after intraneural injection with the nerve in situ. Two different injection needles were used, one with a bevel angle of 14 degrees and the other with a 45 degrees bevel angle. Fascicular injury was indicated by a fluorescence microscopy technique, tracing locally applied Evans Blue Albumin, The results show that a 45 degrees-beveled needle less frequently produces fascicular damage and should therefore be recommended for use in clinical anesthesia. It is also concluded that paresthesiae, when necessary, should be elicited gently, and that intraneural injections should be avoided.", "contents": "Peripheral nerve injury due to injection needles used for regional anesthesia. An experimental study of the acute effects of needle point trauma. Nerve injury can arise as a complication peripheral nerve block anesthesia. Of the various factors involved, the trauma caused by the injection needle may be of significance. In this experimental study the frequency of fascicular injury was investigated immediately after needling isolated rabbit sciatic nerve preparations, and after intraneural injection with the nerve in situ. Two different injection needles were used, one with a bevel angle of 14 degrees and the other with a 45 degrees bevel angle. Fascicular injury was indicated by a fluorescence microscopy technique, tracing locally applied Evans Blue Albumin, The results show that a 45 degrees-beveled needle less frequently produces fascicular damage and should therefore be recommended for use in clinical anesthesia. It is also concluded that paresthesiae, when necessary, should be elicited gently, and that intraneural injections should be avoided."}
{"id": "PMID:878832", "title": "Human hepatic blood flow and its relation to systemic circulation during intravenous infusion of bupivacaine or etidocaine.", "content": "Fifteen healthy young volunteers were studied before and during an intravenous infusion of a local anaesthetic agent. Seven received bupivacaine and eight etidocaine in a dose rate of 2 mg/min over a period of 150 min. Variables of the central systemic circulation and also the hepatic blood flow were measured repeatedly. The circulatory alterations during administration of the two drugs were compared. Comparisons with previous results concerning lidocaine and a placebo were also made. It was found that bupivacaine increased the heart rate, mean arterial blood pressure and cardiac output significantly more than did etidocaine in an equal plasma concentration. Lidocaine was intermediate between bupivacaine and etidocaine. In contrast, these three drugs had the same decreasing effect upon the splanchnic vascular resistance, which caused an almost identical increase in the estimated hepatic blood flow. The calculated vascular resistance in the systemic circulation, excluding the splanchnic, was unchanged during the infusion of etidocaine, while it decreased during the infusion of bupivacaine. Most of this discrepancy was due to the different plasma concentrations of the drugs.", "contents": "Human hepatic blood flow and its relation to systemic circulation during intravenous infusion of bupivacaine or etidocaine. Fifteen healthy young volunteers were studied before and during an intravenous infusion of a local anaesthetic agent. Seven received bupivacaine and eight etidocaine in a dose rate of 2 mg/min over a period of 150 min. Variables of the central systemic circulation and also the hepatic blood flow were measured repeatedly. The circulatory alterations during administration of the two drugs were compared. Comparisons with previous results concerning lidocaine and a placebo were also made. It was found that bupivacaine increased the heart rate, mean arterial blood pressure and cardiac output significantly more than did etidocaine in an equal plasma concentration. Lidocaine was intermediate between bupivacaine and etidocaine. In contrast, these three drugs had the same decreasing effect upon the splanchnic vascular resistance, which caused an almost identical increase in the estimated hepatic blood flow. The calculated vascular resistance in the systemic circulation, excluding the splanchnic, was unchanged during the infusion of etidocaine, while it decreased during the infusion of bupivacaine. Most of this discrepancy was due to the different plasma concentrations of the drugs."}
{"id": "PMID:878833", "title": "Arrhythmias during halothane anaesthesia II: the influence of atropine.", "content": "The effect of i.v. atropine premedication on cardiac rhythm was studied in healthy adult patients during thiopental-N2O/O2-halothane anesthesia without intubation. A higher incidnece of arrhythmias was seen in younger patients in close relation to administration of atropine, but the overall incidence during anesthesia was identical in atropine groups and the control groups. The most common arrhythmias were supraventricular ectopies. None of the ECG irregularities led to serious arrhythmias. No consistent changes in blood pressure were observed as the result of arrhythmias or changes in heart rate. It is concluded that atropine should be reserved for situations where severe bradycardia and hypotension occur, or can be expected to occur, and not given automatically, since cardioacceleration which is inherent in its action may be injurious to patients with limited cardiac reserve.", "contents": "Arrhythmias during halothane anaesthesia II: the influence of atropine. The effect of i.v. atropine premedication on cardiac rhythm was studied in healthy adult patients during thiopental-N2O/O2-halothane anesthesia without intubation. A higher incidnece of arrhythmias was seen in younger patients in close relation to administration of atropine, but the overall incidence during anesthesia was identical in atropine groups and the control groups. The most common arrhythmias were supraventricular ectopies. None of the ECG irregularities led to serious arrhythmias. No consistent changes in blood pressure were observed as the result of arrhythmias or changes in heart rate. It is concluded that atropine should be reserved for situations where severe bradycardia and hypotension occur, or can be expected to occur, and not given automatically, since cardioacceleration which is inherent in its action may be injurious to patients with limited cardiac reserve."}
{"id": "PMID:878834", "title": "Glial cell reactions in rats with hyperammoniemia induced by urease or porto-caval anastomosis.", "content": "The density and size of astrocyte, oligodendrocyte and neurone nuclei were determined in the corpus striatum of rats with urease-induced hyperammoniemia (plasma NH4+-concentration about 800 micronmol/1). No changes in the number of neurone nuclei were found. After 4 days the density of astrocyte nuclei increased from 13 to 23 per cent of the glial nuclei. However, the number of oligodendroxyte nuclei decreased correspondingly and the total glial nuclear number remained constant. The number of astrocyte nuclei was normalized 1 week after the 4-day period of hyperammoniemia. Moreover, intracerebral injections of colchicine at different times of the experimental period revealed no mitoses, indicating that no astrocyte divisions took place in pure hyperammoniemia. The astrocyte nuclei were of normal size in the urease animals in contrast to the animals with porto-caval anastomosis (PCA) which showed enlarged astrocyte nuclei. Thus, hyperammoniemia caused a reversible transformation of glial nuclei, but no real proliferation. A comparison of the glial reactions 4 days after a brain lesion showed the same frequency of astrocyte mitoses in control and urease animlas but a higher incidence of mitoses in the PCA animals. The number of Alzheimer type I astrocytes was the same in control and PCA animals, whereas no such cells were found in the urease animals, indicating that this form of hyperammoniemia did not lead to arrest of astrocyte metaphases with subsequent formation of Alzheimer type 1 cells.", "contents": "Glial cell reactions in rats with hyperammoniemia induced by urease or porto-caval anastomosis. The density and size of astrocyte, oligodendrocyte and neurone nuclei were determined in the corpus striatum of rats with urease-induced hyperammoniemia (plasma NH4+-concentration about 800 micronmol/1). No changes in the number of neurone nuclei were found. After 4 days the density of astrocyte nuclei increased from 13 to 23 per cent of the glial nuclei. However, the number of oligodendroxyte nuclei decreased correspondingly and the total glial nuclear number remained constant. The number of astrocyte nuclei was normalized 1 week after the 4-day period of hyperammoniemia. Moreover, intracerebral injections of colchicine at different times of the experimental period revealed no mitoses, indicating that no astrocyte divisions took place in pure hyperammoniemia. The astrocyte nuclei were of normal size in the urease animals in contrast to the animals with porto-caval anastomosis (PCA) which showed enlarged astrocyte nuclei. Thus, hyperammoniemia caused a reversible transformation of glial nuclei, but no real proliferation. A comparison of the glial reactions 4 days after a brain lesion showed the same frequency of astrocyte mitoses in control and urease animlas but a higher incidence of mitoses in the PCA animals. The number of Alzheimer type I astrocytes was the same in control and PCA animals, whereas no such cells were found in the urease animals, indicating that this form of hyperammoniemia did not lead to arrest of astrocyte metaphases with subsequent formation of Alzheimer type 1 cells."}
{"id": "PMID:878835", "title": "Spontaneous and PHA stimulated lymphocyte transformation in multiple sclerosis patients during and after acute exacerbations with special reference to steroid therapy.", "content": "Spontaneous (SLT) and phytochemagglutinin (PHA) stimulated lymphocyte transformation was studied in multiple sclerosis (MS) patients suffering from acute exacerbations or from the chronic progressive type of MS. The changes in cell-mediated immunity were also observed before, during and after immunosuppressive (prednisone) treatment. A total of 85 venous blood samples from 23 MS patients (11 males, 12 females) were included in the material. The controls consisted of 25 measurements from 17 healthy volunteers who served as normal controls. The pathological controls consisted of 13 patients with neurological diseases other than MS. All these and MS patients were hospitalized. The IUFdR uptake of the cells of MS patients was more rapid than that of the controls at 1-hr incorporation time in SLT. The difference decreased and was eliminated by longer incubation times (2-4 hrs). MS patients also differed from pathological controls in this sense. The reaction to PHA stimulation was lower both in the MS groups (64 per cent from the normal controls) and in the pathological controls. Within the different MS groups, significantly lower values were seen only in the samples of the patients receiving immunosuppressive therapy. Under prednisone (80-100 mg initial dosis) PHA stimulation values rapidly dropped within the first week and slowly returned within 2-4 weeks after the stopping of the corticosteroid treatment. In some cases, however, PHA values remained at a low level for several months. The significance of this finding for the understanding of the underlying pathogenetic mechanisms has to be studied in more detail.", "contents": "Spontaneous and PHA stimulated lymphocyte transformation in multiple sclerosis patients during and after acute exacerbations with special reference to steroid therapy. Spontaneous (SLT) and phytochemagglutinin (PHA) stimulated lymphocyte transformation was studied in multiple sclerosis (MS) patients suffering from acute exacerbations or from the chronic progressive type of MS. The changes in cell-mediated immunity were also observed before, during and after immunosuppressive (prednisone) treatment. A total of 85 venous blood samples from 23 MS patients (11 males, 12 females) were included in the material. The controls consisted of 25 measurements from 17 healthy volunteers who served as normal controls. The pathological controls consisted of 13 patients with neurological diseases other than MS. All these and MS patients were hospitalized. The IUFdR uptake of the cells of MS patients was more rapid than that of the controls at 1-hr incorporation time in SLT. The difference decreased and was eliminated by longer incubation times (2-4 hrs). MS patients also differed from pathological controls in this sense. The reaction to PHA stimulation was lower both in the MS groups (64 per cent from the normal controls) and in the pathological controls. Within the different MS groups, significantly lower values were seen only in the samples of the patients receiving immunosuppressive therapy. Under prednisone (80-100 mg initial dosis) PHA stimulation values rapidly dropped within the first week and slowly returned within 2-4 weeks after the stopping of the corticosteroid treatment. In some cases, however, PHA values remained at a low level for several months. The significance of this finding for the understanding of the underlying pathogenetic mechanisms has to be studied in more detail."}
{"id": "PMID:878836", "title": "Plasma protein binding of phenytoin after cholecystectomy and neurosurgical operations.", "content": "The purpose of the present study was to investigate whether changes in the protein binding of phenytoin occur postoperatively. Fourteen patients were studied after cholecystectomy and six patients after operations for intracranial aneurysm or meningeoma. It was found that the fraction of phenytoin not bound to plasma proteins rose significantly after operation. The total concentration, on the other hand, decreased, so the concentration of free phenytoin did not change much. Possible explanations to the changes observed are discussed, as well as the clinical usefulness of determination of the protein binding of phenytoin.", "contents": "Plasma protein binding of phenytoin after cholecystectomy and neurosurgical operations. The purpose of the present study was to investigate whether changes in the protein binding of phenytoin occur postoperatively. Fourteen patients were studied after cholecystectomy and six patients after operations for intracranial aneurysm or meningeoma. It was found that the fraction of phenytoin not bound to plasma proteins rose significantly after operation. The total concentration, on the other hand, decreased, so the concentration of free phenytoin did not change much. Possible explanations to the changes observed are discussed, as well as the clinical usefulness of determination of the protein binding of phenytoin."}
{"id": "PMID:878837", "title": "Hypokalemic myopathy during treatment with diuretics.", "content": "Two male patients with severe reversible muscle weakness and excessive potassium deficiency associated with alkalosis during treatment with diuretics are presented. The case reports are further illustrated by the morphologic changes as seen in light and electron microscopic examination of muscle biopsies. Hypokalemia and muscle dysfunction are discussed in relation to other investigations of altered potassium metabolism and myopathy during treatment with certain diuretics.", "contents": "Hypokalemic myopathy during treatment with diuretics. Two male patients with severe reversible muscle weakness and excessive potassium deficiency associated with alkalosis during treatment with diuretics are presented. The case reports are further illustrated by the morphologic changes as seen in light and electron microscopic examination of muscle biopsies. Hypokalemia and muscle dysfunction are discussed in relation to other investigations of altered potassium metabolism and myopathy during treatment with certain diuretics."}
{"id": "PMID:878838", "title": "A psychometric stury of 34 patients afflicted with spasmodic torticollis.", "content": "The clinical and psychometric comparison of two group of patients, one with spasmodic torticollis, the other with operated herniated disc, showed closely related psychological profiles. The most important perturbations are found in spasmodic torticollis and seem related to the disease's chronicity. In no case was a predominant hysteric structure found. The results of these investigations on the disorder's etiology are discussed.", "contents": "A psychometric stury of 34 patients afflicted with spasmodic torticollis. The clinical and psychometric comparison of two group of patients, one with spasmodic torticollis, the other with operated herniated disc, showed closely related psychological profiles. The most important perturbations are found in spasmodic torticollis and seem related to the disease's chronicity. In no case was a predominant hysteric structure found. The results of these investigations on the disorder's etiology are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:878839", "title": "Strain differences in the response to morphine on incorporation of 3H-lysine into rat brain protein.", "content": "The effect of morphine on the specific activity (SA) of lysine in the plasma free amino acid (FAA) fraction and in the cerebral cortical FAA and protein fractions, as well as on the specific accumulation and incorporation, was determined in male Sprague-Dawley and Wistar rats at various time intervals after intravenous injection of drug and amino acid into unanesthetized animals. The lysine SA was higher in Sprague-Dawley than in Wistar rats in the plasma and brain FAA fraction and in the protein fraction. In the SD strain, morphine decreased the SA of plasma FAA significantly, but had only slight effects in the Wistar strain. In the cortical gray matter, morphine elevated the SA of lysine significantly in both strains, although the rate of decrease of SA with increasing time after injection was different in the two strains. SA of the lysine in cerebral cortical protein increased in both strains with time, but did so more rapidly in the Sprague-Dawley strain. When the data for the free amino acids were expressed in terms of specific accumulation, the observed rates were higher in the Sprague-Dawley animals and reached a point of maximal concentration, which was not observed in animals of the Wistar strain. Morphine elevated the levels of specific accumulation of lysine into the cortical free amino acid pool in both strains of rat. However, specific incorporation of lysine into the cerebral gray cortical protein in control animlas was essentially similar in both strains. Despite the similarity in specific incorporation of lysine into brain protein in both strains of control rat, morphine treatment caused a much more marked inhibition of incorporation of lysine in the Wistar rats. Thus, it is concluded that Sprague-Dawley and Wistar rats are not equivalent in relation to the accumulation of an amino acid in the brain FAA pool from the plasma and that the effect of morphine on specific incorporation of lysine into brain protein is greater in Wistar rats.", "contents": "Strain differences in the response to morphine on incorporation of 3H-lysine into rat brain protein. The effect of morphine on the specific activity (SA) of lysine in the plasma free amino acid (FAA) fraction and in the cerebral cortical FAA and protein fractions, as well as on the specific accumulation and incorporation, was determined in male Sprague-Dawley and Wistar rats at various time intervals after intravenous injection of drug and amino acid into unanesthetized animals. The lysine SA was higher in Sprague-Dawley than in Wistar rats in the plasma and brain FAA fraction and in the protein fraction. In the SD strain, morphine decreased the SA of plasma FAA significantly, but had only slight effects in the Wistar strain. In the cortical gray matter, morphine elevated the SA of lysine significantly in both strains, although the rate of decrease of SA with increasing time after injection was different in the two strains. SA of the lysine in cerebral cortical protein increased in both strains with time, but did so more rapidly in the Sprague-Dawley strain. When the data for the free amino acids were expressed in terms of specific accumulation, the observed rates were higher in the Sprague-Dawley animals and reached a point of maximal concentration, which was not observed in animals of the Wistar strain. Morphine elevated the levels of specific accumulation of lysine into the cortical free amino acid pool in both strains of rat. However, specific incorporation of lysine into the cerebral gray cortical protein in control animlas was essentially similar in both strains. Despite the similarity in specific incorporation of lysine into brain protein in both strains of control rat, morphine treatment caused a much more marked inhibition of incorporation of lysine in the Wistar rats. Thus, it is concluded that Sprague-Dawley and Wistar rats are not equivalent in relation to the accumulation of an amino acid in the brain FAA pool from the plasma and that the effect of morphine on specific incorporation of lysine into brain protein is greater in Wistar rats."}
{"id": "PMID:878840", "title": "Lack of effect of clonazepam on serum levels of diphenylhydantoin, phenobarbital and carbamazepine.", "content": "The influence of clonazepam on steady-state serum levels of diphenylhydantoin, phenobarbital and carbamazepine was studied in 22 patients with epilepsy receiving one or two of these drugs. Clonazepam was given in slowly increasing doses for 2 weeks until a maximum dose of 4-6 mg per day was reached; thereafter the dose was kept constant. The serum levels of diphenylhydantoin, phenobarbital and carbamazepine were determined once a week for at least 6 weeks. During clonazepam medication in ordinary doses the serum levels of the drugs in question were unaltered. Thus, it is unlikely that the antiepileptic effect of clonazepam in these patients even partly may be due to increased serum levels of these other drugs mentioned.", "contents": "Lack of effect of clonazepam on serum levels of diphenylhydantoin, phenobarbital and carbamazepine. The influence of clonazepam on steady-state serum levels of diphenylhydantoin, phenobarbital and carbamazepine was studied in 22 patients with epilepsy receiving one or two of these drugs. Clonazepam was given in slowly increasing doses for 2 weeks until a maximum dose of 4-6 mg per day was reached; thereafter the dose was kept constant. The serum levels of diphenylhydantoin, phenobarbital and carbamazepine were determined once a week for at least 6 weeks. During clonazepam medication in ordinary doses the serum levels of the drugs in question were unaltered. Thus, it is unlikely that the antiepileptic effect of clonazepam in these patients even partly may be due to increased serum levels of these other drugs mentioned."}
{"id": "PMID:878841", "title": "The effect of anticonvulsant drugs which induce liver microsomal enzymes on derived and ingested phenobarbitone levels.", "content": "A comparison was made between the levels of derived Phenobarbitone in three groups of patients who were taking Primidone as a single drug, Primidone with Phenytoin and Primidone in combination with Phenytoin and Carbamazepine. The levels of ingested Phenobarbitone when this drug was taken as a single drug were compared with the levels when Phenobarbitone was taken in combination with Phenytoin in two other groups of patients. A significant increase in derived Phenobarbitone levels occurred when Primidone was used in combination with Phenytoin alone or with Phenytoin and Carbamazepine. The highest level occurred in a group of patients taking the three drug combination. There was no significant difference between the levels of ingested Phenobarbitone when this drug was used as single therapy or in combination with Phenytoin. We suggest that the increase in derived Phenobarbitone levels relates to the effect of Phenytoin on liver enzyme systems, and that the greater increase with triple therapy was related to the combined effect of Carbamazepine and Phenytoin on microsomal enzymes. As there was no increase in ingested Phenobarbitone levels when this drug was taken in combination with Phenytoin, we were unable to confirm previous suggestions that Phenytoin either inhibits the hydroxylation of Phenobarbitone or impairs its renal excretion.", "contents": "The effect of anticonvulsant drugs which induce liver microsomal enzymes on derived and ingested phenobarbitone levels. A comparison was made between the levels of derived Phenobarbitone in three groups of patients who were taking Primidone as a single drug, Primidone with Phenytoin and Primidone in combination with Phenytoin and Carbamazepine. The levels of ingested Phenobarbitone when this drug was taken as a single drug were compared with the levels when Phenobarbitone was taken in combination with Phenytoin in two other groups of patients. A significant increase in derived Phenobarbitone levels occurred when Primidone was used in combination with Phenytoin alone or with Phenytoin and Carbamazepine. The highest level occurred in a group of patients taking the three drug combination. There was no significant difference between the levels of ingested Phenobarbitone when this drug was used as single therapy or in combination with Phenytoin. We suggest that the increase in derived Phenobarbitone levels relates to the effect of Phenytoin on liver enzyme systems, and that the greater increase with triple therapy was related to the combined effect of Carbamazepine and Phenytoin on microsomal enzymes. As there was no increase in ingested Phenobarbitone levels when this drug was taken in combination with Phenytoin, we were unable to confirm previous suggestions that Phenytoin either inhibits the hydroxylation of Phenobarbitone or impairs its renal excretion."}
{"id": "PMID:878842", "title": "Theophyllamine and the antiparkinsonian response to levodopa treatment.", "content": "In an open preliminary study theophyllamine (theophylline-ethylenediamine) was administered to eight patients with idiopathic parkinsonism showing residual signs of parkinsonism though already in treatment with levodopa. Although theophyllamine in preclinical studies was found effective in potentiating the response to central dopamine stimulation, the drug in the present clinical study was without effect on idiopathic parkinsonism. After a loading dose of aminophylline, 5.6 mg per kilogram given intravenously, a maintenance dose of 0.9 mg per kilogram per hour infused during 2 h resulted in serum levels of theophylline of 23.5 +/- 3.9 mg per liter. 3-methyl-xanthine, a pharmacodynamic active metabolite of theophylline was analyzed in the serum samples. Less than 0.5 mg per liter was found.", "contents": "Theophyllamine and the antiparkinsonian response to levodopa treatment. In an open preliminary study theophyllamine (theophylline-ethylenediamine) was administered to eight patients with idiopathic parkinsonism showing residual signs of parkinsonism though already in treatment with levodopa. Although theophyllamine in preclinical studies was found effective in potentiating the response to central dopamine stimulation, the drug in the present clinical study was without effect on idiopathic parkinsonism. After a loading dose of aminophylline, 5.6 mg per kilogram given intravenously, a maintenance dose of 0.9 mg per kilogram per hour infused during 2 h resulted in serum levels of theophylline of 23.5 +/- 3.9 mg per liter. 3-methyl-xanthine, a pharmacodynamic active metabolite of theophylline was analyzed in the serum samples. Less than 0.5 mg per liter was found."}
{"id": "PMID:878843", "title": "Aphasia and epilepsy in childhood.", "content": "The syndrome of progressive aphasia and epilepsy in childhood is delineated. Four cases are presented, three of which show the typical gradual onset, fluctuating course and EEG changes with bilateral foci of spike and spike-wave activity, and, finally, normalization after some years of the EEG. Also the aphasia tends to subside, but often with considerable delay in relation to the other features. Neuropsychological assessment showed varying residual defects mainly on language functions. The aetiology is unknown. No pathoanatomical data on this disorder has hitherto been published. In one of the present cases a cortical biopsy was performed on suspicion of a left temporal tumour. The biopsy showed changes indicative of a slow virus infection. It is therefore suggested that the newly established language function in children particularly is vulnerable to a subchronic viral encephalitis affecting both hemispheres.", "contents": "Aphasia and epilepsy in childhood. The syndrome of progressive aphasia and epilepsy in childhood is delineated. Four cases are presented, three of which show the typical gradual onset, fluctuating course and EEG changes with bilateral foci of spike and spike-wave activity, and, finally, normalization after some years of the EEG. Also the aphasia tends to subside, but often with considerable delay in relation to the other features. Neuropsychological assessment showed varying residual defects mainly on language functions. The aetiology is unknown. No pathoanatomical data on this disorder has hitherto been published. In one of the present cases a cortical biopsy was performed on suspicion of a left temporal tumour. The biopsy showed changes indicative of a slow virus infection. It is therefore suggested that the newly established language function in children particularly is vulnerable to a subchronic viral encephalitis affecting both hemispheres."}
{"id": "PMID:878844", "title": "Diagnostic value of visual evoked response, clinical eye examination and CSF analysis in chronic myelopathy.", "content": "The results of neuro-ophthalmological examination, visual evoked responses (VER) to pattern reversal stimulation and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis were compared in 25 patients with myelopathy of unknown etiology and without subjective symptoms of involvement of CNS outside the spinal cord. Delayed latencies of VER indicating a disseminated disease were found in 76 per cent of the patients. In 64 per cent of the patients, CSF showed abnormalities similar to those found in MS. Pathological findings at the clinical eye examination consistent with such an etiology was found in 36 per cent of the cases. It is suggested that a large proportion of patients with myelopathy of unknown etiology suffer from a disseminated demyelinating disorder similar to MS. By a combination of neuro-ophthalmological, VER and CSF examinations such as etiology can be established with reasonable certainty, and more troublesome investigations such as myelographies and spinal angiographies may be restricted to patients in whom the etiology still remains unclear.", "contents": "Diagnostic value of visual evoked response, clinical eye examination and CSF analysis in chronic myelopathy. The results of neuro-ophthalmological examination, visual evoked responses (VER) to pattern reversal stimulation and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis were compared in 25 patients with myelopathy of unknown etiology and without subjective symptoms of involvement of CNS outside the spinal cord. Delayed latencies of VER indicating a disseminated disease were found in 76 per cent of the patients. In 64 per cent of the patients, CSF showed abnormalities similar to those found in MS. Pathological findings at the clinical eye examination consistent with such an etiology was found in 36 per cent of the cases. It is suggested that a large proportion of patients with myelopathy of unknown etiology suffer from a disseminated demyelinating disorder similar to MS. By a combination of neuro-ophthalmological, VER and CSF examinations such as etiology can be established with reasonable certainty, and more troublesome investigations such as myelographies and spinal angiographies may be restricted to patients in whom the etiology still remains unclear."}
{"id": "PMID:878845", "title": "Neurological and motor functioning of 10--12-year-old children who showed mild transient neurological symptoms in the first five days of life.", "content": "This study concerns itself with the neurological functioning of 11-year-old children who neonatally presented a variety of shortlived or transient symptoms. These symptoms, while shortlived, are similar in nature to symptoms which other authors have shown to be correlated with later increased rate of neurological deviance. By using the data from a birth cohort of 9,006 consecutive deliveries, we attempted to discover whether such symptoms, when only transiently present in the newborn, are correlated with later neurological functioning. Results indicate that the subjects with transient neonatal symptoms presented more neurological deviance at age 10--12 than did matched controls.", "contents": "Neurological and motor functioning of 10--12-year-old children who showed mild transient neurological symptoms in the first five days of life. This study concerns itself with the neurological functioning of 11-year-old children who neonatally presented a variety of shortlived or transient symptoms. These symptoms, while shortlived, are similar in nature to symptoms which other authors have shown to be correlated with later increased rate of neurological deviance. By using the data from a birth cohort of 9,006 consecutive deliveries, we attempted to discover whether such symptoms, when only transiently present in the newborn, are correlated with later neurological functioning. Results indicate that the subjects with transient neonatal symptoms presented more neurological deviance at age 10--12 than did matched controls."}
{"id": "PMID:878846", "title": "Does O-methyl-dopa play a role in levodopa-induced dyskinesias?", "content": "Clinically scored levodopa-induced dyskinesias were correlated with plasma dopa and O-methyl-dopa levels determined every hour during one day in 30 Parkinsonian-treated patients. In patients treated with a combination of L-dopa and a peripheral decarboxylase inhibitor (PDI), those with dyskinesias have very high plasma O-methyl-dopa levels compared with those who have no dyskinesias. In contrast, no significantly different plasma dopa levels are found in these two subgroups of patients, leaving open the question of the possible involvement of such elevated plasma O-methyl-dopa levels in favouring dyskinesias.", "contents": "Does O-methyl-dopa play a role in levodopa-induced dyskinesias? Clinically scored levodopa-induced dyskinesias were correlated with plasma dopa and O-methyl-dopa levels determined every hour during one day in 30 Parkinsonian-treated patients. In patients treated with a combination of L-dopa and a peripheral decarboxylase inhibitor (PDI), those with dyskinesias have very high plasma O-methyl-dopa levels compared with those who have no dyskinesias. In contrast, no significantly different plasma dopa levels are found in these two subgroups of patients, leaving open the question of the possible involvement of such elevated plasma O-methyl-dopa levels in favouring dyskinesias."}
{"id": "PMID:878847", "title": "Lysosomal enzymes in the lymphocytes and granulocytes of patients with multiple sclerosis.", "content": "The activities of three lysosomal enzymes were measured from the lymphocytes and granulocytes of patients with multiple sclerosis and of controls. The activity of acid phosphatase was increased in the granulocytes and that of beta-glucuronidase in the lymphocytes of MS patients in remission, as compared to those in relapse. No marked increases were observed in the activity of acid proteinase. These findings suggest that a number of lysosomal enzymes in both lymphocytes and granulocytes can be activated during demyelinating processes for reasons unknown at the moment.", "contents": "Lysosomal enzymes in the lymphocytes and granulocytes of patients with multiple sclerosis. The activities of three lysosomal enzymes were measured from the lymphocytes and granulocytes of patients with multiple sclerosis and of controls. The activity of acid phosphatase was increased in the granulocytes and that of beta-glucuronidase in the lymphocytes of MS patients in remission, as compared to those in relapse. No marked increases were observed in the activity of acid proteinase. These findings suggest that a number of lysosomal enzymes in both lymphocytes and granulocytes can be activated during demyelinating processes for reasons unknown at the moment."}
{"id": "PMID:878848", "title": "Subclinical myopathic findings in patients affected by malignant tumours. An autopsy study.", "content": "Histoenzymologic studies on representative muscles and the peripheral microcirculation from selected autopsies of non cachectic patients dying of neoplasms, without signs of neuromuscular involvement, demonstrate a high incidence of neuromuscular and microcirculatory changes. A correlation between neuromuscular changes and the peripheral microcirculation particularly evident in myopathic cases is discussed.", "contents": "Subclinical myopathic findings in patients affected by malignant tumours. An autopsy study. Histoenzymologic studies on representative muscles and the peripheral microcirculation from selected autopsies of non cachectic patients dying of neoplasms, without signs of neuromuscular involvement, demonstrate a high incidence of neuromuscular and microcirculatory changes. A correlation between neuromuscular changes and the peripheral microcirculation particularly evident in myopathic cases is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:878849", "title": "Nervous lesions in a case of local gigantism.", "content": "A case of local gigantism of the thumb was studied by light and electron microscopy. In the lesion, proliferation of fibroadipose tissue and typical alterations of the nerves were found. The alterations in the nerve were isolated hypertrophy of the perineural cells. The relation of the changes to other peripheral nerve tumours especially in neurofibromatosis, is discussed.", "contents": "Nervous lesions in a case of local gigantism. A case of local gigantism of the thumb was studied by light and electron microscopy. In the lesion, proliferation of fibroadipose tissue and typical alterations of the nerves were found. The alterations in the nerve were isolated hypertrophy of the perineural cells. The relation of the changes to other peripheral nerve tumours especially in neurofibromatosis, is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:878850", "title": "Early stages of status marmoratus.", "content": "Basal ganglionic lesions in three young infants were found in a prospective search for early stages of status marmoratus. The lesions had formed and had passed into glial scars well before myelination of the basal ganglia commenced. The myelinating fibers crossing the scarred tissue were disoriented; however, fiber structure was normal, and the numbers of myelin lamellae did not differ significantly between scars and non-scarred tissue. There was no indication of a derangement of the process of myelin formation or of the formation of anomalous myelin sheaths around non-neuronal processes.", "contents": "Early stages of status marmoratus. Basal ganglionic lesions in three young infants were found in a prospective search for early stages of status marmoratus. The lesions had formed and had passed into glial scars well before myelination of the basal ganglia commenced. The myelinating fibers crossing the scarred tissue were disoriented; however, fiber structure was normal, and the numbers of myelin lamellae did not differ significantly between scars and non-scarred tissue. There was no indication of a derangement of the process of myelin formation or of the formation of anomalous myelin sheaths around non-neuronal processes."}
{"id": "PMID:878851", "title": "The pathophysiology of the blood-brain barrier dysfunction induced by severe hypercapnia and by epileptic brain activity.", "content": "The cerebrovascular permeability to protein was studied in hypercapnic rats and in rats with epileptic seizures induced by bicuculline and homocysteine. Despite the differences of the basic pathophysiological mechanisms involved in these models, the blood-brain barrier (BBB) dysfunction was clearly related to the combined effects of high blood pressure and cerebral vasodilatation, thus indicating mechanical factors to be predominantly involved. The BBB changes were most frequent in central and basal regions in contrast to those induced by acute hypertension, which are most common in cortical areas.", "contents": "The pathophysiology of the blood-brain barrier dysfunction induced by severe hypercapnia and by epileptic brain activity. The cerebrovascular permeability to protein was studied in hypercapnic rats and in rats with epileptic seizures induced by bicuculline and homocysteine. Despite the differences of the basic pathophysiological mechanisms involved in these models, the blood-brain barrier (BBB) dysfunction was clearly related to the combined effects of high blood pressure and cerebral vasodilatation, thus indicating mechanical factors to be predominantly involved. The BBB changes were most frequent in central and basal regions in contrast to those induced by acute hypertension, which are most common in cortical areas."}
{"id": "PMID:878852", "title": "[Neuropathological study of incontinentia pigmenti. Anatomical case report (author's transl)].", "content": "Report of a case of Incontinentia pigmenti (IP) of the Bloch-Sulzberger type, with neurological features, in a 3 month-old deceased infant. The neuropathological examination revealed signs of a destructive process which had occurred in the perinatal period: ulegyria, cavities of white matter and patchy scar softening of the cerebellar cortex. In addition, there was a diffuse inflammatory process involving the pia-arachnoid and brain tissue: perivascular cuffs of lymphocytes, histiocytes and eosinophilic polymorphs, and mononuclear nodules. No prenatal malformations or vascular lesions were found. These findings are discussed in the light of both the relevant literature on neurological abnormalities in IP and the only already reported neuropathological examination by O'Doherty and Norman (1968). Two main hypotheses might account for the frequency of neurological disturbances in IP, 1. a peculiar sensitivity of the brain to anoxia and/or ischemia: 2. its involvement by the specific inflammatory process which occurs both in the skin as other tissues in this genetically determined disease (Peri\u00e9 et al., 1976).", "contents": "[Neuropathological study of incontinentia pigmenti. Anatomical case report (author's transl)]. Report of a case of Incontinentia pigmenti (IP) of the Bloch-Sulzberger type, with neurological features, in a 3 month-old deceased infant. The neuropathological examination revealed signs of a destructive process which had occurred in the perinatal period: ulegyria, cavities of white matter and patchy scar softening of the cerebellar cortex. In addition, there was a diffuse inflammatory process involving the pia-arachnoid and brain tissue: perivascular cuffs of lymphocytes, histiocytes and eosinophilic polymorphs, and mononuclear nodules. No prenatal malformations or vascular lesions were found. These findings are discussed in the light of both the relevant literature on neurological abnormalities in IP and the only already reported neuropathological examination by O'Doherty and Norman (1968). Two main hypotheses might account for the frequency of neurological disturbances in IP, 1. a peculiar sensitivity of the brain to anoxia and/or ischemia: 2. its involvement by the specific inflammatory process which occurs both in the skin as other tissues in this genetically determined disease (Peri\u00e9 et al., 1976)."}
{"id": "PMID:878853", "title": "[Progressive multifocal leucoencephalopathy. Observation with predominant pontocerebellar lesions and association with congenital immune deficiency].", "content": "A young woman presented a mixed congenital and familial immunodeficiency syndrome consisting in an absence of IgA and lowered levels of IgG and IgM, with a defect in cellular immunity. She had a mild malabsorption syndrome with slight alterations of the jejunal mucosa. Non-caseating tuberculoid granulomata were found in skin lesions, in lymph nodes and in the spleen. At age 27 the patient died of a neurological disease of 4 months duration. Autopsy revealed a very widespread demyelinating process involving mainly the right cerebellar hemisphere but also most of the pons and left cerebellum, with the typical morphologic characters of PML. In the hemispheres lesions were limited to microscopical \"microglial nodules\" with discrete demyelination. A review of 86 published cases of PML revealed 9 other cases in which lesions showed a strong predilection for the subtentorial territories. This sampling allows for tha assumption that some 11% of the cases of PML have this particular lesion distribution. Other pertinent features of this case are briefly discussed.", "contents": "[Progressive multifocal leucoencephalopathy. Observation with predominant pontocerebellar lesions and association with congenital immune deficiency]. A young woman presented a mixed congenital and familial immunodeficiency syndrome consisting in an absence of IgA and lowered levels of IgG and IgM, with a defect in cellular immunity. She had a mild malabsorption syndrome with slight alterations of the jejunal mucosa. Non-caseating tuberculoid granulomata were found in skin lesions, in lymph nodes and in the spleen. At age 27 the patient died of a neurological disease of 4 months duration. Autopsy revealed a very widespread demyelinating process involving mainly the right cerebellar hemisphere but also most of the pons and left cerebellum, with the typical morphologic characters of PML. In the hemispheres lesions were limited to microscopical \"microglial nodules\" with discrete demyelination. A review of 86 published cases of PML revealed 9 other cases in which lesions showed a strong predilection for the subtentorial territories. This sampling allows for tha assumption that some 11% of the cases of PML have this particular lesion distribution. Other pertinent features of this case are briefly discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:878857", "title": "Changes of placental site diagnosed by repeated ultrasonic examination.", "content": "Over a period of two years, 7 137 localisations of placenta were performed. In 67 patients on the first examination it was found that the lower margin of placenta reached the internal os of the uterus. All these patients were followed up by examinations every two or four weeks. In 63 of the 67 patients, placental migration was found involving a change in the level of the lower placental edge from the cervix towards the fundus. The change in this position varied from 3 to 9 cm. All four cases where the placenta extended from anterior to posterior wall ended as placenta praevia. Ultrasonic proof of placental migration shows the necessity for ultrasonic examination shortly before the birth, as only then is the final diagnosis of placenta praevia possible.", "contents": "Changes of placental site diagnosed by repeated ultrasonic examination. Over a period of two years, 7 137 localisations of placenta were performed. In 67 patients on the first examination it was found that the lower margin of placenta reached the internal os of the uterus. All these patients were followed up by examinations every two or four weeks. In 63 of the 67 patients, placental migration was found involving a change in the level of the lower placental edge from the cervix towards the fundus. The change in this position varied from 3 to 9 cm. All four cases where the placenta extended from anterior to posterior wall ended as placenta praevia. Ultrasonic proof of placental migration shows the necessity for ultrasonic examination shortly before the birth, as only then is the final diagnosis of placenta praevia possible."}
{"id": "PMID:878858", "title": "The myometrial response to intra-uterine administration of PGF2alpha and PGE2 in dysmenorrheic women.", "content": "Serial recordings of uterine contractility during different phases of the menstrual cycle were carried out in five dysmenorrheic women, and in two subjects during the acute stage of severe dysmenorrheic pain. The sensitivity and reactivity of the uterus to intrauterine administration of small doses of PGF2alpha and PGE2 were studied. A relative insensitivity of the uterus was found in the proliferative phase and around ovulation. The uterus was highly sensitive to the stimulatory effect of PGF2alpha in the secretory phase and at menstruation but probably not more sensitive than in normal women. The corresponding results with PGE2 were rather variable in that small doses did not induce any response or slight stimulation whereas high doses occasionally caused an inhibition in the secretory phase and during menstruation. The results indicate that PGF2alpha may be a significant factor in eliciting uterine hypercontractility and dysmenorrheic pain. Whether the occasional inhibitory effect of PGE2 is of any significant importance in the pathogenesis of dysmenorrhea cannot be stated.", "contents": "The myometrial response to intra-uterine administration of PGF2alpha and PGE2 in dysmenorrheic women. Serial recordings of uterine contractility during different phases of the menstrual cycle were carried out in five dysmenorrheic women, and in two subjects during the acute stage of severe dysmenorrheic pain. The sensitivity and reactivity of the uterus to intrauterine administration of small doses of PGF2alpha and PGE2 were studied. A relative insensitivity of the uterus was found in the proliferative phase and around ovulation. The uterus was highly sensitive to the stimulatory effect of PGF2alpha in the secretory phase and at menstruation but probably not more sensitive than in normal women. The corresponding results with PGE2 were rather variable in that small doses did not induce any response or slight stimulation whereas high doses occasionally caused an inhibition in the secretory phase and during menstruation. The results indicate that PGF2alpha may be a significant factor in eliciting uterine hypercontractility and dysmenorrheic pain. Whether the occasional inhibitory effect of PGE2 is of any significant importance in the pathogenesis of dysmenorrhea cannot be stated."}
{"id": "PMID:878859", "title": "Evaluation of fetal maturity by amniotic fluid creatinine concentrations and lecithin/sphingomyelin ratio.", "content": "In a material of 144 samples of amniotic fluid from the last trimester, creatinine concentration, lecithin/sphingomyelin (L/S) ration and their correlation, have been examined. Amniotic fluid creatinine concentration (a.f.c.) increased gradually through the last trimester up to 39 weeks (273-279 days p.m.) with median values of 2 mg/100 ml at 37 weeks and 2.5 mg/100 ml at 39 weeks gestation. The great range makes a.f.c. of doubtful value in assessment of gestional age in individual samples. The correlation between a.f.c. and L/S ratio was highly significant (Kendall's T=0.56). Even so lung maturity cannot be predicted from a.f.c. A low L/S ratio with a.f.c. larger than or equal to 2 mg/100 ml was found in 8-9%, while a.f.c. 1.1-1.9 mg/100 ml was combined with L/S ratios larger then or equal to 2 in a great number of cases. A.f.c. less than 1.1 mg/100 ml was invariably correlated with low L/S ratios.", "contents": "Evaluation of fetal maturity by amniotic fluid creatinine concentrations and lecithin/sphingomyelin ratio. In a material of 144 samples of amniotic fluid from the last trimester, creatinine concentration, lecithin/sphingomyelin (L/S) ration and their correlation, have been examined. Amniotic fluid creatinine concentration (a.f.c.) increased gradually through the last trimester up to 39 weeks (273-279 days p.m.) with median values of 2 mg/100 ml at 37 weeks and 2.5 mg/100 ml at 39 weeks gestation. The great range makes a.f.c. of doubtful value in assessment of gestional age in individual samples. The correlation between a.f.c. and L/S ratio was highly significant (Kendall's T=0.56). Even so lung maturity cannot be predicted from a.f.c. A low L/S ratio with a.f.c. larger than or equal to 2 mg/100 ml was found in 8-9%, while a.f.c. 1.1-1.9 mg/100 ml was combined with L/S ratios larger then or equal to 2 in a great number of cases. A.f.c. less than 1.1 mg/100 ml was invariably correlated with low L/S ratios."}
{"id": "PMID:878860", "title": "Neonatal and prospective follow-up study of infants delivered by vacuum extraction (VE).", "content": "Forty infants delivered by vacuum extraction have been studied in the neonatal period--neurological examination, neonatal CSF-examinations, skull X-ray examination, transillumination and sonoencephalography --and at 14 months of age--developmental and behavioural evaluation, neurological examination, skull X-ray examination, sonoencephalography and electroencephalography. Two infants died in the neonatal period but in both cases a life-threatening situation of the fetus required immediate delivery. CSF cytological signs of haemorrhage were observed in 42% of the 26 infants who had a successful lumbar tap, compared to 10% found in normal deliveries. The result of the neonatal neurological study did not differ from that in a control group. The result of the skull X-ray examination and sonoencephalography were also within normal limits. In the follow-up study behavioural problems were found in 25%, but otherwise very few abnormalities were found. The deviatiosn found do not for the present indicate any later signs of brain lesions. It is concluded that this prospective study has shown that VE-delivery in fullterm babies seem to imply no risk fo serious cerebral sequelae. Further follow-up studies at a later age in order to evaluate the incidence of so-called minimal brain damage in VE-delivered children are required.", "contents": "Neonatal and prospective follow-up study of infants delivered by vacuum extraction (VE). Forty infants delivered by vacuum extraction have been studied in the neonatal period--neurological examination, neonatal CSF-examinations, skull X-ray examination, transillumination and sonoencephalography --and at 14 months of age--developmental and behavioural evaluation, neurological examination, skull X-ray examination, sonoencephalography and electroencephalography. Two infants died in the neonatal period but in both cases a life-threatening situation of the fetus required immediate delivery. CSF cytological signs of haemorrhage were observed in 42% of the 26 infants who had a successful lumbar tap, compared to 10% found in normal deliveries. The result of the neonatal neurological study did not differ from that in a control group. The result of the skull X-ray examination and sonoencephalography were also within normal limits. In the follow-up study behavioural problems were found in 25%, but otherwise very few abnormalities were found. The deviatiosn found do not for the present indicate any later signs of brain lesions. It is concluded that this prospective study has shown that VE-delivery in fullterm babies seem to imply no risk fo serious cerebral sequelae. Further follow-up studies at a later age in order to evaluate the incidence of so-called minimal brain damage in VE-delivered children are required."}
{"id": "PMID:878861", "title": "Quantification of fetal heart rate variability in relation to oxygenation in the sheep fetus.", "content": "Beat-to-beat variability has been suggested as a sensitive indication of fetal well-being. The suggestion originates from case reports of observed decrease in variability preceding clinical signs of fetal asphyxia and fetal death. Against this background a study was performed to evaluate possible changes in heart rate variability in relation to changes in fetal oxygenation. Chloralose-anesthetized sheep were used. Short-term hypoxia was produced without acidosis. The FECGs were recorded on magnetic tape and later analysed by scrutinizing each QRS complex prior to the trigger of a rate meter. The differential index (DI) described by Yeh and co-workers was chosen because it is easily computed and reflects the variability of coefficient of variation for two successive R-R intervals. In contrast to the generally held view of a progressive diminution of variability during the development of asphyxia, the variability was found to increase parallel with a decrease in fetal arterial PO2 determined on blood samples withdrawn at intervals and ranging between 26 and 10 mmHg. The correlation between variability and PO2 in the range below 8-10 mmHg is still to be determined.", "contents": "Quantification of fetal heart rate variability in relation to oxygenation in the sheep fetus. Beat-to-beat variability has been suggested as a sensitive indication of fetal well-being. The suggestion originates from case reports of observed decrease in variability preceding clinical signs of fetal asphyxia and fetal death. Against this background a study was performed to evaluate possible changes in heart rate variability in relation to changes in fetal oxygenation. Chloralose-anesthetized sheep were used. Short-term hypoxia was produced without acidosis. The FECGs were recorded on magnetic tape and later analysed by scrutinizing each QRS complex prior to the trigger of a rate meter. The differential index (DI) described by Yeh and co-workers was chosen because it is easily computed and reflects the variability of coefficient of variation for two successive R-R intervals. In contrast to the generally held view of a progressive diminution of variability during the development of asphyxia, the variability was found to increase parallel with a decrease in fetal arterial PO2 determined on blood samples withdrawn at intervals and ranging between 26 and 10 mmHg. The correlation between variability and PO2 in the range below 8-10 mmHg is still to be determined."}
{"id": "PMID:878862", "title": "Changes of bone mineral content during pregnancy and lactation.", "content": "In order to study changes in the calcium depots of the body during pregnancy and lactation, bone mineral deteminations were performed on fourteen pregnant women and eighteen mothers post partum by X-ray spectrophotomeyry. Pregnant women exhibited a loss in trabecular bone but not in cortical bone when measured once during late first or early second trimester and again one week post partum. Lactating women who nursed less than three months lost mineral during the first three months and than regained it while those who nursed for longer than three months had no losses during six months of study.", "contents": "Changes of bone mineral content during pregnancy and lactation. In order to study changes in the calcium depots of the body during pregnancy and lactation, bone mineral deteminations were performed on fourteen pregnant women and eighteen mothers post partum by X-ray spectrophotomeyry. Pregnant women exhibited a loss in trabecular bone but not in cortical bone when measured once during late first or early second trimester and again one week post partum. Lactating women who nursed less than three months lost mineral during the first three months and than regained it while those who nursed for longer than three months had no losses during six months of study."}
{"id": "PMID:878863", "title": "Renin-angiotensin--aldosterone system and sodium in normal pregnancy: a longitudinal study.", "content": "Plasma renin activity, the concentration of angiotensin I and the urinary excretion of aldosterone and sodium were studied longitudinally in 10 healthy primigravidae from the 10th week of pregnancy monthly until the 7th puerperal day. Plasma renin activity and angiotensing I levels were significantly elevated throughout pregnancy and showed maximal mean values at the 10th week, gradually returning to the level of nonpregnant women 7 days after delivery. They daily urinary excretion of aldosterone was also increased throughout pregnancy, but the mean values showed an increasing trend until 34th week. They returned to nonpregnant levels 7 days after delivery. There were no significant changes in the urinary excretion of sodium during pregnancy but the mean value was lower than in the nonpregnant control group. There was a significant positive correlation between urinary aldosterone and sodium values, while an almost significant negative correlation existed between urinary aldosterone and plasma renin activity, suggesting the priority of natriuresis in the regulation of aldosterone secretion during pregnancy. No corrleation was found between plasma renin activity and urinary sodium excretion values.", "contents": "Renin-angiotensin--aldosterone system and sodium in normal pregnancy: a longitudinal study. Plasma renin activity, the concentration of angiotensin I and the urinary excretion of aldosterone and sodium were studied longitudinally in 10 healthy primigravidae from the 10th week of pregnancy monthly until the 7th puerperal day. Plasma renin activity and angiotensing I levels were significantly elevated throughout pregnancy and showed maximal mean values at the 10th week, gradually returning to the level of nonpregnant women 7 days after delivery. They daily urinary excretion of aldosterone was also increased throughout pregnancy, but the mean values showed an increasing trend until 34th week. They returned to nonpregnant levels 7 days after delivery. There were no significant changes in the urinary excretion of sodium during pregnancy but the mean value was lower than in the nonpregnant control group. There was a significant positive correlation between urinary aldosterone and sodium values, while an almost significant negative correlation existed between urinary aldosterone and plasma renin activity, suggesting the priority of natriuresis in the regulation of aldosterone secretion during pregnancy. No corrleation was found between plasma renin activity and urinary sodium excretion values."}
{"id": "PMID:878864", "title": "Hysterectomy in central recurrence of carcinoma of the uterine cervix.", "content": "Central recurrence was recorded during 1963-1972 in 136 patients (14%) out of a group of 977 cases given radiation therapy for carcinoma of the uterine cervix (Stages I and II). Fifty of these patients (i.e. 37%) showed indications for surgery. In 12 of them only explorative laparotomy was performed. Radical hysterectomy was carried out in 14 cases, combined vaginal and abdominal wide extrafascial hysterectomy in 13 cases and ordinary extrafascial hysterectomy was chosen in 11 cases. The cellmorphology in the squamous-cell cancers, classified according to Reagan et al., was proportionally the same in these patients as in the series as a whole. The patients operated on by combined vaginal and abdominal hysterectomy had the same rate of survival, but fewer complications, than those given radical hysterectomy.", "contents": "Hysterectomy in central recurrence of carcinoma of the uterine cervix. Central recurrence was recorded during 1963-1972 in 136 patients (14%) out of a group of 977 cases given radiation therapy for carcinoma of the uterine cervix (Stages I and II). Fifty of these patients (i.e. 37%) showed indications for surgery. In 12 of them only explorative laparotomy was performed. Radical hysterectomy was carried out in 14 cases, combined vaginal and abdominal wide extrafascial hysterectomy in 13 cases and ordinary extrafascial hysterectomy was chosen in 11 cases. The cellmorphology in the squamous-cell cancers, classified according to Reagan et al., was proportionally the same in these patients as in the series as a whole. The patients operated on by combined vaginal and abdominal hysterectomy had the same rate of survival, but fewer complications, than those given radical hysterectomy."}
{"id": "PMID:878865", "title": "Water and ion metabolism in placenta. I. water and ion content of rabbit placenta in different periods of gestation.", "content": "Total tissue water of rabbit plancenta decreases by 18% between the 9th day and the end of gestation. In the same period intracellular water decreases by 40% and the extracellular compartment swells. Total tissue sodium and chloride content increase by 34% and 27% respectively from the 16th to the 33rd day while potassium decreases by 30%. The intracellular concentration of these ions does not vary greatly during gestation. Moreover the total tissue magnesium content decreases by about 23% at the end of gestation while its intracellular concentration does not show marked changes. Calcium content of rabbit placenta substantially increases during gestation and intracellular calcium shows a fivefold increase from the 16th to the 33rd day of gestation. The results are discussed in terms of relation between water and ion content and placental tissue growth and aging.", "contents": "Water and ion metabolism in placenta. I. water and ion content of rabbit placenta in different periods of gestation. Total tissue water of rabbit plancenta decreases by 18% between the 9th day and the end of gestation. In the same period intracellular water decreases by 40% and the extracellular compartment swells. Total tissue sodium and chloride content increase by 34% and 27% respectively from the 16th to the 33rd day while potassium decreases by 30%. The intracellular concentration of these ions does not vary greatly during gestation. Moreover the total tissue magnesium content decreases by about 23% at the end of gestation while its intracellular concentration does not show marked changes. Calcium content of rabbit placenta substantially increases during gestation and intracellular calcium shows a fivefold increase from the 16th to the 33rd day of gestation. The results are discussed in terms of relation between water and ion content and placental tissue growth and aging."}
{"id": "PMID:878867", "title": "Testicular femininization with intraperitoneal disseminated mesothelial cysts.", "content": "A case report is given of a patient suffering from testicular femininization, a 13.5 l mesothelial-lined cyst associated with the right gonad, and several small intraperitoneal mesothelial cysts. No malignant changes were found, and no remnats of the Mullerian duct system were detected.", "contents": "Testicular femininization with intraperitoneal disseminated mesothelial cysts. A case report is given of a patient suffering from testicular femininization, a 13.5 l mesothelial-lined cyst associated with the right gonad, and several small intraperitoneal mesothelial cysts. No malignant changes were found, and no remnats of the Mullerian duct system were detected."}
{"id": "PMID:878868", "title": "Coronary artery changes in newborn babies. A histological and electron microscopical study.", "content": "The main branch of the left coronary artery of 14 autopsied newborn babies was studied both in light and electron microscopy. Intimal and medial changes of varying severity were found in most cases. The lesions show edema and suggest insudation of the blood solutes into the vessel wall. The edematic phase is followed by proliferation of smooth-muscle and undifferentiated cells, leading to a thickening of the arterial wall. The structure of the lesions resembles the so-called preatherosclerotic changes found frequently in adults. The relationship of the neonatal coronary changes to arteriosclerosis is discussed.", "contents": "Coronary artery changes in newborn babies. A histological and electron microscopical study. The main branch of the left coronary artery of 14 autopsied newborn babies was studied both in light and electron microscopy. Intimal and medial changes of varying severity were found in most cases. The lesions show edema and suggest insudation of the blood solutes into the vessel wall. The edematic phase is followed by proliferation of smooth-muscle and undifferentiated cells, leading to a thickening of the arterial wall. The structure of the lesions resembles the so-called preatherosclerotic changes found frequently in adults. The relationship of the neonatal coronary changes to arteriosclerosis is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:878869", "title": "On the effect of vinblastine on ameloblasts of rat incisors in vivo. 2. Protracted effect on secretory ameloblasts. A light microscopical study.", "content": "The effects of vinblastine sulphate at a dosage of 0.2 mg per 100 g body weight on the secretory ameloblasts of rat incisors were studied 3, 6 and 24 hours and 3 and 7 days after administration of the drug. The vinblastine affected the secretion profoundly, caused a reduction in size of the cells and death of many ameloblasts. Most of the surviving ameloblasts restored initially-induced loss of polarity. Many also resumed secretion and deposition of enamel matrix. The Tomes' processess were extremely sensitive to vinblastine and all matrix deposited after administration of the drug appeared abnormal in structure. Ameloblasts not resuming secretory activity were less than half the size (height) of normal cells. In some areas all the ameloblasts were destroyed with the exception of a varying number of surviving ameloblasts parts consisting only of a nucleus and a small amount of cytoplasm. The ameloblasts which had re-established secretory activity, and most of the ameloblasts which had not, retained their ability to transform into transporting ameloblasts. Large amounts of ameloblast debris present 3 and 6 hours after administration of the vinblastine were effectively engulfed and digested by the cells of the striatum intermedium within 24 hours.", "contents": "On the effect of vinblastine on ameloblasts of rat incisors in vivo. 2. Protracted effect on secretory ameloblasts. A light microscopical study. The effects of vinblastine sulphate at a dosage of 0.2 mg per 100 g body weight on the secretory ameloblasts of rat incisors were studied 3, 6 and 24 hours and 3 and 7 days after administration of the drug. The vinblastine affected the secretion profoundly, caused a reduction in size of the cells and death of many ameloblasts. Most of the surviving ameloblasts restored initially-induced loss of polarity. Many also resumed secretion and deposition of enamel matrix. The Tomes' processess were extremely sensitive to vinblastine and all matrix deposited after administration of the drug appeared abnormal in structure. Ameloblasts not resuming secretory activity were less than half the size (height) of normal cells. In some areas all the ameloblasts were destroyed with the exception of a varying number of surviving ameloblasts parts consisting only of a nucleus and a small amount of cytoplasm. The ameloblasts which had re-established secretory activity, and most of the ameloblasts which had not, retained their ability to transform into transporting ameloblasts. Large amounts of ameloblast debris present 3 and 6 hours after administration of the vinblastine were effectively engulfed and digested by the cells of the striatum intermedium within 24 hours."}
{"id": "PMID:878870", "title": "On the effect of vinblastine on ameloblasts of rat incisors in vivo. 3. Acute and protracted effect on differentiating ameloblasts. A light microscopical study.", "content": "The acute effect of vinblastine sulphate at a dosage of 0.2 mg per 100 g body weight on ameloblasts in the progress of differentiation in rat incisors, and the ability of these cells to develop into secretory ameloblasts after exposure to the drug, were studied under the light microscope. In the early stages of differentiation (exclusively dividing cells) no changes were seen. In more advanced stages of differentiation the cell apices were altered and the nuclei normally placed near the cell base were located at all levels in the ameloblast layer. These changes were reversible and the cells developed into secretory ameloblasts of normal appearance and function. Ameloblasts in the most advanced stage of differentiation in which secretion had begun were severely damaged, and the mature secretory ameloblast population derived from these cells was decimated and produced enamel matrix with abnormal structure. It is concluded that differentiating ameloblasts are relatively invulnerable to vinblastine, whereas in secretory ameloblasts the organelles directly engaged in the secretory processes are particularly exposed to damage from the drug.", "contents": "On the effect of vinblastine on ameloblasts of rat incisors in vivo. 3. Acute and protracted effect on differentiating ameloblasts. A light microscopical study. The acute effect of vinblastine sulphate at a dosage of 0.2 mg per 100 g body weight on ameloblasts in the progress of differentiation in rat incisors, and the ability of these cells to develop into secretory ameloblasts after exposure to the drug, were studied under the light microscope. In the early stages of differentiation (exclusively dividing cells) no changes were seen. In more advanced stages of differentiation the cell apices were altered and the nuclei normally placed near the cell base were located at all levels in the ameloblast layer. These changes were reversible and the cells developed into secretory ameloblasts of normal appearance and function. Ameloblasts in the most advanced stage of differentiation in which secretion had begun were severely damaged, and the mature secretory ameloblast population derived from these cells was decimated and produced enamel matrix with abnormal structure. It is concluded that differentiating ameloblasts are relatively invulnerable to vinblastine, whereas in secretory ameloblasts the organelles directly engaged in the secretory processes are particularly exposed to damage from the drug."}
{"id": "PMID:878871", "title": "The ultrastructure of macrophages found in contact with plasma cells in the bone marrow of patients with multiple myeloma.", "content": "The ultrastructure of a macrophage found in the bone marrow of 15 patients with multiple myeloma is described. The macrophage is designated the dendritic bone marrow macrophage, due to the various branching cell forms in which it can be found. It is further distinguished by having contact with plasma cells. At the contact zones a thickening of the inner leaflet of the cytoplasmic membrane of the plasma cells is observed, whereas no morphological changes are present in the adjoining membranes of the macrophage. These macrophages show a great variation in their phagocytic capacity, and only few show morphological evidence of being actively phagocytic. A few dendritic bone marrow macrophages show a localized thickening of the inner leaflet of their cytoplasmic membrane, but this thickening is never found in the regions of contact with plasma cells.", "contents": "The ultrastructure of macrophages found in contact with plasma cells in the bone marrow of patients with multiple myeloma. The ultrastructure of a macrophage found in the bone marrow of 15 patients with multiple myeloma is described. The macrophage is designated the dendritic bone marrow macrophage, due to the various branching cell forms in which it can be found. It is further distinguished by having contact with plasma cells. At the contact zones a thickening of the inner leaflet of the cytoplasmic membrane of the plasma cells is observed, whereas no morphological changes are present in the adjoining membranes of the macrophage. These macrophages show a great variation in their phagocytic capacity, and only few show morphological evidence of being actively phagocytic. A few dendritic bone marrow macrophages show a localized thickening of the inner leaflet of their cytoplasmic membrane, but this thickening is never found in the regions of contact with plasma cells."}
{"id": "PMID:878872", "title": "The ultrastructure of contact zones between plasma cells and macrophages in the bone marrow of patients with multiple myeloma.", "content": "The ultrastructure of intercellular connections between plasma cells and dendritic bone marrow macrophages found in bone marrow aspirations from 15 patients with multiple myeloma is described. Two types of cell-to-cell contact were observed: 1) a juxtaposed type and 2) a mortise-joint type. In both types the zones are characterized by an amorphous electron dense layer adherent to the inner leaflet of the cytoplasmic membrane of the plasma cell, whereas no morphological changes are present in the macrophage. The thickness of the electron dense layer in the plasma cell was found to range from 11 to 33 nm and its extension along the membrane fron 0.2 micronm to 2--3 micronm. The distance from plasma cell surface to the surface of the macrophage was found to range from 11 to 27 nm, but the two cell membranes were always parallel at the contact zone region. At the contact zones small amounts of electron dense material were generally present in the interspace between the cells, and sometimes fine bridges of this material were seen to connect the two cells. The cytoplasm of the plasma cell was sparse in organelles at the contact zone region except for cytoplasmic filaments (7--9 nm in diameter). However, more than 50 per cent of the plasma cells did show a few electron dense, membrane-bound granules close to the contact zones. In some plasma cells a few coated vesicles were also found adjacent to the dense layers of the contact zones.", "contents": "The ultrastructure of contact zones between plasma cells and macrophages in the bone marrow of patients with multiple myeloma. The ultrastructure of intercellular connections between plasma cells and dendritic bone marrow macrophages found in bone marrow aspirations from 15 patients with multiple myeloma is described. Two types of cell-to-cell contact were observed: 1) a juxtaposed type and 2) a mortise-joint type. In both types the zones are characterized by an amorphous electron dense layer adherent to the inner leaflet of the cytoplasmic membrane of the plasma cell, whereas no morphological changes are present in the macrophage. The thickness of the electron dense layer in the plasma cell was found to range from 11 to 33 nm and its extension along the membrane fron 0.2 micronm to 2--3 micronm. The distance from plasma cell surface to the surface of the macrophage was found to range from 11 to 27 nm, but the two cell membranes were always parallel at the contact zone region. At the contact zones small amounts of electron dense material were generally present in the interspace between the cells, and sometimes fine bridges of this material were seen to connect the two cells. The cytoplasm of the plasma cell was sparse in organelles at the contact zone region except for cytoplasmic filaments (7--9 nm in diameter). However, more than 50 per cent of the plasma cells did show a few electron dense, membrane-bound granules close to the contact zones. In some plasma cells a few coated vesicles were also found adjacent to the dense layers of the contact zones."}
{"id": "PMID:878873", "title": "Quantitative studies of the renal corpuscles IV. Determination of normal values in various age categories, and an analysis of the possible influence of physiological degrees of arteriolosclerosis.", "content": "A quantitative study including total and differential counts of nuclei and determination of mesangial and total glomerular area was carried out on kidney tissue from 21 persons without renal disease, in order to determine the normal values of glomerular parameters and to estimate the possible influence of age and physiological degrees of arteriolosclerosis. No age dependency was found to exist for the glomerular parameters within the age category of 17 to 45 years. Above the age of forty-five a rise in mesangial area per cent of total area and mesangial nuclei per cent of total nuclei was found on increasing age, while a decline on increasing age was demonstrated for epithelial nuclei per cent of total nuclei. The mean value of mesangial nuclei per 1000 micron2 of mesangial area was found to be significantly higher in the older age category than in the younger. Arteriolosclerosis did not appear to influence the parameters. The study also attempted to describe the three variance components: interrenal, interfocal and interglomerular variation. Interfocal variation was the smallest part of the total variation, and interrenal plus interfocal variation was at most of the same size os interglomerular variation.", "contents": "Quantitative studies of the renal corpuscles IV. Determination of normal values in various age categories, and an analysis of the possible influence of physiological degrees of arteriolosclerosis. A quantitative study including total and differential counts of nuclei and determination of mesangial and total glomerular area was carried out on kidney tissue from 21 persons without renal disease, in order to determine the normal values of glomerular parameters and to estimate the possible influence of age and physiological degrees of arteriolosclerosis. No age dependency was found to exist for the glomerular parameters within the age category of 17 to 45 years. Above the age of forty-five a rise in mesangial area per cent of total area and mesangial nuclei per cent of total nuclei was found on increasing age, while a decline on increasing age was demonstrated for epithelial nuclei per cent of total nuclei. The mean value of mesangial nuclei per 1000 micron2 of mesangial area was found to be significantly higher in the older age category than in the younger. Arteriolosclerosis did not appear to influence the parameters. The study also attempted to describe the three variance components: interrenal, interfocal and interglomerular variation. Interfocal variation was the smallest part of the total variation, and interrenal plus interfocal variation was at most of the same size os interglomerular variation."}
{"id": "PMID:878875", "title": "Effect of cell aggregation on intravenous tumor transplantation.", "content": "We have studied how the presence of cell aggregates affects the pattern of intravenously induced \"experimental metastases\" from two syngeneic murine tumors. Aggregates were produced mechanically by centrifugation, or chemically by a lectin (wheat-germ agglutinin). Compared to well-dissociated suspensions, aggregated suspensions tended to give a greater total metastasis volume in the lungs of recipient mice. Disaggregated suspensions, on the other hand, gave rise to more extrapulmonary metastases. Presumably, aggregates are preferentially retained in lung vessels, while single cells are let through to other sites. Nor are aggregates superior to single cells in producing tumor growth when the total metastasis yield is considered.", "contents": "Effect of cell aggregation on intravenous tumor transplantation. We have studied how the presence of cell aggregates affects the pattern of intravenously induced \"experimental metastases\" from two syngeneic murine tumors. Aggregates were produced mechanically by centrifugation, or chemically by a lectin (wheat-germ agglutinin). Compared to well-dissociated suspensions, aggregated suspensions tended to give a greater total metastasis volume in the lungs of recipient mice. Disaggregated suspensions, on the other hand, gave rise to more extrapulmonary metastases. Presumably, aggregates are preferentially retained in lung vessels, while single cells are let through to other sites. Nor are aggregates superior to single cells in producing tumor growth when the total metastasis yield is considered."}
{"id": "PMID:878876", "title": "Abnormal mitochondria in hepatocytes in human fatty liver.", "content": "Liver biopsies from fatty livers in thirty patients whose daily alcohol consumption was excessive, or they were in a diabetic state or overweight, and liver biopsies from seven control patients not presenting the above disorders, were studied by light microscopy 0.75 micronm EPON embedded, toluidine blue stained sections, and electron microscopy. Abnormal mitochondria were rarely found in normal liver tissue and, if present, they were found only in periportal hepatocytes. The frequency of hepatocytes containing abnormal mitochondria was significantly higher in fatty liver than in normal liver (p less than 0.01). These cells were usually localized periportally, practically never in the centre of the lobule (p less than 0.01). The occurrence of abnormal mitochondria was not correlated with the degree of steatosis, and the increase in number of abnormal mitochondria was equally high in alcoholists, diabetics, and overweight subjects. The ultrastructural appearance and the periportal localization suggest a hyperfunction of the mitochondria, which may prevent a development of steatosis in these areas.", "contents": "Abnormal mitochondria in hepatocytes in human fatty liver. Liver biopsies from fatty livers in thirty patients whose daily alcohol consumption was excessive, or they were in a diabetic state or overweight, and liver biopsies from seven control patients not presenting the above disorders, were studied by light microscopy 0.75 micronm EPON embedded, toluidine blue stained sections, and electron microscopy. Abnormal mitochondria were rarely found in normal liver tissue and, if present, they were found only in periportal hepatocytes. The frequency of hepatocytes containing abnormal mitochondria was significantly higher in fatty liver than in normal liver (p less than 0.01). These cells were usually localized periportally, practically never in the centre of the lobule (p less than 0.01). The occurrence of abnormal mitochondria was not correlated with the degree of steatosis, and the increase in number of abnormal mitochondria was equally high in alcoholists, diabetics, and overweight subjects. The ultrastructural appearance and the periportal localization suggest a hyperfunction of the mitochondria, which may prevent a development of steatosis in these areas."}
{"id": "PMID:878877", "title": "Ultrastructure of periportal and centrilobular hepatocytes in human fatty liver of various aetiology.", "content": "The ultrastructure of periportal and centrilobular hepatocytes of fatty liver from 2 alcoholic patients, 2 diabetic patients and 2 obese patients is described and compared with that of hepatocytes in 2 patients with normal liver. A striking difference between periportal and centrilobular hepatocytes in all cases of fatty liver is deomonstrated. The periportal hepatocytes contain abnormal mitochondria, while centrilobular hepatocytes have normal mitochondria, but fatty vacuoles, peroxisomes and lysosomes are more abundant. The nature and degree of ultrastructural changes showed no correlation with aetiology of the fatty liver. The normal livers showed no such changes or distinct differences between periportal and centrilobular hepatocytes.", "contents": "Ultrastructure of periportal and centrilobular hepatocytes in human fatty liver of various aetiology. The ultrastructure of periportal and centrilobular hepatocytes of fatty liver from 2 alcoholic patients, 2 diabetic patients and 2 obese patients is described and compared with that of hepatocytes in 2 patients with normal liver. A striking difference between periportal and centrilobular hepatocytes in all cases of fatty liver is deomonstrated. The periportal hepatocytes contain abnormal mitochondria, while centrilobular hepatocytes have normal mitochondria, but fatty vacuoles, peroxisomes and lysosomes are more abundant. The nature and degree of ultrastructural changes showed no correlation with aetiology of the fatty liver. The normal livers showed no such changes or distinct differences between periportal and centrilobular hepatocytes."}
{"id": "PMID:878878", "title": "The prostatic lobes and the seminal vesicles in non-diabetic and alloxan-diabetic castrated adrenalectomized rats injected with cortisone.", "content": "The growth of the prostatic lobes and the seminal vesicles was studied morphologically in alloxan-diabetic and non-diabetic castrated adrenalectomized rats. In non-diabetic but not in alloxan-diabetic rats cortisone in daily doses of 3 or 6 mg induced growth and secretory activity in the epithelium of the dorsolateral prostate, the coagulating glands and the seminal vesicles. Insulin administration to alloxan-diabetic rats could restore the effect of cortisone on these glands. This indicates that insulin deficiency per se was the main reason for the failure of cortisone to induce secretory activity of the prostatic lobes and the seminal vesicles of alloxan-diabetic rats.", "contents": "The prostatic lobes and the seminal vesicles in non-diabetic and alloxan-diabetic castrated adrenalectomized rats injected with cortisone. The growth of the prostatic lobes and the seminal vesicles was studied morphologically in alloxan-diabetic and non-diabetic castrated adrenalectomized rats. In non-diabetic but not in alloxan-diabetic rats cortisone in daily doses of 3 or 6 mg induced growth and secretory activity in the epithelium of the dorsolateral prostate, the coagulating glands and the seminal vesicles. Insulin administration to alloxan-diabetic rats could restore the effect of cortisone on these glands. This indicates that insulin deficiency per se was the main reason for the failure of cortisone to induce secretory activity of the prostatic lobes and the seminal vesicles of alloxan-diabetic rats."}
{"id": "PMID:878879", "title": "IgA levels and carrier rate of pathogenic bacteria in 27 children previously tonsillectomized.", "content": "The object of the present paper is to present laboratory and clinical data on 27 children of ages between 6 and 11 years, who in connection with tonsillectomy 2 1/2 years earlier had been found to have low serum and saliva IgA levels, low serum IgE levels, and a considerable lack of IgA and IgE plasma cells in the excised tonsils; correlation between deficiency in IgA and culture of pathogenic bacteria from the tonsils was significant. From a clinical point of view, 22 of the children had benefit of the tonsillectomy and had no longer a tendency towards a development of recurrent infections. The remaining 5 patients continued to complain of recurring respiratory infections; in addition, levels of serum and saliva IgA were low. Furthermore, 4 or these 5 children harboured pathogenic bacteria in their throats. Many of the 27 patients still had low serum IgA and IgE levels as compared with levels in healthy, age-related controls; in 3 patients, however, the IgE levels in serum had risen considerably parallel with the development of atopic diseases. Saliva IgA was rather constant after tonsillectomy as compared with the preoperative levels, though it had risen in some of the children. As regards serum IgG and IgM, these immunoglobulins had decreased significantly, and the question is raised, whether it might had been due to the tonsillectomy, either by the removal of chronically infected organs or by the removal of important immunological tissue.", "contents": "IgA levels and carrier rate of pathogenic bacteria in 27 children previously tonsillectomized. The object of the present paper is to present laboratory and clinical data on 27 children of ages between 6 and 11 years, who in connection with tonsillectomy 2 1/2 years earlier had been found to have low serum and saliva IgA levels, low serum IgE levels, and a considerable lack of IgA and IgE plasma cells in the excised tonsils; correlation between deficiency in IgA and culture of pathogenic bacteria from the tonsils was significant. From a clinical point of view, 22 of the children had benefit of the tonsillectomy and had no longer a tendency towards a development of recurrent infections. The remaining 5 patients continued to complain of recurring respiratory infections; in addition, levels of serum and saliva IgA were low. Furthermore, 4 or these 5 children harboured pathogenic bacteria in their throats. Many of the 27 patients still had low serum IgA and IgE levels as compared with levels in healthy, age-related controls; in 3 patients, however, the IgE levels in serum had risen considerably parallel with the development of atopic diseases. Saliva IgA was rather constant after tonsillectomy as compared with the preoperative levels, though it had risen in some of the children. As regards serum IgG and IgM, these immunoglobulins had decreased significantly, and the question is raised, whether it might had been due to the tonsillectomy, either by the removal of chronically infected organs or by the removal of important immunological tissue."}
{"id": "PMID:878880", "title": "Delayed hypersensitivity and borderline essential hypertension.", "content": "By means of the leucocyte migration technique, it has been demonstrated that the migration indices from 19 patients suffering from borderline essential hypertension are significantly different from those of 19 normal persons. These results support the view that delayed hypersensitivity directed against arterial wall components is a possible pathogenetic factor in patients suffering from essential hypertension.", "contents": "Delayed hypersensitivity and borderline essential hypertension. By means of the leucocyte migration technique, it has been demonstrated that the migration indices from 19 patients suffering from borderline essential hypertension are significantly different from those of 19 normal persons. These results support the view that delayed hypersensitivity directed against arterial wall components is a possible pathogenetic factor in patients suffering from essential hypertension."}
{"id": "PMID:878885", "title": "Hydro- and hemodynamic effects of catheterization of vessels. III. Experiments with a rigid-walled model.", "content": "An experimental and a theoretical investigation has been performed on some essential factors influencing the volumetric flow rate through and the static pressure in a catheterized, rigid-walled vessel model. These factors comprise: (a) the length of the catheter introduced into the vessel, (b) the catheter diameter, (c) the vessel diameter, (d) the dynamic viscosity of the liquid and (e) the mode of catheterization. Theoretical expressions for pressure and volumetric flow rates have been observed for laminar and turbulent flow in even, concentric annuli, and the influence of eccentricity is discussed. A good agreement found between the experimentally and the theoretically obtained values of static pressure and the volumetric flow rate in catheterized vessels elucidates a series of features of interest for catheterization praxis and it emphasizes the applicability of relatively simple fluid mechanical equations in flow conditions of medical interest.", "contents": "Hydro- and hemodynamic effects of catheterization of vessels. III. Experiments with a rigid-walled model. An experimental and a theoretical investigation has been performed on some essential factors influencing the volumetric flow rate through and the static pressure in a catheterized, rigid-walled vessel model. These factors comprise: (a) the length of the catheter introduced into the vessel, (b) the catheter diameter, (c) the vessel diameter, (d) the dynamic viscosity of the liquid and (e) the mode of catheterization. Theoretical expressions for pressure and volumetric flow rates have been observed for laminar and turbulent flow in even, concentric annuli, and the influence of eccentricity is discussed. A good agreement found between the experimentally and the theoretically obtained values of static pressure and the volumetric flow rate in catheterized vessels elucidates a series of features of interest for catheterization praxis and it emphasizes the applicability of relatively simple fluid mechanical equations in flow conditions of medical interest."}
{"id": "PMID:878886", "title": "Radiologic technique for measuring instability in the knee joint.", "content": "The measurement of anteroposterior instability as well as lateral and medical instability in the knee joint based upon radiologic films exposed while forces are being exerted on the patient in a specially constructed stress apparatus is described. Measurements on the films require detailed knowledge of the landmarks of the joint, alignment of baselines to special points, especially on the lateral projection, where anterior and posterior displacement should be measured for each tibial condyle to calculate the mean.", "contents": "Radiologic technique for measuring instability in the knee joint. The measurement of anteroposterior instability as well as lateral and medical instability in the knee joint based upon radiologic films exposed while forces are being exerted on the patient in a specially constructed stress apparatus is described. Measurements on the films require detailed knowledge of the landmarks of the joint, alignment of baselines to special points, especially on the lateral projection, where anterior and posterior displacement should be measured for each tibial condyle to calculate the mean."}
{"id": "PMID:878888", "title": "Hydro- and hemodynamic effects of catheterization of vessels. IV. Catheterization in the dog.", "content": "In four dogs the hemodynamic effects of renal artery catheterization has been analysed. Aortic and renal arterial blood pressure and renal blood flow were determined and injection of contrast medium made before during, and after the catheterization maneuver, using catheters with different outer diameters. No effect on the blood pressure or the mean renal blood flow was found until catheters were used with the outer diameter close to the inner diameter of the renal artery.", "contents": "Hydro- and hemodynamic effects of catheterization of vessels. IV. Catheterization in the dog. In four dogs the hemodynamic effects of renal artery catheterization has been analysed. Aortic and renal arterial blood pressure and renal blood flow were determined and injection of contrast medium made before during, and after the catheterization maneuver, using catheters with different outer diameters. No effect on the blood pressure or the mean renal blood flow was found until catheters were used with the outer diameter close to the inner diameter of the renal artery."}
{"id": "PMID:878890", "title": "Metrizamide in angiography I. Femoral angiography.", "content": "In 20 patients the non-ionic Amipaque (metrizamide) and the ionic Isopaque Cerebral (meglumine/calcium-metrizoate) were injected into the femoral, brachial internal iliac or external carotid arteries. Strain gauge plethysmography of the lower leg demonstrated less increase in blood flow following injections of Amipaque (25%) than following injections of Isopaque Cerebral (95%). None of the 20 patients complained of pain following injection af Amipaque; 15 experienced pain following Isopaque Cerebral.", "contents": "Metrizamide in angiography I. Femoral angiography. In 20 patients the non-ionic Amipaque (metrizamide) and the ionic Isopaque Cerebral (meglumine/calcium-metrizoate) were injected into the femoral, brachial internal iliac or external carotid arteries. Strain gauge plethysmography of the lower leg demonstrated less increase in blood flow following injections of Amipaque (25%) than following injections of Isopaque Cerebral (95%). None of the 20 patients complained of pain following injection af Amipaque; 15 experienced pain following Isopaque Cerebral."}
{"id": "PMID:878892", "title": "Subintimal injection of contrast medium as a complication of selective abdominal angiography.", "content": "The frequency, cause and sequelae of subintimal injection of contrast medium as a complication of selective abdominal angiography have been evaluated. The frequency increased considerably with the degree of superselectivity. The risk of total occlusion and clot formation in the renal artery after subintimal injection is high. Injury and total occlusion of the celiac and hepatic arteries have better chance for healing than of the renal arteries. A subintimal injection in the proximal part of the superior mesenteric artery may result in the development of an aneurysm.", "contents": "Subintimal injection of contrast medium as a complication of selective abdominal angiography. The frequency, cause and sequelae of subintimal injection of contrast medium as a complication of selective abdominal angiography have been evaluated. The frequency increased considerably with the degree of superselectivity. The risk of total occlusion and clot formation in the renal artery after subintimal injection is high. Injury and total occlusion of the celiac and hepatic arteries have better chance for healing than of the renal arteries. A subintimal injection in the proximal part of the superior mesenteric artery may result in the development of an aneurysm."}
{"id": "PMID:878893", "title": "Brain scan as an aid in the diagnosis of acoustic neuroma recurrence.", "content": "Brain scans using 99Tcm were performed on 34 patients from whom acoustic neuroma had been removed. The age range was 19 to 66 years at the time of operation. The scans were carried out at intervals up to 13 years postoperatively. There were 4 positive. 3 doubtful, and 26 negative scans. A policy is formulated for periodic scanning as an integral part of the follow-up programme of acoustic neuroma patients.", "contents": "Brain scan as an aid in the diagnosis of acoustic neuroma recurrence. Brain scans using 99Tcm were performed on 34 patients from whom acoustic neuroma had been removed. The age range was 19 to 66 years at the time of operation. The scans were carried out at intervals up to 13 years postoperatively. There were 4 positive. 3 doubtful, and 26 negative scans. A policy is formulated for periodic scanning as an integral part of the follow-up programme of acoustic neuroma patients."}
{"id": "PMID:878894", "title": "Postoperative kinematics in structural scoliosis.", "content": "Three cases with idiopathic, structural scoliosis were examined postoperatively with a roentgen stereophotogrammetric method. Curvatures developed in both the frontal and sagittal planes. Axial rotation also occurred. In addition, residual mobility was demonstrated and quantified one year postoperatively.", "contents": "Postoperative kinematics in structural scoliosis. Three cases with idiopathic, structural scoliosis were examined postoperatively with a roentgen stereophotogrammetric method. Curvatures developed in both the frontal and sagittal planes. Axial rotation also occurred. In addition, residual mobility was demonstrated and quantified one year postoperatively."}
{"id": "PMID:878895", "title": "Roentgen stereophotogrammetry for determination of bone growth. Comparison with the tetracycline method.", "content": "Two different methods for determination of leg growth, the tetracycline method and roentgen stereophotogrammetry, were applied simultaneously in 41 young rabbits and compared 1 and 2, and 21 and 22 days after insertion of pins or balls of tantalum as markers. The tetracycline method gave slightly higher values than the other method, the difference varying between 77 and 6 micrometer/d on the first 2 days after marker insertion and between 32 and 1 micrometer/d after 3 weeks. When ball markers were used, agreement between the two methods was obtained 3 weeks after insertion. The difference between the methods used is due to that the two methods did not measure growth in precisely identical regions.", "contents": "Roentgen stereophotogrammetry for determination of bone growth. Comparison with the tetracycline method. Two different methods for determination of leg growth, the tetracycline method and roentgen stereophotogrammetry, were applied simultaneously in 41 young rabbits and compared 1 and 2, and 21 and 22 days after insertion of pins or balls of tantalum as markers. The tetracycline method gave slightly higher values than the other method, the difference varying between 77 and 6 micrometer/d on the first 2 days after marker insertion and between 32 and 1 micrometer/d after 3 weeks. When ball markers were used, agreement between the two methods was obtained 3 weeks after insertion. The difference between the methods used is due to that the two methods did not measure growth in precisely identical regions."}
{"id": "PMID:878896", "title": "High-density failure of radiographic films.", "content": "The recording of weak signals of high spatial frequency emanating from intensifying screens has been analysed in different films at varying densities. Even if the gamma value is kept constant over a wide range of densities, the recording of these signals is impaired at high densities above a certain optimum density, coinciding with the lower part of the straight part of the characteristic curve. The recording of these signals appears to be related to the number of silver halide grains per unit area available for signal recording rather than to the contrast as represented by the gamma value. When the density of the image is increased more grains are precipitated in creating the background density, leaving a smaller number of grains unaffected for the signals added on top of the background. If the signal frequency is high and the amplitude is low the remaining grains appear to become too few and too scattered for a proper recording, so that the signal cannot appear in the image. Since this occurs at densities where the film is not usually considered to be overexposed the phenomenon is called high-density failure. Different films may display great differences in high-density failure even if the sensitivity is the same.", "contents": "High-density failure of radiographic films. The recording of weak signals of high spatial frequency emanating from intensifying screens has been analysed in different films at varying densities. Even if the gamma value is kept constant over a wide range of densities, the recording of these signals is impaired at high densities above a certain optimum density, coinciding with the lower part of the straight part of the characteristic curve. The recording of these signals appears to be related to the number of silver halide grains per unit area available for signal recording rather than to the contrast as represented by the gamma value. When the density of the image is increased more grains are precipitated in creating the background density, leaving a smaller number of grains unaffected for the signals added on top of the background. If the signal frequency is high and the amplitude is low the remaining grains appear to become too few and too scattered for a proper recording, so that the signal cannot appear in the image. Since this occurs at densities where the film is not usually considered to be overexposed the phenomenon is called high-density failure. Different films may display great differences in high-density failure even if the sensitivity is the same."}
{"id": "PMID:878905", "title": "ADP-induced platelet aggregation in vitro in patients with ischemic heart disease and peripheral thromboatherosclerosis.", "content": "ADP-induced platelet aggregation in vitro has been studied in 90 normal controls and in 30 patients with ischemic heart disease (IHD) and 22 with peripheral thromboatherosclerosis (PTA). The sensitivity to ADP was defined by the threshold concentration which produced secondary aggregation with an amplitude corresponding to not less than 80% of the transmission obtained by platelet-poor plasma. In the normal controls the threshold concentration was significantly lower in women aged 50 or more than in women under that age. The geometric means were lower in the patients than in the controls. Significantly lower threshold concentrations than in the corresponding age groups of controls were found in the following age groups of patients: Men and women greater than or equal to 50 years with IHD (p less than 0.005 and p less than 0.001, respectively), men and women under 50 with IHD (p less than 0.05). Men and women greater than or equal to 50 years with PTA (p less than 0.002 and p less than 0.01, respectively), men and women under 50 with PTA (p less than 0.005).", "contents": "ADP-induced platelet aggregation in vitro in patients with ischemic heart disease and peripheral thromboatherosclerosis. ADP-induced platelet aggregation in vitro has been studied in 90 normal controls and in 30 patients with ischemic heart disease (IHD) and 22 with peripheral thromboatherosclerosis (PTA). The sensitivity to ADP was defined by the threshold concentration which produced secondary aggregation with an amplitude corresponding to not less than 80% of the transmission obtained by platelet-poor plasma. In the normal controls the threshold concentration was significantly lower in women aged 50 or more than in women under that age. The geometric means were lower in the patients than in the controls. Significantly lower threshold concentrations than in the corresponding age groups of controls were found in the following age groups of patients: Men and women greater than or equal to 50 years with IHD (p less than 0.005 and p less than 0.001, respectively), men and women under 50 with IHD (p less than 0.05). Men and women greater than or equal to 50 years with PTA (p less than 0.002 and p less than 0.01, respectively), men and women under 50 with PTA (p less than 0.005)."}
{"id": "PMID:878906", "title": "The peripheral platelet count in response to intravenous infusion of salbutamol.", "content": "Five healthy male volunteers received i.v. infusions of salbutamol, a relatively selective beta-2-receptor-stimulating agent, in doses of 0.03, 0.06, 0.09 and 0.27 microgram X kg-1 X min-1 over a period of 6 min. At the three low doses the heart rate remained essentially unchanged and no significant decrease in the platelet count occurred. However, in response to 0.27 microgram X kg-1 X min-1 of salbutamol the heart rate increased by 25% over basal value (p less than 0.01) and a significant lowering (p less than 0.005) of the platelet count was obtained. The present findings suggest that the drop in the peripheral platelet concentration in response to adrenergic beta-receptor stimulation is mediated via beta-1-receptors.", "contents": "The peripheral platelet count in response to intravenous infusion of salbutamol. Five healthy male volunteers received i.v. infusions of salbutamol, a relatively selective beta-2-receptor-stimulating agent, in doses of 0.03, 0.06, 0.09 and 0.27 microgram X kg-1 X min-1 over a period of 6 min. At the three low doses the heart rate remained essentially unchanged and no significant decrease in the platelet count occurred. However, in response to 0.27 microgram X kg-1 X min-1 of salbutamol the heart rate increased by 25% over basal value (p less than 0.01) and a significant lowering (p less than 0.005) of the platelet count was obtained. The present findings suggest that the drop in the peripheral platelet concentration in response to adrenergic beta-receptor stimulation is mediated via beta-1-receptors."}
{"id": "PMID:878907", "title": "Raynaud's phenomenon. Photoelectric plethysmography of the fingers of persons with and without Raynaud's phenomenon during cooling and warming up.", "content": "A study has been made of the changes in the amplitudes shown on photoelectric plethysmographs of the fingers of one hand of controls (17 men and 17 women without Raynaud's phenomenon) during cooling and warming up of the hand. This is called the cooling and warming up test. The hands of the women appeared to cool more quickly than of the men, besides getting warm more quickly and remaining warm for a longer period. This difference is already apparent at the lowest water temperatures (6 and 3 degrees C) and may be ascribed to a difference in hand volume, with a hunting reaction due to extreme cold. The lowest values of controls appear to be useful for the clinical differentiation of patients with a serious Raynaud's phenomenon. The test is said to be positive when the values are below the lowest values of the controls. The test was performed on 50 of 58 out-patients suffering from Raynaud's phenomenon. In serious cases the severity of the disease could be assessed objectively. In less serious cases the test was sometimes negative.", "contents": "Raynaud's phenomenon. Photoelectric plethysmography of the fingers of persons with and without Raynaud's phenomenon during cooling and warming up. A study has been made of the changes in the amplitudes shown on photoelectric plethysmographs of the fingers of one hand of controls (17 men and 17 women without Raynaud's phenomenon) during cooling and warming up of the hand. This is called the cooling and warming up test. The hands of the women appeared to cool more quickly than of the men, besides getting warm more quickly and remaining warm for a longer period. This difference is already apparent at the lowest water temperatures (6 and 3 degrees C) and may be ascribed to a difference in hand volume, with a hunting reaction due to extreme cold. The lowest values of controls appear to be useful for the clinical differentiation of patients with a serious Raynaud's phenomenon. The test is said to be positive when the values are below the lowest values of the controls. The test was performed on 50 of 58 out-patients suffering from Raynaud's phenomenon. In serious cases the severity of the disease could be assessed objectively. In less serious cases the test was sometimes negative."}
{"id": "PMID:878908", "title": "Significance of enzyme release from ischemic isolated rat heart.", "content": "Whole-heart ischemia has been induced in isolated working rat heart. The distribution of the reduced coronary flow was even, as judged by 3H-antipyrine autoradiographs. Reducing the coronary flow resulted in myocardial ischemia, as indicated by a lowered tissue content of glycogen, ATP and creatine phosphate and accumulation of lactate. After a reperfusion period of 30 min there was a restoration of glycogen, ATP and creatine phosphate for hearts that were ischemic for 5 and 10 min, with a concomitant normalization of tissue lactate. Hearts that were ischemic for 30 min did not show restoration of high energy phosphates and glycogen. There was a leakage of ASAT, CK and LD in all groups of hearts, suggesting that a release of these enzymes does not necessarily indicate an irreversibly damaged myocardial cell.", "contents": "Significance of enzyme release from ischemic isolated rat heart. Whole-heart ischemia has been induced in isolated working rat heart. The distribution of the reduced coronary flow was even, as judged by 3H-antipyrine autoradiographs. Reducing the coronary flow resulted in myocardial ischemia, as indicated by a lowered tissue content of glycogen, ATP and creatine phosphate and accumulation of lactate. After a reperfusion period of 30 min there was a restoration of glycogen, ATP and creatine phosphate for hearts that were ischemic for 5 and 10 min, with a concomitant normalization of tissue lactate. Hearts that were ischemic for 30 min did not show restoration of high energy phosphates and glycogen. There was a leakage of ASAT, CK and LD in all groups of hearts, suggesting that a release of these enzymes does not necessarily indicate an irreversibly damaged myocardial cell."}
{"id": "PMID:878909", "title": "Factors modifying ischemic injury in the isolated rat heart.", "content": "The extent of ischemic injury has been studied in the isolated working rat heart utilizing an aortic ball valve that reduces the coronary flow. A number of factors were tested including high heart rate, noradrenaline, acidosis, alkalosis, high afterload, beta-blockade, glucose-insulin-potassium (GIK), palmitate and methylprednisolone. Mechanical performance, myocardial contents of ATP, creatine phosphate, glycogen and lactate and the leakage of creatine phosphokinase (CK) from the myocardium to the perfusion buffer were measured and used for determination of the ischemic injury. Tachycardia, noradrenaline and palmitate are factors that markedly increase the ischemic injury in this preparation. GIK and probably metoprolol decrease the release of CK compared with the controls.", "contents": "Factors modifying ischemic injury in the isolated rat heart. The extent of ischemic injury has been studied in the isolated working rat heart utilizing an aortic ball valve that reduces the coronary flow. A number of factors were tested including high heart rate, noradrenaline, acidosis, alkalosis, high afterload, beta-blockade, glucose-insulin-potassium (GIK), palmitate and methylprednisolone. Mechanical performance, myocardial contents of ATP, creatine phosphate, glycogen and lactate and the leakage of creatine phosphokinase (CK) from the myocardium to the perfusion buffer were measured and used for determination of the ischemic injury. Tachycardia, noradrenaline and palmitate are factors that markedly increase the ischemic injury in this preparation. GIK and probably metoprolol decrease the release of CK compared with the controls."}
{"id": "PMID:878910", "title": "Electrocardiographic changes in massive pulmonary embolism. I. Analysis of the changes in P wave and QRS complex.", "content": "A retrospective analysis of ECG changes during lung embolism has been made in 35 patients (16 male, 19 female) who died of massive lung embolism. The presence of lung embolism or infarct was confirmed at autopsy. According to the ECG the mean heart rate increased from 91 to 106. The amplitude of the P wave increased in leads I, II, III and aVL and decreased in all precordial leads. A small increase in the O wave occurred in leads II, III, aVF, V1, V2 and V6. Only a small decrease in the R wave occurred in leads I, II and aVL. A small increase in the S wave occurred in leads I, II, V2-V6 when compared with the controls. None of the differences was, however, statistically significant.", "contents": "Electrocardiographic changes in massive pulmonary embolism. I. Analysis of the changes in P wave and QRS complex. A retrospective analysis of ECG changes during lung embolism has been made in 35 patients (16 male, 19 female) who died of massive lung embolism. The presence of lung embolism or infarct was confirmed at autopsy. According to the ECG the mean heart rate increased from 91 to 106. The amplitude of the P wave increased in leads I, II, III and aVL and decreased in all precordial leads. A small increase in the O wave occurred in leads II, III, aVF, V1, V2 and V6. Only a small decrease in the R wave occurred in leads I, II and aVL. A small increase in the S wave occurred in leads I, II, V2-V6 when compared with the controls. None of the differences was, however, statistically significant."}
{"id": "PMID:878911", "title": "Electrocardiographic changes in massive pulmonary embolism. II. Analysis of the changes in ST segment and T wave.", "content": "A retrospective analysis of the changes in ST segment and T wave has been made in 35 patients (16 male, 19 female) with massive pulmonary embolism in whom the diagnosis was confirmed at autopsy. Parameters of the last two ECGs available were measured and compared. It was found that during massive pulmonary embolism the most characteristic abnormalities were a decrease in ST segment, which took place in about 70% in leads I and V5-V6. Another common change was the inversion of the T wave, which took place in 43% in aVF, and in 37% in lead II. None of the changes, however, was statistically significant.", "contents": "Electrocardiographic changes in massive pulmonary embolism. II. Analysis of the changes in ST segment and T wave. A retrospective analysis of the changes in ST segment and T wave has been made in 35 patients (16 male, 19 female) with massive pulmonary embolism in whom the diagnosis was confirmed at autopsy. Parameters of the last two ECGs available were measured and compared. It was found that during massive pulmonary embolism the most characteristic abnormalities were a decrease in ST segment, which took place in about 70% in leads I and V5-V6. Another common change was the inversion of the T wave, which took place in 43% in aVF, and in 37% in lead II. None of the changes, however, was statistically significant."}
{"id": "PMID:878912", "title": "Coffee consumption and coronary heart disease in middle-aged Swedish men.", "content": "The possible association between coffee and myocardial infarction (MI) has been studied both prospectively in a random population sample of Swedish men aged 50 years (n=834) and with case control methodology in non-selected male patients surviving a MI (age 40-57 years, n=230). Coffee consumption was significantly associated with two other important risk factors for MI, namely smoking and alcoholic intemperance, but weak (non-significant) relationships were found with serum cholesterol, serum triglycerides, systolic or diastolic BP, and dyspnoea on exertion. In the prospective study there was no significant relationship between coffee and MI, either with univariate or multivariate analysis. The retrospectively reported coffee consumption of MI patients was higher than of those who later suffered a MI (the population sample). With the aid of non-parametric multivariate analysis of the combined population sample and the series of MI patients, a significant association was found between coffee consumption and MI. The experience of having had a MI may have affected the patients' rating of coffee consumption, or their consumption may have really increased during some months or a few years before the MI.", "contents": "Coffee consumption and coronary heart disease in middle-aged Swedish men. The possible association between coffee and myocardial infarction (MI) has been studied both prospectively in a random population sample of Swedish men aged 50 years (n=834) and with case control methodology in non-selected male patients surviving a MI (age 40-57 years, n=230). Coffee consumption was significantly associated with two other important risk factors for MI, namely smoking and alcoholic intemperance, but weak (non-significant) relationships were found with serum cholesterol, serum triglycerides, systolic or diastolic BP, and dyspnoea on exertion. In the prospective study there was no significant relationship between coffee and MI, either with univariate or multivariate analysis. The retrospectively reported coffee consumption of MI patients was higher than of those who later suffered a MI (the population sample). With the aid of non-parametric multivariate analysis of the combined population sample and the series of MI patients, a significant association was found between coffee consumption and MI. The experience of having had a MI may have affected the patients' rating of coffee consumption, or their consumption may have really increased during some months or a few years before the MI."}
{"id": "PMID:878913", "title": "Sudden coronary death in Scandinavia. A report from Scandinavian coronary heart disease registers.", "content": "All cases of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) and sudden death due to coronary heart disease have been registered in two Swedish and two Finnish cities during a 1-year period. The incidence increased steeply with age in both sexes and was in all age groups far higher in males than in females. The age-related incidence in both Finnish cities was definitely higher than in Gothenburg, Sweden, while the other Swedish register city, Boden, had an intermediate position. fatality rate within one year was 44.2% for males and 37.4% for females. This difference was already apparent in the first hour after the onset of the attack, when the case: fatality rate was 15.5% for males and 9.3% for females. A history of previous cardiovascular disease was much more common in AMI patients than in the general population. It was also slightly more common in subjects who died suddenly than in AMI patients who did not die suddenly.", "contents": "Sudden coronary death in Scandinavia. A report from Scandinavian coronary heart disease registers. All cases of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) and sudden death due to coronary heart disease have been registered in two Swedish and two Finnish cities during a 1-year period. The incidence increased steeply with age in both sexes and was in all age groups far higher in males than in females. The age-related incidence in both Finnish cities was definitely higher than in Gothenburg, Sweden, while the other Swedish register city, Boden, had an intermediate position. fatality rate within one year was 44.2% for males and 37.4% for females. This difference was already apparent in the first hour after the onset of the attack, when the case: fatality rate was 15.5% for males and 9.3% for females. A history of previous cardiovascular disease was much more common in AMI patients than in the general population. It was also slightly more common in subjects who died suddenly than in AMI patients who did not die suddenly."}
{"id": "PMID:878914", "title": "Oesophageal acid perfusion test as a complement to work test in patients with chest pain.", "content": "Out of 121 patients referred to a work test on account of chest pain, 67 with a case history typical for oesophageal dysfunction have been further investigated with an acid perfusion test during continuous ECG monitoring. Neither arrhythmias nor ST-T changes were induced by the procedure. Of the 67 patients, 6 had a \"positive related\" acid perfusion test, 23 a \"positive unrelated\" and the remainder a negative test. Five of the 14 patients with pathological effort ECG belonged to the group with a positive acid perfusion test. The acid perfusion test, as a safe routine in close connection with the effort ECG in selected patients, is a useful technique for establishing whether or not the patient's symptoms have an oesophageal component.", "contents": "Oesophageal acid perfusion test as a complement to work test in patients with chest pain. Out of 121 patients referred to a work test on account of chest pain, 67 with a case history typical for oesophageal dysfunction have been further investigated with an acid perfusion test during continuous ECG monitoring. Neither arrhythmias nor ST-T changes were induced by the procedure. Of the 67 patients, 6 had a \"positive related\" acid perfusion test, 23 a \"positive unrelated\" and the remainder a negative test. Five of the 14 patients with pathological effort ECG belonged to the group with a positive acid perfusion test. The acid perfusion test, as a safe routine in close connection with the effort ECG in selected patients, is a useful technique for establishing whether or not the patient's symptoms have an oesophageal component."}
{"id": "PMID:878915", "title": "A family with dominantly inherited mild juvenile diabetes.", "content": "A family of 53 members is described in which mild diabetes in young, non-obese subjects is transmitted through four generations from parents to children, the ratio diabetic/non-diabetic offspring of diabetic parents being 3:2 and all affected individuals having a diabetic parent. In this family, mild juvenile diabetes thus appears to be inherited as an autosomal Mendelian dominant.", "contents": "A family with dominantly inherited mild juvenile diabetes. A family of 53 members is described in which mild diabetes in young, non-obese subjects is transmitted through four generations from parents to children, the ratio diabetic/non-diabetic offspring of diabetic parents being 3:2 and all affected individuals having a diabetic parent. In this family, mild juvenile diabetes thus appears to be inherited as an autosomal Mendelian dominant."}
{"id": "PMID:878916", "title": "Prevalence of angina pectoris and myocardial infarction in a general population sample of Swedish men.", "content": "A primary preventive trial against cardiovascular diseases has been in progress since 1970 in G\u00f6teborg, Sweden. The study population comprises all men in the city born in 1915-22 and 1924-25, a total of about 30 000 men. One third of this population constitutes the intervention group. The prevalence of angina pectoris and myocardial infarction among men aged 47-53 years has been studied in this group. The cases were identified by means of a postal questionnaire, direct interview at screening examination and by clinical examination. A validation of the postal questionnaire technique gave a sensitivity of 74% and a specificity of 94%. The minimum prevalence of angina pectoris amounted to 4.3% and the prevalence of myocardial infarction to 1.6%. In the angina series, 22% had suffered a myocardial infarction that preceded angina pectoris in 9%.", "contents": "Prevalence of angina pectoris and myocardial infarction in a general population sample of Swedish men. A primary preventive trial against cardiovascular diseases has been in progress since 1970 in G\u00f6teborg, Sweden. The study population comprises all men in the city born in 1915-22 and 1924-25, a total of about 30 000 men. One third of this population constitutes the intervention group. The prevalence of angina pectoris and myocardial infarction among men aged 47-53 years has been studied in this group. The cases were identified by means of a postal questionnaire, direct interview at screening examination and by clinical examination. A validation of the postal questionnaire technique gave a sensitivity of 74% and a specificity of 94%. The minimum prevalence of angina pectoris amounted to 4.3% and the prevalence of myocardial infarction to 1.6%. In the angina series, 22% had suffered a myocardial infarction that preceded angina pectoris in 9%."}
{"id": "PMID:878917", "title": "Swallowing syncope. A case report.", "content": "A previously healthy man complained of syncopes and convulsions during meals. Despite thorough gastroenterologic, neurologic and cardiologic examination, the condition was misinterpreted as a psychiatric disorder for 13 years. Then ambulatory ECG, using a casette recorder, revealed periods of 2nd degree AV block during swalllowing. Pacemaker implantation prevented the attacks.", "contents": "Swallowing syncope. A case report. A previously healthy man complained of syncopes and convulsions during meals. Despite thorough gastroenterologic, neurologic and cardiologic examination, the condition was misinterpreted as a psychiatric disorder for 13 years. Then ambulatory ECG, using a casette recorder, revealed periods of 2nd degree AV block during swalllowing. Pacemaker implantation prevented the attacks."}
{"id": "PMID:878918", "title": "Primary purulent meningococcal pericarditis with tamponade.", "content": "A case of primary purulent meningococcal pericarditis, presenting with hemodynamic derangement due to tamponade, is reported. Treatment was successfully fulfilled with antibiotics and surgical drainage, using continuous percutaneous subxiphoidal catheter drainage with the Seldinger technique. Less than ten cases of this potentially lethal entity have been reported in the literature.", "contents": "Primary purulent meningococcal pericarditis with tamponade. A case of primary purulent meningococcal pericarditis, presenting with hemodynamic derangement due to tamponade, is reported. Treatment was successfully fulfilled with antibiotics and surgical drainage, using continuous percutaneous subxiphoidal catheter drainage with the Seldinger technique. Less than ten cases of this potentially lethal entity have been reported in the literature."}
{"id": "PMID:878919", "title": "A case of severe compression of the coeliac artery.", "content": "A man, aged 42 years, presented as an emergency with a history of stabbing upper abdominal pain, nausea and diarrhoea of two weeks' duration. Apart from abnormal transaminase and alkaline phosphatase values, the routine clinical and laboratory examinations did not reveal any abnormality. As the abdominal pain increased in severity, particularly in association with eating, and projectile vomiting supervened, aortography was carried out and showed severe stenosis of the coeliac axis, involving about 1 cm of the  artery. At operation a thick fibrous band, which originated from the median arcuate diaphragm, was seen to constrict the point of origin of the artery and to compress the vessel against the aorta. The band was divided, whereupon the coeliac artery immediately showed strong pulsations and adequate filling. Microscopic examination of the fibrous band revealed, among other structures, those characteristic of a ganglion. The symptoms disappeared after operation.", "contents": "A case of severe compression of the coeliac artery. A man, aged 42 years, presented as an emergency with a history of stabbing upper abdominal pain, nausea and diarrhoea of two weeks' duration. Apart from abnormal transaminase and alkaline phosphatase values, the routine clinical and laboratory examinations did not reveal any abnormality. As the abdominal pain increased in severity, particularly in association with eating, and projectile vomiting supervened, aortography was carried out and showed severe stenosis of the coeliac axis, involving about 1 cm of the  artery. At operation a thick fibrous band, which originated from the median arcuate diaphragm, was seen to constrict the point of origin of the artery and to compress the vessel against the aorta. The band was divided, whereupon the coeliac artery immediately showed strong pulsations and adequate filling. Microscopic examination of the fibrous band revealed, among other structures, those characteristic of a ganglion. The symptoms disappeared after operation."}
{"id": "PMID:878920", "title": "[The microsurgical treatment of the so-called tuberculum-sellae-meningiomas (author's transl)].", "content": "Experience from five cases operated on within one year (among 50 microsurgical operations at the base of the brain) persuades us to discuss the topical relations of the meningiomas of the tuberculum sellae and the modifications in operating techniques necessary. For the two contrasting types of tumour found, which are:-- 1. Tumours en plaque with osseous reactions, particularly of the sphenoidal ridge, in which the exact predetermination of the positions of the optic nerve and of the carotid artery is facilitated by means of measurement and by fronto-temporal approach (which does not preclude a frontal or a bifrontal approach). 2. Suprasellar tumours whose topical relationships to the posterior surface of the chiasma, the pituitary stalk, the big vessels, and the perforating arteries increase the risk of operation. Radical operations for tumours near the pituitary stalk are not always advisable. Pre- and postoperative analysis of the anatomical characteristics of the individual case is essential before microsurgical intervention.", "contents": "[The microsurgical treatment of the so-called tuberculum-sellae-meningiomas (author's transl)]. Experience from five cases operated on within one year (among 50 microsurgical operations at the base of the brain) persuades us to discuss the topical relations of the meningiomas of the tuberculum sellae and the modifications in operating techniques necessary. For the two contrasting types of tumour found, which are:-- 1. Tumours en plaque with osseous reactions, particularly of the sphenoidal ridge, in which the exact predetermination of the positions of the optic nerve and of the carotid artery is facilitated by means of measurement and by fronto-temporal approach (which does not preclude a frontal or a bifrontal approach). 2. Suprasellar tumours whose topical relationships to the posterior surface of the chiasma, the pituitary stalk, the big vessels, and the perforating arteries increase the risk of operation. Radical operations for tumours near the pituitary stalk are not always advisable. Pre- and postoperative analysis of the anatomical characteristics of the individual case is essential before microsurgical intervention."}
{"id": "PMID:878921", "title": "Spinal dissemination following operation on cerebral oligodendroglioma.", "content": "This paper concerns two cases of cerebral oligodendroglioma (intraventricular in one case, right temporal in the other), with spinal dissemination (cervical and upper thoracic respectively), manifested clinically 2 years and 14 months respectively after removal of the cerebral tumour. Anatomical examination confirmed the diagnosis of disseminated oligodendroglioma in the leptomeninges in both cases and also in the parenchyma in the second case.", "contents": "Spinal dissemination following operation on cerebral oligodendroglioma. This paper concerns two cases of cerebral oligodendroglioma (intraventricular in one case, right temporal in the other), with spinal dissemination (cervical and upper thoracic respectively), manifested clinically 2 years and 14 months respectively after removal of the cerebral tumour. Anatomical examination confirmed the diagnosis of disseminated oligodendroglioma in the leptomeninges in both cases and also in the parenchyma in the second case."}
{"id": "PMID:878922", "title": "Radiation-induced meningeal sarcoma. A case report with a review of the literature.", "content": "A case is reported of a 21 month old boy from whom a 357 g ependymona was removed. Postoperatively, radiation therapy (Co60) was administered, and the central dosage was estimated to be 4,350 r given over 46 days. Seven and a half years later craniotomy was again performed because of a supposed recurrence. However, a meningeal sarcoma weighing 370 g was found. Tumour induction by radiotherapy is discussed on the basis of published reports, and the need of estimating tumour dose in relationship to the age of the patient is stressed.", "contents": "Radiation-induced meningeal sarcoma. A case report with a review of the literature. A case is reported of a 21 month old boy from whom a 357 g ependymona was removed. Postoperatively, radiation therapy (Co60) was administered, and the central dosage was estimated to be 4,350 r given over 46 days. Seven and a half years later craniotomy was again performed because of a supposed recurrence. However, a meningeal sarcoma weighing 370 g was found. Tumour induction by radiotherapy is discussed on the basis of published reports, and the need of estimating tumour dose in relationship to the age of the patient is stressed."}
{"id": "PMID:878924", "title": "Cerebral blood flow in patients with subarachnoid haemorrhage studied with an intravenous isotope technique. Its clinical significance in the timing of surgery of cerebral arterial aneurysm.", "content": "The cerebral blood flow state has been evaluated in a series of 207 patients suffering from subarachnoid haemorrhage and with proved arterial aneurysms. Particular interest was focussed on 160 in grade I or II according to Botterell. An intravenous isotope method was used with 131-I Hippuran or 99-Tc pertechnetate as indicators. 133 of the 160 patients were operated on. 78 were also examined postoperatively. The radioactivity was recorded by two gamma detectors place bilaterally over the skull. The heights of the curves were taken as an index of the cerebral blood flow. Transit time was determined by dividing the area of the curve by its height. The results showed that even patients with no or slight neurological symptoms could have a depressed cerebral blood flow. Alterations in the blood flow seemed to precede a change in the clinical picture. Postoperatively, most patients had a further decrease in flow, but some others remained unchanged or even improved. With a normal or only slightly disturbed cerebral blood flow in the preoperative period, the morbidity and mortality of intracranial aneurysm surgery was estimated at 8%. For patients with a low preoperative blood flow value, i.e. more than a 40% reduction, the morbidity and mortality was much higher, about 30%. The results indicate that an analysis of the cerebral blood flow status represents an additional diagnostic parameter of great clinical significance, increasing the possibility of predicting to outcome of the operative treatment of an intracranial arterial aneurysm.", "contents": "Cerebral blood flow in patients with subarachnoid haemorrhage studied with an intravenous isotope technique. Its clinical significance in the timing of surgery of cerebral arterial aneurysm. The cerebral blood flow state has been evaluated in a series of 207 patients suffering from subarachnoid haemorrhage and with proved arterial aneurysms. Particular interest was focussed on 160 in grade I or II according to Botterell. An intravenous isotope method was used with 131-I Hippuran or 99-Tc pertechnetate as indicators. 133 of the 160 patients were operated on. 78 were also examined postoperatively. The radioactivity was recorded by two gamma detectors place bilaterally over the skull. The heights of the curves were taken as an index of the cerebral blood flow. Transit time was determined by dividing the area of the curve by its height. The results showed that even patients with no or slight neurological symptoms could have a depressed cerebral blood flow. Alterations in the blood flow seemed to precede a change in the clinical picture. Postoperatively, most patients had a further decrease in flow, but some others remained unchanged or even improved. With a normal or only slightly disturbed cerebral blood flow in the preoperative period, the morbidity and mortality of intracranial aneurysm surgery was estimated at 8%. For patients with a low preoperative blood flow value, i.e. more than a 40% reduction, the morbidity and mortality was much higher, about 30%. The results indicate that an analysis of the cerebral blood flow status represents an additional diagnostic parameter of great clinical significance, increasing the possibility of predicting to outcome of the operative treatment of an intracranial arterial aneurysm."}
{"id": "PMID:878925", "title": "Fibrinolytic activity in the walls of cerebral saccular aneurysms.", "content": "The fibrinolytic activity of 28 cerebral saccular aneurysms from 24 patients and of controls consisting of 10 cerebral arteries has been studied by Todd's autography technique. An increased activity was seen in the minute adventitial vessels and in the endothelium in ruptured cerebral saccular aneurysms, but the aneurysms showed somewhat less activity than the surrounding arteries. Seven patients with subarachnoid haemorrhage had the same increase in fibrinolytic activity in the aneurysmal wall despite antifibrinolytic therapy ante mortem. This finding has been discussed.", "contents": "Fibrinolytic activity in the walls of cerebral saccular aneurysms. The fibrinolytic activity of 28 cerebral saccular aneurysms from 24 patients and of controls consisting of 10 cerebral arteries has been studied by Todd's autography technique. An increased activity was seen in the minute adventitial vessels and in the endothelium in ruptured cerebral saccular aneurysms, but the aneurysms showed somewhat less activity than the surrounding arteries. Seven patients with subarachnoid haemorrhage had the same increase in fibrinolytic activity in the aneurysmal wall despite antifibrinolytic therapy ante mortem. This finding has been discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:878926", "title": "Longitudinal extension of oedema in experimental spinal cord injury--evidence for two types of post-traumatic oedema.", "content": "As in brain, another, obviously hydrostatic, type of oedema develops in the acutely injured spinal cord of the rabbit in addition to vasogenic oedema. The authors arrived at this finding by means of fluorescent tracer studies histological examinations, and measurements of tissue water, sodium and potassium. Longitudinal spread of vasogenic oedema remained limited to the zone of the epicentre and its surroundings. Hyperhydration, which appears gradually in the remote segments and is associated with increased sodium content, has the characteristics of plasma-ultrafiltrate.", "contents": "Longitudinal extension of oedema in experimental spinal cord injury--evidence for two types of post-traumatic oedema. As in brain, another, obviously hydrostatic, type of oedema develops in the acutely injured spinal cord of the rabbit in addition to vasogenic oedema. The authors arrived at this finding by means of fluorescent tracer studies histological examinations, and measurements of tissue water, sodium and potassium. Longitudinal spread of vasogenic oedema remained limited to the zone of the epicentre and its surroundings. Hyperhydration, which appears gradually in the remote segments and is associated with increased sodium content, has the characteristics of plasma-ultrafiltrate."}
{"id": "PMID:878951", "title": "Administrative receivership and troika management.", "content": "The authors describe the use of troika management and administrative receivership to upgrade a unit in a state mental hospital. The experiment included a three person unit chief, transitional leadership, and collective decision making.", "contents": "Administrative receivership and troika management. The authors describe the use of troika management and administrative receivership to upgrade a unit in a state mental hospital. The experiment included a three person unit chief, transitional leadership, and collective decision making."}
{"id": "PMID:878952", "title": "Psychiatrists in community mental health centers.", "content": "A study of 20 community memtal health centers indicates that of all staff, psychiatrists are least identified with the ideology of community mental health.", "contents": "Psychiatrists in community mental health centers. A study of 20 community memtal health centers indicates that of all staff, psychiatrists are least identified with the ideology of community mental health."}
{"id": "PMID:878954", "title": "Developing human service administrators: the educational challenge.", "content": "The author reports the results of a survey on the education of human service administrators and concludes that an interdisciplinary approach is most desirable. A model curriculum in human service administration is outlined.", "contents": "Developing human service administrators: the educational challenge. The author reports the results of a survey on the education of human service administrators and concludes that an interdisciplinary approach is most desirable. A model curriculum in human service administration is outlined."}
{"id": "PMID:878955", "title": "The conflict between research and mental health services.", "content": "Serious friction often results from the association between social scientists and providers of mental health care. Understanding the nature of this association and the types of conflict that exist may result in improved research and services.", "contents": "The conflict between research and mental health services. Serious friction often results from the association between social scientists and providers of mental health care. Understanding the nature of this association and the types of conflict that exist may result in improved research and services."}
{"id": "PMID:878956", "title": "Staff participation in governance.", "content": "Staff participation in the governance of a mental health organization can be implemented through a governing council. The author describes the functions of such council and recommends it as a vehicle for the improvement of mental health services.", "contents": "Staff participation in governance. Staff participation in the governance of a mental health organization can be implemented through a governing council. The author describes the functions of such council and recommends it as a vehicle for the improvement of mental health services."}
{"id": "PMID:878958", "title": "The mental health administrator and evaluation.", "content": "The administrator is responsible for ensuring that evaluation is an integral part of mental health programs. To do this, several important factors such as staff resistance must be considered.", "contents": "The mental health administrator and evaluation. The administrator is responsible for ensuring that evaluation is an integral part of mental health programs. To do this, several important factors such as staff resistance must be considered."}
{"id": "PMID:878959", "title": "PERT in patient placement.", "content": "The use of PERT as a standardized process for the placement of patients in community facilities is illustrated and advocated by the authors.", "contents": "PERT in patient placement. The use of PERT as a standardized process for the placement of patients in community facilities is illustrated and advocated by the authors."}
{"id": "PMID:878973", "title": "Pathogenesis of food and gastrointestinal atopy.", "content": "The pathogenesis of gastrointestinal and alimentary atopy is an unclear problem. The reason of respiratory or gastrointestinal location of atopic symptoms is unknown. The density of intestinal IgG, IgM, IgA and IgE forming cells (Ig F.C.) was measured in 23 atopic and 16 non atopic children. The IgM F.C. was found to be increased in atopic children up to two years old (p less than 0.05). The IgE F.C. was increased in atopic patients (p less than 0.05), specially over two years old (p less than 0.001). The ratio IgA F.C./IgE F.C. was decreased (p less than 0.02) and we assume it is the more significant index. The same modifications were found in alimentary or gastrointestinal atopic patients and the location of allergic symptoms did not change the IgE F.C. density. We suggest the local increase of IgE F.C. does not play an important role on the type of clinical atopic disturbance. May be it only reflects the \"atopic state\" and the progressive systemic overstimulation by allergens.", "contents": "Pathogenesis of food and gastrointestinal atopy. The pathogenesis of gastrointestinal and alimentary atopy is an unclear problem. The reason of respiratory or gastrointestinal location of atopic symptoms is unknown. The density of intestinal IgG, IgM, IgA and IgE forming cells (Ig F.C.) was measured in 23 atopic and 16 non atopic children. The IgM F.C. was found to be increased in atopic children up to two years old (p less than 0.05). The IgE F.C. was increased in atopic patients (p less than 0.05), specially over two years old (p less than 0.001). The ratio IgA F.C./IgE F.C. was decreased (p less than 0.02) and we assume it is the more significant index. The same modifications were found in alimentary or gastrointestinal atopic patients and the location of allergic symptoms did not change the IgE F.C. density. We suggest the local increase of IgE F.C. does not play an important role on the type of clinical atopic disturbance. May be it only reflects the \"atopic state\" and the progressive systemic overstimulation by allergens."}
{"id": "PMID:878980", "title": "Recognizing the allergic person.", "content": "Recognition of the allergic individual is facilitated by an awareness of certain characteristic actions and various facial lesions which may be clues to other allergic problems. A gaping expression, clearing of the throat and rubbing or mashing of the eyes and nose may indicate significant rhinitis. Dark circles and bags under the eyes, long, silky eyelashes and injected conjunctivas are other signs. Bruxism and malocclusion may also be related to an allergic diathesis.", "contents": "Recognizing the allergic person. Recognition of the allergic individual is facilitated by an awareness of certain characteristic actions and various facial lesions which may be clues to other allergic problems. A gaping expression, clearing of the throat and rubbing or mashing of the eyes and nose may indicate significant rhinitis. Dark circles and bags under the eyes, long, silky eyelashes and injected conjunctivas are other signs. Bruxism and malocclusion may also be related to an allergic diathesis."}
{"id": "PMID:878981", "title": "Estrogen and the menopause.", "content": "Currently popular dosage schedules of estrogens are not physiologic. Daily large peak fluctuations of circulating estrogen may induce unfamiliar patterns of target cell stimulation which may ultimately be expressed in abnormal cellular activity. For women who require estrogen to control menopausal symptoms, ethinyl estradiol or 17 beta-estradiol is recommended in small daily doses for three weeks (followed by one week off), with the addition of medroxyprogesterone in a small dose in the third week of estrogen treatment.", "contents": "Estrogen and the menopause. Currently popular dosage schedules of estrogens are not physiologic. Daily large peak fluctuations of circulating estrogen may induce unfamiliar patterns of target cell stimulation which may ultimately be expressed in abnormal cellular activity. For women who require estrogen to control menopausal symptoms, ethinyl estradiol or 17 beta-estradiol is recommended in small daily doses for three weeks (followed by one week off), with the addition of medroxyprogesterone in a small dose in the third week of estrogen treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:878982", "title": "Tennis elbow.", "content": "The evidence that tennis elbow is caused by poor muscle strength and improper tennis stroke is strong. The lesion may be at the lateral epicondyle (70 to 80% of patients), at the musculotendinous junction at the level of the radial head or, rarely, at the medial condyle. Anti-inflammatory steroid injections in the condylar lesions are helpful. Sinusoidal wave stimulation of the affected muscles, or repetitive active wrist dorsiflexion, is important in the early stages. The recurrence rate drops sharply when patients adhere to a progressive exercise program.", "contents": "Tennis elbow. The evidence that tennis elbow is caused by poor muscle strength and improper tennis stroke is strong. The lesion may be at the lateral epicondyle (70 to 80% of patients), at the musculotendinous junction at the level of the radial head or, rarely, at the medial condyle. Anti-inflammatory steroid injections in the condylar lesions are helpful. Sinusoidal wave stimulation of the affected muscles, or repetitive active wrist dorsiflexion, is important in the early stages. The recurrence rate drops sharply when patients adhere to a progressive exercise program."}
{"id": "PMID:878984", "title": "Frequency and significance of conduction defects in acute myocardial infarction.", "content": "The frequency of intraventricular conduction defects was determined in 556 consecutive patients with proven acute myocardial infarction. Complete left bundle branch block was present in 23 patients and carried a high mortality rate (61 per cent). Complete right buldle branch block was the rarest defect to be seen in isolation (8 patients) and carried a lower mortality rate (38%). Lone left anterior hemiblock was present in 72 patients and was associated with a low mortality rate (13 per cent); left posterior hemiblock occurred in 32 patients (mortality rate 19 per cent). In a further 59 patients right bundle branch block with left anterior or posterior hemiblock in addition was present and these patients had a high mortality rate which was greater than isolated right bundle branch block or hemiblock alone. Complete atrioventricular block developed in 51 patients, 26 of whom had prior evidence of intraventricular conduction defect. Despite the use of temporary transvenous pacing, mortality in patients who developed complete heart block was significantly increased whether or not an intraventricular conduction defect was already present. The significance of these findings for the management of patients with myocardial infarction is discussed.", "contents": "Frequency and significance of conduction defects in acute myocardial infarction. The frequency of intraventricular conduction defects was determined in 556 consecutive patients with proven acute myocardial infarction. Complete left bundle branch block was present in 23 patients and carried a high mortality rate (61 per cent). Complete right buldle branch block was the rarest defect to be seen in isolation (8 patients) and carried a lower mortality rate (38%). Lone left anterior hemiblock was present in 72 patients and was associated with a low mortality rate (13 per cent); left posterior hemiblock occurred in 32 patients (mortality rate 19 per cent). In a further 59 patients right bundle branch block with left anterior or posterior hemiblock in addition was present and these patients had a high mortality rate which was greater than isolated right bundle branch block or hemiblock alone. Complete atrioventricular block developed in 51 patients, 26 of whom had prior evidence of intraventricular conduction defect. Despite the use of temporary transvenous pacing, mortality in patients who developed complete heart block was significantly increased whether or not an intraventricular conduction defect was already present. The significance of these findings for the management of patients with myocardial infarction is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:878985", "title": "Cardiovascular effects of dobutamine in severe congestive heart failure.", "content": "The effects of continuous infusion of dobutamine 5 to 15 microgram/Kg./min. were studied in 17 patients using right heart catheterizations, echocardiography, and/or the Systolic Time Intervals. HR increase was dose-related, but insignificant (p less than 0.05) rate increase was obtained at infusion rates below 15 microgram/Kg.)min. C.O. increased from 2.9 +/- 0.7 to 5.0 +/- 1.2 liters/min. (p less than 0.001), and the stroke volume from 30 +/- 6 to 49 +/- 14 ml./min. (p less than 0.005). The mean BP did not change, P.A.W.P. decreased from 30 +/- 7 to 20 +/- 8 mm. Hg (p less than 0.001) and R.A.P. from 20.0 to 12.0 mm. Hg (p less than 0.005). The P.E.P.I. decreased from 160.93 +/- 54.91 to 133.4 +/- 28.7 msec. (p less than 0.050). Echo-determined mean VCf increased from 0.387 +/- 0.14 to 0.537 +/- 0.13 cm. (p less than 0.010), diastolic diameter did not change significantly, but the end systolic diameter decreased from 6.020 +/- 0.69 to 5.750 +/- 0.70 cm. (p less than 0.025). During a mean infusion period of 75 hours, the only side effects noted were transient nausea and/or vomiting at 15 microgram/Kg./min. dose range in two patients, and multifocal P.V.C.'s following 68 hours of infusion in another patient. It is concluded that in the dose range of 5 to 15 microgram/Kg./min., dobutamine is well tolerated and is a very potent inotropic agent with only minor effects on the heart rate and blood pressure.", "contents": "Cardiovascular effects of dobutamine in severe congestive heart failure. The effects of continuous infusion of dobutamine 5 to 15 microgram/Kg./min. were studied in 17 patients using right heart catheterizations, echocardiography, and/or the Systolic Time Intervals. HR increase was dose-related, but insignificant (p less than 0.05) rate increase was obtained at infusion rates below 15 microgram/Kg.)min. C.O. increased from 2.9 +/- 0.7 to 5.0 +/- 1.2 liters/min. (p less than 0.001), and the stroke volume from 30 +/- 6 to 49 +/- 14 ml./min. (p less than 0.005). The mean BP did not change, P.A.W.P. decreased from 30 +/- 7 to 20 +/- 8 mm. Hg (p less than 0.001) and R.A.P. from 20.0 to 12.0 mm. Hg (p less than 0.005). The P.E.P.I. decreased from 160.93 +/- 54.91 to 133.4 +/- 28.7 msec. (p less than 0.050). Echo-determined mean VCf increased from 0.387 +/- 0.14 to 0.537 +/- 0.13 cm. (p less than 0.010), diastolic diameter did not change significantly, but the end systolic diameter decreased from 6.020 +/- 0.69 to 5.750 +/- 0.70 cm. (p less than 0.025). During a mean infusion period of 75 hours, the only side effects noted were transient nausea and/or vomiting at 15 microgram/Kg./min. dose range in two patients, and multifocal P.V.C.'s following 68 hours of infusion in another patient. It is concluded that in the dose range of 5 to 15 microgram/Kg./min., dobutamine is well tolerated and is a very potent inotropic agent with only minor effects on the heart rate and blood pressure."}
{"id": "PMID:878986", "title": "A comparison of the response to arm and leg work in patients with ischemic heart disease.", "content": "An exercise test based on arm work was evaluated in a series of 33 male patients, mean age 52 years, with ischemic heart disease. The responses to arm exercise on a modified table-mounted bicycle ergometer and to standard bicycle exercise were compared. Twenty six of 33 patients (79 per cent) had identical end-points with both tests. Three patients had an ischemic response, i.e., significant ST abnormality and/or angina pectoris during leg work only, and four patients during arm work only. 41 per cent of the peakload during leg exercise. Mean values were 181 and 439 kpm./min. (p less than 0.001). Comparison of individual data on peak load demonstrated only a weak correlation between arm and leg work capacity (r = 0.37, p less than 0.05). Peak heart rate was slightly higher during leg work, 129 compared to 122 beats/min. (p less than 0.05) but the mean heart rate-systolic blood pressure products were not significantly different. A subgroup of seven patients had a history of angina pectoris preferentially precipitated by arm work but their physiological responses did not differ significantly from those of patients without a history of arm work sensitivity. The data indicate that arm work is a satisfactory alternate diagnostic test method with respect to myocardial ischemia, but measurements of physical work capacity defined as aerobic capacity, cannot be based on arm work.", "contents": "A comparison of the response to arm and leg work in patients with ischemic heart disease. An exercise test based on arm work was evaluated in a series of 33 male patients, mean age 52 years, with ischemic heart disease. The responses to arm exercise on a modified table-mounted bicycle ergometer and to standard bicycle exercise were compared. Twenty six of 33 patients (79 per cent) had identical end-points with both tests. Three patients had an ischemic response, i.e., significant ST abnormality and/or angina pectoris during leg work only, and four patients during arm work only. 41 per cent of the peakload during leg exercise. Mean values were 181 and 439 kpm./min. (p less than 0.001). Comparison of individual data on peak load demonstrated only a weak correlation between arm and leg work capacity (r = 0.37, p less than 0.05). Peak heart rate was slightly higher during leg work, 129 compared to 122 beats/min. (p less than 0.05) but the mean heart rate-systolic blood pressure products were not significantly different. A subgroup of seven patients had a history of angina pectoris preferentially precipitated by arm work but their physiological responses did not differ significantly from those of patients without a history of arm work sensitivity. The data indicate that arm work is a satisfactory alternate diagnostic test method with respect to myocardial ischemia, but measurements of physical work capacity defined as aerobic capacity, cannot be based on arm work."}
{"id": "PMID:878993", "title": "Respirable dust sampling in Czechoslovak coal mines.", "content": "The paper contains a brief survey of the airborne dust concentration measuring methods presently used in Czechoslovak coal mines, their comparison and the evaluation of their contribution to the determination of the dust workings hygienic risk. Moreover, attention is directed to the newly developed two-stage dust sampler, DP 50.", "contents": "Respirable dust sampling in Czechoslovak coal mines. The paper contains a brief survey of the airborne dust concentration measuring methods presently used in Czechoslovak coal mines, their comparison and the evaluation of their contribution to the determination of the dust workings hygienic risk. Moreover, attention is directed to the newly developed two-stage dust sampler, DP 50."}
{"id": "PMID:878994", "title": "Expirical relationships among heat stress indices in 14 hot industries.", "content": "This study develops empirical relationships between several indices of heat stress derived from a series of studies in 14 representative, hot industries. With particular emphasis on Wet Bulb-Globe Temperature, the analysis verifies and supplements certain relationships between heat stress indices developed by other investigators. Because of its large industrial data base, the study also provides a reliable basis for interrelating heat stress indices in future standard-setting procedures.", "contents": "Expirical relationships among heat stress indices in 14 hot industries. This study develops empirical relationships between several indices of heat stress derived from a series of studies in 14 representative, hot industries. With particular emphasis on Wet Bulb-Globe Temperature, the analysis verifies and supplements certain relationships between heat stress indices developed by other investigators. Because of its large industrial data base, the study also provides a reliable basis for interrelating heat stress indices in future standard-setting procedures."}
{"id": "PMID:878995", "title": "The prediction of WBGT from the Botsball.", "content": "This study investigated the relationship between the Botsball (BB) and WBGT in varied environmental conditions. Two levels of radiant heat, two levels of air movement, three levels of relative humidity, and dry bulb temperatures ranging between 17.2 and 42.8 degrees C (63 and 109 degrees F) yielded 210 different environmental conditions. The results indicate that if good estimates of wind speed, humidity and radiant heat are available, BB can predict WBGT with +/-0.4 degrees C (90% confidence level). Only when there is limited knowledge of the type of environment does the predictability fall to +/-2.9 degrees C (90% confidence level).", "contents": "The prediction of WBGT from the Botsball. This study investigated the relationship between the Botsball (BB) and WBGT in varied environmental conditions. Two levels of radiant heat, two levels of air movement, three levels of relative humidity, and dry bulb temperatures ranging between 17.2 and 42.8 degrees C (63 and 109 degrees F) yielded 210 different environmental conditions. The results indicate that if good estimates of wind speed, humidity and radiant heat are available, BB can predict WBGT with +/-0.4 degrees C (90% confidence level). Only when there is limited knowledge of the type of environment does the predictability fall to +/-2.9 degrees C (90% confidence level)."}
{"id": "PMID:878996", "title": "An extraction method for determination of benzene in tissue by gas chromatography.", "content": "An extraction procedure has been developed for the determination of benzene by gas chromatography in tissues following inhalation. Results are reproducible using very small quanities of sample (0.05 g for tissue and 0.02 ml for blood). The procedure has been applied to the analysis of blood and tissue of A.K.R. mice following a single exposure to levels similar to those that may be found in industrial hygiene atmospheres.", "contents": "An extraction method for determination of benzene in tissue by gas chromatography. An extraction procedure has been developed for the determination of benzene by gas chromatography in tissues following inhalation. Results are reproducible using very small quanities of sample (0.05 g for tissue and 0.02 ml for blood). The procedure has been applied to the analysis of blood and tissue of A.K.R. mice following a single exposure to levels similar to those that may be found in industrial hygiene atmospheres."}
{"id": "PMID:878997", "title": "The filtration efficiency of organic vapor sampling tubes against particulates.", "content": "The particulate filtration efficiency of industrial organic vapor sampler tubes is of interest for air sampling in work environments containing toxic materials as both vapor and particulate, or where inert particles contain adsorbed toxic material. Particulate collection efficiencies, measured with dioctylphthalate and polystyrene latex aerosols ranged from 70-90%. However, only 20% of this total is deposited on the active sorbent (charcoal granules). Considerable variability in collection efficiency between tubes was observed. Recommendations are made for obtaining improved contaminant estimates using these tubes.", "contents": "The filtration efficiency of organic vapor sampling tubes against particulates. The particulate filtration efficiency of industrial organic vapor sampler tubes is of interest for air sampling in work environments containing toxic materials as both vapor and particulate, or where inert particles contain adsorbed toxic material. Particulate collection efficiencies, measured with dioctylphthalate and polystyrene latex aerosols ranged from 70-90%. However, only 20% of this total is deposited on the active sorbent (charcoal granules). Considerable variability in collection efficiency between tubes was observed. Recommendations are made for obtaining improved contaminant estimates using these tubes."}
{"id": "PMID:878998", "title": "Occupational dust exposures in West Texas cotton gins.", "content": "Total and elutriated dust concentrations were measured by four methods for typical ginning situations. Total and elutriated levels were 0.73 and 0.47 and 0.59 and 0.26 mg/m3 per bale/hr by the gin stands and bale press, respectively. Limited data show the corresponding mass media diameters are 9.2-14.8 and 9.6-18.5 micrometer.", "contents": "Occupational dust exposures in West Texas cotton gins. Total and elutriated dust concentrations were measured by four methods for typical ginning situations. Total and elutriated levels were 0.73 and 0.47 and 0.59 and 0.26 mg/m3 per bale/hr by the gin stands and bale press, respectively. Limited data show the corresponding mass media diameters are 9.2-14.8 and 9.6-18.5 micrometer."}
{"id": "PMID:879001", "title": "Blood pressure, renin activity and heart rate changes during propranolol therapy of hypertension.", "content": "To investigate the importance of plasma renin activity in determining the antihypertensive action of propranolol and of heart rate in guiding propranolol therapy, the effect of a graded oral dose of propranolol on blood pressure, plasma renin and heart rate was studied in 24 men with essential hypertension and differing initial levels of renin activity. Although plasma renin decreased substantially in patients with normal and high renin levels tasking a small dose of propranolol (40 mg/day), blood pressure was unchanged in the normal renin group, and a small decrease in systolic pressure alone was noted in those with high plasma levels of renin. Patients with low renin levels had no reduction in blood pressure with small doses of propranolol, but as a group they responded well to a dose of 320 mg/day. Standing heart rate decreased maximally at plasma propranolol concentrations greater than 25 ng/ml, and did not exceed 72 beats/min with plasma concentrations above that level. Overall, the observed responses for plasma renin and heart were more pronounced at lower plasma propranolol concentrations than those for blood pressure.", "contents": "Blood pressure, renin activity and heart rate changes during propranolol therapy of hypertension. To investigate the importance of plasma renin activity in determining the antihypertensive action of propranolol and of heart rate in guiding propranolol therapy, the effect of a graded oral dose of propranolol on blood pressure, plasma renin and heart rate was studied in 24 men with essential hypertension and differing initial levels of renin activity. Although plasma renin decreased substantially in patients with normal and high renin levels tasking a small dose of propranolol (40 mg/day), blood pressure was unchanged in the normal renin group, and a small decrease in systolic pressure alone was noted in those with high plasma levels of renin. Patients with low renin levels had no reduction in blood pressure with small doses of propranolol, but as a group they responded well to a dose of 320 mg/day. Standing heart rate decreased maximally at plasma propranolol concentrations greater than 25 ng/ml, and did not exceed 72 beats/min with plasma concentrations above that level. Overall, the observed responses for plasma renin and heart were more pronounced at lower plasma propranolol concentrations than those for blood pressure."}
{"id": "PMID:879002", "title": "Echocardiographic diagnosis of left anterior descending coronary artery disease.", "content": "To determine the usefulness of the standard echocardiogram in the diagnosis of left anterior descending coronary artery disease proximal or distal to the first septal branch, coronary arteriograms and echocardiograms were performed in 77 patients with a chest pain syndrome. Seventy-nine percent of patients with proximal disease (15 of 19) had an abnormal septal motion measured as a posterior wall/interventricular septal (PW/IVS) excursion ratio greater than or equal to 2.5 compared with 10% of patients with distal disease (2 of 20) who had abnormal septal motion. Only 5% of patients without obstructive disease of the left anterior descending coronary artery (2 of 38) had abnormal septal motion. Proximal disease was found in 79% with abnormal septal motion in the echocardiogram (15 of 19) but in only 7% of patients with normal septal motion (4 of 58). Therefore, abnormal septal motion as measured by the PW/IVS excursion ratio in the echocardiogram is a useful index for the diagnosis of disease of the left anterior descending coronary artery when that disease is proximal to the first septal branch.", "contents": "Echocardiographic diagnosis of left anterior descending coronary artery disease. To determine the usefulness of the standard echocardiogram in the diagnosis of left anterior descending coronary artery disease proximal or distal to the first septal branch, coronary arteriograms and echocardiograms were performed in 77 patients with a chest pain syndrome. Seventy-nine percent of patients with proximal disease (15 of 19) had an abnormal septal motion measured as a posterior wall/interventricular septal (PW/IVS) excursion ratio greater than or equal to 2.5 compared with 10% of patients with distal disease (2 of 20) who had abnormal septal motion. Only 5% of patients without obstructive disease of the left anterior descending coronary artery (2 of 38) had abnormal septal motion. Proximal disease was found in 79% with abnormal septal motion in the echocardiogram (15 of 19) but in only 7% of patients with normal septal motion (4 of 58). Therefore, abnormal septal motion as measured by the PW/IVS excursion ratio in the echocardiogram is a useful index for the diagnosis of disease of the left anterior descending coronary artery when that disease is proximal to the first septal branch."}
{"id": "PMID:879003", "title": "Mitral valve aneurysm after infective endocarditis in the billowing mitral leaflet syndrome.", "content": "Mitral valve aneurysm is an uncommon complication of infective endocarditis. This report describes a patient with severe regurgitation due to perforations in a mitral aneurysm who required mitral valve replacement 9 years after a staphylococcal infection was superimposed on a billowing mitral leaflet. The unusual auscultatory signs and angiographic appearance could have led to diagnosis of the aneurysm.", "contents": "Mitral valve aneurysm after infective endocarditis in the billowing mitral leaflet syndrome. Mitral valve aneurysm is an uncommon complication of infective endocarditis. This report describes a patient with severe regurgitation due to perforations in a mitral aneurysm who required mitral valve replacement 9 years after a staphylococcal infection was superimposed on a billowing mitral leaflet. The unusual auscultatory signs and angiographic appearance could have led to diagnosis of the aneurysm."}
{"id": "PMID:879007", "title": "Echocardiographic observations in opiate addicts with active infective endocarditis. Frequency of involvement of the various values and comparison of echocardiographic features of right- and left-sided cardiac valve endocarditis.", "content": "Echocardiographic observations are described in 25 opiate addicts with active infective endocarditis involving apparently previously normal valves. Infective endocarditis was isolated to the tricuspid valve in 11 patients, involved both right- (tricuspid valve) and left-sided valves in 7 and was isolated to the left-sided valves in 7 (mitral valve in 6). Twenty patients (80%) had tricuspid valve regurgitation, 12 had mitral regurgitation, 3 had aortic regurgitation and none had pulmonary valve regurgitation. Considering the 75 cardiac valves (excluding the pulmonary) in the 25 patients, echocardiographic abnormalities consistent with active infective endocarditis were detected in 26 (74%) of the 35 clinically incompetent valves but in none of the 40 competent valves. Comparison of the 20 incompetent tricuspid valves with the 12 incompetent mitral valves indicated that (1) the echocardiogram was less sensitive in detecting tricuspid valve lesions, (2) rupture of tricuspid valve chordae tendineae was absent or not detectable, and (3) tricuspid valve vegetations tended to be larger.", "contents": "Echocardiographic observations in opiate addicts with active infective endocarditis. Frequency of involvement of the various values and comparison of echocardiographic features of right- and left-sided cardiac valve endocarditis. Echocardiographic observations are described in 25 opiate addicts with active infective endocarditis involving apparently previously normal valves. Infective endocarditis was isolated to the tricuspid valve in 11 patients, involved both right- (tricuspid valve) and left-sided valves in 7 and was isolated to the left-sided valves in 7 (mitral valve in 6). Twenty patients (80%) had tricuspid valve regurgitation, 12 had mitral regurgitation, 3 had aortic regurgitation and none had pulmonary valve regurgitation. Considering the 75 cardiac valves (excluding the pulmonary) in the 25 patients, echocardiographic abnormalities consistent with active infective endocarditis were detected in 26 (74%) of the 35 clinically incompetent valves but in none of the 40 competent valves. Comparison of the 20 incompetent tricuspid valves with the 12 incompetent mitral valves indicated that (1) the echocardiogram was less sensitive in detecting tricuspid valve lesions, (2) rupture of tricuspid valve chordae tendineae was absent or not detectable, and (3) tricuspid valve vegetations tended to be larger."}
{"id": "PMID:879015", "title": "New endomyocardial biopsy catheter for the left ventricle.", "content": "A new biopsy catheter specifically made for left ventricular endomyocardial biopsy is described. The biopsy catheter is equipped with a device enabling one to bend the tip at will by rotating a knob on the operating handle. The rate of success in obtaining left ventricular biopsy specimens was very high (100%) and there were no serious complications in a group of 10 dogs and in five patients with cardiomyopathy.", "contents": "New endomyocardial biopsy catheter for the left ventricle. A new biopsy catheter specifically made for left ventricular endomyocardial biopsy is described. The biopsy catheter is equipped with a device enabling one to bend the tip at will by rotating a knob on the operating handle. The rate of success in obtaining left ventricular biopsy specimens was very high (100%) and there were no serious complications in a group of 10 dogs and in five patients with cardiomyopathy."}
{"id": "PMID:879016", "title": "Surgical correction of atrioventricular canal during the first year of life.", "content": "Eight infants less than 1 year of age with an atrioventricular (A-V) canal defect (five with the complete form and three with the partial form) had definitive surgical correction performed because of intractable congestive heart failure. At operation, the infants weighed 2.9 to 6.5 kg. There was one operative death and one late death. The six surviving children were all doing well when followed up 10 months to more than 4 years postoperatively. This small series demonstrates that complete connection of A-V canal is possible even in very small infants and that chances of success are excellent. The infant with this defect who is not progressing with medical management should undergo definitive surgical correction, and a strong argument can be made for elective complete repair in all patients with this lesion, who have severe pulmonary hypertension, during the first 1 or 2 years of life.", "contents": "Surgical correction of atrioventricular canal during the first year of life. Eight infants less than 1 year of age with an atrioventricular (A-V) canal defect (five with the complete form and three with the partial form) had definitive surgical correction performed because of intractable congestive heart failure. At operation, the infants weighed 2.9 to 6.5 kg. There was one operative death and one late death. The six surviving children were all doing well when followed up 10 months to more than 4 years postoperatively. This small series demonstrates that complete connection of A-V canal is possible even in very small infants and that chances of success are excellent. The infant with this defect who is not progressing with medical management should undergo definitive surgical correction, and a strong argument can be made for elective complete repair in all patients with this lesion, who have severe pulmonary hypertension, during the first 1 or 2 years of life."}
{"id": "PMID:879017", "title": "Congenital pulmonary atresia with tricuspid insufficiency: morphologic study.", "content": "In an anatomic study of 21 cases of pulmonary atresia with tricuspid insufficiency (pulmonary atresia with intact ventricular septum, type II), the morphologic features of the tricuspid valve and the right ventricle were found to differ greatly from those seen in pulmonary atresia with tricuspid stenosis (pulmonary atresia with intact ventricular septum, type I). Morphologically, pulmonary atresia with tricuspid insufficiency (type II) has a greater resemblance to Ebstein's disease with pulmonary atresia than to type I pulmonary atresia. The anomaly may be more amenable to surgery than pulmonary atresia with tricuspid stenosis because the right ventricle in the former may be converted into a functional chamber by a valvotomy combined with a shunting procedure and atrial septostomy.", "contents": "Congenital pulmonary atresia with tricuspid insufficiency: morphologic study. In an anatomic study of 21 cases of pulmonary atresia with tricuspid insufficiency (pulmonary atresia with intact ventricular septum, type II), the morphologic features of the tricuspid valve and the right ventricle were found to differ greatly from those seen in pulmonary atresia with tricuspid stenosis (pulmonary atresia with intact ventricular septum, type I). Morphologically, pulmonary atresia with tricuspid insufficiency (type II) has a greater resemblance to Ebstein's disease with pulmonary atresia than to type I pulmonary atresia. The anomaly may be more amenable to surgery than pulmonary atresia with tricuspid stenosis because the right ventricle in the former may be converted into a functional chamber by a valvotomy combined with a shunting procedure and atrial septostomy."}
{"id": "PMID:879018", "title": "Altered hemoglobin-oxygen affinity with long-term propranolol therapy in patients with coronary artery disease.", "content": "Pharmacologic agents that alter hemoglobin affinity for oxygen may affect systemic or myocardial oxygen delivery. In vitro, and in normal man propranolol shifts the oxyhemoglobin equilibrium curve to the right, thus increasing the partial pressure of oxygen at which hemoglobin is 50% saturated (P50) and enhancing oxygen delivery. The effect of propranolol on hemoglobin P50 was evaluated in 12 patients with angina pectoris and documented coronary artery disease. Determinations were made during oral propranolol therapy (mean daily dose 152 mg) of at least 3 months' duration and after administration of propranolol had been discontinued for at least 4 days. Hemoglobin P50 and erythrocyte 2,3-diphosphoglycerate (DPG) were measured. Data in 12 patients were: the mean P50 after discontinuation of propranolol was 28.2 mm Hg+/-0.9 (standard error of the mean) and during propranolol therapy 31.7+/-0.7; P less than 0.001; red blood cell 2,3-DPG did not change to explain the increase in P50. This demonstrated shift could increase systemic oxygen delivery and thus benefit marginally perfused myocardium while sparing coronary flow. Propranolol, in addition to its negative chronotropic and inotropic effects, may increase tissue oxygen delivery in patients with the anginal syndrome.", "contents": "Altered hemoglobin-oxygen affinity with long-term propranolol therapy in patients with coronary artery disease. Pharmacologic agents that alter hemoglobin affinity for oxygen may affect systemic or myocardial oxygen delivery. In vitro, and in normal man propranolol shifts the oxyhemoglobin equilibrium curve to the right, thus increasing the partial pressure of oxygen at which hemoglobin is 50% saturated (P50) and enhancing oxygen delivery. The effect of propranolol on hemoglobin P50 was evaluated in 12 patients with angina pectoris and documented coronary artery disease. Determinations were made during oral propranolol therapy (mean daily dose 152 mg) of at least 3 months' duration and after administration of propranolol had been discontinued for at least 4 days. Hemoglobin P50 and erythrocyte 2,3-diphosphoglycerate (DPG) were measured. Data in 12 patients were: the mean P50 after discontinuation of propranolol was 28.2 mm Hg+/-0.9 (standard error of the mean) and during propranolol therapy 31.7+/-0.7; P less than 0.001; red blood cell 2,3-DPG did not change to explain the increase in P50. This demonstrated shift could increase systemic oxygen delivery and thus benefit marginally perfused myocardium while sparing coronary flow. Propranolol, in addition to its negative chronotropic and inotropic effects, may increase tissue oxygen delivery in patients with the anginal syndrome."}
{"id": "PMID:879019", "title": "Effects of propranolol on the hemodynamic, coronary sinus blood flow and myocardial metabolic response to atrial pacing.", "content": "The hemodynamic, coronary sinus blood flow and myocardial metabolic effects of 0.15 mg/kg body weight of intravenously administered propranolol were studied in 19 patients with coronary artery disease and 6 normal patients. Atrial pacing was performed in all patients and produced angina in 15 of the 19 patients with coronary artery disease. In these patients propranolol reduced heart rate from 78 to 69 beats/min, cardiac index from 3.0 to 2.6 liters/min per m2 and left ventricular stroke work index from 47 to 43 g-m/m2; it increased total peripheral resistance from 24 to 28 units and lactate extraction from 16.3 to 22.5%. There was no significant change in mean arterial pressure, left ventricular end-diastolic pressure, coronary sinus blood flow or myocardial oxygen consumption. During a second pacing stress propranolol produced clinical improvement in 9 of the 15 patients who experienced angina initially. The improvement was associated with less severe abnormalities in S-T depression and left ventricular end-diastolic pressure, increased lactate extraction and no significant change in coronary sinus blood flow or myocardial oxygen consumption. Thus, propranolol appears to be capable of modifying the anginal threshold as determined with atrial pacing, and the clinical response appears to be independent of global changes in coronary sinus blood flow and myocardial oxygen consumption.", "contents": "Effects of propranolol on the hemodynamic, coronary sinus blood flow and myocardial metabolic response to atrial pacing. The hemodynamic, coronary sinus blood flow and myocardial metabolic effects of 0.15 mg/kg body weight of intravenously administered propranolol were studied in 19 patients with coronary artery disease and 6 normal patients. Atrial pacing was performed in all patients and produced angina in 15 of the 19 patients with coronary artery disease. In these patients propranolol reduced heart rate from 78 to 69 beats/min, cardiac index from 3.0 to 2.6 liters/min per m2 and left ventricular stroke work index from 47 to 43 g-m/m2; it increased total peripheral resistance from 24 to 28 units and lactate extraction from 16.3 to 22.5%. There was no significant change in mean arterial pressure, left ventricular end-diastolic pressure, coronary sinus blood flow or myocardial oxygen consumption. During a second pacing stress propranolol produced clinical improvement in 9 of the 15 patients who experienced angina initially. The improvement was associated with less severe abnormalities in S-T depression and left ventricular end-diastolic pressure, increased lactate extraction and no significant change in coronary sinus blood flow or myocardial oxygen consumption. Thus, propranolol appears to be capable of modifying the anginal threshold as determined with atrial pacing, and the clinical response appears to be independent of global changes in coronary sinus blood flow and myocardial oxygen consumption."}
{"id": "PMID:879026", "title": "Imaging of the inflammatory response in ischemic canine myocardium with 111indium-labeled leukocytes.", "content": "Myocardial leukocyte infiltration is one hallmark of acute myocardial infarction. In order to detect noninvasively this inflammatory response associated with acute myocardial infarction, we produced coronary occlusion in eight dogs, intravenously administered autologously labeled indium-111 (111In) leukocytes and scintigraphically monitored accumulation of radionuclide in myocardium. Seventy-two hours after coronary occlusion, 111In-labeled white cells accumulated in regions corresponding to myocardial infarcts, and positive images with 111In-labeled leukocytes correlated well with images obtained with technetium-99m pyrophosphate and computer-reconstructed tomograms obtained with nitrogen-13-labeled ammonia. In contrast, two control dogs subjected to sham operation did not exhibit positive 111In-leukocyte images. Scintigraphic results with 111In-labeled leukocytes were verified in vitro by analysis of radioactivity in normal myocardium and in infarcts. Thus, leukocytic infiltration associated with acute myocardial infarction can be detected noninvasively in vivo.", "contents": "Imaging of the inflammatory response in ischemic canine myocardium with 111indium-labeled leukocytes. Myocardial leukocyte infiltration is one hallmark of acute myocardial infarction. In order to detect noninvasively this inflammatory response associated with acute myocardial infarction, we produced coronary occlusion in eight dogs, intravenously administered autologously labeled indium-111 (111In) leukocytes and scintigraphically monitored accumulation of radionuclide in myocardium. Seventy-two hours after coronary occlusion, 111In-labeled white cells accumulated in regions corresponding to myocardial infarcts, and positive images with 111In-labeled leukocytes correlated well with images obtained with technetium-99m pyrophosphate and computer-reconstructed tomograms obtained with nitrogen-13-labeled ammonia. In contrast, two control dogs subjected to sham operation did not exhibit positive 111In-leukocyte images. Scintigraphic results with 111In-labeled leukocytes were verified in vitro by analysis of radioactivity in normal myocardium and in infarcts. Thus, leukocytic infiltration associated with acute myocardial infarction can be detected noninvasively in vivo."}
{"id": "PMID:879028", "title": "Systolic honks in young children.", "content": "Three children with loud systolic honks were studied noninvasively with phonocardiography and echocardiography. It was shown that the precordial honk, like the late systolic mitral murmur and the clicking apical systolic sound, is part of a continuum of auscultatory sounds that result from a defect of mitral valve support and are classified under the general heading of mitral valve prolapse syndrome. Prolapse of one or both of the mitral valve leaflets is believed to cause the characteristic auscultatory findings of click, murmur or honk. The timing of these sounds in systole varies with different physiologic or pharmacologic maneuvers. Variations in the onset of prolapse are associated with changes in left ventricular end-diastolic dimensions.", "contents": "Systolic honks in young children. Three children with loud systolic honks were studied noninvasively with phonocardiography and echocardiography. It was shown that the precordial honk, like the late systolic mitral murmur and the clicking apical systolic sound, is part of a continuum of auscultatory sounds that result from a defect of mitral valve support and are classified under the general heading of mitral valve prolapse syndrome. Prolapse of one or both of the mitral valve leaflets is believed to cause the characteristic auscultatory findings of click, murmur or honk. The timing of these sounds in systole varies with different physiologic or pharmacologic maneuvers. Variations in the onset of prolapse are associated with changes in left ventricular end-diastolic dimensions."}
{"id": "PMID:879031", "title": "Hemodynamic benefits of atrioventricular sequential pacing after cardiac surgery.", "content": "The hemodynamic effects of atrioventricular (A-V) sequential pacing were assessed and compared with those of ventricular and of atrial pacing in 10 patients with and without heart block after cardiac surgery. Ventricular pacing alone was either hemodynamically detrimental or of no benefit in six of the eight patients who initially had sinus or accelerated junctional rhythms. Atrial pacing alone produced significant improvement in cardiac output in all patients who were not pacemaker-dependent. However, five of the eight patients with intact A-V conduction had further increases in cardiac output through A-V sequential pacing at shorter than intrinsic A-V intervals. Optimal A-V intervals for maximal cardiac output could be identified in all patients and varied widely. Significant changes in cardiac output occurred with relatively small diviations in the A-V interval. In selected patients after cardiac surgery, temporary A-V sequential pacing is a workable and valuable adjunctive form of hemodynamic support and is preferable to ventricular or atrial pacing.", "contents": "Hemodynamic benefits of atrioventricular sequential pacing after cardiac surgery. The hemodynamic effects of atrioventricular (A-V) sequential pacing were assessed and compared with those of ventricular and of atrial pacing in 10 patients with and without heart block after cardiac surgery. Ventricular pacing alone was either hemodynamically detrimental or of no benefit in six of the eight patients who initially had sinus or accelerated junctional rhythms. Atrial pacing alone produced significant improvement in cardiac output in all patients who were not pacemaker-dependent. However, five of the eight patients with intact A-V conduction had further increases in cardiac output through A-V sequential pacing at shorter than intrinsic A-V intervals. Optimal A-V intervals for maximal cardiac output could be identified in all patients and varied widely. Significant changes in cardiac output occurred with relatively small diviations in the A-V interval. In selected patients after cardiac surgery, temporary A-V sequential pacing is a workable and valuable adjunctive form of hemodynamic support and is preferable to ventricular or atrial pacing."}
{"id": "PMID:879033", "title": "Exercise testing in the diagnosis of coronary heart disease: a perspective.", "content": "The methods of assessing the diagnostic usefulness of exercise testing in detecting coronary obstructive disease are examined. The limitations of long-term clinical follow-up and coronary angiography as standards for the determination of disease are described as are the effects of test methodology, criteria for positivity, prevalence of disease in the study population, reliability of the standard and recognition of false positive and false negative results in determining reliability of such testing. High values were found for sensitivity and specificity for exercise testing of patients with coronary artery disease referred for consultation to medical center cardiology services. Maximal exercise testing and consideration of symptomatic and hemodynamic as well as electrocardiographic criteria for identification of myocardial ischemia are helpful in improving reliability. Diagnostic accuracy is greatly enhanced by recognition of known causes for false positive and false negative results.", "contents": "Exercise testing in the diagnosis of coronary heart disease: a perspective. The methods of assessing the diagnostic usefulness of exercise testing in detecting coronary obstructive disease are examined. The limitations of long-term clinical follow-up and coronary angiography as standards for the determination of disease are described as are the effects of test methodology, criteria for positivity, prevalence of disease in the study population, reliability of the standard and recognition of false positive and false negative results in determining reliability of such testing. High values were found for sensitivity and specificity for exercise testing of patients with coronary artery disease referred for consultation to medical center cardiology services. Maximal exercise testing and consideration of symptomatic and hemodynamic as well as electrocardiographic criteria for identification of myocardial ischemia are helpful in improving reliability. Diagnostic accuracy is greatly enhanced by recognition of known causes for false positive and false negative results."}
{"id": "PMID:879035", "title": "Thallium-201 imaging with color display computer system in old myocardial infarction.", "content": "In 13 patients with old myocardial infarction diagnosed with use of the electrocardiogram, coronary angiogram and left ventriculogram and in 11 patients without infarction, thallium-201 imaging with a color display computer system was carried out. In the group without infarction the average ratio of activities in two regions of interest within the myocardial wall, excluding the apex, was 1.14 (1.08 to 1.23). In the group with infarction the average ratio of noninfarcted to infarcted areas was 1.44 (1.23 to 1.78). Objective detection of infarction was possible in 12 patients (92 percent) in the group with infarction. In two patients, the earlier electrocardiographic pattern of infarction had resolved by the time of imaging. These results suggest that the sensitivity of thallium-201 imaging in the diagnosis of old myocardial infarction may be greatly enhanced by objective and quantitative analysis using a color display computer system.", "contents": "Thallium-201 imaging with color display computer system in old myocardial infarction. In 13 patients with old myocardial infarction diagnosed with use of the electrocardiogram, coronary angiogram and left ventriculogram and in 11 patients without infarction, thallium-201 imaging with a color display computer system was carried out. In the group without infarction the average ratio of activities in two regions of interest within the myocardial wall, excluding the apex, was 1.14 (1.08 to 1.23). In the group with infarction the average ratio of noninfarcted to infarcted areas was 1.44 (1.23 to 1.78). Objective detection of infarction was possible in 12 patients (92 percent) in the group with infarction. In two patients, the earlier electrocardiographic pattern of infarction had resolved by the time of imaging. These results suggest that the sensitivity of thallium-201 imaging in the diagnosis of old myocardial infarction may be greatly enhanced by objective and quantitative analysis using a color display computer system."}
{"id": "PMID:879036", "title": "Cardiac death in mucocutaneous lymph node syndrome.", "content": "A 12 year old boy had 4 symptom-free years after hospitalization for acute febrile mucocutaneous lymph node syndrome before he died suddenly from extensive myocardial infarction. Current evidence suggests that many patients with this syndrome have coronary artery disease and that those with significant cardiac findings should be studied with coronary angiography. Serial studies are recommended because of the danger of sudden death.", "contents": "Cardiac death in mucocutaneous lymph node syndrome. A 12 year old boy had 4 symptom-free years after hospitalization for acute febrile mucocutaneous lymph node syndrome before he died suddenly from extensive myocardial infarction. Current evidence suggests that many patients with this syndrome have coronary artery disease and that those with significant cardiac findings should be studied with coronary angiography. Serial studies are recommended because of the danger of sudden death."}
{"id": "PMID:879041", "title": "Fine structure of spermatozoa of the Asiatic musk shrew, Suncus murinus.", "content": "The fine structure of spermatozoa of the Asian musk shrew, Suncus murinus, has been investigated using air-dried and critical-point-dried replicas in addition to freeze-fractured specimens. Asymmetry in the structure of the head, notable the acrosome, can be recognized in critical-point-dried replicas as a slight dorsoventral convexity not apparent in air-dried specimens. Freeze-etching reveals a dense accumulation of intramembranous particles just anterior to the posterior ring, but relatively few other characteristic membrane conformations associated with the head. Gelatin smears visualized with the light microscope show a vigorous lytic response, but preliminary efforts to remove the acrosome by physiological or enzymatic incubation have thus far not been successful.", "contents": "Fine structure of spermatozoa of the Asiatic musk shrew, Suncus murinus. The fine structure of spermatozoa of the Asian musk shrew, Suncus murinus, has been investigated using air-dried and critical-point-dried replicas in addition to freeze-fractured specimens. Asymmetry in the structure of the head, notable the acrosome, can be recognized in critical-point-dried replicas as a slight dorsoventral convexity not apparent in air-dried specimens. Freeze-etching reveals a dense accumulation of intramembranous particles just anterior to the posterior ring, but relatively few other characteristic membrane conformations associated with the head. Gelatin smears visualized with the light microscope show a vigorous lytic response, but preliminary efforts to remove the acrosome by physiological or enzymatic incubation have thus far not been successful."}
{"id": "PMID:879042", "title": "The interaction of clomiphene, estradiol, and progesterone in the control of rat uterine glycogen metabolism.", "content": "Uterine glycogen accumulation was studied in ovariectomized rats treated with all combinations of clomiphene citrate (0.25 mg/kg) estradiol (1.0 micron g) and progesterone (5.0 mg). The rats were given three consecutive daily dosages and killed 24 hours after the final dosage. Based on biochemical data, either estradiol or clomiphene increased uterine glycogen concentration and total glycogen, but progesterone did not. Progesterone significantly suppressed both the estradiol and clomiphene-induced glycogen increases. Based on the histochemical results, progesterone also suppressed the estradiol and clomiphene-induced glycogen responses, but the tissue affected differed. Clomiphene markedly increased luminal epithelial glycogen whereas estradiol induced primarily myometrial glycogenesis. Progesterone completely suppressed the clomiphene-induced epithelial effect and partially suppressed the estradiol-induced myometrial effect. Clomiphene also suppressed the estradiol-induced myometrial response. The results indicate that progesterone does have a significant interaction with clomiphene in the control of uterine morphology and biochemistry. The results also stress the importance of correlated histochemical and biochemical studies in the study of clomiphene-induced uterine glycognesis.", "contents": "The interaction of clomiphene, estradiol, and progesterone in the control of rat uterine glycogen metabolism. Uterine glycogen accumulation was studied in ovariectomized rats treated with all combinations of clomiphene citrate (0.25 mg/kg) estradiol (1.0 micron g) and progesterone (5.0 mg). The rats were given three consecutive daily dosages and killed 24 hours after the final dosage. Based on biochemical data, either estradiol or clomiphene increased uterine glycogen concentration and total glycogen, but progesterone did not. Progesterone significantly suppressed both the estradiol and clomiphene-induced glycogen increases. Based on the histochemical results, progesterone also suppressed the estradiol and clomiphene-induced glycogen responses, but the tissue affected differed. Clomiphene markedly increased luminal epithelial glycogen whereas estradiol induced primarily myometrial glycogenesis. Progesterone completely suppressed the clomiphene-induced epithelial effect and partially suppressed the estradiol-induced myometrial effect. Clomiphene also suppressed the estradiol-induced myometrial response. The results indicate that progesterone does have a significant interaction with clomiphene in the control of uterine morphology and biochemistry. The results also stress the importance of correlated histochemical and biochemical studies in the study of clomiphene-induced uterine glycognesis."}
{"id": "PMID:879043", "title": "The comparative fine structure of the interhemal membrane of chorioallantoic placentas from six genera of myomorph rodents.", "content": "In order to extend the cytological information available on the structure of the interhemal membrane in cricetid rodents, in particular, and myomorph rodents, in general, we have examined the fine structure of the placental labyrinth in five genera of cricetid rodents (Lemmus, Dicrostonyx, Clethrionomys, Microtus and Peromyscus) and one genus of murid rodent (Acomys). Small pieces of labyrinth from near-term placentas were fixed in glutaraldehyde and osmium tetroxide and processed for electron microscopy. The interhemal membranes of all the species examined were hemotrichorial. The outermost layer of trophoblast, bordering the maternal blood spaces, was cellular and often contained some patent fenestrae, whereas the middle and linner trophoblastic layers were apparently syncytial. The outermost trophoblastic layer of all the species contained abundant granular endoplasmic reticulum. The intercellular space between the outer and middle layers was variable in width, primarily due to the complex folding of the surface of the middle layer. The surfaces of the middle and inner layers were closely apposed. The middle trophoblastic layer in several species contained filamentous \"glomerular bodies\" and the innermost layer, particularly of Peromyscus, contained smooth membranous whorls. A basal lamina separated the innermost trophoblastic layer from the fetal capillary endothelium. The endothelial cells in most of the species contained fenestrated regions. These observations are compared to those on other hemochorial placentas, and common features of cricetid (and myomorph) rodent placental find structure are emphasized.", "contents": "The comparative fine structure of the interhemal membrane of chorioallantoic placentas from six genera of myomorph rodents. In order to extend the cytological information available on the structure of the interhemal membrane in cricetid rodents, in particular, and myomorph rodents, in general, we have examined the fine structure of the placental labyrinth in five genera of cricetid rodents (Lemmus, Dicrostonyx, Clethrionomys, Microtus and Peromyscus) and one genus of murid rodent (Acomys). Small pieces of labyrinth from near-term placentas were fixed in glutaraldehyde and osmium tetroxide and processed for electron microscopy. The interhemal membranes of all the species examined were hemotrichorial. The outermost layer of trophoblast, bordering the maternal blood spaces, was cellular and often contained some patent fenestrae, whereas the middle and linner trophoblastic layers were apparently syncytial. The outermost trophoblastic layer of all the species contained abundant granular endoplasmic reticulum. The intercellular space between the outer and middle layers was variable in width, primarily due to the complex folding of the surface of the middle layer. The surfaces of the middle and inner layers were closely apposed. The middle trophoblastic layer in several species contained filamentous \"glomerular bodies\" and the innermost layer, particularly of Peromyscus, contained smooth membranous whorls. A basal lamina separated the innermost trophoblastic layer from the fetal capillary endothelium. The endothelial cells in most of the species contained fenestrated regions. These observations are compared to those on other hemochorial placentas, and common features of cricetid (and myomorph) rodent placental find structure are emphasized."}
{"id": "PMID:879044", "title": "Regeneration of tooth development in vitro following sodium fluoride treatment.", "content": "Mandibular incisors were dissected from the jaw of 15- and 16-day C57BL/10 mouse embryos and cultured on agar-solidified Eagle's basal medium supplemented with fetal calf serum, an antibiotic, and glutamine, The experimental medium was the same as the control except that fluoride was added such that the final concentrations ranged from 2.0-8.0 mM NaF. Control and experimental explants were recovered after two, four and six days of incubation and studied histologically. After two days of fluoride treatment (3.0 mM NaF), cellular degeneration was observed in the dental papilla mesenchyme while the enamel organ epithelium appeared more resistant. Prolonged treatment or treatment at higher concentrations resulted in destruction of the dental papilla. The enamel organ was still present but was abnormal and reduced. Older tooth germs were less affected overal when incubated at the same fluoride dosage and time of treatment. When explants subjected to limited exposure (2 days) to fluoride were placed on control medium, the suppressed tooth germs recovered. The recovery was enhanced by grafting untreated mesenchyme to the treated explants followed by incubation on control medium. The observations indicate that NaF can suppress the development of tooth germs in vitro and that recovery from the suppresion does occur. The more severe inhibition observed in the mesenchymal component when compared to the response of the epithelial component of the treated explants suggests that fluoride may alter the ultimate morphology of the tooth crown by disrupting the normal epithelial-mesenchymal interaction which occurs during early tooth development.", "contents": "Regeneration of tooth development in vitro following sodium fluoride treatment. Mandibular incisors were dissected from the jaw of 15- and 16-day C57BL/10 mouse embryos and cultured on agar-solidified Eagle's basal medium supplemented with fetal calf serum, an antibiotic, and glutamine, The experimental medium was the same as the control except that fluoride was added such that the final concentrations ranged from 2.0-8.0 mM NaF. Control and experimental explants were recovered after two, four and six days of incubation and studied histologically. After two days of fluoride treatment (3.0 mM NaF), cellular degeneration was observed in the dental papilla mesenchyme while the enamel organ epithelium appeared more resistant. Prolonged treatment or treatment at higher concentrations resulted in destruction of the dental papilla. The enamel organ was still present but was abnormal and reduced. Older tooth germs were less affected overal when incubated at the same fluoride dosage and time of treatment. When explants subjected to limited exposure (2 days) to fluoride were placed on control medium, the suppressed tooth germs recovered. The recovery was enhanced by grafting untreated mesenchyme to the treated explants followed by incubation on control medium. The observations indicate that NaF can suppress the development of tooth germs in vitro and that recovery from the suppresion does occur. The more severe inhibition observed in the mesenchymal component when compared to the response of the epithelial component of the treated explants suggests that fluoride may alter the ultimate morphology of the tooth crown by disrupting the normal epithelial-mesenchymal interaction which occurs during early tooth development."}
{"id": "PMID:879045", "title": "Observation on the morphological heterogeneity of WI-38 cells.", "content": "WI-38 cells of intermediate and late-passage cultures were examined by light microscopy, scanning, conventional transmission and high voltage electron microscopy for evidence of heterogeneity among the cells within a single culture. Two morphologically distinct cell sizes and shapes were noted in all passages, (1) a typical fibroblastic type, and (2) a much larger, non-fusiform type. The larger cells generally had a nucleus that was positioned to one side of the bulk of the cytoplasm. The smaller was consistently fusiform with a centrally placed nucleus. The surfaces of intermediate-passage cells were uniform in showing small microvilli and corticall pits but were otherwise smooth and with out distinctive featues. The late-passage cells, on the other band, were consistent in showing numerous blebs and marginal ruffing. The internal structure of these cells in all passages studied was complicated by many age-related changes. The observations indicate that there is in WI-38 cells a high degree of intraculture heterogeneity. An awareness of this is important in studies which characterize the biochemical properties of this cell strain.", "contents": "Observation on the morphological heterogeneity of WI-38 cells. WI-38 cells of intermediate and late-passage cultures were examined by light microscopy, scanning, conventional transmission and high voltage electron microscopy for evidence of heterogeneity among the cells within a single culture. Two morphologically distinct cell sizes and shapes were noted in all passages, (1) a typical fibroblastic type, and (2) a much larger, non-fusiform type. The larger cells generally had a nucleus that was positioned to one side of the bulk of the cytoplasm. The smaller was consistently fusiform with a centrally placed nucleus. The surfaces of intermediate-passage cells were uniform in showing small microvilli and corticall pits but were otherwise smooth and with out distinctive featues. The late-passage cells, on the other band, were consistent in showing numerous blebs and marginal ruffing. The internal structure of these cells in all passages studied was complicated by many age-related changes. The observations indicate that there is in WI-38 cells a high degree of intraculture heterogeneity. An awareness of this is important in studies which characterize the biochemical properties of this cell strain."}
{"id": "PMID:879046", "title": "Pathogenesis of osteopetrosis in the microphthalmic mouse: reduced bone resorption.", "content": "Bone resorption, stimulated by injection of parathyroid extract, was measured in vivo in microphthalmic mice as the rate of release of 3H from bone after incorporation of 3H-proline. Bone resorption in these mice, which inherit osteopetrosis, was less than 10% of the in normal litermates. Autoradiography confirmed the reduction in removal of radioactive bone matrix and in bone growth in microphthalmic mice. The ability of these mice to raise the serum calcium concentration in response to PTE was also reduced. These results, that bone resorption is reduced in microphthalmic mice, are discussed in relation to the pathogenesis and cure of the disease.", "contents": "Pathogenesis of osteopetrosis in the microphthalmic mouse: reduced bone resorption. Bone resorption, stimulated by injection of parathyroid extract, was measured in vivo in microphthalmic mice as the rate of release of 3H from bone after incorporation of 3H-proline. Bone resorption in these mice, which inherit osteopetrosis, was less than 10% of the in normal litermates. Autoradiography confirmed the reduction in removal of radioactive bone matrix and in bone growth in microphthalmic mice. The ability of these mice to raise the serum calcium concentration in response to PTE was also reduced. These results, that bone resorption is reduced in microphthalmic mice, are discussed in relation to the pathogenesis and cure of the disease."}
{"id": "PMID:879047", "title": "The fenestrated collar of mammalian cardiac sarcoplasmic reticulum: a freeze-fracture study.", "content": "Freeze-fracture studies of papillary muscles from cat, rabbit and dog reveal the presence of a fenestrated collar of the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) in the region of the M band. This membrane specialization is structurally similar to that observed previously in skeletal muscle. This report includes mammalian cardiac muscle on the list of those muscles containing this SR membrane structure.", "contents": "The fenestrated collar of mammalian cardiac sarcoplasmic reticulum: a freeze-fracture study. Freeze-fracture studies of papillary muscles from cat, rabbit and dog reveal the presence of a fenestrated collar of the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) in the region of the M band. This membrane specialization is structurally similar to that observed previously in skeletal muscle. This report includes mammalian cardiac muscle on the list of those muscles containing this SR membrane structure."}
{"id": "PMID:879048", "title": "Ultrastructural identification of the Sertoli cell in the testis of the northern pike, Esox lucius.", "content": "Identification of the intralobular Sertoli cell in the testis of Esox lucius is based upon residual body phagocytosis. Formerly, this lipid-containing cell type was refereed to as the \"lobule boundary cell\" and erroneously believed to be homologous to the interstitial Leydig cell.", "contents": "Ultrastructural identification of the Sertoli cell in the testis of the northern pike, Esox lucius. Identification of the intralobular Sertoli cell in the testis of Esox lucius is based upon residual body phagocytosis. Formerly, this lipid-containing cell type was refereed to as the \"lobule boundary cell\" and erroneously believed to be homologous to the interstitial Leydig cell."}
{"id": "PMID:879049", "title": "Three-dimensional studies on resorption spaces and developing osteons.", "content": "Resorption spaces and their continuations as developing osteons were traced in serial cross sections from decalcified long bones of dogs, baboons and a man, and from a human rib. Processes of formation of osteons and transverse (Volkmann's) canals can be inferred from three-dimensional studies. Deposits of new osseous tissue begin to line the walls of the spaces soon after termination of resorption. The first deposits are osteoid, usually stained very darkly by the silver nitrate procedure utilized, but a lighter osteoid zone adjacent to the canals occurs frequently. Osteoid linings continue to be produced as lamellar bone forms around them; the large canals of immature osteons usually narrow very gradually. Frequently they terminate both proximally and distally as resorption spaces, indicating that osteons often advance in opposite directions as they develop. Osteoclasts of resorption spaces tunnel preferentially into highly mineralized bone, and usually do not use previously existing canals as templates for their advance. Osteons evidently originate by localized resorption of one side of the wall of an existing vascular channel in bone, with subsequent orientation of the resorption front along the axis of the shaft. Advancing resorption spaces also apparently stimulate the formation of numerous additional transverse canal connections to neighboring longitudinal canals. Serial tracing and silver nitrate differential staining combine to reveal many of the processes of bone remodeling at work, and facilitate quantitative treatment of the data. Further uses in studies of bone tissue and associated cells are recommended.", "contents": "Three-dimensional studies on resorption spaces and developing osteons. Resorption spaces and their continuations as developing osteons were traced in serial cross sections from decalcified long bones of dogs, baboons and a man, and from a human rib. Processes of formation of osteons and transverse (Volkmann's) canals can be inferred from three-dimensional studies. Deposits of new osseous tissue begin to line the walls of the spaces soon after termination of resorption. The first deposits are osteoid, usually stained very darkly by the silver nitrate procedure utilized, but a lighter osteoid zone adjacent to the canals occurs frequently. Osteoid linings continue to be produced as lamellar bone forms around them; the large canals of immature osteons usually narrow very gradually. Frequently they terminate both proximally and distally as resorption spaces, indicating that osteons often advance in opposite directions as they develop. Osteoclasts of resorption spaces tunnel preferentially into highly mineralized bone, and usually do not use previously existing canals as templates for their advance. Osteons evidently originate by localized resorption of one side of the wall of an existing vascular channel in bone, with subsequent orientation of the resorption front along the axis of the shaft. Advancing resorption spaces also apparently stimulate the formation of numerous additional transverse canal connections to neighboring longitudinal canals. Serial tracing and silver nitrate differential staining combine to reveal many of the processes of bone remodeling at work, and facilitate quantitative treatment of the data. Further uses in studies of bone tissue and associated cells are recommended."}
{"id": "PMID:879050", "title": "Morphology of the intrarenal lymphatic system. Capsular and hilar communications.", "content": "Recent functional evidence has indicated that ureteric obstruction for three or more days in dogs causes a diversion of renal lymph from the hilar to the capsular system. The present study was concerned with the structural correlate of this functional evidence, having special reference to communications between the two systems. Within three days of ureteric occlusion the capsular lymphatic system became dilated. On histological examination two types of tributaries were found. One (termed a perforating lymphatic) served as a primary pathway for superficial cortical lymph from the subcapsular plexus, and penetrated the capsule either alone or in company with a small vein. The other (termed a communicating lymphatic) was closely associated with the occasional penetrating interlobular blood vessel which traversed the capsule to ramify in the perirenal tissue. Approximately 60% of the penetrating arteries in eight dog kidneys had associated communicating lymphatics. On the renal surface the perforating and communicating lymphatics formed the primary collecting vessels of the capsular system. Within the renal substance the communicating lymphatics were directly continuous with lymphatics which surrounded the interlobular blood vessels and which have been shown to drain into the hilar network. Thus the communicating lymphatics formed direct connections between the hilar and capsular systems. It was concluded that these communications, although dilated by hydronephrosis, existed under control conditions. Functionally they are probably of importance only under special circumstances when intrarenal lymph may be diverted from one to the other system.", "contents": "Morphology of the intrarenal lymphatic system. Capsular and hilar communications. Recent functional evidence has indicated that ureteric obstruction for three or more days in dogs causes a diversion of renal lymph from the hilar to the capsular system. The present study was concerned with the structural correlate of this functional evidence, having special reference to communications between the two systems. Within three days of ureteric occlusion the capsular lymphatic system became dilated. On histological examination two types of tributaries were found. One (termed a perforating lymphatic) served as a primary pathway for superficial cortical lymph from the subcapsular plexus, and penetrated the capsule either alone or in company with a small vein. The other (termed a communicating lymphatic) was closely associated with the occasional penetrating interlobular blood vessel which traversed the capsule to ramify in the perirenal tissue. Approximately 60% of the penetrating arteries in eight dog kidneys had associated communicating lymphatics. On the renal surface the perforating and communicating lymphatics formed the primary collecting vessels of the capsular system. Within the renal substance the communicating lymphatics were directly continuous with lymphatics which surrounded the interlobular blood vessels and which have been shown to drain into the hilar network. Thus the communicating lymphatics formed direct connections between the hilar and capsular systems. It was concluded that these communications, although dilated by hydronephrosis, existed under control conditions. Functionally they are probably of importance only under special circumstances when intrarenal lymph may be diverted from one to the other system."}
{"id": "PMID:879051", "title": "Programmed cell death in the M\u00fcllerian duct induced by M\u00fcllerian inhibiting substance.", "content": "The importance of a secretory product of the fetal testis, M\u00fcllerian Inhibiting Substance, in determining the fate of the M\u00fcllerian duct in the developing male fetus has been well documented. The present investigation has examined the mechanism of action of M\u00fcllerian Inhibiting Substance in the male rat fetus during the course of M\u00fcllerian duct degeneration. The action of M\u00fcllerian Inhibiting Substance mimics the general morphogenetic phenomenon of \"programmed cell death,\" although important diferences were found compared to the majority of other studies of cell death. The initial morphological event in the degenerating M\u00fcllerian duct is an increase in lysosomes within the duct cells. Following loss of polarity and orientation, the duct cells are subsequently removed by invading macrophages from the surrounding mesenchyme. Concommitant with the differentiation of these macrophages, the adjacent mesenchyme assumes a characteristic whorled pattern around the degenerating M\u00fcllerian duct. Cytochemical localization of acid phosphatase confirmed the presence of newly formed lysosomes within the M\u00fcllerian duct cells and subsequently within the cytoplasm of the invading macrophages.", "contents": "Programmed cell death in the M\u00fcllerian duct induced by M\u00fcllerian inhibiting substance. The importance of a secretory product of the fetal testis, M\u00fcllerian Inhibiting Substance, in determining the fate of the M\u00fcllerian duct in the developing male fetus has been well documented. The present investigation has examined the mechanism of action of M\u00fcllerian Inhibiting Substance in the male rat fetus during the course of M\u00fcllerian duct degeneration. The action of M\u00fcllerian Inhibiting Substance mimics the general morphogenetic phenomenon of \"programmed cell death,\" although important diferences were found compared to the majority of other studies of cell death. The initial morphological event in the degenerating M\u00fcllerian duct is an increase in lysosomes within the duct cells. Following loss of polarity and orientation, the duct cells are subsequently removed by invading macrophages from the surrounding mesenchyme. Concommitant with the differentiation of these macrophages, the adjacent mesenchyme assumes a characteristic whorled pattern around the degenerating M\u00fcllerian duct. Cytochemical localization of acid phosphatase confirmed the presence of newly formed lysosomes within the M\u00fcllerian duct cells and subsequently within the cytoplasm of the invading macrophages."}
{"id": "PMID:879052", "title": "Complicated colobomatous microphthalmos in the BW rat: a new form of inherited retinal degeneration.", "content": "A new model of inherited retinal degeneration has been found in the rat. It is inherited in association with a number of other ocular defects, including microphthalmos, coloboma, retinal dysplasia, optic nerve hypoplasia and/or aplasia, as well as medullation of the nerve fiber layer of the retina. Together, these abnormalities constitute a condition referred to as complicated colobomatous microphthalmos. This condition was originally discovered in the Bmn strain of rats but subsequently transferred to a new genetic background in the Bmn-wys strain of rats (BW). This facilitated the histological evaluation of both the developmental and degenerative ocular defects in the adult animals. A well defined pattern emerged relating eye size, optic nerve size and retinal histology. Normal-sized eyes had normal-sized optic nerves and normal retinal histology while intermediate-sized eyes with no optic nerves had uniformly thin retinas. In contrast, intermediate-sized eyes with small optic nerves had areas of both normal thickness and thin retina. All of these eyes developed retinal degeneration characterized by a late onset and slow progression associated with normal phagocytic activity in the pigment epithelium and a tendency for the rod outer segments to fragment into very thin structures rather than accumulate as lamellar debris. This indicates that the retinal degeneration in the BW model differs in many respects from the well studied RCS model.", "contents": "Complicated colobomatous microphthalmos in the BW rat: a new form of inherited retinal degeneration. A new model of inherited retinal degeneration has been found in the rat. It is inherited in association with a number of other ocular defects, including microphthalmos, coloboma, retinal dysplasia, optic nerve hypoplasia and/or aplasia, as well as medullation of the nerve fiber layer of the retina. Together, these abnormalities constitute a condition referred to as complicated colobomatous microphthalmos. This condition was originally discovered in the Bmn strain of rats but subsequently transferred to a new genetic background in the Bmn-wys strain of rats (BW). This facilitated the histological evaluation of both the developmental and degenerative ocular defects in the adult animals. A well defined pattern emerged relating eye size, optic nerve size and retinal histology. Normal-sized eyes had normal-sized optic nerves and normal retinal histology while intermediate-sized eyes with no optic nerves had uniformly thin retinas. In contrast, intermediate-sized eyes with small optic nerves had areas of both normal thickness and thin retina. All of these eyes developed retinal degeneration characterized by a late onset and slow progression associated with normal phagocytic activity in the pigment epithelium and a tendency for the rod outer segments to fragment into very thin structures rather than accumulate as lamellar debris. This indicates that the retinal degeneration in the BW model differs in many respects from the well studied RCS model."}
{"id": "PMID:879053", "title": "Age-related variations in hepatic regeneration and erythropoietin production in the rat.", "content": "Erythropoietin (Ep) is produced mainly by the liver and spleen during fetal and neonatal periods and by the kidney during adolescent and adult life. The liver is also an important extrarenal producer of Ep in the hypoxic, anephric adult animal. Subtotal hepatectomy results in a substantial elevation in serum Ep levels at 30-72 hours after hepatectomy in rats subsequently nephrectomized and rendered hypoxic. Ep production is related to the mass of regenerating liver with peak Ep production occurring during times of greatest tissue proliferation. Regenerative and erythropoietic responses to hepatectomy decline with advancing age. Rats undergoing repeated hepatectomies do not recover full liver mass but the initial rate of regeneration increases following each successive hepatectomy. Ep levels decline in anephric hypoxic rats undergoing multiple hepatectomies when compared to sham-operated controls.", "contents": "Age-related variations in hepatic regeneration and erythropoietin production in the rat. Erythropoietin (Ep) is produced mainly by the liver and spleen during fetal and neonatal periods and by the kidney during adolescent and adult life. The liver is also an important extrarenal producer of Ep in the hypoxic, anephric adult animal. Subtotal hepatectomy results in a substantial elevation in serum Ep levels at 30-72 hours after hepatectomy in rats subsequently nephrectomized and rendered hypoxic. Ep production is related to the mass of regenerating liver with peak Ep production occurring during times of greatest tissue proliferation. Regenerative and erythropoietic responses to hepatectomy decline with advancing age. Rats undergoing repeated hepatectomies do not recover full liver mass but the initial rate of regeneration increases following each successive hepatectomy. Ep levels decline in anephric hypoxic rats undergoing multiple hepatectomies when compared to sham-operated controls."}
{"id": "PMID:879067", "title": "Small bowel length in hyperlipidemia and massive obesity.", "content": "Small bowel length has been measured during intestinal bypass surgery in 272 morbidly obese patients undergoing jejunoileal bypass and 121 nonobese patients undergoing partial ileal bypass for hyperlipidemia. There was no statistically significant difference in small bowel length between the obese and the nonobese patients. Small bowel length was not correlated with the degree of obesity expressed as the percentage of ideal weight. The only statistically significant correlation determined was between sex and bowel length in the obese subjects, where a greater length of small intestine was found in the males.", "contents": "Small bowel length in hyperlipidemia and massive obesity. Small bowel length has been measured during intestinal bypass surgery in 272 morbidly obese patients undergoing jejunoileal bypass and 121 nonobese patients undergoing partial ileal bypass for hyperlipidemia. There was no statistically significant difference in small bowel length between the obese and the nonobese patients. Small bowel length was not correlated with the degree of obesity expressed as the percentage of ideal weight. The only statistically significant correlation determined was between sex and bowel length in the obese subjects, where a greater length of small intestine was found in the males."}
{"id": "PMID:879068", "title": "Studies of effects of trans fatty acids in the diet on lipid metabolism in essential fatty acid deficient rats.", "content": "Effects of diets containing mixtures of safflower oil, hydrogenated coconut oil with elaidate of linolelaidate on growth, fatty acid composition, serum lecithin: cholesterol acyl transferase (LCAT) and postheparin plasma lipoprotein lipase activities in essential fatty acid (EFA) deficient rats were determined. Addition of trans fatty acids to the diet lowered the growth response to linoleic acid. Both elaidate and linolelaidate accumulated in the serum and liver, imparied the conversion of oleic acid to eicosatrienoic acid and linoleic acid to arachidonic acid, and the incorporation of eicosatrienoic acid into cholesteryl esters. Trans fatty acids also influenced the fatty acid composition of testicular lipids, but much lower amounts of these acids accumlated in tests than in liver or serum. Serum lecithin:cholesterol acyl transferase activity was elevated by an EFA deficiency, was unaffected by dietary elaidate, but was significantly decreased by linolelaidate. These effects were nullified by the addition of safflower oil to the diet. Postheparin plasma extrahepatic and hepatic lipase activities were also affected by an EFA deficiency, and by the addition of elaidate or linolelaidate alone or in combination with safflower oil to the diets of EFA deficient rats. It is suggested that trans fatty acids exhibit particular effects on the metabolism of lipids in addition to aggravation of an EFA deficiency.", "contents": "Studies of effects of trans fatty acids in the diet on lipid metabolism in essential fatty acid deficient rats. Effects of diets containing mixtures of safflower oil, hydrogenated coconut oil with elaidate of linolelaidate on growth, fatty acid composition, serum lecithin: cholesterol acyl transferase (LCAT) and postheparin plasma lipoprotein lipase activities in essential fatty acid (EFA) deficient rats were determined. Addition of trans fatty acids to the diet lowered the growth response to linoleic acid. Both elaidate and linolelaidate accumulated in the serum and liver, imparied the conversion of oleic acid to eicosatrienoic acid and linoleic acid to arachidonic acid, and the incorporation of eicosatrienoic acid into cholesteryl esters. Trans fatty acids also influenced the fatty acid composition of testicular lipids, but much lower amounts of these acids accumlated in tests than in liver or serum. Serum lecithin:cholesterol acyl transferase activity was elevated by an EFA deficiency, was unaffected by dietary elaidate, but was significantly decreased by linolelaidate. These effects were nullified by the addition of safflower oil to the diet. Postheparin plasma extrahepatic and hepatic lipase activities were also affected by an EFA deficiency, and by the addition of elaidate or linolelaidate alone or in combination with safflower oil to the diets of EFA deficient rats. It is suggested that trans fatty acids exhibit particular effects on the metabolism of lipids in addition to aggravation of an EFA deficiency."}
{"id": "PMID:879070", "title": "Effect of diet on plasma aminograms of low birth weight infants.", "content": "The composition of nutrient mixtures for the low birth weight infant is a matter of considerable concern, and questions have been raised about the adequacy of the cystine and tyrosine contents of available preparations. Low birth weight infants were fed isonitrogenous isocaloric formulas whose content of tyrosine and cystine varied 3- and 7-fold, respectively, for 3-day periods in a Latin Square design. Two-hour postprandial plasma aminograms indicate a statistically significant difference (P = 0.05) between plasma cystine levels noted in infants fed the formula containing cystine at 6 mg/100 ml and those fed the formula containing cystine at 28 mg/100 ml. No significant differences were noted between other formula groupings. Plasma tyrosine concentrations were rapidly reduced whenever tyrosine intake was less then 50 mg/kg of body weight. Such a dietary approach may be of value in reduction of the elevated plasma tyrosine levels seen in infants with transient tyrosinemia of prematurity. Postprandial concentrations of plasma amino acids for the low birth weight infant are a useful reference standard for evaluation of the response of the low birth weight infant to new therapeutic feeding mixtures, particularly parental or jejunal feedings.", "contents": "Effect of diet on plasma aminograms of low birth weight infants. The composition of nutrient mixtures for the low birth weight infant is a matter of considerable concern, and questions have been raised about the adequacy of the cystine and tyrosine contents of available preparations. Low birth weight infants were fed isonitrogenous isocaloric formulas whose content of tyrosine and cystine varied 3- and 7-fold, respectively, for 3-day periods in a Latin Square design. Two-hour postprandial plasma aminograms indicate a statistically significant difference (P = 0.05) between plasma cystine levels noted in infants fed the formula containing cystine at 6 mg/100 ml and those fed the formula containing cystine at 28 mg/100 ml. No significant differences were noted between other formula groupings. Plasma tyrosine concentrations were rapidly reduced whenever tyrosine intake was less then 50 mg/kg of body weight. Such a dietary approach may be of value in reduction of the elevated plasma tyrosine levels seen in infants with transient tyrosinemia of prematurity. Postprandial concentrations of plasma amino acids for the low birth weight infant are a useful reference standard for evaluation of the response of the low birth weight infant to new therapeutic feeding mixtures, particularly parental or jejunal feedings."}
{"id": "PMID:879072", "title": "Correlation of serum ferritin and liver ferritin iron in the anemic, normal, iron-loaded rat.", "content": "We developed a two-site immunoradiometric assay for rat serum ferritin that uses antibody immobilized on agarose. Individual serum ferritin values were significantly correlated with iron stores as determined chemically by liver ferritin iron content. This group correlation was not sufficiently great, however, to allow confident prediction of iron stores in a given animal on the basis of serum ferritin alone. Significant differences in mean liver ferritin iron concentration between groups of rats raised on diets of differing iron content were not always reflected by differences in mean serum ferritin values. Data correlating the serum levels of ferritin and a liver-specific transaminase suggested that hepatocellular death may sometimes contribute ferritin to the serum. Strong postitive correlations between serum ferritin and iron stores in the rat were not observed when serum transaminase levels were in the normal range.", "contents": "Correlation of serum ferritin and liver ferritin iron in the anemic, normal, iron-loaded rat. We developed a two-site immunoradiometric assay for rat serum ferritin that uses antibody immobilized on agarose. Individual serum ferritin values were significantly correlated with iron stores as determined chemically by liver ferritin iron content. This group correlation was not sufficiently great, however, to allow confident prediction of iron stores in a given animal on the basis of serum ferritin alone. Significant differences in mean liver ferritin iron concentration between groups of rats raised on diets of differing iron content were not always reflected by differences in mean serum ferritin values. Data correlating the serum levels of ferritin and a liver-specific transaminase suggested that hepatocellular death may sometimes contribute ferritin to the serum. Strong postitive correlations between serum ferritin and iron stores in the rat were not observed when serum transaminase levels were in the normal range."}
{"id": "PMID:879074", "title": "Role of diet in the management of vasopressin-responsive and -resistant diabetes insipidus.", "content": "Dietary protein and NaCl are the precursors of about 60% of the urinary osmoles (urea and NaCl). This investigation tested the hypothesis that in patients with dieabetes insipidus, intake of dietary protein and salt will directly influence the degree of polyuria. Four subjects with pituitary and one with nephrogenic diabetes insipidus were studied. All medications were discontinued. To provide diets ranging between \"low-solute\" and \"high-solute,\" protein was varied in increments from 40 to 130 g/day and NaCl was varied simultaneously from 0.5 to 10 g/day. In all patients, each increment in protein and salt caused a prompt increase in 24-hr urinary osmoles in the form of urea, Na+, and Cl-. The 24-hr urine volume likewise increased progressively. Average increase in urine osmoles and volume from low- to high-solute diet was +224% and +127%, respectively. In four of the five patients, Reduction of protein/salt intake from habitual dietary at home to the recommedded daily allowance caused a 50 to 100% reduction in the magnitude of polyuria.", "contents": "Role of diet in the management of vasopressin-responsive and -resistant diabetes insipidus. Dietary protein and NaCl are the precursors of about 60% of the urinary osmoles (urea and NaCl). This investigation tested the hypothesis that in patients with dieabetes insipidus, intake of dietary protein and salt will directly influence the degree of polyuria. Four subjects with pituitary and one with nephrogenic diabetes insipidus were studied. All medications were discontinued. To provide diets ranging between \"low-solute\" and \"high-solute,\" protein was varied in increments from 40 to 130 g/day and NaCl was varied simultaneously from 0.5 to 10 g/day. In all patients, each increment in protein and salt caused a prompt increase in 24-hr urinary osmoles in the form of urea, Na+, and Cl-. The 24-hr urine volume likewise increased progressively. Average increase in urine osmoles and volume from low- to high-solute diet was +224% and +127%, respectively. In four of the five patients, Reduction of protein/salt intake from habitual dietary at home to the recommedded daily allowance caused a 50 to 100% reduction in the magnitude of polyuria."}
{"id": "PMID:879075", "title": "Dose-response relationships between amino acid intake and blood levels in newborn infants.", "content": "The objective of the present investigation was to investigate the nature of the blood amino acid response with amino acid intake in newborn infants. Forty-nine newborn infants of 640 to 4020 g birth weight and 26 to 40 weeks gestational age were placed on one of the following regimes within 48 hr of birth: intravenous dextrose with intravenous feeding of three levels of crystalline amino acid mixture, or of one level of casein hydrolysate, or with oral feeding of two levels of milk formula. Blood amino acid levels at 132 hr after feeding of graded levels of the intravenous amino acid solution were evaluated by regression analyses and compared to blood levels when casein hydrolysate was fed intravenously or milk formula was fed orally. At low levels of amino acid intake, such as were achieved with formula feeding, blood levels were relatively unchanged. However, with higher intakes, as were obtained with intravenous feedings, blood levels increased at rates which could be defined for each amino acid. This observation suggests that if the composition and rate of delivery of an amino acid solution is known, blood levels may be predicted.", "contents": "Dose-response relationships between amino acid intake and blood levels in newborn infants. The objective of the present investigation was to investigate the nature of the blood amino acid response with amino acid intake in newborn infants. Forty-nine newborn infants of 640 to 4020 g birth weight and 26 to 40 weeks gestational age were placed on one of the following regimes within 48 hr of birth: intravenous dextrose with intravenous feeding of three levels of crystalline amino acid mixture, or of one level of casein hydrolysate, or with oral feeding of two levels of milk formula. Blood amino acid levels at 132 hr after feeding of graded levels of the intravenous amino acid solution were evaluated by regression analyses and compared to blood levels when casein hydrolysate was fed intravenously or milk formula was fed orally. At low levels of amino acid intake, such as were achieved with formula feeding, blood levels were relatively unchanged. However, with higher intakes, as were obtained with intravenous feedings, blood levels increased at rates which could be defined for each amino acid. This observation suggests that if the composition and rate of delivery of an amino acid solution is known, blood levels may be predicted."}
{"id": "PMID:879076", "title": "Metabolism of methionine in oral contraceptive users and control women receiving controlled intakes of vitamin B6.", "content": "The metabolism of methionine was studied in 10 control and in 14 women using estrogen-containing oral contraceptives during 28 days of vitamin B6 deficiency and then for another 28 days while ingesting the same diet with daily supplements of 0.8, 2.0, or 20.0 mg of pyridoxine hydrochloride. Urinary cystathionine excretion after a 3-g load of L-methionine increased promptly in both groups and continued to increase throughout the 28 days of vitamin B6 depletion; there was no significant difference in the amount excreted by controls and oral contraceptive users. Two milligrams of pyridoxine-HCl restored the cystathionine excretion to predepletion levels within three to four weeks for both control and oral contraceptive users. Daily supplements of 0.8 mg of pyridoxine-HCl for as long as four weeks failed to restore cystathionine excretion to normal levels for either controls or contraceptive users; supplements of 2.0 mg met the vitamin B6 requirements for both groups. Urinary methionine, cysteine sulfinic acid, and taurine excretion did not differ significantly between the two groups at any time. The data indicate that oral contraceptive users are not generally different from non-users with respect to vitamin B6 requirements as evidenced by methionine metabolism.", "contents": "Metabolism of methionine in oral contraceptive users and control women receiving controlled intakes of vitamin B6. The metabolism of methionine was studied in 10 control and in 14 women using estrogen-containing oral contraceptives during 28 days of vitamin B6 deficiency and then for another 28 days while ingesting the same diet with daily supplements of 0.8, 2.0, or 20.0 mg of pyridoxine hydrochloride. Urinary cystathionine excretion after a 3-g load of L-methionine increased promptly in both groups and continued to increase throughout the 28 days of vitamin B6 depletion; there was no significant difference in the amount excreted by controls and oral contraceptive users. Two milligrams of pyridoxine-HCl restored the cystathionine excretion to predepletion levels within three to four weeks for both control and oral contraceptive users. Daily supplements of 0.8 mg of pyridoxine-HCl for as long as four weeks failed to restore cystathionine excretion to normal levels for either controls or contraceptive users; supplements of 2.0 mg met the vitamin B6 requirements for both groups. Urinary methionine, cysteine sulfinic acid, and taurine excretion did not differ significantly between the two groups at any time. The data indicate that oral contraceptive users are not generally different from non-users with respect to vitamin B6 requirements as evidenced by methionine metabolism."}
{"id": "PMID:879077", "title": "Determination of protein allowances in human adults from nitrogen balance data.", "content": "The problem of predicting human protein requirements is examined in detail. Three methods from the literature are shown to represent a logical sequence wherin each takes into account more sources of variation than does the previous one. These are the single level method and two versions of the multiple level method, all of which assume a population response curve. A fourth method is proposed as the next step in this sequence. This method calculates a response curve for each individual and works with the individual requirements. Since each method makes fewer assumptions about the data and, therefore, about the biological situation of population protein needs, each method gives successively larger protein allowance values, while at the same time identifying the sources of variability and uncertainty in these estimates.", "contents": "Determination of protein allowances in human adults from nitrogen balance data. The problem of predicting human protein requirements is examined in detail. Three methods from the literature are shown to represent a logical sequence wherin each takes into account more sources of variation than does the previous one. These are the single level method and two versions of the multiple level method, all of which assume a population response curve. A fourth method is proposed as the next step in this sequence. This method calculates a response curve for each individual and works with the individual requirements. Since each method makes fewer assumptions about the data and, therefore, about the biological situation of population protein needs, each method gives successively larger protein allowance values, while at the same time identifying the sources of variability and uncertainty in these estimates."}
{"id": "PMID:879078", "title": "Effects of acute caloric restriction on cholesterol metabolism in man.", "content": "The effects of acute caloric restriction on cholesterol balance and kinetics of plasma cholesterol specific activity were investigated in five hyperlipemic subjects with varying degrees of obesity. Caloric restriction decreased plasma triglycerides by 41 +/- 12%, plasma cholesterol by 11 +/- 9%, and the ratio of esterified to free cholesterol by 12 +/- 7+. Immediately on institution of caloric restriction there appeared to be an influx of tissue cholesterol into plasma and a reduction in endogenous synthesis of cholesterol. The cholesterol balance decreased from 1,469 +/- 441 to 1,212 +/- 349 mg/day and the rate of decay of plasma cholesterol specific activity decreased 62 +/- 3%. The effect of caloric restriction on hepatic synthesis of bile acids was also very prompt. The total fecal bile acids were reduced immediately by 36 +/- 7%. Because the effect on fecal excretion of deoxycholic acid was greater than that on fecal lithocholic acid, it was suggested that hepatic synthesis of cholic acid was reduced more than the synthesis of chenodeoxycholic acid. Caloric restriction did not cause any change in the percentage of absorption of dietary cholesterol (40 +/- 2% versus 42 +/- 3%). These observations are in accord with our model relating cholesterol metabolism with the metabolism of plasma lipoproteins in man.", "contents": "Effects of acute caloric restriction on cholesterol metabolism in man. The effects of acute caloric restriction on cholesterol balance and kinetics of plasma cholesterol specific activity were investigated in five hyperlipemic subjects with varying degrees of obesity. Caloric restriction decreased plasma triglycerides by 41 +/- 12%, plasma cholesterol by 11 +/- 9%, and the ratio of esterified to free cholesterol by 12 +/- 7+. Immediately on institution of caloric restriction there appeared to be an influx of tissue cholesterol into plasma and a reduction in endogenous synthesis of cholesterol. The cholesterol balance decreased from 1,469 +/- 441 to 1,212 +/- 349 mg/day and the rate of decay of plasma cholesterol specific activity decreased 62 +/- 3%. The effect of caloric restriction on hepatic synthesis of bile acids was also very prompt. The total fecal bile acids were reduced immediately by 36 +/- 7%. Because the effect on fecal excretion of deoxycholic acid was greater than that on fecal lithocholic acid, it was suggested that hepatic synthesis of cholic acid was reduced more than the synthesis of chenodeoxycholic acid. Caloric restriction did not cause any change in the percentage of absorption of dietary cholesterol (40 +/- 2% versus 42 +/- 3%). These observations are in accord with our model relating cholesterol metabolism with the metabolism of plasma lipoproteins in man."}
{"id": "PMID:879079", "title": "Nutritional management of the female with phenylketonuria during pregnancy.", "content": "This paper discusses a rational approach to appropriate nutritional management of the pregnant woman with phenylketonuria (PKU). Special food items, including new formulas and low-phenylalanine products, as well as allowable nutral foods are described. Particular emphasis is placed on the nutritional adequacy of this PKU diet during pregnancy. Such a diet should be palatable and tolerated well and should also take into consideration important economic, cultural, and psychological aspects. Clinics caring for PKU individuals should be so prepared because many otheir females are approaching childbearing age.", "contents": "Nutritional management of the female with phenylketonuria during pregnancy. This paper discusses a rational approach to appropriate nutritional management of the pregnant woman with phenylketonuria (PKU). Special food items, including new formulas and low-phenylalanine products, as well as allowable nutral foods are described. Particular emphasis is placed on the nutritional adequacy of this PKU diet during pregnancy. Such a diet should be palatable and tolerated well and should also take into consideration important economic, cultural, and psychological aspects. Clinics caring for PKU individuals should be so prepared because many otheir females are approaching childbearing age."}
{"id": "PMID:879080", "title": "Vitamin A deficiency and anemia in Central American children.", "content": "In order to investigate the role of vitamin A nutriture in the prevalence of anemia in Central America, a retrospective evaluation of the data of the six Institute of Nutrition of Central Americal and Panama/Office for International Research nutrition surveys of Central America and Panama has been made. Three groups of children; 1 to 4, 5 to 8, and 9 to 12 years old, living between 0 and 2,5000 feet above sea level were studeid. Several biochemical and dietary parameters related to anemia were corrleated with plasma levels of retinol. Children between the ages of 5 and 12 years showed a significant positive correlation between hemoglobin and plasma retinol. Children aged 1 to 4 years did not show a similar correlation. In children of all age groups there were positive correlations between plasma retinol and serum iron. Percent saturation of transferrin was also found to be lower when plasma retinol levels were low. Children with an adequate intake of iron, as classified by both dietary information and socioeconomic level, showed a significant positive correlation between plasma retinol levels and iron in their serum. In contrast, no correlation was found when dietary iron was low. In the light of these findings, a possible relationship between vitamin A deficiency and anemia is suggested.", "contents": "Vitamin A deficiency and anemia in Central American children. In order to investigate the role of vitamin A nutriture in the prevalence of anemia in Central America, a retrospective evaluation of the data of the six Institute of Nutrition of Central Americal and Panama/Office for International Research nutrition surveys of Central America and Panama has been made. Three groups of children; 1 to 4, 5 to 8, and 9 to 12 years old, living between 0 and 2,5000 feet above sea level were studeid. Several biochemical and dietary parameters related to anemia were corrleated with plasma levels of retinol. Children between the ages of 5 and 12 years showed a significant positive correlation between hemoglobin and plasma retinol. Children aged 1 to 4 years did not show a similar correlation. In children of all age groups there were positive correlations between plasma retinol and serum iron. Percent saturation of transferrin was also found to be lower when plasma retinol levels were low. Children with an adequate intake of iron, as classified by both dietary information and socioeconomic level, showed a significant positive correlation between plasma retinol levels and iron in their serum. In contrast, no correlation was found when dietary iron was low. In the light of these findings, a possible relationship between vitamin A deficiency and anemia is suggested."}
{"id": "PMID:879082", "title": "Normality and other statistical considerations as they relate to selected quantitative measures in the CAP survey.", "content": "Investigation of the CAP statistical reports for quantitative tests with respect to the assumption of normality and the method for detecting outliers was performed. Specifically, laboratory measurements of several constituents from the Comprehensive Survey for 1975 were examined. The findings indicate that the assumption of normality, while not exactly valid, is reasonable and not deleterious to the purpose of the Survey, but that the method of determining outliers may be too stringent. A less strict, simpler outlier procedure is suggested as an alternative. It is also observed that other evaluation procedures would be available if more significant digits were reported for the laboratory measurements.", "contents": "Normality and other statistical considerations as they relate to selected quantitative measures in the CAP survey. Investigation of the CAP statistical reports for quantitative tests with respect to the assumption of normality and the method for detecting outliers was performed. Specifically, laboratory measurements of several constituents from the Comprehensive Survey for 1975 were examined. The findings indicate that the assumption of normality, while not exactly valid, is reasonable and not deleterious to the purpose of the Survey, but that the method of determining outliers may be too stringent. A less strict, simpler outlier procedure is suggested as an alternative. It is also observed that other evaluation procedures would be available if more significant digits were reported for the laboratory measurements."}
{"id": "PMID:879083", "title": "Long-term stability of enzymes, total protein, and inorganic analytes in lyophilized quality control serum.", "content": "The stability of total protein and various enzyme and electrolyte analytes in numerous pools of lyophilized quality control sera is evaluated. Using data obtained between 1973 and 1976 from Regional Quality Control Programs utilizing the Quality Assurance Service of the College of American Pathologists, monthly group mean values are studied as a function of time, by means of linear regression analysis. In the 28 pools studied, unstable analyte-pool combinations were detected in approximately 35% of the cases. Total protein was the most universally stable. In a large percentage of pools, minimally increasing concentrations of sodium, chloride, and potassium were found, while inorganic phosphorus decreased in the majority of pools. In pools with changing enzymatic activiteis, alkaline phosphatase tended to increase and creatine phosphokinase generally decreased. Changes in levels of calcium, serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase, and lactate dehydrogenase were inconsistent. Changes in analyte concentration were judged in relation to the precision (SD) with which the analytes were measured. The ratios of rate of change in analyte value to SD were lower for electrolytes than for other analytes.", "contents": "Long-term stability of enzymes, total protein, and inorganic analytes in lyophilized quality control serum. The stability of total protein and various enzyme and electrolyte analytes in numerous pools of lyophilized quality control sera is evaluated. Using data obtained between 1973 and 1976 from Regional Quality Control Programs utilizing the Quality Assurance Service of the College of American Pathologists, monthly group mean values are studied as a function of time, by means of linear regression analysis. In the 28 pools studied, unstable analyte-pool combinations were detected in approximately 35% of the cases. Total protein was the most universally stable. In a large percentage of pools, minimally increasing concentrations of sodium, chloride, and potassium were found, while inorganic phosphorus decreased in the majority of pools. In pools with changing enzymatic activiteis, alkaline phosphatase tended to increase and creatine phosphokinase generally decreased. Changes in levels of calcium, serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase, and lactate dehydrogenase were inconsistent. Changes in analyte concentration were judged in relation to the precision (SD) with which the analytes were measured. The ratios of rate of change in analyte value to SD were lower for electrolytes than for other analytes."}
{"id": "PMID:879084", "title": "Analytical clinical chemistry precision. State of the art for fourteen analytes.", "content": "Relationships of concentration and coefficient of variation for 14 clinical chemistry analytes are described. Estimated mean regression curves and standard deviations of individual laboratory coefficients of variation about the mean regression are calculated. Two analytes, calcium and sodium, showed no relationship of concentration to precision. Twelve analytes showed significant relations between concentration and coefficient of variation. State-of-the-art precision is compared with medical goals. The average coefficient of variation for one analyte, calcium, fails to meet medical goals for automated or manual methods. Average precisions for 13 analytes meet medical goals. The distribution of individual laboratory precision above average state-of-the-art figures is discussed. The proportions of laboratories failing to meet medical goals are large for sodium, chloride and glucose, in addition to calcium.", "contents": "Analytical clinical chemistry precision. State of the art for fourteen analytes. Relationships of concentration and coefficient of variation for 14 clinical chemistry analytes are described. Estimated mean regression curves and standard deviations of individual laboratory coefficients of variation about the mean regression are calculated. Two analytes, calcium and sodium, showed no relationship of concentration to precision. Twelve analytes showed significant relations between concentration and coefficient of variation. State-of-the-art precision is compared with medical goals. The average coefficient of variation for one analyte, calcium, fails to meet medical goals for automated or manual methods. Average precisions for 13 analytes meet medical goals. The distribution of individual laboratory precision above average state-of-the-art figures is discussed. The proportions of laboratories failing to meet medical goals are large for sodium, chloride and glucose, in addition to calcium."}
{"id": "PMID:879085", "title": "Interlaboratory survey of enzymatic analyses. II. Intermediate studies.", "content": "A set of six interrelated specimens was analyzed for creatinine, urea, and five enzyme constituents by about 10 laboratories on two occasions. The results from each laboratory were subjected to linear regression analysis and the correlation coefficients, X and Y intercepts, and slopes were calculated. These parameters then were used in various ways to (a) evaluate the composition, linearity and stability of the specimens, (b) assess the analytic precision of each laboratory, (c) assess the accuracy of the laboratories relative to their peer group, and (d) identify systematic differences among peer groups. The results suggest that this technic is a viable approach to the evaluation of laboratory performance in enzymatic analyses.", "contents": "Interlaboratory survey of enzymatic analyses. II. Intermediate studies. A set of six interrelated specimens was analyzed for creatinine, urea, and five enzyme constituents by about 10 laboratories on two occasions. The results from each laboratory were subjected to linear regression analysis and the correlation coefficients, X and Y intercepts, and slopes were calculated. These parameters then were used in various ways to (a) evaluate the composition, linearity and stability of the specimens, (b) assess the analytic precision of each laboratory, (c) assess the accuracy of the laboratories relative to their peer group, and (d) identify systematic differences among peer groups. The results suggest that this technic is a viable approach to the evaluation of laboratory performance in enzymatic analyses."}
{"id": "PMID:879086", "title": "Urinary chemistry. A new CAP program.", "content": "A pilot survey program for urinary chemistry was implemented by the College of American Pathologists during the year 1976. The nine analytes selected for the program were amylase, calcium, phosphorus, sodium, potassium, creatinine, osmolality, 17-ketosteroids and total protein. Data obtained from more than 230 enrolled laboratories indicate deficiencies in assay performance for amylase, 17-ketosteroids and total protein as measured by consensus evaluation. Acceptable performance was apparent for the remaining analytes.", "contents": "Urinary chemistry. A new CAP program. A pilot survey program for urinary chemistry was implemented by the College of American Pathologists during the year 1976. The nine analytes selected for the program were amylase, calcium, phosphorus, sodium, potassium, creatinine, osmolality, 17-ketosteroids and total protein. Data obtained from more than 230 enrolled laboratories indicate deficiencies in assay performance for amylase, 17-ketosteroids and total protein as measured by consensus evaluation. Acceptable performance was apparent for the remaining analytes."}
{"id": "PMID:879087", "title": "Serum magnesium. A CAP survey--1975.", "content": "The results of the 1975 CAP Comprehensive Chemistry Survey of serum magnesium are presented. More than 1,260 laboratories participated in this survey. The most commonly used method for the measurement of serum magnesium concentrations is atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Colorimetric dye methods (Rapid-Stat (TM) kits, the Dupont ACA and titan yellow) follow in popularity. Variation in precision was lowest with atomic absorption and highest with titan yellow methods. All three of the dye-binding methods demonstrated either consistently negative or consistently positive biases when compared with the weighted mean concentration. The differences between the mean concentrations obtained by the dye-binding methods and atomic absorption spectrophotometry are statistically analyzed, and several conclusions are presented. As demonstrated by this survey and at the concentrations measured, the estimation of serum magnesium by any of the commonly used methods, except titan yellow, is clinically appropriate.", "contents": "Serum magnesium. A CAP survey--1975. The results of the 1975 CAP Comprehensive Chemistry Survey of serum magnesium are presented. More than 1,260 laboratories participated in this survey. The most commonly used method for the measurement of serum magnesium concentrations is atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Colorimetric dye methods (Rapid-Stat (TM) kits, the Dupont ACA and titan yellow) follow in popularity. Variation in precision was lowest with atomic absorption and highest with titan yellow methods. All three of the dye-binding methods demonstrated either consistently negative or consistently positive biases when compared with the weighted mean concentration. The differences between the mean concentrations obtained by the dye-binding methods and atomic absorption spectrophotometry are statistically analyzed, and several conclusions are presented. As demonstrated by this survey and at the concentrations measured, the estimation of serum magnesium by any of the commonly used methods, except titan yellow, is clinically appropriate."}
{"id": "PMID:879088", "title": "Serum lithium. A CAP survey perspective.", "content": "Lithium data from the 1975 College of American Pathologists Comprehensive Chemistry Survey program have been analyzed. The results have been organized into five method-dependent groups: four variations on emission flame spectrophotometry, and one group containing all manual atomic absorption methods. The bias observed between flame emission and atomic absorption methods was correlated with the sample mean. In addition, three paired specimens were analyzed by mean comparison. This study indicates that atomic absorption methods have a negative bias, but an apparent correlation with the sample mean indicates the probability of standardization error between the methods. This may be related to a protein depression effect and may be due to differences in viscosity between aqueous standards and serum-based samples. Both atomic absorption and flame emission methods demonstrate variability that is clinically satisfactory.", "contents": "Serum lithium. A CAP survey perspective. Lithium data from the 1975 College of American Pathologists Comprehensive Chemistry Survey program have been analyzed. The results have been organized into five method-dependent groups: four variations on emission flame spectrophotometry, and one group containing all manual atomic absorption methods. The bias observed between flame emission and atomic absorption methods was correlated with the sample mean. In addition, three paired specimens were analyzed by mean comparison. This study indicates that atomic absorption methods have a negative bias, but an apparent correlation with the sample mean indicates the probability of standardization error between the methods. This may be related to a protein depression effect and may be due to differences in viscosity between aqueous standards and serum-based samples. Both atomic absorption and flame emission methods demonstrate variability that is clinically satisfactory."}
{"id": "PMID:879089", "title": "Serum osmolality. A CAP survey analysis.", "content": "Serum osmolality has been included as a constituent to the comprehensive Chemistry Series of the College of American Pathologists Survey Program since 1973. The data for 1975 are reviewed in depth and compared with those for the two previous years. The results show that the interlaboratory variation of osmolality analysis is minor and concurrence has shown progressive improvement each year. The mean concentrations of duplicate pairs of specimens circulated to participants in 1975 show very close agreement except for one pair of duplicates for those laboratories using the Advanced Instruments and Fiske osmometers. The source of this difference is unexplained. The mean concentrations achieved by the participants using the various osmometers were compared with the \"all-methods\" mean. The bias is greatest for those laboratories using the Fiske and Wescor instruments. The number of laboratories submitting osmolality data has increased each year. There has been some change in the relative popularities of the various osmometers used by the participants.", "contents": "Serum osmolality. A CAP survey analysis. Serum osmolality has been included as a constituent to the comprehensive Chemistry Series of the College of American Pathologists Survey Program since 1973. The data for 1975 are reviewed in depth and compared with those for the two previous years. The results show that the interlaboratory variation of osmolality analysis is minor and concurrence has shown progressive improvement each year. The mean concentrations of duplicate pairs of specimens circulated to participants in 1975 show very close agreement except for one pair of duplicates for those laboratories using the Advanced Instruments and Fiske osmometers. The source of this difference is unexplained. The mean concentrations achieved by the participants using the various osmometers were compared with the \"all-methods\" mean. The bias is greatest for those laboratories using the Fiske and Wescor instruments. The number of laboratories submitting osmolality data has increased each year. There has been some change in the relative popularities of the various osmometers used by the participants."}
{"id": "PMID:879090", "title": "Proficiency testing for the radioimmunoassay of carcinoembryonic antigen. A one-year report.", "content": "Forty-three laboratories participated in an interlaboratory testing program offered by the College of American Pathologists for the radioimmunoassay (RIA) of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA). Thirty correctly reported a sample with 1.9 ng of endogenous CEA per ml as less than 2.5 ng. For samples with added exogenous CEA at the 5.4 ng/ml level, 24 laboratories reported too low and six too high (more than 2 SD beyond the targe value). At the 8.9 ng/ml concentration, three laboratories underestimated the CEA, while 18 overestimated the sample's concentration. A similar proportion of the laboratories performed in the same manner when estimating CEA at a target concentration of 15.9 ng/ml (five underestimating and 27 overestimating the concentration). Although individual variations were large, the majority of participating laboratories can reliably distinguish normal concentrations of CEA from moderate, intermediate and large elevations.", "contents": "Proficiency testing for the radioimmunoassay of carcinoembryonic antigen. A one-year report. Forty-three laboratories participated in an interlaboratory testing program offered by the College of American Pathologists for the radioimmunoassay (RIA) of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA). Thirty correctly reported a sample with 1.9 ng of endogenous CEA per ml as less than 2.5 ng. For samples with added exogenous CEA at the 5.4 ng/ml level, 24 laboratories reported too low and six too high (more than 2 SD beyond the targe value). At the 8.9 ng/ml concentration, three laboratories underestimated the CEA, while 18 overestimated the sample's concentration. A similar proportion of the laboratories performed in the same manner when estimating CEA at a target concentration of 15.9 ng/ml (five underestimating and 27 overestimating the concentration). Although individual variations were large, the majority of participating laboratories can reliably distinguish normal concentrations of CEA from moderate, intermediate and large elevations."}
{"id": "PMID:879091", "title": "The calibration of automated instruments for accuracy in hemoglobinometry.", "content": "The surveys of the College of American Pathologists indicate a consistent bias between the manual \"reference\" method for hemoglobin determinations and the Coulter S measurements. The Coulter S hemoglobin values are invariably lower; the difference averages 0.3 g/dl. The commonly used calibration methods for the Coulter appear to be subobtimal. The hemoglobin calibration and quality assurance method proposed by Bull and colleagues is advocated as the presently most acceptable method. Commercial hemoglobin control materials should not be used for hemoglobin calibration.", "contents": "The calibration of automated instruments for accuracy in hemoglobinometry. The surveys of the College of American Pathologists indicate a consistent bias between the manual \"reference\" method for hemoglobin determinations and the Coulter S measurements. The Coulter S hemoglobin values are invariably lower; the difference averages 0.3 g/dl. The commonly used calibration methods for the Coulter appear to be subobtimal. The hemoglobin calibration and quality assurance method proposed by Bull and colleagues is advocated as the presently most acceptable method. Commercial hemoglobin control materials should not be used for hemoglobin calibration."}
{"id": "PMID:879092", "title": "Calibration methods for automated hematology instruments.", "content": "Recent CAP survey data have documented marked improvement in the reproducibility of hematologic tests. The favorable outcome is attributable largely to the widespread use of automated whole-blood analyzers. Calibration variability, however, detracts from this enhanced precision, and there are clear indications that improvement is necessary. Primary calibration methods for hemoglobin, hematocrit and cell counting procedures are presented. The methods of applying these primary calibration methods to automated whole-blood analyzers are delineated. The use of both preserved reference blood and statistical control technics for the identification of calibration loss is described.", "contents": "Calibration methods for automated hematology instruments. Recent CAP survey data have documented marked improvement in the reproducibility of hematologic tests. The favorable outcome is attributable largely to the widespread use of automated whole-blood analyzers. Calibration variability, however, detracts from this enhanced precision, and there are clear indications that improvement is necessary. Primary calibration methods for hemoglobin, hematocrit and cell counting procedures are presented. The methods of applying these primary calibration methods to automated whole-blood analyzers are delineated. The use of both preserved reference blood and statistical control technics for the identification of calibration loss is described."}
{"id": "PMID:879093", "title": "The prediction of prothrombin time system performance using secondary standards.", "content": "A method for the comparison of prothrombin time systems using single large lots of lyophilized plasma in the College of American Pathologists Surveys is presented. Systematic biases for prothrombin time methods as well as for thromboplastins have been measured, and their use allows a very accurate (within 2.25%) prediction of the prothrombin time for the great number of prothrombin time systems presently being used in the United States.", "contents": "The prediction of prothrombin time system performance using secondary standards. A method for the comparison of prothrombin time systems using single large lots of lyophilized plasma in the College of American Pathologists Surveys is presented. Systematic biases for prothrombin time methods as well as for thromboplastins have been measured, and their use allows a very accurate (within 2.25%) prediction of the prothrombin time for the great number of prothrombin time systems presently being used in the United States."}
{"id": "PMID:879094", "title": "A critical analysis of platelet counting methods.", "content": "A careful analysis of platelet counting methods, including an assessment of accuracy, was done using data from the College of American Pathologists Comprehensive Hematology Survey preserved platelet suspension specimen (H-32-1976). Comparisons between methods suggest systematic biases probably related to the calibration methods used for automated instruments. Falsely elevated counts occurred with manual methods and one light-dispersion system. Methods for calibration and continuing quality assurance of platelet counting are proposed.", "contents": "A critical analysis of platelet counting methods. A careful analysis of platelet counting methods, including an assessment of accuracy, was done using data from the College of American Pathologists Comprehensive Hematology Survey preserved platelet suspension specimen (H-32-1976). Comparisons between methods suggest systematic biases probably related to the calibration methods used for automated instruments. Falsely elevated counts occurred with manual methods and one light-dispersion system. Methods for calibration and continuing quality assurance of platelet counting are proposed."}
{"id": "PMID:879095", "title": "CAP interlaboratory survey of analytic balances.", "content": "An interlaboratory survey of analytic balances was performed using aluminum oxide spheres weighing about 525 mg each. Results in 82 of the 83 laboratories completing the survey suggest that for this weight level, the error would not exceed +/-0.3% in 19 of 20 weighings; or +/-0.4% in 997 of 1,000. Discussions concerning components contributing to the variance are included.", "contents": "CAP interlaboratory survey of analytic balances. An interlaboratory survey of analytic balances was performed using aluminum oxide spheres weighing about 525 mg each. Results in 82 of the 83 laboratories completing the survey suggest that for this weight level, the error would not exceed +/-0.3% in 19 of 20 weighings; or +/-0.4% in 997 of 1,000. Discussions concerning components contributing to the variance are included."}
{"id": "PMID:879096", "title": "Results of HBsAg testing of AABB-CAP survey samples.", "content": "Participants in the AABB-CAP HBsAg Survey Program and the Comprehensive Blood Bank Survey currently use radioimmunoassay (RIA) as the primary test for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg). In changing from counterimmunoelectrophoresis (CEP) to RIA, participants have maintained a high degree of proficiency, detecting 99.1% of all reactive samples. Both RIA and reversed passive hemagglutination (RPHA) show greater sensitivity than the second-generation methods. Proficiency with RPHA has been variable because of the occurrence of false-positive reactions and difficulty in detecting some samples with RIA ratios between 2.1 and 7.0.", "contents": "Results of HBsAg testing of AABB-CAP survey samples. Participants in the AABB-CAP HBsAg Survey Program and the Comprehensive Blood Bank Survey currently use radioimmunoassay (RIA) as the primary test for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg). In changing from counterimmunoelectrophoresis (CEP) to RIA, participants have maintained a high degree of proficiency, detecting 99.1% of all reactive samples. Both RIA and reversed passive hemagglutination (RPHA) show greater sensitivity than the second-generation methods. Proficiency with RPHA has been variable because of the occurrence of false-positive reactions and difficulty in detecting some samples with RIA ratios between 2.1 and 7.0."}
{"id": "PMID:879097", "title": "Quantitation of vaginal acid phosphatase and its relationship to time of coitus.", "content": "In cases of alleged sexual assault a quantitative vaginal acid phosphatase determination may indicate not only the presence of seminal fluid but also the approximate time of coitus, even in the absence of spermatozoa. A method of obtaining and handling vaginal swabs allowing for acid phosphatase determination and examination for spermatozoa was developed. Postcoital samples were obtained from 26 women and analyzed for ACP activity. Quantitative levels of ACP were related to time since coitus. These levels were compared with those found in 104 cases of alleged sexual assault and in 27 women volunteers.", "contents": "Quantitation of vaginal acid phosphatase and its relationship to time of coitus. In cases of alleged sexual assault a quantitative vaginal acid phosphatase determination may indicate not only the presence of seminal fluid but also the approximate time of coitus, even in the absence of spermatozoa. A method of obtaining and handling vaginal swabs allowing for acid phosphatase determination and examination for spermatozoa was developed. Postcoital samples were obtained from 26 women and analyzed for ACP activity. Quantitative levels of ACP were related to time since coitus. These levels were compared with those found in 104 cases of alleged sexual assault and in 27 women volunteers."}
{"id": "PMID:879098", "title": "A slow-speed gravity delivery system for laboratory specimens.", "content": "A prototype system for the slow-speed transport of specimens by gravity was installed in New York University Hospital in May 1974. Blood, urine, body fluids and other specimens, except for 24-hour urines, are transported inside cylindrical containers that descend at constant velocities between 60 and 120 cm/sec, depending on the weight of the contents. Containers could be dispatched at six-second intervals, and each could carry as many as 15 blood specimens. Experience with the system has demonstrated that slow-speed gravity transport is practical and safe. No specimen has been lost, damaged or broken. Performance was acceptable, but some design modifications were needed. In February 1975, the system was expanded to provide service to the Intensive Care and Coronary Care Units.", "contents": "A slow-speed gravity delivery system for laboratory specimens. A prototype system for the slow-speed transport of specimens by gravity was installed in New York University Hospital in May 1974. Blood, urine, body fluids and other specimens, except for 24-hour urines, are transported inside cylindrical containers that descend at constant velocities between 60 and 120 cm/sec, depending on the weight of the contents. Containers could be dispatched at six-second intervals, and each could carry as many as 15 blood specimens. Experience with the system has demonstrated that slow-speed gravity transport is practical and safe. No specimen has been lost, damaged or broken. Performance was acceptable, but some design modifications were needed. In February 1975, the system was expanded to provide service to the Intensive Care and Coronary Care Units."}
{"id": "PMID:879099", "title": "The use of frozen, thawed erythrocytes in blood banking: a report of 28 months' experience in a large transfusion service.", "content": "A program of component therapy using largely frozen erythrocytes was initiated at Cook County Hospital in July 1973. Use of the three existing washing systems for routine preparation of frozen erythrocytes has shown that there are differences in the levels of free hemoglobin, hematocrit, and residual glycerol in the washed products. Adenosine triphosphate, 2,3-diphosphoglycerate, and extracellular potassium and sodium were found to be within acceptable limits. Some expired units were cultured and were found to be positive for Staphylococcus and Corynebacterium. The source of contamination has not been determined. Frozen blood, when available, has been given to all patients, regardless of age or clinical condition. The incidence of transfusion reactions has decreased from 0.57% prior to the inception of the component therapy program to 0.11% since that time. Two cases of possible posttransfusion hepatitis occurred in patients who had received non-frozen blood, and in three patients who received non-frozen erythrocytes and/or components as well as frozen blood. Although the goal of the program was the use of frozen erythrocytes exclusively, only 64% use was achieved, as sufficient quantities of blood for freezing were not available at all times.", "contents": "The use of frozen, thawed erythrocytes in blood banking: a report of 28 months' experience in a large transfusion service. A program of component therapy using largely frozen erythrocytes was initiated at Cook County Hospital in July 1973. Use of the three existing washing systems for routine preparation of frozen erythrocytes has shown that there are differences in the levels of free hemoglobin, hematocrit, and residual glycerol in the washed products. Adenosine triphosphate, 2,3-diphosphoglycerate, and extracellular potassium and sodium were found to be within acceptable limits. Some expired units were cultured and were found to be positive for Staphylococcus and Corynebacterium. The source of contamination has not been determined. Frozen blood, when available, has been given to all patients, regardless of age or clinical condition. The incidence of transfusion reactions has decreased from 0.57% prior to the inception of the component therapy program to 0.11% since that time. Two cases of possible posttransfusion hepatitis occurred in patients who had received non-frozen blood, and in three patients who received non-frozen erythrocytes and/or components as well as frozen blood. Although the goal of the program was the use of frozen erythrocytes exclusively, only 64% use was achieved, as sufficient quantities of blood for freezing were not available at all times."}
{"id": "PMID:879100", "title": "Antithrombin III and Factor VIII in patients with neoplasms.", "content": "Possible increased activation of the coagulation pathway was measured in a group of patients with neoplastic diseases. In addition to standard tests, the thromboplastin generation test, thrombin generation test and immunologic and coagulant activities of both Factor VIII and antithrombin III were utilized in the evaluation. The correlation between immuno-Factor VIII (VIII-Ag) and its clotting activity (VIII-C1) was good (r = 0.83). In contrast, this was not the situation for antithrombin III-Ag and its clotting activity. Thromboplastin generation was accelerated in 60% and thrombin generation was accelerated in 40% of the patients. Fibrinogen was elevated in half the cases: in most of these patients, thrombin times were slightly prolonged. These results indicate that some patients who have cancer have abnormal clotting patterns and are often in a potentially hypercoagulable state that is reflected by the thromboplastin generation test, thrombin generation test, and high levels of Factor VIII (both VIII-Ag and VIII-C1).", "contents": "Antithrombin III and Factor VIII in patients with neoplasms. Possible increased activation of the coagulation pathway was measured in a group of patients with neoplastic diseases. In addition to standard tests, the thromboplastin generation test, thrombin generation test and immunologic and coagulant activities of both Factor VIII and antithrombin III were utilized in the evaluation. The correlation between immuno-Factor VIII (VIII-Ag) and its clotting activity (VIII-C1) was good (r = 0.83). In contrast, this was not the situation for antithrombin III-Ag and its clotting activity. Thromboplastin generation was accelerated in 60% and thrombin generation was accelerated in 40% of the patients. Fibrinogen was elevated in half the cases: in most of these patients, thrombin times were slightly prolonged. These results indicate that some patients who have cancer have abnormal clotting patterns and are often in a potentially hypercoagulable state that is reflected by the thromboplastin generation test, thrombin generation test, and high levels of Factor VIII (both VIII-Ag and VIII-C1)."}
{"id": "PMID:879101", "title": "Neutrophilic hypersegmentation as an indicator of incipient folic acid deficiency.", "content": "The authors have identified a group of subjects with neutrophilic hypersegmentation who are normal or near-normal with respect to other hematologic indices (hemoglobin, mean corpuscular volume). In a high proportion of these subjects, serum folate levels are abnormally low. In this group and a non-hypersegmented-neutrophil control group there was a significant negative correlation between average numbers of neutrophilic lobes and serum folate levels. In the subjects with hypersegmented neutrophils the predominant alteration is a shift from three-lobed to five-lobed neutrophils. It is believed that neutrophilic hypersegmentation can be a valuable adjunct in documenting and/or uncovering incipient folate deficiency.", "contents": "Neutrophilic hypersegmentation as an indicator of incipient folic acid deficiency. The authors have identified a group of subjects with neutrophilic hypersegmentation who are normal or near-normal with respect to other hematologic indices (hemoglobin, mean corpuscular volume). In a high proportion of these subjects, serum folate levels are abnormally low. In this group and a non-hypersegmented-neutrophil control group there was a significant negative correlation between average numbers of neutrophilic lobes and serum folate levels. In the subjects with hypersegmented neutrophils the predominant alteration is a shift from three-lobed to five-lobed neutrophils. It is believed that neutrophilic hypersegmentation can be a valuable adjunct in documenting and/or uncovering incipient folate deficiency."}
{"id": "PMID:879102", "title": "Reassessment of a cytochemical test for differential diagnosis of leukemic reticuloendotheliosis.", "content": "Reports of negative tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase reactions in a few cases of leukemic reticuloendotheliosis prompted the authors to re-evaluate the diagnostic specificity of this test. As a result, they modified the test by (1) incorporating a dual-control system for excluding a false-negative test due to technical errors, and (2) instituting an objective grading system for assuring consistent interpretation of the test on blood smears. When these modifications were applied to materials of patients suspected to have leukemic reticuloendotheliosis, there was an excellent, although not specific, correlation between the positive test and the diagnosis of leukemic reticuloendotheliosis. Tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase reactions were positive, intermediate, and negative for 76, 21, and 3% of 29 patients who had leukemic reticuloendotheliosis, whereas the figures were 3, 32, and 65%, respectively, for 37 patients who had chronic lymphocytic leukemia and other hematologic disorders.", "contents": "Reassessment of a cytochemical test for differential diagnosis of leukemic reticuloendotheliosis. Reports of negative tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase reactions in a few cases of leukemic reticuloendotheliosis prompted the authors to re-evaluate the diagnostic specificity of this test. As a result, they modified the test by (1) incorporating a dual-control system for excluding a false-negative test due to technical errors, and (2) instituting an objective grading system for assuring consistent interpretation of the test on blood smears. When these modifications were applied to materials of patients suspected to have leukemic reticuloendotheliosis, there was an excellent, although not specific, correlation between the positive test and the diagnosis of leukemic reticuloendotheliosis. Tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase reactions were positive, intermediate, and negative for 76, 21, and 3% of 29 patients who had leukemic reticuloendotheliosis, whereas the figures were 3, 32, and 65%, respectively, for 37 patients who had chronic lymphocytic leukemia and other hematologic disorders."}
{"id": "PMID:879103", "title": "Latex agglutination in diagnosis of bacterial infections, with special reference to patients with meningitis and septicemia.", "content": "Antibody-sensitized latex particles were used to demonstrate specific bacterial antigens in cerebrospinal fluid, blood and urine. Difficulties with reported nonspecific agglutinations appear to have been overcome. The method seems to be sensitive, specific, and simple to perform, and shows a better detection rate than culture or countercurrent immunoelectrophoresis. Urinary excretion of Haemophilus influenzae antigens was followed. The diagnostic usefulness of demonstrating such antigens at a later stage of disease is discussed.", "contents": "Latex agglutination in diagnosis of bacterial infections, with special reference to patients with meningitis and septicemia. Antibody-sensitized latex particles were used to demonstrate specific bacterial antigens in cerebrospinal fluid, blood and urine. Difficulties with reported nonspecific agglutinations appear to have been overcome. The method seems to be sensitive, specific, and simple to perform, and shows a better detection rate than culture or countercurrent immunoelectrophoresis. Urinary excretion of Haemophilus influenzae antigens was followed. The diagnostic usefulness of demonstrating such antigens at a later stage of disease is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:879104", "title": "Isolation of Corynebacterium xerosis from clinical specimens: infection and colonization.", "content": "Eleven patients were colonized or infected with diphtheroids identified as Corynebacterium xerosis. All the patients were compromised hosts by nature of their underlying disease and/or therapy. Two patients developed bacteremia following colonization of the respiratory tract with C. xerosis. Other patients were colonized at various sites, which included the respiratory tract, abdominal and thoracic wounds, amputated limb, and arterial-venous shunt. Distinctive features for the identification of C. xerosis include negative reactions for hemolysis, urease, and motility, and positive reactions for catalase, glucose, sucrose and nitrate reduction. Antimicrobial susceptibility tests were performed by the disk diffusion method. In many instances the organisms were resistant to the antimicrobial regimens received by the patients. This was most frequent for nafcillin, gentamicin, kanamycin, clindamycin, and chloramphenicol. On the other hand, the organisms were highly susceptible to penicillin, ampicillin, cephalothin and carbenicillin.", "contents": "Isolation of Corynebacterium xerosis from clinical specimens: infection and colonization. Eleven patients were colonized or infected with diphtheroids identified as Corynebacterium xerosis. All the patients were compromised hosts by nature of their underlying disease and/or therapy. Two patients developed bacteremia following colonization of the respiratory tract with C. xerosis. Other patients were colonized at various sites, which included the respiratory tract, abdominal and thoracic wounds, amputated limb, and arterial-venous shunt. Distinctive features for the identification of C. xerosis include negative reactions for hemolysis, urease, and motility, and positive reactions for catalase, glucose, sucrose and nitrate reduction. Antimicrobial susceptibility tests were performed by the disk diffusion method. In many instances the organisms were resistant to the antimicrobial regimens received by the patients. This was most frequent for nafcillin, gentamicin, kanamycin, clindamycin, and chloramphenicol. On the other hand, the organisms were highly susceptible to penicillin, ampicillin, cephalothin and carbenicillin."}
{"id": "PMID:879105", "title": "Germ tube-positive Candida tropicalis.", "content": "The germ tube test is routinely used for the rapid identification of Candida albicans and its variant C. stellatoidea, and is generally thought to be specific for these organisms. Four cases in which yeastlike fungi were isolated, and, although they were germ tube-positive, further morphologic and biochemical examinations identified them as Candida tropicalis are presented.", "contents": "Germ tube-positive Candida tropicalis. The germ tube test is routinely used for the rapid identification of Candida albicans and its variant C. stellatoidea, and is generally thought to be specific for these organisms. Four cases in which yeastlike fungi were isolated, and, although they were germ tube-positive, further morphologic and biochemical examinations identified them as Candida tropicalis are presented."}
{"id": "PMID:879106", "title": "Pulmonary allescheriasis: report of a case from Ontario, Canada.", "content": "A case of pulmonary allescheriasis in a 53-year-old woman residing in London, Ontario, Canada, is described. This patient entered the hospital complaining of dyspnea, a productive cough, and pains in the neck and left shoulder. Roentgenograms of the chest revealed a large cavity in the upper lobe of the right lung, and xerograms showed an intracavitary mycetoma. Monosporium apiospermum, the imperfect form of the fungus Allescheria boydii, was grown from her sputum and from the mycetoma as well. Treatment with amphotericin B had no effect on the infection, and the upper lobe of the right lung was resected. The cough cleared completely and the patient made an excellent recovery. This case of pulmonary allescheriasis once again emphasizes that the most satisfactory form of treatment available at present for this mycosis is surgical excision of the infected area.", "contents": "Pulmonary allescheriasis: report of a case from Ontario, Canada. A case of pulmonary allescheriasis in a 53-year-old woman residing in London, Ontario, Canada, is described. This patient entered the hospital complaining of dyspnea, a productive cough, and pains in the neck and left shoulder. Roentgenograms of the chest revealed a large cavity in the upper lobe of the right lung, and xerograms showed an intracavitary mycetoma. Monosporium apiospermum, the imperfect form of the fungus Allescheria boydii, was grown from her sputum and from the mycetoma as well. Treatment with amphotericin B had no effect on the infection, and the upper lobe of the right lung was resected. The cough cleared completely and the patient made an excellent recovery. This case of pulmonary allescheriasis once again emphasizes that the most satisfactory form of treatment available at present for this mycosis is surgical excision of the infected area."}
{"id": "PMID:879107", "title": "Pseudomonas maltophilia bacteremia associated with a prolapsed mitral valve.", "content": "A 53-year-old man had had recurrent episodes of transient visual loss, malaise and a heart murmur. Blood cultures repeatedly grew Pseudomonas maltophilia, a frequent opportunistic pathogen, and echocardiogram documented mitral-valve prolapse. The risk of bacterial endocarditis is stressed.", "contents": "Pseudomonas maltophilia bacteremia associated with a prolapsed mitral valve. A 53-year-old man had had recurrent episodes of transient visual loss, malaise and a heart murmur. Blood cultures repeatedly grew Pseudomonas maltophilia, a frequent opportunistic pathogen, and echocardiogram documented mitral-valve prolapse. The risk of bacterial endocarditis is stressed."}
{"id": "PMID:879108", "title": "Thymidine-dependent strain of Salmonella oslo selected by trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole therapy.", "content": "A case report describing the isolation of a multiple-drug-resistant strain of Salmonella oslo from urine and stool specimens is presented. After ten days of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole therapy, a second strain of Salmonella oslo was isolated from another stool specimen. The second strain was determined to be a thymidine-requiring organism. The significance of this thymidine-requiring strain is described.", "contents": "Thymidine-dependent strain of Salmonella oslo selected by trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole therapy. A case report describing the isolation of a multiple-drug-resistant strain of Salmonella oslo from urine and stool specimens is presented. After ten days of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole therapy, a second strain of Salmonella oslo was isolated from another stool specimen. The second strain was determined to be a thymidine-requiring organism. The significance of this thymidine-requiring strain is described."}
{"id": "PMID:879110", "title": "Osteolytic lesions following traumatic pancreatitis.", "content": "We present a case of osteolytic lesions secondary to medullary fat necrosis associated with pancreatitis. The bone lesions are usually secondary to pancreatic trauma and evaluation of possible child abuse is indicated. The roentgenographic findings may not be seen until three to four weeks after the onset of pancreatic disease, and must be differentiated from osteomyelitis and traumatic periostitis. The presence of multiple lesions in many bones without substantial clinical signs of infection should suggest the pancreas as the primary problem.", "contents": "Osteolytic lesions following traumatic pancreatitis. We present a case of osteolytic lesions secondary to medullary fat necrosis associated with pancreatitis. The bone lesions are usually secondary to pancreatic trauma and evaluation of possible child abuse is indicated. The roentgenographic findings may not be seen until three to four weeks after the onset of pancreatic disease, and must be differentiated from osteomyelitis and traumatic periostitis. The presence of multiple lesions in many bones without substantial clinical signs of infection should suggest the pancreas as the primary problem."}
{"id": "PMID:879111", "title": "Echocardiographic diagnosis of bacterial endocarditis of the mitral valve in a neonate.", "content": "A full-term normal neonate had acute staphylococcal endocarditis. Serial echocardiograms demonstrated abnormal echos in the region of the posterior mitral valve leaflet and aortic outflow tract that were subsequently proved to be a bacterial vegetation. This represents, we believe, the first case reported of the echocardiographic diagnosis of bacterial endocarditis in a neonate. There was progressive functional impairment of the mitral valve despite appropriate antibiotic therapy. At necropsy, a 1-cm vegetation was found attached to, and eroding through, the posterior mitral valve leaflet. The remainder of the heart, including the mitral valve apparatus, was normal. Endocarditis is a rare, but devastating, disease in a neonate, and the echocardiogram is a safe noninvasive method of making an accurate diagnosis and following the course of the disease.", "contents": "Echocardiographic diagnosis of bacterial endocarditis of the mitral valve in a neonate. A full-term normal neonate had acute staphylococcal endocarditis. Serial echocardiograms demonstrated abnormal echos in the region of the posterior mitral valve leaflet and aortic outflow tract that were subsequently proved to be a bacterial vegetation. This represents, we believe, the first case reported of the echocardiographic diagnosis of bacterial endocarditis in a neonate. There was progressive functional impairment of the mitral valve despite appropriate antibiotic therapy. At necropsy, a 1-cm vegetation was found attached to, and eroding through, the posterior mitral valve leaflet. The remainder of the heart, including the mitral valve apparatus, was normal. Endocarditis is a rare, but devastating, disease in a neonate, and the echocardiogram is a safe noninvasive method of making an accurate diagnosis and following the course of the disease."}
{"id": "PMID:879112", "title": "Right atrial myxoma in a child.", "content": "A 12-year-old girl with fatigability, dyspnea, variable murmurs, and chronic congestive failure was treated for chronic myocarditis with medical management for 16 months. Cardiac catheterization and angiography performed to rule out constrictive pericarditis disclosed a right atrial myxoma. Following removal of the mass, this patient became asymptomatic. Since right atrial myxoma rarely occurs in children and can mimic other diseases, the diagnosis depends on a high index of suspicion.", "contents": "Right atrial myxoma in a child. A 12-year-old girl with fatigability, dyspnea, variable murmurs, and chronic congestive failure was treated for chronic myocarditis with medical management for 16 months. Cardiac catheterization and angiography performed to rule out constrictive pericarditis disclosed a right atrial myxoma. Following removal of the mass, this patient became asymptomatic. Since right atrial myxoma rarely occurs in children and can mimic other diseases, the diagnosis depends on a high index of suspicion."}
{"id": "PMID:879113", "title": "Neonatal renal papillary and cortical necrosis.", "content": "Renal papillary and cortical necrosis (RPCN) in newborn infants has been generally fatal. This report describes three survivors of neonatal RPCN who have been followed up from 23 to 57 months. The cause of RPCN was hemorrhage and asphyxia neonatorum in two patients and hemorrhage and shock in one. The diagnosis was confirmed in one patient by an excretory urogram at 3 weeks of age and in another by renal biopsy at 5 weeks of age. In the third, diagnosis was made retrospectively. Findings from subsequent examination showed that creatinine clearance was normal in one patient, slightly reduced in another, and moderately reduced in the third. Maximum ability to concentrate urine was decreased in all. Follow-up excretory urograms in all three patients showed dilated bizarre-appearing calices and renal cortical atrophy. These radiologic findings are similar to those found in segmental hypoplasia or chronic (atrophic) pyelonephritis.", "contents": "Neonatal renal papillary and cortical necrosis. Renal papillary and cortical necrosis (RPCN) in newborn infants has been generally fatal. This report describes three survivors of neonatal RPCN who have been followed up from 23 to 57 months. The cause of RPCN was hemorrhage and asphyxia neonatorum in two patients and hemorrhage and shock in one. The diagnosis was confirmed in one patient by an excretory urogram at 3 weeks of age and in another by renal biopsy at 5 weeks of age. In the third, diagnosis was made retrospectively. Findings from subsequent examination showed that creatinine clearance was normal in one patient, slightly reduced in another, and moderately reduced in the third. Maximum ability to concentrate urine was decreased in all. Follow-up excretory urograms in all three patients showed dilated bizarre-appearing calices and renal cortical atrophy. These radiologic findings are similar to those found in segmental hypoplasia or chronic (atrophic) pyelonephritis."}
{"id": "PMID:879114", "title": "Monocytosis in congenital syphilis.", "content": "We evaluated hematological findings, with special reference to the monocyte count, in ten infants with congenital syphilis. One patient had a monocytic leukemoid reaction and eight had absolute monocyte counts considerably higher than normal control infants. Monocytes appear to be an essential participant in the cellular reaction to treponema pallidum. To our knowledge, this is the first report of a monocytic leukemoid reaction in congenital syphilis.", "contents": "Monocytosis in congenital syphilis. We evaluated hematological findings, with special reference to the monocyte count, in ten infants with congenital syphilis. One patient had a monocytic leukemoid reaction and eight had absolute monocyte counts considerably higher than normal control infants. Monocytes appear to be an essential participant in the cellular reaction to treponema pallidum. To our knowledge, this is the first report of a monocytic leukemoid reaction in congenital syphilis."}
{"id": "PMID:879115", "title": "Bacterial meningitis and septicemia in sickle cell disease.", "content": "A total of 422 patients with sickle cell disorders have been observed for 3,442 patient years. During this period, 53 episodes of septicemia or meningitis occurred, indicating a risk of 12.5% from these infections for each individual. If only patients with SS hemoglobinopathy (sickle cell anemia) (323 patients) are considered, the risk was 15.2%. The case fatality ratios for sepsis and meningitis were 35% and 10%, respectively. Disease due to Streptococcus pneumoniae occurred, almost exclusively, among children with SS hemoglobinopathy who were less than 5 years of age. After the first decade, illnesses among patients with all types of sickle cell disorders were frequently associated with an identifiable source of infection, a chronic course, and frequent involvement of Gram-negative organisms.", "contents": "Bacterial meningitis and septicemia in sickle cell disease. A total of 422 patients with sickle cell disorders have been observed for 3,442 patient years. During this period, 53 episodes of septicemia or meningitis occurred, indicating a risk of 12.5% from these infections for each individual. If only patients with SS hemoglobinopathy (sickle cell anemia) (323 patients) are considered, the risk was 15.2%. The case fatality ratios for sepsis and meningitis were 35% and 10%, respectively. Disease due to Streptococcus pneumoniae occurred, almost exclusively, among children with SS hemoglobinopathy who were less than 5 years of age. After the first decade, illnesses among patients with all types of sickle cell disorders were frequently associated with an identifiable source of infection, a chronic course, and frequent involvement of Gram-negative organisms."}
{"id": "PMID:879116", "title": "Cognitive evaluation of children with elevated blood lead levels.", "content": "Cognitive evaluation of children with elevated blood lead levels was compared with that of a control group similar in age, sex, race, neonatal condition, socioeconomic status, and presence of pica. No significant differences in cognitive functioning were found between the study and control groups. Implications of the present data and their relationship to those of previous investigations are discussed.", "contents": "Cognitive evaluation of children with elevated blood lead levels. Cognitive evaluation of children with elevated blood lead levels was compared with that of a control group similar in age, sex, race, neonatal condition, socioeconomic status, and presence of pica. No significant differences in cognitive functioning were found between the study and control groups. Implications of the present data and their relationship to those of previous investigations are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:879117", "title": "Content and emphasis of well-child visits. Experienced nurse practitioners vs pediatricians.", "content": "The content and emphasis of well-child visits conducted by nine randomly selected pediatricians was compared with those of five experienced pediatric nurse practitioners. Twenty one nurse visits and 43 pediatrician visits with 1-year-old to 2-year-old children were monitored. The nurses discussed developmental and child behavior topics in significantly (P less than .05) greater depth, they asked more open-ended questions, made more specific recommendations, provided more maternal support, and the parents spoke a greater proportion of the time during the nurses' visits. Efficiency (number and depth of topics considered per unit time) of both groups was similar. Nurse visits were more time-consuming (mean, 25.5 vs 17.6 minutes for pediatricians). A subgroup of four pediatricians conducted visits much like those of the nurses, scoring as well in less time. The other five pediatricians conducted shorter visits, with little emphasis on child development and provided less time for the parent to talk. Overall, after five years in practice, these nurses were in no way less complete in child health supervision than a representative sample of pediatricians and were considerably more comprehensive in their approach than the average pediatrician.", "contents": "Content and emphasis of well-child visits. Experienced nurse practitioners vs pediatricians. The content and emphasis of well-child visits conducted by nine randomly selected pediatricians was compared with those of five experienced pediatric nurse practitioners. Twenty one nurse visits and 43 pediatrician visits with 1-year-old to 2-year-old children were monitored. The nurses discussed developmental and child behavior topics in significantly (P less than .05) greater depth, they asked more open-ended questions, made more specific recommendations, provided more maternal support, and the parents spoke a greater proportion of the time during the nurses' visits. Efficiency (number and depth of topics considered per unit time) of both groups was similar. Nurse visits were more time-consuming (mean, 25.5 vs 17.6 minutes for pediatricians). A subgroup of four pediatricians conducted visits much like those of the nurses, scoring as well in less time. The other five pediatricians conducted shorter visits, with little emphasis on child development and provided less time for the parent to talk. Overall, after five years in practice, these nurses were in no way less complete in child health supervision than a representative sample of pediatricians and were considerably more comprehensive in their approach than the average pediatrician."}
{"id": "PMID:879118", "title": "Prader-Willi syndrome. Variable severity and recurrence risk.", "content": "The families of 39 patients with Prader-Willi syndrome were examined for similarly affected individuals. The pertinent findings include (1) one sibling more profoundly affected than the patients usually described, (2) one first cousin more mildly affected than usual, (3) a suggestive history of increased frequency of spontaneous late miscarriage (17%) from the mothers of affected offspring, and (4) an occurrence rate of 1.6% in proband siblings.", "contents": "Prader-Willi syndrome. Variable severity and recurrence risk. The families of 39 patients with Prader-Willi syndrome were examined for similarly affected individuals. The pertinent findings include (1) one sibling more profoundly affected than the patients usually described, (2) one first cousin more mildly affected than usual, (3) a suggestive history of increased frequency of spontaneous late miscarriage (17%) from the mothers of affected offspring, and (4) an occurrence rate of 1.6% in proband siblings."}
{"id": "PMID:879119", "title": "Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome in a mother and her son.", "content": "The Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome--exomphalos, macroglossia and gigantism--occurred in a mother and her son. The clinical and metabolic features of this syndrome are described. We believe this is the first report of this syndrome affecting a mother and her son. An autosomal dominant pattern of inheritance is suggested.", "contents": "Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome in a mother and her son. The Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome--exomphalos, macroglossia and gigantism--occurred in a mother and her son. The clinical and metabolic features of this syndrome are described. We believe this is the first report of this syndrome affecting a mother and her son. An autosomal dominant pattern of inheritance is suggested."}
{"id": "PMID:879126", "title": "Liver function and structure in survivors of acetaminophen poisoning. A follow-up study of serum bile acids and liver histology.", "content": "A series of 30 patients, hospitalized with acetaminophen overdose, were studied during initial admission and again three months later. The quantity of acetaminophen ingested varied from 5 to 50 g and 19 patients developed raised transaminase levels in the serum during the initial period. Liver damage, on the basis of needle biopsy findings, was categorized as severe in 5, moderate in 7, and mild or minimal in 18 patients. At three months' follow-up all but one of the biochemical indicants of liver damage had reverted to normal in all patients. The exception was the serum total bile acids. Residual changes found on liver biopsy at three months were minimal and nonspecific, apart from one previously severely affected patient in whom there was evidence of scarring. It is concluded that in the usual spectrum of acetaminophen poisoning requiring hospitalization there is no evidence of lasting liver damage.", "contents": "Liver function and structure in survivors of acetaminophen poisoning. A follow-up study of serum bile acids and liver histology. A series of 30 patients, hospitalized with acetaminophen overdose, were studied during initial admission and again three months later. The quantity of acetaminophen ingested varied from 5 to 50 g and 19 patients developed raised transaminase levels in the serum during the initial period. Liver damage, on the basis of needle biopsy findings, was categorized as severe in 5, moderate in 7, and mild or minimal in 18 patients. At three months' follow-up all but one of the biochemical indicants of liver damage had reverted to normal in all patients. The exception was the serum total bile acids. Residual changes found on liver biopsy at three months were minimal and nonspecific, apart from one previously severely affected patient in whom there was evidence of scarring. It is concluded that in the usual spectrum of acetaminophen poisoning requiring hospitalization there is no evidence of lasting liver damage."}
{"id": "PMID:879127", "title": "Granulomas and cholestatic--hepatocellular injury associated with phenylbutazone. Report of two cases.", "content": "A combined cholestatic-hepatocellular injury and noncaseating granulomas occurred in two patients 1 and 4 weeks after phenylbutazone therapy. Both patients were jaundiced, one had a macular rash, and both had peripheral blood eosinophilia. Symptoms and signs subsided, and abnormal findings from tests of hepatic function rapidly returned to normal following withdrawal of the drug. Sections of liver biopsy specimens 6 months later showed no granulomas or other pathologic changes. Previously reported cases are reviewed.", "contents": "Granulomas and cholestatic--hepatocellular injury associated with phenylbutazone. Report of two cases. A combined cholestatic-hepatocellular injury and noncaseating granulomas occurred in two patients 1 and 4 weeks after phenylbutazone therapy. Both patients were jaundiced, one had a macular rash, and both had peripheral blood eosinophilia. Symptoms and signs subsided, and abnormal findings from tests of hepatic function rapidly returned to normal following withdrawal of the drug. Sections of liver biopsy specimens 6 months later showed no granulomas or other pathologic changes. Previously reported cases are reviewed."}
{"id": "PMID:879128", "title": "Budd-chiari syndrome after taking oral contraceptives. A case report and review of 14 reported cases.", "content": "A case of Budd-Chiari syndrome in a young woman taking oral contraceptives is described. Her main complaints were abdominal pain and ascites without hepatosplenomegaly and the subsequent development of shock. Diagnosis was established by selective hepatic arteriogram and vena cavagram. She was treated with supportive measures, anticoagulants and neomycin. At the time of this report, the patient is slowly convalescing, taking coumadin, diuretics and Aldactone, as well as supplementary vitamins. Reviewed are 14 cases of Budd-Chiari syndrome occurring while patients were taking oral contraceptives.", "contents": "Budd-chiari syndrome after taking oral contraceptives. A case report and review of 14 reported cases. A case of Budd-Chiari syndrome in a young woman taking oral contraceptives is described. Her main complaints were abdominal pain and ascites without hepatosplenomegaly and the subsequent development of shock. Diagnosis was established by selective hepatic arteriogram and vena cavagram. She was treated with supportive measures, anticoagulants and neomycin. At the time of this report, the patient is slowly convalescing, taking coumadin, diuretics and Aldactone, as well as supplementary vitamins. Reviewed are 14 cases of Budd-Chiari syndrome occurring while patients were taking oral contraceptives."}
{"id": "PMID:879129", "title": "Influence of carbon chain length of dietary fat on intestinal alkaline phosphatase in chylous ascites.", "content": "The long-term effects of chain length of dietary fat on intestinal lymphatic transport of alkaline phosphatase were investigated in two patients with chylous ascites due to leakage of intestinal lymph into the peritoneal cavity. Substitution of a medium-chain triglyceride diet for long-chain triglyceride resulted in a parallel fall in triglyceride and the intestinal isoenzyme of alkaline phosphatase in chylous ascites. The concentrations of lymph triglyceride were linearly related to lymph intestinal alkaline phosphatase levels, suggesting a positive relation between absorption of long-chain triglycerides and transport of mucosal alkaline phosphatase into lymph.", "contents": "Influence of carbon chain length of dietary fat on intestinal alkaline phosphatase in chylous ascites. The long-term effects of chain length of dietary fat on intestinal lymphatic transport of alkaline phosphatase were investigated in two patients with chylous ascites due to leakage of intestinal lymph into the peritoneal cavity. Substitution of a medium-chain triglyceride diet for long-chain triglyceride resulted in a parallel fall in triglyceride and the intestinal isoenzyme of alkaline phosphatase in chylous ascites. The concentrations of lymph triglyceride were linearly related to lymph intestinal alkaline phosphatase levels, suggesting a positive relation between absorption of long-chain triglycerides and transport of mucosal alkaline phosphatase into lymph."}
{"id": "PMID:879130", "title": "Ileal epithelial cell migration after 40% small-bowel resection. Autoradiographic studies in the rat.", "content": "Adaptation in the small bowel after resection is associated with increases in crypt cell proliferation and villus height. This paper gives the results of an autoradiographic investigation with [3H]thymidine of epithelial cell migration 60 days after 40% small-bowel resection in the rat. The mean number of cell positions between the crypt--villus junction and the leading labeled cell 30 hr after injection was increased by 19.4% in the resected group (P less than 0.02). The mean total number of cells per villus column was increased by 27.8% (P less than 0.002). Migration rate estimated in cell positions per hour was accelerated by 18.9% (P less than 0.001) after resection. The 8.1% lengthened life span of villus cells was not statistically significant. The increased number of cells per villus column and unaltered life span of villus cells would facilitate functional adaptation. The causal relationship between the larger villus cell population and accelerated migration after resection and increased crypt cell proliferation is unknown.", "contents": "Ileal epithelial cell migration after 40% small-bowel resection. Autoradiographic studies in the rat. Adaptation in the small bowel after resection is associated with increases in crypt cell proliferation and villus height. This paper gives the results of an autoradiographic investigation with [3H]thymidine of epithelial cell migration 60 days after 40% small-bowel resection in the rat. The mean number of cell positions between the crypt--villus junction and the leading labeled cell 30 hr after injection was increased by 19.4% in the resected group (P less than 0.02). The mean total number of cells per villus column was increased by 27.8% (P less than 0.002). Migration rate estimated in cell positions per hour was accelerated by 18.9% (P less than 0.001) after resection. The 8.1% lengthened life span of villus cells was not statistically significant. The increased number of cells per villus column and unaltered life span of villus cells would facilitate functional adaptation. The causal relationship between the larger villus cell population and accelerated migration after resection and increased crypt cell proliferation is unknown."}
{"id": "PMID:879131", "title": "Pressure profile of esophageal peristalsis in normal humans as measured by direct intraesophageal transducers.", "content": "The pressure profile of esophageal peristalsis was studied in healthy young adult males using an intraesophageal transducer assembly. The amplitude of peristaltic contractions following wet swallows was determined at intervals along the esophagus from the lower esophageal sphincter (LES) to the upper esophageal sphincter (UES). The amplitude profile revealed a trough of significantly decreased (P less than 0.05) amplitude at 17.5-20.0 cm above the LES. The change in pressure per unit time (dp/dt) produced a profile also with a significant decrease (P less than 0.01) in the upper esophagus, having good correlation (r = 0.91, P less than 0.001) with the amplitude profile. Mean velocity of the peristaltic wave in the upper esophagus varied from 2.92 +/- 0.19 (+/- SEM) to 3.29 +/- 0.36 cm/sec. In the distal esophagus, mean velocity increased significantly (P less than 0.01) to 4.98 +/- 0.38 cm/sec at 7.5 cm above the LES, and then fell significantly (P less than 0.05) to 2.15 +/- 0.27 cm/sec at 2.5 cm above the LES. This report establishes amplitude and velocity profiles in the human esophagus. The profile of the first derivative of the primary peristaltic wave (dp/dt) is also described, and its possible importance discussed.", "contents": "Pressure profile of esophageal peristalsis in normal humans as measured by direct intraesophageal transducers. The pressure profile of esophageal peristalsis was studied in healthy young adult males using an intraesophageal transducer assembly. The amplitude of peristaltic contractions following wet swallows was determined at intervals along the esophagus from the lower esophageal sphincter (LES) to the upper esophageal sphincter (UES). The amplitude profile revealed a trough of significantly decreased (P less than 0.05) amplitude at 17.5-20.0 cm above the LES. The change in pressure per unit time (dp/dt) produced a profile also with a significant decrease (P less than 0.01) in the upper esophagus, having good correlation (r = 0.91, P less than 0.001) with the amplitude profile. Mean velocity of the peristaltic wave in the upper esophagus varied from 2.92 +/- 0.19 (+/- SEM) to 3.29 +/- 0.36 cm/sec. In the distal esophagus, mean velocity increased significantly (P less than 0.01) to 4.98 +/- 0.38 cm/sec at 7.5 cm above the LES, and then fell significantly (P less than 0.05) to 2.15 +/- 0.27 cm/sec at 2.5 cm above the LES. This report establishes amplitude and velocity profiles in the human esophagus. The profile of the first derivative of the primary peristaltic wave (dp/dt) is also described, and its possible importance discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:879136", "title": "Detection of gallbladder disease in patients with normal oral cholecystograms. Results using a simplified biliary drainage technique.", "content": "An endoscopic biliary drainage technique was used in the study of 70 patients. All had histories suggestive of gallbladder disease but with normal oral cholecystograms. Of the 29 patients with abnormal drainage studies, 26 had cholecystectomy with all specimens showing cholecystitis, and cholelithiasis was seen in 46%. Five of the 41 patients with normal drainages underwent cholecystectomy, with no abnormality noted in any surgical specimen. Significant differences were seen when the mean WBC count, frequency of leukocytosis, and back pain were compared between the normal and abnormal drainage groups. Biliary drainage is a useful supplemental test when a false-negative oral cholecystogram is suspected.", "contents": "Detection of gallbladder disease in patients with normal oral cholecystograms. Results using a simplified biliary drainage technique. An endoscopic biliary drainage technique was used in the study of 70 patients. All had histories suggestive of gallbladder disease but with normal oral cholecystograms. Of the 29 patients with abnormal drainage studies, 26 had cholecystectomy with all specimens showing cholecystitis, and cholelithiasis was seen in 46%. Five of the 41 patients with normal drainages underwent cholecystectomy, with no abnormality noted in any surgical specimen. Significant differences were seen when the mean WBC count, frequency of leukocytosis, and back pain were compared between the normal and abnormal drainage groups. Biliary drainage is a useful supplemental test when a false-negative oral cholecystogram is suspected."}
{"id": "PMID:879137", "title": "Syphilitic proctitis.", "content": "Two adult male homosexuals with syphilitic proctitis and without any detectable anal lesions are reported. There was no history or evidence of an external primary chancre in either patient. Of note, one had extensive rectal involvement of the first 20 cm and the other had multiple sites involved. One patient developed severe rectal bleeding following biopsy and a Jarisch-Herxheimer reaction after the first penicillin injection. Salient features of the literature are reviewed and discussed.", "contents": "Syphilitic proctitis. Two adult male homosexuals with syphilitic proctitis and without any detectable anal lesions are reported. There was no history or evidence of an external primary chancre in either patient. Of note, one had extensive rectal involvement of the first 20 cm and the other had multiple sites involved. One patient developed severe rectal bleeding following biopsy and a Jarisch-Herxheimer reaction after the first penicillin injection. Salient features of the literature are reviewed and discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:879140", "title": "Abnormal liver function in chronic hypervitaminosis A.", "content": "A case of chronic hypervitaminosis A is reported in a 57-year-old woman who took vitamin preparations for alopecia. Liver biopsy of the patient showed both an increase in the number and size of fat-storing cells on light microscopy and rapidly fading green autofluorescence of vitamin A. Electron microscopy confirmed the presence of engorged fat-storing cells in the space of Disse and minor toxic changes in hepatocytes. This case illustrates the early hepatic changes of chronic hypervitaminosis A and indicates a need for restriction of sales of vitamin preparations.", "contents": "Abnormal liver function in chronic hypervitaminosis A. A case of chronic hypervitaminosis A is reported in a 57-year-old woman who took vitamin preparations for alopecia. Liver biopsy of the patient showed both an increase in the number and size of fat-storing cells on light microscopy and rapidly fading green autofluorescence of vitamin A. Electron microscopy confirmed the presence of engorged fat-storing cells in the space of Disse and minor toxic changes in hepatocytes. This case illustrates the early hepatic changes of chronic hypervitaminosis A and indicates a need for restriction of sales of vitamin preparations."}
{"id": "PMID:879141", "title": "Phlegmonous gastritis diagnosed by endoscopic snare biopsy.", "content": "A case of phlegmonous gastritis, diagnosed for the first time without laparotomy and with spontaneous recovery, is described. The only procedure allowing nonsurgical diagnosis of this disease is endoscopic snare (\"jumbo\") biopsy of the giant folds in the diseased parts of the stomach. Snare biopsy includes submucosal tissue which is the main site of histological changes in phlegmonous gastritis.", "contents": "Phlegmonous gastritis diagnosed by endoscopic snare biopsy. A case of phlegmonous gastritis, diagnosed for the first time without laparotomy and with spontaneous recovery, is described. The only procedure allowing nonsurgical diagnosis of this disease is endoscopic snare (\"jumbo\") biopsy of the giant folds in the diseased parts of the stomach. Snare biopsy includes submucosal tissue which is the main site of histological changes in phlegmonous gastritis."}
{"id": "PMID:879142", "title": "Acute pancreatitis occurring in gastric aberrant pancreatic tissue.", "content": "The occurrence of acute pancreatitis in gastric aberrant pancreas is described. The patient presented initially with acute abdominal pain and a palpable epigastric mass. The symptoms were severe and recurrent, and laparotomy with antrectomy was required.", "contents": "Acute pancreatitis occurring in gastric aberrant pancreatic tissue. The occurrence of acute pancreatitis in gastric aberrant pancreas is described. The patient presented initially with acute abdominal pain and a palpable epigastric mass. The symptoms were severe and recurrent, and laparotomy with antrectomy was required."}
{"id": "PMID:879143", "title": "Mesenteric fibromatosis associated with familial polyposis.", "content": "This patient represents the 25th case report of mesenteric fibromatosis in patients with Gardner's syndrome. Her family genealogy reveals polyposis of the colon in nine members in four generations. In addition, one member has papillary carcinoma of the thyroid and one has newly discovered osteomas. To our knowledge, this family may be the first to manifest this combination of extracolonic lesions with familial polyposis, and the case supports a single-gene etiology for the complete syndrome.", "contents": "Mesenteric fibromatosis associated with familial polyposis. This patient represents the 25th case report of mesenteric fibromatosis in patients with Gardner's syndrome. Her family genealogy reveals polyposis of the colon in nine members in four generations. In addition, one member has papillary carcinoma of the thyroid and one has newly discovered osteomas. To our knowledge, this family may be the first to manifest this combination of extracolonic lesions with familial polyposis, and the case supports a single-gene etiology for the complete syndrome."}
{"id": "PMID:879147", "title": "The spectrum and causes of liver diseases in narcotic addicts.", "content": "Fifty charts of patients discharged with a diagnosis of liver disease from the acute care service of a hospital for the treatment of addiction were analyzed. Among 42 active heroin users or former heroin addicts maintained on methadone, 79% were heavy alcohol abusers. Seventeen cases of cirrhosis were encountered. All occurred in those abusing alcohol. Reversible liver disease was seen in both alcohol abusers and nonalcoholics. This study suggests that alcohol is a major factor in the development of irreversible liver disease in active heroin addicts and ex-addicts on methadone maintenance.", "contents": "The spectrum and causes of liver diseases in narcotic addicts. Fifty charts of patients discharged with a diagnosis of liver disease from the acute care service of a hospital for the treatment of addiction were analyzed. Among 42 active heroin users or former heroin addicts maintained on methadone, 79% were heavy alcohol abusers. Seventeen cases of cirrhosis were encountered. All occurred in those abusing alcohol. Reversible liver disease was seen in both alcohol abusers and nonalcoholics. This study suggests that alcohol is a major factor in the development of irreversible liver disease in active heroin addicts and ex-addicts on methadone maintenance."}
{"id": "PMID:879148", "title": "Abdominal tuberculosis. Experiences with 300 cases.", "content": "Problems in the management of abdominal tuberculosis are discussed with reference to 300 surgically verified cases. The protean clinical manifestations depend on the site and extent of the disease, and its complications. Operation was resorted to for complications when diagnosis was in doubt and when intrinsic intestinal disease was proved. Surgery was preceded by antituberculous drugs whenever possible. At operation, the disease was found to involve the alimentary canal in 196 cases; in the remaining 104, only the lymph nodes and/or the peritoneum were affected. Intestinal resection was carried out in 100 cases. Emergency surgery carries a high mortality (18/76) because of toxemia, hypoproteinemia, anemia, etc. Positive histology was obtained in 229 cases. One hundred and seventy-nine cases showed evidence of caseation. Caseation and peritoneal tubercles (103 cases) differentiate intestinal tuberculosis from Crohn's disease. Despite considerable progress made in therapy and prophylaxis during the last quarter of the century, tuberculosis of various sites continues to be a major health hazard in India. The precise prevalence of Koch's disease of the abdomen has not been determined due to lack of a survey in random samples of population. This common malady, however, with its protean profiles and varied complications continues to challenge the diagnostic acumen and therapeutic skill of clinicians practicing various discplines of medicine.", "contents": "Abdominal tuberculosis. Experiences with 300 cases. Problems in the management of abdominal tuberculosis are discussed with reference to 300 surgically verified cases. The protean clinical manifestations depend on the site and extent of the disease, and its complications. Operation was resorted to for complications when diagnosis was in doubt and when intrinsic intestinal disease was proved. Surgery was preceded by antituberculous drugs whenever possible. At operation, the disease was found to involve the alimentary canal in 196 cases; in the remaining 104, only the lymph nodes and/or the peritoneum were affected. Intestinal resection was carried out in 100 cases. Emergency surgery carries a high mortality (18/76) because of toxemia, hypoproteinemia, anemia, etc. Positive histology was obtained in 229 cases. One hundred and seventy-nine cases showed evidence of caseation. Caseation and peritoneal tubercles (103 cases) differentiate intestinal tuberculosis from Crohn's disease. Despite considerable progress made in therapy and prophylaxis during the last quarter of the century, tuberculosis of various sites continues to be a major health hazard in India. The precise prevalence of Koch's disease of the abdomen has not been determined due to lack of a survey in random samples of population. This common malady, however, with its protean profiles and varied complications continues to challenge the diagnostic acumen and therapeutic skill of clinicians practicing various discplines of medicine."}
{"id": "PMID:879149", "title": "Augmented histamine test--diagnostic and prognostic values.", "content": "The results of the augmented histamine test in 107 controls, 48 patients with gastric ulcer and 141 patients with duodenal ulcer are presented. The mean basal acid secretion and maximal acid output (MAO) were significantly higher in duodenal ulcer patients than in normal subjects. Ulcers of the body of the stomach were associated with lower than normal levels of secretion, whereas ulcers of the prepyloric region were associated with higher than normal levels. In this study of 141 patients with duodenal ulcer, 101 patients or 72% had an MAO above the upper limit of normal (20.4 mEq./hr.). Conversely, a patient with an MAO of less than 12.4 mEq./hr. is unlikely to have duodenal ulcer disease. The use of the ratio of MAO to actual body weight did not increase the diagnostic discrimination between normal subjects and those with duodenal ulcer. Duodenal ulcer patients with complications had a significantly higher MAO to histamine than those without complication. The finding of an MAO greater than 40 mEq./hr. is highly suggestive of the presence or the imminence of a complication.", "contents": "Augmented histamine test--diagnostic and prognostic values. The results of the augmented histamine test in 107 controls, 48 patients with gastric ulcer and 141 patients with duodenal ulcer are presented. The mean basal acid secretion and maximal acid output (MAO) were significantly higher in duodenal ulcer patients than in normal subjects. Ulcers of the body of the stomach were associated with lower than normal levels of secretion, whereas ulcers of the prepyloric region were associated with higher than normal levels. In this study of 141 patients with duodenal ulcer, 101 patients or 72% had an MAO above the upper limit of normal (20.4 mEq./hr.). Conversely, a patient with an MAO of less than 12.4 mEq./hr. is unlikely to have duodenal ulcer disease. The use of the ratio of MAO to actual body weight did not increase the diagnostic discrimination between normal subjects and those with duodenal ulcer. Duodenal ulcer patients with complications had a significantly higher MAO to histamine than those without complication. The finding of an MAO greater than 40 mEq./hr. is highly suggestive of the presence or the imminence of a complication."}
{"id": "PMID:879150", "title": "The pancreas and immunoglobulins. I. Immunoglobulin levels in pancreatic secretion of patients with normal function: preliminary studies.", "content": "Immunoglobulin levels of pancreatic juice following secretin administrations were determined in 35 normal patients. The variation of levels was high. The means and standard errors were as follows: Ig-A--7.2 +/- 7.0; Ig-M--1.5 +/- 0.97; Ig-g--21.44 +/- 16.10.", "contents": "The pancreas and immunoglobulins. I. Immunoglobulin levels in pancreatic secretion of patients with normal function: preliminary studies. Immunoglobulin levels of pancreatic juice following secretin administrations were determined in 35 normal patients. The variation of levels was high. The means and standard errors were as follows: Ig-A--7.2 +/- 7.0; Ig-M--1.5 +/- 0.97; Ig-g--21.44 +/- 16.10."}
{"id": "PMID:879151", "title": "Differences in antral response to meat extract in duodenal ulcer patients.", "content": "Although acid secretion is important in the pathogenesis of duodenal ulcer formation, the antral phase of gastric secretion has not been adequately studied. In 60 duodenal ulcer and 12 normal patients, basal, antral and peak acid secretion was investigated. Antral function was assessed by instilling meat extract sodium and measuring acid and serum gastrin output. Two groups of patients were thus identified: 1. Antral responders in whom meat extract caused a significant increase in serum gastrin and acid output. 2. Antral nonresponders in whom meat extract did not significantly lead to an elevation in gastrin and acid output.", "contents": "Differences in antral response to meat extract in duodenal ulcer patients. Although acid secretion is important in the pathogenesis of duodenal ulcer formation, the antral phase of gastric secretion has not been adequately studied. In 60 duodenal ulcer and 12 normal patients, basal, antral and peak acid secretion was investigated. Antral function was assessed by instilling meat extract sodium and measuring acid and serum gastrin output. Two groups of patients were thus identified: 1. Antral responders in whom meat extract caused a significant increase in serum gastrin and acid output. 2. Antral nonresponders in whom meat extract did not significantly lead to an elevation in gastrin and acid output."}
{"id": "PMID:879153", "title": "Esophageal perforation. An unusual presentation with a benign clinical course.", "content": "A case of esophageal perforation occurring in a 75-year-old man is presented. The clinical presentation was benign and the diagnosis of esophageal perforation was made incidental to an upper gastrointestinal barium examination. Conservative management consisting of nasogastric suctioning, antibiotics and antacids was effective in minimizing the clinical course. This represents a rare instance of a successful nonsurgical approach to esophageal perforation.", "contents": "Esophageal perforation. An unusual presentation with a benign clinical course. A case of esophageal perforation occurring in a 75-year-old man is presented. The clinical presentation was benign and the diagnosis of esophageal perforation was made incidental to an upper gastrointestinal barium examination. Conservative management consisting of nasogastric suctioning, antibiotics and antacids was effective in minimizing the clinical course. This represents a rare instance of a successful nonsurgical approach to esophageal perforation."}
{"id": "PMID:879155", "title": "Multifocal malignant hemangioendothelioma presenting as acute hepatitis. A clinicopathologic study.", "content": "A patient with malignant hemangioendothelioma of the liver is described. The patient's clinical presentation and course were that of fulminant hepatic necrosis. Complications included upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage, hepatic encephalopathy, abnormal coagulation parameters and the hepatorenal syndrome. The duration of the illness from the onsetof symptoms to its fatal outcome was five weeks.", "contents": "Multifocal malignant hemangioendothelioma presenting as acute hepatitis. A clinicopathologic study. A patient with malignant hemangioendothelioma of the liver is described. The patient's clinical presentation and course were that of fulminant hepatic necrosis. Complications included upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage, hepatic encephalopathy, abnormal coagulation parameters and the hepatorenal syndrome. The duration of the illness from the onsetof symptoms to its fatal outcome was five weeks."}
{"id": "PMID:879154", "title": "Indomethacin and canine lower esophageal sphincter pressure.", "content": "A total of 20 experiments were carried out on 10 dogs to investigate the effect of indomethacin, administered rectally, on the canine lower esophageal sphincter pressure (LESP). Indomethacin increases LESP. Its effect begins 60 minutes after rectal administration and lasts for about 120 minutes. It reaches its highest level 90 minutes after administration. Indomethacin has no effect on the canine fundal or esophageal pressure.", "contents": "Indomethacin and canine lower esophageal sphincter pressure. A total of 20 experiments were carried out on 10 dogs to investigate the effect of indomethacin, administered rectally, on the canine lower esophageal sphincter pressure (LESP). Indomethacin increases LESP. Its effect begins 60 minutes after rectal administration and lasts for about 120 minutes. It reaches its highest level 90 minutes after administration. Indomethacin has no effect on the canine fundal or esophageal pressure."}
{"id": "PMID:879156", "title": "The radiology corner: Kaposi's sarcoma of the stomach.", "content": "Kaposi's sarcoma is a systemic, multicentric and slowly progressing vascular tumor which usually affects the skin. Visceral involvement is common, may follow or precede the cutaneous involvement and rarely, may be the only manifestation of the disease. Gastric sarcomatous lesions are characterized by the presence of multiple submucosal or intraluminal nodules affecting a part or the entire stomach and simulating large gastric rugae. A case of isolated gastric Kaposi's sarcoma affecting the greater curvature of the stomach is presented, illustrated and discussed together with a short review of the pertinent literature.", "contents": "The radiology corner: Kaposi's sarcoma of the stomach. Kaposi's sarcoma is a systemic, multicentric and slowly progressing vascular tumor which usually affects the skin. Visceral involvement is common, may follow or precede the cutaneous involvement and rarely, may be the only manifestation of the disease. Gastric sarcomatous lesions are characterized by the presence of multiple submucosal or intraluminal nodules affecting a part or the entire stomach and simulating large gastric rugae. A case of isolated gastric Kaposi's sarcoma affecting the greater curvature of the stomach is presented, illustrated and discussed together with a short review of the pertinent literature."}
{"id": "PMID:879158", "title": "The Framingham Eye Study. I. Outline and major prevalence findings.", "content": "During the period 1973--1975, 2675 out of 3977 still-living members of the Framingham, Massachusetts, study population, who have been under investigation for coronary disease risk factors since 1948 and who were in 1973--1975 aged 52 to 85, were given an eye examination stressing cataract, diabetic retinopathy, macular degeneration and glaucoma. Of 2940 subjects who still lived in the local Framingham area, 2477 were examined. Local population prevalence for one or both eyes positive was: 15.5% for senile cataract, 3.1% for diabetic retinopathy, 8.8% for senile macular degeneration and 3.3% for open-angle glaucoma. The proportion of adults with poor \"best\" visual acuity may be much less than has been estimated by the National Health Survey and the proportion with open-angle glaucoma much more than currently suspected on the basis of foreign studies.", "contents": "The Framingham Eye Study. I. Outline and major prevalence findings. During the period 1973--1975, 2675 out of 3977 still-living members of the Framingham, Massachusetts, study population, who have been under investigation for coronary disease risk factors since 1948 and who were in 1973--1975 aged 52 to 85, were given an eye examination stressing cataract, diabetic retinopathy, macular degeneration and glaucoma. Of 2940 subjects who still lived in the local Framingham area, 2477 were examined. Local population prevalence for one or both eyes positive was: 15.5% for senile cataract, 3.1% for diabetic retinopathy, 8.8% for senile macular degeneration and 3.3% for open-angle glaucoma. The proportion of adults with poor \"best\" visual acuity may be much less than has been estimated by the National Health Survey and the proportion with open-angle glaucoma much more than currently suspected on the basis of foreign studies."}
{"id": "PMID:879159", "title": "An estimate of the prevalence of epilepsy in a rural Appalachian population.", "content": "A descriptive study has documented what is felt to be a precise estimate of the prevalence of epilepsy in 1973 in the school-age population of Clay County, Kentucky, a rural Appalachian county. A 96% response rate was achieved from the target population of 5467. By utilizing an accepted definition of epilepsy, an experienced child neurologist and a carefully monitored survey method which required the cooperative efforts of school personnel, local public health nurses and community leaders, a prevalence significantly greater than that previously reported from other areas of this country was observed (p less than .05). The true prevalence of seizures in Clay County, Kentucky, children 6--16 years of age in 1973 is believed to have been between the observed rate of 27 cases per 1000 and the estimated rate of 35 cases per 1000. The prevalence rate of febrile seizures is believed to have been underestimated in the Clay County data. For comparative purposes, the authors are currently applying the same methodology to a non-Appalachian area.", "contents": "An estimate of the prevalence of epilepsy in a rural Appalachian population. A descriptive study has documented what is felt to be a precise estimate of the prevalence of epilepsy in 1973 in the school-age population of Clay County, Kentucky, a rural Appalachian county. A 96% response rate was achieved from the target population of 5467. By utilizing an accepted definition of epilepsy, an experienced child neurologist and a carefully monitored survey method which required the cooperative efforts of school personnel, local public health nurses and community leaders, a prevalence significantly greater than that previously reported from other areas of this country was observed (p less than .05). The true prevalence of seizures in Clay County, Kentucky, children 6--16 years of age in 1973 is believed to have been between the observed rate of 27 cases per 1000 and the estimated rate of 35 cases per 1000. The prevalence rate of febrile seizures is believed to have been underestimated in the Clay County data. For comparative purposes, the authors are currently applying the same methodology to a non-Appalachian area."}
{"id": "PMID:879161", "title": "Dual infection by \"+\" and \"-\" mating types of Ajellomyces (Blastomyces) dermatitidis.", "content": "A culture of Blastomyces dermatitidis isolated via bronchial washing from a patient with blastomycosis was studied intensively. The primary isolate was shown to have contained both the \"+\" and \"-\" mating type determiners of Ajellomyces dermatitidis. This was evidenced by the observations that both a first and a second subculture, when paired with itself produced fertile ascocarps typical of A. dermatitidis. Both these subcultures determined the production of ascospores when paired individually with each of six testers, these testers not producing fertile fruiting bodies when selfed. Isolation by micromanipulation of \"+\" and \"-\" ascospores from ascocarps produced by selfing a subculture established the mixed (\"+\", \"-\") nature of the clinical isolate and of the infection. The mixed infection was considered to have resulted from inhalation of both the \"+\" and \"-\" ascospores or conidia of A. dermatitidis or from the inhalation of one spore that contained both the \"+\" and \"-\" mating type determiners.", "contents": "Dual infection by \"+\" and \"-\" mating types of Ajellomyces (Blastomyces) dermatitidis. A culture of Blastomyces dermatitidis isolated via bronchial washing from a patient with blastomycosis was studied intensively. The primary isolate was shown to have contained both the \"+\" and \"-\" mating type determiners of Ajellomyces dermatitidis. This was evidenced by the observations that both a first and a second subculture, when paired with itself produced fertile ascocarps typical of A. dermatitidis. Both these subcultures determined the production of ascospores when paired individually with each of six testers, these testers not producing fertile fruiting bodies when selfed. Isolation by micromanipulation of \"+\" and \"-\" ascospores from ascocarps produced by selfing a subculture established the mixed (\"+\", \"-\") nature of the clinical isolate and of the infection. The mixed infection was considered to have resulted from inhalation of both the \"+\" and \"-\" ascospores or conidia of A. dermatitidis or from the inhalation of one spore that contained both the \"+\" and \"-\" mating type determiners."}
{"id": "PMID:879162", "title": "Protective effect of immune serum globulin (ISG) against hepatitis A infection in a natural epidemic.", "content": "Serologic evidence now confirms epidemiologic evidence that human immune serum globulin (ISG) protects susceptible patients from hepatitis A provided it is administered prior to exposure to the virus. In two wards of young patients housed at the Lynchburg (Virginia) Training School and Hospital for the mentally retarded, 44 out of 60 patients had no detectable antibody to hepatitis A prior to an epidemic which took place there in 1970; 12 of 19 non-immunized susceptible patients contracted the disease, while only four of 25 patients receiving ISG developed hepatitis. These four were probably infected with the virus prior to ISG administration. Of the 16 patients with pre-existing antibody, none showed any signs of symptoms of hepatitis.", "contents": "Protective effect of immune serum globulin (ISG) against hepatitis A infection in a natural epidemic. Serologic evidence now confirms epidemiologic evidence that human immune serum globulin (ISG) protects susceptible patients from hepatitis A provided it is administered prior to exposure to the virus. In two wards of young patients housed at the Lynchburg (Virginia) Training School and Hospital for the mentally retarded, 44 out of 60 patients had no detectable antibody to hepatitis A prior to an epidemic which took place there in 1970; 12 of 19 non-immunized susceptible patients contracted the disease, while only four of 25 patients receiving ISG developed hepatitis. These four were probably infected with the virus prior to ISG administration. Of the 16 patients with pre-existing antibody, none showed any signs of symptoms of hepatitis."}
{"id": "PMID:879163", "title": "Seroepidemiology of hepatitis B virus in Israel. Results of a pilot study in Jerusalem.", "content": "One thousand thirty-three native and immigrant Israelis, divided into 10-year age groups, were tested for the hepatitis B surface antigen (HBSAg) and antibody (anti-HBS). The prevalence of anti-HBS was 10.1%, increasing with age from the first (6.3%) through the fifth decade (16.2%) and declining slightly in the sixth and seventh decades. The age-adjusted prevalence of anti-HBS was higher for native Arabs (20.8%) compared with native Jews (4.8%), and for immigrants from North Africa (33.3%), compared with immigrants from the Middle and Near East (20.1%) and Western (\"Ashkenazi\") countries (8.5%). Acquisition of anti-HBS was not correlated with a past history of jaundice or of blood transfusion. Of the positive sera reactive for anti-HBS that were subtypable, 74% were anti-y and 26%, anti-d specific. The prevalence of HBSAg for the study population was 1.8%, resulting in a prevalence of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection, past and present, of 11.9%. These findings indicate that, while HBV infection is prevalent in Jerusalem, the most common presentation is a non-icteric illness with an age distribution extending through early adulthood and not coinciding with the early childhood clustering characteristic of icteric hepatitis in the region. The serologic findings are consistent with other clinical and epidemiologic evidence that endemic hepatitis in Jerusalem is predominantly the result of infection by \"non-B\" viruses.", "contents": "Seroepidemiology of hepatitis B virus in Israel. Results of a pilot study in Jerusalem. One thousand thirty-three native and immigrant Israelis, divided into 10-year age groups, were tested for the hepatitis B surface antigen (HBSAg) and antibody (anti-HBS). The prevalence of anti-HBS was 10.1%, increasing with age from the first (6.3%) through the fifth decade (16.2%) and declining slightly in the sixth and seventh decades. The age-adjusted prevalence of anti-HBS was higher for native Arabs (20.8%) compared with native Jews (4.8%), and for immigrants from North Africa (33.3%), compared with immigrants from the Middle and Near East (20.1%) and Western (\"Ashkenazi\") countries (8.5%). Acquisition of anti-HBS was not correlated with a past history of jaundice or of blood transfusion. Of the positive sera reactive for anti-HBS that were subtypable, 74% were anti-y and 26%, anti-d specific. The prevalence of HBSAg for the study population was 1.8%, resulting in a prevalence of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection, past and present, of 11.9%. These findings indicate that, while HBV infection is prevalent in Jerusalem, the most common presentation is a non-icteric illness with an age distribution extending through early adulthood and not coinciding with the early childhood clustering characteristic of icteric hepatitis in the region. The serologic findings are consistent with other clinical and epidemiologic evidence that endemic hepatitis in Jerusalem is predominantly the result of infection by \"non-B\" viruses."}
{"id": "PMID:879166", "title": "Consanguinity analysis in heterogeneous populations.", "content": "Consanguinity analysis can be performed in populations comprising collections of genetic isolates, and the resulting estimates can be valid and useful in phenotypes caused by numerous recessive genes, such as mental retardation and congenital nerve deafness. Maximum likelihood methods are presented for estimating gene frequency and proportions of homozygous cases of morbid phenotypes in such populations.", "contents": "Consanguinity analysis in heterogeneous populations. Consanguinity analysis can be performed in populations comprising collections of genetic isolates, and the resulting estimates can be valid and useful in phenotypes caused by numerous recessive genes, such as mental retardation and congenital nerve deafness. Maximum likelihood methods are presented for estimating gene frequency and proportions of homozygous cases of morbid phenotypes in such populations."}
{"id": "PMID:879167", "title": "Consanguinity analysis in Israeli mental retardates.", "content": "Consanguinity rates were analyzed in 904 families of retardates studied in 11 Israeli Jewish ethnic groups. It was estimated that the representative recessive gene frequency is .00518, implying that a gene equilibrium maintained by mutation alone is improbable and that some other hypothesis should be considered. The proportions of homozygotes among the following idiopathic subgroups are estimated as follows: 18%-19% homozygotes among severe idiopathic retardates with nonconsanguineous parents and no affected siblings; 74%-76% homozygotes among severe idiopathic retardates with first-cousin parents and no affected siblings; 5% homozygotes among mild idiopathic and idiopathic-familial retardates with nonconsanguineous parents; and 41% homozygotes among mild idiopathic and idiopathic-familial retardates with first-cousin parents. The estimated number of major gene loci within ethnic groups is 17-21 for severe idiopathic retardation and 43-61 for mild idiopathic retardation. These findings provide a basis for genetic counseling of families with single retardates of unknown cause. They can also be useful in epidemiologic studies of nongenetic factors. The great prevalence of common gene defects causing retardation, coupled with the rarity of disorders of amino acid metabolism in the same series, seem to indicate that further emphasis on amino acid metabolism may be nonproductive in the scientific study of retardation and that other biochemical approaches should be encouraged.", "contents": "Consanguinity analysis in Israeli mental retardates. Consanguinity rates were analyzed in 904 families of retardates studied in 11 Israeli Jewish ethnic groups. It was estimated that the representative recessive gene frequency is .00518, implying that a gene equilibrium maintained by mutation alone is improbable and that some other hypothesis should be considered. The proportions of homozygotes among the following idiopathic subgroups are estimated as follows: 18%-19% homozygotes among severe idiopathic retardates with nonconsanguineous parents and no affected siblings; 74%-76% homozygotes among severe idiopathic retardates with first-cousin parents and no affected siblings; 5% homozygotes among mild idiopathic and idiopathic-familial retardates with nonconsanguineous parents; and 41% homozygotes among mild idiopathic and idiopathic-familial retardates with first-cousin parents. The estimated number of major gene loci within ethnic groups is 17-21 for severe idiopathic retardation and 43-61 for mild idiopathic retardation. These findings provide a basis for genetic counseling of families with single retardates of unknown cause. They can also be useful in epidemiologic studies of nongenetic factors. The great prevalence of common gene defects causing retardation, coupled with the rarity of disorders of amino acid metabolism in the same series, seem to indicate that further emphasis on amino acid metabolism may be nonproductive in the scientific study of retardation and that other biochemical approaches should be encouraged."}
{"id": "PMID:879168", "title": "Human hyperargininemia: a mutation not expressed in skin fibroblasts?", "content": "Arginase specific activity in the fibroblasts from three hyperargininemia patients is similar to that in controls. Kinetic features, pH-optimum, effect of Mn++, apparent Km values and DEAE- and CM-cellulose chromatography isozymes are identical in either cell type. The arginase gene functional in fibroblasts may be unrelated to the cause of hyperargininemia in humans. The latter mutation may solely affect the arginase of erythrocytes.", "contents": "Human hyperargininemia: a mutation not expressed in skin fibroblasts? Arginase specific activity in the fibroblasts from three hyperargininemia patients is similar to that in controls. Kinetic features, pH-optimum, effect of Mn++, apparent Km values and DEAE- and CM-cellulose chromatography isozymes are identical in either cell type. The arginase gene functional in fibroblasts may be unrelated to the cause of hyperargininemia in humans. The latter mutation may solely affect the arginase of erythrocytes."}
{"id": "PMID:879169", "title": "Partial trisomy 1 due to a \"shift\" and probable location of the Duffy (Fy) locus.", "content": "Transposition of 1q31-1q32 from the q to p arm in a parent followed by crossing over resulted in a child with a duplication of this region. Concomitant C- and GTG-banding and genotyping were used to position the single crossover and to localize Fy to 1q2.", "contents": "Partial trisomy 1 due to a \"shift\" and probable location of the Duffy (Fy) locus. Transposition of 1q31-1q32 from the q to p arm in a parent followed by crossing over resulted in a child with a duplication of this region. Concomitant C- and GTG-banding and genotyping were used to position the single crossover and to localize Fy to 1q2."}
{"id": "PMID:879170", "title": "Probable genetic linkage between autosomal dominant retinitis pigmentosa (RP) and amylase (AMY2): evidence of an RP locus on chromosome 1.", "content": "A linkage analysis is reported for three branches of a single family segregating for autosomal dominant retinitis pigmentosa. A statistically significant lod score of 3.9 is obtained for the RP locus and AMY2 at a recombination frequency of 1%. This linkage indicates that the RP locus is on the no. 1 chromosome since the AMY2 locus has been placed on the short arm of 1. Lod scores are reported for four other loci on chromosome 1; none of these achieve statistical significance. Analyses are reported for 23 additional autosomal markers and close linkage with RP can be excluded for a number of these.", "contents": "Probable genetic linkage between autosomal dominant retinitis pigmentosa (RP) and amylase (AMY2): evidence of an RP locus on chromosome 1. A linkage analysis is reported for three branches of a single family segregating for autosomal dominant retinitis pigmentosa. A statistically significant lod score of 3.9 is obtained for the RP locus and AMY2 at a recombination frequency of 1%. This linkage indicates that the RP locus is on the no. 1 chromosome since the AMY2 locus has been placed on the short arm of 1. Lod scores are reported for four other loci on chromosome 1; none of these achieve statistical significance. Analyses are reported for 23 additional autosomal markers and close linkage with RP can be excluded for a number of these."}
{"id": "PMID:879180", "title": "Health care and hospital pharmacy in Denmark.", "content": "Health services and community and hospital pharmacy practice in Denmark are discussed. Topics covered include the education and training of pharmacists and technicians, pharmaceutical manufacturing by community and hospital pharmacies, hospital drug distribution, and drug information services. Pharmacy is unique in Denmark inthe 40% of the drug products on the market are manufactured by pharmacies, under the auspicies of the pharmacy proprietors' association. As in other Scandinavian countries, the number and location of community pharmacies are controlled by the state. Ninety pharmacists are employed in 13 hospital pharmacies; half of the pharmacists are occupied bb drug product manufacturing.", "contents": "Health care and hospital pharmacy in Denmark. Health services and community and hospital pharmacy practice in Denmark are discussed. Topics covered include the education and training of pharmacists and technicians, pharmaceutical manufacturing by community and hospital pharmacies, hospital drug distribution, and drug information services. Pharmacy is unique in Denmark inthe 40% of the drug products on the market are manufactured by pharmacies, under the auspicies of the pharmacy proprietors' association. As in other Scandinavian countries, the number and location of community pharmacies are controlled by the state. Ninety pharmacists are employed in 13 hospital pharmacies; half of the pharmacists are occupied bb drug product manufacturing."}
{"id": "PMID:879181", "title": "Health care and hospital pharmacy in Finland.", "content": "Health care services and community and hospital pharmacy practice in Finland are discussed. Specific topics covered include the education of pharmacists, national health insurance, health care services, community pharmacy practice and hospital pharmacy practice. The drug supply in Finnish hospitals is organized in one of three ways. Hospital pharmacies have a chief pharmacist who has a \"proviisori\" degree (comparable to M.S.). Central medicine supplies in hospitals without hospital pharmacies are under the supervision of the chief physician; the caretaker in larger hospitals is usually a pharmacist with a \"farmaseutti\" degree (comparable to a B.S.), and in smaller hospitals it is a nurse. In very small hospitals or nursing homes the medicines are kept in one place and cared for by a nurse.", "contents": "Health care and hospital pharmacy in Finland. Health care services and community and hospital pharmacy practice in Finland are discussed. Specific topics covered include the education of pharmacists, national health insurance, health care services, community pharmacy practice and hospital pharmacy practice. The drug supply in Finnish hospitals is organized in one of three ways. Hospital pharmacies have a chief pharmacist who has a \"proviisori\" degree (comparable to M.S.). Central medicine supplies in hospitals without hospital pharmacies are under the supervision of the chief physician; the caretaker in larger hospitals is usually a pharmacist with a \"farmaseutti\" degree (comparable to a B.S.), and in smaller hospitals it is a nurse. In very small hospitals or nursing homes the medicines are kept in one place and cared for by a nurse."}
{"id": "PMID:879182", "title": "Pharmacist impact on drug use in an institution for the mentally retarded.", "content": "Pharmacist involvement on a team developed to monitor drug use in an institution for the mentally retarded is described, and the results of the team's efforts are reported. The behavioral review committee consisted of a physician, pharmacist(s), nurses, psychologists, sociologists and therapists. The pharmacists reviewed the patients' charts and pharmacy records to compile a complete drug history on a special \"drug calender\" form. The pharmacist visited the patient to determine current problems, the effectiveness of therapy and the presence of adverse drug reactions. Recommendations were than made to the committee. During the two-year study period, the use of antipsychotic drugs was reduced 18%; antianxiety-antidepressant drugs, 50%; sedative-hypnotics, 58%; and miscellaneous agents, 65%. The net savings in drug expenditures was more than $10,000 per year, Maladaptive behaviorial test results implied that the decreased drug use did not change behavior significantly. The study shows that the pharmacist, through a team approach, can help reduce the overuse of medications in institutions for the mentally retarded.", "contents": "Pharmacist impact on drug use in an institution for the mentally retarded. Pharmacist involvement on a team developed to monitor drug use in an institution for the mentally retarded is described, and the results of the team's efforts are reported. The behavioral review committee consisted of a physician, pharmacist(s), nurses, psychologists, sociologists and therapists. The pharmacists reviewed the patients' charts and pharmacy records to compile a complete drug history on a special \"drug calender\" form. The pharmacist visited the patient to determine current problems, the effectiveness of therapy and the presence of adverse drug reactions. Recommendations were than made to the committee. During the two-year study period, the use of antipsychotic drugs was reduced 18%; antianxiety-antidepressant drugs, 50%; sedative-hypnotics, 58%; and miscellaneous agents, 65%. The net savings in drug expenditures was more than $10,000 per year, Maladaptive behaviorial test results implied that the decreased drug use did not change behavior significantly. The study shows that the pharmacist, through a team approach, can help reduce the overuse of medications in institutions for the mentally retarded."}
{"id": "PMID:879183", "title": "Neonatal medication surveillance by the pharmacist.", "content": "Data on prenatal, labor and delivery, and postnatal medication exposure to neonates were collected. During an 11-week period, 100 neonates consecutively admitted to a hospital were studied. The pharmacist obtained a social and medication history from the mothers and reviewed maternal anesthesia records and the charts of the neonates. Fifteen definite and possible adverse medication reactions were detected in 13 neonates. The median number of different medications ingested prenatally was 4.7. The four most commonly ingested prenatal medications were vitamins (97%), iron preparations (90%), headache/pain/arthritis medications (68%) and antinausea/vomiting medications (40%). The most commonly used medications during labor and delivery were oxytocin (73%), meperidine (33%) and promazine (25%). The use of strong narcotics during this period produced neonatal respiratory depression in some cases. The four most commonly prescribed postnatal medications were vitamin K1 (100%), gentamicin (10%), ampicillin (8%) and Poly-Vi-Sol (6%). The maternal interview indicated that most mothers were unaware of the influence that many medications can play upon the fetus. It is recommended that the pharmacist conduct a maternal medication interview prior to labor and delivery.", "contents": "Neonatal medication surveillance by the pharmacist. Data on prenatal, labor and delivery, and postnatal medication exposure to neonates were collected. During an 11-week period, 100 neonates consecutively admitted to a hospital were studied. The pharmacist obtained a social and medication history from the mothers and reviewed maternal anesthesia records and the charts of the neonates. Fifteen definite and possible adverse medication reactions were detected in 13 neonates. The median number of different medications ingested prenatally was 4.7. The four most commonly ingested prenatal medications were vitamins (97%), iron preparations (90%), headache/pain/arthritis medications (68%) and antinausea/vomiting medications (40%). The most commonly used medications during labor and delivery were oxytocin (73%), meperidine (33%) and promazine (25%). The use of strong narcotics during this period produced neonatal respiratory depression in some cases. The four most commonly prescribed postnatal medications were vitamin K1 (100%), gentamicin (10%), ampicillin (8%) and Poly-Vi-Sol (6%). The maternal interview indicated that most mothers were unaware of the influence that many medications can play upon the fetus. It is recommended that the pharmacist conduct a maternal medication interview prior to labor and delivery."}
{"id": "PMID:879186", "title": "Hemorrhagic shock.", "content": "The treatment of hemorrhagic shock is discussed, based on principles illustrated in a hypothetical case. The pathophysiology and clinical monitoring of hypovolemic shock are reviewed. A practical approach to volume replacement therapy in hemorrhagic shock is suggested.", "contents": "Hemorrhagic shock. The treatment of hemorrhagic shock is discussed, based on principles illustrated in a hypothetical case. The pathophysiology and clinical monitoring of hypovolemic shock are reviewed. A practical approach to volume replacement therapy in hemorrhagic shock is suggested."}
{"id": "PMID:879185", "title": "Blood and blood substitutes for treating hemorragic shock.", "content": "Blood substitute products for the treatment of hemorrhagic shock are discussed with regard to their composition, physical and therapeutic characteristics, adverse effects, cost, and market availability. Commercially available plasma expanders discussed include blood derivatives (whole blood, packed red blood cells, plasma, normal human serum albumin, and plasma protein fraction), synthetic colloids (dextrans 40 and 70) and a balanced salt solution (lactated Ringer's injection). Plasma substitutes alone are administered until the hematocrit falls below 30% of coagulation difficulties develop. Normal serum albumin 5% and plasma protein fraction 5% are excellent colloidal plasma expanders without the potential hazard of hepatitis. Lactated Ringer's injection is the fluid of choice to replace lost blood up to 10% of the vascular volume.", "contents": "Blood and blood substitutes for treating hemorragic shock. Blood substitute products for the treatment of hemorrhagic shock are discussed with regard to their composition, physical and therapeutic characteristics, adverse effects, cost, and market availability. Commercially available plasma expanders discussed include blood derivatives (whole blood, packed red blood cells, plasma, normal human serum albumin, and plasma protein fraction), synthetic colloids (dextrans 40 and 70) and a balanced salt solution (lactated Ringer's injection). Plasma substitutes alone are administered until the hematocrit falls below 30% of coagulation difficulties develop. Normal serum albumin 5% and plasma protein fraction 5% are excellent colloidal plasma expanders without the potential hazard of hepatitis. Lactated Ringer's injection is the fluid of choice to replace lost blood up to 10% of the vascular volume."}
{"id": "PMID:879187", "title": "Potassium hydroxide solution 10% for the fast hydrolysis of esters for analysis.", "content": "The applicability of a five-minute hydrolysis method with 10% potassium hydroxide in an alcohol-water (80-20) mixture was investigated for the quantitative determination of certain esters (aspirin, benzocaine, benzyl benzoate, methyl paraben, phenyl salicylate, procaine hydrochloride, propyl paraben, salicylanilide and 0-salicylsalicylic acid) and salicylamide. The results indicate that the method is satisfactory for all but methyl paraben and propyl paraben.", "contents": "Potassium hydroxide solution 10% for the fast hydrolysis of esters for analysis. The applicability of a five-minute hydrolysis method with 10% potassium hydroxide in an alcohol-water (80-20) mixture was investigated for the quantitative determination of certain esters (aspirin, benzocaine, benzyl benzoate, methyl paraben, phenyl salicylate, procaine hydrochloride, propyl paraben, salicylanilide and 0-salicylsalicylic acid) and salicylamide. The results indicate that the method is satisfactory for all but methyl paraben and propyl paraben."}
{"id": "PMID:879188", "title": "Pituitary apoplexy. Association of degenerative change in pituitary ademona with radiotherapy and detection by cerebral computed tomography.", "content": "In 14 of 300 patients with pituitary adenoma, apoplexy developed with pathologic evidence of hemorrhagic necrosis and cystic change in the tumor. In five patients, apoplexy was the initial manifestation; in eight patients, it was associated with radiotherapy. In 12 other patients with pituitary tumors, sudden clinical deterioration occurred; they had predominantly cystic tumors with minor foci of hemorrhagic necrosis. In five patients, this was associated with radiotherapy. Degenerative hemorrhagic, necrotic and cystic changes occur frequently in pituitary tumors and radiation may be potentially dangerous in these cases. To avoid precipitating episodes of sudded visual and neurologic deterioration, prior aspiration and biopsy may be performed through transphenoidal approach in those with intrasellar tumors, whereas in those with extrasellar tumors, cerebral computed tomographic scan may define pathologic features of the pituitary adenoma.", "contents": "Pituitary apoplexy. Association of degenerative change in pituitary ademona with radiotherapy and detection by cerebral computed tomography. In 14 of 300 patients with pituitary adenoma, apoplexy developed with pathologic evidence of hemorrhagic necrosis and cystic change in the tumor. In five patients, apoplexy was the initial manifestation; in eight patients, it was associated with radiotherapy. In 12 other patients with pituitary tumors, sudden clinical deterioration occurred; they had predominantly cystic tumors with minor foci of hemorrhagic necrosis. In five patients, this was associated with radiotherapy. Degenerative hemorrhagic, necrotic and cystic changes occur frequently in pituitary tumors and radiation may be potentially dangerous in these cases. To avoid precipitating episodes of sudded visual and neurologic deterioration, prior aspiration and biopsy may be performed through transphenoidal approach in those with intrasellar tumors, whereas in those with extrasellar tumors, cerebral computed tomographic scan may define pathologic features of the pituitary adenoma."}
{"id": "PMID:879190", "title": "Crystal deposition disease. Diagnosis by electron microscopy.", "content": "The diagnosis of gout and pseudogout has traditionally been established by the identification, in synovial fluid, of monosodium urate and calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate crystals with compensated polarizing light microscopy. In this paper the utility of electron microscopy in establishing these diagnosis in two cases, when the conventional means of synovial fluid analysis had failed to do so, is discussed. The application of ultrastructural analysis of synovial fluid increases diagnostic capability in the crystal deposition diseases, and it is recommended for those patients in whom the more usual studies have not established a diagnosis.", "contents": "Crystal deposition disease. Diagnosis by electron microscopy. The diagnosis of gout and pseudogout has traditionally been established by the identification, in synovial fluid, of monosodium urate and calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate crystals with compensated polarizing light microscopy. In this paper the utility of electron microscopy in establishing these diagnosis in two cases, when the conventional means of synovial fluid analysis had failed to do so, is discussed. The application of ultrastructural analysis of synovial fluid increases diagnostic capability in the crystal deposition diseases, and it is recommended for those patients in whom the more usual studies have not established a diagnosis."}
{"id": "PMID:879194", "title": "Echocardiography in experimentally-induced myocardial ischemia.", "content": "Using an experimental canine model, we have employed echocardiography to study segmental dyskinesis produced by acute coronary occlusion. Characteristic alterations in posterior wall and septal motion occur after acute coronary ligation; these resemble clinical abnormalities described in acute and old myocardial infarction. The degree of dyskinesis produced is directly related to the severity of the perfusion deficit. Coronary reperfusion had variable effects on dyskinesis; most animals showed improvement but in some the myocardial contraction abnormalities became more severe. A vaviety of interventions were undertaken during ischemia. The elevated level of arterial pressure induced by the administration of methoxamine increased ventricular diameter and presumably oxygen requirements, and was deleterious to ischemic wall motion whereas the administration of norpinephrine reduced ventricular diameter and improved function. Intra-aortic balloon counterpulsation had little effect on either ischemic motion or perfusion. These experimental studies generally support conclusions drawn from clinical echocardiograms about the relationship of abnormalities of wall motion to coronary artery lesions and myocardial ischemia, and suggest further clinical uses for echocardiography in coronary disease.", "contents": "Echocardiography in experimentally-induced myocardial ischemia. Using an experimental canine model, we have employed echocardiography to study segmental dyskinesis produced by acute coronary occlusion. Characteristic alterations in posterior wall and septal motion occur after acute coronary ligation; these resemble clinical abnormalities described in acute and old myocardial infarction. The degree of dyskinesis produced is directly related to the severity of the perfusion deficit. Coronary reperfusion had variable effects on dyskinesis; most animals showed improvement but in some the myocardial contraction abnormalities became more severe. A vaviety of interventions were undertaken during ischemia. The elevated level of arterial pressure induced by the administration of methoxamine increased ventricular diameter and presumably oxygen requirements, and was deleterious to ischemic wall motion whereas the administration of norpinephrine reduced ventricular diameter and improved function. Intra-aortic balloon counterpulsation had little effect on either ischemic motion or perfusion. These experimental studies generally support conclusions drawn from clinical echocardiograms about the relationship of abnormalities of wall motion to coronary artery lesions and myocardial ischemia, and suggest further clinical uses for echocardiography in coronary disease."}
{"id": "PMID:879196", "title": "Dynamic cardiac imaging using a focused, phased-array ultrasound system.", "content": "A two-dimensional ultrasound imaging system capable of producing high resolution, cross-sectional images of the heart in real-time has been developed. This system relies upon phased-array principles to rapidly steer and focus the ultrasound beam through the cardiac structures under investigation. A hand-held, linear array of 24 transducers is manipulated on the anterior chest wall to image various cardiac structures. Images of high line density are presented in selectable sector arcs to a maximum of 90 degrees. This imaging system has proved particularly useful for the detection of a variety of left ventricular and cardiac valvular disease.", "contents": "Dynamic cardiac imaging using a focused, phased-array ultrasound system. A two-dimensional ultrasound imaging system capable of producing high resolution, cross-sectional images of the heart in real-time has been developed. This system relies upon phased-array principles to rapidly steer and focus the ultrasound beam through the cardiac structures under investigation. A hand-held, linear array of 24 transducers is manipulated on the anterior chest wall to image various cardiac structures. Images of high line density are presented in selectable sector arcs to a maximum of 90 degrees. This imaging system has proved particularly useful for the detection of a variety of left ventricular and cardiac valvular disease."}
{"id": "PMID:879197", "title": "Pulsed Doppler echocardiography: principles and applications.", "content": "A new recording and display system is described for use with pulsed Doppler blood flow velocity detectors in the diagnosis of valvular and septal defects. The principles of the pulsed Doppler device are described along with the methods used to analyze and display the Doppler shifted signal from flow jets resulting from various valve defects. An M-mode display is combined with blood flow display to provide a convenient record of the clinical procedure. Examples of aortic stenosis, aortic insufficiency, mitral stenosis and regurgitation are presented along with signals from other valves.", "contents": "Pulsed Doppler echocardiography: principles and applications. A new recording and display system is described for use with pulsed Doppler blood flow velocity detectors in the diagnosis of valvular and septal defects. The principles of the pulsed Doppler device are described along with the methods used to analyze and display the Doppler shifted signal from flow jets resulting from various valve defects. An M-mode display is combined with blood flow display to provide a convenient record of the clinical procedure. Examples of aortic stenosis, aortic insufficiency, mitral stenosis and regurgitation are presented along with signals from other valves."}
{"id": "PMID:879199", "title": "Medical laboratory personnel: clinical education and employment in Connecticut.", "content": "This paper presents the results of a survey of CLA, MLT, and MT graduates of clinical programs in Connecticut. It reports on characteristics such as educational background and employment history. Differences among the three professional categories are examined with respect to method of locating first job, setting, activities and tasks, job titles, and applicability of education to employment.", "contents": "Medical laboratory personnel: clinical education and employment in Connecticut. This paper presents the results of a survey of CLA, MLT, and MT graduates of clinical programs in Connecticut. It reports on characteristics such as educational background and employment history. Differences among the three professional categories are examined with respect to method of locating first job, setting, activities and tasks, job titles, and applicability of education to employment."}
{"id": "PMID:879201", "title": "Urinalysis by modular learning.", "content": "A self-instructional approach to the entry-level presentation of urinalysis in a written modular format was used by a class of medical laboratory technician students. The course consisted of 13 modules based upon behavioral objectives. The modules used no audio or visual media but required \"hands-on\" performance of laboratory procedures. The achievements of a test sample of 12 students were compared with those of a previous class in which the same material was presented in lectures. Evaluation by written tests given to both classes showed no statistical difference. The self-instructed students performed adequately in their practical laboratory work, but the overall learning time was increased by 50 percent when self-pacing was used. A measurement questionnaire revealed that the students preferred instructor-led courses to self-instructional units for a variety of reasons which lead to some further considerations.", "contents": "Urinalysis by modular learning. A self-instructional approach to the entry-level presentation of urinalysis in a written modular format was used by a class of medical laboratory technician students. The course consisted of 13 modules based upon behavioral objectives. The modules used no audio or visual media but required \"hands-on\" performance of laboratory procedures. The achievements of a test sample of 12 students were compared with those of a previous class in which the same material was presented in lectures. Evaluation by written tests given to both classes showed no statistical difference. The self-instructed students performed adequately in their practical laboratory work, but the overall learning time was increased by 50 percent when self-pacing was used. A measurement questionnaire revealed that the students preferred instructor-led courses to self-instructional units for a variety of reasons which lead to some further considerations."}
{"id": "PMID:879203", "title": "The effect of human chorionic gonadotropin and estradiol-17beta on the maintenance of the human corpus luteum of early pregnancy.", "content": "The effect of exogenous human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) and estradiol valerate (EV) on the maintenance of the corpus luteum of early pregnancy, assessed by serial estimations of serum progesterone and 17alpha-hydroxyprogesterone (17-OHP), was studied in 35 subjects following therapeutic termination of pregnancy by suction curettage before the tenth week of gestation. Continuous intravenous infusion of 50,000 International Units (I.U.) of HCG for 24 hours following termination of pregnancy delayed the decline of serum HCG levels, and 17-OHP levels were maintained at preoperative levels for the 24 hours of the infusion. Single intramuscular injections of 5,000 or 20,000 I.U. of HCG were ineffective. Administration of 25 mg. of EV intramuscularly immediately following therapeutic termination of pregnancy slightly retarded the decline of serum 17-OHP levels. The same treatment when administered in combination with the intravenous infusion of 50,000 I.U. of HCG completely prevented the ability of HCG to maintain serum levels of 17-OHP. These finding susggest an antagonism between estradiol and HCG in maintenance of the human corpus luteum during early pregnancy.", "contents": "The effect of human chorionic gonadotropin and estradiol-17beta on the maintenance of the human corpus luteum of early pregnancy. The effect of exogenous human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) and estradiol valerate (EV) on the maintenance of the corpus luteum of early pregnancy, assessed by serial estimations of serum progesterone and 17alpha-hydroxyprogesterone (17-OHP), was studied in 35 subjects following therapeutic termination of pregnancy by suction curettage before the tenth week of gestation. Continuous intravenous infusion of 50,000 International Units (I.U.) of HCG for 24 hours following termination of pregnancy delayed the decline of serum HCG levels, and 17-OHP levels were maintained at preoperative levels for the 24 hours of the infusion. Single intramuscular injections of 5,000 or 20,000 I.U. of HCG were ineffective. Administration of 25 mg. of EV intramuscularly immediately following therapeutic termination of pregnancy slightly retarded the decline of serum 17-OHP levels. The same treatment when administered in combination with the intravenous infusion of 50,000 I.U. of HCG completely prevented the ability of HCG to maintain serum levels of 17-OHP. These finding susggest an antagonism between estradiol and HCG in maintenance of the human corpus luteum during early pregnancy."}
{"id": "PMID:879204", "title": "Hematologic problems in pregnancy V. Obstetric transfusion therapy.", "content": "A study of 37,186 admissions, from 1970 through 1974, to a large southern charity hospital obstetrics service revealed a striking 63 per cent reduction in number of patients receiving blood transfusions. Analysis showed no change in patient population, bleeding disorders, toxemia, incidence of obstetric hemorrhage, serious febrile morbidity, or incidence of antepartum anemia. In the study period cesarean section rate increased 77 per cent and anemia at delivery markedly decreased. Transfusions associated with spontaneous abortion decreased by 70 per cent, and after the third study year no patient undergoing legal abortion received blood. The study demonstrated improvement in specific hematinic therapy of antepartum anemia and avoidance of transfusion therapy in the presence of uncharacterized antepartum or puerperal anemia. Despite the remarkable decrease in blood transfusions, obstetric outcome (including perinatal mortality rate, maternal mortality rate, and serious febrile morbidity) did not suffer but, indeed, improved.", "contents": "Hematologic problems in pregnancy V. Obstetric transfusion therapy. A study of 37,186 admissions, from 1970 through 1974, to a large southern charity hospital obstetrics service revealed a striking 63 per cent reduction in number of patients receiving blood transfusions. Analysis showed no change in patient population, bleeding disorders, toxemia, incidence of obstetric hemorrhage, serious febrile morbidity, or incidence of antepartum anemia. In the study period cesarean section rate increased 77 per cent and anemia at delivery markedly decreased. Transfusions associated with spontaneous abortion decreased by 70 per cent, and after the third study year no patient undergoing legal abortion received blood. The study demonstrated improvement in specific hematinic therapy of antepartum anemia and avoidance of transfusion therapy in the presence of uncharacterized antepartum or puerperal anemia. Despite the remarkable decrease in blood transfusions, obstetric outcome (including perinatal mortality rate, maternal mortality rate, and serious febrile morbidity) did not suffer but, indeed, improved."}
{"id": "PMID:879205", "title": "Antenatal exposure to doxylamine succinate and dicyclomine hydrochloride (Benedectin) in relation to congenital malformations, perinatal mortality rate, birth weight, and intelligence quotient score.", "content": "In a prospective cohort study of 20, 282 gravidas and their offspring, congenital malformation rates were similar in the children of over 1,000 women exposed and those not exposed to two components of Bendectin (doxylamine succinate and dicyclomine hydrochloride) during the first four lunar months of pregnancy. In a cohort reduced to 41,337 mother-child pairs for technical reasons, mean birth weight and perinatal mortality rates were similar according to exposure or nonexposure to either drug, as were intelligence quotient scores measured at four years of age in 28,358 of the children. Control of potential confounding factors with a variety of multivariate techniques did not materially alter these findings.", "contents": "Antenatal exposure to doxylamine succinate and dicyclomine hydrochloride (Benedectin) in relation to congenital malformations, perinatal mortality rate, birth weight, and intelligence quotient score. In a prospective cohort study of 20, 282 gravidas and their offspring, congenital malformation rates were similar in the children of over 1,000 women exposed and those not exposed to two components of Bendectin (doxylamine succinate and dicyclomine hydrochloride) during the first four lunar months of pregnancy. In a cohort reduced to 41,337 mother-child pairs for technical reasons, mean birth weight and perinatal mortality rates were similar according to exposure or nonexposure to either drug, as were intelligence quotient scores measured at four years of age in 28,358 of the children. Control of potential confounding factors with a variety of multivariate techniques did not materially alter these findings."}
{"id": "PMID:879206", "title": "Antenatal exposure to the phenothiazines in relation to congenital malformations, perinatal mortality rate, birth weight, and intelligence quotient score.", "content": "In a prospective cohort study of 50,282 gravidas and their offspring, over-all rates of congenital malformations were similar in 1,309 children of women exposed to phenothiazine drugs during the first four lunar months of pregnancy and in 48,973 children of women who were not exposed. There was a suspicion of association between phenothiazine exposure and cardiovascular malformations. In a cohort reduced to 41,337 mother-child pairs for technical reasons, perinatal mortality rates and mean birth weight were similar according to phenothiazine exposure or nonexposure, as were intelligence quotient scores measured at four years of age in 28,358 of the children. Control of potential confounding factors with a variety of multivariate techniques did not materially alter the findings.", "contents": "Antenatal exposure to the phenothiazines in relation to congenital malformations, perinatal mortality rate, birth weight, and intelligence quotient score. In a prospective cohort study of 50,282 gravidas and their offspring, over-all rates of congenital malformations were similar in 1,309 children of women exposed to phenothiazine drugs during the first four lunar months of pregnancy and in 48,973 children of women who were not exposed. There was a suspicion of association between phenothiazine exposure and cardiovascular malformations. In a cohort reduced to 41,337 mother-child pairs for technical reasons, perinatal mortality rates and mean birth weight were similar according to phenothiazine exposure or nonexposure, as were intelligence quotient scores measured at four years of age in 28,358 of the children. Control of potential confounding factors with a variety of multivariate techniques did not materially alter the findings."}
{"id": "PMID:879207", "title": "Immunogestosis: a new etiologic concept of \"essential\" EPH gestosis, with special consideration of the primigravid patient; preliminary report of a clinical study.", "content": "Evidence for immunologic processes taking part in the pathogenesis of what until now has been called the \"essential\" form of EPH gestosis is cited. The name of immunogestosis (IG) is introduced. The data of this preliminary study suggest that regular \"inoculation\" of the female genital tract with allogeneic spermatozoal histocompatibility antigens reduces the incidence of IG. Information about preconceptional sexual habits and contraceptive measures was obtained from 83 selected primigravid patients. Twenty-eight women had mild to moderate IG (Group B);55 did not (Group A). Women in Group B had had less contact with spermatozoa of partners than did women in Group A. Oral contraceptive consumption was less in Group B than in Group A. Women in Group B were younger than women in Group A. All these differences were statistically significant. A new immunoetiologic hypothesis referring to IG, as well as the theoretic and clinical implications arising from it, are discussed. This hypothesis is based on the assumption that spermatozoal histocompatibility antigens can either induce immunologic tolerance or be responsible for the phenomenon of immunologic enhancement in the maternal immunosystem. As the fetus inherits paternal histocompatibility antigens, it is concluded that pre-existing tolerance (or enhancement) exerts an IG-preventive function in a subsequent pregnancy.", "contents": "Immunogestosis: a new etiologic concept of \"essential\" EPH gestosis, with special consideration of the primigravid patient; preliminary report of a clinical study. Evidence for immunologic processes taking part in the pathogenesis of what until now has been called the \"essential\" form of EPH gestosis is cited. The name of immunogestosis (IG) is introduced. The data of this preliminary study suggest that regular \"inoculation\" of the female genital tract with allogeneic spermatozoal histocompatibility antigens reduces the incidence of IG. Information about preconceptional sexual habits and contraceptive measures was obtained from 83 selected primigravid patients. Twenty-eight women had mild to moderate IG (Group B);55 did not (Group A). Women in Group B had had less contact with spermatozoa of partners than did women in Group A. Oral contraceptive consumption was less in Group B than in Group A. Women in Group B were younger than women in Group A. All these differences were statistically significant. A new immunoetiologic hypothesis referring to IG, as well as the theoretic and clinical implications arising from it, are discussed. This hypothesis is based on the assumption that spermatozoal histocompatibility antigens can either induce immunologic tolerance or be responsible for the phenomenon of immunologic enhancement in the maternal immunosystem. As the fetus inherits paternal histocompatibility antigens, it is concluded that pre-existing tolerance (or enhancement) exerts an IG-preventive function in a subsequent pregnancy."}
{"id": "PMID:879208", "title": "Vaginal prostaglandin E2 for missed abortion and intrauterine fetal death.", "content": "Vaginal suppositories containing 20 mg. of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) were given to 50 patients with a diagnosis of either missed abortion or fetal death. A total of 94 percent of the patients (47/50) expelled products of conception, and 84 percent of these expulsions (42/50) were complete. The mean time to expulsion of the fetus was 11.3 hours with a mean dose of 3.6 suppositiries. A total 60 per cent of the patients experienced vomiting, diarrhea, and pyrexia. Four patients had a blood loss in excess of 500 ml., and two of these patients required blood transfusion. Vaginal administration of PGE2 suppositories appeared to be a rapid, safe, and reliable means of managing missed abortion and intrauterine fetal death.", "contents": "Vaginal prostaglandin E2 for missed abortion and intrauterine fetal death. Vaginal suppositories containing 20 mg. of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) were given to 50 patients with a diagnosis of either missed abortion or fetal death. A total of 94 percent of the patients (47/50) expelled products of conception, and 84 percent of these expulsions (42/50) were complete. The mean time to expulsion of the fetus was 11.3 hours with a mean dose of 3.6 suppositiries. A total 60 per cent of the patients experienced vomiting, diarrhea, and pyrexia. Four patients had a blood loss in excess of 500 ml., and two of these patients required blood transfusion. Vaginal administration of PGE2 suppositories appeared to be a rapid, safe, and reliable means of managing missed abortion and intrauterine fetal death."}
{"id": "PMID:879209", "title": "Clinical experience in nonstressed antepartum cardiotocography.", "content": "The condition of the fetus during pregnancy was assessed by 1,763 antepartum cardiotocograms made in 386 patients with the use of fetal movements and physiologic uterine contractions. There appeared to be a significant correlation between the cardiotocograms and the obstetric outcome.", "contents": "Clinical experience in nonstressed antepartum cardiotocography. The condition of the fetus during pregnancy was assessed by 1,763 antepartum cardiotocograms made in 386 patients with the use of fetal movements and physiologic uterine contractions. There appeared to be a significant correlation between the cardiotocograms and the obstetric outcome."}
{"id": "PMID:879210", "title": "Amniotic fluid testosterone and follicle-stimulating hormone in the determination of fetal sex.", "content": "To determine whether hormone analysis could be used for accurate determination of fetal sex, we measured testosterone (T) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) in 130 amniotic fluid samples at midgestation. The mean unconjugated T in amniotic fluid of 73 patients carrying male fetuses was 202 pg. per milliliter (95 per cent confidence limits [CL]: 70 to 580) and all but three had levels higher than 90 pg. per milliliter. The mean amniotic fluid unconjugated T for 49 patients carrying female fetuses of 41 pg. per milliliter (95 per cent CL: 11 TO 125) was fivefold lower than that for the male fetuses and all but three patients carrying female fetuses had amniotic fluid T levels of 90 pg. per milliliter or lower. The mean amniotic fluid FSH of 0.7 ml. U. per milliliter (95 per cent CL: less than 0.5 to 3.4) for subjects with male fetuses was tenfold lower than that for patients with female fetuses. Amniotic fluid FSH levels less than 2.0 ml. U. per milliliter were found in 88 per cent of patients carrying male fetuses and in only one patient with a female fetus, and levels greater than 10 ml. U. per milliliter were found in those with female fetuses only. In eight patients (7 per cent of cases), neither amniotic fluid T nor FSH determinations were indicative of fetal sex. Measurement of unconjugated T and FSH in amniotic fluid may be an adjunct to other methods of determining fetal sex.", "contents": "Amniotic fluid testosterone and follicle-stimulating hormone in the determination of fetal sex. To determine whether hormone analysis could be used for accurate determination of fetal sex, we measured testosterone (T) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) in 130 amniotic fluid samples at midgestation. The mean unconjugated T in amniotic fluid of 73 patients carrying male fetuses was 202 pg. per milliliter (95 per cent confidence limits [CL]: 70 to 580) and all but three had levels higher than 90 pg. per milliliter. The mean amniotic fluid unconjugated T for 49 patients carrying female fetuses of 41 pg. per milliliter (95 per cent CL: 11 TO 125) was fivefold lower than that for the male fetuses and all but three patients carrying female fetuses had amniotic fluid T levels of 90 pg. per milliliter or lower. The mean amniotic fluid FSH of 0.7 ml. U. per milliliter (95 per cent CL: less than 0.5 to 3.4) for subjects with male fetuses was tenfold lower than that for patients with female fetuses. Amniotic fluid FSH levels less than 2.0 ml. U. per milliliter were found in 88 per cent of patients carrying male fetuses and in only one patient with a female fetus, and levels greater than 10 ml. U. per milliliter were found in those with female fetuses only. In eight patients (7 per cent of cases), neither amniotic fluid T nor FSH determinations were indicative of fetal sex. Measurement of unconjugated T and FSH in amniotic fluid may be an adjunct to other methods of determining fetal sex."}
{"id": "PMID:879211", "title": "An analysis of air transport results in the sick newborn II. Antenatal and neonatal referrals.", "content": "The neonatal intensive-care unit at Fitzsimons Army Medical Center admits approximately 350 infants each year. At least half of these infants are referred, and, since 1973, there has been a steady increase in antenatal referrals. In 1975, in utero referrals exceeded neonatal referrals. The entire perinatal population of two referring hospitals was retrospectively evaluated in order to compare neonatal and in utero transfers. The neonatal transfers had higher-than-predicted mortality rate, while the in utero referrals had not only lower-than-predicted mortality rate, but the survivors had a shorter hospital stay. The combined neonatal/perinatal regionalization program resulted in a perinatal mortality rate of eight and 7.6 per 1,000 births in the two hospitals during the study period.", "contents": "An analysis of air transport results in the sick newborn II. Antenatal and neonatal referrals. The neonatal intensive-care unit at Fitzsimons Army Medical Center admits approximately 350 infants each year. At least half of these infants are referred, and, since 1973, there has been a steady increase in antenatal referrals. In 1975, in utero referrals exceeded neonatal referrals. The entire perinatal population of two referring hospitals was retrospectively evaluated in order to compare neonatal and in utero transfers. The neonatal transfers had higher-than-predicted mortality rate, while the in utero referrals had not only lower-than-predicted mortality rate, but the survivors had a shorter hospital stay. The combined neonatal/perinatal regionalization program resulted in a perinatal mortality rate of eight and 7.6 per 1,000 births in the two hospitals during the study period."}
{"id": "PMID:879212", "title": "Quantification of fetal heart rate variability by magnetocardiography and direct electrocardiography.", "content": "A computer method for quantification of fetal heart rate (FHR) variability from fetal magnetocardiography during pregnancy and from direct fetal electrocardiography during labor is presented. It is based on statistical analysis of the QRS interval sequences. Beat-to-beat variation is characterized by a differential index (DI) and long-term variation by an interval index (II). The effect of the sample time on the DI is minimal, and hence the DI can be calculated from rather short samples. The II is more sensitive to FHR trends and should be calculated from longer samples, but between the periodic changes, accelerations, and decelerations. Variable amounts of detection pulses are lost in both methods. The DI is sensitive to the missing intervals; no analysis result should be accepted if the number of lost intervals exceeds 10 per cent. The II is less sensitive to the number of missing intervals. The means and standard deviations of the variability indices for eight fetuses during pregnancy and for five fetuses during labor are presented.", "contents": "Quantification of fetal heart rate variability by magnetocardiography and direct electrocardiography. A computer method for quantification of fetal heart rate (FHR) variability from fetal magnetocardiography during pregnancy and from direct fetal electrocardiography during labor is presented. It is based on statistical analysis of the QRS interval sequences. Beat-to-beat variation is characterized by a differential index (DI) and long-term variation by an interval index (II). The effect of the sample time on the DI is minimal, and hence the DI can be calculated from rather short samples. The II is more sensitive to FHR trends and should be calculated from longer samples, but between the periodic changes, accelerations, and decelerations. Variable amounts of detection pulses are lost in both methods. The DI is sensitive to the missing intervals; no analysis result should be accepted if the number of lost intervals exceeds 10 per cent. The II is less sensitive to the number of missing intervals. The means and standard deviations of the variability indices for eight fetuses during pregnancy and for five fetuses during labor are presented."}
{"id": "PMID:879214", "title": "Clear cell carcinoma of cervix and vagina in progeny of women who received diethylstilbestrol: three cases with scanning and transmission electron microscopy.", "content": "Three cases of clear cell carcinoma of the cervix and vagina in progeny of women administered diethylstilbestrol (DES) were studied ultrastructurally. The patients were young and had a positive history of maternal ingestion of DES during pregnancy. Similar ultrastructural features were observed in all cases. The neoplastic cells were arranged in solid nests or glands. Ultrastructural findings in these cases were similar to those of previously reported clear cell carcinomas of the ovary and endometrium, which seems to indicate a common M\u00fcllerian origin11, 16 as opposed to a mesonephric origin. 10 A transition between vaginal adenosis and the neoplasm was not observed.", "contents": "Clear cell carcinoma of cervix and vagina in progeny of women who received diethylstilbestrol: three cases with scanning and transmission electron microscopy. Three cases of clear cell carcinoma of the cervix and vagina in progeny of women administered diethylstilbestrol (DES) were studied ultrastructurally. The patients were young and had a positive history of maternal ingestion of DES during pregnancy. Similar ultrastructural features were observed in all cases. The neoplastic cells were arranged in solid nests or glands. Ultrastructural findings in these cases were similar to those of previously reported clear cell carcinomas of the ovary and endometrium, which seems to indicate a common M\u00fcllerian origin11, 16 as opposed to a mesonephric origin. 10 A transition between vaginal adenosis and the neoplasm was not observed."}
{"id": "PMID:879216", "title": "Pelvic pain in women.", "content": "The clinical and psychological characteristics of 18 women with pelvic pain but no demonstrable pathology have been compared with those of 17 women with a similar complaint but some form of pelvic pathology and a control group of 9 women with no gynecologic problems. The results suggest that pelvic pain can have a psychosomatic origin which is amenable to short-term psychotherapeutic measures.", "contents": "Pelvic pain in women. The clinical and psychological characteristics of 18 women with pelvic pain but no demonstrable pathology have been compared with those of 17 women with a similar complaint but some form of pelvic pathology and a control group of 9 women with no gynecologic problems. The results suggest that pelvic pain can have a psychosomatic origin which is amenable to short-term psychotherapeutic measures."}
{"id": "PMID:879215", "title": "Cyclic changes in salivary activity of N-acetyl-beta-d-glucosaminidase; a possible efficient indicator for predicting ovulation and pregnancy.", "content": "Salivary activity of N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase showed a characteristic pattern of changes during the normal menstrual cycle with a distinct peak on Day 13, 14, or 15 before the next menstruation. This peak of enzyme activity occurred withing one day of the nadir of basal body temperature and was absent in women with spontaneous or iatrogenic anovulatory cycles. These results are stongly suggestive that the salivary determination of this activity may be convenient indicatior for determining the day of ovulation.", "contents": "Cyclic changes in salivary activity of N-acetyl-beta-d-glucosaminidase; a possible efficient indicator for predicting ovulation and pregnancy. Salivary activity of N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase showed a characteristic pattern of changes during the normal menstrual cycle with a distinct peak on Day 13, 14, or 15 before the next menstruation. This peak of enzyme activity occurred withing one day of the nadir of basal body temperature and was absent in women with spontaneous or iatrogenic anovulatory cycles. These results are stongly suggestive that the salivary determination of this activity may be convenient indicatior for determining the day of ovulation."}
{"id": "PMID:879217", "title": "Hormones in amniotic fluid.", "content": "With increasing use of amniocentesis for high-risk pregnancies, measurement of amniotic fluid hormone levels could prove to be a pratical value. Protein steroid hormones as well as prostaglandins in amniotic fluid are reviewed. The source and entry of each hormone, their concentrations, and their possible physiologic role in pregnancy are discussed. Changes in the level of hormones in amniotic fluid or pregnancies with complications jeopardizing fetal well-being are referred to, and their significance is discussed. Since amniotic fluid is close to the myometrium, changes in some amniotic fluid hormones might be responsible for or associated with the onset of labor.", "contents": "Hormones in amniotic fluid. With increasing use of amniocentesis for high-risk pregnancies, measurement of amniotic fluid hormone levels could prove to be a pratical value. Protein steroid hormones as well as prostaglandins in amniotic fluid are reviewed. The source and entry of each hormone, their concentrations, and their possible physiologic role in pregnancy are discussed. Changes in the level of hormones in amniotic fluid or pregnancies with complications jeopardizing fetal well-being are referred to, and their significance is discussed. Since amniotic fluid is close to the myometrium, changes in some amniotic fluid hormones might be responsible for or associated with the onset of labor."}
{"id": "PMID:879219", "title": "Surface tension of amniotic fluid lipid extracts: prediction of pulmonary maturity.", "content": "The surface tension (ST)-lowering properties of an amniotic fluid lipid extract can provide a rapid and reliable means of predicting pulmonary maturity. One hundred and eleven samples from 91 patients were analyzed. A surface tension of less than 56 dynes per centimeter at 120 microliter of extract and less than 46 dynes per centimeter at 220 microliter of extract denoted pulmonary maturity. Values greater than these indicated immaturity. Among fluid samples studied within 48 hours of delivery for the presence or absence of respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) in 71 patients, there were no false positive ST values, while 7 of 22 patients with immature values developed RDS. Surface tension correlates well with the lecithin/sphingomyelin (L/S) ratio but provides clearer definition than the L/S ratio when compared to outcome. Blood and meconium contamination make the surface tension of fluid from babies with pulmonary immaturity appear mature. Identical twins with dissimilar ST values and outcome, as well as serial samples from individual patients, are analyzed and discussed.", "contents": "Surface tension of amniotic fluid lipid extracts: prediction of pulmonary maturity. The surface tension (ST)-lowering properties of an amniotic fluid lipid extract can provide a rapid and reliable means of predicting pulmonary maturity. One hundred and eleven samples from 91 patients were analyzed. A surface tension of less than 56 dynes per centimeter at 120 microliter of extract and less than 46 dynes per centimeter at 220 microliter of extract denoted pulmonary maturity. Values greater than these indicated immaturity. Among fluid samples studied within 48 hours of delivery for the presence or absence of respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) in 71 patients, there were no false positive ST values, while 7 of 22 patients with immature values developed RDS. Surface tension correlates well with the lecithin/sphingomyelin (L/S) ratio but provides clearer definition than the L/S ratio when compared to outcome. Blood and meconium contamination make the surface tension of fluid from babies with pulmonary immaturity appear mature. Identical twins with dissimilar ST values and outcome, as well as serial samples from individual patients, are analyzed and discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:879220", "title": "The prediction of fetal oxygenation by an on-line computer analysis of fetal monitor output.", "content": "The deceleration delay index (DDI) is a statistical parameter computed by an on-line system which analyzes fetal monitor output for the temporal relationship between each uterine contraction and any associated deceleration of the fetal heart rate. A similar parameter describing this relationship is known to be quantitatively predictive of fetal oxygenation in the rhesus monkey, a species for which the level of fetal oxygenation is also known to be directly and progressively related to aberrations in the vital signs, to brain damage, and to fetal death. Thus, the DDI should be of significant, practical value in predicting fetal hypoxia at a time early enough to avert severe neonatal depression and/or hypoxic brain damage. A blind clinical trial of 106 parturients is presented which supports this concept by showing the DDI to be highly correlated with another oxygenation-associated parameter, the one-minute Apgar score.", "contents": "The prediction of fetal oxygenation by an on-line computer analysis of fetal monitor output. The deceleration delay index (DDI) is a statistical parameter computed by an on-line system which analyzes fetal monitor output for the temporal relationship between each uterine contraction and any associated deceleration of the fetal heart rate. A similar parameter describing this relationship is known to be quantitatively predictive of fetal oxygenation in the rhesus monkey, a species for which the level of fetal oxygenation is also known to be directly and progressively related to aberrations in the vital signs, to brain damage, and to fetal death. Thus, the DDI should be of significant, practical value in predicting fetal hypoxia at a time early enough to avert severe neonatal depression and/or hypoxic brain damage. A blind clinical trial of 106 parturients is presented which supports this concept by showing the DDI to be highly correlated with another oxygenation-associated parameter, the one-minute Apgar score."}
{"id": "PMID:879221", "title": "A modern approach to management of pregnant diabetics: a two-year analysis of perinatal outcomes.", "content": "Increased understanding of maternal-fetal carbohydrate homeostasis together with modern perinatal technology now provides a more rational basis for obstetric management of the pregnant diabetic patient. These concepts were applied at MacDonald House in the care of 96 diabetic pregnant women over a two-year period. Pregnancy outcomes were compared with prior experiences with the same group of women. The perinatal mortality rate was reduced from 13.5 to 4.2%, and the rate of macrosomia (infants large for gestational age) was reduced from 30.9 to 17.7%. Patients with gestational diabetes, with a prior loss rate of 8.3%, suffered no losses in the current series. Maternal age was not found to correlate with an untoward outcome in this subgroup.", "contents": "A modern approach to management of pregnant diabetics: a two-year analysis of perinatal outcomes. Increased understanding of maternal-fetal carbohydrate homeostasis together with modern perinatal technology now provides a more rational basis for obstetric management of the pregnant diabetic patient. These concepts were applied at MacDonald House in the care of 96 diabetic pregnant women over a two-year period. Pregnancy outcomes were compared with prior experiences with the same group of women. The perinatal mortality rate was reduced from 13.5 to 4.2%, and the rate of macrosomia (infants large for gestational age) was reduced from 30.9 to 17.7%. Patients with gestational diabetes, with a prior loss rate of 8.3%, suffered no losses in the current series. Maternal age was not found to correlate with an untoward outcome in this subgroup."}
{"id": "PMID:879222", "title": "The future function and fortune of ovarian tissue which is retained in vivo during hysterectomy.", "content": "Hysterectomy was performed for 2,132 private patients; one third were done vaginally and two thirds, abdominally. Ages ranged from the 20's through the 80's, but 55% were between 40 and 55 years of age. Ovarian function was retained at the time of hysterectomy in 1,263 patients; ovarian tissue was retained in 1,557. Based on clinical criteria, 525 patients had continued ovarian function until last examined (one to 23 years); 328 had continued ovarian function until the end of the study (one to 25 years); 410 patients had cessation of ovarian function during the study at ages ranging from 41 to 64 years. Fourteen patients required second operations: three for hemorrhagic physiologic cysts, two for adhesions, one for ovarian endometriosis, four for cystadenomas, and four for ovarian cancer. Two cancer patients died; two are alive and well, five and 15 years after the second operations.", "contents": "The future function and fortune of ovarian tissue which is retained in vivo during hysterectomy. Hysterectomy was performed for 2,132 private patients; one third were done vaginally and two thirds, abdominally. Ages ranged from the 20's through the 80's, but 55% were between 40 and 55 years of age. Ovarian function was retained at the time of hysterectomy in 1,263 patients; ovarian tissue was retained in 1,557. Based on clinical criteria, 525 patients had continued ovarian function until last examined (one to 23 years); 328 had continued ovarian function until the end of the study (one to 25 years); 410 patients had cessation of ovarian function during the study at ages ranging from 41 to 64 years. Fourteen patients required second operations: three for hemorrhagic physiologic cysts, two for adhesions, one for ovarian endometriosis, four for cystadenomas, and four for ovarian cancer. Two cancer patients died; two are alive and well, five and 15 years after the second operations."}
{"id": "PMID:879223", "title": "Clinical application of high-risk scoring on an obstetric service.", "content": "Obstetric risk scoring is a formalized way of recognizing, documenting, and cumulating antepartum and intrapartum factors to predict later complications for mother, fetus, and infant. If simple, practical, and reliable, risk scoring can be clinically useful in determining appropriate levels of care. In this prospective study, antepartum and intrapartum risk scales were integrated into the clinical record, and the relationship of risk scores to outcome was evaluated for 1,275 consecutively delivered gravid women. The forms could be simply and quickly filled out by the staff. Increased risk on both scales was significantly related to lowered one- and five-minute Apgar scores. The perinatal mortality rate increased from 0 to 93.4 per thousand from the lowest to the highest risk group. More than 80% of all perinatal deaths occurred in the one quarter of patients in the highest risk group. These results suggest that this risk scoring system can be used effectively in a clinical setting to identify patients at increased risk for neonatal depression and perinatal death.", "contents": "Clinical application of high-risk scoring on an obstetric service. Obstetric risk scoring is a formalized way of recognizing, documenting, and cumulating antepartum and intrapartum factors to predict later complications for mother, fetus, and infant. If simple, practical, and reliable, risk scoring can be clinically useful in determining appropriate levels of care. In this prospective study, antepartum and intrapartum risk scales were integrated into the clinical record, and the relationship of risk scores to outcome was evaluated for 1,275 consecutively delivered gravid women. The forms could be simply and quickly filled out by the staff. Increased risk on both scales was significantly related to lowered one- and five-minute Apgar scores. The perinatal mortality rate increased from 0 to 93.4 per thousand from the lowest to the highest risk group. More than 80% of all perinatal deaths occurred in the one quarter of patients in the highest risk group. These results suggest that this risk scoring system can be used effectively in a clinical setting to identify patients at increased risk for neonatal depression and perinatal death."}
{"id": "PMID:879224", "title": "Uterotubal implantation and obstetric outcome after previous sterilization.", "content": "The liberalization of sterilization policies has resulted in an increased number of patients requesting tubal reconstructive surgery. From 1973 through 1975, a total of 18 patients were operated upon by the authors for tubal reconstructive surgery following sterilization. These patients had had either postpartum sterilization of the Pomeroy technique or interval laparoscopic cauterization and cutting. The operative technique with an open uterine approach is described in detail. This technique warrants further evaluation, particularly following laparoscopic sterilization when end-to-end anastomosis is precluded.", "contents": "Uterotubal implantation and obstetric outcome after previous sterilization. The liberalization of sterilization policies has resulted in an increased number of patients requesting tubal reconstructive surgery. From 1973 through 1975, a total of 18 patients were operated upon by the authors for tubal reconstructive surgery following sterilization. These patients had had either postpartum sterilization of the Pomeroy technique or interval laparoscopic cauterization and cutting. The operative technique with an open uterine approach is described in detail. This technique warrants further evaluation, particularly following laparoscopic sterilization when end-to-end anastomosis is precluded."}
{"id": "PMID:879225", "title": "Fetal growth retardation associated with maternal administration of immunosuppressive drugs.", "content": "Since maternal-fetal immunogenetic disparity facilitates growth of the fetoplacental unit, nonspecific depression of the maternal immune system by immunosuppressive drugs could result in previously unrecognized adverse effects such as fetal growth retardation. To test this hypothesis, groups of 6 to 8 primigravid Fischer female rats mated with DA or Fischer male rats were treated with saline (controls) or either cyclophosphamide (Cytoxan) or azathioprine (Imuran) in doses similar to those used therapeutically in human subjects. It was found that these drugs caused an increased incidence of fetal death and produced fetal and neonatal growth retardation. Smaller placentas and fetuses reflected a decrease in cell number rather than cell size whereas water, fat, and protein content were only minimally affected. Analyses of mean maternal weight gain, spleen weight assays, and changes in the lymph nodes draining the uterus indicate that effects detrimental to the offspring are primarily the result of immunologic and cytotoxic mechanisms. Moreover, a review of the literature suggests that these immunosuppressive agents are also associated with small-for-gestational age infants in human pregnancies.", "contents": "Fetal growth retardation associated with maternal administration of immunosuppressive drugs. Since maternal-fetal immunogenetic disparity facilitates growth of the fetoplacental unit, nonspecific depression of the maternal immune system by immunosuppressive drugs could result in previously unrecognized adverse effects such as fetal growth retardation. To test this hypothesis, groups of 6 to 8 primigravid Fischer female rats mated with DA or Fischer male rats were treated with saline (controls) or either cyclophosphamide (Cytoxan) or azathioprine (Imuran) in doses similar to those used therapeutically in human subjects. It was found that these drugs caused an increased incidence of fetal death and produced fetal and neonatal growth retardation. Smaller placentas and fetuses reflected a decrease in cell number rather than cell size whereas water, fat, and protein content were only minimally affected. Analyses of mean maternal weight gain, spleen weight assays, and changes in the lymph nodes draining the uterus indicate that effects detrimental to the offspring are primarily the result of immunologic and cytotoxic mechanisms. Moreover, a review of the literature suggests that these immunosuppressive agents are also associated with small-for-gestational age infants in human pregnancies."}
{"id": "PMID:879226", "title": "Perinatal mortality rate at a community hospital, 1956 to 1975.", "content": "This paper is a review of the perinatal mortality rate and its components stillbirths and neonatal deaths, for the years 1956 through 1975 at Memorial General Hospital, Las Cruces, New Mexico. It is an attempt to assess major medical factors, such as specialization and cesarean section, and weigh their effect on these indices of the quality of perinatal medical care. Other factors considered in the analysis were: ages of mothers, parity, birth weights, and socioeconomic, educational, and motivational factors. The apparent impact of direct medical care factors is considerably less than would be expected.", "contents": "Perinatal mortality rate at a community hospital, 1956 to 1975. This paper is a review of the perinatal mortality rate and its components stillbirths and neonatal deaths, for the years 1956 through 1975 at Memorial General Hospital, Las Cruces, New Mexico. It is an attempt to assess major medical factors, such as specialization and cesarean section, and weigh their effect on these indices of the quality of perinatal medical care. Other factors considered in the analysis were: ages of mothers, parity, birth weights, and socioeconomic, educational, and motivational factors. The apparent impact of direct medical care factors is considerably less than would be expected."}
{"id": "PMID:879238", "title": "Incidence and spontaneous resolution of postpartum bacteriuria.", "content": "On the first postpartum day, 53 patients (17.2 per cent) had asymptomatic bacteriuria. Spontaneous resolution of bacteriuria occurred in 40 (75.5 per cent) of the 53 patients by the third postpartum day--the most appropriate time to identify patients with true asymptomatic bacteriuria.", "contents": "Incidence and spontaneous resolution of postpartum bacteriuria. On the first postpartum day, 53 patients (17.2 per cent) had asymptomatic bacteriuria. Spontaneous resolution of bacteriuria occurred in 40 (75.5 per cent) of the 53 patients by the third postpartum day--the most appropriate time to identify patients with true asymptomatic bacteriuria."}
{"id": "PMID:879239", "title": "Comparative study of amniotic fluid and maternal blood serum human placental lactogen in normal and prolonged pregnancies.", "content": "The levels of human placental lactogen (hPL) were measured in maternal blood and amniotic fluid in normal and prolonged pregnancies. Statistical analysis of the hPL levels showed that values rose in both blood and amniotic fluid, reaching maximum levels between Weeks 34 and 36 (6.70 microgram per milliliter in blood serum, 0.85 microgram per milliliter in amniotic fluid). Thereafter, there was a decline, a significant fall occuring between Weeks 40 and 42 and in the prolonged pregnancy group (43 weeks and more) (t = 6.9 and p less than 0.001 in serum levels; t = 3.9 and p less than 0.001 in amniotic fluid levels). There was also a very close correlation (r = 021; p less than 0.005) between maternal blood and amniotic fluid hPL levels in normal pregnancies before labor.", "contents": "Comparative study of amniotic fluid and maternal blood serum human placental lactogen in normal and prolonged pregnancies. The levels of human placental lactogen (hPL) were measured in maternal blood and amniotic fluid in normal and prolonged pregnancies. Statistical analysis of the hPL levels showed that values rose in both blood and amniotic fluid, reaching maximum levels between Weeks 34 and 36 (6.70 microgram per milliliter in blood serum, 0.85 microgram per milliliter in amniotic fluid). Thereafter, there was a decline, a significant fall occuring between Weeks 40 and 42 and in the prolonged pregnancy group (43 weeks and more) (t = 6.9 and p less than 0.001 in serum levels; t = 3.9 and p less than 0.001 in amniotic fluid levels). There was also a very close correlation (r = 021; p less than 0.005) between maternal blood and amniotic fluid hPL levels in normal pregnancies before labor."}
{"id": "PMID:879240", "title": "Interrelationship between glomerular filtration rate and renal transport of sodium and chloride during fetal life.", "content": "The maturation of the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and the interrelationship between the GFR and the renal transport of sodium and chloride have been evaluated during the last trimester of gestation with the use of long-term experiments in fetal lambs. An increase in GFR (milliliters per minute) parallel to the increase in fetal body weight was demonstrated; however, no significant change was shown when the GFR (milliliters per minute per kilogram of fetal body weight) (1.141 +/- 0.079) was related to fetal body weight or gestational age. There was a constant increase in sodium and chloride reabsorption (microequivalents per minute) during the last third of gestation. This increase in sodium and chloride reabsorption was less than the increase in GFR (milliliters per minute) before 129 days but became higher than the rise of GFR (milliliters per minute) after 129 days of gestation.", "contents": "Interrelationship between glomerular filtration rate and renal transport of sodium and chloride during fetal life. The maturation of the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and the interrelationship between the GFR and the renal transport of sodium and chloride have been evaluated during the last trimester of gestation with the use of long-term experiments in fetal lambs. An increase in GFR (milliliters per minute) parallel to the increase in fetal body weight was demonstrated; however, no significant change was shown when the GFR (milliliters per minute per kilogram of fetal body weight) (1.141 +/- 0.079) was related to fetal body weight or gestational age. There was a constant increase in sodium and chloride reabsorption (microequivalents per minute) during the last third of gestation. This increase in sodium and chloride reabsorption was less than the increase in GFR (milliliters per minute) before 129 days but became higher than the rise of GFR (milliliters per minute) after 129 days of gestation."}
{"id": "PMID:879242", "title": "Abruptio placentae and perinatal death: a prospective study.", "content": "Abruptio placentae caused 3.96 perinatal deaths per 1,000 births in a large prospective study. Intrapartum but not prepartum maternal hypertension was observed in the fatal cases. Decidual necrosis at the placental margin and large placental infarcts were the most characteristic placental abnormalities. The decidual necrosis was correlated with maternal cigarette smoking and low pregnancy weight gains in the abruption placentae cases. The fetuses and neonates who died had a pattern of growth retardation  characteristic of antenatal undernutrition, indicating that poor maternal nutrition during pregnancy may have contributed to the genesis of the abruptio placentae.", "contents": "Abruptio placentae and perinatal death: a prospective study. Abruptio placentae caused 3.96 perinatal deaths per 1,000 births in a large prospective study. Intrapartum but not prepartum maternal hypertension was observed in the fatal cases. Decidual necrosis at the placental margin and large placental infarcts were the most characteristic placental abnormalities. The decidual necrosis was correlated with maternal cigarette smoking and low pregnancy weight gains in the abruption placentae cases. The fetuses and neonates who died had a pattern of growth retardation  characteristic of antenatal undernutrition, indicating that poor maternal nutrition during pregnancy may have contributed to the genesis of the abruptio placentae."}
{"id": "PMID:879243", "title": "Oral contraceptives and cervical carcinoma.", "content": "In a case-control study, 689 consecutive patients with cervical carcinoma were studied for their use of oral contraceptives. The control patients were matched for age, ethnic origin, age at first pregnancy, age at first coitus, and socioeconomic status. There was no significant difference between case and control subjects in the duration or oral contraceptive use, the type of estrogen used, or the years in which oral contraceptives were used. The mean duration of oral contraceptive use was 30.9 months by the case subjects and 30.2 months by the control subjects.", "contents": "Oral contraceptives and cervical carcinoma. In a case-control study, 689 consecutive patients with cervical carcinoma were studied for their use of oral contraceptives. The control patients were matched for age, ethnic origin, age at first pregnancy, age at first coitus, and socioeconomic status. There was no significant difference between case and control subjects in the duration or oral contraceptive use, the type of estrogen used, or the years in which oral contraceptives were used. The mean duration of oral contraceptive use was 30.9 months by the case subjects and 30.2 months by the control subjects."}
{"id": "PMID:879245", "title": "Effect of progesterone and estradiol-17beta on nucleic acid synthesis in vitro in carcinoma of the endometrium.", "content": "Nucleic acid synthesis was studied in 26 tumor specimens, during a one-hour in vitro incubation with the addition of progesterone and estradiol-17beta. On the response scale used, deoxyribonucleic acid and ribonucleic acid synthesis decreased linearly as the logarithmic concentration of either hormone increased. Inhibition of nucleic acid synthesis was highly significant (P less than 0.001) at 80 microgram per milliliter of progesterone and at 40 microgram per milliliter of estradiol. No evidence of synergism was found when the two hormones were combined at these concentrations. In Grade I and II tumors, the effect when both hormones were combined approximated the sum of effects of the individual hormones. In Grade III tumors, little difference was seen between treatment groups.", "contents": "Effect of progesterone and estradiol-17beta on nucleic acid synthesis in vitro in carcinoma of the endometrium. Nucleic acid synthesis was studied in 26 tumor specimens, during a one-hour in vitro incubation with the addition of progesterone and estradiol-17beta. On the response scale used, deoxyribonucleic acid and ribonucleic acid synthesis decreased linearly as the logarithmic concentration of either hormone increased. Inhibition of nucleic acid synthesis was highly significant (P less than 0.001) at 80 microgram per milliliter of progesterone and at 40 microgram per milliliter of estradiol. No evidence of synergism was found when the two hormones were combined at these concentrations. In Grade I and II tumors, the effect when both hormones were combined approximated the sum of effects of the individual hormones. In Grade III tumors, little difference was seen between treatment groups."}
{"id": "PMID:879246", "title": "Some observations on the value of endocervical curettage performed as an integral part of colposcopic examination of patients with abnormal cervical cytology.", "content": "A total of 259 patients underwent endocervical curettage as an integral part of colposcopic examination of patients with abnormal cervical cytology. The transformation zone was entirely visualized in 140 patients (54.1 per cent), and, in 8.6 per cent of this group, the endocervical curettings were abnormal. On no occasion did the endocervical curettage harbor the worst lesion when compared to the histology of the ectocervical biopsy, cone biopsy, and hysterectomy specimens. In 117 patients (45.2 per cent), the transformation zone could not be visualized in its entirety, and in 57.3 per cent the endocervical curettings were abnormal. In one patient of this group invasive carcinoma was present in the endocervical curettage, and in another patient invasive carcinoma was present in both the ectocervical biopsy and the endocervical curettage. Thus, when the entire transformation zone is not visualized in its entirety or at all, endocervical curettage appears to be of value since a frank invasive carcinoma may be diagnosed and a cone biopsy avoided.", "contents": "Some observations on the value of endocervical curettage performed as an integral part of colposcopic examination of patients with abnormal cervical cytology. A total of 259 patients underwent endocervical curettage as an integral part of colposcopic examination of patients with abnormal cervical cytology. The transformation zone was entirely visualized in 140 patients (54.1 per cent), and, in 8.6 per cent of this group, the endocervical curettings were abnormal. On no occasion did the endocervical curettage harbor the worst lesion when compared to the histology of the ectocervical biopsy, cone biopsy, and hysterectomy specimens. In 117 patients (45.2 per cent), the transformation zone could not be visualized in its entirety, and in 57.3 per cent the endocervical curettings were abnormal. In one patient of this group invasive carcinoma was present in the endocervical curettage, and in another patient invasive carcinoma was present in both the ectocervical biopsy and the endocervical curettage. Thus, when the entire transformation zone is not visualized in its entirety or at all, endocervical curettage appears to be of value since a frank invasive carcinoma may be diagnosed and a cone biopsy avoided."}
{"id": "PMID:879247", "title": "A direct radioimmunoassay for estriol-16-glucuronide in urine for monitoring pregnancy and induction of ovulation.", "content": "Antibodies to estriol-16alpha-[beta-D-glucuronide] were raised in sheep with the use of keyhold limpet hemocyanin and bovine serum albumin conjugates of estriol-16alpha-[beta-D-glucuronide]. A simple, rapid method is presented for direct radioimmunoassay of estriol-16alpha-[beta-D-glucuronide] in urine with dextran-coated charcoal used for separation of free from bound and deionized water used for dilutions. The method is thrifty in its use of reagents. The assay has been evaluated in the pregnancy range, and the sensitivity has been extended into the range necessary for monitoring induction of ovulation with Pergonal.", "contents": "A direct radioimmunoassay for estriol-16-glucuronide in urine for monitoring pregnancy and induction of ovulation. Antibodies to estriol-16alpha-[beta-D-glucuronide] were raised in sheep with the use of keyhold limpet hemocyanin and bovine serum albumin conjugates of estriol-16alpha-[beta-D-glucuronide]. A simple, rapid method is presented for direct radioimmunoassay of estriol-16alpha-[beta-D-glucuronide] in urine with dextran-coated charcoal used for separation of free from bound and deionized water used for dilutions. The method is thrifty in its use of reagents. The assay has been evaluated in the pregnancy range, and the sensitivity has been extended into the range necessary for monitoring induction of ovulation with Pergonal."}
{"id": "PMID:879248", "title": "Abdominal wound dehiscence.", "content": "Abdominal wound dehiscence is a surgical complication with a high morbidity rate but which is associated with predictable and preventable factors. During a 10 year period (1966 to 1975) at the New York Lying-In Hospital, 70 cases were found on the obstetric-gynecologic service, and these cases were analyzed to see why dehiscence remains a problem. Those factors contributing to dehiscence include obesity, pre-existing pulmonary and cardiovascular problems, vertical incisions, the triad of ileus, vomiting, and coughing, and, to a lesser extent, hypoproteinemia, fluid and electrolyte imbalance, and wound infection. The incidence of abdominal wound dehiscence would be much lower if high-risk patients were identified, adequate pulmonary toilet was used, ileus was promptly treated with abdominal decompression, and strict attention was paid to electrolyte and protein balance in the pre- and post-operative period. The management of abdominal wound dehiscence is also discussed.", "contents": "Abdominal wound dehiscence. Abdominal wound dehiscence is a surgical complication with a high morbidity rate but which is associated with predictable and preventable factors. During a 10 year period (1966 to 1975) at the New York Lying-In Hospital, 70 cases were found on the obstetric-gynecologic service, and these cases were analyzed to see why dehiscence remains a problem. Those factors contributing to dehiscence include obesity, pre-existing pulmonary and cardiovascular problems, vertical incisions, the triad of ileus, vomiting, and coughing, and, to a lesser extent, hypoproteinemia, fluid and electrolyte imbalance, and wound infection. The incidence of abdominal wound dehiscence would be much lower if high-risk patients were identified, adequate pulmonary toilet was used, ileus was promptly treated with abdominal decompression, and strict attention was paid to electrolyte and protein balance in the pre- and post-operative period. The management of abdominal wound dehiscence is also discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:879249", "title": "Plasma concentrations of four pregnancy proteins in complications of pregnancy.", "content": "Toxemia of pregnancy was associated with an elevation of the pregnancy-associated plasma protein (PAPP)-A concentration, as compared to the level in normal pregnancy in the last month of gestation. The other pregnancy proteins measured were not altered in toxemia. In twin pregnancies, the PAPP-A, PAPP-C, and human placental lactogen levels were all increased, particularly PAPP-A. On the other hand, pregnancy zone protein was not affected by twinning. Pregnancy with diabetes showed normal levels of these proteins.", "contents": "Plasma concentrations of four pregnancy proteins in complications of pregnancy. Toxemia of pregnancy was associated with an elevation of the pregnancy-associated plasma protein (PAPP)-A concentration, as compared to the level in normal pregnancy in the last month of gestation. The other pregnancy proteins measured were not altered in toxemia. In twin pregnancies, the PAPP-A, PAPP-C, and human placental lactogen levels were all increased, particularly PAPP-A. On the other hand, pregnancy zone protein was not affected by twinning. Pregnancy with diabetes showed normal levels of these proteins."}
{"id": "PMID:879251", "title": "Tactile sensitivity: development of a behavioral responses checklist.", "content": "Tactile defensiveness or sensitivity to being touched is a phenomenon observed by therapists during clinical testing and is reported based only on subjective data. The purpose of this study was to develop a more objective means of identifying this phenomenon. Videotaped observations of five-year-old boys being administered the Southern California Kinesthesia and Tactile Perception Test battery were used to identify behavioral reactions indicative of sensitivity to tactile stimulation. The population tested for a wide range of behaviors included hyperactive and normal five-year-old boys. These reactions were defined and categorized into a checklist of tactile-sensitive behaviroal responses. This checklist was then used on videotapes of 10 five-year-old boys by two raters to establish a measure of the reliability of this method of observing and recording behaviors. A reliability of .89 agreement with consensus was reached. These behavioral categories offer objective guides in identifying children with tactile defensiveness or sensitivity to tactile stimulation.", "contents": "Tactile sensitivity: development of a behavioral responses checklist. Tactile defensiveness or sensitivity to being touched is a phenomenon observed by therapists during clinical testing and is reported based only on subjective data. The purpose of this study was to develop a more objective means of identifying this phenomenon. Videotaped observations of five-year-old boys being administered the Southern California Kinesthesia and Tactile Perception Test battery were used to identify behavioral reactions indicative of sensitivity to tactile stimulation. The population tested for a wide range of behaviors included hyperactive and normal five-year-old boys. These reactions were defined and categorized into a checklist of tactile-sensitive behaviroal responses. This checklist was then used on videotapes of 10 five-year-old boys by two raters to establish a measure of the reliability of this method of observing and recording behaviors. A reliability of .89 agreement with consensus was reached. These behavioral categories offer objective guides in identifying children with tactile defensiveness or sensitivity to tactile stimulation."}
{"id": "PMID:879252", "title": "Cluster analyses of measures of sensory integration.", "content": "Cluster analyses of intercorrelation of scores on tests of sensory integrative, language, auditory, intellectual, and academic tests administered to young learning-disabled school children demonstrated a close relationship between academic achievement, the right ear score on dichotic listening, language expression, and auditory memory. Visual perception tests and the Auditory Association sub-test of the Illinois Test of Psycholinguistic Abilities showed a close association with IQ. Others associations were consistent with the view that when the two cerebral hemispheres do not corroborate, both hemispheres tend to develop similar motor and language functions. Analyses of the intercorrelation of scores on the sensory integration, auditory, and language tests resulted in four major factors: auditory-language functions, postural-ocular reactions, eye-hand coordination, and somatosensory and motor planning or praxis. A fifth factor, visual perception, contributed less to the final factor structure.", "contents": "Cluster analyses of measures of sensory integration. Cluster analyses of intercorrelation of scores on tests of sensory integrative, language, auditory, intellectual, and academic tests administered to young learning-disabled school children demonstrated a close relationship between academic achievement, the right ear score on dichotic listening, language expression, and auditory memory. Visual perception tests and the Auditory Association sub-test of the Illinois Test of Psycholinguistic Abilities showed a close association with IQ. Others associations were consistent with the view that when the two cerebral hemispheres do not corroborate, both hemispheres tend to develop similar motor and language functions. Analyses of the intercorrelation of scores on the sensory integration, auditory, and language tests resulted in four major factors: auditory-language functions, postural-ocular reactions, eye-hand coordination, and somatosensory and motor planning or praxis. A fifth factor, visual perception, contributed less to the final factor structure."}
{"id": "PMID:879253", "title": "Use of videotape in occupational therapy.", "content": "The use and production of videotapes in occupational therapy are expected to increase in the future. A survey of 54 occupational therapy curricula and 59 hospital-clinics showed that 71 percent of the respondents use videotapes. Of that group, 70 percent produce videotapes for occupational therapy. Forty-six percent of the producers of occupational therapy videotapes make them available to others. Ninety-two percent of the respondents indicated a need for reviews of films and videotapes pertinent to occupational therapy, either in a directory--or a directory, with monthly reviews of new materials in the Occupational Therapy Newspaper or AJOT. A listing of subject areas most needed in a videotape format was also compiled.", "contents": "Use of videotape in occupational therapy. The use and production of videotapes in occupational therapy are expected to increase in the future. A survey of 54 occupational therapy curricula and 59 hospital-clinics showed that 71 percent of the respondents use videotapes. Of that group, 70 percent produce videotapes for occupational therapy. Forty-six percent of the producers of occupational therapy videotapes make them available to others. Ninety-two percent of the respondents indicated a need for reviews of films and videotapes pertinent to occupational therapy, either in a directory--or a directory, with monthly reviews of new materials in the Occupational Therapy Newspaper or AJOT. A listing of subject areas most needed in a videotape format was also compiled."}
{"id": "PMID:879254", "title": "A psychogeriatric activity group in a rural community.", "content": "Three senior students in occupational therapy and a faculty member collaborated with a community mental health center in implementing and conducting an Outreach Activity Group for socially isolated, psychogeriatric clients residing in an outlying rural community. The students gained experience in five areas: learning the structure, functions, and funding of a community program; identifying the role and function of occupational therapy in community-based mental health; making use of administrative and consultative role functions; leading a group; and, with other health professionals, identifying ways to lessen the problems faced by the psychogeriatric client in the community. The group was helpful in maintaining the psychogeriatric client in the community by promoting self-esteem, self-expression, new interests, constructive use of leisure time, reality testing, interpersonal relationships, and perceptual motor stimulation.", "contents": "A psychogeriatric activity group in a rural community. Three senior students in occupational therapy and a faculty member collaborated with a community mental health center in implementing and conducting an Outreach Activity Group for socially isolated, psychogeriatric clients residing in an outlying rural community. The students gained experience in five areas: learning the structure, functions, and funding of a community program; identifying the role and function of occupational therapy in community-based mental health; making use of administrative and consultative role functions; leading a group; and, with other health professionals, identifying ways to lessen the problems faced by the psychogeriatric client in the community. The group was helpful in maintaining the psychogeriatric client in the community by promoting self-esteem, self-expression, new interests, constructive use of leisure time, reality testing, interpersonal relationships, and perceptual motor stimulation."}
{"id": "PMID:879255", "title": "Level I field placement at a federal correctional institution.", "content": "Two senior occupational therapy students at Eastern Michigan University were assigned during consecutive semesters to a Level I field placement at a Federal correctional institution and were supervised by a faculty member. Each student led a group of men in a life planning and work readjustment program. The program development, implementation, and evaluation of the experience are discussed here.", "contents": "Level I field placement at a federal correctional institution. Two senior occupational therapy students at Eastern Michigan University were assigned during consecutive semesters to a Level I field placement at a Federal correctional institution and were supervised by a faculty member. Each student led a group of men in a life planning and work readjustment program. The program development, implementation, and evaluation of the experience are discussed here."}
{"id": "PMID:879256", "title": "The health systems agency: a new bureaucracy.", "content": "A Federal law signed by President Ford in 1975 (PL 93-641) mandates the establishment of Health Systems Agencies across the country. The major intent of the law is to provide local direction and control of health care planning. Each Agency shall have a professional staff under the aegis of a board of directors composed of a majority of consumers and a minority of providers. Data identifying health care needs shall be translated into a Health Systems Plan, which is a statement of goals for each Agency; an Annual Implementation Plan shall be developed as a statement of objectives, projects, and strategies requisite to achieving the Health Systems Plan. The concept of the Health Systems Agency has correlate state and federal bureaucratic strata to facilitate health care planning coordination.", "contents": "The health systems agency: a new bureaucracy. A Federal law signed by President Ford in 1975 (PL 93-641) mandates the establishment of Health Systems Agencies across the country. The major intent of the law is to provide local direction and control of health care planning. Each Agency shall have a professional staff under the aegis of a board of directors composed of a majority of consumers and a minority of providers. Data identifying health care needs shall be translated into a Health Systems Plan, which is a statement of goals for each Agency; an Annual Implementation Plan shall be developed as a statement of objectives, projects, and strategies requisite to achieving the Health Systems Plan. The concept of the Health Systems Agency has correlate state and federal bureaucratic strata to facilitate health care planning coordination."}
{"id": "PMID:879258", "title": "Charles F. Prentice Memorial Lecture--1976. Optometry curriculum patterns in Europe.", "content": "The education and training of optometrists--more appropriately, ophthalmic opticians--in the western countries of the European continent differ in content and amount from that found in English-speaking countries, particularly the U. S. Current curriculum patterns for 12 European countries are presented. Formalized basic education before professional training averages 9.4 academic years; formalized course work, identified with curricula of schools of optics and optometry, averages 2.8 academic years; and required apprenticeship time averages about 2 years.", "contents": "Charles F. Prentice Memorial Lecture--1976. Optometry curriculum patterns in Europe. The education and training of optometrists--more appropriately, ophthalmic opticians--in the western countries of the European continent differ in content and amount from that found in English-speaking countries, particularly the U. S. Current curriculum patterns for 12 European countries are presented. Formalized basic education before professional training averages 9.4 academic years; formalized course work, identified with curricula of schools of optics and optometry, averages 2.8 academic years; and required apprenticeship time averages about 2 years."}
{"id": "PMID:879260", "title": "Oxygen tension under a hard, gas-permeable contact lens.", "content": "Oxygen tension under a hard, gas-permeable contact lens is calculated. The gas permeability of the lens is taken from the engineering literature and is shown to be 10 times smaller than claimed in the optometric literature. The engineering data are supported by new measurements of gas permeability. Calculations using the new data show that the oxygen tension under the lens is at the lower end of the range of acceptable values.", "contents": "Oxygen tension under a hard, gas-permeable contact lens. Oxygen tension under a hard, gas-permeable contact lens is calculated. The gas permeability of the lens is taken from the engineering literature and is shown to be 10 times smaller than claimed in the optometric literature. The engineering data are supported by new measurements of gas permeability. Calculations using the new data show that the oxygen tension under the lens is at the lower end of the range of acceptable values."}
{"id": "PMID:879261", "title": "Rotation of spherical nonprism and prism-ballast hydrogel contact lenses on toric corneas.", "content": "Six subjects were fitted binocularly with both nonprism and prism-ballast spherical HydrocurveTM contact lenses to evaluate lens rotation on toric corneas. The 1/2 delta and the 1 delta lenses rotated significantly less than the equivalent nonprism lenses. For 11 of 12 eyes, 1/2 delta was sufficient to stabilize the lens.", "contents": "Rotation of spherical nonprism and prism-ballast hydrogel contact lenses on toric corneas. Six subjects were fitted binocularly with both nonprism and prism-ballast spherical HydrocurveTM contact lenses to evaluate lens rotation on toric corneas. The 1/2 delta and the 1 delta lenses rotated significantly less than the equivalent nonprism lenses. For 11 of 12 eyes, 1/2 delta was sufficient to stabilize the lens."}
{"id": "PMID:879262", "title": "Border enhancement as an index of contact lens performance.", "content": "In simultaneous border contrast enhancement, a border formed by an abrupt luminance discontinuity is perceptually enhanced on the bright side by a band of greater brightness and on the dark side by a band of greater darkness. The width of these perceived bands is very sensitive to small changes in the retinal image quality. This study explored the effect of contact lenses of varying steepness on the border enhancement spread. It was found that, over time, the effect of a contact lens on this spread generates a characteristic function. Furthermore, certain features of this function reflect the degree of steepness of the contact lens. It is suggested that the most important factors determining this function are tear flow and scatter-producing corneal edema.", "contents": "Border enhancement as an index of contact lens performance. In simultaneous border contrast enhancement, a border formed by an abrupt luminance discontinuity is perceptually enhanced on the bright side by a band of greater brightness and on the dark side by a band of greater darkness. The width of these perceived bands is very sensitive to small changes in the retinal image quality. This study explored the effect of contact lenses of varying steepness on the border enhancement spread. It was found that, over time, the effect of a contact lens on this spread generates a characteristic function. Furthermore, certain features of this function reflect the degree of steepness of the contact lens. It is suggested that the most important factors determining this function are tear flow and scatter-producing corneal edema."}
{"id": "PMID:879263", "title": "Methods of tinting Soflens contact lenses.", "content": "Different dyes were used to tint Soflens contact lenses. The light transmission of each lens was measured before and after tinting and after asepticizing it in fresh saline from 1 to 15 times. Crystal violet was found to be the dye most stably retained within the lens after saline asepticizing. By asepticizing hydrophilic lenses in solutions of food coloring, we found that the amount of dye retained by a lens was not cumulative and the transmittance was maintained at approximately the original value. Tests of these tinted lenses for toxicity to animals or human subjects were not performed, nor did we ascertain whether these dyes affect the durability or hydrophilic and wetting properties of these lenses.", "contents": "Methods of tinting Soflens contact lenses. Different dyes were used to tint Soflens contact lenses. The light transmission of each lens was measured before and after tinting and after asepticizing it in fresh saline from 1 to 15 times. Crystal violet was found to be the dye most stably retained within the lens after saline asepticizing. By asepticizing hydrophilic lenses in solutions of food coloring, we found that the amount of dye retained by a lens was not cumulative and the transmittance was maintained at approximately the original value. Tests of these tinted lenses for toxicity to animals or human subjects were not performed, nor did we ascertain whether these dyes affect the durability or hydrophilic and wetting properties of these lenses."}
{"id": "PMID:879264", "title": "Validity of Pinckers' 100-Hue version of the Panel D-15.", "content": "Fifteen normal and 18 red-green-deficient subjects were tested with the Farnsworth Dichotomous Test of color vision (Panel D-15) and with an alternative version of the dichotomous test consisting of selected color chips from the Farnsworth-Munsell 100-Hue Test. Results indicate that the 100-Hue version of the dichotomous test is equivalent to the standard Panel D-15 with respect to detecting and differentiating among the more severe red-green deficiencies. These results confirm A. Pinckers' previous suggestion that the 100-Hue Test contains the components necessary for a Farnsworth Panel D-15.", "contents": "Validity of Pinckers' 100-Hue version of the Panel D-15. Fifteen normal and 18 red-green-deficient subjects were tested with the Farnsworth Dichotomous Test of color vision (Panel D-15) and with an alternative version of the dichotomous test consisting of selected color chips from the Farnsworth-Munsell 100-Hue Test. Results indicate that the 100-Hue version of the dichotomous test is equivalent to the standard Panel D-15 with respect to detecting and differentiating among the more severe red-green deficiencies. These results confirm A. Pinckers' previous suggestion that the 100-Hue Test contains the components necessary for a Farnsworth Panel D-15."}
{"id": "PMID:879268", "title": "Ultrastructure in glomerulonephritis associated with cryoglobulinemia. A report of six cases and review of the literature.", "content": "Renal tissue from 6 patients with glomerulonephritis associated with cryoglobulinemia was studied by light microscopy, immunofluorescence microscopy, and electron microscopy. Fibrillar deposits in glomerular capillaries were observed in electron micrographs in 4 of 6 patients. The ultrastructure of these deposits is compared with those in 6 previously reported cases, with the ultrastructure of the serum cryoprecipitates, and with fibrillar glomerular deposits in other glomerulonephritides. It is concluded that serum cryoprecipitates are structurally similar to glomerular deposits and that these fibrillar deposits are a frequent and possibly distinguishing morphologic feature of glomerulonephritis associated with cryoglobulinemia.", "contents": "Ultrastructure in glomerulonephritis associated with cryoglobulinemia. A report of six cases and review of the literature. Renal tissue from 6 patients with glomerulonephritis associated with cryoglobulinemia was studied by light microscopy, immunofluorescence microscopy, and electron microscopy. Fibrillar deposits in glomerular capillaries were observed in electron micrographs in 4 of 6 patients. The ultrastructure of these deposits is compared with those in 6 previously reported cases, with the ultrastructure of the serum cryoprecipitates, and with fibrillar glomerular deposits in other glomerulonephritides. It is concluded that serum cryoprecipitates are structurally similar to glomerular deposits and that these fibrillar deposits are a frequent and possibly distinguishing morphologic feature of glomerulonephritis associated with cryoglobulinemia."}
{"id": "PMID:879269", "title": "Beneficial effect of propranolol in a histologically appropriate model of postischemic acute renal failure.", "content": "Acute renal failure caused in the rabbit by clamping one renal pedicle for 1 hour and removing the opposite kidney produced a histologic picture very similar to that observed in \"hypotensive\" acute renal failure in man. Intravenous infusion of propranolol, a drug which prevents renin release, at 1 mg/kg for 70 minutes beginning at time of pedicle clamping resulted in significantly lower serum creatinine in this model (2.8 +/- 0.2 mg% at 48 hours with propranolol versus 5.2 +/- 0.8 mg% without). Renin stimulation by dehydration or feeding a low-salt diet enhanced the difference between treated and untreated groups (2.6 +/- 0.4 mg% with propranolol versus 6.2 +/- 1.8 mg% without, after dehydration; 3.5 +/- 1.0 mg% with propranolol versus 7.6 +/- 1.4 mg% without, after low-salt diet).Suppression of renin production by saline feeding eliminated propranolol's beneficial effect (5.6 +/- 0.9 mg% with propranolol versus 4.0 +/- 0.6 mg% without). In rabbits with a normal food and water intake, renal denervation using phenol also eliminated propranolol's effect (creatinine 8.6 +/- 1.4 mg% with propranolol versus 8.6 +/- 1.8 mg% without). In rabbits with intact kidneys, flow probe recording of renal blood flow showed a significantly higher blood flow immediately after unclamping in the propranolol-treated animals, and renal angiograms showed less vasoconstriction in this group after unclamping. In this model of acute renal failure, renal vasoconstriction plays an important role following the initial ischemic insult. Propranolol lessens the severity of this vasoconstriction and the resulting acute renal failure. Its probable action is interference with neurogenically stimulated renin release.", "contents": "Beneficial effect of propranolol in a histologically appropriate model of postischemic acute renal failure. Acute renal failure caused in the rabbit by clamping one renal pedicle for 1 hour and removing the opposite kidney produced a histologic picture very similar to that observed in \"hypotensive\" acute renal failure in man. Intravenous infusion of propranolol, a drug which prevents renin release, at 1 mg/kg for 70 minutes beginning at time of pedicle clamping resulted in significantly lower serum creatinine in this model (2.8 +/- 0.2 mg% at 48 hours with propranolol versus 5.2 +/- 0.8 mg% without). Renin stimulation by dehydration or feeding a low-salt diet enhanced the difference between treated and untreated groups (2.6 +/- 0.4 mg% with propranolol versus 6.2 +/- 1.8 mg% without, after dehydration; 3.5 +/- 1.0 mg% with propranolol versus 7.6 +/- 1.4 mg% without, after low-salt diet).Suppression of renin production by saline feeding eliminated propranolol's beneficial effect (5.6 +/- 0.9 mg% with propranolol versus 4.0 +/- 0.6 mg% without). In rabbits with a normal food and water intake, renal denervation using phenol also eliminated propranolol's effect (creatinine 8.6 +/- 1.4 mg% with propranolol versus 8.6 +/- 1.8 mg% without). In rabbits with intact kidneys, flow probe recording of renal blood flow showed a significantly higher blood flow immediately after unclamping in the propranolol-treated animals, and renal angiograms showed less vasoconstriction in this group after unclamping. In this model of acute renal failure, renal vasoconstriction plays an important role following the initial ischemic insult. Propranolol lessens the severity of this vasoconstriction and the resulting acute renal failure. Its probable action is interference with neurogenically stimulated renin release."}
{"id": "PMID:879271", "title": "Tubulointerstitial nephritis and glomerulonephritis in Brown-Norway rats immunized with heterologous glomerular basement membrane.", "content": "Tubulointerstitial nephritis and glomerulonephritis were produced in Brown-Norway rats (BN) by a single immunization with 2 mg of lyophilized bovine glomerular basement membrane. Tubulointerstitial nephritis was evident before glomerulonephritis. Antibody first bound to tubular basement membranes (TBM), and then the renal cortex was infiltrated with inflammatory cells. The TBM was split, and many renal tubules, especially proximal tubules, were destroyed. Approximately 14 days after the beginning of the tubular phase, antibody was observed to be bound to glomerular basement membranes (GBM) in linear fashion. There was epithelial and mesangial cell proliferation, splitting and reduplication of GBM, crescent formation, and glomerular scarring and atrophy.", "contents": "Tubulointerstitial nephritis and glomerulonephritis in Brown-Norway rats immunized with heterologous glomerular basement membrane. Tubulointerstitial nephritis and glomerulonephritis were produced in Brown-Norway rats (BN) by a single immunization with 2 mg of lyophilized bovine glomerular basement membrane. Tubulointerstitial nephritis was evident before glomerulonephritis. Antibody first bound to tubular basement membranes (TBM), and then the renal cortex was infiltrated with inflammatory cells. The TBM was split, and many renal tubules, especially proximal tubules, were destroyed. Approximately 14 days after the beginning of the tubular phase, antibody was observed to be bound to glomerular basement membranes (GBM) in linear fashion. There was epithelial and mesangial cell proliferation, splitting and reduplication of GBM, crescent formation, and glomerular scarring and atrophy."}
{"id": "PMID:879272", "title": "Cellular swelling and irreversible myocardial injury. Effects of polyethylene glycol and mannitol in perfused rat hearts.", "content": "Irreversible injury was produced in Langendorf-perfused rat hearts by 60 minutes of hypoxic, substrate-free perfusion at 37 C. Upon reoxygenation, hearts suddenly released large amounts of creatine phosphokinase (CPK) and over 60% of cells contained contraction bands and appeared irreversibly injured by light and electron microscopic  criteria. Ten percent polyethylene glycol (PEG) or mannitol (420 mOsmol/liter) prevented or reduced swelling of rat heart slices incubated in vitro in the cold or under anoxic conditions. Both PEG and mannitol inhibited oxygen-induced CPK release after 60 minutes of hypoxia. Cells from protected hearts contained contraction bands but remained structurally intact. The results of this study provide evidence that cell swelling may play an important role in the pathogenesis of oxygen-induced enzyme release and irreversible myocardial cell injury.", "contents": "Cellular swelling and irreversible myocardial injury. Effects of polyethylene glycol and mannitol in perfused rat hearts. Irreversible injury was produced in Langendorf-perfused rat hearts by 60 minutes of hypoxic, substrate-free perfusion at 37 C. Upon reoxygenation, hearts suddenly released large amounts of creatine phosphokinase (CPK) and over 60% of cells contained contraction bands and appeared irreversibly injured by light and electron microscopic  criteria. Ten percent polyethylene glycol (PEG) or mannitol (420 mOsmol/liter) prevented or reduced swelling of rat heart slices incubated in vitro in the cold or under anoxic conditions. Both PEG and mannitol inhibited oxygen-induced CPK release after 60 minutes of hypoxia. Cells from protected hearts contained contraction bands but remained structurally intact. The results of this study provide evidence that cell swelling may play an important role in the pathogenesis of oxygen-induced enzyme release and irreversible myocardial cell injury."}
{"id": "PMID:879273", "title": "Localization in platelets of sodium 51Cr-chromate, 125I-antibody to whole membrane, and 3H-diisopropylfluorophosphate using electron microscopic autoradiography.", "content": "Platelets from the rabbit and rat, respectively, were incubated with sodium 51Cr-chromate and 3H-diisopropylfluorophosphate (3H-DFP) in the same manner as for platelet survival studies. A third isotope, 125I, was incorporated into a labeled antibody raised against a partially purified pig platelet membrane fraction. The 51Cr label was found to be concentrated predominantly in the cytoplasm, with a marked degree of association with mitochondria, whereas the tritium label appeared to be largely confined to the periphery of the platelet, particularly in association with the open canalicular system. The 125I-labeled antibody showed a very marked association with the plasma membrane and the open canalicular system, suggesting a membrane-bound affinity.", "contents": "Localization in platelets of sodium 51Cr-chromate, 125I-antibody to whole membrane, and 3H-diisopropylfluorophosphate using electron microscopic autoradiography. Platelets from the rabbit and rat, respectively, were incubated with sodium 51Cr-chromate and 3H-diisopropylfluorophosphate (3H-DFP) in the same manner as for platelet survival studies. A third isotope, 125I, was incorporated into a labeled antibody raised against a partially purified pig platelet membrane fraction. The 51Cr label was found to be concentrated predominantly in the cytoplasm, with a marked degree of association with mitochondria, whereas the tritium label appeared to be largely confined to the periphery of the platelet, particularly in association with the open canalicular system. The 125I-labeled antibody showed a very marked association with the plasma membrane and the open canalicular system, suggesting a membrane-bound affinity."}
{"id": "PMID:879274", "title": "Ultrastructural observations of the myenteric plexus of the pylorus in infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis.", "content": "Myenteric plexuses and smooth muscle of the pylorus obtained by biopsy at pyloro myotomy in 5 infants with hypertrophic pyloric stenosis were studied by electron microscopy. Animal controls consisted of pyloruses from 2 infant and 2 adult rabbits and 2 adult rats. The principal findings in the plexuses of the patients were moderate numbers of variably sized, swollen degenerating axons that contained dense bodies, lamellated figures, vacuoles, granular or fibrillar material, and swollen mitochondria. The significance of this alteration in the etiology and pathogenesis of this disorder is not clear. Neurons in the plexuses showed no definite abnormalities. Although these findings do not confirm previous light microscopic observation of neuronal changes in the pyloric myenteric plexuses, they do not exclude a neurogenic mechanism for this disorder. The presence of small immature neurons and large mature neurons suggests that neuronal maturation and development in infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis are not impaired as previously reported. No ultrastructural changes were found in interstitial cells of the myenteric plexuses. Except for hypertrophy of the circular smooth muscle layers, no specific alterations were found in muscle fibers of the pylorus.", "contents": "Ultrastructural observations of the myenteric plexus of the pylorus in infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis. Myenteric plexuses and smooth muscle of the pylorus obtained by biopsy at pyloro myotomy in 5 infants with hypertrophic pyloric stenosis were studied by electron microscopy. Animal controls consisted of pyloruses from 2 infant and 2 adult rabbits and 2 adult rats. The principal findings in the plexuses of the patients were moderate numbers of variably sized, swollen degenerating axons that contained dense bodies, lamellated figures, vacuoles, granular or fibrillar material, and swollen mitochondria. The significance of this alteration in the etiology and pathogenesis of this disorder is not clear. Neurons in the plexuses showed no definite abnormalities. Although these findings do not confirm previous light microscopic observation of neuronal changes in the pyloric myenteric plexuses, they do not exclude a neurogenic mechanism for this disorder. The presence of small immature neurons and large mature neurons suggests that neuronal maturation and development in infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis are not impaired as previously reported. No ultrastructural changes were found in interstitial cells of the myenteric plexuses. Except for hypertrophy of the circular smooth muscle layers, no specific alterations were found in muscle fibers of the pylorus."}
{"id": "PMID:879275", "title": "Effect of occlusion on large vessels. I. A study of the rat carotid artery.", "content": "The effect of permanent occlusion on the carotid artery of the rat was studied by light and by electron microscopy. A segment between two ligatures was examined at times from 2 minutes to 1 year. Between 2 and 15 minutes after occlusion, the red blood cells adjacent to the wall formed radially arranged rouleaux; within 24 hours the endothelium disappeared, while platelets (despite the lack of flow) accumulated against the denuded elastica. This behavior of formed blood elements may have been the result of electric forces (injury potential). By 3 days, undifferentiated cells were found lining the elastica interna or free in the lumen; they apparently were derived from medial smooth muscle.In the media, by 3 days some smooth muscle cells had become necrotic, while \"undifferentiated\" cells appeared; strong circumstantial evidence suggested that these were smooth muscle cells which had lost their specific characteristics and had thus become dedifferentiated (a phenomenon also known to occur in striated muscle cells); by 1 month they had matured into smooth muscle, but the media from then on contained fewer cells and more collagen than normal.In the lumen, the undifferentiated cells also matured into typical smooth muscle cells from 15 days onward, while collagen and elastin appeared between them. After 1 month these cells began to accumulate droplets of fat, which thereafter increased in number (at 6 months they were associated with cholesterol clefts) and then declined. This accumulation of fat in smooth muscle cells (also seen in atherosclerosis) was interesting because it occurred in the absence of blood flow.", "contents": "Effect of occlusion on large vessels. I. A study of the rat carotid artery. The effect of permanent occlusion on the carotid artery of the rat was studied by light and by electron microscopy. A segment between two ligatures was examined at times from 2 minutes to 1 year. Between 2 and 15 minutes after occlusion, the red blood cells adjacent to the wall formed radially arranged rouleaux; within 24 hours the endothelium disappeared, while platelets (despite the lack of flow) accumulated against the denuded elastica. This behavior of formed blood elements may have been the result of electric forces (injury potential). By 3 days, undifferentiated cells were found lining the elastica interna or free in the lumen; they apparently were derived from medial smooth muscle.In the media, by 3 days some smooth muscle cells had become necrotic, while \"undifferentiated\" cells appeared; strong circumstantial evidence suggested that these were smooth muscle cells which had lost their specific characteristics and had thus become dedifferentiated (a phenomenon also known to occur in striated muscle cells); by 1 month they had matured into smooth muscle, but the media from then on contained fewer cells and more collagen than normal.In the lumen, the undifferentiated cells also matured into typical smooth muscle cells from 15 days onward, while collagen and elastin appeared between them. After 1 month these cells began to accumulate droplets of fat, which thereafter increased in number (at 6 months they were associated with cholesterol clefts) and then declined. This accumulation of fat in smooth muscle cells (also seen in atherosclerosis) was interesting because it occurred in the absence of blood flow."}
{"id": "PMID:879278", "title": "Role of parathyroid hormone in regulation of main calcium fluxes in rats.", "content": "The effect of calcium deprivation on the various calcium fluxes was studied in growing rats either sham-operated (SHAM), thyroparathyroidectomized (TPTX), or thyroparathyroidectomized and supplemented with parathyroid hormone (PTH) (TPTX + PTH). In SHAM rats a decrease in the net absorption of calcium (Vna) has no influence on calcemia or on bone formation (Vo+), but leads to an increase in bone resorption (Vo-). In TPTX rats a decrease in Vna induces a decrease in calcemia and in Vo+ but still causes an increase in Vo-. The same is true in TPTX + PTH rats although all the variables measured are increased. In TPTX rats, both without and with PTH, a linear correlation exists between calcemia and Vo+ suggesting that calcemia influences bone formation. Furthermore, it appears that PTH is important in regulating bone turnover, but that the adaptation of Vo- to a change in Vna can occur in the absence or in the presence of a constant amount of this hormone. The mechanism of regulating this adaptation of bone resorption is still unknown.", "contents": "Role of parathyroid hormone in regulation of main calcium fluxes in rats. The effect of calcium deprivation on the various calcium fluxes was studied in growing rats either sham-operated (SHAM), thyroparathyroidectomized (TPTX), or thyroparathyroidectomized and supplemented with parathyroid hormone (PTH) (TPTX + PTH). In SHAM rats a decrease in the net absorption of calcium (Vna) has no influence on calcemia or on bone formation (Vo+), but leads to an increase in bone resorption (Vo-). In TPTX rats a decrease in Vna induces a decrease in calcemia and in Vo+ but still causes an increase in Vo-. The same is true in TPTX + PTH rats although all the variables measured are increased. In TPTX rats, both without and with PTH, a linear correlation exists between calcemia and Vo+ suggesting that calcemia influences bone formation. Furthermore, it appears that PTH is important in regulating bone turnover, but that the adaptation of Vo- to a change in Vna can occur in the absence or in the presence of a constant amount of this hormone. The mechanism of regulating this adaptation of bone resorption is still unknown."}
{"id": "PMID:879276", "title": "Effects of nitroblue tetrazolium and vitamin E on platelet ultrastructure, aggregation, and secretion.", "content": "All agents capable of triggering the platelet release reaction also stimulate prostaglandin biosynthesis in these cells. Information concerning the endoperoxides, thromboxanes, and more stable metabolites generated by the action of cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase on arachidonic acid has accumulated rapidly, but little is known about the preliminary steps in the cleavage and preparation of arachidonic acid for insertion into the enzymatic pathways of prostaglandin synthesis. Studies in this laboratory have shown that the combination of nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) and vitamin E which prevents oxygenation of arachidonic acid to a free radical also blocks platelet prostaglandin biosynthesis. The present study has evaluated the influence of NBT, vitamin E, and the combination of NBT and vitamin E on the fine structure and biochemistry of platelets during incubation, and the effects of these compounds on the aggregation and secretion of platelets stimulated by collagen, thrombin, epinephrine, and ADP. Results of the study demonstrate that NBT and vitamin E, rather than injuring platelets, appear to protect them during incubation. Together NBT and vitamin E blocked aggregation by epinephrine, collagen, and thrombin, but permitted a small first wave stimulated by ADP. Both ADP and thrombin induced shape change, pseudopod formation, and limited degrees of internal contraction in vitamin E-NBT-treated platelets, whereas epinephrine and collagen failed to significantly alter discoid form. This pattern of response to aggregating agents was identical to reactions observed in platelets pretreated with aspirin and indomethacin, both potent inhibitors of platelet prostaglandin synthesis. In addition, NBT-vitamin E virtually blocked the first wave of aggregation which is not affected by aspirin and indomethacin. The findings support the concept that conversion of arachidonic acid to an activated state is an important step in prostaglandin synthesis and that electron transfer or oxidation-reduction reactions are intimately involved in the development of platelet stickiness.", "contents": "Effects of nitroblue tetrazolium and vitamin E on platelet ultrastructure, aggregation, and secretion. All agents capable of triggering the platelet release reaction also stimulate prostaglandin biosynthesis in these cells. Information concerning the endoperoxides, thromboxanes, and more stable metabolites generated by the action of cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase on arachidonic acid has accumulated rapidly, but little is known about the preliminary steps in the cleavage and preparation of arachidonic acid for insertion into the enzymatic pathways of prostaglandin synthesis. Studies in this laboratory have shown that the combination of nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) and vitamin E which prevents oxygenation of arachidonic acid to a free radical also blocks platelet prostaglandin biosynthesis. The present study has evaluated the influence of NBT, vitamin E, and the combination of NBT and vitamin E on the fine structure and biochemistry of platelets during incubation, and the effects of these compounds on the aggregation and secretion of platelets stimulated by collagen, thrombin, epinephrine, and ADP. Results of the study demonstrate that NBT and vitamin E, rather than injuring platelets, appear to protect them during incubation. Together NBT and vitamin E blocked aggregation by epinephrine, collagen, and thrombin, but permitted a small first wave stimulated by ADP. Both ADP and thrombin induced shape change, pseudopod formation, and limited degrees of internal contraction in vitamin E-NBT-treated platelets, whereas epinephrine and collagen failed to significantly alter discoid form. This pattern of response to aggregating agents was identical to reactions observed in platelets pretreated with aspirin and indomethacin, both potent inhibitors of platelet prostaglandin synthesis. In addition, NBT-vitamin E virtually blocked the first wave of aggregation which is not affected by aspirin and indomethacin. The findings support the concept that conversion of arachidonic acid to an activated state is an important step in prostaglandin synthesis and that electron transfer or oxidation-reduction reactions are intimately involved in the development of platelet stickiness."}
{"id": "PMID:879280", "title": "Activity of chloride in absorptive cells of Amphiuma small intestine.", "content": "Double-barreled chloride-selective microelectrodes constructed by a new method have been used to determine intracellular chloride activity (aic1) in the absorptive cells of isolated, stripped proximal and distal segments of Amphiuma small intestine. Chloride was passively distributed across the mucosal membrane in fall and winter animals and aic1 is about 20 mM. In contrast summer animals actively accumulated chloride in both proximal and distal segments. Parallel measurements of intracellular chloride concentration (Cic1) reveal a very low apparent chloride activity coefficient (aic1/CiC1) indicating that all of the chloride is not free in the cytoplasm. The chloride activity in the bath immediately adjacent to the mucosa is higher than in the bulk solution.", "contents": "Activity of chloride in absorptive cells of Amphiuma small intestine. Double-barreled chloride-selective microelectrodes constructed by a new method have been used to determine intracellular chloride activity (aic1) in the absorptive cells of isolated, stripped proximal and distal segments of Amphiuma small intestine. Chloride was passively distributed across the mucosal membrane in fall and winter animals and aic1 is about 20 mM. In contrast summer animals actively accumulated chloride in both proximal and distal segments. Parallel measurements of intracellular chloride concentration (Cic1) reveal a very low apparent chloride activity coefficient (aic1/CiC1) indicating that all of the chloride is not free in the cytoplasm. The chloride activity in the bath immediately adjacent to the mucosa is higher than in the bulk solution."}
{"id": "PMID:879281", "title": "Facilitation of hepatic uptake of phenol 3,6-dibromphthalein disulfonate by taurocholate.", "content": "The influence of sodium taurocholate (TC) on the hepatic uptake of phenol 3,6-dibromphthalein disulfonate (dibromosulphophthalein, DBSP) was examined in the dog. Single injections of DBSP (7.5-83.3 mg-kg-1) were given intravenously and the initial velocity of uptake (V) of the dye was calculated from the plasma disappearance rate measured during the 1st 5 min. It was observed that: a) the initial velocity of uptake of DBSP increased with the dose (D) in a nonlinear way, a finding consistent with Michaelis-Menten kinetics; the maximal initial velocity of uptake (Vmax) was 7.5+/-1.0 (SD) mg-min-1-kg body wt-1, and the half-saturation constant (Kd) was 27.7+/-7.0 (SD) mg-kg-1; b) when a TC infusion was given prior to the DBSP injection, the initial disappearance of the dye was more rapid than in the absence of the bile acid; Vmax increased to 12.3+/-2.0 (SD) mg-min-1-kg-1 (P less than 0.001) and Kd increased to 50.3+/-12.8 (SD) mg-kg-1 (P less than 0.001). These results indicate that: 1) the uptake of DBSP by the liver cell is a saturable process; 2) TC increases both the Vmax, suggesting a facilitation of the uptake process, and the Kd, suggesting competition for a common site. This effect of TC on DBSP uptake is similar to the previously described effect of this bile salt on BSP excretion into bile and suggests an interaction of bile salts with the uptake process of dyes.", "contents": "Facilitation of hepatic uptake of phenol 3,6-dibromphthalein disulfonate by taurocholate. The influence of sodium taurocholate (TC) on the hepatic uptake of phenol 3,6-dibromphthalein disulfonate (dibromosulphophthalein, DBSP) was examined in the dog. Single injections of DBSP (7.5-83.3 mg-kg-1) were given intravenously and the initial velocity of uptake (V) of the dye was calculated from the plasma disappearance rate measured during the 1st 5 min. It was observed that: a) the initial velocity of uptake of DBSP increased with the dose (D) in a nonlinear way, a finding consistent with Michaelis-Menten kinetics; the maximal initial velocity of uptake (Vmax) was 7.5+/-1.0 (SD) mg-min-1-kg body wt-1, and the half-saturation constant (Kd) was 27.7+/-7.0 (SD) mg-kg-1; b) when a TC infusion was given prior to the DBSP injection, the initial disappearance of the dye was more rapid than in the absence of the bile acid; Vmax increased to 12.3+/-2.0 (SD) mg-min-1-kg-1 (P less than 0.001) and Kd increased to 50.3+/-12.8 (SD) mg-kg-1 (P less than 0.001). These results indicate that: 1) the uptake of DBSP by the liver cell is a saturable process; 2) TC increases both the Vmax, suggesting a facilitation of the uptake process, and the Kd, suggesting competition for a common site. This effect of TC on DBSP uptake is similar to the previously described effect of this bile salt on BSP excretion into bile and suggests an interaction of bile salts with the uptake process of dyes."}
{"id": "PMID:879282", "title": "Longitudinal force and stress of rat's esophagus: age-related changes.", "content": "Longitudinal force-length relationship of the rat esophagus was studied in vitro in three age groups: 1 mo, 3 mo, and 12 mo. The length of maximum force development (MFD) occurs at 1.4-1.5 times the in vivo length for all age groups. The active force developed at MFD increases markedly with age. The difference in the active forces in the 3-mo and 12-mo age groups is due to differences in cross section because the active stress of the esophagus in the longitudinal direction is approximately equal for the two age groups. The active stress in the 1-mo-old rats is lower than in the 3-mo-old rats, suggesting an increased contractility of the esophagus with age in this period of development.", "contents": "Longitudinal force and stress of rat's esophagus: age-related changes. Longitudinal force-length relationship of the rat esophagus was studied in vitro in three age groups: 1 mo, 3 mo, and 12 mo. The length of maximum force development (MFD) occurs at 1.4-1.5 times the in vivo length for all age groups. The active force developed at MFD increases markedly with age. The difference in the active forces in the 3-mo and 12-mo age groups is due to differences in cross section because the active stress of the esophagus in the longitudinal direction is approximately equal for the two age groups. The active stress in the 1-mo-old rats is lower than in the 3-mo-old rats, suggesting an increased contractility of the esophagus with age in this period of development."}
{"id": "PMID:879286", "title": "Characteristics of accumulation of probenecid by rabbit kidney cortical slices.", "content": "Probenecid was accumulated by renal tissue both under aerobic and anaerobic conditions. The aerobic uptake at a low medium concentration of probenecid was enhanced three- or fourfold by acetate, while metabolic inhibitors and organic anions like p-aminohippurate (PAH), phenol red, and other substituted phenolsulphonphthalein (PSP) dyes which undergo secretion had an inhibitory effect. Octanoate and succinate stimulated aerobic probenecid uptake at low medium concentrations, but inhibited transport of the drug at high levels. Studies on renal homogenates showed that the anaerobic uptake of probenecid is due to binding to tissue constituents. Binding characteristics of PSP dyes to phospholipid vesicles and a representative binding protein, human serum albumin, exhibited close similarity to that of binding to renal tissue. Hydrophobic compounds like octanoate and PSP dyes partially inhibited probenecid binding. In contrast, transport of probenecid was almost completely abolished by these substances and PAH at high medium concentrations. On the basis of the results presented in this paper, it is concluded that renal transport of probenecid occurs by the common organic anion transport system.", "contents": "Characteristics of accumulation of probenecid by rabbit kidney cortical slices. Probenecid was accumulated by renal tissue both under aerobic and anaerobic conditions. The aerobic uptake at a low medium concentration of probenecid was enhanced three- or fourfold by acetate, while metabolic inhibitors and organic anions like p-aminohippurate (PAH), phenol red, and other substituted phenolsulphonphthalein (PSP) dyes which undergo secretion had an inhibitory effect. Octanoate and succinate stimulated aerobic probenecid uptake at low medium concentrations, but inhibited transport of the drug at high levels. Studies on renal homogenates showed that the anaerobic uptake of probenecid is due to binding to tissue constituents. Binding characteristics of PSP dyes to phospholipid vesicles and a representative binding protein, human serum albumin, exhibited close similarity to that of binding to renal tissue. Hydrophobic compounds like octanoate and PSP dyes partially inhibited probenecid binding. In contrast, transport of probenecid was almost completely abolished by these substances and PAH at high medium concentrations. On the basis of the results presented in this paper, it is concluded that renal transport of probenecid occurs by the common organic anion transport system."}
{"id": "PMID:879287", "title": "Mechanism of dopamine-induced diuresis in the dog.", "content": "This study was undertaken to evaluate the effect of dopamine (D) on renal water excretion. Intravenous (i.v.) infusion of D (7.5 microgram/kg per min) was associated with a significant, reversible increase in free water excretion (CH2O) and a decrease in urinary osmolality (Uosmol). These changes, however, were associated with significant increases in renal blood flow (RBF), glomerular filtration rate (GFR), and urinary sodium excretion (UNaV). These increases could have been responsible for the diuretic response to D. To examine whether D has a direct effect on vasopressin (ADH) release, D was infused into one common carotid artery at a dose equal to one-fourth the i.v. dose. No effects on CH2O and Uosmol were observed. To examine whether D might have an antagonistic effect on ADH a single bolus of ADH (100 mU) was given to the same hypophysectomized dogs with and without D infusion. The antidiuretic response to ADH was the same, whether or not D was given concomitantly. The net changes in Uosmol and CH2O in response to ADH were not significantly different. Taken together, the present results provide no evidence for a direct effect of D on ADH release nor do they indicate an interference with the peripheral action of ADH. The dopamine-induced diuresis is probably the result of increased solute excretion. This, in turn, is the result of the combined effects of dopamine on increasing renal blood flow, GFR, and sodium excretion.", "contents": "Mechanism of dopamine-induced diuresis in the dog. This study was undertaken to evaluate the effect of dopamine (D) on renal water excretion. Intravenous (i.v.) infusion of D (7.5 microgram/kg per min) was associated with a significant, reversible increase in free water excretion (CH2O) and a decrease in urinary osmolality (Uosmol). These changes, however, were associated with significant increases in renal blood flow (RBF), glomerular filtration rate (GFR), and urinary sodium excretion (UNaV). These increases could have been responsible for the diuretic response to D. To examine whether D has a direct effect on vasopressin (ADH) release, D was infused into one common carotid artery at a dose equal to one-fourth the i.v. dose. No effects on CH2O and Uosmol were observed. To examine whether D might have an antagonistic effect on ADH a single bolus of ADH (100 mU) was given to the same hypophysectomized dogs with and without D infusion. The antidiuretic response to ADH was the same, whether or not D was given concomitantly. The net changes in Uosmol and CH2O in response to ADH were not significantly different. Taken together, the present results provide no evidence for a direct effect of D on ADH release nor do they indicate an interference with the peripheral action of ADH. The dopamine-induced diuresis is probably the result of increased solute excretion. This, in turn, is the result of the combined effects of dopamine on increasing renal blood flow, GFR, and sodium excretion."}
{"id": "PMID:879292", "title": "Ejection pressure and the diastolic left ventricular pressure-volume relation.", "content": "The influence of ejection pressure (EP) on the left ventricular end-diastolic pressure-volume (P-V) relation was examined in 24 paced, isolated canine hearts. A pressure servo system was used to control EP and monitor ventricular volume. For any given contractile state EP was varied: a) by 10- to 20-mmHg increments and the steady-state P-V response observed at each EP level (method A); or b) by instantaneously attaining the isovolumic condition (PO) from a given EDV and examining the immediate P-V response (method B). With either method it was possible to alter the P-V relation; the maximum variation occurred when, for a given EDV or EDP, EP was raised from a value less than 50% of its corresponding peak isovolumic pressure to PO. For the EDP range 2-25 mmHg, the direction and total magnitude of change were: 1) an increase in EDV 1.3-9 ml was required to maintain EDP constant; and 2) for a constant EDV, EDP decreased an average 16.5%+/-1.2 SE (6-23.9%; P less than .02). The EDP decline observed with method B was immediate and reversible within several beats upon returning to the ejecting mode. Thus, under the conditions of this experiment the diastolic pressure-volume relation is a physiological variable dependent on ejection pressure.", "contents": "Ejection pressure and the diastolic left ventricular pressure-volume relation. The influence of ejection pressure (EP) on the left ventricular end-diastolic pressure-volume (P-V) relation was examined in 24 paced, isolated canine hearts. A pressure servo system was used to control EP and monitor ventricular volume. For any given contractile state EP was varied: a) by 10- to 20-mmHg increments and the steady-state P-V response observed at each EP level (method A); or b) by instantaneously attaining the isovolumic condition (PO) from a given EDV and examining the immediate P-V response (method B). With either method it was possible to alter the P-V relation; the maximum variation occurred when, for a given EDV or EDP, EP was raised from a value less than 50% of its corresponding peak isovolumic pressure to PO. For the EDP range 2-25 mmHg, the direction and total magnitude of change were: 1) an increase in EDV 1.3-9 ml was required to maintain EDP constant; and 2) for a constant EDV, EDP decreased an average 16.5%+/-1.2 SE (6-23.9%; P less than .02). The EDP decline observed with method B was immediate and reversible within several beats upon returning to the ejecting mode. Thus, under the conditions of this experiment the diastolic pressure-volume relation is a physiological variable dependent on ejection pressure."}
{"id": "PMID:879293", "title": "42K exchange during myocardial ischemia.", "content": "42K exchange was studied before and after total ischemia in isolated, blood-perfused rabbit interventricular septa at 37 degrees C and 72 beats/min. Of 11 septa made ischemic for up to 45 min after 42K labeling to asymptotic values, 10 showed no decline in 42K as measured by tissue probe counts 5 min after reperfusion. Of these 10 septa, 7 showed a 1.4-14.2% increase in 42K counts on reperfusion. Three of four muscles reperfused after 60 min of ischemia showed progressive 42K losses. Of 14 septa previously labeled with 42K, 9 showed a parallel decrease in 42K-exchange rate constants as measured by tissue probe and effluent during washing out after 2-45 min of ischemia. In five other muscles a nonparallel decrease in rate constants as measured by tissue probe and effluent during washout indicated inhomogeneity of 45K exchange. These results indicated no persistent impairment in Na pump activity for 30-45 min of total ischemia. After ischemia for 45 min or less there was no consistent relationship between recovery of mechanical function and preservation of 42K content. After 60 min of ischemia, irreversible mechanical injury was associated with loss of tissue potassium.", "contents": "42K exchange during myocardial ischemia. 42K exchange was studied before and after total ischemia in isolated, blood-perfused rabbit interventricular septa at 37 degrees C and 72 beats/min. Of 11 septa made ischemic for up to 45 min after 42K labeling to asymptotic values, 10 showed no decline in 42K as measured by tissue probe counts 5 min after reperfusion. Of these 10 septa, 7 showed a 1.4-14.2% increase in 42K counts on reperfusion. Three of four muscles reperfused after 60 min of ischemia showed progressive 42K losses. Of 14 septa previously labeled with 42K, 9 showed a parallel decrease in 42K-exchange rate constants as measured by tissue probe and effluent during washing out after 2-45 min of ischemia. In five other muscles a nonparallel decrease in rate constants as measured by tissue probe and effluent during washout indicated inhomogeneity of 45K exchange. These results indicated no persistent impairment in Na pump activity for 30-45 min of total ischemia. After ischemia for 45 min or less there was no consistent relationship between recovery of mechanical function and preservation of 42K content. After 60 min of ischemia, irreversible mechanical injury was associated with loss of tissue potassium."}
{"id": "PMID:879294", "title": "Arteriolar reactive hyperemia: modification by inhibitors of prostaglandin synthesis.", "content": "Several studies implicate endogenously synthesized prostaglandins in the mediation of reactive hyperemic responses in the coronary, renal, and skeletal muscle circulations. We sought additional evidence to involve locally released prostaglandins in the mediation of reactive hyperemia in skeletal muscle at the level of the microcirculation. The cremaster muscle of pentobarbital-anesthetized Wistar-strain rats was prepared for direct in vivo observation and measurement of postocclusive responses of single arterioles. Responses of individual arterioles were reproducible over a 3-h test period. The postocclusion increase in diameter and the duration of response were dependent upon the duration of the occlusion. Repetitive occlusions did not influence arteriolar responsiveness to vasoactive substances. Indomethacin and 5-8-11-14-eicosatetraynoic acid, inhibitors of prostaglandin synthesis, did not affect resting arteriolar diameters; however, both drugs decreased the maximum increase in diameter and duration of the vasodilator response following release of the arteriolar occlusion. These findings suggest that in this microcirculatory bed, prostaglandins contribute little to resting vascular tone; in contrast, temporary arteriolar occlusion elicits the local release of dilator prostaglandins which contribute to the reactive hyperemic response.", "contents": "Arteriolar reactive hyperemia: modification by inhibitors of prostaglandin synthesis. Several studies implicate endogenously synthesized prostaglandins in the mediation of reactive hyperemic responses in the coronary, renal, and skeletal muscle circulations. We sought additional evidence to involve locally released prostaglandins in the mediation of reactive hyperemia in skeletal muscle at the level of the microcirculation. The cremaster muscle of pentobarbital-anesthetized Wistar-strain rats was prepared for direct in vivo observation and measurement of postocclusive responses of single arterioles. Responses of individual arterioles were reproducible over a 3-h test period. The postocclusion increase in diameter and the duration of response were dependent upon the duration of the occlusion. Repetitive occlusions did not influence arteriolar responsiveness to vasoactive substances. Indomethacin and 5-8-11-14-eicosatetraynoic acid, inhibitors of prostaglandin synthesis, did not affect resting arteriolar diameters; however, both drugs decreased the maximum increase in diameter and duration of the vasodilator response following release of the arteriolar occlusion. These findings suggest that in this microcirculatory bed, prostaglandins contribute little to resting vascular tone; in contrast, temporary arteriolar occlusion elicits the local release of dilator prostaglandins which contribute to the reactive hyperemic response."}
{"id": "PMID:879296", "title": "Anatomic response of canine hindlimb vasculature to chronic venous occlusion.", "content": "Total limb (iliac) flow, small-vein pressure, and total small-vessel and venous resistances were measured in the fully dilated bed 2 h, 2 wk, and 8 wk after extensive ligation of veins. Values were compared to similar measurements in the contralateral unoccluded extremity. Wall thickness, lumen size and distensibility of noncollateral veins, and enlargement of collateral veins were evaluated 8 wk after venous ligation. Two hours after ligation, anatomic vascular resistance was twice normal, and venous resistance was increased sevenfold. Eight weeks later, total limb anatomic resistance had decreased to a value slightly less than normal, suggesting an \"overcompensation\" in anatomic resistance. Wall thickness of noncollateral veins was greater than normal at 8 wk postligation, and lumen size and distensibility were less than normal in spite of a return of supine venous pressure to normal levels.", "contents": "Anatomic response of canine hindlimb vasculature to chronic venous occlusion. Total limb (iliac) flow, small-vein pressure, and total small-vessel and venous resistances were measured in the fully dilated bed 2 h, 2 wk, and 8 wk after extensive ligation of veins. Values were compared to similar measurements in the contralateral unoccluded extremity. Wall thickness, lumen size and distensibility of noncollateral veins, and enlargement of collateral veins were evaluated 8 wk after venous ligation. Two hours after ligation, anatomic vascular resistance was twice normal, and venous resistance was increased sevenfold. Eight weeks later, total limb anatomic resistance had decreased to a value slightly less than normal, suggesting an \"overcompensation\" in anatomic resistance. Wall thickness of noncollateral veins was greater than normal at 8 wk postligation, and lumen size and distensibility were less than normal in spite of a return of supine venous pressure to normal levels."}
{"id": "PMID:879297", "title": "Ventral root mapping of cardiac nerves in the canine using evoked potentials.", "content": "The sympathetic efferent contribution of left ventral roots T2, T3, and T4 to some cardiac nerves was studied using evoked potentials in mongrel dogs anesthetized with sodium pentobarbital. Electrical stimulation of the ventral roots while recording evoked potentials from the sympathetic chain, anterior ansa subclavia, posterior ansa, ventrolateral cervical cardiac nerve, ventromedial cervical cardiac nerve, and the vagosympathetic trunk demonstrated that A-, B-, and C-type fibers exist in these efferent neural pathways. The range of conduction velocities observed was 0.7-104 m/s. T2 contributed the largest number of A-type fibers, and T2 and T3 contributed C-type fibers equally, while T4 had the least number of fibers coursing through the cardiac nerves.", "contents": "Ventral root mapping of cardiac nerves in the canine using evoked potentials. The sympathetic efferent contribution of left ventral roots T2, T3, and T4 to some cardiac nerves was studied using evoked potentials in mongrel dogs anesthetized with sodium pentobarbital. Electrical stimulation of the ventral roots while recording evoked potentials from the sympathetic chain, anterior ansa subclavia, posterior ansa, ventrolateral cervical cardiac nerve, ventromedial cervical cardiac nerve, and the vagosympathetic trunk demonstrated that A-, B-, and C-type fibers exist in these efferent neural pathways. The range of conduction velocities observed was 0.7-104 m/s. T2 contributed the largest number of A-type fibers, and T2 and T3 contributed C-type fibers equally, while T4 had the least number of fibers coursing through the cardiac nerves."}
{"id": "PMID:879298", "title": "Effect of arterial carbon dioxide on cerebral blood flow in ducks.", "content": "The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of arterial PCO2 on blood flow to the avian brain. Cerebral blood flow was measured on curarized, artificially ventilated Pekin ducks by the rate at which intra-arterially injected xenon-133 was cleared from the duck's brain. A two-component clearance curve resulted: the blood flow calculated from the fast and slow components was similar to the blood flow to mammalian grey and white matter, respectively. Hypercapnia markedly increased the fast component of blood flow, whereas hypocapnia had no effect on this component. These effects were not due to changes in blood pressure, which was independent of arterial PCO2. Blood flow calculated from the slow component was independent of arterial PCO2. We conclude that the lack of response to hypocapnia may contribute to the exceptional tolerance of birds to high altitude by maintaining normal cerebral blood flow.", "contents": "Effect of arterial carbon dioxide on cerebral blood flow in ducks. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of arterial PCO2 on blood flow to the avian brain. Cerebral blood flow was measured on curarized, artificially ventilated Pekin ducks by the rate at which intra-arterially injected xenon-133 was cleared from the duck's brain. A two-component clearance curve resulted: the blood flow calculated from the fast and slow components was similar to the blood flow to mammalian grey and white matter, respectively. Hypercapnia markedly increased the fast component of blood flow, whereas hypocapnia had no effect on this component. These effects were not due to changes in blood pressure, which was independent of arterial PCO2. Blood flow calculated from the slow component was independent of arterial PCO2. We conclude that the lack of response to hypocapnia may contribute to the exceptional tolerance of birds to high altitude by maintaining normal cerebral blood flow."}
{"id": "PMID:879299", "title": "Effects of methylprednisolone on cardiac lymph in acute myocardial ischemia in dogs.", "content": "It has been proposed that administration of pharmacologic doses of glucocorticoids may be beneficial in the setting of acute myocardial ischemia because of their ability to stabilize lysosomal membranes and thereby to prevent the leakage of proteolytic enzymes into the cytoplasm and interstitium. We collected cardiac lymph in anesthetized open-chest dogs in successive 2-h periods and used acid phosphatase as our marker lysosomal enzyme. In group 1 (n=5), we studied the effect of time alone. In these dogs, the total amount of acid phosphatase decreased (P less than 0.05). In group 2 (n=5), methylprednisolone, 30 mg/kg iv, was given. This drug did not change any variable we measured. Ligation of the circumflex coronary artery in group 3 (n=7), produced a significant increase (P less than 0.05) in the amount of acid phosphatase drained from the heart compared to group 1. In the dogs of group 4 (n=5), methylprednisolone did not reduce, and may have augmented, the total amount of acid phosphatase draining from the heart. Thus glucocorticoids do not appear to reduce the amount of acid phosphatase released by the ischemic myocardium into the cardiac lymph.", "contents": "Effects of methylprednisolone on cardiac lymph in acute myocardial ischemia in dogs. It has been proposed that administration of pharmacologic doses of glucocorticoids may be beneficial in the setting of acute myocardial ischemia because of their ability to stabilize lysosomal membranes and thereby to prevent the leakage of proteolytic enzymes into the cytoplasm and interstitium. We collected cardiac lymph in anesthetized open-chest dogs in successive 2-h periods and used acid phosphatase as our marker lysosomal enzyme. In group 1 (n=5), we studied the effect of time alone. In these dogs, the total amount of acid phosphatase decreased (P less than 0.05). In group 2 (n=5), methylprednisolone, 30 mg/kg iv, was given. This drug did not change any variable we measured. Ligation of the circumflex coronary artery in group 3 (n=7), produced a significant increase (P less than 0.05) in the amount of acid phosphatase drained from the heart compared to group 1. In the dogs of group 4 (n=5), methylprednisolone did not reduce, and may have augmented, the total amount of acid phosphatase draining from the heart. Thus glucocorticoids do not appear to reduce the amount of acid phosphatase released by the ischemic myocardium into the cardiac lymph."}
{"id": "PMID:879300", "title": "Effect of sex hormones on blood pressure and vascular connective tissue in castrated and noncastrated male rats.", "content": "Aortic collagen and elastin were quantitated in three groups of castrated and two groups of noncastrated male rats treated by intramuscular injection for 3 wk with oil, testosterone, or estradiol. The greatest differences were found between the castrated rats receiving testosterone and those receiving estradiol, the estradiol-treated rats having significantly lower total collagen, percent collagen, total elastin, and collagen/elastin (C/E), and higher percent elastin than those rats receiving testosterone. In noncastrated rats, administration of estradiol resulted in significantly lower total collagen, percent collagen, total elastin, and C/E. Systolic blood pressure was highest in rats receiving testerone and lowest in rats receiving estradiol. It is concluded that 1) estradiol in the presence or absence of testosterone decreases total accumulation of vascular connective tissue and alters the proportions of collagen and elastin so that the vessel is more distensible, 2) testosterone has an opposite but less marked effect than estradiol on vascular connective tissue, and 3) estradiol and testosterone alter blood pressure in opposite directions in the male rat.", "contents": "Effect of sex hormones on blood pressure and vascular connective tissue in castrated and noncastrated male rats. Aortic collagen and elastin were quantitated in three groups of castrated and two groups of noncastrated male rats treated by intramuscular injection for 3 wk with oil, testosterone, or estradiol. The greatest differences were found between the castrated rats receiving testosterone and those receiving estradiol, the estradiol-treated rats having significantly lower total collagen, percent collagen, total elastin, and collagen/elastin (C/E), and higher percent elastin than those rats receiving testosterone. In noncastrated rats, administration of estradiol resulted in significantly lower total collagen, percent collagen, total elastin, and C/E. Systolic blood pressure was highest in rats receiving testerone and lowest in rats receiving estradiol. It is concluded that 1) estradiol in the presence or absence of testosterone decreases total accumulation of vascular connective tissue and alters the proportions of collagen and elastin so that the vessel is more distensible, 2) testosterone has an opposite but less marked effect than estradiol on vascular connective tissue, and 3) estradiol and testosterone alter blood pressure in opposite directions in the male rat."}
{"id": "PMID:879301", "title": "Role of fibrinopeptide B release: comparison of fibrins produced by thrombin and Ancrod.", "content": "The gelation time, opacity, light scattering, and elastic moduli of human fibrin gels clotted in the presence of thrombin, Ancrod, and Reptilase have been compared. At low ionic strength lateral association to thick fibers is observed in all cases. At all ionic strengths thrombin fibrin forms thicker fibers than does Ancrod fibrin. We have demonstrated that an increase in the extent of lateral association is linked to an increase in its velocity and to a decrease in the gelation time. One may consider the removal of fibrinopeptide B to act as a switch: after it is removed fibrin assembles rapidly to thick fibers and gelation is fast; but when this peptide is still attached, there is a slow assembly of thin fibers, and gelation, especially of dilute fibrin, is delayed. We believe that this delay is critical for the complete digestion by plasmin of fibrin formed during in vivo defibrination with  Ancrod and of fibrin produced by very small amounts of thrombin (which would still contain fibrinopeptide B), and that slow release of fibrinopeptide B is part of a control mechanism for the regulation of fibrin formation and the prevention of intravascular coagulation.", "contents": "Role of fibrinopeptide B release: comparison of fibrins produced by thrombin and Ancrod. The gelation time, opacity, light scattering, and elastic moduli of human fibrin gels clotted in the presence of thrombin, Ancrod, and Reptilase have been compared. At low ionic strength lateral association to thick fibers is observed in all cases. At all ionic strengths thrombin fibrin forms thicker fibers than does Ancrod fibrin. We have demonstrated that an increase in the extent of lateral association is linked to an increase in its velocity and to a decrease in the gelation time. One may consider the removal of fibrinopeptide B to act as a switch: after it is removed fibrin assembles rapidly to thick fibers and gelation is fast; but when this peptide is still attached, there is a slow assembly of thin fibers, and gelation, especially of dilute fibrin, is delayed. We believe that this delay is critical for the complete digestion by plasmin of fibrin formed during in vivo defibrination with  Ancrod and of fibrin produced by very small amounts of thrombin (which would still contain fibrinopeptide B), and that slow release of fibrinopeptide B is part of a control mechanism for the regulation of fibrin formation and the prevention of intravascular coagulation."}
{"id": "PMID:879302", "title": "Cardiopulmonary baroreflexes: left ventricular effects.", "content": "Systemic vascular resistance of dogs perfused at constant arterial pressure by a pump oxygenator was used as a measure of left ventricular baroreflexes initiated by imposing pressure changes on the beating, as well as on the fibrillating, ventricle. In the unloaded beating heart mean left atrial and systolic ventricular pressures averaged 0.3 and 24 mmHg, respectively. Afterloads and preloads that increased systolic pressure to 63 mmHg while raising mean atrial pressures to 3.3 and 1.7 mmHg, respectively, had no effect on resistance. However, pressurization of the fibrillating ventricle caused vasodepressor responses proportional to the stimulus. The ventricular baroreflex had a significantly lower sensitivity and higher threshold than the vasodepressor reflex observed when simultaneously pressurizing the fibrillating ventricle, beating atrium, and lung vessels. On the basis of wall tension, the results are consistent with other reports that have shown ventricular baroreflexes to be initiated by systolic pressure in the range 100-150 mmHg, but not by diastolic pressure in the range 10-20 mmHg. A more sensitive reflex, able to respond to changes of ventricular filling pressure, arises from the left atrium and pulmonary veins.", "contents": "Cardiopulmonary baroreflexes: left ventricular effects. Systemic vascular resistance of dogs perfused at constant arterial pressure by a pump oxygenator was used as a measure of left ventricular baroreflexes initiated by imposing pressure changes on the beating, as well as on the fibrillating, ventricle. In the unloaded beating heart mean left atrial and systolic ventricular pressures averaged 0.3 and 24 mmHg, respectively. Afterloads and preloads that increased systolic pressure to 63 mmHg while raising mean atrial pressures to 3.3 and 1.7 mmHg, respectively, had no effect on resistance. However, pressurization of the fibrillating ventricle caused vasodepressor responses proportional to the stimulus. The ventricular baroreflex had a significantly lower sensitivity and higher threshold than the vasodepressor reflex observed when simultaneously pressurizing the fibrillating ventricle, beating atrium, and lung vessels. On the basis of wall tension, the results are consistent with other reports that have shown ventricular baroreflexes to be initiated by systolic pressure in the range 100-150 mmHg, but not by diastolic pressure in the range 10-20 mmHg. A more sensitive reflex, able to respond to changes of ventricular filling pressure, arises from the left atrium and pulmonary veins."}
{"id": "PMID:879303", "title": "Transmural myocardial perfusion during restricted coronary inflow in the awake dog.", "content": "Phasic coronary flow and transmural myocardial perfusion were studied during coronary artery constriction in 10 dogs with electromagnetic flowmeters and hydraulic occluders on the left circumflex coronary artery. Regional blood flow was estimated using left atrial injections of radionuclide-labeled microspheres 9 micron in diameter. During control conditions, 14+/-0.7% of coronary flow occurred in systole and subendocardial (endo) flow exceeded subepicardial (epi) flow in the region of the posterior papillary muscle (endo/epi=1.16). Immediately following partial inflation of the occluder to reduce coronary inflow 39+/-3%, systolic flow was unchanged while diastolic flow fell 42+/-3%, thereby increasing the portion of flow in systole to 22+/-1.4%. At this time blood flow was reduced nearly uniformly across the wall of the left ventricle. When coronary constriction was maintained for 30 s, an additional shift of flow from diastole to systole occurred (systolic flow=29+/-2.3% of total inflow), and transmural perfusion was redistributed from subendocardium to subepicardium (endo/epi=0.37). This redistribution of flow was accompanied by a fall in coronary pressure distal to the occluder, indicating vasodilation of the distal coronary vasculature.", "contents": "Transmural myocardial perfusion during restricted coronary inflow in the awake dog. Phasic coronary flow and transmural myocardial perfusion were studied during coronary artery constriction in 10 dogs with electromagnetic flowmeters and hydraulic occluders on the left circumflex coronary artery. Regional blood flow was estimated using left atrial injections of radionuclide-labeled microspheres 9 micron in diameter. During control conditions, 14+/-0.7% of coronary flow occurred in systole and subendocardial (endo) flow exceeded subepicardial (epi) flow in the region of the posterior papillary muscle (endo/epi=1.16). Immediately following partial inflation of the occluder to reduce coronary inflow 39+/-3%, systolic flow was unchanged while diastolic flow fell 42+/-3%, thereby increasing the portion of flow in systole to 22+/-1.4%. At this time blood flow was reduced nearly uniformly across the wall of the left ventricle. When coronary constriction was maintained for 30 s, an additional shift of flow from diastole to systole occurred (systolic flow=29+/-2.3% of total inflow), and transmural perfusion was redistributed from subendocardium to subepicardium (endo/epi=0.37). This redistribution of flow was accompanied by a fall in coronary pressure distal to the occluder, indicating vasodilation of the distal coronary vasculature."}
{"id": "PMID:879304", "title": "Effect of stimulation of hepatic nerves on hepatic O2 uptake and blood flow.", "content": "Acute denervation of the liver did not result in changes of oxygen uptake or hemodynamics in the intact liver of the cat. Stimulation of the hepatic nerves resulted in a marked reduction of vascular conductance of the hepatic artery and portal vein (intrahepatic) resulting in almost complete cessation of arterial flow and increased portal blood pressure. The hepatic artery showed a more complete escape from the neurogenic vasoconstriction than did the portal vein. During the stable \"escape phase\" oxygen delivery was 86% of control, but hepatic extraction of oxygen increased so that oxygen uptake was not altered from control values. The return of oxygen consumption to normal during nerve stimulation suggests that redistribution of hepatic blood flow did not occur. In spite of arterial and portal venous blood pressure changes and changes in gut conductance, oxygen extraction of the gut did not change.", "contents": "Effect of stimulation of hepatic nerves on hepatic O2 uptake and blood flow. Acute denervation of the liver did not result in changes of oxygen uptake or hemodynamics in the intact liver of the cat. Stimulation of the hepatic nerves resulted in a marked reduction of vascular conductance of the hepatic artery and portal vein (intrahepatic) resulting in almost complete cessation of arterial flow and increased portal blood pressure. The hepatic artery showed a more complete escape from the neurogenic vasoconstriction than did the portal vein. During the stable \"escape phase\" oxygen delivery was 86% of control, but hepatic extraction of oxygen increased so that oxygen uptake was not altered from control values. The return of oxygen consumption to normal during nerve stimulation suggests that redistribution of hepatic blood flow did not occur. In spite of arterial and portal venous blood pressure changes and changes in gut conductance, oxygen extraction of the gut did not change."}
{"id": "PMID:879305", "title": "Spinal interneurons in the baroreceptor reflex arc.", "content": "The zona intermedia of the cat thoracic spinal cord was explored with metal microelectrodes in an attempt to locate interneurons within the pathway that mediates the spinal component of baroreceptor-induced sympathoinhibition. Twenty-nine neurons whose discharges were interrupted during occlusion of the common carotid arteries were found in the vicinity of the intermediomedial nucleus (IMM). The spontaneous discharges of 10 of these units were correlated in time with the R wave of the ECG. The pattern of R-wave locking of spinal unitary discharge was similar to that for some neurons in the nucleus of the tractus solitarius (NTS; primary site of baroreceptor fiber termination). In addition, spinal units, whose discharges were interrupted during carotid artery occlusion, were activated by stimulation of depressor sites in NTS. These observations suggest that bulbospinal fibers of the baroreceptor reflex arc terminate on and excite interneurons in the vicinity of IMM. It is postulated that these neurons directly inhibit components of sympathoexcitatory pathways located in  the intermediolateral spinal nucleus. Furthermore, it was demonstrated that the inhibitory interneurons receive auxiliary input from sympathetic afferents in the inferior cardiac nerve.", "contents": "Spinal interneurons in the baroreceptor reflex arc. The zona intermedia of the cat thoracic spinal cord was explored with metal microelectrodes in an attempt to locate interneurons within the pathway that mediates the spinal component of baroreceptor-induced sympathoinhibition. Twenty-nine neurons whose discharges were interrupted during occlusion of the common carotid arteries were found in the vicinity of the intermediomedial nucleus (IMM). The spontaneous discharges of 10 of these units were correlated in time with the R wave of the ECG. The pattern of R-wave locking of spinal unitary discharge was similar to that for some neurons in the nucleus of the tractus solitarius (NTS; primary site of baroreceptor fiber termination). In addition, spinal units, whose discharges were interrupted during carotid artery occlusion, were activated by stimulation of depressor sites in NTS. These observations suggest that bulbospinal fibers of the baroreceptor reflex arc terminate on and excite interneurons in the vicinity of IMM. It is postulated that these neurons directly inhibit components of sympathoexcitatory pathways located in  the intermediolateral spinal nucleus. Furthermore, it was demonstrated that the inhibitory interneurons receive auxiliary input from sympathetic afferents in the inferior cardiac nerve."}
{"id": "PMID:879306", "title": "Perfusion rates and the transfer of water across isolated guinea pig placenta.", "content": "The transfer of tritiated water across the isolated, artificially perfused guinea pig placenta was the subject of 21 experiments. The observed relationship between the flow rates and the relative transfer of water cannot be explained by a concurrent or pool-flow system. If the direction of the fetal flow is reversed, the rate of transfer is lowered. It may be concluded, that the decrease is a result of a change from a nonideal countercurrent flow system to a nonideal concurrent system. This conclusion, however, holds only if all other parameters that determine the exchange as well remain unaffected. In the range of flows investigated, the transfer of water is flow limited.", "contents": "Perfusion rates and the transfer of water across isolated guinea pig placenta. The transfer of tritiated water across the isolated, artificially perfused guinea pig placenta was the subject of 21 experiments. The observed relationship between the flow rates and the relative transfer of water cannot be explained by a concurrent or pool-flow system. If the direction of the fetal flow is reversed, the rate of transfer is lowered. It may be concluded, that the decrease is a result of a change from a nonideal countercurrent flow system to a nonideal concurrent system. This conclusion, however, holds only if all other parameters that determine the exchange as well remain unaffected. In the range of flows investigated, the transfer of water is flow limited."}
{"id": "PMID:879307", "title": "Effect of prostaglandins on macromolecular transport from blood to lymph in the dog.", "content": "The effect of various prostaglandins on hindlimb lymph flow and macromolecular transport was studied in dogs anesthetized with pentobarbital sodium. Lymph obtained by cannulating the popliteal lymphatics was collected at 30-min intervals and analyzed for protein and exogenously administered dextran (Dextran 110). Arterial blood was obtained at the midpoint of each collection period and similarly analyzed. Prostaglandins (E1, E2, F2alpha, and A2), the vehicle and histamine were injected subcutaneously into the paw of the dog. Prostaglandins slightly increased lymph flow (L') but the lymph-to-plasma concentration ratios (R) for total protein (T) and Dextran 110 (D) decreased. Permeability surface area products (PS) were not altered. The sieving ratios (RD/RT) were substantially less than 1 and were not altered by prostaglandins. These results indicate that selective permeability of the capillary is not impaired by prostaglandins. Timing sequences and dose-response relations were also completed for prostaglandins by subcutaneous testing in dogs injected with Evans blue (T-1824). Leakage of the T-1824-albumin complex occurred when large amounts (migrogram) of prostaglandins were administered, and the response appeared to be short lived (less than 30 min). While the prostaglandins possess vasoactive properties, as demonstrated by an increased lymph flow, they do not alter the restrictive transport of large molecules.", "contents": "Effect of prostaglandins on macromolecular transport from blood to lymph in the dog. The effect of various prostaglandins on hindlimb lymph flow and macromolecular transport was studied in dogs anesthetized with pentobarbital sodium. Lymph obtained by cannulating the popliteal lymphatics was collected at 30-min intervals and analyzed for protein and exogenously administered dextran (Dextran 110). Arterial blood was obtained at the midpoint of each collection period and similarly analyzed. Prostaglandins (E1, E2, F2alpha, and A2), the vehicle and histamine were injected subcutaneously into the paw of the dog. Prostaglandins slightly increased lymph flow (L') but the lymph-to-plasma concentration ratios (R) for total protein (T) and Dextran 110 (D) decreased. Permeability surface area products (PS) were not altered. The sieving ratios (RD/RT) were substantially less than 1 and were not altered by prostaglandins. These results indicate that selective permeability of the capillary is not impaired by prostaglandins. Timing sequences and dose-response relations were also completed for prostaglandins by subcutaneous testing in dogs injected with Evans blue (T-1824). Leakage of the T-1824-albumin complex occurred when large amounts (migrogram) of prostaglandins were administered, and the response appeared to be short lived (less than 30 min). While the prostaglandins possess vasoactive properties, as demonstrated by an increased lymph flow, they do not alter the restrictive transport of large molecules."}
{"id": "PMID:879308", "title": "Interaction of aortic pressure and left ventricular end-diastolic pressure in the dog.", "content": "Fiber length (preload) is an important determinant of left ventricular performance. Mean aortic blood pressure also influences ventricular performance. The present study was undertaken to examine the influence of mean aortic pressure on the fiber length-ventricular performance relationship. Fifteen anesthetized, adrenergically blocked dogs were studied on right-heart bypass at constant heart rate and coronary blood flow. An increase in mean aortic pressure permitted a greater improvement in performance as evaluated by stroke work for a given increase in left ventricular end-diastolic pressure. A given increase in mean aortic pressure at a constant stroke volume produced a greater rise in stroke work over intermediate ranges of left ventricular end-diastolic pressure than occurred with higher or lower left ventricular end-diastolic pressure. Thus, the degree of afterload-induced performance improvement depended on the magnitude of the preload. External circumference-left ventricular end-diastolic pressure data suggested a possible relationship between isovolumic systolic circumferential expansion and the improvement of ventricular performance at higher mean aortic pressures.", "contents": "Interaction of aortic pressure and left ventricular end-diastolic pressure in the dog. Fiber length (preload) is an important determinant of left ventricular performance. Mean aortic blood pressure also influences ventricular performance. The present study was undertaken to examine the influence of mean aortic pressure on the fiber length-ventricular performance relationship. Fifteen anesthetized, adrenergically blocked dogs were studied on right-heart bypass at constant heart rate and coronary blood flow. An increase in mean aortic pressure permitted a greater improvement in performance as evaluated by stroke work for a given increase in left ventricular end-diastolic pressure. A given increase in mean aortic pressure at a constant stroke volume produced a greater rise in stroke work over intermediate ranges of left ventricular end-diastolic pressure than occurred with higher or lower left ventricular end-diastolic pressure. Thus, the degree of afterload-induced performance improvement depended on the magnitude of the preload. External circumference-left ventricular end-diastolic pressure data suggested a possible relationship between isovolumic systolic circumferential expansion and the improvement of ventricular performance at higher mean aortic pressures."}
{"id": "PMID:879309", "title": "Capillary supply of skeletal muscle fibers in untrained and endurance-trained men.", "content": "Muscle fiber diameters and numbers of capillaries per fiber, per square millimeter, and around each fiber were determined in needle biopsies from the lateral part of the quadriceps muscle of 23 young men. Twelve subjects were untrained (UT) and eleven were endurance-trained (ET) athletes. Average values for maximal oxygen uptake were 51.3 (UT) and 72.0 ml/kg-min (ET). Mean fiber diameters were not significantly different in the two groups (48.8 and 49.1 micron). The capillaries per fiber ratios were 1.77+/-0.10 and 2.49+/-0.08 (mean+/-SE) in the UT and ET groups, respectively. The numbers of capillaries around each fiber were 4.43+/-0.19 (UT) and 5.87+/-0.18 (ET). The numbers of capillaries per mm2 were 585+/-40 (UT) and 821+/-28 (ET). Fiber diameters were 28% smaller in ultrathin than in fresh-frozen sections from the same biopsies. After correction for this difference, the numbers of capillaries per mm2 were 305 and 425 in the UT and ET, respectively. The capillaries per fiber ratio increased with increasing fiber diameter, but not sufficiently to maintain the number of capillaries per mm2. Fibers containing many mitochondria are surrounded by more capillaries than fibers with few mitochondria.", "contents": "Capillary supply of skeletal muscle fibers in untrained and endurance-trained men. Muscle fiber diameters and numbers of capillaries per fiber, per square millimeter, and around each fiber were determined in needle biopsies from the lateral part of the quadriceps muscle of 23 young men. Twelve subjects were untrained (UT) and eleven were endurance-trained (ET) athletes. Average values for maximal oxygen uptake were 51.3 (UT) and 72.0 ml/kg-min (ET). Mean fiber diameters were not significantly different in the two groups (48.8 and 49.1 micron). The capillaries per fiber ratios were 1.77+/-0.10 and 2.49+/-0.08 (mean+/-SE) in the UT and ET groups, respectively. The numbers of capillaries around each fiber were 4.43+/-0.19 (UT) and 5.87+/-0.18 (ET). The numbers of capillaries per mm2 were 585+/-40 (UT) and 821+/-28 (ET). Fiber diameters were 28% smaller in ultrathin than in fresh-frozen sections from the same biopsies. After correction for this difference, the numbers of capillaries per mm2 were 305 and 425 in the UT and ET, respectively. The capillaries per fiber ratio increased with increasing fiber diameter, but not sufficiently to maintain the number of capillaries per mm2. Fibers containing many mitochondria are surrounded by more capillaries than fibers with few mitochondria."}
{"id": "PMID:879310", "title": "Physiological characteristics of skeletal muscles of dogs and cats.", "content": "Our purpose was to determine if physiological characteristics of skeletal muscles of dogs and cats are related to their histochemical and biochemical characteristics. Maximum oxygen consumption (VO2max) and blood flow (Q) at VO2max were determined for in situ muscles of dogs and cats. Compared to cat muscles, dog muscles per unit mass had higher succinate oxidase activities, VO2max's, and Q's at VO2max's. There are positive relationships between Q at VO2max and VO2max and between VO2max and succinate oxidase activity. The higher VO2max's and succinate oxidase activities of dog muscles are consistent with the presence in these muscles of only slow-twitch fatique-resistant fibers and fast-twitch fatique-resistant fibers, whereas up to 50% of the fibers found in cat muscles are fast-twitch fatiqable. Capillary-to-fiber ratios are 2.40-2.97 for dog muscles compared to 2.17-2.84 for cat muscles. Thus the two- to threefold higher Q at VO2max for dog muscles compared to cat muscles is not due to a greater number of capillaries.", "contents": "Physiological characteristics of skeletal muscles of dogs and cats. Our purpose was to determine if physiological characteristics of skeletal muscles of dogs and cats are related to their histochemical and biochemical characteristics. Maximum oxygen consumption (VO2max) and blood flow (Q) at VO2max were determined for in situ muscles of dogs and cats. Compared to cat muscles, dog muscles per unit mass had higher succinate oxidase activities, VO2max's, and Q's at VO2max's. There are positive relationships between Q at VO2max and VO2max and between VO2max and succinate oxidase activity. The higher VO2max's and succinate oxidase activities of dog muscles are consistent with the presence in these muscles of only slow-twitch fatique-resistant fibers and fast-twitch fatique-resistant fibers, whereas up to 50% of the fibers found in cat muscles are fast-twitch fatiqable. Capillary-to-fiber ratios are 2.40-2.97 for dog muscles compared to 2.17-2.84 for cat muscles. Thus the two- to threefold higher Q at VO2max for dog muscles compared to cat muscles is not due to a greater number of capillaries."}
{"id": "PMID:879311", "title": "Effects of temperature on some membrane characteristics of carotid body cells.", "content": "Excised cat carotid bodies and nerves were placed in a Lucite chamber through which saline flowed at different temperatures. Action potentials were recorded with a suction electrode. Glomus cells were impaled with microelectrodes and identified by ejecting Procion navy blue from the micropipette. Membrane potentials (MP) averaged 20 mV and input resistances (R0), 40 Momega. Cooling induced depolarization and decreased R0. This effect had a reversal potential of about -6 mV. [K+]0 did not affect MP, R0, or cooling effects. Lack of sodium increased MP, R0, and depressed cooling effects. Low chloride had opposite effects. Ca2+ and Mg2+ influenced MP and R0 but had little effects on temperature actions. Ouabain decreased MP and R0. Results indicate that glomus cells are exquisitely sensitive to temperature changes; their MP and R0 increase with high temperatures and decrease when temperature is lowered. These effects are mostly dependent on the external concentration of Cl- and Na+. Glomus cells may be the site of the intense metabolism of this tissue and thus contribute to the generation of chemosensory impulses.", "contents": "Effects of temperature on some membrane characteristics of carotid body cells. Excised cat carotid bodies and nerves were placed in a Lucite chamber through which saline flowed at different temperatures. Action potentials were recorded with a suction electrode. Glomus cells were impaled with microelectrodes and identified by ejecting Procion navy blue from the micropipette. Membrane potentials (MP) averaged 20 mV and input resistances (R0), 40 Momega. Cooling induced depolarization and decreased R0. This effect had a reversal potential of about -6 mV. [K+]0 did not affect MP, R0, or cooling effects. Lack of sodium increased MP, R0, and depressed cooling effects. Low chloride had opposite effects. Ca2+ and Mg2+ influenced MP and R0 but had little effects on temperature actions. Ouabain decreased MP and R0. Results indicate that glomus cells are exquisitely sensitive to temperature changes; their MP and R0 increase with high temperatures and decrease when temperature is lowered. These effects are mostly dependent on the external concentration of Cl- and Na+. Glomus cells may be the site of the intense metabolism of this tissue and thus contribute to the generation of chemosensory impulses."}
{"id": "PMID:879312", "title": "Mechanical properties of taenia coli smooth muscle in spontaneous contraction.", "content": "The following mechanical tests have been performed on spontaneously contracting taenia coli: isometric step stretch, isotonic step loading, and length-tension. Passive stress-strain tests have also been done. Information on spontaneous contraction was more readily obtained in isometric tests. In length-tension tests, each isometric contraction was analyzed on a phase plane which is a representation of muscle stress, sigma(t), versus the rate of change of stress, sigma(t). The curve in the phase plane provided parameters for describing spontaneous contraction as a function of muscle length, L. The maximum active stress in a cycle of spontaneous contraction, S(L)max, and the maximum rate of increasing active stress, [S(L)]max, were shown to depend on L in the same way. Both parameters attain a maximum value (upper bound) at the same muscle length, Lmax. When L less than Lmax, the minimum stress in a spontaneous contraction, sigma(l)min, is negligible. If L greater than Lmax, sigma(L)min increases nonlinearly and is equal to the passive stress, tau(L), in an epinephrine-relaxed muscle. The results show that the ratio of [S(L)]max to S(L)max, eta(L), is constant for a physiological range of muscle length. This suggests that eta(L) may be used as an index of contractility for taenia coli.", "contents": "Mechanical properties of taenia coli smooth muscle in spontaneous contraction. The following mechanical tests have been performed on spontaneously contracting taenia coli: isometric step stretch, isotonic step loading, and length-tension. Passive stress-strain tests have also been done. Information on spontaneous contraction was more readily obtained in isometric tests. In length-tension tests, each isometric contraction was analyzed on a phase plane which is a representation of muscle stress, sigma(t), versus the rate of change of stress, sigma(t). The curve in the phase plane provided parameters for describing spontaneous contraction as a function of muscle length, L. The maximum active stress in a cycle of spontaneous contraction, S(L)max, and the maximum rate of increasing active stress, [S(L)]max, were shown to depend on L in the same way. Both parameters attain a maximum value (upper bound) at the same muscle length, Lmax. When L less than Lmax, the minimum stress in a spontaneous contraction, sigma(l)min, is negligible. If L greater than Lmax, sigma(L)min increases nonlinearly and is equal to the passive stress, tau(L), in an epinephrine-relaxed muscle. The results show that the ratio of [S(L)]max to S(L)max, eta(L), is constant for a physiological range of muscle length. This suggests that eta(L) may be used as an index of contractility for taenia coli."}
{"id": "PMID:879313", "title": "Application of a solid membrane ion-selective electrode to in vivo measurements.", "content": "A solid membrane electrode containing a highly selective ion-complexing agent immobilized in a polymer membrane is applied to measurements in vivo from the surface of an organ. For the measurements reported here, an ion-complexing agent selective for potassium is incorporated in a silicone rubber membrane and applied to measure ion changes in the brain. Comparison is made to the measurements recorded with an ion-selective microelectrode in the cortical tissue. The surface electrode compares favorably with the microelectrode in terms of amplitude of response and response time for the changes seen in the phenomenon of cortical spreading depression of Leao. The methods reported here are amenable to a selection of ion measurements by incorporation of a suitable ion exchanger in a polymer membrane. Extracellular ion activity is monitored in the anesthetized animal by holding the electrode in a balanced suspension which provides a light, flexible contact to the organ of interest. In the unanesthetized animal, when recording from the brain, the electrode is fixed in a skull-implanted cannula.", "contents": "Application of a solid membrane ion-selective electrode to in vivo measurements. A solid membrane electrode containing a highly selective ion-complexing agent immobilized in a polymer membrane is applied to measurements in vivo from the surface of an organ. For the measurements reported here, an ion-complexing agent selective for potassium is incorporated in a silicone rubber membrane and applied to measure ion changes in the brain. Comparison is made to the measurements recorded with an ion-selective microelectrode in the cortical tissue. The surface electrode compares favorably with the microelectrode in terms of amplitude of response and response time for the changes seen in the phenomenon of cortical spreading depression of Leao. The methods reported here are amenable to a selection of ion measurements by incorporation of a suitable ion exchanger in a polymer membrane. Extracellular ion activity is monitored in the anesthetized animal by holding the electrode in a balanced suspension which provides a light, flexible contact to the organ of interest. In the unanesthetized animal, when recording from the brain, the electrode is fixed in a skull-implanted cannula."}
{"id": "PMID:879314", "title": "A comparison of effect of insulin on hepatic metabolites, gluconeogenesis, and ketogenesis.", "content": "In 12-h fasted rats given tryptophan, insulin decreased the hepatic content of alanine and the three precursors of oxalacetate-malate, citrate, and aspartate-while elevating hepatic pyruvate. These changes are consistent with suppression of the pyruvate carboxylase step. Animals fasted for 24 h lose the effect on oxalacetate precursors, and this correlates with a loss of suppression of hepatic ketones. The decrease in hepatic alanine and oxalacetate precursors is more sensitive than the blood sugar. However, the conversion of labeled lactate to glucose is not inhibited by insulin in 12-h fasted animals. (+)-Decanoylcarnitine also produces a decrease in oxalacetate precursors comparable to insulin and a lowering of the blood sugar. However, in fasted animals not given tryptophan it does not alter the blood sugar. Therefore, in tryptophan-treated animals alterations of fatty acid oxidation by insulin or (+)-decanoylcarnitine produce a fall in oxalacetate precursors consistent with inhibition of pyruvate carboxylase but this does not equate with overall suppression of gluconeogenesis by either of these agents in the absence of tryptophan.", "contents": "A comparison of effect of insulin on hepatic metabolites, gluconeogenesis, and ketogenesis. In 12-h fasted rats given tryptophan, insulin decreased the hepatic content of alanine and the three precursors of oxalacetate-malate, citrate, and aspartate-while elevating hepatic pyruvate. These changes are consistent with suppression of the pyruvate carboxylase step. Animals fasted for 24 h lose the effect on oxalacetate precursors, and this correlates with a loss of suppression of hepatic ketones. The decrease in hepatic alanine and oxalacetate precursors is more sensitive than the blood sugar. However, the conversion of labeled lactate to glucose is not inhibited by insulin in 12-h fasted animals. (+)-Decanoylcarnitine also produces a decrease in oxalacetate precursors comparable to insulin and a lowering of the blood sugar. However, in fasted animals not given tryptophan it does not alter the blood sugar. Therefore, in tryptophan-treated animals alterations of fatty acid oxidation by insulin or (+)-decanoylcarnitine produce a fall in oxalacetate precursors consistent with inhibition of pyruvate carboxylase but this does not equate with overall suppression of gluconeogenesis by either of these agents in the absence of tryptophan."}
{"id": "PMID:879315", "title": "A comparison of intrinsic nerve supplies of two muscular layers of duodenum.", "content": "The duodenums of opossums and cats were cut into strips 2 mm wide and 2-2.5 cm long. Strips cut in the direction of the oral-caudal axis were called longitudinal strips, and those cut at 90 degrees to that axis were called circular strips. Each muscle strip was stimulated with trains of electrical rectangular pulses (10 Hz, 50-70 V, 0.5 ms). In the longitudinal strips, electrical field stimulation caused contraction, and this contraction was abolished by atropine, 10(-7) M. In the circular strips, electrical field stimulation caused relaxation. This relaxation was abolished by tetrodotoxin, 10(-7) M, but it was not affected by antagonists to adrenergic and cholinergic transmission, nor by some gastrointestinal hormones. Reserpinization of the opossums or alteration of the frequencies of electrical field stimulation from 0.1-50 Hz did not affect or alter the relaxation of the circular strips or the contraction of the longitudinal strips. These findings suggest that the longitudinal muscle is dominated by an excitatory cholinergic innervation, and the circular muscle is dominated by a nonadrenergic, noncholinergic inhibitory innervation.", "contents": "A comparison of intrinsic nerve supplies of two muscular layers of duodenum. The duodenums of opossums and cats were cut into strips 2 mm wide and 2-2.5 cm long. Strips cut in the direction of the oral-caudal axis were called longitudinal strips, and those cut at 90 degrees to that axis were called circular strips. Each muscle strip was stimulated with trains of electrical rectangular pulses (10 Hz, 50-70 V, 0.5 ms). In the longitudinal strips, electrical field stimulation caused contraction, and this contraction was abolished by atropine, 10(-7) M. In the circular strips, electrical field stimulation caused relaxation. This relaxation was abolished by tetrodotoxin, 10(-7) M, but it was not affected by antagonists to adrenergic and cholinergic transmission, nor by some gastrointestinal hormones. Reserpinization of the opossums or alteration of the frequencies of electrical field stimulation from 0.1-50 Hz did not affect or alter the relaxation of the circular strips or the contraction of the longitudinal strips. These findings suggest that the longitudinal muscle is dominated by an excitatory cholinergic innervation, and the circular muscle is dominated by a nonadrenergic, noncholinergic inhibitory innervation."}
{"id": "PMID:879316", "title": "Episodic secretion of arginine vasopressin.", "content": "The plasma arginine vasopressin (pAVP) response to osmotic stimulation was studied in dogs and sheep by sampling at frequent intervals during steady-state dehydration and during water diuresis. Frequent sampling also was conducted after continuous infusion or bolus injection of 5 or 20 g/100 ml NaCl. A pulsatile pattern of pAVP was observed after such infusions or injections and in some animals after water deprivation. This pattern was not seen after water loading or in mildly dehydrated animals. The short term changes in pAVP during continuous infusion of 5 g/100 ml NaCl could not be correlated with variations in plasma tonicity. Rather, they appeared to reflect discontinuous hypothalamic posterior pituitary release of AVP. Thirst was evoked by a lower dose of 5 g/100 ml NaCl than was required for consistent stimulation of pAVP release, and the thirst response frequently was observed prior to the peak AVP response after bolus injection of 5 and 20 g/100 ml NaCl.", "contents": "Episodic secretion of arginine vasopressin. The plasma arginine vasopressin (pAVP) response to osmotic stimulation was studied in dogs and sheep by sampling at frequent intervals during steady-state dehydration and during water diuresis. Frequent sampling also was conducted after continuous infusion or bolus injection of 5 or 20 g/100 ml NaCl. A pulsatile pattern of pAVP was observed after such infusions or injections and in some animals after water deprivation. This pattern was not seen after water loading or in mildly dehydrated animals. The short term changes in pAVP during continuous infusion of 5 g/100 ml NaCl could not be correlated with variations in plasma tonicity. Rather, they appeared to reflect discontinuous hypothalamic posterior pituitary release of AVP. Thirst was evoked by a lower dose of 5 g/100 ml NaCl than was required for consistent stimulation of pAVP release, and the thirst response frequently was observed prior to the peak AVP response after bolus injection of 5 and 20 g/100 ml NaCl."}
{"id": "PMID:879317", "title": "Log linear relationship between plasma arginine vasopressin and plasma osmolality.", "content": "The integrated plasma arginine vasopressin concentration (IpAVP) was determined by pooling the results of single samples collected every 3 min for 0.5 h in dehydrated, randomly hydrated, and water-loaded sheep. A linear relationship was observed between the log of the integrated AVP concentration and plasma osmolality. This relationship was tested by the bolus injection of 20 g/100 ml NaCl to both water-loaded and randomly hydrated sheep. The rise in the log of IpAVP divided by the rise in plasma osmolality was similar in both groups (P greater than 0.5) and was superimposable upon the regression line derived from steady-state observations. The data would suggest that AVP is released as an exponential function of plasma osmolality rather than as a threshold phenomenon.", "contents": "Log linear relationship between plasma arginine vasopressin and plasma osmolality. The integrated plasma arginine vasopressin concentration (IpAVP) was determined by pooling the results of single samples collected every 3 min for 0.5 h in dehydrated, randomly hydrated, and water-loaded sheep. A linear relationship was observed between the log of the integrated AVP concentration and plasma osmolality. This relationship was tested by the bolus injection of 20 g/100 ml NaCl to both water-loaded and randomly hydrated sheep. The rise in the log of IpAVP divided by the rise in plasma osmolality was similar in both groups (P greater than 0.5) and was superimposable upon the regression line derived from steady-state observations. The data would suggest that AVP is released as an exponential function of plasma osmolality rather than as a threshold phenomenon."}
{"id": "PMID:879318", "title": "Transport of purine nucleotides and nucleosides by in vitro rabbit ileum.", "content": "The kinetics of [14C]ATP and [14C]adenosine entry into rabbit ileum were measured using 1-min mucosal exposures. ATP influx was the sum of a linear (P = 1.02 X 10(-3) cm/min) and nonlinear component (Jm = 4.07 nmol/min cm2, Km = 0.31 mM). Adenosine yielded quantitatively similar results. The kinetics of [gamma-32P]ATP entry were only linear (P = 0.55 X 10(-3) cm/min). These data indicate that at least 85% of the terminal phosphate of ATP is hydrolyzed during transport. Inhibitory measurements indicate that ring-labeled ATP and adenosine compete for a common entry path; however, adenosine does not inhibit the saturable component of [14C]ATP to the degree expected of a simple carrier-mediated system. Adenosine (5 mM) produced no inhibition of [gamma-32P]ATP (0.1-1.0 mM) entry. Measurement of hydrolysis during incubation indicates a negligible fraction of uptake results from labeled adenosine released into the bulk solution. Hydrolysis of ATP followed by a preferred uptake of the adenosine released at the membrane surface probably accounts for most of the observed transport. [14C]ATP entry depended neither on [Na+], [Mg2+], nor [Ca2+] of the bulk solution. Structural requirements for the saturable pathway were also investigated. Autoradiography of [3H]ATP confirmed that the labeled material entered the epithelial cells and that uptake was nonuniform among cells.", "contents": "Transport of purine nucleotides and nucleosides by in vitro rabbit ileum. The kinetics of [14C]ATP and [14C]adenosine entry into rabbit ileum were measured using 1-min mucosal exposures. ATP influx was the sum of a linear (P = 1.02 X 10(-3) cm/min) and nonlinear component (Jm = 4.07 nmol/min cm2, Km = 0.31 mM). Adenosine yielded quantitatively similar results. The kinetics of [gamma-32P]ATP entry were only linear (P = 0.55 X 10(-3) cm/min). These data indicate that at least 85% of the terminal phosphate of ATP is hydrolyzed during transport. Inhibitory measurements indicate that ring-labeled ATP and adenosine compete for a common entry path; however, adenosine does not inhibit the saturable component of [14C]ATP to the degree expected of a simple carrier-mediated system. Adenosine (5 mM) produced no inhibition of [gamma-32P]ATP (0.1-1.0 mM) entry. Measurement of hydrolysis during incubation indicates a negligible fraction of uptake results from labeled adenosine released into the bulk solution. Hydrolysis of ATP followed by a preferred uptake of the adenosine released at the membrane surface probably accounts for most of the observed transport. [14C]ATP entry depended neither on [Na+], [Mg2+], nor [Ca2+] of the bulk solution. Structural requirements for the saturable pathway were also investigated. Autoradiography of [3H]ATP confirmed that the labeled material entered the epithelial cells and that uptake was nonuniform among cells."}
{"id": "PMID:879319", "title": "Mechanism of angiotensin II-induced proteinuria in the rat.", "content": "To investigate the mechanism(s) of angiotensin II-induced proteinuria, polydisperse [3H]dextran (D) (radius = 18-42 A) was infused into seven Munich-Wistar rats before and during intravenous infusion of angiotensin II (AII), 0.35 microgram/kg per min. During AII infusion, UprotV rose approximately twofold, and the fractional clearances of D [(U/P)D/(U/P)In] increased significantly for dextrans with radii greater than 22 A. Single nephron filtration fraction increased, due to a measured rise in the glomerular transcapillary hydraulic pressure difference from 34 to 43 mmHg. Near constancy of single nephron glomerular filtration rate resulted, however, from the offsetting effect of a decrease in glomerular plasma flow rate from 83 to 60 nl/min. These measured hemodynamic changes were found, by the use of pore theory, to account to a large extent for the measured increases in (U/P)D/(U/P)In. In seven other rats, fractional clearances of polyanionic dex-ran sulfate (a more reliable marker of albumin filtration than D) were also found to increase significantly with AII, suggesting that the proteinuria induced by AII can be explained, in large part, by hemodynamic factors.", "contents": "Mechanism of angiotensin II-induced proteinuria in the rat. To investigate the mechanism(s) of angiotensin II-induced proteinuria, polydisperse [3H]dextran (D) (radius = 18-42 A) was infused into seven Munich-Wistar rats before and during intravenous infusion of angiotensin II (AII), 0.35 microgram/kg per min. During AII infusion, UprotV rose approximately twofold, and the fractional clearances of D [(U/P)D/(U/P)In] increased significantly for dextrans with radii greater than 22 A. Single nephron filtration fraction increased, due to a measured rise in the glomerular transcapillary hydraulic pressure difference from 34 to 43 mmHg. Near constancy of single nephron glomerular filtration rate resulted, however, from the offsetting effect of a decrease in glomerular plasma flow rate from 83 to 60 nl/min. These measured hemodynamic changes were found, by the use of pore theory, to account to a large extent for the measured increases in (U/P)D/(U/P)In. In seven other rats, fractional clearances of polyanionic dex-ran sulfate (a more reliable marker of albumin filtration than D) were also found to increase significantly with AII, suggesting that the proteinuria induced by AII can be explained, in large part, by hemodynamic factors."}
{"id": "PMID:879320", "title": "Parasympathetic control of Na, K transport in perfused submaxillary duct of the rat.", "content": "The effects of stimulating the parasympathetic innervation to rat submaxillary gland on ductal transport of Na, K, water, and transepithelial PD, were tested in the main excretory duct during perfusion through its lumen. During nerve stimulation, transepithelial PD was consistently decreased, usually by about 15 mV, and this decrease could be blocked by atropine but not by adrenergic blocking agents. Net flux of Na, K, or water was not significantly changed during stimulation. One-way flux of Na from the lumen also was unaffected. The decrease in PD during stimulation was not affected by substituting isethionate for Cl or increasing [K] in the luminal perfusion medium. It is concluded that parasympathetic effects are exerted on the ductal cells, but that these probably do not involve conductance changes at the luminal membrane.", "contents": "Parasympathetic control of Na, K transport in perfused submaxillary duct of the rat. The effects of stimulating the parasympathetic innervation to rat submaxillary gland on ductal transport of Na, K, water, and transepithelial PD, were tested in the main excretory duct during perfusion through its lumen. During nerve stimulation, transepithelial PD was consistently decreased, usually by about 15 mV, and this decrease could be blocked by atropine but not by adrenergic blocking agents. Net flux of Na, K, or water was not significantly changed during stimulation. One-way flux of Na from the lumen also was unaffected. The decrease in PD during stimulation was not affected by substituting isethionate for Cl or increasing [K] in the luminal perfusion medium. It is concluded that parasympathetic effects are exerted on the ductal cells, but that these probably do not involve conductance changes at the luminal membrane."}
{"id": "PMID:879321", "title": "Response of phosphate transport to parathyroid hormone in segments of rabbit nephron.", "content": "The effects of bovine parathyroid hormone (PTH) on phosphate transport were examined in proximal convoluted tubules, proximal straight tubules, and cortical collecting ducts isolated from the rabbit kidney. The lumen-to-bath flux of phosphate (JlbPO4) and the bath-to-lumen flux (JblPO4) were measured simultaneously with [33P]phosphate and [32P]phosphate. In the proximal convoluted segments perfused with an ultrafiltrate of normal serum, PTH reduced the fluid absorption rate from 1.21 +/- 0.10 to 0.60 nl/mm-min but did not affect JlbPO4, which averaged 5.45 +/- 0.97 pmol/mm-min, or JblPO4, which was 0.50 +/- 0.08 pmol/mm-min. During perfusion with low bicarbonate-high chloride fluids at pH 7.4, the PTH-induced changes in fluid absorption were eliminated but no change occurred in phosphate transport. On the other hand in proximal straight segments JlbP04 was lower at 2.64 +/- 0.41 pmol/mm-min and was directly inhibited by PTH to 1.90 +/- 0.34 pmol/mm-min (P less than 0.001). Net phosphate transport was not observed in cortical collecting ducts in the presence or absence of PTH. These data suggest that phosphate absorption in the proximal tubule involves more than one transport system, that the effects of PTH on fluid absorption are not interdependent with the effects on phosphate transport, and that the proximal straight tubule appears to be an important site of PTH-sensitive phosphate transport.", "contents": "Response of phosphate transport to parathyroid hormone in segments of rabbit nephron. The effects of bovine parathyroid hormone (PTH) on phosphate transport were examined in proximal convoluted tubules, proximal straight tubules, and cortical collecting ducts isolated from the rabbit kidney. The lumen-to-bath flux of phosphate (JlbPO4) and the bath-to-lumen flux (JblPO4) were measured simultaneously with [33P]phosphate and [32P]phosphate. In the proximal convoluted segments perfused with an ultrafiltrate of normal serum, PTH reduced the fluid absorption rate from 1.21 +/- 0.10 to 0.60 nl/mm-min but did not affect JlbPO4, which averaged 5.45 +/- 0.97 pmol/mm-min, or JblPO4, which was 0.50 +/- 0.08 pmol/mm-min. During perfusion with low bicarbonate-high chloride fluids at pH 7.4, the PTH-induced changes in fluid absorption were eliminated but no change occurred in phosphate transport. On the other hand in proximal straight segments JlbP04 was lower at 2.64 +/- 0.41 pmol/mm-min and was directly inhibited by PTH to 1.90 +/- 0.34 pmol/mm-min (P less than 0.001). Net phosphate transport was not observed in cortical collecting ducts in the presence or absence of PTH. These data suggest that phosphate absorption in the proximal tubule involves more than one transport system, that the effects of PTH on fluid absorption are not interdependent with the effects on phosphate transport, and that the proximal straight tubule appears to be an important site of PTH-sensitive phosphate transport."}
{"id": "PMID:879322", "title": "Effect of catecholamines on tubular function in the isolated perfused rat kidney.", "content": "Addition of norepinephrine or epinephrine to the isolated rat kidney perfused at constant pressure resulted in an increase in sodium reabsorption and the excretion of a dilute urine with an increase in free water clearance. Vasopressin reversed the fall in urinary osmolarity but not the diminution in sodium excretion. The urinary changes produced by catecholamines were blocked by propranolol but not by phenoxybenzamine, suggesting that they were mediated, at least in part, by beta receptors. Similar though less pronounced changes in sodium excretion and urinary osmolarity were produced by isoproterenol and phenylephrine, while the combination of these drugs induced marked dilution of the urine. The results suggest that circulating catecholamines or adrenergic nerves innervating the kidney directly influence renal tubular function and might, therefore, participate in the regulation of sodium and water excretion by the kidneys.", "contents": "Effect of catecholamines on tubular function in the isolated perfused rat kidney. Addition of norepinephrine or epinephrine to the isolated rat kidney perfused at constant pressure resulted in an increase in sodium reabsorption and the excretion of a dilute urine with an increase in free water clearance. Vasopressin reversed the fall in urinary osmolarity but not the diminution in sodium excretion. The urinary changes produced by catecholamines were blocked by propranolol but not by phenoxybenzamine, suggesting that they were mediated, at least in part, by beta receptors. Similar though less pronounced changes in sodium excretion and urinary osmolarity were produced by isoproterenol and phenylephrine, while the combination of these drugs induced marked dilution of the urine. The results suggest that circulating catecholamines or adrenergic nerves innervating the kidney directly influence renal tubular function and might, therefore, participate in the regulation of sodium and water excretion by the kidneys."}
{"id": "PMID:879323", "title": "Effect of glycine and glucagon on glomerular filtration and renal metabolic rates.", "content": "A rise in glomerular filtration rate (GFR) during saline infusion increases outer medullary more than cortical metabolic rate. To determine whether other GFR-increasing agents have a similar effect, renal metabolic rates were estimated by the heat-production technique during infusion of glycine or glucagon. Glycine and glucagon increased GFR by 17 +/- 2 and 32 +/- 2%, renal blood flow (RBF) by 34 and 21%, and outer medullary metabolic rate by 42 +/- 3 and 59 +/- 4%, respectively. Cortical metabolic rate rose by 7 +/- 1% during glucagon, and it increased by 29 +/- 2% during glycine infusion, suggesting a stimulation unrelated to sodium reabsorption. To determine whether glucagon influenced renal metabolism independent of its GFR-increasing effects, vasodilation was achieved by ureteral or suprarenal aortic constriction. Glucagon was without effect on RBF, GFR, and metabolic rate, but infusion of acetylcholine still raised RBF. We conclude that glucagon increases GFR by dilating vascular segments participating in autoregulation, and that energy-requiring NaCl reabsorption in the outer medulla is increased secondary to increased delivery of NaCl.", "contents": "Effect of glycine and glucagon on glomerular filtration and renal metabolic rates. A rise in glomerular filtration rate (GFR) during saline infusion increases outer medullary more than cortical metabolic rate. To determine whether other GFR-increasing agents have a similar effect, renal metabolic rates were estimated by the heat-production technique during infusion of glycine or glucagon. Glycine and glucagon increased GFR by 17 +/- 2 and 32 +/- 2%, renal blood flow (RBF) by 34 and 21%, and outer medullary metabolic rate by 42 +/- 3 and 59 +/- 4%, respectively. Cortical metabolic rate rose by 7 +/- 1% during glucagon, and it increased by 29 +/- 2% during glycine infusion, suggesting a stimulation unrelated to sodium reabsorption. To determine whether glucagon influenced renal metabolism independent of its GFR-increasing effects, vasodilation was achieved by ureteral or suprarenal aortic constriction. Glucagon was without effect on RBF, GFR, and metabolic rate, but infusion of acetylcholine still raised RBF. We conclude that glucagon increases GFR by dilating vascular segments participating in autoregulation, and that energy-requiring NaCl reabsorption in the outer medulla is increased secondary to increased delivery of NaCl."}
{"id": "PMID:879324", "title": "Renal extraction of glucagon in rats with normal and reduced renal function.", "content": "To examine the role of the kidney in the mechanism of impaired metabolic clearance of glucagon in renal failure, the renal handling of endogenous pancreatic glucagon was studied in rats with normal renal function and rats with renal insufficiency produced by 70% surgical ablation. Mean +/- SE renal extraction of glucagon in animals with normal renal function was 39 +/- 5%. Urinary losses of glucagon accounted for less than 2% of renal extraction. In contrast, in the animals with renal insufficiency (glomerular filtration rate reduced to one-third of normal), arterial glucagon increased 40% and renal extraction and extraction rate per gram kidney weight of glucagon were negligible, despite filtered loads of 204 +/- 42 pg/min per g kidney wt. These findings indicate a major role of the kidney in the metabolic clearance of glucagon under normal conditions and suggest that during renal insufficiency elevated plasma levels of glucagon occur, at least in part, as a result of a decreased renal turnover of the hormone.", "contents": "Renal extraction of glucagon in rats with normal and reduced renal function. To examine the role of the kidney in the mechanism of impaired metabolic clearance of glucagon in renal failure, the renal handling of endogenous pancreatic glucagon was studied in rats with normal renal function and rats with renal insufficiency produced by 70% surgical ablation. Mean +/- SE renal extraction of glucagon in animals with normal renal function was 39 +/- 5%. Urinary losses of glucagon accounted for less than 2% of renal extraction. In contrast, in the animals with renal insufficiency (glomerular filtration rate reduced to one-third of normal), arterial glucagon increased 40% and renal extraction and extraction rate per gram kidney weight of glucagon were negligible, despite filtered loads of 204 +/- 42 pg/min per g kidney wt. These findings indicate a major role of the kidney in the metabolic clearance of glucagon under normal conditions and suggest that during renal insufficiency elevated plasma levels of glucagon occur, at least in part, as a result of a decreased renal turnover of the hormone."}
{"id": "PMID:879325", "title": "Natriuresis after adrenal enucleation: effect of spironolactone and dexamethasone.", "content": "After adrenal enucleation, rats have an impaired ability to excrete a salt load because of enhanced collecting duct reabsorption. This antinatriuretic effect, thought to be secondary to a mineralocorticoid-like substance secreted by the enucleate gland, can be reversed by treatment with spironolactone or dexamethasone. To define the renal mechanisms involved in this drug-induced natriuresis we have utilized clearance and micropuncture techniques in enucleate saline-expanded rats that were treated with either spironolactone (S) or dexamethasone (D), or were untreated (U). Sodium excretion was clearly increased after S, 13.9, and D, 19.3 mueq/min vs. u, 5.9 mueq/min. The mechanisms of this natriuresis, however, were dissimilar. Spironolactone-treated rats were not different from untreated rats except with regard to function beyond the superficial late distal tubule, where U rats reabsorbed over 50% of the delivered sodium. In the S group 38% of the excreted sodium was added along this tubular locus, 5.2% of the filtered sodium reaching the late distal tubule and 7.3% appearing in the urine. These data demonstrate that the natriuresis after S is secondary to the net addition of sodium beyond the superficial late distal tubule. Spironolactone may work by inhibiting a mineralocorticoid-like product of the enucleate gland and, thereby, eliminate the sodium-retaining effect of this product. The natriuresis after D, however, can be explained solely on the basis of a markedly increased filtered load of sodium traversing the nephron.", "contents": "Natriuresis after adrenal enucleation: effect of spironolactone and dexamethasone. After adrenal enucleation, rats have an impaired ability to excrete a salt load because of enhanced collecting duct reabsorption. This antinatriuretic effect, thought to be secondary to a mineralocorticoid-like substance secreted by the enucleate gland, can be reversed by treatment with spironolactone or dexamethasone. To define the renal mechanisms involved in this drug-induced natriuresis we have utilized clearance and micropuncture techniques in enucleate saline-expanded rats that were treated with either spironolactone (S) or dexamethasone (D), or were untreated (U). Sodium excretion was clearly increased after S, 13.9, and D, 19.3 mueq/min vs. u, 5.9 mueq/min. The mechanisms of this natriuresis, however, were dissimilar. Spironolactone-treated rats were not different from untreated rats except with regard to function beyond the superficial late distal tubule, where U rats reabsorbed over 50% of the delivered sodium. In the S group 38% of the excreted sodium was added along this tubular locus, 5.2% of the filtered sodium reaching the late distal tubule and 7.3% appearing in the urine. These data demonstrate that the natriuresis after S is secondary to the net addition of sodium beyond the superficial late distal tubule. Spironolactone may work by inhibiting a mineralocorticoid-like product of the enucleate gland and, thereby, eliminate the sodium-retaining effect of this product. The natriuresis after D, however, can be explained solely on the basis of a markedly increased filtered load of sodium traversing the nephron."}
{"id": "PMID:879326", "title": "Relation of proteins, platelets, and gas nuclei in adhesion to a synthetic material.", "content": "We report the result of exposing silicone rubber to washed pig platelet suspensions that contained on average 0.018 mg of proteins/ml in solutions. This protein content is sufficiently low to reasonably neglect the protein adhesion to the material. On comparing the measured platelet adhesion from the platelet suspensions with that from blood, we find that when the gas nuclei normally present in the surface roughness of the material are removed the number of adhering platelets is the same. Thus, in the absence of the gas nuclei, the proteins in blood plasma play a negligible role in the platelet adhesion. In contrast, when both the gas nuclei and proteins are present, the maximum platelet adhesion was observed. From this and the above observation, it appears the gas nuclei affect one or more of the proteins, and this brings about an increased platelet adhesion. Finally, the platelet adhesion from the platelet suspensions was reduced after the removal of the gas nuclei. Thus the platelets themselves sense the change in the surface resulting from the removal of the gas nuclei.", "contents": "Relation of proteins, platelets, and gas nuclei in adhesion to a synthetic material. We report the result of exposing silicone rubber to washed pig platelet suspensions that contained on average 0.018 mg of proteins/ml in solutions. This protein content is sufficiently low to reasonably neglect the protein adhesion to the material. On comparing the measured platelet adhesion from the platelet suspensions with that from blood, we find that when the gas nuclei normally present in the surface roughness of the material are removed the number of adhering platelets is the same. Thus, in the absence of the gas nuclei, the proteins in blood plasma play a negligible role in the platelet adhesion. In contrast, when both the gas nuclei and proteins are present, the maximum platelet adhesion was observed. From this and the above observation, it appears the gas nuclei affect one or more of the proteins, and this brings about an increased platelet adhesion. Finally, the platelet adhesion from the platelet suspensions was reduced after the removal of the gas nuclei. Thus the platelets themselves sense the change in the surface resulting from the removal of the gas nuclei."}
{"id": "PMID:879327", "title": "Effect of hematocrit variations on coronary hemodynamics and oxygen utilization.", "content": "Twenty-five closed-chest pentobarbitalized dogs were used for studying coronary flow dynamics and myocardial oxygen utilization following variations of hematocrit (Hct) by isovolumetric exchange of blood with plasma or packed red cells. Coronary blood flow (133Xe washout) and cardiac output varied inversely with Hct. Coronary systemic, and pulmonary flow resistances varied in the same direction with Hct. Blood viscosity played a significant role in determining the flow resistances in these three regions. Analysis of vascular hindrance (vascular resistance/blood viscosity) suggested that coronary vasodilation occurred following Hct changes beyond the range of 20-60%. In systemic and pulmonary circulations, however, there was vasoconstriction following hemodilution. The range of optimum Hct for maximum O2 transport (blood flow X arterial O2 content) was much wider in coronary (20-60% Hct) than in systemic circulation (40-60% Hct). The O2 consumptions in total body and in myocardium were essentially constant over a wide range of Hct (20-60%). The maintenance of total body O2 consumption over the Hct range of 20-40% was attributable to an increase in A-V O2 extraction. The O2 extraction ratio in the coronary circulation was constant over the entire range of Hct studied, suggesting that the myocardial O2 consumption was primarily determined by the coronary O2 transport.", "contents": "Effect of hematocrit variations on coronary hemodynamics and oxygen utilization. Twenty-five closed-chest pentobarbitalized dogs were used for studying coronary flow dynamics and myocardial oxygen utilization following variations of hematocrit (Hct) by isovolumetric exchange of blood with plasma or packed red cells. Coronary blood flow (133Xe washout) and cardiac output varied inversely with Hct. Coronary systemic, and pulmonary flow resistances varied in the same direction with Hct. Blood viscosity played a significant role in determining the flow resistances in these three regions. Analysis of vascular hindrance (vascular resistance/blood viscosity) suggested that coronary vasodilation occurred following Hct changes beyond the range of 20-60%. In systemic and pulmonary circulations, however, there was vasoconstriction following hemodilution. The range of optimum Hct for maximum O2 transport (blood flow X arterial O2 content) was much wider in coronary (20-60% Hct) than in systemic circulation (40-60% Hct). The O2 consumptions in total body and in myocardium were essentially constant over a wide range of Hct (20-60%). The maintenance of total body O2 consumption over the Hct range of 20-40% was attributable to an increase in A-V O2 extraction. The O2 extraction ratio in the coronary circulation was constant over the entire range of Hct studied, suggesting that the myocardial O2 consumption was primarily determined by the coronary O2 transport."}
{"id": "PMID:879328", "title": "Capillary lengths, anastomoses, and estimated capillary transit times in skeletal muscle.", "content": "Total capillary length, capillary segment length, and number of anastomoses per capillary were measured in rat gracilis muscle at rest and after 2 min of phasic contraction. Mean values of the foregoing variables at rest (+/-SD) were, respectively, 1,012 micronm +/- 484, 409 micron +/- 274, and 0.83 +/- 1.09. Total capillary lengths are well described by the gamma distribution, number of anastomoses by the negative binomial distribution, and segment length by the Weibull distribution. Contraction has no significant effect on the means or the frequency distributions, indicating that: 1) pressure gradients between adjacent capillaries are small, and 2) intercapillary anastomoses do not improve flow distribution in exercise. Erythrocyte velocities observed in resting muscle (Burton, K. S., and P. C. Johnson. Am J. Physiol. 223: 517-524, 1972) were shown to be adequately characterized by the gamma distribution. From these velocities and the observed distribution of path lengths, we computed an estimated distribution of capillary transit times. Mean transit time was 4.29 s. The median was 2.45 s, and 11% of values exceeded 8 s. The range was 90 ms-43 s. This heterogeneity of transit times should profoundly affect calculations of O2 transport and the shape of indicator dilution curves.", "contents": "Capillary lengths, anastomoses, and estimated capillary transit times in skeletal muscle. Total capillary length, capillary segment length, and number of anastomoses per capillary were measured in rat gracilis muscle at rest and after 2 min of phasic contraction. Mean values of the foregoing variables at rest (+/-SD) were, respectively, 1,012 micronm +/- 484, 409 micron +/- 274, and 0.83 +/- 1.09. Total capillary lengths are well described by the gamma distribution, number of anastomoses by the negative binomial distribution, and segment length by the Weibull distribution. Contraction has no significant effect on the means or the frequency distributions, indicating that: 1) pressure gradients between adjacent capillaries are small, and 2) intercapillary anastomoses do not improve flow distribution in exercise. Erythrocyte velocities observed in resting muscle (Burton, K. S., and P. C. Johnson. Am J. Physiol. 223: 517-524, 1972) were shown to be adequately characterized by the gamma distribution. From these velocities and the observed distribution of path lengths, we computed an estimated distribution of capillary transit times. Mean transit time was 4.29 s. The median was 2.45 s, and 11% of values exceeded 8 s. The range was 90 ms-43 s. This heterogeneity of transit times should profoundly affect calculations of O2 transport and the shape of indicator dilution curves."}
{"id": "PMID:879329", "title": "Determinants of isogravimetric capillary pressure in the isolated dog hindlimb.", "content": "The hindlimb of the dog was rapidly isolated and carefully perfused in an attempt to prevent transcapillary fluid shifts into the interstitium which may occur during normal surgical isolation and perfusion. In the control preparation before weight was allowed to increase, isogravimetric capillary pressure (Pci) averaged 8 mmHg lower than colloid osmotic pressure of the plasma (IIp). As the weight of the leg was increased, Pci increased and IIp - Pci decreased. When weight was increased by 5.8%, IIp - Pci averaged 3 mmHg; with a 9.8% increase in weight, IIp - Pci averaged 1.3 mmHg. The calculated value of compliance of the interstitial space averaged 0.50 ml/mmHg per 100 g of tissue and increased approximately 10-fold as the weight of the leg was increased. Since IIp - Pci has always been reported to be approximately 2 mmHg when the hindleg was isolated with standard surgical techniques, these data suggest that the procedures normally used to isolate and perfuse the hindlimb caused the weight of the limb to increase by 6% or more before Pci was determined. Furthermore, it appears that most of the variation in the reported value of Pci is due to variation in the value of IIp since IIp - Pci has always been reported to be very close to 2 mmHg in the isolated hindlimb.", "contents": "Determinants of isogravimetric capillary pressure in the isolated dog hindlimb. The hindlimb of the dog was rapidly isolated and carefully perfused in an attempt to prevent transcapillary fluid shifts into the interstitium which may occur during normal surgical isolation and perfusion. In the control preparation before weight was allowed to increase, isogravimetric capillary pressure (Pci) averaged 8 mmHg lower than colloid osmotic pressure of the plasma (IIp). As the weight of the leg was increased, Pci increased and IIp - Pci decreased. When weight was increased by 5.8%, IIp - Pci averaged 3 mmHg; with a 9.8% increase in weight, IIp - Pci averaged 1.3 mmHg. The calculated value of compliance of the interstitial space averaged 0.50 ml/mmHg per 100 g of tissue and increased approximately 10-fold as the weight of the leg was increased. Since IIp - Pci has always been reported to be approximately 2 mmHg when the hindleg was isolated with standard surgical techniques, these data suggest that the procedures normally used to isolate and perfuse the hindlimb caused the weight of the limb to increase by 6% or more before Pci was determined. Furthermore, it appears that most of the variation in the reported value of Pci is due to variation in the value of IIp since IIp - Pci has always been reported to be very close to 2 mmHg in the isolated hindlimb."}
{"id": "PMID:879330", "title": "Effects of systemically infused histamine on transvascular fluid and protein transfer.", "content": "Histamine (4-64 microgram base/min) infused into the brachial artery clearly promotes edema formation in forelimbs perfused at natural flow. In contrast, intravenously administered histamine, even in blood concentrations exceeding those achieved by local infusion, not only fails to promote edema formation, but rather causes net extravascular fluid reabsorption. In this study, high concentrations of histamine were infused into the left ventricular chamber to bypass the pulmonary circuit. Histamine (400-800 microgram base/min) infused into the left ventricle of the heart for 90 min produced marked hypotension and only very slight increases in forelimb skin lymph flow and lymph protein concentration and failed to produce visible signs of edema. Thus the differential actions of local and intravenous histamine on lymph flow, protein efflux, and fluid fluxes cannot be explained by uptake or destruction of histamine in the lung during intravenous infusions of this agent. It seems more likely that they result from different actions on microvascular pressure, surface area, and/or permeability to plasma proteins. Prior hypotension produced either by acetylcholine, systemically infused histamine, or arterial hemorrhage almost completely prevents the increase in skin lymph flow and lymph protein concentration by histamine infused locally into the brachial artery, even in forelimbs perfused at constant flow.", "contents": "Effects of systemically infused histamine on transvascular fluid and protein transfer. Histamine (4-64 microgram base/min) infused into the brachial artery clearly promotes edema formation in forelimbs perfused at natural flow. In contrast, intravenously administered histamine, even in blood concentrations exceeding those achieved by local infusion, not only fails to promote edema formation, but rather causes net extravascular fluid reabsorption. In this study, high concentrations of histamine were infused into the left ventricular chamber to bypass the pulmonary circuit. Histamine (400-800 microgram base/min) infused into the left ventricle of the heart for 90 min produced marked hypotension and only very slight increases in forelimb skin lymph flow and lymph protein concentration and failed to produce visible signs of edema. Thus the differential actions of local and intravenous histamine on lymph flow, protein efflux, and fluid fluxes cannot be explained by uptake or destruction of histamine in the lung during intravenous infusions of this agent. It seems more likely that they result from different actions on microvascular pressure, surface area, and/or permeability to plasma proteins. Prior hypotension produced either by acetylcholine, systemically infused histamine, or arterial hemorrhage almost completely prevents the increase in skin lymph flow and lymph protein concentration by histamine infused locally into the brachial artery, even in forelimbs perfused at constant flow."}
{"id": "PMID:879331", "title": "Elasticity and compliance of canine femoral and jugular vein segments.", "content": "In this study, the pressure/strain and stress/strain relatioships of 44 jugular and 31 femoral canine vein segments were compared with 17 carotid artery specimens, latex rubber, and a synthetic graft material, expanded polytetrafluoroethylene. A method is described for comparing the elastic properties of vein wall specimens of varying thicknesses such as occur after implantation into the arterial circulation. A flat sheet of opened vessel wall, fexed between retention rings at one end of a saline-filled steel cylinder, was biaxially distended to form a bubble shape. Compliance ratio and stress modulus were computed at 20-mmHg increments from 20 to 200 mmHg. In the \"arterial\" pressure range, vein was less compliant than artery. Vein also had a higher stress modulus E (dyn/cm2 X 10(6)) +/- SE at a chamber pressure 120 mmHg than artery (E = 11 +/- 0.6), and jugular vein was stiffer (E = 65 +/- 3.6) than femoral vein (E = 41.5 +/- 2.0). Changes in the structural properties of vein grafts measured using this technique are potentially important factors leading to graft failure.", "contents": "Elasticity and compliance of canine femoral and jugular vein segments. In this study, the pressure/strain and stress/strain relatioships of 44 jugular and 31 femoral canine vein segments were compared with 17 carotid artery specimens, latex rubber, and a synthetic graft material, expanded polytetrafluoroethylene. A method is described for comparing the elastic properties of vein wall specimens of varying thicknesses such as occur after implantation into the arterial circulation. A flat sheet of opened vessel wall, fexed between retention rings at one end of a saline-filled steel cylinder, was biaxially distended to form a bubble shape. Compliance ratio and stress modulus were computed at 20-mmHg increments from 20 to 200 mmHg. In the \"arterial\" pressure range, vein was less compliant than artery. Vein also had a higher stress modulus E (dyn/cm2 X 10(6)) +/- SE at a chamber pressure 120 mmHg than artery (E = 11 +/- 0.6), and jugular vein was stiffer (E = 65 +/- 3.6) than femoral vein (E = 41.5 +/- 2.0). Changes in the structural properties of vein grafts measured using this technique are potentially important factors leading to graft failure."}
{"id": "PMID:879332", "title": "Nonexcised papillary muscle preparation: force and length measurement and control.", "content": "An electromechanical servocontrol system was developed to analyze mechanical properties of a nonexcised, blood-perfused papillary muscle. A miniature load cell mounted on the moving arm of a pen motor measured muscle force, and a shaft angle sensor built in the motor measured the length. The pen motor was actuated by a servocontrol command signal. A papillary muscle was exposed in the right ventricle of an excised, cross-circulated canine heart. The tendinous end of the papillary muscle was connected to the load cell. The intact root of the muscle was fixed by a metal ring. The preparation was stable over 5 h heating at a regular spontaneous heart rate (95-150/min) at 37 degrees C. The system allowed the muscle to contract in various modes such as isometric, isotonic, auxotonic, afterloaded isotonic, quick released, lengthening, etc. Changes in the contraction mode, preload, and afterload could be achieved at the investigator's disposal simply by turning switches and potentiometers, or by feeding external command signals of desired wave forms.", "contents": "Nonexcised papillary muscle preparation: force and length measurement and control. An electromechanical servocontrol system was developed to analyze mechanical properties of a nonexcised, blood-perfused papillary muscle. A miniature load cell mounted on the moving arm of a pen motor measured muscle force, and a shaft angle sensor built in the motor measured the length. The pen motor was actuated by a servocontrol command signal. A papillary muscle was exposed in the right ventricle of an excised, cross-circulated canine heart. The tendinous end of the papillary muscle was connected to the load cell. The intact root of the muscle was fixed by a metal ring. The preparation was stable over 5 h heating at a regular spontaneous heart rate (95-150/min) at 37 degrees C. The system allowed the muscle to contract in various modes such as isometric, isotonic, auxotonic, afterloaded isotonic, quick released, lengthening, etc. Changes in the contraction mode, preload, and afterload could be achieved at the investigator's disposal simply by turning switches and potentiometers, or by feeding external command signals of desired wave forms."}
{"id": "PMID:879333", "title": "Noninvasive measurements of digital arterial pressure and compliance in man.", "content": "A noninvasive method was developed for measuring the digital arterial pressure and the compliance by using a fingertip pneumoplethysmograph and a pneumatic cuff. The compliance (C) of the digital artery was obtained from the peak amplitude of the volume pulse wave (deltaVp-a) under the effect of the cuff pressure (Po-a) by the equation: C = deltavp-a/(Ps - P-o-a) during the dicrotic phase defined in this study. The normal mean value was 11.37 +/- 0.59 X 10(-5) cm3/mmHg. On lowering of the cuff pressure, the moment when the deltaVp value becomes positive is regarded as the systolic pressure (Ps). At the end of the dicrotic phase, the mean amplitude (deltaVss') of the pulse wave during one pulse cycle (SS') and the ratios (deltaVss'/deltaVsd), where deltaVsd is the mean amplitude of the wave during the systolic period (SD), of successive waves after a particular wave fail to increase at the same rate when the cuff pressure decreased below the diastolic pressure. The cuff pressure corresponding to this particular wave is regarded as the diastolic pressure (Pd). The mean value of the mean digital pressure of normotensive subjects was 80.6 +/- 1.2 mmHg.", "contents": "Noninvasive measurements of digital arterial pressure and compliance in man. A noninvasive method was developed for measuring the digital arterial pressure and the compliance by using a fingertip pneumoplethysmograph and a pneumatic cuff. The compliance (C) of the digital artery was obtained from the peak amplitude of the volume pulse wave (deltaVp-a) under the effect of the cuff pressure (Po-a) by the equation: C = deltavp-a/(Ps - P-o-a) during the dicrotic phase defined in this study. The normal mean value was 11.37 +/- 0.59 X 10(-5) cm3/mmHg. On lowering of the cuff pressure, the moment when the deltaVp value becomes positive is regarded as the systolic pressure (Ps). At the end of the dicrotic phase, the mean amplitude (deltaVss') of the pulse wave during one pulse cycle (SS') and the ratios (deltaVss'/deltaVsd), where deltaVsd is the mean amplitude of the wave during the systolic period (SD), of successive waves after a particular wave fail to increase at the same rate when the cuff pressure decreased below the diastolic pressure. The cuff pressure corresponding to this particular wave is regarded as the diastolic pressure (Pd). The mean value of the mean digital pressure of normotensive subjects was 80.6 +/- 1.2 mmHg."}
{"id": "PMID:879334", "title": "Dynamics of myocardial oxygen consumption and coronary vascular resistance.", "content": "Coronary vascular resistance may be regulated in part by substances whose concentrations are determined by or reflect the rate of myocardial oxygen consumption (e.g., adenosine, vessel wall PO2). We tested this hypothesis by comparing the time course of changes in myocardial oxygen consumption and coronary vascular resistance following 20 beat/min changes in heart rate. Main left coronary arteries of in situ dog hearts were perfused with blood at constant flow. Coronary sinus O2 content was monitored continuously with a densitometer and reflected the time course of changes in oxygen consumption and also the effects of vascular transit between tissue and the coronary sinus. These transit effects were estimated from dye transit curves and added to the time course of changes in coronary perfusion pressure which was proportional to coronary vascular resistance at constant flow. Coronary sinus O2 content changes preceded the adjusted time course of vascular resistance. This supports the hypothesis that coronary vascular resistance is regulated in part by factors closely linked to oxidative metabolism.", "contents": "Dynamics of myocardial oxygen consumption and coronary vascular resistance. Coronary vascular resistance may be regulated in part by substances whose concentrations are determined by or reflect the rate of myocardial oxygen consumption (e.g., adenosine, vessel wall PO2). We tested this hypothesis by comparing the time course of changes in myocardial oxygen consumption and coronary vascular resistance following 20 beat/min changes in heart rate. Main left coronary arteries of in situ dog hearts were perfused with blood at constant flow. Coronary sinus O2 content was monitored continuously with a densitometer and reflected the time course of changes in oxygen consumption and also the effects of vascular transit between tissue and the coronary sinus. These transit effects were estimated from dye transit curves and added to the time course of changes in coronary perfusion pressure which was proportional to coronary vascular resistance at constant flow. Coronary sinus O2 content changes preceded the adjusted time course of vascular resistance. This supports the hypothesis that coronary vascular resistance is regulated in part by factors closely linked to oxidative metabolism."}
{"id": "PMID:879335", "title": "Effect of anomalous pathway location on rate of canine experimental A-V reentrant tachycardia.", "content": "The effect of anomalous pathway (AP) location and conduction time on the cycle length (CL) and sustainability of paroxysmal A-V reentrant tachycardia was studied in 15 dogs, using an anomalous pathway simulator (APS). The APS was a programmable digital electronic circuit with ability for unidirectional conduction, ventricular sensing, adjustable delay, and atrial stimulation. Contiguous pairs of ventricular sensing electrodes were placed along the A-V ring in each dog at the following sites: anterior, posterior, and lateral right (AR, PR, and LR) and anterior, posterior, and lateral left (AL, PL, and LL) and septal (S). There were significant differences in the CL of tachycardias among the tested sites (P less than 0.01). The CL of tachycardias from the LL site was significantly longer and from the PR site significantly shorter than that from the other sites (P less than 0.05). These differences in CL of tachycardias in relation to the AP location were explicable in terms of corresponding variation in conduction times of the various components of the tachycardia circuit (e.g., intra-atrial, A-V nodal, intraventricular conduction times). The differences in magnitude of the CL of tachycardias, although significant, were small. It was also found that all sites allowed maintenance of tachycardias up to an AP conduction time of 10 ms. In 27% of experiments, atrial refractoriness prevented sustained tachycardias at pathway delays of 1 ms. The relationship between AP conduction time and CL of tachycardias was exponential.", "contents": "Effect of anomalous pathway location on rate of canine experimental A-V reentrant tachycardia. The effect of anomalous pathway (AP) location and conduction time on the cycle length (CL) and sustainability of paroxysmal A-V reentrant tachycardia was studied in 15 dogs, using an anomalous pathway simulator (APS). The APS was a programmable digital electronic circuit with ability for unidirectional conduction, ventricular sensing, adjustable delay, and atrial stimulation. Contiguous pairs of ventricular sensing electrodes were placed along the A-V ring in each dog at the following sites: anterior, posterior, and lateral right (AR, PR, and LR) and anterior, posterior, and lateral left (AL, PL, and LL) and septal (S). There were significant differences in the CL of tachycardias among the tested sites (P less than 0.01). The CL of tachycardias from the LL site was significantly longer and from the PR site significantly shorter than that from the other sites (P less than 0.05). These differences in CL of tachycardias in relation to the AP location were explicable in terms of corresponding variation in conduction times of the various components of the tachycardia circuit (e.g., intra-atrial, A-V nodal, intraventricular conduction times). The differences in magnitude of the CL of tachycardias, although significant, were small. It was also found that all sites allowed maintenance of tachycardias up to an AP conduction time of 10 ms. In 27% of experiments, atrial refractoriness prevented sustained tachycardias at pathway delays of 1 ms. The relationship between AP conduction time and CL of tachycardias was exponential."}
{"id": "PMID:879336", "title": "Effect of vasopressin on the mixing of portal venous blood in awake man.", "content": "Transumbilical portal venous catheterization was performed in 11 patients for diagnostic selective portography. By use of a multiple-catheter technique, the effects of intravenous infusion of [8-lysine]vasopressin on portal venous mixing of tributary flows was measured by simultaneous blood sampling from the left and right portal branch, taking advantage of the oxygen saturation difference between splenic and superior mesenteric venous blood and also by infusion of 133Xe into one of the portal tributaries. Slight signs of incomplete portal mixing were observed at rest in eight of nine patients. During vasopressin infusion, the heterogeneity of oxygen saturation and xenon activity in the portal branches increased significantly. There was also a significant average shift of splenic venous blood toward the left portal branch with, in some patients, only splenic blood in this branch. Streamlining thus was a dynamic phenomenon related to the reduced and altered portal venous flow pattern. This must be considered during flow measurements, and might also have pathophysiological significance in liver diseases.", "contents": "Effect of vasopressin on the mixing of portal venous blood in awake man. Transumbilical portal venous catheterization was performed in 11 patients for diagnostic selective portography. By use of a multiple-catheter technique, the effects of intravenous infusion of [8-lysine]vasopressin on portal venous mixing of tributary flows was measured by simultaneous blood sampling from the left and right portal branch, taking advantage of the oxygen saturation difference between splenic and superior mesenteric venous blood and also by infusion of 133Xe into one of the portal tributaries. Slight signs of incomplete portal mixing were observed at rest in eight of nine patients. During vasopressin infusion, the heterogeneity of oxygen saturation and xenon activity in the portal branches increased significantly. There was also a significant average shift of splenic venous blood toward the left portal branch with, in some patients, only splenic blood in this branch. Streamlining thus was a dynamic phenomenon related to the reduced and altered portal venous flow pattern. This must be considered during flow measurements, and might also have pathophysiological significance in liver diseases."}
{"id": "PMID:879337", "title": "Contractile stimuli in collecting lymph vessels.", "content": "Contractility was investigated in collecting lymph vessels of rat and guinea pig mesentery. Lymphatic diameter and micropressure were simultaneously recorded under normal conditions and during micromanipulation of intralymphatic pressure. Spontaneous activity involved characteristic changes in intralymphatic pressure coincident with opening and closure of upstream and downstream valves. Contractions were irregular but still predictable by noting the trend of intraluminal pressure as it approached a threshold level. Mechanical obstruction upstream of lymph vessels reduced lymph pressure and contraction frequency. Microinjection or withdrawal of fluid caused contraction frequency. Microinjection or withdrawal of fluid caused contraction frequency to rise and fall, respectively. Contraction rate was not affected by the level of general anesthesia. Lymphatic wall tension, as calculated from pressure-radius variables, correlated well with contraction frequency, suggesting a myogenic origin for the contractile mechanism. However, lymphatic smooth muscle may be inherently unstable since some contractility persists despite an absence of pressure stimuli.", "contents": "Contractile stimuli in collecting lymph vessels. Contractility was investigated in collecting lymph vessels of rat and guinea pig mesentery. Lymphatic diameter and micropressure were simultaneously recorded under normal conditions and during micromanipulation of intralymphatic pressure. Spontaneous activity involved characteristic changes in intralymphatic pressure coincident with opening and closure of upstream and downstream valves. Contractions were irregular but still predictable by noting the trend of intraluminal pressure as it approached a threshold level. Mechanical obstruction upstream of lymph vessels reduced lymph pressure and contraction frequency. Microinjection or withdrawal of fluid caused contraction frequency. Microinjection or withdrawal of fluid caused contraction frequency to rise and fall, respectively. Contraction rate was not affected by the level of general anesthesia. Lymphatic wall tension, as calculated from pressure-radius variables, correlated well with contraction frequency, suggesting a myogenic origin for the contractile mechanism. However, lymphatic smooth muscle may be inherently unstable since some contractility persists despite an absence of pressure stimuli."}
{"id": "PMID:879338", "title": "Simultaneous accumulation of Evans blue dye and albumin in the canine aortic wall.", "content": "The simultaneous transport of Evans blue dye (EBD) and 125I-labeled canine albumin (IALB) across normal and injured endothelial surface was measured by determining the intimal accumulation of EBD (ME) by a reflectometric method and accumulation of equimolar concentrations of EBD and IALB, ME was related to MI by ME = 0.092 + 5.04 MI - 0.508 MI2 for injured and ME = 0.002 + 0.435 MI (nmol-cm-2) for normal surfaces. Both ME and MI varied nonlinearly with exposure time for injured and linearly with time for normal surfaces, giving apparent permeability coefficients of 0.92 X 10(-8) cm-sec-1 for EBD and 2.00 X 10(-8) cm-sec-1 for albumin. These results show that the transvascular flux of EBD can be related to that of albumin by empirical equations, which is of practical importance but also implies unique underlying physical laws. Study of these physical laws will provide deeper insight into transvascular macromolecular transport processes.", "contents": "Simultaneous accumulation of Evans blue dye and albumin in the canine aortic wall. The simultaneous transport of Evans blue dye (EBD) and 125I-labeled canine albumin (IALB) across normal and injured endothelial surface was measured by determining the intimal accumulation of EBD (ME) by a reflectometric method and accumulation of equimolar concentrations of EBD and IALB, ME was related to MI by ME = 0.092 + 5.04 MI - 0.508 MI2 for injured and ME = 0.002 + 0.435 MI (nmol-cm-2) for normal surfaces. Both ME and MI varied nonlinearly with exposure time for injured and linearly with time for normal surfaces, giving apparent permeability coefficients of 0.92 X 10(-8) cm-sec-1 for EBD and 2.00 X 10(-8) cm-sec-1 for albumin. These results show that the transvascular flux of EBD can be related to that of albumin by empirical equations, which is of practical importance but also implies unique underlying physical laws. Study of these physical laws will provide deeper insight into transvascular macromolecular transport processes."}
{"id": "PMID:879339", "title": "Pressure and flow changes during Valsalva-like maneuvers in dogs following volume infusion.", "content": "In eight dogs anesthetized with chloralose and urethan, Valsalva-like maneuvers (VLMs) were performed and central blood volume (CBV) measured following incremental volume loading with blood-dextran. Changes in blood pressure during VLM were characterized by 1) maximum change in systolic pressure (deltaPmax) during VLM; 2) change in systolic pressure during the first five beats of VLM (deltaP1-5); and 3) the change in pulse pressure during the first 10 beats of VLM. In three dogs, we also measured changes in right and left atrial pressure (PRA, PLA), esophageal pressure (PE), and pulmonary and aortic blood flow. We found that volume loading produced a continuous spectrum of hemodynamic changes culminating in the \"square-wave\" response. deltaPmax and deltaP1-5 correlated with changes in CBV. Changes in hemodynamic responses were produced by increases in CBV, and by incomplete prevention of systemic venous return during VLM. The mechanism of the square-wave response may be a combination of both these effects, with the latter the more significant of the two.", "contents": "Pressure and flow changes during Valsalva-like maneuvers in dogs following volume infusion. In eight dogs anesthetized with chloralose and urethan, Valsalva-like maneuvers (VLMs) were performed and central blood volume (CBV) measured following incremental volume loading with blood-dextran. Changes in blood pressure during VLM were characterized by 1) maximum change in systolic pressure (deltaPmax) during VLM; 2) change in systolic pressure during the first five beats of VLM (deltaP1-5); and 3) the change in pulse pressure during the first 10 beats of VLM. In three dogs, we also measured changes in right and left atrial pressure (PRA, PLA), esophageal pressure (PE), and pulmonary and aortic blood flow. We found that volume loading produced a continuous spectrum of hemodynamic changes culminating in the \"square-wave\" response. deltaPmax and deltaP1-5 correlated with changes in CBV. Changes in hemodynamic responses were produced by increases in CBV, and by incomplete prevention of systemic venous return during VLM. The mechanism of the square-wave response may be a combination of both these effects, with the latter the more significant of the two."}
{"id": "PMID:879340", "title": "A numerical method for fitting compartmental models directly to tracer data.", "content": "A numerical method is presented for obtaining the exchange rates of a metabolic compartmental system, working directly from the time course of tracer activity and excretion after bolus injection. The conventional mathematical formulation of this problem, in terms of sums of exponential functions, is bypassed, enabling implementation of the method in a short computer program. An important by-product of the method is a set of variance-covariance estimates for the fitted parameters. The method is tested on \"classic\" data, both simulated and real. Its capabilities and limitations are demonstrated, and the strategy of its effective application is discussed.", "contents": "A numerical method for fitting compartmental models directly to tracer data. A numerical method is presented for obtaining the exchange rates of a metabolic compartmental system, working directly from the time course of tracer activity and excretion after bolus injection. The conventional mathematical formulation of this problem, in terms of sums of exponential functions, is bypassed, enabling implementation of the method in a short computer program. An important by-product of the method is a set of variance-covariance estimates for the fitted parameters. The method is tested on \"classic\" data, both simulated and real. Its capabilities and limitations are demonstrated, and the strategy of its effective application is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:879341", "title": "Dynamic responses of CO2-sensitive avian intrapulmonary chemoreceptors.", "content": "Single-unit extracellular potentials from CO2-sensitive intrapulmonary chemoreceptors (IPC) were recorded with tungsten microelectrodes from the nodose ganglia of unidirectionally, artificially ventilated White Leghorn cockerels. The responses of IPC to step and sinusoidal forcing functions of fractional concentration of carbon dioxide (FCo2) indicate that 1) about two-thirds of IPC are bidirectionally rate sensitive, 2) delay to forcing varies from essentially zero to several times larger than the time of nitrogen gas passage through the lung and, on the average, is significantly shorter to step decrease than step increase in fco2, and 3) IPC with irregular discharge intervals are more rate sensitive and respond to higher frequencies than IPC with regular interspike intervals. The physical and chemical properties of the \"receptor-lung\" complex are probably important in determining the dynamic responses of IPC by partitioning of CO2 from other gases within the lumen of the parabronchus. IPC are located along the length of the bronchial gas exchange areas of the avian lung and transmit information to the CNS concerning the mean level, rate, and direction of change in the partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PCo2).", "contents": "Dynamic responses of CO2-sensitive avian intrapulmonary chemoreceptors. Single-unit extracellular potentials from CO2-sensitive intrapulmonary chemoreceptors (IPC) were recorded with tungsten microelectrodes from the nodose ganglia of unidirectionally, artificially ventilated White Leghorn cockerels. The responses of IPC to step and sinusoidal forcing functions of fractional concentration of carbon dioxide (FCo2) indicate that 1) about two-thirds of IPC are bidirectionally rate sensitive, 2) delay to forcing varies from essentially zero to several times larger than the time of nitrogen gas passage through the lung and, on the average, is significantly shorter to step decrease than step increase in fco2, and 3) IPC with irregular discharge intervals are more rate sensitive and respond to higher frequencies than IPC with regular interspike intervals. The physical and chemical properties of the \"receptor-lung\" complex are probably important in determining the dynamic responses of IPC by partitioning of CO2 from other gases within the lumen of the parabronchus. IPC are located along the length of the bronchial gas exchange areas of the avian lung and transmit information to the CNS concerning the mean level, rate, and direction of change in the partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PCo2)."}
{"id": "PMID:879342", "title": "Sympathetic inhibition of thermogenesis in the infant rat: possible glucostatic control.", "content": "Nonshivering thermogenesis (NST) was examined during cold exposure (30 degrees C) in 5-day-old rats, during food deprivation. NST in the fed state doubled the O2 consumption observed at neutral temperatures. With fasting, the additional O2 consumption stimulated by cold dropped to that observed at thermoneutrality within 6 h, and colonic temperature (Tco) dropped concomitantly. Blood glucose (BG) concentration was halved. Oxygen consumption and Tco in the cold varied linearly with BG changes during food deprivation. 6-Hydroxydopamine transiently stimulated norepinephrine release and elevated metabolism nonadditively with cold stimulation in fed animals, and also stimulated O2 consumption. The drug also partially restored BG concentration, after it had declined during fasting. NST and BG were also restored by gastric infusion of glucose. These data suggest that the decline of NST, and the subsequent hypothermia during food deprivation, is in large part a sympathetically mediated reflex response to low cerebral BG concentration. However, glucose injection in doses sufficient to restore BG after fasting did not restore NST, nor was NST abolished by intracellular glucoprivation with 2-deoxy-D-glucose in fed rats. Thus, it is not argued that BG concentration is in itself an adequate signal for controlling NST.", "contents": "Sympathetic inhibition of thermogenesis in the infant rat: possible glucostatic control. Nonshivering thermogenesis (NST) was examined during cold exposure (30 degrees C) in 5-day-old rats, during food deprivation. NST in the fed state doubled the O2 consumption observed at neutral temperatures. With fasting, the additional O2 consumption stimulated by cold dropped to that observed at thermoneutrality within 6 h, and colonic temperature (Tco) dropped concomitantly. Blood glucose (BG) concentration was halved. Oxygen consumption and Tco in the cold varied linearly with BG changes during food deprivation. 6-Hydroxydopamine transiently stimulated norepinephrine release and elevated metabolism nonadditively with cold stimulation in fed animals, and also stimulated O2 consumption. The drug also partially restored BG concentration, after it had declined during fasting. NST and BG were also restored by gastric infusion of glucose. These data suggest that the decline of NST, and the subsequent hypothermia during food deprivation, is in large part a sympathetically mediated reflex response to low cerebral BG concentration. However, glucose injection in doses sufficient to restore BG after fasting did not restore NST, nor was NST abolished by intracellular glucoprivation with 2-deoxy-D-glucose in fed rats. Thus, it is not argued that BG concentration is in itself an adequate signal for controlling NST."}
{"id": "PMID:879343", "title": "Preoptic-hypothalamic periventricular lesions: thirst deficits and hypernatremia.", "content": "To assess the significance of stimulation studies suggesting an anteroventral third ventricle (AV3V) dipsogenic site of action for hyperosmotic and angiotensin thirst stimuli, electrolytic lesions of periventricular tissue surrounding AV3V were produced under ether anesthesia in rats preselected for responsiveness to subcutaneous angiotensin and hypertonic NaCl thirst challenges. Lesions limited to preoptic-anterior hypothalamic periventricular substrates resulted in adipsia; those rats resuming ad lib. drinking after a period of adipsia exhibited persistent drinking deficits to angiotensin and hypertonic NaCl thirst challenges, reduced drinking after water deprivation, and increased plasma osmolality and sodium. Drinking to polyethylene glycol-induced hypovolemia and feeding after food deprivation did not differ between lesioned and sham-lesioned animals. The disturbances in behavioral control of fluid balance imply that AV3V periventricular tissue normally plays a key role in mediating regulatory drinking. It is proposed that these AV3V periventricular lesion-induced effects on drinking behavior are due to destruction of receptors and/or integrative systems monitoring fluid-borne angiotensin and hyperosmotic stimuli.", "contents": "Preoptic-hypothalamic periventricular lesions: thirst deficits and hypernatremia. To assess the significance of stimulation studies suggesting an anteroventral third ventricle (AV3V) dipsogenic site of action for hyperosmotic and angiotensin thirst stimuli, electrolytic lesions of periventricular tissue surrounding AV3V were produced under ether anesthesia in rats preselected for responsiveness to subcutaneous angiotensin and hypertonic NaCl thirst challenges. Lesions limited to preoptic-anterior hypothalamic periventricular substrates resulted in adipsia; those rats resuming ad lib. drinking after a period of adipsia exhibited persistent drinking deficits to angiotensin and hypertonic NaCl thirst challenges, reduced drinking after water deprivation, and increased plasma osmolality and sodium. Drinking to polyethylene glycol-induced hypovolemia and feeding after food deprivation did not differ between lesioned and sham-lesioned animals. The disturbances in behavioral control of fluid balance imply that AV3V periventricular tissue normally plays a key role in mediating regulatory drinking. It is proposed that these AV3V periventricular lesion-induced effects on drinking behavior are due to destruction of receptors and/or integrative systems monitoring fluid-borne angiotensin and hyperosmotic stimuli."}
{"id": "PMID:879344", "title": "Impairment in fluid ingestion in rats with lesions of the zona incerta.", "content": "Rats with lesions of the zona incerta (ZI) dorsal to the lateral hypothalamus drink as much water as controls following intracellular or extracellular dehydration but restrict their daily water intake to minimal requirements for fluid balance, suggesting a specific impairment in secondary drinking. Following water deprivation, however, rats with ZI lesions responded to changes in palatability of the water as if they were experiencing slightly greater difficulty or aversiveness in drinking than controls. The cause appears to be an impairment in the ability to lick fluids from a spout. When water was available ad libitum or when water or liquid diet were provided after water or food deprivation, rats with ZI damage were unable to obtain as much fluid per lick as controls. It is concluded that lesions in this region of the brain impair the motor act of drinking and that the subsequent reduction in the efficiency of drinking is the cause of the attenuation of excessive water intake.", "contents": "Impairment in fluid ingestion in rats with lesions of the zona incerta. Rats with lesions of the zona incerta (ZI) dorsal to the lateral hypothalamus drink as much water as controls following intracellular or extracellular dehydration but restrict their daily water intake to minimal requirements for fluid balance, suggesting a specific impairment in secondary drinking. Following water deprivation, however, rats with ZI lesions responded to changes in palatability of the water as if they were experiencing slightly greater difficulty or aversiveness in drinking than controls. The cause appears to be an impairment in the ability to lick fluids from a spout. When water was available ad libitum or when water or liquid diet were provided after water or food deprivation, rats with ZI damage were unable to obtain as much fluid per lick as controls. It is concluded that lesions in this region of the brain impair the motor act of drinking and that the subsequent reduction in the efficiency of drinking is the cause of the attenuation of excessive water intake."}
{"id": "PMID:879345", "title": "Evaluation of the Grodins respiratory model via dynamic end-tidal forcing.", "content": "The Grodins model for respiratory physiology is very descriptive in simulating the lung-blood-tissue gas transport and exchange system, including detail not found in previous or more recent models. Three alternative controllers have been proposed for control of this gas exchange system. This paper indicates how dynamic endtidal forcing enhances behavioral differences among these three controllers and therefore enhances discrimination when the behavior is compared with subject data. Previously published end-tidal forcing data are used in the comparison. Several deficiencies in the controllers for the Grodins model are indicated.", "contents": "Evaluation of the Grodins respiratory model via dynamic end-tidal forcing. The Grodins model for respiratory physiology is very descriptive in simulating the lung-blood-tissue gas transport and exchange system, including detail not found in previous or more recent models. Three alternative controllers have been proposed for control of this gas exchange system. This paper indicates how dynamic endtidal forcing enhances behavioral differences among these three controllers and therefore enhances discrimination when the behavior is compared with subject data. Previously published end-tidal forcing data are used in the comparison. Several deficiencies in the controllers for the Grodins model are indicated."}
{"id": "PMID:879346", "title": "Involuntary ankle oscillations from normal subjects.", "content": "Spectral analysis of ankle tremor records obtained from normal seated subjects during continuous elevation of the heel for 10-45 min revealed that the root-mean-square (rms) displacement amplitude of the tremor increased from minimum values of about 4 micronm to values as large as 4,000 micronm. Associated with this increase in the displacement amplitude was a systematic decrease in the tremor frequency from values of 7-8 Hz to values of 5-6 Hz. Spectral analysis of demodulated soleus EMG records indicated that the rms value of this EMG (calculated at the tremor frequency) and the rms displacement of the tremor are related by a power function, with the rms value of the EMG increasing over a range of about 4-40 micronV as the tremor displacement increased from about 4 to 4,000 micronm. The negative relation between frequency and rms displacement amplitude values for postural ankle tremor was similar to that found previously for postural hand tremor.", "contents": "Involuntary ankle oscillations from normal subjects. Spectral analysis of ankle tremor records obtained from normal seated subjects during continuous elevation of the heel for 10-45 min revealed that the root-mean-square (rms) displacement amplitude of the tremor increased from minimum values of about 4 micronm to values as large as 4,000 micronm. Associated with this increase in the displacement amplitude was a systematic decrease in the tremor frequency from values of 7-8 Hz to values of 5-6 Hz. Spectral analysis of demodulated soleus EMG records indicated that the rms value of this EMG (calculated at the tremor frequency) and the rms displacement of the tremor are related by a power function, with the rms value of the EMG increasing over a range of about 4-40 micronV as the tremor displacement increased from about 4 to 4,000 micronm. The negative relation between frequency and rms displacement amplitude values for postural ankle tremor was similar to that found previously for postural hand tremor."}
{"id": "PMID:879347", "title": "Psychotherapy of severe depression.", "content": "The author discusses his clinical experiences in treating severly depressed patients with psychotherapy. The psychotically depressed person cannot use normal mechanisms to recuperate from sadness because he is prevented from doing so by a preexisting life ideology that may include living for a dominant other or a dominant goal and that restricts his vision of alternative approaches to living. The therapist treating the severely depressed must initially assume a strong role; later, he helps the patient recognize depressive cognitive patterns and guides and motivates him to try other ways of living.", "contents": "Psychotherapy of severe depression. The author discusses his clinical experiences in treating severly depressed patients with psychotherapy. The psychotically depressed person cannot use normal mechanisms to recuperate from sadness because he is prevented from doing so by a preexisting life ideology that may include living for a dominant other or a dominant goal and that restricts his vision of alternative approaches to living. The therapist treating the severely depressed must initially assume a strong role; later, he helps the patient recognize depressive cognitive patterns and guides and motivates him to try other ways of living."}
{"id": "PMID:879348", "title": "Continuing education, recertification, and examination anxiety.", "content": "A substantial majority of the 645 psychiatrists responding to a questionnaire survey favored mandatory continuing education and evidence of continuing education as a requirement for relicensure. The respondents' overwhelming repudiation of recertification may be based on examination anxiety. The respondents recognized the value of continuing education, were even willing to document it in order to be relicensed, but did not wish to examined. Those respondents who were younger, Board-certified, and had an academic appointment were more likely to favor continuing education requirements in order to be relicensed. Private practitioners were underrespresented among the respondents, highlighting the important role that APA and its district branches must play in developing meaningful continuing education opportunities for psychiatrists.", "contents": "Continuing education, recertification, and examination anxiety. A substantial majority of the 645 psychiatrists responding to a questionnaire survey favored mandatory continuing education and evidence of continuing education as a requirement for relicensure. The respondents' overwhelming repudiation of recertification may be based on examination anxiety. The respondents recognized the value of continuing education, were even willing to document it in order to be relicensed, but did not wish to examined. Those respondents who were younger, Board-certified, and had an academic appointment were more likely to favor continuing education requirements in order to be relicensed. Private practitioners were underrespresented among the respondents, highlighting the important role that APA and its district branches must play in developing meaningful continuing education opportunities for psychiatrists."}
{"id": "PMID:879349", "title": "Temporal disorganization and inner-outer confusion in acute mental illness.", "content": "The authors found that changes in temporal disorganization covaried substantially and significantly with changes in Schneider's first-rank symptoms in 58 acutely ill psychiatric patients. Schneiderian symptoms reflect a confusion of inner and outer events; therefore, the findings suggest that difficulties in indexing events in time are closely related to problems in distinguishing experiences that arise within the self from outer experiences.", "contents": "Temporal disorganization and inner-outer confusion in acute mental illness. The authors found that changes in temporal disorganization covaried substantially and significantly with changes in Schneider's first-rank symptoms in 58 acutely ill psychiatric patients. Schneiderian symptoms reflect a confusion of inner and outer events; therefore, the findings suggest that difficulties in indexing events in time are closely related to problems in distinguishing experiences that arise within the self from outer experiences."}
{"id": "PMID:879350", "title": "Evaluation of a psychiatric clerkship by videotape.", "content": "The authors used a videotape-based objective examination ingeneral psychiatry to assess the clinical competence of medical students who had completed their third-year clerkship. The test has been shown to be a reliable, valid measure of clinical competence. Subjective faculty grading related positively to test scores. Students on one ward had significantly lower overall test scores, with particularly low scores on clinical judgement questions. However, faculty grades for these students were not significantly different. This suggests that the faculty was unable to assess the relative efficacy of its own teaching. The test can provide objective assessment of student clinical competence and is a means of program evaluation.", "contents": "Evaluation of a psychiatric clerkship by videotape. The authors used a videotape-based objective examination ingeneral psychiatry to assess the clinical competence of medical students who had completed their third-year clerkship. The test has been shown to be a reliable, valid measure of clinical competence. Subjective faculty grading related positively to test scores. Students on one ward had significantly lower overall test scores, with particularly low scores on clinical judgement questions. However, faculty grades for these students were not significantly different. This suggests that the faculty was unable to assess the relative efficacy of its own teaching. The test can provide objective assessment of student clinical competence and is a means of program evaluation."}
{"id": "PMID:879351", "title": "Freedon of inquiry and subjects' rights: an introduction.", "content": "The author introduces the Special Section papers to follow, pointing out that two new issues have attached themselves to the issue of the physical safety and civil dignity of human subjects. One new issue is an emphatically legal defense of the concept of subjects' rights; the other is the evolution of political characterizations and caricatures of many forms of research.", "contents": "Freedon of inquiry and subjects' rights: an introduction. The author introduces the Special Section papers to follow, pointing out that two new issues have attached themselves to the issue of the physical safety and civil dignity of human subjects. One new issue is an emphatically legal defense of the concept of subjects' rights; the other is the evolution of political characterizations and caricatures of many forms of research."}
{"id": "PMID:879352", "title": "Freedom of inquiry and subjects' rights: historical perspective.", "content": "The author presents an historical overview of the various attitudes toward animal and human experimentation. He cites advocates (Bacon, Welch) and opponents (Johnson, Shaw) and traces the debate from the Graeco-Roman era, through the rise of the scientific establishment, to the present. Controversy over the fundamental rights of individual research subjects versus a future-oriented freedom of inquiry has been and continues to be a dilemma for clinicians and research scientists.", "contents": "Freedom of inquiry and subjects' rights: historical perspective. The author presents an historical overview of the various attitudes toward animal and human experimentation. He cites advocates (Bacon, Welch) and opponents (Johnson, Shaw) and traces the debate from the Graeco-Roman era, through the rise of the scientific establishment, to the present. Controversy over the fundamental rights of individual research subjects versus a future-oriented freedom of inquiry has been and continues to be a dilemma for clinicians and research scientists."}
{"id": "PMID:879353", "title": "Research barriers in psychopharmacology.", "content": "The author discusses barriers to psychopahrmacological research, including attacks by vocal human rights groups, regulation by local review boards, and Department of Health, Education, and Welfare restrictions. He suggests that those patients least able to give informed consent are most in need of the benefits of research on new drugs.", "contents": "Research barriers in psychopharmacology. The author discusses barriers to psychopahrmacological research, including attacks by vocal human rights groups, regulation by local review boards, and Department of Health, Education, and Welfare restrictions. He suggests that those patients least able to give informed consent are most in need of the benefits of research on new drugs."}
{"id": "PMID:879354", "title": "Problems in follow-up studies.", "content": "Recent regulations concerning consent procedures and protection of privacy fall most severely on follow-up studies of childre. Indeed, rigorous sample selection, nearly complete follow-up, and objective assessment of outcome are virtually impossible now. Further, complicance with current \"subjects' rights\" regulations sometimes seems potentially more harmful to the subjects than is the research itself.", "contents": "Problems in follow-up studies. Recent regulations concerning consent procedures and protection of privacy fall most severely on follow-up studies of childre. Indeed, rigorous sample selection, nearly complete follow-up, and objective assessment of outcome are virtually impossible now. Further, complicance with current \"subjects' rights\" regulations sometimes seems potentially more harmful to the subjects than is the research itself."}
{"id": "PMID:879355", "title": "The functions of human subjects review committees.", "content": "After summarizing the literature on the functioning of committees set up to review research involving human subjects, the author describes three latent or emerging functions of these committees. These include using the committees to protect institutions, to judge proposed research in terms of possible social policy impact, and to consider proposed research from the standpoint of \"community acceptability\". The author expresses concern about the possible politicization of review committee decisions.", "contents": "The functions of human subjects review committees. After summarizing the literature on the functioning of committees set up to review research involving human subjects, the author describes three latent or emerging functions of these committees. These include using the committees to protect institutions, to judge proposed research in terms of possible social policy impact, and to consider proposed research from the standpoint of \"community acceptability\". The author expresses concern about the possible politicization of review committee decisions."}
{"id": "PMID:879356", "title": "Federal constraints: earned or unearned?", "content": "The author discusses the evolution of federal constraints on medical, behavioral, and social science research. There has been only one court decision related to behavioral research and none in medical research. The burden of consent procedures can be lightened somewhat by careful consideration of the potential risks and nature of the research; questions are presented that can be used to determine whether constraints apply. The author notes that although there are good reasons for regulations in both behavioral and medical research, the appropriateness of current and proposed constraints is still a matter of debate.", "contents": "Federal constraints: earned or unearned? The author discusses the evolution of federal constraints on medical, behavioral, and social science research. There has been only one court decision related to behavioral research and none in medical research. The burden of consent procedures can be lightened somewhat by careful consideration of the potential risks and nature of the research; questions are presented that can be used to determine whether constraints apply. The author notes that although there are good reasons for regulations in both behavioral and medical research, the appropriateness of current and proposed constraints is still a matter of debate."}
{"id": "PMID:879357", "title": "Effect of diet on urinary MHPG excretion in depressed patients and normal control subjects.", "content": "The authors studied the effect of a catecholamine-controlled diet on the urinary level of 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol (MHPG) of 6 depressed patients and 6 normal volunteers. The normal subjects showed no change in MHPG levels on or off the diet; the depressed patients showed a significant increase in MHPG while off the diet.", "contents": "Effect of diet on urinary MHPG excretion in depressed patients and normal control subjects. The authors studied the effect of a catecholamine-controlled diet on the urinary level of 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol (MHPG) of 6 depressed patients and 6 normal volunteers. The normal subjects showed no change in MHPG levels on or off the diet; the depressed patients showed a significant increase in MHPG while off the diet."}
{"id": "PMID:879358", "title": "Community psychiatry in Tutuila, American Samoa.", "content": "The author hypothesizes that the underreporting of mental illness in Tutuila, American Samoa, is a direct result of the social system, which provides a means of \"curing\" emotional disorder by family group process and shamanistic ritual, by making the disorder less disruptive, and by absolving the affected individual of personal guilt.", "contents": "Community psychiatry in Tutuila, American Samoa. The author hypothesizes that the underreporting of mental illness in Tutuila, American Samoa, is a direct result of the social system, which provides a means of \"curing\" emotional disorder by family group process and shamanistic ritual, by making the disorder less disruptive, and by absolving the affected individual of personal guilt."}
{"id": "PMID:879359", "title": "A comparison of outcome in adolescent- and later-onset bipolar manic-depressive illness.", "content": "The authors hypothesized that childhood-and adolescent-onset bipolar manic-depressive patients might have a more severe or a different type of affective disorder; early-onset patients were therefore compared with patients whose illness onset was after the age of 45. The results indicate that early age of onset is not a factor in the variable course and prognosis of manic-depressive illness.", "contents": "A comparison of outcome in adolescent- and later-onset bipolar manic-depressive illness. The authors hypothesized that childhood-and adolescent-onset bipolar manic-depressive patients might have a more severe or a different type of affective disorder; early-onset patients were therefore compared with patients whose illness onset was after the age of 45. The results indicate that early age of onset is not a factor in the variable course and prognosis of manic-depressive illness."}
{"id": "PMID:879374", "title": "Psychotherapy in combination with antidepressant drugs in patients with severe masked depressions.", "content": "Masked depressions rival overt depressions in frequency, but unfortunately an early correct diagnosis is rarely made. Psychotherapy in combination with antidepressant drugs is the treatment of choice in these patients, most of whom are severely ill by the time they are first seen by a psychiatrist. The nature of this syndrome and an overview of the treatment procedure is outlined in this paper.", "contents": "Psychotherapy in combination with antidepressant drugs in patients with severe masked depressions. Masked depressions rival overt depressions in frequency, but unfortunately an early correct diagnosis is rarely made. Psychotherapy in combination with antidepressant drugs is the treatment of choice in these patients, most of whom are severely ill by the time they are first seen by a psychiatrist. The nature of this syndrome and an overview of the treatment procedure is outlined in this paper."}
{"id": "PMID:879375", "title": "Treatment of the abused child and the child abuser.", "content": "Abusing parents are not always criminals. Deficient rearing during childhood deprived them of ego controls that could prevent them from injuring their children as projections of their own anger. Psychoanalytic therapy and ancillary measures can rehabilitate the crisis family. Methods are under study to identify and check potential abusing parents.", "contents": "Treatment of the abused child and the child abuser. Abusing parents are not always criminals. Deficient rearing during childhood deprived them of ego controls that could prevent them from injuring their children as projections of their own anger. Psychoanalytic therapy and ancillary measures can rehabilitate the crisis family. Methods are under study to identify and check potential abusing parents."}
{"id": "PMID:879376", "title": "Psychotherapy of disadvantaged acting-out adolescents.", "content": "Since the causes of acting out among delinquent adolescents are both psychologic and social, treatment requires both psychotherapy and social therapy. Acting out is manifested in many ways and although situations vary, a number of treatment methods are specified. Broadly, treatment consists of a tripod of vectors: support, control, and uncovering.", "contents": "Psychotherapy of disadvantaged acting-out adolescents. Since the causes of acting out among delinquent adolescents are both psychologic and social, treatment requires both psychotherapy and social therapy. Acting out is manifested in many ways and although situations vary, a number of treatment methods are specified. Broadly, treatment consists of a tripod of vectors: support, control, and uncovering."}
{"id": "PMID:879377", "title": "Treatment of crises in the lives of women: object loss and identity threat.", "content": "A review of crises occurring in practice within a year's time suggested that these related essentially to object loss or threat to identity, at any age level, although certain phases find women inherently more vulnerable. Therapeutic efforts call for special sensitivity to the effects of rapid cultural change, and altered goals and expectations of women.", "contents": "Treatment of crises in the lives of women: object loss and identity threat. A review of crises occurring in practice within a year's time suggested that these related essentially to object loss or threat to identity, at any age level, although certain phases find women inherently more vulnerable. Therapeutic efforts call for special sensitivity to the effects of rapid cultural change, and altered goals and expectations of women."}
{"id": "PMID:879378", "title": "The survivor syndrome: a problem of nosology and treatment.", "content": "Many features of the psychologic sequelae in survivors of Nazi persecution are consistent with \"traumatic neurosis\", but persistent guilt, which appears to be due to having identified with the aggressor, and self-loathing are not. Three cases of psychotherapy with survivors only peripherally affected by the persecution are discussed.", "contents": "The survivor syndrome: a problem of nosology and treatment. Many features of the psychologic sequelae in survivors of Nazi persecution are consistent with \"traumatic neurosis\", but persistent guilt, which appears to be due to having identified with the aggressor, and self-loathing are not. Three cases of psychotherapy with survivors only peripherally affected by the persecution are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:879379", "title": "Effects of the therapist's philosophical premises on psychotherapeutic process.", "content": "This article focuses on differences in assumptions forming the philosophical foundations of psychotherapy leading to profound differences in the interpretation of the clinical data of psychotherapy and corresponding variations of basic technique. These differences are not reconcilable because they are directly opposed; only the principle of complementarity, as described in the paper, permits a constructive approach to the antinomies.", "contents": "Effects of the therapist's philosophical premises on psychotherapeutic process. This article focuses on differences in assumptions forming the philosophical foundations of psychotherapy leading to profound differences in the interpretation of the clinical data of psychotherapy and corresponding variations of basic technique. These differences are not reconcilable because they are directly opposed; only the principle of complementarity, as described in the paper, permits a constructive approach to the antinomies."}
{"id": "PMID:879380", "title": "Outpatient treatment of the aggressive offender.", "content": "The treatment of aggression in an outpatient setting has not been tried often mainly because of the nature and intensity of the countertransference reactions. However, with some modification of traditional treatment practices plus a careful monitoring of the countertransference successful treatment is possible without great danger to the therapist.", "contents": "Outpatient treatment of the aggressive offender. The treatment of aggression in an outpatient setting has not been tried often mainly because of the nature and intensity of the countertransference reactions. However, with some modification of traditional treatment practices plus a careful monitoring of the countertransference successful treatment is possible without great danger to the therapist."}
{"id": "PMID:879381", "title": "Psychotherapy supervision: the problem of conflicting values.", "content": "Psychotherapy supervision offers an opportunity for examination of value differences between therapist and patient and therapist and supervisor. Effects of availability of female supervisors are discussed in relation to these value differences affecting referrals, therapeutic goals, assessment of psychopathology, termination, and supervision of cojoint therapy. Advocacy and ombudsman function of the female supervisor in a training program are emphasized.", "contents": "Psychotherapy supervision: the problem of conflicting values. Psychotherapy supervision offers an opportunity for examination of value differences between therapist and patient and therapist and supervisor. Effects of availability of female supervisors are discussed in relation to these value differences affecting referrals, therapeutic goals, assessment of psychopathology, termination, and supervision of cojoint therapy. Advocacy and ombudsman function of the female supervisor in a training program are emphasized."}
{"id": "PMID:879382", "title": "Psychotherapy with phobic patients: the marriage relationship as the source of symptoms and focus of treatment.", "content": "Four patients demonstrating phobic symptoms occurring in the context of maladaptive marriages are presented. Thorough historical data collection is stressed. Similarities in family backgrounds and personality styles emerge in these cases and are discussed in relation to genesis of symptoms within the marital relationships. A psychotherapeutic approach is described and results of treatment examined.", "contents": "Psychotherapy with phobic patients: the marriage relationship as the source of symptoms and focus of treatment. Four patients demonstrating phobic symptoms occurring in the context of maladaptive marriages are presented. Thorough historical data collection is stressed. Similarities in family backgrounds and personality styles emerge in these cases and are discussed in relation to genesis of symptoms within the marital relationships. A psychotherapeutic approach is described and results of treatment examined."}
{"id": "PMID:879383", "title": "Emotive-reconstruction psychotherapy: a short-term cognitive approach.", "content": "Emotive-Reconstructive Therapy, a recently developed therapeutic modality deriving from cognitive theory, may be a promising short-term approach to psychopathology. Combining the use of imagery with selective hyperventilation, a therapist induces patients to reexperience past events, and subsequently to radically reconstrue themselves and significant others in a personally satisfying direction.", "contents": "Emotive-reconstruction psychotherapy: a short-term cognitive approach. Emotive-Reconstructive Therapy, a recently developed therapeutic modality deriving from cognitive theory, may be a promising short-term approach to psychopathology. Combining the use of imagery with selective hyperventilation, a therapist induces patients to reexperience past events, and subsequently to radically reconstrue themselves and significant others in a personally satisfying direction."}
{"id": "PMID:879386", "title": "Evaluation of a screening program for heart disease.", "content": "An evaluation of the effectiveness of a screening program using the Phono Cardio Scan to detect heart disease in 18,872 Baltimore (Meryland) elementary school children indicated that few cases were discovered and only one child medical treatment instituted as a result of the program. Most of the children referred to a cardiologist had known disease. There was considerable variability in performance both of the machine and of the three center which were involved in the program. The sensitivity of the machine may have been low as reported in some other studies.", "contents": "Evaluation of a screening program for heart disease. An evaluation of the effectiveness of a screening program using the Phono Cardio Scan to detect heart disease in 18,872 Baltimore (Meryland) elementary school children indicated that few cases were discovered and only one child medical treatment instituted as a result of the program. Most of the children referred to a cardiologist had known disease. There was considerable variability in performance both of the machine and of the three center which were involved in the program. The sensitivity of the machine may have been low as reported in some other studies."}
{"id": "PMID:879387", "title": "Environmental correlates of pediatric social illness: preventive implications of an advocacy approach.", "content": "A control prospective study of child abuse and neglect, failure to thrive, accidents and poisonings included 303 inpatients and 257 outpatients. Analysis of maternal interview clinical data demonstrated significant differences between cases and controls in summative indices of environmental stress, including housing, employment, and access to essential services. The associations with a postulated common causal underpinning of these illnesses argue for a broadened, ecologic conceptualization of etiology and a wider range of preventive approaches. A family advocacy program addressing the stress issues and utilizing community based individual was offered to families with pediatric social illness and to a comparison group. Indirect corroboration of the impact of environmental crisis is idicated by the prevalence of requests for this help in impatient cases of abuse (38 per cent) and ingestions (38 per cent) vs. controls (14 per cent). Discrimunant function regression analysis of data from the meternal interview demonstrates similarity between the attributes which most saliently describe the abuse group and those which decribe the users of advocacy.", "contents": "Environmental correlates of pediatric social illness: preventive implications of an advocacy approach. A control prospective study of child abuse and neglect, failure to thrive, accidents and poisonings included 303 inpatients and 257 outpatients. Analysis of maternal interview clinical data demonstrated significant differences between cases and controls in summative indices of environmental stress, including housing, employment, and access to essential services. The associations with a postulated common causal underpinning of these illnesses argue for a broadened, ecologic conceptualization of etiology and a wider range of preventive approaches. A family advocacy program addressing the stress issues and utilizing community based individual was offered to families with pediatric social illness and to a comparison group. Indirect corroboration of the impact of environmental crisis is idicated by the prevalence of requests for this help in impatient cases of abuse (38 per cent) and ingestions (38 per cent) vs. controls (14 per cent). Discrimunant function regression analysis of data from the meternal interview demonstrates similarity between the attributes which most saliently describe the abuse group and those which decribe the users of advocacy."}
{"id": "PMID:879388", "title": "Very young adolescent women in Georgia: has abortion or contraception lowered their fertility?", "content": "Despite a state law enacted in 1972 which allowed minors to obtain contraceptive services without parental consent, births to very young women in Georgia (age 14 and less) have risen in recent years. Beginning in 1974, however, this trend has reversed. Increased access to induced abortion following the 1973 U.S. Supreme Court decision appears to have been responsible for the decline. Supporting this assertion are: 1) the temporal relationship between increased access to abortion and the decline in births, 2) the geographic evidence that the decline in births occurred first in Atlanta where abortion utilization is the highest and then followed in areas with somewhat more limited utilization, and 3) a similar observation that the decline occurred earlier and more markedly among young white teenagers whose abortion utilization is higher. Although abortion appears to have had the most visible impact on births, most people would probably agree that efforts toward providing contraception to these young women remain worth the challenge. The ratio of young teenegers accepting contraceptives to young teenegers getting pregnant is suggested as a useful intermediator of the success of family planning programs.", "contents": "Very young adolescent women in Georgia: has abortion or contraception lowered their fertility? Despite a state law enacted in 1972 which allowed minors to obtain contraceptive services without parental consent, births to very young women in Georgia (age 14 and less) have risen in recent years. Beginning in 1974, however, this trend has reversed. Increased access to induced abortion following the 1973 U.S. Supreme Court decision appears to have been responsible for the decline. Supporting this assertion are: 1) the temporal relationship between increased access to abortion and the decline in births, 2) the geographic evidence that the decline in births occurred first in Atlanta where abortion utilization is the highest and then followed in areas with somewhat more limited utilization, and 3) a similar observation that the decline occurred earlier and more markedly among young white teenagers whose abortion utilization is higher. Although abortion appears to have had the most visible impact on births, most people would probably agree that efforts toward providing contraception to these young women remain worth the challenge. The ratio of young teenegers accepting contraceptives to young teenegers getting pregnant is suggested as a useful intermediator of the success of family planning programs."}
{"id": "PMID:879389", "title": "Lung function in fire fighters, I: a three year follow-up of active subjects.", "content": "From a cohort of 1,768 Boston fire fighters studied initially in 1970, pulmonary function measurements were repeated on 1, 146 active subjects in 1974. The mean time between examinations was 3.4 years. The data on 1,430 subjects after one year of follow-up had indicated excessive decrements in levels of forced vital capacity and one-second forced expiratory bolume which were related to the frequency of fire exposure. The annual decline over three years was less than that observed over one year and could not be related to the number of fires fought or to other indices of acute fire exposure. Selection factors within the fire department appear to be important in protecting fire fighter from continued loss ventilatory capacity.", "contents": "Lung function in fire fighters, I: a three year follow-up of active subjects. From a cohort of 1,768 Boston fire fighters studied initially in 1970, pulmonary function measurements were repeated on 1, 146 active subjects in 1974. The mean time between examinations was 3.4 years. The data on 1,430 subjects after one year of follow-up had indicated excessive decrements in levels of forced vital capacity and one-second forced expiratory bolume which were related to the frequency of fire exposure. The annual decline over three years was less than that observed over one year and could not be related to the number of fires fought or to other indices of acute fire exposure. Selection factors within the fire department appear to be important in protecting fire fighter from continued loss ventilatory capacity."}
{"id": "PMID:879390", "title": "Induced abortion and sterilization among women who became mothers as adolescents.", "content": "Four cohorts of urban women who delivered a child before reaching age 18 were followed for periods ranging from 6 to 12 years to determine use of abortion and sterilization. The two more recent cohorts had been served by comprehensive service programs. About 40 per cent of each of teh groups used abortion or sterilization to control fertility. Most of the women seeking abortion had no subsequent term or near term deliveries, suggesting that such a request may signal a desire to terminate childbearing, at least for a few years. A high proportion of the young mothers obtained abortions during the second trimister, even for repeat abortion.", "contents": "Induced abortion and sterilization among women who became mothers as adolescents. Four cohorts of urban women who delivered a child before reaching age 18 were followed for periods ranging from 6 to 12 years to determine use of abortion and sterilization. The two more recent cohorts had been served by comprehensive service programs. About 40 per cent of each of teh groups used abortion or sterilization to control fertility. Most of the women seeking abortion had no subsequent term or near term deliveries, suggesting that such a request may signal a desire to terminate childbearing, at least for a few years. A high proportion of the young mothers obtained abortions during the second trimister, even for repeat abortion."}
{"id": "PMID:879391", "title": "Lung function in fire fighters, II: a five year follow-up fo retirees.", "content": "In a study of the chronic effects of fire fighting on lung function, 1,768 employees from the Boston Fire Department were examined in 1970. From this cohort, 109 firefighters who retired in the period 1970 to 1975 have been restudied with questionnaire and ventilatory function tests. The observed vulues for pulmonary function when expressed as a per cent of predicted are consistently slightly below 100 per cent. The expected effect of cigarett smoking on lung function was demonstrated. The results suggest thetirement) are important in reducing the effect of fire fighting on subjects who may be adversely affected by the inhalation of combustion products.", "contents": "Lung function in fire fighters, II: a five year follow-up fo retirees. In a study of the chronic effects of fire fighting on lung function, 1,768 employees from the Boston Fire Department were examined in 1970. From this cohort, 109 firefighters who retired in the period 1970 to 1975 have been restudied with questionnaire and ventilatory function tests. The observed vulues for pulmonary function when expressed as a per cent of predicted are consistently slightly below 100 per cent. The expected effect of cigarett smoking on lung function was demonstrated. The results suggest thetirement) are important in reducing the effect of fire fighting on subjects who may be adversely affected by the inhalation of combustion products."}
{"id": "PMID:879392", "title": "Hypertension: effects of social class and racial admixture: the results of a cohort study in the black population of Charleston, South Carolina.", "content": "It has been hypothesized that genetic factors, as manifested by skin color, play in important role in the genesis of hypertension among Blacks. A community-based study was carried out in Charleston Country, South Carolina to test this hypothesis. The results of a ten year follow-up study suggest that social class and age were more consistently associated with the incidence of hypertension and levels of blood pressure. The association of hypertension with skin color was minimal and substantially less than that of social class. The incidence rate of hypertension (larger than or equal to 90 mm Hg) was three to four times greater when the study participants were of low social class than when they had higher social class scores at the beginning of this study. In contrast, the incidence rate was only 1.5 times higher for dark than for lighter skinned men, and the rates were almost identical when social class was comparable. Similar results energed when blood pressure was treated as a continuous variable; blood pressure levels and pressure changes over time were consistently and significantly (p less than .01) higher in those Blacks categorized as low social class, controlling for skin color.", "contents": "Hypertension: effects of social class and racial admixture: the results of a cohort study in the black population of Charleston, South Carolina. It has been hypothesized that genetic factors, as manifested by skin color, play in important role in the genesis of hypertension among Blacks. A community-based study was carried out in Charleston Country, South Carolina to test this hypothesis. The results of a ten year follow-up study suggest that social class and age were more consistently associated with the incidence of hypertension and levels of blood pressure. The association of hypertension with skin color was minimal and substantially less than that of social class. The incidence rate of hypertension (larger than or equal to 90 mm Hg) was three to four times greater when the study participants were of low social class than when they had higher social class scores at the beginning of this study. In contrast, the incidence rate was only 1.5 times higher for dark than for lighter skinned men, and the rates were almost identical when social class was comparable. Similar results energed when blood pressure was treated as a continuous variable; blood pressure levels and pressure changes over time were consistently and significantly (p less than .01) higher in those Blacks categorized as low social class, controlling for skin color."}
{"id": "PMID:879393", "title": "The effects of the anti-smoking campaign on cigarette consumption.", "content": "The impact of the anti-smoking campaign on the consumption of cigarettes is measured by fitting cigarette demand functions to pre-campaign dat, projecting \"ahead\" as if the campaign had not occurred, and then comparing these predictions with realized consumption. The analysis suggests that major \"events\" in the campaign (e.g., the Surgeon General's Report) caused immediate though transitory decreases of 4 to 5 per cent in annual per capita consumption. However, the cumulative effect of persistent publicity supported by other public policies, has been substantial: in the absence of the campaign, per capita consumption likely would have exceeded its actual 1975 value by 20 to 30 per cent. This is a conservative indication of the effectiveness of the campaign, for it ignores other potentially important and desirable behavior changes, such as the shift to low \"tar\" and nicotine cigarettes.", "contents": "The effects of the anti-smoking campaign on cigarette consumption. The impact of the anti-smoking campaign on the consumption of cigarettes is measured by fitting cigarette demand functions to pre-campaign dat, projecting \"ahead\" as if the campaign had not occurred, and then comparing these predictions with realized consumption. The analysis suggests that major \"events\" in the campaign (e.g., the Surgeon General's Report) caused immediate though transitory decreases of 4 to 5 per cent in annual per capita consumption. However, the cumulative effect of persistent publicity supported by other public policies, has been substantial: in the absence of the campaign, per capita consumption likely would have exceeded its actual 1975 value by 20 to 30 per cent. This is a conservative indication of the effectiveness of the campaign, for it ignores other potentially important and desirable behavior changes, such as the shift to low \"tar\" and nicotine cigarettes."}
{"id": "PMID:879394", "title": "Morbidity and growth of infants and young children in a rural Mexican village.", "content": "The relationship between childhood illnesses and growth increments in length and weight was investigated in a 13-month birth cohort of rural Mexican children. Increments in length and weight for each year from birth to three years were related to high and low frequencies of reported time ill during the same period. Seventy-two of the 276 children had already been characterized as exhibiting \"growth failure\" relative to other members of the cohorts, and this was considered as a separate factor in the study. We found that upper and lower respiratory infection did not affect incremental gain in height or weight. A high frequency of diarrheal infection was found to reduce weight gain, although gain in height was not affected. Relative to the total sample, the average child with a high frequency of diarrhea achieved only 95 per cent of expected body weight age three; a chidl with both growth failure and high diarrheal frequency reached only 90 per cent of expected body weight at age three.", "contents": "Morbidity and growth of infants and young children in a rural Mexican village. The relationship between childhood illnesses and growth increments in length and weight was investigated in a 13-month birth cohort of rural Mexican children. Increments in length and weight for each year from birth to three years were related to high and low frequencies of reported time ill during the same period. Seventy-two of the 276 children had already been characterized as exhibiting \"growth failure\" relative to other members of the cohorts, and this was considered as a separate factor in the study. We found that upper and lower respiratory infection did not affect incremental gain in height or weight. A high frequency of diarrheal infection was found to reduce weight gain, although gain in height was not affected. Relative to the total sample, the average child with a high frequency of diarrhea achieved only 95 per cent of expected body weight age three; a chidl with both growth failure and high diarrheal frequency reached only 90 per cent of expected body weight at age three."}
{"id": "PMID:879403", "title": "The value of arteriography before abdominal aneurysmectomy.", "content": "We believe preoperative angiography is a safe procedure with current technics. The importance of the lateral aortogram in identifying mesenteric or celiac artery stenosis is emphasized. Sixty per cent of all patients studied showed some abnormal arteriographic finding. Significant abnormalities include (1) associated arteriosclerotic occlusions, (2) multiple aneurysms, and (3) anomalous vessels. As we consider this preoperative data of great importance in the planning of the total operation, we strongly recommend the routine use of aortography as described in evaluating all nonruptured abdominal aortic aneurysms.", "contents": "The value of arteriography before abdominal aneurysmectomy. We believe preoperative angiography is a safe procedure with current technics. The importance of the lateral aortogram in identifying mesenteric or celiac artery stenosis is emphasized. Sixty per cent of all patients studied showed some abnormal arteriographic finding. Significant abnormalities include (1) associated arteriosclerotic occlusions, (2) multiple aneurysms, and (3) anomalous vessels. As we consider this preoperative data of great importance in the planning of the total operation, we strongly recommend the routine use of aortography as described in evaluating all nonruptured abdominal aortic aneurysms."}
{"id": "PMID:879405", "title": "Low rectovaginal fistulas. Approach and treatment.", "content": "Experience with thirty-two patients with a low rectovaginal fistula with or without attendant sphincter damage is reported. The technic used is advancement of the anterior rectal wall with excision of the infected anal glandular tissue and repair of muscle tissue when indicated. Anorectal infection and childbirth injuries were the common causes. An acceptable recurrence rate was achieved. Colostomy was not used in this series.", "contents": "Low rectovaginal fistulas. Approach and treatment. Experience with thirty-two patients with a low rectovaginal fistula with or without attendant sphincter damage is reported. The technic used is advancement of the anterior rectal wall with excision of the infected anal glandular tissue and repair of muscle tissue when indicated. Anorectal infection and childbirth injuries were the common causes. An acceptable recurrence rate was achieved. Colostomy was not used in this series."}
{"id": "PMID:879407", "title": "Criteria for selection of patients for emergency portacaval shunt.", "content": "A computer program analysis of the effect on survival of 74 preoperative factors was performed as part of a prosepctive study of the emergency portacaval shunt in 146 unselected patients with bleeding esophageal varices due to alcoholic cirrhosis. Only ascites, a serum glutamic oxalacetic transaminase level of 100 units or more, and a requirement for 5,000 ml or more of blood transfusion were associated with a statistically significant decrease in survival. However, none of these factors are contraindications to operation because their presence permits a survival rate of 37 to 40%. The only contraindication to emergency portacaval shunt is the combined presence of ascites, jaundice, encephalopathy, and severe muscle wasting, a constellation that was incompatible with survival beyond one year.", "contents": "Criteria for selection of patients for emergency portacaval shunt. A computer program analysis of the effect on survival of 74 preoperative factors was performed as part of a prosepctive study of the emergency portacaval shunt in 146 unselected patients with bleeding esophageal varices due to alcoholic cirrhosis. Only ascites, a serum glutamic oxalacetic transaminase level of 100 units or more, and a requirement for 5,000 ml or more of blood transfusion were associated with a statistically significant decrease in survival. However, none of these factors are contraindications to operation because their presence permits a survival rate of 37 to 40%. The only contraindication to emergency portacaval shunt is the combined presence of ascites, jaundice, encephalopathy, and severe muscle wasting, a constellation that was incompatible with survival beyond one year."}
{"id": "PMID:879408", "title": "Below-knee amputation: a modern approach.", "content": "Immediate and long-term results of 113 below-knee amputations in 103 patients are presented to justify a comprehensive program of management that includes an objective method for determining amputation level with xenon 133 clearance, precise surgical technic, immediate postoperative prosthesis, and an aggressive program of rehabilitaion. Prediction of healing of the last 30 below-knee amputations was 100% successful, showing the value of 133Xe clearance for determination of amputation level. Zero per cent thirty-day mortality and 100% prosthetic rehabilitation of patients on below-knee prostheses justifies the use of immediate postoperative prosthesis. Long-term follow-up of our patients demonstrates that the five year survival rate of diabetic patients is poor (39%) compared with the nondiabetic amputee (75%) who approached the survival of the normal, age-adjusted male population (85%). The fact that 75% of patients were alive after five years and were still independently ambulatory on their prostheses is final testimony to the value of the program.", "contents": "Below-knee amputation: a modern approach. Immediate and long-term results of 113 below-knee amputations in 103 patients are presented to justify a comprehensive program of management that includes an objective method for determining amputation level with xenon 133 clearance, precise surgical technic, immediate postoperative prosthesis, and an aggressive program of rehabilitaion. Prediction of healing of the last 30 below-knee amputations was 100% successful, showing the value of 133Xe clearance for determination of amputation level. Zero per cent thirty-day mortality and 100% prosthetic rehabilitation of patients on below-knee prostheses justifies the use of immediate postoperative prosthesis. Long-term follow-up of our patients demonstrates that the five year survival rate of diabetic patients is poor (39%) compared with the nondiabetic amputee (75%) who approached the survival of the normal, age-adjusted male population (85%). The fact that 75% of patients were alive after five years and were still independently ambulatory on their prostheses is final testimony to the value of the program."}
{"id": "PMID:879409", "title": "The modern enigma of radiation enteropathy: sequelae and solutions.", "content": "With the extended indications for abdominal and pelvic radiation therapy, administered at higher dosage levels, an increased incidence of radiation injury to the intestine can be anticipated. Increased efforts are urgently needed to develop innovative methods in the detection, prevention, and management of radiation-induced intestinal injury. Fifty cases of radiation enteropathy have been reviewed to highlight problems in management and to suggest preventive and therapeutic measures, both surgical and nonsurgical.", "contents": "The modern enigma of radiation enteropathy: sequelae and solutions. With the extended indications for abdominal and pelvic radiation therapy, administered at higher dosage levels, an increased incidence of radiation injury to the intestine can be anticipated. Increased efforts are urgently needed to develop innovative methods in the detection, prevention, and management of radiation-induced intestinal injury. Fifty cases of radiation enteropathy have been reviewed to highlight problems in management and to suggest preventive and therapeutic measures, both surgical and nonsurgical."}
{"id": "PMID:879410", "title": "A study of fundoplication disruption and deformity.", "content": "Three distinct forms of postoperative breakdown after Nissen fundoplication have been discussed. Disruption and recurrent reflux is most common, with slipping occurring infrequently. For the first time, three patients developing a proximal gastric pouch deformity causing partial obstruction of the fundus without recurrent herniation are reported on. Two patients required remedial surgery.", "contents": "A study of fundoplication disruption and deformity. Three distinct forms of postoperative breakdown after Nissen fundoplication have been discussed. Disruption and recurrent reflux is most common, with slipping occurring infrequently. For the first time, three patients developing a proximal gastric pouch deformity causing partial obstruction of the fundus without recurrent herniation are reported on. Two patients required remedial surgery."}
{"id": "PMID:879411", "title": "Congenital arteriovenous fistula of the maxillofacial region.", "content": "Long-term follow-up is essential to evaluate our present modalities of treatment of arteriovenous malformations of the maxillae. Embolization followed by surgical resection has produced long-term survival in our patient population.", "contents": "Congenital arteriovenous fistula of the maxillofacial region. Long-term follow-up is essential to evaluate our present modalities of treatment of arteriovenous malformations of the maxillae. Embolization followed by surgical resection has produced long-term survival in our patient population."}
{"id": "PMID:879412", "title": "Carcinoma of the gastroesophageal junction. A ten year experience with esophagogastrectomy.", "content": "Eighty-six patients with carcinoma of the gastroesophageal junction were treated between 1966 and 1976. Adenocarcinoma was present in 62 patients and squamous cell carcinoma in 24. Surgical exploration was performed on 68 patients (79%) and 52 lesions (60%) were resected by combined midline laparotomy and right thoracotomy. There were 6 deaths (11%), 2 due to anastomotic leak. The mean survival for all resected patients was 2.1 years with a 22% three year life table survival (10/52). Five of 14 patients with negative nodes are alive more than five years. Palliative resection in 17 patients resulted in a mean survival of 10.5 months and no five year survivals. Esophagogastrectomy utilizing the Lewis technic reduces operative mortality and extends survival for patients with carcinoma of the gastroesophageal junction.", "contents": "Carcinoma of the gastroesophageal junction. A ten year experience with esophagogastrectomy. Eighty-six patients with carcinoma of the gastroesophageal junction were treated between 1966 and 1976. Adenocarcinoma was present in 62 patients and squamous cell carcinoma in 24. Surgical exploration was performed on 68 patients (79%) and 52 lesions (60%) were resected by combined midline laparotomy and right thoracotomy. There were 6 deaths (11%), 2 due to anastomotic leak. The mean survival for all resected patients was 2.1 years with a 22% three year life table survival (10/52). Five of 14 patients with negative nodes are alive more than five years. Palliative resection in 17 patients resulted in a mean survival of 10.5 months and no five year survivals. Esophagogastrectomy utilizing the Lewis technic reduces operative mortality and extends survival for patients with carcinoma of the gastroesophageal junction."}
{"id": "PMID:879413", "title": "Kinking of the internal carotid artery. Clinical significance and surgical management.", "content": "Observations of a series of fifteen surgically treated coiled and kinked internal carotid arteries are reported. The kinked internal carotid artery may be clinically significant and can cause cerebral infarction, even in the absence of atherosclerosis. Each patient must be thoroughly investigated and evaluated individually. One must distinguish simple tortuosity without blood flow obstruction from critical kinking of the internal carotid artery. If a patient with angiographic confirmation is symptomatic and other causes are eliminated, surgical correction should be carefully considered, especially if rotational cerebral ischemia is present. The surgical treatment of choice is resection of the redundant internal carotid artery with reimplantation and thromboendarterectomy of any associated plaque. Kinking of the internal carotid artery may lead to aneurysm formation requiring a difficult surgical resection. Although the evidence for a precise causal relationship between kinking of the internal carotid artery and cerebrovascular symptoms is sometimes difficult to establish, it is our belief that a more aggressive surgical approach may be warranted in this potentially disabling and even fatal condition.", "contents": "Kinking of the internal carotid artery. Clinical significance and surgical management. Observations of a series of fifteen surgically treated coiled and kinked internal carotid arteries are reported. The kinked internal carotid artery may be clinically significant and can cause cerebral infarction, even in the absence of atherosclerosis. Each patient must be thoroughly investigated and evaluated individually. One must distinguish simple tortuosity without blood flow obstruction from critical kinking of the internal carotid artery. If a patient with angiographic confirmation is symptomatic and other causes are eliminated, surgical correction should be carefully considered, especially if rotational cerebral ischemia is present. The surgical treatment of choice is resection of the redundant internal carotid artery with reimplantation and thromboendarterectomy of any associated plaque. Kinking of the internal carotid artery may lead to aneurysm formation requiring a difficult surgical resection. Although the evidence for a precise causal relationship between kinking of the internal carotid artery and cerebrovascular symptoms is sometimes difficult to establish, it is our belief that a more aggressive surgical approach may be warranted in this potentially disabling and even fatal condition."}
{"id": "PMID:879414", "title": "Leiomyosarcoma of artery and vein.", "content": "Five cases of leiomyosarcoma of blood vessels--three venous, two arterial--are reported. Treatment was surgical alone in two patients with involvement of the internal mammary artery and the long saphenous vein. The other three were treated initially by surgery, followed by radiation therapy, and surgery aimed at either total or partial removal of metastases. Two patients are alive and well, free of disease. Two patients have died of their disease despite all modalities of treatment, and one patient has a life-threatening metastases and is not expected to survive.", "contents": "Leiomyosarcoma of artery and vein. Five cases of leiomyosarcoma of blood vessels--three venous, two arterial--are reported. Treatment was surgical alone in two patients with involvement of the internal mammary artery and the long saphenous vein. The other three were treated initially by surgery, followed by radiation therapy, and surgery aimed at either total or partial removal of metastases. Two patients are alive and well, free of disease. Two patients have died of their disease despite all modalities of treatment, and one patient has a life-threatening metastases and is not expected to survive."}
{"id": "PMID:879415", "title": "Electrical injuries, with special reference to the upper extremities. A review of 182 cases.", "content": "A twenty year experience in the management of 182 patients with electrical injuries has been reviewed. Males predominate. The average age is thirty-six years. Bodily contact with high tension wires by linemen constituted the most common accidents. High voltage injuries were sustained by 67% of patients. Burns were sustained by 74% of our cases and of these, 71% involved the upper extremities. Complications developed in three fourths of patients, and one third of patients suffered some degree of permanent disability. Mortality (2.1%) was largely due to septicemia, pneumonia, and renal failure. The wide variety of injuries necessitates individualization in treatment. Prevention offers greatest hope in management.", "contents": "Electrical injuries, with special reference to the upper extremities. A review of 182 cases. A twenty year experience in the management of 182 patients with electrical injuries has been reviewed. Males predominate. The average age is thirty-six years. Bodily contact with high tension wires by linemen constituted the most common accidents. High voltage injuries were sustained by 67% of patients. Burns were sustained by 74% of our cases and of these, 71% involved the upper extremities. Complications developed in three fourths of patients, and one third of patients suffered some degree of permanent disability. Mortality (2.1%) was largely due to septicemia, pneumonia, and renal failure. The wide variety of injuries necessitates individualization in treatment. Prevention offers greatest hope in management."}
{"id": "PMID:879463", "title": "Airway closure and pregnancy.", "content": "During pregnancy there is a fall in functional residual capacity and expiratory reserve volume. The point of airway closure in relation to vital capacity and the expiratory reserve volume was determined in 11 post-partum patients who had previously been studied during pregnancy. The lung volume at which airway closure occurred in pregnancy and the post-partum period did not change in relation to the vital capacity whereas the expiratory reserve volume did, so that airway closure became imminent in the pregnant women during tidal ventilation, especially whilst in the suping position. The significance of this alteration in pulmonary function to obstetric anaesthesia is discussed.", "contents": "Airway closure and pregnancy. During pregnancy there is a fall in functional residual capacity and expiratory reserve volume. The point of airway closure in relation to vital capacity and the expiratory reserve volume was determined in 11 post-partum patients who had previously been studied during pregnancy. The lung volume at which airway closure occurred in pregnancy and the post-partum period did not change in relation to the vital capacity whereas the expiratory reserve volume did, so that airway closure became imminent in the pregnant women during tidal ventilation, especially whilst in the suping position. The significance of this alteration in pulmonary function to obstetric anaesthesia is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:879464", "title": "Oxygen uptake following deep hypothermia.", "content": "Oxygen uptake of the body (Vo2) was measured in 9 children undergoing surgical correction of congenital heart lesions using cardiopulmonary bypass and deep hypothermia at 20 degrees tc with circulatory arrest. Initial levels of Vo2 following circulatory arrest were found to be four times greater than would have been expected from the normal relationship between Vo2 and body temperature, but within 8-10 minutes had fallen to normal levels. The quantity of oxygen taken up by the body during this time is similar to theoretical values for the quantity of oxygen inphysical solution, at 20 degrees C, in the tissues. It is postulated that during deep hypothermia the increased amount of oxygen in physical solution in the body plays an important part in preventing tissue damage during circulatory arrest.", "contents": "Oxygen uptake following deep hypothermia. Oxygen uptake of the body (Vo2) was measured in 9 children undergoing surgical correction of congenital heart lesions using cardiopulmonary bypass and deep hypothermia at 20 degrees tc with circulatory arrest. Initial levels of Vo2 following circulatory arrest were found to be four times greater than would have been expected from the normal relationship between Vo2 and body temperature, but within 8-10 minutes had fallen to normal levels. The quantity of oxygen taken up by the body during this time is similar to theoretical values for the quantity of oxygen inphysical solution, at 20 degrees C, in the tissues. It is postulated that during deep hypothermia the increased amount of oxygen in physical solution in the body plays an important part in preventing tissue damage during circulatory arrest."}
{"id": "PMID:879465", "title": "Adult coarctation of the aorta: Anaesthesia and postoperative management.", "content": "The complications following surgery for the correction of aortic coarctation are reviewed. The immediate postoperative increase in blood pressure is associated with a very high (750%) increase in plasma noradrenaline concentrations. The pre-operative management and preparation of the patient, the use of induced hypotension during surgery with careful haemodynamic control to prevent the hypoperfusion of the lower segment of the aorta, and the postoperative management with special reference to adequate control of blood pressure are discussed.", "contents": "Adult coarctation of the aorta: Anaesthesia and postoperative management. The complications following surgery for the correction of aortic coarctation are reviewed. The immediate postoperative increase in blood pressure is associated with a very high (750%) increase in plasma noradrenaline concentrations. The pre-operative management and preparation of the patient, the use of induced hypotension during surgery with careful haemodynamic control to prevent the hypoperfusion of the lower segment of the aorta, and the postoperative management with special reference to adequate control of blood pressure are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:879466", "title": "Neurobehavioural responses of the newborn. The effect of different forms of maternal analgesia.", "content": "A neurobehavioural assessment made of infants within 4 hours of delivery revealed that infants born to mothers receiving pethidine and promazine showed significantly worse overall scores than babies of mothers receiving either no analgesia or a lumbar epidural using bupivacaine.", "contents": "Neurobehavioural responses of the newborn. The effect of different forms of maternal analgesia. A neurobehavioural assessment made of infants within 4 hours of delivery revealed that infants born to mothers receiving pethidine and promazine showed significantly worse overall scores than babies of mothers receiving either no analgesia or a lumbar epidural using bupivacaine."}
{"id": "PMID:879467", "title": "Laryngeal oedema associated with pre-eclamptic toxaemia.", "content": "Pre-eclamptic toxaemia is a common complication of late pregnancy. However, the occurrence of clinically unsuspected laryngeal oedema has not, to the authors' knowledge, been described previously. Experience of such a case leads them to recommend that a selection of tracheal tubes ranging from 8 to 4-5 mm, be available when anaesthesia is undertaken in patients who have oedema associated with pre-eclamptic toxaemia.", "contents": "Laryngeal oedema associated with pre-eclamptic toxaemia. Pre-eclamptic toxaemia is a common complication of late pregnancy. However, the occurrence of clinically unsuspected laryngeal oedema has not, to the authors' knowledge, been described previously. Experience of such a case leads them to recommend that a selection of tracheal tubes ranging from 8 to 4-5 mm, be available when anaesthesia is undertaken in patients who have oedema associated with pre-eclamptic toxaemia."}
{"id": "PMID:879468", "title": "A technique for sealing glass syringes.", "content": "A device is described for the sealing of glass syringes, which allows the removal of multiple aliquots from the syringe. There is no demonstrable deterioration in the oxygen content of the sample 1 hour after multiple aliquot removal, when the sample syringe is stored in an ice/water mixture.", "contents": "A technique for sealing glass syringes. A device is described for the sealing of glass syringes, which allows the removal of multiple aliquots from the syringe. There is no demonstrable deterioration in the oxygen content of the sample 1 hour after multiple aliquot removal, when the sample syringe is stored in an ice/water mixture."}
{"id": "PMID:879469", "title": "Throat packs for surgery. An improved design based on anatomical measurements.", "content": "A method of measuring the static dimensions of the human pharynx is presented. An entirely new approach to the design of both an oropharyngeal, and a pharyngeal throat pack is described. The new throat packs have been tested in clinical practice and found to have advantages. Pollution within the dental surgery by anaesthetic gases is discussed and the influence of the oropharyngeal pack on this problem is illustrated.", "contents": "Throat packs for surgery. An improved design based on anatomical measurements. A method of measuring the static dimensions of the human pharynx is presented. An entirely new approach to the design of both an oropharyngeal, and a pharyngeal throat pack is described. The new throat packs have been tested in clinical practice and found to have advantages. Pollution within the dental surgery by anaesthetic gases is discussed and the influence of the oropharyngeal pack on this problem is illustrated."}
{"id": "PMID:879470", "title": "Entonox analgesia--a method of reducing the delay between demand and supply.", "content": "Mothers in labour using a self-administered 50% N2O and 50% O2 (Entonox) demand system, experience a time lag between making a demand at the onset of a contraction and pain relief. A practical method is described of reducing this time lag by supplementing the intermittent supply from the demand valve system with a continuous nasal flow of N2O and O2. Consequently a basal arterial N2O tension is maintained and when a demand is made, a higher level of N2O is attained in any time interval compared with that using the demand system alone. In six trained volunteers under laboratory conditions, the N2O levels measured at the mouth on a breath-by-breath basis using a mass spectrometer, showed a substantial and statistically significant reduction in the time taken to attain end-tidal N2O concentrations in the range 10-25%. This method seems worthy of a clinical trial.", "contents": "Entonox analgesia--a method of reducing the delay between demand and supply. Mothers in labour using a self-administered 50% N2O and 50% O2 (Entonox) demand system, experience a time lag between making a demand at the onset of a contraction and pain relief. A practical method is described of reducing this time lag by supplementing the intermittent supply from the demand valve system with a continuous nasal flow of N2O and O2. Consequently a basal arterial N2O tension is maintained and when a demand is made, a higher level of N2O is attained in any time interval compared with that using the demand system alone. In six trained volunteers under laboratory conditions, the N2O levels measured at the mouth on a breath-by-breath basis using a mass spectrometer, showed a substantial and statistically significant reduction in the time taken to attain end-tidal N2O concentrations in the range 10-25%. This method seems worthy of a clinical trial."}
{"id": "PMID:879471", "title": "Analgesia in patients with fractured shaft of femur.", "content": "Patients who have suffered from a fracture of the shaft of the femur require urgent pain relief and this is most effectively achieved by block of the femoral nerve.", "contents": "Analgesia in patients with fractured shaft of femur. Patients who have suffered from a fracture of the shaft of the femur require urgent pain relief and this is most effectively achieved by block of the femoral nerve."}
{"id": "PMID:879490", "title": "[Influence of modern inhalation anaesthetics on haemodynamics, myocardial contractility, left ventricular volumes and myocardial oxygen supply (author's transl)].", "content": "The cardiocirculatory responses to equianaesthetic concentrations (MAC 0.5 and MAC 1.0 plus 67% N2O) of halothane, methoxyflurane, enflurane and isoflurane were studied in a total of 35 closed-chest dogs during ventilation controlled to produce normocapnia. Each anaesthetic produced a dose-related decrease in mean arterial pressure and in values reflecting cardiac function. These included cardiac output, stroke volume, left ventricular max dp/dt and ejection fraction. Isoflurane seemed slightly less depressant to the heart than the other 3 anaesthetics. Total peripheral resistance remained nearly unaffected during halothane and methoxyflurane anaesthesia but decreased significantly with MAC 1.0 enflurane and isoflurane. There was no change in heart rate at low anaesthetic concentrations. The deeper levels of anaesthesia were associated with moderate increases in heart rate. In spite of the obvious depression of myocardial contractility there was a fall in pulmonary artery and left ventricular end-diastolic pressures and in left ventricular end-diastolic volumes with each of the agents. We take this as an expression of decreased ventricular filling resulted from pooling of blood in peripheral capacitive vessels. With the exception of isoflurane, each of the other three anaesthetics reduced coronary blood flow. Coronary vascular resistance was not substantially influenced by halothane and methoxyflurane, but decreased with MAC 1.0 enflurane and isoflurane. Myocardial oxygen availability was always found to be adequate. Isoflurane even produced a significant rise in coronary venous oxygen saturation indicating coronary vasodilation. Parallel with the depression in cardiac performance and blood pressure as two of the main predictors of energy demand, myocardial oxygen consumption was found to be significantly reduced by each of the anaesthetics. The ratio of the external work of the left ventricle to its oxygen consumption indicated that myocardial efficiency deterioated. The clinical implications are discussed.", "contents": "[Influence of modern inhalation anaesthetics on haemodynamics, myocardial contractility, left ventricular volumes and myocardial oxygen supply (author's transl)]. The cardiocirculatory responses to equianaesthetic concentrations (MAC 0.5 and MAC 1.0 plus 67% N2O) of halothane, methoxyflurane, enflurane and isoflurane were studied in a total of 35 closed-chest dogs during ventilation controlled to produce normocapnia. Each anaesthetic produced a dose-related decrease in mean arterial pressure and in values reflecting cardiac function. These included cardiac output, stroke volume, left ventricular max dp/dt and ejection fraction. Isoflurane seemed slightly less depressant to the heart than the other 3 anaesthetics. Total peripheral resistance remained nearly unaffected during halothane and methoxyflurane anaesthesia but decreased significantly with MAC 1.0 enflurane and isoflurane. There was no change in heart rate at low anaesthetic concentrations. The deeper levels of anaesthesia were associated with moderate increases in heart rate. In spite of the obvious depression of myocardial contractility there was a fall in pulmonary artery and left ventricular end-diastolic pressures and in left ventricular end-diastolic volumes with each of the agents. We take this as an expression of decreased ventricular filling resulted from pooling of blood in peripheral capacitive vessels. With the exception of isoflurane, each of the other three anaesthetics reduced coronary blood flow. Coronary vascular resistance was not substantially influenced by halothane and methoxyflurane, but decreased with MAC 1.0 enflurane and isoflurane. Myocardial oxygen availability was always found to be adequate. Isoflurane even produced a significant rise in coronary venous oxygen saturation indicating coronary vasodilation. Parallel with the depression in cardiac performance and blood pressure as two of the main predictors of energy demand, myocardial oxygen consumption was found to be significantly reduced by each of the anaesthetics. The ratio of the external work of the left ventricle to its oxygen consumption indicated that myocardial efficiency deterioated. The clinical implications are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:879491", "title": "[Combination of etomidate and fentanyl. Haemodynamics, inotropic state, myocardial oxygen consumption, and vascular reactions (author's transl)].", "content": "The influence of a combination of fentanyl (0.1 mg) and etomidate (0,15 mg/kg and 0.3 mg/kg) on haemodynamics, inotropic state, myocardial oxygen consumption and vascular reaction has been investigated in 60 patients with congenital or acquired heart diseases--mostly functional class III according to NYHAC. Because of minor changes in haemodynamics (decrease in mean arterial pressure, left ventricular pressure, peak dp/dt, cardiac index, stroke index) the combination of 0.15 mg/kg etomidate and 0.1 mg fentanyl seems to be of great value for induction of anaesthesia in patients with cardiac disease compared to other intravenous induction agents such as propanidid, thiopentone or althesin. In accordance with the changes in haemodynamics there was a 12% and 18% decrease in myocardial oxygen consumption, respectively.", "contents": "[Combination of etomidate and fentanyl. Haemodynamics, inotropic state, myocardial oxygen consumption, and vascular reactions (author's transl)]. The influence of a combination of fentanyl (0.1 mg) and etomidate (0,15 mg/kg and 0.3 mg/kg) on haemodynamics, inotropic state, myocardial oxygen consumption and vascular reaction has been investigated in 60 patients with congenital or acquired heart diseases--mostly functional class III according to NYHAC. Because of minor changes in haemodynamics (decrease in mean arterial pressure, left ventricular pressure, peak dp/dt, cardiac index, stroke index) the combination of 0.15 mg/kg etomidate and 0.1 mg fentanyl seems to be of great value for induction of anaesthesia in patients with cardiac disease compared to other intravenous induction agents such as propanidid, thiopentone or althesin. In accordance with the changes in haemodynamics there was a 12% and 18% decrease in myocardial oxygen consumption, respectively."}
{"id": "PMID:879492", "title": "[Effect of high dosages of morphine and meperidine on haemodynamics, coronary blood flow and myocardial oxygen consumption in comparison to fentanyl and piritramide (author's transl)].", "content": "Although morphine is one of the oldest drugs known to man, it has only recently been used in large doses as an anesthetic agent. The main advantage is the cardiovascular stability. The purpose of this investigation was to study the circulatory response to high equianalgesic doses of morphine and meperidine. In 10 closed chest dogs during normoventilation and light background-anaesthesia (0.5 Vol. % halthane; N2O:O2 = 2:1) 2.0 mg/kg morphine and 15.0 mg/kg meperidine were given at random. Morphine produced a decrease in mean arterial blood pressure by 28%, which was paralleled by an identical fall in total peripheral resistance. No negative inotropic effects were found. In contrast to this, the severe hypotension developing with meperidine (decrease in blood pressure by 54%) was the result of peripheral vasodilatation (46%) and of myocardial depression indicated by a sharp drop in dp/dtmax (59%), dp/dtmax/IP (14%) and in left ventricular ejection fraction (33%). Utilizing the thermodilution technique, the cardiac output remained largely unaffected with both narcotic analgesics, as the increase in heart rate (morphine 27%; meperidine 101%) compensated for the fall in stroke volume (morphine 19%; meperidine 55%). In spite of the altered haemodynamics there was no change in the myocardial energy demand, which was adequately met by the coronary blood flow measured with the pressure-difference technique. Both, morphine and meperidine, produced initially an increase in coronary blood flow and coronary venous oxygen saturation indicating coronary vasodilation. While the mechanism for the change in cardiovascular status with high doses of morphine is vasodilatation probably due to histamine release, the results of this study suggest a peripheral as well as a central (myocardial depression) site of action with meperidine. The results obtained from this study were compared with the data from a previous investigation on equianalgesic doses of fentanyl and piritramide and their clinical implications were discussed.", "contents": "[Effect of high dosages of morphine and meperidine on haemodynamics, coronary blood flow and myocardial oxygen consumption in comparison to fentanyl and piritramide (author's transl)]. Although morphine is one of the oldest drugs known to man, it has only recently been used in large doses as an anesthetic agent. The main advantage is the cardiovascular stability. The purpose of this investigation was to study the circulatory response to high equianalgesic doses of morphine and meperidine. In 10 closed chest dogs during normoventilation and light background-anaesthesia (0.5 Vol. % halthane; N2O:O2 = 2:1) 2.0 mg/kg morphine and 15.0 mg/kg meperidine were given at random. Morphine produced a decrease in mean arterial blood pressure by 28%, which was paralleled by an identical fall in total peripheral resistance. No negative inotropic effects were found. In contrast to this, the severe hypotension developing with meperidine (decrease in blood pressure by 54%) was the result of peripheral vasodilatation (46%) and of myocardial depression indicated by a sharp drop in dp/dtmax (59%), dp/dtmax/IP (14%) and in left ventricular ejection fraction (33%). Utilizing the thermodilution technique, the cardiac output remained largely unaffected with both narcotic analgesics, as the increase in heart rate (morphine 27%; meperidine 101%) compensated for the fall in stroke volume (morphine 19%; meperidine 55%). In spite of the altered haemodynamics there was no change in the myocardial energy demand, which was adequately met by the coronary blood flow measured with the pressure-difference technique. Both, morphine and meperidine, produced initially an increase in coronary blood flow and coronary venous oxygen saturation indicating coronary vasodilation. While the mechanism for the change in cardiovascular status with high doses of morphine is vasodilatation probably due to histamine release, the results of this study suggest a peripheral as well as a central (myocardial depression) site of action with meperidine. The results obtained from this study were compared with the data from a previous investigation on equianalgesic doses of fentanyl and piritramide and their clinical implications were discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:879493", "title": "[The cardiovascular effects of the inspiratory N2O-concentration during piritramide anaesthesia in the dog (author's transl)].", "content": "Administration of nitrous oxide following large doses of narcotics has been reported to impair myocardial performance. In this investigation the effect of the inspiratory N2O-concentration (F1N2O = 0.0; 0.2; 0.4; 0.6; 0.8) upon haemodynamics, inotropism of the heart, coronary blood flow and myocardial oxygen consumption was studied in 8 dogs, which were normoventilated and narcotized with piritramide infused continuously (2.5 mg/kg-h). While 40% N2O(F1N2O = 0.4) decreased cardiac index (18%) and mean arterial pressure (5%) and increased total peripheral resistance (11%) significantly, the remaining inspiratory N2O-concentrations did not affect these parameters considerably. Load data, heart rate and the continuous decrease of LVdp/dtmax from 3170 mm Hg/s (F1N2O - 0.0) to 2175 mm Hg/s (F1N2O = 0.8) indicated negative inotropic properties of high concentrations of nitrous oxide. The myocardial oxygen demand, which was adequately met by the coronary blood flow, decreased with increasing N2O-concentrations initially by 18% (F1N2O = 0.4) due to bradycardia, slight hypotension and reduction in inotropism. Inhalation of 80% N2O, however, returned the energy demand of the heart to control levels (F1N2O = 0.0) resulting from increased myocardial wall-tension (increase in left ventricular end-diastolic pressure by 30%). The efficiency of left ventricular external work decreased from 18.6% (F1N2O = 0.0) to 14.7% (F1N2O - 0.8) indicating that myocardial performance was uneconomically influenced by high inspiratory N2O-concentrations and large doses of narcotics. The clinical implications of the results were discussed.", "contents": "[The cardiovascular effects of the inspiratory N2O-concentration during piritramide anaesthesia in the dog (author's transl)]. Administration of nitrous oxide following large doses of narcotics has been reported to impair myocardial performance. In this investigation the effect of the inspiratory N2O-concentration (F1N2O = 0.0; 0.2; 0.4; 0.6; 0.8) upon haemodynamics, inotropism of the heart, coronary blood flow and myocardial oxygen consumption was studied in 8 dogs, which were normoventilated and narcotized with piritramide infused continuously (2.5 mg/kg-h). While 40% N2O(F1N2O = 0.4) decreased cardiac index (18%) and mean arterial pressure (5%) and increased total peripheral resistance (11%) significantly, the remaining inspiratory N2O-concentrations did not affect these parameters considerably. Load data, heart rate and the continuous decrease of LVdp/dtmax from 3170 mm Hg/s (F1N2O - 0.0) to 2175 mm Hg/s (F1N2O = 0.8) indicated negative inotropic properties of high concentrations of nitrous oxide. The myocardial oxygen demand, which was adequately met by the coronary blood flow, decreased with increasing N2O-concentrations initially by 18% (F1N2O = 0.4) due to bradycardia, slight hypotension and reduction in inotropism. Inhalation of 80% N2O, however, returned the energy demand of the heart to control levels (F1N2O = 0.0) resulting from increased myocardial wall-tension (increase in left ventricular end-diastolic pressure by 30%). The efficiency of left ventricular external work decreased from 18.6% (F1N2O = 0.0) to 14.7% (F1N2O - 0.8) indicating that myocardial performance was uneconomically influenced by high inspiratory N2O-concentrations and large doses of narcotics. The clinical implications of the results were discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:879494", "title": "[The effects of the vasodilator nitroprusside on haemodynamics and myocardial oxygen consumption during drug induced myocardial depression (author's transl)].", "content": "The effect of the vasodilator nitroprusside (NP) on haemodynamics and myocardial oxygen consumption during drug induced myocardial oepression was examined in dogs (n = 7). The investigations were performed on closed chest dogs lightly anaesthetized with piritramide and N2O/O2 (ratio 2:1) under controlled ventilation and after beta-adrenergic blockade (1.5 mg/kg propranolol). After a loading dose and a continuous infusion of 0.3 mg/kg X min of pentobarbitone left ventricular maximum dp/dt was reduced to 50% of the control level, which was taken for granted as a standardized myocardial depression. Using an infusion of NP at a mean rate of 7 microgram/kg X min mean arterial pressure was then lowered to 80 mmHg for 20 min. The vasodilator therapy led to an increase in cardiac output and in stroke volume by 16%. Since the calculated endsystolic volume of the left ventricle decreased simultaneously (19%), the ejection fraction increased from 38% to 46%. There was also a significant reduction in left ventricular enddiastolic pressure (46%), which is supposed to result from the combined effects of an improved myocardial performance, a pooling of blood in peripheral vessels (indicated by decreases in enddiastolic volume by 6%, in mean pulmonary arterial pressure by 25% and in central venous pressure by 45%) and an increased ventricular compliance. Since the myocardial wall tension, a major determinant of myocardial energy demand, was lowered by increased ventricular compliance and reduced pre- and afterload, the oxygen consumption of the heart decreased by 22%. The smaller demand was supplied by an unchanged coronary blood flow. The narrowing of the a-v oxygen difference of the heart indicated a coronary dilatation (10%). The results obtained from this study support the clinical observations that NNP may improve an imbalanced ratio between myocardial oxygen supply and demand, in patients with impaired cardiac performance.", "contents": "[The effects of the vasodilator nitroprusside on haemodynamics and myocardial oxygen consumption during drug induced myocardial depression (author's transl)]. The effect of the vasodilator nitroprusside (NP) on haemodynamics and myocardial oxygen consumption during drug induced myocardial oepression was examined in dogs (n = 7). The investigations were performed on closed chest dogs lightly anaesthetized with piritramide and N2O/O2 (ratio 2:1) under controlled ventilation and after beta-adrenergic blockade (1.5 mg/kg propranolol). After a loading dose and a continuous infusion of 0.3 mg/kg X min of pentobarbitone left ventricular maximum dp/dt was reduced to 50% of the control level, which was taken for granted as a standardized myocardial depression. Using an infusion of NP at a mean rate of 7 microgram/kg X min mean arterial pressure was then lowered to 80 mmHg for 20 min. The vasodilator therapy led to an increase in cardiac output and in stroke volume by 16%. Since the calculated endsystolic volume of the left ventricle decreased simultaneously (19%), the ejection fraction increased from 38% to 46%. There was also a significant reduction in left ventricular enddiastolic pressure (46%), which is supposed to result from the combined effects of an improved myocardial performance, a pooling of blood in peripheral vessels (indicated by decreases in enddiastolic volume by 6%, in mean pulmonary arterial pressure by 25% and in central venous pressure by 45%) and an increased ventricular compliance. Since the myocardial wall tension, a major determinant of myocardial energy demand, was lowered by increased ventricular compliance and reduced pre- and afterload, the oxygen consumption of the heart decreased by 22%. The smaller demand was supplied by an unchanged coronary blood flow. The narrowing of the a-v oxygen difference of the heart indicated a coronary dilatation (10%). The results obtained from this study support the clinical observations that NNP may improve an imbalanced ratio between myocardial oxygen supply and demand, in patients with impaired cardiac performance."}
{"id": "PMID:879553", "title": "[So-called juxtaglomerular benign tumor of the kidney with renin secretion. Optical and ultrastructural study].", "content": "Benign renin secreting tumors of the kidney, of which the authors report a new case, are an uncommon cause of arterial hypertension. The lesion is unique, benign, richly vascularized and constituted by epithelioid cells similar to those seen in the normal juxta-glomerular apparatus. Noteworthy and of great diagnostic value is the massive infiltration of the tumoral tissue by mastocytes. The ultrastructural examination clearly shows the differentiation of the secretory cells from the smooth muscular fibresof the vessel walls. The other types of renin secreting tumours are briefly considered.", "contents": "[So-called juxtaglomerular benign tumor of the kidney with renin secretion. Optical and ultrastructural study]. Benign renin secreting tumors of the kidney, of which the authors report a new case, are an uncommon cause of arterial hypertension. The lesion is unique, benign, richly vascularized and constituted by epithelioid cells similar to those seen in the normal juxta-glomerular apparatus. Noteworthy and of great diagnostic value is the massive infiltration of the tumoral tissue by mastocytes. The ultrastructural examination clearly shows the differentiation of the secretory cells from the smooth muscular fibresof the vessel walls. The other types of renin secreting tumours are briefly considered."}
{"id": "PMID:879554", "title": "[Eosinophilic granulomatous hepatitis. Apropos of a case of toxocariasis].", "content": "The author reports an anatomoclinical observation of eosinophilic granulomatous hepatitis due to toxocariasis. The problems of the histologic differential diagnosis are discussed. Human cases of parasitic infestation by Toxacara canis--larva migrans syndrome--are quite uncommon (1, 2). In the acute stage the hepatic lesion most often consists in eosinophilic granulomatous hepatitis. The chance finding of an eosinophilic granuloma in a puncture biopsy of the liver may rise problems as concerns the histological differential diagnosis, especially when there is no clinical evidence of a parasitosis and when no parasite is found in the biospy specimen.", "contents": "[Eosinophilic granulomatous hepatitis. Apropos of a case of toxocariasis]. The author reports an anatomoclinical observation of eosinophilic granulomatous hepatitis due to toxocariasis. The problems of the histologic differential diagnosis are discussed. Human cases of parasitic infestation by Toxacara canis--larva migrans syndrome--are quite uncommon (1, 2). In the acute stage the hepatic lesion most often consists in eosinophilic granulomatous hepatitis. The chance finding of an eosinophilic granuloma in a puncture biopsy of the liver may rise problems as concerns the histological differential diagnosis, especially when there is no clinical evidence of a parasitosis and when no parasite is found in the biospy specimen."}
{"id": "PMID:879555", "title": "Bovine peripheral blood monocyte cultures: growth characteristics and cellular receptors for immunoglobulin G and complement.", "content": "Bovine peripheral blood monocytes were cultured in vitro for as long as 60 days. Although mitotic figures were not observed, the amount of cytoplasm was observed to increase; most cultures developed multinucleated cells, some containing as many as 200 nuclei. In multinucleated cells, the nuclei were peripherally distributed around a cytoplasmic matrix and surrounded by an undulating membrane. Receptors on macrophages were identified with erythrocytes sensitized with various immunoglobulins and complement (C'). A receptor for immunoglobulin G, but not immunoglobulin M, was detected. By the use of freshly prepared equine serum, a C' receptor was detected; however, by the use of freshly prepared bovine serum, C' receptor was not detected.", "contents": "Bovine peripheral blood monocyte cultures: growth characteristics and cellular receptors for immunoglobulin G and complement. Bovine peripheral blood monocytes were cultured in vitro for as long as 60 days. Although mitotic figures were not observed, the amount of cytoplasm was observed to increase; most cultures developed multinucleated cells, some containing as many as 200 nuclei. In multinucleated cells, the nuclei were peripherally distributed around a cytoplasmic matrix and surrounded by an undulating membrane. Receptors on macrophages were identified with erythrocytes sensitized with various immunoglobulins and complement (C'). A receptor for immunoglobulin G, but not immunoglobulin M, was detected. By the use of freshly prepared equine serum, a C' receptor was detected; however, by the use of freshly prepared bovine serum, C' receptor was not detected."}
{"id": "PMID:879556", "title": "Radiation-induced alpha-thalassemia in mice.", "content": "The clinical hematologic change in 2 groups of progeny from mice carrying radiation-induced strain SEC alpha-chain deficiencies was found to be similar to the hematologic alterations in persons with alpha-thalassemia. The heterozygous deletion or inactivation of the alpha-chain gene in mice caused an anemia similar to alpha-thalassemina minor in persons. The alpha-chain deficiency in mice created an erythrocytosis, reticulocytosis, and microcytic, hypochromic anemia comparable with the changes in human alpha-thalassemia minor resulting from deletion of the alpha-chain gene. These mouse mutants are the only known animal models of human thalassemia. A comparison of hematologic values obtained from progeny possessing an alpha-chain gene deficiency and from progeny possessing a beta-chain duplication suggested that the deficiency of alpha-chain synthesis, rather than a simple imbalance between the amounts of alpha- and beta-chains produced, was primarily responsible for the altered hematologic characteristics in these alpha-thalassemic mice.", "contents": "Radiation-induced alpha-thalassemia in mice. The clinical hematologic change in 2 groups of progeny from mice carrying radiation-induced strain SEC alpha-chain deficiencies was found to be similar to the hematologic alterations in persons with alpha-thalassemia. The heterozygous deletion or inactivation of the alpha-chain gene in mice caused an anemia similar to alpha-thalassemina minor in persons. The alpha-chain deficiency in mice created an erythrocytosis, reticulocytosis, and microcytic, hypochromic anemia comparable with the changes in human alpha-thalassemia minor resulting from deletion of the alpha-chain gene. These mouse mutants are the only known animal models of human thalassemia. A comparison of hematologic values obtained from progeny possessing an alpha-chain gene deficiency and from progeny possessing a beta-chain duplication suggested that the deficiency of alpha-chain synthesis, rather than a simple imbalance between the amounts of alpha- and beta-chains produced, was primarily responsible for the altered hematologic characteristics in these alpha-thalassemic mice."}
{"id": "PMID:879558", "title": "Asynchronous growth of the canine radius and ulna: effects of cross pinning the radius to the ulna.", "content": "Kirschner wires were introduced into the diaphyseal region of the radius and the ulna in 4 Australian shepherd crossbred pups, and change in relationships between the bones during growth was demonstrated. The contributions to longitudinal growth of the radius from proximal and distal growth plates were also calculated. Over the period of growth, the proximal growth plate contributed approximately 40% of the length of the radius. A marked shifting of the radius in relationship with the ulna occurred. This normal shifting between radius and ulna was prevented in 6 dogs by cross pinning the radius to the ulna at 90, 111, 142, and 168 days of age. Marked change was produced in the elbow joint, where altered relationships of articular surfaces of the radius and the ulna resulted in displacement of the humeral condyle from the trochlear notch of the ulna. Changes in dogs cross pinned at 90 and 111 days of age were most severe and consisted of severe degenerative changes which were most marked on the lateral side of the distal half of the trochlear notch of the ulna.", "contents": "Asynchronous growth of the canine radius and ulna: effects of cross pinning the radius to the ulna. Kirschner wires were introduced into the diaphyseal region of the radius and the ulna in 4 Australian shepherd crossbred pups, and change in relationships between the bones during growth was demonstrated. The contributions to longitudinal growth of the radius from proximal and distal growth plates were also calculated. Over the period of growth, the proximal growth plate contributed approximately 40% of the length of the radius. A marked shifting of the radius in relationship with the ulna occurred. This normal shifting between radius and ulna was prevented in 6 dogs by cross pinning the radius to the ulna at 90, 111, 142, and 168 days of age. Marked change was produced in the elbow joint, where altered relationships of articular surfaces of the radius and the ulna resulted in displacement of the humeral condyle from the trochlear notch of the ulna. Changes in dogs cross pinned at 90 and 111 days of age were most severe and consisted of severe degenerative changes which were most marked on the lateral side of the distal half of the trochlear notch of the ulna."}
{"id": "PMID:879559", "title": "Hair follicle cycle and shedding in male beagle dogs.", "content": "Skin biopsy samples were collected from the thoracolumbar region of 9 male Beagle dogs ranging in age from 2 weeks to 32 months. The highest percentages of anagen hair follicles were present in samples collected during the winter and the summer seasons, and highest percentages of telogen hair follicles were present in samples collected during the fall and the spring seasons. Catagen, never exceeding 7% of the follicles, was found during a brief transitory stage. Peak shedding of hairs combed from the coats of dogs occurred in the spring and fall--these peaks appearing simultaneously with peak percentages of hair follicles in the telogen phase. Dogs younger than 1 year of age had 10% fewer follicles in the telogen stage than did older dogs. In dogs 2 weeks of age, 12 to 16% of the hair follicles were in the telogen stage.", "contents": "Hair follicle cycle and shedding in male beagle dogs. Skin biopsy samples were collected from the thoracolumbar region of 9 male Beagle dogs ranging in age from 2 weeks to 32 months. The highest percentages of anagen hair follicles were present in samples collected during the winter and the summer seasons, and highest percentages of telogen hair follicles were present in samples collected during the fall and the spring seasons. Catagen, never exceeding 7% of the follicles, was found during a brief transitory stage. Peak shedding of hairs combed from the coats of dogs occurred in the spring and fall--these peaks appearing simultaneously with peak percentages of hair follicles in the telogen phase. Dogs younger than 1 year of age had 10% fewer follicles in the telogen stage than did older dogs. In dogs 2 weeks of age, 12 to 16% of the hair follicles were in the telogen stage."}
{"id": "PMID:879561", "title": "Efficacy of nithiamide in preventing and treating swine dysentery in experimentally inoculated pigs.", "content": "In a series of experiments, weanling pigs (12 to 18 kg av weight) were inoculated by means of feed with scrapings and contents of dysenteric colons. Mucohemorrhagic diarrhea developed in 97% of the infected, nonmedicated pigs, and 80% of these pigs died. Prophylactic feed medication with nithiamide at dose levels of 600, 300, or 150 ppm beginning 2 days before inoculation to 28 days after inoculation prevented the development of swine dysentery and permitted performance equal to that of the noninfected nonmedicated pigs. Morbidity and mortality were reduced by medication with 100 ppm of nithiamide but these were not influenced by medication with 50 ppm. Therapeutic feed medication with nithiamide at a dose level of 150 ppm beginning the day after diarrhea first occurred was not effective. A single oral dose of nithiamide (25 mg/kg of body weight), when diarrhea first occurred in each pig, produced rapid remission of the signs of dysentery; relapses occurred 1 to 2 weeks later, however, and mortality followed. The combination of oral dosage and feed medication was highly effective in treating dysentery, preventing its recurrence, and maintaining performance.", "contents": "Efficacy of nithiamide in preventing and treating swine dysentery in experimentally inoculated pigs. In a series of experiments, weanling pigs (12 to 18 kg av weight) were inoculated by means of feed with scrapings and contents of dysenteric colons. Mucohemorrhagic diarrhea developed in 97% of the infected, nonmedicated pigs, and 80% of these pigs died. Prophylactic feed medication with nithiamide at dose levels of 600, 300, or 150 ppm beginning 2 days before inoculation to 28 days after inoculation prevented the development of swine dysentery and permitted performance equal to that of the noninfected nonmedicated pigs. Morbidity and mortality were reduced by medication with 100 ppm of nithiamide but these were not influenced by medication with 50 ppm. Therapeutic feed medication with nithiamide at a dose level of 150 ppm beginning the day after diarrhea first occurred was not effective. A single oral dose of nithiamide (25 mg/kg of body weight), when diarrhea first occurred in each pig, produced rapid remission of the signs of dysentery; relapses occurred 1 to 2 weeks later, however, and mortality followed. The combination of oral dosage and feed medication was highly effective in treating dysentery, preventing its recurrence, and maintaining performance."}
{"id": "PMID:879562", "title": "Finite purification of Anaplasma marginale: serologic inactivity of the anaplasma body.", "content": "Anaplasma bodies finitely purified by affinity chromatography to eliminate all traces of erythrocytic stromata were not agglutinated by serum from calves having acute anaplasmosis. The stromata which were associated with the anaplasma bodies were also finitely purified and agglutinated with such serum. The evidence indicates that the antibody in anaplasmosis that is detected by agglutination tests is directed against the erythrocytic stromata and not against the finitely purified anaplasma bodies.", "contents": "Finite purification of Anaplasma marginale: serologic inactivity of the anaplasma body. Anaplasma bodies finitely purified by affinity chromatography to eliminate all traces of erythrocytic stromata were not agglutinated by serum from calves having acute anaplasmosis. The stromata which were associated with the anaplasma bodies were also finitely purified and agglutinated with such serum. The evidence indicates that the antibody in anaplasmosis that is detected by agglutination tests is directed against the erythrocytic stromata and not against the finitely purified anaplasma bodies."}
{"id": "PMID:879564", "title": "Serum electrolytes in normal pygmy goats.", "content": "Serum from pygmy goats was analyzed to determine normal base lines for electrolytes. Animals of both sexes were used. Influence of age on these variables was also investigated. The electrolyte values were as follows: sodium, 147 +/- 6.0 mEq/L; potassium, 5.6 +/- 1.0 mEq/L; chloride, 106.0 +/- 4.2 mEq/L; calcium, 4.9 +/- 0.3 mEq/L; magnesium, 2.1 +/- 0.3 mEq/L; and inorganic phosphorus, 4.8 +/- 0.9 mEq/L. Most of the serum electrolyte values for pygmy goats were similar to reports for other ruminant species and human beings.", "contents": "Serum electrolytes in normal pygmy goats. Serum from pygmy goats was analyzed to determine normal base lines for electrolytes. Animals of both sexes were used. Influence of age on these variables was also investigated. The electrolyte values were as follows: sodium, 147 +/- 6.0 mEq/L; potassium, 5.6 +/- 1.0 mEq/L; chloride, 106.0 +/- 4.2 mEq/L; calcium, 4.9 +/- 0.3 mEq/L; magnesium, 2.1 +/- 0.3 mEq/L; and inorganic phosphorus, 4.8 +/- 0.9 mEq/L. Most of the serum electrolyte values for pygmy goats were similar to reports for other ruminant species and human beings."}
{"id": "PMID:879565", "title": "Serum proteins and protein electrophoretic pattern in normal pygmy goats.", "content": "The values of total protein and protein electrophoretic patterns for pygmy goats were studied to establish normal basic values. The values obtained in the present study were as follows: alpha1-globulin, 0.6 +/- 0.1 mg/dl; alpha2-globulin, 1.0 +/- 0.3 mg/dl; beta-globulin, 0.5 +/- 0.1 mg/dl; gamma-globulin, 1.6 +/- 0.1 mg/dl; total protein, 7.3 +/- 0.7 mg/dl; albumin, 3.2 +/- 0.6 mg/dl; A/G ratio, 0.8 +/- 0.3 mg/dl; and globulin, 4.5 +/- 0.6 mg/dl. Goats were divided into groups on the basis of age and sex to determine if any significant differences were present in these groups. Of the 8 variables studied, only albumin and A/G ratio showed significantly different values due to sex; castrated males showed significantly lower values than thos for intact males and females (P less than 0.05). Also, A/G ratio values for females and castrated male pygmy goats were significantly lower than those for intact males (P less than 0.05). Total serum protein values studied in female pygmy goats at various ages were also significantly different (P less than 0.05).", "contents": "Serum proteins and protein electrophoretic pattern in normal pygmy goats. The values of total protein and protein electrophoretic patterns for pygmy goats were studied to establish normal basic values. The values obtained in the present study were as follows: alpha1-globulin, 0.6 +/- 0.1 mg/dl; alpha2-globulin, 1.0 +/- 0.3 mg/dl; beta-globulin, 0.5 +/- 0.1 mg/dl; gamma-globulin, 1.6 +/- 0.1 mg/dl; total protein, 7.3 +/- 0.7 mg/dl; albumin, 3.2 +/- 0.6 mg/dl; A/G ratio, 0.8 +/- 0.3 mg/dl; and globulin, 4.5 +/- 0.6 mg/dl. Goats were divided into groups on the basis of age and sex to determine if any significant differences were present in these groups. Of the 8 variables studied, only albumin and A/G ratio showed significantly different values due to sex; castrated males showed significantly lower values than thos for intact males and females (P less than 0.05). Also, A/G ratio values for females and castrated male pygmy goats were significantly lower than those for intact males (P less than 0.05). Total serum protein values studied in female pygmy goats at various ages were also significantly different (P less than 0.05)."}
{"id": "PMID:879566", "title": "Prevalence of Echinococcus granulosus and other cestodes in dogs on the Navajo reservation in Arizona and New Mexico.", "content": "Fecal specimens from 429 dogs purged with arecoline hydrobromide at 131 rural camps on the Navajo Reservation in Arizona and New Mexico were examined for cestodes. Echinococcus granulosus was found in feces from 3 dogs at 3 different camps. Other cestodes present were Taenia hydatigena--45.5%, Taenia pisiformis--21.0%, Taenia serialis--11.9%, and Taenia ovis--1.6%.", "contents": "Prevalence of Echinococcus granulosus and other cestodes in dogs on the Navajo reservation in Arizona and New Mexico. Fecal specimens from 429 dogs purged with arecoline hydrobromide at 131 rural camps on the Navajo Reservation in Arizona and New Mexico were examined for cestodes. Echinococcus granulosus was found in feces from 3 dogs at 3 different camps. Other cestodes present were Taenia hydatigena--45.5%, Taenia pisiformis--21.0%, Taenia serialis--11.9%, and Taenia ovis--1.6%."}
{"id": "PMID:879568", "title": "Scanning electron microscopy of equine synovial membrane.", "content": "The scanning electron microscopy of synovial membrane from the radiocarpal and intercarpal joints near the lateral and medial borders of the tendon of the extensor carpi radialis muscle was studied in 5 ponies. Three different morphologic types of synovial membrane were observed. Type 1 synovial membrane was folded and had a surface mat of fibers separated by 1- to 5-micron-diameter holes. The 2nd and 3rd types of synovial membrane were both villous. The surface of type 2 synovial membrane was fibrillar but the surface of type 3 synovial membrane was cellular. The type of synovial membrane present was related to the function of the joint capsule region rather than to the type of subintimal connective tissue. Normal equine synovial membrane was found to be more villous in some regions of the joint capsule than synovial membrane of other species.", "contents": "Scanning electron microscopy of equine synovial membrane. The scanning electron microscopy of synovial membrane from the radiocarpal and intercarpal joints near the lateral and medial borders of the tendon of the extensor carpi radialis muscle was studied in 5 ponies. Three different morphologic types of synovial membrane were observed. Type 1 synovial membrane was folded and had a surface mat of fibers separated by 1- to 5-micron-diameter holes. The 2nd and 3rd types of synovial membrane were both villous. The surface of type 2 synovial membrane was fibrillar but the surface of type 3 synovial membrane was cellular. The type of synovial membrane present was related to the function of the joint capsule region rather than to the type of subintimal connective tissue. Normal equine synovial membrane was found to be more villous in some regions of the joint capsule than synovial membrane of other species."}
{"id": "PMID:879569", "title": "Critical tests of the antiparasitic activity of thiabendazole and trichlorfon sequentially administered to horses via stomach tube.", "content": "Thirteen critical tests were conducted in horses naturally infected with helminths and bots. Single doses of thiabendazole (44 mg/kg of body weight) and trichlorfon (40 mg/kg of body weight) powder formulations were administered as suspensions sequentially given via stomach tube to evaluate the efficacy of the combination against the large parasites of horses. Parasite removal efficacies were 100% against 2nd instar Gasterophilus intestinalis and 2nd and 3rd instar Gasterophilus nasalis and 82 to 100% against 3rd instar G intestinals. There were complete removals of mature and immature Parascaris equorum and mature Oxyuris equi. Removal efficacies against Strongylus vulgaris were 89 to 100% and against Strongylus edentatus, 82 to 100%. Of 2 horses infected with Strongylus equinus, removals were 72 and 100%. Seven of the 13 horses treated had transient, semi-liquid feces during the posttreatment hours 1 through 24.", "contents": "Critical tests of the antiparasitic activity of thiabendazole and trichlorfon sequentially administered to horses via stomach tube. Thirteen critical tests were conducted in horses naturally infected with helminths and bots. Single doses of thiabendazole (44 mg/kg of body weight) and trichlorfon (40 mg/kg of body weight) powder formulations were administered as suspensions sequentially given via stomach tube to evaluate the efficacy of the combination against the large parasites of horses. Parasite removal efficacies were 100% against 2nd instar Gasterophilus intestinalis and 2nd and 3rd instar Gasterophilus nasalis and 82 to 100% against 3rd instar G intestinals. There were complete removals of mature and immature Parascaris equorum and mature Oxyuris equi. Removal efficacies against Strongylus vulgaris were 89 to 100% and against Strongylus edentatus, 82 to 100%. Of 2 horses infected with Strongylus equinus, removals were 72 and 100%. Seven of the 13 horses treated had transient, semi-liquid feces during the posttreatment hours 1 through 24."}
{"id": "PMID:879570", "title": "Cardiac output, left ventricular ejection rate, plasma volume, and heart rate changes in equine laminitis-hypertension.", "content": "Acute laminitis-hypertension was produced experimentally by carbohydrate overloading of the gastrointestinal tract in 8 horses, and the resulting hemodynamic changes were measured. Statistically significant (P less than 0.01) increases in cardiac output, left ventricular ejection rate, heart rate, and arterial pressure were related to statistically nonsignificant changes in peripheral resistance and a delayed (Obel grade 3 plus 24 hours) decrease in plasma volume. When compared with control values, the doubling of cardiac output and left ventricular ejection rate simultaneous with little or no change in either peripheral resistance or plasma volume (16 hours after the occurrence of Obel grade 3 lameness) was suggestive of an increase in myocardial contractility. Because these pathophysiologic phenomena have important time relationships to the onset of Obel grade 3 lameness in acute laminitis, the results of this investigation are discussed in light of their relationship to clinical signs, serum electrolyte changes, plasma L-lactate alterations, and histologic deterioration of the digit.", "contents": "Cardiac output, left ventricular ejection rate, plasma volume, and heart rate changes in equine laminitis-hypertension. Acute laminitis-hypertension was produced experimentally by carbohydrate overloading of the gastrointestinal tract in 8 horses, and the resulting hemodynamic changes were measured. Statistically significant (P less than 0.01) increases in cardiac output, left ventricular ejection rate, heart rate, and arterial pressure were related to statistically nonsignificant changes in peripheral resistance and a delayed (Obel grade 3 plus 24 hours) decrease in plasma volume. When compared with control values, the doubling of cardiac output and left ventricular ejection rate simultaneous with little or no change in either peripheral resistance or plasma volume (16 hours after the occurrence of Obel grade 3 lameness) was suggestive of an increase in myocardial contractility. Because these pathophysiologic phenomena have important time relationships to the onset of Obel grade 3 lameness in acute laminitis, the results of this investigation are discussed in light of their relationship to clinical signs, serum electrolyte changes, plasma L-lactate alterations, and histologic deterioration of the digit."}
{"id": "PMID:879571", "title": "Vitamin E enhancement of Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis antibody response in guinea pigs.", "content": "Immune response potentiation by vitamin E was studied in guinea pigs with Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis attenuated live-virus vaccine as the antigenic stimulus; antibodies were measured by the hemagglutination-inhibition (HI) test. Significantly higher (P less than 0.01) HI antibody titers resulted when guinea pigs were given intramuscular injections of dl-alpha-tocopherol, 33 IU/kg of body weight, before and after immunization. The HI antibody titers to Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis virus were not increased when guinea pigs were given dl-alpha-tocopheryl acetate orally. This is the first report on vitamin E humoral immune response enhancement to an attenuated live-virus vaccine.", "contents": "Vitamin E enhancement of Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis antibody response in guinea pigs. Immune response potentiation by vitamin E was studied in guinea pigs with Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis attenuated live-virus vaccine as the antigenic stimulus; antibodies were measured by the hemagglutination-inhibition (HI) test. Significantly higher (P less than 0.01) HI antibody titers resulted when guinea pigs were given intramuscular injections of dl-alpha-tocopherol, 33 IU/kg of body weight, before and after immunization. The HI antibody titers to Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis virus were not increased when guinea pigs were given dl-alpha-tocopheryl acetate orally. This is the first report on vitamin E humoral immune response enhancement to an attenuated live-virus vaccine."}
{"id": "PMID:879572", "title": "Physical optics of the equine eye.", "content": "The equine eye was treated as a general lens system and calculations were done to determine image position in relation to the retina for objects at a distance of infinity, 100 m, and 1 m. The retina is 19.1 mm behind the posterior surface of the lens; therefore, the image appears 14.6 mm posterior to the retina at infinity and at 100 m, and 16.3 mm at 1-m distance on a horizontal axis. The animals studied were hyperopic. It is evident that the horse must move its head or eye, or both, for optimal visual acuity. At the same time, some objects in the total field of vision are imperceptible or indistinct.", "contents": "Physical optics of the equine eye. The equine eye was treated as a general lens system and calculations were done to determine image position in relation to the retina for objects at a distance of infinity, 100 m, and 1 m. The retina is 19.1 mm behind the posterior surface of the lens; therefore, the image appears 14.6 mm posterior to the retina at infinity and at 100 m, and 16.3 mm at 1-m distance on a horizontal axis. The animals studied were hyperopic. It is evident that the horse must move its head or eye, or both, for optimal visual acuity. At the same time, some objects in the total field of vision are imperceptible or indistinct."}
{"id": "PMID:879573", "title": "Metabolism of [14C]glucose in Haemobartonella-like infected erythrocytes in splenectomized calves.", "content": "A quantitative relationship was established between glucose utilization by Embden-Meyerhof glycolytic pathway and hexose monophosphate shunt in erythrocytes from splenectomized calves infected with a Haemobartonella bovis-like organism. Parasitized erythrocytes metabolized glucose 3.69-fold above normal. Embden-Meyerhof glycolytic pathway accounted for 99.4% of glucose utilization, and the remainder, by hexose monophosphate shunt.", "contents": "Metabolism of [14C]glucose in Haemobartonella-like infected erythrocytes in splenectomized calves. A quantitative relationship was established between glucose utilization by Embden-Meyerhof glycolytic pathway and hexose monophosphate shunt in erythrocytes from splenectomized calves infected with a Haemobartonella bovis-like organism. Parasitized erythrocytes metabolized glucose 3.69-fold above normal. Embden-Meyerhof glycolytic pathway accounted for 99.4% of glucose utilization, and the remainder, by hexose monophosphate shunt."}
{"id": "PMID:879576", "title": "Isolation and identification of Staphylococcus hyicus.", "content": "A selective medium for the isolation of Staphylococcus hyicus, with potassium thiocyanate as selective substance and the polysorbate 80 reaction as elective marker, was developed. The organism could be identified during the routine examination of samples derived from pigs, using 2 relatively simple tests: the slide coagulase (clumping factor) and the deoxyribonuclease plate reaction. The S hyicus was isolated from 54% of 684 samples collected from nares, external ears, and skin covering the nose of pigs not affected by exudative epidermatitis. Isolates from these animals did not appear to differ in pathogenic potentials from those obtained from lesions.", "contents": "Isolation and identification of Staphylococcus hyicus. A selective medium for the isolation of Staphylococcus hyicus, with potassium thiocyanate as selective substance and the polysorbate 80 reaction as elective marker, was developed. The organism could be identified during the routine examination of samples derived from pigs, using 2 relatively simple tests: the slide coagulase (clumping factor) and the deoxyribonuclease plate reaction. The S hyicus was isolated from 54% of 684 samples collected from nares, external ears, and skin covering the nose of pigs not affected by exudative epidermatitis. Isolates from these animals did not appear to differ in pathogenic potentials from those obtained from lesions."}
{"id": "PMID:879577", "title": "Enhancement of phytohemagglutinin and concanavalin A responses of splenic lymphocytes by adherent cell removal.", "content": "Removal of glass wool-adherent cells resulted in an enhancing effect on DNA synthesis as measured by increased [3H]-thymidine uptake by normal swine spleen cells stimulated with phytohemagglutinin or concanavalin A (Con A). Depletion of nylon-adherent cells caused decreased DNA synthesis in response to Con A, except at high doses of Con A, whereas similar cultures stimulated with phytohemagglutinin showed enhanced DNA synthesis throughout the dose range employed. Titration experiments revealed that enhancing effects of adherent cell removal are most pronounced at higher cell and mitogen concentrations. Glass wool was more efficient than nylon in the enhancement of mitogen-induced DNA synthesis.", "contents": "Enhancement of phytohemagglutinin and concanavalin A responses of splenic lymphocytes by adherent cell removal. Removal of glass wool-adherent cells resulted in an enhancing effect on DNA synthesis as measured by increased [3H]-thymidine uptake by normal swine spleen cells stimulated with phytohemagglutinin or concanavalin A (Con A). Depletion of nylon-adherent cells caused decreased DNA synthesis in response to Con A, except at high doses of Con A, whereas similar cultures stimulated with phytohemagglutinin showed enhanced DNA synthesis throughout the dose range employed. Titration experiments revealed that enhancing effects of adherent cell removal are most pronounced at higher cell and mitogen concentrations. Glass wool was more efficient than nylon in the enhancement of mitogen-induced DNA synthesis."}
{"id": "PMID:879578", "title": "Developmental arrest of Haemonchus contortus larvae in lambs given larval inoculum exposed to different temperatures and storage conditions.", "content": "The temperature (15 or 30 C) at which Haemonchus contortus larvae were allowed to develop to the infective (3rd) stage and the temperature at which they were subsequently stored (4, 15, or 30 C) had no effect on the occurrence of developmental arrest (larval impasse) of the larvae in infected lambs. If a large inoculating dose (10,000 larvae) was given to the lambs, a smaller percentage of nematodes was retained (14.2%) then if a small dose (1,000 larvae, 25.8% retention) was given, but the percentage of larvae in developmenttal arrest was greater (7.7% of the retained nematodes vs 0.02%). The temperatures of larval development and storage had no effect on the sex ratio of the adults that developed (46.3% male nematodes).", "contents": "Developmental arrest of Haemonchus contortus larvae in lambs given larval inoculum exposed to different temperatures and storage conditions. The temperature (15 or 30 C) at which Haemonchus contortus larvae were allowed to develop to the infective (3rd) stage and the temperature at which they were subsequently stored (4, 15, or 30 C) had no effect on the occurrence of developmental arrest (larval impasse) of the larvae in infected lambs. If a large inoculating dose (10,000 larvae) was given to the lambs, a smaller percentage of nematodes was retained (14.2%) then if a small dose (1,000 larvae, 25.8% retention) was given, but the percentage of larvae in developmenttal arrest was greater (7.7% of the retained nematodes vs 0.02%). The temperatures of larval development and storage had no effect on the sex ratio of the adults that developed (46.3% male nematodes)."}
{"id": "PMID:879579", "title": "Albendazole as a fasciolicide in experimentally infected sheep.", "content": "The new drug albendazole (methyl [5-(propylthio)-1H-benzimidazol-2-yl]carbamate) was tested in 90 sheep experimentally infected with Fasciola hepatica. Dose rates of 10, 15, and 20 mg/kg of body weight were active against adult flukes, with efficacies of 98, 95, and 100% respectively. The drug was less active against immature F hepatica at 3 weeks after sheep were inoculated. The drug given at dose rates of 20, 30, 40, and 50 mg/kg had efficacies 24, 47, 63, and 76%. Flukes were not found at posttreatment hour 48 in bile ducts of sheep given a dose of 20 mg/kg. Evidence of drug toxicity was not seen.", "contents": "Albendazole as a fasciolicide in experimentally infected sheep. The new drug albendazole (methyl [5-(propylthio)-1H-benzimidazol-2-yl]carbamate) was tested in 90 sheep experimentally infected with Fasciola hepatica. Dose rates of 10, 15, and 20 mg/kg of body weight were active against adult flukes, with efficacies of 98, 95, and 100% respectively. The drug was less active against immature F hepatica at 3 weeks after sheep were inoculated. The drug given at dose rates of 20, 30, 40, and 50 mg/kg had efficacies 24, 47, 63, and 76%. Flukes were not found at posttreatment hour 48 in bile ducts of sheep given a dose of 20 mg/kg. Evidence of drug toxicity was not seen."}
{"id": "PMID:879580", "title": "Characterization and treatment of water, electrolyte, and acid-base imbalances of induced urethral obstruction in the cat.", "content": "Urethral obstruction induced in adult male cats caused clinical signs identical with those observed in naturally occurring disease. Central nervous system depression, anorexia, dehydration, vomiting, muscle weakness, and hypothermia occurred. Weight loss (due to water loss and catabolism), metabolic acidosis, mild hyponatremia, hyperkalemia, hypermagnesemia, hypocalcemia, hyperphosphatemia, hyperglycemia, azotemia, and hyperproteinemia were also observed. Serum amylase, alkaline phosphatase, and alanine aminotransferase activities were normal. Ten of 13 cats (group 1), with 72 hours' induced obstruction but not treated with parenteral fluids, died either before the obstruction was relieved or within 8 days afterward. Eight cats (group 2) with induced obstruction for 49 to 98 hours developed severe clinical and biochemical alterations. Treatment with a multiple-electrolyte solution, in addition to relief of urethral obstruction, resulted in favorable clinical and biochemical responses. These cats survived and were clinically healthy at 9 to 10 days after relief of obstruction. It was concluded that use of a multiple-electrolyte solution to correct acidosis, restore circulatory volume, and enhance renal excretion of potassium was effective supportive therapy after urethral obstruction was removed.", "contents": "Characterization and treatment of water, electrolyte, and acid-base imbalances of induced urethral obstruction in the cat. Urethral obstruction induced in adult male cats caused clinical signs identical with those observed in naturally occurring disease. Central nervous system depression, anorexia, dehydration, vomiting, muscle weakness, and hypothermia occurred. Weight loss (due to water loss and catabolism), metabolic acidosis, mild hyponatremia, hyperkalemia, hypermagnesemia, hypocalcemia, hyperphosphatemia, hyperglycemia, azotemia, and hyperproteinemia were also observed. Serum amylase, alkaline phosphatase, and alanine aminotransferase activities were normal. Ten of 13 cats (group 1), with 72 hours' induced obstruction but not treated with parenteral fluids, died either before the obstruction was relieved or within 8 days afterward. Eight cats (group 2) with induced obstruction for 49 to 98 hours developed severe clinical and biochemical alterations. Treatment with a multiple-electrolyte solution, in addition to relief of urethral obstruction, resulted in favorable clinical and biochemical responses. These cats survived and were clinically healthy at 9 to 10 days after relief of obstruction. It was concluded that use of a multiple-electrolyte solution to correct acidosis, restore circulatory volume, and enhance renal excretion of potassium was effective supportive therapy after urethral obstruction was removed."}
{"id": "PMID:879581", "title": "Cardiovascular effects of atropine on acupuncture, needling with electrostimulation, at Tsu San Li (St-36) in dogs.", "content": "Acupuncture, needling with electrostimulation, at Tsu San Li (St-36) produced (1) significant decrease in cardiac output, (2) decrease in stroke volume, (3) increase in total peripheral resistance, and (4) minimal changes in heart rate, mean arterial pressure, pulse pressure, and central venous pressure in dogs under halothane anesthesia. Atropine given alone and given before acupuncture at Tsu San Li (St-36) produced (1) early significant increase in cardiac output, (2) early significant increase in heart rate, (3) increase in mean arterial pressure, (4) decrease in total peripheral resistance, and (5) minimal changes in stroke volume, pulse pressure, and central venous pressure in anesthetized dogs. It was concluded that the effects of acupuncture at Tsu San Li (St-36) were parasympathomimetic-like and that these effects could be blocked by atropine, a parasympatholytic drug.", "contents": "Cardiovascular effects of atropine on acupuncture, needling with electrostimulation, at Tsu San Li (St-36) in dogs. Acupuncture, needling with electrostimulation, at Tsu San Li (St-36) produced (1) significant decrease in cardiac output, (2) decrease in stroke volume, (3) increase in total peripheral resistance, and (4) minimal changes in heart rate, mean arterial pressure, pulse pressure, and central venous pressure in dogs under halothane anesthesia. Atropine given alone and given before acupuncture at Tsu San Li (St-36) produced (1) early significant increase in cardiac output, (2) early significant increase in heart rate, (3) increase in mean arterial pressure, (4) decrease in total peripheral resistance, and (5) minimal changes in stroke volume, pulse pressure, and central venous pressure in anesthetized dogs. It was concluded that the effects of acupuncture at Tsu San Li (St-36) were parasympathomimetic-like and that these effects could be blocked by atropine, a parasympatholytic drug."}
{"id": "PMID:879582", "title": "Studies on the pathogenesis of Rickettsia rickettsii in the dog: clinical and clinicopathologic changes of experimental infection.", "content": "Beagle dogs inoculated with the agent of Rocky Mountain spotted fever, Rickettsia rickettsii, developed a clinical syndrome that extended from febrile exanthema to death and appeared to be dose related. Infected dogs were anorectic and lethargic and developed cutaneous lesions characteristic of Rocky Mountain spotted fever, including petechia, ecchymosis, edema, and necrosis. Hematologic changes after inoculation included anemia, leukopenia proceeding to leukocytosis, and thrombocytopenia. Changes in blood chemistry values included increases in serum alkaline phosphatase and cholesterol, and hyponatremia and hypochloremia. The prominent histopathologic change was necrotizing vasculitis. The canine disease is comparable with human Rocky Mountain spotted fever on a clinical, hematologic, biochemical, and pathologic basis, and may provide a model system for this disease in man. The results suggest the dog may be involved in the epidemiology of R rickettsii infections.", "contents": "Studies on the pathogenesis of Rickettsia rickettsii in the dog: clinical and clinicopathologic changes of experimental infection. Beagle dogs inoculated with the agent of Rocky Mountain spotted fever, Rickettsia rickettsii, developed a clinical syndrome that extended from febrile exanthema to death and appeared to be dose related. Infected dogs were anorectic and lethargic and developed cutaneous lesions characteristic of Rocky Mountain spotted fever, including petechia, ecchymosis, edema, and necrosis. Hematologic changes after inoculation included anemia, leukopenia proceeding to leukocytosis, and thrombocytopenia. Changes in blood chemistry values included increases in serum alkaline phosphatase and cholesterol, and hyponatremia and hypochloremia. The prominent histopathologic change was necrotizing vasculitis. The canine disease is comparable with human Rocky Mountain spotted fever on a clinical, hematologic, biochemical, and pathologic basis, and may provide a model system for this disease in man. The results suggest the dog may be involved in the epidemiology of R rickettsii infections."}
{"id": "PMID:879583", "title": "Occurrence and fate of corpora amylacea in the bovine udder.", "content": "The presence and location of corpora amylacea were studied quantitatively by biopsy technique in separate glands of a normal cow during a lactation cycle. Corpora amylacea were present in alveoli throughout lactation without any evidence of an abnormal bacterial flora or an inflammatory reaction. The corpora amylacea were most numerous during the decline in lactation, approximately 95% being in the alveoli. During the nonlactating (dry) period, there was approximately a 50% decrease in the number of corpora amylacea, with about 90% of those remaining being in the interstitial tissue. They appeared to enter the interstitial tissue passively coincident with atrophy of alveoli.", "contents": "Occurrence and fate of corpora amylacea in the bovine udder. The presence and location of corpora amylacea were studied quantitatively by biopsy technique in separate glands of a normal cow during a lactation cycle. Corpora amylacea were present in alveoli throughout lactation without any evidence of an abnormal bacterial flora or an inflammatory reaction. The corpora amylacea were most numerous during the decline in lactation, approximately 95% being in the alveoli. During the nonlactating (dry) period, there was approximately a 50% decrease in the number of corpora amylacea, with about 90% of those remaining being in the interstitial tissue. They appeared to enter the interstitial tissue passively coincident with atrophy of alveoli."}
{"id": "PMID:879584", "title": "Production and characterization of Moraxella bovis hemolysin.", "content": "Moraxella bovis hemolysin was produced in trypticase soy broth and maximum hemolytic activity of the culture was observed during the logarithmic phase of growth. The hemolysin was filterable through a 0.22-micrometer (APD) membrane filter, heat labile, and destroyed by treatment with formalin or trypsin. There was no difference in the amount of hemolysin production by rough or smooth colony types of an isolate, although differences were observed between 2 different isolates. Partial requirement of a sulfhydryl group and divalent cations were suggestive of an enzymatic nature of M bovis hemolysin.", "contents": "Production and characterization of Moraxella bovis hemolysin. Moraxella bovis hemolysin was produced in trypticase soy broth and maximum hemolytic activity of the culture was observed during the logarithmic phase of growth. The hemolysin was filterable through a 0.22-micrometer (APD) membrane filter, heat labile, and destroyed by treatment with formalin or trypsin. There was no difference in the amount of hemolysin production by rough or smooth colony types of an isolate, although differences were observed between 2 different isolates. Partial requirement of a sulfhydryl group and divalent cations were suggestive of an enzymatic nature of M bovis hemolysin."}
{"id": "PMID:879585", "title": "Parasitism (Trichostrongylus colubriformis and Eimeria ninakohlyakimovae) in sheep: relationship between wool fiber diameter changes and feed conversion efficiency.", "content": "Twenty-five lambs, 5 months of age, were used to compare the infection pressure of Trichostrongylus colubriformis with that of Eimeria ninakohlyakimovae. Effects of the parasitic infection pressure were assayed by determining body weight gains, feed conversion efficiencies, and wool fiber diameter changes (reflecting changes in protein metabolism) in lambs fed a good ration and those given a marginal diet (dehydrated alfalfa pellets). Significant differences in weight grains or feed conversion efficiencies of nematode- or coccidia-infected lambs and noninfected controls were not found, but significant differences due to the parasites' effect on wool fiber diameters and in lamb response to different feeds were found. Protein uptake or assimilation, or both, were apparently affected by a combination of infection with E ninakohlyakimovae and a marginal diet.", "contents": "Parasitism (Trichostrongylus colubriformis and Eimeria ninakohlyakimovae) in sheep: relationship between wool fiber diameter changes and feed conversion efficiency. Twenty-five lambs, 5 months of age, were used to compare the infection pressure of Trichostrongylus colubriformis with that of Eimeria ninakohlyakimovae. Effects of the parasitic infection pressure were assayed by determining body weight gains, feed conversion efficiencies, and wool fiber diameter changes (reflecting changes in protein metabolism) in lambs fed a good ration and those given a marginal diet (dehydrated alfalfa pellets). Significant differences in weight grains or feed conversion efficiencies of nematode- or coccidia-infected lambs and noninfected controls were not found, but significant differences due to the parasites' effect on wool fiber diameters and in lamb response to different feeds were found. Protein uptake or assimilation, or both, were apparently affected by a combination of infection with E ninakohlyakimovae and a marginal diet."}
{"id": "PMID:879587", "title": "Feline factor XII (Hageman) deficiency.", "content": "A coagulation profile from a clinically normal female cat revealed an intrinsic coagulation defect characterized by prolonged activated partial thromboplastin time, with normal bleeding time, platelet count, and prothrombin time. Subsequent correction studies, utilizing activated partial thromboplastin time, confirmed factor XII deficiency. Hematologic and clinical studies on the cat failed to reveal an underlying disease process that might result in acquired factor XII deficiency.", "contents": "Feline factor XII (Hageman) deficiency. A coagulation profile from a clinically normal female cat revealed an intrinsic coagulation defect characterized by prolonged activated partial thromboplastin time, with normal bleeding time, platelet count, and prothrombin time. Subsequent correction studies, utilizing activated partial thromboplastin time, confirmed factor XII deficiency. Hematologic and clinical studies on the cat failed to reveal an underlying disease process that might result in acquired factor XII deficiency."}
{"id": "PMID:879588", "title": "Kidney in the aging cat: neutral lipid and adenyl cyclase histochemistry.", "content": "Neutral lipid and adenyl cyclase were evaluated to determine their concentrations in the kidney of the aging cat. Kidneys from 24 domestic cats 2 months to 7.5 years old in 6 age groups were examined by light microscopic and histochemical methods. Activity in anatomic components of the kidney was assessed on a quantitative basis for evaluation of mean activity between the age groups. Renal components generally were stable in activity in the cats with advancing age. A significant increase in lipid concentration occurred in the convoluted segments of the proximal tubules with advancing age. In contrast, the straight segments of the proximal tubules displayed a significant decrease in lipid concentration with aging. Significant increases in adenyl cyclase activity were evident with aging in the ascending thick limb of Henle's loop and distal tubules.", "contents": "Kidney in the aging cat: neutral lipid and adenyl cyclase histochemistry. Neutral lipid and adenyl cyclase were evaluated to determine their concentrations in the kidney of the aging cat. Kidneys from 24 domestic cats 2 months to 7.5 years old in 6 age groups were examined by light microscopic and histochemical methods. Activity in anatomic components of the kidney was assessed on a quantitative basis for evaluation of mean activity between the age groups. Renal components generally were stable in activity in the cats with advancing age. A significant increase in lipid concentration occurred in the convoluted segments of the proximal tubules with advancing age. In contrast, the straight segments of the proximal tubules displayed a significant decrease in lipid concentration with aging. Significant increases in adenyl cyclase activity were evident with aging in the ascending thick limb of Henle's loop and distal tubules."}
{"id": "PMID:879589", "title": "Simplified method for studying mechanical properties of healing linear skin wounds in the dog.", "content": "A tensiometric technique was devised for measurements of the breaking and tensile strengths, extensibility, and the energy absorption of healing linear skin wounds in the dog. The tensiometer was inexpensive to construct, mechanically simple to operate, and could be used on the anesthetized animal. Precision of the instrument was evaluated on 30 skin wounds, made on the backs of 8 dogs, 7 days after the surgical procedure. Wounds had a mean breaking strength value of 1.40 kg, mean tensile strength  value of 0.80 kg/cm2, mean extensibility value of 6.00 cm, and mean energy absorption value of 2.48 cm-kg/cm3. Results obtained with the tensiometer compared with a statistically rigid system were +/-0.09 (+/- standard error of mean, kg, +/-0.01 kg/cm2, +/-0.28 cm, and +/-0.25 cm-kg/cm3, respectively.", "contents": "Simplified method for studying mechanical properties of healing linear skin wounds in the dog. A tensiometric technique was devised for measurements of the breaking and tensile strengths, extensibility, and the energy absorption of healing linear skin wounds in the dog. The tensiometer was inexpensive to construct, mechanically simple to operate, and could be used on the anesthetized animal. Precision of the instrument was evaluated on 30 skin wounds, made on the backs of 8 dogs, 7 days after the surgical procedure. Wounds had a mean breaking strength value of 1.40 kg, mean tensile strength  value of 0.80 kg/cm2, mean extensibility value of 6.00 cm, and mean energy absorption value of 2.48 cm-kg/cm3. Results obtained with the tensiometer compared with a statistically rigid system were +/-0.09 (+/- standard error of mean, kg, +/-0.01 kg/cm2, +/-0.28 cm, and +/-0.25 cm-kg/cm3, respectively."}
{"id": "PMID:879592", "title": "Prolonged renal failure after rifampin.", "content": "A 45-year-old man treated for pulmonary tuberculosis with daily drug therapy, including rifampin, developed acute renal failure manifested by ebinophilia, skin rash, and increased serum blood urea nitrogen and creatinine. The renal failure was marked by a prolonged course and incomplete recovery. Renal biopsy showed tubulointerstitial nephritis with nonspecific glomerular mesangial proliferation. Fluorescence staining showed the presence of IgG, IgA, AgM, and C3 deposits in glomeruli, as well as IgE deposits along the tubules. This report describes a new hazard of rifampin therapy that might have developed, in part, because of coexisting hepatic dysfunction.", "contents": "Prolonged renal failure after rifampin. A 45-year-old man treated for pulmonary tuberculosis with daily drug therapy, including rifampin, developed acute renal failure manifested by ebinophilia, skin rash, and increased serum blood urea nitrogen and creatinine. The renal failure was marked by a prolonged course and incomplete recovery. Renal biopsy showed tubulointerstitial nephritis with nonspecific glomerular mesangial proliferation. Fluorescence staining showed the presence of IgG, IgA, AgM, and C3 deposits in glomeruli, as well as IgE deposits along the tubules. This report describes a new hazard of rifampin therapy that might have developed, in part, because of coexisting hepatic dysfunction."}
{"id": "PMID:879593", "title": "Pulmonary and articular sporotrichosis.", "content": "A 46-year-old man presented with swelling and pain in the right knee and a history of nonproductive cough and weight loss. Sporotrichum schenkii was cultured from synovium, synovial fluid, sputum, and bronchial washings. No other pathogens were cultured. Neither skin lesions nor history of exposure to S. schenckii was present, but 7 years before this admission the patient had been treated for suspected pulmonary tuberculosis despite negative mycobacteriology. The case is believed to represent systemic spread from chronic pulmonary sporotrichosis and supports the hypothesis that the lung may serve as a portal of entry in noncutaneous systemic sporotrichosis.", "contents": "Pulmonary and articular sporotrichosis. A 46-year-old man presented with swelling and pain in the right knee and a history of nonproductive cough and weight loss. Sporotrichum schenkii was cultured from synovium, synovial fluid, sputum, and bronchial washings. No other pathogens were cultured. Neither skin lesions nor history of exposure to S. schenckii was present, but 7 years before this admission the patient had been treated for suspected pulmonary tuberculosis despite negative mycobacteriology. The case is believed to represent systemic spread from chronic pulmonary sporotrichosis and supports the hypothesis that the lung may serve as a portal of entry in noncutaneous systemic sporotrichosis."}
{"id": "PMID:879594", "title": "Prevalence of fungal complement-fixing antibodies in sarcoidosis.", "content": "The prevalence of fungal complement-fixing antibodies in sera from 58 patients with sarcoidosis was determined and compared to complement-fixing antibody titers in 50 sera from a normal control group and 50 antinuclear antibody-positive sera. Sera from 9 patients with sarcoidosis had complement-fixing antibody titers greater than 1:8 to Histoplasma yeast antigen; serum from one normal control subject had a titer greater than 1:8; and none of the antinuclear antibody-positive sera demonstrated titers greater than 1:8. There were no significant complement-fixing antibody concentrations observed against histoplasmin, blastomycin, and coccidioidin antigens in any serum from the 3 groups studied. The increase in antibody titers to the Histoplasma yeast antigen might have been related to the generalized increase in immunoglobulin concentrations noted in patients with sarcoidosis.", "contents": "Prevalence of fungal complement-fixing antibodies in sarcoidosis. The prevalence of fungal complement-fixing antibodies in sera from 58 patients with sarcoidosis was determined and compared to complement-fixing antibody titers in 50 sera from a normal control group and 50 antinuclear antibody-positive sera. Sera from 9 patients with sarcoidosis had complement-fixing antibody titers greater than 1:8 to Histoplasma yeast antigen; serum from one normal control subject had a titer greater than 1:8; and none of the antinuclear antibody-positive sera demonstrated titers greater than 1:8. There were no significant complement-fixing antibody concentrations observed against histoplasmin, blastomycin, and coccidioidin antigens in any serum from the 3 groups studied. The increase in antibody titers to the Histoplasma yeast antigen might have been related to the generalized increase in immunoglobulin concentrations noted in patients with sarcoidosis."}
{"id": "PMID:879595", "title": "Cell-mediated immunity in silicosis.", "content": "Selected parameters of cell-mediated immunity were determined in a group of 16 patients with silicosis. The results were compared with those of a control group of 13 subjects without silica exposure. There were no group differences in the mean number of delayed hypersensitivity skin tests to a battery of recall antigens (purified protein derivative, candida, streptokinase-streptodornase, and trichophyton) or in the mean number of peripheral blood lymphocytes. Lymphocyte responsiveness to phytohemagglutinin, pokeweed mitogen, and the antigens listed, and the percentage of lymphocytes that formed sheep red blood cell rosettes (t cells) and complement rosettes (B cells) were also similar in both groups; however, the silica-exposed group demonstrated depressed lymphocyte stimulation in response to low concentrations of concanavalin A.", "contents": "Cell-mediated immunity in silicosis. Selected parameters of cell-mediated immunity were determined in a group of 16 patients with silicosis. The results were compared with those of a control group of 13 subjects without silica exposure. There were no group differences in the mean number of delayed hypersensitivity skin tests to a battery of recall antigens (purified protein derivative, candida, streptokinase-streptodornase, and trichophyton) or in the mean number of peripheral blood lymphocytes. Lymphocyte responsiveness to phytohemagglutinin, pokeweed mitogen, and the antigens listed, and the percentage of lymphocytes that formed sheep red blood cell rosettes (t cells) and complement rosettes (B cells) were also similar in both groups; however, the silica-exposed group demonstrated depressed lymphocyte stimulation in response to low concentrations of concanavalin A."}
{"id": "PMID:879596", "title": "The influence of cigarette smoking and sex on theophylline disposition.", "content": "The effects of cigarette smoking and sex on theophylline clearance, elimination rate constant, and apparent volume of distribution were examined in 28 healthy, young adults given single oral doses of theophylline or aminophylline. Two-way analysis of variance showed no sex effect but a significant effect of smoking habit on theophylline clearance and elimination rate constant. Neither sex nor smoking had an effect on the apparent volume of distribution. The respective mean clearance, elimination rate constant, and volume of distribution were, in nonsmokers, 0.040 +/- 0.008 (SD) liter per hour per kg, 0.084 +/- 0.015 hr-1, 0.47 +/- 0.08 liter per kg; heavy smokers, 0.063 +/- 0.019 liter per hour per kg, 0.129 +/- 0.045 hr-1, 0.50 +/- 0.06 liter per kg; and ex-smokers, 0.051 +/- 0.10 liter per hour per kg, 0.108 +/- 0.025 hr-1, 0.49 +/- 0.08 liter per kg. Cigarette smoking appeared to induce theophylline metabolism as reflected by the mean theophylline half-life in smokers (5.4 hours) versus nonsmokers (8.3 hours). The effect of cigarette smoking on theophylline clearance may be an important consideration in the clinical use of the drug.", "contents": "The influence of cigarette smoking and sex on theophylline disposition. The effects of cigarette smoking and sex on theophylline clearance, elimination rate constant, and apparent volume of distribution were examined in 28 healthy, young adults given single oral doses of theophylline or aminophylline. Two-way analysis of variance showed no sex effect but a significant effect of smoking habit on theophylline clearance and elimination rate constant. Neither sex nor smoking had an effect on the apparent volume of distribution. The respective mean clearance, elimination rate constant, and volume of distribution were, in nonsmokers, 0.040 +/- 0.008 (SD) liter per hour per kg, 0.084 +/- 0.015 hr-1, 0.47 +/- 0.08 liter per kg; heavy smokers, 0.063 +/- 0.019 liter per hour per kg, 0.129 +/- 0.045 hr-1, 0.50 +/- 0.06 liter per kg; and ex-smokers, 0.051 +/- 0.10 liter per hour per kg, 0.108 +/- 0.025 hr-1, 0.49 +/- 0.08 liter per kg. Cigarette smoking appeared to induce theophylline metabolism as reflected by the mean theophylline half-life in smokers (5.4 hours) versus nonsmokers (8.3 hours). The effect of cigarette smoking on theophylline clearance may be an important consideration in the clinical use of the drug."}
{"id": "PMID:879597", "title": "Normal human bronchial immunoglobulins and proteins: effects of cigarette smoking.", "content": "Selected proteins were compared in bronchial lavage fluids recovered from 36 healthy nonsmokers and 19 healthy cigarette smokers. Although fluids lavaged from smokers contained 4 times as many cells (more than 80 per cent macrophages) as fluids from nonsmokers, there were no quantitative differences between the two groups in immunoglobulin A, a1-antitrypsin, a2-globulin, transferrin, or albumin content. However, immunoglobulin G content of bronchial fluids from smokers was twice as high as that from nonsmokers. This selective increase in immunoglobulin is compatible either with stimulated local bronchial immunoglobulin production or the selective exudation of plasma immunoglobulin into alveolar spaces in response to inhaled cigarette smoke.", "contents": "Normal human bronchial immunoglobulins and proteins: effects of cigarette smoking. Selected proteins were compared in bronchial lavage fluids recovered from 36 healthy nonsmokers and 19 healthy cigarette smokers. Although fluids lavaged from smokers contained 4 times as many cells (more than 80 per cent macrophages) as fluids from nonsmokers, there were no quantitative differences between the two groups in immunoglobulin A, a1-antitrypsin, a2-globulin, transferrin, or albumin content. However, immunoglobulin G content of bronchial fluids from smokers was twice as high as that from nonsmokers. This selective increase in immunoglobulin is compatible either with stimulated local bronchial immunoglobulin production or the selective exudation of plasma immunoglobulin into alveolar spaces in response to inhaled cigarette smoke."}
{"id": "PMID:879598", "title": "Pulmonary impairment from chronic exposure to sulfur dioxide in a smelter.", "content": "The pulmonary function of 113 copper smelter workers was measured in 1973 and again in 1974 to asses the effects of chronic exposure to sulfur dioxide. Respiratory symptoms, smoking history, occupational history, and pulmonary function as measured by forced vital capacity and 1-sec forced expiratory volume were recorded. Exposures to sulfur dioxide, respirable particulates, sulfates, and copper were sampled at intervals throughout the year by personal monitoring. Exposure to 1.0 to 2.5 ppm of sulfur dioxide was associated with excessive loss of 1-sec forced expiratory volume during the year and an increase in respiratory symptoms, after controlling for smoking. No significant interaction between sulfur dioxide and concurrent exposure to respirable particulates on pulmonary function was found. Workers with 1-sec forced expiratory volume below normal on initial measurements (based on their age and height) showed evidence of even greater losses of pulmonary function related to sulfur dioxide exposure.", "contents": "Pulmonary impairment from chronic exposure to sulfur dioxide in a smelter. The pulmonary function of 113 copper smelter workers was measured in 1973 and again in 1974 to asses the effects of chronic exposure to sulfur dioxide. Respiratory symptoms, smoking history, occupational history, and pulmonary function as measured by forced vital capacity and 1-sec forced expiratory volume were recorded. Exposures to sulfur dioxide, respirable particulates, sulfates, and copper were sampled at intervals throughout the year by personal monitoring. Exposure to 1.0 to 2.5 ppm of sulfur dioxide was associated with excessive loss of 1-sec forced expiratory volume during the year and an increase in respiratory symptoms, after controlling for smoking. No significant interaction between sulfur dioxide and concurrent exposure to respirable particulates on pulmonary function was found. Workers with 1-sec forced expiratory volume below normal on initial measurements (based on their age and height) showed evidence of even greater losses of pulmonary function related to sulfur dioxide exposure."}
{"id": "PMID:879599", "title": "Studies on the fate of pancreatic elastase in the hamster lung: 14C-guanidinated elastase.", "content": "Intratracheal instillation of pancreatic elastase in hamsters produces emphysema, which progresses for up to one year after the insult. To study this process in more detail, a guanidinated derivative of porcine pancreatic elastase labeled with carbon-14 was prepared that was indistinguishable from unmodified elastase with respect to physicochemical properties and in vitro enzymatic activity. Guanidinated pancreatic elastase exhibits the same emphysema-inducing potency as unmodified pancreatic elastase. Two hours after intratracheal instillation of the [14C] guanidinated elastase, the whole lung retained only 40 per cent of the instilled radioactivity, but after 96 hours one per cent was still present. At 2 hours approximately 90 per cent of the radioactivity in the lungs could be removed by bronchopulmonary lavage, and at 96 hours 28 per cent was removable by this method. More than half of the radiolabeled elastase recovered in the lavage fluid at 2 hours was enzymatically active; enzymatic activity diminished to very small amounts by 96 hours. These data support the concept of the long-term binding of active elastase to lung tissue, a phenomenon that may be involved in the progressive nature of elastase-induced emphysema.", "contents": "Studies on the fate of pancreatic elastase in the hamster lung: 14C-guanidinated elastase. Intratracheal instillation of pancreatic elastase in hamsters produces emphysema, which progresses for up to one year after the insult. To study this process in more detail, a guanidinated derivative of porcine pancreatic elastase labeled with carbon-14 was prepared that was indistinguishable from unmodified elastase with respect to physicochemical properties and in vitro enzymatic activity. Guanidinated pancreatic elastase exhibits the same emphysema-inducing potency as unmodified pancreatic elastase. Two hours after intratracheal instillation of the [14C] guanidinated elastase, the whole lung retained only 40 per cent of the instilled radioactivity, but after 96 hours one per cent was still present. At 2 hours approximately 90 per cent of the radioactivity in the lungs could be removed by bronchopulmonary lavage, and at 96 hours 28 per cent was removable by this method. More than half of the radiolabeled elastase recovered in the lavage fluid at 2 hours was enzymatically active; enzymatic activity diminished to very small amounts by 96 hours. These data support the concept of the long-term binding of active elastase to lung tissue, a phenomenon that may be involved in the progressive nature of elastase-induced emphysema."}
{"id": "PMID:879600", "title": "Ventilatory response and drive in acute and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.", "content": "We measured hypercapnic ventilatory responses using the rebreathing technique and ventilatory drive using mouth occlusion pressure in 15 normal subjects (6 with added external inspiratory resistance), 11 asthmatics, and 17 patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (9 with chronic CO2 retention and 8 with normal values for arterial pco2). normal subjects, obstructed normal subjects, asthmatics, and patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease without CO2 retention had overlapping ventilatory responses. Ventilatory drive was increased in asthmatics and obstructed normal subject. Patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease without CO2 retention maintained a ventilatory drive similar to that of normal subjects, whereas patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease with chronic CO2 retention demonstrated blunted ventilatory drives as a group, even though 5 of 9 had normal drives. Patients with CO2 retention also had the greatest obstruction when compared to other groups. In some patients, chronic CO2 retention is primarily a consequence of mechanical end-organ limitation rather than a blunted neurorespiratory center output. Acute airway obstruction is associated with an increased drive, which may become reduced with chronic obstruction.", "contents": "Ventilatory response and drive in acute and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. We measured hypercapnic ventilatory responses using the rebreathing technique and ventilatory drive using mouth occlusion pressure in 15 normal subjects (6 with added external inspiratory resistance), 11 asthmatics, and 17 patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (9 with chronic CO2 retention and 8 with normal values for arterial pco2). normal subjects, obstructed normal subjects, asthmatics, and patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease without CO2 retention had overlapping ventilatory responses. Ventilatory drive was increased in asthmatics and obstructed normal subject. Patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease without CO2 retention maintained a ventilatory drive similar to that of normal subjects, whereas patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease with chronic CO2 retention demonstrated blunted ventilatory drives as a group, even though 5 of 9 had normal drives. Patients with CO2 retention also had the greatest obstruction when compared to other groups. In some patients, chronic CO2 retention is primarily a consequence of mechanical end-organ limitation rather than a blunted neurorespiratory center output. Acute airway obstruction is associated with an increased drive, which may become reduced with chronic obstruction."}
{"id": "PMID:879603", "title": "Peripheral vascular trauma: a civilian experience.", "content": "A detailed review of 106 vascular injuries seen at the Mt. Sinai Hospital of Cleveland in a period of six-and-a-half years is presented. The type and location of the vascular injuries, the concomitant injuries, the preoperative evaluation, operative and post operative management, the complications and their management are discussed. The overall amputation rate in our cases was 4.7%, and for popliteal artery injuries 20%. The mortality rate was 5.6%.", "contents": "Peripheral vascular trauma: a civilian experience. A detailed review of 106 vascular injuries seen at the Mt. Sinai Hospital of Cleveland in a period of six-and-a-half years is presented. The type and location of the vascular injuries, the concomitant injuries, the preoperative evaluation, operative and post operative management, the complications and their management are discussed. The overall amputation rate in our cases was 4.7%, and for popliteal artery injuries 20%. The mortality rate was 5.6%."}
{"id": "PMID:879604", "title": "Use of expanded polytetrafluoroethylene grafts for vascular access in hemodialysis: laboratory and clinical evaluation.", "content": "Vascular access for chronic hemodialysis has evolved considerably over the past 10 years with development of vascular substitutes. The bovine heterograft is the choice of most dialysis centers when a subcutaneous conduit is needed in lieu of an in situ arteriovenous fistula. Bovine grafts have solved some problems, but further improvement in blood access prostheses is needed. Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) grafts were evaluated in a laboratory and clinical study. In animals, PTFE proved to be satisfactory for fistula construction based on patency, incorporation into tissue, and ease of puncture. Ten patients underwent 11 vascular access procedures using PTFE grafts as a conduit. There were no technical operative complications. One graft was occluded by extravasation during dialysis and flow could not be restored. Otherwise, all grafts are patent 9 to 18 months postoperatively. Grafts of 8.0 mm in diameter have not given desirable flow rates, whereas 6.0 mm grafts have. Prolonged bleeding from puncture has been a problem in some cases. Otherwise, PTFE appears to be a satisfactory conduit for hemodialysis vascular access.", "contents": "Use of expanded polytetrafluoroethylene grafts for vascular access in hemodialysis: laboratory and clinical evaluation. Vascular access for chronic hemodialysis has evolved considerably over the past 10 years with development of vascular substitutes. The bovine heterograft is the choice of most dialysis centers when a subcutaneous conduit is needed in lieu of an in situ arteriovenous fistula. Bovine grafts have solved some problems, but further improvement in blood access prostheses is needed. Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) grafts were evaluated in a laboratory and clinical study. In animals, PTFE proved to be satisfactory for fistula construction based on patency, incorporation into tissue, and ease of puncture. Ten patients underwent 11 vascular access procedures using PTFE grafts as a conduit. There were no technical operative complications. One graft was occluded by extravasation during dialysis and flow could not be restored. Otherwise, all grafts are patent 9 to 18 months postoperatively. Grafts of 8.0 mm in diameter have not given desirable flow rates, whereas 6.0 mm grafts have. Prolonged bleeding from puncture has been a problem in some cases. Otherwise, PTFE appears to be a satisfactory conduit for hemodialysis vascular access."}
{"id": "PMID:879605", "title": "Acute diaphragmatic hernia caused by blunt trauma.", "content": "Traumatic diaphragmatic hernia is being more frequently diagnosed in the acute phase because of a higher degree of alertness. Over a period of eight years the authors treated 16 patients. Associated injuries were present in eight cases and were responsible for the two deaths. The chest roentgenogram was diagnostic in most cases, but serial films and contrast examinations eventually were necessary. In order to attain a low morbidity and mortality rate, early surgery is recommended.", "contents": "Acute diaphragmatic hernia caused by blunt trauma. Traumatic diaphragmatic hernia is being more frequently diagnosed in the acute phase because of a higher degree of alertness. Over a period of eight years the authors treated 16 patients. Associated injuries were present in eight cases and were responsible for the two deaths. The chest roentgenogram was diagnostic in most cases, but serial films and contrast examinations eventually were necessary. In order to attain a low morbidity and mortality rate, early surgery is recommended."}
{"id": "PMID:879606", "title": "Axillo-axillary bypass for complications of an axillary arterial aneurysm: a case report.", "content": "A case of peripheral embolization from an axillary aneurysm is presented. This was successfully treated by thromboembolectomy, ligation of the axillary artery distal to the aneurysm and an axillo-axillary bypass graft. The patient has resumed full activity and his normal upper extremity pulses and pressures.", "contents": "Axillo-axillary bypass for complications of an axillary arterial aneurysm: a case report. A case of peripheral embolization from an axillary aneurysm is presented. This was successfully treated by thromboembolectomy, ligation of the axillary artery distal to the aneurysm and an axillo-axillary bypass graft. The patient has resumed full activity and his normal upper extremity pulses and pressures."}
{"id": "PMID:879607", "title": "Pneumatosis cystoides intestinalis following intestinal bypass.", "content": "Two cases of pneumatosis cystoides intestinalis occurring in the bypassed small bowel following intestinal bypass are presented. These cases and the recent recording of four others in the literature indicate this may be a common association. Etiology of the pneumatosis is unknown, but it is probably related to fecal reflux into defunctionalized bowel with the attendant alteration of bacterial flora.", "contents": "Pneumatosis cystoides intestinalis following intestinal bypass. Two cases of pneumatosis cystoides intestinalis occurring in the bypassed small bowel following intestinal bypass are presented. These cases and the recent recording of four others in the literature indicate this may be a common association. Etiology of the pneumatosis is unknown, but it is probably related to fecal reflux into defunctionalized bowel with the attendant alteration of bacterial flora."}
{"id": "PMID:879611", "title": "[Renal venous thrombosis treatment in the newborn (author's transl)].", "content": "Based on the experience of 61 cases, the recommended treatment for R.V.T. in newborns and infants is described. A historical review of its management is made. Therapeutic evolution and exposition of conservative therapy, founded on the following points: Close control of the hydrosaline disorder, early peritoneal dialysis and heparinization is given. Eventually thrombectomy can be advisable when the thrombous invades the inferior vena cava. A decreasing incidence of R.V.T., after a good prophilaxis and an evident improvement of the survival of children with R.V.T. is confirmed.", "contents": "[Renal venous thrombosis treatment in the newborn (author's transl)]. Based on the experience of 61 cases, the recommended treatment for R.V.T. in newborns and infants is described. A historical review of its management is made. Therapeutic evolution and exposition of conservative therapy, founded on the following points: Close control of the hydrosaline disorder, early peritoneal dialysis and heparinization is given. Eventually thrombectomy can be advisable when the thrombous invades the inferior vena cava. A decreasing incidence of R.V.T., after a good prophilaxis and an evident improvement of the survival of children with R.V.T. is confirmed."}
{"id": "PMID:879612", "title": "[Lung scintigraphy after diphragmatic hernia (author's transl)].", "content": "Recuperation of pulmonary function after surgical repair of Bochdaleck's hernia is considered. Gasometric and radiologic features as well as scintigraphy are related in order of prognosis. Of 16 cases, seven had sudden fatal outcome. Survivals achieved total pulmonary recuperation, but some in two to three years.", "contents": "[Lung scintigraphy after diphragmatic hernia (author's transl)]. Recuperation of pulmonary function after surgical repair of Bochdaleck's hernia is considered. Gasometric and radiologic features as well as scintigraphy are related in order of prognosis. Of 16 cases, seven had sudden fatal outcome. Survivals achieved total pulmonary recuperation, but some in two to three years."}
{"id": "PMID:879613", "title": "[Ventricular septal defect in the first year of life (author's transl)].", "content": "Thirty cases of CIV in the first year of life are presented. Association with prematurity and other malformations anticipate cardiac failure. Left ventricular hypertrophy is more frequent in conal defects. Repolarization disturbances were found in 73% of the cases in left precordial derivation with significative relief after surgical repair (banding). Conduction disturbances after surgical closure of ventricular septal defect was found in 15% of the cases. Surgical treatment during the first year was needed in 86% of patients. Only one case had good evolution without surgery. After four months of life total correction of septal defect as prefered. In patients with previous pulmonary artery banding, correction must be made one or two years later.", "contents": "[Ventricular septal defect in the first year of life (author's transl)]. Thirty cases of CIV in the first year of life are presented. Association with prematurity and other malformations anticipate cardiac failure. Left ventricular hypertrophy is more frequent in conal defects. Repolarization disturbances were found in 73% of the cases in left precordial derivation with significative relief after surgical repair (banding). Conduction disturbances after surgical closure of ventricular septal defect was found in 15% of the cases. Surgical treatment during the first year was needed in 86% of patients. Only one case had good evolution without surgery. After four months of life total correction of septal defect as prefered. In patients with previous pulmonary artery banding, correction must be made one or two years later."}
{"id": "PMID:879614", "title": "[Newborn resuscitation (author's transl)].", "content": "The technique of resuscitation of the asphyxiated newborn with one minute Apgar score of less than three and the results of the revision of 27 of the 55 resuscitated newborns are presented. Eighteen of the 55 patients (32%) needed to be transfused with blood, albumin, Ringer, due to hypotension but in eight of them this hypotension was only detected after the correction of the acidosis. In all the other patients ventilation and bicarbonate were only required for resuscitation and two of them received small doses of atropine, isoprenaline or adrenaline. Even though six of the 55 patients died, their death did not happen during resuscitation and so, the immediate results were 100% successful. Twenty seven patients were seen within six to 18 months after resuscitation and only 14% of them presented serious pathology. Therefore the organisation of a resuscitation team in each hospital not only would reduce neonatal mortality but morbidity also.", "contents": "[Newborn resuscitation (author's transl)]. The technique of resuscitation of the asphyxiated newborn with one minute Apgar score of less than three and the results of the revision of 27 of the 55 resuscitated newborns are presented. Eighteen of the 55 patients (32%) needed to be transfused with blood, albumin, Ringer, due to hypotension but in eight of them this hypotension was only detected after the correction of the acidosis. In all the other patients ventilation and bicarbonate were only required for resuscitation and two of them received small doses of atropine, isoprenaline or adrenaline. Even though six of the 55 patients died, their death did not happen during resuscitation and so, the immediate results were 100% successful. Twenty seven patients were seen within six to 18 months after resuscitation and only 14% of them presented serious pathology. Therefore the organisation of a resuscitation team in each hospital not only would reduce neonatal mortality but morbidity also."}
{"id": "PMID:879615", "title": "Etiology of sporadic hepatitis B surface antigen-negative hepatitis.", "content": "We studied serologically 45 adults who had sporadic acute viral hepatitis that was hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) negative. Two cases were due to hepatitis B virus, as demonstrated by the appearance of antibody to hepatitis B core antigen. In three other patients, the serologic pattern was inconclusive. Of 40 non-B cases, 20 were type A hepatitis and 20 were non-A, non-B hepatitis. Clinically, type A and non-A, non-B hepatitis were indistinguishable; one case of fulminant disease occurred in each group. The type A cases were more frequent in young adults; non-A, non-B disease predominated in women 35 years or older. Epidemiologic backgrounds were generally similar, including illicit self-injection; but four transfusion-associated cases were limited to the non-A, non-B group. We conclude that relatively few HBsG-negative cases are due to hepatitis B virus, and that hepatitis A virus and non-A, non-B viruses are both important in acute non-B disease.", "contents": "Etiology of sporadic hepatitis B surface antigen-negative hepatitis. We studied serologically 45 adults who had sporadic acute viral hepatitis that was hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) negative. Two cases were due to hepatitis B virus, as demonstrated by the appearance of antibody to hepatitis B core antigen. In three other patients, the serologic pattern was inconclusive. Of 40 non-B cases, 20 were type A hepatitis and 20 were non-A, non-B hepatitis. Clinically, type A and non-A, non-B hepatitis were indistinguishable; one case of fulminant disease occurred in each group. The type A cases were more frequent in young adults; non-A, non-B disease predominated in women 35 years or older. Epidemiologic backgrounds were generally similar, including illicit self-injection; but four transfusion-associated cases were limited to the non-A, non-B group. We conclude that relatively few HBsG-negative cases are due to hepatitis B virus, and that hepatitis A virus and non-A, non-B viruses are both important in acute non-B disease."}
{"id": "PMID:879616", "title": "A musculoskeletal syndrome in intravenous heroin users: association with brown heroin.", "content": "During a recent 5-month period, 16 intravenous heroin users were hospitalized with a previously unrecognized complication of drug abuse. The characteristic symptoms were similar in all patients and included fever, paraspinal myalgias, and periarthritis. There was no evidence of bacterial infection, hepatitis, or drug abstinence as the cause of these musculoskeletal symptoms. Continued heroin use was associated with progressive musculoskeletal symptoms, while discontinuation of heroin use resulted in complete recovery. Antibiotics did not affect the outcome, and the syndrome was self-limited in all hospitalized patients. The pathogenesis of this syndrome is unknown but may be related to the heroin, which was described as brown by the patients, or an adulterant.", "contents": "A musculoskeletal syndrome in intravenous heroin users: association with brown heroin. During a recent 5-month period, 16 intravenous heroin users were hospitalized with a previously unrecognized complication of drug abuse. The characteristic symptoms were similar in all patients and included fever, paraspinal myalgias, and periarthritis. There was no evidence of bacterial infection, hepatitis, or drug abstinence as the cause of these musculoskeletal symptoms. Continued heroin use was associated with progressive musculoskeletal symptoms, while discontinuation of heroin use resulted in complete recovery. Antibiotics did not affect the outcome, and the syndrome was self-limited in all hospitalized patients. The pathogenesis of this syndrome is unknown but may be related to the heroin, which was described as brown by the patients, or an adulterant."}
{"id": "PMID:879617", "title": "Saralasin infusion in the recognition of renovascular hypertension.", "content": "Saralasin, an angiotensin II antagonist, was infused into 49 patients with renal artery stenosis, 10 patients with essential hypertension and normal renal arteriograms, and five patients with \"low-renin essential hypertension.\" Renal venous renin and differential renal function studies were used to assess the functional significance of arterial stenoses. \"Response\" to saralasin, evidenced by a fall in blood pressure during infusion, occurred in no patients with \"low renin\" hypertension and in only 20% of patients with normal renal arteriograms. In contrast, saralasin \"response\" occurred in more than 80% of patients with renal artery stenosis and lateralizing functional studies and 100% of cases of \"proven\" renovascular hypertension (cure or improvement of hypertension after operative treatment). We suggest that saralasin infusion might be a valuable screening test for the recognition of renovascular hypertension.", "contents": "Saralasin infusion in the recognition of renovascular hypertension. Saralasin, an angiotensin II antagonist, was infused into 49 patients with renal artery stenosis, 10 patients with essential hypertension and normal renal arteriograms, and five patients with \"low-renin essential hypertension.\" Renal venous renin and differential renal function studies were used to assess the functional significance of arterial stenoses. \"Response\" to saralasin, evidenced by a fall in blood pressure during infusion, occurred in no patients with \"low renin\" hypertension and in only 20% of patients with normal renal arteriograms. In contrast, saralasin \"response\" occurred in more than 80% of patients with renal artery stenosis and lateralizing functional studies and 100% of cases of \"proven\" renovascular hypertension (cure or improvement of hypertension after operative treatment). We suggest that saralasin infusion might be a valuable screening test for the recognition of renovascular hypertension."}
{"id": "PMID:879619", "title": "Intravascular coagulation in fresh-water submersion: report of three cases.", "content": "We describe three cases of fresh-water drowning that were complicated by disseminated intravascular coagulation. Close observation for clinical bleeding, laboratory investigation of the coagulation system, and therapy for disseminated intravascular coagulation, when appropriate, seem indicated in patients hospitalized after fresh-water immersion.", "contents": "Intravascular coagulation in fresh-water submersion: report of three cases. We describe three cases of fresh-water drowning that were complicated by disseminated intravascular coagulation. Close observation for clinical bleeding, laboratory investigation of the coagulation system, and therapy for disseminated intravascular coagulation, when appropriate, seem indicated in patients hospitalized after fresh-water immersion."}
{"id": "PMID:879620", "title": "Hepatitis type A and hemodialysis: a seroepidemiologic study in 15 U.S. centers.", "content": "Four hundred sixty patients and staff from 15 U.S. dialysis centers were surveyed by the immune adherence hemagglutination technique for antibody to hepatitis A antigen (anti-HA). The age-standardized anti-HA prevalence was 42.9% in patients and 42.1% in staff. These rates are almost identical to those of socioeconomically comparable urban volunteer blood donors never exposed to dialysis settings. There was no correlation between anti-HA prevalences and duration of dialysis treatment or employment. Among 100 patients and staff followed for 1 year 92% to 94% did not change their anti-HA status. The prevalence of anti-HA was identical in subjects with past histories of multiple blood transfusions or accidental inoculations with blood-contaminated instruments and in those without such histories. We conclude that hepatitis A virus rarely if every spreads by parenteral mechanisms, that there is no epidemiologic evidence confirming the existence of chronic hepatitis A viremic carrier states, and that hemodialysis does not play a significant role in the spread of type A hepatitis.", "contents": "Hepatitis type A and hemodialysis: a seroepidemiologic study in 15 U.S. centers. Four hundred sixty patients and staff from 15 U.S. dialysis centers were surveyed by the immune adherence hemagglutination technique for antibody to hepatitis A antigen (anti-HA). The age-standardized anti-HA prevalence was 42.9% in patients and 42.1% in staff. These rates are almost identical to those of socioeconomically comparable urban volunteer blood donors never exposed to dialysis settings. There was no correlation between anti-HA prevalences and duration of dialysis treatment or employment. Among 100 patients and staff followed for 1 year 92% to 94% did not change their anti-HA status. The prevalence of anti-HA was identical in subjects with past histories of multiple blood transfusions or accidental inoculations with blood-contaminated instruments and in those without such histories. We conclude that hepatitis A virus rarely if every spreads by parenteral mechanisms, that there is no epidemiologic evidence confirming the existence of chronic hepatitis A viremic carrier states, and that hemodialysis does not play a significant role in the spread of type A hepatitis."}
{"id": "PMID:879633", "title": "[Adhesive otitis: 30 surgical cases (author's transl)].", "content": "Adhesive otitis accounts for 3% of all cases of chronic otitis. It is characterized by the attachment of the entire epidermal layer of the drum to the inner wall of the cavity. Three causative factors are identified: abnormal permeability of the auditory tube; absence of the fibrous layer of the tympanic membrane; a predisposing milieu. This is a very different condition from tympanosclerosis and its scleroadhesive sequelae. It can, however, be associated with cholesteatoma. An analysis of 30 cases in which surgery was performed points to the real progress brought about by the use of tympanic homografts. One problem remains: permanent aeration of the new tympanic cavity.", "contents": "[Adhesive otitis: 30 surgical cases (author's transl)]. Adhesive otitis accounts for 3% of all cases of chronic otitis. It is characterized by the attachment of the entire epidermal layer of the drum to the inner wall of the cavity. Three causative factors are identified: abnormal permeability of the auditory tube; absence of the fibrous layer of the tympanic membrane; a predisposing milieu. This is a very different condition from tympanosclerosis and its scleroadhesive sequelae. It can, however, be associated with cholesteatoma. An analysis of 30 cases in which surgery was performed points to the real progress brought about by the use of tympanic homografts. One problem remains: permanent aeration of the new tympanic cavity."}
{"id": "PMID:879634", "title": "Cryosurgery of the prostate gland.", "content": "This personal review of the use of cryosurgery in prostatic disorders aims to put in perspective the value of the technique, establishing its place in the urologist's armamentarium mainly in the unfit subject but pointing to other applications as well. \"Blind\" perurethral cryosurgery has been used and has been shown to be effective in relieving urethral outflow obstruction, particularly in the second series of 178 patients with benign prostatic disease in which a simple \"rule of thumb\" technique was used.", "contents": "Cryosurgery of the prostate gland. This personal review of the use of cryosurgery in prostatic disorders aims to put in perspective the value of the technique, establishing its place in the urologist's armamentarium mainly in the unfit subject but pointing to other applications as well. \"Blind\" perurethral cryosurgery has been used and has been shown to be effective in relieving urethral outflow obstruction, particularly in the second series of 178 patients with benign prostatic disease in which a simple \"rule of thumb\" technique was used."}
{"id": "PMID:879635", "title": "Watson-Jones Lecture, 1976. Some lesions of the brachial plexus.", "content": "Three types of lesion of the brachial plexus are discussed: entrapment syndrome; tumours; and traumatic lesions. In the first the importance of the pathological anatomy is stressed; in the second the rewarding results of accurate diagnosis and careful treatment are noted; and in the third the expanding possibilities of neural reconstruction and of specific treatment for pain are described.", "contents": "Watson-Jones Lecture, 1976. Some lesions of the brachial plexus. Three types of lesion of the brachial plexus are discussed: entrapment syndrome; tumours; and traumatic lesions. In the first the importance of the pathological anatomy is stressed; in the second the rewarding results of accurate diagnosis and careful treatment are noted; and in the third the expanding possibilities of neural reconstruction and of specific treatment for pain are described."}
{"id": "PMID:879636", "title": "The distribution of 99mTc-EHDP in the tissues of the dog and its application in the assessment of fracture healing.", "content": "Technetium-labelled ethane hydroxydiphosphonate (99mTc-EHDP) is a commonly used bone-scanning agent. After injection it leaves the circulation to enter bone and to be cleared by the kidney. The transcapillary exchange of 99mTc-EHDP in bone was examined and found to be low. The capillary movement was compared with that of sucrose, a freely diffusible substance, and it was found that the permeability ratio of 99mTc-EHDP to 14C-sucrose was similar to the diffusion coefficient ratio, suggesting that 99mTc-EHDP passes through the capillaries by the process of passive diffusion. The renal clearance of 99mTc-EHDP was 24 ml/min and was unaffected by the action of parathyroid hormone. After a fracture the bone blood flow increases, although the transcapillary extraction of 99mTc-EHDP does not change. This is because there is an increase, from recruitment and dilatation of capillaries, in the surface area available for exchange. Therefore the increased isotopic activity seen on a bone scan after a fracture is primarily related to an increase in bone blood supply from capillary enhancement within the cortex.", "contents": "The distribution of 99mTc-EHDP in the tissues of the dog and its application in the assessment of fracture healing. Technetium-labelled ethane hydroxydiphosphonate (99mTc-EHDP) is a commonly used bone-scanning agent. After injection it leaves the circulation to enter bone and to be cleared by the kidney. The transcapillary exchange of 99mTc-EHDP in bone was examined and found to be low. The capillary movement was compared with that of sucrose, a freely diffusible substance, and it was found that the permeability ratio of 99mTc-EHDP to 14C-sucrose was similar to the diffusion coefficient ratio, suggesting that 99mTc-EHDP passes through the capillaries by the process of passive diffusion. The renal clearance of 99mTc-EHDP was 24 ml/min and was unaffected by the action of parathyroid hormone. After a fracture the bone blood flow increases, although the transcapillary extraction of 99mTc-EHDP does not change. This is because there is an increase, from recruitment and dilatation of capillaries, in the surface area available for exchange. Therefore the increased isotopic activity seen on a bone scan after a fracture is primarily related to an increase in bone blood supply from capillary enhancement within the cortex."}
{"id": "PMID:879637", "title": "Micro-organisms in the bile. A preventable cause of sepsis after biliary surgery.", "content": "The bile is infected in 31% of patients undergoing an operation for biliary disease and these patients have a significantly greater risk of developing wound sepsis and septicaemia than patients with sterile bile. Prophylactic antibiotics which achieve satisfactory serum rather than high bile levels have been shown to reduce the morbidity of biliary operation. However, only patients with infected bile benefit from prophylactic chemotherapy. Patients with infected bile can be satisfactorily identified by preoperative duodenal aspiration, operative Gram staining of bile, or clinical presentation. The high-risk patients requiring preoperative antibiotic cover include anyone over 70 years of age, jaundiced patients, those requiring emergency operation, patients with recent rigors, anyone having had previous biliary operations, and patients known to have choledocholithiasis.", "contents": "Micro-organisms in the bile. A preventable cause of sepsis after biliary surgery. The bile is infected in 31% of patients undergoing an operation for biliary disease and these patients have a significantly greater risk of developing wound sepsis and septicaemia than patients with sterile bile. Prophylactic antibiotics which achieve satisfactory serum rather than high bile levels have been shown to reduce the morbidity of biliary operation. However, only patients with infected bile benefit from prophylactic chemotherapy. Patients with infected bile can be satisfactorily identified by preoperative duodenal aspiration, operative Gram staining of bile, or clinical presentation. The high-risk patients requiring preoperative antibiotic cover include anyone over 70 years of age, jaundiced patients, those requiring emergency operation, patients with recent rigors, anyone having had previous biliary operations, and patients known to have choledocholithiasis."}
{"id": "PMID:879638", "title": "Localized thrombus complicating saphenous vein grafts.", "content": "Recurrence of symptoms after a long saphenous vein graft may be due to a variety of causes. When the graft pulse can still be felt the presence of a localized thrombus partially occluding the lumen must be considered. After arteriographic confirmation such a thrombus can be easily removed.", "contents": "Localized thrombus complicating saphenous vein grafts. Recurrence of symptoms after a long saphenous vein graft may be due to a variety of causes. When the graft pulse can still be felt the presence of a localized thrombus partially occluding the lumen must be considered. After arteriographic confirmation such a thrombus can be easily removed."}
{"id": "PMID:879674", "title": "[Hormonal and nervous controls of the gastro-intestinal motility in the hen (author's transl)].", "content": "Nervous and hormonal controls of the gut system were studied in 42 hens using electromyography with transparietal electrodes. The results were analysed in relation with various biochemical parameters. The hormonal changes which occurred during sexual maturation and the ovulatory cycle induced directly the circadian organization of the motility of the gizzard and indirectly the motility of the intestinal tract. This resulted from variable metabolic requirements, the calcium being the most important element. An antagonism between gizzard and intestine motility was demonstrated. The pharmacological study confirmed the excitatory effect of the cholinergic system. For the adrenergic system, alpha receptors were predominant on the gizzard and beta receptors on the intestinal tract, especially in the distal part.", "contents": "[Hormonal and nervous controls of the gastro-intestinal motility in the hen (author's transl)]. Nervous and hormonal controls of the gut system were studied in 42 hens using electromyography with transparietal electrodes. The results were analysed in relation with various biochemical parameters. The hormonal changes which occurred during sexual maturation and the ovulatory cycle induced directly the circadian organization of the motility of the gizzard and indirectly the motility of the intestinal tract. This resulted from variable metabolic requirements, the calcium being the most important element. An antagonism between gizzard and intestine motility was demonstrated. The pharmacological study confirmed the excitatory effect of the cholinergic system. For the adrenergic system, alpha receptors were predominant on the gizzard and beta receptors on the intestinal tract, especially in the distal part."}
{"id": "PMID:879676", "title": "[In vitro predatory activity of a strain of Arthrobotrys oligospora Fres. Against a zooparasitic nematode].", "content": "The in vitro predatory activity of Arthrobotrys oligospora Fres. against larvae of Haemoncus contortus (Rudolphi) Cobb. was investigated on sheepdung agar. The technique employed is described and discussed. The data and observations presented indicate that temperature and number of larvae added to the fungus appear as important factors regulating the capturing efficiency. High trapping percentages were observed at 15 degrees C and 22 degrees C after a 24 hours' contact period, whereas at 10 degrees C a highly significative predatory effectiveness is not observed until 72 hours. In all experiments, where the plates contained more than 3 or 4 nematodes per square centimetre, the trapping percentage exceeds 50 p. cent  after a 7 days' contact period. The response of the fungus to an increase in the number of larvae is not univocal : at 10 degrees C and 22 degrees C the nematode-trapping efficiency does not seem to depend upon the larval dnesity of the inoculum; at 15 degrees C, on the contrary, the nematodes are all the more trapped as their concentration is high. At this temperature with 35 larvae p. square centimetre, a trapping percentage of 90 p. 100 can be observed.", "contents": "[In vitro predatory activity of a strain of Arthrobotrys oligospora Fres. Against a zooparasitic nematode]. The in vitro predatory activity of Arthrobotrys oligospora Fres. against larvae of Haemoncus contortus (Rudolphi) Cobb. was investigated on sheepdung agar. The technique employed is described and discussed. The data and observations presented indicate that temperature and number of larvae added to the fungus appear as important factors regulating the capturing efficiency. High trapping percentages were observed at 15 degrees C and 22 degrees C after a 24 hours' contact period, whereas at 10 degrees C a highly significative predatory effectiveness is not observed until 72 hours. In all experiments, where the plates contained more than 3 or 4 nematodes per square centimetre, the trapping percentage exceeds 50 p. cent  after a 7 days' contact period. The response of the fungus to an increase in the number of larvae is not univocal : at 10 degrees C and 22 degrees C the nematode-trapping efficiency does not seem to depend upon the larval dnesity of the inoculum; at 15 degrees C, on the contrary, the nematodes are all the more trapped as their concentration is high. At this temperature with 35 larvae p. square centimetre, a trapping percentage of 90 p. 100 can be observed."}
{"id": "PMID:879677", "title": "[Evidence of an excretion of uric acid by a caecal pouch in the rabbit (author's transl)].", "content": "Uric acid was estimated in the blood plasma, the caecal content, and in the lumen of a caecal pouch in operated rabbits. It was also histochemically detected in the caecal wall. A non negligible excretion of uric acid through the perfused caecal pouch was demonstrated. There was also an accumulation of amorphous uric acid in the enterocytes, probably due to the absence of intestinal transit, and of microorganism's uricase.", "contents": "[Evidence of an excretion of uric acid by a caecal pouch in the rabbit (author's transl)]. Uric acid was estimated in the blood plasma, the caecal content, and in the lumen of a caecal pouch in operated rabbits. It was also histochemically detected in the caecal wall. A non negligible excretion of uric acid through the perfused caecal pouch was demonstrated. There was also an accumulation of amorphous uric acid in the enterocytes, probably due to the absence of intestinal transit, and of microorganism's uricase."}
{"id": "PMID:879678", "title": "[Short term toxicity of ochratoxin A: some biochemical lesions in the rat (author's transl)].", "content": "The blood serum level of total proteins, urea, total lipids, cholesterol and glucose, and the excretion of nitrogen in the urine were estimated in control or treated rats. Male adult rats were given the toxin per os (0, 0.5, 1 or 2 mg/kg) during 10 days. An increase in the urinary volume was observed, with a decrease in the total nitrogen concentration. Blood total proteins and urea levels were higher than in control animals but total lipids and cholesterol levels dropped. Blood glucose concentration remained unaffected. These effects were evident even for the lowest dose and their intensity increased with the amount of toxin given to the animals. Statistical analysis showed significant differences between the results obtained in control animals and those obtained in animals treated with either 2 mg/kg or--except for blood urea--1 mg/kg.", "contents": "[Short term toxicity of ochratoxin A: some biochemical lesions in the rat (author's transl)]. The blood serum level of total proteins, urea, total lipids, cholesterol and glucose, and the excretion of nitrogen in the urine were estimated in control or treated rats. Male adult rats were given the toxin per os (0, 0.5, 1 or 2 mg/kg) during 10 days. An increase in the urinary volume was observed, with a decrease in the total nitrogen concentration. Blood total proteins and urea levels were higher than in control animals but total lipids and cholesterol levels dropped. Blood glucose concentration remained unaffected. These effects were evident even for the lowest dose and their intensity increased with the amount of toxin given to the animals. Statistical analysis showed significant differences between the results obtained in control animals and those obtained in animals treated with either 2 mg/kg or--except for blood urea--1 mg/kg."}
{"id": "PMID:879702", "title": "Pathological changes in spontaneous rupture of chordae tendineae.", "content": "Eight patients with spontaneous rupture of mitral chordae tendineae have been studied. In no case was there a predisposing cause. Seven showed pathological fibrosis of the papillary muscle relevant to the ruptured chordae. It is postulated that papillary msucle dysfunction secondary to fibrosis may cause stretching of chordae and subsequent rupture. Five patients had mucoid degeneration of their mitral valves. Mucoid change appeared to develop only when the clinical history indicated a lengthy period of valvular dysfunction.", "contents": "Pathological changes in spontaneous rupture of chordae tendineae. Eight patients with spontaneous rupture of mitral chordae tendineae have been studied. In no case was there a predisposing cause. Seven showed pathological fibrosis of the papillary muscle relevant to the ruptured chordae. It is postulated that papillary msucle dysfunction secondary to fibrosis may cause stretching of chordae and subsequent rupture. Five patients had mucoid degeneration of their mitral valves. Mucoid change appeared to develop only when the clinical history indicated a lengthy period of valvular dysfunction."}
{"id": "PMID:879703", "title": "Gastric secretion and haematological findings in relation to mucosal atrophy after partial gastrectomy.", "content": "Twenty-one patients (4 females and 17 males) were re-examined 20 years after partial gastrectomy for benign peptic ulcer. Different stages of morphological change in the gastric stump mucosa were compared with haematological parameters as well as with gastric acid and IF secretions. Biopsy specimens were taken by the direct vision technique. Haematological values including also serum vitamin B12, folate and Schilling test were determined. Gastric acid and IF secretions were lower in all patients with \"selective parietal cell atrophy\" in the gastric mucosa compared with those of other patients. Serum B12 and Schilling test values showed the same tendency. The present study indicates that it is possible to determine the gastric function dependent on parietal cells according to morphological criteria.", "contents": "Gastric secretion and haematological findings in relation to mucosal atrophy after partial gastrectomy. Twenty-one patients (4 females and 17 males) were re-examined 20 years after partial gastrectomy for benign peptic ulcer. Different stages of morphological change in the gastric stump mucosa were compared with haematological parameters as well as with gastric acid and IF secretions. Biopsy specimens were taken by the direct vision technique. Haematological values including also serum vitamin B12, folate and Schilling test were determined. Gastric acid and IF secretions were lower in all patients with \"selective parietal cell atrophy\" in the gastric mucosa compared with those of other patients. Serum B12 and Schilling test values showed the same tendency. The present study indicates that it is possible to determine the gastric function dependent on parietal cells according to morphological criteria."}
{"id": "PMID:879704", "title": "Immediate surgical treatment of major renal trauma.", "content": "Of the 77 cases of renal trauma treated at Oulu University Central Hospital during the years 1965--1975, 60 injuries were minor and 17 severe. 73 of these injuries were closed and 4 penetrating. The rate of operative treatment in severe renal injuries was 88% minor renal injuries being treated conservatively. Primary exploration was done in 18 of the 77 cases and in all patients with penetrating injuries. Only 7 of the 73 patients with blunt trauma and one of the 4 patients with penetrating injury required nephrectomy, including one patient with renal carcinoma. 6 of the 77 patients died, most as a result of severe associated injuries, giving a mortality of 8%. None of the surviving patients treated for renal trauma suffered from major complications. In 13 of the 18 patients operated upon, renal injury was the main indication for operation. Operation was performed in 5 of the 18 patients after immediate radiological evaluation. The advantages of immediate surgical management in severe renal injuries are early and final treatment, short hospital stay, and low incidence of complications. Qualifications for emergency surgery are access to renal angiography and familiarity with reparative renal procedures.", "contents": "Immediate surgical treatment of major renal trauma. Of the 77 cases of renal trauma treated at Oulu University Central Hospital during the years 1965--1975, 60 injuries were minor and 17 severe. 73 of these injuries were closed and 4 penetrating. The rate of operative treatment in severe renal injuries was 88% minor renal injuries being treated conservatively. Primary exploration was done in 18 of the 77 cases and in all patients with penetrating injuries. Only 7 of the 73 patients with blunt trauma and one of the 4 patients with penetrating injury required nephrectomy, including one patient with renal carcinoma. 6 of the 77 patients died, most as a result of severe associated injuries, giving a mortality of 8%. None of the surviving patients treated for renal trauma suffered from major complications. In 13 of the 18 patients operated upon, renal injury was the main indication for operation. Operation was performed in 5 of the 18 patients after immediate radiological evaluation. The advantages of immediate surgical management in severe renal injuries are early and final treatment, short hospital stay, and low incidence of complications. Qualifications for emergency surgery are access to renal angiography and familiarity with reparative renal procedures."}
{"id": "PMID:879705", "title": "Subcutaneous rupture of the urinary bladder.", "content": "Fourteen patients operated upon for subcutaneous bladder perforation are reported. The majority of the patients (11/14) had intraperitoneal rupture of the bladder and multiple associated injuries (10/14), most often pelvic fractures (9/14). In 12 patients the injury was caused by a road traffic accident. 2 patients with extraperitoneal rupture presented with a typical history of a blow or kick in the lower abdomen following a drinking session. In doubtful cases cystography was the diagnostic method of choice. The principles of treatment we recommend are well known: urinary drainage with a catheter in all cases, and in intraperitoneal ruptures, prompt surgery.", "contents": "Subcutaneous rupture of the urinary bladder. Fourteen patients operated upon for subcutaneous bladder perforation are reported. The majority of the patients (11/14) had intraperitoneal rupture of the bladder and multiple associated injuries (10/14), most often pelvic fractures (9/14). In 12 patients the injury was caused by a road traffic accident. 2 patients with extraperitoneal rupture presented with a typical history of a blow or kick in the lower abdomen following a drinking session. In doubtful cases cystography was the diagnostic method of choice. The principles of treatment we recommend are well known: urinary drainage with a catheter in all cases, and in intraperitoneal ruptures, prompt surgery."}
{"id": "PMID:879706", "title": "Traumatic splenic rupture.", "content": "71 patients with traumatic splenic rupture are reported. Most had severe associated injuries. In 44 patients the mechanism of trauma was blunt, in 10 penetrating, and in 17 iatrogenic, occurring most commonly (11/17) during operations for peptic ulcer. Splenectomy gave use to thrombocytosis which reached its peak about 2 weeks and returned to normal within one month after operation. Postoperative complications occurred in 24 of the 60 surviving patients (40%) of which most, 17 patients (30%) were infectious in origin. One patient developed deep venous thrombosis. Mortality was 16%. Associated injuries were the main cause of death in most patients (9/11), the ruptured spleen being responsible for only 2 deaths. None of the 17 patients with injury to the spleen alone died, whether associated with fractures of the left lower ribs or not. Primary unconsciousness, shock on admission, and multiple injuries, especially renal and hepatic, increased the mortality rate markedly. The necessity of drainage, the possibility of increased susceptibility of splenectomized patients to infection and thromboembolic complications and their prevention are briefly discussed.", "contents": "Traumatic splenic rupture. 71 patients with traumatic splenic rupture are reported. Most had severe associated injuries. In 44 patients the mechanism of trauma was blunt, in 10 penetrating, and in 17 iatrogenic, occurring most commonly (11/17) during operations for peptic ulcer. Splenectomy gave use to thrombocytosis which reached its peak about 2 weeks and returned to normal within one month after operation. Postoperative complications occurred in 24 of the 60 surviving patients (40%) of which most, 17 patients (30%) were infectious in origin. One patient developed deep venous thrombosis. Mortality was 16%. Associated injuries were the main cause of death in most patients (9/11), the ruptured spleen being responsible for only 2 deaths. None of the 17 patients with injury to the spleen alone died, whether associated with fractures of the left lower ribs or not. Primary unconsciousness, shock on admission, and multiple injuries, especially renal and hepatic, increased the mortality rate markedly. The necessity of drainage, the possibility of increased susceptibility of splenectomized patients to infection and thromboembolic complications and their prevention are briefly discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:879707", "title": "Management of injuries of the large intestine.", "content": "Blunt trauma accounted for 1/3 of the 32 patients operated upon for injuries of the large intestine and penetrating wounds for 2/3. Most of the blunt injuries (9/10) were caused by traffic accidents, and more than half of the penetrating ones (12/22) were stab wounds. The transverse colon was most commonly affected, followed by the ascending, descending and sigmoid colon, rectum and mesentery. Perforation of the small intestine was the most frequent associated intra-abdominal injury, occurring in 11 patients (34%). Most patients (22/32) underwent simple suture, 6 patients suture with proximal colostomy, 3 primary resection and one exteriorization, combined in all cases with broad-spectrum antibiotic coverage and drainage of the abdominal cavity. Injuries to the right and transverse colon were managed mainly with simple suture, and those to the left colon and rectum with suture and proximal colostomy. 50% of the patients had complications, most frequently wound infection and intra-abdominal abscess. The patients with simple suture had fewer complications than the others. In the absence of complicating factors injuries to the colon are best managed with simple suture, whereas in the presence of complicating factors and in injuries of the rectum, suture or resection with proximal colostomy, especially in cases of severe tissue destruction, remains the treatment of choice.", "contents": "Management of injuries of the large intestine. Blunt trauma accounted for 1/3 of the 32 patients operated upon for injuries of the large intestine and penetrating wounds for 2/3. Most of the blunt injuries (9/10) were caused by traffic accidents, and more than half of the penetrating ones (12/22) were stab wounds. The transverse colon was most commonly affected, followed by the ascending, descending and sigmoid colon, rectum and mesentery. Perforation of the small intestine was the most frequent associated intra-abdominal injury, occurring in 11 patients (34%). Most patients (22/32) underwent simple suture, 6 patients suture with proximal colostomy, 3 primary resection and one exteriorization, combined in all cases with broad-spectrum antibiotic coverage and drainage of the abdominal cavity. Injuries to the right and transverse colon were managed mainly with simple suture, and those to the left colon and rectum with suture and proximal colostomy. 50% of the patients had complications, most frequently wound infection and intra-abdominal abscess. The patients with simple suture had fewer complications than the others. In the absence of complicating factors injuries to the colon are best managed with simple suture, whereas in the presence of complicating factors and in injuries of the rectum, suture or resection with proximal colostomy, especially in cases of severe tissue destruction, remains the treatment of choice."}
{"id": "PMID:879708", "title": "Recovery and rehabilitation of elderly subjects with femoral neck fractures.", "content": "The effects of operative methods and postoperative care were studied in a series of 87 patients with femoral neck fractures. Thirty nine patients were treated with the Thompson endoprosthesis and 48 with internal fixation. Half of the patients in both groups were given the routine postoperative physical therapy of the department and the other half intensive physical therapy. The patients' mean age was 73 years, and 75% of the patients were women. The patients fitted with a prosthesis were mobilised better than patients following internal fixation. The clinical results in the cases who had received intensive physical therapy and those given routine physical therapy did not differ during the postoperative follow-up period of 9 weeks. The patients' age did not influence recovery. Mortality during the 3 months of follow-up was 11.5%. The mean age of the patients who died was higher than that of the other patients. Wound infections occurred in 7%. The morbidity and mortality rates were the same for both groups. Postoperative mobilisation of elderly patients with femoral neck fractures causes a great deal of work to the nursing staff. Intensified physical therapy did not hasten the patients' recovery in this study.", "contents": "Recovery and rehabilitation of elderly subjects with femoral neck fractures. The effects of operative methods and postoperative care were studied in a series of 87 patients with femoral neck fractures. Thirty nine patients were treated with the Thompson endoprosthesis and 48 with internal fixation. Half of the patients in both groups were given the routine postoperative physical therapy of the department and the other half intensive physical therapy. The patients' mean age was 73 years, and 75% of the patients were women. The patients fitted with a prosthesis were mobilised better than patients following internal fixation. The clinical results in the cases who had received intensive physical therapy and those given routine physical therapy did not differ during the postoperative follow-up period of 9 weeks. The patients' age did not influence recovery. Mortality during the 3 months of follow-up was 11.5%. The mean age of the patients who died was higher than that of the other patients. Wound infections occurred in 7%. The morbidity and mortality rates were the same for both groups. Postoperative mobilisation of elderly patients with femoral neck fractures causes a great deal of work to the nursing staff. Intensified physical therapy did not hasten the patients' recovery in this study."}
{"id": "PMID:879709", "title": "The distribution of isoelectric points of human soluble proteins and in particular of the enzyme products of 88 human gene loci.", "content": "The isoelectric points of the 'primary' isozymes coded for by 88 human gene loci have been determined. The distribution was found to be bimodal with an antimode at the 'physiological pH'. Soluble human proteins have the same distribution and this appears to be characteristic of soluble mammalian proteins in general. There may be some correlation with function, mitochondrial enzymes being more basic and hydrolytic enzymes being more acidic than other classes of enzymes. The bimodal distribution can be explained in terms of the buffering effects of the charged amino acids. Most proteins would thus appear to be charged at neutral pH values.", "contents": "The distribution of isoelectric points of human soluble proteins and in particular of the enzyme products of 88 human gene loci. The isoelectric points of the 'primary' isozymes coded for by 88 human gene loci have been determined. The distribution was found to be bimodal with an antimode at the 'physiological pH'. Soluble human proteins have the same distribution and this appears to be characteristic of soluble mammalian proteins in general. There may be some correlation with function, mitochondrial enzymes being more basic and hydrolytic enzymes being more acidic than other classes of enzymes. The bimodal distribution can be explained in terms of the buffering effects of the charged amino acids. Most proteins would thus appear to be charged at neutral pH values."}
{"id": "PMID:879711", "title": "The frequency in Japanese of genetic variants of 22 proteins. I. Albumin, ceruloplasmin, haptoglobin, and transferrin.", "content": "This paper presents the results of an electrophoretic survey of approximately 4000 individuals from the cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, Japan, for four serum proteins: albumin, ceruloplasmin, haptoglobin and transferrin. The haptoglobin gene frequencies obtained for the HP1-HP2 polymorphism are in agreement with earlier reports. Rare electrophoretic variants of albumin, ceruloplasmin and haptoglobin occur with frequencies of 2-48, 0-50 and 0-58 per 1000 determinations, respectively. The noteworthy finding of 8 distinct transferrin variants in these populations, with a combined frequency of 20-90 per 1000 determinations, is also presented. Four of these variants (Dchi, B1, B3, and DHIR2 which corresponds electrophoretically to D4) have been reported in other populations in Japan, but the other five have not previously been differentiated.", "contents": "The frequency in Japanese of genetic variants of 22 proteins. I. Albumin, ceruloplasmin, haptoglobin, and transferrin. This paper presents the results of an electrophoretic survey of approximately 4000 individuals from the cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, Japan, for four serum proteins: albumin, ceruloplasmin, haptoglobin and transferrin. The haptoglobin gene frequencies obtained for the HP1-HP2 polymorphism are in agreement with earlier reports. Rare electrophoretic variants of albumin, ceruloplasmin and haptoglobin occur with frequencies of 2-48, 0-50 and 0-58 per 1000 determinations, respectively. The noteworthy finding of 8 distinct transferrin variants in these populations, with a combined frequency of 20-90 per 1000 determinations, is also presented. Four of these variants (Dchi, B1, B3, and DHIR2 which corresponds electrophoretically to D4) have been reported in other populations in Japan, but the other five have not previously been differentiated."}
{"id": "PMID:879712", "title": "Visual classification of banded human chromosomes ii. classification and karyotyping of integrated density profiles.", "content": "Visual classification and karyotyping of 897 integrated density profiles generated from straight and non-overlapping chromosomes from 22 trypsin-banded metaphases of average quality was carried out and evaluated. The results were compared with visual classification of photographic prints of the same 897 chromosomes. The experiments were carried out by one observer. About 5% errors were made in classification of isolated profiles; 0-5% errors were made in karyotyping profiles and about 3% errors were made in classification of isolated chromosome prints. The reason for the small error rate obtained by karyotyping profiles as compared to the error rate when classifying isolated profiles was assumed to be the use of a priori knowledge of the composition of (normal) metaphases and the possibility of making appropriate comparisons between the individual profiles within the metaphase. Comparison between classification of isolated prints and of profiles showed different error patterns on the basis of which it was assumed that prints constitute a better basis for visual classification than profiles. The results seemed to indicate two ways of improving computer classification of banded chromosomes: (1) information of value in the chromosomes (band pattern, shape etc.) should be extracted from the digitized chromosome image in a manner superior to the simple integration by which profiles are produced; (2) computer karyotyping should simulate the human method, thus taking advantage of a priori knowledge of the composition of the metaphases and being able to make appropriate comparisons between individual chromosomes.", "contents": "Visual classification of banded human chromosomes ii. classification and karyotyping of integrated density profiles. Visual classification and karyotyping of 897 integrated density profiles generated from straight and non-overlapping chromosomes from 22 trypsin-banded metaphases of average quality was carried out and evaluated. The results were compared with visual classification of photographic prints of the same 897 chromosomes. The experiments were carried out by one observer. About 5% errors were made in classification of isolated profiles; 0-5% errors were made in karyotyping profiles and about 3% errors were made in classification of isolated chromosome prints. The reason for the small error rate obtained by karyotyping profiles as compared to the error rate when classifying isolated profiles was assumed to be the use of a priori knowledge of the composition of (normal) metaphases and the possibility of making appropriate comparisons between the individual profiles within the metaphase. Comparison between classification of isolated prints and of profiles showed different error patterns on the basis of which it was assumed that prints constitute a better basis for visual classification than profiles. The results seemed to indicate two ways of improving computer classification of banded chromosomes: (1) information of value in the chromosomes (band pattern, shape etc.) should be extracted from the digitized chromosome image in a manner superior to the simple integration by which profiles are produced; (2) computer karyotyping should simulate the human method, thus taking advantage of a priori knowledge of the composition of the metaphases and being able to make appropriate comparisons between individual chromosomes."}
{"id": "PMID:879713", "title": "Counting methods (EM algorithm) in human pedigree analysis: linkage and segregation analysis.", "content": "The likelihood of human pedigree data can be written in such a form as to allow the computation of derivatives. This is done for various parameters in linkage and segregation analysis. The equations for the maximum likelihood estimates are represented in a particularly appealing form which allows iterative solutions. This process is an extension to pedigress of Smith's (1957) counting methods. All these procedures belong to a general class of MLE methods for incomplete data called EM algorithms (Dempster et al. 1976).", "contents": "Counting methods (EM algorithm) in human pedigree analysis: linkage and segregation analysis. The likelihood of human pedigree data can be written in such a form as to allow the computation of derivatives. This is done for various parameters in linkage and segregation analysis. The equations for the maximum likelihood estimates are represented in a particularly appealing form which allows iterative solutions. This process is an extension to pedigress of Smith's (1957) counting methods. All these procedures belong to a general class of MLE methods for incomplete data called EM algorithms (Dempster et al. 1976)."}
{"id": "PMID:879714", "title": "A new model for measuring breeding genetic distance.", "content": "A model is proposed for measuring the genetic 'distance' between two populations having gene frequencies p and p. The measure of distance is based on a hypothetical selection process as follows: From population P a subpopulation P can be selected having gene frequency p. Let Po be the largest subpopulation yielding gene frequency p, then the relative size of Po to p--denoted by thetao (p,p)--is a measure of the 'closeness' of populations having gene frequencies p and p, and 1-thetao (p,p) whould be a reasonable measure of genetic distance. We show that the calculation of thetao (p,p) is a special case of the linear programming problem and derive algebraic expressions for thetao (p,p) in the two-allele case. We discuse some of the implications of the use of this measure of distance and compare it to others which have been proposed. We use linear programming methods to calculate genetic distance for three alleles.", "contents": "A new model for measuring breeding genetic distance. A model is proposed for measuring the genetic 'distance' between two populations having gene frequencies p and p. The measure of distance is based on a hypothetical selection process as follows: From population P a subpopulation P can be selected having gene frequency p. Let Po be the largest subpopulation yielding gene frequency p, then the relative size of Po to p--denoted by thetao (p,p)--is a measure of the 'closeness' of populations having gene frequencies p and p, and 1-thetao (p,p) whould be a reasonable measure of genetic distance. We show that the calculation of thetao (p,p) is a special case of the linear programming problem and derive algebraic expressions for thetao (p,p) in the two-allele case. We discuse some of the implications of the use of this measure of distance and compare it to others which have been proposed. We use linear programming methods to calculate genetic distance for three alleles."}
{"id": "PMID:879715", "title": "A note on genetic distance.", "content": "Various definitions of 'genetic distance' and 'frequency distance' are considered, together with the purposes for which they are used. There are at least seven simple definitions of 'genetic distance' which agree closely with each other and with a Mahalonobis-type D2 for qualitative characters, whereas other proposed definitions are mostly based on quite different approaches. The Mahalanobis-type definitions are also related to random drift.", "contents": "A note on genetic distance. Various definitions of 'genetic distance' and 'frequency distance' are considered, together with the purposes for which they are used. There are at least seven simple definitions of 'genetic distance' which agree closely with each other and with a Mahalonobis-type D2 for qualitative characters, whereas other proposed definitions are mostly based on quite different approaches. The Mahalanobis-type definitions are also related to random drift."}
{"id": "PMID:879716", "title": "Inbreeding in Norway.", "content": "In Norway specified information of marriages between second cousins and closer relations has been recorded in the marriage certificates since January 1889. In addition, information was collected in the 1891 census and in the Medical Registration of Births (established in 1967). A ratio of second- to first-cousin marriages equal to or greater than 2 has been taken as some evidence indicating reliability of the source of data. Using this criterion, the information in the Medical Registration of Births seems most reliable, and that in the 1891 census possibly of similar accuracy. On the other hand, from 1890 the marriage certificates are unreliable with regard to the proportion of second-cousin marriages (ratio less than 1), and with regard to the proportion of first-cousin marriages from 1919. The present inbreeding in Norway is low (alpha4 = 0-000242), approximately one-eighth of the estimated level according to the 1891 census. The greatest reduction in inbreeding probably occurred after 1920.", "contents": "Inbreeding in Norway. In Norway specified information of marriages between second cousins and closer relations has been recorded in the marriage certificates since January 1889. In addition, information was collected in the 1891 census and in the Medical Registration of Births (established in 1967). A ratio of second- to first-cousin marriages equal to or greater than 2 has been taken as some evidence indicating reliability of the source of data. Using this criterion, the information in the Medical Registration of Births seems most reliable, and that in the 1891 census possibly of similar accuracy. On the other hand, from 1890 the marriage certificates are unreliable with regard to the proportion of second-cousin marriages (ratio less than 1), and with regard to the proportion of first-cousin marriages from 1919. The present inbreeding in Norway is low (alpha4 = 0-000242), approximately one-eighth of the estimated level according to the 1891 census. The greatest reduction in inbreeding probably occurred after 1920."}
{"id": "PMID:879720", "title": "[Effect of the pH of the medium on the growth of a carminomycin producer and on the biosynthesis of the carminomycin complex].", "content": "The effect of the nutrient medium acidity on the growth of the carminomycin-producing organism and formation of the carminomycin complex with its aid was studied. Satisfactory development of the organism was observed when pH of the nutrient medium on the culture inoculation was 4.9 to 8.5. A shift in the alkaline and acid values of pH to 6.3--6.4 was registered during the first 24 hours of the culture growth. The biosynthesis of carminomycin depended on the culture growth time and pH value of the nutrient medium and culture fluid during the fermentation process. Maximum production of the carminomycin complex and its active components was observed on the 7th--8th day of the culture growth. The medium reaction close to the neutral one was optimal for biosynthesis of the carminomycin complex and its active components. Under acid, as well as alkaline conditions the antibiotic production was markedly lower.", "contents": "[Effect of the pH of the medium on the growth of a carminomycin producer and on the biosynthesis of the carminomycin complex]. The effect of the nutrient medium acidity on the growth of the carminomycin-producing organism and formation of the carminomycin complex with its aid was studied. Satisfactory development of the organism was observed when pH of the nutrient medium on the culture inoculation was 4.9 to 8.5. A shift in the alkaline and acid values of pH to 6.3--6.4 was registered during the first 24 hours of the culture growth. The biosynthesis of carminomycin depended on the culture growth time and pH value of the nutrient medium and culture fluid during the fermentation process. Maximum production of the carminomycin complex and its active components was observed on the 7th--8th day of the culture growth. The medium reaction close to the neutral one was optimal for biosynthesis of the carminomycin complex and its active components. Under acid, as well as alkaline conditions the antibiotic production was markedly lower."}
{"id": "PMID:879721", "title": "[Spontaneous variability of Actinomyces werraensis].", "content": "The study of spontaneous variation of Act. werraensis not subjected to the treatment with mutagens and stabilizing selection revealed 6 variants within the homologous series of hereditary variation of apigmental actinomyces. The example of revealing the proactinomycete-like variants in Act. werraensis confirmed the prognosticating principle of the homologous series law in the hereditary variation of actinomycetes. Correlation between the cultural and morphological features of the spontaneous variants and the antibiotic-production level was shown. It was found that the variants of Act. werraensis had a high variation coefficient characteristic of the wild type actinomycetes. A possibility of increasing the biosynthetic activity of Act. werraensis by selection of spontaneous variants with artificial mutagenesis was shown.", "contents": "[Spontaneous variability of Actinomyces werraensis]. The study of spontaneous variation of Act. werraensis not subjected to the treatment with mutagens and stabilizing selection revealed 6 variants within the homologous series of hereditary variation of apigmental actinomyces. The example of revealing the proactinomycete-like variants in Act. werraensis confirmed the prognosticating principle of the homologous series law in the hereditary variation of actinomycetes. Correlation between the cultural and morphological features of the spontaneous variants and the antibiotic-production level was shown. It was found that the variants of Act. werraensis had a high variation coefficient characteristic of the wild type actinomycetes. A possibility of increasing the biosynthetic activity of Act. werraensis by selection of spontaneous variants with artificial mutagenesis was shown."}
{"id": "PMID:879722", "title": "[Comparative study of the action of streptomycin on the variability of levorin and amphotericin B producers].", "content": "The study of the effect of streptomycin on viability of Act. levoris, strain LIA=0868 producing levorin and Act. nodosus, strain LIA-0861 producing amphotericin B showed that streptomycin had a lethal effect which increased with increasing of its concentration from I to 6 gamma/ml. While the lethal effect of streptomycin on the above cultures was comparatively the same, it had a selective effect on the levorin-producing organism and a marked inhibitory effect on the amphotericin B-producing organism. The selective effect of streptomycin was evident from inhibition of some types of the morphological mutants and variants characterized by a high level of levorin production and from selection of streptomycin-resistant variants. The inhibitory effect of streptomycin was evident from a marked increase in the number of the morphologically changed colonies and variants characterized by a low level of the antibiotic production.", "contents": "[Comparative study of the action of streptomycin on the variability of levorin and amphotericin B producers]. The study of the effect of streptomycin on viability of Act. levoris, strain LIA=0868 producing levorin and Act. nodosus, strain LIA-0861 producing amphotericin B showed that streptomycin had a lethal effect which increased with increasing of its concentration from I to 6 gamma/ml. While the lethal effect of streptomycin on the above cultures was comparatively the same, it had a selective effect on the levorin-producing organism and a marked inhibitory effect on the amphotericin B-producing organism. The selective effect of streptomycin was evident from inhibition of some types of the morphological mutants and variants characterized by a high level of levorin production and from selection of streptomycin-resistant variants. The inhibitory effect of streptomycin was evident from a marked increase in the number of the morphologically changed colonies and variants characterized by a low level of the antibiotic production."}
{"id": "PMID:879723", "title": "[Lipid makeup of the initial and selected strains of Actinomyces levoris and Streptoverticillium mycoheptinicum in the process of antibiotic synthesis].", "content": "The study of the lipid composition showed that the rate of the changes in the fatty acid composition of neutral lipids and phospholipids in the selected strains was higher than that in the initial strains. The medium composition had the decisive effect on the fractional and fatty acid spectrum of the mycelium lipids. When the antibiotic-producing organisms were grown on the synthetic medium the phospholipids were the predominating fractions (70--90 per cent of the total lipids), while with the use of organic medium they amounted only to 30--40 per cent. The data were evident of complex correlation between the synthesis of fatty acids and polyenic antibiotics, i.e. levorin and mycoheptin.", "contents": "[Lipid makeup of the initial and selected strains of Actinomyces levoris and Streptoverticillium mycoheptinicum in the process of antibiotic synthesis]. The study of the lipid composition showed that the rate of the changes in the fatty acid composition of neutral lipids and phospholipids in the selected strains was higher than that in the initial strains. The medium composition had the decisive effect on the fractional and fatty acid spectrum of the mycelium lipids. When the antibiotic-producing organisms were grown on the synthetic medium the phospholipids were the predominating fractions (70--90 per cent of the total lipids), while with the use of organic medium they amounted only to 30--40 per cent. The data were evident of complex correlation between the synthesis of fatty acids and polyenic antibiotics, i.e. levorin and mycoheptin."}
{"id": "PMID:879724", "title": "[Acid-base equilibrium of D-(--)-alpha-aminophenylacetic acid].", "content": "Potentiometric titration was performed and the ioniziation macroconstants of D-(--)-alpha-aminophenylacetic acid and its methyl ether were determined. The constants were used for estimation of 4 microconstants of D-(--)-alpha-aminophenylacetic acid and the constants of the tautomeric equilibrium of the zwitter-ionic and neutral forms of the amino acid. Minimum solubility of D-(--)-alpha-aminophenylacetic acid was determined and pH-dependence of its solubility was estimated.", "contents": "[Acid-base equilibrium of D-(--)-alpha-aminophenylacetic acid]. Potentiometric titration was performed and the ioniziation macroconstants of D-(--)-alpha-aminophenylacetic acid and its methyl ether were determined. The constants were used for estimation of 4 microconstants of D-(--)-alpha-aminophenylacetic acid and the constants of the tautomeric equilibrium of the zwitter-ionic and neutral forms of the amino acid. Minimum solubility of D-(--)-alpha-aminophenylacetic acid was determined and pH-dependence of its solubility was estimated."}
{"id": "PMID:879725", "title": "[Stability of the amidine analogs of penicillin and deacetoxycephalosporin to the penicillinase of Bacillus licheniformis 749/c].", "content": "Fermentative hydrolysis of 3 derivatives of 6-beta-amidinopenicillanic acid and I derivative of 7-beta-amidinodeacetoxycephalosporanic acid by penicillinase produced by Bacillus licheniformis 749/c was studied. It was found that 6-beta-[(hexahydro-IH-azepin-I-yl) methyleneamino] penicillanic acid, 6-beta-(N1 N-dimethylformamidino-N1) penicillanic acid and 6-beta [(morpholin-I-yl) methylenemino] penicillanic acid were hydrolyzed by the enzyme 50, 70, and 160 times respectively slower than benzylpenicillin. 7-beta-[(Hexahydro-IH-azepin-I-yl)' methylenemino] deacetoxycephalosporanic acid proved to be at least 10 times more stable to the effect of penicillinase than methicillin. In addition unlike the amidine analogues of penicillin the above compound had an inhibitory effect on penicillinase produced by Bacillus licheniformis 749/c.", "contents": "[Stability of the amidine analogs of penicillin and deacetoxycephalosporin to the penicillinase of Bacillus licheniformis 749/c]. Fermentative hydrolysis of 3 derivatives of 6-beta-amidinopenicillanic acid and I derivative of 7-beta-amidinodeacetoxycephalosporanic acid by penicillinase produced by Bacillus licheniformis 749/c was studied. It was found that 6-beta-[(hexahydro-IH-azepin-I-yl) methyleneamino] penicillanic acid, 6-beta-(N1 N-dimethylformamidino-N1) penicillanic acid and 6-beta [(morpholin-I-yl) methylenemino] penicillanic acid were hydrolyzed by the enzyme 50, 70, and 160 times respectively slower than benzylpenicillin. 7-beta-[(Hexahydro-IH-azepin-I-yl)' methylenemino] deacetoxycephalosporanic acid proved to be at least 10 times more stable to the effect of penicillinase than methicillin. In addition unlike the amidine analogues of penicillin the above compound had an inhibitory effect on penicillinase produced by Bacillus licheniformis 749/c."}
{"id": "PMID:879726", "title": "[Effect of gentamicin on the state of cellular resistance].", "content": "The effect of gentamicin on the functional state of the cells of the reticuloendothelial system (RES) of the abdominal cavity of mouse macrophages and the cell culture of the rabbit embryon kidneys was studied. Gentamicin administered intramuscularly in multiple doses of I and 10 mg/kg for 6--14 days did not induce significant changes in the absorptive activity of the RES. In doses of 20 and 40 mg/kg gentamicin induced some inhibition of the absorptive activity of the abdominal cavity macrophages, which was accompanied by a decrease in the content of the total protein and an increase in the activity of the acid phosphatase in the cell cytoplasm. The changes were reversible and persisted for not more than 48 hours after the last administration of the antibiotic. Gentamicin inhibited the cell growth in the culture of the rabbit embryon kidneys in concentrations higher than 1000 mg/kg, LD50 of gentamicin for mice weighing 20--22 gm being 244 mg/kg. Preliminary administration of amigluracyl provided a decrease in the toxic effect of gentamicin in both the cell culture and the host, which was possibly associated with the anabolyzing effect of amigluracyl.", "contents": "[Effect of gentamicin on the state of cellular resistance]. The effect of gentamicin on the functional state of the cells of the reticuloendothelial system (RES) of the abdominal cavity of mouse macrophages and the cell culture of the rabbit embryon kidneys was studied. Gentamicin administered intramuscularly in multiple doses of I and 10 mg/kg for 6--14 days did not induce significant changes in the absorptive activity of the RES. In doses of 20 and 40 mg/kg gentamicin induced some inhibition of the absorptive activity of the abdominal cavity macrophages, which was accompanied by a decrease in the content of the total protein and an increase in the activity of the acid phosphatase in the cell cytoplasm. The changes were reversible and persisted for not more than 48 hours after the last administration of the antibiotic. Gentamicin inhibited the cell growth in the culture of the rabbit embryon kidneys in concentrations higher than 1000 mg/kg, LD50 of gentamicin for mice weighing 20--22 gm being 244 mg/kg. Preliminary administration of amigluracyl provided a decrease in the toxic effect of gentamicin in both the cell culture and the host, which was possibly associated with the anabolyzing effect of amigluracyl."}
{"id": "PMID:879727", "title": "[Viability of a Bac. licheniformis 749/c culture and its formation of penicillinase during storage in the lyophilized state].", "content": "The amount of the enzyme produced and the colony morphology of Bac. licheniformis 749/C, the penicillinase-producing organism were studied after storage for 3 years in ampoules at a temperature of 4--10 degrees C, in lyophilized form in sodium glutamate, polyvinylpirrolidone, their mixture and horse serum. The highest rate of the culture growth was observed after storage in lyophlized form in sodium glutamate, though the culture was vialable in all other protective media. Two culture types approximately in an equal ratio were observed in the population platings of the culture lyophilized in various protective media.", "contents": "[Viability of a Bac. licheniformis 749/c culture and its formation of penicillinase during storage in the lyophilized state]. The amount of the enzyme produced and the colony morphology of Bac. licheniformis 749/C, the penicillinase-producing organism were studied after storage for 3 years in ampoules at a temperature of 4--10 degrees C, in lyophilized form in sodium glutamate, polyvinylpirrolidone, their mixture and horse serum. The highest rate of the culture growth was observed after storage in lyophlized form in sodium glutamate, though the culture was vialable in all other protective media. Two culture types approximately in an equal ratio were observed in the population platings of the culture lyophilized in various protective media."}
{"id": "PMID:879728", "title": "[Antibiotic sensitivity of bacteria isolated in association with fungi].", "content": "Sensitivity of bacteria isolated from the bronchial contents of 414 patients with chronic non-specific lung diseases was studied with respect to 8 antibiotics. A significant decrease in the antibiotic sensitivity of cocci, i. e. staphylococci and streptococci isolated in association with fungi, i. e. Candida, Aspergillus and Penicillium was shown. The results of the study were confirmed experimentally in mixed incubation of the staphylococci with Candida albicans in vitro.", "contents": "[Antibiotic sensitivity of bacteria isolated in association with fungi]. Sensitivity of bacteria isolated from the bronchial contents of 414 patients with chronic non-specific lung diseases was studied with respect to 8 antibiotics. A significant decrease in the antibiotic sensitivity of cocci, i. e. staphylococci and streptococci isolated in association with fungi, i. e. Candida, Aspergillus and Penicillium was shown. The results of the study were confirmed experimentally in mixed incubation of the staphylococci with Candida albicans in vitro."}
{"id": "PMID:879729", "title": "[Experimental study of the mutagenic activity of gentamicin sulfate in relation to the causative agent of plague].", "content": "Gentamicin sulfate was studied with an aim of obtaining mutants of the plague microbe with a changed character of requirements in the growth factors. The antibiotic provided a high yield of auxotrophic mutants and induced streptomycin resistance in some cells. Mutants with single dependence on arginine, leucine, histidine and uracyl were most often. Comparison of the data obtained with gentamicin and those obtained with other chemical mutagens showed that gentamicin by its mutagenic activity was only slightly inferior than the preparations of the group of supermutagens.", "contents": "[Experimental study of the mutagenic activity of gentamicin sulfate in relation to the causative agent of plague]. Gentamicin sulfate was studied with an aim of obtaining mutants of the plague microbe with a changed character of requirements in the growth factors. The antibiotic provided a high yield of auxotrophic mutants and induced streptomycin resistance in some cells. Mutants with single dependence on arginine, leucine, histidine and uracyl were most often. Comparison of the data obtained with gentamicin and those obtained with other chemical mutagens showed that gentamicin by its mutagenic activity was only slightly inferior than the preparations of the group of supermutagens."}
{"id": "PMID:879730", "title": "[Study of the pharmacokinetics of dicloxacillin used parenterally in an experiment].", "content": "Dicloxacillin was superior to oxacillin in the maximum levels and retention time in the blood of dogs and rats. Dicloxacillin was intensively excreted by the kidneys for 3 hours. For 24 hours 62 per cent of the drug was excreted with the urine. In intravenous administration to animals the peaks of the antibiotics levels in the blood and internal organs were achieved at earlier periods, while the circulation time was shorter than in intramuscular administration. The intramuscular use of the drugs had no advantages in the kinetics against the oral use.", "contents": "[Study of the pharmacokinetics of dicloxacillin used parenterally in an experiment]. Dicloxacillin was superior to oxacillin in the maximum levels and retention time in the blood of dogs and rats. Dicloxacillin was intensively excreted by the kidneys for 3 hours. For 24 hours 62 per cent of the drug was excreted with the urine. In intravenous administration to animals the peaks of the antibiotics levels in the blood and internal organs were achieved at earlier periods, while the circulation time was shorter than in intramuscular administration. The intramuscular use of the drugs had no advantages in the kinetics against the oral use."}
{"id": "PMID:879731", "title": "[Basis for the administration of streptomycin and isoniazid in ultrasonic aerosols in the treatment of intrathoracic tuberculosis].", "content": "A total of 257 patients with intrathoracic tuberculosis were observed. The levels of streptomycin and isoniazide in the blood and lung tissue (132 resections) were studied comparatively after their administration by different routes (ultrasonic inhalation, per os and intramuscularly) in the doses of 1.0 and 0.6 gm of streptomycin and isoniazide respectively. On the basis of the data of the study it was conlcuded that concentrations of the tuberculostatic agents in the healthy ares of the lung tissue and the walls of the tuberculosis focus were much higher after the drug administration by the routine methods and remained at the minimum bacteriostatic level for 48 hours. Therefore, there is basis for considering administration of streptomycin and isoniazide in the form of ultrasonic aerosols quite justified in treatment of patients with intrathoracic tuberculosis since this administration route provided high levels of the drugs in the disease foci which meets the requirement of local therapy.", "contents": "[Basis for the administration of streptomycin and isoniazid in ultrasonic aerosols in the treatment of intrathoracic tuberculosis]. A total of 257 patients with intrathoracic tuberculosis were observed. The levels of streptomycin and isoniazide in the blood and lung tissue (132 resections) were studied comparatively after their administration by different routes (ultrasonic inhalation, per os and intramuscularly) in the doses of 1.0 and 0.6 gm of streptomycin and isoniazide respectively. On the basis of the data of the study it was conlcuded that concentrations of the tuberculostatic agents in the healthy ares of the lung tissue and the walls of the tuberculosis focus were much higher after the drug administration by the routine methods and remained at the minimum bacteriostatic level for 48 hours. Therefore, there is basis for considering administration of streptomycin and isoniazide in the form of ultrasonic aerosols quite justified in treatment of patients with intrathoracic tuberculosis since this administration route provided high levels of the drugs in the disease foci which meets the requirement of local therapy."}
{"id": "PMID:879732", "title": "Permeability barrier to rifampin in mycobacteria.", "content": "A strain of Mycobacterium intracellulare that exhibited natural resistance to rifampin was isolated. The ribonucleic acid polymerase was found to be susceptible to rifampin. Studies with Tween 80 suggested that a permeability barrier against rifampin was present in the intact organism. A type strain of Mycobacterium smegmatis, ATCC 607, considered resistant to rifampin also demonstrated a permeability barrier. The possibility that rifampin resistance in naturally occurring strains of mycobacteria and variable levels of resistance in strains of certain species of this organism are due to permeability barriers is discussed.", "contents": "Permeability barrier to rifampin in mycobacteria. A strain of Mycobacterium intracellulare that exhibited natural resistance to rifampin was isolated. The ribonucleic acid polymerase was found to be susceptible to rifampin. Studies with Tween 80 suggested that a permeability barrier against rifampin was present in the intact organism. A type strain of Mycobacterium smegmatis, ATCC 607, considered resistant to rifampin also demonstrated a permeability barrier. The possibility that rifampin resistance in naturally occurring strains of mycobacteria and variable levels of resistance in strains of certain species of this organism are due to permeability barriers is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:879733", "title": "In vitro activity of netilmicin compared with gentamicin, tobramycin, amikacin, and kanamycin.", "content": "The in vitro activity of netilmicin was compared with that of gentamicin, tobramycin, amikacin, and kanamycin against 636 strains of bacteria recently isolated from clinical sources. Gentamicin was the most active antibiotic, but netilmicin and tobramycin closely paralleled it. Netilmicin was generally four-to eightfold less active than gentamicin against Serratia and group A streptococci, and was twofold less active against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. When effects of inoculum size and concentration of divalent cations in the media were evaluated, netilmicin was shown to be similar to gentamicin in vitro. Minimum inhibitory concentrations for P. aeruginosa were increased as much as 18-fold when the Mg(2+) and Ca(2+) concentrations were increased to physiological levels in Mueller-Hinton broth.", "contents": "In vitro activity of netilmicin compared with gentamicin, tobramycin, amikacin, and kanamycin. The in vitro activity of netilmicin was compared with that of gentamicin, tobramycin, amikacin, and kanamycin against 636 strains of bacteria recently isolated from clinical sources. Gentamicin was the most active antibiotic, but netilmicin and tobramycin closely paralleled it. Netilmicin was generally four-to eightfold less active than gentamicin against Serratia and group A streptococci, and was twofold less active against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. When effects of inoculum size and concentration of divalent cations in the media were evaluated, netilmicin was shown to be similar to gentamicin in vitro. Minimum inhibitory concentrations for P. aeruginosa were increased as much as 18-fold when the Mg(2+) and Ca(2+) concentrations were increased to physiological levels in Mueller-Hinton broth."}
{"id": "PMID:879734", "title": "Amphotericin B and filipin effects on L and HeLa cells: dose response.", "content": "Amphotericin B (AmB) and filipin effects on L and HeLa cells were compared by monitoring drug-induced potassium leakage from cells, changes in radioactive uridine incorporation into cellular ribonucleic acid, protein leakage from cells, and cell viability. L cells were much more susceptible to both AmB and filipin than were HeLa cells, but the overall dose response was similar. For AmB, the various effects were easily separable. Potassium leakage occurred at the lowest concentrations of AmB and was reversible. Inhibition of uridine incorporation and loss of viability occurred at intermediate levels, and protein loss occurred at higher levels. In contrast, filipin was much more potent; its effects on potassium leakage were only minimally reversible, and the separation of the permeabilizing effects from complete cell lysis was possible only over a limited concentration range and for a short time.", "contents": "Amphotericin B and filipin effects on L and HeLa cells: dose response. Amphotericin B (AmB) and filipin effects on L and HeLa cells were compared by monitoring drug-induced potassium leakage from cells, changes in radioactive uridine incorporation into cellular ribonucleic acid, protein leakage from cells, and cell viability. L cells were much more susceptible to both AmB and filipin than were HeLa cells, but the overall dose response was similar. For AmB, the various effects were easily separable. Potassium leakage occurred at the lowest concentrations of AmB and was reversible. Inhibition of uridine incorporation and loss of viability occurred at intermediate levels, and protein loss occurred at higher levels. In contrast, filipin was much more potent; its effects on potassium leakage were only minimally reversible, and the separation of the permeabilizing effects from complete cell lysis was possible only over a limited concentration range and for a short time."}
{"id": "PMID:879735", "title": "Effect of probenecid on the blood levels and urinary excretion of cefamandole.", "content": "Two oral 0.5-g doses of probenecid given 7 and 1 h before a single 1-g intramuscular dose of cefamandole resulted in higher serum levels of cefamandole than when cefamandole was given alone: 37 versus 20 mug per ml of serum, respectively. Cefamandole was not measurable (<0.3 mug/ml) at 8 h when it was given alone, whereas an average 8-h value of 2.9 mug/ml was obtained after pretreatment with probenecid. By prolonging the duration of these high cefamandole levels, probenecid should permit the treatment of more serious clinical infections, including those due to relatively resistant organisms, or permit a reduction in either the dosage of cefamandole or the frequency of administration.", "contents": "Effect of probenecid on the blood levels and urinary excretion of cefamandole. Two oral 0.5-g doses of probenecid given 7 and 1 h before a single 1-g intramuscular dose of cefamandole resulted in higher serum levels of cefamandole than when cefamandole was given alone: 37 versus 20 mug per ml of serum, respectively. Cefamandole was not measurable (<0.3 mug/ml) at 8 h when it was given alone, whereas an average 8-h value of 2.9 mug/ml was obtained after pretreatment with probenecid. By prolonging the duration of these high cefamandole levels, probenecid should permit the treatment of more serious clinical infections, including those due to relatively resistant organisms, or permit a reduction in either the dosage of cefamandole or the frequency of administration."}
{"id": "PMID:879736", "title": "Synergistic action of erythromycin and cefamandole against Bacteroides fragilis subsp. fragilis.", "content": "Erythromycin and cefamandole have exhibited synergistic activity against eight strains of Bacteroides fragilis subsp. fragilis. In concentrations of only 0.25 to 0.5 mug of erythromycin per ml (easily obtainable with oral therapy), less than 0.4 mug (0.015 to 1.0) of cefamandole per ml inhibited the B. fragilis strains. In the presence of the erythromycin, the potency of cefamandole was increased more than 100-fold. On the basis of the mechanism of action of these two antibiotics, the synergism may be related to inhibition of beta-lactamase formation by the erythromycin, removal of the bacterial cell wall by the cefamandole permitting erythromycin penetration to the ribosomal level, and decreasing inoculum effect.", "contents": "Synergistic action of erythromycin and cefamandole against Bacteroides fragilis subsp. fragilis. Erythromycin and cefamandole have exhibited synergistic activity against eight strains of Bacteroides fragilis subsp. fragilis. In concentrations of only 0.25 to 0.5 mug of erythromycin per ml (easily obtainable with oral therapy), less than 0.4 mug (0.015 to 1.0) of cefamandole per ml inhibited the B. fragilis strains. In the presence of the erythromycin, the potency of cefamandole was increased more than 100-fold. On the basis of the mechanism of action of these two antibiotics, the synergism may be related to inhibition of beta-lactamase formation by the erythromycin, removal of the bacterial cell wall by the cefamandole permitting erythromycin penetration to the ribosomal level, and decreasing inoculum effect."}
{"id": "PMID:879737", "title": "Renal pharmacology of netilmicin.", "content": "Netilmicin (Sch 20569), a new semisynthetic aminoglycoside, was studied for its effects on kidney function and mechanisms by which it is handled by the kidneys. Measurements of glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and urinalysis in chronic rat studies indicated that the nephrotoxicity of netilmicin was remarkably less than that of gentamicin. Gentamicin caused a dose-related reduction in GFR in association with glucosuria and elevated fractional excretion of K(+). By contrast, high doses of netilmicin produced only slight reduction in GFR with increased fractional excretion of K(+) but without glucosuria. In separate experiments, rats were shown to excrete 71 to 90% of netilmicin or gentamicin in 24 h after daily intramuscular administration of doses of 20 or 40 mg/kg for 4 days. In acute experiments on anesthetized dogs, GFR and renal plasma flow were unaffected at serum levels of 11.0 +/- 0.6 mug/ml maintained by constant infusion of netilmicin for 5 h. The renal clearance of netilmicin was significantly correlated with GFR. The urinary output of netilmicin was 80.0 +/- 4.2% of the infusion rate and was independent of urine flow over the range of 0.04 to 0.33 ml/kg per min. Preferential accumulation of netilmicin occurred in the renal cortex; the cortex-serum and medulla-serum ratios were 9.9 +/- 1.2 and 4.2 +/- 0.6, respectively. In addition, the extraction ratio of netilmicin, which was lower than that of inulin, suggested that netilmicin reabsorption occurs in the proximal tubule and results in cortical accumulation. It is concluded that netilmicin, like gentamicin, is excreted by the dog kidney by glomerular filtration plus limited reabsorption. However, the new drug is characterized by low intrinsic nephrotoxicity in rats.", "contents": "Renal pharmacology of netilmicin. Netilmicin (Sch 20569), a new semisynthetic aminoglycoside, was studied for its effects on kidney function and mechanisms by which it is handled by the kidneys. Measurements of glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and urinalysis in chronic rat studies indicated that the nephrotoxicity of netilmicin was remarkably less than that of gentamicin. Gentamicin caused a dose-related reduction in GFR in association with glucosuria and elevated fractional excretion of K(+). By contrast, high doses of netilmicin produced only slight reduction in GFR with increased fractional excretion of K(+) but without glucosuria. In separate experiments, rats were shown to excrete 71 to 90% of netilmicin or gentamicin in 24 h after daily intramuscular administration of doses of 20 or 40 mg/kg for 4 days. In acute experiments on anesthetized dogs, GFR and renal plasma flow were unaffected at serum levels of 11.0 +/- 0.6 mug/ml maintained by constant infusion of netilmicin for 5 h. The renal clearance of netilmicin was significantly correlated with GFR. The urinary output of netilmicin was 80.0 +/- 4.2% of the infusion rate and was independent of urine flow over the range of 0.04 to 0.33 ml/kg per min. Preferential accumulation of netilmicin occurred in the renal cortex; the cortex-serum and medulla-serum ratios were 9.9 +/- 1.2 and 4.2 +/- 0.6, respectively. In addition, the extraction ratio of netilmicin, which was lower than that of inulin, suggested that netilmicin reabsorption occurs in the proximal tubule and results in cortical accumulation. It is concluded that netilmicin, like gentamicin, is excreted by the dog kidney by glomerular filtration plus limited reabsorption. However, the new drug is characterized by low intrinsic nephrotoxicity in rats."}
{"id": "PMID:879738", "title": "Clavulanic acid: a beta-lactamase-inhiting beta-lactam from Streptomyces clavuligerus.", "content": "A novel beta-lactamase inhibitor has been isolated from Streptomyces clavuligerus ATCC 27064 and given the name clavulanic acid. Conditions for the cultivation of the organism and detection and isolation of clavulanic acid are described. This compound resembles the nucleus of a penicillin but differs in having no acylamino side chain, having oxygen instead of sulfur, and containing a beta-hydroxyethylidine substituent in the oxazolidine ring. Clavulanic acid is a potent inhibitor of many beta-lactamases, including those found in Escherichia coli (plasmid mediated), Klebsiella aerogenes, Proteus mirabilis, and Staphylococcus aureus, the inhibition being of a progressive type. The cephalosporinase type of beta-lactamase found in Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Enterobacter cloacae P99 and the chromosomally mediated beta-lactamase of E. coli are less well inhibited. The minimum inhibitory concentrations of ampicillin and cephaloridine against beta-lactamase-producing, penicillin-resistant strains of S. aureus, K. aerogenes, P. mirabilis, and E. coli have been shown to be considerably reduced by the addition of low concentrations of clavulanic acid.", "contents": "Clavulanic acid: a beta-lactamase-inhiting beta-lactam from Streptomyces clavuligerus. A novel beta-lactamase inhibitor has been isolated from Streptomyces clavuligerus ATCC 27064 and given the name clavulanic acid. Conditions for the cultivation of the organism and detection and isolation of clavulanic acid are described. This compound resembles the nucleus of a penicillin but differs in having no acylamino side chain, having oxygen instead of sulfur, and containing a beta-hydroxyethylidine substituent in the oxazolidine ring. Clavulanic acid is a potent inhibitor of many beta-lactamases, including those found in Escherichia coli (plasmid mediated), Klebsiella aerogenes, Proteus mirabilis, and Staphylococcus aureus, the inhibition being of a progressive type. The cephalosporinase type of beta-lactamase found in Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Enterobacter cloacae P99 and the chromosomally mediated beta-lactamase of E. coli are less well inhibited. The minimum inhibitory concentrations of ampicillin and cephaloridine against beta-lactamase-producing, penicillin-resistant strains of S. aureus, K. aerogenes, P. mirabilis, and E. coli have been shown to be considerably reduced by the addition of low concentrations of clavulanic acid."}
{"id": "PMID:879739", "title": "Tolerant response of Streptococcus sanguis to beta-lactams and other cell wall inhibitors.", "content": "In contrast to group A streptococci or Streptococcus pneumoniae, cells of Streptococcus sanguis (group H) do not exhibit the irreversible effects of penicillin treatment, such as loss of viability or lysis. On the other hand, the same bacteria show typical effects of penicillin, such as morphological alterations, reduction in the rate of cell wall synthesis, and secretion of murein and lipoteichoic acid polymers into the medium. A novel effect of cell wall inhibitors was also noted: treatment with beta-lactams or with fosfomycin, d-cycloserine, or beta-halogeno-d-alanine caused the release of substantial amounts of glycerol lipids into the growth medium. The antibiotic \"tolerance\" of S. sanguis is interpreted in terms of the hypothesis that the activity of bacterial murein hydrolases is essential for the irreversible effects of cell wall inhibitors.", "contents": "Tolerant response of Streptococcus sanguis to beta-lactams and other cell wall inhibitors. In contrast to group A streptococci or Streptococcus pneumoniae, cells of Streptococcus sanguis (group H) do not exhibit the irreversible effects of penicillin treatment, such as loss of viability or lysis. On the other hand, the same bacteria show typical effects of penicillin, such as morphological alterations, reduction in the rate of cell wall synthesis, and secretion of murein and lipoteichoic acid polymers into the medium. A novel effect of cell wall inhibitors was also noted: treatment with beta-lactams or with fosfomycin, d-cycloserine, or beta-halogeno-d-alanine caused the release of substantial amounts of glycerol lipids into the growth medium. The antibiotic \"tolerance\" of S. sanguis is interpreted in terms of the hypothesis that the activity of bacterial murein hydrolases is essential for the irreversible effects of cell wall inhibitors."}
{"id": "PMID:879740", "title": "Unusual susceptibility of Erwinia amylovora to antibacterial agents in relation to the barrier function of its cell envelope.", "content": "Wild-type strains of the bacterial phytopathogen Erwinia amylovora (the cause of fire blight disease of apples and pears) are markedly susceptible to novobiocin, deoxycholate, and sodium dodecyl (= lauryl) sulfate. The inhibitory concentration, expressed as the concentration causing a 99% inhibition of growth, of these three antibacterial agents were 15 to 100, 40 to 800, and 50 to 800 mug/ml, respectively, depending on the E. amylovora strain. Growth of strains of other Erwinia spp. and Salmonella typhimurium is not affected at all, or is only slightly affected, at these concentrations. Introduction of the F'lac(+), RP1, and R100drd-56 (but not E-lac(+)) plasmids into an E. amylovora strain results in enhanced susceptibility to novobiocin and sodium dodecyl sulfate but not to deoxycholate. E. amylovora wild-type strains spontaneously release a periplasmic enzyme, cyclic phosphodiesterase, but not a cytoplasmic enzyme, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, into the growth medium. Addition of MgCl(2) (20 mM) and NaCl (84 mM) to tryptone broth stimulates the growth of wild-type E. amylovora strains and reduces or eliminates leakage of the periplasmic enzyme. Mutant strains of E. amylovora, selected for resistance to each separate antibacterial agent (or to all three of them), showed a direct correlation (in all but the novobiocin-resistant mutant) between drug resistance and reduced periplasmic leakiness. The relatively low maximum growth temperature (<37 degrees C) of E. amylovora seems unrelated to periplasmic leakage, as judged from the inability of added MgCl(2) to raise the maximum growth temperature, although the generation time at 30 degrees C is reduced from 108 to 54 min upon the addition of 20 mM MgCl(2). The extensive leakage of periplasmic enzyme and unusual drug susceptibility of E. amylovora strains might stem from some defect(s) in some cell envelope component(s) other than the lipopolysaccharide of these bacteria (which contain the usual liposaccharide constituents).", "contents": "Unusual susceptibility of Erwinia amylovora to antibacterial agents in relation to the barrier function of its cell envelope. Wild-type strains of the bacterial phytopathogen Erwinia amylovora (the cause of fire blight disease of apples and pears) are markedly susceptible to novobiocin, deoxycholate, and sodium dodecyl (= lauryl) sulfate. The inhibitory concentration, expressed as the concentration causing a 99% inhibition of growth, of these three antibacterial agents were 15 to 100, 40 to 800, and 50 to 800 mug/ml, respectively, depending on the E. amylovora strain. Growth of strains of other Erwinia spp. and Salmonella typhimurium is not affected at all, or is only slightly affected, at these concentrations. Introduction of the F'lac(+), RP1, and R100drd-56 (but not E-lac(+)) plasmids into an E. amylovora strain results in enhanced susceptibility to novobiocin and sodium dodecyl sulfate but not to deoxycholate. E. amylovora wild-type strains spontaneously release a periplasmic enzyme, cyclic phosphodiesterase, but not a cytoplasmic enzyme, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, into the growth medium. Addition of MgCl(2) (20 mM) and NaCl (84 mM) to tryptone broth stimulates the growth of wild-type E. amylovora strains and reduces or eliminates leakage of the periplasmic enzyme. Mutant strains of E. amylovora, selected for resistance to each separate antibacterial agent (or to all three of them), showed a direct correlation (in all but the novobiocin-resistant mutant) between drug resistance and reduced periplasmic leakiness. The relatively low maximum growth temperature (<37 degrees C) of E. amylovora seems unrelated to periplasmic leakage, as judged from the inability of added MgCl(2) to raise the maximum growth temperature, although the generation time at 30 degrees C is reduced from 108 to 54 min upon the addition of 20 mM MgCl(2). The extensive leakage of periplasmic enzyme and unusual drug susceptibility of E. amylovora strains might stem from some defect(s) in some cell envelope component(s) other than the lipopolysaccharide of these bacteria (which contain the usual liposaccharide constituents)."}
{"id": "PMID:879741", "title": "Extreme sensitivity of staphylococcal enterotoxin B and C production to inhibition by cerulenin.", "content": "Production of staphylococcal enterotoxins B and C was completely inhibited by concentrations of cerulenin (4 mug/ml and 2 mug/ml, respectively) that did not affect either growth rate or final growth density. Type A toxin formation was not similarly inhibited.", "contents": "Extreme sensitivity of staphylococcal enterotoxin B and C production to inhibition by cerulenin. Production of staphylococcal enterotoxins B and C was completely inhibited by concentrations of cerulenin (4 mug/ml and 2 mug/ml, respectively) that did not affect either growth rate or final growth density. Type A toxin formation was not similarly inhibited."}
{"id": "PMID:879742", "title": "Cephradine penetration into cerebrospinal fluid and effects of its administration into the cerebral ventricles of cats.", "content": "In cats that had high, sustained serum concentrations of cephradine, penetration of the drug into the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) was poor. Serum cephradine levels were, on the average, 100-fold higher than the CSF levels. On the other hand, the direct injection of cephradine into the lateral cerebral ventricles of cats yielded high CSF cephradine concentrations without evidence of central nervous system toxicity.", "contents": "Cephradine penetration into cerebrospinal fluid and effects of its administration into the cerebral ventricles of cats. In cats that had high, sustained serum concentrations of cephradine, penetration of the drug into the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) was poor. Serum cephradine levels were, on the average, 100-fold higher than the CSF levels. On the other hand, the direct injection of cephradine into the lateral cerebral ventricles of cats yielded high CSF cephradine concentrations without evidence of central nervous system toxicity."}
{"id": "PMID:879743", "title": "Susceptibility of anaerobic bacteria to cofoxitin and related compounds.", "content": "Cephalothin, cefazolin, cephradine, and cefoxitin inhibited more than 75% of 326 anaerobic bacteria in vitro, but cefoxitin was the most effective against anaerobes in general and Bacteroides fragilis in particular.", "contents": "Susceptibility of anaerobic bacteria to cofoxitin and related compounds. Cephalothin, cefazolin, cephradine, and cefoxitin inhibited more than 75% of 326 anaerobic bacteria in vitro, but cefoxitin was the most effective against anaerobes in general and Bacteroides fragilis in particular."}
{"id": "PMID:879744", "title": "Gas chromatographic determination of 5-fluorocytosine: a modified extraction method.", "content": "A modified procedure for the gas-chromatographic determination of 5-fluorocytosine in serum is described. A more volatile solvent mixture for extraction is used to reduce sample preparation time before chromatography. Comparison of values from assay of 12 serum samples by our method and the reference method gave a correlation coefficient of 0.99.", "contents": "Gas chromatographic determination of 5-fluorocytosine: a modified extraction method. A modified procedure for the gas-chromatographic determination of 5-fluorocytosine in serum is described. A more volatile solvent mixture for extraction is used to reduce sample preparation time before chromatography. Comparison of values from assay of 12 serum samples by our method and the reference method gave a correlation coefficient of 0.99."}
{"id": "PMID:879745", "title": "Absorption of orally administered nafcillin in normal healthy volunteers.", "content": "The absorption of orally administered nafcillin sodium monohydrate buffered with calcium carbonate was studied in 10 healthy human volunteers. Dosages of 500 mg and 1 g were studied in fasting and nonfasting states. There was considerable individual variation in the absorption of nafcillin, although measurable serum concentrations were obtained in all subjects. With few exceptions, peak serum concentrations were reached faster and were more predictable in the fasting state than in the nonfasting state. In the majority of subjects, food interfered with nafcillin absorption. Measurable serum concentrations persisted for 4 h in almost all subjects, but there were no or negligible serum concentrations at 6 h. The mean serum concentrations obtained in the present study were higher than those reported in an earlier study.", "contents": "Absorption of orally administered nafcillin in normal healthy volunteers. The absorption of orally administered nafcillin sodium monohydrate buffered with calcium carbonate was studied in 10 healthy human volunteers. Dosages of 500 mg and 1 g were studied in fasting and nonfasting states. There was considerable individual variation in the absorption of nafcillin, although measurable serum concentrations were obtained in all subjects. With few exceptions, peak serum concentrations were reached faster and were more predictable in the fasting state than in the nonfasting state. In the majority of subjects, food interfered with nafcillin absorption. Measurable serum concentrations persisted for 4 h in almost all subjects, but there were no or negligible serum concentrations at 6 h. The mean serum concentrations obtained in the present study were higher than those reported in an earlier study."}
{"id": "PMID:879746", "title": "In vitro studies on netilmicin, a new aminoglycoside antibiotic.", "content": "Netilmicin, a semisynthetic derivative of sisomicin, was tested in vitro against 600 clinical bacterial isolates. At a concentration of 1.56 mug/ml, over 90% of gram-negative bacilli were inhibited. Netilmicin was substantially more active against isolates of Serratia marcescens and Enterobacter spp. than gentamicin, sisomicin, tobramycin, or amikacin. Isolates of Staphylococcus aureus (both penicillin G susceptible and resistant) were quite susceptible to netilmicin. Most isolates of Klebsiella spp. and Serratia spp. and some of the isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa that were resistant to gentamicin proved to be susceptible to netilmicin.", "contents": "In vitro studies on netilmicin, a new aminoglycoside antibiotic. Netilmicin, a semisynthetic derivative of sisomicin, was tested in vitro against 600 clinical bacterial isolates. At a concentration of 1.56 mug/ml, over 90% of gram-negative bacilli were inhibited. Netilmicin was substantially more active against isolates of Serratia marcescens and Enterobacter spp. than gentamicin, sisomicin, tobramycin, or amikacin. Isolates of Staphylococcus aureus (both penicillin G susceptible and resistant) were quite susceptible to netilmicin. Most isolates of Klebsiella spp. and Serratia spp. and some of the isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa that were resistant to gentamicin proved to be susceptible to netilmicin."}
{"id": "PMID:879747", "title": "Effects of gestational age, birth weight, and hypoxemia on pharmacokinetics of amikacin in serum of infants.", "content": "The serum pharmacokinetics of amikacin were studied in 36 infants treated for suspected bacterial infection. A prolonged serum half-life was associated with the related variables of birth at an early gestational age, low birth weight, and hypoxemia. A postnatal age effect was not apparent when hypoxemic infants were excluded.", "contents": "Effects of gestational age, birth weight, and hypoxemia on pharmacokinetics of amikacin in serum of infants. The serum pharmacokinetics of amikacin were studied in 36 infants treated for suspected bacterial infection. A prolonged serum half-life was associated with the related variables of birth at an early gestational age, low birth weight, and hypoxemia. A postnatal age effect was not apparent when hypoxemic infants were excluded."}
{"id": "PMID:879748", "title": "Penetration of cefazolin into pleural fluid.", "content": "Single doses of cefazolin, 500 mg intramuscularly and 1 g intravenously, were administered to 16 patients having lung pathology who were scheduled for thoracic fluid aspiration. Pleural fluid and serum samples were taken at intervals of 30 to 240 min for determination of cefazolin levels. The levels obtained were variable; however, the levels of cefazolin in pleural fluid generally exceeded the reported minimal inhibitory concentration values for Staphylococcus pneumoniae and Staphylococcus, and group A beta-hemolytic streptococcus. In addition, the pleural fluid levels exceeded the minimal inhibitory concentration for cefazolin against most of the Klebsiella and Haemophilus influenzae strains. These data show that cefazolin, despite its comparative high protein binding, produces levels in the pleural fluid capable of inhibiting the organisms commonly found in respiratory tract infections.", "contents": "Penetration of cefazolin into pleural fluid. Single doses of cefazolin, 500 mg intramuscularly and 1 g intravenously, were administered to 16 patients having lung pathology who were scheduled for thoracic fluid aspiration. Pleural fluid and serum samples were taken at intervals of 30 to 240 min for determination of cefazolin levels. The levels obtained were variable; however, the levels of cefazolin in pleural fluid generally exceeded the reported minimal inhibitory concentration values for Staphylococcus pneumoniae and Staphylococcus, and group A beta-hemolytic streptococcus. In addition, the pleural fluid levels exceeded the minimal inhibitory concentration for cefazolin against most of the Klebsiella and Haemophilus influenzae strains. These data show that cefazolin, despite its comparative high protein binding, produces levels in the pleural fluid capable of inhibiting the organisms commonly found in respiratory tract infections."}
{"id": "PMID:879749", "title": "In vitro synergism between carbenicillin and aminoglycosidic aminocyclitols against Acinetobacter calcoaceticus var. anitratus.", "content": "Acinetobacter caleoaceticus var. anitratus is a nonfermentative, gram-negative bacillus that has been demonstrated to cause severe infections, usually in hospitalized patients. Since mild to moderate resistance of A. calcoaceticus to one or more aminoglycosidic aminocyclitols has been noted to occur, a study was undertaken to evaluate the activity of combinations of carbenicillin with either kanamycin, tobramycin, or gentamicin against 28 isolates of A. calcoaceticus obtained from clinical sources. Synergism (defined as at least 100-fold-increased killing at 24 h by the combination as compared with the most efficacious of the individual antibiotics) was demonstrated against 26 of 28 strains of A. calcoaceticus with carbenicillin plus kanamycin and carbenicillin plus tobramycin and against 25 of 28 strains with carbenicillin plus gentamicin. The median increased killing for the 28 strains was 4.2 log(10) with carbenicillin plus kanamycin and with carbenicillin plus tobramycin and 3.1 log(10) with carbenicillin plus gentamicin. The most important determinant of synergistic potential of each combination was the level of resistance of each strain of A. calcoaceticus to the aminoglycoside component of the combination.", "contents": "In vitro synergism between carbenicillin and aminoglycosidic aminocyclitols against Acinetobacter calcoaceticus var. anitratus. Acinetobacter caleoaceticus var. anitratus is a nonfermentative, gram-negative bacillus that has been demonstrated to cause severe infections, usually in hospitalized patients. Since mild to moderate resistance of A. calcoaceticus to one or more aminoglycosidic aminocyclitols has been noted to occur, a study was undertaken to evaluate the activity of combinations of carbenicillin with either kanamycin, tobramycin, or gentamicin against 28 isolates of A. calcoaceticus obtained from clinical sources. Synergism (defined as at least 100-fold-increased killing at 24 h by the combination as compared with the most efficacious of the individual antibiotics) was demonstrated against 26 of 28 strains of A. calcoaceticus with carbenicillin plus kanamycin and carbenicillin plus tobramycin and against 25 of 28 strains with carbenicillin plus gentamicin. The median increased killing for the 28 strains was 4.2 log(10) with carbenicillin plus kanamycin and with carbenicillin plus tobramycin and 3.1 log(10) with carbenicillin plus gentamicin. The most important determinant of synergistic potential of each combination was the level of resistance of each strain of A. calcoaceticus to the aminoglycoside component of the combination."}
{"id": "PMID:879750", "title": "Exudate levels and bactericidal activity of cefazolin in a new local infection system using rat granuloma pouches.", "content": "An experimental local infection system has been developed in which exudates are induced with croton oil in granuloma pouches of rats. This system provided a suitable model for the evaluation of the therapeutic effect of two antibiotics, cefazolin and cephalothin. Exudate levels of cefazolin were found to be higher than those of cephalothin, and these levels correlated with the higher serum level of cefazolin. The therapeutic effect of cefazolin, after intramuscular injection of 20 mg of each antibiotic per kg, was superior to that of cephalothin in eradicating both Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli.", "contents": "Exudate levels and bactericidal activity of cefazolin in a new local infection system using rat granuloma pouches. An experimental local infection system has been developed in which exudates are induced with croton oil in granuloma pouches of rats. This system provided a suitable model for the evaluation of the therapeutic effect of two antibiotics, cefazolin and cephalothin. Exudate levels of cefazolin were found to be higher than those of cephalothin, and these levels correlated with the higher serum level of cefazolin. The therapeutic effect of cefazolin, after intramuscular injection of 20 mg of each antibiotic per kg, was superior to that of cephalothin in eradicating both Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli."}
{"id": "PMID:879751", "title": "Uniform susceptibility of various strains of Coccidioides immitis to amphotericin B.", "content": "The susceptibility of 12 strains of Coccidioides immitis to amphotericin B (amB) was studied in vitro and in vivo. The minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the mycelial phase of these strains was 0.078 to 0.16 mug/ml after 3 days of incubation, but by 15 days all strains were inhibited by 2.5 mug/ml. Mice infected intraperitoneally with these strains were sucessfully treated with 0.5 mg of amB per kg per day. These strains included several studied by others and which reportedly varied widely in susceptibility (MIC from 0.24 to 24.01 mug/ml) to amB. Four of these strains representing this putative broad range of susceptibility were used to infect mice intranasally. Regardless of infecting strain, mice were sucessfully treated with 0.38, 0.75, and 1.5 mg/kg, but 0.19 mg/kg was only partially effective. Thus, in vivo as well as in vitro there was a uniform response of C. immitis strains to amB.", "contents": "Uniform susceptibility of various strains of Coccidioides immitis to amphotericin B. The susceptibility of 12 strains of Coccidioides immitis to amphotericin B (amB) was studied in vitro and in vivo. The minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the mycelial phase of these strains was 0.078 to 0.16 mug/ml after 3 days of incubation, but by 15 days all strains were inhibited by 2.5 mug/ml. Mice infected intraperitoneally with these strains were sucessfully treated with 0.5 mg of amB per kg per day. These strains included several studied by others and which reportedly varied widely in susceptibility (MIC from 0.24 to 24.01 mug/ml) to amB. Four of these strains representing this putative broad range of susceptibility were used to infect mice intranasally. Regardless of infecting strain, mice were sucessfully treated with 0.38, 0.75, and 1.5 mg/kg, but 0.19 mg/kg was only partially effective. Thus, in vivo as well as in vitro there was a uniform response of C. immitis strains to amB."}
{"id": "PMID:879752", "title": "Response of influenza virus-infected mice to selected doses of ribavirin administered intraperitoneally or by aerosol.", "content": "The effects of graded doses of ribavirin administered either by aerosol or intraperitoneally were compared in influenza virus-infected mice. The median effective dose values (based upon percent survival) were 3.3 and 15.8 mg/kg per day for the aerosol and intraperitoneal routes, respectively. Lung lesion scores and titer of virus were lower after aerosol than intraperitoneal therapy.", "contents": "Response of influenza virus-infected mice to selected doses of ribavirin administered intraperitoneally or by aerosol. The effects of graded doses of ribavirin administered either by aerosol or intraperitoneally were compared in influenza virus-infected mice. The median effective dose values (based upon percent survival) were 3.3 and 15.8 mg/kg per day for the aerosol and intraperitoneal routes, respectively. Lung lesion scores and titer of virus were lower after aerosol than intraperitoneal therapy."}
{"id": "PMID:879753", "title": "In vitro antibiotic susceptibility of salmonellae.", "content": "In vitro antibiotic susceptibilities were determined for 101 strains of salmonellae. Resistance to chloramphenicol and ampicillin was low. Cefamandole was active against the majority of strains and deserves further evaluation.", "contents": "In vitro antibiotic susceptibility of salmonellae. In vitro antibiotic susceptibilities were determined for 101 strains of salmonellae. Resistance to chloramphenicol and ampicillin was low. Cefamandole was active against the majority of strains and deserves further evaluation."}
{"id": "PMID:879754", "title": "Effect of anaerobiosis on antimicrobial susceptibility of staphylococci.", "content": "The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 12 antibiotics was determined for four strains of staphylococci (representing the three major species) under aerobic and anaerobic conditions by using the broth dilution method. Nine of the antibiotics showed no significant difference between aerobic and anaerobic MIC for any of the four cultures. Gentamicin and kanamycin showed a small, but significant, increase in MIC for at least two strains under anaerobic conditions. Trimethoprim was less effective against all strains under anaerobic conditions.", "contents": "Effect of anaerobiosis on antimicrobial susceptibility of staphylococci. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 12 antibiotics was determined for four strains of staphylococci (representing the three major species) under aerobic and anaerobic conditions by using the broth dilution method. Nine of the antibiotics showed no significant difference between aerobic and anaerobic MIC for any of the four cultures. Gentamicin and kanamycin showed a small, but significant, increase in MIC for at least two strains under anaerobic conditions. Trimethoprim was less effective against all strains under anaerobic conditions."}
{"id": "PMID:879755", "title": "Incidence and elimination of R plasmids in Vibrio cholerae.", "content": "Of 124 strains of Vibrio cholerae, 32 were multiply resistant to antibiotics. This resistance appeared to be determined by R plasmids on the basis of their effective elimination by sodium dodecyl sulfate, acridine orange, ethidium bromide, and ultraviolet radiation.", "contents": "Incidence and elimination of R plasmids in Vibrio cholerae. Of 124 strains of Vibrio cholerae, 32 were multiply resistant to antibiotics. This resistance appeared to be determined by R plasmids on the basis of their effective elimination by sodium dodecyl sulfate, acridine orange, ethidium bromide, and ultraviolet radiation."}
{"id": "PMID:879756", "title": "Distribution of amikacin in serum, muscle, and fat in children after a single intramuscular injection.", "content": "Amikacin concentrations in serum, muscle, and fat were determined in 41 children after intramuscular administration of 7.5 mg/kg of body weight. At 1.5 h amikacin reached peak concentrations in serum (mean value, 14.9 mug/ml) as well as in muscle (2.2 mug/g) and fat (1.89 mug/g) tissue; from then on all concentrations declined. Amikacin concentrations exceeded 1 mug/g in muscle for at least 3 h and in fat for at least 4 h.", "contents": "Distribution of amikacin in serum, muscle, and fat in children after a single intramuscular injection. Amikacin concentrations in serum, muscle, and fat were determined in 41 children after intramuscular administration of 7.5 mg/kg of body weight. At 1.5 h amikacin reached peak concentrations in serum (mean value, 14.9 mug/ml) as well as in muscle (2.2 mug/g) and fat (1.89 mug/g) tissue; from then on all concentrations declined. Amikacin concentrations exceeded 1 mug/g in muscle for at least 3 h and in fat for at least 4 h."}
{"id": "PMID:879757", "title": "Production of an antibiotic by an organism from human feces.", "content": "An antibiotic-producing, gram-positive, rod-shaped bacterium was isolated from an individual who often lacked coliforms and fungi in fecal samples. The cell-free antibiotic is 1,200 daltons and Pronase sensitive and was shown to have activity against some coliforms and yeast.", "contents": "Production of an antibiotic by an organism from human feces. An antibiotic-producing, gram-positive, rod-shaped bacterium was isolated from an individual who often lacked coliforms and fungi in fecal samples. The cell-free antibiotic is 1,200 daltons and Pronase sensitive and was shown to have activity against some coliforms and yeast."}
{"id": "PMID:879758", "title": "Drug resistance in group D streptococci of clinical and nonclinical origin: prevalence, transferability, and plasmid properties.", "content": "Group D streptococci isolated from clinical specimens and from sewage were investigated with regard to resistance to tetracycline (Tc), erythromycin (Em), and chloramphenicol (Cm). The median values of the percentages of resistant strains from sewage were: for Tc, 14%; for Em, 2.8%; and for Cm, 0.1%. For the recent isolates of clinical origin, resistance percentages found were 58% for Tc, 12% for Em, and 14% for Cm, and, in comparison to clinical isolates from 1964, the incidence of drug resistance slightly increased. In strains of both sources, the drug resistance was often found to be transferable to another group D streptococcus, probably by conjugation. Two strains were able to transfer their Em resistance to a streptococcus strain of group B. No transfer of drug resistance to a group A streptococcus and Escherichia coli was observed. All beta-hemolytic streptococci were also bacteriocinogenic, and frequently these properties were found to be transferable. The function, size, and base composition of the plasmids of two drug-resistant Streptococcus faecalis strains were investigated; strain M439 harbors at least two conjugative plasmids: pRI401, molecular weight 30 x 10(6), coding for Tc resistance, and pRI402, molecular weight 41 x 10(6), coding for Em resistance. Strain M403 carries one single conjugative plasmid species, coding for Tc resistance. The molecular weight of this plasmid, pRI404, was 37 x 10(6). The guanine plus cytosine content of these plasmids was 35 to 36%.", "contents": "Drug resistance in group D streptococci of clinical and nonclinical origin: prevalence, transferability, and plasmid properties. Group D streptococci isolated from clinical specimens and from sewage were investigated with regard to resistance to tetracycline (Tc), erythromycin (Em), and chloramphenicol (Cm). The median values of the percentages of resistant strains from sewage were: for Tc, 14%; for Em, 2.8%; and for Cm, 0.1%. For the recent isolates of clinical origin, resistance percentages found were 58% for Tc, 12% for Em, and 14% for Cm, and, in comparison to clinical isolates from 1964, the incidence of drug resistance slightly increased. In strains of both sources, the drug resistance was often found to be transferable to another group D streptococcus, probably by conjugation. Two strains were able to transfer their Em resistance to a streptococcus strain of group B. No transfer of drug resistance to a group A streptococcus and Escherichia coli was observed. All beta-hemolytic streptococci were also bacteriocinogenic, and frequently these properties were found to be transferable. The function, size, and base composition of the plasmids of two drug-resistant Streptococcus faecalis strains were investigated; strain M439 harbors at least two conjugative plasmids: pRI401, molecular weight 30 x 10(6), coding for Tc resistance, and pRI402, molecular weight 41 x 10(6), coding for Em resistance. Strain M403 carries one single conjugative plasmid species, coding for Tc resistance. The molecular weight of this plasmid, pRI404, was 37 x 10(6). The guanine plus cytosine content of these plasmids was 35 to 36%."}
{"id": "PMID:879759", "title": "Penetration of cefamandole into spinal fluid.", "content": "Twelve patients, aged 6 months to 62 years, with proven bacterial meningitis, were given a single intravenous dose of cefamandole (33 mg/kg) 75 to 140 min before a routine lumbar puncture. Infecting organisms included Haemophilus influenzae (eight cases), Streptococcus pneumoniae (two cases), and Neisseria meningitidis and beta-hemolytic streptococcus (one each). Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) was analyzed by microbiological assay for cefamandole. The median concentration was 0.60 mug/ml, ranging from undetectable to 7.4 mug/ml. CSF cefamandole concentrations correlated with CSF protein: in six patients with CSF protein less than 100 mug/dl, the range of drug concentration was 0 to 0.62 mug/ml; and in six patients with CSF protein above 100 mg/dl, the range was 0.57 to 7.4 mug/ml. No significant correlation was noted between severity of illness, type of organism involved, or patient age and concentration of drug achieved.", "contents": "Penetration of cefamandole into spinal fluid. Twelve patients, aged 6 months to 62 years, with proven bacterial meningitis, were given a single intravenous dose of cefamandole (33 mg/kg) 75 to 140 min before a routine lumbar puncture. Infecting organisms included Haemophilus influenzae (eight cases), Streptococcus pneumoniae (two cases), and Neisseria meningitidis and beta-hemolytic streptococcus (one each). Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) was analyzed by microbiological assay for cefamandole. The median concentration was 0.60 mug/ml, ranging from undetectable to 7.4 mug/ml. CSF cefamandole concentrations correlated with CSF protein: in six patients with CSF protein less than 100 mug/dl, the range of drug concentration was 0 to 0.62 mug/ml; and in six patients with CSF protein above 100 mg/dl, the range was 0.57 to 7.4 mug/ml. No significant correlation was noted between severity of illness, type of organism involved, or patient age and concentration of drug achieved."}
{"id": "PMID:879760", "title": "Inhibition of influenza virus ribonucleic acid polymerase by ribavirin triphosphate.", "content": "Ribavirin 5'-triphosphate (RTP), derived from the broad-spectrum antiviral compound ribavirin (Virazole), can selectively inhibit influenza virus ribonucleic acid polymerase in a cell-free assay. Ribavirin and its 5'-monophosphate have no effect on the polymerase. The inhibition is competitive with respect to adenosine 5'-triphosphate and guanosine 5'-triphosphate. RTP also inhibits ApG- and GpC-stimulated influenza virus ribonucleic acid polymerase. Since ribavirin is phosphorylated in the cell, the inhibition of influenza multiplication in the cell may also be caused by RTP.", "contents": "Inhibition of influenza virus ribonucleic acid polymerase by ribavirin triphosphate. Ribavirin 5'-triphosphate (RTP), derived from the broad-spectrum antiviral compound ribavirin (Virazole), can selectively inhibit influenza virus ribonucleic acid polymerase in a cell-free assay. Ribavirin and its 5'-monophosphate have no effect on the polymerase. The inhibition is competitive with respect to adenosine 5'-triphosphate and guanosine 5'-triphosphate. RTP also inhibits ApG- and GpC-stimulated influenza virus ribonucleic acid polymerase. Since ribavirin is phosphorylated in the cell, the inhibition of influenza multiplication in the cell may also be caused by RTP."}
{"id": "PMID:879761", "title": "Nafcillin entry into human cerebrospinal fluid.", "content": "The entry of nafcillin into the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of humans was studied in the absence of meningeal inflammation. Twenty studies were performed in 18 patients receiving 40 mg of sodium nafcillin per kg intravenously over 30 min. The CSF specimens were obtained at 1, 2, 3, and 4 h postinfusion, and sera were obtained at 5 min and 1, 2, 3, and 4 h. Nafcillin was uniformly detected in the lumbar CSF at 1 h, peaked at 2 h postinfusion, and was still detectable in the CSF of three of four patients studied at 4 h.", "contents": "Nafcillin entry into human cerebrospinal fluid. The entry of nafcillin into the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of humans was studied in the absence of meningeal inflammation. Twenty studies were performed in 18 patients receiving 40 mg of sodium nafcillin per kg intravenously over 30 min. The CSF specimens were obtained at 1, 2, 3, and 4 h postinfusion, and sera were obtained at 5 min and 1, 2, 3, and 4 h. Nafcillin was uniformly detected in the lumbar CSF at 1 h, peaked at 2 h postinfusion, and was still detectable in the CSF of three of four patients studied at 4 h."}
{"id": "PMID:879762", "title": "Distribution of gentamicin and amikacin in rabbit tissues.", "content": "Rabbits were injected intramuscularly with gentamicin and amikacin (15 mg of base per kg), and the antibiotic levels in tissues were determined 20 h after either a single or multiple injections. Disk diffusion assays, with Bacillus subtilis ATCC 6633, were carried out both on homogenates and on supernatants deproteinized with trichloroacetic acid. Both assays indicated that the kidney is the major site of antibiotic deposition. Antibiotic levels increased after multiple doses. Gentamicin levels in other tissues were higher than those of amikacin. The assay of trichloroacetic acid-treated material was more sensitive than the assay of the total homogenate.", "contents": "Distribution of gentamicin and amikacin in rabbit tissues. Rabbits were injected intramuscularly with gentamicin and amikacin (15 mg of base per kg), and the antibiotic levels in tissues were determined 20 h after either a single or multiple injections. Disk diffusion assays, with Bacillus subtilis ATCC 6633, were carried out both on homogenates and on supernatants deproteinized with trichloroacetic acid. Both assays indicated that the kidney is the major site of antibiotic deposition. Antibiotic levels increased after multiple doses. Gentamicin levels in other tissues were higher than those of amikacin. The assay of trichloroacetic acid-treated material was more sensitive than the assay of the total homogenate."}
{"id": "PMID:879763", "title": "Comparation interferon- inducing and antiviral properties of 2-amino-5-bromo-6-methyl-4-pyrimidinol (U-25,166), tilorone hydrochloride, and polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid.", "content": "2-Amino-5-bromo-6-methyl-4-pyrimidinol (U-25,166), polyinosinic acid-polycytidylic acid [poly(I:C)], and tilorone HCl induced high levels of serum interferon in mice. Each consequently protected mice against infection with several viruses. After daily injection of inducer, mice developed a reduced interferon response (hyporeactivity) to each compound. However, hyporeactivity developed more slowly to U-25,166 and poly(I:C) than to tilorone HCl. After onset of hyporeactivity, 5 to 6 days without each inducer were required before normal serum interferon levels could be stimulated. Animals also developed a hyporeactive state as a consequence of Semliki Forest or encephalomyocarditis virus infections. By day 2 of either infection, mice had a suppressed interferon response to tilorone HCl, but remains responsive to poly(I:C) or U-25,166 until day 4. In vivo, poly(I:C) stimulated interferon production in a variety of cells and organs, whereas the tilorone HCl and U-25,166 responses involved a nonlymphoid component of the reticuloendothelial system. In vitro, poly(I:C) induced interferon in a variety of murine cells, U-25,166 was active in murine thymus and spleen organ cultures, and tilorone was inactive. These data indicate that U-25,166 is an interesting low-molecular-weight interferon inducer.", "contents": "Comparation interferon- inducing and antiviral properties of 2-amino-5-bromo-6-methyl-4-pyrimidinol (U-25,166), tilorone hydrochloride, and polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid. 2-Amino-5-bromo-6-methyl-4-pyrimidinol (U-25,166), polyinosinic acid-polycytidylic acid [poly(I:C)], and tilorone HCl induced high levels of serum interferon in mice. Each consequently protected mice against infection with several viruses. After daily injection of inducer, mice developed a reduced interferon response (hyporeactivity) to each compound. However, hyporeactivity developed more slowly to U-25,166 and poly(I:C) than to tilorone HCl. After onset of hyporeactivity, 5 to 6 days without each inducer were required before normal serum interferon levels could be stimulated. Animals also developed a hyporeactive state as a consequence of Semliki Forest or encephalomyocarditis virus infections. By day 2 of either infection, mice had a suppressed interferon response to tilorone HCl, but remains responsive to poly(I:C) or U-25,166 until day 4. In vivo, poly(I:C) stimulated interferon production in a variety of cells and organs, whereas the tilorone HCl and U-25,166 responses involved a nonlymphoid component of the reticuloendothelial system. In vitro, poly(I:C) induced interferon in a variety of murine cells, U-25,166 was active in murine thymus and spleen organ cultures, and tilorone was inactive. These data indicate that U-25,166 is an interesting low-molecular-weight interferon inducer."}
{"id": "PMID:879764", "title": "Evaluation of three newer methods for investigating protein interactions of penicillin G.", "content": "THE INTERACTION OF PENICILLIN G WITH HUMAN SERUM PROTEINS WAS EVALUATED BY THREE DIFFERENT TECHNIQUES: rate of dialysis, cross-linked dextran exclusion, and ultracentrifugation. The rate-of-dialysis technique demonstrated that penicillin G binding to serum was immediate but incompletely reversible. Cross-linked dextran adsorbed or trapped significant amounts of penicillin G, necessitating correction factors of more than 10%. Ultracentrifugation was found to be the most reliable method for quantitative protein-binding determinations of penicillins.", "contents": "Evaluation of three newer methods for investigating protein interactions of penicillin G. THE INTERACTION OF PENICILLIN G WITH HUMAN SERUM PROTEINS WAS EVALUATED BY THREE DIFFERENT TECHNIQUES: rate of dialysis, cross-linked dextran exclusion, and ultracentrifugation. The rate-of-dialysis technique demonstrated that penicillin G binding to serum was immediate but incompletely reversible. Cross-linked dextran adsorbed or trapped significant amounts of penicillin G, necessitating correction factors of more than 10%. Ultracentrifugation was found to be the most reliable method for quantitative protein-binding determinations of penicillins."}
{"id": "PMID:879765", "title": "Small pet aquarium frogs as a source of Salmonella.", "content": "Salmonellae were isolated from 21% of the samples of freshwater aquarium frogs tested and from 25% of the samples of aquarium water containing these frogs. The salmonellae were Salmonella arizonae, S. bovis-morbificans, S. hadar, S. saint-paul, S. typhimurium, and S. worthington. These isolations were made over a period of 9 months and from three different cities. This association of salmonellae with frogs may contribute to cases of human salmonellosis since other aquarium species have already been shown to contribute to such cases.", "contents": "Small pet aquarium frogs as a source of Salmonella. Salmonellae were isolated from 21% of the samples of freshwater aquarium frogs tested and from 25% of the samples of aquarium water containing these frogs. The salmonellae were Salmonella arizonae, S. bovis-morbificans, S. hadar, S. saint-paul, S. typhimurium, and S. worthington. These isolations were made over a period of 9 months and from three different cities. This association of salmonellae with frogs may contribute to cases of human salmonellosis since other aquarium species have already been shown to contribute to such cases."}
{"id": "PMID:879766", "title": "Characterization of the predominant bacteria occurring in the rumen of goats (Capra hircus).", "content": "A total of 44 strains of bacteria were isolated from rumen contents of the goat. Based on morphology, Gram stain, anaerobiosis, motility, and fermentation end products, they were grouped into 11 different types. For each type, all or representative strains were characterized in detail. The type, number of strains characterized over total number of strains, and identification were as follows: type 1, 6/21, atypical Butyrivibrio fibriosolvens; type 2, 6/9, atypical Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens; type 3, 3/3, genus uncertain; type 4, 2/2, genus uncertain; type 5, 3/3, Streptoccous bovis; type 6, 1/1, Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens; type 7, 1/1, Bacteroides ruminicola subsp. ruminicola; type 8, 1/1, Bacteroides ruminicola subsp. brevis; type 9, 1/1, family Peptococcaceae, genus uncertain; type 10, 1/1, genus Bacteroides; type 11, 1/1, genus Bacteroides. About 70% of the isolated strains were classified as Butyrivibrio, which is quite high compared with previous studies in cattle on similar rations. Of the 30 strains listed as type 1 and 2, the 12 studied further were characterized as atypical Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens, which differed from the species description primarily by their inability to hydrolyze starch and lack of gas production.", "contents": "Characterization of the predominant bacteria occurring in the rumen of goats (Capra hircus). A total of 44 strains of bacteria were isolated from rumen contents of the goat. Based on morphology, Gram stain, anaerobiosis, motility, and fermentation end products, they were grouped into 11 different types. For each type, all or representative strains were characterized in detail. The type, number of strains characterized over total number of strains, and identification were as follows: type 1, 6/21, atypical Butyrivibrio fibriosolvens; type 2, 6/9, atypical Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens; type 3, 3/3, genus uncertain; type 4, 2/2, genus uncertain; type 5, 3/3, Streptoccous bovis; type 6, 1/1, Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens; type 7, 1/1, Bacteroides ruminicola subsp. ruminicola; type 8, 1/1, Bacteroides ruminicola subsp. brevis; type 9, 1/1, family Peptococcaceae, genus uncertain; type 10, 1/1, genus Bacteroides; type 11, 1/1, genus Bacteroides. About 70% of the isolated strains were classified as Butyrivibrio, which is quite high compared with previous studies in cattle on similar rations. Of the 30 strains listed as type 1 and 2, the 12 studied further were characterized as atypical Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens, which differed from the species description primarily by their inability to hydrolyze starch and lack of gas production."}
{"id": "PMID:879767", "title": "Bacterial metabolism of quaternary ammonium compounds.", "content": "Of 10 quaternary ammonium compounds tested for biodegradation by the biological oxygen demand technique, only decyl- and hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromides were decomposed by organisms derived from sewage and soil. A mixture consisting of individual strains of Pseudomonas and Xanthomonas grew in solutions containing decyltrimethylammonium bromide as sole carbon source. The xanthomonad metabolized this quaternary ammonium compound in the presence of other organic molecules. The products of this activity included 9-carboxynomyl- and 7-carboxyheptyltrimethylammonium, suggesting that the terminal carbon of the decyl moiety is oxidized and the resulting carboxylic acid is subject to beta-oxidation.", "contents": "Bacterial metabolism of quaternary ammonium compounds. Of 10 quaternary ammonium compounds tested for biodegradation by the biological oxygen demand technique, only decyl- and hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromides were decomposed by organisms derived from sewage and soil. A mixture consisting of individual strains of Pseudomonas and Xanthomonas grew in solutions containing decyltrimethylammonium bromide as sole carbon source. The xanthomonad metabolized this quaternary ammonium compound in the presence of other organic molecules. The products of this activity included 9-carboxynomyl- and 7-carboxyheptyltrimethylammonium, suggesting that the terminal carbon of the decyl moiety is oxidized and the resulting carboxylic acid is subject to beta-oxidation."}
{"id": "PMID:879768", "title": "Growth of heat-injured Vibrio parahaemolyticus in media supplemented with various cations.", "content": "Mid- to late logarithmic growth phase cells of Vibrio parahaemolyticus grown in tryptic soy broth (TSB) containing 0.5, 3.0, and 7.5% NaCl were heated for 8 min at 45 degrees C in 0.1 M phosphate buffer (pH 7.2) containing 3% NaCl. Colony formation on thiosulfate-citrate-bile salts-sucrose agar (TCBS) containing 2% NaCl was greatest for unheated cells that had been grown in 7.5% NaCl-TSB; cells grown in 0.5% NaCl-TSB formed a greater number of colonies on 1.0% NaCl-TCBS. Thermal injury was evident in heated cells, regardless of the NaCl concentration in TSB growth medium. The effects of Mg2+, K+, and Li+ added as chlorides to 0.5% NaCl-TSB on the growth of nonheated and heated V. parahaemolyticus were studied. Lower levels of Mg2+ and slightly higher levels of K+ were required to replace Na+ in TSB inoculated with thermally injured cells that had been originally grown in 3.0 and 7.5% NaCl-TSB. LiCl had an inhibitory effect on both nonheated and heated cells when present in the recovery medium (0.5% NaCl-TSB) at concentrations as low as 0.5%. Increased numbers of colonies were formed by heated cells plated in MgCl2-supplemented TCBS, regardless of the NaCl concentration in the original growth medium. Potassium had little, if any, effect on colony formation by nonheated V. parahaemolyticus recovered on TCBS and may have had a detrimental effect on heat-injured cells.", "contents": "Growth of heat-injured Vibrio parahaemolyticus in media supplemented with various cations. Mid- to late logarithmic growth phase cells of Vibrio parahaemolyticus grown in tryptic soy broth (TSB) containing 0.5, 3.0, and 7.5% NaCl were heated for 8 min at 45 degrees C in 0.1 M phosphate buffer (pH 7.2) containing 3% NaCl. Colony formation on thiosulfate-citrate-bile salts-sucrose agar (TCBS) containing 2% NaCl was greatest for unheated cells that had been grown in 7.5% NaCl-TSB; cells grown in 0.5% NaCl-TSB formed a greater number of colonies on 1.0% NaCl-TCBS. Thermal injury was evident in heated cells, regardless of the NaCl concentration in TSB growth medium. The effects of Mg2+, K+, and Li+ added as chlorides to 0.5% NaCl-TSB on the growth of nonheated and heated V. parahaemolyticus were studied. Lower levels of Mg2+ and slightly higher levels of K+ were required to replace Na+ in TSB inoculated with thermally injured cells that had been originally grown in 3.0 and 7.5% NaCl-TSB. LiCl had an inhibitory effect on both nonheated and heated cells when present in the recovery medium (0.5% NaCl-TSB) at concentrations as low as 0.5%. Increased numbers of colonies were formed by heated cells plated in MgCl2-supplemented TCBS, regardless of the NaCl concentration in the original growth medium. Potassium had little, if any, effect on colony formation by nonheated V. parahaemolyticus recovered on TCBS and may have had a detrimental effect on heat-injured cells."}
{"id": "PMID:879769", "title": "Toxic effect of water-soluble fractions of crude, refined, and weathered oils on the growth of a marine bacterium.", "content": "The water-soluble fractions of three crude and two refined oils reduced the growth rate and maximum cell density of the marine bacterium Serratia marinorubra grown in batch culture. The weathering of a crude and a refined oil was simulated in the laboratory. The water-soluble fractions remaining from this process were more toxic to S. marinorubra than were the parent unweathered oils. Increases in the magnitude of toxic effect of 3 to 30 times were observed as a function of decreasing the concentration of yeast extract in the cultures from 0.1 to 0.05 and 0.01%. The toxicity did not correlate with the concentration of total water-soluble fraction or of aromatic hydrocarbons in the water-soluble fraction. Affected cultures did not exhibit a residual toxicity after being back-inoculated into control media.", "contents": "Toxic effect of water-soluble fractions of crude, refined, and weathered oils on the growth of a marine bacterium. The water-soluble fractions of three crude and two refined oils reduced the growth rate and maximum cell density of the marine bacterium Serratia marinorubra grown in batch culture. The weathering of a crude and a refined oil was simulated in the laboratory. The water-soluble fractions remaining from this process were more toxic to S. marinorubra than were the parent unweathered oils. Increases in the magnitude of toxic effect of 3 to 30 times were observed as a function of decreasing the concentration of yeast extract in the cultures from 0.1 to 0.05 and 0.01%. The toxicity did not correlate with the concentration of total water-soluble fraction or of aromatic hydrocarbons in the water-soluble fraction. Affected cultures did not exhibit a residual toxicity after being back-inoculated into control media."}
{"id": "PMID:879770", "title": "Urease assay and urease-producing species of anaerobes in the bovine rumen and human feces.", "content": "A growth medium and test were developed for rapid detection of urease in fermentative anaerobic bacteria. Using nonselective rumen fluid roll-tube agar medium and the new test, it was confirmed that Peptostreptococcus productus is often the most numerous urease-forming species in human feces. Also, some fecal strains of Ruminococcus albus, Clostridium innocuum, and Clostridium beijerinckii produced urease. Single strains of Fusobacterium prausnitzii, Coprococcus catus, and Streptococcus mitis that were strongly ureolytic on isolation later lost this ability. Urease activity was also detected in many strains of nonselectively isolated rumen species. They include Succinivibrio dextrinosolvens, Treponema sp., Ruminococcus bromii (not previously known to be present in the rumen), Butyrivibrio sp., Bifidobacterium sp., Bacteroides ruminicola, and P. productus. Most P. productus strains contain urease; however, the uniformity of this feature in the other species noted above is not known. The urease in many of these species was not detected if the growth medium contained 0.2% or more (each) yeast extract and Trypticase.", "contents": "Urease assay and urease-producing species of anaerobes in the bovine rumen and human feces. A growth medium and test were developed for rapid detection of urease in fermentative anaerobic bacteria. Using nonselective rumen fluid roll-tube agar medium and the new test, it was confirmed that Peptostreptococcus productus is often the most numerous urease-forming species in human feces. Also, some fecal strains of Ruminococcus albus, Clostridium innocuum, and Clostridium beijerinckii produced urease. Single strains of Fusobacterium prausnitzii, Coprococcus catus, and Streptococcus mitis that were strongly ureolytic on isolation later lost this ability. Urease activity was also detected in many strains of nonselectively isolated rumen species. They include Succinivibrio dextrinosolvens, Treponema sp., Ruminococcus bromii (not previously known to be present in the rumen), Butyrivibrio sp., Bifidobacterium sp., Bacteroides ruminicola, and P. productus. Most P. productus strains contain urease; however, the uniformity of this feature in the other species noted above is not known. The urease in many of these species was not detected if the growth medium contained 0.2% or more (each) yeast extract and Trypticase."}
{"id": "PMID:879771", "title": "Catalase and enumeration of stressed Staphylococcus aureus cells.", "content": "The effects of catalase on the enumeration of stressed (heated, reduced water activity, or freeze-dried) Staphylococcus aureus cells on several selective media were examined. The addition of catalase greatly increased the enumeration of stressed cells. The beneficial effects of catalase were most pronounced on those media least efficient in enumeration of stressed staphylococci, showing increases in enumeration of up to 1,100-fold. The effects of catalase appear to be due to the reduced ability of stressed cells to repair and form colonies in the absence of an exogenous decomposer of H2O2. Thermally stressed cells were more sensitive to H2O2 than unstressed cells. During recovery, stressed cells overcame the requirement for catalase. These findings implicate H2O2 as a factor in the failure of certain selective media to adequately enumerate stressed cells and demonstrate that the addition of catalase to these media markedly increases their productivity.", "contents": "Catalase and enumeration of stressed Staphylococcus aureus cells. The effects of catalase on the enumeration of stressed (heated, reduced water activity, or freeze-dried) Staphylococcus aureus cells on several selective media were examined. The addition of catalase greatly increased the enumeration of stressed cells. The beneficial effects of catalase were most pronounced on those media least efficient in enumeration of stressed staphylococci, showing increases in enumeration of up to 1,100-fold. The effects of catalase appear to be due to the reduced ability of stressed cells to repair and form colonies in the absence of an exogenous decomposer of H2O2. Thermally stressed cells were more sensitive to H2O2 than unstressed cells. During recovery, stressed cells overcame the requirement for catalase. These findings implicate H2O2 as a factor in the failure of certain selective media to adequately enumerate stressed cells and demonstrate that the addition of catalase to these media markedly increases their productivity."}
{"id": "PMID:879772", "title": "Laminarinase (beta-glucanase) activity in Bacteroides from the human colon.", "content": "Laminarin, a beta(1 leads to 3)-glucan similar to those found in plant cell walls, is fermented by some species of anaerobic bacteria from the human colon. Laminarinase (EC 3.2.1.6) and beta-glucosidase (EC 3.2.1.21) activities were determined in strains representing Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron, Bacteroides distasonis, and an unnamed deoxyribonucleic acid homology group of Bacteroides fragilis. In all three species, laminarinase activity was inducible by laminarin and was predominantly cell bound. The products of laminarinase activity varied with each species. In the case of B. thetaiotaomicron, the major product of laminarin hydrolysis was glucose (70 to 90%), and there were small amounts of laminaribiose (G2) and oligomers of glucose as high as G4. In the case of group '0061-1,' glucose (40 to 50%) and oligomers of glucose as high as G6 were found. The laminarinase of B. distasonis differed from the laminarinases of the other two species in that it mainly produced oligomers of glucose (G2-G5). beta-Glucosidase activity was also found in all three species. beta-Glucosidase was induced by glucose-containing disaccharides as well as by laminarin. The beta-glucosidases of the three Bacteroides species differed with respect to level of activity, induction pattern, and sensitivity to inhibition by D-glucono-1,5-lactone.", "contents": "Laminarinase (beta-glucanase) activity in Bacteroides from the human colon. Laminarin, a beta(1 leads to 3)-glucan similar to those found in plant cell walls, is fermented by some species of anaerobic bacteria from the human colon. Laminarinase (EC 3.2.1.6) and beta-glucosidase (EC 3.2.1.21) activities were determined in strains representing Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron, Bacteroides distasonis, and an unnamed deoxyribonucleic acid homology group of Bacteroides fragilis. In all three species, laminarinase activity was inducible by laminarin and was predominantly cell bound. The products of laminarinase activity varied with each species. In the case of B. thetaiotaomicron, the major product of laminarin hydrolysis was glucose (70 to 90%), and there were small amounts of laminaribiose (G2) and oligomers of glucose as high as G4. In the case of group '0061-1,' glucose (40 to 50%) and oligomers of glucose as high as G6 were found. The laminarinase of B. distasonis differed from the laminarinases of the other two species in that it mainly produced oligomers of glucose (G2-G5). beta-Glucosidase activity was also found in all three species. beta-Glucosidase was induced by glucose-containing disaccharides as well as by laminarin. The beta-glucosidases of the three Bacteroides species differed with respect to level of activity, induction pattern, and sensitivity to inhibition by D-glucono-1,5-lactone."}
{"id": "PMID:879773", "title": "Production of antibody against aflatoxin B1.", "content": "Antibody against aflatoxin B1 was obtained after one multiple-site injection of bovine serum albumin-aflatoxin B1 conjugate into rabbits. The antibody has greatest binding efficiency for aflatoxin B1, less efficiency for B2, G1, and Q1, and least for aflatoxicol, G2, and M1. Sterigmatocystin, coumarin, and 4-hydroxycoumarin did not give a cross-reaction with the antibody. The sensitivity of the binding assay for detection of aflatoxin B1 is in the range of 0.2 to 2.0 ng per 0.5-ml sample. Detailed methods for the preparation of the conjugate, production of immune serum, and methods for antibody titer determination are described.", "contents": "Production of antibody against aflatoxin B1. Antibody against aflatoxin B1 was obtained after one multiple-site injection of bovine serum albumin-aflatoxin B1 conjugate into rabbits. The antibody has greatest binding efficiency for aflatoxin B1, less efficiency for B2, G1, and Q1, and least for aflatoxicol, G2, and M1. Sterigmatocystin, coumarin, and 4-hydroxycoumarin did not give a cross-reaction with the antibody. The sensitivity of the binding assay for detection of aflatoxin B1 is in the range of 0.2 to 2.0 ng per 0.5-ml sample. Detailed methods for the preparation of the conjugate, production of immune serum, and methods for antibody titer determination are described."}
{"id": "PMID:879774", "title": "Minimal requirements in defined media for improved growth of some radio-resistant pink tetracocci.", "content": "Defined media permitting extensive growth of representative pink radio-resistant tetracocci (Micrococcus radiodurans, Micrococcus roseus, and Micrococcus radiophilus) and two controls (an ultraviolet-sensitive mutant of M. radiodurans and Micrococcus luteus) are described. Availability of Fe (especially Fe3+) proved essential for good growth, as evidenced by (i) favorable effects of hydroxamic acids, e.g., salicylhydroxamic acid, and (ii) the growth promotion by hemin when joined with elevated concentrations of Fe. Cobalamin (B12) and methionine were interchangeable as an absolute requirement for methionine not affected by B12. M. luteus required neither. Pink radio-resistant micrococci may form a coherent group. Some divergences among them might be attributable to the method for isolating them, which for ordinary bacteria would be mutagenic to the point of total lethality. The ecology of these tetracocci vis-\u00e0-vis other pink-red radio-resistant organisms is discussed in relation to a question: can these bacteria be isolated without dependence on radiation as the cardinal selective factor?", "contents": "Minimal requirements in defined media for improved growth of some radio-resistant pink tetracocci. Defined media permitting extensive growth of representative pink radio-resistant tetracocci (Micrococcus radiodurans, Micrococcus roseus, and Micrococcus radiophilus) and two controls (an ultraviolet-sensitive mutant of M. radiodurans and Micrococcus luteus) are described. Availability of Fe (especially Fe3+) proved essential for good growth, as evidenced by (i) favorable effects of hydroxamic acids, e.g., salicylhydroxamic acid, and (ii) the growth promotion by hemin when joined with elevated concentrations of Fe. Cobalamin (B12) and methionine were interchangeable as an absolute requirement for methionine not affected by B12. M. luteus required neither. Pink radio-resistant micrococci may form a coherent group. Some divergences among them might be attributable to the method for isolating them, which for ordinary bacteria would be mutagenic to the point of total lethality. The ecology of these tetracocci vis-\u00e0-vis other pink-red radio-resistant organisms is discussed in relation to a question: can these bacteria be isolated without dependence on radiation as the cardinal selective factor?"}
{"id": "PMID:879775", "title": "Growth of desulfovibrio in lactate or ethanol media low in sulfate in association with H2-utilizing methanogenic bacteria.", "content": "In the analysis of an ethanol-CO(2) enrichment of bacteria from an anaerobic sewage digestor, a strain tentatively identified as Desulfovibrio vulgaris and an H(2)-utilizing methanogen resembling Methanobacterium formicicum were isolated, and they were shown to represent a synergistic association of two bacterial species similar to that previously found between S organism and Methanobacterium strain MOH isolated from Methanobacillus omelianskii. In lowsulfate media, the desulfovibrio produced acetate and H(2) from ethanol and acetate, H(2), and, presumably, CO(2) from lactate; but growth was slight and little of the energy source was catabolized unless the organism was combined with an H(2)-utilizing methanogenic bacterium. The type strains of D. vulgaris and Desulfovibrio desulfuricans carried out the same type of synergistic growth with methanogens. In mixtures of desulfovibrio and strain MOH growing on ethanol, lactate, or pyruvate, diminution of methane produced was stoichiometric with the moles of sulfate added, and the desulfovibrios grew better with sulfate addition. The energetics of the synergistic associations and of the competition between the methanogenic system and sulfate-reducing system as sinks for electrons generated in the oxidation of organic materials such as ethanol, lactate, and acetate are discussed. It is suggested that lack of availability of H(2) for growth of methanogens is a major factor in suppression of methanogenesis by sulfate in natural ecosystems. The results with these known mixtures of bacteria suggest that hydrogenase-forming, sulfate-reducing bacteria could be active in some methanogenic ecosystems that are low in sulfate.", "contents": "Growth of desulfovibrio in lactate or ethanol media low in sulfate in association with H2-utilizing methanogenic bacteria. In the analysis of an ethanol-CO(2) enrichment of bacteria from an anaerobic sewage digestor, a strain tentatively identified as Desulfovibrio vulgaris and an H(2)-utilizing methanogen resembling Methanobacterium formicicum were isolated, and they were shown to represent a synergistic association of two bacterial species similar to that previously found between S organism and Methanobacterium strain MOH isolated from Methanobacillus omelianskii. In lowsulfate media, the desulfovibrio produced acetate and H(2) from ethanol and acetate, H(2), and, presumably, CO(2) from lactate; but growth was slight and little of the energy source was catabolized unless the organism was combined with an H(2)-utilizing methanogenic bacterium. The type strains of D. vulgaris and Desulfovibrio desulfuricans carried out the same type of synergistic growth with methanogens. In mixtures of desulfovibrio and strain MOH growing on ethanol, lactate, or pyruvate, diminution of methane produced was stoichiometric with the moles of sulfate added, and the desulfovibrios grew better with sulfate addition. The energetics of the synergistic associations and of the competition between the methanogenic system and sulfate-reducing system as sinks for electrons generated in the oxidation of organic materials such as ethanol, lactate, and acetate are discussed. It is suggested that lack of availability of H(2) for growth of methanogens is a major factor in suppression of methanogenesis by sulfate in natural ecosystems. The results with these known mixtures of bacteria suggest that hydrogenase-forming, sulfate-reducing bacteria could be active in some methanogenic ecosystems that are low in sulfate."}
{"id": "PMID:879776", "title": "Lactobacilli isolated from the stomach of conventional mice.", "content": "Twenty strains of lactobacilli isolated from the stomach of conventional mice were tested for their ability to ferment or hydrolyze substrates that may be present in the stomach habitat. The lactobacilli could be placed in four groups (A to D) depending on their ability to ferment N-acetylglucosamine, dextrin, cellobiose, gum arabic, and xylan. The majority of the isolates belonged to groups A and D. Group A strains did not resemble previously described Lactobacillus species, but group D strains were identified as L. leichmannii. A representative group A isolate colonized the surface of the nonsecretory epithelium of the stomach of gnotobiotic mice; a group D isolate did not.", "contents": "Lactobacilli isolated from the stomach of conventional mice. Twenty strains of lactobacilli isolated from the stomach of conventional mice were tested for their ability to ferment or hydrolyze substrates that may be present in the stomach habitat. The lactobacilli could be placed in four groups (A to D) depending on their ability to ferment N-acetylglucosamine, dextrin, cellobiose, gum arabic, and xylan. The majority of the isolates belonged to groups A and D. Group A strains did not resemble previously described Lactobacillus species, but group D strains were identified as L. leichmannii. A representative group A isolate colonized the surface of the nonsecretory epithelium of the stomach of gnotobiotic mice; a group D isolate did not."}
{"id": "PMID:879777", "title": "Comparison of four selective agars for the isolation of pseudomonads.", "content": "Significant differences were found between Dettol (chloroxylenol) agar, nalidixic acid-cetrimide agar, and two other cetrimide-containing agars used for the isolation of small numbers of pseudomonads.", "contents": "Comparison of four selective agars for the isolation of pseudomonads. Significant differences were found between Dettol (chloroxylenol) agar, nalidixic acid-cetrimide agar, and two other cetrimide-containing agars used for the isolation of small numbers of pseudomonads."}
{"id": "PMID:879778", "title": "Butyl rubber stoppers increase the shelf life of prereduced, anaerobically sterilized media.", "content": "Butyl rubber stoppers as compared with neoprene or black rubber stoppers significantly increased the shelf life of prereduced, anaerobically sterilized media for growth of obligately anaerobic bacteria.", "contents": "Butyl rubber stoppers increase the shelf life of prereduced, anaerobically sterilized media. Butyl rubber stoppers as compared with neoprene or black rubber stoppers significantly increased the shelf life of prereduced, anaerobically sterilized media for growth of obligately anaerobic bacteria."}
{"id": "PMID:879779", "title": "Medium for the selective isolation of members of the genus Pseudomonas from natural habitats.", "content": "A new medium was developed that was superior to four others tested in selecting for members of the genus Pseudomonas.", "contents": "Medium for the selective isolation of members of the genus Pseudomonas from natural habitats. A new medium was developed that was superior to four others tested in selecting for members of the genus Pseudomonas."}
{"id": "PMID:879780", "title": "Spoilage association of chicken leg muscle.", "content": "The ability of pure cultures of bacteria isolated from spoiling chicken leg muscle to produce strong off-odors was tested by using sterile leg muscle sections. Changes in the flora during storage and the incidence and identity of organisms capable of producing strong off-odors were noted.", "contents": "Spoilage association of chicken leg muscle. The ability of pure cultures of bacteria isolated from spoiling chicken leg muscle to produce strong off-odors was tested by using sterile leg muscle sections. Changes in the flora during storage and the incidence and identity of organisms capable of producing strong off-odors were noted."}
{"id": "PMID:879781", "title": "Response of microorganisms to an accidental gasoline spillage in an arctic freshwater ecosystem.", "content": "The response of microorganisms to an accidental spillage of 55,000 gallons of leaded gasoline into an Arctic freshwater lake was studied. Shifts in microbial populations were detected after the spillage, reflecting the migration pattern of the gasoline, enrichment for hydrocarbon utilizers, and selection for leaded-gasoline-tolerant microorganisms. Ratios of gasoline-tolerant/utilizing heterotrophs to \"total\" heterotrophs were found to be a sensitive indicator of the degree of hydrocarbon contamination. Respiration rates were elevated in the highly contaminated area, but did not reflect differences between moderately and lightly contaminated areas. Hydrocarbon biodegradation potential experiments showed that indigenous microorganisms could extensively convert hydrocarbons to CO(2). In situ measurement of gasoline degradation showed that, if untreated, sediment samples retained significant amounts of gasoline hydrocarbons including \"volatile components\" at the time the lake froze for the winter. Nutrient addition and bacterial inoculation resulted in enhanced biodegradative losses, significantly reducing the amount of residual hydrocarbons. Enhanced biodegradation, however, resulted in the appearance of compounds not detected in the gasoline. Since the contaminated lake serves as a drinking water supply, treatment to enhance microbial removal of much of the remaining gasoline still may be advisable.", "contents": "Response of microorganisms to an accidental gasoline spillage in an arctic freshwater ecosystem. The response of microorganisms to an accidental spillage of 55,000 gallons of leaded gasoline into an Arctic freshwater lake was studied. Shifts in microbial populations were detected after the spillage, reflecting the migration pattern of the gasoline, enrichment for hydrocarbon utilizers, and selection for leaded-gasoline-tolerant microorganisms. Ratios of gasoline-tolerant/utilizing heterotrophs to \"total\" heterotrophs were found to be a sensitive indicator of the degree of hydrocarbon contamination. Respiration rates were elevated in the highly contaminated area, but did not reflect differences between moderately and lightly contaminated areas. Hydrocarbon biodegradation potential experiments showed that indigenous microorganisms could extensively convert hydrocarbons to CO(2). In situ measurement of gasoline degradation showed that, if untreated, sediment samples retained significant amounts of gasoline hydrocarbons including \"volatile components\" at the time the lake froze for the winter. Nutrient addition and bacterial inoculation resulted in enhanced biodegradative losses, significantly reducing the amount of residual hydrocarbons. Enhanced biodegradation, however, resulted in the appearance of compounds not detected in the gasoline. Since the contaminated lake serves as a drinking water supply, treatment to enhance microbial removal of much of the remaining gasoline still may be advisable."}
{"id": "PMID:879782", "title": "Hydrogen utilization by clostridia in sewage sludge.", "content": "A sporeformer morphologically different but physiologically similar to Clostridium aceticum Wieringa was isolated from sewage sludge. It used large amounts of H2 and CO2, converting them chiefly to acetic acid. Growth occurs anaerobically on yeast extract alone, but after the nutrients in yeast extract are used, growth continues at a reduced rate, supported by the conversion of the gases to acetate.", "contents": "Hydrogen utilization by clostridia in sewage sludge. A sporeformer morphologically different but physiologically similar to Clostridium aceticum Wieringa was isolated from sewage sludge. It used large amounts of H2 and CO2, converting them chiefly to acetic acid. Growth occurs anaerobically on yeast extract alone, but after the nutrients in yeast extract are used, growth continues at a reduced rate, supported by the conversion of the gases to acetate."}
{"id": "PMID:879783", "title": "Analysis of ochratoxin B alone and in the presence of ochratoxin A, using carboxypeptidase A.", "content": "A method is described for ochratoxin B analysis, which is adapted to the earlier described method of ochratoxin A analysis, using carboxypeptidase A (K. Hult and S. Gatenbeck, J. Assoc. Off. Anal. Chem. 59:128-129, 1976). The fluorescence spectra of ochratoxins A and B coincide too much to allow direct discrimination of the two compounds. A method using the differences in kinetic parameters of the enzymatic hydrolysis of the two compounds is suggested for the analysis of mixtures of the ochratoxins.", "contents": "Analysis of ochratoxin B alone and in the presence of ochratoxin A, using carboxypeptidase A. A method is described for ochratoxin B analysis, which is adapted to the earlier described method of ochratoxin A analysis, using carboxypeptidase A (K. Hult and S. Gatenbeck, J. Assoc. Off. Anal. Chem. 59:128-129, 1976). The fluorescence spectra of ochratoxins A and B coincide too much to allow direct discrimination of the two compounds. A method using the differences in kinetic parameters of the enzymatic hydrolysis of the two compounds is suggested for the analysis of mixtures of the ochratoxins."}
{"id": "PMID:879784", "title": "Cellulolytic cocci isolated from the cecum of guinea pigs (Cavia porcellus).", "content": "Five strains of anaerobic, gram-variable cellulolytic cocci, belonging to the genus Ruminococcus, were isolated from the cecum of a guinea pig. They differed from most previously described strains of cellulolytic ruminococci as follows. (i) Lactate was the major fermentation product; lesser amounts of formate and ethanol and a trace of succinate were also produced, along with an uptake of acetate. (ii) No growth occurred at 30 degrees C; however, good growth was observed at 38 and 45 degrees C, (iii) Glucose, cellobiose, cellulose, xylose, arabinose, xylan, sucrose, and lactose were fermented by all strains. Rumen fluid was required for growth in a complete medium containing all nutrients previously found to be required by species in this genus. Limited growth occurred when rumen fluid was replaced by yeast extract, and maximum, but delayed, growth occurred when a water extract of alfalfa was added to the complete medium. No qualitative differences were found in the cell wall amino acids and sugar composition of these strains as compared to Ruminococcus flavefaciens and Ruminococcus albus; however, cell walls of the guinea pig strains appeared to contain a higher proportion of glucose.", "contents": "Cellulolytic cocci isolated from the cecum of guinea pigs (Cavia porcellus). Five strains of anaerobic, gram-variable cellulolytic cocci, belonging to the genus Ruminococcus, were isolated from the cecum of a guinea pig. They differed from most previously described strains of cellulolytic ruminococci as follows. (i) Lactate was the major fermentation product; lesser amounts of formate and ethanol and a trace of succinate were also produced, along with an uptake of acetate. (ii) No growth occurred at 30 degrees C; however, good growth was observed at 38 and 45 degrees C, (iii) Glucose, cellobiose, cellulose, xylose, arabinose, xylan, sucrose, and lactose were fermented by all strains. Rumen fluid was required for growth in a complete medium containing all nutrients previously found to be required by species in this genus. Limited growth occurred when rumen fluid was replaced by yeast extract, and maximum, but delayed, growth occurred when a water extract of alfalfa was added to the complete medium. No qualitative differences were found in the cell wall amino acids and sugar composition of these strains as compared to Ruminococcus flavefaciens and Ruminococcus albus; however, cell walls of the guinea pig strains appeared to contain a higher proportion of glucose."}
{"id": "PMID:879785", "title": "Production and counting of spores of Clostridium chauvoei.", "content": "The concentration and viability of spores produced by four different strains of Clostridium chauvoei (C. feseri) grown in a modified medium for 18 days are described. The medium yielded enough viable spores for experimental work.", "contents": "Production and counting of spores of Clostridium chauvoei. The concentration and viability of spores produced by four different strains of Clostridium chauvoei (C. feseri) grown in a modified medium for 18 days are described. The medium yielded enough viable spores for experimental work."}
{"id": "PMID:879809", "title": "National dermatology manpower requirements: the experience of prepaid group practices.", "content": "Ten prepaid group health plans across the country were surveyed as part of an effort to estimate the need for dermatologists in the United States. Although generalizing the experiences of prepaid group practices to the general population is at best an imprecise approach, the dramatic shortage suggested by the data cannot be completely ascribed to the method used. Whereas the average ratio in the surveyed plans was 2.8 dermatologists per 100,00 subscribers, there are only about 1.9 dermatologists providing patient care per 100,000 persons in the general population. The difference between prepaid plan subscribers and the general population in annual visits to dermatologists is even more dramatic: 193 per 1,000 subscribers compared to 84 per 1,000 population.", "contents": "National dermatology manpower requirements: the experience of prepaid group practices. Ten prepaid group health plans across the country were surveyed as part of an effort to estimate the need for dermatologists in the United States. Although generalizing the experiences of prepaid group practices to the general population is at best an imprecise approach, the dramatic shortage suggested by the data cannot be completely ascribed to the method used. Whereas the average ratio in the surveyed plans was 2.8 dermatologists per 100,00 subscribers, there are only about 1.9 dermatologists providing patient care per 100,000 persons in the general population. The difference between prepaid plan subscribers and the general population in annual visits to dermatologists is even more dramatic: 193 per 1,000 subscribers compared to 84 per 1,000 population."}
{"id": "PMID:879810", "title": "Treatment of lip keratoses (actinic cheilitis) with topical fluorouracil.", "content": "Topical (5-fluorouracil [5-FU]) as a 5% solution was used to treat isolated actinic keratoses of the lips as well as diffuse actinic damage of the lower lip. Although producing considerable temporary discomform final results proved excellent, with recurrences in only two of 12 patients treated. Preliminary biopsy of suspicious infiltrated areas is mandatory, as is careful follow-up to ensure complete healing. Topical fluorouracil is an alternative to surgical excision of the vermillion border of the lip in those patients with severe diffuse actinic damage of the lips.", "contents": "Treatment of lip keratoses (actinic cheilitis) with topical fluorouracil. Topical (5-fluorouracil [5-FU]) as a 5% solution was used to treat isolated actinic keratoses of the lips as well as diffuse actinic damage of the lower lip. Although producing considerable temporary discomform final results proved excellent, with recurrences in only two of 12 patients treated. Preliminary biopsy of suspicious infiltrated areas is mandatory, as is careful follow-up to ensure complete healing. Topical fluorouracil is an alternative to surgical excision of the vermillion border of the lip in those patients with severe diffuse actinic damage of the lips."}
{"id": "PMID:879811", "title": "Acute panniculitis: a clinical and histopathologic study of 34 cases.", "content": "Thirty-four patients had histopathologic findings of acute panniculitis. 15 had clinical findings of erythema nodosum; 6 had infectious lesions; and 5 had Weber-Christian-like conditions with recurrent febrile suppurative or nonsuppurative nodular eruptions; 3 of the 5 had amylase and lipase enzyme abnormalities with or without pancreatic disease. Five additional patients had acute panniculitis that would be termed \"deythema induratum\" or \"nodular vasculitis\" by most clinicians, and the subsequent pathologic findings and courses were consistent with this view. Two patients had limited, traumatic panniculitis, forming a distinctive group, but trauma was a factor in lesion formation in all groups, and one patient had vasculitis. Whereas acute panniculitis, with or without fat necrosis, may be associated with many inflammatory syndromes of the skin and subcutaneous tissue and may rarely occur in all, the most common relationship is with erythema nodosum in its most acute forms.", "contents": "Acute panniculitis: a clinical and histopathologic study of 34 cases. Thirty-four patients had histopathologic findings of acute panniculitis. 15 had clinical findings of erythema nodosum; 6 had infectious lesions; and 5 had Weber-Christian-like conditions with recurrent febrile suppurative or nonsuppurative nodular eruptions; 3 of the 5 had amylase and lipase enzyme abnormalities with or without pancreatic disease. Five additional patients had acute panniculitis that would be termed \"deythema induratum\" or \"nodular vasculitis\" by most clinicians, and the subsequent pathologic findings and courses were consistent with this view. Two patients had limited, traumatic panniculitis, forming a distinctive group, but trauma was a factor in lesion formation in all groups, and one patient had vasculitis. Whereas acute panniculitis, with or without fat necrosis, may be associated with many inflammatory syndromes of the skin and subcutaneous tissue and may rarely occur in all, the most common relationship is with erythema nodosum in its most acute forms."}
{"id": "PMID:879812", "title": "Intrauterine herpes simplex infections.", "content": "Most dermatologists are familiar with the manifestations of neonatal herpes simplex infections. Few, however, are acquainted with the concept of intrauterine herpes simplex infections. This article describes two additional cases of intrauterine herpes simplex infections with congenital malformations. Common features included intrauterine growth retardation, microcephaly, encephalitis, chorioretinitis, psychomotor retardation, and recurrent, grouped, cutaneous vesicles. Seven similar cases with congenital malformations are reviewed as well as cases of intrauterine herpes simplex infection without congenital malformations. We propose that intrauterine herpes simplex infections be termed \"early\" when there is evidence of disturbed embryogenesis or \"late\" when congenital malformations are less specific or inapparent. We further suggest that the spectrum of intrauterine infections is similar to that of neonatally acquired infections.", "contents": "Intrauterine herpes simplex infections. Most dermatologists are familiar with the manifestations of neonatal herpes simplex infections. Few, however, are acquainted with the concept of intrauterine herpes simplex infections. This article describes two additional cases of intrauterine herpes simplex infections with congenital malformations. Common features included intrauterine growth retardation, microcephaly, encephalitis, chorioretinitis, psychomotor retardation, and recurrent, grouped, cutaneous vesicles. Seven similar cases with congenital malformations are reviewed as well as cases of intrauterine herpes simplex infection without congenital malformations. We propose that intrauterine herpes simplex infections be termed \"early\" when there is evidence of disturbed embryogenesis or \"late\" when congenital malformations are less specific or inapparent. We further suggest that the spectrum of intrauterine infections is similar to that of neonatally acquired infections."}
{"id": "PMID:879813", "title": "Tumor cell characterization of histiocytic medullary reticulosis.", "content": "Tumor cells from a 10-year-old boy was suspected histiocytic medullary reticulosis were examined and were found to have receptor sites for complement, the ability to phagocytize latex beads, and the electron microscopical picture of immature histiocytes. These findings strongly support the diagnosis of histiocytic medullary reticulosis. This disorder and the method of examination of the tumor cells are discussed.", "contents": "Tumor cell characterization of histiocytic medullary reticulosis. Tumor cells from a 10-year-old boy was suspected histiocytic medullary reticulosis were examined and were found to have receptor sites for complement, the ability to phagocytize latex beads, and the electron microscopical picture of immature histiocytes. These findings strongly support the diagnosis of histiocytic medullary reticulosis. This disorder and the method of examination of the tumor cells are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:879814", "title": "Mycophenolic acid in the treatment of psoriasis: long-term administration.", "content": "Thirty five patients with psoriasis (plaque type 26, guttate 3, pustular 4, and erythrodermic 2) were treated with oral mycophenolic acid for a period ranging from 52 to 104 weeks. The average follow-up was 89 weeks, and the dose schedule ranged from 2,400 to 7,200 mg daily. Excellent response was noted in 20 patients, good in 13 patients, and poor in 2. The most common clinical side effects were in the gastrointestinal tract, namely, diarrhea, nausea, abdominal cramps, and soft stools. A high incidence of herpes simplex, herpes zoster, and a flu-like syndrome was noted. Laboratory abnormalities consisted of mild blood hemoglobin reduction, one case of leukopenia (3,9000 WBCs per cubic millimeter), two cases with thrombocytopenia and mild elevation of alkaline phosphatase. Mycophenolic acid appears as a promising drug for the treatment of severe psoriasis.", "contents": "Mycophenolic acid in the treatment of psoriasis: long-term administration. Thirty five patients with psoriasis (plaque type 26, guttate 3, pustular 4, and erythrodermic 2) were treated with oral mycophenolic acid for a period ranging from 52 to 104 weeks. The average follow-up was 89 weeks, and the dose schedule ranged from 2,400 to 7,200 mg daily. Excellent response was noted in 20 patients, good in 13 patients, and poor in 2. The most common clinical side effects were in the gastrointestinal tract, namely, diarrhea, nausea, abdominal cramps, and soft stools. A high incidence of herpes simplex, herpes zoster, and a flu-like syndrome was noted. Laboratory abnormalities consisted of mild blood hemoglobin reduction, one case of leukopenia (3,9000 WBCs per cubic millimeter), two cases with thrombocytopenia and mild elevation of alkaline phosphatase. Mycophenolic acid appears as a promising drug for the treatment of severe psoriasis."}
{"id": "PMID:879815", "title": "Primary cutaneous coccidioidomycosis: a review of the literature and a report of a new case.", "content": "A 31-year-old woman working in the laboratory with the mycelial phase of Coccidioides immitis developed a firm, raised, erythematous lesion on the left index finger. A biopsy specimen of the lesion grew a white mold that proved to be C immitis. A sinus tract communicating with the lesion and extending into the proximal phalanx developed. The expressed pus was positive for the tissue form of C immitis by potassium hydroxide and periodic acid-Schiff stains and fluorescent-antibody techniques. The sinus tract was irrigated with an aqueous solution of amphotericin B (Fungizone). The tract closed and the lesion decreased in size. Healing was completed in ten weeks. Primary cutaneous disease must be distinguished from disseminated disease with cutaneous manifestations. In the majority of cases, primary disease heals spontaneously whereas disseminated disease usually requires systemic treatment with amphotericin B.", "contents": "Primary cutaneous coccidioidomycosis: a review of the literature and a report of a new case. A 31-year-old woman working in the laboratory with the mycelial phase of Coccidioides immitis developed a firm, raised, erythematous lesion on the left index finger. A biopsy specimen of the lesion grew a white mold that proved to be C immitis. A sinus tract communicating with the lesion and extending into the proximal phalanx developed. The expressed pus was positive for the tissue form of C immitis by potassium hydroxide and periodic acid-Schiff stains and fluorescent-antibody techniques. The sinus tract was irrigated with an aqueous solution of amphotericin B (Fungizone). The tract closed and the lesion decreased in size. Healing was completed in ten weeks. Primary cutaneous disease must be distinguished from disseminated disease with cutaneous manifestations. In the majority of cases, primary disease heals spontaneously whereas disseminated disease usually requires systemic treatment with amphotericin B."}
{"id": "PMID:879816", "title": "Tropical rat mite dermatitis.", "content": "We had a patient with dermatitis caused by the bite of Ornighonyssus bascoti (Hirst), commonly referred to as the tropical rat mite. The bite of this mite resulted in a severely pruritic papular dermatitis in our patient. Accurate identification of the mite indicated the presence of rat infestation.", "contents": "Tropical rat mite dermatitis. We had a patient with dermatitis caused by the bite of Ornighonyssus bascoti (Hirst), commonly referred to as the tropical rat mite. The bite of this mite resulted in a severely pruritic papular dermatitis in our patient. Accurate identification of the mite indicated the presence of rat infestation."}
{"id": "PMID:879817", "title": "Pigmented basal cell cancer masquerading as superficial spreading malignant melanoma.", "content": "A 49-year-old woman of Spanish descent had a pigmented lesion on the thigh present for many years, which enlarged recently. The lesion showed notching and black, brown, and blue colors that led to the initial diagnosis of superficial spreading malignant melanoma. Results of skin biopsy disclosed the lesion was a basal cell epithelioma with large amounts of melanin in the dermis. This report illustrates the importance of considering pigmented basal cell epithelioma in the differential diagnosis of superficial spreading malignant melanoma.", "contents": "Pigmented basal cell cancer masquerading as superficial spreading malignant melanoma. A 49-year-old woman of Spanish descent had a pigmented lesion on the thigh present for many years, which enlarged recently. The lesion showed notching and black, brown, and blue colors that led to the initial diagnosis of superficial spreading malignant melanoma. Results of skin biopsy disclosed the lesion was a basal cell epithelioma with large amounts of melanin in the dermis. This report illustrates the importance of considering pigmented basal cell epithelioma in the differential diagnosis of superficial spreading malignant melanoma."}
{"id": "PMID:879818", "title": "Follicular atrophoderma and basal cell carcinomas: the Bazex syndrome.", "content": "Seven members of one family had rare, inherited syndrome of follicular atrophoderma, basal cell carcinomas, and localized anhidrosis. Associated findings in some subjectes were generalized hypohidrosis and \"eczema\" involving the face shortly after birth. This syndrome shows dominant inheritance, possible x-linked. Follicular atrophoderma is an important skin manifestation, as it has been associated in all reported cases with other systemic or cutaneous abnormalities.", "contents": "Follicular atrophoderma and basal cell carcinomas: the Bazex syndrome. Seven members of one family had rare, inherited syndrome of follicular atrophoderma, basal cell carcinomas, and localized anhidrosis. Associated findings in some subjectes were generalized hypohidrosis and \"eczema\" involving the face shortly after birth. This syndrome shows dominant inheritance, possible x-linked. Follicular atrophoderma is an important skin manifestation, as it has been associated in all reported cases with other systemic or cutaneous abnormalities."}
{"id": "PMID:879829", "title": "Intraventricular haemorrhage in the preterm infant without hyaline membrane disease.", "content": "The clinicopathological associations of 33 singleton infants who died with intraventricular haemorrhage (IVH) without hyaline membrane disease (HMD) ('IVH only') were compared with those of 39 infants who died with IVH+HMD over the same gestation range in order to determine what factors other than those related to HMD may contribute to the pathogenesis of IVH. The incidence of 'IVH only' was inversely related to gestational age in the Hammersmith birth population, whereas the incidence of IVH+HMD rose to a peak at 28-29 weeks' gestation. Infants with 'IVH only' lived longer on average than those with IVH+HMD despite a lower birthweight and shorter gestation. Infants who died in the first 12 hours from 'IVH only' had suffered severe birth asphyxia but in those who died later the main symptom was recurrent apnoea. Fewer infants with asphyxia but in those who died later the main symptom was.recurrent apnoea. Fewer infants with 'IVH only' were given alkali therapy or were connected to the ventilator as compared to those with IVH+HMD, but there were no differences in alkali therapy in those who lived for 12 hours or more. In the 'IVH only' group there was a high incidence of haemorrhage from other sites and of bacterial infections. It is suggested that, in the absence of HMD, extreme immaturity is the main factor determining the occurrence of IVH. Birth asphyxia, apnoeic attacks, haemorrhage, and infections may play subsidiary roles, possibly through development of metabolic acidosis.", "contents": "Intraventricular haemorrhage in the preterm infant without hyaline membrane disease. The clinicopathological associations of 33 singleton infants who died with intraventricular haemorrhage (IVH) without hyaline membrane disease (HMD) ('IVH only') were compared with those of 39 infants who died with IVH+HMD over the same gestation range in order to determine what factors other than those related to HMD may contribute to the pathogenesis of IVH. The incidence of 'IVH only' was inversely related to gestational age in the Hammersmith birth population, whereas the incidence of IVH+HMD rose to a peak at 28-29 weeks' gestation. Infants with 'IVH only' lived longer on average than those with IVH+HMD despite a lower birthweight and shorter gestation. Infants who died in the first 12 hours from 'IVH only' had suffered severe birth asphyxia but in those who died later the main symptom was recurrent apnoea. Fewer infants with asphyxia but in those who died later the main symptom was.recurrent apnoea. Fewer infants with 'IVH only' were given alkali therapy or were connected to the ventilator as compared to those with IVH+HMD, but there were no differences in alkali therapy in those who lived for 12 hours or more. In the 'IVH only' group there was a high incidence of haemorrhage from other sites and of bacterial infections. It is suggested that, in the absence of HMD, extreme immaturity is the main factor determining the occurrence of IVH. Birth asphyxia, apnoeic attacks, haemorrhage, and infections may play subsidiary roles, possibly through development of metabolic acidosis."}
{"id": "PMID:879830", "title": "Neonatal records and the computer.", "content": "To use a combined single document clinical case sheet/computer record which can form the basic document for a life medical record is a practical proposition. With adequate briefing doctors and nurses soon become familiar with the record and appreciate its value. Secretarial and clerical requirements are reduced to a minimum as transcription of medical data is eliminated, so greatly speeding up processing and feed back to the medical services. A few illustrations of trends in neonatal statistics and of computer linked maternal/neonatal data are presented.", "contents": "Neonatal records and the computer. To use a combined single document clinical case sheet/computer record which can form the basic document for a life medical record is a practical proposition. With adequate briefing doctors and nurses soon become familiar with the record and appreciate its value. Secretarial and clerical requirements are reduced to a minimum as transcription of medical data is eliminated, so greatly speeding up processing and feed back to the medical services. A few illustrations of trends in neonatal statistics and of computer linked maternal/neonatal data are presented."}
{"id": "PMID:879831", "title": "Controlled trial of azathioprine in treatment of steroid-responsive nephrotic syndrome of childhood.", "content": "A controlled trial of azathioprine treatment of steroid-responsive frequent-relapsing nephrotic syndrome of childhood failed to show a therapeutic effect on the stability of remission after withdrawal of corticosteroid treatment.", "contents": "Controlled trial of azathioprine in treatment of steroid-responsive nephrotic syndrome of childhood. A controlled trial of azathioprine treatment of steroid-responsive frequent-relapsing nephrotic syndrome of childhood failed to show a therapeutic effect on the stability of remission after withdrawal of corticosteroid treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:879832", "title": "1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol in renal osteodystrophy. Epiphysiolysis--anticonvulsant therapy.", "content": "Three children with azotaemic renal osteodystrophy were treated with 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol (1,25(OH)2D3). All showed clinical, biochemical, and radiological improvement within 6 months of starting treatment. There were no complications. The dose of 1,25(OH)2D3 required was 0-5 microgram per day for 2 children aged 22 and 30 months, and 2 microgram per day for a 15-year-old boy. 2 of the patients were receiving phenobarbitone and phenytoin and in one of them prior treatment with dihydrotachysterol 0-5 mg daily and 6 microgram 1alpha-hydroxycholecalciferol (1alphaOHD3) daily had failed to induce improvement. In one patient, in whom serial iliac bone samples were available, 2 microgram 1,25(OH)2D3 resulted in histological improvement in previously severe osteomalacia. 1,25(OH)2D3 appears to be an effective and safe drug in the treatment of uraemic osteodystrophy.", "contents": "1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol in renal osteodystrophy. Epiphysiolysis--anticonvulsant therapy. Three children with azotaemic renal osteodystrophy were treated with 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol (1,25(OH)2D3). All showed clinical, biochemical, and radiological improvement within 6 months of starting treatment. There were no complications. The dose of 1,25(OH)2D3 required was 0-5 microgram per day for 2 children aged 22 and 30 months, and 2 microgram per day for a 15-year-old boy. 2 of the patients were receiving phenobarbitone and phenytoin and in one of them prior treatment with dihydrotachysterol 0-5 mg daily and 6 microgram 1alpha-hydroxycholecalciferol (1alphaOHD3) daily had failed to induce improvement. In one patient, in whom serial iliac bone samples were available, 2 microgram 1,25(OH)2D3 resulted in histological improvement in previously severe osteomalacia. 1,25(OH)2D3 appears to be an effective and safe drug in the treatment of uraemic osteodystrophy."}
{"id": "PMID:879833", "title": "Renal osteodystrophy in nondialysed adolescents. Long-term treatment with 1alpha-hydroxycholecalciferol.", "content": "The effects of small oral doses (1-2 microgram/day) of 1alpha-hydroxycholecalciferol, given for 1 to 2 years, have been examined in four nondialysed adolescents with chronic renal failure and bone disease. Treatment increased calcium retention and plasma calcium, and decreased plasma levels of alkaline phosphatase, hydroxyproline, and immunoreactive parathyroid hormone. X-ray abnormalities of bone regressed, and 2 patients underwent successful surgical correction of knock-knees; bone histology in these 2 was normal at the time of operation. 2 patients developed hypercalcaemia which promptly reversed when 1alpha-hydroxycholecalciferol was withdrawn. In one patient treatment was initially successful, but later there was biochemical, radiographic, and histological evidence of relapse. Long-term treatment of such patients with 1alpha-hydroxycholecalciferol may be effective and facilitate the surgical correction of deformities, but this is not invariable. Toxic effects are similar to those of vitamin D itself, but are more readily reversible.", "contents": "Renal osteodystrophy in nondialysed adolescents. Long-term treatment with 1alpha-hydroxycholecalciferol. The effects of small oral doses (1-2 microgram/day) of 1alpha-hydroxycholecalciferol, given for 1 to 2 years, have been examined in four nondialysed adolescents with chronic renal failure and bone disease. Treatment increased calcium retention and plasma calcium, and decreased plasma levels of alkaline phosphatase, hydroxyproline, and immunoreactive parathyroid hormone. X-ray abnormalities of bone regressed, and 2 patients underwent successful surgical correction of knock-knees; bone histology in these 2 was normal at the time of operation. 2 patients developed hypercalcaemia which promptly reversed when 1alpha-hydroxycholecalciferol was withdrawn. In one patient treatment was initially successful, but later there was biochemical, radiographic, and histological evidence of relapse. Long-term treatment of such patients with 1alpha-hydroxycholecalciferol may be effective and facilitate the surgical correction of deformities, but this is not invariable. Toxic effects are similar to those of vitamin D itself, but are more readily reversible."}
{"id": "PMID:879835", "title": "Acute bacterial maningitis in childhood: aspects of prehospital care in 687 cases.", "content": "Some basic features of the prehospital management of children with acute bacterial meningitis were ascertained by a retrospective review of case notes. A diagnosis of intracranial infection was considered in 63% of general practitioners' referral letters and was more often considered for older than younger children. 47% of children had received antibacterial chemotherapy before hospital admission. Such treatment did not appear to have jeopardized the outcome. The possibility of delay in the admission of children to hospital at weekends is discussed.", "contents": "Acute bacterial maningitis in childhood: aspects of prehospital care in 687 cases. Some basic features of the prehospital management of children with acute bacterial meningitis were ascertained by a retrospective review of case notes. A diagnosis of intracranial infection was considered in 63% of general practitioners' referral letters and was more often considered for older than younger children. 47% of children had received antibacterial chemotherapy before hospital admission. Such treatment did not appear to have jeopardized the outcome. The possibility of delay in the admission of children to hospital at weekends is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:879836", "title": "Neonatal vaccination with 'universal strength' BCG vaccine.", "content": "'Universal strength' BCG vaccine was given to 219 neonates and 2 months later 159 infants were Mantoux-tested with 5 Tu PPD-S and their BCG scars measured. The results showed a satisfactory conversion rate of over 90%. Though 30% of the lesions discharged, this only lasted for a few days and the vaccine was well tolerated and acceptable for use in neonates.", "contents": "Neonatal vaccination with 'universal strength' BCG vaccine. 'Universal strength' BCG vaccine was given to 219 neonates and 2 months later 159 infants were Mantoux-tested with 5 Tu PPD-S and their BCG scars measured. The results showed a satisfactory conversion rate of over 90%. Though 30% of the lesions discharged, this only lasted for a few days and the vaccine was well tolerated and acceptable for use in neonates."}
{"id": "PMID:879837", "title": "Primary hyperparathyroidism in a child. Use of jugular venous catheterization in diagnosis.", "content": "A 10-year-old boy with a parathyroid ademona is reported. Parathyroid hormone estimations of samples obtained by selective jugular venous catheterization were useful in diagnosis and for localizing the tumour before operation.", "contents": "Primary hyperparathyroidism in a child. Use of jugular venous catheterization in diagnosis. A 10-year-old boy with a parathyroid ademona is reported. Parathyroid hormone estimations of samples obtained by selective jugular venous catheterization were useful in diagnosis and for localizing the tumour before operation."}
{"id": "PMID:879838", "title": "Duodenal intubation with secretin stimulus for diagnosis of giardiasis.", "content": "The use of secretin to facilitate the demonstration of Giardia lamblia in duodenal juice was studied in children under investigation for chronic diarrhoea. 30 children aged 3 months to 13 years, whose stools were negative for G. lamblia, were studied. G. lamblia was demonstrable in a sample of duodenal juice in 1 of the 30 children before an intravenous injection of secretin (1 or 2 mg/kg), but in 9 of the 30 children after secretin. It is concluded that examination of duodenal juice after secretin stimulus is an effective method of showing giardial infestation.", "contents": "Duodenal intubation with secretin stimulus for diagnosis of giardiasis. The use of secretin to facilitate the demonstration of Giardia lamblia in duodenal juice was studied in children under investigation for chronic diarrhoea. 30 children aged 3 months to 13 years, whose stools were negative for G. lamblia, were studied. G. lamblia was demonstrable in a sample of duodenal juice in 1 of the 30 children before an intravenous injection of secretin (1 or 2 mg/kg), but in 9 of the 30 children after secretin. It is concluded that examination of duodenal juice after secretin stimulus is an effective method of showing giardial infestation."}
{"id": "PMID:879839", "title": "Bacterial colonization of infants raised in incubators and under radiant heaters.", "content": "To assess the effect of open radiant heaters on bacterial colonization of neonates, 24 infants were raised under radiant heaters and 34 in standard incubators. Cultures of the nose, groin, and umbilicus were taken daily for the first 3 days of life. For infants raised in incubators, colonization rates with Staph. aureus ranged up to 47%. Among infants raised under radiant heaters (8 of whom had topical antibiotics applied to the umbilicus), only one was colonized with this organism. Even if the 8 treated infants were excluded, the prevalence of Staph. aureus was significantly greater at the umbilicus and groin in infants raised in incubators.", "contents": "Bacterial colonization of infants raised in incubators and under radiant heaters. To assess the effect of open radiant heaters on bacterial colonization of neonates, 24 infants were raised under radiant heaters and 34 in standard incubators. Cultures of the nose, groin, and umbilicus were taken daily for the first 3 days of life. For infants raised in incubators, colonization rates with Staph. aureus ranged up to 47%. Among infants raised under radiant heaters (8 of whom had topical antibiotics applied to the umbilicus), only one was colonized with this organism. Even if the 8 treated infants were excluded, the prevalence of Staph. aureus was significantly greater at the umbilicus and groin in infants raised in incubators."}
{"id": "PMID:879846", "title": "Cardiovascular effects of apnoea in preterm infants.", "content": "Cardiovascular reflex responses have been studied in 9 newborn preterm infants with apnoeic episodes and in 2 preterm infants with periodic breathing. Respiration, blood pressure, heart rate, and peripheral blood flow were simultaneously recorded. Peripheral blood flow was measured in the leg by venous occlusion plethysmography. During apnoea, bradycardia and peripheral vasoconstriction occur. There is little change in blood pressure though pulse pressure increases. No cardiovascular changes were seen before the onset of apnoea. Periodic breathing had little effect on peripheral blood flow. Preterm infants with gestations as low as 27 weeks apparently have well developed chemoreceptor reflexes which would tend to preserve blood supply to the brain during conditions of hypoxia.", "contents": "Cardiovascular effects of apnoea in preterm infants. Cardiovascular reflex responses have been studied in 9 newborn preterm infants with apnoeic episodes and in 2 preterm infants with periodic breathing. Respiration, blood pressure, heart rate, and peripheral blood flow were simultaneously recorded. Peripheral blood flow was measured in the leg by venous occlusion plethysmography. During apnoea, bradycardia and peripheral vasoconstriction occur. There is little change in blood pressure though pulse pressure increases. No cardiovascular changes were seen before the onset of apnoea. Periodic breathing had little effect on peripheral blood flow. Preterm infants with gestations as low as 27 weeks apparently have well developed chemoreceptor reflexes which would tend to preserve blood supply to the brain during conditions of hypoxia."}
{"id": "PMID:879847", "title": "Deafness after bacterial meningitis.", "content": "Seventeen children with previous bacterial meningitis and 17 sib controls were examined clinically and otoscopically. They were also tested with air-conduction and bone-conduction audiometry and evaluated by tympanometry. There were no major neurological abnormalities and few otoscopical signs of ear disease. 21% of the ears showed abnormalities on air-conduction audiometry but all were normal on bone-conduction audiometry. 30% had abnormal middle-ear pressures (more negative than 100 mm water) on tympanometry and 7% had abnormal compliance of the drum. There were no significant differences on any test between the postmeningitis children and the sib controls. Population studies have confirmed that minor hearing loss due to middle-ear dysfunction is common in children, but is probably temporary in most of them. We have found no excess of middle-ear dysfunction and no sensorineural deafness in these postmeningitis children, but other workers have shown that nerve deafness may occur in association with clinical neurological damage. However, much of the deafness attributed to bacterial meningitis in other studies may well reflect population variability.", "contents": "Deafness after bacterial meningitis. Seventeen children with previous bacterial meningitis and 17 sib controls were examined clinically and otoscopically. They were also tested with air-conduction and bone-conduction audiometry and evaluated by tympanometry. There were no major neurological abnormalities and few otoscopical signs of ear disease. 21% of the ears showed abnormalities on air-conduction audiometry but all were normal on bone-conduction audiometry. 30% had abnormal middle-ear pressures (more negative than 100 mm water) on tympanometry and 7% had abnormal compliance of the drum. There were no significant differences on any test between the postmeningitis children and the sib controls. Population studies have confirmed that minor hearing loss due to middle-ear dysfunction is common in children, but is probably temporary in most of them. We have found no excess of middle-ear dysfunction and no sensorineural deafness in these postmeningitis children, but other workers have shown that nerve deafness may occur in association with clinical neurological damage. However, much of the deafness attributed to bacterial meningitis in other studies may well reflect population variability."}
{"id": "PMID:879848", "title": "Autoantibodies to Tamm-Horsfall protein in detection of vesicoureteric reflux and kidney scarring.", "content": "Measurement of IgG antibodies to Tamm-Horsfall protein (ATHA) in 92 bacteriuric schoolgirls aged 5-12 did not show a significant rise compared with the titres found in the sera of 24 healthy controls. ATHA titres showed no correlation with the presence of vesicoureteric reflux or kidney scarring and it is concluded that measurement of serum ATHA is of no value as a screening procedure for the detection of vesicoureteric reflux.", "contents": "Autoantibodies to Tamm-Horsfall protein in detection of vesicoureteric reflux and kidney scarring. Measurement of IgG antibodies to Tamm-Horsfall protein (ATHA) in 92 bacteriuric schoolgirls aged 5-12 did not show a significant rise compared with the titres found in the sera of 24 healthy controls. ATHA titres showed no correlation with the presence of vesicoureteric reflux or kidney scarring and it is concluded that measurement of serum ATHA is of no value as a screening procedure for the detection of vesicoureteric reflux."}
{"id": "PMID:879849", "title": "Porcine pancreatin as a source of salmonella infection in children with cystic fibrosis.", "content": "Contamination of a powdered preparation of pancreatin with Salmonella schwarzengrund and S. eimsbuettel resulted in the infection of at least 31% of one group of paediatric patients with cystic fibrosis. The pancreatin contained very small numbers of Salmonellae, the infecting dose in at least one child being less than 44 organisms. More stringent bacteriological standards are needed for pharmaceuticals and foods used by paediatric patients.", "contents": "Porcine pancreatin as a source of salmonella infection in children with cystic fibrosis. Contamination of a powdered preparation of pancreatin with Salmonella schwarzengrund and S. eimsbuettel resulted in the infection of at least 31% of one group of paediatric patients with cystic fibrosis. The pancreatin contained very small numbers of Salmonellae, the infecting dose in at least one child being less than 44 organisms. More stringent bacteriological standards are needed for pharmaceuticals and foods used by paediatric patients."}
{"id": "PMID:879850", "title": "Salt-losing syndrome in 2 infants with defective 18-dehydrogenation in aldosterone biosynthesis.", "content": "Two infants presented with a salt-losing syndrome, the presenting features of which were subtle. One case appeared to be transient. Deficient production of aldosterone was shown by plasma renin activity and plasma aldosterone profile. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry of urine indicated a defect in 18-dehydrogenation of 18-hydroxycorticosterone. Treatment with salt supplements and 9alpha-fludrocortisone reversed the salt-losing state and in one case treatment was later stopped. Although the disease may appear transient, the biochemical defect is persistent and for adequate growth a positive salt-balance is necessary.", "contents": "Salt-losing syndrome in 2 infants with defective 18-dehydrogenation in aldosterone biosynthesis. Two infants presented with a salt-losing syndrome, the presenting features of which were subtle. One case appeared to be transient. Deficient production of aldosterone was shown by plasma renin activity and plasma aldosterone profile. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry of urine indicated a defect in 18-dehydrogenation of 18-hydroxycorticosterone. Treatment with salt supplements and 9alpha-fludrocortisone reversed the salt-losing state and in one case treatment was later stopped. Although the disease may appear transient, the biochemical defect is persistent and for adequate growth a positive salt-balance is necessary."}
{"id": "PMID:879851", "title": "Cause of death in tetanus neonatorum: study of 233 cases with 54 necropsies.", "content": "Of 125 newborn infants with tetanus studied clinically, 75 died. Hypothermia and bronchopneumonia were the commonest events leading to death. A sudden drop in the amount of sedation required, loss of or diminished tetanal signs, and hypothermia usually indicated the onset of bronchopneumonia. A later series of 108 cases with 75 deaths (54 necropsies) formed the basis of a pathological study. Pulmonary pathology was found in 46 out of the 54 necropsies: mainly pulmonary haemorrhage, aspiration pneumonia, and bronchopneumonia, particularly of the right upper lobe. Adrenal haemorrhage and renal vein thrombosis also occurred.", "contents": "Cause of death in tetanus neonatorum: study of 233 cases with 54 necropsies. Of 125 newborn infants with tetanus studied clinically, 75 died. Hypothermia and bronchopneumonia were the commonest events leading to death. A sudden drop in the amount of sedation required, loss of or diminished tetanal signs, and hypothermia usually indicated the onset of bronchopneumonia. A later series of 108 cases with 75 deaths (54 necropsies) formed the basis of a pathological study. Pulmonary pathology was found in 46 out of the 54 necropsies: mainly pulmonary haemorrhage, aspiration pneumonia, and bronchopneumonia, particularly of the right upper lobe. Adrenal haemorrhage and renal vein thrombosis also occurred."}
{"id": "PMID:879852", "title": "Hypoglycaemia in congenital adrenal hyperplasia.", "content": "Two young children with salt-losing congenital adrenal hyperplasia developed profound hypoglycaemia. In one child hypoglycaemia occurred after a prolonged fast and in the other it was precipitated by infection. This complication may be more common than the literature suggests, and emergency treatment with glucose or hydrocortisone, given by injection, should be given to any child with the disorder who suddenly or unexpectedly collapses.", "contents": "Hypoglycaemia in congenital adrenal hyperplasia. Two young children with salt-losing congenital adrenal hyperplasia developed profound hypoglycaemia. In one child hypoglycaemia occurred after a prolonged fast and in the other it was precipitated by infection. This complication may be more common than the literature suggests, and emergency treatment with glucose or hydrocortisone, given by injection, should be given to any child with the disorder who suddenly or unexpectedly collapses."}
{"id": "PMID:879859", "title": "The cartoon in doctor-patient communication. Further study of the Arthritis and Rheumatism Council handbook on gout.", "content": "A sample of 50 consecutive patients with gout was tested by means of a multiple-choice knowledge-testing questionnaire based on the Arthritis and Rheumatism Council's Gout: A Handbook for Patients. Patients were divided into two groups: (a) those tested with an illustrated booklet containing 89 cartoons, and (b) those tested with an unillustrated booklet with text exactly the same as in the illustrated booklet. No significant difference was observed in either the overall test scores between the two groups or between individual question scores. It was concluded that increasing the number of illustrations in the Arthritis and Rheumatism Council's handbook on gout had not significantly increased the value of this material as a communication aid. Certain sources of error have been discussed including the possibility of an 'interest factor' due to the inevitable interest patients have in reading about their own disease, and also the possibility that technical factors to do with page layout and picture/text imbalance might be responsible for failing to show differences between the two groups.", "contents": "The cartoon in doctor-patient communication. Further study of the Arthritis and Rheumatism Council handbook on gout. A sample of 50 consecutive patients with gout was tested by means of a multiple-choice knowledge-testing questionnaire based on the Arthritis and Rheumatism Council's Gout: A Handbook for Patients. Patients were divided into two groups: (a) those tested with an illustrated booklet containing 89 cartoons, and (b) those tested with an unillustrated booklet with text exactly the same as in the illustrated booklet. No significant difference was observed in either the overall test scores between the two groups or between individual question scores. It was concluded that increasing the number of illustrations in the Arthritis and Rheumatism Council's handbook on gout had not significantly increased the value of this material as a communication aid. Certain sources of error have been discussed including the possibility of an 'interest factor' due to the inevitable interest patients have in reading about their own disease, and also the possibility that technical factors to do with page layout and picture/text imbalance might be responsible for failing to show differences between the two groups."}
{"id": "PMID:879860", "title": "Factors in resistance to and recovery from M. pulmonis-induced arthritis in mice.", "content": "A previous infection of C3H mice with viable Mycoplasma pulmonis organisms protected them from arthritis induced by intravenous inoculation of these organisms, whether or not their initial arthritis had resolved at the time of challenge. Although spleen cells obtained from such animals conferred resistance to acute arthritis in syngeneic recipient mice, convalescent-phase serum was much more effective in this respect. In addition, the transfer of 'immune' spleen cells to M. pulmonis-infected mice treated with cyclophosphamide did not prevent them from dying, whereas the transfer of convalescent-phase serum to such animals reduced the incidence of mortality. Since M. pulmonis organisms are rapidly inactivated in mice treated with convalescent-phase serum it is suggested that the transferred serum may act by promoting phagocytosis of the mycoplasmas. Although the reason for some mice developing a prolonged arthritis is not clear, the results show that humoral immune mechanisms are more important than cell-mediated ones in preventing acute arthritis and that the humoral mechanisms are of greater importance than the cell-mediated in resistance to and recovery from a generalized mycoplasma infection.", "contents": "Factors in resistance to and recovery from M. pulmonis-induced arthritis in mice. A previous infection of C3H mice with viable Mycoplasma pulmonis organisms protected them from arthritis induced by intravenous inoculation of these organisms, whether or not their initial arthritis had resolved at the time of challenge. Although spleen cells obtained from such animals conferred resistance to acute arthritis in syngeneic recipient mice, convalescent-phase serum was much more effective in this respect. In addition, the transfer of 'immune' spleen cells to M. pulmonis-infected mice treated with cyclophosphamide did not prevent them from dying, whereas the transfer of convalescent-phase serum to such animals reduced the incidence of mortality. Since M. pulmonis organisms are rapidly inactivated in mice treated with convalescent-phase serum it is suggested that the transferred serum may act by promoting phagocytosis of the mycoplasmas. Although the reason for some mice developing a prolonged arthritis is not clear, the results show that humoral immune mechanisms are more important than cell-mediated ones in preventing acute arthritis and that the humoral mechanisms are of greater importance than the cell-mediated in resistance to and recovery from a generalized mycoplasma infection."}
{"id": "PMID:879861", "title": "Penetration of naproxen and salicylate into inflammatory exudates in the rat.", "content": "Acute inflammation was induced in rats by subcutaneous implantation of plastic sponges, and the penetration of salicylate and naproxen into the inflammatory exudate was studied after oral dosing with these compounds. The penetration of intravenously administered 22Na and 125I-albumin was also studied. It was found that salicylate and 22Na penetrated very rapidly, reaching maximum concentration in the exudate within 3 hours of administration. In contrast, naproxen and 125I-albumin penetrated much more slowly, maximum concentrations in the exudates not being reached until 5 hours after administration. The significance of these results and the role of protein binding is discussed.", "contents": "Penetration of naproxen and salicylate into inflammatory exudates in the rat. Acute inflammation was induced in rats by subcutaneous implantation of plastic sponges, and the penetration of salicylate and naproxen into the inflammatory exudate was studied after oral dosing with these compounds. The penetration of intravenously administered 22Na and 125I-albumin was also studied. It was found that salicylate and 22Na penetrated very rapidly, reaching maximum concentration in the exudate within 3 hours of administration. In contrast, naproxen and 125I-albumin penetrated much more slowly, maximum concentrations in the exudates not being reached until 5 hours after administration. The significance of these results and the role of protein binding is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:879862", "title": "Degenerative arthritis in mice. Study of age and sex frequency in various strains with a genetic study of NZB/B1, NZY/B1, and hybrid mice.", "content": "Of a number of strains of mice studied for evidence of autoimmunity, NZY/B1 mice showed the highest frequency of degenerative arthritis of the knee, reaching a maximum of 68% at 18 months. 50% PN mice were affected at 24 months. Both breeds differed from previously described strains in not showing a sex difference. The NZB/B1 mice were rarely affected and hybrids to the NZY and the backcross to the NZB showed a recessive pattern of inheritance for knee arthritis and an additive pattern for carpal arthritis. Polygenic inheritance was postulated as at least three genes would be necessary to explain the findings. Joint disease was not related to red cell and nuclear antibodies, glomerulitis, or arteritis.", "contents": "Degenerative arthritis in mice. Study of age and sex frequency in various strains with a genetic study of NZB/B1, NZY/B1, and hybrid mice. Of a number of strains of mice studied for evidence of autoimmunity, NZY/B1 mice showed the highest frequency of degenerative arthritis of the knee, reaching a maximum of 68% at 18 months. 50% PN mice were affected at 24 months. Both breeds differed from previously described strains in not showing a sex difference. The NZB/B1 mice were rarely affected and hybrids to the NZY and the backcross to the NZB showed a recessive pattern of inheritance for knee arthritis and an additive pattern for carpal arthritis. Polygenic inheritance was postulated as at least three genes would be necessary to explain the findings. Joint disease was not related to red cell and nuclear antibodies, glomerulitis, or arteritis."}
{"id": "PMID:879863", "title": "Functional assay of cytotoxic lymphocytes involved in antibody-mediated cytotoxicity in normal and rheumatoid subjects.", "content": "Antibody-mediated lymphocyte-induced cytotoxicity (K cell activity) was measured in a system consisting of Chang human liver cells, rabbit anti-Chang antiserum, and Triosil-Ficoll purified human lymphocytes. It was concluded that one K cell probably inactivates or kills one target cell, and that the number of active K cells is similar in the peripheral blood of normal and rheumatoid subjects and is about 0-5%.", "contents": "Functional assay of cytotoxic lymphocytes involved in antibody-mediated cytotoxicity in normal and rheumatoid subjects. Antibody-mediated lymphocyte-induced cytotoxicity (K cell activity) was measured in a system consisting of Chang human liver cells, rabbit anti-Chang antiserum, and Triosil-Ficoll purified human lymphocytes. It was concluded that one K cell probably inactivates or kills one target cell, and that the number of active K cells is similar in the peripheral blood of normal and rheumatoid subjects and is about 0-5%."}
{"id": "PMID:879864", "title": "Serum uric acid levels in psoriatic arthritis.", "content": "Serum uric acid levels were determined in patients with psoriatic arthritis on and off medication, with rheumatoid arthritis on no medication likely to alter serum values, and in patients with uncomplicated psoriasis. Values in males were higher than those in females. A larger prevalence of values above the normal range were seen in males with psoriatic arthritis on uncontrolled medication (13-5%) and in males with rheumatoid arthritis (12%) than in the other groups. The means for both these groups were around the midpoints of the normal range. These findings suggest that hyperuricaemia is not a common characteristic of psoriatic arthritis.", "contents": "Serum uric acid levels in psoriatic arthritis. Serum uric acid levels were determined in patients with psoriatic arthritis on and off medication, with rheumatoid arthritis on no medication likely to alter serum values, and in patients with uncomplicated psoriasis. Values in males were higher than those in females. A larger prevalence of values above the normal range were seen in males with psoriatic arthritis on uncontrolled medication (13-5%) and in males with rheumatoid arthritis (12%) than in the other groups. The means for both these groups were around the midpoints of the normal range. These findings suggest that hyperuricaemia is not a common characteristic of psoriatic arthritis."}
{"id": "PMID:879865", "title": "Antibody-mediated cytotoxicity in rheumatoid arthritis.", "content": "Patients with active seropositive rheumatoid arthritis have reduced antibody-mediated cytotoxicity. Synovial fluid lymphocytes have very low cytotoxicity. A relationship appears to exist between disease activity and cytotoxic activity.", "contents": "Antibody-mediated cytotoxicity in rheumatoid arthritis. Patients with active seropositive rheumatoid arthritis have reduced antibody-mediated cytotoxicity. Synovial fluid lymphocytes have very low cytotoxicity. A relationship appears to exist between disease activity and cytotoxic activity."}
{"id": "PMID:879866", "title": "Serum ferritin in juvenile chronic polyarthritis.", "content": "Six children with juvenile chronic polyarthritis were studied and their disease activity correlated with haematological values including serum ferritin. The latter is often raised above reference values, but even when within them appears to fluctuate significantly and correlates more closely with disease activity than any of the other parameters measured. We conclude that the serial measurement of serum ferritin may be a useful guide to the management of such children.", "contents": "Serum ferritin in juvenile chronic polyarthritis. Six children with juvenile chronic polyarthritis were studied and their disease activity correlated with haematological values including serum ferritin. The latter is often raised above reference values, but even when within them appears to fluctuate significantly and correlates more closely with disease activity than any of the other parameters measured. We conclude that the serial measurement of serum ferritin may be a useful guide to the management of such children."}
{"id": "PMID:879867", "title": "Relationship of radiological change to clinical outcome in rheumatoid arthritis.", "content": "Ninety-four patients with rheumatoid arthritis, seen within the first year after onset, have been followed prospectively with annual radiographs for a mean 63-1 months. An erosive arthropathy occurred in 72. The severity of the erosive changes showed a significant correlation with eventual clinical outcome. It is possible to predict a favourable outcome in those patients whose erosive changes become static at an early stage in the disease.", "contents": "Relationship of radiological change to clinical outcome in rheumatoid arthritis. Ninety-four patients with rheumatoid arthritis, seen within the first year after onset, have been followed prospectively with annual radiographs for a mean 63-1 months. An erosive arthropathy occurred in 72. The severity of the erosive changes showed a significant correlation with eventual clinical outcome. It is possible to predict a favourable outcome in those patients whose erosive changes become static at an early stage in the disease."}
{"id": "PMID:879868", "title": "Bone and joint changes in pneumatic drillers.", "content": "A clinical and radiological survey of 34 men who were pneumatic drillers employed by the North East Gas Board, was carried out to determine the prevalence of osteoarthrosis. Mild osteoarthrosis of the elbows was found in 2 subjects only. Two drillers had radiological evidence of generalized osteoarthrosis elsewhere, and minor degenerative changes were present in the hands of 15 cases. Our findings do not support the view that pneumatic drillers are particularly prone to develop osteoarthrosis.", "contents": "Bone and joint changes in pneumatic drillers. A clinical and radiological survey of 34 men who were pneumatic drillers employed by the North East Gas Board, was carried out to determine the prevalence of osteoarthrosis. Mild osteoarthrosis of the elbows was found in 2 subjects only. Two drillers had radiological evidence of generalized osteoarthrosis elsewhere, and minor degenerative changes were present in the hands of 15 cases. Our findings do not support the view that pneumatic drillers are particularly prone to develop osteoarthrosis."}
{"id": "PMID:879870", "title": "Biostatistical basis of elective node dissection for malignant melanoma.", "content": "During the years 1954 through 1964, 259 individuals with primary malignant melanoma had an elective node dissection. Microscopic metastases were found in 15% of these patients. The presence of only a microscopic focus of involvement gave a 10-year cure rate of 67%; metastasis larger than a microscopic focus in a single node, 50%; and more than one node, 15%. One hundred forty-five individuals were treated by wide excision alone with 18% subsequently requiring a therapeutic lymphadenectomy with a ten-year cure of only 6%. A prospective study was then initiated which was concerned with efficacy of selection of patients for elective node dissection. Clark's level of invasion was determined for 258 patients treated since January 1972. The depth of invasion of the primary lesion was found to correlate directly with the absence of lymph node metastases, extent of nodal involvement, and rate of recurrence. It is concluded that the concept of elective node dissection is valid.", "contents": "Biostatistical basis of elective node dissection for malignant melanoma. During the years 1954 through 1964, 259 individuals with primary malignant melanoma had an elective node dissection. Microscopic metastases were found in 15% of these patients. The presence of only a microscopic focus of involvement gave a 10-year cure rate of 67%; metastasis larger than a microscopic focus in a single node, 50%; and more than one node, 15%. One hundred forty-five individuals were treated by wide excision alone with 18% subsequently requiring a therapeutic lymphadenectomy with a ten-year cure of only 6%. A prospective study was then initiated which was concerned with efficacy of selection of patients for elective node dissection. Clark's level of invasion was determined for 258 patients treated since January 1972. The depth of invasion of the primary lesion was found to correlate directly with the absence of lymph node metastases, extent of nodal involvement, and rate of recurrence. It is concluded that the concept of elective node dissection is valid."}
{"id": "PMID:879871", "title": "Malignant tumors in choledochal cysts.", "content": "Between 1960 and 1975, 17 patients with congenital cystic dilatation of the common bile duct (choledochal cyst) were treated and three were associated with malignant tumors in the cysts and one was with carcinoma of the gallbladder. Preoperative diagnosis of adenocarcinoma in the choledochal cyst was established in one patient by cytologic examination of the bile which was obtained during the procedure of endoscopic pancreaticocholangraphy (EPCG) and percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography (PTC). Definitive treatment of the choledochal cysts associated with malignant tumors in the biliary tract was accomplished by excision of the cysts with tumor and choledochojejunostomy in two patients, by cystoduodenostomy following external drainage in one and by cholecystectomy with resection of invaded transverse colon in one with cancer of the gallbladder. Successful excision of choledochal cysts in 11 patients including three cases associated with malignant tumors in the biliary tract during the last 15 year period is the basis of this report.", "contents": "Malignant tumors in choledochal cysts. Between 1960 and 1975, 17 patients with congenital cystic dilatation of the common bile duct (choledochal cyst) were treated and three were associated with malignant tumors in the cysts and one was with carcinoma of the gallbladder. Preoperative diagnosis of adenocarcinoma in the choledochal cyst was established in one patient by cytologic examination of the bile which was obtained during the procedure of endoscopic pancreaticocholangraphy (EPCG) and percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography (PTC). Definitive treatment of the choledochal cysts associated with malignant tumors in the biliary tract was accomplished by excision of the cysts with tumor and choledochojejunostomy in two patients, by cystoduodenostomy following external drainage in one and by cholecystectomy with resection of invaded transverse colon in one with cancer of the gallbladder. Successful excision of choledochal cysts in 11 patients including three cases associated with malignant tumors in the biliary tract during the last 15 year period is the basis of this report."}
{"id": "PMID:879872", "title": "Palmar hyperhidrosis and its surgical treatment: a report of 100 cases.", "content": "One hundred patients with primary palmar hyperhidrosis (HH) underwent bilateral upper dorsal sympathectomy (UDS) by the supraclavicular approach. Pre-operative epidemiological and clinical data are described. The immediate and late results, as well as the complications and side-effects are detailed. Follow-up was completed on 93 patients between four and 50 months after the operation (average 18 months). Of 93 patients, 91 had drying of the hands. In 58% some moisture returned to the hands but in no case did the hyperhidrotic state recur. Subjective patient evaluation was excellent or good in 83 patients (89%) and only one patient (a technical failure) was completely dissatisfied. Reasons for some degree of dissatisfaction with operation were mainly compensatory HH in non denervated areas, and Horner's syndrome. Compensatory HH usually decreased with passage of time and, permanent Horner's syndrome occurred in 8% of patients (4% of procedures). Technical failure can be avoided by use of frozen section examination intraoperatively. For severe cases of palmar HH that cause social, professional and emotional embarassment, bilateral simultaneous UDS by the supraclavicular approach is the procedure of choice: Morbidity is small, and almost all patients enjoy improved quality of life after the operation.", "contents": "Palmar hyperhidrosis and its surgical treatment: a report of 100 cases. One hundred patients with primary palmar hyperhidrosis (HH) underwent bilateral upper dorsal sympathectomy (UDS) by the supraclavicular approach. Pre-operative epidemiological and clinical data are described. The immediate and late results, as well as the complications and side-effects are detailed. Follow-up was completed on 93 patients between four and 50 months after the operation (average 18 months). Of 93 patients, 91 had drying of the hands. In 58% some moisture returned to the hands but in no case did the hyperhidrotic state recur. Subjective patient evaluation was excellent or good in 83 patients (89%) and only one patient (a technical failure) was completely dissatisfied. Reasons for some degree of dissatisfaction with operation were mainly compensatory HH in non denervated areas, and Horner's syndrome. Compensatory HH usually decreased with passage of time and, permanent Horner's syndrome occurred in 8% of patients (4% of procedures). Technical failure can be avoided by use of frozen section examination intraoperatively. For severe cases of palmar HH that cause social, professional and emotional embarassment, bilateral simultaneous UDS by the supraclavicular approach is the procedure of choice: Morbidity is small, and almost all patients enjoy improved quality of life after the operation."}
{"id": "PMID:879873", "title": "Changes in humoral components of host defense following burn trauma.", "content": "Serum opsonic activity for E. coli 075, conversion of C3 by inulin, total hemolytic complement (CH(50)), levels of native C3, factor B, C3b inactivator (KAF), properdin (P), and immunoglobulins (Ig) were determined in 14 patients with burns involving 13% to 91% body surface during 6 to 8 weeks postburn. In the 12 uninfected patients, levels of IgG and IgA were reduced during the first 10 days postburn, and decreased concentrations of P and IgM were demonstrated from three to 6 weeks postburn. C3 conversion was reduced from 10 days to 6 weeks postburn. Levels of C3, factor B, and KAF were normal or elevated for the entire study period. No difference in the occurrence of humoral abnormalities was noted in patients with burns caused by flame, immersion scald, or acid contact. Reduction in C3 conversion and P concentration were the only abnormalities which correlated with increasing burn size. Bacteremia and/or fungemia was documented in the other two patients. In one of these patients, reduction in CH(50) occurred during septicemia due to S. aureus, and in the other, reduction in all measurements of complement was associated with candidemia and Pseudomonas septicemia and occurred prior to the development of shock. Serum opsonic activity was only reduced significantly during sepsis, suggesting that this abnormality occurred as a result rather than a cause of infection. These results indicate that consumption of components of the classical and/or alternative pathways of complement activation may be an important mechanism by which infection is perpetuated in the burn patient. They also emphasize the importance of the clinical management of the burn patient in preventing the development of septic complications.", "contents": "Changes in humoral components of host defense following burn trauma. Serum opsonic activity for E. coli 075, conversion of C3 by inulin, total hemolytic complement (CH(50)), levels of native C3, factor B, C3b inactivator (KAF), properdin (P), and immunoglobulins (Ig) were determined in 14 patients with burns involving 13% to 91% body surface during 6 to 8 weeks postburn. In the 12 uninfected patients, levels of IgG and IgA were reduced during the first 10 days postburn, and decreased concentrations of P and IgM were demonstrated from three to 6 weeks postburn. C3 conversion was reduced from 10 days to 6 weeks postburn. Levels of C3, factor B, and KAF were normal or elevated for the entire study period. No difference in the occurrence of humoral abnormalities was noted in patients with burns caused by flame, immersion scald, or acid contact. Reduction in C3 conversion and P concentration were the only abnormalities which correlated with increasing burn size. Bacteremia and/or fungemia was documented in the other two patients. In one of these patients, reduction in CH(50) occurred during septicemia due to S. aureus, and in the other, reduction in all measurements of complement was associated with candidemia and Pseudomonas septicemia and occurred prior to the development of shock. Serum opsonic activity was only reduced significantly during sepsis, suggesting that this abnormality occurred as a result rather than a cause of infection. These results indicate that consumption of components of the classical and/or alternative pathways of complement activation may be an important mechanism by which infection is perpetuated in the burn patient. They also emphasize the importance of the clinical management of the burn patient in preventing the development of septic complications."}
{"id": "PMID:879875", "title": "Early and late results of closure of ventricular septal defect in infancy.", "content": "Fifty infants ranging in age from 13 days to 18 months (mean age 6 months) and weighing from 1.7 to 8.2 kg (mean weight 4.5 kg) underwent patch closure of a ventricular septal defect (VSD) with use of deep hypothermic circulatory arrest. Seventeen infants were under 3 months of age. The principal indication for operation was intractable chronic congestive heart failure; All infants were below the third percentile for weight preoperatively; Three patients (6%) died postoperatively within the second month of life. There was no late mortality. Seven infants (14%) had seizures; these were associated with a low output state in 2 infants, with hypoxic episodes in 4 infants, and occurred postoperatively in 1 infant. Postoperatively, 8 (17%) of the surviving infants developed right bundle-branch block and left anterior hemiblock, and 16 (32%) developed right bundle-branch block alone. One year postoperatively, catheterization studies in 24 children revealed normal pulmonary artery pressure and pulmonary vascular resistance in all; there were no significant residual ventricular septal defects. Because of these results we continue to be enthusiastic about primary closure of VSD irrespective of age or weightk0", "contents": "Early and late results of closure of ventricular septal defect in infancy. Fifty infants ranging in age from 13 days to 18 months (mean age 6 months) and weighing from 1.7 to 8.2 kg (mean weight 4.5 kg) underwent patch closure of a ventricular septal defect (VSD) with use of deep hypothermic circulatory arrest. Seventeen infants were under 3 months of age. The principal indication for operation was intractable chronic congestive heart failure; All infants were below the third percentile for weight preoperatively; Three patients (6%) died postoperatively within the second month of life. There was no late mortality. Seven infants (14%) had seizures; these were associated with a low output state in 2 infants, with hypoxic episodes in 4 infants, and occurred postoperatively in 1 infant. Postoperatively, 8 (17%) of the surviving infants developed right bundle-branch block and left anterior hemiblock, and 16 (32%) developed right bundle-branch block alone. One year postoperatively, catheterization studies in 24 children revealed normal pulmonary artery pressure and pulmonary vascular resistance in all; there were no significant residual ventricular septal defects. Because of these results we continue to be enthusiastic about primary closure of VSD irrespective of age or weightk0"}
{"id": "PMID:879877", "title": "Secundum atrial septal defect and cleft mitral valve.", "content": "The association of a secundum atrial septal defect and mitral insufficiency is not uncommon. Five patients with this combination of lesions are presented and the pathological anatomy of the mitral valve is discussed. All 5 patients demonstrated a similar cleft mitral valve; 2 had cleft valves when only mitral valve prolapse was suspected preoperatively. The surgical implication of these lesions is discussed.", "contents": "Secundum atrial septal defect and cleft mitral valve. The association of a secundum atrial septal defect and mitral insufficiency is not uncommon. Five patients with this combination of lesions are presented and the pathological anatomy of the mitral valve is discussed. All 5 patients demonstrated a similar cleft mitral valve; 2 had cleft valves when only mitral valve prolapse was suspected preoperatively. The surgical implication of these lesions is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:879878", "title": "Calcium microemboli and microfilters in valve operations.", "content": "Fatal microemboli occurred in 3 of 100 consecutive patients having aortic valve replacement; 2 occurred during perfusion before the microfilter era, and 1 occurred intraoperatively despite the use of in-line filters. In all 3 patients cerebral symptoms were present immediately postoperatively, and each died of severe brain damage. On postmortem examination cerebral calcium microemboli were verified in only 2 patients, although the brain of each patient contained minute infarctions. However, calcium particles were found in the kidneys of all 3 patients. Thus the kidneys proved to be the best place for detection of calcium emboli on postmortem examination. Although the microfilters currently available effectively prevent microemboli during extracorporeal circulation, the surgeon should be aware that embolization can also occur immediately after discontinuation of perfusion. The means of protecting the patient from this are discussed.", "contents": "Calcium microemboli and microfilters in valve operations. Fatal microemboli occurred in 3 of 100 consecutive patients having aortic valve replacement; 2 occurred during perfusion before the microfilter era, and 1 occurred intraoperatively despite the use of in-line filters. In all 3 patients cerebral symptoms were present immediately postoperatively, and each died of severe brain damage. On postmortem examination cerebral calcium microemboli were verified in only 2 patients, although the brain of each patient contained minute infarctions. However, calcium particles were found in the kidneys of all 3 patients. Thus the kidneys proved to be the best place for detection of calcium emboli on postmortem examination. Although the microfilters currently available effectively prevent microemboli during extracorporeal circulation, the surgeon should be aware that embolization can also occur immediately after discontinuation of perfusion. The means of protecting the patient from this are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:879879", "title": "Reversal of advanced left ventricular dysfunction following aortic valve replacement for aortic stenosis.", "content": "A series of 12 consecutive patients who underwent aortic valve replacement (AVR) for aortic stenosis complicated by severe left ventricular dysfunction was reviewed. Ventricular dysfunction was reflected by pulmonary congestion, edema, renal and hepatic dysfunction, and by severely depressed ejection fractions (mean, 13%; range equal to 0-20%). Aortic valve replacement was accompanied by mitral commissurotomy in 1 patient and aortocoronary bypass in 5. Three of 5 patients with greater than 50% coronary obstruction died without reversal of heart failure, and 1 of the 5 died after a stroke. The 1 survivor of this group has done well. All 7 patients with minimal or no coronary disease survived operation and are now in New York Heart Association Class I or II. Postoperative catheterization (2 to 12 months) in 6 patients showed improved cardiac index and filling pressures. Left ventricular diastolic volume fell from 159 to 82 ml/m2, and ejection fraction rose from 13 to 45%. We conclude that left ventricular dysfunction owing to aortic stenosis alone is reversible and that AVR results in great clinical improvement. When coronary disease is present, survival may be accompanied by great improvement but the operative mortality is much higher.", "contents": "Reversal of advanced left ventricular dysfunction following aortic valve replacement for aortic stenosis. A series of 12 consecutive patients who underwent aortic valve replacement (AVR) for aortic stenosis complicated by severe left ventricular dysfunction was reviewed. Ventricular dysfunction was reflected by pulmonary congestion, edema, renal and hepatic dysfunction, and by severely depressed ejection fractions (mean, 13%; range equal to 0-20%). Aortic valve replacement was accompanied by mitral commissurotomy in 1 patient and aortocoronary bypass in 5. Three of 5 patients with greater than 50% coronary obstruction died without reversal of heart failure, and 1 of the 5 died after a stroke. The 1 survivor of this group has done well. All 7 patients with minimal or no coronary disease survived operation and are now in New York Heart Association Class I or II. Postoperative catheterization (2 to 12 months) in 6 patients showed improved cardiac index and filling pressures. Left ventricular diastolic volume fell from 159 to 82 ml/m2, and ejection fraction rose from 13 to 45%. We conclude that left ventricular dysfunction owing to aortic stenosis alone is reversible and that AVR results in great clinical improvement. When coronary disease is present, survival may be accompanied by great improvement but the operative mortality is much higher."}
{"id": "PMID:879881", "title": "Retrograde aortic dissection during cardiopulmonary bypass: \"nonoperative\" management.", "content": "Seven patients are reported in whom retrograde aortic dissection occurred, 2 during valve replacement and 5 during coronary artery bypass, among 770 patients perfused through the common femoral artery. Successful management included : (1) immediate cessation of cardiopulmonary bypass; (2) removal of the arterial cannula and its replacement in the ascending aorta, usually through both lumens of the dissection; (3) completion of the operation by suturing the proximal ends of saphenous vein grafts to both lumens of the dissection in the ascending aorta; and (4) no treatment of the dissection itself. One patient died of other causes 30 days postoperatively. Follow-up from 2 to 3 1/2 years in 6 long-term survivors has revealed no complications related to the dissection. Saphenous vein graft function is apparently satisfactory.", "contents": "Retrograde aortic dissection during cardiopulmonary bypass: \"nonoperative\" management. Seven patients are reported in whom retrograde aortic dissection occurred, 2 during valve replacement and 5 during coronary artery bypass, among 770 patients perfused through the common femoral artery. Successful management included : (1) immediate cessation of cardiopulmonary bypass; (2) removal of the arterial cannula and its replacement in the ascending aorta, usually through both lumens of the dissection; (3) completion of the operation by suturing the proximal ends of saphenous vein grafts to both lumens of the dissection in the ascending aorta; and (4) no treatment of the dissection itself. One patient died of other causes 30 days postoperatively. Follow-up from 2 to 3 1/2 years in 6 long-term survivors has revealed no complications related to the dissection. Saphenous vein graft function is apparently satisfactory."}
{"id": "PMID:879882", "title": "Enlarging intratracheal tube cuff diameter: a quantitative roentgenographic study of its value in the early prediction of serious tracheal damage.", "content": "A prospective study to radiographically document impending tracheal damage in patients on continuous mechanical ventilation was done in 135 intubated adult patients over an eighteen month period. The previously unrecognized enlarging cuff/trachea ratio over 150% was seen in 18 patients. Five of 9 patients who died with C/T ratio over 150% were autopsied; all had severe tracheal damage at the cuff site. Four of 5 patients who were decannulated/extubated developed tracheal stenosis at the cuff site, necessitating tracheal resection in 3 patients. Thus a C/T ratio over 150% is a reliable clinical indicator of tracheal damage. Some thoughts as to prevention of this iatrogenic disease are presented.", "contents": "Enlarging intratracheal tube cuff diameter: a quantitative roentgenographic study of its value in the early prediction of serious tracheal damage. A prospective study to radiographically document impending tracheal damage in patients on continuous mechanical ventilation was done in 135 intubated adult patients over an eighteen month period. The previously unrecognized enlarging cuff/trachea ratio over 150% was seen in 18 patients. Five of 9 patients who died with C/T ratio over 150% were autopsied; all had severe tracheal damage at the cuff site. Four of 5 patients who were decannulated/extubated developed tracheal stenosis at the cuff site, necessitating tracheal resection in 3 patients. Thus a C/T ratio over 150% is a reliable clinical indicator of tracheal damage. Some thoughts as to prevention of this iatrogenic disease are presented."}
{"id": "PMID:879883", "title": "The role of transbronchial lung biopsy in diffuse pulmonary disease.", "content": "Forty consecutive patients underwent flexible fiberoptic transbronchial lung biopsy for diagnosis of diffuse nodular or infiltrative lung disease. Biplane fluoroscopic examination with image intensification greatly facilitated accurate placement of the biopsy forceps near the pleura; Specimens of lung parenchyma were obtained for culture and histological study in every  case. A pathological diagnosis was correctly established in 34 of 40 patients. Transbronchial biopsy was helpful in the clinical management of an additional 4 patients. Biopsy results were not accurate in 2 patients. No significant morbidity was associated with the procedure. Fiberoptic transbronchial lung biopsy is a safe and useful adjunct to the diagnosis of parenchymal lung disease.", "contents": "The role of transbronchial lung biopsy in diffuse pulmonary disease. Forty consecutive patients underwent flexible fiberoptic transbronchial lung biopsy for diagnosis of diffuse nodular or infiltrative lung disease. Biplane fluoroscopic examination with image intensification greatly facilitated accurate placement of the biopsy forceps near the pleura; Specimens of lung parenchyma were obtained for culture and histological study in every  case. A pathological diagnosis was correctly established in 34 of 40 patients. Transbronchial biopsy was helpful in the clinical management of an additional 4 patients. Biopsy results were not accurate in 2 patients. No significant morbidity was associated with the procedure. Fiberoptic transbronchial lung biopsy is a safe and useful adjunct to the diagnosis of parenchymal lung disease."}
{"id": "PMID:879884", "title": "Aortocoronary vein graft flow in response to peripheral venous administration of sodium nitroprusside or diazepam.", "content": "Vein graft flow (VGF) in response to peripheral venous administration of sodium nitroprusside (SNP) or diazepam was studied in 13 anesthetized patients following cardiopulmonary bypass for aortocoronary vein bypass graft operations. SNP (0.5 microgram/kg/min) significantly reduced mean arterial pressure (p less than 0.05). VGF paralleled the decreased blood pressure, but the reduction was not significant (p greater than 0.05). Diazepam (0.1 mg/kg) did not significantly alter blood pressure or VGF. We conclude that peripheral venous administration of SNP or diazepam is not a pharmacologically reliable method by which to increase VGF in the period immediately following a graft operation.", "contents": "Aortocoronary vein graft flow in response to peripheral venous administration of sodium nitroprusside or diazepam. Vein graft flow (VGF) in response to peripheral venous administration of sodium nitroprusside (SNP) or diazepam was studied in 13 anesthetized patients following cardiopulmonary bypass for aortocoronary vein bypass graft operations. SNP (0.5 microgram/kg/min) significantly reduced mean arterial pressure (p less than 0.05). VGF paralleled the decreased blood pressure, but the reduction was not significant (p greater than 0.05). Diazepam (0.1 mg/kg) did not significantly alter blood pressure or VGF. We conclude that peripheral venous administration of SNP or diazepam is not a pharmacologically reliable method by which to increase VGF in the period immediately following a graft operation."}
{"id": "PMID:879885", "title": "A recommended protocol for pacemaker follow-up: analysis of 1,705 implanted pacemakers.", "content": "This study, developed for the purpose of establishing an appropriate protocol for general follow-up of the paced patient, is based on clinical experience with patients derived from diverse specialties, geographical locations and protocol preferences. The analysis represents a four-year study of the transtelephonic follow-up of 1,705 implanted cardiac pacers, which represents 44,616 pacer-months of experience. There were 340 system malfunctions, 41% (141) due to battery exhaustion and 59% (199) due to other causes. Of all observed system failures 9.7% (33) occurred within 1 month of implantation, with the rate declining sharply thereafter until battery failures began to occur at approximately the twenty-fourth month. Only 10.9% (37) of all system failures were accompanied by clinical symptoms. Of the clinical failures, 62% (23) occurred in patients who were tested at intervals greater than 10 weeks. Our analysis indicates that testing should be performed weekly for the first month following lead manipulation. Thereafter, tests should be performed at 8- to 10-week intervals for the first 24 months of pacemaker life. During the third postimplant year tests should be conducted more frequently, depending on the energy source of the generator.", "contents": "A recommended protocol for pacemaker follow-up: analysis of 1,705 implanted pacemakers. This study, developed for the purpose of establishing an appropriate protocol for general follow-up of the paced patient, is based on clinical experience with patients derived from diverse specialties, geographical locations and protocol preferences. The analysis represents a four-year study of the transtelephonic follow-up of 1,705 implanted cardiac pacers, which represents 44,616 pacer-months of experience. There were 340 system malfunctions, 41% (141) due to battery exhaustion and 59% (199) due to other causes. Of all observed system failures 9.7% (33) occurred within 1 month of implantation, with the rate declining sharply thereafter until battery failures began to occur at approximately the twenty-fourth month. Only 10.9% (37) of all system failures were accompanied by clinical symptoms. Of the clinical failures, 62% (23) occurred in patients who were tested at intervals greater than 10 weeks. Our analysis indicates that testing should be performed weekly for the first month following lead manipulation. Thereafter, tests should be performed at 8- to 10-week intervals for the first 24 months of pacemaker life. During the third postimplant year tests should be conducted more frequently, depending on the energy source of the generator."}
{"id": "PMID:879886", "title": "Traumatic aortic rupture: an additional roentgenographic sign.", "content": "Esophageal displacement to the right at the level of the aortic arch and isthmus, as marked by an opaque nasoesophageal tube on anteroposterior chest roentgenogram is a useful sign in diagnosing traumatic aortic rupture. Finding this esophageal displacement in patients with blunt chest trauma warrants an immediate thoracic aortogram for demonstration of possible aortic injury.", "contents": "Traumatic aortic rupture: an additional roentgenographic sign. Esophageal displacement to the right at the level of the aortic arch and isthmus, as marked by an opaque nasoesophageal tube on anteroposterior chest roentgenogram is a useful sign in diagnosing traumatic aortic rupture. Finding this esophageal displacement in patients with blunt chest trauma warrants an immediate thoracic aortogram for demonstration of possible aortic injury."}
{"id": "PMID:879887", "title": "Acute clonidine withdrawal syndrome following open-heart operation.", "content": "A patient who underwent cardiopulmonary bypass developed a syndrome of malignant hypertension with agitated delirium, unresponsive to antihypertensive agents, following abrupt withdrawal of clonidine. The literature on this syndrome is reviewed with emphasis placed on prompt recognition. The syndrome can be reversed by resumption of clonidine administration and can be prevented by maintenance of clonidine levels through the perioperative period.", "contents": "Acute clonidine withdrawal syndrome following open-heart operation. A patient who underwent cardiopulmonary bypass developed a syndrome of malignant hypertension with agitated delirium, unresponsive to antihypertensive agents, following abrupt withdrawal of clonidine. The literature on this syndrome is reviewed with emphasis placed on prompt recognition. The syndrome can be reversed by resumption of clonidine administration and can be prevented by maintenance of clonidine levels through the perioperative period."}
{"id": "PMID:879888", "title": "Primary pulmonary sporotrichosis.", "content": "A patient with primary pulmonary sporotrichosis with infiltration and cavitation is reported. Treatment for one year with potassium iodide resulted in marked resolution of the inflammatory lesions but persistent cavitation and fungal infection. Cure followed bisegmental lung resection with no recurrence during eight-year follow-up. Excellent results are reported in 10 patients treated by resection despite less then optimal preoperative iodide therapy. Surgical treatment of primary sporotrichosis with cavitation is indicated and should be unattended by complications or recurrence.", "contents": "Primary pulmonary sporotrichosis. A patient with primary pulmonary sporotrichosis with infiltration and cavitation is reported. Treatment for one year with potassium iodide resulted in marked resolution of the inflammatory lesions but persistent cavitation and fungal infection. Cure followed bisegmental lung resection with no recurrence during eight-year follow-up. Excellent results are reported in 10 patients treated by resection despite less then optimal preoperative iodide therapy. Surgical treatment of primary sporotrichosis with cavitation is indicated and should be unattended by complications or recurrence."}
{"id": "PMID:879889", "title": "Subclavian subtleties.", "content": "Several helpful technical features are presented that reduce the morbidity associated with subclavian vein catheterization. These techniques include percutaneous insertion through an indwelling catheter, repositioning the catheter without a second puncture, and securing the catheter without kinking or dislodgment. Use of these techniques will spare the patient the risks attendant to multiple subclavian punctures.", "contents": "Subclavian subtleties. Several helpful technical features are presented that reduce the morbidity associated with subclavian vein catheterization. These techniques include percutaneous insertion through an indwelling catheter, repositioning the catheter without a second puncture, and securing the catheter without kinking or dislodgment. Use of these techniques will spare the patient the risks attendant to multiple subclavian punctures."}
{"id": "PMID:879890", "title": "Pledget- and patch-holding clamp: a new instrument.", "content": "A new clamp designed to facilitate the handling and placement of various shapes and sizes of cardiac patching materials is described.", "contents": "Pledget- and patch-holding clamp: a new instrument. A new clamp designed to facilitate the handling and placement of various shapes and sizes of cardiac patching materials is described."}
{"id": "PMID:879893", "title": "Gastroesophageal reflux and ascorbic acid insufficiency.", "content": "The incidental discovery of scurvy in a patient with a symptomatic hiatal hernia has led to the identification of 9 other individuals with chemically proved vitamin C deficiency secondary to an expressed aversion to \"acid\" food in any form. These patients were screened with capillary fragility tests and serum ascorbic acid determinations from approximately 200 hiatal hernia and reflux patients. With resumption of a normal vitamin C intake, scattered deficiency symptoms disappeared and both capillary fragility tests and serum ascorbic acid levels returned toward normal. There were no wound healing problems.", "contents": "Gastroesophageal reflux and ascorbic acid insufficiency. The incidental discovery of scurvy in a patient with a symptomatic hiatal hernia has led to the identification of 9 other individuals with chemically proved vitamin C deficiency secondary to an expressed aversion to \"acid\" food in any form. These patients were screened with capillary fragility tests and serum ascorbic acid determinations from approximately 200 hiatal hernia and reflux patients. With resumption of a normal vitamin C intake, scattered deficiency symptoms disappeared and both capillary fragility tests and serum ascorbic acid levels returned toward normal. There were no wound healing problems."}
{"id": "PMID:879894", "title": "Diaphragmatic eventration in infancy and childhood.", "content": "Eventration of the diaphragm, although a relatively rare clinical entity, should be considered in all patients with respiratory distress during the neonatal period, particularly in babies born after difficult delivery by breech presentation or forceps extraction. The diagnosis can be made in the majority of spontaneously breathing patients by chest roentgenography or by fluoroscopy. The treatment initially should be supportive, including assisted ventilation if needed. If the infant cannot be weaned off the respirator after a week to ten days of respiratory support, surgical correction of the elevated diaphragm should be carried out. The results of surgical treatment in these desperately sick infants is usually most gratifying.", "contents": "Diaphragmatic eventration in infancy and childhood. Eventration of the diaphragm, although a relatively rare clinical entity, should be considered in all patients with respiratory distress during the neonatal period, particularly in babies born after difficult delivery by breech presentation or forceps extraction. The diagnosis can be made in the majority of spontaneously breathing patients by chest roentgenography or by fluoroscopy. The treatment initially should be supportive, including assisted ventilation if needed. If the infant cannot be weaned off the respirator after a week to ten days of respiratory support, surgical correction of the elevated diaphragm should be carried out. The results of surgical treatment in these desperately sick infants is usually most gratifying."}
{"id": "PMID:879895", "title": "A rational approach to total thymectomy in the treatment of myasthenia gravis.", "content": "Thymectomy is important in the treatment of myasthenia gravis. Total removal of the gland is considered indicated. Although median sternotomy has been the accepted surgical procedure, the transcervical approach has been advocated as a safer method of achieving total thymectomy. A surgical-anatomical study of the thymus was made in 22 patients. A high incidence of surgically important variations in thymic anatomy was found in the neck and in the mediastinum. We believe wide exposure by way of median sternotomy with direct vision is required to remove all of the extracapsular mediastinal thymus in many patients, and good cervical exposure is required to remove the anomalous tissue in the neck. If a total thymectomy is to be achieved, we recommend a median sternotomy and a cervical incision, using the meticulous dissection described.", "contents": "A rational approach to total thymectomy in the treatment of myasthenia gravis. Thymectomy is important in the treatment of myasthenia gravis. Total removal of the gland is considered indicated. Although median sternotomy has been the accepted surgical procedure, the transcervical approach has been advocated as a safer method of achieving total thymectomy. A surgical-anatomical study of the thymus was made in 22 patients. A high incidence of surgically important variations in thymic anatomy was found in the neck and in the mediastinum. We believe wide exposure by way of median sternotomy with direct vision is required to remove all of the extracapsular mediastinal thymus in many patients, and good cervical exposure is required to remove the anomalous tissue in the neck. If a total thymectomy is to be achieved, we recommend a median sternotomy and a cervical incision, using the meticulous dissection described."}
{"id": "PMID:879896", "title": "Late evaluation of patients undergoing valve replacement with the Bj\u00f6rk-Shiley prosthesis.", "content": "This study analyzes 484 patients who survived mitral, aortic, or mitral and aortic valve replacement using the Bj\u00f6rk-Shiley prosthesis from January, 1970, through December 31, 1974. Long-term follow-up of 1 1/2 to 6 1/2 years (mean, 3.67 yr) was done on 435 patients (98.2%). Eighty to 85% of the patients have improved noticeably. Thromboembolic problems occurred in 6.9%, representing 1.5 emboli per 1,000 patient-months. Anticoagulant bleeding problems occurred in 6.4% of the patients; late mortality was 15%. Actuarial survival curves showed patients at risk to 6 years having a 79% chance of survival. The same analysis according to preoperative New York Heart Association Functional Classification showed a striking reduction in survival in class IV patients. The Bj\u00f6rk-Shiley prosthesis is a good choice for valve replacement today. Earlier diagnosis and treatment are needed to obtain better long-term survival.", "contents": "Late evaluation of patients undergoing valve replacement with the Bj\u00f6rk-Shiley prosthesis. This study analyzes 484 patients who survived mitral, aortic, or mitral and aortic valve replacement using the Bj\u00f6rk-Shiley prosthesis from January, 1970, through December 31, 1974. Long-term follow-up of 1 1/2 to 6 1/2 years (mean, 3.67 yr) was done on 435 patients (98.2%). Eighty to 85% of the patients have improved noticeably. Thromboembolic problems occurred in 6.9%, representing 1.5 emboli per 1,000 patient-months. Anticoagulant bleeding problems occurred in 6.4% of the patients; late mortality was 15%. Actuarial survival curves showed patients at risk to 6 years having a 79% chance of survival. The same analysis according to preoperative New York Heart Association Functional Classification showed a striking reduction in survival in class IV patients. The Bj\u00f6rk-Shiley prosthesis is a good choice for valve replacement today. Earlier diagnosis and treatment are needed to obtain better long-term survival."}
{"id": "PMID:879897", "title": "Feasibility of closed-chest left ventricular bypass using unilateral retrograde transpulmonary flow.", "content": "A method for closed-chest left heart bypass using retrograde unilateral transpulmonry blood flow originating from the left atrium and retrieved by a cuffed cannula wedged in a pulmonary artery branch is described. Technical feasibility and physiological implications were tested in 12 anesthetized sheep and 4 awake calves. Retrograde transpulmonary flow showed a curvilinear relationship to the left atrial pressure, with the highest rate of rise occurring when left atrial pressure approached levels of pulmonary edema (25 to 35 mm Hg); at this point retrograde transpulmonary flow became equal to control cardiac output. The intervention and the bypass were well tolerated for short periods by these healthy animals. The possible advantages of the method are discussed, with emphasis on self-regulation of bypass flow by the filling resistance of the left ventricle.", "contents": "Feasibility of closed-chest left ventricular bypass using unilateral retrograde transpulmonary flow. A method for closed-chest left heart bypass using retrograde unilateral transpulmonry blood flow originating from the left atrium and retrieved by a cuffed cannula wedged in a pulmonary artery branch is described. Technical feasibility and physiological implications were tested in 12 anesthetized sheep and 4 awake calves. Retrograde transpulmonary flow showed a curvilinear relationship to the left atrial pressure, with the highest rate of rise occurring when left atrial pressure approached levels of pulmonary edema (25 to 35 mm Hg); at this point retrograde transpulmonary flow became equal to control cardiac output. The intervention and the bypass were well tolerated for short periods by these healthy animals. The possible advantages of the method are discussed, with emphasis on self-regulation of bypass flow by the filling resistance of the left ventricle."}
{"id": "PMID:879898", "title": "Control of heparinization by activated clotting time during bypass with improved postoperative hemostasis.", "content": "Heparin and protamine dosages monitored during open-heart operations by activated clotting time (ACT) have been reported to be superior to dosage schedules based on body weight or body surface area. To evaluate the automated ACT, 114 consecutive open-heart operations performed between October, 1974, and December, 1975, were studied. Fifty-eight operations prior to April, 1975, using a standard heparin-protamine protocol (Group I) were compared with 56 operations from April to December, 1975, monitored with an automated ACT (Group II). The two groups were similar with respect to surgical procedures, pump time, and perfusion techniques. The protamine/heparin ratio was 25% less in Group II compared with Group I, and the 12-hour postoperative blood loss was 48% less in Group II. The automated ACT is a reliable, rapid, and simple test that has resulted in improved hemostasis following cardiac operation.", "contents": "Control of heparinization by activated clotting time during bypass with improved postoperative hemostasis. Heparin and protamine dosages monitored during open-heart operations by activated clotting time (ACT) have been reported to be superior to dosage schedules based on body weight or body surface area. To evaluate the automated ACT, 114 consecutive open-heart operations performed between October, 1974, and December, 1975, were studied. Fifty-eight operations prior to April, 1975, using a standard heparin-protamine protocol (Group I) were compared with 56 operations from April to December, 1975, monitored with an automated ACT (Group II). The two groups were similar with respect to surgical procedures, pump time, and perfusion techniques. The protamine/heparin ratio was 25% less in Group II compared with Group I, and the 12-hour postoperative blood loss was 48% less in Group II. The automated ACT is a reliable, rapid, and simple test that has resulted in improved hemostasis following cardiac operation."}
{"id": "PMID:879899", "title": "Late cardiac tamponade following open-heart surgery: detection by echocardiography.", "content": "Late cardiac tamponade following open-heart operation is a potentially lethal complication that is often difficult to diagnose. A case of cardiac tamponade occurring two weeks after left ventricular aneurysmectomy and coronary bypass surgery is reported. Despite opening of the anterior pericardium during operation, echocardiography revealed characteristic findings, which permitted prompt recognition of this disorder.", "contents": "Late cardiac tamponade following open-heart surgery: detection by echocardiography. Late cardiac tamponade following open-heart operation is a potentially lethal complication that is often difficult to diagnose. A case of cardiac tamponade occurring two weeks after left ventricular aneurysmectomy and coronary bypass surgery is reported. Despite opening of the anterior pericardium during operation, echocardiography revealed characteristic findings, which permitted prompt recognition of this disorder."}
{"id": "PMID:879900", "title": "Pulmonary embolus presenting as the initial manifestation of renal cell carcinoma.", "content": "Recent literature suggests that pulmonary embolus secondary to renal cell carcinoma may by more common than previously suspected. Renal tumors are known for their ability to metastasize early, often before the primary lesion is apparent. A patient with renal cell carcinoma and having massive pulmonary tumor embolus is presented. Attention was called to the occult tumor by the identification of clear cell carcinoma in the pulmonary embolic material. Pulmonary embolectomy and surgical extirpation of the primary tumor resulted in long-term survival.", "contents": "Pulmonary embolus presenting as the initial manifestation of renal cell carcinoma. Recent literature suggests that pulmonary embolus secondary to renal cell carcinoma may by more common than previously suspected. Renal tumors are known for their ability to metastasize early, often before the primary lesion is apparent. A patient with renal cell carcinoma and having massive pulmonary tumor embolus is presented. Attention was called to the occult tumor by the identification of clear cell carcinoma in the pulmonary embolic material. Pulmonary embolectomy and surgical extirpation of the primary tumor resulted in long-term survival."}
{"id": "PMID:879906", "title": "Oral bronchodilator effect of 16(S)-methyl-20-methoxy-PGE2 (YPG-209) in guinea-pigs.", "content": "The bronchodilator activity of synthetic 16(S)-methyl-20-methoxy-PGE2 (YPG-209) was investigated in guinea-pigs. The potency of YPG-209 in relaxing the isolated trachea contracted by histamine was 10 times smaller than that of PGE2, and was not reduced by propranolol, while in the anesthetized animals YPG-209 given by an intravenous route was 230 times as potent in inhibiting an increase in the airway resistance induced by histamine as PGE2. When administered either intraduodenally to the anesthetized animals or orally to the conscious ones, YPG-209 showed a pronounced protection against histamine-induced bronchoconstriction, in contrast to PGE2 which had no significant protecting effect. Neither hypotension nor diarrhea could be observed at the doses of YPG-209 exhibiting a considerable bronchodilator effect. The hydroxyl group at carbon-15 of YPG-209 was little oxidized by 15-hydroxy prostaglandin dehydrogenase which was purified from the lung of guinea-pigs, consistent with the comparably long lasting bronchodilator activity of YPG-209 in vivo.", "contents": "Oral bronchodilator effect of 16(S)-methyl-20-methoxy-PGE2 (YPG-209) in guinea-pigs. The bronchodilator activity of synthetic 16(S)-methyl-20-methoxy-PGE2 (YPG-209) was investigated in guinea-pigs. The potency of YPG-209 in relaxing the isolated trachea contracted by histamine was 10 times smaller than that of PGE2, and was not reduced by propranolol, while in the anesthetized animals YPG-209 given by an intravenous route was 230 times as potent in inhibiting an increase in the airway resistance induced by histamine as PGE2. When administered either intraduodenally to the anesthetized animals or orally to the conscious ones, YPG-209 showed a pronounced protection against histamine-induced bronchoconstriction, in contrast to PGE2 which had no significant protecting effect. Neither hypotension nor diarrhea could be observed at the doses of YPG-209 exhibiting a considerable bronchodilator effect. The hydroxyl group at carbon-15 of YPG-209 was little oxidized by 15-hydroxy prostaglandin dehydrogenase which was purified from the lung of guinea-pigs, consistent with the comparably long lasting bronchodilator activity of YPG-209 in vivo."}
{"id": "PMID:879907", "title": "Sodium sensitive active transport of bretylium into adrenergic neurons for the development of blockade in rabbit ileum.", "content": "Transport of bretylium into adrenergic neurons was studied, using rabbit isolated periarterial nerve ileum preparations, by determining the effects of various incubation procedures, which inhibit noradrenaline uptake, to prevent or reverse the blockade. Adrenergic neuron blockade by bretylium 5 X 10(-5) (g/ml) was prevented but not reversed by incubation with sodium free and low temperature (10 degrees C) media. Ouabain 2.2 X 10(-8) and anoxia prevented bretylium-induced blockade. Noradrenaline 5 X 10(-6) and 8 X 10(-5) prevented and also reversed the blockade, but the reversing effect was transient. High calcium (totally 10 mM) readily reversed the bretylium-induced blockade, the recovery being complete and long-lasting. In light of the results, a sodium sensitive active transport of bretylium into adrenergic neurons is apparently necessary for development of adrenergic neuron blocking action in rabbit ilea.", "contents": "Sodium sensitive active transport of bretylium into adrenergic neurons for the development of blockade in rabbit ileum. Transport of bretylium into adrenergic neurons was studied, using rabbit isolated periarterial nerve ileum preparations, by determining the effects of various incubation procedures, which inhibit noradrenaline uptake, to prevent or reverse the blockade. Adrenergic neuron blockade by bretylium 5 X 10(-5) (g/ml) was prevented but not reversed by incubation with sodium free and low temperature (10 degrees C) media. Ouabain 2.2 X 10(-8) and anoxia prevented bretylium-induced blockade. Noradrenaline 5 X 10(-6) and 8 X 10(-5) prevented and also reversed the blockade, but the reversing effect was transient. High calcium (totally 10 mM) readily reversed the bretylium-induced blockade, the recovery being complete and long-lasting. In light of the results, a sodium sensitive active transport of bretylium into adrenergic neurons is apparently necessary for development of adrenergic neuron blocking action in rabbit ilea."}
{"id": "PMID:879908", "title": "A characterization of the effects of acetylcholine on the rabbit oviduct.", "content": "The effect of acetylcholine (ACh) on the perfused oviduct of the rabbit was investigated. The response of the oviduct to ACh during early gestation was variable, i.e., biphasic (contraction followed by slight relaxation) greater than contractile greater than relaxation. The responsiveness of the oviduct to the contractile effect decreased progressively during early gestation, similar to that previously reported for norepinephrine (NE). The contraction produced by ACh was antagonized by chlorisondamine and atropine and also by phentolamine and pretreatment with reserpine. It was concluded that the response produced by ACh may be mediated in part through the release of NE.", "contents": "A characterization of the effects of acetylcholine on the rabbit oviduct. The effect of acetylcholine (ACh) on the perfused oviduct of the rabbit was investigated. The response of the oviduct to ACh during early gestation was variable, i.e., biphasic (contraction followed by slight relaxation) greater than contractile greater than relaxation. The responsiveness of the oviduct to the contractile effect decreased progressively during early gestation, similar to that previously reported for norepinephrine (NE). The contraction produced by ACh was antagonized by chlorisondamine and atropine and also by phentolamine and pretreatment with reserpine. It was concluded that the response produced by ACh may be mediated in part through the release of NE."}
{"id": "PMID:879909", "title": "In vitro metabolism of nicotine in liver of ageing mice.", "content": "14-C-nicotine was incubated with 10000 X g supernatant fraction of liver homogenate from female mice (C3H/TIF/BOM) 2, 12 and 18 months old. The rate of metabolism was measured by the determination of the oxidative nicotine metabolite continine and by determining the disappearance of nicotine. No significant changes between different ages were found either in the continine formation or the rate of disappearance of nicotine.", "contents": "In vitro metabolism of nicotine in liver of ageing mice. 14-C-nicotine was incubated with 10000 X g supernatant fraction of liver homogenate from female mice (C3H/TIF/BOM) 2, 12 and 18 months old. The rate of metabolism was measured by the determination of the oxidative nicotine metabolite continine and by determining the disappearance of nicotine. No significant changes between different ages were found either in the continine formation or the rate of disappearance of nicotine."}
{"id": "PMID:879910", "title": "A comparison of actodigin and ouabain in cats.", "content": "The effects of actodigin and ouabain at infusion rates which produce death in equivalent times were compared in anesthetized cats. Actodigin-induced ventricular tachycardia occurred sooner than that induced by ouabain. However, in animals in which the infusion of drug was stopped one minute after the onset of ventricular tachycardia, the arrhythmia terminated sooner in cats given actodigin than in those given ouabain. Actodigin produced a slower heart rate and greater prolongation of the PR interval than did ouabain suggesting a greater increase in vagal tone in the actodigin treated cats. Left ventricular pressure was not changed by either drug while peak dp/dt was increased after 30 min of the ouabain infusion but not significantly more than changes produced by actodigin. Thus, the use of actodigin may be limited by the early appearance of ventricular arrhythmias.", "contents": "A comparison of actodigin and ouabain in cats. The effects of actodigin and ouabain at infusion rates which produce death in equivalent times were compared in anesthetized cats. Actodigin-induced ventricular tachycardia occurred sooner than that induced by ouabain. However, in animals in which the infusion of drug was stopped one minute after the onset of ventricular tachycardia, the arrhythmia terminated sooner in cats given actodigin than in those given ouabain. Actodigin produced a slower heart rate and greater prolongation of the PR interval than did ouabain suggesting a greater increase in vagal tone in the actodigin treated cats. Left ventricular pressure was not changed by either drug while peak dp/dt was increased after 30 min of the ouabain infusion but not significantly more than changes produced by actodigin. Thus, the use of actodigin may be limited by the early appearance of ventricular arrhythmias."}
{"id": "PMID:879911", "title": "Inhibition by cinnarizine of the properdin-dependent activation of complement.", "content": "Cinnarizine (1-benzhydryl-4-cinnamylpiperazine dihydrochloride), a well-known antagonist of vasoactive agents, has previously been shown to inhibit the activation of complement at the level of the fourth component. Cinnarizine was now tested in a system of complement activation by the properdin-dependent alternative pathway. At the concentration of 7.10(-5) M the compound completely inhibited the hemolytic reaction, which is the consequence of human complement activation in the presence of inulin or zymosan. This in vitro effect of cinnarizine was abolished by the addition of 1 mM MgCl2. These findings extend the anticomplementary activity of cinnarizine to the properdin pathway and support its interaction with the magnesium-dependent steps of the activation sequence.", "contents": "Inhibition by cinnarizine of the properdin-dependent activation of complement. Cinnarizine (1-benzhydryl-4-cinnamylpiperazine dihydrochloride), a well-known antagonist of vasoactive agents, has previously been shown to inhibit the activation of complement at the level of the fourth component. Cinnarizine was now tested in a system of complement activation by the properdin-dependent alternative pathway. At the concentration of 7.10(-5) M the compound completely inhibited the hemolytic reaction, which is the consequence of human complement activation in the presence of inulin or zymosan. This in vitro effect of cinnarizine was abolished by the addition of 1 mM MgCl2. These findings extend the anticomplementary activity of cinnarizine to the properdin pathway and support its interaction with the magnesium-dependent steps of the activation sequence."}
{"id": "PMID:879912", "title": "Anti-arrhytmic and general pharmacological properties of some 1,3-benzodioxole derivatives.", "content": "Seven 1,3-benzodioxole derivatives have been found to be effective against certain types of experimentally induced arrhythmias. Among them, 2-[2-(5-chloro-2-methyl-1, 3-benzodioxol-2-yl)ethoxy]-N, N-diethyl-ethanamine (LR 529) showed to be the most active. LR 529 prevented arrhythmias induced by CaCl2 intoxication in anaesthetized and conscious rats, by benzene-epinephrine in anaesthetized guinea-pigs, and by direct electrical stimulation either at increasing intensity of the ventricles of anaesthetized cats or at increasing frequency of the rabbit isolated atria. The new compound reversed to sinus rhythm the arrhythmias provoked by intoxication with aconitine and ouabain respectively in anaesthetized rats and dogs. LR 529 (and the other 1,3-benzodioxoles as well) showed scant local anaesthetic activity, short-lasting hypotensive effects, not accompanied by any change in heart rate, and discrete anti-aggregating activity on rabbit platelets \"in vitro\". In general, the new compounds showed weak or no effect on autonomic and central nervous systems, neither influenced other pharmacological parameters (at least within the range of doses active on experimental arrhythmias). Acute toxicity studies have indicated that even if some of the 1,3-benzodioxoles were more toxic than quinidine and procainamide, their anti-arrhythmic indexes (especially those of LR 529) were greater than those of the two reference drugs.", "contents": "Anti-arrhytmic and general pharmacological properties of some 1,3-benzodioxole derivatives. Seven 1,3-benzodioxole derivatives have been found to be effective against certain types of experimentally induced arrhythmias. Among them, 2-[2-(5-chloro-2-methyl-1, 3-benzodioxol-2-yl)ethoxy]-N, N-diethyl-ethanamine (LR 529) showed to be the most active. LR 529 prevented arrhythmias induced by CaCl2 intoxication in anaesthetized and conscious rats, by benzene-epinephrine in anaesthetized guinea-pigs, and by direct electrical stimulation either at increasing intensity of the ventricles of anaesthetized cats or at increasing frequency of the rabbit isolated atria. The new compound reversed to sinus rhythm the arrhythmias provoked by intoxication with aconitine and ouabain respectively in anaesthetized rats and dogs. LR 529 (and the other 1,3-benzodioxoles as well) showed scant local anaesthetic activity, short-lasting hypotensive effects, not accompanied by any change in heart rate, and discrete anti-aggregating activity on rabbit platelets \"in vitro\". In general, the new compounds showed weak or no effect on autonomic and central nervous systems, neither influenced other pharmacological parameters (at least within the range of doses active on experimental arrhythmias). Acute toxicity studies have indicated that even if some of the 1,3-benzodioxoles were more toxic than quinidine and procainamide, their anti-arrhythmic indexes (especially those of LR 529) were greater than those of the two reference drugs."}
{"id": "PMID:879913", "title": "The influence of pentobarbital upon a cortical epileptogenic focus in rats.", "content": "Three subsequent doses of pentobarbital (5, 15, and 40 mg/kg) were applied intraperitoneally in acute experiments in rats with a cortical epileptogenic focus. Histograms of intervals between individual focal discharges were shifted towards longer intervals even after the smallest dose of pentobarbital; the prolongation of intervals was clearly visible after the third dose also in the EEG recording. Shape of primary as well as projected cortical focal discharges after pentobarbital resembled that seen after local application of GABA. Barbiturate spindles which were present after the first and second dose of pentobarbital were regularly triggered by focal discharges. The mechanism of this triggering was probably a thalamocortical one, because marked projected discharges were recorded from various thalamic nuclei from the very beginning of focal activity.", "contents": "The influence of pentobarbital upon a cortical epileptogenic focus in rats. Three subsequent doses of pentobarbital (5, 15, and 40 mg/kg) were applied intraperitoneally in acute experiments in rats with a cortical epileptogenic focus. Histograms of intervals between individual focal discharges were shifted towards longer intervals even after the smallest dose of pentobarbital; the prolongation of intervals was clearly visible after the third dose also in the EEG recording. Shape of primary as well as projected cortical focal discharges after pentobarbital resembled that seen after local application of GABA. Barbiturate spindles which were present after the first and second dose of pentobarbital were regularly triggered by focal discharges. The mechanism of this triggering was probably a thalamocortical one, because marked projected discharges were recorded from various thalamic nuclei from the very beginning of focal activity."}
{"id": "PMID:879914", "title": "Inhibitory effect of fumaric acid and dicarboxylic acids on gastric ulceration in rats.", "content": "Production of gastric ulcerations in rats by pyloric ligation was found to be inhibited by either intraperitoneal or oral administration of fumaric acid in a dose of 50 mg per kg. The antiulcer action was also exhibited by the four-carbon dicarboxylic acids, maleic acid, oxalacetic acid, succinic acid and malic acid. The studies on fumaric acid indicated that the acid's antiulcer action was based on its ability to inhibit the gastric juice secretion and to dilate the stomach muscle.", "contents": "Inhibitory effect of fumaric acid and dicarboxylic acids on gastric ulceration in rats. Production of gastric ulcerations in rats by pyloric ligation was found to be inhibited by either intraperitoneal or oral administration of fumaric acid in a dose of 50 mg per kg. The antiulcer action was also exhibited by the four-carbon dicarboxylic acids, maleic acid, oxalacetic acid, succinic acid and malic acid. The studies on fumaric acid indicated that the acid's antiulcer action was based on its ability to inhibit the gastric juice secretion and to dilate the stomach muscle."}
{"id": "PMID:879915", "title": "Altered sensitivity to acetylcholine during chronic administration of organophosphorus anticholinesterase (fenthion) in albino mice.", "content": "Tissue sensitivity to acetylcholine during chronic administration of fenthion was assessed in mice. Fenthion was injected intra-muscularly every fourth day and experiments were carried out at various intervals. The parameters selected for testing cholinergic effects were, acetyl choline-induced contraction of isolated ileum and salivary secretion in vivo. In both types of experiments an initial supersensitivity followed by tolerance to acetylcholine  were observed. The underlying mechanisms are discussed.", "contents": "Altered sensitivity to acetylcholine during chronic administration of organophosphorus anticholinesterase (fenthion) in albino mice. Tissue sensitivity to acetylcholine during chronic administration of fenthion was assessed in mice. Fenthion was injected intra-muscularly every fourth day and experiments were carried out at various intervals. The parameters selected for testing cholinergic effects were, acetyl choline-induced contraction of isolated ileum and salivary secretion in vivo. In both types of experiments an initial supersensitivity followed by tolerance to acetylcholine  were observed. The underlying mechanisms are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:879919", "title": "Hyporeninemia and hypoaldosteronism in diabetes mellitus.", "content": "The changes in plasma renin activity (PRA) and plasma aldosterone concentration (PA) in response to postural stimuli were evaluated in 12 patients with stable diabetes mellitus and in five volunteers. Seven diabetic patients had hyperkalemia, and several had renal insufficiency and neurological complications. Five diabetics and had normal serum potassium concentration, a mean creatinine clearance within the normal range, and few complications. PRA and PA were measured in these patients and in the control subjects, all of whom were receiving a diet containing 10 mEq of sodium and 50 mEq of potassium while they were in a supine position, after they were tilted to a 90 degrees position, and after upright posture for two hours. The results indicate that impaired responsiveness of PRA and PA may occur in patients with complicated and those with uncomplicated diabetes and may be responsible in part for a relatively high prevalence of hyperkalemia especially in those diabetic patients with reduced renal function.", "contents": "Hyporeninemia and hypoaldosteronism in diabetes mellitus. The changes in plasma renin activity (PRA) and plasma aldosterone concentration (PA) in response to postural stimuli were evaluated in 12 patients with stable diabetes mellitus and in five volunteers. Seven diabetic patients had hyperkalemia, and several had renal insufficiency and neurological complications. Five diabetics and had normal serum potassium concentration, a mean creatinine clearance within the normal range, and few complications. PRA and PA were measured in these patients and in the control subjects, all of whom were receiving a diet containing 10 mEq of sodium and 50 mEq of potassium while they were in a supine position, after they were tilted to a 90 degrees position, and after upright posture for two hours. The results indicate that impaired responsiveness of PRA and PA may occur in patients with complicated and those with uncomplicated diabetes and may be responsible in part for a relatively high prevalence of hyperkalemia especially in those diabetic patients with reduced renal function."}
{"id": "PMID:879923", "title": "Staphylococcal septicemia and disseminated intravascular coagulation. Staphylococcus aureus endocarditis mimicking meningococcemia.", "content": "Two patients with acute endocarditis attributable to Staphylococcus aureus had a clinical syndrome similar to meningococcemia with meningitis. That fulminant S aureus septicemia may on occasion be associated with hemorrhagic skin lesions, thrombocytopenia, coagulation abnormalities, and meningitis is emphasized.", "contents": "Staphylococcal septicemia and disseminated intravascular coagulation. Staphylococcus aureus endocarditis mimicking meningococcemia. Two patients with acute endocarditis attributable to Staphylococcus aureus had a clinical syndrome similar to meningococcemia with meningitis. That fulminant S aureus septicemia may on occasion be associated with hemorrhagic skin lesions, thrombocytopenia, coagulation abnormalities, and meningitis is emphasized."}
{"id": "PMID:879924", "title": "Hypertension in radiation nephritis. Report of a patient with unilateral disease, elevated renin activity levels, and reversal after unilateral nephrectomy.", "content": "A patient received intensive radiation to the right renal area for abdominal Hodgkin's disease and approximately ten years later severe hypertension developed. The presence of radiation nephritis with a severely shrunken right kidney was demonstrated and this was accompanied by a substantial increase in renin activity from the right kidney. Treatment with propranolol hydrochloride temporarily lowered the blood pressure and peripheral renin activity levels. Subsequent right nephrectomy resulted in a decrease in renin activity and a reversal of the hypertension. The data implicate a renin angiotensin mechanism as probable cause of hypertension in radiation nephritis.", "contents": "Hypertension in radiation nephritis. Report of a patient with unilateral disease, elevated renin activity levels, and reversal after unilateral nephrectomy. A patient received intensive radiation to the right renal area for abdominal Hodgkin's disease and approximately ten years later severe hypertension developed. The presence of radiation nephritis with a severely shrunken right kidney was demonstrated and this was accompanied by a substantial increase in renin activity from the right kidney. Treatment with propranolol hydrochloride temporarily lowered the blood pressure and peripheral renin activity levels. Subsequent right nephrectomy resulted in a decrease in renin activity and a reversal of the hypertension. The data implicate a renin angiotensin mechanism as probable cause of hypertension in radiation nephritis."}
{"id": "PMID:879925", "title": "Bone marrow necrosis. Diagnosis and assessment of extent of involvement by radioisotope studies.", "content": "In two patients with extensive marrow necrosis, the diagnosis of marrow necrosis was established by morphologic and radioisotopic studies, and the extent of involvement was accurately assessed by marrow scanning with technetium Tc 99m sulfur colloid while the patients were still alive. The literature on marrow necrosis was briefly reviewed and the clinical features of this condition were characterized. It was found that patients with this condition often have malignancies, underlying marrow disorders, sepsis, bone pain, and pancytopenia. Their marrow is often difficult to aspirate and they may require frequent transfusions to maintain a stable hemoglobin level. Radioisotopic studies are useful in the diagnosis and assessment of extent of involvement of this condition. They should be used in patients with clinical findings suggestive of marrow necrosis.", "contents": "Bone marrow necrosis. Diagnosis and assessment of extent of involvement by radioisotope studies. In two patients with extensive marrow necrosis, the diagnosis of marrow necrosis was established by morphologic and radioisotopic studies, and the extent of involvement was accurately assessed by marrow scanning with technetium Tc 99m sulfur colloid while the patients were still alive. The literature on marrow necrosis was briefly reviewed and the clinical features of this condition were characterized. It was found that patients with this condition often have malignancies, underlying marrow disorders, sepsis, bone pain, and pancytopenia. Their marrow is often difficult to aspirate and they may require frequent transfusions to maintain a stable hemoglobin level. Radioisotopic studies are useful in the diagnosis and assessment of extent of involvement of this condition. They should be used in patients with clinical findings suggestive of marrow necrosis."}
{"id": "PMID:879926", "title": "Carcinoembryonic antigen titers on effusion fluid. A diagnostic tool?", "content": "Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) has been demonstrated in tumors and body fluids, suggesting that effusion fluid (EF) CEA titer might separate benign and malignant EF. Plasma and EF CEA titers were determined on 141 patients with either benign (86) or malignant (55) EF. Although plasma CEA titers separated patients with either a benign or malignant EF 56% of the time, this separation was better accomplished (90% of the time) using EF CEA (P less than .0001). A malignant EF was associated with an EF CEA titer greater than or equal to ng/ ml or when, in the range 5.0 to 9.9 ng/ml, the EF CEA titer was greater than twice the plasma CEA. Paired plasma and EF CEA titers may aid in determining the benign or malignant origin of an EF.", "contents": "Carcinoembryonic antigen titers on effusion fluid. A diagnostic tool? Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) has been demonstrated in tumors and body fluids, suggesting that effusion fluid (EF) CEA titer might separate benign and malignant EF. Plasma and EF CEA titers were determined on 141 patients with either benign (86) or malignant (55) EF. Although plasma CEA titers separated patients with either a benign or malignant EF 56% of the time, this separation was better accomplished (90% of the time) using EF CEA (P less than .0001). A malignant EF was associated with an EF CEA titer greater than or equal to ng/ ml or when, in the range 5.0 to 9.9 ng/ml, the EF CEA titer was greater than twice the plasma CEA. Paired plasma and EF CEA titers may aid in determining the benign or malignant origin of an EF."}
{"id": "PMID:879927", "title": "Morbidity in alcoholics. Evidence for accelerated development of physical disease in women.", "content": "The physical disease profiles of 135 female and 736 male inpatient alcoholics, similar in age, social class, and referral pattern, were compared to further clarify the widespread clinical impression that female alcoholics are more illness-prone. Although the women had been drinking hazardously for fewer years, at admission the prevalence of most diseases was similar in men and women. There was, however, an excess of anemia in women and of fatty liver and chronic obstructive lung disease in men. Furthermore, the average duration of hazardous drinking before the first recorded occurrence of almost all illness events was shorter in women, the sex differences being statistically significant for fatty liver, hypertension, obesity, anemia, malnutrition, gastrointestinal hemorrhage, and an ulcer requiring surgery. These findings suggest that the development of physical morbidity in relation to hazardous drinking may be accelerated in women.", "contents": "Morbidity in alcoholics. Evidence for accelerated development of physical disease in women. The physical disease profiles of 135 female and 736 male inpatient alcoholics, similar in age, social class, and referral pattern, were compared to further clarify the widespread clinical impression that female alcoholics are more illness-prone. Although the women had been drinking hazardously for fewer years, at admission the prevalence of most diseases was similar in men and women. There was, however, an excess of anemia in women and of fatty liver and chronic obstructive lung disease in men. Furthermore, the average duration of hazardous drinking before the first recorded occurrence of almost all illness events was shorter in women, the sex differences being statistically significant for fatty liver, hypertension, obesity, anemia, malnutrition, gastrointestinal hemorrhage, and an ulcer requiring surgery. These findings suggest that the development of physical morbidity in relation to hazardous drinking may be accelerated in women."}
{"id": "PMID:879928", "title": "Prognosis in steroid-treated idiopathic nephrotic syndrome in adults. Analysis of major predictive factors after ten-year follow-up.", "content": "This long-term study analyzes the prognostic value of the quantitative urinary protein excretion during and following steroid administration, the renal functional status three years after the onset of disease, and the degree of histologic damage in adult patients with steroid-treated idiopathic nephrotic syndrome (INS). No patient who had a complete (proteinuria less than 0.1 gm/day) or partial (proteinuria less than 2.0 gm/day) remission during steroid administration progressed to renal failure. Furthermore, no patient in whom urinary protein excretion subsequently fell to below 2.0 gm/day ever progressed to renal failure. Only 3 of 49 patients in whom renal function was normal three years after the onset of INS developed renal failure. Finally, renal failure occurred in only 2 of 28 patients with mild abnormalities by light microscopy, compared with 12 of 21 patients with more advanced glomerular abnormalities. Thus, a partial, as well as a complete remission during steroid administration, subsequent reduction in proteinuria to below 2 gm/day, persistence of normal renal function beyond three years, or the presence of mild histologic abnormalities auger a favorable long-term prognosis in patients with INS.", "contents": "Prognosis in steroid-treated idiopathic nephrotic syndrome in adults. Analysis of major predictive factors after ten-year follow-up. This long-term study analyzes the prognostic value of the quantitative urinary protein excretion during and following steroid administration, the renal functional status three years after the onset of disease, and the degree of histologic damage in adult patients with steroid-treated idiopathic nephrotic syndrome (INS). No patient who had a complete (proteinuria less than 0.1 gm/day) or partial (proteinuria less than 2.0 gm/day) remission during steroid administration progressed to renal failure. Furthermore, no patient in whom urinary protein excretion subsequently fell to below 2.0 gm/day ever progressed to renal failure. Only 3 of 49 patients in whom renal function was normal three years after the onset of INS developed renal failure. Finally, renal failure occurred in only 2 of 28 patients with mild abnormalities by light microscopy, compared with 12 of 21 patients with more advanced glomerular abnormalities. Thus, a partial, as well as a complete remission during steroid administration, subsequent reduction in proteinuria to below 2 gm/day, persistence of normal renal function beyond three years, or the presence of mild histologic abnormalities auger a favorable long-term prognosis in patients with INS."}
{"id": "PMID:879929", "title": "Aplastic anemia associated with submassive hepatic necrosis. Report of four cases.", "content": "Four cases of fatal aplastic anemia were associated with submassive hepatic necrosis. The subjects were males, ranging in age from 20 to 33 years. Pathogenesis remained obscure.", "contents": "Aplastic anemia associated with submassive hepatic necrosis. Report of four cases. Four cases of fatal aplastic anemia were associated with submassive hepatic necrosis. The subjects were males, ranging in age from 20 to 33 years. Pathogenesis remained obscure."}
{"id": "PMID:879930", "title": "Special report: dysoxia. Abnormal tissue oxygen utilization.", "content": "The ultimate cause of the clinical abnormalities associated with changes in oxygen supply and oxygen utilization is the development of abnormal tissue oxygen metabolism. Until now, there has been no satisfactory term to describe abnormal tissue oxygen metabolism. We propose the term \"dysoxia\" to fill this gap. There are a number of causes of dysoxia. One of the most interesting is that form of dysoxia related to abnormal mitochondrial structure and function. In this group of disorders, there is abnormal tissue oxygen metabolism, although oxygen supply is normal. Another interesting cause of dysoxia is exposure to high oxygen concentrations. High oxygen concentrations are involved in producing abnormal tissue oxygen metabolism under a number of different circumstances. The concept underlying dysoxia provides a unified approach to a large and important group of disorders involving most branches of clinical medicine.", "contents": "Special report: dysoxia. Abnormal tissue oxygen utilization. The ultimate cause of the clinical abnormalities associated with changes in oxygen supply and oxygen utilization is the development of abnormal tissue oxygen metabolism. Until now, there has been no satisfactory term to describe abnormal tissue oxygen metabolism. We propose the term \"dysoxia\" to fill this gap. There are a number of causes of dysoxia. One of the most interesting is that form of dysoxia related to abnormal mitochondrial structure and function. In this group of disorders, there is abnormal tissue oxygen metabolism, although oxygen supply is normal. Another interesting cause of dysoxia is exposure to high oxygen concentrations. High oxygen concentrations are involved in producing abnormal tissue oxygen metabolism under a number of different circumstances. The concept underlying dysoxia provides a unified approach to a large and important group of disorders involving most branches of clinical medicine."}
{"id": "PMID:879932", "title": "Combined calcitonin and oral phosphate treatment for hypercalcemia in multiple myeloma.", "content": "Hypercalcemia of multiple myeloma has been discussed widely in the medical literature. The role of calcitonin and phosphate in the treatment of hypercalcemia of multiple myeloma has not yet been studied to our knowledge, although experimental animal models have been pointing to the role of phosphate supplement to calcitonin treatment in multiple myeloma. A patient had multiple myeloma and hypercalcemia. The usual medical treatment for hypercalcemia failed; however, the treatment with combined orally administered phosphate and calcitonin was successful. The role of phosphate depletion in this setting is brought up as an important factor in the failure of calcitonin therapy.", "contents": "Combined calcitonin and oral phosphate treatment for hypercalcemia in multiple myeloma. Hypercalcemia of multiple myeloma has been discussed widely in the medical literature. The role of calcitonin and phosphate in the treatment of hypercalcemia of multiple myeloma has not yet been studied to our knowledge, although experimental animal models have been pointing to the role of phosphate supplement to calcitonin treatment in multiple myeloma. A patient had multiple myeloma and hypercalcemia. The usual medical treatment for hypercalcemia failed; however, the treatment with combined orally administered phosphate and calcitonin was successful. The role of phosphate depletion in this setting is brought up as an important factor in the failure of calcitonin therapy."}
{"id": "PMID:879933", "title": "Aspergillus terreus osteomyelitis.", "content": "Aspergillus terreus infection limited to the L1-2 disk space and first and second lumbar vertebrae developed in a patient not predisposed to invasive aspergillosis. The observation of morphologically distinct secondary spores (aleuriospores) on microscopic examination of open biopsy specimens permitted a preliminary identification of A terreus, which was confirmed by culture. The infection was eradicated with amphotericin B in a total dose of 3 gm. Aspergillus terreus is usually a saprophyte. The present case and four others collected from the literature establish this species as an invasive pathogen.", "contents": "Aspergillus terreus osteomyelitis. Aspergillus terreus infection limited to the L1-2 disk space and first and second lumbar vertebrae developed in a patient not predisposed to invasive aspergillosis. The observation of morphologically distinct secondary spores (aleuriospores) on microscopic examination of open biopsy specimens permitted a preliminary identification of A terreus, which was confirmed by culture. The infection was eradicated with amphotericin B in a total dose of 3 gm. Aspergillus terreus is usually a saprophyte. The present case and four others collected from the literature establish this species as an invasive pathogen."}
{"id": "PMID:879934", "title": "Propionibacterium acnes meningitis in a previously normal adult.", "content": "A 25-year-old man was previously healthy until he contracted acute Propionibacterium acnes meningitis. Comparison with previous reports of de novo diphtheroid meningitis suggests that this entity can appear with features that are not characteristic of acute bacterial meningitis, including (1) stroke-like syndromes, (2) an afebrile course, and (3) a cerebrospinal fluid with a mononuclear pleocytosis and normal glucose level. The appropriate choice and dosage of antimicrobial agent must be guided by more than in vitro sensitivity data to prevent relapse and possible chronic meningitis. Although diphtheroids are as a rule exquisitely sensitive to penicillin, predictably high tissue levels of drug in diphtheroid meningitis are best achieved with chloramphenicol treatment. In the appropriate settling, the isolation of diphtheroids from cerebrospinal fluid should not be discounted as a \"contaminant.\"", "contents": "Propionibacterium acnes meningitis in a previously normal adult. A 25-year-old man was previously healthy until he contracted acute Propionibacterium acnes meningitis. Comparison with previous reports of de novo diphtheroid meningitis suggests that this entity can appear with features that are not characteristic of acute bacterial meningitis, including (1) stroke-like syndromes, (2) an afebrile course, and (3) a cerebrospinal fluid with a mononuclear pleocytosis and normal glucose level. The appropriate choice and dosage of antimicrobial agent must be guided by more than in vitro sensitivity data to prevent relapse and possible chronic meningitis. Although diphtheroids are as a rule exquisitely sensitive to penicillin, predictably high tissue levels of drug in diphtheroid meningitis are best achieved with chloramphenicol treatment. In the appropriate settling, the isolation of diphtheroids from cerebrospinal fluid should not be discounted as a \"contaminant.\""}
{"id": "PMID:879935", "title": "Pancreatitis with coexistent pancreatic duct stone and carcinoma. Early diagnosis by endoscopic retrograde pancreatography.", "content": "We had a patient with cancer of the pancreas that was diagnosed by endoscopic retrograde pancreatography where conventional diagnostic methods (including arteriography) were negative. Pancreatic resection was possible and examination of the surgical specimen showed microscopic adenocarcinoma coexistent with an intraductal stone and pancreatitis.", "contents": "Pancreatitis with coexistent pancreatic duct stone and carcinoma. Early diagnosis by endoscopic retrograde pancreatography. We had a patient with cancer of the pancreas that was diagnosed by endoscopic retrograde pancreatography where conventional diagnostic methods (including arteriography) were negative. Pancreatic resection was possible and examination of the surgical specimen showed microscopic adenocarcinoma coexistent with an intraductal stone and pancreatitis."}
{"id": "PMID:879936", "title": "Hypomagnesemic hypocalcemia. Early serum calcium and late parathyroid hormone increase with magnesium therapy.", "content": "A patient with short-bowel syndrome developed severe hypomagnesemia (0.2 mEq/liter) associated with symptomatic hypocalcemia (6.1 mg/100 ml). Parathyroid hormone (PTH) levels were normal but inappropriately low. During therapy with magnesium sulfate, an initial hypocalcemia was followed by a calcemic response without a change in PTH levels. This indicates improved bone responsiveness to circulating low levels of endogenous PTH with magnesium replenishment, which appears to be related to the restoration of magnesium-dependent cellular mechanisms. The additional observation of a slow and delayed increase in PTH, despite normal calcium levels, indicates improvement of hormone synthesis.", "contents": "Hypomagnesemic hypocalcemia. Early serum calcium and late parathyroid hormone increase with magnesium therapy. A patient with short-bowel syndrome developed severe hypomagnesemia (0.2 mEq/liter) associated with symptomatic hypocalcemia (6.1 mg/100 ml). Parathyroid hormone (PTH) levels were normal but inappropriately low. During therapy with magnesium sulfate, an initial hypocalcemia was followed by a calcemic response without a change in PTH levels. This indicates improved bone responsiveness to circulating low levels of endogenous PTH with magnesium replenishment, which appears to be related to the restoration of magnesium-dependent cellular mechanisms. The additional observation of a slow and delayed increase in PTH, despite normal calcium levels, indicates improvement of hormone synthesis."}
{"id": "PMID:879938", "title": "Sudden death in patients with chronic bifascicular block.", "content": "Prospective follow-up studies of 277 patients with chronic bifascicular block showed that 30 patients developed sudden cardiac death (SCD). Cumulative one-, two-, and three-year SCD mortality was computed. The patients that developed SCD were compared with the remaining patients (209 alive and 38 dead). The groups were similar in regard to age, sex, AH, and HV intervals. The following were more frequent in the SCD group (P less than .05): angina, previous myocardial infarction, heart failure, cardiomegaly, left bundle-branch block, premature ventricular beats, and ventricular tachycardia. Ventricular fibrillation was the cause of death in four cases of SCD where terminal ECG documentation was available. We concluded that SCD is a major cause of mortality in patients with chronic bifascicular block. The association of SCD with coronary disease and ventricular dysrhythmia suggested ventricular fibrillation as a frequent mechanism.", "contents": "Sudden death in patients with chronic bifascicular block. Prospective follow-up studies of 277 patients with chronic bifascicular block showed that 30 patients developed sudden cardiac death (SCD). Cumulative one-, two-, and three-year SCD mortality was computed. The patients that developed SCD were compared with the remaining patients (209 alive and 38 dead). The groups were similar in regard to age, sex, AH, and HV intervals. The following were more frequent in the SCD group (P less than .05): angina, previous myocardial infarction, heart failure, cardiomegaly, left bundle-branch block, premature ventricular beats, and ventricular tachycardia. Ventricular fibrillation was the cause of death in four cases of SCD where terminal ECG documentation was available. We concluded that SCD is a major cause of mortality in patients with chronic bifascicular block. The association of SCD with coronary disease and ventricular dysrhythmia suggested ventricular fibrillation as a frequent mechanism."}
{"id": "PMID:879939", "title": "Acetazolamide-accelerated anticonvulsant osteomalacia.", "content": "Severe osteomalacia was present in two epileptic patients who were under long-term treatment with congeners of phenytoin, phenobarbital, and acetazolamide. These patients showed slightly low serum calcium, normal or low serum phosphate, and normal parathyroid hormone concentrations. Discontinuation of acetazolamide produced an immediate threefold drop in the level of urinary calcium excretion and a slight rise in tubular reabsorption of phosphate, with no dectectable change in serum calcium or phosphate concentrations. Acetazolamide may have accelerated the development of osteomalacia by several mechanisms, including increased renal calcium excretion.", "contents": "Acetazolamide-accelerated anticonvulsant osteomalacia. Severe osteomalacia was present in two epileptic patients who were under long-term treatment with congeners of phenytoin, phenobarbital, and acetazolamide. These patients showed slightly low serum calcium, normal or low serum phosphate, and normal parathyroid hormone concentrations. Discontinuation of acetazolamide produced an immediate threefold drop in the level of urinary calcium excretion and a slight rise in tubular reabsorption of phosphate, with no dectectable change in serum calcium or phosphate concentrations. Acetazolamide may have accelerated the development of osteomalacia by several mechanisms, including increased renal calcium excretion."}
{"id": "PMID:879940", "title": "Hepatitis B miniepidemic in a peritoneal dialysis unit.", "content": "Two staff nurses in a peritoneal dialysis unit developed type B viral hepatitis while caring for a patient with persistent Hb Ag antigenemia. Peritoneal dialysis fluid from the patient contained surface Hb Ag antigen and was the probable mediator of the viral transfer. Hb Ag testing should be routine in peritoneal dialysis programs, and special precautions should be taken with dialysate of patients affilcted with hepatitis and/or Hb Ag antigenemia.", "contents": "Hepatitis B miniepidemic in a peritoneal dialysis unit. Two staff nurses in a peritoneal dialysis unit developed type B viral hepatitis while caring for a patient with persistent Hb Ag antigenemia. Peritoneal dialysis fluid from the patient contained surface Hb Ag antigen and was the probable mediator of the viral transfer. Hb Ag testing should be routine in peritoneal dialysis programs, and special precautions should be taken with dialysate of patients affilcted with hepatitis and/or Hb Ag antigenemia."}
{"id": "PMID:879941", "title": "Sternoarticualr pyoarthrosis due to gram-negative bacilli. Report of eight cases.", "content": "Of eight patients with Gram-negative bacillary sternoarticular pyoarthrosis, seven were long-term intravenous heroin abusers. Clinical onset was insidious and a long delay (one month or more) in seeking hospitalization was usually noted. Anterior chest discomfort and painful, restricted homolateral shoulder motion were the chief complaints. Fever and monoarticular arthritis were universally present, Open synovial biopsy examination was frequently required for etiologic diagnosis. Pseudomonas aeruginosa was the most common pathogen isolated. Roentgenographic evidence of associated osteomyelitis was usually seen, but tomography was often necessary to delineate this lesion. Intraoperatively, associated osteomyelitis of the clavicular head and/or sternum was present in all eight cases and a perisynovial and/or retrosternal abscess was found in five patients. Early surgical exploration and prolonged antimicrobial therapy yielded excellent results.", "contents": "Sternoarticualr pyoarthrosis due to gram-negative bacilli. Report of eight cases. Of eight patients with Gram-negative bacillary sternoarticular pyoarthrosis, seven were long-term intravenous heroin abusers. Clinical onset was insidious and a long delay (one month or more) in seeking hospitalization was usually noted. Anterior chest discomfort and painful, restricted homolateral shoulder motion were the chief complaints. Fever and monoarticular arthritis were universally present, Open synovial biopsy examination was frequently required for etiologic diagnosis. Pseudomonas aeruginosa was the most common pathogen isolated. Roentgenographic evidence of associated osteomyelitis was usually seen, but tomography was often necessary to delineate this lesion. Intraoperatively, associated osteomyelitis of the clavicular head and/or sternum was present in all eight cases and a perisynovial and/or retrosternal abscess was found in five patients. Early surgical exploration and prolonged antimicrobial therapy yielded excellent results."}
{"id": "PMID:879942", "title": "Acute cyanide poisoning complicated by lactic acidosis and pulmonary edema.", "content": "Massive cyanide poisoning occurred in a 21-year-old man who had ingested 600 mg of potassium cyanide. The clinical course was marked by acute pulmonary edema and lactic acidosis. Because the poison was unidentified until nine hours after ingestion, the patient received only supported treatment which included diuresis, oxygen, bicarbonate, and assisted ventilation. A review of the literature shows that many case reports are poorly documented and do not provide a firm basis for evaluating therapy. To our knowledge, only four patients, including ours, have had blood levels of cyanide measured. In the absence of a suitable history, diagnosis of cyanide poisoning is difficult. A simple chemical test which can be performed on gastric aspirate is available. Hydroxocobalamin may be used as a nontoxic specific antidote. Nonspecific supportive therapy is of great importance.", "contents": "Acute cyanide poisoning complicated by lactic acidosis and pulmonary edema. Massive cyanide poisoning occurred in a 21-year-old man who had ingested 600 mg of potassium cyanide. The clinical course was marked by acute pulmonary edema and lactic acidosis. Because the poison was unidentified until nine hours after ingestion, the patient received only supported treatment which included diuresis, oxygen, bicarbonate, and assisted ventilation. A review of the literature shows that many case reports are poorly documented and do not provide a firm basis for evaluating therapy. To our knowledge, only four patients, including ours, have had blood levels of cyanide measured. In the absence of a suitable history, diagnosis of cyanide poisoning is difficult. A simple chemical test which can be performed on gastric aspirate is available. Hydroxocobalamin may be used as a nontoxic specific antidote. Nonspecific supportive therapy is of great importance."}
{"id": "PMID:879944", "title": "Reversible crescentic glomerulonephritis following an acute exacerbation of chronic relapsing pancreatitis.", "content": "A patient had recurrent episodes of acute glomerulonephritis following exacerbations of chronic relapsing pancreatitis. Light microscopy of the renal biopsy performed during the episode of acute glomerulonephritis showed fibroepithelial crescents involving 70% of the glomeruli. The patient recovered without specific therapy. The time interval involved and the presence of subendothelial deposits with mesangial deposition of C3 complement and IgM suggest immune complex injury.", "contents": "Reversible crescentic glomerulonephritis following an acute exacerbation of chronic relapsing pancreatitis. A patient had recurrent episodes of acute glomerulonephritis following exacerbations of chronic relapsing pancreatitis. Light microscopy of the renal biopsy performed during the episode of acute glomerulonephritis showed fibroepithelial crescents involving 70% of the glomeruli. The patient recovered without specific therapy. The time interval involved and the presence of subendothelial deposits with mesangial deposition of C3 complement and IgM suggest immune complex injury."}
{"id": "PMID:879945", "title": "Erythrocytosis associated with the nephrotic syndrome.", "content": "A 23-year-old-man had true erythrocytosis and the nephrotic syndrome. A renal biopsy specimen showed focal sclerosing glomerulonephritis and nephrosclerosis. Both serum and urinary erythropoietin levels were increased, and plasma renin activity was in the high normal range. The association of erythrocytosis and glomerulonephritis with the nephrotic syndrome is reviewed, and the uniqueness of this association is proposed. Finally, a dissociation between these hormones was demonstrated using water immersion to the peck as a suppressive maneuver.", "contents": "Erythrocytosis associated with the nephrotic syndrome. A 23-year-old-man had true erythrocytosis and the nephrotic syndrome. A renal biopsy specimen showed focal sclerosing glomerulonephritis and nephrosclerosis. Both serum and urinary erythropoietin levels were increased, and plasma renin activity was in the high normal range. The association of erythrocytosis and glomerulonephritis with the nephrotic syndrome is reviewed, and the uniqueness of this association is proposed. Finally, a dissociation between these hormones was demonstrated using water immersion to the peck as a suppressive maneuver."}
{"id": "PMID:879946", "title": "Avasucular necrosis of pheochromocytoma followed by spontaneous remission.", "content": "Following an acute spontaneous hypertensive crisis and shock a patient with pheochromocytoma was found to have an exceedingly high catecholamine excretion rate. After this episode, the patient remained normotensive and urinary excretion of catecholamines returned to normal. During surgery, a large pheochromocytoma was found and removed that showed avascualr necrosis. In phenochromocytoma, a sudden and exceedingly high rate of catecholamine release may cause intense vasoconstriction both generally and within the tumor itself. In this patient, avascular tumor necrosis led to a spontaneous remission of clinical symptoms.", "contents": "Avasucular necrosis of pheochromocytoma followed by spontaneous remission. Following an acute spontaneous hypertensive crisis and shock a patient with pheochromocytoma was found to have an exceedingly high catecholamine excretion rate. After this episode, the patient remained normotensive and urinary excretion of catecholamines returned to normal. During surgery, a large pheochromocytoma was found and removed that showed avascualr necrosis. In phenochromocytoma, a sudden and exceedingly high rate of catecholamine release may cause intense vasoconstriction both generally and within the tumor itself. In this patient, avascular tumor necrosis led to a spontaneous remission of clinical symptoms."}
{"id": "PMID:879948", "title": "Spontaneous remission of accelerated (malignant) hypertension in renal infarction.", "content": "Malignant hypertension occurred in a young man who also was found to have a left renal infarct and higher renal vein renin levels on the left side. His hypertension was controlled with drugs and subsequently treatment with these medications was gradually discontinued over a period of nine months. He remained normotensive when no longer receiving medication, and another intravenous pyelogram demonstrated a persistent cortical defect in the left kidney.", "contents": "Spontaneous remission of accelerated (malignant) hypertension in renal infarction. Malignant hypertension occurred in a young man who also was found to have a left renal infarct and higher renal vein renin levels on the left side. His hypertension was controlled with drugs and subsequently treatment with these medications was gradually discontinued over a period of nine months. He remained normotensive when no longer receiving medication, and another intravenous pyelogram demonstrated a persistent cortical defect in the left kidney."}
{"id": "PMID:879949", "title": "Encephalopathy induced by oral hypoglycemic drugs.", "content": "Three patients experienced severe hypoglycemic encephalopathy during oral therapy of adult-onset diabetes mellitus. Disabling residual neurological deficits were observed in two of these patients. The insidious time course of drug-induced hypoglycemia appeared to prevent patient recognition of sustained hypoglycemia. These cases indicate the need for further caution in the administration of oral hypoglycemic agents.", "contents": "Encephalopathy induced by oral hypoglycemic drugs. Three patients experienced severe hypoglycemic encephalopathy during oral therapy of adult-onset diabetes mellitus. Disabling residual neurological deficits were observed in two of these patients. The insidious time course of drug-induced hypoglycemia appeared to prevent patient recognition of sustained hypoglycemia. These cases indicate the need for further caution in the administration of oral hypoglycemic agents."}
{"id": "PMID:879950", "title": "Operable lung cancer associated with fever, anemia, and hepatomegaly.", "content": "A 26-year-old man, acutely ill with fever, anemia, and hepatomegaly, was found to have an epidermoid carcinoma by percutaneous needle biopsy of a left apical lung mass. Following resection of the necrotic tumor, fever, anemia, and hepatomegaly disappeared. The patient is alive with no evidence of cancer 30 months later.", "contents": "Operable lung cancer associated with fever, anemia, and hepatomegaly. A 26-year-old man, acutely ill with fever, anemia, and hepatomegaly, was found to have an epidermoid carcinoma by percutaneous needle biopsy of a left apical lung mass. Following resection of the necrotic tumor, fever, anemia, and hepatomegaly disappeared. The patient is alive with no evidence of cancer 30 months later."}
{"id": "PMID:879956", "title": "Nephropathy associated with methicillin therapy. Prevalence and determinants in patients with staphylococcal bacteremia.", "content": "The nephropathy associated with methicillin sodium therapy is considered to be rare, but its prevalence is unknown. We reviewed the antibiotic therapy of 81 cases of Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia to establish the frequency and determinants of methicillin nephropathy in that disease. Fifty-two patients received methicillin; nine (17%) experienced the characteristic clinical signs previously associated with drug-induced acute interstitial nephritis. This nephropathy uniformly subsided after methicillin was withdrawn, and did not always include deterioration of renal function. Factors that correlated with methicillin nephropathy were endocarditis and prolonged treatment, but not intravenous drug abuse. There was only one adverse reaction among 29 patients treated with a cephalosporin. It was similar to the nephropathic reactions to methicillin. Thus, reversible renal abnormalities are prevalent during methicillin therapy, particularly among patients with staphylococcal infections such as endocarditis. When prolonged therapy with methicillin is required, the urinary sediment and renal excretory function should be monitored.", "contents": "Nephropathy associated with methicillin therapy. Prevalence and determinants in patients with staphylococcal bacteremia. The nephropathy associated with methicillin sodium therapy is considered to be rare, but its prevalence is unknown. We reviewed the antibiotic therapy of 81 cases of Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia to establish the frequency and determinants of methicillin nephropathy in that disease. Fifty-two patients received methicillin; nine (17%) experienced the characteristic clinical signs previously associated with drug-induced acute interstitial nephritis. This nephropathy uniformly subsided after methicillin was withdrawn, and did not always include deterioration of renal function. Factors that correlated with methicillin nephropathy were endocarditis and prolonged treatment, but not intravenous drug abuse. There was only one adverse reaction among 29 patients treated with a cephalosporin. It was similar to the nephropathic reactions to methicillin. Thus, reversible renal abnormalities are prevalent during methicillin therapy, particularly among patients with staphylococcal infections such as endocarditis. When prolonged therapy with methicillin is required, the urinary sediment and renal excretory function should be monitored."}
{"id": "PMID:879960", "title": "Further evidence for the regulation of bacterial populations in soil by protozoa.", "content": "After the addition to soil of large numbers of a cowpea Rhizobium strain, the population declined steadily until the numbers reached about 10(7)/g, and the protozoa rose to about 10(4)/g. When indigenous protozoa were suppressed by the addition of actidione to the soil, the density of the test rhizobium did not fall initially, but its abundance declined to about 10(7)/g when actidione-resistant protozoa arose in significant numbers. The addition to actidione-treated soil of an antibiotic-resistant strain of Paramecium led to a rapid decrease in the population of the rhizobium, the density reaching essentially the same value as in soil receiving neither the drug nor the paramecia. The same changes occurred with Xanthomonas campestris as test prey except that its numbers fell to about 10(5)/g of soil. These data provide further evidence for the key role of protozoa in controlling the abundance of populations of certain bacteria introduced into soil.", "contents": "Further evidence for the regulation of bacterial populations in soil by protozoa. After the addition to soil of large numbers of a cowpea Rhizobium strain, the population declined steadily until the numbers reached about 10(7)/g, and the protozoa rose to about 10(4)/g. When indigenous protozoa were suppressed by the addition of actidione to the soil, the density of the test rhizobium did not fall initially, but its abundance declined to about 10(7)/g when actidione-resistant protozoa arose in significant numbers. The addition to actidione-treated soil of an antibiotic-resistant strain of Paramecium led to a rapid decrease in the population of the rhizobium, the density reaching essentially the same value as in soil receiving neither the drug nor the paramecia. The same changes occurred with Xanthomonas campestris as test prey except that its numbers fell to about 10(5)/g of soil. These data provide further evidence for the key role of protozoa in controlling the abundance of populations of certain bacteria introduced into soil."}
{"id": "PMID:879961", "title": "Dorsal-ventral differentiation in Simonsiella and other aspects of its morphology and ultrastructure.", "content": "The morphology and ultrastructure of the aerobic, Gram-negative multicellular-filamentous bacteria of the genus simonsiella were investigated by scanning and transmission electron microscopy. The flat, ribbon-shaped, multicellular filaments show dorsal-ventral differentiation with respect to their orientations to solid substrata. The dorsal surface, orientated away from the substrate, is convex and possesses an unstructured capsule. The ventral surface, on which the organisms adhere and glide, is concave and has an extracellular layer with fibrils extending at right angles from the cell wall. The cytoplasm in the ventral region contains a proliferation of intracytoplasmic membranes and few ribosomes in comparison to the cytoplasm in other parts of the cell. Centripetal cell wall formation is asymmetrical and commences preferentially in the ventral region. Quantitative differences in morphology and cytology exist among selected Simonsiella strains. Functional aspects of this dorsal-ventral differentiation are discussed with respect to the colonization and adherence of Simonsiella to mucosal squamous epithelial cells in its ecological habitat, the oral cavities of warm-blooded vertebrates.", "contents": "Dorsal-ventral differentiation in Simonsiella and other aspects of its morphology and ultrastructure. The morphology and ultrastructure of the aerobic, Gram-negative multicellular-filamentous bacteria of the genus simonsiella were investigated by scanning and transmission electron microscopy. The flat, ribbon-shaped, multicellular filaments show dorsal-ventral differentiation with respect to their orientations to solid substrata. The dorsal surface, orientated away from the substrate, is convex and possesses an unstructured capsule. The ventral surface, on which the organisms adhere and glide, is concave and has an extracellular layer with fibrils extending at right angles from the cell wall. The cytoplasm in the ventral region contains a proliferation of intracytoplasmic membranes and few ribosomes in comparison to the cytoplasm in other parts of the cell. Centripetal cell wall formation is asymmetrical and commences preferentially in the ventral region. Quantitative differences in morphology and cytology exist among selected Simonsiella strains. Functional aspects of this dorsal-ventral differentiation are discussed with respect to the colonization and adherence of Simonsiella to mucosal squamous epithelial cells in its ecological habitat, the oral cavities of warm-blooded vertebrates."}
{"id": "PMID:879963", "title": "Heterotrophic growth of Thiobacillus A2 on sugars and organic acids.", "content": "Thiobacillus A2 grew on a number of organic acids, pentoses, hexoses and alpha-linked disaccharides, but not on beta-linked disaccharides or galactosides. Growth was slow on glucose, although fast-growing strains were selectively isolated. Additive growth rates occured on glucose and galactose; growth on glucose with fructose, pyruvate or gluconate was biphasic rather than diauxic; fructose was used preferentially over glucose;  slow growth on glucose was accelerated by some disaccharides; growth on acetate, fumarate or succinate with glucose gave diauxic growth with preferential use of the acid and repression of glucose incorporation. Acetate and succinate tended to be used preferentially even with cultures grown on them in mixture with fructose or sucrose.", "contents": "Heterotrophic growth of Thiobacillus A2 on sugars and organic acids. Thiobacillus A2 grew on a number of organic acids, pentoses, hexoses and alpha-linked disaccharides, but not on beta-linked disaccharides or galactosides. Growth was slow on glucose, although fast-growing strains were selectively isolated. Additive growth rates occured on glucose and galactose; growth on glucose with fructose, pyruvate or gluconate was biphasic rather than diauxic; fructose was used preferentially over glucose;  slow growth on glucose was accelerated by some disaccharides; growth on acetate, fumarate or succinate with glucose gave diauxic growth with preferential use of the acid and repression of glucose incorporation. Acetate and succinate tended to be used preferentially even with cultures grown on them in mixture with fructose or sucrose."}
{"id": "PMID:879965", "title": "A series of mutant strains of Scenedesmus obliquus with abnormal carotenoid compositions.", "content": "Several mutant strains of Scenedesmus obliquus (Chlorophyta) have been isolated which, when cultured heterotrophically, are pale green or yellow, in contrast to the dark green of the wild type. On the basis of their carotenoid compositions, four groups of pale-green strains have been delineated. These accumulate, respectively, no carotenoid, phytoene, mainly zeta-carotene and mainly zeta-carotene together with some neurosporene and lycopene. All these strains synthesized no chlorophyll b and only small amounts of chlorophyll a. A further group of yellow strains produced the normal Scenedesmus obliquus range of cyclic carotenes and xanthophylls, but no chlorophyll. Most of the pale-green strains were killed by exposure to light, but two strains, PG1 and 1E, which accumulated predominantly zeta-carotene when grown in the dark, survived exposure to the light and developed photosynthetically active chloroplasts containing the normal pigments. The possible biosynthetic implications of the carotenoid composition of these mutant strains, and the relationshp between the carotenoid composition and protection of the cells from photooxidative destruction are discussed.", "contents": "A series of mutant strains of Scenedesmus obliquus with abnormal carotenoid compositions. Several mutant strains of Scenedesmus obliquus (Chlorophyta) have been isolated which, when cultured heterotrophically, are pale green or yellow, in contrast to the dark green of the wild type. On the basis of their carotenoid compositions, four groups of pale-green strains have been delineated. These accumulate, respectively, no carotenoid, phytoene, mainly zeta-carotene and mainly zeta-carotene together with some neurosporene and lycopene. All these strains synthesized no chlorophyll b and only small amounts of chlorophyll a. A further group of yellow strains produced the normal Scenedesmus obliquus range of cyclic carotenes and xanthophylls, but no chlorophyll. Most of the pale-green strains were killed by exposure to light, but two strains, PG1 and 1E, which accumulated predominantly zeta-carotene when grown in the dark, survived exposure to the light and developed photosynthetically active chloroplasts containing the normal pigments. The possible biosynthetic implications of the carotenoid composition of these mutant strains, and the relationshp between the carotenoid composition and protection of the cells from photooxidative destruction are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:879964", "title": "Simultaneous operation of three catabolic pathways in the metabolism of glucose by Thiobacillus A2.", "content": "Enzymes essential to the operation of the Embden-Meyerhof glycolytic pathway, the Entner-Duodoroff pathway and oxidative pentose phosphate pathway were present in Thiobacillus A2 grown on glucose and other sugars. Radiorespirometry under various conditions with Thiobacillus A2 oxidising glucose specifically labelled with 14C in carbon atoms 1, 2, 3, 3 + 4, 6 or universally labelled demonstrated the simultaneous operation of the Embden-Meyerhof (48%), Entner-Doudoroff (28%), and pentose phosphate (24%) pathways in release of carbon dioxide from glucose. Growth on succinate, or autotrophically on formate or thiosulphate resulted in repression of most enzymes of the pathways, but high aldolase levels were retained indicating its role in gluconeogenesis and the Calvin cycle. Different fructose diphosphatase activities were found in succinate- and thiosulphate-grown organisms. The results indicate that all three major catabolic pathways for glucose function in Thiobacillus A2 grown on sugars. Thiobacillus acidophilus showed a different radiorespirometric pattern and apparently used the Entner-Duodoroff (64.5%) and pentose phosphate (35.5%) pathways, but showed unusually high release of carbon atom 6, as was also found for T. ferrooxidans.", "contents": "Simultaneous operation of three catabolic pathways in the metabolism of glucose by Thiobacillus A2. Enzymes essential to the operation of the Embden-Meyerhof glycolytic pathway, the Entner-Duodoroff pathway and oxidative pentose phosphate pathway were present in Thiobacillus A2 grown on glucose and other sugars. Radiorespirometry under various conditions with Thiobacillus A2 oxidising glucose specifically labelled with 14C in carbon atoms 1, 2, 3, 3 + 4, 6 or universally labelled demonstrated the simultaneous operation of the Embden-Meyerhof (48%), Entner-Doudoroff (28%), and pentose phosphate (24%) pathways in release of carbon dioxide from glucose. Growth on succinate, or autotrophically on formate or thiosulphate resulted in repression of most enzymes of the pathways, but high aldolase levels were retained indicating its role in gluconeogenesis and the Calvin cycle. Different fructose diphosphatase activities were found in succinate- and thiosulphate-grown organisms. The results indicate that all three major catabolic pathways for glucose function in Thiobacillus A2 grown on sugars. Thiobacillus acidophilus showed a different radiorespirometric pattern and apparently used the Entner-Duodoroff (64.5%) and pentose phosphate (35.5%) pathways, but showed unusually high release of carbon atom 6, as was also found for T. ferrooxidans."}
{"id": "PMID:879966", "title": "The effect of illumination on the pigment composition of the zeta-carotenic mutant, PG1, of Scenedesmus obliquus.", "content": "Dark grown Scenedesmus obliquus strain PG1 accumulated zeta-carotene and phytoene as its major carotenoids. On illumination of dark-grown cultures in air/CO2, cyclic carotenes and xanthophylls were formed, apparently at the expense of the accumulated phytoene and zeta-carotene. This interconversion of carotenoids was accompanied by chlorophyll synthesis. In an atmosphere of nitrogen/CO2 the light-induced changes occurred more slowly and in nitrogen alone the changes were incomplete. No massive production of cyclic carotenes from the accumulated zeta-carotene was observed in cultures illuminated under anaerobic conditions.", "contents": "The effect of illumination on the pigment composition of the zeta-carotenic mutant, PG1, of Scenedesmus obliquus. Dark grown Scenedesmus obliquus strain PG1 accumulated zeta-carotene and phytoene as its major carotenoids. On illumination of dark-grown cultures in air/CO2, cyclic carotenes and xanthophylls were formed, apparently at the expense of the accumulated phytoene and zeta-carotene. This interconversion of carotenoids was accompanied by chlorophyll synthesis. In an atmosphere of nitrogen/CO2 the light-induced changes occurred more slowly and in nitrogen alone the changes were incomplete. No massive production of cyclic carotenes from the accumulated zeta-carotene was observed in cultures illuminated under anaerobic conditions."}
{"id": "PMID:879972", "title": "Alcoholism and depression in adopted-out daughters of alcoholics.", "content": "Forty-nine daughters of alcoholics were compared to 47 daughters of nonalcholics; both groups of women (average age, 35 years) had been adopted by nonrelatives early in life. Two women in each group were alcoholic or problem drinkers. Although this is above the expected rate of alcoholism among women, the numbers are too small to draw definite conclusions. Almost all were light drinkers. Daughters of alcoholics had no more depression than controls, indicating that alcoholism in the biological parents did not increase the risk of depression in daughters raised by foster parents. Environmental factors may be important in both alcoholism and depression in women, since both tended to be correlated with psychopathology in the foster parents.", "contents": "Alcoholism and depression in adopted-out daughters of alcoholics. Forty-nine daughters of alcoholics were compared to 47 daughters of nonalcholics; both groups of women (average age, 35 years) had been adopted by nonrelatives early in life. Two women in each group were alcoholic or problem drinkers. Although this is above the expected rate of alcoholism among women, the numbers are too small to draw definite conclusions. Almost all were light drinkers. Daughters of alcoholics had no more depression than controls, indicating that alcoholism in the biological parents did not increase the risk of depression in daughters raised by foster parents. Environmental factors may be important in both alcoholism and depression in women, since both tended to be correlated with psychopathology in the foster parents."}
{"id": "PMID:879973", "title": "Differentiation of alcoholics. Childhood history of minimal brain dysfunction, family history, and drinking pattern.", "content": "Alcoholics were differentiated into two subgroups on the basis of drinking patterns and subjective response to alcohol. Severe drinkers (primary alcoholics) retrospectively reported more symptoms of childhood minimal brain dysfunction than less severe drinkers (secondary alcoholics), psychiatric patients, and normals. The alcoholics as a group reported a greater incidence of familial alcohol abuse than the psychiatric subjects, but a difference on this factor was not observed between the primary and secondary subgroups. In terms of clinical status, the primary alcoholics presented Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory profile more indicative of normality than the other groups, but scored significantly higher on the MacAndrew Alcoholism Scale. These findings are discussed in light of further delineating a specific subtype of alcoholism that may have a genetic-constitutional relationship with other pathological disorders.", "contents": "Differentiation of alcoholics. Childhood history of minimal brain dysfunction, family history, and drinking pattern. Alcoholics were differentiated into two subgroups on the basis of drinking patterns and subjective response to alcohol. Severe drinkers (primary alcoholics) retrospectively reported more symptoms of childhood minimal brain dysfunction than less severe drinkers (secondary alcoholics), psychiatric patients, and normals. The alcoholics as a group reported a greater incidence of familial alcohol abuse than the psychiatric subjects, but a difference on this factor was not observed between the primary and secondary subgroups. In terms of clinical status, the primary alcoholics presented Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory profile more indicative of normality than the other groups, but scored significantly higher on the MacAndrew Alcoholism Scale. These findings are discussed in light of further delineating a specific subtype of alcoholism that may have a genetic-constitutional relationship with other pathological disorders."}
{"id": "PMID:879974", "title": "Schizophrenics' adopting parents. Psychiatric status.", "content": "With the exception of one finding in one experiment, adoption studies have demonstrated that genetic and not rearing factors play an etiological role in the schizophrenias. In that one study, clinical evaluations showed the biological parents of schizophrenics as more disturbed than the adopting parents of schizophrenics, who were, in turn, slightly more disturbed than the adopting parents of normal persons. Both the biological and the adopting parents of schizophrenics showed an equivalent degree of Rorschach pathology, suggesting the possible role of a learned communication disorder in the schizophrenic disorders. A replicative study were performed, employing the same design but utilizing a systematic sample. Structured interviews and tests were administered to the biological parents of nongenetic retardates. Structured clinical evaluation showed the biological parents of schizophrenics to be more disturbed than the other two groups, between whom there was no difference in psychopathology. With analysis of the Rorschach tests, the biological parents of schizophrenics showed significantly more Rorschach pathology than found in the other two groups, whose degree of disorder was the same. This study again confirms the role of genetic factors and fails to show an environmental component in the etiology of the schizophrenias.", "contents": "Schizophrenics' adopting parents. Psychiatric status. With the exception of one finding in one experiment, adoption studies have demonstrated that genetic and not rearing factors play an etiological role in the schizophrenias. In that one study, clinical evaluations showed the biological parents of schizophrenics as more disturbed than the adopting parents of schizophrenics, who were, in turn, slightly more disturbed than the adopting parents of normal persons. Both the biological and the adopting parents of schizophrenics showed an equivalent degree of Rorschach pathology, suggesting the possible role of a learned communication disorder in the schizophrenic disorders. A replicative study were performed, employing the same design but utilizing a systematic sample. Structured interviews and tests were administered to the biological parents of nongenetic retardates. Structured clinical evaluation showed the biological parents of schizophrenics to be more disturbed than the other two groups, between whom there was no difference in psychopathology. With analysis of the Rorschach tests, the biological parents of schizophrenics showed significantly more Rorschach pathology than found in the other two groups, whose degree of disorder was the same. This study again confirms the role of genetic factors and fails to show an environmental component in the etiology of the schizophrenias."}
{"id": "PMID:879975", "title": "The offspring of schizophrenics. II. Perinatal factors and IQ.", "content": "Within a sample of 60 children of schizophrenic parents, IQ and the correlates of IQ were examined. The Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children was administered at age 7. The offspring of parents with schizophrenia were found to have a slightly lower IQ than their matched controls. This deficit could be attributed entirely to the male offspring. Using a second comparison group numbering several thousand, we computed correlations for various perinatal and socioeconomic factors with seven-year IQ. These correlations were also computed for the children of schizophrenics, and the difference in correlations was examined. IQs for the offspring of \"continuous schizophrenics\" (chronic, borderline, and chronic schizo-affective schizophrenics) were found to have lower correlations with socioeconomic indices and higher correlations, in a negative direction, with certain perinatal events. The findings were found to a lesser, nonsignificant degree among the small sample of offspring of acute schizophrenics. If these perinatal events are more negatively correlated with IQ because the children of continuous schizophrenics are specifically susceptible to them, it is possible that these factors are also influential in the later development of schizophrenia.", "contents": "The offspring of schizophrenics. II. Perinatal factors and IQ. Within a sample of 60 children of schizophrenic parents, IQ and the correlates of IQ were examined. The Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children was administered at age 7. The offspring of parents with schizophrenia were found to have a slightly lower IQ than their matched controls. This deficit could be attributed entirely to the male offspring. Using a second comparison group numbering several thousand, we computed correlations for various perinatal and socioeconomic factors with seven-year IQ. These correlations were also computed for the children of schizophrenics, and the difference in correlations was examined. IQs for the offspring of \"continuous schizophrenics\" (chronic, borderline, and chronic schizo-affective schizophrenics) were found to have lower correlations with socioeconomic indices and higher correlations, in a negative direction, with certain perinatal events. The findings were found to a lesser, nonsignificant degree among the small sample of offspring of acute schizophrenics. If these perinatal events are more negatively correlated with IQ because the children of continuous schizophrenics are specifically susceptible to them, it is possible that these factors are also influential in the later development of schizophrenia."}
{"id": "PMID:879976", "title": "Platelet methylene reductase activity in schizophrenia.", "content": "A case of a folate-responsive psychosis that was associated with a defect in N5-10-methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (methylene reductase) suggested the need to examine whether abnormally low activity of this enzyme might be of etiological importance in schizophrenia. We now report that there were no statistically significant differences in the platelet methylene reductase activity of chronic schizophrenics, compared with either hospitalized or nonhospitalized age-matched control subjects. Although it is possible that a larger survey might reveal a subpopulation of schizophrenics who are characterized by abnormal methylene reductase activity, this study suggests that chronic schizophrenia is not generally associated with such changes.", "contents": "Platelet methylene reductase activity in schizophrenia. A case of a folate-responsive psychosis that was associated with a defect in N5-10-methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (methylene reductase) suggested the need to examine whether abnormally low activity of this enzyme might be of etiological importance in schizophrenia. We now report that there were no statistically significant differences in the platelet methylene reductase activity of chronic schizophrenics, compared with either hospitalized or nonhospitalized age-matched control subjects. Although it is possible that a larger survey might reveal a subpopulation of schizophrenics who are characterized by abnormal methylene reductase activity, this study suggests that chronic schizophrenia is not generally associated with such changes."}
{"id": "PMID:879977", "title": "Failure of methadone and levomethadyl acetate (levo-alpha-acetylmethadol, LAAM) maintenance to affect memory.", "content": "Memory tests were administered to 30 patients taking methadone hydrochloride and 31 taking levomethadyl acetate (levo-alpha-acetylmethadol, LAAM) both prior to treatment and after one and three months of continuous treatment. A group of nonopiate using matched control subjects was administered the tests at similar intervals. No statistically significant difference in test performance was found among these groups at any of the three sessions. The methadone and control groups also did not differ significantly in the frequency of subjective reports of decreased memory function. Previous reports of memory deflicits during long-term methadone administration may be a result of comparing methadone and control groups at a single point in time and assuming that prior to methadone maintenance the groups were equivalent.", "contents": "Failure of methadone and levomethadyl acetate (levo-alpha-acetylmethadol, LAAM) maintenance to affect memory. Memory tests were administered to 30 patients taking methadone hydrochloride and 31 taking levomethadyl acetate (levo-alpha-acetylmethadol, LAAM) both prior to treatment and after one and three months of continuous treatment. A group of nonopiate using matched control subjects was administered the tests at similar intervals. No statistically significant difference in test performance was found among these groups at any of the three sessions. The methadone and control groups also did not differ significantly in the frequency of subjective reports of decreased memory function. Previous reports of memory deflicits during long-term methadone administration may be a result of comparing methadone and control groups at a single point in time and assuming that prior to methadone maintenance the groups were equivalent."}
{"id": "PMID:879978", "title": "Symptom patterns in primary and secondary depression. A comparison of primary depressives with depressed opiate addicts, alcoholics, and schizophrenics.", "content": "The primary-secondary distinction in affective disorders has been proposed to reduce the heterogeneity of depression. An investigation of the frequency of secondary depression and its nature in depressed opiate addicts, alcoholics, and schizophrenics was undertaken. Findings show that secondary depression in ambulatory patients with other psychiatric disorders is relatively common. The sociodemographic characteristics of the secondary depressive are consistent with the population from which they derive but differ from primary depressives. The symptom patterns of secondary depressives are similar to primary depressives but are overall less severe. These findings give further support to the value of separating out secondary from primary depression in future research studies.", "contents": "Symptom patterns in primary and secondary depression. A comparison of primary depressives with depressed opiate addicts, alcoholics, and schizophrenics. The primary-secondary distinction in affective disorders has been proposed to reduce the heterogeneity of depression. An investigation of the frequency of secondary depression and its nature in depressed opiate addicts, alcoholics, and schizophrenics was undertaken. Findings show that secondary depression in ambulatory patients with other psychiatric disorders is relatively common. The sociodemographic characteristics of the secondary depressive are consistent with the population from which they derive but differ from primary depressives. The symptom patterns of secondary depressives are similar to primary depressives but are overall less severe. These findings give further support to the value of separating out secondary from primary depression in future research studies."}
{"id": "PMID:879979", "title": "Model studies in tumor incidence.", "content": "Two models of tumor incidence predicting the latency period as a function of the applied dose of a carcinogenic compound yield the same relationship as it has been empirically stated by Bryan and Shimkin (1,2). One model is based on a single-cell damage, the other one on a disturbtion of proliferation control within the cell population. The observed latency periods compared to the predicted values show that the tommunication model is a better basis for understanding chemical carcinogenesis than the single cell incidence.", "contents": "Model studies in tumor incidence. Two models of tumor incidence predicting the latency period as a function of the applied dose of a carcinogenic compound yield the same relationship as it has been empirically stated by Bryan and Shimkin (1,2). One model is based on a single-cell damage, the other one on a disturbtion of proliferation control within the cell population. The observed latency periods compared to the predicted values show that the tommunication model is a better basis for understanding chemical carcinogenesis than the single cell incidence."}
{"id": "PMID:879980", "title": "What's wrong with the theoretical research on molecular mechanisms of the chemical cancerization process.", "content": "The theoretical research on molecular mechanisms of chemical cancerization process is essentially a statistical problem in nature. Failing to have this notion in mind, many researchers in this field have engaged sterilizing controversies on the existence or the non existence of a correlation between the carcinogenic potency of a substance and some of its molecular properties. The following report is an example showing how the statistical concept and methods are necessary to resolve these problems.", "contents": "What's wrong with the theoretical research on molecular mechanisms of the chemical cancerization process. The theoretical research on molecular mechanisms of chemical cancerization process is essentially a statistical problem in nature. Failing to have this notion in mind, many researchers in this field have engaged sterilizing controversies on the existence or the non existence of a correlation between the carcinogenic potency of a substance and some of its molecular properties. The following report is an example showing how the statistical concept and methods are necessary to resolve these problems."}
{"id": "PMID:879981", "title": "Stability of the antigen expression in the spontaneous mammary adenocarcinoma during cultivation and absorbtion with immune serum.", "content": "Transplantable spontaneous mammary adenocarcinoma cells were cultivated in vitro under standard cell culture conditions, in presence of extracellular protease, in cottonstoppered bottles, and in presence of antitrypsin. At time intervals, aliquots from each were removed and examined for transplantability, response to humoral antibody, and to cytotoxic activity of spleen cells from immune animals. Under standard conditions, cells cultivated for 300 days or more became non-transplantable and 74% survived the killing effect of immune spleen cells. In presence of an extracellular protease, the cells maintained their transplantability and 23% survived the cytotoxic effects of the immune spleen cells. In cotton-stoppered glass bottles without HEPES, the cells maintain their transplantability and they survived the killing effect of the immune spleen cells. Finally, in presence of antitrypsin, the cells became less transplantable, remained sensitive to the toxic effects of the immune spleen cells. When absorbed with adenocarcinoma anti-serum, cells cultivated under standard cell culture conditions, or cultured in presence of antitrypsin became less transplantable, whereas, cells grown in cotton-stoppered glass bottles or in presence of the extracellular protease maintained their transplantability.", "contents": "Stability of the antigen expression in the spontaneous mammary adenocarcinoma during cultivation and absorbtion with immune serum. Transplantable spontaneous mammary adenocarcinoma cells were cultivated in vitro under standard cell culture conditions, in presence of extracellular protease, in cottonstoppered bottles, and in presence of antitrypsin. At time intervals, aliquots from each were removed and examined for transplantability, response to humoral antibody, and to cytotoxic activity of spleen cells from immune animals. Under standard conditions, cells cultivated for 300 days or more became non-transplantable and 74% survived the killing effect of immune spleen cells. In presence of an extracellular protease, the cells maintained their transplantability and 23% survived the cytotoxic effects of the immune spleen cells. In cotton-stoppered glass bottles without HEPES, the cells maintain their transplantability and they survived the killing effect of the immune spleen cells. Finally, in presence of antitrypsin, the cells became less transplantable, remained sensitive to the toxic effects of the immune spleen cells. When absorbed with adenocarcinoma anti-serum, cells cultivated under standard cell culture conditions, or cultured in presence of antitrypsin became less transplantable, whereas, cells grown in cotton-stoppered glass bottles or in presence of the extracellular protease maintained their transplantability."}
{"id": "PMID:879982", "title": "[A method for determining the biological effectiveness of ionizing irradiation by evaluation of mitotic depression of Ehrlich-ascites-tumour cells (author's transl)].", "content": "In the present paper there are given the conditions for evaluating the biological effectiveness of Co60-gamma-irradiation by determination of mitotic depression at a defined time after irradiation. Using the model of Ehrlich-ascites-tumour of mice the mitotic index was determined four days after inoculation and one hour after irradiation for doses of 50, 100, 200 and 300 rad. The dose-effect curve- show in the given range of doses an unambiguous dependence of the mitotic depression on the applied dose which can be clearly represented semilogarithmically by regression analysis in an analytical manner. Hence, this dependence may be useful for comparative studies of biological effectiveness of radiation with different LET.", "contents": "[A method for determining the biological effectiveness of ionizing irradiation by evaluation of mitotic depression of Ehrlich-ascites-tumour cells (author's transl)]. In the present paper there are given the conditions for evaluating the biological effectiveness of Co60-gamma-irradiation by determination of mitotic depression at a defined time after irradiation. Using the model of Ehrlich-ascites-tumour of mice the mitotic index was determined four days after inoculation and one hour after irradiation for doses of 50, 100, 200 and 300 rad. The dose-effect curve- show in the given range of doses an unambiguous dependence of the mitotic depression on the applied dose which can be clearly represented semilogarithmically by regression analysis in an analytical manner. Hence, this dependence may be useful for comparative studies of biological effectiveness of radiation with different LET."}
{"id": "PMID:879983", "title": "A very significant correlation between carcinogenic activity of polycyclic hydrocarbons and certain properties of their transition states in the range of the lowest triplet states of the DNA.", "content": "A very significant correlation between carcinogenic power of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and their probability of photoinduced double resonance transitions in the UV-range of about 3 to 3.5 eV is shown. The resonance can be interpreted in terms of the lowest triplet state energy of thymine at 3.25 eV and the energy difference between the triplet states of A--T and G--C base pairs. The correlation has been predicted from a hypothesis which describes cell communication by photon interaction within a cell population.", "contents": "A very significant correlation between carcinogenic activity of polycyclic hydrocarbons and certain properties of their transition states in the range of the lowest triplet states of the DNA. A very significant correlation between carcinogenic power of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and their probability of photoinduced double resonance transitions in the UV-range of about 3 to 3.5 eV is shown. The resonance can be interpreted in terms of the lowest triplet state energy of thymine at 3.25 eV and the energy difference between the triplet states of A--T and G--C base pairs. The correlation has been predicted from a hypothesis which describes cell communication by photon interaction within a cell population."}
{"id": "PMID:879984", "title": "The passage of thiamine across the rat placenta and its uptake by the fetal organs. I. The transport of thiamine across the placenta.", "content": "It is well known that thiamine is highly soluble in water. However, if chloroplatinic acid (H2PtCl6) is used during fixation, an insoluble, electron-dense thiamine-PtCl6 precipitate is formed. Using this method we performed electron microscope autoradiography of the placental labyrinth of rats in their 15th day of pregnancy after injection into the maternal bloodstream of 3H-thiamine, and we also measured the radioactivity of the tissues, in order to study the transport of the thiamine across the placenta. Both developed silver grains and radioactivity were found in the largest amounts 30 min after injection; the amounts of both declined after 2 hrs and declined further after 5 hrs. The majority of the developed silver grains were localized in the smooth-surfaced endoplasmic reticulum, which is generally thought to be the vehicle for the transport of materials in the cell, while in the mitochondria, Golgi apparatus, etc. the grains were few. Considering the substantial depletion of the amounts of both sivler grains and radioactivity after the relatively short time of 5 hrs, we conclude that the greater portion of the thiamine passes quickly across the placenta to the fetus, where it is used in the metabolism of the fetal organs, and that only a small part of the thiamine is retained in the placenta for its own metabolism.", "contents": "The passage of thiamine across the rat placenta and its uptake by the fetal organs. I. The transport of thiamine across the placenta. It is well known that thiamine is highly soluble in water. However, if chloroplatinic acid (H2PtCl6) is used during fixation, an insoluble, electron-dense thiamine-PtCl6 precipitate is formed. Using this method we performed electron microscope autoradiography of the placental labyrinth of rats in their 15th day of pregnancy after injection into the maternal bloodstream of 3H-thiamine, and we also measured the radioactivity of the tissues, in order to study the transport of the thiamine across the placenta. Both developed silver grains and radioactivity were found in the largest amounts 30 min after injection; the amounts of both declined after 2 hrs and declined further after 5 hrs. The majority of the developed silver grains were localized in the smooth-surfaced endoplasmic reticulum, which is generally thought to be the vehicle for the transport of materials in the cell, while in the mitochondria, Golgi apparatus, etc. the grains were few. Considering the substantial depletion of the amounts of both sivler grains and radioactivity after the relatively short time of 5 hrs, we conclude that the greater portion of the thiamine passes quickly across the placenta to the fetus, where it is used in the metabolism of the fetal organs, and that only a small part of the thiamine is retained in the placenta for its own metabolism."}
{"id": "PMID:879985", "title": "The passage of thiamine across the rat placenta and its uptake by the fetal organs. II. The uptake of thiamine by fetal organs.", "content": "Having injected 3H-thiamine into the maternal bloodstream of rats in their 15th day of pregnancy, the uptake by the fetal organs (liver and cardiac muscle) of the 3H-thiamine which had been transported across the placenta was studied by electron microscope autoradiography and by measuring the radio-activity of the tissues, using the same methods reported in the first paper of this series. In the fetal liver both developed silver grains and radioactivity were found in greates amounts in specimens collected 5 hrs after injection. Developed silver grains were abundant in the mitochrondria, Golgi apparatus, rough-surfaced endoplasmic reticulum, glycogen area, and nucleus, indicating that these cell organelles take up thiamine and utilize it for the cell metabolism. In the fetal cardiac muscle, the developed silver grains and radioactivity were found in greatest amounts 2 hrs after injection. The silver grains were abundant in the glycogen area, Golgi apparatus, and myofibrils, but they were especially abundant in the mitochondria. This indicates that thiamine is taken up by these organelles and employed in the cell metabolism.", "contents": "The passage of thiamine across the rat placenta and its uptake by the fetal organs. II. The uptake of thiamine by fetal organs. Having injected 3H-thiamine into the maternal bloodstream of rats in their 15th day of pregnancy, the uptake by the fetal organs (liver and cardiac muscle) of the 3H-thiamine which had been transported across the placenta was studied by electron microscope autoradiography and by measuring the radio-activity of the tissues, using the same methods reported in the first paper of this series. In the fetal liver both developed silver grains and radioactivity were found in greates amounts in specimens collected 5 hrs after injection. Developed silver grains were abundant in the mitochrondria, Golgi apparatus, rough-surfaced endoplasmic reticulum, glycogen area, and nucleus, indicating that these cell organelles take up thiamine and utilize it for the cell metabolism. In the fetal cardiac muscle, the developed silver grains and radioactivity were found in greatest amounts 2 hrs after injection. The silver grains were abundant in the glycogen area, Golgi apparatus, and myofibrils, but they were especially abundant in the mitochondria. This indicates that thiamine is taken up by these organelles and employed in the cell metabolism."}
{"id": "PMID:879986", "title": "Scanning electron microscopy of the third ventricular wall in the lamprey, Lampetra japonica.", "content": "The third ventricular wall and its adjacent region of the arctic lamphrey, Lampetra japonica, were studied by scanning electron microscopy to elucidate their surface fine structures. The specimens were caught in the mouth of the river during their anadromous migration. The ventricular wall is covered entirely with the cilia of ependymal cells, with the exception of the ventral side of the lateral wall, the floor of the recessus infundibuli and a portion of the recessus posteriosus. In the ependymal layer covering the ventral side of the lateral wall, numerous protrusions of neurons are found equipped with microvilli and cilia. These neurons seem to correspond to the liquor-contacting neurons. Ependymal cells identified as tanycytes occur in the posterior portion of the floor of the recessus infundibuli. The apex of the tanycyte is provided with numerous microvilli and a bundle of cilia, while its basal projection extends towards the outer layer of neurohypophysis to make contact with the capillary wall. A small spherule considered to be a secretory substance is observed near the root of the ciliary bundle. tthe recessus posteriosus consists of a layer of ependymal cells and neurons with an apical projection into the ventricular cavity. Possible intraventricular macrophage (Kolmer cell) is found in the lamprey.", "contents": "Scanning electron microscopy of the third ventricular wall in the lamprey, Lampetra japonica. The third ventricular wall and its adjacent region of the arctic lamphrey, Lampetra japonica, were studied by scanning electron microscopy to elucidate their surface fine structures. The specimens were caught in the mouth of the river during their anadromous migration. The ventricular wall is covered entirely with the cilia of ependymal cells, with the exception of the ventral side of the lateral wall, the floor of the recessus infundibuli and a portion of the recessus posteriosus. In the ependymal layer covering the ventral side of the lateral wall, numerous protrusions of neurons are found equipped with microvilli and cilia. These neurons seem to correspond to the liquor-contacting neurons. Ependymal cells identified as tanycytes occur in the posterior portion of the floor of the recessus infundibuli. The apex of the tanycyte is provided with numerous microvilli and a bundle of cilia, while its basal projection extends towards the outer layer of neurohypophysis to make contact with the capillary wall. A small spherule considered to be a secretory substance is observed near the root of the ciliary bundle. tthe recessus posteriosus consists of a layer of ependymal cells and neurons with an apical projection into the ventricular cavity. Possible intraventricular macrophage (Kolmer cell) is found in the lamprey."}
{"id": "PMID:879989", "title": "An electron microscope study of the intestinal absorption of medium chain and long chain triglycerides in the rat.", "content": "The ultrastructural changes in the intestinal absorptive cells of the rat during the absorption of triglycerides, Particularly medium chain triglyceride (MCT), were studied by electron microscopy. In the absorptive cell of rats fed with MCT, the agranular endoplasmic reticulum in tubular form was remarkably proliferated throughout the cytoplasm as compared with that of fasting rats. The granular endoplasmic reticulum was mostly transformed into the same tubulo-vesicular form as the agranular endoplasmic reticulum. Chylomicra, which were consistently observed in the endoplasmic reticulum of the intestinal absorptive cell of rats fed with long chain triglyceride (LCT), did not appear in that of MCT-fed rats, although small lipid particles were noticed within it. The Golgi lamellae decreased in number and length. During the absorption of MCT, the central lacteal contained some lipid particles which were smaller in size than the chylomicron which appeared in the LCT-fed rats. These evidences might suggest that the majority of MCT administered was transported through the absorptive cell without reesterification in the endoplasmic reticulum into the portal vein system, and only a minor part of the MCT given was transported via the central lacteal after reesterification.", "contents": "An electron microscope study of the intestinal absorption of medium chain and long chain triglycerides in the rat. The ultrastructural changes in the intestinal absorptive cells of the rat during the absorption of triglycerides, Particularly medium chain triglyceride (MCT), were studied by electron microscopy. In the absorptive cell of rats fed with MCT, the agranular endoplasmic reticulum in tubular form was remarkably proliferated throughout the cytoplasm as compared with that of fasting rats. The granular endoplasmic reticulum was mostly transformed into the same tubulo-vesicular form as the agranular endoplasmic reticulum. Chylomicra, which were consistently observed in the endoplasmic reticulum of the intestinal absorptive cell of rats fed with long chain triglyceride (LCT), did not appear in that of MCT-fed rats, although small lipid particles were noticed within it. The Golgi lamellae decreased in number and length. During the absorption of MCT, the central lacteal contained some lipid particles which were smaller in size than the chylomicron which appeared in the LCT-fed rats. These evidences might suggest that the majority of MCT administered was transported through the absorptive cell without reesterification in the endoplasmic reticulum into the portal vein system, and only a minor part of the MCT given was transported via the central lacteal after reesterification."}
{"id": "PMID:879992", "title": "Rat interferons. IV. Sialoproteins in rat serum.", "content": "Introduction of virus as inductor of interferon into rats caused a decline in serum levels of sialic acid in blood taken at the time of maximum interferon activity. Differences in the acute phase proteins were dependent on the type of virus used for induction. NDV injected intravenously did not lower serum levels of seromucoid, but given together with DMSO markedly depressed the content of this protein in the serum. Stimulation of interferon production by Sindbis virus was accompanied by a significant rise in levels of seromucoid. The same virus given together with DMSO had no effect on protein level, which remained normal, but lowered the content of sialic acid in proteins.", "contents": "Rat interferons. IV. Sialoproteins in rat serum. Introduction of virus as inductor of interferon into rats caused a decline in serum levels of sialic acid in blood taken at the time of maximum interferon activity. Differences in the acute phase proteins were dependent on the type of virus used for induction. NDV injected intravenously did not lower serum levels of seromucoid, but given together with DMSO markedly depressed the content of this protein in the serum. Stimulation of interferon production by Sindbis virus was accompanied by a significant rise in levels of seromucoid. The same virus given together with DMSO had no effect on protein level, which remained normal, but lowered the content of sialic acid in proteins."}
{"id": "PMID:879993", "title": "Surface glycoprotein components in isolated melanotic melanoma cells in the golden hamster.", "content": "A study of glycoprotein components in trypsin-digested material from the surface of isolated melanotic melanoma cells showed presence of amino sugars, protein-bound hexoses, fucose and sialic acids. The high content of fucose and low content of sialic acids in the surface material from the cells were striking.", "contents": "Surface glycoprotein components in isolated melanotic melanoma cells in the golden hamster. A study of glycoprotein components in trypsin-digested material from the surface of isolated melanotic melanoma cells showed presence of amino sugars, protein-bound hexoses, fucose and sialic acids. The high content of fucose and low content of sialic acids in the surface material from the cells were striking."}
{"id": "PMID:879994", "title": "Actinomycetes of the genus Streptomyces in soil from Syria.", "content": "Species identification and antagonistic properties of 55 actinomycete strains isolated from Syrian soil were studied. The actinomycete strains belonged to 22 species, of which most abundantly represented were Streptomyces antimycoticus, S. rubiginosohelvolus, S. macrosporeus and S. coerulescens. Actinomycetes belonging to 16 species exhibited antagonism in relation to Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, fungi and neoplastic cells.", "contents": "Actinomycetes of the genus Streptomyces in soil from Syria. Species identification and antagonistic properties of 55 actinomycete strains isolated from Syrian soil were studied. The actinomycete strains belonged to 22 species, of which most abundantly represented were Streptomyces antimycoticus, S. rubiginosohelvolus, S. macrosporeus and S. coerulescens. Actinomycetes belonging to 16 species exhibited antagonism in relation to Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, fungi and neoplastic cells."}
{"id": "PMID:879995", "title": "Regulation of growth and DNA synthesis in mouse lymphoma L5178Y cells under conditions of nutrient depletion.", "content": "The effect of cultivation of L5178Y lymphoblasts to high density and in two kinds of nutrient-depleted medium on their growth was observed. It was found that in cell population grown to stationary phase the mitotic index and labeled thymidine incorporation dropped about 3 times in comparison with exponential control. Upon dilution with fresh medium the cells resume traverse the life cycle in partially synchronized manner. Cultivation of the cells in medium with 0-5% serum induced very rapid loss of their viability. Cultivation of the cells in medium without asparagine and with dialyzed serum caused significant slowing of their growth-rate and upon dilution with complete medium the cells entered the exponential rate of division in an asynchronous manner.", "contents": "Regulation of growth and DNA synthesis in mouse lymphoma L5178Y cells under conditions of nutrient depletion. The effect of cultivation of L5178Y lymphoblasts to high density and in two kinds of nutrient-depleted medium on their growth was observed. It was found that in cell population grown to stationary phase the mitotic index and labeled thymidine incorporation dropped about 3 times in comparison with exponential control. Upon dilution with fresh medium the cells resume traverse the life cycle in partially synchronized manner. Cultivation of the cells in medium with 0-5% serum induced very rapid loss of their viability. Cultivation of the cells in medium without asparagine and with dialyzed serum caused significant slowing of their growth-rate and upon dilution with complete medium the cells entered the exponential rate of division in an asynchronous manner."}
{"id": "PMID:879996", "title": "Surface immunoglobulins and lymphocyte adhesiveness in materno-neonatal pairs.", "content": "Surface immunoglobulins and lymphocyte adhesiveness were studied at birth in 20 materno-neonatal pairs. The percentages of B lymphocytes and spontaneous adhesiveness of lymphocytes were higher in the mothers than in the newborns.", "contents": "Surface immunoglobulins and lymphocyte adhesiveness in materno-neonatal pairs. Surface immunoglobulins and lymphocyte adhesiveness were studied at birth in 20 materno-neonatal pairs. The percentages of B lymphocytes and spontaneous adhesiveness of lymphocytes were higher in the mothers than in the newborns."}
{"id": "PMID:879997", "title": "Surface immunoglobulins and lymphocyte adhesiveness during development.", "content": "Surface immunoglobulins and lymphocyte adhesiveness were studied in 86 children divided according age into six groups. The percentages of B lymphocytes in newborns and older children were similar, but spontaneous lymphocyte adhesiveness in newborns was much lower. The group of one-year-old children had distinctly lower percentages of lymphocytes with surface immunoglobulins of the I gA + IgM / IgG classes compared with all the other developmental groups.", "contents": "Surface immunoglobulins and lymphocyte adhesiveness during development. Surface immunoglobulins and lymphocyte adhesiveness were studied in 86 children divided according age into six groups. The percentages of B lymphocytes in newborns and older children were similar, but spontaneous lymphocyte adhesiveness in newborns was much lower. The group of one-year-old children had distinctly lower percentages of lymphocytes with surface immunoglobulins of the I gA + IgM / IgG classes compared with all the other developmental groups."}
{"id": "PMID:879998", "title": "Surface immunoglobulins and lymphocyte adhesiveness in dystreptic children.", "content": "Surface immunoglobulins and lymphocyte adhesiveness were studied in 32 malnourished children. Percentages of lymphocytes carrying surface immunoglobulins showed marked dispersion in dystreptic children. Compared with the group of healthy children of the same age groups dystreptic children showed no significant differences in the percentages of lymphocytes with surface immunoglobulins of different classes or of their sum. The morphologic composition of lymphocytes in dystreptic, compared with healthy children, was similar, but adhesiveness of small lymphocytes was higher in dystreptic children.", "contents": "Surface immunoglobulins and lymphocyte adhesiveness in dystreptic children. Surface immunoglobulins and lymphocyte adhesiveness were studied in 32 malnourished children. Percentages of lymphocytes carrying surface immunoglobulins showed marked dispersion in dystreptic children. Compared with the group of healthy children of the same age groups dystreptic children showed no significant differences in the percentages of lymphocytes with surface immunoglobulins of different classes or of their sum. The morphologic composition of lymphocytes in dystreptic, compared with healthy children, was similar, but adhesiveness of small lymphocytes was higher in dystreptic children."}
{"id": "PMID:879999", "title": "Osmotic fragility of erythrocytes and lymphocytes labeled with chromium 51.", "content": "Osmotic fragility of lymphocytes and erythrocytes isolated from the same blood sample was studied. Release of 51Cr from lymphocytes and erythrocytes under the influence of distilled water and solutions (NaC1 from 0-1% to 4% and 0-83% NH4C1) was compared.", "contents": "Osmotic fragility of erythrocytes and lymphocytes labeled with chromium 51. Osmotic fragility of lymphocytes and erythrocytes isolated from the same blood sample was studied. Release of 51Cr from lymphocytes and erythrocytes under the influence of distilled water and solutions (NaC1 from 0-1% to 4% and 0-83% NH4C1) was compared."}
{"id": "PMID:880000", "title": "Serologic relationship of fimbriae among Enterobacteriaceae.", "content": "The existence of serological relationship of fimbriae among serotypes of the same genus and among genera of Enterobacteriaceae was determined by agglutination and absorption procedures. It was found that fimbriae of different serotypes of the same genus and among the genera a) Escherichia, Shigella and Klebsiella, and b) Salmonella, Arizona and Citrobacter were more or less antigentically related. No relationship was found among fimbriae of the Edwardsiella, Enterobacter, Hafnia, Serratia, Proteus and Providencia. It was also found that in Klebsiella, MS and MR fimbriae differed antigenically. On the basis of the results obtained nine antigentically distinct types of fimbriae were distinguished.", "contents": "Serologic relationship of fimbriae among Enterobacteriaceae. The existence of serological relationship of fimbriae among serotypes of the same genus and among genera of Enterobacteriaceae was determined by agglutination and absorption procedures. It was found that fimbriae of different serotypes of the same genus and among the genera a) Escherichia, Shigella and Klebsiella, and b) Salmonella, Arizona and Citrobacter were more or less antigentically related. No relationship was found among fimbriae of the Edwardsiella, Enterobacter, Hafnia, Serratia, Proteus and Providencia. It was also found that in Klebsiella, MS and MR fimbriae differed antigenically. On the basis of the results obtained nine antigentically distinct types of fimbriae were distinguished."}
{"id": "PMID:880001", "title": "Lymphocyte response in in vitro cultures to some mitogens, and serum immunoglobulin levels in aged subjects.", "content": "Capacity of lympocytes for blastic transformation in in vitro cultures under the influence of PHA and PWM was studied in 40 subjects aged 20--60 years and in 43 aged 60--100 years. In the higher age group, in about 25% of cases, low percentages of blasts in cultures stimulated with PHA and PWM were observed. In 101 subjects aged 65--100 years, the mean level of IgA in serum was significantly higher compared with the 20--40-year age group. In some cases, levels of two or three immunoglobulin classes were raised. The unexplained changes in the reaction of lymphocytes to PHA and PWM and in levels of serum IgG were attributed to the old age of the subjects.", "contents": "Lymphocyte response in in vitro cultures to some mitogens, and serum immunoglobulin levels in aged subjects. Capacity of lympocytes for blastic transformation in in vitro cultures under the influence of PHA and PWM was studied in 40 subjects aged 20--60 years and in 43 aged 60--100 years. In the higher age group, in about 25% of cases, low percentages of blasts in cultures stimulated with PHA and PWM were observed. In 101 subjects aged 65--100 years, the mean level of IgA in serum was significantly higher compared with the 20--40-year age group. In some cases, levels of two or three immunoglobulin classes were raised. The unexplained changes in the reaction of lymphocytes to PHA and PWM and in levels of serum IgG were attributed to the old age of the subjects."}
{"id": "PMID:880003", "title": "Intermittent bladder emptying via urethral catheterization or suprapubic cystocath: a comparison study.", "content": "A prospective study was undertaken to compare patients with recent spinal cord injuries undergoing bladder training by conventional intermittent urethral catheterization with a similar group treated with the Cystocath. Our present information suggest there are no differences with respect to episodes of bacteriuria encountered or for time spent by the catheter team for each procedure. Paraplegics tended to reach balanced bladder status more easily without surgery while quadriplegics did not. The bladder training program was shorter on the average for the Cystocath group. Further investigation is necessary to determine whether this is significant. Problems encountered were minimal and fewer than reported in the literature. We find no reason not to employ the Cystocath in bladder training programs in spinal cord injured patients.", "contents": "Intermittent bladder emptying via urethral catheterization or suprapubic cystocath: a comparison study. A prospective study was undertaken to compare patients with recent spinal cord injuries undergoing bladder training by conventional intermittent urethral catheterization with a similar group treated with the Cystocath. Our present information suggest there are no differences with respect to episodes of bacteriuria encountered or for time spent by the catheter team for each procedure. Paraplegics tended to reach balanced bladder status more easily without surgery while quadriplegics did not. The bladder training program was shorter on the average for the Cystocath group. Further investigation is necessary to determine whether this is significant. Problems encountered were minimal and fewer than reported in the literature. We find no reason not to employ the Cystocath in bladder training programs in spinal cord injured patients."}
{"id": "PMID:880005", "title": "Chemonucleolysis: evaluation of effectiveness by electromyography.", "content": "Findings in 97 consecutive patients who had undergone chemonucleolysis were analyzed. The purpose of this prospective clinical study was two-fold: (1) to provide a comparison of preoperative findings of electromyography, myelography and discography and (2) to evaluate postoperative electromyography as an objective test of recovery. All the patients had complete history and physical examination, five-view roentgenographic study of the lumbosacral spine, electromyography preoperatively and again at three months postoperatively, myelography and discography. Computer analysis of the results was done for the multiple cross-correlations in the study. All patients had had at least three months preoperative conservative care without relief of symptoms. The study shows that electromyographic study three months postchemonucleolysis is of value for corroboration of clinical improvement only if the EMG becomes completely normal. A greater percentage of patients recovered clinically after chemonucleolysis when the preoperative EMG was normal as compared to those for whom the preoperative EMG was abnormal. We were surprised to find no significant correlation between end result and the existence of pending litigation.", "contents": "Chemonucleolysis: evaluation of effectiveness by electromyography. Findings in 97 consecutive patients who had undergone chemonucleolysis were analyzed. The purpose of this prospective clinical study was two-fold: (1) to provide a comparison of preoperative findings of electromyography, myelography and discography and (2) to evaluate postoperative electromyography as an objective test of recovery. All the patients had complete history and physical examination, five-view roentgenographic study of the lumbosacral spine, electromyography preoperatively and again at three months postoperatively, myelography and discography. Computer analysis of the results was done for the multiple cross-correlations in the study. All patients had had at least three months preoperative conservative care without relief of symptoms. The study shows that electromyographic study three months postchemonucleolysis is of value for corroboration of clinical improvement only if the EMG becomes completely normal. A greater percentage of patients recovered clinically after chemonucleolysis when the preoperative EMG was normal as compared to those for whom the preoperative EMG was abnormal. We were surprised to find no significant correlation between end result and the existence of pending litigation."}
{"id": "PMID:880006", "title": "Diabetic peripheral neuropathy: a correlation of nerve conduction studies and clinical findings.", "content": "The electrophysiologic and clinical characteristics of diabetes were studied in 56 patients having diabetes of adult onset. Historical data including age, duration of diabetes, treatment type, family history and clinical symptoms were noted. Nerve conduction studies of the median, ulnar, peroneal, tibial and sural nerves were performed, and the H reflex was determined. Clinical sensory function of vibration, light touch, and two-point discrimination, muscle stretch reflexes in all four extremities and skin temperatures in the lower extremities were recorded. The data indicated a close correlation of clinical and electrophysiologic findings. The data supported the concept that diabetic peripheral neuropathy is progressive. It was concluded that diabetic peripheral neuropathy was present if two of the following three determinations were abnormal: median motor or sensory latency, ulnar sensory latency and sural latency.", "contents": "Diabetic peripheral neuropathy: a correlation of nerve conduction studies and clinical findings. The electrophysiologic and clinical characteristics of diabetes were studied in 56 patients having diabetes of adult onset. Historical data including age, duration of diabetes, treatment type, family history and clinical symptoms were noted. Nerve conduction studies of the median, ulnar, peroneal, tibial and sural nerves were performed, and the H reflex was determined. Clinical sensory function of vibration, light touch, and two-point discrimination, muscle stretch reflexes in all four extremities and skin temperatures in the lower extremities were recorded. The data indicated a close correlation of clinical and electrophysiologic findings. The data supported the concept that diabetic peripheral neuropathy is progressive. It was concluded that diabetic peripheral neuropathy was present if two of the following three determinations were abnormal: median motor or sensory latency, ulnar sensory latency and sural latency."}
{"id": "PMID:880007", "title": "Anal sphincter stretch: a technique to overcome detrusor-sphincter dyssynergia.", "content": "Intermittent catheterization has become a well-accepted method of management of the neurogenic bladder following spinal cord injury. Frequently, the presence of detrusor-sphincter dyssynergia interferes with the attainment of acceptable residual urine volumes in patients with upper-motor-neuron bladders. We have recently reported success in overcoming the problems of dyssynergia in some patients utilizing a technique called anal sphincter stretch in which relaxation of the external anal and urethral sphincters is produced by sustained distention of the anal sphincter. This has lessened the need for other measures that usually produce incontinence and has met with good patient acceptance. An update on the results of using this technique is presented. Although we have previously encountered quadriplegics who might have benefited from sphincter stretch, the lack of hand intrinsic muscle function required for the patient to perform it independently has precluded its use. We herein present a device that circumvents inadequate hand function, and which has enabled four C-7 quadriplegics to achieve satisfactory bladder emptying.", "contents": "Anal sphincter stretch: a technique to overcome detrusor-sphincter dyssynergia. Intermittent catheterization has become a well-accepted method of management of the neurogenic bladder following spinal cord injury. Frequently, the presence of detrusor-sphincter dyssynergia interferes with the attainment of acceptable residual urine volumes in patients with upper-motor-neuron bladders. We have recently reported success in overcoming the problems of dyssynergia in some patients utilizing a technique called anal sphincter stretch in which relaxation of the external anal and urethral sphincters is produced by sustained distention of the anal sphincter. This has lessened the need for other measures that usually produce incontinence and has met with good patient acceptance. An update on the results of using this technique is presented. Although we have previously encountered quadriplegics who might have benefited from sphincter stretch, the lack of hand intrinsic muscle function required for the patient to perform it independently has precluded its use. We herein present a device that circumvents inadequate hand function, and which has enabled four C-7 quadriplegics to achieve satisfactory bladder emptying."}
{"id": "PMID:880008", "title": "Carpal tunnel syndrome or trigger finger associated with neck injury in automobile accidents.", "content": "Among 450 patients examined for neck pain following automobile accidents, carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) was diagnosed in four and trigger finger (TF) in three. All seven patients sustained cervical sprains and were drivers or passengers in automobiles which received impacts from the rear. All seven patients reported the onset of hand symptoms during or shortly after the accident. This unusual occurrence, not previously reported, appears to be related to the events which occurred at the time of the accident. The mechanism of injury for CTS is hypothesized to be median nerve compression by momentary acute hyperflexion or hyperextension of the wrist(s), while tightly grasping the steering wheel or bracing for impact. The cause of TF is suspected to be direct trauma to the flexor tendon and sheath by compression against bony prominences when the finger is hyperflexed or hyperextended. This can occur during the accident while forcefully grasping the steering wheel with acutely hyperflexed fingers.", "contents": "Carpal tunnel syndrome or trigger finger associated with neck injury in automobile accidents. Among 450 patients examined for neck pain following automobile accidents, carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) was diagnosed in four and trigger finger (TF) in three. All seven patients sustained cervical sprains and were drivers or passengers in automobiles which received impacts from the rear. All seven patients reported the onset of hand symptoms during or shortly after the accident. This unusual occurrence, not previously reported, appears to be related to the events which occurred at the time of the accident. The mechanism of injury for CTS is hypothesized to be median nerve compression by momentary acute hyperflexion or hyperextension of the wrist(s), while tightly grasping the steering wheel or bracing for impact. The cause of TF is suspected to be direct trauma to the flexor tendon and sheath by compression against bony prominences when the finger is hyperflexed or hyperextended. This can occur during the accident while forcefully grasping the steering wheel with acutely hyperflexed fingers."}
{"id": "PMID:880010", "title": "Evoked brain potentials and disability in brain-damaged patients.", "content": "Various measures of evoked brain potential abnormality (EPA) were correlated with disability ratings (DR) for 35 brain-damaged patients. EPA data consisted of judgements of abnormality of ipsilateral, contralateral and bilateral responses to auditory and visual stimuli reflecting activity in the brain stem, subcortex and cortex. DR data were obtained from a scale developed for this study to quantize and categorize patients with a wide range of disabilities from coma to normal functioning. EPA scores based on visual and auditory cortical responses showed significantly positive correlations with degree of disability. Visual response correlation was .49, auditory .38 and combined visual and auditory .51. It was concluded that EPA measures can reflect disability independently of clinical information. They are useful in assessing brain function in general and, specifically, in assessing impairment of sensory function. The evoked potential technique was particularly useful in patients who were not able to participate fully in their own examination. There were indications that the technique may also be valuable in monitoring progress and in predicting clinical outcome in brain-damaged patients.", "contents": "Evoked brain potentials and disability in brain-damaged patients. Various measures of evoked brain potential abnormality (EPA) were correlated with disability ratings (DR) for 35 brain-damaged patients. EPA data consisted of judgements of abnormality of ipsilateral, contralateral and bilateral responses to auditory and visual stimuli reflecting activity in the brain stem, subcortex and cortex. DR data were obtained from a scale developed for this study to quantize and categorize patients with a wide range of disabilities from coma to normal functioning. EPA scores based on visual and auditory cortical responses showed significantly positive correlations with degree of disability. Visual response correlation was .49, auditory .38 and combined visual and auditory .51. It was concluded that EPA measures can reflect disability independently of clinical information. They are useful in assessing brain function in general and, specifically, in assessing impairment of sensory function. The evoked potential technique was particularly useful in patients who were not able to participate fully in their own examination. There were indications that the technique may also be valuable in monitoring progress and in predicting clinical outcome in brain-damaged patients."}
{"id": "PMID:880012", "title": "Stroke rehabilitation: maintenance of achieved gains.", "content": "Gains made during rehabilitation following stroke were maintained or improved by the majority of rehabilitants when assessed 2 to 12 years later. Five measures of rehabilitative activity studied were self care, mobility, amount of time spent at the rehabilitant's major daily activity, vocational status, and over-all rehabilitative status. Independent variables that correlated positively with these rehabilitative functions were living at home, rather than in a nursing home, and the rehabilitant's having an accepting, rather than non-accepting, attitude about his present status. The functional levels of rehabilitation are maintained as well through education of the rehabilitant and his family as through the use of public health nursing and community resources. The interviewed rehabilitants in this study maintained the gains in function achieved during stroke rehabilitation throughout the long survival time, averaging seven to eight years; and functional loss, when it did occur, was usually secondary to a superimposed health problem. This study shows that the gains in the level of functioning achieved during stroke rehabilitation presist in long-surviving stroke patients and that the quality of life is enhanced from the perspectives of the patient and his family.", "contents": "Stroke rehabilitation: maintenance of achieved gains. Gains made during rehabilitation following stroke were maintained or improved by the majority of rehabilitants when assessed 2 to 12 years later. Five measures of rehabilitative activity studied were self care, mobility, amount of time spent at the rehabilitant's major daily activity, vocational status, and over-all rehabilitative status. Independent variables that correlated positively with these rehabilitative functions were living at home, rather than in a nursing home, and the rehabilitant's having an accepting, rather than non-accepting, attitude about his present status. The functional levels of rehabilitation are maintained as well through education of the rehabilitant and his family as through the use of public health nursing and community resources. The interviewed rehabilitants in this study maintained the gains in function achieved during stroke rehabilitation throughout the long survival time, averaging seven to eight years; and functional loss, when it did occur, was usually secondary to a superimposed health problem. This study shows that the gains in the level of functioning achieved during stroke rehabilitation presist in long-surviving stroke patients and that the quality of life is enhanced from the perspectives of the patient and his family."}
{"id": "PMID:880013", "title": "Adult aphasics: relationship between convergent and divergent semantic behavior.", "content": "The purpose of the present study was to empirically evaluate the relationship between the ability of 30 aphasic subjects to produce a number and a variety of semantic responses with their ability to produce highly, knowledge-oriented, automatic responses. That is, the relationship between divergent and convergent semantic behaviors was explored. Use of both types of tasks will more adequately reflect the semantic strategies needed for spontaneous communication in day-to-day life situations. Results of the present study show that divergent and convergent behavior seem to require separate and distinct abilities for aphasic subjects. The strong and significant correlations between subject performance on the verbal, gestural and graphic convergent variables and subject ability to produce a number and a variety of relevant semantic responses confirms the fact that aphasia is both a divergent and a convergent semantic disorder. The findings of the present study therefore indicate the need to create diagnostic and therapeutic paradigms with divergent tasks that emphasize a variety, quantity and relevance of output from the same source, as well as the more traditional convergent tasks that are more highly knowledge oriented.", "contents": "Adult aphasics: relationship between convergent and divergent semantic behavior. The purpose of the present study was to empirically evaluate the relationship between the ability of 30 aphasic subjects to produce a number and a variety of semantic responses with their ability to produce highly, knowledge-oriented, automatic responses. That is, the relationship between divergent and convergent semantic behaviors was explored. Use of both types of tasks will more adequately reflect the semantic strategies needed for spontaneous communication in day-to-day life situations. Results of the present study show that divergent and convergent behavior seem to require separate and distinct abilities for aphasic subjects. The strong and significant correlations between subject performance on the verbal, gestural and graphic convergent variables and subject ability to produce a number and a variety of relevant semantic responses confirms the fact that aphasia is both a divergent and a convergent semantic disorder. The findings of the present study therefore indicate the need to create diagnostic and therapeutic paradigms with divergent tasks that emphasize a variety, quantity and relevance of output from the same source, as well as the more traditional convergent tasks that are more highly knowledge oriented."}
{"id": "PMID:880015", "title": "Exercise effect on strength and range of motion of hand intrinsic muscles and joints.", "content": "The intrinsic muscles of the hand are largely neglected in training, mainly because certain biomechanical principles must be applied in order for these muscles to be involved in hand exercises. Following these principles, a system of stretching and isometric exercises was developed. Twelve men exercised for four weeks, three times daily. Significant improvement in seven out of the 12 strength measurements was noted. Exercise seemed to affect just the metacarpophalangeal joints range of motion, while distal and proximal interphalangeal joints remained largely unaffected.", "contents": "Exercise effect on strength and range of motion of hand intrinsic muscles and joints. The intrinsic muscles of the hand are largely neglected in training, mainly because certain biomechanical principles must be applied in order for these muscles to be involved in hand exercises. Following these principles, a system of stretching and isometric exercises was developed. Twelve men exercised for four weeks, three times daily. Significant improvement in seven out of the 12 strength measurements was noted. Exercise seemed to affect just the metacarpophalangeal joints range of motion, while distal and proximal interphalangeal joints remained largely unaffected."}
{"id": "PMID:880023", "title": "Gastric and jejunoileal bypass. A comparison in the treatment of morbid obesity.", "content": "Two series of bypass operations performed to bring about weight reduction in morbidly obese patients are compared. The same criteria determined patient selection, and all patients were operated on and followed up by the same surgeon. The first group of 100 patients underwent a 14-4 jejunoileostomy, and the second group of 100 underwent a modification of the gastric bypass procedure, in which 90% of the stomach is bypassed. The safety and operating time of the two operations were about equal, but long-term complications of the jejunoileal bypass were greater in frequency, duration, and seriousness. For this reason, the modified gastric bypass described here is preferred.", "contents": "Gastric and jejunoileal bypass. A comparison in the treatment of morbid obesity. Two series of bypass operations performed to bring about weight reduction in morbidly obese patients are compared. The same criteria determined patient selection, and all patients were operated on and followed up by the same surgeon. The first group of 100 patients underwent a 14-4 jejunoileostomy, and the second group of 100 underwent a modification of the gastric bypass procedure, in which 90% of the stomach is bypassed. The safety and operating time of the two operations were about equal, but long-term complications of the jejunoileal bypass were greater in frequency, duration, and seriousness. For this reason, the modified gastric bypass described here is preferred."}
{"id": "PMID:880024", "title": "Isolated small bowel obstruction as the presenting feature of colonic disease.", "content": "Small intestinal obstruction without colonic dilation can be the mode of presentation in a variety of colonic diseases, including carcinoma, diverticulitis, and colitis. Plain abdominal roentgenograms may lead the unwary physician into errors of diagnosis and treatment by suggesting primary small bowel disease. Barium enema examination of the colon will keep the wary physician out of such traps. We describe five patients with small bowel obstruction who had a variety of colonic diseases diagnosed by barium contrast studies. If the reason for intestinal obstruction is not apparent and the need for emergency surgery is not compelling, we recommend an immediate contrast study of the colon to aid in evaluating possible colonic pathology.", "contents": "Isolated small bowel obstruction as the presenting feature of colonic disease. Small intestinal obstruction without colonic dilation can be the mode of presentation in a variety of colonic diseases, including carcinoma, diverticulitis, and colitis. Plain abdominal roentgenograms may lead the unwary physician into errors of diagnosis and treatment by suggesting primary small bowel disease. Barium enema examination of the colon will keep the wary physician out of such traps. We describe five patients with small bowel obstruction who had a variety of colonic diseases diagnosed by barium contrast studies. If the reason for intestinal obstruction is not apparent and the need for emergency surgery is not compelling, we recommend an immediate contrast study of the colon to aid in evaluating possible colonic pathology."}
{"id": "PMID:880025", "title": "Anterior spinal artery syndrome following abdominal aortic aneurysmectomy. Case report and review of the literautre.", "content": "Paraplegia developed in a 70-year-old man after resection of a ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm during which aortic occlusion time was 45 minutes. Between one and three months postoperatively, he progressively recovered motor function to the point where he could walk unaided. Only four patients have previously been reported to recover from paraplegia produced in this manner. A review of the literature on the anatomy of the arterial supply to the spinal cord indicates the importance of the anterior spinal artery and the artery of Adamkiewicz (arteria magna radicularis). Paraplegia is more common in patients with hypotension and when backbleeding from the lumbar arteries has been poor.", "contents": "Anterior spinal artery syndrome following abdominal aortic aneurysmectomy. Case report and review of the literautre. Paraplegia developed in a 70-year-old man after resection of a ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm during which aortic occlusion time was 45 minutes. Between one and three months postoperatively, he progressively recovered motor function to the point where he could walk unaided. Only four patients have previously been reported to recover from paraplegia produced in this manner. A review of the literature on the anatomy of the arterial supply to the spinal cord indicates the importance of the anterior spinal artery and the artery of Adamkiewicz (arteria magna radicularis). Paraplegia is more common in patients with hypotension and when backbleeding from the lumbar arteries has been poor."}
{"id": "PMID:880026", "title": "Grey-scale ultrasonography in the differential diagnosis of jaundice.", "content": "One hundred fifty patients with cholestatic jaundice were studied prospectively by grey-scale ultrasonography. All patients had a diagnosis established by subsequent biopsy, autopsy, or surgery. Using the presence or absence of a dilated biliary tree as the criterion, the intrahepatic or extrahepatic nature of the jaundice was correctly differentiated in 145 of 150 patients, an accuracy of 97%. All 64 of the patients with intrahepatic jaundice were correctly identified. Five of the 86 remaining patients, each of whom had gallstones, were misdiagnosed. In eighty-two patients (54.7%), the specific etiology was diagnosed. Ultrasound is an accurate method for the evaluation of jaundice and would appear to have a definite value as a screening procedure before proceeding to more invasive studies.", "contents": "Grey-scale ultrasonography in the differential diagnosis of jaundice. One hundred fifty patients with cholestatic jaundice were studied prospectively by grey-scale ultrasonography. All patients had a diagnosis established by subsequent biopsy, autopsy, or surgery. Using the presence or absence of a dilated biliary tree as the criterion, the intrahepatic or extrahepatic nature of the jaundice was correctly differentiated in 145 of 150 patients, an accuracy of 97%. All 64 of the patients with intrahepatic jaundice were correctly identified. Five of the 86 remaining patients, each of whom had gallstones, were misdiagnosed. In eighty-two patients (54.7%), the specific etiology was diagnosed. Ultrasound is an accurate method for the evaluation of jaundice and would appear to have a definite value as a screening procedure before proceeding to more invasive studies."}
{"id": "PMID:880027", "title": "Traumatic popliteal arteriovenous fistula. Diagnostic methods and surgical management.", "content": "The popliteal vessels rank second only to the external iliac system as the most frequent site of acquired arteriovenous communication. Direct trauma to the popliteal space is by far the most common cause, and surgical intervention is usually required to manage the defect. We present a recent illustrative case following meniscectomy. To our knowledge, the occurrence of an arteriovenous fistula complicating knee surgery has not been reported previously. This case outlines the potential value of B-mode ultrasound in diagnosis and the use of intraoperative angiography in assessing the adequacy of primary vascular reconstruction. Earlier experience of this vascular abnormality--six additional cases since 1941--is reviewed.", "contents": "Traumatic popliteal arteriovenous fistula. Diagnostic methods and surgical management. The popliteal vessels rank second only to the external iliac system as the most frequent site of acquired arteriovenous communication. Direct trauma to the popliteal space is by far the most common cause, and surgical intervention is usually required to manage the defect. We present a recent illustrative case following meniscectomy. To our knowledge, the occurrence of an arteriovenous fistula complicating knee surgery has not been reported previously. This case outlines the potential value of B-mode ultrasound in diagnosis and the use of intraoperative angiography in assessing the adequacy of primary vascular reconstruction. Earlier experience of this vascular abnormality--six additional cases since 1941--is reviewed."}
{"id": "PMID:880028", "title": "Internal retrovesical hernia producing intestinal obstruction. Report of a case.", "content": "A patient with clinical signs of complete intestinal obstruction was found at celiotomy to have a loop of small intestine caught in the narrow opening of a defect located in the transverse peritoneal fold of the urinary bladder and extending into the retrovesical space. This report aims at bringing attention to internal retrovesical hernias, an entity scarcely mentioned in the literature, as a possible cause of small bowel obstruction.", "contents": "Internal retrovesical hernia producing intestinal obstruction. Report of a case. A patient with clinical signs of complete intestinal obstruction was found at celiotomy to have a loop of small intestine caught in the narrow opening of a defect located in the transverse peritoneal fold of the urinary bladder and extending into the retrovesical space. This report aims at bringing attention to internal retrovesical hernias, an entity scarcely mentioned in the literature, as a possible cause of small bowel obstruction."}
{"id": "PMID:880029", "title": "Saccular atherosclerotic aneurysm of the superior mesenteric artery.", "content": "We report on the successful surgical resection of an aneurysm of the superior mesenteric artery. The saccular nature of the aneurysm and evidence of celiac axis occlusion in this patient posed an additional challenge in the successful surgical treatment.", "contents": "Saccular atherosclerotic aneurysm of the superior mesenteric artery. We report on the successful surgical resection of an aneurysm of the superior mesenteric artery. The saccular nature of the aneurysm and evidence of celiac axis occlusion in this patient posed an additional challenge in the successful surgical treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:880030", "title": "Diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic nerve blocks.", "content": "During the past three quarters of a century, nerve blocks have been used with varying success as a primary treatment technique for patients with acute and chronic pain. However, practicing dolorologists soon realized that, in certain individuals, anesthetic blocking of noxious, peripheral afferent sensations did not always amelliorate pain complaints and at times even exaggerated them. The recent advent of the multidisciplinary approach to the management of pain, including neurosurgical procedures, new drugs, electrical stimulation and psychosocial intervention, has helped to clarify the indications for, limitations of, and disadvantages of the use of nerve blocks. The purpose of this article is to place nerve blocks in proper perspective and to define their role among the many methods currently available for the evaluation and control of severe pain.", "contents": "Diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic nerve blocks. During the past three quarters of a century, nerve blocks have been used with varying success as a primary treatment technique for patients with acute and chronic pain. However, practicing dolorologists soon realized that, in certain individuals, anesthetic blocking of noxious, peripheral afferent sensations did not always amelliorate pain complaints and at times even exaggerated them. The recent advent of the multidisciplinary approach to the management of pain, including neurosurgical procedures, new drugs, electrical stimulation and psychosocial intervention, has helped to clarify the indications for, limitations of, and disadvantages of the use of nerve blocks. The purpose of this article is to place nerve blocks in proper perspective and to define their role among the many methods currently available for the evaluation and control of severe pain."}
{"id": "PMID:880031", "title": "Neurosurgical control of chronic pain.", "content": "The neurosurgeon can play a significant role in the management of chronic pain. This potential is all to often unrealized or distorted by a lack of knowledge about patients who are suffering from chronic pain. Patient selection is the most important determinant of successful surgical therapy. Patients with chronic pain due to a neoplasm should be offered prompt, definitive neurosurgical intervention. Neurosurgical therapy is less likely to be successful if the pain is secondary to benign disease; tic douloureux is an exception to this rule. If chronic pain behavior is not primarily due to noxious peripheral input, surgery is unlikely to yield any long-term benefit. Augmentation of input by skin stimulation or electrical stimulation of various regions in the peripheral and central nervous system may become important therapeutic procedures for the neurosurgeon.", "contents": "Neurosurgical control of chronic pain. The neurosurgeon can play a significant role in the management of chronic pain. This potential is all to often unrealized or distorted by a lack of knowledge about patients who are suffering from chronic pain. Patient selection is the most important determinant of successful surgical therapy. Patients with chronic pain due to a neoplasm should be offered prompt, definitive neurosurgical intervention. Neurosurgical therapy is less likely to be successful if the pain is secondary to benign disease; tic douloureux is an exception to this rule. If chronic pain behavior is not primarily due to noxious peripheral input, surgery is unlikely to yield any long-term benefit. Augmentation of input by skin stimulation or electrical stimulation of various regions in the peripheral and central nervous system may become important therapeutic procedures for the neurosurgeon."}
{"id": "PMID:880032", "title": "Obturator hernia: an elusive diagnosis.", "content": "Obturator hernia is an uncommon problem that occurs predominantly in elderly, debilitated women. The diagnosis should be suspected in such patients who have evidence of small bowel obstruction, often initially intermittent, and who complain of pain along the anteromedial aspect of the thigh. We present experience with three patients that characterizes the difficulties in diagnosis and treatment. Most patients require resection of the incarcerated bowel. Mortality is variable and is related to the condition of the patient.", "contents": "Obturator hernia: an elusive diagnosis. Obturator hernia is an uncommon problem that occurs predominantly in elderly, debilitated women. The diagnosis should be suspected in such patients who have evidence of small bowel obstruction, often initially intermittent, and who complain of pain along the anteromedial aspect of the thigh. We present experience with three patients that characterizes the difficulties in diagnosis and treatment. Most patients require resection of the incarcerated bowel. Mortality is variable and is related to the condition of the patient."}
{"id": "PMID:880033", "title": "Mediastinal masses in infants and children.", "content": "In a group of 93 pediatric patients with mediastinal masses, three quarters of them were diagnosed because they were symptomatic. Approximately one half of the masses were malignant, and of neurogenic or lymphomatous origin. Neurogenic tumors predominated before the age of 4 years, while lymphomas were most common beyond age 4. Two thirds of the malignancies were potentially curable by surgery, irradiation, and chemotherapy; 54% of the patients were salvaged. Enteric duplications, ganglioneuromas, bronchogenic cysts, hemangiolymphangiomas, thymic cyst, and teratomas were the most frequently occurring benign masses. Simple excision was uniformly effective in these lesions.", "contents": "Mediastinal masses in infants and children. In a group of 93 pediatric patients with mediastinal masses, three quarters of them were diagnosed because they were symptomatic. Approximately one half of the masses were malignant, and of neurogenic or lymphomatous origin. Neurogenic tumors predominated before the age of 4 years, while lymphomas were most common beyond age 4. Two thirds of the malignancies were potentially curable by surgery, irradiation, and chemotherapy; 54% of the patients were salvaged. Enteric duplications, ganglioneuromas, bronchogenic cysts, hemangiolymphangiomas, thymic cyst, and teratomas were the most frequently occurring benign masses. Simple excision was uniformly effective in these lesions."}
{"id": "PMID:880037", "title": "The profunda femoris-popliteal artery bypass.", "content": "The profunda femoris artery can be used for the origin of a femoropopliteal bypass in cases of previous aorto femoral bypass graft, short saphenous vein, and other less common conditions that render the common femoral artery unsuitable for proximal anastomosis. Fourteen profunda-popliteal bypass procedures were performed in 12 patients between 1973 and 1976. The indications for surgery were incapacitating claudication in seven, and rest pain or tissue necrosis in five patients. Electromagnetic flow measurements at operation in ten patients indicated a mean graft blood flow of 146 +/- 51 ml/min. The mean Doppler ankle/wrist pressure ratio improved from 0.48 +/- 0.11 preoperatively to 0.87 +/- 0.14 postoperatively, while the plethysmographic mean pulse volume increased from 1.1 +/- 0.6 microliter to 2.4 +/- 0.4 microliter. Thirteen of the 14 grafts remain patient at one to three years' follow-up. The profunda-popiteal bypass is an effective alternative to standard femoropopliteal bypass in cases where the common femoral artery is not available for proximal graft anastomosis.", "contents": "The profunda femoris-popliteal artery bypass. The profunda femoris artery can be used for the origin of a femoropopliteal bypass in cases of previous aorto femoral bypass graft, short saphenous vein, and other less common conditions that render the common femoral artery unsuitable for proximal anastomosis. Fourteen profunda-popliteal bypass procedures were performed in 12 patients between 1973 and 1976. The indications for surgery were incapacitating claudication in seven, and rest pain or tissue necrosis in five patients. Electromagnetic flow measurements at operation in ten patients indicated a mean graft blood flow of 146 +/- 51 ml/min. The mean Doppler ankle/wrist pressure ratio improved from 0.48 +/- 0.11 preoperatively to 0.87 +/- 0.14 postoperatively, while the plethysmographic mean pulse volume increased from 1.1 +/- 0.6 microliter to 2.4 +/- 0.4 microliter. Thirteen of the 14 grafts remain patient at one to three years' follow-up. The profunda-popiteal bypass is an effective alternative to standard femoropopliteal bypass in cases where the common femoral artery is not available for proximal graft anastomosis."}
{"id": "PMID:880038", "title": "Treatment of carcinoma of the sigmoid colon and upper rectum. A comparison of local segmental resection and left hemicolectomy.", "content": "We report a retrospective study of 107 cases of carcinoma of the sigmoid colon and upper rectum treated for primary cure at the University of California at Los Angeles Hospital between 1955 and 1970. Excluded from this analysis were patients treated by abdominoperineal resection, local excision, fulguration, or abdominoperineal pull-through procedures. Ninety-one patients were treated by local segmental resection and 16 by left hemicolectomy. Both groups were similar in regard to patient age and general health, lesion size, location, and pathological Duke's classification. Five-year survival was 70.3% after local segmental resection and 56.3% after left hemicolectomy. Hospital mortality was 1% after the former and 6.2% after the latter. Rate of recurrence after local segmental resection was 41% of that seen after left hemicolectomy, while complications were one-third as great. The present results after local segmental resection are comparable to the results reported in the literature when hemicolectomy was the procedure used. The data presented suggest that local segmental resection is an effective cancer operation for carcinoma of the sigmoid and upper rectum, and is fraught with a lesser morbidity and mortality than a radical left hemicolectomy.", "contents": "Treatment of carcinoma of the sigmoid colon and upper rectum. A comparison of local segmental resection and left hemicolectomy. We report a retrospective study of 107 cases of carcinoma of the sigmoid colon and upper rectum treated for primary cure at the University of California at Los Angeles Hospital between 1955 and 1970. Excluded from this analysis were patients treated by abdominoperineal resection, local excision, fulguration, or abdominoperineal pull-through procedures. Ninety-one patients were treated by local segmental resection and 16 by left hemicolectomy. Both groups were similar in regard to patient age and general health, lesion size, location, and pathological Duke's classification. Five-year survival was 70.3% after local segmental resection and 56.3% after left hemicolectomy. Hospital mortality was 1% after the former and 6.2% after the latter. Rate of recurrence after local segmental resection was 41% of that seen after left hemicolectomy, while complications were one-third as great. The present results after local segmental resection are comparable to the results reported in the literature when hemicolectomy was the procedure used. The data presented suggest that local segmental resection is an effective cancer operation for carcinoma of the sigmoid and upper rectum, and is fraught with a lesser morbidity and mortality than a radical left hemicolectomy."}
{"id": "PMID:880039", "title": "Ipsilateral blindness: a complication of carotid endarterectomy.", "content": "We report on three patients in whom ipsilateral blindness developed following carotid endarterectomy. Fundoscopic examination of the retina documented ischemia and the visual field defects were permanent. In one patient, the internal carotid artery was patent and thought to be the conduit for embolization to the eye. Two patients had chronic occlusion of the internal carotid artery, and blindness resulted from atheromatous emboli to the eye through the external carotid artery in one and from postoperative thrombosis of the external cartoid artery in the other. Our experience calls attention to this infrequently reported complication of carotid endarterectomy and emphasizes the importance of the external carotid artery, especially when the internal carotid artery is occluded.", "contents": "Ipsilateral blindness: a complication of carotid endarterectomy. We report on three patients in whom ipsilateral blindness developed following carotid endarterectomy. Fundoscopic examination of the retina documented ischemia and the visual field defects were permanent. In one patient, the internal carotid artery was patent and thought to be the conduit for embolization to the eye. Two patients had chronic occlusion of the internal carotid artery, and blindness resulted from atheromatous emboli to the eye through the external carotid artery in one and from postoperative thrombosis of the external cartoid artery in the other. Our experience calls attention to this infrequently reported complication of carotid endarterectomy and emphasizes the importance of the external carotid artery, especially when the internal carotid artery is occluded."}
{"id": "PMID:880041", "title": "Control of hepatic bleeding with microfibrillar collagen.", "content": "Microfibrillar (Avitene) is a new absorbable topical hemostatic agent whose mechanism of action is platelet entrapment and activation of platelet clotting factors. It adheres to moist tissue surfaces to form a firm, flexible hemostatic coagulum. It has been used clinically in 36 patients with hepatic bleeding of diverse etiology, including bleeding from the gallbladder fossa, lacerations, resectional surfaces, biopsy sites, capsular denudations, and hepatic tumors. Although not intended to control major hemorrhage were major vessel ligation or resection is properly indicated, its topical use for diffuse small vessel bleeding may be life-saving. It is exceptionally useful in such conditions as cirrhosis and in thrombocytopenic or thrombasthenic coagulopathies. One treatment failure out of 36 occurred.", "contents": "Control of hepatic bleeding with microfibrillar collagen. Microfibrillar (Avitene) is a new absorbable topical hemostatic agent whose mechanism of action is platelet entrapment and activation of platelet clotting factors. It adheres to moist tissue surfaces to form a firm, flexible hemostatic coagulum. It has been used clinically in 36 patients with hepatic bleeding of diverse etiology, including bleeding from the gallbladder fossa, lacerations, resectional surfaces, biopsy sites, capsular denudations, and hepatic tumors. Although not intended to control major hemorrhage were major vessel ligation or resection is properly indicated, its topical use for diffuse small vessel bleeding may be life-saving. It is exceptionally useful in such conditions as cirrhosis and in thrombocytopenic or thrombasthenic coagulopathies. One treatment failure out of 36 occurred."}
{"id": "PMID:880042", "title": "Noninvasive methods for evaluation of extracranial cerebrovascular disease. A comparison.", "content": "Sixty-five patients with clinical evidence of carotid occlusive disease were evaluated by the Doppler ophthalamic test, ophthalmodynamography, and oculopneumoplethysmography prior to angiography. Clinical assessment was accurate 68% of the time, with 32% of patients having no arteriographic evidence of significant disease. The sensitivity of the noninvasive tests was dependent on the extent of the carotid stenosis. When the extent was greater than 60% of the cross-sectional diameter, the Doppler ophthalmic test was accurate 54% of the time; the ophthalmodynamography test, 61% of the time; and the oculopneumoplethysmographic test, 97% of the time. In lesions encompassing 50% to 60% of the vessel diameter, the Doppler ophthalmic test was accurate 15% of the time; the ophthalmodynamography test, 17% of the time; and the oculopneumoplethysmographic test, 10% of the time. With less than 50% stenosis, none of the noninvasive tests detected atherosclerotic lesions. Although many diseased vessels were missed, the low incidence of false-positive tests enhanced the usefulness of these methods in augmenting the accuracy of clinical evaluation.", "contents": "Noninvasive methods for evaluation of extracranial cerebrovascular disease. A comparison. Sixty-five patients with clinical evidence of carotid occlusive disease were evaluated by the Doppler ophthalamic test, ophthalmodynamography, and oculopneumoplethysmography prior to angiography. Clinical assessment was accurate 68% of the time, with 32% of patients having no arteriographic evidence of significant disease. The sensitivity of the noninvasive tests was dependent on the extent of the carotid stenosis. When the extent was greater than 60% of the cross-sectional diameter, the Doppler ophthalmic test was accurate 54% of the time; the ophthalmodynamography test, 61% of the time; and the oculopneumoplethysmographic test, 97% of the time. In lesions encompassing 50% to 60% of the vessel diameter, the Doppler ophthalmic test was accurate 15% of the time; the ophthalmodynamography test, 17% of the time; and the oculopneumoplethysmographic test, 10% of the time. With less than 50% stenosis, none of the noninvasive tests detected atherosclerotic lesions. Although many diseased vessels were missed, the low incidence of false-positive tests enhanced the usefulness of these methods in augmenting the accuracy of clinical evaluation."}
{"id": "PMID:880040", "title": "Subphrenic abscess. The new epidemiology.", "content": "Recent changes in the etiology, topography, and bacteriology of subphrenic abscess are identified in 93 patients treated between 1955 and 1975. Gastric and biliary tract operation account for 52% of abscesses. Appendicitis is now responsible for only 8% of subphrenic infections, in contrast with the 40% of previous reports. Colonic surgery (19%) and trauma (8%) are increasing in importance. Left-sided abscesses occur in 40%, and multiple space abscesses in 20% of patients. The bacterial flora consists of multiple strains of aerobic and anaerobic organisms. Since 1970, the aerobes have been Escherichia coli (96%), Klebsiella (21%), and Proteus (38%); anaerobes include Bacteroides (83%), cocci (50%), and clostridia (50%). The mean interval from the preceding operation until drainage of the subphrenic abscess was 5.5 weeks. Overall mortality was 31%, with higher mortalities for multiple space involvement (39%) and for abscesses developing after emergency procedures (35%). Recommendations based on this data are: (1) antibiotics selected should be effective against anaerobes, and (2) transperitoneal drainage is frequently indicated because of the increase in multiple abscesses and the need to evaluate the first operation.", "contents": "Subphrenic abscess. The new epidemiology. Recent changes in the etiology, topography, and bacteriology of subphrenic abscess are identified in 93 patients treated between 1955 and 1975. Gastric and biliary tract operation account for 52% of abscesses. Appendicitis is now responsible for only 8% of subphrenic infections, in contrast with the 40% of previous reports. Colonic surgery (19%) and trauma (8%) are increasing in importance. Left-sided abscesses occur in 40%, and multiple space abscesses in 20% of patients. The bacterial flora consists of multiple strains of aerobic and anaerobic organisms. Since 1970, the aerobes have been Escherichia coli (96%), Klebsiella (21%), and Proteus (38%); anaerobes include Bacteroides (83%), cocci (50%), and clostridia (50%). The mean interval from the preceding operation until drainage of the subphrenic abscess was 5.5 weeks. Overall mortality was 31%, with higher mortalities for multiple space involvement (39%) and for abscesses developing after emergency procedures (35%). Recommendations based on this data are: (1) antibiotics selected should be effective against anaerobes, and (2) transperitoneal drainage is frequently indicated because of the increase in multiple abscesses and the need to evaluate the first operation."}
{"id": "PMID:880043", "title": "Staging laparotomy for Hodgkin's disease in children. Evaluation of the technique.", "content": "The evaluation of a technique of laparotomy for the staging of Hodgkin's disease in childhood, including 52 operative procedures, is reviewed. A standard protocol, including splenectomy, multiple hepatic and bone marrow biopsies, and the routine sampling of at least six designated lymph node groups, was employed. It was demonstrated that the surgeon is unable to identify Hodgkin's disease by gross inspection and that the biopsy of node groups previously not included in routine laparotomy studies, ie, mesenteric and porta hepatis nodes is essential to staging in childhood. Stage was altered from stages I and II to stages III and IV in 35% of the patients. The incidence of abdominal recurrence following a negative laparotomy was 7%, and the incidence of post-splenectomy hyperacute infection was 4.5%. This study included minimal use of the lymphangiogram (33%), which accounted for the relatively larger group of patients in clinical stages I and II.", "contents": "Staging laparotomy for Hodgkin's disease in children. Evaluation of the technique. The evaluation of a technique of laparotomy for the staging of Hodgkin's disease in childhood, including 52 operative procedures, is reviewed. A standard protocol, including splenectomy, multiple hepatic and bone marrow biopsies, and the routine sampling of at least six designated lymph node groups, was employed. It was demonstrated that the surgeon is unable to identify Hodgkin's disease by gross inspection and that the biopsy of node groups previously not included in routine laparotomy studies, ie, mesenteric and porta hepatis nodes is essential to staging in childhood. Stage was altered from stages I and II to stages III and IV in 35% of the patients. The incidence of abdominal recurrence following a negative laparotomy was 7%, and the incidence of post-splenectomy hyperacute infection was 4.5%. This study included minimal use of the lymphangiogram (33%), which accounted for the relatively larger group of patients in clinical stages I and II."}
{"id": "PMID:880044", "title": "Bile leakage following percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography with the Chiba needle.", "content": "Percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography (PTC) for jaundice of undetermined etiology was performed with the Chiba needle in 30 patients. Successful visualization of the biliary ductal system was accomplished in 26 patients (86.7%); two of six patients (33.3%) with normal biliary systems had ducts visualized, and the ducts were visualized in the 24 patients (100%) with obstruction. Bile leakage of 50 to 500 ml (average, 200 ml) was observed at laparotomy or autopsy in 12 patients (40%), nine (30%) of whom had symptoms of peritonitis. Six (20%) of these were transient and three (10%) progressed to an acute abdomen. Bacteremia occurred in seven patients (23.3%), in three (10%) it progressed to septic shock, with one death (3.3%). There were no complications in patients with nonobstructed ducts. This study suggests that PTC with the Chiba needle has little advantage over the larger sheathed needles, and surgical standby is indicated in suspected cases of obstructive jaundice.", "contents": "Bile leakage following percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography with the Chiba needle. Percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography (PTC) for jaundice of undetermined etiology was performed with the Chiba needle in 30 patients. Successful visualization of the biliary ductal system was accomplished in 26 patients (86.7%); two of six patients (33.3%) with normal biliary systems had ducts visualized, and the ducts were visualized in the 24 patients (100%) with obstruction. Bile leakage of 50 to 500 ml (average, 200 ml) was observed at laparotomy or autopsy in 12 patients (40%), nine (30%) of whom had symptoms of peritonitis. Six (20%) of these were transient and three (10%) progressed to an acute abdomen. Bacteremia occurred in seven patients (23.3%), in three (10%) it progressed to septic shock, with one death (3.3%). There were no complications in patients with nonobstructed ducts. This study suggests that PTC with the Chiba needle has little advantage over the larger sheathed needles, and surgical standby is indicated in suspected cases of obstructive jaundice."}
{"id": "PMID:880045", "title": "'Routine' liver biopsy in upper abdominal surgery.", "content": "Liver biopsy was done at the time of operation in 125 consecutive upper abdominal procedures to assess the incidence of unsuspected or undiagnosed hepatic abnormalities. Specifically excluded were hepatic lesions unexpectedly identified at laparotomy. Sixty-seven percent of the liver biopsy specimens were abnormal, the most frequent findings being fatty metamorphosis, cholestasis, triaditis, fibrosis, inflammatory infiltrate, cholangitis, cirrhosis, and hepatitis. The most frequent operation performed was cholecystectomy. In 63 patients with chronic cholecystitis, there was a 51% incidence of abnormal liver histology, while in nine patients with acute cholecystitis, the incidence was 78%. In 83% of all other operations, abnormal liver biopsy specimens were identified. Bile leakage, hemorrhage, and infection did not occur in this series, despite inclusion of patients with severe biliary obstruction, abnormal clotting factors, and intra-abdominal sepsis. New techniques of histochemical enzyme analysis and electron microscopy are expected to enhance the clinical correlation of occult hepatic lesions. We conclude that liver biopsy in a safe, informative adjunct to all upper abdominal procedures.", "contents": "'Routine' liver biopsy in upper abdominal surgery. Liver biopsy was done at the time of operation in 125 consecutive upper abdominal procedures to assess the incidence of unsuspected or undiagnosed hepatic abnormalities. Specifically excluded were hepatic lesions unexpectedly identified at laparotomy. Sixty-seven percent of the liver biopsy specimens were abnormal, the most frequent findings being fatty metamorphosis, cholestasis, triaditis, fibrosis, inflammatory infiltrate, cholangitis, cirrhosis, and hepatitis. The most frequent operation performed was cholecystectomy. In 63 patients with chronic cholecystitis, there was a 51% incidence of abnormal liver histology, while in nine patients with acute cholecystitis, the incidence was 78%. In 83% of all other operations, abnormal liver biopsy specimens were identified. Bile leakage, hemorrhage, and infection did not occur in this series, despite inclusion of patients with severe biliary obstruction, abnormal clotting factors, and intra-abdominal sepsis. New techniques of histochemical enzyme analysis and electron microscopy are expected to enhance the clinical correlation of occult hepatic lesions. We conclude that liver biopsy in a safe, informative adjunct to all upper abdominal procedures."}
{"id": "PMID:880046", "title": "Popliteal artery injury following fracture or dislocation at the knee. Diagnosis and management.", "content": "Fracture dislocations or dislocations of the knee can produce an arterial injury that may be difficult to evaluate clinically. Aggressive diagnosis and treatment can produce satisfactory results in both vascular and orthopedic situations if performed early after the injury. Five cases of popliteal arterial injury were seen from April 1974 to August 1976. Three cases were following posterior knee dislocation, one was a femoral fracture displacement, and one was a rotary tibiofibular displacement. Four of the patients had complete popliteal artery transection and one had intramural hematoma and spasm. Initial diagnosis of severe arterial injury, although suspicious on clinical grounds, was not conclusive. Use of a Doppler flowmeter and arteriography was essential for the diagnosis of arterial injury. Peroneal nerve injury was present in two of five patients. Vascular surgery was successful in all cases. Skeletal instability was corrected at the time of vascular exploration, usually through same incision. Leg compartment edema or hematoma was common, but responded to fasciotomy in all cases. Vein graft reconstruction was preferred to direct repair because of wall contusion and the need for additional vessel length over edematous and contused tissue. Acceptable knee stability was obtained from initial repair in all cases.", "contents": "Popliteal artery injury following fracture or dislocation at the knee. Diagnosis and management. Fracture dislocations or dislocations of the knee can produce an arterial injury that may be difficult to evaluate clinically. Aggressive diagnosis and treatment can produce satisfactory results in both vascular and orthopedic situations if performed early after the injury. Five cases of popliteal arterial injury were seen from April 1974 to August 1976. Three cases were following posterior knee dislocation, one was a femoral fracture displacement, and one was a rotary tibiofibular displacement. Four of the patients had complete popliteal artery transection and one had intramural hematoma and spasm. Initial diagnosis of severe arterial injury, although suspicious on clinical grounds, was not conclusive. Use of a Doppler flowmeter and arteriography was essential for the diagnosis of arterial injury. Peroneal nerve injury was present in two of five patients. Vascular surgery was successful in all cases. Skeletal instability was corrected at the time of vascular exploration, usually through same incision. Leg compartment edema or hematoma was common, but responded to fasciotomy in all cases. Vein graft reconstruction was preferred to direct repair because of wall contusion and the need for additional vessel length over edematous and contused tissue. Acceptable knee stability was obtained from initial repair in all cases."}
{"id": "PMID:880047", "title": "Peripheral atheroembolism: an enigma.", "content": "Fifteen patients with peripheral atheroembolism were studied and followed up for from one to three years. Clinical recognition of this condition is often masked by its elusive presentation. Foot pain may be the very earliest symptom. Transient presentation is an important feature. Eventually, gangrene develops in the toes. Ankle pulses are present on physical examinations. Both aortography showing proximal ulcerative plaques and digital arteriograms revealing the sharp cutoff pattern of an arterial embolus provide diagnostic confirmation. The results of treatment were satisfactory in all instances following aortoiliac endarterectomy or Dacron graft interposition. In five patients wiht gangrenous changes, toe amputation was necessary.", "contents": "Peripheral atheroembolism: an enigma. Fifteen patients with peripheral atheroembolism were studied and followed up for from one to three years. Clinical recognition of this condition is often masked by its elusive presentation. Foot pain may be the very earliest symptom. Transient presentation is an important feature. Eventually, gangrene develops in the toes. Ankle pulses are present on physical examinations. Both aortography showing proximal ulcerative plaques and digital arteriograms revealing the sharp cutoff pattern of an arterial embolus provide diagnostic confirmation. The results of treatment were satisfactory in all instances following aortoiliac endarterectomy or Dacron graft interposition. In five patients wiht gangrenous changes, toe amputation was necessary."}
{"id": "PMID:880048", "title": "Adenocarcinoma in the columnar-lined (Barrett) esophagus. Case report and review of the literature.", "content": "As of 1975, forty-nine cases of adenocarcinoma arising in the columnar-lined lower esophagus (CLLE) were reported in the literature. We add three more cases, including the youngest male to our knowledge. All survived esophagogastrectomy and radiotherapy, but each had metastatic disease and a guarded prognosis. Review of the literature revealed a male/female ratio of 3:1 for this disorder with a mean age for men of 53 years, less than that for women, (61 women). Columnar-lined lower esophagus is seen in up to 11% of patients with reflux esophagitis and probably does not regress, once present. Adenocarcinoma later develops in 2.4% to 8.5%. The CLLE is not rare and should be followed up as carefully as any other premalignant lesion.", "contents": "Adenocarcinoma in the columnar-lined (Barrett) esophagus. Case report and review of the literature. As of 1975, forty-nine cases of adenocarcinoma arising in the columnar-lined lower esophagus (CLLE) were reported in the literature. We add three more cases, including the youngest male to our knowledge. All survived esophagogastrectomy and radiotherapy, but each had metastatic disease and a guarded prognosis. Review of the literature revealed a male/female ratio of 3:1 for this disorder with a mean age for men of 53 years, less than that for women, (61 women). Columnar-lined lower esophagus is seen in up to 11% of patients with reflux esophagitis and probably does not regress, once present. Adenocarcinoma later develops in 2.4% to 8.5%. The CLLE is not rare and should be followed up as carefully as any other premalignant lesion."}
{"id": "PMID:880055", "title": "[Age and features of atherosclerosis and primary calcinosis of the tunica media of the major arteries of the pelvis and lower extremities (morphometric study)].", "content": "Morphometrical studies were done on 432 longitudinally dissected arteries of the pelvis and lower extremities from 216 fatalities in the age of over 40 years (151 men, 65 women). The atherosclerotic process was found to develop and progress most intensively in the common iliac and popliteal arteries, the third place in the average area of the intima involvement belonging to the femoral artery, while the external iliac and posterior tibial arteries were less affected. In one third of the arteries examined the primary calcinosis of tunica media was found. An inverse relationship between the area of atherosclerotic changes in the intima and the area of primary calcinosis in the media of the vessels was demonstrated. In the lower extremities arteries the fibrinoplastic type of morphogenesis of atherosclerosis was predominant and \"complicated\" lesions were relatively rare. These data may be the basis for specification of the morphological diagnosis of atherosclerosis and for selection of rational surgical treatment.", "contents": "[Age and features of atherosclerosis and primary calcinosis of the tunica media of the major arteries of the pelvis and lower extremities (morphometric study)]. Morphometrical studies were done on 432 longitudinally dissected arteries of the pelvis and lower extremities from 216 fatalities in the age of over 40 years (151 men, 65 women). The atherosclerotic process was found to develop and progress most intensively in the common iliac and popliteal arteries, the third place in the average area of the intima involvement belonging to the femoral artery, while the external iliac and posterior tibial arteries were less affected. In one third of the arteries examined the primary calcinosis of tunica media was found. An inverse relationship between the area of atherosclerotic changes in the intima and the area of primary calcinosis in the media of the vessels was demonstrated. In the lower extremities arteries the fibrinoplastic type of morphogenesis of atherosclerosis was predominant and \"complicated\" lesions were relatively rare. These data may be the basis for specification of the morphological diagnosis of atherosclerosis and for selection of rational surgical treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:880056", "title": "[Myocardial ultrastructure in experimental myxedema].", "content": "Total thyroidectomy was performed in 18 rabbits and the material obtained analysed. Nine rabbits with pseudo thyroidectomy served as controls. Basal metabolism, levels of cholesterol, lipoproteins, phospholipids, and ionic blood composition were studied in the experimental animals before the operation and during various periods following the operation; the ultrastructure of the myocardium in the course of myxedema was also studied. Drastic changes in the contractile structures, which apparently were a substrate of cardiac weakeness in this pathologic state, are described.", "contents": "[Myocardial ultrastructure in experimental myxedema]. Total thyroidectomy was performed in 18 rabbits and the material obtained analysed. Nine rabbits with pseudo thyroidectomy served as controls. Basal metabolism, levels of cholesterol, lipoproteins, phospholipids, and ionic blood composition were studied in the experimental animals before the operation and during various periods following the operation; the ultrastructure of the myocardium in the course of myxedema was also studied. Drastic changes in the contractile structures, which apparently were a substrate of cardiac weakeness in this pathologic state, are described."}
{"id": "PMID:880057", "title": "[Dialectic of the interrelationship between structure and function in biology and medicine].", "content": "The paper deals with some aspects of the dialectics of structure and function relationships in biological objects normally and pathologically. Idealistic and metaphysical concepts of the structure-function relationships (morphological idealism, holism, physiological idealism, functionalism) are critisized, and historical premises of these concepts are characterized. The principle of indissoluble unity and interconnection of changes in structure and function is emphasized, while the thesis of the primacy of function in the shaping of the form and the concept of functional diseases are rejected. Much attention is paid to the methodological principles of the study of structure and function based on the systemic approach to the investigation of biological objects from the point of view of structural levels and integratism. The groundlessness of the principles of reductionism and organicism in the solution of this problem is indicated. The connection of the concepts of structure and function with categories and laws of materialistic dialectics is dwelt on.", "contents": "[Dialectic of the interrelationship between structure and function in biology and medicine]. The paper deals with some aspects of the dialectics of structure and function relationships in biological objects normally and pathologically. Idealistic and metaphysical concepts of the structure-function relationships (morphological idealism, holism, physiological idealism, functionalism) are critisized, and historical premises of these concepts are characterized. The principle of indissoluble unity and interconnection of changes in structure and function is emphasized, while the thesis of the primacy of function in the shaping of the form and the concept of functional diseases are rejected. Much attention is paid to the methodological principles of the study of structure and function based on the systemic approach to the investigation of biological objects from the point of view of structural levels and integratism. The groundlessness of the principles of reductionism and organicism in the solution of this problem is indicated. The connection of the concepts of structure and function with categories and laws of materialistic dialectics is dwelt on."}
{"id": "PMID:880058", "title": "[Complex laboratory-morphologic study of allergic joint inflammation in rabbits].", "content": "During the period of sensitization and in the dynamics of the development of the articular allergic inflammation in rabbits there occured regular slowing down of the properdin activity, decrease in the compliment titres and increase in the blood plasma magnesium content. An increased liability of the basophilic leukocytes to damage and an elevated activity of acid phosphotase in lymphocytes of the peripheral blood were also noted. In the acute period of inflammation the synovial sheaths were found to be diffusibly infiltrated by the lymphoid-histocytic and plasma cells. Proliferation of synoviocytes and the appearance therein of the PAS-positive granules were observed. Weakening of the myocardial staining with Schiff's reagent was established. The processes of disorganization of the connective tissue in a joint and in the heart were closely conjugated and manifested themselves in mucoid and fibrinoid swelling, and changes in the PAS-reaction. Dissociation of the natural resistance of the organism was revealed: mobilization of the processes of immunogenesis and inhibition of the nonspecific link of protection. Decrease in the immunological reactivity was associated with formation of hypersensitivity of delayed type. Cosequently, arthritis developed in rabbits on the immune basis.", "contents": "[Complex laboratory-morphologic study of allergic joint inflammation in rabbits]. During the period of sensitization and in the dynamics of the development of the articular allergic inflammation in rabbits there occured regular slowing down of the properdin activity, decrease in the compliment titres and increase in the blood plasma magnesium content. An increased liability of the basophilic leukocytes to damage and an elevated activity of acid phosphotase in lymphocytes of the peripheral blood were also noted. In the acute period of inflammation the synovial sheaths were found to be diffusibly infiltrated by the lymphoid-histocytic and plasma cells. Proliferation of synoviocytes and the appearance therein of the PAS-positive granules were observed. Weakening of the myocardial staining with Schiff's reagent was established. The processes of disorganization of the connective tissue in a joint and in the heart were closely conjugated and manifested themselves in mucoid and fibrinoid swelling, and changes in the PAS-reaction. Dissociation of the natural resistance of the organism was revealed: mobilization of the processes of immunogenesis and inhibition of the nonspecific link of protection. Decrease in the immunological reactivity was associated with formation of hypersensitivity of delayed type. Cosequently, arthritis developed in rabbits on the immune basis."}
{"id": "PMID:880059", "title": "[Electron-histochemical identification and differentiation of the chemical composition of the supramembranous layer of kidney cells].", "content": "The supramembrane layer of cells in various parts of renal nephron in rats and dogs was determined with the help of colloid ferrum. The study of the chemical composition of the supramembrane layer of podocytes, epithelium of the distal tubules, thin segment, collecting tubules and endothelia of blood capillaries revealed in it the presence of carboxyl groups referring to sialic acid, the latter being bound with protein, not with lipids.", "contents": "[Electron-histochemical identification and differentiation of the chemical composition of the supramembranous layer of kidney cells]. The supramembrane layer of cells in various parts of renal nephron in rats and dogs was determined with the help of colloid ferrum. The study of the chemical composition of the supramembrane layer of podocytes, epithelium of the distal tubules, thin segment, collecting tubules and endothelia of blood capillaries revealed in it the presence of carboxyl groups referring to sialic acid, the latter being bound with protein, not with lipids."}
{"id": "PMID:880060", "title": "[Epithelial formula and relationship between the chief and parietal cells of fundal gastric glands in gastric and duodenal ulcer].", "content": "The fundic glands of 143 stomachs resected in connection with peptic ulcer, including those localized in the stomach (70 observations) and in the duodenum (73 observations) were studied. The number of epithelial cells in the longitudinal section of the fundic gland in ulcer of the stomach was most often in the range of 100 to 149 (in 37 cases of 70), in duodenal ulcer--150 to 199 (in 36 observations of 73). In patients with duodenal ulcer, as distinct from those with gastric ulcer, the epithelial formula of the fundic gland was characterized by a lower content of non-differentiated and mucous neck cells and by a greater number of chief cells, the hyperpepsinogenic cellular shift (a rise of the content of chief cells up to 50% and more) in them was observed 4-5 times more often. The ratio index of chief and parietal cells in gastric ulcer (in 75.7% of cases) was usually in the range of 1--1.9 (tentative norm) and only in some cases (in 18.6% of observations) it was higher. In duodenal ulcer an elevated index was observed in 54.8% of cases.", "contents": "[Epithelial formula and relationship between the chief and parietal cells of fundal gastric glands in gastric and duodenal ulcer]. The fundic glands of 143 stomachs resected in connection with peptic ulcer, including those localized in the stomach (70 observations) and in the duodenum (73 observations) were studied. The number of epithelial cells in the longitudinal section of the fundic gland in ulcer of the stomach was most often in the range of 100 to 149 (in 37 cases of 70), in duodenal ulcer--150 to 199 (in 36 observations of 73). In patients with duodenal ulcer, as distinct from those with gastric ulcer, the epithelial formula of the fundic gland was characterized by a lower content of non-differentiated and mucous neck cells and by a greater number of chief cells, the hyperpepsinogenic cellular shift (a rise of the content of chief cells up to 50% and more) in them was observed 4-5 times more often. The ratio index of chief and parietal cells in gastric ulcer (in 75.7% of cases) was usually in the range of 1--1.9 (tentative norm) and only in some cases (in 18.6% of observations) it was higher. In duodenal ulcer an elevated index was observed in 54.8% of cases."}
{"id": "PMID:880061", "title": "[Morphologic characteristics of a vagina created from the skin of the labia minora and majora].", "content": "The present work is dedicated to clinico-morphological study of artificial vagina formed by means of plastic surgery from the skin of the labia majora and minora in 65 patients with aplasia of the vagina. Histological investigation of biopsy material carried out in 30 patients from 12 days to 10 years following the operation showed that the skin taken from the region of the exterior genitalia and placed under conditions of artificial vagina underwent changes. A year after operation and later it acquired characteristics of the mucosa membrane of the natural vagina: the hair ceased to grow, sebaceous and sudoriferous glands atrophied. The vagina created by the technique applied proved to be wholesome, both anatomically and functionally.", "contents": "[Morphologic characteristics of a vagina created from the skin of the labia minora and majora]. The present work is dedicated to clinico-morphological study of artificial vagina formed by means of plastic surgery from the skin of the labia majora and minora in 65 patients with aplasia of the vagina. Histological investigation of biopsy material carried out in 30 patients from 12 days to 10 years following the operation showed that the skin taken from the region of the exterior genitalia and placed under conditions of artificial vagina underwent changes. A year after operation and later it acquired characteristics of the mucosa membrane of the natural vagina: the hair ceased to grow, sebaceous and sudoriferous glands atrophied. The vagina created by the technique applied proved to be wholesome, both anatomically and functionally."}
{"id": "PMID:880064", "title": "Morphological changes of motor units in Duchenne's muscular dystrophy.", "content": "We studied the intramuscular motor innervation in 19 muscle biopsy specimens from boys with Duchenne's muscular dystrophy and the fiber-type pattern was analyzed in nine biopsy specimens. The main change in motor innervation was a longitudinal displacement of motor end plates that could reach 10 mm and the presence of numerous unemployed axons ending freely within connective tissue. There was no increased collateral ramification of subterminal axons and the terminal innervation ratio was normal. The fiber-type pattern was characterized by a random variation of fiber diameters, a slight predominance of type 1 fibers, and an impared type differentiation in many fibers. The morphological data do not support the possibility of denervation and collateral reinnervation that could be related to the late component potentials found in Duchenne's muscular dystrophy.", "contents": "Morphological changes of motor units in Duchenne's muscular dystrophy. We studied the intramuscular motor innervation in 19 muscle biopsy specimens from boys with Duchenne's muscular dystrophy and the fiber-type pattern was analyzed in nine biopsy specimens. The main change in motor innervation was a longitudinal displacement of motor end plates that could reach 10 mm and the presence of numerous unemployed axons ending freely within connective tissue. There was no increased collateral ramification of subterminal axons and the terminal innervation ratio was normal. The fiber-type pattern was characterized by a random variation of fiber diameters, a slight predominance of type 1 fibers, and an impared type differentiation in many fibers. The morphological data do not support the possibility of denervation and collateral reinnervation that could be related to the late component potentials found in Duchenne's muscular dystrophy."}
{"id": "PMID:880065", "title": "Effects of aging on visual evoked responses.", "content": "The effects of aging of visual evoked responses (VER) and critical frequency of photic driving (CFPD) was studied in 74 volunteers aged 18 to 79. The amplitude of VER to pattern reversal stimulation did not vary with sex or age. The latencies of the first major negative and of the first major positive defection of the VER were significantly delayed (P less than .001) with advancing age. This increase of latency probably reflects a slowing of conduction velocity in the optic nerve or optic pathways or both. CFPD, defined as the highest frequency of photic driving response expressed in flashes per second, showed an inverse correlation, decreasing with age in older subjects. Critical frequency of photic driving is the electrophysiological counterpart of critical flicker fusion, which is known to decrease with advancing age. These data support the concept that aging influences the functions of specialized sensory systems.", "contents": "Effects of aging on visual evoked responses. The effects of aging of visual evoked responses (VER) and critical frequency of photic driving (CFPD) was studied in 74 volunteers aged 18 to 79. The amplitude of VER to pattern reversal stimulation did not vary with sex or age. The latencies of the first major negative and of the first major positive defection of the VER were significantly delayed (P less than .001) with advancing age. This increase of latency probably reflects a slowing of conduction velocity in the optic nerve or optic pathways or both. CFPD, defined as the highest frequency of photic driving response expressed in flashes per second, showed an inverse correlation, decreasing with age in older subjects. Critical frequency of photic driving is the electrophysiological counterpart of critical flicker fusion, which is known to decrease with advancing age. These data support the concept that aging influences the functions of specialized sensory systems."}
{"id": "PMID:880066", "title": "The spectrum of mild X-linked recessive muscular dystrophy.", "content": "We present 19 patients from 12 families with mild (Becker) X-linked recessive dystrophy and compare them with previously described cases. Features in common in the majority of patients include onset after the age of 7 years, walking beyond the age of 20 to 30 years, mild hypertrophy of the calves, mild joint contractures, and high arched feet. Pshychometric tests, EEGs, and ECGs were usually normal. Muscle biopsy specimens showed a combination of features, some more characteristic of severe (Duchenne) X-linked dystrophy and others more commonly seen in limb girdle dystrophy. Although there was some variation in the severity between different families, within any one kindred, the clinical picture was quite similar.", "contents": "The spectrum of mild X-linked recessive muscular dystrophy. We present 19 patients from 12 families with mild (Becker) X-linked recessive dystrophy and compare them with previously described cases. Features in common in the majority of patients include onset after the age of 7 years, walking beyond the age of 20 to 30 years, mild hypertrophy of the calves, mild joint contractures, and high arched feet. Pshychometric tests, EEGs, and ECGs were usually normal. Muscle biopsy specimens showed a combination of features, some more characteristic of severe (Duchenne) X-linked dystrophy and others more commonly seen in limb girdle dystrophy. Although there was some variation in the severity between different families, within any one kindred, the clinical picture was quite similar."}
{"id": "PMID:880067", "title": "Evaluation of recent cerebral infarction by computerized tomography.", "content": "Twenty patients with cerebral infarction were observed with serial computerized tomographic (CT) scans. Seventy percent of those infarctions showed a mass effect that had disappeared in all patients by the eighth week after the ictus. In 63%, there was enhancement after contrast infusion, with a definite temporal relationship to the day of onset of the neurological deficit. Twenty percent of the patients initially had normal CT scans that became abnormal weeks after the stroke. Radionuclide scans were positive in the patients who showed contrast enhancement, and the area of abnormal uptake correlated well with the area of enhancement. The timing of the performance of the CT scan in relation to the onset of neurological deficit is an important factor to consider when evaluating the stroke syndrome with CT.", "contents": "Evaluation of recent cerebral infarction by computerized tomography. Twenty patients with cerebral infarction were observed with serial computerized tomographic (CT) scans. Seventy percent of those infarctions showed a mass effect that had disappeared in all patients by the eighth week after the ictus. In 63%, there was enhancement after contrast infusion, with a definite temporal relationship to the day of onset of the neurological deficit. Twenty percent of the patients initially had normal CT scans that became abnormal weeks after the stroke. Radionuclide scans were positive in the patients who showed contrast enhancement, and the area of abnormal uptake correlated well with the area of enhancement. The timing of the performance of the CT scan in relation to the onset of neurological deficit is an important factor to consider when evaluating the stroke syndrome with CT."}
{"id": "PMID:880068", "title": "A study of confabulation.", "content": "Confabulation consequent to organic amnesia is a well-described clinical finding. A number of plausible theories of confabulation have been proposed, but the various claims and counterclaims have not been systematically tested. A standardized test battery that included four different kinds of questions plus measures of suggestibility and the tendency to utilize external cues was administered to ten amnesic patients who demonstrated varying degrees of confabulation. One additional patient, whose clinical condition changed dramatically during his hospital course, received the battery on a number of occasions. Differences among patients were found in overall performance, degree of confabulation, and ability to use cues. Hypothesized relationships between confabulation and suggestibility, degree of memory disorder, and degree of disorientation were not confirmed. However, confabulation proved to be strongly related to the inability to withhold answers, to monitor one's own responses and to provide verbal self-corrections. These results suggest a tentative model of the process of confabulation as well as a number of useful clinical signs indicationg recovery from amnesia.", "contents": "A study of confabulation. Confabulation consequent to organic amnesia is a well-described clinical finding. A number of plausible theories of confabulation have been proposed, but the various claims and counterclaims have not been systematically tested. A standardized test battery that included four different kinds of questions plus measures of suggestibility and the tendency to utilize external cues was administered to ten amnesic patients who demonstrated varying degrees of confabulation. One additional patient, whose clinical condition changed dramatically during his hospital course, received the battery on a number of occasions. Differences among patients were found in overall performance, degree of confabulation, and ability to use cues. Hypothesized relationships between confabulation and suggestibility, degree of memory disorder, and degree of disorientation were not confirmed. However, confabulation proved to be strongly related to the inability to withhold answers, to monitor one's own responses and to provide verbal self-corrections. These results suggest a tentative model of the process of confabulation as well as a number of useful clinical signs indicationg recovery from amnesia."}
{"id": "PMID:880069", "title": "Three-generation pedigree of a M\u00f6bius syndrome variant with chromosome translocation.", "content": "We report the clinical and cytogenetic data on seven members of a family, spaning three generations, who showed congenital facial diplegia and finger contractures. Each affected member showed an identical chromosome abnormality, reciprocal translocation between chromosome 1 and 13. The concurrence of the clinical and cytogenetic defect in this family suggests a direct and possibly etiologic relationship.", "contents": "Three-generation pedigree of a M\u00f6bius syndrome variant with chromosome translocation. We report the clinical and cytogenetic data on seven members of a family, spaning three generations, who showed congenital facial diplegia and finger contractures. Each affected member showed an identical chromosome abnormality, reciprocal translocation between chromosome 1 and 13. The concurrence of the clinical and cytogenetic defect in this family suggests a direct and possibly etiologic relationship."}
{"id": "PMID:880070", "title": "Bilateral intracranial arterial aneurysms with a persistent trigeminal artery.", "content": "A 62-year-old hypertensive woman had bilateral intracranial arterial aneurysms associated with persistent trigeminal artery. The presenting symptom of this patient was painless ophthalmoplegia. We review embryologic development of the circle of Willis as an explanation for the occurence of the trigeminal artery. We also discuss the high incidence of associated vascular malformations with these vessels.", "contents": "Bilateral intracranial arterial aneurysms with a persistent trigeminal artery. A 62-year-old hypertensive woman had bilateral intracranial arterial aneurysms associated with persistent trigeminal artery. The presenting symptom of this patient was painless ophthalmoplegia. We review embryologic development of the circle of Willis as an explanation for the occurence of the trigeminal artery. We also discuss the high incidence of associated vascular malformations with these vessels."}
{"id": "PMID:880071", "title": "Unilateral asterixis associated with a mesencephalic syndrome.", "content": "Unilateral asterixis due to a focal brain lesion is a rare occurrence. Acute asterixis restricted to the left upper extremity appeared in a patient in association with signs of acute midbrain dysfunction, without changes in mental status or in the EEG, and in the absence of metabolic or toxic disturbance. Electromyography disclosed features typical of asterixis due to metabolic causes.", "contents": "Unilateral asterixis associated with a mesencephalic syndrome. Unilateral asterixis due to a focal brain lesion is a rare occurrence. Acute asterixis restricted to the left upper extremity appeared in a patient in association with signs of acute midbrain dysfunction, without changes in mental status or in the EEG, and in the absence of metabolic or toxic disturbance. Electromyography disclosed features typical of asterixis due to metabolic causes."}
{"id": "PMID:880074", "title": "Early visual field disturbances in glaucoma.", "content": "Twenty-two eyes of 22 patients with initially normaly visual fields developed glaucomatous field defects. In 13 of these, the development of the definitive field defect was preceded by a localized minor disturbance in the area where the defect appeared subsequently. In a control group of 22 ocular hypertensives without field defects, six eyes had localized disturbances similar to those that preceded the field defects in the study group. This type of minor localized disturbance may represent an early glaucomatous visual change detectable before the appearance of definitive scotomas.", "contents": "Early visual field disturbances in glaucoma. Twenty-two eyes of 22 patients with initially normaly visual fields developed glaucomatous field defects. In 13 of these, the development of the definitive field defect was preceded by a localized minor disturbance in the area where the defect appeared subsequently. In a control group of 22 ocular hypertensives without field defects, six eyes had localized disturbances similar to those that preceded the field defects in the study group. This type of minor localized disturbance may represent an early glaucomatous visual change detectable before the appearance of definitive scotomas."}
{"id": "PMID:880075", "title": "Visual field changes in ocular hypertension. A computer-based analysis.", "content": "A minicomputer system has been developed to digitize and store visual field data. In 110 cortiocosteroid-nonresponding subjects aged 10 to 75, the area of the i4e and i2e isopters and of the blind spot changed linearly as a function of age. Within this population the same visual field parameters were randomly distributed with respect to intraocular pressure. In 32 cortiocosteroid responders (increase in intraocular pressure to over 31 mm Hg after topical administration of corticosteroids) with normal visual fields, the central visual field area (i2e isopter) was reduced as a nonlinear function of IOP. Increases in IOP in excess of 8 mm Hg were required to produce significant mean reductions in central visual field area.", "contents": "Visual field changes in ocular hypertension. A computer-based analysis. A minicomputer system has been developed to digitize and store visual field data. In 110 cortiocosteroid-nonresponding subjects aged 10 to 75, the area of the i4e and i2e isopters and of the blind spot changed linearly as a function of age. Within this population the same visual field parameters were randomly distributed with respect to intraocular pressure. In 32 cortiocosteroid responders (increase in intraocular pressure to over 31 mm Hg after topical administration of corticosteroids) with normal visual fields, the central visual field area (i2e isopter) was reduced as a nonlinear function of IOP. Increases in IOP in excess of 8 mm Hg were required to produce significant mean reductions in central visual field area."}
{"id": "PMID:880076", "title": "Untreated ocular hypertension. A long-term prospective study.", "content": "A prospective study was designed to determine the course of ocular hypertension without visual field loss if untreated and to estimate the value of various clinical findings in prediction the course of ocular hypertension. Seventy-five patients with intraocular pressure greater than 21 mm Hg but without demonstrable visual field defects were followed up without glaucoma therapy for a minimum of nine years. While under observation, seven of 75 ocular hypertensives developed typical glaucomatous visual field defects. Both the sensitivity and the specificity of each clinical finding in the individuals who later developed visual field defects were determined, and none of the clinical findings was found to be a good predictive indicator.", "contents": "Untreated ocular hypertension. A long-term prospective study. A prospective study was designed to determine the course of ocular hypertension without visual field loss if untreated and to estimate the value of various clinical findings in prediction the course of ocular hypertension. Seventy-five patients with intraocular pressure greater than 21 mm Hg but without demonstrable visual field defects were followed up without glaucoma therapy for a minimum of nine years. While under observation, seven of 75 ocular hypertensives developed typical glaucomatous visual field defects. Both the sensitivity and the specificity of each clinical finding in the individuals who later developed visual field defects were determined, and none of the clinical findings was found to be a good predictive indicator."}
{"id": "PMID:880077", "title": "Retinal stroke. Is the patient at risk?", "content": "A follow-up study was performed to determine the general prognosis for health and life in 86 patients with retinal artery occlusion or ophthalmoscopically observed retinal cholesterol emboli, not subjected to surgery. Survivorship rates and incidence of subsequent cerebrovascular disease were calculated and compared to expected survivorship rate of an age-and sex-matched population. Results were as follows: the patient group with retinal stroke as a whole showed a statistically significant diminished survivorship rate from the third year onward; patients with retinal occlusions without visible emboli had a survivorship rate comparable to the matched control; but patients with visible emboli demonstrated a strikingly diminished survivorship rate. In the study group, the combined time corrected annual stroke mortality was 1,695 per 100,000 (four to five times greater than expected), but the largest single cause of death was cardiovascular disease.", "contents": "Retinal stroke. Is the patient at risk? A follow-up study was performed to determine the general prognosis for health and life in 86 patients with retinal artery occlusion or ophthalmoscopically observed retinal cholesterol emboli, not subjected to surgery. Survivorship rates and incidence of subsequent cerebrovascular disease were calculated and compared to expected survivorship rate of an age-and sex-matched population. Results were as follows: the patient group with retinal stroke as a whole showed a statistically significant diminished survivorship rate from the third year onward; patients with retinal occlusions without visible emboli had a survivorship rate comparable to the matched control; but patients with visible emboli demonstrated a strikingly diminished survivorship rate. In the study group, the combined time corrected annual stroke mortality was 1,695 per 100,000 (four to five times greater than expected), but the largest single cause of death was cardiovascular disease."}
{"id": "PMID:880078", "title": "Familial foveal retinoschisis.", "content": "Three young women, offspring of a nonconsanguineous marriage of normal parents, manifested mild visual loss associated with a bilateral foveal dystrophy that resembled the macular involvement in juvenile sex-linked retinoschisis. Electrophysiologic and psychophysiologic tests showed less severe involvement than the gonosomal equivalent. An autosomal recessive inheritance is proposed.", "contents": "Familial foveal retinoschisis. Three young women, offspring of a nonconsanguineous marriage of normal parents, manifested mild visual loss associated with a bilateral foveal dystrophy that resembled the macular involvement in juvenile sex-linked retinoschisis. Electrophysiologic and psychophysiologic tests showed less severe involvement than the gonosomal equivalent. An autosomal recessive inheritance is proposed."}
{"id": "PMID:880079", "title": "Arterial vascular anomalies of the retina.", "content": "The incidence of nonaneurysmal congenital anomalies of the retinal arteries was determined by ophthalmoscopic examination of the eyes of 2,100 consecutive healthy individuals whose ages ranged from 6 to 68 years. Unusual anomalies were triple branching, anomalous course, arteriolar-arterial crossing, unusual tortuosity, prepapillary loops, aberrant macular arteries, unusual supply of the optic disc, presumed total ciliary arterial supply of the retina, anomalous relationship with the central retinal vein at the optic disc, and pseudoaneurysm of a major retinal artery. Cilioretinal arteries are the commonest of the congenital vascular anomalies of the retina.", "contents": "Arterial vascular anomalies of the retina. The incidence of nonaneurysmal congenital anomalies of the retinal arteries was determined by ophthalmoscopic examination of the eyes of 2,100 consecutive healthy individuals whose ages ranged from 6 to 68 years. Unusual anomalies were triple branching, anomalous course, arteriolar-arterial crossing, unusual tortuosity, prepapillary loops, aberrant macular arteries, unusual supply of the optic disc, presumed total ciliary arterial supply of the retina, anomalous relationship with the central retinal vein at the optic disc, and pseudoaneurysm of a major retinal artery. Cilioretinal arteries are the commonest of the congenital vascular anomalies of the retina."}
{"id": "PMID:880080", "title": "Retinal detachments after intraocular lens implants.", "content": "Intraocular lenses are a challenge to the retina surgeon. Forty-three eyes with pseudophakia and retinal detachment were examined. Intracapsular and extracapsular cataract extractions had been performed, and different types of lenses had been implanted. The single most important factor for the successful repair of these pseudophakic detachments was visual access to the retina.", "contents": "Retinal detachments after intraocular lens implants. Intraocular lenses are a challenge to the retina surgeon. Forty-three eyes with pseudophakia and retinal detachment were examined. Intracapsular and extracapsular cataract extractions had been performed, and different types of lenses had been implanted. The single most important factor for the successful repair of these pseudophakic detachments was visual access to the retina."}
{"id": "PMID:880081", "title": "Simultaneous recording of electroretinogram and visual evoked response. Focal stimulation under direct observation.", "content": "A system has been tested that allows simultaneous recording of the retinal response (electroretinogram [ERG]) and the occipital response (visual evoked response [VER]) with focal photic stimulation of the retina under direct observation of the fundus. A helium-neon gas laser is used as a stimulus source. The laser is chopped either by a pen motor or a rotating disc. The laser is attached to a biomicroscope through which the examiner can observe the fundus of the subject during the entire recording session. The optically clear contact lens is made with a flat surface that neutralizes refraction due to the cornea, thereby allowing fundus observation by microscope. Two metal wires mounted inside and outside of the lens serve as the electrode for the ERG. Graticules consisting of concentric circles and radial lines are projected onto the subject's fundus, providing a pattern that the examiner can use to determine the exact location to be stimulated in the fundus. With proper adjustment of stimulus and background illumination, local ERG and VER can be recorded simultaneously by stimulating the macula.", "contents": "Simultaneous recording of electroretinogram and visual evoked response. Focal stimulation under direct observation. A system has been tested that allows simultaneous recording of the retinal response (electroretinogram [ERG]) and the occipital response (visual evoked response [VER]) with focal photic stimulation of the retina under direct observation of the fundus. A helium-neon gas laser is used as a stimulus source. The laser is chopped either by a pen motor or a rotating disc. The laser is attached to a biomicroscope through which the examiner can observe the fundus of the subject during the entire recording session. The optically clear contact lens is made with a flat surface that neutralizes refraction due to the cornea, thereby allowing fundus observation by microscope. Two metal wires mounted inside and outside of the lens serve as the electrode for the ERG. Graticules consisting of concentric circles and radial lines are projected onto the subject's fundus, providing a pattern that the examiner can use to determine the exact location to be stimulated in the fundus. With proper adjustment of stimulus and background illumination, local ERG and VER can be recorded simultaneously by stimulating the macula."}
{"id": "PMID:880082", "title": "Clinicopathologic correlations in diabetic retinopathy. II. Clinical and histologic appearances of retinal capillary microaneurysms.", "content": "One eye of a 21-year-old patient with proliferative diabetic retinopathy was available for clinicopathologic correlation. The fluorescent spots in a fluorescein angiogram were correlated with the changes in color fundus photographs and with the corresponding histologic findings in a trypsin digest preparation of the retina. A round, regular fluorescent spot was the most reliable diagnostic indicator of retinal capillary microaneurysms, although some microaneurysms appeared as irregular fluorescent spots, tiny fluorescent spots, or dark silhouettes with or without fluorescent halos. Very large fluorescent spots correlated with very large irregular pouches that may represent intraretinal neovascularization. Fluorescein angiography was considerably more sensitive than color fundus photography for the detection of retinal capillary microaneurysms.", "contents": "Clinicopathologic correlations in diabetic retinopathy. II. Clinical and histologic appearances of retinal capillary microaneurysms. One eye of a 21-year-old patient with proliferative diabetic retinopathy was available for clinicopathologic correlation. The fluorescent spots in a fluorescein angiogram were correlated with the changes in color fundus photographs and with the corresponding histologic findings in a trypsin digest preparation of the retina. A round, regular fluorescent spot was the most reliable diagnostic indicator of retinal capillary microaneurysms, although some microaneurysms appeared as irregular fluorescent spots, tiny fluorescent spots, or dark silhouettes with or without fluorescent halos. Very large fluorescent spots correlated with very large irregular pouches that may represent intraretinal neovascularization. Fluorescein angiography was considerably more sensitive than color fundus photography for the detection of retinal capillary microaneurysms."}
{"id": "PMID:880083", "title": "Deep ocular socket reconstruction.", "content": "A technique to reconstruct totally contracted sockets forms spacious, deep ocular fornices to accommodate ocular prostheses. Fixation of the midperiphery of mucous-membrane-lined, custommade conformers to the superior and inferior orbital rims secures the posterior periphery of the conformer deep in the orbit. The method restores the normal anatomy of the ocular fornices that not only extends to the orbital rims but also penetrates deeply into the orbit along its roof and floor. The procedure contrasts with conventional, frequently unsuccessful methods of socket reconstruction that form fornices only to the superior and inferior orbital rims without extending posteriorly into the orbit. Using this technique, we reconstructed deep, spacious sockets in five patients with serious socket contracture, allowing the patients to retain cosmetically acceptable artificial eyes. The principles advocated apply to all contracted sockets.", "contents": "Deep ocular socket reconstruction. A technique to reconstruct totally contracted sockets forms spacious, deep ocular fornices to accommodate ocular prostheses. Fixation of the midperiphery of mucous-membrane-lined, custommade conformers to the superior and inferior orbital rims secures the posterior periphery of the conformer deep in the orbit. The method restores the normal anatomy of the ocular fornices that not only extends to the orbital rims but also penetrates deeply into the orbit along its roof and floor. The procedure contrasts with conventional, frequently unsuccessful methods of socket reconstruction that form fornices only to the superior and inferior orbital rims without extending posteriorly into the orbit. Using this technique, we reconstructed deep, spacious sockets in five patients with serious socket contracture, allowing the patients to retain cosmetically acceptable artificial eyes. The principles advocated apply to all contracted sockets."}
{"id": "PMID:880084", "title": "Margins of safety in lateral orbitotomy.", "content": "Five adult cadaver half skulls were used to study the bone cuts of the lateral orbital wall in performing the lateral orbitotomy. Measurements were taken of the anterior vertical opening, the anteroposterior opening, and the distance to the middle cranial fossa. The vertical opening at the anterior aspect of the lateral orbital wall ranged from 18 to 22 mm. The anteroposterior exposure averaged 18 mm when the thick and thin portions of the bone were removed. The distance from the anterior rim to the middle cranial fossa averaged 31 mm on both the superior and inferior cuts. Hence a distance of approximately 12 to 13 mm separated the posterior aspect of the orbitotomy from the middle cranial fossa.", "contents": "Margins of safety in lateral orbitotomy. Five adult cadaver half skulls were used to study the bone cuts of the lateral orbital wall in performing the lateral orbitotomy. Measurements were taken of the anterior vertical opening, the anteroposterior opening, and the distance to the middle cranial fossa. The vertical opening at the anterior aspect of the lateral orbital wall ranged from 18 to 22 mm. The anteroposterior exposure averaged 18 mm when the thick and thin portions of the bone were removed. The distance from the anterior rim to the middle cranial fossa averaged 31 mm on both the superior and inferior cuts. Hence a distance of approximately 12 to 13 mm separated the posterior aspect of the orbitotomy from the middle cranial fossa."}
{"id": "PMID:880085", "title": "An improved method of fitting resultant prism in treatment of two-axis strabismus.", "content": "A new chart determines resultant prism power and angle when correction of combined horizontal and vertical deviation with a single prism, set at an angle intermediate between horizontal and vertical, is desired. The chart is based on a derivation so weighted as never to permit a vertical error greater than one tenth as large as the associated horizontal error, with use of commercially available sizes of plastic Fresnel-type prisms. This weighting takes into account differences in horizontal and vertical fusional reserves. A compass rose facilitates proper alignment of the prisms.", "contents": "An improved method of fitting resultant prism in treatment of two-axis strabismus. A new chart determines resultant prism power and angle when correction of combined horizontal and vertical deviation with a single prism, set at an angle intermediate between horizontal and vertical, is desired. The chart is based on a derivation so weighted as never to permit a vertical error greater than one tenth as large as the associated horizontal error, with use of commercially available sizes of plastic Fresnel-type prisms. This weighting takes into account differences in horizontal and vertical fusional reserves. A compass rose facilitates proper alignment of the prisms."}
{"id": "PMID:880086", "title": "Oblique saccadic eye movements. Independence of horizontal and vertical channels.", "content": "Horizontal and vertical components of oblique saccadic eye movements are dynamically independent. That is, they have independent dynamic trajectories determined by either the presence, or the absence, as well as the magnitudes of dynamic overshoot, glissades, overlapping saccades, and closely spaced saccades. Temporally, oblique movements manifest varying degrees of independence, for the two components can begin and end either together or separately. Purely horizontal saccades (ie, between two points on a horizontal line) usually show crosstalk demonstrated by extraneous, transient, vertical components. Therefore, saccades are very seldom linear or straight; the trajectories are usually curved.", "contents": "Oblique saccadic eye movements. Independence of horizontal and vertical channels. Horizontal and vertical components of oblique saccadic eye movements are dynamically independent. That is, they have independent dynamic trajectories determined by either the presence, or the absence, as well as the magnitudes of dynamic overshoot, glissades, overlapping saccades, and closely spaced saccades. Temporally, oblique movements manifest varying degrees of independence, for the two components can begin and end either together or separately. Purely horizontal saccades (ie, between two points on a horizontal line) usually show crosstalk demonstrated by extraneous, transient, vertical components. Therefore, saccades are very seldom linear or straight; the trajectories are usually curved."}
{"id": "PMID:880087", "title": "New insights in the human orbital connective tissue. Result of a new anatomical approach.", "content": "Exenteration and dissection of the collapsed specimen has so far been standard procedure in the anatomic study of the orbital contents. If, as in surgery, the orbit is approached through the palpebral aperture and its connective tissue is kept extended in the framework of the oribital walls, hitherto unrecognized septa of connective tissue are found, containing vessels, nerves, and smooth muscular tissue. No anatomic evidence was found for the existence of a common muscle sheath behind the globe, subdividing the orbit into central and peripheral surgical spaces. The study of serial sections of complete orbits shows a definite structural organization and constant pattern of this connective tissue system. The relations of the eye muscles and the eyeball with these connective tissue structures, the periorbit and the enclosed fat cushions, are of interest with reference to normal motions of the globe.", "contents": "New insights in the human orbital connective tissue. Result of a new anatomical approach. Exenteration and dissection of the collapsed specimen has so far been standard procedure in the anatomic study of the orbital contents. If, as in surgery, the orbit is approached through the palpebral aperture and its connective tissue is kept extended in the framework of the oribital walls, hitherto unrecognized septa of connective tissue are found, containing vessels, nerves, and smooth muscular tissue. No anatomic evidence was found for the existence of a common muscle sheath behind the globe, subdividing the orbit into central and peripheral surgical spaces. The study of serial sections of complete orbits shows a definite structural organization and constant pattern of this connective tissue system. The relations of the eye muscles and the eyeball with these connective tissue structures, the periorbit and the enclosed fat cushions, are of interest with reference to normal motions of the globe."}
{"id": "PMID:880088", "title": "Simultaneous bilateral fluorescein angiography.", "content": "Two fundus cameras were used in the development of a setup for bilateral fluorescein angiography. The indications for this method are listed and examples of simultaneous fluoroangiograms are given. This technique allows the simultaneous study of hemodynamics in the carotid artery, the study of intraocular and anterior eye segment circulatory disturbances, and it is time-saving in bilateral pathology.", "contents": "Simultaneous bilateral fluorescein angiography. Two fundus cameras were used in the development of a setup for bilateral fluorescein angiography. The indications for this method are listed and examples of simultaneous fluoroangiograms are given. This technique allows the simultaneous study of hemodynamics in the carotid artery, the study of intraocular and anterior eye segment circulatory disturbances, and it is time-saving in bilateral pathology."}
{"id": "PMID:880089", "title": "[Etiopathogenesis of loosening after total hip replacement (author's transl)].", "content": "We analyzed 30 cases of loosening of different hip-totalendoprotheses (Weber-Huggler, M\u00fcller-Charnley, McKee-Ferrar and Brunswick), intraoperative known as aseptic loosening. Especially is shown that also by those protheses with a part of poly\u00e4thylen there is the same histological picture as by those protheses of Weber-Huggler with the head of polyester: \"the aggressive Granuloma\". There is only a gradually difference and the \"maligne Osteolysis\" was not so excessive.", "contents": "[Etiopathogenesis of loosening after total hip replacement (author's transl)]. We analyzed 30 cases of loosening of different hip-totalendoprotheses (Weber-Huggler, M\u00fcller-Charnley, McKee-Ferrar and Brunswick), intraoperative known as aseptic loosening. Especially is shown that also by those protheses with a part of poly\u00e4thylen there is the same histological picture as by those protheses of Weber-Huggler with the head of polyester: \"the aggressive Granuloma\". There is only a gradually difference and the \"maligne Osteolysis\" was not so excessive."}
{"id": "PMID:880090", "title": "[Treatment of Smith fractures (author's transl)].", "content": "A full description of the different types of Smith fractures following Thomas classification is given, together with the guidelines of treatment of each type. Conservative treatment is usually sufficient for types I and III, provided that reduction is anatomic and stable. The indication for internal fixation is given for all type II and unstable type III fractures. An exact description of the volar buttressing technique with the AO-T-plate is presented.", "contents": "[Treatment of Smith fractures (author's transl)]. A full description of the different types of Smith fractures following Thomas classification is given, together with the guidelines of treatment of each type. Conservative treatment is usually sufficient for types I and III, provided that reduction is anatomic and stable. The indication for internal fixation is given for all type II and unstable type III fractures. An exact description of the volar buttressing technique with the AO-T-plate is presented."}
{"id": "PMID:880091", "title": "[The importance of the radiological angle between talus and calcaneus in patients with congenital clubfoot (author's transl)].", "content": "A reduction of the angle between the longitudinal axes of talus and calcaneus in the lateral X-ray view of a clubfoot is a sign of persistent supination of the subtalar joint and not due to anatomical changes of the bone. Correction of this deformity by closed manipulation produces a normal angle between talus and calcaneus. The angle between talus and calcaneus can thus be used as a guide for adequate correction of the subtalar deformity.", "contents": "[The importance of the radiological angle between talus and calcaneus in patients with congenital clubfoot (author's transl)]. A reduction of the angle between the longitudinal axes of talus and calcaneus in the lateral X-ray view of a clubfoot is a sign of persistent supination of the subtalar joint and not due to anatomical changes of the bone. Correction of this deformity by closed manipulation produces a normal angle between talus and calcaneus. The angle between talus and calcaneus can thus be used as a guide for adequate correction of the subtalar deformity."}
{"id": "PMID:880092", "title": "[The autonomous quadrant-syndrome (author's transl)].", "content": "The quadrant-syndrome (Q.S.) is a functional disturbance of the vegetative system, characterized by the distribution of subjective and objective lesions to a quarter of the body (quadrant). The neurological  aspect of the Q.S. varies so much in character, that it may mistakenly be considered to be psychogenic in origin. All qualities of peripheral nerve function can be affected singly or collectively and in varying degree. The duration of illness cannot be predicted; it may last from some weeks up to more than 10 years. The patients age seems to play some role in the duration of the syndrom. On account of symptomatological and pathogenetical similarities with the dystrophy of Sudeck and the causalgic state, it appears that the Q.S. would be observed more frequently, if its characteristic principle of distribution to a quarter of the body is taken into consideration. Out of the many possible causes of this syndrom the common lesions of the extremities are pointed out. These peripheral lesions act as focus, which affects a specially predisposed central vegetative nervous system. A case report is given of an 18 year-old girl suffering from a median nerve compression in the elbow region (pronator teres syndrom) and developing a Q.S. with complete anaesthesia and analgesia. Six weeks after surgical decompression of the median nerve, she was free of symptoms and remained free of symptoms after a follow up control six months later. Besides sanitation of the peripheral focus, sympathectomy is critically discussed, and the possibility of preventive treatment in common lesions of the extremities is ventilated.", "contents": "[The autonomous quadrant-syndrome (author's transl)]. The quadrant-syndrome (Q.S.) is a functional disturbance of the vegetative system, characterized by the distribution of subjective and objective lesions to a quarter of the body (quadrant). The neurological  aspect of the Q.S. varies so much in character, that it may mistakenly be considered to be psychogenic in origin. All qualities of peripheral nerve function can be affected singly or collectively and in varying degree. The duration of illness cannot be predicted; it may last from some weeks up to more than 10 years. The patients age seems to play some role in the duration of the syndrom. On account of symptomatological and pathogenetical similarities with the dystrophy of Sudeck and the causalgic state, it appears that the Q.S. would be observed more frequently, if its characteristic principle of distribution to a quarter of the body is taken into consideration. Out of the many possible causes of this syndrom the common lesions of the extremities are pointed out. These peripheral lesions act as focus, which affects a specially predisposed central vegetative nervous system. A case report is given of an 18 year-old girl suffering from a median nerve compression in the elbow region (pronator teres syndrom) and developing a Q.S. with complete anaesthesia and analgesia. Six weeks after surgical decompression of the median nerve, she was free of symptoms and remained free of symptoms after a follow up control six months later. Besides sanitation of the peripheral focus, sympathectomy is critically discussed, and the possibility of preventive treatment in common lesions of the extremities is ventilated."}
{"id": "PMID:880093", "title": "[The lateral splitting of the knee joint capsule for treatment of chondropathia patellae (author's transl)].", "content": "This is a report on the results of the lateral splitting of the knee-joint capsule for treatment of chondropathia patellae. The operative procedure is described. Pains relative to the patella syndrome, chondropathia patellae, forms of dysplasia of the patella and lateral dislocation of the patella are regarded as indications. 50 knee-joints were post-examined. 26% were without complaints, 54% showed improvement, 10% no change, 10% deteriorated. These results are comparable to those of other, more intensive surgery. Representing a comparatively minor operation, the lateral splitting of the capsule is therefore particularly recommended for young patients.", "contents": "[The lateral splitting of the knee joint capsule for treatment of chondropathia patellae (author's transl)]. This is a report on the results of the lateral splitting of the knee-joint capsule for treatment of chondropathia patellae. The operative procedure is described. Pains relative to the patella syndrome, chondropathia patellae, forms of dysplasia of the patella and lateral dislocation of the patella are regarded as indications. 50 knee-joints were post-examined. 26% were without complaints, 54% showed improvement, 10% no change, 10% deteriorated. These results are comparable to those of other, more intensive surgery. Representing a comparatively minor operation, the lateral splitting of the capsule is therefore particularly recommended for young patients."}
{"id": "PMID:880094", "title": "Subchondral cancellous bone in osteoarthrosis and rheumatoid arthritis of the femoral head. A quantitative histological study of trabecular remodelling.", "content": "Thirty-three femoral heads taken from patients undergoing total hip replacement for osteoarthrosis and rheumatoid arthritis have been examined in undecalcified, plastic-embedded sections, using a quantitative histological methods. The characteristic change of trabecular remodelling in the subchonfral cancellous bone of the femoral heads was that total osteoid surface in the medial osteoarthritis (medial O.A.) and rheumatoid arthritis (R.A.) was significantly less than in the proximal osteoarthrosis (proximal O.A.) (P less than 0.01). Resorption surface was slightly greater in R.A. than in proximal O.A. (P less than 0.05). Bone area in the deep area was not different in each group. In the superficial area it was significantly less in medial O.A. than in proximal O.A. (P less  than 0.05). The average width of trabeculae was slightly less in medial O.A. and R.A. It is suggested that subchondral trabecular remodelling may be a basic pathological process of general importance in the evolution of these diseases.", "contents": "Subchondral cancellous bone in osteoarthrosis and rheumatoid arthritis of the femoral head. A quantitative histological study of trabecular remodelling. Thirty-three femoral heads taken from patients undergoing total hip replacement for osteoarthrosis and rheumatoid arthritis have been examined in undecalcified, plastic-embedded sections, using a quantitative histological methods. The characteristic change of trabecular remodelling in the subchonfral cancellous bone of the femoral heads was that total osteoid surface in the medial osteoarthritis (medial O.A.) and rheumatoid arthritis (R.A.) was significantly less than in the proximal osteoarthrosis (proximal O.A.) (P less than 0.01). Resorption surface was slightly greater in R.A. than in proximal O.A. (P less than 0.05). Bone area in the deep area was not different in each group. In the superficial area it was significantly less in medial O.A. than in proximal O.A. (P less  than 0.05). The average width of trabeculae was slightly less in medial O.A. and R.A. It is suggested that subchondral trabecular remodelling may be a basic pathological process of general importance in the evolution of these diseases."}
{"id": "PMID:880095", "title": "[Total knee replacement using the Walldius hinge joint (author's transl)].", "content": "45 Walldius knee joints have been reevaluated an average of 3 years after implantation. 75% were considered good to excellent when compared with the preoperative situation. Most failures were due to infection (11%). The end result depends largely on the condition of adjacent joints which frequently prevent a major improvement in walking ability inspite of a successful implantation of a Walldius prosthesis. The Walldius hinge joint was prefered over other designs because of its large weight-bearing flanges. It can absorb static forces better without sinking into the tibial or femoral shafts. Inspite of a resection of 3 cm, a fusion is still possible if necessary. The use of cement is emphasised to prevent migration of the prosthesis and fracture of the shafts. Inspite of a high complication rate the prosthestic replacement of a severely destroyed knee joint by a Walldius hinge is a promising procedure.", "contents": "[Total knee replacement using the Walldius hinge joint (author's transl)]. 45 Walldius knee joints have been reevaluated an average of 3 years after implantation. 75% were considered good to excellent when compared with the preoperative situation. Most failures were due to infection (11%). The end result depends largely on the condition of adjacent joints which frequently prevent a major improvement in walking ability inspite of a successful implantation of a Walldius prosthesis. The Walldius hinge joint was prefered over other designs because of its large weight-bearing flanges. It can absorb static forces better without sinking into the tibial or femoral shafts. Inspite of a resection of 3 cm, a fusion is still possible if necessary. The use of cement is emphasised to prevent migration of the prosthesis and fracture of the shafts. Inspite of a high complication rate the prosthestic replacement of a severely destroyed knee joint by a Walldius hinge is a promising procedure."}
{"id": "PMID:880096", "title": "[Observations of ultrastructural changes on prepared homologous tendon transplants in humans (author's transl)].", "content": "Authors have investigated the ultrastructural morphology of transformation of homologous human tendon transplants. Tenoblasts and mast cells were found next to collagenous fibres originating in the transplant and disintegrating in the voluminous ground substance. The formation of new collagen tissue was of different grades; areas of only a few fibres and areas with oriented fibres were both present. Twenty months after implantation parts characterised by apparently mature structure were found as well as abundant new fibre formation and mast cells.", "contents": "[Observations of ultrastructural changes on prepared homologous tendon transplants in humans (author's transl)]. Authors have investigated the ultrastructural morphology of transformation of homologous human tendon transplants. Tenoblasts and mast cells were found next to collagenous fibres originating in the transplant and disintegrating in the voluminous ground substance. The formation of new collagen tissue was of different grades; areas of only a few fibres and areas with oriented fibres were both present. Twenty months after implantation parts characterised by apparently mature structure were found as well as abundant new fibre formation and mast cells."}
{"id": "PMID:880099", "title": "Tympanostomy tube protection with ear plugs.", "content": "Protection by ear plugs from water-borne infection was evaluated in 35 patients with \"tympanostomy\" tubes, tympanic membrane perforations, or mastoid bowls. Stock and custom-made ear plugs were found to be equally effective up to four months during a period of frequent swimming and bathing activities. Infections were only noted to occur in those patients who did not follow instructions on appropriate use of the plugs.", "contents": "Tympanostomy tube protection with ear plugs. Protection by ear plugs from water-borne infection was evaluated in 35 patients with \"tympanostomy\" tubes, tympanic membrane perforations, or mastoid bowls. Stock and custom-made ear plugs were found to be equally effective up to four months during a period of frequent swimming and bathing activities. Infections were only noted to occur in those patients who did not follow instructions on appropriate use of the plugs."}
{"id": "PMID:880100", "title": "Stabilization of comminuted zygomatic fractures with external suspension apparatus.", "content": "An external fixation device using a suspension bar fashioned from dental compounds is described. The finished appliance resembles a drawer pull from which the fractured malar eminence is suspended. The apparatus is recommended for the treatment of comminuted, unstable zygomatic fractures where conventional means of stabilization have proved unsatisfactory or undesirable and where passive traction is desirable. Appliances fashioned from lightweight dental compounds offer the maxillofacial surgeon a safe, effective, and highly versatile means of stabilizing facial fractures.", "contents": "Stabilization of comminuted zygomatic fractures with external suspension apparatus. An external fixation device using a suspension bar fashioned from dental compounds is described. The finished appliance resembles a drawer pull from which the fractured malar eminence is suspended. The apparatus is recommended for the treatment of comminuted, unstable zygomatic fractures where conventional means of stabilization have proved unsatisfactory or undesirable and where passive traction is desirable. Appliances fashioned from lightweight dental compounds offer the maxillofacial surgeon a safe, effective, and highly versatile means of stabilizing facial fractures."}
{"id": "PMID:880101", "title": "Sleep apnea, hypersomnolence, and upper airway obstruction secondary to adenotonsillar enlargement.", "content": "The authors examined four children with substantial adenotonsillar enlargement that caused intermittent severe upper airway obstructive episodes, documented by all-night polygraphic monitoring of sleep and respirations. Previously unreported complications of severe adenotonsillar enlargement that were demonstrated included prolonged obstructive apneic episodes and disturbed sleep patterns. The children also exhibited daytime hypersomnolence. Polygraphic sleep studies after adenotonsillectomy confirmed improved sleep patterns and relief of the obstructive episodes. None of our patienqs had developed pulmonary hypertension, cor pulmonale, or other reported complications of prolonged upper airway obstruction, all of which may have been averted by early diagnosis and treatment.", "contents": "Sleep apnea, hypersomnolence, and upper airway obstruction secondary to adenotonsillar enlargement. The authors examined four children with substantial adenotonsillar enlargement that caused intermittent severe upper airway obstructive episodes, documented by all-night polygraphic monitoring of sleep and respirations. Previously unreported complications of severe adenotonsillar enlargement that were demonstrated included prolonged obstructive apneic episodes and disturbed sleep patterns. The children also exhibited daytime hypersomnolence. Polygraphic sleep studies after adenotonsillectomy confirmed improved sleep patterns and relief of the obstructive episodes. None of our patienqs had developed pulmonary hypertension, cor pulmonale, or other reported complications of prolonged upper airway obstruction, all of which may have been averted by early diagnosis and treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:880102", "title": "The epidermis of the drumhead in some otologic conditions.", "content": "In a study of the behavior of the keratin layer of the drumhead epidermis in some otologic conditions, a marker dye was applied to the tympanic membrane, and migration and/or desquamation of the dotted spots observed. Decelerated migration with desquamation in situ was observed during the quiescent phase of recurrent otitis externa, with or without myringitis. The same findings were observed in most cases of chronic secretory otitis media and its sequelas (retraction pockets, atrophic membranes, and scarring). The remnants of drumhead with keratotic and hyperplastic changes in the middle ear cleared themselves of the dye very slowly.", "contents": "The epidermis of the drumhead in some otologic conditions. In a study of the behavior of the keratin layer of the drumhead epidermis in some otologic conditions, a marker dye was applied to the tympanic membrane, and migration and/or desquamation of the dotted spots observed. Decelerated migration with desquamation in situ was observed during the quiescent phase of recurrent otitis externa, with or without myringitis. The same findings were observed in most cases of chronic secretory otitis media and its sequelas (retraction pockets, atrophic membranes, and scarring). The remnants of drumhead with keratotic and hyperplastic changes in the middle ear cleared themselves of the dye very slowly."}
{"id": "PMID:880103", "title": "Nasal obstruction from facial palsy.", "content": "Nasal obstruction due to a collapsed nasal ala occurred in 2% of our patients with facial paralysis. The denervated dilator nasal muscles allow the ala on the paralyzed side to collapse leading to increased resistance to inspiration. This symptom was further aggravated by preexisting external and nasoseptal obstructing deformities. Nasal obstruction from facial paralysis was corrected with septorhinoplasty techniques in three patients and by lateralization of the ala with a facial sling in another.", "contents": "Nasal obstruction from facial palsy. Nasal obstruction due to a collapsed nasal ala occurred in 2% of our patients with facial paralysis. The denervated dilator nasal muscles allow the ala on the paralyzed side to collapse leading to increased resistance to inspiration. This symptom was further aggravated by preexisting external and nasoseptal obstructing deformities. Nasal obstruction from facial paralysis was corrected with septorhinoplasty techniques in three patients and by lateralization of the ala with a facial sling in another."}
{"id": "PMID:880104", "title": "Neonatal sound deprivation affects brain stem auditory nuclei.", "content": "CBA/J mice deprived of airborne sound stimulation during postnatal development have smaller globular cells in the ventral cochlear nucleus and smaller neurons in the medial nucleus of the trapezoid body than do normal control mice. The sound deprivation in these mice is similar to that experienced by persons with pure congenital conductive hearing losses. Even more profound central neural changes were found in auditory nuclei in the brain stem of a congenitally sensorineural deaf human.", "contents": "Neonatal sound deprivation affects brain stem auditory nuclei. CBA/J mice deprived of airborne sound stimulation during postnatal development have smaller globular cells in the ventral cochlear nucleus and smaller neurons in the medial nucleus of the trapezoid body than do normal control mice. The sound deprivation in these mice is similar to that experienced by persons with pure congenital conductive hearing losses. Even more profound central neural changes were found in auditory nuclei in the brain stem of a congenitally sensorineural deaf human."}
{"id": "PMID:880105", "title": "Ranula and the sublingual salivary glands.", "content": "The term \"ranula\" is poorly understood and is frequently applied to a variety of cystic structures in the head and neck. Ranulas classically are cysts of salivary gland origin, usually the sublingual glands, of which two varieties are described: a simple, epithelial lined cyst resulting from ductal obstruction, and a pseudocyst without epithelial lining resulting from extravasation of saliva that dissects through the tissue planes of the neck and may appear as a neck mass. Four cases are presented that illustrate the difficulties in diagnosis; treatment consists of meticulous dissection of the thin-walled sac in continuity with the excision of the sublingual glands that are the origin of these lesions.", "contents": "Ranula and the sublingual salivary glands. The term \"ranula\" is poorly understood and is frequently applied to a variety of cystic structures in the head and neck. Ranulas classically are cysts of salivary gland origin, usually the sublingual glands, of which two varieties are described: a simple, epithelial lined cyst resulting from ductal obstruction, and a pseudocyst without epithelial lining resulting from extravasation of saliva that dissects through the tissue planes of the neck and may appear as a neck mass. Four cases are presented that illustrate the difficulties in diagnosis; treatment consists of meticulous dissection of the thin-walled sac in continuity with the excision of the sublingual glands that are the origin of these lesions."}
{"id": "PMID:880106", "title": "A comparison of three hearing aid evaluation procedures for young children.", "content": "The evaluation of hearing aid performance with young, nonverbal children traditionally consists of a comparison between aided and unaided thresholds. Alternative evaluation procedures include those that provide an estimate of the speech spectrum area that is potentially audible to the child with amplification. This study compared the hearing aid performance results for ten hearing impaired children evaluated with a sound field procedure and two speech spectrum methods. Results obtained for three hearing aids demonstrated no differences in hearing aid recommendation between procedures for children with only mild-moderate hearing loss. For children with severe to profound losses, however, the sound-field audiogram was found to overestimate what is potentially audible to the child.", "contents": "A comparison of three hearing aid evaluation procedures for young children. The evaluation of hearing aid performance with young, nonverbal children traditionally consists of a comparison between aided and unaided thresholds. Alternative evaluation procedures include those that provide an estimate of the speech spectrum area that is potentially audible to the child with amplification. This study compared the hearing aid performance results for ten hearing impaired children evaluated with a sound field procedure and two speech spectrum methods. Results obtained for three hearing aids demonstrated no differences in hearing aid recommendation between procedures for children with only mild-moderate hearing loss. For children with severe to profound losses, however, the sound-field audiogram was found to overestimate what is potentially audible to the child."}
{"id": "PMID:880107", "title": "Mucous glands in nasal polyps.", "content": "A total of 102 nasal polyps from 52 patients were stained by the PAS-alcian blue whole-mount method, and mucous glands were studied quantitatively. Glands were found in all polyps but in many of them only a few. The density is very low, considerably lower than in the nasal mucosa. The glands are tubular, of different shape and size, but differ widely from those in the nose and are formed from the surface epithelium after the polyp has attained a certain size. They do not issue from the nasal mucosa. The glands degenerate and distend. Thus, cysts in the polyp are degenerated, mucus-filled glands.", "contents": "Mucous glands in nasal polyps. A total of 102 nasal polyps from 52 patients were stained by the PAS-alcian blue whole-mount method, and mucous glands were studied quantitatively. Glands were found in all polyps but in many of them only a few. The density is very low, considerably lower than in the nasal mucosa. The glands are tubular, of different shape and size, but differ widely from those in the nose and are formed from the surface epithelium after the polyp has attained a certain size. They do not issue from the nasal mucosa. The glands degenerate and distend. Thus, cysts in the polyp are degenerated, mucus-filled glands."}
{"id": "PMID:880108", "title": "Diagnosis of hearing loss in infancy by electric response audiometry.", "content": "The assessment of hearing by electric response audiometry (ERA) in 88 children under the age of 3 years was compared with the final assessment of hearing by other means made six months to four years later. A reliable decision was available in 78 patients. The ERA was correct in 64 patients (72.7%) and was incorrect in 14 (15.9%). In ten patients (11.4%), the reliability could not be determined. The incidence of errors was much greater in the 23 children who were given pentobarbital (39%) than it was in 55 not given this drug (9%). All of the errors associated with pentobarbital were the incorrect diagnosis of a loss of hearing. Three of the five errors in patients not given pentobarbital were the false diagnosis of a hearing loss in infants recovering from meningitis.", "contents": "Diagnosis of hearing loss in infancy by electric response audiometry. The assessment of hearing by electric response audiometry (ERA) in 88 children under the age of 3 years was compared with the final assessment of hearing by other means made six months to four years later. A reliable decision was available in 78 patients. The ERA was correct in 64 patients (72.7%) and was incorrect in 14 (15.9%). In ten patients (11.4%), the reliability could not be determined. The incidence of errors was much greater in the 23 children who were given pentobarbital (39%) than it was in 55 not given this drug (9%). All of the errors associated with pentobarbital were the incorrect diagnosis of a loss of hearing. Three of the five errors in patients not given pentobarbital were the false diagnosis of a hearing loss in infants recovering from meningitis."}
{"id": "PMID:880109", "title": "An evaluation of predicting hearing loss from the acoustic reflex.", "content": "Three different formulas used in predicting hearing level from acoustic reflex data have been suggested. Acoustic reflex information is also used in predicting slope of hearing loss. Seventy-four normal and hearing-impaired persons were tested, and predictions of level and slope of hearing were compared with pure tone hearing thresholds. The results indicate that the Niemeyer-Sesterhenn and Jerger unweighted formulas yield comparable results and are preferable to the Jerger weighted formula. Predictions of slope of hearing loss are equivocal.", "contents": "An evaluation of predicting hearing loss from the acoustic reflex. Three different formulas used in predicting hearing level from acoustic reflex data have been suggested. Acoustic reflex information is also used in predicting slope of hearing loss. Seventy-four normal and hearing-impaired persons were tested, and predictions of level and slope of hearing were compared with pure tone hearing thresholds. The results indicate that the Niemeyer-Sesterhenn and Jerger unweighted formulas yield comparable results and are preferable to the Jerger weighted formula. Predictions of slope of hearing loss are equivocal."}
{"id": "PMID:880110", "title": "Gardner's syndrome and chondrosarcoma of the hyoid bone.", "content": "There appears to be a total of five cases of chondrosarcoma of the hyoid bone (not all associated with Gardner's syndrome). The case reported herein is one that was first reported in the literature on Gardner's syndrome and the second reported instance of a patient with Gardner's syndrome who had a malignant bone tumor.", "contents": "Gardner's syndrome and chondrosarcoma of the hyoid bone. There appears to be a total of five cases of chondrosarcoma of the hyoid bone (not all associated with Gardner's syndrome). The case reported herein is one that was first reported in the literature on Gardner's syndrome and the second reported instance of a patient with Gardner's syndrome who had a malignant bone tumor."}
{"id": "PMID:880111", "title": "Psychological effects of symptoms associated with labyrinthitis. a case study.", "content": "The psychological effects of postviral labyrinthitis in a patient who had been undergoing intensive psychotherapy are reported. The mildness of the physiological symptome was in contrast to the magnitude of the psychological consequences. The general psychological effects of illness on the patient are differentiated from the specific psychological correlates of vertiginous symptoms. The factors that contributed to the psychological effects and the psychological impact of these symptoms are discussed. There is a special potency to the cited effects in patients with specific personality characteristics.", "contents": "Psychological effects of symptoms associated with labyrinthitis. a case study. The psychological effects of postviral labyrinthitis in a patient who had been undergoing intensive psychotherapy are reported. The mildness of the physiological symptome was in contrast to the magnitude of the psychological consequences. The general psychological effects of illness on the patient are differentiated from the specific psychological correlates of vertiginous symptoms. The factors that contributed to the psychological effects and the psychological impact of these symptoms are discussed. There is a special potency to the cited effects in patients with specific personality characteristics."}
{"id": "PMID:880112", "title": "A liquid nitrogen turbinate probe for hypertrophic rhinitis.", "content": "A new liquid nitrogen turbinate probe for freezing of the free edge of the inferior turbinate in cases of chronic hypertrophic rhinitis has been designed.", "contents": "A liquid nitrogen turbinate probe for hypertrophic rhinitis. A new liquid nitrogen turbinate probe for freezing of the free edge of the inferior turbinate in cases of chronic hypertrophic rhinitis has been designed."}
{"id": "PMID:880113", "title": "Salivary gland choristoma of the middle ear.", "content": "We discuss the eighth reported case of a benign salivary gland tumor in the middle ear. The lesion was a smooth lobulated mass and was found to be intimately associated with the tympanic portion of the facial nerve. Recommended treatment is biopsy without attempting removal. This concept of management is supported by a report of a similar case with a 15-year follow-up.", "contents": "Salivary gland choristoma of the middle ear. We discuss the eighth reported case of a benign salivary gland tumor in the middle ear. The lesion was a smooth lobulated mass and was found to be intimately associated with the tympanic portion of the facial nerve. Recommended treatment is biopsy without attempting removal. This concept of management is supported by a report of a similar case with a 15-year follow-up."}
{"id": "PMID:880114", "title": "Salivary gland choristoma of the middle ear and mastoid.", "content": "We report a choristoma larger than those previously reported. Its possible causes are discussed.", "contents": "Salivary gland choristoma of the middle ear and mastoid. We report a choristoma larger than those previously reported. Its possible causes are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:880115", "title": "Curved lateral osteotomy for airway protection in rhinoplasty.", "content": "Lateral osteotomies performed posteriorly enough to avoid step-like prominences at the sides of the nose may allow medial displacement of bone to impinge on the airways. This obstruction near the floor of the nasal passageway is prevented by leaving a triangular piece of bone at the pyriform aperture intact just superior to the level of the inferior turbinate. A curved lateral osteotomy, as described here, cuts bone posteriorly only where aesthetic narrowing is required in rhinoplasty. Techniques providing the recommended curved or angulated lateral osteotomies with osteotomes are demonstrated in the cadaver and in patients.", "contents": "Curved lateral osteotomy for airway protection in rhinoplasty. Lateral osteotomies performed posteriorly enough to avoid step-like prominences at the sides of the nose may allow medial displacement of bone to impinge on the airways. This obstruction near the floor of the nasal passageway is prevented by leaving a triangular piece of bone at the pyriform aperture intact just superior to the level of the inferior turbinate. A curved lateral osteotomy, as described here, cuts bone posteriorly only where aesthetic narrowing is required in rhinoplasty. Techniques providing the recommended curved or angulated lateral osteotomies with osteotomes are demonstrated in the cadaver and in patients."}
{"id": "PMID:880116", "title": "Myringoplasty as an office procedure: a new technique.", "content": "An office technique uses preserved dry temporalis fascia homograft to close eardrum perforations smaller than subtotal. A follow-up on 36 patients who under-went this technique revealed a 64% success rate and 11% partial success rate. If the patients whose eardrum remnants were atrophic or scarred with or without calcareous deposits (11 cases) were excluded, the success rate becomes 76% and the partial success rate 8%. This technique is therefore recommended for patients whose eardrum remnants are healthy because it is simple and it saves time and money. In case of failure, the situation does not become worse and a regular myringoplasty may then be performed.", "contents": "Myringoplasty as an office procedure: a new technique. An office technique uses preserved dry temporalis fascia homograft to close eardrum perforations smaller than subtotal. A follow-up on 36 patients who under-went this technique revealed a 64% success rate and 11% partial success rate. If the patients whose eardrum remnants were atrophic or scarred with or without calcareous deposits (11 cases) were excluded, the success rate becomes 76% and the partial success rate 8%. This technique is therefore recommended for patients whose eardrum remnants are healthy because it is simple and it saves time and money. In case of failure, the situation does not become worse and a regular myringoplasty may then be performed."}
{"id": "PMID:880117", "title": "An approach to aesthetic rhinoplasty in the non-caucasian nose.", "content": "The problem of augmenting the nasal dorsum and columella in the exaggerated Negroid or Oriental nose is presented. Augmentation of the nasal dorsum is routinely performed using polyamide mesh. The lengthening and lowering of the short and sometimes retracted columella and narrowing of the alar bases is performed by making a columellar splitting incision and extending it along the alar sills. A septal cartilage graft is sewn into the new columellar space, and the alar sills are advanced into the columella, thereby lengthening the columella and changing the axis of the nares. The columellar advancement is done after the dorsal implantation is performed, and the projection of the tip is advanced to whatever amount necessary to aesthetically match the dorsal profile line.", "contents": "An approach to aesthetic rhinoplasty in the non-caucasian nose. The problem of augmenting the nasal dorsum and columella in the exaggerated Negroid or Oriental nose is presented. Augmentation of the nasal dorsum is routinely performed using polyamide mesh. The lengthening and lowering of the short and sometimes retracted columella and narrowing of the alar bases is performed by making a columellar splitting incision and extending it along the alar sills. A septal cartilage graft is sewn into the new columellar space, and the alar sills are advanced into the columella, thereby lengthening the columella and changing the axis of the nares. The columellar advancement is done after the dorsal implantation is performed, and the projection of the tip is advanced to whatever amount necessary to aesthetically match the dorsal profile line."}
{"id": "PMID:880118", "title": "Tympanoplasty: medial grafting using Williams' microclips.", "content": "A technique for medial grafting that evolved in Alaska over a period of about five years has been used by the author at the Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center for over two years. The technique is one whereby fresh temporalis fascia is placed medial to the tympanic membrane remnant and fastened to that remnant with stainless steel wire microclips. This technique has resulted in a success rate in excess of 94% in the Alaskan \"bush.\" In a private practice setting, the success rate has been slightly better than 97%.", "contents": "Tympanoplasty: medial grafting using Williams' microclips. A technique for medial grafting that evolved in Alaska over a period of about five years has been used by the author at the Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center for over two years. The technique is one whereby fresh temporalis fascia is placed medial to the tympanic membrane remnant and fastened to that remnant with stainless steel wire microclips. This technique has resulted in a success rate in excess of 94% in the Alaskan \"bush.\" In a private practice setting, the success rate has been slightly better than 97%."}
{"id": "PMID:880119", "title": "Geniculate neuralgia and facial nerve sensory systems.", "content": "Although it is only a small ganglion, the geniculate ganglion subserves several different sensory systems with sensory fibers distributed to different parts of the head. The ganglion innervates chemoreceptors and phasic mechanoreceptors on the front of the tongue. In addition, the ganglion supplies mechanoreceptors of the hair follicles on the inner surface of the pinna and deep mechanoreceptors of nasal and buccal cavities. The ganglion also innervates chemoreceptors on the soft palate. No neurophysiological evidence was found for sensory innervation of the facial musculature. In considering neuralgias of geniculate ganglion origin, it is necessary to examine the loci of sensory projections of the ganglion and the possible effects of inflammation on pulse discharge patterns of sensory neurons.", "contents": "Geniculate neuralgia and facial nerve sensory systems. Although it is only a small ganglion, the geniculate ganglion subserves several different sensory systems with sensory fibers distributed to different parts of the head. The ganglion innervates chemoreceptors and phasic mechanoreceptors on the front of the tongue. In addition, the ganglion supplies mechanoreceptors of the hair follicles on the inner surface of the pinna and deep mechanoreceptors of nasal and buccal cavities. The ganglion also innervates chemoreceptors on the soft palate. No neurophysiological evidence was found for sensory innervation of the facial musculature. In considering neuralgias of geniculate ganglion origin, it is necessary to examine the loci of sensory projections of the ganglion and the possible effects of inflammation on pulse discharge patterns of sensory neurons."}
{"id": "PMID:880120", "title": "Masking level differences in central nervous system diseases.", "content": "The relationship between the tonal masking level difference performance and the behavior of the \"sensitized speech tests\" according to Bocca and Calearo, were studied in subjects with normal hearing who were suffering from CNS diseases. The results have shown that pathological masking level difference values are present in all cases with pathological sensitized speech tests, and are related principally to the following two conditions: (1) the bulbo-pontine lesions and (2) the central hearing functional asymmetry. In subjects with normal hearing who have CNS diseases, pathological tonal masking level differences indicate the existence of central hearing pathways lesions.", "contents": "Masking level differences in central nervous system diseases. The relationship between the tonal masking level difference performance and the behavior of the \"sensitized speech tests\" according to Bocca and Calearo, were studied in subjects with normal hearing who were suffering from CNS diseases. The results have shown that pathological masking level difference values are present in all cases with pathological sensitized speech tests, and are related principally to the following two conditions: (1) the bulbo-pontine lesions and (2) the central hearing functional asymmetry. In subjects with normal hearing who have CNS diseases, pathological tonal masking level differences indicate the existence of central hearing pathways lesions."}
{"id": "PMID:880121", "title": "Venous aneurysms of the parotid gland.", "content": "Venous aneurysms of the parotid gland are rare lesions that have distinctive clinicopathologic features. Clinically, they appear suddenly and manifest as masses in the parotid area. Characteristically, these masses are compressible, fill on release of pressure, and increase in size when the head is lowered below the heart and when the Valsalva maneuver is performed. Also, venous aneurysms are nonpulsatile. Definitive diagnosis, however, requires phlebography. Pathologically, these lesions represent aneurysmal dilatation of a segment of a vein and are frequently thrombosed. Surgical excision is the treatment of choice.", "contents": "Venous aneurysms of the parotid gland. Venous aneurysms of the parotid gland are rare lesions that have distinctive clinicopathologic features. Clinically, they appear suddenly and manifest as masses in the parotid area. Characteristically, these masses are compressible, fill on release of pressure, and increase in size when the head is lowered below the heart and when the Valsalva maneuver is performed. Also, venous aneurysms are nonpulsatile. Definitive diagnosis, however, requires phlebography. Pathologically, these lesions represent aneurysmal dilatation of a segment of a vein and are frequently thrombosed. Surgical excision is the treatment of choice."}
{"id": "PMID:880122", "title": "Adenoid squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity: report of the first case arising in the tongue.", "content": "A case of adenoid squamous cell carcinoma arising in the tongue is presented. This histologic variety of squamous cell carcinoma originates almost exclusively in the skin, and the few examples of oral mucosal lesions have heretofore been restricted to the lip. In the oral mucosa, the neoplasm should be differentiated from several types of adenocarcinoma of salivary origin. Surgical excision in our case was followed by rapid local recurrence and death. This behavior is in contrast to the generally favorable prognosis of analogous cutaneous and lip neoplasms, and may indicate a more aggressive course in lesions of lingual origin.", "contents": "Adenoid squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity: report of the first case arising in the tongue. A case of adenoid squamous cell carcinoma arising in the tongue is presented. This histologic variety of squamous cell carcinoma originates almost exclusively in the skin, and the few examples of oral mucosal lesions have heretofore been restricted to the lip. In the oral mucosa, the neoplasm should be differentiated from several types of adenocarcinoma of salivary origin. Surgical excision in our case was followed by rapid local recurrence and death. This behavior is in contrast to the generally favorable prognosis of analogous cutaneous and lip neoplasms, and may indicate a more aggressive course in lesions of lingual origin."}
{"id": "PMID:880123", "title": "Soft tissue ameloblastoma in a 92-year-old woman.", "content": "Ameloblastoma is a rare epithelial neoplasm that most commonly is found within the bony structure of the jaw. Soft tissue ameloblastomas are rarer. Only nine well-documented cases are found in the reviewed world's literature. It is our purpose to report the clinical and morphological features of a gingival ameloblastoma in a 92-year-old woman.", "contents": "Soft tissue ameloblastoma in a 92-year-old woman. Ameloblastoma is a rare epithelial neoplasm that most commonly is found within the bony structure of the jaw. Soft tissue ameloblastomas are rarer. Only nine well-documented cases are found in the reviewed world's literature. It is our purpose to report the clinical and morphological features of a gingival ameloblastoma in a 92-year-old woman."}
{"id": "PMID:880125", "title": "Temporal summation of the acoustic reflex.", "content": "A signal-averaging technique was used to minimize acoustic reflex measurement system noise while preserving temporal fidelity. In normal listeners, the interaction of signal intensity and signal duration was explored at visual detection threshold (VDT) and at varying suprathreshold signal levels. Reflex amplitude increases, with signal intensity, at a rate which changes as a function of signal duration, a finding which complicates the interpretation of temporal summation data based on VDT. A theoretical model is proposed to explain the complex interactions of signal intensity, duration, and band width on the amplitude of the acoustic reflex.", "contents": "Temporal summation of the acoustic reflex. A signal-averaging technique was used to minimize acoustic reflex measurement system noise while preserving temporal fidelity. In normal listeners, the interaction of signal intensity and signal duration was explored at visual detection threshold (VDT) and at varying suprathreshold signal levels. Reflex amplitude increases, with signal intensity, at a rate which changes as a function of signal duration, a finding which complicates the interpretation of temporal summation data based on VDT. A theoretical model is proposed to explain the complex interactions of signal intensity, duration, and band width on the amplitude of the acoustic reflex."}
{"id": "PMID:880131", "title": "Post pill amenorrhoea--how much of a problem?", "content": "Presumably, post-Pill amenorrhoea reflects a mechanism whereby a hypothalamus \"switched off\" by the Pill does not switch on again when therapy is stopped. In Australia the incidence of post-Pill amenorrhoea appears to be in the vicinity of 1 in 200 for a six months duration and 1 in 400 for over 12 months. The only clearly defined feature of women who are likely to develop the syndrome is previous cycle irregularity--cycles consistently longer than 35 days. There is indication that nullipara and women with gross weight fluctuation may also be more likely to be affected. In management, skull X-ray is mandatory and if galactorrhoea is present, serum prolactin can be of diagnostic importance. Otherwise, the deciding factor is whether there is a desire or not for pregnancy.", "contents": "Post pill amenorrhoea--how much of a problem? Presumably, post-Pill amenorrhoea reflects a mechanism whereby a hypothalamus \"switched off\" by the Pill does not switch on again when therapy is stopped. In Australia the incidence of post-Pill amenorrhoea appears to be in the vicinity of 1 in 200 for a six months duration and 1 in 400 for over 12 months. The only clearly defined feature of women who are likely to develop the syndrome is previous cycle irregularity--cycles consistently longer than 35 days. There is indication that nullipara and women with gross weight fluctuation may also be more likely to be affected. In management, skull X-ray is mandatory and if galactorrhoea is present, serum prolactin can be of diagnostic importance. Otherwise, the deciding factor is whether there is a desire or not for pregnancy."}
{"id": "PMID:880132", "title": "Contraception in the over 40 age group.", "content": "Fertility sharply declines in the 45-50 age, but simple and effective contraception is still desired. The Pill offers this plus the advantage of cycle control and alleviation of vasomotor symptoms. Lowest oestrogen content is preferred and combined with this, norgestrel has the theoretical advantage of reversing undesired oestrogen effects. If the Pill is continued in the 40 + age group, it can be safely discontinued when the age of 50-52 is reached. It must be kept in mind that side effects of the Pill or intrauterine device related to bleeding may mask pelvic disease. Regular check ups including full history, breast and pelvic examination should be carried out.", "contents": "Contraception in the over 40 age group. Fertility sharply declines in the 45-50 age, but simple and effective contraception is still desired. The Pill offers this plus the advantage of cycle control and alleviation of vasomotor symptoms. Lowest oestrogen content is preferred and combined with this, norgestrel has the theoretical advantage of reversing undesired oestrogen effects. If the Pill is continued in the 40 + age group, it can be safely discontinued when the age of 50-52 is reached. It must be kept in mind that side effects of the Pill or intrauterine device related to bleeding may mask pelvic disease. Regular check ups including full history, breast and pelvic examination should be carried out."}
{"id": "PMID:880126", "title": "Determination of hearing threshold for single frequencies from the acoustic reflex.", "content": "With preactivation, the threshold of stapedial reflex activity can be lowered by 20-30 dB. From these measures of the normal and reduced reflex threshold, an extrapolation may be performed down to the hearing threshold. Thus, the hearing threshold can be determined for every single frequency from 0.125 to 4 kHz if the reflex is elicitable up to 8 kHz.", "contents": "Determination of hearing threshold for single frequencies from the acoustic reflex. With preactivation, the threshold of stapedial reflex activity can be lowered by 20-30 dB. From these measures of the normal and reduced reflex threshold, an extrapolation may be performed down to the hearing threshold. Thus, the hearing threshold can be determined for every single frequency from 0.125 to 4 kHz if the reflex is elicitable up to 8 kHz."}
{"id": "PMID:880133", "title": "Contraception in the puerperium.", "content": "Choice of contraception in the puerperium is complicated by the normal factors of lactation, involuting uterus and emotional lability. The individual's previous contraceptive experience is important, and new agents and techniques change current practices. In the puerperium, failure for IUDs is increased, and tubal ligation has more hazards. During lactation the standard combined oral contraceptives are not advised, but the microdose progestagen-only pill may be a most satisfactory agent-changing to more routine methods when menstruation starts. In a population of normal women, progestagen-only therapy may show about a 25 per cent dropout because of an unacceptable bleeding pattern, but there is a small group of women who appear to be well suited by this form of oral contraception.", "contents": "Contraception in the puerperium. Choice of contraception in the puerperium is complicated by the normal factors of lactation, involuting uterus and emotional lability. The individual's previous contraceptive experience is important, and new agents and techniques change current practices. In the puerperium, failure for IUDs is increased, and tubal ligation has more hazards. During lactation the standard combined oral contraceptives are not advised, but the microdose progestagen-only pill may be a most satisfactory agent-changing to more routine methods when menstruation starts. In a population of normal women, progestagen-only therapy may show about a 25 per cent dropout because of an unacceptable bleeding pattern, but there is a small group of women who appear to be well suited by this form of oral contraception."}
{"id": "PMID:880127", "title": "Low-level frequency-following response.", "content": "In man, the scalp-recorded 'Frequency-following response' (FFR) can be well observed only at fairly high levels of stimulation. As a consequence, it is difficult to ascertain whether the low or the high-frequency channels of the peripheral auditory system mediate this response. It is shown that the sensitivity of the recording method is considerably increased when the averaged recorded waveform is subjected to frequency analysis. Results from experiments with high-pass masking noise become unequivocal and they suggest that the low-level FFR is caused by nervous activity arising in the apical part of the cochlea and mediated by the low-frequency in the brain stem.", "contents": "Low-level frequency-following response. In man, the scalp-recorded 'Frequency-following response' (FFR) can be well observed only at fairly high levels of stimulation. As a consequence, it is difficult to ascertain whether the low or the high-frequency channels of the peripheral auditory system mediate this response. It is shown that the sensitivity of the recording method is considerably increased when the averaged recorded waveform is subjected to frequency analysis. Results from experiments with high-pass masking noise become unequivocal and they suggest that the low-level FFR is caused by nervous activity arising in the apical part of the cochlea and mediated by the low-frequency in the brain stem."}
{"id": "PMID:880128", "title": "Electro-cochlear potentials elicited by sinusoidally modulated signals.", "content": "Responses of the guinea pig cochlea to amplitude-modulated stimuli were measured with the aid of a gross electrode. The dynamic characteristics of this part of the auditory system was studied by varying several parameters of the applied signal. The signals used as carriers in our experiments were either white noise or pure tones of 1 and 4 kHz. The modulation frequency, dynamic and intensity characteristics were determined by varying the modulating frequency, the modulation depth and the intensity of the applied signal. To get an idea about possible non-linear aspects of the system under investigation, we always computed the Fourier transform of the response data and plotted the amplitude of the various harmonics and the phase of the fundamental separately as functions of the signal parameter in question. The greatest response was always found at a modulation frequency of about 200 Hz, with a relatively gradual rise up to this frequency and a sharper drop above 200 Hz. The phase of the fundamental changes very rapidly at frequencies above Hz. The distortion is mainly second-harmonic and has a maximum about 1 octave lower than the fundamental. The carrier frequency and the intensity of the stimulus were not found to have a great influence on the frequency characteristic. For small modulation depths, the system is nearly linear; at higher intensities and modulation depths saturation occurs, coinciding with a relative increase in the intensity of the second harmonic with respect to the fundamental.", "contents": "Electro-cochlear potentials elicited by sinusoidally modulated signals. Responses of the guinea pig cochlea to amplitude-modulated stimuli were measured with the aid of a gross electrode. The dynamic characteristics of this part of the auditory system was studied by varying several parameters of the applied signal. The signals used as carriers in our experiments were either white noise or pure tones of 1 and 4 kHz. The modulation frequency, dynamic and intensity characteristics were determined by varying the modulating frequency, the modulation depth and the intensity of the applied signal. To get an idea about possible non-linear aspects of the system under investigation, we always computed the Fourier transform of the response data and plotted the amplitude of the various harmonics and the phase of the fundamental separately as functions of the signal parameter in question. The greatest response was always found at a modulation frequency of about 200 Hz, with a relatively gradual rise up to this frequency and a sharper drop above 200 Hz. The phase of the fundamental changes very rapidly at frequencies above Hz. The distortion is mainly second-harmonic and has a maximum about 1 octave lower than the fundamental. The carrier frequency and the intensity of the stimulus were not found to have a great influence on the frequency characteristic. For small modulation depths, the system is nearly linear; at higher intensities and modulation depths saturation occurs, coinciding with a relative increase in the intensity of the second harmonic with respect to the fundamental."}
{"id": "PMID:880130", "title": "Dependence of the temporary threshold shift on the immediately preceding exposure to noise.", "content": "Temporary threshold shift (TTS) measured immediately after exposure to noise here called TTSi, is surely more difficult to determine in audiological testing, than the usual TTS2, but in its dependence on the preceding exposure, it is useful in defining criteria for auditory fatigue, for damage and for normal adaptation to noise exposure of short durations. A few results selected from a study using improved methods of measuring TTSi confirm the point of view of others in defining regions and limits of normal hearing and auditory fatigue.", "contents": "Dependence of the temporary threshold shift on the immediately preceding exposure to noise. Temporary threshold shift (TTS) measured immediately after exposure to noise here called TTSi, is surely more difficult to determine in audiological testing, than the usual TTS2, but in its dependence on the preceding exposure, it is useful in defining criteria for auditory fatigue, for damage and for normal adaptation to noise exposure of short durations. A few results selected from a study using improved methods of measuring TTSi confirm the point of view of others in defining regions and limits of normal hearing and auditory fatigue."}
{"id": "PMID:880129", "title": "Effects of subtle mid-frequency auditory dysfunction upon speech discrimination in noise.", "content": "Earlier studies have indicated mid-frequency auditory dysfunction and depressed ability to discriminate speech in noise among noise-exposed listeners with high-frequency hearing loss. The present study was designed to determine whether mid-frequency dysfunction contributed to the depressed speech discrimination performance. Normal listeners, and noise-exposed and older listeners with high-frequency hearing loss listened to word lists presented in competing 'cocktail party' noise under unfiltered and low-pass filter conditions. In the low-pass filter condition the performance of the noise-exposed listeners was superior to that normal listeners, indicating that mid-frequency auditory dysfunction on the part of noise-exposed listeners does not contribute to their difficulties discriminating unfiltered speech in noise. The performance of the older listeners was below that of the two other groups in both filtered and unfiltered conditions, indicating greater difficulty discriminating speech than would be predicted only on the basis of high-frequency hearing loss.", "contents": "Effects of subtle mid-frequency auditory dysfunction upon speech discrimination in noise. Earlier studies have indicated mid-frequency auditory dysfunction and depressed ability to discriminate speech in noise among noise-exposed listeners with high-frequency hearing loss. The present study was designed to determine whether mid-frequency dysfunction contributed to the depressed speech discrimination performance. Normal listeners, and noise-exposed and older listeners with high-frequency hearing loss listened to word lists presented in competing 'cocktail party' noise under unfiltered and low-pass filter conditions. In the low-pass filter condition the performance of the noise-exposed listeners was superior to that normal listeners, indicating that mid-frequency auditory dysfunction on the part of noise-exposed listeners does not contribute to their difficulties discriminating unfiltered speech in noise. The performance of the older listeners was below that of the two other groups in both filtered and unfiltered conditions, indicating greater difficulty discriminating speech than would be predicted only on the basis of high-frequency hearing loss."}
{"id": "PMID:880136", "title": "Problems in general anaesthesia. Emergencies and trauma.", "content": "Emergencies resulting in death of the patient are sufficient reason for insisting on only medically qualified people giving anaesthetics. Unlike in most other specialities, complications in anaesthesia usually will not await the arrival of the expert. Trauma provides the anaesthetist with some of his most testing occasions. Most problems are related, as with emergencies, to basic derangements of respiratory and circulatory physiology However, there is a steady progression with severe trauma cases that is not a common feature of the ordinary anaesthetic disaster. Respiratory problems are either of obstructive origin or due to failure to generate respiratory muscle activity. Circulatory problems, in the vast majority of cases, consist of low cardiac output because of relatively deficient circulatory blood volume. Overload of the circulation resulting in acute pulmonary oedema is often feared but uncommonly seen. Another cause of failure of output of the heart lies in the heart itself, either because heart muscle is not contracting well enough--myocardial failure, or because of disorder of rhythm.", "contents": "Problems in general anaesthesia. Emergencies and trauma. Emergencies resulting in death of the patient are sufficient reason for insisting on only medically qualified people giving anaesthetics. Unlike in most other specialities, complications in anaesthesia usually will not await the arrival of the expert. Trauma provides the anaesthetist with some of his most testing occasions. Most problems are related, as with emergencies, to basic derangements of respiratory and circulatory physiology However, there is a steady progression with severe trauma cases that is not a common feature of the ordinary anaesthetic disaster. Respiratory problems are either of obstructive origin or due to failure to generate respiratory muscle activity. Circulatory problems, in the vast majority of cases, consist of low cardiac output because of relatively deficient circulatory blood volume. Overload of the circulation resulting in acute pulmonary oedema is often feared but uncommonly seen. Another cause of failure of output of the heart lies in the heart itself, either because heart muscle is not contracting well enough--myocardial failure, or because of disorder of rhythm."}
{"id": "PMID:880137", "title": "Problems in general anaesthesia. Dental.", "content": "Administration of general anaesthetics in the dentist's surgery is widely practised in Australia. There is considerable demand for this service, and those doctors who supply it fill a very real need. Where medical practitioners fail to supply this service, dentists are forced to use sedation techniques and may be tempted to push these beyond the limits of safety.", "contents": "Problems in general anaesthesia. Dental. Administration of general anaesthetics in the dentist's surgery is widely practised in Australia. There is considerable demand for this service, and those doctors who supply it fill a very real need. Where medical practitioners fail to supply this service, dentists are forced to use sedation techniques and may be tempted to push these beyond the limits of safety."}
{"id": "PMID:880138", "title": "Problems in general anaesthesia. Geriatrics.", "content": "Elderly patients are at considerable risk during and following general anaesthesia due to the physiological changes which occur with age, the fact that they commonly undergo major surgery, and that there is a high incidence of associated cardiovascular and respiratory disease. This paper attempts to emphasize important points that the anaesthetist should be looking for, and to explain why. Pathological states, although common in this age group, will not be mentioned; the dicussion will apply only to healthy aged patients.", "contents": "Problems in general anaesthesia. Geriatrics. Elderly patients are at considerable risk during and following general anaesthesia due to the physiological changes which occur with age, the fact that they commonly undergo major surgery, and that there is a high incidence of associated cardiovascular and respiratory disease. This paper attempts to emphasize important points that the anaesthetist should be looking for, and to explain why. Pathological states, although common in this age group, will not be mentioned; the dicussion will apply only to healthy aged patients."}
{"id": "PMID:880139", "title": "Problems in general anaesthesia. Paediatrics.", "content": "Many general practitioners are involved in anaesthesia and consequently, from time to time are called upon to anaesthetize children. This paper is aimed at provideing information on the differences between adults and children, and indicating how recognition of these differences will prevent many of the problems that may occur in paediatric general anaesthesia.", "contents": "Problems in general anaesthesia. Paediatrics. Many general practitioners are involved in anaesthesia and consequently, from time to time are called upon to anaesthetize children. This paper is aimed at provideing information on the differences between adults and children, and indicating how recognition of these differences will prevent many of the problems that may occur in paediatric general anaesthesia."}
{"id": "PMID:880140", "title": "Cardiac arrest.", "content": "Cardiac arrest is easily recognized clinically and requires immediated cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) by well trained personnel. The importance of prophylaxis is emphasized in high risk patients. The ABC regime of CPR and the technique of blind defibrillation are recommended in the management of cardiac arrest. Good results may be expected with ventricular fibrillation associated with some correctable factor or myocardial infarction. With a satisfactory CPR technique and prompt resuscitation, the incidence of complications is low.", "contents": "Cardiac arrest. Cardiac arrest is easily recognized clinically and requires immediated cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) by well trained personnel. The importance of prophylaxis is emphasized in high risk patients. The ABC regime of CPR and the technique of blind defibrillation are recommended in the management of cardiac arrest. Good results may be expected with ventricular fibrillation associated with some correctable factor or myocardial infarction. With a satisfactory CPR technique and prompt resuscitation, the incidence of complications is low."}
{"id": "PMID:880141", "title": "General anaesthesia in general practice.", "content": "Several important physiological parameters may vary during the course of an anaesthetic. The administration of safe general anaesthesia demands the constant recognition of these variations by continual monitoring with simple are unsophisticated apparatus. This article reviews these physiological parameters, and the use of monitors on the anesthetic machine, the patient and the anaesthetist.", "contents": "General anaesthesia in general practice. Several important physiological parameters may vary during the course of an anaesthetic. The administration of safe general anaesthesia demands the constant recognition of these variations by continual monitoring with simple are unsophisticated apparatus. This article reviews these physiological parameters, and the use of monitors on the anesthetic machine, the patient and the anaesthetist."}
{"id": "PMID:880142", "title": "The isolated practice.", "content": "The isolated practice can be developed into a satisfying and rewarding way of life. Contact between the doctor and his patient is intimate and lasting. I believe that a doctor should be motivated by God's great Commandent, \"Love one another\", and that it must be easier to achieve this because of the continuing close contact.", "contents": "The isolated practice. The isolated practice can be developed into a satisfying and rewarding way of life. Contact between the doctor and his patient is intimate and lasting. I believe that a doctor should be motivated by God's great Commandent, \"Love one another\", and that it must be easier to achieve this because of the continuing close contact."}
{"id": "PMID:880144", "title": "General management of the diabetic child.", "content": "An acute onset with polyuria and polydipsia is the pattern of onset for something approaching 90 per cent of child diabetics. Their management, then, must include insulin and diet together with education of the parents in how to use these measures.", "contents": "General management of the diabetic child. An acute onset with polyuria and polydipsia is the pattern of onset for something approaching 90 per cent of child diabetics. Their management, then, must include insulin and diet together with education of the parents in how to use these measures."}
{"id": "PMID:880148", "title": "Acute infections of the respiratory tract in children.", "content": "Although respiratory infections are the commonest childhood diseases, they remain some of the most poorly understood. With identification of viruses as the causes of most respiratory diseases as well as controlled epidemiological studies, the understanding to acute respiratory infections is gradually increasing. Problems still exist, however, in clinically differentiating bacterial from viral infections and in evaluation the host-organism interaction.", "contents": "Acute infections of the respiratory tract in children. Although respiratory infections are the commonest childhood diseases, they remain some of the most poorly understood. With identification of viruses as the causes of most respiratory diseases as well as controlled epidemiological studies, the understanding to acute respiratory infections is gradually increasing. Problems still exist, however, in clinically differentiating bacterial from viral infections and in evaluation the host-organism interaction."}
{"id": "PMID:880151", "title": "Using the psychiatrist.", "content": "The change in the practice of psychiatry has been sufficiently marked and sufficiently recent to generate uncertainty as to the psychiatrist's function, and particularly how he might best be used by other doctors. This article examines some issues relevant to the psychiatrist's function as a clinical consultant, as a contributor to preventive psychiatry, and as a mental health consultant in relationship to community medicine in general, and the family doctor in particular.", "contents": "Using the psychiatrist. The change in the practice of psychiatry has been sufficiently marked and sufficiently recent to generate uncertainty as to the psychiatrist's function, and particularly how he might best be used by other doctors. This article examines some issues relevant to the psychiatrist's function as a clinical consultant, as a contributor to preventive psychiatry, and as a mental health consultant in relationship to community medicine in general, and the family doctor in particular."}
{"id": "PMID:880152", "title": "Psychological disturbance in a general practice setting.", "content": "One hundred consecutive patients who consulted a general practitioner in Sydney with a new complaint completed the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ), a self-administered instrument designed to assess psychological dysfunction. Although all patients presented somatic symptoms as their principal complaint, 39 per cent scored positively on the GHQ. A direct relationship between severity of psychological disturbance as clinically assessed and GHQ score was observed, while the relationship between the clinically assessed severity of physical dysfunction and GHQ score was an inverse one. At the 10 week follow-up, psychological morbidity had fallen to 23 per cent, a figure akin to a Sydney general population norm. Some implications of these findings are discussed.", "contents": "Psychological disturbance in a general practice setting. One hundred consecutive patients who consulted a general practitioner in Sydney with a new complaint completed the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ), a self-administered instrument designed to assess psychological dysfunction. Although all patients presented somatic symptoms as their principal complaint, 39 per cent scored positively on the GHQ. A direct relationship between severity of psychological disturbance as clinically assessed and GHQ score was observed, while the relationship between the clinically assessed severity of physical dysfunction and GHQ score was an inverse one. At the 10 week follow-up, psychological morbidity had fallen to 23 per cent, a figure akin to a Sydney general population norm. Some implications of these findings are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:880153", "title": "Behaviour modification.", "content": "The first part of the article outlines how behaviour, both normal and 'abnormal', is a learned phenomenon and briefly looks at the various contingencies of learning that determine which behaviours develop. Many types of psychological disorder can be accounted for by such an approach, and several examples of how behavioural disorders develop are outoined. Finally, a rationale for treating certain types of these behavioural disorders is presented.", "contents": "Behaviour modification. The first part of the article outlines how behaviour, both normal and 'abnormal', is a learned phenomenon and briefly looks at the various contingencies of learning that determine which behaviours develop. Many types of psychological disorder can be accounted for by such an approach, and several examples of how behavioural disorders develop are outoined. Finally, a rationale for treating certain types of these behavioural disorders is presented."}
{"id": "PMID:880154", "title": "Interpersonal communication.", "content": "A significant number of patients consulting general practitioners have emotional and behaviour problems in addition to, or rather than medical problems. Many such difficulties involve, or are a function of inadequate interpersonal relationships. The article begins by examining the relationship of assertion to interpersonal communication and its role in interactions with other people. The behavioural aspects of assertion, as well as its relationship to social anxiety, are also discussed. Assertive training as a behaviour modification technique for teaching assertion is described and the evidence for its efficacy briefly reviewed. The relevance of assertion and assertive training to community health is discussed.", "contents": "Interpersonal communication. A significant number of patients consulting general practitioners have emotional and behaviour problems in addition to, or rather than medical problems. Many such difficulties involve, or are a function of inadequate interpersonal relationships. The article begins by examining the relationship of assertion to interpersonal communication and its role in interactions with other people. The behavioural aspects of assertion, as well as its relationship to social anxiety, are also discussed. Assertive training as a behaviour modification technique for teaching assertion is described and the evidence for its efficacy briefly reviewed. The relevance of assertion and assertive training to community health is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:880155", "title": "Counselling the disturbed family.", "content": "The article begins by considering the various ways in which behavioural and psychological problems may be present in a family setting. Three broad areas where such problems may arise are considered. These are; firstly, interpersonal relationship difficulties within the family system as a whole; secondly, where one family member is selected as a 'symptom bearer', and thirdly, where some form of family crisis arises. A rationale for treating these problems is presented; the ultimate goal being that the persons concerned learn new skills so that they themselves can cope with their difficulties.", "contents": "Counselling the disturbed family. The article begins by considering the various ways in which behavioural and psychological problems may be present in a family setting. Three broad areas where such problems may arise are considered. These are; firstly, interpersonal relationship difficulties within the family system as a whole; secondly, where one family member is selected as a 'symptom bearer', and thirdly, where some form of family crisis arises. A rationale for treating these problems is presented; the ultimate goal being that the persons concerned learn new skills so that they themselves can cope with their difficulties."}
{"id": "PMID:880157", "title": "Acute pharyngitis, tonsillitis and tonsillectomy.", "content": "Respiratory infections are the most common group of diseases experienced in the community and treated by doctors. Tonsillitis and pharyngitis, sometimes referred to together as acute sore throat, are among the most common of the individual respiratory infections.", "contents": "Acute pharyngitis, tonsillitis and tonsillectomy. Respiratory infections are the most common group of diseases experienced in the community and treated by doctors. Tonsillitis and pharyngitis, sometimes referred to together as acute sore throat, are among the most common of the individual respiratory infections."}
{"id": "PMID:880167", "title": "Chronic pain syndromes in the elderly.", "content": "In this paper the painful syndromes of temporal arteritis, polymyalgla rheumatica, glaucoma, trigeminal neuralgia, post-herpetic neuralgia, and temporomandibular joint dysfunction have been described. These conditions occur commonly in the elderly. The dangers of blindness occurring in temporal arteritis or polymyalgia rheumatica, the importance of early diagnosis in glaucomatous headache, the value of Tegretol in trigeminal neuralgia, the paucity of therapeutic agents in post-herpetic neuralgia and the value of dental treatment in tempor-mandibular joint dysfunction have been stressed.", "contents": "Chronic pain syndromes in the elderly. In this paper the painful syndromes of temporal arteritis, polymyalgla rheumatica, glaucoma, trigeminal neuralgia, post-herpetic neuralgia, and temporomandibular joint dysfunction have been described. These conditions occur commonly in the elderly. The dangers of blindness occurring in temporal arteritis or polymyalgia rheumatica, the importance of early diagnosis in glaucomatous headache, the value of Tegretol in trigeminal neuralgia, the paucity of therapeutic agents in post-herpetic neuralgia and the value of dental treatment in tempor-mandibular joint dysfunction have been stressed."}
{"id": "PMID:880171", "title": "Spinal osteoporosis in the aged.", "content": "Spinal osteoporosis is a common condition in the elderly. Its aetiology is unknown although endocrine and metabolic factors appear to be involved. The diagnosis is relatively straight-forward but treatment is unsatisfactory. In this article the author discusses the disease as a whole and presents his views on the management of the condition.", "contents": "Spinal osteoporosis in the aged. Spinal osteoporosis is a common condition in the elderly. Its aetiology is unknown although endocrine and metabolic factors appear to be involved. The diagnosis is relatively straight-forward but treatment is unsatisfactory. In this article the author discusses the disease as a whole and presents his views on the management of the condition."}
{"id": "PMID:880176", "title": "Human amino acid excretion during and following an extended airborne alert.", "content": "The urinary excretion of free amino acids was measured in 15 men who participated in a continuous airborne alert for an extended period of time. These men made up one of three teams which took turns so as to assure that at least one team remained airborne in an EC-135J aircraft at all times during the 96-h alert. The team making up the test group herein reported was airborne for 8.5 h on each of four successive days; flights were flown during the daytime. The data strongly suggest that the participants experienced anticipatory stress during the early part of the first two flight days of the alert, after which the excretion of amino acids was virtually unaltered. Additionally, amino acid excretion during the 24-h period following the alert was essentially in accord with baseline values established for another groups of subjects.", "contents": "Human amino acid excretion during and following an extended airborne alert. The urinary excretion of free amino acids was measured in 15 men who participated in a continuous airborne alert for an extended period of time. These men made up one of three teams which took turns so as to assure that at least one team remained airborne in an EC-135J aircraft at all times during the 96-h alert. The team making up the test group herein reported was airborne for 8.5 h on each of four successive days; flights were flown during the daytime. The data strongly suggest that the participants experienced anticipatory stress during the early part of the first two flight days of the alert, after which the excretion of amino acids was virtually unaltered. Additionally, amino acid excretion during the 24-h period following the alert was essentially in accord with baseline values established for another groups of subjects."}
{"id": "PMID:880177", "title": "Recurrent heat exposure: effects on levels of plasma and urinary sodium and potassium in resting and exercising men.", "content": "Heat acclimatization was induced in a group of healthy young men by walking on a treadmill (5.6 km/h, 49 degrees C/27 degrees C dry/wet bulb, 90 min/day, 7 d) and confirmed by observing significantly reduced final rectal temperatures and heart rates on the seventh day of exercise in the heat. A second group of men, paired for maximal oxygen consumption and body weight, remained sedentary under identical environmental conditions. While the mild exercise combined with the severe heat conditions induced significant hyperkalemia (p less than 0.02, minimal significance) on both the first and final days, there did occur an attenuated response with significantly (p less than 0.01) reduced plasma K+ after 45 min on the seventh day when compared  with first day levels. No significant inter- or intragroup differences in plasma Na+ content of 24-h urine samples showed that men exercising in the heat retained an increased ability to conserve Na+, while sedentary individuals consistently displayed increased excretion of Na+. Thus, we concluded that even the mild exercise described herein effected hyperkalemia at each sampling time, but the level of hyperkalemia was attenuated after acclimatization, and while Na+ was conserved in the exercising men, no such adaptive processes occurred in sedentary individuals.", "contents": "Recurrent heat exposure: effects on levels of plasma and urinary sodium and potassium in resting and exercising men. Heat acclimatization was induced in a group of healthy young men by walking on a treadmill (5.6 km/h, 49 degrees C/27 degrees C dry/wet bulb, 90 min/day, 7 d) and confirmed by observing significantly reduced final rectal temperatures and heart rates on the seventh day of exercise in the heat. A second group of men, paired for maximal oxygen consumption and body weight, remained sedentary under identical environmental conditions. While the mild exercise combined with the severe heat conditions induced significant hyperkalemia (p less than 0.02, minimal significance) on both the first and final days, there did occur an attenuated response with significantly (p less than 0.01) reduced plasma K+ after 45 min on the seventh day when compared  with first day levels. No significant inter- or intragroup differences in plasma Na+ content of 24-h urine samples showed that men exercising in the heat retained an increased ability to conserve Na+, while sedentary individuals consistently displayed increased excretion of Na+. Thus, we concluded that even the mild exercise described herein effected hyperkalemia at each sampling time, but the level of hyperkalemia was attenuated after acclimatization, and while Na+ was conserved in the exercising men, no such adaptive processes occurred in sedentary individuals."}
{"id": "PMID:880178", "title": "Catecholamine excretion in T-37 flight training.", "content": "Catecholamine excretion was determined for eight USAF student pilots during three basal and four T-37 training conditions. When viewed as the dependent variable, catecholamine excretion patterns support the conclusion that the Basic Cockpit Training Emergency Procedures unit was not stressful. The remaining lesson units, including Power-on-Stall  and Spin-Recovery, First Solo, and Instrument Check lesson units, resulted in a pronounced stress response. When catecholamine excretion data were interpreted for psychological significance, it was concluded that the lesson unit which included Power-on Stalls and Spin-Recoveries created the highest arousal, anxiety and apprehension. Student pilot observations supported this interpretation. The relative excretion of epinephrine and norepinephrine showed changes accompanying pilot training which may be interpreted as demonstrative of successful coping behavior.", "contents": "Catecholamine excretion in T-37 flight training. Catecholamine excretion was determined for eight USAF student pilots during three basal and four T-37 training conditions. When viewed as the dependent variable, catecholamine excretion patterns support the conclusion that the Basic Cockpit Training Emergency Procedures unit was not stressful. The remaining lesson units, including Power-on-Stall  and Spin-Recovery, First Solo, and Instrument Check lesson units, resulted in a pronounced stress response. When catecholamine excretion data were interpreted for psychological significance, it was concluded that the lesson unit which included Power-on Stalls and Spin-Recoveries created the highest arousal, anxiety and apprehension. Student pilot observations supported this interpretation. The relative excretion of epinephrine and norepinephrine showed changes accompanying pilot training which may be interpreted as demonstrative of successful coping behavior."}
{"id": "PMID:880179", "title": "Theoretical analysis of altitude tolerance and hemoglobin function.", "content": "The potential effect of changes in the position and shape of the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve (ODC) in modifying altitude tolerance is quantitatively analyzed and discussed. The most frequently used criteria for oxygen affinity, the position or P50 of the ODC (oxygen pressure at 50% saturation) is shown to have slight influence on tissue oxygenation in terms of arteriovenous oxygen difference under steady-state, hypoxic-hypoxia conditions. Conversely, changes in the shape of the curve, also expressed as the cooperativity or heme-heme interaction, could substantially modify oxygen transport under these conditions. Published observations are reviewed which suggest that hemoglobin cooperativity is not normally invariant.", "contents": "Theoretical analysis of altitude tolerance and hemoglobin function. The potential effect of changes in the position and shape of the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve (ODC) in modifying altitude tolerance is quantitatively analyzed and discussed. The most frequently used criteria for oxygen affinity, the position or P50 of the ODC (oxygen pressure at 50% saturation) is shown to have slight influence on tissue oxygenation in terms of arteriovenous oxygen difference under steady-state, hypoxic-hypoxia conditions. Conversely, changes in the shape of the curve, also expressed as the cooperativity or heme-heme interaction, could substantially modify oxygen transport under these conditions. Published observations are reviewed which suggest that hemoglobin cooperativity is not normally invariant."}
{"id": "PMID:880180", "title": "Comparative orthostatic responses: standing vs. head-up tilt.", "content": "In both physiologic and clinical studies, standing is often loosely equated with head-up tilt(HUT) although the cardiovascular effects of these variants of orthostasis have not been formally compared, except for heart rate. The effects of HUT and standing were measured noninvasively in male volunteers satisfying identical criteria for age and normal status. In both postures, there were significant increases in heart rate, pre-ejection period, isovolumic contraction time, and the ratio of pre-ejection to ejection period, and significant decreases in ejection period and ejection time index. All of these changes were greater for standing than for tilt. Pulse transmission time changed significantly (-14%) only with tilt. We conclude that head-up tilt and standing are rather comparable but not physiologically identical forms of orthostasis.", "contents": "Comparative orthostatic responses: standing vs. head-up tilt. In both physiologic and clinical studies, standing is often loosely equated with head-up tilt(HUT) although the cardiovascular effects of these variants of orthostasis have not been formally compared, except for heart rate. The effects of HUT and standing were measured noninvasively in male volunteers satisfying identical criteria for age and normal status. In both postures, there were significant increases in heart rate, pre-ejection period, isovolumic contraction time, and the ratio of pre-ejection to ejection period, and significant decreases in ejection period and ejection time index. All of these changes were greater for standing than for tilt. Pulse transmission time changed significantly (-14%) only with tilt. We conclude that head-up tilt and standing are rather comparable but not physiologically identical forms of orthostasis."}
{"id": "PMID:880182", "title": "Altitude tolerance in rats in relation to carbohydrates and fats in their diet.", "content": "Rats were exposed to simulated altitudes of 3658, 4877 and 7620 m, 5 h/d for 30 d, at ambient temperature of 28 degrees C. Voluntary food intake, growth rate, and survival time were measured under effects of commercial diet (50% CHO, 4% fat and 24% protein), high fat diet (52% fat), and high carbohydrate diet (75% CHO). The results showed that altitude-exposed rats on high CHO diet had improved growth rate, but lowered survival time on their subsequent exposure (at the end of a 1-month period) to severe hypoxia (5% oxygen). The animals on high fat diet had very poor growth rate, as they ate very little amount of it voluntarily, either at sea level or under high-altitude conditions. These rats, however, had tremendously increased resistance to severe hypoxia (survival time greater than 60 min as compared with greater than 12 mins of those on commercial or high CHO diet).", "contents": "Altitude tolerance in rats in relation to carbohydrates and fats in their diet. Rats were exposed to simulated altitudes of 3658, 4877 and 7620 m, 5 h/d for 30 d, at ambient temperature of 28 degrees C. Voluntary food intake, growth rate, and survival time were measured under effects of commercial diet (50% CHO, 4% fat and 24% protein), high fat diet (52% fat), and high carbohydrate diet (75% CHO). The results showed that altitude-exposed rats on high CHO diet had improved growth rate, but lowered survival time on their subsequent exposure (at the end of a 1-month period) to severe hypoxia (5% oxygen). The animals on high fat diet had very poor growth rate, as they ate very little amount of it voluntarily, either at sea level or under high-altitude conditions. These rats, however, had tremendously increased resistance to severe hypoxia (survival time greater than 60 min as compared with greater than 12 mins of those on commercial or high CHO diet)."}
{"id": "PMID:880183", "title": "Two years of routine patient movement in the U.S.A. (Jan. 1974-Dec. 1975).", "content": "During a 2-year period, Jan. 1974-Dec. 1975, a total of 102,547 routine patients were aeromedically evacuated from an originating medical facility to a destination hospital within the Continental United States (CONUS). It is the policy of the Department  of Defense (DOD) that, in both peace and war, the movement of patients of the Armed Forces shall be accomplished by airlift when airlift is available and conditions are suitable for aeromedical evacuation, unless medically contraindicated. The DOD Regulation 4515.13-R states that a routine patient will be delivered to the destination hospital within 72 h after pickup from aerial ports or from the originating CONUS medical facility. During this 2-year period, 66% of all patients moved were delivered to their destination hospital the same-day they were picked up and 93% of all patients were delivered to their destination hospital within the 72-h DOD criteria for routine patients. In order to reach the destination medical facility, many patients had to remain overnight (RON) at an aeromedical staging facility (ASF). Contributing factors were weather, aircraft maintenance problems, expiration of the crew duty day, patients originating overseas, and patients moving out of originating areas and requiring a second mission to reach the destination hospital.", "contents": "Two years of routine patient movement in the U.S.A. (Jan. 1974-Dec. 1975). During a 2-year period, Jan. 1974-Dec. 1975, a total of 102,547 routine patients were aeromedically evacuated from an originating medical facility to a destination hospital within the Continental United States (CONUS). It is the policy of the Department  of Defense (DOD) that, in both peace and war, the movement of patients of the Armed Forces shall be accomplished by airlift when airlift is available and conditions are suitable for aeromedical evacuation, unless medically contraindicated. The DOD Regulation 4515.13-R states that a routine patient will be delivered to the destination hospital within 72 h after pickup from aerial ports or from the originating CONUS medical facility. During this 2-year period, 66% of all patients moved were delivered to their destination hospital the same-day they were picked up and 93% of all patients were delivered to their destination hospital within the 72-h DOD criteria for routine patients. In order to reach the destination medical facility, many patients had to remain overnight (RON) at an aeromedical staging facility (ASF). Contributing factors were weather, aircraft maintenance problems, expiration of the crew duty day, patients originating overseas, and patients moving out of originating areas and requiring a second mission to reach the destination hospital."}
{"id": "PMID:880184", "title": "Suicide by aircraft: a case report.", "content": "A 36-year-old pilot took his plane on a brief, unauthorized flight that ended in a high-speed vertical crash next to the runway. A retrospective \"psychological autopsy\" yielded strong presumptive evidence of an unrecognized depression in a man with manipulative and mildly antisocial characteristics. His withdrawal from his usual patterns of behavior was, instead, regarded as a desirable return to \"normal\" behavior. This case report includes comments on the role of the psychological autopsy in aircraft accident investigation, anniversary reactions, the use of psychiatric diagnosis to support the agreed-upon decision on the desired disposition, some aspects of subintentional suicidal behavior, a brief review of the literature on suicide by aircraft, and consideration of the role of the flight surgeon in preventing such occurrences through early recognition of depression.", "contents": "Suicide by aircraft: a case report. A 36-year-old pilot took his plane on a brief, unauthorized flight that ended in a high-speed vertical crash next to the runway. A retrospective \"psychological autopsy\" yielded strong presumptive evidence of an unrecognized depression in a man with manipulative and mildly antisocial characteristics. His withdrawal from his usual patterns of behavior was, instead, regarded as a desirable return to \"normal\" behavior. This case report includes comments on the role of the psychological autopsy in aircraft accident investigation, anniversary reactions, the use of psychiatric diagnosis to support the agreed-upon decision on the desired disposition, some aspects of subintentional suicidal behavior, a brief review of the literature on suicide by aircraft, and consideration of the role of the flight surgeon in preventing such occurrences through early recognition of depression."}
{"id": "PMID:880185", "title": "Cambodian airlift.", "content": "To  reduce the presence of U.S. military personnel in Cambodia, the Air Force, in September, 1974, completed negotiations with  a civilian contractor to continue the emergency airlift of supplies and ammunition to that country. As the Khmer Rouge threat increased on the Cambodian capital, Phnom Penh, the airlift was expanded and the supply sorties increased. Because fatigue was a potential medical problem for the crews--they were required to fly excessive hours with little time off between 13 Jan. and 13 March, 1975--a flight surgeon was assigned to the company. The flight surgeon monitored the men by subjective evaluation, several physiological and hematological measurements, and anonymous questionnaires. Although none of the factors correlated with subjective fatigue or performance decrement, recommendations for aircrewmen flying emergency airlift operations in the future were made based upon this unique experience.", "contents": "Cambodian airlift. To  reduce the presence of U.S. military personnel in Cambodia, the Air Force, in September, 1974, completed negotiations with  a civilian contractor to continue the emergency airlift of supplies and ammunition to that country. As the Khmer Rouge threat increased on the Cambodian capital, Phnom Penh, the airlift was expanded and the supply sorties increased. Because fatigue was a potential medical problem for the crews--they were required to fly excessive hours with little time off between 13 Jan. and 13 March, 1975--a flight surgeon was assigned to the company. The flight surgeon monitored the men by subjective evaluation, several physiological and hematological measurements, and anonymous questionnaires. Although none of the factors correlated with subjective fatigue or performance decrement, recommendations for aircrewmen flying emergency airlift operations in the future were made based upon this unique experience."}
{"id": "PMID:880186", "title": "Aeromedical support of flying safety programs.", "content": "One of the most significant responsibilities of the flight surgeon is support of flying safety programs. This discussion reviews the prerequisites necessary to provide such support and then considers activities the flight surgeon can accomplish in enhancing flying safety programs.", "contents": "Aeromedical support of flying safety programs. One of the most significant responsibilities of the flight surgeon is support of flying safety programs. This discussion reviews the prerequisites necessary to provide such support and then considers activities the flight surgeon can accomplish in enhancing flying safety programs."}
{"id": "PMID:880187", "title": "Physicians and airline medical emergencies.", "content": "Physician passengers on airlines are frequently called to assist the flight crew if an emergency medical situation arises. There have been numerous studies and reports pertaining to medical emergencies inflight, the various aspects of crew responsibility and reaction, and the types of emergency medical supplies available. This paper is to present the comments and opinions of physicians who have been called upon to assist the flight crew during inflight emergency medical situations. The background information is presented followed by statistics as to types of conditions encountered; physicians' responses; physicians' comments as to airline emergency medical supplies; flight crew, airline, and airport responses to medical emergencies and suggestions from physicians as to what significant changes may be indicated.", "contents": "Physicians and airline medical emergencies. Physician passengers on airlines are frequently called to assist the flight crew if an emergency medical situation arises. There have been numerous studies and reports pertaining to medical emergencies inflight, the various aspects of crew responsibility and reaction, and the types of emergency medical supplies available. This paper is to present the comments and opinions of physicians who have been called upon to assist the flight crew during inflight emergency medical situations. The background information is presented followed by statistics as to types of conditions encountered; physicians' responses; physicians' comments as to airline emergency medical supplies; flight crew, airline, and airport responses to medical emergencies and suggestions from physicians as to what significant changes may be indicated."}
{"id": "PMID:880188", "title": "Complexities of human factors in aviation.", "content": "Statistics continue to show an increased incidence of serious aircraft accidents where the cause has been attributed to \"human factors\", although the factors themselves have not always been specifically determined. This paper is an attempt to outline some of the stress factors which may cause a pilot to react improperly in a given situation and thus set in motion a train of events potentially leading to an accident.", "contents": "Complexities of human factors in aviation. Statistics continue to show an increased incidence of serious aircraft accidents where the cause has been attributed to \"human factors\", although the factors themselves have not always been specifically determined. This paper is an attempt to outline some of the stress factors which may cause a pilot to react improperly in a given situation and thus set in motion a train of events potentially leading to an accident."}
{"id": "PMID:880204", "title": "Inabilities as an immunoadjuvant of cell walls of the group B peptidoglycan types and those of arthrobacters.", "content": "The cell walls from several bacterial species whose peptidoglycans are the group B types (Schleifer and Kandler) and those of two arthrobacters were shown to be inactive or only weakly active as an immunoadjuvant in both induction of delayed-type hypersensitivity and stimulation of circulating antibody levels to ovalbumin when administered to guinea pigs as a water-in-oil emulsion, in sharp contrast to the adjuvant-active cell walls of the group A peptidoglycan types which were previously studied. The possible reason for the inabilities as an adjuvant of these cell walls was discussed in relation to the chemical structures of peptidoglycans.", "contents": "Inabilities as an immunoadjuvant of cell walls of the group B peptidoglycan types and those of arthrobacters. The cell walls from several bacterial species whose peptidoglycans are the group B types (Schleifer and Kandler) and those of two arthrobacters were shown to be inactive or only weakly active as an immunoadjuvant in both induction of delayed-type hypersensitivity and stimulation of circulating antibody levels to ovalbumin when administered to guinea pigs as a water-in-oil emulsion, in sharp contrast to the adjuvant-active cell walls of the group A peptidoglycan types which were previously studied. The possible reason for the inabilities as an adjuvant of these cell walls was discussed in relation to the chemical structures of peptidoglycans."}
{"id": "PMID:880205", "title": "The mode of hydrolysis of a glycan portion of Micrococcus lysodeikticus cell walls by endo-N-acetylglucosaminidase or endo-N-acetylmuramidase isolated from crude barley beta-amylase.", "content": "Micrococcus lysodeikticus cell walls were digested with a pI 6.8 endo-N-acetylglucosaminidase or a pI 9.5 endo-N-acetylmuramidase. The digests were further treated with a N-acetylmuramyl-L-alanine amidase of Flavobacterium L-11 enzyme to remove the peptide portion. The products were fractionated by gel filtration and ion-exchange chromatography, and the glycan portion of fractions were analyzed for their average amino sugar chain lengths. The following results were obtained. 1. The glycan portion of the main products in the pI 6.8 enzyme digest consisted of (-N-acetylmuramic acid-N-acetyl-glucosamine-)2-3. 2. The glycan moiety of the pI 9.5 enzyme digest was mainly composed of (-N-acetylglucosamine-N-acetylmuramic acid-)3-4. 3. The glycosidic linkages around the muramic acid 6-phosphate residues which linked to a special structure through a phosphodiester bond were rather refractory to the glycosidase action of both pI 6.8 and 9.5 enzymes.", "contents": "The mode of hydrolysis of a glycan portion of Micrococcus lysodeikticus cell walls by endo-N-acetylglucosaminidase or endo-N-acetylmuramidase isolated from crude barley beta-amylase. Micrococcus lysodeikticus cell walls were digested with a pI 6.8 endo-N-acetylglucosaminidase or a pI 9.5 endo-N-acetylmuramidase. The digests were further treated with a N-acetylmuramyl-L-alanine amidase of Flavobacterium L-11 enzyme to remove the peptide portion. The products were fractionated by gel filtration and ion-exchange chromatography, and the glycan portion of fractions were analyzed for their average amino sugar chain lengths. The following results were obtained. 1. The glycan portion of the main products in the pI 6.8 enzyme digest consisted of (-N-acetylmuramic acid-N-acetyl-glucosamine-)2-3. 2. The glycan moiety of the pI 9.5 enzyme digest was mainly composed of (-N-acetylglucosamine-N-acetylmuramic acid-)3-4. 3. The glycosidic linkages around the muramic acid 6-phosphate residues which linked to a special structure through a phosphodiester bond were rather refractory to the glycosidase action of both pI 6.8 and 9.5 enzymes."}
{"id": "PMID:880206", "title": "Gelation of the amoebocyte lysate of Tachypleus tridentatus by cell wall digest of several gram-positive bacteria and synthetic peptidoglycan subunits of natural and unnatural configurations.", "content": "Water-soluble adjuvant-active fractions prepared by digestion of the cell walls from several gram-positive bacteria with an endo-N-acetylmuramidase (Mutanolysin) were shown to gelate the amoebocyte lysate of Tachypleus tridentatus, the Japanese horseshoe crab. This finding was further extended by examination of the clotting activities on the amoebocyte lysate of a synthetic N-acetylmuramyl-L-alanyl-D-isoglutamine and related compounds, either adjuvant-active or -inactive, demonstrating that there are in general close correlations between the abilities to initiate lysate gelation, immunoadjuvancies and pyrogenicities, although there are some exceptions.", "contents": "Gelation of the amoebocyte lysate of Tachypleus tridentatus by cell wall digest of several gram-positive bacteria and synthetic peptidoglycan subunits of natural and unnatural configurations. Water-soluble adjuvant-active fractions prepared by digestion of the cell walls from several gram-positive bacteria with an endo-N-acetylmuramidase (Mutanolysin) were shown to gelate the amoebocyte lysate of Tachypleus tridentatus, the Japanese horseshoe crab. This finding was further extended by examination of the clotting activities on the amoebocyte lysate of a synthetic N-acetylmuramyl-L-alanyl-D-isoglutamine and related compounds, either adjuvant-active or -inactive, demonstrating that there are in general close correlations between the abilities to initiate lysate gelation, immunoadjuvancies and pyrogenicities, although there are some exceptions."}
{"id": "PMID:880207", "title": "The hemoglobins of Artemia salina. IV. A model for genetic control of hemoglobin 1, hemoglobin 2, and hemoglobin X.", "content": "Two loci account for all genetic variation resulting in difference in electrophoretic mobility in three hemoglobins (Hb1, Hb2, and HbX) in the hemolymph of the brine shrimp. Four alpha alleles and nine beta alleles have been studied. In shrimps of all genotypes and in electrophoresis in media with varying degrees of molecular sieving, Hb2 is approximately equidistant from Hb1 and HbX. A shrimp heterozygous at both loci has a three-banded Hb1, a four-banded Hb2, and a three-banded BbX. We conclude that Hb2 contains n alpha-polypeptides and n beta-polypeptides. Hb1 contains 2n alpha-polypeptides. HbX contains 2n beta-polypeptides. During electrophoresis, the three native hemoglobins undergo reversible dissociation to n subunits. Subunits with the same charge reassemble to migrate as molecules of the same size as the native molecules. Although there is no evidence for an additional polypeptide in the three hemoglobins, we cannot exclude such a possibility. If it exists, it is under three constraints: (1) it must be present in equal amounts in each of the three hemoglobins; (2) it must have the same molecular weight as the alpha- and beta-polypeptides; and (3) it must be free of genetic variation (detectable by electrophoresis).", "contents": "The hemoglobins of Artemia salina. IV. A model for genetic control of hemoglobin 1, hemoglobin 2, and hemoglobin X. Two loci account for all genetic variation resulting in difference in electrophoretic mobility in three hemoglobins (Hb1, Hb2, and HbX) in the hemolymph of the brine shrimp. Four alpha alleles and nine beta alleles have been studied. In shrimps of all genotypes and in electrophoresis in media with varying degrees of molecular sieving, Hb2 is approximately equidistant from Hb1 and HbX. A shrimp heterozygous at both loci has a three-banded Hb1, a four-banded Hb2, and a three-banded BbX. We conclude that Hb2 contains n alpha-polypeptides and n beta-polypeptides. Hb1 contains 2n alpha-polypeptides. HbX contains 2n beta-polypeptides. During electrophoresis, the three native hemoglobins undergo reversible dissociation to n subunits. Subunits with the same charge reassemble to migrate as molecules of the same size as the native molecules. Although there is no evidence for an additional polypeptide in the three hemoglobins, we cannot exclude such a possibility. If it exists, it is under three constraints: (1) it must be present in equal amounts in each of the three hemoglobins; (2) it must have the same molecular weight as the alpha- and beta-polypeptides; and (3) it must be free of genetic variation (detectable by electrophoresis)."}
{"id": "PMID:880208", "title": "The hemoglobins of Artemia salina. V. Genetic variation in hemoglobin 1, hemoglobin 2, and hemoglobin 3.", "content": "Electrophoretic mobilities of three hemoglobins (Hb1, Hb2, and Hb3) were studied in 15 populations of brine shrimps. Genetic segregation data support the model that Hb2 contains n alpha-polypeptides and n beta-polypeptides; Hb1 contains 2n alpha-polypeptides- Hb3 contains neither alpha- nor beta-polypeptides. There is no evidence of linkage of alpha and beta loci with each other or with the locus (or loci) which governs Hb3 or with the nonhomologous portion of the sex chromosomes. Hemoglobins of different populations may be hybridized in vitro by incubation at high temperature. Reversible dissociation to subunits which contain only one (alpha or beta) polypeptide occurs at 40 C (for Hb1) and at 50 C (for Hb2).", "contents": "The hemoglobins of Artemia salina. V. Genetic variation in hemoglobin 1, hemoglobin 2, and hemoglobin 3. Electrophoretic mobilities of three hemoglobins (Hb1, Hb2, and Hb3) were studied in 15 populations of brine shrimps. Genetic segregation data support the model that Hb2 contains n alpha-polypeptides and n beta-polypeptides; Hb1 contains 2n alpha-polypeptides- Hb3 contains neither alpha- nor beta-polypeptides. There is no evidence of linkage of alpha and beta loci with each other or with the locus (or loci) which governs Hb3 or with the nonhomologous portion of the sex chromosomes. Hemoglobins of different populations may be hybridized in vitro by incubation at high temperature. Reversible dissociation to subunits which contain only one (alpha or beta) polypeptide occurs at 40 C (for Hb1) and at 50 C (for Hb2)."}
{"id": "PMID:880209", "title": "Expression of alpha-D-mannosidase in man-hamster somatic cell hybrids.", "content": "Two types of alpha-D-mannosidase isozymes are present in human white blood cells, human diploid fibroblasts, and HeLa cells. One of these (the S isozyme) constitutes the major alpha-D-mannosidase of the human cells, has a pH optimum of 4.4, and is associated with lysosomes. The other (the F isozyme) is most active at pH 6, is acid labile, and is located in the soluble portion of the cytoplasm. The expression of human lysosomal alpha-D-mannosidase was examined in man-hamster hybrid clones, and was found to be concordant with that of phosphohexose isomerase in 54 of 55 primary clones. A locus specifying human lysosomal alpha-D-mannosidase has therfore been assigned to chromosome 19.", "contents": "Expression of alpha-D-mannosidase in man-hamster somatic cell hybrids. Two types of alpha-D-mannosidase isozymes are present in human white blood cells, human diploid fibroblasts, and HeLa cells. One of these (the S isozyme) constitutes the major alpha-D-mannosidase of the human cells, has a pH optimum of 4.4, and is associated with lysosomes. The other (the F isozyme) is most active at pH 6, is acid labile, and is located in the soluble portion of the cytoplasm. The expression of human lysosomal alpha-D-mannosidase was examined in man-hamster hybrid clones, and was found to be concordant with that of phosphohexose isomerase in 54 of 55 primary clones. A locus specifying human lysosomal alpha-D-mannosidase has therfore been assigned to chromosome 19."}
{"id": "PMID:880210", "title": "Genetic control of UDPglucose:flavonol 3-O-glucosyltransferase in the endosperm of maize.", "content": "The enzyme UDPglucose:flavonol 3-O-glucosyltransferase is shown to be under the coordinate control of three genes involved in anthocyanin biosynthesis in the aleurone of maize: C, R, and BZ. Of the three, BZ appears to be the structural gene. Data presented here (dosage comparisons, induction in the mutant c-p, and effect of paramutation at R) indicate that the enzyme is inducible by substances resulting from the action of the C and R genes and that active forms of C and R are required for this induction. Mechanisms of regulation of the BZ gene by C and R are discussed.", "contents": "Genetic control of UDPglucose:flavonol 3-O-glucosyltransferase in the endosperm of maize. The enzyme UDPglucose:flavonol 3-O-glucosyltransferase is shown to be under the coordinate control of three genes involved in anthocyanin biosynthesis in the aleurone of maize: C, R, and BZ. Of the three, BZ appears to be the structural gene. Data presented here (dosage comparisons, induction in the mutant c-p, and effect of paramutation at R) indicate that the enzyme is inducible by substances resulting from the action of the C and R genes and that active forms of C and R are required for this induction. Mechanisms of regulation of the BZ gene by C and R are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:880211", "title": "Purification and partial characterization of the I variant of placental alkaline phosphatase.", "content": "The I variant of placental alkaline phosphatase was purified to homogeneity by means of DEAE-cellulose chromatography, isoelectric focusing, and gel filtration on AcA-34. The specific activity of the I variant was found to be 3.33 micronkat/mg. The enzyme is a dimer with an isoelectric point of 4.6 and a molecular weight of 120,000 as determined by sodium dodecylsulfate electrophoresis. The amino acid composition and other physiocochemical properties of the I variant were compared with those of the more common F and S variants. The low activity associated with the I variant is apparently not due to a low specific activity, but to decreased molecular stability. The behavior in the ultracentrifuge and other observations suggest that the I variant differs from the F and S variants in surface charge distribution.", "contents": "Purification and partial characterization of the I variant of placental alkaline phosphatase. The I variant of placental alkaline phosphatase was purified to homogeneity by means of DEAE-cellulose chromatography, isoelectric focusing, and gel filtration on AcA-34. The specific activity of the I variant was found to be 3.33 micronkat/mg. The enzyme is a dimer with an isoelectric point of 4.6 and a molecular weight of 120,000 as determined by sodium dodecylsulfate electrophoresis. The amino acid composition and other physiocochemical properties of the I variant were compared with those of the more common F and S variants. The low activity associated with the I variant is apparently not due to a low specific activity, but to decreased molecular stability. The behavior in the ultracentrifuge and other observations suggest that the I variant differs from the F and S variants in surface charge distribution."}
{"id": "PMID:880212", "title": "Genetics of esterases in Drosophila. V. Characteristics of the \"pupal\" esterase in D. virilis.", "content": "From analysis of the properties of the \"pupal\" esterase (p-esterase) in Drosophila virilis, it is concluded that it is heat stable, its electrophoretic detection depends on culture density, its expression is stage specific, and it is not a variant of esterase 2. It was also demonstrated that p-esterase, like esterase 6, is activated by injections of the juvenile hormone into larvae. Heat treatment of heat-resistant D. virilis stocks led to decreased activities of the juvenile hormone dependent esterases but did not affect those of the heat-sensitive stocks. It is suggested that heat resistance in D. virilis is related to some functional features of the system of modifier genes controlling the phenotypic expression of esterases.", "contents": "Genetics of esterases in Drosophila. V. Characteristics of the \"pupal\" esterase in D. virilis. From analysis of the properties of the \"pupal\" esterase (p-esterase) in Drosophila virilis, it is concluded that it is heat stable, its electrophoretic detection depends on culture density, its expression is stage specific, and it is not a variant of esterase 2. It was also demonstrated that p-esterase, like esterase 6, is activated by injections of the juvenile hormone into larvae. Heat treatment of heat-resistant D. virilis stocks led to decreased activities of the juvenile hormone dependent esterases but did not affect those of the heat-sensitive stocks. It is suggested that heat resistance in D. virilis is related to some functional features of the system of modifier genes controlling the phenotypic expression of esterases."}
{"id": "PMID:880213", "title": "The molecular weight of, and evidence for two types of subunits in, the molybdenum-iron protein of Azotobacter vinelandii nitrogenase.", "content": "The weight-average molecular weight of the Mo-Fe protein isolated from Azotobacter vinelandii has been determined by sedimentation-equilibrium techniques. In buffer, the value is 245000+/-5000; in  8M-urea, the value is 61000+/-1000. The protein was separated into two components by chromatography on CM-cellulose in 7M-urea, pH 4.5. These components have similar molecular weights but were shown to differ in charge, amino acid content and arginine-containing peptides. It is proposed that the tetramer has the subunit composition (nalpha2nbeta2).", "contents": "The molecular weight of, and evidence for two types of subunits in, the molybdenum-iron protein of Azotobacter vinelandii nitrogenase. The weight-average molecular weight of the Mo-Fe protein isolated from Azotobacter vinelandii has been determined by sedimentation-equilibrium techniques. In buffer, the value is 245000+/-5000; in  8M-urea, the value is 61000+/-1000. The protein was separated into two components by chromatography on CM-cellulose in 7M-urea, pH 4.5. These components have similar molecular weights but were shown to differ in charge, amino acid content and arginine-containing peptides. It is proposed that the tetramer has the subunit composition (nalpha2nbeta2)."}
{"id": "PMID:880214", "title": "Presence of a high-molecular-weight form of catalse in enzyme purified from mouse liver.", "content": "Ultracentrifugation studies of purified mouse hepatic catalase revealed that 5-7% of the total material consists of a form with a higher molecular weight than the bulk of the catalase. The two components were separated by sucrose-gradient centrifugation. Polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis (in borate buffer) demonstrated that high-molecular-weight catalase is enriched in a more slowly migrating component, and sodium dodecyl sulphate/polyacrylamide gel-electrophoresis demonstrated that the molecular weight of the subunits of the high-molecular-weight material is identical with that of the subunits of the major form. These results suggest that high-molecular-weight catalase consists of subunits that are not markedly distinct from those present in the normal catalase tetramer.", "contents": "Presence of a high-molecular-weight form of catalse in enzyme purified from mouse liver. Ultracentrifugation studies of purified mouse hepatic catalase revealed that 5-7% of the total material consists of a form with a higher molecular weight than the bulk of the catalase. The two components were separated by sucrose-gradient centrifugation. Polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis (in borate buffer) demonstrated that high-molecular-weight catalase is enriched in a more slowly migrating component, and sodium dodecyl sulphate/polyacrylamide gel-electrophoresis demonstrated that the molecular weight of the subunits of the high-molecular-weight material is identical with that of the subunits of the major form. These results suggest that high-molecular-weight catalase consists of subunits that are not markedly distinct from those present in the normal catalase tetramer."}
{"id": "PMID:880215", "title": "A map of the cleavage sites for endonuclease AvaI in the chromosome of bacteriophage lambda.", "content": "The linear order of nine fragments generated by the action of endonuclease AvaI on the DNA of bacteriophage lambda was determined from the altered fragmentation patterns of bacteriophages containing known deletions and of hybrids of bacteriophages lambda and phi80. Digestion of 5'-terminally 32P-labelled bacteriophage-lambda DNA was used to identify the terminal fragments. Measurement of relative fragment lengths permitted rough mapping of the endonuclease-AvaI cleavage sites relative to the ends of the bacteriophage-lambda chromosome. The fragment order was confirmed and the map refined by analysis of the fragmentation of derivative phages containing single cleavage sites for endonuclease EcoRI.", "contents": "A map of the cleavage sites for endonuclease AvaI in the chromosome of bacteriophage lambda. The linear order of nine fragments generated by the action of endonuclease AvaI on the DNA of bacteriophage lambda was determined from the altered fragmentation patterns of bacteriophages containing known deletions and of hybrids of bacteriophages lambda and phi80. Digestion of 5'-terminally 32P-labelled bacteriophage-lambda DNA was used to identify the terminal fragments. Measurement of relative fragment lengths permitted rough mapping of the endonuclease-AvaI cleavage sites relative to the ends of the bacteriophage-lambda chromosome. The fragment order was confirmed and the map refined by analysis of the fragmentation of derivative phages containing single cleavage sites for endonuclease EcoRI."}
{"id": "PMID:880216", "title": "alpha-Chymotrypsin as the catalyst for peptide synthesis.", "content": "alpha-Chymotrypsin (EC 3.4.21.1)-catalysed syntheses of peptides were performed with various N-acylated amino acid or peptide esters as donors, and amino acid derivatives, peptides or their derivatives as acceptors. Under optimal conditions the synthesis was almost quantitative. As acceptor nucleophiles, free amino acids or the ester derivatives were inadequate, but amino acid amides or hydrazides, di- or tri-peptides, or the amides, hydrazides and esters of the peptides were useful. The nucleophile specificity for synthesis was markedly similar to the leaving-group specificity in hydrolysis; hydrophobic or bulky amino acid residues were most effecient at both P1' and P2' positions [notation of Schechter & Berger (1967) Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 27, 157-162], but L-proline as well as D-amino acid residues were the worst choices. The synthesis was further dependent on the solubility of the products synthesized; a higher yield of products was expected with lower solubility. As donor esters, good substrates were all useful. Accordingly, fragment condensation was possible by using N-acylated peptide esters and various peptides. The present study suggested that alpha-chymotrypsin may become a useful tool for peptide synthesis.", "contents": "alpha-Chymotrypsin as the catalyst for peptide synthesis. alpha-Chymotrypsin (EC 3.4.21.1)-catalysed syntheses of peptides were performed with various N-acylated amino acid or peptide esters as donors, and amino acid derivatives, peptides or their derivatives as acceptors. Under optimal conditions the synthesis was almost quantitative. As acceptor nucleophiles, free amino acids or the ester derivatives were inadequate, but amino acid amides or hydrazides, di- or tri-peptides, or the amides, hydrazides and esters of the peptides were useful. The nucleophile specificity for synthesis was markedly similar to the leaving-group specificity in hydrolysis; hydrophobic or bulky amino acid residues were most effecient at both P1' and P2' positions [notation of Schechter & Berger (1967) Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 27, 157-162], but L-proline as well as D-amino acid residues were the worst choices. The synthesis was further dependent on the solubility of the products synthesized; a higher yield of products was expected with lower solubility. As donor esters, good substrates were all useful. Accordingly, fragment condensation was possible by using N-acylated peptide esters and various peptides. The present study suggested that alpha-chymotrypsin may become a useful tool for peptide synthesis."}
{"id": "PMID:880217", "title": "Properties and N-terminal sequence of allophycocyanin from the unicellular rhodophyte Cyanidium caldarium.", "content": "Allophycocyanin from the unicellular rhodophyte Cyanidium caldarium was purified by (NH4)2SO4 fractionation and ion-exchange chromatography on brushite (calcium phosphate) columns and on DEAE-Sephadex A-25 columns. The specific absorption coefficient (A0.1%1cm) at 650nm of purified allophycocyanin was 6.35 in 0.05M-potassium phosphate buffer, pH7.0. Absorption maxima of allophycocyanin occurred at 650, 618 (shoulder), 350 and 275 nm. Circular-dichroic spectra displayed positive-ellipticity bands at 658 and 630 nm and a major negative-ellipticity band at 340nm. Computer analysis of the circular-dichroic spectrum of allophycocyanin from 207 to 243 nm indicated 42% alpha-helix and 58% beta-form. The estimated molecular weight of purified allophycocyanin on calibrated Sephadex G-200 columns at pH7.0. was 196000. Electrophoretic examination of allophycocyanin on sodium dodecyl sulphate/polyacrylamide gels revealed a single band with apparent mol.wt. 16000. The presence of two polypeptide subunits, with nearly the same molecular weight, was revealed on polyacrylamide gels by using a modified electrophoresis buffer. Spectral analysis of the allophycocyanin subunits resolved by ion-exchange chromatography on Bio-Rex 70 columns indicated that a single phycocyanobilin chromophore was present on each polypeptide chain. Treatment of allophycocyanin with 8M-urea (pH3.0) and subsequent removal of urea by dialysis against water yielded a derivative phycobiliprotein with spectroscopic characteristics similar to those of phycocyanin. The original allophycocyanin spectrum was regenerated after incubation in phosphate buffer, pH7.0. Automated sequences analysis of the N-terminus of allophycocyanin showed that (a) the sequences of the two subunits were different from one another and were different from the subunits of phycocyanin from the same alga, (b) the subunits occurred in a molar ratio of 1:1 and (c) the sequences homology at the N-terminus among alpha- and beta-subunits of allophycocyanin from blue-green and red algae approached 90%.", "contents": "Properties and N-terminal sequence of allophycocyanin from the unicellular rhodophyte Cyanidium caldarium. Allophycocyanin from the unicellular rhodophyte Cyanidium caldarium was purified by (NH4)2SO4 fractionation and ion-exchange chromatography on brushite (calcium phosphate) columns and on DEAE-Sephadex A-25 columns. The specific absorption coefficient (A0.1%1cm) at 650nm of purified allophycocyanin was 6.35 in 0.05M-potassium phosphate buffer, pH7.0. Absorption maxima of allophycocyanin occurred at 650, 618 (shoulder), 350 and 275 nm. Circular-dichroic spectra displayed positive-ellipticity bands at 658 and 630 nm and a major negative-ellipticity band at 340nm. Computer analysis of the circular-dichroic spectrum of allophycocyanin from 207 to 243 nm indicated 42% alpha-helix and 58% beta-form. The estimated molecular weight of purified allophycocyanin on calibrated Sephadex G-200 columns at pH7.0. was 196000. Electrophoretic examination of allophycocyanin on sodium dodecyl sulphate/polyacrylamide gels revealed a single band with apparent mol.wt. 16000. The presence of two polypeptide subunits, with nearly the same molecular weight, was revealed on polyacrylamide gels by using a modified electrophoresis buffer. Spectral analysis of the allophycocyanin subunits resolved by ion-exchange chromatography on Bio-Rex 70 columns indicated that a single phycocyanobilin chromophore was present on each polypeptide chain. Treatment of allophycocyanin with 8M-urea (pH3.0) and subsequent removal of urea by dialysis against water yielded a derivative phycobiliprotein with spectroscopic characteristics similar to those of phycocyanin. The original allophycocyanin spectrum was regenerated after incubation in phosphate buffer, pH7.0. Automated sequences analysis of the N-terminus of allophycocyanin showed that (a) the sequences of the two subunits were different from one another and were different from the subunits of phycocyanin from the same alga, (b) the subunits occurred in a molar ratio of 1:1 and (c) the sequences homology at the N-terminus among alpha- and beta-subunits of allophycocyanin from blue-green and red algae approached 90%."}
{"id": "PMID:880218", "title": "Binding of triethyltin to cat haemoglobin and modification of the binding sites by diethyl pyrocarbonate.", "content": "Cat haemoglobin binds 2 mol of triethyltin/mol of haemoglobin. Pretreatment of the haemoglobin with diethyl pyrocarbonate at pH6.0 prevents binding to one site only, whereas photo-oxidation with Methylene Blue removes both sites. Pretreatment of rat haemoglobin with diethyl pyrocarbonate also leads to the loss of one binding site. The possibility is discussed that the two binding sites for triethyltin on both cat and rat haemoglobin have a different chemical nature.", "contents": "Binding of triethyltin to cat haemoglobin and modification of the binding sites by diethyl pyrocarbonate. Cat haemoglobin binds 2 mol of triethyltin/mol of haemoglobin. Pretreatment of the haemoglobin with diethyl pyrocarbonate at pH6.0 prevents binding to one site only, whereas photo-oxidation with Methylene Blue removes both sites. Pretreatment of rat haemoglobin with diethyl pyrocarbonate also leads to the loss of one binding site. The possibility is discussed that the two binding sites for triethyltin on both cat and rat haemoglobin have a different chemical nature."}
{"id": "PMID:880219", "title": "Identification of four extracellular-matrix enamel proteins during embryonic-rabbit tooth-organ development.", "content": "1. Investigations were designed to identify the proteins which characterize the ameloblast phenotype, and to determine to what extent these extracellular-matrix proteins were degraded as a function of enamel matrix mineralization and maturation. 2. The identification of enamel proteins was based on comparisons between the electrophoretic patterns of enamel-containing and non-enamel-containing matrix extracts isolated from specific regions within 26-day embryonic New Zealand White rabbit incisor and molar tooth organs. 3. Since enamel proteins become mineralized on secretion, matrix specimens were demineralized in cold 5% (w/v) trichloroacetic acid, extracted with buffered 6M-urea and reduced with mercaptoethanol, and then the solubilized proteins were fractionated by urea/polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis. 4. Three enamel-specific electrophoretic components were identified in newly secreted enamel-matrix specimens and this number increased as a function of mineralization and maturation. 5. Antibodies were prepared against embryonic rabbit extracellular matrix containing enamel. Comparison  between immunoelectrophoretic patterns demonstrated that two of the three enamel components were antigenic. 6. Polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis in sodium dodecyl sulphate was used to identify four enamel proteins of mol.wts. (1) 65 000 (2) 58000 (3) 22 000 and (4) 20 000, localized within enamel matrix. Enamel proteins (1) and (3) were phosphorylated, whereas (2) and (4) did not contain detectable phosphate. Labelled proline, leucine, tryptophan and glucosamine were incorporated into each of the four enamel proteins extracted from tooth explants incubated in the presence of radioactive precursors for 6 h. Whereas four proteins were identified in newly secreted enamel matrix, the concentrations of high-molecular-weight proteins (1) and (2) were found to decrease and the number (greater than 10) and concentration of low-molecular-weight polypeptides increased as a function of advanced enamel-matrix mineralization and maturation.", "contents": "Identification of four extracellular-matrix enamel proteins during embryonic-rabbit tooth-organ development. 1. Investigations were designed to identify the proteins which characterize the ameloblast phenotype, and to determine to what extent these extracellular-matrix proteins were degraded as a function of enamel matrix mineralization and maturation. 2. The identification of enamel proteins was based on comparisons between the electrophoretic patterns of enamel-containing and non-enamel-containing matrix extracts isolated from specific regions within 26-day embryonic New Zealand White rabbit incisor and molar tooth organs. 3. Since enamel proteins become mineralized on secretion, matrix specimens were demineralized in cold 5% (w/v) trichloroacetic acid, extracted with buffered 6M-urea and reduced with mercaptoethanol, and then the solubilized proteins were fractionated by urea/polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis. 4. Three enamel-specific electrophoretic components were identified in newly secreted enamel-matrix specimens and this number increased as a function of mineralization and maturation. 5. Antibodies were prepared against embryonic rabbit extracellular matrix containing enamel. Comparison  between immunoelectrophoretic patterns demonstrated that two of the three enamel components were antigenic. 6. Polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis in sodium dodecyl sulphate was used to identify four enamel proteins of mol.wts. (1) 65 000 (2) 58000 (3) 22 000 and (4) 20 000, localized within enamel matrix. Enamel proteins (1) and (3) were phosphorylated, whereas (2) and (4) did not contain detectable phosphate. Labelled proline, leucine, tryptophan and glucosamine were incorporated into each of the four enamel proteins extracted from tooth explants incubated in the presence of radioactive precursors for 6 h. Whereas four proteins were identified in newly secreted enamel matrix, the concentrations of high-molecular-weight proteins (1) and (2) were found to decrease and the number (greater than 10) and concentration of low-molecular-weight polypeptides increased as a function of advanced enamel-matrix mineralization and maturation."}
{"id": "PMID:880220", "title": "Exclusion of dextrans by meshworks of collagenous fibres.", "content": "Insoluble collagen from human dermis was equilibrated in a physiological medium with mixtures of 3H2O and fluorescein-conjugated dextrans of different molecular weights. Dextrans of mol.wts. greater than 10(5) were excluded from a volume of 3.82+/-0.87 ml(S.D.) per g of collagen; dextrans of lower molecular weight occupied a larger volume. The apparent excluded volume was proportional to the weight of the collagen. Dansylated albumin behaved similarly to dextran; the polymeric collagen from rat skin exhibited a much larger excluded volume than the insoluble collagen. These results indicated that the volume available to the plasma proteins in human dermis was limited by insoluble collagen as well as by the glycosaminoglycans of the tissue.", "contents": "Exclusion of dextrans by meshworks of collagenous fibres. Insoluble collagen from human dermis was equilibrated in a physiological medium with mixtures of 3H2O and fluorescein-conjugated dextrans of different molecular weights. Dextrans of mol.wts. greater than 10(5) were excluded from a volume of 3.82+/-0.87 ml(S.D.) per g of collagen; dextrans of lower molecular weight occupied a larger volume. The apparent excluded volume was proportional to the weight of the collagen. Dansylated albumin behaved similarly to dextran; the polymeric collagen from rat skin exhibited a much larger excluded volume than the insoluble collagen. These results indicated that the volume available to the plasma proteins in human dermis was limited by insoluble collagen as well as by the glycosaminoglycans of the tissue."}
{"id": "PMID:880221", "title": "Application of topological methods in enzyme kinetics.", "content": "A criticism [Cornish-Bowden (1976) Biochem. J. 159, 167] of an algebraic method for deriving steady-state rate equations [Indge & Childs (1976) Biochem. J. 155, 567-570] is theoretically founded.", "contents": "Application of topological methods in enzyme kinetics. A criticism [Cornish-Bowden (1976) Biochem. J. 159, 167] of an algebraic method for deriving steady-state rate equations [Indge & Childs (1976) Biochem. J. 155, 567-570] is theoretically founded."}
{"id": "PMID:880222", "title": "A rapid procedure for selectively isolating the major glycoprotein from purified rat brain myelin.", "content": "Treatment of the chloroform/methanol-insoluble residue of rat brain myelin with lithium 3,5-di-iodosalicylate solubilized the major myelin-associated glycoprotein along with most other proteins and glycoproteins. Equilibration of the extract with phenol resulted in the selective partitioning of the major glycoprotein into the aqueous phase, whereas nearly all of the other proteins and glycoproteins went into the phenol phase.", "contents": "A rapid procedure for selectively isolating the major glycoprotein from purified rat brain myelin. Treatment of the chloroform/methanol-insoluble residue of rat brain myelin with lithium 3,5-di-iodosalicylate solubilized the major myelin-associated glycoprotein along with most other proteins and glycoproteins. Equilibration of the extract with phenol resulted in the selective partitioning of the major glycoprotein into the aqueous phase, whereas nearly all of the other proteins and glycoproteins went into the phenol phase."}
{"id": "PMID:880224", "title": "Regulation of maize catalase by changing rates of synthesis and degradation.", "content": "Rates of catalase synthesis and degradation were measured in the scutellum of the germinating maize seedling by the technique of Price, Sterling, Tarantola, Hartley & Rechcigl [J. Biol. Chem. (1963) 237, 3468-3475] by using the porphyrinogenic drug 2-allyl-2-isopropylacetamide to inhibit catalase synthesis. Results indicate that developmental changes in catalase activity are determined by changes in the rate of enzyme degradation as well as by changes in the rates of its synthesis.", "contents": "Regulation of maize catalase by changing rates of synthesis and degradation. Rates of catalase synthesis and degradation were measured in the scutellum of the germinating maize seedling by the technique of Price, Sterling, Tarantola, Hartley & Rechcigl [J. Biol. Chem. (1963) 237, 3468-3475] by using the porphyrinogenic drug 2-allyl-2-isopropylacetamide to inhibit catalase synthesis. Results indicate that developmental changes in catalase activity are determined by changes in the rate of enzyme degradation as well as by changes in the rates of its synthesis."}
{"id": "PMID:880223", "title": "Steady-state metabolism and transport of D-glucose by rat small intestine in vitro.", "content": "1. Conditions of incubation of everted sacs of rat small intestine were selected to ensure that absorption of d-glucose by mucosal tissue from the incubation medium, intracellular metabolism of the absorbed glucose and transport of glucose through the intact intestinal tissue proceeded linearly with respect to time of incubation within stated time intervals. 2. Under these experimental conditions, steady intracellular concentrations of glucose and lactate were demonstrated. 3. The quantitative translocational and metabolic fate of absorbed glucose was determined under these steady-state conditions. About 25% of glucose absorbed from the external mucosal solution was accumulated (temporarily) within mucosal tissue and about 25% transported through the intact tissue into the external serosal solution; the remainder (about 50%) of the absorbed glucose was metabolized, 90% to lactate and 10% to CO(2). Concomitant respiration rates were comparable with those reported for several other preparations of intestine and were stoicheiometrically in excess of the O(2) metabolism required to account for the production of CO(2) from the absorbed glucose. 4. Water transport through the everted sacs proceeded at an optimum rate under the experimental conditions selected. 5. Some other observations are recorded which influenced the design of the experiments and the interpretation of results; these include the initial physiological state of the animal, the anaesthetic used and the ionic composition of the incubation medium.", "contents": "Steady-state metabolism and transport of D-glucose by rat small intestine in vitro. 1. Conditions of incubation of everted sacs of rat small intestine were selected to ensure that absorption of d-glucose by mucosal tissue from the incubation medium, intracellular metabolism of the absorbed glucose and transport of glucose through the intact intestinal tissue proceeded linearly with respect to time of incubation within stated time intervals. 2. Under these experimental conditions, steady intracellular concentrations of glucose and lactate were demonstrated. 3. The quantitative translocational and metabolic fate of absorbed glucose was determined under these steady-state conditions. About 25% of glucose absorbed from the external mucosal solution was accumulated (temporarily) within mucosal tissue and about 25% transported through the intact tissue into the external serosal solution; the remainder (about 50%) of the absorbed glucose was metabolized, 90% to lactate and 10% to CO(2). Concomitant respiration rates were comparable with those reported for several other preparations of intestine and were stoicheiometrically in excess of the O(2) metabolism required to account for the production of CO(2) from the absorbed glucose. 4. Water transport through the everted sacs proceeded at an optimum rate under the experimental conditions selected. 5. Some other observations are recorded which influenced the design of the experiments and the interpretation of results; these include the initial physiological state of the animal, the anaesthetic used and the ionic composition of the incubation medium."}
{"id": "PMID:880225", "title": "Reconstitution of glucose-transporting vesicles from erythrocyte membranes disaggregated in detergent.", "content": "With the eventual aim of purifying a membrane transport system by using reconstitution of transport activity as an assay, I showed that if, after the erythrocyte membrane is solubilized in deoxycholate, the detergent is removed, membrane vesicles re-form which retain glucose-transport activity. They take up and release D-glucose in preference to L-glucose and the uptake and release are sensitive to Hg2+ and phloretin. Release of tracer D-glucose is competitively inhibited by transported sugars inside the vesicles and increased by unlabelling D-glucose in the outside medium. Uptake of tracer is increased so much by preloading vesicles with unlabelled transported sugars that the tracer is probably concentrated against a gradient. When the membrane is solubilized, two proteins that span the membrane can be separated, suggesting that it will be possible to fractionate the membrane before reconstitution.", "contents": "Reconstitution of glucose-transporting vesicles from erythrocyte membranes disaggregated in detergent. With the eventual aim of purifying a membrane transport system by using reconstitution of transport activity as an assay, I showed that if, after the erythrocyte membrane is solubilized in deoxycholate, the detergent is removed, membrane vesicles re-form which retain glucose-transport activity. They take up and release D-glucose in preference to L-glucose and the uptake and release are sensitive to Hg2+ and phloretin. Release of tracer D-glucose is competitively inhibited by transported sugars inside the vesicles and increased by unlabelling D-glucose in the outside medium. Uptake of tracer is increased so much by preloading vesicles with unlabelled transported sugars that the tracer is probably concentrated against a gradient. When the membrane is solubilized, two proteins that span the membrane can be separated, suggesting that it will be possible to fractionate the membrane before reconstitution."}
{"id": "PMID:880226", "title": "Incorporation of [14C]shikimate into plenazines and their further metabolism by Pseudomonas phenazinium.", "content": "1. During growth of Pseudomonas phenazinium on l-threonine medium, phenazine pigment formation commenced early and 1,6-dihydroxyphenazine 5,10-dioxide (iodinin) was the major component. Growth on l-[U-(14)C]threonine showed that when growth was complete about 25% of the label had been incorporated into phenazines and 30% into cell substance. 2. The addition of d-[2,3,4,5(n)-(14)C]shikimate to cultures at different phases of growth showed that the greatest efficiency of incorporation (about 70%) occurred in the mid- to late-exponential phase. Phenazines accounting for most of the (14)C supplied were iodinin and 9-hydroxyphenazine-1-carboxylate plus 2,9-dihydroxyphenazine-1-carboxylate. Radioactivity incorporated into cell substance was about one-third of the amount found in phenazines. 3. Kinetic studies showed that radioactivity from a pulse of [(14)C]-shikimate was incorporated into phenazines immediately, without a discernible lag, and into all detectable phenazines simultaneously rather than sequentially. 4. Radioactive phenazines isolated from culture media were fed to growing cultures and their metabolism was studied. The results supported a scheme for the biosynthesis of iodinin and 1,8-dihydroxyphenazine 10-monoxide by a branched pathway. 5. It is proposed that phenazine-1,6-dicarboxylate is the common precursor of all naturally occurring phenazines.", "contents": "Incorporation of [14C]shikimate into plenazines and their further metabolism by Pseudomonas phenazinium. 1. During growth of Pseudomonas phenazinium on l-threonine medium, phenazine pigment formation commenced early and 1,6-dihydroxyphenazine 5,10-dioxide (iodinin) was the major component. Growth on l-[U-(14)C]threonine showed that when growth was complete about 25% of the label had been incorporated into phenazines and 30% into cell substance. 2. The addition of d-[2,3,4,5(n)-(14)C]shikimate to cultures at different phases of growth showed that the greatest efficiency of incorporation (about 70%) occurred in the mid- to late-exponential phase. Phenazines accounting for most of the (14)C supplied were iodinin and 9-hydroxyphenazine-1-carboxylate plus 2,9-dihydroxyphenazine-1-carboxylate. Radioactivity incorporated into cell substance was about one-third of the amount found in phenazines. 3. Kinetic studies showed that radioactivity from a pulse of [(14)C]-shikimate was incorporated into phenazines immediately, without a discernible lag, and into all detectable phenazines simultaneously rather than sequentially. 4. Radioactive phenazines isolated from culture media were fed to growing cultures and their metabolism was studied. The results supported a scheme for the biosynthesis of iodinin and 1,8-dihydroxyphenazine 10-monoxide by a branched pathway. 5. It is proposed that phenazine-1,6-dicarboxylate is the common precursor of all naturally occurring phenazines."}
{"id": "PMID:880227", "title": "Control of isocitrate lyase synthesis in Chlorella fusca var. vacuolata. The basal activity of the enzyme and the kinetics of induction.", "content": "1. Isocitrate lyase activity was measured in non-induced Chlorella fusca var. vacuolata cells. 2. During exponential autotrophic growth about 1-2 molecules of the enzyme per cell were present. 3. In light-limited cultures the amount of the enzyme increased to 10-20 molecules/cell. 4. When autotrophic cultures were placed in the dark, the basal activity of isocitrate lyase increased after a 2h lag so that after 8h in the dark there was a 500-fold increase in activity. 5. When isocitrate lyase was induced (by addition of acetate and removal of illumination) in autotrophic cultures which had been growing exponentially, the full induced rate of enzyme synthesis was obtained after 70-80min. 6. When light-limited autotrophic cultures were induced, the rate of isocitrate lyase synthesis was maximal after only 40-50min. 7. These data are consistent with a catabolite-repression control co-ordinated with photosynthetic activity,which may be independent of the specific inducing effect of acetate.", "contents": "Control of isocitrate lyase synthesis in Chlorella fusca var. vacuolata. The basal activity of the enzyme and the kinetics of induction. 1. Isocitrate lyase activity was measured in non-induced Chlorella fusca var. vacuolata cells. 2. During exponential autotrophic growth about 1-2 molecules of the enzyme per cell were present. 3. In light-limited cultures the amount of the enzyme increased to 10-20 molecules/cell. 4. When autotrophic cultures were placed in the dark, the basal activity of isocitrate lyase increased after a 2h lag so that after 8h in the dark there was a 500-fold increase in activity. 5. When isocitrate lyase was induced (by addition of acetate and removal of illumination) in autotrophic cultures which had been growing exponentially, the full induced rate of enzyme synthesis was obtained after 70-80min. 6. When light-limited autotrophic cultures were induced, the rate of isocitrate lyase synthesis was maximal after only 40-50min. 7. These data are consistent with a catabolite-repression control co-ordinated with photosynthetic activity,which may be independent of the specific inducing effect of acetate."}
{"id": "PMID:880228", "title": "Heterogeneity of proteoglycans in developing chick limb cartilage.", "content": "Proteoglycan heterogeneity was studied during the maturation of embryonic-chick limb cartilage in vivo. The results suggest that during the differentiation of limb-bud cartilage the aggregated forms of proteoglycans increase between stages 24 and 35, whereas the non-aggregated or monomeric forms decrease. Only one link protein is found in stage-24 limb buds, whereas two are present at stage 35. Evidence suggests that the synthesis of link proteins may be a regulatory factor in limb chondrogenesis.", "contents": "Heterogeneity of proteoglycans in developing chick limb cartilage. Proteoglycan heterogeneity was studied during the maturation of embryonic-chick limb cartilage in vivo. The results suggest that during the differentiation of limb-bud cartilage the aggregated forms of proteoglycans increase between stages 24 and 35, whereas the non-aggregated or monomeric forms decrease. Only one link protein is found in stage-24 limb buds, whereas two are present at stage 35. Evidence suggests that the synthesis of link proteins may be a regulatory factor in limb chondrogenesis."}
{"id": "PMID:880229", "title": "Comparison of the biliary excretion of the four isomers of bilirubin-IX in Wistar and homozygous Gunn rats.", "content": "The biliary excretion of the four isomers of bilirubin-IX was studied in Wistar rats (JJ) and homozygous Gunn rats (jj). Synthetic preparations of 14C-labelled pigments were used. 1. After intravenous administration, the alpha-isomer was rapidly excreted in conjugated form in bile of Wistar rats. In Gunn rats excretion was insignificant. In contrast, both rat species promptly excreted the non-alpha-isomers at rates that were comparable with that found for bilirubin-IXalpha in Wistar rats. 2. In normal rats about 16% of the beta- and delta-isomers and at least 50% of the gamma-isomer were excreted as ester conjugates of the injected parent bile pigments. Conjugation of the beta- and delta-isomers had occurred exclusively at the carboxyl groups of pyrrole ring D and C respectively. For bilirubin-IXgamma no preference for any carboxyl group could be established. 3. In homozygous Gunn rats the non-alpha-isomers were apparently excreted chemically unaltered. This suggests that, as for bilirubin-IXalpha, conjugation of the non-alpha-isomers is also deficient in Gunn rats.", "contents": "Comparison of the biliary excretion of the four isomers of bilirubin-IX in Wistar and homozygous Gunn rats. The biliary excretion of the four isomers of bilirubin-IX was studied in Wistar rats (JJ) and homozygous Gunn rats (jj). Synthetic preparations of 14C-labelled pigments were used. 1. After intravenous administration, the alpha-isomer was rapidly excreted in conjugated form in bile of Wistar rats. In Gunn rats excretion was insignificant. In contrast, both rat species promptly excreted the non-alpha-isomers at rates that were comparable with that found for bilirubin-IXalpha in Wistar rats. 2. In normal rats about 16% of the beta- and delta-isomers and at least 50% of the gamma-isomer were excreted as ester conjugates of the injected parent bile pigments. Conjugation of the beta- and delta-isomers had occurred exclusively at the carboxyl groups of pyrrole ring D and C respectively. For bilirubin-IXgamma no preference for any carboxyl group could be established. 3. In homozygous Gunn rats the non-alpha-isomers were apparently excreted chemically unaltered. This suggests that, as for bilirubin-IXalpha, conjugation of the non-alpha-isomers is also deficient in Gunn rats."}
{"id": "PMID:880230", "title": "Characterization of the major diazo-positive pigments in bile of homozygous Gunn rats.", "content": "Bilinoid pigments in bile of homozygous Gunn rats (jj) were analysed either after formation of dipyrrolic ethyl anthranilate azo derivatives or as the unmodified parent tetrapyrroles. 1. T.l.c. of the azo derivatives revealed seven major unconjugated components which were structurally characterized by chemical tests, spectrophotometry and mass spectrometry. In addition, two minor components were identified as azodipyrrole (A+B)-glucoside and azodipyrrole (A+B)-beta-d-glucuronide. 2. Extraction and t.l.c. of the tetrapyrrolic pigments showed 13 major yellow diazo-positive bands. Four of them, accounting for 59% of total diazo-positive material, were identified as unconjugated bilirubin-IXalpha, -IXbeta, -IXgamma and -IXdelta. A fifth band (16%) was characterized as a mixture of two isomeric monohydroxyl derivatives and another band (8%) as a dihydroxyl derivative of bilirubin-IXalpha. 3. Although unconjugated bilirubin-IXalpha constitutes one-third of total diazo-positive material in bile of our strain of Gunn rats, the daily amount excreted represented only about 3-4% of daily bilirubin production. 4. Phototherapy caused a 2.2-fold increase in the biliary output of diazo-positive bilinoids, but did not affect markedly their composition. However, an additional diazo-negative pigment, accounting for one-third of total yellow colour, was observed but was not identified. Mass-spectral data on two dipyrrolic azopigments have been deposited as Supplementary Publication SUP 50076 (3 pages) with the British Library Lending Division, Boston Spa, Wetherby, W. Yorkshire LS23 7BQ, U.K., from whom copies may be obtained on the terms given in Biochem. J. (1977) 161, 1.", "contents": "Characterization of the major diazo-positive pigments in bile of homozygous Gunn rats. Bilinoid pigments in bile of homozygous Gunn rats (jj) were analysed either after formation of dipyrrolic ethyl anthranilate azo derivatives or as the unmodified parent tetrapyrroles. 1. T.l.c. of the azo derivatives revealed seven major unconjugated components which were structurally characterized by chemical tests, spectrophotometry and mass spectrometry. In addition, two minor components were identified as azodipyrrole (A+B)-glucoside and azodipyrrole (A+B)-beta-d-glucuronide. 2. Extraction and t.l.c. of the tetrapyrrolic pigments showed 13 major yellow diazo-positive bands. Four of them, accounting for 59% of total diazo-positive material, were identified as unconjugated bilirubin-IXalpha, -IXbeta, -IXgamma and -IXdelta. A fifth band (16%) was characterized as a mixture of two isomeric monohydroxyl derivatives and another band (8%) as a dihydroxyl derivative of bilirubin-IXalpha. 3. Although unconjugated bilirubin-IXalpha constitutes one-third of total diazo-positive material in bile of our strain of Gunn rats, the daily amount excreted represented only about 3-4% of daily bilirubin production. 4. Phototherapy caused a 2.2-fold increase in the biliary output of diazo-positive bilinoids, but did not affect markedly their composition. However, an additional diazo-negative pigment, accounting for one-third of total yellow colour, was observed but was not identified. Mass-spectral data on two dipyrrolic azopigments have been deposited as Supplementary Publication SUP 50076 (3 pages) with the British Library Lending Division, Boston Spa, Wetherby, W. Yorkshire LS23 7BQ, U.K., from whom copies may be obtained on the terms given in Biochem. J. (1977) 161, 1."}
{"id": "PMID:880231", "title": "The effect of insulin on the washout of [45Ca]calcium from adipocytes and soleus muscle of the rat.", "content": "Insulin stimulates the washout of 45Ca from preloaded isolated fat-cells, whole epididymal fat-pads and isolated soleus muscles of the rat. This effect occurs within 10 min after the addition of the hormone, and it can be detected at concentrations down to those measured in rat plasma. When K+ is omitted from the washout medium, the effect on soleus muscles is more pronounced and increases with the time of exposure.", "contents": "The effect of insulin on the washout of [45Ca]calcium from adipocytes and soleus muscle of the rat. Insulin stimulates the washout of 45Ca from preloaded isolated fat-cells, whole epididymal fat-pads and isolated soleus muscles of the rat. This effect occurs within 10 min after the addition of the hormone, and it can be detected at concentrations down to those measured in rat plasma. When K+ is omitted from the washout medium, the effect on soleus muscles is more pronounced and increases with the time of exposure."}
{"id": "PMID:880232", "title": "The UDP-N-acetylglucosamine-asparagine-sequon N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminyltransferase activity in preparations of rough endoplasmic reticulum from regenerating rat liver.", "content": "The UDP-N-acetylglucosamine-asparagine-sequon N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase activity in preparations of rough endoplasmic reticulum from rat liver is less than 1% of that in preparations from rabbit liver. The activity of the enzyme is increased about 20-fold in preparations from regenerating rat liver within 48h after partial hepatectomy. A smaller, but still marked, increase (8-10-fold) occurs in preparations of rough endoplasmic reticulum from sham-operated rats.", "contents": "The UDP-N-acetylglucosamine-asparagine-sequon N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminyltransferase activity in preparations of rough endoplasmic reticulum from regenerating rat liver. The UDP-N-acetylglucosamine-asparagine-sequon N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase activity in preparations of rough endoplasmic reticulum from rat liver is less than 1% of that in preparations from rabbit liver. The activity of the enzyme is increased about 20-fold in preparations from regenerating rat liver within 48h after partial hepatectomy. A smaller, but still marked, increase (8-10-fold) occurs in preparations of rough endoplasmic reticulum from sham-operated rats."}
{"id": "PMID:880233", "title": "Synthesis of cartilage-specific proteoglycan by suspension cultures of adult chondrocytes.", "content": "Chondrocytes isolated from larynges of adult pigs were cultured as cell suspensions for at least 4 days before use. During continuous-labelling experiments in nutrient medium for 18h with 35SO42- and [3H]glucosamine as precursors, some macromolecular polyanionic material was synthesized which behaved on gel chromatography as proteoglycan. Gel chromatography on Sepharose 2B showed that a proportion of the proteoglycans in the medium appeared to be aggregated, and was dissociated in 4M-guanidinium chloride. Moreover the dissociated proteoglycan interacted with hyaluronic acid. Newly synthesized proteoglycan was larger than the average total cetylpyridinium chloride-precipitable material assayed as uronic acid alone.", "contents": "Synthesis of cartilage-specific proteoglycan by suspension cultures of adult chondrocytes. Chondrocytes isolated from larynges of adult pigs were cultured as cell suspensions for at least 4 days before use. During continuous-labelling experiments in nutrient medium for 18h with 35SO42- and [3H]glucosamine as precursors, some macromolecular polyanionic material was synthesized which behaved on gel chromatography as proteoglycan. Gel chromatography on Sepharose 2B showed that a proportion of the proteoglycans in the medium appeared to be aggregated, and was dissociated in 4M-guanidinium chloride. Moreover the dissociated proteoglycan interacted with hyaluronic acid. Newly synthesized proteoglycan was larger than the average total cetylpyridinium chloride-precipitable material assayed as uronic acid alone."}
{"id": "PMID:880234", "title": "Effects of dolichol monophosphate on galactose incorporation into glycoconjugates of cell cultures.", "content": "Cultured-cell homogenates catalysed the incorporation of galactose from UDP-galactose into protein and sphingolipid acceptors. Dolichol monophosphate stimulated the incorporation of galactose into glycoproteins, but it did not affect the rate of glycosylation of either exogenous or endogenous glycosphingolipids. It is proposed that, under certain conditions, galactose may be incorporated into glycoproteins via polyisoprenol intermediates, as is the case with N-acetylglucosamine and mannose.", "contents": "Effects of dolichol monophosphate on galactose incorporation into glycoconjugates of cell cultures. Cultured-cell homogenates catalysed the incorporation of galactose from UDP-galactose into protein and sphingolipid acceptors. Dolichol monophosphate stimulated the incorporation of galactose into glycoproteins, but it did not affect the rate of glycosylation of either exogenous or endogenous glycosphingolipids. It is proposed that, under certain conditions, galactose may be incorporated into glycoproteins via polyisoprenol intermediates, as is the case with N-acetylglucosamine and mannose."}
{"id": "PMID:880235", "title": "Cellular transport of lysosomal enzymes: an alternative hypothesis.", "content": "Hickman & Neufeld [(1972) Biochem, Biophys. Res. Commun. 49, 992-999] have proposed that lysosomal enzymes reach the lysosomes by means of exocytosis and subsequent pinocytic reincorporation. The results leading to this conclusion are re-assessed and an alternative explanation is advanced that relates to the necessity for membrane recycling in endocytic cells.", "contents": "Cellular transport of lysosomal enzymes: an alternative hypothesis. Hickman & Neufeld [(1972) Biochem, Biophys. Res. Commun. 49, 992-999] have proposed that lysosomal enzymes reach the lysosomes by means of exocytosis and subsequent pinocytic reincorporation. The results leading to this conclusion are re-assessed and an alternative explanation is advanced that relates to the necessity for membrane recycling in endocytic cells."}
{"id": "PMID:880236", "title": "Permeability of the liver cell membrane to quinolinate.", "content": "Quinolinate was taken up by both rat and guinea-pig liver cells. Equilibrium was reached after approx. 20 min with rat cells, but guinea-pig cells had not achieved a steady state after 60 min. There was no evidence to suggest that quinolinate is rapidly metabolized by either species. The concentrations of quinolinate attained in rat and guinea-pig cells after short periods of incubation with 0.5 mM-quinolinate did not inhibit gluconeogenesis. These results raise further doubts as to the mechanism of quinolinate action in liver.", "contents": "Permeability of the liver cell membrane to quinolinate. Quinolinate was taken up by both rat and guinea-pig liver cells. Equilibrium was reached after approx. 20 min with rat cells, but guinea-pig cells had not achieved a steady state after 60 min. There was no evidence to suggest that quinolinate is rapidly metabolized by either species. The concentrations of quinolinate attained in rat and guinea-pig cells after short periods of incubation with 0.5 mM-quinolinate did not inhibit gluconeogenesis. These results raise further doubts as to the mechanism of quinolinate action in liver."}
{"id": "PMID:880237", "title": "Isolation and characterization of membrane proteins responsible for attachment of polyribosomes to rough microsomal fraction of rat liver.", "content": "A protein fraction which has a high affinity for polyribosomes was isolated from rough microsomal membranes of rat liver. The mode of polyribosome binding to this fraction (R-fraction) was studied by using CsCl equilibrium centrifugation and compared with that for stripped rough microsomal membranes. The following were found. (1) The polyribosome-binding cpacity of the R-fraction was heat-labile and sensitive to trypsin, and was suppressed by increasing KCl concentration and addition of 0.1 mM-aurintricarboxylic acid. (2) Of the four subfractions obtained by gel filtration of the R-fraction on a Sephadex G-200, only the R1-fraction, eluted at the void volume, showed a high affinity for polyribosomes. The polyribosome-binding capacity of the R1-fraction decreased with time on storage at 4 degrees C. (3) The R1-fraction contained three major proteins with mol. wts. 108,000, 99,000 and 65,000.", "contents": "Isolation and characterization of membrane proteins responsible for attachment of polyribosomes to rough microsomal fraction of rat liver. A protein fraction which has a high affinity for polyribosomes was isolated from rough microsomal membranes of rat liver. The mode of polyribosome binding to this fraction (R-fraction) was studied by using CsCl equilibrium centrifugation and compared with that for stripped rough microsomal membranes. The following were found. (1) The polyribosome-binding cpacity of the R-fraction was heat-labile and sensitive to trypsin, and was suppressed by increasing KCl concentration and addition of 0.1 mM-aurintricarboxylic acid. (2) Of the four subfractions obtained by gel filtration of the R-fraction on a Sephadex G-200, only the R1-fraction, eluted at the void volume, showed a high affinity for polyribosomes. The polyribosome-binding capacity of the R1-fraction decreased with time on storage at 4 degrees C. (3) The R1-fraction contained three major proteins with mol. wts. 108,000, 99,000 and 65,000."}
{"id": "PMID:880238", "title": "Iron-transport characteristics of vesicles of brush-border and basolateral plasma membrane from the rat enterocyte.", "content": "Vesicles of brush-border and basolateral plasma membrane were prepared from enterocytes of the rat small intestine. The separateness of these two varieties of plasma membrane was confirmed by appropriate enzyme assays. The uptake of Fe2+ by these membrane vesicles was studied, and the results suggest differences between the two types of membrane in both the amount of Fe2+ taken up and in the rate of uptake. At low (up to 3 micrometer) concentrations of Fe2+, uptake by both membrane types showed evidence of saturation and could be blocked with the thiol inactivator N-ethylmaleimide. The studies suggest that Fe2+ is taken into an osmotically active space by a process of facilitated diffusion at low concentrations, but that at higher concentrations the process appeared to obey first-order kinetics. The data provide further evidence for the existence of functional polarity in the epithelial cell of the small intestine.", "contents": "Iron-transport characteristics of vesicles of brush-border and basolateral plasma membrane from the rat enterocyte. Vesicles of brush-border and basolateral plasma membrane were prepared from enterocytes of the rat small intestine. The separateness of these two varieties of plasma membrane was confirmed by appropriate enzyme assays. The uptake of Fe2+ by these membrane vesicles was studied, and the results suggest differences between the two types of membrane in both the amount of Fe2+ taken up and in the rate of uptake. At low (up to 3 micrometer) concentrations of Fe2+, uptake by both membrane types showed evidence of saturation and could be blocked with the thiol inactivator N-ethylmaleimide. The studies suggest that Fe2+ is taken into an osmotically active space by a process of facilitated diffusion at low concentrations, but that at higher concentrations the process appeared to obey first-order kinetics. The data provide further evidence for the existence of functional polarity in the epithelial cell of the small intestine."}
{"id": "PMID:880239", "title": "Role of haem in the synthesis and assembly of cytochrome P-450.", "content": "By using 3-amino-1,2,4-triazole, an inhibitor of haem synthesis, and 2-allyl-2-isopropylacetamide, a drug that degrades the haem moiety of cytochrome P-450, the involvement of haem in cytochrome P-450 synthesis and assembly was investigated. Phenobarbital was used to stimulate apo-(cytochrome P-450) synthesis. Degradation of preformed cytochrome P-450 haem does not result in a concomitant release of the apoprotein from the endoplasmic reticulum. The availability of haem for cytochrome P-450 synthesis in the normal animal is not rate-limiting. Prolonged inhibition of haem synthesis in vivo decreases the rate of apo-(cytochrome P-450) synthesis, although this effect is not discernible under conditions of short-term inhibition of haem synthesis. Under the former conditions exogenous haemin is able to counteract the decrease in the rate of apoprotein synthesis. In animals receiving successive injections of phenobarbital plus 3-amino-1,2,4-triazole, compared with those receiving phenobarbital only, the holo-(cytochrome P-450) content measured spectrally shows a greater decrease than could be accounted for by the decrease in the content of the total apoprotein. In addition to less haem being available under these conditions, the free apoprotein appears to have undergone some modification, such that its haem-binding capacity is considerably decreased. This particular effect could be due to a direct interaction of 3-amino-1,2,4-triazole or its metabolites with cytochrome P-450 rather than a consequence of haem deficiency. Apo-(cytochrome P-450) is capable of binding to the endoplasmic reticulum in a form and at a site, which can be reconstituted with haemin to yield the functional protein.", "contents": "Role of haem in the synthesis and assembly of cytochrome P-450. By using 3-amino-1,2,4-triazole, an inhibitor of haem synthesis, and 2-allyl-2-isopropylacetamide, a drug that degrades the haem moiety of cytochrome P-450, the involvement of haem in cytochrome P-450 synthesis and assembly was investigated. Phenobarbital was used to stimulate apo-(cytochrome P-450) synthesis. Degradation of preformed cytochrome P-450 haem does not result in a concomitant release of the apoprotein from the endoplasmic reticulum. The availability of haem for cytochrome P-450 synthesis in the normal animal is not rate-limiting. Prolonged inhibition of haem synthesis in vivo decreases the rate of apo-(cytochrome P-450) synthesis, although this effect is not discernible under conditions of short-term inhibition of haem synthesis. Under the former conditions exogenous haemin is able to counteract the decrease in the rate of apoprotein synthesis. In animals receiving successive injections of phenobarbital plus 3-amino-1,2,4-triazole, compared with those receiving phenobarbital only, the holo-(cytochrome P-450) content measured spectrally shows a greater decrease than could be accounted for by the decrease in the content of the total apoprotein. In addition to less haem being available under these conditions, the free apoprotein appears to have undergone some modification, such that its haem-binding capacity is considerably decreased. This particular effect could be due to a direct interaction of 3-amino-1,2,4-triazole or its metabolites with cytochrome P-450 rather than a consequence of haem deficiency. Apo-(cytochrome P-450) is capable of binding to the endoplasmic reticulum in a form and at a site, which can be reconstituted with haemin to yield the functional protein."}
{"id": "PMID:880240", "title": "Turnover of myelin proteins in mouse brain in vivo.", "content": "The incorporation of tyrosine into proteins was measured after the subcutaneous implantation of a pellet of [14C]tyrosine in mice. This method keeps the specific radioactivity of free tyrosine fairly constant and makes it possible to follow incorporation up to a 10-day period. At the end of 10 days most of the protein-bound tyrosine was replaced (i.e. most protein turned over) in lung, liver, heart, kidney and spleen; about half was replaced in brain, one-quarter in muscle. The rate of protein turnover in myelin was approx. 40% of that of whole brain proteins; at 10 days one-fifth of the myelin proteins were replaced. All protein components of myelin measured were in a dynamic state; incorporation decreased in the following order, Wolfgram greater than DM-20 greater than basic greater than proteolipid proteins. The incorporation of tyrosine into each protein fraction was greater in the 0-5-day than in the 5-10-day period, indicating heterogeneity of metabolic rates. The results show that after myelination at least a portion of each protein component of myelin is undergoing significant metabolic turnover. In the adult, myelin components are not stable, but turnover is heterogeneous, and each protein may be compartmentalized. Turnover can be influenced by a variety of factors.", "contents": "Turnover of myelin proteins in mouse brain in vivo. The incorporation of tyrosine into proteins was measured after the subcutaneous implantation of a pellet of [14C]tyrosine in mice. This method keeps the specific radioactivity of free tyrosine fairly constant and makes it possible to follow incorporation up to a 10-day period. At the end of 10 days most of the protein-bound tyrosine was replaced (i.e. most protein turned over) in lung, liver, heart, kidney and spleen; about half was replaced in brain, one-quarter in muscle. The rate of protein turnover in myelin was approx. 40% of that of whole brain proteins; at 10 days one-fifth of the myelin proteins were replaced. All protein components of myelin measured were in a dynamic state; incorporation decreased in the following order, Wolfgram greater than DM-20 greater than basic greater than proteolipid proteins. The incorporation of tyrosine into each protein fraction was greater in the 0-5-day than in the 5-10-day period, indicating heterogeneity of metabolic rates. The results show that after myelination at least a portion of each protein component of myelin is undergoing significant metabolic turnover. In the adult, myelin components are not stable, but turnover is heterogeneous, and each protein may be compartmentalized. Turnover can be influenced by a variety of factors."}
{"id": "PMID:880241", "title": "Development of mitochondrial energy metabolism in rat brain.", "content": "1. The development of pyruvate dehydrogenase and citrate synthase activity in rat brain mitochondria was studied. Whereas the citrate synthase activity starts to increase at about 8 days after birth, that of pyruvate dehydrogenase starts to increase at about 15 days. Measurements of the active proportion of pyruvate dehydrogenase during development were also made. 2. The ability of rat brain mitochondria to oxidize pyruvate follows a similar developmental pattern to that of the pyruvate dehydrogenase. However, the ability to oxidize 3-hydroxybutyrate shows a different developmental pattern (maximal at 20 days and declining by half in the adult), which is compatible with the developmental pattern of the ketone-body-utilizing enzymes. 3. The developmental pattern of both the soluble and the mitochondrially bound hexokinase of rat brain was studied. The total brain hexokinase activity increases markedly at about 15 days, which is mainly due to an increase in activity of the mitochondrially bound form, and reaches the adult situation (approx. 70% being mitochondrial) at about 30 days after birth. 4. The release of the mitochondrially bound hexokinase under different conditions by glucose 6-phosphate was studied. There was insignificant release of the bound hexokinase in media containing high KCl concentrations by glucose 6-phosphate, but in sucrose media half-maximal release of hexokinase was achieved by 70mum-glucose 6-phosphate 5. The production of glucose 6-phosphate by brain mitochondria in the presence of Mg(2+)+glucose was demonstrated, together with the inhibition of this by atractyloside. 6. The results are discussed with respect to the possible biological significance of the similar developmental patterns of pyruvate dehydrogenase and the mitochondrially bound kinases, particularly hexokinase, in the brain. It is suggested that this association may be a mechanism for maintaining an efficient and active aerobic glycolysis which is necessary for full neural expression.", "contents": "Development of mitochondrial energy metabolism in rat brain. 1. The development of pyruvate dehydrogenase and citrate synthase activity in rat brain mitochondria was studied. Whereas the citrate synthase activity starts to increase at about 8 days after birth, that of pyruvate dehydrogenase starts to increase at about 15 days. Measurements of the active proportion of pyruvate dehydrogenase during development were also made. 2. The ability of rat brain mitochondria to oxidize pyruvate follows a similar developmental pattern to that of the pyruvate dehydrogenase. However, the ability to oxidize 3-hydroxybutyrate shows a different developmental pattern (maximal at 20 days and declining by half in the adult), which is compatible with the developmental pattern of the ketone-body-utilizing enzymes. 3. The developmental pattern of both the soluble and the mitochondrially bound hexokinase of rat brain was studied. The total brain hexokinase activity increases markedly at about 15 days, which is mainly due to an increase in activity of the mitochondrially bound form, and reaches the adult situation (approx. 70% being mitochondrial) at about 30 days after birth. 4. The release of the mitochondrially bound hexokinase under different conditions by glucose 6-phosphate was studied. There was insignificant release of the bound hexokinase in media containing high KCl concentrations by glucose 6-phosphate, but in sucrose media half-maximal release of hexokinase was achieved by 70mum-glucose 6-phosphate 5. The production of glucose 6-phosphate by brain mitochondria in the presence of Mg(2+)+glucose was demonstrated, together with the inhibition of this by atractyloside. 6. The results are discussed with respect to the possible biological significance of the similar developmental patterns of pyruvate dehydrogenase and the mitochondrially bound kinases, particularly hexokinase, in the brain. It is suggested that this association may be a mechanism for maintaining an efficient and active aerobic glycolysis which is necessary for full neural expression."}
{"id": "PMID:880242", "title": "The activities of 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase and pyruvate dehydrogenase in hearts and mammary glands from ruminants and non-ruminants.", "content": "1. The activities of 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase (EC 1.2.4.2) were measured in hearts and mammary glands of rats, mice, rabbits, guinea pigs, cows, sheep, goats and in the flight muscles of several Hymenoptera. 2. The activity of 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase was similar to the maximum flux through the tricarboxylic acid cycle in vivo. Therefore measuring the activity of this enzyme may provide a simple method for estimating the maximum flux through the cycle for comparative investigations. 3. The activities of pyruvate dehydrogenase (EC 1.2.4.1) in mammalian hearts were similar to those of 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase, suggesting that in these tissues the tricarboxylic acid cycle can be supplied (under some conditions) by acetyl-CoA derived from pyruvate alone. 4. In the lactating mammary glands of the rat and mouse, the activities of pyruvate dehydrogenase exceeded those of 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase, reflecting a flux of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA for fatty acid synthesis in addition to that of oxidation via the tricarboxylic acid cycle. In ruminant mammary glands the activities of pyruvate dehydrogenase were similar to those of 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase, reflecting the absence of a significant flux of pyruvate to fatty acids in these tissues.", "contents": "The activities of 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase and pyruvate dehydrogenase in hearts and mammary glands from ruminants and non-ruminants. 1. The activities of 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase (EC 1.2.4.2) were measured in hearts and mammary glands of rats, mice, rabbits, guinea pigs, cows, sheep, goats and in the flight muscles of several Hymenoptera. 2. The activity of 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase was similar to the maximum flux through the tricarboxylic acid cycle in vivo. Therefore measuring the activity of this enzyme may provide a simple method for estimating the maximum flux through the cycle for comparative investigations. 3. The activities of pyruvate dehydrogenase (EC 1.2.4.1) in mammalian hearts were similar to those of 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase, suggesting that in these tissues the tricarboxylic acid cycle can be supplied (under some conditions) by acetyl-CoA derived from pyruvate alone. 4. In the lactating mammary glands of the rat and mouse, the activities of pyruvate dehydrogenase exceeded those of 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase, reflecting a flux of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA for fatty acid synthesis in addition to that of oxidation via the tricarboxylic acid cycle. In ruminant mammary glands the activities of pyruvate dehydrogenase were similar to those of 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase, reflecting the absence of a significant flux of pyruvate to fatty acids in these tissues."}
{"id": "PMID:880243", "title": "Effect of a nutritional shift on the degradation of abnormal proteins in the mouse liver. Decreased degradation during rapid liver growth.", "content": "1. The intravenous injection of puromycin to mice 0.5 min after administration of radioactive leucine resulted in the release of labelled ribosome-bound nascent protein chains with the next 0.5 min. 2. During the subsequent 13 min, 40% of the liver protein radioactivity disappeared. The rate of this process was already maximal 0.5 min after the injection of puromycin, with no apparent lag. 3. Evidence is presented that this phenomenon represents the selective degradation of puromycinyl-peptides: (a) the magnitude of this fraction corresponded to the calculated proportion of protein radioactivity in nascent chains at the time of the puromycin effect; (b) the size distribution of the proteins disappearing between 2 and 14 min was smaller than that of those retained at 14 min; and (c) when the injection of puromycin was delayed for 5 min, or when the leucine pulse was interrupted by the injection of cycloheximide (rather than puromycin), the fraction disappearing within 14 min was much smaller. 4. The degradation of puromycinyl-peptides was much slower in the rapidly growing livers of animals recovering from a protein depletion than in the protein-depleted controls. It is concluded that the large decrease in the overall rates of total liver protein degradation previously described during liver growth is a general phenomenon, also affecting the rate of scavenging of abnormal proteins.", "contents": "Effect of a nutritional shift on the degradation of abnormal proteins in the mouse liver. Decreased degradation during rapid liver growth. 1. The intravenous injection of puromycin to mice 0.5 min after administration of radioactive leucine resulted in the release of labelled ribosome-bound nascent protein chains with the next 0.5 min. 2. During the subsequent 13 min, 40% of the liver protein radioactivity disappeared. The rate of this process was already maximal 0.5 min after the injection of puromycin, with no apparent lag. 3. Evidence is presented that this phenomenon represents the selective degradation of puromycinyl-peptides: (a) the magnitude of this fraction corresponded to the calculated proportion of protein radioactivity in nascent chains at the time of the puromycin effect; (b) the size distribution of the proteins disappearing between 2 and 14 min was smaller than that of those retained at 14 min; and (c) when the injection of puromycin was delayed for 5 min, or when the leucine pulse was interrupted by the injection of cycloheximide (rather than puromycin), the fraction disappearing within 14 min was much smaller. 4. The degradation of puromycinyl-peptides was much slower in the rapidly growing livers of animals recovering from a protein depletion than in the protein-depleted controls. It is concluded that the large decrease in the overall rates of total liver protein degradation previously described during liver growth is a general phenomenon, also affecting the rate of scavenging of abnormal proteins."}
{"id": "PMID:880244", "title": "Regional differences in ribonuclease content of rat and mouse kidney.", "content": "Kidney cortex, red medulla and white medulla were separated into nuclei, mitochondria, microsomal and 105000g supernatant fractions. Assay of RNAase (ribonuclease) activity at pH7.8 revealed that, for each subcellular fraction, activity was much greater in cortex than in red or white medulla; this was true for both free RNAase and total (free plus latent) RNAase. For example, the free RNAase activity in the 105000g supernatant of cortex was 5 and 8 times higher than in red and white medulla respectively. No latent RNAase activity was found in any particulate fraction. Latent supernatant RNAase activities (suggesting presence of bound RNAase inhibitor) were similar in cortex and medulla. The cortex supernatant contained minimal free RNAase inhibitor, whereas that of the red and white medulla showed about one-third and one-tenth respectively of the inhibitor activity measured in liver. Adrenalectomy did not change RNAase activity in any fraction nor the content of free RNAase inhibitor in the kidney supernatant, but did decrease the liver RNAase inhibitor content by 40%. In supernatants from mouse kidney, both free and total RNAase activities of both cortex and red medulla were similar to those of rat red medulla. Mouse cortex contained appreciably higher amounts of free RNAase inhibitor than rat cortex. The difference between the rat and mouse cortical RNAase activity and inhibitor content may help explain the relative ease with which satisfactory renal polyribosome profiles were obtained from mouse kidneys. Our results, as well as those of Kline & Liberti [(1973) Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun.52, 1271-1277], showing that renal red and white medulla are more active than cortex in protein synthesis, are consistent with the hypothesis that the RNAase-RNAase-inhibitor system may participate in the regulation of protein synthesis.", "contents": "Regional differences in ribonuclease content of rat and mouse kidney. Kidney cortex, red medulla and white medulla were separated into nuclei, mitochondria, microsomal and 105000g supernatant fractions. Assay of RNAase (ribonuclease) activity at pH7.8 revealed that, for each subcellular fraction, activity was much greater in cortex than in red or white medulla; this was true for both free RNAase and total (free plus latent) RNAase. For example, the free RNAase activity in the 105000g supernatant of cortex was 5 and 8 times higher than in red and white medulla respectively. No latent RNAase activity was found in any particulate fraction. Latent supernatant RNAase activities (suggesting presence of bound RNAase inhibitor) were similar in cortex and medulla. The cortex supernatant contained minimal free RNAase inhibitor, whereas that of the red and white medulla showed about one-third and one-tenth respectively of the inhibitor activity measured in liver. Adrenalectomy did not change RNAase activity in any fraction nor the content of free RNAase inhibitor in the kidney supernatant, but did decrease the liver RNAase inhibitor content by 40%. In supernatants from mouse kidney, both free and total RNAase activities of both cortex and red medulla were similar to those of rat red medulla. Mouse cortex contained appreciably higher amounts of free RNAase inhibitor than rat cortex. The difference between the rat and mouse cortical RNAase activity and inhibitor content may help explain the relative ease with which satisfactory renal polyribosome profiles were obtained from mouse kidneys. Our results, as well as those of Kline & Liberti [(1973) Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun.52, 1271-1277], showing that renal red and white medulla are more active than cortex in protein synthesis, are consistent with the hypothesis that the RNAase-RNAase-inhibitor system may participate in the regulation of protein synthesis."}
{"id": "PMID:880245", "title": "Inhibition of protein degradation in isolated rat hepatocytes.", "content": "1. Isolated parenchymal cells were prepared by collagenase perfusion of livers from fed rats that had been previously injected with [(3)H]leucine to label liver proteins. When these cells were incubated in a salts medium containing glucose, gelatin and EDTA, cellular integrity was maintained over a period of 6h. 2. Cells incubated in the presence of 2mm-leucine to minimize radioactive isotope reincorporation released [(3)H]leucine into the medium at a rate accounting for the degradation of 4.5% of the labelled cell protein per h. 3. Degradation of [(3)H]protein in these cells was inhibited by insulin and by certain amino acids, of which tryptophan and phenylalanine were the most effective. 4. Protein degradation was decreased by several proteinase inhibitors, particularly those that are known to inhibit lysosomal cathepsin B, and by inhibitors of cell-energy production. 5. Ammonia inhibited degradation, but only at concentrations above 1.8mm. Aliphatic analogues of ammonia were effective at lower concentrations than was ammonia. 6. High concentrations of ammonia inhibited degradation by 50%. The extent of this inhibition could not be increased further by the addition of the cathepsin B inhibitor leupeptin, which by itself inhibited degradation by approx. 30%. 7. The sensitivity of proteolysis in isolated hepatocytes to these various inhibitory agents is discussed in relation to their possible modes of action.", "contents": "Inhibition of protein degradation in isolated rat hepatocytes. 1. Isolated parenchymal cells were prepared by collagenase perfusion of livers from fed rats that had been previously injected with [(3)H]leucine to label liver proteins. When these cells were incubated in a salts medium containing glucose, gelatin and EDTA, cellular integrity was maintained over a period of 6h. 2. Cells incubated in the presence of 2mm-leucine to minimize radioactive isotope reincorporation released [(3)H]leucine into the medium at a rate accounting for the degradation of 4.5% of the labelled cell protein per h. 3. Degradation of [(3)H]protein in these cells was inhibited by insulin and by certain amino acids, of which tryptophan and phenylalanine were the most effective. 4. Protein degradation was decreased by several proteinase inhibitors, particularly those that are known to inhibit lysosomal cathepsin B, and by inhibitors of cell-energy production. 5. Ammonia inhibited degradation, but only at concentrations above 1.8mm. Aliphatic analogues of ammonia were effective at lower concentrations than was ammonia. 6. High concentrations of ammonia inhibited degradation by 50%. The extent of this inhibition could not be increased further by the addition of the cathepsin B inhibitor leupeptin, which by itself inhibited degradation by approx. 30%. 7. The sensitivity of proteolysis in isolated hepatocytes to these various inhibitory agents is discussed in relation to their possible modes of action."}
{"id": "PMID:880246", "title": "Preparation of plasma-membrane subfractions from isolated rat hepatocytes.", "content": "1. Rat livers were dissociated into their constituent cells by perfusion through the portal vein with a medium containing collagenase, and hepatocytes separated from non-parenchymal cells. 2. It is shown that the procedure described by Wisher & Evans [(1975) Biochem. J. 146, 375-388] for preparation of plasma membranes from liver tissue when applied to isolated hepatocytes also yielded subfractions of similar morphology and marker-enzyme distribution. 3. Thus the distribution of alkaline phosphodiesterase, 5'-nucleotidase and the basal and glucagon-stimulated adenylate cyclase among two 'light' vesicular and one 'heavy' junction-containing plasma-membrane subfractions paralleled that reported for tissue-derived plasma-membrane subfractions. 4. Increased recoveries and specific activities of plasma-membrane marker enzymes were obtained when soya-bean trypsin inhibitor was included in the collagenase-containing perfusion media used to dissociate the liver. 5. Polyacrylamide-gel-electrophoretic analysis of the corresponding plasma-membrane subfractions prepared from liver tissue and isolated hepatocytes were generally similar. 6. The results indicate that the functional polarity of the hepatocyte's plasma membrane is retained after tissue dissociation. The damage occurring to plasma-membrane ectoenzymes by the collagenase-perfusion procedure is discussed.", "contents": "Preparation of plasma-membrane subfractions from isolated rat hepatocytes. 1. Rat livers were dissociated into their constituent cells by perfusion through the portal vein with a medium containing collagenase, and hepatocytes separated from non-parenchymal cells. 2. It is shown that the procedure described by Wisher & Evans [(1975) Biochem. J. 146, 375-388] for preparation of plasma membranes from liver tissue when applied to isolated hepatocytes also yielded subfractions of similar morphology and marker-enzyme distribution. 3. Thus the distribution of alkaline phosphodiesterase, 5'-nucleotidase and the basal and glucagon-stimulated adenylate cyclase among two 'light' vesicular and one 'heavy' junction-containing plasma-membrane subfractions paralleled that reported for tissue-derived plasma-membrane subfractions. 4. Increased recoveries and specific activities of plasma-membrane marker enzymes were obtained when soya-bean trypsin inhibitor was included in the collagenase-containing perfusion media used to dissociate the liver. 5. Polyacrylamide-gel-electrophoretic analysis of the corresponding plasma-membrane subfractions prepared from liver tissue and isolated hepatocytes were generally similar. 6. The results indicate that the functional polarity of the hepatocyte's plasma membrane is retained after tissue dissociation. The damage occurring to plasma-membrane ectoenzymes by the collagenase-perfusion procedure is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:880247", "title": "Metabolic fates of diethylstilboestrol sulphates in the rat.", "content": "The metabolic fates and modes of excretion of diethylstilboestrol mono[35S]sulphate and diethylstilboestrol di[35S]sulphate were studied in the rat. Both of the esters were desulphated to some extent in vivo. In addition, significant amounts of radioactivity appeared in the bile as diethylstilboestrol mono[35S]sulphate monoglucuronide. The percentage of the dose appearing in bile as the diconjugate was substantially greater in experiments with diethylstilboestrol mono[35S]sulphate than with diethylstilboestrol di[35S]sulphate. Whole-body radioautography and studies with isolated perfused liver confirmed the liver as the major metabolic organ for both esters. When the metabolite diethylstilboestrol mono[35S]sulphate monoglucuronide isolated from the bile was reinjected, it was excreted in the bile unchanged. Studies in vitro demonstrated that both esters were substrates for arylsulphatase C with Km values in the range 52-76 micrometer. The metabolic fates and modes of excretion of the esters are discussed in relation to the enzyme complement of rat liver.", "contents": "Metabolic fates of diethylstilboestrol sulphates in the rat. The metabolic fates and modes of excretion of diethylstilboestrol mono[35S]sulphate and diethylstilboestrol di[35S]sulphate were studied in the rat. Both of the esters were desulphated to some extent in vivo. In addition, significant amounts of radioactivity appeared in the bile as diethylstilboestrol mono[35S]sulphate monoglucuronide. The percentage of the dose appearing in bile as the diconjugate was substantially greater in experiments with diethylstilboestrol mono[35S]sulphate than with diethylstilboestrol di[35S]sulphate. Whole-body radioautography and studies with isolated perfused liver confirmed the liver as the major metabolic organ for both esters. When the metabolite diethylstilboestrol mono[35S]sulphate monoglucuronide isolated from the bile was reinjected, it was excreted in the bile unchanged. Studies in vitro demonstrated that both esters were substrates for arylsulphatase C with Km values in the range 52-76 micrometer. The metabolic fates and modes of excretion of the esters are discussed in relation to the enzyme complement of rat liver."}
{"id": "PMID:880248", "title": "The effects of acetate, metal cations, phenobarbitone, porphyrogens and substrates of glycine acyltransferase on the utilization of haem by rat liver apo-(tryptophan pyrrolase).", "content": "1. The utilization of haem by rat liver apo-(tryptophan pyrrolase) under basal conditions and after enhancement of the enzyme activity by various mechanisms was studied under the influence of treatments affecting various aspects of liver haem metabolism. 2. These treatments were: benzoate and p-aminobenzoate as substrates of glycine acyltransferase, acetate as an inhibitor of 5-aminolaevulinate synthase activity, enhancement of 5-aminolaevulinate dehydratase by aluminium, destruction of haem and inhibition of ferrochelatase by porphyrogens, increased haem utilization by phenobarbitone and enhancement of haem oxygenase activity by metal cations. 3. The results show that the haem saturation of the apoenzyme is sensitive to all these treatments. 4. The possible usefulness of tryptophan pyrrolase in studying the regulation of liver haem is suggested.", "contents": "The effects of acetate, metal cations, phenobarbitone, porphyrogens and substrates of glycine acyltransferase on the utilization of haem by rat liver apo-(tryptophan pyrrolase). 1. The utilization of haem by rat liver apo-(tryptophan pyrrolase) under basal conditions and after enhancement of the enzyme activity by various mechanisms was studied under the influence of treatments affecting various aspects of liver haem metabolism. 2. These treatments were: benzoate and p-aminobenzoate as substrates of glycine acyltransferase, acetate as an inhibitor of 5-aminolaevulinate synthase activity, enhancement of 5-aminolaevulinate dehydratase by aluminium, destruction of haem and inhibition of ferrochelatase by porphyrogens, increased haem utilization by phenobarbitone and enhancement of haem oxygenase activity by metal cations. 3. The results show that the haem saturation of the apoenzyme is sensitive to all these treatments. 4. The possible usefulness of tryptophan pyrrolase in studying the regulation of liver haem is suggested."}
{"id": "PMID:880249", "title": "Rapid partial purification of placental glucocerebroside beta-glucosidase and its entrapment in liposomes.", "content": "1. A glucocerebroside beta-glucosidase-rich detergent-free preparation was obtained from human placentas by a rapid method combining affinity chromatography on concanavalin A-Sepharose and organic-solvent precipitation. In a typical preparation about 11000 units of the enzyme purified 1500-fold were obtained from five placentas in 2 days. 2. The enzyme preparation also contained other hydrolases, but the extent of their purification was much smaller. 3. Studies on entrapment in liposomes showed that all glucocerebroside beta-glucosidase activity used could be incorporated in neutral egg phosphatidylcholine-cholesterol liposomes. Association with liposomes appeared to discriminate against other proteins, including some of the hydrolases, thus contributing to further purification of the enzyme. More than 95% of the liposome-associated enzyme activity was latent.", "contents": "Rapid partial purification of placental glucocerebroside beta-glucosidase and its entrapment in liposomes. 1. A glucocerebroside beta-glucosidase-rich detergent-free preparation was obtained from human placentas by a rapid method combining affinity chromatography on concanavalin A-Sepharose and organic-solvent precipitation. In a typical preparation about 11000 units of the enzyme purified 1500-fold were obtained from five placentas in 2 days. 2. The enzyme preparation also contained other hydrolases, but the extent of their purification was much smaller. 3. Studies on entrapment in liposomes showed that all glucocerebroside beta-glucosidase activity used could be incorporated in neutral egg phosphatidylcholine-cholesterol liposomes. Association with liposomes appeared to discriminate against other proteins, including some of the hydrolases, thus contributing to further purification of the enzyme. More than 95% of the liposome-associated enzyme activity was latent."}
{"id": "PMID:880250", "title": "Stimulation of calcium accumulation in cardiac sarcolemma by phosphorylase kinase.", "content": "After incubation with phosphorylase kinase, calcium accumulation in cardiac sarcolemma was increased from 65+/-2 to 95+/-3nmol/10min per mg of protein. Under these conditions, phosphorylase kinase catalysed phosphorylation of membranes. This phosphorylation was hydroxylamine-insensitive, was stimulated by Ca2+ ions and was unaffected by 3':5'-cyclic AMP.", "contents": "Stimulation of calcium accumulation in cardiac sarcolemma by phosphorylase kinase. After incubation with phosphorylase kinase, calcium accumulation in cardiac sarcolemma was increased from 65+/-2 to 95+/-3nmol/10min per mg of protein. Under these conditions, phosphorylase kinase catalysed phosphorylation of membranes. This phosphorylation was hydroxylamine-insensitive, was stimulated by Ca2+ ions and was unaffected by 3':5'-cyclic AMP."}
{"id": "PMID:880251", "title": "Enhanced plasma persistence of therapeutic enzymes by coupling to soluble dextran.", "content": "Conjugation of carboxypeptidase G and arginase, two enzymes of therapeutic interest, to a soluble dextran significantly enhanced plasma persistence in normal and tumour-bearing mice. A prolonged decrease in arginine concentrations in plasma of tumour-bearing mice was demonstrated by using the dextran-linked arginase. Gel filtration of dextran-enzyme conjugate showed that enzyme activity co-chromatographed as a single peak with carbohydrate, and enzyme was shown to be covalently linked to the dextran.", "contents": "Enhanced plasma persistence of therapeutic enzymes by coupling to soluble dextran. Conjugation of carboxypeptidase G and arginase, two enzymes of therapeutic interest, to a soluble dextran significantly enhanced plasma persistence in normal and tumour-bearing mice. A prolonged decrease in arginine concentrations in plasma of tumour-bearing mice was demonstrated by using the dextran-linked arginase. Gel filtration of dextran-enzyme conjugate showed that enzyme activity co-chromatographed as a single peak with carbohydrate, and enzyme was shown to be covalently linked to the dextran."}
{"id": "PMID:880252", "title": "Some observations on the choice of detergent for solubilization of the human erythrocyte membrane.", "content": "Solubilization of the human erythrocyte membrane by seven detergents is described. Components released into the supernatant or retained in the residue were identified by sodium dodecyl sulphate/polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis. Two non-ionic detergents exhibiting little u.v. absorption were more efficient than u.v.-absorbing Triton X-100. Evidence is presented of an interchange between protein PAS 1 and protein PAS 2.", "contents": "Some observations on the choice of detergent for solubilization of the human erythrocyte membrane. Solubilization of the human erythrocyte membrane by seven detergents is described. Components released into the supernatant or retained in the residue were identified by sodium dodecyl sulphate/polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis. Two non-ionic detergents exhibiting little u.v. absorption were more efficient than u.v.-absorbing Triton X-100. Evidence is presented of an interchange between protein PAS 1 and protein PAS 2."}
{"id": "PMID:880253", "title": "Self-digestion of human erythrocyte membranes. Role of adenosine triphosphate and glutathione.", "content": "Intact human erythrocytes incubated at 37 degrees C, pH7.4, release a sialoglycopeptide similar in its chemical composition, immunological and aggregation properties to the glycopeptide released by isolated 'ghost' membranes. The presence of ATP or reduced glutathione at physiological concentrations in the incubation medium of 'ghost' membranes inhibits this self-digestion process.", "contents": "Self-digestion of human erythrocyte membranes. Role of adenosine triphosphate and glutathione. Intact human erythrocytes incubated at 37 degrees C, pH7.4, release a sialoglycopeptide similar in its chemical composition, immunological and aggregation properties to the glycopeptide released by isolated 'ghost' membranes. The presence of ATP or reduced glutathione at physiological concentrations in the incubation medium of 'ghost' membranes inhibits this self-digestion process."}
{"id": "PMID:880281", "title": "Synthesis, purification, and chemical characterization of the amino-terminal 1-34 fragment of bovine parathyroid hormone synthesized by the solid-phase procedure.", "content": "Peptides prepared by solid-phase synthesis during a systematic study of structure-activity relations in parathyroid hormone have been subjected, after sequential purifications, to rigorous analysis of purity by a variety of analytical techniques including sequence analysis by the Edman procedure. The present paper undertakes a critical appraisal of the utility of different tests of peptide purity and the use of the procedures in guiding and monitoring optimal synthesis strategies. Sequence analysis of a peptide representing the amino-terminal 34 residues of bovine parathyroid hormone (bPTH-(1-34)) revealed the presence of at least 30% of contaminating error peptides which were undetected by other analytical procedures. The major contaminant was identified as a peptid in which glutamine at position 29 was deleted. A repeat synthesis using fluorescamine rather than ninhydrin to monitor the coupling reaction resulted in a preparation that lacked the contaminant resulting from deletion. These findings demonstrate the particular value of sequence analysis in the evaluation of purity of peptides synthesized by the solid-phase technique.", "contents": "Synthesis, purification, and chemical characterization of the amino-terminal 1-34 fragment of bovine parathyroid hormone synthesized by the solid-phase procedure. Peptides prepared by solid-phase synthesis during a systematic study of structure-activity relations in parathyroid hormone have been subjected, after sequential purifications, to rigorous analysis of purity by a variety of analytical techniques including sequence analysis by the Edman procedure. The present paper undertakes a critical appraisal of the utility of different tests of peptide purity and the use of the procedures in guiding and monitoring optimal synthesis strategies. Sequence analysis of a peptide representing the amino-terminal 34 residues of bovine parathyroid hormone (bPTH-(1-34)) revealed the presence of at least 30% of contaminating error peptides which were undetected by other analytical procedures. The major contaminant was identified as a peptid in which glutamine at position 29 was deleted. A repeat synthesis using fluorescamine rather than ninhydrin to monitor the coupling reaction resulted in a preparation that lacked the contaminant resulting from deletion. These findings demonstrate the particular value of sequence analysis in the evaluation of purity of peptides synthesized by the solid-phase technique."}
{"id": "PMID:880283", "title": "Dual-mode cooperative binding of adenosine 5'-triphosphate to poly(L-lysine).", "content": "Equilibrium dialysis of adenosine triphosphate interacting with polylysine at low polymer concentration yield Scatchard exhibiting an apparent non-cooperative binding mode superimposed on a positively cooperative one. The same behavior has been reported in the literature for various mononucleotides and basic poly(amino acids). It is pointed out here that both modes must not be  considered as independent but to be mutually exclusive. Applying a pertinent theoretical approach yields higher degrees of cooperativity than obtained for mutual independence. Another necessary modification in the analysis of data takes into account that one ligand interacts with more than one equivalent binding contact (i.e., an elementary charge here). This leads to a further enhancement of the actual cooperativity. Increasing the polymer concentration in the binding experiments reveals a cooperative effect also in the first binding mode. This is physically interpreted and theoretically analyzed in terms of bound dimers stabilized by base stacking.", "contents": "Dual-mode cooperative binding of adenosine 5'-triphosphate to poly(L-lysine). Equilibrium dialysis of adenosine triphosphate interacting with polylysine at low polymer concentration yield Scatchard exhibiting an apparent non-cooperative binding mode superimposed on a positively cooperative one. The same behavior has been reported in the literature for various mononucleotides and basic poly(amino acids). It is pointed out here that both modes must not be  considered as independent but to be mutually exclusive. Applying a pertinent theoretical approach yields higher degrees of cooperativity than obtained for mutual independence. Another necessary modification in the analysis of data takes into account that one ligand interacts with more than one equivalent binding contact (i.e., an elementary charge here). This leads to a further enhancement of the actual cooperativity. Increasing the polymer concentration in the binding experiments reveals a cooperative effect also in the first binding mode. This is physically interpreted and theoretically analyzed in terms of bound dimers stabilized by base stacking."}
{"id": "PMID:880284", "title": "Chromatin replication in vitro. Properties of a HeLa nuclear system.", "content": "An in vitro HeLa chromatin replication system was developed and characterized. Purified nuclei synthesized DNA from replication forks which were undergoing chain elongation at the time of cell fractionation. DNA replication in isolated nuclei was deficient in DNA maturation functions; the Okazaki fragments synthesized in vitro accumulated and were ligated to high-molecular-weight DNA with low efficiency. The chromatin protein components of nuclei incubated in the DNA replication assay conditions were investigated for displacement, degradation, and exchange. Displacement of total nuclear protein during in vitro incubation occurred to the extent of 3%, and involved only the nonhistone nuclear proteins. Degradation was not detectable, assayed both by loss of acid-soluble radioactivity and by protein electrophoretic patterns in polyacrylamide gels. No detectable protein was exchanged from chromatin to exogenous DNA.", "contents": "Chromatin replication in vitro. Properties of a HeLa nuclear system. An in vitro HeLa chromatin replication system was developed and characterized. Purified nuclei synthesized DNA from replication forks which were undergoing chain elongation at the time of cell fractionation. DNA replication in isolated nuclei was deficient in DNA maturation functions; the Okazaki fragments synthesized in vitro accumulated and were ligated to high-molecular-weight DNA with low efficiency. The chromatin protein components of nuclei incubated in the DNA replication assay conditions were investigated for displacement, degradation, and exchange. Displacement of total nuclear protein during in vitro incubation occurred to the extent of 3%, and involved only the nonhistone nuclear proteins. Degradation was not detectable, assayed both by loss of acid-soluble radioactivity and by protein electrophoretic patterns in polyacrylamide gels. No detectable protein was exchanged from chromatin to exogenous DNA."}
{"id": "PMID:880288", "title": "Purification and properties of the NADH and NADPH specific FMN oxidoreductases from Beneckea harveyi.", "content": "The NADH and NADPH specific FMN oxidoreductases from Beneckea harveyi have been purified to homogeneity as judged by single bands on sodium dodecyl sulfate gel electrophoresis. The overall purification for the NADH specific enzyme is 3000-fold and 4000-fold for the NADPH specific enzyme from a crude extract. The final step in the purification procedure is chromatography on a 5'-AMP-Sepharose 4B affinity column which results in approximately a 50-fold purification to a final specific activity of 31 mumol of NADH oxidized min-1 (mg of protein)-1 for the NADH specific FMN reductase. The NADPH specific reductase has been purified to a final specific activity of 51 mumol of NADPH oxidized min-1 (mg of protein)-1 using a NADP agarose affinity column, which results in a 70-fold purification. Molecular weights of 30 000 and 40 000 and Km's of 4.75 X 10(-5) M NADH and 4.0 X 10(-5) M NADPH have been determined for the pure NADH and NADPH specific FMN reductases, respectively. The NADPH specific FMN reductase does not utilize NADH, while the NADH specific enzyme does dehydrogenate NADPH with a maximal velocity one-tenth of that for NADH. Separate NADH and NADPH specific FMN reductases from Photobacterium fischeri could not be demonstrated.", "contents": "Purification and properties of the NADH and NADPH specific FMN oxidoreductases from Beneckea harveyi. The NADH and NADPH specific FMN oxidoreductases from Beneckea harveyi have been purified to homogeneity as judged by single bands on sodium dodecyl sulfate gel electrophoresis. The overall purification for the NADH specific enzyme is 3000-fold and 4000-fold for the NADPH specific enzyme from a crude extract. The final step in the purification procedure is chromatography on a 5'-AMP-Sepharose 4B affinity column which results in approximately a 50-fold purification to a final specific activity of 31 mumol of NADH oxidized min-1 (mg of protein)-1 for the NADH specific FMN reductase. The NADPH specific reductase has been purified to a final specific activity of 51 mumol of NADPH oxidized min-1 (mg of protein)-1 using a NADP agarose affinity column, which results in a 70-fold purification. Molecular weights of 30 000 and 40 000 and Km's of 4.75 X 10(-5) M NADH and 4.0 X 10(-5) M NADPH have been determined for the pure NADH and NADPH specific FMN reductases, respectively. The NADPH specific FMN reductase does not utilize NADH, while the NADH specific enzyme does dehydrogenate NADPH with a maximal velocity one-tenth of that for NADH. Separate NADH and NADPH specific FMN reductases from Photobacterium fischeri could not be demonstrated."}
{"id": "PMID:880290", "title": "Effect of mixed solvents on the formation of horseradish peroxidase compound I. The importance of diffusion-controlled reactions.", "content": "In aqueous glycerol solutions, the rate constant for the formation of compound I of horseradish peroxidase from hydrogen peroxide is independent of the viscosity. However, whem m-chloroperbenzoic acid is used to form compound I, the rate is viscosity dependent, indicating that this reaction is diffusion controlled. The problems in obtaining accurate information about diffusion-controlled reactions are discussed as is the possible significance of diffusion control. Ethanol has been used in previous studies to decrease the dielectric constant of the medium but it was found that its dominant effect on horseradish peroxidase was to bind to the sixth coordination position of the heme ion. The stability of the native enzyme in different environments was tested by difference absorption and circular dichroic spectroscopy and new circular dichroic data for compound I are reported.", "contents": "Effect of mixed solvents on the formation of horseradish peroxidase compound I. The importance of diffusion-controlled reactions. In aqueous glycerol solutions, the rate constant for the formation of compound I of horseradish peroxidase from hydrogen peroxide is independent of the viscosity. However, whem m-chloroperbenzoic acid is used to form compound I, the rate is viscosity dependent, indicating that this reaction is diffusion controlled. The problems in obtaining accurate information about diffusion-controlled reactions are discussed as is the possible significance of diffusion control. Ethanol has been used in previous studies to decrease the dielectric constant of the medium but it was found that its dominant effect on horseradish peroxidase was to bind to the sixth coordination position of the heme ion. The stability of the native enzyme in different environments was tested by difference absorption and circular dichroic spectroscopy and new circular dichroic data for compound I are reported."}
{"id": "PMID:880292", "title": "Resonance Raman studies of the purple membrane.", "content": "The individual resonance Raman spectra of the PM568 and M412 forms of light-adapted purple membrane from Halobacterium halobium have been measured using the newly developed flow technique. For comparison purposes, the Raman spectra of the model chromophores, all-trans- and 13-cis retinal n-butylamine, both as protonated and unprotonated Schiff bases, have also been obtained. In agreement with previous work, the Raman data indicate that the retinal chromophore is linked to the purple membrane protein via a protonated. Schiff base in the case of the PM568 and an unprotonated Schiff base for the M412 form. The basic mechanism for color regulation in both forms appears to be electron delocalization. The spectral features of the two forms are different from each other and different from the model compound spectra.", "contents": "Resonance Raman studies of the purple membrane. The individual resonance Raman spectra of the PM568 and M412 forms of light-adapted purple membrane from Halobacterium halobium have been measured using the newly developed flow technique. For comparison purposes, the Raman spectra of the model chromophores, all-trans- and 13-cis retinal n-butylamine, both as protonated and unprotonated Schiff bases, have also been obtained. In agreement with previous work, the Raman data indicate that the retinal chromophore is linked to the purple membrane protein via a protonated. Schiff base in the case of the PM568 and an unprotonated Schiff base for the M412 form. The basic mechanism for color regulation in both forms appears to be electron delocalization. The spectral features of the two forms are different from each other and different from the model compound spectra."}
{"id": "PMID:880293", "title": "Purification and characterization of a peptide from the carboxy-terminal region of chick tendon procollagen type I.", "content": "A disulfide-bonded peptide with a molecular weight of about 100 000 was isolated from the medium of cultured chick embryo tendons. It was shown to be a trimer with two types of subunits in a 2:1 ratio, and tryptic fingerprinting and immunological evidence indicated that it was derived from the carboxy-terminal-precursor-specific region of procollagen. Amino acid analysis after reduction and alkylation indicated that the trimer contains about 30 residues of half-cystine involved in intrachain as well as interchain disulfide bonding. The interchain bonds could be reduced and alkylated under nondenaturing conditions. Carbohydrate analysis showed that each of the three peptide chains in the trimer contains about two residues of N-acetylglucosamine and about ten residues of mannose. This suggests the presence of one or two oligosaccharide units per chain.", "contents": "Purification and characterization of a peptide from the carboxy-terminal region of chick tendon procollagen type I. A disulfide-bonded peptide with a molecular weight of about 100 000 was isolated from the medium of cultured chick embryo tendons. It was shown to be a trimer with two types of subunits in a 2:1 ratio, and tryptic fingerprinting and immunological evidence indicated that it was derived from the carboxy-terminal-precursor-specific region of procollagen. Amino acid analysis after reduction and alkylation indicated that the trimer contains about 30 residues of half-cystine involved in intrachain as well as interchain disulfide bonding. The interchain bonds could be reduced and alkylated under nondenaturing conditions. Carbohydrate analysis showed that each of the three peptide chains in the trimer contains about two residues of N-acetylglucosamine and about ten residues of mannose. This suggests the presence of one or two oligosaccharide units per chain."}
{"id": "PMID:880296", "title": "Effect of linocmycin on the chlorophyll protein complex I content and photosystem I activity of greening leaves.", "content": "1. Greening barley and pea leaves treated with lincomycin have a reduced chlorophyll content. Lincomycin dose not alter the proportion of chlorophyll in chlorophyll-protein complex II (CPII) but greatly reduces that in chlorophyll-protein complex I (CPI). 2. Difference spectra show that chloroplasts from lincomycin-treated leaves are deficient in at least two long wavelength forms of chlorophyll ratio of chloroplasts is unaffected by lincomycin but the photochemical P-700/chlorophyll ratio is less than half of that of the control. It is less affected than the chlorophyll-protein complex I content. 4. Photosystem I activity expressed on a chlorophyll basis is unaffected by linocomycin but the light intensity for half saturation is increased 8-fold. 5. Chlorophyll-protein complex I apoprotein content is reduced by lincomycin. No evidence was found for an accumulation of its precursor(s). The relative abundance of major peptides of 18 000, 15 000 and 12 000 daltons in lincomycin-treated chloroplasts is attributed to a general inhibition of greening and associated membrane of formation.", "contents": "Effect of linocmycin on the chlorophyll protein complex I content and photosystem I activity of greening leaves. 1. Greening barley and pea leaves treated with lincomycin have a reduced chlorophyll content. Lincomycin dose not alter the proportion of chlorophyll in chlorophyll-protein complex II (CPII) but greatly reduces that in chlorophyll-protein complex I (CPI). 2. Difference spectra show that chloroplasts from lincomycin-treated leaves are deficient in at least two long wavelength forms of chlorophyll ratio of chloroplasts is unaffected by lincomycin but the photochemical P-700/chlorophyll ratio is less than half of that of the control. It is less affected than the chlorophyll-protein complex I content. 4. Photosystem I activity expressed on a chlorophyll basis is unaffected by linocomycin but the light intensity for half saturation is increased 8-fold. 5. Chlorophyll-protein complex I apoprotein content is reduced by lincomycin. No evidence was found for an accumulation of its precursor(s). The relative abundance of major peptides of 18 000, 15 000 and 12 000 daltons in lincomycin-treated chloroplasts is attributed to a general inhibition of greening and associated membrane of formation."}
{"id": "PMID:880298", "title": "Light-induced movement of magnesium ions in intact chloroplasts. Spectroscopic determination with Eriochrome Blue SE.", "content": "The metallochromic indicator Eriochrome Blue SE was used to measure light-induced internal movement of Mg2+ in intact chloroplasts. By dual-wave-length spectroscopy (measuring wavelength 554 nm, reference 592 nm) a light-induced, dark-reversible absorbance increase of Eriochrome Blue in samples of isolated intact chloroplasts was observed. The light/dark difference spectrum of Eriochrome Blue between 550 and 590 nm (reference wavelength 562 nm) indicated that this absorbance increase was caused by an increased concentration of free Mg2+ in a neutral or slightly alkaline chloroplast compartment. The signal was seen only with intact, but not with broken, envelope-free chloroplasts, which had lost most of their divalent cations. This is interpreted to show that the indicator responds to an increase of Mg2+ concentration in the chloroplast stroma, which represents an efflux of Mg2+ from the intra-thylakoid space caused by light-dependent proton pumping. As calculated from corrected values of the absorbance increase of Eriochrome Blue, the light-induced internal release of Mg2+ was close to 100 nequiv per mg chlorophyll at pH 7.6 and 250 nequiv at pH 7.1. This corresponds to a light-dependent increase in the concentration of free Mg2+ in the stroma of about 2 and 5 mM, respectively.", "contents": "Light-induced movement of magnesium ions in intact chloroplasts. Spectroscopic determination with Eriochrome Blue SE. The metallochromic indicator Eriochrome Blue SE was used to measure light-induced internal movement of Mg2+ in intact chloroplasts. By dual-wave-length spectroscopy (measuring wavelength 554 nm, reference 592 nm) a light-induced, dark-reversible absorbance increase of Eriochrome Blue in samples of isolated intact chloroplasts was observed. The light/dark difference spectrum of Eriochrome Blue between 550 and 590 nm (reference wavelength 562 nm) indicated that this absorbance increase was caused by an increased concentration of free Mg2+ in a neutral or slightly alkaline chloroplast compartment. The signal was seen only with intact, but not with broken, envelope-free chloroplasts, which had lost most of their divalent cations. This is interpreted to show that the indicator responds to an increase of Mg2+ concentration in the chloroplast stroma, which represents an efflux of Mg2+ from the intra-thylakoid space caused by light-dependent proton pumping. As calculated from corrected values of the absorbance increase of Eriochrome Blue, the light-induced internal release of Mg2+ was close to 100 nequiv per mg chlorophyll at pH 7.6 and 250 nequiv at pH 7.1. This corresponds to a light-dependent increase in the concentration of free Mg2+ in the stroma of about 2 and 5 mM, respectively."}
{"id": "PMID:880299", "title": "The binding of bicarbonate ions to washed chloroplast grana.", "content": "Radioactive labelling techniques show that isolated broken chloroplasts can take up HCO3-in the dark. There are two pools of binding sites for this ion on, or within, the thylakoid membranes. A smaller, high affinity pool exists at a concentration of one HCO3-bound per 380-400 chlorophyll molecules. Removal of HCO3-bound in this pool requires special conditions and results in greater than 90% inhibition of oxygen evolution. The inhibition is fully reversed when HCO3-is added back. HCO3-bound in the small pool does not necessarily exchange with free HCO3-in the dark or in light. Evidence presented suggests that this site is very near the site of action of 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethyl urea. A second, much larger, pool of HCO3-binding sites also exists in a concentration approaching that of the bulk chlorophyll. These sites have a much lower affinity for HCO3-, and their function has not yet been determined.", "contents": "The binding of bicarbonate ions to washed chloroplast grana. Radioactive labelling techniques show that isolated broken chloroplasts can take up HCO3-in the dark. There are two pools of binding sites for this ion on, or within, the thylakoid membranes. A smaller, high affinity pool exists at a concentration of one HCO3-bound per 380-400 chlorophyll molecules. Removal of HCO3-bound in this pool requires special conditions and results in greater than 90% inhibition of oxygen evolution. The inhibition is fully reversed when HCO3-is added back. HCO3-bound in the small pool does not necessarily exchange with free HCO3-in the dark or in light. Evidence presented suggests that this site is very near the site of action of 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethyl urea. A second, much larger, pool of HCO3-binding sites also exists in a concentration approaching that of the bulk chlorophyll. These sites have a much lower affinity for HCO3-, and their function has not yet been determined."}
{"id": "PMID:880300", "title": "Orientation and flexibility of the choline head group in phosphatidylcholine bilayers.", "content": "The average orientation and flexibility of the phosphorylcholine group are deduced from deuterium and phosphorus-31 nuclear magnetic resonance measurements of unsonicated phosphatidylcholine bilayers in the liquid crystalline state. The experimental data are consistent with a model in which the polar head group exhibits a restricted flexibility characterized by rapid transitions between two enantiomeric conformations. A completely flexible or a completely rigid head group structure can be excluded. The phosphorylcholine residue is found to be bent at the position of the phosphate group, due to a gauche-gauche conformation of the phosphodiester linkage. The choline dipole is aligned parallel to the plane of the membrane, which is in agreement with X-ray and neutron diffraction studies. The average orientation of the phosphorylcholine group is therfore the same as that of the phosphorylethanolamine head group.", "contents": "Orientation and flexibility of the choline head group in phosphatidylcholine bilayers. The average orientation and flexibility of the phosphorylcholine group are deduced from deuterium and phosphorus-31 nuclear magnetic resonance measurements of unsonicated phosphatidylcholine bilayers in the liquid crystalline state. The experimental data are consistent with a model in which the polar head group exhibits a restricted flexibility characterized by rapid transitions between two enantiomeric conformations. A completely flexible or a completely rigid head group structure can be excluded. The phosphorylcholine residue is found to be bent at the position of the phosphate group, due to a gauche-gauche conformation of the phosphodiester linkage. The choline dipole is aligned parallel to the plane of the membrane, which is in agreement with X-ray and neutron diffraction studies. The average orientation of the phosphorylcholine group is therfore the same as that of the phosphorylethanolamine head group."}
{"id": "PMID:880301", "title": "Changes in structural organization of surface membrane during erythrocyte maturation.", "content": "The effect of concanavalin A and its succinylated derivative on cell agglutination and potassium compartmentation of mature and immature erythrocytes was observed. The binding of tetravalent concanavalin A to the surface glycoproteins of rabbit erythrocytes leads to a change in the properties of the surface membrane, which results in an induction of cell agglutination and concomitant release of potassium from the cells. Both of the phenomena induced by concanavalin A are temperature dependent, and observed at above 15 degrees C. Divalent succinylated concanavalin A, lacking the inducing activity of surface glycoprotein cross-linking into patches and caps, caused neither cell agglutination nor change in the potassium compartmentation of erythrocytes and reticulocytes. In the case of immature reticulocytes, however, remarkable agglutination of the cells was induced without a change in the potassium compartmentation after treatment with tetravalent concanavalin A. It is suggested that changes in the molecular organization of the surface membrane occur in which potassium compartmentation of the reticulocytes becomes more susceptible to surface glycoprotein cross-linking during cellular maturation.", "contents": "Changes in structural organization of surface membrane during erythrocyte maturation. The effect of concanavalin A and its succinylated derivative on cell agglutination and potassium compartmentation of mature and immature erythrocytes was observed. The binding of tetravalent concanavalin A to the surface glycoproteins of rabbit erythrocytes leads to a change in the properties of the surface membrane, which results in an induction of cell agglutination and concomitant release of potassium from the cells. Both of the phenomena induced by concanavalin A are temperature dependent, and observed at above 15 degrees C. Divalent succinylated concanavalin A, lacking the inducing activity of surface glycoprotein cross-linking into patches and caps, caused neither cell agglutination nor change in the potassium compartmentation of erythrocytes and reticulocytes. In the case of immature reticulocytes, however, remarkable agglutination of the cells was induced without a change in the potassium compartmentation after treatment with tetravalent concanavalin A. It is suggested that changes in the molecular organization of the surface membrane occur in which potassium compartmentation of the reticulocytes becomes more susceptible to surface glycoprotein cross-linking during cellular maturation."}
{"id": "PMID:880302", "title": "Variations in microviscosity values induced by different rotational behaviour of fluorescent probes in some aliphatic environments.", "content": "Recently there have been large developments in the indirect estimation of phospholipid bilayer and membrane microviscosities through the use of fluorescent probes with the help of paraffin oils as standard solvents. Before applying this semi-empirical method to membrane systems, it seemed necessary to test: first, a large variety of probes (this has been done by many authors) and secondly, a large variety of aliphatic oils (there is little literature on these tests). The present paper shows the variations of the rotational relaxation rates of three probes in relation to the viscosities of some aliphatic oils. When changing the oil but keeping constant the macroscopic viscosity, large differences appear in the relaxation rates of a given fluorphore (a ratio of 30/1 is observed in the extreme cases). The microviscosities of membranes deduced from the probe motion will consequently exhibit large uncertainty, as is shown with dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine. The cause of these different behaviours must be looked for in the properties of the oil. Particularly, the anisotropy of the solute-solvent interaction in the site where the probe is located depends in part on the internal order of the solvent which is used as a reference.", "contents": "Variations in microviscosity values induced by different rotational behaviour of fluorescent probes in some aliphatic environments. Recently there have been large developments in the indirect estimation of phospholipid bilayer and membrane microviscosities through the use of fluorescent probes with the help of paraffin oils as standard solvents. Before applying this semi-empirical method to membrane systems, it seemed necessary to test: first, a large variety of probes (this has been done by many authors) and secondly, a large variety of aliphatic oils (there is little literature on these tests). The present paper shows the variations of the rotational relaxation rates of three probes in relation to the viscosities of some aliphatic oils. When changing the oil but keeping constant the macroscopic viscosity, large differences appear in the relaxation rates of a given fluorphore (a ratio of 30/1 is observed in the extreme cases). The microviscosities of membranes deduced from the probe motion will consequently exhibit large uncertainty, as is shown with dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine. The cause of these different behaviours must be looked for in the properties of the oil. Particularly, the anisotropy of the solute-solvent interaction in the site where the probe is located depends in part on the internal order of the solvent which is used as a reference."}
{"id": "PMID:880303", "title": "Enzymatic synthesis of adenosine 5'-O-(3-[35S]-thiotriphosphate).", "content": "A method for the enzymatic synthesis of adenosine 5'-O-(3-[35S]thiotriphosphate) is described. The method involves the thiophosphate exchange of adenosine 5'-O-(3-thiotriphosphate) with [35S]thiophosphate with the aid of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase and phosphoglycerate kinase in the presence of 3-phosphoglycerate. The method is also applicable for the synthesis of guanosine 5'-O-(3-[35S]thiotriphosphate).", "contents": "Enzymatic synthesis of adenosine 5'-O-(3-[35S]-thiotriphosphate). A method for the enzymatic synthesis of adenosine 5'-O-(3-[35S]thiotriphosphate) is described. The method involves the thiophosphate exchange of adenosine 5'-O-(3-thiotriphosphate) with [35S]thiophosphate with the aid of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase and phosphoglycerate kinase in the presence of 3-phosphoglycerate. The method is also applicable for the synthesis of guanosine 5'-O-(3-[35S]thiotriphosphate)."}
{"id": "PMID:880304", "title": "Studies on the glycosidases of semen. Further purification and characterization of two hexosaminidases from bull seminal plasma.", "content": "Two isozymes of beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase (2-acetamido-2-deoxy-beta-D-glucoside acetamidodeoxy glucohydrolase, EC 3.2.1.30) (A and B) from bull seminal plasma were purified to homogeneity by isoelectric focusing having pI values of 5.31 and 6.78. The two proteins were glycoproteins with very similar amino acid composition but isozyme A contained more sialic acid than isozyme B. The molecular weights of isozyme A and B were estimated at 200 000 and 190 000 by gel filtration. Two identical subunits corresponding to molecular weights of 53 000 and 13 400 were obtained from hexosaminidase A and B when subjected to polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulphate. Similar results were obtained when dissociation of the isozymes was effected with mercaptoethanol, guanidine hydrochloride and urea in presence of sodium dodecyl sulphate and the subunits separated by acrylamide gel electrophoresis. The two isozymes were more stable in frozen conditions than at the refrigerated temperature. Of the divalent ion tested, glucosaminidase and galactosaminidase activities of isozymes A and B were strongly inhibited by Hg2+ and Ag+ thus suggesting the presence of thiol groups in the two proteins. The two isozymes were active on natural substrates; isozyme B being more active than isozyme A.", "contents": "Studies on the glycosidases of semen. Further purification and characterization of two hexosaminidases from bull seminal plasma. Two isozymes of beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase (2-acetamido-2-deoxy-beta-D-glucoside acetamidodeoxy glucohydrolase, EC 3.2.1.30) (A and B) from bull seminal plasma were purified to homogeneity by isoelectric focusing having pI values of 5.31 and 6.78. The two proteins were glycoproteins with very similar amino acid composition but isozyme A contained more sialic acid than isozyme B. The molecular weights of isozyme A and B were estimated at 200 000 and 190 000 by gel filtration. Two identical subunits corresponding to molecular weights of 53 000 and 13 400 were obtained from hexosaminidase A and B when subjected to polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulphate. Similar results were obtained when dissociation of the isozymes was effected with mercaptoethanol, guanidine hydrochloride and urea in presence of sodium dodecyl sulphate and the subunits separated by acrylamide gel electrophoresis. The two isozymes were more stable in frozen conditions than at the refrigerated temperature. Of the divalent ion tested, glucosaminidase and galactosaminidase activities of isozymes A and B were strongly inhibited by Hg2+ and Ag+ thus suggesting the presence of thiol groups in the two proteins. The two isozymes were active on natural substrates; isozyme B being more active than isozyme A."}
{"id": "PMID:880305", "title": "A two-step purification of mouse liver glyoxalase I and evidence of its dimeric constitution.", "content": "Glyoxalase I (S-lactoyl-glutathione methylglyoxal-lyase (isomerizing), EC 4.4.1.5) was purified from Swiss mouse liver to homogeneity by a rapid, two-step procedure involving hydrophobic and affinity chromatography. Homogeneity was established by multiple electrophoretic determinations and by sedimentation equilibrium centrifugation. The purified enzyme exhibited a specific activity of 944 I.U./mg protein an has a molecular weight of 43 000. The enzyme was shown to be a dimer by sodium dodecyl sulfate disc gel electrophoresis and is apparently composed of identical subunits of molecular weights approximating 21 500.", "contents": "A two-step purification of mouse liver glyoxalase I and evidence of its dimeric constitution. Glyoxalase I (S-lactoyl-glutathione methylglyoxal-lyase (isomerizing), EC 4.4.1.5) was purified from Swiss mouse liver to homogeneity by a rapid, two-step procedure involving hydrophobic and affinity chromatography. Homogeneity was established by multiple electrophoretic determinations and by sedimentation equilibrium centrifugation. The purified enzyme exhibited a specific activity of 944 I.U./mg protein an has a molecular weight of 43 000. The enzyme was shown to be a dimer by sodium dodecyl sulfate disc gel electrophoresis and is apparently composed of identical subunits of molecular weights approximating 21 500."}
{"id": "PMID:880306", "title": "Evidence for the presence of a trypsin inhibitor within rabbit and mouse tumour cells.", "content": "Post-granule supernatant fractions obtained from induced tumour cells in rabbits and from Ehrlich ascites tumour cells in mice have been shown to contain a protease inhibitor, inhibiting trypsin (EC 3.4.21.4) and neutral proteases located in the cytoplasm of the cells. This inhibition was found to be irreversible over the time period studied, independent of the time of enzyme incubation and independent of the extent of trypsin digestion within an insoluble substrate (within the limits of linear enzyme kinetics).", "contents": "Evidence for the presence of a trypsin inhibitor within rabbit and mouse tumour cells. Post-granule supernatant fractions obtained from induced tumour cells in rabbits and from Ehrlich ascites tumour cells in mice have been shown to contain a protease inhibitor, inhibiting trypsin (EC 3.4.21.4) and neutral proteases located in the cytoplasm of the cells. This inhibition was found to be irreversible over the time period studied, independent of the time of enzyme incubation and independent of the extent of trypsin digestion within an insoluble substrate (within the limits of linear enzyme kinetics)."}
{"id": "PMID:880307", "title": "Studies of the thermodynamics and nature of interaction between serum albumin and penicillins.", "content": "The possibility of a calorimetric determination of the number of homogeneous independent binding sites on the protein molecule surface is presented, together with the possibility of the determination of interaction heat and association constants for the binding of small molecules to one such site. Thermodynamic characteristics of interaction of 10 penicillins and methyl orange with primary and secondary binding sites of bovine serum albumin have been obtained using this technique. The data show that hydrogen bonds between the component parts of the complexes studied are absent. The main contribution to free energy change at forming these complexes is made by hydrophobic interactions. Electrostatic forces are also of some importance, their contribution into the complex formation is more significant in the case of quinacillin and carbenicillin which have an additional charged carboxyl group.", "contents": "Studies of the thermodynamics and nature of interaction between serum albumin and penicillins. The possibility of a calorimetric determination of the number of homogeneous independent binding sites on the protein molecule surface is presented, together with the possibility of the determination of interaction heat and association constants for the binding of small molecules to one such site. Thermodynamic characteristics of interaction of 10 penicillins and methyl orange with primary and secondary binding sites of bovine serum albumin have been obtained using this technique. The data show that hydrogen bonds between the component parts of the complexes studied are absent. The main contribution to free energy change at forming these complexes is made by hydrophobic interactions. Electrostatic forces are also of some importance, their contribution into the complex formation is more significant in the case of quinacillin and carbenicillin which have an additional charged carboxyl group."}
{"id": "PMID:880308", "title": "A photoacoustic study of newborn rat stratum corneum.", "content": "We have applied photoacoustic spectroscopy, a new spectroscopic technique, to the study of intact stratum corneum, a translucent membrane with high ultraviolet light scattering, and have obtained clear spectra in the 220-450 nm region. The photoacoustic technique has been used to study the effects of hydration and chemical alteration of the stratum corneum. Newborn rat stratum corneum shows marked spectral changes during the initial 60 h maturation period. These changes are attributed partly to the environmental and conformational changes occurring within the stratum corneum matrix during this time period. We also postulate the possibility of a novel molecular change within the keratin protein to account for our results.", "contents": "A photoacoustic study of newborn rat stratum corneum. We have applied photoacoustic spectroscopy, a new spectroscopic technique, to the study of intact stratum corneum, a translucent membrane with high ultraviolet light scattering, and have obtained clear spectra in the 220-450 nm region. The photoacoustic technique has been used to study the effects of hydration and chemical alteration of the stratum corneum. Newborn rat stratum corneum shows marked spectral changes during the initial 60 h maturation period. These changes are attributed partly to the environmental and conformational changes occurring within the stratum corneum matrix during this time period. We also postulate the possibility of a novel molecular change within the keratin protein to account for our results."}
{"id": "PMID:880309", "title": "The low temperature magnetic circular dichroism spectra of iron-sulphur proteins. I. Oxidised rubredoxin.", "content": "Variable temperature magnetic circular dichroism spectra have been measured on oxidised Clostridium pasteurianum rubredoxin. Evidence has been obtained for the presence of two one-electron charge-transfer transitions, sulphur to ferric ion, in the region 15 000 to 28 000 cm-1. The first moment of the lower energy band is consistent with it being the orbital transition t1 non-bonding sulphur orbital, to the 2 e ferric d-orbital. The magnitude of the spin-orbit coupling constant in the lower excited state has been determined and shown to be small compared with the axial distortion. The splitting of the low energy band observed in the absorption spectrum can therefore be equated directly with the axial distortion of the lowest excited charge-transfer state. Finally, the potential utility of making saturation experiments at very low temperatures has been examined.", "contents": "The low temperature magnetic circular dichroism spectra of iron-sulphur proteins. I. Oxidised rubredoxin. Variable temperature magnetic circular dichroism spectra have been measured on oxidised Clostridium pasteurianum rubredoxin. Evidence has been obtained for the presence of two one-electron charge-transfer transitions, sulphur to ferric ion, in the region 15 000 to 28 000 cm-1. The first moment of the lower energy band is consistent with it being the orbital transition t1 non-bonding sulphur orbital, to the 2 e ferric d-orbital. The magnitude of the spin-orbit coupling constant in the lower excited state has been determined and shown to be small compared with the axial distortion. The splitting of the low energy band observed in the absorption spectrum can therefore be equated directly with the axial distortion of the lowest excited charge-transfer state. Finally, the potential utility of making saturation experiments at very low temperatures has been examined."}
{"id": "PMID:880310", "title": "The low temperature magnetic circular dichroism spectra of iron-sulphur proteins. II. Two-iron ferredoxins.", "content": "Variable temperature magnetic circular dichroism (MCD) spectra of a number of two-iron ferredoxins have been measured. The spectra of fully oxidised spinach and Spirulina maxima ferredoxin are independent of temperature between room temperature and 18 K, showing that no contribution to the room temperature MCD spectrum arises from the small population of low-lying excited states originating from the exchange coupling. However, the low temperature MCD spectra of the half-reduced proteins spinach and Spirulina maxima ferredoxin and adrenodoxin are all reasonably intense and temperature dependent. An interpretation of the spectrum of the charge-transfer region is suggested by starting with the assignments previously obtained from rubredoxin.", "contents": "The low temperature magnetic circular dichroism spectra of iron-sulphur proteins. II. Two-iron ferredoxins. Variable temperature magnetic circular dichroism (MCD) spectra of a number of two-iron ferredoxins have been measured. The spectra of fully oxidised spinach and Spirulina maxima ferredoxin are independent of temperature between room temperature and 18 K, showing that no contribution to the room temperature MCD spectrum arises from the small population of low-lying excited states originating from the exchange coupling. However, the low temperature MCD spectra of the half-reduced proteins spinach and Spirulina maxima ferredoxin and adrenodoxin are all reasonably intense and temperature dependent. An interpretation of the spectrum of the charge-transfer region is suggested by starting with the assignments previously obtained from rubredoxin."}
{"id": "PMID:880311", "title": "Natural fluorescence properties of brome mosaic virus protein.", "content": "Some of the fluorescence properties of brome mosaic virus protein in different states of aggregation (dimer, capsid) have been studied, in particular the emission spectra, fluorescence quantum yields and lifetimes, as well as the effect of external quenchers and of temperature on the fluorescence. Brome mosaic virus protein, which contains two tryptophan and five tyrosine residues per monomer, displayed an unusual fluorescence spectrum maximum of 308 nm at pH 7.4 when excited at 280 nm. The emission maximum was shifted to 327 nm when excited at 295 nm. Analysis of the results showed that the tyrosine emission is characterized by a high value for the quantum yield (phi = 0.07), which is consistent with a location of most of these residues in helical regions of  the protein, while the tryptophan emission is strongly quenched (phi=0.035). The effects of external quenchers suggested that two kinds of tryptophan residues might exist, one buried (phi=0.056) and one exposed, the quantum yield of the latter being particularly low (phi=0.014). The tryptophan fluorescence quenching is partially removed at pH 8.4 and totally eliminated after chemical (guanidinium chloride) or thermal denaturation of the protein. Formation of capsid induced an additional quenching of the exposed tryptophan residue while interaction with the RNA in the virus did not modify the emission parameters of the protein.", "contents": "Natural fluorescence properties of brome mosaic virus protein. Some of the fluorescence properties of brome mosaic virus protein in different states of aggregation (dimer, capsid) have been studied, in particular the emission spectra, fluorescence quantum yields and lifetimes, as well as the effect of external quenchers and of temperature on the fluorescence. Brome mosaic virus protein, which contains two tryptophan and five tyrosine residues per monomer, displayed an unusual fluorescence spectrum maximum of 308 nm at pH 7.4 when excited at 280 nm. The emission maximum was shifted to 327 nm when excited at 295 nm. Analysis of the results showed that the tyrosine emission is characterized by a high value for the quantum yield (phi = 0.07), which is consistent with a location of most of these residues in helical regions of  the protein, while the tryptophan emission is strongly quenched (phi=0.035). The effects of external quenchers suggested that two kinds of tryptophan residues might exist, one buried (phi=0.056) and one exposed, the quantum yield of the latter being particularly low (phi=0.014). The tryptophan fluorescence quenching is partially removed at pH 8.4 and totally eliminated after chemical (guanidinium chloride) or thermal denaturation of the protein. Formation of capsid induced an additional quenching of the exposed tryptophan residue while interaction with the RNA in the virus did not modify the emission parameters of the protein."}
{"id": "PMID:880313", "title": "The influence of temperature and urea on intrinsic fluorescence of Streptomyces subtilisin inhibitor. A study by fluorescence polarization and quenching.", "content": "Intrinsic fluorescence of new microbial protease inhibitor, Streptomyces subtilisin inhibitor was studied by observing fluorescence polarization degree and lifetime in the temperature range 25-81 degrees C. Striking thermal changes in these fluorescence properties of tryptophan residues were observed. The apparent molecular volumes for tryptophan and tyrosine residues in the native form were determined to be 89 and 75 A3, respectively. The fluorescence quenching by Br- or Cs+ was investigated to obtain a microenvironmental information around tryptophan residues both in the native and denatured form. Cs+ quenches the fluorescence slightly stronger than Br-, implying that there is not any distinctive electrostatic interaction between tryptophan residues and their neighborhood.", "contents": "The influence of temperature and urea on intrinsic fluorescence of Streptomyces subtilisin inhibitor. A study by fluorescence polarization and quenching. Intrinsic fluorescence of new microbial protease inhibitor, Streptomyces subtilisin inhibitor was studied by observing fluorescence polarization degree and lifetime in the temperature range 25-81 degrees C. Striking thermal changes in these fluorescence properties of tryptophan residues were observed. The apparent molecular volumes for tryptophan and tyrosine residues in the native form were determined to be 89 and 75 A3, respectively. The fluorescence quenching by Br- or Cs+ was investigated to obtain a microenvironmental information around tryptophan residues both in the native and denatured form. Cs+ quenches the fluorescence slightly stronger than Br-, implying that there is not any distinctive electrostatic interaction between tryptophan residues and their neighborhood."}
{"id": "PMID:880314", "title": "Naja mossambica mossambica venom. Purification, some properties and the amino acid sequences of three phospholipases A (CM-I, CM-II and CM-III).", "content": "Three phospholipases A, CM-I, CM-II and CM-III, were purified from Naja mossambica mossambica venom by gel filtration on Sephadex G-50 followed by ion-exchange chromatography on CM-cellulose. They comprise each 118 amino acid residues and are close-linked by seven intrachain disulphide bridges. The complete primary structure of the three phospholipases A have been elucidated. The sequences and the invariant amino acid residues of CM-I, CM-II and CM-III resemble those of phospholipases A from other snake venoms and also from porcine pancreas. However, the letality (LD50 values) of the three phospholipases A from Naja mossambica mossambica venom, differ among themselves, and are also much higher than the LD100 value encountered for notexin from Notechis scutatus scutatus venom.", "contents": "Naja mossambica mossambica venom. Purification, some properties and the amino acid sequences of three phospholipases A (CM-I, CM-II and CM-III). Three phospholipases A, CM-I, CM-II and CM-III, were purified from Naja mossambica mossambica venom by gel filtration on Sephadex G-50 followed by ion-exchange chromatography on CM-cellulose. They comprise each 118 amino acid residues and are close-linked by seven intrachain disulphide bridges. The complete primary structure of the three phospholipases A have been elucidated. The sequences and the invariant amino acid residues of CM-I, CM-II and CM-III resemble those of phospholipases A from other snake venoms and also from porcine pancreas. However, the letality (LD50 values) of the three phospholipases A from Naja mossambica mossambica venom, differ among themselves, and are also much higher than the LD100 value encountered for notexin from Notechis scutatus scutatus venom."}
{"id": "PMID:880315", "title": "Structural properties of the glial fibrillary acidic protein. Evidence for intermolecular disulfide bonds.", "content": "Glial fibrillary acidic protein was purified from 4 M urea extracts of bovine brain by DEAE Bio-Gel A chromatography, 30% ammonium sulfate precipitation and hydroxylapatite chromatography. Subunits of about 54 000 daltons are present in solution as polydisperse distributions of polymers largely constrained by the presence of interchain disulfide linkages. Circular dichroism measurements indicate a native conformation containing some alpha-helical structure. The relevance of these findings to the cytoskeletal function of intermediate (80-100 A) filaments is discussed.", "contents": "Structural properties of the glial fibrillary acidic protein. Evidence for intermolecular disulfide bonds. Glial fibrillary acidic protein was purified from 4 M urea extracts of bovine brain by DEAE Bio-Gel A chromatography, 30% ammonium sulfate precipitation and hydroxylapatite chromatography. Subunits of about 54 000 daltons are present in solution as polydisperse distributions of polymers largely constrained by the presence of interchain disulfide linkages. Circular dichroism measurements indicate a native conformation containing some alpha-helical structure. The relevance of these findings to the cytoskeletal function of intermediate (80-100 A) filaments is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:880317", "title": "Electrophysiologic behavior modification of frontal EMG in cerebral-palsied children.", "content": "Four cerebral-palsied children participated in the following ABAB design: speech and motor pre-electrophysiologic behavior modification (EMB) evaluation; frontal EMG EMB, six weeks; speech and motor post-EBM evaluation; six weeks no training; speech and motor reevaluation; EMG EBM, four weeks; speech and motor evaluation. Auditory and visual feedback of frontal EMG was monitored by cumulative integration of frontal EMG voltage. The children were shaped by setting a cumulative voltage threshold (CVT). If the child's cumulative integrated frontal EMG voltage fell below the CVT at the end of each 60-sec epoch, a reward was automatically dispensed from a Universal Feeder. Frontal EMG decreased significantly over the initial twelve trials. Correspondingly, improvement was noted for the children in speech and motor skills. Follow-up six weeks later showed increased frontal EMG voltage and deterioration of speech and motor function. Reinstitution of frontal EMG EBM produced reacquisition of low frontal EMG and some recovery of speech and motor function. Collectively, these results indicate that frontal EMG EBM shows promise as an additional treatment modality in the habilitation of cerebral palsy children with spasticity.", "contents": "Electrophysiologic behavior modification of frontal EMG in cerebral-palsied children. Four cerebral-palsied children participated in the following ABAB design: speech and motor pre-electrophysiologic behavior modification (EMB) evaluation; frontal EMG EMB, six weeks; speech and motor post-EBM evaluation; six weeks no training; speech and motor reevaluation; EMG EBM, four weeks; speech and motor evaluation. Auditory and visual feedback of frontal EMG was monitored by cumulative integration of frontal EMG voltage. The children were shaped by setting a cumulative voltage threshold (CVT). If the child's cumulative integrated frontal EMG voltage fell below the CVT at the end of each 60-sec epoch, a reward was automatically dispensed from a Universal Feeder. Frontal EMG decreased significantly over the initial twelve trials. Correspondingly, improvement was noted for the children in speech and motor skills. Follow-up six weeks later showed increased frontal EMG voltage and deterioration of speech and motor function. Reinstitution of frontal EMG EBM produced reacquisition of low frontal EMG and some recovery of speech and motor function. Collectively, these results indicate that frontal EMG EBM shows promise as an additional treatment modality in the habilitation of cerebral palsy children with spasticity."}
{"id": "PMID:880318", "title": "The use of feedback training and a stimulus control procedure to obtain large magnitude increases in heart rate outside of the laboratory.", "content": "A series of eight single-subject experiments were performed to test the feasibility of using a stimulus control procedure to teach subjects to control heart rate in the absence of feedback and outside of the laboratory. Four of the six subjects who completed the experiments were able to demonstrate increases in heart rate of from 15 to 35 beats per minute without the assistance of feedback and outside of the laboratory. These increases were consistently produced over six daily sesssions. Through the use of a systematic replication series of experiments, it was possible tentatively to rule out age, sex, and basal heart rate of subject, as well as type of previous feedback training and number of prior training sessions, as accounting for the differential success.", "contents": "The use of feedback training and a stimulus control procedure to obtain large magnitude increases in heart rate outside of the laboratory. A series of eight single-subject experiments were performed to test the feasibility of using a stimulus control procedure to teach subjects to control heart rate in the absence of feedback and outside of the laboratory. Four of the six subjects who completed the experiments were able to demonstrate increases in heart rate of from 15 to 35 beats per minute without the assistance of feedback and outside of the laboratory. These increases were consistently produced over six daily sesssions. Through the use of a systematic replication series of experiments, it was possible tentatively to rule out age, sex, and basal heart rate of subject, as well as type of previous feedback training and number of prior training sessions, as accounting for the differential success."}
{"id": "PMID:880319", "title": "Affinity chromatography systems for artificial liver support.", "content": "The physical, adsorptive, and flow properties of two albumin conjugated agarose materials have been investigated in vitro to determine whether they could be used in artificial liver support systems to enhance the removal of toxic protein-bound substances. The results of binding of chenodeoxycholic acid and unconjugated bilirubin and flow experiments with blood and saline suggested that there could be advantages in using the SepharoseR rather than Bio--GelR albumin agarose in future haemoperfusion systems. However, further modifications are needed before the former can be successfully scaled up for human use.", "contents": "Affinity chromatography systems for artificial liver support. The physical, adsorptive, and flow properties of two albumin conjugated agarose materials have been investigated in vitro to determine whether they could be used in artificial liver support systems to enhance the removal of toxic protein-bound substances. The results of binding of chenodeoxycholic acid and unconjugated bilirubin and flow experiments with blood and saline suggested that there could be advantages in using the SepharoseR rather than Bio--GelR albumin agarose in future haemoperfusion systems. However, further modifications are needed before the former can be successfully scaled up for human use."}
{"id": "PMID:880320", "title": "Electric field effects in bacteriorhodopsin.", "content": "Exposure of aqueous suspensions of fragments of the purple membrane of Halobacterium halobium to electric field pulses leads to transient linear dichroism phenomena. The effects are interpreted in terms of field-induced alignments of the bacteriorhodopsin chromophore. Two observed relaxation times (tau) are attributed to rotation of the whole membrane fragments (tau s approximately 100 ms), and to a much faster reorientation of the chromophore within membrane (tau f approximately 260 microns).", "contents": "Electric field effects in bacteriorhodopsin. Exposure of aqueous suspensions of fragments of the purple membrane of Halobacterium halobium to electric field pulses leads to transient linear dichroism phenomena. The effects are interpreted in terms of field-induced alignments of the bacteriorhodopsin chromophore. Two observed relaxation times (tau) are attributed to rotation of the whole membrane fragments (tau s approximately 100 ms), and to a much faster reorientation of the chromophore within membrane (tau f approximately 260 microns)."}
{"id": "PMID:880321", "title": "Interpretation of the small-angle X-ray diffraction of collagen in view of the primary structure of the alpha1 chain.", "content": "The small-angle X-ray diffraction pattern of collagen has been calculated using the sequence of the alpha 1 chain and a Hodge-Petruska scheme for the packing of the collagen molecules. The molecular stagger giving the best fit of calculated-to observed structure factors has been found to be 236 or 237 amino acid residues for three tendon collagens. But this result depends on the appoximation that the  molecular conformation is uniform throughout the molecule. A comparison of the observed and calculated electron density profiles in axial projection leads to a corrected model, in which the COOH-terminal telopeptide is contracted in a way suggesting a saddle-shaped electron density distribution near the collagenase site.", "contents": "Interpretation of the small-angle X-ray diffraction of collagen in view of the primary structure of the alpha1 chain. The small-angle X-ray diffraction pattern of collagen has been calculated using the sequence of the alpha 1 chain and a Hodge-Petruska scheme for the packing of the collagen molecules. The molecular stagger giving the best fit of calculated-to observed structure factors has been found to be 236 or 237 amino acid residues for three tendon collagens. But this result depends on the appoximation that the  molecular conformation is uniform throughout the molecule. A comparison of the observed and calculated electron density profiles in axial projection leads to a corrected model, in which the COOH-terminal telopeptide is contracted in a way suggesting a saddle-shaped electron density distribution near the collagenase site."}
{"id": "PMID:880322", "title": "Characteristics of sodium tail currents in Myxicola axons. Comparison with membrane asymmetry currents.", "content": "Sodium currents after repolarization to more negative potentials after initial activation were digitally recorded in voltage-clamped Myxicola axons compensated for series resistance. The results are inconsistent with a Hodgkin-Huxley-type kinetic scheme. At potentials more negative than -50 mV, the Na+ tails show two distinct time constants, while at more positive potentials only a single exponential process can be resolved. The time-course of the tail currents was totally unaffected when tetrodotoxin (TTX) was added to reduce gNa to low values, demonstrating the absence of any artifact dependent on membrane current. Tail currents were altered by [Ca++] in a manner consistent with a simple alteration in surface potential. Asymmetry current \"off\" responses are well described by a single exponential. The time constant for this response averaged 2.3 times larger than that for the rapid component of the Na+ repolarization current and was not sensitive to pulse amplitude or duration, although it did vary with holding potential. Other asymmetry current observations confirm previous reports on Myxicola.", "contents": "Characteristics of sodium tail currents in Myxicola axons. Comparison with membrane asymmetry currents. Sodium currents after repolarization to more negative potentials after initial activation were digitally recorded in voltage-clamped Myxicola axons compensated for series resistance. The results are inconsistent with a Hodgkin-Huxley-type kinetic scheme. At potentials more negative than -50 mV, the Na+ tails show two distinct time constants, while at more positive potentials only a single exponential process can be resolved. The time-course of the tail currents was totally unaffected when tetrodotoxin (TTX) was added to reduce gNa to low values, demonstrating the absence of any artifact dependent on membrane current. Tail currents were altered by [Ca++] in a manner consistent with a simple alteration in surface potential. Asymmetry current \"off\" responses are well described by a single exponential. The time constant for this response averaged 2.3 times larger than that for the rapid component of the Na+ repolarization current and was not sensitive to pulse amplitude or duration, although it did vary with holding potential. Other asymmetry current observations confirm previous reports on Myxicola."}
{"id": "PMID:880329", "title": "The noneffect of a large linear hydrocarbon, squalene, on the phosphatidylcholine packing structure.", "content": "The interaction of squalene with liposomes and monolayers of dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine (DPL) has been studied by differential scanning calorimetry, Raman spectroscopy, and surface potential measurements. Mole ratios of squalene to DPL up to 9 to 1 were studied. In contrast to small, nonpolar molecules, which profoundly influence the structure of lipid bilayers as detected by changes in both their thermodynamic phase transition parameters and membrane fluidity, this large, nonpolar, linear hydrocarbon is devoid of such influences. It is clear from our data that a large nonpolar molecule such as squalene, having no polar group that might anchor it to the aqueous interface, cannot intercalate between the acyl chains either below or above the phase transition of DPL. This behavior is not compatible with models that treat the bilayer interior as a bulk hydrocarbon, and suggests that great caution should be exercised in extrapolating partition coefficients based on bulk hydrocarbon measurements to lipid bilayers.", "contents": "The noneffect of a large linear hydrocarbon, squalene, on the phosphatidylcholine packing structure. The interaction of squalene with liposomes and monolayers of dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine (DPL) has been studied by differential scanning calorimetry, Raman spectroscopy, and surface potential measurements. Mole ratios of squalene to DPL up to 9 to 1 were studied. In contrast to small, nonpolar molecules, which profoundly influence the structure of lipid bilayers as detected by changes in both their thermodynamic phase transition parameters and membrane fluidity, this large, nonpolar, linear hydrocarbon is devoid of such influences. It is clear from our data that a large nonpolar molecule such as squalene, having no polar group that might anchor it to the aqueous interface, cannot intercalate between the acyl chains either below or above the phase transition of DPL. This behavior is not compatible with models that treat the bilayer interior as a bulk hydrocarbon, and suggests that great caution should be exercised in extrapolating partition coefficients based on bulk hydrocarbon measurements to lipid bilayers."}
{"id": "PMID:880330", "title": "The organization of repeated nucleotide sequences in the replicons of mammalian DNA.", "content": "Chinese hamster ovary cells were irradiated with 100-5,000 rads of X-rays and inhibition of the initiation of replicons after irradiation was demonstrated by analyzing nascent DNA sedimented in alkaline sucrose gradients. The renaturation kinetics of DNA synthesized during 60 min of incubation after irradiation was compared with that of DNA synthesized during the 60 min after sham irradiation and with that of parental DNA. Nascent DNA from cells whose replicon initiation was inhibited renatured faster than nascent DNA from control cells in the COt range of repeated nucleotide sequences, suggesting that regions of the replicon not close to origins are enriched in repeated sequences and that regions close to origins are enriched in unique sequences. A class of repeated nucleotide sequences may be involved in the regulation of replicon initiation.", "contents": "The organization of repeated nucleotide sequences in the replicons of mammalian DNA. Chinese hamster ovary cells were irradiated with 100-5,000 rads of X-rays and inhibition of the initiation of replicons after irradiation was demonstrated by analyzing nascent DNA sedimented in alkaline sucrose gradients. The renaturation kinetics of DNA synthesized during 60 min of incubation after irradiation was compared with that of DNA synthesized during the 60 min after sham irradiation and with that of parental DNA. Nascent DNA from cells whose replicon initiation was inhibited renatured faster than nascent DNA from control cells in the COt range of repeated nucleotide sequences, suggesting that regions of the replicon not close to origins are enriched in repeated sequences and that regions close to origins are enriched in unique sequences. A class of repeated nucleotide sequences may be involved in the regulation of replicon initiation."}
{"id": "PMID:880331", "title": "A single-file model for potassium transport in squid giant axon. Simulation of potassium currents at normal ionic concentrations.", "content": "A physical model for potassium transport in squid giant axon is proposed. The model is designed to explain the empirical data given by the Hodgkin-Huxley model and related experiments. It is assumed that K(+) moves across the axon membrane by single-file diffusion through narrow pores. In the model a pore has three negatively charged sites that can be occupied alternatively by K(+) or by a gating particle, GP(++), coming from the external surface. GP(++) is considered to be part of the membrane rather than a diffusible component of the surrounding solutions. A high activation barrier for GP(++) is supposed at the inner membrane border so that it cannot change over to the internal surface. Therefore potassium diffusion can be blocked by GP(++) penetrating into the pores. This mechanism controls the dynamic behaviour of the model. The time-dependent probabilities of the pore states are described by a system of differential equations. The rate constants in these equations depend on the ionic concentrations, the membrane voltage, and the electrostatic interaction between ions in a single pore. Detailed computational tests for normal composition of external and internal solutions show that the model agrees remarkably well with the stationary and dynamic behaviour of the Hodgkin-Huxley model. However, the hyperpolarization delay is not reproduced. A structural modification, concerning this delay and the way in which GP(++) is attached to the membrane, is proposed, and the qualitative behavior of the model at varied external and internal concentrations is discussed.", "contents": "A single-file model for potassium transport in squid giant axon. Simulation of potassium currents at normal ionic concentrations. A physical model for potassium transport in squid giant axon is proposed. The model is designed to explain the empirical data given by the Hodgkin-Huxley model and related experiments. It is assumed that K(+) moves across the axon membrane by single-file diffusion through narrow pores. In the model a pore has three negatively charged sites that can be occupied alternatively by K(+) or by a gating particle, GP(++), coming from the external surface. GP(++) is considered to be part of the membrane rather than a diffusible component of the surrounding solutions. A high activation barrier for GP(++) is supposed at the inner membrane border so that it cannot change over to the internal surface. Therefore potassium diffusion can be blocked by GP(++) penetrating into the pores. This mechanism controls the dynamic behaviour of the model. The time-dependent probabilities of the pore states are described by a system of differential equations. The rate constants in these equations depend on the ionic concentrations, the membrane voltage, and the electrostatic interaction between ions in a single pore. Detailed computational tests for normal composition of external and internal solutions show that the model agrees remarkably well with the stationary and dynamic behaviour of the Hodgkin-Huxley model. However, the hyperpolarization delay is not reproduced. A structural modification, concerning this delay and the way in which GP(++) is attached to the membrane, is proposed, and the qualitative behavior of the model at varied external and internal concentrations is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:880332", "title": "Asymmetry currents and admittance in squid axons.", "content": "The complex admittance of squid (Loligo pealei) axon was measured rapidly (within 1 s) with pseudo-random small signals and discrete Fourier transform techniques under guarded, \"space-clamp\" conditions and during suppression of ion conduction. Asymmetry currents were measured by paired step clam pulses of +/-70 mV from a holding potential of -97 mV and gave an apparent capacitance of 0.36 muF/cm2. However, the admittance data showed no change in capacitance at holding potentials from -97 to -67 mV and gave a decrease of 0.07 of 0.15 muF/cm2 at -37 mV. The failure to observe a capacitance increase at low membrane potentials suggests the following possibilities: (a) the asymmetry current is a displacement current that inactivates completely with time, and (b) the asymmetry current is not a displacement current and arises from large signal effects (i.e., delayed nonlinearity in ionic current) on the membrane.", "contents": "Asymmetry currents and admittance in squid axons. The complex admittance of squid (Loligo pealei) axon was measured rapidly (within 1 s) with pseudo-random small signals and discrete Fourier transform techniques under guarded, \"space-clamp\" conditions and during suppression of ion conduction. Asymmetry currents were measured by paired step clam pulses of +/-70 mV from a holding potential of -97 mV and gave an apparent capacitance of 0.36 muF/cm2. However, the admittance data showed no change in capacitance at holding potentials from -97 to -67 mV and gave a decrease of 0.07 of 0.15 muF/cm2 at -37 mV. The failure to observe a capacitance increase at low membrane potentials suggests the following possibilities: (a) the asymmetry current is a displacement current that inactivates completely with time, and (b) the asymmetry current is not a displacement current and arises from large signal effects (i.e., delayed nonlinearity in ionic current) on the membrane."}
{"id": "PMID:880333", "title": "On the photocycle and light adaptation of dark-adapted bacteriorhodopsin.", "content": "Pulsed Nd laser (25 ns, 530 nm) photolysis experiments were carried out at room temperature in aqueous suspensions of dark- and light-adapted fragments of the purple membrane of Halobacterium halobium. It is shown that the (50%) 13-cis isomeric component (BR13-cis) of dark-adapted bacteriorhodopsin (BRDA) undergoes a photocycle involving a characteristic transient absorbing in the neighborhood of 610 nm. At relatively high excitation intensities BR13-cis is converted to the same 410 nm (M) transient that characterized the photocycle of the all-trans isomer (BRtrans) of light-adapted bacteriorhodopsin (BRLA). This process, which competes with the generation of the \"610\" species, is attributed to the photo-induced conversion, during the pulse, of BR13-cis (or of its primary photoproduct \"X\") to a species in the BRtrans photocyte. The relationship between these observations and the mechanism of BRDA hv leads to BRLA adaptation at low excitation intensities (for which a quantum yield limit, 0 less than or equal to (3.5 +/- 0.7) X 10(-2) , is established) is discussed.", "contents": "On the photocycle and light adaptation of dark-adapted bacteriorhodopsin. Pulsed Nd laser (25 ns, 530 nm) photolysis experiments were carried out at room temperature in aqueous suspensions of dark- and light-adapted fragments of the purple membrane of Halobacterium halobium. It is shown that the (50%) 13-cis isomeric component (BR13-cis) of dark-adapted bacteriorhodopsin (BRDA) undergoes a photocycle involving a characteristic transient absorbing in the neighborhood of 610 nm. At relatively high excitation intensities BR13-cis is converted to the same 410 nm (M) transient that characterized the photocycle of the all-trans isomer (BRtrans) of light-adapted bacteriorhodopsin (BRLA). This process, which competes with the generation of the \"610\" species, is attributed to the photo-induced conversion, during the pulse, of BR13-cis (or of its primary photoproduct \"X\") to a species in the BRtrans photocyte. The relationship between these observations and the mechanism of BRDA hv leads to BRLA adaptation at low excitation intensities (for which a quantum yield limit, 0 less than or equal to (3.5 +/- 0.7) X 10(-2) , is established) is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:880334", "title": "Synthetic pigment analogues of the purple membrane protein.", "content": "Nonphysiological analogues of retinal have been shown to form pigments in reactions with the apoprotein of the purple membrane of Halobacterium halobium. Both the all-trans and 13-cis isomers of a retinal analogue, having an elongated chain with an extra double bond, formed pigments. Unlike the native all-trans and 13-cis retinal1-based pigments, the new pigments were not interconvertible with each other and were unstable against hydroxylamine. When incorporated into phospholipid vesicles, they showed no proton pumping activity upon illumination. The ability of the extended-length retinal to form pigments contrasts with its nonreactivity with opsin (apoprotein of rhodopsin), suggesting a less stringent binding site for the purple membrane chromophore. All-trans retinal2 also combined with bleached purple membrane to form a blue pigment absorbing at ca. 590 nm. Like the native purple membrane, the blu membrane showed proton pumping activity upon illumination in phospholipid vesicles.", "contents": "Synthetic pigment analogues of the purple membrane protein. Nonphysiological analogues of retinal have been shown to form pigments in reactions with the apoprotein of the purple membrane of Halobacterium halobium. Both the all-trans and 13-cis isomers of a retinal analogue, having an elongated chain with an extra double bond, formed pigments. Unlike the native all-trans and 13-cis retinal1-based pigments, the new pigments were not interconvertible with each other and were unstable against hydroxylamine. When incorporated into phospholipid vesicles, they showed no proton pumping activity upon illumination. The ability of the extended-length retinal to form pigments contrasts with its nonreactivity with opsin (apoprotein of rhodopsin), suggesting a less stringent binding site for the purple membrane chromophore. All-trans retinal2 also combined with bleached purple membrane to form a blue pigment absorbing at ca. 590 nm. Like the native purple membrane, the blu membrane showed proton pumping activity upon illumination in phospholipid vesicles."}
{"id": "PMID:880335", "title": "Interaction of calcium with negative lipids in planar bilayer membranes. Influence of the solvent.", "content": "The interaction of Ca++ with acidic phospholipids in black lipid films and lipid bilayers formed from two monolayers was studied by measuring their physical stability and conductance. It was found that the addition of CaCl2 to only one side of lipid bilayers formed from phosphatidylserine or cardiolipin does not appreciably change these parameters. In contrast, black films are unstable to the asymmetric addition of CaCl2. Therefore, the destabilizing effect of Ca++ cannot be attributed to a surface charge difference. The only variation in composition between both bilayer membranes, namely the solvent content of the bilayer, seems to be responsible for the distinctive effect of Ca++. A tentative explanation is presented.", "contents": "Interaction of calcium with negative lipids in planar bilayer membranes. Influence of the solvent. The interaction of Ca++ with acidic phospholipids in black lipid films and lipid bilayers formed from two monolayers was studied by measuring their physical stability and conductance. It was found that the addition of CaCl2 to only one side of lipid bilayers formed from phosphatidylserine or cardiolipin does not appreciably change these parameters. In contrast, black films are unstable to the asymmetric addition of CaCl2. Therefore, the destabilizing effect of Ca++ cannot be attributed to a surface charge difference. The only variation in composition between both bilayer membranes, namely the solvent content of the bilayer, seems to be responsible for the distinctive effect of Ca++. A tentative explanation is presented."}
{"id": "PMID:880336", "title": "Molecular dynamics through 2H spin-lattice relaxation time measurements with an enzyme-inhibitor complex: lysozyme and methyl N-acetyl glucosaminides.", "content": "Deuteron spin-lattice relaxation times of specifically labelled methyl N-acetyl-D-glucosaminides associated to lysozyme were measured from 1H and 2H NMR spectra through bandshape analysis and FT inversion-recovery technique, respectively. Model calculations were carried out in order to assess the limits of the extreme narrowing approximation for the systems studied. Rotational correlation times of the acetamido methyl groups were analyzed in terms of anisotropic overall reorientation combined with internal rotation. The acetamido methyl group undergoes fast internal rotation in the alpha-glycoside complex about an axis nearly parallel with the major ellipsodial axis of lysozyme. More rotational freedom is likely to occur in the beta-glycoside complex.", "contents": "Molecular dynamics through 2H spin-lattice relaxation time measurements with an enzyme-inhibitor complex: lysozyme and methyl N-acetyl glucosaminides. Deuteron spin-lattice relaxation times of specifically labelled methyl N-acetyl-D-glucosaminides associated to lysozyme were measured from 1H and 2H NMR spectra through bandshape analysis and FT inversion-recovery technique, respectively. Model calculations were carried out in order to assess the limits of the extreme narrowing approximation for the systems studied. Rotational correlation times of the acetamido methyl groups were analyzed in terms of anisotropic overall reorientation combined with internal rotation. The acetamido methyl group undergoes fast internal rotation in the alpha-glycoside complex about an axis nearly parallel with the major ellipsodial axis of lysozyme. More rotational freedom is likely to occur in the beta-glycoside complex."}
{"id": "PMID:880337", "title": "Investigations on purine and pyrimidine bases stacking associations in aqueous solutions by the fluorescence quenching method. I. Autoassociation of 2-aminopurine.", "content": "A general equation was derived, describing fluorescence quantum yield and lifetime of an autoassociating compound in liquid solutions. The autoassociation of 2-aminopurine in aqueous solution was examined within the range from 0 to 90 degrees C. The compound seemed to associate cooperatively. The thermodynamic parameters of polymerization change with temperature, so that its free enthalypy deltaG = 0.0797 T2 + 45.4  T - 7893. The dimerization enthalpy and entropy are approximately temperature-independent (deltaH2 = -4.17 kcal/mol deltas2 = -10.9 e.u.), although the function: delta g2 = -0.0308T2 +30.3T -  7213 fits experimental points better. The observed dependences can be explained by the increasing role of the hydrophobic effect with temperature and size of the aggregates. The association rate constants were determined, and a two-step reaction mechanism was demonstrated. The first step is diffusion-controlled. The second is characterized by an activation energy of approximately 2  kcal/mol and an encounter distance of approximately 8.3 angstroms.", "contents": "Investigations on purine and pyrimidine bases stacking associations in aqueous solutions by the fluorescence quenching method. I. Autoassociation of 2-aminopurine. A general equation was derived, describing fluorescence quantum yield and lifetime of an autoassociating compound in liquid solutions. The autoassociation of 2-aminopurine in aqueous solution was examined within the range from 0 to 90 degrees C. The compound seemed to associate cooperatively. The thermodynamic parameters of polymerization change with temperature, so that its free enthalypy deltaG = 0.0797 T2 + 45.4  T - 7893. The dimerization enthalpy and entropy are approximately temperature-independent (deltaH2 = -4.17 kcal/mol deltas2 = -10.9 e.u.), although the function: delta g2 = -0.0308T2 +30.3T -  7213 fits experimental points better. The observed dependences can be explained by the increasing role of the hydrophobic effect with temperature and size of the aggregates. The association rate constants were determined, and a two-step reaction mechanism was demonstrated. The first step is diffusion-controlled. The second is characterized by an activation energy of approximately 2  kcal/mol and an encounter distance of approximately 8.3 angstroms."}
{"id": "PMID:880338", "title": "Investigations on purine and pyrimidine bases stacking associations in aqueous solutions by the fluorescence quenching method. II. Heteroassociation between 2-aminopurine and thymidine.", "content": "Heteroassociation between A and B compounds in liquid solution was considered. Provided that concentration of A molecules is low, a general equation describing fluorescence quantum yield and lifetime of compound A as a function of B molecules concentration was derived. The heteroassociation between 2-aminopurine and thymidine in aqueous solutions was examined within the range of temperatures 0 to 90 degrees C. The equilibrium constants of the first step of association, namely heterodimer formation, were determined and its thermodynamic parameters (deltaH equals - 2.76 kcal/mol, deltaS equals - 5.9 e.u.) were calculated. The observed changes of the stacking rate constants with temperature confirm the two-step mechanism of the reaction. The activation energy (approximately 10.7 angstroms) are only slightly larger than in the case of 2-aminopurine autoassociation, most probably because of a stronger solvation of thymidine molecules.", "contents": "Investigations on purine and pyrimidine bases stacking associations in aqueous solutions by the fluorescence quenching method. II. Heteroassociation between 2-aminopurine and thymidine. Heteroassociation between A and B compounds in liquid solution was considered. Provided that concentration of A molecules is low, a general equation describing fluorescence quantum yield and lifetime of compound A as a function of B molecules concentration was derived. The heteroassociation between 2-aminopurine and thymidine in aqueous solutions was examined within the range of temperatures 0 to 90 degrees C. The equilibrium constants of the first step of association, namely heterodimer formation, were determined and its thermodynamic parameters (deltaH equals - 2.76 kcal/mol, deltaS equals - 5.9 e.u.) were calculated. The observed changes of the stacking rate constants with temperature confirm the two-step mechanism of the reaction. The activation energy (approximately 10.7 angstroms) are only slightly larger than in the case of 2-aminopurine autoassociation, most probably because of a stronger solvation of thymidine molecules."}
{"id": "PMID:880339", "title": "Investigations on purine and pyrimidine bases stacking associations in aqueous solutions by the fluorescence quenching method. III. Intramolecular association of 9,9'-[1,3-propylene]-bis-2-aminopurine.", "content": "General equations relating fluorescence quantum yield and lifetime of a compound with its intramolecular stacking equilibrium and kinetics were derived. Intramolecular stacking association of 9,9'-[1,3-propylene]-bis-2-aminopurine in aqueous solution was examined within the range of temperatures from 0 to 90 degrees C. A two-state thermodynamic model of the association was verified. The stacking enthalpy and entropy can be taken, with a good approximation, as temperature-independent (deltaH equals - 2.0 kcal/mol, deltaS=-3.25 e.u.) although the function deltaG=-0.00886T2 + 8.847 T - 2876 describes more precisely the observed changes of stacking free enthalpy with temperature. The association rate constants were detemined. Activation energy of the reaction (2 kcal/mol) is the same as in the case of association between free 2-aminopurine molecules. It confirms a two-step mechanism of the process. The advantages and shortcomings of the fluorescence quenching method are discussed.", "contents": "Investigations on purine and pyrimidine bases stacking associations in aqueous solutions by the fluorescence quenching method. III. Intramolecular association of 9,9'-[1,3-propylene]-bis-2-aminopurine. General equations relating fluorescence quantum yield and lifetime of a compound with its intramolecular stacking equilibrium and kinetics were derived. Intramolecular stacking association of 9,9'-[1,3-propylene]-bis-2-aminopurine in aqueous solution was examined within the range of temperatures from 0 to 90 degrees C. A two-state thermodynamic model of the association was verified. The stacking enthalpy and entropy can be taken, with a good approximation, as temperature-independent (deltaH equals - 2.0 kcal/mol, deltaS=-3.25 e.u.) although the function deltaG=-0.00886T2 + 8.847 T - 2876 describes more precisely the observed changes of stacking free enthalpy with temperature. The association rate constants were detemined. Activation energy of the reaction (2 kcal/mol) is the same as in the case of association between free 2-aminopurine molecules. It confirms a two-step mechanism of the process. The advantages and shortcomings of the fluorescence quenching method are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:880341", "title": "Thermoosmosis through charged membranes.", "content": "Thermoosmosis through oxidized collodion and collodion-sulfonated polystyrene interpolyrene interpolymer membranes has been observed in KCl solutions of various concentrations. The effective temperature difference acting for thermoosmosis was determined by measuring the thermal membrane potential appearing on both sides of membrane. It was found that the velocity of thermoosmosis is proportional to the effective temperature difference and the proprtionality constant (themoosmotic coefficient) is a function of electrolyte concentration. The dependence of the thermoosmotic coefficient of charged membranes on the electrolyte concentration is found to have a characteristic feature.", "contents": "Thermoosmosis through charged membranes. Thermoosmosis through oxidized collodion and collodion-sulfonated polystyrene interpolyrene interpolymer membranes has been observed in KCl solutions of various concentrations. The effective temperature difference acting for thermoosmosis was determined by measuring the thermal membrane potential appearing on both sides of membrane. It was found that the velocity of thermoosmosis is proportional to the effective temperature difference and the proprtionality constant (themoosmotic coefficient) is a function of electrolyte concentration. The dependence of the thermoosmotic coefficient of charged membranes on the electrolyte concentration is found to have a characteristic feature."}
{"id": "PMID:880342", "title": "Fluorescence decay and quantum yield characteristics of acridine orange and proflavine bound to DNA.", "content": "Fluorescence properties (quantum yield, decay curve, lifetime and polarization) of acridine orange and proflavine bound to DNA were examined as a function of nucleotide to dye (P/D) ratio. First, mean fluorescence lifetimes were determined by the phase-shift measurements. The lifetime and quantum yield of acridine orange increased in a parallel fashion with increasing P/D ratio. There was no parallel relation between the lifetime and quantum yield for proflavine; the lifetime showed a minimum around  P/D equals 10...", "contents": "Fluorescence decay and quantum yield characteristics of acridine orange and proflavine bound to DNA. Fluorescence properties (quantum yield, decay curve, lifetime and polarization) of acridine orange and proflavine bound to DNA were examined as a function of nucleotide to dye (P/D) ratio. First, mean fluorescence lifetimes were determined by the phase-shift measurements. The lifetime and quantum yield of acridine orange increased in a parallel fashion with increasing P/D ratio. There was no parallel relation between the lifetime and quantum yield for proflavine; the lifetime showed a minimum around  P/D equals 10..."}
{"id": "PMID:880343", "title": "Equilibrium gel permeation: measurement of solute partitioning by direct fluorescence scanning.", "content": "The feasibility fo using fluorescence detection in quantitative gel permeation measurements has been explored. It is shown that the effect of scattering by the gel matrix can be evaluated in terms of pathlength-dependent turbidity functions for excitation and emission wavelengths. Experimental studies were carried out to evaluate these funcitons in cross-linked dextran gels (Sephadexes) and in agarose gels (Sepharoses). Empirical turbidity functions derived for these gels have a simple form, leading to accurate simplifying approximations for the scattering correction required in a fluorescence gel permeation measurement. Using this approach...", "contents": "Equilibrium gel permeation: measurement of solute partitioning by direct fluorescence scanning. The feasibility fo using fluorescence detection in quantitative gel permeation measurements has been explored. It is shown that the effect of scattering by the gel matrix can be evaluated in terms of pathlength-dependent turbidity functions for excitation and emission wavelengths. Experimental studies were carried out to evaluate these funcitons in cross-linked dextran gels (Sephadexes) and in agarose gels (Sepharoses). Empirical turbidity functions derived for these gels have a simple form, leading to accurate simplifying approximations for the scattering correction required in a fluorescence gel permeation measurement. Using this approach..."}
{"id": "PMID:880345", "title": "The problem of nuclease activity in nucleic acid hybridization reactions. Theoretical considerations.", "content": "The presence of nuclease during DNA-DNA or DNA-RNA hybridization reactions alters the kinetics of hybrid formation. Unfortunately, while the effect (even of small amounts of nucleas) on the Cot curve may be large, it may not be readily detectable. The effect of various types of nuclease is shown. As many nucleases cause a shift in the position rather than a change in shape of the curve, all studies involving nucleic acid hybridization should assay for the presence of nucleases and care must be taken to avoid their presence as contaminants.", "contents": "The problem of nuclease activity in nucleic acid hybridization reactions. Theoretical considerations. The presence of nuclease during DNA-DNA or DNA-RNA hybridization reactions alters the kinetics of hybrid formation. Unfortunately, while the effect (even of small amounts of nucleas) on the Cot curve may be large, it may not be readily detectable. The effect of various types of nuclease is shown. As many nucleases cause a shift in the position rather than a change in shape of the curve, all studies involving nucleic acid hybridization should assay for the presence of nucleases and care must be taken to avoid their presence as contaminants."}
{"id": "PMID:880346", "title": "Kinetics of monensin complexation with sodium ions by 23NaNMR spectroscopy.", "content": "The kinetics of the sodium binding to the ionophore monensin (Mon) in methanol has been studied by 23NaNMR spectroscopy. Fast quadrupole relaxation of the bound sodium affected the relaxation rate of the free sodium through an exchange process between these two species. The exchange was found to be dominated by the reaction: Na+ + Mon-in equilibrium MonNa. The dissociation rate constant at 25 degrees C is 63 s(-1), with an activation enthalpy of 10.3 kcal/mol and activation centropy of -15.8 cal/mol deg. These results indicate that the specificity of the binding of sodium ions to monensin is reflectied in the relatively slow dissociation process. The entropy changes indicate that the activated monensin-sodium complex undergoes a conformational change, but the existence of a conformational change in monensin anion prior to complexation is excluded.", "contents": "Kinetics of monensin complexation with sodium ions by 23NaNMR spectroscopy. The kinetics of the sodium binding to the ionophore monensin (Mon) in methanol has been studied by 23NaNMR spectroscopy. Fast quadrupole relaxation of the bound sodium affected the relaxation rate of the free sodium through an exchange process between these two species. The exchange was found to be dominated by the reaction: Na+ + Mon-in equilibrium MonNa. The dissociation rate constant at 25 degrees C is 63 s(-1), with an activation enthalpy of 10.3 kcal/mol and activation centropy of -15.8 cal/mol deg. These results indicate that the specificity of the binding of sodium ions to monensin is reflectied in the relatively slow dissociation process. The entropy changes indicate that the activated monensin-sodium complex undergoes a conformational change, but the existence of a conformational change in monensin anion prior to complexation is excluded."}
{"id": "PMID:880347", "title": "Thermodynamics of the interaction of daunomycin with DNA.", "content": "The association constant for the interaction of daunomycin with DNA was determined as a function of temperature (using [3H] daunomycin in conventional equilibrium dialysis cells) and ionic strength (using a spectrophotometric titration method). The association constant varied between 3.1 X 10(-6) M(-1) (4 degrees C) and 3.9 X 10(5) M(-1) (65 degrees C). The free energy change was -8.2 to -8.8 kcal/mol, the enthalpy change -5.3 kcal/mol and the entropy change +10 to +11 eu, all values being consistent with that expected of an intercalation process. The apparent number of intercalation sites detected (0.15 to 0.16 per nucleotide) was independent of temperature. The large positive entropy change accompanying the interaction appears to be due to extensive release of water from the DNA and daunomycin. The apparent number of binding sites increased dramatically with decrease of ionic strength, although the apparent association constant remained largely unaffected by ionic strength.", "contents": "Thermodynamics of the interaction of daunomycin with DNA. The association constant for the interaction of daunomycin with DNA was determined as a function of temperature (using [3H] daunomycin in conventional equilibrium dialysis cells) and ionic strength (using a spectrophotometric titration method). The association constant varied between 3.1 X 10(-6) M(-1) (4 degrees C) and 3.9 X 10(5) M(-1) (65 degrees C). The free energy change was -8.2 to -8.8 kcal/mol, the enthalpy change -5.3 kcal/mol and the entropy change +10 to +11 eu, all values being consistent with that expected of an intercalation process. The apparent number of intercalation sites detected (0.15 to 0.16 per nucleotide) was independent of temperature. The large positive entropy change accompanying the interaction appears to be due to extensive release of water from the DNA and daunomycin. The apparent number of binding sites increased dramatically with decrease of ionic strength, although the apparent association constant remained largely unaffected by ionic strength."}
{"id": "PMID:880348", "title": "Spectral properties of chlorophyll a in liquid crystal.", "content": "Solution of chlorophyll a in liquid crystals mixture (MBBA + EBBA) was investigated. Chl molecules are in LC in low electric field oriented. They can be divided into two groups: one strongly interacting with LC and subjected to reorientation by the electric field, and another weakly interacting with the solvent and insensitive to the voltage applied. The emission spectrum of the first type of chlorophyll is strongly perturbed. At higher voltages, the pigment molecules orientation in the plane of the electrode is another. Pigment absorption and emission anisotropy provides information about the reorientation of LC molecules. Even at high (10(-3)M) Chl concentration and regular pigment array, the interaction between the pigment and solvent exceeds pigment-pigment interaction because the solvent appears to have a stronger influence on the Chl spectrum.", "contents": "Spectral properties of chlorophyll a in liquid crystal. Solution of chlorophyll a in liquid crystals mixture (MBBA + EBBA) was investigated. Chl molecules are in LC in low electric field oriented. They can be divided into two groups: one strongly interacting with LC and subjected to reorientation by the electric field, and another weakly interacting with the solvent and insensitive to the voltage applied. The emission spectrum of the first type of chlorophyll is strongly perturbed. At higher voltages, the pigment molecules orientation in the plane of the electrode is another. Pigment absorption and emission anisotropy provides information about the reorientation of LC molecules. Even at high (10(-3)M) Chl concentration and regular pigment array, the interaction between the pigment and solvent exceeds pigment-pigment interaction because the solvent appears to have a stronger influence on the Chl spectrum."}
{"id": "PMID:880375", "title": "[Automatic data processing for organisational aid to blood donor centers in emergency hospitals].", "content": "A test model of a computer-off-line system at the Community Hospital Blood Bank in Herford collecting approximately 3.000 units of blood annually is described. The computer system presented, now in operation for more than one year, has proven its value for general blood bank administration by its time-saving effect and the optimalized documentation of donor- and blood-related data. The computer system described is particularly recommended for smaller, hospital-based blood transfusion services. Its introduction is even justified in institutions preparing less than 5.000 units of blood per year. Prerequisite for an economical operation of the computer system is the participation of the hospital management in other computer activities, i.e. book-keeping, accounting etc.", "contents": "[Automatic data processing for organisational aid to blood donor centers in emergency hospitals]. A test model of a computer-off-line system at the Community Hospital Blood Bank in Herford collecting approximately 3.000 units of blood annually is described. The computer system presented, now in operation for more than one year, has proven its value for general blood bank administration by its time-saving effect and the optimalized documentation of donor- and blood-related data. The computer system described is particularly recommended for smaller, hospital-based blood transfusion services. Its introduction is even justified in institutions preparing less than 5.000 units of blood per year. Prerequisite for an economical operation of the computer system is the participation of the hospital management in other computer activities, i.e. book-keeping, accounting etc."}
{"id": "PMID:880376", "title": "[Erythropoiesis in iron deficiency].", "content": "The kinetics of erythroblast proliferation were studied by means of quantitative 14C-autoradiography in 5 patients showing anemia due to infection or malignancy, in 7 patients suffering from iron deficiency anemia, and in two individuals with bleeding enemia. Compared with a group of 5 healthy persons a markedly reduced turnover of erythroblasts was found in the anemia due to infection, malignancy, and iron deficiency, whereas this turnover was normal or increased in the case of bleeding anemia. The reduction is caused by a progressively decreasing rate of erythroblast proliferation and maturation with advancing development into mature cells. No indications of a change in the number of cell divisions were found in the anemia of infection, malignancy, and of iron deficiency, nor was there evidence of an intramedullary death of nucleated red cell percursors. The imbalance between production and loss of red cells causing anemia shows a different pattern in the 3 groups of disease: In bleeding anemia the insufficiency of supply is not yet apparent from the rate of erythroblast turnover giving weight to the factor of blood loss. In anemia due to infection, malignancy, and iron deficiency the but moderately increased rate of red cell destruction cannot be compensated because of several impairments: The rate of erythroblast turnover is reduced, and, in addition, a moderate portion of maturing cells is destroyed, probably at the reticulocyte stage. As the most significant factor, the bone marrow is unable to compensate the anemia by an effective erythroblast hyperplasia. In iron deficiency this hyperplasia is inadequately low, in infection and malignancies, however, it is more or less missing.", "contents": "[Erythropoiesis in iron deficiency]. The kinetics of erythroblast proliferation were studied by means of quantitative 14C-autoradiography in 5 patients showing anemia due to infection or malignancy, in 7 patients suffering from iron deficiency anemia, and in two individuals with bleeding enemia. Compared with a group of 5 healthy persons a markedly reduced turnover of erythroblasts was found in the anemia due to infection, malignancy, and iron deficiency, whereas this turnover was normal or increased in the case of bleeding anemia. The reduction is caused by a progressively decreasing rate of erythroblast proliferation and maturation with advancing development into mature cells. No indications of a change in the number of cell divisions were found in the anemia of infection, malignancy, and of iron deficiency, nor was there evidence of an intramedullary death of nucleated red cell percursors. The imbalance between production and loss of red cells causing anemia shows a different pattern in the 3 groups of disease: In bleeding anemia the insufficiency of supply is not yet apparent from the rate of erythroblast turnover giving weight to the factor of blood loss. In anemia due to infection, malignancy, and iron deficiency the but moderately increased rate of red cell destruction cannot be compensated because of several impairments: The rate of erythroblast turnover is reduced, and, in addition, a moderate portion of maturing cells is destroyed, probably at the reticulocyte stage. As the most significant factor, the bone marrow is unable to compensate the anemia by an effective erythroblast hyperplasia. In iron deficiency this hyperplasia is inadequately low, in infection and malignancies, however, it is more or less missing."}
{"id": "PMID:880377", "title": "Cytochemical observations in preleukemic states and remission of akute leukemia.", "content": "In preleukemia and in remission of acute leukemia abnormal mononuclear cells (\"string of bead\" cells) have been observed and characterized with cytochemical methods. These cells may be resistant to cytostatic therapy and may be characterized as a source of a newly developing leukemic blast cells. Preleukemia and leukemic remissions seem to be identical states. Based on the morphological and cytochemical parallelity of cells in CFU-c-enriched fractions of the bone marrow and the so called string of bead cells we consider these cells to be closely related to the human commited stem cell.", "contents": "Cytochemical observations in preleukemic states and remission of akute leukemia. In preleukemia and in remission of acute leukemia abnormal mononuclear cells (\"string of bead\" cells) have been observed and characterized with cytochemical methods. These cells may be resistant to cytostatic therapy and may be characterized as a source of a newly developing leukemic blast cells. Preleukemia and leukemic remissions seem to be identical states. Based on the morphological and cytochemical parallelity of cells in CFU-c-enriched fractions of the bone marrow and the so called string of bead cells we consider these cells to be closely related to the human commited stem cell."}
{"id": "PMID:880378", "title": "[In-vitro studies with human transfer factor].", "content": "Human transfer factor was prepared from \"buffy coat\" of human donors by ultra filtration. These batches of transfer factor were tested for their ability to increase DNA-synthesis of antigen(mitogen) incubated lymphocytes. An increase of DNA-synthesis was measured by the ratio of appr. 2. Column chromatographic separation of transfer factor on sephadex G-10 or DEAE cellulose columns showed an elution pattern with many peaks. In the lymphoblastogenese assay some peaks were found to be stimulatory, others in contrast inhibitory. It seems likely from our results that transfer factor represents a mixture of different chemical compounds with activating or inhibitory action on lymphoblastogenesis.", "contents": "[In-vitro studies with human transfer factor]. Human transfer factor was prepared from \"buffy coat\" of human donors by ultra filtration. These batches of transfer factor were tested for their ability to increase DNA-synthesis of antigen(mitogen) incubated lymphocytes. An increase of DNA-synthesis was measured by the ratio of appr. 2. Column chromatographic separation of transfer factor on sephadex G-10 or DEAE cellulose columns showed an elution pattern with many peaks. In the lymphoblastogenese assay some peaks were found to be stimulatory, others in contrast inhibitory. It seems likely from our results that transfer factor represents a mixture of different chemical compounds with activating or inhibitory action on lymphoblastogenesis."}
{"id": "PMID:880379", "title": "Accumulation and elimination of dieldrin in muscle tissue of channel catfish.", "content": "Dieldrin accumulation and elimination in muscle tissue of channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) from water and food was determined in the laboratory. Twenty-eight-day exposure of fish 150-225 mm and 350-400 mm long to 75 parts per trillion (ng/liter) dieldrin resulted in the larger catfish consistently accumulating more dieldrin than the smaller fish. After 28 days of elimination, dieldrin levels in both size groups were nearly equal. Catfish exposed to 2 ppm (mg/kg) dieldrin through their diets accumulated significantly more dieldrin in muscle than did fish exposed to 75 pptr in water. When fish were exposed to dieldrin both in food and water, dieldrin from both sources contributed to the total dieldrin load. Large catfish accumulated more dieldrin from food and water than did smaller catfish. After 28 days of elimination, levels of dieldrin were not significantly different in muscles of 150-225 mm and 350-440 mm catfish exposed via both food and water.", "contents": "Accumulation and elimination of dieldrin in muscle tissue of channel catfish. Dieldrin accumulation and elimination in muscle tissue of channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) from water and food was determined in the laboratory. Twenty-eight-day exposure of fish 150-225 mm and 350-400 mm long to 75 parts per trillion (ng/liter) dieldrin resulted in the larger catfish consistently accumulating more dieldrin than the smaller fish. After 28 days of elimination, dieldrin levels in both size groups were nearly equal. Catfish exposed to 2 ppm (mg/kg) dieldrin through their diets accumulated significantly more dieldrin in muscle than did fish exposed to 75 pptr in water. When fish were exposed to dieldrin both in food and water, dieldrin from both sources contributed to the total dieldrin load. Large catfish accumulated more dieldrin from food and water than did smaller catfish. After 28 days of elimination, levels of dieldrin were not significantly different in muscles of 150-225 mm and 350-440 mm catfish exposed via both food and water."}
{"id": "PMID:880384", "title": "Liver cadmium levels in North Carolina residents who died of heart disease.", "content": "Using data from an autopsy series, we found a strong positive correlation between liver concentration of cadmium and death from heart disease. In view of recent experiments reported in the literature, the possibility that a low level of cadmium has a toxic effect on the cardiac conduction system is supported.", "contents": "Liver cadmium levels in North Carolina residents who died of heart disease. Using data from an autopsy series, we found a strong positive correlation between liver concentration of cadmium and death from heart disease. In view of recent experiments reported in the literature, the possibility that a low level of cadmium has a toxic effect on the cardiac conduction system is supported."}
{"id": "PMID:880389", "title": "Further toxicologic studies with commercial and candidate flame retardant chemicals. Part II.", "content": "A number of commercial and candidate flame retardants were studied with regard to their toxicity to goldfish, inhibition of cholinesterase, inhibition of acetyl choline binding to its receptor and insecticidal properties. Several of the flame retardants were notably toxic to fish. Some of the compounds showed modest inhibition of cholinesterase and/or microsomal oxidases, but none inhibited acetyl choline receptor binding. Whereas several of the flame retardants showed little or no insecticidal properties when added alone to a housefly diet, piperonyl butoxide greatly synergised their toxicity to houseflies.", "contents": "Further toxicologic studies with commercial and candidate flame retardant chemicals. Part II. A number of commercial and candidate flame retardants were studied with regard to their toxicity to goldfish, inhibition of cholinesterase, inhibition of acetyl choline binding to its receptor and insecticidal properties. Several of the flame retardants were notably toxic to fish. Some of the compounds showed modest inhibition of cholinesterase and/or microsomal oxidases, but none inhibited acetyl choline receptor binding. Whereas several of the flame retardants showed little or no insecticidal properties when added alone to a housefly diet, piperonyl butoxide greatly synergised their toxicity to houseflies."}
{"id": "PMID:880397", "title": "[Ventilatory and cardio-respiratory responses during exercise in chronic pulmonary restrictive disease (author's transl)].", "content": "Cardio-respiratory changes were studied during light exercise (20 or 40 W) in 45 patients with diminished vital total lung capacity. Diagnosis was : fibrosis (8 subjects, group I), lobectomy (7 subjects, group II), pachypleuritis (11 subjects, group III), thoracoplasty (7 subjects, group IV) and kyphoscoliosis (12 subjects, group V). Changes during exercise were characterized by : an increase in breathing rate much more marked than normally, with a lesser increase in tidal volume, so that ventilatory equivalent was steady, and below 30 except in group I; an increase in PaCO2, even in group I which was hypocapnic at rest, very marked in groups III and V, with worsening of hypoxemia in most cases; and enhancement of pulmonary artery hypertension, severe at rest already in group I.", "contents": "[Ventilatory and cardio-respiratory responses during exercise in chronic pulmonary restrictive disease (author's transl)]. Cardio-respiratory changes were studied during light exercise (20 or 40 W) in 45 patients with diminished vital total lung capacity. Diagnosis was : fibrosis (8 subjects, group I), lobectomy (7 subjects, group II), pachypleuritis (11 subjects, group III), thoracoplasty (7 subjects, group IV) and kyphoscoliosis (12 subjects, group V). Changes during exercise were characterized by : an increase in breathing rate much more marked than normally, with a lesser increase in tidal volume, so that ventilatory equivalent was steady, and below 30 except in group I; an increase in PaCO2, even in group I which was hypocapnic at rest, very marked in groups III and V, with worsening of hypoxemia in most cases; and enhancement of pulmonary artery hypertension, severe at rest already in group I."}
{"id": "PMID:880398", "title": "Central haemodynamics during exercise in patients with restrictive pulmonary disease.", "content": "Pulmonary precapillary hypertension present only during exercise is the first stage of corpulmonale. Examination of the reaction of central haemodynamics to exercise is the only way to detect it. In a model situation like unilateral pulmonary artery occlusion (UPAO) in healthy subjects, an increase in pulmonary artery pressure (Ppa) during exercise is a linear function of restriction of the pulmonary vascular bed and blood flow increase. Central haemodynamics during exercise in younger subjects after pneumonectomy (PNE) resemble the situation with UPAO provided the remaining lung is intact. In older patients after PNE the same rise of blood flow is associated with a considerably greater rise of Ppa. PNE patients compared to healthy individuals increase their cardiac output during exercise more by increasing stroke volume. Patients with pulmonary fibrosis show a disproportionate rise in Ppa in relation to flow. This is due to reduced distensibility of the pulmonary system. Hypoxia also seems to be involved in pulmonary hypertension during exercise. Pulmonary wedge pressure rises at work but remains within the normal range, even in patients having marked hypoxaemia at rest and during exercise. In idiopathic intersitial pulmonary fibrosis (IIPF), pulmonary hypertension during exercise is greater than in other forms of pulmonary fibrosis. Inhalation of oxygen during exercise in patients IIPF leads to a reversal of hypoxaemia but the decrease of Ppa is small and due to a passive decrease of cardiac output. Finally right ventricular function in restrictive pneumopathies is discussed.", "contents": "Central haemodynamics during exercise in patients with restrictive pulmonary disease. Pulmonary precapillary hypertension present only during exercise is the first stage of corpulmonale. Examination of the reaction of central haemodynamics to exercise is the only way to detect it. In a model situation like unilateral pulmonary artery occlusion (UPAO) in healthy subjects, an increase in pulmonary artery pressure (Ppa) during exercise is a linear function of restriction of the pulmonary vascular bed and blood flow increase. Central haemodynamics during exercise in younger subjects after pneumonectomy (PNE) resemble the situation with UPAO provided the remaining lung is intact. In older patients after PNE the same rise of blood flow is associated with a considerably greater rise of Ppa. PNE patients compared to healthy individuals increase their cardiac output during exercise more by increasing stroke volume. Patients with pulmonary fibrosis show a disproportionate rise in Ppa in relation to flow. This is due to reduced distensibility of the pulmonary system. Hypoxia also seems to be involved in pulmonary hypertension during exercise. Pulmonary wedge pressure rises at work but remains within the normal range, even in patients having marked hypoxaemia at rest and during exercise. In idiopathic intersitial pulmonary fibrosis (IIPF), pulmonary hypertension during exercise is greater than in other forms of pulmonary fibrosis. Inhalation of oxygen during exercise in patients IIPF leads to a reversal of hypoxaemia but the decrease of Ppa is small and due to a passive decrease of cardiac output. Finally right ventricular function in restrictive pneumopathies is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:880399", "title": "Peripheral limiting factors during exercise in chronic lung diseases.", "content": "In normal subjects the sensation of general fatigue subjectively limits the physical performance, whereas in patients with reduced respiratory function the sensation of breathlessness is the common limiting symptom. Patients with chronic obstructive lung disease may adopt an intermittent exercise pattern (e.g. when climibing stairs), in which the work periods are brief in duration but relatively high in intensity. The immediate ventilatory demand can in that way be reduced. The local metabolism of the working muscles can meet the increased demand, which demonstrates that peripheral factors are unlikely to limit the physical performance in these patients. For evaluating the importance of peripheral factors limiting the exercise tolerance of daily activities, such as stair-climbing or walking uphill, such activities should specifically be studied considerating also the exercise pattern shown by the patient. Even in bronchitic patients with reduced arterial oxygen tension there are no evidence that the skeletal muscles are working under more anaerobic conditions than in normal persons at the same relative work load. The blood lactate as related to the heart rate usually lies within normal limits. In patients with respiratory failure, however, lack of energy supply from the energy rich compounds may develop. Thus, only in extreme situations can the exercise performance of the respiratory patients be expected to be specifically limited by peripheral factors. Physical inactivity leads to changes in the muscle metabolism as in normal persons with reduced aerobic capacity in the muscles. The specific effects of steroid treatment on the muscle function in patients with chronic obstructive disease have not been studied, but may be an important factor limiting muscular performance at certain types of exercises.", "contents": "Peripheral limiting factors during exercise in chronic lung diseases. In normal subjects the sensation of general fatigue subjectively limits the physical performance, whereas in patients with reduced respiratory function the sensation of breathlessness is the common limiting symptom. Patients with chronic obstructive lung disease may adopt an intermittent exercise pattern (e.g. when climibing stairs), in which the work periods are brief in duration but relatively high in intensity. The immediate ventilatory demand can in that way be reduced. The local metabolism of the working muscles can meet the increased demand, which demonstrates that peripheral factors are unlikely to limit the physical performance in these patients. For evaluating the importance of peripheral factors limiting the exercise tolerance of daily activities, such as stair-climbing or walking uphill, such activities should specifically be studied considerating also the exercise pattern shown by the patient. Even in bronchitic patients with reduced arterial oxygen tension there are no evidence that the skeletal muscles are working under more anaerobic conditions than in normal persons at the same relative work load. The blood lactate as related to the heart rate usually lies within normal limits. In patients with respiratory failure, however, lack of energy supply from the energy rich compounds may develop. Thus, only in extreme situations can the exercise performance of the respiratory patients be expected to be specifically limited by peripheral factors. Physical inactivity leads to changes in the muscle metabolism as in normal persons with reduced aerobic capacity in the muscles. The specific effects of steroid treatment on the muscle function in patients with chronic obstructive disease have not been studied, but may be an important factor limiting muscular performance at certain types of exercises."}
{"id": "PMID:880401", "title": "[Adaptation of body plethysmography to the study of respiratory mechanics during muscular exercise (author's transl)].", "content": "A pressure-corrected integrated flow plethysmograph allowing the study of mechanical characteristics of the ventilatory system during muscular exercise is described. In order to limit the increase in temperature inside the body box during exercise, a forced convective flow passes through the box. Thermal exchanges induced by this flow have been studied. They are sufficient to allow muscular exercise during 15 minutes at a constant power of 100 W. It has been verified that this type of box allows measurement of the usual parameters of ventilatory mechanics: pulmonary volumes, compliance, resistance using the panting method. The measurement of resistance during spontaneous breathing inside the box is not possible.", "contents": "[Adaptation of body plethysmography to the study of respiratory mechanics during muscular exercise (author's transl)]. A pressure-corrected integrated flow plethysmograph allowing the study of mechanical characteristics of the ventilatory system during muscular exercise is described. In order to limit the increase in temperature inside the body box during exercise, a forced convective flow passes through the box. Thermal exchanges induced by this flow have been studied. They are sufficient to allow muscular exercise during 15 minutes at a constant power of 100 W. It has been verified that this type of box allows measurement of the usual parameters of ventilatory mechanics: pulmonary volumes, compliance, resistance using the panting method. The measurement of resistance during spontaneous breathing inside the box is not possible."}
{"id": "PMID:880400", "title": "Oxygen breathing during exercise in patients with diffuse interstitial fibrosis.", "content": "100% oxygen breathing during submaximal exercise in patients with diffuse interstitial lung disease diminishes cardiac output and pulmonary artery hypertension. The pressure drop in the pulmonary artery is most marked in patients with concomitant bronchial obstruction. At rest hyperoxia produced only minimal cardiopulmonary changes. The ventilatory and hemodynamic responses are discussed to find out if differences in these variables during oxygen breathing could be a reliable index for functional classification.", "contents": "Oxygen breathing during exercise in patients with diffuse interstitial fibrosis. 100% oxygen breathing during submaximal exercise in patients with diffuse interstitial lung disease diminishes cardiac output and pulmonary artery hypertension. The pressure drop in the pulmonary artery is most marked in patients with concomitant bronchial obstruction. At rest hyperoxia produced only minimal cardiopulmonary changes. The ventilatory and hemodynamic responses are discussed to find out if differences in these variables during oxygen breathing could be a reliable index for functional classification."}
{"id": "PMID:880396", "title": "[Metabolic and respiratory parameters during muscular exercise in man (author's transl)].", "content": "Muscle can use ATP exclusively as the direct source of energy for contraction. The muscle ATP stores cannot provide more than 1 or 2 kcal of muscular work. tthe energy for resynthetizing ATP is supplied by three processes : the breakdown of creatine phosphate, anaerobic glycolysis and aerobic processes. These three mechanisms are characterized by different inertia, maximal output and capacity. Taking into account the part of aerobic processes in energy production, the physical fitness of an individual is usually expressed by its maximal oxygen uptake (VO2 max.). When the energy requirements cannot be met by aerobic reactions, the subject contracts an oxygen deficit which is compensated for during the recovery period by an oxygen uptake exceeding the rest requirements. During exercise tidal volume and ventilatory frequency are increased. The increase in ventilatory output is directly related to the workload until 75% of the maximal aerobic power is reached. For higher relative workloads the increase in ventilatory output is steeper. This increased ventilation allows the organism to limit the decreases in PaO2 and pH during exercises of high intensity.", "contents": "[Metabolic and respiratory parameters during muscular exercise in man (author's transl)]. Muscle can use ATP exclusively as the direct source of energy for contraction. The muscle ATP stores cannot provide more than 1 or 2 kcal of muscular work. tthe energy for resynthetizing ATP is supplied by three processes : the breakdown of creatine phosphate, anaerobic glycolysis and aerobic processes. These three mechanisms are characterized by different inertia, maximal output and capacity. Taking into account the part of aerobic processes in energy production, the physical fitness of an individual is usually expressed by its maximal oxygen uptake (VO2 max.). When the energy requirements cannot be met by aerobic reactions, the subject contracts an oxygen deficit which is compensated for during the recovery period by an oxygen uptake exceeding the rest requirements. During exercise tidal volume and ventilatory frequency are increased. The increase in ventilatory output is directly related to the workload until 75% of the maximal aerobic power is reached. For higher relative workloads the increase in ventilatory output is steeper. This increased ventilation allows the organism to limit the decreases in PaO2 and pH during exercises of high intensity."}
{"id": "PMID:880403", "title": "The place of exercise testing in the investigation of patients with respiratory disorders.", "content": "Exercise testing may yield important information in the clinical assessment of patients with a wide variety of conditions. An objective measure of exercise capacity is obtained; limiting factors are identified; the adaptive capacity of the heart and lungs is measured; diagnoses are confirmed or excluded. This paper argues the case for a series of exercise testing procedures which vary from simple (\"stages I and II\") to complex (\"stages III and IV\"), which allows exercise testing to be widely applied to clinical investigation and which reserves complex and invasive procedures for the clinical situations in which the information is necessary. Examples are presented to illustrate the relative value of the procedures and the information obtained from each.", "contents": "The place of exercise testing in the investigation of patients with respiratory disorders. Exercise testing may yield important information in the clinical assessment of patients with a wide variety of conditions. An objective measure of exercise capacity is obtained; limiting factors are identified; the adaptive capacity of the heart and lungs is measured; diagnoses are confirmed or excluded. This paper argues the case for a series of exercise testing procedures which vary from simple (\"stages I and II\") to complex (\"stages III and IV\"), which allows exercise testing to be widely applied to clinical investigation and which reserves complex and invasive procedures for the clinical situations in which the information is necessary. Examples are presented to illustrate the relative value of the procedures and the information obtained from each."}
{"id": "PMID:880404", "title": "Value of simple parameters during exercise in chronic obstructive lung disease.", "content": "The value of simple physiological parameters as heart rate and peak expiratory flow rate, and bicycle ergometer, together with electrocardiogram is emphasized. Exercise capacity, exercise induced bronchoconstriction and/or electrocardiographic abnormalities are the conditions most important to look for. Recording tidal volume and respiratory air low might give additional information about disproportion between ventilatory \"drive\" and \"performance\".", "contents": "Value of simple parameters during exercise in chronic obstructive lung disease. The value of simple physiological parameters as heart rate and peak expiratory flow rate, and bicycle ergometer, together with electrocardiogram is emphasized. Exercise capacity, exercise induced bronchoconstriction and/or electrocardiographic abnormalities are the conditions most important to look for. Recording tidal volume and respiratory air low might give additional information about disproportion between ventilatory \"drive\" and \"performance\"."}
{"id": "PMID:880405", "title": "[Therapeutic effects of physical training in patients with chronic respiratory insufficiency].", "content": "The therapeutic benefits of physical training for patients with chronic respiratory insufficiency must be assessed on the clinical, physiopathological and sociopsychological planes. As far as the clinical state is concerned, one observes a reduction of dyspnea and of the frequency of hospitalizations and an increase in the level of daily activity. On the physiopathological point of view, one observes an increase in the maximal capacity of exercise ranging from 1 to 33% resulting mostly from a better peripheral oxygen extraction. Pulmonary function is little modified on the spirographic level; however, one observes an improvement of blood gases at rest which seems to result from better alveolar ventilation. No systematic change in the circulatory variables is reported, except for a reduction of the PPA at rest. About the psychological factors, one observes a reduction of anxiety and an increase in motivation to perform muscular exercise. These results are difficult to obtain and often require a long rehabilitation. Socially, numerous obstacles are encountered to a social reinstatement : a relatively advanced age, a disadvantaged social environment, a low cultural level and an affectively weak surrounding. The solution to these different problems must be sought for each individual and the rehabilitation must be pursued continually; this often necessitates the hospitalization of the patient in a rehabilitation institute. On the basis of these studies, it seems certain that physical training is beneficial to patients with chronic respiratory insufficiency. However different programmes should be proposed for patients in an advanced or intial stage of their illness.", "contents": "[Therapeutic effects of physical training in patients with chronic respiratory insufficiency]. The therapeutic benefits of physical training for patients with chronic respiratory insufficiency must be assessed on the clinical, physiopathological and sociopsychological planes. As far as the clinical state is concerned, one observes a reduction of dyspnea and of the frequency of hospitalizations and an increase in the level of daily activity. On the physiopathological point of view, one observes an increase in the maximal capacity of exercise ranging from 1 to 33% resulting mostly from a better peripheral oxygen extraction. Pulmonary function is little modified on the spirographic level; however, one observes an improvement of blood gases at rest which seems to result from better alveolar ventilation. No systematic change in the circulatory variables is reported, except for a reduction of the PPA at rest. About the psychological factors, one observes a reduction of anxiety and an increase in motivation to perform muscular exercise. These results are difficult to obtain and often require a long rehabilitation. Socially, numerous obstacles are encountered to a social reinstatement : a relatively advanced age, a disadvantaged social environment, a low cultural level and an affectively weak surrounding. The solution to these different problems must be sought for each individual and the rehabilitation must be pursued continually; this often necessitates the hospitalization of the patient in a rehabilitation institute. On the basis of these studies, it seems certain that physical training is beneficial to patients with chronic respiratory insufficiency. However different programmes should be proposed for patients in an advanced or intial stage of their illness."}
{"id": "PMID:880406", "title": "On the design and effectiveness of training regimes in chronic obstructive lung disease.", "content": "Most patients with chronic obstructive lung disease (COLD) show a favourable response to progressive endurance training. Symptomatology is reduced and effort tolerance is extended. However, there is little change of pulmonary function scores. Possible explanations of the clinical gains include 1) psychological encouragement, 2) improvements of mechanical efficiency, 3) restoration of cardiovascular fitness, thus breaking a vicous circle of dyspnoea, inactivity and worsening dyspnoea, 4) strengthening of the body musculature, thus reducing the proportion of anaerobic work, 5) biochemical adaptations reducing glycolysis in the active tissues, and 6) indirect responses to such factors as group support, with advice on smoking habits, breathing patterns and bronchial hygiene. tdespite immediate gains of performance, there is no reason to believe exercise can restore destroyed pulmonary tissue. Further study is thus needed to test whether training can influence long-term prognosis in COLD.", "contents": "On the design and effectiveness of training regimes in chronic obstructive lung disease. Most patients with chronic obstructive lung disease (COLD) show a favourable response to progressive endurance training. Symptomatology is reduced and effort tolerance is extended. However, there is little change of pulmonary function scores. Possible explanations of the clinical gains include 1) psychological encouragement, 2) improvements of mechanical efficiency, 3) restoration of cardiovascular fitness, thus breaking a vicous circle of dyspnoea, inactivity and worsening dyspnoea, 4) strengthening of the body musculature, thus reducing the proportion of anaerobic work, 5) biochemical adaptations reducing glycolysis in the active tissues, and 6) indirect responses to such factors as group support, with advice on smoking habits, breathing patterns and bronchial hygiene. tdespite immediate gains of performance, there is no reason to believe exercise can restore destroyed pulmonary tissue. Further study is thus needed to test whether training can influence long-term prognosis in COLD."}
{"id": "PMID:880421", "title": "Neurosyphilis.", "content": "In the future it seems probable that cases of neurosyphilis will be seen sporadically by physicians and neurologists. As a result of the almost universal ingestion of antibiotics for trivial conditions, many cases of syphilis will be modified or arrested and some patients will be cured of the disease without ever knowing that they have acquired it. In others, developing neurosyphilis may be attenuated by inadequate chance treatment and the clinical and laboratory manifestations may become more subtle and difficult to recognize, leading to errors in diagnosis. Clinical experience of the varied manifestations of neurosyphilis has become less widespread among physicians and consequently greater care should be taken to ensure that the diagnosis is not missed.", "contents": "Neurosyphilis. In the future it seems probable that cases of neurosyphilis will be seen sporadically by physicians and neurologists. As a result of the almost universal ingestion of antibiotics for trivial conditions, many cases of syphilis will be modified or arrested and some patients will be cured of the disease without ever knowing that they have acquired it. In others, developing neurosyphilis may be attenuated by inadequate chance treatment and the clinical and laboratory manifestations may become more subtle and difficult to recognize, leading to errors in diagnosis. Clinical experience of the varied manifestations of neurosyphilis has become less widespread among physicians and consequently greater care should be taken to ensure that the diagnosis is not missed."}
{"id": "PMID:880427", "title": "The effects of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs on cholinergic and histamine-induced contractions of guinea-pig isolated ileum.", "content": "1 Eleven non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID) reversibly inhibited contractions of the longitudinal muscle of the guinea pig isolated ileum induced by acetylcholine, histamine, electrical transmural stimulation and nicotine in this order of increasing potency. 2. After the addition of prostaglandins E1, E2 or F2alpha, with partially effective concentrations of NSAID (but not with higher concentrations which almost totally prevented the responses) the inhibitory effects of NSAID were reversibly lost, except for electrically induced contractions and prostaglandin F2alpha. 3 The effects of NSAID may be due to actions on biological membranes or on distribution of ions in addition to their inhibitory effect on prostaglandin synthesis. Prostaglandins may reverse the inhibition by non-selective sensitization of smooth muscle to various agonists.", "contents": "The effects of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs on cholinergic and histamine-induced contractions of guinea-pig isolated ileum. 1 Eleven non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID) reversibly inhibited contractions of the longitudinal muscle of the guinea pig isolated ileum induced by acetylcholine, histamine, electrical transmural stimulation and nicotine in this order of increasing potency. 2. After the addition of prostaglandins E1, E2 or F2alpha, with partially effective concentrations of NSAID (but not with higher concentrations which almost totally prevented the responses) the inhibitory effects of NSAID were reversibly lost, except for electrically induced contractions and prostaglandin F2alpha. 3 The effects of NSAID may be due to actions on biological membranes or on distribution of ions in addition to their inhibitory effect on prostaglandin synthesis. Prostaglandins may reverse the inhibition by non-selective sensitization of smooth muscle to various agonists."}
{"id": "PMID:880428", "title": "Tissue blood flow and distribution of cardiac output in cats: changes caused by intravenous infusions of histamine and histamine receptor agonists.", "content": "1 The effects of infusions of histamine on blood pressure, cardiac output, heart rate, total peripheral resistance, stroke volume and tissue blood flow have been determined in anaesthetized cats using radio-active microspheres to measure cardiac output and tissue blood flow.2 Histamine caused dose-dependent falls in blood pressure and total peripheral resistance over the dose-range 1 x 10(-8) to 3.3 x 10(-7) mol kg(-1) min(-1). Histamine had no effect on cardiac output, heart rate or stroke volume.3 Histamine caused vasodilatation in the heart and stomach, with increased blood flow through these organs, and in the small and large intestine where blood flow was maintained despite the falls in arterial blood pressure. Blood flow to the brain, kidneys, liver, adrenal glands, skeletal muscle, spleen and skin was reduced when arterial blood pressure fell. Vascular resistance increased in the skin and spleen, presumably due to reflex vasoconstriction when blood pressure fell.4 The selective H(1)-receptor agonist 2-(2-aminoethyl)pyridine lowered blood pressure and decreased total peripheral resistance but did not change cardiac output, heart rate or stroke volume. 2-(2-Aminoethyl)pyridine caused vasodilatation in the heart, small and large intestine and kidneys. Vascular resistance was increased in the spleen and skin.5 The selective H(2)-receptor agonist 4-methylhistamine also lowered blood pressure and decreased total peripheral resistance but did not change cardiac output, heart rate or stroke volume. 4-Methylhistamine caused vasodilatation in the heart, stomach, small and large intestines and skeletal muscle. Vascular resistance was increased in the skin.", "contents": "Tissue blood flow and distribution of cardiac output in cats: changes caused by intravenous infusions of histamine and histamine receptor agonists. 1 The effects of infusions of histamine on blood pressure, cardiac output, heart rate, total peripheral resistance, stroke volume and tissue blood flow have been determined in anaesthetized cats using radio-active microspheres to measure cardiac output and tissue blood flow.2 Histamine caused dose-dependent falls in blood pressure and total peripheral resistance over the dose-range 1 x 10(-8) to 3.3 x 10(-7) mol kg(-1) min(-1). Histamine had no effect on cardiac output, heart rate or stroke volume.3 Histamine caused vasodilatation in the heart and stomach, with increased blood flow through these organs, and in the small and large intestine where blood flow was maintained despite the falls in arterial blood pressure. Blood flow to the brain, kidneys, liver, adrenal glands, skeletal muscle, spleen and skin was reduced when arterial blood pressure fell. Vascular resistance increased in the skin and spleen, presumably due to reflex vasoconstriction when blood pressure fell.4 The selective H(1)-receptor agonist 2-(2-aminoethyl)pyridine lowered blood pressure and decreased total peripheral resistance but did not change cardiac output, heart rate or stroke volume. 2-(2-Aminoethyl)pyridine caused vasodilatation in the heart, small and large intestine and kidneys. Vascular resistance was increased in the spleen and skin.5 The selective H(2)-receptor agonist 4-methylhistamine also lowered blood pressure and decreased total peripheral resistance but did not change cardiac output, heart rate or stroke volume. 4-Methylhistamine caused vasodilatation in the heart, stomach, small and large intestines and skeletal muscle. Vascular resistance was increased in the skin."}
{"id": "PMID:880429", "title": "The effect of sulphamethoxypyridazine on liver and plasma levels of vitamin A in rats.", "content": "1 Long-acting sulphonamides are highly bound to plasma proteins; the present study deals with the effects of this binding property upon a vitamin A compound also transported by plasma proteins. 2 Sulphamethoxypyridazine was administered in rats either orally or by intraperitoneal injection. 3 A significant fall in plasma vitamin A level and an increase in hepatic vitamin A concentration were observed. 4 These results suggest an interference by sulphamethoxypyridazine with the transport of vitamin A, either through competition between the drug and vitamin A for binding sites of plasma proteins, or through altered secretion of the vitamin from the liver.", "contents": "The effect of sulphamethoxypyridazine on liver and plasma levels of vitamin A in rats. 1 Long-acting sulphonamides are highly bound to plasma proteins; the present study deals with the effects of this binding property upon a vitamin A compound also transported by plasma proteins. 2 Sulphamethoxypyridazine was administered in rats either orally or by intraperitoneal injection. 3 A significant fall in plasma vitamin A level and an increase in hepatic vitamin A concentration were observed. 4 These results suggest an interference by sulphamethoxypyridazine with the transport of vitamin A, either through competition between the drug and vitamin A for binding sites of plasma proteins, or through altered secretion of the vitamin from the liver."}
{"id": "PMID:880430", "title": "An excitatory action of iontophoretically administered lithium on mammalian central neurones.", "content": "1 The action of iontophoretically administered lithium was studied on spinal Renshaw cells an interneurones and on supraspinal neurones in cerebral cortex, thalamus, hypothalamus and brain stem in anaesthetized cats and rats. 2 There was a correlation between the effects of Li+ and those of acetylcholine (ACh), although rather more cells were unaffected by Li+ than by ACh. 3 The usual effect was an excitation of rather slow onset, but occasionally effects were produced with time courses similar to those of ACh. The excitation was blocked by ACh antagonists and was best demonstrated with dihydro-beta-erythroidine on Renshaw cells. 4 The postsynaptic excitant action of ACh on Renshaw cells was reduced by Li+. 5 Depressant actions of Li+ were encountered on cells also depressed by ACh. 6 It is concluded that Li+ may facilitate cholinergic transmission at some sites in the CNS by increasing the release of ACh by an unknown mechanism. Similar effects at non-cholinergic synapses might also occur but would appear to be of less importance. Since facilitation of neuronal firing with Li+ was usually observed, the depressant effects on postsynaptic responses to ACh may be of little consequence.", "contents": "An excitatory action of iontophoretically administered lithium on mammalian central neurones. 1 The action of iontophoretically administered lithium was studied on spinal Renshaw cells an interneurones and on supraspinal neurones in cerebral cortex, thalamus, hypothalamus and brain stem in anaesthetized cats and rats. 2 There was a correlation between the effects of Li+ and those of acetylcholine (ACh), although rather more cells were unaffected by Li+ than by ACh. 3 The usual effect was an excitation of rather slow onset, but occasionally effects were produced with time courses similar to those of ACh. The excitation was blocked by ACh antagonists and was best demonstrated with dihydro-beta-erythroidine on Renshaw cells. 4 The postsynaptic excitant action of ACh on Renshaw cells was reduced by Li+. 5 Depressant actions of Li+ were encountered on cells also depressed by ACh. 6 It is concluded that Li+ may facilitate cholinergic transmission at some sites in the CNS by increasing the release of ACh by an unknown mechanism. Similar effects at non-cholinergic synapses might also occur but would appear to be of less importance. Since facilitation of neuronal firing with Li+ was usually observed, the depressant effects on postsynaptic responses to ACh may be of little consequence."}
{"id": "PMID:880431", "title": "Catechol-substituted phenoxypropanolamines: adrenoceptor activity in the anaesthetized cat.", "content": "1 The pharmacological actions of racemic noradrenaline, adrenaline, isoprenaline and N-t-butylnoradrenaline have been compared with those of their corresponding derivatives containing an oxymethylene (OXY) link between the ring and ethanolamine side chain. 2 The compounds were tested in the anaesthetized cat for their ability to produce positive chronotropic effects, bronchodilator actions, changes in perfusion pressure in the perfused hind limb and decreases in soleus muscle contractions. 3 All the OXY-derivatives were potent beta-adrenoceptor agonists. The inclusion of the oxymethylene link promotes selectivity for beta1-as opposed to beta2-adrenoceptor activity. 4 In comparison with the parent compounds, the OXY-derivatives of adrenaline and noradrenaline had very weak alpha-adrenoceptor stimulant effects.", "contents": "Catechol-substituted phenoxypropanolamines: adrenoceptor activity in the anaesthetized cat. 1 The pharmacological actions of racemic noradrenaline, adrenaline, isoprenaline and N-t-butylnoradrenaline have been compared with those of their corresponding derivatives containing an oxymethylene (OXY) link between the ring and ethanolamine side chain. 2 The compounds were tested in the anaesthetized cat for their ability to produce positive chronotropic effects, bronchodilator actions, changes in perfusion pressure in the perfused hind limb and decreases in soleus muscle contractions. 3 All the OXY-derivatives were potent beta-adrenoceptor agonists. The inclusion of the oxymethylene link promotes selectivity for beta1-as opposed to beta2-adrenoceptor activity. 4 In comparison with the parent compounds, the OXY-derivatives of adrenaline and noradrenaline had very weak alpha-adrenoceptor stimulant effects."}
{"id": "PMID:880432", "title": "Dissimilarity between the responses to adenosine triphosphate or its related compounds and non-adrenergic inhibitory nerve stimulation in the longitudinal smooth muscle of pig stomach.", "content": "1 Transmural electrical stimulation (TMS) of longitudinal smooth muscle strips taken from the cardiac portion of the pig stomach produced biphasic responses consisting of initial contractions followed by relaxations. The excitatory component was enhanced by neostigmine and abolished by atropine. After atropine treatment, TMS and nicotine or 1,1-dimethyl-4-phenyl-piperazinium, caused a relaxation or a relaxation followed by an after-contraction. All of these responses were abolished or reduced reversibly with tetrodotoxin and cocaine, while hexamethonium only abolished the response to ganglion-stimulating agents.2 The relaxation caused by TMS reached a maximum amplitude at 5-10 Hz, and was entirely resistant to the effects of alpha- and beta-adrenoceptor blocking agents, or a combination of them, and also to guanethidine. These results strongly suggested that the relaxation was elicited by stimulation of intramural non-adrenergic inhibitory neurones.3 In the presence of atropine and guanethidine, adenosine triphosphate (ATP, 5-20 muM) caused only a tonic contraction, and ATP (25-200 muM) or adenosine diphosphate (25-200 muM) produced a contractile response or a biphasic one (tonic contraction preceded by a slight relaxation). Adenosine monophosphate and adenosine caused only the tonic contraction over the range of concentrations (25-200 muM).4 Stimulation of the intramural inhibitory neurones of the tissue consistently evoked an inhibitory junction potential, which showed a summation during repetitive stimulation. One the other hand, ATP elicited mainly a small depolarization of a few mV.5 When the desensitization to ATP of the muscle was achieved in the presence of atropine and guanethidine, the relaxation induced by stimulation of the non-adrenergic inhibitory neurones could be evoked without any modification.6 Dipyridamole neither potentiated the inhibitory responses due to stimulation of the intramural inhibitory neurones nor showed any consistent effect on the ATP-induced response.7 From these results, it is unlikely that ATP, or any related compound, is the transmitter substance of the intramural inhibitory neurones in the longitudinal smooth muscle of the pig stomach.", "contents": "Dissimilarity between the responses to adenosine triphosphate or its related compounds and non-adrenergic inhibitory nerve stimulation in the longitudinal smooth muscle of pig stomach. 1 Transmural electrical stimulation (TMS) of longitudinal smooth muscle strips taken from the cardiac portion of the pig stomach produced biphasic responses consisting of initial contractions followed by relaxations. The excitatory component was enhanced by neostigmine and abolished by atropine. After atropine treatment, TMS and nicotine or 1,1-dimethyl-4-phenyl-piperazinium, caused a relaxation or a relaxation followed by an after-contraction. All of these responses were abolished or reduced reversibly with tetrodotoxin and cocaine, while hexamethonium only abolished the response to ganglion-stimulating agents.2 The relaxation caused by TMS reached a maximum amplitude at 5-10 Hz, and was entirely resistant to the effects of alpha- and beta-adrenoceptor blocking agents, or a combination of them, and also to guanethidine. These results strongly suggested that the relaxation was elicited by stimulation of intramural non-adrenergic inhibitory neurones.3 In the presence of atropine and guanethidine, adenosine triphosphate (ATP, 5-20 muM) caused only a tonic contraction, and ATP (25-200 muM) or adenosine diphosphate (25-200 muM) produced a contractile response or a biphasic one (tonic contraction preceded by a slight relaxation). Adenosine monophosphate and adenosine caused only the tonic contraction over the range of concentrations (25-200 muM).4 Stimulation of the intramural inhibitory neurones of the tissue consistently evoked an inhibitory junction potential, which showed a summation during repetitive stimulation. One the other hand, ATP elicited mainly a small depolarization of a few mV.5 When the desensitization to ATP of the muscle was achieved in the presence of atropine and guanethidine, the relaxation induced by stimulation of the non-adrenergic inhibitory neurones could be evoked without any modification.6 Dipyridamole neither potentiated the inhibitory responses due to stimulation of the intramural inhibitory neurones nor showed any consistent effect on the ATP-induced response.7 From these results, it is unlikely that ATP, or any related compound, is the transmitter substance of the intramural inhibitory neurones in the longitudinal smooth muscle of the pig stomach."}
{"id": "PMID:880433", "title": "An electrophysiological study of the action of crude Enhydrina schistosa venom.", "content": "1 Electrophysiological studies on the rat diaphragm revealed that crude Enhydrina schistosa venom has a blocking action on postjunctional acetylcholine (ach) receptors. 2 This venom in concentrations of 0.125-1.0 microgram/ml abolished the extracellular endplate potential (e.e.p.p.) without altering the presynaptic spike. When the phrenic nerve was stimulated at a frequency of 1 Hz the degree of depression of successive e.e.p.ps was approximately the same in records made before and after treatment with venom. 3 In concentrations of 0.25 and 0.5 microgram/ml the venom reduced significantly the amplitude of miniature endplate potentials (m.e.p.ps). The frequency of m.e.p.ps did not increase but was decreased when the amplitue of the m.e.p.ps was much reduced. 4 The crude venom did not alter the resting membrane potential (RMP) of the muscle cell. 5 The venom inhibited the depolarization of the muscle membrane caused by carbachol. 6 It is concluded that an active component in the crude venom is responsible for a blocking action on postjunctional receptors.", "contents": "An electrophysiological study of the action of crude Enhydrina schistosa venom. 1 Electrophysiological studies on the rat diaphragm revealed that crude Enhydrina schistosa venom has a blocking action on postjunctional acetylcholine (ach) receptors. 2 This venom in concentrations of 0.125-1.0 microgram/ml abolished the extracellular endplate potential (e.e.p.p.) without altering the presynaptic spike. When the phrenic nerve was stimulated at a frequency of 1 Hz the degree of depression of successive e.e.p.ps was approximately the same in records made before and after treatment with venom. 3 In concentrations of 0.25 and 0.5 microgram/ml the venom reduced significantly the amplitude of miniature endplate potentials (m.e.p.ps). The frequency of m.e.p.ps did not increase but was decreased when the amplitue of the m.e.p.ps was much reduced. 4 The crude venom did not alter the resting membrane potential (RMP) of the muscle cell. 5 The venom inhibited the depolarization of the muscle membrane caused by carbachol. 6 It is concluded that an active component in the crude venom is responsible for a blocking action on postjunctional receptors."}
{"id": "PMID:880434", "title": "The effects of prostaglandin E1, bradykinin and histamine on canine synovial vascular permeability.", "content": "1 The relative effects of prostaglandin E1, bradykinin and histamine on canine synovial vascular permeability were investigated by a method based on the measurement of the amounts of radiolabelled dextran (molecular weight 20,000) leaking from the circulation into the synovial cavity. 2 Bradykinin, prostaglandin E1 and histamine in that order of potency all increased synovial vascular permeability. Threshold concentrations were 0.3 micrometer, 3 micrometer and 30 micrometer respectively. 3 The effects of infusion of prostaglandin E1 combined with either bradykinin or histamine were greater than mere summation.", "contents": "The effects of prostaglandin E1, bradykinin and histamine on canine synovial vascular permeability. 1 The relative effects of prostaglandin E1, bradykinin and histamine on canine synovial vascular permeability were investigated by a method based on the measurement of the amounts of radiolabelled dextran (molecular weight 20,000) leaking from the circulation into the synovial cavity. 2 Bradykinin, prostaglandin E1 and histamine in that order of potency all increased synovial vascular permeability. Threshold concentrations were 0.3 micrometer, 3 micrometer and 30 micrometer respectively. 3 The effects of infusion of prostaglandin E1 combined with either bradykinin or histamine were greater than mere summation."}
{"id": "PMID:880483", "title": "A study of light-initiated currents in Limulus lateral eye retinular cells.", "content": "Light-initiated currents in Limulus lateral eye retinular cells were studied using the voltage clamp technique. To assess the validity of such current measurements, the isopotentiality of retinular cells was determined on triply impaled cells and the effect of voltage clamping one retinular cell on adjacent retinular cells and on the eccentric cell in the same ommatidium was determined. The results of the experiments are: (1) retinular cells are isopotential at loci 100 micron apart; (2) appreciable steady state current during the clamping episodes leaks into neighboring retinular cells and the eccentric cell; (3) light-initiated currents exhibit two components; (4) there is a dynamic change in the resistance of the photoreceptor membrane during development of the receptor potential; (5) suppression of the rising phase (C1) of the receptor potential does not affect subsequent voltage changes; (6) suppression of the sodium influx which normally produces C1 has only minor effects on subsequent voltage changes; (7) reduced [KC1]out increases and increased [CK1]out decreases the reversal potential of light-initiated currents; and (8) reduced [NaC1]out reduces the magnitude and the reversal potential of light-initiated currents.", "contents": "A study of light-initiated currents in Limulus lateral eye retinular cells. Light-initiated currents in Limulus lateral eye retinular cells were studied using the voltage clamp technique. To assess the validity of such current measurements, the isopotentiality of retinular cells was determined on triply impaled cells and the effect of voltage clamping one retinular cell on adjacent retinular cells and on the eccentric cell in the same ommatidium was determined. The results of the experiments are: (1) retinular cells are isopotential at loci 100 micron apart; (2) appreciable steady state current during the clamping episodes leaks into neighboring retinular cells and the eccentric cell; (3) light-initiated currents exhibit two components; (4) there is a dynamic change in the resistance of the photoreceptor membrane during development of the receptor potential; (5) suppression of the rising phase (C1) of the receptor potential does not affect subsequent voltage changes; (6) suppression of the sodium influx which normally produces C1 has only minor effects on subsequent voltage changes; (7) reduced [KC1]out increases and increased [CK1]out decreases the reversal potential of light-initiated currents; and (8) reduced [NaC1]out reduces the magnitude and the reversal potential of light-initiated currents."}
{"id": "PMID:880482", "title": "In vivo neurochemical analysis, by push-pull perfusion, of the mesocortical dopaminergic system of the rat during self-stimulation.", "content": "The region immediately adjacent to a self-stimulation site in the medial prefrontal cortex of the unanesthetized rat was prelabeled with 0.5 mu Ci 14C-dopamine (DA) injected through an indwelling guide cannula. Then successive 5 min push-pull perfusions of the site with an artificial CSF were carried out at a rate of 25 microliter/min so that a washout curve of declining radioactivity was generated under control conditions. When square wave 100 Hz pulses were delivered to the contiguous self-stimulation site, the release of 14C-DA was enhanced either during the actual interval of electrical stimulation or in the perfusion sample collected immediately thereafter. In parallel experiments, however, self-stimulation by the rat of its ventral tegmental area failed to alter the kinetics of 14C-DA release from the cortex when homologous loci were perfused. Analyses by thin-layer chromatography of the perfusates for their content of catechol metabolities revealed that the homovanillic acid fraction declined during stimulation, whereas the level of DOPAC remained relatively elevated. Evidence was also obtained for the new synthesis and subsequent release of norepinephrine during the stimulation of the cortex of the rat. These results suggest that endogenous dopamine, because of the notable alterations in its release and metabolism, plays an important synaptic role in the mediation of self-stimulation behavior at the level of the cerebral cortex.", "contents": "In vivo neurochemical analysis, by push-pull perfusion, of the mesocortical dopaminergic system of the rat during self-stimulation. The region immediately adjacent to a self-stimulation site in the medial prefrontal cortex of the unanesthetized rat was prelabeled with 0.5 mu Ci 14C-dopamine (DA) injected through an indwelling guide cannula. Then successive 5 min push-pull perfusions of the site with an artificial CSF were carried out at a rate of 25 microliter/min so that a washout curve of declining radioactivity was generated under control conditions. When square wave 100 Hz pulses were delivered to the contiguous self-stimulation site, the release of 14C-DA was enhanced either during the actual interval of electrical stimulation or in the perfusion sample collected immediately thereafter. In parallel experiments, however, self-stimulation by the rat of its ventral tegmental area failed to alter the kinetics of 14C-DA release from the cortex when homologous loci were perfused. Analyses by thin-layer chromatography of the perfusates for their content of catechol metabolities revealed that the homovanillic acid fraction declined during stimulation, whereas the level of DOPAC remained relatively elevated. Evidence was also obtained for the new synthesis and subsequent release of norepinephrine during the stimulation of the cortex of the rat. These results suggest that endogenous dopamine, because of the notable alterations in its release and metabolism, plays an important synaptic role in the mediation of self-stimulation behavior at the level of the cerebral cortex."}
{"id": "PMID:880484", "title": "Behavioral effects of lesions of precommissural and postcommissural fornix.", "content": "Lesions which sever different parts of precommissural or postcommissural fornix were compared to the effects of control lesions in several behavioral tasks. Spatial learning and avoidance was impaired by lesions of the descending columns, or by lesions which sever the precommissural communications passing to and from medial septum. Damage to precommissural fibers through lateral septum produced a measurable change only on the avoidance task. This pattern of deficits, considered together with the anatomical relationship of the system, suggests a model in which the medial septum relays kinesthetic information to dorsal hippocampus, which in turn serves as a memory system in the performance of spatial habits. It is less clear what kind of information is relayed by lateral septum, but it may communicate with ventral hippocampus regarding the consequences of punishment, and thus serve as part of a system for defensive suppression of behavior.", "contents": "Behavioral effects of lesions of precommissural and postcommissural fornix. Lesions which sever different parts of precommissural or postcommissural fornix were compared to the effects of control lesions in several behavioral tasks. Spatial learning and avoidance was impaired by lesions of the descending columns, or by lesions which sever the precommissural communications passing to and from medial septum. Damage to precommissural fibers through lateral septum produced a measurable change only on the avoidance task. This pattern of deficits, considered together with the anatomical relationship of the system, suggests a model in which the medial septum relays kinesthetic information to dorsal hippocampus, which in turn serves as a memory system in the performance of spatial habits. It is less clear what kind of information is relayed by lateral septum, but it may communicate with ventral hippocampus regarding the consequences of punishment, and thus serve as part of a system for defensive suppression of behavior."}
{"id": "PMID:880485", "title": "Effects of maternal dietary protein restriction on growth of the brain and body in the rat.", "content": "We studied the growth of the brain and body in rats born of dams fed a low-protein (8% casein) diet ad lib beginning 5 weeks prior to mating and continuing throughout gestation and lactation. Control dams were fed an isocaloric 25% casein diet. Litters were culled at birth to 8 pups. At birth, brain weights and body weights of pups of protein restricted dams were similar to those of control pups. During the period of lactation, pups of restricted exhibited severely retarded body growth but only mildly retarded brain growth resulting in an elevated brain/body weight ratio. This relative macrocephaly was maximal at 10-20 days of age, declining completely by 35 days of age. The relative macrocephaly could not be accounted for by increased retention of water in the brain of the malnourished rats. Following weaning, pups were maintained ad lib on the diets fed their mothers. At adulthood brain/body weight ratios were normal in the protein restricted group.", "contents": "Effects of maternal dietary protein restriction on growth of the brain and body in the rat. We studied the growth of the brain and body in rats born of dams fed a low-protein (8% casein) diet ad lib beginning 5 weeks prior to mating and continuing throughout gestation and lactation. Control dams were fed an isocaloric 25% casein diet. Litters were culled at birth to 8 pups. At birth, brain weights and body weights of pups of protein restricted dams were similar to those of control pups. During the period of lactation, pups of restricted exhibited severely retarded body growth but only mildly retarded brain growth resulting in an elevated brain/body weight ratio. This relative macrocephaly was maximal at 10-20 days of age, declining completely by 35 days of age. The relative macrocephaly could not be accounted for by increased retention of water in the brain of the malnourished rats. Following weaning, pups were maintained ad lib on the diets fed their mothers. At adulthood brain/body weight ratios were normal in the protein restricted group."}
{"id": "PMID:880487", "title": "[14 C]2-Deoxyglucose uptake marks systems activated by rewarding brain stimulation.", "content": "Autoradiography of sections from the brains of anesthetized rats injected with [14C] 2-doexyglucose revealed neural systems unilaterally activated by rewarding electrical stimulation of the medial forebrain bundle. Since this new technique marks neural systems on the basis of their activity, it has great potential in functional neuroanatomy. The potential is easily realized in brain-stimulation studies, where systems may be driven to exceptionally high levels of activity.", "contents": "[14 C]2-Deoxyglucose uptake marks systems activated by rewarding brain stimulation. Autoradiography of sections from the brains of anesthetized rats injected with [14C] 2-doexyglucose revealed neural systems unilaterally activated by rewarding electrical stimulation of the medial forebrain bundle. Since this new technique marks neural systems on the basis of their activity, it has great potential in functional neuroanatomy. The potential is easily realized in brain-stimulation studies, where systems may be driven to exceptionally high levels of activity."}
{"id": "PMID:880486", "title": "Effects of hypothalamic and preoptic lesions on reproductive behavior in male rats.", "content": "Adult male rats, which were selected on the basis of showing complete patterns of male copulatory behavior on two prior tests, were castrated six weeks prior to brain surgery. Animals were divided into three groups and given small bilateral lesions in the dorsomedial preoptic area (POA), ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH), or sham operations. Starting 10 days postsurgery, all animals were injected with estrogen alone and estrogen plus progesterone, and tested twice for lordosis behavior. Ten days following the female behavior tests, animals were injected daily with testosterone propionate for 13 days and tested for masculine sexual behavior on injection 5, 9 and 13. Low levels of lordotic behavior were observed for POA and VMH animals on both tests for female sex behavior and were comparable to sham operated animals. However, in terms of all dependent measures of male copulatory behavior, animals with VMH lesions showed significantly higher levels of male sex behavior with shorter latencies than sham animals across all three behavior tests. In contrast, POA lesioned rats showed little or no male sex behavior on any test and were significantly inferior to sham operated animals. Thus, the POA and VMH appear to exert excitatory and inhibitory control, respectively, over male copulatory behavior in male rats.", "contents": "Effects of hypothalamic and preoptic lesions on reproductive behavior in male rats. Adult male rats, which were selected on the basis of showing complete patterns of male copulatory behavior on two prior tests, were castrated six weeks prior to brain surgery. Animals were divided into three groups and given small bilateral lesions in the dorsomedial preoptic area (POA), ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH), or sham operations. Starting 10 days postsurgery, all animals were injected with estrogen alone and estrogen plus progesterone, and tested twice for lordosis behavior. Ten days following the female behavior tests, animals were injected daily with testosterone propionate for 13 days and tested for masculine sexual behavior on injection 5, 9 and 13. Low levels of lordotic behavior were observed for POA and VMH animals on both tests for female sex behavior and were comparable to sham operated animals. However, in terms of all dependent measures of male copulatory behavior, animals with VMH lesions showed significantly higher levels of male sex behavior with shorter latencies than sham animals across all three behavior tests. In contrast, POA lesioned rats showed little or no male sex behavior on any test and were significantly inferior to sham operated animals. Thus, the POA and VMH appear to exert excitatory and inhibitory control, respectively, over male copulatory behavior in male rats."}
{"id": "PMID:880489", "title": "Effects of stressful procedures as ether anesthesia and intracranial injections on amino acid incorporation into brain protein.", "content": "Ether anesthesia elevates plasma corticosterone levels considerably and interferes severely with the incorporation of centrally applied [3 H] leucine into brain protein. Only minor changes in leucine incorporation are observed in conscious rats with an implanted cannula in the third brain ventricle as compared to noncannulated controls. Injection through this cannula can be regarded as a minor stressful procedure comparable to subcutaneous injection both causing moderate elevations in plasma corticosterone levels. Injection through the cannula per se did not affect the leucine incorporation. In studies which require local application of the radioactive precursor, it is therefore recommended to avoid ether anesthesia and to use a preimplanted cannula in the brain ventricular system.", "contents": "Effects of stressful procedures as ether anesthesia and intracranial injections on amino acid incorporation into brain protein. Ether anesthesia elevates plasma corticosterone levels considerably and interferes severely with the incorporation of centrally applied [3 H] leucine into brain protein. Only minor changes in leucine incorporation are observed in conscious rats with an implanted cannula in the third brain ventricle as compared to noncannulated controls. Injection through this cannula can be regarded as a minor stressful procedure comparable to subcutaneous injection both causing moderate elevations in plasma corticosterone levels. Injection through the cannula per se did not affect the leucine incorporation. In studies which require local application of the radioactive precursor, it is therefore recommended to avoid ether anesthesia and to use a preimplanted cannula in the brain ventricular system."}
{"id": "PMID:880490", "title": "Reciprocal thalamo-hippocampal EEG augmenting and muscle responses in rabbits.", "content": "Waxing and waning electrographic responses (augmenting) and primary evoked responses could be induced in restricted regions of hippocampus, thalamus, and skeletal muscle by bipolar, low-frequency (7-10 Hz), low-amplitude (35 mV-4V) stimulation of selected sites within the hippocampus or thalamus of rabbits. Induction of the immobility reflex (IR) (animal hypnosis) lowered the threshold and increased the amplitude of both kinds of responses. An additive enhancement of both kinds of responses was often produced by concurrent treatment with a tranquilizer and the immobility reflex. These results suggest the thalamus and the hippocampus have interacting modulating mechanisms which affect motor activity.", "contents": "Reciprocal thalamo-hippocampal EEG augmenting and muscle responses in rabbits. Waxing and waning electrographic responses (augmenting) and primary evoked responses could be induced in restricted regions of hippocampus, thalamus, and skeletal muscle by bipolar, low-frequency (7-10 Hz), low-amplitude (35 mV-4V) stimulation of selected sites within the hippocampus or thalamus of rabbits. Induction of the immobility reflex (IR) (animal hypnosis) lowered the threshold and increased the amplitude of both kinds of responses. An additive enhancement of both kinds of responses was often produced by concurrent treatment with a tranquilizer and the immobility reflex. These results suggest the thalamus and the hippocampus have interacting modulating mechanisms which affect motor activity."}
{"id": "PMID:880491", "title": "Hippocampal theta rhythm persists in the permanently isolated forebrain of the cat.", "content": "In cats with high mesencephalic transections surviving for up to 90 days, the hippocampal EEG shows exaggerated percentages of 3-5 Hz theta activity. The theta rhythm has similar waveform and frequency characteristics to that seen in the intact cat and can be selectively enhanced or abolished by systemic physostigmine or atropine respectively. These data demonstrate (1) that the caudal brainstem is not essential for the spontaneous appearance of the hippocampal theta rhythm, and (2) the integrity of a major cholinergic system in the chronically isolated forebrain.", "contents": "Hippocampal theta rhythm persists in the permanently isolated forebrain of the cat. In cats with high mesencephalic transections surviving for up to 90 days, the hippocampal EEG shows exaggerated percentages of 3-5 Hz theta activity. The theta rhythm has similar waveform and frequency characteristics to that seen in the intact cat and can be selectively enhanced or abolished by systemic physostigmine or atropine respectively. These data demonstrate (1) that the caudal brainstem is not essential for the spontaneous appearance of the hippocampal theta rhythm, and (2) the integrity of a major cholinergic system in the chronically isolated forebrain."}
{"id": "PMID:880488", "title": "A method for x-irradiating selected brain regions in infant rats.", "content": "A technique for immobilizing rat pups and irradiating selected regions of the head is described. As an example, measurements are given for the focal irradiation of the hippocampus. If animals of nearly the same weight are selected, several pups of the same age can be irradiated simultaneously.", "contents": "A method for x-irradiating selected brain regions in infant rats. A technique for immobilizing rat pups and irradiating selected regions of the head is described. As an example, measurements are given for the focal irradiation of the hippocampus. If animals of nearly the same weight are selected, several pups of the same age can be irradiated simultaneously."}
{"id": "PMID:880507", "title": "C-21- and 6-hydroxylation of progesterone by rabbit liver subcellular fractions.", "content": "In vitro C-21-hydroxylation of [3H]progesterone (P) has been demonstrated for the first time with rabbit liver microsomes and mitochondria. Deoxycorticosterone (DOC) was rigorously characterized as a metabolite of both mitochondrial and microsomal metabolism, whereas 6alpha-hydroxy DOC and 6alpha-hydroxy P were only identified as microsomal metabolites. 6beta-Hydroxy metabolites were also detected but were of less quantitative significance. Formation of 6alpha-hydroxy P and 6alpha-hydroxy DOC increased steadily between 5 and 120 min of incubation with the microsomal fraction, whereas DOC increased up to 30 min of incubation and then declined. Maximal yield of DOC was 25.9 and 22.5 pmol/mg protein with the mitochondrial and microsomal fractions, respectively.", "contents": "C-21- and 6-hydroxylation of progesterone by rabbit liver subcellular fractions. In vitro C-21-hydroxylation of [3H]progesterone (P) has been demonstrated for the first time with rabbit liver microsomes and mitochondria. Deoxycorticosterone (DOC) was rigorously characterized as a metabolite of both mitochondrial and microsomal metabolism, whereas 6alpha-hydroxy DOC and 6alpha-hydroxy P were only identified as microsomal metabolites. 6beta-Hydroxy metabolites were also detected but were of less quantitative significance. Formation of 6alpha-hydroxy P and 6alpha-hydroxy DOC increased steadily between 5 and 120 min of incubation with the microsomal fraction, whereas DOC increased up to 30 min of incubation and then declined. Maximal yield of DOC was 25.9 and 22.5 pmol/mg protein with the mitochondrial and microsomal fractions, respectively."}
{"id": "PMID:880508", "title": "The solution synthesis of sequential polypeptides as models for the double-stranded coiled-coil structure of tropomyosin.", "content": "The syntheses of the three sequential polyheptapeptides [L-Leu-L-Glu-L-Ser-L-Leu-L-Glu-L-Ser-L-Lys)n, [L-Ala-L-Glu-L-Ser-L-Ala-L-Glu-L-Ser-L-Lys]n, [L-Ala-L-Glu-L-Ser-L-Leu-L-Glu-L-Ser-L-Lys]n and of the polytetrapeptide [L-Leu-L-Glu-L-Ser-L-Lys]n by solution methods are described. The syntheses were performed using a combination of a modified mixed carbonic anhydride method and an active ester coupling method. The N-hydroxysuccinimide ester was used as the active group for the polymerization of the monomers. These compounds were prepared as model polypeptides for the coiled-coil structure of tropomyosin.", "contents": "The solution synthesis of sequential polypeptides as models for the double-stranded coiled-coil structure of tropomyosin. The syntheses of the three sequential polyheptapeptides [L-Leu-L-Glu-L-Ser-L-Leu-L-Glu-L-Ser-L-Lys)n, [L-Ala-L-Glu-L-Ser-L-Ala-L-Glu-L-Ser-L-Lys]n, [L-Ala-L-Glu-L-Ser-L-Leu-L-Glu-L-Ser-L-Lys]n and of the polytetrapeptide [L-Leu-L-Glu-L-Ser-L-Lys]n by solution methods are described. The syntheses were performed using a combination of a modified mixed carbonic anhydride method and an active ester coupling method. The N-hydroxysuccinimide ester was used as the active group for the polymerization of the monomers. These compounds were prepared as model polypeptides for the coiled-coil structure of tropomyosin."}
{"id": "PMID:880509", "title": "Pars plana vitrectomy.", "content": "We describe our first 127 vitrectomies through the pars plana performed on 120 eyes for a variety of indications. The success rate in anterior segment disorders was 45% and in those of the posterior segment 34%. While in some cases the results were encouraging, in others they were disastrous. Some 12 eyes (10%) went on to lose perception of light.", "contents": "Pars plana vitrectomy. We describe our first 127 vitrectomies through the pars plana performed on 120 eyes for a variety of indications. The success rate in anterior segment disorders was 45% and in those of the posterior segment 34%. While in some cases the results were encouraging, in others they were disastrous. Some 12 eyes (10%) went on to lose perception of light."}
{"id": "PMID:880510", "title": "The natural history of non-disciform ocular histoplasmosis.", "content": "Nineteen of 21 asymptomatic individuals with non-disciform atrophic chorioretinal scars characteristics of the ocular histoplasmosis syndrome and identified in the Walkersville survey were re-examined three years later. During this period, of six subjects with peripapillary scars, one developed symptomatic serous detachment of the peripapillary retina; none of the three with macular or paramacular scars showed any change. Several peripheral scars showed increased pigmentation and others definite enlargement. One patient developed two new atrophic scars.", "contents": "The natural history of non-disciform ocular histoplasmosis. Nineteen of 21 asymptomatic individuals with non-disciform atrophic chorioretinal scars characteristics of the ocular histoplasmosis syndrome and identified in the Walkersville survey were re-examined three years later. During this period, of six subjects with peripapillary scars, one developed symptomatic serous detachment of the peripapillary retina; none of the three with macular or paramacular scars showed any change. Several peripheral scars showed increased pigmentation and others definite enlargement. One patient developed two new atrophic scars."}
{"id": "PMID:880511", "title": "An eye screening program in a Chinese-Canadian community.", "content": "A screening program staffed by ophthalmologists, ophthalmology residents, ophthalmic assistants, social workers and Chinese-speaking volunteers and directed at a Chinese immigrant community, was conducted at the Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto. The Chinese population had been hesitant to use our hospital facilities and we hoped to overcome their fears, as well as to detect previously undiagnosed ocular problems. The program succeeded in finding many eye problems, some serious, and in encouraging this immigrant group to come for proper medical care. We describe the method of setting up and conducting such an undertaking, which involved the Departments of Ophthalmology and Social work, hospital administrators and volunteers from the community.", "contents": "An eye screening program in a Chinese-Canadian community. A screening program staffed by ophthalmologists, ophthalmology residents, ophthalmic assistants, social workers and Chinese-speaking volunteers and directed at a Chinese immigrant community, was conducted at the Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto. The Chinese population had been hesitant to use our hospital facilities and we hoped to overcome their fears, as well as to detect previously undiagnosed ocular problems. The program succeeded in finding many eye problems, some serious, and in encouraging this immigrant group to come for proper medical care. We describe the method of setting up and conducting such an undertaking, which involved the Departments of Ophthalmology and Social work, hospital administrators and volunteers from the community."}
{"id": "PMID:880512", "title": "The presence of cell-mediated immunity in uveitis.", "content": "We have attempted to demonstrate cell mediated immunity in cases of uveitis. We tested blood samples of patients for leucocyte migration inhibition (LMI) and lymphocyte transformation (LT). The gel diffusion test was used to detect humoral antibody. Allogeneic uveal, retinal and corneal antigens were prepared for the tests from eye bank eyes. The LMI and LT tests gave positive results in 9 out of 16 cases. In these 9 cases 8 were positive to retinal antigen, three with corneal antigen and only one was positive against uveal antigen. Humoral antibodies were not detected. We suggest that cell mediated autoimmunity is present but the relationship of this to the uveitis itself is obscure.", "contents": "The presence of cell-mediated immunity in uveitis. We have attempted to demonstrate cell mediated immunity in cases of uveitis. We tested blood samples of patients for leucocyte migration inhibition (LMI) and lymphocyte transformation (LT). The gel diffusion test was used to detect humoral antibody. Allogeneic uveal, retinal and corneal antigens were prepared for the tests from eye bank eyes. The LMI and LT tests gave positive results in 9 out of 16 cases. In these 9 cases 8 were positive to retinal antigen, three with corneal antigen and only one was positive against uveal antigen. Humoral antibodies were not detected. We suggest that cell mediated autoimmunity is present but the relationship of this to the uveitis itself is obscure."}
{"id": "PMID:880513", "title": "Increased scatter of responses as a precursor of visual field changes in glaucoma.", "content": "A patient with ocular hypertension developed a glaucomatous field defect in the right eye 10 years after the initial examination. For several years preceding the appearance of the defect there had been scatter of threshold responses localized to the area where the defect was later found. We suggest that localized scatter may be an early sign of glaucomatous damage to visual function.", "contents": "Increased scatter of responses as a precursor of visual field changes in glaucoma. A patient with ocular hypertension developed a glaucomatous field defect in the right eye 10 years after the initial examination. For several years preceding the appearance of the defect there had been scatter of threshold responses localized to the area where the defect was later found. We suggest that localized scatter may be an early sign of glaucomatous damage to visual function."}
{"id": "PMID:880514", "title": "Anophthalmos. Report of two cases.", "content": "Two infants were found to have bilateral anophthalmos and other congenital anomalies. Secondary anophthalmia was diagnosed in one patient who showed malformations of the brain and an absence of ocular tissues including the optic nerves. The other patient had degenerative (consecutive) anophthalmos; fragments of ocular tissues including the optic nerves were found in the orbits.", "contents": "Anophthalmos. Report of two cases. Two infants were found to have bilateral anophthalmos and other congenital anomalies. Secondary anophthalmia was diagnosed in one patient who showed malformations of the brain and an absence of ocular tissues including the optic nerves. The other patient had degenerative (consecutive) anophthalmos; fragments of ocular tissues including the optic nerves were found in the orbits."}
{"id": "PMID:880515", "title": "The visual field in indirect traumatic rupture of the choroid.", "content": "Nine cases of indirect rupture of the choroid due to trauma were examined by indirect ophthalmoscopy, fluorescein angiography and static and kinetic perimetry. Our results indicate that the visual field defect cannot be correlated with the ophthalmoscopic picture as concerns shape, size, or location of the lesion. Seven of the 9 cases had a central scotoma and we demonstrated nerve involvement in 4 of the 9 cases. We do not know of other studies of the visual field in indirect traumatic rupture of the choroid.", "contents": "The visual field in indirect traumatic rupture of the choroid. Nine cases of indirect rupture of the choroid due to trauma were examined by indirect ophthalmoscopy, fluorescein angiography and static and kinetic perimetry. Our results indicate that the visual field defect cannot be correlated with the ophthalmoscopic picture as concerns shape, size, or location of the lesion. Seven of the 9 cases had a central scotoma and we demonstrated nerve involvement in 4 of the 9 cases. We do not know of other studies of the visual field in indirect traumatic rupture of the choroid."}
{"id": "PMID:880525", "title": "Quality of care in hospital emergency departments and family physicians' offices.", "content": "Indicator conditions were used to evaluate the quality of 686 episodes of care provided in two emergency departments and in five family physicians' offices. Overall, the care was considered adequate in 53% of the emergency department cases and in 40% of the cases dealt with in family physicians' offices, the difference being significant (P less than 0.01). Referrals were very common in both settings, and when quality was assessed solely on the basis of the care actually given by the primary-care providers the difference between the two settings disappeared. Half the observed deficiencies in care related to failure to document the findings from history-taking and physical examination. From these and earlier findings we conclude that the emergency department can be an appropriate setting for the care of nontraumatic illness.", "contents": "Quality of care in hospital emergency departments and family physicians' offices. Indicator conditions were used to evaluate the quality of 686 episodes of care provided in two emergency departments and in five family physicians' offices. Overall, the care was considered adequate in 53% of the emergency department cases and in 40% of the cases dealt with in family physicians' offices, the difference being significant (P less than 0.01). Referrals were very common in both settings, and when quality was assessed solely on the basis of the care actually given by the primary-care providers the difference between the two settings disappeared. Half the observed deficiencies in care related to failure to document the findings from history-taking and physical examination. From these and earlier findings we conclude that the emergency department can be an appropriate setting for the care of nontraumatic illness."}
{"id": "PMID:880526", "title": "Imported diseases: an assessment of trends.", "content": "Increasing travel, migration and other forms of international exchange have given a new importance to imported diseases in Canada. This is reflected in the maintenance of an immigration medical screening program, the development of specialized clinics in major cities, increasing interest in tropical medicine and international health, and the designation of a national reference centre for parasitology.The introduction of a point system for immigration selection in 1967 gave rise to a burgeoning influx of people from developing countries that may have plateaued only within the past year. While tuberculosis is probably the single most important health problem in immigration, parasitic infections are of increasing concern. The popularity of overseas travel among Canadians is now also a major factor in the introduction of exotic diseases into Canada. Importation of disease by international trade is far less common than by travel and immigration.On a community health scale a system of monitoring trends of immigration to Canada and travel of Canadians to and from countries with a known risk would likely provide the best indicator of trends in disease importation. Thus, there was an increase of almost threefold (11.6% to 31.1%) between 1965 and 1975 in the proportion of immigration to Canada from countries with a malaria risk and a 2.78-fold increase between 1967 and 1974 in the overall amount of Canadian travel to such countries from which statistics were available.", "contents": "Imported diseases: an assessment of trends. Increasing travel, migration and other forms of international exchange have given a new importance to imported diseases in Canada. This is reflected in the maintenance of an immigration medical screening program, the development of specialized clinics in major cities, increasing interest in tropical medicine and international health, and the designation of a national reference centre for parasitology.The introduction of a point system for immigration selection in 1967 gave rise to a burgeoning influx of people from developing countries that may have plateaued only within the past year. While tuberculosis is probably the single most important health problem in immigration, parasitic infections are of increasing concern. The popularity of overseas travel among Canadians is now also a major factor in the introduction of exotic diseases into Canada. Importation of disease by international trade is far less common than by travel and immigration.On a community health scale a system of monitoring trends of immigration to Canada and travel of Canadians to and from countries with a known risk would likely provide the best indicator of trends in disease importation. Thus, there was an increase of almost threefold (11.6% to 31.1%) between 1965 and 1975 in the proportion of immigration to Canada from countries with a malaria risk and a 2.78-fold increase between 1967 and 1974 in the overall amount of Canadian travel to such countries from which statistics were available."}
{"id": "PMID:880527", "title": "Retinal detachment following hockey injury.", "content": "Thirty-three cases of retinal detachment following hockey injury were seen during a 15-year period at the retina clinic of Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital, Montreal. Most injuries occurred in adolescents, the average age being 18 years. The mean interval between injury and preoperative examination was 3 years. Almost half of these young hockey players remained legally blind in the affected eye even after a successful operation. A helmet with a protective face visor is suggested as the best prevention against severe ocular damage such as retinal detachment.", "contents": "Retinal detachment following hockey injury. Thirty-three cases of retinal detachment following hockey injury were seen during a 15-year period at the retina clinic of Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital, Montreal. Most injuries occurred in adolescents, the average age being 18 years. The mean interval between injury and preoperative examination was 3 years. Almost half of these young hockey players remained legally blind in the affected eye even after a successful operation. A helmet with a protective face visor is suggested as the best prevention against severe ocular damage such as retinal detachment."}
{"id": "PMID:880528", "title": "Resuscitation from cardiopulmonary arrest during accidental hypothermia due to exhaustion and exposure.", "content": "A 16-year-old boy with accidental hypothermia and cardiopulmonary arrest due to exhaustion and exposure was resuscitated after warming measures -- hot wet towels, hot water bottles, and hot water enemas and gastric lavage -- had increased his rectal temperature from 25.2 to 28.0 degrees C. Despite prolonged cardiopulmonary arrest, recovery was almost complete, with no evident cerebral damage. Cardiopulmonary resuscitation procedures should not be abandoned until the body temperature is more than 30 degrees C, because the prognosis in cases of accidental hypothermia without associated disease is excellent if cardiac function can be re-established.", "contents": "Resuscitation from cardiopulmonary arrest during accidental hypothermia due to exhaustion and exposure. A 16-year-old boy with accidental hypothermia and cardiopulmonary arrest due to exhaustion and exposure was resuscitated after warming measures -- hot wet towels, hot water bottles, and hot water enemas and gastric lavage -- had increased his rectal temperature from 25.2 to 28.0 degrees C. Despite prolonged cardiopulmonary arrest, recovery was almost complete, with no evident cerebral damage. Cardiopulmonary resuscitation procedures should not be abandoned until the body temperature is more than 30 degrees C, because the prognosis in cases of accidental hypothermia without associated disease is excellent if cardiac function can be re-established."}
{"id": "PMID:880530", "title": "[Percutaneous transheptic cholangiography with the skinny Chiba needle].", "content": "In 40 patients percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography was performed by means of the \"skinny\" Chiba needle. The intrahepatic bile ducts were visualized in 100% of the patients with dilated ducts and in 67% of those with ducts of normal calibre. The results compare to those in the literature and demonstrate the usefulness as well as the reduced morbidity of this new procedure. Therefore nonvisualization of the intrahepatic bile ducts by this method signifies that the ducts are not dilated.", "contents": "[Percutaneous transheptic cholangiography with the skinny Chiba needle]. In 40 patients percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography was performed by means of the \"skinny\" Chiba needle. The intrahepatic bile ducts were visualized in 100% of the patients with dilated ducts and in 67% of those with ducts of normal calibre. The results compare to those in the literature and demonstrate the usefulness as well as the reduced morbidity of this new procedure. Therefore nonvisualization of the intrahepatic bile ducts by this method signifies that the ducts are not dilated."}
{"id": "PMID:880533", "title": "Psychiatry and the dangerous sexual offender.", "content": "A study of Dangerous Sexual Offenders, undertaken for the Canadian Law Reform Commission, reveals that about one-third of DSOs seriously threatened or actually endangered the life of the victim. One-third were moderately assaultive. The remainder, mostly homosexual pedophiles, were offensive but not physically violent. The role of psychiatrists, employed by the Crown in the process of securing an indeterminate sentence, is described. Most of them did not declare their role as \"double-agents\". Their expert testimony before the Courts also revealed a failure to discriminate between fact and opinion. Individual prejudice was, not infrequently, presented as the wisdom of the psychiatric profession. The life of DSOs in Canadian penitentiaries, is likely to be exceedingly brutal. Four of them have been murdured while in custody. Others have killed themselves or made determined attempts to do so. Since it is obviously unethical for psychiatrists to participate in any procedure which is likely to result in harm or the death of an individual, the author urges the Canadian Psychiatric Association to support the Law Reform Commissions' condemnation of the DSO legislation. As an interim measure psychiatrists should be urged not to collaborate in DSO cases.", "contents": "Psychiatry and the dangerous sexual offender. A study of Dangerous Sexual Offenders, undertaken for the Canadian Law Reform Commission, reveals that about one-third of DSOs seriously threatened or actually endangered the life of the victim. One-third were moderately assaultive. The remainder, mostly homosexual pedophiles, were offensive but not physically violent. The role of psychiatrists, employed by the Crown in the process of securing an indeterminate sentence, is described. Most of them did not declare their role as \"double-agents\". Their expert testimony before the Courts also revealed a failure to discriminate between fact and opinion. Individual prejudice was, not infrequently, presented as the wisdom of the psychiatric profession. The life of DSOs in Canadian penitentiaries, is likely to be exceedingly brutal. Four of them have been murdured while in custody. Others have killed themselves or made determined attempts to do so. Since it is obviously unethical for psychiatrists to participate in any procedure which is likely to result in harm or the death of an individual, the author urges the Canadian Psychiatric Association to support the Law Reform Commissions' condemnation of the DSO legislation. As an interim measure psychiatrists should be urged not to collaborate in DSO cases."}
{"id": "PMID:880535", "title": "Police negotiations. A new role for the community psychiatrist.", "content": "This paper reviews the type of individual who might be involved in a hostage situation and police negotations. It singles out those clinical characteristics which are important in determining the management of the negotiations, and in doing so adds a plea for psychiatrists to become involved in an advisory role. By pointing out the need for psychiatrists and police to review some of the problems and determine a common approach before the situations arise, an additional characteristic is added to the role description of the community psychiatrist.", "contents": "Police negotiations. A new role for the community psychiatrist. This paper reviews the type of individual who might be involved in a hostage situation and police negotations. It singles out those clinical characteristics which are important in determining the management of the negotiations, and in doing so adds a plea for psychiatrists to become involved in an advisory role. By pointing out the need for psychiatrists and police to review some of the problems and determine a common approach before the situations arise, an additional characteristic is added to the role description of the community psychiatrist."}
{"id": "PMID:880537", "title": "A high prevalence of affective disorder discovered in a \"schizophrenia clinic\".", "content": "Fifty outpatients in a \"schizophrenia clinic\" were examined, and sixteen were found to be suffering from periodic affective disorders. Nine of these were given lithium carbonate, and eight responded well. Case histories illustrate three separate reasons for incorrect diagnosis. Examination of extensive old clinical notes of five of these patients suggests that the problems of diagnosis which have been described in the literature in the past, continue to represent obstacles to correct diagnosis. Suggestions for improvement are offered.", "contents": "A high prevalence of affective disorder discovered in a \"schizophrenia clinic\". Fifty outpatients in a \"schizophrenia clinic\" were examined, and sixteen were found to be suffering from periodic affective disorders. Nine of these were given lithium carbonate, and eight responded well. Case histories illustrate three separate reasons for incorrect diagnosis. Examination of extensive old clinical notes of five of these patients suggests that the problems of diagnosis which have been described in the literature in the past, continue to represent obstacles to correct diagnosis. Suggestions for improvement are offered."}
{"id": "PMID:880543", "title": "The value of breast screening in women less than fifty years of age.", "content": "In the four years our Breast Cancer Detection Demonstration Project has been receiving patients, 5,810 women under the age of fifty have been examined. Our findings definitely indicate screening of asymptomatic women by xeromammography is of advantage in this group whose greatest cause of death is cancer of the breast; 71.8% of their cancers were found by xeromammography. Of these 43.8% had in situ cancer and only 12.5% of those cancers found had axillary spread. This group should have a five-year cure rate of 87.1% rather than 63% as is the experience of unscreened women. The absorbed rads averaged 0.4632 to each breast per year. At the end of five years this would cause an estimated increase in risk from 7% to 7.162%. To increase survival rate by 24.1% against a theoretical increased risk of 0.16% is definitely worthwhile.", "contents": "The value of breast screening in women less than fifty years of age. In the four years our Breast Cancer Detection Demonstration Project has been receiving patients, 5,810 women under the age of fifty have been examined. Our findings definitely indicate screening of asymptomatic women by xeromammography is of advantage in this group whose greatest cause of death is cancer of the breast; 71.8% of their cancers were found by xeromammography. Of these 43.8% had in situ cancer and only 12.5% of those cancers found had axillary spread. This group should have a five-year cure rate of 87.1% rather than 63% as is the experience of unscreened women. The absorbed rads averaged 0.4632 to each breast per year. At the end of five years this would cause an estimated increase in risk from 7% to 7.162%. To increase survival rate by 24.1% against a theoretical increased risk of 0.16% is definitely worthwhile."}
{"id": "PMID:880544", "title": "Radiation management of primary carcinoma of the vagina.", "content": "This 15-year retrospective study includes 71 patients with diagnosis of primary carcinoma of the vagina treated at the University of Maryland Hospital, Radiation Therapy section from 1957 to 1970. The lesions were staged according to the system advocated by International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) with a minor modification (Perez et al.11). With the exception of Stage O, histologic diagnosis was 94% (60/64) invasive squamous cell carcinoma and 6.0% (4/64) adenocarcinoma. Of 71 cases who are eligible for a minimum five-year follow-up, the absolute five-year cure rate for various clinical stages is as follows: Stage O 100% (7/7), Stage 1 83.2% (5/6), Stage 11A 65% (13/20), Stage 11B 63.5% (7/11), Stage 111 40% (8/20), Stage IV 0% (0/7). The overall absolute five-year cure-rate for all stages combined was 56.3% (40/71). A comparable result and even better in some stages (II and III) as compared to several previous reports are thought to be due to the proper intergrated irradiation combining interstitial and intracavitary radium with external super-voltage beam. Furthermore, an aggressive radium implant to the vagina, paracolpium, and specifically to parametrium and pelvic wall in Stage II and III appears to be one of the keys to our good results. The technique of treatment, stage by stage, are being fully discussed along with a few complications and failures.", "contents": "Radiation management of primary carcinoma of the vagina. This 15-year retrospective study includes 71 patients with diagnosis of primary carcinoma of the vagina treated at the University of Maryland Hospital, Radiation Therapy section from 1957 to 1970. The lesions were staged according to the system advocated by International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) with a minor modification (Perez et al.11). With the exception of Stage O, histologic diagnosis was 94% (60/64) invasive squamous cell carcinoma and 6.0% (4/64) adenocarcinoma. Of 71 cases who are eligible for a minimum five-year follow-up, the absolute five-year cure rate for various clinical stages is as follows: Stage O 100% (7/7), Stage 1 83.2% (5/6), Stage 11A 65% (13/20), Stage 11B 63.5% (7/11), Stage 111 40% (8/20), Stage IV 0% (0/7). The overall absolute five-year cure-rate for all stages combined was 56.3% (40/71). A comparable result and even better in some stages (II and III) as compared to several previous reports are thought to be due to the proper intergrated irradiation combining interstitial and intracavitary radium with external super-voltage beam. Furthermore, an aggressive radium implant to the vagina, paracolpium, and specifically to parametrium and pelvic wall in Stage II and III appears to be one of the keys to our good results. The technique of treatment, stage by stage, are being fully discussed along with a few complications and failures."}
{"id": "PMID:880545", "title": "Adenosquamous carcinoma of the endometrium. An entity with an inherent poor prognosis?", "content": "Mixed adenosquamous carcinoma of the endometrium have been reported in recent years to have a steady increase in incidence, extreme aggressiveness, poor responses to radiation therapy, and a low five-year survival (less than 20%). In the present report, 87 mixed carcinoma (MC) are compared with 260 pure adenocarcinomas (AC) and 29 adenoacanthomas (AA). There were no basic differences in incidence, clinical history, responses to radiation therapy, and prognosis for any of these three entities. Adenocarcinomas of the endometrium with and without squamous elements should be regarded and approached as any pure AC. There is an overall tendency for endometrial carcinomas to be at an early stage at diagnosis and the five-year survival regardless of pathologic type, stage, grade, myometrial invasion, and therapy is 80%.", "contents": "Adenosquamous carcinoma of the endometrium. An entity with an inherent poor prognosis? Mixed adenosquamous carcinoma of the endometrium have been reported in recent years to have a steady increase in incidence, extreme aggressiveness, poor responses to radiation therapy, and a low five-year survival (less than 20%). In the present report, 87 mixed carcinoma (MC) are compared with 260 pure adenocarcinomas (AC) and 29 adenoacanthomas (AA). There were no basic differences in incidence, clinical history, responses to radiation therapy, and prognosis for any of these three entities. Adenocarcinomas of the endometrium with and without squamous elements should be regarded and approached as any pure AC. There is an overall tendency for endometrial carcinomas to be at an early stage at diagnosis and the five-year survival regardless of pathologic type, stage, grade, myometrial invasion, and therapy is 80%."}
{"id": "PMID:880546", "title": "Treatment failure sites according to irradiation technique and histology in patients with endometrial cancer.", "content": "Three hundred and seventy-two patients with endometrial cancer treated from 1948 through 1969 and having complete follow-up were reviewed. All patients completed definitive therapy with preoperative irradiation and surgery or irradiation alone and have separated into two main groups: 1) those treated with irradiation by radium alone or 2) those treated with external irradiation plus diminished amounts of radium. Pathology material from each patient was reviewed by one pathologist. Treatment by radium alone led to fewer pelvic failures than did external irradiation plus diminished amounts of radium, when evaluated by stage, grade, and specific histology. Both irradiation modalities led to about the same incidence of failures due to distant metastasis only.", "contents": "Treatment failure sites according to irradiation technique and histology in patients with endometrial cancer. Three hundred and seventy-two patients with endometrial cancer treated from 1948 through 1969 and having complete follow-up were reviewed. All patients completed definitive therapy with preoperative irradiation and surgery or irradiation alone and have separated into two main groups: 1) those treated with irradiation by radium alone or 2) those treated with external irradiation plus diminished amounts of radium. Pathology material from each patient was reviewed by one pathologist. Treatment by radium alone led to fewer pelvic failures than did external irradiation plus diminished amounts of radium, when evaluated by stage, grade, and specific histology. Both irradiation modalities led to about the same incidence of failures due to distant metastasis only."}
{"id": "PMID:880547", "title": "An analysis of distant metastases from squamous cell carcinoma of the upper respiratory and digestive tracts.", "content": "The charts of 5,019 previously untreated patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the upper respiratory and digestive tracts who completed treatment for cure from January 1948 through August 1973, were reviewed. These patients had no evidence of distant metastases when initially evaluated. Five hundred and forty-six patients developed clinical evidence of distant metastases. The overall incidence of distant metastases was 10.9%, varying from 3.1% for vocal cord cancers to 28.1% for cancer of the nasopharynx. The lungs and bones were the most common first sites of metastases, accounting for 52% and 20.3% respectively, whereas metastases to the mediastinum (2.9%) were rare. Forty-eight percent of the metastases were detected within nine months after treatment and 80% were detected within two years. The rate of distant metastases increased with the stage (2% for Stage I to 19.5% for Stage IV). The rate also increased with the T and N classification; however, the N stage had greater influence on the rate of metastases than the T stage. The incidence of distant metastases was significantly higher when there was a recurrence above the clavicles (16.7%) than when there was no recurrence (7.9%, less than 0.001). In patients whose primary lesion was treated by radiotherapy or surgery alone, the incidence was essentialy the same. Patients receiving postoperative irradiation had double the incidence of the preoperative group (20.1% vs 9.9%--p less than .005); however, the sequence of modalities was not randomized.", "contents": "An analysis of distant metastases from squamous cell carcinoma of the upper respiratory and digestive tracts. The charts of 5,019 previously untreated patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the upper respiratory and digestive tracts who completed treatment for cure from January 1948 through August 1973, were reviewed. These patients had no evidence of distant metastases when initially evaluated. Five hundred and forty-six patients developed clinical evidence of distant metastases. The overall incidence of distant metastases was 10.9%, varying from 3.1% for vocal cord cancers to 28.1% for cancer of the nasopharynx. The lungs and bones were the most common first sites of metastases, accounting for 52% and 20.3% respectively, whereas metastases to the mediastinum (2.9%) were rare. Forty-eight percent of the metastases were detected within nine months after treatment and 80% were detected within two years. The rate of distant metastases increased with the stage (2% for Stage I to 19.5% for Stage IV). The rate also increased with the T and N classification; however, the N stage had greater influence on the rate of metastases than the T stage. The incidence of distant metastases was significantly higher when there was a recurrence above the clavicles (16.7%) than when there was no recurrence (7.9%, less than 0.001). In patients whose primary lesion was treated by radiotherapy or surgery alone, the incidence was essentialy the same. Patients receiving postoperative irradiation had double the incidence of the preoperative group (20.1% vs 9.9%--p less than .005); however, the sequence of modalities was not randomized."}
{"id": "PMID:880548", "title": "Local tumor hyperthermia in combination with radiation therapy. 1. Malignant cutaneous lesions.", "content": "There is increasing evidence that the use of hyperthermia alone or in conjunction with other modalities may improve the therapeutic effectiveness of treatment of cancer. The present clinical studies were carried out to evaluate the response of normal and tumor tissues in patients with various cutaneous malignant lesions to repeated courses of hyperthermia alone or in conjunction with radiation therapy. Thirty-six patients with malignant cutaneous lesions (mycosis fungoides, Kaposi sarcoma, malignant melanoma, lymphoma cutis, and other metastatic skin lesions) have been studied. The heating methods used were: 1) temperature regulated water bath immersion; and 2) radiofrequency inductive heating. The normal tissue effects of the combined treatments of radiation and hyperthermia do not appear to be greater than those treated with radiation alone. The initial tumor regression rates were faster in patients treated with radiation plus hyperthermia than in radiation alone, particularly in patients with Kaposi sarcoma and lymphoma cutis. Among ten locally recurrent patients, seven showed significant prolonged benefits achieved by the combined treatments as compared with the radiation therapy alone. Fractionated hyperthermia alone caused significant tumor regression in four out of five patients. Possible mechanisms leading to the improved results from the combined treatments are discussed.", "contents": "Local tumor hyperthermia in combination with radiation therapy. 1. Malignant cutaneous lesions. There is increasing evidence that the use of hyperthermia alone or in conjunction with other modalities may improve the therapeutic effectiveness of treatment of cancer. The present clinical studies were carried out to evaluate the response of normal and tumor tissues in patients with various cutaneous malignant lesions to repeated courses of hyperthermia alone or in conjunction with radiation therapy. Thirty-six patients with malignant cutaneous lesions (mycosis fungoides, Kaposi sarcoma, malignant melanoma, lymphoma cutis, and other metastatic skin lesions) have been studied. The heating methods used were: 1) temperature regulated water bath immersion; and 2) radiofrequency inductive heating. The normal tissue effects of the combined treatments of radiation and hyperthermia do not appear to be greater than those treated with radiation alone. The initial tumor regression rates were faster in patients treated with radiation plus hyperthermia than in radiation alone, particularly in patients with Kaposi sarcoma and lymphoma cutis. Among ten locally recurrent patients, seven showed significant prolonged benefits achieved by the combined treatments as compared with the radiation therapy alone. Fractionated hyperthermia alone caused significant tumor regression in four out of five patients. Possible mechanisms leading to the improved results from the combined treatments are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:880549", "title": "Emotional reactions to radiation treatment.", "content": "Fifty patients sent to the Radiotherapy Service of the Mount Sinai Medical Center of New York City were interviewed by a psychiatrist. The focus of the initial interview was what they were told when referred for radiation. Although 60% were told by their doctors they had cancer, all arrived at the treatment center unprepared for the frequency, number, and procedure of treatment and for the efficacy of treatment by radiation. Patients believed that requiring radiation was very bad news. Radiation was feared as inherently damaging and quite possibly carcinogenic. Few expected it to be curative. Interviews after completing treatment revealed an incidence of depression and anxiety even greater than in the pre-treatment interviews, indicating that radiation treatment is stressful in itself. Fewer than one-third judged themselves improved by radiation. More than one-third felt worse and judged treatment to have been ineffective, not realizing their new distress resulted from side effects of radiation. Patients suffer irrational fears of damage and death because of erroneous preconceptions of radiation which doctors fail to correct. Ironically, the lay and medical concepts of the dismal manifestations and futility of radiation treatment are entirely false. In this series, only one patient suffered damage due to radiation. Sixty percent were free of signs of cancer at follow-up 18-36 months later.", "contents": "Emotional reactions to radiation treatment. Fifty patients sent to the Radiotherapy Service of the Mount Sinai Medical Center of New York City were interviewed by a psychiatrist. The focus of the initial interview was what they were told when referred for radiation. Although 60% were told by their doctors they had cancer, all arrived at the treatment center unprepared for the frequency, number, and procedure of treatment and for the efficacy of treatment by radiation. Patients believed that requiring radiation was very bad news. Radiation was feared as inherently damaging and quite possibly carcinogenic. Few expected it to be curative. Interviews after completing treatment revealed an incidence of depression and anxiety even greater than in the pre-treatment interviews, indicating that radiation treatment is stressful in itself. Fewer than one-third judged themselves improved by radiation. More than one-third felt worse and judged treatment to have been ineffective, not realizing their new distress resulted from side effects of radiation. Patients suffer irrational fears of damage and death because of erroneous preconceptions of radiation which doctors fail to correct. Ironically, the lay and medical concepts of the dismal manifestations and futility of radiation treatment are entirely false. In this series, only one patient suffered damage due to radiation. Sixty percent were free of signs of cancer at follow-up 18-36 months later."}
{"id": "PMID:880551", "title": "Radioiodine I-31 therapy in the management of thyroid cancer. A prospective study.", "content": "The therapeutic value of I-131 ablation therapy following thyroidectomy for thyroid cancer was evaluated in 54 patients in a prospective study of 25 years. Thirteen (24%) patients had follicular, 24 (44%) papillary, 13 (24%) mixed papillary-follicular, two (4%) Hurthle cell and two (4%) had undifferentiated cell type tumor. Twenty-four (44.5%) patients had metastases at the time of I-131 therapy mainly to cervical and mediastinal lymph nodes, and less frequently to bone, brain, lung, and liver. After surgical thyroidectomy, the mean cumulative dose of I-131 required to achieve therapeutic ablation of functioning post-surgical remnants or tumor metastases was 163.4 mCi. The recurrence rate for patients with metastases was 56% and those without metastases was 25%. Ten patients showed recurrence of I-131 accumulating tissue five to 10 years after initial total ablation. The total mean cumulative dose of I-131 administered for both followup diagnostic studies, and initial and follow-up therapy was 245.3 mCi. Seven deaths were attributable to thyroid cancer, five with differentiated and two with anaplastic cell type tumors. Three of the four patients with differentiated cell type tumors had metastases to brain or bone. Their response to therapy was similar to those patients with anaplastic cell type tumors. In contrast, there were no deaths due to thyroid cancer when total ablation was achieved and maintained. After ablation, all patients were maintained on maximum tolerated doses of thyroid extract or thyroxin. No significant complications attributable to the therapeutic doses of I-131 employed in this series were noted.", "contents": "Radioiodine I-31 therapy in the management of thyroid cancer. A prospective study. The therapeutic value of I-131 ablation therapy following thyroidectomy for thyroid cancer was evaluated in 54 patients in a prospective study of 25 years. Thirteen (24%) patients had follicular, 24 (44%) papillary, 13 (24%) mixed papillary-follicular, two (4%) Hurthle cell and two (4%) had undifferentiated cell type tumor. Twenty-four (44.5%) patients had metastases at the time of I-131 therapy mainly to cervical and mediastinal lymph nodes, and less frequently to bone, brain, lung, and liver. After surgical thyroidectomy, the mean cumulative dose of I-131 required to achieve therapeutic ablation of functioning post-surgical remnants or tumor metastases was 163.4 mCi. The recurrence rate for patients with metastases was 56% and those without metastases was 25%. Ten patients showed recurrence of I-131 accumulating tissue five to 10 years after initial total ablation. The total mean cumulative dose of I-131 administered for both followup diagnostic studies, and initial and follow-up therapy was 245.3 mCi. Seven deaths were attributable to thyroid cancer, five with differentiated and two with anaplastic cell type tumors. Three of the four patients with differentiated cell type tumors had metastases to brain or bone. Their response to therapy was similar to those patients with anaplastic cell type tumors. In contrast, there were no deaths due to thyroid cancer when total ablation was achieved and maintained. After ablation, all patients were maintained on maximum tolerated doses of thyroid extract or thyroxin. No significant complications attributable to the therapeutic doses of I-131 employed in this series were noted."}
{"id": "PMID:880552", "title": "Placental proteins and their subunits as tumor markers in prostatic carcinoma.", "content": "Sixteen patients with Stage D adenocarcinoma of the prostate were prospectively evaluated for the presence of human placental lactogen (hPL), placental alkaline phosphatase (PAP), and human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG). Ectopic production of hCG was found in one of the 16 cases and is described in detail. Serial serum hCG levels in that patient mirrored his course more reliably than concomitant acid phosphatase levels. Serum estradiol, testosterone, the hCG-alpha subunit, hPL and PAP were not elevated. There was a minimal elevation of serum FSH. There were no elevations of the other placental proteins in ten evaluable cases. A retrospective evaluation of serum bank specimens from 47 patients with prostatic carcinoma revealed no elevation of the placental proteins hPL, hCG-beta, and hCG-alpha. To our knowledge this report documents the first case of a chorionic gonadotropin-producing prostatic carcinoma appearing the literature.", "contents": "Placental proteins and their subunits as tumor markers in prostatic carcinoma. Sixteen patients with Stage D adenocarcinoma of the prostate were prospectively evaluated for the presence of human placental lactogen (hPL), placental alkaline phosphatase (PAP), and human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG). Ectopic production of hCG was found in one of the 16 cases and is described in detail. Serial serum hCG levels in that patient mirrored his course more reliably than concomitant acid phosphatase levels. Serum estradiol, testosterone, the hCG-alpha subunit, hPL and PAP were not elevated. There was a minimal elevation of serum FSH. There were no elevations of the other placental proteins in ten evaluable cases. A retrospective evaluation of serum bank specimens from 47 patients with prostatic carcinoma revealed no elevation of the placental proteins hPL, hCG-beta, and hCG-alpha. To our knowledge this report documents the first case of a chorionic gonadotropin-producing prostatic carcinoma appearing the literature."}
{"id": "PMID:880553", "title": "Spindle and epithelioid cell nevi in children and adults. A review of 211 cases of the Spitz nevus.", "content": "A large series of 211 Spitz nevi is reviewed. 30% of the lesions were from patients 20 years of age and over. The trunk and lower extremity were most commonly involved. There were no significant histologic differences between cases from adults and children. Features which may help in differentiating atypical Spitz nevi from malignant melanoma include the presence of some nevus cell maturity at the base, an absence of atypical mitoses, no significant upward epidermal spread and the nuclear chromatin pattern.", "contents": "Spindle and epithelioid cell nevi in children and adults. A review of 211 cases of the Spitz nevus. A large series of 211 Spitz nevi is reviewed. 30% of the lesions were from patients 20 years of age and over. The trunk and lower extremity were most commonly involved. There were no significant histologic differences between cases from adults and children. Features which may help in differentiating atypical Spitz nevi from malignant melanoma include the presence of some nevus cell maturity at the base, an absence of atypical mitoses, no significant upward epidermal spread and the nuclear chromatin pattern."}
{"id": "PMID:880554", "title": "Vaccinia necrosum complicating immunoblastic sarcoma.", "content": "A 59-year-old man is presented who had immunoblastic lymphadenopathy which evolved over a three-year period into immunoblastic sarcoma. His course was complicated by vaccinia necrosum, which necessitated prolonged therapy with Marboran and vaccinia-immune globulin. The persistence of virus was documented at autopsy by positive viral culture and ultra-structural examination. This case illustrates the potential hazards of administration of live viral vaccines to an immune compromised host presumed to be in remission and suggests that the continued activity of viral infection may signal the unsuspected persistence of underlying disease.", "contents": "Vaccinia necrosum complicating immunoblastic sarcoma. A 59-year-old man is presented who had immunoblastic lymphadenopathy which evolved over a three-year period into immunoblastic sarcoma. His course was complicated by vaccinia necrosum, which necessitated prolonged therapy with Marboran and vaccinia-immune globulin. The persistence of virus was documented at autopsy by positive viral culture and ultra-structural examination. This case illustrates the potential hazards of administration of live viral vaccines to an immune compromised host presumed to be in remission and suggests that the continued activity of viral infection may signal the unsuspected persistence of underlying disease."}
{"id": "PMID:880555", "title": "Central nervous system infections in patients with cancer. Changing patterns.", "content": "Central nervous system infections in patients with cancer at Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center from 1971 to 1974 were surveyed and compared with a previous survey from 1955 to 1970. The two periods were similar in that: 1) There was a high incidence of CNS infection in patients with lymphoma, leukemia, and head and spine tumors, 2) specific organisms tended to infect patients with certain primary neoplasms, and 3) fungal infections were common and difficult to diagnose. The two periods differed in that: 1) the overall incidence of CNS infection was lower in 1971 to 1974, 2) there was a decreased  incidence of cryptococcal meningitis, and 3) there was an increase in Listeria monocytogenes meningitis. Early recognition of CNS infection and aggressive therapy appears to increase survival.", "contents": "Central nervous system infections in patients with cancer. Changing patterns. Central nervous system infections in patients with cancer at Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center from 1971 to 1974 were surveyed and compared with a previous survey from 1955 to 1970. The two periods were similar in that: 1) There was a high incidence of CNS infection in patients with lymphoma, leukemia, and head and spine tumors, 2) specific organisms tended to infect patients with certain primary neoplasms, and 3) fungal infections were common and difficult to diagnose. The two periods differed in that: 1) the overall incidence of CNS infection was lower in 1971 to 1974, 2) there was a decreased  incidence of cryptococcal meningitis, and 3) there was an increase in Listeria monocytogenes meningitis. Early recognition of CNS infection and aggressive therapy appears to increase survival."}
{"id": "PMID:880556", "title": "Pheochromocytoma with angiomatous features. A case report and ultrastructural study.", "content": "A functional pheochromocytoma of the adrenal gland but with an angiomatous histologic pattern was studied by light and electron microscopy. Although this tumor had typical clinical and gross anatomic features, its light microscopic appearance was unique and, to our knowledge, has not been previously described. Fine structural study provided insight into the intracellular pathways of catecholamine granule formation.", "contents": "Pheochromocytoma with angiomatous features. A case report and ultrastructural study. A functional pheochromocytoma of the adrenal gland but with an angiomatous histologic pattern was studied by light and electron microscopy. Although this tumor had typical clinical and gross anatomic features, its light microscopic appearance was unique and, to our knowledge, has not been previously described. Fine structural study provided insight into the intracellular pathways of catecholamine granule formation."}
{"id": "PMID:880557", "title": "Ultrastructure and biochemistry of thyroid carcinoma.", "content": "Thirty-two thyroid tumors, 9 benign, 23 malignant, and 12 samples of normal thyroid tissue were examined by light and electron microscopy. Thyroglobulin content was also measured in the tissues and, in a limited number of cases, enzymatic activities were determined, such as thyroid peroxidase-iodinase, acid protease, and deiodinase. The presence of significant amounts of 19S, 27S and 12S thyroglobulin was well correlated with the ability of the tumors to accumulate radioiodine. It is suggested that the presence of thyroglobulin be used as a marker of potential function of thyroid carcinoma. Two types of ultrastructural changes were observed in thyroid carcinoma. The first one was interpreted as accompanying the progressive loss of function of thyroid tumors, and was represented by the modifications of highly specialized structures such as RER, lysosomal dense bodies, colloid, etc. The second one is suspected to reflect the malignant transformation of the follicular cell. This concerned namely the nuclei, mitochondria, and intracytoplasmic inclusions. These changes may have a diagnostic value since they were not observed in benign conditions.", "contents": "Ultrastructure and biochemistry of thyroid carcinoma. Thirty-two thyroid tumors, 9 benign, 23 malignant, and 12 samples of normal thyroid tissue were examined by light and electron microscopy. Thyroglobulin content was also measured in the tissues and, in a limited number of cases, enzymatic activities were determined, such as thyroid peroxidase-iodinase, acid protease, and deiodinase. The presence of significant amounts of 19S, 27S and 12S thyroglobulin was well correlated with the ability of the tumors to accumulate radioiodine. It is suggested that the presence of thyroglobulin be used as a marker of potential function of thyroid carcinoma. Two types of ultrastructural changes were observed in thyroid carcinoma. The first one was interpreted as accompanying the progressive loss of function of thyroid tumors, and was represented by the modifications of highly specialized structures such as RER, lysosomal dense bodies, colloid, etc. The second one is suspected to reflect the malignant transformation of the follicular cell. This concerned namely the nuclei, mitochondria, and intracytoplasmic inclusions. These changes may have a diagnostic value since they were not observed in benign conditions."}
{"id": "PMID:880558", "title": "Prolonged survival after immunotherapy (irradiated cancer autografts) or mammary cancers, assessed by a measure of therapeutic deficiency.", "content": "Sixteen women, twelve with stage 2 and four with stage 3 mammary cancers, were given autografts of irradiated cancer cells immediately after simple mastectomy and before postoperative radiotherapy, as a pilot trial with entry limited for ethical and operational reasons. Entry was based upon the presence of the poor prognostic features of tumor diameter exceeding 4 cm, fixation to skin or fascia or presence of axillary lymph nodal metastases. Actuarial survival curves for a period of six years show significant (p less than 0.01) prolongation of survival of the small autografted group (63% at six years) compared to that (30% at six years) of 139 ungrafted stage 2 mammary cancer patients treated by mastectomy and postoperative radiotherapy. The concept of deficiency of a treatment based upon person-years lived is introduced and used to analyze the data. The observations and analyses support the theoretical concept that irradiated autografts of cancers may sensitise residual cancer to subsequent conventional radiotherapy and in the process can activate systemic immunological restraints.", "contents": "Prolonged survival after immunotherapy (irradiated cancer autografts) or mammary cancers, assessed by a measure of therapeutic deficiency. Sixteen women, twelve with stage 2 and four with stage 3 mammary cancers, were given autografts of irradiated cancer cells immediately after simple mastectomy and before postoperative radiotherapy, as a pilot trial with entry limited for ethical and operational reasons. Entry was based upon the presence of the poor prognostic features of tumor diameter exceeding 4 cm, fixation to skin or fascia or presence of axillary lymph nodal metastases. Actuarial survival curves for a period of six years show significant (p less than 0.01) prolongation of survival of the small autografted group (63% at six years) compared to that (30% at six years) of 139 ungrafted stage 2 mammary cancer patients treated by mastectomy and postoperative radiotherapy. The concept of deficiency of a treatment based upon person-years lived is introduced and used to analyze the data. The observations and analyses support the theoretical concept that irradiated autografts of cancers may sensitise residual cancer to subsequent conventional radiotherapy and in the process can activate systemic immunological restraints."}
{"id": "PMID:880559", "title": "Focal myositis.", "content": "Focal myositis, a new distinct clinicopathologic entity, is a benign inflammatory pseudotumor of skeletal muscle. Based on a study of 16 cases, the disease which affects both children and adults typically evolves over a period of several weeks as a localized painful swelling within the soft tissue of an extremity. At surgery the lesion is frequently considered a neoplasm, appearing pale in color and poorly demarcated from the surrounding muscle. Histologically there is lymphocytic infiltration of the perimysial and endomysial spaces, scattered muscle fiber necrosis and regeneration, and interstitial fibrosis. The etiology is unknown, but a history of trauma or family background of a similar disease was specifically excluded. Although polymyositis may be suspected initially because of muscle pain and inflammation, the process remains confined to a single area and signs of systemic disease are not encountered. Follow-up information obtained 2--6 years after surgery indicates no recurrence of the lesion in any of 16 cases.", "contents": "Focal myositis. Focal myositis, a new distinct clinicopathologic entity, is a benign inflammatory pseudotumor of skeletal muscle. Based on a study of 16 cases, the disease which affects both children and adults typically evolves over a period of several weeks as a localized painful swelling within the soft tissue of an extremity. At surgery the lesion is frequently considered a neoplasm, appearing pale in color and poorly demarcated from the surrounding muscle. Histologically there is lymphocytic infiltration of the perimysial and endomysial spaces, scattered muscle fiber necrosis and regeneration, and interstitial fibrosis. The etiology is unknown, but a history of trauma or family background of a similar disease was specifically excluded. Although polymyositis may be suspected initially because of muscle pain and inflammation, the process remains confined to a single area and signs of systemic disease are not encountered. Follow-up information obtained 2--6 years after surgery indicates no recurrence of the lesion in any of 16 cases."}
{"id": "PMID:880560", "title": "Some observations concerning the demographic and geographic incidence of carcinoma of the lip and buccal cavity.", "content": "The geographic and demographic data obtained during the Third National Cancer Survey have provided a perspective on etiologic factors and incidence trends for cancers of low frequency. The incidence of cancer of the lip, oral cavity and skin from this survey was compared to similar studies in 1947 and intra-regional patterns in one area of the Third National Cancer Survey (Dallas-Fort Worth Metropolitan SMSA) were evaluated. The average age-adjusted annual incidence of cancer of the lip in white men in this latter area was 11.5 per 100,000 (based on 1950 population standard), 2-fold greater than that geographic area with the second highest incidence and approximately 3-fold greater than in all the other areas. The incidence in white women was only 8% that seen in white men. Intra-regional differences of similar populations were seen with the incidence in Fort Worth men being 50% greater than in a similar population in Dallas. Incidence trends over the past 2 decades reveal a significant decline in the incidence of oral cavity cancer and a slight decrease in lip cancer. Comparisons of the incidence of lip cancer did not correlate with the incidence of skin cancer nor with geographic latitude in the other survey areas. The studies fail to support the classical implication of actinic radiation as the primary etiologic factor in lip cancer incidence.", "contents": "Some observations concerning the demographic and geographic incidence of carcinoma of the lip and buccal cavity. The geographic and demographic data obtained during the Third National Cancer Survey have provided a perspective on etiologic factors and incidence trends for cancers of low frequency. The incidence of cancer of the lip, oral cavity and skin from this survey was compared to similar studies in 1947 and intra-regional patterns in one area of the Third National Cancer Survey (Dallas-Fort Worth Metropolitan SMSA) were evaluated. The average age-adjusted annual incidence of cancer of the lip in white men in this latter area was 11.5 per 100,000 (based on 1950 population standard), 2-fold greater than that geographic area with the second highest incidence and approximately 3-fold greater than in all the other areas. The incidence in white women was only 8% that seen in white men. Intra-regional differences of similar populations were seen with the incidence in Fort Worth men being 50% greater than in a similar population in Dallas. Incidence trends over the past 2 decades reveal a significant decline in the incidence of oral cavity cancer and a slight decrease in lip cancer. Comparisons of the incidence of lip cancer did not correlate with the incidence of skin cancer nor with geographic latitude in the other survey areas. The studies fail to support the classical implication of actinic radiation as the primary etiologic factor in lip cancer incidence."}
{"id": "PMID:880561", "title": "The increasing incidence of breast cancer in Alberta 1953-1973.", "content": "The incidence of female breast cancer in Alberta increased steadily by one case per 100,000 per year from 1953 to 1973 to a current rate of 68.6 per year when adjusted to the 1950 U.S. population. Incidence rates of breast cancer in Alberta and Saskatchewan were identical after population adjustment. The incidence increased in women over 40, implicating an increase in the postmenopausal type of breast cancer. Birth cohort analysis showed increased age-specific incidence rates in middle-aged women occurring in successive cohorts from 1903 to 1918, a result similar to that found in Saskatchewan, Connecticut, and Finland. The menopausal hook is disappearing in Alberta data, apparently due to cohort-specific increases in incidence. Possible etiological factors involved in these incidence changes are discussed; a detailed analysis of specific etiological factors is currently underway on over 3,000 patients with malignant or benign breast disease who were examined at the Dr. W. W. Cross Cancer Institute in Edmonton from 1971 to 1974.", "contents": "The increasing incidence of breast cancer in Alberta 1953-1973. The incidence of female breast cancer in Alberta increased steadily by one case per 100,000 per year from 1953 to 1973 to a current rate of 68.6 per year when adjusted to the 1950 U.S. population. Incidence rates of breast cancer in Alberta and Saskatchewan were identical after population adjustment. The incidence increased in women over 40, implicating an increase in the postmenopausal type of breast cancer. Birth cohort analysis showed increased age-specific incidence rates in middle-aged women occurring in successive cohorts from 1903 to 1918, a result similar to that found in Saskatchewan, Connecticut, and Finland. The menopausal hook is disappearing in Alberta data, apparently due to cohort-specific increases in incidence. Possible etiological factors involved in these incidence changes are discussed; a detailed analysis of specific etiological factors is currently underway on over 3,000 patients with malignant or benign breast disease who were examined at the Dr. W. W. Cross Cancer Institute in Edmonton from 1971 to 1974."}
{"id": "PMID:880562", "title": "Progress in manual breast examination.", "content": "Manual breast examination, despite recent advances in mechanical screening devices, remains a primary diagnostic procedure for early detection of breast cancer. The potential effectiveness of breast self-examination for reducing mortality relies on the effectiveness of a technology for training women to detect small tumors through manual palpation. Research indicates that although the regular practice of breast self-examination can lead to the detection of small tumors, current training methods are inadequate to ensure proper performance and maintain regular practice. An alternative interdisciplinary research and training approach, involving medicine, biomaterials engineering, psychophysics, and experimental psychology, is suggested. A dynamic lifelike breast model with variable lumps would provide the basis for generating systematic data regarding the factors affecting detection of small lumps and lead to development and evaluation of efficient and effective methods to teach manual examination.", "contents": "Progress in manual breast examination. Manual breast examination, despite recent advances in mechanical screening devices, remains a primary diagnostic procedure for early detection of breast cancer. The potential effectiveness of breast self-examination for reducing mortality relies on the effectiveness of a technology for training women to detect small tumors through manual palpation. Research indicates that although the regular practice of breast self-examination can lead to the detection of small tumors, current training methods are inadequate to ensure proper performance and maintain regular practice. An alternative interdisciplinary research and training approach, involving medicine, biomaterials engineering, psychophysics, and experimental psychology, is suggested. A dynamic lifelike breast model with variable lumps would provide the basis for generating systematic data regarding the factors affecting detection of small lumps and lead to development and evaluation of efficient and effective methods to teach manual examination."}
{"id": "PMID:880563", "title": "Retrograde lymphatic spread and ischemia of the forearm and hand--rare complications of carcinoma of the breast.", "content": "A case of ischemia of the forearm and hand with resulting necrosis three years following simple mastectomy and radiation therapy for breast carcinoma is reported. Histologic sections of the mid-forearm amputation specimen showed extensive lymphatic involvement by tumor. The latter process is judged to have been one of retrograde lymphatic extension.", "contents": "Retrograde lymphatic spread and ischemia of the forearm and hand--rare complications of carcinoma of the breast. A case of ischemia of the forearm and hand with resulting necrosis three years following simple mastectomy and radiation therapy for breast carcinoma is reported. Histologic sections of the mid-forearm amputation specimen showed extensive lymphatic involvement by tumor. The latter process is judged to have been one of retrograde lymphatic extension."}
{"id": "PMID:880564", "title": "Clinical and prognostic features of a rapidly progressing breast cancer in Tunisia.", "content": "Clinical and radiographic examination of 581 patients with histologically verified breast cancer has permitted us to define a subgroup having a significantly poorer prognosis than other patients. Their condition, called \"pouss\u00e9e \u00e9volutive\" (rapidly progressing), is characterized by rapid tumor growth and/or inflammation adjacent to the tumor. Statistical analysis of the survival of M0 patients (412 of the 581) shows that the diagnosis of \"pouss\u00e9e \u00e9volutive\" provides prognostic information beyond that given by T and N classifications and after delay between initial symptoms and diagnosis have been considered. Six years of clinical experience with this condition are discussed.", "contents": "Clinical and prognostic features of a rapidly progressing breast cancer in Tunisia. Clinical and radiographic examination of 581 patients with histologically verified breast cancer has permitted us to define a subgroup having a significantly poorer prognosis than other patients. Their condition, called \"pouss\u00e9e \u00e9volutive\" (rapidly progressing), is characterized by rapid tumor growth and/or inflammation adjacent to the tumor. Statistical analysis of the survival of M0 patients (412 of the 581) shows that the diagnosis of \"pouss\u00e9e \u00e9volutive\" provides prognostic information beyond that given by T and N classifications and after delay between initial symptoms and diagnosis have been considered. Six years of clinical experience with this condition are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:880565", "title": "Rhabdomyosarcoma of lung arising in congenital cystic adenomatoid malformation.", "content": "An asymptomatic congenital cystic adenomatoid malformation of lung discovered at age 18 months, and unchanging for 14 months prior to its removal, was found to harbor a small embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma following excision. With lobectomy and chemotherapy, the tumor-free interval has now exceeded three years. The case represents a well-documented occurrence of malignant tumor arising within a congenital malformation, an association that is unlikely to be the result of chance.", "contents": "Rhabdomyosarcoma of lung arising in congenital cystic adenomatoid malformation. An asymptomatic congenital cystic adenomatoid malformation of lung discovered at age 18 months, and unchanging for 14 months prior to its removal, was found to harbor a small embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma following excision. With lobectomy and chemotherapy, the tumor-free interval has now exceeded three years. The case represents a well-documented occurrence of malignant tumor arising within a congenital malformation, an association that is unlikely to be the result of chance."}
{"id": "PMID:880566", "title": "Prognosis in malignant melanoma of the skin. Significance of stage of disease, anatomical site, sex, age and period of diagnosis.", "content": "The prognosis in malignant melanoma of the skin has been studied in relation to stage, anatomical site, sex, age and period of diagnosis. A total of 2,956 cases diagnosed in Norway 1953-1971 were analyzed. The final date of follow-up was December 31, 1973. The disease is amenable to cure for localized as well as nonlocalized cases, the cure rates being about 60% for the former and 15% for the latter group. Even within the group of localized cases large deviations in prognosis were found, the survival rates varying according to anatomical site, sex and age. The interaction between sex and age in prognosis is discussed in detail. A rise in survival was observed from the period of diagnosis 1953-1963 to that of 1964-1971. Detailed analysis points to earlier diagnosis or therapeutic progress in the later study period rather than a lower degree of malignancy of registered cases.", "contents": "Prognosis in malignant melanoma of the skin. Significance of stage of disease, anatomical site, sex, age and period of diagnosis. The prognosis in malignant melanoma of the skin has been studied in relation to stage, anatomical site, sex, age and period of diagnosis. A total of 2,956 cases diagnosed in Norway 1953-1971 were analyzed. The final date of follow-up was December 31, 1973. The disease is amenable to cure for localized as well as nonlocalized cases, the cure rates being about 60% for the former and 15% for the latter group. Even within the group of localized cases large deviations in prognosis were found, the survival rates varying according to anatomical site, sex and age. The interaction between sex and age in prognosis is discussed in detail. A rise in survival was observed from the period of diagnosis 1953-1963 to that of 1964-1971. Detailed analysis points to earlier diagnosis or therapeutic progress in the later study period rather than a lower degree of malignancy of registered cases."}
{"id": "PMID:880567", "title": "Methotrexate compared with placebo in lung cancer.", "content": "Two hundred thirty-nine patients with microscopically proven, inoperable bronchogenic carcinoma were allocated at random to receive twice weekly I.M. injections of either methotrexate at \"high dose\" of 0.06 mg/kg/dose or methotrexate at \"low dose\" of 0.2 mg/kg or visually indistinguishable placebo in the same volume of 0.1 ml/kg for four months. Twelve patients were invalidated for procedural reasons. Objective response (greater than or equal to 50% tumor regression) was dose-related with 21% of 48 patients with measurable disease on high -ose, 11% of 37 patients on low dose, and 6% of 32 patients on placebo. Corresponding response rates for epidermoid carcinoma were 35% of 23 patients, 9% of 11 patients, and 0 of 13 patients. Responders in the two treatment groups had a three to four fold increase of median survival (p less than .05). Non-responders on high and low dose methotrexate lived as long as patients on placebo. Leukopenic patients in all three treatment groups lived substantially longer than patients without leukopenia less than 4,500/mm3, irrespective of presence or absence of objective response. All three regimens were well tolerated. None of the patients had life-threatening toxicity. It is concluded that methotrexate at \"high dose\" is a potentially useful drug for temporary palliation of epidermoid carcinoma of the lung.", "contents": "Methotrexate compared with placebo in lung cancer. Two hundred thirty-nine patients with microscopically proven, inoperable bronchogenic carcinoma were allocated at random to receive twice weekly I.M. injections of either methotrexate at \"high dose\" of 0.06 mg/kg/dose or methotrexate at \"low dose\" of 0.2 mg/kg or visually indistinguishable placebo in the same volume of 0.1 ml/kg for four months. Twelve patients were invalidated for procedural reasons. Objective response (greater than or equal to 50% tumor regression) was dose-related with 21% of 48 patients with measurable disease on high -ose, 11% of 37 patients on low dose, and 6% of 32 patients on placebo. Corresponding response rates for epidermoid carcinoma were 35% of 23 patients, 9% of 11 patients, and 0 of 13 patients. Responders in the two treatment groups had a three to four fold increase of median survival (p less than .05). Non-responders on high and low dose methotrexate lived as long as patients on placebo. Leukopenic patients in all three treatment groups lived substantially longer than patients without leukopenia less than 4,500/mm3, irrespective of presence or absence of objective response. All three regimens were well tolerated. None of the patients had life-threatening toxicity. It is concluded that methotrexate at \"high dose\" is a potentially useful drug for temporary palliation of epidermoid carcinoma of the lung."}
{"id": "PMID:880568", "title": "Malignant pheochromocytoma with features suggesting the Brown-S\u00e9quard syndrome. A case report.", "content": "A case of malignant pheochromocytoma arising from the abdominal preaortic chromaffin tissue is presented. Of particular note is that right hemiplegia associated with sensory disturbances, compatible with the Brown-S\u00e9quard syndrome, was an outstanding early clinical manifestation. The patient finally developed signs of complete transection of the spinal cord which was caused by metastasis of the tumor to the cervical spines. The neurological abnormalities observed in the present case were so unusual in pheochromocytoma as to lead initially a diagnosis of cord tumor. Autopsy findings well supported the clinical diagnosis. Cases like this have not been reported so far.", "contents": "Malignant pheochromocytoma with features suggesting the Brown-S\u00e9quard syndrome. A case report. A case of malignant pheochromocytoma arising from the abdominal preaortic chromaffin tissue is presented. Of particular note is that right hemiplegia associated with sensory disturbances, compatible with the Brown-S\u00e9quard syndrome, was an outstanding early clinical manifestation. The patient finally developed signs of complete transection of the spinal cord which was caused by metastasis of the tumor to the cervical spines. The neurological abnormalities observed in the present case were so unusual in pheochromocytoma as to lead initially a diagnosis of cord tumor. Autopsy findings well supported the clinical diagnosis. Cases like this have not been reported so far."}
{"id": "PMID:880569", "title": "Small bowel perforation secondary to metastatic carcinoma of the lung.", "content": "This is a report of small bowel perforation secondary to a metastasis from a primary adenocarcinoma of lung in a 62-year-old woman five months after resection of the primary tumor. She had received radiation therapy and corticosteroids after surgery. Features of this and five previously reported cases are discussed. Modern therapy may alter the course of pulmonary cancer resulting in more frequent observation of this rare complication.", "contents": "Small bowel perforation secondary to metastatic carcinoma of the lung. This is a report of small bowel perforation secondary to a metastasis from a primary adenocarcinoma of lung in a 62-year-old woman five months after resection of the primary tumor. She had received radiation therapy and corticosteroids after surgery. Features of this and five previously reported cases are discussed. Modern therapy may alter the course of pulmonary cancer resulting in more frequent observation of this rare complication."}
{"id": "PMID:880570", "title": "Relationship of host immune status to tumor cell arrest, distribution, and survival in experimental metastasis.", "content": "The kinetics of initial arrest in organs, distribution, survival, and fate of 125I-iododeoxyuridine-labeled B16 melanoma tumor cells injected intravenously into normal, tumor-sensitized and immune manipulated syngeneic and allogeneic mice were investigated. Groups of animals were killed at intervals ranging from two minutes to 14 days after intravenous tumor cell injection. Lungs, liver, spleen and blood were collected from each animal and processed so that radioactivity associated with DNA of tumor cells viable at the time of sacrifice could be monitored. The following conclusions can be made: initial tumor cell arrest in organs is influenced by the host immune status but it does not correlate with the survival kinetics or development into tumors. The same tumor, which was rejected in mice after a subcutaneous tumor challenge, grew in the lungs after intravenous injection. Therefore, rejection of a subcutaneous challenge as the sole criterion of host immunity to neoplasms should be questioned. Allogeneic animals are not appropriate for use as a model system for the study of experimental metastasis. Animals sensitized to a tumor exhibit kinetic patterns of tumor cell arrest and survival that differ from normal syngeneic hosts.", "contents": "Relationship of host immune status to tumor cell arrest, distribution, and survival in experimental metastasis. The kinetics of initial arrest in organs, distribution, survival, and fate of 125I-iododeoxyuridine-labeled B16 melanoma tumor cells injected intravenously into normal, tumor-sensitized and immune manipulated syngeneic and allogeneic mice were investigated. Groups of animals were killed at intervals ranging from two minutes to 14 days after intravenous tumor cell injection. Lungs, liver, spleen and blood were collected from each animal and processed so that radioactivity associated with DNA of tumor cells viable at the time of sacrifice could be monitored. The following conclusions can be made: initial tumor cell arrest in organs is influenced by the host immune status but it does not correlate with the survival kinetics or development into tumors. The same tumor, which was rejected in mice after a subcutaneous tumor challenge, grew in the lungs after intravenous injection. Therefore, rejection of a subcutaneous challenge as the sole criterion of host immunity to neoplasms should be questioned. Allogeneic animals are not appropriate for use as a model system for the study of experimental metastasis. Animals sensitized to a tumor exhibit kinetic patterns of tumor cell arrest and survival that differ from normal syngeneic hosts."}
{"id": "PMID:880571", "title": "Medulloblastoma. A review of the LDS hospital experience.", "content": "A review of 14 patients with an initial diagnosis of medulloblastoma treated with irradiation therapy is presented. Follow-up data are available on all patients. When one evaluates those patients who were treated with total CNS irradiation in ours and other institutions, an excellent five-year survival of approximately 70% is observed. The point of significance is that the dose to the spinal axis was in the range of 2500 rads for the majority of the survivors with a boost to the posterior fossa between 4500 and 5000 rads. Only one patient had metestetic disease, and that was a patient who had a ventricular atrial shunt placed initially for control of increased intracranial pressure. These survival data add to already published data from Hope-Stone and others reporting excellent five-year survival with total CNS irradiation and are contradictory to the reports of approximately 40% five-year survival. The implications of the following review are that one can question the necessity of taking all patients with medulloblastoma to 3500 rads to the spinal column. We would suggest that if no clinical or laboratory evidence exists for spinal involvement, the use of a low dose to the spinal column of approximately 2500 rads decreases the potential for spinal column arrest in this young group of patients.", "contents": "Medulloblastoma. A review of the LDS hospital experience. A review of 14 patients with an initial diagnosis of medulloblastoma treated with irradiation therapy is presented. Follow-up data are available on all patients. When one evaluates those patients who were treated with total CNS irradiation in ours and other institutions, an excellent five-year survival of approximately 70% is observed. The point of significance is that the dose to the spinal axis was in the range of 2500 rads for the majority of the survivors with a boost to the posterior fossa between 4500 and 5000 rads. Only one patient had metestetic disease, and that was a patient who had a ventricular atrial shunt placed initially for control of increased intracranial pressure. These survival data add to already published data from Hope-Stone and others reporting excellent five-year survival with total CNS irradiation and are contradictory to the reports of approximately 40% five-year survival. The implications of the following review are that one can question the necessity of taking all patients with medulloblastoma to 3500 rads to the spinal column. We would suggest that if no clinical or laboratory evidence exists for spinal involvement, the use of a low dose to the spinal column of approximately 2500 rads decreases the potential for spinal column arrest in this young group of patients."}
{"id": "PMID:880572", "title": "Cancer patients: knowledge and attitudes.", "content": "Fifty patients undergoing treatment were interviewed on what they knew about radiotherapy and their attitudes towards their disease and those treating their disease. Ninety-four percent used the word \"cancer\" or \"malignant tumor\" to describe the reason for being treated. All patients were told their diagnosis by the physician who referred them for therapy. Nineteen patients remembered feeling frightened by the equipment at first, but all had a lessening of anxiety with time. All patients perceived the role of the radiation technologist as that of operating the treatment machine and spoke only about trivialities to them. Eighty percent felt that the radiotherapist gave them satisfactory information about their treatment before commencing treatment. In contrast, the referring physician was thought to have been of no help in preparing for the experience of undergoing radiotherapy by 52% of those interviewed. Eighty-two percent of the patients expressed the opinion that both the referring physician and therapist were not the people to whom they would bring emotional problems. Therefore, mental health professionals could make a major contribution in the total program if they were involved in the day to day care of patients receiving radiotherapy.", "contents": "Cancer patients: knowledge and attitudes. Fifty patients undergoing treatment were interviewed on what they knew about radiotherapy and their attitudes towards their disease and those treating their disease. Ninety-four percent used the word \"cancer\" or \"malignant tumor\" to describe the reason for being treated. All patients were told their diagnosis by the physician who referred them for therapy. Nineteen patients remembered feeling frightened by the equipment at first, but all had a lessening of anxiety with time. All patients perceived the role of the radiation technologist as that of operating the treatment machine and spoke only about trivialities to them. Eighty percent felt that the radiotherapist gave them satisfactory information about their treatment before commencing treatment. In contrast, the referring physician was thought to have been of no help in preparing for the experience of undergoing radiotherapy by 52% of those interviewed. Eighty-two percent of the patients expressed the opinion that both the referring physician and therapist were not the people to whom they would bring emotional problems. Therefore, mental health professionals could make a major contribution in the total program if they were involved in the day to day care of patients receiving radiotherapy."}
{"id": "PMID:880573", "title": "Significance of the vertebral venous (Batson's) plexus in metastatic spread in colorectal carcinoma.", "content": "Recently studies of bone metastases in colorectal carcinoma by radionuclide scanning are reviewed. A frequency of 33--61% has been reported using the more recently available bone scanning tests. The commonly accepted frequency of bone metastases from colorectal carcinoma by x-ray or anatomic studies is 5%. This much higher frequency currently being reported must still be established by additional studies. However, if the much high frequency currently being reported is firm, they suggest a much greater importance of the Vertebral Venous Plexus in tumor spread than heretofore suspected for colorectal carcinoma.", "contents": "Significance of the vertebral venous (Batson's) plexus in metastatic spread in colorectal carcinoma. Recently studies of bone metastases in colorectal carcinoma by radionuclide scanning are reviewed. A frequency of 33--61% has been reported using the more recently available bone scanning tests. The commonly accepted frequency of bone metastases from colorectal carcinoma by x-ray or anatomic studies is 5%. This much higher frequency currently being reported must still be established by additional studies. However, if the much high frequency currently being reported is firm, they suggest a much greater importance of the Vertebral Venous Plexus in tumor spread than heretofore suspected for colorectal carcinoma."}
{"id": "PMID:880577", "title": "Behavioral therapy: its application to reduce disruptive behaviors of the elderly in nursing homes.", "content": "Nurses who care for the elderly in nursing homes and auxiliary hospitals have many goals. They provide for the health, recreational, social and emotional needs of their patients. They also strive to increase their patients' levels of self-care and self-respect. Unfortunately, because many patients exhibit disruptive behaviors--striking staff or other patients, throwing temper tantrums, lying on the floor in corridors, refusing to take medication and so on, these desirable goals cannot always be met. What nurses need, in addition to their specialized, medically oriented training, is training in a consistent strategy for handling these problems. Behavioral therapy provides this strategy.", "contents": "Behavioral therapy: its application to reduce disruptive behaviors of the elderly in nursing homes. Nurses who care for the elderly in nursing homes and auxiliary hospitals have many goals. They provide for the health, recreational, social and emotional needs of their patients. They also strive to increase their patients' levels of self-care and self-respect. Unfortunately, because many patients exhibit disruptive behaviors--striking staff or other patients, throwing temper tantrums, lying on the floor in corridors, refusing to take medication and so on, these desirable goals cannot always be met. What nurses need, in addition to their specialized, medically oriented training, is training in a consistent strategy for handling these problems. Behavioral therapy provides this strategy."}
{"id": "PMID:880582", "title": "Methylation analysis of neuraminic acids by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry.", "content": "The permethylated methyl glycoside methyl esters of N-acetyl- and N-glycolyl-neuraminic acids and of N-acetylneuraminic acid 8-acetate have been analyzed by g.1.c.-mass spectrometry. Fragmentation of the neuraminic acid derivatives in electron-impact mass spectrometry has been studied by deuterium labelling. The results were applied in the methylation analysis of neuraminic acids from gangliosides of brain and kidney.", "contents": "Methylation analysis of neuraminic acids by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The permethylated methyl glycoside methyl esters of N-acetyl- and N-glycolyl-neuraminic acids and of N-acetylneuraminic acid 8-acetate have been analyzed by g.1.c.-mass spectrometry. Fragmentation of the neuraminic acid derivatives in electron-impact mass spectrometry has been studied by deuterium labelling. The results were applied in the methylation analysis of neuraminic acids from gangliosides of brain and kidney."}
{"id": "PMID:880583", "title": "1,6-anhydro-1(6)-thio-L-iditol and -D-mannitol, and some derivatives thereof.", "content": "Starting from 1,2:5,6-dianhydro-3,4-O-isopropylidene-L-iditol (1) and -D-mannitol (6), respectively, the corresponding 1,6-anhydro-1,(6)-thio derivatives (2a and 7a) were synthesized. The discrepancy in the yields obtained, as well as the different behavior of their methylated derivatives (2e and 7c) towards acid hydrolysis, could be explained by steric factors. The di-O-mesyl derivatives 3d  and 12c were unstable compounds, and showed no ulcerostatic activity, unlike the D-glucitol analog.", "contents": "1,6-anhydro-1(6)-thio-L-iditol and -D-mannitol, and some derivatives thereof. Starting from 1,2:5,6-dianhydro-3,4-O-isopropylidene-L-iditol (1) and -D-mannitol (6), respectively, the corresponding 1,6-anhydro-1,(6)-thio derivatives (2a and 7a) were synthesized. The discrepancy in the yields obtained, as well as the different behavior of their methylated derivatives (2e and 7c) towards acid hydrolysis, could be explained by steric factors. The di-O-mesyl derivatives 3d  and 12c were unstable compounds, and showed no ulcerostatic activity, unlike the D-glucitol analog."}
{"id": "PMID:880585", "title": "[13C and 1H NMR of (1 goes to 6)-beta-D-glucan, linear oligosaccharides and their corresponding cyclic forms].", "content": "The results of 1H-n.m.r. and 13C-n.m.r. studies of linear and cyclic oligosaccharides in the series of gentiodextrins, both in their hydroxylated and acetylated form, were compared to those obtained for the corresponding natural or synthetic polysaccharide. The 13C-signals of each D-glucopyranose unit of acetylated oligosaccharides are more distinct than those of the parent hydroxylated compounds. In order to relate the change of the various signals with the degree of polymerization, gentiotriose undecaacetate, enriched in 13C at C-1'', was prepared, as well as gentiotetraose tetradecaacetate selectively labeled at C-1'' and C-1'''. A (1 leads to 6)-beta-D-glucan having a D.P. of approximately 10 was chemically prepared. During the course of the polycondensation, the 2,3,4,2',3',4'-hexa-O-acetyl-di-beta-D-glucopyranosyl 1,6':6,1'-dianhydride, and the 2,3,4,2',3',4',2'',3'',4'',2''',3''',4'''-dodeca-O-acetyl-tetra-beta-D-glucopyranosyl 1,6''':6,1'''-tetraanhydride, respectively, were formed.", "contents": "[13C and 1H NMR of (1 goes to 6)-beta-D-glucan, linear oligosaccharides and their corresponding cyclic forms]. The results of 1H-n.m.r. and 13C-n.m.r. studies of linear and cyclic oligosaccharides in the series of gentiodextrins, both in their hydroxylated and acetylated form, were compared to those obtained for the corresponding natural or synthetic polysaccharide. The 13C-signals of each D-glucopyranose unit of acetylated oligosaccharides are more distinct than those of the parent hydroxylated compounds. In order to relate the change of the various signals with the degree of polymerization, gentiotriose undecaacetate, enriched in 13C at C-1'', was prepared, as well as gentiotetraose tetradecaacetate selectively labeled at C-1'' and C-1'''. A (1 leads to 6)-beta-D-glucan having a D.P. of approximately 10 was chemically prepared. During the course of the polycondensation, the 2,3,4,2',3',4'-hexa-O-acetyl-di-beta-D-glucopyranosyl 1,6':6,1'-dianhydride, and the 2,3,4,2',3',4',2'',3'',4'',2''',3''',4'''-dodeca-O-acetyl-tetra-beta-D-glucopyranosyl 1,6''':6,1'''-tetraanhydride, respectively, were formed."}
{"id": "PMID:880587", "title": "Synthesis of some purine and pyrimidine nucleosides of 3-amino-2,3,6-trideoxy-L-lyxo-hexopyranose (daunosamine).", "content": "The daunosaminyl analogue of the antibiotic puromycin and the nucleoside derivatives of daunosamine with adenine, thymine, and cytosine have been synthesised. The nucleoside derivatives of 6-dimethylaminopurine, thymine, and cytosine were prepared by melting the protected daunosamine with the protected base in vacuo. Daunosaminyladenine was obtained by condensing N-trifluoroacetyl-O-trifluoroacetyl-alpha-daunosaminyl chloride either with N6-benzoyl-9-chloromercuryadenine in boiling xylene or with N6-benzoyladenine in dichloromethane at room temperature in the presence of a molecular sieve. In each reaction, the beta-anomeric nucleoside was obtained, as shown by p.m.r. data. The protecting groups were removed with barium hydroxide or methanolic ammonia to give the free aminonucleosides in good yield. 9-beta-Daunosaminyl-6-dimethylaminopurine was coupled to N-benzylocyxcarbonyl-O-methyltyrosine, giving, after hydrogenolysis, the daunosaminyl analogue of puromycin.", "contents": "Synthesis of some purine and pyrimidine nucleosides of 3-amino-2,3,6-trideoxy-L-lyxo-hexopyranose (daunosamine). The daunosaminyl analogue of the antibiotic puromycin and the nucleoside derivatives of daunosamine with adenine, thymine, and cytosine have been synthesised. The nucleoside derivatives of 6-dimethylaminopurine, thymine, and cytosine were prepared by melting the protected daunosamine with the protected base in vacuo. Daunosaminyladenine was obtained by condensing N-trifluoroacetyl-O-trifluoroacetyl-alpha-daunosaminyl chloride either with N6-benzoyl-9-chloromercuryadenine in boiling xylene or with N6-benzoyladenine in dichloromethane at room temperature in the presence of a molecular sieve. In each reaction, the beta-anomeric nucleoside was obtained, as shown by p.m.r. data. The protecting groups were removed with barium hydroxide or methanolic ammonia to give the free aminonucleosides in good yield. 9-beta-Daunosaminyl-6-dimethylaminopurine was coupled to N-benzylocyxcarbonyl-O-methyltyrosine, giving, after hydrogenolysis, the daunosaminyl analogue of puromycin."}
{"id": "PMID:880588", "title": "Derivatives of 2,3-anhydro-DL-threitol, 2,3-anhydroerythritol, 2,3:4,5-dianhydrogalactitol, and 2,3:4,5-dianhydroallitol.", "content": "alpha, omega-Disubstituted derivatives of 2,3-anhydro-DL-threitol (2), 2,3-anhydroerythritol (4), 2,3:4,5-dianhydrogalactitol (8), and 2,3:4,5-dianhydroallitol (12) have been synthesised by epoxidation of the appropriate alkeness and dienes. Benzyloxy carbonyl groups were used for protecting the primary hydroxyl groups during epoxidation.", "contents": "Derivatives of 2,3-anhydro-DL-threitol, 2,3-anhydroerythritol, 2,3:4,5-dianhydrogalactitol, and 2,3:4,5-dianhydroallitol. alpha, omega-Disubstituted derivatives of 2,3-anhydro-DL-threitol (2), 2,3-anhydroerythritol (4), 2,3:4,5-dianhydrogalactitol (8), and 2,3:4,5-dianhydroallitol (12) have been synthesised by epoxidation of the appropriate alkeness and dienes. Benzyloxy carbonyl groups were used for protecting the primary hydroxyl groups during epoxidation."}
{"id": "PMID:880589", "title": "A new chemical synthesis of 2-amino-(N-D-ribofuranosyl)acetamide 5'-phosphate.", "content": "2-Amino-(N-D-ribosyl)acetamide 5'-phosphate (GAR,10) has been prepared in a readily scaled-up synthesis from 2,3-O-isopropylidene-D-ribofuranosylamine p-toluenesulfonate (3) by condensation with the mixed anhydride of N-)benzyloxy-carbonyl)glycine, followed by phosphorylation with 2-cyanoethyl phosphate and removal of the protecting groups. By varying the conditions, the alpha-4 and the beta-5 anomers could be obtained and separated from each other. Anomerization occurs upon removing the O-isopropylidene group from either 7 or 8, so that the final compound (10) is an equimolar mixture of both anomers, of which only one is active toward GAR-transformylase.", "contents": "A new chemical synthesis of 2-amino-(N-D-ribofuranosyl)acetamide 5'-phosphate. 2-Amino-(N-D-ribosyl)acetamide 5'-phosphate (GAR,10) has been prepared in a readily scaled-up synthesis from 2,3-O-isopropylidene-D-ribofuranosylamine p-toluenesulfonate (3) by condensation with the mixed anhydride of N-)benzyloxy-carbonyl)glycine, followed by phosphorylation with 2-cyanoethyl phosphate and removal of the protecting groups. By varying the conditions, the alpha-4 and the beta-5 anomers could be obtained and separated from each other. Anomerization occurs upon removing the O-isopropylidene group from either 7 or 8, so that the final compound (10) is an equimolar mixture of both anomers, of which only one is active toward GAR-transformylase."}
{"id": "PMID:880613", "title": "Ultrastructural alterations in ciliary cells exposed to ionizing radiation. A scanning and transmission electron microscopic study.", "content": "Early effects of ionizing radiation were investigated in an experimental in vitro system using the ciliary cells of the tracheal mucous membrane of the rabbit, irradiated at 30 degrees C and at more than 90% humidity. The changes in physiological activities of the ciliary cells caused by irradiation were continuously registered during the irradiation. The specimens were examined immediately after irradiation electron microscopically. The morphological changes in irradiated material after 10-70 Gy are compared with normal material. After 40-70 Gy, scanning electron microscopy revealed the formation of vesicles on cilia, and club-like protrusions and adhesion of their tips. After 30-70 Gy, a swelling of mitochondrial membranes and cristae was apparent transmission electron microscopically. The membrane alterations caused by irradiation are assumed to disturb the permeability and flow of ATP from the mitochondria, which in turn leads to the recorded changes in the activity of the ciliated cells.", "contents": "Ultrastructural alterations in ciliary cells exposed to ionizing radiation. A scanning and transmission electron microscopic study. Early effects of ionizing radiation were investigated in an experimental in vitro system using the ciliary cells of the tracheal mucous membrane of the rabbit, irradiated at 30 degrees C and at more than 90% humidity. The changes in physiological activities of the ciliary cells caused by irradiation were continuously registered during the irradiation. The specimens were examined immediately after irradiation electron microscopically. The morphological changes in irradiated material after 10-70 Gy are compared with normal material. After 40-70 Gy, scanning electron microscopy revealed the formation of vesicles on cilia, and club-like protrusions and adhesion of their tips. After 30-70 Gy, a swelling of mitochondrial membranes and cristae was apparent transmission electron microscopically. The membrane alterations caused by irradiation are assumed to disturb the permeability and flow of ATP from the mitochondria, which in turn leads to the recorded changes in the activity of the ciliated cells."}
{"id": "PMID:880614", "title": "Macrophage-lymphocyte cluster formation in the medullary sinus of lymph node after immunization with sheep red blood cells (SRBC).", "content": "Normally the lymphatic sinuses of the lymph node are loosely packed with lymphocytes and free macrophages as well as with macrophages adhering to the fibrocellular trabeculae. After immunization with SRBC cluster formation occurs in the medullary sinuses of rats between a central macrophage and peripherally located lymphocytes. These rosette-like clusters are nearly identical with the clusters found during primary and secondary immune response against SRBC in vitro and seem to be the in vivo equivalent for the same immune response.", "contents": "Macrophage-lymphocyte cluster formation in the medullary sinus of lymph node after immunization with sheep red blood cells (SRBC). Normally the lymphatic sinuses of the lymph node are loosely packed with lymphocytes and free macrophages as well as with macrophages adhering to the fibrocellular trabeculae. After immunization with SRBC cluster formation occurs in the medullary sinuses of rats between a central macrophage and peripherally located lymphocytes. These rosette-like clusters are nearly identical with the clusters found during primary and secondary immune response against SRBC in vitro and seem to be the in vivo equivalent for the same immune response."}
{"id": "PMID:880616", "title": "Regeneration in the central nervous system of a pulmonate mollusc, Melampus.", "content": "The left cerebral ganglion was ablated from 72 anesthetized, adult Melampus bidentatus (Mollusca: Pulmonata). Skin incisions were well healed and normal feeding and locomotion observed four days after surgery. Dissections of animals sacrificed weekly showed that most nerves and connectives regrew within 30 days, attaching to the swollen end of the major labial nerve. The enlarged end of this nerve later developed into a distinctive bud; some of these buds contained cell bodies as soon as 42 days after surgery. As the first known report of central nervous tissue regeneration in molluscs, this study points to the need for controls in experiments involving section or ablation of nervous tissue in molluscs.", "contents": "Regeneration in the central nervous system of a pulmonate mollusc, Melampus. The left cerebral ganglion was ablated from 72 anesthetized, adult Melampus bidentatus (Mollusca: Pulmonata). Skin incisions were well healed and normal feeding and locomotion observed four days after surgery. Dissections of animals sacrificed weekly showed that most nerves and connectives regrew within 30 days, attaching to the swollen end of the major labial nerve. The enlarged end of this nerve later developed into a distinctive bud; some of these buds contained cell bodies as soon as 42 days after surgery. As the first known report of central nervous tissue regeneration in molluscs, this study points to the need for controls in experiments involving section or ablation of nervous tissue in molluscs."}
{"id": "PMID:880615", "title": "Specializations of the outer mitochondrial membrane during oocyte development.", "content": "A coating of electron dense material is present on the cytoplasmic surface of outer mitochondrial membranes in medium-sized hamster oocytes. The coating is not present at earlier or later stages of oocyte development. Its possible relationship to the synthesis and transport of mitochondrial protein is discussed. Associations between endoplasmic reticulum, ribosomes, glycogen and the outer mitochondrial membrane are also described and discussed.", "contents": "Specializations of the outer mitochondrial membrane during oocyte development. A coating of electron dense material is present on the cytoplasmic surface of outer mitochondrial membranes in medium-sized hamster oocytes. The coating is not present at earlier or later stages of oocyte development. Its possible relationship to the synthesis and transport of mitochondrial protein is discussed. Associations between endoplasmic reticulum, ribosomes, glycogen and the outer mitochondrial membrane are also described and discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:880617", "title": "Intra- and extraganglionic nerve endings formed by neurosecretory cells of the cerebral ganglion of the earthworm (Lumbricus terrestris L.).", "content": "In the cerebral ( = supraesophageal, suprapharyngeal) ganglion of the earthworm, a number of neurosecretory Gomori-positive perikarya are bipolar; others are unipolar, or multipolar. Some of the neurosecretory cell processes project centrally into a fibrous zone; peripheral processes enter small nerves which leave the dorsocaudal aspect of the ganglion. In the central fibrous zone, the neurosecretory fibers form varicose Gomoripositive terminals. Here, also zinc-iodine-osmium (ZIO)-positive fibers and monoamine fluorescent fibers are found. With the electron microscope, nerve terminals containing synaptic vesicles and either large neurosecretory \"peptidergic\" granular vesicles (diameter more than 1500 A), or smaller granular vesicles (diameter about 1300 A, or 900 A) are observed. These axon endings mainly form axo-dendritic synapses. \"Peptidergic\" profiles are both pre- and postsynaptic. Some of the extraganglionic \"peptideric\" fibers appear to terminate around vessels, but most of them form terminals on the visceral muscle cells which surround the ganglion. We think that the central neurosecretory processes communicate with the fibers of the synaptic zone of the ganglion. The peripheral neurosecretory \"peptidergic\" fibers are supposed to form a primitive neurohemal area and/or to function as vasomotor nerves. The fibers innervating the visceral muscle cells may represent vegetative nerves.", "contents": "Intra- and extraganglionic nerve endings formed by neurosecretory cells of the cerebral ganglion of the earthworm (Lumbricus terrestris L.). In the cerebral ( = supraesophageal, suprapharyngeal) ganglion of the earthworm, a number of neurosecretory Gomori-positive perikarya are bipolar; others are unipolar, or multipolar. Some of the neurosecretory cell processes project centrally into a fibrous zone; peripheral processes enter small nerves which leave the dorsocaudal aspect of the ganglion. In the central fibrous zone, the neurosecretory fibers form varicose Gomoripositive terminals. Here, also zinc-iodine-osmium (ZIO)-positive fibers and monoamine fluorescent fibers are found. With the electron microscope, nerve terminals containing synaptic vesicles and either large neurosecretory \"peptidergic\" granular vesicles (diameter more than 1500 A), or smaller granular vesicles (diameter about 1300 A, or 900 A) are observed. These axon endings mainly form axo-dendritic synapses. \"Peptidergic\" profiles are both pre- and postsynaptic. Some of the extraganglionic \"peptideric\" fibers appear to terminate around vessels, but most of them form terminals on the visceral muscle cells which surround the ganglion. We think that the central neurosecretory processes communicate with the fibers of the synaptic zone of the ganglion. The peripheral neurosecretory \"peptidergic\" fibers are supposed to form a primitive neurohemal area and/or to function as vasomotor nerves. The fibers innervating the visceral muscle cells may represent vegetative nerves."}
{"id": "PMID:880618", "title": "O\u00f6genesis in a marine teleost, Blennius pholis L.", "content": "O\u00f6genesis in the oviparous marine teleost, Blennius pholis L., is examined. Eleven developmental stages are identified by ultrastructural observations when changes in the distributions of the organelles and inclusions are described. An exogenous source for the protein yolk precursors is indicated, but less clear is the endogenous contribution. Changes in the follicle epithelium are described together with the formation of the zona which is considered to be follicular in origin. Two types of follicle cell are distinguished and these probably function differently in the process of zona formation. The zona becomes divided into the externa and interna, the latter probably resulting from the chemical ordering by disulphide bonding of the proteinaceous material of the former.", "contents": "O\u00f6genesis in a marine teleost, Blennius pholis L. O\u00f6genesis in the oviparous marine teleost, Blennius pholis L., is examined. Eleven developmental stages are identified by ultrastructural observations when changes in the distributions of the organelles and inclusions are described. An exogenous source for the protein yolk precursors is indicated, but less clear is the endogenous contribution. Changes in the follicle epithelium are described together with the formation of the zona which is considered to be follicular in origin. Two types of follicle cell are distinguished and these probably function differently in the process of zona formation. The zona becomes divided into the externa and interna, the latter probably resulting from the chemical ordering by disulphide bonding of the proteinaceous material of the former."}
{"id": "PMID:880619", "title": "Endocytosis and aspects of autophagy in the foot epithelium of the slug Agriolimax reticulatus (M\u00fcller).", "content": "The foot epithelium of the slug Agriolimax reticulatus (M) can function as a digestive epithelium and possesses a vacuolar system in which heterophagic and autophagic material is hydrolysed. Using ferritin and peroxidase as markers, the process of endocytosis has been demonstrated at the level of the electron microscopy. The mechanisms involved with the uptake of each marker differed in that ferritin was confined to fairly large vacuoles, while peroxidase was present in smaller pinocytotic vesicles which ultimately fused to form larger vacuoles or multivesicular bodies. Cytochemical tests for acid phosphatase revealed that the latter bodies acquired hydrolytic enzyme to become secondary lysosomes. Acid phosphatase was also localized in the Golgi apparatus of the epithelial cells. In addition to the endocytotic activity, evidence of autophagy was found in the epithelial cells and this process was apparently enhanced during starvation.", "contents": "Endocytosis and aspects of autophagy in the foot epithelium of the slug Agriolimax reticulatus (M\u00fcller). The foot epithelium of the slug Agriolimax reticulatus (M) can function as a digestive epithelium and possesses a vacuolar system in which heterophagic and autophagic material is hydrolysed. Using ferritin and peroxidase as markers, the process of endocytosis has been demonstrated at the level of the electron microscopy. The mechanisms involved with the uptake of each marker differed in that ferritin was confined to fairly large vacuoles, while peroxidase was present in smaller pinocytotic vesicles which ultimately fused to form larger vacuoles or multivesicular bodies. Cytochemical tests for acid phosphatase revealed that the latter bodies acquired hydrolytic enzyme to become secondary lysosomes. Acid phosphatase was also localized in the Golgi apparatus of the epithelial cells. In addition to the endocytotic activity, evidence of autophagy was found in the epithelial cells and this process was apparently enhanced during starvation."}
{"id": "PMID:880620", "title": "Tritiated thymidine autoradiographic study on the origin and renewal of argentaffin cells in the pyloric gland of hamsters.", "content": "The origin and renewal of the argentaffin cells in the pyloric glands of hamsters were studied by flash, cumulative and pulse labelling autoradiography with 3H-thymidine. The argentaffin cells were identified by the Diazo Method using Fast Red B Salt. By flash labelling autoradiography, it was shown that the argentaffin cells located from the middle to the lower level of the pyloric mucosa were not labelled with 3H-thymidine, indicating that this cell type has no proliferative activity. On the 10th and the 20th day of cumulative labelling, 31% and 63% of the argentaffin cells in the gland were found to be labelled, respectively. The labelled argentaffin cells were concentrated in the upper part of the gland (around the region of the isthmus), and no label was found over nuclei of the cells at the lowermost level of the gland. These labelled cells were shown to undergo a downward migration in the days following pulse labelling. They were replaced by unlabelled (and weakly or very weakly labelled) cells which arose at the region of the isthmus. The argentaffin cells in the pyloric gland are thought to arise from epithelial precursor cells at the region of the isthmus. The labelled argentaffin cells in the gland were found to decrease in number almost exponentially after pulse labelling. This indicates that the life span of argentaffin cells is not fixed, but their renewal conforms to the \"random loss system\". The half time of turnover of this cell population was 15 days on average.", "contents": "Tritiated thymidine autoradiographic study on the origin and renewal of argentaffin cells in the pyloric gland of hamsters. The origin and renewal of the argentaffin cells in the pyloric glands of hamsters were studied by flash, cumulative and pulse labelling autoradiography with 3H-thymidine. The argentaffin cells were identified by the Diazo Method using Fast Red B Salt. By flash labelling autoradiography, it was shown that the argentaffin cells located from the middle to the lower level of the pyloric mucosa were not labelled with 3H-thymidine, indicating that this cell type has no proliferative activity. On the 10th and the 20th day of cumulative labelling, 31% and 63% of the argentaffin cells in the gland were found to be labelled, respectively. The labelled argentaffin cells were concentrated in the upper part of the gland (around the region of the isthmus), and no label was found over nuclei of the cells at the lowermost level of the gland. These labelled cells were shown to undergo a downward migration in the days following pulse labelling. They were replaced by unlabelled (and weakly or very weakly labelled) cells which arose at the region of the isthmus. The argentaffin cells in the pyloric gland are thought to arise from epithelial precursor cells at the region of the isthmus. The labelled argentaffin cells in the gland were found to decrease in number almost exponentially after pulse labelling. This indicates that the life span of argentaffin cells is not fixed, but their renewal conforms to the \"random loss system\". The half time of turnover of this cell population was 15 days on average."}
{"id": "PMID:880621", "title": "Neuritic growth cone and ependymal gap junctions in the feline subfornical organ during early development.", "content": "Intercellular contacts in the subfornical organ (SFO) of kittens 3, 16, and 29 days old were studied in thin sections and by the freeze-etch method. Gap junctions appeared between growing nerve processes and target cells. The junctions were interspersed between immature synapses lacking mitochondria as well as full pre- and postsynaptic membrane specializations. Gap junctions were seen on filopodia as well as on more mature processes. The morphology of these junctions was typical of those described earlier but they were of small size (0.2-0.3 micron). Gap junctions of peculiar form were also seen between ependymal elements in the SFO at 16 days. These were of large size (0.5-0.8 micron) and were often of segmented character. This segmentation consisted of bands 3-4 particles in width with a center-to-center spacing of 90 nm with particle free corridors between corresponding to the width of about two rows of particles. The margin of the group might be circumscribed by a row of particles. Although gap junctions of large size were seen between ependymal cells in thin section, features corresponding to the particle free corridors have not been observed to date.", "contents": "Neuritic growth cone and ependymal gap junctions in the feline subfornical organ during early development. Intercellular contacts in the subfornical organ (SFO) of kittens 3, 16, and 29 days old were studied in thin sections and by the freeze-etch method. Gap junctions appeared between growing nerve processes and target cells. The junctions were interspersed between immature synapses lacking mitochondria as well as full pre- and postsynaptic membrane specializations. Gap junctions were seen on filopodia as well as on more mature processes. The morphology of these junctions was typical of those described earlier but they were of small size (0.2-0.3 micron). Gap junctions of peculiar form were also seen between ependymal elements in the SFO at 16 days. These were of large size (0.5-0.8 micron) and were often of segmented character. This segmentation consisted of bands 3-4 particles in width with a center-to-center spacing of 90 nm with particle free corridors between corresponding to the width of about two rows of particles. The margin of the group might be circumscribed by a row of particles. Although gap junctions of large size were seen between ependymal cells in thin section, features corresponding to the particle free corridors have not been observed to date."}
{"id": "PMID:880622", "title": "Spermatogenesis and the role of Sertoli cells in the freshwater snail Biomphalaria glabrata.", "content": "The various stages of spermatogenesis and the Sertoli cells of Biomphalaria glabrata were studied with histochemical and electron microscope techniques. During spermatogenesis a manchette of microtubules is formed around the nucleus and the mid-piece of the spermatids. This manchette becomes helically coiled and probably plays an important role in the spiralisation of the nucleus and of the mitochondrial sheath. During spermatogenesis so-called chromatoid bodies (CB) occur, which consist of arginine-rich proteins. These CB disintegrate during the early spermatid stage. The results suggest that the CB are either involved in histone transition or in the formation of microtubules. The remaining cytoplasm of the spermatids is phagocytised by the Sertoli cells. Apparently this process of phagocytosis is an important part of the mechanism of spermiation. Morphological measurements of the Sertoli cells showed that the relative volume of most organelles decrease during spermatogenesis, indicating a general decrease in cell activity. Possible functions of the Sertoli cells, such as transportation and nutrition of spermatogenic cells and hormone production, are discussed. It is concluded on the basis of the histochemical and ultrastructural observations that the Sertoli cells are involved in the nutrition of spermatogenic cells. It seems unlikely that they are hormone producing cells.", "contents": "Spermatogenesis and the role of Sertoli cells in the freshwater snail Biomphalaria glabrata. The various stages of spermatogenesis and the Sertoli cells of Biomphalaria glabrata were studied with histochemical and electron microscope techniques. During spermatogenesis a manchette of microtubules is formed around the nucleus and the mid-piece of the spermatids. This manchette becomes helically coiled and probably plays an important role in the spiralisation of the nucleus and of the mitochondrial sheath. During spermatogenesis so-called chromatoid bodies (CB) occur, which consist of arginine-rich proteins. These CB disintegrate during the early spermatid stage. The results suggest that the CB are either involved in histone transition or in the formation of microtubules. The remaining cytoplasm of the spermatids is phagocytised by the Sertoli cells. Apparently this process of phagocytosis is an important part of the mechanism of spermiation. Morphological measurements of the Sertoli cells showed that the relative volume of most organelles decrease during spermatogenesis, indicating a general decrease in cell activity. Possible functions of the Sertoli cells, such as transportation and nutrition of spermatogenic cells and hormone production, are discussed. It is concluded on the basis of the histochemical and ultrastructural observations that the Sertoli cells are involved in the nutrition of spermatogenic cells. It seems unlikely that they are hormone producing cells."}
{"id": "PMID:880623", "title": "Ultrastructural changes in rat hypothalamic neurosecretory cells and their associated glia during minimal dehydration and rehydration.", "content": "A quantitative ultrastructural study was performed to determine the changes in the neurosecretory neurons of the supraoptic (SON) and circularis (NC) nuclei following 4-24 h of water deprivation (WD) and subsequent rehydration (12 and 24 h). In both nuclei, the amount of direct soma-somatic contact increased throughout WD, apparently by retraction of fine glial processes from between the cells. Rehydration reversed these changes. The number of smaller (less than 1600 A) neurosecretory granules (NSG's) decreased in both nuclei at 4 h of WD but returned to control levels by 24 h of WD and remained so during rehydration. Larger (less than 1600 A) NSG's decreased in number at 4 h of WD in SON and then returned to control levels by 24 h of WD and remained the same throughout rehydration. In NC, these NSG's did not change in number with WD, but significantly increased between 12 and 24 h of rehydration. No cells with dilated rough endoplasmic reticulum were seen in NC during this study. In SON, however, the percentage of such cells increased at 4 and 12 h of dehydration only to decrease to control levels at 24 h of dehydration and throughout rehydration. Lysosomes decreased at 4 h of dehydration in SON and returned to control levels thereafter. In NC, lysosomes tended to decrease with dehydration and increase with rehydration. These findings indicate that detectable morphological changes take place in the course of alterations in hydration state that are well within the physiological range.", "contents": "Ultrastructural changes in rat hypothalamic neurosecretory cells and their associated glia during minimal dehydration and rehydration. A quantitative ultrastructural study was performed to determine the changes in the neurosecretory neurons of the supraoptic (SON) and circularis (NC) nuclei following 4-24 h of water deprivation (WD) and subsequent rehydration (12 and 24 h). In both nuclei, the amount of direct soma-somatic contact increased throughout WD, apparently by retraction of fine glial processes from between the cells. Rehydration reversed these changes. The number of smaller (less than 1600 A) neurosecretory granules (NSG's) decreased in both nuclei at 4 h of WD but returned to control levels by 24 h of WD and remained so during rehydration. Larger (less than 1600 A) NSG's decreased in number at 4 h of WD in SON and then returned to control levels by 24 h of WD and remained the same throughout rehydration. In NC, these NSG's did not change in number with WD, but significantly increased between 12 and 24 h of rehydration. No cells with dilated rough endoplasmic reticulum were seen in NC during this study. In SON, however, the percentage of such cells increased at 4 and 12 h of dehydration only to decrease to control levels at 24 h of dehydration and throughout rehydration. Lysosomes decreased at 4 h of dehydration in SON and returned to control levels thereafter. In NC, lysosomes tended to decrease with dehydration and increase with rehydration. These findings indicate that detectable morphological changes take place in the course of alterations in hydration state that are well within the physiological range."}
{"id": "PMID:880624", "title": "Tubules invaginating from the sarcolemma in the subneural region of muscle fibers.", "content": "Sarcoplasmic tubules invaginating from the sarcolemma of the subneural region of muscle fibers are described in Atlantic hagfish and rat. In rat, the tubules invaginate from the bottoms of the secondary synaptic clefts. The density of tubule openings may be higher than the density of T-tubule openings elsewhere along muscle fibers.", "contents": "Tubules invaginating from the sarcolemma in the subneural region of muscle fibers. Sarcoplasmic tubules invaginating from the sarcolemma of the subneural region of muscle fibers are described in Atlantic hagfish and rat. In rat, the tubules invaginate from the bottoms of the secondary synaptic clefts. The density of tubule openings may be higher than the density of T-tubule openings elsewhere along muscle fibers."}
{"id": "PMID:880625", "title": "Correlations between ultrastructural features and contraction rates in rotiferan muscle. I. Preliminary observations on longitudinal retractor muscles in Trichocerca rattus.", "content": "The Rotifer Trichocerca rattus has striated longitudinal retractor muscles. These muscles can be divided into two categories: 1. The central and ventral retractor muscles which, after fixation, are found in a supercontracted state: they probably contract very quickly. 2. The lateral retractor muscles which are in a relaxed state after fixation. However, if the animal is mechanically stimulated before fixation, these are also fixed in a contracted state: so, normally, these muscles probably contract more slowly than the first category. In the relaxed state, thin myofilaments of the lateral retractor muscles are folded at the I band level; this a consequence of their compression provoked by the contraction of central and ventral retractor muscles. In muscles of the first type, the thick myofilaments are shorter (less than 2 mu) than in the second type (2.5 mu).", "contents": "Correlations between ultrastructural features and contraction rates in rotiferan muscle. I. Preliminary observations on longitudinal retractor muscles in Trichocerca rattus. The Rotifer Trichocerca rattus has striated longitudinal retractor muscles. These muscles can be divided into two categories: 1. The central and ventral retractor muscles which, after fixation, are found in a supercontracted state: they probably contract very quickly. 2. The lateral retractor muscles which are in a relaxed state after fixation. However, if the animal is mechanically stimulated before fixation, these are also fixed in a contracted state: so, normally, these muscles probably contract more slowly than the first category. In the relaxed state, thin myofilaments of the lateral retractor muscles are folded at the I band level; this a consequence of their compression provoked by the contraction of central and ventral retractor muscles. In muscles of the first type, the thick myofilaments are shorter (less than 2 mu) than in the second type (2.5 mu)."}
{"id": "PMID:880626", "title": "Granular cells in the connective tissue of Helix pomatia L. (gastropoda, pulmonata). Histochemistry, ultrastructure, and results of polyacrylamide electrophoretic investigations.", "content": "Granular cells (cells crowded with colourless granules staining with paraldehyde fuchsin according to Gomori-Gabe and not containing calcium) are independent cells in the connective tissue of Helix pomatia. Histochemical data suggest that the granules are rich in sulfhydryl-containing proteins, but lack biogenic monoamines. Electron microscopic investigations confirm the supposed secretory activity of the granular cells. Secretory proteins are presumed to be synthetized in the endoplasmic reticulum and condensed in the Golgi apparatus giving rise to the granules. Extrusion occurs by exocytosis. Electrophoresis of homogenates, prepared from tissues containing numerous granular cells, results in the separation and identification of a secretory protein from the granular cells. An electrophoretically homologous protein is recognized in the hemolymph, but in very small quantities. Our findings and the work of others suggest the involvement of granular cells in neuroendocrine events.", "contents": "Granular cells in the connective tissue of Helix pomatia L. (gastropoda, pulmonata). Histochemistry, ultrastructure, and results of polyacrylamide electrophoretic investigations. Granular cells (cells crowded with colourless granules staining with paraldehyde fuchsin according to Gomori-Gabe and not containing calcium) are independent cells in the connective tissue of Helix pomatia. Histochemical data suggest that the granules are rich in sulfhydryl-containing proteins, but lack biogenic monoamines. Electron microscopic investigations confirm the supposed secretory activity of the granular cells. Secretory proteins are presumed to be synthetized in the endoplasmic reticulum and condensed in the Golgi apparatus giving rise to the granules. Extrusion occurs by exocytosis. Electrophoresis of homogenates, prepared from tissues containing numerous granular cells, results in the separation and identification of a secretory protein from the granular cells. An electrophoretically homologous protein is recognized in the hemolymph, but in very small quantities. Our findings and the work of others suggest the involvement of granular cells in neuroendocrine events."}
{"id": "PMID:880627", "title": "Qualitative and quantitative preservation of the fine structure of absorptive cells in cultured biopsies of human small-intestine.", "content": "The fine structure of the absorptive cells in human small-intestinal biopsies cultured for 6, 24, and 48 h was analyzed qualitatively and quantitatively. The findings show generally good preservation of the cultured absorptive cells and a normal distribution, size, and relative volume of their cell organelles, but there was a systematic decrease in the apical cell surface and an increase in the number of apical vesicles and tubules after culturing. Since the apical vesicles and tubules are thought to have a function in the transport of cell-coat material from the Golgi apparatus to the cell surface, these findings raise the question of whether a delayed transport or extrusion of cell surface material occurs. The diminished relative volume of the mitochondria and the increased signs of autophagy in some poorly preserved absorptive cells, are assumed to be an adaption to less favourable culture conditions.", "contents": "Qualitative and quantitative preservation of the fine structure of absorptive cells in cultured biopsies of human small-intestine. The fine structure of the absorptive cells in human small-intestinal biopsies cultured for 6, 24, and 48 h was analyzed qualitatively and quantitatively. The findings show generally good preservation of the cultured absorptive cells and a normal distribution, size, and relative volume of their cell organelles, but there was a systematic decrease in the apical cell surface and an increase in the number of apical vesicles and tubules after culturing. Since the apical vesicles and tubules are thought to have a function in the transport of cell-coat material from the Golgi apparatus to the cell surface, these findings raise the question of whether a delayed transport or extrusion of cell surface material occurs. The diminished relative volume of the mitochondria and the increased signs of autophagy in some poorly preserved absorptive cells, are assumed to be an adaption to less favourable culture conditions."}
{"id": "PMID:880629", "title": "Changes within vascular bundles of rodent kidneys caused by different diets.", "content": "Morphological effects caused by two different diets (low protein-high water intake, and high protein-restricted water) on the vascular bundles in the outer medullary zone of the kidney were studied in the laboratory white mouse and in the golden spiny mouse (Acomys russatus, Muridae). In both rodents, when on a low protein-high water intake diet, considerable interstitial substance was found between the vasa recta of the bundles. No interstitial substance was found in animals on high protein-low water intake diet; as a result the vasa recta of the vascular bundle adhered closely. The low protein-high water intake diet caused a marked diuresis, low urine osmolality and low urinary urea concentration. It is assumed that the increase in interstitial substance between the vasa recta of the vascular bundle lowers the efficiency of the counter current barrier system for urea in the kidney and, as a consequence, the medullary urea gradient and urine concentrating capacity decreases. In animals on a high protein diet, the closely juxtaposed vasa recta assure an efficient countercurrent exchange, leading to accumulation and maintenance of a large urea gradient in the medulla and maximal urine concentration. It is suggested that the amount of interstitial material between the vasa recta of the vascular bundle might serve as a modulating factor for the urea concentration in the kidney.", "contents": "Changes within vascular bundles of rodent kidneys caused by different diets. Morphological effects caused by two different diets (low protein-high water intake, and high protein-restricted water) on the vascular bundles in the outer medullary zone of the kidney were studied in the laboratory white mouse and in the golden spiny mouse (Acomys russatus, Muridae). In both rodents, when on a low protein-high water intake diet, considerable interstitial substance was found between the vasa recta of the bundles. No interstitial substance was found in animals on high protein-low water intake diet; as a result the vasa recta of the vascular bundle adhered closely. The low protein-high water intake diet caused a marked diuresis, low urine osmolality and low urinary urea concentration. It is assumed that the increase in interstitial substance between the vasa recta of the vascular bundle lowers the efficiency of the counter current barrier system for urea in the kidney and, as a consequence, the medullary urea gradient and urine concentrating capacity decreases. In animals on a high protein diet, the closely juxtaposed vasa recta assure an efficient countercurrent exchange, leading to accumulation and maintenance of a large urea gradient in the medulla and maximal urine concentration. It is suggested that the amount of interstitial material between the vasa recta of the vascular bundle might serve as a modulating factor for the urea concentration in the kidney."}
{"id": "PMID:880630", "title": "Studies on the surface coat of Paramecium aurelia. II. Relationship to the immobilization antigen.", "content": "Correlations between the presence of surface coat and immobilization antigen of Paramecium tetraurelia were studied. Supravital, partial removal of the surface coat resulted in accelerated response of monobacterially and axenically grown cells to the homologous antiserum. Ciliates pretreated with trypsin or pronase (0.5 mg/ml for 45 min at 0-4 degrees C) were immobilized approximately twice as fast as untreated control cells. The probable localization of at least part, of the immobilization antigen within the surface coat of P. tetraurelia is discussed.", "contents": "Studies on the surface coat of Paramecium aurelia. II. Relationship to the immobilization antigen. Correlations between the presence of surface coat and immobilization antigen of Paramecium tetraurelia were studied. Supravital, partial removal of the surface coat resulted in accelerated response of monobacterially and axenically grown cells to the homologous antiserum. Ciliates pretreated with trypsin or pronase (0.5 mg/ml for 45 min at 0-4 degrees C) were immobilized approximately twice as fast as untreated control cells. The probable localization of at least part, of the immobilization antigen within the surface coat of P. tetraurelia is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:880695", "title": "Induction of mixed function oxidases on oral administration of dieldrin.", "content": "The administration of dieldrin (30 mg/kg body weight) caused an increase in the liver weight of rats. The metabolism of aflatoxins B1 and G1 by the microsomes obtained from the liver of dieldrin-treated animals was enhanced significantly as compared to the controls showing that dieldrin increased the activity of mixed function hydroxylases. Dieldrin caused an increase in the activity of liver microsomal NADPH oxidase and a decrease in the lipid peroxidation. Dieldrin brought about an increase in the phosphatidylcholine content of rat liver.", "contents": "Induction of mixed function oxidases on oral administration of dieldrin. The administration of dieldrin (30 mg/kg body weight) caused an increase in the liver weight of rats. The metabolism of aflatoxins B1 and G1 by the microsomes obtained from the liver of dieldrin-treated animals was enhanced significantly as compared to the controls showing that dieldrin increased the activity of mixed function hydroxylases. Dieldrin caused an increase in the activity of liver microsomal NADPH oxidase and a decrease in the lipid peroxidation. Dieldrin brought about an increase in the phosphatidylcholine content of rat liver."}
{"id": "PMID:880696", "title": "Heavy metal complexation in polluted molluscs II. Oysters (Ostrea edulis and Crassostrea gigas).", "content": "Cadmium, zinc and copper, accumulated from polluted habitats by the oysters Ostrea edulis and Crassostrea gagas, were studied. Three distinct low molecular weight (less than 3000 daltons) zinc complexes were separated from highly contaminated C. gigas, one of which may be a complex with the amino acid taurine. Only one of these zinc complexes was present in less contaminated specimens of O. edulis. On gel permeation chromatography of oyster extracts, copper was eluted together with amino acids (principally taurine) and the betaine homarine. No evidence of metallothionein type proteins was found.", "contents": "Heavy metal complexation in polluted molluscs II. Oysters (Ostrea edulis and Crassostrea gigas). Cadmium, zinc and copper, accumulated from polluted habitats by the oysters Ostrea edulis and Crassostrea gagas, were studied. Three distinct low molecular weight (less than 3000 daltons) zinc complexes were separated from highly contaminated C. gigas, one of which may be a complex with the amino acid taurine. Only one of these zinc complexes was present in less contaminated specimens of O. edulis. On gel permeation chromatography of oyster extracts, copper was eluted together with amino acids (principally taurine) and the betaine homarine. No evidence of metallothionein type proteins was found."}
{"id": "PMID:880698", "title": "Tumor induction in intact and regenerating liver of adult rats by a single treatment with methylazoxymethanol acetate.", "content": "Methylazoxymethanol (MAM) acetate was given once i.p. to intact adult rats and to rats at 24 h after partial hepatectomy. In each group, tumors developed as early as 10 months. The incidence of neoplastic nodules and of hepatocellular carcinomas in the carcinogen-treated intact adult rats was approximately 70% and, in the rats treated after partial hepatectomy, it was approximately 80%. The data suggest that both dividing and resting liver cells are sensitive to the tumor-initiating effects of methylazoxymethanol acetate.", "contents": "Tumor induction in intact and regenerating liver of adult rats by a single treatment with methylazoxymethanol acetate. Methylazoxymethanol (MAM) acetate was given once i.p. to intact adult rats and to rats at 24 h after partial hepatectomy. In each group, tumors developed as early as 10 months. The incidence of neoplastic nodules and of hepatocellular carcinomas in the carcinogen-treated intact adult rats was approximately 70% and, in the rats treated after partial hepatectomy, it was approximately 80%. The data suggest that both dividing and resting liver cells are sensitive to the tumor-initiating effects of methylazoxymethanol acetate."}
{"id": "PMID:880699", "title": "Selenium inhibition of avian fatty acid synthetase complex.", "content": "Injection of 0.48 or 0.72 mg of selenium/100 g body weight (as Na2SeO3) into 3-week-old chicks depressed hepatic activity of fatty acid synthetase compared with saline-injected controls. In in vitro experiments with fatty acid synthetase purified to homogeneity, Na2SeO3 was a competitive inhibitor (Ki = ca. 70 micronM). Dithiothreitol (DTT) at low concentrations increased the inhibition of the enzyme by Na2SeO3. At higher DTT concentrations the potentiating effect of DTT on selenium inhibition of the enzyme disappeared. At still higher DTT concentrations, selenium inhibition of fatty acid synthetase was partically relieved. If DTT and Na2SeO3 (2 : 1 molar ratio, respectively) in inhibitory concentrations, were reacted together prior to addition to enzyme and substrate, no inhibition was observed. Potentiation of selenium inhibition of fatty acid synthetase was observed with 2-mercaptoethanol but not with ascorbate. Several organic seleno-compounds were not inhibitory. The data suggest that selenium inhibits fatty acid synthetase by reversible bonding to the sulfhydryl (SH) groups (possibly at the active sites for acetyl-CoA and/or malonyl-CoA binding) of the enzyme. Selenotrisulfide formation involving selenium and the SH groups from the enzyme and thiol compounds is advanced as a possible explanation for the interaction among Se, DTT and enzyme observed in these experiments.", "contents": "Selenium inhibition of avian fatty acid synthetase complex. Injection of 0.48 or 0.72 mg of selenium/100 g body weight (as Na2SeO3) into 3-week-old chicks depressed hepatic activity of fatty acid synthetase compared with saline-injected controls. In in vitro experiments with fatty acid synthetase purified to homogeneity, Na2SeO3 was a competitive inhibitor (Ki = ca. 70 micronM). Dithiothreitol (DTT) at low concentrations increased the inhibition of the enzyme by Na2SeO3. At higher DTT concentrations the potentiating effect of DTT on selenium inhibition of the enzyme disappeared. At still higher DTT concentrations, selenium inhibition of fatty acid synthetase was partically relieved. If DTT and Na2SeO3 (2 : 1 molar ratio, respectively) in inhibitory concentrations, were reacted together prior to addition to enzyme and substrate, no inhibition was observed. Potentiation of selenium inhibition of fatty acid synthetase was observed with 2-mercaptoethanol but not with ascorbate. Several organic seleno-compounds were not inhibitory. The data suggest that selenium inhibits fatty acid synthetase by reversible bonding to the sulfhydryl (SH) groups (possibly at the active sites for acetyl-CoA and/or malonyl-CoA binding) of the enzyme. Selenotrisulfide formation involving selenium and the SH groups from the enzyme and thiol compounds is advanced as a possible explanation for the interaction among Se, DTT and enzyme observed in these experiments."}
{"id": "PMID:880727", "title": "Sterol synthesis. Syntheses of 15-oxygenated 5alpha, 14beta-cholest-7-en-3beta-ol derivatives.", "content": "Treatment of 3beta-benzoyloxy-14alpha, 15alpha-epoxy-5alpha-cholest-7-ene with boron trifluoride-etherate gave, in 43% yield, 3alpha-benzoyloxy-5alpha, 14beta-cholest-7-en-15-one with the unnatural C-D ring juncture. Reduction of the latter compound with lithium aluminum hydride gave 15alpha, 14beta-cholest-7-en-3beta, 15alpha-diol and 5alpha, 14beta-cholest-7-en-3beta, 15beta-diol in 9% and 81% yields, respectively.", "contents": "Sterol synthesis. Syntheses of 15-oxygenated 5alpha, 14beta-cholest-7-en-3beta-ol derivatives. Treatment of 3beta-benzoyloxy-14alpha, 15alpha-epoxy-5alpha-cholest-7-ene with boron trifluoride-etherate gave, in 43% yield, 3alpha-benzoyloxy-5alpha, 14beta-cholest-7-en-15-one with the unnatural C-D ring juncture. Reduction of the latter compound with lithium aluminum hydride gave 15alpha, 14beta-cholest-7-en-3beta, 15alpha-diol and 5alpha, 14beta-cholest-7-en-3beta, 15beta-diol in 9% and 81% yields, respectively."}
{"id": "PMID:880728", "title": "Quantum-chemical and empirical calculations on phospholipids, III. Hydration of the dimethylphosphate anion.", "content": "The binding of water to the dimethylphosphate anion (DMP-) was calculated using the PCILO method. We found binding energies of 25.95 kcal-mol-1 in the O1-P-O3 plane bridgeing the anionic oxygen atoms and 19.3 kacl-mol-1 for the one-site association of a water molecule to an anionic oxygen atom of DMP-. In this range on water molecule added to DMP- in the O1...O3 bridged configuration has a significantly higher binding energy to DMP- than water molecules added to other binding sites. The total binding energy of 5 water molecules to DMP- is 92 kcal-mol-1, a quantity which is about 10% less than the sum of the binding energies of the corresponding monohydrates.", "contents": "Quantum-chemical and empirical calculations on phospholipids, III. Hydration of the dimethylphosphate anion. The binding of water to the dimethylphosphate anion (DMP-) was calculated using the PCILO method. We found binding energies of 25.95 kcal-mol-1 in the O1-P-O3 plane bridgeing the anionic oxygen atoms and 19.3 kacl-mol-1 for the one-site association of a water molecule to an anionic oxygen atom of DMP-. In this range on water molecule added to DMP- in the O1...O3 bridged configuration has a significantly higher binding energy to DMP- than water molecules added to other binding sites. The total binding energy of 5 water molecules to DMP- is 92 kcal-mol-1, a quantity which is about 10% less than the sum of the binding energies of the corresponding monohydrates."}
{"id": "PMID:880729", "title": "Configurations of fatty acyl chains in egg phosphatidylcholine-cholesterol mixed bilayers.", "content": "Based on the structural properties of cholesterol and egg phosphatidylcholine, and on the assumption that the van der Waals' type attactive interaction between the steroid nucleus and the fatty acyl chains provides a stabilizing force for the cholesterol-egg phosphatidylcholine complex, some specific orientation and configurations of the fatty acyl chains around the steroid nucleus in the interacting system are proposed in terms of an optimal packing. The proposed model suggests thathe saturated chains are largely facing the flattened (alpha) surface of the steroid nucleus of cholesterol, while the unsaturated chains can interact with both the alpha and beta surfaces of the steroid nucleus. It is also suggested that the angular methyl groups on the beta surface of the steroid nucleus lock the unsaturated fatty acyl chain in a relatively immobile configuration. Experimental evidence which provides support for the proposed stereochemical model is presented.", "contents": "Configurations of fatty acyl chains in egg phosphatidylcholine-cholesterol mixed bilayers. Based on the structural properties of cholesterol and egg phosphatidylcholine, and on the assumption that the van der Waals' type attactive interaction between the steroid nucleus and the fatty acyl chains provides a stabilizing force for the cholesterol-egg phosphatidylcholine complex, some specific orientation and configurations of the fatty acyl chains around the steroid nucleus in the interacting system are proposed in terms of an optimal packing. The proposed model suggests thathe saturated chains are largely facing the flattened (alpha) surface of the steroid nucleus of cholesterol, while the unsaturated chains can interact with both the alpha and beta surfaces of the steroid nucleus. It is also suggested that the angular methyl groups on the beta surface of the steroid nucleus lock the unsaturated fatty acyl chain in a relatively immobile configuration. Experimental evidence which provides support for the proposed stereochemical model is presented."}
{"id": "PMID:880730", "title": "Laser Raman studies of molecular interactions with phosphatidylcholine multilayers. I. Effect of iodine-iodide system.", "content": "The interactions of iodine, iodide and triiodide with phosphatidylcholine multilayers have been investigated in order to find supporting data for conduction mechanisms of iodine-doped bimolecular lipid membranes. On the basis of order-disorder parameters it can be concluded that phospholipid multilayers interact with iodine rather than with its ionic forms. No evidence for the existence of triiodide chains in iodine-doped multilayers has been found. Consequently, the resistance-lowering effect of iodine must be based upon direct iodine-lipid interaction and iodine penetration rather than upon ion transport processes.", "contents": "Laser Raman studies of molecular interactions with phosphatidylcholine multilayers. I. Effect of iodine-iodide system. The interactions of iodine, iodide and triiodide with phosphatidylcholine multilayers have been investigated in order to find supporting data for conduction mechanisms of iodine-doped bimolecular lipid membranes. On the basis of order-disorder parameters it can be concluded that phospholipid multilayers interact with iodine rather than with its ionic forms. No evidence for the existence of triiodide chains in iodine-doped multilayers has been found. Consequently, the resistance-lowering effect of iodine must be based upon direct iodine-lipid interaction and iodine penetration rather than upon ion transport processes."}
{"id": "PMID:880731", "title": "Substituent effects on the PMR signals of methyl groups in methyl steroids.", "content": "Proton magnetic resonance (PMR) signals were assigned to each of the methyl groups for a variety of C-3 oxygenated 4-monomethyl, 6-monomethyl, 4, 4-dimethyl, and 2, 2-dimethyl steroids related to 5alpha-cholestane series. The effects of various substituents (i.e. methyls at C-4, C-6, or C-2, functional groups at C-3, and unsaturated bonds) on the methyl proton resonances have been derived from the assignment. The application of such data to structural and stereochemical problems has also been discussed.", "contents": "Substituent effects on the PMR signals of methyl groups in methyl steroids. Proton magnetic resonance (PMR) signals were assigned to each of the methyl groups for a variety of C-3 oxygenated 4-monomethyl, 6-monomethyl, 4, 4-dimethyl, and 2, 2-dimethyl steroids related to 5alpha-cholestane series. The effects of various substituents (i.e. methyls at C-4, C-6, or C-2, functional groups at C-3, and unsaturated bonds) on the methyl proton resonances have been derived from the assignment. The application of such data to structural and stereochemical problems has also been discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:880732", "title": "Isosteres of natural phosphates. 5. The preparation of phosphotidycholine, phosphotidylethanolamine and phosphotidylglycerol.", "content": "Isosteric phosphonate analogues of phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylglycerol have been prepared in which the normal oxygen atom of the phosphate ester linkage in the glycerol backbone of the molecule has been replaced by a methylene group. These have been prepared by the coupling of the previously reported phosphotidic acid (isosteric analogue of phosphatidic acid) with the appropriate protected hydroxyl compound mediated by trichloroacetonitrile. In all cases, racemic materials have been isolated: for the analogue of phosphatidylglycerol, a mixture of two enantiomeric pairs is isolated.", "contents": "Isosteres of natural phosphates. 5. The preparation of phosphotidycholine, phosphotidylethanolamine and phosphotidylglycerol. Isosteric phosphonate analogues of phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylglycerol have been prepared in which the normal oxygen atom of the phosphate ester linkage in the glycerol backbone of the molecule has been replaced by a methylene group. These have been prepared by the coupling of the previously reported phosphotidic acid (isosteric analogue of phosphatidic acid) with the appropriate protected hydroxyl compound mediated by trichloroacetonitrile. In all cases, racemic materials have been isolated: for the analogue of phosphatidylglycerol, a mixture of two enantiomeric pairs is isolated."}
{"id": "PMID:880733", "title": "Thyroxine and triiodothyronine levels in hyperthyroid patients during treatment with propranolol.", "content": "Serum triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) levels were measured in twelve hyperthyroid patients before and after treatment with propranolol, 40 mg four times daily, for 2 weeks. There was a significant fall in serum T3 and a significant rise in serum T4 concentrations in the group as a whole and it was concluded that the clinical effectiveness of propranolol in hyperthyroidism may be mediated in part by its action on the peripheral metabolism of thyroid hormones. Propranolol treatment should be withdrawn gradually as removal of the suppressive action of the drug on thyroid hormone metabolism is potentially hazardous, particularly in patients with ischaemic heart disease.", "contents": "Thyroxine and triiodothyronine levels in hyperthyroid patients during treatment with propranolol. Serum triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) levels were measured in twelve hyperthyroid patients before and after treatment with propranolol, 40 mg four times daily, for 2 weeks. There was a significant fall in serum T3 and a significant rise in serum T4 concentrations in the group as a whole and it was concluded that the clinical effectiveness of propranolol in hyperthyroidism may be mediated in part by its action on the peripheral metabolism of thyroid hormones. Propranolol treatment should be withdrawn gradually as removal of the suppressive action of the drug on thyroid hormone metabolism is potentially hazardous, particularly in patients with ischaemic heart disease."}
{"id": "PMID:880734", "title": "Effect of aminoglutethimide on urinary cortisol and cortisol metabolites in adolescents with Cushing's syndrome.", "content": "The effect of aminoglutethimide (AG) 4 X 250 mg (670 mg/m2 daily by mouth) on the excretion of the free cortisol (radio-immunoassay) and of its metabolites THE, THF-allo THF, cortolone and beta-cortolone (gas chromatography on capillary column) was studied monthly during 3-5 months in four adolescents (one girl, three boys) aged  15.9-18 years with Cushing's syndrome due to bilateral adrenal hyperplasia, but without evidence of a pituitary tumour. Under AG, all compounds decreased to a minimum after 1-2 months. The decrease of THE- THF-allo THF was most marked, followed by cortolone-beta-cortolone and free cortisol. The sum of the conjugated metabolites was normalized, but free cortisol remained high. A rebound was noted after 3-5 months of continued treatment. This was associated with clinical relapse (weight gain, increasing blood pressure). With AG, a non-steroidal peak appeared on the chromatograms. It is concluded that: (1) AG is only temporarily effective in diminishing the excretion of cortisol and its metabolites; (2) paradoxical increments of 17-ketosteroids as reported from colorimetric analysis are non-specific and are probably due to the non-steroidal peak; and (3) AG appears to modify steroid catabolizing liver enzymes (inhibition of 5beta-reductase and/or 3alpha-dehydrogenase, possibly stimulation of 20alpha- and 20beta-dehydrogenases). This could increase the biological half-life of cortisol and contribute to the clinical rebound, which is due to increased ACTH-secretion. Because of its excellent short-term effects, AG appears to be useful to prepare patients for bilateral adrenalectomy.", "contents": "Effect of aminoglutethimide on urinary cortisol and cortisol metabolites in adolescents with Cushing's syndrome. The effect of aminoglutethimide (AG) 4 X 250 mg (670 mg/m2 daily by mouth) on the excretion of the free cortisol (radio-immunoassay) and of its metabolites THE, THF-allo THF, cortolone and beta-cortolone (gas chromatography on capillary column) was studied monthly during 3-5 months in four adolescents (one girl, three boys) aged  15.9-18 years with Cushing's syndrome due to bilateral adrenal hyperplasia, but without evidence of a pituitary tumour. Under AG, all compounds decreased to a minimum after 1-2 months. The decrease of THE- THF-allo THF was most marked, followed by cortolone-beta-cortolone and free cortisol. The sum of the conjugated metabolites was normalized, but free cortisol remained high. A rebound was noted after 3-5 months of continued treatment. This was associated with clinical relapse (weight gain, increasing blood pressure). With AG, a non-steroidal peak appeared on the chromatograms. It is concluded that: (1) AG is only temporarily effective in diminishing the excretion of cortisol and its metabolites; (2) paradoxical increments of 17-ketosteroids as reported from colorimetric analysis are non-specific and are probably due to the non-steroidal peak; and (3) AG appears to modify steroid catabolizing liver enzymes (inhibition of 5beta-reductase and/or 3alpha-dehydrogenase, possibly stimulation of 20alpha- and 20beta-dehydrogenases). This could increase the biological half-life of cortisol and contribute to the clinical rebound, which is due to increased ACTH-secretion. Because of its excellent short-term effects, AG appears to be useful to prepare patients for bilateral adrenalectomy."}
{"id": "PMID:880735", "title": "Effects of orally administered oestradiol decanoate on plasma oestradiol, oestrone and gonadotrophin levels, vaginal cytology, cervical mucus and endometrium in ovariectomized women.", "content": "Six ovariectomized women with the uterus left in situ were given a daily oral dose of 0.5 mg of oestradiol decaneoate in oil for 14 days. After a single dose of oestradiol decanoate mean plasma oestradiol rose from 26.8 pg/ml to 66.8 pg/ml within 30 min. There was a further rise to 100-110 pg/ml (P less than 0.001) remaining at the same level over a 24 h period. On repeated daily administration of oestradiol decanoate this rise continued reaching the mean value of 187.1 pg/ml (P less than 0.001) at 2 weeks, while plasma oestrone remained at the same level (147.1 pg/ml) as it was at 24 h. The ratio of plasma oestrone:oestradiol was less than 1 at 2 weeks. Plasma FSH and LH fell progressively during the medication. Changes of the Maturation Index, cervical mucus Ferning and Spinnbarkeit demonstrated the strong 'peripheral' activity of this dose of oestradiol decanoate. All endometrial specimens showed late proliferative changes at 2 weeks. It was concluded that the favourable properties of oestradiol decanoate offer new possibilities for a more physiological oestrogen supplementation therapy.", "contents": "Effects of orally administered oestradiol decanoate on plasma oestradiol, oestrone and gonadotrophin levels, vaginal cytology, cervical mucus and endometrium in ovariectomized women. Six ovariectomized women with the uterus left in situ were given a daily oral dose of 0.5 mg of oestradiol decaneoate in oil for 14 days. After a single dose of oestradiol decanoate mean plasma oestradiol rose from 26.8 pg/ml to 66.8 pg/ml within 30 min. There was a further rise to 100-110 pg/ml (P less than 0.001) remaining at the same level over a 24 h period. On repeated daily administration of oestradiol decanoate this rise continued reaching the mean value of 187.1 pg/ml (P less than 0.001) at 2 weeks, while plasma oestrone remained at the same level (147.1 pg/ml) as it was at 24 h. The ratio of plasma oestrone:oestradiol was less than 1 at 2 weeks. Plasma FSH and LH fell progressively during the medication. Changes of the Maturation Index, cervical mucus Ferning and Spinnbarkeit demonstrated the strong 'peripheral' activity of this dose of oestradiol decanoate. All endometrial specimens showed late proliferative changes at 2 weeks. It was concluded that the favourable properties of oestradiol decanoate offer new possibilities for a more physiological oestrogen supplementation therapy."}
{"id": "PMID:880736", "title": "Influence of presyncope and postural change upon plasma arginine vasopressing concentration in hydrated and dehydrated man.", "content": "Plasma arginine vasopressin concentrations were measured in five healthy volunteers during postural change under conditions of dehydration and normal hydration. A rise in plasma arginine vasopressin was observed only after dehydration and standing for 40 min. Five further volunteers who developed presyncopal symptoms during orthostasis had exceedingly high plasma arginine vasopressin levels. Changes in plasma arginine vasopressin concentration occurred with no signficant alterations in plasma osmolality.", "contents": "Influence of presyncope and postural change upon plasma arginine vasopressing concentration in hydrated and dehydrated man. Plasma arginine vasopressin concentrations were measured in five healthy volunteers during postural change under conditions of dehydration and normal hydration. A rise in plasma arginine vasopressin was observed only after dehydration and standing for 40 min. Five further volunteers who developed presyncopal symptoms during orthostasis had exceedingly high plasma arginine vasopressin levels. Changes in plasma arginine vasopressin concentration occurred with no signficant alterations in plasma osmolality."}
{"id": "PMID:880737", "title": "Penetrance and expressivity of the gene responsible for the Gardner syndrome.", "content": "The Gardner syndrome is an autosomal dominant condition characterized by multiple polyposis of the colon, associated with various soft- and hard-tissue tumors. Our original kindred, first reported in the early 1950's has been updated and serves as the basis for a discussion of the penetrance and expressivity of the gene responsible for the syndrome. The family consists of 188 members spread over six generations, with 28 individuals clearly documented as having the syndrome. Using two different methods of calculating penetrance, the responsible gene was found to be fully penetrant. This observation was confirmed by an analysis of 160 additional sibships from the literature. This estimation of penetrance is considerably higher than has been previously reported. The expressivity of the gene, however, is quite variable, and this is illustrated using examples from both our kindred and the literature.", "contents": "Penetrance and expressivity of the gene responsible for the Gardner syndrome. The Gardner syndrome is an autosomal dominant condition characterized by multiple polyposis of the colon, associated with various soft- and hard-tissue tumors. Our original kindred, first reported in the early 1950's has been updated and serves as the basis for a discussion of the penetrance and expressivity of the gene responsible for the syndrome. The family consists of 188 members spread over six generations, with 28 individuals clearly documented as having the syndrome. Using two different methods of calculating penetrance, the responsible gene was found to be fully penetrant. This observation was confirmed by an analysis of 160 additional sibships from the literature. This estimation of penetrance is considerably higher than has been previously reported. The expressivity of the gene, however, is quite variable, and this is illustrated using examples from both our kindred and the literature."}
{"id": "PMID:880738", "title": "Probable dominant inheritance in Blount's disease.", "content": "A family is described with infantile Blount's disease (tibia vara) following an autosomal dominant mode of inheritance. The bow legs in infancy of family members seem to improve with age, although the literature appears to imply that this is a progressive condition. It is speculated that infantile Blount's disease may be inherited as an autosomal dominant condition with variable penetrance, and that genetic factors have been noted only infrequently, as parents may have improved with age or have been affected only mildly.", "contents": "Probable dominant inheritance in Blount's disease. A family is described with infantile Blount's disease (tibia vara) following an autosomal dominant mode of inheritance. The bow legs in infancy of family members seem to improve with age, although the literature appears to imply that this is a progressive condition. It is speculated that infantile Blount's disease may be inherited as an autosomal dominant condition with variable penetrance, and that genetic factors have been noted only infrequently, as parents may have improved with age or have been affected only mildly."}
{"id": "PMID:880739", "title": "Gonadal dysgenesis with 45,X/46,X,dic(Yp) mosaicism.", "content": "A female patient with a gonodal mucinous cystadenoma on the right side and a gonadoblastoma on the left was found to be a 45,X/46,X,dic (Yp) mosaic. This brings the total number of cases with dicentric Y chromosome reported to date to 23. Together with the available evidence, the information derived from this case supports the hypothesis that the gene on the long arm of the Y chromosome is responsible for the initiation of testicular differentiation, whereas that on the short arm is responsible for the maturation of the testes.", "contents": "Gonadal dysgenesis with 45,X/46,X,dic(Yp) mosaicism. A female patient with a gonodal mucinous cystadenoma on the right side and a gonadoblastoma on the left was found to be a 45,X/46,X,dic (Yp) mosaic. This brings the total number of cases with dicentric Y chromosome reported to date to 23. Together with the available evidence, the information derived from this case supports the hypothesis that the gene on the long arm of the Y chromosome is responsible for the initiation of testicular differentiation, whereas that on the short arm is responsible for the maturation of the testes."}
{"id": "PMID:880740", "title": "Somatic segregation and Fanconi anemia.", "content": "A case of Fanconi anemia with terminal acute leukemia is reported. Clones with chromosome abnormalities were observed in bone marrow cells. The patterns of marker chromosome distribution in these clones suggests the occurrence of a somatic segregation mechanism.", "contents": "Somatic segregation and Fanconi anemia. A case of Fanconi anemia with terminal acute leukemia is reported. Clones with chromosome abnormalities were observed in bone marrow cells. The patterns of marker chromosome distribution in these clones suggests the occurrence of a somatic segregation mechanism."}
{"id": "PMID:880741", "title": "Aglossia-adactylia syndrome (special emphasis on the inheritance pattern).", "content": "Three cases, one with aglossia-adactylia and two with aglossia, are presented, all of whom were born to consanguineous families. Although none of the cases had similarly affected sibs, the possibility of the autosomal recessive mode of inheritance might be taken into account in this syndrome. The dermatoglyphic findings in one previously reported patient showed great similarity to those of one of our cases.", "contents": "Aglossia-adactylia syndrome (special emphasis on the inheritance pattern). Three cases, one with aglossia-adactylia and two with aglossia, are presented, all of whom were born to consanguineous families. Although none of the cases had similarly affected sibs, the possibility of the autosomal recessive mode of inheritance might be taken into account in this syndrome. The dermatoglyphic findings in one previously reported patient showed great similarity to those of one of our cases."}
{"id": "PMID:880742", "title": "Facio-cardio-renal syndrome: a newly delineated recessive disorder.", "content": "A previously undescribed genetic syndrome with multiple congenital malformations is described. The major components include: 1) horseshoe kidneys; 2) severe mental retardation; 3) characteristic facies; and 4) heart defects. Evidence for considering it to be an autosomal recessive syndrome is also discussed.", "contents": "Facio-cardio-renal syndrome: a newly delineated recessive disorder. A previously undescribed genetic syndrome with multiple congenital malformations is described. The major components include: 1) horseshoe kidneys; 2) severe mental retardation; 3) characteristic facies; and 4) heart defects. Evidence for considering it to be an autosomal recessive syndrome is also discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:880750", "title": "Hypoplasia of the fibula.", "content": "Fibular hypoplasia occurs in differing degrees of severity with fibular hemimelia as its most severe form. Normally the distal epiphyseal plate of the fibula is at the same level as the distal end of the distal tibial epiphysis, whereas the tip of the proximal fibular epiphysis is level with the proximal tibial epiphyseal plate. Varying degrees of shortening of the fibula in relation to the tibia were found in 14 children, 6 of them boys. Shortening at the distal end of the tibia leads to instability of the ankle. Shortening at the proximal end of the fibula leads to hypoplasia of the lateral tibial plateau and valgus deformity of the knee. Syme type ankle disarticulation became necessary in five cases of fibular hemimelia because of leg length discrepancies or ankle instability.", "contents": "Hypoplasia of the fibula. Fibular hypoplasia occurs in differing degrees of severity with fibular hemimelia as its most severe form. Normally the distal epiphyseal plate of the fibula is at the same level as the distal end of the distal tibial epiphysis, whereas the tip of the proximal fibular epiphysis is level with the proximal tibial epiphyseal plate. Varying degrees of shortening of the fibula in relation to the tibia were found in 14 children, 6 of them boys. Shortening at the distal end of the tibia leads to instability of the ankle. Shortening at the proximal end of the fibula leads to hypoplasia of the lateral tibial plateau and valgus deformity of the knee. Syme type ankle disarticulation became necessary in five cases of fibular hemimelia because of leg length discrepancies or ankle instability."}
{"id": "PMID:880751", "title": "Deformity of the foot following anterior transfer of the posterior tibial tendon and lengthening of the Achilles tendon for spastic equinovarus.", "content": "Twenty-four children with spastic equinovarus deformity due to cerebral palsy were treated by anterior transfer of the posterior tibial tendon and Achilles tendon lengthening. In five patients, the operation was performed on both sides, making a total of 29 feet available for evaluation after an average follow-up of five years. Only 38 per cent of the results were graded \"good\" or \"satisfactory.\" Sixty-two per cent were rated as \"poor\" because of valgus, calcaneus or equinus deformity severe enough to require re-operation. The post-operative deformity was generally evident one or more years after surgery, often progressive, and more disabling as well as more difficult to correct than the original condition. Although the percentage of acceptable results was considerably higher for hemiplegic patients than for others in the study, we conclude that in this group and in all other categories of spastic patients anterior transfer of the posterior tibial tendon should not be performed.", "contents": "Deformity of the foot following anterior transfer of the posterior tibial tendon and lengthening of the Achilles tendon for spastic equinovarus. Twenty-four children with spastic equinovarus deformity due to cerebral palsy were treated by anterior transfer of the posterior tibial tendon and Achilles tendon lengthening. In five patients, the operation was performed on both sides, making a total of 29 feet available for evaluation after an average follow-up of five years. Only 38 per cent of the results were graded \"good\" or \"satisfactory.\" Sixty-two per cent were rated as \"poor\" because of valgus, calcaneus or equinus deformity severe enough to require re-operation. The post-operative deformity was generally evident one or more years after surgery, often progressive, and more disabling as well as more difficult to correct than the original condition. Although the percentage of acceptable results was considerably higher for hemiplegic patients than for others in the study, we conclude that in this group and in all other categories of spastic patients anterior transfer of the posterior tibial tendon should not be performed."}
{"id": "PMID:880752", "title": "Congenital clubfoot: pathomechanics, Radiographic analysis, and results of surgical treatment.", "content": "Twenty-one patients with resistant or relapsed clubfeet, ranged in age from four months to 7 years, and all had initially been treated with plaster by board certified orthopaedic surgeons. Surgery was recommended only after an Achilles tenotomy failed to bring the foot into dorsiflexion after approximately four months of age. Surgical correction was based upon the derotation and dorsiflexion of the talus in the ankle mortise. The criteria for a satisfactory result were: no recurrence of the equinus or varus; neutral position of the heel; dorsiflexion of the ankle to at least neutral; a fairly straight forefoot so that the center line of the foot bisected either the second or third toes or passed no further laterally than the third and fourth toes. Of the 33 feet surgically treated, 28 had satisfactory results following the first procedure, and five required additional procedures.", "contents": "Congenital clubfoot: pathomechanics, Radiographic analysis, and results of surgical treatment. Twenty-one patients with resistant or relapsed clubfeet, ranged in age from four months to 7 years, and all had initially been treated with plaster by board certified orthopaedic surgeons. Surgery was recommended only after an Achilles tenotomy failed to bring the foot into dorsiflexion after approximately four months of age. Surgical correction was based upon the derotation and dorsiflexion of the talus in the ankle mortise. The criteria for a satisfactory result were: no recurrence of the equinus or varus; neutral position of the heel; dorsiflexion of the ankle to at least neutral; a fairly straight forefoot so that the center line of the foot bisected either the second or third toes or passed no further laterally than the third and fourth toes. Of the 33 feet surgically treated, 28 had satisfactory results following the first procedure, and five required additional procedures."}
{"id": "PMID:880753", "title": "Musculoskeletal abnormalities and ichthyosis.", "content": "Musculoskeletal abnormalities and the associated findings of ichthyosis were seen in three patients between 1972 and 1975. Review of the literature revealed that musculoskeletal abnormalities had previously been recognized in patients with ichthyosis, but not emphasized because of the more frequent and profound neurological abnormalities. Interestingly, our patients had no neurological abnormalities. Ichthyotics should have thorough musculoskeletal as well as neurological and dermatological examinations.", "contents": "Musculoskeletal abnormalities and ichthyosis. Musculoskeletal abnormalities and the associated findings of ichthyosis were seen in three patients between 1972 and 1975. Review of the literature revealed that musculoskeletal abnormalities had previously been recognized in patients with ichthyosis, but not emphasized because of the more frequent and profound neurological abnormalities. Interestingly, our patients had no neurological abnormalities. Ichthyotics should have thorough musculoskeletal as well as neurological and dermatological examinations."}
{"id": "PMID:880754", "title": "Multiple joint infections with Enterobacter cloacae.", "content": "An infant with multiple joint infections from Enterobacter cloacae seems not to have been reported previously. The infant survived, incurred a pathologic dislocation of the left hip, but at 18 months of age was well with all other joints functioning normally.", "contents": "Multiple joint infections with Enterobacter cloacae. An infant with multiple joint infections from Enterobacter cloacae seems not to have been reported previously. The infant survived, incurred a pathologic dislocation of the left hip, but at 18 months of age was well with all other joints functioning normally."}
{"id": "PMID:880755", "title": "Fractures in children treated with methotrexate for leukemia.", "content": "Multiple fractures occurred in 7 children treated with methotrexate for leukemia. Non-union or delayed union in spite of adequate immobilization also occurred in children on methotrexate. When the methotrexate was discontinued the fractures usually healed. Methotrexate appears to be a drug which inhibits osteogenesis, and may be promising in heterotopic ossification and related orthopedic conditions.", "contents": "Fractures in children treated with methotrexate for leukemia. Multiple fractures occurred in 7 children treated with methotrexate for leukemia. Non-union or delayed union in spite of adequate immobilization also occurred in children on methotrexate. When the methotrexate was discontinued the fractures usually healed. Methotrexate appears to be a drug which inhibits osteogenesis, and may be promising in heterotopic ossification and related orthopedic conditions."}
{"id": "PMID:880757", "title": "Treatment of severe rigid contractures of cerebral palsied upper limbs.", "content": "Flexion contractures caused by cerebral palsy in adult patients can become so rigid and so severe that skin breakdown and infection on the flexor surfaces of the palm and elbow can result. In 11 such patients we have utilized tendon resections, ray amputations, elbow resection arthroplasties and other techniques to correct deformities. Because improvement of hygiene and not functional rehabilitation was the goal in these patients, these aggressive measures could be utilized more freely than usual without fear of jeopardizing the patient's ability to use the hand post-operatively. Treatment of combined intrinsic and extrinsic contracture usually required resection of the sublimi and metacarpal head resection. Thumb-in-palm deformities were difficult to correct and required osteotomies of the first metacarpal or greater multangular resection. Elbow resection was useful in correcting flexion deformities of that joint but deformity recurred unless the biceps tendon was released as part of the procedure.", "contents": "Treatment of severe rigid contractures of cerebral palsied upper limbs. Flexion contractures caused by cerebral palsy in adult patients can become so rigid and so severe that skin breakdown and infection on the flexor surfaces of the palm and elbow can result. In 11 such patients we have utilized tendon resections, ray amputations, elbow resection arthroplasties and other techniques to correct deformities. Because improvement of hygiene and not functional rehabilitation was the goal in these patients, these aggressive measures could be utilized more freely than usual without fear of jeopardizing the patient's ability to use the hand post-operatively. Treatment of combined intrinsic and extrinsic contracture usually required resection of the sublimi and metacarpal head resection. Thumb-in-palm deformities were difficult to correct and required osteotomies of the first metacarpal or greater multangular resection. Elbow resection was useful in correcting flexion deformities of that joint but deformity recurred unless the biceps tendon was released as part of the procedure."}
{"id": "PMID:880758", "title": "Recurrent dislocation of the head of the radius.", "content": "Traumatic dislocation of the radius at the elbow may be more common than previously appreciated. It may not be diagnosed, or may belatedly be diagnosed as a congenital dislocation of the radial head. Recurrent dislocation does not seem to have been previously reported in the literature.", "contents": "Recurrent dislocation of the head of the radius. Traumatic dislocation of the radius at the elbow may be more common than previously appreciated. It may not be diagnosed, or may belatedly be diagnosed as a congenital dislocation of the radial head. Recurrent dislocation does not seem to have been previously reported in the literature."}
{"id": "PMID:880759", "title": "A review of supernumerary thumb and its surgical management.", "content": "Type II polydactyly is relatively easy to treat by simple ablation. Central wedge resection is an alternative treatment, providing sufficient bone and soft tissue are excised. Duplication at the MP joint may be difficult to treat because of the frequently associated problems of joint deviation and limited motion, which may produce unacceptable results. MP joint deviation in the ulnar direction of less than 30 degrees does not require treatment. Treatment may be necessary for ulnar deviation greater than 50 degrees. Metacarpal osteotomy, arthrodesis, and central wedge resection are methods of treatment. Collateral ligament reconstruction and tendon transfer were unsuccessful in one patient. IP joint deviation of greater than 15 degrees may need treatment. If there is less than 10 degrees of motion associated with it, arthrodesis is indicated when the joint is skeletally mature. When opposition is impaired thenar muscle tendon transfer is an effective treatment.", "contents": "A review of supernumerary thumb and its surgical management. Type II polydactyly is relatively easy to treat by simple ablation. Central wedge resection is an alternative treatment, providing sufficient bone and soft tissue are excised. Duplication at the MP joint may be difficult to treat because of the frequently associated problems of joint deviation and limited motion, which may produce unacceptable results. MP joint deviation in the ulnar direction of less than 30 degrees does not require treatment. Treatment may be necessary for ulnar deviation greater than 50 degrees. Metacarpal osteotomy, arthrodesis, and central wedge resection are methods of treatment. Collateral ligament reconstruction and tendon transfer were unsuccessful in one patient. IP joint deviation of greater than 15 degrees may need treatment. If there is less than 10 degrees of motion associated with it, arthrodesis is indicated when the joint is skeletally mature. When opposition is impaired thenar muscle tendon transfer is an effective treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:880760", "title": "Varus derotational osteotomy of the femur in cerebral palsy.", "content": "Varus derotational osteotomy of the femur is designed to correct coxa valga and femoral anteversion which contribute to progressive hip subluxation and dislocation in certain cases of cerebral palsy. By the application of a careful preoperative evaluation, vigorous postoperative rehabilitation and treatment of complications, satisfactory results were obtained in 17 of 20 patients followed for one to 17 years after osteotomy. No hip subsequently dislocated and dysplastic acetabulae were predictably remodeled in those patients less than 8 years of age.", "contents": "Varus derotational osteotomy of the femur in cerebral palsy. Varus derotational osteotomy of the femur is designed to correct coxa valga and femoral anteversion which contribute to progressive hip subluxation and dislocation in certain cases of cerebral palsy. By the application of a careful preoperative evaluation, vigorous postoperative rehabilitation and treatment of complications, satisfactory results were obtained in 17 of 20 patients followed for one to 17 years after osteotomy. No hip subsequently dislocated and dysplastic acetabulae were predictably remodeled in those patients less than 8 years of age."}
{"id": "PMID:880761", "title": "The surgical correction of congenital elevation of the scapula. A review of seventy-seven cases.", "content": "Of 77 cases of surgically treated congenital high scapula, the procedure was scapular resection in 36, and scapula relocation in 41. Seventeen had a Woodward-type repair, 14 a Shrock procedure, four cases a Green repair and 6 cases had Petries modification of the Green repair. Follow-up was from two to 14 years with a mean of 11 years. Preoperatively, the mean of shoulder abduction was 90 degrees. Post-operatively, proximal resection increased shoulder abduction to 126 degrees but did not change scapular position. Scapular relocation increased abduction to a mean of 134 degrees and shoulder position was altered from a mean of 1.8 inches of elevation as compared to the normal side, to a mean of 0.5 inches of residual elevation. Significant loss of initial correction occurred in 14 out of 36 cases of proximal resection and 9 of 41 patients with scapular relocation.", "contents": "The surgical correction of congenital elevation of the scapula. A review of seventy-seven cases. Of 77 cases of surgically treated congenital high scapula, the procedure was scapular resection in 36, and scapula relocation in 41. Seventeen had a Woodward-type repair, 14 a Shrock procedure, four cases a Green repair and 6 cases had Petries modification of the Green repair. Follow-up was from two to 14 years with a mean of 11 years. Preoperatively, the mean of shoulder abduction was 90 degrees. Post-operatively, proximal resection increased shoulder abduction to 126 degrees but did not change scapular position. Scapular relocation increased abduction to a mean of 134 degrees and shoulder position was altered from a mean of 1.8 inches of elevation as compared to the normal side, to a mean of 0.5 inches of residual elevation. Significant loss of initial correction occurred in 14 out of 36 cases of proximal resection and 9 of 41 patients with scapular relocation."}
{"id": "PMID:880762", "title": "Postoperative dislocation in the Charnley and Brunswik total hip arthroplasty.", "content": "An analysis of 351 total hip arthroplasties according to the method and design of Charnley and 194 Brunswik snap-fit deepened socket design failed to show any significant difference in the incidence of dislocation. Neither were the angulation of the acetabular prosthesis in the anteroposterior projection, time after operation, experience of the surgeon and displacement of the greater trochanter significantly related to dislocation. The variables of significance were anatomical superior-inferior position of the acetabular prosthesis and possibly the number of previous operations on the hip joint.", "contents": "Postoperative dislocation in the Charnley and Brunswik total hip arthroplasty. An analysis of 351 total hip arthroplasties according to the method and design of Charnley and 194 Brunswik snap-fit deepened socket design failed to show any significant difference in the incidence of dislocation. Neither were the angulation of the acetabular prosthesis in the anteroposterior projection, time after operation, experience of the surgeon and displacement of the greater trochanter significantly related to dislocation. The variables of significance were anatomical superior-inferior position of the acetabular prosthesis and possibly the number of previous operations on the hip joint."}
{"id": "PMID:880763", "title": "Unicameral bone cyst in the scapula.", "content": "This is a case report of a 21 year old man with a unicameral bone cyst of the scapula. The occurrence here, as in other flat bones, is rare. The unusual location presents a diagnostic problem, but as in other flat bones, the prognosis after treatment by bone grafting is very good.", "contents": "Unicameral bone cyst in the scapula. This is a case report of a 21 year old man with a unicameral bone cyst of the scapula. The occurrence here, as in other flat bones, is rare. The unusual location presents a diagnostic problem, but as in other flat bones, the prognosis after treatment by bone grafting is very good."}
{"id": "PMID:880764", "title": "A new intramedullary fixation device for the distal third of the femur.", "content": "A new fixation device was designed for fractures of the distal third of the femur. An additional use has been for the stabilization of supracondylar osteotomies. The device consists of two- pre-shaped rods which are inserted through the medial and lateral femoral condyles into the medullary canal. The proximal end is ductile and the distal end rigid. Cross compression screws through the distal condylar ends anchor the rods and provide additional fixation for inter-condylar fractures. The preliminary experience in 17 patients demonstrates case of insertion and satisfactory internal fixation.", "contents": "A new intramedullary fixation device for the distal third of the femur. A new fixation device was designed for fractures of the distal third of the femur. An additional use has been for the stabilization of supracondylar osteotomies. The device consists of two- pre-shaped rods which are inserted through the medial and lateral femoral condyles into the medullary canal. The proximal end is ductile and the distal end rigid. Cross compression screws through the distal condylar ends anchor the rods and provide additional fixation for inter-condylar fractures. The preliminary experience in 17 patients demonstrates case of insertion and satisfactory internal fixation."}
{"id": "PMID:880765", "title": "Total knee replacement in hemophilia.", "content": "Hemophilia produces severe destruction of the knee joint resulting frequently in intractable pain. Total knee replacement with synovectomy can be safely performed with the proper use of blood concentrates. Four Modular knee replacements were performed on three patients without complications, and at follow up of two years or more, the patients were pain free but one had an occasional recurrence of bleeding in the joint.", "contents": "Total knee replacement in hemophilia. Hemophilia produces severe destruction of the knee joint resulting frequently in intractable pain. Total knee replacement with synovectomy can be safely performed with the proper use of blood concentrates. Four Modular knee replacements were performed on three patients without complications, and at follow up of two years or more, the patients were pain free but one had an occasional recurrence of bleeding in the joint."}
{"id": "PMID:880766", "title": "Bone mineral content and fragility fractures.", "content": "In 249 patients with fractures characteristic of bone fragility, i.e. femoral neck fracture, vertebral crush fracture, fracture of the upper end of the humerus, Colles' fracture, fracture of the lateral condyle of the tibia and various ankle fractures, and forearm bone mineral content was measured by gamma absorptiometry. Vertebral crush fracture, fracture of the upper end of the femur and fracture of the distal end of the forearm are associated with a generally decreased bone mineral mass. In young women with femoral neck fracture the difference between fracture cases and control cases was greater than in older women. In Colles' fracture, the difference from normal controls was the greatest in the youngest and the oldest women. Bone mass in the forearms is low also in cases of fracture in the upper end of the humerus, of the ankle and of the lateral tibial condyle. In each of the above groups, however, there was so much over-lap between fracture cases and control cases that the measurement of mineral in the forearm cannot be recommended as a very good tool for determination of fracture susceptability in individual subjects.", "contents": "Bone mineral content and fragility fractures. In 249 patients with fractures characteristic of bone fragility, i.e. femoral neck fracture, vertebral crush fracture, fracture of the upper end of the humerus, Colles' fracture, fracture of the lateral condyle of the tibia and various ankle fractures, and forearm bone mineral content was measured by gamma absorptiometry. Vertebral crush fracture, fracture of the upper end of the femur and fracture of the distal end of the forearm are associated with a generally decreased bone mineral mass. In young women with femoral neck fracture the difference between fracture cases and control cases was greater than in older women. In Colles' fracture, the difference from normal controls was the greatest in the youngest and the oldest women. Bone mass in the forearms is low also in cases of fracture in the upper end of the humerus, of the ankle and of the lateral tibial condyle. In each of the above groups, however, there was so much over-lap between fracture cases and control cases that the measurement of mineral in the forearm cannot be recommended as a very good tool for determination of fracture susceptability in individual subjects."}
{"id": "PMID:880767", "title": "Fluoride in the prevention of osteopenia: studies of the skeletal mass in calcium deficient rats.", "content": "Growing rats, five weeks old and weighing 80 g at the beginning of the experiment, during 30 weeks were given a normal diet and distilled water with, in one group, a fluoride supplement of 50 ppm. During this period all animals gained weight similarly. The skeletal mass of the fluoride treated animals became slightly but siginficantly larger than that of the controls. After 30 weeks half of the animals were given a calcium deficient diet for another 16 weeks. Osteopenia developed regardless of a simultaneous fluoride supplement. However, animals given fluoride during the initial 30 weeks only, did not lose bone during the subsequent period of calcium deficiency. Conceivably, fluoride could be a long-term preventative measure but should not be considered a therapeutic agent alone.", "contents": "Fluoride in the prevention of osteopenia: studies of the skeletal mass in calcium deficient rats. Growing rats, five weeks old and weighing 80 g at the beginning of the experiment, during 30 weeks were given a normal diet and distilled water with, in one group, a fluoride supplement of 50 ppm. During this period all animals gained weight similarly. The skeletal mass of the fluoride treated animals became slightly but siginficantly larger than that of the controls. After 30 weeks half of the animals were given a calcium deficient diet for another 16 weeks. Osteopenia developed regardless of a simultaneous fluoride supplement. However, animals given fluoride during the initial 30 weeks only, did not lose bone during the subsequent period of calcium deficiency. Conceivably, fluoride could be a long-term preventative measure but should not be considered a therapeutic agent alone."}
{"id": "PMID:880768", "title": "The effect of chronic heparin administration on the mineralization of an experimental osseous defect.", "content": "Adult roosters with experimental circular osteotomy defects in the metatarsus were placed on chronic heparin therapy. In vivo measurement of bone mineral content changes of the osteotomy using Iodine-125 show no adverse affect of heparin treatment on remineralization. However, the weight of dry-defatted femurs was decreased and suggests that there was significant heparin-induced systemic bone demineralization.", "contents": "The effect of chronic heparin administration on the mineralization of an experimental osseous defect. Adult roosters with experimental circular osteotomy defects in the metatarsus were placed on chronic heparin therapy. In vivo measurement of bone mineral content changes of the osteotomy using Iodine-125 show no adverse affect of heparin treatment on remineralization. However, the weight of dry-defatted femurs was decreased and suggests that there was significant heparin-induced systemic bone demineralization."}
{"id": "PMID:880769", "title": "The effects of zinc deprivation on the host response to intramuscular bone matrix implants in the rat.", "content": "Sterile sequentially extracted insoluble bone matrix gelatin and freeze-dried allogeneic demineralized whole bone matrix was implanted into a lumbar muscle pouch of 12 Sprague-Dawley rats fed a diet containing 0.9 ppm zinc and into 6 rats fed a diet containing 50 ppm zinc. Histological sections and microradiography demonstrated that skeletal tissue induction occurred in all instances. In the zinc-supplemented hosts, four weeks postimplantation, trabecular bone and bone marrow grew on both sides of the matrix implant which had been almost completely resorbed by matrixclast activity. However, in the zinc-deficient hosts, the central cavity of the matrix was first filled with mesenchyme and then cartilage cells which grew in the form of thin wedges into the implanted matrix. Poor vascularization appears to be an important factor in cell proliferation and abnormal differentiation in zinc deficiency.", "contents": "The effects of zinc deprivation on the host response to intramuscular bone matrix implants in the rat. Sterile sequentially extracted insoluble bone matrix gelatin and freeze-dried allogeneic demineralized whole bone matrix was implanted into a lumbar muscle pouch of 12 Sprague-Dawley rats fed a diet containing 0.9 ppm zinc and into 6 rats fed a diet containing 50 ppm zinc. Histological sections and microradiography demonstrated that skeletal tissue induction occurred in all instances. In the zinc-supplemented hosts, four weeks postimplantation, trabecular bone and bone marrow grew on both sides of the matrix implant which had been almost completely resorbed by matrixclast activity. However, in the zinc-deficient hosts, the central cavity of the matrix was first filled with mesenchyme and then cartilage cells which grew in the form of thin wedges into the implanted matrix. Poor vascularization appears to be an important factor in cell proliferation and abnormal differentiation in zinc deficiency."}
{"id": "PMID:880770", "title": "Experimental arthritis in rabbit knees: a study of relief of pressure on one tibial plateau in immature and mature rabbits.", "content": "The Hall model of experimental arthritis of the knee (excision of the lateral femoral condyle) offers a unique way of investigating the earliest changes of degenerative arthritis. Predictable degeneration of the lateral tibial plateau occurs when there is lack of contact with an opposing surface. Previous work by Hall and Thompson has not concentrated upon the early changes in proven mature animals of optimum age for a study of simulated osteoarthritis. In this work using mature rabbits, two important findings are documented. The earliest observed change in the joint, beginning at 7 days is loss of matrix protein-polysaccharides from the lateral plateau, with no evidence of change in the subchondral bone until much later; in this respect mature differ from immature animals. Furthermore, there is strong evidence for late (three to 6 months) protein-polysaccharide synthesis in the previously degeneraing articular cartilage in which the residual cells reconstitute an effective matrix.", "contents": "Experimental arthritis in rabbit knees: a study of relief of pressure on one tibial plateau in immature and mature rabbits. The Hall model of experimental arthritis of the knee (excision of the lateral femoral condyle) offers a unique way of investigating the earliest changes of degenerative arthritis. Predictable degeneration of the lateral tibial plateau occurs when there is lack of contact with an opposing surface. Previous work by Hall and Thompson has not concentrated upon the early changes in proven mature animals of optimum age for a study of simulated osteoarthritis. In this work using mature rabbits, two important findings are documented. The earliest observed change in the joint, beginning at 7 days is loss of matrix protein-polysaccharides from the lateral plateau, with no evidence of change in the subchondral bone until much later; in this respect mature differ from immature animals. Furthermore, there is strong evidence for late (three to 6 months) protein-polysaccharide synthesis in the previously degeneraing articular cartilage in which the residual cells reconstitute an effective matrix."}
{"id": "PMID:880772", "title": "Hematogenous osteomyelitis of the clavicle in children.", "content": "Recognition of acute hematogenous osteomyelitis of the clavicle can be difficult. The condition may even to confused with fracture or malignancy. Treatment with parenteral antibiotics must be continuous for at least three weeks. If there is evidence of abscess formation, incision and drainage is indicated. If surgery is performed, a thorough debridement or partial resection may be required to prevent recurrence. If inadequately treated, the process becomes chronic. Resection of involved portion of the clavicle has been effective in the chornic stage of the disease. In the young child the resected segment often regenerates and the clavicle completely reconstitutes itself.", "contents": "Hematogenous osteomyelitis of the clavicle in children. Recognition of acute hematogenous osteomyelitis of the clavicle can be difficult. The condition may even to confused with fracture or malignancy. Treatment with parenteral antibiotics must be continuous for at least three weeks. If there is evidence of abscess formation, incision and drainage is indicated. If surgery is performed, a thorough debridement or partial resection may be required to prevent recurrence. If inadequately treated, the process becomes chronic. Resection of involved portion of the clavicle has been effective in the chornic stage of the disease. In the young child the resected segment often regenerates and the clavicle completely reconstitutes itself."}
{"id": "PMID:880774", "title": "Voluntary subluxation of the acromioclavicular joint. A case report.", "content": "This is a case report of a 19-year-old girl with bilateral voluntary subluxation of the acromioclavicular joint, a condition which seems not to have been described in the literature. The complaints of pain were avoidable by desisting from habitual movements that subluxated her shoulders.", "contents": "Voluntary subluxation of the acromioclavicular joint. A case report. This is a case report of a 19-year-old girl with bilateral voluntary subluxation of the acromioclavicular joint, a condition which seems not to have been described in the literature. The complaints of pain were avoidable by desisting from habitual movements that subluxated her shoulders."}
{"id": "PMID:880775", "title": "Hereditary arthro-ophthalmopathy (the Stickler syndrome). Report of a kindred with protrusio acetabuli.", "content": "Hereditary Arthro-ophthalmopathy (The Stickler Syndrome) is a relatively common dominantly inherited disorder of connective tissue. A wide range of musculoskeletal involvement occurs including marfanoid habitus, kyphosis, scoliosis, slipped epiphyses, joint laxity and degenerative arthritis. Congenital myopia and micrognathia are the most characteristic non-skeletal features. An affected family is reported who also exhibit protrusio acetabuli. It is important to recognize this syndrome for both diagnostic and therapeutic purposes.", "contents": "Hereditary arthro-ophthalmopathy (the Stickler syndrome). Report of a kindred with protrusio acetabuli. Hereditary Arthro-ophthalmopathy (The Stickler Syndrome) is a relatively common dominantly inherited disorder of connective tissue. A wide range of musculoskeletal involvement occurs including marfanoid habitus, kyphosis, scoliosis, slipped epiphyses, joint laxity and degenerative arthritis. Congenital myopia and micrognathia are the most characteristic non-skeletal features. An affected family is reported who also exhibit protrusio acetabuli. It is important to recognize this syndrome for both diagnostic and therapeutic purposes."}
{"id": "PMID:880776", "title": "Congenital deficiency of the extrinsic extensor mechanism of the hand.", "content": "In a 16-year-old girl, congenital extensor deficiency of the hand with absence of true clasping of the thumb was transmitted by an autosomal dominant mechanism of inheritance. The age of presentation was more advanced than usual. This case is the basis for proposing an hypothesis that the condition is a manifestation of a failure of innervation to develop in the extensor muscles of the forearm.", "contents": "Congenital deficiency of the extrinsic extensor mechanism of the hand. In a 16-year-old girl, congenital extensor deficiency of the hand with absence of true clasping of the thumb was transmitted by an autosomal dominant mechanism of inheritance. The age of presentation was more advanced than usual. This case is the basis for proposing an hypothesis that the condition is a manifestation of a failure of innervation to develop in the extensor muscles of the forearm."}
{"id": "PMID:880777", "title": "Harrington rod distraction instrumentation: its effect on vertebral rotation and thoracic compensation.", "content": "The effects of Harrington rod distraction instrumentation on vertebral rotation and thoracic decompensation were investigated radiographically both pre- and post-operatively. A method for semiquantitatively evaluating thoracic decompensation is introduced to serve as an adjunct to the evaluation of spinal deformity. Although little derotation of the vertebrae occurs with lateral correction, thoracic decompensation should be significantly improved.", "contents": "Harrington rod distraction instrumentation: its effect on vertebral rotation and thoracic compensation. The effects of Harrington rod distraction instrumentation on vertebral rotation and thoracic decompensation were investigated radiographically both pre- and post-operatively. A method for semiquantitatively evaluating thoracic decompensation is introduced to serve as an adjunct to the evaluation of spinal deformity. Although little derotation of the vertebrae occurs with lateral correction, thoracic decompensation should be significantly improved."}
{"id": "PMID:880778", "title": "Delayed paresis following spinal fusion with Harrington instrumentation.", "content": "Immediate postoperative paresis following spinal fusion for scoliosis is uncommon. This neurological disaster can occur either within hours or days after surgical correction of the curvature. Paresis of the right lower extremity occurred on the third postoperative day in a 15-year-old boy who underwent spinal fusion for a pseudarthrosis of a previous fusion and in whom a Harrington rod was inserted for stability but not correction. The rod was removed within four hours of recognition of the paresis; within 18 months the child made an almost complete recovery of all motor function; slight residual weakness of the anterior dorsiflexors of the foot still remain.", "contents": "Delayed paresis following spinal fusion with Harrington instrumentation. Immediate postoperative paresis following spinal fusion for scoliosis is uncommon. This neurological disaster can occur either within hours or days after surgical correction of the curvature. Paresis of the right lower extremity occurred on the third postoperative day in a 15-year-old boy who underwent spinal fusion for a pseudarthrosis of a previous fusion and in whom a Harrington rod was inserted for stability but not correction. The rod was removed within four hours of recognition of the paresis; within 18 months the child made an almost complete recovery of all motor function; slight residual weakness of the anterior dorsiflexors of the foot still remain."}
{"id": "PMID:880779", "title": "Long-term follow-up of Perthes' disease treated nonoperatively.", "content": "Forty-six patients with Perthes disease treated nonoperatively were reviewed 10 to 43 years later. The median follow-up was 17 years. The patients were analyzed according to sex, age of onset, quantity of head involvement, type of treatment, duration of treatment, functional end result based on the Harris hip scale, and anatomic end result based on Mose templete evaluation. Most patients were treated with an ischial weight-bearing brace. The anatomic results of this treatment tended to be poor, probably worse than no treatment at all. In general, poor results were correlated with late onset, greater quantity of head involvement, and lateral subluxation of the femoral head. As reported in other series, the anatomic results did not correlate well with the functional results, only two patients having Harris hip scales below 70.", "contents": "Long-term follow-up of Perthes' disease treated nonoperatively. Forty-six patients with Perthes disease treated nonoperatively were reviewed 10 to 43 years later. The median follow-up was 17 years. The patients were analyzed according to sex, age of onset, quantity of head involvement, type of treatment, duration of treatment, functional end result based on the Harris hip scale, and anatomic end result based on Mose templete evaluation. Most patients were treated with an ischial weight-bearing brace. The anatomic results of this treatment tended to be poor, probably worse than no treatment at all. In general, poor results were correlated with late onset, greater quantity of head involvement, and lateral subluxation of the femoral head. As reported in other series, the anatomic results did not correlate well with the functional results, only two patients having Harris hip scales below 70."}
{"id": "PMID:880780", "title": "Avascular necrosis of the capital femoral epiphysis in a child receiving corticosteroids: a case report.", "content": "Exogenous steroids are known to induce aseptic necrosis in the femoral head of adults. This case report of a 9-year-old girl with corticosteroid induced femoral head necrosis demonstrates effective treatment with an abduction device in a manner similar to that prescribed for the treatment of Legg-Calve-Perthes disease.", "contents": "Avascular necrosis of the capital femoral epiphysis in a child receiving corticosteroids: a case report. Exogenous steroids are known to induce aseptic necrosis in the femoral head of adults. This case report of a 9-year-old girl with corticosteroid induced femoral head necrosis demonstrates effective treatment with an abduction device in a manner similar to that prescribed for the treatment of Legg-Calve-Perthes disease."}
{"id": "PMID:880781", "title": "Double contrast knee arthrography in children.", "content": "The indications for knee arthrography in children consist of: suspected internal derangement; osteochondritis dissecans; Blount's disease; popliteal cysts; loose bodies; synovial tumors; and miscellaneous abnormalities including unexplained knee pain.", "contents": "Double contrast knee arthrography in children. The indications for knee arthrography in children consist of: suspected internal derangement; osteochondritis dissecans; Blount's disease; popliteal cysts; loose bodies; synovial tumors; and miscellaneous abnormalities including unexplained knee pain."}
{"id": "PMID:880782", "title": "Tibial lengthening: a preliminary report.", "content": "A preliminary review of 9 tibial lengthenings has been made to assess the value of a modification of the Anderson operation. The procedure can be carried out in one stage and is applicable to the older child and young adult. This is important as it may be used in the late or neglected case where epiphyseal arrest has failed or was never done. Five out of 9 patients in this series were skeletally mature. Leg lengthening procedures will always entail certain hazards. Complications occurred in 7 of the 9 patients, but were recognized early and expeditiously managed, and in several instances resulted in only minor deformity. The satisfactory end results in this series are attributable to the principle of limiting tibial lengthening to no more than 10 per cent of the overall bone length, i.e. 5 cm or less. No neurovascular complications occurred. Although tibial lengthening is hazardous and can cause severe disability, the results reported here suggest that in selected cases, it is a valuable procedure for correction of leg length discrepancy.", "contents": "Tibial lengthening: a preliminary report. A preliminary review of 9 tibial lengthenings has been made to assess the value of a modification of the Anderson operation. The procedure can be carried out in one stage and is applicable to the older child and young adult. This is important as it may be used in the late or neglected case where epiphyseal arrest has failed or was never done. Five out of 9 patients in this series were skeletally mature. Leg lengthening procedures will always entail certain hazards. Complications occurred in 7 of the 9 patients, but were recognized early and expeditiously managed, and in several instances resulted in only minor deformity. The satisfactory end results in this series are attributable to the principle of limiting tibial lengthening to no more than 10 per cent of the overall bone length, i.e. 5 cm or less. No neurovascular complications occurred. Although tibial lengthening is hazardous and can cause severe disability, the results reported here suggest that in selected cases, it is a valuable procedure for correction of leg length discrepancy."}
{"id": "PMID:880831", "title": "Distribution of constitutive heterochromatin in carnivores.", "content": "The distribution of constitutive heterochromatin (C-banding) in the genomes of nine species of Felidae, one species of Mustelidae, two species of Procyonidae, one species of Viverridae, one species of Canidae, and one species of Ursidae has been studied. In the chromosomes of several felid species the C-band is apparently absent. A few chromosomes show only telomeric staining in one arm or sometimes in both arms. Centromeric and interstitial distribution of heterochromatin has also been demonstrated in other species of Carnivors, but, in general, the C-banded material in felids is comparatively less in amount, and more weakly staining, than in other mammals. Induction of C-banding patterns in certain carnivore species is rather difficult, probably because of the minimal amount of heterochromatin present.", "contents": "Distribution of constitutive heterochromatin in carnivores. The distribution of constitutive heterochromatin (C-banding) in the genomes of nine species of Felidae, one species of Mustelidae, two species of Procyonidae, one species of Viverridae, one species of Canidae, and one species of Ursidae has been studied. In the chromosomes of several felid species the C-band is apparently absent. A few chromosomes show only telomeric staining in one arm or sometimes in both arms. Centromeric and interstitial distribution of heterochromatin has also been demonstrated in other species of Carnivors, but, in general, the C-banded material in felids is comparatively less in amount, and more weakly staining, than in other mammals. Induction of C-banding patterns in certain carnivore species is rather difficult, probably because of the minimal amount of heterochromatin present."}
{"id": "PMID:880835", "title": "Training disadvantaged preschoolers on various fantasy activities: effects on cognitive functioning and impulse control.", "content": "Preschool children were trained in 1 of 3 different types of fantasy activities over a school year. The effects of this training were evaluated over a variety of tasks measuring cognitive development and impulse control. The same basic experiment was replicated over 3 different years. Results indicated that physical enactment of fantasy experiences (viz., acting fairy tales or enacting previous experiences) had a sizable effect on many of these variables; while simply listening and discussing was often no more effective than the control condition that merely cut, pasted, etc. Evidence suggested that fantasy play remoter from reality was more facilitative for development than more realistically oriented fantasy play.", "contents": "Training disadvantaged preschoolers on various fantasy activities: effects on cognitive functioning and impulse control. Preschool children were trained in 1 of 3 different types of fantasy activities over a school year. The effects of this training were evaluated over a variety of tasks measuring cognitive development and impulse control. The same basic experiment was replicated over 3 different years. Results indicated that physical enactment of fantasy experiences (viz., acting fairy tales or enacting previous experiences) had a sizable effect on many of these variables; while simply listening and discussing was often no more effective than the control condition that merely cut, pasted, etc. Evidence suggested that fantasy play remoter from reality was more facilitative for development than more realistically oriented fantasy play."}
{"id": "PMID:880836", "title": "Swallowing and the organization of sucking in the human newborn.", "content": "The effect of varying amount and concentration of a sucrose solution on swallowing and sucking activity of newborns was studied. Swallowing activity increased relative to the number of sucks, and sucking rate slowed as amount and concentration of sucrose was increased. Sucking interresponse times associated with swallowing were approximately 200 msec longer than interresponse times not associated with swallows. The results are discussed in relation to previous studies of sucking in the newborn.", "contents": "Swallowing and the organization of sucking in the human newborn. The effect of varying amount and concentration of a sucrose solution on swallowing and sucking activity of newborns was studied. Swallowing activity increased relative to the number of sucks, and sucking rate slowed as amount and concentration of sucrose was increased. Sucking interresponse times associated with swallowing were approximately 200 msec longer than interresponse times not associated with swallows. The results are discussed in relation to previous studies of sucking in the newborn."}
{"id": "PMID:880838", "title": "Self-reinforcement in high- and low-aggressive boys following acts of aggression.", "content": "Preadolescent boys either high or low in characteristic level of peer-directed aggression were initially annoyed by a peer confederate and then delivered aversive auditory stimulation to him via headphones. Half the boys of each aggression status were led to believe that they had injured their victim, through high pain-cue feedback, whereas the other half were given low pain-cue feedback. Subsequently, boys self-dispensed rewards with instructions to take what they deserved for what they had done to the other boy. Low aggressive boys severely curtailed their self-reinforcement following high pain cues, whereas high-aggressive boys did not. Results supported the view that high-aggressive boys fail to experience the negative self-reactions following injurious behavior that are experienced by boys lower in aggressive tendencies.", "contents": "Self-reinforcement in high- and low-aggressive boys following acts of aggression. Preadolescent boys either high or low in characteristic level of peer-directed aggression were initially annoyed by a peer confederate and then delivered aversive auditory stimulation to him via headphones. Half the boys of each aggression status were led to believe that they had injured their victim, through high pain-cue feedback, whereas the other half were given low pain-cue feedback. Subsequently, boys self-dispensed rewards with instructions to take what they deserved for what they had done to the other boy. Low aggressive boys severely curtailed their self-reinforcement following high pain cues, whereas high-aggressive boys did not. Results supported the view that high-aggressive boys fail to experience the negative self-reactions following injurious behavior that are experienced by boys lower in aggressive tendencies."}
{"id": "PMID:880841", "title": "Localization of sequences specifying messenger RNA to light-staining G-bands of human chromosomes.", "content": "Total cytoplasmic polyadenylated RNA was isolated from the human lymphocyte cell line Wil2 by oligo(dT)-cellulose chromatography. Tritiated complementary DNA (cDNA) was transcribed from the RNA and used as a probe for in situ hybridization to metaphase chromosomes. The majority of G-negative or lightly staining bands were found to be preferential sites of hybridization.", "contents": "Localization of sequences specifying messenger RNA to light-staining G-bands of human chromosomes. Total cytoplasmic polyadenylated RNA was isolated from the human lymphocyte cell line Wil2 by oligo(dT)-cellulose chromatography. Tritiated complementary DNA (cDNA) was transcribed from the RNA and used as a probe for in situ hybridization to metaphase chromosomes. The majority of G-negative or lightly staining bands were found to be preferential sites of hybridization."}
{"id": "PMID:880842", "title": "The location of DNA homologous to human satellite III DNA in the chromosomes of chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes), gorilla (Gorilla gorilla) and orang utan (Pongo pygmaeus).", "content": "Radioactive RNA with sequences complementary to human DNA satellite III was hybridised in situ to metaphase chromosomes of the chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes), the gorilla (Gorilla gorilla) and the orangutan (Pongo pygmaeus). A quantitative analysis of the radioactivity, and hence of the chromosomal distribution of human DNA satellite III equivalent sequences in the great apes, was undertaken, and the results compared with interspecies chromosome homologies based upon Giemsa banding patterns. In some instances DNA with sequence homology to human satellite III is present on the equivalent (\"homologous\") chromosomes in identical positions in two or more species although quantitative differences are observed. In other cases there appears to be no correspondence between satellite DNA location and chromosome homology determined by banding patterns. These results differ from those found for most transcribed DNA sequences where the same sequence is located on homologous chromosomes in each species.", "contents": "The location of DNA homologous to human satellite III DNA in the chromosomes of chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes), gorilla (Gorilla gorilla) and orang utan (Pongo pygmaeus). Radioactive RNA with sequences complementary to human DNA satellite III was hybridised in situ to metaphase chromosomes of the chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes), the gorilla (Gorilla gorilla) and the orangutan (Pongo pygmaeus). A quantitative analysis of the radioactivity, and hence of the chromosomal distribution of human DNA satellite III equivalent sequences in the great apes, was undertaken, and the results compared with interspecies chromosome homologies based upon Giemsa banding patterns. In some instances DNA with sequence homology to human satellite III is present on the equivalent (\"homologous\") chromosomes in identical positions in two or more species although quantitative differences are observed. In other cases there appears to be no correspondence between satellite DNA location and chromosome homology determined by banding patterns. These results differ from those found for most transcribed DNA sequences where the same sequence is located on homologous chromosomes in each species."}
{"id": "PMID:880843", "title": "Effect of cycloheximide on RNA synthesis in Chironomus polytene chromosomes.", "content": "Modifications in the synthesis of salivary gland RNA were induced by treatments with 10 microgram/ml cycloheximide (CHM) on 4th instar larvae of Chironomus pallidivitattus. After 3, 6 and 24 h CHM treatment, RNA was labeled \"in vitro\", by incubating the salivary glands in a medium containing H3-uridine. The electrophoretical analyses corresponding to the 3 and 6 h treatment showed a stimulation of the non-ribosomal components of the newly synthesized RNA, while preribosomal RNA synthesis appeared depressed. This fact was also confirmed at cytological level, since autoradiograms made after 3 h of CHM treatment showed a reduced H3-uridine label over the nucleolus and an increase of diffuse labeling over the chromosomes. Longer treatments (24 h) causes a considerable inhibition of the synthesis of all RNA species. The role played by protein synthesis inhibition in the aforementioned effects is discussed.--Some of the morphological implications of CHM treatment, such as modifications of the nucleolar structure (nucleolar segregation) are also reported. The use of a squash technique based on glutaraldehyde fixation of the salivary glands, considerably facilitates such studies.", "contents": "Effect of cycloheximide on RNA synthesis in Chironomus polytene chromosomes. Modifications in the synthesis of salivary gland RNA were induced by treatments with 10 microgram/ml cycloheximide (CHM) on 4th instar larvae of Chironomus pallidivitattus. After 3, 6 and 24 h CHM treatment, RNA was labeled \"in vitro\", by incubating the salivary glands in a medium containing H3-uridine. The electrophoretical analyses corresponding to the 3 and 6 h treatment showed a stimulation of the non-ribosomal components of the newly synthesized RNA, while preribosomal RNA synthesis appeared depressed. This fact was also confirmed at cytological level, since autoradiograms made after 3 h of CHM treatment showed a reduced H3-uridine label over the nucleolus and an increase of diffuse labeling over the chromosomes. Longer treatments (24 h) causes a considerable inhibition of the synthesis of all RNA species. The role played by protein synthesis inhibition in the aforementioned effects is discussed.--Some of the morphological implications of CHM treatment, such as modifications of the nucleolar structure (nucleolar segregation) are also reported. The use of a squash technique based on glutaraldehyde fixation of the salivary glands, considerably facilitates such studies."}
{"id": "PMID:880844", "title": "Purification and characterization of two transcribed repetitive DNA fractions from the pigeon genome.", "content": "Two fractions of the repeats belonging to intermediate frequency repetitive DNA were isolated from the total pigeon nuclear DNA fragmented to about 450 nucleotides. One fraction was designated as \"rare repeats\" (repetition frequency about 35 per haploid genome) and another termed as \"moderate repeats\" (repetition frequency about 2500 per haploid genome). The rare repeats, which constitute about 7% of the total DNA, include at least 75% of the repetitive DNA sequences transcribed into the high molecular fraction (greater than 45S) of HnRNA in erythroid cells. These repeats have properties compatible with the characteristics of the class of low frequency interspersed DNA found in genomes of many other Metazoan species. The moderate repeats contribute only about 10-20% of the total repetitive DNA copies present in greater than 45S HnRNA and differ from the rare repeats in some other properties.--The possible role of the rare repeats in the genome is discussed.", "contents": "Purification and characterization of two transcribed repetitive DNA fractions from the pigeon genome. Two fractions of the repeats belonging to intermediate frequency repetitive DNA were isolated from the total pigeon nuclear DNA fragmented to about 450 nucleotides. One fraction was designated as \"rare repeats\" (repetition frequency about 35 per haploid genome) and another termed as \"moderate repeats\" (repetition frequency about 2500 per haploid genome). The rare repeats, which constitute about 7% of the total DNA, include at least 75% of the repetitive DNA sequences transcribed into the high molecular fraction (greater than 45S) of HnRNA in erythroid cells. These repeats have properties compatible with the characteristics of the class of low frequency interspersed DNA found in genomes of many other Metazoan species. The moderate repeats contribute only about 10-20% of the total repetitive DNA copies present in greater than 45S HnRNA and differ from the rare repeats in some other properties.--The possible role of the rare repeats in the genome is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:880846", "title": "Cytological evidence of male heterogamety in sex determination of Telmatoscopus albipunctatus (Diptera: Psychodidae).", "content": "Telmatoscopus albipunctatus is polymorphic for several polytene chromosome bands. In examining the inheritance of a polymorphic heterochromatin-like band in chromosome IV we verified that it is inherited like a sex-linked factor. There are two types of chromosome IV in regard to this band: one bears a very thick heterochromatin-like band (H+), and the other bears a thinner corresponding band (H-). Three kinds of combinations are found in our stocks: H+H+, H+H- and H-H-. All three combinations can be found in females; however, in males, only the combinations H+H- and H-H- are found. Through specific crosses, it was concluded that the sex determining factor is located in chromosome IV in close vicinity to these bands.", "contents": "Cytological evidence of male heterogamety in sex determination of Telmatoscopus albipunctatus (Diptera: Psychodidae). Telmatoscopus albipunctatus is polymorphic for several polytene chromosome bands. In examining the inheritance of a polymorphic heterochromatin-like band in chromosome IV we verified that it is inherited like a sex-linked factor. There are two types of chromosome IV in regard to this band: one bears a very thick heterochromatin-like band (H+), and the other bears a thinner corresponding band (H-). Three kinds of combinations are found in our stocks: H+H+, H+H- and H-H-. All three combinations can be found in females; however, in males, only the combinations H+H- and H-H- are found. Through specific crosses, it was concluded that the sex determining factor is located in chromosome IV in close vicinity to these bands."}
{"id": "PMID:880845", "title": "Developmental puffing patterns in salivary gland chromosomes of Rhynchosciara hollaenderi.", "content": "An analysis of puff formation and regression has been carried out in 3 morphologically distinct regions of the Rhynchosciara hollaenderi salivary gland during mid-larval through pupal development. Puffing differences among these 3 regions have been found and analysed for both trna and DNA puffs. The presence of such differences suggests that the gland regions may also be functionally differentiated. - Developmentally specific sequences of puffs have been distinguished and correlated with morphological and physiological events which occur during the development of Rhynchosciara. The DNA puffs as well as the RNA puggs enlarge and regress at predictably specific developmental stages. The presence of particular puffing sequences in the late larval to pupal period has been compared with the occurrence of known changes in the developmental ecdysone titre for Rhynchosciara. Certain aspects of this developmental picture appear to fit the ecdysone-stimulated puffing model for Drosophila, but other aspects indicate that the tdrosophila-based model may not be completely applicable to Rhynchosciara.", "contents": "Developmental puffing patterns in salivary gland chromosomes of Rhynchosciara hollaenderi. An analysis of puff formation and regression has been carried out in 3 morphologically distinct regions of the Rhynchosciara hollaenderi salivary gland during mid-larval through pupal development. Puffing differences among these 3 regions have been found and analysed for both trna and DNA puffs. The presence of such differences suggests that the gland regions may also be functionally differentiated. - Developmentally specific sequences of puffs have been distinguished and correlated with morphological and physiological events which occur during the development of Rhynchosciara. The DNA puffs as well as the RNA puggs enlarge and regress at predictably specific developmental stages. The presence of particular puffing sequences in the late larval to pupal period has been compared with the occurrence of known changes in the developmental ecdysone titre for Rhynchosciara. Certain aspects of this developmental picture appear to fit the ecdysone-stimulated puffing model for Drosophila, but other aspects indicate that the tdrosophila-based model may not be completely applicable to Rhynchosciara."}
{"id": "PMID:880847", "title": "Puffing activity in the salivary gland chromosomes of Rhynchosciara under experimental conditions.", "content": "By using the techniques of ligation of the larvae (brain and endocrine glands extirpation) and salivary gland implantation, the hormonal dependence of the activity of certain puffs of Rhynchosciara was investigated. Our results have shown that the puffing behaviour--activation and deactivation--varies according to the developmental stage in which the larvae were ligated. When the larvae were ligated just before the drastic changes in the puffing pattern, which occur prior to pupation, these changes fail to occur. When the larvae were ligated after the onset of these changes we have observed: a) some of the puffs active at the time of the ligature regress promptly, earlier than their normal timing observed in controls; b) others remain active indefinitely and c) there are still some which regress accordingly to the normal timing. The puff B2 which behaves as those in b was double checked by means of implantation experiments. Salivary glands which had puff B2 at its maximum expansion were implanted into younger larvae and that puff also remained active in the body cavity of these larvae. Hypotheses to explain the results obtained are discussed.", "contents": "Puffing activity in the salivary gland chromosomes of Rhynchosciara under experimental conditions. By using the techniques of ligation of the larvae (brain and endocrine glands extirpation) and salivary gland implantation, the hormonal dependence of the activity of certain puffs of Rhynchosciara was investigated. Our results have shown that the puffing behaviour--activation and deactivation--varies according to the developmental stage in which the larvae were ligated. When the larvae were ligated just before the drastic changes in the puffing pattern, which occur prior to pupation, these changes fail to occur. When the larvae were ligated after the onset of these changes we have observed: a) some of the puffs active at the time of the ligature regress promptly, earlier than their normal timing observed in controls; b) others remain active indefinitely and c) there are still some which regress accordingly to the normal timing. The puff B2 which behaves as those in b was double checked by means of implantation experiments. Salivary glands which had puff B2 at its maximum expansion were implanted into younger larvae and that puff also remained active in the body cavity of these larvae. Hypotheses to explain the results obtained are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:880848", "title": "Patterns of disjunction frequencies in heterozygous reciprocal translocations from the German cockroach.", "content": "Metaphase I cells from heterozygotes in eight reciprocal chromosome translocation stocks of Blattella germanica (L.) have been examined and counted. The data show that three stocks have random disjunction (adjacent and alternate orientations are equally frequent), but the cell types adjacent-1, alternate-1, adjacent-2, and alternate-2 are present in a ratio of 2:1:1:2. Four stocks with directed disjunction have similar patterns, except for a heavy preponderace of alternate-2 cells. This difference is reflected in the finding that 60-65% of all cells in these interchanges are type II cells (alternate-2 plus adjacent-2), and individual percentages agree closely with percent directed disjunction is distinctly different in that the frequencies of both alternate-1 and alternate-2 cells are elevated and contribute to directed disjunction. It has also been demonstrated with two stocks that changes in disjunction frequencies can be brought about by genetic manipulation. These observations provide a better understanding of the differences between random and directed disjunction.", "contents": "Patterns of disjunction frequencies in heterozygous reciprocal translocations from the German cockroach. Metaphase I cells from heterozygotes in eight reciprocal chromosome translocation stocks of Blattella germanica (L.) have been examined and counted. The data show that three stocks have random disjunction (adjacent and alternate orientations are equally frequent), but the cell types adjacent-1, alternate-1, adjacent-2, and alternate-2 are present in a ratio of 2:1:1:2. Four stocks with directed disjunction have similar patterns, except for a heavy preponderace of alternate-2 cells. This difference is reflected in the finding that 60-65% of all cells in these interchanges are type II cells (alternate-2 plus adjacent-2), and individual percentages agree closely with percent directed disjunction is distinctly different in that the frequencies of both alternate-1 and alternate-2 cells are elevated and contribute to directed disjunction. It has also been demonstrated with two stocks that changes in disjunction frequencies can be brought about by genetic manipulation. These observations provide a better understanding of the differences between random and directed disjunction."}
{"id": "PMID:880850", "title": "The circadian rhythm of rat motor activity and the effect of brain monoamine inhibitors (PCPA and nialamide).", "content": "The study of the circadian motor rhythm in free-running conditions of 500 g rats during 6 successive days shows that the endogenous period of the rhythm in these conditions is 23.40 hrs. The two poisons studied (PCPA in 40 mg/100 g dose and nialamide 5 and 10 mg/100 g doses) have both a deep effect on the functioning of the endogenous rhythm. PCPA reduces the amplitude of the increase of night over day activity to a fourth of the control value. The reducation may be attributed either to increased day activity or to reduced night activity. Nialamide reduces the amplitude of this increase to 80 or 70/100 of control value; this was observed with 5 or 10 mg nialamide/100 g body weight. The most important effect of nialamide on the endogenous rhythm lies in the disappearance of the regular shortening of nearly 20 min of the endogenous rhythm in DD conditions. The abrupt transition for LD 12:12 conditions to DD disturbs the endogenous period for 24 hrs.", "contents": "The circadian rhythm of rat motor activity and the effect of brain monoamine inhibitors (PCPA and nialamide). The study of the circadian motor rhythm in free-running conditions of 500 g rats during 6 successive days shows that the endogenous period of the rhythm in these conditions is 23.40 hrs. The two poisons studied (PCPA in 40 mg/100 g dose and nialamide 5 and 10 mg/100 g doses) have both a deep effect on the functioning of the endogenous rhythm. PCPA reduces the amplitude of the increase of night over day activity to a fourth of the control value. The reducation may be attributed either to increased day activity or to reduced night activity. Nialamide reduces the amplitude of this increase to 80 or 70/100 of control value; this was observed with 5 or 10 mg nialamide/100 g body weight. The most important effect of nialamide on the endogenous rhythm lies in the disappearance of the regular shortening of nearly 20 min of the endogenous rhythm in DD conditions. The abrupt transition for LD 12:12 conditions to DD disturbs the endogenous period for 24 hrs."}
{"id": "PMID:880851", "title": "Nonstationarity in human perceptual ultradian rhythms.", "content": "Thirty subjects tests on the SAE for 8 hrs during morning and evening periods demonstrated significant ultradian rhythms in perception. The perceptual rhythms were nonstationary with respect to 1) the frequency of the rhythms reflected in some slowing of the rhythms during the course of the testing period, and in frequency differences between the morning and afternoon rhythms, and 2) the level of the illusion reflected in abrupt shifts in the magnitude of the SAE during the course of the testing period without subsequent recovery.", "contents": "Nonstationarity in human perceptual ultradian rhythms. Thirty subjects tests on the SAE for 8 hrs during morning and evening periods demonstrated significant ultradian rhythms in perception. The perceptual rhythms were nonstationary with respect to 1) the frequency of the rhythms reflected in some slowing of the rhythms during the course of the testing period, and in frequency differences between the morning and afternoon rhythms, and 2) the level of the illusion reflected in abrupt shifts in the magnitude of the SAE during the course of the testing period without subsequent recovery."}
{"id": "PMID:880852", "title": "Circadian study on serum gastrin in patients with duodenal ulcers and in a control group.", "content": "Two groups of subjects (one consisting of fourteen apparently healthy subjects, the other of fourteen patients with peptic ulcers) were kept for a least 7 days on the same living schedule (nocturnal sleep for 22(00) to 05(00) and meals standardized at 08(00)-08(30), 12(00)-12(30), 17(30)-18(00)). During 24 hors, samples of venous blood were obtained from each subject every 4 hours for the serum gastrin radioimmunoassay. The results were analyzed by mean cosinor method. The control group has a statistically significant circadian rhythm, while we were not able to detect a circadian rhythm in the patients with duodenal ulcers. The daily mean of serum gastrin levels appears to be significantly reduced in the ulcer group.", "contents": "Circadian study on serum gastrin in patients with duodenal ulcers and in a control group. Two groups of subjects (one consisting of fourteen apparently healthy subjects, the other of fourteen patients with peptic ulcers) were kept for a least 7 days on the same living schedule (nocturnal sleep for 22(00) to 05(00) and meals standardized at 08(00)-08(30), 12(00)-12(30), 17(30)-18(00)). During 24 hors, samples of venous blood were obtained from each subject every 4 hours for the serum gastrin radioimmunoassay. The results were analyzed by mean cosinor method. The control group has a statistically significant circadian rhythm, while we were not able to detect a circadian rhythm in the patients with duodenal ulcers. The daily mean of serum gastrin levels appears to be significantly reduced in the ulcer group."}
{"id": "PMID:880872", "title": "Towards a typology of relapse: a preliminary report.", "content": "This paper outlines an empirical investigation into alcoholic relapse. The model underlying this work hypothesized that relapse in alcoholics is an interaction between (1) situations seen as dangerous in precipitating relapse, (2) the behaviours available within the individuals' repertoire to cope with these situations, (3) the perceived effectiveness of these \"coping\" behaviours and (4) the degree of alcohol dependence. The results of a \"principal components\" analysis indicated that \"dangerous situations\" or relapse precipitants could be categorized as (1) an unpleasant affect, (2) external events and euphoric feelings, (3) social anxiety and (4) lessened cognitive vigilance. Except for \"external events\", these relapse precipitants seemed to be associated with certain styles of coping, with varying degrees of effectiveness. The therapeutic implications of these findings are discussed in the context of designing treatment regimes geared towards more effective coping behaviours given specific types of situations.", "contents": "Towards a typology of relapse: a preliminary report. This paper outlines an empirical investigation into alcoholic relapse. The model underlying this work hypothesized that relapse in alcoholics is an interaction between (1) situations seen as dangerous in precipitating relapse, (2) the behaviours available within the individuals' repertoire to cope with these situations, (3) the perceived effectiveness of these \"coping\" behaviours and (4) the degree of alcohol dependence. The results of a \"principal components\" analysis indicated that \"dangerous situations\" or relapse precipitants could be categorized as (1) an unpleasant affect, (2) external events and euphoric feelings, (3) social anxiety and (4) lessened cognitive vigilance. Except for \"external events\", these relapse precipitants seemed to be associated with certain styles of coping, with varying degrees of effectiveness. The therapeutic implications of these findings are discussed in the context of designing treatment regimes geared towards more effective coping behaviours given specific types of situations."}
{"id": "PMID:880873", "title": "[An alcohol contact program: training for increased security of alcoholics in trial situations].", "content": "Alcoholics who have taken the decision to abstain are known to develop, partially out of fear of a relapse, an almost phobic avoidance behaviour towards situations where alcoholic drinks may be proffered. Starting from this observation a four-hour behavioural programme, involving modeling and the discussion of appropriate behaviour, was developed to prepare patients for such situations. The two methods resulted in equally highly significant improvement, as measured both by self-assessment and by the assessment of independent observers.", "contents": "[An alcohol contact program: training for increased security of alcoholics in trial situations]. Alcoholics who have taken the decision to abstain are known to develop, partially out of fear of a relapse, an almost phobic avoidance behaviour towards situations where alcoholic drinks may be proffered. Starting from this observation a four-hour behavioural programme, involving modeling and the discussion of appropriate behaviour, was developed to prepare patients for such situations. The two methods resulted in equally highly significant improvement, as measured both by self-assessment and by the assessment of independent observers."}
{"id": "PMID:880874", "title": "The pharmacology of drug abuse--a novel approach to drug education at San Quentin.", "content": "A novel and successful undergraduate-level course in pharmacology has been established as part of the drug education program at California's San Quentin State Prison. The program was designed to create a two-way teaching--learning experience between former drug abusers and their teachers, all of whom were doctoral candidates and post-doctoral scholars in pharmacology at a nearby university medical center. In reviewing the pharmacology of psychoactive drugs, the emphasis was on the principles of drug action in the central nervous system, with additional attention to those factors that contribute a potential for abuse. An attempt was made to present information in a strictly objective and non-prejudical manner. An initial analysis has shown a possible change in attitude among the student-inmates toward drugs of abuse. It is likely that courses following a similar design would be well received and successful in any type of undergraduate program that addresses the subject of drug abuse.", "contents": "The pharmacology of drug abuse--a novel approach to drug education at San Quentin. A novel and successful undergraduate-level course in pharmacology has been established as part of the drug education program at California's San Quentin State Prison. The program was designed to create a two-way teaching--learning experience between former drug abusers and their teachers, all of whom were doctoral candidates and post-doctoral scholars in pharmacology at a nearby university medical center. In reviewing the pharmacology of psychoactive drugs, the emphasis was on the principles of drug action in the central nervous system, with additional attention to those factors that contribute a potential for abuse. An attempt was made to present information in a strictly objective and non-prejudical manner. An initial analysis has shown a possible change in attitude among the student-inmates toward drugs of abuse. It is likely that courses following a similar design would be well received and successful in any type of undergraduate program that addresses the subject of drug abuse."}
{"id": "PMID:880879", "title": "[The value of stimulation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system as a screening test for hypertension (author's transl)].", "content": "Renin activity, angiotensin-II concentration and venous aldosterone concentration were measured in 20 healthy subjects and 18 hypertensives before and after stimulation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system. The test did not distinguish between the two groups: in the individual case there was no relationship between renin-activity, angiotensin-II concentration and aldosterone concentration in peripheral venous blood. Stimulation of the system without sodium balance is not a reliable screening test for hypertension.", "contents": "[The value of stimulation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system as a screening test for hypertension (author's transl)]. Renin activity, angiotensin-II concentration and venous aldosterone concentration were measured in 20 healthy subjects and 18 hypertensives before and after stimulation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system. The test did not distinguish between the two groups: in the individual case there was no relationship between renin-activity, angiotensin-II concentration and aldosterone concentration in peripheral venous blood. Stimulation of the system without sodium balance is not a reliable screening test for hypertension."}
{"id": "PMID:880888", "title": "[A simple and reliable atrial pacemaker electrode: technique of transvenous implantation and clinical results with a metal hook electrode (author's transl)].", "content": "At present only about 1% of all implanted pacemakers are atrial triggered ones, although an indication for them exists in about 77% of cases. This disproportion is due to an overestimate of the difficulties encountered in fixing the electrode. The electrode developed by Irnich has now been modified to provide good fixation for atrial stimulation, as well as recording of atrial potentials. Preliminary results in 20 patients have been favourable. Over a seven-month observation period there have been no instances of dislocation or loss of effective stimulation.", "contents": "[A simple and reliable atrial pacemaker electrode: technique of transvenous implantation and clinical results with a metal hook electrode (author's transl)]. At present only about 1% of all implanted pacemakers are atrial triggered ones, although an indication for them exists in about 77% of cases. This disproportion is due to an overestimate of the difficulties encountered in fixing the electrode. The electrode developed by Irnich has now been modified to provide good fixation for atrial stimulation, as well as recording of atrial potentials. Preliminary results in 20 patients have been favourable. Over a seven-month observation period there have been no instances of dislocation or loss of effective stimulation."}
{"id": "PMID:880889", "title": "[Emptying of goitre cysts by small-needle aspiration (author's transl)].", "content": "Small-needle aspiration was practised up to 16 times (average 2.7 times) in 89 patients with cystic thyroid nodules. Re-examination 7 days to 22 months later showed that the nodule had disappeared or the amount of cystic fluid had decreased to 30% or less in 32 patients. All patients also received suppressive doses of thyroid hormones. It is suggested that additional injection of sclerosing fluid into the cyst may improve results further.", "contents": "[Emptying of goitre cysts by small-needle aspiration (author's transl)]. Small-needle aspiration was practised up to 16 times (average 2.7 times) in 89 patients with cystic thyroid nodules. Re-examination 7 days to 22 months later showed that the nodule had disappeared or the amount of cystic fluid had decreased to 30% or less in 32 patients. All patients also received suppressive doses of thyroid hormones. It is suggested that additional injection of sclerosing fluid into the cyst may improve results further."}
{"id": "PMID:880902", "title": "[Cytogenetic paternity test in father-daughter incest (case report) (author's transl)].", "content": "Cytogenetic test for paternity proved superior to serological tests in a case in which possible father-daughter incest was to be proven or disproven. Of seven fetal chromosomal markers three were derived from the putative father, two from the mother and two paternal markers were present in both fetus and mother as a consequence of the incest. The fetus was homozygous for a paternal marker on chromosome 22.", "contents": "[Cytogenetic paternity test in father-daughter incest (case report) (author's transl)]. Cytogenetic test for paternity proved superior to serological tests in a case in which possible father-daughter incest was to be proven or disproven. Of seven fetal chromosomal markers three were derived from the putative father, two from the mother and two paternal markers were present in both fetus and mother as a consequence of the incest. The fetus was homozygous for a paternal marker on chromosome 22."}
{"id": "PMID:880903", "title": "[Early digitalisation of patients with arterial hypertension (author's transl)].", "content": "Haemodynamic tests were performed at rest and during exercise in 41 patients with arterial hypertension and early impairment of left-ventricular function, before and after administration of a single dose of 0.6 mg beta-methyl-digoxin. After clinical, ECG and coronary-angiographic studies, the patients were assigned to two groups. Group I: 17 patients with transmural infarcts in the chronic stage or with angina. Cardiac output was within normal limits at rest and on exercise and was not significantly altered by administration of beta-methyl-digoxin. There was no significant fall during exercise of the abnormally elevated pulmonary \"wedge\" pressure or of other pressures in the lesser circulation after digitalis. Group II: 24 patients without signs of coronary heart disease. They, too, had a normal cardiac output at rest and on exercise, not significantly changed by digitalisation with beta-methyl-digoxin. But pulmonary \"wedge\" pressure and right-atrial mean pressure were significantly reduced during exercise. Before beta-methyl-digoxin the mean \"wedge\" pressure rose on exercise to an average of 27.3 +/- 5.4 mm Hg, but after beta-methyl-digoxin to only 21.7 +/- 5.1 mm Hg (P less than 0.001). The mean right atrial pressure changed similar. These results indicate that acute digitalisation at the stated dosage in general has an effect on abnormal myocardial function only if there is no additional coronary heart disease.", "contents": "[Early digitalisation of patients with arterial hypertension (author's transl)]. Haemodynamic tests were performed at rest and during exercise in 41 patients with arterial hypertension and early impairment of left-ventricular function, before and after administration of a single dose of 0.6 mg beta-methyl-digoxin. After clinical, ECG and coronary-angiographic studies, the patients were assigned to two groups. Group I: 17 patients with transmural infarcts in the chronic stage or with angina. Cardiac output was within normal limits at rest and on exercise and was not significantly altered by administration of beta-methyl-digoxin. There was no significant fall during exercise of the abnormally elevated pulmonary \"wedge\" pressure or of other pressures in the lesser circulation after digitalis. Group II: 24 patients without signs of coronary heart disease. They, too, had a normal cardiac output at rest and on exercise, not significantly changed by digitalisation with beta-methyl-digoxin. But pulmonary \"wedge\" pressure and right-atrial mean pressure were significantly reduced during exercise. Before beta-methyl-digoxin the mean \"wedge\" pressure rose on exercise to an average of 27.3 +/- 5.4 mm Hg, but after beta-methyl-digoxin to only 21.7 +/- 5.1 mm Hg (P less than 0.001). The mean right atrial pressure changed similar. These results indicate that acute digitalisation at the stated dosage in general has an effect on abnormal myocardial function only if there is no additional coronary heart disease."}
{"id": "PMID:880904", "title": "[Myxoma of the left atrium (author's transl)].", "content": "Clinical picture, course and routine cardiological diagnostic methods may give important clues indicating the presence of myxoma of the left atrium, but a definite diagnosis can only be made using echocardiography or cineangiography. The former is free of risk and thus should always precede the latter. Three patients were observed with a stalked myxoma of the left atrium which could be demonstrated echocardiographically. Every proven myxoma should be operated on as soon as possible as otherwise sudden unexpected complications leading to death may occur. In patients with changing cardiological signs and changing clinical symptoms this tumour should be excluded promptly by echocardiography. Necropsy statistics do not accurately reflect the incidence.", "contents": "[Myxoma of the left atrium (author's transl)]. Clinical picture, course and routine cardiological diagnostic methods may give important clues indicating the presence of myxoma of the left atrium, but a definite diagnosis can only be made using echocardiography or cineangiography. The former is free of risk and thus should always precede the latter. Three patients were observed with a stalked myxoma of the left atrium which could be demonstrated echocardiographically. Every proven myxoma should be operated on as soon as possible as otherwise sudden unexpected complications leading to death may occur. In patients with changing cardiological signs and changing clinical symptoms this tumour should be excluded promptly by echocardiography. Necropsy statistics do not accurately reflect the incidence."}
{"id": "PMID:880905", "title": "[Innervation of the m. sphincter pylori in cats].", "content": "The ultrastructure of neuro-muscular relations in m. sphincter pylori of a cat was examined by fixation with CsO4 using imersion and staining of a sample of tissue with uranyl acetate during delydration. There were regular, dense and parallel muscular cells with intersticial spaces in the range of 250 A. Structures with various round and oval forms fitted closely to the smooth muscle cells. They had homogeneous amorphous structure and small electronic density. Nervous bundles with variable size were located in the intersticial spaces. Isolated single nervous fibres were encountered at some sites. Axonic profiles were located from the plasmatic membrane of the muscular cells at a distance of least 430 A. There were contacts with structure similar to the synapses among isolated nervous profiles. There were also nervous profile which contained large (around 1500 A) granular vesicules. The author discuses the type of inervation of m. sphincter pylori as well as the vesicular content of axons.in view of the eventual functional significance.", "contents": "[Innervation of the m. sphincter pylori in cats]. The ultrastructure of neuro-muscular relations in m. sphincter pylori of a cat was examined by fixation with CsO4 using imersion and staining of a sample of tissue with uranyl acetate during delydration. There were regular, dense and parallel muscular cells with intersticial spaces in the range of 250 A. Structures with various round and oval forms fitted closely to the smooth muscle cells. They had homogeneous amorphous structure and small electronic density. Nervous bundles with variable size were located in the intersticial spaces. Isolated single nervous fibres were encountered at some sites. Axonic profiles were located from the plasmatic membrane of the muscular cells at a distance of least 430 A. There were contacts with structure similar to the synapses among isolated nervous profiles. There were also nervous profile which contained large (around 1500 A) granular vesicules. The author discuses the type of inervation of m. sphincter pylori as well as the vesicular content of axons.in view of the eventual functional significance."}
{"id": "PMID:880906", "title": "[Symmetry and asymmetry of the orbital opening in Bulgarians].", "content": "The authors examined 412 skulls of grown up individuals of male sex and 15 dimensions were measured for aditus orbitae. The data were prepared biostaticaly both for the most important six and for the orbital index amd orbital entrance. The dimensions showed equal size at both sides in considerable, but various for the single numbers of skulls (1/5 up to over 1/3). In the majority of the remaining skulls the absolute differences were small in favour of the one or the other side (1--2 mm). The width of the entrance was in most cases (63%) larger in the right with mean value of the differences of 1,72 mm, but the height-on the left of the average with 1,41 mm. Hamachonchia was encountered more frequiently on the right, but hypoikonchia-on the left. The dimensions, which passed through the orbital entrance transversly (three dimensions) and obliquely (one dimension) had larger values more frequently on the right.", "contents": "[Symmetry and asymmetry of the orbital opening in Bulgarians]. The authors examined 412 skulls of grown up individuals of male sex and 15 dimensions were measured for aditus orbitae. The data were prepared biostaticaly both for the most important six and for the orbital index amd orbital entrance. The dimensions showed equal size at both sides in considerable, but various for the single numbers of skulls (1/5 up to over 1/3). In the majority of the remaining skulls the absolute differences were small in favour of the one or the other side (1--2 mm). The width of the entrance was in most cases (63%) larger in the right with mean value of the differences of 1,72 mm, but the height-on the left of the average with 1,41 mm. Hamachonchia was encountered more frequiently on the right, but hypoikonchia-on the left. The dimensions, which passed through the orbital entrance transversly (three dimensions) and obliquely (one dimension) had larger values more frequently on the right."}
{"id": "PMID:880907", "title": "[Pathomorphological and histochemical changes in the intestines of white rats due to low-frequency vibration].", "content": "The authors carried out experiments on animals (40 white male rats) which were subjected to daily a two-hour action of the common vertical sinusoidal vibrations with a frequency of 20 Hr (I group) and 50 Hr (II group) with acceleration of 22,0 m/sec2 for a period of ten days (I group--A and second group--A) and 30 days (I group--B and II group--B). Histomorphological and histochemical methods were used and the authors found changes in microcirculation and structure of the intestinal wall manifested in the animals of the II group. The obtained results were in support of the clinical data on the disturbances in intestinal function in patients with vibration disease and corresponded to the experimental data on the occurrence of vascular and dystrophic changes in the internal organs under vibration action.", "contents": "[Pathomorphological and histochemical changes in the intestines of white rats due to low-frequency vibration]. The authors carried out experiments on animals (40 white male rats) which were subjected to daily a two-hour action of the common vertical sinusoidal vibrations with a frequency of 20 Hr (I group) and 50 Hr (II group) with acceleration of 22,0 m/sec2 for a period of ten days (I group--A and second group--A) and 30 days (I group--B and II group--B). Histomorphological and histochemical methods were used and the authors found changes in microcirculation and structure of the intestinal wall manifested in the animals of the II group. The obtained results were in support of the clinical data on the disturbances in intestinal function in patients with vibration disease and corresponded to the experimental data on the occurrence of vascular and dystrophic changes in the internal organs under vibration action."}
{"id": "PMID:880908", "title": "[Morphology of the spleen and immune response in experimental nutritional deficiency in rats].", "content": "The author examined 60 white rats of the strain \"Wistar\" with initial age of four months and body weight of 180--220 gm, subjecter to nutritive deficit regimens with various protein content. He described the morphological changes in the spleen, made a qualitative analysis of IgG and IgM in serum and examined also some links of the immune response after antigen stimulation with human gamma-globulin. Very limited nutrition (5,74 of protein) for 16 weeks caused immune deficit with definite morphological substrate-atrophy and fibrosis of the lymphoid tissue. Moderate limited feeding (11, 48% of protein) did not induce substantial deviations from the functions the immune system.", "contents": "[Morphology of the spleen and immune response in experimental nutritional deficiency in rats]. The author examined 60 white rats of the strain \"Wistar\" with initial age of four months and body weight of 180--220 gm, subjecter to nutritive deficit regimens with various protein content. He described the morphological changes in the spleen, made a qualitative analysis of IgG and IgM in serum and examined also some links of the immune response after antigen stimulation with human gamma-globulin. Very limited nutrition (5,74 of protein) for 16 weeks caused immune deficit with definite morphological substrate-atrophy and fibrosis of the lymphoid tissue. Moderate limited feeding (11, 48% of protein) did not induce substantial deviations from the functions the immune system."}
{"id": "PMID:880909", "title": "[Influence of taliblastin and vinblastine on serum agglutinins determined by 2 methods].", "content": "The authors examined the influence of the potential antitumorous preparation taliblastin and the well known cytostatic vinblastin on the formation of serum agglutinins in mice. Two methods were used--the classical reaction of agglutination and the method for inhibition of passive migration of erythrocytes (IPM) described by Schweicer and Gilisen (1974). It was established that vinblastin markedly inhibited the formation of specific agglutinating antibodies, while taliblastin was considerably weaker immunosupresor; The method of IPM was more sensitive than the classical reaction of agglutination and gave a possibility for better determination of immunosuppresive action of cytostatics.", "contents": "[Influence of taliblastin and vinblastine on serum agglutinins determined by 2 methods]. The authors examined the influence of the potential antitumorous preparation taliblastin and the well known cytostatic vinblastin on the formation of serum agglutinins in mice. Two methods were used--the classical reaction of agglutination and the method for inhibition of passive migration of erythrocytes (IPM) described by Schweicer and Gilisen (1974). It was established that vinblastin markedly inhibited the formation of specific agglutinating antibodies, while taliblastin was considerably weaker immunosupresor; The method of IPM was more sensitive than the classical reaction of agglutination and gave a possibility for better determination of immunosuppresive action of cytostatics."}
{"id": "PMID:880910", "title": "[Comparative studies of enzyme-inducing ability of phenobarbital, methylphenobarbital, glutethimide and their N-substituted morphoalkylic derivatives].", "content": "The authors examined the capability of N-substituted morpholinoalkyl derivated of phenobarbiral methylphenobarbital and glutetimide to induce drug-dissimilated enzymes in liver microsomes as those newly syntesized compounds were compared with the initial substances, which were enzyme inductors. They examined the following indices: duration of hexobarbital narcosis after a six day treatment of male white rats with one of the substances liver weight, related to the percentage of the whole body weight, protein content in liver homogenates and in microsomal fraction of liver, the activity of N-demetilase in liver. There was a considerable shortening of the duration of hexobarbital sleep due to barbiturates, more manifested in animals, treated with methylphenobarbital. Glutetimide shortened the narcosis statisticaly insignificant. The respective morpholonoalkylic derivatives not only did not shortened the narcotic sleep, but even slightly prolonged. it. The liver weight of the rats, treated with barbiturates, was increased with 25--30% while that of the rats treated with morpholinoalkylic derivatives did not differ from the liver weight of the control animals. The protein content in liver homogenates did not show statistically significant differences in the single groups. The protein content of the microsomal liver fraciton was increased in the animals, treated with barbiturates and glutetimide, while in the rats, treated with morphoalkylic derivatives the protein content did not differ from that of the controls, but it was even reduced after treatment with a derivative of glutetimide. Phenobarbital and methylphenobarbital increased significantly the activity of pyrimidone N-demetilase, while their N-substituted morpholinc-alkyli derivatives inhibited it.", "contents": "[Comparative studies of enzyme-inducing ability of phenobarbital, methylphenobarbital, glutethimide and their N-substituted morphoalkylic derivatives]. The authors examined the capability of N-substituted morpholinoalkyl derivated of phenobarbiral methylphenobarbital and glutetimide to induce drug-dissimilated enzymes in liver microsomes as those newly syntesized compounds were compared with the initial substances, which were enzyme inductors. They examined the following indices: duration of hexobarbital narcosis after a six day treatment of male white rats with one of the substances liver weight, related to the percentage of the whole body weight, protein content in liver homogenates and in microsomal fraction of liver, the activity of N-demetilase in liver. There was a considerable shortening of the duration of hexobarbital sleep due to barbiturates, more manifested in animals, treated with methylphenobarbital. Glutetimide shortened the narcosis statisticaly insignificant. The respective morpholonoalkylic derivatives not only did not shortened the narcotic sleep, but even slightly prolonged. it. The liver weight of the rats, treated with barbiturates, was increased with 25--30% while that of the rats treated with morpholinoalkylic derivatives did not differ from the liver weight of the control animals. The protein content in liver homogenates did not show statistically significant differences in the single groups. The protein content of the microsomal liver fraciton was increased in the animals, treated with barbiturates and glutetimide, while in the rats, treated with morphoalkylic derivatives the protein content did not differ from that of the controls, but it was even reduced after treatment with a derivative of glutetimide. Phenobarbital and methylphenobarbital increased significantly the activity of pyrimidone N-demetilase, while their N-substituted morpholinc-alkyli derivatives inhibited it."}
{"id": "PMID:880911", "title": "[Effect of Bulgarian preparation, Nivalin, on bioelectrical activity of the ureter].", "content": "The authors examined the influence of the Bulgarian preparation Nivalin on the bioelectrical activity of practicaly healthy ureters of cats under the conditions of acute experiment. They used on the average 1,5--2 mg of Nivalin per kg of body weight as the whole amount was used singly and administered intravenously. They found that Nivalin caused the appearence of more frequent bioelectrical complexes of ureters, which in most cases was manifested in two phages--the first almost 1--15 minutes after the injection and the second-after 60--90 minutesmthere was also an improvement of the rhythm of the bioelectrical activity and amplitude changes in bioelectrical complexes. There was stabilization of the obtained effects around two hours after administration of Nivalin under the conditions of the experiment. The authors consider that in this direction the experiments should be continued and should be examined practicaly the therapeutic effect of Novalin on persons with disturbances in the dynamics of urinary pathways.", "contents": "[Effect of Bulgarian preparation, Nivalin, on bioelectrical activity of the ureter]. The authors examined the influence of the Bulgarian preparation Nivalin on the bioelectrical activity of practicaly healthy ureters of cats under the conditions of acute experiment. They used on the average 1,5--2 mg of Nivalin per kg of body weight as the whole amount was used singly and administered intravenously. They found that Nivalin caused the appearence of more frequent bioelectrical complexes of ureters, which in most cases was manifested in two phages--the first almost 1--15 minutes after the injection and the second-after 60--90 minutesmthere was also an improvement of the rhythm of the bioelectrical activity and amplitude changes in bioelectrical complexes. There was stabilization of the obtained effects around two hours after administration of Nivalin under the conditions of the experiment. The authors consider that in this direction the experiments should be continued and should be examined practicaly the therapeutic effect of Novalin on persons with disturbances in the dynamics of urinary pathways."}
{"id": "PMID:880912", "title": "[Study of the dithiocarbamate-basfungin, action on the body of pregnant white rats].", "content": "The authors carried out experiments on 120 pregnant rats and treated them oraly with basfungin in daily doses of 1/13 of LD50--1/100 of LD50. They examined the activity of serum enzymes-cholinesterase, glutamat-oxalacetic and glutamatryuvic transaminases, alkaline phosphatases, lactatdehydrogenase; in liver homogenates. They determined the content of sulphydryl and disulphide groups, cytochromexidase activity as well as pathomorophological studies on liver, thyroid gland, trachea, lung, myocardium, spleen and kidneys. There was reduced activity of cholinesterase, glutamatpyruvic transaminase, lactatdehydrogenase and elevated activity of alkaline phosphatase; inhibited activity of cytochromoxidase and reduced content of sulphydryl and disulfide groups in liver. The changes revealed marked dependence between dose and response. There were pathological findings only in liver, presenting manifested parenchymatous distrophy involving hepatocytes centraly located after administration of 250 mg of basfungine per kg of bogy weight, but after administration of 125 mg per kg of body weight there was only acute venous stasis.", "contents": "[Study of the dithiocarbamate-basfungin, action on the body of pregnant white rats]. The authors carried out experiments on 120 pregnant rats and treated them oraly with basfungin in daily doses of 1/13 of LD50--1/100 of LD50. They examined the activity of serum enzymes-cholinesterase, glutamat-oxalacetic and glutamatryuvic transaminases, alkaline phosphatases, lactatdehydrogenase; in liver homogenates. They determined the content of sulphydryl and disulphide groups, cytochromexidase activity as well as pathomorophological studies on liver, thyroid gland, trachea, lung, myocardium, spleen and kidneys. There was reduced activity of cholinesterase, glutamatpyruvic transaminase, lactatdehydrogenase and elevated activity of alkaline phosphatase; inhibited activity of cytochromoxidase and reduced content of sulphydryl and disulfide groups in liver. The changes revealed marked dependence between dose and response. There were pathological findings only in liver, presenting manifested parenchymatous distrophy involving hepatocytes centraly located after administration of 250 mg of basfungine per kg of bogy weight, but after administration of 125 mg per kg of body weight there was only acute venous stasis."}
{"id": "PMID:880913", "title": "[Biochemical characteristics of soluble collagen in glued and sewed liver wounds].", "content": "The author examined soluble fractions of collagenalkaline soluble, acid soluble and neutral soluble in sewed and glued with cyanacrylic glue experimental wounds of liever in rabbits. The operative wounds were treated as regenerating tissues with various metabolism in respect to the soluble collagen. There was higher percentage ratio of the fractions revealing the synthesis of the collagenous molecule and the formation of colagemous fibre in the sewed wounds.", "contents": "[Biochemical characteristics of soluble collagen in glued and sewed liver wounds]. The author examined soluble fractions of collagenalkaline soluble, acid soluble and neutral soluble in sewed and glued with cyanacrylic glue experimental wounds of liever in rabbits. The operative wounds were treated as regenerating tissues with various metabolism in respect to the soluble collagen. There was higher percentage ratio of the fractions revealing the synthesis of the collagenous molecule and the formation of colagemous fibre in the sewed wounds."}
{"id": "PMID:880914", "title": "[Model of formation of chronic volume loading in the right heart].", "content": "The authors describe an experimental model for examining the changes occuring in the haemodynamics of the small circuit as a result of created artificial defect of the interatrial septum. An original operative technique is used, by which the complete clamping of the right lung artery and vera is avoided and lung complications are prevented. The performed control haemodynamic studies up to one vear after the operation support the efficiency of the proposed model.", "contents": "[Model of formation of chronic volume loading in the right heart]. The authors describe an experimental model for examining the changes occuring in the haemodynamics of the small circuit as a result of created artificial defect of the interatrial septum. An original operative technique is used, by which the complete clamping of the right lung artery and vera is avoided and lung complications are prevented. The performed control haemodynamic studies up to one vear after the operation support the efficiency of the proposed model."}
{"id": "PMID:880915", "title": "[Age characteristics in vascularization of the intestinal mucosa].", "content": "The authors examined age peculiarities in the microcirculation bed of the intestinal mucosa in 20 individuals, aged from 0 to 83 years. The vessels were manifested by injection with Indian ink-gelatine mass. There was also complication of their angioarthitectonics parallel to the age and progressive thickening of glandular layer and enlargement and clongation of the villi. The arterial sources were increased and varified. Villus-capillary nest was changed in vertical direction. Togethe with this the outflow venous system was complicated as over the basal plexus a second venous plexus was formed-over the basis of the villi. The mucosa was enriched with arterio-venous anastomosis. Maximal development of the microcirculatory system was found at the end of the third decade, after which their reduction begins. This process was more manifested after the  sixth decade, when the blood vessels were folded and received uneven constructions and dilatations, and then the capillary nest is rearranged and simplified.", "contents": "[Age characteristics in vascularization of the intestinal mucosa]. The authors examined age peculiarities in the microcirculation bed of the intestinal mucosa in 20 individuals, aged from 0 to 83 years. The vessels were manifested by injection with Indian ink-gelatine mass. There was also complication of their angioarthitectonics parallel to the age and progressive thickening of glandular layer and enlargement and clongation of the villi. The arterial sources were increased and varified. Villus-capillary nest was changed in vertical direction. Togethe with this the outflow venous system was complicated as over the basal plexus a second venous plexus was formed-over the basis of the villi. The mucosa was enriched with arterio-venous anastomosis. Maximal development of the microcirculatory system was found at the end of the third decade, after which their reduction begins. This process was more manifested after the  sixth decade, when the blood vessels were folded and received uneven constructions and dilatations, and then the capillary nest is rearranged and simplified."}
{"id": "PMID:880941", "title": "Dog liver 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase.", "content": "A rapid and sensitive assay method for 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HMG-coA reductase, EC 1.1.1.34) is described. HMG-coA reductase is demonstrated in dog liver microsomes, and the converted reaction product has been identified as mevalonolactone. The enzyme activity undergoes cyclic variation and increases by more than tenfold 5 h after feeding. The properties of dog liver enzyme are generally similar to the rat liver enzyme in the method of solubilization, cold inactivation, pH optimum, and Km values.", "contents": "Dog liver 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase. A rapid and sensitive assay method for 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HMG-coA reductase, EC 1.1.1.34) is described. HMG-coA reductase is demonstrated in dog liver microsomes, and the converted reaction product has been identified as mevalonolactone. The enzyme activity undergoes cyclic variation and increases by more than tenfold 5 h after feeding. The properties of dog liver enzyme are generally similar to the rat liver enzyme in the method of solubilization, cold inactivation, pH optimum, and Km values."}
{"id": "PMID:880942", "title": "Isolation of human trypsin by affinity chromatography.", "content": "A method is described to prepare an affinity adsorbent for human trypsin by coupling bovine pancreatic trypsin inhibitor (Kunitz) to CNBr-activated Sepharose. The highly selective adsorbent permitted the rapid isolation of trypsin from an activated extract of human pancreas. The trypsin obtained was completely free of chymotryptic activity and of sufficient purity to serve as a standard for the development of a specific radioimmunoassay for human trypsin.", "contents": "Isolation of human trypsin by affinity chromatography. A method is described to prepare an affinity adsorbent for human trypsin by coupling bovine pancreatic trypsin inhibitor (Kunitz) to CNBr-activated Sepharose. The highly selective adsorbent permitted the rapid isolation of trypsin from an activated extract of human pancreas. The trypsin obtained was completely free of chymotryptic activity and of sufficient purity to serve as a standard for the development of a specific radioimmunoassay for human trypsin."}
{"id": "PMID:880943", "title": "Purification and characterization of human hypoxanthine/guanine phosphoribosyltransferase.", "content": "Human hypoxanthine/guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (EC 2.4.2.8) was purified from red blood cells by the following two methods. Method A includes (a) elimination of hemoglobin by DEAE-cellulose, (b) DEAE-Sephadex chromatography, (c) specific elution of the enzyme from CM-Sephadex by pyrophosphate and (d) Sephadex G-100 gel filtration. Method B includes (a) elimination of hemoglobin by DEAE-cellulose, (b) acid treatment at pH 4.5, (c) ammonium sulfate fractionation, (d) DEAE-Sephadex chromatography, (e) heat treatment at 85 degrees C and (f) Sephadex G-100 gel filtration. Homogeneous enzyme preparation was obtained by the two methods with 8000-9000-fold purification. The sedimentation coefficient (S20,w) was 5.5--5.6 S, and the molecular weight of the enzyme was estimated at about 85000 by the sedimentation equilibrium method. The subunit molecular weight of the untreated protein and S-carboxymethylmaleyl protein was estimated as 41000--45000 by the sedimentation equilibrium method in the presence of guanidine hydrochloride. However, the subunit size estimated by the sodium dodecylsulfate gel electrophoresis was only 26000. Amino acid composition of the enzyme was determined. Glucosamine, sialic acid and hexose were not detected in the enzyme.", "contents": "Purification and characterization of human hypoxanthine/guanine phosphoribosyltransferase. Human hypoxanthine/guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (EC 2.4.2.8) was purified from red blood cells by the following two methods. Method A includes (a) elimination of hemoglobin by DEAE-cellulose, (b) DEAE-Sephadex chromatography, (c) specific elution of the enzyme from CM-Sephadex by pyrophosphate and (d) Sephadex G-100 gel filtration. Method B includes (a) elimination of hemoglobin by DEAE-cellulose, (b) acid treatment at pH 4.5, (c) ammonium sulfate fractionation, (d) DEAE-Sephadex chromatography, (e) heat treatment at 85 degrees C and (f) Sephadex G-100 gel filtration. Homogeneous enzyme preparation was obtained by the two methods with 8000-9000-fold purification. The sedimentation coefficient (S20,w) was 5.5--5.6 S, and the molecular weight of the enzyme was estimated at about 85000 by the sedimentation equilibrium method. The subunit molecular weight of the untreated protein and S-carboxymethylmaleyl protein was estimated as 41000--45000 by the sedimentation equilibrium method in the presence of guanidine hydrochloride. However, the subunit size estimated by the sodium dodecylsulfate gel electrophoresis was only 26000. Amino acid composition of the enzyme was determined. Glucosamine, sialic acid and hexose were not detected in the enzyme."}
{"id": "PMID:880944", "title": "Diacylglycerol acyltransferase from rat liver microsomes. Separation and acyl-donor specificity.", "content": "1. Diacylglycerol acyltransferase was resolved from rat liver microsomes and separated from glycerolphosphate acyltransferase and 1-acylglycerolphosphate acyltransferase. The separation was achieved by sucrose-density-gradient centrifugation of the enzyme preparation which was obtained by molecular-sieve chromatography of microsomes solubilized with a nonionic detergent, Triton X-100. 2. Although diacylglycerol acyltransferase and 1-acylglycerolphosphorylcholine acyltransferase were not separated from each other, the two acyltransferases were distinguishable with respect to heat stability and sensitivity to sulfhydryl-binding reagents. 3. Studies with the diacylglycerol acyltransferase preparation obtained have shown that this enzyme possesses a broad acyl-donor specificity, utilizing saturated, monoenoic, dienoic and tetraenoic fatty acyl-CoA thioesters efficiently. 4. A simplified assay method for diacylglycerol acyltransferase is described.", "contents": "Diacylglycerol acyltransferase from rat liver microsomes. Separation and acyl-donor specificity. 1. Diacylglycerol acyltransferase was resolved from rat liver microsomes and separated from glycerolphosphate acyltransferase and 1-acylglycerolphosphate acyltransferase. The separation was achieved by sucrose-density-gradient centrifugation of the enzyme preparation which was obtained by molecular-sieve chromatography of microsomes solubilized with a nonionic detergent, Triton X-100. 2. Although diacylglycerol acyltransferase and 1-acylglycerolphosphorylcholine acyltransferase were not separated from each other, the two acyltransferases were distinguishable with respect to heat stability and sensitivity to sulfhydryl-binding reagents. 3. Studies with the diacylglycerol acyltransferase preparation obtained have shown that this enzyme possesses a broad acyl-donor specificity, utilizing saturated, monoenoic, dienoic and tetraenoic fatty acyl-CoA thioesters efficiently. 4. A simplified assay method for diacylglycerol acyltransferase is described."}
{"id": "PMID:880945", "title": "Characterization of a protein factor stimulating RNA synthesis by DNA-dependent RNA polymerase II from plant cell cultures.", "content": "During purification of DNA-dependent RNA polymerase II (or B) from cell cultures of parsley a protein fraction was separated by phosphocellulose chromatography which enhanced RNA synthesis in the presence of native homologous DNA. This 'stimulatory factor' was characterized in respect to some effects on the reaction catalyzed by RNA polymerase II. In the presence of the factor the metal ion requirements as well as the ionic strength for optimal RNA synthesis were markedly changed; addition of the factor to RNA polymerase II purified by cellulose chromatography restored those enzyme properties which had apparently changed upon this purification step. The chain length of the RNA product synthesized is favouring the view that the factor acts mainly by stabilizing the elongation step during transcription. The stimulatory factor was further purified by several steps of column chromatography. As derived from the results of gel electrophoresis under denaturing conditions the factor consists of several small polypeptides. Those of Mr = 26000, 25000 and 14000 apparently have counterparts among the smaller subunits of highly purified RNA polymerase II from parsley cells. Another polypeptide of the factor, with Mr = 30000, was only found in those preparations of RNA polymerase II which had not been subjected to phosphocellulose chromatography.", "contents": "Characterization of a protein factor stimulating RNA synthesis by DNA-dependent RNA polymerase II from plant cell cultures. During purification of DNA-dependent RNA polymerase II (or B) from cell cultures of parsley a protein fraction was separated by phosphocellulose chromatography which enhanced RNA synthesis in the presence of native homologous DNA. This 'stimulatory factor' was characterized in respect to some effects on the reaction catalyzed by RNA polymerase II. In the presence of the factor the metal ion requirements as well as the ionic strength for optimal RNA synthesis were markedly changed; addition of the factor to RNA polymerase II purified by cellulose chromatography restored those enzyme properties which had apparently changed upon this purification step. The chain length of the RNA product synthesized is favouring the view that the factor acts mainly by stabilizing the elongation step during transcription. The stimulatory factor was further purified by several steps of column chromatography. As derived from the results of gel electrophoresis under denaturing conditions the factor consists of several small polypeptides. Those of Mr = 26000, 25000 and 14000 apparently have counterparts among the smaller subunits of highly purified RNA polymerase II from parsley cells. Another polypeptide of the factor, with Mr = 30000, was only found in those preparations of RNA polymerase II which had not been subjected to phosphocellulose chromatography."}
{"id": "PMID:880946", "title": "An analysis of the bovine genome by density gradient centrifugation: fractionation in Cs2SO4/3,6-bis(acetatomercurimethyl)dioxane density gradient.", "content": "The fractionation of calf thymus DNA by centrifugation in density gradients of Cs2SO4/BAMD, where BAMD = 3,6-bis(acetatomercurimethyl)dioxane, is described. A large-scale separation of (dG+dC)-rich DNA fractions has been obtained, allowing the relative amounts of minor and satellite components in the bovine genome to be precisely assessed.", "contents": "An analysis of the bovine genome by density gradient centrifugation: fractionation in Cs2SO4/3,6-bis(acetatomercurimethyl)dioxane density gradient. The fractionation of calf thymus DNA by centrifugation in density gradients of Cs2SO4/BAMD, where BAMD = 3,6-bis(acetatomercurimethyl)dioxane, is described. A large-scale separation of (dG+dC)-rich DNA fractions has been obtained, allowing the relative amounts of minor and satellite components in the bovine genome to be precisely assessed."}
{"id": "PMID:880947", "title": "Investigation into the occurrence and structure of lectin receptors on human and bovine erythrocytes milk fat globule and lymphocyte plasma-membrane glycoproteins.", "content": "The reduced disaccharide beta-D-galactosyl(1-3)-N-acetyl-D-galactosaminitol was released, after alkaline borohydride and neuraminidase treatment, from human and bovine erythrocyte membrane and fat globule membrane glycoproteins as well as from human and bovine lymphocyte plasma membranes. This disaccharide was found to be substituted to different extents by sialic acid in the various fractions. beta-D-Galactosyl(1-3)-N-acetyl-D-galactosamine is the immunodominant disaccharide of the Thomsen-Friedenreich antigen (TF) and was detected serologically using specific lectins and antibody-containing sera. Bovine fat globule membrane glycoproteins were the only source of Tn antigen. The Tn antigen was detected by anti-Tn-containing sera and by the lectins from Salvia sclarea and Helix pomatiea as well as gas chromatographic detection of N-acetylgalactosaminitol after alkaline borohydride treatment of the native glycoproteins. Human milk fat globule membrane glycoproteins showed the presence of blood group A substance by reaction with rabbit anti-A serum.", "contents": "Investigation into the occurrence and structure of lectin receptors on human and bovine erythrocytes milk fat globule and lymphocyte plasma-membrane glycoproteins. The reduced disaccharide beta-D-galactosyl(1-3)-N-acetyl-D-galactosaminitol was released, after alkaline borohydride and neuraminidase treatment, from human and bovine erythrocyte membrane and fat globule membrane glycoproteins as well as from human and bovine lymphocyte plasma membranes. This disaccharide was found to be substituted to different extents by sialic acid in the various fractions. beta-D-Galactosyl(1-3)-N-acetyl-D-galactosamine is the immunodominant disaccharide of the Thomsen-Friedenreich antigen (TF) and was detected serologically using specific lectins and antibody-containing sera. Bovine fat globule membrane glycoproteins were the only source of Tn antigen. The Tn antigen was detected by anti-Tn-containing sera and by the lectins from Salvia sclarea and Helix pomatiea as well as gas chromatographic detection of N-acetylgalactosaminitol after alkaline borohydride treatment of the native glycoproteins. Human milk fat globule membrane glycoproteins showed the presence of blood group A substance by reaction with rabbit anti-A serum."}
{"id": "PMID:880950", "title": "Regulation of ATP pools, rRNA and DNA synthesis in 3T3 cells in response to serum or hypoxanthine.", "content": "The serum-induced transition of 3T3 fibroblasts from resting to growing state is characterized by a marked increase in cellular ATP content, the maximal level of which is reached at the onset of DNA replication. This increase in cellular ATP during the G 1 period of the cell cycle is correlated with about 3-fold stimulation of transcription of rRNA measured in permeabilized cell in vitro. Addition of hypoxanthine to serum-depleted quiescent 3T3 cells gives rise to an increase in both the ATP pool and the rate of rRNA synthesis. The expansion of cellular ATP pools after growth induction by serum seems to be a prerequisite for initiation of DNA synthesis since inhibition of purine de novo biosynthesis by azaserine inhibits both ATP pool expansion and DNA replication. This effect of azaserine can be abolished by addition of hypoxanthine to the culture medium. It is concluded that (a) the increase of the rate of rRNA synthesis in 3T3 cells in response to growth factors or serum is controlled by the cellular purine nucleoside triphosphate concentration and (b) an increased ATP level is necessary for initiation of DNA synthesis but is not sufficient to trigger the events that lead to DNA replication.", "contents": "Regulation of ATP pools, rRNA and DNA synthesis in 3T3 cells in response to serum or hypoxanthine. The serum-induced transition of 3T3 fibroblasts from resting to growing state is characterized by a marked increase in cellular ATP content, the maximal level of which is reached at the onset of DNA replication. This increase in cellular ATP during the G 1 period of the cell cycle is correlated with about 3-fold stimulation of transcription of rRNA measured in permeabilized cell in vitro. Addition of hypoxanthine to serum-depleted quiescent 3T3 cells gives rise to an increase in both the ATP pool and the rate of rRNA synthesis. The expansion of cellular ATP pools after growth induction by serum seems to be a prerequisite for initiation of DNA synthesis since inhibition of purine de novo biosynthesis by azaserine inhibits both ATP pool expansion and DNA replication. This effect of azaserine can be abolished by addition of hypoxanthine to the culture medium. It is concluded that (a) the increase of the rate of rRNA synthesis in 3T3 cells in response to growth factors or serum is controlled by the cellular purine nucleoside triphosphate concentration and (b) an increased ATP level is necessary for initiation of DNA synthesis but is not sufficient to trigger the events that lead to DNA replication."}
{"id": "PMID:880951", "title": "Snake venom toxins. The amino-acid sequence of a short-neurotoxin homologue from Dendroaspis polylepis polylepis (black mamba) venom.", "content": "The third most abundant component of black mamba venom, named FS2, was sequenced with the aid of sequenator studies and peptides derived by tryptic and chymotryptic digestion. Cyanogen bromide digests provided extra information to support the proposed structure. This protein is a homologue of the short neurotoxins of snake venom, but is much less toxic. Its structure is quite different from both neurotoxins and the other mamba proteins, called angusticeps types (neurotoxin homologues). Comparison of the known angusticeps-type toxins from mamba venom with mamba neurotoxins and each other leads to proposals that these proteins of low toxicity are inventions of the group of mambas and that three different, as yet unknown, functions will be associated with the three subgroups that are discernable.", "contents": "Snake venom toxins. The amino-acid sequence of a short-neurotoxin homologue from Dendroaspis polylepis polylepis (black mamba) venom. The third most abundant component of black mamba venom, named FS2, was sequenced with the aid of sequenator studies and peptides derived by tryptic and chymotryptic digestion. Cyanogen bromide digests provided extra information to support the proposed structure. This protein is a homologue of the short neurotoxins of snake venom, but is much less toxic. Its structure is quite different from both neurotoxins and the other mamba proteins, called angusticeps types (neurotoxin homologues). Comparison of the known angusticeps-type toxins from mamba venom with mamba neurotoxins and each other leads to proposals that these proteins of low toxicity are inventions of the group of mambas and that three different, as yet unknown, functions will be associated with the three subgroups that are discernable."}
{"id": "PMID:880952", "title": "Fluorescence urinary cytology in bladder cancer.", "content": "300 patients have been studied by means of a fluorescence exfoliative urinary cytology procedure based on the fluorochromatic properties and the affinity of acridine orange for the nucleic acids. The patients were divided inot two groups: in the first group including 238 cases we tried to establish the correlation between the urinary cytological grade and the histological grade of malignancy on biopsy; the rate of accuracy was approximately 77% for low-grade and approximately 88% for the high-grade tumours. In the second group including 62 cases we studied the value of cytology in predicting recurrences; 38 and 66.6% of the cases with grades IV and V, respectively, developed recurrences thus confirming the necessity of cytologic controls in patients under conservative treatment. The overall rate of accurate cytological diagnosis with this staining method has reached 90%.", "contents": "Fluorescence urinary cytology in bladder cancer. 300 patients have been studied by means of a fluorescence exfoliative urinary cytology procedure based on the fluorochromatic properties and the affinity of acridine orange for the nucleic acids. The patients were divided inot two groups: in the first group including 238 cases we tried to establish the correlation between the urinary cytological grade and the histological grade of malignancy on biopsy; the rate of accuracy was approximately 77% for low-grade and approximately 88% for the high-grade tumours. In the second group including 62 cases we studied the value of cytology in predicting recurrences; 38 and 66.6% of the cases with grades IV and V, respectively, developed recurrences thus confirming the necessity of cytologic controls in patients under conservative treatment. The overall rate of accurate cytological diagnosis with this staining method has reached 90%."}
{"id": "PMID:880953", "title": "Pressure-controlled nephrostography.", "content": "Nephrostomy tubes are often left in the kidney after renal operations. Radiographic studies with contrast medium via the tube post-operatively give anatomical information but little or sometimes even misleading information concerning the dynamics of the upper urinary tract. A pressure/flow-controlled nephrostogram allows not only the passage of medium to be watched but the significance of any hold-up or narrowing to be assessed in dynamic terms. In this way small degrees of obstruction can be identified. There are many situations in which this information is of considerable clinical value.", "contents": "Pressure-controlled nephrostography. Nephrostomy tubes are often left in the kidney after renal operations. Radiographic studies with contrast medium via the tube post-operatively give anatomical information but little or sometimes even misleading information concerning the dynamics of the upper urinary tract. A pressure/flow-controlled nephrostogram allows not only the passage of medium to be watched but the significance of any hold-up or narrowing to be assessed in dynamic terms. In this way small degrees of obstruction can be identified. There are many situations in which this information is of considerable clinical value."}
{"id": "PMID:880954", "title": "Results of the clinical use of a 'dry' kidney's hypothermia.", "content": "This report describes the operative treatment of staghorn renal stones under ischaemia and hypothermia. The renal artery is blocked by digital pressure and the vascular pedicule is clamped. The kidney is cooled to an optimal level as established by the author (between 20 and 25 degrees C) by means of his own device for local hypothermia. Late results observed over a period of 0.5--5 years in 30 out of 40 patients showed no renal stone relapse and 3 (10%) 'false' relapses. In 25 cases (83.3%) the function of the kidney improved and in 8 out of 10 cases (80%) the arterial blood pressure returned to normal.", "contents": "Results of the clinical use of a 'dry' kidney's hypothermia. This report describes the operative treatment of staghorn renal stones under ischaemia and hypothermia. The renal artery is blocked by digital pressure and the vascular pedicule is clamped. The kidney is cooled to an optimal level as established by the author (between 20 and 25 degrees C) by means of his own device for local hypothermia. Late results observed over a period of 0.5--5 years in 30 out of 40 patients showed no renal stone relapse and 3 (10%) 'false' relapses. In 25 cases (83.3%) the function of the kidney improved and in 8 out of 10 cases (80%) the arterial blood pressure returned to normal."}
{"id": "PMID:880955", "title": "Pelvi-ureteric obstruction due to renal pelvis cyst.", "content": "Intramural cysts of the renal pelvis are a separate clinical entity and must not be mistaken for neoplasms. Simple enucleation can result in complete restoration of renal function previously impaired by pelvi-ureteric obstruction.", "contents": "Pelvi-ureteric obstruction due to renal pelvis cyst. Intramural cysts of the renal pelvis are a separate clinical entity and must not be mistaken for neoplasms. Simple enucleation can result in complete restoration of renal function previously impaired by pelvi-ureteric obstruction."}
{"id": "PMID:880957", "title": "Insemination of aspired sperm from an alloplastic reservoir: further results in bulls.", "content": "Following encouraging results in rats, a similar cup-shaped silicone prosthesis of 1 ml volume was implanted 8 times upon the cauda of the epididymis in bulls. Aspirations from this prosthesis showed 10-70% motile spermatozoa up to 14 days after surgery. Aspired spermatozoa were deep-frozen in pellet form for 6 weeks. Artificial insemination in 8 cows under field conditions resulted in pregnancies in 4 of them. Clinical application for patients with aplasia or lengthy stenosis of the vas is under way.", "contents": "Insemination of aspired sperm from an alloplastic reservoir: further results in bulls. Following encouraging results in rats, a similar cup-shaped silicone prosthesis of 1 ml volume was implanted 8 times upon the cauda of the epididymis in bulls. Aspirations from this prosthesis showed 10-70% motile spermatozoa up to 14 days after surgery. Aspired spermatozoa were deep-frozen in pellet form for 6 weeks. Artificial insemination in 8 cows under field conditions resulted in pregnancies in 4 of them. Clinical application for patients with aplasia or lengthy stenosis of the vas is under way."}
{"id": "PMID:880958", "title": "Autoradiographic studies on DNA synthesis in renal carcinoma after preoperative radiation.", "content": "In order to study, autoradiographically, DNA synthesis in tumors, kidneys containing renal carcinomas were for the first time perfused with normothermic oxygenated blood with an addition of radioactively labelled thymidine. Tumor cells preserve the ability of synthesizing DNA in spite of an unavoidable postoperative ischemia. In most cases the incorporation of 3H-TdR was inhibited significantly after preoperative irradiation with a total dose of 1,600 rad applicated 48 h before operation.", "contents": "Autoradiographic studies on DNA synthesis in renal carcinoma after preoperative radiation. In order to study, autoradiographically, DNA synthesis in tumors, kidneys containing renal carcinomas were for the first time perfused with normothermic oxygenated blood with an addition of radioactively labelled thymidine. Tumor cells preserve the ability of synthesizing DNA in spite of an unavoidable postoperative ischemia. In most cases the incorporation of 3H-TdR was inhibited significantly after preoperative irradiation with a total dose of 1,600 rad applicated 48 h before operation."}
{"id": "PMID:880971", "title": "Effect of beta-adrenergic blockade on blood pressure variation in patients with moderate hypertension.", "content": "The effect of beta-adrenergic blockade on blood pressure variation was studied in ten patients with moderate hypertension. Supine systolic and diastolic blood pressures were measured every 5 min during six hours sessions, using an ultrasonic method. Systolic and diastolic variation in each six hour session was defined as the standard deviation of the mean of systolic and diastolic readings made in that period. After 3 weeks of single-blind placebo, a 12 week double-blind randomized crossover study was initiated with placebo (6 weeks) and atenolol (100 mg b.i.d. for 3 weeks and 200 mg b.i.d. for 3 weeks). Systolic and diastolic blood pressure and heart rate decreased significantly (p less than 0.01) during atenolol treatment. Diastolic variation did not change significantly, whereas systolic variation decreased slightly but significantly (p less than 0.05) when expressed in absolute values, but not when expressed as a percentage of systolic blood pressure. It is concluded that beta-adrenergic blockade decreases blood pressure and heart rate without causing significant changes in spontaneous systolic or diastolic variation.", "contents": "Effect of beta-adrenergic blockade on blood pressure variation in patients with moderate hypertension. The effect of beta-adrenergic blockade on blood pressure variation was studied in ten patients with moderate hypertension. Supine systolic and diastolic blood pressures were measured every 5 min during six hours sessions, using an ultrasonic method. Systolic and diastolic variation in each six hour session was defined as the standard deviation of the mean of systolic and diastolic readings made in that period. After 3 weeks of single-blind placebo, a 12 week double-blind randomized crossover study was initiated with placebo (6 weeks) and atenolol (100 mg b.i.d. for 3 weeks and 200 mg b.i.d. for 3 weeks). Systolic and diastolic blood pressure and heart rate decreased significantly (p less than 0.01) during atenolol treatment. Diastolic variation did not change significantly, whereas systolic variation decreased slightly but significantly (p less than 0.05) when expressed in absolute values, but not when expressed as a percentage of systolic blood pressure. It is concluded that beta-adrenergic blockade decreases blood pressure and heart rate without causing significant changes in spontaneous systolic or diastolic variation."}
{"id": "PMID:880972", "title": "Distribution and elimination of digoxin in infants.", "content": "The distribution and elimination of intravenous digoxin were investigated in seven neonates and infants with heart failure. Serum digoxin concentrations during a 24 h period were determined by radioimmunoassay, using 125I as tracer. The serum values declined biexponentially after the injection and could be fitted to a two-compartment open model by non-linear least-squares regression. The calculated mean half-lives of the distribution (alpha) phase in neonates and infants were 37 and 28 min, respectively. The mean half-life of the elimination (beta) phase in neonates was 44 h, as compared to 19 h in infants. The mean volume of the central compartment and the mean volume of distribution at steady-state were calculated to be 1.3 and 9.91/kg, respectively; no significant differences between neonates and infants were found. The relation between these volumes indicates that digoxin is extensively distributed in tissues. The steady-state distribution volumes of digoxin in neonates and infants exceed those reported in adults. The larger volume of distribution might explain in part why infants with cardiac insufficiency require larger doses of digoxin than adults (on a mg/kg body weight basis) to obtain the same serum concentrations. Elimination of digoxin from the body was slower in neonates than in infants.", "contents": "Distribution and elimination of digoxin in infants. The distribution and elimination of intravenous digoxin were investigated in seven neonates and infants with heart failure. Serum digoxin concentrations during a 24 h period were determined by radioimmunoassay, using 125I as tracer. The serum values declined biexponentially after the injection and could be fitted to a two-compartment open model by non-linear least-squares regression. The calculated mean half-lives of the distribution (alpha) phase in neonates and infants were 37 and 28 min, respectively. The mean half-life of the elimination (beta) phase in neonates was 44 h, as compared to 19 h in infants. The mean volume of the central compartment and the mean volume of distribution at steady-state were calculated to be 1.3 and 9.91/kg, respectively; no significant differences between neonates and infants were found. The relation between these volumes indicates that digoxin is extensively distributed in tissues. The steady-state distribution volumes of digoxin in neonates and infants exceed those reported in adults. The larger volume of distribution might explain in part why infants with cardiac insufficiency require larger doses of digoxin than adults (on a mg/kg body weight basis) to obtain the same serum concentrations. Elimination of digoxin from the body was slower in neonates than in infants."}
{"id": "PMID:880973", "title": "Diazepam actions and plasma concentrations following ethanol ingestion.", "content": "In eight normal volunteers, the combination of ethanol (0.5 g/kg) and diazepam (10 mg) administered orally produced a greater decrease in motor performance on a pursuit rotor than diazepam alone. The pharmacologic effect of diazepam was enhanced by 73% and this potentiation was associated with significantly greater diazepam concentrations (p less than 0.01) than after diazepam alone. The failure to observe any increase in the concentrations of the principal metabolite, N-desmethyl diazepam, during the period of enhanced pharmacologic effect precludes any change in the demethylating metabolic process as being responsible. The data suggest (0.10 greater than p greater than 0.05) a trend to a smaller volume of distribution of diazepam when ethanol is administered prior to diazepam ingestion. The subjects showed acute tolerance to  the effects of diazepam. Lower plasma concentrations on the ascending side of the plasma diazepam concentration versus time profile were linked with the same pharmacologic responses associated with a greater drug concentration on the descending portion, of the same curve.", "contents": "Diazepam actions and plasma concentrations following ethanol ingestion. In eight normal volunteers, the combination of ethanol (0.5 g/kg) and diazepam (10 mg) administered orally produced a greater decrease in motor performance on a pursuit rotor than diazepam alone. The pharmacologic effect of diazepam was enhanced by 73% and this potentiation was associated with significantly greater diazepam concentrations (p less than 0.01) than after diazepam alone. The failure to observe any increase in the concentrations of the principal metabolite, N-desmethyl diazepam, during the period of enhanced pharmacologic effect precludes any change in the demethylating metabolic process as being responsible. The data suggest (0.10 greater than p greater than 0.05) a trend to a smaller volume of distribution of diazepam when ethanol is administered prior to diazepam ingestion. The subjects showed acute tolerance to  the effects of diazepam. Lower plasma concentrations on the ascending side of the plasma diazepam concentration versus time profile were linked with the same pharmacologic responses associated with a greater drug concentration on the descending portion, of the same curve."}
{"id": "PMID:880976", "title": "A contribution to a new test method for dandruff-inhibiting and \"keratolytic\" action of drugs.", "content": "Free cholesterol in lipids from the scalp and hair is predominantly a constituent of epidermal lipids. Therefore, a reduction in cholesterol content induced by a drug indicates a reduction in cell turnover in the epidermis. As, according to the literature, increased cell turnover in the epidermis results in formation of dandruff, a reduction in the proportion of cholesterol should indicate inhibition of the formation of dandruff. Conversely, an increase in free cholesterol should generally indicate a \"keratolytic\" effect. So unequivocal an interpretation has not so far been possible in persons with dandruff, as it was not known whether free cholesterol was increased or decreased. In addition, this interpretation was not possible after use of antimicrobial substances, as in vitro investigations had failed to exclude microbial esterification of cholesterol on the scalp. The present investigation has shown that correlation of free cholesterol level with cell turnover is permissible in patients with dandruff, even if antimicrobial drugs are being tested.", "contents": "A contribution to a new test method for dandruff-inhibiting and \"keratolytic\" action of drugs. Free cholesterol in lipids from the scalp and hair is predominantly a constituent of epidermal lipids. Therefore, a reduction in cholesterol content induced by a drug indicates a reduction in cell turnover in the epidermis. As, according to the literature, increased cell turnover in the epidermis results in formation of dandruff, a reduction in the proportion of cholesterol should indicate inhibition of the formation of dandruff. Conversely, an increase in free cholesterol should generally indicate a \"keratolytic\" effect. So unequivocal an interpretation has not so far been possible in persons with dandruff, as it was not known whether free cholesterol was increased or decreased. In addition, this interpretation was not possible after use of antimicrobial substances, as in vitro investigations had failed to exclude microbial esterification of cholesterol on the scalp. The present investigation has shown that correlation of free cholesterol level with cell turnover is permissible in patients with dandruff, even if antimicrobial drugs are being tested."}
{"id": "PMID:880977", "title": "A rotating iterative procedure (RIP) for estimating hybrid constants in multi-compartment analysis on desk computers.", "content": "The rotating iterative procedure (RIP) is a programming concept for non-linear least squares fitting of multiexponential equations to experimental data in pharmacokinetics. The method is economical in its use of program and active register capacity and can be employed in  modern electronic desk-top computers. The algorithms necessary for obtaining primary estimates of various logarithmic components and their subsequent correction are presented, with as little higher mathematics as appeared permissible. The procedure is described in the sequence that would actually be followed in a pharmacokinetic analysis, and an example is included, as well as a skeleton version of a program written in BASIC. Some instructions for obtaining overall statistical parameters are given.", "contents": "A rotating iterative procedure (RIP) for estimating hybrid constants in multi-compartment analysis on desk computers. The rotating iterative procedure (RIP) is a programming concept for non-linear least squares fitting of multiexponential equations to experimental data in pharmacokinetics. The method is economical in its use of program and active register capacity and can be employed in  modern electronic desk-top computers. The algorithms necessary for obtaining primary estimates of various logarithmic components and their subsequent correction are presented, with as little higher mathematics as appeared permissible. The procedure is described in the sequence that would actually be followed in a pharmacokinetic analysis, and an example is included, as well as a skeleton version of a program written in BASIC. Some instructions for obtaining overall statistical parameters are given."}
{"id": "PMID:880978", "title": "Inhibition of growth in young mice treated with d,1-methadone.", "content": "Neonatal mice were treated with d,1-methadone, 1-alpha-acetylmethadol (LAAM) or the narcotic antagonists, naloxone, nalorphine or levallorphan. Litter mates were injected with normal saline solution and handled in the same way. Treatment began on the second postpartum day and continued daily or on alternate days for up to 6 weeks. Injection of methadone in dosages of 2 mg/kg to mg/kg inhibited weight gain in a log dose-related fashion. LAAM, 1 mg/kg or 2 mg/kg also retarded weight gain. Mice gained weight normally when naloxone, 10 mg/kg was injected with methadone, 2 mg/kg. Furthermore the daily injection of d-methadone, 4 mg/kg, did not inhibit weight gain nor did any of the narcotic antagonists. There findings indicate that growth inhibition induced by methadone is a stereospecific, opioid effect.", "contents": "Inhibition of growth in young mice treated with d,1-methadone. Neonatal mice were treated with d,1-methadone, 1-alpha-acetylmethadol (LAAM) or the narcotic antagonists, naloxone, nalorphine or levallorphan. Litter mates were injected with normal saline solution and handled in the same way. Treatment began on the second postpartum day and continued daily or on alternate days for up to 6 weeks. Injection of methadone in dosages of 2 mg/kg to mg/kg inhibited weight gain in a log dose-related fashion. LAAM, 1 mg/kg or 2 mg/kg also retarded weight gain. Mice gained weight normally when naloxone, 10 mg/kg was injected with methadone, 2 mg/kg. Furthermore the daily injection of d-methadone, 4 mg/kg, did not inhibit weight gain nor did any of the narcotic antagonists. There findings indicate that growth inhibition induced by methadone is a stereospecific, opioid effect."}
{"id": "PMID:880979", "title": "The effects of zinc sulphate on vagal-induced mast cell changes and ulcers in the rat stomach.", "content": "The effects of zinc sulphate pretreatment on the formation of gastric ulcers, changes in intragastric pressure and changes in the gastric mucosal mast cell count induced by electrical vagal stimulation were studied in anaesthetized rats. Vagal stimulation produced a high gastric glandular ulcer incidence and ulcer index, increased the intragastric pressure, and reduced the number of granulated mast cells in the gastric mucosa and submucosa. Pretreatment with zinc sulphate (22, 44 ot 88 mg/kg), injected i.p. 48 h beforehand, reversed the changes in these parameters in a dose-related manner. These observations suggest that the inhibitory effects of zinc sulphate on mucosal mast cell degranulation may account for its ability to antagonise vagal-induced gastric glandular ulceration. The mechanisms involved in the aetiology of this type of gastric ulcer are discussed in the light of these results.", "contents": "The effects of zinc sulphate on vagal-induced mast cell changes and ulcers in the rat stomach. The effects of zinc sulphate pretreatment on the formation of gastric ulcers, changes in intragastric pressure and changes in the gastric mucosal mast cell count induced by electrical vagal stimulation were studied in anaesthetized rats. Vagal stimulation produced a high gastric glandular ulcer incidence and ulcer index, increased the intragastric pressure, and reduced the number of granulated mast cells in the gastric mucosa and submucosa. Pretreatment with zinc sulphate (22, 44 ot 88 mg/kg), injected i.p. 48 h beforehand, reversed the changes in these parameters in a dose-related manner. These observations suggest that the inhibitory effects of zinc sulphate on mucosal mast cell degranulation may account for its ability to antagonise vagal-induced gastric glandular ulceration. The mechanisms involved in the aetiology of this type of gastric ulcer are discussed in the light of these results."}
{"id": "PMID:880980", "title": "Propranolol in DOCA hypertensive rats: development of hypertension inhibited and pressor responsiveness enhanced.", "content": "D,L-Propranolol given in single doses by gavage or s.c. injection to awake rats, always slowed the heart without affecting blood pressure. Doses of 0.2 mg/100 g injected twice daily lowered systolic pressure after 3 days in DOCA hypertensive but not in normotensive or spontaneously hypertensive rats. When chronic treatment with propranolol preceded the induction of DOCA hypertension, the pressure elevation attained 14 weeks later was less in treated than in untreated rats. Pressor responses to injected norepinephrine and to posterior hypothalamic stimulation were significantly larger in DOCA hypertensive rats that had been treated chronically with propranolol than in those that had not. These results suggest that propranolol's antihypertensive effects are unimpressive because they are simultaneously opposed by an enhanced cardiovascular responsiveness to pressor stimuli.", "contents": "Propranolol in DOCA hypertensive rats: development of hypertension inhibited and pressor responsiveness enhanced. D,L-Propranolol given in single doses by gavage or s.c. injection to awake rats, always slowed the heart without affecting blood pressure. Doses of 0.2 mg/100 g injected twice daily lowered systolic pressure after 3 days in DOCA hypertensive but not in normotensive or spontaneously hypertensive rats. When chronic treatment with propranolol preceded the induction of DOCA hypertension, the pressure elevation attained 14 weeks later was less in treated than in untreated rats. Pressor responses to injected norepinephrine and to posterior hypothalamic stimulation were significantly larger in DOCA hypertensive rats that had been treated chronically with propranolol than in those that had not. These results suggest that propranolol's antihypertensive effects are unimpressive because they are simultaneously opposed by an enhanced cardiovascular responsiveness to pressor stimuli."}
{"id": "PMID:880981", "title": "Differential distribution of type A and B monoamine oxidase in neuronal tissues.", "content": "Various neuronal tissues of the albino rabbit were assayed for type A and type B monoamine oxidase, using  norepinephrine and 2-phenylethylamine as substrates, respectively. There was an apparent positive correlation between the sympathetic character of peripheral nerves and the presence of type A monoamine oxidase activity. Type A enzyme activity was 15 fold higher in the superior cervical ganglion than in the vagus nerve. Type B activity was more uniformly distributed.", "contents": "Differential distribution of type A and B monoamine oxidase in neuronal tissues. Various neuronal tissues of the albino rabbit were assayed for type A and type B monoamine oxidase, using  norepinephrine and 2-phenylethylamine as substrates, respectively. There was an apparent positive correlation between the sympathetic character of peripheral nerves and the presence of type A monoamine oxidase activity. Type A enzyme activity was 15 fold higher in the superior cervical ganglion than in the vagus nerve. Type B activity was more uniformly distributed."}
{"id": "PMID:880982", "title": "Modification by indomethacin of the blood pressure lowering effect of pindolol and propranolol in conscious rabbits.", "content": "In conscious rabbits, the intravenous administration of pindolol (0.125 mg/kg) and propranolol (1 mg/kg) induced a highly significant (p less than 0.001) decrease of mean arterial blood pressure and with propranolol, a significant (p less than 0.01) bradycardia. In the same model the intravenous administrtion of saline (1 ml/kg) and of indomethacin (1 mg/kg) did not affect mean arterial blood pressure or heart rate (p greater than 0.3). Pretreatment of the animals with indomethacin (1 mg/kg) abolished the effect of both beta-blockers on mean arterial blood pressure (p greater than 0.05) and had no significant effect on heart rate.", "contents": "Modification by indomethacin of the blood pressure lowering effect of pindolol and propranolol in conscious rabbits. In conscious rabbits, the intravenous administration of pindolol (0.125 mg/kg) and propranolol (1 mg/kg) induced a highly significant (p less than 0.001) decrease of mean arterial blood pressure and with propranolol, a significant (p less than 0.01) bradycardia. In the same model the intravenous administrtion of saline (1 ml/kg) and of indomethacin (1 mg/kg) did not affect mean arterial blood pressure or heart rate (p greater than 0.3). Pretreatment of the animals with indomethacin (1 mg/kg) abolished the effect of both beta-blockers on mean arterial blood pressure (p greater than 0.05) and had no significant effect on heart rate."}
{"id": "PMID:880984", "title": "Extracellular free calcium and potassium during paroxsmal activity in the cerebral cortex of the cat.", "content": "Extracellular calcium and potassium activities (aCa and aK) as well as neuronal activity were simultaneously recorded with ion-sensitive electrodes in the somatosensory cortex of cats. Baseline aCa was 1.2-1.5 mM/l, baseline aK 2.7-3.2 mM/l. Transient decreases in aCa and simultaneous increases in aK were evoked by repetitive stimulation of the contralateral forepaw, the nucleus ventroposterolateralis thalami and the cortical surface. Considerable decreases in aCa (by up to 0.7 mM/l) were found during seizure activity. A fall in aCa preceded the onset of paroxysmal discharges and the rise in aK after injection of pentylene tetrazol. The decrease in aCa led also the rise in aK during cyclical spike driving in a penicillin focus. It is concluded that alterations of Ca++ dependent mechanisms participate in the generation of epileptic activity.", "contents": "Extracellular free calcium and potassium during paroxsmal activity in the cerebral cortex of the cat. Extracellular calcium and potassium activities (aCa and aK) as well as neuronal activity were simultaneously recorded with ion-sensitive electrodes in the somatosensory cortex of cats. Baseline aCa was 1.2-1.5 mM/l, baseline aK 2.7-3.2 mM/l. Transient decreases in aCa and simultaneous increases in aK were evoked by repetitive stimulation of the contralateral forepaw, the nucleus ventroposterolateralis thalami and the cortical surface. Considerable decreases in aCa (by up to 0.7 mM/l) were found during seizure activity. A fall in aCa preceded the onset of paroxysmal discharges and the rise in aK after injection of pentylene tetrazol. The decrease in aCa led also the rise in aK during cyclical spike driving in a penicillin focus. It is concluded that alterations of Ca++ dependent mechanisms participate in the generation of epileptic activity."}
{"id": "PMID:880985", "title": "Tetanus toxin induced actions on spinal Renshaw cells and Ia-inhibitory interneurones during development of local tetanus in the cat.", "content": "In anaesthetized cats the activities of Renshaw cells (RCs) and Ia-inhibitory interneurones (IaINs) were recorded during the accumulation of tetanus toxin in the spinal cord following injection into the gastrocnemius muscle. The early response of the RCs increased during the period of development of local tetanus. With some cells there was a subsequent decrease in the early response in later periods of the observation time (16-44 hrs after intramuscular injection). The effects on the spontaneous activity of the RCs were in good correspondence to those on the early response. The hyperactivity of the RCs is proposed to be mediated mainly via disinhibited cholinergic gamma-motoneurones using muscarinic postsynaptic receptors. The \"pause\" which follows the early response and the recurrent inhibition of IaINs was not reduced during the development of local tetanus. These results indicate that the central action of tetanus toxin in local tetanus does not consist of a general loss of postsynaptic inhibition. It is suggested that tetanus toxin acts mainly on synaptic elements of the alpha- and gamma-motoneurones or on presynaptic nerve terminals in their vicinity. In later periods of disturbing influence on the cholinergic transmission at Renshaw cells seems to occur.", "contents": "Tetanus toxin induced actions on spinal Renshaw cells and Ia-inhibitory interneurones during development of local tetanus in the cat. In anaesthetized cats the activities of Renshaw cells (RCs) and Ia-inhibitory interneurones (IaINs) were recorded during the accumulation of tetanus toxin in the spinal cord following injection into the gastrocnemius muscle. The early response of the RCs increased during the period of development of local tetanus. With some cells there was a subsequent decrease in the early response in later periods of the observation time (16-44 hrs after intramuscular injection). The effects on the spontaneous activity of the RCs were in good correspondence to those on the early response. The hyperactivity of the RCs is proposed to be mediated mainly via disinhibited cholinergic gamma-motoneurones using muscarinic postsynaptic receptors. The \"pause\" which follows the early response and the recurrent inhibition of IaINs was not reduced during the development of local tetanus. These results indicate that the central action of tetanus toxin in local tetanus does not consist of a general loss of postsynaptic inhibition. It is suggested that tetanus toxin acts mainly on synaptic elements of the alpha- and gamma-motoneurones or on presynaptic nerve terminals in their vicinity. In later periods of disturbing influence on the cholinergic transmission at Renshaw cells seems to occur."}
{"id": "PMID:880986", "title": "The depth distribution of optimal stimulus orientations for neurones in cat area 17.", "content": "Neurones recording during penetrations through cat area 17 as near parallel to the radial fibre bundles as possible have been quantitatively tested as to their optimal orientation. Optimal orientation within any one penetration was similar though considerable variability was observed. Histological reconstruction and other considerations showed that this variability could not be attributed to poor penetration angle or limitations of the microelectrode technique. These results confirm that neurones with similar optimal orientations are found in all cortical layers at one cortical locus, but it is difficult to reconcile the variability observed with a mosaic-like distribution of orientation across the cortical surface. The findings were consistent, however, with the assumption of a continuous distribution of orientation sensitivity across the cortical surface with considerable superimposed scatter.", "contents": "The depth distribution of optimal stimulus orientations for neurones in cat area 17. Neurones recording during penetrations through cat area 17 as near parallel to the radial fibre bundles as possible have been quantitatively tested as to their optimal orientation. Optimal orientation within any one penetration was similar though considerable variability was observed. Histological reconstruction and other considerations showed that this variability could not be attributed to poor penetration angle or limitations of the microelectrode technique. These results confirm that neurones with similar optimal orientations are found in all cortical layers at one cortical locus, but it is difficult to reconcile the variability observed with a mosaic-like distribution of orientation across the cortical surface. The findings were consistent, however, with the assumption of a continuous distribution of orientation sensitivity across the cortical surface with considerable superimposed scatter."}
{"id": "PMID:880989", "title": "Spatial frequency and orientation tuning curves of visual neurones in the cat: effects of mean luminance.", "content": "Experiments have been performed on unanaesthetized and paralysed cats. The tuning curves for spatial frequency of retinal, lateral geniculate and simple and complex cells of the cortex have been determined in response to sinusoidal gratings of various spatial frequencies at different levels of mean luminance. For all neurones, decreasing the mean luminance leads to a progressive loss of spatial resolution and contrast sensitivity. Retinal ganglion cells of type X show, for scotopic levels of luminance, a flattening of their spatial frequency tuning curves in the low spatial frequency range. For geniculate and cortical neurones, on the contrary, the spatial frequency characteristics at the various levels of luminance remain practically invariant in their bandwidth. On the average, complex cells still respond to mean luminances ten times lower than simple cells. The tuning curves for orientation of cortical cells maintain, to a first approximation, the same shape at the various levels of mean luminance. The results are discussed comparing the electrophysiological with psychophysical data.", "contents": "Spatial frequency and orientation tuning curves of visual neurones in the cat: effects of mean luminance. Experiments have been performed on unanaesthetized and paralysed cats. The tuning curves for spatial frequency of retinal, lateral geniculate and simple and complex cells of the cortex have been determined in response to sinusoidal gratings of various spatial frequencies at different levels of mean luminance. For all neurones, decreasing the mean luminance leads to a progressive loss of spatial resolution and contrast sensitivity. Retinal ganglion cells of type X show, for scotopic levels of luminance, a flattening of their spatial frequency tuning curves in the low spatial frequency range. For geniculate and cortical neurones, on the contrary, the spatial frequency characteristics at the various levels of luminance remain practically invariant in their bandwidth. On the average, complex cells still respond to mean luminances ten times lower than simple cells. The tuning curves for orientation of cortical cells maintain, to a first approximation, the same shape at the various levels of mean luminance. The results are discussed comparing the electrophysiological with psychophysical data."}
{"id": "PMID:880990", "title": "Adaptation and habituation characteristics of tectal neurons in the pigeon.", "content": "The adaptation and habituation characteristics produced by the repeated presentation of a moving visual stimulus were studied in single cells in the pigeon's optic tectum. Units located near the surface in the stratum opticum showed little adaptation. However, cells located in deeper layers exhibited varying rates and degrees of adaptation and recovery. Approximately two thirds of the units that adapted, individually showed different rates of adaptation to different directions of movement, thus revealing different receptive field profiles in their adapted and recovered states. Some units were described as habituating since a change in the path of the stimulus through the receptive field or a change in the type of stimulus, resulted in the reinstatement of the initial level of responsiveness.", "contents": "Adaptation and habituation characteristics of tectal neurons in the pigeon. The adaptation and habituation characteristics produced by the repeated presentation of a moving visual stimulus were studied in single cells in the pigeon's optic tectum. Units located near the surface in the stratum opticum showed little adaptation. However, cells located in deeper layers exhibited varying rates and degrees of adaptation and recovery. Approximately two thirds of the units that adapted, individually showed different rates of adaptation to different directions of movement, thus revealing different receptive field profiles in their adapted and recovered states. Some units were described as habituating since a change in the path of the stimulus through the receptive field or a change in the type of stimulus, resulted in the reinstatement of the initial level of responsiveness."}
{"id": "PMID:880993", "title": "Descending connections between superior olivary and cochlear nuclear complexes in the cat studied by autoradiographic and horseradish peroxidase methods.", "content": "The descending pathways from the superior olivary complex (SO) to the cochlear nuclear complex (CN) were investigated in 58 cats using labelled aminoacid and horseradish peroxidase transport techniques. Descending connections were found coursing bilaterally through the trapezoid body (TB) and ipsilaterally in the intermediate and dorsal acoustic striae. The dorsolateral periolivary nucleus (DLPO) sends fibres through both the intermediate and dorsal striae, which are joined by others from the lateral preolivary nucleus (LPO). Both the latter nucleus and the medial preolivary nucleus (MPO) give rise to a bilateral descending projection which traverses TB. The distribution of these descending pathways within CN  is described (although the technique did not permit precise synaptic identification). The possible implications of these pathways for response patterns at the level of CN are discussed.", "contents": "Descending connections between superior olivary and cochlear nuclear complexes in the cat studied by autoradiographic and horseradish peroxidase methods. The descending pathways from the superior olivary complex (SO) to the cochlear nuclear complex (CN) were investigated in 58 cats using labelled aminoacid and horseradish peroxidase transport techniques. Descending connections were found coursing bilaterally through the trapezoid body (TB) and ipsilaterally in the intermediate and dorsal acoustic striae. The dorsolateral periolivary nucleus (DLPO) sends fibres through both the intermediate and dorsal striae, which are joined by others from the lateral preolivary nucleus (LPO). Both the latter nucleus and the medial preolivary nucleus (MPO) give rise to a bilateral descending projection which traverses TB. The distribution of these descending pathways within CN  is described (although the technique did not permit precise synaptic identification). The possible implications of these pathways for response patterns at the level of CN are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:880995", "title": "The distribution of degenerating axons after small lesions in the intact and isolated visual cortex of the cat.", "content": "The extent of the spread of axonal degeneration was investigated in the visual cortex of the cat after making small lesions restricted to the grey matter. Two series of experiments were undertaken. In the first, normal adult cats were used, and in the second, the cortex of the postlateral gyrus was isolated from its extrinsic afferents by surgical undercutting 3 months before making the lesions. The results were similar in the two series in most respects. 1. Horizontal fibres extended in considerable numbers for some 500 micrometer from the lesion, mainly in layers I, III/IV and V, a few reaching 2/3 mm. These fibres were better seen in the intact than in the isolated cortex. Their spread was usually asymmetrical, being greater posteromedially than anterolaterally. 2. Oblique axons ran downwards from the middle layers into layers V and VI, or upwards into layers I and II. 3. Axons arising from layers II to VI descended vertically into the white matter. Degeneration patterns after lesions in areas 17 and 18 were compared.", "contents": "The distribution of degenerating axons after small lesions in the intact and isolated visual cortex of the cat. The extent of the spread of axonal degeneration was investigated in the visual cortex of the cat after making small lesions restricted to the grey matter. Two series of experiments were undertaken. In the first, normal adult cats were used, and in the second, the cortex of the postlateral gyrus was isolated from its extrinsic afferents by surgical undercutting 3 months before making the lesions. The results were similar in the two series in most respects. 1. Horizontal fibres extended in considerable numbers for some 500 micrometer from the lesion, mainly in layers I, III/IV and V, a few reaching 2/3 mm. These fibres were better seen in the intact than in the isolated cortex. Their spread was usually asymmetrical, being greater posteromedially than anterolaterally. 2. Oblique axons ran downwards from the middle layers into layers V and VI, or upwards into layers I and II. 3. Axons arising from layers II to VI descended vertically into the white matter. Degeneration patterns after lesions in areas 17 and 18 were compared."}
{"id": "PMID:880996", "title": "Ventral root elicited depression of the dorsal root evoked response in frog motoneurons.", "content": "Recurrent inhibition of the dorsal root (DR) evoked responses of frog motoneurons was studied by intracellular recording. Monosynaptic and early polysynaptic action potentials, as well as compound EPSPs initiated by a DR volley in motoneurons were depressed by an antidromic volley in motor axons. The depression had about 10 msec latency, reached maximum at 20-30 msec, and was maintained for 80 msec. The depression was associated with a slow, negative dorsal root potential (VR-DRP) of similar time course. No sign of recurrent postsynaptic inhibition of the motoneuron somata was found. Decrease in excitability of the motoneurons was also observed during the afterhyperpolarization (AHP) associated with either antidromic or direct spikes in the motoneurons. This excitability decrease was detectable at the time of recurrent depression of the DR-evoked responses. The data are explained by the assumption that two mechanisms are involved in the recurrent depression of the DR-evoked responses: the excitability decrease during the AHP in the motoneurons themselves, and the inhibition transmitted by a recurrent pathway which may depress the DR inputs to motoneurons presynaptically.", "contents": "Ventral root elicited depression of the dorsal root evoked response in frog motoneurons. Recurrent inhibition of the dorsal root (DR) evoked responses of frog motoneurons was studied by intracellular recording. Monosynaptic and early polysynaptic action potentials, as well as compound EPSPs initiated by a DR volley in motoneurons were depressed by an antidromic volley in motor axons. The depression had about 10 msec latency, reached maximum at 20-30 msec, and was maintained for 80 msec. The depression was associated with a slow, negative dorsal root potential (VR-DRP) of similar time course. No sign of recurrent postsynaptic inhibition of the motoneuron somata was found. Decrease in excitability of the motoneurons was also observed during the afterhyperpolarization (AHP) associated with either antidromic or direct spikes in the motoneurons. This excitability decrease was detectable at the time of recurrent depression of the DR-evoked responses. The data are explained by the assumption that two mechanisms are involved in the recurrent depression of the DR-evoked responses: the excitability decrease during the AHP in the motoneurons themselves, and the inhibition transmitted by a recurrent pathway which may depress the DR inputs to motoneurons presynaptically."}
{"id": "PMID:880997", "title": "The cerebello-thalamo-cortical pathway. Topographical investigation at the unitary level in the cat.", "content": "1. The spatial organization of the cerebello-thalamo-cortical relations has been studied in semi-chronic cats. VL neurons were recorded during stimulation of two cerebellar nuclei, the nucleus interpositus posterior (NIP) and the dentate nucleus (ND). 2. Latency histograms of thalamic responses induced from the stimulation of each of two cerebellar nuclei are comparable and suggest that the cerebello-thalamic fibres have similar calibers whether they originate in the NIP or ND. 3. The anatomical localisation of recording sites indicates that the short latency (less than 1.5 msec) thalamic responses (transmitted by a monosynaptic pathway) are confined to a restricted VL region while the long latency responses are dispersed throughout the nucleus. The monosynaptic responses induced by NIP stimulation are localized in the ventrolateral part of the VL. This VL region is connected to the motor cortical area controlling the forelimb. The ND sends projections into a more medial and dorsal region which is principally connected to the motor area controlling the axial musculature and the shoulder. 4. In some cases it has been observed that the same thalamic cell cen be excited from both cerebellar nuclei. The fact that thalamic neurones are not tied specifically to a given afferent pathway is discussed. 5. The cerebellothalamic well as the thalamocortical relations have a divergent pattern. The efferents from each cerebellar site can excite a large number of VL neurons which can be sometimes several millimeters apart. 6. Cerebellar projections on small cortical foci have also been found. The functional interpretation of these two characteristics of the pathway is discussed.", "contents": "The cerebello-thalamo-cortical pathway. Topographical investigation at the unitary level in the cat. 1. The spatial organization of the cerebello-thalamo-cortical relations has been studied in semi-chronic cats. VL neurons were recorded during stimulation of two cerebellar nuclei, the nucleus interpositus posterior (NIP) and the dentate nucleus (ND). 2. Latency histograms of thalamic responses induced from the stimulation of each of two cerebellar nuclei are comparable and suggest that the cerebello-thalamic fibres have similar calibers whether they originate in the NIP or ND. 3. The anatomical localisation of recording sites indicates that the short latency (less than 1.5 msec) thalamic responses (transmitted by a monosynaptic pathway) are confined to a restricted VL region while the long latency responses are dispersed throughout the nucleus. The monosynaptic responses induced by NIP stimulation are localized in the ventrolateral part of the VL. This VL region is connected to the motor cortical area controlling the forelimb. The ND sends projections into a more medial and dorsal region which is principally connected to the motor area controlling the axial musculature and the shoulder. 4. In some cases it has been observed that the same thalamic cell cen be excited from both cerebellar nuclei. The fact that thalamic neurones are not tied specifically to a given afferent pathway is discussed. 5. The cerebellothalamic well as the thalamocortical relations have a divergent pattern. The efferents from each cerebellar site can excite a large number of VL neurons which can be sometimes several millimeters apart. 6. Cerebellar projections on small cortical foci have also been found. The functional interpretation of these two characteristics of the pathway is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:880998", "title": "Direct projections from thalamic intralaminar nuclei to extra-striate visual cortex in the cat traced with horseradish peroxidase.", "content": "Thalamic projections to the visual cortex were investigated using the Horseradish peroxidase tracing technique. Besides confirmation of a distinct origin of thalamic projections to striate and extra-striate visual cortex, afferents of the intralaminar nuclei (ILN) to visual cortex were demonstrated. These projections of ILN were shown to be specific in that they terminate in areas 18, 19 and Clare Bishop but not area 17. The coupling of these intralaminar projections on to the extra-striate visual system is considered with respect ot orientation of gaze.", "contents": "Direct projections from thalamic intralaminar nuclei to extra-striate visual cortex in the cat traced with horseradish peroxidase. Thalamic projections to the visual cortex were investigated using the Horseradish peroxidase tracing technique. Besides confirmation of a distinct origin of thalamic projections to striate and extra-striate visual cortex, afferents of the intralaminar nuclei (ILN) to visual cortex were demonstrated. These projections of ILN were shown to be specific in that they terminate in areas 18, 19 and Clare Bishop but not area 17. The coupling of these intralaminar projections on to the extra-striate visual system is considered with respect ot orientation of gaze."}
{"id": "PMID:880999", "title": "Inverted vision surgically induced in experienced cats: physiology of the primary cortex.", "content": "The physiological effects of inversion of vision were studied in the visual cortex of five adult cats following 180 degrees surgical rotation of one eye for 2-3 months. The other eye was closed in order to prevent binocular conflicting visual input in the period between eye inversion and unit recording. The distribution of neurons according to their ocular dominance was very slightly different from that of normal cats. The retinotopic map was stable in that respect that receptive fields were spatially located in their expected position in accordance with the inversion induced; they reversed positions when maps of the two eyes were compared. Directional selectivity was also preserved; the preferred directions of binocularly activated units were found to be in opposition when responses from the normal and the inverted eyes were compared.", "contents": "Inverted vision surgically induced in experienced cats: physiology of the primary cortex. The physiological effects of inversion of vision were studied in the visual cortex of five adult cats following 180 degrees surgical rotation of one eye for 2-3 months. The other eye was closed in order to prevent binocular conflicting visual input in the period between eye inversion and unit recording. The distribution of neurons according to their ocular dominance was very slightly different from that of normal cats. The retinotopic map was stable in that respect that receptive fields were spatially located in their expected position in accordance with the inversion induced; they reversed positions when maps of the two eyes were compared. Directional selectivity was also preserved; the preferred directions of binocularly activated units were found to be in opposition when responses from the normal and the inverted eyes were compared."}
{"id": "PMID:881000", "title": "Dendritic spread of dorsal horn neurons in cats.", "content": "Observations of neurons in dorsal horn laminae IV-VI of the lumbosacral segments of Golgi-stained spinal cords in kittens and adult cats revealed laminar differences in dendritic architecture. Many neurons in lamina IV had dense, bushy dendritic fields. Lamina V contained, in addition to bushy cells similar in appearance to those of lamina IV, increasing numbers of neurons with radiating dendritic fields. Lamina VI was composed almost exclusively of neurons with radiating dendritic fields. These qualitative differences among laminae were accompanied by systematic variations in mean dendritic spread, which increased more than two-fold in adult cats between laminae IV and VI. A second gradient of dendritic spread was found within individual laminae: dendritic spread, particularly medial to lateral spread, increased for successively more lateral cells within a lamina. These differences in the spread of dendrites for neurons in different regions of the dorsal horn may be related to variations in the areas of peripheral receptive fields of dorsal horn neurons.", "contents": "Dendritic spread of dorsal horn neurons in cats. Observations of neurons in dorsal horn laminae IV-VI of the lumbosacral segments of Golgi-stained spinal cords in kittens and adult cats revealed laminar differences in dendritic architecture. Many neurons in lamina IV had dense, bushy dendritic fields. Lamina V contained, in addition to bushy cells similar in appearance to those of lamina IV, increasing numbers of neurons with radiating dendritic fields. Lamina VI was composed almost exclusively of neurons with radiating dendritic fields. These qualitative differences among laminae were accompanied by systematic variations in mean dendritic spread, which increased more than two-fold in adult cats between laminae IV and VI. A second gradient of dendritic spread was found within individual laminae: dendritic spread, particularly medial to lateral spread, increased for successively more lateral cells within a lamina. These differences in the spread of dendrites for neurons in different regions of the dorsal horn may be related to variations in the areas of peripheral receptive fields of dorsal horn neurons."}
{"id": "PMID:881001", "title": "Cells of origin of the occipito-pontine projection in the cat: functional properties and intracortical location.", "content": "Extracellular records were taken from the areas 17, 18 and 19 of anaesthetized and immobilized cats. Of the 350 cells recorded in the cortical layers IV-VI, 22 responded with an antidromic action potential to electrical stimulation of the basal pontine region. Antidromic latencies ranged between 1.5-8.8 msec (mean and SD: 3.98 +/- 1.83 msec). The recording sites of these cells were in the cortical layer V. In the areas 17 and 18 of these cells were detected only in peripheral parts of the visual field representation. Some of these cells were tested with visual stimulation. They had complex receptive fields of large sizes, they received input from either eye, and their orientation selectively was relatively low. The sample of cells had neither a preference for a certain orientation nor for any particular degree of directional specifity nor for a certain range of movement velocity.", "contents": "Cells of origin of the occipito-pontine projection in the cat: functional properties and intracortical location. Extracellular records were taken from the areas 17, 18 and 19 of anaesthetized and immobilized cats. Of the 350 cells recorded in the cortical layers IV-VI, 22 responded with an antidromic action potential to electrical stimulation of the basal pontine region. Antidromic latencies ranged between 1.5-8.8 msec (mean and SD: 3.98 +/- 1.83 msec). The recording sites of these cells were in the cortical layer V. In the areas 17 and 18 of these cells were detected only in peripheral parts of the visual field representation. Some of these cells were tested with visual stimulation. They had complex receptive fields of large sizes, they received input from either eye, and their orientation selectively was relatively low. The sample of cells had neither a preference for a certain orientation nor for any particular degree of directional specifity nor for a certain range of movement velocity."}
{"id": "PMID:881002", "title": "Segmental reflex inputs to motoneurons innervating dorsal neck musculature in the cat.", "content": "The responses to stimulation of upper cervical muscle and cutaneous afferents were studied in motoneurons innervating splenius, complexus, and biventer cervicis dorsal neck muscles of cats. Motoneurons innervating complexus and biventer cervicis fibers, which are in the deeper, longitudinally oriented muscles, were monosynaptically excited by ipsilateral Group I afferents from each of these muscles, but they did not receive significant input from splenius Group I afferents. Likewise, splenius motoneurons were not monosynaptically excited by ipsilateral afferents from complexus anf biventer cervicis. Stimulation of ipsilateral cutaneous afferents produced predominant excitation in splenius motoneurons, predominant inhibition in biventer cervicis motoneurons, and inhibition or mixed responses in complexus motoneurons. None of the neck motoneurons studied showed postsynaptic potentials following single or multiple shock stimulation of contralateral muscle nerves at stimulus intensities expected to excite exclusively Group I afferents. Higher intensity stimulation of contralateral muscle afferents, as well as fibers in the greater auricular nerves, produced predominant inhibition in all three neck motoneuron pools. Segmentally-excited afferents to neck motoneurons, like those from supraspinal systems, appear to evoke different patterns of synaptic responses in splenius motoneurons than they do in motoneurons innervating fibers in the deeper, longitudinally oriented complexus and biventer cervicis muscles.", "contents": "Segmental reflex inputs to motoneurons innervating dorsal neck musculature in the cat. The responses to stimulation of upper cervical muscle and cutaneous afferents were studied in motoneurons innervating splenius, complexus, and biventer cervicis dorsal neck muscles of cats. Motoneurons innervating complexus and biventer cervicis fibers, which are in the deeper, longitudinally oriented muscles, were monosynaptically excited by ipsilateral Group I afferents from each of these muscles, but they did not receive significant input from splenius Group I afferents. Likewise, splenius motoneurons were not monosynaptically excited by ipsilateral afferents from complexus anf biventer cervicis. Stimulation of ipsilateral cutaneous afferents produced predominant excitation in splenius motoneurons, predominant inhibition in biventer cervicis motoneurons, and inhibition or mixed responses in complexus motoneurons. None of the neck motoneurons studied showed postsynaptic potentials following single or multiple shock stimulation of contralateral muscle nerves at stimulus intensities expected to excite exclusively Group I afferents. Higher intensity stimulation of contralateral muscle afferents, as well as fibers in the greater auricular nerves, produced predominant inhibition in all three neck motoneuron pools. Segmentally-excited afferents to neck motoneurons, like those from supraspinal systems, appear to evoke different patterns of synaptic responses in splenius motoneurons than they do in motoneurons innervating fibers in the deeper, longitudinally oriented complexus and biventer cervicis muscles."}
{"id": "PMID:881004", "title": "Effects of lesioning the dorsal and intermediate acoustic striae on binaural interaction at the inferior colliculus.", "content": "Contralateral clicks normally activate units in the inferior colliculus of rats. Ipsilateral clicks usually inhibit this activity when their intensity just exceeds the contralateral intensity. When the contralateral dorsal and intermediate acoustic striae are lesioned as they pass over the restiform body, ipsilateral clicks inhibit even if they are substantially less intense than contralateral clicks. Contralateral click thresholds for unit activation are elevated by about 10 dB, but this shift in sensitivity cannot account for the marked advantage gained by the ipsilateral inhibitory input. These findings suggest that one or both of these pathways contributes heavily to binaural interaction at the inferior colliculus.", "contents": "Effects of lesioning the dorsal and intermediate acoustic striae on binaural interaction at the inferior colliculus. Contralateral clicks normally activate units in the inferior colliculus of rats. Ipsilateral clicks usually inhibit this activity when their intensity just exceeds the contralateral intensity. When the contralateral dorsal and intermediate acoustic striae are lesioned as they pass over the restiform body, ipsilateral clicks inhibit even if they are substantially less intense than contralateral clicks. Contralateral click thresholds for unit activation are elevated by about 10 dB, but this shift in sensitivity cannot account for the marked advantage gained by the ipsilateral inhibitory input. These findings suggest that one or both of these pathways contributes heavily to binaural interaction at the inferior colliculus."}
{"id": "PMID:881005", "title": "Uptake of inulin by cells in rat brain cortex.", "content": "Light and electron microscope autoradiography indicated that 3H-labelled inulin was taken up by neurons and glia cells of rat brain cortex in vitro. The mechanism, by which inulin passed the cell membranes, was studied by comparing the transport of inulin (molecular weight 5000) with the transport of dextran (molecular weight 75000). The half-time for the cellular in- and efflux for the two molecules was the same although their diffusion coefficients differed by a factor of 4-5. The transport mechanism was therefore interpreted as bulk transport, and vesicular transport is suggested. Efflux of inulin from brain cortex exposed to inulin in vivo indicated that cellular uptake of inulin also occurred in vivo.", "contents": "Uptake of inulin by cells in rat brain cortex. Light and electron microscope autoradiography indicated that 3H-labelled inulin was taken up by neurons and glia cells of rat brain cortex in vitro. The mechanism, by which inulin passed the cell membranes, was studied by comparing the transport of inulin (molecular weight 5000) with the transport of dextran (molecular weight 75000). The half-time for the cellular in- and efflux for the two molecules was the same although their diffusion coefficients differed by a factor of 4-5. The transport mechanism was therefore interpreted as bulk transport, and vesicular transport is suggested. Efflux of inulin from brain cortex exposed to inulin in vivo indicated that cellular uptake of inulin also occurred in vivo."}
{"id": "PMID:881006", "title": "Ultrastructural observations of the abducens nucleus of the cat after injection of horseradish peroxydase into the lateral rectus muscle.", "content": "The ultrastructure of cat abducens motoneurones is described, after labelling by retrograde axonal transport of horseradish peroxydase. The motoneurones were densely covered with synaptic boutons of both the \"terminal\" and \"en passant\" types and axo-axonal synapses were observed on the initial segment of motoneurone axons. Within the population of axons forming the VIth nerve, multiple branching was encountered and axons closely apposed at the nodes of Ranvier were seen.", "contents": "Ultrastructural observations of the abducens nucleus of the cat after injection of horseradish peroxydase into the lateral rectus muscle. The ultrastructure of cat abducens motoneurones is described, after labelling by retrograde axonal transport of horseradish peroxydase. The motoneurones were densely covered with synaptic boutons of both the \"terminal\" and \"en passant\" types and axo-axonal synapses were observed on the initial segment of motoneurone axons. Within the population of axons forming the VIth nerve, multiple branching was encountered and axons closely apposed at the nodes of Ranvier were seen."}
{"id": "PMID:881007", "title": "Direct accessory optic projections to the vestibulo-cerebellum: a possible channel for oculomotor control systems.", "content": "The nucleus of the basal optic root (nBOR) receives direct retinal projections in all classes of vertebrates. This nucleus is also known as the medial terminal nucleus of the accessory optic tract, or as the nucleus extomamillaris. Following a series of HRP injections into the uvula and flocculonodular lobe of pigeons, both large and small cells of the nBOR were labelled bilaterally with the marker. No significant transport of HRP to nBOR was observed following injections of more rostral folia of the posterior or anterior lobes of the cerebellum. In view of the prominence of the tract from retina to nBOR and the presence of a monosynaptic pathway from nBOR directly to the vestibulo-cerebellum, we suggest this bisynaptic, \"lemniscal\", retino-cerebellar channel may be the substrate by which visual stimuli directly trigger oculomotor responses mediated by the vestibulo-cerebellum.", "contents": "Direct accessory optic projections to the vestibulo-cerebellum: a possible channel for oculomotor control systems. The nucleus of the basal optic root (nBOR) receives direct retinal projections in all classes of vertebrates. This nucleus is also known as the medial terminal nucleus of the accessory optic tract, or as the nucleus extomamillaris. Following a series of HRP injections into the uvula and flocculonodular lobe of pigeons, both large and small cells of the nBOR were labelled bilaterally with the marker. No significant transport of HRP to nBOR was observed following injections of more rostral folia of the posterior or anterior lobes of the cerebellum. In view of the prominence of the tract from retina to nBOR and the presence of a monosynaptic pathway from nBOR directly to the vestibulo-cerebellum, we suggest this bisynaptic, \"lemniscal\", retino-cerebellar channel may be the substrate by which visual stimuli directly trigger oculomotor responses mediated by the vestibulo-cerebellum."}
{"id": "PMID:881008", "title": "Contraception and sterilization in the United States, 1965-1975.", "content": "Although the pill remains the most popular method of contraception among young married women, sterilization is now the method of choice among couples married a decade or more, as well as among couples who have had all the children they want. Indeed, contraceptive and medical sterilizations combined now comprise the most frequent barrier to conception among all married couples of reproductive age. Three-quarters of couples using contraception now use the most effective methods, the pill, sterilization or the IUD, and the trend data suggest a continuing increase in the reliance on such methods.", "contents": "Contraception and sterilization in the United States, 1965-1975. Although the pill remains the most popular method of contraception among young married women, sterilization is now the method of choice among couples married a decade or more, as well as among couples who have had all the children they want. Indeed, contraceptive and medical sterilizations combined now comprise the most frequent barrier to conception among all married couples of reproductive age. Three-quarters of couples using contraception now use the most effective methods, the pill, sterilization or the IUD, and the trend data suggest a continuing increase in the reliance on such methods."}
{"id": "PMID:881009", "title": "The influence of physicians' attitudes on abortion performance, patient management and professional fees.", "content": "Although religion is the most powerful predictor of whether a doctor will perform any abortions, satisfaction with his or her patients and emotional reaction to the abortion procedure powerfully affect the physician's practice. Doctors who are most satisfied with their patients are less likely to ask unmarried teens for parental consent and to charge lower fees. Physicians who are severely disturbed over abortion perform terminations less frequently and more often ask spousal or parental consent--but charge lower fees and are more likely to accept Medicaid patients.", "contents": "The influence of physicians' attitudes on abortion performance, patient management and professional fees. Although religion is the most powerful predictor of whether a doctor will perform any abortions, satisfaction with his or her patients and emotional reaction to the abortion procedure powerfully affect the physician's practice. Doctors who are most satisfied with their patients are less likely to ask unmarried teens for parental consent and to charge lower fees. Physicians who are severely disturbed over abortion perform terminations less frequently and more often ask spousal or parental consent--but charge lower fees and are more likely to accept Medicaid patients."}
{"id": "PMID:881010", "title": "The effect of government policies on out-of-wedlock sex and pregnancy.", "content": "Neither the level of AFDC benefits nor the AFDC acceptance rate appear to serve as economic incentives to out-of-wedlock childbearing; nor does the availability of contraception and abortion seem to encourage teenagers to initiate sexual activity. However, the availability of subsidized family planning services does apparently lower pregnancy rates, especially among black teenagers; and the availability of abortion seems to reduce substantially the incidence of out-of-wedlock childbearing, especially among whites.", "contents": "The effect of government policies on out-of-wedlock sex and pregnancy. Neither the level of AFDC benefits nor the AFDC acceptance rate appear to serve as economic incentives to out-of-wedlock childbearing; nor does the availability of contraception and abortion seem to encourage teenagers to initiate sexual activity. However, the availability of subsidized family planning services does apparently lower pregnancy rates, especially among black teenagers; and the availability of abortion seems to reduce substantially the incidence of out-of-wedlock childbearing, especially among whites."}
{"id": "PMID:881037", "title": "[Relationship between duration of expiration and depth of breathing in decerbrate cats].", "content": "In decerbrated cats, tidal volume (Vt) increased from apnoea to maximal values in result of rebreathing. With vagus nerves intact increment of Vt was accompanied by shortening of both inspiratory (Ti) and expiratory (Te) phases. Relationship Te vs.  Ti was mainly linear. Decrease of Te with progressing hyperpnoea was determined by impulses from lungs mechanoreceptors. After vagotomy Vt increase was accompanied by increment of Te. Bulbopontine respiratory mechanism reacted to chemical stimuli by increasing Te. The constant relationship between Ti and duration of the next expiration was disappeared.", "contents": "[Relationship between duration of expiration and depth of breathing in decerbrate cats]. In decerbrated cats, tidal volume (Vt) increased from apnoea to maximal values in result of rebreathing. With vagus nerves intact increment of Vt was accompanied by shortening of both inspiratory (Ti) and expiratory (Te) phases. Relationship Te vs.  Ti was mainly linear. Decrease of Te with progressing hyperpnoea was determined by impulses from lungs mechanoreceptors. After vagotomy Vt increase was accompanied by increment of Te. Bulbopontine respiratory mechanism reacted to chemical stimuli by increasing Te. The constant relationship between Ti and duration of the next expiration was disappeared."}
{"id": "PMID:881038", "title": "[Responses of neurons of the supraolivary complex to amplitude-modulated signals].", "content": "46% out of 160 studied neurons synchronized their discharges according to the envelope of sinusoidal amplitude-modulated (AM) stimuli when modulating frequency was changed from 50/sec to 1200/sec. The areas of synchronization coincided with the excitatory areas for tonal stimuli. The synchronization was found to depend on intensity of stimulus, and for some units the upper threshods were revealed. The other parameters of AM-stimulus such as the coefficient of modulation and modulating frequency, also act on the synchronization.", "contents": "[Responses of neurons of the supraolivary complex to amplitude-modulated signals]. 46% out of 160 studied neurons synchronized their discharges according to the envelope of sinusoidal amplitude-modulated (AM) stimuli when modulating frequency was changed from 50/sec to 1200/sec. The areas of synchronization coincided with the excitatory areas for tonal stimuli. The synchronization was found to depend on intensity of stimulus, and for some units the upper threshods were revealed. The other parameters of AM-stimulus such as the coefficient of modulation and modulating frequency, also act on the synchronization."}
{"id": "PMID:881039", "title": "[Spatial-temporal structure of the primary evoked activity of visual cortex neurons].", "content": "The unit activity displayed a mosiac position of the activated neuronal ensembles with asymmetrically inhibited adjacent areas development of primary response. The average distance between the centers of these ensembles, the latter's diameter being less than 240 mcm, was not more than 300 mcm. The centers displayed the most intensive activity of the neurons ranged in a column, with the shortest latency, the greatest synchronization, and the diffuse peripheral area which might be asymmetrical in respect to the center.", "contents": "[Spatial-temporal structure of the primary evoked activity of visual cortex neurons]. The unit activity displayed a mosiac position of the activated neuronal ensembles with asymmetrically inhibited adjacent areas development of primary response. The average distance between the centers of these ensembles, the latter's diameter being less than 240 mcm, was not more than 300 mcm. The centers displayed the most intensive activity of the neurons ranged in a column, with the shortest latency, the greatest synchronization, and the diffuse peripheral area which might be asymmetrical in respect to the center."}
{"id": "PMID:881040", "title": "[Acid RNAase activity of lysosomes in different regions of rat brain during learning].", "content": "Establishment of a defence conditioned reflex in rats raised the level of total activity of acid RNAse (after treatment of the brain tissue with 0.1% Triton X-100) of lysosome-enriched fractions (LEF) in cerebral cortex and subcortical areas. This increase in the enzyme activity was higher in the Krushinsky-Molodkina rats than in Wistar those. The trained animals had a lower than control release of the acid RNAse from the brain cortex lysosomes under effect of the hiotone addition.", "contents": "[Acid RNAase activity of lysosomes in different regions of rat brain during learning]. Establishment of a defence conditioned reflex in rats raised the level of total activity of acid RNAse (after treatment of the brain tissue with 0.1% Triton X-100) of lysosome-enriched fractions (LEF) in cerebral cortex and subcortical areas. This increase in the enzyme activity was higher in the Krushinsky-Molodkina rats than in Wistar those. The trained animals had a lower than control release of the acid RNAse from the brain cortex lysosomes under effect of the hiotone addition."}
{"id": "PMID:881043", "title": "[Dissociation of the ino- and chronotropic response of isolated rat heart to noradrenaline in the presence of oxygen deficit, exposure to cyanide and 2,4-dinitrophenol].", "content": "Isolated hearts of rats responded to increasing doses of noradrenaline (NA) with progressing increase of the sistolic pressure in the left ventricle and with bradycardia. Tachyrhythmic response occurred only at high concentration of NA (5-10(-8)). During energy hunger induced by O2 deficit, cyanide, and 2,4-dinitrophenole the NA inotropic effect has reduced, but the relative stabilization of the heart integral response (Opil's index) was achieved due to activation of NA positive chronotropic effect. The character of NA effects under conditions of energy hunger does not depend on the initial level of endogenous NA. Even in the isolated heart at ATPh deficit a compensatory mechanism comes to action switching the NA regulating effect from the contractile process over to activation of pacemaker rhythmic activity.", "contents": "[Dissociation of the ino- and chronotropic response of isolated rat heart to noradrenaline in the presence of oxygen deficit, exposure to cyanide and 2,4-dinitrophenol]. Isolated hearts of rats responded to increasing doses of noradrenaline (NA) with progressing increase of the sistolic pressure in the left ventricle and with bradycardia. Tachyrhythmic response occurred only at high concentration of NA (5-10(-8)). During energy hunger induced by O2 deficit, cyanide, and 2,4-dinitrophenole the NA inotropic effect has reduced, but the relative stabilization of the heart integral response (Opil's index) was achieved due to activation of NA positive chronotropic effect. The character of NA effects under conditions of energy hunger does not depend on the initial level of endogenous NA. Even in the isolated heart at ATPh deficit a compensatory mechanism comes to action switching the NA regulating effect from the contractile process over to activation of pacemaker rhythmic activity."}
{"id": "PMID:881044", "title": "[Contractile responses of subcutaneous vessels to drops in temperature].", "content": "In rabbits, application of ice-cold water to the ear lowers the skin temperature by 10.3 degrees C and, within 3-4 sec, the temperature in the subcutaneous vein by 4.3 degrees C. A stepwise cooling of isolated subcutaneous artery or vein causes their constriction, and warming dilates the vessels with maximal amplitude when the temperature is changed by 8-12 degrees C. Further cooling or warming diminishes the response. Optimal constrictory responses of subcutaneous vessels to a standard dose of norepinephrine were observed at 38-32 degrees C.", "contents": "[Contractile responses of subcutaneous vessels to drops in temperature]. In rabbits, application of ice-cold water to the ear lowers the skin temperature by 10.3 degrees C and, within 3-4 sec, the temperature in the subcutaneous vein by 4.3 degrees C. A stepwise cooling of isolated subcutaneous artery or vein causes their constriction, and warming dilates the vessels with maximal amplitude when the temperature is changed by 8-12 degrees C. Further cooling or warming diminishes the response. Optimal constrictory responses of subcutaneous vessels to a standard dose of norepinephrine were observed at 38-32 degrees C."}
{"id": "PMID:881045", "title": "[Peripheral mechanisms of the responses of small intestine capacitance vessels to noradrenaline].", "content": "Noradrenalin was shown to elicit either constrictory or dilatory responses depending on the initial level of venous pressure (10-15 mm Hg or 0 and 25 mm Hg) in the capacitance vessels of the cat small intestine. Blockade of beta-adrenoreceptors with propranolol has no effect on the capacitance vessels responses. Blockade of alpha-adrenoreceptors with dihydroergotoxin makes noradrenaline to elicit dilatory responses only, their magnitude depending on the initial level of venous pressure: more obvious responses at 10-15 mm Hg, less obvious those - at 0 and 25 mm Hg.", "contents": "[Peripheral mechanisms of the responses of small intestine capacitance vessels to noradrenaline]. Noradrenalin was shown to elicit either constrictory or dilatory responses depending on the initial level of venous pressure (10-15 mm Hg or 0 and 25 mm Hg) in the capacitance vessels of the cat small intestine. Blockade of beta-adrenoreceptors with propranolol has no effect on the capacitance vessels responses. Blockade of alpha-adrenoreceptors with dihydroergotoxin makes noradrenaline to elicit dilatory responses only, their magnitude depending on the initial level of venous pressure: more obvious responses at 10-15 mm Hg, less obvious those - at 0 and 25 mm Hg."}
{"id": "PMID:881054", "title": "[Formation of a mosaic of neuronal activity from microfoci of excitation in rat cerebral cortex].", "content": "Responses of several neurons from area 17 in the rat visual cortex to illumination with round spots of growing size were recorded. The size and shape of receptive fields of the neurons were determined. When the spot was placed into the central part of the receptive fields of neurons situated along one vertical run, distribution analysis of excited, inhibited, and non-responding neurons here showed that microlocus of excitation was being formed in the middle layers of the visual cortex. As the spot became larger, the neuronal ensemble \"grew\" up to a certain critical size, beyond which the microlocus of excitation divided, and the mosaic of neuronal ensembles began to form reaching maximal clear-cutness of diffuse illumination of the eye.", "contents": "[Formation of a mosaic of neuronal activity from microfoci of excitation in rat cerebral cortex]. Responses of several neurons from area 17 in the rat visual cortex to illumination with round spots of growing size were recorded. The size and shape of receptive fields of the neurons were determined. When the spot was placed into the central part of the receptive fields of neurons situated along one vertical run, distribution analysis of excited, inhibited, and non-responding neurons here showed that microlocus of excitation was being formed in the middle layers of the visual cortex. As the spot became larger, the neuronal ensemble \"grew\" up to a certain critical size, beyond which the microlocus of excitation divided, and the mosaic of neuronal ensembles began to form reaching maximal clear-cutness of diffuse illumination of the eye."}
{"id": "PMID:881055", "title": "[Neurochemical mechanisms of morphine action on the function of neurons in the midbrain reticular formation].", "content": "The effect of microiontophoretically applied morphine and its interactions with the effect of microiontophoretic applications of either acetylcholine (ACh) or 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) were studied in single neurons of the midbrain RF in immobilized rats. Morphine altered the firing rate of the majority of neurons: 39% neurons were excited, 16%-inhibited. Morphine reduced or blocked reactions of most (67%) neurons to 5-HT but had no effect on their reactions to ACh (86% of neurons). The findings suggest that interaction between morphine and sezotoninergic structures of the brain plays a more important role in mechanism of morphine central action than the interaction between morphine and cholinergic systems.", "contents": "[Neurochemical mechanisms of morphine action on the function of neurons in the midbrain reticular formation]. The effect of microiontophoretically applied morphine and its interactions with the effect of microiontophoretic applications of either acetylcholine (ACh) or 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) were studied in single neurons of the midbrain RF in immobilized rats. Morphine altered the firing rate of the majority of neurons: 39% neurons were excited, 16%-inhibited. Morphine reduced or blocked reactions of most (67%) neurons to 5-HT but had no effect on their reactions to ACh (86% of neurons). The findings suggest that interaction between morphine and sezotoninergic structures of the brain plays a more important role in mechanism of morphine central action than the interaction between morphine and cholinergic systems."}
{"id": "PMID:881056", "title": "[Monsynaptic influences from the reticular formation and muscle afferents following axotomy of motor neurons in rats].", "content": "Lumbar motoneurons were studied by means of intracellular recording in intact rats and after section of the appropriate ventral roots. In normal motoneurons monosynaptic EPSPs evoked by stimulation of the reticular formation and Ia group muscle afferents showed no difference in amplitude (3.92 +/- 0.17 mV and 3.86 +/- 0.19 mV), but revealed statistically significant difference in time-to-peak (0.71 +/- 0.05 msec and 0.83 +/- 0.06 msec). The membrane potential, the duration and the amplitude of the actionpotentials, and the generation of antidromic actionpotentials showed no difference between normal and axotomized motoneurons. The partial responses were not recorded in axotomized motoneurons. Monosynaptic reticulo-spinal and Ia EPSPs of axotomized motoneurons exhibited longer time-to-peak than those in normal motoneurons. Besides, Ia EPSPs were significantly reduced in amplitude. The changes of monosynaptic reticulo-spinal and Ia EPSPs cannot be explained exclusively by the alterations of the synapses located on the soma and proximal dendrites.", "contents": "[Monsynaptic influences from the reticular formation and muscle afferents following axotomy of motor neurons in rats]. Lumbar motoneurons were studied by means of intracellular recording in intact rats and after section of the appropriate ventral roots. In normal motoneurons monosynaptic EPSPs evoked by stimulation of the reticular formation and Ia group muscle afferents showed no difference in amplitude (3.92 +/- 0.17 mV and 3.86 +/- 0.19 mV), but revealed statistically significant difference in time-to-peak (0.71 +/- 0.05 msec and 0.83 +/- 0.06 msec). The membrane potential, the duration and the amplitude of the actionpotentials, and the generation of antidromic actionpotentials showed no difference between normal and axotomized motoneurons. The partial responses were not recorded in axotomized motoneurons. Monosynaptic reticulo-spinal and Ia EPSPs of axotomized motoneurons exhibited longer time-to-peak than those in normal motoneurons. Besides, Ia EPSPs were significantly reduced in amplitude. The changes of monosynaptic reticulo-spinal and Ia EPSPs cannot be explained exclusively by the alterations of the synapses located on the soma and proximal dendrites."}
{"id": "PMID:881057", "title": "[Effects of electric stimulation of the dentate nucleus of the cerebellum on neuronal activity of the centrum medianum of the optic thalamus].", "content": "Electrical stimulation of the cerebellar dentate nucleus elicits in neurons of the center median responses with either constant or altering latencies. The constant latencies ranged from 2-3 to 8-12 msec. Responses with altering latencies were more numerous and had the latencies up to 20 msec. In both responses with early and late components were recorded as well. Dentate stimulations induced \"periods of inhibition\" in CM neurons with leading duration of 50-100 msec. Synchronization of the SM unit activity during low-frequency stimulation was also revealed, in many cases it was preceded by the \"periods of inhibition\". Activity of 49% of reactive neurons during 1, 7-12, and 70-100/sec stimulations was facilitated, 31% depressed, and 20% had a mixed type of responses: facilitation on one frequency and depression on another. Immediate cessation of the effects after termination of stimulations was observed in 34% of neurons, while tonic influences were manifest in 66%.", "contents": "[Effects of electric stimulation of the dentate nucleus of the cerebellum on neuronal activity of the centrum medianum of the optic thalamus]. Electrical stimulation of the cerebellar dentate nucleus elicits in neurons of the center median responses with either constant or altering latencies. The constant latencies ranged from 2-3 to 8-12 msec. Responses with altering latencies were more numerous and had the latencies up to 20 msec. In both responses with early and late components were recorded as well. Dentate stimulations induced \"periods of inhibition\" in CM neurons with leading duration of 50-100 msec. Synchronization of the SM unit activity during low-frequency stimulation was also revealed, in many cases it was preceded by the \"periods of inhibition\". Activity of 49% of reactive neurons during 1, 7-12, and 70-100/sec stimulations was facilitated, 31% depressed, and 20% had a mixed type of responses: facilitation on one frequency and depression on another. Immediate cessation of the effects after termination of stimulations was observed in 34% of neurons, while tonic influences were manifest in 66%."}
{"id": "PMID:881058", "title": "[RNA synthesis in giant mollusk neurons following generation of action potentials in response to direct stimulation].", "content": "With the aid of autoradiographic and microelectrode methods, it was shown in vitro that the H3-uridine incorporation in the giant neuron decreased during generation of AP. Relationship between the changes of RNA synthesis in the neuron and the number of APs generated by the cell was nonlinear. The same character of the changes in RNA synthesis was shown elsewhere during stimulation via the nerve and generation by neuron of antidromic and ortodromic APs. The data obtained can be regarded as the evidence corroborating regulation of RNA synthesis in the neuron by activity of electro- and chemoexcitable membrane of the cell.", "contents": "[RNA synthesis in giant mollusk neurons following generation of action potentials in response to direct stimulation]. With the aid of autoradiographic and microelectrode methods, it was shown in vitro that the H3-uridine incorporation in the giant neuron decreased during generation of AP. Relationship between the changes of RNA synthesis in the neuron and the number of APs generated by the cell was nonlinear. The same character of the changes in RNA synthesis was shown elsewhere during stimulation via the nerve and generation by neuron of antidromic and ortodromic APs. The data obtained can be regarded as the evidence corroborating regulation of RNA synthesis in the neuron by activity of electro- and chemoexcitable membrane of the cell."}
{"id": "PMID:881059", "title": "[Relationship between the early and late components of the somato-sympathetic reflex recorded in pre- and postganglionic sympathetic nerves].", "content": "In anesthetized cats, the somato-sympathetic reflex was recorded in T3 white ramus and in the lower cardiac nerve during stimulation of intercostal nerves of the T3 and T5 segments. The amplitude of the early response in the preganglionic nerve was considerably higher than the amplitude of the late response, while the reverse was true for the postganglionic nerve. After transection of the spinal cord in the C4-5 level, the late responses were observed both in the lower cardiac nerve and in T3 white ramus. The late response seems to be realisable by the spinal structures. Active role of sympathetic ganglion in transmission of impulses from the spinal cord to effectors, was noted.", "contents": "[Relationship between the early and late components of the somato-sympathetic reflex recorded in pre- and postganglionic sympathetic nerves]. In anesthetized cats, the somato-sympathetic reflex was recorded in T3 white ramus and in the lower cardiac nerve during stimulation of intercostal nerves of the T3 and T5 segments. The amplitude of the early response in the preganglionic nerve was considerably higher than the amplitude of the late response, while the reverse was true for the postganglionic nerve. After transection of the spinal cord in the C4-5 level, the late responses were observed both in the lower cardiac nerve and in T3 white ramus. The late response seems to be realisable by the spinal structures. Active role of sympathetic ganglion in transmission of impulses from the spinal cord to effectors, was noted."}
{"id": "PMID:881060", "title": "[Mechanism of the regulatory influence of an effector cell on noradrenaline-H3 uptake by an adrenergic neuron].", "content": "In isolated organs of the white rat, activation of neuronal absorption of noradrenaline-H3 under action of alpha-adrenoblocking agent phentolamine (1-10(-6) M) was due to release of a humoral factor from the effector cell and its effect on the adrenergic neuron. Under influence of activating agent for alpha-adrenoreceptors mesatone (1-10(-5) M), formation and release of humoral factor inhibiting the neuronal absorption of noradrenaline-H3, occurrs. Formation of the humoral factors altering the intensity of amine absorption is associated with activation of the protein synthesis in effector cell and occurs on alteration of functional state (excitation and blockade) of postsynaptic adrenoreceptors. A possible way for the reverse transsynaptic control of neuronal absorption of noradrenaline via adrenoreceptors of effector cell, and the role of this regulatory mechanism in activity of adrenergic system, are discussed.", "contents": "[Mechanism of the regulatory influence of an effector cell on noradrenaline-H3 uptake by an adrenergic neuron]. In isolated organs of the white rat, activation of neuronal absorption of noradrenaline-H3 under action of alpha-adrenoblocking agent phentolamine (1-10(-6) M) was due to release of a humoral factor from the effector cell and its effect on the adrenergic neuron. Under influence of activating agent for alpha-adrenoreceptors mesatone (1-10(-5) M), formation and release of humoral factor inhibiting the neuronal absorption of noradrenaline-H3, occurrs. Formation of the humoral factors altering the intensity of amine absorption is associated with activation of the protein synthesis in effector cell and occurs on alteration of functional state (excitation and blockade) of postsynaptic adrenoreceptors. A possible way for the reverse transsynaptic control of neuronal absorption of noradrenaline via adrenoreceptors of effector cell, and the role of this regulatory mechanism in activity of adrenergic system, are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:881061", "title": "[Effect of proserine and eserine on synaptic potentials of the frog sartorius muscle].", "content": "Anticholinesterases proserine (2-10(-7)-2-10(-6) M) and eserine (2-10(-6)-2-10(-5) M) prolonged end-plate poteutials (e. p. p. s.) and miniature end-plate potentials (m. e. p. p. s.) and increased their amplitude; higher concentrations of these drugs first increased and then decreased the amplitude and duration. Thus, higher concentrations, in addition to anticholinesterase effect, exert also the inhibiting influence on postjunction membrane. These two effects are reversible when washing out the drugs. Neither proserine nor eserine affect the frequency of m. e. p. p. and the quantum content of e. p. p. No cholinssensitive effect of these drugs was observed.", "contents": "[Effect of proserine and eserine on synaptic potentials of the frog sartorius muscle]. Anticholinesterases proserine (2-10(-7)-2-10(-6) M) and eserine (2-10(-6)-2-10(-5) M) prolonged end-plate poteutials (e. p. p. s.) and miniature end-plate potentials (m. e. p. p. s.) and increased their amplitude; higher concentrations of these drugs first increased and then decreased the amplitude and duration. Thus, higher concentrations, in addition to anticholinesterase effect, exert also the inhibiting influence on postjunction membrane. These two effects are reversible when washing out the drugs. Neither proserine nor eserine affect the frequency of m. e. p. p. and the quantum content of e. p. p. No cholinssensitive effect of these drugs was observed."}
{"id": "PMID:881063", "title": "[Utilization and restitution of energy sources during muscular activity under steady-state metabolic conditions].", "content": "During muscular activity at steady state of metabolism both the carbohydrate and the free fatty acids are utilized as energy sources. Kreatine phosphate expense, carbohydrate mobilization, and intensity of glycolysis during the same work are in positive correlation with the work intensity, while fatty acids mobilization is in negative correlation. Intensity of restoration of energy sources is in positive correlation with the intensity of work and the energy source expense, while being in negative correlation with steady state level of metabolism. In trained organism, both the steady state level of metabolism during muscular activity and intensity of restitution during recovery period are greater than in untrained organism.", "contents": "[Utilization and restitution of energy sources during muscular activity under steady-state metabolic conditions]. During muscular activity at steady state of metabolism both the carbohydrate and the free fatty acids are utilized as energy sources. Kreatine phosphate expense, carbohydrate mobilization, and intensity of glycolysis during the same work are in positive correlation with the work intensity, while fatty acids mobilization is in negative correlation. Intensity of restoration of energy sources is in positive correlation with the intensity of work and the energy source expense, while being in negative correlation with steady state level of metabolism. In trained organism, both the steady state level of metabolism during muscular activity and intensity of restitution during recovery period are greater than in untrained organism."}
{"id": "PMID:881064", "title": "[Hepatic lymph in sheep and bull calves].", "content": "Composition of the liver lymph was compared with composition of the blood plasma in the inflow, and outflow from the liver and with composition of fel. Nitrogen metabolites were studied in sheep and carbohydrate-lipid those--in cows. The lymph lacks in proteins and lipids as compared with the liver blood plasma, but its contents of albumins, urea, glutamine, glucose, ketonic bodies, threeglycerides, cholesterine, and saturated fatty acids are higher. The liver lymphatic flow is more intense in sheep than in cows. Its speed is by three times slower than the speed of fel flow, but the latter prevails in contents of the components except of the protein, free aminoacids, and enzymes.", "contents": "[Hepatic lymph in sheep and bull calves]. Composition of the liver lymph was compared with composition of the blood plasma in the inflow, and outflow from the liver and with composition of fel. Nitrogen metabolites were studied in sheep and carbohydrate-lipid those--in cows. The lymph lacks in proteins and lipids as compared with the liver blood plasma, but its contents of albumins, urea, glutamine, glucose, ketonic bodies, threeglycerides, cholesterine, and saturated fatty acids are higher. The liver lymphatic flow is more intense in sheep than in cows. Its speed is by three times slower than the speed of fel flow, but the latter prevails in contents of the components except of the protein, free aminoacids, and enzymes."}
{"id": "PMID:881065", "title": "[Afferent activity in the vagus and sympathetic pathways of the stomach following exposure of its wall to heat].", "content": "In alert dogs with electrodes implanted into the stomach branches of the vagus and n. splanchnicus, receptory formations able to respond to relatively fast temperature changes were found in the stomach wall. The most important feature of these thermosensitive structures involves their unadaptability. The fibers responsible for conduction of the thermal information form part of the sympathetic and parasympathetic and parasympathetic nerves. Two zones of high thermal sensitivity, cardica and pyloric those, were discovered.", "contents": "[Afferent activity in the vagus and sympathetic pathways of the stomach following exposure of its wall to heat]. In alert dogs with electrodes implanted into the stomach branches of the vagus and n. splanchnicus, receptory formations able to respond to relatively fast temperature changes were found in the stomach wall. The most important feature of these thermosensitive structures involves their unadaptability. The fibers responsible for conduction of the thermal information form part of the sympathetic and parasympathetic and parasympathetic nerves. Two zones of high thermal sensitivity, cardica and pyloric those, were discovered."}
{"id": "PMID:881066", "title": "[Thermoregulation in rats in a helium-oxygen environment].", "content": "Effects of 21% O2 + 79% He mixture at the normal pressure on temperature of different body areas, blood temperature, heat emission, heat production, and the muscle electrical activity were studied at ambient temperature 21-22 degrees C. Action of the mixture during 60 min increased the heat emission by 21%, heat production by 17%, muscle activity by 37%. In spite of this, the temperature decreased in hypothalamus, cerebral cortex, rectum, muscles, and under the skin, as well as the blood temperature in the aortic arch and in the v. cava anterior. The occurring increase in the heat production is insufficient for preventing the drop of the body temperature. The disturbance of thermoregulation in the helium-oxygen atmosphere seems to occur mainly because of the excessive increase in the heat emission.", "contents": "[Thermoregulation in rats in a helium-oxygen environment]. Effects of 21% O2 + 79% He mixture at the normal pressure on temperature of different body areas, blood temperature, heat emission, heat production, and the muscle electrical activity were studied at ambient temperature 21-22 degrees C. Action of the mixture during 60 min increased the heat emission by 21%, heat production by 17%, muscle activity by 37%. In spite of this, the temperature decreased in hypothalamus, cerebral cortex, rectum, muscles, and under the skin, as well as the blood temperature in the aortic arch and in the v. cava anterior. The occurring increase in the heat production is insufficient for preventing the drop of the body temperature. The disturbance of thermoregulation in the helium-oxygen atmosphere seems to occur mainly because of the excessive increase in the heat emission."}
{"id": "PMID:881089", "title": "Topical steroid depression of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in psoriasis vulgaris.", "content": "Significant suppression of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis has been found in patients hospitalized with psoriasis vulgaris and receiving topical fluorinated steroid therapy. Depression of thyroid function and involvement of autoimmune processes is also suggested by the data.", "contents": "Topical steroid depression of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in psoriasis vulgaris. Significant suppression of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis has been found in patients hospitalized with psoriasis vulgaris and receiving topical fluorinated steroid therapy. Depression of thyroid function and involvement of autoimmune processes is also suggested by the data."}
{"id": "PMID:881090", "title": "Retinoic acid-induced psoriasiform lesions in guinea pigs: antagonism by anti-psoriasis agents.", "content": "Application of retinoic acid (vitamins which microscopically and histochemically resemble those of psoriasis. In the present studies, the daily application of a 0.1% solution of retinoic acid to the dorsal ear surface of guinea pigs produced a progressive psoriasiform scaling which was apparent grossly and which could be quantitated. Triamcinolone acetonide, hydrocortisone and methotrexate, all known to be useful clinically in the treatment of psoriasis, were examined for their ability to antagonize the development of retinoic-acid-induced scaling. Systemic activity was observed with all three agents; topical activity was obtained with triamcinolone acetonide but not with methotrexate or several of its analogs. On the basis of activity profiles obtained with standard anti-psoriatic compounds, it is suggested that retinoic acid lesions may have utility in identifying the anti-psoriatic potential of new compounds.", "contents": "Retinoic acid-induced psoriasiform lesions in guinea pigs: antagonism by anti-psoriasis agents. Application of retinoic acid (vitamins which microscopically and histochemically resemble those of psoriasis. In the present studies, the daily application of a 0.1% solution of retinoic acid to the dorsal ear surface of guinea pigs produced a progressive psoriasiform scaling which was apparent grossly and which could be quantitated. Triamcinolone acetonide, hydrocortisone and methotrexate, all known to be useful clinically in the treatment of psoriasis, were examined for their ability to antagonize the development of retinoic-acid-induced scaling. Systemic activity was observed with all three agents; topical activity was obtained with triamcinolone acetonide but not with methotrexate or several of its analogs. On the basis of activity profiles obtained with standard anti-psoriatic compounds, it is suggested that retinoic acid lesions may have utility in identifying the anti-psoriatic potential of new compounds."}
{"id": "PMID:881091", "title": "Diseases sometimes associated with psoriasis. II. Alopecia areata.", "content": "Of 5,033 patients examined between 1968 and 1975, 407 were diagnosed as having psoriasis (Ps) and 23 alopecia areata (Aa). Five of the 23 patients with Aa had also Ps. One Aa patient having pitting of the nail only was not included in the Ps group. One further patient with Aa himself not affected with Ps had a sibling with Ps. It is suggested that there is an association between Ps and Aa and that the pitting of the nails described in Aa may be in reality an expression of Ps.", "contents": "Diseases sometimes associated with psoriasis. II. Alopecia areata. Of 5,033 patients examined between 1968 and 1975, 407 were diagnosed as having psoriasis (Ps) and 23 alopecia areata (Aa). Five of the 23 patients with Aa had also Ps. One Aa patient having pitting of the nail only was not included in the Ps group. One further patient with Aa himself not affected with Ps had a sibling with Ps. It is suggested that there is an association between Ps and Aa and that the pitting of the nails described in Aa may be in reality an expression of Ps."}
{"id": "PMID:881092", "title": "Nail changes as the first manifestation of the HLA-B27 inheritance. A case report.", "content": "A 6-year-old boy with nail changes compatible with those seen in Reiter's disease, and his father with chronic arthritis, recurrent anterior uveitis and amyloidosis, and a transplanted kidney are described. Both of them had HLA combination A2, B27 and neither had any of the antigens associated with psoriasis.", "contents": "Nail changes as the first manifestation of the HLA-B27 inheritance. A case report. A 6-year-old boy with nail changes compatible with those seen in Reiter's disease, and his father with chronic arthritis, recurrent anterior uveitis and amyloidosis, and a transplanted kidney are described. Both of them had HLA combination A2, B27 and neither had any of the antigens associated with psoriasis."}
{"id": "PMID:881093", "title": "Acrogeria. A case report.", "content": "A case of acrogeria in a 12-year-old girl is reported. Acrogeria is a rare, nonhereditary, probably congenital disease of which the main characteristic is an atrophy of the skin giving it an aged appearance. The defect is localized to the dermis and subcutis, whereas, the epidermis seems not to be affected. The disease might be associated with other congenital malformations.", "contents": "Acrogeria. A case report. A case of acrogeria in a 12-year-old girl is reported. Acrogeria is a rare, nonhereditary, probably congenital disease of which the main characteristic is an atrophy of the skin giving it an aged appearance. The defect is localized to the dermis and subcutis, whereas, the epidermis seems not to be affected. The disease might be associated with other congenital malformations."}
{"id": "PMID:881094", "title": "Quantitative thermographic assessment of inositol nicotinate therapy in Raynaud's phenomena.", "content": "The basal temperature of the hands has been measured by quantitative thermography in a group of normal controls and rheumatoid patients exhibiting Raynaud's phenomenon. The thermographic index for both the dorsum of the hand and the fingers was significantly lower in the patients with Raynaud's. Oral treatment with inositol nicotinate (Hexopal) was followed by an initial rise in the thermographic index in both areas. After the initial increase the temperature fell again but then rose after two months treatment. At nine months two subjects on continuous therapy had higher indices than the four who had discontinued therapy. It is suggested that long-term treatment with nicotinate acid derivatives may produce improvement in the peripheral circulation by a different mechanism than the transient effect detected by short-term studies.", "contents": "Quantitative thermographic assessment of inositol nicotinate therapy in Raynaud's phenomena. The basal temperature of the hands has been measured by quantitative thermography in a group of normal controls and rheumatoid patients exhibiting Raynaud's phenomenon. The thermographic index for both the dorsum of the hand and the fingers was significantly lower in the patients with Raynaud's. Oral treatment with inositol nicotinate (Hexopal) was followed by an initial rise in the thermographic index in both areas. After the initial increase the temperature fell again but then rose after two months treatment. At nine months two subjects on continuous therapy had higher indices than the four who had discontinued therapy. It is suggested that long-term treatment with nicotinate acid derivatives may produce improvement in the peripheral circulation by a different mechanism than the transient effect detected by short-term studies."}
{"id": "PMID:881095", "title": "Comparison of sotalol hydrochloride and methyldopa in essential hypertension.", "content": "In a non-blind randomized comparison of sotalol hydrochloride and methyldopa in essential hypertension, the two drugs were equivocal in effect in reaching a preset hypotensive aim, in the maximum decreases from the baseline and in the mean reductions per week from the baseline. Milligram for milligram, sotalol was about twice as potent as methyldopa. No volunteered side-effects were noted for methyldopa; 3/19 for sotalol.", "contents": "Comparison of sotalol hydrochloride and methyldopa in essential hypertension. In a non-blind randomized comparison of sotalol hydrochloride and methyldopa in essential hypertension, the two drugs were equivocal in effect in reaching a preset hypotensive aim, in the maximum decreases from the baseline and in the mean reductions per week from the baseline. Milligram for milligram, sotalol was about twice as potent as methyldopa. No volunteered side-effects were noted for methyldopa; 3/19 for sotalol."}
{"id": "PMID:881096", "title": "Observations on the gastric mucosa of rheumatic patients before and after ibuprofen administration as studied by the pentagastrin test, endoscopy, and light and electron microscopy.", "content": "The initial results of a study set up to investigate the gastric mucosa in rheumatic patients receiving ibuprofen are described. The study involved seven male patients, aged between 17 to 70 years, suffering from various rheumatic diseases. All patients received a daily dose of 1200 mg of ibuprofen per os divided into three fractions and taken over periods of treatment ranging from one to six weeks. On the data obtained by the gastric secretion test, endoscopy, and specific histological and ultrastructure studies it is concluded that, in the cases investigated, ibuprofen could not be shown to be responsible for any significant modification of the gastric mucosa.", "contents": "Observations on the gastric mucosa of rheumatic patients before and after ibuprofen administration as studied by the pentagastrin test, endoscopy, and light and electron microscopy. The initial results of a study set up to investigate the gastric mucosa in rheumatic patients receiving ibuprofen are described. The study involved seven male patients, aged between 17 to 70 years, suffering from various rheumatic diseases. All patients received a daily dose of 1200 mg of ibuprofen per os divided into three fractions and taken over periods of treatment ranging from one to six weeks. On the data obtained by the gastric secretion test, endoscopy, and specific histological and ultrastructure studies it is concluded that, in the cases investigated, ibuprofen could not be shown to be responsible for any significant modification of the gastric mucosa."}
{"id": "PMID:881098", "title": "A comparison of a new slow release aspirin (\"slow aspirin\") with plain aspirin in the treatment of rheumatoid disease.", "content": "In a single centre double-blind crossover study in eighteen patients with established rheumatoid disease, a new slow release aspirin (\"slow aspirin\") was compared with plain aspirin with respect to patient tolerability and gastric mucosal damage as observed at gastroscopy. \"Slow aspirin\" was significantly better than plain aspirin with regard to gastroscopic findings. With \"slow aspirin\", the gastric mucosal appearances were definitely better in eight patients, worse in two, and eight showed no difference. There was a high incidence of gastric ulceration or erosions in the groups as a whole (39%) but few patients complained of dyspepsia. There was little difference in the ability of both plain and \"slow aspirin\" in controlling the patients' joint symptoms. Evidence has been provided to suggest that \"slow aspirin\" is less injurious to the gastric mucosa. In an attempt to reduce gastric mucosal damage due to prolonged aspirin treatment it is therefore concluded that \"slow aspirin\" merits consideration in the management of chronic rheumatoid disease.", "contents": "A comparison of a new slow release aspirin (\"slow aspirin\") with plain aspirin in the treatment of rheumatoid disease. In a single centre double-blind crossover study in eighteen patients with established rheumatoid disease, a new slow release aspirin (\"slow aspirin\") was compared with plain aspirin with respect to patient tolerability and gastric mucosal damage as observed at gastroscopy. \"Slow aspirin\" was significantly better than plain aspirin with regard to gastroscopic findings. With \"slow aspirin\", the gastric mucosal appearances were definitely better in eight patients, worse in two, and eight showed no difference. There was a high incidence of gastric ulceration or erosions in the groups as a whole (39%) but few patients complained of dyspepsia. There was little difference in the ability of both plain and \"slow aspirin\" in controlling the patients' joint symptoms. Evidence has been provided to suggest that \"slow aspirin\" is less injurious to the gastric mucosa. In an attempt to reduce gastric mucosal damage due to prolonged aspirin treatment it is therefore concluded that \"slow aspirin\" merits consideration in the management of chronic rheumatoid disease."}
{"id": "PMID:881099", "title": "Critical dosages for oral contraceptives.", "content": "An investigation was carried out into the effectiveness of Ovostat E, a low dosage oral contraceptive. One hundred women, aged between 17 and 39 years, participated in the trial; 47 women completed 12 treatment cycles and 42 of these completed all 24 treatment cycles. The following results were obtained by computer analysis: Reliability was 100% and the Pearl Index therefore = 0; Cycle Control; length: an obvious regulating effect; 85-3% was the average percentage of women with a cycle length of 26 to 30 days; withdrawal bleeding occurred in 94-6% of cycles; duration of withdrawal bleeding: no change in 26-0%; 1--2 days shorter in 51-7%; 1--2 days longer in 5-6%; intensity of withdrawal bleeding: no change in 61-9%; decreased in 29-3%; increased in 3-4%; irregular bleedings occurred in 4-6% of cycles. The most common complaints were nervousness, headache and nausea, the last two virtually disappearing after the 3rd treatment cycle. Of the 49 women who continued the investigation for the further eighteen months, 2 dropped out because of intolerance, 1 because of objections to the periodic check-ups and 1 for reasons unknown.", "contents": "Critical dosages for oral contraceptives. An investigation was carried out into the effectiveness of Ovostat E, a low dosage oral contraceptive. One hundred women, aged between 17 and 39 years, participated in the trial; 47 women completed 12 treatment cycles and 42 of these completed all 24 treatment cycles. The following results were obtained by computer analysis: Reliability was 100% and the Pearl Index therefore = 0; Cycle Control; length: an obvious regulating effect; 85-3% was the average percentage of women with a cycle length of 26 to 30 days; withdrawal bleeding occurred in 94-6% of cycles; duration of withdrawal bleeding: no change in 26-0%; 1--2 days shorter in 51-7%; 1--2 days longer in 5-6%; intensity of withdrawal bleeding: no change in 61-9%; decreased in 29-3%; increased in 3-4%; irregular bleedings occurred in 4-6% of cycles. The most common complaints were nervousness, headache and nausea, the last two virtually disappearing after the 3rd treatment cycle. Of the 49 women who continued the investigation for the further eighteen months, 2 dropped out because of intolerance, 1 because of objections to the periodic check-ups and 1 for reasons unknown."}
{"id": "PMID:881100", "title": "Pentazocine suppositories for post-operative pain: intramuscular pentazocine injections versus suppositories in a controlled trial in 588 patients.", "content": "A between-patient comparison of the analgesic effect of pentazocine 50 mg by suppository and 30--45 mg by intramuscular injection was made in 558 postoperative patients, 54% within 24 hours of operation. The suppositories proved acceptable overall, even though effectiveness was less at half an hour after administration (particularly in those patients with severe initial pain) and there was greater need for further analgesia at one hour. The cost of treatment with suppositories is less than with injections. After the suppositories there were half as many patients asleep at one hour than after injections, and fewer possible side-effects (7 compared to 24).", "contents": "Pentazocine suppositories for post-operative pain: intramuscular pentazocine injections versus suppositories in a controlled trial in 588 patients. A between-patient comparison of the analgesic effect of pentazocine 50 mg by suppository and 30--45 mg by intramuscular injection was made in 558 postoperative patients, 54% within 24 hours of operation. The suppositories proved acceptable overall, even though effectiveness was less at half an hour after administration (particularly in those patients with severe initial pain) and there was greater need for further analgesia at one hour. The cost of treatment with suppositories is less than with injections. After the suppositories there were half as many patients asleep at one hour than after injections, and fewer possible side-effects (7 compared to 24)."}
{"id": "PMID:881101", "title": "Mianserin hydrochloride (Org GB 94) in the treatment of obsessional states.", "content": "Nine patients with severe primary obsessional illness were treated with mianserin hydrochloride (Org GB 94), in a dose increasing to 20 mg three times daily, for 4 weeks. Six patients improved as assessed by a physician's global rating of improvement. The symptoms on a side-effects check list were less marked during treatment than they had been during the pre-treatment drug-free period.", "contents": "Mianserin hydrochloride (Org GB 94) in the treatment of obsessional states. Nine patients with severe primary obsessional illness were treated with mianserin hydrochloride (Org GB 94), in a dose increasing to 20 mg three times daily, for 4 weeks. Six patients improved as assessed by a physician's global rating of improvement. The symptoms on a side-effects check list were less marked during treatment than they had been during the pre-treatment drug-free period."}
{"id": "PMID:881102", "title": "Clinical pharmacology of amikacin sulphate: blood, urinary and tissue concentrations in the terminal stage of pregnancy.", "content": "Within a broad programme of research into the pharmacokinetics of various antimicrobials in gynaeco-obstetric patients, with a view of determining its concentrations in the different compartments and reproductive organs, we administered 7-5 mg/kg of amikacin sulphate to eleven women in the terminal stage of pregnancy one hour before collecting the specimens studies. The concentrations in the maternal blood and urine was similar to that obtained during the first weeks of gestation, and to that achieved outside pregnancy. The low determinations observed at the level of the foetal blood and urine and the anniotic fluid, as well as in the placenta and oviducts, is in our view due to the fact that the passage of this drug into the 'compartments' mentioned takes place slowly; this hypothesis is, however, subject to corroboration or refutation by further studies on this question. The concentration of this compound found was, nonetheless, bactericidal in all the parameters studied.", "contents": "Clinical pharmacology of amikacin sulphate: blood, urinary and tissue concentrations in the terminal stage of pregnancy. Within a broad programme of research into the pharmacokinetics of various antimicrobials in gynaeco-obstetric patients, with a view of determining its concentrations in the different compartments and reproductive organs, we administered 7-5 mg/kg of amikacin sulphate to eleven women in the terminal stage of pregnancy one hour before collecting the specimens studies. The concentrations in the maternal blood and urine was similar to that obtained during the first weeks of gestation, and to that achieved outside pregnancy. The low determinations observed at the level of the foetal blood and urine and the anniotic fluid, as well as in the placenta and oviducts, is in our view due to the fact that the passage of this drug into the 'compartments' mentioned takes place slowly; this hypothesis is, however, subject to corroboration or refutation by further studies on this question. The concentration of this compound found was, nonetheless, bactericidal in all the parameters studied."}
{"id": "PMID:881104", "title": "Relative binding affinity of androstane and C-19-nor-androstane-steroids for the estradiol-receptor in human myometrial and mammary cancer tissue.", "content": "The relative binding affinity of several androstane- and C-19-nor-androstane-compounds for the estradiol (E2)-receptor in human myometrial and mammary cancer tissue was studied. High speed cytosol was incubated with tritiated E2 alone as well as in the presence of increasing amounts of the compound to be tested. The highest affinity is found for steroids with two hydroxyl-groups at C-3 and C-17 in the beta-position and a double bond at C-4-5 or C-5-6. Saturation of the A-ring decreases the affinity: 5alpha-compounds have less affinity, 5-beta-compounds have less affinity; 5beta-compounds hardly any affinity. The presence of a hydroxyl-group in the 3alpha, 11beta or 16beta-position decreases the affinity, as dose a 3-oxo or 17-oxo-group. Removal of the C-19-methyl-group facilitates the binding. This data led to the concept that flatness of the A-ring in respect to the B-ring of the steroid molecule is a principal requirement for binding to the E2-receptor. The rank order of RBA is identical in myometrium and in mammary cancer tissue, indicating that estrogen-receptors are at least highly similar in both target tissues.", "contents": "Relative binding affinity of androstane and C-19-nor-androstane-steroids for the estradiol-receptor in human myometrial and mammary cancer tissue. The relative binding affinity of several androstane- and C-19-nor-androstane-compounds for the estradiol (E2)-receptor in human myometrial and mammary cancer tissue was studied. High speed cytosol was incubated with tritiated E2 alone as well as in the presence of increasing amounts of the compound to be tested. The highest affinity is found for steroids with two hydroxyl-groups at C-3 and C-17 in the beta-position and a double bond at C-4-5 or C-5-6. Saturation of the A-ring decreases the affinity: 5alpha-compounds have less affinity, 5-beta-compounds have less affinity; 5beta-compounds hardly any affinity. The presence of a hydroxyl-group in the 3alpha, 11beta or 16beta-position decreases the affinity, as dose a 3-oxo or 17-oxo-group. Removal of the C-19-methyl-group facilitates the binding. This data led to the concept that flatness of the A-ring in respect to the B-ring of the steroid molecule is a principal requirement for binding to the E2-receptor. The rank order of RBA is identical in myometrium and in mammary cancer tissue, indicating that estrogen-receptors are at least highly similar in both target tissues."}
{"id": "PMID:881121", "title": "Embryonic development in house fly eggs fertilized with genetically deficient sperm.", "content": "In house flies, Musca domestica L., eggs fertilized with sperm that have chromosome deficiencies and duplications do not hatch, but develop to a stage where a fully differentiated, prehatch larva is formed. Fifteen different chromosome translocations involving most of the 10 arms of the 5 autosomes were studied by crossing male translocation heterozygotes to normal females. Egg hatch was reduced to 36-66% depending on the translocation used. Eggs that did not hatch after 24 hours were fixed, stained, and examined for stage of development. Several translocations involving the right arm of chromosome 4 indicate that the region closest to the centromere contains genes that affect the process of syngamy or early cleavage divisions, but do not reduce the ability of the sperm to compete for egg fertilization. Approximately 70% of the autosomal genes can be absent from sperm (not simultaneously but in different crosses) without inhibiting embryonic development.", "contents": "Embryonic development in house fly eggs fertilized with genetically deficient sperm. In house flies, Musca domestica L., eggs fertilized with sperm that have chromosome deficiencies and duplications do not hatch, but develop to a stage where a fully differentiated, prehatch larva is formed. Fifteen different chromosome translocations involving most of the 10 arms of the 5 autosomes were studied by crossing male translocation heterozygotes to normal females. Egg hatch was reduced to 36-66% depending on the translocation used. Eggs that did not hatch after 24 hours were fixed, stained, and examined for stage of development. Several translocations involving the right arm of chromosome 4 indicate that the region closest to the centromere contains genes that affect the process of syngamy or early cleavage divisions, but do not reduce the ability of the sperm to compete for egg fertilization. Approximately 70% of the autosomal genes can be absent from sperm (not simultaneously but in different crosses) without inhibiting embryonic development."}
{"id": "PMID:881122", "title": "Statistical studies on protein polymorphism in natural populations. I. Distribution of single locus heterozygosity.", "content": "Surveying the literature, the frequency distribution of single-locus heterozygosity among protein loci was examined in 95 vertebrate and 34 invertebrate species with the aim of testing the validity of the mutation-drift hypothesis. This distribution did not differ significantly from that expected under the mutation-drift hypothesis for any of the species examined when tested by the Kolmogorov-Smirnov goodness-of-fit statistic. The agreement between the observed interlocus variance of heterozygosity and its theoretical expectation was also satisfactory. There was an indication that variation in the mutation rate among loci inflates the interlocus variance of heterozygosity. The variance of heterozygosity for a homologous locus among different species was also studied. This variance generally agreed with the theoretical value very well, though in some groups of Drosophila species there was a significant discrepancy. The observed relationship between average heterozygosity and the proportion of polymorphic loci was in good agreement with the theoretical relationship. It was concluded that, with respect to the pattern of distribution of heterozygosity, the majority of data on protein polymorphisms are consistent with the mutation-drift hypothesis. After examining alternative possible explanations involving selection, it was concluded that the present data cannot be explained adequately without considering a large effect of random genetic drift, whether there is selection or not.", "contents": "Statistical studies on protein polymorphism in natural populations. I. Distribution of single locus heterozygosity. Surveying the literature, the frequency distribution of single-locus heterozygosity among protein loci was examined in 95 vertebrate and 34 invertebrate species with the aim of testing the validity of the mutation-drift hypothesis. This distribution did not differ significantly from that expected under the mutation-drift hypothesis for any of the species examined when tested by the Kolmogorov-Smirnov goodness-of-fit statistic. The agreement between the observed interlocus variance of heterozygosity and its theoretical expectation was also satisfactory. There was an indication that variation in the mutation rate among loci inflates the interlocus variance of heterozygosity. The variance of heterozygosity for a homologous locus among different species was also studied. This variance generally agreed with the theoretical value very well, though in some groups of Drosophila species there was a significant discrepancy. The observed relationship between average heterozygosity and the proportion of polymorphic loci was in good agreement with the theoretical relationship. It was concluded that, with respect to the pattern of distribution of heterozygosity, the majority of data on protein polymorphisms are consistent with the mutation-drift hypothesis. After examining alternative possible explanations involving selection, it was concluded that the present data cannot be explained adequately without considering a large effect of random genetic drift, whether there is selection or not."}
{"id": "PMID:881140", "title": "Contribution to the knowledge of infectivity of Fasciola hepatica adolescariae after their passage through the digestive tract of white mice.", "content": "The study of infective elements of Fasciola hepatica which passed through the digestive tract of white mice revealed that those adolescariae (transitive adolescariae) (Table 1), which were not visibly damaged or possessed a more or less digested outer cyst wall, remained infective. The mice infected with transitive adolescariae harboured higher number of trematodes in the livers than those infected with infective elements which had not previously passed through the digestive tract of the definitive host.", "contents": "Contribution to the knowledge of infectivity of Fasciola hepatica adolescariae after their passage through the digestive tract of white mice. The study of infective elements of Fasciola hepatica which passed through the digestive tract of white mice revealed that those adolescariae (transitive adolescariae) (Table 1), which were not visibly damaged or possessed a more or less digested outer cyst wall, remained infective. The mice infected with transitive adolescariae harboured higher number of trematodes in the livers than those infected with infective elements which had not previously passed through the digestive tract of the definitive host."}
{"id": "PMID:881141", "title": "Dynamics of circulating antibodies against Trichinella spiralis after application of anthelmintics.", "content": "Formation and dynamics of circulating antibodies were studied in mice experimentally inefected with T. spiralis and treated with mebendazole. Latex-fixation tube was used in the experiment. In the control group of untreated mice the antibodies were detected on the 21st day after infection. The antibody level reached the maximum on day 76 and low titres were found still on day 207 after infection. In mice treated with mebendazole in the intestinal phase of trichinellosis, the antibodies were detected 10 or 7 days earlier than in the control group. At this time the antibody level reached the maximum and then it decreased gradually until no antibodies were detected on days 66-76. This phenomenon correlated with postmortem examination and suggested that the formation and dynamics of circulating antibodies against T. spiralis are directly dependent on the effectiveness of the treatment.", "contents": "Dynamics of circulating antibodies against Trichinella spiralis after application of anthelmintics. Formation and dynamics of circulating antibodies were studied in mice experimentally inefected with T. spiralis and treated with mebendazole. Latex-fixation tube was used in the experiment. In the control group of untreated mice the antibodies were detected on the 21st day after infection. The antibody level reached the maximum on day 76 and low titres were found still on day 207 after infection. In mice treated with mebendazole in the intestinal phase of trichinellosis, the antibodies were detected 10 or 7 days earlier than in the control group. At this time the antibody level reached the maximum and then it decreased gradually until no antibodies were detected on days 66-76. This phenomenon correlated with postmortem examination and suggested that the formation and dynamics of circulating antibodies against T. spiralis are directly dependent on the effectiveness of the treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:881142", "title": "The molluscicidal properties of some Bayluscide homologues.", "content": "The molluscicidal properties of 5-nitro- and 3-nitro2',4'-dichloro salicylanilides and their mixture 5.5 : 1 were investigated against the intermediate hosts of schistosomes Bulinus truncatus and Biomphalaria alexandrina. Unlike Bayluscide, the activity of the new mulluscicides is not affected by strong sun radiation or by acidic pH. Their activity is resistant to storage, river-bed mud and lower temperature.", "contents": "The molluscicidal properties of some Bayluscide homologues. The molluscicidal properties of 5-nitro- and 3-nitro2',4'-dichloro salicylanilides and their mixture 5.5 : 1 were investigated against the intermediate hosts of schistosomes Bulinus truncatus and Biomphalaria alexandrina. Unlike Bayluscide, the activity of the new mulluscicides is not affected by strong sun radiation or by acidic pH. Their activity is resistant to storage, river-bed mud and lower temperature."}
{"id": "PMID:881143", "title": "Influence of microclimate on the life cycle of the common tick Ixodes ricinus (L.) in an open area in comparison with forest habitats.", "content": "Under conditions of the South-Moravian region of Pannonian climate (Valtice near Breclav), the life cycle of the common tick Ixodes ricinus (L.) was studied and a continous recording of main elements of microclimate (temperature and humidity) was carried out in an open grassy area. Simultaneously the process of hibernation was studied in four soil layers (surface, depths of 10, 20 and 30 cm). Observations were assessed by mathematiccal-statistical tests and compared with the results obtained by the same methods in the forest biotope (tipe of thermophilic  oak forest)and in the ecotone of forest margin (Daniel et al. 1976). The ticks are able to complete the developmental cycle also in the open grassy areas, where during the vegetation period the development proceeds more quickly than in the forest but with considerably higher losses. In the discussion the conclusions are compared with literary data from other parts of Czechoslovakia.", "contents": "Influence of microclimate on the life cycle of the common tick Ixodes ricinus (L.) in an open area in comparison with forest habitats. Under conditions of the South-Moravian region of Pannonian climate (Valtice near Breclav), the life cycle of the common tick Ixodes ricinus (L.) was studied and a continous recording of main elements of microclimate (temperature and humidity) was carried out in an open grassy area. Simultaneously the process of hibernation was studied in four soil layers (surface, depths of 10, 20 and 30 cm). Observations were assessed by mathematiccal-statistical tests and compared with the results obtained by the same methods in the forest biotope (tipe of thermophilic  oak forest)and in the ecotone of forest margin (Daniel et al. 1976). The ticks are able to complete the developmental cycle also in the open grassy areas, where during the vegetation period the development proceeds more quickly than in the forest but with considerably higher losses. In the discussion the conclusions are compared with literary data from other parts of Czechoslovakia."}
{"id": "PMID:881144", "title": "EGG output in the weights and states of engorgement of Amblyomma variegatum (Fabr.) and Boophilus annulatus (say): (Ixodoidea: Ixodidae).", "content": "The relationship between egg output and the weights and states of engorgement of two species of ixodid ticks Amblyomma variegtum (Fabr.) and Boophilus annulatus (Say) was studied, using over 3,000 female ticks of different sizes. Based on the average weights and numbers of eggs produced, guide indices are provided for the predictability of the oviposition potential in females of different weights. Linear correlation was noted between weights of the ticks and the weights and numbers of eggs they produced. The percentage by body weight of eggs produced by individual ticks did not however exceed 50 +/- 2%, irrespective of their states of engorgement. Arbitrary categorisation of the ticks on basis of their sizes (\"states of engorgement\") reflected on exponential increase in the rates of egg output.", "contents": "EGG output in the weights and states of engorgement of Amblyomma variegatum (Fabr.) and Boophilus annulatus (say): (Ixodoidea: Ixodidae). The relationship between egg output and the weights and states of engorgement of two species of ixodid ticks Amblyomma variegtum (Fabr.) and Boophilus annulatus (Say) was studied, using over 3,000 female ticks of different sizes. Based on the average weights and numbers of eggs produced, guide indices are provided for the predictability of the oviposition potential in females of different weights. Linear correlation was noted between weights of the ticks and the weights and numbers of eggs they produced. The percentage by body weight of eggs produced by individual ticks did not however exceed 50 +/- 2%, irrespective of their states of engorgement. Arbitrary categorisation of the ticks on basis of their sizes (\"states of engorgement\") reflected on exponential increase in the rates of egg output."}
{"id": "PMID:881145", "title": "Two more mosquito species proved as vectors of Tahyna virus in Czechoslovakia.", "content": "Two strains of Tahyna virus were isolated during mosquito virological testing in summer 1975 in the littoral zone of large fishponds in South Moravia. The first of them was isolated from Culex modestus mosquito, the other one from Aedes sticticus. Virus isolation from these species proved them to be vectors of Tahyna virus, as it was found already experimentally that Tahy\u0103n virus multiplies in these mosquitoes. This virus was isolated from the two species for the first time in Central Europe and from Aedes sticticus for the first time in general.", "contents": "Two more mosquito species proved as vectors of Tahyna virus in Czechoslovakia. Two strains of Tahyna virus were isolated during mosquito virological testing in summer 1975 in the littoral zone of large fishponds in South Moravia. The first of them was isolated from Culex modestus mosquito, the other one from Aedes sticticus. Virus isolation from these species proved them to be vectors of Tahyna virus, as it was found already experimentally that Tahy\u0103n virus multiplies in these mosquitoes. This virus was isolated from the two species for the first time in Central Europe and from Aedes sticticus for the first time in general."}
{"id": "PMID:881147", "title": "[HL-A B 27 a criterion for Reiter's syndrome].", "content": "The prevalence of 23 HLA antigens were examined in 21 patients with a typical Reiter's disease, 21 patients with incomplete Reiter's syndrome as well as 16 patients with non-gonococcal urethritis. HLA-B 27 antigen was found in 85,7% of patients with typical Reiter's disease as compared to 7,4% of 413 healthy controls. HLA-B 27 was also detectable in 57,1% of patients with clinical suspicion of Reiter's disease. No significant difference from the control frequencies of HLA specifities was found in patients with non-gonococcal urethritis. The association between HLA-B 27 and Reiter's syndrome is so marked that tissue typing is a valuable adjunct in the diagnosis of Reiter's syndrome.", "contents": "[HL-A B 27 a criterion for Reiter's syndrome]. The prevalence of 23 HLA antigens were examined in 21 patients with a typical Reiter's disease, 21 patients with incomplete Reiter's syndrome as well as 16 patients with non-gonococcal urethritis. HLA-B 27 antigen was found in 85,7% of patients with typical Reiter's disease as compared to 7,4% of 413 healthy controls. HLA-B 27 was also detectable in 57,1% of patients with clinical suspicion of Reiter's disease. No significant difference from the control frequencies of HLA specifities was found in patients with non-gonococcal urethritis. The association between HLA-B 27 and Reiter's syndrome is so marked that tissue typing is a valuable adjunct in the diagnosis of Reiter's syndrome."}
{"id": "PMID:881148", "title": "[The clinical picture of lactate acidosis. 1 : Lactate metabolism].", "content": "The definition of lactate acidosis (lactic acidosis) is discussed. The metabolism of lactate and pyruvate are described. An increase in lactate concentration should be called lactic acidemia (lactate emia). This increase in lactate concentration can be caused either by an increased production (primarily by the so-called peripheral tissues) or by a decreased utilization (by the liver or by the kidneys). Therefore, various metabolic alterations can cause lactate acidosis.", "contents": "[The clinical picture of lactate acidosis. 1 : Lactate metabolism]. The definition of lactate acidosis (lactic acidosis) is discussed. The metabolism of lactate and pyruvate are described. An increase in lactate concentration should be called lactic acidemia (lactate emia). This increase in lactate concentration can be caused either by an increased production (primarily by the so-called peripheral tissues) or by a decreased utilization (by the liver or by the kidneys). Therefore, various metabolic alterations can cause lactate acidosis."}
{"id": "PMID:881149", "title": "[Protein composition of human saliva under rest and stimulation and its changes in salivary gland diseases].", "content": "In 153 probands the following parameters of normal parotid gland secretion were examined: flow-rate, total protein excretion, lysozyme, amylase, phosphatase, BAEE-esterase, immunglobulin A and trypsin-inhibitor. The results were compared with secretions of parotid glands with tumors (51 patients), sialadenitis (22 patients) and sialadenosis (12 patients). Thereby differential diagnosis in sialotumors was found possible. The mose important parameters are flow-rate, protein and immunglobulin A-concentrations, Moreover it is possible to differentiate in sialadenitis and sialadenosis: lysocym secretion gives besides flow--rate protein and immunglobulin A-concentration a good parameter in differentiating both pathological findings. Discelectrophoretic and immunoelectrophoretic separations supplement the differential diagnosis in sialotumors, sialadenitis and sialadenosis. The results are discussed.", "contents": "[Protein composition of human saliva under rest and stimulation and its changes in salivary gland diseases]. In 153 probands the following parameters of normal parotid gland secretion were examined: flow-rate, total protein excretion, lysozyme, amylase, phosphatase, BAEE-esterase, immunglobulin A and trypsin-inhibitor. The results were compared with secretions of parotid glands with tumors (51 patients), sialadenitis (22 patients) and sialadenosis (12 patients). Thereby differential diagnosis in sialotumors was found possible. The mose important parameters are flow-rate, protein and immunglobulin A-concentrations, Moreover it is possible to differentiate in sialadenitis and sialadenosis: lysocym secretion gives besides flow--rate protein and immunglobulin A-concentration a good parameter in differentiating both pathological findings. Discelectrophoretic and immunoelectrophoretic separations supplement the differential diagnosis in sialotumors, sialadenitis and sialadenosis. The results are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:881151", "title": "[Nutrition metabolites in the anterior eye segments. Studies on model experiments and on man].", "content": "Glucose and fructose pathways of the cornea, the aqueous humour and the vitreous body were investigated under pathological conditions in the rabbit eye. There was a concentration gradient for glucose from blood via aqueous to corneal stroma and from corneal epithelium via corneal stroma to the aqueous. After experimental decrease of glucose by cyclodiathermy it is possible to increase glucose in corneal stroma by glucose or fructose infusions. Probably the sorbitol pathway plays a major role.", "contents": "[Nutrition metabolites in the anterior eye segments. Studies on model experiments and on man]. Glucose and fructose pathways of the cornea, the aqueous humour and the vitreous body were investigated under pathological conditions in the rabbit eye. There was a concentration gradient for glucose from blood via aqueous to corneal stroma and from corneal epithelium via corneal stroma to the aqueous. After experimental decrease of glucose by cyclodiathermy it is possible to increase glucose in corneal stroma by glucose or fructose infusions. Probably the sorbitol pathway plays a major role."}
{"id": "PMID:881153", "title": "[Requirements on the production and testing of sera and vaccines].", "content": "After discussion of the legal basis for licencing and release of sera and vaccines the procedures practiced in Western Germany and in the USA are compared. The value of specified tests required in routine control for safety and efficacy of biological products is discussed. The best means to control biological products in the opinion of the author is a continuous quality control during the entire process of production.", "contents": "[Requirements on the production and testing of sera and vaccines]. After discussion of the legal basis for licencing and release of sera and vaccines the procedures practiced in Western Germany and in the USA are compared. The value of specified tests required in routine control for safety and efficacy of biological products is discussed. The best means to control biological products in the opinion of the author is a continuous quality control during the entire process of production."}
{"id": "PMID:881154", "title": "[The medical situation in Bhutan with special consideration of mountaineering].", "content": "Several thousand mountaineers a year from Germany alone visit high mountains (4000 to 7000 m) in non-european countries. This number si steadily increasing and it seems necessary to familiarize oneself with the medical situation in these countries. Compared to other countries we saw that in Bhutan rescue is possible within a short time, because of the rather short distances between trekking routes and the Thimphu General Hospital. Medical staff in this hospital is very cooperative, for instance if a patient with severe joint injuries should be transferred to Europe for treatment with all possibilities of bone and joint surgery. Generally, however, we recommend to establish special rescue stations in various places with wireless equipment in order to get help as soon as possible in case of emergency and to avoid delayed rescue or transportation under poor conditions (horse back).", "contents": "[The medical situation in Bhutan with special consideration of mountaineering]. Several thousand mountaineers a year from Germany alone visit high mountains (4000 to 7000 m) in non-european countries. This number si steadily increasing and it seems necessary to familiarize oneself with the medical situation in these countries. Compared to other countries we saw that in Bhutan rescue is possible within a short time, because of the rather short distances between trekking routes and the Thimphu General Hospital. Medical staff in this hospital is very cooperative, for instance if a patient with severe joint injuries should be transferred to Europe for treatment with all possibilities of bone and joint surgery. Generally, however, we recommend to establish special rescue stations in various places with wireless equipment in order to get help as soon as possible in case of emergency and to avoid delayed rescue or transportation under poor conditions (horse back)."}
{"id": "PMID:881155", "title": "[Fracture of the vertebrae due to riding accidents].", "content": "Fractures of the vertebral column due to riding accidents are frequent. In most of the cases we observe compression fractures of a vertebral body without compression symptoms of the spinal cord. If fractures of the spine heal with a gibbus deformity degenerative changes of the vertebral joints with severe back pains may ensue. Therefore it seems necessary to treat fractures of the vertebral spine with immediate reposition (ventraler Durchhang) and following immobilisation with a plastic corset Lightcast, Hexcelite). Occasionally operative stabilisation is necessary, especially in fractures of the cervical spine.", "contents": "[Fracture of the vertebrae due to riding accidents]. Fractures of the vertebral column due to riding accidents are frequent. In most of the cases we observe compression fractures of a vertebral body without compression symptoms of the spinal cord. If fractures of the spine heal with a gibbus deformity degenerative changes of the vertebral joints with severe back pains may ensue. Therefore it seems necessary to treat fractures of the vertebral spine with immediate reposition (ventraler Durchhang) and following immobilisation with a plastic corset Lightcast, Hexcelite). Occasionally operative stabilisation is necessary, especially in fractures of the cervical spine."}
{"id": "PMID:881156", "title": "[Injuries from hang gliding].", "content": "106 accidents in hang gliding during the years 1974--1977 are discussed. 25 pilots died, 19 of the flyers suffered severe brain damage and multiple fractures. Injuries associated with hang gliding are very often fractures of the lower extremities, of the spine and of the head. Severe burns were seen if flyers touch electric wires. Preventive safety measures consist in approved schools for flyers, better safety devices (shoes, helmet), official testing and approval of equipment; a modified parachute should be developed and used.", "contents": "[Injuries from hang gliding]. 106 accidents in hang gliding during the years 1974--1977 are discussed. 25 pilots died, 19 of the flyers suffered severe brain damage and multiple fractures. Injuries associated with hang gliding are very often fractures of the lower extremities, of the spine and of the head. Severe burns were seen if flyers touch electric wires. Preventive safety measures consist in approved schools for flyers, better safety devices (shoes, helmet), official testing and approval of equipment; a modified parachute should be developed and used."}
{"id": "PMID:881158", "title": "[Epicondylitis humeri (tennis elbow)].", "content": "Epicondylitis is mostly related to a tendinosis found in the region of the radial or ulnar epicondylus, where the common origin of the extensor or flexor muscles is anchored. Several causes are associated with the etiopatho-genesis, most important is mechanical stress. The working hand is involved in the majority of cases. The age of the patients ranges mainly from 40-60 years. In 90% of the cases conservative measures are successful; if surgical treatment is necessary we recommend a modified version of Hohmann's operation.", "contents": "[Epicondylitis humeri (tennis elbow)]. Epicondylitis is mostly related to a tendinosis found in the region of the radial or ulnar epicondylus, where the common origin of the extensor or flexor muscles is anchored. Several causes are associated with the etiopatho-genesis, most important is mechanical stress. The working hand is involved in the majority of cases. The age of the patients ranges mainly from 40-60 years. In 90% of the cases conservative measures are successful; if surgical treatment is necessary we recommend a modified version of Hohmann's operation."}
{"id": "PMID:881160", "title": "[Injuries of the capsular ligament of the ankle joint, so-called \"ankle joint distorsion\"].", "content": "The capsular and ligamentous lesion of the ankle is the most frequent injury and very common in sports. Still these injuries are frequently minimized and not treated properly. Late results are instability, subluxation and finally posttraumatic osteoarthritis. Anterio-lateral instability indicates lateral capsular-ligamentous lesions. Antero-lateral instability can be proved chinically by the anterior drawer-test and radiologically by a standardized stress x-ray in lateral position. The fresh lesion has to be treated by primary ligamentous suture or by plaster cast for 6 weeks. The treatment of chronic instability is secondary reconstruction. Severe osteoarthritis can be treated by an ankle replacement (endoprosthesis) or by arthrodesis.", "contents": "[Injuries of the capsular ligament of the ankle joint, so-called \"ankle joint distorsion\"]. The capsular and ligamentous lesion of the ankle is the most frequent injury and very common in sports. Still these injuries are frequently minimized and not treated properly. Late results are instability, subluxation and finally posttraumatic osteoarthritis. Anterio-lateral instability indicates lateral capsular-ligamentous lesions. Antero-lateral instability can be proved chinically by the anterior drawer-test and radiologically by a standardized stress x-ray in lateral position. The fresh lesion has to be treated by primary ligamentous suture or by plaster cast for 6 weeks. The treatment of chronic instability is secondary reconstruction. Severe osteoarthritis can be treated by an ankle replacement (endoprosthesis) or by arthrodesis."}
{"id": "PMID:881162", "title": "Cholic acid binding to isolated rat liver plasma membranes.", "content": "Cholic acid binding to isolated rat liver plasma membranes was studied using a centrifugal filtration technique which allowed independent determination of free and membrane-bound cholic acid. Binding of cholic acid was very rapid and reversible. Scatchard analysis revealed at least three binding sites with high, medium and low affinity. The high affinity binding a) displayed saturability and isotope replacement, b) was not present in rat liver mitochondria and red blood cell ghosts and c) was temperature dependent. This binding has a very low capacity with a dissociation constant in the physiological range of plasma cholic acid concentration and has an affinity for other common bile acids. Cholic acid binding to the high affinity binding site was not inhibited by estrone, beta-estradiol or cholesterol. These results would suggest that the high affinity binding site represents a specific binding site for cholic acid and may also be specific for other common bile acids. This binding was not dependent on Na and was inhibited by bromosulfophthalein. Cholic acid binding to the high affinity site has some features in common with cholic acid uptake by isolated rat hepatocytes, and this would suggest that the high affinity binding site could be the postulated carrier for hepatic uptake of cholic acid.", "contents": "Cholic acid binding to isolated rat liver plasma membranes. Cholic acid binding to isolated rat liver plasma membranes was studied using a centrifugal filtration technique which allowed independent determination of free and membrane-bound cholic acid. Binding of cholic acid was very rapid and reversible. Scatchard analysis revealed at least three binding sites with high, medium and low affinity. The high affinity binding a) displayed saturability and isotope replacement, b) was not present in rat liver mitochondria and red blood cell ghosts and c) was temperature dependent. This binding has a very low capacity with a dissociation constant in the physiological range of plasma cholic acid concentration and has an affinity for other common bile acids. Cholic acid binding to the high affinity binding site was not inhibited by estrone, beta-estradiol or cholesterol. These results would suggest that the high affinity binding site represents a specific binding site for cholic acid and may also be specific for other common bile acids. This binding was not dependent on Na and was inhibited by bromosulfophthalein. Cholic acid binding to the high affinity site has some features in common with cholic acid uptake by isolated rat hepatocytes, and this would suggest that the high affinity binding site could be the postulated carrier for hepatic uptake of cholic acid."}
{"id": "PMID:881163", "title": "Snake venoms. The amino-acid sequence of polypeptide DE-1 from Ophiophagus hannah (King cobra) venom.", "content": "A major polypeptide (DE-1) was purified from King cobra venom by ion-exchange chromatography on CM-cellulose and also DEAE-cellulose and by gel filtration on Sephadex G-50. DE-1 comprises 60 amino acid residues and is cross-linked by four intrachain disulphide bridges. The complete primary structure of the polypeptide has been elucidated. The properties of DE-1 were compared with those of the short neurotoxin and the cytotoxin groups and of the angusticeps types. The sequence and some of the invariant residues of DE-1 resemble the short neurotoxin group and to some degree also the cytotoxin group, but it is a nontoxic (LD50 greater than 250 microgram/g of mouse) polypeptide.", "contents": "Snake venoms. The amino-acid sequence of polypeptide DE-1 from Ophiophagus hannah (King cobra) venom. A major polypeptide (DE-1) was purified from King cobra venom by ion-exchange chromatography on CM-cellulose and also DEAE-cellulose and by gel filtration on Sephadex G-50. DE-1 comprises 60 amino acid residues and is cross-linked by four intrachain disulphide bridges. The complete primary structure of the polypeptide has been elucidated. The properties of DE-1 were compared with those of the short neurotoxin and the cytotoxin groups and of the angusticeps types. The sequence and some of the invariant residues of DE-1 resemble the short neurotoxin group and to some degree also the cytotoxin group, but it is a nontoxic (LD50 greater than 250 microgram/g of mouse) polypeptide."}
{"id": "PMID:881164", "title": "Isolation and partial characterization of a low molecular weight acid stable protease inhibitor from human bronchial secretion.", "content": "An acid stable protease inhibitor was isolated from human bronchial secretion. Two important stages of the purification procedure were affinity chromatography on trypsin bound to Affi-Gel 10 and ion-exchange chromatography on SP-Sephadex C-50. The isolated inhibitor appeared as a single band on analytical disc electrophoresis and eluted as a homogeneous protein peak on gel filtration on Sephadex G-75 corresponding to a molecular weight of about 10500. Amino acid analyses showed no tryptophan or histidine and as N-terminal amino acid tyrosine. No glucosamine or galactosamine was detected. The results of the analyses suggest that the purified inhibitor is identical to the low molecular weight trypsin-chymotrypsin inhibitor of human seminal plasma (HUSI-I).", "contents": "Isolation and partial characterization of a low molecular weight acid stable protease inhibitor from human bronchial secretion. An acid stable protease inhibitor was isolated from human bronchial secretion. Two important stages of the purification procedure were affinity chromatography on trypsin bound to Affi-Gel 10 and ion-exchange chromatography on SP-Sephadex C-50. The isolated inhibitor appeared as a single band on analytical disc electrophoresis and eluted as a homogeneous protein peak on gel filtration on Sephadex G-75 corresponding to a molecular weight of about 10500. Amino acid analyses showed no tryptophan or histidine and as N-terminal amino acid tyrosine. No glucosamine or galactosamine was detected. The results of the analyses suggest that the purified inhibitor is identical to the low molecular weight trypsin-chymotrypsin inhibitor of human seminal plasma (HUSI-I)."}
{"id": "PMID:881165", "title": "[The sequence of a dimeric haemoglobin (component VIIB, Chironomus thummi thummi, Diptera) (author's transl)].", "content": "The primary structure of the symmetric dimeric haemoglobin from type alpha2 component CTT VIIB from the larvae of Chironomus thummi thummi is given. The sequence revealed the presence of at least two components differing in six positions. A comparison with human alpha-chains is discussed with respect to the primary structure, helices, and haem complex and haem contacts.", "contents": "[The sequence of a dimeric haemoglobin (component VIIB, Chironomus thummi thummi, Diptera) (author's transl)]. The primary structure of the symmetric dimeric haemoglobin from type alpha2 component CTT VIIB from the larvae of Chironomus thummi thummi is given. The sequence revealed the presence of at least two components differing in six positions. A comparison with human alpha-chains is discussed with respect to the primary structure, helices, and haem complex and haem contacts."}
{"id": "PMID:881187", "title": "Risk for recombinants in pericentric inversions of the (p11 leads to q21) region of chromosome 18.", "content": "A child with female hypospadia complicated by bilateral hydronephrosis, hydroureter, and hydrocolpos was heterozygous for a pericentric inversion of chromosome 18, 46,XX,inv(18)(p11q21). The normal mother and her father had the same inversion. The abnormal phenotype of the girl could be due to undetectable recombination or to a position effect. She had a low level of the enzyme peptidase-A whose locus is on 18q, while her mother and grandfather had normal levels. The two other cases of familial inversions for chromosomes 18 in the literature both involve the same (p11 leads to q21) region. These three families give a tentative figure of at least 10% as the risk for a normal carrier of this pericentric inversion to have an affected offspring due to recombination.", "contents": "Risk for recombinants in pericentric inversions of the (p11 leads to q21) region of chromosome 18. A child with female hypospadia complicated by bilateral hydronephrosis, hydroureter, and hydrocolpos was heterozygous for a pericentric inversion of chromosome 18, 46,XX,inv(18)(p11q21). The normal mother and her father had the same inversion. The abnormal phenotype of the girl could be due to undetectable recombination or to a position effect. She had a low level of the enzyme peptidase-A whose locus is on 18q, while her mother and grandfather had normal levels. The two other cases of familial inversions for chromosomes 18 in the literature both involve the same (p11 leads to q21) region. These three families give a tentative figure of at least 10% as the risk for a normal carrier of this pericentric inversion to have an affected offspring due to recombination."}
{"id": "PMID:881188", "title": "Partial trisomy 14q due to familial t(14q-,11q+) translocation.", "content": "A malformed male newborn with partial trisomy for the distal part of the long arm chromosome 14 (14q23 leads to 14 qter) is described. This anomaly arose as a segregation product of a balanced t(14q-,11q+), translocation in the father.", "contents": "Partial trisomy 14q due to familial t(14q-,11q+) translocation. A malformed male newborn with partial trisomy for the distal part of the long arm chromosome 14 (14q23 leads to 14 qter) is described. This anomaly arose as a segregation product of a balanced t(14q-,11q+), translocation in the father."}
{"id": "PMID:881189", "title": "47,XY,+der(11;22)(q23;q12) following balanced translocation t(11;22)(q23;q12)mat. Remarks on the problem of trisomy 22.", "content": "Report of a supernumerary extra chromosome der(11;22)(q23;q12) resulting from a balanced translocation in the mother. The propositus suffers from mental deficiency, deafness and extreme muscular weakness and exhibits cleft palate, a labial lymphangioma and an atrial septum defect. Since the features of partial trisomy 11q23 frequently associated with a translocation t(11q;22q) bear similarities with the cases of so called trisomy 22 one might conjecture that some of these observations are in fact products of translocations including partial 11q.", "contents": "47,XY,+der(11;22)(q23;q12) following balanced translocation t(11;22)(q23;q12)mat. Remarks on the problem of trisomy 22. Report of a supernumerary extra chromosome der(11;22)(q23;q12) resulting from a balanced translocation in the mother. The propositus suffers from mental deficiency, deafness and extreme muscular weakness and exhibits cleft palate, a labial lymphangioma and an atrial septum defect. Since the features of partial trisomy 11q23 frequently associated with a translocation t(11q;22q) bear similarities with the cases of so called trisomy 22 one might conjecture that some of these observations are in fact products of translocations including partial 11q."}
{"id": "PMID:881190", "title": "Pure gonadal dysgenesis (type XX). Report on a family with four affected sibs.", "content": "A family with four 46,XX siblings affected by the pure gonadal dysgenesis syndrome is described. Inheritance is by an autosomal recessive gene limited to the female sex.", "contents": "Pure gonadal dysgenesis (type XX). Report on a family with four affected sibs. A family with four 46,XX siblings affected by the pure gonadal dysgenesis syndrome is described. Inheritance is by an autosomal recessive gene limited to the female sex."}
{"id": "PMID:881191", "title": "Dispermic origin of a 69,XXY triploid.", "content": "Triploidy, 69XXY, was found in a newborn with multiple abnormalities. Conception had occurred shortly after the mother ceased taking an oral contraceptive. The infant carried a pair of 21s with giant satellites; of the parents, only the father carried a giant-satellited 21. This, together with the XXY constitution, suggested a dispermic origin of the triploidy.", "contents": "Dispermic origin of a 69,XXY triploid. Triploidy, 69XXY, was found in a newborn with multiple abnormalities. Conception had occurred shortly after the mother ceased taking an oral contraceptive. The infant carried a pair of 21s with giant satellites; of the parents, only the father carried a giant-satellited 21. This, together with the XXY constitution, suggested a dispermic origin of the triploidy."}
{"id": "PMID:881192", "title": "Partial trisomy 8q in half-sisters with distinct dysmorphic patterns not similar to the trisomy 8 mosaicism syndrome.", "content": "Two cases of partial trisomy 8q are presented. Common clinical features included severe mental and physical retardation, a prominent and short forehead, widely set mongoloid eyes, broad, flat nose with short septum, short upper lip, misshapen ears, a funnel chest, hypertrichosis of the back, coxa valga, and short fingers with brachymesophalangy and clinodactyly of the little fingers. Moreover, Case 1 had a frontal meningocele and bilateral talipes equinovarus, and Case 2 had a ventricular septal defect. The chromosome aberration in the two girls arose from a maternal balanced translocation, t(8;18) (q2309;p113). Since the major clinical features of mosaic trisomy 8 are absent in the two girls and in other cases of partial trisomy, both for the distal segment of the long arm and for the short arm of chromosome 8, it is concluded that trisomy of the proximal part of the long arm of chromosome 8 causes most of the clinical findings of trisomy 8 mosaicism syndrome.", "contents": "Partial trisomy 8q in half-sisters with distinct dysmorphic patterns not similar to the trisomy 8 mosaicism syndrome. Two cases of partial trisomy 8q are presented. Common clinical features included severe mental and physical retardation, a prominent and short forehead, widely set mongoloid eyes, broad, flat nose with short septum, short upper lip, misshapen ears, a funnel chest, hypertrichosis of the back, coxa valga, and short fingers with brachymesophalangy and clinodactyly of the little fingers. Moreover, Case 1 had a frontal meningocele and bilateral talipes equinovarus, and Case 2 had a ventricular septal defect. The chromosome aberration in the two girls arose from a maternal balanced translocation, t(8;18) (q2309;p113). Since the major clinical features of mosaic trisomy 8 are absent in the two girls and in other cases of partial trisomy, both for the distal segment of the long arm and for the short arm of chromosome 8, it is concluded that trisomy of the proximal part of the long arm of chromosome 8 causes most of the clinical findings of trisomy 8 mosaicism syndrome."}
{"id": "PMID:881193", "title": "Sister chromatid exchanges in balanced translocation carriers and in patients with unbalanced karyotypes.", "content": "Sister chromatid exchanges (SCEs) were studied in peripheral human leukocytes from 16 patients with balanced translocations or with unbalanced karyotypes, and from 4 controls. No difference was seen between these two groups of people in the mean number of SCEs per cell, or in the total number of SCEs observed for each pair of autosomes involved in the translocations studied. With this last number no difference from the expected number of SCEs, if one supposes that SCEs follow a random distribution, was seen.", "contents": "Sister chromatid exchanges in balanced translocation carriers and in patients with unbalanced karyotypes. Sister chromatid exchanges (SCEs) were studied in peripheral human leukocytes from 16 patients with balanced translocations or with unbalanced karyotypes, and from 4 controls. No difference was seen between these two groups of people in the mean number of SCEs per cell, or in the total number of SCEs observed for each pair of autosomes involved in the translocations studied. With this last number no difference from the expected number of SCEs, if one supposes that SCEs follow a random distribution, was seen."}
{"id": "PMID:881194", "title": "Karyotyping of bone-marrow cells in hematologic diseases.", "content": "Cultures of bone-marrow cells incubated for 5 h at 4 degrees had cells in metaphase with elongated chromosomes which were easily Giemsa banded. Colcemid was not necessary for metaphase arrest at this temperature. This technique made possible routine karyotyping of patients with leukemia and other hematological diseases in which the detection of aberrations was otherwise difficult.", "contents": "Karyotyping of bone-marrow cells in hematologic diseases. Cultures of bone-marrow cells incubated for 5 h at 4 degrees had cells in metaphase with elongated chromosomes which were easily Giemsa banded. Colcemid was not necessary for metaphase arrest at this temperature. This technique made possible routine karyotyping of patients with leukemia and other hematological diseases in which the detection of aberrations was otherwise difficult."}
{"id": "PMID:881195", "title": "HLA-A, B, C gene and haplotype frequencies in Vienna. An analysis of family data.", "content": "The HLA-A, B, C haplotype frequencies determined through family investigations in 500 unrelated individuals of the Viennese population were calculated, as well as the gene frequencies of 37 HLA determinants and the linkage disequilibria between the three HLA SD loci (HLA-A, HLA-B, and HLA-C). The existence of HLA-A, B, C superhaplotypes could be confirmed.", "contents": "HLA-A, B, C gene and haplotype frequencies in Vienna. An analysis of family data. The HLA-A, B, C haplotype frequencies determined through family investigations in 500 unrelated individuals of the Viennese population were calculated, as well as the gene frequencies of 37 HLA determinants and the linkage disequilibria between the three HLA SD loci (HLA-A, HLA-B, and HLA-C). The existence of HLA-A, B, C superhaplotypes could be confirmed."}
{"id": "PMID:881196", "title": "Human DNA replication: fiber autoradiographic analysis of diploid cells from normal adults and from Fanconi's anemia and ataxia telangiectasia.", "content": "Fiber autoradiograms prepared from radioactive DNA of diploid skin fibroblasts and lymphocytes from normal adult humans show patterns of replication of chromosomal DNA that are closely similar to those from other mammalian cells. The rate of replication fork movement is 0.64 micrometer/min and 0.42 micrometer/min for fibroblasts and lymphocytes respectively. In both types of cells, replication units show a median length of about 70 micrometer. Replication proceeds bidirectionally from a central origin in most units and adjacents units initiate synthesis synchronously. In skin fibroblasts from individuals with Fanconi's anemia or ataxia telangiectasia, the autoradiographic patterns of DNA replication are the same as in controls. This suggests that S phase DNA synthesis is normal in these disorders.", "contents": "Human DNA replication: fiber autoradiographic analysis of diploid cells from normal adults and from Fanconi's anemia and ataxia telangiectasia. Fiber autoradiograms prepared from radioactive DNA of diploid skin fibroblasts and lymphocytes from normal adult humans show patterns of replication of chromosomal DNA that are closely similar to those from other mammalian cells. The rate of replication fork movement is 0.64 micrometer/min and 0.42 micrometer/min for fibroblasts and lymphocytes respectively. In both types of cells, replication units show a median length of about 70 micrometer. Replication proceeds bidirectionally from a central origin in most units and adjacents units initiate synthesis synchronously. In skin fibroblasts from individuals with Fanconi's anemia or ataxia telangiectasia, the autoradiographic patterns of DNA replication are the same as in controls. This suggests that S phase DNA synthesis is normal in these disorders."}
{"id": "PMID:881197", "title": "Recurrent abortion associated with a balanced 22;22 translocation, or isochromosome 22q in a monozygous twin.", "content": "A 45,XX,t(22;22)(p11;q11) or 45,XX,i(22q) chromosomal rearrangement was found in a woman with a history of recurrent abortion. A twin sister did not have the translocation even though marker studies indicate that the twins are probably monozygotic.", "contents": "Recurrent abortion associated with a balanced 22;22 translocation, or isochromosome 22q in a monozygous twin. A 45,XX,t(22;22)(p11;q11) or 45,XX,i(22q) chromosomal rearrangement was found in a woman with a history of recurrent abortion. A twin sister did not have the translocation even though marker studies indicate that the twins are probably monozygotic."}
{"id": "PMID:881198", "title": "Ring chromosome 4 and Wolf syndrome.", "content": "A 5-day-old male child presenting some features of Wolf syndrome is studied. The analysis of his karyotype by usual techniques showed a ring chromosome of B group. This chromosome was presnt in most of the cells examined. By GTG banding it was identified as a No.4 chromosome, the karyotype being: 46,XY,r(4),(p15 leads to q35). The analysis was completed by familial cytogenetic and dermatoglyphic studies.", "contents": "Ring chromosome 4 and Wolf syndrome. A 5-day-old male child presenting some features of Wolf syndrome is studied. The analysis of his karyotype by usual techniques showed a ring chromosome of B group. This chromosome was presnt in most of the cells examined. By GTG banding it was identified as a No.4 chromosome, the karyotype being: 46,XY,r(4),(p15 leads to q35). The analysis was completed by familial cytogenetic and dermatoglyphic studies."}
{"id": "PMID:881199", "title": "Short-arm deletion of an X chromosome (45,XO/46,XX p--).", "content": "A 31-year-old female patient with short stature, signs of gonadal dysgenesis, and slight Turner signs is described with a mosaic 45,XO/46,XX del (X) (qter leads to p11) determined with trypsin Giemsa-banding and C-staining. BUdR incorporation indicated the deleted X to be late replicating.", "contents": "Short-arm deletion of an X chromosome (45,XO/46,XX p--). A 31-year-old female patient with short stature, signs of gonadal dysgenesis, and slight Turner signs is described with a mosaic 45,XO/46,XX del (X) (qter leads to p11) determined with trypsin Giemsa-banding and C-staining. BUdR incorporation indicated the deleted X to be late replicating."}
{"id": "PMID:881200", "title": "Familial t(X;2) (p223;q323) with partial trisomy 2q and male and female balanced carriers.", "content": "A familial t(X;2) (p223;q323) is responsible for partial trisomy 2q in the proposita, a 3-year-old girl with severe mental retardation and hypotrophia. It is present in the balanced state in the mother, two daughters, and one son. X-replication was studied after BUDR incroporation and acridine orange staining. The reproductive impairment of balanced X/autosome translocations is discussed.", "contents": "Familial t(X;2) (p223;q323) with partial trisomy 2q and male and female balanced carriers. A familial t(X;2) (p223;q323) is responsible for partial trisomy 2q in the proposita, a 3-year-old girl with severe mental retardation and hypotrophia. It is present in the balanced state in the mother, two daughters, and one son. X-replication was studied after BUDR incroporation and acridine orange staining. The reproductive impairment of balanced X/autosome translocations is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:881249", "title": "Middle third femoral fractures treated with medullary nailing or AO compression plates.", "content": "Fifty-eight medullary nailings and 46 internal fixations with AO plates were performed on fractures of the middle third of the femur. The complication rate was 21-2%, infections accounting for 7-7% and implant failures for another 7-7%. Critical descriptions of the failures are given, 6 of 8 implant failures being biomechanical. Follow-up results were excellent or satisfactory in 95% of cases in both groups. At follow-up after 3 1/2 years, there was no difference in results between the two methods of treatment.", "contents": "Middle third femoral fractures treated with medullary nailing or AO compression plates. Fifty-eight medullary nailings and 46 internal fixations with AO plates were performed on fractures of the middle third of the femur. The complication rate was 21-2%, infections accounting for 7-7% and implant failures for another 7-7%. Critical descriptions of the failures are given, 6 of 8 implant failures being biomechanical. Follow-up results were excellent or satisfactory in 95% of cases in both groups. At follow-up after 3 1/2 years, there was no difference in results between the two methods of treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:881250", "title": "Compression-fusion of the first carpometacarpal joint (rizarthrodesis) in the treatment of disability arising from neglected Bennett's fracture: a new surgical technique.", "content": "A new method of trapeziometacarpal fusion is described. Its essential features are compression using a new device, rigid internal fixation with an AO small-fragment T-plate with or without cancellous bone grafting, no postoperative external fixation and early active movements.", "contents": "Compression-fusion of the first carpometacarpal joint (rizarthrodesis) in the treatment of disability arising from neglected Bennett's fracture: a new surgical technique. A new method of trapeziometacarpal fusion is described. Its essential features are compression using a new device, rigid internal fixation with an AO small-fragment T-plate with or without cancellous bone grafting, no postoperative external fixation and early active movements."}
{"id": "PMID:881251", "title": "The application of rigid internal fixation to the treatment of non-union and delayed union using the AO technique.", "content": "This paper describes our experience over a period of 10 years (1966-76) with fractures showing non-union and delayed union. All were treated by the AO technique. The source of our patients, the management of their fractures and the results are described. From this experience we have drawn conclusions on which future policy will be based.", "contents": "The application of rigid internal fixation to the treatment of non-union and delayed union using the AO technique. This paper describes our experience over a period of 10 years (1966-76) with fractures showing non-union and delayed union. All were treated by the AO technique. The source of our patients, the management of their fractures and the results are described. From this experience we have drawn conclusions on which future policy will be based."}
{"id": "PMID:881252", "title": "Rigid fixation as a treatment for hypertrophic non-union.", "content": "A series of 17 cases of non-union in which the one common factor in treatment was rigid fixation, resulted in union.", "contents": "Rigid fixation as a treatment for hypertrophic non-union. A series of 17 cases of non-union in which the one common factor in treatment was rigid fixation, resulted in union."}
{"id": "PMID:881253", "title": "Combined fractures of the femoral and tibial shafts in the same limb.", "content": "This paper reports a study of ipsilateral fractures of the femoral and tibial shafts in 21 patients treated according to a detailed plan including shock treatment, prophylaxis against fat embolism, soft-tissue and fracture treatment. Death due to hypovalaemic shock was eliminated and the incidence of fat emboliism (9-5%) reduced in comparison with an earlier series. The tibial fracture was stabilized by plaster or internal fixation as soon as conditions allowed. In most cases the femoral fracture was treated by medullary mailing. Results have improved compared with earlier series. All fractures healed within 15 months, and functional end results have been excellent in the majority of the surviving patients (89%).", "contents": "Combined fractures of the femoral and tibial shafts in the same limb. This paper reports a study of ipsilateral fractures of the femoral and tibial shafts in 21 patients treated according to a detailed plan including shock treatment, prophylaxis against fat embolism, soft-tissue and fracture treatment. Death due to hypovalaemic shock was eliminated and the incidence of fat emboliism (9-5%) reduced in comparison with an earlier series. The tibial fracture was stabilized by plaster or internal fixation as soon as conditions allowed. In most cases the femoral fracture was treated by medullary mailing. Results have improved compared with earlier series. All fractures healed within 15 months, and functional end results have been excellent in the majority of the surviving patients (89%)."}
{"id": "PMID:881254", "title": "'Straight lateral traction' in selected supracondylar fractures of the humerus in children.", "content": "A method of treating completely displaced supracondylar fractures of the humerus in children by 'straight lateral traction', as originally used by John Dunlop, is recommended. The results in  26 children, selected because manipulation had failed to achieve reduction, is examined, and indicates that this treatment is satisfactory for some problem fractures, leading usually to good results in terms of resolution of complications and return of function. It also avoids the ugly deformities of the elbow which follow reliance on a single form of treatment for all supracondylar fractures. Failure of anatomical reduction by the appliance is shown to be in the plane of elbow movement, where normal physiological mechanisms correct the bone by remodelling. Where there is epiphyseal damage, deformities may occur with any form of treatment.", "contents": "'Straight lateral traction' in selected supracondylar fractures of the humerus in children. A method of treating completely displaced supracondylar fractures of the humerus in children by 'straight lateral traction', as originally used by John Dunlop, is recommended. The results in  26 children, selected because manipulation had failed to achieve reduction, is examined, and indicates that this treatment is satisfactory for some problem fractures, leading usually to good results in terms of resolution of complications and return of function. It also avoids the ugly deformities of the elbow which follow reliance on a single form of treatment for all supracondylar fractures. Failure of anatomical reduction by the appliance is shown to be in the plane of elbow movement, where normal physiological mechanisms correct the bone by remodelling. Where there is epiphyseal damage, deformities may occur with any form of treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:881255", "title": "A clinical and stress radiographical follow-up investigation after Jones' operation for replacing the anterior cruciate ligament.", "content": "Measurements have been made on knee radiographs exposed during stress displacement by controlled hydraulic forces using a specially designed apparatus. This accurately records the amount of anterior and posterior tibial displacement (drawer sign) and the degree of medial and lateral collateral ligament laxity on radiographs. The findings in 25 patients have been analysed following the Jones' procedure for the repair of the anterior cruciate ligaments. The operative results were judged to be completely successful in 72% of patients and the value of stress radiographic measurements is discussed.", "contents": "A clinical and stress radiographical follow-up investigation after Jones' operation for replacing the anterior cruciate ligament. Measurements have been made on knee radiographs exposed during stress displacement by controlled hydraulic forces using a specially designed apparatus. This accurately records the amount of anterior and posterior tibial displacement (drawer sign) and the degree of medial and lateral collateral ligament laxity on radiographs. The findings in 25 patients have been analysed following the Jones' procedure for the repair of the anterior cruciate ligaments. The operative results were judged to be completely successful in 72% of patients and the value of stress radiographic measurements is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:881256", "title": "A comparison of the stability of proplast-coated and cemented Thompson prostheses in the treatment of subcapital femoral fractures.", "content": "Twenty randomly selected patients with displaced subcapital fractures of the femur, were treated with prosthetic replacement of the femoral head using a Thompson prosthesis of which the intramedullary portion was coated with Proplast. The results were compared with a control group of 20 similar patients in whom the standard Thompson prosthesis was used with acrylic cement. At follow-up, which ranged from 3 to 17 months, there was substantial X-ray evidence of prosthetic loosening in the Proplast series.", "contents": "A comparison of the stability of proplast-coated and cemented Thompson prostheses in the treatment of subcapital femoral fractures. Twenty randomly selected patients with displaced subcapital fractures of the femur, were treated with prosthetic replacement of the femoral head using a Thompson prosthesis of which the intramedullary portion was coated with Proplast. The results were compared with a control group of 20 similar patients in whom the standard Thompson prosthesis was used with acrylic cement. At follow-up, which ranged from 3 to 17 months, there was substantial X-ray evidence of prosthetic loosening in the Proplast series."}
{"id": "PMID:881258", "title": "Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans endocarditis in a patient with a prosthetic aortic valve.", "content": "Bacterial endocarditis caused by Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans is a rare disease. A 48-year-old man who had a Starr-Edwards aortic valve prosthesis inserted in 1972 was admitted for evaluation of confusion, headaches, anorexia, weight loss, diarrhea and weakness. Six blood cultures yielded gram-negative organisms which were subsequently identified as A. actinomycetemcomitans. Treatment with ampicillin and gentamicin resulted in cure which has been maintained after an observation period of eleven months. This represents the second report of A. actinomycetemcomitans endocarditis in a patient with a prosthetic valve.", "contents": "Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans endocarditis in a patient with a prosthetic aortic valve. Bacterial endocarditis caused by Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans is a rare disease. A 48-year-old man who had a Starr-Edwards aortic valve prosthesis inserted in 1972 was admitted for evaluation of confusion, headaches, anorexia, weight loss, diarrhea and weakness. Six blood cultures yielded gram-negative organisms which were subsequently identified as A. actinomycetemcomitans. Treatment with ampicillin and gentamicin resulted in cure which has been maintained after an observation period of eleven months. This represents the second report of A. actinomycetemcomitans endocarditis in a patient with a prosthetic valve."}
{"id": "PMID:881260", "title": "[A microbiological method for the rapid determination of antibiotic concentrations during therapy (author's transl)].", "content": "The assay described is an agar diffusion test using Bacillus stearothermophilus as test organism. Incubation is at 62 degrees C; results can be obtained rapidly within 2 to 3 hours. The test was developed for the determination of gentamicin concentrations in serum and other body fluids. Because of its high sensitivity the test strain is also suitable for the determination of other antibiotics. The test is designed primarily for the determination of concentrations in individual samples and thus for monitoring during therapy. The ease with which the test can be carried out is thus an important feature of it. On comparison with a standard method (agar diffusion test) using both serum samples from patients and samples with known gentamicin concentrations a highly significant correlation (r = 0.95) was seen between the two methods.", "contents": "[A microbiological method for the rapid determination of antibiotic concentrations during therapy (author's transl)]. The assay described is an agar diffusion test using Bacillus stearothermophilus as test organism. Incubation is at 62 degrees C; results can be obtained rapidly within 2 to 3 hours. The test was developed for the determination of gentamicin concentrations in serum and other body fluids. Because of its high sensitivity the test strain is also suitable for the determination of other antibiotics. The test is designed primarily for the determination of concentrations in individual samples and thus for monitoring during therapy. The ease with which the test can be carried out is thus an important feature of it. On comparison with a standard method (agar diffusion test) using both serum samples from patients and samples with known gentamicin concentrations a highly significant correlation (r = 0.95) was seen between the two methods."}
{"id": "PMID:881261", "title": "[Indications for the monitoring of aminoglycoside serum concentrations in internal medicine (author's transl)].", "content": "Numerous factors in the human body can influence and cause variations in the pharmacokinetics of aminoglycoside antibiotics. As a result of these observations it has been demanded that all treatments with aminoglycosides be monitored. This would only appear to be justified for a limited number of indications, however, which involve very high dosages, long-term therapy and impaired renal function. The advantages of monitoring treatment are demonstrated in a patient with endocarditis.", "contents": "[Indications for the monitoring of aminoglycoside serum concentrations in internal medicine (author's transl)]. Numerous factors in the human body can influence and cause variations in the pharmacokinetics of aminoglycoside antibiotics. As a result of these observations it has been demanded that all treatments with aminoglycosides be monitored. This would only appear to be justified for a limited number of indications, however, which involve very high dosages, long-term therapy and impaired renal function. The advantages of monitoring treatment are demonstrated in a patient with endocarditis."}
{"id": "PMID:881262", "title": "[Indications for the determination of plasma concentrations of aminoglycosides (author's transl)].", "content": "Provided a well-equipped laboratory and a properly trained staff are available, plasma concentrations of aminoglycosides should be determined in cases of severe impairment of renal function, changes in the body fluid content (oedema, dehydration), and anemia. In the absence of the above-mentioned facilities, the half-life should be estimated on the basis of creatinine clearance, and the plasma concentration calculated accordingly. Close clinical supervision of patients receiving aminoglycosides is however the most important aspect of treatment.", "contents": "[Indications for the determination of plasma concentrations of aminoglycosides (author's transl)]. Provided a well-equipped laboratory and a properly trained staff are available, plasma concentrations of aminoglycosides should be determined in cases of severe impairment of renal function, changes in the body fluid content (oedema, dehydration), and anemia. In the absence of the above-mentioned facilities, the half-life should be estimated on the basis of creatinine clearance, and the plasma concentration calculated accordingly. Close clinical supervision of patients receiving aminoglycosides is however the most important aspect of treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:881263", "title": "[Enzymatic assays of aminoglycoside antibiotics (author's transl)].", "content": "Adenylylating or acetylating enzymes, which are produced by grampositive and gramnegative bacteria resistant to aminoglycoside antibiotics, are useful tools in determining concentrations of aminoglycosides in patients' body fluids. Due to their accuracy, stability, versatility, fastness and inexpensiveness, enzymatic assays are the tests of choice for the routine determination of aminoglycoside concentrations.", "contents": "[Enzymatic assays of aminoglycoside antibiotics (author's transl)]. Adenylylating or acetylating enzymes, which are produced by grampositive and gramnegative bacteria resistant to aminoglycoside antibiotics, are useful tools in determining concentrations of aminoglycosides in patients' body fluids. Due to their accuracy, stability, versatility, fastness and inexpensiveness, enzymatic assays are the tests of choice for the routine determination of aminoglycoside concentrations."}
{"id": "PMID:881264", "title": "Influenza immunization: serologic and clinical responses in military units.", "content": "Two inactivated influenza-virus vaccines were tested and compared in three army training units in Israel. The serological responses to the vaccines and the side-effects were assessed. The vaccines contained the influenza strains which were prevalent in 1974: A2/Port Chalmers/1/73 and B/Hong Kong/8/73. One of the vaccines also contained A2/England/42/72. Both vaccines caused a more than three-fold rise in geometric mean titers against influenza A strains, and about a twofold rise in geometric mean titers against influenza B/Hong Kong/5/73. Approximately 75%-80% of the vaccinees acquired protective hemagglutination-inhibition antibody titers against influenza A strains, while less than 30% acquired protective titers against B strains. In general, there were no significant differences between the serological responses to the two vaccines. More than 50% of the vaccinees experienced at least one systemic side-effect (50.3% with one vaccine and 61.0% with the other). The average number of side-effects per person was between 1.78 and 2.11. However, these side-effects were generally of short duration and caused minimal disability. On the whole, the two vaccines did not differ significantly with regard to the side-effects they caused.", "contents": "Influenza immunization: serologic and clinical responses in military units. Two inactivated influenza-virus vaccines were tested and compared in three army training units in Israel. The serological responses to the vaccines and the side-effects were assessed. The vaccines contained the influenza strains which were prevalent in 1974: A2/Port Chalmers/1/73 and B/Hong Kong/8/73. One of the vaccines also contained A2/England/42/72. Both vaccines caused a more than three-fold rise in geometric mean titers against influenza A strains, and about a twofold rise in geometric mean titers against influenza B/Hong Kong/5/73. Approximately 75%-80% of the vaccinees acquired protective hemagglutination-inhibition antibody titers against influenza A strains, while less than 30% acquired protective titers against B strains. In general, there were no significant differences between the serological responses to the two vaccines. More than 50% of the vaccinees experienced at least one systemic side-effect (50.3% with one vaccine and 61.0% with the other). The average number of side-effects per person was between 1.78 and 2.11. However, these side-effects were generally of short duration and caused minimal disability. On the whole, the two vaccines did not differ significantly with regard to the side-effects they caused."}
{"id": "PMID:881265", "title": "[Brill's Disease in Eastern Slovakia (author's transl)].", "content": "A report is presented on the epidemiological, clinical and serological findings obtained in 37 patients in the southern part of Eastern Slovakia who were diagnosed as having Brill's disease. All patients presented with a recurrence of classical louse-borne typhus; in no case did the disease occur for the first time. It is recommended that all patients with a febrile illness of uncertain aetiology be subjected to a routine serological examination for louse-borne typhus in epidemic areas. Careful supervision is necessary since if such late recurrences are not detected they can result in a renewed spread of the disease in an environment where lice prevail. This was demonstrated in one of the patients in this study.", "contents": "[Brill's Disease in Eastern Slovakia (author's transl)]. A report is presented on the epidemiological, clinical and serological findings obtained in 37 patients in the southern part of Eastern Slovakia who were diagnosed as having Brill's disease. All patients presented with a recurrence of classical louse-borne typhus; in no case did the disease occur for the first time. It is recommended that all patients with a febrile illness of uncertain aetiology be subjected to a routine serological examination for louse-borne typhus in epidemic areas. Careful supervision is necessary since if such late recurrences are not detected they can result in a renewed spread of the disease in an environment where lice prevail. This was demonstrated in one of the patients in this study."}
{"id": "PMID:881266", "title": "Murine typhus and spotted fever in Israel in the seventies.", "content": "One hundred and eleven cases of rickettsial disease-100 cases of murine typhus and 11 cases spotted fever--seen over a four year period at the Chaim Sheba Medical Center are reviewed. The clinical picture of murine typhus (caused by Rickettsia mooseri and transmitted by Xenopsylla cheopis) could not be distinguished from that of spotted fever (caused by a Rickettsia similar to Rickettsia conori and transmitted by Rhipicephalus). Some quite severe cases of murine typhus and some relatively mild cases of spotted fever were seen.", "contents": "Murine typhus and spotted fever in Israel in the seventies. One hundred and eleven cases of rickettsial disease-100 cases of murine typhus and 11 cases spotted fever--seen over a four year period at the Chaim Sheba Medical Center are reviewed. The clinical picture of murine typhus (caused by Rickettsia mooseri and transmitted by Xenopsylla cheopis) could not be distinguished from that of spotted fever (caused by a Rickettsia similar to Rickettsia conori and transmitted by Rhipicephalus). Some quite severe cases of murine typhus and some relatively mild cases of spotted fever were seen."}
{"id": "PMID:881267", "title": "[Experimental studies on the renal tolerance of cefuroxime (author's transl)].", "content": "The potential renal tolerance of cefuroxime was investigated in 80 female albino Wistar rats and compared with that of cephacetrile. The drugs were administered i.m. in different dosages (1000, 2000, 3000 and 5000 mg/kg/day; dosage interval: 12 h) over a period of five days. The excretion of tubular cells and urinary malic dehydrogenase was assessed before, during and after administration of the antibiotics. In addition, the concentration of serum urea was analysed and the renal histology was examined. The following toxic threshold doses were estimated: cefuroxime 5000 mg/kg/day, cephacetrile 3000 mg/kg/day. In comparison with other cephalosporines cefuroxime belongs to those antibiotics with which a high degree of renal tolerance is demonstrated.", "contents": "[Experimental studies on the renal tolerance of cefuroxime (author's transl)]. The potential renal tolerance of cefuroxime was investigated in 80 female albino Wistar rats and compared with that of cephacetrile. The drugs were administered i.m. in different dosages (1000, 2000, 3000 and 5000 mg/kg/day; dosage interval: 12 h) over a period of five days. The excretion of tubular cells and urinary malic dehydrogenase was assessed before, during and after administration of the antibiotics. In addition, the concentration of serum urea was analysed and the renal histology was examined. The following toxic threshold doses were estimated: cefuroxime 5000 mg/kg/day, cephacetrile 3000 mg/kg/day. In comparison with other cephalosporines cefuroxime belongs to those antibiotics with which a high degree of renal tolerance is demonstrated."}
{"id": "PMID:881268", "title": "Total body wash-out in patients with fulminant hepatitis.", "content": "Two patients with fulminant hepatic necrosis and in stage IV coma were treated with a rapid infusion of refrigerated buffered albumin electrolyte solution combined with simultaneous total body wash-out in order to remove the circulating neurotoxins and to provide additional time for liver regeneration. Both patients awoke from the coma following treatment. One patient recovered completely, the other died on the second day as a result of massive gastro-intestinal bleeding. The clinical value and the technical problems of the procedure are investigated.", "contents": "Total body wash-out in patients with fulminant hepatitis. Two patients with fulminant hepatic necrosis and in stage IV coma were treated with a rapid infusion of refrigerated buffered albumin electrolyte solution combined with simultaneous total body wash-out in order to remove the circulating neurotoxins and to provide additional time for liver regeneration. Both patients awoke from the coma following treatment. One patient recovered completely, the other died on the second day as a result of massive gastro-intestinal bleeding. The clinical value and the technical problems of the procedure are investigated."}
{"id": "PMID:881277", "title": "Pharmacokinetic aspects of digoxin in patients with terminal renal failure. II. On hemodialysis.", "content": "Pharmacokinetics of digoxin was studied in 9 patients during hemodialysis. All patients were treated with a short-dialysis schedule, using Gambro Lundia Major dialysers for 5 patients and Gambro Lundia Nova dialysers for 4 patients. Clearances of the dialysers and half-lives were calculated from plasma digoxin levels in blood samples taken simultaneously from arterial and venous blood lines during hemodialysis. The mean clearances of the Major and Nova were 28.3 and 21.8 ml/min respectively. During hemodialysis the mean plasma half-life was 13.8 hours with the Major and 19.1 hours with the Nova. The mean net lowering effect of hemodialysis on the plasma concentration decay line was 9.5 and 6.5% for the Major and Nova respectively. Post-dialysis plasma concentration data suggest that the rate at which digoxin returns to plasma from body tissues is the rate-controlling factor in the elimination of digoxin by the artificial kidney.", "contents": "Pharmacokinetic aspects of digoxin in patients with terminal renal failure. II. On hemodialysis. Pharmacokinetics of digoxin was studied in 9 patients during hemodialysis. All patients were treated with a short-dialysis schedule, using Gambro Lundia Major dialysers for 5 patients and Gambro Lundia Nova dialysers for 4 patients. Clearances of the dialysers and half-lives were calculated from plasma digoxin levels in blood samples taken simultaneously from arterial and venous blood lines during hemodialysis. The mean clearances of the Major and Nova were 28.3 and 21.8 ml/min respectively. During hemodialysis the mean plasma half-life was 13.8 hours with the Major and 19.1 hours with the Nova. The mean net lowering effect of hemodialysis on the plasma concentration decay line was 9.5 and 6.5% for the Major and Nova respectively. Post-dialysis plasma concentration data suggest that the rate at which digoxin returns to plasma from body tissues is the rate-controlling factor in the elimination of digoxin by the artificial kidney."}
{"id": "PMID:881278", "title": "Studies covering combined treatments with xipamide. Results of a long-term antihypertensive treatment.", "content": "The antihypertensive active of Xipamide was tested in 23 patients. Xipamide was given in combination with clonidine hydrochloride. The diuretic produced additional reductions in the recumbent blood pressure in 15 patients, and the orthostatic pressure in 19 patients. The antihypertensive action corresponds to those of established diuretics. The same responses were obtained in essential and secondary hypertension. A disadvantage associated with long-term treatment is that of hypokalaemia, which occurs at a dose level of 80 mg Xipamide (double the therapeutic dose). We accordingly recommend a dose of 40 mg, and, as a precaution, regular electrolyte checks. The levels of other side-effects-interference in carbohydrate, lipid, and uric acid metabolism and the rise in blood urea nitrogen are the same as for other diuretics.", "contents": "Studies covering combined treatments with xipamide. Results of a long-term antihypertensive treatment. The antihypertensive active of Xipamide was tested in 23 patients. Xipamide was given in combination with clonidine hydrochloride. The diuretic produced additional reductions in the recumbent blood pressure in 15 patients, and the orthostatic pressure in 19 patients. The antihypertensive action corresponds to those of established diuretics. The same responses were obtained in essential and secondary hypertension. A disadvantage associated with long-term treatment is that of hypokalaemia, which occurs at a dose level of 80 mg Xipamide (double the therapeutic dose). We accordingly recommend a dose of 40 mg, and, as a precaution, regular electrolyte checks. The levels of other side-effects-interference in carbohydrate, lipid, and uric acid metabolism and the rise in blood urea nitrogen are the same as for other diuretics."}
{"id": "PMID:881280", "title": "Effects of sotalol in twenty patients with cardiac arrhythmias.", "content": "Sotalol was given intravenously at doses of 20 to 60 mg to 20 selected patients with various cardiac arrhythmias. Ten of these patients subsequently received oral sotalol at doses of 80 to 160 mg twice a day. The drug was beneficial in 2 out of 2 patients with sinus tachycardia and in 4 out of 7 patients with other supraventricular tachycardias. The drug was particularly effective in lidocaineresistant ventricular arrhythmias since it was effective in 9 out of 11 patients. The blood pressure of the 4 patients who were hypertensive was significantly lowered while that of the normotensive patients was not affected. Three patients who suffered from severe myocardial disease developed sinus bradycardia, which was life-threatening in 2 of them.", "contents": "Effects of sotalol in twenty patients with cardiac arrhythmias. Sotalol was given intravenously at doses of 20 to 60 mg to 20 selected patients with various cardiac arrhythmias. Ten of these patients subsequently received oral sotalol at doses of 80 to 160 mg twice a day. The drug was beneficial in 2 out of 2 patients with sinus tachycardia and in 4 out of 7 patients with other supraventricular tachycardias. The drug was particularly effective in lidocaineresistant ventricular arrhythmias since it was effective in 9 out of 11 patients. The blood pressure of the 4 patients who were hypertensive was significantly lowered while that of the normotensive patients was not affected. Three patients who suffered from severe myocardial disease developed sinus bradycardia, which was life-threatening in 2 of them."}
{"id": "PMID:881281", "title": "Pharmacokinetic comparison of the one-point method with other methods in predicting steady state drug concentrations in multiple dosing.", "content": "Using blood level-time profiles of five different drugs, the maximum and minimum drug concentrations,c'max and c'min, were determined according to four different methods. It was demonstrated that the one-point method results in an acceptable estimate allowing prediction of steady state concentrations and adjustment of dose regimen based on one single blood level concentration determined during the later part of the first dosing interval, and utilizing literature on the biological half-life and the time to reach the peak. In case of renal impairment a correction can be made after determination of serum creatinine in the one blood sample taken.", "contents": "Pharmacokinetic comparison of the one-point method with other methods in predicting steady state drug concentrations in multiple dosing. Using blood level-time profiles of five different drugs, the maximum and minimum drug concentrations,c'max and c'min, were determined according to four different methods. It was demonstrated that the one-point method results in an acceptable estimate allowing prediction of steady state concentrations and adjustment of dose regimen based on one single blood level concentration determined during the later part of the first dosing interval, and utilizing literature on the biological half-life and the time to reach the peak. In case of renal impairment a correction can be made after determination of serum creatinine in the one blood sample taken."}
{"id": "PMID:881282", "title": "The bio-availability of beta-acetyldigoxine (Novodigal) alone and combined with oxyfedrine (Ildamen-Novodigal).", "content": "The bio-availability of various galenic preparations of beta-acetyldigoxine was tested in six healthy probands after a single oral dose (1 mg). The availability parameters were calculated from the areas under the plasma concentration curves and from the cumulative urinal excretion. There was no significant difference between the bio-availabilities of Novodigal (beta-acetyledigoxine tablets), Ildamen-Novodigal (beta-acetyldigoxine and oxyfedrine) and an alcoholic solution of beta-acetyldigoxine. Correlation calculations showed that the determination of the plasma concentration courses up to six hours after substance application are most favourite in regard to judging the absorption processes of digoxine preparations. For the assessment of the bio-availability, the methods of comparing the areas under the blood level curves of 0 to 6 hrs and of comparing the cumulative urinal excretion over a period of 24 hrs were of equal validity.", "contents": "The bio-availability of beta-acetyldigoxine (Novodigal) alone and combined with oxyfedrine (Ildamen-Novodigal). The bio-availability of various galenic preparations of beta-acetyldigoxine was tested in six healthy probands after a single oral dose (1 mg). The availability parameters were calculated from the areas under the plasma concentration curves and from the cumulative urinal excretion. There was no significant difference between the bio-availabilities of Novodigal (beta-acetyledigoxine tablets), Ildamen-Novodigal (beta-acetyldigoxine and oxyfedrine) and an alcoholic solution of beta-acetyldigoxine. Correlation calculations showed that the determination of the plasma concentration courses up to six hours after substance application are most favourite in regard to judging the absorption processes of digoxine preparations. For the assessment of the bio-availability, the methods of comparing the areas under the blood level curves of 0 to 6 hrs and of comparing the cumulative urinal excretion over a period of 24 hrs were of equal validity."}
{"id": "PMID:881289", "title": "S-carboxymethylcysteine sulfone: instability to acid hydrolysis and unreactivity with N-terminal reagents.", "content": "An examination of the properties and reactivity of S-carboxymethylcysteine sulfone indicated that, unlike S-carboxymethylcysteine, the sulfone is not stable under acid hydrolysis conditions and decomposes to yield alanine. Unlike S-carboxymethylcysteine, the sulfone is resistant to N-derivatization by the dansyl reagent or by phenylisothiocyanate. Efforts were made to determine if spontaneous cyclization of the sulfone to the corresponding thiazane (lactam) accounts for lack of reactivity. These included i.r. spectroscopy, natural abundance 13C-n.m.r. spectroscopy and differential scanning calorimetry, but yielded equivocal results concerning the existence of the cyclic form in solution. Solubility behavior of the sulfone after lyophilization from strongly acid solutions was consistent with conversion of the open chain form to the cyclic form on addition of water.", "contents": "S-carboxymethylcysteine sulfone: instability to acid hydrolysis and unreactivity with N-terminal reagents. An examination of the properties and reactivity of S-carboxymethylcysteine sulfone indicated that, unlike S-carboxymethylcysteine, the sulfone is not stable under acid hydrolysis conditions and decomposes to yield alanine. Unlike S-carboxymethylcysteine, the sulfone is resistant to N-derivatization by the dansyl reagent or by phenylisothiocyanate. Efforts were made to determine if spontaneous cyclization of the sulfone to the corresponding thiazane (lactam) accounts for lack of reactivity. These included i.r. spectroscopy, natural abundance 13C-n.m.r. spectroscopy and differential scanning calorimetry, but yielded equivocal results concerning the existence of the cyclic form in solution. Solubility behavior of the sulfone after lyophilization from strongly acid solutions was consistent with conversion of the open chain form to the cyclic form on addition of water."}
{"id": "PMID:881290", "title": "Kinetic and conformational studies on some partially synthetic ribonuclease S' analogues modified in position 8.", "content": "Syntheses are described of two S-peptide analogues where the arginyl residue in position 10 has been replaced by ornithine and the phenylalanine in position 8 has been substituted by the unnatural amino acids cyclohexylalanine or p-fluorophenylalanine. In order to regenerate the arginyl residue, which is present in position 10 in the natural sequence, the S-peptide analogues beloning to the [Orn10]-series are transformed into the corresponding guanidinated derivatives by treatment with O-methylisourea. 1epsilon, 7epsilon, 10delta triguan-[Cha8, Orn10]-, 1epsilon, 7epsilon, 10delta-triguan-[pF-Phe8, Orn10]- and 1epsilon, 7epsilon, 10delta-triguan-[Tyr8, Orn10]-S-peptides were prepared. The ability to bind to and activate the S-protein of the synthetic S-peptide analogues, before and after guanidination, was tested by exploring their capacity to generate ribonuclease activity using RNA and C greater than p as substrates. The affinity of the different peptides for the S-protein in the absence of substrate was evaluated by difference spectroscopy.", "contents": "Kinetic and conformational studies on some partially synthetic ribonuclease S' analogues modified in position 8. Syntheses are described of two S-peptide analogues where the arginyl residue in position 10 has been replaced by ornithine and the phenylalanine in position 8 has been substituted by the unnatural amino acids cyclohexylalanine or p-fluorophenylalanine. In order to regenerate the arginyl residue, which is present in position 10 in the natural sequence, the S-peptide analogues beloning to the [Orn10]-series are transformed into the corresponding guanidinated derivatives by treatment with O-methylisourea. 1epsilon, 7epsilon, 10delta triguan-[Cha8, Orn10]-, 1epsilon, 7epsilon, 10delta-triguan-[pF-Phe8, Orn10]- and 1epsilon, 7epsilon, 10delta-triguan-[Tyr8, Orn10]-S-peptides were prepared. The ability to bind to and activate the S-protein of the synthetic S-peptide analogues, before and after guanidination, was tested by exploring their capacity to generate ribonuclease activity using RNA and C greater than p as substrates. The affinity of the different peptides for the S-protein in the absence of substrate was evaluated by difference spectroscopy."}
{"id": "PMID:881291", "title": "Comparison of proteins from thermophilic and nonthermophilic sources in terms of structural parameters inferred from amino acid composition.", "content": "The amino acid composition of 14 different proteins from thermophilic bacteria were compiled along with the amino acid compositions of 56 corresponding proteins from nonthermophilic sources. A comparison was made between proteins serving the same catalytic function, and significant differences in composition were noted for those proteins from thermophilic bacteria. However, no consistent pattern was evident and the differences were often small. The two data pools were treated as two distinct classes and a thermophilic versus non-thermophilic comparison of amino acid composition was made using the Student's t-test. Significant differences in composition were found for Asx (sum of Asp and Asn, if known), Ser, and Arg. Both classes of data have similar standard deviations for the mean of any single amino acid, suggesting a similar tolerance of variation in the two classes of proteins. This would argue against the hypothesis that thermophiles exhibit a greater frequency of errors in protein synthesis. The amino acid compositions were used to calculate structural parameters (% helix, % beta, % turn, hydrophobicity, and melting temperatures) for the two classes of proteins. Of these, only the predicted % beta content was significantly lower for proteins of thermophilic origin. No differences in hydrophobicity or predicted melting temperature were observed for the two classes of proteins. This study supports the hypothesis that while small differences may occur in the amino acid composition of thermophilic proteins, they are quite varied and often are very subtle.", "contents": "Comparison of proteins from thermophilic and nonthermophilic sources in terms of structural parameters inferred from amino acid composition. The amino acid composition of 14 different proteins from thermophilic bacteria were compiled along with the amino acid compositions of 56 corresponding proteins from nonthermophilic sources. A comparison was made between proteins serving the same catalytic function, and significant differences in composition were noted for those proteins from thermophilic bacteria. However, no consistent pattern was evident and the differences were often small. The two data pools were treated as two distinct classes and a thermophilic versus non-thermophilic comparison of amino acid composition was made using the Student's t-test. Significant differences in composition were found for Asx (sum of Asp and Asn, if known), Ser, and Arg. Both classes of data have similar standard deviations for the mean of any single amino acid, suggesting a similar tolerance of variation in the two classes of proteins. This would argue against the hypothesis that thermophiles exhibit a greater frequency of errors in protein synthesis. The amino acid compositions were used to calculate structural parameters (% helix, % beta, % turn, hydrophobicity, and melting temperatures) for the two classes of proteins. Of these, only the predicted % beta content was significantly lower for proteins of thermophilic origin. No differences in hydrophobicity or predicted melting temperature were observed for the two classes of proteins. This study supports the hypothesis that while small differences may occur in the amino acid composition of thermophilic proteins, they are quite varied and often are very subtle."}
{"id": "PMID:881292", "title": "Theoretical studies on beta-lactam antibiotics. I. Conformational similarity of penicillins and cephalosporins to X-D-alanyl-D-alanine and correlation of their structure with activity.", "content": "The substrate analogue hypothesis proposed for the mechanism of the action of penicillins and cephalosporins is examined by stereochemical criteria. These beta-lactam antibiotics assume conformation similar to X-D-alanyl-D-alanine due to the presence of the lactam ring; this disagrees with the assumption made by Tipper & Strominger that L and D amino acid residues take similar conformation. The model proposed in this study for the activity of these antibiotics differs considerably from the earlier models, mainly in phi2 rotational angle which determines the conformation of the aminoacyl group. The inactivity of C6 or C7 epimers and the effect of various substitutions at 6alpha or 7alpha and C2 positions of penicillins and cephalosporins on the biological activity are explained.", "contents": "Theoretical studies on beta-lactam antibiotics. I. Conformational similarity of penicillins and cephalosporins to X-D-alanyl-D-alanine and correlation of their structure with activity. The substrate analogue hypothesis proposed for the mechanism of the action of penicillins and cephalosporins is examined by stereochemical criteria. These beta-lactam antibiotics assume conformation similar to X-D-alanyl-D-alanine due to the presence of the lactam ring; this disagrees with the assumption made by Tipper & Strominger that L and D amino acid residues take similar conformation. The model proposed in this study for the activity of these antibiotics differs considerably from the earlier models, mainly in phi2 rotational angle which determines the conformation of the aminoacyl group. The inactivity of C6 or C7 epimers and the effect of various substitutions at 6alpha or 7alpha and C2 positions of penicillins and cephalosporins on the biological activity are explained."}
{"id": "PMID:881294", "title": "In vitro effects of flavin adenine dinucleotide and dexamethasone phosphate on high molecular weight phosphate compounds in the rat lens.", "content": "In order to clarify the pathogenesis of steroid cataracts as one of the side effects from the administration of dexamethasone phosphate (DX), investigations were conducted into the in vitro effects of flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) and DX on the macromolecular phosphate compounds separated from the lens supernatant using Sephadex G-50. The author found that phosphate turnover in the macromolecular phosphate compounds was reduced by DX, however, the loss was partially prevented by the addition of FAD. These macromolecular phosphate compounds were identified as nucleic acids, mostly RNA and a small amount of protein. Therefore, the author employed an experiment using the incorporation of tritiated uridine and thymidine into this macromolecular phosphate compounds. The incroporation of uridine-3H into RNA and thymidine-3H into DNA was inhibited by the addition of DX, however, this loss of turnover rate was partially prevented in RNA by the simultaneous administration of FAD, whereas no change was found in the DNA fraction treated with FAD. These results suggest that there is a close relationhip between FAD and the turnover of macromolecular phosphate compounds in the lens and that FAD, as a new physiological role, has an ability to reactivate the depressed turnover of RNA resulting from a DX administration. The possible role of nucleic acid turnover on the pathogenesis of steroid cataracts was discussed with relationship to adrenal dysfunction leading to a phosphorylation insufficiency caused by DX.", "contents": "In vitro effects of flavin adenine dinucleotide and dexamethasone phosphate on high molecular weight phosphate compounds in the rat lens. In order to clarify the pathogenesis of steroid cataracts as one of the side effects from the administration of dexamethasone phosphate (DX), investigations were conducted into the in vitro effects of flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) and DX on the macromolecular phosphate compounds separated from the lens supernatant using Sephadex G-50. The author found that phosphate turnover in the macromolecular phosphate compounds was reduced by DX, however, the loss was partially prevented by the addition of FAD. These macromolecular phosphate compounds were identified as nucleic acids, mostly RNA and a small amount of protein. Therefore, the author employed an experiment using the incorporation of tritiated uridine and thymidine into this macromolecular phosphate compounds. The incroporation of uridine-3H into RNA and thymidine-3H into DNA was inhibited by the addition of DX, however, this loss of turnover rate was partially prevented in RNA by the simultaneous administration of FAD, whereas no change was found in the DNA fraction treated with FAD. These results suggest that there is a close relationhip between FAD and the turnover of macromolecular phosphate compounds in the lens and that FAD, as a new physiological role, has an ability to reactivate the depressed turnover of RNA resulting from a DX administration. The possible role of nucleic acid turnover on the pathogenesis of steroid cataracts was discussed with relationship to adrenal dysfunction leading to a phosphorylation insufficiency caused by DX."}
{"id": "PMID:881295", "title": "Effect of ascorbic acid on plasma cholesterol in humans in a long-term experiment.", "content": "During the period of a low vitamin C intake (approximately equal to 20 mg per day) ascorbic acid in a dose of 2 x 500 mg per day was administered to 82 men and women aged 50-75 years. A correlation of plasma cholesterol levels determined before and after a three months' administration of ascorbic acid showed the effect of vitamin C to be dependent on the starting concentration of plasma cholesterol: the higher the initial cholesterolemia, the greater the hypocholesterolemic effect of ascorbic acid. On restricting the experimental group to subjects with an initial cholesterolemia above 230 mg%, the effect of the same dose of ascorbic acid on cholesterolemia was followed in three-month periods for a further 9 months. In all these time intervals, ascorbic acid was found significantly to depress cholesterolemia and its effects persisted 6 weeks after termination of the experiment. The administration of 2 x 500 mg ascorbic acid daily during one year resulted in an abrupt increase of ascorbemia and a marked accumulation of ascorbic acid in the leucocytes. Six weeks following interruption of ascorbic acid intake, vitamin C concentration in the leucocytes significantly declined but still continued to be twice higher than in the control receiving no ascorbic acid supplement.", "contents": "Effect of ascorbic acid on plasma cholesterol in humans in a long-term experiment. During the period of a low vitamin C intake (approximately equal to 20 mg per day) ascorbic acid in a dose of 2 x 500 mg per day was administered to 82 men and women aged 50-75 years. A correlation of plasma cholesterol levels determined before and after a three months' administration of ascorbic acid showed the effect of vitamin C to be dependent on the starting concentration of plasma cholesterol: the higher the initial cholesterolemia, the greater the hypocholesterolemic effect of ascorbic acid. On restricting the experimental group to subjects with an initial cholesterolemia above 230 mg%, the effect of the same dose of ascorbic acid on cholesterolemia was followed in three-month periods for a further 9 months. In all these time intervals, ascorbic acid was found significantly to depress cholesterolemia and its effects persisted 6 weeks after termination of the experiment. The administration of 2 x 500 mg ascorbic acid daily during one year resulted in an abrupt increase of ascorbemia and a marked accumulation of ascorbic acid in the leucocytes. Six weeks following interruption of ascorbic acid intake, vitamin C concentration in the leucocytes significantly declined but still continued to be twice higher than in the control receiving no ascorbic acid supplement."}
{"id": "PMID:881296", "title": "Phagocytosis of alpha-tocopheryl nicotinate by the reticuloendothelial system: a microautoradiographic study.", "content": "The cellular distribution of labelled alpha-tocopheryl nicotinate after intravenous administration to normal rats was examined by light microscopic autoradiography. The compound was found to have accumulated in cells of the reticuloendothelial system.", "contents": "Phagocytosis of alpha-tocopheryl nicotinate by the reticuloendothelial system: a microautoradiographic study. The cellular distribution of labelled alpha-tocopheryl nicotinate after intravenous administration to normal rats was examined by light microscopic autoradiography. The compound was found to have accumulated in cells of the reticuloendothelial system."}
{"id": "PMID:881297", "title": "Carnitine effect on heart steatosis induced in rats by rapeseed oil.", "content": "Myocardial triglyceride levels in rats fed a high erucic acid rapeseed oil diet for three days were five times higher than in controls. The incorporation of erucic acid and, to a lower extent, some unsaturated fatty acids was increased, as well as total cholesterol content, compared to controls. The presence of 5% carnitine in the diet partially prevented these effects. It is assumed that carnitine may be a rate limiting factor in the myocardial catabolism of unsaturated fatty acids and particularly erucic acid, when these substance are ingested in supraoptimal amount.", "contents": "Carnitine effect on heart steatosis induced in rats by rapeseed oil. Myocardial triglyceride levels in rats fed a high erucic acid rapeseed oil diet for three days were five times higher than in controls. The incorporation of erucic acid and, to a lower extent, some unsaturated fatty acids was increased, as well as total cholesterol content, compared to controls. The presence of 5% carnitine in the diet partially prevented these effects. It is assumed that carnitine may be a rate limiting factor in the myocardial catabolism of unsaturated fatty acids and particularly erucic acid, when these substance are ingested in supraoptimal amount."}
{"id": "PMID:881298", "title": "Dietary treatment of malnutrition. Balance-sheets of the main nutrients. Part II.", "content": "Results of a balance study of nitrogen, fat, electrolytes and trace-elements (Fe, Cu, Zn, Mn) with 3 1/i to 9 years old malnourished children in the Kwilu region (Za\u00efre) are given. The main components of the diets were fish, lactose free milk, caseinate, partial hydrolasate of albumin, fermented corn and soya (Soy-Ogi), medium-chain triglycerides, rice and the local foods manioc, peanuts and caterpillars. The lactose free milk and the Soy-Ogi were well tolerated since we found only a small quantity of non absorbed sugar in the faeces. Our results show that in children who have secondary intestinal malabsorption the use of a partial hydrolysate of lactalbumin and the medium-chain triglycerides is recommended and the substitution of the manioc by rice also. Caseinate gave satisfactory results in adult-malnutrition. We found a good retention of nitrogen, fat and phosphorus. For the latter an addition was necessary. The potassium balance was also positive, a content of 5 meq/kg body weight in the food gave a sufficient retention time. The sodium chloride content of the diet must be moderate because of the oedemas (2 meq/kg body weight). The determination of the vitamin content in the diet and their urinary excretion gave some indication of the balance of these nutrients. Children who had intestinal troubles showed only a slight positive or negative balance of calcium, magnesium, zinc, copper and manganese, since we found a high faecel excretion for these elements. These rather unsatisfactory results emphasis the necessity of first curing any intestinal aliments.", "contents": "Dietary treatment of malnutrition. Balance-sheets of the main nutrients. Part II. Results of a balance study of nitrogen, fat, electrolytes and trace-elements (Fe, Cu, Zn, Mn) with 3 1/i to 9 years old malnourished children in the Kwilu region (Za\u00efre) are given. The main components of the diets were fish, lactose free milk, caseinate, partial hydrolasate of albumin, fermented corn and soya (Soy-Ogi), medium-chain triglycerides, rice and the local foods manioc, peanuts and caterpillars. The lactose free milk and the Soy-Ogi were well tolerated since we found only a small quantity of non absorbed sugar in the faeces. Our results show that in children who have secondary intestinal malabsorption the use of a partial hydrolysate of lactalbumin and the medium-chain triglycerides is recommended and the substitution of the manioc by rice also. Caseinate gave satisfactory results in adult-malnutrition. We found a good retention of nitrogen, fat and phosphorus. For the latter an addition was necessary. The potassium balance was also positive, a content of 5 meq/kg body weight in the food gave a sufficient retention time. The sodium chloride content of the diet must be moderate because of the oedemas (2 meq/kg body weight). The determination of the vitamin content in the diet and their urinary excretion gave some indication of the balance of these nutrients. Children who had intestinal troubles showed only a slight positive or negative balance of calcium, magnesium, zinc, copper and manganese, since we found a high faecel excretion for these elements. These rather unsatisfactory results emphasis the necessity of first curing any intestinal aliments."}
{"id": "PMID:881299", "title": "Effects of high intake of vitamin C by the guinea pigs in pregnancy and lactation on the tissue levels of the vitamin in their offspring.", "content": "1. Though the growth-rate of the guinea pigs of both the groups - control and experimental were almost same, the gain in body weight in the offspring of experimental group animals were observed to be less when they were fed 1, 2 and 3 mg ascorbic acid per 100 g body weight per day. 2. Ascorbic acid content in the tissues of the offspring maintained on 1, 2 and 3 mg ascorbic acid belonging to the experimental group were low. 3. The rate of growth and the tissue content of ascorbic acid were found to be normal in the same group of animals when they were supplemented with 4 mg ascorbic acid per 100 g body weight daily.", "contents": "Effects of high intake of vitamin C by the guinea pigs in pregnancy and lactation on the tissue levels of the vitamin in their offspring. 1. Though the growth-rate of the guinea pigs of both the groups - control and experimental were almost same, the gain in body weight in the offspring of experimental group animals were observed to be less when they were fed 1, 2 and 3 mg ascorbic acid per 100 g body weight per day. 2. Ascorbic acid content in the tissues of the offspring maintained on 1, 2 and 3 mg ascorbic acid belonging to the experimental group were low. 3. The rate of growth and the tissue content of ascorbic acid were found to be normal in the same group of animals when they were supplemented with 4 mg ascorbic acid per 100 g body weight daily."}
{"id": "PMID:881362", "title": "An evaluation of a program for teaching clinic patients the rationale of their peptic ulcer regimen.", "content": "This study examined the effectiveness of a program for teaching complex medical concepts, the rationale of antacid therapy, to clinic patients with peptic ulcer. Those who already knew the rationale were excluded, and the remaining patients were divided into three groups: I. taught the rationale, II. taught other materials, III. untaught control. Teaching proved effective when: (1) basic concepts were identified and taught, (2) important misconceptions were eliminated, and (3) patient's attention was maintained and their progress monitored with the Socratic method. The key facts were acquired by 85 per cent of the patients within four sessions. However, application of the learned concepts in solving new problems varied with the intelligence of the patient. Certain misconceptions could not be eliminated by the teaching.", "contents": "An evaluation of a program for teaching clinic patients the rationale of their peptic ulcer regimen. This study examined the effectiveness of a program for teaching complex medical concepts, the rationale of antacid therapy, to clinic patients with peptic ulcer. Those who already knew the rationale were excluded, and the remaining patients were divided into three groups: I. taught the rationale, II. taught other materials, III. untaught control. Teaching proved effective when: (1) basic concepts were identified and taught, (2) important misconceptions were eliminated, and (3) patient's attention was maintained and their progress monitored with the Socratic method. The key facts were acquired by 85 per cent of the patients within four sessions. However, application of the learned concepts in solving new problems varied with the intelligence of the patient. Certain misconceptions could not be eliminated by the teaching."}
{"id": "PMID:881363", "title": "Pilot study of discussion groups of \"worried well\" patients in an ambulatory care setting.", "content": "Two pilot discussion groups were conducted for patients who met selected criteria indicating they were worried well patients (not requiring conventional medical care services). The objective of the groups was to explore and demonstrate the feasibility of utilizing an educational approach conducted by paraprofessional personnel, under physician supervision, for helping to meet the needs of such patients, thereby reducing utilization of more expensive physician resources. The findings indicated that 50 percent of the patients reduced the number of visits to the physician, and 60 percent perceived the experience as helpful.", "contents": "Pilot study of discussion groups of \"worried well\" patients in an ambulatory care setting. Two pilot discussion groups were conducted for patients who met selected criteria indicating they were worried well patients (not requiring conventional medical care services). The objective of the groups was to explore and demonstrate the feasibility of utilizing an educational approach conducted by paraprofessional personnel, under physician supervision, for helping to meet the needs of such patients, thereby reducing utilization of more expensive physician resources. The findings indicated that 50 percent of the patients reduced the number of visits to the physician, and 60 percent perceived the experience as helpful."}
{"id": "PMID:881366", "title": "[Homograft tympanic membrane and ossicular chain (author's transl)].", "content": "Ten years study of the use of homografts in reconstructive surgery of the ear have enabled the author to achieve excellent results, from both a functional as well as anatomical standpoint. At present, restoration of auditory function is almost always possible. The viability of homografts of the tympanic membrane, the annulus, tendons, ligaments and periosteum seems to pose no problem but revitalisation of the ossicles is less certain. A description is given of the different methods used for the removal of transplant material, its fixation, selection and conservation.", "contents": "[Homograft tympanic membrane and ossicular chain (author's transl)]. Ten years study of the use of homografts in reconstructive surgery of the ear have enabled the author to achieve excellent results, from both a functional as well as anatomical standpoint. At present, restoration of auditory function is almost always possible. The viability of homografts of the tympanic membrane, the annulus, tendons, ligaments and periosteum seems to pose no problem but revitalisation of the ossicles is less certain. A description is given of the different methods used for the removal of transplant material, its fixation, selection and conservation."}
{"id": "PMID:881367", "title": "[Surgical correction of the severed larynx, associated with severe swallowing disturbances (author's transl)].", "content": "After complete separation of the larynx from its cranial suspensions, the larynx is displaced caudally and the base of the tongue cranially. This produces an enlargement of the distance between the larynx and the base of the tongue, which can be demonstrated radiographically. Severe dysphagia is the result which may produce complete inability to swallow. Surgical management of this condition consists of mobilization of the laryngotracheal complex and its attachment to the hyoid bone by sutures. Successful results in two cases are described.", "contents": "[Surgical correction of the severed larynx, associated with severe swallowing disturbances (author's transl)]. After complete separation of the larynx from its cranial suspensions, the larynx is displaced caudally and the base of the tongue cranially. This produces an enlargement of the distance between the larynx and the base of the tongue, which can be demonstrated radiographically. Severe dysphagia is the result which may produce complete inability to swallow. Surgical management of this condition consists of mobilization of the laryngotracheal complex and its attachment to the hyoid bone by sutures. Successful results in two cases are described."}
{"id": "PMID:881368", "title": "[Experiences with the management of acute esophageal burns (author's transl)].", "content": "Corrosive burns of the esophagus are still relatively frequently encountered by the clinician. In cases of mild or moderately severe burns, accepted management involves the use of corticosteroids and antibiotics. However, controversy exists in such therapy for the severe burns. The present author's experience with these injuries over a 16 year period indicates that both steroids and antibiotics are necessary in all patients and that esophageal strictures can be prevented with corticosteroids without any side effects from the drug.", "contents": "[Experiences with the management of acute esophageal burns (author's transl)]. Corrosive burns of the esophagus are still relatively frequently encountered by the clinician. In cases of mild or moderately severe burns, accepted management involves the use of corticosteroids and antibiotics. However, controversy exists in such therapy for the severe burns. The present author's experience with these injuries over a 16 year period indicates that both steroids and antibiotics are necessary in all patients and that esophageal strictures can be prevented with corticosteroids without any side effects from the drug."}
{"id": "PMID:881369", "title": "[Results of the SISI test and B\u00e9k\u00e9sy audiometry in pseudohypacusis (author's transl)].", "content": "The terminology of pseudohypacusis is used for the syndrome of gaps between possible audiometric response and performance in testing. No etiology in psychological terms is defined for pseudohypacusis, although monetary compensation has been considered as a possible factor. SISI ratings of 0% in most instances (ranging to a maximum of 25%) have been observed. B\u00e9k\u00e9sy-audiometry produced Types I, II, IV and V tracings as well as unclassified curves, although the type V tracing is most commonly found. Results of fixed frequency B\u00e9k\u00e9sy-audiometry have also shown a shift of curves for continuous and interrupted tones (called \"Type VI\"). In some cases Type V and Type VI tracings were found in the same ears. The causes and psychoacoustic phenomenon involved remain unexplained.", "contents": "[Results of the SISI test and B\u00e9k\u00e9sy audiometry in pseudohypacusis (author's transl)]. The terminology of pseudohypacusis is used for the syndrome of gaps between possible audiometric response and performance in testing. No etiology in psychological terms is defined for pseudohypacusis, although monetary compensation has been considered as a possible factor. SISI ratings of 0% in most instances (ranging to a maximum of 25%) have been observed. B\u00e9k\u00e9sy-audiometry produced Types I, II, IV and V tracings as well as unclassified curves, although the type V tracing is most commonly found. Results of fixed frequency B\u00e9k\u00e9sy-audiometry have also shown a shift of curves for continuous and interrupted tones (called \"Type VI\"). In some cases Type V and Type VI tracings were found in the same ears. The causes and psychoacoustic phenomenon involved remain unexplained."}
{"id": "PMID:881370", "title": "[The differential diagnosis of cochlear, retrocochlear and central hearing disorders, and the limitations of conventional audiometry (author's transl)].", "content": "A review is made of the difficulties of audiometric diagnosis resulting from inadequate anatomical, physiological and pathological knowledge of the auditory system and from discrepancies in audiometric technique. Even with a broad battery of tests there is in 20-40% of cases an inconsistent audiometric pattern, which differs from the expected and typical cochlear eighth nerve, brain stem and cortical responses. These are demonstrated in presbyacusis, Meniere's disease, acoustic tumours, brainstem disorders and temporal lobe disease.", "contents": "[The differential diagnosis of cochlear, retrocochlear and central hearing disorders, and the limitations of conventional audiometry (author's transl)]. A review is made of the difficulties of audiometric diagnosis resulting from inadequate anatomical, physiological and pathological knowledge of the auditory system and from discrepancies in audiometric technique. Even with a broad battery of tests there is in 20-40% of cases an inconsistent audiometric pattern, which differs from the expected and typical cochlear eighth nerve, brain stem and cortical responses. These are demonstrated in presbyacusis, Meniere's disease, acoustic tumours, brainstem disorders and temporal lobe disease."}
{"id": "PMID:881371", "title": "[Long-term results of fractured nasal bones in adults. Clinical and roentgenographic examinations (author's transl)].", "content": "In 100 adults the effect of treatment of nasal fractures was followed up after 14 to 65 months. In 30% of 53 patients with closed reduction of the nose long-term results as to shape and function of the nose were not satisfying. Nasal obstruction deformity slowly developed several months after treatment mainly because of untreated septal fractures and green-stick fractures of the nasal bones. After open reduction and septal reconstruction only 1 of 17 patients had a poor result. By roentgenographic examinations three types of fracturelines could be distinguished: osseous (40), fibrous (37), and mixed transformations (23). In all types there was found a solid nasal pyramid. The osseous transformation of the fracture-line was promoted by reduction of the fracture within the first posttraumatic days, by a small distance of the fractured ends and if the injury was not too violent.", "contents": "[Long-term results of fractured nasal bones in adults. Clinical and roentgenographic examinations (author's transl)]. In 100 adults the effect of treatment of nasal fractures was followed up after 14 to 65 months. In 30% of 53 patients with closed reduction of the nose long-term results as to shape and function of the nose were not satisfying. Nasal obstruction deformity slowly developed several months after treatment mainly because of untreated septal fractures and green-stick fractures of the nasal bones. After open reduction and septal reconstruction only 1 of 17 patients had a poor result. By roentgenographic examinations three types of fracturelines could be distinguished: osseous (40), fibrous (37), and mixed transformations (23). In all types there was found a solid nasal pyramid. The osseous transformation of the fracture-line was promoted by reduction of the fracture within the first posttraumatic days, by a small distance of the fractured ends and if the injury was not too violent."}
{"id": "PMID:881380", "title": "Rat model of acute heatstroke mortality.", "content": "A total of 252 untrained, unacclimatized, and unanesthetized laboratory rats weighing between 485 and 545 g were fasted and either run to exhaustion at 5, 20, 23, or 26 degrees C or were restrained and heated at an ambient temperature of 41.5 degrees C. The incidence of mortality associated with a wide range of work-induced hyperthermias was compared to the lethality of equivalent heat loads in the absence of physical effort. The severity of hyperthermia was calculated in degree-minutes above a base-line core temperature of 40.4 degrees C. The LD25's of run-exhausted versus restrained-heated rats were 16.8 and 30.1 deg-min, respectively. Survivors had a faster cooling rate than fatalities, but run-exhausted survivors had a slower cooling rate than restrained-heating survivors. Results indicate that 1) both the incidence of mortality and the survival time can be predicted from the severity of core heating, 2) work-related factors contribute to an increased rate of heatstroke death at low thermal loads, and 3) retrospectively, both heat-sensitive and heat-resistant groups were identified.", "contents": "Rat model of acute heatstroke mortality. A total of 252 untrained, unacclimatized, and unanesthetized laboratory rats weighing between 485 and 545 g were fasted and either run to exhaustion at 5, 20, 23, or 26 degrees C or were restrained and heated at an ambient temperature of 41.5 degrees C. The incidence of mortality associated with a wide range of work-induced hyperthermias was compared to the lethality of equivalent heat loads in the absence of physical effort. The severity of hyperthermia was calculated in degree-minutes above a base-line core temperature of 40.4 degrees C. The LD25's of run-exhausted versus restrained-heated rats were 16.8 and 30.1 deg-min, respectively. Survivors had a faster cooling rate than fatalities, but run-exhausted survivors had a slower cooling rate than restrained-heating survivors. Results indicate that 1) both the incidence of mortality and the survival time can be predicted from the severity of core heating, 2) work-related factors contribute to an increased rate of heatstroke death at low thermal loads, and 3) retrospectively, both heat-sensitive and heat-resistant groups were identified."}
{"id": "PMID:881381", "title": "Relationship of lung recoil to lung volume and maximum expiratory flow in normal children.", "content": "Thirty-one normal children, aged 6--18 yr, were studied by measurements of static lung volumes, static expiratory pressure-volume (PV) curves, and maximum expiratory flow-volume (MEFV) curves. A theoretical standard volume was used to compare children of differing size and this showed that total lung capacity (TLC) is also a valid standard volume. The shape of the PV curve was found to change so that static elastic recoil at a fixed proportion of TLC was higher in older than in younger children. This was also true of static recoil at functional residual capacity (FRC) and an associated increase in the ratio of FRC to TLC was interpreted as evidence for increase in outward recoil of the chest wall during childhood. Since static recoil at \"closing capacity\" (CC) remained constant, a decrease in the ratio of CC to TLC was quantitatively explained by the PV shift during childhood. Although maximum expiratory flow at various lung volumes increased in constant proportion to TLC, \"upstream conductance\" decreased relative to TLC. It was concluded that maturation of the respiratory system is disproportionate in several features during childhood and that these disproportions are likely to be even more prominent during infancy and early childhood.", "contents": "Relationship of lung recoil to lung volume and maximum expiratory flow in normal children. Thirty-one normal children, aged 6--18 yr, were studied by measurements of static lung volumes, static expiratory pressure-volume (PV) curves, and maximum expiratory flow-volume (MEFV) curves. A theoretical standard volume was used to compare children of differing size and this showed that total lung capacity (TLC) is also a valid standard volume. The shape of the PV curve was found to change so that static elastic recoil at a fixed proportion of TLC was higher in older than in younger children. This was also true of static recoil at functional residual capacity (FRC) and an associated increase in the ratio of FRC to TLC was interpreted as evidence for increase in outward recoil of the chest wall during childhood. Since static recoil at \"closing capacity\" (CC) remained constant, a decrease in the ratio of CC to TLC was quantitatively explained by the PV shift during childhood. Although maximum expiratory flow at various lung volumes increased in constant proportion to TLC, \"upstream conductance\" decreased relative to TLC. It was concluded that maturation of the respiratory system is disproportionate in several features during childhood and that these disproportions are likely to be even more prominent during infancy and early childhood."}
{"id": "PMID:881382", "title": "Cardiac function and exercise training in conscious dogs.", "content": "Exercise training (T) was accomplished in 21 mongrel dogs. The animals were instrumented to measure ascending aortic flow, left ventricular pressure, and left atrial pressure. They were allowed to recover for 4 wk following surgery before accomplishing a standardized submaximal test (SMT). The exercise program alternated daily between sprint and endurance training. During T, the animals were tested while lying quietly on a laboratory table as well as during the SMT. In six animals, ventricular function curves (VFC) were obtained by rapid volume loading at similar time intervals as the SMT. Heart rate increased during the SMT but was found to be reduced in the T animals by an average of 20 beats/min. The maximum derivative of left ventricular pressure (P) increased during the SMT in T animals by an average of 2,200 Torr/s above the untrained animals. The VFC was lower in T animals than untrained animals because of a reduction in heart rate response. Results indicate a reflex adaptation of the nervous system with training to improve cardiac function.", "contents": "Cardiac function and exercise training in conscious dogs. Exercise training (T) was accomplished in 21 mongrel dogs. The animals were instrumented to measure ascending aortic flow, left ventricular pressure, and left atrial pressure. They were allowed to recover for 4 wk following surgery before accomplishing a standardized submaximal test (SMT). The exercise program alternated daily between sprint and endurance training. During T, the animals were tested while lying quietly on a laboratory table as well as during the SMT. In six animals, ventricular function curves (VFC) were obtained by rapid volume loading at similar time intervals as the SMT. Heart rate increased during the SMT but was found to be reduced in the T animals by an average of 20 beats/min. The maximum derivative of left ventricular pressure (P) increased during the SMT in T animals by an average of 2,200 Torr/s above the untrained animals. The VFC was lower in T animals than untrained animals because of a reduction in heart rate response. Results indicate a reflex adaptation of the nervous system with training to improve cardiac function."}
{"id": "PMID:881383", "title": "Assessment of maximal aerobic power in specifically trained athletes.", "content": "Maximal aerobic power of 37 athletes (14 females and ten male cross-country skiers, eight male rowers and five male cyclists) was determined during uphill running on the treadmill and during maximal performance of their specific sport activity. For the skiers a significantly (P less than 0.005) higher VO2max was found during uphill skiing than during running, the differences being 2.9 and 3.1% for the females and males, respectively. The rowers and cyclists obtained a difference of 4.2 and 5.6%, respectively (P less than 0.01). The largest individual differences between the two test procedures were 12.2, 5.4, 14.3, and 7.9% for female and male cross-country skiers, rowers, and cyclists, respectively. It is concluded that in evaluation of maximal aerobic power of atheletes, it becomes important to select a work situation which allows optimal use of the specifically trained muscle fibres. This means that the test preferably should be identical with the subjects' specific sport activity, under the assumption that a reasonably large muscle mass is engaged during the performance.", "contents": "Assessment of maximal aerobic power in specifically trained athletes. Maximal aerobic power of 37 athletes (14 females and ten male cross-country skiers, eight male rowers and five male cyclists) was determined during uphill running on the treadmill and during maximal performance of their specific sport activity. For the skiers a significantly (P less than 0.005) higher VO2max was found during uphill skiing than during running, the differences being 2.9 and 3.1% for the females and males, respectively. The rowers and cyclists obtained a difference of 4.2 and 5.6%, respectively (P less than 0.01). The largest individual differences between the two test procedures were 12.2, 5.4, 14.3, and 7.9% for female and male cross-country skiers, rowers, and cyclists, respectively. It is concluded that in evaluation of maximal aerobic power of atheletes, it becomes important to select a work situation which allows optimal use of the specifically trained muscle fibres. This means that the test preferably should be identical with the subjects' specific sport activity, under the assumption that a reasonably large muscle mass is engaged during the performance."}
{"id": "PMID:881384", "title": "Hematologic changes after two exposures to 6.7 ATA air at three-day intervals.", "content": "Hematologic parameters were studied in human subjects exposed to various diving regimens. A series of exposures in a dry chamber to a simulated depth of 188 ft of seawater gauge (fswg), 6.7 ATA, utilizing compressed air, were carried out according to standard Navy diving tables. The subjects were serially followed for a control period prior to diving and subsequently for up to 1 wk. Little significant change occurred except for alterations in some platelet factors. In another series of experiments, the single excursion was followed by a second dive to 188 fswg 3 days later, again with appropriate hematologic monitoring. A pronounced eosinopenia and increased clotting times were observed soon after reaching the surface. Platelet depletion associated with increased clumping and elevated megathrombocyte levels persisted long after the second excursion. A latent hemodilution also developed 3--5 after the second dive. These findings clearly demonstrate that repeated hyperbaric exposures produce additive effects and further suggest that no diving procedure is completely innocuous.", "contents": "Hematologic changes after two exposures to 6.7 ATA air at three-day intervals. Hematologic parameters were studied in human subjects exposed to various diving regimens. A series of exposures in a dry chamber to a simulated depth of 188 ft of seawater gauge (fswg), 6.7 ATA, utilizing compressed air, were carried out according to standard Navy diving tables. The subjects were serially followed for a control period prior to diving and subsequently for up to 1 wk. Little significant change occurred except for alterations in some platelet factors. In another series of experiments, the single excursion was followed by a second dive to 188 fswg 3 days later, again with appropriate hematologic monitoring. A pronounced eosinopenia and increased clotting times were observed soon after reaching the surface. Platelet depletion associated with increased clumping and elevated megathrombocyte levels persisted long after the second excursion. A latent hemodilution also developed 3--5 after the second dive. These findings clearly demonstrate that repeated hyperbaric exposures produce additive effects and further suggest that no diving procedure is completely innocuous."}
{"id": "PMID:881385", "title": "Effect of pentobarbital sodium on respiratory control in newborn rabbits.", "content": "Using the airway occlusion pressure technique, control of breathing was studied in unanesthetized and anesthetized newborn rabbits breathing various gas mixtures under steady-state conditions. Independent of the gas mixture breathed, barbiturate anesthesia resulted in a reduction of ventilation. This was not due to a change in inspiratory drive since for each gas mixture breathed the pressure generated by the inspiratory muscles 0.3 s after the onset of the occluded inspiration (P0.3) remained virtually unchanged, nor could this be attributed to changes in respiratory mechanics as indicated by the fact that the relation between P0.3 and V0.3 (the volume generated 0.3 s after onset of the immediately preceding unoccluded inspiration) did not change. On the other hand, during anesthesia inspiratory time was slightly shortened as a result of a change in both central (bulbopontine) and peripheral (volume-related vagal reflex) modulation, while expiratory duration was markedly prolonged. This disproportionate increase in expiratory duration with respect to inspiratory duration was responsible for most of the depression of ventilation found in the newborn rabbits during barbiturate anesthesia.", "contents": "Effect of pentobarbital sodium on respiratory control in newborn rabbits. Using the airway occlusion pressure technique, control of breathing was studied in unanesthetized and anesthetized newborn rabbits breathing various gas mixtures under steady-state conditions. Independent of the gas mixture breathed, barbiturate anesthesia resulted in a reduction of ventilation. This was not due to a change in inspiratory drive since for each gas mixture breathed the pressure generated by the inspiratory muscles 0.3 s after the onset of the occluded inspiration (P0.3) remained virtually unchanged, nor could this be attributed to changes in respiratory mechanics as indicated by the fact that the relation between P0.3 and V0.3 (the volume generated 0.3 s after onset of the immediately preceding unoccluded inspiration) did not change. On the other hand, during anesthesia inspiratory time was slightly shortened as a result of a change in both central (bulbopontine) and peripheral (volume-related vagal reflex) modulation, while expiratory duration was markedly prolonged. This disproportionate increase in expiratory duration with respect to inspiratory duration was responsible for most of the depression of ventilation found in the newborn rabbits during barbiturate anesthesia."}
{"id": "PMID:881386", "title": "Effects of growth, diving history, and high altitude on blood oxygen capacity in harbor seals.", "content": "Blood volume and body composition measurements were carried out on diving and nondiving harbor seals, Phoca vitulina. There were small, statistically significant differences in several red blood cell parameters between diving and nondiving seals, but the effect was superimposed on uniformly large blood volumes ranging from 11 to 12% of body weight found in all the animals. It is suggested that the large blood oxygen transport and storage capacity is not so much a direct result of the apneic diving experience, but an expression of phylogenetic control. The development of blood volume during early growth was closely related to the increase in lean body mass. In spite of the inherently large blood volume, this marine mammal when exposed to high altitude for 85 days at an elevation of 3.1 km above sea level appeared to exhibit typical mammalian erythropoietic and ventilatory responses to long-term, mild hypoxia. Thus, it probably cannot be considered to be preacclimatized to high altitude.", "contents": "Effects of growth, diving history, and high altitude on blood oxygen capacity in harbor seals. Blood volume and body composition measurements were carried out on diving and nondiving harbor seals, Phoca vitulina. There were small, statistically significant differences in several red blood cell parameters between diving and nondiving seals, but the effect was superimposed on uniformly large blood volumes ranging from 11 to 12% of body weight found in all the animals. It is suggested that the large blood oxygen transport and storage capacity is not so much a direct result of the apneic diving experience, but an expression of phylogenetic control. The development of blood volume during early growth was closely related to the increase in lean body mass. In spite of the inherently large blood volume, this marine mammal when exposed to high altitude for 85 days at an elevation of 3.1 km above sea level appeared to exhibit typical mammalian erythropoietic and ventilatory responses to long-term, mild hypoxia. Thus, it probably cannot be considered to be preacclimatized to high altitude."}
{"id": "PMID:881387", "title": "Difference between the He bolus and N2 technique for measuring closing volume.", "content": "We measured closing volume in sixteen healthy subjects simultaneously and separately with a bolus of He (using a rapid catharaometer) and with the N2 technique. In another group of 35 active workers (some with airway obstruction), closing volume was measured separately with those two methods. In both groups the He closing volume was significantly higher than the N2 closing volume. We attribute this difference to a less marked vertical N2 concentration gradient, leading to a less clearly defined separation between phase III and IV and resulting in an underestimation of the N2 closing volume. Indeed, increasing the N2 gradient in the lung, by inspiring O2 from a higher than residual volume level, increased the N2 closing volume which became comparable to the He closing volume. We also found, for both He and N2 tracings, a significant between-observers difference in reading of the closing volume. However, the difference in reading of ts difference in reading of the closing volume. However, the difference was less important for He closing volumes. We conclude that the bolus method improves the resolution of closing volume and decreases the interobserver variability.", "contents": "Difference between the He bolus and N2 technique for measuring closing volume. We measured closing volume in sixteen healthy subjects simultaneously and separately with a bolus of He (using a rapid catharaometer) and with the N2 technique. In another group of 35 active workers (some with airway obstruction), closing volume was measured separately with those two methods. In both groups the He closing volume was significantly higher than the N2 closing volume. We attribute this difference to a less marked vertical N2 concentration gradient, leading to a less clearly defined separation between phase III and IV and resulting in an underestimation of the N2 closing volume. Indeed, increasing the N2 gradient in the lung, by inspiring O2 from a higher than residual volume level, increased the N2 closing volume which became comparable to the He closing volume. We also found, for both He and N2 tracings, a significant between-observers difference in reading of the closing volume. However, the difference in reading of ts difference in reading of the closing volume. However, the difference was less important for He closing volumes. We conclude that the bolus method improves the resolution of closing volume and decreases the interobserver variability."}
{"id": "PMID:881388", "title": "Cardiac autonomic blockade in exercising dogs.", "content": "Pharmacological blockade of autonomic control of the heart was studied in dogs performing mild, moderate, and severe running exercise on a level treadmill. The dogs were studied without drugs, after atropine, after propranolol, and after both atropine and propranolol. As compared with results without drugs, cardiac denervation resulted in elevated resting heart rate (+45 beats/min) but reduced heart rate during moderate (-17 beats/min) and severe exercise (-47 beats/min); no change in cardiac output at rest or during mild exercise but decreases (-23% and -25%) during moderate and severe exercise; and reduced first derivatives of left ventricular pressure at rest (-24%) and during exercise (-35, -41, and -52% for mild, moderate, and severe loads, respectively). Cardiac denervation did not alter end-diastolic left ventricular diameter but significantly increased end-systolic diameter during exercise. It is concluded that blockade of autonomic control of the heart diminishes cardiac output during exercise by reducing heart rate and myocardial contractile force but does not alter cardiac output at rest.", "contents": "Cardiac autonomic blockade in exercising dogs. Pharmacological blockade of autonomic control of the heart was studied in dogs performing mild, moderate, and severe running exercise on a level treadmill. The dogs were studied without drugs, after atropine, after propranolol, and after both atropine and propranolol. As compared with results without drugs, cardiac denervation resulted in elevated resting heart rate (+45 beats/min) but reduced heart rate during moderate (-17 beats/min) and severe exercise (-47 beats/min); no change in cardiac output at rest or during mild exercise but decreases (-23% and -25%) during moderate and severe exercise; and reduced first derivatives of left ventricular pressure at rest (-24%) and during exercise (-35, -41, and -52% for mild, moderate, and severe loads, respectively). Cardiac denervation did not alter end-diastolic left ventricular diameter but significantly increased end-systolic diameter during exercise. It is concluded that blockade of autonomic control of the heart diminishes cardiac output during exercise by reducing heart rate and myocardial contractile force but does not alter cardiac output at rest."}
{"id": "PMID:881389", "title": "Effect of breathing helium-oxygen on static lung volumes and lung recoil in normal man.", "content": "Static lung volumes and static elastic recoil pressure (Pel) were measured in normal subjects breathing air and 80% helium plus 20% oxygen (He+O2). In 22 subjects, He+O2 produced small but significant increases in total lung capacity (TLC) (mean 0.11 liter, P less than 0.001) and residual volume (mean 0.10 liter, P less than 0.01) without change in vital capacity or functional residual capacity. The mechanisms for this change are obscure. In 10 subjects, breathing He+O2 had no significant effect on Pel (paired t-test) at any lung volume measured (50-80% TLC). In one subject, Pel at 70 and 80% TLC was significantly higher on air than on He+O2 (unpaired t-test, P less than 0.05). Because changes in lung volumes and lung recoil were small, we concluded that these effects do not negate the clinical utility of He+O2 flow-volume curves.", "contents": "Effect of breathing helium-oxygen on static lung volumes and lung recoil in normal man. Static lung volumes and static elastic recoil pressure (Pel) were measured in normal subjects breathing air and 80% helium plus 20% oxygen (He+O2). In 22 subjects, He+O2 produced small but significant increases in total lung capacity (TLC) (mean 0.11 liter, P less than 0.001) and residual volume (mean 0.10 liter, P less than 0.01) without change in vital capacity or functional residual capacity. The mechanisms for this change are obscure. In 10 subjects, breathing He+O2 had no significant effect on Pel (paired t-test) at any lung volume measured (50-80% TLC). In one subject, Pel at 70 and 80% TLC was significantly higher on air than on He+O2 (unpaired t-test, P less than 0.05). Because changes in lung volumes and lung recoil were small, we concluded that these effects do not negate the clinical utility of He+O2 flow-volume curves."}
{"id": "PMID:881390", "title": "Prostaglandin synthesis inhibition restores hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction.", "content": "Hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction in blood-perfused isolated dog lungs progressively diminishes with repeated hypoxic challenges. We investigated the role of prostaglandins in effecting the decay of the hypoxic response by using a double perfusion preparation that could separately perfuse the right and left lungs of a single dog. Degeneration of this response was reversed by the addition of prostaglandin (PG) synthesis inhibitors, aspirin, or indomethacin. Various PG's known to be produced by the lung (PGE1, PGE2, and PGF2alpha), were infused, and only PGE1 abolished hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction. Since other workers have shown that lungs can synthesize and release PG's in response to various stimuli, we postulate that PGE1 synthesis in isolated lungs may increase and thereby cause the degeneration of the hypoxic response. The addition of aspirin or indomethacin could inhibit the synthesis of PGE1 and thereby restore hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction.", "contents": "Prostaglandin synthesis inhibition restores hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction. Hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction in blood-perfused isolated dog lungs progressively diminishes with repeated hypoxic challenges. We investigated the role of prostaglandins in effecting the decay of the hypoxic response by using a double perfusion preparation that could separately perfuse the right and left lungs of a single dog. Degeneration of this response was reversed by the addition of prostaglandin (PG) synthesis inhibitors, aspirin, or indomethacin. Various PG's known to be produced by the lung (PGE1, PGE2, and PGF2alpha), were infused, and only PGE1 abolished hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction. Since other workers have shown that lungs can synthesize and release PG's in response to various stimuli, we postulate that PGE1 synthesis in isolated lungs may increase and thereby cause the degeneration of the hypoxic response. The addition of aspirin or indomethacin could inhibit the synthesis of PGE1 and thereby restore hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction."}
{"id": "PMID:881391", "title": "Thermoregulatory responses during competitive marathon running.", "content": "To assess thermoregulatory responses occuring under actual marathon racing conditions, rectal (Tre) and five skin temperatures were measured in two runners approximately every 9 min of a competitive marathon run under cool conditions. Race times and total water losses were: runner 1 = 162.7 min, 3.02 kg; runner 2 = 164.6 min, 2.43 kg. Mean skin temperature was similar throughout the race in the two runners, although they exhibited a marked disparity in temperature at individual skin sites. Tre plateaued after 35--45 min (runner 1 = 40.0--40.1, runner 2 = 38.9--39.2 degrees C). While runner 2 maintained a relatively constant level for the remainder of the race, runner 1 exhibited a secondary increase in Tre. Between 113 and 119 min there was a precipitous rise in Tre from 40.9 to 41.9 degrees C. Partitional calorimetric calculations suggested that a decrease in sweating was responsible for this increment. However, runner 1's ability to maintain his high Tre and running pace for the remaining 44 min of the race and exhibit no signs of heat illness indicated thermoregulation was intact.", "contents": "Thermoregulatory responses during competitive marathon running. To assess thermoregulatory responses occuring under actual marathon racing conditions, rectal (Tre) and five skin temperatures were measured in two runners approximately every 9 min of a competitive marathon run under cool conditions. Race times and total water losses were: runner 1 = 162.7 min, 3.02 kg; runner 2 = 164.6 min, 2.43 kg. Mean skin temperature was similar throughout the race in the two runners, although they exhibited a marked disparity in temperature at individual skin sites. Tre plateaued after 35--45 min (runner 1 = 40.0--40.1, runner 2 = 38.9--39.2 degrees C). While runner 2 maintained a relatively constant level for the remainder of the race, runner 1 exhibited a secondary increase in Tre. Between 113 and 119 min there was a precipitous rise in Tre from 40.9 to 41.9 degrees C. Partitional calorimetric calculations suggested that a decrease in sweating was responsible for this increment. However, runner 1's ability to maintain his high Tre and running pace for the remaining 44 min of the race and exhibit no signs of heat illness indicated thermoregulation was intact."}
{"id": "PMID:881392", "title": "Immersion diuresis in dogs.", "content": "The mechanism of diuresis during the 1st h of immersion was investigated using anesthetized dogs. Four different experiments were carried out. First, left atrial transmural pressure was measured before, during, and after immersion. The data suggest that, although the left atrium may or may not be stretched depending on the conditions of immersion, the amount of diuresis is independent of the amount of left atrial stretch, and therefore a causal relationship between diuresis and left atrial stretch could not be established. Second, bilateral cervical vagotomy was carried out. Immersion diuresis sometimes occurred despite this vagotomy, suggesting that the left atrial stretch reflex was not participating in those cases. Third, negative-pressure breathing was carried out to simulate the negative transthoracic pressure associated with uncompensated immersion. The average left atrial transmural pressure did not change. A slight hemodilution and a moderate diuresis occurred. There was no correlation between changes in left atrial transmural pressure and changes in urine ouput. Fourth, blood studies were done on splenectomized dogs subjected to immersion. Hemodilution occurred and was most marked in dogs which had had their kidneys removed. The hemodilution is sufficient to explain the early phase of the immersion diuresis. The data suggest that, in anesthetized dogs, hemodilution is the probable initiator of diuresis upon immersion and that, in dogs, left atrial stretch is unrelated to diuresis during immersion or negative-pressure breathing.", "contents": "Immersion diuresis in dogs. The mechanism of diuresis during the 1st h of immersion was investigated using anesthetized dogs. Four different experiments were carried out. First, left atrial transmural pressure was measured before, during, and after immersion. The data suggest that, although the left atrium may or may not be stretched depending on the conditions of immersion, the amount of diuresis is independent of the amount of left atrial stretch, and therefore a causal relationship between diuresis and left atrial stretch could not be established. Second, bilateral cervical vagotomy was carried out. Immersion diuresis sometimes occurred despite this vagotomy, suggesting that the left atrial stretch reflex was not participating in those cases. Third, negative-pressure breathing was carried out to simulate the negative transthoracic pressure associated with uncompensated immersion. The average left atrial transmural pressure did not change. A slight hemodilution and a moderate diuresis occurred. There was no correlation between changes in left atrial transmural pressure and changes in urine ouput. Fourth, blood studies were done on splenectomized dogs subjected to immersion. Hemodilution occurred and was most marked in dogs which had had their kidneys removed. The hemodilution is sufficient to explain the early phase of the immersion diuresis. The data suggest that, in anesthetized dogs, hemodilution is the probable initiator of diuresis upon immersion and that, in dogs, left atrial stretch is unrelated to diuresis during immersion or negative-pressure breathing."}
{"id": "PMID:881393", "title": "Response of immunosympathectomized rats to training.", "content": "The influence of chronic exercise was investigated with male rats assigned to normal (N) and sympathectomized (IS) groups. Animals in the latter group were injected daily for 5 days with the antiserum to the nerve growth factor beginning 24 h after birth. Training was introduced when the animals were 35--45 days old and lasted for 12 wk. The exercise program used by both groups was progressive in nature and modified in accordance with the performance capability of the IS animals. When IS and N rats performed a standardized treadmill test, the IS rats had significantly higher rectal temperatures than normal animals. Significant training differences were observed in resting heart rate and in mean blood pressures, but only in the N animals. However, both trained groups exhibited significantly less vasoconstricting ability to conditions of lower body negative pressure than their nontrained controls. Varied doses of epinephrine and norepinephrine were injected into both groups and training per se had no significant influence on the responses recorded. However, both IS group had changes which indicated that a supersensitivity to catecholamines had occurred. Although selective training adaptations can occur without sympathetic nerves, it was concluded that an intact nervous system was essential for maximal training effects to occur.", "contents": "Response of immunosympathectomized rats to training. The influence of chronic exercise was investigated with male rats assigned to normal (N) and sympathectomized (IS) groups. Animals in the latter group were injected daily for 5 days with the antiserum to the nerve growth factor beginning 24 h after birth. Training was introduced when the animals were 35--45 days old and lasted for 12 wk. The exercise program used by both groups was progressive in nature and modified in accordance with the performance capability of the IS animals. When IS and N rats performed a standardized treadmill test, the IS rats had significantly higher rectal temperatures than normal animals. Significant training differences were observed in resting heart rate and in mean blood pressures, but only in the N animals. However, both trained groups exhibited significantly less vasoconstricting ability to conditions of lower body negative pressure than their nontrained controls. Varied doses of epinephrine and norepinephrine were injected into both groups and training per se had no significant influence on the responses recorded. However, both IS group had changes which indicated that a supersensitivity to catecholamines had occurred. Although selective training adaptations can occur without sympathetic nerves, it was concluded that an intact nervous system was essential for maximal training effects to occur."}
{"id": "PMID:881394", "title": "Effect of osmolality on red blood cell viscosity and transit through the lung.", "content": "The mean transit times of labeled red blood cells and albumin were compared in eight isolated rabbit lungs perfused with physiological albumin solutions. The osmolality of these solutions was adjusted by altering the concentration of sodium chloride. The ratios of the mean transit times of injected red blood cells to those of albumin increased as perfusion osmolality increased from hypotonic to isotonic and from isotonic to hypertonic levels. This change occurred despite a decline in pulmonary vascular resistance and red blood cell size as osmolality was increased. Red blood cell viscosity (determined with a cone-plate viscometer) increased with osmolality and it was concluded that this change of viscosity impaired the relative rate of red blood cell transit through the lungs. Passage of red blood cells through rigid homoporous membranes appeared to be related primarily to red cell size rather than vascosity. These observations suggest that both red blood cell viscosity and capillary distensibility play an important role in determining the velocity of red blood cells through the capillaries.", "contents": "Effect of osmolality on red blood cell viscosity and transit through the lung. The mean transit times of labeled red blood cells and albumin were compared in eight isolated rabbit lungs perfused with physiological albumin solutions. The osmolality of these solutions was adjusted by altering the concentration of sodium chloride. The ratios of the mean transit times of injected red blood cells to those of albumin increased as perfusion osmolality increased from hypotonic to isotonic and from isotonic to hypertonic levels. This change occurred despite a decline in pulmonary vascular resistance and red blood cell size as osmolality was increased. Red blood cell viscosity (determined with a cone-plate viscometer) increased with osmolality and it was concluded that this change of viscosity impaired the relative rate of red blood cell transit through the lungs. Passage of red blood cells through rigid homoporous membranes appeared to be related primarily to red cell size rather than vascosity. These observations suggest that both red blood cell viscosity and capillary distensibility play an important role in determining the velocity of red blood cells through the capillaries."}
{"id": "PMID:881395", "title": "Canine pulmonary response to aerosol histamine: direct versus vagal effects.", "content": "Histamine, a potent bronchoconstrictor, has been shown to produce bronchoconstriction both directly and by a vagal reflex. To define the relative roles of direct and reflex effects, we studied the pulmonary response of dogs exposed to increasing doses of aerosol histamine before and after vagal blockade or vagotomy. In addition, the relative contributions of aerodynamically large and small airways to the overall response were determined by the measurement of pulmonary resistance on sulfur hexafluoride-oxygen and helium-oxygen mixtures. Histamine aerosol caused a similar dose-dependent increase in resistance of aerodynamically large and small airways and fall in dynamic compliance. The dose-response relationships were not consistently altered by either vagal blockade or vagotomy. The following variables were found not to alter the experimental results: anesthesia, type of aerosol generator, control of breathing during aerosol exposure, spontaneous breathing vs. controlled ventilation after aerosol exposure, cold block of vagi vs. vagotomy. We conclude that 1) histamine aerosol in dogs causes a local dose-dependent constriction of bronchial smooth muscle, and 2) the vagus nerve played a relatively minor role in the pulmonary response to aerosol histamine in these experiments.", "contents": "Canine pulmonary response to aerosol histamine: direct versus vagal effects. Histamine, a potent bronchoconstrictor, has been shown to produce bronchoconstriction both directly and by a vagal reflex. To define the relative roles of direct and reflex effects, we studied the pulmonary response of dogs exposed to increasing doses of aerosol histamine before and after vagal blockade or vagotomy. In addition, the relative contributions of aerodynamically large and small airways to the overall response were determined by the measurement of pulmonary resistance on sulfur hexafluoride-oxygen and helium-oxygen mixtures. Histamine aerosol caused a similar dose-dependent increase in resistance of aerodynamically large and small airways and fall in dynamic compliance. The dose-response relationships were not consistently altered by either vagal blockade or vagotomy. The following variables were found not to alter the experimental results: anesthesia, type of aerosol generator, control of breathing during aerosol exposure, spontaneous breathing vs. controlled ventilation after aerosol exposure, cold block of vagi vs. vagotomy. We conclude that 1) histamine aerosol in dogs causes a local dose-dependent constriction of bronchial smooth muscle, and 2) the vagus nerve played a relatively minor role in the pulmonary response to aerosol histamine in these experiments."}
{"id": "PMID:881396", "title": "Comparative effects of endoperoxide PGH2 and an analog on the pulmonary vascular bed.", "content": "The effects of the prostaglandin endoperoxide, PGH2, and a stable endoperoxide analog were compared on the canine pulmonary vascular bed under conditions of controlled blood flow. The analog produced dose-related increases in lobar arterial and small vein pressure when injected into the perfused lobar artery. The increase in resistance in response to the analog was greater during retrograde perfusion than during forward perfusion. These data suggest that the analog increases resistance to flow by constricting pulmonary veins and upstream vessels. The increase in resistance was similar when the lung was perfused with dextran or blood and the response was not different when the lung was ventilated or collapsed. The response was notattenuated by indomethacin, an inhibitor of prostaglandin synthesis. These data suggest that the response to the analog is not related to changes in bronchomotor tone, platelet aggregation, or enhanced prostaglandin synthesis. Although the analog was a potent pressor substance, PGH2 itself produced only small increases in pulmonary vascular resistance. However, PGH2 had greater contractile activity than the analog on isolated helical segments of canine intrapulmonary vein. The present study suggests that endoperoxides may represent an active form of the prostaglandins in the lung but that their effects would be localized in the tissue in which they are formed because of their extremely short biologic half-life.", "contents": "Comparative effects of endoperoxide PGH2 and an analog on the pulmonary vascular bed. The effects of the prostaglandin endoperoxide, PGH2, and a stable endoperoxide analog were compared on the canine pulmonary vascular bed under conditions of controlled blood flow. The analog produced dose-related increases in lobar arterial and small vein pressure when injected into the perfused lobar artery. The increase in resistance in response to the analog was greater during retrograde perfusion than during forward perfusion. These data suggest that the analog increases resistance to flow by constricting pulmonary veins and upstream vessels. The increase in resistance was similar when the lung was perfused with dextran or blood and the response was not different when the lung was ventilated or collapsed. The response was notattenuated by indomethacin, an inhibitor of prostaglandin synthesis. These data suggest that the response to the analog is not related to changes in bronchomotor tone, platelet aggregation, or enhanced prostaglandin synthesis. Although the analog was a potent pressor substance, PGH2 itself produced only small increases in pulmonary vascular resistance. However, PGH2 had greater contractile activity than the analog on isolated helical segments of canine intrapulmonary vein. The present study suggests that endoperoxides may represent an active form of the prostaglandins in the lung but that their effects would be localized in the tissue in which they are formed because of their extremely short biologic half-life."}
{"id": "PMID:881397", "title": "Dynamic and steady-state respiratory responses to bicycle exercise.", "content": "The transient respiratory responses of 10 normal male volunteers to step changes in work load from 0 to 300, 600, and 800 kpm/min were determined by breath-by-breath analysis for tidal volume, minute ventilation, respiratory frequency, end-tidal oxygen and carbon dioxide tensins, oxygen uptake, carbon dioxide elimination, respiratory exchange ratio, and heart rate. Ten experiments were averaged on a 5-s interval basis. Quantitative measures of the dynamics (delay times, half-times, times to peaks, times to plateaus, and plateau amplitudes) are presented. These parameters generally vary with work load and reflect the speed of response of various components of the system. Rapid ventilatory responses were seen at the initiation and termination of exercise; however, they required up to 32.5 s for full development. Repeated runs on three subjects at 600 kpm/min indicate that the experiments are grossly repeatable. The data, at the initiation of exercise, are consistent with the concept of cardiodynamic hyperpnea while the results are not as clear-cut at the termination of exercise.", "contents": "Dynamic and steady-state respiratory responses to bicycle exercise. The transient respiratory responses of 10 normal male volunteers to step changes in work load from 0 to 300, 600, and 800 kpm/min were determined by breath-by-breath analysis for tidal volume, minute ventilation, respiratory frequency, end-tidal oxygen and carbon dioxide tensins, oxygen uptake, carbon dioxide elimination, respiratory exchange ratio, and heart rate. Ten experiments were averaged on a 5-s interval basis. Quantitative measures of the dynamics (delay times, half-times, times to peaks, times to plateaus, and plateau amplitudes) are presented. These parameters generally vary with work load and reflect the speed of response of various components of the system. Rapid ventilatory responses were seen at the initiation and termination of exercise; however, they required up to 32.5 s for full development. Repeated runs on three subjects at 600 kpm/min indicate that the experiments are grossly repeatable. The data, at the initiation of exercise, are consistent with the concept of cardiodynamic hyperpnea while the results are not as clear-cut at the termination of exercise."}
{"id": "PMID:881398", "title": "Computer-based system for analysis of respiratory responses to exercise.", "content": "A computer-based system for the determination of tidal volume, respiratory frequency, minute ventilation, oxygen transfer, carbon dioxide transfer, respiratory exchange ratio, end-tidal oxygen, end-tidal carbon dioxide, and heart rate is presented. These variables are first determined on a breath-by-breath basis from data (expired carbon dioxide and oxygen fractions, airflow, and ECG) prerecorded on an FM magnetic type system. The breath-by-breath data are then averaged for each experimental run in 5-s increments. The 5-s increment data from a group of subjects can then be averaged and the SEM determined at prescribed periods of time. For the study of individual respiratory transient we found the 5-s increment data to be more useful than the breath-by-breath data because it has a lesser degree of fluctuation. The system is especially adapted to careful observation of the responses within the first few seconds of a change in work load. Appropriate computer programs are discussed. The results of several experiments are compared with data from other sources and found to be in good agreement.", "contents": "Computer-based system for analysis of respiratory responses to exercise. A computer-based system for the determination of tidal volume, respiratory frequency, minute ventilation, oxygen transfer, carbon dioxide transfer, respiratory exchange ratio, end-tidal oxygen, end-tidal carbon dioxide, and heart rate is presented. These variables are first determined on a breath-by-breath basis from data (expired carbon dioxide and oxygen fractions, airflow, and ECG) prerecorded on an FM magnetic type system. The breath-by-breath data are then averaged for each experimental run in 5-s increments. The 5-s increment data from a group of subjects can then be averaged and the SEM determined at prescribed periods of time. For the study of individual respiratory transient we found the 5-s increment data to be more useful than the breath-by-breath data because it has a lesser degree of fluctuation. The system is especially adapted to careful observation of the responses within the first few seconds of a change in work load. Appropriate computer programs are discussed. The results of several experiments are compared with data from other sources and found to be in good agreement."}
{"id": "PMID:881399", "title": "Atraumatic measuring of pulmonary capillary blood flow in dogs.", "content": "Pulmonary capillary blood flow (Qc) was measured by a nitrous oxide uptake technique using a capacitance-plethysmograph to measure pulmonary volume changes. One hundred and four paired Qc and total cardiac outputs (Qt) were measured in 13 normal mongrel dogs. The mean Qc was 0.101 +/- 0.020 1-min -1-kg-1 while the mean Qt, measured by dye dilution, was 0.117 +/- 0.025 1-min-1-kg-1. This technique minimizes subject trauma and provides a method for repeated pulmonary capillary blood flow determinations in acute or chronic studies.", "contents": "Atraumatic measuring of pulmonary capillary blood flow in dogs. Pulmonary capillary blood flow (Qc) was measured by a nitrous oxide uptake technique using a capacitance-plethysmograph to measure pulmonary volume changes. One hundred and four paired Qc and total cardiac outputs (Qt) were measured in 13 normal mongrel dogs. The mean Qc was 0.101 +/- 0.020 1-min -1-kg-1 while the mean Qt, measured by dye dilution, was 0.117 +/- 0.025 1-min-1-kg-1. This technique minimizes subject trauma and provides a method for repeated pulmonary capillary blood flow determinations in acute or chronic studies."}
{"id": "PMID:881400", "title": "Prediction of PO2 from SO2 using the standard oxygen hemoglobin equilibrium curve.", "content": "We have fitted polynomial equations to three major segments of the standard oxygen hemoglobin equilibrium curve (OHEC) using oxygen saturation (SO2) rather than oxygen tension (PO2) as the independent variable. Hill's transformation contributes substantially to the very small residual errors of PO2, less than 0.21 Torr for all points. This characterization of the OHEC is more precise, and for certain applications more conveniently used than other available equations.", "contents": "Prediction of PO2 from SO2 using the standard oxygen hemoglobin equilibrium curve. We have fitted polynomial equations to three major segments of the standard oxygen hemoglobin equilibrium curve (OHEC) using oxygen saturation (SO2) rather than oxygen tension (PO2) as the independent variable. Hill's transformation contributes substantially to the very small residual errors of PO2, less than 0.21 Torr for all points. This characterization of the OHEC is more precise, and for certain applications more conveniently used than other available equations."}
{"id": "PMID:881409", "title": "Effect of cobalt on the synthesis of liver microsomal cytochromes.", "content": "1. The amount of cytochrome b5 was not changed significantly by a single injection of cobalt (60 mg/kg body weight) or by daily injection of cobalt (30 mg/kg body weight) for 4 days or 8 days. On the other hand, the amount of cytochrome P-450 was depressed strongly by both cobalt treatments. 2. The incorporations of [3H]leucine as well as 5-amino[3H]levulinate into cytochrome b5 in cobalt-treated animals were almost the same as those in the controls 5 h after injections of the radioisotopes, whereas the radioactivity of heme labelled with 5-amino[3H]levulinate in microsomal residues after trypsin digestion, which would consist mainly of cytochrome P-450, was higher in the controls than in cobalt-treated animals after 5 h.", "contents": "Effect of cobalt on the synthesis of liver microsomal cytochromes. 1. The amount of cytochrome b5 was not changed significantly by a single injection of cobalt (60 mg/kg body weight) or by daily injection of cobalt (30 mg/kg body weight) for 4 days or 8 days. On the other hand, the amount of cytochrome P-450 was depressed strongly by both cobalt treatments. 2. The incorporations of [3H]leucine as well as 5-amino[3H]levulinate into cytochrome b5 in cobalt-treated animals were almost the same as those in the controls 5 h after injections of the radioisotopes, whereas the radioactivity of heme labelled with 5-amino[3H]levulinate in microsomal residues after trypsin digestion, which would consist mainly of cytochrome P-450, was higher in the controls than in cobalt-treated animals after 5 h."}
{"id": "PMID:881410", "title": "Studies on luciferase from Photobacterium phosphoreum. IX. Further studies on the spectroscopic characteristics of the enzyme-FMN intermediates.", "content": "The absorption and fluorometric changes of the reaction mixture of luciferase-FMNH2 complex with O2 were re-examined. Rapid formation (k2(app) = 2.0 s-1 at [O2] = 120 micrometer) of an intermediate with a single absorption maximum at 380 nm within the range of 350-550 nm, and a weak fluorescence at 520 nm (less than or equal to 10% of that of FMN when excited at 380 nm) was observed. The absorption and fluorescence spectra and decay rate of the intermediate were estimated by simulation using an analog computer. The decay rate (0.27 s-1 at 20 degrees C) was in agreement with that of an obligatory intermediate of the luminescent reaction previously determined by measuring aldehyde-initiated luminescence. The process of decay of X1 to FMN involved another intermediate X1' with spectroscopic characteristics rather similar to those of FMN.", "contents": "Studies on luciferase from Photobacterium phosphoreum. IX. Further studies on the spectroscopic characteristics of the enzyme-FMN intermediates. The absorption and fluorometric changes of the reaction mixture of luciferase-FMNH2 complex with O2 were re-examined. Rapid formation (k2(app) = 2.0 s-1 at [O2] = 120 micrometer) of an intermediate with a single absorption maximum at 380 nm within the range of 350-550 nm, and a weak fluorescence at 520 nm (less than or equal to 10% of that of FMN when excited at 380 nm) was observed. The absorption and fluorescence spectra and decay rate of the intermediate were estimated by simulation using an analog computer. The decay rate (0.27 s-1 at 20 degrees C) was in agreement with that of an obligatory intermediate of the luminescent reaction previously determined by measuring aldehyde-initiated luminescence. The process of decay of X1 to FMN involved another intermediate X1' with spectroscopic characteristics rather similar to those of FMN."}
{"id": "PMID:881413", "title": "Inhibition of the biosynthesis of leucomycin, a macrolide antibiotic, by cerulenin.", "content": "Cerulenin, an inhibitor of fatty acid synthesis, specifically inhibits the biosynthesis of leucomycin, a 16-membered macrolide antibiotic, in both growing cells and resting cells of Streptomyces kitasatoensis. In growing cells, the production of leucomycin was inhibited as long as cerulenin remained in the culture. In resting cells, 50 percent inhibition was achieved with a cerulenin concentration of 1.5 microgram/ml. Cells in which leucomycin synthesis was inhibited for 9 h remained capable of leucomycin synthesis upon removal of the inhibitor. Cerulenin specifically inhibits the incorporation of [14C]acetate into leucomycin but does not affect total protein or RNA synthesis. The uptake of [14C]acetate was not inhibited under conditions which completely inhibited the incorporation of acetate into leucomycin. Since cerulenin is known to block the condensation of malonyl-CoA subunits in the formation of fatty acids, it can be concluded that the aglycone of leucomycin is synthesized via the polyketide pathway by condensation steps similar to those involved in fatty acid biosynthesis.", "contents": "Inhibition of the biosynthesis of leucomycin, a macrolide antibiotic, by cerulenin. Cerulenin, an inhibitor of fatty acid synthesis, specifically inhibits the biosynthesis of leucomycin, a 16-membered macrolide antibiotic, in both growing cells and resting cells of Streptomyces kitasatoensis. In growing cells, the production of leucomycin was inhibited as long as cerulenin remained in the culture. In resting cells, 50 percent inhibition was achieved with a cerulenin concentration of 1.5 microgram/ml. Cells in which leucomycin synthesis was inhibited for 9 h remained capable of leucomycin synthesis upon removal of the inhibitor. Cerulenin specifically inhibits the incorporation of [14C]acetate into leucomycin but does not affect total protein or RNA synthesis. The uptake of [14C]acetate was not inhibited under conditions which completely inhibited the incorporation of acetate into leucomycin. Since cerulenin is known to block the condensation of malonyl-CoA subunits in the formation of fatty acids, it can be concluded that the aglycone of leucomycin is synthesized via the polyketide pathway by condensation steps similar to those involved in fatty acid biosynthesis."}
{"id": "PMID:881414", "title": "Delayed fluorescence from bacteriochlorophyll in Chromatium vinosum chromatophores: characteristics in the presence of o-phenanthroline.", "content": "Delayed fluorescence from bacteriochlorophyll in the chromatophores of Chromatium vinosum, a photosynthetic purple sulfur bacterium, was studied in the presence of o-phenanthroline (o-phen) under intermittent illumination. Re-reduction of the photooxidized reaction center bacteriochlorophyll (P+) in the dark interval was accelerated by o-phen. This effect was attributed to the return of electrons trapped in the primary electron acceptor (A) to P+. In the presence of o-phen, the time course of the decay of delayed fluorescence was not coincident with that of the re-reduction of P+. The delayed fluorescence was somewhat intensified at the early stage (within 30 ms) of relaxation in the dark period. Prolonged illumination (longer than 20 ms) or uncouplers such as carbonylcyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone (CCCP) or valinomycin plus nigericin decreased the intensity of delayed fluorescence and suppressed the stimulation of delayed fluorescence at the early stage. Delayed fluorescence from reaction center-rich subchromatophore particles decayed with a time course identical to that of the reduction of P+ and was not affected by CCCP, in the presence of o-phen. The intensification at the early stage in the chromatophores can be interpreted in terms of charge separation between pairs of P and A, primary electron donor and acceptor molecules, oriented perpendicular to the intact chromatophore membrane, the effect decreasing in parallel with the recombination of P+ and A-.", "contents": "Delayed fluorescence from bacteriochlorophyll in Chromatium vinosum chromatophores: characteristics in the presence of o-phenanthroline. Delayed fluorescence from bacteriochlorophyll in the chromatophores of Chromatium vinosum, a photosynthetic purple sulfur bacterium, was studied in the presence of o-phenanthroline (o-phen) under intermittent illumination. Re-reduction of the photooxidized reaction center bacteriochlorophyll (P+) in the dark interval was accelerated by o-phen. This effect was attributed to the return of electrons trapped in the primary electron acceptor (A) to P+. In the presence of o-phen, the time course of the decay of delayed fluorescence was not coincident with that of the re-reduction of P+. The delayed fluorescence was somewhat intensified at the early stage (within 30 ms) of relaxation in the dark period. Prolonged illumination (longer than 20 ms) or uncouplers such as carbonylcyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone (CCCP) or valinomycin plus nigericin decreased the intensity of delayed fluorescence and suppressed the stimulation of delayed fluorescence at the early stage. Delayed fluorescence from reaction center-rich subchromatophore particles decayed with a time course identical to that of the reduction of P+ and was not affected by CCCP, in the presence of o-phen. The intensification at the early stage in the chromatophores can be interpreted in terms of charge separation between pairs of P and A, primary electron donor and acceptor molecules, oriented perpendicular to the intact chromatophore membrane, the effect decreasing in parallel with the recombination of P+ and A-."}
{"id": "PMID:881415", "title": "Purification and properties of four biologically active components of whale luteinizing hormone.", "content": "Four biologically active components of luteinizing hormone (LH), designated as LH I, II, III, and IV, were isolated from whale pituitary glands. These components migrated as single bands with different mobilities in disc electrophoresis, and their isoeletric points were at pH 8.1, 8.3, 8.5, and 8.7, respectively. Their amino acid and carbohydrate compositions showed close similarity. The molecular weight of whale LH was determined to be 31,000 by sedimentation equilibrium, and no difference was detected among the four components. The molecular properties of whale LH were compared with the previously reported data for LH from other animal species.", "contents": "Purification and properties of four biologically active components of whale luteinizing hormone. Four biologically active components of luteinizing hormone (LH), designated as LH I, II, III, and IV, were isolated from whale pituitary glands. These components migrated as single bands with different mobilities in disc electrophoresis, and their isoeletric points were at pH 8.1, 8.3, 8.5, and 8.7, respectively. Their amino acid and carbohydrate compositions showed close similarity. The molecular weight of whale LH was determined to be 31,000 by sedimentation equilibrium, and no difference was detected among the four components. The molecular properties of whale LH were compared with the previously reported data for LH from other animal species."}
{"id": "PMID:881416", "title": "Determination of molecular species of phospholipids from thermophilic bacterium PS3 by mass chromatography.", "content": "The molecular species of phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidyglycerol and cardiolipin of thermophilic bacterium PS3 were determined by a new and simple mass chromatographic technique. The fatty acyl groups of these compounds, unlike those of usual phospholipids, were all saturated and were mixtures of even and odd numbered carbon chains; their [M-CnH2n+1-COOCH2]+ and [M-Cn+1H2n+3COO]+ peaks overlapped. Thus, the acetyldiglycerides derived from these phospholipids were subjected to a combination of mass chromatography using chemical ionization with NH3 and treatment of the phospholipids with phospholipase A2 [EC 3.1.1.4]. These three phospholipids had similar patterns of diglycerides. Expressed as R1 : R2, %, they were found to be 14:14,0-1%, 15:14,0-4%, 15:15, 22-23%, 16:15, 16-20%, 17:15, 28-32%, 17:16, 6-9%, 18:15, 7-13%, 17:17, 3-6%, and 18:16, 0-1%. These results should be of significance in connection with the high stability of the biomembranes of this bacterium.", "contents": "Determination of molecular species of phospholipids from thermophilic bacterium PS3 by mass chromatography. The molecular species of phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidyglycerol and cardiolipin of thermophilic bacterium PS3 were determined by a new and simple mass chromatographic technique. The fatty acyl groups of these compounds, unlike those of usual phospholipids, were all saturated and were mixtures of even and odd numbered carbon chains; their [M-CnH2n+1-COOCH2]+ and [M-Cn+1H2n+3COO]+ peaks overlapped. Thus, the acetyldiglycerides derived from these phospholipids were subjected to a combination of mass chromatography using chemical ionization with NH3 and treatment of the phospholipids with phospholipase A2 [EC 3.1.1.4]. These three phospholipids had similar patterns of diglycerides. Expressed as R1 : R2, %, they were found to be 14:14,0-1%, 15:14,0-4%, 15:15, 22-23%, 16:15, 16-20%, 17:15, 28-32%, 17:16, 6-9%, 18:15, 7-13%, 17:17, 3-6%, and 18:16, 0-1%. These results should be of significance in connection with the high stability of the biomembranes of this bacterium."}
{"id": "PMID:881417", "title": "Carbohydrate metabolism in Bacillus brevis ATCC 9999.", "content": "Bacillus brevis ATCC 9999, which produces gramicidin S, was found to be unable to ferment various carbohydrates such as glucose, galactose, mannose, lactose, maltose, sucrose, and mannitol. This defect in carbohydrate utilization was attributed to the lack of the transport system(s) for various carbohydrates. This organism can take up only fructose and glycerol and form acids. The presence in this organism of the phosphoenolpyruvate: sugar phosphotransferase system for fructose, but not glycerol, as well as kinases for fructose and glycerol was demonstrated.", "contents": "Carbohydrate metabolism in Bacillus brevis ATCC 9999. Bacillus brevis ATCC 9999, which produces gramicidin S, was found to be unable to ferment various carbohydrates such as glucose, galactose, mannose, lactose, maltose, sucrose, and mannitol. This defect in carbohydrate utilization was attributed to the lack of the transport system(s) for various carbohydrates. This organism can take up only fructose and glycerol and form acids. The presence in this organism of the phosphoenolpyruvate: sugar phosphotransferase system for fructose, but not glycerol, as well as kinases for fructose and glycerol was demonstrated."}
{"id": "PMID:881419", "title": "Binding of cytoplasmic 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone-receptor complex by nuclei from the ventral prostate, liver, and spleen of rats.", "content": "Cytoplasmic 3H-5alpha-dihydrotestosterone-receptor complex of the rat ventral prostate was efficiently taken up by nuclei isolated from the liver, the ventral prostate and the spleen. The amount of the complex bound to liver nuclei was approximately 3 times that to prostate nuclei, and a relatively small amount of the complex was taken up by spleen nuclei under the incubation conditions: 0.16 nM complex (2.0 mg as protein) was used. Binding of the complex to liver nuclei was low-affinity and non-saturable, while in nuclei from the ventral prostate and the spleen, high-affinity and saturable binding was observed. Kd of nuclear binding in the latter two tissues was roughly of the order of 10(-10) M. Castration caused a reduction in the binding of the complex to prostate nuclei and replacement therapy with testosterone propionate completely blocked the effect of castration on the nuclear binding. The affinity of high-affinity binding was not changed significantly after castration. No significant effects of castration and testosterone treatment were observed in the binding of nuclei from the other two tissues examined. The physiological significance of the nuclear binding of hormone-receptor complexes in the action of steroid hormones is discussed.", "contents": "Binding of cytoplasmic 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone-receptor complex by nuclei from the ventral prostate, liver, and spleen of rats. Cytoplasmic 3H-5alpha-dihydrotestosterone-receptor complex of the rat ventral prostate was efficiently taken up by nuclei isolated from the liver, the ventral prostate and the spleen. The amount of the complex bound to liver nuclei was approximately 3 times that to prostate nuclei, and a relatively small amount of the complex was taken up by spleen nuclei under the incubation conditions: 0.16 nM complex (2.0 mg as protein) was used. Binding of the complex to liver nuclei was low-affinity and non-saturable, while in nuclei from the ventral prostate and the spleen, high-affinity and saturable binding was observed. Kd of nuclear binding in the latter two tissues was roughly of the order of 10(-10) M. Castration caused a reduction in the binding of the complex to prostate nuclei and replacement therapy with testosterone propionate completely blocked the effect of castration on the nuclear binding. The affinity of high-affinity binding was not changed significantly after castration. No significant effects of castration and testosterone treatment were observed in the binding of nuclei from the other two tissues examined. The physiological significance of the nuclear binding of hormone-receptor complexes in the action of steroid hormones is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:881421", "title": "Use of fluorescein mercuric acetate as a probe in studies of thiol-containing proteins.", "content": "The reaction of fluorescein mercuric acetate (FMA) with thiol groups is inhibited by barbital (Veronal). However, barbital has no effect on the reaction of 5,5'-dithiobis(2-nitrobenzoic acid) with thiol groups. Complex formation between FMA and barbital was shown by an increase in the fluorescence polarization of FMA in the presence of barbital. These findings indicate that the inhibitory effect of barbital is due to its interaction with FMA. The extent of this inhibition, which depends on the nature of the thiol-containing substance, presumably reflects the structure surrounding the thiol groups. Furthermore, the absorption and fluorescence properties of FMA conjugated with thiol groups are sensitive to the environment. Because of these properties, FMA can be used to investigate the environment of thiol groups.", "contents": "Use of fluorescein mercuric acetate as a probe in studies of thiol-containing proteins. The reaction of fluorescein mercuric acetate (FMA) with thiol groups is inhibited by barbital (Veronal). However, barbital has no effect on the reaction of 5,5'-dithiobis(2-nitrobenzoic acid) with thiol groups. Complex formation between FMA and barbital was shown by an increase in the fluorescence polarization of FMA in the presence of barbital. These findings indicate that the inhibitory effect of barbital is due to its interaction with FMA. The extent of this inhibition, which depends on the nature of the thiol-containing substance, presumably reflects the structure surrounding the thiol groups. Furthermore, the absorption and fluorescence properties of FMA conjugated with thiol groups are sensitive to the environment. Because of these properties, FMA can be used to investigate the environment of thiol groups."}
{"id": "PMID:881422", "title": "Photoaffinity labeling of uncoupler binding sites on mitochondrial membrane.", "content": "3H 2-azido-4-nitrophenol, a photoactive uncoupler, has been synthesized, and its uncoupling action on oxidative phosphorylation and its binding to the mitochondrial membrane have been studied. The uncoupler bound covalently to the mitochondrial membrane on photoirradiation was 3-4 times that bound reversibly in the absence of light. When irradiation was carried out in the presence of serum albumin, covalent binding was significantly depressed. The pattern of loss of ATP-Pi exchange activity with increasing amounts of the uncoupler suggests that serum albumin prevents the binding of the uncoupler to the functional sites as well. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of photoaffinity labeled submitochondrial particles in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate revealed that a 9000 dalton peptide bound high levels of uncoupler. Other proteins in the molecular weight range of 20,000-40,000 and 55,000 were also labeled. Photolysis in the presence of serum albumin or ATP decreased the covalent binding of the uncoupler to all the proteins, but particularly to the 20,000 dalton component. Soluble ATPase and the mitochondrial proteolipid purified from labeled mitochondria showed the presence of label.", "contents": "Photoaffinity labeling of uncoupler binding sites on mitochondrial membrane. 3H 2-azido-4-nitrophenol, a photoactive uncoupler, has been synthesized, and its uncoupling action on oxidative phosphorylation and its binding to the mitochondrial membrane have been studied. The uncoupler bound covalently to the mitochondrial membrane on photoirradiation was 3-4 times that bound reversibly in the absence of light. When irradiation was carried out in the presence of serum albumin, covalent binding was significantly depressed. The pattern of loss of ATP-Pi exchange activity with increasing amounts of the uncoupler suggests that serum albumin prevents the binding of the uncoupler to the functional sites as well. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of photoaffinity labeled submitochondrial particles in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate revealed that a 9000 dalton peptide bound high levels of uncoupler. Other proteins in the molecular weight range of 20,000-40,000 and 55,000 were also labeled. Photolysis in the presence of serum albumin or ATP decreased the covalent binding of the uncoupler to all the proteins, but particularly to the 20,000 dalton component. Soluble ATPase and the mitochondrial proteolipid purified from labeled mitochondria showed the presence of label."}
{"id": "PMID:881424", "title": "Effect of Mg2+ and spermine on the kinetics of Ca2+ transport in rat-liver mitochondria.", "content": "Plots relating the initial rate of mitochondrial Ca2+ transport to the Ca2+ concentration (kinetic plots) have a hyperbolic shape in a Ca2+ concentration range of 2.5-100 muM as measured in sucrose or KCl media. In the presence of Mg2+ or a polyamine spermine, which both are competitive inhibitors of Ca2+ binding to low affinity sites at the membrane surface, the shape of the plots becomes sigmoidal. At higher concentrations of these agents linear kinetic plots are obtained as measured in a sucrose medium. In a KCl medium the sigmoidality of the kinetic plots is enhanced by an increase in the Mg2+ or spermine concentration. It is suggested that Mg2+ and spermine affect the kinetics of Ca2+ transport by interfering with Ca2+ binding to low affinity sites of the membrane surface and that the binding of Ca2+ to these sites is the first step of the mitochondrial Ca2+ transport.", "contents": "Effect of Mg2+ and spermine on the kinetics of Ca2+ transport in rat-liver mitochondria. Plots relating the initial rate of mitochondrial Ca2+ transport to the Ca2+ concentration (kinetic plots) have a hyperbolic shape in a Ca2+ concentration range of 2.5-100 muM as measured in sucrose or KCl media. In the presence of Mg2+ or a polyamine spermine, which both are competitive inhibitors of Ca2+ binding to low affinity sites at the membrane surface, the shape of the plots becomes sigmoidal. At higher concentrations of these agents linear kinetic plots are obtained as measured in a sucrose medium. In a KCl medium the sigmoidality of the kinetic plots is enhanced by an increase in the Mg2+ or spermine concentration. It is suggested that Mg2+ and spermine affect the kinetics of Ca2+ transport by interfering with Ca2+ binding to low affinity sites of the membrane surface and that the binding of Ca2+ to these sites is the first step of the mitochondrial Ca2+ transport."}
{"id": "PMID:881425", "title": "Water permeability of elastomers.", "content": "In a previous study it has been shown that the free moisture content in freeze-dried BCG vaccine dispensed in vials sealed with rubber stoppers increased during storage. The search for the source of this increase led us to explore the possibility that this additional moisture could originate from the rubber stoppers themselves. Therefore, the water permeability of various rubber stoppers has been studied, and the water content of grey butyl stoppers during some operations (autoclaving, oven-drying, freeze-drying, storage) used in the manufacturing of BCG vaccine has been determined. Our experiments showed: rapid water uptake during steam-autoclaving and rapid water release during subsequent oven-drying of the stoppers; a slow water uptake of the stoppers during freeze-drying and a slow water permeation through the stoppers when vials containing Indicating Drierite were stored in a water-saturated atmosphere. Among 12 types of rubber stoppers tested, the grey butyl stoppers and the silicone stoppers showed the lowest water uptake. Moisture-resistant wrappings decreased significantly the moisture uptake of Drierite. To delay moisture from reaching the vaccine it is recommended that the stoppers employed be as dry as possible.", "contents": "Water permeability of elastomers. In a previous study it has been shown that the free moisture content in freeze-dried BCG vaccine dispensed in vials sealed with rubber stoppers increased during storage. The search for the source of this increase led us to explore the possibility that this additional moisture could originate from the rubber stoppers themselves. Therefore, the water permeability of various rubber stoppers has been studied, and the water content of grey butyl stoppers during some operations (autoclaving, oven-drying, freeze-drying, storage) used in the manufacturing of BCG vaccine has been determined. Our experiments showed: rapid water uptake during steam-autoclaving and rapid water release during subsequent oven-drying of the stoppers; a slow water uptake of the stoppers during freeze-drying and a slow water permeation through the stoppers when vials containing Indicating Drierite were stored in a water-saturated atmosphere. Among 12 types of rubber stoppers tested, the grey butyl stoppers and the silicone stoppers showed the lowest water uptake. Moisture-resistant wrappings decreased significantly the moisture uptake of Drierite. To delay moisture from reaching the vaccine it is recommended that the stoppers employed be as dry as possible."}
{"id": "PMID:881429", "title": "Acceptability of BCG vaccination.", "content": "The acceptability of BCG vaccination varies a great deal according to the country and to the period when the vaccine is given. The incidence of complications has not always a direct influence on this acceptability, which depends, for a very large part, on the risk of tuberculosis in a given country at a given time.", "contents": "Acceptability of BCG vaccination. The acceptability of BCG vaccination varies a great deal according to the country and to the period when the vaccine is given. The incidence of complications has not always a direct influence on this acceptability, which depends, for a very large part, on the risk of tuberculosis in a given country at a given time."}
{"id": "PMID:881431", "title": "Phygocytosis by rabbit polymorphonuclear leukocytes: the effect of albumin and polyamino acids on latex uptake.", "content": "Albumin in low concentrations (0.0001-0.01 weight percent) was found to be an effective inhibitor of phagocytosis of polystyrene latex beads by rabbit polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Polyglutamic acid proved to be an inhibitor of latex uptake at even lower concentrations. Polylysine stimulates phagocytosis, maximal stimulation occurring at 0.002% polylysine. These findings are discussed with reference to the surface properties of latex particles and leukocytes, and particularly with reference to electrostatic interactions in phagocytosis.", "contents": "Phygocytosis by rabbit polymorphonuclear leukocytes: the effect of albumin and polyamino acids on latex uptake. Albumin in low concentrations (0.0001-0.01 weight percent) was found to be an effective inhibitor of phagocytosis of polystyrene latex beads by rabbit polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Polyglutamic acid proved to be an inhibitor of latex uptake at even lower concentrations. Polylysine stimulates phagocytosis, maximal stimulation occurring at 0.002% polylysine. These findings are discussed with reference to the surface properties of latex particles and leukocytes, and particularly with reference to electrostatic interactions in phagocytosis."}
{"id": "PMID:881435", "title": "Membrane transport by macrophages in suspension and adherent to glass.", "content": "We have compared membrane transport of lysine and adenosine by rabbit lung macrophages in suspension and adherent to glass over slips. The rapid sampling techniques employed permitted measurements to be made over intervals as short as 10 seconds. Suspended cells transported both nutrients at a faster rate, although the Km values for the two transport systems remained unchanged. Colchicine, cytochalasin B and adenosine did not interfere with the enhancement.", "contents": "Membrane transport by macrophages in suspension and adherent to glass. We have compared membrane transport of lysine and adenosine by rabbit lung macrophages in suspension and adherent to glass over slips. The rapid sampling techniques employed permitted measurements to be made over intervals as short as 10 seconds. Suspended cells transported both nutrients at a faster rate, although the Km values for the two transport systems remained unchanged. Colchicine, cytochalasin B and adenosine did not interfere with the enhancement."}
{"id": "PMID:881436", "title": "Pyruvate carboxylase and phosphoenopyruvate carboxykinase in cultured human fibroblasts.", "content": "The activities of pyruvate carboxylase and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase were measured in cultural human fibroblasts. Considerable variation was observed in strains derived from different individuals. The activities of both enzymes throughout the culture cycle were measured in two strains. In these strains the specific activities of the enzymes increased during log phase and remained constant during the stationary phase. However, one cell strain exhibited a high activity of pyruvate carboxylase which remained unchanged throughout the culture cycle, suggesting that this enzyme may be regulated differently in different strains of cultured human cells. Familial studies suggest that the observed variations in pyruvate carboxylase activity may be due to a genetic polymorphism.", "contents": "Pyruvate carboxylase and phosphoenopyruvate carboxykinase in cultured human fibroblasts. The activities of pyruvate carboxylase and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase were measured in cultural human fibroblasts. Considerable variation was observed in strains derived from different individuals. The activities of both enzymes throughout the culture cycle were measured in two strains. In these strains the specific activities of the enzymes increased during log phase and remained constant during the stationary phase. However, one cell strain exhibited a high activity of pyruvate carboxylase which remained unchanged throughout the culture cycle, suggesting that this enzyme may be regulated differently in different strains of cultured human cells. Familial studies suggest that the observed variations in pyruvate carboxylase activity may be due to a genetic polymorphism."}
{"id": "PMID:881437", "title": "Protein metabolism during growth of Vero Cells.", "content": "Protein synthesis and degradation were studied throughout a growth cycle of Vero cells. The rate of protein synthesis, measured as the rate of amino acid incorporation, reached a maximum at the mid-exponential phase and declined to 10-30% of the maximum in the stationary phase. The rate of protein degradation, measured as the release of radioactive amino acids from uniformly labelled cellular proteins, did not vary in the growth cycle. The amount of protein per cell, measured by an isotopic method, remained constant when normalized to account for the variation in the proportion of actively dividing cells in the cell population during the growth cycle. Cellular protein was determined using this method since it was found that the chemical determination of the amount of protein in the monolayer was not accurate during the early stage of the growth cycle. This was due to a significant amount of serum protein adsorbed to the cells. In this study we were able to show that, in Vero cells, protein synthetic activity is correlated with the rate of cell division, and variations in the rate of synthesis alone are sufficient to meet the changing requirements for cellular protein in a growth cycle.", "contents": "Protein metabolism during growth of Vero Cells. Protein synthesis and degradation were studied throughout a growth cycle of Vero cells. The rate of protein synthesis, measured as the rate of amino acid incorporation, reached a maximum at the mid-exponential phase and declined to 10-30% of the maximum in the stationary phase. The rate of protein degradation, measured as the release of radioactive amino acids from uniformly labelled cellular proteins, did not vary in the growth cycle. The amount of protein per cell, measured by an isotopic method, remained constant when normalized to account for the variation in the proportion of actively dividing cells in the cell population during the growth cycle. Cellular protein was determined using this method since it was found that the chemical determination of the amount of protein in the monolayer was not accurate during the early stage of the growth cycle. This was due to a significant amount of serum protein adsorbed to the cells. In this study we were able to show that, in Vero cells, protein synthetic activity is correlated with the rate of cell division, and variations in the rate of synthesis alone are sufficient to meet the changing requirements for cellular protein in a growth cycle."}
{"id": "PMID:881444", "title": "Applications of gas-liquid chromatography in protein chemistry. II. Determination of amide residues in nanomolar amounts of proteins.", "content": "A method for the quantitative determination of amide residues in nanomolar amounts of proteins is described, based on dilute acid hydrolysis at 100 degrees, followed by isothermal gas-liquid chromatography of the ammonia released by on-column neutralisation of the hydrolysate and quantitation by means of a conductometric detector. Amide contents are given for twenty well characterised proteins, as well as for asparagine and glutamine.", "contents": "Applications of gas-liquid chromatography in protein chemistry. II. Determination of amide residues in nanomolar amounts of proteins. A method for the quantitative determination of amide residues in nanomolar amounts of proteins is described, based on dilute acid hydrolysis at 100 degrees, followed by isothermal gas-liquid chromatography of the ammonia released by on-column neutralisation of the hydrolysate and quantitation by means of a conductometric detector. Amide contents are given for twenty well characterised proteins, as well as for asparagine and glutamine."}
{"id": "PMID:881445", "title": "Selective concentration of amines from aqueous solutions by a gas purging technique.", "content": "Amines are removed from heated, basic solutions saturated with salt by inert gas stripping and selectively trapped as coordination complexes on columns containing copper(II) salts coated on an inert support. An estimate of the amine concentrations at ppm levels can be made by measuring the length of the trapping column colored by the complexes. Concentrations of amines in ppb can be determined by eluting this column with potassium hydroxide and determining the amines in the effluent directly by gas chromatography. The procedure allows amines to be concentrated by a factor of 200 and removes potentially interfering substances from the sample.", "contents": "Selective concentration of amines from aqueous solutions by a gas purging technique. Amines are removed from heated, basic solutions saturated with salt by inert gas stripping and selectively trapped as coordination complexes on columns containing copper(II) salts coated on an inert support. An estimate of the amine concentrations at ppm levels can be made by measuring the length of the trapping column colored by the complexes. Concentrations of amines in ppb can be determined by eluting this column with potassium hydroxide and determining the amines in the effluent directly by gas chromatography. The procedure allows amines to be concentrated by a factor of 200 and removes potentially interfering substances from the sample."}
{"id": "PMID:881446", "title": "Detection of sympathomimetic central nervous stimulants with special reference to doping. II. Comparative study of two adsorption chromatography methods using different XAD resins.", "content": "Recoveries of a series of sympathomimetic central nervous stimulants in human urine are measured using either adsorption chromatography on self-filled columns (method A) or with a special resin method suitable for racehorse urine (method B). The Amberlite resins used are XAD-2, XAD-4, XAD-7 and XAD-8 and elution is performed using chloroform. The reported comparative drug extractabilities indicate that in most instances the recoveries follow the sequence XAD-4 greater than XAD-2 approximately XAD-8 greater than XAD-7 using method A. Based on the recovery and purity of the extracts obtained, XAD-8 is preferred for gas chromatographic analysis while XAD-4 is very suitable for thin-layer chromatographic screening work. Comparing the two methods, equally good or better results were obtained with method A for all of the resins studied except XAD-7. Finally, it was found that the effect of refrigerated storage of the resins on the drug extractabilities for central nervous stimulants could be neglected.", "contents": "Detection of sympathomimetic central nervous stimulants with special reference to doping. II. Comparative study of two adsorption chromatography methods using different XAD resins. Recoveries of a series of sympathomimetic central nervous stimulants in human urine are measured using either adsorption chromatography on self-filled columns (method A) or with a special resin method suitable for racehorse urine (method B). The Amberlite resins used are XAD-2, XAD-4, XAD-7 and XAD-8 and elution is performed using chloroform. The reported comparative drug extractabilities indicate that in most instances the recoveries follow the sequence XAD-4 greater than XAD-2 approximately XAD-8 greater than XAD-7 using method A. Based on the recovery and purity of the extracts obtained, XAD-8 is preferred for gas chromatographic analysis while XAD-4 is very suitable for thin-layer chromatographic screening work. Comparing the two methods, equally good or better results were obtained with method A for all of the resins studied except XAD-7. Finally, it was found that the effect of refrigerated storage of the resins on the drug extractabilities for central nervous stimulants could be neglected."}
{"id": "PMID:881447", "title": "Determination of the anti-inflammatory agent carprofen, (D,L)-6-chloro-alpha-methylcarbazole-2-acetic acid, in blood by high-pressure liquid chromatography.", "content": "A rapid, sensitive, and specific high-pressure liquid chromatographic (HPLC) assay was developed for the determination of (D,L)-6-chloro-alpha-methylcarbazole-2-acetic acid (carprofen) in blood. The assay involves extraction into diethyl ether from blood buffered to pH 6. The overall recovery of carprofen from blood is 97.3 +/- 5.3% (S.D.), and the sensitivity limit of detection is 100-200 ng/ml of blood using a fluorescence detector with excitation at 240 nm and emission at wavelengths greater than 350 nm. The HPLC assay is amenable to rapid routine analysis of clinical specimens, and the data obtained using this assay showed an excellent correlation coefficient (0.99) compared with a previously published spectrofluorometric assay. The method was used to monitor the blood level-time fall-off profiles in four subjects following single and multiple dose administration of carprofen.", "contents": "Determination of the anti-inflammatory agent carprofen, (D,L)-6-chloro-alpha-methylcarbazole-2-acetic acid, in blood by high-pressure liquid chromatography. A rapid, sensitive, and specific high-pressure liquid chromatographic (HPLC) assay was developed for the determination of (D,L)-6-chloro-alpha-methylcarbazole-2-acetic acid (carprofen) in blood. The assay involves extraction into diethyl ether from blood buffered to pH 6. The overall recovery of carprofen from blood is 97.3 +/- 5.3% (S.D.), and the sensitivity limit of detection is 100-200 ng/ml of blood using a fluorescence detector with excitation at 240 nm and emission at wavelengths greater than 350 nm. The HPLC assay is amenable to rapid routine analysis of clinical specimens, and the data obtained using this assay showed an excellent correlation coefficient (0.99) compared with a previously published spectrofluorometric assay. The method was used to monitor the blood level-time fall-off profiles in four subjects following single and multiple dose administration of carprofen."}
{"id": "PMID:881448", "title": "Gas-liquid chromatographic determination of 1,3-dihydro-3-phenylspiro(isobenzofuran-1,4-piperidine), HP 505, in biological fluids using a nitrogen-specific detector.", "content": "A gas chromatographic method for the determination of 1,3-dihydro-3-phenylspiro[isobenzo-1,4-piperidine], HP 505, in plasma red blood cells and urine has been developed. HP 505 and internal standard are extracted from basified fluid with hexane and then back extracted into acetic acid. After re-extraction into hexane, HP 505 and internal standard are analysed by gas-liquid chromatography as the N-propionyl derivatives using a nitrogen-specific detector. Concentrations of HP 505 can be measured over the range 2-100 ng/ml plasma. The method has been applied to the analysis of biological fluids from volunteers receiving oral doses of HP 505.", "contents": "Gas-liquid chromatographic determination of 1,3-dihydro-3-phenylspiro(isobenzofuran-1,4-piperidine), HP 505, in biological fluids using a nitrogen-specific detector. A gas chromatographic method for the determination of 1,3-dihydro-3-phenylspiro[isobenzo-1,4-piperidine], HP 505, in plasma red blood cells and urine has been developed. HP 505 and internal standard are extracted from basified fluid with hexane and then back extracted into acetic acid. After re-extraction into hexane, HP 505 and internal standard are analysed by gas-liquid chromatography as the N-propionyl derivatives using a nitrogen-specific detector. Concentrations of HP 505 can be measured over the range 2-100 ng/ml plasma. The method has been applied to the analysis of biological fluids from volunteers receiving oral doses of HP 505."}
{"id": "PMID:881449", "title": "Application of the extractive alkylation technique to the pentafluorobenzylation of morphine (a heroin metabolite) and surrogates, with special reference to the quantitative determination of plasma morphine levels using mass fragmentography.", "content": "The pentafluorobenzylation of morphine and related phenolic alkaloids by extractive alkylation is described. The alkylation is performed using tetrabutylammonium as counter ion and ethyl acetate as solvent. Optimum reaction conditions are presented together with the gas chromatographic properties of the derivatives formed. The technique is applied to the quantitation of plasma morphine levels. Using morphine-d3 as internal standard mass fragmentographic analysis of morphine as its pentafluorobenzyl- and pentafluorobenzyl, mono-trifluoroacetyl derivatives is demonstrated, and a case report is presented. Quantitation to a plasma morphine level of 5 ng/ml is readily attainable.", "contents": "Application of the extractive alkylation technique to the pentafluorobenzylation of morphine (a heroin metabolite) and surrogates, with special reference to the quantitative determination of plasma morphine levels using mass fragmentography. The pentafluorobenzylation of morphine and related phenolic alkaloids by extractive alkylation is described. The alkylation is performed using tetrabutylammonium as counter ion and ethyl acetate as solvent. Optimum reaction conditions are presented together with the gas chromatographic properties of the derivatives formed. The technique is applied to the quantitation of plasma morphine levels. Using morphine-d3 as internal standard mass fragmentographic analysis of morphine as its pentafluorobenzyl- and pentafluorobenzyl, mono-trifluoroacetyl derivatives is demonstrated, and a case report is presented. Quantitation to a plasma morphine level of 5 ng/ml is readily attainable."}
{"id": "PMID:881453", "title": "Air sampling methods for s-tetrachloroethane and other related chlorinated hydrocarbons.", "content": "An acid-treated Pittsburgh Activated Carbon (PAC) tube for sampling s-tetrachloroethane in air is described that minimizes sample losses through dehydrogenation and dehydrohalogenation reactions. Commercially prepared NIOSH characoal, untreated PAC, and acid-treated PAC tubes are compared as to their effectiveness in stabilizing s-tetrachloroethane. Common homologues and analogues of s-tetrachloroethane cause no interference with the gas chromatographic method. -n addition the effectiveness of the untreated PAC and acid-treated PAC tubes was also evaluated for four different chlorinated aliphatic hydrocarbons.", "contents": "Air sampling methods for s-tetrachloroethane and other related chlorinated hydrocarbons. An acid-treated Pittsburgh Activated Carbon (PAC) tube for sampling s-tetrachloroethane in air is described that minimizes sample losses through dehydrogenation and dehydrohalogenation reactions. Commercially prepared NIOSH characoal, untreated PAC, and acid-treated PAC tubes are compared as to their effectiveness in stabilizing s-tetrachloroethane. Common homologues and analogues of s-tetrachloroethane cause no interference with the gas chromatographic method. -n addition the effectiveness of the untreated PAC and acid-treated PAC tubes was also evaluated for four different chlorinated aliphatic hydrocarbons."}
{"id": "PMID:881454", "title": "Simple chemiluminescent detector for the screening of foodstuffs for the presence of volatile nitrosamines.", "content": "The construction and subsequent evaluation of an apparatus for the detection of trace amounts of nitrosamines is described. The apparatus consists of a gas chromatograph, a catalytic chamber to generate nitric oxide from eluted nitrosamines, and a chemiluminescent detector to measure the infra-red emission resulting from interaction of this gas with ozone. Examples of the use of the system for determining the nitrosamine concentration in food extracts and other materials are given.", "contents": "Simple chemiluminescent detector for the screening of foodstuffs for the presence of volatile nitrosamines. The construction and subsequent evaluation of an apparatus for the detection of trace amounts of nitrosamines is described. The apparatus consists of a gas chromatograph, a catalytic chamber to generate nitric oxide from eluted nitrosamines, and a chemiluminescent detector to measure the infra-red emission resulting from interaction of this gas with ozone. Examples of the use of the system for determining the nitrosamine concentration in food extracts and other materials are given."}
{"id": "PMID:881455", "title": "High-pressure liquid chromatographic analysis of aniline and its metabolites.", "content": "A high-pressure liquid chromatographic method has been developed for the determination of nanomole quantities of aniline; its metabolites o- and p-aminophenol, phenylhydroxylamine, nitrosobenzene and nitrobenzene; and azobenzene and azoxybenzene which form non-enzymatically by condensation of reactive metabolites. These compounds were separated by reverse-phase chromatography (mu-Bondapak C18 column) and detected spectrophotometrically. The first four components were eluted using methanol-water (15:85) containing 0.26 M ammonium acetate and 0.015 M nickel acetate as mobile phase. The remaining compounds were eluted with methanol-water (50:50). The stabilities of the metabolites were studied electrochemically and results were used in the development of the chromatographic system.", "contents": "High-pressure liquid chromatographic analysis of aniline and its metabolites. A high-pressure liquid chromatographic method has been developed for the determination of nanomole quantities of aniline; its metabolites o- and p-aminophenol, phenylhydroxylamine, nitrosobenzene and nitrobenzene; and azobenzene and azoxybenzene which form non-enzymatically by condensation of reactive metabolites. These compounds were separated by reverse-phase chromatography (mu-Bondapak C18 column) and detected spectrophotometrically. The first four components were eluted using methanol-water (15:85) containing 0.26 M ammonium acetate and 0.015 M nickel acetate as mobile phase. The remaining compounds were eluted with methanol-water (50:50). The stabilities of the metabolites were studied electrochemically and results were used in the development of the chromatographic system."}
{"id": "PMID:881456", "title": "Quantitative determination of naltrexone and naltrexone prodrugs by electron-capture gas-liquid chromatography.", "content": "An electron-capture gas chromatographic method has been applied to the determination of eleven ester and ether derivatives of naltrexone believed to act as prodrugs. Standard analytical curves are presented for all prodrugs and quantitation is shown to be possible from 10 ng to 1.5 microgram of each compound. Ester derivatives of naltrexone are hydrolyzed to naltrexone prior to analysis as the perfluoroalkyl esters. Analysis of synthetic mixtures of these with naltrexone demonstrated that quantitation by difference measurements is possible with naltrexone-derivative ratios from 4:1 to 1:10. Ether derivatives are analyzed without hydrolysis. This method is applicable to biological fluids as well as aqueous solutions.", "contents": "Quantitative determination of naltrexone and naltrexone prodrugs by electron-capture gas-liquid chromatography. An electron-capture gas chromatographic method has been applied to the determination of eleven ester and ether derivatives of naltrexone believed to act as prodrugs. Standard analytical curves are presented for all prodrugs and quantitation is shown to be possible from 10 ng to 1.5 microgram of each compound. Ester derivatives of naltrexone are hydrolyzed to naltrexone prior to analysis as the perfluoroalkyl esters. Analysis of synthetic mixtures of these with naltrexone demonstrated that quantitation by difference measurements is possible with naltrexone-derivative ratios from 4:1 to 1:10. Ether derivatives are analyzed without hydrolysis. This method is applicable to biological fluids as well as aqueous solutions."}
{"id": "PMID:881457", "title": "Gas chromatographic determination of pemoline as 5-phenyl-2,4-oxazolidinedione in human urine.", "content": "A simple gas chromatographic assay of the psychostimulant pemoline in human urine has been developed. Instead of extraction of the drug from urine, it is hydrolysed to 5-phenyl-2,4-oxazolidinedione with 1 N hydrochloric acid. After the extraction, this compound is methylated with diazomethane and determined by gas-liquid chromatography using a nitrogen-selective detector and a solid injection system. The method has been applied in preliminary human pharmacokinetic studies, by measuring the urinary excretion rate of pemoline following oral administration. At present, the screening procedures for doping control do not involve the detection of pemoline, but the method described can easily be incorporated in such procedures.", "contents": "Gas chromatographic determination of pemoline as 5-phenyl-2,4-oxazolidinedione in human urine. A simple gas chromatographic assay of the psychostimulant pemoline in human urine has been developed. Instead of extraction of the drug from urine, it is hydrolysed to 5-phenyl-2,4-oxazolidinedione with 1 N hydrochloric acid. After the extraction, this compound is methylated with diazomethane and determined by gas-liquid chromatography using a nitrogen-selective detector and a solid injection system. The method has been applied in preliminary human pharmacokinetic studies, by measuring the urinary excretion rate of pemoline following oral administration. At present, the screening procedures for doping control do not involve the detection of pemoline, but the method described can easily be incorporated in such procedures."}
{"id": "PMID:881458", "title": "Gas chromatographic determination of pemoline in biological fluids using electron capture detection.", "content": "A simple and sensitive gas chromatographic (GC) method for the determination of pemoline in biological fluids, utilizing electron capture detection is described. Plasma samples with a pemoline analog added as internal standard were deproteinized with sulfosalicylic acid, and the supernatants were heated at 80 degrees. The pemoline-dione formed was extracted with benzene, and the extract was analyzed on a gas chromatograph equipped with a tritium foil electron capture detector. Poly A-103 (3%) on Gas-Chrom Q (100-120 mesh) packed in a 3-ft. silanized glass column was used as the stationary phase, with nitrogen serving as carrier gass. Under the same GC conditions, benzene extracts of pemoline-dione from acid-hydrolyzed urine samples were analyzed. Us-ng 1 ml of plasma or urine, the lower limit for the assay was about 0.1 microgram/ml. The method is accurate and reproducible, with a relative standard deviation with +/-4%. Mandelic acid (a metabolite of pemoline) does not interfere with the assay.", "contents": "Gas chromatographic determination of pemoline in biological fluids using electron capture detection. A simple and sensitive gas chromatographic (GC) method for the determination of pemoline in biological fluids, utilizing electron capture detection is described. Plasma samples with a pemoline analog added as internal standard were deproteinized with sulfosalicylic acid, and the supernatants were heated at 80 degrees. The pemoline-dione formed was extracted with benzene, and the extract was analyzed on a gas chromatograph equipped with a tritium foil electron capture detector. Poly A-103 (3%) on Gas-Chrom Q (100-120 mesh) packed in a 3-ft. silanized glass column was used as the stationary phase, with nitrogen serving as carrier gass. Under the same GC conditions, benzene extracts of pemoline-dione from acid-hydrolyzed urine samples were analyzed. Us-ng 1 ml of plasma or urine, the lower limit for the assay was about 0.1 microgram/ml. The method is accurate and reproducible, with a relative standard deviation with +/-4%. Mandelic acid (a metabolite of pemoline) does not interfere with the assay."}
{"id": "PMID:881459", "title": "High-performance liquid chromatographic assay of rat-brain dopamine and norepinephrine.", "content": "A high-performance liquid chromatographic method for the assay of dopamine (DM) and norepinephrine (NE) in rat brain has been developed. 3,4-Dihydroxybenzylamine was added to the sample as an internal standard. The isolated amines and the internal standard were subjected to reaction with fluorescamine, separated liquid chromatographically on a glycol-type gel and determined fluorimetrically. The standard deviation of the method was +/-2.7% for DM and +/-5.3% for NE. The contents of DM and NE in rat brain, with or without administration of a tyrosine hydroxylase inhibitor, as measured by the proposed method were always lower than those obtained by the trihydroxyindole method.", "contents": "High-performance liquid chromatographic assay of rat-brain dopamine and norepinephrine. A high-performance liquid chromatographic method for the assay of dopamine (DM) and norepinephrine (NE) in rat brain has been developed. 3,4-Dihydroxybenzylamine was added to the sample as an internal standard. The isolated amines and the internal standard were subjected to reaction with fluorescamine, separated liquid chromatographically on a glycol-type gel and determined fluorimetrically. The standard deviation of the method was +/-2.7% for DM and +/-5.3% for NE. The contents of DM and NE in rat brain, with or without administration of a tyrosine hydroxylase inhibitor, as measured by the proposed method were always lower than those obtained by the trihydroxyindole method."}
{"id": "PMID:881460", "title": "Determination of organochlorine insecticide residues in fatty foodstuffs using a clean-up technique based on a single column of activated alumina.", "content": "A method is described for the extraction and clean-up of fatty foods prior to the determination of organochlorine insecticides and related compounds. Clean-up is based on the use of a single 22-g column of activity-4 alumina and the method is capable of routinely determining cyclodienes, BHC isomers and HCB at the 5-10 microgram/kg level and DDT-type compounds at 20-30 microgram/kg level.", "contents": "Determination of organochlorine insecticide residues in fatty foodstuffs using a clean-up technique based on a single column of activated alumina. A method is described for the extraction and clean-up of fatty foods prior to the determination of organochlorine insecticides and related compounds. Clean-up is based on the use of a single 22-g column of activity-4 alumina and the method is capable of routinely determining cyclodienes, BHC isomers and HCB at the 5-10 microgram/kg level and DDT-type compounds at 20-30 microgram/kg level."}
{"id": "PMID:881461", "title": "Determination of hydralazine in tablets by gas chromatography.", "content": "A description is given of a gas chromatographic method for the determination of hydralizine in various tablet formulations based on the quantitative reaction of hydralazine with 2,4-pentanedione to yield 1-(3,5-dimethylpyrazole)phthalazine. The stable hydralazine derivative formed is extracted from aqueous solution and chromatographed resulting in a precise and specific determination of hydralazine which correlates well with the U.S.P. XIX titrimetric procedure.", "contents": "Determination of hydralazine in tablets by gas chromatography. A description is given of a gas chromatographic method for the determination of hydralizine in various tablet formulations based on the quantitative reaction of hydralazine with 2,4-pentanedione to yield 1-(3,5-dimethylpyrazole)phthalazine. The stable hydralazine derivative formed is extracted from aqueous solution and chromatographed resulting in a precise and specific determination of hydralazine which correlates well with the U.S.P. XIX titrimetric procedure."}
{"id": "PMID:881462", "title": "Determination of 2,4-diamino-5-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-6-methylpyrimidine (BW 197U) in human plasma.", "content": "A gas-liquid chromatographic method for the measurement of 2,4-diamino-5-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-6-methylpyrimidine (BW 197U) in human plasma has been developed. After extraction from alkaline medium into ethyl acetate the compound is injected into a gas-liquid chromatograph and measured using a 63Ni constant-current electron-capture detector. The range of concentrations measured was from 10 ng/ml to 10 microgram/ml in plasma. An internal standard was employed and reproducibility between replicates was found to be good. The method has been semi-automated by the use of an auto-sampler controlled by a minicomputer which also processes the data.", "contents": "Determination of 2,4-diamino-5-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-6-methylpyrimidine (BW 197U) in human plasma. A gas-liquid chromatographic method for the measurement of 2,4-diamino-5-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-6-methylpyrimidine (BW 197U) in human plasma has been developed. After extraction from alkaline medium into ethyl acetate the compound is injected into a gas-liquid chromatograph and measured using a 63Ni constant-current electron-capture detector. The range of concentrations measured was from 10 ng/ml to 10 microgram/ml in plasma. An internal standard was employed and reproducibility between replicates was found to be good. The method has been semi-automated by the use of an auto-sampler controlled by a minicomputer which also processes the data."}
{"id": "PMID:881463", "title": "Simple and rapid gas-liquid-solid chromatographic analysis of trace concentrations of acetaldehyde in urban air.", "content": "A simple and rapid gas-liquid-solid chromatographic method for the analysis of trace concentrations of acetaldehyde in urban air (in the Nagoya area) was developed, with the use of cold trapping with liquid oxygen. In the analytical main column the conditions were: stationary phase, Triton X-100 (0.4%); support, Carbopack B (60-80 mesh); glass column, 1.5 m X 3 mm I.D.; column temperature, 75 degrees; carrier gas (nitrogen) flow-rate, 50-80 ml/min. In the cold trapping pre-column the conditions were: stationary phase, Tris (2-cyanoethoxy) propane (25%); support, Shimalite (AW, DMCS) (60-80 mesh); glass column, 31 cm X 4 mm I.D.; operating temperature for the trapping, -183 degrees (liquid oxygen temperature); operating temperature for injection of the condensed sample into the gas chromatograph, increased from -183 degrees to +100 degrees for 2 min. The acetaldehyde peak was identified by the disappearance method with a 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine-orthophosphoric acid-glass beads column. The ranges and average concentrations of acetaldehyde detected in 13 urban air samples were 1.5-9.6 and 4.7 ppb, respectively.", "contents": "Simple and rapid gas-liquid-solid chromatographic analysis of trace concentrations of acetaldehyde in urban air. A simple and rapid gas-liquid-solid chromatographic method for the analysis of trace concentrations of acetaldehyde in urban air (in the Nagoya area) was developed, with the use of cold trapping with liquid oxygen. In the analytical main column the conditions were: stationary phase, Triton X-100 (0.4%); support, Carbopack B (60-80 mesh); glass column, 1.5 m X 3 mm I.D.; column temperature, 75 degrees; carrier gas (nitrogen) flow-rate, 50-80 ml/min. In the cold trapping pre-column the conditions were: stationary phase, Tris (2-cyanoethoxy) propane (25%); support, Shimalite (AW, DMCS) (60-80 mesh); glass column, 31 cm X 4 mm I.D.; operating temperature for the trapping, -183 degrees (liquid oxygen temperature); operating temperature for injection of the condensed sample into the gas chromatograph, increased from -183 degrees to +100 degrees for 2 min. The acetaldehyde peak was identified by the disappearance method with a 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine-orthophosphoric acid-glass beads column. The ranges and average concentrations of acetaldehyde detected in 13 urban air samples were 1.5-9.6 and 4.7 ppb, respectively."}
{"id": "PMID:881468", "title": "Extraction procedures for use prior to HPLC nucleotide analysis using microparticle chemically bonded packings.", "content": "In preparing nucleotide extracts for HPLC analysis using microparticle, chemically bonded packings, tri-octyl-amine-freon solutions can be used for the extraction of the acid from the solution if the concentration of the amine is carefully controlled.", "contents": "Extraction procedures for use prior to HPLC nucleotide analysis using microparticle chemically bonded packings. In preparing nucleotide extracts for HPLC analysis using microparticle, chemically bonded packings, tri-octyl-amine-freon solutions can be used for the extraction of the acid from the solution if the concentration of the amine is carefully controlled."}
{"id": "PMID:881471", "title": "Acute hormonal response to cigarette smoking.", "content": "Preliminary smoking studies using non-smokers were unsatisfactory because the subjects became obviously \"ill\" with nausea, pallor, sweating, etc. The rise in adrenocorticotropic hormone and growth hormone in these individuals could not be attributed to a cigarette effect as opposed to a nonspecific stress. A small number of female smokers seemed less consistent in their responses than did male subjects. The final study employing male, habitual smokers showed the following results: (1) A sharp rise in circulating cortisol occurred after two cigarettes which was maintained through the 2nd hour and fell slowly after the smoking period. (2) Circulating growth hormones also began to rise after two cigarettes, peaked at 1 hour, and then fell back to control levels while smoking continued. (3) Urinary catecholamines tended to be higher on smoking days than on nonsmoking days, but results were variable and of questionable significance. (4) Luteinizing hormone, follicle stimulating hormone, testosterone, and thyroid-stimulating hormone did not show any significant variations with smoking as compared to non-smoking.", "contents": "Acute hormonal response to cigarette smoking. Preliminary smoking studies using non-smokers were unsatisfactory because the subjects became obviously \"ill\" with nausea, pallor, sweating, etc. The rise in adrenocorticotropic hormone and growth hormone in these individuals could not be attributed to a cigarette effect as opposed to a nonspecific stress. A small number of female smokers seemed less consistent in their responses than did male subjects. The final study employing male, habitual smokers showed the following results: (1) A sharp rise in circulating cortisol occurred after two cigarettes which was maintained through the 2nd hour and fell slowly after the smoking period. (2) Circulating growth hormones also began to rise after two cigarettes, peaked at 1 hour, and then fell back to control levels while smoking continued. (3) Urinary catecholamines tended to be higher on smoking days than on nonsmoking days, but results were variable and of questionable significance. (4) Luteinizing hormone, follicle stimulating hormone, testosterone, and thyroid-stimulating hormone did not show any significant variations with smoking as compared to non-smoking."}
{"id": "PMID:881473", "title": "Urinary creatinine as an index of urinary excretion of estrogen in cows prepartum and postpartum.", "content": "Urine was collected from 55 cows via indwelling urinary catheters for periods of 12 h on different days (28 days prepartum to 60 days postpartum). Excretion of urinary creatinine (mg/h per kg bodyweight) among Holsteins increased from .94 on day 28 prepartum to  1.14 on day .5 postpartum and then decreased to .82 on days 30 to 45 of lactation. Excretion of creatinine among 12-h collections of urine on different days did not differ for groups of cows within periods prepartum and postpartum, and coefficients of variation within cows were 12 to 13%. Ratio of urinary estradiol (-17 alpha) to urinary creatinine was correlated (.93) more highly with its excretion based on volume of urine excreted than was its urinary concentration (.79) within periods prepartum and postpartum. Ratios of urinary metabolites to urinary creatinine rather than their concentrations should be used to express rates of excretion in cows' urine when urine excreted per hour is unknown. Moreover, daily rates of excretion of estradiol in urine can be estimated [ng estradiol/day = A X ng/mg urinary creatinine x kg bodyweight x 24 h, where A is average excretion of urinary creatinine (mg/h per kg bodyweight)] for respective days prepartum and postpartum.", "contents": "Urinary creatinine as an index of urinary excretion of estrogen in cows prepartum and postpartum. Urine was collected from 55 cows via indwelling urinary catheters for periods of 12 h on different days (28 days prepartum to 60 days postpartum). Excretion of urinary creatinine (mg/h per kg bodyweight) among Holsteins increased from .94 on day 28 prepartum to  1.14 on day .5 postpartum and then decreased to .82 on days 30 to 45 of lactation. Excretion of creatinine among 12-h collections of urine on different days did not differ for groups of cows within periods prepartum and postpartum, and coefficients of variation within cows were 12 to 13%. Ratio of urinary estradiol (-17 alpha) to urinary creatinine was correlated (.93) more highly with its excretion based on volume of urine excreted than was its urinary concentration (.79) within periods prepartum and postpartum. Ratios of urinary metabolites to urinary creatinine rather than their concentrations should be used to express rates of excretion in cows' urine when urine excreted per hour is unknown. Moreover, daily rates of excretion of estradiol in urine can be estimated [ng estradiol/day = A X ng/mg urinary creatinine x kg bodyweight x 24 h, where A is average excretion of urinary creatinine (mg/h per kg bodyweight)] for respective days prepartum and postpartum."}
{"id": "PMID:881474", "title": "Rumen bacterial urease requirement for nickel.", "content": "Lambs were fed a basal purified diet low in nickel (60 ppb) or the basal diet supplemented with 5 ppm of nickel to determine if rumen bacterial urease was a nickel-requiring enzyme. Two collection periods with lambs fed a diet in which all the nitrogen was supplied as preformed protein (casein) indicated that ruminal urease activity was much lower in lambs fed the low nickel diet. When 1% urea was added to the basal diet, urease activity increased slightly with both treatments; however, bacterial urease activity was still much higher in the lambs receiving 5 ppm of nickel. Ruminal volatile fatty acids were not influenced by dietary nickel. Ruminal urease requires nickel for maximal activity.", "contents": "Rumen bacterial urease requirement for nickel. Lambs were fed a basal purified diet low in nickel (60 ppb) or the basal diet supplemented with 5 ppm of nickel to determine if rumen bacterial urease was a nickel-requiring enzyme. Two collection periods with lambs fed a diet in which all the nitrogen was supplied as preformed protein (casein) indicated that ruminal urease activity was much lower in lambs fed the low nickel diet. When 1% urea was added to the basal diet, urease activity increased slightly with both treatments; however, bacterial urease activity was still much higher in the lambs receiving 5 ppm of nickel. Ruminal volatile fatty acids were not influenced by dietary nickel. Ruminal urease requires nickel for maximal activity."}
{"id": "PMID:881476", "title": "A Robertsonian translocation and its effect upon fertility in Brown Swiss cattle.", "content": "Metaphase chromosomes derived from leukocyte cultures of peripheral blood were observed in 299 head of Brown Swiss cattle. A Robertsonian translocation (centric fusion) was found in 31 of the animals. Estimated from this small sample 2.4% of animals of the Brown Swiss breed carry the translocation. Chromosome measurements and analysis of G-banded chromosomes proved inconclusive in identification of the homologue to the short arm of the translocation chromosome. The long arm was homologous to the longest acrocentric autosome. By C-banding, a single, small area of centromeric constitutive heterochromatin on the translocation chromosome indicated a single centromere. The translocation in Brown Swiss may be homologous to the 1/29 Robertsonian translocation in many other breeds of cattle. The translocation chromosome appeared to have segregated normally from its homologues. Aneuploid karyotypes were not observed. Analyses of breeding data failed to detect any decrease in fertility of translocation heterozygous females as compared to females of the normal karyotype. It would be premature to recommend a selection program against this translocation in Brown Swiss, but widespread use of sires heterozygous for the translocation should not be encouraged.", "contents": "A Robertsonian translocation and its effect upon fertility in Brown Swiss cattle. Metaphase chromosomes derived from leukocyte cultures of peripheral blood were observed in 299 head of Brown Swiss cattle. A Robertsonian translocation (centric fusion) was found in 31 of the animals. Estimated from this small sample 2.4% of animals of the Brown Swiss breed carry the translocation. Chromosome measurements and analysis of G-banded chromosomes proved inconclusive in identification of the homologue to the short arm of the translocation chromosome. The long arm was homologous to the longest acrocentric autosome. By C-banding, a single, small area of centromeric constitutive heterochromatin on the translocation chromosome indicated a single centromere. The translocation in Brown Swiss may be homologous to the 1/29 Robertsonian translocation in many other breeds of cattle. The translocation chromosome appeared to have segregated normally from its homologues. Aneuploid karyotypes were not observed. Analyses of breeding data failed to detect any decrease in fertility of translocation heterozygous females as compared to females of the normal karyotype. It would be premature to recommend a selection program against this translocation in Brown Swiss, but widespread use of sires heterozygous for the translocation should not be encouraged."}
{"id": "PMID:881477", "title": "Blood antigen, serum protein, and milk protein gene frequencies and genetic interrelationships in Holstein cattle.", "content": "Gene frequencies at ten blood group loci, one serum protein locus, and four milk protein loci were determined for the Holstein-Friesian breed in the United States. The sample consisted of 8630 cows in 51 herds from 10 states. Because of the close linkage among casein subloci and the concimitant rarity of crossover-recombinant groups, casein gene combination or haplotype frequencies were determined also. As one means of comparison of systems, indices of homozygosity and number of effective alleles were calculated. These indices were proposed also to be useful tools for monitoring changes in genetic variability of breeds. Genotypes within codominant systems and phenotypes associated with paired-system combinations generally were not randomly occurring. Paired system phenotypes within the sire sample corresponded much more closely to expectations of randomness.", "contents": "Blood antigen, serum protein, and milk protein gene frequencies and genetic interrelationships in Holstein cattle. Gene frequencies at ten blood group loci, one serum protein locus, and four milk protein loci were determined for the Holstein-Friesian breed in the United States. The sample consisted of 8630 cows in 51 herds from 10 states. Because of the close linkage among casein subloci and the concimitant rarity of crossover-recombinant groups, casein gene combination or haplotype frequencies were determined also. As one means of comparison of systems, indices of homozygosity and number of effective alleles were calculated. These indices were proposed also to be useful tools for monitoring changes in genetic variability of breeds. Genotypes within codominant systems and phenotypes associated with paired-system combinations generally were not randomly occurring. Paired system phenotypes within the sire sample corresponded much more closely to expectations of randomness."}
{"id": "PMID:881478", "title": "Incidence of clinical mastitis in a herd of Holstein cattle.", "content": "Incidence of clinical mastitis in 760 lactations of 331 Holstein cows was studied for effects of sire, parity, and month of calving. Incidence of clinical mastitis was higher in hind quarters than fore quarters. Positive correlations between number of cases in one quarter with number in other quarters and between proportion infected in one quarter and proportion infected in one quarter and proportion infected in others indicated that occurrence of mastitis in one quarter was associated with above average frequencies of mastitis in the other quarters of the same cow. Clinical mastitis increased with increase in lactation number up to fourth lactation.  Cows calving in January and February more frequently had mastitis than those calving in March and April.", "contents": "Incidence of clinical mastitis in a herd of Holstein cattle. Incidence of clinical mastitis in 760 lactations of 331 Holstein cows was studied for effects of sire, parity, and month of calving. Incidence of clinical mastitis was higher in hind quarters than fore quarters. Positive correlations between number of cases in one quarter with number in other quarters and between proportion infected in one quarter and proportion infected in one quarter and proportion infected in others indicated that occurrence of mastitis in one quarter was associated with above average frequencies of mastitis in the other quarters of the same cow. Clinical mastitis increased with increase in lactation number up to fourth lactation.  Cows calving in January and February more frequently had mastitis than those calving in March and April."}
{"id": "PMID:881479", "title": "Facility for exercising dairy cows.", "content": "That dairy cows housed in confinement might benefit if they were exercised during the dry period prompted development of a facility for exercising dairy cows. Two methhods of the exerciser, which consist of a circular lane and a driving mechanism powered by a variable speed electric motor, are described. A speed of 3.5 k, per h provides a steady but comfortable pace for pregnant dairy cows and heifers. Many animals refused to go at speeds greater than 5.5 km per h.", "contents": "Facility for exercising dairy cows. That dairy cows housed in confinement might benefit if they were exercised during the dry period prompted development of a facility for exercising dairy cows. Two methhods of the exerciser, which consist of a circular lane and a driving mechanism powered by a variable speed electric motor, are described. A speed of 3.5 k, per h provides a steady but comfortable pace for pregnant dairy cows and heifers. Many animals refused to go at speeds greater than 5.5 km per h."}
{"id": "PMID:881527", "title": "Food and economics.", "content": "A much-needed national food policy will encompass not only the recommendations of the nutritionist, but also those of the economist and the politician-generalist. Decisions and tradeoffs as to goals--as well as means of achieving them--must be made. Should elimination of malnutrition in the population be the overriding goal? Should freedom of choice be maximized? Should present food habits be accepted--or changed? The various objectives are not mutually compatible. For a viable policy to emerge, a blending of disciplines is necessary. The important thing is to ask the right questions of the right people--economic questions of the economist, nutritional questions of the nutritionist, and political questions of the politician. Then, the answers can be put together in a spirit of compromise rather than contentiousness.", "contents": "Food and economics. A much-needed national food policy will encompass not only the recommendations of the nutritionist, but also those of the economist and the politician-generalist. Decisions and tradeoffs as to goals--as well as means of achieving them--must be made. Should elimination of malnutrition in the population be the overriding goal? Should freedom of choice be maximized? Should present food habits be accepted--or changed? The various objectives are not mutually compatible. For a viable policy to emerge, a blending of disciplines is necessary. The important thing is to ask the right questions of the right people--economic questions of the economist, nutritional questions of the nutritionist, and political questions of the politician. Then, the answers can be put together in a spirit of compromise rather than contentiousness."}
{"id": "PMID:881528", "title": "Developing behaviorally anchored scales for rating dietitians' performance.", "content": "Behaviorally anchored rating scales were developed for dietitians, using a variant of the methodology of Smith and Kendall (3). Approximately thirty dietitians, representing administration, patient services, education, and community nutrition participated in the development. The job tenure of the participants ranged from one year to over twenty years. Seven dimensions were identified, and each was provided with a rating continuum containing eight or nine behavioral anchors. The dimensions and their definitions are listed, and one scale is presented.", "contents": "Developing behaviorally anchored scales for rating dietitians' performance. Behaviorally anchored rating scales were developed for dietitians, using a variant of the methodology of Smith and Kendall (3). Approximately thirty dietitians, representing administration, patient services, education, and community nutrition participated in the development. The job tenure of the participants ranged from one year to over twenty years. Seven dimensions were identified, and each was provided with a rating continuum containing eight or nine behavioral anchors. The dimensions and their definitions are listed, and one scale is presented."}
{"id": "PMID:881529", "title": "Conventional vs. formulated foods in school lunches. I. Comparison of students' food and nutrient intakes.", "content": "School lunches containing all conventional foods were designed to provide either one-third or one-half the Recommended Dietary Allowances for elementary students. The same nutrient goals were used in planning meals containing some formulated foods. Goals and specified portion sizes for first through third graders were distinct from those for fourth through sixth graders, and data from the two groups were maintained separately. Nutrients in meals and plate waste were analyzed to compare nutrient intake among the treatments. Formulated meals weighed less than control and conventional meals, and students ate higher percentages of both the weight and the nutrients served in formulated meals. Nutrient intake was higher when half the allowances was served, but waste was also higher.", "contents": "Conventional vs. formulated foods in school lunches. I. Comparison of students' food and nutrient intakes. School lunches containing all conventional foods were designed to provide either one-third or one-half the Recommended Dietary Allowances for elementary students. The same nutrient goals were used in planning meals containing some formulated foods. Goals and specified portion sizes for first through third graders were distinct from those for fourth through sixth graders, and data from the two groups were maintained separately. Nutrients in meals and plate waste were analyzed to compare nutrient intake among the treatments. Formulated meals weighed less than control and conventional meals, and students ate higher percentages of both the weight and the nutrients served in formulated meals. Nutrient intake was higher when half the allowances was served, but waste was also higher."}
{"id": "PMID:881530", "title": "Development of an automated form generating system for menu item data.", "content": "At the University of Missouri-Columbia, an Automated Form Generating System consisting of six computer programs was developed to generate the master menu, production forecast and usage forms, production worksheet, food order report, and selective menus for patients. In the initial testing of the programs, this computer-assisted system showed a 30 per cent reduction in time requirred by dietitians and clerks when compared with the manual system. Some expected benefits include ease in making menu changes, substantial reduction in errors, automatic updating of documents, and reduction in storage space for forms because documents will be generated just prior to a production week. The system will be implemented at a later date.", "contents": "Development of an automated form generating system for menu item data. At the University of Missouri-Columbia, an Automated Form Generating System consisting of six computer programs was developed to generate the master menu, production forecast and usage forms, production worksheet, food order report, and selective menus for patients. In the initial testing of the programs, this computer-assisted system showed a 30 per cent reduction in time requirred by dietitians and clerks when compared with the manual system. Some expected benefits include ease in making menu changes, substantial reduction in errors, automatic updating of documents, and reduction in storage space for forms because documents will be generated just prior to a production week. The system will be implemented at a later date."}
{"id": "PMID:881531", "title": "Organizational decisions for food procurement in hospitals.", "content": "Effective food procurement is an important foodservice management function and has been established as a complex managerial process facilitated through organizational decision-making. Although the importance of decisions made by dietetic professionals responsible for food purchasing is currently increasing because of world and national concerns, the findings of this survey revealed a gap between theory and practice of food procurement. Some trends were revealed concerning the academic preparation for food procurement in the curricula of various educational programs. Entry-level competencies in buying food need to be defined. To educate students to be competent in food procurement decisions, effective planning and working relationships among administrative personnel in hospital foodservice operations and college and university educators are necessary. The twenty criteria for effective food purchasing and the associated specific practices provide a basic approach for such effective planning and working relationships.", "contents": "Organizational decisions for food procurement in hospitals. Effective food procurement is an important foodservice management function and has been established as a complex managerial process facilitated through organizational decision-making. Although the importance of decisions made by dietetic professionals responsible for food purchasing is currently increasing because of world and national concerns, the findings of this survey revealed a gap between theory and practice of food procurement. Some trends were revealed concerning the academic preparation for food procurement in the curricula of various educational programs. Entry-level competencies in buying food need to be defined. To educate students to be competent in food procurement decisions, effective planning and working relationships among administrative personnel in hospital foodservice operations and college and university educators are necessary. The twenty criteria for effective food purchasing and the associated specific practices provide a basic approach for such effective planning and working relationships."}
{"id": "PMID:881532", "title": "Fortification of hamburger with calcium, vitamin A, and ascorbic acid.", "content": "Patties were prepared from ground beef--some with and some without calcium, vitamin A, or ascorbic acid, either singly or in various combinations. After cooking, the patties were mixed with buns and mayonnaise, ground, and then fed to weanling rats. No single added nutrient or combination of added nutrients seemed to affect flavor, texture, or cooking losses of fat or water. Fortification with calcium and ascorbic acid increased liver storage of vitamin A and decreased liver:body weight ratios.", "contents": "Fortification of hamburger with calcium, vitamin A, and ascorbic acid. Patties were prepared from ground beef--some with and some without calcium, vitamin A, or ascorbic acid, either singly or in various combinations. After cooking, the patties were mixed with buns and mayonnaise, ground, and then fed to weanling rats. No single added nutrient or combination of added nutrients seemed to affect flavor, texture, or cooking losses of fat or water. Fortification with calcium and ascorbic acid increased liver storage of vitamin A and decreased liver:body weight ratios."}
{"id": "PMID:881533", "title": "Stability of ascorbic acid in orange juice exposed to light and air during storage.", "content": "Single-strength orange juice prepared from three nationally available brands of frozen orange juice concentrate was analyzed for ascorbic acid after exposure to light and air for varying periods up to eighteen days. For two of the brands, brown, foil-covered bottles offered no greater protection against ascorbic acid loss than clear glass bottles. Storage time appeared to be a greater contributor to ascorbic acid loss than type of container in two brands. One brand showed both the effect of storage time and type of container, since the juice stored in the brown bottle lost significantly less ascorbic acid after the same period than juice stored in the clear bottle.", "contents": "Stability of ascorbic acid in orange juice exposed to light and air during storage. Single-strength orange juice prepared from three nationally available brands of frozen orange juice concentrate was analyzed for ascorbic acid after exposure to light and air for varying periods up to eighteen days. For two of the brands, brown, foil-covered bottles offered no greater protection against ascorbic acid loss than clear glass bottles. Storage time appeared to be a greater contributor to ascorbic acid loss than type of container in two brands. One brand showed both the effect of storage time and type of container, since the juice stored in the brown bottle lost significantly less ascorbic acid after the same period than juice stored in the clear bottle."}
{"id": "PMID:881553", "title": "Indirect fluorescence of primary and secondary myofibers in developing porcine muscle.", "content": "Cytochemical differentiation of two populations of developing skeletal myofibers has been demonstrated in fetal muscle with metachromatic fluorescence of ribonucleic acid and deoxyribonucleic acid by staining fresh frozed cryostat sections of developing porcine skeletal muscle with acridine orange (CL. 46005). Evidence is presented that supports the hypothesis that first-formed myofibers (primary myofibers) serve as a structural framework upon which myoblasts proliferate, fuse in linear sequence and give rise to a second population (secondary myofibers) of myofibers.", "contents": "Indirect fluorescence of primary and secondary myofibers in developing porcine muscle. Cytochemical differentiation of two populations of developing skeletal myofibers has been demonstrated in fetal muscle with metachromatic fluorescence of ribonucleic acid and deoxyribonucleic acid by staining fresh frozed cryostat sections of developing porcine skeletal muscle with acridine orange (CL. 46005). Evidence is presented that supports the hypothesis that first-formed myofibers (primary myofibers) serve as a structural framework upon which myoblasts proliferate, fuse in linear sequence and give rise to a second population (secondary myofibers) of myofibers."}
{"id": "PMID:881554", "title": "Human transfer factor prepared by dialysis, ultrafiltration and gel chromatography: biological activity in local transfer of skin sensitivity.", "content": "Human transfer factor (TF) was prepared by a variety of methods including dialysis using cellophane tubing, ultrafiltration through a membrane of known pore size. Sephadex G25 chromatography or combinations of some of these methods. In general the various preparations when injected locally into human skin gave greater delayed-type responses than antigen (PPD or Candida) alone. The combination of either vacuum dialysis, or ultrafiltration, with G-25 chromatography gave as good or better TF activity when compared with unchromatographed materials. Since ultrafiltration and concentration is rapid procedure and eliminates the need for freeze-drying, in contrast to vacuum dialysis against water, these results indicate that ultrafiltration and G-25 chromatography provide a convenient method for preparing large batches of relatively pure TF from leucocyte extracts.", "contents": "Human transfer factor prepared by dialysis, ultrafiltration and gel chromatography: biological activity in local transfer of skin sensitivity. Human transfer factor (TF) was prepared by a variety of methods including dialysis using cellophane tubing, ultrafiltration through a membrane of known pore size. Sephadex G25 chromatography or combinations of some of these methods. In general the various preparations when injected locally into human skin gave greater delayed-type responses than antigen (PPD or Candida) alone. The combination of either vacuum dialysis, or ultrafiltration, with G-25 chromatography gave as good or better TF activity when compared with unchromatographed materials. Since ultrafiltration and concentration is rapid procedure and eliminates the need for freeze-drying, in contrast to vacuum dialysis against water, these results indicate that ultrafiltration and G-25 chromatography provide a convenient method for preparing large batches of relatively pure TF from leucocyte extracts."}
{"id": "PMID:881555", "title": "Detection of circulating immune complexes in human sera by simplified assays with polyethylene glycol.", "content": "The search for circulating immune complexes by precipitation tests using polyethylene glycol (PEG) was performed on a series of normal and pathological sera. Various factors affecting PEG precipitation were studied. Immunoglobulins and complement factors percipitated by PEG (3.5%) were quantified and their significance was discussed in relation to serum levels. The PEG test was compared to labeled C1q binding test with a fairly good correlation. The direct evaluation of the amount of C4 precipitated with IgG by 3% PEG (C4 test) provided a simpler routine assay than the C1q binding test for detecting complement-fixing immune complexes. The direct PEG test and the C4 tests gave positive results in patients with diseases generally presumed to be associated with immune complexes including systemic lupus erythematosus, acute glomerulonephritis, bacterial sub-acute endocarditis and chronic acitve hepatitis. The demonstration of HBs antigen and antibody after acid dissociation of PEG precipitates from hepatitis B seronegative sera illustrated the fact that PEG does precipitate and thus concentrates circulating immune complexes.", "contents": "Detection of circulating immune complexes in human sera by simplified assays with polyethylene glycol. The search for circulating immune complexes by precipitation tests using polyethylene glycol (PEG) was performed on a series of normal and pathological sera. Various factors affecting PEG precipitation were studied. Immunoglobulins and complement factors percipitated by PEG (3.5%) were quantified and their significance was discussed in relation to serum levels. The PEG test was compared to labeled C1q binding test with a fairly good correlation. The direct evaluation of the amount of C4 precipitated with IgG by 3% PEG (C4 test) provided a simpler routine assay than the C1q binding test for detecting complement-fixing immune complexes. The direct PEG test and the C4 tests gave positive results in patients with diseases generally presumed to be associated with immune complexes including systemic lupus erythematosus, acute glomerulonephritis, bacterial sub-acute endocarditis and chronic acitve hepatitis. The demonstration of HBs antigen and antibody after acid dissociation of PEG precipitates from hepatitis B seronegative sera illustrated the fact that PEG does precipitate and thus concentrates circulating immune complexes."}
{"id": "PMID:881567", "title": "Ultrastructural studies of nuclei and nucleoli in psoriatic epidermis, compared with those in normal epidermis.", "content": "Quantitative and qualitative differences of the nuclear and nucleolar structures in normal and psoriatic (involved and uninvolved) epidermis were revealed with the electron microscope. The size of nuclei and nucleoli was increased, the frequency of nuclear bodies was increased, and the relative amount of heterochromatin was decreased in involved skin compared to normal or uninvolved skin. There was no significant difference between normal skin and uninvolved skin of psoriasis. In addition to these changes, multiple fibrillar centers within nucleoli and small masses of chromatin in the epidermal nucleoplasm were observed very frequently in involved skin, while rarely or not at all in normal and uninvolved skin. These results suggest that involved psoriatic keratinocytes have increased metabolic activity and abnormal protein synthesis, having undergone gene derepression.", "contents": "Ultrastructural studies of nuclei and nucleoli in psoriatic epidermis, compared with those in normal epidermis. Quantitative and qualitative differences of the nuclear and nucleolar structures in normal and psoriatic (involved and uninvolved) epidermis were revealed with the electron microscope. The size of nuclei and nucleoli was increased, the frequency of nuclear bodies was increased, and the relative amount of heterochromatin was decreased in involved skin compared to normal or uninvolved skin. There was no significant difference between normal skin and uninvolved skin of psoriasis. In addition to these changes, multiple fibrillar centers within nucleoli and small masses of chromatin in the epidermal nucleoplasm were observed very frequently in involved skin, while rarely or not at all in normal and uninvolved skin. These results suggest that involved psoriatic keratinocytes have increased metabolic activity and abnormal protein synthesis, having undergone gene derepression."}
{"id": "PMID:881568", "title": "Decreased thymidine incorporation in circulating leukocytes after treatment of psoriasis with psoralen and long-wave ultraviolet light.", "content": "Tritiated thymidine incorporation, a measure of DNA synthesis, was studied in circulating leukocytes from patients with widespread psoriasis who were being treated with photochemotherapy using oral 8-methoxypsoralen (8-MOP) and high-intensity, long-wave ultraviolet light (UVA). Seven of 13 psoriasis patients treated with photochemotherapy demonstrated a significant (p less than 0.05) reduction in leukocyte incorporation of tritiated thymidine immediately after UVA in comparison to incorporation before UVA. None of 10 control subjects treated with UVA alone demonstrated such reduction in leukocyte tritiated thymidine incorporation. Photochemotherapy thus affects circulating blood cells in some patients with psoriasis in addition to its therapeutic effect on epidermal cells. Further investigations are needed to determine the reasons for the differences in susceptibility to inhibition of leukocyte DNA synthesis among patients and the possible long-term consequences of such inhibition.", "contents": "Decreased thymidine incorporation in circulating leukocytes after treatment of psoriasis with psoralen and long-wave ultraviolet light. Tritiated thymidine incorporation, a measure of DNA synthesis, was studied in circulating leukocytes from patients with widespread psoriasis who were being treated with photochemotherapy using oral 8-methoxypsoralen (8-MOP) and high-intensity, long-wave ultraviolet light (UVA). Seven of 13 psoriasis patients treated with photochemotherapy demonstrated a significant (p less than 0.05) reduction in leukocyte incorporation of tritiated thymidine immediately after UVA in comparison to incorporation before UVA. None of 10 control subjects treated with UVA alone demonstrated such reduction in leukocyte tritiated thymidine incorporation. Photochemotherapy thus affects circulating blood cells in some patients with psoriasis in addition to its therapeutic effect on epidermal cells. Further investigations are needed to determine the reasons for the differences in susceptibility to inhibition of leukocyte DNA synthesis among patients and the possible long-term consequences of such inhibition."}
{"id": "PMID:881569", "title": "The induction of immune tolerance in delayed contact sensitivity by the use of chemically related substances of low immunogenicity.", "content": "Immune tolerance in delayed contact sensitivity to pentadecylcatechol can be induced by a series of derivatives substituted in the 6 position of the ring. Some of these derivatives have the property of being very poor sensitizers and having very low dermal toxicity. Thus, sensitization and tolerance have different biologic mechanisms and are associated with different properties of these chemicals.", "contents": "The induction of immune tolerance in delayed contact sensitivity by the use of chemically related substances of low immunogenicity. Immune tolerance in delayed contact sensitivity to pentadecylcatechol can be induced by a series of derivatives substituted in the 6 position of the ring. Some of these derivatives have the property of being very poor sensitizers and having very low dermal toxicity. Thus, sensitization and tolerance have different biologic mechanisms and are associated with different properties of these chemicals."}
{"id": "PMID:881570", "title": "Induction of human skin sensitization to ethanol.", "content": "In predictive skin sensitization tests, 50% aqueous ethanol induced delayed allergic skin reactivity in 6 of 93 human volunteers. This was confirmed 2 months after the primary challenge by producing an allergic response in each of the 6 with a single 24-hr application of 50% aqueous ethanol. Three of these reactive subjects also responded to lower concentrations of ethanol in water, and 2 of them still showed allergic reactivity 18 months later. Possible allergens other than the ethanol itself (i.e., an impurity or an ethanol-soluble component of the patch) were eliminated. Responses of 1 subject to ethanol that had been purified by gas chromatography confirmed that ethanol alone was the sensitizer. This subject also reacted to other short-chain primary alcohols, a secondary alcohol, and acetaldehyde, suggesting an antigenic relationship among all of these compounds in the skin. One of the authors, who had become sensitized to acetaldehyde, showed a similar pattern of cross-reactivity. Previous infrequent reports of ethanol sensitivity have been limited to case studies and diagnostic patch testing. This work provides evidence that a test designed to predict skin-sensitizing potential will identify even a weak sensitizer such as ethanol. Aqueous ethanol solutions approaching 50% concentrations should be avoided as vehicles in human predictive sensitization testing.", "contents": "Induction of human skin sensitization to ethanol. In predictive skin sensitization tests, 50% aqueous ethanol induced delayed allergic skin reactivity in 6 of 93 human volunteers. This was confirmed 2 months after the primary challenge by producing an allergic response in each of the 6 with a single 24-hr application of 50% aqueous ethanol. Three of these reactive subjects also responded to lower concentrations of ethanol in water, and 2 of them still showed allergic reactivity 18 months later. Possible allergens other than the ethanol itself (i.e., an impurity or an ethanol-soluble component of the patch) were eliminated. Responses of 1 subject to ethanol that had been purified by gas chromatography confirmed that ethanol alone was the sensitizer. This subject also reacted to other short-chain primary alcohols, a secondary alcohol, and acetaldehyde, suggesting an antigenic relationship among all of these compounds in the skin. One of the authors, who had become sensitized to acetaldehyde, showed a similar pattern of cross-reactivity. Previous infrequent reports of ethanol sensitivity have been limited to case studies and diagnostic patch testing. This work provides evidence that a test designed to predict skin-sensitizing potential will identify even a weak sensitizer such as ethanol. Aqueous ethanol solutions approaching 50% concentrations should be avoided as vehicles in human predictive sensitization testing."}
{"id": "PMID:881571", "title": "In situ identification of lymphoreticular cells in benign and malignant infiltrates by membrane receptor sites.", "content": "Immunologic membrane markers have been utilized for the in situ identification of lymphoreticular cells within lymphoreticular tissues and in inflammatory and neoplastic lymphoreticular infiltrates of the skin. Frozen sections were layered with untreated sheep red blood cells (SRBC) for the detection of the E receptor on T cells, SRBC coated with 7S antibody for the detection of the Fc receptor (IgGEA) and SRBC coated with 19S antibody and complement (IgMEAC) for the detection of the C3 receptor. In normal lymphoreticular tissue, IgGEA selectively bound to areas colonized by macrophages, IgMEAC to B-dependent areas, whereas E showed no adherence. In chronic lymphatic leukemia, a predominant and selective adherence of IgMEAC was found in lymphoreticular organs which supports the B-cell nature of the neoplastic cells; in leukemic reticuloendotheliosis a selective IgMEAC adherence was observed and this favors a monocytoid origin of the hairy cells. Adherence of any indicator cell was practically absent from skin infiltrates of mycosis fungoides, which represents an additional piece of evidence for the T-cell nature of this disease process. In psoriasis, a considerable binding of IgGEA was observed, whereas IgMEAC did not adhere at all. This result indicates that the lymphocytic part of the infiltrate in this disease consists mainly of T cells.", "contents": "In situ identification of lymphoreticular cells in benign and malignant infiltrates by membrane receptor sites. Immunologic membrane markers have been utilized for the in situ identification of lymphoreticular cells within lymphoreticular tissues and in inflammatory and neoplastic lymphoreticular infiltrates of the skin. Frozen sections were layered with untreated sheep red blood cells (SRBC) for the detection of the E receptor on T cells, SRBC coated with 7S antibody for the detection of the Fc receptor (IgGEA) and SRBC coated with 19S antibody and complement (IgMEAC) for the detection of the C3 receptor. In normal lymphoreticular tissue, IgGEA selectively bound to areas colonized by macrophages, IgMEAC to B-dependent areas, whereas E showed no adherence. In chronic lymphatic leukemia, a predominant and selective adherence of IgMEAC was found in lymphoreticular organs which supports the B-cell nature of the neoplastic cells; in leukemic reticuloendotheliosis a selective IgMEAC adherence was observed and this favors a monocytoid origin of the hairy cells. Adherence of any indicator cell was practically absent from skin infiltrates of mycosis fungoides, which represents an additional piece of evidence for the T-cell nature of this disease process. In psoriasis, a considerable binding of IgGEA was observed, whereas IgMEAC did not adhere at all. This result indicates that the lymphocytic part of the infiltrate in this disease consists mainly of T cells."}
{"id": "PMID:881572", "title": "Dimorphism of Pityrosporum orbiculare in a defined culture medium.", "content": "Dimorphism of Pityrosporum orbiculare was induced in an artificial culture medium which consisted of 0.05 M glycine in 0.03-0.06 M ammonium phosphate buffer (pH 5.6), salts, glucose, and Tween-80. Of the strains tested, 78 to 85% produced hyphal elements from up to 8.5% of yeast cells. Morphologic features of P. orbiculare in culture were examined by scanning electron microscopy and compared with the appearance of fungus from clinical lesions of tinea versicolor. Morphologically, the fungi obtained in vivo and in vitro were identical.", "contents": "Dimorphism of Pityrosporum orbiculare in a defined culture medium. Dimorphism of Pityrosporum orbiculare was induced in an artificial culture medium which consisted of 0.05 M glycine in 0.03-0.06 M ammonium phosphate buffer (pH 5.6), salts, glucose, and Tween-80. Of the strains tested, 78 to 85% produced hyphal elements from up to 8.5% of yeast cells. Morphologic features of P. orbiculare in culture were examined by scanning electron microscopy and compared with the appearance of fungus from clinical lesions of tinea versicolor. Morphologically, the fungi obtained in vivo and in vitro were identical."}
{"id": "PMID:881573", "title": "Early host cell-Molluscum contagiosum virus interactions.", "content": "Basal and suprabasal layers of human epidermis infected with the poxvirus Molluscum contagiosum have been examined with the technique of serial sectioning. Phagocytic vacuoles, formerly not observed in human epidermis, were found exclusively in the basal region. They did not fuse with other virus-containing vacuoles or with lysosomes to form digestive vacuoles. Various stages of uncoating, preceding ejection of the virus core into the cytoplasm, were observed in the virus-containing vacuole. Clusters of cores were commonly found close to or even associated with centriolar structures. Their possible interference with mitosis is discussed in relation to alterations observed in the plasma membrane. It is assumed that excision of gap junction elements precedes the induction of mitosis.", "contents": "Early host cell-Molluscum contagiosum virus interactions. Basal and suprabasal layers of human epidermis infected with the poxvirus Molluscum contagiosum have been examined with the technique of serial sectioning. Phagocytic vacuoles, formerly not observed in human epidermis, were found exclusively in the basal region. They did not fuse with other virus-containing vacuoles or with lysosomes to form digestive vacuoles. Various stages of uncoating, preceding ejection of the virus core into the cytoplasm, were observed in the virus-containing vacuole. Clusters of cores were commonly found close to or even associated with centriolar structures. Their possible interference with mitosis is discussed in relation to alterations observed in the plasma membrane. It is assumed that excision of gap junction elements precedes the induction of mitosis."}
{"id": "PMID:881574", "title": "A comparison of the glycosaminoglycans of weight-bearing and non-weight-bearing human dermis.", "content": "Twenty-six samples of human skin from three non-weight-bearing and 27 samples from three weight-bearing sites were obtained at autopsy from 11 subjects varying in age from 4 to 91 years. The dermis was idssected free of other tissues and after proteolytic digestion, the glycosaminoglycans were isolated quantitatively by ion-exchange chromatography. Analysis of the preparations showed that there was significantly more glycosaminoglycan in the dermis from weight-bearing sites (p less than 0.001). The major glycosaminoglycans were hyaluronic acid and dermatan sulfate with chondroitin sulfate as a minor component, but the relative proportions of these components were not significantly different in the two sets of samples (p greater than 0.1). It is suggested that the quantity of glycosaminoglycan in the dermis is influenced by the functional requirements of the dermis at that site.", "contents": "A comparison of the glycosaminoglycans of weight-bearing and non-weight-bearing human dermis. Twenty-six samples of human skin from three non-weight-bearing and 27 samples from three weight-bearing sites were obtained at autopsy from 11 subjects varying in age from 4 to 91 years. The dermis was idssected free of other tissues and after proteolytic digestion, the glycosaminoglycans were isolated quantitatively by ion-exchange chromatography. Analysis of the preparations showed that there was significantly more glycosaminoglycan in the dermis from weight-bearing sites (p less than 0.001). The major glycosaminoglycans were hyaluronic acid and dermatan sulfate with chondroitin sulfate as a minor component, but the relative proportions of these components were not significantly different in the two sets of samples (p greater than 0.1). It is suggested that the quantity of glycosaminoglycan in the dermis is influenced by the functional requirements of the dermis at that site."}
{"id": "PMID:881601", "title": "Follow-up studies in patients with right bundle branch block and left anterior hemiblock: significance of H-V interval.", "content": "Thirty-eight patients with right bundle branch block and left anterior hemiblock who had undergone His bundle recordings were prospectively followed for development of heart block. Twenty-five were male and thirteen female. Their ages ranged from 35 to 92 with an average age of 74 years. The mean follow-up period was 28.5 months (range 2-52 months). The H-V interval was 55 msec or less in 17 patients (Group A), between 56 and 75 msec in 13 (Group B), and more than 75 msec in eight (Group C). Ten patients (26%) died during the follow-up period. Of these, three were in Group A (mortality rate 8% per year), three in Group B 10% per year), and four in Group C (21% per year). None of the deaths in Groups A and B were sudden, while one possible sudden death occurred in Group C. Mode of death in one patient each from Groups B and C remained unknown. Heart block was not seen in any patient from Group A and B, while two patients from Group C progressed to complete heart block during the follow-up period. It is concluded that patients with right bundle branch block and left anterior hemiblock with prolonged H-V intervals tend to show a higher mortality when compared to those with normal H-V intervals. A definite risk of heart block exists in patients with H-V intervals of more than 75 msec.", "contents": "Follow-up studies in patients with right bundle branch block and left anterior hemiblock: significance of H-V interval. Thirty-eight patients with right bundle branch block and left anterior hemiblock who had undergone His bundle recordings were prospectively followed for development of heart block. Twenty-five were male and thirteen female. Their ages ranged from 35 to 92 with an average age of 74 years. The mean follow-up period was 28.5 months (range 2-52 months). The H-V interval was 55 msec or less in 17 patients (Group A), between 56 and 75 msec in 13 (Group B), and more than 75 msec in eight (Group C). Ten patients (26%) died during the follow-up period. Of these, three were in Group A (mortality rate 8% per year), three in Group B 10% per year), and four in Group C (21% per year). None of the deaths in Groups A and B were sudden, while one possible sudden death occurred in Group C. Mode of death in one patient each from Groups B and C remained unknown. Heart block was not seen in any patient from Group A and B, while two patients from Group C progressed to complete heart block during the follow-up period. It is concluded that patients with right bundle branch block and left anterior hemiblock with prolonged H-V intervals tend to show a higher mortality when compared to those with normal H-V intervals. A definite risk of heart block exists in patients with H-V intervals of more than 75 msec."}
{"id": "PMID:881602", "title": "Conduction disturbances in patients with mitral valve prolapse.", "content": "The electrocardiograms (ECGs) of 55 patients with mitral valve prolapse were analyzed. Twelve of these demonstrated conduction abnormalities. Five patients had first degree heart block. Three had the classic ECG changes of the Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome. Two patients had left anterior hemiblock, one of whom also had incomplete right bundle branch block. One patient had episodes of advanced atrioventricular block and periods of sinus arrest, which resulted in recurrent syncopal attacks. One patient had incomplete left bundle branch block. The presence of conduction disturbances points to the diffuse nature of the myocardial abnormality in mitral valve prolapse.", "contents": "Conduction disturbances in patients with mitral valve prolapse. The electrocardiograms (ECGs) of 55 patients with mitral valve prolapse were analyzed. Twelve of these demonstrated conduction abnormalities. Five patients had first degree heart block. Three had the classic ECG changes of the Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome. Two patients had left anterior hemiblock, one of whom also had incomplete right bundle branch block. One patient had episodes of advanced atrioventricular block and periods of sinus arrest, which resulted in recurrent syncopal attacks. One patient had incomplete left bundle branch block. The presence of conduction disturbances points to the diffuse nature of the myocardial abnormality in mitral valve prolapse."}
{"id": "PMID:881603", "title": "Polarcardiographic criteria for infarction evaluated by angiocardiography.", "content": "Out of a series of 1000 consecutive patients studied by angiocardiography, two groups were selected on the basis of the probability of having suffered myocardial infarction: an infarction group of 324 cases, and a non-infarction group of 112 cases. Members of the infarction group had complete occlusion of at least one major coronary artery; members of the non-infarction group had less than 50% occlusion in all coronary arteries, normal hemodynamics, and negative histories of infarction. The diagnostic performances of the independently-read 12-lead electrocardiograms (ECGs) and the polarcardiograms (PCGs) were evaluated in terms of sensitivity, specificity, validity and risk ratio. The performance of the ECG was significantly lower than the PCG. Corresponding figures were 56%, 99%, 67%, and 1.67 for the ECG, and 75%, 91%, 80%, and 2.23 for the PCG. There is a 99.9% probability that the PCG can detect at least 21% more cases of infarction than the ECG can.", "contents": "Polarcardiographic criteria for infarction evaluated by angiocardiography. Out of a series of 1000 consecutive patients studied by angiocardiography, two groups were selected on the basis of the probability of having suffered myocardial infarction: an infarction group of 324 cases, and a non-infarction group of 112 cases. Members of the infarction group had complete occlusion of at least one major coronary artery; members of the non-infarction group had less than 50% occlusion in all coronary arteries, normal hemodynamics, and negative histories of infarction. The diagnostic performances of the independently-read 12-lead electrocardiograms (ECGs) and the polarcardiograms (PCGs) were evaluated in terms of sensitivity, specificity, validity and risk ratio. The performance of the ECG was significantly lower than the PCG. Corresponding figures were 56%, 99%, 67%, and 1.67 for the ECG, and 75%, 91%, 80%, and 2.23 for the PCG. There is a 99.9% probability that the PCG can detect at least 21% more cases of infarction than the ECG can."}
{"id": "PMID:881605", "title": "Diagnosis of high posterior infarction: experimental study through the use of body surface isopotential maps.", "content": "This investigation was designed to diagnose high posterior infarction easily through the use of body surface isopotential maps. High posterior infarction was experimentally caused by ligation of the branch of the circumflex artery of the canine left coronary artery. Each dog had a series of maps recorded before and four weeks after experimentally induced myocardial infarction. The common features of maps in high posterior infarction are: 1) The positive area expanded into the dorsal surface so slowly that, in the middle stage of the ventricular depolarization, a large area of the dorsal surface was still covered by the negative area. 2) from the middle to the late stage, the absolute value of the minimum significantly decreased and absolute potential of the dorsal surface also significantly decreased. In conclusion, we propose that it is possibile to diagnose high posterior infarction through the use of maps.", "contents": "Diagnosis of high posterior infarction: experimental study through the use of body surface isopotential maps. This investigation was designed to diagnose high posterior infarction easily through the use of body surface isopotential maps. High posterior infarction was experimentally caused by ligation of the branch of the circumflex artery of the canine left coronary artery. Each dog had a series of maps recorded before and four weeks after experimentally induced myocardial infarction. The common features of maps in high posterior infarction are: 1) The positive area expanded into the dorsal surface so slowly that, in the middle stage of the ventricular depolarization, a large area of the dorsal surface was still covered by the negative area. 2) from the middle to the late stage, the absolute value of the minimum significantly decreased and absolute potential of the dorsal surface also significantly decreased. In conclusion, we propose that it is possibile to diagnose high posterior infarction through the use of maps."}
{"id": "PMID:881606", "title": "Genesis of body surface potential distribution in right bundle branch block.", "content": "In order to investigate the specific sites of conduction block in the three types (I, II, III) of right bundle branch block (RBBB) classified by body surface isopotential maps, the simulation of ventricular propagation process and mathematically reconstructed maps were used. Four assumptions were introduced from the results of clinical observations and animal experiments. The maps reconstructed from two of these assumptions, in which the conduction block was placed on the main stem of the right bundle branch, showed two different patterns at late stages of excitation, and these two kinds of map resembled Types I and II in clinical maps, respectively. The maps reconstructed from the other two assumptions, in which the site of the conduction block was located mainly in the Purkinje system of the right ventricular free wall, resembled Type I at the late stage of excitation in one of two assumptions and agreed with Type III through all stages of excitation in other case. Based on the above results, it is speculated that the differences of ranges and degrees of conduction block ascribed to abnormal activation in the Purkinje system of the right ventricular free wall are responsible for the genesis of clinical RBBB map patterns.", "contents": "Genesis of body surface potential distribution in right bundle branch block. In order to investigate the specific sites of conduction block in the three types (I, II, III) of right bundle branch block (RBBB) classified by body surface isopotential maps, the simulation of ventricular propagation process and mathematically reconstructed maps were used. Four assumptions were introduced from the results of clinical observations and animal experiments. The maps reconstructed from two of these assumptions, in which the conduction block was placed on the main stem of the right bundle branch, showed two different patterns at late stages of excitation, and these two kinds of map resembled Types I and II in clinical maps, respectively. The maps reconstructed from the other two assumptions, in which the site of the conduction block was located mainly in the Purkinje system of the right ventricular free wall, resembled Type I at the late stage of excitation in one of two assumptions and agreed with Type III through all stages of excitation in other case. Based on the above results, it is speculated that the differences of ranges and degrees of conduction block ascribed to abnormal activation in the Purkinje system of the right ventricular free wall are responsible for the genesis of clinical RBBB map patterns."}
{"id": "PMID:881607", "title": "Electrophysiologic properties of intravenous oxprenolol in man.", "content": "Electrophysiologic modifications produced by intravenous administration of 0.1 mg/Kg Oxprenolol were studied in 16 subjects with estimated normal impulse formation and conduction. Significant effects were sinus bradycardia, mild increase of sino-atrial conduction time, depression of intranodal conduction and prolongation of A-V node refractory periods. Sinus node recovery time and atrial refractory periods were unchanged. Infranodal conduction and the refractory periods of the His-Purkinje system, as well as of the bundle branches, were unchanged. These effects are compared with those observed after intravenous Propranolol and Prindolol.", "contents": "Electrophysiologic properties of intravenous oxprenolol in man. Electrophysiologic modifications produced by intravenous administration of 0.1 mg/Kg Oxprenolol were studied in 16 subjects with estimated normal impulse formation and conduction. Significant effects were sinus bradycardia, mild increase of sino-atrial conduction time, depression of intranodal conduction and prolongation of A-V node refractory periods. Sinus node recovery time and atrial refractory periods were unchanged. Infranodal conduction and the refractory periods of the His-Purkinje system, as well as of the bundle branches, were unchanged. These effects are compared with those observed after intravenous Propranolol and Prindolol."}
{"id": "PMID:881608", "title": "Multiple conduction defects with markedly prolonged ventricular depolarization in cardiomyopathy.", "content": "Electrophysiologic investigation of a diffuse and bizarre conduction abnormality in a patient with cardiomyopathy revealed profound slowing of the impulse in the right ventricular outflow region. The resultant 220 msec QRS duration is the longest reported in right bundle branch block.", "contents": "Multiple conduction defects with markedly prolonged ventricular depolarization in cardiomyopathy. Electrophysiologic investigation of a diffuse and bizarre conduction abnormality in a patient with cardiomyopathy revealed profound slowing of the impulse in the right ventricular outflow region. The resultant 220 msec QRS duration is the longest reported in right bundle branch block."}
{"id": "PMID:881609", "title": "Cardiac abnormalities in a female patient with hypogonadotropic hypogonadism with anosmia.", "content": "Hypogonadotropic hypogonadism with anosmia was found in a 38 year old female. Cardiac abnormalities were manifested by a second degree heart block as well as a conduction delay below the AV node. Striking T wave inversions developed in the absence of any symptoms. These changes probably reflect a central nervous system defect.", "contents": "Cardiac abnormalities in a female patient with hypogonadotropic hypogonadism with anosmia. Hypogonadotropic hypogonadism with anosmia was found in a 38 year old female. Cardiac abnormalities were manifested by a second degree heart block as well as a conduction delay below the AV node. Striking T wave inversions developed in the absence of any symptoms. These changes probably reflect a central nervous system defect."}
{"id": "PMID:881610", "title": "2:1 left bundle branch block in acute bacterial endocarditis with septal abscess.", "content": "This report presents an unusual type of conduction disturbance of the left bundle branch which appeared in a patient with acute bacterial endocarditis of the aortic valve in which the septum was also invaded. This is the first case found in which the partial left bundle branch block (LBBB) was of acute inflammatory origin. Other previously reported cases of this functional delay of the left branch were secondary to arteriosclerotic heart disease.", "contents": "2:1 left bundle branch block in acute bacterial endocarditis with septal abscess. This report presents an unusual type of conduction disturbance of the left bundle branch which appeared in a patient with acute bacterial endocarditis of the aortic valve in which the septum was also invaded. This is the first case found in which the partial left bundle branch block (LBBB) was of acute inflammatory origin. Other previously reported cases of this functional delay of the left branch were secondary to arteriosclerotic heart disease."}
{"id": "PMID:881611", "title": "Recurrent paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia: a complication of ventricular pacing in a patient with occult Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome.", "content": "A 60 year old man suffering from syncope believed to be due to the sick sinus syndrome was treated with a permanent demand ventricular pacemaker. This led to almost continous bouts of paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia (SVT) over the ensuing two years, mistakenly believed to be part of the sick sinus syndrome. Careful study showed that this man had a type A Wolff-Parkinson-White accessory atrioventricular connection which consistently conducted retrogradely, but only rarely antegradely, during applications of carotid sinus massage. Episodes of SVT were repeatedly induced whenever ventricular-paced impulses captured the atria retrogradely. All episodes of SVT stopped when the ventricular pacemaker was removed. Following insertion of an atrial pacemaker, the patient had no episodes of SVT or syncope over a nineteen month follow-up period. This case illustrates the care required in selecting a proper site for protective pacing in patients who suffer from paroxysmal SVT.", "contents": "Recurrent paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia: a complication of ventricular pacing in a patient with occult Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome. A 60 year old man suffering from syncope believed to be due to the sick sinus syndrome was treated with a permanent demand ventricular pacemaker. This led to almost continous bouts of paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia (SVT) over the ensuing two years, mistakenly believed to be part of the sick sinus syndrome. Careful study showed that this man had a type A Wolff-Parkinson-White accessory atrioventricular connection which consistently conducted retrogradely, but only rarely antegradely, during applications of carotid sinus massage. Episodes of SVT were repeatedly induced whenever ventricular-paced impulses captured the atria retrogradely. All episodes of SVT stopped when the ventricular pacemaker was removed. Following insertion of an atrial pacemaker, the patient had no episodes of SVT or syncope over a nineteen month follow-up period. This case illustrates the care required in selecting a proper site for protective pacing in patients who suffer from paroxysmal SVT."}
{"id": "PMID:881612", "title": "Stimulus similarity as a determinant of Pavlovian conditioning.", "content": "Three experiments carried out second-order Pavlovian conditioning using either similar or dissimilar first- and second-order stimuli. Experiments 1 and 2 used rat subjects in a conditioned suppression and an appetitive conditioning preparation, respectively. Experiment 3 used pigeons in an auto-shaping procedure. All three experiments were designed to identify the effects of similarity upon conditioning as distinct from its effects upon sensitization or stimulus generalization. Each experiment found superior conditioning when similar stimuli were paired. Several theoretical implications of these findings are discussed.", "contents": "Stimulus similarity as a determinant of Pavlovian conditioning. Three experiments carried out second-order Pavlovian conditioning using either similar or dissimilar first- and second-order stimuli. Experiments 1 and 2 used rat subjects in a conditioned suppression and an appetitive conditioning preparation, respectively. Experiment 3 used pigeons in an auto-shaping procedure. All three experiments were designed to identify the effects of similarity upon conditioning as distinct from its effects upon sensitization or stimulus generalization. Each experiment found superior conditioning when similar stimuli were paired. Several theoretical implications of these findings are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:881613", "title": "Bisection of temporal intervals.", "content": "Eight rats were trained to make one response if a signal was shorter than a criterion duration and a different response if the signal was longer than the criterion. When exposed to intermediate durations, the rats bisected the interval at the geometric mean and the difference limen divided by the geometric mean was a constant. The rats learned new temporal discriminations more easily when the response maintained its relative, rather than its absolute, meaning. These data were interpreted in terms of a model of an internal clock that included a clock, a criterion, and a response rule.", "contents": "Bisection of temporal intervals. Eight rats were trained to make one response if a signal was shorter than a criterion duration and a different response if the signal was longer than the criterion. When exposed to intermediate durations, the rats bisected the interval at the geometric mean and the difference limen divided by the geometric mean was a constant. The rats learned new temporal discriminations more easily when the response maintained its relative, rather than its absolute, meaning. These data were interpreted in terms of a model of an internal clock that included a clock, a criterion, and a response rule."}
{"id": "PMID:881616", "title": "Rolyadenylic acid [poly(A)] sequences associated with measles virus intracellular ribonucleic acid (RNA) species.", "content": "The kinetics of 3H-uridine incorporation into measles-infected Vero cells demonstrated that maximum virus-specific RNA synthesis occurred between 16 and 20 h after infection. Sedimentation analysis on sucrose gradients revealed the presence of four species of RNA having sedimentation coefficients 4S, 12 to 26S, 28 to 36S and 50S. Annealing studies showed that RNA sedimenting in the 12 to 36S regions was 100% complementary in base sequence to nucleocapsid 50S RNA, and at least 96% of the 50S genomic RNA was transcribed during virus replication. Polynucleotide binding experiments ane ribonuclease treatment indicated that poly(A) sequences were associated with the intracellular 12 to 26S, 28 to 36S and 50S RNAs. Denaturation of intracellular 50S RNA followed by sucrose gadient centrifugation demonstrated that this was a mixture of genomic 50S and heterogeneous RNAs which sedimented at 4 to 40S. The genomic RNA did not contain poly(A) sequences, and these are presumably associated with the heterogeneously sedimenting RNAs. The size of poly(A) sequences present on the 12 to 36S RNAs was estimated to be in the range of 70 to 140 nucleotides. Treatment of the 12 to 36S RNAs and their poly(A) sequences with polynucleotide phosphorylase indicated that the poly(A) was located on the 3' end of the RNAs, but that under the experimental conditions used this was protected by the secondary structure of the molecules.", "contents": "Rolyadenylic acid [poly(A)] sequences associated with measles virus intracellular ribonucleic acid (RNA) species. The kinetics of 3H-uridine incorporation into measles-infected Vero cells demonstrated that maximum virus-specific RNA synthesis occurred between 16 and 20 h after infection. Sedimentation analysis on sucrose gradients revealed the presence of four species of RNA having sedimentation coefficients 4S, 12 to 26S, 28 to 36S and 50S. Annealing studies showed that RNA sedimenting in the 12 to 36S regions was 100% complementary in base sequence to nucleocapsid 50S RNA, and at least 96% of the 50S genomic RNA was transcribed during virus replication. Polynucleotide binding experiments ane ribonuclease treatment indicated that poly(A) sequences were associated with the intracellular 12 to 26S, 28 to 36S and 50S RNAs. Denaturation of intracellular 50S RNA followed by sucrose gadient centrifugation demonstrated that this was a mixture of genomic 50S and heterogeneous RNAs which sedimented at 4 to 40S. The genomic RNA did not contain poly(A) sequences, and these are presumably associated with the heterogeneously sedimenting RNAs. The size of poly(A) sequences present on the 12 to 36S RNAs was estimated to be in the range of 70 to 140 nucleotides. Treatment of the 12 to 36S RNAs and their poly(A) sequences with polynucleotide phosphorylase indicated that the poly(A) was located on the 3' end of the RNAs, but that under the experimental conditions used this was protected by the secondary structure of the molecules."}
{"id": "PMID:881617", "title": "Metabolism of interferon: hepatic clearance of native and desialylated interferon.", "content": "The effect of removal of sialic acid on the survival of rabbit serum and urinary interferon (IF) has been investigated in isolate, perfused rabbit liver preparations. In contrast with native IF, which may be already partially desialylated. IF freed of 80 to 90% of its sialic acid was rapidly cleared from the perfusate of normal livers, or livers pre-treated with actinomycin D. The results suggest that the mechanism of IF catabolism by the liver is similar to that reported for several other circulating glycoproteins.", "contents": "Metabolism of interferon: hepatic clearance of native and desialylated interferon. The effect of removal of sialic acid on the survival of rabbit serum and urinary interferon (IF) has been investigated in isolate, perfused rabbit liver preparations. In contrast with native IF, which may be already partially desialylated. IF freed of 80 to 90% of its sialic acid was rapidly cleared from the perfusate of normal livers, or livers pre-treated with actinomycin D. The results suggest that the mechanism of IF catabolism by the liver is similar to that reported for several other circulating glycoproteins."}
{"id": "PMID:881618", "title": "Complementation of adeno-associated satellite virus (AAV) by temperature-sensitive mutants of adenovirus type 31.", "content": "Temperature-sensitive (ts) matants of human adenovirus type 31 were able to complement adeno-associated satellite virus (AAV) antigen production in both HEK and KB cells at both permissive and non-permissive temperatures. However, mutant ts 94, an adenovirus 31 mutant which produces apparently normal amounts of structural protein and DNA but is defective in maturation, was significantly inhibited in its ability to potentiate AAV infectivity at the non-permissive temperature. Normal AAV DNA and adenovirus DNA were isolated from co-infections with AAV and mutant ts 94 at the non-permissive temperature. We suggest that an adenovirus-coded maturation function common to both adenovirus and AAV maturation is defective in the ts 94 system.", "contents": "Complementation of adeno-associated satellite virus (AAV) by temperature-sensitive mutants of adenovirus type 31. Temperature-sensitive (ts) matants of human adenovirus type 31 were able to complement adeno-associated satellite virus (AAV) antigen production in both HEK and KB cells at both permissive and non-permissive temperatures. However, mutant ts 94, an adenovirus 31 mutant which produces apparently normal amounts of structural protein and DNA but is defective in maturation, was significantly inhibited in its ability to potentiate AAV infectivity at the non-permissive temperature. Normal AAV DNA and adenovirus DNA were isolated from co-infections with AAV and mutant ts 94 at the non-permissive temperature. We suggest that an adenovirus-coded maturation function common to both adenovirus and AAV maturation is defective in the ts 94 system."}
{"id": "PMID:881619", "title": "Isatin-beta-thiosemicarbazone causes premature cessation of vaccinia virus-induced late post-replicative polypeptide synthesis.", "content": "The effects of isatin-beta-thiosemicarbazone on vaccinia virus-induced polypeptide synthesis has been examined by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and autoradiography. The synthesis of pre-replicative and early post-replicative polypeptides proceeded normally in the presence of the drug; the onset of late post-replicative polypeptide synthesis occurred with normal timing under these conditions but the rate of synthesis of all virus polypeptides then declined rapidly.", "contents": "Isatin-beta-thiosemicarbazone causes premature cessation of vaccinia virus-induced late post-replicative polypeptide synthesis. The effects of isatin-beta-thiosemicarbazone on vaccinia virus-induced polypeptide synthesis has been examined by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and autoradiography. The synthesis of pre-replicative and early post-replicative polypeptides proceeded normally in the presence of the drug; the onset of late post-replicative polypeptide synthesis occurred with normal timing under these conditions but the rate of synthesis of all virus polypeptides then declined rapidly."}
{"id": "PMID:881620", "title": "The effect of cycloheximide on the replication of measles virus.", "content": "Treatment of measles virus-infected cells with cycloheximide results in a three-fold increase of 3H-uridine incorporation into the 12 to 36S mRNA species and in the inhibition of genomic 50S RNA synthesis. Consistent with these observations was the finding of a build-up of polyribosomes but an absence of nucleocapsids in the infected cells. These results suggest that measles virus RNA replication, but not transcription, is dependent upon active protein synthesis.", "contents": "The effect of cycloheximide on the replication of measles virus. Treatment of measles virus-infected cells with cycloheximide results in a three-fold increase of 3H-uridine incorporation into the 12 to 36S mRNA species and in the inhibition of genomic 50S RNA synthesis. Consistent with these observations was the finding of a build-up of polyribosomes but an absence of nucleocapsids in the infected cells. These results suggest that measles virus RNA replication, but not transcription, is dependent upon active protein synthesis."}
{"id": "PMID:881621", "title": "The relation of auditory, visual, and auditory-visual matching to reading performance of Israeli children.", "content": "Six same-different matching tests, both verbal and nonverbal, in three modalities, along with a set of reading tests, were administered to 120 Israeli children in second, third, and fourth grade. The main effect of all S variables, except sex (grade, socioeconomic level, and ability) were significant, as were the test factors of modality (visual, auditory, cross-modal) and form (verbal-nonverbal), but interactions between S and test factors were small. Multiple regression analysis revealed that overall matching test scores accounted for 35% of the variance in reading scores, although the additional contribution of specific subtests was negligible. Performance on the visual-visual tests was virtually perfect. Auditory-auditory matches were more difficult than auditory-visual matches with nonverbal stimuli, while the reverse was true with verbal stimuli.", "contents": "The relation of auditory, visual, and auditory-visual matching to reading performance of Israeli children. Six same-different matching tests, both verbal and nonverbal, in three modalities, along with a set of reading tests, were administered to 120 Israeli children in second, third, and fourth grade. The main effect of all S variables, except sex (grade, socioeconomic level, and ability) were significant, as were the test factors of modality (visual, auditory, cross-modal) and form (verbal-nonverbal), but interactions between S and test factors were small. Multiple regression analysis revealed that overall matching test scores accounted for 35% of the variance in reading scores, although the additional contribution of specific subtests was negligible. Performance on the visual-visual tests was virtually perfect. Auditory-auditory matches were more difficult than auditory-visual matches with nonverbal stimuli, while the reverse was true with verbal stimuli."}
{"id": "PMID:881622", "title": "The factorial structure of adolescent responses to a fear survey schedule.", "content": "The Wolpe-Lazarus Fear Survey Schedule was administered to a sample of 553 girls and 559 boys ranging in age between 12 and 18 years, and their responses were factor analyzed. The most prominent factors to emerge were those loading on items in the Social stimuli and Tissue damage categories. An analysis of frequency of response to schedule items indicated that this prominence was not a problem of item distribution in the schedule. The findings are discussed in relation to theoretical accounts of fears, and the author concludes that no one particular theoretical position can adequately account for the major findings.", "contents": "The factorial structure of adolescent responses to a fear survey schedule. The Wolpe-Lazarus Fear Survey Schedule was administered to a sample of 553 girls and 559 boys ranging in age between 12 and 18 years, and their responses were factor analyzed. The most prominent factors to emerge were those loading on items in the Social stimuli and Tissue damage categories. An analysis of frequency of response to schedule items indicated that this prominence was not a problem of item distribution in the schedule. The findings are discussed in relation to theoretical accounts of fears, and the author concludes that no one particular theoretical position can adequately account for the major findings."}
{"id": "PMID:881623", "title": "Effects of estrogen on prolactin and tuberoinfundibular dopaminergic neurons.", "content": "Serum prolactin concentrations and dopamine turnover in the striatum and median eminence were studied in male rats after the administration of estradiol benzoate. The alpha-methyltyrosine-induced reduction of dopamine concentrations in these brain regions was used to evaluate relative rates of turnover. Steady state dopamine concentrations in the median eminence and striatum were not altered by 1, 3 or 5 days of estradiol treatment. However, 3 or 5 days of estradiol administration enhanced dopamine turnover in the median eminence but not in the striatum. Estradiol treatment failed to alter dopamine turnover in the median eminence of hypophysectomized rats. Estradiol increased serum prolactin concentrations at all of the times examined. Although alpha-methyltyrosine also increased serum prolactin, this increase was further enhanced in estradiol-treated rats. The increased prolactin response to alpha-methyltyrosine and increased dopamine turnover in the median eminence of estradiol-treated rats suggests that tuberoinfundibular dopaminergic neurons may be part of a hormonal-neuronal negative feedback loop which functions to regulate prolactin secretion.", "contents": "Effects of estrogen on prolactin and tuberoinfundibular dopaminergic neurons. Serum prolactin concentrations and dopamine turnover in the striatum and median eminence were studied in male rats after the administration of estradiol benzoate. The alpha-methyltyrosine-induced reduction of dopamine concentrations in these brain regions was used to evaluate relative rates of turnover. Steady state dopamine concentrations in the median eminence and striatum were not altered by 1, 3 or 5 days of estradiol treatment. However, 3 or 5 days of estradiol administration enhanced dopamine turnover in the median eminence but not in the striatum. Estradiol treatment failed to alter dopamine turnover in the median eminence of hypophysectomized rats. Estradiol increased serum prolactin concentrations at all of the times examined. Although alpha-methyltyrosine also increased serum prolactin, this increase was further enhanced in estradiol-treated rats. The increased prolactin response to alpha-methyltyrosine and increased dopamine turnover in the median eminence of estradiol-treated rats suggests that tuberoinfundibular dopaminergic neurons may be part of a hormonal-neuronal negative feedback loop which functions to regulate prolactin secretion."}
{"id": "PMID:881629", "title": "Reaction of foetal tissues to intra-uterine subcutaneous injection of barium sulphate.", "content": "Subpannicular injection of sterile barium sulphate in newborn rabbits produces an acute inflammatory response which is clearly seen at 24 hr and is well established at 48 hr. The processes of repair has begun by the 4th day with the appearance of proliferating capillaries and fibroblasts. In rabbit foetuses both vascular and cellular components of the acute inflammatory response are more prominent and appear earlier than in newborn rabbits, being well developed within 24 hr. The process of repair also begins earlier, proliferation of capillaries and fibroblasts being already prominent by 48 hr. By the 4th day the lesion is compact, less cellular and relatively avascular.", "contents": "Reaction of foetal tissues to intra-uterine subcutaneous injection of barium sulphate. Subpannicular injection of sterile barium sulphate in newborn rabbits produces an acute inflammatory response which is clearly seen at 24 hr and is well established at 48 hr. The processes of repair has begun by the 4th day with the appearance of proliferating capillaries and fibroblasts. In rabbit foetuses both vascular and cellular components of the acute inflammatory response are more prominent and appear earlier than in newborn rabbits, being well developed within 24 hr. The process of repair also begins earlier, proliferation of capillaries and fibroblasts being already prominent by 48 hr. By the 4th day the lesion is compact, less cellular and relatively avascular."}
{"id": "PMID:881630", "title": "Morphological study of lesions induced by snake venoms (Naja naja and Agkistrodon piscivorus) in the lung and cremaster vessels of rats.", "content": "The morphological effects of two snake venoms, N. naja and A. piscivorus, and of the Direct Lytic Factor and Phospholipase-A, compounds purified from N. naja crude venom, were investigated on lung and cremaster vessels of rats. The microcirculation of the rat reacts to these two venoms differently: N. naja produces congestion, haemolysis and increased vascular permeability, whereas A. piscivorus causes these alterations, plus haemorrhage and thrombosis. Direct Lytic Factor elicits reponses similar to the N. naja venom but Phopholipase-A has no effect on the vessels. Phospholipase-A does not seem to potentiate the effects of Direct Lytic Factor on the cremaster vessels. The colloidal carbon technique showed that intrathroacic administration of N. naja venom results in a generalised permeability increase of pleural and subpleural capillaries and A. piscivorus injections provoke only carbon retention in capillaries at sites of localised haemorrhage. In cremasters treated with N. naja venom the carbon blackened the venules predominantly but in cremasters in which A. piscivorus venom was administered the carbon particles labelled both venules and capillaries. There was evidence that the main vascular action of the venoms is local and not systemic, that the permeability factors involved in these lesions are different and that the cremaster vessels are much more sensitive to these snake venoms than the pulmonary vessels. Electron-microscopic studies showed mesothelial and epithelial lesions in lungs and an early inflammatory reaction in the cremaster vessels with both venoms. Erythrocyte fragmentation was a constant feature in all vessels. Endothelial degeneration and capillary disintegration in lung and cremaster vessels were observed in animals treated with A. piscivorus venom.", "contents": "Morphological study of lesions induced by snake venoms (Naja naja and Agkistrodon piscivorus) in the lung and cremaster vessels of rats. The morphological effects of two snake venoms, N. naja and A. piscivorus, and of the Direct Lytic Factor and Phospholipase-A, compounds purified from N. naja crude venom, were investigated on lung and cremaster vessels of rats. The microcirculation of the rat reacts to these two venoms differently: N. naja produces congestion, haemolysis and increased vascular permeability, whereas A. piscivorus causes these alterations, plus haemorrhage and thrombosis. Direct Lytic Factor elicits reponses similar to the N. naja venom but Phopholipase-A has no effect on the vessels. Phospholipase-A does not seem to potentiate the effects of Direct Lytic Factor on the cremaster vessels. The colloidal carbon technique showed that intrathroacic administration of N. naja venom results in a generalised permeability increase of pleural and subpleural capillaries and A. piscivorus injections provoke only carbon retention in capillaries at sites of localised haemorrhage. In cremasters treated with N. naja venom the carbon blackened the venules predominantly but in cremasters in which A. piscivorus venom was administered the carbon particles labelled both venules and capillaries. There was evidence that the main vascular action of the venoms is local and not systemic, that the permeability factors involved in these lesions are different and that the cremaster vessels are much more sensitive to these snake venoms than the pulmonary vessels. Electron-microscopic studies showed mesothelial and epithelial lesions in lungs and an early inflammatory reaction in the cremaster vessels with both venoms. Erythrocyte fragmentation was a constant feature in all vessels. Endothelial degeneration and capillary disintegration in lung and cremaster vessels were observed in animals treated with A. piscivorus venom."}
{"id": "PMID:881631", "title": "Adult Niemann-Pick disease--a case report.", "content": "A case is presented of the rare adult form of Niemann-Pick disease occurring in a Cantonese. The diagnosis was verified by biochemical analysis of the affected tissues.", "contents": "Adult Niemann-Pick disease--a case report. A case is presented of the rare adult form of Niemann-Pick disease occurring in a Cantonese. The diagnosis was verified by biochemical analysis of the affected tissues."}
{"id": "PMID:881632", "title": "Humoral antibodies against spermatopoietic cells associated with mediastinal germinoma.", "content": "A case of mediastinal germinoma in a 21-yr-old male is reported. The neoplasm exhibited a morphology similar to that of a testicular seminoma and was heavily infiltrated by lymphocytes and plasma cells. Germinal centres were also present in lymph follicles. Humoral antibodies (IgG), specific for spermatopoietic tissue, were present in the patient's serum. Antibody titres declined after surgical removal of the germinoma over a period of 2 yr, and antibody is no longer detectable at the present time. The implications of this observation are discussed with regard to defence mechanisms of the tumour host, and to the histogenesis of these rare neoplasms.", "contents": "Humoral antibodies against spermatopoietic cells associated with mediastinal germinoma. A case of mediastinal germinoma in a 21-yr-old male is reported. The neoplasm exhibited a morphology similar to that of a testicular seminoma and was heavily infiltrated by lymphocytes and plasma cells. Germinal centres were also present in lymph follicles. Humoral antibodies (IgG), specific for spermatopoietic tissue, were present in the patient's serum. Antibody titres declined after surgical removal of the germinoma over a period of 2 yr, and antibody is no longer detectable at the present time. The implications of this observation are discussed with regard to defence mechanisms of the tumour host, and to the histogenesis of these rare neoplasms."}
{"id": "PMID:881633", "title": "The fine structure of human macrophage granules in sarcoidosis.", "content": "Human macrophages in the lesion of sarcoidosis contain cytoplasmic granules with an ordered paracrystalline substructure. Similar though less ordered granules are seen in human macrophages elsewhere. These appearances as well as the general ultrastructure of the cell are compatible with the view that these macrophages have a secretory function.", "contents": "The fine structure of human macrophage granules in sarcoidosis. Human macrophages in the lesion of sarcoidosis contain cytoplasmic granules with an ordered paracrystalline substructure. Similar though less ordered granules are seen in human macrophages elsewhere. These appearances as well as the general ultrastructure of the cell are compatible with the view that these macrophages have a secretory function."}
{"id": "PMID:881634", "title": "Transformation in the presence of metals of lymphocytes from patients with total joint prostheses.", "content": "A lymphocyte transformation test has been used to study metal sensitivity in patients receiving total joint replacements. In the case of nickel, very significant levels of transformation were obtained with lymphocytes from patients with positive patch tests for this metal. In the case of patch test negative recipients of total joint prosthesis an elevated index of transformation was found in seven out of 15. Transformation in the presence of cobalt was less striking and there was evidence of toxicity of the metal in doses used to obtain stimulation. In eight out of 12 patch test positive individuals a significant level of transformation was obtained. Two of the seven patients carrying joint prostheses who wwere also patch test negative gave an elevated index of transformation. The clinical implications of these results are discussed.", "contents": "Transformation in the presence of metals of lymphocytes from patients with total joint prostheses. A lymphocyte transformation test has been used to study metal sensitivity in patients receiving total joint replacements. In the case of nickel, very significant levels of transformation were obtained with lymphocytes from patients with positive patch tests for this metal. In the case of patch test negative recipients of total joint prosthesis an elevated index of transformation was found in seven out of 15. Transformation in the presence of cobalt was less striking and there was evidence of toxicity of the metal in doses used to obtain stimulation. In eight out of 12 patch test positive individuals a significant level of transformation was obtained. Two of the seven patients carrying joint prostheses who wwere also patch test negative gave an elevated index of transformation. The clinical implications of these results are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:881647", "title": "The physiologically relevant information regarding systemic blood pressure encoded in the carotid sinus baroreceptor discharge pattern.", "content": "1. The objective was to find out what kind of informatioon regarding systemic blood pressure is transduced by baroreceptors in vivo and how this information is coded in the receptor discharge. 2. Carotid sinus pressure, e.c.g., and receptor action potentials were recorded for fifty-two single fibre carotid sinus receptors found in twenty decerebrated unanaesthetized cats. 3. The inflation and gradual deflation of an intraaortic catheter tip balloon manipulated the blood pressure in the carotid sinus in a way as to define the full in vivo stimulus-response curve for each receptor. 4. Correlation coefficients were computed between stimulus and response variables for several points on the response curve of each receptor and for every possible combination of stimulus and response variables defined. 5. Stimulus variables were (a) systolic, (b) diastolic,, (c) mean, (d) pulse pressures and (e) peak positive dP/dt. Response variables were (a) average discharge rat, (b) peak instantaneous frequency, and (c) average burst frequency. 6. For every fibre in the sample only the correlations between systolic, diastolic and mean pressures vs. average discharge rate were consistently high and positive. All other correlations were numerically low and/or negative. 7. It was concluded that in vivo baroreceptors signal mainly pressure level (systolic, diastolic or mean) as opposed to pulse pressure or dP/dt, and that the average discharge rate is their best index of information content.", "contents": "The physiologically relevant information regarding systemic blood pressure encoded in the carotid sinus baroreceptor discharge pattern. 1. The objective was to find out what kind of informatioon regarding systemic blood pressure is transduced by baroreceptors in vivo and how this information is coded in the receptor discharge. 2. Carotid sinus pressure, e.c.g., and receptor action potentials were recorded for fifty-two single fibre carotid sinus receptors found in twenty decerebrated unanaesthetized cats. 3. The inflation and gradual deflation of an intraaortic catheter tip balloon manipulated the blood pressure in the carotid sinus in a way as to define the full in vivo stimulus-response curve for each receptor. 4. Correlation coefficients were computed between stimulus and response variables for several points on the response curve of each receptor and for every possible combination of stimulus and response variables defined. 5. Stimulus variables were (a) systolic, (b) diastolic,, (c) mean, (d) pulse pressures and (e) peak positive dP/dt. Response variables were (a) average discharge rat, (b) peak instantaneous frequency, and (c) average burst frequency. 6. For every fibre in the sample only the correlations between systolic, diastolic and mean pressures vs. average discharge rate were consistently high and positive. All other correlations were numerically low and/or negative. 7. It was concluded that in vivo baroreceptors signal mainly pressure level (systolic, diastolic or mean) as opposed to pulse pressure or dP/dt, and that the average discharge rate is their best index of information content."}
{"id": "PMID:881648", "title": "The physiological rhythms of subjects living on a day of abnormal length.", "content": "1. Fourteen subjects, singly or in groups, have been observed while living on a 21 hr day for 8 or 16 experimental 'days' and fifteen other subjects similarly on a 27 hr day. 2. Rhythmic components of body temperature and excretion of various urinary constituents were calculated. 3. On a 21 hr day, for most components and most subjects, two periods were present, one of 21 hr and one of around or somewhat over 24 hr. 4. On a 27 hr day two periods were less often present and a larger number of observed rhythms could be satisfactorily described by a single period, usually between 23 and 28 hr. 5. In subjects spending a second week on a 21 hr day the circadian component was no less prominent than during the first week. 6. When, after life on a 21 hr day, subjects were deprived of knowledge of time, there was evidence that the 21 hr component did not persist. 7. The results are interpreted as evidence of the continuing existance of an influence with a period of around 24 hr, simultaneously rhythmic influences resulting from the subjects' habits. On a 27 hr day there was sometimes evidence of entrainment, yielding an intermediate period. 8. An attempt is made to compare the relative potency of the exogenous and of the persistent circadian influences on the several variables.", "contents": "The physiological rhythms of subjects living on a day of abnormal length. 1. Fourteen subjects, singly or in groups, have been observed while living on a 21 hr day for 8 or 16 experimental 'days' and fifteen other subjects similarly on a 27 hr day. 2. Rhythmic components of body temperature and excretion of various urinary constituents were calculated. 3. On a 21 hr day, for most components and most subjects, two periods were present, one of 21 hr and one of around or somewhat over 24 hr. 4. On a 27 hr day two periods were less often present and a larger number of observed rhythms could be satisfactorily described by a single period, usually between 23 and 28 hr. 5. In subjects spending a second week on a 21 hr day the circadian component was no less prominent than during the first week. 6. When, after life on a 21 hr day, subjects were deprived of knowledge of time, there was evidence that the 21 hr component did not persist. 7. The results are interpreted as evidence of the continuing existance of an influence with a period of around 24 hr, simultaneously rhythmic influences resulting from the subjects' habits. On a 27 hr day there was sometimes evidence of entrainment, yielding an intermediate period. 8. An attempt is made to compare the relative potency of the exogenous and of the persistent circadian influences on the several variables."}
{"id": "PMID:881649", "title": "Eimeria galateai sp. n. from the Paradise Kingfisher, and Eimeria duncani sp. n. from the Sacred Kingfisher in Papua New Guinea.", "content": "Eimeria galateai sp. n. from the paradise kingfisher (Tanysiptera galatea Gray) and Eimeria duncani sp. n. from the sacred kingfisher (Halcyon sancta Vigors & Horsfield) have been described from Papua New Guinea. Four of 11 paradise kingfishers were infected with E. galateai oocysts, measuring 13 (11-16) X 9 (8-11) micron. The oocysts were ovoid with nipple-like protrusion at one pole. Micropyle and polar granule were absent, while oocyst residuum (5 X 4 micron) was present. Sporocysts, measuring 5 (4-6) X 2 micron, were elongate-ovoid, and had a distinct convex Stieda body; the sporocyst residuum was absent. Two of 9 sacred kingfishers were infected with ovoid-truncated, 22 (19-25) X 16 (12-18) micron oocysts of E. duncani. Polar granule (5 X 2) was present in the oocysts, but there was no micropyle or oocyst residuum. Sporocysts were ovoid, measuring 9 (8-10) X 5 (4-6) micron, with a prominent Stieda body, and granular sporocyst residuum. Eimeria galateai and E. duncani are the first species of this genus to be described from birds of the order Coraciiformes.", "contents": "Eimeria galateai sp. n. from the Paradise Kingfisher, and Eimeria duncani sp. n. from the Sacred Kingfisher in Papua New Guinea. Eimeria galateai sp. n. from the paradise kingfisher (Tanysiptera galatea Gray) and Eimeria duncani sp. n. from the sacred kingfisher (Halcyon sancta Vigors & Horsfield) have been described from Papua New Guinea. Four of 11 paradise kingfishers were infected with E. galateai oocysts, measuring 13 (11-16) X 9 (8-11) micron. The oocysts were ovoid with nipple-like protrusion at one pole. Micropyle and polar granule were absent, while oocyst residuum (5 X 4 micron) was present. Sporocysts, measuring 5 (4-6) X 2 micron, were elongate-ovoid, and had a distinct convex Stieda body; the sporocyst residuum was absent. Two of 9 sacred kingfishers were infected with ovoid-truncated, 22 (19-25) X 16 (12-18) micron oocysts of E. duncani. Polar granule (5 X 2) was present in the oocysts, but there was no micropyle or oocyst residuum. Sporocysts were ovoid, measuring 9 (8-10) X 5 (4-6) micron, with a prominent Stieda body, and granular sporocyst residuum. Eimeria galateai and E. duncani are the first species of this genus to be described from birds of the order Coraciiformes."}
{"id": "PMID:881650", "title": "Coccidia (Protozoa: Eimeridae) of the herbivorous mole-rat, Spalax leucodon Nordmann.", "content": "A survey of 96 herbivorous mole-rats, Spalax leucodon Nordmann, in Lalahan district of Ankara, Turkey, revealed the presence of 6 new species of coccidia. The species found, the shape and average length-width dimensions (in micrometers) of their oocysts, and the numbers of animals from which they were isolated were as follow: Eimeria lalahanensis sp. n., subspherical to ellipsoidal (20.3 X 12.5), from 10; Eimeria tuzdili sp. n., spherical to subspherical with radially striated oocyst wall, (20.5 X 16.5), from 3; Eimeria spalacis sp. n., ellipsoidal to cylindrical (16.3 X 9.8), from 90; Eimeria elliptica sp. n., ellipsoidal (14.3 X 10.1), from 8; Eimeria turkmenica sp. n., ellipsoidal (11.3 X 8.9), from 1; Isospora anatolicum sp. n., spherical (7.6 X 5.1), from 1 animal. The overall infection rate for 96 examined herbivorous mole-rats was 100%.", "contents": "Coccidia (Protozoa: Eimeridae) of the herbivorous mole-rat, Spalax leucodon Nordmann. A survey of 96 herbivorous mole-rats, Spalax leucodon Nordmann, in Lalahan district of Ankara, Turkey, revealed the presence of 6 new species of coccidia. The species found, the shape and average length-width dimensions (in micrometers) of their oocysts, and the numbers of animals from which they were isolated were as follow: Eimeria lalahanensis sp. n., subspherical to ellipsoidal (20.3 X 12.5), from 10; Eimeria tuzdili sp. n., spherical to subspherical with radially striated oocyst wall, (20.5 X 16.5), from 3; Eimeria spalacis sp. n., ellipsoidal to cylindrical (16.3 X 9.8), from 90; Eimeria elliptica sp. n., ellipsoidal (14.3 X 10.1), from 8; Eimeria turkmenica sp. n., ellipsoidal (11.3 X 8.9), from 1; Isospora anatolicum sp. n., spherical (7.6 X 5.1), from 1 animal. The overall infection rate for 96 examined herbivorous mole-rats was 100%."}
{"id": "PMID:881651", "title": "Five new species of Henneguya (Protozoa: Myxosporida) from ictalurid fishes.", "content": "Four new species of Henneguya (myxosporidan) are described from Ictalurus punctatus Rafinesque (channel catfish). They are as follows: Henneguya postexilis sp. n. and Henneguya longicauda sp. n. from the gills; Henneguya adiposa sp. n. from the adipose fin; and Henneguya diversis sp. n. from the liver, kidney, connective tissue of muscles and fins, and tumor-like external growths. Henneguya pellis sp. n. is described from the dermis of Ictalurus furcatus (LeSueur) (blue catfish). The development stages of all described species are discussed. Henneguya exilis Kudo was found on the gills of one I. punctatus; notes on its spore characteristics are presented.", "contents": "Five new species of Henneguya (Protozoa: Myxosporida) from ictalurid fishes. Four new species of Henneguya (myxosporidan) are described from Ictalurus punctatus Rafinesque (channel catfish). They are as follows: Henneguya postexilis sp. n. and Henneguya longicauda sp. n. from the gills; Henneguya adiposa sp. n. from the adipose fin; and Henneguya diversis sp. n. from the liver, kidney, connective tissue of muscles and fins, and tumor-like external growths. Henneguya pellis sp. n. is described from the dermis of Ictalurus furcatus (LeSueur) (blue catfish). The development stages of all described species are discussed. Henneguya exilis Kudo was found on the gills of one I. punctatus; notes on its spore characteristics are presented."}
{"id": "PMID:881652", "title": "Light and electron microscopic observations on encystment of Acanthamoeba palestinensis, Reich.", "content": "The ultrastructural changes occurring during encystment of acanthamoeba palestinensis have been investigated. The cyst wall consists of endocyst and exocyst, both having the same fine structure. At irregular intervals in the cyst wall ostioles occupied by opercula are present. The nuclear membrane forms bulb-shaped projections and releases vesicles bounded by double membranes into the cytoplasm. Dense nucleolus-like bodies of different sizes and variable numbers are found in the nucleus of every cyst. The importance of the cyst structure as a taxonomic criterion is discussed.", "contents": "Light and electron microscopic observations on encystment of Acanthamoeba palestinensis, Reich. The ultrastructural changes occurring during encystment of acanthamoeba palestinensis have been investigated. The cyst wall consists of endocyst and exocyst, both having the same fine structure. At irregular intervals in the cyst wall ostioles occupied by opercula are present. The nuclear membrane forms bulb-shaped projections and releases vesicles bounded by double membranes into the cytoplasm. Dense nucleolus-like bodies of different sizes and variable numbers are found in the nucleus of every cyst. The importance of the cyst structure as a taxonomic criterion is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:881653", "title": "Effect of chloramphenicol on bacterial endosymbiotes in a strain of Amoeba proteus.", "content": "The effect of chloramphenicol (CAP) on the bacterial endosymbiotes of a strain of Amoeba proteus was studied by growing the symbiotic amebae in media containing 0.5-1.6 mg/ml CAP for up to 4 weeks. Treatments with CAP caused such ultrastructural changes as expansion of the nuclear zone and deformation of symbiotes. The CAP treatment also damaged the mitochondria, e.g. disappearance of central and protrusion of peripheral cristae. Number of bacteria per ameba decreased to less than 10% of control in CAP-containing media, but no viable amebae became completely free of symbiotes. The results supported previous studies that amebae were dependent on endosymbiotes.", "contents": "Effect of chloramphenicol on bacterial endosymbiotes in a strain of Amoeba proteus. The effect of chloramphenicol (CAP) on the bacterial endosymbiotes of a strain of Amoeba proteus was studied by growing the symbiotic amebae in media containing 0.5-1.6 mg/ml CAP for up to 4 weeks. Treatments with CAP caused such ultrastructural changes as expansion of the nuclear zone and deformation of symbiotes. The CAP treatment also damaged the mitochondria, e.g. disappearance of central and protrusion of peripheral cristae. Number of bacteria per ameba decreased to less than 10% of control in CAP-containing media, but no viable amebae became completely free of symbiotes. The results supported previous studies that amebae were dependent on endosymbiotes."}
{"id": "PMID:881655", "title": "Piroplasms from Taiwanese rodents.", "content": "Piroplasms from naturally infected bandicoot rats, Bandicota indica (Hodgson), and spiny rats, Rattus coxinga (Swinhoe), from Taiwan caused parasitemias in a wide range of laboratory animals after syringe passage in laboratory rats. Bandicoot and spiny rats could be infected with heterologous piroplasms, but neither species was susceptible to infection with the Gray strain of Babesia microti (Fran\u00e7a). Nevertheless, the Taiwan piroplasms are probably a geographic strain of B. microti.", "contents": "Piroplasms from Taiwanese rodents. Piroplasms from naturally infected bandicoot rats, Bandicota indica (Hodgson), and spiny rats, Rattus coxinga (Swinhoe), from Taiwan caused parasitemias in a wide range of laboratory animals after syringe passage in laboratory rats. Bandicoot and spiny rats could be infected with heterologous piroplasms, but neither species was susceptible to infection with the Gray strain of Babesia microti (Fran\u00e7a). Nevertheless, the Taiwan piroplasms are probably a geographic strain of B. microti."}
{"id": "PMID:881657", "title": "The Plasmodium lophurae (avian malaria) ribosome.", "content": "Ribosomes were isolated from Plasmodium lophurae by Triton X-100 lysis and ultracentrifugation. Plasmodium lophurae ribosomal subparticles, produced by treatment of ribosomes with puromycin, were separated by sucrose gradient centrifugation. The nucleotide base composition of P. lophurae ribosomal RNA (rRNA) from intact ribosomes and subparticels was low in guanine-cytosine content (approximately 37% G + C) whereas the rRNA of the host cell (duck reticulocyte) was considerably higher (64% G + C). The rRNA of the malaria parasite was typically protozoan, with sedimentation values of 25S and 17S. In vitro, free parasites and malaria-infected red cells incorporated radioactive adenosine into both the large and the small plasmodial subparticles; label was also recovered in the 25S and 17S RNAs. These results suggest that host ribosomes do not contribute to ribosome biogenesis in this malaria, rather parasite rRNA is the transcription product of plasmodial cistrons.", "contents": "The Plasmodium lophurae (avian malaria) ribosome. Ribosomes were isolated from Plasmodium lophurae by Triton X-100 lysis and ultracentrifugation. Plasmodium lophurae ribosomal subparticles, produced by treatment of ribosomes with puromycin, were separated by sucrose gradient centrifugation. The nucleotide base composition of P. lophurae ribosomal RNA (rRNA) from intact ribosomes and subparticels was low in guanine-cytosine content (approximately 37% G + C) whereas the rRNA of the host cell (duck reticulocyte) was considerably higher (64% G + C). The rRNA of the malaria parasite was typically protozoan, with sedimentation values of 25S and 17S. In vitro, free parasites and malaria-infected red cells incorporated radioactive adenosine into both the large and the small plasmodial subparticles; label was also recovered in the 25S and 17S RNAs. These results suggest that host ribosomes do not contribute to ribosome biogenesis in this malaria, rather parasite rRNA is the transcription product of plasmodial cistrons."}
{"id": "PMID:881658", "title": "Carbohydrate effects of amino acid transport by Trypanosoma equiperdum.", "content": "Uptake of 14C-labeled alanine, glutamate, lysine, methionine, proline, and phenylalanine by Trypanosoma equiperdum during 2-minute incubations occurred by diffusion and membrane-mediated processes. Amino acid metabolism was not detected by paper chromatography of trypanosome extracts. Most of 18 carbohydrates tested for ability to alter amino acid transport neither changed nor significantly inhibited transport. Glucose, however, stimulated glutamate, lysine and proline transport; fructose stimulated lysine uptake and 2-deoxy-D-glucose increased phenylalanine and methionine absorption. No evidence was found that the carbohydrates acted by binding to amino acid transport \"sites.\" Glucose inhibition of alanine, phenylalanine, and methionine uptake was linked to glycolysis. The rapid formation of alanine form glucose stimulated alanine release and, when glycolysis was blocked, glucose no longer inhibited alanine transport. Methionine and phenylalanine release was also stimulated by glucose. Glucose changed the ability of lysine, glutamate, and proline to inhibit each others' uptake, indicating that certain amino acids are preferentially absorbed by respiring cells. Analysis of free pool amino acid levels suggested that some amino acid transport systems in T. equiperdum are linked in such a way to glycolysis as to control the cell concentrations of these amino acids.", "contents": "Carbohydrate effects of amino acid transport by Trypanosoma equiperdum. Uptake of 14C-labeled alanine, glutamate, lysine, methionine, proline, and phenylalanine by Trypanosoma equiperdum during 2-minute incubations occurred by diffusion and membrane-mediated processes. Amino acid metabolism was not detected by paper chromatography of trypanosome extracts. Most of 18 carbohydrates tested for ability to alter amino acid transport neither changed nor significantly inhibited transport. Glucose, however, stimulated glutamate, lysine and proline transport; fructose stimulated lysine uptake and 2-deoxy-D-glucose increased phenylalanine and methionine absorption. No evidence was found that the carbohydrates acted by binding to amino acid transport \"sites.\" Glucose inhibition of alanine, phenylalanine, and methionine uptake was linked to glycolysis. The rapid formation of alanine form glucose stimulated alanine release and, when glycolysis was blocked, glucose no longer inhibited alanine transport. Methionine and phenylalanine release was also stimulated by glucose. Glucose changed the ability of lysine, glutamate, and proline to inhibit each others' uptake, indicating that certain amino acids are preferentially absorbed by respiring cells. Analysis of free pool amino acid levels suggested that some amino acid transport systems in T. equiperdum are linked in such a way to glycolysis as to control the cell concentrations of these amino acids."}
{"id": "PMID:881659", "title": "Cinemicrographic analysis of cytoplasmic and nuclear events associated with germinal vesicle breakdown in rat oocytes exposed to LH in vitro.", "content": "Cinemicrography, with Nomarski differential interference optics, was used to study the motion of cytoplasmic organelles and events leading to germinal vesicle breakdown (GVB) in rat oocytes perfused with a defined medium with or without LH. Initially, cytoplasmic organelles, 0-3--1-5 micrometer diam., appeared to move randomly and were uniformly distributed. A gradually increasing vigour of organellar movement, saltatory translocation of organelles and discontinuous convergent flow of groups of organelles around the nucleus were observed. Ultimately, most of the organelles, which possessed several properties indicative of lysosomes, accumulated around the nucleus. In the presence of 5--6 micrograms LH/ml perfusate, GVB was usually complete by 80 min, whereas in the absence of hormone, or in the presence of LH + antiserum to LH, GVB took up to 130 min. A sudden slight decrease in nuclear size, undulating activity in the nuclear envelope, and the appearance of intranuclear filaments indicated imminent GVB. The appearance of spherical bodies at the nucleolar surface, and the subsequent mobilization and collapse of the nucleolus in the nucleoplasm, were advanced events in the nuclear response. It is suggested that LH promotes GVB trought activation of lysosomes.", "contents": "Cinemicrographic analysis of cytoplasmic and nuclear events associated with germinal vesicle breakdown in rat oocytes exposed to LH in vitro. Cinemicrography, with Nomarski differential interference optics, was used to study the motion of cytoplasmic organelles and events leading to germinal vesicle breakdown (GVB) in rat oocytes perfused with a defined medium with or without LH. Initially, cytoplasmic organelles, 0-3--1-5 micrometer diam., appeared to move randomly and were uniformly distributed. A gradually increasing vigour of organellar movement, saltatory translocation of organelles and discontinuous convergent flow of groups of organelles around the nucleus were observed. Ultimately, most of the organelles, which possessed several properties indicative of lysosomes, accumulated around the nucleus. In the presence of 5--6 micrograms LH/ml perfusate, GVB was usually complete by 80 min, whereas in the absence of hormone, or in the presence of LH + antiserum to LH, GVB took up to 130 min. A sudden slight decrease in nuclear size, undulating activity in the nuclear envelope, and the appearance of intranuclear filaments indicated imminent GVB. The appearance of spherical bodies at the nucleolar surface, and the subsequent mobilization and collapse of the nucleolus in the nucleoplasm, were advanced events in the nuclear response. It is suggested that LH promotes GVB trought activation of lysosomes."}
{"id": "PMID:881660", "title": "Effect of seminal prostaglandins on the metabolism of human spermatozoa.", "content": "Study of the effects of 19-hydroxy E prostaglandins on the metabolism of washed ejaculated human spermatozoa showed that these compounds depress the respiration of the spermatozoa, but do not affect the production of lactate. This effect is not seen with the prostaglandins of the E and F series.", "contents": "Effect of seminal prostaglandins on the metabolism of human spermatozoa. Study of the effects of 19-hydroxy E prostaglandins on the metabolism of washed ejaculated human spermatozoa showed that these compounds depress the respiration of the spermatozoa, but do not affect the production of lactate. This effect is not seen with the prostaglandins of the E and F series."}
{"id": "PMID:881661", "title": "Deciduogenic effect of prostaglandins in the pseudopregnant rabbit.", "content": "Intrauterine implants made of Silastic or wax and containing various additives, including prostaglandins (PGs), were used to characterize some of the factors involved in deciduogenesis in rabbits. Implants were inserted into uteri on Day 6 of pseudopregnancy and the response was assessed by light microscopy on Day 10. The surface area of decidual tissue in histological sections was employed as an index of the degree of decidualization obtained. PGE-2, PGF-2alpha and arachidonic acid each elicited a prominent decidual response, PGE-2 being most potent. Implants which released histamine or oestradiol-17beta had a very slight decidualizing effect in some females. Control implants and implants releasing dibutyryl cyclic-AMP had no deciduogenic influence. All implants, regardless of additive content, induced a symplasmic transformation of the uterine surface epithelium. It is concluded that PGs and the distension caused by the implant may be involved in deciduogenesis in the rabbit.", "contents": "Deciduogenic effect of prostaglandins in the pseudopregnant rabbit. Intrauterine implants made of Silastic or wax and containing various additives, including prostaglandins (PGs), were used to characterize some of the factors involved in deciduogenesis in rabbits. Implants were inserted into uteri on Day 6 of pseudopregnancy and the response was assessed by light microscopy on Day 10. The surface area of decidual tissue in histological sections was employed as an index of the degree of decidualization obtained. PGE-2, PGF-2alpha and arachidonic acid each elicited a prominent decidual response, PGE-2 being most potent. Implants which released histamine or oestradiol-17beta had a very slight decidualizing effect in some females. Control implants and implants releasing dibutyryl cyclic-AMP had no deciduogenic influence. All implants, regardless of additive content, induced a symplasmic transformation of the uterine surface epithelium. It is concluded that PGs and the distension caused by the implant may be involved in deciduogenesis in the rabbit."}
{"id": "PMID:881662", "title": "Effect of mepyramine, a histamine H1-, and burimamide, a histamine H2-receptor antagonist, on ovum implantation in the rat.", "content": "Systemic administration to rats of a combination of mepyramine, a histamine H1-, and burimamide, a histamine H2-receptor antagonist, over a period which included the time of implantation (late Day 5 to early Night 5), increased the number of blastocysts recovered from the uterus and reduced the number and intensity of Pontamine Sky Blue (PSB) sites obtained at autopsy on Night 5. Histological examination of the PSB sites taken on Night 5 from animals receiving the histamine antagonists revealed that the stromal oedema, which is characteristic of the attachment phase of pregnancy, had been inhibited.", "contents": "Effect of mepyramine, a histamine H1-, and burimamide, a histamine H2-receptor antagonist, on ovum implantation in the rat. Systemic administration to rats of a combination of mepyramine, a histamine H1-, and burimamide, a histamine H2-receptor antagonist, over a period which included the time of implantation (late Day 5 to early Night 5), increased the number of blastocysts recovered from the uterus and reduced the number and intensity of Pontamine Sky Blue (PSB) sites obtained at autopsy on Night 5. Histological examination of the PSB sites taken on Night 5 from animals receiving the histamine antagonists revealed that the stromal oedema, which is characteristic of the attachment phase of pregnancy, had been inhibited."}
{"id": "PMID:881663", "title": "Toxicity of exogenous fatty acid peroxides towards spermatozoa.", "content": "The toxicity of unsaturated fatty acids towards spermatozoa was shown to be directly related to their degree of peroxidation. The toxicity was manifested by an immediate arrest of motility and irreversible loss of respiratory and fructolytic activity. Repeated washing of spermatozoa, or the addition of fructose, lactate, or ATP, failed to restore these functions. The structural damage incurred as a result of the fatty acid peroxides was particularly evident in the acrosomal region. Partial protection from the adverse effects of these peroxides was provided by prior treatment of spermatozoa with dialysed egg yolk or milk, but tocopherol, albumin and mercapto-ethanol were ineffective. It is suggested that lipid peroxides or their degradation products, whether introduced exogenously or derived from the peroxidation of endogenous phospholipids in semen, constitute a potential hazard to the functional integrity of spermatozoa.", "contents": "Toxicity of exogenous fatty acid peroxides towards spermatozoa. The toxicity of unsaturated fatty acids towards spermatozoa was shown to be directly related to their degree of peroxidation. The toxicity was manifested by an immediate arrest of motility and irreversible loss of respiratory and fructolytic activity. Repeated washing of spermatozoa, or the addition of fructose, lactate, or ATP, failed to restore these functions. The structural damage incurred as a result of the fatty acid peroxides was particularly evident in the acrosomal region. Partial protection from the adverse effects of these peroxides was provided by prior treatment of spermatozoa with dialysed egg yolk or milk, but tocopherol, albumin and mercapto-ethanol were ineffective. It is suggested that lipid peroxides or their degradation products, whether introduced exogenously or derived from the peroxidation of endogenous phospholipids in semen, constitute a potential hazard to the functional integrity of spermatozoa."}
{"id": "PMID:881664", "title": "Damage to ram spermatozoa by peroxidation of endogenous phospholipids.", "content": "We examined the damaging effects on spermatozoa of endogenous phospholipid peroxidation brought about by aerobic incubation at 37 degrees C in the presence of 0-5 mM-ascorbic acid and 0-5 mM-FeSO4. As well as becoming immotile, such peroxidized spermatozoa also lost, through leakage, certain intracellular enzymes into the surrounding medium, on a scale resembling that produced by cold shocking non-peroxidized spermatozoa. Morphological observations revealed that peroxidation damaged the plasma membrane, particularly in the region of the acrosome. Further experiments showed that lipid peroxidation irreversibly abolished the fructolytic and respiratory activity of spermatozoa. The susceptibility of spermatozoa to peroxidation was greater when the cells were damaged before incubation with ascorbic acid and FeSO4. To some extent, peroxidation could be prevented, but not reversed, by the addition to sperm suspensions of dialysed egg yolk or dialysed bull seminal plasma. However, dialysed seminal plasma from ram, stallion or man had no protective effect.", "contents": "Damage to ram spermatozoa by peroxidation of endogenous phospholipids. We examined the damaging effects on spermatozoa of endogenous phospholipid peroxidation brought about by aerobic incubation at 37 degrees C in the presence of 0-5 mM-ascorbic acid and 0-5 mM-FeSO4. As well as becoming immotile, such peroxidized spermatozoa also lost, through leakage, certain intracellular enzymes into the surrounding medium, on a scale resembling that produced by cold shocking non-peroxidized spermatozoa. Morphological observations revealed that peroxidation damaged the plasma membrane, particularly in the region of the acrosome. Further experiments showed that lipid peroxidation irreversibly abolished the fructolytic and respiratory activity of spermatozoa. The susceptibility of spermatozoa to peroxidation was greater when the cells were damaged before incubation with ascorbic acid and FeSO4. To some extent, peroxidation could be prevented, but not reversed, by the addition to sperm suspensions of dialysed egg yolk or dialysed bull seminal plasma. However, dialysed seminal plasma from ram, stallion or man had no protective effect."}
{"id": "PMID:881665", "title": "Developmental effects of the uterine environment: dependence on fetal sex in rats.", "content": "Body weight was recorded as a function of intrauterine position for 20-day-old male and female rat fetuses from 83 normal litters. Male fetuses located in the middle of the uterine horn were invariably heavier than males located at the extreme ovarian or cervical positions, those at intermediate positions being intermediate in size. The mean body weight of male fetuses was inversely related to the number of fetuses present in the ipsilateral uterine horn. The body weight of female fetuses appeared independent of both intrauterine position and ipsilateral uterine occupancy. For both sexes, fetal body weight was inversely related to the number of littermates in the contralateral horn. Male fetuses were significantly larger than female fetuses under all but the most adverse intrauterine conditions. Therefore, random fluctuations in sex ratio may distort the true relationshp between mean fetal weight and intrauterine position, if the two sexes are not analysed separately.", "contents": "Developmental effects of the uterine environment: dependence on fetal sex in rats. Body weight was recorded as a function of intrauterine position for 20-day-old male and female rat fetuses from 83 normal litters. Male fetuses located in the middle of the uterine horn were invariably heavier than males located at the extreme ovarian or cervical positions, those at intermediate positions being intermediate in size. The mean body weight of male fetuses was inversely related to the number of fetuses present in the ipsilateral uterine horn. The body weight of female fetuses appeared independent of both intrauterine position and ipsilateral uterine occupancy. For both sexes, fetal body weight was inversely related to the number of littermates in the contralateral horn. Male fetuses were significantly larger than female fetuses under all but the most adverse intrauterine conditions. Therefore, random fluctuations in sex ratio may distort the true relationshp between mean fetal weight and intrauterine position, if the two sexes are not analysed separately."}
{"id": "PMID:881666", "title": "The effect of PMSG dose on the incidence of chromosomal anomalies in mouse embryos fertilized in vitro.", "content": "Chromosomal analysis of first-cleavage mouse embryos obtained by fertilization of TO eggs with TO spermatozoa in vitro revealed that the incidence of polyploidy was proportional to the dose of PMSG given to the donor females. The dose-response was shown to be linear, with the level of polyploidy rising from 8-0% with a PMSG dose of 1-5 i.u./female to 20-8% with 10-0 i.u./female. A total of 64 polyploid embryos was found among the 452 examined and in all cases the polyploidy was the result of polyspermy or fertilization by diploid spermatozoa.", "contents": "The effect of PMSG dose on the incidence of chromosomal anomalies in mouse embryos fertilized in vitro. Chromosomal analysis of first-cleavage mouse embryos obtained by fertilization of TO eggs with TO spermatozoa in vitro revealed that the incidence of polyploidy was proportional to the dose of PMSG given to the donor females. The dose-response was shown to be linear, with the level of polyploidy rising from 8-0% with a PMSG dose of 1-5 i.u./female to 20-8% with 10-0 i.u./female. A total of 64 polyploid embryos was found among the 452 examined and in all cases the polyploidy was the result of polyspermy or fertilization by diploid spermatozoa."}
{"id": "PMID:881667", "title": "Qualitative and quantitative examination of the proteins of rat uterine luminal fluid during pro-oestrus and pregnancy and comparison with those of serum.", "content": "Rat serum and uterine luminal proteins at two distinct endocrinological stages were analyzed electrophoretically. The quantitative relationships between the major macromolecular fractions were calculated from the densitometer scans. At pro-oestrus there was a marked increase in the total luminal proteins which was probably not due to transudation of serum into the lumen because of the presence of large amounts of two proteins, of approximate mol. wt 125,000 and 130,000, which were not detected in serum. Quantitative estimates of proteins of different molecular weight fractions in the fluids showed that there were considerable differences between the three fluids, indicating that the hormones do not merely induce a free passage of serum proteins into the lumen. On Day 5 of pregnancy there was a considerable lower amount of protein in the uterine lumen and qualitatively these proteins differed from those in serum and the uterine lumen at pro-oestrus.", "contents": "Qualitative and quantitative examination of the proteins of rat uterine luminal fluid during pro-oestrus and pregnancy and comparison with those of serum. Rat serum and uterine luminal proteins at two distinct endocrinological stages were analyzed electrophoretically. The quantitative relationships between the major macromolecular fractions were calculated from the densitometer scans. At pro-oestrus there was a marked increase in the total luminal proteins which was probably not due to transudation of serum into the lumen because of the presence of large amounts of two proteins, of approximate mol. wt 125,000 and 130,000, which were not detected in serum. Quantitative estimates of proteins of different molecular weight fractions in the fluids showed that there were considerable differences between the three fluids, indicating that the hormones do not merely induce a free passage of serum proteins into the lumen. On Day 5 of pregnancy there was a considerable lower amount of protein in the uterine lumen and qualitatively these proteins differed from those in serum and the uterine lumen at pro-oestrus."}
{"id": "PMID:881668", "title": "Radiolabelled rat uterine luminal proteins and their regulation by oestradiol and progesterone.", "content": "Radiolabelled uterine luminal proteins were obtained 6 h after instillation of 5--10 muCi [35S]methionine into the lumen of each uterine horn of rats. The proteins were analysed electrophoretically on 6% polyacrylamide gels and incorporation of the precursor into the separated proteins was estimated in 0-18 cm gel slices by scintillation spectrometry. Major incorporation was obtained on Day 5 of pregnancy in a group of proteins of approximate mol. wt 3 X 10(4), 4-5 X 10(4) and 5-5 X 10(4) and in proteins of mol. wt 8--10 X 10(4). During pro-oestrus, substantial incorporation of the precursor occurred in a group of protein of mol, wt 13-5 X 10(4), 12-5 X 10(4) and 7-5--8-0 X 10(4) and slight incorporation in proteins of mol. wt 4-5 X 10(4). These changes were mimicked in ovariectomized females by injections of appropriate steroids: progesterone and oestradiol were necessary to induce the proteins detected during pregnancy, oestradiol alone was able to reproduce the changes observed at pro-oestrus. The proteins in the lumen appear to be of uterine origin because radiolabelled serum proteins were not detected in the lumen after an i.p. injection of the isotope. Also, labelled proteins were detected in the horn receiving the isotope but not in the contralateral horn injected with saline. Cycloheximide, given i.p. simultaneously with the isotope but not in the contralateral horn injected with saline. Cycloheximide, given i.p. simultaneously with the isotope, suppressed synthesis of uterine proteins.", "contents": "Radiolabelled rat uterine luminal proteins and their regulation by oestradiol and progesterone. Radiolabelled uterine luminal proteins were obtained 6 h after instillation of 5--10 muCi [35S]methionine into the lumen of each uterine horn of rats. The proteins were analysed electrophoretically on 6% polyacrylamide gels and incorporation of the precursor into the separated proteins was estimated in 0-18 cm gel slices by scintillation spectrometry. Major incorporation was obtained on Day 5 of pregnancy in a group of proteins of approximate mol. wt 3 X 10(4), 4-5 X 10(4) and 5-5 X 10(4) and in proteins of mol. wt 8--10 X 10(4). During pro-oestrus, substantial incorporation of the precursor occurred in a group of protein of mol, wt 13-5 X 10(4), 12-5 X 10(4) and 7-5--8-0 X 10(4) and slight incorporation in proteins of mol. wt 4-5 X 10(4). These changes were mimicked in ovariectomized females by injections of appropriate steroids: progesterone and oestradiol were necessary to induce the proteins detected during pregnancy, oestradiol alone was able to reproduce the changes observed at pro-oestrus. The proteins in the lumen appear to be of uterine origin because radiolabelled serum proteins were not detected in the lumen after an i.p. injection of the isotope. Also, labelled proteins were detected in the horn receiving the isotope but not in the contralateral horn injected with saline. Cycloheximide, given i.p. simultaneously with the isotope but not in the contralateral horn injected with saline. Cycloheximide, given i.p. simultaneously with the isotope, suppressed synthesis of uterine proteins."}
{"id": "PMID:881670", "title": "The progesterone content of rabbit uterine flushings.", "content": "A detailed study has been made of the progesterone content of uterine flushings taken from rabbits of different endocrine states. A high content of progesterone was recovered from the uterine lumen of pregnant and pseudopregnant rabbits. The amount of progesterone recovered in the flushings was not simply dependent on the concentration in the plasma, because plasma progesterone concentrations rose before detection of progesterone in the flushings and remained high after uterine progesterone content had fallen. Progesterone did not appear in the uterine fluid unless uterine protein was present. This was particularly evident in rabbits treated with progesterone in which, despite abnormally high plasma concentrations, little progesterone was found in uterine fluid until the protein content increased. After treatment of rabbits with oestrogen at the time of ovulation, uterine progesterone was present in higher amounts concomitant with an elevation of protein content although the peak values of progesterone and protein were delayed by 2--3 days. Plasma progesterone concentrations of about 5 ng/ml were necessary before progesterone appeared in the uterine lumen.", "contents": "The progesterone content of rabbit uterine flushings. A detailed study has been made of the progesterone content of uterine flushings taken from rabbits of different endocrine states. A high content of progesterone was recovered from the uterine lumen of pregnant and pseudopregnant rabbits. The amount of progesterone recovered in the flushings was not simply dependent on the concentration in the plasma, because plasma progesterone concentrations rose before detection of progesterone in the flushings and remained high after uterine progesterone content had fallen. Progesterone did not appear in the uterine fluid unless uterine protein was present. This was particularly evident in rabbits treated with progesterone in which, despite abnormally high plasma concentrations, little progesterone was found in uterine fluid until the protein content increased. After treatment of rabbits with oestrogen at the time of ovulation, uterine progesterone was present in higher amounts concomitant with an elevation of protein content although the peak values of progesterone and protein were delayed by 2--3 days. Plasma progesterone concentrations of about 5 ng/ml were necessary before progesterone appeared in the uterine lumen."}
{"id": "PMID:881686", "title": "Selection of patients for Tuboplasty.", "content": "Nonoperative techniques for measuring tubal patency and interpretation of their findings can be misleading. Laparoscopic study of infertile women who have abnormal fallopian tubes should always be a prerequisite of tuboplasty. Observations must be accompanied by intrauterine injection of adequate amounts of dye and gentle tubal manipulations. These efforts will help eliminate attempts to reconstruct nonsalvageable tubes. Successful term pregnancy following tuboplasty is related to the extent of tubal damage as well as the operative technique and postoperative management.", "contents": "Selection of patients for Tuboplasty. Nonoperative techniques for measuring tubal patency and interpretation of their findings can be misleading. Laparoscopic study of infertile women who have abnormal fallopian tubes should always be a prerequisite of tuboplasty. Observations must be accompanied by intrauterine injection of adequate amounts of dye and gentle tubal manipulations. These efforts will help eliminate attempts to reconstruct nonsalvageable tubes. Successful term pregnancy following tuboplasty is related to the extent of tubal damage as well as the operative technique and postoperative management."}
{"id": "PMID:881689", "title": "Arthritis after jejunoileostomy for intractable obesity.", "content": "Joint symptoms developed in six of 33 patients (18%) who had jejunoileostomy as treatment for intractable obesity. These consisted of single or recurrent attacks of polyarthritis or arthralgias, primarily in large joints. The histocompatibility antigen, HL-A B27, was not present in these patients. Most attacks responded to simple analgesic agents, but a trial of tetracycline in one patient failed to relieve joint symptoms. This arthropathy seems to differ from that which has been reported after jejunocolostomy.", "contents": "Arthritis after jejunoileostomy for intractable obesity. Joint symptoms developed in six of 33 patients (18%) who had jejunoileostomy as treatment for intractable obesity. These consisted of single or recurrent attacks of polyarthritis or arthralgias, primarily in large joints. The histocompatibility antigen, HL-A B27, was not present in these patients. Most attacks responded to simple analgesic agents, but a trial of tetracycline in one patient failed to relieve joint symptoms. This arthropathy seems to differ from that which has been reported after jejunocolostomy."}
{"id": "PMID:881690", "title": "Free DNA in the serum of rheumatoid arthritis patients.", "content": "Seventy patients with classical or definite rheumatoid arthritis (RA) were studied in an attempt to correlate the serum levels of free DNA with other features. In 26 patients (37%), levels of DNA ranging from 100-540 ng/ml, with a mean of 187 ng/ml, were found. In additional seven patients with a mean of 257 ng/ml, low levels of anti-DNA-antibody were observed. The remaining of 37 patients (53%) had levels of 0-80 ng/ml in their sera, with a mean of 39 ng/ml. All three groups differed significantly (p less than 0.01) from the control group of 61 healthy individuals, who had levels of 0-80 ng/ml with a mean of 13 ng/ml. The high levels of free DNA were commonly found in patients with more severe symptoms who had active RA for less than 10 years, whereas patients with longer duration of disease showed lower levels of DNA. In addition, elevated DNA levels were found more commonly in patients seronegative for rheumatoid factor (RF). Other clinical features did not show significant differences among these patients. The implications of these findings to the pathogenesis of the disease are discussed.", "contents": "Free DNA in the serum of rheumatoid arthritis patients. Seventy patients with classical or definite rheumatoid arthritis (RA) were studied in an attempt to correlate the serum levels of free DNA with other features. In 26 patients (37%), levels of DNA ranging from 100-540 ng/ml, with a mean of 187 ng/ml, were found. In additional seven patients with a mean of 257 ng/ml, low levels of anti-DNA-antibody were observed. The remaining of 37 patients (53%) had levels of 0-80 ng/ml in their sera, with a mean of 39 ng/ml. All three groups differed significantly (p less than 0.01) from the control group of 61 healthy individuals, who had levels of 0-80 ng/ml with a mean of 13 ng/ml. The high levels of free DNA were commonly found in patients with more severe symptoms who had active RA for less than 10 years, whereas patients with longer duration of disease showed lower levels of DNA. In addition, elevated DNA levels were found more commonly in patients seronegative for rheumatoid factor (RF). Other clinical features did not show significant differences among these patients. The implications of these findings to the pathogenesis of the disease are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:881691", "title": "\"Independent assessor\" and \"pooled index\" as techniques for measuring treatment effects in rheumatoid arthritis.", "content": "To conduct studies of therapy of rheumatoid patients at the primary care level two new assessment techniques were developed. The \"independent assessor\" (IA) was a nonmedical person trained to gather information using a questionnaire, a guided count of tender joints, grip strength, and blood tests. The \"polled index\" was a statistical device for summarizing all abailable information, constructed by transformation of various clinical measures of treatment effects to a common scale, based on standard deviation units. A validation study is reported, which involved 33 rheumatoid patients, each studied by four trained observers plus the IA, before and after 10 days of hospital therapy. Major gains in sensitivity and reliability were achieved by the pooled index. The IAs total assessment provided 84% of the information available in the pooled index, and was more sensitive and reliable than any other single clinical measure. The efficacy of a brief period of hospital therapy for rheumatoid patients was also strikingly demonstrated.", "contents": "\"Independent assessor\" and \"pooled index\" as techniques for measuring treatment effects in rheumatoid arthritis. To conduct studies of therapy of rheumatoid patients at the primary care level two new assessment techniques were developed. The \"independent assessor\" (IA) was a nonmedical person trained to gather information using a questionnaire, a guided count of tender joints, grip strength, and blood tests. The \"polled index\" was a statistical device for summarizing all abailable information, constructed by transformation of various clinical measures of treatment effects to a common scale, based on standard deviation units. A validation study is reported, which involved 33 rheumatoid patients, each studied by four trained observers plus the IA, before and after 10 days of hospital therapy. Major gains in sensitivity and reliability were achieved by the pooled index. The IAs total assessment provided 84% of the information available in the pooled index, and was more sensitive and reliable than any other single clinical measure. The efficacy of a brief period of hospital therapy for rheumatoid patients was also strikingly demonstrated."}
{"id": "PMID:881692", "title": "Conversion of discoid lupus erythematosus to mixed connective tissue disease.", "content": "The progression from discoid lupus erythematosus (DLE) to severe systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is rare. Two patients with DLE for five and 10 years eventually developed systemic involvement with clinical features of mixed connective tissue disease (MCTD). Both patients had high titer serum antibody to ribonucleoprotein (RNP) and epidermal nuclear staining on direct immunofluorescence of normal skin. Neither patient had renal disease but one patient developed pulmonary involvement. This observation suggests that patients with DLE and the Raynaud phenomenon may have a connective tissue disease subset characterized by anti-RNP, the immunologic marker for MCTC.", "contents": "Conversion of discoid lupus erythematosus to mixed connective tissue disease. The progression from discoid lupus erythematosus (DLE) to severe systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is rare. Two patients with DLE for five and 10 years eventually developed systemic involvement with clinical features of mixed connective tissue disease (MCTD). Both patients had high titer serum antibody to ribonucleoprotein (RNP) and epidermal nuclear staining on direct immunofluorescence of normal skin. Neither patient had renal disease but one patient developed pulmonary involvement. This observation suggests that patients with DLE and the Raynaud phenomenon may have a connective tissue disease subset characterized by anti-RNP, the immunologic marker for MCTC."}
{"id": "PMID:881693", "title": "The fixed lupus hand deformity and its surgical correction.", "content": "In a prospective study of 125 patients with SLE, three females developed fixed hand deformities. All had arthritis for more than 10 years, and had been treated with a mean daily dose of 15 mg of prednisone. The hand deformities consisted of irreducible metacarpophalangeal (MCP) subluxation and/or dislocation without erosion or destruction of the MCP joints, resulting in hyperflexion of the fingers in the palm. Two patients had dislocation of the carpometacarpal joints in both hands. On patient developed reducible swan-neck deformities in the second to fifth fingers of both hands and a second patient developed Boutonniere deformities in two fingers of one hand and clinodactyly of both fifth fingers. Because the deformity at the MCP joints resulted from soft tissue contractures in the intrinsics and long flexors, and because the cartilage of the MCP joint was preserved, a joint replacement was not considered. Metacarpal osteotomy and shortening was performed to decompress the contracted soft tissues. At follow-up (18-96 months), the hands remained corrected and all patients were able to perform normal activities.", "contents": "The fixed lupus hand deformity and its surgical correction. In a prospective study of 125 patients with SLE, three females developed fixed hand deformities. All had arthritis for more than 10 years, and had been treated with a mean daily dose of 15 mg of prednisone. The hand deformities consisted of irreducible metacarpophalangeal (MCP) subluxation and/or dislocation without erosion or destruction of the MCP joints, resulting in hyperflexion of the fingers in the palm. Two patients had dislocation of the carpometacarpal joints in both hands. On patient developed reducible swan-neck deformities in the second to fifth fingers of both hands and a second patient developed Boutonniere deformities in two fingers of one hand and clinodactyly of both fifth fingers. Because the deformity at the MCP joints resulted from soft tissue contractures in the intrinsics and long flexors, and because the cartilage of the MCP joint was preserved, a joint replacement was not considered. Metacarpal osteotomy and shortening was performed to decompress the contracted soft tissues. At follow-up (18-96 months), the hands remained corrected and all patients were able to perform normal activities."}
{"id": "PMID:881694", "title": "Antacid-induced hypophosphatemia: an unusual cause of \"pseudo-myopathy\".", "content": "A 69 year old man presented with painful proximal muscle weakness which clinically simulated polymyositis. Further evaluation revealed normal muscle enzymes and hypophosphatemia which resulted from unsuspected antacid abuse. \"Pseudo-myopathy\" is one example of the myriad of rheumatic diseases which may be mimicked by hypophosphatemia.", "contents": "Antacid-induced hypophosphatemia: an unusual cause of \"pseudo-myopathy\". A 69 year old man presented with painful proximal muscle weakness which clinically simulated polymyositis. Further evaluation revealed normal muscle enzymes and hypophosphatemia which resulted from unsuspected antacid abuse. \"Pseudo-myopathy\" is one example of the myriad of rheumatic diseases which may be mimicked by hypophosphatemia."}
{"id": "PMID:881695", "title": "Serum immunoglobulin and complement interrelationships in juvenile rheumatoid arthritis.", "content": "Patients with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (JRA) were compared with a matched control group for the presence and levels of IgG, IgM, IgA, IgE, IgD, C3, C4, and rheumatoid factor. In the majority of patients (86.1 to 94.4%) the distributions fell within the normal ranges of the control group. In JRA, older age appears to have a significant relationship for increased IgE levels. Levels of IgE and IgD do not appear to be related to the presence or activity of JRA. Significantly elevated levels of IgG, IgA, and C4 were found in active disease while elevated IgM levels are characteristic of the disease itself.", "contents": "Serum immunoglobulin and complement interrelationships in juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. Patients with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (JRA) were compared with a matched control group for the presence and levels of IgG, IgM, IgA, IgE, IgD, C3, C4, and rheumatoid factor. In the majority of patients (86.1 to 94.4%) the distributions fell within the normal ranges of the control group. In JRA, older age appears to have a significant relationship for increased IgE levels. Levels of IgE and IgD do not appear to be related to the presence or activity of JRA. Significantly elevated levels of IgG, IgA, and C4 were found in active disease while elevated IgM levels are characteristic of the disease itself."}
{"id": "PMID:881696", "title": "Dissecting popliteal cyst in a child with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis.", "content": "A 14 year old white female with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis developed the sudden onset of pain and swelling in the right calf. Arthrography revealed a dissecting popliteal cyst. Symptoms abated following an intra-articular injection of triamcinolone acetonide.", "contents": "Dissecting popliteal cyst in a child with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. A 14 year old white female with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis developed the sudden onset of pain and swelling in the right calf. Arthrography revealed a dissecting popliteal cyst. Symptoms abated following an intra-articular injection of triamcinolone acetonide."}
{"id": "PMID:881697", "title": "Bilateral protusio acetabuli following pelvic irradiation.", "content": "A 77 year old man developed bilateral protrusio acetabuli three years following pelvic irradiation for transitional cell carcinoma of the prostatic urethra. There was no evidence of metastasis or coexistent systemic arthritis. Aseptic necrosis of acetabular bone is the postulated etiology. Gross and pathologic evidence of aseptic necrosis of both femoral heads was observed. Vascular fibrosis was a prominent pathologic finding, as was eosinophilia of the synovial fluid and joint tissue. Protrusio appears to be an infrequently described complication of pelvic irradiation.", "contents": "Bilateral protusio acetabuli following pelvic irradiation. A 77 year old man developed bilateral protrusio acetabuli three years following pelvic irradiation for transitional cell carcinoma of the prostatic urethra. There was no evidence of metastasis or coexistent systemic arthritis. Aseptic necrosis of acetabular bone is the postulated etiology. Gross and pathologic evidence of aseptic necrosis of both femoral heads was observed. Vascular fibrosis was a prominent pathologic finding, as was eosinophilia of the synovial fluid and joint tissue. Protrusio appears to be an infrequently described complication of pelvic irradiation."}
{"id": "PMID:881698", "title": "Treatment of Sweet's syndrome (active febrile neutrophilic dermatosis) with indomethacin.", "content": "Acute febrile neutrophilic dermatosis was first reported by Sweet in 1964. Sweet demonstrated the value of steroid therapy in these cases. Many authors have since confirmed the efficacy of steroids in treating this usually self-limiting, but often temporarily disabling, process. This case report and review concerns a patient with Sweet's syndrome in whom dramatic relief of severe arthralgias, myalgias, and painful skin lesions occurred using indomethacin. Steroids were not used because of the good response to an empiric trial of indomethacin and the likelihood of concurrent histoplasmosis.", "contents": "Treatment of Sweet's syndrome (active febrile neutrophilic dermatosis) with indomethacin. Acute febrile neutrophilic dermatosis was first reported by Sweet in 1964. Sweet demonstrated the value of steroid therapy in these cases. Many authors have since confirmed the efficacy of steroids in treating this usually self-limiting, but often temporarily disabling, process. This case report and review concerns a patient with Sweet's syndrome in whom dramatic relief of severe arthralgias, myalgias, and painful skin lesions occurred using indomethacin. Steroids were not used because of the good response to an empiric trial of indomethacin and the likelihood of concurrent histoplasmosis."}
{"id": "PMID:881699", "title": "Survival in polymyositis: corticosteroids and risk factors.", "content": "Thirty-one polymyositis patients treated with low-dose corticosteroid were age and sex matched with 31 polymyositis patients treated with high-dose corticosteroid. Although disease severity at onset of the study was similar in the groups, no statistically significant difference in survival was found. The death rate in each group was greater than normal. The presence of dysphagia or severe muscle weakness lessened the chances of survival. Controlled trials with other drugs should be carried out.", "contents": "Survival in polymyositis: corticosteroids and risk factors. Thirty-one polymyositis patients treated with low-dose corticosteroid were age and sex matched with 31 polymyositis patients treated with high-dose corticosteroid. Although disease severity at onset of the study was similar in the groups, no statistically significant difference in survival was found. The death rate in each group was greater than normal. The presence of dysphagia or severe muscle weakness lessened the chances of survival. Controlled trials with other drugs should be carried out."}
{"id": "PMID:881700", "title": "Hemarthrosis associated with sodium warfarin.", "content": "Three patients developed an acute hemarthrosis related to sodium warfarin. Synovial aspiration was well tolerated and necessary to substantiate the diagnosis. Prior joint disease was present in two but in only one was there a definite precipitating event, namely minor trauma. The prothrombin time was within the therapeutic range in two of the three. The acute synovitis subsided after the warfarin was discontinued. Joint function seems to have fully returned but long-term evaluation is needed.", "contents": "Hemarthrosis associated with sodium warfarin. Three patients developed an acute hemarthrosis related to sodium warfarin. Synovial aspiration was well tolerated and necessary to substantiate the diagnosis. Prior joint disease was present in two but in only one was there a definite precipitating event, namely minor trauma. The prothrombin time was within the therapeutic range in two of the three. The acute synovitis subsided after the warfarin was discontinued. Joint function seems to have fully returned but long-term evaluation is needed."}
{"id": "PMID:881704", "title": "Differentiation in human amniotic fluid cell cultures: I: Collagen production.", "content": "The collagen produced by differentiated cells cultured from human amniotic fluid was characterized in two ways. By chain composition and by 4-hydroxyproline:3-hydroxyproline isomer ratio, the collagen synthesized by F-type (fibroblast) cells was indistinguishable from that made by cultured fetal dermal fibroblasts. The predominant cells in young amniotic fluid cultures, termed AF-type, produced collagen with a lower isomer ratio, resembling that of basement membrane collage. The chain composition, as determined by chromatography on carboxymethyl cellulose, varied for different cultures of the AF-type, but the major pattern was consistent with that of basement membrane collagen. On the basis of these characteristics, F cells are of fibroblast origin, whereas most AF cells are of a different origin either endothelial or epithelial. Other evidence (Megaw et al., 1977) suggests an epithelial origin for AF cells.", "contents": "Differentiation in human amniotic fluid cell cultures: I: Collagen production. The collagen produced by differentiated cells cultured from human amniotic fluid was characterized in two ways. By chain composition and by 4-hydroxyproline:3-hydroxyproline isomer ratio, the collagen synthesized by F-type (fibroblast) cells was indistinguishable from that made by cultured fetal dermal fibroblasts. The predominant cells in young amniotic fluid cultures, termed AF-type, produced collagen with a lower isomer ratio, resembling that of basement membrane collage. The chain composition, as determined by chromatography on carboxymethyl cellulose, varied for different cultures of the AF-type, but the major pattern was consistent with that of basement membrane collagen. On the basis of these characteristics, F cells are of fibroblast origin, whereas most AF cells are of a different origin either endothelial or epithelial. Other evidence (Megaw et al., 1977) suggests an epithelial origin for AF cells."}
{"id": "PMID:881705", "title": "Mild sickle-cell anaemia in Iran associated with high levels of fetal haemoglobin.", "content": "Sixteen subjects, with sickle-cell anaemia, all Iranians (ages 3 to 56 years), with very mild symptomatology are reported. Some of the subjects had been totally asymptomatic. Splenomegaly was noted in 9 cases. There was an increase in the mean level of fetal haemoglobin (18%); this is the probable explanation for the mild phenotype. In 29 subjects with sickle-cell trait, the level of HbF was also significantly raised as compared with normal (1-6% vs. 0-6%). The mechanism of increased synthesis of HbF is unknown. The findings are similar to those reported in the Shiite Moslems of Saudi Arabia suggesting that in these populations there is a genetically-determined ability to produce high levels of Hb F in the presence of the sickle-cell gene.", "contents": "Mild sickle-cell anaemia in Iran associated with high levels of fetal haemoglobin. Sixteen subjects, with sickle-cell anaemia, all Iranians (ages 3 to 56 years), with very mild symptomatology are reported. Some of the subjects had been totally asymptomatic. Splenomegaly was noted in 9 cases. There was an increase in the mean level of fetal haemoglobin (18%); this is the probable explanation for the mild phenotype. In 29 subjects with sickle-cell trait, the level of HbF was also significantly raised as compared with normal (1-6% vs. 0-6%). The mechanism of increased synthesis of HbF is unknown. The findings are similar to those reported in the Shiite Moslems of Saudi Arabia suggesting that in these populations there is a genetically-determined ability to produce high levels of Hb F in the presence of the sickle-cell gene."}
{"id": "PMID:881706", "title": "Genetic study of Welsh gypsies.", "content": "A South Wales gypsy kindred of Romany origin had a high incidence of phenylketonuria along with other recessively inherited disorders. There was a high degree of consanguinity (F = 0-017) with an excess of non-specific mental subnormality among known consanguineous matings. Phenylketonuria and a number of other recessively inherited disorders have been recorded from other Romany gypsy populations, but it is uncertain whether this results from a generally high gene frequency for the disorders or from consanguinity and other more local factors.", "contents": "Genetic study of Welsh gypsies. A South Wales gypsy kindred of Romany origin had a high incidence of phenylketonuria along with other recessively inherited disorders. There was a high degree of consanguinity (F = 0-017) with an excess of non-specific mental subnormality among known consanguineous matings. Phenylketonuria and a number of other recessively inherited disorders have been recorded from other Romany gypsy populations, but it is uncertain whether this results from a generally high gene frequency for the disorders or from consanguinity and other more local factors."}
{"id": "PMID:881707", "title": "Genetic markers in Welsh gypsies.", "content": "Data  are presented on polymorphic genetic markers of 84 Welsh gypsies, members of an inbred population characterised by a high incidence of phenylketonuria and other recessively inherited diseases. Sixteen polymorphic loci were studied: the ABO blood group distribution was comparable to that of the surrounding population, the B gene frequency being 7-5%, a lower frequency than most earlier studies in gypsies. The haptoglobin 1 gene frequency (23-7%) was very different from that of the British population, resembling the frequency found in India and some previously reported gypsy groups. The data on Welsh gypsies for the various loci are discussed in relation to the known evidence for a number of European gypsy populations, and in relation to the genetic structure of these populations. It is concluded that genetic divergence has occurred in the European gypsies, and that this may have been accentuated by the dispersal, isolation, and inbreeding which have occurred during the present century.", "contents": "Genetic markers in Welsh gypsies. Data  are presented on polymorphic genetic markers of 84 Welsh gypsies, members of an inbred population characterised by a high incidence of phenylketonuria and other recessively inherited diseases. Sixteen polymorphic loci were studied: the ABO blood group distribution was comparable to that of the surrounding population, the B gene frequency being 7-5%, a lower frequency than most earlier studies in gypsies. The haptoglobin 1 gene frequency (23-7%) was very different from that of the British population, resembling the frequency found in India and some previously reported gypsy groups. The data on Welsh gypsies for the various loci are discussed in relation to the known evidence for a number of European gypsy populations, and in relation to the genetic structure of these populations. It is concluded that genetic divergence has occurred in the European gypsies, and that this may have been accentuated by the dispersal, isolation, and inbreeding which have occurred during the present century."}
{"id": "PMID:881708", "title": "Dermatoglyphs of Klinefelter's syndrome.", "content": "The dermatoglyphs of 28 Japanese with Klinefelter's syndrome [24 XXY; 2 XXYY; 1 XXXY; 1 XXXXY] were compared with 544 male and 129 female controls. These patients showed high frequencies of fingertip arches pattern, right third interdigital loops, right hypothenar patterns (Lr) and  line C terminating 0 in the right hand. The mean summed a-b ridge count of Klinefelter's syndrome patients was significantly lower than that of the male controls. We suggest that an increase in the number of X or Y chromosomes decreased the a-b ridge count in a similar way to the decrease in total finger ridge count.", "contents": "Dermatoglyphs of Klinefelter's syndrome. The dermatoglyphs of 28 Japanese with Klinefelter's syndrome [24 XXY; 2 XXYY; 1 XXXY; 1 XXXXY] were compared with 544 male and 129 female controls. These patients showed high frequencies of fingertip arches pattern, right third interdigital loops, right hypothenar patterns (Lr) and  line C terminating 0 in the right hand. The mean summed a-b ridge count of Klinefelter's syndrome patients was significantly lower than that of the male controls. We suggest that an increase in the number of X or Y chromosomes decreased the a-b ridge count in a similar way to the decrease in total finger ridge count."}
{"id": "PMID:881709", "title": "Diabetes mellitus, diabetes insipidus, and optic atrophy. An autosomal recessive syndrome?", "content": "Twenty-one families were selected from the published reports in which the propositus had the triad of juvenile diabetes mellitus, diabetes insipidus, and optic atrophy. The data were consistent with the hypothesis of an autosomal gene which, in the homozygote, causes juvenile diabetes mellitus and one or more of diabetes insipidus, optic atrophy, and nerve deafness. Heterozygotes appear to have an increased probability of developing juvenile diabetes mellitus.", "contents": "Diabetes mellitus, diabetes insipidus, and optic atrophy. An autosomal recessive syndrome? Twenty-one families were selected from the published reports in which the propositus had the triad of juvenile diabetes mellitus, diabetes insipidus, and optic atrophy. The data were consistent with the hypothesis of an autosomal gene which, in the homozygote, causes juvenile diabetes mellitus and one or more of diabetes insipidus, optic atrophy, and nerve deafness. Heterozygotes appear to have an increased probability of developing juvenile diabetes mellitus."}
{"id": "PMID:881710", "title": "Three sisters with gonadoblastoma.", "content": "Three sisters with gonadoblastoma and an 46,XY karyotype are presented. This observation suggests that heredity may play an important role in the genesis of the tumour.", "contents": "Three sisters with gonadoblastoma. Three sisters with gonadoblastoma and an 46,XY karyotype are presented. This observation suggests that heredity may play an important role in the genesis of the tumour."}
{"id": "PMID:881711", "title": "Inheritance of Ehlers-Danlos type IV syndrome.", "content": "The Ehlers-Danlos type IV syndrome is a severe disease with premature death from catastrophic tearing of large arteries and a tendency to intestinal rupture. These patients lack the genetically distinct type III collagen. Here evidence is presented that obligate heterozygotes have lowered levels of type III collagen in their skin and that their cultured fibroblasts produce less than normal amounts of this protein. The inheritance is autosomal recessive.", "contents": "Inheritance of Ehlers-Danlos type IV syndrome. The Ehlers-Danlos type IV syndrome is a severe disease with premature death from catastrophic tearing of large arteries and a tendency to intestinal rupture. These patients lack the genetically distinct type III collagen. Here evidence is presented that obligate heterozygotes have lowered levels of type III collagen in their skin and that their cultured fibroblasts produce less than normal amounts of this protein. The inheritance is autosomal recessive."}
{"id": "PMID:881712", "title": "Bilateral absence of the kidneys and ureters. Three cases reported in one family.", "content": "Three infant boys with bilateral absence of the kidneys and hypoplasia of the lungs are described. Two of the infants were brothers and the third was a first cousin. They were born to 2 sisters whose husbancs were unrelated to their wives and to each other. None of the parents had renal problems. The occurrence of this syndrome in 2 male sibs is suggestive of an autosomal recessive inheritance pattern which has been previously described. An additional male first cousin born to the mother's sister is sugesstive of sex-linked inheritance for this particular family, an inheritance pattern not previously described.", "contents": "Bilateral absence of the kidneys and ureters. Three cases reported in one family. Three infant boys with bilateral absence of the kidneys and hypoplasia of the lungs are described. Two of the infants were brothers and the third was a first cousin. They were born to 2 sisters whose husbancs were unrelated to their wives and to each other. None of the parents had renal problems. The occurrence of this syndrome in 2 male sibs is suggestive of an autosomal recessive inheritance pattern which has been previously described. An additional male first cousin born to the mother's sister is sugesstive of sex-linked inheritance for this particular family, an inheritance pattern not previously described."}
{"id": "PMID:881714", "title": "Association of ABO blood groups and vitiligo.", "content": "ABO blood group frequencies of 1000 vitiligo patients were studied and compared with those of blood donors and local population. The relative risk of O was significantly reduced in patients in comparison with blood donors but not with local population. This can possibly be explained by the well-known preference of O group donors in the blood bank. On a review of other studies it was felt that there may not be any real association of ABO blood groups with vitiligo.", "contents": "Association of ABO blood groups and vitiligo. ABO blood group frequencies of 1000 vitiligo patients were studied and compared with those of blood donors and local population. The relative risk of O was significantly reduced in patients in comparison with blood donors but not with local population. This can possibly be explained by the well-known preference of O group donors in the blood bank. On a review of other studies it was felt that there may not be any real association of ABO blood groups with vitiligo."}
{"id": "PMID:881715", "title": "46,XX/47XX, + 14 mosaicism in a liveborn infant.", "content": "A liveborn infant with the complement 46,XX/47,XX, + 14 shared certain features in common with the following previously reported cases: (1) the one previously reported possible case of trisomy 14, (2) cases in which individuals had at least some portion of chromosome No. 14 in triplicate, and (3) cases of atypical D trisomy (Snodgrass category II). The common features include developmental retardation, wide flat nose with bulbous or wide tip, large mouth with turned down corners (some with protruding lips), short neck (some with redundant skin folds), low-set ears, retrognathia, digital anomalies (usually contractions and deviations), palatal anomalies, and cryptorchidism.", "contents": "46,XX/47XX, + 14 mosaicism in a liveborn infant. A liveborn infant with the complement 46,XX/47,XX, + 14 shared certain features in common with the following previously reported cases: (1) the one previously reported possible case of trisomy 14, (2) cases in which individuals had at least some portion of chromosome No. 14 in triplicate, and (3) cases of atypical D trisomy (Snodgrass category II). The common features include developmental retardation, wide flat nose with bulbous or wide tip, large mouth with turned down corners (some with protruding lips), short neck (some with redundant skin folds), low-set ears, retrognathia, digital anomalies (usually contractions and deviations), palatal anomalies, and cryptorchidism."}
{"id": "PMID:881716", "title": "45,X/47,XYY mosaicism.", "content": "This paper describes and discusses the clinical and cytogenetic findings in an infant with an unusual sex chromosome abnormality 45X/47XYY.", "contents": "45,X/47,XYY mosaicism. This paper describes and discusses the clinical and cytogenetic findings in an infant with an unusual sex chromosome abnormality 45X/47XYY."}
{"id": "PMID:881717", "title": "Trisomy 22 mosaicism.", "content": "A child with many symptoms of trisomy 22 syndrome is described. The child showed a 46,XY/47,XY,+22 chromosome constitution. This is the first reported case of a trisome 22 phenotype with such a mosaic karyotype.", "contents": "Trisomy 22 mosaicism. A child with many symptoms of trisomy 22 syndrome is described. The child showed a 46,XY/47,XY,+22 chromosome constitution. This is the first reported case of a trisome 22 phenotype with such a mosaic karyotype."}
{"id": "PMID:881718", "title": "Ring chromosome 4.", "content": "A mentally and physically retarded boy with a 46,XY,ring (4) (p16q35) chromosome complement is described. Chromosome banding showed that the amount of chromosome material deleted from the ring chromosome 4 was minimal, apparently no more than the telomeres. Chromosomal aberrations appear to be restricted to the production of double-sized dicentric rings, and aneuploidy. The mosiacism resulting from the behavioural peculiarities of ring chromosomes is described as dynamic mosaicism. It is suggested that the clinical features associated with this ring chromosome are more likely to be the result of the effects of a diploid/monosomy 4/polysomy 4 mosaicism than to the deficiency of the telomeric regions of the chromosome.", "contents": "Ring chromosome 4. A mentally and physically retarded boy with a 46,XY,ring (4) (p16q35) chromosome complement is described. Chromosome banding showed that the amount of chromosome material deleted from the ring chromosome 4 was minimal, apparently no more than the telomeres. Chromosomal aberrations appear to be restricted to the production of double-sized dicentric rings, and aneuploidy. The mosiacism resulting from the behavioural peculiarities of ring chromosomes is described as dynamic mosaicism. It is suggested that the clinical features associated with this ring chromosome are more likely to be the result of the effects of a diploid/monosomy 4/polysomy 4 mosaicism than to the deficiency of the telomeric regions of the chromosome."}
{"id": "PMID:881719", "title": "Prenatal recognition of 4p- syndrome.", "content": "A fetus with the rare 4p- syndrome was detected by chromosome analysis of amniotic cell culture, and the pregnancy terminated. The fetus showed a number of the physical stigmata of the syndrome.", "contents": "Prenatal recognition of 4p- syndrome. A fetus with the rare 4p- syndrome was detected by chromosome analysis of amniotic cell culture, and the pregnancy terminated. The fetus showed a number of the physical stigmata of the syndrome."}
{"id": "PMID:881738", "title": "Vaginismus: a review.", "content": "Vaginismus includes both physical as well as psychological aspects that make vaginal penetration extremely painful if not altogether impossible. Aside from history, diagnosis rests on the physical examination. The causes for the condition range from the deeply psychological to vividly recalled genital experiences and may involve conditioned responses. Similarly, treatment methods range from surgery to simple muscle-strengthening exercises to elaborate psychotherapeutic intervention. More recently, behavioral methods have shown marked success. The most important considerations in therapy seem to be the patient's understanding of the problem and flexibility of approach.", "contents": "Vaginismus: a review. Vaginismus includes both physical as well as psychological aspects that make vaginal penetration extremely painful if not altogether impossible. Aside from history, diagnosis rests on the physical examination. The causes for the condition range from the deeply psychological to vividly recalled genital experiences and may involve conditioned responses. Similarly, treatment methods range from surgery to simple muscle-strengthening exercises to elaborate psychotherapeutic intervention. More recently, behavioral methods have shown marked success. The most important considerations in therapy seem to be the patient's understanding of the problem and flexibility of approach."}
{"id": "PMID:881739", "title": "Arousal, personality, and assortative mating in marriage.", "content": "It is known that there is significant assortative mating for intelligence. However, where personality is concerned, the picture is less clear, and where physiologically referenced individual differences are concerned, there is a negligible body of available research. A compound major individual difference variable having a putative physiological basis--arousal and the stimulation-seeking motive, which has not heretofore been investigated in studies of assortative mating--was the focus of the present study. In addition, three major personality dimensions--extraversion-introversion, neuroticism and psychoticism--were included for study. One hundred and two married couples in the housing complex of a large American midwestern university were tested on the arousal/stimulation-seeking and personality measures. Significant assortative mating (p less than .01) was found only for arousal/stimulation-seeking. The results for the other personality dimensions failed to confirm significant but slight assortative mating for neuroticism and psychoticism previously reported for British couples, but were in accord with the previously reported lack of any assortative mating for extraversion-introversion. The results were discussed in terms of further understanding the basis of assortative mating, with particular attention given to the likely role of biological cycles. Further research was outlined.", "contents": "Arousal, personality, and assortative mating in marriage. It is known that there is significant assortative mating for intelligence. However, where personality is concerned, the picture is less clear, and where physiologically referenced individual differences are concerned, there is a negligible body of available research. A compound major individual difference variable having a putative physiological basis--arousal and the stimulation-seeking motive, which has not heretofore been investigated in studies of assortative mating--was the focus of the present study. In addition, three major personality dimensions--extraversion-introversion, neuroticism and psychoticism--were included for study. One hundred and two married couples in the housing complex of a large American midwestern university were tested on the arousal/stimulation-seeking and personality measures. Significant assortative mating (p less than .01) was found only for arousal/stimulation-seeking. The results for the other personality dimensions failed to confirm significant but slight assortative mating for neuroticism and psychoticism previously reported for British couples, but were in accord with the previously reported lack of any assortative mating for extraversion-introversion. The results were discussed in terms of further understanding the basis of assortative mating, with particular attention given to the likely role of biological cycles. Further research was outlined."}
{"id": "PMID:881740", "title": "A contribution to the development of the behavioral-analytic sex therapy model.", "content": "If we work from the assumption that sexual symptoms are functional rather than dysfunctional, we can more fully exploit the opportunity for rapid uncovering therapy created by the symptom focus and the assignment structure of sex therapy. This objective is facilitated by an ego-analytic reevaluation of the way that the repression model is used in conventional uncovering therapy. To illustrate this ego-analytic strategy, it is applied in the hypothetical treatment of a couple who were not capable of or motivated for conventional uncovering therapy and for whom the bypassing appraoch of strictly behavioral sex therapy had failed.", "contents": "A contribution to the development of the behavioral-analytic sex therapy model. If we work from the assumption that sexual symptoms are functional rather than dysfunctional, we can more fully exploit the opportunity for rapid uncovering therapy created by the symptom focus and the assignment structure of sex therapy. This objective is facilitated by an ego-analytic reevaluation of the way that the repression model is used in conventional uncovering therapy. To illustrate this ego-analytic strategy, it is applied in the hypothetical treatment of a couple who were not capable of or motivated for conventional uncovering therapy and for whom the bypassing appraoch of strictly behavioral sex therapy had failed."}
{"id": "PMID:881741", "title": "A typology of intimate relationships.", "content": "A typology of marriages and other intimate relationships is offered based on seven behavioral profiles that partners can exhibit in their interactions with one another. The typology is relatively simple, based upon the main thrust of each partner's behavior in their dyadic system. The intrapsychic and biological factors that are forces in each partner's marriage contract differ for each behavioral profile. The profiles are subject to change as the couples' interactions change. There are 28 possible combinations of the two partners' profiles. These are determined by putting together the two terms that best describe each partner's behavior. The prognosis for the quality of each type of relationship in  the typology is discussed.", "contents": "A typology of intimate relationships. A typology of marriages and other intimate relationships is offered based on seven behavioral profiles that partners can exhibit in their interactions with one another. The typology is relatively simple, based upon the main thrust of each partner's behavior in their dyadic system. The intrapsychic and biological factors that are forces in each partner's marriage contract differ for each behavioral profile. The profiles are subject to change as the couples' interactions change. There are 28 possible combinations of the two partners' profiles. These are determined by putting together the two terms that best describe each partner's behavior. The prognosis for the quality of each type of relationship in  the typology is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:881745", "title": "Echocardiogram of the pulmonary valve. Variability of the pattern and the related technical problems.", "content": "In order to examine the variability of the pattern due to the location and direction of the ultrasonic transducer, echocardiograms of the pulmonary valve were obtained from different precordial areas in 28 patients with various diseases and in 3 normal subjects. By higher positioning of the transducer, the diastolic slope became slower or upward and the 'a' wave became indiscernible, giving the pattern of pulmonary hypertension even in the normotensives. The anterior cusp was also detected by tilting of the transducer in some cases. Systolic time intervals (STI) of the right ventricle, however, were not influenced by the beam angle. The present data strongly suggests that the echocardiogram of the pulmonary valve should be carefully evaluated in the light of the spatial relationship of the echo beam and the valve in order to give the diagnostic importance.", "contents": "Echocardiogram of the pulmonary valve. Variability of the pattern and the related technical problems. In order to examine the variability of the pattern due to the location and direction of the ultrasonic transducer, echocardiograms of the pulmonary valve were obtained from different precordial areas in 28 patients with various diseases and in 3 normal subjects. By higher positioning of the transducer, the diastolic slope became slower or upward and the 'a' wave became indiscernible, giving the pattern of pulmonary hypertension even in the normotensives. The anterior cusp was also detected by tilting of the transducer in some cases. Systolic time intervals (STI) of the right ventricle, however, were not influenced by the beam angle. The present data strongly suggests that the echocardiogram of the pulmonary valve should be carefully evaluated in the light of the spatial relationship of the echo beam and the valve in order to give the diagnostic importance."}
{"id": "PMID:881747", "title": "Phono-, echo-, and electro-cardiographic correlation in the Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome, with special reference to the split pattern of second heart sound.", "content": "Twenty-three cases with WPW syndrome were studied by means of phonocardiography, echocardiography, and electrocardiography. All cases showed the abnormal cardiac motion in echocardiography, which could be divided into 2 types; ventricular (V) type in which the posterior left ventricular wall showed the abnormal humps in the early and late systole (18 cases), and septal (S) type in which the abnormal hump was noted in the early systole in the interventricular septum (5 cases). The cases with V type echocardiogram showed either type A, B, or C, and those with S type either type B or C of ECG. All cases with V type had the splitting of second heart sound of a normal fashion and the IIA-IIP interval ranged from 0.015 to 0.08 sec with a mean of 0.0356+/-0.0157 sec. In contrast, those with S type showed either a reversed splitting of second heart sound (4 cases) or a single second heart sound (1 case), and the IIA-IIP interval ranged from 0 to--0.05 sec with a mean of --0.0250+/-0.0170 sec. No consistent relationship was noted between the ECG type and the split interval of second heart sound. There was the significant positive correlation between the IIA-IIP interval and the QRS duration in the cases with V type echocardiogram. In S type, these 2 parameters showed the significant negative correlation.", "contents": "Phono-, echo-, and electro-cardiographic correlation in the Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome, with special reference to the split pattern of second heart sound. Twenty-three cases with WPW syndrome were studied by means of phonocardiography, echocardiography, and electrocardiography. All cases showed the abnormal cardiac motion in echocardiography, which could be divided into 2 types; ventricular (V) type in which the posterior left ventricular wall showed the abnormal humps in the early and late systole (18 cases), and septal (S) type in which the abnormal hump was noted in the early systole in the interventricular septum (5 cases). The cases with V type echocardiogram showed either type A, B, or C, and those with S type either type B or C of ECG. All cases with V type had the splitting of second heart sound of a normal fashion and the IIA-IIP interval ranged from 0.015 to 0.08 sec with a mean of 0.0356+/-0.0157 sec. In contrast, those with S type showed either a reversed splitting of second heart sound (4 cases) or a single second heart sound (1 case), and the IIA-IIP interval ranged from 0 to--0.05 sec with a mean of --0.0250+/-0.0170 sec. No consistent relationship was noted between the ECG type and the split interval of second heart sound. There was the significant positive correlation between the IIA-IIP interval and the QRS duration in the cases with V type echocardiogram. In S type, these 2 parameters showed the significant negative correlation."}
{"id": "PMID:881748", "title": "Recording of the fourth heart sound by the signal averaging method. Preliminary report.", "content": "The fourth heart sound was clearly recorded by using the signal averaging method. Furthermore, the simultaneous recording of the Doppler signal with the fourth heart sound was performed. Thus, it was demonstrated that the Doppler signal started after the P wave and followed by the fourth heart sound. In 2 cases, the effect of the double Master's test and taking a bath was studied on the computer averaged phonocardiogram. After the exercise, the amplitude of the fourth heart sound was increased, whereas after taking a bath it was almost unchanged. The above results show that the simultaneous recordings of a computer averaged phonocardiogram and Doppler signal that is associated with cardiac activity can greatly facilitate the interpretation of small vibrations such as the fourth heart sound.", "contents": "Recording of the fourth heart sound by the signal averaging method. Preliminary report. The fourth heart sound was clearly recorded by using the signal averaging method. Furthermore, the simultaneous recording of the Doppler signal with the fourth heart sound was performed. Thus, it was demonstrated that the Doppler signal started after the P wave and followed by the fourth heart sound. In 2 cases, the effect of the double Master's test and taking a bath was studied on the computer averaged phonocardiogram. After the exercise, the amplitude of the fourth heart sound was increased, whereas after taking a bath it was almost unchanged. The above results show that the simultaneous recordings of a computer averaged phonocardiogram and Doppler signal that is associated with cardiac activity can greatly facilitate the interpretation of small vibrations such as the fourth heart sound."}
{"id": "PMID:881749", "title": "Dopamine-beta-hydroxylase activity after acute myocardial infarction.", "content": "Serum dopamine-beta-hydroxylase (DBH) activities of 74 apparently healthy adults were not distributed normally, but skewed to the right. There were at least 2 subgroups in the distribution of DBH activity. Accordingly, 27 serial serum DBH activities following acute myocardial infarction were divided into 2 subgroups according to their activities on the 10th day or/and thereafter. The DBH activity was significantly elevated on the 1st day with average of 157% of the 10th day (p less than 0.015) in high DBH subgroup and also significantly elevated on the 1st and 2nd day with the average of 182% and 155%, respectively, of the 10th day (p=0.025 and p less than 0.05) in low DBH subgroup. There was no significant difference between the DBH activity of patients with anterior myocardial infarction and that of patients with inferior myocardial infarction. No significant correlation between the DBH activity and the coronary prognostic index was found. The observed elevation of the DBH activity on the 1st and 2nd day suggests an augmentation in the sympathetic nervous activity after acute myocardial infarction.", "contents": "Dopamine-beta-hydroxylase activity after acute myocardial infarction. Serum dopamine-beta-hydroxylase (DBH) activities of 74 apparently healthy adults were not distributed normally, but skewed to the right. There were at least 2 subgroups in the distribution of DBH activity. Accordingly, 27 serial serum DBH activities following acute myocardial infarction were divided into 2 subgroups according to their activities on the 10th day or/and thereafter. The DBH activity was significantly elevated on the 1st day with average of 157% of the 10th day (p less than 0.015) in high DBH subgroup and also significantly elevated on the 1st and 2nd day with the average of 182% and 155%, respectively, of the 10th day (p=0.025 and p less than 0.05) in low DBH subgroup. There was no significant difference between the DBH activity of patients with anterior myocardial infarction and that of patients with inferior myocardial infarction. No significant correlation between the DBH activity and the coronary prognostic index was found. The observed elevation of the DBH activity on the 1st and 2nd day suggests an augmentation in the sympathetic nervous activity after acute myocardial infarction."}
{"id": "PMID:881750", "title": "A correlative study on the changes of cardiac dynamics and myocardial energy liberation in blood-let dogs.", "content": "Blood-letting of 450 to 1,000 ml with or without saline infusion was performed in dogs. In some dogs, right atrial pacing was carried out during blood-letting. Heart rate and isometric time-tension index were measured as the indicators of chronotropism and inotropism, respectively. After 60 min of blood-letting, dogs were sacrificed and mitochondria were isolated from the left ventricular myocardium. Mitochondrial respiration was measured polarographically and respiratory control index was calculated. As blood-letting advanced, the hearts revealed negative chronotropism with negative inotropism. Mitochondrial respiration was suppressed. When heart rate was forced to increase with atrial pacing, the hearts showed positive chronotropism with negative inotropism. Respiratory control index of mitochondria was deteriorated, showing uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation. In consideration with our previous study on the ischemic heart, it is concluded that uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation appeared in hypoxic myocardium when cardiac dynamics shifted to positive chronotropism with negative inotropism, though suppression of mitochondrial respiration was revealed when cardiac dynamics altered to negative chronotropism with negative inotropism.", "contents": "A correlative study on the changes of cardiac dynamics and myocardial energy liberation in blood-let dogs. Blood-letting of 450 to 1,000 ml with or without saline infusion was performed in dogs. In some dogs, right atrial pacing was carried out during blood-letting. Heart rate and isometric time-tension index were measured as the indicators of chronotropism and inotropism, respectively. After 60 min of blood-letting, dogs were sacrificed and mitochondria were isolated from the left ventricular myocardium. Mitochondrial respiration was measured polarographically and respiratory control index was calculated. As blood-letting advanced, the hearts revealed negative chronotropism with negative inotropism. Mitochondrial respiration was suppressed. When heart rate was forced to increase with atrial pacing, the hearts showed positive chronotropism with negative inotropism. Respiratory control index of mitochondria was deteriorated, showing uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation. In consideration with our previous study on the ischemic heart, it is concluded that uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation appeared in hypoxic myocardium when cardiac dynamics shifted to positive chronotropism with negative inotropism, though suppression of mitochondrial respiration was revealed when cardiac dynamics altered to negative chronotropism with negative inotropism."}
{"id": "PMID:881751", "title": "Cardiac function under myocardial ischemia.", "content": "The hemodynamic and metabolic changes, during coronary occlusion and during coronary perfusion with non-oxygenated solution, were studied in anesthetized dogs. Coronary perfusion with non-oxygenated Tyrode's solution was performed through a cannula inserted into the left circumflex coronary artery. Left ventricular peak systolic and end-diastolic pressure (LVSP and LVEDP) were measured, and peak LV-dp/dt/IIP calculated. Stroke volume was measured, and the changed of the local myocardial segment length were recorded by a strain gauge arch sutured on that portion of the myocardium perfused through the left circumflex coronary artery. The efflux of lactic acid into the venous blood from the myocardium perfused through the left circumflex coronary artery was calculated. After 10 sec of coronary occlusion, LVSP, SV, and peak LV-dp/dt/IIP declined; LVEDP elevated and a systolic bulge appeared on the local myocardial segment length curve. There was almost no change in these parameters during 3 min of perfusion with non-oxygenated solution. The efflux of lactic acid was more marked during the perfusion with non-oxygenated solution than during coronary occlusion. The delay of the depression of cardiac function during perfusion with the non-oxygenated solution could be related partly to the \"wash-out\" of metabolites, such as lactic acid, accumulated in the anoxic myocardium.", "contents": "Cardiac function under myocardial ischemia. The hemodynamic and metabolic changes, during coronary occlusion and during coronary perfusion with non-oxygenated solution, were studied in anesthetized dogs. Coronary perfusion with non-oxygenated Tyrode's solution was performed through a cannula inserted into the left circumflex coronary artery. Left ventricular peak systolic and end-diastolic pressure (LVSP and LVEDP) were measured, and peak LV-dp/dt/IIP calculated. Stroke volume was measured, and the changed of the local myocardial segment length were recorded by a strain gauge arch sutured on that portion of the myocardium perfused through the left circumflex coronary artery. The efflux of lactic acid into the venous blood from the myocardium perfused through the left circumflex coronary artery was calculated. After 10 sec of coronary occlusion, LVSP, SV, and peak LV-dp/dt/IIP declined; LVEDP elevated and a systolic bulge appeared on the local myocardial segment length curve. There was almost no change in these parameters during 3 min of perfusion with non-oxygenated solution. The efflux of lactic acid was more marked during the perfusion with non-oxygenated solution than during coronary occlusion. The delay of the depression of cardiac function during perfusion with the non-oxygenated solution could be related partly to the \"wash-out\" of metabolites, such as lactic acid, accumulated in the anoxic myocardium."}
{"id": "PMID:881752", "title": "Effects of potassium chloride on isolated, blood-perfused canine atrial or ventricular muscle preparations.", "content": "The effects of potassium chloride were studied on pacemaker activity in the sinoatrial (SA) node and on contractility in isolated, blood-perfused atrial and left ventricular preparations of dogs, which were suspended in the bath and perfused with arterial blood from the carotid artery of the heparinized support dog. Potassium chloride given directly into the sinus node artery in a dose range of 100 micrograms--1 mg produced a dose-related positive chronotropic and a negative inotropic effect in isolated atrium preparations. Potassium chloride into the cannulated anterior descending branch of the left coronary artery caused only a negative inotropic effect in isolated ventricular preparations. A larger dose of potassium chloride caused temporary atrial or ventricular arrest. These effects of potassium chloride were not modified by pretreatment with atropine or propranolol.", "contents": "Effects of potassium chloride on isolated, blood-perfused canine atrial or ventricular muscle preparations. The effects of potassium chloride were studied on pacemaker activity in the sinoatrial (SA) node and on contractility in isolated, blood-perfused atrial and left ventricular preparations of dogs, which were suspended in the bath and perfused with arterial blood from the carotid artery of the heparinized support dog. Potassium chloride given directly into the sinus node artery in a dose range of 100 micrograms--1 mg produced a dose-related positive chronotropic and a negative inotropic effect in isolated atrium preparations. Potassium chloride into the cannulated anterior descending branch of the left coronary artery caused only a negative inotropic effect in isolated ventricular preparations. A larger dose of potassium chloride caused temporary atrial or ventricular arrest. These effects of potassium chloride were not modified by pretreatment with atropine or propranolol."}
{"id": "PMID:881753", "title": "Increase of hematocrit in experimental renal hypertension and its reversal.", "content": "Hematocrit can be increased in experimental animals with renal hypertension of two-kidney type. The present study showed that the increased hematocrit was returned to normal by removal of the clipped kidney. The left renal artery was clipped in 13 rabbits with an intact contralateral kidney, and a sham operation was performed in 10 rabbits as a control. After an interval of 10 weeks the left kidney was removed in all animals. Blood pressure, hematocrit, hemoglobin content, and erythrocyte count were rapidly increased and remained raised after clipping of the renal artery but they did not show any significant changes after sham operation. A transient but significant increase of reticulocyte count was found at the end of the first week after clipping of the renal artery. Removal of the clipped kidney was followed by a rapid return of hematocrit, hemoglobin content, and erythrocyte count to normal within 2 weeks. Blood pressure was also decreased but not returned to normal by removal of the clipped kidney.", "contents": "Increase of hematocrit in experimental renal hypertension and its reversal. Hematocrit can be increased in experimental animals with renal hypertension of two-kidney type. The present study showed that the increased hematocrit was returned to normal by removal of the clipped kidney. The left renal artery was clipped in 13 rabbits with an intact contralateral kidney, and a sham operation was performed in 10 rabbits as a control. After an interval of 10 weeks the left kidney was removed in all animals. Blood pressure, hematocrit, hemoglobin content, and erythrocyte count were rapidly increased and remained raised after clipping of the renal artery but they did not show any significant changes after sham operation. A transient but significant increase of reticulocyte count was found at the end of the first week after clipping of the renal artery. Removal of the clipped kidney was followed by a rapid return of hematocrit, hemoglobin content, and erythrocyte count to normal within 2 weeks. Blood pressure was also decreased but not returned to normal by removal of the clipped kidney."}
{"id": "PMID:881754", "title": "Prognostic profile of fascicular blocks in myocardial infarction.", "content": "An analysis of 69 cases of bifascicular and trifascicular types of intraventricular conduction disturbances in myocardial infarction is presented. Complications, caused of death and the follow-up of unpaced cases for a year have been recorded. Pump failure and severe degrees of blocks with consequent ventricular asystole are the important caused of death. Recurrent pump failure with occasional outcome is more common in cases with RBBB and LAH than in other types of blocks.", "contents": "Prognostic profile of fascicular blocks in myocardial infarction. An analysis of 69 cases of bifascicular and trifascicular types of intraventricular conduction disturbances in myocardial infarction is presented. Complications, caused of death and the follow-up of unpaced cases for a year have been recorded. Pump failure and severe degrees of blocks with consequent ventricular asystole are the important caused of death. Recurrent pump failure with occasional outcome is more common in cases with RBBB and LAH than in other types of blocks."}
{"id": "PMID:881773", "title": "[The pros and cons of haemoperfusion (author's transl)].", "content": "6 patients with severe self-poisoning were treated by charcoal-haemoperfusion in our centre up to now. In four of them (all suffering from sleeping drug overdosage) the treatment was successful. Two patients with intoxications by agrochemicals died in spite of haemoperfusion. Side effects of haemoperfusion were drops of blood pressure and platelet count, depletion of immune bodies, and adsorption of remedies. Up to now, the indication for haemoperfusion has to consider these secondary actions of encapsulated charcoal as inevitable.", "contents": "[The pros and cons of haemoperfusion (author's transl)]. 6 patients with severe self-poisoning were treated by charcoal-haemoperfusion in our centre up to now. In four of them (all suffering from sleeping drug overdosage) the treatment was successful. Two patients with intoxications by agrochemicals died in spite of haemoperfusion. Side effects of haemoperfusion were drops of blood pressure and platelet count, depletion of immune bodies, and adsorption of remedies. Up to now, the indication for haemoperfusion has to consider these secondary actions of encapsulated charcoal as inevitable."}
{"id": "PMID:881774", "title": "[Dysfibrinogenemia. A new case: dysfibrinogenemia Giessen III (author's transl)].", "content": "A new case of dysfibrinogenemia is reported which shows no signs of a haermorrhagic diathesis (dysfibrinogenemia Giessen III). The abnormal fibrinogen was detected by only slight but characteristic alterations of some parameter of the coagulation analysis (prolonged clotting times after addition of thrombin, Reptilase and thrombin coagulase; low fibrinogen concentration determined by methods based on clot formation in comparison to the immunological fibrinogen determination; delayed fibrin polymerization). In addition, clinical features and diagnosis of dysfibrinogenemia are described in general.", "contents": "[Dysfibrinogenemia. A new case: dysfibrinogenemia Giessen III (author's transl)]. A new case of dysfibrinogenemia is reported which shows no signs of a haermorrhagic diathesis (dysfibrinogenemia Giessen III). The abnormal fibrinogen was detected by only slight but characteristic alterations of some parameter of the coagulation analysis (prolonged clotting times after addition of thrombin, Reptilase and thrombin coagulase; low fibrinogen concentration determined by methods based on clot formation in comparison to the immunological fibrinogen determination; delayed fibrin polymerization). In addition, clinical features and diagnosis of dysfibrinogenemia are described in general."}
{"id": "PMID:881775", "title": "[Elevated serum-sialyltransferase activity in human malignant diseases: a new diagnostic tool? (author's transl)].", "content": "Sialyltransferase activity was estimated in serum samples of patients with cancer and controls using immobilized asialo-fetuin as the acceptor and cytidine-5'-monophospho [14C] sialic acid as the donor. The data suggest that increased enzyme activity can be found in more than 80% of the samples from patients with malignant diseases.", "contents": "[Elevated serum-sialyltransferase activity in human malignant diseases: a new diagnostic tool? (author's transl)]. Sialyltransferase activity was estimated in serum samples of patients with cancer and controls using immobilized asialo-fetuin as the acceptor and cytidine-5'-monophospho [14C] sialic acid as the donor. The data suggest that increased enzyme activity can be found in more than 80% of the samples from patients with malignant diseases."}
{"id": "PMID:881776", "title": "[Serum lysozyme concentrations in patients with morbus Crohn before and after bowel resection (author's transl)].", "content": "Serum lysozyme (muramidase) concentrations were determined in five patients with Morbus Crohn before and after resection of inflammated bowel areas. The serum lysozyme activity which was elevated before surgical treatment in all patients fell to normal values after bowel resection within a few hours. Our findings suggest, that the elevated serum lysozyme reflects an increased lysozyme production in the inflammated bowel tissue.", "contents": "[Serum lysozyme concentrations in patients with morbus Crohn before and after bowel resection (author's transl)]. Serum lysozyme (muramidase) concentrations were determined in five patients with Morbus Crohn before and after resection of inflammated bowel areas. The serum lysozyme activity which was elevated before surgical treatment in all patients fell to normal values after bowel resection within a few hours. Our findings suggest, that the elevated serum lysozyme reflects an increased lysozyme production in the inflammated bowel tissue."}
{"id": "PMID:881777", "title": "[Biochemistry of metallocenes. III. Thymus-affinity for (103Ru)-ruthenocenyl-3-phenyl-propen-1-one].", "content": "103Ru labelled 1-Ruthenocenyl-3-phenyl-propen-1-one was administered to mice introperitoneally. The organ distribution was determined in liver, spleen, lung, muscle, blood, kidney and thymus. The highest concentration was found in the thymus-up to 22% of the injected dose/g with corresponding thymus to muscle ratios of up to 364:1. The consequences for nuclear medicine are discussed.", "contents": "[Biochemistry of metallocenes. III. Thymus-affinity for (103Ru)-ruthenocenyl-3-phenyl-propen-1-one]. 103Ru labelled 1-Ruthenocenyl-3-phenyl-propen-1-one was administered to mice introperitoneally. The organ distribution was determined in liver, spleen, lung, muscle, blood, kidney and thymus. The highest concentration was found in the thymus-up to 22% of the injected dose/g with corresponding thymus to muscle ratios of up to 364:1. The consequences for nuclear medicine are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:881778", "title": "The fate of 14C-elastin in the peritoneal cavity of rats. I. Biochemical studies.", "content": "Degradation of elastin was studied in rats after intraperitoneal implantation of a suspension of 14C-elastin that had been prepared by labeling bovine elastin with 14C-formaldehyde. Most of the degradation of 14C-elastin, measured by releasing the radioactivity in urine and feces, occurred between 6 and 15 days after the implantation. During this period an increase of leukocytes and macrophages in the implanted site was observed. This followed a brief increase in neutrophils. Furthermore, an elevation of the elastolytic activity, measured by the 14C-elastin, was found in cell lysates of both macrophages and neutrophils, which were recovered by lavage of the peritoneal cavity. But the enzymatic activity was not found in the cell-free lavage. On the contrary, there was elastase inhibitor in the lavage, increased by the implantation. The mechanism of the elastin degradation in the peritoneal cavity was discussed.", "contents": "The fate of 14C-elastin in the peritoneal cavity of rats. I. Biochemical studies. Degradation of elastin was studied in rats after intraperitoneal implantation of a suspension of 14C-elastin that had been prepared by labeling bovine elastin with 14C-formaldehyde. Most of the degradation of 14C-elastin, measured by releasing the radioactivity in urine and feces, occurred between 6 and 15 days after the implantation. During this period an increase of leukocytes and macrophages in the implanted site was observed. This followed a brief increase in neutrophils. Furthermore, an elevation of the elastolytic activity, measured by the 14C-elastin, was found in cell lysates of both macrophages and neutrophils, which were recovered by lavage of the peritoneal cavity. But the enzymatic activity was not found in the cell-free lavage. On the contrary, there was elastase inhibitor in the lavage, increased by the implantation. The mechanism of the elastin degradation in the peritoneal cavity was discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:881781", "title": "Ultrastructural alterations in nutritional cardiomyopathy of selenium-vitamin E deficient swine. I. Fiber lesions.", "content": "Cardiomyopathy was produced in 38 weanling swine by feeding a semisynthetic diet deficient in selenium and vitamin E for 13 to 59 days. Pigs were killed for morphologic studies of the cardiac lesions at sequential times after development of the deficiency disease. Gross examination disclosed hydropericardium and scattered pale streaks and patches of necrosis in the myocardium, especially the left ventricle. Histopathologically, the lesions were scattered throughout the heart but were most severe in the atria. Ultrastructurally, the damaged fibers had many features of myofibrillar degeneration with hypercontraction bands, myofibrillar lysis, and mitochondrial swelling, disruption, and mineralization. Numerous macrophages appeared to have passed through focal disruptions in the external laminae of the muscle cells and engulfed sarcoplasmic and nuclear debris. Stromal collapse and mild fibrosis persisted as residual lesions in scattered areas of myocardium in pigs with long term deficiency. Although vascular lesions were present in the hearts of selenium and vitamin E deficient pigs, it was concluded that the fiber alterations developed independently of the vascular changes. The pathogenesis of this cardiomyopathy induced by nutritional deficiency is thought to be related to lack of protection by the selenoenzyme, glutathione peroxidase, and the antioxidant, vitamin E, from lipoperoxidative damage.", "contents": "Ultrastructural alterations in nutritional cardiomyopathy of selenium-vitamin E deficient swine. I. Fiber lesions. Cardiomyopathy was produced in 38 weanling swine by feeding a semisynthetic diet deficient in selenium and vitamin E for 13 to 59 days. Pigs were killed for morphologic studies of the cardiac lesions at sequential times after development of the deficiency disease. Gross examination disclosed hydropericardium and scattered pale streaks and patches of necrosis in the myocardium, especially the left ventricle. Histopathologically, the lesions were scattered throughout the heart but were most severe in the atria. Ultrastructurally, the damaged fibers had many features of myofibrillar degeneration with hypercontraction bands, myofibrillar lysis, and mitochondrial swelling, disruption, and mineralization. Numerous macrophages appeared to have passed through focal disruptions in the external laminae of the muscle cells and engulfed sarcoplasmic and nuclear debris. Stromal collapse and mild fibrosis persisted as residual lesions in scattered areas of myocardium in pigs with long term deficiency. Although vascular lesions were present in the hearts of selenium and vitamin E deficient pigs, it was concluded that the fiber alterations developed independently of the vascular changes. The pathogenesis of this cardiomyopathy induced by nutritional deficiency is thought to be related to lack of protection by the selenoenzyme, glutathione peroxidase, and the antioxidant, vitamin E, from lipoperoxidative damage."}
{"id": "PMID:881782", "title": "Ultrastructural alterations in nutritional cardiomyopathy of selenium-vitamin E deficient swine. II. Vascular lesions.", "content": "Selenium-vitamin E deficiency was produced in weanling swine by feeding a semisynthetic basal diet for 13 to 59 days. Pigs were killed sequentially for morphologic studies of the cardiac lesions. In hearts with vascular damage, gross hemorrhages were scattered in the myocardium and serosal surfaces. Light and electron microscopic study revealed myocardial arteriolar damage characterized by segmental fibrinoid accumulation in vessel walls and by scattered fibrin thrombi. Ultrastructural study disclosed extensive subendothelial and inner wall accumulations of dense granular deposits of serum proteins and masses of fibrin in arterioles in which dense deposits of fibrinoid were identified by light microscopy. Endothelial cells of these arterioles were loosely attached to each other. In arterioles with fibrin thrombi, the endothelium was disrupted. In mildly injured arterioles, increased endothelial permeability resulted in insudation of blood proteins into the vessel wall to produce accumulation of fibrinoid. In severely injured vessels, endothelial integrity was destroyed, smooth muscle cells were necrotic and thrombosis had developed. Initiation of these arteriolar lesions was apparently the result of lipoperoxidative damage to endothelial cell membranes that lacked protection by selenium-vitamin E.", "contents": "Ultrastructural alterations in nutritional cardiomyopathy of selenium-vitamin E deficient swine. II. Vascular lesions. Selenium-vitamin E deficiency was produced in weanling swine by feeding a semisynthetic basal diet for 13 to 59 days. Pigs were killed sequentially for morphologic studies of the cardiac lesions. In hearts with vascular damage, gross hemorrhages were scattered in the myocardium and serosal surfaces. Light and electron microscopic study revealed myocardial arteriolar damage characterized by segmental fibrinoid accumulation in vessel walls and by scattered fibrin thrombi. Ultrastructural study disclosed extensive subendothelial and inner wall accumulations of dense granular deposits of serum proteins and masses of fibrin in arterioles in which dense deposits of fibrinoid were identified by light microscopy. Endothelial cells of these arterioles were loosely attached to each other. In arterioles with fibrin thrombi, the endothelium was disrupted. In mildly injured arterioles, increased endothelial permeability resulted in insudation of blood proteins into the vessel wall to produce accumulation of fibrinoid. In severely injured vessels, endothelial integrity was destroyed, smooth muscle cells were necrotic and thrombosis had developed. Initiation of these arteriolar lesions was apparently the result of lipoperoxidative damage to endothelial cell membranes that lacked protection by selenium-vitamin E."}
{"id": "PMID:881783", "title": "Amyloid in polypeptide hormone-producing tumors.", "content": "The hormone content of 72 endocrine tumors was determined by immunofluorescence and their amyloid content was investigated. Seventeen of the 72 tumors contained amyloid. Amyloid was frequently found in tumors producing calcitonin, insulin, or growth hormone, but was rarely found in other tumors. Thus, there is a relationship between the occurrence of amyloid in an endocrine tumor and the type of hormone it produces. The reason for this is not known, but there is evidence that the amyloid fibrils contain proteins related to the hormone produced by the tumors.", "contents": "Amyloid in polypeptide hormone-producing tumors. The hormone content of 72 endocrine tumors was determined by immunofluorescence and their amyloid content was investigated. Seventeen of the 72 tumors contained amyloid. Amyloid was frequently found in tumors producing calcitonin, insulin, or growth hormone, but was rarely found in other tumors. Thus, there is a relationship between the occurrence of amyloid in an endocrine tumor and the type of hormone it produces. The reason for this is not known, but there is evidence that the amyloid fibrils contain proteins related to the hormone produced by the tumors."}
{"id": "PMID:881784", "title": "Muscle protein synthesis in MED myopathy.", "content": "A fatal, rapidly developing progressive muscle disease of delayed onset in mice is produced by the effects of an autosomal recessive gene (MED). We recognize two stages of this disease. The earlier stage, observed between the 11th and 14th postnatal day, is characterized by structurally normal small myofibers, cessation of increase in body weight, and increasing muscular weakness, particularly of the hind limbs. The second stage is characterized by a spheromembranous degeneration of myofibers and almost complete cessation of voluntary movement. Previous studies have revealed neither anatomic abnormalities in neuromuscular junctions nor major changes in oxidative metabolism or electrolyte concentrations in striated myofibers in the early stages of the disease. In this paper we report investigations designed to determine whether the failure of growth of striated muscle in the first stage is due to a defect in muscle protein synthesis or, as has been found in muscular dystrophies, is due to an increased rate of degradation of muscle. We conclude that MED animals demonstrate a different kind of defect than that occurring in dystrophic mice. In MED mice, the failure of growth is primarily due to a diminished rate of protein synthesis.", "contents": "Muscle protein synthesis in MED myopathy. A fatal, rapidly developing progressive muscle disease of delayed onset in mice is produced by the effects of an autosomal recessive gene (MED). We recognize two stages of this disease. The earlier stage, observed between the 11th and 14th postnatal day, is characterized by structurally normal small myofibers, cessation of increase in body weight, and increasing muscular weakness, particularly of the hind limbs. The second stage is characterized by a spheromembranous degeneration of myofibers and almost complete cessation of voluntary movement. Previous studies have revealed neither anatomic abnormalities in neuromuscular junctions nor major changes in oxidative metabolism or electrolyte concentrations in striated myofibers in the early stages of the disease. In this paper we report investigations designed to determine whether the failure of growth of striated muscle in the first stage is due to a defect in muscle protein synthesis or, as has been found in muscular dystrophies, is due to an increased rate of degradation of muscle. We conclude that MED animals demonstrate a different kind of defect than that occurring in dystrophic mice. In MED mice, the failure of growth is primarily due to a diminished rate of protein synthesis."}
{"id": "PMID:881813", "title": "Visual reinforcement of head-turn responses in infants under 12 months of age.", "content": "The effect of complex visual reinforcement (animated toy animal) on auditory localization responses of infants below 12 months of age was studied. Sixty infants served as subjects and each subject received 30 presentations of complex noise at suprathreshold level. After each response to an auditory signal, one-half of the infants (experimental group) received complex visual reinforcement and the other half (control group) received no reinforcement. The experimental and control groups were further subdivided into three age groups: four months, five and six months, and seven to 11 months. Visual reinforcement produced significantly more responses (head turn) than no reinforcement for the two older age groups. There was no significant difference between the experimental and control conditions at four months of age.", "contents": "Visual reinforcement of head-turn responses in infants under 12 months of age. The effect of complex visual reinforcement (animated toy animal) on auditory localization responses of infants below 12 months of age was studied. Sixty infants served as subjects and each subject received 30 presentations of complex noise at suprathreshold level. After each response to an auditory signal, one-half of the infants (experimental group) received complex visual reinforcement and the other half (control group) received no reinforcement. The experimental and control groups were further subdivided into three age groups: four months, five and six months, and seven to 11 months. Visual reinforcement produced significantly more responses (head turn) than no reinforcement for the two older age groups. There was no significant difference between the experimental and control conditions at four months of age."}
{"id": "PMID:881816", "title": "A hearing aid malfunction detection unit.", "content": "A system is described, the Hearing Aid Malfunction Detection Unit (HAMDU), that electrically checks for proper operation of several aspects of hearing aid function. HAMDU is a miniature, add-on device which performs a check of hearing aid operation about every half hour, and which indicates malfunction by means of a highly visible, electrically tripped indicator. Functions checked include battery voltage, gain, distortion and noise, and continuity of the receiver cord. In addition, the indicator will be tripped if the hearing aid is turned off. HAMDU is small, low in cost, can be adapted to most body aids, and has no effect on hearing aid performance. The primary features of the system are that the hearing aid is checked periodically throughout its use, and the aid does not have to be removed from the wearer. The unit is designed specifically for body type hearing aids worn by children.", "contents": "A hearing aid malfunction detection unit. A system is described, the Hearing Aid Malfunction Detection Unit (HAMDU), that electrically checks for proper operation of several aspects of hearing aid function. HAMDU is a miniature, add-on device which performs a check of hearing aid operation about every half hour, and which indicates malfunction by means of a highly visible, electrically tripped indicator. Functions checked include battery voltage, gain, distortion and noise, and continuity of the receiver cord. In addition, the indicator will be tripped if the hearing aid is turned off. HAMDU is small, low in cost, can be adapted to most body aids, and has no effect on hearing aid performance. The primary features of the system are that the hearing aid is checked periodically throughout its use, and the aid does not have to be removed from the wearer. The unit is designed specifically for body type hearing aids worn by children."}
{"id": "PMID:881817", "title": "Automatization of correct production at two levels of articulatory acquisition.", "content": "This study investigated the assumption that children who are in the process of acquiring correct production of a misarticulated phoneme are also in the process of developing automatization of correct production. Using the McDonald Deep Test of Articulation, children's articulation was tested under two conditions: Condition 1 without masking and Condition 2 with 85 dB SLP of competing speech masking. Children were classified into one of two levels of articulatory acquisition according to their performance during Condition 1. Children scoring below 80% correct were classsified as demonstrating low acquisition. Children scoring above 80% correct were classified as demonstrating high acquisition. Only children with /s/ or /r/ misarticulations were studied. Results indicated that the correct articulation of children demonstrating low acquisition was significantly more affected by the auditory masking than the correct articulation of those children demonstrating higher levels of acquisition. There was no significant difference in the performance of the children with the /s/ or /r/ misarticulations. The results support the concept that articulatory acquisition and automatization of correct articulation relate in a predictable manner.", "contents": "Automatization of correct production at two levels of articulatory acquisition. This study investigated the assumption that children who are in the process of acquiring correct production of a misarticulated phoneme are also in the process of developing automatization of correct production. Using the McDonald Deep Test of Articulation, children's articulation was tested under two conditions: Condition 1 without masking and Condition 2 with 85 dB SLP of competing speech masking. Children were classified into one of two levels of articulatory acquisition according to their performance during Condition 1. Children scoring below 80% correct were classsified as demonstrating low acquisition. Children scoring above 80% correct were classified as demonstrating high acquisition. Only children with /s/ or /r/ misarticulations were studied. Results indicated that the correct articulation of children demonstrating low acquisition was significantly more affected by the auditory masking than the correct articulation of those children demonstrating higher levels of acquisition. There was no significant difference in the performance of the children with the /s/ or /r/ misarticulations. The results support the concept that articulatory acquisition and automatization of correct articulation relate in a predictable manner."}
{"id": "PMID:881819", "title": "Relationships between comfortable loudness levels for speech and speech discrimination in sensorineural hearing loss.", "content": "The primary purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between the sensation level selected as most comfortable for loudness and intelligibility, and the sensation level at which maximum speech discrimination is obtained. An articulation function was generated at five sensation levels for 45 subjects with sensorineural hearing loss. Speech discrimination scores were also obtained at sensation levels corresponding to most comfortable loudness levels for loudness and intelligibility. Results indicated that most comfortable loudness, at least under the conditions of the present study, does not appear to be the level at which maximum speech discrimination is obtained. Therefore, the use of comfortable loudness as a single sensation level for testing a subject's maximum discrimination is not recommended at this time.", "contents": "Relationships between comfortable loudness levels for speech and speech discrimination in sensorineural hearing loss. The primary purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between the sensation level selected as most comfortable for loudness and intelligibility, and the sensation level at which maximum speech discrimination is obtained. An articulation function was generated at five sensation levels for 45 subjects with sensorineural hearing loss. Speech discrimination scores were also obtained at sensation levels corresponding to most comfortable loudness levels for loudness and intelligibility. Results indicated that most comfortable loudness, at least under the conditions of the present study, does not appear to be the level at which maximum speech discrimination is obtained. Therefore, the use of comfortable loudness as a single sensation level for testing a subject's maximum discrimination is not recommended at this time."}
{"id": "PMID:881820", "title": "Bedtime soliloquies and linguistic competence in autism.", "content": "This study investigates the linguistic competence of an autistic child by means of her bedtime soliloquies. It suggests the usefulness of such monologues as a diagnostic tool and addresses the question of the interrelationship between echolalia and language development. Three bedtime soliloquies of an eight-year-old echolalic autistic child are analyzed along the dimensions of echolalia versus propositional speech, types of ungrammaticality produced, and analysis of connected discourse. The results are compared with those of a normal child reported earlier in the literature. The present analysis demonstrates the difficulties in the judgement of propositional versus echolalic speech. The types of ungrammaticality were found to be useful indicators of apparent differences between the acquisition process in the normal and the autistic child. They revealed that the autistic child may use specific linguistic strategies only minimally utilized by the normal child. The discourse analysis points up additional differences as well as similarities in the way the autistic subject organizes her utterances in connected discourse. It also shows that the autistic child has specific but limited linguistic competence. It is hypothesized that the autistic subject acquires more functional, useful language by a process of gradually breaking down echolalic patterns. In terms of therapy, these findings would support the use of echolalia as a basis for language training.", "contents": "Bedtime soliloquies and linguistic competence in autism. This study investigates the linguistic competence of an autistic child by means of her bedtime soliloquies. It suggests the usefulness of such monologues as a diagnostic tool and addresses the question of the interrelationship between echolalia and language development. Three bedtime soliloquies of an eight-year-old echolalic autistic child are analyzed along the dimensions of echolalia versus propositional speech, types of ungrammaticality produced, and analysis of connected discourse. The results are compared with those of a normal child reported earlier in the literature. The present analysis demonstrates the difficulties in the judgement of propositional versus echolalic speech. The types of ungrammaticality were found to be useful indicators of apparent differences between the acquisition process in the normal and the autistic child. They revealed that the autistic child may use specific linguistic strategies only minimally utilized by the normal child. The discourse analysis points up additional differences as well as similarities in the way the autistic subject organizes her utterances in connected discourse. It also shows that the autistic child has specific but limited linguistic competence. It is hypothesized that the autistic subject acquires more functional, useful language by a process of gradually breaking down echolalic patterns. In terms of therapy, these findings would support the use of echolalia as a basis for language training."}
{"id": "PMID:881821", "title": "Treatment and generalization effects in an experimental treatment for a stutterer using contingency management and speech rate control.", "content": "An experimental treatment program for an adult stutterer, using contingency management and rate control procedures, is described. During laboratory sessions, a combination of both procedures resulted in maintained stutter-free speech within a target speech rate range. Bidaily recordings of the subject's speech across all nonlaboratory speaking situations, preceding and throughout the laboratory treatment, revealed no correspondence between laboratory and nonlaboratory speech behavior. Some positive and negative findings from this study are considered with respect to contingency management of stuttering.", "contents": "Treatment and generalization effects in an experimental treatment for a stutterer using contingency management and speech rate control. An experimental treatment program for an adult stutterer, using contingency management and rate control procedures, is described. During laboratory sessions, a combination of both procedures resulted in maintained stutter-free speech within a target speech rate range. Bidaily recordings of the subject's speech across all nonlaboratory speaking situations, preceding and throughout the laboratory treatment, revealed no correspondence between laboratory and nonlaboratory speech behavior. Some positive and negative findings from this study are considered with respect to contingency management of stuttering."}
{"id": "PMID:881822", "title": "Use of performance-intensity functions for diagnosis.", "content": "Performance-intensity (PI) functions for phonetically balanced (PB) word lists were obtained for a group of normal listeners (27 ears), and for two groups of patients with cochlear (89 ears) and retrocochlear disorders (eight ears). Listeners with normal hearing or cochlear disorders exhibited mild to moderate reductions in discrimination score as the speech level was raised above the PB maximum. In contrast, patients with retrocochlear disorders showed a pronounced rollover phenomenon, characterized by a rapid decline in performance as the speech level was raised above the maximum discrimination score.", "contents": "Use of performance-intensity functions for diagnosis. Performance-intensity (PI) functions for phonetically balanced (PB) word lists were obtained for a group of normal listeners (27 ears), and for two groups of patients with cochlear (89 ears) and retrocochlear disorders (eight ears). Listeners with normal hearing or cochlear disorders exhibited mild to moderate reductions in discrimination score as the speech level was raised above the PB maximum. In contrast, patients with retrocochlear disorders showed a pronounced rollover phenomenon, characterized by a rapid decline in performance as the speech level was raised above the maximum discrimination score."}
{"id": "PMID:881825", "title": "Bioelectronic measurement of nasality in trainable mentally retarded children.", "content": "Fifty trainable mentally retarded children were evaluated with TONAR II, a bioelectronic instrument for detecting and quantitatively measuring voice parameters. Results indicated that one-half of the children tested were hypernasal. The strikingly high prevalence of excessive nasality was contrasted with results obtained from 64 nonretarded children and 50 educable retarded children tested with the same instrument. The study demonstrated the need of retarded persons for improved voice and resonance.", "contents": "Bioelectronic measurement of nasality in trainable mentally retarded children. Fifty trainable mentally retarded children were evaluated with TONAR II, a bioelectronic instrument for detecting and quantitatively measuring voice parameters. Results indicated that one-half of the children tested were hypernasal. The strikingly high prevalence of excessive nasality was contrasted with results obtained from 64 nonretarded children and 50 educable retarded children tested with the same instrument. The study demonstrated the need of retarded persons for improved voice and resonance."}
{"id": "PMID:881826", "title": "Split-half reliability of two word discrimination tests as a function of primary-to-secondary ratio.", "content": "Two clinical word discrimination tests, the Northwestern University Auditory Test No. 6 (NU-6) and the Modified Rhyme Test (MRT), were examined for internal consistency and for split-half reliability under varying primary-to-secondary ratios (P:S) in normal hearers. Although the statistical analysis indicated that half-lists could be used reliably for both discrimination tests at most P:S conditions, the wide variability found among individual listeners does not support the clinical practice of half-list testing in noise--at least not for normal-hearing listeners.", "contents": "Split-half reliability of two word discrimination tests as a function of primary-to-secondary ratio. Two clinical word discrimination tests, the Northwestern University Auditory Test No. 6 (NU-6) and the Modified Rhyme Test (MRT), were examined for internal consistency and for split-half reliability under varying primary-to-secondary ratios (P:S) in normal hearers. Although the statistical analysis indicated that half-lists could be used reliably for both discrimination tests at most P:S conditions, the wide variability found among individual listeners does not support the clinical practice of half-list testing in noise--at least not for normal-hearing listeners."}
{"id": "PMID:881827", "title": "Children's perception of nasal resonance.", "content": "The purpose of this study was to investigate children's perception of nasal resonance in other children. A total of 120 elementary-school-aged children listened to four female children's voices with normal resonance to severe hypernasality and responded to a total of 20 questions. All children responded negatively to severe hypernasality in other children. The findings indicate that hypernasality warrants correction.", "contents": "Children's perception of nasal resonance. The purpose of this study was to investigate children's perception of nasal resonance in other children. A total of 120 elementary-school-aged children listened to four female children's voices with normal resonance to severe hypernasality and responded to a total of 20 questions. All children responded negatively to severe hypernasality in other children. The findings indicate that hypernasality warrants correction."}
{"id": "PMID:881837", "title": "Alcoholism: a controlled trial of \"treatment\" and \"advice\".", "content": "Two groups of alcoholics received either one counseling session or several months of in- and outpatient treatment. One year later there were no significant differences in outcome between the two groups.", "contents": "Alcoholism: a controlled trial of \"treatment\" and \"advice\". Two groups of alcoholics received either one counseling session or several months of in- and outpatient treatment. One year later there were no significant differences in outcome between the two groups."}
{"id": "PMID:881838", "title": "Consequences of social modification of drinking behavior.", "content": "Alcoholic patients who remained abstinent during a Fixed Interval Drinking Decision treatment program had fewer alcohol-related problems at a 6-month follow-up than those who drank during treatment. Pretreatment encouragement to remain abstinent may also have favorably affected the results.", "contents": "Consequences of social modification of drinking behavior. Alcoholic patients who remained abstinent during a Fixed Interval Drinking Decision treatment program had fewer alcohol-related problems at a 6-month follow-up than those who drank during treatment. Pretreatment encouragement to remain abstinent may also have favorably affected the results."}
{"id": "PMID:881839", "title": "Defensive style and treatment outcome among men alcoholics.", "content": "In a follow-up study of alcoholic patients, those with higher levels of denial had lower rates of rehospitalization and higher rates of treatment completion than those who relied on other defense mechanisms.", "contents": "Defensive style and treatment outcome among men alcoholics. In a follow-up study of alcoholic patients, those with higher levels of denial had lower rates of rehospitalization and higher rates of treatment completion than those who relied on other defense mechanisms."}
{"id": "PMID:881840", "title": "Life with Alcoholics Anonymous. The Methodist class meeting as a paradigm.", "content": "Alcoholics Anonymous meetings are found to be similar in structure and methods to Methodist class meetings.", "contents": "Life with Alcoholics Anonymous. The Methodist class meeting as a paradigm. Alcoholics Anonymous meetings are found to be similar in structure and methods to Methodist class meetings."}
{"id": "PMID:881841", "title": "Observing public drinking.", "content": "A reliable method of assessing alcohol comsumption in public bars by direct observation is described.", "contents": "Observing public drinking. A reliable method of assessing alcohol comsumption in public bars by direct observation is described."}
{"id": "PMID:881842", "title": "Social problems of alcoholics.", "content": "A comparison of abstainers and alcoholics showed that the latter were more often involved in social conflicts and breaches of social norms. The breaches of social values were as important as the drinking in society's definition of an alcoholic.", "contents": "Social problems of alcoholics. A comparison of abstainers and alcoholics showed that the latter were more often involved in social conflicts and breaches of social norms. The breaches of social values were as important as the drinking in society's definition of an alcoholic."}
{"id": "PMID:881843", "title": "The relationship of availability of alcoholic beverages to per capita consumption and alcoholism rates.", "content": "A study of the relationship between availability of beverage alcohol and per capita consumption and alcoholism rates in the U.S.A. indicates that income and urbanism are more closely related to consumption and alcoholism rates than is availability.", "contents": "The relationship of availability of alcoholic beverages to per capita consumption and alcoholism rates. A study of the relationship between availability of beverage alcohol and per capita consumption and alcoholism rates in the U.S.A. indicates that income and urbanism are more closely related to consumption and alcoholism rates than is availability."}
{"id": "PMID:881844", "title": "A longitudinal study of onset of drinking among high-school students.", "content": "During the course of the school year 30% of high-school abstainers started using distilled spirits. The influence of intra- and interpersonal characteristics on beginning to drink is assessed.", "contents": "A longitudinal study of onset of drinking among high-school students. During the course of the school year 30% of high-school abstainers started using distilled spirits. The influence of intra- and interpersonal characteristics on beginning to drink is assessed."}
{"id": "PMID:881845", "title": "Stereotyping by children of the effects of drinking on adults.", "content": "Responses on a semantic differential questionnaire indicated that 12-year-olds had formed stereotypes about the effects of alcohol on adults and that these stereotypes were generally negative.", "contents": "Stereotyping by children of the effects of drinking on adults. Responses on a semantic differential questionnaire indicated that 12-year-olds had formed stereotypes about the effects of alcohol on adults and that these stereotypes were generally negative."}
{"id": "PMID:881846", "title": "Effects of furosemide on renal function after a single dose of ethanol.", "content": "The administration of furosemide 18 hours after a single ethanol administration demonstrated that loop of Henle sodium reabsorption was increased by ethanol.", "contents": "Effects of furosemide on renal function after a single dose of ethanol. The administration of furosemide 18 hours after a single ethanol administration demonstrated that loop of Henle sodium reabsorption was increased by ethanol."}
{"id": "PMID:881847", "title": "Effects of acetazolamide on renal function eighteen hours after a single does of ethanol.", "content": "The administration of acetazolamide 18 hours after a single dose of ethanol demonstrated that ethanol stimulates proximal tubular sodium reabsorption.", "contents": "Effects of acetazolamide on renal function eighteen hours after a single does of ethanol. The administration of acetazolamide 18 hours after a single dose of ethanol demonstrated that ethanol stimulates proximal tubular sodium reabsorption."}
{"id": "PMID:881848", "title": "Drinking motives and behavior in social drinkers.", "content": "A survey of 113 college students indicated that drinkers with mature motives for drinking (e.g., drank on special occasions) drank less than drinkers with immature motives (e.g., drank to increase self-confidence) and showed smaller increases 1 year later.", "contents": "Drinking motives and behavior in social drinkers. A survey of 113 college students indicated that drinkers with mature motives for drinking (e.g., drank on special occasions) drank less than drinkers with immature motives (e.g., drank to increase self-confidence) and showed smaller increases 1 year later."}
{"id": "PMID:881849", "title": "Alcohol withdrawal symptoms and drinking behavior.", "content": "Among 100 men alcoholics, most of the symptoms of alcohol withdrawal were relieved by further drinking.", "contents": "Alcohol withdrawal symptoms and drinking behavior. Among 100 men alcoholics, most of the symptoms of alcohol withdrawal were relieved by further drinking."}
{"id": "PMID:881873", "title": "Transatrial repair of ventricular septal defects with reference to their anatomic classification.", "content": "A consecutive series of 50 children undergoing elective operations for ventricular septal defect (VSD) is presented. Atriotomy was performed routinely. Repair of the defect through the tricuspid valve was attempted in all cases and achieved in 72 percent. There was a 24 percent incidence of right bundle branch block. All patients improved symptomatically after the operation. The mortality rate was 4 percent. The right atrial route is considered to be preferable as a primary approach and has no disadvantages.", "contents": "Transatrial repair of ventricular septal defects with reference to their anatomic classification. A consecutive series of 50 children undergoing elective operations for ventricular septal defect (VSD) is presented. Atriotomy was performed routinely. Repair of the defect through the tricuspid valve was attempted in all cases and achieved in 72 percent. There was a 24 percent incidence of right bundle branch block. All patients improved symptomatically after the operation. The mortality rate was 4 percent. The right atrial route is considered to be preferable as a primary approach and has no disadvantages."}
{"id": "PMID:881874", "title": "Surgical closure of left coronary artery-left ventricular fistula: the second case reported in the literature and a review of the five previously reported cases of coronary artery fistula terminating in the left ventricle.", "content": "Surgical closure of a left coronary artery-left ventricular fistula in a 44-year-old black man is reported. The fistula was discovered by coronary arteriography after the patient was admitted to the hospital complaining of recurrent chest pain. The fistula was closed with cardiopulmonary bypass, ischemic arrest, and hypothermia, and there was an uneventful postoperative recovery. The previously reported five cases of fistulas terminating in the left ventricle that were closed surgically are reviewed. Four of these cases originated in the right coronary artery and one in the left coronary artery. Three of the six patients were symptomatic at the time of discovery of the lesion. Cardiopulmonary bypass was necessary in five of the six cases. One patient died in the postoperative period from intractable hemorrhage. It is recommended that coronary artery fistulas by closed upon establishment of the diagnosis because of the sequelae if they are allowed to remain open; these include premature atherosclerosis, aneurysmal dilatation of the coronary artery, and congestive heart failure.", "contents": "Surgical closure of left coronary artery-left ventricular fistula: the second case reported in the literature and a review of the five previously reported cases of coronary artery fistula terminating in the left ventricle. Surgical closure of a left coronary artery-left ventricular fistula in a 44-year-old black man is reported. The fistula was discovered by coronary arteriography after the patient was admitted to the hospital complaining of recurrent chest pain. The fistula was closed with cardiopulmonary bypass, ischemic arrest, and hypothermia, and there was an uneventful postoperative recovery. The previously reported five cases of fistulas terminating in the left ventricle that were closed surgically are reviewed. Four of these cases originated in the right coronary artery and one in the left coronary artery. Three of the six patients were symptomatic at the time of discovery of the lesion. Cardiopulmonary bypass was necessary in five of the six cases. One patient died in the postoperative period from intractable hemorrhage. It is recommended that coronary artery fistulas by closed upon establishment of the diagnosis because of the sequelae if they are allowed to remain open; these include premature atherosclerosis, aneurysmal dilatation of the coronary artery, and congestive heart failure."}
{"id": "PMID:881875", "title": "Primary pulmonary hemangiopericytoma.", "content": "Hemangiopericytoma is a potentially malignant tumor of vascular origin. It usually is a solitary lesion and may arise in the chest or in extrathoracic areas. It is usually encapsulated. Microscopic features vary with the degree of differentiation of the individual tumor. The more differentiated variety exhibits abundant capillaries with open lumina surrounded by ovoid tumor cells; in the less differentiated tumors, the capillaries lack lumina and the tumor cells are spindle shaped. The prognostic significance of the microscopic pattern is controversial. However, prominent mitotic activity, necrosis, hemorrhage, and increased cellularity are ominous signs and are usually noticed in tumors that later exhibit malignant behavior. The larger the lesion, the more likely that it will be symptomatic. Treatment of choice is ample surgical resection.", "contents": "Primary pulmonary hemangiopericytoma. Hemangiopericytoma is a potentially malignant tumor of vascular origin. It usually is a solitary lesion and may arise in the chest or in extrathoracic areas. It is usually encapsulated. Microscopic features vary with the degree of differentiation of the individual tumor. The more differentiated variety exhibits abundant capillaries with open lumina surrounded by ovoid tumor cells; in the less differentiated tumors, the capillaries lack lumina and the tumor cells are spindle shaped. The prognostic significance of the microscopic pattern is controversial. However, prominent mitotic activity, necrosis, hemorrhage, and increased cellularity are ominous signs and are usually noticed in tumors that later exhibit malignant behavior. The larger the lesion, the more likely that it will be symptomatic. Treatment of choice is ample surgical resection."}
{"id": "PMID:881876", "title": "Isolated mitral replacement with stent-mounted antibiotic-treated aortic allograft valves.", "content": "The results of valve replacement with a stent-mounted antibiotic-treated aortic allograft valve are reported in 129 patients with isolated mitral valve disease. Of these patients, 70 per cent were in N.Y.H.A. Class IV. The hospital mortality rate was 3.9 percent. The cumulative complication-free rate at 5 years was only 37 percent as 21 percent died late, a further 15 percent were alive following reoperation, 4 percent had an embolic episode, 4 percent were alive with important incompetence, and 20 percent had unimportant incompetence. Proved valve failure was due mainly to detachment of the aortic wall remnant of the valve from the pillar of the rigid metal stent (16 percent incidence at 5 years) and methods for preventing this complication are discussed. Because of these complications the use of this device in the mitral position has been discontinued.", "contents": "Isolated mitral replacement with stent-mounted antibiotic-treated aortic allograft valves. The results of valve replacement with a stent-mounted antibiotic-treated aortic allograft valve are reported in 129 patients with isolated mitral valve disease. Of these patients, 70 per cent were in N.Y.H.A. Class IV. The hospital mortality rate was 3.9 percent. The cumulative complication-free rate at 5 years was only 37 percent as 21 percent died late, a further 15 percent were alive following reoperation, 4 percent had an embolic episode, 4 percent were alive with important incompetence, and 20 percent had unimportant incompetence. Proved valve failure was due mainly to detachment of the aortic wall remnant of the valve from the pillar of the rigid metal stent (16 percent incidence at 5 years) and methods for preventing this complication are discussed. Because of these complications the use of this device in the mitral position has been discontinued."}
{"id": "PMID:881877", "title": "Two-stage bilateral lung reimplantation in the dog.", "content": "A study of two-stage pulmonary autotransplantation was performed on 29 dogs; 12 dogs died after the first stage, which was always a right lung reimplantation, and 17 dogs underwent the second stage after varying intervals of time. In the group of six dogs operated upon with very short intervals between stages (2 to 8 days) there were no survivors. There were seven long-term survivors in the subgroup with an interval longer than 4 weeks, and they constitute the largest published series obtained with this particular procedure. The interval between operative stages was the only significant controlled variable, as only minor technical or operative differences were allowed to occur. Ischemia times of the lungs were usually quite short. The surviving animals were utilized for studies of the regeneration of the afferent pulmonary nerves (Hering-Breure reflex and effects of capsaicin) as permitted by a long follow-up period of up to 3 years.", "contents": "Two-stage bilateral lung reimplantation in the dog. A study of two-stage pulmonary autotransplantation was performed on 29 dogs; 12 dogs died after the first stage, which was always a right lung reimplantation, and 17 dogs underwent the second stage after varying intervals of time. In the group of six dogs operated upon with very short intervals between stages (2 to 8 days) there were no survivors. There were seven long-term survivors in the subgroup with an interval longer than 4 weeks, and they constitute the largest published series obtained with this particular procedure. The interval between operative stages was the only significant controlled variable, as only minor technical or operative differences were allowed to occur. Ischemia times of the lungs were usually quite short. The surviving animals were utilized for studies of the regeneration of the afferent pulmonary nerves (Hering-Breure reflex and effects of capsaicin) as permitted by a long follow-up period of up to 3 years."}
{"id": "PMID:881878", "title": "Long-term effect of the superior vena cava-pulmonary artery anastomosis on pulmonary blood flow.", "content": "The long-term effects of the superior vena cava-pulmonary artery anastomosis were evaluated in 15 patients a mean of 8.5 years postoperatively. There were eight patients with tricuspid atresia and seven with other complex anomalies. Ten patients underwent 133xenon ventilation scans and 99mtechnetium perfusion scans in the upright and suprine positions. Perfusion scans showed decreased perfusion of the right upper lobe which improved in the supine position. Shunt flow, measured by thermodilution in nine patients, was a mean of 1.7 L. per minute per square meter, with a mean superior vena caval pressure of 8 mm. Hg and a resistance of 3.0 units. Right and left pulmonary venous saturations were 94 and 96 percent, respectively, showing little intrapulmonary shunting. Venous collaterals were the major cause for shunt failure. Six patients underwent a left Blalock-Taussig shunt and division of venous collaterals a mean of 6 years after the Glenn shunt and are all doing well. The superior vena cava-pulmonary artery anastomosis did not result in progressive pulmonary deterioration in the patients studied. The staged treatment of tricuspid atresia by the Glenn shunt followed by a systemic-pulmonary artery shunt and ligation of venous collaterals gives prolonged effective palliation.", "contents": "Long-term effect of the superior vena cava-pulmonary artery anastomosis on pulmonary blood flow. The long-term effects of the superior vena cava-pulmonary artery anastomosis were evaluated in 15 patients a mean of 8.5 years postoperatively. There were eight patients with tricuspid atresia and seven with other complex anomalies. Ten patients underwent 133xenon ventilation scans and 99mtechnetium perfusion scans in the upright and suprine positions. Perfusion scans showed decreased perfusion of the right upper lobe which improved in the supine position. Shunt flow, measured by thermodilution in nine patients, was a mean of 1.7 L. per minute per square meter, with a mean superior vena caval pressure of 8 mm. Hg and a resistance of 3.0 units. Right and left pulmonary venous saturations were 94 and 96 percent, respectively, showing little intrapulmonary shunting. Venous collaterals were the major cause for shunt failure. Six patients underwent a left Blalock-Taussig shunt and division of venous collaterals a mean of 6 years after the Glenn shunt and are all doing well. The superior vena cava-pulmonary artery anastomosis did not result in progressive pulmonary deterioration in the patients studied. The staged treatment of tricuspid atresia by the Glenn shunt followed by a systemic-pulmonary artery shunt and ligation of venous collaterals gives prolonged effective palliation."}
{"id": "PMID:881879", "title": "Chondrosarcoma: a case report with left atrial involvement and systemic embolization.", "content": "A 26-year-old white man underwent amputation of the right lower extremity for a chondrosarcoma of the distal femur. Eleven years later, after a long symptom-free interval, he was hospitalized for rapidly progressive dyspnea, pleuritic chest pain, and hemoptysis resulting from a large pulmonary metastasis that had extended directly to the left atrium via the pulmonary vein. Within 24 hours of hospitalization, obstruction of the left commom iliac artery by tumor embolus necessitated embolectomy. This represents the second report of a metastatic chondrosarcoma involving the left atrium. The case presented clinically as an atrial myxoma and disseminated via the systemic circulation with a rapidly downhill course therafter.", "contents": "Chondrosarcoma: a case report with left atrial involvement and systemic embolization. A 26-year-old white man underwent amputation of the right lower extremity for a chondrosarcoma of the distal femur. Eleven years later, after a long symptom-free interval, he was hospitalized for rapidly progressive dyspnea, pleuritic chest pain, and hemoptysis resulting from a large pulmonary metastasis that had extended directly to the left atrium via the pulmonary vein. Within 24 hours of hospitalization, obstruction of the left commom iliac artery by tumor embolus necessitated embolectomy. This represents the second report of a metastatic chondrosarcoma involving the left atrium. The case presented clinically as an atrial myxoma and disseminated via the systemic circulation with a rapidly downhill course therafter."}
{"id": "PMID:881880", "title": "Kindness pays dividends: the medical benefits of intercostal nerve block following thoracotomy.", "content": "Postoperative pain is an important factor in the management of children undergoing thoracotomy. Intercostal nerve block has been used in adult patients, but its applicability in the pediatric age group has not been previously evaluated. Eighty-nine children (85 girls and 31 boys) aged 6 months to 16 years (mean age 4.7 years) underwent ligation of a patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) through a left thoracotomy. Twenty-nine children received intercostal blocks with bupivacaine from the level of the second to sixth thoracic vertebrae. Sixty cases constituted the control group. The patients with intercostal block had fewer doses of pain medication postoperatively, 2.7 mean (0 to 9), than did the control patients, 3.9 mean (0 to 21). The mean hospital stay was shortened in the patients with nerve block, 5.1 days versus 7.3 days for the control group. No ill effects of bupivacaine were noted. We conclude that intercostal nerve block is a valuable procedure reducing the need for postoperative analgesia and shortening hospital stay.", "contents": "Kindness pays dividends: the medical benefits of intercostal nerve block following thoracotomy. Postoperative pain is an important factor in the management of children undergoing thoracotomy. Intercostal nerve block has been used in adult patients, but its applicability in the pediatric age group has not been previously evaluated. Eighty-nine children (85 girls and 31 boys) aged 6 months to 16 years (mean age 4.7 years) underwent ligation of a patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) through a left thoracotomy. Twenty-nine children received intercostal blocks with bupivacaine from the level of the second to sixth thoracic vertebrae. Sixty cases constituted the control group. The patients with intercostal block had fewer doses of pain medication postoperatively, 2.7 mean (0 to 9), than did the control patients, 3.9 mean (0 to 21). The mean hospital stay was shortened in the patients with nerve block, 5.1 days versus 7.3 days for the control group. No ill effects of bupivacaine were noted. We conclude that intercostal nerve block is a valuable procedure reducing the need for postoperative analgesia and shortening hospital stay."}
{"id": "PMID:881881", "title": "The roles of ventilation and perfusion in lung metabolism.", "content": "The lung, like other viable organs, requires the adequate supply of oxygen and metabolic substrates for its functional and structural integrity. Therefore, we studied the metabolic and ultrastructural consequences in the canine lung following bronchial and/or pulmonary arterial occlusions. The results indicate that the lung can maintain its bioenergetic levels for 5 hours with either the ventilation or perfusion alone. Ultrastructural changes appear to precede metabolic alterations measured. When both the ventilation and perfusion were interrupted, rapid biochemical and structural deteriorations occurred, whereas the combinations of alveolar obliteration and hypoxemia, induced with low F102, produced intermediate damage. The implications of these findings on the pathogenesis and evolution of acute respiratory distress syndrome, on the lung preservation for transplantation, and on the rationale for membrane oxygenator support are discussed.", "contents": "The roles of ventilation and perfusion in lung metabolism. The lung, like other viable organs, requires the adequate supply of oxygen and metabolic substrates for its functional and structural integrity. Therefore, we studied the metabolic and ultrastructural consequences in the canine lung following bronchial and/or pulmonary arterial occlusions. The results indicate that the lung can maintain its bioenergetic levels for 5 hours with either the ventilation or perfusion alone. Ultrastructural changes appear to precede metabolic alterations measured. When both the ventilation and perfusion were interrupted, rapid biochemical and structural deteriorations occurred, whereas the combinations of alveolar obliteration and hypoxemia, induced with low F102, produced intermediate damage. The implications of these findings on the pathogenesis and evolution of acute respiratory distress syndrome, on the lung preservation for transplantation, and on the rationale for membrane oxygenator support are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:881882", "title": "Induced hypothermia in dogs with acute myocardial infarction and shock.", "content": "Acute myocardial infarction with shock (AMI/S) was produced in 46 anesthetized \"closed-chest\" dogs by catheter injection of metallic mercury into the circumflex coronary artery. Twenty-four dogs were kept normothermic and 22 were maintained at 32 degrees C. Nine of the latter were rewarmed to 37 degrees C. and the experiments then were terminated, so that true survival time was arbitrarily shortened. Including these dogs, the survival time was three times longer than in the normothermic series (p less than 0.001). Hypothermia reduced heart rate (HR) by 34 percent, oxygen consumption by 38 percent, and myocardial oxygen consumption by an estimated 30 to 40 percent, while cardiac output (CO), stroke volume, and stroke work were unchanged. Left ventricular end-diastolic pressure (LVEDP) was reduced by 40 percent during hypothermia (p less than 0.05) and increased by 60 percent on rewarming. HR during rewarming increased substantially more than CO and thereby significantly reduced stroke volume.", "contents": "Induced hypothermia in dogs with acute myocardial infarction and shock. Acute myocardial infarction with shock (AMI/S) was produced in 46 anesthetized \"closed-chest\" dogs by catheter injection of metallic mercury into the circumflex coronary artery. Twenty-four dogs were kept normothermic and 22 were maintained at 32 degrees C. Nine of the latter were rewarmed to 37 degrees C. and the experiments then were terminated, so that true survival time was arbitrarily shortened. Including these dogs, the survival time was three times longer than in the normothermic series (p less than 0.001). Hypothermia reduced heart rate (HR) by 34 percent, oxygen consumption by 38 percent, and myocardial oxygen consumption by an estimated 30 to 40 percent, while cardiac output (CO), stroke volume, and stroke work were unchanged. Left ventricular end-diastolic pressure (LVEDP) was reduced by 40 percent during hypothermia (p less than 0.05) and increased by 60 percent on rewarming. HR during rewarming increased substantially more than CO and thereby significantly reduced stroke volume."}
{"id": "PMID:881883", "title": "The effect of dipyridamole on the thrombocyte count and bleeding tendency in open-heart surgery.", "content": "The effect of dipyridamole (Persantine) on the thrombocyte count and bleeding tendency in connection with open-heart surgery and perfusion was studied in 22 patients. A control series of 21 patients undergoing open-heart surgery was available. The treatment group received dipyridamole, 0.5 mg. per kilogram of body weight, in the beginning of cardiopulmonary bypass into the heart-lung machine and thereafter 10 mg. intravenously three times daily for 2 days. From the third day dipyridamole was administered by mouth, 75 mg. three times a day, until the patient was discharged from hospital. We found that dipyridamole had the effect of maintaining the thrombocyte count during cardiopulmonary bypass and the first and second postoperative days. Thereafter no significant difference was seen between the dipyridamole and control groups. The use of dipyridamole did not increase the postoperative hemorrhagic tendency. There were no significant differences in per- and postoperative blood loss and in bleeding and activated partial thromboplastin times between the groups.", "contents": "The effect of dipyridamole on the thrombocyte count and bleeding tendency in open-heart surgery. The effect of dipyridamole (Persantine) on the thrombocyte count and bleeding tendency in connection with open-heart surgery and perfusion was studied in 22 patients. A control series of 21 patients undergoing open-heart surgery was available. The treatment group received dipyridamole, 0.5 mg. per kilogram of body weight, in the beginning of cardiopulmonary bypass into the heart-lung machine and thereafter 10 mg. intravenously three times daily for 2 days. From the third day dipyridamole was administered by mouth, 75 mg. three times a day, until the patient was discharged from hospital. We found that dipyridamole had the effect of maintaining the thrombocyte count during cardiopulmonary bypass and the first and second postoperative days. Thereafter no significant difference was seen between the dipyridamole and control groups. The use of dipyridamole did not increase the postoperative hemorrhagic tendency. There were no significant differences in per- and postoperative blood loss and in bleeding and activated partial thromboplastin times between the groups."}
{"id": "PMID:881884", "title": "Severe intravascular hemolysis after aortic valve replacement: reversal by left ventricular apico-abdominal aortic composite conduit.", "content": "Severe intravascular hemolysis developed following aortic valve replacement with a No. 17 Bj\u00f6rk-Shiley prosthesis in a patient with a diminutive aortic annulus. At reoperation, a residual gradient of 54 mm. Hg and no evidence of perivalvular leak were found. A second left ventricular outflow tract between the apex and the supraceliac abdominal aorta was fashioned with a special rigid (Pyrolite) prosthesis and a heterograft valved composite conduit. The gradient was reduced to 5 mm. Hg and hemolysis was reversed. We have now created double-outlet left ventricles for primary or recurrent left ventricular outflow tract obstructions of various etiologies in 13 other pediatric and adult patients. The longest follow-up is approaching 18 months. All gradients have been sharply reduced and all patients are asymptomatic.", "contents": "Severe intravascular hemolysis after aortic valve replacement: reversal by left ventricular apico-abdominal aortic composite conduit. Severe intravascular hemolysis developed following aortic valve replacement with a No. 17 Bj\u00f6rk-Shiley prosthesis in a patient with a diminutive aortic annulus. At reoperation, a residual gradient of 54 mm. Hg and no evidence of perivalvular leak were found. A second left ventricular outflow tract between the apex and the supraceliac abdominal aorta was fashioned with a special rigid (Pyrolite) prosthesis and a heterograft valved composite conduit. The gradient was reduced to 5 mm. Hg and hemolysis was reversed. We have now created double-outlet left ventricles for primary or recurrent left ventricular outflow tract obstructions of various etiologies in 13 other pediatric and adult patients. The longest follow-up is approaching 18 months. All gradients have been sharply reduced and all patients are asymptomatic."}
{"id": "PMID:881887", "title": "Scintigraphy of lymph nodes.", "content": "The basic considerations, pharmacology, techniques, and clinical results of lymphoscintigraphy performed after the interstitial application of radiocolloids or after i.v. injection of radiogallium or radiobleomycin are described. The advantages and disadvantages are summarized, and the indications are given.", "contents": "Scintigraphy of lymph nodes. The basic considerations, pharmacology, techniques, and clinical results of lymphoscintigraphy performed after the interstitial application of radiocolloids or after i.v. injection of radiogallium or radiobleomycin are described. The advantages and disadvantages are summarized, and the indications are given."}
{"id": "PMID:881888", "title": "Scintigraphy of the spleen.", "content": "The various radiopharmaceuticals and techniques of spleen scintigraphy are described. The indications for spleen scanning and typical examples of various diseases are given.", "contents": "Scintigraphy of the spleen. The various radiopharmaceuticals and techniques of spleen scintigraphy are described. The indications for spleen scanning and typical examples of various diseases are given."}
{"id": "PMID:881890", "title": "Surgical exploration of the abdominal lymphatic system in patients with malignancies.", "content": "In the management of selected patient with malignant diseases, laparotomy can be useful for determining the anatomic extent of disease in order to individualize appropriate intensive treatment. The decision to subject a patient to a staging laparotomy requires joint decisions by surgeons, radiation therapists, chemotherapists, and diagnostic radiologists, after a thorough preoperative abdominal evaluation has been made. The lymphangiogram is especially important for directing the surgeon to a single node of concern. Special efforts must be made to insure that the specific node in question is biopsied. The justification of such a surgical procedure assumes that definitive decisions in management of such patients will result in an improved prognosis. While this appears to be the case with Hodgkin's disease and lymphomas, studies are underway to prove this assumption in other neoplasms. For most patients, staging laparotomy presently represents an investigational procedure of value only in selected patients. The critical problem is how these patients can be identified.", "contents": "Surgical exploration of the abdominal lymphatic system in patients with malignancies. In the management of selected patient with malignant diseases, laparotomy can be useful for determining the anatomic extent of disease in order to individualize appropriate intensive treatment. The decision to subject a patient to a staging laparotomy requires joint decisions by surgeons, radiation therapists, chemotherapists, and diagnostic radiologists, after a thorough preoperative abdominal evaluation has been made. The lymphangiogram is especially important for directing the surgeon to a single node of concern. Special efforts must be made to insure that the specific node in question is biopsied. The justification of such a surgical procedure assumes that definitive decisions in management of such patients will result in an improved prognosis. While this appears to be the case with Hodgkin's disease and lymphomas, studies are underway to prove this assumption in other neoplasms. For most patients, staging laparotomy presently represents an investigational procedure of value only in selected patients. The critical problem is how these patients can be identified."}
{"id": "PMID:881899", "title": "Juvenile nephronophthisis and medullary cystic disease.", "content": "Juvenile nephronophthisis and medullary cystic disease are morphologically indistinguishable hereditary renal disorders. These diseases have been described independently but very likely are a single disease entity and occur as a juvenile-onset, autosomal recessive form and as an adult-onset, autosomal dominant form. We agree with this hypothesis and present here the clinical, laboratory, and pathologic findings of six cases of the juvenile-onset, autosomal recessive form, along with an analysis of the mode of transmission of these and other published cases of the disorder.", "contents": "Juvenile nephronophthisis and medullary cystic disease. Juvenile nephronophthisis and medullary cystic disease are morphologically indistinguishable hereditary renal disorders. These diseases have been described independently but very likely are a single disease entity and occur as a juvenile-onset, autosomal recessive form and as an adult-onset, autosomal dominant form. We agree with this hypothesis and present here the clinical, laboratory, and pathologic findings of six cases of the juvenile-onset, autosomal recessive form, along with an analysis of the mode of transmission of these and other published cases of the disorder."}
{"id": "PMID:881900", "title": "Concussion.", "content": "We have observed the effects of concussion on nonanesthetized rats and humans. We believe the phenomenon in both to be identical. There are four obvious stages to concussion and the recovery therefrom: fourth stage--visceral (respiratory) and somatic immobility; third stage--return of irregular visceral (respiratory) mobility with continuing somatic immobility; second stage--normal visceral mobility with impaired somatic mobility; and first stage--normal somatic mobility with impaired performance. Zero stage is complete normality. Our method of testing detects no lingering or permanent change after a single concussion. This proves only that we must continue with open minds on the question, \"Does concussion always leave permanent brain damage?\"", "contents": "Concussion. We have observed the effects of concussion on nonanesthetized rats and humans. We believe the phenomenon in both to be identical. There are four obvious stages to concussion and the recovery therefrom: fourth stage--visceral (respiratory) and somatic immobility; third stage--return of irregular visceral (respiratory) mobility with continuing somatic immobility; second stage--normal visceral mobility with impaired somatic mobility; and first stage--normal somatic mobility with impaired performance. Zero stage is complete normality. Our method of testing detects no lingering or permanent change after a single concussion. This proves only that we must continue with open minds on the question, \"Does concussion always leave permanent brain damage?\""}
{"id": "PMID:881901", "title": "Middle ear effusions. Current concepts.", "content": "Current concepts of middle ear effusions in childhood including a discussion of etiology, diagnosis, and treatment are presented. We emphasize recent studies on the histochemical makeup of the middle ear, as well as the enzymatic and immunologic defense systems of that space. The mucociliary transport system is explained and recent literature is reviewed.", "contents": "Middle ear effusions. Current concepts. Current concepts of middle ear effusions in childhood including a discussion of etiology, diagnosis, and treatment are presented. We emphasize recent studies on the histochemical makeup of the middle ear, as well as the enzymatic and immunologic defense systems of that space. The mucociliary transport system is explained and recent literature is reviewed."}
{"id": "PMID:881902", "title": "Primary intraorbital meningioma with intraocular extension.", "content": "Intraocular invasion of a meningioma primary in the sheath of the intraorbital portion of the optic nerve was noted in a 54-year-old woman with a 16-year history of visual loss. Seventeen additional cases of intraglobal extension of intraorbital meningioma were found in the literature. The clinical features and histopathologic findings of the total cases are compared and reviewed. We suggest that the mode of penetration is along the course of the posterior ciliary vessels as they penetrate the sclera.", "contents": "Primary intraorbital meningioma with intraocular extension. Intraocular invasion of a meningioma primary in the sheath of the intraorbital portion of the optic nerve was noted in a 54-year-old woman with a 16-year history of visual loss. Seventeen additional cases of intraglobal extension of intraorbital meningioma were found in the literature. The clinical features and histopathologic findings of the total cases are compared and reviewed. We suggest that the mode of penetration is along the course of the posterior ciliary vessels as they penetrate the sclera."}
{"id": "PMID:881903", "title": "Incidence of orthostatic hypotension in patients with primary affective disorders treated with tricyclic antidepressants.", "content": "Previous studies have indicated that postural hypotension is an uncommon event when tricyclic antidepressants are used in the treatment of depression, and other studies have indicated that postural hypotension is a possible predictor of positive therapeutic response to antidepressant therapy. In this study, 20 depressed patients with the diagnosis of primary affective disorders were hospitalized and treated with tricyclic antidepressants. All patients had been without medication for at least 2 weeks before the study began. Blood pressure recordings were made after a 5-minute resting period and then followed by another reading after the patient had been standing for 2 minutes. Our findings indicate that these patients with primary affective disorders developed significant orthostatic hypotension. It is our belief that orthostatic hypotension is a significant event in patients who have primary affective disorders treated with tricyclic antidepressants, and this sign should be looked for in all patients regardless of age or the presence of significant cardiovascular disease.", "contents": "Incidence of orthostatic hypotension in patients with primary affective disorders treated with tricyclic antidepressants. Previous studies have indicated that postural hypotension is an uncommon event when tricyclic antidepressants are used in the treatment of depression, and other studies have indicated that postural hypotension is a possible predictor of positive therapeutic response to antidepressant therapy. In this study, 20 depressed patients with the diagnosis of primary affective disorders were hospitalized and treated with tricyclic antidepressants. All patients had been without medication for at least 2 weeks before the study began. Blood pressure recordings were made after a 5-minute resting period and then followed by another reading after the patient had been standing for 2 minutes. Our findings indicate that these patients with primary affective disorders developed significant orthostatic hypotension. It is our belief that orthostatic hypotension is a significant event in patients who have primary affective disorders treated with tricyclic antidepressants, and this sign should be looked for in all patients regardless of age or the presence of significant cardiovascular disease."}
{"id": "PMID:881918", "title": "Status of tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy: 1977.", "content": "Tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy, performed either in combination or separately, still constitute the most common major operations performed in the United States. This report is an attempt to present briefly the current status of knowledge concerning the epidemiology and natural history of conditions for which these operations are performed, the incidence of the operations, and the type and qualifications of the physicians performing the procedures, a review of the problems of the previous studies designed to determine efficacy, an update of the current study being conducted in Pittsburgh, and, finally, what little is known of the morbidity, mortality, and costs of these procedures.", "contents": "Status of tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy: 1977. Tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy, performed either in combination or separately, still constitute the most common major operations performed in the United States. This report is an attempt to present briefly the current status of knowledge concerning the epidemiology and natural history of conditions for which these operations are performed, the incidence of the operations, and the type and qualifications of the physicians performing the procedures, a review of the problems of the previous studies designed to determine efficacy, an update of the current study being conducted in Pittsburgh, and, finally, what little is known of the morbidity, mortality, and costs of these procedures."}
{"id": "PMID:881919", "title": "Use of computerized axial tomography of the head and neck region.", "content": "The use of the computerized axial tomography has been well received in the field of otolaryngology. Five cases are presented illustrating the capability of the total body scanner (Delta scanner) to contribute to radiologic diagnosis below the level of the base of the skull. The advantages of non-invasibility and three dimensionality are compared to the disadvantages of added cost, added radiation exposure, comparatively long exposure time and relatively poor detail. Because of the overall usefulness of this diagnostic tool, evolution of rapid scanning devices with greater detail is awaited with interest.", "contents": "Use of computerized axial tomography of the head and neck region. The use of the computerized axial tomography has been well received in the field of otolaryngology. Five cases are presented illustrating the capability of the total body scanner (Delta scanner) to contribute to radiologic diagnosis below the level of the base of the skull. The advantages of non-invasibility and three dimensionality are compared to the disadvantages of added cost, added radiation exposure, comparatively long exposure time and relatively poor detail. Because of the overall usefulness of this diagnostic tool, evolution of rapid scanning devices with greater detail is awaited with interest."}
{"id": "PMID:881920", "title": "Safe use of epinephrine with halothane anesthesia.", "content": "A review of the anesthesia literature outlines safe limits for use of epinephrine with halothane anesthesia and adequate ventilation. Excluded from the safe category are patients with previous cardiac disease, hypertension, patients taking monoamine oxidase inhibitors and reserpine. Considered as safe is 10 milliliters of 1:100,000 epinephrine in 10 minutes and not more than 30 milliliters of 1:100,000 epinephrine per hour.", "contents": "Safe use of epinephrine with halothane anesthesia. A review of the anesthesia literature outlines safe limits for use of epinephrine with halothane anesthesia and adequate ventilation. Excluded from the safe category are patients with previous cardiac disease, hypertension, patients taking monoamine oxidase inhibitors and reserpine. Considered as safe is 10 milliliters of 1:100,000 epinephrine in 10 minutes and not more than 30 milliliters of 1:100,000 epinephrine per hour."}
{"id": "PMID:881921", "title": "Results of conservative surgery for middle ear cholesteatoma.", "content": "A retrospective study was carried out to analyze treatment results for cholesteatoma at the University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics. All patients undergoing primary surgical treatment from January 1, 1969 to December 31, 1973 were followed through October 1976. Treatment failures were based on the occurrence of postoperative cholesteatoma. The probability of being disease free for periods up to five years after original surgery was then estimated for each type of operation. Postoperative cholesteatoma occurred after atticotomy in 17%, intact canal wall mastoidectomy in 35%, and modified radical mastoidectomy in 9%. The postoperative cholesteatoma rate in the group having intact canal wall mastoidectomy was more than twice as high for those patients under age nine. The likelihood of being disease free five years after intact canal wall surgery was estimated to be 36% using the life table method. Disease recurrence was significantly higher after intact canal wall surgery compared to other surgical methods. The effectiveness of this method should be evaluated in a randomized, prospective manner to minimize patient selection and treatment bias.", "contents": "Results of conservative surgery for middle ear cholesteatoma. A retrospective study was carried out to analyze treatment results for cholesteatoma at the University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics. All patients undergoing primary surgical treatment from January 1, 1969 to December 31, 1973 were followed through October 1976. Treatment failures were based on the occurrence of postoperative cholesteatoma. The probability of being disease free for periods up to five years after original surgery was then estimated for each type of operation. Postoperative cholesteatoma occurred after atticotomy in 17%, intact canal wall mastoidectomy in 35%, and modified radical mastoidectomy in 9%. The postoperative cholesteatoma rate in the group having intact canal wall mastoidectomy was more than twice as high for those patients under age nine. The likelihood of being disease free five years after intact canal wall surgery was estimated to be 36% using the life table method. Disease recurrence was significantly higher after intact canal wall surgery compared to other surgical methods. The effectiveness of this method should be evaluated in a randomized, prospective manner to minimize patient selection and treatment bias."}
{"id": "PMID:881927", "title": "Stapedectomy--fistula repair.", "content": "Perilymphatic fistulae have been proposed to occur most frequently on the short side of the graft in stapedectomized patients. The usual recommendation in fistula cases has been replacement of the entire prosthesis by a piston and tissue graft complex. In this case the stapedectomy had been performed, using a polyethylene Shea strut, 15 years previously. The air-bone gap had been closed during this entire period. A fistula was suspected after sudden hearing loss developed after barotrauma. At the time of exploratory tympanotomy, a fistula was noted on the long side of the oval window graft. It was elected to leave the polyethylene tube prosthesis in place because of its solid fixation, both laterally and medially. The fistula was closed by subcutaneous tissue graft.", "contents": "Stapedectomy--fistula repair. Perilymphatic fistulae have been proposed to occur most frequently on the short side of the graft in stapedectomized patients. The usual recommendation in fistula cases has been replacement of the entire prosthesis by a piston and tissue graft complex. In this case the stapedectomy had been performed, using a polyethylene Shea strut, 15 years previously. The air-bone gap had been closed during this entire period. A fistula was suspected after sudden hearing loss developed after barotrauma. At the time of exploratory tympanotomy, a fistula was noted on the long side of the oval window graft. It was elected to leave the polyethylene tube prosthesis in place because of its solid fixation, both laterally and medially. The fistula was closed by subcutaneous tissue graft."}
{"id": "PMID:881928", "title": "The risks of major head and neck surgery in the aged population.", "content": "A review of 162 major head and neck operative cases for cancer in patients over age 70 from 1963-1973 are reviewed. The major and minor surgical complication rates and the rate of medical complications are compared to 552 similar procedures in patients under age 70, during the same time period. The operative mortality figures for each group, as well as the causes of death, are examined. A plea is made for aggressive therapy in the elderly, both in the surgical planning and in their pre- and postoperative care.", "contents": "The risks of major head and neck surgery in the aged population. A review of 162 major head and neck operative cases for cancer in patients over age 70 from 1963-1973 are reviewed. The major and minor surgical complication rates and the rate of medical complications are compared to 552 similar procedures in patients under age 70, during the same time period. The operative mortality figures for each group, as well as the causes of death, are examined. A plea is made for aggressive therapy in the elderly, both in the surgical planning and in their pre- and postoperative care."}
{"id": "PMID:881929", "title": "Air caloric test: irrigation technique.", "content": "The technique of using air to perform the caloric test is discussed. Greater temperature differences and larger volumes of air are needed to achieve stimulations equal to those caused by water irrigations. Special consideration must be given to the design and operation of air irrigation equipment. The effects of irrigating a wet canal and of misdirecting the air jet are discussed. A new air irrigation apparatus is described.", "contents": "Air caloric test: irrigation technique. The technique of using air to perform the caloric test is discussed. Greater temperature differences and larger volumes of air are needed to achieve stimulations equal to those caused by water irrigations. Special consideration must be given to the design and operation of air irrigation equipment. The effects of irrigating a wet canal and of misdirecting the air jet are discussed. A new air irrigation apparatus is described."}
{"id": "PMID:881930", "title": "\"Practical suggestions on facial plastic surgery--how i do it\". Z-plasty repositioning of an anatomical unit.", "content": "The Z-Plasty was originally described in the writings of Hippocrates and since that time has developed into one of the most useful techniques in facial plastic surgery. Familiarity with its myriad of uses is invaluable to the practicing otolaryngologist. The basic technique of Z-Plasty consists in the design and transposition of adjacent triangular soft tissue flaps. Most common applications capitalize on the changes which occur during transposition to the common limb between the flaps. The resultant lengthening is used to provide needed tissue in areas of contracted scars and the change in direction is useful in camouflage of scars which cross skin tension lines. Additionally, displaced anatomical units such as the auricle, angle of the mouth or eyelid can be included in the flaps of the Z-Plasty to transpose them into a new anatomical position. Many congenital and acquired deformities can be corrected by this technique without loss of valuable tissue. The purpose of this paper is to illustrate the above principle utilizing two patients with congenitally displaced auricles.", "contents": "\"Practical suggestions on facial plastic surgery--how i do it\". Z-plasty repositioning of an anatomical unit. The Z-Plasty was originally described in the writings of Hippocrates and since that time has developed into one of the most useful techniques in facial plastic surgery. Familiarity with its myriad of uses is invaluable to the practicing otolaryngologist. The basic technique of Z-Plasty consists in the design and transposition of adjacent triangular soft tissue flaps. Most common applications capitalize on the changes which occur during transposition to the common limb between the flaps. The resultant lengthening is used to provide needed tissue in areas of contracted scars and the change in direction is useful in camouflage of scars which cross skin tension lines. Additionally, displaced anatomical units such as the auricle, angle of the mouth or eyelid can be included in the flaps of the Z-Plasty to transpose them into a new anatomical position. Many congenital and acquired deformities can be corrected by this technique without loss of valuable tissue. The purpose of this paper is to illustrate the above principle utilizing two patients with congenitally displaced auricles."}
{"id": "PMID:881949", "title": "Effect of dietary lipids on fatty acid composition of body lipid in rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri).", "content": "Three isocaloric diets were prepared. Diet 1 (Control) contained 22% herring oil. In diets 2 and 3, a third and a half of the herring oil was replaced, respectively, by an animal fat (lard) which contained a high percentage of saturated fatty acids. Each diet was fed to duplicate groups of rainbow trout for 14 wk. The results of the feeding trial indicated that the concentration of the saturated fatty acids in trout body lipid did not increase despite the high concentration of these fatty acids in Diets 2 and 3. Fish growth, feed efficiency, mortality and the level of fatty acids deposited in fish body lipid and phospholipids are discussed.", "contents": "Effect of dietary lipids on fatty acid composition of body lipid in rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri). Three isocaloric diets were prepared. Diet 1 (Control) contained 22% herring oil. In diets 2 and 3, a third and a half of the herring oil was replaced, respectively, by an animal fat (lard) which contained a high percentage of saturated fatty acids. Each diet was fed to duplicate groups of rainbow trout for 14 wk. The results of the feeding trial indicated that the concentration of the saturated fatty acids in trout body lipid did not increase despite the high concentration of these fatty acids in Diets 2 and 3. Fish growth, feed efficiency, mortality and the level of fatty acids deposited in fish body lipid and phospholipids are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:881950", "title": "The effect of various dietary factors on the size distribution of lymph fat particles in rat.", "content": "By means of cellulose acetate electrophoresis and measurement of radio-activity, lipoproteins (d less than or equal to 1,006) of lymph collected from rats fed a diet containing fats added to labeled fatty acids for 20-24 hr, have been separated into two kinds differing in their size. Fats with different saturated and unsaturated fatty acid content were tested: corn oil, lard, mutton tallow, tripalmitin, corn oil-lard mixture, and randomized palmitic-linoleic triglycerides. Factors studied were: (a) increased amounts of these fats given alone or included in a test meal; (b) added amounts of nutrients (other than fats) in the test meal; (c) adaptation to a diet containing 20% fat for 10 days. The major part of the labeled lymph lipid was always transported by the smaller particles. Size distribution of lymph fat particles was influenced by some of the factors studied. Generally, unsaturated fats produced higher amounts of larger particles.", "contents": "The effect of various dietary factors on the size distribution of lymph fat particles in rat. By means of cellulose acetate electrophoresis and measurement of radio-activity, lipoproteins (d less than or equal to 1,006) of lymph collected from rats fed a diet containing fats added to labeled fatty acids for 20-24 hr, have been separated into two kinds differing in their size. Fats with different saturated and unsaturated fatty acid content were tested: corn oil, lard, mutton tallow, tripalmitin, corn oil-lard mixture, and randomized palmitic-linoleic triglycerides. Factors studied were: (a) increased amounts of these fats given alone or included in a test meal; (b) added amounts of nutrients (other than fats) in the test meal; (c) adaptation to a diet containing 20% fat for 10 days. The major part of the labeled lymph lipid was always transported by the smaller particles. Size distribution of lymph fat particles was influenced by some of the factors studied. Generally, unsaturated fats produced higher amounts of larger particles."}
{"id": "PMID:881967", "title": "[Relationship between the rates of blood and dialyzing solution flow and determination of the efficiency of the \"artificial kidney\" dialyzing apparatus].", "content": "A mathematical model of the process of dialysis and of dialyzer is described. In this model it is presumed that the blood and dialyzing solution are stationary and homogenous, the diffusion through the film proceeds separately for each of the components (urea, creatinine, etc), the rate of the substance migration is proportional to the difference in the concentration of the substance on both sides of the film, the processes of the substance migration through the film do not affect the flow of the dialyzing solution and of the blood, the concentration of the components partaking in the dialysis is constant across the thickness of the fluids layers and along the breadth of the dialyzer. Recommendation on the selection of correlation for the dialyzing solution and blood flow rates are given and the influence of the film permeability on the dialyzer's clearance is determined.", "contents": "[Relationship between the rates of blood and dialyzing solution flow and determination of the efficiency of the \"artificial kidney\" dialyzing apparatus]. A mathematical model of the process of dialysis and of dialyzer is described. In this model it is presumed that the blood and dialyzing solution are stationary and homogenous, the diffusion through the film proceeds separately for each of the components (urea, creatinine, etc), the rate of the substance migration is proportional to the difference in the concentration of the substance on both sides of the film, the processes of the substance migration through the film do not affect the flow of the dialyzing solution and of the blood, the concentration of the components partaking in the dialysis is constant across the thickness of the fluids layers and along the breadth of the dialyzer. Recommendation on the selection of correlation for the dialyzing solution and blood flow rates are given and the influence of the film permeability on the dialyzer's clearance is determined."}
{"id": "PMID:881969", "title": "[Pulse rate counter with digital read-out].", "content": "An all-purpose pulse rate counter with digital read-out, devised at the All-Union Research Institute of Radioelectronic Medical Equipment, is described. The counter is intended both for a separate use and also as a part of a complex set of the patients monitoring apparatus, the ones for functional diagnosis, mass examinations of the population and for research work. In combination with a commutator the device permits creation of multichannel systems of control.", "contents": "[Pulse rate counter with digital read-out]. An all-purpose pulse rate counter with digital read-out, devised at the All-Union Research Institute of Radioelectronic Medical Equipment, is described. The counter is intended both for a separate use and also as a part of a complex set of the patients monitoring apparatus, the ones for functional diagnosis, mass examinations of the population and for research work. In combination with a commutator the device permits creation of multichannel systems of control."}
{"id": "PMID:881965", "title": "[Apparatus and electrodes for nerve stimulation].", "content": "To successfully accomplish stimulation of a nerve a portable stimulator with bipolar electrodes has been designed. The level of the nerve trunk resistance was found to comprise 6 kOm. The threshold pulsed current amplitude at which the effect becomes apparent lies within the range of 1-2 mA, with the threshold of the potential pulses amplitude amounting to 4-12 V. The construction of the electrodes is described and the block diagram along with technical characteristics of the stimulator are presented.", "contents": "[Apparatus and electrodes for nerve stimulation]. To successfully accomplish stimulation of a nerve a portable stimulator with bipolar electrodes has been designed. The level of the nerve trunk resistance was found to comprise 6 kOm. The threshold pulsed current amplitude at which the effect becomes apparent lies within the range of 1-2 mA, with the threshold of the potential pulses amplitude amounting to 4-12 V. The construction of the electrodes is described and the block diagram along with technical characteristics of the stimulator are presented."}
{"id": "PMID:881971", "title": "[Choice of working temperatures for cryo-instruments used for local destruction of biological tissue].", "content": "When utilizing low temperatures for irreversible destruction of affected biological tissues it is important that one should have a clear idea as to the boundary of necrotic alterations. The correlation between the depth of necrosis and that of freezing, the rate of the tissue congelation, the period of cryogenic action, the temperature of the cryoinstrument and its structural shape, all these factors are analytically interrelated and this enables it to establish optimal performance characteristics in congelation of different tissues. In most cases satisfactory performance characteristics in freezing biological tissues can be achieved by using liquid nitrogen.", "contents": "[Choice of working temperatures for cryo-instruments used for local destruction of biological tissue]. When utilizing low temperatures for irreversible destruction of affected biological tissues it is important that one should have a clear idea as to the boundary of necrotic alterations. The correlation between the depth of necrosis and that of freezing, the rate of the tissue congelation, the period of cryogenic action, the temperature of the cryoinstrument and its structural shape, all these factors are analytically interrelated and this enables it to establish optimal performance characteristics in congelation of different tissues. In most cases satisfactory performance characteristics in freezing biological tissues can be achieved by using liquid nitrogen."}
{"id": "PMID:881972", "title": "[Optimization of production diagrams in automated control systems for medical technology industries].", "content": "An algorhythm for drawing up optimal production schedule graphs covering a shop floor (production area) over a planned period of output, based on the criterion of minimizing the total time for the workpiece treatment that may be applicable in the APCS of biomedical engineering industry, is set forth. In this connection the notions of a critical workpiece, critical equipment and of a conflicting situation are introduced, and the LRT rule, that plays a dominant role in combination with those of the SIO and MIN idle time, is applied. A relation intended to settle the conflicting situation in compiling the optimal schedule graphs is adduced and its solution for computerized programming is given.", "contents": "[Optimization of production diagrams in automated control systems for medical technology industries]. An algorhythm for drawing up optimal production schedule graphs covering a shop floor (production area) over a planned period of output, based on the criterion of minimizing the total time for the workpiece treatment that may be applicable in the APCS of biomedical engineering industry, is set forth. In this connection the notions of a critical workpiece, critical equipment and of a conflicting situation are introduced, and the LRT rule, that plays a dominant role in combination with those of the SIO and MIN idle time, is applied. A relation intended to settle the conflicting situation in compiling the optimal schedule graphs is adduced and its solution for computerized programming is given."}
{"id": "PMID:882006", "title": "[Energetics of the growth of methanol oxidizing yeasts].", "content": "The effect of aeration on the economic coefficient and the phosphorylating effectiveness of oxidation was studied during chemostat cultivation of the methanol oxidizing yeast Candida boidinii. Changes in the partial pressure of dissolved oxygen from 0.008 to 0.08 atm caused a decrease in the economic coefficient from 0.40 to 0.25 g of biomass per 1 g of assimilated methanol, and an increase in the uptake of oxygen. The value of P/O, calculated from the ATP balance for biosynthetic processes, decreased from 1.4 to 0.7. The maximum theoretical economic coefficient for the growth of C. boidinii on a medium containing methanol is 0.47 g of biomass formed per 1 g of assimilated methanol.", "contents": "[Energetics of the growth of methanol oxidizing yeasts]. The effect of aeration on the economic coefficient and the phosphorylating effectiveness of oxidation was studied during chemostat cultivation of the methanol oxidizing yeast Candida boidinii. Changes in the partial pressure of dissolved oxygen from 0.008 to 0.08 atm caused a decrease in the economic coefficient from 0.40 to 0.25 g of biomass per 1 g of assimilated methanol, and an increase in the uptake of oxygen. The value of P/O, calculated from the ATP balance for biosynthetic processes, decreased from 1.4 to 0.7. The maximum theoretical economic coefficient for the growth of C. boidinii on a medium containing methanol is 0.47 g of biomass formed per 1 g of assimilated methanol."}
{"id": "PMID:882007", "title": "[Carbohydrate metabolism enzymes of purple sulfur-bacteria during growth in the dark].", "content": "Ectothiorhodospira shaposhnikovii, Chromatium minutissimum and Thiocapsa roseopersicina were grown in the dark under anaerobic conditions on media containing glucose or fructose and organic acids. Their cell contained the following enzymes of the fructose diphosphate pathway: phosphofructokinase, fructose diphosphate aldolase, and 3-phosphoglyceraldehyde dehydrogenase. The activity of fructose diphosphate aldolase was higher in the cells grown in the dark than in the cells grown in the light. The same enzymes of the tricarboxylic acid cycle were found in the cells cultivated in the dark on media containing organic acids as in the cells grown in the light, though the activity of some enzymes was lower. Only the activity of isocitrate lyase increased in the cells cultivated in the dark on a medium containing acetate.", "contents": "[Carbohydrate metabolism enzymes of purple sulfur-bacteria during growth in the dark]. Ectothiorhodospira shaposhnikovii, Chromatium minutissimum and Thiocapsa roseopersicina were grown in the dark under anaerobic conditions on media containing glucose or fructose and organic acids. Their cell contained the following enzymes of the fructose diphosphate pathway: phosphofructokinase, fructose diphosphate aldolase, and 3-phosphoglyceraldehyde dehydrogenase. The activity of fructose diphosphate aldolase was higher in the cells grown in the dark than in the cells grown in the light. The same enzymes of the tricarboxylic acid cycle were found in the cells cultivated in the dark on media containing organic acids as in the cells grown in the light, though the activity of some enzymes was lower. Only the activity of isocitrate lyase increased in the cells cultivated in the dark on a medium containing acetate."}
{"id": "PMID:882005", "title": "[Cyanide insensitive respiration of Candida lipolytica yeasts].", "content": "The effect of rotenone, antimycin A, oligomycin, 2,4,-DNP, and various subtrates on the appearance of cyanide-resistant respiration of Candida lipolytica yeast was studied. Rotenone inhibited the development of cyanide-resistant respiration, but did not prevent its origination. Antimycin A and oligomycin increased the rate of the appearance of cyanide-resistant respiration. If the resting yeast culture was incubated with 2,4-DNP, glucose, or glycerol, the development of the alternative pathway of electron transport was inhibited. Such substrates as alpha-glycerophosphate, citrate, and D,L-lactate had no effect on the time of appearance of cyanide-resistant respiration. Therefore, in the stationary growth phase, an alternative, cyanide-resistant pathway of electron transport results from the inhibition of the rate of electron transport in the respiration chain.", "contents": "[Cyanide insensitive respiration of Candida lipolytica yeasts]. The effect of rotenone, antimycin A, oligomycin, 2,4,-DNP, and various subtrates on the appearance of cyanide-resistant respiration of Candida lipolytica yeast was studied. Rotenone inhibited the development of cyanide-resistant respiration, but did not prevent its origination. Antimycin A and oligomycin increased the rate of the appearance of cyanide-resistant respiration. If the resting yeast culture was incubated with 2,4-DNP, glucose, or glycerol, the development of the alternative pathway of electron transport was inhibited. Such substrates as alpha-glycerophosphate, citrate, and D,L-lactate had no effect on the time of appearance of cyanide-resistant respiration. Therefore, in the stationary growth phase, an alternative, cyanide-resistant pathway of electron transport results from the inhibition of the rate of electron transport in the respiration chain."}
{"id": "PMID:882008", "title": "[Search for actinomycetes that produce inhibitors of proteolytic enzymes].", "content": "The inhibiting activity of filtrates of the cultural broth against trypsin and chymotrypsin was studied among 66 actinomycetes. The highest activity against trypsin was found, after selection, in the following cultures: Act. janthinus 118, Act. violatus 125, Act. violaceus confinus 2476, Act. violaceus vicinus 1074. The antitrypsin activity was detected in the cultural broth of Act. janthinus 118 during the first day of its growth, and reached maximum by the third day. The inhibiting substance in the cultural broth is thermo- and pH-stable, is not extracted with organic solvents, and remains in the bag during dialysis. Apparently, the inhibitor (s) of trypsin produced by Act. janthinus 118 differes from trypsin inhibitors of microbial origin and low molecular weight which have been described so far.", "contents": "[Search for actinomycetes that produce inhibitors of proteolytic enzymes]. The inhibiting activity of filtrates of the cultural broth against trypsin and chymotrypsin was studied among 66 actinomycetes. The highest activity against trypsin was found, after selection, in the following cultures: Act. janthinus 118, Act. violatus 125, Act. violaceus confinus 2476, Act. violaceus vicinus 1074. The antitrypsin activity was detected in the cultural broth of Act. janthinus 118 during the first day of its growth, and reached maximum by the third day. The inhibiting substance in the cultural broth is thermo- and pH-stable, is not extracted with organic solvents, and remains in the bag during dialysis. Apparently, the inhibitor (s) of trypsin produced by Act. janthinus 118 differes from trypsin inhibitors of microbial origin and low molecular weight which have been described so far."}
{"id": "PMID:882010", "title": "[Influence of carbon source on lipid biosynthesis by Candida gluilliermondii].", "content": "The biosynthesis of lipids by Candida guilliermondii was studied during the growth of the yeast on carbon substrates which resulted in different pathways of lipid biosynthesis. The highest content of lipids was found during the growth on octadecane. The quantitative ratio between fractions of neutral lipids and phospholipids depended on the carbon substrate whereas the quanlitative composition of the fractions remained the same. The fatty acid composition of lipid fractions was studied, and possible pathways of their biosynthesis are discussed. Apparently, the assimilated hydrocarbon is oxidized to acetyl residues in certain structures of the yeast cells while, in other structures, the hydrocarbon substrate undergoes only monoterminal oxidation yielding an aliphatic alcohol and an acid which are directly used in large amounts for the synthesis of wax and triglycerides.", "contents": "[Influence of carbon source on lipid biosynthesis by Candida gluilliermondii]. The biosynthesis of lipids by Candida guilliermondii was studied during the growth of the yeast on carbon substrates which resulted in different pathways of lipid biosynthesis. The highest content of lipids was found during the growth on octadecane. The quantitative ratio between fractions of neutral lipids and phospholipids depended on the carbon substrate whereas the quanlitative composition of the fractions remained the same. The fatty acid composition of lipid fractions was studied, and possible pathways of their biosynthesis are discussed. Apparently, the assimilated hydrocarbon is oxidized to acetyl residues in certain structures of the yeast cells while, in other structures, the hydrocarbon substrate undergoes only monoterminal oxidation yielding an aliphatic alcohol and an acid which are directly used in large amounts for the synthesis of wax and triglycerides."}
{"id": "PMID:882012", "title": "[Optimal conditions for determing ATP of microbial origin].", "content": "Endogenous luminescence of the luciferin-luciferase extract from firely tails was studied in determing low concentrations of ATP. The optimum concentration of the the extract, corresponding to the minumum effect of endogenous luminescence, was found in the reaction medium. The solution of luciferin-luciferase was unstable at room temperature and upon dilution. The activity of luciferin-luciferse solutions did not change after freezing in liquid nitrogen with following thawing. The content of ATP was assayed in the cells of Sarcina flava disintegrated with ultrasound.", "contents": "[Optimal conditions for determing ATP of microbial origin]. Endogenous luminescence of the luciferin-luciferase extract from firely tails was studied in determing low concentrations of ATP. The optimum concentration of the the extract, corresponding to the minumum effect of endogenous luminescence, was found in the reaction medium. The solution of luciferin-luciferase was unstable at room temperature and upon dilution. The activity of luciferin-luciferse solutions did not change after freezing in liquid nitrogen with following thawing. The content of ATP was assayed in the cells of Sarcina flava disintegrated with ultrasound."}
{"id": "PMID:882014", "title": "[Causes of degeneration of cultures of Thermoactinomyces vulgaris].", "content": "Passage of cultures of Thermoactinomyces vulgaris on a peptone-maize medium causes their degeneration which is manifested in an impaired formation of the sporulating aerial mycelium, and in an increase of the amount of non-germinating spores in populations. The process of degeneration depends on the following conditions: the location of the inoculated material (spores) on the surface of a solid growth medium, which is determined by the technique of inoculation; the state of the spores (degeneration is accelerated if the spores were not activated with low temperatures); the quality of the growth medium.", "contents": "[Causes of degeneration of cultures of Thermoactinomyces vulgaris]. Passage of cultures of Thermoactinomyces vulgaris on a peptone-maize medium causes their degeneration which is manifested in an impaired formation of the sporulating aerial mycelium, and in an increase of the amount of non-germinating spores in populations. The process of degeneration depends on the following conditions: the location of the inoculated material (spores) on the surface of a solid growth medium, which is determined by the technique of inoculation; the state of the spores (degeneration is accelerated if the spores were not activated with low temperatures); the quality of the growth medium."}
{"id": "PMID:882009", "title": "[Influence of the nutrient medium on the total lipid fatty acid composition of Actinomyces canosus].", "content": "GLC was used to study the composition of endocellular fatty acids of Actinomyces canosus 89 grown on a chemically defined medium and on a complex medium to which various components were added. Total lipids of the culture contain saturated and unsaturated fatty acids, from C13 to C18, with one or two double bonds. Addition of components to the medium stimulated the biosynthesis of myristic, stearic, oleic, and linoleic fatty acids. Changes in the composition of the growth medium modify the ratio between saturated and unsaturated fatty acids of total lipids, increasing the content of unsaturated fatty acids due to a higher rate of synthesis of linoleic and oleic fatty acids. An increase in the content of unsaturated fatty acids is a positive factor because these acids are involved in important physiological functions of both this organism and other living organisms.", "contents": "[Influence of the nutrient medium on the total lipid fatty acid composition of Actinomyces canosus]. GLC was used to study the composition of endocellular fatty acids of Actinomyces canosus 89 grown on a chemically defined medium and on a complex medium to which various components were added. Total lipids of the culture contain saturated and unsaturated fatty acids, from C13 to C18, with one or two double bonds. Addition of components to the medium stimulated the biosynthesis of myristic, stearic, oleic, and linoleic fatty acids. Changes in the composition of the growth medium modify the ratio between saturated and unsaturated fatty acids of total lipids, increasing the content of unsaturated fatty acids due to a higher rate of synthesis of linoleic and oleic fatty acids. An increase in the content of unsaturated fatty acids is a positive factor because these acids are involved in important physiological functions of both this organism and other living organisms."}
{"id": "PMID:882016", "title": "[Cytology of the microflora of yogurt].", "content": "Changes in the cell wall and various stages of lysis become manifested on the 1-2 day of development of the yogort bacteria. Heteromorphous individuals appear both in the culture of streptococci and rods. The nuclear apparatus of the yogort bacteria is exteremely polymorphous whereas in the streptococci it undergoes changes from compact nucleoids which are either round or crescent shaped or take the form of massive super-nuclei in heteromorphous individuals. A certain dynamics of fat and metachromatin (volutin) was noted in the process of the development of the culture. The presence of correlation was shown among the maximal fermentative activity of the culture, the beginning of lysis, the appearance of heteromorphous forms and volutin accumulation.", "contents": "[Cytology of the microflora of yogurt]. Changes in the cell wall and various stages of lysis become manifested on the 1-2 day of development of the yogort bacteria. Heteromorphous individuals appear both in the culture of streptococci and rods. The nuclear apparatus of the yogort bacteria is exteremely polymorphous whereas in the streptococci it undergoes changes from compact nucleoids which are either round or crescent shaped or take the form of massive super-nuclei in heteromorphous individuals. A certain dynamics of fat and metachromatin (volutin) was noted in the process of the development of the culture. The presence of correlation was shown among the maximal fermentative activity of the culture, the beginning of lysis, the appearance of heteromorphous forms and volutin accumulation."}
{"id": "PMID:882015", "title": "[Prognosing the viability of lyophilized Actinomyces parvullus spores based on the \"accelerated storage\" method].", "content": "A technique of \"accelerated storage\" was used to evaluate promptly the effectiveness of protective (suspension) media for lyophilization and further storage of spores of Actinomyces parvullus 99. The number of survived spores can be predicted using the Arrhenius diagram and the van't Hoff rule. Equine serum without a conserving agent was found to be the most effective protective medium for lyophilizing spores of Act. parvullus, as compared to such media as milk containing no fat or a mixture of 3 per cent solutions of gelatin and glucose.", "contents": "[Prognosing the viability of lyophilized Actinomyces parvullus spores based on the \"accelerated storage\" method]. A technique of \"accelerated storage\" was used to evaluate promptly the effectiveness of protective (suspension) media for lyophilization and further storage of spores of Actinomyces parvullus 99. The number of survived spores can be predicted using the Arrhenius diagram and the van't Hoff rule. Equine serum without a conserving agent was found to be the most effective protective medium for lyophilizing spores of Act. parvullus, as compared to such media as milk containing no fat or a mixture of 3 per cent solutions of gelatin and glucose."}
{"id": "PMID:882017", "title": "[Variable forms of Clostridium felsineum].", "content": "Variants of five types, differing in morphology of their colonies, resulted from spontaneous variability of Clostridium felsineum, the main agent involved in flax retting, when it was grown in a liquid medium and then on a solid medium. Morphological, cultural, and biochemical properties of the variants are described. The variants of the second and third types were less stable than those of the first type in the course of passages on growth media. The rate of spore formation was higher in the variants of the first type whereas the activity of pectolytic enzymes was greater in the variants of the second type.", "contents": "[Variable forms of Clostridium felsineum]. Variants of five types, differing in morphology of their colonies, resulted from spontaneous variability of Clostridium felsineum, the main agent involved in flax retting, when it was grown in a liquid medium and then on a solid medium. Morphological, cultural, and biochemical properties of the variants are described. The variants of the second and third types were less stable than those of the first type in the course of passages on growth media. The rate of spore formation was higher in the variants of the first type whereas the activity of pectolytic enzymes was greater in the variants of the second type."}
{"id": "PMID:882011", "title": "[Nitrogen fixation in combined cultures of Lipomyces and bacteria].", "content": "Nitrogen fixation by pure cultures of soil yeasts belonging to the genus Lipomyces Lodder et Kreger van Rij was not found by the acetylene method on a medium containing microelements and yeast autolysate. In a binary culture of L. lipofer 133 and Pseudomonas sp. 5, a nitrogen fixing bacterium, the content of bound nitrogen was 3.6 times higher in aerobic conditions and 15 times higher in anaerobic conditions than its accumulation by individual bacterial culture.", "contents": "[Nitrogen fixation in combined cultures of Lipomyces and bacteria]. Nitrogen fixation by pure cultures of soil yeasts belonging to the genus Lipomyces Lodder et Kreger van Rij was not found by the acetylene method on a medium containing microelements and yeast autolysate. In a binary culture of L. lipofer 133 and Pseudomonas sp. 5, a nitrogen fixing bacterium, the content of bound nitrogen was 3.6 times higher in aerobic conditions and 15 times higher in anaerobic conditions than its accumulation by individual bacterial culture."}
{"id": "PMID:882018", "title": "[Intensity of the process of sulfate reduction in the Sea of Azov].", "content": "The distribution of sulphate reducing bacteria, sulphides and the rate of sulphate reduction were studied in the water and ground of the Azov Sea during different seasons. The rate of sulphate reduction was found to be 0.10--68.62 mg S per litre per day. The highest rate of sulphate reduction in the surface layer of bottom deposits was observed in summer; it depended on the content of easily destructed organic matter in the ground. The rate of sulphate reduction decreased by 2--5 times at a depth of 5--10 cm from the surface ground. A direct correlation was established between the number of sulphate reducing bacteria and the rate of sulphate reduction.", "contents": "[Intensity of the process of sulfate reduction in the Sea of Azov]. The distribution of sulphate reducing bacteria, sulphides and the rate of sulphate reduction were studied in the water and ground of the Azov Sea during different seasons. The rate of sulphate reduction was found to be 0.10--68.62 mg S per litre per day. The highest rate of sulphate reduction in the surface layer of bottom deposits was observed in summer; it depended on the content of easily destructed organic matter in the ground. The rate of sulphate reduction decreased by 2--5 times at a depth of 5--10 cm from the surface ground. A direct correlation was established between the number of sulphate reducing bacteria and the rate of sulphate reduction."}
{"id": "PMID:882024", "title": "[Toxoplasmosis studies in cattle by serological methods].", "content": "2037 cattle sera from seven breeding farms were analysed by SF and KBR methods. 27.29 % positive results were obtained by SF method and 8.94 % by KBR methods. The distribution of titres is shown in table VI. Race and age have no effect on toxoplasmosis infection. Positive findings varying from 1828-43-48 % were obtained in different regions which meant the effect of geografical factor. It is concluted that these differences were due to the cats, found in the government farms which spread the disease. It was observed that toxoplasmosis caused abortions, complicated still birth deliveries, post natal mortality. The SF and KBR methods were applied separately on cattle with or without clinical syndroms. It was found that the more acute cases showed higher titres.", "contents": "[Toxoplasmosis studies in cattle by serological methods]. 2037 cattle sera from seven breeding farms were analysed by SF and KBR methods. 27.29 % positive results were obtained by SF method and 8.94 % by KBR methods. The distribution of titres is shown in table VI. Race and age have no effect on toxoplasmosis infection. Positive findings varying from 1828-43-48 % were obtained in different regions which meant the effect of geografical factor. It is concluted that these differences were due to the cats, found in the government farms which spread the disease. It was observed that toxoplasmosis caused abortions, complicated still birth deliveries, post natal mortality. The SF and KBR methods were applied separately on cattle with or without clinical syndroms. It was found that the more acute cases showed higher titres."}
{"id": "PMID:882025", "title": "[A case of subacute bacterial endocarditis related to Alcaligenes faecalis].", "content": "Alcaligenes faecalis was isolated from the blood culture of an 18 years old patient with subacute bacterial endocarditis and rheumatic valvular disease. Isolated strain agglutinated with patient's serum at a ratio of 1/160.", "contents": "[A case of subacute bacterial endocarditis related to Alcaligenes faecalis]. Alcaligenes faecalis was isolated from the blood culture of an 18 years old patient with subacute bacterial endocarditis and rheumatic valvular disease. Isolated strain agglutinated with patient's serum at a ratio of 1/160."}
{"id": "PMID:882021", "title": "[Content of nitrogen bases in the DNA of carboxide bacteria].", "content": "The composition of nitrogen bases was determined in total DNA of live strains of carboxide bacteria belonging to the genera Pseudomonas, Comamonas, Seliberia (Agrobacterium), Achromobacter. Considerate differences in the nucleotide composition of DNA of the studied bacteria confirm that they indeed belong to different genera. At the same time, the content of GC pairs in DNA of these bacteria is within the range found for the corresponding genera by other authors.", "contents": "[Content of nitrogen bases in the DNA of carboxide bacteria]. The composition of nitrogen bases was determined in total DNA of live strains of carboxide bacteria belonging to the genera Pseudomonas, Comamonas, Seliberia (Agrobacterium), Achromobacter. Considerate differences in the nucleotide composition of DNA of the studied bacteria confirm that they indeed belong to different genera. At the same time, the content of GC pairs in DNA of these bacteria is within the range found for the corresponding genera by other authors."}
{"id": "PMID:882027", "title": "[Development of germ tubes in various strains of Candida].", "content": "57 different Candida strains are studied and it is observed that most of them developed germ tubes.", "contents": "[Development of germ tubes in various strains of Candida]. 57 different Candida strains are studied and it is observed that most of them developed germ tubes."}
{"id": "PMID:882028", "title": "[Similarities between Metchnikowia and Salmonella 0 6,7 antigens].", "content": "The antigenic similarity between Metschnikowia and Salmonella cholerae suis 0 6,7 antigen is reviewed and discussed briefly.", "contents": "[Similarities between Metchnikowia and Salmonella 0 6,7 antigens]. The antigenic similarity between Metschnikowia and Salmonella cholerae suis 0 6,7 antigen is reviewed and discussed briefly."}
{"id": "PMID:882030", "title": "The structure of medical education.", "content": "The recurrent failure to adequately conceptualize the medical meaning of 'diease' is explained as a function of the way this is taught in the curriculum. It is not transmitted within the formal curriculum but within the internal structural relationships of the medical course. The limits of this particular definition engendered during medical education are described, and it is concluded that curriculum reform which stresses change in content and neglects educational structure will fail to modify this notion of disease.", "contents": "The structure of medical education. The recurrent failure to adequately conceptualize the medical meaning of 'diease' is explained as a function of the way this is taught in the curriculum. It is not transmitted within the formal curriculum but within the internal structural relationships of the medical course. The limits of this particular definition engendered during medical education are described, and it is concluded that curriculum reform which stresses change in content and neglects educational structure will fail to modify this notion of disease."}
{"id": "PMID:882031", "title": "What should we teach? A consensus method to determine curriculum content.", "content": "The content of an undergraduate curriculum is usually decided upon by the appropriate University Department. Such a Department is staffed exclusively by specialists in the field. The technique described in this paper is one which uses the perception of a wide variety of doctors, including specialists in the field, other specialists and general practitioners, to determine what should be taught to undergraduate students. The outcome of this study reveals that there is substantial agreement on what basic materials should be taught in an undergraduate curriculum in Ophthalmology. There is a substantial agreement throughout the profession on the basic required competencies in Ophthalmology, but it is clear that general practitioners are much more demanding in their requirements from the undergraduate curriculum than are specialists. Ophthalmologists are the least demanding of the undergraduate. The consensus technique described in this paper is a practical and formative method of obtaining valuable data for use in curriculum construction.", "contents": "What should we teach? A consensus method to determine curriculum content. The content of an undergraduate curriculum is usually decided upon by the appropriate University Department. Such a Department is staffed exclusively by specialists in the field. The technique described in this paper is one which uses the perception of a wide variety of doctors, including specialists in the field, other specialists and general practitioners, to determine what should be taught to undergraduate students. The outcome of this study reveals that there is substantial agreement on what basic materials should be taught in an undergraduate curriculum in Ophthalmology. There is a substantial agreement throughout the profession on the basic required competencies in Ophthalmology, but it is clear that general practitioners are much more demanding in their requirements from the undergraduate curriculum than are specialists. Ophthalmologists are the least demanding of the undergraduate. The consensus technique described in this paper is a practical and formative method of obtaining valuable data for use in curriculum construction."}
{"id": "PMID:882032", "title": "The pre-clinical curriculum: an information processing problem.", "content": "In this study revision procedures for examinations were investigated by questionnaire in a group of students undertaking a new pre-clinical course. The results revealed that students' own notes were by far the most preferred source of revision material and that lectures were the main source of these notes. Evidence of the actual revision strategies used together with their time scheduling was also obtained. Since lectures were shown to be the most significant form of input for later revision, a further study investigated the amount written and recalled from a single lecture, immediately afterwards and following a 5 month gap. The amount recalled was surprisingly high on both occasions but was not related to the amount of notes taken in the lecture. No significant sex differences in recall were observed but there was evidence that female students took significantly more notes. A much greater variation in the amount recalled was also observed over the longer time period.", "contents": "The pre-clinical curriculum: an information processing problem. In this study revision procedures for examinations were investigated by questionnaire in a group of students undertaking a new pre-clinical course. The results revealed that students' own notes were by far the most preferred source of revision material and that lectures were the main source of these notes. Evidence of the actual revision strategies used together with their time scheduling was also obtained. Since lectures were shown to be the most significant form of input for later revision, a further study investigated the amount written and recalled from a single lecture, immediately afterwards and following a 5 month gap. The amount recalled was surprisingly high on both occasions but was not related to the amount of notes taken in the lecture. No significant sex differences in recall were observed but there was evidence that female students took significantly more notes. A much greater variation in the amount recalled was also observed over the longer time period."}
{"id": "PMID:882033", "title": "A new integrated couse in preventive and coummunity medicine.", "content": "An integrated course in Preventive and Community Medicine was introduced at the Christchurch Clinical School, New Zealand in 1974. Details of the fourth and fifth clinical years as well as the elective studies in the trainee intern (sixth) year are presented. The implications of the topic studies, rotating attachments, preventive medical examinations, preventive medical ward rounds, problem-orientated record studies, simulated disabilities and Clinico-Pathological Conferences are discussed. Some preliminary conclusions are drawn from the evaluation of this course.", "contents": "A new integrated couse in preventive and coummunity medicine. An integrated course in Preventive and Community Medicine was introduced at the Christchurch Clinical School, New Zealand in 1974. Details of the fourth and fifth clinical years as well as the elective studies in the trainee intern (sixth) year are presented. The implications of the topic studies, rotating attachments, preventive medical examinations, preventive medical ward rounds, problem-orientated record studies, simulated disabilities and Clinico-Pathological Conferences are discussed. Some preliminary conclusions are drawn from the evaluation of this course."}
{"id": "PMID:882034", "title": "Video-tape in teaching and examining clinical skills: a short case format.", "content": "The need for a compact psychiatric skills test usable in medical examinations is outlined. The parallel need to develop training procedures in clinical skills is noted and relevant research data is briefly reviewed. The authors then describe the trial run of a teaching and testing procedure, together with preliminary results of a new rating instrument. The relevance of this procedure both to examinations and skills training is critically discussed.", "contents": "Video-tape in teaching and examining clinical skills: a short case format. The need for a compact psychiatric skills test usable in medical examinations is outlined. The parallel need to develop training procedures in clinical skills is noted and relevant research data is briefly reviewed. The authors then describe the trial run of a teaching and testing procedure, together with preliminary results of a new rating instrument. The relevance of this procedure both to examinations and skills training is critically discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:882035", "title": "The feasibility of using an American National Board examination for the evaluation of Swiss candidates for licensure.", "content": "A test in Internal Medicine of the American National Board of Medical Examiners was given to Swiss medical students as a graduating examination. This study dealing with the feasibility of such an enterprise describes the technical procedures and investigates the problems of translation and the validity of foreign made items. Comparison of item analyses for the 369 Swiss candidates and for a sample of 370 American candidates reveals that most items are of close comparability in difficulty, discrimination and pattern of response to the distractors. In a cross-national comparison of student's responses to the items no systematic content characteristics can be found for items favouring one group or the other. Swiss experts, in judging the validity of the items for testing Swiss students, could indeed identify in advance some of the items that proved to be less valid and more difficult for their--but also the American--students. It is concluded that National Borad examination can be as valid and suited to examine Swiss candidates for licensure as it is to examine American candidates.", "contents": "The feasibility of using an American National Board examination for the evaluation of Swiss candidates for licensure. A test in Internal Medicine of the American National Board of Medical Examiners was given to Swiss medical students as a graduating examination. This study dealing with the feasibility of such an enterprise describes the technical procedures and investigates the problems of translation and the validity of foreign made items. Comparison of item analyses for the 369 Swiss candidates and for a sample of 370 American candidates reveals that most items are of close comparability in difficulty, discrimination and pattern of response to the distractors. In a cross-national comparison of student's responses to the items no systematic content characteristics can be found for items favouring one group or the other. Swiss experts, in judging the validity of the items for testing Swiss students, could indeed identify in advance some of the items that proved to be less valid and more difficult for their--but also the American--students. It is concluded that National Borad examination can be as valid and suited to examine Swiss candidates for licensure as it is to examine American candidates."}
{"id": "PMID:882040", "title": "[Pre-seasonal treatment of hayfever with a pollen depot extract (author's transl)].", "content": "90 patients with \"hayfever\" - that means pollenallergic diseases of the respiration tract and the eyes - were treated in spring 1974 and 1975 with a tyrosinabsorbed grass and rye depot extract with three injections before the pollen-season. Only 16 patients had an isolated grass-rye-pollen-allergy in skin test, all the other patients had additional extrinsic allergies. These results were proved by RAST. One third of the patients had bad side-effects (27 out of 90) during the treatment. 17 patients showed general reactions and ten patients very strong local reactions. We think that these side-effects were caused by contact with antigens (hairs of animals, foods, flowers of trees) during therapy and acute or chronic infections. The results of therapy were asked by a questionnaire one year after the series of injections, there were 37 improved, 32 unchanged and/or worsened in pollen-season after treatment. Nevertheless the results encouraged to continue this treatment with the grass-rye-pollen-extract. It could be used as an \"initial treatment\" in pollinosis patients with a wide spread allergy just before the beginning of the pollen-season. It is necessary to fullfill all procedures of precaution which are in use in hyposensitizationtherapy to prevent stronger side-effects.", "contents": "[Pre-seasonal treatment of hayfever with a pollen depot extract (author's transl)]. 90 patients with \"hayfever\" - that means pollenallergic diseases of the respiration tract and the eyes - were treated in spring 1974 and 1975 with a tyrosinabsorbed grass and rye depot extract with three injections before the pollen-season. Only 16 patients had an isolated grass-rye-pollen-allergy in skin test, all the other patients had additional extrinsic allergies. These results were proved by RAST. One third of the patients had bad side-effects (27 out of 90) during the treatment. 17 patients showed general reactions and ten patients very strong local reactions. We think that these side-effects were caused by contact with antigens (hairs of animals, foods, flowers of trees) during therapy and acute or chronic infections. The results of therapy were asked by a questionnaire one year after the series of injections, there were 37 improved, 32 unchanged and/or worsened in pollen-season after treatment. Nevertheless the results encouraged to continue this treatment with the grass-rye-pollen-extract. It could be used as an \"initial treatment\" in pollinosis patients with a wide spread allergy just before the beginning of the pollen-season. It is necessary to fullfill all procedures of precaution which are in use in hyposensitizationtherapy to prevent stronger side-effects."}
{"id": "PMID:882041", "title": "[Bodyplethysmography in children (author's transl)].", "content": "The applicability of bodyplethysmography in children often fails by the anxiety of sitting alone in the closed plethysmograph cabin. By comparing measurements however it is proved that the results of airway-resistance and thoracic gas volume are not changed in any way, if an adult person accompanies the child inside the cabin. The assumption being essential for a correct measurement are discussed.", "contents": "[Bodyplethysmography in children (author's transl)]. The applicability of bodyplethysmography in children often fails by the anxiety of sitting alone in the closed plethysmograph cabin. By comparing measurements however it is proved that the results of airway-resistance and thoracic gas volume are not changed in any way, if an adult person accompanies the child inside the cabin. The assumption being essential for a correct measurement are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:882044", "title": "[Intracerebral calcifications. Etiology and symptomatic (author's transl)].", "content": "The importance of x-ray-investigations of skull is demonstrated in ten remarkable examples. Mostly intracerebral calcification follows inflammatory, traumatic, neoplastic or metabolic disease. In spite of the simplification of contrast-investigations which have assumed great importance x-ray-films of skull often permit specific diagnostic assessment and therefore should be done first.", "contents": "[Intracerebral calcifications. Etiology and symptomatic (author's transl)]. The importance of x-ray-investigations of skull is demonstrated in ten remarkable examples. Mostly intracerebral calcification follows inflammatory, traumatic, neoplastic or metabolic disease. In spite of the simplification of contrast-investigations which have assumed great importance x-ray-films of skull often permit specific diagnostic assessment and therefore should be done first."}
{"id": "PMID:882048", "title": "[Blood sugar in patients with vegetativ dysfunction and neurotic tendencies (author's transl)].", "content": "There are multiple relations between neurotic abnormal behavior and the incidence of functional vegetativ disorders and there are also correlations between such dysfunctions and blood sugar homoiostasis. In patients with functional vegetative dysorders and neurotic behavior we performed a glucose tolerance test and compared the results to a control group. In the group of patients with vegetative dysfunction and neurotic tendencies the oral glucose tolerance test was abnormal in 68.4 p.c. as compared to 21.3 p.c. in the control group. Several insulin antagonists which play a role in stress responses are discussed in the interpretation of these surprising results.", "contents": "[Blood sugar in patients with vegetativ dysfunction and neurotic tendencies (author's transl)]. There are multiple relations between neurotic abnormal behavior and the incidence of functional vegetativ disorders and there are also correlations between such dysfunctions and blood sugar homoiostasis. In patients with functional vegetative dysorders and neurotic behavior we performed a glucose tolerance test and compared the results to a control group. In the group of patients with vegetative dysfunction and neurotic tendencies the oral glucose tolerance test was abnormal in 68.4 p.c. as compared to 21.3 p.c. in the control group. Several insulin antagonists which play a role in stress responses are discussed in the interpretation of these surprising results."}
{"id": "PMID:882051", "title": "Radiations emitted in the decay of 165Er: a promising medical radionuclide.", "content": "The 10.3-h 165Er, decaying by electron capture to stable 165Ho, offers an excellent promise for use in diagnostic nuclear medicine, especially in conjunction with multiwire proportional-counter cameras. Using an ultra-high-resolution Si(Li) photon spectrometer, L and K x-ray photon yields in 165Er decay have been measured. The ratio PL/PK of electron-capture probalities in L and K shells is determined to be 0.196+/-0.030, in good agreement with theory. Estimates of Auger electron yields and yields of very-low-energy electrons from Coster-Kronig transitions are presented. Levels of 169Er and 171Er radioactive impurities in the reactor-produced 165Er sample are experimentally determined. Whole-body dose estimates for 165Er are given. These compare favorably with 99mTc dose.", "contents": "Radiations emitted in the decay of 165Er: a promising medical radionuclide. The 10.3-h 165Er, decaying by electron capture to stable 165Ho, offers an excellent promise for use in diagnostic nuclear medicine, especially in conjunction with multiwire proportional-counter cameras. Using an ultra-high-resolution Si(Li) photon spectrometer, L and K x-ray photon yields in 165Er decay have been measured. The ratio PL/PK of electron-capture probalities in L and K shells is determined to be 0.196+/-0.030, in good agreement with theory. Estimates of Auger electron yields and yields of very-low-energy electrons from Coster-Kronig transitions are presented. Levels of 169Er and 171Er radioactive impurities in the reactor-produced 165Er sample are experimentally determined. Whole-body dose estimates for 165Er are given. These compare favorably with 99mTc dose."}
{"id": "PMID:882052", "title": "Photon energy distribution of some typical diagnostic x-ray beams.", "content": "A high-purity germanium spectrometer system was used to determine primary x-ray spectra over the 45--90-kVp region. Methods were devised for producing and examining spectra stimulating diagnostic conditions without operating the x-ray generator at high current levels. The techniques used to correct the experimental data and produce a photon fluence spectrum are discussed. The results, presented graphically and in tables, have been normalized to yield the relative number of photons per 2-keV interval. Methods for converting a normalized spectrum into a photon fluence spectrum that will produce an exposure of 1 R are presented. The analytical model and procedures used to calculate the K-escape fraction are discussed.", "contents": "Photon energy distribution of some typical diagnostic x-ray beams. A high-purity germanium spectrometer system was used to determine primary x-ray spectra over the 45--90-kVp region. Methods were devised for producing and examining spectra stimulating diagnostic conditions without operating the x-ray generator at high current levels. The techniques used to correct the experimental data and produce a photon fluence spectrum are discussed. The results, presented graphically and in tables, have been normalized to yield the relative number of photons per 2-keV interval. Methods for converting a normalized spectrum into a photon fluence spectrum that will produce an exposure of 1 R are presented. The analytical model and procedures used to calculate the K-escape fraction are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:882053", "title": "Amplification and entailed resolution degradation in high-pressure gas ionography.", "content": "This work deals with the introduction of a gas electronic gain factor in high-pressure ionography (or \"electron radiography\"). The purpose is to check the possibility of a further reduction of radiation dose per radiograph. It is shown tha xenon or krypton can be mixed with special molecular gases in order to achieve charge-carrier multiplication at comparatively weak electrostatic fields and in an easily controllable manner. Some radiographs are reproduced which have been obtained in the amplifying working modes of the system. Relevant image characteristics and their limits are discussed. The obtainable resolution is limited by electron diffusion and by quantum noise (lowering of the effective quantum-detection efficiency).", "contents": "Amplification and entailed resolution degradation in high-pressure gas ionography. This work deals with the introduction of a gas electronic gain factor in high-pressure ionography (or \"electron radiography\"). The purpose is to check the possibility of a further reduction of radiation dose per radiograph. It is shown tha xenon or krypton can be mixed with special molecular gases in order to achieve charge-carrier multiplication at comparatively weak electrostatic fields and in an easily controllable manner. Some radiographs are reproduced which have been obtained in the amplifying working modes of the system. Relevant image characteristics and their limits are discussed. The obtainable resolution is limited by electron diffusion and by quantum noise (lowering of the effective quantum-detection efficiency)."}
{"id": "PMID:882054", "title": "Iterative method for elimination of the Kbeta filter in dual-beam differential tissue absorptiometry.", "content": "The application of a dual photon beam to the measurement of tissue and tissue-like substances has generally required the use of a filter to attain the required monochromaticity of the lower-energy x-ray photons. In many cases this has the undesirable effect of also severely attenuating the desired low-energy beam. A method for circumventing the use of the filter is described. The technique relies on a knowledge of the initial intensities of the components of the x-ray portion of the dual beam and involves an iterative mathematical procedure. Experimental verification of the method using both tissue and nontissue substances has been carried out. R values obtained with the iterative system show good correlation with filtered values.", "contents": "Iterative method for elimination of the Kbeta filter in dual-beam differential tissue absorptiometry. The application of a dual photon beam to the measurement of tissue and tissue-like substances has generally required the use of a filter to attain the required monochromaticity of the lower-energy x-ray photons. In many cases this has the undesirable effect of also severely attenuating the desired low-energy beam. A method for circumventing the use of the filter is described. The technique relies on a knowledge of the initial intensities of the components of the x-ray portion of the dual beam and involves an iterative mathematical procedure. Experimental verification of the method using both tissue and nontissue substances has been carried out. R values obtained with the iterative system show good correlation with filtered values."}
{"id": "PMID:882055", "title": "Large-area contrast of a fiber-optic coupled x-ray image intensifier.", "content": "Large-area contrast measurements have been made upon a fiber-optic x-ray image intensifier with an external input phosphor. Both photometric and photographic techniques were used. For a shadowed area of 10% of the input window area, a contrast ratio in excess of 150 was determined. This is a factor of 5 higher than previously reported for any x-ray image intensifier. The improved contrast in the device is attributed to (1) reduced effect of x-ray Compton scattering in the input window; (2) less cross-chord light at the photocathode; and (3) greatly reduced light scattering and reflecting in output phosphor and window.", "contents": "Large-area contrast of a fiber-optic coupled x-ray image intensifier. Large-area contrast measurements have been made upon a fiber-optic x-ray image intensifier with an external input phosphor. Both photometric and photographic techniques were used. For a shadowed area of 10% of the input window area, a contrast ratio in excess of 150 was determined. This is a factor of 5 higher than previously reported for any x-ray image intensifier. The improved contrast in the device is attributed to (1) reduced effect of x-ray Compton scattering in the input window; (2) less cross-chord light at the photocathode; and (3) greatly reduced light scattering and reflecting in output phosphor and window."}
{"id": "PMID:882056", "title": "Computer-compatible patient contour plotter.", "content": "The use of a compact, mobile, relatively inexpensive electromechanical patient-contouring mechanism is described. The system utilizes a Numonics Model 224 graphics digitizer suspended over the patient. The digital X and Y coordinates of the patient contour in either of multiple, parallel transverse, or sagittal planes are inherently accurate to within +/-0.25 mm over a total reading are of 60X90 cm. Display features include the interface to an analog 11-in.X17-in. X-Y plotter with a variable scale-down factor for those contours which would otherwise be larger than the plotting surface. The system is easy to use and may also be readily interfaced for on-line entry of patient contours to calculator- or minicomputer-based treatment-planning systems.", "contents": "Computer-compatible patient contour plotter. The use of a compact, mobile, relatively inexpensive electromechanical patient-contouring mechanism is described. The system utilizes a Numonics Model 224 graphics digitizer suspended over the patient. The digital X and Y coordinates of the patient contour in either of multiple, parallel transverse, or sagittal planes are inherently accurate to within +/-0.25 mm over a total reading are of 60X90 cm. Display features include the interface to an analog 11-in.X17-in. X-Y plotter with a variable scale-down factor for those contours which would otherwise be larger than the plotting surface. The system is easy to use and may also be readily interfaced for on-line entry of patient contours to calculator- or minicomputer-based treatment-planning systems."}
{"id": "PMID:882057", "title": "Reconstruction of objects from diverging x rays.", "content": "Rotation of a system consisting of a single x-ray source and a linear detector array allows rapid collection of x-ray projection data from which transaxial cross sections can be reconstructed. In this paper, we present an algorithm which makes possible rapid computerized reconstruction from such data. We describe some experiments aimed at investigating the optimal choice of some of the parameters associated with the algorithm. We report on reconstructions using our algorithm of the intact thorax of a dog and also of cross sections of the human female breast from x-ray data obtained by a computerized mammography machine.", "contents": "Reconstruction of objects from diverging x rays. Rotation of a system consisting of a single x-ray source and a linear detector array allows rapid collection of x-ray projection data from which transaxial cross sections can be reconstructed. In this paper, we present an algorithm which makes possible rapid computerized reconstruction from such data. We describe some experiments aimed at investigating the optimal choice of some of the parameters associated with the algorithm. We report on reconstructions using our algorithm of the intact thorax of a dog and also of cross sections of the human female breast from x-ray data obtained by a computerized mammography machine."}
{"id": "PMID:882058", "title": "Effective size of the transverse dimension of x-ray-tube focal spots.", "content": "Corrections for nonuniform x-ray intensity distributions have been computed for the dimension perpendicular to the anode-cathode axis of x-ray-tube focal spots. These correction factors were developed from comparison of OTFs for focal spots with uniform intensity distributions to those for focal spots with symmetric double-peaked intensity distributions.", "contents": "Effective size of the transverse dimension of x-ray-tube focal spots. Corrections for nonuniform x-ray intensity distributions have been computed for the dimension perpendicular to the anode-cathode axis of x-ray-tube focal spots. These correction factors were developed from comparison of OTFs for focal spots with uniform intensity distributions to those for focal spots with symmetric double-peaked intensity distributions."}
{"id": "PMID:882059", "title": "Energy absorbed in calcium tungstate x-ray screens.", "content": "The energy which must be absorbed in a CaWO4 x-ray intensifying screen to produce unit net opetical density on a film has been evaluated by measurement and calculation for a screen-film system over a range of beam qualities (1.4--7.4 mm A1 HVL) spanning the diagnostic x-ray region. It was found to be constant within experimental error. The absorbed-energy constant for three additional CaWO4 screens is presented for a single beam quality. To correct the estimation of absorbed energy, the fractional escape of tungsten K x rays has been evaluated and the results are presented as a function of phosphor loading. The absorbed-energy constant is useful for predicting optical density for variable beam conditions; a family of characteristic curves based on exposure is reduced to one curve for a particular film-screen system, expressed as optical density as a function of absorbed energy.", "contents": "Energy absorbed in calcium tungstate x-ray screens. The energy which must be absorbed in a CaWO4 x-ray intensifying screen to produce unit net opetical density on a film has been evaluated by measurement and calculation for a screen-film system over a range of beam qualities (1.4--7.4 mm A1 HVL) spanning the diagnostic x-ray region. It was found to be constant within experimental error. The absorbed-energy constant for three additional CaWO4 screens is presented for a single beam quality. To correct the estimation of absorbed energy, the fractional escape of tungsten K x rays has been evaluated and the results are presented as a function of phosphor loading. The absorbed-energy constant is useful for predicting optical density for variable beam conditions; a family of characteristic curves based on exposure is reduced to one curve for a particular film-screen system, expressed as optical density as a function of absorbed energy."}
{"id": "PMID:882060", "title": "Neutron energy spectra and dose-distribution spectra of cyclotron-produced neutron beams.", "content": "Neutron energy spectra and spectra of dose deposition in tissue-equivalent material have been measured for neutron sources produced by 16-, 22-, 35-, and 45.5-MeV deuterons and 22.5-, 35-, 45-, and 65.5-MeV protons incident upon a thick beryllium target. Neutron spectra were measured using time-of-flight techniques and the dose distribution was measured using a 1/2 in. spherical \"tissue-equivalent\" proportional counter filled with \"tissue-equivalent\" gas.", "contents": "Neutron energy spectra and dose-distribution spectra of cyclotron-produced neutron beams. Neutron energy spectra and spectra of dose deposition in tissue-equivalent material have been measured for neutron sources produced by 16-, 22-, 35-, and 45.5-MeV deuterons and 22.5-, 35-, 45-, and 65.5-MeV protons incident upon a thick beryllium target. Neutron spectra were measured using time-of-flight techniques and the dose distribution was measured using a 1/2 in. spherical \"tissue-equivalent\" proportional counter filled with \"tissue-equivalent\" gas."}
{"id": "PMID:882062", "title": "Ultrasonic pulse-echo determination of thermal injury in deep dermal burns.", "content": "Burns of all kinds represent a serious class of traumatic injury, affecting over two million people annually in the United States alone. Of this number, over 70000 are serious enough to require extended hospitalization. Currently, there is no sensitive, quantitative technique for measuring the depth of thermal damage in such injuries. An ultrasonic pulse-echo technique is described here whereby such information can be obtained within a few minutes postburn. Results from model porcine experiments are given to illustrate the usefullness of the method, and implication for the clinical care of human burn victims are discussed.", "contents": "Ultrasonic pulse-echo determination of thermal injury in deep dermal burns. Burns of all kinds represent a serious class of traumatic injury, affecting over two million people annually in the United States alone. Of this number, over 70000 are serious enough to require extended hospitalization. Currently, there is no sensitive, quantitative technique for measuring the depth of thermal damage in such injuries. An ultrasonic pulse-echo technique is described here whereby such information can be obtained within a few minutes postburn. Results from model porcine experiments are given to illustrate the usefullness of the method, and implication for the clinical care of human burn victims are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:882061", "title": "Proton-beryllium neutron production at 25-55 MeV.", "content": "The production of neutrons by stopping 25-, 35-, 45-, and 55-MeV protons in beryllium has been studied. The yield of neutrons in the forward direction can be approximated by the relation: yield = -0.032X10(16).E+0.0027X10(16).E2 neutrons/C sr. The neutron spectra are characterized by a low-energy evaporation component which has small angular dependence and a high-energy component which is peaked in the forward direction. Neutrons produced in the forward direction have an average energy approximately 40% of the incident proton energy.", "contents": "Proton-beryllium neutron production at 25-55 MeV. The production of neutrons by stopping 25-, 35-, 45-, and 55-MeV protons in beryllium has been studied. The yield of neutrons in the forward direction can be approximated by the relation: yield = -0.032X10(16).E+0.0027X10(16).E2 neutrons/C sr. The neutron spectra are characterized by a low-energy evaporation component which has small angular dependence and a high-energy component which is peaked in the forward direction. Neutrons produced in the forward direction have an average energy approximately 40% of the incident proton energy."}
{"id": "PMID:882063", "title": "Toward a unified view of radiological imaging systems. Part II: Noisy images.", "content": "\"The imaging process is fundamentally a sampling process.\" This philosophy of Otto Schade, utilizing the concepts of sample number and sampling aperture, is applied to a systems analysis of radiographic imaging including some aspects of vision. It leads to a simple modification of the Rose statistical model; this results in excellent fits to the Blackwell data on the detectability of disks as a function of contrast and size. It gives a straightforward prescription for calculating a signal-to-noise ratio, which is applicable to the detection of low-contrast detail in screen-film imaging, including the effects of magnification. The model lies between the optimistic extreme of the Rose model and the pessimistic extreme of the Morgan model. For high-contrast detail, the rules for the evaluation of noiseless images are recovered.", "contents": "Toward a unified view of radiological imaging systems. Part II: Noisy images. \"The imaging process is fundamentally a sampling process.\" This philosophy of Otto Schade, utilizing the concepts of sample number and sampling aperture, is applied to a systems analysis of radiographic imaging including some aspects of vision. It leads to a simple modification of the Rose statistical model; this results in excellent fits to the Blackwell data on the detectability of disks as a function of contrast and size. It gives a straightforward prescription for calculating a signal-to-noise ratio, which is applicable to the detection of low-contrast detail in screen-film imaging, including the effects of magnification. The model lies between the optimistic extreme of the Rose model and the pessimistic extreme of the Morgan model. For high-contrast detail, the rules for the evaluation of noiseless images are recovered."}
{"id": "PMID:882064", "title": "Imaging soft tissue through bone with ultrasound transmission tomography by reconstruction.", "content": "A phantom consisting of a 2.5-cm-diameter aluminum rod, a balloon filled with castor oil, and a ballon filled with a phenylated silicone fluid was imaged in water with ultrasound transmission tomography by reconstruction (UTTR). This phantom was chosen for investigation of the feasibility of detecting small changes in the ultrasound velocity and ultrasound attenuation coefficient of soft tissues in planes containing bones. Attenuation images of a transverse section of a leg of lamb were obtained as well. Opposed transmitting and receiving transducers were scanned on either side of the imaged object, just as an x-ray tube and detector are scanned in the pencil beam geometry employed with the first x-ray computerized axial tomographic system. More than adequate signal was transmitted through the aluminum rod and the bone to obtain reconstructions; but, in these crude images, there were numerous artifacts which maintain the uncertainty regarding the future utility of this promising technique. Although velocity imaging should not be as sensitive to reflection and refraction as attenuation imaging, a very narrow ultrasound beam must be employed to obtain reasonable resolution in velocity imaging.", "contents": "Imaging soft tissue through bone with ultrasound transmission tomography by reconstruction. A phantom consisting of a 2.5-cm-diameter aluminum rod, a balloon filled with castor oil, and a ballon filled with a phenylated silicone fluid was imaged in water with ultrasound transmission tomography by reconstruction (UTTR). This phantom was chosen for investigation of the feasibility of detecting small changes in the ultrasound velocity and ultrasound attenuation coefficient of soft tissues in planes containing bones. Attenuation images of a transverse section of a leg of lamb were obtained as well. Opposed transmitting and receiving transducers were scanned on either side of the imaged object, just as an x-ray tube and detector are scanned in the pencil beam geometry employed with the first x-ray computerized axial tomographic system. More than adequate signal was transmitted through the aluminum rod and the bone to obtain reconstructions; but, in these crude images, there were numerous artifacts which maintain the uncertainty regarding the future utility of this promising technique. Although velocity imaging should not be as sensitive to reflection and refraction as attenuation imaging, a very narrow ultrasound beam must be employed to obtain reasonable resolution in velocity imaging."}
{"id": "PMID:882065", "title": "Dosimeter placement in the Rando phantom.", "content": "Each section of the Alderson Rando phantom contains a tissue-equivalent plastic coating layer approximately 2 mm thick, applied to both faces. This compensates for material removed in the sawing process. Conventional use of thermoluminescent dosimeters positions them totally or partially within the coating layer. Analysis shows that, in the lung region, dosimeters placed in this layer received a dose averaging 39% lower than those placed at midsection. Where bony structures interfere, some dosimeters in the coating layer received an 18% higher dose than those at midsection. Therefore, positioning dosimeters at the center of a section is recommended.", "contents": "Dosimeter placement in the Rando phantom. Each section of the Alderson Rando phantom contains a tissue-equivalent plastic coating layer approximately 2 mm thick, applied to both faces. This compensates for material removed in the sawing process. Conventional use of thermoluminescent dosimeters positions them totally or partially within the coating layer. Analysis shows that, in the lung region, dosimeters placed in this layer received a dose averaging 39% lower than those placed at midsection. Where bony structures interfere, some dosimeters in the coating layer received an 18% higher dose than those at midsection. Therefore, positioning dosimeters at the center of a section is recommended."}
{"id": "PMID:882066", "title": "Dosimetric measurements in the neutron field produced by a deuterium gas target with a compact medical cyclotron.", "content": "Several dosimetric measurements have been carried out in the neutron field produced by accelerated deuterons incident upon a pressurized deuterium gas target. A significant improvement has been achieved in central-axis depth dose when compared to the 9Be(3He,n)11C interaction previously studied . Designs for a target with a high-power dissipation capability are currently underway.", "contents": "Dosimetric measurements in the neutron field produced by a deuterium gas target with a compact medical cyclotron. Several dosimetric measurements have been carried out in the neutron field produced by accelerated deuterons incident upon a pressurized deuterium gas target. A significant improvement has been achieved in central-axis depth dose when compared to the 9Be(3He,n)11C interaction previously studied . Designs for a target with a high-power dissipation capability are currently underway."}
{"id": "PMID:882067", "title": "Neutron spectra at 0 degrees from 83.7-MeV deuterons and 100.2-MeV protons on beryllium.", "content": "Neutron energy spectra were measured at 0 degrees from 83.7-MeV deuteron bombardment of a 2.0-cm-thick beryllium target and 100.2-MeV proton bombardment of a 60-MeV-thick beryllium target backed with aluminum.", "contents": "Neutron spectra at 0 degrees from 83.7-MeV deuterons and 100.2-MeV protons on beryllium. Neutron energy spectra were measured at 0 degrees from 83.7-MeV deuteron bombardment of a 2.0-cm-thick beryllium target and 100.2-MeV proton bombardment of a 60-MeV-thick beryllium target backed with aluminum."}
{"id": "PMID:882103", "title": "[Clinical and radiological findings in 78 children during the 1974/75 mycoplasma-pneumonia-epidemic (author's transl)].", "content": "Between August 1974 and October 1975 78 patients with mycoplasma-pneumonia-infection were admitted to the 3 pediatric clinics of Hannover. Their clinical and radiological findings were studied. 20 patients with serological diagnosis of additional viral infection were not included in this study. The clinical diagnosis was confirmed by complement fixation test. The commonest symptoms were fever, coughing and abnormal auscultatory findings over the lungs. Chest roentgenograms showed three different patterns of infiltration: 1. Disseminated, non homogenous bronchial lines and mottled shadows often with swollen hilar lymphnodes in 46% of all patients.--2. Homogenous, extensive, opaque infiltrates in 29% of all patients.--3. Perivascular and peribronchial infiltrates at the hilus with or without swollen lymphnodes in 21% of all patients.--This means that in half of the patients abnormal signs in chestroentgenogram (type 2 and 3) were present, which formerly were described as \"atypical pneumonia.\"--4. There were no radiological symptoms in 4% of the patients.--Those who were treated with tetracyclin or erythromycin became afebrile within 1--3 days, in those who didn't get antibiotics at all or were treated with other antibiotics fever lasted longer.", "contents": "[Clinical and radiological findings in 78 children during the 1974/75 mycoplasma-pneumonia-epidemic (author's transl)]. Between August 1974 and October 1975 78 patients with mycoplasma-pneumonia-infection were admitted to the 3 pediatric clinics of Hannover. Their clinical and radiological findings were studied. 20 patients with serological diagnosis of additional viral infection were not included in this study. The clinical diagnosis was confirmed by complement fixation test. The commonest symptoms were fever, coughing and abnormal auscultatory findings over the lungs. Chest roentgenograms showed three different patterns of infiltration: 1. Disseminated, non homogenous bronchial lines and mottled shadows often with swollen hilar lymphnodes in 46% of all patients.--2. Homogenous, extensive, opaque infiltrates in 29% of all patients.--3. Perivascular and peribronchial infiltrates at the hilus with or without swollen lymphnodes in 21% of all patients.--This means that in half of the patients abnormal signs in chestroentgenogram (type 2 and 3) were present, which formerly were described as \"atypical pneumonia.\"--4. There were no radiological symptoms in 4% of the patients.--Those who were treated with tetracyclin or erythromycin became afebrile within 1--3 days, in those who didn't get antibiotics at all or were treated with other antibiotics fever lasted longer."}
{"id": "PMID:882104", "title": "[Subdural hygroma in infants with congenital toxoplasmosis (author's transl)].", "content": "Cytological examination of the fluid from subdural hygromas revealed congenital Toxoplasmosis in 14 of 43 infants (32,5%). Conversely, subdural hygroma was a significant clinical symptom in 42 cases of congenital Toxoplasmosis. In 9 cases trophozoites or cystes of Toxoplasma Gondii were found in the subdural fluid, and in 4 of these in the cerebrospinal fluid as well. Since serological investigations in young infants and particularly severe infections often remain inconclusive the cytological examination of cerebrospinal fluid is emphasized importance of.", "contents": "[Subdural hygroma in infants with congenital toxoplasmosis (author's transl)]. Cytological examination of the fluid from subdural hygromas revealed congenital Toxoplasmosis in 14 of 43 infants (32,5%). Conversely, subdural hygroma was a significant clinical symptom in 42 cases of congenital Toxoplasmosis. In 9 cases trophozoites or cystes of Toxoplasma Gondii were found in the subdural fluid, and in 4 of these in the cerebrospinal fluid as well. Since serological investigations in young infants and particularly severe infections often remain inconclusive the cytological examination of cerebrospinal fluid is emphasized importance of."}
{"id": "PMID:882105", "title": "[Laryngeal complications in newborns following intratracheal intubation (author's transl)].", "content": "Histological and bacteriological findings in comparison to clinical data concerning intubation for 38 dead premature infants and newborns were studied to elucidate conditions complicating intratrachial intubation at the laryngeal level. The larynx was intact in 3 cases. Slight lesions of mucosa (epithelabrasion, hemorrhage) were found in 13, moderately severe lesions (necrosis of epithelium, ulcers, pseudomembranes) in 11, and severe lesions (deep necrosis, perichondritis with sceletisation) in 10 cases. 1 case showed a stage of regeneration. The narrow passage between the two processus vocales is a site of predilection for tubus-induced lesions, the epithelium bein immediately adjacent to the cartilage. Successful bacteriological demonstration of the infectious agent correlated with the rising degree of mucosal lesions, and increasing duration of intubation. 3 cases, however, already had severe lesions after short-time-intubation. Formal and causal pathogenesis are described. Essential causes are: trauma of intubation, irritation by the tubus in situ, duration of intubation, and infection. Regenerative power of the infantile laryngeal mucosa is strong. Permanent lesions may occur as scarred stenosis. Careful indication, accurate and careful technology of intubation, choice of the smallest possible diameter of tubus, good care for the tubus, and generous prophylaxis against infections are to be demanded.", "contents": "[Laryngeal complications in newborns following intratracheal intubation (author's transl)]. Histological and bacteriological findings in comparison to clinical data concerning intubation for 38 dead premature infants and newborns were studied to elucidate conditions complicating intratrachial intubation at the laryngeal level. The larynx was intact in 3 cases. Slight lesions of mucosa (epithelabrasion, hemorrhage) were found in 13, moderately severe lesions (necrosis of epithelium, ulcers, pseudomembranes) in 11, and severe lesions (deep necrosis, perichondritis with sceletisation) in 10 cases. 1 case showed a stage of regeneration. The narrow passage between the two processus vocales is a site of predilection for tubus-induced lesions, the epithelium bein immediately adjacent to the cartilage. Successful bacteriological demonstration of the infectious agent correlated with the rising degree of mucosal lesions, and increasing duration of intubation. 3 cases, however, already had severe lesions after short-time-intubation. Formal and causal pathogenesis are described. Essential causes are: trauma of intubation, irritation by the tubus in situ, duration of intubation, and infection. Regenerative power of the infantile laryngeal mucosa is strong. Permanent lesions may occur as scarred stenosis. Careful indication, accurate and careful technology of intubation, choice of the smallest possible diameter of tubus, good care for the tubus, and generous prophylaxis against infections are to be demanded."}
{"id": "PMID:882106", "title": "[Congenital tracheal stenosis due to pulmonary artery sling (author's transl)].", "content": "Congenital stridor was observed in a newborn due to left pulmonary artery sling. Clinical signs and the course of the disease were determined by an extreme tracheal stenosis. In newborns and infants with apneic episodes, inspiratory and expiratory wheezing and cyanosis a pulmonary sling should be considered. Unilateral hyperexpansion of the lung and an anterior indentation of the esophagus are helpful diagnostic signs. Surgical treatment for pulmonary sling is possible but remains unsatisfactory. Patients with associated tracheobronchial stenosis show a high over-all mortality rate.", "contents": "[Congenital tracheal stenosis due to pulmonary artery sling (author's transl)]. Congenital stridor was observed in a newborn due to left pulmonary artery sling. Clinical signs and the course of the disease were determined by an extreme tracheal stenosis. In newborns and infants with apneic episodes, inspiratory and expiratory wheezing and cyanosis a pulmonary sling should be considered. Unilateral hyperexpansion of the lung and an anterior indentation of the esophagus are helpful diagnostic signs. Surgical treatment for pulmonary sling is possible but remains unsatisfactory. Patients with associated tracheobronchial stenosis show a high over-all mortality rate."}
{"id": "PMID:882107", "title": "[On an unusual case of hypoplastic anaemia (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors describe an unusual case of hypoplastic anaemia. The condition developed shortly after birth as a typical case of Josephs-Blackfan Diamond and was favourably influenced only by a combined treatment with Prednison and Dianabol. The improvement, however, did not last long and after shorter or longer periods of time anaemia recurred again. Applying the same therapy the authors succeeded, despite the sometimes grave condition of the child, not only to save his life but also to normalize the erythrocyte count. It must be noted that the child showed viability for a long period of time no matter how pronounced the anaemia was. Thus, therapy was not necessary to be repeated often. Of special interest for this case were bone marrow examinations. During the first year of the child's life only 1 to 4 erythroblasts were seen the examination was performed several times. After the sixth year the bone marrow contained many erythroblasts although the type of anaemia remained unchanged. According to the authors this peculiarity could be explained only as a transition from a hypoplastic into a pseudohypoplastic anaemia.", "contents": "[On an unusual case of hypoplastic anaemia (author's transl)]. The authors describe an unusual case of hypoplastic anaemia. The condition developed shortly after birth as a typical case of Josephs-Blackfan Diamond and was favourably influenced only by a combined treatment with Prednison and Dianabol. The improvement, however, did not last long and after shorter or longer periods of time anaemia recurred again. Applying the same therapy the authors succeeded, despite the sometimes grave condition of the child, not only to save his life but also to normalize the erythrocyte count. It must be noted that the child showed viability for a long period of time no matter how pronounced the anaemia was. Thus, therapy was not necessary to be repeated often. Of special interest for this case were bone marrow examinations. During the first year of the child's life only 1 to 4 erythroblasts were seen the examination was performed several times. After the sixth year the bone marrow contained many erythroblasts although the type of anaemia remained unchanged. According to the authors this peculiarity could be explained only as a transition from a hypoplastic into a pseudohypoplastic anaemia."}
{"id": "PMID:882109", "title": "Coffee, alcohol and risk of coronary heart disease among Japanese men living in Hawaii.", "content": "We examined the relation of coffee and alcohol consumption to the risk of coronary heart disease during a six-year period in a cohort of 7705 Japanese men living in Hawaii. The analysis was based on 294 new cases of coronary heart disease. There was a positive association between coffee intake and risk, but it became statistically insignificant when cigarette smoking was taken into account. There was a strong negative association between moderate alcohol consumption (up to 60 ml per day), mainly from beer, and the risk of nonfatal myocardial infarction and death from coronary heart disease. This association remained significant in multivariate analysis, taking into account smoking and other risk factors. The correlation of alcohol consumption with the level of alpha cholesterol (positive) and beta cholesterol (negative) may partly account for the observed negative association between alcohol and coronary heart disease.", "contents": "Coffee, alcohol and risk of coronary heart disease among Japanese men living in Hawaii. We examined the relation of coffee and alcohol consumption to the risk of coronary heart disease during a six-year period in a cohort of 7705 Japanese men living in Hawaii. The analysis was based on 294 new cases of coronary heart disease. There was a positive association between coffee intake and risk, but it became statistically insignificant when cigarette smoking was taken into account. There was a strong negative association between moderate alcohol consumption (up to 60 ml per day), mainly from beer, and the risk of nonfatal myocardial infarction and death from coronary heart disease. This association remained significant in multivariate analysis, taking into account smoking and other risk factors. The correlation of alcohol consumption with the level of alpha cholesterol (positive) and beta cholesterol (negative) may partly account for the observed negative association between alcohol and coronary heart disease."}
{"id": "PMID:882110", "title": "A pharmacologic evaluation of penicillin in children with purulent meningitis.", "content": "We undertook a prospective study of the pharmacokinetics of penicillin G (administered intravenously every four hours for a total of b50,000 U per kilogram per day) in the cerebrospinal fluid of children with purulent meningitis. Both the absolute mean cerebrospinal-fluid penicillin concentration (0.8, 0.7 and 0.3 microgram per milliliter) and the percentage of the simultaneous serum penicillin concentration measurable in the cerebrospinal fluid (18.4, 9.9, 4.9 per cent) declined on the first, fifth and 10th days of therapy, respectively. A mean peak cerebrospinal-fluid penicillin concentration of 0.96 micrograms per milliliter was measured at least transiently on all three study days. This pharmacokinetic pattern correlated with the return of cerebrospinal-fluid protein concentration toward normal (P less than 0.01). Penicillin G in the dosage studied is adequate therapy for most streptococcal and meningococcal meningitis in children; an increased dosage may be necessary when the minimal inhibitory concentration of penicillin to the etiologic agent is unusually high.", "contents": "A pharmacologic evaluation of penicillin in children with purulent meningitis. We undertook a prospective study of the pharmacokinetics of penicillin G (administered intravenously every four hours for a total of b50,000 U per kilogram per day) in the cerebrospinal fluid of children with purulent meningitis. Both the absolute mean cerebrospinal-fluid penicillin concentration (0.8, 0.7 and 0.3 microgram per milliliter) and the percentage of the simultaneous serum penicillin concentration measurable in the cerebrospinal fluid (18.4, 9.9, 4.9 per cent) declined on the first, fifth and 10th days of therapy, respectively. A mean peak cerebrospinal-fluid penicillin concentration of 0.96 micrograms per milliliter was measured at least transiently on all three study days. This pharmacokinetic pattern correlated with the return of cerebrospinal-fluid protein concentration toward normal (P less than 0.01). Penicillin G in the dosage studied is adequate therapy for most streptococcal and meningococcal meningitis in children; an increased dosage may be necessary when the minimal inhibitory concentration of penicillin to the etiologic agent is unusually high."}
{"id": "PMID:882111", "title": "Continuous subcutaenous administration of deferoxamine in patients with iron overload.", "content": "Since deferoxamine B, when administered as a single daily intramuscular injection of 0.75 g, is unable to promote sufficient urinary iron excretion to achieve net negative iron balance in siderosis, we evaluated its administration as a constant infusion over 24 hours. We compared intravenous and subcutaneous routes in 24 siderotic patients who had excreted 420 to 630 mg (mean, 480 mg) of iron per month on intramuscular therapy. With the intravenous route urinary iron excretions increased to 570 to 3690 mg (mean, 1595 mg) per month. Constant subcutaneous delivery was 90 per cent as effective as intravenous administration on a dose-for-dose basis. Noteworthy net cumulative urinary iron excretions (urinary iron excretions minus transfused iron), often in excess of 1 g per month, have been maintained in all patients. Constant subcutaneous deferoxamine administration may prove to be an effective and practical means of eliminating large quantities of iron in siderosis.", "contents": "Continuous subcutaenous administration of deferoxamine in patients with iron overload. Since deferoxamine B, when administered as a single daily intramuscular injection of 0.75 g, is unable to promote sufficient urinary iron excretion to achieve net negative iron balance in siderosis, we evaluated its administration as a constant infusion over 24 hours. We compared intravenous and subcutaneous routes in 24 siderotic patients who had excreted 420 to 630 mg (mean, 480 mg) of iron per month on intramuscular therapy. With the intravenous route urinary iron excretions increased to 570 to 3690 mg (mean, 1595 mg) per month. Constant subcutaneous delivery was 90 per cent as effective as intravenous administration on a dose-for-dose basis. Noteworthy net cumulative urinary iron excretions (urinary iron excretions minus transfused iron), often in excess of 1 g per month, have been maintained in all patients. Constant subcutaneous deferoxamine administration may prove to be an effective and practical means of eliminating large quantities of iron in siderosis."}
{"id": "PMID:882112", "title": "Health-services research and innovations in health-care delivery. Does research make a difference?", "content": "Members of the Institute of Medicine were asked to list the most important innovations in the health-care system for the past quarter century, and to identify health-services researchers who might be recognized by some prize or award. There was considerable difficulty in identifying such innovations. A large number of investigators were named as health-services researchers deserving commendation, but only a few received more than two or three votes. There was little evidence of linkage between the innovations described and the work for which investigators were nominated for recognition. There is little reason to expect such research to produce major alterations in the system, since these alterations are linked to changes in the values and expectations of society. However, the research may of some value in documenting the effects (or lack thereof) of proposed changes and also promote if not create change.", "contents": "Health-services research and innovations in health-care delivery. Does research make a difference? Members of the Institute of Medicine were asked to list the most important innovations in the health-care system for the past quarter century, and to identify health-services researchers who might be recognized by some prize or award. There was considerable difficulty in identifying such innovations. A large number of investigators were named as health-services researchers deserving commendation, but only a few received more than two or three votes. There was little evidence of linkage between the innovations described and the work for which investigators were nominated for recognition. There is little reason to expect such research to produce major alterations in the system, since these alterations are linked to changes in the values and expectations of society. However, the research may of some value in documenting the effects (or lack thereof) of proposed changes and also promote if not create change."}
{"id": "PMID:882144", "title": "Mazindol and amphetamine as inhibitors of the uptake and releasers of 3H-dopamine by rat striatal synaptosomes.", "content": "The effects of mazindol, amphetamine and fenfluramine on uptake and release of 3H-DA by synaptosomes were studied in different systems. In in vitro incubations of 3H-DA with synaptosomes isolated from the caudate nucleus of the rat, mazindol inhibited the uptake of the radioactivity more potently than did amphetamine. When the synaptosomes were isolated from the caudate nuclei of rats treated in vivo with either mazindol or amphetamine, the uptake of 3H-DA during in vitro incuation was lower with synaptosomes of amphetamine-treated rats than with those of mazindol-treated rats. When synaptosomes of untreated rats were prelabelled with 3H-DA and incubated in the presence of amphetamine or of mazindol, amphetamine caused a greater release of radioactivity than did mazindol. Fenfluramine was without activity in all these systems. In spite of the quantitative differences, both amphetamine and mazindol appear to have similar effects on uptake and release of dopamine, and this may account for their analogous pharmacological profile.", "contents": "Mazindol and amphetamine as inhibitors of the uptake and releasers of 3H-dopamine by rat striatal synaptosomes. The effects of mazindol, amphetamine and fenfluramine on uptake and release of 3H-DA by synaptosomes were studied in different systems. In in vitro incubations of 3H-DA with synaptosomes isolated from the caudate nucleus of the rat, mazindol inhibited the uptake of the radioactivity more potently than did amphetamine. When the synaptosomes were isolated from the caudate nuclei of rats treated in vivo with either mazindol or amphetamine, the uptake of 3H-DA during in vitro incuation was lower with synaptosomes of amphetamine-treated rats than with those of mazindol-treated rats. When synaptosomes of untreated rats were prelabelled with 3H-DA and incubated in the presence of amphetamine or of mazindol, amphetamine caused a greater release of radioactivity than did mazindol. Fenfluramine was without activity in all these systems. In spite of the quantitative differences, both amphetamine and mazindol appear to have similar effects on uptake and release of dopamine, and this may account for their analogous pharmacological profile."}
{"id": "PMID:882145", "title": "The labelling of motor end-plates in skeletal muscle of mice with 125I tetanus toxin.", "content": "Twelve hours after injection of 125I labelled tetanus toxin into the shank of one hindlimb of mice radioactivity was found in the end-plate region of soleus muscles. The ratio between the radioactivity of the end-plate and the end-plate-free region was 2.5 +/- 0.4 S.D. Autoradiographs showed intense labelling of end-plates and a slight but clear labelling of axons. When 125I tetanus toxin was injected 3 days after denervation of the soleus muscle the former end-plate region still accumulated a higher radioactivity (ratio 2.0 +/- 0.5 S.D.), however, autoradiographs showed a diffuse distribution of labelled tetanus toxin. It can be concluded that tetanus toxin binds to the presynaptic nerve terminal. This binding is not dependent on activity of the nerve terminal or transmitter release.", "contents": "The labelling of motor end-plates in skeletal muscle of mice with 125I tetanus toxin. Twelve hours after injection of 125I labelled tetanus toxin into the shank of one hindlimb of mice radioactivity was found in the end-plate region of soleus muscles. The ratio between the radioactivity of the end-plate and the end-plate-free region was 2.5 +/- 0.4 S.D. Autoradiographs showed intense labelling of end-plates and a slight but clear labelling of axons. When 125I tetanus toxin was injected 3 days after denervation of the soleus muscle the former end-plate region still accumulated a higher radioactivity (ratio 2.0 +/- 0.5 S.D.), however, autoradiographs showed a diffuse distribution of labelled tetanus toxin. It can be concluded that tetanus toxin binds to the presynaptic nerve terminal. This binding is not dependent on activity of the nerve terminal or transmitter release."}
{"id": "PMID:882146", "title": "The pharmacokinetics and organ distribution of ajmaline and quindine in the mouse.", "content": "After i.v. infusion into mice (lasting 10 s) the time courses of ajmaline and quinidine concentrations in blood, heart, lung, liver, and brain were studied. The drugs were assayed by a spectrofluorophotometric procedure. Blood concentration data obtained were fitted graphically and calculations were performed in accordance with an open two compartment model. Blood kinetic data were very similar for both alkaloids. A rapid distribution phase with a t0.5alpha of 3.0 min for ajmaline and 2.5 min for quindine was followed by a disposition phase with a t0.5beta of 16 min for ajmaline and 20 min for quinidine. High tissue accumulation of both alkaloids was found in lung, liver, and heart and this is also reflected by the volume of distribution Vdbeta, which was 136 ml for ajmaline and 116 ml for quinidine (body weight of the mice = 31 g). With equilibrium dialysis a 62% binding of ajmaline and a 77% binding of quinidine to mouse blood constituents was found. Both drugs were highly metabolized since only 5% of a given dose was excreted unchanged in the urine.", "contents": "The pharmacokinetics and organ distribution of ajmaline and quindine in the mouse. After i.v. infusion into mice (lasting 10 s) the time courses of ajmaline and quinidine concentrations in blood, heart, lung, liver, and brain were studied. The drugs were assayed by a spectrofluorophotometric procedure. Blood concentration data obtained were fitted graphically and calculations were performed in accordance with an open two compartment model. Blood kinetic data were very similar for both alkaloids. A rapid distribution phase with a t0.5alpha of 3.0 min for ajmaline and 2.5 min for quindine was followed by a disposition phase with a t0.5beta of 16 min for ajmaline and 20 min for quinidine. High tissue accumulation of both alkaloids was found in lung, liver, and heart and this is also reflected by the volume of distribution Vdbeta, which was 136 ml for ajmaline and 116 ml for quinidine (body weight of the mice = 31 g). With equilibrium dialysis a 62% binding of ajmaline and a 77% binding of quinidine to mouse blood constituents was found. Both drugs were highly metabolized since only 5% of a given dose was excreted unchanged in the urine."}
{"id": "PMID:882147", "title": "Bilary and urinary excretion of five cardiac glycosides and its correlation with their physical and chemical properties.", "content": "Biliary and urinary excretion of five tritium-labelled cardiac glycosides, i.e. Ouabain, K-strophanthoside, Digoxin, Digitoxin and Deslanatoside C, were investigated in anaesthetized guinea-pigs 5 h after i.v. or enteral administration. Urinary excretion is the main route of elimination in the case of Ouabain and Deslanatoside C. Conversely, biliary excretion is predominant in the case of Digoxin and Digitoxin. K-strophanthoside is excreted both via bile and urine. In conscious guinea-pigs treated i.v. with the same cardiac glycosides the highest levels were observed in urine, bile, kidneys and liver. The relative values of those levels were in agreement with the excretion pattern observed in anaesthetized animals. An inverse linear relation (P less than 0.05) was encountered between biliary excretion rate and polarity of glycoside molecula. This correlation has been previously observed by other authors in other species, but not in the rabbit. This suggests that the correlation may not be considered generally applicable at present.", "contents": "Bilary and urinary excretion of five cardiac glycosides and its correlation with their physical and chemical properties. Biliary and urinary excretion of five tritium-labelled cardiac glycosides, i.e. Ouabain, K-strophanthoside, Digoxin, Digitoxin and Deslanatoside C, were investigated in anaesthetized guinea-pigs 5 h after i.v. or enteral administration. Urinary excretion is the main route of elimination in the case of Ouabain and Deslanatoside C. Conversely, biliary excretion is predominant in the case of Digoxin and Digitoxin. K-strophanthoside is excreted both via bile and urine. In conscious guinea-pigs treated i.v. with the same cardiac glycosides the highest levels were observed in urine, bile, kidneys and liver. The relative values of those levels were in agreement with the excretion pattern observed in anaesthetized animals. An inverse linear relation (P less than 0.05) was encountered between biliary excretion rate and polarity of glycoside molecula. This correlation has been previously observed by other authors in other species, but not in the rabbit. This suggests that the correlation may not be considered generally applicable at present."}
{"id": "PMID:882148", "title": "The reversibility of the inhibition of intestinal amino-acid transport by harmaline.", "content": "The inhibitory aciton of harmaline on L-phenylalanine uptake by guinea-pig intestinal rings is fully reversible provided only low concentrations of the inhibitor are used; if the concentration is raised to a sufficient extent to enable the drug to interfere with sodium pumping or cellular metabolic reactions, as witnessed by its effect on tissue oxygen consumption, then the inhibition of L-phenylalanine uptake is only reversible if short contact times are employed.", "contents": "The reversibility of the inhibition of intestinal amino-acid transport by harmaline. The inhibitory aciton of harmaline on L-phenylalanine uptake by guinea-pig intestinal rings is fully reversible provided only low concentrations of the inhibitor are used; if the concentration is raised to a sufficient extent to enable the drug to interfere with sodium pumping or cellular metabolic reactions, as witnessed by its effect on tissue oxygen consumption, then the inhibition of L-phenylalanine uptake is only reversible if short contact times are employed."}
{"id": "PMID:882149", "title": "Solubilization of brain mitochondrial hexokinase by thiopental.", "content": "The control of hexokinase activity probably is accomplished by regulating the partitioning of the enzyme between soluble and particulate forms, the latter being more active. In the present investigation we have examined the thiopental effect on the cerebral hexokinase distribution. In anesthesia, after administration of thiopental to male Sprague Dawley rats, the increase of the soluble fraction of hexokinase was dose dependent. The change in the intracellular hexokinase distribution was reversible and lasted as long as general anesthesia existed. Also in experiments in vitro a solubilization of the mitochondrial hexokinase by thiopental (0.1--1 mM) occurred; it was depending on drug concentration. An inhibition of hexokinase was found neither in the total brain extract, nor in the soluble or the particulate fraction. The results suggest that phosphorylation of glucose in brain may be suppressed in anesthesia by shifting hexokinase activity from a more active mitochondrial form to its less active soluble form. This effect seems to be caused by a direct action of thiopental and is obviously correlated with anesthesia.", "contents": "Solubilization of brain mitochondrial hexokinase by thiopental. The control of hexokinase activity probably is accomplished by regulating the partitioning of the enzyme between soluble and particulate forms, the latter being more active. In the present investigation we have examined the thiopental effect on the cerebral hexokinase distribution. In anesthesia, after administration of thiopental to male Sprague Dawley rats, the increase of the soluble fraction of hexokinase was dose dependent. The change in the intracellular hexokinase distribution was reversible and lasted as long as general anesthesia existed. Also in experiments in vitro a solubilization of the mitochondrial hexokinase by thiopental (0.1--1 mM) occurred; it was depending on drug concentration. An inhibition of hexokinase was found neither in the total brain extract, nor in the soluble or the particulate fraction. The results suggest that phosphorylation of glucose in brain may be suppressed in anesthesia by shifting hexokinase activity from a more active mitochondrial form to its less active soluble form. This effect seems to be caused by a direct action of thiopental and is obviously correlated with anesthesia."}
{"id": "PMID:882150", "title": "Effect of phenylhydrazine on the plasma lipids of albino rat.", "content": "The effect of phenylhydrazine hydrochloride on the lipid composition of plasma of albino rats have been investigated. The data revealed significant increase in the percentages of lysophosphatidyl choline and decrease in that of phosphatidyl choline. There was increase in the cholesterol ester content in the plasma. The assay of plasma lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT) activity showed a significant increase in its activity parallel to the above changes.", "contents": "Effect of phenylhydrazine on the plasma lipids of albino rat. The effect of phenylhydrazine hydrochloride on the lipid composition of plasma of albino rats have been investigated. The data revealed significant increase in the percentages of lysophosphatidyl choline and decrease in that of phosphatidyl choline. There was increase in the cholesterol ester content in the plasma. The assay of plasma lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT) activity showed a significant increase in its activity parallel to the above changes."}
{"id": "PMID:882152", "title": "The influence of age and drugs on the thermoregulatory behaviour of rats.", "content": "A method is described which allows to measure thermoregulatory effective conditioned behaviour in rats. This method makes it possible to vary the preset ambient temperature (Ta) in a wide range. The results only deal with subnormal Ta (normal housing temperature 23 degrees C). Rats are able to acquire a conditioned behaviour additional to inborn behaviour which is adequate to contribute to thermal homoeostasis. Exposed to -4 degrees C adult animals adjusted their mean Ta to +4 degrees C, old animals to +8 degrees C. A dose of 40 micromol/kg Phentolamine caused adult rats to adjust mean temperature to +9 degrees C, old rats to +13.5 degrees C. But even this increased behavioural activity did not prevent the hypothermic effect of the drug totally. Core temperature in adult animals dropped by 0.8 degrees C, in old animals by 1.4 degrees C.", "contents": "The influence of age and drugs on the thermoregulatory behaviour of rats. A method is described which allows to measure thermoregulatory effective conditioned behaviour in rats. This method makes it possible to vary the preset ambient temperature (Ta) in a wide range. The results only deal with subnormal Ta (normal housing temperature 23 degrees C). Rats are able to acquire a conditioned behaviour additional to inborn behaviour which is adequate to contribute to thermal homoeostasis. Exposed to -4 degrees C adult animals adjusted their mean Ta to +4 degrees C, old animals to +8 degrees C. A dose of 40 micromol/kg Phentolamine caused adult rats to adjust mean temperature to +9 degrees C, old rats to +13.5 degrees C. But even this increased behavioural activity did not prevent the hypothermic effect of the drug totally. Core temperature in adult animals dropped by 0.8 degrees C, in old animals by 1.4 degrees C."}
{"id": "PMID:882154", "title": "Action of some natural peptides on the stomach of the anaesthetized rat.", "content": "Different peptides of natural origin were studied for their stimulant activity on the stomach of the anaesthetized rat. The group of the tachykinins (substance P and its analogues) showed a noticeable spasmogenic activity on the whole stomach from the fundus to the pylorus. Threshold doses ranged between 0.1 and 5 microgram/kg by i.v. route and the order of potency was: eledoisin greater than phyllomedusin greater than physalaemin greater than uperolein greater than substance P. A good correlation between the dose and the duration of the spasmogenic effect was always observed and tachyphylaxis never occurred. Experiments carried out with different kinds of inhibitors suggested that tachykinins act directly on the smooth muscle of the stomach. Taking into account also results obtained in other experimental conditions it was possible to state that the N-terminal part of the molecule of these peptides has a certain importance in determining the degree of their potency in the different tests. The peptide motilin, which does not belong to the family from a chemical point of view, was scarcely active, if at all, in modifying the motility of the rat stomach.", "contents": "Action of some natural peptides on the stomach of the anaesthetized rat. Different peptides of natural origin were studied for their stimulant activity on the stomach of the anaesthetized rat. The group of the tachykinins (substance P and its analogues) showed a noticeable spasmogenic activity on the whole stomach from the fundus to the pylorus. Threshold doses ranged between 0.1 and 5 microgram/kg by i.v. route and the order of potency was: eledoisin greater than phyllomedusin greater than physalaemin greater than uperolein greater than substance P. A good correlation between the dose and the duration of the spasmogenic effect was always observed and tachyphylaxis never occurred. Experiments carried out with different kinds of inhibitors suggested that tachykinins act directly on the smooth muscle of the stomach. Taking into account also results obtained in other experimental conditions it was possible to state that the N-terminal part of the molecule of these peptides has a certain importance in determining the degree of their potency in the different tests. The peptide motilin, which does not belong to the family from a chemical point of view, was scarcely active, if at all, in modifying the motility of the rat stomach."}
{"id": "PMID:882155", "title": "Taurolithocholate inhibits taurocholate uptake by isolated hepatocytes at low concentrations.", "content": "The cholestatic bile acid taurolithocholate inhibits taurocholate uptake by isolated liver cells non-competitively. Inhibition is instantaneous and inversely related to the cell number in the incubate. The Ki amounts to 7 micron in the presence of 2 mg cellular protein per ml. Secretion of taurocholate by isolated liver cells is not affected by taurolithocholate up to a concentration of 50 micron. This indicates a difference between the carrier for taurocholate uptake and the carrier for taurocholate secretion. Inhibition of bile acid uptake of liver cells may be involved in the pathogenesis of lithocholate-induced cholestasis.", "contents": "Taurolithocholate inhibits taurocholate uptake by isolated hepatocytes at low concentrations. The cholestatic bile acid taurolithocholate inhibits taurocholate uptake by isolated liver cells non-competitively. Inhibition is instantaneous and inversely related to the cell number in the incubate. The Ki amounts to 7 micron in the presence of 2 mg cellular protein per ml. Secretion of taurocholate by isolated liver cells is not affected by taurolithocholate up to a concentration of 50 micron. This indicates a difference between the carrier for taurocholate uptake and the carrier for taurocholate secretion. Inhibition of bile acid uptake of liver cells may be involved in the pathogenesis of lithocholate-induced cholestasis."}
{"id": "PMID:882156", "title": "Canrenoate disposition in dogs. Tissue distribution and elimination.", "content": "The metabolism and tissue distribution of intravenously administered C14-canrenoate-potassium (CR-K) was studied at various time intervals in 10 dogs. After a rapid decline of total radioactivity immediately after injection, the elimination in plasma occurred in two distinct phases with half-lives of 6.8 and 23.6 h. Canrenoate was rapidly converted to lipid- and water-soluble metabolites which were separated by thin-layer chromatography. Most tissues showed similar concentrations of total radioactivity as plasma. An accumulation of radioactivity per g wet weight was detected in the adrenal glands and fat tissue as well as in the metabolic and excretory organs but not in the heart. Taking into consideration that skeletal muscle, fat tissue and liver constitute about 64% of the body weight, it is obvious that the main part of total radioactivity was present in these tissues. In contrast to plasma, urine and feces, where various metabolites could be analysed, the bulk of radioactivity in tissues is represented by canrenone. Thus, the estimation of the parent compound and its metabolites in plasma, urine and feces does not allow final conclusions about the active substance in various tissues. Within 72 h 47% of the dose was recovered in urine and 49% in feces.", "contents": "Canrenoate disposition in dogs. Tissue distribution and elimination. The metabolism and tissue distribution of intravenously administered C14-canrenoate-potassium (CR-K) was studied at various time intervals in 10 dogs. After a rapid decline of total radioactivity immediately after injection, the elimination in plasma occurred in two distinct phases with half-lives of 6.8 and 23.6 h. Canrenoate was rapidly converted to lipid- and water-soluble metabolites which were separated by thin-layer chromatography. Most tissues showed similar concentrations of total radioactivity as plasma. An accumulation of radioactivity per g wet weight was detected in the adrenal glands and fat tissue as well as in the metabolic and excretory organs but not in the heart. Taking into consideration that skeletal muscle, fat tissue and liver constitute about 64% of the body weight, it is obvious that the main part of total radioactivity was present in these tissues. In contrast to plasma, urine and feces, where various metabolites could be analysed, the bulk of radioactivity in tissues is represented by canrenone. Thus, the estimation of the parent compound and its metabolites in plasma, urine and feces does not allow final conclusions about the active substance in various tissues. Within 72 h 47% of the dose was recovered in urine and 49% in feces."}
{"id": "PMID:882157", "title": "Early local tetanus: does tetanus toxin change the stimulus evoked discharge in afferents from the injected muscle?", "content": "1. Tetanus toxin was injected into gastrocnemius muscles of cats and for 24 h its action on nerve condution of muscle afferents was investigated. 2. During this period stimulus threshold and latency remained constant. No signs of fatigue were observed.", "contents": "Early local tetanus: does tetanus toxin change the stimulus evoked discharge in afferents from the injected muscle? 1. Tetanus toxin was injected into gastrocnemius muscles of cats and for 24 h its action on nerve condution of muscle afferents was investigated. 2. During this period stimulus threshold and latency remained constant. No signs of fatigue were observed."}
{"id": "PMID:882183", "title": "[Inhibition in the senso-motor cortex of cats].", "content": "The responses of 340 neurons of the sensory-motor cortex to electrocutaneous stimulation of the extremities were studied in 3-30 days old kittens. Extracellular recording of 9.4% cells in 3-10 day old animals and 17.1% cells in 21-30 days old animals showed a silent period following the excitatory component of the response. Intracellular and quasi-intracellular recording revealed the presence of postsynaptic inhibition during this period. As a rule the IPSPs which followed the initial excitatory component were 250-380 ms long, being considerably longer than similar IPSPs in the sensory-motor cortex of adult cats. IPSP amplitude usually did not exceed 5 mV.", "contents": "[Inhibition in the senso-motor cortex of cats]. The responses of 340 neurons of the sensory-motor cortex to electrocutaneous stimulation of the extremities were studied in 3-30 days old kittens. Extracellular recording of 9.4% cells in 3-10 day old animals and 17.1% cells in 21-30 days old animals showed a silent period following the excitatory component of the response. Intracellular and quasi-intracellular recording revealed the presence of postsynaptic inhibition during this period. As a rule the IPSPs which followed the initial excitatory component were 250-380 ms long, being considerably longer than similar IPSPs in the sensory-motor cortex of adult cats. IPSP amplitude usually did not exceed 5 mV."}
{"id": "PMID:882184", "title": "[Responses of neurons in the secondary somatosensory zone of the cat cortex during elaboration of a defensive conditioned reflex].", "content": "The neuronal responses of the somatosensory secondary cortex during the process of formation and extinction of a conditioned defence reflex to sound stimulus were studied in chronic experimentss on cats. In 21 out of 28 examined neurons a change in activity took place during the formation of a conditioned reflex as a response to the conditional signal. Two types of conditioned reflex responses were observed: excitatory and inhibitory ones. Most of the neurons excited by the conditioned stimulus responded during the first 50 ms, preceding the conditioned movement by 80-100 ms. Significant variability of neuronal responses was observed during formation of the conditioned reflex. After stabilization the neuronal responses to the conditioned stimulus acquired a stable from. During extinction of the neuronal conditioned activity a decrease of the discharge frequency in the excitatory neuronal response and disinhibition of the activity in the inhibitory responses were found.", "contents": "[Responses of neurons in the secondary somatosensory zone of the cat cortex during elaboration of a defensive conditioned reflex]. The neuronal responses of the somatosensory secondary cortex during the process of formation and extinction of a conditioned defence reflex to sound stimulus were studied in chronic experimentss on cats. In 21 out of 28 examined neurons a change in activity took place during the formation of a conditioned reflex as a response to the conditional signal. Two types of conditioned reflex responses were observed: excitatory and inhibitory ones. Most of the neurons excited by the conditioned stimulus responded during the first 50 ms, preceding the conditioned movement by 80-100 ms. Significant variability of neuronal responses was observed during formation of the conditioned reflex. After stabilization the neuronal responses to the conditioned stimulus acquired a stable from. During extinction of the neuronal conditioned activity a decrease of the discharge frequency in the excitatory neuronal response and disinhibition of the activity in the inhibitory responses were found."}
{"id": "PMID:882185", "title": "[Role of the caudate nucleus in the development of evoked synchronized activity].", "content": "Evoked spindles, recruitment and augmention to thalamic stimulation were studied in chronic cats after lesions of the caudate nuclei. The duration of spindles in the frontal cortex, thalamic and striatal sites were reduced to 3-4 oscillations. Their amplitude significantly decreased up to 50-10% in the thalamic and striatal sites. In the frontal cortex this decrease was not constant and sometimes was insignificant. Unilateral lesion of the caudate nucleus suppressed the synchronous activity evoked only by the ipsilateral thalamic stimulation. Lesion of the striatum (n. caudatus, globus pallidum, n. entopeduncularis, putamen) did not abolish the synchronous activity. It is suggested that the caudate nucleus produces ipsilateral facilitatory effect on the nonspecific thalamic system during the evoked synchronous activity.", "contents": "[Role of the caudate nucleus in the development of evoked synchronized activity]. Evoked spindles, recruitment and augmention to thalamic stimulation were studied in chronic cats after lesions of the caudate nuclei. The duration of spindles in the frontal cortex, thalamic and striatal sites were reduced to 3-4 oscillations. Their amplitude significantly decreased up to 50-10% in the thalamic and striatal sites. In the frontal cortex this decrease was not constant and sometimes was insignificant. Unilateral lesion of the caudate nucleus suppressed the synchronous activity evoked only by the ipsilateral thalamic stimulation. Lesion of the striatum (n. caudatus, globus pallidum, n. entopeduncularis, putamen) did not abolish the synchronous activity. It is suggested that the caudate nucleus produces ipsilateral facilitatory effect on the nonspecific thalamic system during the evoked synchronous activity."}
{"id": "PMID:882186", "title": "[Postsynaptic excitation and inhibition in neurons of the general cortex of turtles during presentation of moving stimuli].", "content": "Reactions to moving stimuli were studied in the turtle general cortex. The evoked potentials, synaptic nature of their components and mechanism of their generation were analysed. The evoked potentials was negative-positive. The negative part consisted of fast negative complexes and a slow negative wave. These negative components reflected EPSP generated in the dendrites of the main cortex neurons. A rhythmical oscillation in the evoked potential started after the initial fast negative complex. The negative waves of this oscillation reflected EPSP and the positive waves, IPSP being generated also in the dendrites of the main cortex neurons. They had probably a recurrent generation mechanism. The positive wave of the evoked potential reflected dendritic IPSP in the main neurons.", "contents": "[Postsynaptic excitation and inhibition in neurons of the general cortex of turtles during presentation of moving stimuli]. Reactions to moving stimuli were studied in the turtle general cortex. The evoked potentials, synaptic nature of their components and mechanism of their generation were analysed. The evoked potentials was negative-positive. The negative part consisted of fast negative complexes and a slow negative wave. These negative components reflected EPSP generated in the dendrites of the main cortex neurons. A rhythmical oscillation in the evoked potential started after the initial fast negative complex. The negative waves of this oscillation reflected EPSP and the positive waves, IPSP being generated also in the dendrites of the main cortex neurons. They had probably a recurrent generation mechanism. The positive wave of the evoked potential reflected dendritic IPSP in the main neurons."}
{"id": "PMID:882187", "title": "[Formation of spontaneous and evoked neuronal activity in an organotypic culture of hippocampal tissue].", "content": "Spontaneous and evoked neuronal activity was studied with extracellular microelectrodes in the organotypic explants from newborn mouse hippocampus during two first weeks in vitro. Electrical stimuli applied to the entorhinal cortex and fascia dentata evoked short- and long-latency responses in hippocampal neurons beginning from the 5-6th day in vitro. The short latency responses were presumably monosynaptic, the long-lasting ones, polysynaptic. The latter were usually changed by repetitive stimulation. These data suggest that appearence of evoked activity during cultivation reflects the formation in vitro of the perforant path and mossy fibres and the maturation of the synaptic contacts.", "contents": "[Formation of spontaneous and evoked neuronal activity in an organotypic culture of hippocampal tissue]. Spontaneous and evoked neuronal activity was studied with extracellular microelectrodes in the organotypic explants from newborn mouse hippocampus during two first weeks in vitro. Electrical stimuli applied to the entorhinal cortex and fascia dentata evoked short- and long-latency responses in hippocampal neurons beginning from the 5-6th day in vitro. The short latency responses were presumably monosynaptic, the long-lasting ones, polysynaptic. The latter were usually changed by repetitive stimulation. These data suggest that appearence of evoked activity during cultivation reflects the formation in vitro of the perforant path and mossy fibres and the maturation of the synaptic contacts."}
{"id": "PMID:882188", "title": "[Relationship between the responses of neurons in the cat lateral geniculate body and the contrast in the photic stimulus].", "content": "The responses of receptive fields of the cat lateral geniculate body to stimuli of different contrast were investigated. The neuronal responses increased linearly with the stimulus contrast when the contrast change with variation in the test stimulus intensity. This relation was nonlinear when background intensity was changed. The calculation of the number of impulses in different time intervals of the response (deltat) indicated that the dependence of this number on the contrast is the steeper, the larger deltat during the first 70-90 ms of the response. The Weber-Fechner law holds for the lateral geniculate body receptive fields.", "contents": "[Relationship between the responses of neurons in the cat lateral geniculate body and the contrast in the photic stimulus]. The responses of receptive fields of the cat lateral geniculate body to stimuli of different contrast were investigated. The neuronal responses increased linearly with the stimulus contrast when the contrast change with variation in the test stimulus intensity. This relation was nonlinear when background intensity was changed. The calculation of the number of impulses in different time intervals of the response (deltat) indicated that the dependence of this number on the contrast is the steeper, the larger deltat during the first 70-90 ms of the response. The Weber-Fechner law holds for the lateral geniculate body receptive fields."}
{"id": "PMID:882189", "title": "[Study of the relationships between the \"locomotor regions\" of the subthalamus and midbrain in rats].", "content": "Responses of single neurons in the midbrain tegmentum to stimuli applied to the subthalamic \"locomotor region\" were recorded extracellularly. In various units the latencies of responses were from 1 to 13 ms. Thresholds of the unit responses usually were not higher than the thresholds for eliciting locomotion. Obtained data evidence for a direct and oligosynaptic connections between subthalamic and midbrain \"locomotor region\".", "contents": "[Study of the relationships between the \"locomotor regions\" of the subthalamus and midbrain in rats]. Responses of single neurons in the midbrain tegmentum to stimuli applied to the subthalamic \"locomotor region\" were recorded extracellularly. In various units the latencies of responses were from 1 to 13 ms. Thresholds of the unit responses usually were not higher than the thresholds for eliciting locomotion. Obtained data evidence for a direct and oligosynaptic connections between subthalamic and midbrain \"locomotor region\"."}
{"id": "PMID:882190", "title": "[Organization of the afferent input to the superior colliculus of the rabbit brain].", "content": "The organization of afferent input to superior colliculus was studied in unanesthetized paralyzed rabbits. Two groups of afferent fibres with the average conduction velocities 3 and 6 m per s were determined. It was found that C1 and C2 components of the evoked potential reflect postsynaptic activity of collicular neurons activated by these groups of optic nerve fibres. The existence in rabbit of direct retino-tectal input to the superior colliculus is supposed.", "contents": "[Organization of the afferent input to the superior colliculus of the rabbit brain]. The organization of afferent input to superior colliculus was studied in unanesthetized paralyzed rabbits. Two groups of afferent fibres with the average conduction velocities 3 and 6 m per s were determined. It was found that C1 and C2 components of the evoked potential reflect postsynaptic activity of collicular neurons activated by these groups of optic nerve fibres. The existence in rabbit of direct retino-tectal input to the superior colliculus is supposed."}
{"id": "PMID:882191", "title": "[Influence of destruction of the lateral reticular nucleus and nuclei of the inferior olive in cats on electrical responses of the cerebellar cortex evoked by stimulation of the vagus nerve].", "content": "The role of the lateral reticular nucleus and inferior olive in production of the cerebellar cortex evoked potentials to stimulation of n. vagus was studied on 28 cats under chloralose-nembutal narcosis. After electrolytical destruction of the lateral reticular nucleus prolongation of the latency and a decrease in the evoked potential amplitude were observed, especially ipsilaterally. After bilateral destruction the potentials could be depressed completely. A conclusion is made that the lateral reticular nucleus provides a relay to to the cerebellar cortex of interoceptive vagal impulses. Appearance of predominantly simple discharges of the Purkinje cells responses to vagal stimulation is considered as an additional evidence for such a role of the lateral reticular nucleus. After damaging the inferior olive the evoked potentials arose with unchanged latency but reduced in the amplitude. Significance of the inferior olive as an intensity regulatory for the interoceptive impulse flow to the cerebellum is discussed.", "contents": "[Influence of destruction of the lateral reticular nucleus and nuclei of the inferior olive in cats on electrical responses of the cerebellar cortex evoked by stimulation of the vagus nerve]. The role of the lateral reticular nucleus and inferior olive in production of the cerebellar cortex evoked potentials to stimulation of n. vagus was studied on 28 cats under chloralose-nembutal narcosis. After electrolytical destruction of the lateral reticular nucleus prolongation of the latency and a decrease in the evoked potential amplitude were observed, especially ipsilaterally. After bilateral destruction the potentials could be depressed completely. A conclusion is made that the lateral reticular nucleus provides a relay to to the cerebellar cortex of interoceptive vagal impulses. Appearance of predominantly simple discharges of the Purkinje cells responses to vagal stimulation is considered as an additional evidence for such a role of the lateral reticular nucleus. After damaging the inferior olive the evoked potentials arose with unchanged latency but reduced in the amplitude. Significance of the inferior olive as an intensity regulatory for the interoceptive impulse flow to the cerebellum is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:882192", "title": "[Synaptic effects induced in motor neurons by stimulation of individual propriospinal neurons].", "content": "In experiments carried out on cats unitary PSPs evoked in lumbar motoneurons by stimulation of single identified ventral horn propriospinal neurons receiving mono- and polysynaptic inputs from reticular nuclei were recorded by means of the averaging computer. The amplitudes of the unitary proprio-motoneuronal EPSPs and IPSPs were 49.6 +/- +/- 6.0 muV and 28.9 +/- 2.9 muV, respectively. A synaptic delay was 0.34 +/- 0.05 ms. An individual propriospinal cell of the upper lumbar segments can establish monosynaptic articulations with several motoneurons of the lower lumbar segments.", "contents": "[Synaptic effects induced in motor neurons by stimulation of individual propriospinal neurons]. In experiments carried out on cats unitary PSPs evoked in lumbar motoneurons by stimulation of single identified ventral horn propriospinal neurons receiving mono- and polysynaptic inputs from reticular nuclei were recorded by means of the averaging computer. The amplitudes of the unitary proprio-motoneuronal EPSPs and IPSPs were 49.6 +/- +/- 6.0 muV and 28.9 +/- 2.9 muV, respectively. A synaptic delay was 0.34 +/- 0.05 ms. An individual propriospinal cell of the upper lumbar segments can establish monosynaptic articulations with several motoneurons of the lower lumbar segments."}
{"id": "PMID:882193", "title": "[Effect of preliminary mechanical and antidromal influences on orthodromal activity in in group C fibers of cat skin mechanoreceptors].", "content": "The afferent activity in unmyelinated fibres of the cat's cutaneous nerve was analyzed using the colliding impulses method. The effect of antidromic activity induced by electrical stimulation of the nerve and of mechanical stimulation of the receptors on the subsequent orthodromic activity under stretching of the skin was investigated. Antidromic activity in the nerve as well as mechanical stimulation of the receptors decreased the subsequent orthodromic activity in response to testing stimulation. The maximum decrease of the activity was observed 10-15 s after stimulation. The duration of the inhibitory effect was considerably greater after mechanical stimulation. A simultaneous action of mechanical stimulation and antidromic activation produced a greater decrease of the afferent activity and prolonged the period for its recovery. An increase in the frequency of antidromic excitation to 8 imp/s increased its inhibitory influence on the orthodromic activity of C-fibres.", "contents": "[Effect of preliminary mechanical and antidromal influences on orthodromal activity in in group C fibers of cat skin mechanoreceptors]. The afferent activity in unmyelinated fibres of the cat's cutaneous nerve was analyzed using the colliding impulses method. The effect of antidromic activity induced by electrical stimulation of the nerve and of mechanical stimulation of the receptors on the subsequent orthodromic activity under stretching of the skin was investigated. Antidromic activity in the nerve as well as mechanical stimulation of the receptors decreased the subsequent orthodromic activity in response to testing stimulation. The maximum decrease of the activity was observed 10-15 s after stimulation. The duration of the inhibitory effect was considerably greater after mechanical stimulation. A simultaneous action of mechanical stimulation and antidromic activation produced a greater decrease of the afferent activity and prolonged the period for its recovery. An increase in the frequency of antidromic excitation to 8 imp/s increased its inhibitory influence on the orthodromic activity of C-fibres."}
{"id": "PMID:882194", "title": "[Effect of batrachotoxin on the selectivity of sodium channels in the membrane of a myelinated nerve fiber].", "content": "Ionic currents under voltage clamp conditions were studied in the Ranvier node treated with batrachotoxin (5-10(-6)--10(-5) M). Ionic permeability ratios were measured from zero-current potential. The permeability sequence for modified (noninactivating) Na channels was: Tl greater than NH4 greater than Na approximately Li greater than K greater than guanidinum greater than Rb greater than Ca greater than Cs greater than methylamine. Deviation from the \"independence relation\" in modified channels for It1 was decreased.", "contents": "[Effect of batrachotoxin on the selectivity of sodium channels in the membrane of a myelinated nerve fiber]. Ionic currents under voltage clamp conditions were studied in the Ranvier node treated with batrachotoxin (5-10(-6)--10(-5) M). Ionic permeability ratios were measured from zero-current potential. The permeability sequence for modified (noninactivating) Na channels was: Tl greater than NH4 greater than Na approximately Li greater than K greater than guanidinum greater than Rb greater than Ca greater than Cs greater than methylamine. Deviation from the \"independence relation\" in modified channels for It1 was decreased."}
{"id": "PMID:882195", "title": "[Postsynaptic potentials of trigeminal nerve nucleus motor neurons evoked by stimulation of the dental pulp in cats].", "content": "PSPS of the digastric and masseter motoneurons evoked by stimulation of the upper canine pulp of the ipsi- and contralateral side were studied in the nembutal-chloralose anesthetized cats. Stimulation by single volleys of tooth pulp evoked EPSP and action potentials in digastric motoneurons (latency for ipsilateral pulp was 4.0-5.5 ms, for contralateral--7.0-8.0 ms) and IPSP in masseter motoneurons (latency for ipsilateral pulp was 3.5-4.2 ms, for contralateral--3.8-5.5 ms). All PSPS were polysynaptic.", "contents": "[Postsynaptic potentials of trigeminal nerve nucleus motor neurons evoked by stimulation of the dental pulp in cats]. PSPS of the digastric and masseter motoneurons evoked by stimulation of the upper canine pulp of the ipsi- and contralateral side were studied in the nembutal-chloralose anesthetized cats. Stimulation by single volleys of tooth pulp evoked EPSP and action potentials in digastric motoneurons (latency for ipsilateral pulp was 4.0-5.5 ms, for contralateral--7.0-8.0 ms) and IPSP in masseter motoneurons (latency for ipsilateral pulp was 3.5-4.2 ms, for contralateral--3.8-5.5 ms). All PSPS were polysynaptic."}
{"id": "PMID:882196", "title": "[Effect of aconitine on asymmetric displacement currents in the membrane of a node of Ranvier].", "content": "The effect of aconitine on the asymmetrical displacement currents in Ranvier node membrane was studied. Aconitine evokes a shift of the charge displacement and time constant (tauon) membrane potential plots for the displacement currents in the direction of hyperpolarization by 50 mV. Maximum value of tauon in aconitine is twice as high as in norm and the reversal potentials for the displacement currents was estimated to be about--90 mV. The obtained results permit suggesting that the asymmetrical displacement current in its greater part is due to the operation of the gating mechanism of the sodium channel.", "contents": "[Effect of aconitine on asymmetric displacement currents in the membrane of a node of Ranvier]. The effect of aconitine on the asymmetrical displacement currents in Ranvier node membrane was studied. Aconitine evokes a shift of the charge displacement and time constant (tauon) membrane potential plots for the displacement currents in the direction of hyperpolarization by 50 mV. Maximum value of tauon in aconitine is twice as high as in norm and the reversal potentials for the displacement currents was estimated to be about--90 mV. The obtained results permit suggesting that the asymmetrical displacement current in its greater part is due to the operation of the gating mechanism of the sodium channel."}
{"id": "PMID:882200", "title": "[Differential diagnosis of sanguineous cerebrospinal fluid].", "content": "The author studied the problem of differential diagnosis in cases with blood presence in the cerebrospinal fluid. Among 151 fluid samples obtained from 96 patients he found pathological admixture of blood in 117 samples and blood admixture as artifact in 34 samples. Besides the generally accepted differentiating criteria the author draws attention to differences in the process of phagocytosis, attraction of erythrocytes by mononuclear cells and in the transformation and morphology of macrophages. The author puts forward the hypothesis of immunological mechanisms causing attraction of erythrocytes.", "contents": "[Differential diagnosis of sanguineous cerebrospinal fluid]. The author studied the problem of differential diagnosis in cases with blood presence in the cerebrospinal fluid. Among 151 fluid samples obtained from 96 patients he found pathological admixture of blood in 117 samples and blood admixture as artifact in 34 samples. Besides the generally accepted differentiating criteria the author draws attention to differences in the process of phagocytosis, attraction of erythrocytes by mononuclear cells and in the transformation and morphology of macrophages. The author puts forward the hypothesis of immunological mechanisms causing attraction of erythrocytes."}
{"id": "PMID:882201", "title": "[Acute cerebral ischemic disease in patients under the age of 50].", "content": "The authors analysed clinically 108 patients (61 males and 47 females), aged below 50 years treated at the department of neurology, because of acute cerebral ischaemia. Attention is called to risk factors such as arterial hypertension, heart disease, atherosclerosis, obesity and diabetes which may be the cause of earlier development of ischaemic changes in the central nervous system. In the analysed group in 18 cases cerebral thrombosis, in 23 cases embolism, in 31 cerebral circulatory failure were diagnosed. In 36 cases the cause could not have been established.", "contents": "[Acute cerebral ischemic disease in patients under the age of 50]. The authors analysed clinically 108 patients (61 males and 47 females), aged below 50 years treated at the department of neurology, because of acute cerebral ischaemia. Attention is called to risk factors such as arterial hypertension, heart disease, atherosclerosis, obesity and diabetes which may be the cause of earlier development of ischaemic changes in the central nervous system. In the analysed group in 18 cases cerebral thrombosis, in 23 cases embolism, in 31 cerebral circulatory failure were diagnosed. In 36 cases the cause could not have been established."}
{"id": "PMID:882202", "title": "[Seizures in phenylketonuria].", "content": "In a group of 90 children with phenylketonuria diagnosed and treated late the authors studied the problem of seizures. They occurred in over 50% of children, in most of them they had the character of salaam seizures (72%). They were statistically significantly more frequent in children with more severe mental retardation. In the discussion on these observations the authors stated that the data obtained by them concerning the frequency of seizures (twice as frequent as in materials reported in the literature) were based on long-term observation of these children and not on one examination and they conform better to the actual incidence of these seizures. It is supposed that the presence of seizures is a prognostically unfavourable element. It is suggested also that these children should be given anticonvulsant treatment besides dietary treatment of phenylketonuria.", "contents": "[Seizures in phenylketonuria]. In a group of 90 children with phenylketonuria diagnosed and treated late the authors studied the problem of seizures. They occurred in over 50% of children, in most of them they had the character of salaam seizures (72%). They were statistically significantly more frequent in children with more severe mental retardation. In the discussion on these observations the authors stated that the data obtained by them concerning the frequency of seizures (twice as frequent as in materials reported in the literature) were based on long-term observation of these children and not on one examination and they conform better to the actual incidence of these seizures. It is supposed that the presence of seizures is a prognostically unfavourable element. It is suggested also that these children should be given anticonvulsant treatment besides dietary treatment of phenylketonuria."}
{"id": "PMID:882203", "title": "[Sleep pattern in parkinsonism. Preliminary communication].", "content": "The sleep pattern was studied in 10 patients with Parkinson's disease with polygraphic recording of EEG tracings, eyeball movements, EMG from the chin area and EEG during two overnight investigations. The results were compared with the sleep pattern obtained in a similar way in 5 healthy subjects in the same age group. Prolongation of the time of falling asleep and reduction of the percent proportion of the deepest sleep phases (III and IV slow-wave phases and paradoxical phase) were observed. The possible biochemical substrate of these changes (low levels of dopamine and serotonin) is suggested. The author compared also the sleep pattern obtained in two consecutive sleep records in the same subjects discussing the so-called first-night effect.", "contents": "[Sleep pattern in parkinsonism. Preliminary communication]. The sleep pattern was studied in 10 patients with Parkinson's disease with polygraphic recording of EEG tracings, eyeball movements, EMG from the chin area and EEG during two overnight investigations. The results were compared with the sleep pattern obtained in a similar way in 5 healthy subjects in the same age group. Prolongation of the time of falling asleep and reduction of the percent proportion of the deepest sleep phases (III and IV slow-wave phases and paradoxical phase) were observed. The possible biochemical substrate of these changes (low levels of dopamine and serotonin) is suggested. The author compared also the sleep pattern obtained in two consecutive sleep records in the same subjects discussing the so-called first-night effect."}
{"id": "PMID:882204", "title": "[EEG study of cervical migraine].", "content": "The authors carried out serial EEG investigations in 60 cases of cervical migraine. They demonstrated in 30% of cases normal EEG tracings; in the remaining 70% of cases the tracings were abnormal. The analysis of the latter cases suggests that there are two pathogenetically different groups of cervical migraine, i.e. \"idiopathic\" cervical migraine with normal or changed background activity in EEG and \"symptomatic\" cervical migraine with permanent bitemporal or disseminated changes of cerebral bioelectric activity.", "contents": "[EEG study of cervical migraine]. The authors carried out serial EEG investigations in 60 cases of cervical migraine. They demonstrated in 30% of cases normal EEG tracings; in the remaining 70% of cases the tracings were abnormal. The analysis of the latter cases suggests that there are two pathogenetically different groups of cervical migraine, i.e. \"idiopathic\" cervical migraine with normal or changed background activity in EEG and \"symptomatic\" cervical migraine with permanent bitemporal or disseminated changes of cerebral bioelectric activity."}
{"id": "PMID:882205", "title": "[Studies of EEG activity by means of AR-3 analyzer].", "content": "The authors describe the principles of operation of AR-3 frequency EEG analyser designed at the Medical Technique Centre in Bia\u0142ystok. The results of analysis of EEG curves by means of this analyser are presented and discussed. The results of frequency analysis obtained by means of this analyser may be presented in the form of the so-called index of activity as suggested by the authors.", "contents": "[Studies of EEG activity by means of AR-3 analyzer]. The authors describe the principles of operation of AR-3 frequency EEG analyser designed at the Medical Technique Centre in Bia\u0142ystok. The results of analysis of EEG curves by means of this analyser are presented and discussed. The results of frequency analysis obtained by means of this analyser may be presented in the form of the so-called index of activity as suggested by the authors."}
{"id": "PMID:882206", "title": "[Evaluation of electromyographic recordings in the detection of Duchenne's dystrophy carriers].", "content": "The purpose of this work was to compare the possibility of detecting subtle changes in muscular bioelectric activity which are observed in some carriers of Duchenne dystrophy gene using two methods: routine quantitative electromyography and automatic EMG recording (with ANOPS computer). Twenty-one confirmed dystrophy-gene carriers were examined Two muscles were studied in each case: m. biceps brachii and m. quadriceps femoris. There was no difference between the detectability of reduced potential durathion with both methods, but automatic recording made possible a much more accurate determination of the percent of polyphasic potentials. For example, using automatic recording 16.5% of polyphasic potentials were found in the quadriceps femoris muscle of carriers and 15.3% in the biceps brachii muscle, while in routine electromyography these values were respectively 9.9% and 8.9%. This parameter is particularly useful for recognition of very early and slight pathological processes--because of that automatic EMC recording seems to be superior to routine quantitative EMG in the detection of Duchenne dystrophy carriers in whom only very small changes may be expected. In the investigations carried out as yet the authors observed that the introduction of automatic EMG recording raised the detectability rate of gene carriers by 18.9% in relation to the rate of detection by means of CPK determination (previously the EMG raised this rate only by 5 to 9%).", "contents": "[Evaluation of electromyographic recordings in the detection of Duchenne's dystrophy carriers]. The purpose of this work was to compare the possibility of detecting subtle changes in muscular bioelectric activity which are observed in some carriers of Duchenne dystrophy gene using two methods: routine quantitative electromyography and automatic EMG recording (with ANOPS computer). Twenty-one confirmed dystrophy-gene carriers were examined Two muscles were studied in each case: m. biceps brachii and m. quadriceps femoris. There was no difference between the detectability of reduced potential durathion with both methods, but automatic recording made possible a much more accurate determination of the percent of polyphasic potentials. For example, using automatic recording 16.5% of polyphasic potentials were found in the quadriceps femoris muscle of carriers and 15.3% in the biceps brachii muscle, while in routine electromyography these values were respectively 9.9% and 8.9%. This parameter is particularly useful for recognition of very early and slight pathological processes--because of that automatic EMC recording seems to be superior to routine quantitative EMG in the detection of Duchenne dystrophy carriers in whom only very small changes may be expected. In the investigations carried out as yet the authors observed that the introduction of automatic EMG recording raised the detectability rate of gene carriers by 18.9% in relation to the rate of detection by means of CPK determination (previously the EMG raised this rate only by 5 to 9%)."}
{"id": "PMID:882207", "title": "[Peculiarities of electrophysiological pattern of the extensor digitorum brevis muscle. Its importance in neurologic diagnosis].", "content": "Fifty-five EMG records from the extensor digitorum brevis muscle were analysed in cases of lower motor neuron lesions, primary muscular diseases and in controls. In all patients with lower motor neuron disease denervation pattern was obtained from the muscle. In the control group the so-called neurogenic pattern was recorded in 45% of cases, in the remaining subjects the findings were normal. In patients with primary muscular diseases denervation pattern was obtained in 45% of cases while in the remaining patients the changes were typically myogenic. In the control group and in patients with primary muscular diseases no correlation was observed between the age of the patients and the presence of neurogenic changes in the muscle. Presence of the so-called neurogenic pattern in the muscle may be due to the anatomical structure and position of the muscle which is particularly exposed to microtraumas in cases of primarily muscular diseases.", "contents": "[Peculiarities of electrophysiological pattern of the extensor digitorum brevis muscle. Its importance in neurologic diagnosis]. Fifty-five EMG records from the extensor digitorum brevis muscle were analysed in cases of lower motor neuron lesions, primary muscular diseases and in controls. In all patients with lower motor neuron disease denervation pattern was obtained from the muscle. In the control group the so-called neurogenic pattern was recorded in 45% of cases, in the remaining subjects the findings were normal. In patients with primary muscular diseases denervation pattern was obtained in 45% of cases while in the remaining patients the changes were typically myogenic. In the control group and in patients with primary muscular diseases no correlation was observed between the age of the patients and the presence of neurogenic changes in the muscle. Presence of the so-called neurogenic pattern in the muscle may be due to the anatomical structure and position of the muscle which is particularly exposed to microtraumas in cases of primarily muscular diseases."}
{"id": "PMID:882208", "title": "[Treatment of Bell's palsy with cortisone preparations administered into the stylomastoid foramen].", "content": "The authors discuss some problems connected with the aetiology and pathogenesis of Bell's palsy. Attention is called to conservative treatment of the palsy with particular reference to administration of cortisone preparations injected into the stylomastoid foramen. Good results were obtained in 90% of 205 cases treated in this way. The method provides good results with small doses of the drug and can be used in outpatient practice.", "contents": "[Treatment of Bell's palsy with cortisone preparations administered into the stylomastoid foramen]. The authors discuss some problems connected with the aetiology and pathogenesis of Bell's palsy. Attention is called to conservative treatment of the palsy with particular reference to administration of cortisone preparations injected into the stylomastoid foramen. Good results were obtained in 90% of 205 cases treated in this way. The method provides good results with small doses of the drug and can be used in outpatient practice."}
{"id": "PMID:882209", "title": "[Effect of sudden decompression on tissue pressure in the brain and the cerebrospinal fluid pressure].", "content": "Extracranial hypertension was produced in cats by means of epidural compression with a baloon. After 2 hours of compression sudden decompression was performed and tissue pressure was compared at symmetrical sites of cerebral hemispheres with cerebrospinal fluid pressure measured in the cisterna magna. It was found that symmetrical tissue pystem, which was due probably to early oedema developing in the compressed area.", "contents": "[Effect of sudden decompression on tissue pressure in the brain and the cerebrospinal fluid pressure]. Extracranial hypertension was produced in cats by means of epidural compression with a baloon. After 2 hours of compression sudden decompression was performed and tissue pressure was compared at symmetrical sites of cerebral hemispheres with cerebrospinal fluid pressure measured in the cisterna magna. It was found that symmetrical tissue pystem, which was due probably to early oedema developing in the compressed area."}
{"id": "PMID:882210", "title": "[Surgical treatment of carpal tunnel syndrome].", "content": "The authors report the results of surgical treatment of 11 patients with carpal tunnel syndrome. The group comprised 10 women and 1 man. In 4 cases bilateral symptoms were present. The duration of the disease was from 6 months to 10 years (mean 4.2 years). In all patients operation was followed by complete disappearance of symptoms. Control determination of conduction velocity in the median nerve after several months showed significant improvement. The authors reach the conclusion that surgical treatment permits very good results to be achieved not only in early but also in late stages of the disease.", "contents": "[Surgical treatment of carpal tunnel syndrome]. The authors report the results of surgical treatment of 11 patients with carpal tunnel syndrome. The group comprised 10 women and 1 man. In 4 cases bilateral symptoms were present. The duration of the disease was from 6 months to 10 years (mean 4.2 years). In all patients operation was followed by complete disappearance of symptoms. Control determination of conduction velocity in the median nerve after several months showed significant improvement. The authors reach the conclusion that surgical treatment permits very good results to be achieved not only in early but also in late stages of the disease."}
{"id": "PMID:882211", "title": "[Hypoxia of the central nervous system in rats during acceleration brain injury].", "content": "The authors present the results of investigations of the effects of acceleration craniocerebral injury in rats on PaO2 and resulting central nervous system hypoxia. PaO2 fall by 30% of the control value occurred in 25% of rats and in the group of most severe injury this fall amounted to 36% already 1 minute after injury. After 4 minutes this fall rose to 70%. In all animals with injury-induced hypoxia autopsy examination demonstrated on gross inspection acute pulmonary oedema: the weight of the lungs and the lung-body weight index were nearly twice as high as in the animals without oedema. The authors discuss the possible pathological mechanisms of acute neurogenic lung oedema and reach the conclusion that it may be due to excessive, pathological discharge of the sympathetic nervous system. Since the intracranial part of the vascular bed in rats reacts to acceleration trauma with acute spasm, it may be that this factor, together with central nervous system hypoxia caused by neurogenic lung oedema may play a significant role in traumatic secondary central nervous system injury. This risk occurs also in humans with severe brain stem trauma.", "contents": "[Hypoxia of the central nervous system in rats during acceleration brain injury]. The authors present the results of investigations of the effects of acceleration craniocerebral injury in rats on PaO2 and resulting central nervous system hypoxia. PaO2 fall by 30% of the control value occurred in 25% of rats and in the group of most severe injury this fall amounted to 36% already 1 minute after injury. After 4 minutes this fall rose to 70%. In all animals with injury-induced hypoxia autopsy examination demonstrated on gross inspection acute pulmonary oedema: the weight of the lungs and the lung-body weight index were nearly twice as high as in the animals without oedema. The authors discuss the possible pathological mechanisms of acute neurogenic lung oedema and reach the conclusion that it may be due to excessive, pathological discharge of the sympathetic nervous system. Since the intracranial part of the vascular bed in rats reacts to acceleration trauma with acute spasm, it may be that this factor, together with central nervous system hypoxia caused by neurogenic lung oedema may play a significant role in traumatic secondary central nervous system injury. This risk occurs also in humans with severe brain stem trauma."}
{"id": "PMID:882212", "title": "[Radioisotope scintigraphy in the diagnosis of brain abscesses].", "content": "The authors report two cases of brain abscess presenting considerable diagnostic difficulties despite neuroradiological investigations (angiography, pneumoencephalography, ventriculography). Brain scintigraphy was found to be most reliable in the detection and localization of focal intracerebral changes and made possible successful surgical intervention. In both cases the proper diagnosis of abscess was made only during the operation since the clinical syndrome did not suggest this type of lesion. Brain scintigraphy made possible localization of the lesions in the parietal and occipital areas; results of angiography and pneumoencephalography are not quite often reliable if lesions are situated in these areas.", "contents": "[Radioisotope scintigraphy in the diagnosis of brain abscesses]. The authors report two cases of brain abscess presenting considerable diagnostic difficulties despite neuroradiological investigations (angiography, pneumoencephalography, ventriculography). Brain scintigraphy was found to be most reliable in the detection and localization of focal intracerebral changes and made possible successful surgical intervention. In both cases the proper diagnosis of abscess was made only during the operation since the clinical syndrome did not suggest this type of lesion. Brain scintigraphy made possible localization of the lesions in the parietal and occipital areas; results of angiography and pneumoencephalography are not quite often reliable if lesions are situated in these areas."}
{"id": "PMID:882214", "title": "[Case of acute thyreotoxic Waldenstrom's encephalopathy].", "content": "In a 48-year-old female patient with hyperthyroid nodular goitre the syndrome of acute thyreotoxic encephalopathy of Waldenstr\u00f6m was observed. The syndrome comprised quantitative disturbances of consciousness, psychosis, pyramidal and bulbar sings as well as presence of generalized myopathy. The EEG was pathological, corresponding to the state of consciousness disturbances. Treatment of hyperthyroidism led to complete remission of CNS disturbances and considerable decrease in the intensity of myopathy.", "contents": "[Case of acute thyreotoxic Waldenstrom's encephalopathy]. In a 48-year-old female patient with hyperthyroid nodular goitre the syndrome of acute thyreotoxic encephalopathy of Waldenstr\u00f6m was observed. The syndrome comprised quantitative disturbances of consciousness, psychosis, pyramidal and bulbar sings as well as presence of generalized myopathy. The EEG was pathological, corresponding to the state of consciousness disturbances. Treatment of hyperthyroidism led to complete remission of CNS disturbances and considerable decrease in the intensity of myopathy."}
{"id": "PMID:882215", "title": "[Case of Frankl-Hochwart syndrome (polyneuritis cranials menieriformis)].", "content": "In a 19-year-old man sudden Bell's palsy developed and after 2 days vertigo and peripheral-type nystagmus supervened. ENG demonstrated presence of spontaneous nystagmus on right gaze and lack of excitability of the left horizontal canal. The cerebrospinal fluid was normal, virological examination failed to demonstrate presence of antibodies to zoster virus or a rise of antibodies to enteroviruses. Vertigo and nystagmus disappeared within several days. Bell's palsy regressed later. The results of virological investigations cast doubt on the views of these authors who regard Frankl-Hochwart syndrome as a variety of Ramsay Hung Syndrome. In the presently reported case the possibility of zoster virus being the cause of the disease has been ruled out.", "contents": "[Case of Frankl-Hochwart syndrome (polyneuritis cranials menieriformis)]. In a 19-year-old man sudden Bell's palsy developed and after 2 days vertigo and peripheral-type nystagmus supervened. ENG demonstrated presence of spontaneous nystagmus on right gaze and lack of excitability of the left horizontal canal. The cerebrospinal fluid was normal, virological examination failed to demonstrate presence of antibodies to zoster virus or a rise of antibodies to enteroviruses. Vertigo and nystagmus disappeared within several days. Bell's palsy regressed later. The results of virological investigations cast doubt on the views of these authors who regard Frankl-Hochwart syndrome as a variety of Ramsay Hung Syndrome. In the presently reported case the possibility of zoster virus being the cause of the disease has been ruled out."}
{"id": "PMID:882216", "title": "[Hydrocephalus as a late complication of sarcoidosis].", "content": "A case of hydrocephalus is described which developed as a late complication of sarcoidosis. In a female patient aged 37 years manifestations of sarcoidosis in the form of L\u00f6fgren's syndrome developed 13 years earlier and the diagnosis was confirmed with histological examination of lymph node and bronchial mucosa. After corticoid treatment all manifestations disappeared. In 1975 symptoms of increasing hydrocephalus appeared with violent headaches, visual and hearing disturbances, transient disturbances of consciousness, nausea, vomiting and transient loss of vision with gradually decreasing visual acuity. On the fundus papilloedema was present and angiography and pneumoencephalography demonstrated significant hydrocephalus without shifting of cerebral structures, and without pathological circulation. Surgical treatment (ventriculoatrial shunt) and following corticoid therapy permitted to abolish all symptoms and obtain normalization of eye and improvement of visual acuity.", "contents": "[Hydrocephalus as a late complication of sarcoidosis]. A case of hydrocephalus is described which developed as a late complication of sarcoidosis. In a female patient aged 37 years manifestations of sarcoidosis in the form of L\u00f6fgren's syndrome developed 13 years earlier and the diagnosis was confirmed with histological examination of lymph node and bronchial mucosa. After corticoid treatment all manifestations disappeared. In 1975 symptoms of increasing hydrocephalus appeared with violent headaches, visual and hearing disturbances, transient disturbances of consciousness, nausea, vomiting and transient loss of vision with gradually decreasing visual acuity. On the fundus papilloedema was present and angiography and pneumoencephalography demonstrated significant hydrocephalus without shifting of cerebral structures, and without pathological circulation. Surgical treatment (ventriculoatrial shunt) and following corticoid therapy permitted to abolish all symptoms and obtain normalization of eye and improvement of visual acuity."}
{"id": "PMID:882217", "title": "[Case of double aneurysm located at the bifurcation of the basilar artery].", "content": "The authors report a case of two aneurysms at the bifurcation of the basilar artery in a 47-year old housewife. The technique for the exclusion of the aneurysms from the cerebral circulation using the operating microscope is described. The course of the illness and the patient's condition several months after procedure are described.", "contents": "[Case of double aneurysm located at the bifurcation of the basilar artery]. The authors report a case of two aneurysms at the bifurcation of the basilar artery in a 47-year old housewife. The technique for the exclusion of the aneurysms from the cerebral circulation using the operating microscope is described. The course of the illness and the patient's condition several months after procedure are described."}
{"id": "PMID:882218", "title": "[Rare case of attempted suicide by drilling a joiner's drill into the head].", "content": "The authors report a rare case of suicidal attempt with drilling of a joiner's drill into the head. The patient was mentally ill. In the light of literature survey the rarity of such self-inflicted injuries is stressed, the operative technique is discussed and the usefulness of angiography in certain cases is pointed out.", "contents": "[Rare case of attempted suicide by drilling a joiner's drill into the head]. The authors report a rare case of suicidal attempt with drilling of a joiner's drill into the head. The patient was mentally ill. In the light of literature survey the rarity of such self-inflicted injuries is stressed, the operative technique is discussed and the usefulness of angiography in certain cases is pointed out."}
{"id": "PMID:882238", "title": "[Desynchronization of cell division during the early development of the axoloty, loach and salmon].", "content": "Patterns of a relative measure of asynchrony R of the cell population have been studied by means of a mathematical model of the kinetics of cell population which allows to follow the distribution of cells by the mitotic cycle phases in time. The application of the criterion R for the analysis of the patterns of desynchronization of cell divisions in the early embryogenesis of axolotl, loach and salmon has shown, that, unlike the smooth change of the asynchrony measure in the model populations with one constant factor desynchronization, the desynchronization in the species in question proceeds step-wise and runs to 3 steps. The problem of relationship between desynchronization and cytoplasmic segregation, decrease of electric coupling among cells and rearrangement of cell cycle is discussed. It was shown that the latter might occur in different species at a different degree of desynchronization.", "contents": "[Desynchronization of cell division during the early development of the axoloty, loach and salmon]. Patterns of a relative measure of asynchrony R of the cell population have been studied by means of a mathematical model of the kinetics of cell population which allows to follow the distribution of cells by the mitotic cycle phases in time. The application of the criterion R for the analysis of the patterns of desynchronization of cell divisions in the early embryogenesis of axolotl, loach and salmon has shown, that, unlike the smooth change of the asynchrony measure in the model populations with one constant factor desynchronization, the desynchronization in the species in question proceeds step-wise and runs to 3 steps. The problem of relationship between desynchronization and cytoplasmic segregation, decrease of electric coupling among cells and rearrangement of cell cycle is discussed. It was shown that the latter might occur in different species at a different degree of desynchronization."}
{"id": "PMID:882239", "title": "[Pre-implantation development of mouse embryos following home- and heterogeneous crosses].", "content": "The preimplantation losses among the mouse embryos at the age of 3.5 days in different crosses consist of unfertilized eggs (2-6%) and abnormal embryos (2-25%). When crossing the BALB and CBA females with the BALB, CBA and C57BL males, a similar genotypic influence of both the mother and father on the frequency of abnormalities in the embryos was found which could be expressed by an inequality. C57BL greater than BALB greater than CBA. The embryos of the BALB AND CBA females differed by the mitotic index and the occurrence of embryos without mitoses. The hybrid BALB X C57BL embryos had reliably more cells than all other hybrids.", "contents": "[Pre-implantation development of mouse embryos following home- and heterogeneous crosses]. The preimplantation losses among the mouse embryos at the age of 3.5 days in different crosses consist of unfertilized eggs (2-6%) and abnormal embryos (2-25%). When crossing the BALB and CBA females with the BALB, CBA and C57BL males, a similar genotypic influence of both the mother and father on the frequency of abnormalities in the embryos was found which could be expressed by an inequality. C57BL greater than BALB greater than CBA. The embryos of the BALB AND CBA females differed by the mitotic index and the occurrence of embryos without mitoses. The hybrid BALB X C57BL embryos had reliably more cells than all other hybrids."}
{"id": "PMID:882240", "title": "[Long-term reproduction of triploid and tetraploid parthenogenetic clones of silkworms during artificial thermal parthenogenesis].", "content": "The triploid and tetraploid clones of the silkworm (Bombux mori L.) are capable to be reproduced for a long time by means of thermal parthenogenesis. The activated eggs are pigmented in 80-99%. The hatching of larvae in triploid clones amounts to 20% and in tetraploid ones to 25-30%. The pigmentation of eggs and hatching of larvae greatly vary in different years: 47 to 100% and 0 to 73%, resp. In this respect, the polyploid clones are similar to those diploid ones which are characterized by the low percentage of complete parthenogenesis. The causes for the variability of parthenogenesis indices in the polyploid clones are discussed.", "contents": "[Long-term reproduction of triploid and tetraploid parthenogenetic clones of silkworms during artificial thermal parthenogenesis]. The triploid and tetraploid clones of the silkworm (Bombux mori L.) are capable to be reproduced for a long time by means of thermal parthenogenesis. The activated eggs are pigmented in 80-99%. The hatching of larvae in triploid clones amounts to 20% and in tetraploid ones to 25-30%. The pigmentation of eggs and hatching of larvae greatly vary in different years: 47 to 100% and 0 to 73%, resp. In this respect, the polyploid clones are similar to those diploid ones which are characterized by the low percentage of complete parthenogenesis. The causes for the variability of parthenogenesis indices in the polyploid clones are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:882241", "title": "[Age and changes in the structure of the neurohypophysis of the sterlet, Acipenser ruthenus L].", "content": "The results are given of histophysiological study of neurohypophysis in sexually mature sterlets (Acipenser ruthenus L.) of different age. An attention is paid to the age morphological changes of neurohypophysis and, in particular, to the number, size and topography of large and giant widenings of neurosecretory fibers, so-called Gerring bodies. The relation between the frequency of Gerring bodies and the age of fishes was followed. A suggestion is put forward to the effect that the appearance of Gerring bodies, widenings of axons of highly differentiated and strongly \"weared\" neurosecretory cells, is due to frequency of stress situations in ontogenesis.", "contents": "[Age and changes in the structure of the neurohypophysis of the sterlet, Acipenser ruthenus L]. The results are given of histophysiological study of neurohypophysis in sexually mature sterlets (Acipenser ruthenus L.) of different age. An attention is paid to the age morphological changes of neurohypophysis and, in particular, to the number, size and topography of large and giant widenings of neurosecretory fibers, so-called Gerring bodies. The relation between the frequency of Gerring bodies and the age of fishes was followed. A suggestion is put forward to the effect that the appearance of Gerring bodies, widenings of axons of highly differentiated and strongly \"weared\" neurosecretory cells, is due to frequency of stress situations in ontogenesis."}
{"id": "PMID:882242", "title": "[Dynamics of changes in the concentration of luteinizing hormone in the pituitary and plasma and estrogens in blood of female rats during sexual maturation].", "content": "The dynamics of LH content in hypophysis and blood and oestrogen content in blood was studied in female rats from the 1st till the 42nd day of postnatal development. The two peaks of LH content in blood on the 18th and 22nd days correspond to the maximum accumulation of the hormone in hypophysis. The 3rd peak on the 41st day is somewhat behind the accumulation of the hormone in hypophysis (37th day). At the moment of vaginal opening, both the hormone synthesis and the secretion sharply decreased. The measurable quantities of oestrogens were found in blood beginning from the 8th day of life. The maximum level of oestrogens was noted from the 13th till the 16 day. These results suggest the absence of distinct interrelations of the feed-back type between hypothalamus, hypophysis and gonads.", "contents": "[Dynamics of changes in the concentration of luteinizing hormone in the pituitary and plasma and estrogens in blood of female rats during sexual maturation]. The dynamics of LH content in hypophysis and blood and oestrogen content in blood was studied in female rats from the 1st till the 42nd day of postnatal development. The two peaks of LH content in blood on the 18th and 22nd days correspond to the maximum accumulation of the hormone in hypophysis. The 3rd peak on the 41st day is somewhat behind the accumulation of the hormone in hypophysis (37th day). At the moment of vaginal opening, both the hormone synthesis and the secretion sharply decreased. The measurable quantities of oestrogens were found in blood beginning from the 8th day of life. The maximum level of oestrogens was noted from the 13th till the 16 day. These results suggest the absence of distinct interrelations of the feed-back type between hypothalamus, hypophysis and gonads."}
{"id": "PMID:882243", "title": "[Patterns in the cellular organization of ovule growth in the pine, Pinus silvestris L. II. Growth processes in nucellus and integument].", "content": "The dynamics of growth processes was studied in the integument and nucellus of Pinus silvestris during the year of fertilization. The growth of two parts of the nucellus and integument under study is described by an S-shaped curve but the dynamics of growth processes and the ratio of cell reproduction and elongation differ in each tissue. The growth of micropylar part of the nucellus and integument proceeds, mainly at the expense of cell proliferation. At the first stages of growth the cell size remains constant, then during a short period the reproduction and elongation of cells occur simultaneously, and after the fertilization the growth proceeds at the expense of cell elongation only, since the cell division arrests completely. In the part of nucellus concrescent with the integument, the mitotic activity disappears still prior to fertilization and the growth proceeds, mainly, at the expense of cell elongation. Differences in the cell size are observed both between tissues and between different regions of the same tissue. The larges nuclei are situated in the micropylar part of nucellus. The nuclear size suffers insignificant changes during the growth of the tissues under study.", "contents": "[Patterns in the cellular organization of ovule growth in the pine, Pinus silvestris L. II. Growth processes in nucellus and integument]. The dynamics of growth processes was studied in the integument and nucellus of Pinus silvestris during the year of fertilization. The growth of two parts of the nucellus and integument under study is described by an S-shaped curve but the dynamics of growth processes and the ratio of cell reproduction and elongation differ in each tissue. The growth of micropylar part of the nucellus and integument proceeds, mainly at the expense of cell proliferation. At the first stages of growth the cell size remains constant, then during a short period the reproduction and elongation of cells occur simultaneously, and after the fertilization the growth proceeds at the expense of cell elongation only, since the cell division arrests completely. In the part of nucellus concrescent with the integument, the mitotic activity disappears still prior to fertilization and the growth proceeds, mainly, at the expense of cell elongation. Differences in the cell size are observed both between tissues and between different regions of the same tissue. The larges nuclei are situated in the micropylar part of nucellus. The nuclear size suffers insignificant changes during the growth of the tissues under study."}
{"id": "PMID:882244", "title": "[Effect of colchicine on the morphogenesis and ultrastruct of Acetabularia mediterranea].", "content": "The effect of colchicine on morphogenesis of the regenerating nuclear fragments of Acetabularia mediterranea has been studied. Colchicine was shown to inhibit the formation of caps. The algae are most sensitive to colchicine at the early stages of regeneration. The breakdown of microtubules in the perinuclear cytoplasm of regenerating algae under the effect of colchicine was found under the electron microscopy. The breakdown of microtubules in this zone appears not to disturb the transport of morphogenetical substances in the apical cell part. Colchicine inhibits the morphogenesis, apparently, at the expense of protein inactivation in the zone of growth.", "contents": "[Effect of colchicine on the morphogenesis and ultrastruct of Acetabularia mediterranea]. The effect of colchicine on morphogenesis of the regenerating nuclear fragments of Acetabularia mediterranea has been studied. Colchicine was shown to inhibit the formation of caps. The algae are most sensitive to colchicine at the early stages of regeneration. The breakdown of microtubules in the perinuclear cytoplasm of regenerating algae under the effect of colchicine was found under the electron microscopy. The breakdown of microtubules in this zone appears not to disturb the transport of morphogenetical substances in the apical cell part. Colchicine inhibits the morphogenesis, apparently, at the expense of protein inactivation in the zone of growth."}
{"id": "PMID:882245", "title": "[RNA synthesis gradients in the nucleus-free fragments of Acetabularia mediterranea under conditions of local illumination].", "content": "The intensity of RNA synthesis was studied in different regions of anuclear fragments of the Acetabularia mediterranea stem under their local illumination. The local illumination was shown to activate RNA synthesis and formation of distal-medial gradients of this synthesis in the illuminated regions of the fragments to a much greater extent than in their darkened regions. The formation of the gradient in the illuminated region took place even if the growth in this region was insignificant and was not accompanied by the cap formation. The results obtained suggests the absence of obligatory correspondence between the ability of morphogenesis and the gradient of RNA synthesis.", "contents": "[RNA synthesis gradients in the nucleus-free fragments of Acetabularia mediterranea under conditions of local illumination]. The intensity of RNA synthesis was studied in different regions of anuclear fragments of the Acetabularia mediterranea stem under their local illumination. The local illumination was shown to activate RNA synthesis and formation of distal-medial gradients of this synthesis in the illuminated regions of the fragments to a much greater extent than in their darkened regions. The formation of the gradient in the illuminated region took place even if the growth in this region was insignificant and was not accompanied by the cap formation. The results obtained suggests the absence of obligatory correspondence between the ability of morphogenesis and the gradient of RNA synthesis."}
{"id": "PMID:882246", "title": "[Comparison of the effect of chloridin on rat embryos during postimplantation periods of development in vivo and in vitro].", "content": "The effect of chloridin (2,4-diamino-5-parachlorophenyl-6-ethylpyrimidine) on the rat embryos developing in the maternal organism and on the embryos explanted 24 hrs after the treatment in the nutrient medium (homologous blood serum) was compared. The pathological processes both in vivo and in vitro were shown to be similar. The number of atypical and died embryos in vitro was, however, much higher, apparently due to the absence of some protective membranes in the cultivated embryos.", "contents": "[Comparison of the effect of chloridin on rat embryos during postimplantation periods of development in vivo and in vitro]. The effect of chloridin (2,4-diamino-5-parachlorophenyl-6-ethylpyrimidine) on the rat embryos developing in the maternal organism and on the embryos explanted 24 hrs after the treatment in the nutrient medium (homologous blood serum) was compared. The pathological processes both in vivo and in vitro were shown to be similar. The number of atypical and died embryos in vitro was, however, much higher, apparently due to the absence of some protective membranes in the cultivated embryos."}
{"id": "PMID:882247", "title": "[Heat production in the early stages of axolotl growth according to direct and indirect calorimetry findings].", "content": "The level of energetic metabolism of the growing axolotls was studied by the methods of direct and indirect calorimetry. Just after the hatching the heat production of the larvae calculated by the gas exchange exceeds markedly the level of heat production measured by the calorimeter. During the subsequent growth the level of heat production changes as a transitional process, so that therafter indirect calorimetry gives constantly higher values of energetic metabolism than direct one.", "contents": "[Heat production in the early stages of axolotl growth according to direct and indirect calorimetry findings]. The level of energetic metabolism of the growing axolotls was studied by the methods of direct and indirect calorimetry. Just after the hatching the heat production of the larvae calculated by the gas exchange exceeds markedly the level of heat production measured by the calorimeter. During the subsequent growth the level of heat production changes as a transitional process, so that therafter indirect calorimetry gives constantly higher values of energetic metabolism than direct one."}
{"id": "PMID:882248", "title": "Reconstruction of the orbit with antibiotic acrylic in cases of severe bone loss.", "content": "The advantages of using antibiotic acrylic resin in the reconstruction of the orbit following injury or tumor removal are described. Four cases are presented whose long-term results confirm the value of the new method.", "contents": "Reconstruction of the orbit with antibiotic acrylic in cases of severe bone loss. The advantages of using antibiotic acrylic resin in the reconstruction of the orbit following injury or tumor removal are described. Four cases are presented whose long-term results confirm the value of the new method."}
{"id": "PMID:882249", "title": "Management of aphakic pupillary block. A new argon-laser approach.", "content": "This communication concerns 9 cases of aphakic pupillary block with high intraocular pressure, which were managed successfully by means of a new argon-laser technique. This new approach consisted in the application at the collarette zone of the iris, 1.5 mm from the pupillary border, of a mobile argon-laser beam of variable intensity, ranging from 250 to 500 mW, of constant time (0.5 sec) and of fixed spot size (200 micron m). In some instances the beam was moved parallel and in other cases vertically to the pupillary border in the direction towards the ciliary portion of the iris. This technique ensures maximum retraction of the pupillary border, corresponding to the line of application, coupled with the least possible damage to the iris and a minimum of applications. Simultaneously with the retraction the posterior synechiae of the iris are detached and the outflow of the aqueous trapped in the posterior chamber released.", "contents": "Management of aphakic pupillary block. A new argon-laser approach. This communication concerns 9 cases of aphakic pupillary block with high intraocular pressure, which were managed successfully by means of a new argon-laser technique. This new approach consisted in the application at the collarette zone of the iris, 1.5 mm from the pupillary border, of a mobile argon-laser beam of variable intensity, ranging from 250 to 500 mW, of constant time (0.5 sec) and of fixed spot size (200 micron m). In some instances the beam was moved parallel and in other cases vertically to the pupillary border in the direction towards the ciliary portion of the iris. This technique ensures maximum retraction of the pupillary border, corresponding to the line of application, coupled with the least possible damage to the iris and a minimum of applications. Simultaneously with the retraction the posterior synechiae of the iris are detached and the outflow of the aqueous trapped in the posterior chamber released."}
{"id": "PMID:882250", "title": "14 cases of cavernous degeneration of the optic nerve.", "content": "After a brief bibliographical introduction the author's report on 14 cases of cavernous degeneration of the optic nerve, based upon the study of 1,831 autoptic cases. All the subjects examined showed lesions of a senile degenerative type in the vessels afferent to the retro-laminar segment of the optic nerve. The pathogenetic mechanism of the lesion under examination seems therefore to be attributable to ischaemic cause of a chronic type. Myopia and glaucoma, if present, would also seem to contribute, as they cause disorders of the blood system in this region.", "contents": "14 cases of cavernous degeneration of the optic nerve. After a brief bibliographical introduction the author's report on 14 cases of cavernous degeneration of the optic nerve, based upon the study of 1,831 autoptic cases. All the subjects examined showed lesions of a senile degenerative type in the vessels afferent to the retro-laminar segment of the optic nerve. The pathogenetic mechanism of the lesion under examination seems therefore to be attributable to ischaemic cause of a chronic type. Myopia and glaucoma, if present, would also seem to contribute, as they cause disorders of the blood system in this region."}
{"id": "PMID:882251", "title": "Dark adaptation in diabetics.", "content": "Dark adaptation in diabetics was recorded with Goldmann-Weeker's adaptometer and analysed according to the stages of retinopathy by Scott. Dark adaptation curves in diabetics were divided into three groups; normal dark adaptation; subnormal one which showed normal first curve of dark adaptation and impaired second curve; abnormal dark adaptation which showed impaired dark adaptation in the whole course. The cases with normal dark adaptation were found to be few in the stages Ia, II and IIIa of retinopathy. Subnormal dark adaptation was rarely found in the stages Ia, II, IIIa and IIb of retinopathy. Abnormal dark adaptation was recorded in most patients with diabetic retinopathy and found in all th stages of retinopathy. A 5% level of significance was statistically recognized in the thresh old at 35 min after light adaptation between the stages IIIa and IIIb of retinopathy. From this viewpoint, significance in severity of diabetic retinopathy was discussed.", "contents": "Dark adaptation in diabetics. Dark adaptation in diabetics was recorded with Goldmann-Weeker's adaptometer and analysed according to the stages of retinopathy by Scott. Dark adaptation curves in diabetics were divided into three groups; normal dark adaptation; subnormal one which showed normal first curve of dark adaptation and impaired second curve; abnormal dark adaptation which showed impaired dark adaptation in the whole course. The cases with normal dark adaptation were found to be few in the stages Ia, II and IIIa of retinopathy. Subnormal dark adaptation was rarely found in the stages Ia, II, IIIa and IIb of retinopathy. Abnormal dark adaptation was recorded in most patients with diabetic retinopathy and found in all th stages of retinopathy. A 5% level of significance was statistically recognized in the thresh old at 35 min after light adaptation between the stages IIIa and IIIb of retinopathy. From this viewpoint, significance in severity of diabetic retinopathy was discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:882252", "title": "Management of dysthyroid optic neuropathy.", "content": "The diagnosis of dysthyoid ophthalmopathy is based on clinical observation of characteristic ophthalmic abnormalities. Proper diagnosis and initiation of treatment should not be delayed because a patient is found to be euthyroid. Although visual problems in dysthyroid ophthalmopathy are uncommon this disorder can result in permanent severe visual loss if optic neuropathy is not detected early and managed properly. Oral corticosteroid therapy and surgical decompression both seem to have a place in the treatment of dysthyroid ophthalmopathy with optic neuropathy.", "contents": "Management of dysthyroid optic neuropathy. The diagnosis of dysthyoid ophthalmopathy is based on clinical observation of characteristic ophthalmic abnormalities. Proper diagnosis and initiation of treatment should not be delayed because a patient is found to be euthyroid. Although visual problems in dysthyroid ophthalmopathy are uncommon this disorder can result in permanent severe visual loss if optic neuropathy is not detected early and managed properly. Oral corticosteroid therapy and surgical decompression both seem to have a place in the treatment of dysthyroid ophthalmopathy with optic neuropathy."}
{"id": "PMID:882253", "title": "The encircling Silastic 3 mm band without cautery in retinal detachment surgery.", "content": "Retinal detachment with tears can be cured by scleral buckling by synthetic material pressure retino-choroidopathy without cautery (diathermy, cryo- or photocoagulation) to tear edges on conditions: (1) To use the encircling Silastic 3-mm band (equatorial or oblique according to tear site) giving a permanent buckle. The segmental buckle may recede reopening the tear and its retino-choroidopathy effect may not be sufficient to seal the tear. (2) Not to evacuate the subretinal fluid leaving the ocular tension at end of operation a bit high [about 25 mm Hg in the first operation and 5 mm Hg (Sch\u00f8tz) in the recent reoperation above the preoperative level]. The synthetic material pressure retino-choroidopathy seals the tear and lowers the ocular tension in subsequent days with beter buckling. (3) As these conditions may not be attained, it is wiser to use minimal diathermy or cryo-therapy to seal the tear.", "contents": "The encircling Silastic 3 mm band without cautery in retinal detachment surgery. Retinal detachment with tears can be cured by scleral buckling by synthetic material pressure retino-choroidopathy without cautery (diathermy, cryo- or photocoagulation) to tear edges on conditions: (1) To use the encircling Silastic 3-mm band (equatorial or oblique according to tear site) giving a permanent buckle. The segmental buckle may recede reopening the tear and its retino-choroidopathy effect may not be sufficient to seal the tear. (2) Not to evacuate the subretinal fluid leaving the ocular tension at end of operation a bit high [about 25 mm Hg in the first operation and 5 mm Hg (Sch\u00f8tz) in the recent reoperation above the preoperative level]. The synthetic material pressure retino-choroidopathy seals the tear and lowers the ocular tension in subsequent days with beter buckling. (3) As these conditions may not be attained, it is wiser to use minimal diathermy or cryo-therapy to seal the tear."}
{"id": "PMID:882254", "title": "[Uniocular aphakia--conventional contact lenses and aniseikonia].", "content": "Ehrich and Kolbegger show in their papers that aniseikonia should not prevent binocular functions in a uniocular aphakia. This is contrary to our own experiences. In this paper we suggest that the results of Ehrich and Kolbegger must be worse in spite of their final conclusions. Their hypotheses are discussed.", "contents": "[Uniocular aphakia--conventional contact lenses and aniseikonia]. Ehrich and Kolbegger show in their papers that aniseikonia should not prevent binocular functions in a uniocular aphakia. This is contrary to our own experiences. In this paper we suggest that the results of Ehrich and Kolbegger must be worse in spite of their final conclusions. Their hypotheses are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:882286", "title": "Congenital lobar emphysema.", "content": "Congenital lobar emphysema is frequently a life-threatening disorder presenting in infancy. The diagnosis should be considered when the patient shows signs of respiratory distress and the x-ray demonstrates the characteristic hyperlucent lobe with compression of the surrounding lung tissue. The morphologic aspects and pathogenesis are not clearly defined, although it is thought that an abnormality of bronchial cartilage is probably associated with the development of lobar emphysema. The results of treatment by lobectomy are excellent, and the mortality with surgery is low. Consideration of nonsurgical management is worthwhile in mildly affected or asymptomatic patients. Long-term follow-up of both groups indicates a very favorable prognosis in this disease entity.", "contents": "Congenital lobar emphysema. Congenital lobar emphysema is frequently a life-threatening disorder presenting in infancy. The diagnosis should be considered when the patient shows signs of respiratory distress and the x-ray demonstrates the characteristic hyperlucent lobe with compression of the surrounding lung tissue. The morphologic aspects and pathogenesis are not clearly defined, although it is thought that an abnormality of bronchial cartilage is probably associated with the development of lobar emphysema. The results of treatment by lobectomy are excellent, and the mortality with surgery is low. Consideration of nonsurgical management is worthwhile in mildly affected or asymptomatic patients. Long-term follow-up of both groups indicates a very favorable prognosis in this disease entity."}
{"id": "PMID:882470", "title": "Atrial flutter. Tracing an elusive arrhythmia.", "content": "Seven bried case reports representing variations of atrial flutter point up important considerations bearing on diagnosis: situations predisposing individuals to atrial flutter with 1:1 atrioventricular conduction, the need for special care in placing ECG leads for continuous monitoring, the use of carotid sinus massage to unmask atrial flutter, the infrequent but not rare association of Wenckebach block, the possible presence of diffuse disease of the conduction system, the possibility of initiation of atrial tachyarrhythmia by a premature atrial impulse, and possible inherent limitations of routine ECGs.", "contents": "Atrial flutter. Tracing an elusive arrhythmia. Seven bried case reports representing variations of atrial flutter point up important considerations bearing on diagnosis: situations predisposing individuals to atrial flutter with 1:1 atrioventricular conduction, the need for special care in placing ECG leads for continuous monitoring, the use of carotid sinus massage to unmask atrial flutter, the infrequent but not rare association of Wenckebach block, the possible presence of diffuse disease of the conduction system, the possibility of initiation of atrial tachyarrhythmia by a premature atrial impulse, and possible inherent limitations of routine ECGs."}
{"id": "PMID:882477", "title": "Perioperative antibiotic prophylaxis and prosthetic valve endocarditis.", "content": "A study of twenty-five cases of prosthetic valve endocarditis suggests that the antibiotics used for perioperative prophylaxis may alter the type and antibiotic sensitivity of organisms which subsequently infect the artificial valves. Based on the results of this study, the authors have been able to modify their prophylactic regime to encompass these organisms and to predict the antibiotics most likely to be effective in the treatment of prosthetic valve endocarditis in their unit. No single prophylactic or therapeutic regime will be equally effective in all centres, but by examining the different types and sensitivities of bacteria which cause prosthetic valve endocarditis in a locality, antibiotic regimes can be chosen which best suit the local situation.", "contents": "Perioperative antibiotic prophylaxis and prosthetic valve endocarditis. A study of twenty-five cases of prosthetic valve endocarditis suggests that the antibiotics used for perioperative prophylaxis may alter the type and antibiotic sensitivity of organisms which subsequently infect the artificial valves. Based on the results of this study, the authors have been able to modify their prophylactic regime to encompass these organisms and to predict the antibiotics most likely to be effective in the treatment of prosthetic valve endocarditis in their unit. No single prophylactic or therapeutic regime will be equally effective in all centres, but by examining the different types and sensitivities of bacteria which cause prosthetic valve endocarditis in a locality, antibiotic regimes can be chosen which best suit the local situation."}
{"id": "PMID:882478", "title": "Active treatment of ganglia in children.", "content": "One hundred and twenty-eight children, admitted for active treatment of ganglia around the wrist, hand, ankle or foot are reviewed. The methods of treatment are discussed. The most satisfactory results were obtained by excision (7-2% recurrence) and incision with a tenotome (11% recurrence). The overall recurrence rate was 19%. The ganglia around the wrist had the highest rate of recurrence.", "contents": "Active treatment of ganglia in children. One hundred and twenty-eight children, admitted for active treatment of ganglia around the wrist, hand, ankle or foot are reviewed. The methods of treatment are discussed. The most satisfactory results were obtained by excision (7-2% recurrence) and incision with a tenotome (11% recurrence). The overall recurrence rate was 19%. The ganglia around the wrist had the highest rate of recurrence."}
{"id": "PMID:882479", "title": "Interaction between warfarin and sulphamethoxazole.", "content": "A patient is described in whom there was strong circumstantial evidence of an interaction between warfarin and co-trimaxazole. To test the validity of this hypothesis a series of in vitro and in vivo human studies were untaken. The results indicate that interaction may occur in which the sulphamethoxazole moiety of co-trimoxazole displaces warfarin from its binding sites on plasma albumin. Nevertheless, this interaction occurs only at high plasma levels of warfarin and is most likely to be clinically significant only in patients receiving high doses of warfarin who have low plasma albumin concentrations. These studies indicate that the use of co-trimoxazole is not contra-indicated in patients receiving warfarin therapy, but care should be exercised, especially in patients with high plasma warfarin:albumin ratios.", "contents": "Interaction between warfarin and sulphamethoxazole. A patient is described in whom there was strong circumstantial evidence of an interaction between warfarin and co-trimaxazole. To test the validity of this hypothesis a series of in vitro and in vivo human studies were untaken. The results indicate that interaction may occur in which the sulphamethoxazole moiety of co-trimoxazole displaces warfarin from its binding sites on plasma albumin. Nevertheless, this interaction occurs only at high plasma levels of warfarin and is most likely to be clinically significant only in patients receiving high doses of warfarin who have low plasma albumin concentrations. These studies indicate that the use of co-trimoxazole is not contra-indicated in patients receiving warfarin therapy, but care should be exercised, especially in patients with high plasma warfarin:albumin ratios."}
{"id": "PMID:882480", "title": "Leuco-erythroblastosis following withdrawal from glucocorticoid therapy.", "content": "Leuco-erythroblastosis has many known associations (Burkett, Cox and Fields, 1965; Weick, Hagedorn and Linman, 1974; Retief, 1964), but the only ones related to drug therapy are the well established response to haematinics (Burkett et al., 1965) and one possible case following anti-epileptic therapy (Retief, 1964). The case described below is of leuco-erythroblastosis following steroid withdrawal in a young man with primary polymyositis.", "contents": "Leuco-erythroblastosis following withdrawal from glucocorticoid therapy. Leuco-erythroblastosis has many known associations (Burkett, Cox and Fields, 1965; Weick, Hagedorn and Linman, 1974; Retief, 1964), but the only ones related to drug therapy are the well established response to haematinics (Burkett et al., 1965) and one possible case following anti-epileptic therapy (Retief, 1964). The case described below is of leuco-erythroblastosis following steroid withdrawal in a young man with primary polymyositis."}
{"id": "PMID:882481", "title": "A case of paraparesis due to extramedullary haemopoiesis in HbE-thalassaemia.", "content": "A 24-year-old female with haemoglobin E-thalassaemia who presented with paraparesis of 18 months' duration was found to have spinal extradural extramedullary haemopoietic tissue extending from T4 to T9. Complete neurological recovery followed laminectomy. The importance of prompt diagnosis and treatment, of this unusual complication of extramedullary haemopoiesis, before the spinal cord is irreversibly damaged is stressed.", "contents": "A case of paraparesis due to extramedullary haemopoiesis in HbE-thalassaemia. A 24-year-old female with haemoglobin E-thalassaemia who presented with paraparesis of 18 months' duration was found to have spinal extradural extramedullary haemopoietic tissue extending from T4 to T9. Complete neurological recovery followed laminectomy. The importance of prompt diagnosis and treatment, of this unusual complication of extramedullary haemopoiesis, before the spinal cord is irreversibly damaged is stressed."}
{"id": "PMID:882482", "title": "Diaphragmatic flutter.", "content": "A case is reported of diaphragmatic flutter with an unusually long duration of symptoms. The patient described demonstrates many of the classical features of this disorder.", "contents": "Diaphragmatic flutter. A case is reported of diaphragmatic flutter with an unusually long duration of symptoms. The patient described demonstrates many of the classical features of this disorder."}
{"id": "PMID:882483", "title": "Carcinosarcoma of the adult kidney.", "content": "Carcinosarcoma of the adult kidney is a very rare tumour and there are only a few well documented cases in the literature. In this report such a tumour is described from a 50-year-old white male, which progressed very rapidly with widespread metastases. Histologically, the tumour consisted of renal cell carcinoma and fibrosarcomatous components. The interesting features in this case were that both the carcinomatous and sarcomatous elements of the tumour exhibited metastases separately to various organs.", "contents": "Carcinosarcoma of the adult kidney. Carcinosarcoma of the adult kidney is a very rare tumour and there are only a few well documented cases in the literature. In this report such a tumour is described from a 50-year-old white male, which progressed very rapidly with widespread metastases. Histologically, the tumour consisted of renal cell carcinoma and fibrosarcomatous components. The interesting features in this case were that both the carcinomatous and sarcomatous elements of the tumour exhibited metastases separately to various organs."}
{"id": "PMID:882484", "title": "Co-existent eosinophilic gastroenteritis and hypothalamic-pituitary dysfunction.", "content": "A case of eosinophilic gastroenteritis in a 42-year-old man is described. The patient had diarrhoea, faecal blood loss, a protein-losing enteropathy, malabsorption of fat, xylose and vitamin B12. Co-existent hypopituitarism, diabetes insipidus and hypothalamic dysfunction was demonstrated. Complete clinical recovery occurred with pituitary replacement therapy alone. The association of this endocrine abnormality with the picture of eosinophilic gastroenteritis has not previously been described.", "contents": "Co-existent eosinophilic gastroenteritis and hypothalamic-pituitary dysfunction. A case of eosinophilic gastroenteritis in a 42-year-old man is described. The patient had diarrhoea, faecal blood loss, a protein-losing enteropathy, malabsorption of fat, xylose and vitamin B12. Co-existent hypopituitarism, diabetes insipidus and hypothalamic dysfunction was demonstrated. Complete clinical recovery occurred with pituitary replacement therapy alone. The association of this endocrine abnormality with the picture of eosinophilic gastroenteritis has not previously been described."}
{"id": "PMID:882485", "title": "Polyradiculoneuritis and Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection.", "content": "A patient with severe Mycoplasma pneumonia developed polyradiculoneuritis and respiratory failure. The acute phase of the illness was complicated by a myocarditis, and recovery of neurological function was slow. Residual left hemidiaphragmatic paralysis was present 1 year after onset of the illness.", "contents": "Polyradiculoneuritis and Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection. A patient with severe Mycoplasma pneumonia developed polyradiculoneuritis and respiratory failure. The acute phase of the illness was complicated by a myocarditis, and recovery of neurological function was slow. Residual left hemidiaphragmatic paralysis was present 1 year after onset of the illness."}
{"id": "PMID:882486", "title": "[Asbestosic pleural calcifications and the associated pathology (study of 32 cases)].", "content": "The presence of calcified pleural plaques together with asbestos professional exposition is the sign of patent dust inhaling and can be related to asbestos pathology. The observations on a homogeneous group of 32 cases of asbestosic pleural calcifications are analyzed. The frequency of malignant pleural and bronchial tumours (2 pleural mesothelioma, 3 bronchial epithelioma) is classical. That there was no serious pulmonary fibrosis can be attributed to the conditions of dust inhaling. There was a relatively  high frequency of pleural effusions, the benignity of which could not always be ascertained. Therefore, besides the convincing facts, the precise study of cases with calcified pleural plaques (pleural antecedents, circumstances of the discovery, evolution) could be a rough way of appreciating the frequency of benign asbestos pleurisies.", "contents": "[Asbestosic pleural calcifications and the associated pathology (study of 32 cases)]. The presence of calcified pleural plaques together with asbestos professional exposition is the sign of patent dust inhaling and can be related to asbestos pathology. The observations on a homogeneous group of 32 cases of asbestosic pleural calcifications are analyzed. The frequency of malignant pleural and bronchial tumours (2 pleural mesothelioma, 3 bronchial epithelioma) is classical. That there was no serious pulmonary fibrosis can be attributed to the conditions of dust inhaling. There was a relatively  high frequency of pleural effusions, the benignity of which could not always be ascertained. Therefore, besides the convincing facts, the precise study of cases with calcified pleural plaques (pleural antecedents, circumstances of the discovery, evolution) could be a rough way of appreciating the frequency of benign asbestos pleurisies."}
{"id": "PMID:882575", "title": "The effects of developmental and/or direct lead exposure on FR behavior in the rat.", "content": "In the present study, 21-day old female rats were exposed to daily doeses of 750 mg/kg of lead acetate via restricted water intake regimen for 70-80 days prior to mating. Treatment was then continued throughout gesation and nursing. At weaning, litters from half of the treated and control mothers were placed on treatment for the remainder of the experiment. This manipulation yielded four groups for testing: Group Pb/Pb, developmental and direct, postweaning exposure; Group Pb/C, developmental exposure only; group C/Pb, direct exposure only; and Group C/C, no exposure to lead acetate treatment. Beginning at 42--49 days of age, offspring were shaped to bar press on a Fixed Ratio 20 (FR20) schedule of reinforcement and then received 20 sessions each 20 min in length. Analyses revealed that Group Pb/Pb received significantly fewer reinforcements/min across sessions that the other three groups and also took significantly longer to emit each 20 response block. Contrary to previous reports in the literature, it is suggested that rats may not be impervious to postweaning lead exposure, particularly when there is a history of developmental exposure.", "contents": "The effects of developmental and/or direct lead exposure on FR behavior in the rat. In the present study, 21-day old female rats were exposed to daily doeses of 750 mg/kg of lead acetate via restricted water intake regimen for 70-80 days prior to mating. Treatment was then continued throughout gesation and nursing. At weaning, litters from half of the treated and control mothers were placed on treatment for the remainder of the experiment. This manipulation yielded four groups for testing: Group Pb/Pb, developmental and direct, postweaning exposure; Group Pb/C, developmental exposure only; group C/Pb, direct exposure only; and Group C/C, no exposure to lead acetate treatment. Beginning at 42--49 days of age, offspring were shaped to bar press on a Fixed Ratio 20 (FR20) schedule of reinforcement and then received 20 sessions each 20 min in length. Analyses revealed that Group Pb/Pb received significantly fewer reinforcements/min across sessions that the other three groups and also took significantly longer to emit each 20 response block. Contrary to previous reports in the literature, it is suggested that rats may not be impervious to postweaning lead exposure, particularly when there is a history of developmental exposure."}
{"id": "PMID:882576", "title": "Elevation of aversive threshold in rats by intra-amygdaloid injection of morphine sulphate.", "content": "Bilateral micro-injection of morphine sulphate (10 microgram, 20 microgram) into the cortico-medial amygdala produced a dose-dependent increase in aversive threshold. Similar injections into the basolateral amygdala or caudate-putamen failed to have any consistent effect on aversive thresholds. Whilst overall activity levels remained unaffected by morphine injection into either amygdaloid site, caudate animals exhibited a significant decrement in total activity in response to both morphine and control injections. Results are discussed with reference to a possible role for limbic mechanisms in morphine analgesia.", "contents": "Elevation of aversive threshold in rats by intra-amygdaloid injection of morphine sulphate. Bilateral micro-injection of morphine sulphate (10 microgram, 20 microgram) into the cortico-medial amygdala produced a dose-dependent increase in aversive threshold. Similar injections into the basolateral amygdala or caudate-putamen failed to have any consistent effect on aversive thresholds. Whilst overall activity levels remained unaffected by morphine injection into either amygdaloid site, caudate animals exhibited a significant decrement in total activity in response to both morphine and control injections. Results are discussed with reference to a possible role for limbic mechanisms in morphine analgesia."}
{"id": "PMID:882577", "title": "The effect of 6-hydroxydopamine on habituation of activity in the developing rat pup.", "content": "The role of brain catecholaminergic mechanisms in habituation of activity was investigated in rat pups treated with 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA). Intracisternal administration of this agent in the neonatal period resulted in a permanent and significant depletion of brain dopamine to 35.5% of controls while brain norepinephrine remained unchanged. Activity levels in normal developing rat pups increased rapidly between 15-22 days, then declined at maturity (26 days), while activity in 6-OHDA treated animals during this peak period of behavioral arousal increased to a significantly greater degree than that of their littermate controls. Habituation of activity, defined as the decrement of spontaneous activity, was calculated by regression over the first 30 min of observation. At both 5 and 8 days of age 6-OHDA and control rat pups exhibited low levels of activity whose decrease with time did not differ significantly and this pattern continued through 12 days of age. However, by 15 days of age activity in control animals declined by 19% each 10 min period compared to only a 10% decline found in 6-OHDA animals. At 19 days normal rat pups declined by 10% compared to a significantly reduced decrement of 3% found in treated animals, but these differences were no longer apparent by 22, 26, or 29 days of age. Our results are consistent with the notion that habituation of activity is a complex phenomenon mediated in part by catecholaminergic systems.", "contents": "The effect of 6-hydroxydopamine on habituation of activity in the developing rat pup. The role of brain catecholaminergic mechanisms in habituation of activity was investigated in rat pups treated with 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA). Intracisternal administration of this agent in the neonatal period resulted in a permanent and significant depletion of brain dopamine to 35.5% of controls while brain norepinephrine remained unchanged. Activity levels in normal developing rat pups increased rapidly between 15-22 days, then declined at maturity (26 days), while activity in 6-OHDA treated animals during this peak period of behavioral arousal increased to a significantly greater degree than that of their littermate controls. Habituation of activity, defined as the decrement of spontaneous activity, was calculated by regression over the first 30 min of observation. At both 5 and 8 days of age 6-OHDA and control rat pups exhibited low levels of activity whose decrease with time did not differ significantly and this pattern continued through 12 days of age. However, by 15 days of age activity in control animals declined by 19% each 10 min period compared to only a 10% decline found in 6-OHDA animals. At 19 days normal rat pups declined by 10% compared to a significantly reduced decrement of 3% found in treated animals, but these differences were no longer apparent by 22, 26, or 29 days of age. Our results are consistent with the notion that habituation of activity is a complex phenomenon mediated in part by catecholaminergic systems."}
{"id": "PMID:882579", "title": "Psilocybin: biphasic dose-response effects on the acoustic startle reflex in the rat.", "content": "The startle reflex was measured in 7 groups of 10 rats each after intraperitoneal injection of saline or 0.25, 0.50, 0.75, 1.0, 2.0, 4.0 or 8.0 mg/kg psilocybin. Low doses (0.75-2.0 mg/kg) increased startle amplitude whereas high doses (4.0-8.0 mg/kg) depressed startle. Selected low (0.71 mg/kg) or high (5.70 mg/kg) doses of psilocin also had a biphasic dose-response effect on startle comparable in magnitude to equimolar doses of psilocybin. This biphasic dose-response relationship of the indole hallucinogen, psilocybin, on startle is consistent with the hypothesis that startle is increased when the firing rates of midbrain raphe neurons are selectively inhibited but is depressed when neurons postsynaptic to raphe cells are also inhibited.", "contents": "Psilocybin: biphasic dose-response effects on the acoustic startle reflex in the rat. The startle reflex was measured in 7 groups of 10 rats each after intraperitoneal injection of saline or 0.25, 0.50, 0.75, 1.0, 2.0, 4.0 or 8.0 mg/kg psilocybin. Low doses (0.75-2.0 mg/kg) increased startle amplitude whereas high doses (4.0-8.0 mg/kg) depressed startle. Selected low (0.71 mg/kg) or high (5.70 mg/kg) doses of psilocin also had a biphasic dose-response effect on startle comparable in magnitude to equimolar doses of psilocybin. This biphasic dose-response relationship of the indole hallucinogen, psilocybin, on startle is consistent with the hypothesis that startle is increased when the firing rates of midbrain raphe neurons are selectively inhibited but is depressed when neurons postsynaptic to raphe cells are also inhibited."}
{"id": "PMID:882580", "title": "Effect of alpha-amanitin on brain RNA and protein synthesis and on retention of avoidance conditioning.", "content": "The effect of a sublethal dose of alpha-amanitin given intraventricularly to rats on retention of passive and active avoidance conditioning has been studied, together with the effect on brain RNA and protein synthesis in vivo. The toxin brings about a significant impairment of retention of both passive and active conditioning in rats poisoned 6 hr or 24 before training. Brain RNA synthesis is decreased at 6 hr after poisoning, whilst protein synthesis decreases at a later stage (not before 12 hr after poisoning). Thus in rats poisoned with alpha-amanitin memory consolidation is impaired when RNA synthesis is decreased, and before protein synthesis is affected.", "contents": "Effect of alpha-amanitin on brain RNA and protein synthesis and on retention of avoidance conditioning. The effect of a sublethal dose of alpha-amanitin given intraventricularly to rats on retention of passive and active avoidance conditioning has been studied, together with the effect on brain RNA and protein synthesis in vivo. The toxin brings about a significant impairment of retention of both passive and active conditioning in rats poisoned 6 hr or 24 before training. Brain RNA synthesis is decreased at 6 hr after poisoning, whilst protein synthesis decreases at a later stage (not before 12 hr after poisoning). Thus in rats poisoned with alpha-amanitin memory consolidation is impaired when RNA synthesis is decreased, and before protein synthesis is affected."}
{"id": "PMID:882581", "title": "Effects of melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH) and melatonin on passive avoidance and on an emotional response.", "content": "The present experiment investigated the opposite effects of synthetic alpha-MSH and Melatonin on acquisition and extinction of a passive avoidance response (PAR) and on emotionality, as indexed by defecation, in the PA box. It was found that intraperitoneal (IP) administration of alpha-MSH delayed extinction and increased defecation responses whereas IP administration of Melatonin facilitated extinction of the PAR and decreased defecation. The present experiment confirmed MSH-Melatonin opposition on memory and on the defecation response.", "contents": "Effects of melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH) and melatonin on passive avoidance and on an emotional response. The present experiment investigated the opposite effects of synthetic alpha-MSH and Melatonin on acquisition and extinction of a passive avoidance response (PAR) and on emotionality, as indexed by defecation, in the PA box. It was found that intraperitoneal (IP) administration of alpha-MSH delayed extinction and increased defecation responses whereas IP administration of Melatonin facilitated extinction of the PAR and decreased defecation. The present experiment confirmed MSH-Melatonin opposition on memory and on the defecation response."}
{"id": "PMID:882582", "title": "Flash evoked potentials from rat superior colliculus.", "content": "In view of reports that the superior colliculus evoked potential from rats is uniquely sensitive to toxic gases, the present study characterized normal flash evoked potentials from unanesthetized rats. The waveform was complex, with at least 5 positive and 5 negative peaks. The waveform originated in the SGS layer, and some components were stable over time if conditions of light intensity, stimulus frequency and dark adaptation were held constant. The greater complexity of the waveforms reported here compared to those described by others can be attributed to both an intense flash stimulus and unanesthetized preparation.", "contents": "Flash evoked potentials from rat superior colliculus. In view of reports that the superior colliculus evoked potential from rats is uniquely sensitive to toxic gases, the present study characterized normal flash evoked potentials from unanesthetized rats. The waveform was complex, with at least 5 positive and 5 negative peaks. The waveform originated in the SGS layer, and some components were stable over time if conditions of light intensity, stimulus frequency and dark adaptation were held constant. The greater complexity of the waveforms reported here compared to those described by others can be attributed to both an intense flash stimulus and unanesthetized preparation."}
{"id": "PMID:882583", "title": "Carbon monoxide and flash evoked potentials from rat cortex and superior colliculus.", "content": "In view of the conflict between qualitative reports that flash evoked potentials from superior colliculus (SC) and visual cortex (VC) of rats are uniquely sensitive to low levels of carbon monoxide (CO), and a more quantitative report that the visual cortex evoked potential is not sensitive to low levels of CO, the present report documents the effects of different concentrations of CO upon flash evoked potentials from these areas. The amplitude of the P3-N4 component from the SC evoked potential demonstrated the best dose/effect relationship, increasing up to levels of 38% carboxyhemoglobin (COHb). Latencies were affected only when COHb levels reached 55%. The use of the visual system to determine effects of toxic agents upon the central nervous system in discussed.", "contents": "Carbon monoxide and flash evoked potentials from rat cortex and superior colliculus. In view of the conflict between qualitative reports that flash evoked potentials from superior colliculus (SC) and visual cortex (VC) of rats are uniquely sensitive to low levels of carbon monoxide (CO), and a more quantitative report that the visual cortex evoked potential is not sensitive to low levels of CO, the present report documents the effects of different concentrations of CO upon flash evoked potentials from these areas. The amplitude of the P3-N4 component from the SC evoked potential demonstrated the best dose/effect relationship, increasing up to levels of 38% carboxyhemoglobin (COHb). Latencies were affected only when COHb levels reached 55%. The use of the visual system to determine effects of toxic agents upon the central nervous system in discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:882584", "title": "A modified push-pull system for the localised perfusion of brain tissue.", "content": "A method for monitoring the outflow of a push-pull perfusion system is presented. This modification possesses the following important advantages: (1) Inadvertent induction of expansion lesions is avoided, (2) Flow rates can be reduced from the usual 50-200 microliter/min to 0.6-1.7 microliter without decreasing the probability of detecting occlusions, (3) Incidence of occlusions is reduced, (4) Up to 30--40 perfusions can be performed at each of several sites in the brain of a single animal over a period of several months. The modified system has been used successfully to administer neurohumoral agents to the brain of rats and to determine the release of endogenous substances into the perfusate.", "contents": "A modified push-pull system for the localised perfusion of brain tissue. A method for monitoring the outflow of a push-pull perfusion system is presented. This modification possesses the following important advantages: (1) Inadvertent induction of expansion lesions is avoided, (2) Flow rates can be reduced from the usual 50-200 microliter/min to 0.6-1.7 microliter without decreasing the probability of detecting occlusions, (3) Incidence of occlusions is reduced, (4) Up to 30--40 perfusions can be performed at each of several sites in the brain of a single animal over a period of several months. The modified system has been used successfully to administer neurohumoral agents to the brain of rats and to determine the release of endogenous substances into the perfusate."}
{"id": "PMID:882601", "title": "[Stuttering and neurosis].", "content": "Neurotic mechanisms have been found to be involved in the majority of cases of stuttering. Therefore, the treatment of this particular disorder should include different amounts of psychological treatment depending upon the role that such mechanisms are playing in the multifactorially determined etiopathogenesis of stuttering. The relationship of the symptomatology of stuttering to neurotic reactions and developments is described with reference to a typical clinical example. The description of the case, in which an attempt is made to determine the causes of the disorder, is followed by a discussion, relative to stuttering, of the classification of neuroses recommended in 1969 for use in the German Democratic Republic and taken as a base for this work.", "contents": "[Stuttering and neurosis]. Neurotic mechanisms have been found to be involved in the majority of cases of stuttering. Therefore, the treatment of this particular disorder should include different amounts of psychological treatment depending upon the role that such mechanisms are playing in the multifactorially determined etiopathogenesis of stuttering. The relationship of the symptomatology of stuttering to neurotic reactions and developments is described with reference to a typical clinical example. The description of the case, in which an attempt is made to determine the causes of the disorder, is followed by a discussion, relative to stuttering, of the classification of neuroses recommended in 1969 for use in the German Democratic Republic and taken as a base for this work."}
{"id": "PMID:882602", "title": "[Relationship between (perceived) maternal rearing behavior and personality characteristics of behaviorally disturbed children and juveniles].", "content": "A survey of the literature on methodological problems associated with, and results of, the diagnosis of parental educational attitudes and practices as viewed and experienced especially by those receiving education is followed by a report on an investigation of the maternal educational behavior perceived by behaviorally disturbed children and juveniles of male sex. Correlative results obtained from the evaluation of questionnaires confirm the interrelation of disturbed (maternal) emotional relations to children and abnormal behavior shown by children. The inclusion in the diagnostic practice of reports given by those receiving education on the educational behavior shown by parents or other persons in whom the right of education is vested is considered to be a necessary and useful supplementary method.", "contents": "[Relationship between (perceived) maternal rearing behavior and personality characteristics of behaviorally disturbed children and juveniles]. A survey of the literature on methodological problems associated with, and results of, the diagnosis of parental educational attitudes and practices as viewed and experienced especially by those receiving education is followed by a report on an investigation of the maternal educational behavior perceived by behaviorally disturbed children and juveniles of male sex. Correlative results obtained from the evaluation of questionnaires confirm the interrelation of disturbed (maternal) emotional relations to children and abnormal behavior shown by children. The inclusion in the diagnostic practice of reports given by those receiving education on the educational behavior shown by parents or other persons in whom the right of education is vested is considered to be a necessary and useful supplementary method."}
{"id": "PMID:882603", "title": "[Neuropsychological parameters of droperidol-induced psychoses].", "content": "To each of twelve normal subjects 140 to 200 mg of droperidol were administered. The psychopathological (temporary hallucinatory syndrome), electroencephalographic (distinct posterior theta groups), electromyographic and electroneurographic (H amplitude depression), as well as electrocardiographic (tachycardia, extrasystoles) results are discussed with reference to possible mechanisms of action.", "contents": "[Neuropsychological parameters of droperidol-induced psychoses]. To each of twelve normal subjects 140 to 200 mg of droperidol were administered. The psychopathological (temporary hallucinatory syndrome), electroencephalographic (distinct posterior theta groups), electromyographic and electroneurographic (H amplitude depression), as well as electrocardiographic (tachycardia, extrasystoles) results are discussed with reference to possible mechanisms of action."}
{"id": "PMID:882604", "title": "[Development of the comprehension of localization in deranged consciousness].", "content": "The controversy between narrow localisationism and equipotentialism which exists even nowadays shows that these two trends are not in a position to solve the localisation problem. The attempts to localize consciousness either in the cortex or in the subcortex and the area of the third ventricle should be considered groundless, as well as the assumption that the cortex only gives the contents of consciousness while the source of consciousness is found in the area of the third ventricle. Consciousness represents the synthesis of the psychical activity. The basic weak points of both trends arise from the very formulation of the question discussed, from the striving to find the solution of the localisation problem without bearing in mind the physiological processes which lie in the basis of the higher psychical functions, i.e. behind the processes of the higher nervous activity, as well as from the incorrect understanding of the conceptions of \"function\" and \"centre\". Thanks to the school of I. P Pavlov and his followers the prerequistions have been created of a new trend in the field of the localisation problem--the teaching of the dynamic localisation of the cerebral function.", "contents": "[Development of the comprehension of localization in deranged consciousness]. The controversy between narrow localisationism and equipotentialism which exists even nowadays shows that these two trends are not in a position to solve the localisation problem. The attempts to localize consciousness either in the cortex or in the subcortex and the area of the third ventricle should be considered groundless, as well as the assumption that the cortex only gives the contents of consciousness while the source of consciousness is found in the area of the third ventricle. Consciousness represents the synthesis of the psychical activity. The basic weak points of both trends arise from the very formulation of the question discussed, from the striving to find the solution of the localisation problem without bearing in mind the physiological processes which lie in the basis of the higher psychical functions, i.e. behind the processes of the higher nervous activity, as well as from the incorrect understanding of the conceptions of \"function\" and \"centre\". Thanks to the school of I. P Pavlov and his followers the prerequistions have been created of a new trend in the field of the localisation problem--the teaching of the dynamic localisation of the cerebral function."}
{"id": "PMID:882605", "title": "[Group-therapy system of treatment in a psychiatric ambulatory].", "content": "The group-therapeutical system of treatment used by the outpatient department of the Leipzig University Mental Hospital is described. Individual forms of therapy and their indications are discussed. Some therapeutical principles are outlined. And attempt is made to report some of the experience gained using this system of treatment.", "contents": "[Group-therapy system of treatment in a psychiatric ambulatory]. The group-therapeutical system of treatment used by the outpatient department of the Leipzig University Mental Hospital is described. Individual forms of therapy and their indications are discussed. Some therapeutical principles are outlined. And attempt is made to report some of the experience gained using this system of treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:882606", "title": "[Bioelectric activity in cases of childhood masturbation].", "content": "In a total of forty-five cases of masturbation practiced by children EEG derivations were made before, during, and after anticonvulsive treatment. The results obtained confirm the clinical experience showing that the observed seizure-like phenomena have no relation whatever to forms of epilepsy.", "contents": "[Bioelectric activity in cases of childhood masturbation]. In a total of forty-five cases of masturbation practiced by children EEG derivations were made before, during, and after anticonvulsive treatment. The results obtained confirm the clinical experience showing that the observed seizure-like phenomena have no relation whatever to forms of epilepsy."}
{"id": "PMID:882607", "title": "[The psychopathology of suicidal tendencies].", "content": "Suicidality should not, in consideration of the present studies and the experience gained by the author, be considered a disease 'sui generis', but rather a symptom only. The etiopathogenesis of \"nonpsychotic\" suicidality is discussed with particular reference to the psychopathology thereof. Acts of suicide are most often part of \"lasting affective reactions\". In a certain number of cases suicidality is the symptom of an emotional disturbance or functional nervous disease resulting from psychic maldevelopment, which is usually characterized by a relatively small number of general symptoms and where conscious acts are impaired by unconscious conflicts.", "contents": "[The psychopathology of suicidal tendencies]. Suicidality should not, in consideration of the present studies and the experience gained by the author, be considered a disease 'sui generis', but rather a symptom only. The etiopathogenesis of \"nonpsychotic\" suicidality is discussed with particular reference to the psychopathology thereof. Acts of suicide are most often part of \"lasting affective reactions\". In a certain number of cases suicidality is the symptom of an emotional disturbance or functional nervous disease resulting from psychic maldevelopment, which is usually characterized by a relatively small number of general symptoms and where conscious acts are impaired by unconscious conflicts."}
{"id": "PMID:882608", "title": "[Localized 4-sec and rhythm in the EEG].", "content": "The author, after presenting diagnostic criteria and interpretations of the 4-sec. rhythm in the brain potential record, describes a case where this symptom is localized in the right occipital region. He also points out that further elucidation should be possible by a differential establishment of indications.", "contents": "[Localized 4-sec and rhythm in the EEG]. The author, after presenting diagnostic criteria and interpretations of the 4-sec. rhythm in the brain potential record, describes a case where this symptom is localized in the right occipital region. He also points out that further elucidation should be possible by a differential establishment of indications."}
{"id": "PMID:882609", "title": "[Follow-up examinations of long-term hospitalized patients with seizures].", "content": "Clinical, neurological, hematological, chemical, roentgenological, and bioelectrical results obtained from a total of 28 hospitalized male sufferers of epilepsy were compared, within a catamnestic period of 5 years, with data reported in the literature. Combination therapy resulted in freedom from attacks in 50% of the patients. Symptoms of cerebellar lesions were observed to develop in about 60% of the cases where therapeutical doses were used for treatment. Major changes in the blood picture, hepatic lesions, or disturbances of ossification could not be observed. From the results obtained in these studies conclusions are drawn for the long-term therapy of epileptics.", "contents": "[Follow-up examinations of long-term hospitalized patients with seizures]. Clinical, neurological, hematological, chemical, roentgenological, and bioelectrical results obtained from a total of 28 hospitalized male sufferers of epilepsy were compared, within a catamnestic period of 5 years, with data reported in the literature. Combination therapy resulted in freedom from attacks in 50% of the patients. Symptoms of cerebellar lesions were observed to develop in about 60% of the cases where therapeutical doses were used for treatment. Major changes in the blood picture, hepatic lesions, or disturbances of ossification could not be observed. From the results obtained in these studies conclusions are drawn for the long-term therapy of epileptics."}
{"id": "PMID:882610", "title": "[The problem of polyneuropathy in methaqualone medication].", "content": "Thirteen years after the introduction of methaqualone into therapy, investigators (namely, Finke, Spiegelberg, and Suchenwirth), by reference to individual cases, pointed out the possible development of polyneuropathies. This has not so far been confirmed despite worldwide use of the drug. Experiments on rats, which were conducted by the present authors, show a statistically significant decrease in maximum motor conduction speed, which is believed to be functional disorder. Clinical symptoms or nervous structural variations in the sense of polyneuropathy could not be observed.", "contents": "[The problem of polyneuropathy in methaqualone medication]. Thirteen years after the introduction of methaqualone into therapy, investigators (namely, Finke, Spiegelberg, and Suchenwirth), by reference to individual cases, pointed out the possible development of polyneuropathies. This has not so far been confirmed despite worldwide use of the drug. Experiments on rats, which were conducted by the present authors, show a statistically significant decrease in maximum motor conduction speed, which is believed to be functional disorder. Clinical symptoms or nervous structural variations in the sense of polyneuropathy could not be observed."}
{"id": "PMID:882611", "title": "[Metoclopramide (Cerucal) side-effects in the form of extrapyramidal disorders in combination with an other antidepressive agent].", "content": "The authors, by reference to a patient showing acathisia and other dyskinetic disorders following the administration to him of small doses of metoclopramide (Cerucal) and clomipramine, which is a thymoleptic, discuss extrapyramidal disorders attendant upon the therapy of larvated depressions or depressions accompanied by gastrointestinal disorders.", "contents": "[Metoclopramide (Cerucal) side-effects in the form of extrapyramidal disorders in combination with an other antidepressive agent]. The authors, by reference to a patient showing acathisia and other dyskinetic disorders following the administration to him of small doses of metoclopramide (Cerucal) and clomipramine, which is a thymoleptic, discuss extrapyramidal disorders attendant upon the therapy of larvated depressions or depressions accompanied by gastrointestinal disorders."}
{"id": "PMID:882707", "title": "Cardio-respiratory synchronisms: synchrony with artificial circulation.", "content": "Rabbits with an artificial cerebral circulation can synchronize their respiratory rhythm with the pump stroke. There is evidence that the responsible kypernetic system is of a very elementary nature. The efficacy of the system is considerable and the experimental set-up as a whole offers itself as a model to search for drugs to increase the synchronizing potentialities.", "contents": "Cardio-respiratory synchronisms: synchrony with artificial circulation. Rabbits with an artificial cerebral circulation can synchronize their respiratory rhythm with the pump stroke. There is evidence that the responsible kypernetic system is of a very elementary nature. The efficacy of the system is considerable and the experimental set-up as a whole offers itself as a model to search for drugs to increase the synchronizing potentialities."}
{"id": "PMID:882708", "title": "The influence of various benzo-pyrones on acid and neutral protease activity levels, the cells from which they may arise and their importance in the resolution of lymphoedema.", "content": "The availability of digestable material to a phagocyte determines not only the rapidity and completeness of digestion but the amount of lysosomal enzyme which reaches the extracellular compartment and the circulation. The measurement of enzyme activities in thermally injured limbs has shown the benzo-pyrones to enhance acid protease activity. There is much evidence to suggest this activity originates from macrophages which enter the thermally injured regions in great numbers. In this paper the administration of benzo-pyrones to animals with lymphoedema is reported to enhance neutral protease activity levels. This activity is not associated with mononuclear cells but with the neutrophils. Although additional histological work must be done to confirm the presence of neutrophils in lymphoedematous tissues there is evidence to suggest the increases in neutral protease levels arise from neutrophils and that in lymphoedema it is these cells which are acted upon by the benzo-pyrones. They then cause the removal of protein by enhancing its lysis either within the cells or in the extracellular compartment.", "contents": "The influence of various benzo-pyrones on acid and neutral protease activity levels, the cells from which they may arise and their importance in the resolution of lymphoedema. The availability of digestable material to a phagocyte determines not only the rapidity and completeness of digestion but the amount of lysosomal enzyme which reaches the extracellular compartment and the circulation. The measurement of enzyme activities in thermally injured limbs has shown the benzo-pyrones to enhance acid protease activity. There is much evidence to suggest this activity originates from macrophages which enter the thermally injured regions in great numbers. In this paper the administration of benzo-pyrones to animals with lymphoedema is reported to enhance neutral protease activity levels. This activity is not associated with mononuclear cells but with the neutrophils. Although additional histological work must be done to confirm the presence of neutrophils in lymphoedematous tissues there is evidence to suggest the increases in neutral protease levels arise from neutrophils and that in lymphoedema it is these cells which are acted upon by the benzo-pyrones. They then cause the removal of protein by enhancing its lysis either within the cells or in the extracellular compartment."}
{"id": "PMID:882709", "title": "[Experiences with the hemorrhagic shock in immature pigs (author's transl)].", "content": "In 74 immature pigs a hemorrhagic shock (3 hrs duration: mean arterial pressure 40 mm Hg) was established (NORTON 1972). Following this systemic stress all animals developed stress-lesions of stomach and duodenum. In comparison to other stress-models porcine hemorrhagic shock seems to be qualified to study pathogenesis, prophylaxis and therapy of gastric stress-lesions: Pigs correspond best to humans in their gastro-intestinal physiology, hypotension simulates one of the most important surgical causes of stress complications and stress-lesion produced by this model have a marked similarity to those of humans. In contrast to these advantages there are some problems in using this model: Prompt and dangerous electrolyte imbalance following correction of disturbances in acid base equilibrium; irreversible shock following protracted hypotension (3 hrs). For this reason 19% of all piglets died before (1 animal), during (10 animals) or immediately after shock (3 animals). By careful observation of the mentioned problems, however, this experimental model combines a high incidence of stress-lesions with a low rate of casualities.", "contents": "[Experiences with the hemorrhagic shock in immature pigs (author's transl)]. In 74 immature pigs a hemorrhagic shock (3 hrs duration: mean arterial pressure 40 mm Hg) was established (NORTON 1972). Following this systemic stress all animals developed stress-lesions of stomach and duodenum. In comparison to other stress-models porcine hemorrhagic shock seems to be qualified to study pathogenesis, prophylaxis and therapy of gastric stress-lesions: Pigs correspond best to humans in their gastro-intestinal physiology, hypotension simulates one of the most important surgical causes of stress complications and stress-lesion produced by this model have a marked similarity to those of humans. In contrast to these advantages there are some problems in using this model: Prompt and dangerous electrolyte imbalance following correction of disturbances in acid base equilibrium; irreversible shock following protracted hypotension (3 hrs). For this reason 19% of all piglets died before (1 animal), during (10 animals) or immediately after shock (3 animals). By careful observation of the mentioned problems, however, this experimental model combines a high incidence of stress-lesions with a low rate of casualities."}
{"id": "PMID:882711", "title": "[The G\u00f6ttinger minipig as a laboratory animal. 3. Communication: iron-, copper- and zinc-values in blood-serum].", "content": "Serumvalues of iron, copper and zinc were determined by atomic absorption. The results of two collectives (juvenile and adult animals) which were kept under SPF-conditions were compared with the corresponding values of man.", "contents": "[The G\u00f6ttinger minipig as a laboratory animal. 3. Communication: iron-, copper- and zinc-values in blood-serum]. Serumvalues of iron, copper and zinc were determined by atomic absorption. The results of two collectives (juvenile and adult animals) which were kept under SPF-conditions were compared with the corresponding values of man."}
{"id": "PMID:882712", "title": "The effects of zinc on the morphology of sickle red blood cell ghosts as observed by scanning electron microscopy.", "content": "The objective of these studies is to define the role of zinc in RBC ghost morphology specifically in comparison to the echinocytogenic effects of calcium. Erythrocyte ghosts were prepared from patients with sickle cell anemia, treated with zinc and/or calcium and the resulting cell morphology studied by scanning electron microscopy. Our results showed that zinc consistently and significantly antagonized the echinocytogenic effect of calcium. A simple log linear statistical model was used to evaluate the data and supported this conclusion. We discuss the potential significance of these findings to the effect of zinc treatment on patients with sickle cell anemia.", "contents": "The effects of zinc on the morphology of sickle red blood cell ghosts as observed by scanning electron microscopy. The objective of these studies is to define the role of zinc in RBC ghost morphology specifically in comparison to the echinocytogenic effects of calcium. Erythrocyte ghosts were prepared from patients with sickle cell anemia, treated with zinc and/or calcium and the resulting cell morphology studied by scanning electron microscopy. Our results showed that zinc consistently and significantly antagonized the echinocytogenic effect of calcium. A simple log linear statistical model was used to evaluate the data and supported this conclusion. We discuss the potential significance of these findings to the effect of zinc treatment on patients with sickle cell anemia."}
{"id": "PMID:882714", "title": "Mass transfer properties of gases in fluorocarbons.", "content": "The solubility and diffusion coefficient of oxygen and carbon dioxide were measured in both the pure and emulsified of two fluorocarbons, perfluorotributylamine and perfluorobutyl perfluorotetrahydrofuran. The solubility coefficient and the diffusivity of oxygen in the pure form of the fluorocarbons decreased with decreasing partial pressure of Oxygen (PO2), but the solubility coefficient and the diffusivity of carbon dioxide were independent of its partial pressure. The solubility and diffusion of oxygen in the emulsified form of the fluorocarbons followed the pattern expected from the behavior of oxygen in the pure fluorocarbon. The experimental results suggest that there exists a physical and/or chemical interaction between oxygen and the fluorocarbons, and this interaction is more pronounced at partial pressures below 150 mm Hg. Comparisons of the oxygen content in the fluorocarbon emulsions with that in whole blood show that at PO2 of 760 mm Hg, the oxygen content in the fluorocarbon emulsions is approximately one-half that in whole blood, but at PO2 of 50-150 mm Hg, the oxygen content in the emulsions decreases to values which are less than one-tenth that of whole blood.", "contents": "Mass transfer properties of gases in fluorocarbons. The solubility and diffusion coefficient of oxygen and carbon dioxide were measured in both the pure and emulsified of two fluorocarbons, perfluorotributylamine and perfluorobutyl perfluorotetrahydrofuran. The solubility coefficient and the diffusivity of oxygen in the pure form of the fluorocarbons decreased with decreasing partial pressure of Oxygen (PO2), but the solubility coefficient and the diffusivity of carbon dioxide were independent of its partial pressure. The solubility and diffusion of oxygen in the emulsified form of the fluorocarbons followed the pattern expected from the behavior of oxygen in the pure fluorocarbon. The experimental results suggest that there exists a physical and/or chemical interaction between oxygen and the fluorocarbons, and this interaction is more pronounced at partial pressures below 150 mm Hg. Comparisons of the oxygen content in the fluorocarbon emulsions with that in whole blood show that at PO2 of 760 mm Hg, the oxygen content in the fluorocarbon emulsions is approximately one-half that in whole blood, but at PO2 of 50-150 mm Hg, the oxygen content in the emulsions decreases to values which are less than one-tenth that of whole blood."}
{"id": "PMID:882715", "title": "[Functional and morphological studies on intestinal mucosa of the rat under chronic glucagon application (author's transl)].", "content": "Chronic application (20 days) of glucagon in pharmacological doses induces mucosal transformation of the hyperregenerative type in the small intestine of the rat. This transformation is characterized by decreased villi, and increased crypt length. The morphological changes are accompanied by a reduction in glucose absorption in vivo as well as by decreased activities of lactase, sucrase and maltase. The findings demonstrate that hyperglucagonemia is not the cause for hyperplastic mucosal transformation, which is found in the experimental diabetes in the rat.", "contents": "[Functional and morphological studies on intestinal mucosa of the rat under chronic glucagon application (author's transl)]. Chronic application (20 days) of glucagon in pharmacological doses induces mucosal transformation of the hyperregenerative type in the small intestine of the rat. This transformation is characterized by decreased villi, and increased crypt length. The morphological changes are accompanied by a reduction in glucose absorption in vivo as well as by decreased activities of lactase, sucrase and maltase. The findings demonstrate that hyperglucagonemia is not the cause for hyperplastic mucosal transformation, which is found in the experimental diabetes in the rat."}
{"id": "PMID:882717", "title": "[The influence of catecholamines and sekretin on the serum-gastrin-concentration in rabbits (author's transl)].", "content": "27 rabbits underwent infusion of epinephrine, norepinephrine and secretin. Gastrin concentration patterns were determined in serum before, during and after the infusion. There were no significant increases during epinephrine and norepinephrine infusion. During secretin and a combined secretin-epinephrine infusion there was a significant rise in serum gastrin concentration. The gastrin secretion pattern in rabbits influenced by catecholamines and secretin is in complete contrast to human conditions. That means that rabbits can only be used with a certain reserve in gastroenterologiccal experiments.", "contents": "[The influence of catecholamines and sekretin on the serum-gastrin-concentration in rabbits (author's transl)]. 27 rabbits underwent infusion of epinephrine, norepinephrine and secretin. Gastrin concentration patterns were determined in serum before, during and after the infusion. There were no significant increases during epinephrine and norepinephrine infusion. During secretin and a combined secretin-epinephrine infusion there was a significant rise in serum gastrin concentration. The gastrin secretion pattern in rabbits influenced by catecholamines and secretin is in complete contrast to human conditions. That means that rabbits can only be used with a certain reserve in gastroenterologiccal experiments."}
{"id": "PMID:882718", "title": "Structural and functional studies on the transformation of the intestinal mucosa in rats with experimental diabetes.", "content": "Twenty days after the onset of alloxan-induced diabetes, a villous hyperplasia has developed in the intestines of rats having free access to food. The transformation is characterised by a considerable increase in the area of the villous surface, caused by an enhanced mitotic activity in the crypts. The absorption of glucose or methionine by jejunal loops, whether expressed in terms of serosal area or villous area, is unchanged at this stage. On the other hand, the specific activity of certain disaccharidases and dipeptidases in crude mucosal homogenates is greater in diabetic animals, but quantitative histochemistry revealed no changes in the activities of alkaline phosphatase, leucine amino-peptidase and non-specific esterase in the individual enterocytes. Thus the biochemical changes may simply reflect the hyperplasia of the mucosa. The blood sugar level does not appear to be directly responsible for the mucosal transformation; however, the positive correlation between the daily food intake and the villus height suggests a role of hyperphagia and consequent increased luminal nutrition in the development of the hyperplasia.", "contents": "Structural and functional studies on the transformation of the intestinal mucosa in rats with experimental diabetes. Twenty days after the onset of alloxan-induced diabetes, a villous hyperplasia has developed in the intestines of rats having free access to food. The transformation is characterised by a considerable increase in the area of the villous surface, caused by an enhanced mitotic activity in the crypts. The absorption of glucose or methionine by jejunal loops, whether expressed in terms of serosal area or villous area, is unchanged at this stage. On the other hand, the specific activity of certain disaccharidases and dipeptidases in crude mucosal homogenates is greater in diabetic animals, but quantitative histochemistry revealed no changes in the activities of alkaline phosphatase, leucine amino-peptidase and non-specific esterase in the individual enterocytes. Thus the biochemical changes may simply reflect the hyperplasia of the mucosa. The blood sugar level does not appear to be directly responsible for the mucosal transformation; however, the positive correlation between the daily food intake and the villus height suggests a role of hyperphagia and consequent increased luminal nutrition in the development of the hyperplasia."}
{"id": "PMID:882719", "title": "Use of a modified thromboelastograph to evaluate effects of acetylcysteine on sputum.", "content": "This work deals with a modification of a thromboelastograph which enables to measure both in vitro and in vivo effectiveness of mucolytic substances. A simple method is described for building up a comparative diagram of the effectiveness of several drugs; a diagram which is of interest from both a pharmacological and a clinical point of view.", "contents": "Use of a modified thromboelastograph to evaluate effects of acetylcysteine on sputum. This work deals with a modification of a thromboelastograph which enables to measure both in vitro and in vivo effectiveness of mucolytic substances. A simple method is described for building up a comparative diagram of the effectiveness of several drugs; a diagram which is of interest from both a pharmacological and a clinical point of view."}
{"id": "PMID:882720", "title": "Relationship between pulmonary embolism, airway obstruction and hypersensitivity of the airways in dogs: influence of partial vagus nerve blockade.", "content": "Experiments in dogs showed an increase in deltaPoes/100 ml TV after embolization which returns to normal after blocking the vagus nerves, indicating an increase in airway resistance. A marked sensitization to ACh inhalation by embolism with both blood clots and glass beads was demonstrated. This hypersensitivity is vagus-dependent.", "contents": "Relationship between pulmonary embolism, airway obstruction and hypersensitivity of the airways in dogs: influence of partial vagus nerve blockade. Experiments in dogs showed an increase in deltaPoes/100 ml TV after embolization which returns to normal after blocking the vagus nerves, indicating an increase in airway resistance. A marked sensitization to ACh inhalation by embolism with both blood clots and glass beads was demonstrated. This hypersensitivity is vagus-dependent."}
{"id": "PMID:882721", "title": "[Comparative study by body plethysmography and spirometry with the helium dilution method in patients with tuberculosis].", "content": "The persisting defects after treatment of tuberculosis in 51 patients were evaluated by a simultaneous measurement of the functional residual capacity (FRC) using the body plethysmograph and the helium dilution method. In most patients large volumes of trapped air were detected by the difference of two methods of measurement. The amount of trapped air showed to be dependent of the other pulmonary parameters obtained: Tiffeneau index, FRC measured by body plethysmography, difference between predicted and measured FRC.", "contents": "[Comparative study by body plethysmography and spirometry with the helium dilution method in patients with tuberculosis]. The persisting defects after treatment of tuberculosis in 51 patients were evaluated by a simultaneous measurement of the functional residual capacity (FRC) using the body plethysmograph and the helium dilution method. In most patients large volumes of trapped air were detected by the difference of two methods of measurement. The amount of trapped air showed to be dependent of the other pulmonary parameters obtained: Tiffeneau index, FRC measured by body plethysmography, difference between predicted and measured FRC."}
{"id": "PMID:882722", "title": "Nomogram for estimating standard PaO2 and alveolar-arterial gradient for oxygen during ventilation with room air.", "content": "Standard arterial oxygen pressure is a calculated value which must be in arterial blood in the given lung function when all conditions of estimation are standard--PACO2 40 mm Hg, barometric pressure 760 mm Hg and respiratory exchange ratio 0.85. For practical purposes, a nomogram was constructed for estimating SPaO2 and arterial alveolar oxygen difference during breathing with room air. It will give us a possibility of comparing estimations made in different conditions. The mean error for AaDO2 is 0.4 mm Hg, which is acceptable for clinical purposes.", "contents": "Nomogram for estimating standard PaO2 and alveolar-arterial gradient for oxygen during ventilation with room air. Standard arterial oxygen pressure is a calculated value which must be in arterial blood in the given lung function when all conditions of estimation are standard--PACO2 40 mm Hg, barometric pressure 760 mm Hg and respiratory exchange ratio 0.85. For practical purposes, a nomogram was constructed for estimating SPaO2 and arterial alveolar oxygen difference during breathing with room air. It will give us a possibility of comparing estimations made in different conditions. The mean error for AaDO2 is 0.4 mm Hg, which is acceptable for clinical purposes."}
{"id": "PMID:882723", "title": "Continuous measurement of respiratory resistance in asthmatic children.", "content": "In 13 children (7-13 years old) with bronchial asthma in remission, respiratory system resistance was continuously measured by the forced oscillation method at 10 Hz, using on-line digital computer analysis. Corrections were made for mouth impedance which was determined from a prior Valsalva maneuver. Functional residual capacity was also periodically determined by the body plethysmographic technique in order to allow calculation of specific respiratory system conductance (SGRS). The total observation period of 45 min consisted of quiet breathing interrupted by vital capacity maneuvers. In a single-blind design, eight children were given 0.15 mg isoproterenol sulfate from a proprietary spray delivered in the beginning of an inspiratory vital capacity maneuver while five received a placebo (freon propellent alone). A significant increase in SGrs (+53%) was observed 75 sec after isoproterenol sulfate administration. SGrs peaked after 2 min (+ 61%) and remained elevated significantly for 10 min. No significant changes occurred in the placebo group. The immediate decrease in SGrs which was observed following control vital capacity maneuvers, was prevented by isoproterenol sulfate but not by the freon propellent. Our findings suggest that although peak bronchodilation does not occur before 2 min following isoproterenol sulfate inhalation, an effect, namely prevention of bronchoconstriction induced by a deep breath, is already detectable within seconds.", "contents": "Continuous measurement of respiratory resistance in asthmatic children. In 13 children (7-13 years old) with bronchial asthma in remission, respiratory system resistance was continuously measured by the forced oscillation method at 10 Hz, using on-line digital computer analysis. Corrections were made for mouth impedance which was determined from a prior Valsalva maneuver. Functional residual capacity was also periodically determined by the body plethysmographic technique in order to allow calculation of specific respiratory system conductance (SGRS). The total observation period of 45 min consisted of quiet breathing interrupted by vital capacity maneuvers. In a single-blind design, eight children were given 0.15 mg isoproterenol sulfate from a proprietary spray delivered in the beginning of an inspiratory vital capacity maneuver while five received a placebo (freon propellent alone). A significant increase in SGrs (+53%) was observed 75 sec after isoproterenol sulfate administration. SGrs peaked after 2 min (+ 61%) and remained elevated significantly for 10 min. No significant changes occurred in the placebo group. The immediate decrease in SGrs which was observed following control vital capacity maneuvers, was prevented by isoproterenol sulfate but not by the freon propellent. Our findings suggest that although peak bronchodilation does not occur before 2 min following isoproterenol sulfate inhalation, an effect, namely prevention of bronchoconstriction induced by a deep breath, is already detectable within seconds."}
{"id": "PMID:882724", "title": "Effect of unilateral vagus blockade on allergen-induced airway obstruction: results of short- and long-term experiments.", "content": "Unilateral application of ascaris extract on segment bronchus as the influence of contralateral vagus blockade on reflex bronchoconstriction was studied on four boxer dogs in a first group (A) of experiments: ascaris extract was applied in liquid form directly through a catheter into the right segment bronchus. This application was repeated after contralateral vagus blockade and once more after its lavage. All the animals showed an increase of airway resistance under local application of ascaris extract which could not be avoided by contralateral central vagus blockade. In the second group (B) isolation of unilateral vagus for reproducible performance of blockade as a long-term model was investigated in three boxer dogs for 7 weeks and the influence of this method of unilateral vagus blockade on exposure to allergen aerosol was studied. The unilateral blockade of the nerve vagus was again always successful in decreasing the reflex bronchoconstriction following allergen inhalation. The effect of unilateral section of nervus vagus 3 weeks after this vagotomy was tested on two boxer dogs. Reflex bronchoconstriction following ascaris extract inhalation can be avoided by unilateral section of the nervus vagus the first time after section. Three weeks after this unilateral vagotomy, the reflex bronchoconstriction becomes managed by the remaining vagus trunk to the same degree as observed by bilateral intact vagi.", "contents": "Effect of unilateral vagus blockade on allergen-induced airway obstruction: results of short- and long-term experiments. Unilateral application of ascaris extract on segment bronchus as the influence of contralateral vagus blockade on reflex bronchoconstriction was studied on four boxer dogs in a first group (A) of experiments: ascaris extract was applied in liquid form directly through a catheter into the right segment bronchus. This application was repeated after contralateral vagus blockade and once more after its lavage. All the animals showed an increase of airway resistance under local application of ascaris extract which could not be avoided by contralateral central vagus blockade. In the second group (B) isolation of unilateral vagus for reproducible performance of blockade as a long-term model was investigated in three boxer dogs for 7 weeks and the influence of this method of unilateral vagus blockade on exposure to allergen aerosol was studied. The unilateral blockade of the nerve vagus was again always successful in decreasing the reflex bronchoconstriction following allergen inhalation. The effect of unilateral section of nervus vagus 3 weeks after this vagotomy was tested on two boxer dogs. Reflex bronchoconstriction following ascaris extract inhalation can be avoided by unilateral section of the nervus vagus the first time after section. Three weeks after this unilateral vagotomy, the reflex bronchoconstriction becomes managed by the remaining vagus trunk to the same degree as observed by bilateral intact vagi."}
{"id": "PMID:882725", "title": "Rhythmic phrenic nerve activity and respiratory activity in spinal dogs.", "content": "The possibility of respiratory activity in adult spinal dogs was reinvestigasted with emphasis placed on the contribution of the phrenic nerves and diaphragm. Under chloroform anesthesia, the spinal cord was transected at either the C1 or C2 level. After spinal transection and occlusion of the blood flow to the head, anesthesia was discontinued. In 6 dogs spinal rhythmic respiratory activity was induced by administration of doxapram HCl, 3-5 mg/kg i.m., while in 2 dogs such activity occurred spontaneously. The observed cyclic changes in intrapleural pressure correlated with unilateral phrenic neurogram. The bursts frequency of the phrenic nerve activity was altered by the artificial positive-pressure respiration synchronizing the phrenic activity with the respirator. This suggests that afferent reflexes can modulate this spinal, cyclic phrenic nerve activity. This study demonstrates that the phrenic nerve and the diaphragm play a major role in spinal respiratory activity.", "contents": "Rhythmic phrenic nerve activity and respiratory activity in spinal dogs. The possibility of respiratory activity in adult spinal dogs was reinvestigasted with emphasis placed on the contribution of the phrenic nerves and diaphragm. Under chloroform anesthesia, the spinal cord was transected at either the C1 or C2 level. After spinal transection and occlusion of the blood flow to the head, anesthesia was discontinued. In 6 dogs spinal rhythmic respiratory activity was induced by administration of doxapram HCl, 3-5 mg/kg i.m., while in 2 dogs such activity occurred spontaneously. The observed cyclic changes in intrapleural pressure correlated with unilateral phrenic neurogram. The bursts frequency of the phrenic nerve activity was altered by the artificial positive-pressure respiration synchronizing the phrenic activity with the respirator. This suggests that afferent reflexes can modulate this spinal, cyclic phrenic nerve activity. This study demonstrates that the phrenic nerve and the diaphragm play a major role in spinal respiratory activity."}
{"id": "PMID:882726", "title": "Histamine H1- and H2-receptors in the cat and their roles during alveolar hypoxia.", "content": "We sought to define the roles of H1-and H2-receptors in the cat and to evaluate the roles of these receptors during alveolar hypoxia. In pentobarbital anesthetized cats, we found that histamine infusion (1.1 microgram/kg/min for 3 min) increased cardiac output and decreased pulmonary and systemic vascular resistances. However, when cardiac output was held constant, histamine infusion induced pulmonary vasoconstriction. Histamine infusions after H1-and H2-receptor blockade (chlorpheniramine and metiamde, respctively) indicated that H2-receptors mediated systemic vasodilatation. In the lung, H1-receptors mediated vasoconstriction, and H2-receptors mediated vasodilatation. Hypoxia (10% O2) caused large increases in pulmonary vascular resistance which were not blocked by H1-, H2-, or combined H1- and H2-receptor blockade. In the intact cat, histamine does not appear to mediate hypoxic pulmonary hypertension.", "contents": "Histamine H1- and H2-receptors in the cat and their roles during alveolar hypoxia. We sought to define the roles of H1-and H2-receptors in the cat and to evaluate the roles of these receptors during alveolar hypoxia. In pentobarbital anesthetized cats, we found that histamine infusion (1.1 microgram/kg/min for 3 min) increased cardiac output and decreased pulmonary and systemic vascular resistances. However, when cardiac output was held constant, histamine infusion induced pulmonary vasoconstriction. Histamine infusions after H1-and H2-receptor blockade (chlorpheniramine and metiamde, respctively) indicated that H2-receptors mediated systemic vasodilatation. In the lung, H1-receptors mediated vasoconstriction, and H2-receptors mediated vasodilatation. Hypoxia (10% O2) caused large increases in pulmonary vascular resistance which were not blocked by H1-, H2-, or combined H1- and H2-receptor blockade. In the intact cat, histamine does not appear to mediate hypoxic pulmonary hypertension."}
{"id": "PMID:882727", "title": "Respiratory responses of ducks to simulated altitude.", "content": "Domestic ducks were exposed to simulated altitudes of 0, 3000, 6000, and 9000 m in order to study the respiratory changes that take place. We found that the respiratory minute volume (VE,BTPS) increased with altitude, the increase being due to increased respiratory frequency while tidal volume (VT, BTPS) showed only minor changes. The quantity of air moved (VE, STPD), however, remained nearly unchanged with increasing altitude. The oxygen extraction, calculated as 1--(FIN2FEO2)/(FEN2FIO2), remained constant at about 0.28 up to 6000 m and declined to 0.17 at 9000 m. The fractional gas concentrations (FO2 and FCO2) in exhaled air and in the interclavicular and posterior thoracic air sacs changed only little up to 6000 m, but at 9000 m FO2 increased and FCO2 decreased. The relative constancy of expired and air sac gas up to 6000 m seems remarkable. However, when applied to current models of air flow in the avian respiratory system the results seem fully explainable and permit a detailed analysis of the functioning of the avian respiratory system.", "contents": "Respiratory responses of ducks to simulated altitude. Domestic ducks were exposed to simulated altitudes of 0, 3000, 6000, and 9000 m in order to study the respiratory changes that take place. We found that the respiratory minute volume (VE,BTPS) increased with altitude, the increase being due to increased respiratory frequency while tidal volume (VT, BTPS) showed only minor changes. The quantity of air moved (VE, STPD), however, remained nearly unchanged with increasing altitude. The oxygen extraction, calculated as 1--(FIN2FEO2)/(FEN2FIO2), remained constant at about 0.28 up to 6000 m and declined to 0.17 at 9000 m. The fractional gas concentrations (FO2 and FCO2) in exhaled air and in the interclavicular and posterior thoracic air sacs changed only little up to 6000 m, but at 9000 m FO2 increased and FCO2 decreased. The relative constancy of expired and air sac gas up to 6000 m seems remarkable. However, when applied to current models of air flow in the avian respiratory system the results seem fully explainable and permit a detailed analysis of the functioning of the avian respiratory system."}
{"id": "PMID:882728", "title": "Transfer of N2O, CO and HTO in the artificially perfused guinea-pig placenta.", "content": "The fetal vascular system of the guinea-pig placenta at term was perfused with a dextran solution at a rate of 3.6 and 9 ml/min, while the uteroplacental (maternal) blood flow was adjusted to 4-18 ml/min. N2O, CO, and tritiated water (HTO) were added to the perfusion fluid. The effectiveness of placental transfer of these substances, i.e. the actual transfer related to the maximum transfer occuring when the fetal vein equlibrates with the maternal artery, was calculated. It was found that the effectiveness of the CO transfer was 98% (SD = 2%). The effectiveness of the N2O transfer was about 90% (SD = 6%) when the maternofetal flow ratio was two and about 75% (SD = 13%) when the ratio was one. The effectiveness of the transfer was the same for HTO and N2O. It was concluded: (1) The vascular and diffusional shunts on the fetal side of the placenta are only 2%. (2) The placenta has the properties of a countercurrent system in which the effectiveness of gas transfer is decreased by about 25% at a flow ratio of one and by 10% at a flow ratio of two by inhomogeneity of the maternofetal flow ratio. (3) The diffusional resistance for HTO is unmeasurabbly small; its transfer is solely limited by blood flow.", "contents": "Transfer of N2O, CO and HTO in the artificially perfused guinea-pig placenta. The fetal vascular system of the guinea-pig placenta at term was perfused with a dextran solution at a rate of 3.6 and 9 ml/min, while the uteroplacental (maternal) blood flow was adjusted to 4-18 ml/min. N2O, CO, and tritiated water (HTO) were added to the perfusion fluid. The effectiveness of placental transfer of these substances, i.e. the actual transfer related to the maximum transfer occuring when the fetal vein equlibrates with the maternal artery, was calculated. It was found that the effectiveness of the CO transfer was 98% (SD = 2%). The effectiveness of the N2O transfer was about 90% (SD = 6%) when the maternofetal flow ratio was two and about 75% (SD = 13%) when the ratio was one. The effectiveness of the transfer was the same for HTO and N2O. It was concluded: (1) The vascular and diffusional shunts on the fetal side of the placenta are only 2%. (2) The placenta has the properties of a countercurrent system in which the effectiveness of gas transfer is decreased by about 25% at a flow ratio of one and by 10% at a flow ratio of two by inhomogeneity of the maternofetal flow ratio. (3) The diffusional resistance for HTO is unmeasurabbly small; its transfer is solely limited by blood flow."}
{"id": "PMID:882729", "title": "Velocity of oxygen uptake by partly saturated adult and fetal human red cells.", "content": "The rate of oxygen uptake by human adult and fetal red cells at 37 degrees C was measured at saturations from zero up to 75% using a double-beam stopped-flow apparatus. Results were expressed in two ways: as k'c, the velocity constant for O2 uptake by the cells, and as theta standard, the number of ml of O2 (STPD) which would be taken up in 1 minute per torr of PO2 difference between the outside and inside of the red cells, by blood with an O2 capacity of 20 vol%. At zero saturation, k'c for adult cells was 99 and for fetal cell was 89 millimolar-1-sec-1. At low saturations there was little changes in adult or fetal k'c but at higher saturations k'c rose and at 75% saturation was 3-4 times its value at zero saturation. In fetal cells, k'c was about 10% less than for adult cells. This difference was statistically significant at low saturations but at higher saturations there was much scatter in the results and the difference between adult and fetal cells was not significant. As saturation rose theta showed little or no change up to 75% saturation. Theoretical analysis of the factors affecting k'c suggested that its rise with increasing SO2 was due to a lowering of the concentration of intracellular deoxyhemoglobin rather than to any increase in reaction rate of oxygen with the hemoglobin molecule.", "contents": "Velocity of oxygen uptake by partly saturated adult and fetal human red cells. The rate of oxygen uptake by human adult and fetal red cells at 37 degrees C was measured at saturations from zero up to 75% using a double-beam stopped-flow apparatus. Results were expressed in two ways: as k'c, the velocity constant for O2 uptake by the cells, and as theta standard, the number of ml of O2 (STPD) which would be taken up in 1 minute per torr of PO2 difference between the outside and inside of the red cells, by blood with an O2 capacity of 20 vol%. At zero saturation, k'c for adult cells was 99 and for fetal cell was 89 millimolar-1-sec-1. At low saturations there was little changes in adult or fetal k'c but at higher saturations k'c rose and at 75% saturation was 3-4 times its value at zero saturation. In fetal cells, k'c was about 10% less than for adult cells. This difference was statistically significant at low saturations but at higher saturations there was much scatter in the results and the difference between adult and fetal cells was not significant. As saturation rose theta showed little or no change up to 75% saturation. Theoretical analysis of the factors affecting k'c suggested that its rise with increasing SO2 was due to a lowering of the concentration of intracellular deoxyhemoglobin rather than to any increase in reaction rate of oxygen with the hemoglobin molecule."}
{"id": "PMID:882730", "title": "Training and exercise change respiratory properties of blood in race horses.", "content": "Effects of training and exercise on blood respiratory properties were investigated in standard-bred race horses. Training caused an increase in the circulating O2 capacity at rest from 18.4 to 21.0 vol%, and in the O2 capacity during exercise from 24.9 to 30.3 vol%. An increase in the in vitro oxygen affinity [P50(PH 7.4, 37.9 degrees C)] of about 2 mm Hg correlated with a decrease in the red cell concentration of 2,3-diphosphoglycerate (DPG) from 6.35 mM-1-1(E), erythrocytes. Trained horses also showed an acute lowering of the red cell DPG concentration after maximal exercise. The physiological significance of the increases in O2 capacity and O2 affinity are discussed and a hypothesis presented to explain the possible relationship between changes in spleenic size, total red cell volume and red cell DPG concentration.", "contents": "Training and exercise change respiratory properties of blood in race horses. Effects of training and exercise on blood respiratory properties were investigated in standard-bred race horses. Training caused an increase in the circulating O2 capacity at rest from 18.4 to 21.0 vol%, and in the O2 capacity during exercise from 24.9 to 30.3 vol%. An increase in the in vitro oxygen affinity [P50(PH 7.4, 37.9 degrees C)] of about 2 mm Hg correlated with a decrease in the red cell concentration of 2,3-diphosphoglycerate (DPG) from 6.35 mM-1-1(E), erythrocytes. Trained horses also showed an acute lowering of the red cell DPG concentration after maximal exercise. The physiological significance of the increases in O2 capacity and O2 affinity are discussed and a hypothesis presented to explain the possible relationship between changes in spleenic size, total red cell volume and red cell DPG concentration."}
{"id": "PMID:882731", "title": "Reduction in inspiratory activity in response to sternal vibration.", "content": "It has been shown previously that there is a reduction in tidal volume in response to longitudinal sternal vibration at 100 Hz. In the present study it was shown that the effect of such vibration is to reduce tidal volume (VT) and prolong inspiratory time (ti) in such a way that points from vibrated and non-vibrated breaths fall on the same VT:ti curve. This indicates that the normal mechanisms which terminate inspiration are unaffected by vibration. The effect of vibration is simply to reduce the rate at which inspiration proceeds. This was illustrated here when vibration reduced the rate of fall of intrapleural pressure during inspiration, and also reduced the instantaneous ventilation at any level of chemical drive. Electrophysiological recordings made here from phrenic motoneurones support these findings. It is concluded that sensory nerves in the chest wall, which can be excited by vibration, can inhibit inspiration.", "contents": "Reduction in inspiratory activity in response to sternal vibration. It has been shown previously that there is a reduction in tidal volume in response to longitudinal sternal vibration at 100 Hz. In the present study it was shown that the effect of such vibration is to reduce tidal volume (VT) and prolong inspiratory time (ti) in such a way that points from vibrated and non-vibrated breaths fall on the same VT:ti curve. This indicates that the normal mechanisms which terminate inspiration are unaffected by vibration. The effect of vibration is simply to reduce the rate at which inspiration proceeds. This was illustrated here when vibration reduced the rate of fall of intrapleural pressure during inspiration, and also reduced the instantaneous ventilation at any level of chemical drive. Electrophysiological recordings made here from phrenic motoneurones support these findings. It is concluded that sensory nerves in the chest wall, which can be excited by vibration, can inhibit inspiration."}
{"id": "PMID:882732", "title": "Cutaneous respiration in three freshwater teleosts.", "content": "Cutaneous oxygen consumption and oxygen uptake from the external medium were investigated in three species of freshwater teleosts:eel(Anguilla anguilla L.)(silvered stage), trout (Salmo gairdnerii R.) and tench (Tinca tinca L.). The oxygen consumption of the skin is the same in the three species: 4.5 nmol-cm-2-min-1. It accounts for 35% of total Mo2 in the eel; 23% in the tench, which lives in poorly oxygenated water; and 13% in the trout living in highly oxygenated water. Cutaneous oxygen consumption is equal to (Salmo and Tinca) or greater than (Anguilla) cutaneous oxygen uptake from the external medium. Consequently, the skin in these three species is not an oxygen exchange for the benefit of other organs.", "contents": "Cutaneous respiration in three freshwater teleosts. Cutaneous oxygen consumption and oxygen uptake from the external medium were investigated in three species of freshwater teleosts:eel(Anguilla anguilla L.)(silvered stage), trout (Salmo gairdnerii R.) and tench (Tinca tinca L.). The oxygen consumption of the skin is the same in the three species: 4.5 nmol-cm-2-min-1. It accounts for 35% of total Mo2 in the eel; 23% in the tench, which lives in poorly oxygenated water; and 13% in the trout living in highly oxygenated water. Cutaneous oxygen consumption is equal to (Salmo and Tinca) or greater than (Anguilla) cutaneous oxygen uptake from the external medium. Consequently, the skin in these three species is not an oxygen exchange for the benefit of other organs."}
{"id": "PMID:882733", "title": "The relation between hypoxia and CO2-induced reflex alternation of breathing in man.", "content": "Four healthy young volunteers, selected for the responsiveness and steadiness of their breathing, were studied in rest and mild exercise while receiving alternate inspirates of low and high PCO2 (0 and 8.6 kPa). PACO2, oscillated between ca. 6 and 7.5 kPa (45-55 torr). PAO2 was held steady at 4-7 levels between 6 and 28 kPa (45-210 torr). Thirteen separate inspiratory and expiratory variables (volumes, times, flows) were recorded and tested for reflex alternation. Matched controls were performed. Responses were generally small in relation to the scatter. Reflex alternation of any one variable was not always evident. The incidences of the responses were, in descending order, inspiratory flows and volumes, expiratory flows and volumes, expiratory duration; inspiratory duration alternated seldom, and then with only small amplitude. Reflex alternation was more likely to be observed in hypoxia than in euoxia or hyperoxia. A tendency for the incidences to be greater in exercise than at rest was not significant, but the amplitudes of alternation showed a significant difference in favour of exercise. In a substantial minority of experiments the amplitude of reflex alternation was significantly and positively correlated with hypoxia (1/(PAO2--C)). Alternation also occurred frequently in another substantial minority of experiments in which, however, there was no significant amplitude-hypoxia correlation. It was concluded that these two groups probably differed not so much in the form of the amplitude-hypoxia relation as in respect of the extent of the scatter in the observations. The results are consistent with interaction of non-steady-state with steady-state signals at the arterial chemoreceptors.", "contents": "The relation between hypoxia and CO2-induced reflex alternation of breathing in man. Four healthy young volunteers, selected for the responsiveness and steadiness of their breathing, were studied in rest and mild exercise while receiving alternate inspirates of low and high PCO2 (0 and 8.6 kPa). PACO2, oscillated between ca. 6 and 7.5 kPa (45-55 torr). PAO2 was held steady at 4-7 levels between 6 and 28 kPa (45-210 torr). Thirteen separate inspiratory and expiratory variables (volumes, times, flows) were recorded and tested for reflex alternation. Matched controls were performed. Responses were generally small in relation to the scatter. Reflex alternation of any one variable was not always evident. The incidences of the responses were, in descending order, inspiratory flows and volumes, expiratory flows and volumes, expiratory duration; inspiratory duration alternated seldom, and then with only small amplitude. Reflex alternation was more likely to be observed in hypoxia than in euoxia or hyperoxia. A tendency for the incidences to be greater in exercise than at rest was not significant, but the amplitudes of alternation showed a significant difference in favour of exercise. In a substantial minority of experiments the amplitude of reflex alternation was significantly and positively correlated with hypoxia (1/(PAO2--C)). Alternation also occurred frequently in another substantial minority of experiments in which, however, there was no significant amplitude-hypoxia correlation. It was concluded that these two groups probably differed not so much in the form of the amplitude-hypoxia relation as in respect of the extent of the scatter in the observations. The results are consistent with interaction of non-steady-state with steady-state signals at the arterial chemoreceptors."}
{"id": "PMID:882734", "title": "Separation of the inspiratory and expiratory reflex effects of alternate-breath oscillation of PACO2 during hypoxia.", "content": "Four healthy young men and women, selected for the responsiveness and steadiness of their breathing, were studied in rest and mild exercise (58 runs) while receiving alternate inspirates of low and high PCO2 (0 and 8.6 kPa). PACO2 oscillated between ca. 6 and 7.5 kPa (45-55 torr); PACO2 was held steady at more than one level between 6 and 9.6 kPa (45-72 torr). Using cross-correlation analysis, the phase relations were determined between the alternating PACO2 and the following reflex outputs: mean inspiratory and expiratory flows (VI and VE) and the reciprocal of the duration of expiration (1/TE), the two expiratory variables being lumped together for purposes of expression, but not of calculation. T1, being relatively unaffected alternating PACO2, was not re-studied (see companion paper). The common patterns of significant reflex alternation were: VI alone, usually in phase (with PACO2), 24%; VE alone, usually in phase, 17%; both inspiratory and expiratory variables, in phase with CO2 and each other, 15%; both inspiratory and expiratory variables, the expiratory being out of phase with both CO2 and with the inspiratory, 23%. Some runs showed a mixture of phase relations. In 71%, end-expiratory lung volume (VL,E' formerly called FRC) alternated significantly. It is concluded that expiratory events can be influenced by peripheral chemoreceptors independently of inspiration.", "contents": "Separation of the inspiratory and expiratory reflex effects of alternate-breath oscillation of PACO2 during hypoxia. Four healthy young men and women, selected for the responsiveness and steadiness of their breathing, were studied in rest and mild exercise (58 runs) while receiving alternate inspirates of low and high PCO2 (0 and 8.6 kPa). PACO2 oscillated between ca. 6 and 7.5 kPa (45-55 torr); PACO2 was held steady at more than one level between 6 and 9.6 kPa (45-72 torr). Using cross-correlation analysis, the phase relations were determined between the alternating PACO2 and the following reflex outputs: mean inspiratory and expiratory flows (VI and VE) and the reciprocal of the duration of expiration (1/TE), the two expiratory variables being lumped together for purposes of expression, but not of calculation. T1, being relatively unaffected alternating PACO2, was not re-studied (see companion paper). The common patterns of significant reflex alternation were: VI alone, usually in phase (with PACO2), 24%; VE alone, usually in phase, 17%; both inspiratory and expiratory variables, in phase with CO2 and each other, 15%; both inspiratory and expiratory variables, the expiratory being out of phase with both CO2 and with the inspiratory, 23%. Some runs showed a mixture of phase relations. In 71%, end-expiratory lung volume (VL,E' formerly called FRC) alternated significantly. It is concluded that expiratory events can be influenced by peripheral chemoreceptors independently of inspiration."}
{"id": "PMID:882813", "title": "[Cytogenetics of Paget's disease of bone].", "content": "The authors studied the karyotype in blood and marrow of 34 patients with Paget's disease and compared the results with those of a control group of the same age. Structural abnormalities are more frequent in the blood than in the marrow, but there is no significant difference in comparison with the abnormalities in the control group. Ionizing radiations and drugs do not seem to be responsible for the abnormalities encountered. The numerical abnormalities are characterized by an increase in the number of hypodiploidies, particularly involving the chromosome groups A, B and D, whereas chromosomal damage affecting the C and G groups is less than normal. These abnormalities were encountered in a limited number of patients. The authors discuss the significance of these chromosomal abnormalities in the more general context of the genetics of Paget's disease.", "contents": "[Cytogenetics of Paget's disease of bone]. The authors studied the karyotype in blood and marrow of 34 patients with Paget's disease and compared the results with those of a control group of the same age. Structural abnormalities are more frequent in the blood than in the marrow, but there is no significant difference in comparison with the abnormalities in the control group. Ionizing radiations and drugs do not seem to be responsible for the abnormalities encountered. The numerical abnormalities are characterized by an increase in the number of hypodiploidies, particularly involving the chromosome groups A, B and D, whereas chromosomal damage affecting the C and G groups is less than normal. These abnormalities were encountered in a limited number of patients. The authors discuss the significance of these chromosomal abnormalities in the more general context of the genetics of Paget's disease."}
{"id": "PMID:882815", "title": "[Correlation of parathormone determination and bone biopsy in primary hyperparathyroidism].", "content": "Eleven patients with primary hyperparathyroidism confirmed by histologic examination were subjected to a comparative study of the results of quantitative determination of parathormone and of quantitative bone biopsy. Quantitative radioimmunologic determination of parathormone was carried out with the aid of an N-terminal specific anti serum, while the histologic features studied were the periosteocytic and osteoclastic absorption surfaces. On the basis of a combination of the results of these two techniques, the diagnosis could be made in all the cases studied. A statistically significant correlation was observed between the results of quantitative determination of parathormone and those of histologic examination of the surfaces of periosteocytic lacunae (r = 0.63; p = 0.05).", "contents": "[Correlation of parathormone determination and bone biopsy in primary hyperparathyroidism]. Eleven patients with primary hyperparathyroidism confirmed by histologic examination were subjected to a comparative study of the results of quantitative determination of parathormone and of quantitative bone biopsy. Quantitative radioimmunologic determination of parathormone was carried out with the aid of an N-terminal specific anti serum, while the histologic features studied were the periosteocytic and osteoclastic absorption surfaces. On the basis of a combination of the results of these two techniques, the diagnosis could be made in all the cases studied. A statistically significant correlation was observed between the results of quantitative determination of parathormone and those of histologic examination of the surfaces of periosteocytic lacunae (r = 0.63; p = 0.05)."}
{"id": "PMID:882816", "title": "[Identification of the crystals observed in the destructive arthropathies of chondrocalcinosis].", "content": "Study of the synovial membrane and cartilage demonstrating two destructive arthropathies of the knee diagnosed in subjects with articular pseudogout. Scanning electron microscopy reveals the presence of many crystals on the surface of the cartilage and the synovium and in the depth of the cartilage. These can be grouped into two families on the basis of dimensions and morphology. The first consists of those shaped like arrowheads and are large (80-100 microns long.) They were formally identified using Weissenberg's technique; dihydrated calcium hydrogenophosphate (CaHPO4.2H2O) is involved here. In the second family the crystallogenesis is different (prism or lozange-shaped) and the crystals themselves have not been identified with certainty because of their tiny size (20 microns). The hypothesis is proposed that the crystals of dihydrated calcium hydrogenophosphate properly belong to the destructive arthropathies of pseudogout; while not necessarily its cause, they may help explain its development.", "contents": "[Identification of the crystals observed in the destructive arthropathies of chondrocalcinosis]. Study of the synovial membrane and cartilage demonstrating two destructive arthropathies of the knee diagnosed in subjects with articular pseudogout. Scanning electron microscopy reveals the presence of many crystals on the surface of the cartilage and the synovium and in the depth of the cartilage. These can be grouped into two families on the basis of dimensions and morphology. The first consists of those shaped like arrowheads and are large (80-100 microns long.) They were formally identified using Weissenberg's technique; dihydrated calcium hydrogenophosphate (CaHPO4.2H2O) is involved here. In the second family the crystallogenesis is different (prism or lozange-shaped) and the crystals themselves have not been identified with certainty because of their tiny size (20 microns). The hypothesis is proposed that the crystals of dihydrated calcium hydrogenophosphate properly belong to the destructive arthropathies of pseudogout; while not necessarily its cause, they may help explain its development."}
{"id": "PMID:882817", "title": "[Study of 728 cases of children with acute articular rheumatism, divided into 2 similar groups observed at an interval of 10 years].", "content": "A group of 364 children treated for acute rheumatic fever between 1955 and 1961 was compared with a similar group of 364 cases matched for age between 1965 and 1972, treated in the same fashion. In the second group an increase was found in the percentage of first attacks compared with relapses, indicating an improvement from prophylaxis. Cardiac involvement on admission, in first attacks, is equally common in both groups but more severe in the first group: in relapses, the severity of cardiac involvement increases with the number of previous attacks. The course of the carditis with corticosteroid treatment is the same in both groups. The reduced severity of the cardiac involvement in first attacks in the recent group suggests a role played by earlier diagnosis, antibiotic therapy previous to hospitalization, or variations in the epidemic nature of the disease.", "contents": "[Study of 728 cases of children with acute articular rheumatism, divided into 2 similar groups observed at an interval of 10 years]. A group of 364 children treated for acute rheumatic fever between 1955 and 1961 was compared with a similar group of 364 cases matched for age between 1965 and 1972, treated in the same fashion. In the second group an increase was found in the percentage of first attacks compared with relapses, indicating an improvement from prophylaxis. Cardiac involvement on admission, in first attacks, is equally common in both groups but more severe in the first group: in relapses, the severity of cardiac involvement increases with the number of previous attacks. The course of the carditis with corticosteroid treatment is the same in both groups. The reduced severity of the cardiac involvement in first attacks in the recent group suggests a role played by earlier diagnosis, antibiotic therapy previous to hospitalization, or variations in the epidemic nature of the disease."}
{"id": "PMID:882825", "title": "The clinical significance of increased plasma levels of liver-synthesized coagulation factors in liver disease.", "content": "The first plasma Factor II-VII-X value after admission to the hospital was higher than 90% in 29% of 38 common duct stone patients, in 9% of 33 patients with bile duct obstruction due to pancreatic carcinoma, and in 3 of 5 patients with cholestatic drug reaction. In contrast, the admission value was above 90% in only one of 89 patients with acute hepatitis and in none of 8 patients with a hepatocellular drug reaction. Therefore, a high plasma Factor II-VII-X activity in a patient with liver or biliary tract disease seems to be a rellained by an increased protein synthesis in the liver.", "contents": "The clinical significance of increased plasma levels of liver-synthesized coagulation factors in liver disease. The first plasma Factor II-VII-X value after admission to the hospital was higher than 90% in 29% of 38 common duct stone patients, in 9% of 33 patients with bile duct obstruction due to pancreatic carcinoma, and in 3 of 5 patients with cholestatic drug reaction. In contrast, the admission value was above 90% in only one of 89 patients with acute hepatitis and in none of 8 patients with a hepatocellular drug reaction. Therefore, a high plasma Factor II-VII-X activity in a patient with liver or biliary tract disease seems to be a rellained by an increased protein synthesis in the liver."}
{"id": "PMID:882826", "title": "Gastric acid secretion in patients with symptomatic hiatus hernia and effect of a modified Belsey MK IV repair on gastric acid secretion.", "content": "Fasting, basal, and pentagastrin-stimulated (6 microgram/kg body weight) gastric acid secretion was assessed in 53 patients with radiologically verified sliding hiatus hernia without stricture formation. There was no difference in the acid secretory variables between patients with heartburn and those with heartburn and pain. A study of the acid secretory variables in 34 patients before and 3 months after a modified Belsey MK IV repair for symptomatic hiatus hernia showed that after the repair the pH of basal secretion had risen, and that the volume of basal secretion as well as basal and peak acid output had been reduced. These changes must probably be ascribed to an unintentional vagotomy during the operation. It is concluded that in the evaluation of a surgically established barrier against gastro-oesophageal reflux in terms of oesophageal pH, changes in gastric acid secretion should be taken into consideration.", "contents": "Gastric acid secretion in patients with symptomatic hiatus hernia and effect of a modified Belsey MK IV repair on gastric acid secretion. Fasting, basal, and pentagastrin-stimulated (6 microgram/kg body weight) gastric acid secretion was assessed in 53 patients with radiologically verified sliding hiatus hernia without stricture formation. There was no difference in the acid secretory variables between patients with heartburn and those with heartburn and pain. A study of the acid secretory variables in 34 patients before and 3 months after a modified Belsey MK IV repair for symptomatic hiatus hernia showed that after the repair the pH of basal secretion had risen, and that the volume of basal secretion as well as basal and peak acid output had been reduced. These changes must probably be ascribed to an unintentional vagotomy during the operation. It is concluded that in the evaluation of a surgically established barrier against gastro-oesophageal reflux in terms of oesophageal pH, changes in gastric acid secretion should be taken into consideration."}
{"id": "PMID:882827", "title": "Light and electron microscopical studies of parietal cells before and one year after proximal gastric vagotomy in duodenal ulcer patients.", "content": "In 4 duodenal ulcer patients the morphology of parietal cells has been studied before and one year after proximal gastric vagotomy (PGV). The average basal gastric acid secretion of the 4 patients was reduced from 9.2 m.mol/h before to 0.9 m.mol/h one year after PGV (90% reduction). The reduction in acid secretion was not accompanied by changes in the morphology of the parietal cells. Light microscopical studies indicated that the average cell size was about the same before and one year after PGV. Electron micro scopical studies showed only negligible changes in the parietal cell ultrastructure.", "contents": "Light and electron microscopical studies of parietal cells before and one year after proximal gastric vagotomy in duodenal ulcer patients. In 4 duodenal ulcer patients the morphology of parietal cells has been studied before and one year after proximal gastric vagotomy (PGV). The average basal gastric acid secretion of the 4 patients was reduced from 9.2 m.mol/h before to 0.9 m.mol/h one year after PGV (90% reduction). The reduction in acid secretion was not accompanied by changes in the morphology of the parietal cells. Light microscopical studies indicated that the average cell size was about the same before and one year after PGV. Electron micro scopical studies showed only negligible changes in the parietal cell ultrastructure."}
{"id": "PMID:882828", "title": "Lithogenic index of bile after jejunoileal bypass operation for obesity.", "content": "Lithogenic index of cholecystokinin-stimulated, fasting, duodenal bile was determined in 12 obese patients before and 1-2 months after end-to-side jejunoileal bypass operation, either including 37.5 cm jejunum and 12.5 cm jejunum and 12.5 cm ileum or 12.5 cm jejunum and 37.5 ileum. The index did not change significantly after bypass with short ileum, whereas a four-fold, significant increase was found after bypass with long ileum. Surprisingly, the results may suggest that the lithogenicity of gallbladder bile increases when the length of the functioning ileal, relative to the functioning jejunal, segment in jejunoileal bypass is increased.", "contents": "Lithogenic index of bile after jejunoileal bypass operation for obesity. Lithogenic index of cholecystokinin-stimulated, fasting, duodenal bile was determined in 12 obese patients before and 1-2 months after end-to-side jejunoileal bypass operation, either including 37.5 cm jejunum and 12.5 cm jejunum and 12.5 cm ileum or 12.5 cm jejunum and 37.5 ileum. The index did not change significantly after bypass with short ileum, whereas a four-fold, significant increase was found after bypass with long ileum. Surprisingly, the results may suggest that the lithogenicity of gallbladder bile increases when the length of the functioning ileal, relative to the functioning jejunal, segment in jejunoileal bypass is increased."}
{"id": "PMID:882829", "title": "Transmural ionic fluxes and electrical potential difference in the human jejunum during perfusion with a dihydroxy bile acid.", "content": "Perfusion studies of the proximal jejunum were performed in healthy volunteers to define the influence of glycochenodeoxycholic acid (GCDC) 2.5 mmol/1 on the net movements of water and electrolytes, the bidirectional fluxes of sodium, potassium, and chloride, and the transmural electrical potential difference (PD). The flux data supported the notion that active sodium transport is inhibited by luminal GCDC, which on the other hand elicits active secretion of chloride. PD was 3 +/- 1 mV, lumen negative, and was not influenced by GCDC. The flux data fit a previously proposed model for the GCDC effect.", "contents": "Transmural ionic fluxes and electrical potential difference in the human jejunum during perfusion with a dihydroxy bile acid. Perfusion studies of the proximal jejunum were performed in healthy volunteers to define the influence of glycochenodeoxycholic acid (GCDC) 2.5 mmol/1 on the net movements of water and electrolytes, the bidirectional fluxes of sodium, potassium, and chloride, and the transmural electrical potential difference (PD). The flux data supported the notion that active sodium transport is inhibited by luminal GCDC, which on the other hand elicits active secretion of chloride. PD was 3 +/- 1 mV, lumen negative, and was not influenced by GCDC. The flux data fit a previously proposed model for the GCDC effect."}
{"id": "PMID:882830", "title": "Biochemical gradients in the human gastric and duodenal mucosa in relation to basal acid outputs.", "content": "The separations and measurements of adenine-adenosine, adenosine monophosphate (AMP), adenosine diphosphate (ADP), adenosine triphosphate (ATP), lipid phosphates (lipid-P), ribonucleic acid (RNA) and deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) were carried out in the mucosa of the corpus, antrum, and duodenum of patients with decreased, normal, and increased basal acid outputs (BAO). The results were calculated in correspondence to 1.0 mg DNA value. The results indicate: 1) the biochemical composition of the corpus and antral mucosa alters with increase of BAO; 2) a significant difference was found between the biochemical compositions of the mucosa of the corpus and antrum in patients with normal and increased BAO; 3) no significant difference was observed in the biochemical components of duodenal mucosa with different BAO.", "contents": "Biochemical gradients in the human gastric and duodenal mucosa in relation to basal acid outputs. The separations and measurements of adenine-adenosine, adenosine monophosphate (AMP), adenosine diphosphate (ADP), adenosine triphosphate (ATP), lipid phosphates (lipid-P), ribonucleic acid (RNA) and deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) were carried out in the mucosa of the corpus, antrum, and duodenum of patients with decreased, normal, and increased basal acid outputs (BAO). The results were calculated in correspondence to 1.0 mg DNA value. The results indicate: 1) the biochemical composition of the corpus and antral mucosa alters with increase of BAO; 2) a significant difference was found between the biochemical compositions of the mucosa of the corpus and antrum in patients with normal and increased BAO; 3) no significant difference was observed in the biochemical components of duodenal mucosa with different BAO."}
{"id": "PMID:882831", "title": "Intestinal bypass. A comparison between two different bypass operations and resection of the small intestine in rats.", "content": "General nutrition, intestinal absorption and liver structure and function were compared in rats subjected to: 1) 90 per cent resection of the small intestine, 2) 90 per cent small intestinal bypass with end-to-side jejunoileostomy (ES bypass), and 3) 90 per cent small intestinal bypass with end-to-end jejuno-ileostomy and anastomosis between the excluded segment and the colon (E-E bypass). The E-E bypass group showed the highest mortality rate and the lowest body weight. In this group the haemoglobin concentration, the faecal fat excretion, and the liver function parameters were more abnormal than in resected rats. Rats with E-S bypass showed results in between the other two groups. In none of the animals was fatty infiltration or cirrhosis of the liver observed. It is concluded that intestinal bypass in rats has a more deleterious effect than resection, and this seems to be more pronounced when the excluded segment is anastomosed to the colon. Factors that might be responsible for this effect are discussed.", "contents": "Intestinal bypass. A comparison between two different bypass operations and resection of the small intestine in rats. General nutrition, intestinal absorption and liver structure and function were compared in rats subjected to: 1) 90 per cent resection of the small intestine, 2) 90 per cent small intestinal bypass with end-to-side jejunoileostomy (ES bypass), and 3) 90 per cent small intestinal bypass with end-to-end jejuno-ileostomy and anastomosis between the excluded segment and the colon (E-E bypass). The E-E bypass group showed the highest mortality rate and the lowest body weight. In this group the haemoglobin concentration, the faecal fat excretion, and the liver function parameters were more abnormal than in resected rats. Rats with E-S bypass showed results in between the other two groups. In none of the animals was fatty infiltration or cirrhosis of the liver observed. It is concluded that intestinal bypass in rats has a more deleterious effect than resection, and this seems to be more pronounced when the excluded segment is anastomosed to the colon. Factors that might be responsible for this effect are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:882832", "title": "Heme catabolism in liver cirrhosis with portal hypertension after shunt surgery.", "content": "Endogenous production of carbon monoxide (VCO), total and direct reacting serum bilirubin (TSB, DRB) were determined in 26 patients with liver cirrhosis and portal hypertension to evaluate the effect of various shunt operations on total heme catabolism. The material was divided into 3 groups. In group I, 11 patients not operated upon, mean VCO (+/- S.D.) was 18.4 +/- 6.0 micronmol/mmol total body heme per day (reference value 12.6 +/- 2.9). In group tii, 7 patients operated upon with subcutaneous transposition and a subtotal resection of the spleen, mean VCO (14.4 +/- 4.7) was not significantly raised. In group III, 8 patients operated upon with a modified distal splenorenal shunt, the highest mean VCO (26.1 +/- 9.0) was found. Mean TSB in the three groups was 34.8 +/- 29.2, 11.2 +/- 3.0, and 46.4 +/- 41.0 micronmol/l, respectively, and mean DRB 18.2 +/- 20.8, 3.7 +/- 1.0, and 26.8 +/- 34.1 micronmol/l, respectively. Estimated from preoperative laboratory values there was no difference in liver function between the three groups. The conclusion drawn is that heme catabolism, increased by 50% in liver cirrhosis complicated by portal hypertension probably due to a slight decrease in erythrocyte survival, tends to normalize after subcutaneous transposition and subtotal resection of the spleen. After spleno-renal shunting, on the other hand, a further increase in heme catabolism is seen. And so the increase in serum bilirubin often seen after the latter type of surgery is mainly related to a raised bilirubin production and not to a further decrease in liver function.", "contents": "Heme catabolism in liver cirrhosis with portal hypertension after shunt surgery. Endogenous production of carbon monoxide (VCO), total and direct reacting serum bilirubin (TSB, DRB) were determined in 26 patients with liver cirrhosis and portal hypertension to evaluate the effect of various shunt operations on total heme catabolism. The material was divided into 3 groups. In group I, 11 patients not operated upon, mean VCO (+/- S.D.) was 18.4 +/- 6.0 micronmol/mmol total body heme per day (reference value 12.6 +/- 2.9). In group tii, 7 patients operated upon with subcutaneous transposition and a subtotal resection of the spleen, mean VCO (14.4 +/- 4.7) was not significantly raised. In group III, 8 patients operated upon with a modified distal splenorenal shunt, the highest mean VCO (26.1 +/- 9.0) was found. Mean TSB in the three groups was 34.8 +/- 29.2, 11.2 +/- 3.0, and 46.4 +/- 41.0 micronmol/l, respectively, and mean DRB 18.2 +/- 20.8, 3.7 +/- 1.0, and 26.8 +/- 34.1 micronmol/l, respectively. Estimated from preoperative laboratory values there was no difference in liver function between the three groups. The conclusion drawn is that heme catabolism, increased by 50% in liver cirrhosis complicated by portal hypertension probably due to a slight decrease in erythrocyte survival, tends to normalize after subcutaneous transposition and subtotal resection of the spleen. After spleno-renal shunting, on the other hand, a further increase in heme catabolism is seen. And so the increase in serum bilirubin often seen after the latter type of surgery is mainly related to a raised bilirubin production and not to a further decrease in liver function."}
{"id": "PMID:882833", "title": "Radioimmunossay of secretin in human plasma.", "content": "A radioimmunoassay is presented which employs 125I-labelled synthetic secretin, antibody against synthetic secretin, and standards prepared from pure natural porcine secretin. Secretin to be measured was extracted into methanol from heparinized plasma containing aprotinin, which together with cysteine hydrochloride was used as stabilizer throughout the assay. With polyethylene glycol separation, a within assay precision of 10% at 17 pmol/1 was found. The between assay precision was 15% at 17 pmol/1 and thelimit of detection 2.5 pmol/1 plasma. Accuracy was 70-85%. The immunoreactive secretin levels in human plasma increased from 4.5+/-0.5 pmol/1 (mean+/-S.E.M.) to 19.5+/-7.5 pmol/1 (mean+/-S.E.M.) after duodenal acidification (n=5). Pancreatic flow rate increased from 0.5+/-0.1 ml/min (mean+/-S.E.M.) to 4.8+/-0.5 ml/min (mean+/-S.E.M.), and bicarbonate output from 9.6+/-1.8 mumol/min (mean+/-S.E.M.) to 268+/-51 mumol/min (mean+/-S.E.M.) after duodenal acidification.", "contents": "Radioimmunossay of secretin in human plasma. A radioimmunoassay is presented which employs 125I-labelled synthetic secretin, antibody against synthetic secretin, and standards prepared from pure natural porcine secretin. Secretin to be measured was extracted into methanol from heparinized plasma containing aprotinin, which together with cysteine hydrochloride was used as stabilizer throughout the assay. With polyethylene glycol separation, a within assay precision of 10% at 17 pmol/1 was found. The between assay precision was 15% at 17 pmol/1 and thelimit of detection 2.5 pmol/1 plasma. Accuracy was 70-85%. The immunoreactive secretin levels in human plasma increased from 4.5+/-0.5 pmol/1 (mean+/-S.E.M.) to 19.5+/-7.5 pmol/1 (mean+/-S.E.M.) after duodenal acidification (n=5). Pancreatic flow rate increased from 0.5+/-0.1 ml/min (mean+/-S.E.M.) to 4.8+/-0.5 ml/min (mean+/-S.E.M.), and bicarbonate output from 9.6+/-1.8 mumol/min (mean+/-S.E.M.) to 268+/-51 mumol/min (mean+/-S.E.M.) after duodenal acidification."}
{"id": "PMID:882834", "title": "Prognosis of medically treated gastric ulcer. A prospective endoscopic study.", "content": "During the study period 1972-74 gastric ulcer was demonstrated by endoscopy in 114 patients, 54 of whom were included in the present study. Forty-two were excluded because of ulcer showing incipient healing, superficial erosions, manifest or suspected malignancy, or indication for surgery. Eighteen patients were not included because of advanced age, complicating diseases, or refusal to have further examinations. The study comprises a treatment phase and a follow-up phase. The treatment phase ran from the first encoscopic demonstration of gastric ulcer until complete healing. During this period the patient was treated with antacids and anticholinergics and, if required by his condition, admission to hospital. During the treatment phase, endoscopy was performed at intervals of from 3 to 6 weeks until healing. During the follow-up phase endoscopy was carried out in the event of dyspeptic complaints that might indicate recurrent ulcer. The healing and recurrence rates for various periods were calculated by the aid of the life-table method. After 1 mo. of treatment 13% of the aptients exhibited healing, after 2 mo. 29%, after 3 mo. 41%, and after 12 mo. 79%. In one month 9% of the primarily healed ulcers had recurred, in 2 mo. 15%, in 3 mo. 22%, and in 12 mo. 43%. The healing rate is appreciably lower than results reported in the literature, whereas the recurrence rate is in closer accordance with previous studies.", "contents": "Prognosis of medically treated gastric ulcer. A prospective endoscopic study. During the study period 1972-74 gastric ulcer was demonstrated by endoscopy in 114 patients, 54 of whom were included in the present study. Forty-two were excluded because of ulcer showing incipient healing, superficial erosions, manifest or suspected malignancy, or indication for surgery. Eighteen patients were not included because of advanced age, complicating diseases, or refusal to have further examinations. The study comprises a treatment phase and a follow-up phase. The treatment phase ran from the first encoscopic demonstration of gastric ulcer until complete healing. During this period the patient was treated with antacids and anticholinergics and, if required by his condition, admission to hospital. During the treatment phase, endoscopy was performed at intervals of from 3 to 6 weeks until healing. During the follow-up phase endoscopy was carried out in the event of dyspeptic complaints that might indicate recurrent ulcer. The healing and recurrence rates for various periods were calculated by the aid of the life-table method. After 1 mo. of treatment 13% of the aptients exhibited healing, after 2 mo. 29%, after 3 mo. 41%, and after 12 mo. 79%. In one month 9% of the primarily healed ulcers had recurred, in 2 mo. 15%, in 3 mo. 22%, and in 12 mo. 43%. The healing rate is appreciably lower than results reported in the literature, whereas the recurrence rate is in closer accordance with previous studies."}
{"id": "PMID:882835", "title": "Serum erythropoietin in myelomatosis.", "content": "Erythropoietin activity in serum was measured using 59Fe incorporation into erythrocytes in protein-starved, hypoxic mice.  The activity in serum from 20 patients with untreated myelomatosis was not significantly different from that in 31 saline controls. Only three patients had detectable erythropoietin levels in serum: 0.24 IU/ml, 0.27 IU/ml and 0.50 IU/ml (standard B), respectively. The venous haematocrit was correlated positively with the glomerular filtration rate as measured by 51Cr EDTA-clearance. No correlation could be established between venous haematocrit and serum albumin or serum transferrin. The results are in agreement with the assumption of a defective erythropoietin activity due to renal failure in myelomatosis.", "contents": "Serum erythropoietin in myelomatosis. Erythropoietin activity in serum was measured using 59Fe incorporation into erythrocytes in protein-starved, hypoxic mice.  The activity in serum from 20 patients with untreated myelomatosis was not significantly different from that in 31 saline controls. Only three patients had detectable erythropoietin levels in serum: 0.24 IU/ml, 0.27 IU/ml and 0.50 IU/ml (standard B), respectively. The venous haematocrit was correlated positively with the glomerular filtration rate as measured by 51Cr EDTA-clearance. No correlation could be established between venous haematocrit and serum albumin or serum transferrin. The results are in agreement with the assumption of a defective erythropoietin activity due to renal failure in myelomatosis."}
{"id": "PMID:882836", "title": "Erythrocytic glutathione peroxidase: its relationship to plasma selenium in man.", "content": "Erythrocytic glutathione-peroxidase (GSH-Px) activity and plasma selenium concentrations were measured in 14 patients: 7 with iron deficiency and 7 with raised serum iron levels. The decreased enzymatic activity in iron deficiency was confirmed. Plasma selenium was significantly lower in patients with lower serum iron; furthermore there is a significant correlation between serum iron and plasma selenium concentrations. Another correlation even more significant was found between plasma selenium and enzyme activity in all the cases we studied. These data suggests that the importance of iron for GSH-Px activity may be merely due to its relationship with selenium and that plasma selenium concentration may be of critical importance for enzyme activity.", "contents": "Erythrocytic glutathione peroxidase: its relationship to plasma selenium in man. Erythrocytic glutathione-peroxidase (GSH-Px) activity and plasma selenium concentrations were measured in 14 patients: 7 with iron deficiency and 7 with raised serum iron levels. The decreased enzymatic activity in iron deficiency was confirmed. Plasma selenium was significantly lower in patients with lower serum iron; furthermore there is a significant correlation between serum iron and plasma selenium concentrations. Another correlation even more significant was found between plasma selenium and enzyme activity in all the cases we studied. These data suggests that the importance of iron for GSH-Px activity may be merely due to its relationship with selenium and that plasma selenium concentration may be of critical importance for enzyme activity."}
{"id": "PMID:882837", "title": "Cell kinetics in human cyclic neutropenia.", "content": "Cell kinetics have been studied at several periods in a patient with typical cyclic neutropenia. Peripheral blood granulocyte labelling showed an increased destruction in the preleucopenic phase. Bone marrow colony-forming cells and blood leucocyte colony forming activity were normal or above the normal range. The major abnormalities were found in sequential studies of bone marrow proliferation measured by \"in vitro\" 3H-thymidine flash labelling. A fall in the labelling index of promyelocytes was observed in the second part of the cycle. Incubation of normal human bone marrow cells with patient's granulocytes showed a marked decrease in 3H-thymidine incorporation, compared with incubation with the same number of normal granulocytes. Human cyclic neutropenia seems to be due to a factor secreted by abnormal polymorphonuclears inhibiting myeloid proliferation.", "contents": "Cell kinetics in human cyclic neutropenia. Cell kinetics have been studied at several periods in a patient with typical cyclic neutropenia. Peripheral blood granulocyte labelling showed an increased destruction in the preleucopenic phase. Bone marrow colony-forming cells and blood leucocyte colony forming activity were normal or above the normal range. The major abnormalities were found in sequential studies of bone marrow proliferation measured by \"in vitro\" 3H-thymidine flash labelling. A fall in the labelling index of promyelocytes was observed in the second part of the cycle. Incubation of normal human bone marrow cells with patient's granulocytes showed a marked decrease in 3H-thymidine incorporation, compared with incubation with the same number of normal granulocytes. Human cyclic neutropenia seems to be due to a factor secreted by abnormal polymorphonuclears inhibiting myeloid proliferation."}
{"id": "PMID:882838", "title": "An electron microscope study of the intercellular contacts between the erythroblasts of patients with hypersiderotic bone marrows.", "content": "When stained and unstained sections of hypersiderotic marrow fragments are examined in the electron microscope, some of the ferritin molecules present between a variable proportion of the erythroblasts are found to be aligned more or less transversely. These linearly arranged ferritin molecules are particularly evident in regions in which the opposing cell membranes have been sectioned obliquely and may be confused with the septa-containing intercellular junctions characteristically present between some types of invertebrate epithelial cells.", "contents": "An electron microscope study of the intercellular contacts between the erythroblasts of patients with hypersiderotic bone marrows. When stained and unstained sections of hypersiderotic marrow fragments are examined in the electron microscope, some of the ferritin molecules present between a variable proportion of the erythroblasts are found to be aligned more or less transversely. These linearly arranged ferritin molecules are particularly evident in regions in which the opposing cell membranes have been sectioned obliquely and may be confused with the septa-containing intercellular junctions characteristically present between some types of invertebrate epithelial cells."}
{"id": "PMID:882839", "title": "Cytochalasin B partially inhibits the oxalate-induced radial segmentation of mononucleated blood cells.", "content": "Cytochalasin B (CB), 5 microgram/ml (= 1.0 x 10(-5) M), inhibited the oxalate-induced radial segmentation of the nuclei of lymphocytes and monocytes from peripheral blood. The median inhibition was 60%. The oxalate-induced radial segmentation (RS) is thought to be due to a microtubule-dependent contraction of the intermitotic residue of the mitotic apparatus around the nucleus. CB is thought to inhibit cell locomotion and cytokinesis by a centripetal contraction of the membrane-associated contractile cell layer without subsequent relaxation. It is thus suggested that the CB inhibition of the oxalate-induced RS was due to a spatial interference of the CB-induced contraction with the formation of RS nuclei.", "contents": "Cytochalasin B partially inhibits the oxalate-induced radial segmentation of mononucleated blood cells. Cytochalasin B (CB), 5 microgram/ml (= 1.0 x 10(-5) M), inhibited the oxalate-induced radial segmentation of the nuclei of lymphocytes and monocytes from peripheral blood. The median inhibition was 60%. The oxalate-induced radial segmentation (RS) is thought to be due to a microtubule-dependent contraction of the intermitotic residue of the mitotic apparatus around the nucleus. CB is thought to inhibit cell locomotion and cytokinesis by a centripetal contraction of the membrane-associated contractile cell layer without subsequent relaxation. It is thus suggested that the CB inhibition of the oxalate-induced RS was due to a spatial interference of the CB-induced contraction with the formation of RS nuclei."}
{"id": "PMID:882840", "title": "Cell culture studies in 19 cases of refractory aneamia: comparison of clinical data with in vivo erythrokinetic studies.", "content": "A total of 19 cases of chronic refractory anaemia underwent simultaneous in vivo erythrokinetic study and in vitro bone marrow culture. They were followed up clinically for at least 2 years. Good correlation has been found between erythrokinetic data (simultaneous quantitative and qualitative disorders of erythroblastic proliferation in preleukaemic states; pure qualitative disorders in primary sideroblastic anaemia) and the results of culture of granulocyte precursors in the bone marrow (small number of colonies, reduced size of colonies in preleukaemic states; normal number and growth in non malignant refractory anaemia). It would seem thus that both examinations are of practical interest in clinical haematology, making it possible to foresee the malignant evolution of some refractory anaemias.", "contents": "Cell culture studies in 19 cases of refractory aneamia: comparison of clinical data with in vivo erythrokinetic studies. A total of 19 cases of chronic refractory anaemia underwent simultaneous in vivo erythrokinetic study and in vitro bone marrow culture. They were followed up clinically for at least 2 years. Good correlation has been found between erythrokinetic data (simultaneous quantitative and qualitative disorders of erythroblastic proliferation in preleukaemic states; pure qualitative disorders in primary sideroblastic anaemia) and the results of culture of granulocyte precursors in the bone marrow (small number of colonies, reduced size of colonies in preleukaemic states; normal number and growth in non malignant refractory anaemia). It would seem thus that both examinations are of practical interest in clinical haematology, making it possible to foresee the malignant evolution of some refractory anaemias."}
{"id": "PMID:882841", "title": "Acquired stomatocytosis: its prevalence of significance in routine haematology.", "content": "100 patients showing a significant number of stomatocytes were identified from the microscopic examination of 4291 peripheral blood films. The distinctive red cell appearance was most commonly found in patients with neoplastic, cardiovascular or hepatobiliary disease including acute alcoholism and during therapy with certain drugs some of which are known to be stomatocytogenic in vitro.", "contents": "Acquired stomatocytosis: its prevalence of significance in routine haematology. 100 patients showing a significant number of stomatocytes were identified from the microscopic examination of 4291 peripheral blood films. The distinctive red cell appearance was most commonly found in patients with neoplastic, cardiovascular or hepatobiliary disease including acute alcoholism and during therapy with certain drugs some of which are known to be stomatocytogenic in vitro."}
{"id": "PMID:882842", "title": "Autoimmune haemolytic anaemias in Thailand.", "content": "100 cases of autoimmune haemolytic anaemias (AIHA) in Thailand were analyzed. Clinical and immunological aspects of the disease were compared with those described in other parts of the world. Racial differences, especially between Thais and Caucasian, were emphasized. Thai patients show the following distinctions: (1) AIHA tends to occur in people of a younger age group, predominantly in females, (2) a rare occurrence of AIHA of cold-antibody type, an incidence which significantly differs from that in Caucasians, and (3) the autoantibodies consist of more than one immunoglobulin class in more than 50% of cases. Possible factors that might contribute to these differences were discussed.", "contents": "Autoimmune haemolytic anaemias in Thailand. 100 cases of autoimmune haemolytic anaemias (AIHA) in Thailand were analyzed. Clinical and immunological aspects of the disease were compared with those described in other parts of the world. Racial differences, especially between Thais and Caucasian, were emphasized. Thai patients show the following distinctions: (1) AIHA tends to occur in people of a younger age group, predominantly in females, (2) a rare occurrence of AIHA of cold-antibody type, an incidence which significantly differs from that in Caucasians, and (3) the autoantibodies consist of more than one immunoglobulin class in more than 50% of cases. Possible factors that might contribute to these differences were discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:882843", "title": "Effects of acute myocardial ischaemia on platelet aggregation in the coronary sinus and aorta in dogs.", "content": "The effect of an acute myocardial ischaemia on circulating platelet aggregates (CPA) in the coronary sinus and aorta was studied in open chest dogs. Even before induction of myocardial ischaemia significantly more CPA were found in the coronary sinus than in the aorta. Acute myocardial ischaemia produced by a non-thrombotic coronary artery occlusion increased CPA in coronary sinus, but not in aorta. Administration of acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) reduced the extent of the myocardial ischaemia as evidenced by reduced ST-segment elevations in epicardial ECG. Before induction of myocardial ischaemia, ASA significantly reduced CPA in coronary sinus, but no significant effect was observed during myocardial ischaemia. In the aorta no effect of ASA on CPA was found.", "contents": "Effects of acute myocardial ischaemia on platelet aggregation in the coronary sinus and aorta in dogs. The effect of an acute myocardial ischaemia on circulating platelet aggregates (CPA) in the coronary sinus and aorta was studied in open chest dogs. Even before induction of myocardial ischaemia significantly more CPA were found in the coronary sinus than in the aorta. Acute myocardial ischaemia produced by a non-thrombotic coronary artery occlusion increased CPA in coronary sinus, but not in aorta. Administration of acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) reduced the extent of the myocardial ischaemia as evidenced by reduced ST-segment elevations in epicardial ECG. Before induction of myocardial ischaemia, ASA significantly reduced CPA in coronary sinus, but no significant effect was observed during myocardial ischaemia. In the aorta no effect of ASA on CPA was found."}
{"id": "PMID:882844", "title": "Polycythaemia and erythropoietin producing uterine fibromyoma.", "content": "A case of polycythaemia secondary to uterine fibromyoma is reported. Polycythaemia disappeared after hysterectomy. Erythropoietic activity was detected in the cyst fluid of the tumour. Plasma and urine contained no erythropoietic factor. Polycythaemia was related to erythropoietinlike material produced by the tumour.", "contents": "Polycythaemia and erythropoietin producing uterine fibromyoma. A case of polycythaemia secondary to uterine fibromyoma is reported. Polycythaemia disappeared after hysterectomy. Erythropoietic activity was detected in the cyst fluid of the tumour. Plasma and urine contained no erythropoietic factor. Polycythaemia was related to erythropoietinlike material produced by the tumour."}
{"id": "PMID:882845", "title": "Time-related increase in leucocyte yields by continuous-flow centrifugation (CFC) leukopheresis.", "content": "Continuous flow centrifugation leukopheresis lasting 3 to 4 h was performed 18 times on 16 normal donors. The total yield of leucocytes collected was 1.59 +/- 0.14 x 10(10) (mean +/- SE). Comparison of leucocyte yields on the first, second, third and fourth hour of leukopheresis indicated a progressive increase with time in 15 out of 18 procedures, with 3.6 times more leucocytes collected within the last hour of leukophoresis as compared to the first hour. This increase was independent of the volume of leucocytes collected per unit time, since an equally significant increase was found when calculated per 100 ml of leucocyte concentrate. Although the mechanism of this improvement in yield with time is unknown, the present data indicate, that moderate prolongation of the duration of leukopheresis may result in an increase in efficiency which is comparable to that produced by the use of hydroxyethyl starch, etiocholanolone or corticosteroids.", "contents": "Time-related increase in leucocyte yields by continuous-flow centrifugation (CFC) leukopheresis. Continuous flow centrifugation leukopheresis lasting 3 to 4 h was performed 18 times on 16 normal donors. The total yield of leucocytes collected was 1.59 +/- 0.14 x 10(10) (mean +/- SE). Comparison of leucocyte yields on the first, second, third and fourth hour of leukopheresis indicated a progressive increase with time in 15 out of 18 procedures, with 3.6 times more leucocytes collected within the last hour of leukophoresis as compared to the first hour. This increase was independent of the volume of leucocytes collected per unit time, since an equally significant increase was found when calculated per 100 ml of leucocyte concentrate. Although the mechanism of this improvement in yield with time is unknown, the present data indicate, that moderate prolongation of the duration of leukopheresis may result in an increase in efficiency which is comparable to that produced by the use of hydroxyethyl starch, etiocholanolone or corticosteroids."}
{"id": "PMID:882846", "title": "Sickle-cell anaemia in Turkey. Evaluation of 97 cases (with parents' findings).", "content": "The haematological and clinical data in 97 sickle-cell anaemia cases and haematological findings of their parents are reported. In spite of the low Hb values of the patients, they tolerated their anaemia and very rarely required blood transfusions. The Hb F levels of the patients were in general higher than African origin SS anaemia patients but lower than the Shiite Saudi Arabians. However, in most of the cases the concentration of Hb F did not seem to influence the Hb concentration of the patients. Serum iron was found unexpectedly decreased in 22% of the patients. Osmotic fragility was found decreased in 100% of the patients and in 83.5% of the parents. The prevalence of G-6-PD deficiency was 21.2% in male patients and 15.6% in the parents.", "contents": "Sickle-cell anaemia in Turkey. Evaluation of 97 cases (with parents' findings). The haematological and clinical data in 97 sickle-cell anaemia cases and haematological findings of their parents are reported. In spite of the low Hb values of the patients, they tolerated their anaemia and very rarely required blood transfusions. The Hb F levels of the patients were in general higher than African origin SS anaemia patients but lower than the Shiite Saudi Arabians. However, in most of the cases the concentration of Hb F did not seem to influence the Hb concentration of the patients. Serum iron was found unexpectedly decreased in 22% of the patients. Osmotic fragility was found decreased in 100% of the patients and in 83.5% of the parents. The prevalence of G-6-PD deficiency was 21.2% in male patients and 15.6% in the parents."}
{"id": "PMID:882847", "title": "Enhancing effect of levamisole on the phagocytic activity of human neutrophil polymorphonuclear leucocytes in vitro.", "content": "The effect of levamisole on the phagocytic activity of normal human polymorphonuclear neutrophil leucocytes has been studied in vitro. In concentrations comparable with the serum levels obtained in treatment with levamisole perorally, the engulfment of  heat-killed yeast cells is moderately but significantly increased. It is shown that levamisole can only stimulate phagocytosis of adequately opsonized particles. The action of the drug is still unknown but appears to be directly linked to the phagocytic cell.", "contents": "Enhancing effect of levamisole on the phagocytic activity of human neutrophil polymorphonuclear leucocytes in vitro. The effect of levamisole on the phagocytic activity of normal human polymorphonuclear neutrophil leucocytes has been studied in vitro. In concentrations comparable with the serum levels obtained in treatment with levamisole perorally, the engulfment of  heat-killed yeast cells is moderately but significantly increased. It is shown that levamisole can only stimulate phagocytosis of adequately opsonized particles. The action of the drug is still unknown but appears to be directly linked to the phagocytic cell."}
{"id": "PMID:882848", "title": "Flaming promyelocytes in acute hypergranular promyelocytic leukaemia. Light and electron microscopic study.", "content": "Flaming in the peripheral parts of promyelocytes was seen in 3 out of 4 patients with acute hypergranular promyelocytic leukaemia. In one of these patients (ER) the flaming was quite marked, and electron microscopy showed the flaming to correspond to greatly dilated cisternae of the RER.", "contents": "Flaming promyelocytes in acute hypergranular promyelocytic leukaemia. Light and electron microscopic study. Flaming in the peripheral parts of promyelocytes was seen in 3 out of 4 patients with acute hypergranular promyelocytic leukaemia. In one of these patients (ER) the flaming was quite marked, and electron microscopy showed the flaming to correspond to greatly dilated cisternae of the RER."}
{"id": "PMID:882849", "title": "Map order of the linkage group GLO-Bf-HLA-A-PGM3 on human chromosome 6.", "content": "Linkage analysis of 52 families with 181 children confirms close linkage for GLO-Bf, GLO-HLA-A, and Bf-HLA-A and proves linkage between HLA-A and PGM3. Linkage for Bf-PGM3 and GLO-PGM3, respectively, seems to be likely; close linkage can be excluded. From the relative map distances, but above all from the segregation of defined linkage phases in crossover families, we can hypothesize that the sequence order of the loci should be GLO-Bf-HLA-A-PGM3.", "contents": "Map order of the linkage group GLO-Bf-HLA-A-PGM3 on human chromosome 6. Linkage analysis of 52 families with 181 children confirms close linkage for GLO-Bf, GLO-HLA-A, and Bf-HLA-A and proves linkage between HLA-A and PGM3. Linkage for Bf-PGM3 and GLO-PGM3, respectively, seems to be likely; close linkage can be excluded. From the relative map distances, but above all from the segregation of defined linkage phases in crossover families, we can hypothesize that the sequence order of the loci should be GLO-Bf-HLA-A-PGM3."}
{"id": "PMID:882850", "title": "Three-point association of HLA-A,B,Bf haplotypes deduced in 200 parents of 100 families.", "content": "The association of HLA-A and -B antigens with Bf alleles was investigated in 200 parents from 100 unrelated families. There were significant associations between HLA-A3 and Bf-F, B7 and Bf-S, B8 and Bf-S, B12 and Bf-F, and BW 35 and Bf-F. Three-point HLA-A,B,Bf haplotype frequencies, linkage disequilibrium parameters, and chi-square values were determined both from the genotype and from the phenotype data. Although the HLA-B,Bf associations involve antigens that are also present in the highly associated A,B and B,D haplotypes of the Caucasian population, there was--with the possible exception of HLA-A3,B7,Bf-S--no significant three-point association for HLA-A,B,Bf.", "contents": "Three-point association of HLA-A,B,Bf haplotypes deduced in 200 parents of 100 families. The association of HLA-A and -B antigens with Bf alleles was investigated in 200 parents from 100 unrelated families. There were significant associations between HLA-A3 and Bf-F, B7 and Bf-S, B8 and Bf-S, B12 and Bf-F, and BW 35 and Bf-F. Three-point HLA-A,B,Bf haplotype frequencies, linkage disequilibrium parameters, and chi-square values were determined both from the genotype and from the phenotype data. Although the HLA-B,Bf associations involve antigens that are also present in the highly associated A,B and B,D haplotypes of the Caucasian population, there was--with the possible exception of HLA-A3,B7,Bf-S--no significant three-point association for HLA-A,B,Bf."}
{"id": "PMID:882851", "title": "Responses of alloantigen-primed lymphocytes in vitro. The specificity of secondary responses assayed by titration of primed lymphocyte populations.", "content": "Maximal proliferative responses were observed at lower responder cell densities in alloantigen-primed lymphocyte populations when restimulated with the specific priming cell than when restimulated with other allogeneic cells. This relationship was due to the larger number of lymphocytes within the primed population which responded to the specific sensitizing cell than to unrelated stimulator cells. As a result, at high responder cell densities, stimulator cells unrelated to the specific sensitizing cells elicited a disproportionately high response relative to the response stimulated by the specific cells. Restimulation of decreasing numpacity of different cells. Because primed populations contain a larger number of lymphocytes that responde to the specific stimulator than to other stimulators, responses of primed lymphocytes could be made operationally monospecific. Limiting dilution analysis demonstrated that low numbers of primed cells were stimulated by the specific sensitizing cells but not by unrelated stimulator cells.", "contents": "Responses of alloantigen-primed lymphocytes in vitro. The specificity of secondary responses assayed by titration of primed lymphocyte populations. Maximal proliferative responses were observed at lower responder cell densities in alloantigen-primed lymphocyte populations when restimulated with the specific priming cell than when restimulated with other allogeneic cells. This relationship was due to the larger number of lymphocytes within the primed population which responded to the specific sensitizing cell than to unrelated stimulator cells. As a result, at high responder cell densities, stimulator cells unrelated to the specific sensitizing cells elicited a disproportionately high response relative to the response stimulated by the specific cells. Restimulation of decreasing numpacity of different cells. Because primed populations contain a larger number of lymphocytes that responde to the specific stimulator than to other stimulators, responses of primed lymphocytes could be made operationally monospecific. Limiting dilution analysis demonstrated that low numbers of primed cells were stimulated by the specific sensitizing cells but not by unrelated stimulator cells."}
{"id": "PMID:882852", "title": "Clinically occult lung cancer with positive sputum cytology and primarily negative radiological findings.", "content": "Five  patients with early clinically occult squamous cell carcinoma of the bronchus were reviewed with respect to previous sputum cytological examinations and clinical investigations. In one patient, selective bronchial washings demonstrated the site of the tumour and the patient was successfully operated. In the remaining four patients the interval between cytological diagnosis and radiological, bronchoscopical and/or histological demonstration of the tumour varied between 2 months and 9 years. It seems possible that the duration of bronchogenic carcinoma in situ may be of similar magnitude as that of carcinoma in situ of the cervix (10-15 years). The considerably higher frequency of early stromal invasion after semi-serial sectioning of carcinoma in situ of the bronchus compared with carcinoma in situ of the cervix is emphasized. The results stress that a diagnostic delay of several years is not acceptable, as the possibility of successful treatment will be greatly diminished in such cases.", "contents": "Clinically occult lung cancer with positive sputum cytology and primarily negative radiological findings. Five  patients with early clinically occult squamous cell carcinoma of the bronchus were reviewed with respect to previous sputum cytological examinations and clinical investigations. In one patient, selective bronchial washings demonstrated the site of the tumour and the patient was successfully operated. In the remaining four patients the interval between cytological diagnosis and radiological, bronchoscopical and/or histological demonstration of the tumour varied between 2 months and 9 years. It seems possible that the duration of bronchogenic carcinoma in situ may be of similar magnitude as that of carcinoma in situ of the cervix (10-15 years). The considerably higher frequency of early stromal invasion after semi-serial sectioning of carcinoma in situ of the bronchus compared with carcinoma in situ of the cervix is emphasized. The results stress that a diagnostic delay of several years is not acceptable, as the possibility of successful treatment will be greatly diminished in such cases."}
{"id": "PMID:882853", "title": "Haemodynamics and pulmonary wedge angiography findings in chronic bronchopulmonary disease.", "content": "Pulmonary wedge angiograms were compared with haemodynamic measurements at rest and during light exercise in 47 patients with chronic bronchopulmonary disease. The patients were divided into two groups on the basis of the angiograms. In group I (26 patients) less than 50% of the angiograms were abnormal, whilst in group II (21 patients) more than 50% of angiograms were abnormal. Pulmonary artery pressure and pulmonary vascular resistance were lower in group I than in group II and these differences became more marked during exercise. The pulmonary wedge pressure increased significantly on exercise in group II. Similarly, driving pressure in relation to cardiac output increased more from rest to exercise in group II than in group I. We conclude that wedge angiograms are one way to estimate the reduction in the pulmonary vascular bed.", "contents": "Haemodynamics and pulmonary wedge angiography findings in chronic bronchopulmonary disease. Pulmonary wedge angiograms were compared with haemodynamic measurements at rest and during light exercise in 47 patients with chronic bronchopulmonary disease. The patients were divided into two groups on the basis of the angiograms. In group I (26 patients) less than 50% of the angiograms were abnormal, whilst in group II (21 patients) more than 50% of angiograms were abnormal. Pulmonary artery pressure and pulmonary vascular resistance were lower in group I than in group II and these differences became more marked during exercise. The pulmonary wedge pressure increased significantly on exercise in group II. Similarly, driving pressure in relation to cardiac output increased more from rest to exercise in group II than in group I. We conclude that wedge angiograms are one way to estimate the reduction in the pulmonary vascular bed."}
{"id": "PMID:882855", "title": "Chronic respiratory disease, smoking and prognosis for life. An epidemiological study.", "content": "A population group, comprising 653 men and 823 women aged 40-64 years, was surveyed in 1961 to determine the prevalence of chronic respiratory disease. Questionnaire, simple spirometry and thoracic radiography were used. The 10-year mortality of the population has been related to the initial findings. After standardization for age and smoking, men in each of the disease or symptom groups had a higher risk of dying during the 10-year period than men without lung disease; for the total group of men with chronic non-specific lung disease (CNSLD) the standardized risk ratio was 1.3. After standardization for age and presence of CNSLD, men in all smoking groups had a higher risk of dying than male non-smokers. For the total before the age of 15 therisk was 4.1-fold. When men with and without CNSLD were analysed separtely in different smoking groups, the excess mortality of men with CNSLD varied from 10 to 110% (risk ratios from 1.1 to 2.1), being highest among the heaviest smokers. In men without lung disease, the smokers had a 1.8-fold mortality as compared with non-smokers. In women, the CNSLD did not increase mortality, but in female smokers the risk of dying was roughly twice that of female non-smokers although the difference was not significant. It appears from the findings that, as far as the prognosis for life is concerned in the male population surveyed, smoking is more important than CNSLD. The effect of CNSLD seemed to be stronger in men who smoked at least 25 g of tobacco daily, than in men who smoked less. The ex-smokers resembled non-smokers more than smokers in mortality experience which suggests that the deleterious effects of smoking may disappear after smoking has been discontinued.", "contents": "Chronic respiratory disease, smoking and prognosis for life. An epidemiological study. A population group, comprising 653 men and 823 women aged 40-64 years, was surveyed in 1961 to determine the prevalence of chronic respiratory disease. Questionnaire, simple spirometry and thoracic radiography were used. The 10-year mortality of the population has been related to the initial findings. After standardization for age and smoking, men in each of the disease or symptom groups had a higher risk of dying during the 10-year period than men without lung disease; for the total group of men with chronic non-specific lung disease (CNSLD) the standardized risk ratio was 1.3. After standardization for age and presence of CNSLD, men in all smoking groups had a higher risk of dying than male non-smokers. For the total before the age of 15 therisk was 4.1-fold. When men with and without CNSLD were analysed separtely in different smoking groups, the excess mortality of men with CNSLD varied from 10 to 110% (risk ratios from 1.1 to 2.1), being highest among the heaviest smokers. In men without lung disease, the smokers had a 1.8-fold mortality as compared with non-smokers. In women, the CNSLD did not increase mortality, but in female smokers the risk of dying was roughly twice that of female non-smokers although the difference was not significant. It appears from the findings that, as far as the prognosis for life is concerned in the male population surveyed, smoking is more important than CNSLD. The effect of CNSLD seemed to be stronger in men who smoked at least 25 g of tobacco daily, than in men who smoked less. The ex-smokers resembled non-smokers more than smokers in mortality experience which suggests that the deleterious effects of smoking may disappear after smoking has been discontinued."}
{"id": "PMID:882856", "title": "NBT-test in asthmatic patients with regard to bacterial infections and steroid therapy.", "content": "In this communication we report our negative experience in differentiating bacterially infected from non-infected adult asthmatic patients, using a simplified modification of the NBT-test. The outcome of the test was unrelated to the steroid dose of the patient.", "contents": "NBT-test in asthmatic patients with regard to bacterial infections and steroid therapy. In this communication we report our negative experience in differentiating bacterially infected from non-infected adult asthmatic patients, using a simplified modification of the NBT-test. The outcome of the test was unrelated to the steroid dose of the patient."}
{"id": "PMID:882857", "title": "Human urinary excretion of the herbicide 2-methyl-4-chloropheno xyacetic acid.", "content": "To see if urinary 2-methyl-4-chlorophenoxyacetic acid (MCPA) excretion could be used to estimate MCPA exposure, four healthy males ingested 5 mg MCPA. The MCPA in the urine was extracted and anlyzed by high pressure liquid chromatography. About 50% of the ingested dose was detected in the urine within 48 h. On the fifth day after intake the MCPA concentration in the urine was below the level of detection, 0.2 microgram/ml. The MCPA did not increase those serum enzymes indicating liver cell damage (S-alanine-aminotransferase, S-alkaline-phosphate). Some creatine kinase (CK) and S-aspartate-aminotransferase (ASAT) values were pathological, but, as all CK values were normal in two persons and all ASAT values were normal in three persons, it not likely that MCPA had a toxic effect on muscle cells. MCPA in urine seems to be a useful indicator of MCPA intake in humans. All the urine passed within 48 h of MCPA exposure must be collected.", "contents": "Human urinary excretion of the herbicide 2-methyl-4-chloropheno xyacetic acid. To see if urinary 2-methyl-4-chlorophenoxyacetic acid (MCPA) excretion could be used to estimate MCPA exposure, four healthy males ingested 5 mg MCPA. The MCPA in the urine was extracted and anlyzed by high pressure liquid chromatography. About 50% of the ingested dose was detected in the urine within 48 h. On the fifth day after intake the MCPA concentration in the urine was below the level of detection, 0.2 microgram/ml. The MCPA did not increase those serum enzymes indicating liver cell damage (S-alanine-aminotransferase, S-alkaline-phosphate). Some creatine kinase (CK) and S-aspartate-aminotransferase (ASAT) values were pathological, but, as all CK values were normal in two persons and all ASAT values were normal in three persons, it not likely that MCPA had a toxic effect on muscle cells. MCPA in urine seems to be a useful indicator of MCPA intake in humans. All the urine passed within 48 h of MCPA exposure must be collected."}
{"id": "PMID:882858", "title": "Brain and blood lead in acute intoxication.", "content": "Administering lead acetate in drinking water to adult male rats resulted in an elevated lead content in blood and brain during 11 subsequent days. The brain and blood lead contents were proportional to each other although the interdependency changed according to the cumulative dose and equilibration period. The present data indicate that the permeability of the blood-brain barrier towards inorganic lead may be dose-dependent and saturable with high doses of the metal.", "contents": "Brain and blood lead in acute intoxication. Administering lead acetate in drinking water to adult male rats resulted in an elevated lead content in blood and brain during 11 subsequent days. The brain and blood lead contents were proportional to each other although the interdependency changed according to the cumulative dose and equilibration period. The present data indicate that the permeability of the blood-brain barrier towards inorganic lead may be dose-dependent and saturable with high doses of the metal."}
{"id": "PMID:882860", "title": "Proposed biological threshold limit values for industrial exposure to trichloroethylene vapor.", "content": "A model was used for the simulation of the pharmacokinetics of inhaled trichloroethylene (TRI) vapor. Computed data of TRI in alveolar air and of trichloroacetic acid (TCA) and trichloroethanol (TCE) in blood and urine agreed satisfactorily with experimental results obtained by various authors. Biological threshold limit values were calculated for subjects exposed at rest to a steady concentration of 100 ppm of TRI in ambient air, between 0800 and 1200 and between 1300 and 1700, five days week during the whole year. The Monday to Friday range of values for urinary excretion (243--322 mg of TCA/24 h and 288--429 mg of TCE/24 h) roughly corresponded to the findings of several surveys among TRI workers in industry. The hypnotic effect of TCE and/or TRI during steady or fluctuating industrial TRI exposure was discussed with the aid of the model.", "contents": "Proposed biological threshold limit values for industrial exposure to trichloroethylene vapor. A model was used for the simulation of the pharmacokinetics of inhaled trichloroethylene (TRI) vapor. Computed data of TRI in alveolar air and of trichloroacetic acid (TCA) and trichloroethanol (TCE) in blood and urine agreed satisfactorily with experimental results obtained by various authors. Biological threshold limit values were calculated for subjects exposed at rest to a steady concentration of 100 ppm of TRI in ambient air, between 0800 and 1200 and between 1300 and 1700, five days week during the whole year. The Monday to Friday range of values for urinary excretion (243--322 mg of TCA/24 h and 288--429 mg of TCE/24 h) roughly corresponded to the findings of several surveys among TRI workers in industry. The hypnotic effect of TCE and/or TRI during steady or fluctuating industrial TRI exposure was discussed with the aid of the model."}
{"id": "PMID:882863", "title": "[Hairy-cell leukemia with osteolytic bone changes].", "content": "Spontaneous bone fractures and/or focal osteolytic lesions were observed in three patients with morphologically and cytochemically confirmed hairy-cell leukemia 1-3 years after diagnosis and splenectomy. In a bone biopsy obtained from the body of the 12th thoracic vertebra light microscopy revealed a medullary osteopathy, the marrow cavities being infiltrated by a uniform population of rounded or slightly elongated cells. In addition, focal osteolytic lesions were observed on the trabeculae. Ultrastructurally, the cellular infiltrates consisted of reticulum cells, few mature and immature plasmocytes and numerous typical hairy cells with or without ribosome-lamella complexes. These observations demonstrate that hairy-cell leukemia may be associated with severe bone lesions similar to those observed in plasmocytoma. Moreover, these findings support the hypothesis that the hairy cell is a leukemic cell with B-lymphocyte properties.", "contents": "[Hairy-cell leukemia with osteolytic bone changes]. Spontaneous bone fractures and/or focal osteolytic lesions were observed in three patients with morphologically and cytochemically confirmed hairy-cell leukemia 1-3 years after diagnosis and splenectomy. In a bone biopsy obtained from the body of the 12th thoracic vertebra light microscopy revealed a medullary osteopathy, the marrow cavities being infiltrated by a uniform population of rounded or slightly elongated cells. In addition, focal osteolytic lesions were observed on the trabeculae. Ultrastructurally, the cellular infiltrates consisted of reticulum cells, few mature and immature plasmocytes and numerous typical hairy cells with or without ribosome-lamella complexes. These observations demonstrate that hairy-cell leukemia may be associated with severe bone lesions similar to those observed in plasmocytoma. Moreover, these findings support the hypothesis that the hairy cell is a leukemic cell with B-lymphocyte properties."}
{"id": "PMID:882889", "title": "Experiences in the treatment of esophageal cancer of the upper and middle thoracic segment.", "content": "Between 1946 and 1974 we carried out 1,174 resections of the esophagus for cancer in the upper and middle thoracic segment. Through early diagnosis and the combination of preoperative irradiation therapy and antethoracic anastomosis, divided into three stages when necessary, the operative mortality was decreased (6.0 percent), and the survival rate was increased. The 5-year survival rate was 10.8 percent for men and 29.3 percent for women.", "contents": "Experiences in the treatment of esophageal cancer of the upper and middle thoracic segment. Between 1946 and 1974 we carried out 1,174 resections of the esophagus for cancer in the upper and middle thoracic segment. Through early diagnosis and the combination of preoperative irradiation therapy and antethoracic anastomosis, divided into three stages when necessary, the operative mortality was decreased (6.0 percent), and the survival rate was increased. The 5-year survival rate was 10.8 percent for men and 29.3 percent for women."}
{"id": "PMID:882894", "title": "The team approach in salvage of the diabetic foot.", "content": "Various problems encountered in dealing with diabetic feet are discussed from the point of view of the orthopedist, the vascular surgeon, and the specialist  in infectious disease. In our hospital, each new diabetic patient with a compromised extremity is evaluated by the team, and joint decisions are made concerning therapy. Treatment may be tedious and time consuming, but under these optimum conditions, we feel our salvage rate has been much improved. When it is realized that 30 percent of all diabetics with an amputation of one extremity come to amputation of the other extremity within three years, the rationale for this additional attention and care becomes obvious.", "contents": "The team approach in salvage of the diabetic foot. Various problems encountered in dealing with diabetic feet are discussed from the point of view of the orthopedist, the vascular surgeon, and the specialist  in infectious disease. In our hospital, each new diabetic patient with a compromised extremity is evaluated by the team, and joint decisions are made concerning therapy. Treatment may be tedious and time consuming, but under these optimum conditions, we feel our salvage rate has been much improved. When it is realized that 30 percent of all diabetics with an amputation of one extremity come to amputation of the other extremity within three years, the rationale for this additional attention and care becomes obvious."}
{"id": "PMID:882899", "title": "Recent advances in the management of trauma.", "content": "Delivery of the most up-to-date trauma care requires a well-trained team of four physicians and four nurses to carry out the initial management of a single major injury patient (Border et al, 1975). Ventilatory insufficiency, circulatory insufficiency, and wounds must all be treated promptly and simultaneously.", "contents": "Recent advances in the management of trauma. Delivery of the most up-to-date trauma care requires a well-trained team of four physicians and four nurses to carry out the initial management of a single major injury patient (Border et al, 1975). Ventilatory insufficiency, circulatory insufficiency, and wounds must all be treated promptly and simultaneously."}
{"id": "PMID:882904", "title": "Non-neoplastic stenosis of the aqueduct presenting in adolescence and adult life.", "content": "Twenty-six cases of non-neoplastic stenosis of the aqueduct are reviewed. This condition may take a very chronic course and may not be revealed until decompensation of hydrocephalus takes place. Poor athletic record in the school or intellectual impairment in early life, commonly overlooked, can presage the more obvious symptoms. A prolonged follow-up of these cases is essential to exclude a slowly growing neoplasm near the aqueduct. Our management and the outcome of these cases is discussed.", "contents": "Non-neoplastic stenosis of the aqueduct presenting in adolescence and adult life. Twenty-six cases of non-neoplastic stenosis of the aqueduct are reviewed. This condition may take a very chronic course and may not be revealed until decompensation of hydrocephalus takes place. Poor athletic record in the school or intellectual impairment in early life, commonly overlooked, can presage the more obvious symptoms. A prolonged follow-up of these cases is essential to exclude a slowly growing neoplasm near the aqueduct. Our management and the outcome of these cases is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:882905", "title": "Operative techniques for management of lesions involving the dural venous sinuses.", "content": "The basic principles of vascular surgery, adequate exposure, proximal and distal control of hemorrhage, and meticulous approximation of endothelial surfaces should be adhered to in the management of lesions of the dural venous sinuses. Modification of conventional vascular techniques must be made since the major dural venous sinuses are essentially non collapsible and non mobilizable because of the entry of cortical veins at frequent intervals along their course. These problems can be solved by occlusion of the proximal and distal segments of the sinus from within the lumen and by use of a shunt consisting of a siliconized non-collapsible tube with an inflatable balloon cuff at each end. Saphenous vein autografts are used if primary repair is impossible because of loss of tissue. Using these techniques, a patency rate of 91% and a mortality rate of 9% were achieved in eleven cases involving the posterior sagittal and transverse sinuses.", "contents": "Operative techniques for management of lesions involving the dural venous sinuses. The basic principles of vascular surgery, adequate exposure, proximal and distal control of hemorrhage, and meticulous approximation of endothelial surfaces should be adhered to in the management of lesions of the dural venous sinuses. Modification of conventional vascular techniques must be made since the major dural venous sinuses are essentially non collapsible and non mobilizable because of the entry of cortical veins at frequent intervals along their course. These problems can be solved by occlusion of the proximal and distal segments of the sinus from within the lumen and by use of a shunt consisting of a siliconized non-collapsible tube with an inflatable balloon cuff at each end. Saphenous vein autografts are used if primary repair is impossible because of loss of tissue. Using these techniques, a patency rate of 91% and a mortality rate of 9% were achieved in eleven cases involving the posterior sagittal and transverse sinuses."}
{"id": "PMID:882906", "title": "Management of acute spinal cord injury.", "content": "Based on the experience with 58 patients with acute spinal cord injuries, a system for rapidly evaluating such patients has been developed. With the knowledge that has been acquired clinically and experimentally of spinal cord injury and with the information provided by laminography and by either air or Pantopaque myelography, a reasonably certain diagnosis of the type of spinal cord injury may be made. Treatment designed to restore neurological function may then be instituted promptly.", "contents": "Management of acute spinal cord injury. Based on the experience with 58 patients with acute spinal cord injuries, a system for rapidly evaluating such patients has been developed. With the knowledge that has been acquired clinically and experimentally of spinal cord injury and with the information provided by laminography and by either air or Pantopaque myelography, a reasonably certain diagnosis of the type of spinal cord injury may be made. Treatment designed to restore neurological function may then be instituted promptly."}
{"id": "PMID:882907", "title": "Acute spinal subdural hematoma following lumbar puncture.", "content": "A case of acute spinal subdural hematoma following lumbar puncture in a patient with a normal coagulation profile is reported. Lumbar myelography may be unsuccessful. Other methods of myelography (via cisternal or lateral cervical puncture) to corroborate a block may be made or a laminectomy at the proper clinical level without further studies may be indicated.", "contents": "Acute spinal subdural hematoma following lumbar puncture. A case of acute spinal subdural hematoma following lumbar puncture in a patient with a normal coagulation profile is reported. Lumbar myelography may be unsuccessful. Other methods of myelography (via cisternal or lateral cervical puncture) to corroborate a block may be made or a laminectomy at the proper clinical level without further studies may be indicated."}
{"id": "PMID:882909", "title": "Surgical and embolic treatment of cerebral arteriovenous malformations.", "content": "Twenty-eight cases of cerebral arteriovenous malformations in which the treatment consisted of embolization and/or surgical excision are reviewed. Embolization was considered an adjuvant procedure; carried out to reduce the size of the malformation or eliminate the deep arterial supply to it prior to excision. In sixteen of the cases the combined treatment was carried out with one death and one significant postoperative deficit. In the other twelve cases surgical operation or embolization alone was carried out. The anatomy of the lesion determined the applicability of embolization. Although embolization has a high degree of safety, certain pitfalls must be avoided. Changing patterns in the cerebral circulation following embolization and operation as well as the role of collateral circulation to cerebral arteriovenous malformations are discussed.", "contents": "Surgical and embolic treatment of cerebral arteriovenous malformations. Twenty-eight cases of cerebral arteriovenous malformations in which the treatment consisted of embolization and/or surgical excision are reviewed. Embolization was considered an adjuvant procedure; carried out to reduce the size of the malformation or eliminate the deep arterial supply to it prior to excision. In sixteen of the cases the combined treatment was carried out with one death and one significant postoperative deficit. In the other twelve cases surgical operation or embolization alone was carried out. The anatomy of the lesion determined the applicability of embolization. Although embolization has a high degree of safety, certain pitfalls must be avoided. Changing patterns in the cerebral circulation following embolization and operation as well as the role of collateral circulation to cerebral arteriovenous malformations are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:882912", "title": "Computed tomography in extra-dural epidermoid and xanthoma.", "content": "Two cases of extradural epidermoid cyst and one case of xanthoma are reported in order to describe the computed tomographic and other radiographic findings. Contrast enhancement of the margin was seen in all of the cases. Absorption values almost as low as those found with cerebrospinal fluid were present in the central region of the lesions.", "contents": "Computed tomography in extra-dural epidermoid and xanthoma. Two cases of extradural epidermoid cyst and one case of xanthoma are reported in order to describe the computed tomographic and other radiographic findings. Contrast enhancement of the margin was seen in all of the cases. Absorption values almost as low as those found with cerebrospinal fluid were present in the central region of the lesions."}
{"id": "PMID:882913", "title": "Pineal epidermoid cyst: its surgical therapy.", "content": "A pineal epidermoid cyst was initially diagnosed as a pinealoma. Seven years later combined computerized axial tomography and carotid-vertebral angiography accurately delineated the location and suggested the diagnosis of this histologically benign lesion. Microsurgical technique via a right occipital transtentorial approach allowed successful intracapsular resection of this tumor.", "contents": "Pineal epidermoid cyst: its surgical therapy. A pineal epidermoid cyst was initially diagnosed as a pinealoma. Seven years later combined computerized axial tomography and carotid-vertebral angiography accurately delineated the location and suggested the diagnosis of this histologically benign lesion. Microsurgical technique via a right occipital transtentorial approach allowed successful intracapsular resection of this tumor."}
{"id": "PMID:882914", "title": "Commercial dietary influences on the frequency of cortisone-induced cleft palate in C57B1/6J mice.", "content": "Changes in standard laboratory diet were found to affect appreciably the cortisone-induced CP frequencies in the offspring of C57B1/6J mice. Fetuses from females maintained on Purina Mouse Chow consistently showed much higher CP frequencies than fetuses from females maintained on Wayne Lab-Blox.", "contents": "Commercial dietary influences on the frequency of cortisone-induced cleft palate in C57B1/6J mice. Changes in standard laboratory diet were found to affect appreciably the cortisone-induced CP frequencies in the offspring of C57B1/6J mice. Fetuses from females maintained on Purina Mouse Chow consistently showed much higher CP frequencies than fetuses from females maintained on Wayne Lab-Blox."}
{"id": "PMID:882915", "title": "Palatomandibular and maxillo-mandibular fusion, partial aglossia and cleft palate in a human embryo. Report of a case.", "content": "A 32-mm CRL male human embryo was examined for malformation. Histological observation showed fusion between the left vertical palatal shelf and mandible and the maxilla and mandible in the posterior part of the oronasal cavity. The right shelf was horizontal anteriorly, vertical posteriorly and changing its position from a vertical to a horizontal plane in the middle. The tongue was underdeveloped anteriorly and completely absent posteriorly. The mandibular tooth buds were not formed. Both clinical and experimental literature were analyzed to find the  mechanism of statu nascendi defect observed in the present case. It was deduced that the tongue may not play an active role during normal palatal development and that it may not have played any role during the fusion between different intraoral structures observed in the present case. It was concluded that, had the embryo developed further, then at the birth a cleft palate, partial aglossia and associated intraoral malformation would have been expected.", "contents": "Palatomandibular and maxillo-mandibular fusion, partial aglossia and cleft palate in a human embryo. Report of a case. A 32-mm CRL male human embryo was examined for malformation. Histological observation showed fusion between the left vertical palatal shelf and mandible and the maxilla and mandible in the posterior part of the oronasal cavity. The right shelf was horizontal anteriorly, vertical posteriorly and changing its position from a vertical to a horizontal plane in the middle. The tongue was underdeveloped anteriorly and completely absent posteriorly. The mandibular tooth buds were not formed. Both clinical and experimental literature were analyzed to find the  mechanism of statu nascendi defect observed in the present case. It was deduced that the tongue may not play an active role during normal palatal development and that it may not have played any role during the fusion between different intraoral structures observed in the present case. It was concluded that, had the embryo developed further, then at the birth a cleft palate, partial aglossia and associated intraoral malformation would have been expected."}
{"id": "PMID:882916", "title": "Asbestos and embryonic development.", "content": "Chrysotile asbestos was administered to pregnant CD-1 mice in their drinking water and to Day 4 blastocysts during culture. Administration to pregnant mice did not affect embryo survival. In vitro administration of asbestos did not interfere with embryo implantation upon transfer of blastocysts to recipient females but did result in a decrease in postimplantation survival. These studies did not demonstrate asbestos to be teratogenic whether administered to the dam or to the blastocyst in vitro.", "contents": "Asbestos and embryonic development. Chrysotile asbestos was administered to pregnant CD-1 mice in their drinking water and to Day 4 blastocysts during culture. Administration to pregnant mice did not affect embryo survival. In vitro administration of asbestos did not interfere with embryo implantation upon transfer of blastocysts to recipient females but did result in a decrease in postimplantation survival. These studies did not demonstrate asbestos to be teratogenic whether administered to the dam or to the blastocyst in vitro."}
{"id": "PMID:882917", "title": "Ultrastructure of the expected fusion zone in rat fetuses with diazo-oxo-norleucine (DON)-induced cleft palate.", "content": "The aim of this study was to determine whether the glutamine analog, 6-diazo-5-oxo-L-norleucine (DON), which is known to inhibit cell degeneration in rat palatal processes in vitro, exerted a similar effect on cleft palatal processes in vivo. Sprague-Dawley rats were injected intraperitoneally with 5.0 mg/kg body wt of DON on Day 15 of gestation and fetuses were removed over Days 16, 17 and 18. A high frequency (80-90%) of cleft palate was obtained. Fetal heads were removed on each of the three days and transverse sections of the palatal processes were examined by light and electron microscopy. Results showed that treatment with DON failed to inhibit degenerative changes in the palatal epithelium. The same sequence and timing of ultrastructural changes occurred in the expected fusion zone (EFZ) as have been described previously in cleft palatal processes from Meclozine-treated and amniotic sac punctured rat fetuses; namely, autophagic cytoplasmic degeneration, loss of basal lamina and the subepithelial accumulation of macrophages all of which were most prominent in that part of the EFZ immediately next to the developing oral epithelium. The results therefore suggest that a teratogenic dose of DON does not interfere with the ultrastructurally observable changes in the EFZ.", "contents": "Ultrastructure of the expected fusion zone in rat fetuses with diazo-oxo-norleucine (DON)-induced cleft palate. The aim of this study was to determine whether the glutamine analog, 6-diazo-5-oxo-L-norleucine (DON), which is known to inhibit cell degeneration in rat palatal processes in vitro, exerted a similar effect on cleft palatal processes in vivo. Sprague-Dawley rats were injected intraperitoneally with 5.0 mg/kg body wt of DON on Day 15 of gestation and fetuses were removed over Days 16, 17 and 18. A high frequency (80-90%) of cleft palate was obtained. Fetal heads were removed on each of the three days and transverse sections of the palatal processes were examined by light and electron microscopy. Results showed that treatment with DON failed to inhibit degenerative changes in the palatal epithelium. The same sequence and timing of ultrastructural changes occurred in the expected fusion zone (EFZ) as have been described previously in cleft palatal processes from Meclozine-treated and amniotic sac punctured rat fetuses; namely, autophagic cytoplasmic degeneration, loss of basal lamina and the subepithelial accumulation of macrophages all of which were most prominent in that part of the EFZ immediately next to the developing oral epithelium. The results therefore suggest that a teratogenic dose of DON does not interfere with the ultrastructurally observable changes in the EFZ."}
{"id": "PMID:882918", "title": "Influence of cyclophosphamide and 4-ketocyclophosphamide on mouse limb development.", "content": "Many studies have been performed on the in vivo teratogenicity of cyclophosphamide, and there is uncertainty whether the parent compound or P-450 generated alkylating metabolite(s) is the proximal teratogen(s). We have examined the influence of cyclophosphamide and a metabolite, 4-ketocyclophosphamide, on mouse limb development. Pregnant mice were injected with 10, 15 or 20 mg/kg of cyclophosphamide on days 9 to 11 of gestation. Hindlimb buds were maximally sensitive to 20 mg/kg of cyclophosphamide at 9 A.M. on day 11, and the predominant malformations formed were preaxial ectrodactyly and hemimelia. Hindlimb buds of the same gestational age exposed to cyclophosphamide in vitro responded identically to controls in morphology and uptake of 3H-thymidine and 35SO4. Exposure to 4-ketocyclophosphamide in culture, however, resulted in the formation of limbs with a \"hemimelic\" appearance and distal limb reduction, and with reduced uptake of 3H-thymidine and 35SO4. These findings support the position that the P-450 generated metabolite(s), and not the parent compound, is the proximal teratogen(s).", "contents": "Influence of cyclophosphamide and 4-ketocyclophosphamide on mouse limb development. Many studies have been performed on the in vivo teratogenicity of cyclophosphamide, and there is uncertainty whether the parent compound or P-450 generated alkylating metabolite(s) is the proximal teratogen(s). We have examined the influence of cyclophosphamide and a metabolite, 4-ketocyclophosphamide, on mouse limb development. Pregnant mice were injected with 10, 15 or 20 mg/kg of cyclophosphamide on days 9 to 11 of gestation. Hindlimb buds were maximally sensitive to 20 mg/kg of cyclophosphamide at 9 A.M. on day 11, and the predominant malformations formed were preaxial ectrodactyly and hemimelia. Hindlimb buds of the same gestational age exposed to cyclophosphamide in vitro responded identically to controls in morphology and uptake of 3H-thymidine and 35SO4. Exposure to 4-ketocyclophosphamide in culture, however, resulted in the formation of limbs with a \"hemimelic\" appearance and distal limb reduction, and with reduced uptake of 3H-thymidine and 35SO4. These findings support the position that the P-450 generated metabolite(s), and not the parent compound, is the proximal teratogen(s)."}
{"id": "PMID:882919", "title": "Craniosynostosis. II. Coronal synostosis: its familial characteristics and associated clinical findings in 109 patients lacking bilateral polysyndactyly or syndactyly.", "content": "This paper is the second part of a survey of 370 patients with craniosynostosis. It concerns 109 patients with coronal synostosis, with or without additional suture involvement who lacked polysyndactyly or syndactyly. Bilateral and unilateral coronal synostosis occurred with approximately equal frequency and there was an excess of males in both groups. Multiple suture involvements  was frequent in patients with bilateral synostosis, but was uncommon in those with unilateral involvement. Those patients with bilateral synostosis and additional suture involvement were treated later than those with isolated bilateral synostosis and a possible explanation for this finding is discussed. Forty-seven percent of patients with bilateral synostosis had additional major malformations. Cardiac malformations were significantly more frequent than would be expected by chance. Thirty-five percent of patients with unilateral involvement had major malformations. Twenty-six percent of those with bilateral and ten percent of those with unilateral synostosis were mentally retarded, but retardation was found to be associated either with increased frequency of major malformations or with a complex medical history. Mental retardation is uncommon in simple, uncomplicated coronal synostosis. Twelve of the 104 families showed a positive family history; nine with vertical and three with horizontal transmission. An admixture of unilateral and bilateral suture involvement was the rule, and families with involvement limited to unilateral synostosis did not occur. Certain patterns of characteristic familial minor malformation, particularly of the hands, allow recognition of a number of these familial cases. The recurrence risks for coronal synostosis are discussed.", "contents": "Craniosynostosis. II. Coronal synostosis: its familial characteristics and associated clinical findings in 109 patients lacking bilateral polysyndactyly or syndactyly. This paper is the second part of a survey of 370 patients with craniosynostosis. It concerns 109 patients with coronal synostosis, with or without additional suture involvement who lacked polysyndactyly or syndactyly. Bilateral and unilateral coronal synostosis occurred with approximately equal frequency and there was an excess of males in both groups. Multiple suture involvements  was frequent in patients with bilateral synostosis, but was uncommon in those with unilateral involvement. Those patients with bilateral synostosis and additional suture involvement were treated later than those with isolated bilateral synostosis and a possible explanation for this finding is discussed. Forty-seven percent of patients with bilateral synostosis had additional major malformations. Cardiac malformations were significantly more frequent than would be expected by chance. Thirty-five percent of patients with unilateral involvement had major malformations. Twenty-six percent of those with bilateral and ten percent of those with unilateral synostosis were mentally retarded, but retardation was found to be associated either with increased frequency of major malformations or with a complex medical history. Mental retardation is uncommon in simple, uncomplicated coronal synostosis. Twelve of the 104 families showed a positive family history; nine with vertical and three with horizontal transmission. An admixture of unilateral and bilateral suture involvement was the rule, and families with involvement limited to unilateral synostosis did not occur. Certain patterns of characteristic familial minor malformation, particularly of the hands, allow recognition of a number of these familial cases. The recurrence risks for coronal synostosis are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:882920", "title": "Anencephaly in trisomy 18: related or unrelated?", "content": "A fetus of 20 to 21 weeks of development with the trisomy 18 syndrome has been described. In addition to the phenotypic manifestations usually associated with the syndrome, i.e., low set ears, short neck, omphalocoele, flexion of fingers with the convergence of the second and fifth digits, rocker bottom feet, urinary tract anomalies and intrauterine growth retardation, the fetus also showed left diaphragmatic hernia. Anencephaly and aplasia of the squamous part of occipital bone. Since anencephaly has never been described as one of the phenotypic manifestations of trisomy 18, it is reasonable to assume that in the present fetus it is unrelated and resulted from secondary destruction of the neural tube.", "contents": "Anencephaly in trisomy 18: related or unrelated? A fetus of 20 to 21 weeks of development with the trisomy 18 syndrome has been described. In addition to the phenotypic manifestations usually associated with the syndrome, i.e., low set ears, short neck, omphalocoele, flexion of fingers with the convergence of the second and fifth digits, rocker bottom feet, urinary tract anomalies and intrauterine growth retardation, the fetus also showed left diaphragmatic hernia. Anencephaly and aplasia of the squamous part of occipital bone. Since anencephaly has never been described as one of the phenotypic manifestations of trisomy 18, it is reasonable to assume that in the present fetus it is unrelated and resulted from secondary destruction of the neural tube."}
{"id": "PMID:882938", "title": "Oesophageal trauma: incidence, diagnosis, and management.", "content": "The clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and surgical treatment of 110 cases of oesophageal trauma, admitted under the care of one surgical team between 1949 and 1973, are reviewed. The importance of early diagnosis and an aggressive surgical approach in the management of a potentially lethal situation are stressed. In our opinion, spontaneous rupture of the oesophagus, instrumental perforation, open and closed traumatic lesions, and postoperative anastomotic leaks are, as far as diagnosis and management are concerned, different aspects of the same desperate surgical problem. Oesophageal trauma is accompanied by a high morbidity and mortality rate if diagnosis and treatment are delayed. Perforations of the cervical oesophagus may be treated conservatively. Intrathoracic perforations demand an aggressive surgical appraoch; only exteriorisation followed by reconstruction at a later date offers a reasonable chance to save the life of the patient and ultimately restore continuity.", "contents": "Oesophageal trauma: incidence, diagnosis, and management. The clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and surgical treatment of 110 cases of oesophageal trauma, admitted under the care of one surgical team between 1949 and 1973, are reviewed. The importance of early diagnosis and an aggressive surgical approach in the management of a potentially lethal situation are stressed. In our opinion, spontaneous rupture of the oesophagus, instrumental perforation, open and closed traumatic lesions, and postoperative anastomotic leaks are, as far as diagnosis and management are concerned, different aspects of the same desperate surgical problem. Oesophageal trauma is accompanied by a high morbidity and mortality rate if diagnosis and treatment are delayed. Perforations of the cervical oesophagus may be treated conservatively. Intrathoracic perforations demand an aggressive surgical appraoch; only exteriorisation followed by reconstruction at a later date offers a reasonable chance to save the life of the patient and ultimately restore continuity."}
{"id": "PMID:882939", "title": "Studies in chronic allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis. 1. Clinical and physiological findings.", "content": "This report outlines the clinical and physiological features in 50 asthmatic patients with chronic allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis in whom the diagnosis was made from 2 to 25 years ago (mean duration 10-9 years). From a questionnaire and analysis of the peak expiratory flow rate measurements it was found that they were worse in the winter months, corresponding to the maximal concentrations of Aspergillus fumigatus in the atmosphere. Nineteen patients reported daily sputum production of up to an eggcupful or more, and 24 had noticed sputum 'plugs' in the previous year. Reduction of vital capacity (VC) was found in 20 patients, of forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) in 38 patients, and of maximal expiratory flow at 50% VC breathing air (V50air) in 47 patients. Nine patients had significantly reduced gas transfer factor (DLCO). Significant improvement (more than 15%) in FEV1 after inhaled bronchodilator was shown by only 17 patients. There were statistically significant correlations between the degree of reduction in the physiological measurements of VC, FEV1, and V50air with the age of the patient at the time of the study and the later in life the diagnosis of aspergillosis was made, whereas the reduction in DLCO was also significantly related to the duration of aspergillosis. Prospective studies are needed for a proper assessment of any protective effect of treatment on the pathophysiological changes due to the disease over many years.", "contents": "Studies in chronic allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis. 1. Clinical and physiological findings. This report outlines the clinical and physiological features in 50 asthmatic patients with chronic allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis in whom the diagnosis was made from 2 to 25 years ago (mean duration 10-9 years). From a questionnaire and analysis of the peak expiratory flow rate measurements it was found that they were worse in the winter months, corresponding to the maximal concentrations of Aspergillus fumigatus in the atmosphere. Nineteen patients reported daily sputum production of up to an eggcupful or more, and 24 had noticed sputum 'plugs' in the previous year. Reduction of vital capacity (VC) was found in 20 patients, of forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) in 38 patients, and of maximal expiratory flow at 50% VC breathing air (V50air) in 47 patients. Nine patients had significantly reduced gas transfer factor (DLCO). Significant improvement (more than 15%) in FEV1 after inhaled bronchodilator was shown by only 17 patients. There were statistically significant correlations between the degree of reduction in the physiological measurements of VC, FEV1, and V50air with the age of the patient at the time of the study and the later in life the diagnosis of aspergillosis was made, whereas the reduction in DLCO was also significantly related to the duration of aspergillosis. Prospective studies are needed for a proper assessment of any protective effect of treatment on the pathophysiological changes due to the disease over many years."}
{"id": "PMID:882940", "title": "Studies in chronic allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis. 2. Radiological findings.", "content": "The characteristics and the incidence of changes in plain chest radiographs were analysed in detail in 50 asthmatic patients with chronic allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis in whom the diagnosis had been made from 2 to 25 years previously (mean duration 10-9 years). One thousand two hundred and forty-two chest radiographs, an average of about two per year per patient, were reviewed. Two hundred and sixty-seven acute episodes of transient shadows (a mean of 5-3 per patient), mostly homogeneous consolidations and band-like shadows, were recorded throughout the period of follow-up. Features of overinflation were present in 21 patients in the first radiograph and in 17 in the last, the decrease being attributed to the effects of permanent lung damage due to the allergic aspergillosis. Permanent changes, such as tubular and ring shadows, loss of vascular shadows, and lobar shrinkage were recorded in 41 patients at the start and in 49 at the end of the follow-up. The tubular shadows were found in 28 patients in the first radiograph and in 45 in the last, whereas ring shadows were seen in 18 and 30 patients respectively. Half of the episodes of consolidation and atelectasis left permanent changes, mainly ring shadows, as seen in the last radiograph. Of the band-like shadows, 32% were found to be followed by the subsequent appearance of tubular shadows. Statistically significant correlations were found between the duration of aspergillosis, the number of transient shadows throughout the period of follow-up, the extent of the permanent shadows, and the reduction of gas transfer factor at the time of the final follow-up.", "contents": "Studies in chronic allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis. 2. Radiological findings. The characteristics and the incidence of changes in plain chest radiographs were analysed in detail in 50 asthmatic patients with chronic allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis in whom the diagnosis had been made from 2 to 25 years previously (mean duration 10-9 years). One thousand two hundred and forty-two chest radiographs, an average of about two per year per patient, were reviewed. Two hundred and sixty-seven acute episodes of transient shadows (a mean of 5-3 per patient), mostly homogeneous consolidations and band-like shadows, were recorded throughout the period of follow-up. Features of overinflation were present in 21 patients in the first radiograph and in 17 in the last, the decrease being attributed to the effects of permanent lung damage due to the allergic aspergillosis. Permanent changes, such as tubular and ring shadows, loss of vascular shadows, and lobar shrinkage were recorded in 41 patients at the start and in 49 at the end of the follow-up. The tubular shadows were found in 28 patients in the first radiograph and in 45 in the last, whereas ring shadows were seen in 18 and 30 patients respectively. Half of the episodes of consolidation and atelectasis left permanent changes, mainly ring shadows, as seen in the last radiograph. Of the band-like shadows, 32% were found to be followed by the subsequent appearance of tubular shadows. Statistically significant correlations were found between the duration of aspergillosis, the number of transient shadows throughout the period of follow-up, the extent of the permanent shadows, and the reduction of gas transfer factor at the time of the final follow-up."}
{"id": "PMID:882941", "title": "Studies in  chronic allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis. 4. Comparison with a group of asthmatics.", "content": "A comparison is made of lung function tests and radiographic findings in 20 asthmatic patients with allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis paired in terms of sex, age, and duration of asthma with 20 other asthmatics in whom the diagnosis of aspergillosis was excluded in order to see if the aspergillosis causes more lung damage. One hundred per cent of the patients with aspergillosis and 75% of the patients with asthma alone showed a significantly reduced forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) before bronchodilator. All the patients in the two groups had a significantly reduced maximal expiratory flow at 50% vital capacity breathing air (V50air) but the severity of the reduction was statistically greater in the aspergillosis group. Reversibility in FEV1 of 15% and more was found in 50% of patients with asthma alone as against 31% of patients with aspergillosis. The degree of reversibility of FEV1 was also statistically greater in patients with asthma alone. Improvement of less than 20% of V50 after helium-oxygen breathing was found in 33% of the patients with asthma alone and in 75% of the patients with aspergillosis. Patients with aspergillosis also showed significantly (0-001 less than P less than 0-01) more reduced gas transfer factor. Radiological features of overinflation were as common in the two groups. Tubular and ring shadows were found in 95% and 60% respectively of patients with aspergillosis as against 45% and 15% of patients with asthma alone.", "contents": "Studies in  chronic allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis. 4. Comparison with a group of asthmatics. A comparison is made of lung function tests and radiographic findings in 20 asthmatic patients with allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis paired in terms of sex, age, and duration of asthma with 20 other asthmatics in whom the diagnosis of aspergillosis was excluded in order to see if the aspergillosis causes more lung damage. One hundred per cent of the patients with aspergillosis and 75% of the patients with asthma alone showed a significantly reduced forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) before bronchodilator. All the patients in the two groups had a significantly reduced maximal expiratory flow at 50% vital capacity breathing air (V50air) but the severity of the reduction was statistically greater in the aspergillosis group. Reversibility in FEV1 of 15% and more was found in 50% of patients with asthma alone as against 31% of patients with aspergillosis. The degree of reversibility of FEV1 was also statistically greater in patients with asthma alone. Improvement of less than 20% of V50 after helium-oxygen breathing was found in 33% of the patients with asthma alone and in 75% of the patients with aspergillosis. Patients with aspergillosis also showed significantly (0-001 less than P less than 0-01) more reduced gas transfer factor. Radiological features of overinflation were as common in the two groups. Tubular and ring shadows were found in 95% and 60% respectively of patients with aspergillosis as against 45% and 15% of patients with asthma alone."}
{"id": "PMID:882942", "title": "Lung mast cells in rats exposed to acute hypoxia, and chronic hypoxia with recovery.", "content": "Exposure to acute hypoxia (barometric pressure 263 mmHg) for 8 hours did not lead to increased numbers of mast cells in the lungs of rats. In contrast, in adult rats kept for 35 days at a barometric pressure of 380 mmHg there was a proliferation of mast cells around the pulmonary blood vessels and in the alveolar septa. This hyperplasia of lung mast cells in response to chronic hypoxia was reversible on removal of the hypoxic stimulus. There was a correlation between the logarithm of the perivascular lung mast cell density (defined in the paper) and the logarithm of the right ventricular weight. There was no increase in the mast cells in the carotid bodies of the hypoxic rats. Young male, old male, young female, and old female rats which had been subjected for 39 days to a barometric pressure of 380 mmHg showed a proliferation of mast cells around the pulmonary blood vessels and in the alveolar walls. This response was greatest in the adult animals and independent of their sex. In the age and sex experiment there was a correlation between the perivascular lung mast cell density and the medial thickness of the muscular pulmonary arteries. Since mast cell hyperplasia has been reported as preceding right ventricular hypertrophy, it is conceivable that mast cell proliferation in  the lung may be a defence mechanism to limit the severity of hypoxic pulmonary hypertension rather than to mediate it.", "contents": "Lung mast cells in rats exposed to acute hypoxia, and chronic hypoxia with recovery. Exposure to acute hypoxia (barometric pressure 263 mmHg) for 8 hours did not lead to increased numbers of mast cells in the lungs of rats. In contrast, in adult rats kept for 35 days at a barometric pressure of 380 mmHg there was a proliferation of mast cells around the pulmonary blood vessels and in the alveolar septa. This hyperplasia of lung mast cells in response to chronic hypoxia was reversible on removal of the hypoxic stimulus. There was a correlation between the logarithm of the perivascular lung mast cell density (defined in the paper) and the logarithm of the right ventricular weight. There was no increase in the mast cells in the carotid bodies of the hypoxic rats. Young male, old male, young female, and old female rats which had been subjected for 39 days to a barometric pressure of 380 mmHg showed a proliferation of mast cells around the pulmonary blood vessels and in the alveolar walls. This response was greatest in the adult animals and independent of their sex. In the age and sex experiment there was a correlation between the perivascular lung mast cell density and the medial thickness of the muscular pulmonary arteries. Since mast cell hyperplasia has been reported as preceding right ventricular hypertrophy, it is conceivable that mast cell proliferation in  the lung may be a defence mechanism to limit the severity of hypoxic pulmonary hypertension rather than to mediate it."}
{"id": "PMID:882943", "title": "An in-vitro assessment of the hydraulic characteristics of the mark II Abrams-Lucas mitral valve prosthesis.", "content": "As a result of the durability problems associated with the first Abrams-Lucas mitral valve, a redesigned model has recently been introduced into limited clinical trials. The new valve was subjected to in-vitro pulsatile flow studies, and measurements were made of mean diastolic pressure gradient and volume of reflux on closure. Similar measurements were made on other mitral valve prostheses of comparable size. High-speed cinematography was used to analyse the motion of the occluder during the simulated cardiac cycle, and the flow patterns produced by the valve in the model ventricular cavity were observed and photographed. The pressure gradient of the Abrams-Lucas valve was significantly lower than that of the 29 mm Bj\u00f6rk-Shiley valve and all other prostheses tested, but its reflux level was higher at 12 ml per stroke. The valve opened and closed smoothly and the flow visualisation study revealed that the valve produced a large vortex or swirl in the model ventricular cavity.", "contents": "An in-vitro assessment of the hydraulic characteristics of the mark II Abrams-Lucas mitral valve prosthesis. As a result of the durability problems associated with the first Abrams-Lucas mitral valve, a redesigned model has recently been introduced into limited clinical trials. The new valve was subjected to in-vitro pulsatile flow studies, and measurements were made of mean diastolic pressure gradient and volume of reflux on closure. Similar measurements were made on other mitral valve prostheses of comparable size. High-speed cinematography was used to analyse the motion of the occluder during the simulated cardiac cycle, and the flow patterns produced by the valve in the model ventricular cavity were observed and photographed. The pressure gradient of the Abrams-Lucas valve was significantly lower than that of the 29 mm Bj\u00f6rk-Shiley valve and all other prostheses tested, but its reflux level was higher at 12 ml per stroke. The valve opened and closed smoothly and the flow visualisation study revealed that the valve produced a large vortex or swirl in the model ventricular cavity."}
{"id": "PMID:882944", "title": "Physical rehabilitation for the chronic bronchitic: results of a controlled trial of exercises in the home.", "content": "Twenty-four men with chronic bronchitis participated in a controlled trial of a physical training scheme. The training involved progressive stair-climbing exercises carried out over a three-month period unsupervised at home. The twelve men in the exercise group benefited significantly in terms of general well-being and reduced breathlessness. Their exercise tolerance increased significantly as judged by increased walking speed in a simple 12-minute walking test and by a greater work load tolerated in a progressive work load test on a bicycle ergometer. The mean stride length during the walking test increased significantly with training. No significant changes occurred in body weight, ventilatory function tests or heart rate on exercise. There were no important changes in the control group. It is not clear whether the improvements noted were due to physiological changes such as improved neuromuscular coordination producing a more efficient walking pattern or to predominantly psychological factors such as increased tolerance of dyspnoea. The study demonstrates that a simple training scheme which can be administered from a hospital clinic or family doctor's surgery is safe, feasible, and of benefit to the chronic bronchitic.", "contents": "Physical rehabilitation for the chronic bronchitic: results of a controlled trial of exercises in the home. Twenty-four men with chronic bronchitis participated in a controlled trial of a physical training scheme. The training involved progressive stair-climbing exercises carried out over a three-month period unsupervised at home. The twelve men in the exercise group benefited significantly in terms of general well-being and reduced breathlessness. Their exercise tolerance increased significantly as judged by increased walking speed in a simple 12-minute walking test and by a greater work load tolerated in a progressive work load test on a bicycle ergometer. The mean stride length during the walking test increased significantly with training. No significant changes occurred in body weight, ventilatory function tests or heart rate on exercise. There were no important changes in the control group. It is not clear whether the improvements noted were due to physiological changes such as improved neuromuscular coordination producing a more efficient walking pattern or to predominantly psychological factors such as increased tolerance of dyspnoea. The study demonstrates that a simple training scheme which can be administered from a hospital clinic or family doctor's surgery is safe, feasible, and of benefit to the chronic bronchitic."}
{"id": "PMID:882945", "title": "Detection of acute effects of cigarette smoking on airway dynamics: A critical and comparative study of pulmonary function tests.", "content": "In an effort to determine which measure of airway dynamics was the most sensitive to airway obstruction, comparisons were made between a variety of tests. Twenty cigarette smokers were studied both before and immediately after smoking a cigarette. The maximum midexpiratory flow (FEV25-75) and the FEV1/FVC per cent were abnormal in the largest number of cases. Closing volume was abnormal in only one case. Significant worsening in function after smoking a cigarette occurred in airway resistance and specific conductance. A lesser degree of impairment in airway dynamics was evident from FEV25-75 and first-second expired volume. The closing volume showed no change.", "contents": "Detection of acute effects of cigarette smoking on airway dynamics: A critical and comparative study of pulmonary function tests. In an effort to determine which measure of airway dynamics was the most sensitive to airway obstruction, comparisons were made between a variety of tests. Twenty cigarette smokers were studied both before and immediately after smoking a cigarette. The maximum midexpiratory flow (FEV25-75) and the FEV1/FVC per cent were abnormal in the largest number of cases. Closing volume was abnormal in only one case. Significant worsening in function after smoking a cigarette occurred in airway resistance and specific conductance. A lesser degree of impairment in airway dynamics was evident from FEV25-75 and first-second expired volume. The closing volume showed no change."}
{"id": "PMID:882946", "title": "Secondary polycythaemia in chronic respiratory insufficiency.", "content": "The relationship between polycythaemia, P50 and SaCO (saturation in carboxyhaemoglobin) has been studied in 50 patients who were hypoxaemic due to chronic respiratory insufficiency. These patients were divided into two groups according to their haemoglobin concentration and haematocrit: 21 polycythaemic patients with haemoglobin greater than or equal to 16 g/dl and haematocrit greater than or equal to 50% and 29 patients without polycythaemia. PaO2, PaCO2, plasma and erythrocyte pH, haemoglobin, haematocrit, and carbon monoxide saturation and intraerythrocytic 2-3 diphosphoglycerate concentration were measured during steady-state ventilation. All polycythaemic patients were smokers and their carbon level was significantly higher than that observed in patients without polycythaemia. Additionally, their P50 and 2-3 DPG concentration were significantly lower than in patients without polycythaemia. The correlations between P50 and HbCO and between Hb and HbCO were significant (r=--0-672; r=0-552 respectively: P less than 0-001). Eleven non-polycythaemic patients who were smokers had a high level of HbCO but normal P50. A group of 29 normoxic subjects was also studied, 14 non-smokers and 15 smokers with a high HbCO level. The mean value of P50 was lower in smokers and their haematocrit was higher although the difference was not significant for the latter. The HbCO increase by tobacco seems to be a factor in the occurrence of polycythaemia in patients with chronic respiratory insufficiency. The level of increase of HbCO and/or its duration and perhaps other individual factors and explain why all patients with high HbCO level and hypoxaemia were not polycythaemic.", "contents": "Secondary polycythaemia in chronic respiratory insufficiency. The relationship between polycythaemia, P50 and SaCO (saturation in carboxyhaemoglobin) has been studied in 50 patients who were hypoxaemic due to chronic respiratory insufficiency. These patients were divided into two groups according to their haemoglobin concentration and haematocrit: 21 polycythaemic patients with haemoglobin greater than or equal to 16 g/dl and haematocrit greater than or equal to 50% and 29 patients without polycythaemia. PaO2, PaCO2, plasma and erythrocyte pH, haemoglobin, haematocrit, and carbon monoxide saturation and intraerythrocytic 2-3 diphosphoglycerate concentration were measured during steady-state ventilation. All polycythaemic patients were smokers and their carbon level was significantly higher than that observed in patients without polycythaemia. Additionally, their P50 and 2-3 DPG concentration were significantly lower than in patients without polycythaemia. The correlations between P50 and HbCO and between Hb and HbCO were significant (r=--0-672; r=0-552 respectively: P less than 0-001). Eleven non-polycythaemic patients who were smokers had a high level of HbCO but normal P50. A group of 29 normoxic subjects was also studied, 14 non-smokers and 15 smokers with a high HbCO level. The mean value of P50 was lower in smokers and their haematocrit was higher although the difference was not significant for the latter. The HbCO increase by tobacco seems to be a factor in the occurrence of polycythaemia in patients with chronic respiratory insufficiency. The level of increase of HbCO and/or its duration and perhaps other individual factors and explain why all patients with high HbCO level and hypoxaemia were not polycythaemic."}
{"id": "PMID:882947", "title": "Pulmonary function in acromegaly.", "content": "The lung volumes of 12 female and eight male patients with acromegaly, chosen because of the absence of associated cardiorespiratory disease, were determined physiologically and radiographically. Enlarged lung volumes were found in half the males but in none of the females, due allowance being made for the presence of a significant thoracic kyphosis. Upper airway narrowing was suggested by an increase in the expiratory-inspiratory flow rate ratio in six patients, four of whom were male, and acromegaly of the larynx was confirmed in the three subjects who consented to laryngoscopy. Upper airway obstruction is more likely to account for respiratory death in acromegaly than disordered pulmonary function in enlarged acromegalic lungs. Neither of these respiratory findings could be correlated with the fasting level of growth hormone but there was a suggestion that they were more likely to occur when the duration of the disorder was longer.", "contents": "Pulmonary function in acromegaly. The lung volumes of 12 female and eight male patients with acromegaly, chosen because of the absence of associated cardiorespiratory disease, were determined physiologically and radiographically. Enlarged lung volumes were found in half the males but in none of the females, due allowance being made for the presence of a significant thoracic kyphosis. Upper airway narrowing was suggested by an increase in the expiratory-inspiratory flow rate ratio in six patients, four of whom were male, and acromegaly of the larynx was confirmed in the three subjects who consented to laryngoscopy. Upper airway obstruction is more likely to account for respiratory death in acromegaly than disordered pulmonary function in enlarged acromegalic lungs. Neither of these respiratory findings could be correlated with the fasting level of growth hormone but there was a suggestion that they were more likely to occur when the duration of the disorder was longer."}
{"id": "PMID:882948", "title": "Reversible electrocardiographic changes in severe acute asthma.", "content": "Previous reports have documented the occurrence of reversible electrocardiographic changes including right axis deviation, P pulmonale, right bundle-branch block, and ST-segment and T-wave abnormalities in patients with acute attacks of asthma. In a further systematic study, the electrocardiographs of 63 patients admitted with severe acute asthma have been evaluated. The most consistent change was an abnormally vertical P-wave axis in 78% of the patients. P pulmonale was present in 22% and right ventricular enlargement in only one patient. Right axis deviation, right bundle-branch block, and rhythm abnormality were not present in any patient. In 11%, ST-segment or T-wave abnormalities suggesting myocardial ischaemia were noted. These abnormalities persisted for up to nine days and were unexplained. Other ECG abnormalities in acute asthma may reflec positional changes of the heart due to overdistension of the lungs. All ECG changes resolved after clinical improvement.", "contents": "Reversible electrocardiographic changes in severe acute asthma. Previous reports have documented the occurrence of reversible electrocardiographic changes including right axis deviation, P pulmonale, right bundle-branch block, and ST-segment and T-wave abnormalities in patients with acute attacks of asthma. In a further systematic study, the electrocardiographs of 63 patients admitted with severe acute asthma have been evaluated. The most consistent change was an abnormally vertical P-wave axis in 78% of the patients. P pulmonale was present in 22% and right ventricular enlargement in only one patient. Right axis deviation, right bundle-branch block, and rhythm abnormality were not present in any patient. In 11%, ST-segment or T-wave abnormalities suggesting myocardial ischaemia were noted. These abnormalities persisted for up to nine days and were unexplained. Other ECG abnormalities in acute asthma may reflec positional changes of the heart due to overdistension of the lungs. All ECG changes resolved after clinical improvement."}
{"id": "PMID:882949", "title": "Carcinoma of the cardia and thoracic oesophagus coexisting with and following sliding hiatal hernia and peptic stricture.", "content": "A series of 207 cases of carcinoma of the cardia and thoracic oesophagus was reviewed. Ten patients (9-8% of those with carcinoma of the cardia) had a hiatal hernia with a coexisting adenocarcinoma. Five other patients (2-4%) had long-standing records of hiatal hernia, and chronic peptic oesophagitis with stricture before the development of carcinoma. In the cases of hiatal hernia coexisting with carcinoma, there is insufficient evidence of the hernia predisposing to carcinoma. The relationship is thought to be purely coincidental. However, malignant changes may occur in long-standing cases of chronic oesophagitis with peptic stricture.", "contents": "Carcinoma of the cardia and thoracic oesophagus coexisting with and following sliding hiatal hernia and peptic stricture. A series of 207 cases of carcinoma of the cardia and thoracic oesophagus was reviewed. Ten patients (9-8% of those with carcinoma of the cardia) had a hiatal hernia with a coexisting adenocarcinoma. Five other patients (2-4%) had long-standing records of hiatal hernia, and chronic peptic oesophagitis with stricture before the development of carcinoma. In the cases of hiatal hernia coexisting with carcinoma, there is insufficient evidence of the hernia predisposing to carcinoma. The relationship is thought to be purely coincidental. However, malignant changes may occur in long-standing cases of chronic oesophagitis with peptic stricture."}
{"id": "PMID:882950", "title": "Selective tracheobronchial aspiration.", "content": "Eighty attempts at placing suction catheters in the left main bronchus were analysed by studying chest radiographs. When angled catheters were used via a tracheostomy tube the success rate was 75%; the rate fell to 15% when straight tubes were used through an orotracheal tube. Assessment and control of the tube length was found to be important to avoid kinking and subsequent obstruction of the catheters.", "contents": "Selective tracheobronchial aspiration. Eighty attempts at placing suction catheters in the left main bronchus were analysed by studying chest radiographs. When angled catheters were used via a tracheostomy tube the success rate was 75%; the rate fell to 15% when straight tubes were used through an orotracheal tube. Assessment and control of the tube length was found to be important to avoid kinking and subsequent obstruction of the catheters."}
{"id": "PMID:882951", "title": "Assessment of the agglutination test for tuberculosis.", "content": "A new whole cell agglutination test for active tuberculosis, for which encouraging results have recently been reported, has been carried out on the serum of 112 subjects. The results have been disappointing; the test had no predictive value in the diagnosis of active tuberculosis.", "contents": "Assessment of the agglutination test for tuberculosis. A new whole cell agglutination test for active tuberculosis, for which encouraging results have recently been reported, has been carried out on the serum of 112 subjects. The results have been disappointing; the test had no predictive value in the diagnosis of active tuberculosis."}
{"id": "PMID:882952", "title": "Lung volumes in normal Cantonese subjects: preliminary studies.", "content": "Measurements of forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1), FEV1/FVC ratio, functional residual capacity (FRC), total lung capacity (TLC), residual volume (RV), and RV/TLC ratio have been made in 331 normal Cantonese subjects (134 male and 197 female). The results have been expressed in multiple regression equations relating the volumes to age, height, and weight and have been compared with those of other workers. Lung volumes obtained in this study are in general lower for Chinese subjects than those reported for Caucasians. Similar findings for FVC were reported by Chuan and Chia (1969) in Singapore and by Wu and Yang (1962) in Taiwan. Significant differences, however, are noted for FRC, TLC, RV, and RV/TLC between our findings and those of Chuan and Chia. Our series is unbalanced because of an uneven distribution of age groups. In fact in none of the reported studies on Chinese subjects, including that of da Costa (1971), is the series large or balanced. Clearly, further research is required in this ethnic group to get more reliable predictive formulae for lung volumes.", "contents": "Lung volumes in normal Cantonese subjects: preliminary studies. Measurements of forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1), FEV1/FVC ratio, functional residual capacity (FRC), total lung capacity (TLC), residual volume (RV), and RV/TLC ratio have been made in 331 normal Cantonese subjects (134 male and 197 female). The results have been expressed in multiple regression equations relating the volumes to age, height, and weight and have been compared with those of other workers. Lung volumes obtained in this study are in general lower for Chinese subjects than those reported for Caucasians. Similar findings for FVC were reported by Chuan and Chia (1969) in Singapore and by Wu and Yang (1962) in Taiwan. Significant differences, however, are noted for FRC, TLC, RV, and RV/TLC between our findings and those of Chuan and Chia. Our series is unbalanced because of an uneven distribution of age groups. In fact in none of the reported studies on Chinese subjects, including that of da Costa (1971), is the series large or balanced. Clearly, further research is required in this ethnic group to get more reliable predictive formulae for lung volumes."}
{"id": "PMID:882953", "title": "Incidence of hiatus hernia and gastro-oesophageal reflux in 1030 prospective barium meal examinations in adult Nigerians.", "content": "A prospective study to determine the incidence of hiatus hernia and gastro-oesophageal reflux in 1030 consecutive symptomatic adult Nigerian patients undergoing barium meal examination is reported. The results show a very low incidence of hiatus hernia (0-39%) and an equally low incidence of gastro-oesophageal reflux (2-2%) when compared with similar studies in Europe and America. There was a high incidence of duodenal ulcer (23-3%) and a low incidence of gastric ulcer (1-8%), the duodenal/gastric ulcer ratio of 12-1:1 being much higher than in Europe.", "contents": "Incidence of hiatus hernia and gastro-oesophageal reflux in 1030 prospective barium meal examinations in adult Nigerians. A prospective study to determine the incidence of hiatus hernia and gastro-oesophageal reflux in 1030 consecutive symptomatic adult Nigerian patients undergoing barium meal examination is reported. The results show a very low incidence of hiatus hernia (0-39%) and an equally low incidence of gastro-oesophageal reflux (2-2%) when compared with similar studies in Europe and America. There was a high incidence of duodenal ulcer (23-3%) and a low incidence of gastric ulcer (1-8%), the duodenal/gastric ulcer ratio of 12-1:1 being much higher than in Europe."}
{"id": "PMID:882954", "title": "Uncommon pulmonary hamartomas.", "content": "Three cases are reported--one endobronchial hamartoma, one endobronchial hamartoma accompanied by a similar intrapulmonary lesion, and one multiple hamartoma. These cases typify the clinical presentation and illustrate some of the difficulties in diagnosis and management. The published cases are reviewed.", "contents": "Uncommon pulmonary hamartomas. Three cases are reported--one endobronchial hamartoma, one endobronchial hamartoma accompanied by a similar intrapulmonary lesion, and one multiple hamartoma. These cases typify the clinical presentation and illustrate some of the difficulties in diagnosis and management. The published cases are reviewed."}
{"id": "PMID:882955", "title": "Long-term epicardial ventricular pacing from endocardial bipolar pacemaker lead: perforation of right atrial wall.", "content": "One of the hazards of endocardial cardiac pacing is that the pacemaker lead may perforate the myocardial wall or interventricular septum although the incidence of such perforations is believed to be small. This paper describes what is believed to be a unique case in which a pacemaker lead perforated the atrial wall at implantation (or possibly shortly afterwards) and yet gave satisfactory right ventricular epicardial pacing for more than five years. The perforation was discovered during a routine postmortem examination but earlier lateral x-ray examinations would probably have identified the abnormal position of the electrodes. Moreover, the present implantation technique would not have allowed perforation of the atrial wall at implantation to go undetected.", "contents": "Long-term epicardial ventricular pacing from endocardial bipolar pacemaker lead: perforation of right atrial wall. One of the hazards of endocardial cardiac pacing is that the pacemaker lead may perforate the myocardial wall or interventricular septum although the incidence of such perforations is believed to be small. This paper describes what is believed to be a unique case in which a pacemaker lead perforated the atrial wall at implantation (or possibly shortly afterwards) and yet gave satisfactory right ventricular epicardial pacing for more than five years. The perforation was discovered during a routine postmortem examination but earlier lateral x-ray examinations would probably have identified the abnormal position of the electrodes. Moreover, the present implantation technique would not have allowed perforation of the atrial wall at implantation to go undetected."}
{"id": "PMID:882956", "title": "Candida albicans abscess of lung.", "content": "Candida albicans lung abscess is a rare entity. We present a case in a patient who suffered from Hodgkin's disease and was receiving immunosuppressive therapy. The patient responded to treatment with 5-fluorocytosine.", "contents": "Candida albicans abscess of lung. Candida albicans lung abscess is a rare entity. We present a case in a patient who suffered from Hodgkin's disease and was receiving immunosuppressive therapy. The patient responded to treatment with 5-fluorocytosine."}
{"id": "PMID:882974", "title": "[Pig losses during transport and in the pens of slaughter-houses in the Netherlands in 1976 (author's transl)].", "content": "The proportion of pigs which died during and shortly after transport was estimated in 1976, like it was in 1968 and 1972. The monthly inquiry included forty-four per cent (approximately 5.2 million animals) of the total number of pigs slaughtered in the Netherlands in 1976. Mortality during and after transport showed a decrease ever since 1968 and was reduced to 0.30 per cent by 1976. The main causes of losses during transport and methods suggested to reduce these losses to a further extent are briefly referred to. The findings will be discussed in greater detail in a following report.", "contents": "[Pig losses during transport and in the pens of slaughter-houses in the Netherlands in 1976 (author's transl)]. The proportion of pigs which died during and shortly after transport was estimated in 1976, like it was in 1968 and 1972. The monthly inquiry included forty-four per cent (approximately 5.2 million animals) of the total number of pigs slaughtered in the Netherlands in 1976. Mortality during and after transport showed a decrease ever since 1968 and was reduced to 0.30 per cent by 1976. The main causes of losses during transport and methods suggested to reduce these losses to a further extent are briefly referred to. The findings will be discussed in greater detail in a following report."}
{"id": "PMID:882975", "title": "Contribution to the aetiology of synovitis in chickens, with special reference to non-infective factor. III.", "content": "A comparative histological study of the tendon tissues of laying-breed hens and broiler-breed cocks was undertaken. This study was a continuation of a previous study which showed that the tendons of laying-breed hens are relatively more resistant to mechanical stress than are those of broiler-breed cocks. The study was particularly concerned with the following types of tendon tissue: tendon of the gastrocnemius muscle, tendon of the flexor muscle of the third digit, hypotarsal sesamoid (HS). The results may be summarized as follows: (1) The tendon tissues of the two main groups compared, differ structurally in several respects. The most marked differences are perceptible in the plantar layer of the tendons, some synovial membranes, the HS and the insertion of the gastrocnemius tendon. (2) The difference is susceptibility to synovitis as well as the difference in tensile strength can be accounted for by the above structural differences.(3) Tendon tissue is apparently infected by haematogenous route in the case of spontaneous synovitis.", "contents": "Contribution to the aetiology of synovitis in chickens, with special reference to non-infective factor. III. A comparative histological study of the tendon tissues of laying-breed hens and broiler-breed cocks was undertaken. This study was a continuation of a previous study which showed that the tendons of laying-breed hens are relatively more resistant to mechanical stress than are those of broiler-breed cocks. The study was particularly concerned with the following types of tendon tissue: tendon of the gastrocnemius muscle, tendon of the flexor muscle of the third digit, hypotarsal sesamoid (HS). The results may be summarized as follows: (1) The tendon tissues of the two main groups compared, differ structurally in several respects. The most marked differences are perceptible in the plantar layer of the tendons, some synovial membranes, the HS and the insertion of the gastrocnemius tendon. (2) The difference is susceptibility to synovitis as well as the difference in tensile strength can be accounted for by the above structural differences.(3) Tendon tissue is apparently infected by haematogenous route in the case of spontaneous synovitis."}
{"id": "PMID:882976", "title": "A field trial with a new anthelmintic oxfendazole in naturally infected calves.", "content": "In a field trial on a series of 10 farms involving 116 calves the activity of oxfendazole at a dose rate of 2.5 mg/kg against gastro-intestinal helminths was assessed. On the basis of egg counts and larval differentiation before and after treatment it was shown that the compound had excellent activity against the most common nematodes. Although not proven in this trial, there were indications of some activity against inhibited stages of Ostertagia. Activity against Strongyloides was lower, while for Trichuris and Moniezia the infection rates before treatment were too low to draw any definitie conclusions about the activity of oxfendazole against these parasites.", "contents": "A field trial with a new anthelmintic oxfendazole in naturally infected calves. In a field trial on a series of 10 farms involving 116 calves the activity of oxfendazole at a dose rate of 2.5 mg/kg against gastro-intestinal helminths was assessed. On the basis of egg counts and larval differentiation before and after treatment it was shown that the compound had excellent activity against the most common nematodes. Although not proven in this trial, there were indications of some activity against inhibited stages of Ostertagia. Activity against Strongyloides was lower, while for Trichuris and Moniezia the infection rates before treatment were too low to draw any definitie conclusions about the activity of oxfendazole against these parasites."}
{"id": "PMID:883004", "title": "Dextrocardia and situs inversus in Sri Lanka.", "content": "Transposition of the viscera is an uncommon condition but no figures are available as to its prevalence in a tropical country. 31 cases of dextrocardia were seen among 110,603 persons examined at two chest clinics in Sri Lanka. A further 11 cases were detected by the reading of films taken at a tuberculosis prevalence survey in the general population in which 27,095 persons were examined after random selection. The incidence at the chest clinics was 1 in 3567, while the prevalence in the general population was 1 in 2500, perhaps the highest rate to be reported from any country. The prevalence was higher in the rural than in the urban population. All cases were right handed, implying that there was no transposition of the centres in the brain. In one case the mother had mumps in the first trimester of pregnancy, thus raising the possibility of an aetiological relationship.", "contents": "Dextrocardia and situs inversus in Sri Lanka. Transposition of the viscera is an uncommon condition but no figures are available as to its prevalence in a tropical country. 31 cases of dextrocardia were seen among 110,603 persons examined at two chest clinics in Sri Lanka. A further 11 cases were detected by the reading of films taken at a tuberculosis prevalence survey in the general population in which 27,095 persons were examined after random selection. The incidence at the chest clinics was 1 in 3567, while the prevalence in the general population was 1 in 2500, perhaps the highest rate to be reported from any country. The prevalence was higher in the rural than in the urban population. All cases were right handed, implying that there was no transposition of the centres in the brain. In one case the mother had mumps in the first trimester of pregnancy, thus raising the possibility of an aetiological relationship."}
{"id": "PMID:883005", "title": "Avascular necrosis of the femoral head associated with haemoglobinopathy.", "content": "The clinical and X-ray records of 22 patients with avascular necrosis of the femoral head associated with haemoglobinopathy seen at the University College Hospital, Ibadan over the period 1968-1973 were analysed retrospectively. There were 14 cases of necrosis of the femoral head in sickle cell haemoglobin C disease (SC disease) and four cases each in homozygous S disease (SS disease) and sickle cell trait (AS trait). The sex incidence was nearly equal. The mean age of the patients when first seen was 13.7 years (range 7-27 years). Radiologically, two types of lesions were seen: Perthes-like necrosis and severe hip deformity. No case of osteochondritis dissecans type of lesion was encountered. All patients were treated conservatively with analgesics and no weight bearing, with symptomatic improvement in all but generally unsatisfactory results as regards reconstitution of the femoral head.", "contents": "Avascular necrosis of the femoral head associated with haemoglobinopathy. The clinical and X-ray records of 22 patients with avascular necrosis of the femoral head associated with haemoglobinopathy seen at the University College Hospital, Ibadan over the period 1968-1973 were analysed retrospectively. There were 14 cases of necrosis of the femoral head in sickle cell haemoglobin C disease (SC disease) and four cases each in homozygous S disease (SS disease) and sickle cell trait (AS trait). The sex incidence was nearly equal. The mean age of the patients when first seen was 13.7 years (range 7-27 years). Radiologically, two types of lesions were seen: Perthes-like necrosis and severe hip deformity. No case of osteochondritis dissecans type of lesion was encountered. All patients were treated conservatively with analgesics and no weight bearing, with symptomatic improvement in all but generally unsatisfactory results as regards reconstitution of the femoral head."}
{"id": "PMID:883006", "title": "Anaemia of pregnancy in northern India. Nature and therapeutic follow-up.", "content": "Investigations on 114 anaemic pregnant women revealed that megaloblastosis occurred in more than half. A therapeutic follow-up approach clearly indicated that vitamin B12-deficiency was fairly common in such patients; the need of iron supplementation in many of them for achieving complete remission emphasized the poor status of iron stores. All patients with normoblastic marrow achieved full remission with iron therapy alone. The deficiency of haematinic factors appears to be largely due to poor nutrition.", "contents": "Anaemia of pregnancy in northern India. Nature and therapeutic follow-up. Investigations on 114 anaemic pregnant women revealed that megaloblastosis occurred in more than half. A therapeutic follow-up approach clearly indicated that vitamin B12-deficiency was fairly common in such patients; the need of iron supplementation in many of them for achieving complete remission emphasized the poor status of iron stores. All patients with normoblastic marrow achieved full remission with iron therapy alone. The deficiency of haematinic factors appears to be largely due to poor nutrition."}
{"id": "PMID:883007", "title": "Urogenital rhabdomyosarcoma in Nigerian children.", "content": "Four cases of urogenital rhabdomyosarcoma in Nigerian children are reported. One of the patients is alive and well six years after surgical excision of a stage 1 tumour. The remaining three children had more advanced neoplasms and died soon after surgery despite adjuvant therapy with one or more cytotoxic agents. The probable value of combination chemotherapy with vincristine, actinomycin D and cyclophosphamide in this tumour type is discussed.", "contents": "Urogenital rhabdomyosarcoma in Nigerian children. Four cases of urogenital rhabdomyosarcoma in Nigerian children are reported. One of the patients is alive and well six years after surgical excision of a stage 1 tumour. The remaining three children had more advanced neoplasms and died soon after surgery despite adjuvant therapy with one or more cytotoxic agents. The probable value of combination chemotherapy with vincristine, actinomycin D and cyclophosphamide in this tumour type is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:883008", "title": "Acute appendicitis in Nigerian children.", "content": "This study reports on 46 cases of acute appendicitis in children during a nine year period (1963-1971) in the University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria. The disease does not appear to be (yet) a common paediatric surgical problem here. The clinical features are similar to those reported for other populations, though there was a tendency to late presentation with a more advanced stage of the disease. A review on the aetiology of acute appendicitis, clinical features, diagnosis, course and prognosis in children is also presented.", "contents": "Acute appendicitis in Nigerian children. This study reports on 46 cases of acute appendicitis in children during a nine year period (1963-1971) in the University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria. The disease does not appear to be (yet) a common paediatric surgical problem here. The clinical features are similar to those reported for other populations, though there was a tendency to late presentation with a more advanced stage of the disease. A review on the aetiology of acute appendicitis, clinical features, diagnosis, course and prognosis in children is also presented."}
{"id": "PMID:883009", "title": "Xerophthalmia in North Sumatra.", "content": "During a preliminary survey on xerophthalmia in North Sumatra, Indonesia, a total of 1754 children of 0-6 years of age were examined clinically as well as with a vital staining technique, using Rose-Bengal 1%-Fluorescein sodium 1% eyedrops. Differences in prevalence were found between children from the rural villages, from Gunung Pamela rubber estate and from one Health Centre and two kindergartens in Medan town. None of the children in the estate and in Medan had Bitot spots or acute corneal involvement; conjunctival xerosis (XIA) was found in 28% among boys and 11% among girls at the rubber estate, whereas in Medan only 1% had XIA. In the village, the calculated minimum point prevalence rates for X1B, X2 + 3 and XS were respectively 0.29%, 0.16% and 0.45% for age-group 0-6 years, sexes combined. According to WHO criteria xerophthalmia should, therefore, be considered of public health importance in the rural area visited. The potential use of the vital staining technique in early diagnosis of xerophthalmia is discussed. WHO criteria for assessment of the magnitude of the xerophthalmia problem as well as the guidelines for xerophthalmia surveys from the International Vitamin A Consultative Group have been analysed in this survey as a casestudy.", "contents": "Xerophthalmia in North Sumatra. During a preliminary survey on xerophthalmia in North Sumatra, Indonesia, a total of 1754 children of 0-6 years of age were examined clinically as well as with a vital staining technique, using Rose-Bengal 1%-Fluorescein sodium 1% eyedrops. Differences in prevalence were found between children from the rural villages, from Gunung Pamela rubber estate and from one Health Centre and two kindergartens in Medan town. None of the children in the estate and in Medan had Bitot spots or acute corneal involvement; conjunctival xerosis (XIA) was found in 28% among boys and 11% among girls at the rubber estate, whereas in Medan only 1% had XIA. In the village, the calculated minimum point prevalence rates for X1B, X2 + 3 and XS were respectively 0.29%, 0.16% and 0.45% for age-group 0-6 years, sexes combined. According to WHO criteria xerophthalmia should, therefore, be considered of public health importance in the rural area visited. The potential use of the vital staining technique in early diagnosis of xerophthalmia is discussed. WHO criteria for assessment of the magnitude of the xerophthalmia problem as well as the guidelines for xerophthalmia surveys from the International Vitamin A Consultative Group have been analysed in this survey as a casestudy."}
{"id": "PMID:883010", "title": "The beta carotene content of Indian edible green leaves.", "content": "Thirtytwo varieties of edible green leaves were analysed for their beta carotene content in different seasons of the year. Several varieties were found to contain enough beta carotene to provide the daily requirements of vitamin A, even for an adult person, from a moderate serving (30g-100g).", "contents": "The beta carotene content of Indian edible green leaves. Thirtytwo varieties of edible green leaves were analysed for their beta carotene content in different seasons of the year. Several varieties were found to contain enough beta carotene to provide the daily requirements of vitamin A, even for an adult person, from a moderate serving (30g-100g)."}
{"id": "PMID:883011", "title": "The pathology of schistosomiasis in Sudan.", "content": "The pathology of schistosomiasis in an autopsy material consisting of medico-legal cases and unclaimed bodies in the Sudan is described. The limitations of this type of study are pointed out. S. mansoni-infection and S. haematobium-infection occurred with a frequency of 14.3 per cent and 4.5 per cent of autopsies respectively. There was a geographical difference in the severity of S. mansoni-infection in two endemic areas in the country; it was particularly severe in patients coming from Bor area in the Southern Sudan. In autopsies with S. mansomi-infection intestinal polyposis and cor pulmonale were rarely encountered. The distribution of eggs in the tissues, using digestion studies, and the relationship of tissue egg load to pathology are reported and discussed.", "contents": "The pathology of schistosomiasis in Sudan. The pathology of schistosomiasis in an autopsy material consisting of medico-legal cases and unclaimed bodies in the Sudan is described. The limitations of this type of study are pointed out. S. mansoni-infection and S. haematobium-infection occurred with a frequency of 14.3 per cent and 4.5 per cent of autopsies respectively. There was a geographical difference in the severity of S. mansoni-infection in two endemic areas in the country; it was particularly severe in patients coming from Bor area in the Southern Sudan. In autopsies with S. mansomi-infection intestinal polyposis and cor pulmonale were rarely encountered. The distribution of eggs in the tissues, using digestion studies, and the relationship of tissue egg load to pathology are reported and discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:883012", "title": "The combined effect of a cutaneo-lymphatic fungus, Sporothrix schenckii and a lymphatic-dwelling nematode, Brugia Malayi.", "content": "Domestic cats were infected with third-stage Brugia malayi in such a way that the parasites were restricted to the regional lymphatics of one hind limb. Later, these cats were exposed on the same leg to the yeast phase of Sporothrix schenckii. Edema and fibrosis were more extensive in cats infected with both Brugia and Sporothrix than in cats with either of these organisms alone. Lesions tended to appear earlier, more consistently and progressed more rapidly in cats with dual infections than in Sporothrix controls. No septic lesions were seen in any Brugia controls. Dissemination of the organism was also greater in animals with dual infections than in those infected only with Sporothrix. On the basis of this study, it appears probable that in certain istances fungi, as well as bacteria, may play an important role in transforming a mild subclinical case of lymphatic filariasis into a serious medical problem and that a filarial infection may greatly exacerbate an existing Sporothrix infection.", "contents": "The combined effect of a cutaneo-lymphatic fungus, Sporothrix schenckii and a lymphatic-dwelling nematode, Brugia Malayi. Domestic cats were infected with third-stage Brugia malayi in such a way that the parasites were restricted to the regional lymphatics of one hind limb. Later, these cats were exposed on the same leg to the yeast phase of Sporothrix schenckii. Edema and fibrosis were more extensive in cats infected with both Brugia and Sporothrix than in cats with either of these organisms alone. Lesions tended to appear earlier, more consistently and progressed more rapidly in cats with dual infections than in Sporothrix controls. No septic lesions were seen in any Brugia controls. Dissemination of the organism was also greater in animals with dual infections than in those infected only with Sporothrix. On the basis of this study, it appears probable that in certain istances fungi, as well as bacteria, may play an important role in transforming a mild subclinical case of lymphatic filariasis into a serious medical problem and that a filarial infection may greatly exacerbate an existing Sporothrix infection."}
{"id": "PMID:883013", "title": "Type-B hepatitis in Lagos.", "content": "Hepatitis B-antigen (HBsAg) was detected in 46.4% of 97 patients with acute viral hepatitis seen at the Lagos University Teaching Hospital, Nigeria. The mode of infection was not clear in the majority of cases. It is concluded that type-B hepatitis infection is a frequent cause of viral hepatitis in Nigeria.", "contents": "Type-B hepatitis in Lagos. Hepatitis B-antigen (HBsAg) was detected in 46.4% of 97 patients with acute viral hepatitis seen at the Lagos University Teaching Hospital, Nigeria. The mode of infection was not clear in the majority of cases. It is concluded that type-B hepatitis infection is a frequent cause of viral hepatitis in Nigeria."}
{"id": "PMID:883014", "title": "Contraception and haemoglobinopathies in Ibadan, Nigeria. An evaluation of the effect on anaemia.", "content": "The haemoglobin-genotype of women attending six family planning clinics in the city of Ibadan, Nigeria in a 16-month period was determined. Women with haemoglobinopathy S and C (Hb SS, SC and AC), in spite of the greater risks associated with pregnancy in them, were found to use the services of the family planning clinics less than others (Hb AA and AS) in the population. Women with Hb AA or Hb AS on different contraceptives had similar levels of erythrocyte packed cell volume except that reduced levels were observed in Hb AS acceptors on oral contraceptives not containing an iron supplement.", "contents": "Contraception and haemoglobinopathies in Ibadan, Nigeria. An evaluation of the effect on anaemia. The haemoglobin-genotype of women attending six family planning clinics in the city of Ibadan, Nigeria in a 16-month period was determined. Women with haemoglobinopathy S and C (Hb SS, SC and AC), in spite of the greater risks associated with pregnancy in them, were found to use the services of the family planning clinics less than others (Hb AA and AS) in the population. Women with Hb AA or Hb AS on different contraceptives had similar levels of erythrocyte packed cell volume except that reduced levels were observed in Hb AS acceptors on oral contraceptives not containing an iron supplement."}
{"id": "PMID:883015", "title": "The bearing of height, weight and skinfold thickness on obesity in four South African ethnic groups of school pupils of 17 years.", "content": "Studies on height, weight and skinfolds in four anatomical regions have been made on groups of South African Black, Coloured, Indian, and White pupils of 17 years. Examination of weight for height compared with weight for age data have revealed high percentages of obesity particularly in non-White groups. Obesity is not only reflected in higher mean umbilical skinfold values found in the short, lighter urban Indian, also Coloured and Black girls, compared with taller, heavier White girls, but in high percentages of body weight as fat. There was an unexpected similarity of mean triceps skinfold values in the different ethnic groups. It is suggested that the problem of overweight and obesity in adolescent subjects, who remain underheight, whether from nutritional, genetic or adverse environmental factors, may be aggravated by school feeding schemes, as once the physiological demands of the pubertal growth spurt have been met, obesity is occurring in these former so called malnourished groups. The obesity occurs without dietary intervention.", "contents": "The bearing of height, weight and skinfold thickness on obesity in four South African ethnic groups of school pupils of 17 years. Studies on height, weight and skinfolds in four anatomical regions have been made on groups of South African Black, Coloured, Indian, and White pupils of 17 years. Examination of weight for height compared with weight for age data have revealed high percentages of obesity particularly in non-White groups. Obesity is not only reflected in higher mean umbilical skinfold values found in the short, lighter urban Indian, also Coloured and Black girls, compared with taller, heavier White girls, but in high percentages of body weight as fat. There was an unexpected similarity of mean triceps skinfold values in the different ethnic groups. It is suggested that the problem of overweight and obesity in adolescent subjects, who remain underheight, whether from nutritional, genetic or adverse environmental factors, may be aggravated by school feeding schemes, as once the physiological demands of the pubertal growth spurt have been met, obesity is occurring in these former so called malnourished groups. The obesity occurs without dietary intervention."}
{"id": "PMID:883016", "title": "Childhood accidents in Dar es Salaam.", "content": "Childhood accidents in Dar es Salaam are among the ten top causes of morbidity. After eradication of protein energy malnutrition and infectious disease, accidents will be the leading cause of morbidity and mortality as it has occurred in developed countries. Accidents were the fifth cause of admission into paediatric wards totalling 589 cases out of 12,375 admissions. Of the accident cases, 37% were due to poisoning; 27% to trauma; 24% to burns; 7% to foreign bodies and 6% to other causes. Lack of parental care, low socio-economic status and large families were among important causal factors. There is need to create awareness of hazards of accidents to prevent these unnecessary accidents of childhood.", "contents": "Childhood accidents in Dar es Salaam. Childhood accidents in Dar es Salaam are among the ten top causes of morbidity. After eradication of protein energy malnutrition and infectious disease, accidents will be the leading cause of morbidity and mortality as it has occurred in developed countries. Accidents were the fifth cause of admission into paediatric wards totalling 589 cases out of 12,375 admissions. Of the accident cases, 37% were due to poisoning; 27% to trauma; 24% to burns; 7% to foreign bodies and 6% to other causes. Lack of parental care, low socio-economic status and large families were among important causal factors. There is need to create awareness of hazards of accidents to prevent these unnecessary accidents of childhood."}
{"id": "PMID:883017", "title": "Perforation of hydatid cyst into the common bile duct; report of four cases.", "content": "Four cases of hydatid cysts which perforated into the common bile duct are presented. Jaundice was the presenting symptom in three cases. The operative treatment consisted of choledochotomy, evacuation of the daughter cysts and the membrane of the mother cyst and drainage through the T-tube. In one case, it was possible to open the mother cyst, evacuate its contents and drain it externally.", "contents": "Perforation of hydatid cyst into the common bile duct; report of four cases. Four cases of hydatid cysts which perforated into the common bile duct are presented. Jaundice was the presenting symptom in three cases. The operative treatment consisted of choledochotomy, evacuation of the daughter cysts and the membrane of the mother cyst and drainage through the T-tube. In one case, it was possible to open the mother cyst, evacuate its contents and drain it externally."}
{"id": "PMID:883023", "title": "[Electron microscopic study of the peptidergic neurosecretory cells of the preoptic nucleus of carp].", "content": "The preoptic neurosecretory cells (NSC) in sexually mature female Cyprinus carpio L. have been studied with electron microscope in winter. Separate weakly differentiated NSC and differentiated NSC of small and mean size are localized in the ventral part of Nucleus preopticus. The big highly differentiated NSC are mostly localized in the dorsal part of Nucleus preopticus. Among these types of the cells are established the light and dark forms. The \"picnomorphic\" cells are found only in the dorsal part of Nucleus preopticus. The light NSC are subdivided into two following kinds of cells: 1. NSC with a great amount of moderately dilated channels of the rough endoplasmic reticulum and scarce neurosecretory granules; 2. NSC with a small amount of narrow channels of the rough endoplasmic reticulum and many neurosecretory granules. The various types of differentiated NSC reflect the asynchronous formation of neurosecretory granules. The Nucleus preopticus of C. carpio has mostly the light highly differentiated NSC. It is supposed that most of the NSC in Nucleus preopticus produce and storage neurosecretory granules.", "contents": "[Electron microscopic study of the peptidergic neurosecretory cells of the preoptic nucleus of carp]. The preoptic neurosecretory cells (NSC) in sexually mature female Cyprinus carpio L. have been studied with electron microscope in winter. Separate weakly differentiated NSC and differentiated NSC of small and mean size are localized in the ventral part of Nucleus preopticus. The big highly differentiated NSC are mostly localized in the dorsal part of Nucleus preopticus. Among these types of the cells are established the light and dark forms. The \"picnomorphic\" cells are found only in the dorsal part of Nucleus preopticus. The light NSC are subdivided into two following kinds of cells: 1. NSC with a great amount of moderately dilated channels of the rough endoplasmic reticulum and scarce neurosecretory granules; 2. NSC with a small amount of narrow channels of the rough endoplasmic reticulum and many neurosecretory granules. The various types of differentiated NSC reflect the asynchronous formation of neurosecretory granules. The Nucleus preopticus of C. carpio has mostly the light highly differentiated NSC. It is supposed that most of the NSC in Nucleus preopticus produce and storage neurosecretory granules."}
{"id": "PMID:883018", "title": "[In vitro multiplication of Dunaliella salina Teod. cells. I].", "content": "There is a close and complex relation between the value of the initial density of the Dunaliella salina Teod. culture and its growth on basic nutrient medium. An increase of the initial density decreases the effect of substrate inhibition in the lag-phase and considerably increases the asymptotic density of the culture without changing the true growth rate. A factorial experiment led to a significant improvement of the composition of the nutrient medium, this allowing to double the asymptotic density of the culture.", "contents": "[In vitro multiplication of Dunaliella salina Teod. cells. I]. There is a close and complex relation between the value of the initial density of the Dunaliella salina Teod. culture and its growth on basic nutrient medium. An increase of the initial density decreases the effect of substrate inhibition in the lag-phase and considerably increases the asymptotic density of the culture without changing the true growth rate. A factorial experiment led to a significant improvement of the composition of the nutrient medium, this allowing to double the asymptotic density of the culture."}
{"id": "PMID:883024", "title": "[Effect of etimizol on the ultrastructure of the dorsal hippocampus and autonomic ganglia of the rat heart].", "content": "The injection of aethimizol to rats (10 mg/kg) causes an irregular widening of cisternae of the granular endoplasmic reticulum in \"light\" pyramidal neurons of zone CA1 of dorsal hippocampus, which is considered as a depression of the neuronal apparatus of protein synthesis. A 1 mg/kg dose causes, in some synapses, a complex of changes supposed to express the activation of synapses. No essential changes were revealed in the heart neurons. Aethimizol acts selectively on the ultrastructure of central nervous system and does not exert a pronounced action on autonomic neurons.", "contents": "[Effect of etimizol on the ultrastructure of the dorsal hippocampus and autonomic ganglia of the rat heart]. The injection of aethimizol to rats (10 mg/kg) causes an irregular widening of cisternae of the granular endoplasmic reticulum in \"light\" pyramidal neurons of zone CA1 of dorsal hippocampus, which is considered as a depression of the neuronal apparatus of protein synthesis. A 1 mg/kg dose causes, in some synapses, a complex of changes supposed to express the activation of synapses. No essential changes were revealed in the heart neurons. Aethimizol acts selectively on the ultrastructure of central nervous system and does not exert a pronounced action on autonomic neurons."}
{"id": "PMID:883019", "title": "[Characteristics of the dermatoglyphics of the hand in congenital deaf-mutism].", "content": "Differences in a number of dermatoglyphic signs in patients with endogenous forms of the disease were found when analysing dermatoglyphics among 535 patients with congenital deaf-mutism. These differences may be of certain significance for differentiation between exogenous and endogenous forms of deaf-mutism, that is of great importance for a medico-genetical consultation with respect to progeny prognosis.", "contents": "[Characteristics of the dermatoglyphics of the hand in congenital deaf-mutism]. Differences in a number of dermatoglyphic signs in patients with endogenous forms of the disease were found when analysing dermatoglyphics among 535 patients with congenital deaf-mutism. These differences may be of certain significance for differentiation between exogenous and endogenous forms of deaf-mutism, that is of great importance for a medico-genetical consultation with respect to progeny prognosis."}
{"id": "PMID:883025", "title": "[Ultra-fine organization of the goose coccidium Eimeria kotlani. I. Intranuclear development of macrogametes].", "content": "The ultrastructure of the macrogamete stage of Eimeria kotlani has been studied. The peculiarity of this eimerian parasite is that its development procedes within the host cell nucleus. The ultrastructure of the macrogamete of E. kotlani has much in common with that of other eimerians that are localized in the host cell cytoplasm. The differences noticed concern, first of all, the structural organization of wall forming bodies of both types (WF-1, WF-2). The WF-1 are originally arranged around the WF-2, as small electron opaque granules making a dark ring, to move towards the periphery of the macrogamete body with maturation. The WF-2 of E. kotlani macrogametes lack a labyrinth structure so characteristic of WF-2 of macrogametes of other eimerian species. The macrogamete of E. kotlani is limited with three membranes, the innermost membrane is interrupted. Pinocytosis is presumably a mode of the parasite's nutrition. The nutrients are supposed to be transported by vesicles originating from the nucleoplasm of the host cell and limited with two membranes. In result, the remaining nucleoplasm looks as a narrow space of small islets. The host cell cytoplasm reveals some degenerative changes only by the final step of the parasite's development.", "contents": "[Ultra-fine organization of the goose coccidium Eimeria kotlani. I. Intranuclear development of macrogametes]. The ultrastructure of the macrogamete stage of Eimeria kotlani has been studied. The peculiarity of this eimerian parasite is that its development procedes within the host cell nucleus. The ultrastructure of the macrogamete of E. kotlani has much in common with that of other eimerians that are localized in the host cell cytoplasm. The differences noticed concern, first of all, the structural organization of wall forming bodies of both types (WF-1, WF-2). The WF-1 are originally arranged around the WF-2, as small electron opaque granules making a dark ring, to move towards the periphery of the macrogamete body with maturation. The WF-2 of E. kotlani macrogametes lack a labyrinth structure so characteristic of WF-2 of macrogametes of other eimerian species. The macrogamete of E. kotlani is limited with three membranes, the innermost membrane is interrupted. Pinocytosis is presumably a mode of the parasite's nutrition. The nutrients are supposed to be transported by vesicles originating from the nucleoplasm of the host cell and limited with two membranes. In result, the remaining nucleoplasm looks as a narrow space of small islets. The host cell cytoplasm reveals some degenerative changes only by the final step of the parasite's development."}
{"id": "PMID:883020", "title": "[Origin of marker chromosomes in a continuous human cell line].", "content": "The karyotypes of L-41 cells (subline J-96) and those of cell strains obtained from RH strain in the course of multiple passages and mycoplasm infection were studied using the GTG technique. All the RH strains contained chromosomes with bands similar to Hela and other cell strains well-adapted to permanent growth in the tissue culture. The origin of marker chromosomes was studied. The activity of G-6-PDG was detected cytochemically in cells having an X-chromosome. A decrease in alkaline phosphotase activity corresponded to the reduction of the number of G-chromosomes. Possible causes of the arising of marker chromosomes are discussed.", "contents": "[Origin of marker chromosomes in a continuous human cell line]. The karyotypes of L-41 cells (subline J-96) and those of cell strains obtained from RH strain in the course of multiple passages and mycoplasm infection were studied using the GTG technique. All the RH strains contained chromosomes with bands similar to Hela and other cell strains well-adapted to permanent growth in the tissue culture. The origin of marker chromosomes was studied. The activity of G-6-PDG was detected cytochemically in cells having an X-chromosome. A decrease in alkaline phosphotase activity corresponded to the reduction of the number of G-chromosomes. Possible causes of the arising of marker chromosomes are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:883027", "title": "[Spiralization dynamics of the eu- and heterochromatin of heteromorphic homologs of the 1st pair of human chromosomes].", "content": "Peculiarities of mitotic spiralization of eu- and heterochromatic parts of heteromorphic homologous chromosomes No 1 are investigated. The homologues differ in size of their centromeric heterochromatin segments. In the spiralization range studied (the total lengths of chromosome pair equal to 8.2+25.6 mcm) the lengths of any euchromatic and heterochromatic part change approximately by 3 and 2 times, resp. It is shown that if the chromosome contraction level is not taken into consideration, neither absolute nor relative length of heterochromatic segment can be used for measuring the ratio of heterochromatin. Recommendations for quantitative determination of heterochromatin in chromosome No 1 are given.", "contents": "[Spiralization dynamics of the eu- and heterochromatin of heteromorphic homologs of the 1st pair of human chromosomes]. Peculiarities of mitotic spiralization of eu- and heterochromatic parts of heteromorphic homologous chromosomes No 1 are investigated. The homologues differ in size of their centromeric heterochromatin segments. In the spiralization range studied (the total lengths of chromosome pair equal to 8.2+25.6 mcm) the lengths of any euchromatic and heterochromatic part change approximately by 3 and 2 times, resp. It is shown that if the chromosome contraction level is not taken into consideration, neither absolute nor relative length of heterochromatic segment can be used for measuring the ratio of heterochromatin. Recommendations for quantitative determination of heterochromatin in chromosome No 1 are given."}
{"id": "PMID:883030", "title": "[Effect of an antioxidant (4-methyl-2,6-ditertburylphenol) on mitotic division of mouse liver cells].", "content": "The highest increase in the mitotic index (MI) reticuloendothelial cells observed in the experiment after antioxidant treatment coincided in time with the maximal MI value of these cells in the untreated animals. However, the maximal increase of MI in hepatocytes took place when the minimal value of MI was registered in cells of the control animals. A significant increase in MI occurred both in hepatocytes and reticuloendothelial cells within the two first hours after antioxidant injection, but at this very time a more evident stimulation was observed for the hepatocytes. Antioxidant doses stimulating cell division produce similar effect on reticuloendothelial cells and hepatocytes, just reported here, as do tireoid ans steroid hormones.", "contents": "[Effect of an antioxidant (4-methyl-2,6-ditertburylphenol) on mitotic division of mouse liver cells]. The highest increase in the mitotic index (MI) reticuloendothelial cells observed in the experiment after antioxidant treatment coincided in time with the maximal MI value of these cells in the untreated animals. However, the maximal increase of MI in hepatocytes took place when the minimal value of MI was registered in cells of the control animals. A significant increase in MI occurred both in hepatocytes and reticuloendothelial cells within the two first hours after antioxidant injection, but at this very time a more evident stimulation was observed for the hepatocytes. Antioxidant doses stimulating cell division produce similar effect on reticuloendothelial cells and hepatocytes, just reported here, as do tireoid ans steroid hormones."}
{"id": "PMID:883031", "title": "[Changes in the size of the nuclei of adrenal cortex cells of rats after repeated physical stress].", "content": "Nuclear volumes of cells in rat adrenal cortex were measured. The rats were forced to swim during one month for 3 hours a day. During the experiment, the extension of nuclear hypetrophy in the external zona fasciculata underwent some phasic changes, phases being as follows: 1) increase in hypertrophy up to the maximum (2nd and 5th days of experiment); 2) the stability of hypertrophy close to the maximum (12th, 18th and 24th days), and the decrease in hypertrophy (30th day). The phases are assumed to correspond, respectively, to stages of alarm reaction, resistance and exhaustion caused by chronic stress. The increased nuclear volume of cells was also observed in the internal zona fasciculata. The discrepancy between nuclear volumes of zona reficularis in the experiment and in the control was statistically insignificant.", "contents": "[Changes in the size of the nuclei of adrenal cortex cells of rats after repeated physical stress]. Nuclear volumes of cells in rat adrenal cortex were measured. The rats were forced to swim during one month for 3 hours a day. During the experiment, the extension of nuclear hypetrophy in the external zona fasciculata underwent some phasic changes, phases being as follows: 1) increase in hypertrophy up to the maximum (2nd and 5th days of experiment); 2) the stability of hypertrophy close to the maximum (12th, 18th and 24th days), and the decrease in hypertrophy (30th day). The phases are assumed to correspond, respectively, to stages of alarm reaction, resistance and exhaustion caused by chronic stress. The increased nuclear volume of cells was also observed in the internal zona fasciculata. The discrepancy between nuclear volumes of zona reficularis in the experiment and in the control was statistically insignificant."}
{"id": "PMID:883021", "title": "[Embryo survival rate of BALB and C57BL line mice in reciprocal transplantations at early stages of development].", "content": "Survival rate and weight were studied for the BALB/c and C57Bl/6J mice embryos developed from transplanted 2- and 3-day-old blastocysts. The greatest number of implantations was observed when 3-day-old blastocysts were transplanted to recipient females with two-day pregnancy. The number of implantations and successfully developing transplanted embryos was increased in recipient female with a higher number of corpora lutea.", "contents": "[Embryo survival rate of BALB and C57BL line mice in reciprocal transplantations at early stages of development]. Survival rate and weight were studied for the BALB/c and C57Bl/6J mice embryos developed from transplanted 2- and 3-day-old blastocysts. The greatest number of implantations was observed when 3-day-old blastocysts were transplanted to recipient females with two-day pregnancy. The number of implantations and successfully developing transplanted embryos was increased in recipient female with a higher number of corpora lutea."}
{"id": "PMID:883032", "title": "[Effect of the ionophore antibiotic valinomycin on the lymphocyte blast-transformation reaction induced by phytohemagglutinin].", "content": "The effect of valinomycin on blast-transformation of human lymphocytes has been studied. The lymphocyte response was assayed by incorporation of radioactive precursor into DNA. DNA synthesis by PHA-stimulated lymphocytes was inhibited by valinomycin at concentration of 10(-8) M. The effect of high concentrations of valinomycin on the cells appeared to be irreversible. Excess of potassium in the medium was not effective in preventing the inhibitory action of valinomycin. An extensive washing of cells did not result in any release of the bound drug in the 10(-8) M concentration. The results are consistent with a hypothesis that lymphocyte stimulation is critically dependent on the level of intracellular K+.", "contents": "[Effect of the ionophore antibiotic valinomycin on the lymphocyte blast-transformation reaction induced by phytohemagglutinin]. The effect of valinomycin on blast-transformation of human lymphocytes has been studied. The lymphocyte response was assayed by incorporation of radioactive precursor into DNA. DNA synthesis by PHA-stimulated lymphocytes was inhibited by valinomycin at concentration of 10(-8) M. The effect of high concentrations of valinomycin on the cells appeared to be irreversible. Excess of potassium in the medium was not effective in preventing the inhibitory action of valinomycin. An extensive washing of cells did not result in any release of the bound drug in the 10(-8) M concentration. The results are consistent with a hypothesis that lymphocyte stimulation is critically dependent on the level of intracellular K+."}
{"id": "PMID:883033", "title": "[Yield of chromosome aberrations induced by x-irradiation in regenerating rat liver cells at different periods of the generation cycle].", "content": "The yield of cells with chromosome aberrations was studied using 630 rad X-irradiated liver cells of intact and hepatectomied rats, hepatectomy being performed 2-24 hours before irradiation. The radiosensitivity was variable throughout the cell cycle. The kinetic curve of radiosensitivity changes shows two ranges of radioresistance: in the early period G1 and in the middle period S, as well as the range of a relatively high sensitivity in the middle of period G1. The increase in radiosensitivity is also characteristic of the G0-G1 transition (4 hours after the stimulation).", "contents": "[Yield of chromosome aberrations induced by x-irradiation in regenerating rat liver cells at different periods of the generation cycle]. The yield of cells with chromosome aberrations was studied using 630 rad X-irradiated liver cells of intact and hepatectomied rats, hepatectomy being performed 2-24 hours before irradiation. The radiosensitivity was variable throughout the cell cycle. The kinetic curve of radiosensitivity changes shows two ranges of radioresistance: in the early period G1 and in the middle period S, as well as the range of a relatively high sensitivity in the middle of period G1. The increase in radiosensitivity is also characteristic of the G0-G1 transition (4 hours after the stimulation)."}
{"id": "PMID:883034", "title": "[Effect of aminazine on the concentration of bound calcium in grape snail neurons].", "content": "By cytospectrophotometry it was shown that with the increase of chlorpromazine concentration in the external medium [CPZ]0 equal to 1-10(-8) M the concentration of bound calcium in the nuclei of neurons of Helix pomatia decreased, and at 3.2-10(-7) M chlorpromazine the Ca-concentration reduced to its minimum. A further increase in [CPZ]0 gradually increased the concentration of bound calcium, and at 1-10(-5) M chlorpromazine the concentration reached its maximum. An increase in [CPZ]0 from 1-10(-5) M to 1-10(-3) M caused a secondary decrease in the concentration of intranuclear calcium. A similar dependence was noticed for calcium bound by the cytoplasm of these cells.", "contents": "[Effect of aminazine on the concentration of bound calcium in grape snail neurons]. By cytospectrophotometry it was shown that with the increase of chlorpromazine concentration in the external medium [CPZ]0 equal to 1-10(-8) M the concentration of bound calcium in the nuclei of neurons of Helix pomatia decreased, and at 3.2-10(-7) M chlorpromazine the Ca-concentration reduced to its minimum. A further increase in [CPZ]0 gradually increased the concentration of bound calcium, and at 1-10(-5) M chlorpromazine the concentration reached its maximum. An increase in [CPZ]0 from 1-10(-5) M to 1-10(-3) M caused a secondary decrease in the concentration of intranuclear calcium. A similar dependence was noticed for calcium bound by the cytoplasm of these cells."}
{"id": "PMID:883035", "title": "[Monoamine oxidase activity and ultrastructure of subcellular fractions of the cerebral cortex under normal conditions and in the presence of phenamine stimulation].", "content": "Crude mitochondrial fractions were fractionated into purified mitochondria, heavy- and light synaptosomes and synaptosomal membranes. The highest MAO activity was observed in purified mitochondria and heavy synaptosomes. Amphetamine strongly inhibited the MAO activity in heavy synaptosomes, and only slightly affected light synyptosomes. Electron microscopy of heavy synaptosomes revealed specific vesicles suggesting the presence of nerve endings of monoaminergic neurons, and the increase of the functional activity of these neurons.", "contents": "[Monoamine oxidase activity and ultrastructure of subcellular fractions of the cerebral cortex under normal conditions and in the presence of phenamine stimulation]. Crude mitochondrial fractions were fractionated into purified mitochondria, heavy- and light synaptosomes and synaptosomal membranes. The highest MAO activity was observed in purified mitochondria and heavy synaptosomes. Amphetamine strongly inhibited the MAO activity in heavy synaptosomes, and only slightly affected light synyptosomes. Electron microscopy of heavy synaptosomes revealed specific vesicles suggesting the presence of nerve endings of monoaminergic neurons, and the increase of the functional activity of these neurons."}
{"id": "PMID:883058", "title": "Nephrectomy for renal cell carcinoma with metastases.", "content": "The percentage of patients with renal cell carcinoma who also have identifiable metastases when first seen is increasing. In the past metastases were considered justification for excluding nephrectomy in the management of the patient. However, numerous opportunities for therapy which are abetted by removal of the primary tumor are presented. It is concluded, depending on several variables, that the advantages of nephrectomy usually justify the procedure.", "contents": "Nephrectomy for renal cell carcinoma with metastases. The percentage of patients with renal cell carcinoma who also have identifiable metastases when first seen is increasing. In the past metastases were considered justification for excluding nephrectomy in the management of the patient. However, numerous opportunities for therapy which are abetted by removal of the primary tumor are presented. It is concluded, depending on several variables, that the advantages of nephrectomy usually justify the procedure."}
{"id": "PMID:883059", "title": "Anticoagulation in urologic surgery.", "content": "The present report describes a pilot project to apply the principle of minidose heparinization to patients undergoing prostatectomy, comparing a control group of 50 prostatectomies treated in conventional fashion to a study group of 43 prostatectomies treated with minidose heparinization. Results of the study indicate that perioperative minidose heparinization in patients undergoing prostatectomy is associated with longer hospitalization, greater need for blood transfusion, greater degree of immediate and delayed postoperative bleeding, and a higher incidence of \"rebound\" pulmonary embolization after cessation of heparin, than in patients treated in conventional fashion.", "contents": "Anticoagulation in urologic surgery. The present report describes a pilot project to apply the principle of minidose heparinization to patients undergoing prostatectomy, comparing a control group of 50 prostatectomies treated in conventional fashion to a study group of 43 prostatectomies treated with minidose heparinization. Results of the study indicate that perioperative minidose heparinization in patients undergoing prostatectomy is associated with longer hospitalization, greater need for blood transfusion, greater degree of immediate and delayed postoperative bleeding, and a higher incidence of \"rebound\" pulmonary embolization after cessation of heparin, than in patients treated in conventional fashion."}
{"id": "PMID:883060", "title": "Minimum nephrostomy.", "content": "A new type of nephrostomy is described with the following main characteristics: it uses a small multiperforated Silastic tube; its crosswise location allows perfect drainage of all of the calyces and the pelvis; it does not become obstructed nor move from its position; and it causes minimum traumatization of the renal parenchyma. It has a double purpose: its serves as a drain and safety measures as well as being used for the treatment of renal infection.", "contents": "Minimum nephrostomy. A new type of nephrostomy is described with the following main characteristics: it uses a small multiperforated Silastic tube; its crosswise location allows perfect drainage of all of the calyces and the pelvis; it does not become obstructed nor move from its position; and it causes minimum traumatization of the renal parenchyma. It has a double purpose: its serves as a drain and safety measures as well as being used for the treatment of renal infection."}
{"id": "PMID:883061", "title": "Testicular neoplasms in children.", "content": "Six cases of testicular tumors in children are presented: 3 patients had teratoma, 1 embryonal carcinoma, 1 orchioblastoma, and 1 paratesticular rhabdomyosarcoma. Three of the 6 patients presented with hydroceles. The treatment consisted of orchiectomy alone. All patients were alive and free of disease one and one-half to eight and one-half years after orchiectomy. It is suggested that orchiectomy alone is curative in most children with testicular tumors under the age of two years.", "contents": "Testicular neoplasms in children. Six cases of testicular tumors in children are presented: 3 patients had teratoma, 1 embryonal carcinoma, 1 orchioblastoma, and 1 paratesticular rhabdomyosarcoma. Three of the 6 patients presented with hydroceles. The treatment consisted of orchiectomy alone. All patients were alive and free of disease one and one-half to eight and one-half years after orchiectomy. It is suggested that orchiectomy alone is curative in most children with testicular tumors under the age of two years."}
{"id": "PMID:883062", "title": "Urolithiasis in childhood.", "content": "The management of 131 children with urinary calculi is described. Boys out-numbered girls 2:1. Five per cent of the patients had identifiable metabolic causes, while 78 per cent had infected renal lithiasis. With appropriate therapy, stone disease became inactive in 79 per cent of the children. The remaining 21 per cent continued with active disease. Stone formation may be regarded as a solitary complication or one of several manifestations of a large number of underlying disorders. Along with a thorough search for etiologic factors there must be an equally aggressive therapeutic effort. Becuase the disease is often sporadic, careful long-term follow-up of the patients with active as well as those with inactive stone disease is mandatory.", "contents": "Urolithiasis in childhood. The management of 131 children with urinary calculi is described. Boys out-numbered girls 2:1. Five per cent of the patients had identifiable metabolic causes, while 78 per cent had infected renal lithiasis. With appropriate therapy, stone disease became inactive in 79 per cent of the children. The remaining 21 per cent continued with active disease. Stone formation may be regarded as a solitary complication or one of several manifestations of a large number of underlying disorders. Along with a thorough search for etiologic factors there must be an equally aggressive therapeutic effort. Becuase the disease is often sporadic, careful long-term follow-up of the patients with active as well as those with inactive stone disease is mandatory."}
{"id": "PMID:883063", "title": "Anatomy and function of scrotal ligament.", "content": "The anatomy of the scrotal ligament has been studied in 22 cadavers by dissection and histologic examination. The ligament could be identified in 20 cadavers. It binds the scrotal skin firmly to the tunica vaginalis at the lower testicular pole. The embryonic nature of the ligament is discussed. It synchronizes the crematerico-dartos action under normal and varied temperatures. Absence of the ligament results in disordered testicular thermoregulation and may be a factor in the genesis of subfertility; the mechanisms involved are discussed. The difference between the aligamentous testicle and the high scrotal undescended testicle is discussed.", "contents": "Anatomy and function of scrotal ligament. The anatomy of the scrotal ligament has been studied in 22 cadavers by dissection and histologic examination. The ligament could be identified in 20 cadavers. It binds the scrotal skin firmly to the tunica vaginalis at the lower testicular pole. The embryonic nature of the ligament is discussed. It synchronizes the crematerico-dartos action under normal and varied temperatures. Absence of the ligament results in disordered testicular thermoregulation and may be a factor in the genesis of subfertility; the mechanisms involved are discussed. The difference between the aligamentous testicle and the high scrotal undescended testicle is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:883067", "title": "Preureteric vena cava.", "content": "Preureteric vena cava is a rare congenital anomaly usually presenting clinically with hydronephrosis and an \"S or fishhook\" deformity of the ureter at the third or fourth lumbar vertebrae. Unusual presentations do occur and can lead to misdiagnoses. Herein such a case originally diagnosed as a ureteropelvic junction obstruction is presented and the embryology reviewed.", "contents": "Preureteric vena cava. Preureteric vena cava is a rare congenital anomaly usually presenting clinically with hydronephrosis and an \"S or fishhook\" deformity of the ureter at the third or fourth lumbar vertebrae. Unusual presentations do occur and can lead to misdiagnoses. Herein such a case originally diagnosed as a ureteropelvic junction obstruction is presented and the embryology reviewed."}
{"id": "PMID:883069", "title": "One-stage hypospadias repair.", "content": "A surgical technique for correction of hypospadias with chordee in one stage is described. This technique which brings the ectopic meatus up to the tip of the glans was successfully applied in 3 cases of penoscrotal and in 8 cases of penile hypospadias.", "contents": "One-stage hypospadias repair. A surgical technique for correction of hypospadias with chordee in one stage is described. This technique which brings the ectopic meatus up to the tip of the glans was successfully applied in 3 cases of penoscrotal and in 8 cases of penile hypospadias."}
{"id": "PMID:883074", "title": "Endometriosis of bladder.", "content": "A case is described of endometriosis of the bladder in a postmenopausal patient who had gross hematuria and pelvic mass. Medical treatment with progestins was unsuccessful, and a partial cystectomy was performed.", "contents": "Endometriosis of bladder. A case is described of endometriosis of the bladder in a postmenopausal patient who had gross hematuria and pelvic mass. Medical treatment with progestins was unsuccessful, and a partial cystectomy was performed."}
{"id": "PMID:883076", "title": "Sensitive method for intraoperative roentgenograms.", "content": "A new technique using mammography film has been developed. A portable x-ray machine and mammographic film has been used to obtain excellent intraoperative radiographs of renal calculi. The kidney is exposed through a flank incision. The film is cut to a size and shape that will permit an easy fit behind the kidney. Exposed film is developed in an automatic processor. This technique has facilitated location and removal of small calculi and faintly opaque calculi. Uric acid stones have been demonstrated in vitro. It is an inexpensive technique that requires no special equipment.", "contents": "Sensitive method for intraoperative roentgenograms. A new technique using mammography film has been developed. A portable x-ray machine and mammographic film has been used to obtain excellent intraoperative radiographs of renal calculi. The kidney is exposed through a flank incision. The film is cut to a size and shape that will permit an easy fit behind the kidney. Exposed film is developed in an automatic processor. This technique has facilitated location and removal of small calculi and faintly opaque calculi. Uric acid stones have been demonstrated in vitro. It is an inexpensive technique that requires no special equipment."}
{"id": "PMID:883084", "title": "Chronic dermatosis and cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma in the beagle dog.", "content": "Chronic dermatosis developed in sparsely-haired, lightly pigmented, ventral body skin in 397 of 1 680 beagle dogs by the time the dogs were 5 1/2 years old. Twenty-six of 55 other beagles had developed by 12 years of age. Squamous cells carcinomas developed in the sites of dermatosis in eight of the 397 younger and five of the 26 older beagles. The lesions resembled solar keratosis (solar dermatosis, actinic dermatosis or senile keratosis) in man. They developed under circumstances suggesting that solar radiation is involved in the pathogenesis, as it is in man.", "contents": "Chronic dermatosis and cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma in the beagle dog. Chronic dermatosis developed in sparsely-haired, lightly pigmented, ventral body skin in 397 of 1 680 beagle dogs by the time the dogs were 5 1/2 years old. Twenty-six of 55 other beagles had developed by 12 years of age. Squamous cells carcinomas developed in the sites of dermatosis in eight of the 397 younger and five of the 26 older beagles. The lesions resembled solar keratosis (solar dermatosis, actinic dermatosis or senile keratosis) in man. They developed under circumstances suggesting that solar radiation is involved in the pathogenesis, as it is in man."}
{"id": "PMID:883085", "title": "Intestinal Tyzzer's disease and spirochetosis in a guinea pig.", "content": "Tyzzer's disease (bacillus pilirformis infection) was diagnosed in young guinea pig killed because of diarrhea and poor condition. There was necrosis and inflammation of the colon, cecum and ileum. Typical B. piliformis were in intestinal epithelial cells. Spirochetes were in large numbers in intestinal crypts and were often adjacent to the intracellular B. piliformis. Extracellular B. piliformis occasionally were surrounded by spirochetes.", "contents": "Intestinal Tyzzer's disease and spirochetosis in a guinea pig. Tyzzer's disease (bacillus pilirformis infection) was diagnosed in young guinea pig killed because of diarrhea and poor condition. There was necrosis and inflammation of the colon, cecum and ileum. Typical B. piliformis were in intestinal epithelial cells. Spirochetes were in large numbers in intestinal crypts and were often adjacent to the intracellular B. piliformis. Extracellular B. piliformis occasionally were surrounded by spirochetes."}
{"id": "PMID:883086", "title": "Internal hydrocephalus and associated periventricular encephalitis in young dogs.", "content": "Six dogs that had a sudden onset and rapid progression of neurological signs with enlargement of the cranial vault at 6--8 weeks old were believed to have congenital hydrocephalus. There were severe inflammatory and necrotizing lesions in periventricular sites in the brain. A bacterial infection may have been the cause of this process.", "contents": "Internal hydrocephalus and associated periventricular encephalitis in young dogs. Six dogs that had a sudden onset and rapid progression of neurological signs with enlargement of the cranial vault at 6--8 weeks old were believed to have congenital hydrocephalus. There were severe inflammatory and necrotizing lesions in periventricular sites in the brain. A bacterial infection may have been the cause of this process."}
{"id": "PMID:883087", "title": "Amebiasis in goldfish.", "content": "Five cases of amebiasis were diagnosed in goldfish (Carassius auratus) from home aquariums and from a laboratory aquarium. Granulomas containing amoebae were in many organs but were most numerous in kidneys. Because there were pseudopods, food vacuoles, vesicular nucleoli and other ultrastructural characteristics of the organisms, we identified the organisms as amoebae. On the basis of mitotic stages it is possible they belong in the family Hartmannellidae.", "contents": "Amebiasis in goldfish. Five cases of amebiasis were diagnosed in goldfish (Carassius auratus) from home aquariums and from a laboratory aquarium. Granulomas containing amoebae were in many organs but were most numerous in kidneys. Because there were pseudopods, food vacuoles, vesicular nucleoli and other ultrastructural characteristics of the organisms, we identified the organisms as amoebae. On the basis of mitotic stages it is possible they belong in the family Hartmannellidae."}
{"id": "PMID:883088", "title": "Duplication of colon in a Labrador Retriever with abnormal spinal column.", "content": "A 9-week-old male Labrador Retriever had duplication of the entire colon and malformation of the bodies of vertebrae T4 and T5. Simultaneous occurrence of alimentary duplication and spinal abnormalities have been reported in man, and several theories have been proposed to explain these embryonic defects.", "contents": "Duplication of colon in a Labrador Retriever with abnormal spinal column. A 9-week-old male Labrador Retriever had duplication of the entire colon and malformation of the bodies of vertebrae T4 and T5. Simultaneous occurrence of alimentary duplication and spinal abnormalities have been reported in man, and several theories have been proposed to explain these embryonic defects."}
{"id": "PMID:883089", "title": "Ochratoxin A and citrinin induced nephrosis in Beagle dogs. II. Pathology.", "content": "Beagle dogs were given ochratoxin A (0.1 and 0.2 mg/kg) and citrinin (5 and 10 mg/kg) alone and in two dose combinations for 14 days. The gross lesions included focal peritonitis and intestinal intussusceptions in dogs given citrinin. Changes in the kidneys of dogs given ochratoxin A were degeneration and necrosis with desquamation of tubular epithelial cells, primarily in the straight segment of the proximal tubules. Dogs given 10 mg/kg citrin had similar changes in the distal tubules and collecting ducts. Dogs given combined doses of citrinin and ochratoxin A had degeneration and necrosis in proximal and distal tubules, and in thin segments and the collecting ducts; there were desquamated cells and granular casts in the lumina. Dogs given ochratoxin A had necrosis of lymphoid tissues in the spleen, tonsil, thymus, peripheral lymph nodes and lymph nodules of the ileum, colon and rectum. There was ulceration of the mucosa of the intestine in dogs given large combined doses of ochratoxin A and citrinin.", "contents": "Ochratoxin A and citrinin induced nephrosis in Beagle dogs. II. Pathology. Beagle dogs were given ochratoxin A (0.1 and 0.2 mg/kg) and citrinin (5 and 10 mg/kg) alone and in two dose combinations for 14 days. The gross lesions included focal peritonitis and intestinal intussusceptions in dogs given citrinin. Changes in the kidneys of dogs given ochratoxin A were degeneration and necrosis with desquamation of tubular epithelial cells, primarily in the straight segment of the proximal tubules. Dogs given 10 mg/kg citrin had similar changes in the distal tubules and collecting ducts. Dogs given combined doses of citrinin and ochratoxin A had degeneration and necrosis in proximal and distal tubules, and in thin segments and the collecting ducts; there were desquamated cells and granular casts in the lumina. Dogs given ochratoxin A had necrosis of lymphoid tissues in the spleen, tonsil, thymus, peripheral lymph nodes and lymph nodules of the ileum, colon and rectum. There was ulceration of the mucosa of the intestine in dogs given large combined doses of ochratoxin A and citrinin."}
{"id": "PMID:883090", "title": "Intestinal lesions induced in gnotobiotic calves by the virus of human infantile gastroenteritis.", "content": "Four gnotobiotic calves with intestinal lesions induced by third and fourth calf passages of virus of human infantile gastroenteritis were studied by light microscopy, scanning and transmission electron microscopy, and by immunofluorescence. Calves, 25--72 hours old, were examined 0.5 hours, 3 hours, 7 hours, and 48 hours after the onset of diarrhea. Intestinal histology of infected calves was compared to that of two noninoculated gnotobiotic calves 48 and 72 hours old. The sequence of events in the small intestine was infection of the absorptive villous epithelial cells, replacement of the tall columnar villous epithelial cells with cuboidal and squamous cells, shortening of the villi, enlargement of reticular cells, lymphocytic infiltration of the villous lamina propria and repair.", "contents": "Intestinal lesions induced in gnotobiotic calves by the virus of human infantile gastroenteritis. Four gnotobiotic calves with intestinal lesions induced by third and fourth calf passages of virus of human infantile gastroenteritis were studied by light microscopy, scanning and transmission electron microscopy, and by immunofluorescence. Calves, 25--72 hours old, were examined 0.5 hours, 3 hours, 7 hours, and 48 hours after the onset of diarrhea. Intestinal histology of infected calves was compared to that of two noninoculated gnotobiotic calves 48 and 72 hours old. The sequence of events in the small intestine was infection of the absorptive villous epithelial cells, replacement of the tall columnar villous epithelial cells with cuboidal and squamous cells, shortening of the villi, enlargement of reticular cells, lymphocytic infiltration of the villous lamina propria and repair."}
{"id": "PMID:883094", "title": "Anaphylactoid purpura in a horse.", "content": "An 8-year-old gelding with a long-standing, streptococcal respiratory infection developed dyspnoea and colic. Laparotomy disclosed numerous, discrete, hemorrhagic, thick areas of necrosis throughout the intestinal tract. At postmortem examination similar lesions were seen in the laryngeal mucosa and in many skeletal muscles. Microscopically these lesions had massive necrosis and hemorrhage with a leucocytoclastic vasculitis in adjacent tissue. This condition resembled anaphylactoid purpura (Henoch-Sch\u00f6nlein disease) in man. Fungal infection was ruled out by special stains which failed to show fungal elements.", "contents": "Anaphylactoid purpura in a horse. An 8-year-old gelding with a long-standing, streptococcal respiratory infection developed dyspnoea and colic. Laparotomy disclosed numerous, discrete, hemorrhagic, thick areas of necrosis throughout the intestinal tract. At postmortem examination similar lesions were seen in the laryngeal mucosa and in many skeletal muscles. Microscopically these lesions had massive necrosis and hemorrhage with a leucocytoclastic vasculitis in adjacent tissue. This condition resembled anaphylactoid purpura (Henoch-Sch\u00f6nlein disease) in man. Fungal infection was ruled out by special stains which failed to show fungal elements."}
{"id": "PMID:883095", "title": "Extrapulmonary lesions of Streptococcus pneumoniae infection in guinea pigs.", "content": "A retrospective study of extrapulmonary disease in 17 guinea pigs with Streptococcus pneumoniae infection showed the most common to be either chronic active or acute fibrinopurulent pericarditis, pleuritis or peritonitis, or all three. In periparturient females the uterus was commonly affected. Hepatic and adrenal necrosis, splenitis, otitis media, encephalitis, lymphadenitis and ovarian abscesses also occurred. There were gram-positive diplococci in all lesions and Strep. pneumoniae, most often type 19, was cultured from tissues of 11 guinea pigs.", "contents": "Extrapulmonary lesions of Streptococcus pneumoniae infection in guinea pigs. A retrospective study of extrapulmonary disease in 17 guinea pigs with Streptococcus pneumoniae infection showed the most common to be either chronic active or acute fibrinopurulent pericarditis, pleuritis or peritonitis, or all three. In periparturient females the uterus was commonly affected. Hepatic and adrenal necrosis, splenitis, otitis media, encephalitis, lymphadenitis and ovarian abscesses also occurred. There were gram-positive diplococci in all lesions and Strep. pneumoniae, most often type 19, was cultured from tissues of 11 guinea pigs."}
{"id": "PMID:883096", "title": "An epizootic among knots (Calidris canutus) in Florida. I. Disease syndrome, histology and transmission studies.", "content": "About 150 knots found sick or dead had distention of serosal blood vessels, and small, raised hemorrhagic foci on the serosal surface of the jejunum and ileum. The principal finding was endaortitis with large intimal multinucleated cysts that contained a protozoan parasite within a cytoplasmic vacuole. There was endarteritis of mesenteric arteries and muscular arteries of the external layers of the intestinal tract. Single or multiple schizont-like stages containing zoites were in the wall of the small intestine and close to affected muscular arteries. The more usual intestinal lesion was an aneurysm of the inflamed muscular artery. It was concluded that endarteritis led to colonic infarction. Schizonts in medullary renal tubular cells were smaller than stages in the intestine. There was necrosis of epithelial cells of themedullary collecting ducts and inflammatory and regenerative changes. Schizonts and zoites were free in collecting ducts and ureters.", "contents": "An epizootic among knots (Calidris canutus) in Florida. I. Disease syndrome, histology and transmission studies. About 150 knots found sick or dead had distention of serosal blood vessels, and small, raised hemorrhagic foci on the serosal surface of the jejunum and ileum. The principal finding was endaortitis with large intimal multinucleated cysts that contained a protozoan parasite within a cytoplasmic vacuole. There was endarteritis of mesenteric arteries and muscular arteries of the external layers of the intestinal tract. Single or multiple schizont-like stages containing zoites were in the wall of the small intestine and close to affected muscular arteries. The more usual intestinal lesion was an aneurysm of the inflamed muscular artery. It was concluded that endarteritis led to colonic infarction. Schizonts in medullary renal tubular cells were smaller than stages in the intestine. There was necrosis of epithelial cells of themedullary collecting ducts and inflammatory and regenerative changes. Schizonts and zoites were free in collecting ducts and ureters."}
{"id": "PMID:883097", "title": "Ultrastructural researches on rabbit myxomatosis. Lymphnodal lesions.", "content": "Ultrastructural examination of head and neck lymph nodes in rabbits with spontaneous subacute myxomatosis showed fusion of immature reticuloendothelial cells which lead to the formation of polykarocytes. There was no ultrastructural evidence of viral infection of these polykaryocytes. Histiosyncytial lymphadenitis can be considered a specific lesion of myxomatosis.", "contents": "Ultrastructural researches on rabbit myxomatosis. Lymphnodal lesions. Ultrastructural examination of head and neck lymph nodes in rabbits with spontaneous subacute myxomatosis showed fusion of immature reticuloendothelial cells which lead to the formation of polykarocytes. There was no ultrastructural evidence of viral infection of these polykaryocytes. Histiosyncytial lymphadenitis can be considered a specific lesion of myxomatosis."}
{"id": "PMID:883098", "title": "Parallel intraylysosomal amyloid fibrils, a possible result of phagocytosis.", "content": "Vacuoles of mesenchymal cells in the papillae of bovine kidneys with amyloidosis were studied by histochemical electron microscopy for acid phosphatase as a marker for lysosomes. The vacuoles contained parallel amyloid fibrils. The vacuoles of reticular interstitial cells were found to be lysosomes. Vacuoles of macrophage-like cells of the same papillae were positive, partially positive, or negative for the enzyme activity. A suspension of papillary material was injected subcutaneously in rats in a 21-day light and electron microscopy and enzyme histochemistry study. Amyloid was demonstrated in vacuoles of macrophages throughout this period and initially also in neutrophils. In most vacuoles amyloid fibrils were randomly arranged but in others parallel arrangement was demonstrated. Amyloid was only at the inoculation sites. Intralysosomal bovine amyloid may occur in parallel fibrillar arrangement without a definite indication for amyloid production.", "contents": "Parallel intraylysosomal amyloid fibrils, a possible result of phagocytosis. Vacuoles of mesenchymal cells in the papillae of bovine kidneys with amyloidosis were studied by histochemical electron microscopy for acid phosphatase as a marker for lysosomes. The vacuoles contained parallel amyloid fibrils. The vacuoles of reticular interstitial cells were found to be lysosomes. Vacuoles of macrophage-like cells of the same papillae were positive, partially positive, or negative for the enzyme activity. A suspension of papillary material was injected subcutaneously in rats in a 21-day light and electron microscopy and enzyme histochemistry study. Amyloid was demonstrated in vacuoles of macrophages throughout this period and initially also in neutrophils. In most vacuoles amyloid fibrils were randomly arranged but in others parallel arrangement was demonstrated. Amyloid was only at the inoculation sites. Intralysosomal bovine amyloid may occur in parallel fibrillar arrangement without a definite indication for amyloid production."}
{"id": "PMID:883151", "title": "[Effect of hydrocortisone on the concentration of serotonin and monoamine oxidase activity in the vascular tract of the eye].", "content": "Effect of hydrocortisone on content of serotonin was studied in eye vascular tract or blood and the monoamine oxidase (MAO) activity was estimated in eye vascular tract of young and adult rabbits at various periods after administration of hydrocortisone under conjunctiva. After administration of hydrocortisone content of serotonin was increased in eye vascular tract and decreased in blood. Maximal serotonin reaction was observed in vascular tract of adult rabbits within 24 hrs after the hydrocortisone treatment and in one-month-old rabbits--within 4-6 hrs. In blood of adult animals the most distinct decrease in serotonin content was found within 4-6 hrs after the single administration of the preparation; in one-month-old rabbits the effect was observed after the repeated treatment within 7 days. Effect of hydrocortisone on the MAO activity in eye vascular tract varied depending on the age. In one-month-old rabbits the MAO activity was increased distinctly within 24 hrs after single administration of the preparation and in adult animals the enzyme activity was decreased within 4-6 hrs and did not alter at the other periods after the hydrocortisone administration.", "contents": "[Effect of hydrocortisone on the concentration of serotonin and monoamine oxidase activity in the vascular tract of the eye]. Effect of hydrocortisone on content of serotonin was studied in eye vascular tract or blood and the monoamine oxidase (MAO) activity was estimated in eye vascular tract of young and adult rabbits at various periods after administration of hydrocortisone under conjunctiva. After administration of hydrocortisone content of serotonin was increased in eye vascular tract and decreased in blood. Maximal serotonin reaction was observed in vascular tract of adult rabbits within 24 hrs after the hydrocortisone treatment and in one-month-old rabbits--within 4-6 hrs. In blood of adult animals the most distinct decrease in serotonin content was found within 4-6 hrs after the single administration of the preparation; in one-month-old rabbits the effect was observed after the repeated treatment within 7 days. Effect of hydrocortisone on the MAO activity in eye vascular tract varied depending on the age. In one-month-old rabbits the MAO activity was increased distinctly within 24 hrs after single administration of the preparation and in adult animals the enzyme activity was decreased within 4-6 hrs and did not alter at the other periods after the hydrocortisone administration."}
{"id": "PMID:883150", "title": "[Effect of alpha-glycerophosphate on intracellular distribution of hexokinase in the tissue of fetal rabbits during acute hypoxia].", "content": "In experiments with 40 rabbit fetuses acute intrauterine hypoxia caused a redistribution of the hexokinase activity in brain and liver tissues towards an increase in the amount of the enzyme associated with mitochondria. Previous administration of alpha-glycerophosphate into rabbit female (at a dose of 1.3 g/kg of body weight) was accompanied by an increase in the hexokinase activity in liver mitochondria and in brain cytoplasmic fraction of fetus as well as in the total homogenate of both tissue. The phenomenon might be considered as a positive pattern in adaptation to hypoxia.", "contents": "[Effect of alpha-glycerophosphate on intracellular distribution of hexokinase in the tissue of fetal rabbits during acute hypoxia]. In experiments with 40 rabbit fetuses acute intrauterine hypoxia caused a redistribution of the hexokinase activity in brain and liver tissues towards an increase in the amount of the enzyme associated with mitochondria. Previous administration of alpha-glycerophosphate into rabbit female (at a dose of 1.3 g/kg of body weight) was accompanied by an increase in the hexokinase activity in liver mitochondria and in brain cytoplasmic fraction of fetus as well as in the total homogenate of both tissue. The phenomenon might be considered as a positive pattern in adaptation to hypoxia."}
{"id": "PMID:883152", "title": "[Influence of preliminary adaptation to altitude hypoxia on catecholamine concentration in the hypothalamus, adrenals and heart under great physical stress].", "content": "Rats were subjected to adaptation to heigth hypoxia in an altitude chamber at the \"heigth\" 6 km within 7 weeks for 6 hrs a day. Concentration of noradrenaline and adrenaline was normal in hypothalamus; in myocardium content of noradrenaline was also normal but content of adrenaline was slightly decreased; in adrenal glands content of both hormones was distinctly increased. High physical activity (7 hrs swimming) did not alter content of noradrenaline in hypothalamus and adrenal glands of unadaptated rats but decreased 3-fold the content in myocardium. In adaptated rats, by contrast, such loading caused distinct decrease in content of noradrenaline in hypothalamus and adrenal glands and did not affect the content of adrenaline and noradrenaline in myocardium. Thus, adaptation to the heigth hypoxia prevented completely the decrease of catecholamines content in myocardium under loading and simultaneously increased the extent of mobilization of noradrenaline stores in hypothalamus and adrenal glands.", "contents": "[Influence of preliminary adaptation to altitude hypoxia on catecholamine concentration in the hypothalamus, adrenals and heart under great physical stress]. Rats were subjected to adaptation to heigth hypoxia in an altitude chamber at the \"heigth\" 6 km within 7 weeks for 6 hrs a day. Concentration of noradrenaline and adrenaline was normal in hypothalamus; in myocardium content of noradrenaline was also normal but content of adrenaline was slightly decreased; in adrenal glands content of both hormones was distinctly increased. High physical activity (7 hrs swimming) did not alter content of noradrenaline in hypothalamus and adrenal glands of unadaptated rats but decreased 3-fold the content in myocardium. In adaptated rats, by contrast, such loading caused distinct decrease in content of noradrenaline in hypothalamus and adrenal glands and did not affect the content of adrenaline and noradrenaline in myocardium. Thus, adaptation to the heigth hypoxia prevented completely the decrease of catecholamines content in myocardium under loading and simultaneously increased the extent of mobilization of noradrenaline stores in hypothalamus and adrenal glands."}
{"id": "PMID:883154", "title": "[Mechanism of inhibition of rat liver microsomal monooxygenases during the development of cholestasis].", "content": "Alterations in the activity of rat liver monoxygenases were studied in dynamics of cholestasis development after ligation of biliary duct and the effects observed were compared to the latter after addition of cholesterol hydroxylated derivatives in vitro. Sodium deoxycholate at concentration 0.06-0.07% was shown to stimulate the alterations in the microsomal monooxygenases activity within fourth day and at concentration 0.09-0.12%--within seventh day of cholestasis.", "contents": "[Mechanism of inhibition of rat liver microsomal monooxygenases during the development of cholestasis]. Alterations in the activity of rat liver monoxygenases were studied in dynamics of cholestasis development after ligation of biliary duct and the effects observed were compared to the latter after addition of cholesterol hydroxylated derivatives in vitro. Sodium deoxycholate at concentration 0.06-0.07% was shown to stimulate the alterations in the microsomal monooxygenases activity within fourth day and at concentration 0.09-0.12%--within seventh day of cholestasis."}
{"id": "PMID:883155", "title": "[Splitting of fructose diphosphate by muscle and tumor homogenates].", "content": "Effect of MgCl2 and ATP on the elevation in lactate, pyruvate and methylglyoxale content was studied on incubation of fructosediphosphate with muscle and tumor homogenates. Muscle homogenate accumulated lactate, pyruvate and methyglyoxale more intensively as compared with tumor homogenate. Pyruvate was formed only in presence of MgCl2 and ATP, although it did not practically affect the elevation of lactate in muscle homogenate. The data obtained suggest that tumor homogenate does not contain the enzymatic system involved in methylglyoxale formation.", "contents": "[Splitting of fructose diphosphate by muscle and tumor homogenates]. Effect of MgCl2 and ATP on the elevation in lactate, pyruvate and methylglyoxale content was studied on incubation of fructosediphosphate with muscle and tumor homogenates. Muscle homogenate accumulated lactate, pyruvate and methyglyoxale more intensively as compared with tumor homogenate. Pyruvate was formed only in presence of MgCl2 and ATP, although it did not practically affect the elevation of lactate in muscle homogenate. The data obtained suggest that tumor homogenate does not contain the enzymatic system involved in methylglyoxale formation."}
{"id": "PMID:883158", "title": "[Glycoprotein components of the skin under normal conditions and in several types of pathology].", "content": "Content of sialic acids was increased 2.9-3.4-fold in soluble fraction of pathologically altered skin (parakeratotoic scales in psoriasis and allergo dermatoses) as compared with a skin of healthy persons. In parakeratotic scales 7-11 zones of PAS (positive glycoproteins) were found by polyacrylamide gel disc electrophoresis; they occurred in skin of healthy persons only in several cases. Hemoglobin-binding activity (haptoglobin) was observed in pathologically altered skin of 64-93% patients with psoriasis; it was not found in healthy persons. The spectrum of haptoglobin fractions in skin correlated with its phenotype in blood.", "contents": "[Glycoprotein components of the skin under normal conditions and in several types of pathology]. Content of sialic acids was increased 2.9-3.4-fold in soluble fraction of pathologically altered skin (parakeratotoic scales in psoriasis and allergo dermatoses) as compared with a skin of healthy persons. In parakeratotic scales 7-11 zones of PAS (positive glycoproteins) were found by polyacrylamide gel disc electrophoresis; they occurred in skin of healthy persons only in several cases. Hemoglobin-binding activity (haptoglobin) was observed in pathologically altered skin of 64-93% patients with psoriasis; it was not found in healthy persons. The spectrum of haptoglobin fractions in skin correlated with its phenotype in blood."}
{"id": "PMID:883159", "title": "[Inhibition of the activity of monoamine oxidases type A and B by derivatives of 2-propynylamine].", "content": "Inhibition by N-methyl-2-propynylamine derivatives (pargylline, deprenyl, chlorgyline indamanine) of monoamine oxidases (MAO) type Z (serotonin as a substrate) and type B (substrate: beta-phenylethylamine) in fragments of rat liver mitochondrial membranes was studied by means a kinetic method (15) which enables to detect and to evaluate quantitatively formation of intermediary dissociable enzyme-inhibitor complexes as well as to measure the rate of irreversible modification of these complexes (leading to the irreversible inhibition of MAO). The step of intermediary dissociable enzyme-inhibitor complex formation was involved in the processes of inhibition of mitochondrial MAO types A and B by all the 2-propynylamine derivatives studied. Rates of modification of these complexes into irreversibly inhibited forms of MAO types A and B in presence of different 2-propynylamine derivatives were of the same order of magnitude. But the values of the dissociation constants of the intermediary complexes for both MAO types differed dramatically with alterations of the substituents at the nitrogen atom in molecules of the 2-propynylamine derivatives which probably determines the well recognized properties of the 2-propynylamine derivatives of causing highly selective inhibition of oxidative deamination of various biogenic monoamines.", "contents": "[Inhibition of the activity of monoamine oxidases type A and B by derivatives of 2-propynylamine]. Inhibition by N-methyl-2-propynylamine derivatives (pargylline, deprenyl, chlorgyline indamanine) of monoamine oxidases (MAO) type Z (serotonin as a substrate) and type B (substrate: beta-phenylethylamine) in fragments of rat liver mitochondrial membranes was studied by means a kinetic method (15) which enables to detect and to evaluate quantitatively formation of intermediary dissociable enzyme-inhibitor complexes as well as to measure the rate of irreversible modification of these complexes (leading to the irreversible inhibition of MAO). The step of intermediary dissociable enzyme-inhibitor complex formation was involved in the processes of inhibition of mitochondrial MAO types A and B by all the 2-propynylamine derivatives studied. Rates of modification of these complexes into irreversibly inhibited forms of MAO types A and B in presence of different 2-propynylamine derivatives were of the same order of magnitude. But the values of the dissociation constants of the intermediary complexes for both MAO types differed dramatically with alterations of the substituents at the nitrogen atom in molecules of the 2-propynylamine derivatives which probably determines the well recognized properties of the 2-propynylamine derivatives of causing highly selective inhibition of oxidative deamination of various biogenic monoamines."}
{"id": "PMID:883160", "title": "[Effect of euphylline and halidor on several indices of catecholamine and serotonin metabolism in the brains and blood of rats].", "content": "Euphylline and galidore did not alter the concentration of catecholamines and serotonin in brain of intact rats, but exhibited opposite effects on metabolism of biogenic amines, if their precursors were administered into animals. Galidore decreased the activity of catechol-O-methyl transferase (COMT) and 5-hydroxytryptophane decarboxylase. Euphylline did not influence the COMT activity but increased the activity of 5-HT-decarboxylase. Both preparations did not alter the monoaminooxidase activity.", "contents": "[Effect of euphylline and halidor on several indices of catecholamine and serotonin metabolism in the brains and blood of rats]. Euphylline and galidore did not alter the concentration of catecholamines and serotonin in brain of intact rats, but exhibited opposite effects on metabolism of biogenic amines, if their precursors were administered into animals. Galidore decreased the activity of catechol-O-methyl transferase (COMT) and 5-hydroxytryptophane decarboxylase. Euphylline did not influence the COMT activity but increased the activity of 5-HT-decarboxylase. Both preparations did not alter the monoaminooxidase activity."}
{"id": "PMID:883161", "title": "[Glycogen degradation in rabbit brain under normal conditions and following cranio-cerebral injury].", "content": "Activities of gamma-amylase (acidic alpha-glucosidase) and phosphorylase were studied in brain of normal rabbits and in animals subjected to craniocerebral trauma. The gamma-amylase activity was slightly increased within 10 min after the trauma and its was decreased within 24 hrs. The phosphorylase activity was decreased in the both periods of investigation. Administration of strychnine into normal animals increased the gamma-amylase activity and decreased the phosphorylase activity. At the same time, the normalization of the gamma-amylase activity was observed after stimulation of the central nervous system (by phenamine) of traumatized animals. Inhibition of the central nervous system of traumatized animals (by administration of urethane and barbital mixture) led to the subsequent decrease of the gamma-amylase activity (in several cases up to the zero value) without any alterations in the phosphorylase activity. Participation of gamma-amylase in glycogen metabolism of rabbit brain is discussed.", "contents": "[Glycogen degradation in rabbit brain under normal conditions and following cranio-cerebral injury]. Activities of gamma-amylase (acidic alpha-glucosidase) and phosphorylase were studied in brain of normal rabbits and in animals subjected to craniocerebral trauma. The gamma-amylase activity was slightly increased within 10 min after the trauma and its was decreased within 24 hrs. The phosphorylase activity was decreased in the both periods of investigation. Administration of strychnine into normal animals increased the gamma-amylase activity and decreased the phosphorylase activity. At the same time, the normalization of the gamma-amylase activity was observed after stimulation of the central nervous system (by phenamine) of traumatized animals. Inhibition of the central nervous system of traumatized animals (by administration of urethane and barbital mixture) led to the subsequent decrease of the gamma-amylase activity (in several cases up to the zero value) without any alterations in the phosphorylase activity. Participation of gamma-amylase in glycogen metabolism of rabbit brain is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:883162", "title": "[Role of disorders in biogenic amine metabolism in the pathogenesis of botulin poisoning].", "content": "A depotentiating effect of prednisolone, benactyzine, reserpine, propranolole and large doses of serotonin on the development of the intoxication was shown to occur in combination with inhibition of the biogenic amines accumulation in various tissues of cats with botulinic paresis. The same phenomenon was observed in intoxicated animals maintained without pharmacological treatment.", "contents": "[Role of disorders in biogenic amine metabolism in the pathogenesis of botulin poisoning]. A depotentiating effect of prednisolone, benactyzine, reserpine, propranolole and large doses of serotonin on the development of the intoxication was shown to occur in combination with inhibition of the biogenic amines accumulation in various tissues of cats with botulinic paresis. The same phenomenon was observed in intoxicated animals maintained without pharmacological treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:883163", "title": "[Chromatographic method of determining the activity of the collagenase-like enzyme of the adenohypophysis and several findings concerning the specificity of its action].", "content": "A chromatographic method is developed for quantitative estimation of the collagenase-like enzyme (CLE) activity in extract of adenohypophysis and in preparations obtained during various steps of the enzyme isolation. The enzymatic hydrolysis of Cbz-Gly-Pro-Ala-Gly-Pro-Gly-OCH3 in presence of 2-mercaptoethanol at pH 8.0 was used as a pattern. The products formed were separated by chromatography on the paper; then they were stained with ninhydrin and converted into cupric complexes during extraction with ethanol; the optic density was measured at 510 nm. The optimal conditions for the enzymatic reaction were established. The method enabled to estimate the CLE activity in presence of prolyl carboxypeptidase. The specific effect of the CLE purified preparation on various synthetic peptides is discussed.", "contents": "[Chromatographic method of determining the activity of the collagenase-like enzyme of the adenohypophysis and several findings concerning the specificity of its action]. A chromatographic method is developed for quantitative estimation of the collagenase-like enzyme (CLE) activity in extract of adenohypophysis and in preparations obtained during various steps of the enzyme isolation. The enzymatic hydrolysis of Cbz-Gly-Pro-Ala-Gly-Pro-Gly-OCH3 in presence of 2-mercaptoethanol at pH 8.0 was used as a pattern. The products formed were separated by chromatography on the paper; then they were stained with ninhydrin and converted into cupric complexes during extraction with ethanol; the optic density was measured at 510 nm. The optimal conditions for the enzymatic reaction were established. The method enabled to estimate the CLE activity in presence of prolyl carboxypeptidase. The specific effect of the CLE purified preparation on various synthetic peptides is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:883191", "title": "[Bone marrow hematopoiesis in lung cancer].", "content": "Studies on the state of hemopoiesis prior to the therapy in 103 patients with lung cancer indicated the initial insufficiency of hemopoiesis, manifested in reduced number of marrow cells, impaired correlation of all forms in granulocytary series, and in delayed maturation of neutrophile cells as well.", "contents": "[Bone marrow hematopoiesis in lung cancer]. Studies on the state of hemopoiesis prior to the therapy in 103 patients with lung cancer indicated the initial insufficiency of hemopoiesis, manifested in reduced number of marrow cells, impaired correlation of all forms in granulocytary series, and in delayed maturation of neutrophile cells as well."}
{"id": "PMID:883192", "title": "[Microcirculation in patients with lung cancer].", "content": "The author presents an analysis of the results of microphotographing of the vessels of bulbar conjunctiva, the determination of the rate of isotope resorption from intradermic depot, transcapillary metabolism of protein and fluid, and acid-base balance. In spread tumor process and concomitant inflammation intravascular aggregation of erythrocytes was noted in bulbar conjunctiva, and sometimes metabolic acidosis too. Moreover, in widespread cancer of the lung a delayed resorption of the isotope from intradermic depot was observed, whereas with concomitant inflammatory process--its acceleration and increased permeability of blood capillaries.", "contents": "[Microcirculation in patients with lung cancer]. The author presents an analysis of the results of microphotographing of the vessels of bulbar conjunctiva, the determination of the rate of isotope resorption from intradermic depot, transcapillary metabolism of protein and fluid, and acid-base balance. In spread tumor process and concomitant inflammation intravascular aggregation of erythrocytes was noted in bulbar conjunctiva, and sometimes metabolic acidosis too. Moreover, in widespread cancer of the lung a delayed resorption of the isotope from intradermic depot was observed, whereas with concomitant inflammatory process--its acceleration and increased permeability of blood capillaries."}
{"id": "PMID:883193", "title": "[Prognostic value of the level of glucocorticoids and androgens in lung cancer patients].", "content": "Under study was the excretion of 17-OCS and 17-KS in 2 male groups operated upon for lung cancer. The first group comprised 25 patients with the postoperative survival for less than a year. The second group-28 patients, whose survival was over 5 years postoperatively. In terms of 17-OCS excretion both groups were found to be identical: the level of 17OCS in them was normal. The excretion of 17-KS in patients of both groups proved to be considerably lower than normal values. However, in patients of the second group the level of 17-KS was higher, compared with the first group, mainly on account of androsterone. Thus, the balance of steroid hormones of glucocorticoid and androgenic series as well as the correlation between them may serve as a criterion of the prognosis for operated lung cancer patients.", "contents": "[Prognostic value of the level of glucocorticoids and androgens in lung cancer patients]. Under study was the excretion of 17-OCS and 17-KS in 2 male groups operated upon for lung cancer. The first group comprised 25 patients with the postoperative survival for less than a year. The second group-28 patients, whose survival was over 5 years postoperatively. In terms of 17-OCS excretion both groups were found to be identical: the level of 17OCS in them was normal. The excretion of 17-KS in patients of both groups proved to be considerably lower than normal values. However, in patients of the second group the level of 17-KS was higher, compared with the first group, mainly on account of androsterone. Thus, the balance of steroid hormones of glucocorticoid and androgenic series as well as the correlation between them may serve as a criterion of the prognosis for operated lung cancer patients."}
{"id": "PMID:883194", "title": "[Clinical evaluation of local and regional spread of lung cancer].", "content": "The author has given a clinical estimation of 205 azygo-and hemiazygographies, 252 prescalene biopsies, 118 mediastinoscopies and 79 thoracotomies, performed to determine the boundaries of local and regional cancer spread. An associated study was used in 135 patients. In 390 of 473 patients (or in 82.4% of cases) the diagnosis of lung cancer was supported histologically and cytologically. By means of prescalene biopsy metastases in deep lower jugular lymph nodes were detected in 81 (32.1%) patients. Application of azygography allowed the recognition of azygous vein block in 28 of 205 patients. Mediastinoscopy made it possible to reveal the presence of metastases in 33 (27.9%) of 118 patients. Thoracotomy employed in 79 patients to pinpoint further the spread of the process allowed a conclusion as to inoperability in 19 of them.", "contents": "[Clinical evaluation of local and regional spread of lung cancer]. The author has given a clinical estimation of 205 azygo-and hemiazygographies, 252 prescalene biopsies, 118 mediastinoscopies and 79 thoracotomies, performed to determine the boundaries of local and regional cancer spread. An associated study was used in 135 patients. In 390 of 473 patients (or in 82.4% of cases) the diagnosis of lung cancer was supported histologically and cytologically. By means of prescalene biopsy metastases in deep lower jugular lymph nodes were detected in 81 (32.1%) patients. Application of azygography allowed the recognition of azygous vein block in 28 of 205 patients. Mediastinoscopy made it possible to reveal the presence of metastases in 33 (27.9%) of 118 patients. Thoracotomy employed in 79 patients to pinpoint further the spread of the process allowed a conclusion as to inoperability in 19 of them."}
{"id": "PMID:883195", "title": "[Colorimetric studies by means of Ehrlich's reagent of blood serum of rats with Yoshida sarcoma].", "content": "Extinctions in the sera of Yoshida-sarcoma-bearing and normal rats were determined by means of a photometric measurement after the reaction of the sera with Ehrlich's reagent. Thereby the increase of the extinctions of the tumor bearers could be confirmed, also being found in tumor patients. The difference in terms of normal animals was statistically significant. The supposed relations between the exitation of the extinctions and the level of glycoproteins could be supported by correlating calculations.", "contents": "[Colorimetric studies by means of Ehrlich's reagent of blood serum of rats with Yoshida sarcoma]. Extinctions in the sera of Yoshida-sarcoma-bearing and normal rats were determined by means of a photometric measurement after the reaction of the sera with Ehrlich's reagent. Thereby the increase of the extinctions of the tumor bearers could be confirmed, also being found in tumor patients. The difference in terms of normal animals was statistically significant. The supposed relations between the exitation of the extinctions and the level of glycoproteins could be supported by correlating calculations."}
{"id": "PMID:883196", "title": "[Determination of nucleic acids for estimation of tumor cell growth in diffusion chambers].", "content": "The use of spectrophotometric method of objective quantitative estimation of tumor cells growth in diffusion chambers and chemotherapeutic sarcolysin effect on them are described.", "contents": "[Determination of nucleic acids for estimation of tumor cell growth in diffusion chambers]. The use of spectrophotometric method of objective quantitative estimation of tumor cells growth in diffusion chambers and chemotherapeutic sarcolysin effect on them are described."}
{"id": "PMID:883197", "title": "[Experimental study of chloroprene for carcinogenicity].", "content": "Chloroprene (2-chlorobutidiene 1,3) is an intermediate chemical product derived in the process of obtaining synthetic rubber. Chloroprene was shown by the experiments on mice and rats to be not carcinogenic. The application of chloroprene in animals by skin smears, subcutaneous injections, per os and intratracheal administration failed to induce any tumors in the experimental animals. No tumors were observed also in animals after using its combination with very small doses of dimethylbenz (a) anthracene.", "contents": "[Experimental study of chloroprene for carcinogenicity]. Chloroprene (2-chlorobutidiene 1,3) is an intermediate chemical product derived in the process of obtaining synthetic rubber. Chloroprene was shown by the experiments on mice and rats to be not carcinogenic. The application of chloroprene in animals by skin smears, subcutaneous injections, per os and intratracheal administration failed to induce any tumors in the experimental animals. No tumors were observed also in animals after using its combination with very small doses of dimethylbenz (a) anthracene."}
{"id": "PMID:883198", "title": "[Study on organ antigens in the gastric mucosa, stomach cancer and its metastases].", "content": "Studies of qualitative characteristics of alpha- and beta-antigens in the mucous membrane of the cancer involved or not involved stomach, in gastric concerous tissue and metastases demonstrated the difference in the antigenic structure of normal gastric mucosa and tumor tissues by means of the reaction of precipitation in agar. In the process of tumor development a partial loss of alpha-antigen and the appearance of beta-antigen to be directly dependent on the pronouncement of tumor changes were noted.", "contents": "[Study on organ antigens in the gastric mucosa, stomach cancer and its metastases]. Studies of qualitative characteristics of alpha- and beta-antigens in the mucous membrane of the cancer involved or not involved stomach, in gastric concerous tissue and metastases demonstrated the difference in the antigenic structure of normal gastric mucosa and tumor tissues by means of the reaction of precipitation in agar. In the process of tumor development a partial loss of alpha-antigen and the appearance of beta-antigen to be directly dependent on the pronouncement of tumor changes were noted."}
{"id": "PMID:883199", "title": "[Malignant transformation of lung hamartomas].", "content": "The analysis of the pertinent literature data and personal author's materials on malignant transformation of lung hamartomas is reported. One case is described in detail as an illustration of clinico-anatomical characteristics of such kind of lesions. The interest of the report lies in the casuistry of malignant transformation of lung hamartoma, great extension of the pathological process and metastasization in a regional lymph node of its epithelial portion. Also unusual is the fact of metachronous appearance of rare primary multiple tumors.", "contents": "[Malignant transformation of lung hamartomas]. The analysis of the pertinent literature data and personal author's materials on malignant transformation of lung hamartomas is reported. One case is described in detail as an illustration of clinico-anatomical characteristics of such kind of lesions. The interest of the report lies in the casuistry of malignant transformation of lung hamartoma, great extension of the pathological process and metastasization in a regional lymph node of its epithelial portion. Also unusual is the fact of metachronous appearance of rare primary multiple tumors."}
{"id": "PMID:883200", "title": "[Cancer of the vulva].", "content": "An analysis of 66 observations of cancer of the external genitalia is presented. This lesion was most frequently observed in patients aged from 51 to 75 (58 observations). Pruritus in the external genitalia region was the predominant symptom (47 cases), a more rare on--the appearance of tumor and pains in the vulva region (27 cases). In 45 females tumor was located in large and small pudendal lips, in 19-in the clitoris, and in 2-in the region of the commissura labiorum posterior. In examination 8 patients showed cancer of the vulva, stage 1, 24-stage II, 31-stage III and 3-stage IV. In 23 patients the combined treatment was employed, which initial step included short-focus roentgenotherapy of the primary tumor and deep x-ray irradiation of regional lymph nodes, 43 patients were subjected only to radiotherapy. An average survival in the patients following the treatment in all stages was 3.47 years. In the combined therapy it was 4.35, in radiotherapy-2.6 years.", "contents": "[Cancer of the vulva]. An analysis of 66 observations of cancer of the external genitalia is presented. This lesion was most frequently observed in patients aged from 51 to 75 (58 observations). Pruritus in the external genitalia region was the predominant symptom (47 cases), a more rare on--the appearance of tumor and pains in the vulva region (27 cases). In 45 females tumor was located in large and small pudendal lips, in 19-in the clitoris, and in 2-in the region of the commissura labiorum posterior. In examination 8 patients showed cancer of the vulva, stage 1, 24-stage II, 31-stage III and 3-stage IV. In 23 patients the combined treatment was employed, which initial step included short-focus roentgenotherapy of the primary tumor and deep x-ray irradiation of regional lymph nodes, 43 patients were subjected only to radiotherapy. An average survival in the patients following the treatment in all stages was 3.47 years. In the combined therapy it was 4.35, in radiotherapy-2.6 years."}
{"id": "PMID:883201", "title": "[Surgical treatment of lung hamartomas].", "content": "Twenty three cases of lung hamartoma are described, which were not always properly diagnosed roentgenologically. In a half of patients lung cancer  was diagnosed, that influenced greatly the character and extent of surgical treatment. An attention is given to the existance of the sign of \"palpable displacement\" of hamartomas, the latter is recommended for establishing the differential intraoperative diagnosis.", "contents": "[Surgical treatment of lung hamartomas]. Twenty three cases of lung hamartoma are described, which were not always properly diagnosed roentgenologically. In a half of patients lung cancer  was diagnosed, that influenced greatly the character and extent of surgical treatment. An attention is given to the existance of the sign of \"palpable displacement\" of hamartomas, the latter is recommended for establishing the differential intraoperative diagnosis."}
{"id": "PMID:883202", "title": "[Combined gastric resection in cancer].", "content": "The author reports the result of combined subtotal gastrectomies with pancreatoduodenal resection in proliferation of the antral portion cancer in the pancreatic head in 8 patients. One patient died due to postoperative complications. Seven patients have been kept under observation during the period from 6 months to 1 year and longer without any signs of tumor recurrence and metastases. No disturbances in the incretory function of the pancreas was noted. The digestive ability of the gastrointestinal tract is quite satisfactory.", "contents": "[Combined gastric resection in cancer]. The author reports the result of combined subtotal gastrectomies with pancreatoduodenal resection in proliferation of the antral portion cancer in the pancreatic head in 8 patients. One patient died due to postoperative complications. Seven patients have been kept under observation during the period from 6 months to 1 year and longer without any signs of tumor recurrence and metastases. No disturbances in the incretory function of the pancreas was noted. The digestive ability of the gastrointestinal tract is quite satisfactory."}
{"id": "PMID:883205", "title": "[X-ray study of skin melanoblastomas].", "content": "The rationale and opportunities of x-ray investigation in skin melanoblastoma are analysed. Roentgenography was employed in 51 patients. In 7 cases the tumor was found to proliferate subcutaneous fat. In 11 cases roentgenological investigation has aided in detailed determination of the form of tumor growth in the obscure clinical picture. The roentgenological investigation made it possible to reliably determine the extent of melanoblastoma spread in underlying tissues, that enabled a more precise planning of the extent of the operation and a more reliable prognostication of the disease.", "contents": "[X-ray study of skin melanoblastomas]. The rationale and opportunities of x-ray investigation in skin melanoblastoma are analysed. Roentgenography was employed in 51 patients. In 7 cases the tumor was found to proliferate subcutaneous fat. In 11 cases roentgenological investigation has aided in detailed determination of the form of tumor growth in the obscure clinical picture. The roentgenological investigation made it possible to reliably determine the extent of melanoblastoma spread in underlying tissues, that enabled a more precise planning of the extent of the operation and a more reliable prognostication of the disease."}
{"id": "PMID:883208", "title": "[Influence of different quantities of dietary protein on the relationship between age and utilization of glycine radiocarbon in the synthesis of lipids and glycogen].", "content": "Incorporation of the transformation products of 2-14C-glycin into liver glycogen and liver tissue lipids, as well as those of the kidneys, heart and skeletal muscles of young and old rats (3 and 24 months) kept on isocaloric food rations with 9, 18 and 36% of caseine was studied. The glycogen and lipids content, as well as the level of their specific radioactivity were shown to depend on the composition of the food ration, the animals age and on the kind of the  tissue examined. The specific radioactivity of the liver lipids with restricted protein consumption is higher in young animals, and with an elevated intake thereof in the old ones. The glycogen radioactivity is greatest in animals of both age groups fed on a ration with an optimal protein content. An increased proportion of protein in rations of old animals is attended by a more intensive utilization of its metabolites in the lipids exchange.", "contents": "[Influence of different quantities of dietary protein on the relationship between age and utilization of glycine radiocarbon in the synthesis of lipids and glycogen]. Incorporation of the transformation products of 2-14C-glycin into liver glycogen and liver tissue lipids, as well as those of the kidneys, heart and skeletal muscles of young and old rats (3 and 24 months) kept on isocaloric food rations with 9, 18 and 36% of caseine was studied. The glycogen and lipids content, as well as the level of their specific radioactivity were shown to depend on the composition of the food ration, the animals age and on the kind of the  tissue examined. The specific radioactivity of the liver lipids with restricted protein consumption is higher in young animals, and with an elevated intake thereof in the old ones. The glycogen radioactivity is greatest in animals of both age groups fed on a ration with an optimal protein content. An increased proportion of protein in rations of old animals is attended by a more intensive utilization of its metabolites in the lipids exchange."}
{"id": "PMID:883209", "title": "[Influence of diets with qualitatively different carbohydrates on lipid metabolism].", "content": "Tests conducted with rats demonstrated that rations carrying saccharose cause a rise in the pre-beta-lipoproteids, blood triglycerides, total lipids and triglycerides in the aorta, as well as an accelerated biosynthesis of the latter in the liver and the fatty tissue. The effect of the saccharose making part of an isocaloric ration depends upon the quality of the diet as a whole. In rats receiving saccharose in a ration with a reduced amount of fat (11% bythe calorific value) there takes place an accelerated biosynthesis of phospholipids with no evidence of fatty degeneration of the liver. Animals receiving saccharose in a ration with a physiological level of fat (26% by caloricity) demonstrated a higher content of beta-lipoproteids in the blood, of total lipids and tryglycerides in the liver with lacking acceleration of the phospholipids biosynthesis in the latter.", "contents": "[Influence of diets with qualitatively different carbohydrates on lipid metabolism]. Tests conducted with rats demonstrated that rations carrying saccharose cause a rise in the pre-beta-lipoproteids, blood triglycerides, total lipids and triglycerides in the aorta, as well as an accelerated biosynthesis of the latter in the liver and the fatty tissue. The effect of the saccharose making part of an isocaloric ration depends upon the quality of the diet as a whole. In rats receiving saccharose in a ration with a reduced amount of fat (11% bythe calorific value) there takes place an accelerated biosynthesis of phospholipids with no evidence of fatty degeneration of the liver. Animals receiving saccharose in a ration with a physiological level of fat (26% by caloricity) demonstrated a higher content of beta-lipoproteids in the blood, of total lipids and tryglycerides in the liver with lacking acceleration of the phospholipids biosynthesis in the latter."}
{"id": "PMID:883210", "title": "[Effect of an anti-atherosclerotic diet with different protein content on catecholamine and DOPA excretion in patients with ischemic heart disease and excess weight].", "content": "In patients with ischemic heart disease (IHD) with excess body weight the excretion of catecholamines and DOPA was investigated. In patients of middle and advanced age the excretion of norepinephrine was found to be down, while in those of the young age the excretion of epinephrine and norepinephrine proved to be up. There exist a correlation between the rising level of norepinephrine and hyperlipidemia. In patients with IHD the blood serotonin content is elevated. The use of an antiatherosclerotic diet with a higher protein content tends to bring down the level of the norepinephrine and, partially, also of epinephrine excretion. With patients kept on an antiatherosclerotic diet with protein content the excretion of norepinephrine sharply decreases and that of epinephrine rises. Administration of pyridoxine superimposed upon dietary variants acts favorably on the catecholamines excretion. Under the effect of the diets in question the blood serotonin remains unchanged. The implication is that both the high- and low-protein quotas in the composition of antiatherosclerotic diets do not produce an optimal effect on the catecholamines and DOPA metabolism in patients with IHD and an excess body weight.", "contents": "[Effect of an anti-atherosclerotic diet with different protein content on catecholamine and DOPA excretion in patients with ischemic heart disease and excess weight]. In patients with ischemic heart disease (IHD) with excess body weight the excretion of catecholamines and DOPA was investigated. In patients of middle and advanced age the excretion of norepinephrine was found to be down, while in those of the young age the excretion of epinephrine and norepinephrine proved to be up. There exist a correlation between the rising level of norepinephrine and hyperlipidemia. In patients with IHD the blood serotonin content is elevated. The use of an antiatherosclerotic diet with a higher protein content tends to bring down the level of the norepinephrine and, partially, also of epinephrine excretion. With patients kept on an antiatherosclerotic diet with protein content the excretion of norepinephrine sharply decreases and that of epinephrine rises. Administration of pyridoxine superimposed upon dietary variants acts favorably on the catecholamines excretion. Under the effect of the diets in question the blood serotonin remains unchanged. The implication is that both the high- and low-protein quotas in the composition of antiatherosclerotic diets do not produce an optimal effect on the catecholamines and DOPA metabolism in patients with IHD and an excess body weight."}
{"id": "PMID:883211", "title": "[Clinical course and diet therapy of peptic ulcer in young persons].", "content": "In 136 patients of young age features distinguishing the clinical course of peptic ulcer were studied. The diagnosis was established on the ground of roentgenological and endoscopic investigations. The nervous state was studied and the part played by psycho-emotional and stress factors in the development of peptic ulcer was ascertained on the basis of an analysis into the results of some vegetovascular and electrophysiological investigations. For the category of patients in question a high-protein and fat-rich diet (120-130 g) was composed. It was found to have a beneficial effect on the course of peptic ulcer, a high percentage of scarred ulcerations (78%) having been obtained by comparison with controls, who were kept on a diet with normal amounts of protein and fat. It is suggested that the effect of the treatment with the described diet is achieved thanks to increased buffer properties of the food ration, to the inhibitory action of the fat on the gastric secretion, and on account of intensified reperative processes going on in the gastroduodenal mucosa.", "contents": "[Clinical course and diet therapy of peptic ulcer in young persons]. In 136 patients of young age features distinguishing the clinical course of peptic ulcer were studied. The diagnosis was established on the ground of roentgenological and endoscopic investigations. The nervous state was studied and the part played by psycho-emotional and stress factors in the development of peptic ulcer was ascertained on the basis of an analysis into the results of some vegetovascular and electrophysiological investigations. For the category of patients in question a high-protein and fat-rich diet (120-130 g) was composed. It was found to have a beneficial effect on the course of peptic ulcer, a high percentage of scarred ulcerations (78%) having been obtained by comparison with controls, who were kept on a diet with normal amounts of protein and fat. It is suggested that the effect of the treatment with the described diet is achieved thanks to increased buffer properties of the food ration, to the inhibitory action of the fat on the gastric secretion, and on account of intensified reperative processes going on in the gastroduodenal mucosa."}
{"id": "PMID:883213", "title": "[Comparative study of the therapeutic effect of diets with qualitatively and quantitatively different fat content on children with cirrhosis of the liver].", "content": "A total of 107 children with liver cirrhosis aged from 7 to 12 were kept under observation. Four types of diets with different variants of the fatty component were used in the course of their treatment. The diet No 5 ration contained a physiological set of basic nutrients (with vegetable oil comprising 12% of the total amount of fat in the ration). The diet 52 carried a higher amount of the vegetable oil with its proportion reaching 22% of the total quantity of fat at the expense of a lesser share of butter. The total amount of fat was consistent with the age-specific standard rate. The diets 53 and 54 has the amount of fat raised by 15% with respect to the physiological level through additional introduction of vegetable oil and butter \"Zdorovie\", respectively. The fat-enriched diets were well tolerated with no manifestations of steatorrhea in evidence. Against the background of all the diets applied the great majority of the patients demonstrated an improvement of both the clinical data (general conditions, reduction in the size of the liver) and a number of characteristics reflecting the functional capacity of the liver (normalization of the blood serum bilirubin, of proteinogram findings). Following the use of diets with an elevated fat content there could be observed a well-marked tendency toward normalization of metabolic rates. In particular the level of the blood serum cholesterol esthers was rising; the plasma and lipids of the erythrocytes stroma showed an increased proportion of arachidonic acid with simultaneous fall of the icosatrienic acid share. This may ascribed to a higher content of polyunsaturated fatty acids in the ration. The most convenient way of introducing polyunsaturated fatty acids in the ration is the dietetic butter \"Zdorovie\". This justifies recommending it in dietotherapy of children suffering from liver cirrhosis.", "contents": "[Comparative study of the therapeutic effect of diets with qualitatively and quantitatively different fat content on children with cirrhosis of the liver]. A total of 107 children with liver cirrhosis aged from 7 to 12 were kept under observation. Four types of diets with different variants of the fatty component were used in the course of their treatment. The diet No 5 ration contained a physiological set of basic nutrients (with vegetable oil comprising 12% of the total amount of fat in the ration). The diet 52 carried a higher amount of the vegetable oil with its proportion reaching 22% of the total quantity of fat at the expense of a lesser share of butter. The total amount of fat was consistent with the age-specific standard rate. The diets 53 and 54 has the amount of fat raised by 15% with respect to the physiological level through additional introduction of vegetable oil and butter \"Zdorovie\", respectively. The fat-enriched diets were well tolerated with no manifestations of steatorrhea in evidence. Against the background of all the diets applied the great majority of the patients demonstrated an improvement of both the clinical data (general conditions, reduction in the size of the liver) and a number of characteristics reflecting the functional capacity of the liver (normalization of the blood serum bilirubin, of proteinogram findings). Following the use of diets with an elevated fat content there could be observed a well-marked tendency toward normalization of metabolic rates. In particular the level of the blood serum cholesterol esthers was rising; the plasma and lipids of the erythrocytes stroma showed an increased proportion of arachidonic acid with simultaneous fall of the icosatrienic acid share. This may ascribed to a higher content of polyunsaturated fatty acids in the ration. The most convenient way of introducing polyunsaturated fatty acids in the ration is the dietetic butter \"Zdorovie\". This justifies recommending it in dietotherapy of children suffering from liver cirrhosis."}
{"id": "PMID:883214", "title": "[Assessment of the lactose test and its value in detecting intolerance to milk sugar].", "content": "In 109 healthy and sick subjects suffering from diverse affections of the digestive organs the lactase activity in the mucosa of the large intestine was determined and a lactose test set up (1 g of lactose per 1 kg of body weight). In the test the following factors were considered: clinical symptoms, the rate of passage in the intestines (till the appearance of carmine), blood glucose content, pH and sugar in the feces. To appraise the activity of lactase the most accurate indicator in the test appeared to be the estimated degree of the rising blood glucose concentration as against the area of its ascent (23% of erroneous results). Because of a great variability of the test indicators the assessment of the lactase activity by combination of the latter did not increase the total number of correct results. However, in cases when there appeared combinations of indicators most characteristic for different activity of the lactase, the significance of the test results proved much higher (11.5-7% of erroneous results). Since in the lactose tolerance tests it is the total lactase activity, covering the entire surface of the small intestine that is recorded and subject to assessment are also possible changes, adaptive inclusive, of the gastro-intestinal tract motoricity, this test characterizes in the final analysis more correctly the tolerance of food products containing lactic sugar, than does direct determination of the lactase activity.", "contents": "[Assessment of the lactose test and its value in detecting intolerance to milk sugar]. In 109 healthy and sick subjects suffering from diverse affections of the digestive organs the lactase activity in the mucosa of the large intestine was determined and a lactose test set up (1 g of lactose per 1 kg of body weight). In the test the following factors were considered: clinical symptoms, the rate of passage in the intestines (till the appearance of carmine), blood glucose content, pH and sugar in the feces. To appraise the activity of lactase the most accurate indicator in the test appeared to be the estimated degree of the rising blood glucose concentration as against the area of its ascent (23% of erroneous results). Because of a great variability of the test indicators the assessment of the lactase activity by combination of the latter did not increase the total number of correct results. However, in cases when there appeared combinations of indicators most characteristic for different activity of the lactase, the significance of the test results proved much higher (11.5-7% of erroneous results). Since in the lactose tolerance tests it is the total lactase activity, covering the entire surface of the small intestine that is recorded and subject to assessment are also possible changes, adaptive inclusive, of the gastro-intestinal tract motoricity, this test characterizes in the final analysis more correctly the tolerance of food products containing lactic sugar, than does direct determination of the lactase activity."}
{"id": "PMID:883212", "title": "[Methodologic aspects of determining the biological value of protein in studies with human participation].", "content": "Data on determination of the biological value of casein for man based on results of balance investigations of nitrogen metabolism in 30 normal males are reported. These were kept on standard semisynthetic diets differing in the daily content of caseine (from 0 up to 15.1 g of nitrogen per day) that served as a sole source of protein in the ration. The levels of endogenous losses of nitrogen with the urine, feces and summarily in any other ways were determined. Principal features of methodological procedures employed in determining the biological value of proteins recommended for nutrition of man are substantiated. The need for multilevel (not less than on 3-4 levels) investigation, below the one necessary for maintaining nitrous equilibrium, is stressed.", "contents": "[Methodologic aspects of determining the biological value of protein in studies with human participation]. Data on determination of the biological value of casein for man based on results of balance investigations of nitrogen metabolism in 30 normal males are reported. These were kept on standard semisynthetic diets differing in the daily content of caseine (from 0 up to 15.1 g of nitrogen per day) that served as a sole source of protein in the ration. The levels of endogenous losses of nitrogen with the urine, feces and summarily in any other ways were determined. Principal features of methodological procedures employed in determining the biological value of proteins recommended for nutrition of man are substantiated. The need for multilevel (not less than on 3-4 levels) investigation, below the one necessary for maintaining nitrous equilibrium, is stressed."}
{"id": "PMID:883216", "title": "[Influence of oxythiamine on the fatty acid composition of rat liver total lipid fraction and phospholipids].", "content": "Changes in the content of individual fatty acids in the total lipid fraction and phospholipids of the liver occurring under the effect of oxythiamine were studied. The fatty acids composition was determined by the method of gas chromatography. A single introduction of oxythiamine in a dose of 0.4 g/kg produced in 24 hours a deficit of essential fatty acids of the liver. Similar results were obtained with daily administration of oxythiamine at the rate of 500 gamma per animal a day, for a space of 10 days. The participation of thiamine as a substrate at one of the stages marking transformation of linolic acid and inhibition of this nonspecific function of thiamine by oxythiamine are presumed.", "contents": "[Influence of oxythiamine on the fatty acid composition of rat liver total lipid fraction and phospholipids]. Changes in the content of individual fatty acids in the total lipid fraction and phospholipids of the liver occurring under the effect of oxythiamine were studied. The fatty acids composition was determined by the method of gas chromatography. A single introduction of oxythiamine in a dose of 0.4 g/kg produced in 24 hours a deficit of essential fatty acids of the liver. Similar results were obtained with daily administration of oxythiamine at the rate of 500 gamma per animal a day, for a space of 10 days. The participation of thiamine as a substrate at one of the stages marking transformation of linolic acid and inhibition of this nonspecific function of thiamine by oxythiamine are presumed."}
{"id": "PMID:883215", "title": "[Effect of vitamin E on the bile forming function of the liver in acute dystrophy].", "content": "Experiments were staged on albino rats to study the influence produced by vitamin \"E\" on the function of the liver in normality and in acute dystrophy provoked by introduction of carbon tetrachloride. A repeated introduction of vitamin \"E\" to intact animals produces moderate choletic and cholate-stimulating effects, improves conjugation of cholic acid with amino acids, especially with glycocoll and intensifies somewhat excretion of bilirbuin and cholesterol. The use of vitamin \"E\" in acute dystrophy of the liver precipitates the restoration of its function, markedly improves biligenesis and biliation and also stimulates the synthesis of cholic acid.", "contents": "[Effect of vitamin E on the bile forming function of the liver in acute dystrophy]. Experiments were staged on albino rats to study the influence produced by vitamin \"E\" on the function of the liver in normality and in acute dystrophy provoked by introduction of carbon tetrachloride. A repeated introduction of vitamin \"E\" to intact animals produces moderate choletic and cholate-stimulating effects, improves conjugation of cholic acid with amino acids, especially with glycocoll and intensifies somewhat excretion of bilirbuin and cholesterol. The use of vitamin \"E\" in acute dystrophy of the liver precipitates the restoration of its function, markedly improves biligenesis and biliation and also stimulates the synthesis of cholic acid."}
{"id": "PMID:883220", "title": "[Hygieno-toxicologic study of polyamide film P-12 intended for use in the food industry].", "content": "A hygienic-toxicological study of the polyamide film II-12, developed at the Scientific-Research Institute of Plastics and intended for use in food industry as a packing material was carried out. Pertinent sanitary and chemical investigations have brought evidence that the II-12 film does not adversely affect the organoleptic characteristics of model solution, while erosion of organic substances therefrom is insignificant. A long-term toxicological experiment staged on 2 generations of rats in which biochemical and histological factors, as well as those characterizing the possibility of an embryotoxic action and finfluence on the reproductive function of the animals had been determined, did not reveal any untoward changes in the test animals as compared to the controls.", "contents": "[Hygieno-toxicologic study of polyamide film P-12 intended for use in the food industry]. A hygienic-toxicological study of the polyamide film II-12, developed at the Scientific-Research Institute of Plastics and intended for use in food industry as a packing material was carried out. Pertinent sanitary and chemical investigations have brought evidence that the II-12 film does not adversely affect the organoleptic characteristics of model solution, while erosion of organic substances therefrom is insignificant. A long-term toxicological experiment staged on 2 generations of rats in which biochemical and histological factors, as well as those characterizing the possibility of an embryotoxic action and finfluence on the reproductive function of the animals had been determined, did not reveal any untoward changes in the test animals as compared to the controls."}
{"id": "PMID:883221", "title": "[Amino acid composition of protein products from fish of low market value].", "content": "The amino acids composition of proteins from the whole fry fish, proteinic mass and the fish protein concentrate was investigated by using ion-exchange chromatography with an automatic analyzer (AAA-881, ChSSR). A balance of amino acids recorded during preparation of the protein mass obtained in fish with inferior market value (fry herring and sand fish) is cited. It was found that the protein mass of fry contains 2.3 and that of sand-fish, 1.3 as much of the amino acids as does the whole fish. It is methionine that has been ascertained to be a limiting amino acid for fry and the products of its processing. In the protein of this fish essential amino acids comprise 43.5% of the sum-total of all the amino acids, the corresponding percentages in the protein mass and the fish protein concentrate being 42.1 and 41.7, respectively. A comparison of the amino acids composition of the study proteins as against the amino acid scale of the ideal FAO protein shows that the protein mass and the fish protein concentrate represent products of high biological value.", "contents": "[Amino acid composition of protein products from fish of low market value]. The amino acids composition of proteins from the whole fry fish, proteinic mass and the fish protein concentrate was investigated by using ion-exchange chromatography with an automatic analyzer (AAA-881, ChSSR). A balance of amino acids recorded during preparation of the protein mass obtained in fish with inferior market value (fry herring and sand fish) is cited. It was found that the protein mass of fry contains 2.3 and that of sand-fish, 1.3 as much of the amino acids as does the whole fish. It is methionine that has been ascertained to be a limiting amino acid for fry and the products of its processing. In the protein of this fish essential amino acids comprise 43.5% of the sum-total of all the amino acids, the corresponding percentages in the protein mass and the fish protein concentrate being 42.1 and 41.7, respectively. A comparison of the amino acids composition of the study proteins as against the amino acid scale of the ideal FAO protein shows that the protein mass and the fish protein concentrate represent products of high biological value."}
{"id": "PMID:883223", "title": "[Effect of prolonged cold storage and subsequent heat treatment on the fractional composition of fish muscle proteins].", "content": "The effect of prolonged preservation at -18 degrees C and subsequent culinary heat treatment of the fractional composition of sarcoplasmatic and myofibrillar proteins in the muscles of mirror carp, pike and sheat-fish were studied by the method of gel-filtration on Sephadex G-100. Cold storage of the dish at -18 degrees C for 9 months was found to produce market changes in the qualitative and quantitative composition of muscle proteins. After culinary heat treatment the finished products have lost much of their original quality.", "contents": "[Effect of prolonged cold storage and subsequent heat treatment on the fractional composition of fish muscle proteins]. The effect of prolonged preservation at -18 degrees C and subsequent culinary heat treatment of the fractional composition of sarcoplasmatic and myofibrillar proteins in the muscles of mirror carp, pike and sheat-fish were studied by the method of gel-filtration on Sephadex G-100. Cold storage of the dish at -18 degrees C for 9 months was found to produce market changes in the qualitative and quantitative composition of muscle proteins. After culinary heat treatment the finished products have lost much of their original quality."}
{"id": "PMID:883222", "title": "[Change in the fatty acid composition of the lipids of kryl paste \"Okean\" following culinary preparation].", "content": "The fatty acids composition of the lipids in the krill paste \"Ocean\" subjected to defrosting at temperatures of 4-8 and 18-20 degrees C and subsequent heat treatment, including boiling, frying and baking, was studied by applying partition chromatography. Upon defrosting and heat treating the fatty acids composition of the paste lipids becomes subject to modification. In a paste defrosted at 18-20 degrees C the amount of mono- and polyunsaturated fatty acids diminishes with a relative rise in the sum-total of the saturated ones. Defrosting at 4-8 degrees C leads to an insignificant decline of monounsaturated and to an increase of polyunsaturated acids in the lipids of the paste. On baking the content of mono- and polyunsaturated fatty acids subsides by 2.26 and 11.71% respectively, while that of the saturated ones goes up by 15.00%. Frying results but in a slight drop in the totality of polyunsaturated fatty acids, whereas the level of saturated and monounsaturated ones remains without any substantial changes.", "contents": "[Change in the fatty acid composition of the lipids of kryl paste \"Okean\" following culinary preparation]. The fatty acids composition of the lipids in the krill paste \"Ocean\" subjected to defrosting at temperatures of 4-8 and 18-20 degrees C and subsequent heat treatment, including boiling, frying and baking, was studied by applying partition chromatography. Upon defrosting and heat treating the fatty acids composition of the paste lipids becomes subject to modification. In a paste defrosted at 18-20 degrees C the amount of mono- and polyunsaturated fatty acids diminishes with a relative rise in the sum-total of the saturated ones. Defrosting at 4-8 degrees C leads to an insignificant decline of monounsaturated and to an increase of polyunsaturated acids in the lipids of the paste. On baking the content of mono- and polyunsaturated fatty acids subsides by 2.26 and 11.71% respectively, while that of the saturated ones goes up by 15.00%. Frying results but in a slight drop in the totality of polyunsaturated fatty acids, whereas the level of saturated and monounsaturated ones remains without any substantial changes."}
{"id": "PMID:883227", "title": "[Effect of the quality characteristics of the fatty component of the diet on the fatty acid makeup of the erythrocytic and thrombocytic membranes in healthy persons].", "content": "Practically healthy males received rations in which principal sources of fat in the descending order were butter, sunflower and mustard oil. The influence of qualitative properties of the ration's fat on the lipids metabolism in the plasma and the coefficient of the metabolization effectiveness of essential fatty acids (CEM) of the food into the membranes lipids was studied. The CEM was calculated by studying the fatty acids composition of the erythrocytes and thrombocytes stroma. Inclusion in the ration of butter alone, raised the cholesterol level, a fall of the plasma phospholipids level and a significant drop of the CEM. Substitution of sunflower oil for butter led to normalization of these figures. Mustard oil had no effect. Changes in the CEM of the erythrocytes stroma proceeded slowly, significant differences having been discovered only after 6 weeks of the butter consumption. The thrombocytes CEM changed quickly, a stable fatty acids composition of thrombocytes with this ration being established by the end of the 2nd week. The qualitative properties of the ration's fat exercise a sufficiently strong influence on the effective metabolization of fatty acids in the food into the lipid structures of the erythrocytes and thrombocytes membranes in a healthy subject, it being characterized by the CEM changes.", "contents": "[Effect of the quality characteristics of the fatty component of the diet on the fatty acid makeup of the erythrocytic and thrombocytic membranes in healthy persons]. Practically healthy males received rations in which principal sources of fat in the descending order were butter, sunflower and mustard oil. The influence of qualitative properties of the ration's fat on the lipids metabolism in the plasma and the coefficient of the metabolization effectiveness of essential fatty acids (CEM) of the food into the membranes lipids was studied. The CEM was calculated by studying the fatty acids composition of the erythrocytes and thrombocytes stroma. Inclusion in the ration of butter alone, raised the cholesterol level, a fall of the plasma phospholipids level and a significant drop of the CEM. Substitution of sunflower oil for butter led to normalization of these figures. Mustard oil had no effect. Changes in the CEM of the erythrocytes stroma proceeded slowly, significant differences having been discovered only after 6 weeks of the butter consumption. The thrombocytes CEM changed quickly, a stable fatty acids composition of thrombocytes with this ration being established by the end of the 2nd week. The qualitative properties of the ration's fat exercise a sufficiently strong influence on the effective metabolization of fatty acids in the food into the lipid structures of the erythrocytes and thrombocytes membranes in a healthy subject, it being characterized by the CEM changes."}
{"id": "PMID:883229", "title": "[Effect of retinol deficiency on the activity of phospholipase A lysosomal enzymes in rat testes].", "content": "In the testes homogenates of rats kept on a A-deficient ration and receiving additionally retinyl-acetate (control) and retinoic acid (experiment) the activity of the phospholipases A1 and A2, with 1-acyl-2(1-14C)-oleoyl-SN-glycero-3-galactosidase and acid phosphatase employed as a substrate, was investigated. In the testes of rats receiving retinyl-acetate the activity of the phospholipases A1 and A2 was greatly declining. An addition of retinyl to the testes homogenates of test rats contributed to re-establishing the activity of the phospholipases up to the control level. In the testes of rats receiving retinoic acid a reduced activity of the acid phosphatase and a rise of beta-galactosidase, as compared to their activity in controls was also demonstrable.", "contents": "[Effect of retinol deficiency on the activity of phospholipase A lysosomal enzymes in rat testes]. In the testes homogenates of rats kept on a A-deficient ration and receiving additionally retinyl-acetate (control) and retinoic acid (experiment) the activity of the phospholipases A1 and A2, with 1-acyl-2(1-14C)-oleoyl-SN-glycero-3-galactosidase and acid phosphatase employed as a substrate, was investigated. In the testes of rats receiving retinyl-acetate the activity of the phospholipases A1 and A2 was greatly declining. An addition of retinyl to the testes homogenates of test rats contributed to re-establishing the activity of the phospholipases up to the control level. In the testes of rats receiving retinoic acid a reduced activity of the acid phosphatase and a rise of beta-galactosidase, as compared to their activity in controls was also demonstrable."}
{"id": "PMID:883231", "title": "[Effect of different edible fats on the lipid metabolism of rats with experimental silicosis].", "content": "With a long-term (1 and 4 months) introduction of an additional amount of edible fats (beef, hog fats, butter, sunflower seed oil) to intact and intratracheally quartz-dust laden sexually mature male rats an organ-specific reaction to the supply of fat, and in intact rats, also some peculiarities of the reaction depending upon the kind of the introduced fats, were discovered. An additional administration of fats to rats with developing silicosis tended to increase accumulation of lipids in the lungs and led to a higher content of oxyproline in the lungs and liver, which bears proof to an adverse effect produced by the introduced fats on the lipids metabolism and the processes of silicotic fibrogenesis.", "contents": "[Effect of different edible fats on the lipid metabolism of rats with experimental silicosis]. With a long-term (1 and 4 months) introduction of an additional amount of edible fats (beef, hog fats, butter, sunflower seed oil) to intact and intratracheally quartz-dust laden sexually mature male rats an organ-specific reaction to the supply of fat, and in intact rats, also some peculiarities of the reaction depending upon the kind of the introduced fats, were discovered. An additional administration of fats to rats with developing silicosis tended to increase accumulation of lipids in the lungs and led to a higher content of oxyproline in the lungs and liver, which bears proof to an adverse effect produced by the introduced fats on the lipids metabolism and the processes of silicotic fibrogenesis."}
{"id": "PMID:883232", "title": "[Study of the effectiveness of using diets with a varying protein content during physical loads in an experiment on rats].", "content": "In experiments on rats subjected for 30 days to perform a graded muscular work (swimming) the influence produced by different levels of protein in the diet (6,18 and 30% by calorific value) on the accretion of body mass, physical work capacity, diurnal passage of total nitrogen, creatinine and creatine with urine was studied. At rest and following the maximum physical efforts the sugar, lactate and pyruvic acids levels were measured in the blood of rats. Food rations with low protein content (6% of the total caloricity), when used in conditions involving physical efforts, exerted an adverse effect on the growth, development and physical work capacity of the animals. The use of a protein-rich diet (30% by caloricity) did not show any substantial advantages over the standard one (18% of protein). In rats fed on diets with 18 and 30% of protein (in terms of caloricity) the body mass gain, physical work capacity and also the nature of changes in the content of lactate, pyruvate and sugar in the blood were the same.", "contents": "[Study of the effectiveness of using diets with a varying protein content during physical loads in an experiment on rats]. In experiments on rats subjected for 30 days to perform a graded muscular work (swimming) the influence produced by different levels of protein in the diet (6,18 and 30% by calorific value) on the accretion of body mass, physical work capacity, diurnal passage of total nitrogen, creatinine and creatine with urine was studied. At rest and following the maximum physical efforts the sugar, lactate and pyruvic acids levels were measured in the blood of rats. Food rations with low protein content (6% of the total caloricity), when used in conditions involving physical efforts, exerted an adverse effect on the growth, development and physical work capacity of the animals. The use of a protein-rich diet (30% by caloricity) did not show any substantial advantages over the standard one (18% of protein). In rats fed on diets with 18 and 30% of protein (in terms of caloricity) the body mass gain, physical work capacity and also the nature of changes in the content of lactate, pyruvate and sugar in the blood were the same."}
{"id": "PMID:883234", "title": "[Pyridoxine allowance of the students in a sports school].", "content": "In 297 students of a physical culture institute examined in winter, spring, summer and autumn the passage of 4-pyridoxine acid with urine per hour on an empty stomach amounted to 33.6+/-2.1, 36.0+/-6,2, 38.9+/-2.9 and 32.0+/-2.2 gamma/h, respectively (the seasonal difference being unauthentic). The mean level of the study metabolite excretion with urine throughout the year was 35,0+/-2.3 gamma/h, and in 49.5% of the students its excretion was below 30 gamma which bore evidence to early biochemical signs pointing to deficiency of pyridoxine in the organism, while in 33.5% this figure varied from 30 to 50 gamma and only in 17% in was in line with the normal level established for practically healthy persons not doing any hard physical work. At the same time, the students demonstrated changes in the passage of 4-pyridoxine acid with urine depending upon their specialization in sports, some peculiarities of the sporting activity, additional taking of pyridoxine and other vitamins. It is suggested that the requirement of students-sportsmen in pyridoxine is 1 1/2-2 times as high as fixed in the standards recommended for all groups of the labour intensity.", "contents": "[Pyridoxine allowance of the students in a sports school]. In 297 students of a physical culture institute examined in winter, spring, summer and autumn the passage of 4-pyridoxine acid with urine per hour on an empty stomach amounted to 33.6+/-2.1, 36.0+/-6,2, 38.9+/-2.9 and 32.0+/-2.2 gamma/h, respectively (the seasonal difference being unauthentic). The mean level of the study metabolite excretion with urine throughout the year was 35,0+/-2.3 gamma/h, and in 49.5% of the students its excretion was below 30 gamma which bore evidence to early biochemical signs pointing to deficiency of pyridoxine in the organism, while in 33.5% this figure varied from 30 to 50 gamma and only in 17% in was in line with the normal level established for practically healthy persons not doing any hard physical work. At the same time, the students demonstrated changes in the passage of 4-pyridoxine acid with urine depending upon their specialization in sports, some peculiarities of the sporting activity, additional taking of pyridoxine and other vitamins. It is suggested that the requirement of students-sportsmen in pyridoxine is 1 1/2-2 times as high as fixed in the standards recommended for all groups of the labour intensity."}
{"id": "PMID:883235", "title": "[Role of the alimentary factor in the genesis and recurrences of peptic ulcer].", "content": "Dietetic history data covering 500 persons with duodenal ulcer, 200 of whom aged from 16 to 25 and 300--from 26 to 55 years, and recorded in a questionnaire of a medico-information chart were subjected to a detailed analysis with reference to a complex set of factors characterizing the pattern and qualitative peculiarities of the nutrition. Most of the examined (predominantly the young) demonstrated disordered pattern and quality of nourishment and imbalance of food rations. Of greatest frequency were perturbations in  the alimentation rhythm (in 76% of the youths and 81% of mature adults), abuse of carbohydrates, largely of easily assimilable ones (in 71 and 59% of the patients, respectively), excessive consumption of animal fats (in 64 and 41.5%), with insufficient intake of vegetable oils (in 82 and 69%), as well as insufficient consumption of raw vegetables and fruits (in 58 and 63%).", "contents": "[Role of the alimentary factor in the genesis and recurrences of peptic ulcer]. Dietetic history data covering 500 persons with duodenal ulcer, 200 of whom aged from 16 to 25 and 300--from 26 to 55 years, and recorded in a questionnaire of a medico-information chart were subjected to a detailed analysis with reference to a complex set of factors characterizing the pattern and qualitative peculiarities of the nutrition. Most of the examined (predominantly the young) demonstrated disordered pattern and quality of nourishment and imbalance of food rations. Of greatest frequency were perturbations in  the alimentation rhythm (in 76% of the youths and 81% of mature adults), abuse of carbohydrates, largely of easily assimilable ones (in 71 and 59% of the patients, respectively), excessive consumption of animal fats (in 64 and 41.5%), with insufficient intake of vegetable oils (in 82 and 69%), as well as insufficient consumption of raw vegetables and fruits (in 58 and 63%)."}
{"id": "PMID:883242", "title": "Anti-fab' antibodies in human sera. I. A study of their distribution in health and disease.", "content": "Antibodies to the Fab' fragments of human IgG are commonly found in human sera. This study shows that the incidence of such antibodies is higher in women, both blood donors and hospital patients, than in men: it is no higher in patients with malignant disease than in hospital patients of the same sex without malignancies. The incidence in hospital patients is always greater than in healthy blood donors. The presence of Fab' antibodies is not related to pregnancy. The greatest difference in the frequency of such antibodies occurs between males and females under the age of 50.", "contents": "Anti-fab' antibodies in human sera. I. A study of their distribution in health and disease. Antibodies to the Fab' fragments of human IgG are commonly found in human sera. This study shows that the incidence of such antibodies is higher in women, both blood donors and hospital patients, than in men: it is no higher in patients with malignant disease than in hospital patients of the same sex without malignancies. The incidence in hospital patients is always greater than in healthy blood donors. The presence of Fab' antibodies is not related to pregnancy. The greatest difference in the frequency of such antibodies occurs between males and females under the age of 50."}
{"id": "PMID:883237", "title": "[Role of vitamin K in glycoprotein metabolism].", "content": "The content of hexos-amines and proteins in glycoproteins (perchloric acid-soluble) of the liver and blood serum of rats following an excess administration of vitamin K (vikasol) and its antagonists--pelenten and large doses of sodium salicylate for a space of 15 days was studied. With hypovitaminosis K the content of glycoproteins in the liver and blood serum declines, while the ratio of the proteins and hexose-amines-- goes up. With its simultaneous administration with pelentan vikasol prevents the development of these changes.", "contents": "[Role of vitamin K in glycoprotein metabolism]. The content of hexos-amines and proteins in glycoproteins (perchloric acid-soluble) of the liver and blood serum of rats following an excess administration of vitamin K (vikasol) and its antagonists--pelenten and large doses of sodium salicylate for a space of 15 days was studied. With hypovitaminosis K the content of glycoproteins in the liver and blood serum declines, while the ratio of the proteins and hexose-amines-- goes up. With its simultaneous administration with pelentan vikasol prevents the development of these changes."}
{"id": "PMID:883243", "title": "Increased expression in erythrocytic Ii antigens in sickle cell disease and sickle cell trait.", "content": "The reactivity of human erythrocytes with anti-I and anti-i sera was estimated in 36 normal adults, 18 individuals with sickle cell anemia and 27 individuals with sickle cell trait, by quantitative hemagglutination with a sensitive autoanalyzer system. SS erythrocytes showed significantly increased I and i reactivity when compared to normal erythrocytes. AS erythrocytes also demonstrated some increase in Ii reactivity. No correlation was found between erythrocytic HbF content and i reactivity.", "contents": "Increased expression in erythrocytic Ii antigens in sickle cell disease and sickle cell trait. The reactivity of human erythrocytes with anti-I and anti-i sera was estimated in 36 normal adults, 18 individuals with sickle cell anemia and 27 individuals with sickle cell trait, by quantitative hemagglutination with a sensitive autoanalyzer system. SS erythrocytes showed significantly increased I and i reactivity when compared to normal erythrocytes. AS erythrocytes also demonstrated some increase in Ii reactivity. No correlation was found between erythrocytic HbF content and i reactivity."}
{"id": "PMID:883244", "title": "Preparation and properties of a therapeutic factor IX concentrate.", "content": "A method for the large-scale preparation of a coagulation factor IX concentrate from human plasma is described. The method includes absorption of the coagulation factors from cryosupernatant plasma to DEAE-Sephadex, extensive washing of the gel and elution of the coagulation factors with 0.5 M phosphate buffer at 6.85, followed by desalting of the eluate in a column of Sephadex G-25, then by lyophilization, dissolving and sterile filtration, and finally by freeze-drying of the final product. Experiments performed with HBsAg-positive plasma demonstrated a decrease in the HBsAg content by a factor of 10(-5) during the process. The product is inactive in a Na-PTT assay. The process yields an about 100-fold purified factor IX concentrate containing also factors II, VII, and X, but in relatively smaller amounts. The average yield relative to factor IX is 60%. The batch size has been from 16 to 150 litres of plasma and about 300 batches of the concentrate have been prepared. About 5,100 bottle (about 4.0 X 10(6) U of factor IX) of the concentrate have been used in the treatment of patients with haemophilia B. The clinical effect has always been good and the in vivo response to factor IX was 1.15 +/- 0.30%/U/kg body weight. Two cases of HBsAg-negative hepatitis that may have been caused by the concentrate, were detected. No thrombotic complications were found.", "contents": "Preparation and properties of a therapeutic factor IX concentrate. A method for the large-scale preparation of a coagulation factor IX concentrate from human plasma is described. The method includes absorption of the coagulation factors from cryosupernatant plasma to DEAE-Sephadex, extensive washing of the gel and elution of the coagulation factors with 0.5 M phosphate buffer at 6.85, followed by desalting of the eluate in a column of Sephadex G-25, then by lyophilization, dissolving and sterile filtration, and finally by freeze-drying of the final product. Experiments performed with HBsAg-positive plasma demonstrated a decrease in the HBsAg content by a factor of 10(-5) during the process. The product is inactive in a Na-PTT assay. The process yields an about 100-fold purified factor IX concentrate containing also factors II, VII, and X, but in relatively smaller amounts. The average yield relative to factor IX is 60%. The batch size has been from 16 to 150 litres of plasma and about 300 batches of the concentrate have been prepared. About 5,100 bottle (about 4.0 X 10(6) U of factor IX) of the concentrate have been used in the treatment of patients with haemophilia B. The clinical effect has always been good and the in vivo response to factor IX was 1.15 +/- 0.30%/U/kg body weight. Two cases of HBsAg-negative hepatitis that may have been caused by the concentrate, were detected. No thrombotic complications were found."}
{"id": "PMID:883233", "title": "[Inclusion of chufa in the human diet as a source of polyunsaturated fatty acids].", "content": "In 2 experiments lasting 30 days each with participation of 6 volunteers the possibility of daily consumption in the diet of chufa in an amount allowing for minimal requirement of the organism in polyunsaturated fatty acids was studied. The experimental food ration accorded with individual requirements in its basic components. None of the participating volunteers demonstrated any untoward deviations of objective and subjective nature in their health status. For a month chufa was introduced daily at the rate of 1.7 g per kg of body weight.", "contents": "[Inclusion of chufa in the human diet as a source of polyunsaturated fatty acids]. In 2 experiments lasting 30 days each with participation of 6 volunteers the possibility of daily consumption in the diet of chufa in an amount allowing for minimal requirement of the organism in polyunsaturated fatty acids was studied. The experimental food ration accorded with individual requirements in its basic components. None of the participating volunteers demonstrated any untoward deviations of objective and subjective nature in their health status. For a month chufa was introduced daily at the rate of 1.7 g per kg of body weight."}
{"id": "PMID:883239", "title": "[Characteristics of the process of oxidation of fats of diverse character during storage].", "content": "The process of various commercial fats, such as cod oil, edible whale and sperm oil, as well as sunflower seed oil oxidation occurring under the effect of atmospheric oxygen was investigated. The susceptibility of fats to oxidation was found to be determined by the degree of their unsaturation, conditioned by the composition of fatty acids. During oxidation of cod and edible whale oil under test conditions there takes place decomposition of biologically active acids with 5 and 6 double bonds, which is most strongly pronounced in unsaturated cod oil and thus bears witness to a materially diminished nutritional value of these oils. The data obtained proves the advisability of storing different fats under dissimilar conditions and confirm the need for using highly effective means for inhibiting the processes of the cod oil oxidation, this  oil being used for medical purposes.", "contents": "[Characteristics of the process of oxidation of fats of diverse character during storage]. The process of various commercial fats, such as cod oil, edible whale and sperm oil, as well as sunflower seed oil oxidation occurring under the effect of atmospheric oxygen was investigated. The susceptibility of fats to oxidation was found to be determined by the degree of their unsaturation, conditioned by the composition of fatty acids. During oxidation of cod and edible whale oil under test conditions there takes place decomposition of biologically active acids with 5 and 6 double bonds, which is most strongly pronounced in unsaturated cod oil and thus bears witness to a materially diminished nutritional value of these oils. The data obtained proves the advisability of storing different fats under dissimilar conditions and confirm the need for using highly effective means for inhibiting the processes of the cod oil oxidation, this  oil being used for medical purposes."}
{"id": "PMID:883246", "title": "Plateletpheresis using the haemonetics model 30 cell separator.", "content": "Plateletpheresis using the Haemonetics Model 30 cell separator results in a mean collection of 5.5 X 10(11) platelets. This product contains substantial numbers of erythrocytes and mononuclear cells which can be effectively removed by centrifugation but with a 23% loss of platelets as well. The mean decrement in donor's platelet count during the procedure, which is 78,000/mm3, is not commensurate with the number of platelets collected suggesting donor platelet mobilization. Platelets collected by this technic, when transfused into unselected recipients, give platelet increments comparable to platelets produced in the standard batch manner.", "contents": "Plateletpheresis using the haemonetics model 30 cell separator. Plateletpheresis using the Haemonetics Model 30 cell separator results in a mean collection of 5.5 X 10(11) platelets. This product contains substantial numbers of erythrocytes and mononuclear cells which can be effectively removed by centrifugation but with a 23% loss of platelets as well. The mean decrement in donor's platelet count during the procedure, which is 78,000/mm3, is not commensurate with the number of platelets collected suggesting donor platelet mobilization. Platelets collected by this technic, when transfused into unselected recipients, give platelet increments comparable to platelets produced in the standard batch manner."}
{"id": "PMID:883236", "title": "[Effect of different food rations on nonspecific immunological reactivity indices in guinea pigs].", "content": "The highest activity of nonspecific immunity factors (phagocytic activity of the blood leucocytes, lysozyme and complementary activity of the blood sera) was defected in guinea pigs receiving food rations containing 19% of protein and 16% of roughage. These data jestify recommending to feed the test guinea pigs on granulated products, this being more convenient and suitable than using natural ones.", "contents": "[Effect of different food rations on nonspecific immunological reactivity indices in guinea pigs]. The highest activity of nonspecific immunity factors (phagocytic activity of the blood leucocytes, lysozyme and complementary activity of the blood sera) was defected in guinea pigs receiving food rations containing 19% of protein and 16% of roughage. These data jestify recommending to feed the test guinea pigs on granulated products, this being more convenient and suitable than using natural ones."}
{"id": "PMID:883247", "title": "Automated blood grouping of patients and blood donors using Groupamatic 360 S and a separate mini-computer. System description and evaluation.", "content": "An automated blood-grouping system for all kinds of blood samples is described. The system is built upon Groupamatic 360 S and a separate mini-computer. Both the laboratory and the clerical work is automated. Blood group replies are given on coloured punch cards in the Scandinavian blood group colours. Lists of different groups of samples can be compiled. After 1 year of routine use, the refusal rate is about 5%. The system is reliable and rapid, and permits saving, both of manpower and reagents.", "contents": "Automated blood grouping of patients and blood donors using Groupamatic 360 S and a separate mini-computer. System description and evaluation. An automated blood-grouping system for all kinds of blood samples is described. The system is built upon Groupamatic 360 S and a separate mini-computer. Both the laboratory and the clerical work is automated. Blood group replies are given on coloured punch cards in the Scandinavian blood group colours. Lists of different groups of samples can be compiled. After 1 year of routine use, the refusal rate is about 5%. The system is reliable and rapid, and permits saving, both of manpower and reagents."}
{"id": "PMID:883248", "title": "Laboratory and clinical effects of the infusion of ACD solution during plateletpheresis.", "content": "Transfusion of massive amounts of citrate anticoagulated blood during plateletpheresis with the intermittent flow centrifuge can produce symptoms and electrocardiographic changes suggestive of hypocalcemia. Following 15 procedures the ionized calcium decreased by an average of 32.4%, the average postpheresis serum citrate was 26.7 mg/dl and the QT interval was prolonged by 0.08 sec. Twelve plateletphereses performed with half-strength ACD solution caused an average decrease in ionized calcium of 16%, serum citrate levels of 12.5 mg/dl and QT prolongation of 0.04 sec. No donors experienced significant clinical symptoms with citrate infusion rates of less than 65 mg/kg/h. Solutions with citrate concentrations lower than ACD-A should be developed for use in plateletpheresis procedures involving citrate infusion rates greater than this.", "contents": "Laboratory and clinical effects of the infusion of ACD solution during plateletpheresis. Transfusion of massive amounts of citrate anticoagulated blood during plateletpheresis with the intermittent flow centrifuge can produce symptoms and electrocardiographic changes suggestive of hypocalcemia. Following 15 procedures the ionized calcium decreased by an average of 32.4%, the average postpheresis serum citrate was 26.7 mg/dl and the QT interval was prolonged by 0.08 sec. Twelve plateletphereses performed with half-strength ACD solution caused an average decrease in ionized calcium of 16%, serum citrate levels of 12.5 mg/dl and QT prolongation of 0.04 sec. No donors experienced significant clinical symptoms with citrate infusion rates of less than 65 mg/kg/h. Solutions with citrate concentrations lower than ACD-A should be developed for use in plateletpheresis procedures involving citrate infusion rates greater than this."}
{"id": "PMID:883249", "title": "Studies on new process procedures in plasma fractionation on an industrial scale. IV. Comparison of two semipermeable membrane systems for the concentration of albumin solutions.", "content": "Two semipermeable membrane systems for the production of salt-poor, concentrated human albumin preparations for clinical use are compared. A very efficient method, on an industrial scale, is obtained by the combination of gel filtration and ultrafiltration.", "contents": "Studies on new process procedures in plasma fractionation on an industrial scale. IV. Comparison of two semipermeable membrane systems for the concentration of albumin solutions. Two semipermeable membrane systems for the production of salt-poor, concentrated human albumin preparations for clinical use are compared. A very efficient method, on an industrial scale, is obtained by the combination of gel filtration and ultrafiltration."}
{"id": "PMID:883250", "title": "A chromatographic procedure for the purification of human plasma albumin.", "content": "Albumin is obtainable from human blood plasma by an ion exchange chromatographic procedure in a yield of about 95% and a purity well above Pharmacopoeia requirements. Cryosupernatant, factor IX depleted plasma is precipitated with 12 and 25% w/v polyethylene glycol 4000. The second precipitate is dissolved to 8% w/v protein and applied to a DEAE-Sephadex A-50 or a DEAE-Sepharose CL-6B column. Albumin is further purified by chromatography on SP-Sephadex C-50. Gel filtration on Sephadex G-25 is used for desalting prior to lyophilization. The process has been initially designed for fractionation of 50 litres plasma/week but can be further scaled up to meet considerably higher capacity requirements.", "contents": "A chromatographic procedure for the purification of human plasma albumin. Albumin is obtainable from human blood plasma by an ion exchange chromatographic procedure in a yield of about 95% and a purity well above Pharmacopoeia requirements. Cryosupernatant, factor IX depleted plasma is precipitated with 12 and 25% w/v polyethylene glycol 4000. The second precipitate is dissolved to 8% w/v protein and applied to a DEAE-Sephadex A-50 or a DEAE-Sepharose CL-6B column. Albumin is further purified by chromatography on SP-Sephadex C-50. Gel filtration on Sephadex G-25 is used for desalting prior to lyophilization. The process has been initially designed for fractionation of 50 litres plasma/week but can be further scaled up to meet considerably higher capacity requirements."}
{"id": "PMID:883240", "title": "[Changes in the amino acid makeup of \"Ocean\" krill paste from the methods of its culinary preparation].", "content": "The amino acids composition of the crayfish \"Ocean\" paste subjected to defrosting at 4-8 and 18-20 degrees C and subsequent culinary heat treatment by various methods, including cooking, frying and baking, was investigated by means of an automatic amino acids analyzer. As a result of these investigations and calculation of the chemical score for 8 essential amino acids by using the FAO/WHO method a high biological value of the \"Ocean\" paste was established. For the majority of essential amino acids the ascore even surpasses the level of amino acids recommended by FAO/WHO. The limitative amino acids include the sulphur-containing ones (89%). On frying and baking the relative content of these amino acids decreases and their score declines down to 79 and 76%, respectively. In cooking the paste it rises up to 95% at the expense of a relative increase in the content of the most of the amino acid, including methionine. Defrosting of the paste at temperature of up to 20 degrees does not affect materially its amino acids composition.", "contents": "[Changes in the amino acid makeup of \"Ocean\" krill paste from the methods of its culinary preparation]. The amino acids composition of the crayfish \"Ocean\" paste subjected to defrosting at 4-8 and 18-20 degrees C and subsequent culinary heat treatment by various methods, including cooking, frying and baking, was investigated by means of an automatic amino acids analyzer. As a result of these investigations and calculation of the chemical score for 8 essential amino acids by using the FAO/WHO method a high biological value of the \"Ocean\" paste was established. For the majority of essential amino acids the ascore even surpasses the level of amino acids recommended by FAO/WHO. The limitative amino acids include the sulphur-containing ones (89%). On frying and baking the relative content of these amino acids decreases and their score declines down to 79 and 76%, respectively. In cooking the paste it rises up to 95% at the expense of a relative increase in the content of the most of the amino acid, including methionine. Defrosting of the paste at temperature of up to 20 degrees does not affect materially its amino acids composition."}
{"id": "PMID:883241", "title": "[Possible use of a sunflower protein isolate in preparing dishes for public catering].", "content": "Results derived from an investigation into the possibility of utilizing the proteinic sunflower isolate (PSFI) in cooking meals with minced and comminuted meat are presented. A method of enriching meals with PSFI during their preparation has been devised and their pepsin digestibility investigated.", "contents": "[Possible use of a sunflower protein isolate in preparing dishes for public catering]. Results derived from an investigation into the possibility of utilizing the proteinic sunflower isolate (PSFI) in cooking meals with minced and comminuted meat are presented. A method of enriching meals with PSFI during their preparation has been devised and their pepsin digestibility investigated."}
{"id": "PMID:883351", "title": "[Experiences with ambulatory cytodiagnosis of the thyroid gland].", "content": "It is reported on 250 needle biopsies of the thyroid gland above all in scintigraphically cold nodes. In altogether 57% of the patients either a fully inconspicuous cell picture or degenerative findings not suspicious for malignity were present. In 28% of the cases a cyst of the thyroid gland was the result. Four tumours were cytologically established; a small carcinoma in a large nodular struma was not recognized by puncture. According to corresponding opinions the needle biopsy of the thyroid gland is a valuable supplementation of the ambulant diagnostics of the thyroid gland.", "contents": "[Experiences with ambulatory cytodiagnosis of the thyroid gland]. It is reported on 250 needle biopsies of the thyroid gland above all in scintigraphically cold nodes. In altogether 57% of the patients either a fully inconspicuous cell picture or degenerative findings not suspicious for malignity were present. In 28% of the cases a cyst of the thyroid gland was the result. Four tumours were cytologically established; a small carcinoma in a large nodular struma was not recognized by puncture. According to corresponding opinions the needle biopsy of the thyroid gland is a valuable supplementation of the ambulant diagnostics of the thyroid gland."}
{"id": "PMID:883352", "title": "[Diagnosis and therapy of malignant thyroid neoplasms].", "content": "On 155 patients (114 women and 41 men), who from 1965 to 1975 underwent a combined operative, radiological and hormonal treatment, the advantages of a planned interdisciplinary therapeutic procedure in malignant tumours of the thyroid gland are demonstrated. The histological classification was performed according to the nomenclature of the WHO. In 94 cases we had to do with differentiated epithelial tumours, 61 times with undifferentiated tumours. 36 patients were younger than 40 years, in general the 6th to 7th decennium was preferred. In clinical and nuclear-medical suspicion to malignoma the aspiration biopsy was carried out with a thin needle. 252 biopsies brought 39 times findings suspicious to tumour, in 20 cases the suspicion was confirmed by operation. The mean survival time after the complex therapy described was 2 1/4 years in the undifferentiated tumours, in differentiated carcinomas 4 years. Up to now 25 patients reached the 5-year-limit. The lethality was loaded above all by late stages. The planned interdisciplinary proceeding in suitable centres is able to improve the chances of success in early diagnosing including the punction cytology.", "contents": "[Diagnosis and therapy of malignant thyroid neoplasms]. On 155 patients (114 women and 41 men), who from 1965 to 1975 underwent a combined operative, radiological and hormonal treatment, the advantages of a planned interdisciplinary therapeutic procedure in malignant tumours of the thyroid gland are demonstrated. The histological classification was performed according to the nomenclature of the WHO. In 94 cases we had to do with differentiated epithelial tumours, 61 times with undifferentiated tumours. 36 patients were younger than 40 years, in general the 6th to 7th decennium was preferred. In clinical and nuclear-medical suspicion to malignoma the aspiration biopsy was carried out with a thin needle. 252 biopsies brought 39 times findings suspicious to tumour, in 20 cases the suspicion was confirmed by operation. The mean survival time after the complex therapy described was 2 1/4 years in the undifferentiated tumours, in differentiated carcinomas 4 years. Up to now 25 patients reached the 5-year-limit. The lethality was loaded above all by late stages. The planned interdisciplinary proceeding in suitable centres is able to improve the chances of success in early diagnosing including the punction cytology."}
{"id": "PMID:883353", "title": "[Current aspects in the diagnosis and therapy of hypothyroidism].", "content": "Also at present hypothyroidism is frequently not recognised, especially its discrete forms of the course should be more included in differential-diagnostic considerations. Decisive is the clinical anamnestic suspicion which, after exhaustion of the laboratory-diagnostic possibilities, will justify the application of probatory therapy, even on a relatively large scale. This disease deserves secial regard, taking into consideration its beneficial and well practicable therapeutic influencibility and, on the other hand, its sever prognostic consequences to the subject in case of therapeutic neglect. The problems of therapy are not so much consisting in the occurrence of side-effects or in a non-optimal choice of drugs, but the more in a delayed onset, low dosage or interruption of the therapy.", "contents": "[Current aspects in the diagnosis and therapy of hypothyroidism]. Also at present hypothyroidism is frequently not recognised, especially its discrete forms of the course should be more included in differential-diagnostic considerations. Decisive is the clinical anamnestic suspicion which, after exhaustion of the laboratory-diagnostic possibilities, will justify the application of probatory therapy, even on a relatively large scale. This disease deserves secial regard, taking into consideration its beneficial and well practicable therapeutic influencibility and, on the other hand, its sever prognostic consequences to the subject in case of therapeutic neglect. The problems of therapy are not so much consisting in the occurrence of side-effects or in a non-optimal choice of drugs, but the more in a delayed onset, low dosage or interruption of the therapy."}
{"id": "PMID:883354", "title": "[Epidermiology and associated risk factors of hyperlipoproteinemia].", "content": "With the world-wide increase of the number of ischemic heart diseases the significance of the so-called factors of risk which initiate an arteriosclerosis or can deteriorate it, respectively, has increased. In the Dresden study concerning the most important factors of risk we found the following frequencies: obesity 8.2%, hyperlipoproteinemia 7.4%, hyperuricemia 3.8%, diabetes mellitus 2.0%, hypertension 17.2% and smoking 30.3%. From the investigations results the great significance of the combination of factors of risk which has a potentiating effect. The hyperlipoproteinemias of type III-V most frequently show a disturbed carbohydrate tolerance and hypertension. In them also the most frequent severe changes of the ECG appear. Myocardial infarctions concerned above all type II-IV. Apparantly concerning the vascular system patients with the combination hyperlipoproteinemia and carbohydrate metabolism are particularly endangered. The \"metabolic syndrome\" (obesity, diabetes mellitus, hyperlipoproteinemia, hyperuricemia, steatosis hepatis) with the increase of the viscosity of blood and plasma as well as disturbances of coagulation together with other factors of risk further the development of arteriosclerosis or has a directing influence on it. Nevertheless, the concept of the significance of the factors of risk is not able to predict the risk in every case. With the help of the apoproteins the metabolic risk is to be more exactly estimated by the determination of the lipid values in the individual classes of lipids or by classification.", "contents": "[Epidermiology and associated risk factors of hyperlipoproteinemia]. With the world-wide increase of the number of ischemic heart diseases the significance of the so-called factors of risk which initiate an arteriosclerosis or can deteriorate it, respectively, has increased. In the Dresden study concerning the most important factors of risk we found the following frequencies: obesity 8.2%, hyperlipoproteinemia 7.4%, hyperuricemia 3.8%, diabetes mellitus 2.0%, hypertension 17.2% and smoking 30.3%. From the investigations results the great significance of the combination of factors of risk which has a potentiating effect. The hyperlipoproteinemias of type III-V most frequently show a disturbed carbohydrate tolerance and hypertension. In them also the most frequent severe changes of the ECG appear. Myocardial infarctions concerned above all type II-IV. Apparantly concerning the vascular system patients with the combination hyperlipoproteinemia and carbohydrate metabolism are particularly endangered. The \"metabolic syndrome\" (obesity, diabetes mellitus, hyperlipoproteinemia, hyperuricemia, steatosis hepatis) with the increase of the viscosity of blood and plasma as well as disturbances of coagulation together with other factors of risk further the development of arteriosclerosis or has a directing influence on it. Nevertheless, the concept of the significance of the factors of risk is not able to predict the risk in every case. With the help of the apoproteins the metabolic risk is to be more exactly estimated by the determination of the lipid values in the individual classes of lipids or by classification."}
{"id": "PMID:883421", "title": "[A contribution to the pathogenesy of letal paraquat poisoning (author's transl)].", "content": "Case reports of severe lung damage in patients treated with oxygen following paraquat poisoning lead the autors to design an experiment, in which the contributory role of oxygen was tested. It was shown on rats that administration of oxygen in paraquat - intoxicated rats causes, already in the LD50/20 dosage of paraquat, death in all experimental animals during the first 24 hours. Light and electron microscopic examination revealed edema, desquamation of alveolar epithelium with cell destruction of typ I and Typ II pneumocytes and total denudation of the alveolar basement membrane. Alveolar macrophages participated in the removal of the cellular debris. The toxic substance itself was not detectable in the blood of the rats 24 hours or later after the oral application.", "contents": "[A contribution to the pathogenesy of letal paraquat poisoning (author's transl)]. Case reports of severe lung damage in patients treated with oxygen following paraquat poisoning lead the autors to design an experiment, in which the contributory role of oxygen was tested. It was shown on rats that administration of oxygen in paraquat - intoxicated rats causes, already in the LD50/20 dosage of paraquat, death in all experimental animals during the first 24 hours. Light and electron microscopic examination revealed edema, desquamation of alveolar epithelium with cell destruction of typ I and Typ II pneumocytes and total denudation of the alveolar basement membrane. Alveolar macrophages participated in the removal of the cellular debris. The toxic substance itself was not detectable in the blood of the rats 24 hours or later after the oral application."}
{"id": "PMID:883422", "title": "Carboxyhemoglobin concentrations in fire victims and in cases of fatal carbon monoxide poisoning.", "content": "The study comprises an eleven-year autopsy material of 141 cases from the Institute of Forensic Medicine, Oslo. The fatal level of carboxyhemoglobin concentration is calculate from cases of pure carbon monoxide poisoning. Carboxyhemoglobin concentrations below this level are found in approximately thirty percent of the fire victims. Alcohol intoxication, present in many fire victims, is not related to low corboxyhemoglobin concentrations.", "contents": "Carboxyhemoglobin concentrations in fire victims and in cases of fatal carbon monoxide poisoning. The study comprises an eleven-year autopsy material of 141 cases from the Institute of Forensic Medicine, Oslo. The fatal level of carboxyhemoglobin concentration is calculate from cases of pure carbon monoxide poisoning. Carboxyhemoglobin concentrations below this level are found in approximately thirty percent of the fire victims. Alcohol intoxication, present in many fire victims, is not related to low corboxyhemoglobin concentrations."}
{"id": "PMID:883423", "title": "[Calculation of the probability of paternity and of the chance of paternity exclusion for the HLA system using only the typing results from the child and the putative father (author's transl)].", "content": "A method for the calculation of the probability of paternity for the HLA system using only the typing results from the child and the putative father, without taking into account the data of the mother, is presented. Furthermore, the usability of the formulas by Mayr and Pausch (Z. Immun.-Forsch. 150, 447 (1975)) for the computation of the chance of paternity exclusion in such cases is demonstrated.", "contents": "[Calculation of the probability of paternity and of the chance of paternity exclusion for the HLA system using only the typing results from the child and the putative father (author's transl)]. A method for the calculation of the probability of paternity for the HLA system using only the typing results from the child and the putative father, without taking into account the data of the mother, is presented. Furthermore, the usability of the formulas by Mayr and Pausch (Z. Immun.-Forsch. 150, 447 (1975)) for the computation of the chance of paternity exclusion in such cases is demonstrated."}
{"id": "PMID:883424", "title": "[Therapeutic concentrations of chlormethiazol in blood and their detection (author's transl)].", "content": "Chlormethiazol in body-fluids and tissues is measured with a sensitive gaschromatographic method. The blood-concentration is a reference point for calculating the dosage and effect of chlormethiazol especially in medical questions of behaviour in traffic. The blood levels after a single and also long-term dosage were determined.", "contents": "[Therapeutic concentrations of chlormethiazol in blood and their detection (author's transl)]. Chlormethiazol in body-fluids and tissues is measured with a sensitive gaschromatographic method. The blood-concentration is a reference point for calculating the dosage and effect of chlormethiazol especially in medical questions of behaviour in traffic. The blood levels after a single and also long-term dosage were determined."}
{"id": "PMID:883425", "title": "[A method for treatment of partially haemolysed blood with lost agglutination properties, allowing its blood group determination (author's transl)].", "content": "A method for treatment of partially haemolysed blood with lost agglutination properties is described, which allows a direct determination of its blood group. The method is based on the phenomenon of reversible agglomeration of erythrocytes after treatment of the blood with nonelectrolytic and electrolytic solutions. This phenomenon is well known in modern transfusion haematology (Huggins C. E., 1963). This method has been tested on 156 blood samples with anti-A, B and AB serums and on 47 blood samples with anti-A, B, AB and H serums, as well, with very good results.", "contents": "[A method for treatment of partially haemolysed blood with lost agglutination properties, allowing its blood group determination (author's transl)]. A method for treatment of partially haemolysed blood with lost agglutination properties is described, which allows a direct determination of its blood group. The method is based on the phenomenon of reversible agglomeration of erythrocytes after treatment of the blood with nonelectrolytic and electrolytic solutions. This phenomenon is well known in modern transfusion haematology (Huggins C. E., 1963). This method has been tested on 156 blood samples with anti-A, B and AB serums and on 47 blood samples with anti-A, B, AB and H serums, as well, with very good results."}
{"id": "PMID:883426", "title": "[A new formula for the measurement of rigor mortis: the determination of the FRR-index (author's transl)].", "content": "The manual examination of rigor mortis as currently used and its often subjective evaluation frequently produced highly incorrect deductions. It is therefore desirable that such inaccuracies should be replaced by the objective measuring of rigor mortis at the extremities. To that purpose a method is described which can also be applied in on-the-spot investigations and a new formula for the determination of rigor mortis--indices (FRR) is introduced.", "contents": "[A new formula for the measurement of rigor mortis: the determination of the FRR-index (author's transl)]. The manual examination of rigor mortis as currently used and its often subjective evaluation frequently produced highly incorrect deductions. It is therefore desirable that such inaccuracies should be replaced by the objective measuring of rigor mortis at the extremities. To that purpose a method is described which can also be applied in on-the-spot investigations and a new formula for the determination of rigor mortis--indices (FRR) is introduced."}
{"id": "PMID:883427", "title": "[Peculiar bone injuries by grinding in a corpse with a long immersion period (author's transl)].", "content": "Injuries frequently occur after immersion of corpses in water. Depending on the type of water different sorts of injuries, caused by drifting and being dragged, can lead to more or less severe abrasions of the soft parts of the body predominantly skin abrasions. This case is unique among hover 3000 corpses in water found in the last 4 decades in the Elbe. The corpse was found with very severe and extensive bone injuries; in fact the bones were ground down (among other injuries was a large opening in the skull). The origin is discussed: it is assumed that the corpse changed its position only minimally in the half-year period after immersion and did not drift with the stream, but on the contrary had stuck fast on or under a pontoon and was rubbed and ground against a pole or something similar. The special conditions of the Elbe River appear to have played an important role in this process.", "contents": "[Peculiar bone injuries by grinding in a corpse with a long immersion period (author's transl)]. Injuries frequently occur after immersion of corpses in water. Depending on the type of water different sorts of injuries, caused by drifting and being dragged, can lead to more or less severe abrasions of the soft parts of the body predominantly skin abrasions. This case is unique among hover 3000 corpses in water found in the last 4 decades in the Elbe. The corpse was found with very severe and extensive bone injuries; in fact the bones were ground down (among other injuries was a large opening in the skull). The origin is discussed: it is assumed that the corpse changed its position only minimally in the half-year period after immersion and did not drift with the stream, but on the contrary had stuck fast on or under a pontoon and was rubbed and ground against a pole or something similar. The special conditions of the Elbe River appear to have played an important role in this process."}
{"id": "PMID:883428", "title": "Sudden death due to Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome and purulent leptomeningitis caused by Acinetobacter calcoaceticus (Mima polymorpha).", "content": "A case of Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome presenting with purulent leptomeningitis causing sudden death is described. The causative agent, Acinetobacter calcoaceticus (Mina polymorpha), was determined by post-mortem microbiological examination.", "contents": "Sudden death due to Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome and purulent leptomeningitis caused by Acinetobacter calcoaceticus (Mima polymorpha). A case of Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome presenting with purulent leptomeningitis causing sudden death is described. The causative agent, Acinetobacter calcoaceticus (Mina polymorpha), was determined by post-mortem microbiological examination."}
{"id": "PMID:883437", "title": "[Surgical indication (author's transl)].", "content": "Indication is placed as an act of will between the intellectually and technologically determined items of diagnostics and therapy, with indication being a specific item of surgery. There is an interaction between the patient's will and the Doctor's will. The term risk is introduced in the form of the quotient resulting from \"risk of illness\" and \"risk of intervention\", i.e. the risk quotient. Various forms of assessing an indication are given.", "contents": "[Surgical indication (author's transl)]. Indication is placed as an act of will between the intellectually and technologically determined items of diagnostics and therapy, with indication being a specific item of surgery. There is an interaction between the patient's will and the Doctor's will. The term risk is introduced in the form of the quotient resulting from \"risk of illness\" and \"risk of intervention\", i.e. the risk quotient. Various forms of assessing an indication are given."}
{"id": "PMID:883438", "title": "[Corpus luteum bleeding, mistaken for acute appendicitis (author's transl)].", "content": "Bleeding out of a ruptured corpus luteum can be misinterpreted as acute appendicitis. When an appendectomy is done because of this false diagnosis the tear in the ovary should only be closed by sutures. No ovarectomy.", "contents": "[Corpus luteum bleeding, mistaken for acute appendicitis (author's transl)]. Bleeding out of a ruptured corpus luteum can be misinterpreted as acute appendicitis. When an appendectomy is done because of this false diagnosis the tear in the ovary should only be closed by sutures. No ovarectomy."}
{"id": "PMID:883439", "title": "[The prepyloric Finsterer-Operation; technique and results (author's transl)].", "content": "Between 1963 and 1971 47 Patients with not resectable duodenal ulcer who underwent this type of operation were followed up. The complication rate was low, the long term results were good.", "contents": "[The prepyloric Finsterer-Operation; technique and results (author's transl)]. Between 1963 and 1971 47 Patients with not resectable duodenal ulcer who underwent this type of operation were followed up. The complication rate was low, the long term results were good."}
{"id": "PMID:883440", "title": "[Abdominal surgery in Togo (West-Africa) and Central Europe (author's transl)].", "content": "Experience of two African and one German Surgical Units on abdominal operations in a two-years period are reported. Appendicitis, gall-stones, cancer of the colon and intestinal diverticulosis are rare in Africa, but frequent in Europe. Possible relations to dietry habits are discussed.", "contents": "[Abdominal surgery in Togo (West-Africa) and Central Europe (author's transl)]. Experience of two African and one German Surgical Units on abdominal operations in a two-years period are reported. Appendicitis, gall-stones, cancer of the colon and intestinal diverticulosis are rare in Africa, but frequent in Europe. Possible relations to dietry habits are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:883441", "title": "[Surgical interventions in pacemaker patients (author's transl)].", "content": "In this paper 44 operations in patients with cardiac pacemakers have been reported. Electrosurgical instruments were used in almost all cases. It was noted, that neither a disturbance of the pacemaker nor of the heart stimulated by it occured during or after operation. A premature exhaustion of the battery was not observed.", "contents": "[Surgical interventions in pacemaker patients (author's transl)]. In this paper 44 operations in patients with cardiac pacemakers have been reported. Electrosurgical instruments were used in almost all cases. It was noted, that neither a disturbance of the pacemaker nor of the heart stimulated by it occured during or after operation. A premature exhaustion of the battery was not observed."}
{"id": "PMID:883446", "title": "[Transfusion therapy as a method of correcting peripheral microcirculatory disorders in severe cranio-cerebral trauma].", "content": "Photoplethysmographic and capillaroscopic studies of peripheral microcirculation conducted in patients with severe craniocerebral injuries during the acute period revealed some regularities of its changes depending on the type of the transfusion medium. While transfusions of glucose-novocain mixtures and, especially, of low molecular weight dextrans increase the volume pulse and improve the capillary flow in patients with supratentorial pathology, and blood and plasma transfusions reduce the volume pulse and enhance the capillary disorders, patients with brain stem insufficiency display a reverse pattern--a reduction of the volume pulse following transfusions of low molecular weight dextrans, and its increase following blood transfusions. An optimum regimen of infusion-transfusion, therapy and correction of microcirculatory disorders was worked out.", "contents": "[Transfusion therapy as a method of correcting peripheral microcirculatory disorders in severe cranio-cerebral trauma]. Photoplethysmographic and capillaroscopic studies of peripheral microcirculation conducted in patients with severe craniocerebral injuries during the acute period revealed some regularities of its changes depending on the type of the transfusion medium. While transfusions of glucose-novocain mixtures and, especially, of low molecular weight dextrans increase the volume pulse and improve the capillary flow in patients with supratentorial pathology, and blood and plasma transfusions reduce the volume pulse and enhance the capillary disorders, patients with brain stem insufficiency display a reverse pattern--a reduction of the volume pulse following transfusions of low molecular weight dextrans, and its increase following blood transfusions. An optimum regimen of infusion-transfusion, therapy and correction of microcirculatory disorders was worked out."}
{"id": "PMID:883447", "title": "[State of non-specific immunoreactivity in patients with closed cranio-cerebral trauma].", "content": "Studies of the state of the non-specific humoral protection in 138 patients with craniocerebral injuries demonstrated that the bactericidal and beta-lytic activity of the serum remains relatively stable during the acute period of trauma, while the complement activity and the concentration of lysozyme are subject to significant alterations. The elevation of the lysozyme content and the enhancement of the complement activity are in direct proportion with the severity of the injury, and are revealed at the peak of the acute period of the craniocerebral trauma.", "contents": "[State of non-specific immunoreactivity in patients with closed cranio-cerebral trauma]. Studies of the state of the non-specific humoral protection in 138 patients with craniocerebral injuries demonstrated that the bactericidal and beta-lytic activity of the serum remains relatively stable during the acute period of trauma, while the complement activity and the concentration of lysozyme are subject to significant alterations. The elevation of the lysozyme content and the enhancement of the complement activity are in direct proportion with the severity of the injury, and are revealed at the peak of the acute period of the craniocerebral trauma."}
{"id": "PMID:883448", "title": "[Several indices of immunity in the pre- and postoperative periods of patients with brain neoplasms].", "content": "Surgical trauma of the brain in neurooncological patients is accompanied by acute blood loss, results in a significant suppression of the resistance of the body, thus favouring the development of endogenous infection. The mobilization of the body resistance forces falls behind the growth of the number of pathogens. An active tactics is mandatory for the restoration of the suppressed immune systems by way of specific and nonspecific immunity stimulation.", "contents": "[Several indices of immunity in the pre- and postoperative periods of patients with brain neoplasms]. Surgical trauma of the brain in neurooncological patients is accompanied by acute blood loss, results in a significant suppression of the resistance of the body, thus favouring the development of endogenous infection. The mobilization of the body resistance forces falls behind the growth of the number of pathogens. An active tactics is mandatory for the restoration of the suppressed immune systems by way of specific and nonspecific immunity stimulation."}
{"id": "PMID:883449", "title": "[Acute diencephalic disorders following removal of tumors of the chiasmatic-diencephalic area from children].", "content": "An analysis of the early postoperative course after tumour removal from the chiasmal-diencephalic area in 156 children aged 2 to 16 years is presented. Acute diencephalic disorders developed after the operation in half the children: in 53--as single diencephalic disorders and in 25--as an acute diencephalic syndrome which was more hazardous. To prevent acute diencephalic disorders glucocorticoid hormones were administered to the patients before and 7 days after the operation; mild hypothermia was applied during the operation and superficial (in some patients) during first three postoperative days; the normal level of temperature was artificially maintained when it tended to hyperthermia. In cases of the acute diencephalic syndrome the complex treatment included antihyperthermal, glucocorticoid, dehydrational and sedative therapy; a sufficient circulatory blood volume and water and electrolytic balance were maintained. In cases of single diencephalic disorders the treatment was conducted depending on the revealing of this or that symptom. The treatment was effective in 78% of patients with single diencephalic disorders and in 30%--with the acute diencephalic syndrome. No effect was mainly connected with hard irreversible organic injuries in the diencephalic area and the brain as a whole.", "contents": "[Acute diencephalic disorders following removal of tumors of the chiasmatic-diencephalic area from children]. An analysis of the early postoperative course after tumour removal from the chiasmal-diencephalic area in 156 children aged 2 to 16 years is presented. Acute diencephalic disorders developed after the operation in half the children: in 53--as single diencephalic disorders and in 25--as an acute diencephalic syndrome which was more hazardous. To prevent acute diencephalic disorders glucocorticoid hormones were administered to the patients before and 7 days after the operation; mild hypothermia was applied during the operation and superficial (in some patients) during first three postoperative days; the normal level of temperature was artificially maintained when it tended to hyperthermia. In cases of the acute diencephalic syndrome the complex treatment included antihyperthermal, glucocorticoid, dehydrational and sedative therapy; a sufficient circulatory blood volume and water and electrolytic balance were maintained. In cases of single diencephalic disorders the treatment was conducted depending on the revealing of this or that symptom. The treatment was effective in 78% of patients with single diencephalic disorders and in 30%--with the acute diencephalic syndrome. No effect was mainly connected with hard irreversible organic injuries in the diencephalic area and the brain as a whole."}
{"id": "PMID:883450", "title": "[Several pathophysiologic grounds for radical removal of contusion foci from the cerebral hemispheres].", "content": "Local circulation and PO2 of the cerebral tissue were studied in 26 patients during the acute period of a severe craniocerebral trauma. It was demonstrated that pronounced changes in the microcirculation developed in the area of the concussion focus in the cerebral hemispheres. Three zones of disorders in the local circulation were distinguished, and it was shown that in case of an unremoved concussion focus the extending of its necrosis zone took place. The most effective surgical management of patients with severe craniocerebral traumas attended by concussion foci is its radical removal.", "contents": "[Several pathophysiologic grounds for radical removal of contusion foci from the cerebral hemispheres]. Local circulation and PO2 of the cerebral tissue were studied in 26 patients during the acute period of a severe craniocerebral trauma. It was demonstrated that pronounced changes in the microcirculation developed in the area of the concussion focus in the cerebral hemispheres. Three zones of disorders in the local circulation were distinguished, and it was shown that in case of an unremoved concussion focus the extending of its necrosis zone took place. The most effective surgical management of patients with severe craniocerebral traumas attended by concussion foci is its radical removal."}
{"id": "PMID:883452", "title": "[Prevention of postural reactions in patients with spinal cord lesions].", "content": "Changes in the cardiovascular system in 83 patients with spinal cord affections were studied before operation and during the anesthesia period. Disorders in the cardiovascular system up to cardiac arrest occur during operation in patients who have been, bed-ridden for more than 3--4 weeks. The authors suggest that training on a table-bed should be included into the complex of preoperative preparation of the patients; this prevents different coarse disorders and cardiac arrest during operation.", "contents": "[Prevention of postural reactions in patients with spinal cord lesions]. Changes in the cardiovascular system in 83 patients with spinal cord affections were studied before operation and during the anesthesia period. Disorders in the cardiovascular system up to cardiac arrest occur during operation in patients who have been, bed-ridden for more than 3--4 weeks. The authors suggest that training on a table-bed should be included into the complex of preoperative preparation of the patients; this prevents different coarse disorders and cardiac arrest during operation."}
{"id": "PMID:883451", "title": "[Serotonin metabolism in patients with brain tumors].", "content": "In patients with brain tumours there was revealed an increase in the content of serotonin, 5-oxyindol acetic acid (5-OAA) and melatonin in the liquor, and of serotonin in the plasma rich with platelets. The content of serotonin or products of its metabolism in the liquor, as well as of serotonin in platelets depends on the involvement of truncus cerebri and hypothalamus in the pathologic process and on the gravity of the patient's condition. The serotonin content, in contrast to 5-OAA, s significantly higher in patients with tumours attended by epileptic attacks. The data obtained testify to a possible role of serotonin in the pathogenetic mechanisms of tumours development in the central nervous system.", "contents": "[Serotonin metabolism in patients with brain tumors]. In patients with brain tumours there was revealed an increase in the content of serotonin, 5-oxyindol acetic acid (5-OAA) and melatonin in the liquor, and of serotonin in the plasma rich with platelets. The content of serotonin or products of its metabolism in the liquor, as well as of serotonin in platelets depends on the involvement of truncus cerebri and hypothalamus in the pathologic process and on the gravity of the patient's condition. The serotonin content, in contrast to 5-OAA, s significantly higher in patients with tumours attended by epileptic attacks. The data obtained testify to a possible role of serotonin in the pathogenetic mechanisms of tumours development in the central nervous system."}
{"id": "PMID:883453", "title": "[Local use of levomycetin in neurosurgery].", "content": "A method of local application of the unsoluble medicinal form of chloramphenicol during operations has been developed. Administration of the preparation in a dose up to 2g under an osteal or cutaneous graft induces no side complications and forms a depot of the agent therapeutic concentrations for more than 8 days. There exists a direct relationship between the increasing of staphylococcus resistance to chloramphenicol and the quantity of the agent used in patients.", "contents": "[Local use of levomycetin in neurosurgery]. A method of local application of the unsoluble medicinal form of chloramphenicol during operations has been developed. Administration of the preparation in a dose up to 2g under an osteal or cutaneous graft induces no side complications and forms a depot of the agent therapeutic concentrations for more than 8 days. There exists a direct relationship between the increasing of staphylococcus resistance to chloramphenicol and the quantity of the agent used in patients."}
{"id": "PMID:883454", "title": "[Quantitative assessment of pneumoencephalograms].", "content": "In planimetric analysis of pneumoencephalograms the state of the brain ventricles can be assessed on the basis of planimetric coefficients--ratio of the sizes of individual parts of the ventricles and the width of the cerebral skull. Each of the calculated coefficients reflects the state of an individual portion of the ventricles. A summated coefficient Q is introduced which calculation permits to compose a digital characteristics of the state of the lateral ventricles as a whole. The ratio of the transverse size of the skull to the width of the III ventricle was also calculated, which reflects more objectively the state of the ventricle than the measurement of its absolute width value. The normal values of the coefficients were calculated on pneumoencephalograms with unchanged brain ventricles. In various degrees of ventricular dilatation the coefficients were determined on the pneumoencephalograms with a pathologically altered ventricular system.", "contents": "[Quantitative assessment of pneumoencephalograms]. In planimetric analysis of pneumoencephalograms the state of the brain ventricles can be assessed on the basis of planimetric coefficients--ratio of the sizes of individual parts of the ventricles and the width of the cerebral skull. Each of the calculated coefficients reflects the state of an individual portion of the ventricles. A summated coefficient Q is introduced which calculation permits to compose a digital characteristics of the state of the lateral ventricles as a whole. The ratio of the transverse size of the skull to the width of the III ventricle was also calculated, which reflects more objectively the state of the ventricle than the measurement of its absolute width value. The normal values of the coefficients were calculated on pneumoencephalograms with unchanged brain ventricles. In various degrees of ventricular dilatation the coefficients were determined on the pneumoencephalograms with a pathologically altered ventricular system."}
{"id": "PMID:883458", "title": "The crystal structure of 3-hydroxy-3-isobutyl-2-pyrrolidone-5-carboxylic acid, lactam of 4-hydroxy-4-isobutylglutamic acid from Reseda odorata L.", "content": "The relative configuration of 3-hydroxy-3-isobutyl-2-pyrrolidone-5-carboxylic acid has been determined by an X-ray crystal structure analysis. The compound crystallized in space group P212121 with two molecules in the asymmetric unit. a=16.023(3) A, b=19.349(7) A, c=6.9053(16) A. The structure was solved by direct methods using MULTAN and refined by full-matrix least-squares technique to an R of 0.137 for 645 diffractometer-collected intensities. The absolute configurations of the title compounds were deduced; the configuration of the amino acid and the lactam are 2(S), 4(S) and 3(S), 5(S), respectively.", "contents": "The crystal structure of 3-hydroxy-3-isobutyl-2-pyrrolidone-5-carboxylic acid, lactam of 4-hydroxy-4-isobutylglutamic acid from Reseda odorata L. The relative configuration of 3-hydroxy-3-isobutyl-2-pyrrolidone-5-carboxylic acid has been determined by an X-ray crystal structure analysis. The compound crystallized in space group P212121 with two molecules in the asymmetric unit. a=16.023(3) A, b=19.349(7) A, c=6.9053(16) A. The structure was solved by direct methods using MULTAN and refined by full-matrix least-squares technique to an R of 0.137 for 645 diffractometer-collected intensities. The absolute configurations of the title compounds were deduced; the configuration of the amino acid and the lactam are 2(S), 4(S) and 3(S), 5(S), respectively."}
{"id": "PMID:883459", "title": "Intermediates in the barnol biosynthesis in Penicillium baarnense.", "content": "By using appropriate 14C-labelled phenolic substances as precursors in feeding experiments the following steps in barnol biosynthesis have been established: acetate + malonate leads to 2,4-dihydroxy-6-ethyl-5-methylbenzaldehyde leads to 1,3-dihydroxy-4,6-dimethyl-2-ethylbenzene leads to barnol. P. baarnense can also reduce orcylaldehyde and 2,4-dihydroxy-5,6-dimethylbenzaldehyde to dimethylresorcinol and trimethylresorcinol, respecitively.", "contents": "Intermediates in the barnol biosynthesis in Penicillium baarnense. By using appropriate 14C-labelled phenolic substances as precursors in feeding experiments the following steps in barnol biosynthesis have been established: acetate + malonate leads to 2,4-dihydroxy-6-ethyl-5-methylbenzaldehyde leads to 1,3-dihydroxy-4,6-dimethyl-2-ethylbenzene leads to barnol. P. baarnense can also reduce orcylaldehyde and 2,4-dihydroxy-5,6-dimethylbenzaldehyde to dimethylresorcinol and trimethylresorcinol, respecitively."}
{"id": "PMID:883461", "title": "Study of the etiology and pathogenesis of low grade nonhemolytic unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia (Gilbert's disease).", "content": "172 adolescent and adult patients with low grade nonhemolytic unconjugated hyperbilirubinaemia (n.u.h) were examined. Authors have come to the conclusion of the absence of an acquired (posthepatic) form of n.u.h., i.e of the existence of a single --constitutional--form (Gilbert's disease). Viral hepatitis is not likely to play the role of an etiological factor of n.u.h. but of a factor which manifests a congenital defect of bilirubin metabolism. The study of the glucuronidisation found out that its decrease is an important factor in the pathogenesis of the low grade n.u.h. that therefore cannot opposed to the n.u.h. with glucuronyl transferase deficiency group II according to Arias et al. In 61% of patients a moderately shortened erythrocyte life span has been revealed. However the increased bile pigment production in these cases does not speak against Gilbert's disease. The results of biochemical assays have shown that in n.u.h not only the intrahepatic bilirubin metabolism is disturbed but other functions of the liver cell as well. The morphological study of hepatocytes has revealed certain signs of their dystrophy. Based on their investigation the authors propose to single out a group of hereditary pigment hepatoses which include besides Gilbert's disease the syndromes of Crigler-Najjar, Dubin-Johnson and Rotor.", "contents": "Study of the etiology and pathogenesis of low grade nonhemolytic unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia (Gilbert's disease). 172 adolescent and adult patients with low grade nonhemolytic unconjugated hyperbilirubinaemia (n.u.h) were examined. Authors have come to the conclusion of the absence of an acquired (posthepatic) form of n.u.h., i.e of the existence of a single --constitutional--form (Gilbert's disease). Viral hepatitis is not likely to play the role of an etiological factor of n.u.h. but of a factor which manifests a congenital defect of bilirubin metabolism. The study of the glucuronidisation found out that its decrease is an important factor in the pathogenesis of the low grade n.u.h. that therefore cannot opposed to the n.u.h. with glucuronyl transferase deficiency group II according to Arias et al. In 61% of patients a moderately shortened erythrocyte life span has been revealed. However the increased bile pigment production in these cases does not speak against Gilbert's disease. The results of biochemical assays have shown that in n.u.h not only the intrahepatic bilirubin metabolism is disturbed but other functions of the liver cell as well. The morphological study of hepatocytes has revealed certain signs of their dystrophy. Based on their investigation the authors propose to single out a group of hereditary pigment hepatoses which include besides Gilbert's disease the syndromes of Crigler-Najjar, Dubin-Johnson and Rotor."}
{"id": "PMID:883462", "title": "Liver histology in 34 \"HPsAg long-term healthy carriers.", "content": "Thirty four out of 45 HBsAg long-term carriers with normal liver function tests, discovered among family members of patients with HBsAg positive liver diseases, have been investigated by liver biopsy. Of these 34, 12 had normal liver tissue and 8 mild non specific changes, such as focal Kupffer cell hyperplasia or mild lymphocytic infiltrates in the portal tracts on liver biopsy. Two subjects showed multiple histioid granulomata scattered in normal liver parenchyma. Of the remaining 12 cases, 8 showed some areas of pin-head necrosis and mild portal tracts infiltration and 4 showed some areas of focal parenchymal infiltration associated with portal tracts inflammation. We consider that these histological changes are very mild lesions within the spectrum of hepatitis. None of our cases had histological picture of Chronic liver disease. Consequently it appears that normal liver function tests may be of some values to exclude severe histological abnormalities.", "contents": "Liver histology in 34 \"HPsAg long-term healthy carriers. Thirty four out of 45 HBsAg long-term carriers with normal liver function tests, discovered among family members of patients with HBsAg positive liver diseases, have been investigated by liver biopsy. Of these 34, 12 had normal liver tissue and 8 mild non specific changes, such as focal Kupffer cell hyperplasia or mild lymphocytic infiltrates in the portal tracts on liver biopsy. Two subjects showed multiple histioid granulomata scattered in normal liver parenchyma. Of the remaining 12 cases, 8 showed some areas of pin-head necrosis and mild portal tracts infiltration and 4 showed some areas of focal parenchymal infiltration associated with portal tracts inflammation. We consider that these histological changes are very mild lesions within the spectrum of hepatitis. None of our cases had histological picture of Chronic liver disease. Consequently it appears that normal liver function tests may be of some values to exclude severe histological abnormalities."}
{"id": "PMID:883457", "title": "[Effectiveness of different means of surgically treating cranio-cerebral wounds following whole body x-irradiation of animals].", "content": "In 184 rabbits experiments it was demonstrated that debridement with suction of the damaged portion of the brain within the macroscopically intact brain tissue and a leak-proof suture undertaken on the 1st and 3rd day following a penetrating skull-brain trauma in irradiated with 400 r and non-irradiated animals prevents heamorrhagic and purulent complications, permits primary healing of the wound, and a nearly 100% survival of the animals. The irradiated animals without debridement died in 67% of cases, non-irradiated--in 43%. Debridement limited to wound debris washing-out failed to free the irradiated animals from purulent complications, but prevented the development of cerebral haematomas, the mortality being reduced to 40%. In the non-irradiated animals such debridement did not alter the mortality figures.", "contents": "[Effectiveness of different means of surgically treating cranio-cerebral wounds following whole body x-irradiation of animals]. In 184 rabbits experiments it was demonstrated that debridement with suction of the damaged portion of the brain within the macroscopically intact brain tissue and a leak-proof suture undertaken on the 1st and 3rd day following a penetrating skull-brain trauma in irradiated with 400 r and non-irradiated animals prevents heamorrhagic and purulent complications, permits primary healing of the wound, and a nearly 100% survival of the animals. The irradiated animals without debridement died in 67% of cases, non-irradiated--in 43%. Debridement limited to wound debris washing-out failed to free the irradiated animals from purulent complications, but prevented the development of cerebral haematomas, the mortality being reduced to 40%. In the non-irradiated animals such debridement did not alter the mortality figures."}
{"id": "PMID:883463", "title": "Disturbances of fat, carbohydrate, magnesium and protein balance in liver diseases.", "content": "40 patients with infectious hepatitis, 25 with chronic aggressive hepatitis, 25 with compensated liver cirrhosis, and 10 with decompensated liver cirrhosis were submitted to examination. The following abnormalities depending upon the stage and severity of hepatic diseases were found: a) disturbances of total lipids, cholesterol, phospholipids, beta-lipoproteids, glycerin, glycerides and neutral fats concentrations; b) marked disorders of glucose tolerance as indicated by the difference between plasma and erythrocyte glucose levels increasing in proportion to the degree of liver damage; c) a fall in plasma and erythrocyte magnesium reflecting the degree of hepatic parenchyma damage; d) a decrease of the albumin/gamma-globulin ratio in proportion to the degree of the impairment of hepatic cells. The presented fat, carbohydrate, magnesium and protein balance indices yield better criterions for the differential diagnostics of hepatic diseases than the routine investigations, and they also make possible objective prognosis.", "contents": "Disturbances of fat, carbohydrate, magnesium and protein balance in liver diseases. 40 patients with infectious hepatitis, 25 with chronic aggressive hepatitis, 25 with compensated liver cirrhosis, and 10 with decompensated liver cirrhosis were submitted to examination. The following abnormalities depending upon the stage and severity of hepatic diseases were found: a) disturbances of total lipids, cholesterol, phospholipids, beta-lipoproteids, glycerin, glycerides and neutral fats concentrations; b) marked disorders of glucose tolerance as indicated by the difference between plasma and erythrocyte glucose levels increasing in proportion to the degree of liver damage; c) a fall in plasma and erythrocyte magnesium reflecting the degree of hepatic parenchyma damage; d) a decrease of the albumin/gamma-globulin ratio in proportion to the degree of the impairment of hepatic cells. The presented fat, carbohydrate, magnesium and protein balance indices yield better criterions for the differential diagnostics of hepatic diseases than the routine investigations, and they also make possible objective prognosis."}
{"id": "PMID:883464", "title": "Vertical transmission of the virus of hepatitis B and neonatal hepatic cirrhosis in an Argentine family.", "content": "In a family in which the mother was a healthy HBsAg and anti HBc carrier, and the father had a chronic persistent hepatitis with anti HBs and anti HBc positive, the development of neonatal cirrhosis in two of the children was proved to be present. One of the girls was an anti HBs carrier (anti HBc was not determined) and the other had positive anti HBs and anti HBc. Both died and the diagnosis of cirrhosis was confirmed. The two healthy daughters were anti HBc carriers.", "contents": "Vertical transmission of the virus of hepatitis B and neonatal hepatic cirrhosis in an Argentine family. In a family in which the mother was a healthy HBsAg and anti HBc carrier, and the father had a chronic persistent hepatitis with anti HBs and anti HBc positive, the development of neonatal cirrhosis in two of the children was proved to be present. One of the girls was an anti HBs carrier (anti HBc was not determined) and the other had positive anti HBs and anti HBc. Both died and the diagnosis of cirrhosis was confirmed. The two healthy daughters were anti HBc carriers."}
{"id": "PMID:883465", "title": "The Dubin Johnson syndrome and pregnancy.", "content": "A recent summary of the scanty information about Dubin Johnson Syndrome (DJS) and pregnancy suggests that DJS is accompanied by excessive fetal mortality. This impression could not be corroborated by this study. A fetal mortality of 16% was observed in 75 pregnancies in 18 DJS patients. This value was not significantly different from the 10% mortality observed in 81 pregnancies in 15 matched control subjects. Jaundice was accentuated in 54% of pregnancies in the DJS patients and its time of onset was variable. In 6 instances jaundice was observed only following delivery.", "contents": "The Dubin Johnson syndrome and pregnancy. A recent summary of the scanty information about Dubin Johnson Syndrome (DJS) and pregnancy suggests that DJS is accompanied by excessive fetal mortality. This impression could not be corroborated by this study. A fetal mortality of 16% was observed in 75 pregnancies in 18 DJS patients. This value was not significantly different from the 10% mortality observed in 81 pregnancies in 15 matched control subjects. Jaundice was accentuated in 54% of pregnancies in the DJS patients and its time of onset was variable. In 6 instances jaundice was observed only following delivery."}
{"id": "PMID:883466", "title": "Effect of corticosteroid treatment on bilirubin metabolism in chronic aggressive hepatitis.", "content": "The metabolism of unconjugated bilirubin from the plasma was studied in 17 patients with chronic hepatitis and 7 normal subjects following a single injection of bilirubin of 2 mg per kg body weight. From the plasma disappearance curves of unconjugated bilirubin, hepatic uptake, reflux from the liver to the plasma and hepatic conjugation were calculated by 2 compartmental analysis. The clearance remained within normal range in 5 patients with chronic persistent hepatitis but was significantly impaired in 12 patients with chronic aggressive hepatitis, in which corticosteroid treatment improved the clearance significantly (p less than 0.01). Since urinary excretion of d-glucaric acid remained unchanged by corticosteroid treatment, the improved clearance may be attributable to increased hepatic parenchymal function.", "contents": "Effect of corticosteroid treatment on bilirubin metabolism in chronic aggressive hepatitis. The metabolism of unconjugated bilirubin from the plasma was studied in 17 patients with chronic hepatitis and 7 normal subjects following a single injection of bilirubin of 2 mg per kg body weight. From the plasma disappearance curves of unconjugated bilirubin, hepatic uptake, reflux from the liver to the plasma and hepatic conjugation were calculated by 2 compartmental analysis. The clearance remained within normal range in 5 patients with chronic persistent hepatitis but was significantly impaired in 12 patients with chronic aggressive hepatitis, in which corticosteroid treatment improved the clearance significantly (p less than 0.01). Since urinary excretion of d-glucaric acid remained unchanged by corticosteroid treatment, the improved clearance may be attributable to increased hepatic parenchymal function."}
{"id": "PMID:883467", "title": "Measurement of enzyme activity and substrates in intestinal mucosa. Evaluation of a system for quality control in clinical and experimental gastroenterology.", "content": "Widely used methods in diagnostical and experimental gastroenterology like measuring the protein-and DNA-content and the activity of alkaline phosphatase and sucrase of intestinal mucosa were adapted to a microliter system and partly automatized. With \"artificial\" control material a system for statistical quality control was established. Lastly the results on up to three years experience with this control system were presented showing an imprecision within run below 5% and an in-imprecision between run below 8% in all methods.", "contents": "Measurement of enzyme activity and substrates in intestinal mucosa. Evaluation of a system for quality control in clinical and experimental gastroenterology. Widely used methods in diagnostical and experimental gastroenterology like measuring the protein-and DNA-content and the activity of alkaline phosphatase and sucrase of intestinal mucosa were adapted to a microliter system and partly automatized. With \"artificial\" control material a system for statistical quality control was established. Lastly the results on up to three years experience with this control system were presented showing an imprecision within run below 5% and an in-imprecision between run below 8% in all methods."}
{"id": "PMID:883468", "title": "'Enteral' hyperoxaluria. Effect of cholestyramine, calcium, neomycin, and bile acids on intestinal oxalate absorption in man.", "content": "The effect of oral administration of cholestyramine, neomycine, calcium, and bile acids on intestinal 14C-oxalate absorption and urinary oxalate excretion was assessed in patients with normal or increased ('enteric' hyperoxaluria) urinary oxalate excretion. Cholestyramine, neomycine and acute administration of chenodeoxycholic acid (2.75 g/24 h) did not affect significantly 14C-oxalate absorption or urinary oxalate excretion. Oral administration of calcium markedly reduced 14C-oxalate absorption (88.2%) and urinary oxalate excretion (46%). Calcium-induced reduction of intestinal oxalate absorption was more pronounced in patients with hyperabsorption of oxalate than in subjects with normal oxalate absorption or excretion. Patients on treatment with high doses of chenodeoxycholic acid (1.5-2.0 g/day) for dissolution of cholesterol gallstones had increased oxalate absorption and excretion, patients on long-term treatment with lower doses of chenodeoxycholic acid (0.75-1.0 g/day) exhibited normal absorption or urinary excretion of oxalate. The results do suggest that calcium and bile acids do play an important role in the pathogenesis of 'enteric' hyperoxaluria. It is suggested that the beneficial therapeutic effect of cholestyramine in hyperoxaluria due to ileal resection is rather caused by its bile acid binding property than by direct binding of oxalate within the intestinal lumen.", "contents": "'Enteral' hyperoxaluria. Effect of cholestyramine, calcium, neomycin, and bile acids on intestinal oxalate absorption in man. The effect of oral administration of cholestyramine, neomycine, calcium, and bile acids on intestinal 14C-oxalate absorption and urinary oxalate excretion was assessed in patients with normal or increased ('enteric' hyperoxaluria) urinary oxalate excretion. Cholestyramine, neomycine and acute administration of chenodeoxycholic acid (2.75 g/24 h) did not affect significantly 14C-oxalate absorption or urinary oxalate excretion. Oral administration of calcium markedly reduced 14C-oxalate absorption (88.2%) and urinary oxalate excretion (46%). Calcium-induced reduction of intestinal oxalate absorption was more pronounced in patients with hyperabsorption of oxalate than in subjects with normal oxalate absorption or excretion. Patients on treatment with high doses of chenodeoxycholic acid (1.5-2.0 g/day) for dissolution of cholesterol gallstones had increased oxalate absorption and excretion, patients on long-term treatment with lower doses of chenodeoxycholic acid (0.75-1.0 g/day) exhibited normal absorption or urinary excretion of oxalate. The results do suggest that calcium and bile acids do play an important role in the pathogenesis of 'enteric' hyperoxaluria. It is suggested that the beneficial therapeutic effect of cholestyramine in hyperoxaluria due to ileal resection is rather caused by its bile acid binding property than by direct binding of oxalate within the intestinal lumen."}
{"id": "PMID:883469", "title": "The effect of acidifying the duodenal contents on splanchnic blood flow.", "content": "Acidifying the duodenal contents with 0.1 N hydrochloric acid in the dog increased both hepatic artery and portal vein flow, and reduced mesenteric vascular resistance as well as hepatic artery and portal venous inflow resistances. The reaction is absent after intraduodenal injection of 30% glucose and physiological saline solutions. More concentrated acid leads to a greater increase in blood flow. The receptors of the circulatory reflex are situated in the duodenal mucosa and can be blocked with lidocaine.", "contents": "The effect of acidifying the duodenal contents on splanchnic blood flow. Acidifying the duodenal contents with 0.1 N hydrochloric acid in the dog increased both hepatic artery and portal vein flow, and reduced mesenteric vascular resistance as well as hepatic artery and portal venous inflow resistances. The reaction is absent after intraduodenal injection of 30% glucose and physiological saline solutions. More concentrated acid leads to a greater increase in blood flow. The receptors of the circulatory reflex are situated in the duodenal mucosa and can be blocked with lidocaine."}
{"id": "PMID:883470", "title": "Therapeutic testing by acetazolamide in the differentiation of a benign from a malignant niche.", "content": "Recognising the inhibitory activity of acetazolamide upon acid gastric secretion and its favorable effects in the treatment of gastric ulcer which we have described (see reference) - we applied the therapeutical testing by acetazolamide in the differentiation of benign from malignant niches of the stomach. Acetazolamide was administered orally at doses of 25-30 mg per kilogram body weight in a long term trial, together with 3 gr sodium bicarbonate, 1 gr potassium bicarbonate, 1.5 gr magnesium oxide per day and an increased quantity of liquids, to 741 patients with radiologically demonstrated ulcer craters. The fundamental criterion was the size of the niche as established by radiologic examination. In all gastric ulcers the size of the niche was considerably reduced after 7-9 days of treatment with acetazolamide; the niche disappeared in 2-3 weeks. This favorable result was obtained without diet and rest. In 38 cases in which there was no significant radiologic change of the niche after 7-9 days of treatment with acetazolamide - the malignancy of the niche was confirmed. The simplicity and the effectiveness of this rapid therapeutic test, makes it useful in the differentiation of benign from a malignant ulcer craters.", "contents": "Therapeutic testing by acetazolamide in the differentiation of a benign from a malignant niche. Recognising the inhibitory activity of acetazolamide upon acid gastric secretion and its favorable effects in the treatment of gastric ulcer which we have described (see reference) - we applied the therapeutical testing by acetazolamide in the differentiation of benign from malignant niches of the stomach. Acetazolamide was administered orally at doses of 25-30 mg per kilogram body weight in a long term trial, together with 3 gr sodium bicarbonate, 1 gr potassium bicarbonate, 1.5 gr magnesium oxide per day and an increased quantity of liquids, to 741 patients with radiologically demonstrated ulcer craters. The fundamental criterion was the size of the niche as established by radiologic examination. In all gastric ulcers the size of the niche was considerably reduced after 7-9 days of treatment with acetazolamide; the niche disappeared in 2-3 weeks. This favorable result was obtained without diet and rest. In 38 cases in which there was no significant radiologic change of the niche after 7-9 days of treatment with acetazolamide - the malignancy of the niche was confirmed. The simplicity and the effectiveness of this rapid therapeutic test, makes it useful in the differentiation of benign from a malignant ulcer craters."}
{"id": "PMID:883475", "title": "Observations on the growth of the normal male mouse.", "content": "The pattern of body weight gain, the longitudinal growth of the humerus and the changes in the width of its proximal growth plate were determined in normal ICR male mice. The respective growth rates were calculated and compared throughout the animals' first year of life. It was found that the overall growth period can be divided into four phases which differ markedly in their growth rate. Whereas skeletal maturation is reached at the age of 20 weeks, the animals' body weight continues to increase up to the end of the 52nd week. The humeral growth plate retains its existence and function until old age is reached, i.e. 15 months. During the period of highest growth activity extending between weanling and sexual maturation, the growth velocities of the various parameters do no coincide.", "contents": "Observations on the growth of the normal male mouse. The pattern of body weight gain, the longitudinal growth of the humerus and the changes in the width of its proximal growth plate were determined in normal ICR male mice. The respective growth rates were calculated and compared throughout the animals' first year of life. It was found that the overall growth period can be divided into four phases which differ markedly in their growth rate. Whereas skeletal maturation is reached at the age of 20 weeks, the animals' body weight continues to increase up to the end of the 52nd week. The humeral growth plate retains its existence and function until old age is reached, i.e. 15 months. During the period of highest growth activity extending between weanling and sexual maturation, the growth velocities of the various parameters do no coincide."}
{"id": "PMID:883476", "title": "Molar odontogenesis in the hairless mouse.", "content": "Molar odontogenesis was studied in the hairless mouse from the initiation of the dental lamina through apposition. The dental lamina stage of the first molar was recognized on the 13th day, the bud on day 14th, cap on the 16th, bell on the 18th and apposition on the 20th day after conception. The morphology of the various stages and their temporal sequence were compared with those of other rodents.", "contents": "Molar odontogenesis in the hairless mouse. Molar odontogenesis was studied in the hairless mouse from the initiation of the dental lamina through apposition. The dental lamina stage of the first molar was recognized on the 13th day, the bud on day 14th, cap on the 16th, bell on the 18th and apposition on the 20th day after conception. The morphology of the various stages and their temporal sequence were compared with those of other rodents."}
{"id": "PMID:883471", "title": "[Measurement of endogenous carbon monoxide increase in the blood as a criterion of systemic hemolysis].", "content": "Using a closed to-and-from respiratory system and measuring the COHb level in capillary blood the rise in endogenous carbon monoxide level in the blood was determined in 15 patients with haemolytic anaemia and in 6 healthy subjects. An evident rise in CO concentration with raised COHb level in the blood was found in all patients with haemolytic anaemia.", "contents": "[Measurement of endogenous carbon monoxide increase in the blood as a criterion of systemic hemolysis]. Using a closed to-and-from respiratory system and measuring the COHb level in capillary blood the rise in endogenous carbon monoxide level in the blood was determined in 15 patients with haemolytic anaemia and in 6 healthy subjects. An evident rise in CO concentration with raised COHb level in the blood was found in all patients with haemolytic anaemia."}
{"id": "PMID:883477", "title": "[In vitro culture of human peritoneal fluid cells].", "content": "The author has studied the behaviour of cells from human ascitic fluid in long-term culture (5-6 months). Three cellular types are described with different morphological features, namely the cellular shape, the fashion in which the cell spreads on the glass, the nucleocytoplasmic ratio, the chromatin appearance and the abundance of mitochondria. The three cellular types can phagocytose, but each one in a different way. The first one phagocytoses exclusively erythrocytes 'by contact' without emission of pseudopods; the second one phagocytoses degenerating nucleated cells in the same way as the first; the third type phagocytoses degenerating nucleated cells by emission of long pseudopods. The origin of these three cellular types is discussed; it is felt that they are transformed mesothelial cells. According to this study, it cannot be excluded, especially for the second and the third type, that they are histiocytes coming from serous membranes. The life in vitro of the three cellular types is depending upon the composition of nourishing medium. Cells can divide by mitosis only during the first 10 - 15 days of culture (mitotic index 0.1-3.0(0/00). Nuclear amitosis, nucleolus expulsion into cytoplasm and cytoplasmatic DNA synthesis can be observed in healthy cells.", "contents": "[In vitro culture of human peritoneal fluid cells]. The author has studied the behaviour of cells from human ascitic fluid in long-term culture (5-6 months). Three cellular types are described with different morphological features, namely the cellular shape, the fashion in which the cell spreads on the glass, the nucleocytoplasmic ratio, the chromatin appearance and the abundance of mitochondria. The three cellular types can phagocytose, but each one in a different way. The first one phagocytoses exclusively erythrocytes 'by contact' without emission of pseudopods; the second one phagocytoses degenerating nucleated cells in the same way as the first; the third type phagocytoses degenerating nucleated cells by emission of long pseudopods. The origin of these three cellular types is discussed; it is felt that they are transformed mesothelial cells. According to this study, it cannot be excluded, especially for the second and the third type, that they are histiocytes coming from serous membranes. The life in vitro of the three cellular types is depending upon the composition of nourishing medium. Cells can divide by mitosis only during the first 10 - 15 days of culture (mitotic index 0.1-3.0(0/00). Nuclear amitosis, nucleolus expulsion into cytoplasm and cytoplasmatic DNA synthesis can be observed in healthy cells."}
{"id": "PMID:883472", "title": "[Usefulness of hydrocortisone test for assessment of bone marrow reserve in neutrophils].", "content": "The activity of lysozyme and unsaturated binding capacity of vitamin B12 in the serum were determined in hydrocortisone test for calculating the reserve of granulocytes in bone marrow. A significant rise in the count of neutrophils in peripheral blood 3 hours after the beginning of the test was not associated with statistically significant changes in the determined parameters. This in an evidence that prolongation of the survival of cells in the circulation as one of the mechanisms of corticosteriod action on the granulocyte system is without any greater importance. This is connected, most probably, with short duration of the test. The rise of neutrophil count in peripheral blood after hydrocortisone administration may be regarded, therefore, as a measure of the value of one marrow reserve of these cells.", "contents": "[Usefulness of hydrocortisone test for assessment of bone marrow reserve in neutrophils]. The activity of lysozyme and unsaturated binding capacity of vitamin B12 in the serum were determined in hydrocortisone test for calculating the reserve of granulocytes in bone marrow. A significant rise in the count of neutrophils in peripheral blood 3 hours after the beginning of the test was not associated with statistically significant changes in the determined parameters. This in an evidence that prolongation of the survival of cells in the circulation as one of the mechanisms of corticosteriod action on the granulocyte system is without any greater importance. This is connected, most probably, with short duration of the test. The rise of neutrophil count in peripheral blood after hydrocortisone administration may be regarded, therefore, as a measure of the value of one marrow reserve of these cells."}
{"id": "PMID:883478", "title": "Further observations on the site of bone prospective areas in the chick embryo wing bud.", "content": "The portion of the pre-axial region of the wing bud anterior to the cranial boundary of the skeletogenous territory of the stylo-zeugopod, according to Stark and Searls' recent maps, was surgically isolated in chicken embryos of the stages 18-25, and autoplastically grafted to the dorsal surface of the hind-limb bud or to the trunk. In other embryos of the same stages the cranial half or the cranial two thirds of the pre-axial region mentioned were isolated and heterotopically implanted. The experimental results consistently showed that the isolate contained a variously large portion of the presumptive radius and a significant part of the proximal half of the prospective humerus. In fact, the skeletal parts mentioned did not develop in situ in the donor wing while they differentiated, in general, in the implantation site. In this regard, the present research confirms data from previous experiments showing that Stark and Searls' maps do not offer an accurate representation of the position and the cranio-caudal width of the presumptive areas of the skeletal pieces of the wing. Our findings seem also to indicate that the major (or longitudinal) axis of the future radius is arranged along the proximodistal axis of the wing bud throughout the developmental stages mentioned; instead, the major axis of the future humerus undergoes a gradual shift, being first (stages 18-20) arranged nearly parallel to the bud base and getting more and more parallel to the proximo-distal axis of the wing bud through stages 21-24. Besides, between stage 18 and 25 the cranio-caudal width of the presumptive skeletogenous territory of the zeugopod, and to a lesser extent of the stylopod, seems to undergo a slight relative reduction with respect to the cranio-caudal thickness of the whole wing bud; this might depend on a process of aggregation of the prospective skeletogenous cells into gradually denser and more defined precartilaginous blastemes.", "contents": "Further observations on the site of bone prospective areas in the chick embryo wing bud. The portion of the pre-axial region of the wing bud anterior to the cranial boundary of the skeletogenous territory of the stylo-zeugopod, according to Stark and Searls' recent maps, was surgically isolated in chicken embryos of the stages 18-25, and autoplastically grafted to the dorsal surface of the hind-limb bud or to the trunk. In other embryos of the same stages the cranial half or the cranial two thirds of the pre-axial region mentioned were isolated and heterotopically implanted. The experimental results consistently showed that the isolate contained a variously large portion of the presumptive radius and a significant part of the proximal half of the prospective humerus. In fact, the skeletal parts mentioned did not develop in situ in the donor wing while they differentiated, in general, in the implantation site. In this regard, the present research confirms data from previous experiments showing that Stark and Searls' maps do not offer an accurate representation of the position and the cranio-caudal width of the presumptive areas of the skeletal pieces of the wing. Our findings seem also to indicate that the major (or longitudinal) axis of the future radius is arranged along the proximodistal axis of the wing bud throughout the developmental stages mentioned; instead, the major axis of the future humerus undergoes a gradual shift, being first (stages 18-20) arranged nearly parallel to the bud base and getting more and more parallel to the proximo-distal axis of the wing bud through stages 21-24. Besides, between stage 18 and 25 the cranio-caudal width of the presumptive skeletogenous territory of the zeugopod, and to a lesser extent of the stylopod, seems to undergo a slight relative reduction with respect to the cranio-caudal thickness of the whole wing bud; this might depend on a process of aggregation of the prospective skeletogenous cells into gradually denser and more defined precartilaginous blastemes."}
{"id": "PMID:883479", "title": "Correlated ultrastructural and biochemical studies on the mechanisms of secretion of catecholamines.", "content": "The frequency of dark-cored vesicles is compared with the content in catecholamines in the adrenal medulla and carotid body of normal and reserpine-treated cats. Reserpine produces important diminution in the content of catecholamines but the frequency of the dark-cored vesicles does not parallel this descent. In the carotid body there is no relation between the content in catecholamines and the number of granules. The diameter of the dark cores does not change with the number of secretion vesicles present in normal or treated specimens. It is concluded that there is not partial discharge of the content of the vesicles. An all-or-nothing mechanism of discharge of exocytotic type is proposed.", "contents": "Correlated ultrastructural and biochemical studies on the mechanisms of secretion of catecholamines. The frequency of dark-cored vesicles is compared with the content in catecholamines in the adrenal medulla and carotid body of normal and reserpine-treated cats. Reserpine produces important diminution in the content of catecholamines but the frequency of the dark-cored vesicles does not parallel this descent. In the carotid body there is no relation between the content in catecholamines and the number of granules. The diameter of the dark cores does not change with the number of secretion vesicles present in normal or treated specimens. It is concluded that there is not partial discharge of the content of the vesicles. An all-or-nothing mechanism of discharge of exocytotic type is proposed."}
{"id": "PMID:883480", "title": "[Microangiographical study of arterio-luminal vessels].", "content": "Using Micropaque (crystallized barium sulphate) in a gelatinous medium of a certain viscosity, with a fluorescent pigment in the solution, we obtained a mixture with a fluidity adequate to a vascular injection; this injection is performed with a constant pressure, the values of which are kept between limits near the values of the physiological arterial pressure. We found several types of arterio-luminal vessels with different calibres: some of them with a calibre of 200 micrometer, some others of the intermediate type with a calibre between 100 and 200 micrometer, and others, which we call arterio-Thebesian vessels, originating in arteriolar branches opening in the Thebesian veins. At last, we have the arterio-sinusoido-cavity vessels opening in the ventricular cavities by several orifices.", "contents": "[Microangiographical study of arterio-luminal vessels]. Using Micropaque (crystallized barium sulphate) in a gelatinous medium of a certain viscosity, with a fluorescent pigment in the solution, we obtained a mixture with a fluidity adequate to a vascular injection; this injection is performed with a constant pressure, the values of which are kept between limits near the values of the physiological arterial pressure. We found several types of arterio-luminal vessels with different calibres: some of them with a calibre of 200 micrometer, some others of the intermediate type with a calibre between 100 and 200 micrometer, and others, which we call arterio-Thebesian vessels, originating in arteriolar branches opening in the Thebesian veins. At last, we have the arterio-sinusoido-cavity vessels opening in the ventricular cavities by several orifices."}
{"id": "PMID:883481", "title": "Histological changes following unilateral re-innervation of the circumvallate papilla of rat.", "content": "The present work was designed to study the histological changes of the rat's circumvallate papilla following unilateral glossopharyngeal re-innervation. Unilateral re-innervation was achieved by transection of the 9th nerve and avulsion of its central segment on the right side and crushing that of the left side. The latter was thus allowed to regenerate and to re-innervate the papilla. On the first 2 post-operative weeks, the nerve bundles at the base of the papilla and the subgemmal nerve plexus showed signs of Wallerian degeneration and concomitant disappearance of taste buds. On the 3rd post-operative week, the papilla was invaded by regenerating nerves and the primordial taste buds started to appear. From the 4th week on wards, the number of regenerating taste buds on the left outer, left inner and right inner trench walls was not significantly different from the sham-operated controls. The only buds which failed to reappear were those of the upper two thirds of the right outer trench walls. The newly formed buds were smaller in size than those of the sham-operated controls with a relative diminution of 30% of the number of intragemmal cells per section of taste bud.", "contents": "Histological changes following unilateral re-innervation of the circumvallate papilla of rat. The present work was designed to study the histological changes of the rat's circumvallate papilla following unilateral glossopharyngeal re-innervation. Unilateral re-innervation was achieved by transection of the 9th nerve and avulsion of its central segment on the right side and crushing that of the left side. The latter was thus allowed to regenerate and to re-innervate the papilla. On the first 2 post-operative weeks, the nerve bundles at the base of the papilla and the subgemmal nerve plexus showed signs of Wallerian degeneration and concomitant disappearance of taste buds. On the 3rd post-operative week, the papilla was invaded by regenerating nerves and the primordial taste buds started to appear. From the 4th week on wards, the number of regenerating taste buds on the left outer, left inner and right inner trench walls was not significantly different from the sham-operated controls. The only buds which failed to reappear were those of the upper two thirds of the right outer trench walls. The newly formed buds were smaller in size than those of the sham-operated controls with a relative diminution of 30% of the number of intragemmal cells per section of taste bud."}
{"id": "PMID:883482", "title": "Effect of the length of the distal stump of transected nerve upon the rate of degeneration of taste buds.", "content": "The present work was carried out to study the effect of the length of the distal stump of transected nerve upon the rate of degeneration and the time course of disappearance of mammalian taste buds. Twelve adult rabbits were anaesthetized and the glossopharyngeal nerves of both sides were exposed and transected so as to leave a long distal stump on the right and a short one on the left side. The animals were sacrificed at different post-operative periods ranging from 2 to 14 days and the circumvallate and foliate papillae of both sides were examined. The taste buds on the side of the short distal stump always showed a greater decrease in number, size and cell contents than those of the side of the long distal stump. The taste buds on the side of the short distal stump disappeared earlier than those of the side of the long distal stump. Vallate taste buds disappeared earlier than the foliate: possible reasons for this were put forwards. The validity of the neurohumoral theory to the mammalian taste buds was discussed.", "contents": "Effect of the length of the distal stump of transected nerve upon the rate of degeneration of taste buds. The present work was carried out to study the effect of the length of the distal stump of transected nerve upon the rate of degeneration and the time course of disappearance of mammalian taste buds. Twelve adult rabbits were anaesthetized and the glossopharyngeal nerves of both sides were exposed and transected so as to leave a long distal stump on the right and a short one on the left side. The animals were sacrificed at different post-operative periods ranging from 2 to 14 days and the circumvallate and foliate papillae of both sides were examined. The taste buds on the side of the short distal stump always showed a greater decrease in number, size and cell contents than those of the side of the long distal stump. The taste buds on the side of the short distal stump disappeared earlier than those of the side of the long distal stump. Vallate taste buds disappeared earlier than the foliate: possible reasons for this were put forwards. The validity of the neurohumoral theory to the mammalian taste buds was discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:883483", "title": "Effects of ionizing radiation on incisor development of the prenatal mouse.", "content": "The effects of 100 rad of X-irradiation of incisor development in CD1 mice were studied. 24 pregnant mice were irradiated on the 12th day post coitum and sacrificed from the 14th through the 20th gestational days. The 191 irradiated fetuses were smaller than those not irradiated, their crania and necks were malformed and their lower extremities were poorly developed. The developing incisors of the irradiated animals were retarded, the pulpal vessels were enlarged and the vessels walls did not maintain their structural integrity. The cells of the future pulp were necrotic, and the basement membranes appeared hyalinized. Ameloblasts and odontoblasts were abnormal in morphology and the formation of dental hard tissue was inhibited in places. Complete absence of incisor tooth germ was noted in three of the fetuses.", "contents": "Effects of ionizing radiation on incisor development of the prenatal mouse. The effects of 100 rad of X-irradiation of incisor development in CD1 mice were studied. 24 pregnant mice were irradiated on the 12th day post coitum and sacrificed from the 14th through the 20th gestational days. The 191 irradiated fetuses were smaller than those not irradiated, their crania and necks were malformed and their lower extremities were poorly developed. The developing incisors of the irradiated animals were retarded, the pulpal vessels were enlarged and the vessels walls did not maintain their structural integrity. The cells of the future pulp were necrotic, and the basement membranes appeared hyalinized. Ameloblasts and odontoblasts were abnormal in morphology and the formation of dental hard tissue was inhibited in places. Complete absence of incisor tooth germ was noted in three of the fetuses."}
{"id": "PMID:883484", "title": "An unusual flexor of the fifth finger.", "content": "An unusual digastric flexor muscle of the 5th finger is described arising from the medial epicondyle of the right humerus and being inserted into the proximal phalanx of the 5th finger. Also observed was the absence of flexor digiti minimi and the unusual smallness of the tendon of flexor digitorum superficialis of this finger.", "contents": "An unusual flexor of the fifth finger. An unusual digastric flexor muscle of the 5th finger is described arising from the medial epicondyle of the right humerus and being inserted into the proximal phalanx of the 5th finger. Also observed was the absence of flexor digiti minimi and the unusual smallness of the tendon of flexor digitorum superficialis of this finger."}
{"id": "PMID:883485", "title": "Quantitative changes in the cellular population of the growth plate of triamcinolone-treated mice.", "content": "Triamcinolone-induced changes in the number of cartilage within the proximal growth plate of the humerus were determined in ICR male mice. It was found that pharmacological doses of corticosteroid hormone possess a direct inhibitory effect upon the proliferative activity of young cartilage cells and thereby adversely affect the growth potential of this growth center. Concomitantly, the activity of chondroclasts also appears to be depressed, thus resulting in a decreased rate of cartilage reorption followed by a slight increase in the number of hypertrophic chondrocytes. It therefore appears that systemic treatment with corticosteroid hormones inhibits the renewal of cartilage cells in the epiphyseal plate, leading to an accelerated 'aging' of this growth center with subsequent impairment of long bone growth.", "contents": "Quantitative changes in the cellular population of the growth plate of triamcinolone-treated mice. Triamcinolone-induced changes in the number of cartilage within the proximal growth plate of the humerus were determined in ICR male mice. It was found that pharmacological doses of corticosteroid hormone possess a direct inhibitory effect upon the proliferative activity of young cartilage cells and thereby adversely affect the growth potential of this growth center. Concomitantly, the activity of chondroclasts also appears to be depressed, thus resulting in a decreased rate of cartilage reorption followed by a slight increase in the number of hypertrophic chondrocytes. It therefore appears that systemic treatment with corticosteroid hormones inhibits the renewal of cartilage cells in the epiphyseal plate, leading to an accelerated 'aging' of this growth center with subsequent impairment of long bone growth."}
{"id": "PMID:883486", "title": "Venous angioarchitecture of the tunica muscularis in the esophagogastric transition segment in man.", "content": "With the purpose of studying the venous angioarchitecture of the esophagogastric transition segment (EGTS), 30 speciments were obtained from bodies a few hours after death. These specimens were injected with a 25% aqueous solution of india ink (drop-by-drop continuous infusion) through the left gastric vein and the splenic vein. The specimens thus prepared underwent three types of methods: (1) clarification by the Spalteholz method for a panoramic stereoscopic observation of the venous angioarchitecture; (2) thick sections in a series from 100 to 150 micrometer, stained by the Azan method, and (3) in 10-micrometer serial sections stained by the method of Masson, the perimeter of the veins having been measured in order to ascertain the venous density. The result of this investigation allows the conclusion that there are three venous nets in the muscular layer of the EGTS (perimuscular, intermuscular and submuscular). These three nets, especially the intermuscular and the perimuscular, converge at the extremities of the EGTS, most markedly in the cranial part, to large confluent trunks, going out of the organ from there through perforating trunks principally to the affluents of the portal vein. It thus constitutes a more or less independent segment under the venous point of view, depending essentially on the system of that vein. A marked predominance of perforating vasa of the false type in zone 3, especially at its intermediate part exactly at the stretch where most part of the veins of the mucous-submucous system lie at a deeper site, together with other peculiarities of venous distribution of this region, allows the morphofunctional deduction that, at this point, the muscular layer be a barrier between the deep and the peripheral venous circulation of the esophagus.", "contents": "Venous angioarchitecture of the tunica muscularis in the esophagogastric transition segment in man. With the purpose of studying the venous angioarchitecture of the esophagogastric transition segment (EGTS), 30 speciments were obtained from bodies a few hours after death. These specimens were injected with a 25% aqueous solution of india ink (drop-by-drop continuous infusion) through the left gastric vein and the splenic vein. The specimens thus prepared underwent three types of methods: (1) clarification by the Spalteholz method for a panoramic stereoscopic observation of the venous angioarchitecture; (2) thick sections in a series from 100 to 150 micrometer, stained by the Azan method, and (3) in 10-micrometer serial sections stained by the method of Masson, the perimeter of the veins having been measured in order to ascertain the venous density. The result of this investigation allows the conclusion that there are three venous nets in the muscular layer of the EGTS (perimuscular, intermuscular and submuscular). These three nets, especially the intermuscular and the perimuscular, converge at the extremities of the EGTS, most markedly in the cranial part, to large confluent trunks, going out of the organ from there through perforating trunks principally to the affluents of the portal vein. It thus constitutes a more or less independent segment under the venous point of view, depending essentially on the system of that vein. A marked predominance of perforating vasa of the false type in zone 3, especially at its intermediate part exactly at the stretch where most part of the veins of the mucous-submucous system lie at a deeper site, together with other peculiarities of venous distribution of this region, allows the morphofunctional deduction that, at this point, the muscular layer be a barrier between the deep and the peripheral venous circulation of the esophagus."}
{"id": "PMID:883487", "title": "Circumvallate papilla of dog following suture of the hypoglossal and glossopharyngeal nerves.", "content": "20 adult dogs were classified into five groups; in two animals of each group hypoglossa-glossopharyngeal suturing was done. In the other two animals glossopharyngeal nerve transection with concomitant central segment avulsion was done and these two animals were used as controls. The animals of the five groups were sacrified at 4-week intervals starting by the first group on the 4th post-operative week and ending by the fifth group on the 20th week; the circumvallate papillae were studied. On the 4th week following either operative procedure, few taste buds persisted on the circumvallate papillae. Invasion of the papillae by regenerating hypoglossal fibres from the 8th week onwards was not followed by any appreciable increase in the number of taste buds. The difference in number of taste buds between hypoglossal-glossopharyngeal suture and glossopharyngeal avulsion procedures was not statistically significant. from the 8th weeks following cross-innervation the reaction for acetylcholinesterase was more intense than in denervated papillae which showed a persistent weakly positive reaction up to the 20th post-operative week.", "contents": "Circumvallate papilla of dog following suture of the hypoglossal and glossopharyngeal nerves. 20 adult dogs were classified into five groups; in two animals of each group hypoglossa-glossopharyngeal suturing was done. In the other two animals glossopharyngeal nerve transection with concomitant central segment avulsion was done and these two animals were used as controls. The animals of the five groups were sacrified at 4-week intervals starting by the first group on the 4th post-operative week and ending by the fifth group on the 20th week; the circumvallate papillae were studied. On the 4th week following either operative procedure, few taste buds persisted on the circumvallate papillae. Invasion of the papillae by regenerating hypoglossal fibres from the 8th week onwards was not followed by any appreciable increase in the number of taste buds. The difference in number of taste buds between hypoglossal-glossopharyngeal suture and glossopharyngeal avulsion procedures was not statistically significant. from the 8th weeks following cross-innervation the reaction for acetylcholinesterase was more intense than in denervated papillae which showed a persistent weakly positive reaction up to the 20th post-operative week."}
{"id": "PMID:883488", "title": "Enigmatic bodies in human corticotroph cells.", "content": "Fine-structural study of large, vacuole-like structures of the human corticotroph cell ('enigmatic body'; EB) revealed that these bodies have a preferential juxtanuclear position in the vicinity of the Golgi complex. EBs have rugged outlines, frequently a narrow electrondense rim and numerous membrane-bound compartments in an almost homogeneous matrix of low electron density. Fusion between EBs and secretory granules and other cytoplasmic components was noted. The peripheral rim and the matrix exhibited moderate to strong acid phosphatase activity. The inner compartments were consistently negative. It is proposed that EBs represent special lysosomes and serve as centers for recycling secretory material, as well as for storage and release of degraded products.", "contents": "Enigmatic bodies in human corticotroph cells. Fine-structural study of large, vacuole-like structures of the human corticotroph cell ('enigmatic body'; EB) revealed that these bodies have a preferential juxtanuclear position in the vicinity of the Golgi complex. EBs have rugged outlines, frequently a narrow electrondense rim and numerous membrane-bound compartments in an almost homogeneous matrix of low electron density. Fusion between EBs and secretory granules and other cytoplasmic components was noted. The peripheral rim and the matrix exhibited moderate to strong acid phosphatase activity. The inner compartments were consistently negative. It is proposed that EBs represent special lysosomes and serve as centers for recycling secretory material, as well as for storage and release of degraded products."}
{"id": "PMID:883489", "title": "Gross and microscopic anatomy of the major salivary glands of the ferret.", "content": "The gross and microscopic anatomy of the major salivary glands of the ferret was studied. There were 5 pairs of major salivary glands, parotid, submandibular, sublingua, molar and zygomatic. They were of compound tubuloacinar type and consisted of numerous lobes and lobules. The parotid gland was grossly similar to the parotids in other mammals but histologically it was seromucous as in the carnivores dog and cat. The parotid duct opened into the vestibule of the mouth opposite the upper third premolar tooth. The submandibular gland was single on each side, oval in shape and cervical in position. Histologically it was entirely mucous. The submandibular duct opened at a sublingual papilla in the oral cavity at the side of the frenulum of the tongue. The sublingual gland was the smallest of the major salivary glands. It was single on each side and lay deep to the digastric muscle. It opened by several small ductules into the submandibular duct. It was mainly mucous and did not contain intercalated and striated ducts. The molar gland was located superficially near the angle of the mouth. It was irregularly pyramidal and opened by several small ducts into the vesibule opposite the lower molar teeth. It was predominantly mucous. There were no intercalated or striated ducts. The zygomatic gland was present deep to the masseter and related to the orbit in the infra-temporal fossa. The gland opened by several small ducts into the vestibule opposite the upper molar teeth. It was also predominantly mucous and there were no intercalated or striated ducts.", "contents": "Gross and microscopic anatomy of the major salivary glands of the ferret. The gross and microscopic anatomy of the major salivary glands of the ferret was studied. There were 5 pairs of major salivary glands, parotid, submandibular, sublingua, molar and zygomatic. They were of compound tubuloacinar type and consisted of numerous lobes and lobules. The parotid gland was grossly similar to the parotids in other mammals but histologically it was seromucous as in the carnivores dog and cat. The parotid duct opened into the vestibule of the mouth opposite the upper third premolar tooth. The submandibular gland was single on each side, oval in shape and cervical in position. Histologically it was entirely mucous. The submandibular duct opened at a sublingual papilla in the oral cavity at the side of the frenulum of the tongue. The sublingual gland was the smallest of the major salivary glands. It was single on each side and lay deep to the digastric muscle. It opened by several small ductules into the submandibular duct. It was mainly mucous and did not contain intercalated and striated ducts. The molar gland was located superficially near the angle of the mouth. It was irregularly pyramidal and opened by several small ducts into the vesibule opposite the lower molar teeth. It was predominantly mucous. There were no intercalated or striated ducts. The zygomatic gland was present deep to the masseter and related to the orbit in the infra-temporal fossa. The gland opened by several small ducts into the vestibule opposite the upper molar teeth. It was also predominantly mucous and there were no intercalated or striated ducts."}
{"id": "PMID:883490", "title": "Analysis of the sexual dimorphism in the basioccipital portion of the dog's skull.", "content": "Sexual differences in the basioccipital portion of the skull of dogs have been described and an index is presented which reliably predicts the sex of the skull. 92 dolichocephalic skull (44 male, 48 female) from mongrel dogs were used. In the basioccipital region of the male skulls, a triangular area, which extends from the basion to a line joining the medialmost points of the two jugular foramina, appears narrow and elevated. The pharyngeal tubercle is also prominent. In female skulls the rostral angle of this triangle is wider and the triangular area seems smoother and flat. The anterior half of the female basioccipital portion is wider and smoother than in the male skull. In order to quantify the observed differences, four indices were calculated. All of the indices were statistically significant. However, only index IV could be reliably used in predicting the sex of an unknown skull: (formula: see text) was derived from breadth IV (distance between the two temporo-occipital fissures at their lateralmost points) and length II (distance between the basion and a line drawn between the two medialmost points of the jugular foramina in the midline). Values of less than 123 for male and greater than 136 for female placed the skulls in their proper sex group. Skulls that had intermediate values could be placed in correct sex grouping only in conjunction with strong observational criteria. It is suggested that in absence of such strong observational criteria these skulls may belong to immature or castrate animals.", "contents": "Analysis of the sexual dimorphism in the basioccipital portion of the dog's skull. Sexual differences in the basioccipital portion of the skull of dogs have been described and an index is presented which reliably predicts the sex of the skull. 92 dolichocephalic skull (44 male, 48 female) from mongrel dogs were used. In the basioccipital region of the male skulls, a triangular area, which extends from the basion to a line joining the medialmost points of the two jugular foramina, appears narrow and elevated. The pharyngeal tubercle is also prominent. In female skulls the rostral angle of this triangle is wider and the triangular area seems smoother and flat. The anterior half of the female basioccipital portion is wider and smoother than in the male skull. In order to quantify the observed differences, four indices were calculated. All of the indices were statistically significant. However, only index IV could be reliably used in predicting the sex of an unknown skull: (formula: see text) was derived from breadth IV (distance between the two temporo-occipital fissures at their lateralmost points) and length II (distance between the basion and a line drawn between the two medialmost points of the jugular foramina in the midline). Values of less than 123 for male and greater than 136 for female placed the skulls in their proper sex group. Skulls that had intermediate values could be placed in correct sex grouping only in conjunction with strong observational criteria. It is suggested that in absence of such strong observational criteria these skulls may belong to immature or castrate animals."}
{"id": "PMID:883503", "title": "[Biofeedback. I. Current status of its clinical application].", "content": "The aim of this article is to restate the question of the clinical application of biofeedback and its prospects after having defined it. After the huge success that biofeedback has known, some decantation is occurring. One is stricken by the absence of methodological closeness of too many studies, in this field, which very much limits the conclusions one can make presently. The best and most reliable results have been obtained by the biofeedback training of electromyogramme (elimination of subvocalization in reading, direct paralyzed muscles training, tension headaches treatment). The results are encouraging, but not yet enough backed up, as to regards to the improvement of various forms of epilepsy by the biofeedback training of the EEG sensorimotor rhythm, the premature ventricular contractions, sinus tachycardia and migraine headaches. In the other fields, the research status does not yet allow any valid conclusion.", "contents": "[Biofeedback. I. Current status of its clinical application]. The aim of this article is to restate the question of the clinical application of biofeedback and its prospects after having defined it. After the huge success that biofeedback has known, some decantation is occurring. One is stricken by the absence of methodological closeness of too many studies, in this field, which very much limits the conclusions one can make presently. The best and most reliable results have been obtained by the biofeedback training of electromyogramme (elimination of subvocalization in reading, direct paralyzed muscles training, tension headaches treatment). The results are encouraging, but not yet enough backed up, as to regards to the improvement of various forms of epilepsy by the biofeedback training of the EEG sensorimotor rhythm, the premature ventricular contractions, sinus tachycardia and migraine headaches. In the other fields, the research status does not yet allow any valid conclusion."}
{"id": "PMID:883504", "title": "[Biofeedback. II. Reflections. Perspectives].", "content": "The Biofeedback is a new field in full evolution where the clinical application is still at an experimental stage. But its interest is not only in the prospects which it is offering on the practical side, but also in the theoretical field in the sense of an improvement of our understanding of the rules and mechanisms of the learning at the visceral level. Besides, it is obvious that progress could only be made at the same time on the practical side and in theoretical field, and in a true psychosomatic outlook.", "contents": "[Biofeedback. II. Reflections. Perspectives]. The Biofeedback is a new field in full evolution where the clinical application is still at an experimental stage. But its interest is not only in the prospects which it is offering on the practical side, but also in the theoretical field in the sense of an improvement of our understanding of the rules and mechanisms of the learning at the visceral level. Besides, it is obvious that progress could only be made at the same time on the practical side and in theoretical field, and in a true psychosomatic outlook."}
{"id": "PMID:883505", "title": "[Innate learning abilities].", "content": "Ethologists working with many species, studying overall behaviour, observing and experimenting in natural milieu, have first realized that animals are learning some things, sometimes complex, more easily than simple ones. It is almost always behaviour having an evident survival value. It is conceivable that during phylogenesis, the pressure of natural selection has developed to a high level the ability to acquire these behaviours, as an \"inborn ability to learn\". Seligman has proposed to call these reinforced evolutional behaviour as \"prepared learnings\". These learnings behaviours are present in both humans and animals: like for example feeding aversions which acquisition does not follow the classical laws of conditioning. Starting from these new facts, it is justified to propose a modification of aversive therapy in alcoholics and to reconsider theories concerning learning of certain pathological behaviour, such as phobia.", "contents": "[Innate learning abilities]. Ethologists working with many species, studying overall behaviour, observing and experimenting in natural milieu, have first realized that animals are learning some things, sometimes complex, more easily than simple ones. It is almost always behaviour having an evident survival value. It is conceivable that during phylogenesis, the pressure of natural selection has developed to a high level the ability to acquire these behaviours, as an \"inborn ability to learn\". Seligman has proposed to call these reinforced evolutional behaviour as \"prepared learnings\". These learnings behaviours are present in both humans and animals: like for example feeding aversions which acquisition does not follow the classical laws of conditioning. Starting from these new facts, it is justified to propose a modification of aversive therapy in alcoholics and to reconsider theories concerning learning of certain pathological behaviour, such as phobia."}
{"id": "PMID:883508", "title": "[Integration of behaviorism in the technics and methods of psychologic action].", "content": "Behaviourism is described as the study, the analysis and modifications of behaviours interacting with the milieu: a unit of methods and applications is noted and a theoretical body of behaviour changes is emphasized. In the clinic, the objective attitude and statement that psychopathology is the science of abnormal behaviours and not the science of mental states, contrast behaviourism with other methods such as psychoanalysis. In therapy and revalidation, behaviourism is one of the individual or group psychological reeducation method.", "contents": "[Integration of behaviorism in the technics and methods of psychologic action]. Behaviourism is described as the study, the analysis and modifications of behaviours interacting with the milieu: a unit of methods and applications is noted and a theoretical body of behaviour changes is emphasized. In the clinic, the objective attitude and statement that psychopathology is the science of abnormal behaviours and not the science of mental states, contrast behaviourism with other methods such as psychoanalysis. In therapy and revalidation, behaviourism is one of the individual or group psychological reeducation method."}
{"id": "PMID:883507", "title": "[A token economy experiment in young schizophrenic patients].", "content": "The paradigm of operant behaviour (Skinner) systematically applied to a group constitutes the theoretical basis of token-economy programs. Such a system consists in relating a certain behaviour to a consequence known to the patient. The efficiency of a token-economy has already been demonstrated for various populations: delinquants, schooolboys, chronic psychiatric patients. This pilot-study reports on our experience in applying in token-economy program in a group of young schizophrenics, most of them being hebefrenics: concepts and difficulties in realisation, hierarchical structure of the system, and results obtained.", "contents": "[A token economy experiment in young schizophrenic patients]. The paradigm of operant behaviour (Skinner) systematically applied to a group constitutes the theoretical basis of token-economy programs. Such a system consists in relating a certain behaviour to a consequence known to the patient. The efficiency of a token-economy has already been demonstrated for various populations: delinquants, schooolboys, chronic psychiatric patients. This pilot-study reports on our experience in applying in token-economy program in a group of young schizophrenics, most of them being hebefrenics: concepts and difficulties in realisation, hierarchical structure of the system, and results obtained."}
{"id": "PMID:883506", "title": "[Behavior therapy of onchophagia and trichotillomania. Ethological and behavioral perspectives].", "content": "Emphasis is brought to similarities between informations collected from the study and treatment of patients suffering from nail biting and trichotillomania, by behavioural treatment and the concept according to which such troubles are \"tics\", learned responses which will become non adapted, present in a given situation, reinforced by time and progressively more resistant to extinction on the one hand, and ethological concepts which consider those behaviours as displacement of activity such as \"grooming\" in primates, ritual activities, free from nutritions activities, triggered by some attitudes and facilitated by the presence of fear affects, aggressivity or sexual drive.", "contents": "[Behavior therapy of onchophagia and trichotillomania. Ethological and behavioral perspectives]. Emphasis is brought to similarities between informations collected from the study and treatment of patients suffering from nail biting and trichotillomania, by behavioural treatment and the concept according to which such troubles are \"tics\", learned responses which will become non adapted, present in a given situation, reinforced by time and progressively more resistant to extinction on the one hand, and ethological concepts which consider those behaviours as displacement of activity such as \"grooming\" in primates, ritual activities, free from nutritions activities, triggered by some attitudes and facilitated by the presence of fear affects, aggressivity or sexual drive."}
{"id": "PMID:883510", "title": "[Analysis of observations entered on medical charts by health care personnel. Activity by the psychiatric team of Mons].", "content": "In a service of unselected patients according to diagnosis, prognosis or behaviour, with a large high quality personnel, a daily chart was started where everybody could write notes on patients. There was no imposed or controlled schema. Observations were dropping with time, the critical point being on week 4th. Furthermore, the content of the observations showed that simple descriptions of behaviour were five times more frequent than interpretations. Behavioural descriptions were often precise and understandable for an outsider: three times more descriptive behaviours with precision than vague behaviours. Interpretations, however, looked vague. Difficulties in understanding words and vocabulary were important. To be understood and avoid losing time in self-interpretation, to distinguish truth from false, it was essential to stick to simple expressions, common, but precise.", "contents": "[Analysis of observations entered on medical charts by health care personnel. Activity by the psychiatric team of Mons]. In a service of unselected patients according to diagnosis, prognosis or behaviour, with a large high quality personnel, a daily chart was started where everybody could write notes on patients. There was no imposed or controlled schema. Observations were dropping with time, the critical point being on week 4th. Furthermore, the content of the observations showed that simple descriptions of behaviour were five times more frequent than interpretations. Behavioural descriptions were often precise and understandable for an outsider: three times more descriptive behaviours with precision than vague behaviours. Interpretations, however, looked vague. Difficulties in understanding words and vocabulary were important. To be understood and avoid losing time in self-interpretation, to distinguish truth from false, it was essential to stick to simple expressions, common, but precise."}
{"id": "PMID:883532", "title": "Runaway adolescents' perceptions of parents and self.", "content": "The purpose of the study was to investigate the relationship between runaway behavior in adolescence and an adolescent's self-concept and antecedent parental treatment. The Cornell Parent Behavior Questionnaire and the Adjective Check List were used to assess 47 runaways and a matched group of non-runaways. Analyses of the data indicated: (a) runaway adolescents report more punishment and less support from their parents; (b) runaway girls report the most and runaway boys the least degrees of parental control; (c) runaways hold a less favorable self-concept, specifically on the dimensions of anxiety, self-doubt, poor interpersonal relationships, and defensiveness; (d) runaways also manifest, as an aspect of the self, a readiness for counseling.", "contents": "Runaway adolescents' perceptions of parents and self. The purpose of the study was to investigate the relationship between runaway behavior in adolescence and an adolescent's self-concept and antecedent parental treatment. The Cornell Parent Behavior Questionnaire and the Adjective Check List were used to assess 47 runaways and a matched group of non-runaways. Analyses of the data indicated: (a) runaway adolescents report more punishment and less support from their parents; (b) runaway girls report the most and runaway boys the least degrees of parental control; (c) runaways hold a less favorable self-concept, specifically on the dimensions of anxiety, self-doubt, poor interpersonal relationships, and defensiveness; (d) runaways also manifest, as an aspect of the self, a readiness for counseling."}
{"id": "PMID:883533", "title": "Selected volunteer adolescents in adolescent group therapy.", "content": "Twenty-one adolescents had therapy in a group containing three volunteer adolescents over a period of ten months. Fifteen adolescents came to five sessions or more. A description of the group shows how many of the group members model their behavior and attitudes on those of the volunteers. It is suggested that using volunteers is a useful method of initiating and maintaining a group of adolescents.", "contents": "Selected volunteer adolescents in adolescent group therapy. Twenty-one adolescents had therapy in a group containing three volunteer adolescents over a period of ten months. Fifteen adolescents came to five sessions or more. A description of the group shows how many of the group members model their behavior and attitudes on those of the volunteers. It is suggested that using volunteers is a useful method of initiating and maintaining a group of adolescents."}
{"id": "PMID:883534", "title": "Is adolescent rebellion universal?", "content": "Forty volunteer subjects were interviewed in an attempt to determine if indications of adolescent rebellion would be found across the range of disciplinary styles. An analysis of the taped interviews did not support the expectations. Twenty-five percent of the sample manifested high rebelliousness and none of these subjects came from low-control homes. Seveny-five percent of the sample showed little or no rebelliousness at all. Low rebelliousness was evently distributed across the spectrum of disciplinary styles. The twenty per-cent incidence of permissive homes was higher than other research indicated it might be. Authoritarian parents in this sample appeared to be less restricting than would have been expected. A wider range of adolescent behavior was accepted and fewer issues provoked conflict and rebellion as the parents appeared to be responding to a changing society.", "contents": "Is adolescent rebellion universal? Forty volunteer subjects were interviewed in an attempt to determine if indications of adolescent rebellion would be found across the range of disciplinary styles. An analysis of the taped interviews did not support the expectations. Twenty-five percent of the sample manifested high rebelliousness and none of these subjects came from low-control homes. Seveny-five percent of the sample showed little or no rebelliousness at all. Low rebelliousness was evently distributed across the spectrum of disciplinary styles. The twenty per-cent incidence of permissive homes was higher than other research indicated it might be. Authoritarian parents in this sample appeared to be less restricting than would have been expected. A wider range of adolescent behavior was accepted and fewer issues provoked conflict and rebellion as the parents appeared to be responding to a changing society."}
{"id": "PMID:883535", "title": "Some techniques in rehabilitating the school phobic adolescent.", "content": "This paper has described several intervention strategies which may be of help to the school phobic adolescent. I have set forth the specifics of the attendance contract which is negotiated with the youngster and with the school. Principles of community mental health stress the importance of collaboration with other care givers to resolve psychological problems. Therefore, I have placed major emphasis on the role of the school in enhancing the early return of the school phobic youngster to school.", "contents": "Some techniques in rehabilitating the school phobic adolescent. This paper has described several intervention strategies which may be of help to the school phobic adolescent. I have set forth the specifics of the attendance contract which is negotiated with the youngster and with the school. Principles of community mental health stress the importance of collaboration with other care givers to resolve psychological problems. Therefore, I have placed major emphasis on the role of the school in enhancing the early return of the school phobic youngster to school."}
{"id": "PMID:883538", "title": "Assessing adolescent mental health needs: the views of consumers, providers, and others.", "content": "The perceived mental health needs of adolescents were measured by questionnaire to groups of teenagers, parents, community child guidance personnel, self-help groups, police and court related people, school personnel, mental health administrators and area board members. Alcohol abuse and unemployment were seen as the first and second priority problems by most groups. Regarding specific services and facilities needed, residential facilities of various types were the most critical concern. Alcohol abuse programs, employment counseling, and family therapy and counseling were also major needs. There was considerable consensus as to needs among both consumers and providers. However, consumers tended to see as higher priority those problems affecting large numbers of adolescents while providers worried more about the seriously disturbed few.", "contents": "Assessing adolescent mental health needs: the views of consumers, providers, and others. The perceived mental health needs of adolescents were measured by questionnaire to groups of teenagers, parents, community child guidance personnel, self-help groups, police and court related people, school personnel, mental health administrators and area board members. Alcohol abuse and unemployment were seen as the first and second priority problems by most groups. Regarding specific services and facilities needed, residential facilities of various types were the most critical concern. Alcohol abuse programs, employment counseling, and family therapy and counseling were also major needs. There was considerable consensus as to needs among both consumers and providers. However, consumers tended to see as higher priority those problems affecting large numbers of adolescents while providers worried more about the seriously disturbed few."}
{"id": "PMID:883559", "title": "Dopamine in thelimbic regions of the human brain: normal and abnormal.", "content": "1. In the human brain, DA was found in appreciable amounts in most of the examined basal telencephalic limbic regions, with the nucleus accumbens having the highest mean level (3.38 microgram/g). In the cortical areas of the limbic lobe of Broca, DA could be measured with certainty only in the parolfactory gyrus (0.35 microgram/g). 2. In patients with Parkinson's disease, the DA concentration in the parolfactory gyrus and nucleur accumbens was markedly reduced, whereas little change was seen in the olfactory areas. Quantitatively, the DA decrease in the nucleus accumbens was of the same magnitude as in the caudate nucleus, being, in both regions, distinctly less severe than in the putamen. 3. In three cases of paranoid schizophrenia, there were no statistically significant  changes of the mean levels of DA or HVA in the nucleus accumbens. However, the DA/HVA ratio was shifted noticeably in favor of HVA, possibly indicating an increase in DA turnover. This change was less pronounced in the putamen of these cases and was absent in the caudate nucleus. 4. The possibility of the substantia nigra contributing to the dopaminergic innervation of the human nucleus accumbens, as well as the significance of the observations on DA metabolism in the schizophrenic cases, is discussed.", "contents": "Dopamine in thelimbic regions of the human brain: normal and abnormal. 1. In the human brain, DA was found in appreciable amounts in most of the examined basal telencephalic limbic regions, with the nucleus accumbens having the highest mean level (3.38 microgram/g). In the cortical areas of the limbic lobe of Broca, DA could be measured with certainty only in the parolfactory gyrus (0.35 microgram/g). 2. In patients with Parkinson's disease, the DA concentration in the parolfactory gyrus and nucleur accumbens was markedly reduced, whereas little change was seen in the olfactory areas. Quantitatively, the DA decrease in the nucleus accumbens was of the same magnitude as in the caudate nucleus, being, in both regions, distinctly less severe than in the putamen. 3. In three cases of paranoid schizophrenia, there were no statistically significant  changes of the mean levels of DA or HVA in the nucleus accumbens. However, the DA/HVA ratio was shifted noticeably in favor of HVA, possibly indicating an increase in DA turnover. This change was less pronounced in the putamen of these cases and was absent in the caudate nucleus. 4. The possibility of the substantia nigra contributing to the dopaminergic innervation of the human nucleus accumbens, as well as the significance of the observations on DA metabolism in the schizophrenic cases, is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:883570", "title": "A survey of attitudes toward two motivating factors.", "content": "A survey was conducted to determine the attitudes clinical laboratory workers in Utah had toward two intrinsic aspects of work, challenge or appeal of work and self-fulfillment. Questionnaires were distributed to all major hospitals in Utah. Frequency distributions were obtained and Chisquare tests were performed to determine if significant differences existed in relationship to demographic variables. Respondents indicated that work was interesting, challenging, required thinking, and enabled them to make good use of past training, skills, and abilities. Findings showed they also responded positively to statements involving ample responsibility given for the position held, contribution to patient care, enjoyment of work, and feeling of self-importance. Negative attitudes were noted toward statements dealing with advancement in medical technology, adequate opportunities for continuing education at employer expense, and participation in decision making. The Chi-square test revealed workers in the hospitals surveyed differed significantly in their opinions about having adequate opportunities to attend workshops, etc., on employer time and expense, and also that personnel with varying educational levels felt significantly different about making suggestions concerning the laboratory.", "contents": "A survey of attitudes toward two motivating factors. A survey was conducted to determine the attitudes clinical laboratory workers in Utah had toward two intrinsic aspects of work, challenge or appeal of work and self-fulfillment. Questionnaires were distributed to all major hospitals in Utah. Frequency distributions were obtained and Chisquare tests were performed to determine if significant differences existed in relationship to demographic variables. Respondents indicated that work was interesting, challenging, required thinking, and enabled them to make good use of past training, skills, and abilities. Findings showed they also responded positively to statements involving ample responsibility given for the position held, contribution to patient care, enjoyment of work, and feeling of self-importance. Negative attitudes were noted toward statements dealing with advancement in medical technology, adequate opportunities for continuing education at employer expense, and participation in decision making. The Chi-square test revealed workers in the hospitals surveyed differed significantly in their opinions about having adequate opportunities to attend workshops, etc., on employer time and expense, and also that personnel with varying educational levels felt significantly different about making suggestions concerning the laboratory."}
{"id": "PMID:883573", "title": "Impact of institutional experience on the behavior and development of retarded persons.", "content": "A program of research on the effects of institutional experience on retarded persons was described. The importance of such research for theory construction, use by clinicians, and construction of social policy was discussed, as was the value of both longitudinal and cross-institutional studies. We stressed that any comprehensive understanding of the effects of institutional experience requires a consideration of: (a) the characteristics of the retarded person, (b) his preinstitutional life experience, (c) the nature of the institution, and (d) a range of criterion behavior on the part of the resident.", "contents": "Impact of institutional experience on the behavior and development of retarded persons. A program of research on the effects of institutional experience on retarded persons was described. The importance of such research for theory construction, use by clinicians, and construction of social policy was discussed, as was the value of both longitudinal and cross-institutional studies. We stressed that any comprehensive understanding of the effects of institutional experience requires a consideration of: (a) the characteristics of the retarded person, (b) his preinstitutional life experience, (c) the nature of the institution, and (d) a range of criterion behavior on the part of the resident."}
{"id": "PMID:883574", "title": "Behavioral effects of interinstitutional relocation of mentally retarded residents.", "content": "Deinstitutionalization requires relocation of mentally residents. An exploratory investigation was conducted of the impact of interinstitutional relocation. The subjects were residents transferred from a large institution to a smaller facility and a matched comparison group from the latter facility. The 92 male and female subjects ranged from 10 to 42 years of age. The Adaptive Behavior Scale was administered prior to relocation, immediately following relocation, and 6 to 8 weeks following relocation. Higher functioning residents showed a pattern of lowered functioning and withdrawal following relocation. Relative to the comparison group, they were more withdrawn and suffered setbacks in language development. In contrast, lower functioning residents generally increased activity levels of both adaptive and acting-out behavior. The necessity for risk/benefit analysis preceding decisions to relocate residents was discussed.", "contents": "Behavioral effects of interinstitutional relocation of mentally retarded residents. Deinstitutionalization requires relocation of mentally residents. An exploratory investigation was conducted of the impact of interinstitutional relocation. The subjects were residents transferred from a large institution to a smaller facility and a matched comparison group from the latter facility. The 92 male and female subjects ranged from 10 to 42 years of age. The Adaptive Behavior Scale was administered prior to relocation, immediately following relocation, and 6 to 8 weeks following relocation. Higher functioning residents showed a pattern of lowered functioning and withdrawal following relocation. Relative to the comparison group, they were more withdrawn and suffered setbacks in language development. In contrast, lower functioning residents generally increased activity levels of both adaptive and acting-out behavior. The necessity for risk/benefit analysis preceding decisions to relocate residents was discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:883575", "title": "Use of constraint-seeking questions by retarded and nonretarded individuals.", "content": "A 20-questions problem-solving task was given to 116 EMR adolescents and 65 nonretarded MA-equated fourth graders. The subjects' questions were classified as either constraint seeking or nonconstraint seeking, and the problem-solving strategies were evaluated in terms of their efficiency of solution. Results indicated that the nonretarded group asked more constraint-seeking questions, and their strategies reflected more efficient problem-solving solutions. The majority of subjects in both groups appeared to be in Mosher and Hornsby's (1966) suggested transitional stage, as demonstrated by the fact that their strategies fell between employing only questions that eliminated one item in the stimulus array (hypothesis scanning) and questions that consistently eliminated the maximum number of items (perfect focusing). In addition, nonretarded subjects' strategies reflected a greater awareness of the apparent organizational demands of the task and especially an awareness of the entire range of dimensions in the stimulus array.", "contents": "Use of constraint-seeking questions by retarded and nonretarded individuals. A 20-questions problem-solving task was given to 116 EMR adolescents and 65 nonretarded MA-equated fourth graders. The subjects' questions were classified as either constraint seeking or nonconstraint seeking, and the problem-solving strategies were evaluated in terms of their efficiency of solution. Results indicated that the nonretarded group asked more constraint-seeking questions, and their strategies reflected more efficient problem-solving solutions. The majority of subjects in both groups appeared to be in Mosher and Hornsby's (1966) suggested transitional stage, as demonstrated by the fact that their strategies fell between employing only questions that eliminated one item in the stimulus array (hypothesis scanning) and questions that consistently eliminated the maximum number of items (perfect focusing). In addition, nonretarded subjects' strategies reflected a greater awareness of the apparent organizational demands of the task and especially an awareness of the entire range of dimensions in the stimulus array."}
{"id": "PMID:883576", "title": "Comparison of the effectiveness of adult and peer models with EMR children.", "content": "The effects of model similarity on the behavior of 30 EMR subjects were investigated. An age- and sex-matched peer-model group, an adult sex-matched model group, and a no-model control group were used. All groups were presented nine test items from the Leiter International Performance Scale. Retention was sampled by repeating the tasks without models in a second session a day later. A significant main effect (p less than .01) was found for modeling conditions. A Neuman Keul's procedure revealed that only the peer and control groups were significantly different (p less than .05) across both sessions. Examination for first-session results revealed significant differences between the peer- and adult-model groups and the peer and control groups (p less than .05). The findings indicated that EMR children respond differentially to peers and adults as models and that peer modeling could be a very effective method for teaching EMR children, particularly in a regular classroom.", "contents": "Comparison of the effectiveness of adult and peer models with EMR children. The effects of model similarity on the behavior of 30 EMR subjects were investigated. An age- and sex-matched peer-model group, an adult sex-matched model group, and a no-model control group were used. All groups were presented nine test items from the Leiter International Performance Scale. Retention was sampled by repeating the tasks without models in a second session a day later. A significant main effect (p less than .01) was found for modeling conditions. A Neuman Keul's procedure revealed that only the peer and control groups were significantly different (p less than .05) across both sessions. Examination for first-session results revealed significant differences between the peer- and adult-model groups and the peer and control groups (p less than .05). The findings indicated that EMR children respond differentially to peers and adults as models and that peer modeling could be a very effective method for teaching EMR children, particularly in a regular classroom."}
{"id": "PMID:883577", "title": "Influence of contextual cues on the choice reaction time of mildly retarded adults.", "content": "Nonretarded and mildly retarded subjects were compared on an 8-choice reaction-time (RT) task. Removing a midline that divided the stimulus display in halves slowed RTs of retarded subjects to stimuli adjacent to the line. In the absence of this line, retarded subjects were also much more dependent upon the position of the preceding stimulus and response.", "contents": "Influence of contextual cues on the choice reaction time of mildly retarded adults. Nonretarded and mildly retarded subjects were compared on an 8-choice reaction-time (RT) task. Removing a midline that divided the stimulus display in halves slowed RTs of retarded subjects to stimuli adjacent to the line. In the absence of this line, retarded subjects were also much more dependent upon the position of the preceding stimulus and response."}
{"id": "PMID:883578", "title": "Relationship of climatological and behavioral variables among profoundly retarded males.", "content": "This investigation was designed to determine the degree of relationship among five climatological and five behavioral variables among institutionalized profoundly retarded males. Target behavior of 50 PMR males was correlated with changes in barometric pressure, indoor and outdoor temperature, and indoor and outdoor relative humidity. Significant correlations were obtained between changes in barometric pressure and changes in the on-dormitory ambient noise level. It was concluded that the data provided some degree of support for the biometeorological position, which purports a relationship between certain kinds of behavior and climatological changes.", "contents": "Relationship of climatological and behavioral variables among profoundly retarded males. This investigation was designed to determine the degree of relationship among five climatological and five behavioral variables among institutionalized profoundly retarded males. Target behavior of 50 PMR males was correlated with changes in barometric pressure, indoor and outdoor temperature, and indoor and outdoor relative humidity. Significant correlations were obtained between changes in barometric pressure and changes in the on-dormitory ambient noise level. It was concluded that the data provided some degree of support for the biometeorological position, which purports a relationship between certain kinds of behavior and climatological changes."}
{"id": "PMID:883579", "title": "Instructional modeling and the development of visual- and verbal-mediation skills by TMR children.", "content": "A study-recall paired-associate (PA) learning task administered to 40 TMR children under one of four instructional-modeling conditions: imagery, verbal mediation, imagery and verbal mediation, and a control condition. On one-half of the PA-learning study trials, the children were provided modeled mediating responses (connective pictures and/or sentences) and on the other trials no model was provided. The children's use of mediating responses on study trials was evaluated as was their recall performance. Each instructional-modeling condition resulted in more effective mediator use and better recall than the control condition. Verbal-mediation training was more effective than instruction in the use of visual imagery. Generation of mediators was most apparent when youngsters were first provided with models and then required to generated their own mediating responses. Gains in mediator use and recall were retained over a period of several days.", "contents": "Instructional modeling and the development of visual- and verbal-mediation skills by TMR children. A study-recall paired-associate (PA) learning task administered to 40 TMR children under one of four instructional-modeling conditions: imagery, verbal mediation, imagery and verbal mediation, and a control condition. On one-half of the PA-learning study trials, the children were provided modeled mediating responses (connective pictures and/or sentences) and on the other trials no model was provided. The children's use of mediating responses on study trials was evaluated as was their recall performance. Each instructional-modeling condition resulted in more effective mediator use and better recall than the control condition. Verbal-mediation training was more effective than instruction in the use of visual imagery. Generation of mediators was most apparent when youngsters were first provided with models and then required to generated their own mediating responses. Gains in mediator use and recall were retained over a period of several days."}
{"id": "PMID:883580", "title": "Role of attention in the reaction-time performance of mentally retarded adolescents.", "content": "This study was designed to explore overt indices of attending behavior during a simple reaction-time (RT) task in order to assess the nature of attention problems that presumably serve to impair efficient RT performance in retarded individuals. In order to achieve this purpose, RT scores and degree of off-task glancing during the preparatory interval were compared for groups of mentally retarded and nonretarded adolescents. Results indicated that retarded participants were significantly slower in RT performance and also exhibited a greater degree of off-task glancing than did nonretarded participants. The frequent off-task glancing exhibited by retarded participants was interpreted to be reflective of inattention to task; it was suggested that this form of inattention was at least partially responsible for their slower RT performance. Suggestions for future research and methodological implications of these findings were discussed.", "contents": "Role of attention in the reaction-time performance of mentally retarded adolescents. This study was designed to explore overt indices of attending behavior during a simple reaction-time (RT) task in order to assess the nature of attention problems that presumably serve to impair efficient RT performance in retarded individuals. In order to achieve this purpose, RT scores and degree of off-task glancing during the preparatory interval were compared for groups of mentally retarded and nonretarded adolescents. Results indicated that retarded participants were significantly slower in RT performance and also exhibited a greater degree of off-task glancing than did nonretarded participants. The frequent off-task glancing exhibited by retarded participants was interpreted to be reflective of inattention to task; it was suggested that this form of inattention was at least partially responsible for their slower RT performance. Suggestions for future research and methodological implications of these findings were discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:883581", "title": "Sentence mediation and stimulus blocking in free recall.", "content": "In a two-phasing training study, EMR adolescents were initially provided with sentences linking each pair of 2 words in a 20-word list to be free recalled. In a second phase, subjects were required to create and verbalize their own sentences. This sentence-mediation condition was compared with (a) one in which items were presented in the same fixed pairs from trial-to-trial, but without sentences and (b) a group that received items in changing pairs. Results indicated superiority of both sentence-mediation and fixed-pairs treatments in comparison to the changing-pairs condition on both correct recall and subjective organization. Sentences did not facilitate recall more than did consistent ordering. The results were discussed in the context of the growing evidence that providing input structure can remediate organization deficits in retarded persons.", "contents": "Sentence mediation and stimulus blocking in free recall. In a two-phasing training study, EMR adolescents were initially provided with sentences linking each pair of 2 words in a 20-word list to be free recalled. In a second phase, subjects were required to create and verbalize their own sentences. This sentence-mediation condition was compared with (a) one in which items were presented in the same fixed pairs from trial-to-trial, but without sentences and (b) a group that received items in changing pairs. Results indicated superiority of both sentence-mediation and fixed-pairs treatments in comparison to the changing-pairs condition on both correct recall and subjective organization. Sentences did not facilitate recall more than did consistent ordering. The results were discussed in the context of the growing evidence that providing input structure can remediate organization deficits in retarded persons."}
{"id": "PMID:883582", "title": "Classification, relative thinking, and transitivity performance by retarded individuals.", "content": "Thirteen retarded adults at each of three MA levels (5 to 6, 7 to 8, 9 to 12) were assessed on classification relatively, and transitivity performance. Analyses of covariance, with IQ effects factored out, showed significant MA effects for all three tasks (ps less than .01), and analyses of variance across tasks at each MA level also showed significant task effects at each level (ps less than .01). Binomial test analyses of the proportions of subjects performing discrepantly in both directions on each pair of tests were also conducted. The results indicated a sequential order of development of classification, relatively, and transitivity operations, in that order.", "contents": "Classification, relative thinking, and transitivity performance by retarded individuals. Thirteen retarded adults at each of three MA levels (5 to 6, 7 to 8, 9 to 12) were assessed on classification relatively, and transitivity performance. Analyses of covariance, with IQ effects factored out, showed significant MA effects for all three tasks (ps less than .01), and analyses of variance across tasks at each MA level also showed significant task effects at each level (ps less than .01). Binomial test analyses of the proportions of subjects performing discrepantly in both directions on each pair of tests were also conducted. The results indicated a sequential order of development of classification, relatively, and transitivity operations, in that order."}
{"id": "PMID:883583", "title": "EMR and nonretarded children's reactions to contradiction.", "content": "Sensitivity to logical contradiction, as manifested by surprise reaction to the Jastrow illusion, was investigated in nonretarded children, EMR children equaled for CA, and EMR children equated for MA. Each subject was asked to select the \"big\" ring segment; then the position was reversed and the subject was asked to identify the \"little\" segment. The lower segment in this illusion always appears to be larger. Changing position results in what was previously identified as big by the subject now appearing to be little. MA-matched peers (nonretarded and EMR children) performed at a similar level on the task and at a significantly higher level than EMR children equated with the nonretarded children for CA. These results indicated that sensitivity to logical contradiction is more fundamentally related to MA than to CA in EMR children when their performance is compared to that of nonretarded children.", "contents": "EMR and nonretarded children's reactions to contradiction. Sensitivity to logical contradiction, as manifested by surprise reaction to the Jastrow illusion, was investigated in nonretarded children, EMR children equaled for CA, and EMR children equated for MA. Each subject was asked to select the \"big\" ring segment; then the position was reversed and the subject was asked to identify the \"little\" segment. The lower segment in this illusion always appears to be larger. Changing position results in what was previously identified as big by the subject now appearing to be little. MA-matched peers (nonretarded and EMR children) performed at a similar level on the task and at a significantly higher level than EMR children equated with the nonretarded children for CA. These results indicated that sensitivity to logical contradiction is more fundamentally related to MA than to CA in EMR children when their performance is compared to that of nonretarded children."}
{"id": "PMID:883585", "title": "Medial and anterior-posterior ligament stability of the human knee, measured with a stress apparatus.", "content": "The five ligaments studied act with a symphonic harmony to provide stability to the knee. The SMCL was of major importance in medial knee stability. The other ligament which provided the most dramatic contribution to knee stability was the PC. It was the only ligament which when sectioned resulted in a significant posterior anterior drawer instability and on three occasions produced a jerk test.", "contents": "Medial and anterior-posterior ligament stability of the human knee, measured with a stress apparatus. The five ligaments studied act with a symphonic harmony to provide stability to the knee. The SMCL was of major importance in medial knee stability. The other ligament which provided the most dramatic contribution to knee stability was the PC. It was the only ligament which when sectioned resulted in a significant posterior anterior drawer instability and on three occasions produced a jerk test."}
{"id": "PMID:883587", "title": "The epidural venogram as a diagnostic procedure in the young athlete with symptoms of lumbar disk disease.", "content": "We recommend lumbar epidural venography as a screening procedure before myelography in the young athlete. It can be done on an outpatient basis, has a low complication rate, leaves no residual contrast material, and is more pleasant to the patient than a myelogram.", "contents": "The epidural venogram as a diagnostic procedure in the young athlete with symptoms of lumbar disk disease. We recommend lumbar epidural venography as a screening procedure before myelography in the young athlete. It can be done on an outpatient basis, has a low complication rate, leaves no residual contrast material, and is more pleasant to the patient than a myelogram."}
{"id": "PMID:883586", "title": "Acute peroneal compartment syndrome in a well conditioned athlete: report of a case.", "content": "A case report of acute peroneal compartment syndrome occurring in a 25-year-old male softball player is presented, in which neuropraxia of the common peroneal nerve occurred within 8 hr after onset and in which complete recovery occurred after fasciotomy was done 13 hr after onset of symptoms. A plea is made for early diagnosis and complete fasciotomy carried out as a surgical emergency. This must be accomplished if results previously reported, indicating permanent disability in 80%, are to be improved.", "contents": "Acute peroneal compartment syndrome in a well conditioned athlete: report of a case. A case report of acute peroneal compartment syndrome occurring in a 25-year-old male softball player is presented, in which neuropraxia of the common peroneal nerve occurred within 8 hr after onset and in which complete recovery occurred after fasciotomy was done 13 hr after onset of symptoms. A plea is made for early diagnosis and complete fasciotomy carried out as a surgical emergency. This must be accomplished if results previously reported, indicating permanent disability in 80%, are to be improved."}
{"id": "PMID:883608", "title": "[The disseminated intravascular coagulation. Diagnosis and therapy on a medical intensive care unit (author's transl)].", "content": "Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) is a frequent acquired disorder of haemostasis in the patients at the medical intensive care unit. The pathogenesis, the different possible clinical manifestations and the obligatory laboratory tests are reviewed. In addition to the treatment of the underlying disease, the importance of adequate restoration of fluid volume and early administration of heparin is stressed.", "contents": "[The disseminated intravascular coagulation. Diagnosis and therapy on a medical intensive care unit (author's transl)]. Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) is a frequent acquired disorder of haemostasis in the patients at the medical intensive care unit. The pathogenesis, the different possible clinical manifestations and the obligatory laboratory tests are reviewed. In addition to the treatment of the underlying disease, the importance of adequate restoration of fluid volume and early administration of heparin is stressed."}
{"id": "PMID:883609", "title": "[Infusiontherapy with colloidal volumesubstitutes (author's transl)].", "content": "All colloidal plasma substitutes carry the risk of anaphylactoid complications with a general incidence of 0.03%. This incidence seems low; however severe complications may occur after infusion of colloids, including also human albumin solutions. In spite of the risk of anaphylactoid reactions, however, colloids should not be ommited from volume replacement therapy. When choosing a colloid for volume replacement the solution-specific risk of anaphylactoid complications has to be taken into consideration. From an increasing number of recent case reports the impression of a rising rate of complications has emerged; this impression was not substantiated by a prospective controlled trial performed in 1975. Since dextran in addition to its safe volume effect possesses well documented antithrombotic properties, it cannot be replaced by any other colloid without the addition of another thromboprophylactic agent.", "contents": "[Infusiontherapy with colloidal volumesubstitutes (author's transl)]. All colloidal plasma substitutes carry the risk of anaphylactoid complications with a general incidence of 0.03%. This incidence seems low; however severe complications may occur after infusion of colloids, including also human albumin solutions. In spite of the risk of anaphylactoid reactions, however, colloids should not be ommited from volume replacement therapy. When choosing a colloid for volume replacement the solution-specific risk of anaphylactoid complications has to be taken into consideration. From an increasing number of recent case reports the impression of a rising rate of complications has emerged; this impression was not substantiated by a prospective controlled trial performed in 1975. Since dextran in addition to its safe volume effect possesses well documented antithrombotic properties, it cannot be replaced by any other colloid without the addition of another thromboprophylactic agent."}
{"id": "PMID:883610", "title": "[The influence of blood transfusions on changes of the coagulation in polytraumatized patients (author's transl)].", "content": "In 55 polytraumatized patients blood clotting tests were performed and analyzed in relation to the severity of the injuries and traumatic-hemorrhagic shock and the amount of homologus blood transfused. The degree of the changes of the clotting parameters was found to depend mainly on the severity of shock. The amount of transfused blood had of no influence. The results indicate the importance of an early i.v. fluid therapy corresponding to the demand of volume and the replacement of blood lost by haemorrhage.", "contents": "[The influence of blood transfusions on changes of the coagulation in polytraumatized patients (author's transl)]. In 55 polytraumatized patients blood clotting tests were performed and analyzed in relation to the severity of the injuries and traumatic-hemorrhagic shock and the amount of homologus blood transfused. The degree of the changes of the clotting parameters was found to depend mainly on the severity of shock. The amount of transfused blood had of no influence. The results indicate the importance of an early i.v. fluid therapy corresponding to the demand of volume and the replacement of blood lost by haemorrhage."}
{"id": "PMID:883611", "title": "[Haemodynamic effects of dextran 6% in the treatment of haemorrhage (author's transl)].", "content": "An isovolaemic infusion of dextran 6% after 1000 ml haemorrhage produced an increase in blood volume. This response persisted over a 4 h period, during which time a marked increase of venous return, stroke volume and cardiac output was be demonstrated. Improvement in the central circulation was produced through a significant drop in total peripheral resistance. The administration of the plasma expander was associated with an acute renal hyperperfusion.", "contents": "[Haemodynamic effects of dextran 6% in the treatment of haemorrhage (author's transl)]. An isovolaemic infusion of dextran 6% after 1000 ml haemorrhage produced an increase in blood volume. This response persisted over a 4 h period, during which time a marked increase of venous return, stroke volume and cardiac output was be demonstrated. Improvement in the central circulation was produced through a significant drop in total peripheral resistance. The administration of the plasma expander was associated with an acute renal hyperperfusion."}
{"id": "PMID:883612", "title": "[Electrolyte balance in major abdominal surgery. II. Observations under combined general and regional anaesthesia versus enflurane anaesthesia (author's transl)].", "content": "In 20 patients undergoing selective proximal vagotomy using a combination of methohexitone-nitrous oxide-pancuronium-anesthesia and intercostal block, and in 33 patients undergoing large abdominal surgical procedures under enflurane anesthesia, we found a mean decrease in serum potassium after the start of anesthesia of 0.25 mval/l which was maintained during the time of anaesthesia and operation. In spite of an unchanged potassium balance we noted a reduction in red cell potassium in both groups by about 7 mval/l. Serum sodium decreased by about 6 mval/l and base-excess by a mean of 2 mval/l. In both groups we found a nearly indentical and strong correlation between sodium infused and retained. In conclusion changes of serum potassium, serum sodium, base excess, red cell potassium and of sodium and potassium balance are typical of those occurring during large abdominal surgical procedures and the infusion regimen applied. They are, however, not influenced by the type of anaesthesia.", "contents": "[Electrolyte balance in major abdominal surgery. II. Observations under combined general and regional anaesthesia versus enflurane anaesthesia (author's transl)]. In 20 patients undergoing selective proximal vagotomy using a combination of methohexitone-nitrous oxide-pancuronium-anesthesia and intercostal block, and in 33 patients undergoing large abdominal surgical procedures under enflurane anesthesia, we found a mean decrease in serum potassium after the start of anesthesia of 0.25 mval/l which was maintained during the time of anaesthesia and operation. In spite of an unchanged potassium balance we noted a reduction in red cell potassium in both groups by about 7 mval/l. Serum sodium decreased by about 6 mval/l and base-excess by a mean of 2 mval/l. In both groups we found a nearly indentical and strong correlation between sodium infused and retained. In conclusion changes of serum potassium, serum sodium, base excess, red cell potassium and of sodium and potassium balance are typical of those occurring during large abdominal surgical procedures and the infusion regimen applied. They are, however, not influenced by the type of anaesthesia."}
{"id": "PMID:883613", "title": "[General anaesthesia with ketamine for electro-cochleography in children (author's transl)].", "content": "To enable recordings to be made of compound action potentials of the acoustic nerve using transtympanic electro-cochleography, a method of modified general anaesthesia with ketamine has been tested on forty children. Sufficient sedation and analgesia causing the least mental disturbance and possibly minimal stress to the cardio-respiratory system was of special interest. We used a combination of droperidol and fentanyl as premedication in low dosage to obtain a maximal efficiency of the possibly minimal medication of intravenously injected ketamine. A recovery phase without troubles was ensured in older children by additional i.v. diazepam medication during the time of ketamine administration.", "contents": "[General anaesthesia with ketamine for electro-cochleography in children (author's transl)]. To enable recordings to be made of compound action potentials of the acoustic nerve using transtympanic electro-cochleography, a method of modified general anaesthesia with ketamine has been tested on forty children. Sufficient sedation and analgesia causing the least mental disturbance and possibly minimal stress to the cardio-respiratory system was of special interest. We used a combination of droperidol and fentanyl as premedication in low dosage to obtain a maximal efficiency of the possibly minimal medication of intravenously injected ketamine. A recovery phase without troubles was ensured in older children by additional i.v. diazepam medication during the time of ketamine administration."}
{"id": "PMID:883614", "title": "[A new volumetric infusion pump (author's transl)].", "content": "Our experience with a new volumetric infusion pump \"Tekmar T 92\" is reported. Over a period of months the reported advantages of the instrument were investigated on three separate units. Some few disadvantages for routine use were observed.", "contents": "[A new volumetric infusion pump (author's transl)]. Our experience with a new volumetric infusion pump \"Tekmar T 92\" is reported. Over a period of months the reported advantages of the instrument were investigated on three separate units. Some few disadvantages for routine use were observed."}
{"id": "PMID:883667", "title": "The ovary of rock hyrax of the genus Heterohyrax.", "content": "Investigations of the ovary of Heterohyrax collected from Lukenya in Kanya over a period of one year are reported. The seasonal nature of breeding in this population is confirmed. The histology and ultrastructure of the ovary are described. The ovary of Heterohyrax shows general similarities to that of Procavia.", "contents": "The ovary of rock hyrax of the genus Heterohyrax. Investigations of the ovary of Heterohyrax collected from Lukenya in Kanya over a period of one year are reported. The seasonal nature of breeding in this population is confirmed. The histology and ultrastructure of the ovary are described. The ovary of Heterohyrax shows general similarities to that of Procavia."}
{"id": "PMID:883668", "title": "[A histochemical study on Lacerta lepida cerebral cortex glutamic dehydrogenase activity (author's transl)].", "content": "A histochemical study on Lacerta lepida cerebral cortex glutamic dehydrogenase activity (GLD) was reported in this paper. The GLD activity is revealed in neurons and fibers of cerebral cortex. The regions M1 and M2 were differentiated with regard to enzymatical activity. The M2 neurons are morphologically and histochemically similar to D1 neurons but not to M1 neurons.", "contents": "[A histochemical study on Lacerta lepida cerebral cortex glutamic dehydrogenase activity (author's transl)]. A histochemical study on Lacerta lepida cerebral cortex glutamic dehydrogenase activity (GLD) was reported in this paper. The GLD activity is revealed in neurons and fibers of cerebral cortex. The regions M1 and M2 were differentiated with regard to enzymatical activity. The M2 neurons are morphologically and histochemically similar to D1 neurons but not to M1 neurons."}
{"id": "PMID:883669", "title": "Density of goblet cells in the normal adult human nasal septum.", "content": "On ten adult septal mucous membranes, stained by the PAS-alcian blue whole-mount method, the density of goblet cells was determined in 12 localities distributed on the entire septum. The median density proved to be slightly, but significantly increasing into the anteroposterior direction, there being 4,800 in the anterior and 6,200 cells per mm2 in the posterior quarter of the septum. There was a tendency to higher density in the lower than in the middle and upper thirds. However, these differences were not statistically significant. Interindividual variations in density and variations within different segments of the same septum were relatively pronounced. This goes to show that the assessment of goblet cell density on the basis of sections, so often seen in the literature, can only be taken with the utmost reserve.", "contents": "Density of goblet cells in the normal adult human nasal septum. On ten adult septal mucous membranes, stained by the PAS-alcian blue whole-mount method, the density of goblet cells was determined in 12 localities distributed on the entire septum. The median density proved to be slightly, but significantly increasing into the anteroposterior direction, there being 4,800 in the anterior and 6,200 cells per mm2 in the posterior quarter of the septum. There was a tendency to higher density in the lower than in the middle and upper thirds. However, these differences were not statistically significant. Interindividual variations in density and variations within different segments of the same septum were relatively pronounced. This goes to show that the assessment of goblet cell density on the basis of sections, so often seen in the literature, can only be taken with the utmost reserve."}
{"id": "PMID:883670", "title": "The morphodynamic patterns of the paraventricular nucleus in rats under experimental conditions. II. Neurosecretory activity.", "content": "A relationship between the morphodynamic pattern of both the PVN and neurosecretory cells scattered in the hypothalamus and the time elapsed after the animal's last meal was found. The necessity for controlling the feeding time of animals in experiments on PVN activity is emphasized.", "contents": "The morphodynamic patterns of the paraventricular nucleus in rats under experimental conditions. II. Neurosecretory activity. A relationship between the morphodynamic pattern of both the PVN and neurosecretory cells scattered in the hypothalamus and the time elapsed after the animal's last meal was found. The necessity for controlling the feeding time of animals in experiments on PVN activity is emphasized."}
{"id": "PMID:883671", "title": "[The membranous labyrinth of the static organ in guinea pig (author's transl)].", "content": "The cristae ampullares of 16 guinea pigs were examined after their arrangements, weights and figures as after their relations to each other. It was noted that the size of the single crista increased from lateral to medial. They are inproportional to their related bony canals. Both the front cristae developed from the same basal plate and they are by the guinea pig less developed than the crista at the back. These different expansions of the cristae are considered in relation to the phylogenetical developement of the three canals. Where the size of the sensory cells by all the cristae ampullares are nearly the same, we fined that their number vary significantly. The expansions of the ampullares were we fined the cristae are confined to the membranous labyrinth. The bony labyrinth does not participate in that expansion. The supporting cells are of a great functional importance. Probably they transmit the required energy which they get from the lymph as well as the near by capillaris. Beyond that the sensory cells are able to support themselves directly with difinite nutriments from the endolymph.", "contents": "[The membranous labyrinth of the static organ in guinea pig (author's transl)]. The cristae ampullares of 16 guinea pigs were examined after their arrangements, weights and figures as after their relations to each other. It was noted that the size of the single crista increased from lateral to medial. They are inproportional to their related bony canals. Both the front cristae developed from the same basal plate and they are by the guinea pig less developed than the crista at the back. These different expansions of the cristae are considered in relation to the phylogenetical developement of the three canals. Where the size of the sensory cells by all the cristae ampullares are nearly the same, we fined that their number vary significantly. The expansions of the ampullares were we fined the cristae are confined to the membranous labyrinth. The bony labyrinth does not participate in that expansion. The supporting cells are of a great functional importance. Probably they transmit the required energy which they get from the lymph as well as the near by capillaris. Beyond that the sensory cells are able to support themselves directly with difinite nutriments from the endolymph."}
{"id": "PMID:883672", "title": "Haematology of the common Indian frog Rana tigrina I. erythrocytes.", "content": "A study of erythrocyte count and size in Rana tigrina has been made over a period of two years. The erythrocyte count exhibits a wide range showing a month to month variation in both the sexes. An average count of 15,93,600 in females and 10,29,700 per mm3 in males is recorded. These values are appreciably high from March to July with a peak in May and June for males and females respectively. The starvation brings about a decrease in counts generally from 12th day onwards. The size of erythrocytes averages 20.7 X 13.4 micrometer in length and width. No difference in size was observed in respect of sex or season.", "contents": "Haematology of the common Indian frog Rana tigrina I. erythrocytes. A study of erythrocyte count and size in Rana tigrina has been made over a period of two years. The erythrocyte count exhibits a wide range showing a month to month variation in both the sexes. An average count of 15,93,600 in females and 10,29,700 per mm3 in males is recorded. These values are appreciably high from March to July with a peak in May and June for males and females respectively. The starvation brings about a decrease in counts generally from 12th day onwards. The size of erythrocytes averages 20.7 X 13.4 micrometer in length and width. No difference in size was observed in respect of sex or season."}
{"id": "PMID:883673", "title": "[Special topographical relations between small arteries and the vena saphena magna at the region of the junction with the vena femoralis (author's transl)].", "content": "We investigated the topography between small arteries and the proximal Vena saphena magna after observations and extractions of specimens made during variectomies. Moreover we studied this region by anatomical preparation. During an operation a small artery with transvenous course had been observed. The obtained specimen were examined histologically. The developmental mechanism of such an unusual course of an artery is discussed.", "contents": "[Special topographical relations between small arteries and the vena saphena magna at the region of the junction with the vena femoralis (author's transl)]. We investigated the topography between small arteries and the proximal Vena saphena magna after observations and extractions of specimens made during variectomies. Moreover we studied this region by anatomical preparation. During an operation a small artery with transvenous course had been observed. The obtained specimen were examined histologically. The developmental mechanism of such an unusual course of an artery is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:883679", "title": "Establishing an accurate arrhythmia diagnosis.", "content": "Many arrhythmias are asymptomatic, and even symptomatic patients may grossly underestimate the frequency and duration of arrhythmic episodes. The conventional medical history, clinical examination, routine electrocardiogram, and routine rhythm strip are inadequate for the detection of transient arrhythmias. Holter electrocardiography is the only currently available clinically documented technique for diagnosing transient arrhythmias. A wide selection of Holter equipment is now available, providing recorders and scanners with different performance characteristics. Portable ECG telephone transmitters and alarms are not Holter recorders, and they will probably have a different clinical application. The emerging concept of quantitative Holter electrocardiography will permit better selection of patients for drug therapy and provide a rational basis for therapeutic follow-up.", "contents": "Establishing an accurate arrhythmia diagnosis. Many arrhythmias are asymptomatic, and even symptomatic patients may grossly underestimate the frequency and duration of arrhythmic episodes. The conventional medical history, clinical examination, routine electrocardiogram, and routine rhythm strip are inadequate for the detection of transient arrhythmias. Holter electrocardiography is the only currently available clinically documented technique for diagnosing transient arrhythmias. A wide selection of Holter equipment is now available, providing recorders and scanners with different performance characteristics. Portable ECG telephone transmitters and alarms are not Holter recorders, and they will probably have a different clinical application. The emerging concept of quantitative Holter electrocardiography will permit better selection of patients for drug therapy and provide a rational basis for therapeutic follow-up."}
{"id": "PMID:883680", "title": "Influence of glucagon on the cardiovascular effects of procainamide.", "content": "Effects of glucagon on procainamide-induced cardiac toxicity were studied in anesthetized dogs. Procainamide in doses of 50 and 100 mg/kg produced dose-dependent decreases in the blood pressure, cardiac output, left ventricular work index, and left ventricular systolic pressure; and increases in the left ventricular end diastolic and right atrial pressure, and total systemic vascular resistance. Glucagon antagonized most of the effects of procainamide on the cardiovascular system. Glucagon may be effective in antagonizing procainamide-induced cardiac toxicity.", "contents": "Influence of glucagon on the cardiovascular effects of procainamide. Effects of glucagon on procainamide-induced cardiac toxicity were studied in anesthetized dogs. Procainamide in doses of 50 and 100 mg/kg produced dose-dependent decreases in the blood pressure, cardiac output, left ventricular work index, and left ventricular systolic pressure; and increases in the left ventricular end diastolic and right atrial pressure, and total systemic vascular resistance. Glucagon antagonized most of the effects of procainamide on the cardiovascular system. Glucagon may be effective in antagonizing procainamide-induced cardiac toxicity."}
{"id": "PMID:883675", "title": "Surface structure of spermatozoa frozen for artificial insemination.", "content": "Samples of human semen frozen in liquid nitrogen ( - 196 degrees C) with no glycerol, 5 and 10% glycerol were compared with samples that were untreated, with 10% glycerol but not frozen, and spermatozoa frozen at -20 degrees C. SEM and TEM of the samples indicates that 10% glycerol caused fewer surface changes of the spermatozoa than other treatments. Motility counts after the various freezing treatments were also highest when 10% glycerol was used as the cryoprotectant. Nonetheless, cryopreservation is detrimental to spermatozoa and often causes considerable damage to the acrosome with a leakage of the acrosomal contents.", "contents": "Surface structure of spermatozoa frozen for artificial insemination. Samples of human semen frozen in liquid nitrogen ( - 196 degrees C) with no glycerol, 5 and 10% glycerol were compared with samples that were untreated, with 10% glycerol but not frozen, and spermatozoa frozen at -20 degrees C. SEM and TEM of the samples indicates that 10% glycerol caused fewer surface changes of the spermatozoa than other treatments. Motility counts after the various freezing treatments were also highest when 10% glycerol was used as the cryoprotectant. Nonetheless, cryopreservation is detrimental to spermatozoa and often causes considerable damage to the acrosome with a leakage of the acrosomal contents."}
{"id": "PMID:883677", "title": "Results of investigations on seminal fluid in so-called oligospermiogenesis.", "content": "Diagnosis of ligospermiogenesis was made in 76 infertile subjects submitted to testicular biopsy. Histological examinations demonstrated a reduction in mature spermatids (Sc. Sd.-Clermont classification) in the tubular sections. Comparison of histological data with findings from seminal fluid analyses in these subjects revealed: a) a pathological seminal fluid pattern in all cases of oligospermiogenesis, b) these patients may show either an azoospermic or oligozoospermic seminal fluid pattern; statistical analyses confirmed an almost equal distribution of the two conditions.", "contents": "Results of investigations on seminal fluid in so-called oligospermiogenesis. Diagnosis of ligospermiogenesis was made in 76 infertile subjects submitted to testicular biopsy. Histological examinations demonstrated a reduction in mature spermatids (Sc. Sd.-Clermont classification) in the tubular sections. Comparison of histological data with findings from seminal fluid analyses in these subjects revealed: a) a pathological seminal fluid pattern in all cases of oligospermiogenesis, b) these patients may show either an azoospermic or oligozoospermic seminal fluid pattern; statistical analyses confirmed an almost equal distribution of the two conditions."}
{"id": "PMID:883676", "title": "The fertile eunuch syndrome. An isolated leydig-cell failure?", "content": "In two patients exhibiting eunuchoid features in association with normal sized testes and complete spermatogenesis concommittant with only occasional Leydig cells between the tubuli, (proven by testicular biopsy) an attempt was made to elucidate the factors leading to this condition. Both patients responded with significant rise in both plasma FSH and LH after administration of synthetic GnRH indicating pituitary responsiveness. However, no rise in either FSH or LH could be observed after administration of clomiphene citrate during three weeks of treatment indicating hypothalamic unresponsiveness to chemical stimuli. Although plasma testosterone levels rose significantly after administration of Human Chorionic Gonadotropin, estradiol remained unchanged during three weeks of HCG administration. A hypothesis is discussed which defines this syndrome in these two cases as primary Leydig cells failure, expressed in the inability of these to transform testosterone into estrogens, thus depriving pituitary and hypothalamus from a proper steroidal milieu necessary to adequate functioning.", "contents": "The fertile eunuch syndrome. An isolated leydig-cell failure? In two patients exhibiting eunuchoid features in association with normal sized testes and complete spermatogenesis concommittant with only occasional Leydig cells between the tubuli, (proven by testicular biopsy) an attempt was made to elucidate the factors leading to this condition. Both patients responded with significant rise in both plasma FSH and LH after administration of synthetic GnRH indicating pituitary responsiveness. However, no rise in either FSH or LH could be observed after administration of clomiphene citrate during three weeks of treatment indicating hypothalamic unresponsiveness to chemical stimuli. Although plasma testosterone levels rose significantly after administration of Human Chorionic Gonadotropin, estradiol remained unchanged during three weeks of HCG administration. A hypothesis is discussed which defines this syndrome in these two cases as primary Leydig cells failure, expressed in the inability of these to transform testosterone into estrogens, thus depriving pituitary and hypothalamus from a proper steroidal milieu necessary to adequate functioning."}
{"id": "PMID:883688", "title": "Sampling characteristics of the Rotorod, Rotoslide and Andersen machines for atmospheric pollen and spores.", "content": "This study shows the superior aeroallergen collecting capabilities of the Rotorod sampler compared to the Rotoslide, Andersen and Durham devices. It collected the largest number and greatest variety of pollen grains and spores. Particle-size distribution was about 150 micron to 2.5 micron. Water wash-off was best prevented by the Rotorod's retracting rod-holders.", "contents": "Sampling characteristics of the Rotorod, Rotoslide and Andersen machines for atmospheric pollen and spores. This study shows the superior aeroallergen collecting capabilities of the Rotorod sampler compared to the Rotoslide, Andersen and Durham devices. It collected the largest number and greatest variety of pollen grains and spores. Particle-size distribution was about 150 micron to 2.5 micron. Water wash-off was best prevented by the Rotorod's retracting rod-holders."}
{"id": "PMID:883678", "title": "Levels of trimethoprim and sulphamethoxazole in human seminal plasma.", "content": "An oral dose of the combination trimethophim/sulphamethoxazole (160 and 800 mg, respectively) gave concentrations of trimethoprim in seminal plasma that were equal to or higher than that in blood plasma 2--4 hours after intake. Trimethoprim was excreted by both the prostate and seminal vesicles. With a trimethoprim resistant strain it was possible to demonstrate in three patients with subclinical prostatitis that the concentrations of sulphamethoxazole two hours after the oral intake were 20, 26, and 74 microgram/ml in the blood plasma, respectively. This study was carried out on patients who had been on treatment for 2--5 days prior to investigation. In view of published reports on the pH of the fluids from the human prostate and seminal vesicles, respectively, and the importance of the hydrogen ion concentrations for the excretion of lipid soluble substances into the prostatic fluid it was unexpected to find similar concentrations of trimethoprim in both the \"prostatic\" and \"vesicular\" fluids. Preliminary studies on the pH of these fluids indicated, however, that they were in the same order of magnitude, i.e. 7.5 to 8.0. The multiglandular origin of the human seminal plasma must be considered in all studied concerning the excretion of drugs into the semen. Many problems related to the excretion of drugs, e.g. organ specificity, kinetics, and influence on organ and spermatozoal functions remain to be investigated.", "contents": "Levels of trimethoprim and sulphamethoxazole in human seminal plasma. An oral dose of the combination trimethophim/sulphamethoxazole (160 and 800 mg, respectively) gave concentrations of trimethoprim in seminal plasma that were equal to or higher than that in blood plasma 2--4 hours after intake. Trimethoprim was excreted by both the prostate and seminal vesicles. With a trimethoprim resistant strain it was possible to demonstrate in three patients with subclinical prostatitis that the concentrations of sulphamethoxazole two hours after the oral intake were 20, 26, and 74 microgram/ml in the blood plasma, respectively. This study was carried out on patients who had been on treatment for 2--5 days prior to investigation. In view of published reports on the pH of the fluids from the human prostate and seminal vesicles, respectively, and the importance of the hydrogen ion concentrations for the excretion of lipid soluble substances into the prostatic fluid it was unexpected to find similar concentrations of trimethoprim in both the \"prostatic\" and \"vesicular\" fluids. Preliminary studies on the pH of these fluids indicated, however, that they were in the same order of magnitude, i.e. 7.5 to 8.0. The multiglandular origin of the human seminal plasma must be considered in all studied concerning the excretion of drugs into the semen. Many problems related to the excretion of drugs, e.g. organ specificity, kinetics, and influence on organ and spermatozoal functions remain to be investigated."}
{"id": "PMID:883694", "title": "Children with allergic rhinitis and/or bronchial asthma treated with elimination diet.", "content": "169 of 188 (90%) of infants with allergic rhinitis and/or bronchial asthma improved on a hypo-allergenic diet. Most \"outgrew\" their food allergy but many later developed inhalant allergy.", "contents": "Children with allergic rhinitis and/or bronchial asthma treated with elimination diet. 169 of 188 (90%) of infants with allergic rhinitis and/or bronchial asthma improved on a hypo-allergenic diet. Most \"outgrew\" their food allergy but many later developed inhalant allergy."}
{"id": "PMID:883705", "title": "Performance of swine chilled during artificial rearing.", "content": "There were more deaths among neonatal swine artificially reared for 21 days in individual cages at 27.9 C than among pigs reared under similar conditions at thermoneutrality (34.6 C). Furthermore, these deaths occurred at a younger age in the chilled animals. Chilled swine gained less body weight than did warm pigs for the first 15 days of life, although the survivors of the 27.9 C environment weighed the same as warm survivors at 22 days of age. Plasma glucose, liver, and skeletal muscle glycogen concentrations were significantly lower in neonatal swine exposed to 27.9 C from 1 to 4 days of age. Plasma nonesterified fatty acids, glycerol, cholesterol, and triglyceride concentrations were not altered by chilling. However, these lipid variables were significantly higher in 4-day-old nursig pigs than in animals reared artificially for the same period on artificial food. Adrenal gland weights and adrenal medullary catecholamine-synthetic enzyme activities were not altered by exposure to 27.9 C in pigs 1 to 4 days of age.", "contents": "Performance of swine chilled during artificial rearing. There were more deaths among neonatal swine artificially reared for 21 days in individual cages at 27.9 C than among pigs reared under similar conditions at thermoneutrality (34.6 C). Furthermore, these deaths occurred at a younger age in the chilled animals. Chilled swine gained less body weight than did warm pigs for the first 15 days of life, although the survivors of the 27.9 C environment weighed the same as warm survivors at 22 days of age. Plasma glucose, liver, and skeletal muscle glycogen concentrations were significantly lower in neonatal swine exposed to 27.9 C from 1 to 4 days of age. Plasma nonesterified fatty acids, glycerol, cholesterol, and triglyceride concentrations were not altered by chilling. However, these lipid variables were significantly higher in 4-day-old nursig pigs than in animals reared artificially for the same period on artificial food. Adrenal gland weights and adrenal medullary catecholamine-synthetic enzyme activities were not altered by exposure to 27.9 C in pigs 1 to 4 days of age."}
{"id": "PMID:883707", "title": "Effect of ruminal lactic acid-utilizing bacteria on adaptation of cattle to high-energy rations.", "content": "Heifers, unadapted to a concentrate ration, were intraruminally inoculated (1 dose) with cultures of ruminal lactic acid-utilizing bacteria or with ruminal fluid from a steer adapted to a concentrate ration. Inoculation with cultures (1 L) of Selenomonas ruminantium or Megasphaera elsdenii did not produce better average daily weight gains or feed efficiency of heifers fed a high-energy ration for 21 days, if these values were compared with the performance of noninoculated heifers. Average daily weight gain and feed efficiency of heifers inoculated with 1 L of Peptococcus asaccharolyticus culture or with 1 L of adapted ruminal fluid and fed a high-energy ration for 21 days were better if these values were compared with the performance of noninoculated heifers.", "contents": "Effect of ruminal lactic acid-utilizing bacteria on adaptation of cattle to high-energy rations. Heifers, unadapted to a concentrate ration, were intraruminally inoculated (1 dose) with cultures of ruminal lactic acid-utilizing bacteria or with ruminal fluid from a steer adapted to a concentrate ration. Inoculation with cultures (1 L) of Selenomonas ruminantium or Megasphaera elsdenii did not produce better average daily weight gains or feed efficiency of heifers fed a high-energy ration for 21 days, if these values were compared with the performance of noninoculated heifers. Average daily weight gain and feed efficiency of heifers inoculated with 1 L of Peptococcus asaccharolyticus culture or with 1 L of adapted ruminal fluid and fed a high-energy ration for 21 days were better if these values were compared with the performance of noninoculated heifers."}
{"id": "PMID:883708", "title": "Bovine immunoglobulin G subclass receptor sites on bovine macrophages.", "content": "Macrophage cultures were initiated from bovine peripheral blood monocytes. The following antiserums were prepared: rabbit immunoglobulin (Ig) M anti-sheep erythrocyte (RBC) serum, bovine IgG1 anti-rabbit Ig serum, and bovine IgG2 anti-rabbit Ig serum. Erythrocytes treated singly with any of these serums failed to mediate attachment of RBC to macrophages. Erythrocytes treated with rabbit IgM anti-sheep RBC serum followed by either bovine IgG 1 or IgG2 anti-rabbit Ig serum attached to bovine macrophages, as seen microscopically. Results indicate that bovine macrophages contain receptors for both bovine IgG subclasses.", "contents": "Bovine immunoglobulin G subclass receptor sites on bovine macrophages. Macrophage cultures were initiated from bovine peripheral blood monocytes. The following antiserums were prepared: rabbit immunoglobulin (Ig) M anti-sheep erythrocyte (RBC) serum, bovine IgG1 anti-rabbit Ig serum, and bovine IgG2 anti-rabbit Ig serum. Erythrocytes treated singly with any of these serums failed to mediate attachment of RBC to macrophages. Erythrocytes treated with rabbit IgM anti-sheep RBC serum followed by either bovine IgG 1 or IgG2 anti-rabbit Ig serum attached to bovine macrophages, as seen microscopically. Results indicate that bovine macrophages contain receptors for both bovine IgG subclasses."}
{"id": "PMID:883709", "title": "Effect of summer heat stress on serum luteinizing hormone and progresterone values in Holstein-Friesian cows in Arizona.", "content": "Serum-luteinizing hormone and progesterone values were measured in lactating and nonlactating Holstein-Friesian cows to evaluate their relationship with reduced fertility observed during hot summer months in Arizona. The stress of hot weather had no effect on frequency of preovulatory increase of luteinizing hormone nor on the interval between the preovulatory increase and ovulation in either lactating or nonlactating cows. Progesterone values were significantly (P less than 0.05) increased in lactating cows which became hyperthermic during hot weather, yet progesterone values did not change in nonlactating cows which had remained homeothermic. A similar relationship was observed between fertility and serum progesterone values, and between fertility and degree of thermal stress caused by hot weather. Decreased fertility and increased serum progesterone values were associated with increased environmental temperature and hyperthermia.", "contents": "Effect of summer heat stress on serum luteinizing hormone and progresterone values in Holstein-Friesian cows in Arizona. Serum-luteinizing hormone and progesterone values were measured in lactating and nonlactating Holstein-Friesian cows to evaluate their relationship with reduced fertility observed during hot summer months in Arizona. The stress of hot weather had no effect on frequency of preovulatory increase of luteinizing hormone nor on the interval between the preovulatory increase and ovulation in either lactating or nonlactating cows. Progesterone values were significantly (P less than 0.05) increased in lactating cows which became hyperthermic during hot weather, yet progesterone values did not change in nonlactating cows which had remained homeothermic. A similar relationship was observed between fertility and serum progesterone values, and between fertility and degree of thermal stress caused by hot weather. Decreased fertility and increased serum progesterone values were associated with increased environmental temperature and hyperthermia."}
{"id": "PMID:883710", "title": "Coronary arterial anatomy of the small pony.", "content": "Ventricular weights and coronary arterial distribution and diameters were determined in 10 small adult ponies (139 +/- 32 kg). Combined ventricular weights averaged 0.52% of the body weight, with an average of 77% of the total ventricular weight being the left ventricle. The pony is right coronary predominant, with the interventricular subsinusoidal branch of the right coronary artery and interventricular paraconal branch of the left coronary artery providing comparable blood supply to the left ventricular free wall and septum.", "contents": "Coronary arterial anatomy of the small pony. Ventricular weights and coronary arterial distribution and diameters were determined in 10 small adult ponies (139 +/- 32 kg). Combined ventricular weights averaged 0.52% of the body weight, with an average of 77% of the total ventricular weight being the left ventricle. The pony is right coronary predominant, with the interventricular subsinusoidal branch of the right coronary artery and interventricular paraconal branch of the left coronary artery providing comparable blood supply to the left ventricular free wall and septum."}
{"id": "PMID:883711", "title": "Enflurane, halothane, and isoflurane potency in horses.", "content": "The minimal alveolar concentration of anesthetic required to prevent gross purposeful movement in response to electrical stimulation of oral mucous membranes was determined in horses for 3 agents. Equipotent concentrations of enflurane were 2.12 volumes %; of halothane, 0.88 volumes %; and of isoflurane, 1.31 volumes +. The alveolar concentration required to produce at least 60 seconds of apnea was also determined for these agents. From these data and the minimal alveolar concentration information, anesthetic indices were determined for each agent. The indices for enflurane, halothane, and isoflurane were 2.26, 2.60, and 2.33, respectively.", "contents": "Enflurane, halothane, and isoflurane potency in horses. The minimal alveolar concentration of anesthetic required to prevent gross purposeful movement in response to electrical stimulation of oral mucous membranes was determined in horses for 3 agents. Equipotent concentrations of enflurane were 2.12 volumes %; of halothane, 0.88 volumes %; and of isoflurane, 1.31 volumes +. The alveolar concentration required to produce at least 60 seconds of apnea was also determined for these agents. From these data and the minimal alveolar concentration information, anesthetic indices were determined for each agent. The indices for enflurane, halothane, and isoflurane were 2.26, 2.60, and 2.33, respectively."}
{"id": "PMID:883712", "title": "Physiologic responses of the horse to a hot, arid environment.", "content": "Field investigations were conducted under natural environmental conditions to determine the physiologic responses of rested, hydrated horses (Equus caballus) to the very hot, dry weather characteristic of the summer season in southern Arizona. The emphasis of the investigation was placed on those thermoregulatory mechanisms which are involved in the maintenance of homoiothermy. Rectal temperature of the horses studied remained relatively stable throughout the day, during both cool and hot weather seasons. However, when horses were exposed to hot summer temperatures, rectal temperature (heat stressed) was significantly higher than during exposure in cool winter temperatures (nonheat stressed). Skin temperature was also significantly higher during hot weather, and was directly related to ambient temperature. Heart rate and respiratory rate did not change significantly with exposure to the higher ambient temperatures of summer. Sweating rate increased markedly with higher ambient temperatures. Plasma chloride, serum potassium, serum sodium, and total protein values remained constant throughout the year (that is, they were not affected by hot, summer temperatures). Hemoglobin decreased significantly during hot weather and while packed cell volume declined, the decline was not statistically significant.", "contents": "Physiologic responses of the horse to a hot, arid environment. Field investigations were conducted under natural environmental conditions to determine the physiologic responses of rested, hydrated horses (Equus caballus) to the very hot, dry weather characteristic of the summer season in southern Arizona. The emphasis of the investigation was placed on those thermoregulatory mechanisms which are involved in the maintenance of homoiothermy. Rectal temperature of the horses studied remained relatively stable throughout the day, during both cool and hot weather seasons. However, when horses were exposed to hot summer temperatures, rectal temperature (heat stressed) was significantly higher than during exposure in cool winter temperatures (nonheat stressed). Skin temperature was also significantly higher during hot weather, and was directly related to ambient temperature. Heart rate and respiratory rate did not change significantly with exposure to the higher ambient temperatures of summer. Sweating rate increased markedly with higher ambient temperatures. Plasma chloride, serum potassium, serum sodium, and total protein values remained constant throughout the year (that is, they were not affected by hot, summer temperatures). Hemoglobin decreased significantly during hot weather and while packed cell volume declined, the decline was not statistically significant."}
{"id": "PMID:883714", "title": "Detection and definition of canine intestinal carbohydrases, using a standardized method.", "content": "Intestinal mucosa and pancreas from purebred Beagle dogs were assayed for carbohydrase activity, using several methods of tissue treatment. The enzymes found and studied were alpha-amylase, sucrase, lactase, amyloglucosidase, cellobiase, maltase, and isomaltase. Experiments using polyacrylamide gel columns and heat inactivation showed the presence of an isozyme of maltase which degrades isomaltose. This activity had not been previously demonstrated in dogs. An optimal standard procedure is presented for the preparation and assay of canine digestive enzymes. A statistical analysis of variance of the results showed that the variance was primarily associated with differences among dogs and not by variance within the procedure. When the different extraction procedures were used, results indicated that the level of enzymes detected differed with the method of treatment.", "contents": "Detection and definition of canine intestinal carbohydrases, using a standardized method. Intestinal mucosa and pancreas from purebred Beagle dogs were assayed for carbohydrase activity, using several methods of tissue treatment. The enzymes found and studied were alpha-amylase, sucrase, lactase, amyloglucosidase, cellobiase, maltase, and isomaltase. Experiments using polyacrylamide gel columns and heat inactivation showed the presence of an isozyme of maltase which degrades isomaltose. This activity had not been previously demonstrated in dogs. An optimal standard procedure is presented for the preparation and assay of canine digestive enzymes. A statistical analysis of variance of the results showed that the variance was primarily associated with differences among dogs and not by variance within the procedure. When the different extraction procedures were used, results indicated that the level of enzymes detected differed with the method of treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:883715", "title": "Pathophysiology of swine trichuriasis.", "content": "Infection of pigs by the whipworm (Trichuris suis) resulted in profuse diarrhea on postinfection days 17 to 21. Anorexia, retardation of growth, dehydration, and emaciation were observed in infected pigs. Scanning electron micrography showed nematodes embedded in the mucosa of the cecum and colon, with resultant disruption of the mucosa. Infected pigs had decreased values of albumin, amylase, calcium and creatine phosphokinase, but increased values of alpha-, beta-, and gamma- globulins, total iron-binding capacity, copper, potassium, uric acid, and aspartate aminotransferase.", "contents": "Pathophysiology of swine trichuriasis. Infection of pigs by the whipworm (Trichuris suis) resulted in profuse diarrhea on postinfection days 17 to 21. Anorexia, retardation of growth, dehydration, and emaciation were observed in infected pigs. Scanning electron micrography showed nematodes embedded in the mucosa of the cecum and colon, with resultant disruption of the mucosa. Infected pigs had decreased values of albumin, amylase, calcium and creatine phosphokinase, but increased values of alpha-, beta-, and gamma- globulins, total iron-binding capacity, copper, potassium, uric acid, and aspartate aminotransferase."}
{"id": "PMID:883716", "title": "Therapeutic use of gentamicin in horses: concentrations in serum, urine, and synovial fluid and evaluation of renal function.", "content": "Serum, synovial fluid, and urine concentrations of gentamicin were measured in normal mature horses which had been given a single dose of the drug. Mean peak serum concentration (16.8 microgram/ml) occurred in horses 30 minutes after they were given a single intramuscular dose of 4.4 mg of gentamicin/kg of body weight. In horses given a smaller dose of gentamicin (1.7 mg/kg), mean peak serum concentrations of gentamicin (10.2 microgram/ml) appeared at 1 hour. Synovial fluid concentration was maximum at 2 hours for both doses; in horses given the larger dose, mean peak concentration was 6.4 microgram/ml, and in those given the smaller dose (1.7 mg/kg), 3.4 microgram/ml. Measurable concentrations of gentamicin in serum and synovial fluid persisted 8 hours. During the first 8 hours, percentages of gentamicin excreted in the urine were between 3.9 and 32.8% of the larger dose and between 3.3 and 13.4% of the smaller dose. Serum creatinine concentrations were serially measured in 10 hospitalized horses intramuscularly given 1.7 to 4.4 mg of gentamicin/kg 4 times a day' significant increase in creatinine concentration was not found.", "contents": "Therapeutic use of gentamicin in horses: concentrations in serum, urine, and synovial fluid and evaluation of renal function. Serum, synovial fluid, and urine concentrations of gentamicin were measured in normal mature horses which had been given a single dose of the drug. Mean peak serum concentration (16.8 microgram/ml) occurred in horses 30 minutes after they were given a single intramuscular dose of 4.4 mg of gentamicin/kg of body weight. In horses given a smaller dose of gentamicin (1.7 mg/kg), mean peak serum concentrations of gentamicin (10.2 microgram/ml) appeared at 1 hour. Synovial fluid concentration was maximum at 2 hours for both doses; in horses given the larger dose, mean peak concentration was 6.4 microgram/ml, and in those given the smaller dose (1.7 mg/kg), 3.4 microgram/ml. Measurable concentrations of gentamicin in serum and synovial fluid persisted 8 hours. During the first 8 hours, percentages of gentamicin excreted in the urine were between 3.9 and 32.8% of the larger dose and between 3.3 and 13.4% of the smaller dose. Serum creatinine concentrations were serially measured in 10 hospitalized horses intramuscularly given 1.7 to 4.4 mg of gentamicin/kg 4 times a day' significant increase in creatinine concentration was not found."}
{"id": "PMID:883717", "title": "Evidence of onchocerciasis in Georgia cattle: prevalence at slaughter.", "content": "In the study for an animal model of onchocerciasis, particularly one dependent on a Simulium vector, the prevalence of Onchocerca lienalis in Georgia cattle was assessed. In 7 collections of cervical and umbilical skin samples and nuchal ligaments made between April and December, 1975, adult parasites were found in fascia of the ligamentum nuchae of 62 of 124 animals (50.0%), and microfilariae were present in 1 or more of the skin samples from 85 to 124 cattle (68.6%). Infections occurred in cattle of all ages examined (from 2 to more than 10 years). Microfilariae were found more frequently and abundantly in umbilical than in cervical skin. They were present in 47 of 62 cattle in which adult nematodes occurred, but also present in 38 of 62 cattle in which no adult nematodes were discovered. The adult nematodes caused considerable inflammation in the fascial sheath of the ligamentum muchae.", "contents": "Evidence of onchocerciasis in Georgia cattle: prevalence at slaughter. In the study for an animal model of onchocerciasis, particularly one dependent on a Simulium vector, the prevalence of Onchocerca lienalis in Georgia cattle was assessed. In 7 collections of cervical and umbilical skin samples and nuchal ligaments made between April and December, 1975, adult parasites were found in fascia of the ligamentum nuchae of 62 of 124 animals (50.0%), and microfilariae were present in 1 or more of the skin samples from 85 to 124 cattle (68.6%). Infections occurred in cattle of all ages examined (from 2 to more than 10 years). Microfilariae were found more frequently and abundantly in umbilical than in cervical skin. They were present in 47 of 62 cattle in which adult nematodes occurred, but also present in 38 of 62 cattle in which no adult nematodes were discovered. The adult nematodes caused considerable inflammation in the fascial sheath of the ligamentum muchae."}
{"id": "PMID:883718", "title": "Evidence of onchocerciasis in Georgia cattle: longitudinal survey of a small herd.", "content": "Between November, 1974, and March, 1976, skin biopsies were taken at 12 different times from a small herd of 8 to 10 cattle near Lawrenceville, Ga. Samples were incubated for 4 to 6 hours in Hanks' balanced salt solution and centrifuged, and the sediment was examined microscopically for microfilariae. Microfilariae were consistently found in 4 of 10 animals over a 12-month period; numbers of microfilariae ranged from 1 to 211, with a mean of 3.42, 12.89, 17.31, and 27.53 per 4-mm-diameter biopsy from the 4 individual animals. The parasite was evidently being transmitted on the farm, as evidenced by the presence of microfilariae in an animal born on the farm.", "contents": "Evidence of onchocerciasis in Georgia cattle: longitudinal survey of a small herd. Between November, 1974, and March, 1976, skin biopsies were taken at 12 different times from a small herd of 8 to 10 cattle near Lawrenceville, Ga. Samples were incubated for 4 to 6 hours in Hanks' balanced salt solution and centrifuged, and the sediment was examined microscopically for microfilariae. Microfilariae were consistently found in 4 of 10 animals over a 12-month period; numbers of microfilariae ranged from 1 to 211, with a mean of 3.42, 12.89, 17.31, and 27.53 per 4-mm-diameter biopsy from the 4 individual animals. The parasite was evidently being transmitted on the farm, as evidenced by the presence of microfilariae in an animal born on the farm."}
{"id": "PMID:883719", "title": "Effect of xylazine on indices of myocardial contractility in the dog.", "content": "Changes in cardiac contractility were assessed by 2 indices of myocardial contractile performance (dP/dt/Kp max, V max). Both indices demonstrated an initial positive inotropic response to intravenous administration of xylazine (1.1 mg/kg). This positive inotropic effect was followed by a return to or significant decrease from base-line recordings in these contractile indices at faster heart rates or later times following xylazine administration. In addition, an increase in heart rate in control dogs was accompanied by a rise in both dP/dt/Kp max and V max, confirming earlier evidence of the Bowditch staircase effect in the intact dog ventricle.", "contents": "Effect of xylazine on indices of myocardial contractility in the dog. Changes in cardiac contractility were assessed by 2 indices of myocardial contractile performance (dP/dt/Kp max, V max). Both indices demonstrated an initial positive inotropic response to intravenous administration of xylazine (1.1 mg/kg). This positive inotropic effect was followed by a return to or significant decrease from base-line recordings in these contractile indices at faster heart rates or later times following xylazine administration. In addition, an increase in heart rate in control dogs was accompanied by a rise in both dP/dt/Kp max and V max, confirming earlier evidence of the Bowditch staircase effect in the intact dog ventricle."}
{"id": "PMID:883721", "title": "Familial renal disease in Norwegian Elkhound dogs: morphologic examinations.", "content": "Periglomerular and interstitial fibrosis were the earliest renal lesions in 21 Norwegian Elkhound (NE) dogs with familial renal disease. Histopathologic study did not reveal the cause of the disease, and light microscopy did not show renal lesions different from nonfamilial renal lesions commonly observed in dogs. Histopathologic evaluation was reliable for detecting disease in NE dogs prior to onset of isosthenuria and azotemia. Results of glomerular counts, determining kidney size, and dissection of the nephron indicated that nephron numbers and size were adequate early in the disease, but that numbers decreased as the disease progressed. Electron microscopic and immunofluorescent studies were not suggestive of an immune basis of the renal disease, nor did histopathologic or angiographic studies indicate primary vascular lesions. Nephron dissections revealed sacculations in distal tubules and collecting ducts of affected NE dogs. Renal disease did not develop in mongrel pups given injections of an homogenate or renal tissue from an affected NE dogs.", "contents": "Familial renal disease in Norwegian Elkhound dogs: morphologic examinations. Periglomerular and interstitial fibrosis were the earliest renal lesions in 21 Norwegian Elkhound (NE) dogs with familial renal disease. Histopathologic study did not reveal the cause of the disease, and light microscopy did not show renal lesions different from nonfamilial renal lesions commonly observed in dogs. Histopathologic evaluation was reliable for detecting disease in NE dogs prior to onset of isosthenuria and azotemia. Results of glomerular counts, determining kidney size, and dissection of the nephron indicated that nephron numbers and size were adequate early in the disease, but that numbers decreased as the disease progressed. Electron microscopic and immunofluorescent studies were not suggestive of an immune basis of the renal disease, nor did histopathologic or angiographic studies indicate primary vascular lesions. Nephron dissections revealed sacculations in distal tubules and collecting ducts of affected NE dogs. Renal disease did not develop in mongrel pups given injections of an homogenate or renal tissue from an affected NE dogs."}
{"id": "PMID:883722", "title": "Serum fluoride concentration, renal, and hepatic function test results in dogs with methoxyflurane anesthesia.", "content": "Effects of 3 hours of methoxyflurane anesthesia in 20 dogs were determined by blood urea nitrogen (BUN), serum creatinine (SC), serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT), serum alkaline phosphatase (ALP). sulfobromphthalein (BSP), phenosulfonphthalein (PSP) clearance test, 24-hour water intake and urine excretion, and serum inorganic fluoride (SIF) evaluation. Values for BUN, SC, serum ALT, BSP, and PSP after the anesthetic were not significantly different (P less than 0.05) from the base-line values. The serum ALP values were significantly increased (P less than 0.001). Water intake and urine excretion showed a peak increase 48 hours after anesthesia. Serum inorganic fluoride concentration increased significantly (P less than 0.001) compared with the base line. The SIF 20 minutes before anesthesia was 4.54 +/- 0.82 mumol/L, at 90 minutes of surgical anesthesia 92.35 +/- 8.91 micronmol/L, at 20 minutes after anesthesia 132 +/- 12.55 micronmol/L, and at 1, 3, and 6 days after anesthesia they were 105.60 +/- 8.93, 42.10 +/- 6.90, and 12.65 +/- 1.32 micronmol/L. Clinical signs of renal or hepatic failure were not detected in any of the treated dogs during 7 day post-anesthetic observation period.", "contents": "Serum fluoride concentration, renal, and hepatic function test results in dogs with methoxyflurane anesthesia. Effects of 3 hours of methoxyflurane anesthesia in 20 dogs were determined by blood urea nitrogen (BUN), serum creatinine (SC), serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT), serum alkaline phosphatase (ALP). sulfobromphthalein (BSP), phenosulfonphthalein (PSP) clearance test, 24-hour water intake and urine excretion, and serum inorganic fluoride (SIF) evaluation. Values for BUN, SC, serum ALT, BSP, and PSP after the anesthetic were not significantly different (P less than 0.05) from the base-line values. The serum ALP values were significantly increased (P less than 0.001). Water intake and urine excretion showed a peak increase 48 hours after anesthesia. Serum inorganic fluoride concentration increased significantly (P less than 0.001) compared with the base line. The SIF 20 minutes before anesthesia was 4.54 +/- 0.82 mumol/L, at 90 minutes of surgical anesthesia 92.35 +/- 8.91 micronmol/L, at 20 minutes after anesthesia 132 +/- 12.55 micronmol/L, and at 1, 3, and 6 days after anesthesia they were 105.60 +/- 8.93, 42.10 +/- 6.90, and 12.65 +/- 1.32 micronmol/L. Clinical signs of renal or hepatic failure were not detected in any of the treated dogs during 7 day post-anesthetic observation period."}
{"id": "PMID:883723", "title": "Transient and permanent effects of hyperthermia in dogs: a study of a simulated air transport environmental stress.", "content": "Heat-induced hyperthermia can be a major problem in dogs shipped during summer months. Dogs shipped by air transport can encounter temperatures as high as 54.4 C. Usually, little concern is given to effects produced by hyperthermia. To assess the heat stress problem, 20 dogs were exposed to a temperature of 54.4 C for 30 minutes--10 dogs at 15% relative humidity and 10 dogs at 35%. Dogs did not die as a result of exposure, but certain transient and permanent changes occurred. All dogs had increased heart rate, rectal temperature, blood pH, hemoglobin concentration, packed cell volume, and erythrocyte count. Body weight and PVCO2, decreased. Differences also were shown between the 2 humidity group for blood PH PVCO2, rectal temperature, and weight loss. The major tissue changes attributed to hyperthermia were fragmentation of the myocardium, acute cortical necrosis in kidney, and marked degenerative changes in the cerebellum and cerebral cortex. Changes in the cerebellum and cerebral cortex were considered severe and permanent.", "contents": "Transient and permanent effects of hyperthermia in dogs: a study of a simulated air transport environmental stress. Heat-induced hyperthermia can be a major problem in dogs shipped during summer months. Dogs shipped by air transport can encounter temperatures as high as 54.4 C. Usually, little concern is given to effects produced by hyperthermia. To assess the heat stress problem, 20 dogs were exposed to a temperature of 54.4 C for 30 minutes--10 dogs at 15% relative humidity and 10 dogs at 35%. Dogs did not die as a result of exposure, but certain transient and permanent changes occurred. All dogs had increased heart rate, rectal temperature, blood pH, hemoglobin concentration, packed cell volume, and erythrocyte count. Body weight and PVCO2, decreased. Differences also were shown between the 2 humidity group for blood PH PVCO2, rectal temperature, and weight loss. The major tissue changes attributed to hyperthermia were fragmentation of the myocardium, acute cortical necrosis in kidney, and marked degenerative changes in the cerebellum and cerebral cortex. Changes in the cerebellum and cerebral cortex were considered severe and permanent."}
{"id": "PMID:883724", "title": "Disposition of sulfonamides in food-producing animals: pharmacokinetics of sulfamethazine in lambs.", "content": "Previously reported plasma and urine concentrations of unchanged sulfamethazine and 3 metabolites following intravenous administration of sodium sulfamethazine to young ewe lamb were fitted to a linear pharmacokinetic model in which sulfamethazine itself obeyed 1-compartment phamacokinetics. The average rate constant for overall elimination of sulfamethazine was 0.096 +/- 0.023 hours-1, corresponding to a biological half-life of 7.2 +/- 1.7 hours. The results of residue analysis of 8 tissues obtained at slaughter showed that tissue and plasma concentrations and urine output of unchanged sulfamethazine fell parallel throughout the experiment. The results indicate that determination of the plasma concentration or urinary output of sulfamethazine can be substituted for tissue residue analysis to determine contamination of carcasses above specified tolerance limits.", "contents": "Disposition of sulfonamides in food-producing animals: pharmacokinetics of sulfamethazine in lambs. Previously reported plasma and urine concentrations of unchanged sulfamethazine and 3 metabolites following intravenous administration of sodium sulfamethazine to young ewe lamb were fitted to a linear pharmacokinetic model in which sulfamethazine itself obeyed 1-compartment phamacokinetics. The average rate constant for overall elimination of sulfamethazine was 0.096 +/- 0.023 hours-1, corresponding to a biological half-life of 7.2 +/- 1.7 hours. The results of residue analysis of 8 tissues obtained at slaughter showed that tissue and plasma concentrations and urine output of unchanged sulfamethazine fell parallel throughout the experiment. The results indicate that determination of the plasma concentration or urinary output of sulfamethazine can be substituted for tissue residue analysis to determine contamination of carcasses above specified tolerance limits."}
{"id": "PMID:883725", "title": "Disposition of sulfonamides in food-producing animals: concentrations of sulfamethazine and its metabolites in plasma, urine, and tissues of lambs following intravenous administration.", "content": "A sensitive, precise, and efficient analytical method for sulfamethazine in the liver, kidney, heart, skeletal muscle, and fat of lambs is reported. The method involves freezing cubed tissue in liquid nitrogen, powdering the frozen tissue in a liquid nitrogen-cooled blender, and extracting the tissue on a sodium sulfate column with chloroform:acetone. A thin-layer chromatographic procedure capable of separating and quantitating sulfamethazine and 3 metabolites (acetyl, hydroxylated, and polar conjugate(s) in lamb urine is also reported. Sulfamethazine was administered intravenously (107.25 mg/kg body weight) to 14 cross-bred ewe lambs. The concentration of sulfamethazine in plasma and tissues and sulfamethazine and its metabolites in urine were determined in samples collected at specific postdosing times. The concentration of sulfamethazine in plasma exceeded 5 mg/100 ml for 18 to 24 hours after drug administration. The excretion of diazotizable materials in the urine was essentially complete at the 60th hour after dosing. The drug was excreted in the urine as sulfamethazine, a hydroxylated metabolite, acetylsulfamethazine, and polar conjugate(s). Tissue concentrations of the drug were greatest in the kidney and less (in decreasing quantities) in liver, heart, skeletal muscle, body fat, and omental fat.", "contents": "Disposition of sulfonamides in food-producing animals: concentrations of sulfamethazine and its metabolites in plasma, urine, and tissues of lambs following intravenous administration. A sensitive, precise, and efficient analytical method for sulfamethazine in the liver, kidney, heart, skeletal muscle, and fat of lambs is reported. The method involves freezing cubed tissue in liquid nitrogen, powdering the frozen tissue in a liquid nitrogen-cooled blender, and extracting the tissue on a sodium sulfate column with chloroform:acetone. A thin-layer chromatographic procedure capable of separating and quantitating sulfamethazine and 3 metabolites (acetyl, hydroxylated, and polar conjugate(s) in lamb urine is also reported. Sulfamethazine was administered intravenously (107.25 mg/kg body weight) to 14 cross-bred ewe lambs. The concentration of sulfamethazine in plasma and tissues and sulfamethazine and its metabolites in urine were determined in samples collected at specific postdosing times. The concentration of sulfamethazine in plasma exceeded 5 mg/100 ml for 18 to 24 hours after drug administration. The excretion of diazotizable materials in the urine was essentially complete at the 60th hour after dosing. The drug was excreted in the urine as sulfamethazine, a hydroxylated metabolite, acetylsulfamethazine, and polar conjugate(s). Tissue concentrations of the drug were greatest in the kidney and less (in decreasing quantities) in liver, heart, skeletal muscle, body fat, and omental fat."}
{"id": "PMID:883726", "title": "Disposition of sulfonamides in food-producing animals: pharmacokinetics of sulfathiazole in sheep.", "content": "Plasma and urine data on sheep following administration of sulfathiazole as single intravenous and oral doses were examined. A one-compartment open model was developed to describe the pharmacokinetics of sulfathiazole in sheep. The drug was rapidly eliminated, primarily by renal excretion of unchanged sulfathiazole and metabolism to acetyl sulfathiazole, with a biological half-life of 1.3 hours. Sulfathiazole was absorbed slowly (half-life, 18 hours) and relatively completely (73%) after oral administration in solution.", "contents": "Disposition of sulfonamides in food-producing animals: pharmacokinetics of sulfathiazole in sheep. Plasma and urine data on sheep following administration of sulfathiazole as single intravenous and oral doses were examined. A one-compartment open model was developed to describe the pharmacokinetics of sulfathiazole in sheep. The drug was rapidly eliminated, primarily by renal excretion of unchanged sulfathiazole and metabolism to acetyl sulfathiazole, with a biological half-life of 1.3 hours. Sulfathiazole was absorbed slowly (half-life, 18 hours) and relatively completely (73%) after oral administration in solution."}
{"id": "PMID:883728", "title": "[Clinical, biological and genetic study of 500 cases of mixed hyperlipemia].", "content": "Based on 500 case histories, the writers discuss the main clinical signs, cardiovascular complications, lipide, glucide, and puride anomalies, and the genetic transmission observed in mixed hyperlipidemia. They stress a certain number of criteria which enable them to make mixed hyperlipidemia a specific clinical, highly frequent, and extremely formidable form of essential hyperlipidemia, falling between hyprecholesterolemia of type IIIa and endogenous hypertriglyceridemia of type IV. The variability of the electrophoretic phenotype from one patient to another, and in the same patient from one day to another, leads them to recommend a classification based on the values of plasma lipide fractions. A predominately late appearing genetic transmission of the autosome type supports this view.", "contents": "[Clinical, biological and genetic study of 500 cases of mixed hyperlipemia]. Based on 500 case histories, the writers discuss the main clinical signs, cardiovascular complications, lipide, glucide, and puride anomalies, and the genetic transmission observed in mixed hyperlipidemia. They stress a certain number of criteria which enable them to make mixed hyperlipidemia a specific clinical, highly frequent, and extremely formidable form of essential hyperlipidemia, falling between hyprecholesterolemia of type IIIa and endogenous hypertriglyceridemia of type IV. The variability of the electrophoretic phenotype from one patient to another, and in the same patient from one day to another, leads them to recommend a classification based on the values of plasma lipide fractions. A predominately late appearing genetic transmission of the autosome type supports this view."}
{"id": "PMID:883729", "title": "[Study of hemostasis factors in nephrotic syndrome. Pathogenic interpretation and therapeutic deductions].", "content": "Thrombo-embolic accidents are extremely common during nephrotic syndrome (8 p. 100). They share the garvity of thrombo-embolic accidents occurring under other circumstances (20 p. 100 mortality). They are accompanied by numerous disturbances in clotting factors the mechanisms of which are discussed. Nevertheless the study of these disturbances does not make it possible to predict the onset of a thrombo-embolic problem. By contrast, the degree of hypoalbuminaemia is significantly correlated with the thrombotic risk (p. 0.001) and serves as an indication for the necessity of preventive heparin therapy, in the form of calcium heparinate. In this way the authors have been successful in eliminating the thrombo-embolic risk in association with nephrotic syndrome.", "contents": "[Study of hemostasis factors in nephrotic syndrome. Pathogenic interpretation and therapeutic deductions]. Thrombo-embolic accidents are extremely common during nephrotic syndrome (8 p. 100). They share the garvity of thrombo-embolic accidents occurring under other circumstances (20 p. 100 mortality). They are accompanied by numerous disturbances in clotting factors the mechanisms of which are discussed. Nevertheless the study of these disturbances does not make it possible to predict the onset of a thrombo-embolic problem. By contrast, the degree of hypoalbuminaemia is significantly correlated with the thrombotic risk (p. 0.001) and serves as an indication for the necessity of preventive heparin therapy, in the form of calcium heparinate. In this way the authors have been successful in eliminating the thrombo-embolic risk in association with nephrotic syndrome."}
{"id": "PMID:883730", "title": "[Curable ECHO 5 virus encephalitis. Clinical, electroencephalographic, virologic and ultrastructural study].", "content": "A 10 1/2 years old boy fell brutally ill with a fit followed by confusion, and then by deep coma, with 40 degrees C fever and morbilliform rash. Consciousnesse came back within ten days, with transient Parkinson-like tremor. Myoclonus persisted for about six months. Complete recovery was followed up for six years. A diagnosis of encephalitis was considered on early EEG evidence (stereotyped repetitive sharp wave bursts) and was confirmed by isolation of ECHO 5 virus from brain specimen, and ultrastructural observation of characteristic cytopathic effect (disappearance of organelles, proliferation of smooth membranes) and of probable viral particules in astrocytes, without any inflammatory process.", "contents": "[Curable ECHO 5 virus encephalitis. Clinical, electroencephalographic, virologic and ultrastructural study]. A 10 1/2 years old boy fell brutally ill with a fit followed by confusion, and then by deep coma, with 40 degrees C fever and morbilliform rash. Consciousnesse came back within ten days, with transient Parkinson-like tremor. Myoclonus persisted for about six months. Complete recovery was followed up for six years. A diagnosis of encephalitis was considered on early EEG evidence (stereotyped repetitive sharp wave bursts) and was confirmed by isolation of ECHO 5 virus from brain specimen, and ultrastructural observation of characteristic cytopathic effect (disappearance of organelles, proliferation of smooth membranes) and of probable viral particules in astrocytes, without any inflammatory process."}
{"id": "PMID:883731", "title": "[Pleural and intraspinal tumor with hypercalcitoninemia].", "content": "The authors report a case of probably ectopic secretion of calcitonin in a 35 year old woman suffering from a malignant tumour in a double intra- and extra-spinal form. Hormone levels returned to normal after complete excision of the tumour, in which it was impossible to demonstrate the presence of calcitonin despite a very marked secretory appearance by electron microscopy. Study of the literature concerning the secretion of calcitonin by malignant tumours indicates the high degree of contradiction concerning the origin and the significance of increased radio-immunological levels of this hormone, which it is not possible to use without criticism as a \"marker\" of carcinomas.", "contents": "[Pleural and intraspinal tumor with hypercalcitoninemia]. The authors report a case of probably ectopic secretion of calcitonin in a 35 year old woman suffering from a malignant tumour in a double intra- and extra-spinal form. Hormone levels returned to normal after complete excision of the tumour, in which it was impossible to demonstrate the presence of calcitonin despite a very marked secretory appearance by electron microscopy. Study of the literature concerning the secretion of calcitonin by malignant tumours indicates the high degree of contradiction concerning the origin and the significance of increased radio-immunological levels of this hormone, which it is not possible to use without criticism as a \"marker\" of carcinomas."}
{"id": "PMID:883741", "title": "[Status of vampirism and autovampirism].", "content": "Any interpretation of the perversion called vampirism ought to take into consideration the myths in which the relations between living and dead people (vampires, incubi, succubi, etc...) are represented, myths through which the persons alive project onto the dead ones to ambivalent, sexual and agressive, wishes they had toward the dead when they were still alive. Clinically the word vampirism should be used to name all sexual or agressive acts, whether blood-sucking happens or not, committed on a dead or dying person. In one third of the cases the act has both a sexual and an agressive components (mutilation of the dead body); in the other two thirds the act seems to have only a sexual component (sexual pleasure in the presence of or in contact with the dead body). The origin and the meaning of this exceptional perversion are discussed. Auto-vampirism, even more exceptional than vampirism, differs from the latter by the fact that blood succion is the essential symptom and by the fact that it is not on the side of sadism but on the side of masochism. In the light of two case-histories, one of which never published before, and on the basis of the Freudian theory of masochism, an interpretation of the data is propounded.", "contents": "[Status of vampirism and autovampirism]. Any interpretation of the perversion called vampirism ought to take into consideration the myths in which the relations between living and dead people (vampires, incubi, succubi, etc...) are represented, myths through which the persons alive project onto the dead ones to ambivalent, sexual and agressive, wishes they had toward the dead when they were still alive. Clinically the word vampirism should be used to name all sexual or agressive acts, whether blood-sucking happens or not, committed on a dead or dying person. In one third of the cases the act has both a sexual and an agressive components (mutilation of the dead body); in the other two thirds the act seems to have only a sexual component (sexual pleasure in the presence of or in contact with the dead body). The origin and the meaning of this exceptional perversion are discussed. Auto-vampirism, even more exceptional than vampirism, differs from the latter by the fact that blood succion is the essential symptom and by the fact that it is not on the side of sadism but on the side of masochism. In the light of two case-histories, one of which never published before, and on the basis of the Freudian theory of masochism, an interpretation of the data is propounded."}
{"id": "PMID:883742", "title": "[Prevention and control of child and juvenile delinquency and criminality. The home of the child and its parents].", "content": "The author: 1. Summarizes the finding to date governing the behaviour children's problems of delinquency and serious efforts that will be made to prevent and combat juvenile delinquency, to help the individual child who runs into difficulty by offending essential rule of the legal code. This can be done in institutions as it has been shown brillantly by Anglo-American psychiatric and psychoanalytic teachers. It is built up through the establishment of a good relationship which accepts and treats instead of resenting the child and his inevitable initial rebuffs. The greatest gain will come from psychiatric treatment of the casual breakdown. Nobody in the present culture is better prepared to give the better solution than an experienced psychiatrist. 2. Propose insight simplified organisation to prevent early brain injuries and early psychological trauma: the home of parents and child.", "contents": "[Prevention and control of child and juvenile delinquency and criminality. The home of the child and its parents]. The author: 1. Summarizes the finding to date governing the behaviour children's problems of delinquency and serious efforts that will be made to prevent and combat juvenile delinquency, to help the individual child who runs into difficulty by offending essential rule of the legal code. This can be done in institutions as it has been shown brillantly by Anglo-American psychiatric and psychoanalytic teachers. It is built up through the establishment of a good relationship which accepts and treats instead of resenting the child and his inevitable initial rebuffs. The greatest gain will come from psychiatric treatment of the casual breakdown. Nobody in the present culture is better prepared to give the better solution than an experienced psychiatrist. 2. Propose insight simplified organisation to prevent early brain injuries and early psychological trauma: the home of parents and child."}
{"id": "PMID:883743", "title": "[Present-day prevention. Mental hygiene aspects of child and juvenile delinquency and criminality].", "content": "To make useless attempts to stop adult truancy there is only one effective way: The prevention by mental hygiene of parent's psychological and ethic education which govern parental behavior to give early their offspring's warmth which is in them. The time has come when it is possible to single out the chiefs principles which have to do with the concept of prevention itself: maintaining health converging on the same issue genuine parental fondness devoid of overprotection, coercition, etc. T'is is the cornerstone of prevention mental hygiene. Brief report of the organization of the \"Home of parents and children\" to assist the growing plague of juvenile delinquency and behavioural deviances.", "contents": "[Present-day prevention. Mental hygiene aspects of child and juvenile delinquency and criminality]. To make useless attempts to stop adult truancy there is only one effective way: The prevention by mental hygiene of parent's psychological and ethic education which govern parental behavior to give early their offspring's warmth which is in them. The time has come when it is possible to single out the chiefs principles which have to do with the concept of prevention itself: maintaining health converging on the same issue genuine parental fondness devoid of overprotection, coercition, etc. T'is is the cornerstone of prevention mental hygiene. Brief report of the organization of the \"Home of parents and children\" to assist the growing plague of juvenile delinquency and behavioural deviances."}
{"id": "PMID:883748", "title": "[Psychopharmacology and psychotherapy: a dynamic therapeutic parallelism to be integrated].", "content": "In a brief expose, the author wants to integrate the psychoanalytic data towards a better clinical use of psychopharmacology. Starting from a triadic situation \"patient-physician-medication\", he proposes a dynamic rather than a static attitude in the patient's approach, aiming at an eventual diadic relation \"patient-physician\" and, if at all possible, a relative or total independance of the patient. After alluding at the role of the physician, of the patient and of the medication, in such a process, the author refers to intra and extra psychic influence in disease. The concepts of \"team approach\" and \"milieu therapy\" are related to the key-role of the psychiatrist and to the availability of competent and well-motivated paramedical professionals in sufficient numbers. The notions of transference, countertransference and control as well as the symbolic of the symptoms are briefly outlined. The author concludes that the complementary elements of psychoanalysis and psychopharmacology will benefit the patient if the clinician knows how to integrate them along with the changing and dynamic process of the illness.", "contents": "[Psychopharmacology and psychotherapy: a dynamic therapeutic parallelism to be integrated]. In a brief expose, the author wants to integrate the psychoanalytic data towards a better clinical use of psychopharmacology. Starting from a triadic situation \"patient-physician-medication\", he proposes a dynamic rather than a static attitude in the patient's approach, aiming at an eventual diadic relation \"patient-physician\" and, if at all possible, a relative or total independance of the patient. After alluding at the role of the physician, of the patient and of the medication, in such a process, the author refers to intra and extra psychic influence in disease. The concepts of \"team approach\" and \"milieu therapy\" are related to the key-role of the psychiatrist and to the availability of competent and well-motivated paramedical professionals in sufficient numbers. The notions of transference, countertransference and control as well as the symbolic of the symptoms are briefly outlined. The author concludes that the complementary elements of psychoanalysis and psychopharmacology will benefit the patient if the clinician knows how to integrate them along with the changing and dynamic process of the illness."}
{"id": "PMID:883751", "title": "Oral, pharyngeal and laryngeal manifestations in Urbach-Wiethe disease.", "content": "Twenty-eight patients suffering from Urbach-Wiethe disease (UWD) and originating in northern Sweden are presented. The disease is characterized by amorphous deposits in the mucous membranes of the mouth, pharynx and larynx. Hoarseness since early childhood is the most common and striking symptom. Most of the patients also had severe changes in the true vocal cords. Characteristic deposits are also seen in the lower lip, tongue, palate and the posterior pharyngeal wall. These changes could be defined as pathognomonic of UWD. To confirm the diagnosis of UWD, biopsies should be taken from the skin or mucous membranes of the mouth. Biopsies from the vocal cords are not necessary and should be avoided.", "contents": "Oral, pharyngeal and laryngeal manifestations in Urbach-Wiethe disease. Twenty-eight patients suffering from Urbach-Wiethe disease (UWD) and originating in northern Sweden are presented. The disease is characterized by amorphous deposits in the mucous membranes of the mouth, pharynx and larynx. Hoarseness since early childhood is the most common and striking symptom. Most of the patients also had severe changes in the true vocal cords. Characteristic deposits are also seen in the lower lip, tongue, palate and the posterior pharyngeal wall. These changes could be defined as pathognomonic of UWD. To confirm the diagnosis of UWD, biopsies should be taken from the skin or mucous membranes of the mouth. Biopsies from the vocal cords are not necessary and should be avoided."}
{"id": "PMID:883752", "title": "Causes of death among female patients with cancer of the breast and intestines.", "content": "The cause-specific mortality of women with cancer of the breast or of the intestines (= small intestine and colon) diagnosed in 1953-70 in Finland was analyzed with respect to the extent of the disease, the age of the patient at the time of diagnosis, and the follow-up time. The total mortality in breast-cancer patients was higher than had been expected during the entire follow-up period (maximum of 18 years), whereas in patients with intestinal cancer no more than slight excess mortality existed after 5 years of follow-up. The mortality from cardiovascular diseases was less than had been expected among patients with intestinal cancer. Patients with non-localized cancer of the breast had a risk of dying from accidents and other violent causes of death during the first 5 years of follow-up which was slightly higher than expected. From information compiled from various sources, the Finnish Cancer Registry records not only the official cause of death mentioned on the death certificate, but also a \"corrected\" cause of death. With this correction, the mortality from forms of malignancy other than the primary cancer was lower than had been expected during the first 5 years of follow-up, and subsequently reached the level expected. In regard to specific sites, mortality lower than that expected was observed for cancer of the stomach (both breast- and intestinal-cancer patients), and cancer of the cervix uteri (breast-cancer patients). In patients with localized breast cancer, the mortality from leukaemia was higher than that expected after 5 years of follow-up. No mutual excess risk was demonstrable with breast and intestinal cancers.", "contents": "Causes of death among female patients with cancer of the breast and intestines. The cause-specific mortality of women with cancer of the breast or of the intestines (= small intestine and colon) diagnosed in 1953-70 in Finland was analyzed with respect to the extent of the disease, the age of the patient at the time of diagnosis, and the follow-up time. The total mortality in breast-cancer patients was higher than had been expected during the entire follow-up period (maximum of 18 years), whereas in patients with intestinal cancer no more than slight excess mortality existed after 5 years of follow-up. The mortality from cardiovascular diseases was less than had been expected among patients with intestinal cancer. Patients with non-localized cancer of the breast had a risk of dying from accidents and other violent causes of death during the first 5 years of follow-up which was slightly higher than expected. From information compiled from various sources, the Finnish Cancer Registry records not only the official cause of death mentioned on the death certificate, but also a \"corrected\" cause of death. With this correction, the mortality from forms of malignancy other than the primary cancer was lower than had been expected during the first 5 years of follow-up, and subsequently reached the level expected. In regard to specific sites, mortality lower than that expected was observed for cancer of the stomach (both breast- and intestinal-cancer patients), and cancer of the cervix uteri (breast-cancer patients). In patients with localized breast cancer, the mortality from leukaemia was higher than that expected after 5 years of follow-up. No mutual excess risk was demonstrable with breast and intestinal cancers."}
{"id": "PMID:883753", "title": "Echocardiography after mitral valve replacement and criteria of paraprosthetic regurgitation.", "content": "19 patients with Bj\u00f6rk-Shiley mitral tilting disc valve prostheses were studied by echocardiography before the valve replacement operation and postoperatively every three months up to one year. In 14 patients with normal prosthetic function the left atrial diameter decreased markedly after operation (p less than 0.001), but echocardiographic dimensional indices of left ventricular performance remained unchanged. Paradoxical or markedly hypokinetic motion of the interventricular septum was observed within 3 months of operation in 46% of the patients, but in only 28% in studies performed 9 - 12 months after the replacement. The ampliture of the disc was on average 11 +/- 2 mm. In 5 patients with paraprosthetic regurgitation the left atrial diameter increased with the development of regurgitation and decreased again after successful reoperation. In these patients the left ventricular end diastolic and stroke volumes were great (p less than o.01) than in patients with normal prostheses. The septal motion was in the normal direction in all these 5 patients and the septal amplitudes were greater (p less than 0.01) than in the patients with normal prostheses. The amplitudes of the disc were normal, but abnormal anterior movement of the disc at the beginning of the diastole was observed. These data demonstrate that echocardiography is useful in the diagnosis of paraprosthetic mitral valve regurgitation.", "contents": "Echocardiography after mitral valve replacement and criteria of paraprosthetic regurgitation. 19 patients with Bj\u00f6rk-Shiley mitral tilting disc valve prostheses were studied by echocardiography before the valve replacement operation and postoperatively every three months up to one year. In 14 patients with normal prosthetic function the left atrial diameter decreased markedly after operation (p less than 0.001), but echocardiographic dimensional indices of left ventricular performance remained unchanged. Paradoxical or markedly hypokinetic motion of the interventricular septum was observed within 3 months of operation in 46% of the patients, but in only 28% in studies performed 9 - 12 months after the replacement. The ampliture of the disc was on average 11 +/- 2 mm. In 5 patients with paraprosthetic regurgitation the left atrial diameter increased with the development of regurgitation and decreased again after successful reoperation. In these patients the left ventricular end diastolic and stroke volumes were great (p less than o.01) than in patients with normal prostheses. The septal motion was in the normal direction in all these 5 patients and the septal amplitudes were greater (p less than 0.01) than in the patients with normal prostheses. The amplitudes of the disc were normal, but abnormal anterior movement of the disc at the beginning of the diastole was observed. These data demonstrate that echocardiography is useful in the diagnosis of paraprosthetic mitral valve regurgitation."}
{"id": "PMID:883754", "title": "The reliability of 99mmTc-pyrophosphate scintigraphy in the diagnosis of bony metastases.", "content": "A series of 183 patients suffering from cancer examined with 99mTc-yrophosphate scintigraphy is presented. Of the 74 cases with radiologically confirmed metastases or primary tumour in the skeleton 67 (91%) had an isotope accumulation. Four cases with false positive accumulations were detected. In three cases the uptake disappeared subsequently, in the fourth the uptake persisted, all patients being at least on year without any osseal symptoms. Even when the 99mmTc-pyrophosphate scintigraphy is recommended as the first diagnostic measure in skeletal lesions, the scintigraphy alone is not sufficient for deciding the treatment of a cancer patient.", "contents": "The reliability of 99mmTc-pyrophosphate scintigraphy in the diagnosis of bony metastases. A series of 183 patients suffering from cancer examined with 99mTc-yrophosphate scintigraphy is presented. Of the 74 cases with radiologically confirmed metastases or primary tumour in the skeleton 67 (91%) had an isotope accumulation. Four cases with false positive accumulations were detected. In three cases the uptake disappeared subsequently, in the fourth the uptake persisted, all patients being at least on year without any osseal symptoms. Even when the 99mmTc-pyrophosphate scintigraphy is recommended as the first diagnostic measure in skeletal lesions, the scintigraphy alone is not sufficient for deciding the treatment of a cancer patient."}
{"id": "PMID:883755", "title": "Serum immunoglobulin A changes in alcoholic patients.", "content": "1. Serum concentrations of immunoglobins IgA and IgG were determined in: Alcoholic men without liver damage (normal laboratory tests and only slight abnormalities in liver biopsy). 2. Patients at different stages of alcoholic liver disease. 3. Non alcoholic patients with liver disease. The serum IgA concentration was increased in all groups of alcoholics and this increase was related to the severity of liver damage. It was also raised in non alcoholic patients but both the degree of increase and the IgA/IgG ratio could be used to differentiate them. The increase in the serum IgA concentration in alcoholics without liver damage has not previously been proved and the reasons put forward for it in alcoholics are not valid for this group.", "contents": "Serum immunoglobulin A changes in alcoholic patients. 1. Serum concentrations of immunoglobins IgA and IgG were determined in: Alcoholic men without liver damage (normal laboratory tests and only slight abnormalities in liver biopsy). 2. Patients at different stages of alcoholic liver disease. 3. Non alcoholic patients with liver disease. The serum IgA concentration was increased in all groups of alcoholics and this increase was related to the severity of liver damage. It was also raised in non alcoholic patients but both the degree of increase and the IgA/IgG ratio could be used to differentiate them. The increase in the serum IgA concentration in alcoholics without liver damage has not previously been proved and the reasons put forward for it in alcoholics are not valid for this group."}
{"id": "PMID:883756", "title": "Haemoptysis. A bronchological evaluation.", "content": "A series of 342 patients with haemoptysis, who underwent bronchological examination at P\u00e4iv\u00e4rinne Chest Hospital during the period 1967-73, is presented. The most frequent cause of haemoptysis was bronchial carcinoma (86 cases, 25%), with chronic bronchitis in 73 cases (21.5%, inactive pulmonary tuberculosis in 33 (9.5%), bronchiectasis in 22 (t.5%), active pulmonary tuberculosis in 21 (6%) and pneumonia in 17 (5%). The cause of bleeding remained unkown in 73 cases (21.5%). Bronchoscopic findings were normal in 86 patients (25%) and only inflammatory mucosal changes were found by bronchoscopy in 181 patients (53%). A bleeding bronchial carcinoma was identified in 42 patients. The exact bleeding point was observed in the mucosa in 10 patients, and bleeding could be traced to the segmental bronchus in 18 patients, to the lobar bronchus in 2 and to the main bronchus in 3. One attack of haemoptysis, in a case of tuberculosis ended fatally. In all cases in which bleeding was still present at the time of bronchoscopy the bleeding point could be traced at least to the segmental bronchus.", "contents": "Haemoptysis. A bronchological evaluation. A series of 342 patients with haemoptysis, who underwent bronchological examination at P\u00e4iv\u00e4rinne Chest Hospital during the period 1967-73, is presented. The most frequent cause of haemoptysis was bronchial carcinoma (86 cases, 25%), with chronic bronchitis in 73 cases (21.5%, inactive pulmonary tuberculosis in 33 (9.5%), bronchiectasis in 22 (t.5%), active pulmonary tuberculosis in 21 (6%) and pneumonia in 17 (5%). The cause of bleeding remained unkown in 73 cases (21.5%). Bronchoscopic findings were normal in 86 patients (25%) and only inflammatory mucosal changes were found by bronchoscopy in 181 patients (53%). A bleeding bronchial carcinoma was identified in 42 patients. The exact bleeding point was observed in the mucosa in 10 patients, and bleeding could be traced to the segmental bronchus in 18 patients, to the lobar bronchus in 2 and to the main bronchus in 3. One attack of haemoptysis, in a case of tuberculosis ended fatally. In all cases in which bleeding was still present at the time of bronchoscopy the bleeding point could be traced at least to the segmental bronchus."}
{"id": "PMID:883757", "title": "The clinical assessment of cancer tests: a statistical approach to the prediction of \"false positive\" rates from controls.", "content": "As the sensitivity of the new in vitro cancer detection techniques increases, a larger number of \"false positive\" results can be expected from control populations apparently free from malignant disease at the time of the test. An attempt is made to predict the number of unexplained positives, together with the expected age and sex distribution, using published cancer registration statistics. The predicted numbers are compared with the observed numbers of unexplained positives in two clinical trials of the MEM test.", "contents": "The clinical assessment of cancer tests: a statistical approach to the prediction of \"false positive\" rates from controls. As the sensitivity of the new in vitro cancer detection techniques increases, a larger number of \"false positive\" results can be expected from control populations apparently free from malignant disease at the time of the test. An attempt is made to predict the number of unexplained positives, together with the expected age and sex distribution, using published cancer registration statistics. The predicted numbers are compared with the observed numbers of unexplained positives in two clinical trials of the MEM test."}
{"id": "PMID:883758", "title": "Acquired tracheobronchomalacia.", "content": "In a series of 2150 patients subjected to bronchoscopy 94 (4.5%) were found to have tracheobronchomalacia. Tracheomalacia alone was diagnosed in 21 patients (22%), tracheobronchomalacia in 59 (63%) and bronchomalacia alone in 14 (15%). Mild malacic changes were noted in 44 patients (47%), moderate in 38 (40.5%) and severe in 12 (12.5%). The main symptoms were dyspnoea (63%), chronic cough with expectoration (49%) and haemoptysis (33%), and the most frequent concurrent diseases chronic bronchitis (53%), bronchial cancer (27.5%) and pulmonary tuberculosis (19%). Bronchoscopy performed under local anaesthesia enabled the dynamics of the tracea and bronchi to be observed during spontaneous breathing and during coughing, and it is the best available diagnostic procedure. Histologically the number of longitudinal elastic fibres in the pars membranacea was clearly reduced throughout the whole tracheal area in one patient with tracheomalacia but no differences were found in the amount of collagen, mucopolysaccharides and elastin in the cartilages of trachea and bronchi. This disease seems to be associated with chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases such as chronic bronchitis, and it apparently shares the same aetiological factors.", "contents": "Acquired tracheobronchomalacia. In a series of 2150 patients subjected to bronchoscopy 94 (4.5%) were found to have tracheobronchomalacia. Tracheomalacia alone was diagnosed in 21 patients (22%), tracheobronchomalacia in 59 (63%) and bronchomalacia alone in 14 (15%). Mild malacic changes were noted in 44 patients (47%), moderate in 38 (40.5%) and severe in 12 (12.5%). The main symptoms were dyspnoea (63%), chronic cough with expectoration (49%) and haemoptysis (33%), and the most frequent concurrent diseases chronic bronchitis (53%), bronchial cancer (27.5%) and pulmonary tuberculosis (19%). Bronchoscopy performed under local anaesthesia enabled the dynamics of the tracea and bronchi to be observed during spontaneous breathing and during coughing, and it is the best available diagnostic procedure. Histologically the number of longitudinal elastic fibres in the pars membranacea was clearly reduced throughout the whole tracheal area in one patient with tracheomalacia but no differences were found in the amount of collagen, mucopolysaccharides and elastin in the cartilages of trachea and bronchi. This disease seems to be associated with chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases such as chronic bronchitis, and it apparently shares the same aetiological factors."}
{"id": "PMID:883759", "title": "Plasma renin activity in pregnant women with oedema treated with hydrochlorothiazide.", "content": "Fourteen pregnant women with oedema and inappropriate weight gain were treated with hydrochlorothiazide, 50 mg daily. Plasma renin activity (PRA) increased form 2.89 +/- 0.44 (mean +/- SEM) to 10.46 +/- 1.61 ng/ml/h after one week and remained high (10.07 +/- 1.36 ng/ml/h) after three weeks of drug therapy. Eight women were considered to be \"responsers\" because of a marked increase of PRA) (greater than 9.5 ng/ml/h) and six subjects ranked as \"weak responders\", with PRA increases of less than 6.0 ng/ml/h. These subgroups had different patterns of sodium excretion, weight loss and systolic blood pressure. The different reactivity of the renin-angiotensin system suggests that there may be at least two, basically different, types of pathophysiology in pregnancy associated edema.", "contents": "Plasma renin activity in pregnant women with oedema treated with hydrochlorothiazide. Fourteen pregnant women with oedema and inappropriate weight gain were treated with hydrochlorothiazide, 50 mg daily. Plasma renin activity (PRA) increased form 2.89 +/- 0.44 (mean +/- SEM) to 10.46 +/- 1.61 ng/ml/h after one week and remained high (10.07 +/- 1.36 ng/ml/h) after three weeks of drug therapy. Eight women were considered to be \"responsers\" because of a marked increase of PRA) (greater than 9.5 ng/ml/h) and six subjects ranked as \"weak responders\", with PRA increases of less than 6.0 ng/ml/h. These subgroups had different patterns of sodium excretion, weight loss and systolic blood pressure. The different reactivity of the renin-angiotensin system suggests that there may be at least two, basically different, types of pathophysiology in pregnancy associated edema."}
{"id": "PMID:883760", "title": "Electrocardiographic low-frequency QRS notching and ventilatory impairment in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis.", "content": "The occurrence of notching in the initial and terminal parts of the QRS complex of the ECG was studied in a series of 1072 patients with active or healed pulmonary tuberculosis. Terminal notchings were associated with ventilatory impairment: in the male group the percentage of patients with terminal notching increased from 5 to 20% as the FEV1.0% decreased from larger than or equal to 80 to below 40. Initial notchings were not associated with ventilatory impairment. The relationships were similar when studied separately in groups with and without left heart disease.", "contents": "Electrocardiographic low-frequency QRS notching and ventilatory impairment in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis. The occurrence of notching in the initial and terminal parts of the QRS complex of the ECG was studied in a series of 1072 patients with active or healed pulmonary tuberculosis. Terminal notchings were associated with ventilatory impairment: in the male group the percentage of patients with terminal notching increased from 5 to 20% as the FEV1.0% decreased from larger than or equal to 80 to below 40. Initial notchings were not associated with ventilatory impairment. The relationships were similar when studied separately in groups with and without left heart disease."}
{"id": "PMID:883761", "title": "Urinary chromium excretion and atherosclerotic manifestations in two Finnish male populations.", "content": "The urinary exretion of chromium was studied for relationships to atherosclerotic diseases in two rural Finnish male populations, aged 55 to 74; one from eastern Finland, the other from the southwestern part of the country. A 10-year follow-up had shown a particularly high mortality from coronary heart disease in the eastern area where the concentrations of chromium in the drinking water were lower than in the western area. The 24-hr urinary excretions of chromium of the two populations were markedly low (east, mean +/- SEM, 3.60 +/- 0.15 microgram; west, 3.74 +/- 0.13 microgram), suggesting a suboptimal chromium intake in both populations. No consistent differences were found in urinary chromium excretions between groups with atherosclerotic diseases and reference groups. The role of low chromium intake in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis deserves further study.", "contents": "Urinary chromium excretion and atherosclerotic manifestations in two Finnish male populations. The urinary exretion of chromium was studied for relationships to atherosclerotic diseases in two rural Finnish male populations, aged 55 to 74; one from eastern Finland, the other from the southwestern part of the country. A 10-year follow-up had shown a particularly high mortality from coronary heart disease in the eastern area where the concentrations of chromium in the drinking water were lower than in the western area. The 24-hr urinary excretions of chromium of the two populations were markedly low (east, mean +/- SEM, 3.60 +/- 0.15 microgram; west, 3.74 +/- 0.13 microgram), suggesting a suboptimal chromium intake in both populations. No consistent differences were found in urinary chromium excretions between groups with atherosclerotic diseases and reference groups. The role of low chromium intake in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis deserves further study."}
{"id": "PMID:883762", "title": "Missed sacral fractures.", "content": "During 1974 156 patients with pelvic fractures were admitted to our hospital. Of them 63 (40.4%) had double vertical lesions, which broke the pelvic ring in two sites. In 12 patients the diagnosis of a sacral hairline fracture was not made initially. The difficulties in making a radiological diagnosis are mainly due to the curved form of the sacrum in plain radiographs. The use of sophisticated radiological methods does not remove the difficulties. Double lesions were missed most often in elderly female patients with low-energy hairline fractures in osteoporotic sacra. The typical indirect signs observed in combination with sacral fractures were no help in the search for these missed hairline fractures, and the contribution of these fractures to the prediction of dangerous complications can be regarded as minimal.", "contents": "Missed sacral fractures. During 1974 156 patients with pelvic fractures were admitted to our hospital. Of them 63 (40.4%) had double vertical lesions, which broke the pelvic ring in two sites. In 12 patients the diagnosis of a sacral hairline fracture was not made initially. The difficulties in making a radiological diagnosis are mainly due to the curved form of the sacrum in plain radiographs. The use of sophisticated radiological methods does not remove the difficulties. Double lesions were missed most often in elderly female patients with low-energy hairline fractures in osteoporotic sacra. The typical indirect signs observed in combination with sacral fractures were no help in the search for these missed hairline fractures, and the contribution of these fractures to the prediction of dangerous complications can be regarded as minimal."}
{"id": "PMID:883763", "title": "Effect of cardioselective beta-blockade by metoprolol on the phasic myocardial blood content and epi/endocardial ratio.", "content": "Using I131-albumin labelling of plasma and a special biopsy cutting device, the blood content of the subendocardium and subepicardium was determined in guinea pig hearts. Measurements were done both in untreated animals and after intravenous administration of metoprolol, a new cardioselective beta-blocking compound. The data were compared with results obtained with propranolol and practolol. Metoprolol decreased the blood content less than propranolol. Practolol in a small dose even increased the blood content in the subendocardium in end-systole. The heart rate decreased by about the same magnitude after all the compounds tested, suggesting that the cardioselectivity of metoprolol was the likely explanation for its differing response from propranolol.", "contents": "Effect of cardioselective beta-blockade by metoprolol on the phasic myocardial blood content and epi/endocardial ratio. Using I131-albumin labelling of plasma and a special biopsy cutting device, the blood content of the subendocardium and subepicardium was determined in guinea pig hearts. Measurements were done both in untreated animals and after intravenous administration of metoprolol, a new cardioselective beta-blocking compound. The data were compared with results obtained with propranolol and practolol. Metoprolol decreased the blood content less than propranolol. Practolol in a small dose even increased the blood content in the subendocardium in end-systole. The heart rate decreased by about the same magnitude after all the compounds tested, suggesting that the cardioselectivity of metoprolol was the likely explanation for its differing response from propranolol."}
{"id": "PMID:883781", "title": "[Use of flour from sunflower oil cake in the biosynthesis of antigungal antibiotics].", "content": "The possibility of replacing soybean meal and corn-steep liquor by food wastes of the oilpress industry and the meal of the sunflower oil cake in particular is discussed as applied to the fermentation media for production of antifungal antibiotics, such as levorin, mycoheptin, amphotericin. The studies showed that replacement of soybean meal by sunflower oil cake meal with simultaneous increasing of the amount of carbohydrates in the medium increased the levorin levels by 60--70 per cent as compared to the media used at present. When soybean meal and corn-steep liquor were simultaneously replaced by sunflower oil cake meal in amounts of 3--4 per cent the levels of mycoheptin in the fermentation broth increased by 30--65 per cent respectively. Replacement of soybean meal and corn-steep liquor by 3 per cent of sunflow oil cake meal in the medium used presently increased the amphotericin levels by 27 percent as compared to the control. Therefore, sunflower oil cake meal is a substitute of full value for soybean meal and corn-steep liquor in the fermentation media for production of antifungal antibiotics.", "contents": "[Use of flour from sunflower oil cake in the biosynthesis of antigungal antibiotics]. The possibility of replacing soybean meal and corn-steep liquor by food wastes of the oilpress industry and the meal of the sunflower oil cake in particular is discussed as applied to the fermentation media for production of antifungal antibiotics, such as levorin, mycoheptin, amphotericin. The studies showed that replacement of soybean meal by sunflower oil cake meal with simultaneous increasing of the amount of carbohydrates in the medium increased the levorin levels by 60--70 per cent as compared to the media used at present. When soybean meal and corn-steep liquor were simultaneously replaced by sunflower oil cake meal in amounts of 3--4 per cent the levels of mycoheptin in the fermentation broth increased by 30--65 per cent respectively. Replacement of soybean meal and corn-steep liquor by 3 per cent of sunflow oil cake meal in the medium used presently increased the amphotericin levels by 27 percent as compared to the control. Therefore, sunflower oil cake meal is a substitute of full value for soybean meal and corn-steep liquor in the fermentation media for production of antifungal antibiotics."}
{"id": "PMID:883782", "title": "[Sensitivity to antibiotics of bacteria of the genus Citrobacter isolated from patients with acute intestinal infections of unclear etiology].", "content": "Sensitivity of Citrobacter isolated from the patients with acute gastro-intestinal infections of unknown etiology in Volgograd was studied. The antibiotic sensitivity to antibiotics was determined by the method of dilution in nutrient agar. Most of the isolates were sensitive to kanamycin, tetracycline and polymyxin. All strains were resistant to ristomycin. The sensitivity of the local strains differed from that described in the literature. Among sero groups 05, 08 and 023 all strains were resistant to oleandomycin, lincomycin and ristomycin. Polyresistant strains of Citrobacter were registered in Volgograd. The greater part (79 per cent) of the strains were simultaneously resistant to 4-6 antibiotics.", "contents": "[Sensitivity to antibiotics of bacteria of the genus Citrobacter isolated from patients with acute intestinal infections of unclear etiology]. Sensitivity of Citrobacter isolated from the patients with acute gastro-intestinal infections of unknown etiology in Volgograd was studied. The antibiotic sensitivity to antibiotics was determined by the method of dilution in nutrient agar. Most of the isolates were sensitive to kanamycin, tetracycline and polymyxin. All strains were resistant to ristomycin. The sensitivity of the local strains differed from that described in the literature. Among sero groups 05, 08 and 023 all strains were resistant to oleandomycin, lincomycin and ristomycin. Polyresistant strains of Citrobacter were registered in Volgograd. The greater part (79 per cent) of the strains were simultaneously resistant to 4-6 antibiotics."}
{"id": "PMID:883783", "title": "[Microflora of the nasal cavity and its sensitivity to antibiotics in patients with chronic rhinitis treated by cryotherapy].", "content": "Cryotherapy is used in treatment of chronic rhinitis and pharyngitis. The effect of cryotherapy on the qualitative and quantitative composition of the microflora was studied. Staphylococci prevailed in the rhinitis patients, streptococci, Clebsiella and Neisseria being registered more rarely. The staphlococcal isolates were  highly sensitive to monomycin, neomycin, erythromycin and levomycetin. The results of the dynamic study showed that the flora composition did not significantly change during cryotherapy and the sensitivity level of the staphylococcal isolates to the antibodies remained unchanged.", "contents": "[Microflora of the nasal cavity and its sensitivity to antibiotics in patients with chronic rhinitis treated by cryotherapy]. Cryotherapy is used in treatment of chronic rhinitis and pharyngitis. The effect of cryotherapy on the qualitative and quantitative composition of the microflora was studied. Staphylococci prevailed in the rhinitis patients, streptococci, Clebsiella and Neisseria being registered more rarely. The staphlococcal isolates were  highly sensitive to monomycin, neomycin, erythromycin and levomycetin. The results of the dynamic study showed that the flora composition did not significantly change during cryotherapy and the sensitivity level of the staphylococcal isolates to the antibodies remained unchanged."}
{"id": "PMID:883784", "title": "[Effect of synthetic poly-electrolytes of the cationic type on staphylococcal sensitivity to benzylpenicillin].", "content": "The study of the effect of synthetic polyelectrolites of the cationic type on benzylpenicillin resistant staphylococci showed that the cation polyelectrolites induced changes in the cell membrane permeability and increased penicillin absorption by the cells thus increasing sensitivity of the penicillin-resistant staphylococci to the antibiotic. Low inhibitory effect of the polyelectrolites with respect to penicillinase and hyaluronidase was shown. Changes in the membrane apparatus of staphylococcus cells due to the effect of polyelectrolites were found.", "contents": "[Effect of synthetic poly-electrolytes of the cationic type on staphylococcal sensitivity to benzylpenicillin]. The study of the effect of synthetic polyelectrolites of the cationic type on benzylpenicillin resistant staphylococci showed that the cation polyelectrolites induced changes in the cell membrane permeability and increased penicillin absorption by the cells thus increasing sensitivity of the penicillin-resistant staphylococci to the antibiotic. Low inhibitory effect of the polyelectrolites with respect to penicillinase and hyaluronidase was shown. Changes in the membrane apparatus of staphylococcus cells due to the effect of polyelectrolites were found."}
{"id": "PMID:883785", "title": "[Results of a study of the pharmacokinetics of actinomycete RNAase in the bodies of white rats].", "content": "The pharmacokinetics of RNA-ase from Act. rimosus was studied on albino rats. The enzyme activity in the biological tests was determined spectrophotometrically by the increase of the acid-soluble products formed as a result of RNA-ase effect on RNA. The preparation was rapidly absorbed into the blood and organs, the maximum levels in the blood and organs being observed 30 minutes and 1 hour after the preparation administration. The preparation levels in the organs with the exception of the liver and kidneys were rather low. The highest levels observed in the kidneys and liver were 19.6 and 3.37 per cent respectively on the RNA-ase amount administered. Within the first 3 hours of the enzyme administration insignificant amounts of the substance were registered in the urine. Penetration of RNA-ase through the hemato-encephalic barrier was low.", "contents": "[Results of a study of the pharmacokinetics of actinomycete RNAase in the bodies of white rats]. The pharmacokinetics of RNA-ase from Act. rimosus was studied on albino rats. The enzyme activity in the biological tests was determined spectrophotometrically by the increase of the acid-soluble products formed as a result of RNA-ase effect on RNA. The preparation was rapidly absorbed into the blood and organs, the maximum levels in the blood and organs being observed 30 minutes and 1 hour after the preparation administration. The preparation levels in the organs with the exception of the liver and kidneys were rather low. The highest levels observed in the kidneys and liver were 19.6 and 3.37 per cent respectively on the RNA-ase amount administered. Within the first 3 hours of the enzyme administration insignificant amounts of the substance were registered in the urine. Penetration of RNA-ase through the hemato-encephalic barrier was low."}
{"id": "PMID:883786", "title": "[Optimal regime of intravenous administration of lincomycin in osteomyelitis].", "content": "The pharmacokinetics of lincomycin in the blood of 8 patients with osteomyelitis was studied on the drug single and uninterrupted intravenous administration in therapeutic doses. It was found that when the antibiotic was administered continuously according to the routine scheme, its therapeutic blood levels were attained only 1.5 hours after the drug infusion. The optimal regimen of lincomycin uninterrupted infusion providing its constant rate in combination with the single intravenous administration was estimated with the help of the constants of the two-compartment model of lincomycin pharmacokinetics. According to the calculations the rate of the antibiotic  administration necessary for providing therapeutic levels should be 2.2 mg/kg in complex with the loading dose equal to 5.4 mg/kg. Practical trials showed that intravenous administration of lincomycin with the above regimen remained within therapeutic range already 10 to 20 minutes after the beginning of the drug infusion. Therefore, from the pharmacokinetic point of view the recommended regimen for lincomycin infusion should be considered preferable to that used presently.", "contents": "[Optimal regime of intravenous administration of lincomycin in osteomyelitis]. The pharmacokinetics of lincomycin in the blood of 8 patients with osteomyelitis was studied on the drug single and uninterrupted intravenous administration in therapeutic doses. It was found that when the antibiotic was administered continuously according to the routine scheme, its therapeutic blood levels were attained only 1.5 hours after the drug infusion. The optimal regimen of lincomycin uninterrupted infusion providing its constant rate in combination with the single intravenous administration was estimated with the help of the constants of the two-compartment model of lincomycin pharmacokinetics. According to the calculations the rate of the antibiotic  administration necessary for providing therapeutic levels should be 2.2 mg/kg in complex with the loading dose equal to 5.4 mg/kg. Practical trials showed that intravenous administration of lincomycin with the above regimen remained within therapeutic range already 10 to 20 minutes after the beginning of the drug infusion. Therefore, from the pharmacokinetic point of view the recommended regimen for lincomycin infusion should be considered preferable to that used presently."}
{"id": "PMID:883787", "title": "[Effect of successive cyclic administration of oleandomycin and tetracycline on the immunogenic reactivity and indices of non-specific bodily resistance in experimental staphylococcal sepsis].", "content": "The effect of subsequent cyclic administration of oleandomycin and tetracycline on the titer of the complement, the content of lysozyme, the bactericidal properties of the serum and the presence of the antibiotic specific antibodies in the blood serum found in the Hoigne reaction were studied on rabbits. It was found that the subsequent cyclic administration of the antibiotics to both the intact animals and the animals with experimental staphylococcal sepsis was accompanied by an increase in the titer of the complement only on the 7th day of administration of oleandomycin, the first antibiotic. The subsequent administration of tetracycline and especially discontinuation of the antibiotics use resulted in a significant, stable and prolonged decrease in the complement titer. The cyclic subsequent administration of oleandomycin and tetracycline for 7 days was accompanied by an increase in the lysozyme content and serum bactericidal properties. Changes in the factors of non-specific resistance under the effect of the subsequent cyclic administration of oleandomycin and tetracycline on both the intact animals and the animals with experimental staphylococcal sepsis were accompanied by an appearance, progressive increase and prolonged preservation in the serum of the antibiotic specific antibodies found in the Hoigne reaction. A possibility of producing specific antibodies simultaneously to the 2 antibiotics, i. e. oleandomycin and tetracycline in their administration in subsequent 7-day cycles was shown.", "contents": "[Effect of successive cyclic administration of oleandomycin and tetracycline on the immunogenic reactivity and indices of non-specific bodily resistance in experimental staphylococcal sepsis]. The effect of subsequent cyclic administration of oleandomycin and tetracycline on the titer of the complement, the content of lysozyme, the bactericidal properties of the serum and the presence of the antibiotic specific antibodies in the blood serum found in the Hoigne reaction were studied on rabbits. It was found that the subsequent cyclic administration of the antibiotics to both the intact animals and the animals with experimental staphylococcal sepsis was accompanied by an increase in the titer of the complement only on the 7th day of administration of oleandomycin, the first antibiotic. The subsequent administration of tetracycline and especially discontinuation of the antibiotics use resulted in a significant, stable and prolonged decrease in the complement titer. The cyclic subsequent administration of oleandomycin and tetracycline for 7 days was accompanied by an increase in the lysozyme content and serum bactericidal properties. Changes in the factors of non-specific resistance under the effect of the subsequent cyclic administration of oleandomycin and tetracycline on both the intact animals and the animals with experimental staphylococcal sepsis were accompanied by an appearance, progressive increase and prolonged preservation in the serum of the antibiotic specific antibodies found in the Hoigne reaction. A possibility of producing specific antibodies simultaneously to the 2 antibiotics, i. e. oleandomycin and tetracycline in their administration in subsequent 7-day cycles was shown."}
{"id": "PMID:883788", "title": "[Effect of semi-synthetic penicillins and cephaloridine on indices of immunologic reactivity and protein metabolism during treatment of puerperal infection].", "content": "The effect of semisynthetic penicillins, such as methicillin and oxacillin and cephalosporins, such as cephaloridin of immunity and protein metabolism was studied on 63 patients with postnatal mastitis and endomyometritis. It was shown that the above antibiotics had no significant effect on the immunological reactivity and protein metabolism. However, lower titers of alpha-antitoxin, lysine levels and C-reactive protein content were registered in the mastitis patients treated with cephaloridin. Therefore, while recomending antibacterial drugs their effect on the immunity and protein metabolism should be taken into account and from this point of view semisynthetic penicillins are preferable in treatment of mastitis patients and semisynthetic penicillins and cephaloridin are preferable in treatment of endomyometritis patients.", "contents": "[Effect of semi-synthetic penicillins and cephaloridine on indices of immunologic reactivity and protein metabolism during treatment of puerperal infection]. The effect of semisynthetic penicillins, such as methicillin and oxacillin and cephalosporins, such as cephaloridin of immunity and protein metabolism was studied on 63 patients with postnatal mastitis and endomyometritis. It was shown that the above antibiotics had no significant effect on the immunological reactivity and protein metabolism. However, lower titers of alpha-antitoxin, lysine levels and C-reactive protein content were registered in the mastitis patients treated with cephaloridin. Therefore, while recomending antibacterial drugs their effect on the immunity and protein metabolism should be taken into account and from this point of view semisynthetic penicillins are preferable in treatment of mastitis patients and semisynthetic penicillins and cephaloridin are preferable in treatment of endomyometritis patients."}
{"id": "PMID:883789", "title": "[Effect of several antibiotics and their combination with prodigiozan on Y. pestis EV, engulfed by macrophages].", "content": "The effect of various antibiotics, such as streptomycin, gentamicin, ampicillin, benzylpenicillin, tetracycline, chlortetracycline and levomycetin on the plague bacteria (strain Y. pestis EV) located inside the cells was studied. Peritoneal macrophages of albino mice with aceptic inflammation of the abdominal cavity caused by intraperitoneal administration of 2 ml of sterile meat-peptone broth were used in the experiments. The ratio of the macrophages and microbes was 1 : 50. A part of the mice were treated with prodigiozan 24 hours before taking the exudate. The preparations of the macrophages of albino mice with the microbes absorbed by them served as the control. The effect of the antibiotics and their combinations with prodigiozan was stimated by the coefficient of multiplication suppression against the control. The observations were made in dynamics. The studies showed that the macrophage activity of the mice treated with prodigiozan after exposure to the antibiotics was reliably higher than that in the control and digestion of the microbes located inside the cells started earlier, providing more complete phagocytosis.", "contents": "[Effect of several antibiotics and their combination with prodigiozan on Y. pestis EV, engulfed by macrophages]. The effect of various antibiotics, such as streptomycin, gentamicin, ampicillin, benzylpenicillin, tetracycline, chlortetracycline and levomycetin on the plague bacteria (strain Y. pestis EV) located inside the cells was studied. Peritoneal macrophages of albino mice with aceptic inflammation of the abdominal cavity caused by intraperitoneal administration of 2 ml of sterile meat-peptone broth were used in the experiments. The ratio of the macrophages and microbes was 1 : 50. A part of the mice were treated with prodigiozan 24 hours before taking the exudate. The preparations of the macrophages of albino mice with the microbes absorbed by them served as the control. The effect of the antibiotics and their combinations with prodigiozan was stimated by the coefficient of multiplication suppression against the control. The observations were made in dynamics. The studies showed that the macrophage activity of the mice treated with prodigiozan after exposure to the antibiotics was reliably higher than that in the control and digestion of the microbes located inside the cells started earlier, providing more complete phagocytosis."}
{"id": "PMID:883790", "title": "[Cytotoxic and antitumor effect of antibiotic PSX-1 in vitro and in vivo].", "content": "The inhibitory effect of antibiotic PSX-1 on tumour cells was studied in vitro and in vivo. The antibiotic inhibited above all the utilization of the added 14C-labelled uridine and adenine in EAC cells. After a short exposure to PSX-1 (180 min) the synthesis of nucleic acids and proteins in EAC proliferating in vitro was suppressed. Antibiotic PSX-1 in concentrations of about 2.5 mg/ml showed relatively low toxicity on normal human fibroblasts but caused a marked cytotoxic and cytopathic effect on tumour cells. A potential antitumor effect of PSX-1 was evaluated in vivo by using gradually EAC and L 1210 tumours. All the animals treated with the antibiotic in doses of 2.5--5.0 mg/kg/day with the use of EAC and 5.0 mg/kg/day with the use of L 1210 survived for 90 and 40 days respectively and no tumours developed in the treated mice during this period.", "contents": "[Cytotoxic and antitumor effect of antibiotic PSX-1 in vitro and in vivo]. The inhibitory effect of antibiotic PSX-1 on tumour cells was studied in vitro and in vivo. The antibiotic inhibited above all the utilization of the added 14C-labelled uridine and adenine in EAC cells. After a short exposure to PSX-1 (180 min) the synthesis of nucleic acids and proteins in EAC proliferating in vitro was suppressed. Antibiotic PSX-1 in concentrations of about 2.5 mg/ml showed relatively low toxicity on normal human fibroblasts but caused a marked cytotoxic and cytopathic effect on tumour cells. A potential antitumor effect of PSX-1 was evaluated in vivo by using gradually EAC and L 1210 tumours. All the animals treated with the antibiotic in doses of 2.5--5.0 mg/kg/day with the use of EAC and 5.0 mg/kg/day with the use of L 1210 survived for 90 and 40 days respectively and no tumours developed in the treated mice during this period."}
{"id": "PMID:883792", "title": "[Penetration of oleandomycin into the subarachnoid space of neurosurgical patients].", "content": "Penetration of oleandomycin into the subarachnoid space in neurosurgical patients treated with the drug administered orally and intramuscularly in doses of 375 and 500 mg respectively was studied. The oleandomycin levels in the blood and cerobrospinal fluid were determined after a single administration of the antibiotic at an interval of 30 minutes to 7 hours. A total of 52 observations were recorded. Relation between oleandomycin penetration into the cerebrospinal fluid from the blood and the administration route was shown. The index of penetration through the blood-liquor barrier for the antibiotic intramuscular or oral administration was 9--70 and 3--40 per cent respectively. The maximum concentrations of the drug in the liquor were found in the patients with the clinical picture of meningitis.", "contents": "[Penetration of oleandomycin into the subarachnoid space of neurosurgical patients]. Penetration of oleandomycin into the subarachnoid space in neurosurgical patients treated with the drug administered orally and intramuscularly in doses of 375 and 500 mg respectively was studied. The oleandomycin levels in the blood and cerobrospinal fluid were determined after a single administration of the antibiotic at an interval of 30 minutes to 7 hours. A total of 52 observations were recorded. Relation between oleandomycin penetration into the cerebrospinal fluid from the blood and the administration route was shown. The index of penetration through the blood-liquor barrier for the antibiotic intramuscular or oral administration was 9--70 and 3--40 per cent respectively. The maximum concentrations of the drug in the liquor were found in the patients with the clinical picture of meningitis."}
{"id": "PMID:883793", "title": "[Formation of a new antibiotic, nocamycin, by a culture of Nocardiopsis syringae sp. nov].", "content": "A culture of a new actinomycetous species, Nocardiopsis syrinage was isolated from a soil sample. The antibiotic produced by it was named nocamycin. It accumulated in the culture fluid on cultivation of the organism in a nutrient medium containing soybean meal, glycerin, sodium chloride and calcium carbonate. Crystalline nocamycin had an antitumor effect. In inhibited by 72--73 per cent the development of an intraperitoneally implanted lymphadenosis of strain NK/LI in mice.", "contents": "[Formation of a new antibiotic, nocamycin, by a culture of Nocardiopsis syringae sp. nov]. A culture of a new actinomycetous species, Nocardiopsis syrinage was isolated from a soil sample. The antibiotic produced by it was named nocamycin. It accumulated in the culture fluid on cultivation of the organism in a nutrient medium containing soybean meal, glycerin, sodium chloride and calcium carbonate. Crystalline nocamycin had an antitumor effect. In inhibited by 72--73 per cent the development of an intraperitoneally implanted lymphadenosis of strain NK/LI in mice."}
{"id": "PMID:883794", "title": "[Study of the dynamics of hepataene and pentaene formation by a culture of Streptoverticillium mucoheptinicum strain 44B/1 in the process of biosynthesis].", "content": "In the process of growth Streptoverticillium mycoheptinicum, strain 44B/I produced simultaneously a two-component pentaenic antibiotic (mycopenten) and a heptaenic antibiotic (mycoheptin) by the 1st day of cultivation. The ratio of the components remained constant during the whole fermentation process. When grown on the medium with sodium thiosulfate (under conditions of the changed medium potential) the culture produced the heptaen and a mixture of the components with the background absorption of the UV spectrum at 290--360 nm. The ratio of the heptaen and the mixture was also constant during the whole fermentation process.", "contents": "[Study of the dynamics of hepataene and pentaene formation by a culture of Streptoverticillium mucoheptinicum strain 44B/1 in the process of biosynthesis]. In the process of growth Streptoverticillium mycoheptinicum, strain 44B/I produced simultaneously a two-component pentaenic antibiotic (mycopenten) and a heptaenic antibiotic (mycoheptin) by the 1st day of cultivation. The ratio of the components remained constant during the whole fermentation process. When grown on the medium with sodium thiosulfate (under conditions of the changed medium potential) the culture produced the heptaen and a mixture of the components with the background absorption of the UV spectrum at 290--360 nm. The ratio of the heptaen and the mixture was also constant during the whole fermentation process."}
{"id": "PMID:883795", "title": "[Intensification of the action of antibiotics with cationic surface-active substances].", "content": "The antimicrobial effect of cationic surface-active substances, such as cetylpyridinyi chloride, alkylmethylbenzylammonium chloride (\"roccal\" and \"catamine AB\") and chlorhexidine was studied in vitro. The above compounds had a high bactericidal activity against poly-resistant staphylococcal strains. In non-bactericidal concentrations they significantly increased the efficacy of antibiotcs with different modes of action, i.e. penicillins, tetracyclines, amino-glycosides, macrolides. The effect of the cationic surface-active substances increasing the antibiotic activity against staphylococci did not depend on the resistance type, i.e. chromosomal or extrachromosomal. This was mainly associated with impairement of the function of the bacterial cytoplasmic membrane by these compounds. The cationic surface-active compounds were poor inhibitors of the specific enzyme of Bac. licheninformis 749/C, i.e. penicillinase. A marked inhibition of the enzyme was observed only at concentrations above the bactericidal ones and those damaging the cell membrane of staphylococci.", "contents": "[Intensification of the action of antibiotics with cationic surface-active substances]. The antimicrobial effect of cationic surface-active substances, such as cetylpyridinyi chloride, alkylmethylbenzylammonium chloride (\"roccal\" and \"catamine AB\") and chlorhexidine was studied in vitro. The above compounds had a high bactericidal activity against poly-resistant staphylococcal strains. In non-bactericidal concentrations they significantly increased the efficacy of antibiotcs with different modes of action, i.e. penicillins, tetracyclines, amino-glycosides, macrolides. The effect of the cationic surface-active substances increasing the antibiotic activity against staphylococci did not depend on the resistance type, i.e. chromosomal or extrachromosomal. This was mainly associated with impairement of the function of the bacterial cytoplasmic membrane by these compounds. The cationic surface-active compounds were poor inhibitors of the specific enzyme of Bac. licheninformis 749/C, i.e. penicillinase. A marked inhibition of the enzyme was observed only at concentrations above the bactericidal ones and those damaging the cell membrane of staphylococci."}
{"id": "PMID:883796", "title": "[Antibiotic sensitivity of Staph. aureus strains isolated from the upper respiratory tracts of healthy carriers].", "content": "Sensitivity of 1004 cultures of Staph. aureus isolated from the upper respiratory tracts of the staff of a maternity hospital was studied by the method of serial dilutions in agar with respect to 11 antibiotics. It was found that 61.9, 39.5 and 16.5 per cent of the isolates were resistant to benzylpenicillin, tetracycline and levomycetin respectively. Most of the cultures were sensitive to streptomycin and oleandomycin. The cultures of Staph. aureus isolated from the staff were sensitive to low doses of kanamycin, oxacillin and lincomycin. Most of the isolates were inhibited only by high doses of methicillin, ampicillin, ristomycin and cephaloridin.", "contents": "[Antibiotic sensitivity of Staph. aureus strains isolated from the upper respiratory tracts of healthy carriers]. Sensitivity of 1004 cultures of Staph. aureus isolated from the upper respiratory tracts of the staff of a maternity hospital was studied by the method of serial dilutions in agar with respect to 11 antibiotics. It was found that 61.9, 39.5 and 16.5 per cent of the isolates were resistant to benzylpenicillin, tetracycline and levomycetin respectively. Most of the cultures were sensitive to streptomycin and oleandomycin. The cultures of Staph. aureus isolated from the staff were sensitive to low doses of kanamycin, oxacillin and lincomycin. Most of the isolates were inhibited only by high doses of methicillin, ampicillin, ristomycin and cephaloridin."}
{"id": "PMID:883797", "title": "[Drug resistance of hospital strains of Staphylococcus epidermidis belonging to different biological types].", "content": "A total of 567 strains of Staph. epidermidis isolated from the bacteria carriers in several surgical units were studied. The cultures were typed according to the method developed by the authors. Their resistance to 12 antibiotics, mercuric chloride and cadmium sulphate was determined. Comparison of the strain biotypes and their drug resistance showed in some cases statistically significant correlation. It should be especially noted that staphylococci with pronounced polyresistance (simultaneous resistance to 7--12 antibiotics) prevailed among the strains belonging to biotypes 1 and 3.", "contents": "[Drug resistance of hospital strains of Staphylococcus epidermidis belonging to different biological types]. A total of 567 strains of Staph. epidermidis isolated from the bacteria carriers in several surgical units were studied. The cultures were typed according to the method developed by the authors. Their resistance to 12 antibiotics, mercuric chloride and cadmium sulphate was determined. Comparison of the strain biotypes and their drug resistance showed in some cases statistically significant correlation. It should be especially noted that staphylococci with pronounced polyresistance (simultaneous resistance to 7--12 antibiotics) prevailed among the strains belonging to biotypes 1 and 3."}
{"id": "PMID:883798", "title": "[Drug resistance of staphylococci to chemotherapeutic preparations].", "content": "A total of 640 strains of pathogenic staphylococci isolated from patients in Kiev in 1971--1975 were studied. High percentage of strains resistant to benzylpenicillin, tetracycline, streptomycin, chloramphenicol and ampicillin was registered. Strains resistant to erythromycin and oleandomycin amounted to 34.4 and 21.5 per cent respectively. Most of the strains proved to be sensitive to neomycin, monomycin, kanamycin, methicillin, oxacillin, lincomycin,rifampicin, ceporin and novobiocin. Strains resistant to ristomycin or oxychinolinic and nitrofuranic drugs were not found among pathogenic staphylococci.", "contents": "[Drug resistance of staphylococci to chemotherapeutic preparations]. A total of 640 strains of pathogenic staphylococci isolated from patients in Kiev in 1971--1975 were studied. High percentage of strains resistant to benzylpenicillin, tetracycline, streptomycin, chloramphenicol and ampicillin was registered. Strains resistant to erythromycin and oleandomycin amounted to 34.4 and 21.5 per cent respectively. Most of the strains proved to be sensitive to neomycin, monomycin, kanamycin, methicillin, oxacillin, lincomycin,rifampicin, ceporin and novobiocin. Strains resistant to ristomycin or oxychinolinic and nitrofuranic drugs were not found among pathogenic staphylococci."}
{"id": "PMID:883799", "title": "[Pharmacology of rifampicin].", "content": "The data on pharmacological study of rifampicin prepared at the All-Union Research Institute of Antibiotics are presented. It was found that by its acute toxicity the drug conformed to rifampicin manufactured by \"Lepetit (Italy). When it was administered for a prolonged period of time to rats in doses equivalent to the therapeutic ones for humans, the drug had no effect on the cardiovascular system, the function of the liver and kidneys, growth and debelopment of the rats, the pictures of the peripheral blood. When rifampicin was used in doses 4--8 times higher than the therapeutic ones, it sometimes induced a decrease in the erythrocyte count and hemoglobin level, changes in the liver function, a reliable arrest of the rat growth, some changes in the liver and gastric mucosa revealed on histological examination. No allergic properties of rifampicin were observed in guinea pigs of light colour. No differences in the effect of rifampicin of the Soviet, Italian and Polish production were found.", "contents": "[Pharmacology of rifampicin]. The data on pharmacological study of rifampicin prepared at the All-Union Research Institute of Antibiotics are presented. It was found that by its acute toxicity the drug conformed to rifampicin manufactured by \"Lepetit (Italy). When it was administered for a prolonged period of time to rats in doses equivalent to the therapeutic ones for humans, the drug had no effect on the cardiovascular system, the function of the liver and kidneys, growth and debelopment of the rats, the pictures of the peripheral blood. When rifampicin was used in doses 4--8 times higher than the therapeutic ones, it sometimes induced a decrease in the erythrocyte count and hemoglobin level, changes in the liver function, a reliable arrest of the rat growth, some changes in the liver and gastric mucosa revealed on histological examination. No allergic properties of rifampicin were observed in guinea pigs of light colour. No differences in the effect of rifampicin of the Soviet, Italian and Polish production were found."}
{"id": "PMID:883800", "title": "[Cytomorphological study of lincomycin toxicity].", "content": "It was concluded on the basis of the analysis pf the experimental data that lincomycin had a low cytotoxic effect in cell culture and exerted no embryotoxic effect on chick embryoes. Histological examinations showed that on intravenous administration lincomycin had a low irritating effect on the vessel walls and on intramuscular administration it had an insignificant irritating effect without any signs of total toxic effect.", "contents": "[Cytomorphological study of lincomycin toxicity]. It was concluded on the basis of the analysis pf the experimental data that lincomycin had a low cytotoxic effect in cell culture and exerted no embryotoxic effect on chick embryoes. Histological examinations showed that on intravenous administration lincomycin had a low irritating effect on the vessel walls and on intramuscular administration it had an insignificant irritating effect without any signs of total toxic effect."}
{"id": "PMID:883801", "title": "[Effect of the anthracycline antineoplastic antibiotics, rubomycin and carminomycin, on the glycogen and nucleic acid content in the myocardium of white mice].", "content": "The effect of 2 anthracycline antibiotics, i.e. rubomycin and karminomycin on the content of glycogen, RNA and DNA in the cardiac muscle of albino mice was studied on their five-fold intravenous administration once every 5 days in equieffect doses by the lethal outcome. It was found that under the effect of the above antibiotics accumulation of glycogen in the cardiac muscle of mice took place, this was most pronounced in the animals treated with karminomycin in doses of 2.15 mg/kg. A decrease in the absolute content of RNA and DNA in the mouse heart after the first 4 administrations and in the ratio of RNA to DNA was observed as compared to the analogous values in the control animals at the account of a more intensive decrease in the content of RNA than that of DNA.", "contents": "[Effect of the anthracycline antineoplastic antibiotics, rubomycin and carminomycin, on the glycogen and nucleic acid content in the myocardium of white mice]. The effect of 2 anthracycline antibiotics, i.e. rubomycin and karminomycin on the content of glycogen, RNA and DNA in the cardiac muscle of albino mice was studied on their five-fold intravenous administration once every 5 days in equieffect doses by the lethal outcome. It was found that under the effect of the above antibiotics accumulation of glycogen in the cardiac muscle of mice took place, this was most pronounced in the animals treated with karminomycin in doses of 2.15 mg/kg. A decrease in the absolute content of RNA and DNA in the mouse heart after the first 4 administrations and in the ratio of RNA to DNA was observed as compared to the analogous values in the control animals at the account of a more intensive decrease in the content of RNA than that of DNA."}
{"id": "PMID:883802", "title": "[Study of the equilibrium conditions for the extractive purification of oleandomycin].", "content": "Dependence of the oleandomycin distribution coefficient on the antibiotic concentration, duration of the filtrate storage, extraction temperature and salting-out agents was studied. The distribution coefficient of oleandomycin in the system of fermentation broth filtrate--butylacetate was much lower (about 3 times) than that in the system of oleandomycin phosphate aqueous solution--butylacetate. Addition of sodium sulfate to the aqueous phase provided a significant increase in the oleandomycin distribution coefficient.", "contents": "[Study of the equilibrium conditions for the extractive purification of oleandomycin]. Dependence of the oleandomycin distribution coefficient on the antibiotic concentration, duration of the filtrate storage, extraction temperature and salting-out agents was studied. The distribution coefficient of oleandomycin in the system of fermentation broth filtrate--butylacetate was much lower (about 3 times) than that in the system of oleandomycin phosphate aqueous solution--butylacetate. Addition of sodium sulfate to the aqueous phase provided a significant increase in the oleandomycin distribution coefficient."}
{"id": "PMID:883803", "title": "[Quantitative determination of the gentamicin and dimethyl sulfoxide in the \"Gentaplast\" film-forming aerosol preparation].", "content": "A method for quantitative determination of gentamicin and dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) in \"Gentaplast\", a film-forming aerozol preparation was developed. Gentamicin was determined microbiologically after extraction. DMSO was determined by titration with the use of the Redox method. The results of determination of gentamicin and DMSO in \"Gentaplast\" were statistically treated.", "contents": "[Quantitative determination of the gentamicin and dimethyl sulfoxide in the \"Gentaplast\" film-forming aerosol preparation]. A method for quantitative determination of gentamicin and dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) in \"Gentaplast\", a film-forming aerozol preparation was developed. Gentamicin was determined microbiologically after extraction. DMSO was determined by titration with the use of the Redox method. The results of determination of gentamicin and DMSO in \"Gentaplast\" were statistically treated."}
{"id": "PMID:883804", "title": "[Study of the possibility of stabilizing a levorin microbiological standard].", "content": "The effect of a number of factors, providing increased stability of the levorin microbiological standard was studied. It was shown that air-tight packing and inert gas atmosphere (antibiotic storage in ampoules sealed under nitrogen) significantly increased the antibiotic stability. It was also shown that hydrochinone had the highest positive effect on levorin stability.", "contents": "[Study of the possibility of stabilizing a levorin microbiological standard]. The effect of a number of factors, providing increased stability of the levorin microbiological standard was studied. It was shown that air-tight packing and inert gas atmosphere (antibiotic storage in ampoules sealed under nitrogen) significantly increased the antibiotic stability. It was also shown that hydrochinone had the highest positive effect on levorin stability."}
{"id": "PMID:883805", "title": "[Study of the drug resistance of bacteria of the genus Erwinia].", "content": "Sensitivity of 788 strains of Erwinia isolated from natural substrates and received from other laboratories was studied with respect to penicillin, streptomycin, tetracycline, chloramphenicol and kanamycin. It was found that 346 (43.9 per cent) strains were drug resistant. However, the levels of the resistance to most of the drugs tested were not high and amounted to 5-10 gamma/ml. Penicillin resistance was the most frequent characteristics of the strains studied (341 strains). The resistance levels to this drug were higher than those to the other drugs and ranged from 25 to 100 gamma/ml. In some cases they were higher. Analysis of the drug resistance spectra showed that Erwinia strains resistant to 1 (172 strains) or 2 (149 strains) antibiotics were most frequent. 25 strains were multiresistant (to 3-5 drugs). All the resistant strains had 18 types of drug resistance. The genetic control of the drug resistance feature was carried out in the experiments on crossing of the drug resistant strains of Erwinia with the sensitive bacteria of the same genera, i.e. Erwinia chrysanthemi EP-3 and E. coli K-12. The results of the experiments were negative, which should be considered as an evidence of chromosomal localization of the antibiotic resistant genes in the Erwinia bacteria studied.", "contents": "[Study of the drug resistance of bacteria of the genus Erwinia]. Sensitivity of 788 strains of Erwinia isolated from natural substrates and received from other laboratories was studied with respect to penicillin, streptomycin, tetracycline, chloramphenicol and kanamycin. It was found that 346 (43.9 per cent) strains were drug resistant. However, the levels of the resistance to most of the drugs tested were not high and amounted to 5-10 gamma/ml. Penicillin resistance was the most frequent characteristics of the strains studied (341 strains). The resistance levels to this drug were higher than those to the other drugs and ranged from 25 to 100 gamma/ml. In some cases they were higher. Analysis of the drug resistance spectra showed that Erwinia strains resistant to 1 (172 strains) or 2 (149 strains) antibiotics were most frequent. 25 strains were multiresistant (to 3-5 drugs). All the resistant strains had 18 types of drug resistance. The genetic control of the drug resistance feature was carried out in the experiments on crossing of the drug resistant strains of Erwinia with the sensitive bacteria of the same genera, i.e. Erwinia chrysanthemi EP-3 and E. coli K-12. The results of the experiments were negative, which should be considered as an evidence of chromosomal localization of the antibiotic resistant genes in the Erwinia bacteria studied."}
{"id": "PMID:883806", "title": "[Combined action of benzylpenicillin and bile acids on staphylococci].", "content": "The antimicrobial effect of benzylpenicillin in combination with bile acids on staphylococci was studied. It was shown that bile acids increased the bacteriostatic and bactericidal effects of the antibiotic. The highest potentiating effect was found with combination of benzylpenicillin and desoxycholic and choleic acids. When resistant strains of staphylococci were exposed to the combination of the bile acids and benzylpenicillin they became highly sensitive to antibiotic.", "contents": "[Combined action of benzylpenicillin and bile acids on staphylococci]. The antimicrobial effect of benzylpenicillin in combination with bile acids on staphylococci was studied. It was shown that bile acids increased the bacteriostatic and bactericidal effects of the antibiotic. The highest potentiating effect was found with combination of benzylpenicillin and desoxycholic and choleic acids. When resistant strains of staphylococci were exposed to the combination of the bile acids and benzylpenicillin they became highly sensitive to antibiotic."}
{"id": "PMID:883807", "title": "[Pharmacokinetics of lincomycins in experimental staphylococcal sepsis].", "content": "Pharmacokinetics of lincomycin hydrochloride and 7-chlor-7-desoxylincomycin hydrochloride (chlolincocin) was studied on albino mice and rabbits with experimental staphylococcal sepsis caused by intravenous introduction of highly pathogenic cultures. The septic process was accompanied by impairement of the kidney function, the pathological changes in the kidneys being most pronounced. The antibiotic levels in the blood and tissues of the internal organs, i.e. liver, kidneys, lungs and spleen increased in the infected animals, while the content of the antibiotic in the urine decreased. Determination of the plasmatic, kidney and extrakidney clearance revealed the increasing role of the extrakidney clearance. The shudy of the concentrations of 7-desoxylincomycin in the bile of the animals subjected to cholecystostomy showed that the role of the liver in elimination of lincomycin increased in the animals with experimental staphylococcal infection. As the state of the animals improved the changes in the pharmacokinetics of lincomycin decreased.", "contents": "[Pharmacokinetics of lincomycins in experimental staphylococcal sepsis]. Pharmacokinetics of lincomycin hydrochloride and 7-chlor-7-desoxylincomycin hydrochloride (chlolincocin) was studied on albino mice and rabbits with experimental staphylococcal sepsis caused by intravenous introduction of highly pathogenic cultures. The septic process was accompanied by impairement of the kidney function, the pathological changes in the kidneys being most pronounced. The antibiotic levels in the blood and tissues of the internal organs, i.e. liver, kidneys, lungs and spleen increased in the infected animals, while the content of the antibiotic in the urine decreased. Determination of the plasmatic, kidney and extrakidney clearance revealed the increasing role of the extrakidney clearance. The shudy of the concentrations of 7-desoxylincomycin in the bile of the animals subjected to cholecystostomy showed that the role of the liver in elimination of lincomycin increased in the animals with experimental staphylococcal infection. As the state of the animals improved the changes in the pharmacokinetics of lincomycin decreased."}
{"id": "PMID:883808", "title": "[Action of carminomycin on the kinetics of cell proliferation and some problems of its combined use with other cytostatic agents].", "content": "It was found autoradiographically that karminomycin in the therapeutic dose (0.7 mg/kg) significantly hindered cell proliferation of ascitic tumour L-1210, if the cells were at the stage of DNA proliferation during the drug administration. It was shown that karminomycin in a dose of 0.35 mg/kg administered intraperitoneally decreased the number of the leukemic cell of ascitic tumour P-388 by more than 2 times. Then the number of the leukemic cells increased and it doubled during 47 hours. Karminomycin in a dose of 0.7 mg/kg hindered leukemic cell proliferation during 120 hours. The effectiveness of karminomycin therapy in combination with phopurin or cyclophosphan depended on the treatment regimen. Potentiation of the antileukemic effect was noted in the simultaneus use of the drug or in the primary use of cerminomycin 2 hours before administration of phopurin or cyclophosphan. When phopurin or cyclophosphan was used 2 hours before administration of karminomycin, therapeutic effectiveness was lower.", "contents": "[Action of carminomycin on the kinetics of cell proliferation and some problems of its combined use with other cytostatic agents]. It was found autoradiographically that karminomycin in the therapeutic dose (0.7 mg/kg) significantly hindered cell proliferation of ascitic tumour L-1210, if the cells were at the stage of DNA proliferation during the drug administration. It was shown that karminomycin in a dose of 0.35 mg/kg administered intraperitoneally decreased the number of the leukemic cell of ascitic tumour P-388 by more than 2 times. Then the number of the leukemic cells increased and it doubled during 47 hours. Karminomycin in a dose of 0.7 mg/kg hindered leukemic cell proliferation during 120 hours. The effectiveness of karminomycin therapy in combination with phopurin or cyclophosphan depended on the treatment regimen. Potentiation of the antileukemic effect was noted in the simultaneus use of the drug or in the primary use of cerminomycin 2 hours before administration of phopurin or cyclophosphan. When phopurin or cyclophosphan was used 2 hours before administration of karminomycin, therapeutic effectiveness was lower."}
{"id": "PMID:883810", "title": "Inducible high resistance to colistin in Proteus strains.", "content": "Wild-type Proteus strains are usually resistant to colistin. We have observed an increase in the level of colistin resistance in four clinical isolates of P. vulgaris, P. morganii, and P. rettgeri by prior treatment with subinhibitory concentrations of the drug. The enhanced resistance in these strains was lost after cultivating them in colistin-free medium, indicating that the enhanced resistance in the Proteus group is inducible.", "contents": "Inducible high resistance to colistin in Proteus strains. Wild-type Proteus strains are usually resistant to colistin. We have observed an increase in the level of colistin resistance in four clinical isolates of P. vulgaris, P. morganii, and P. rettgeri by prior treatment with subinhibitory concentrations of the drug. The enhanced resistance in these strains was lost after cultivating them in colistin-free medium, indicating that the enhanced resistance in the Proteus group is inducible."}
{"id": "PMID:883811", "title": "Pharmacokinetics and tolerance of a single twelve-tablet dose of trimethoprim (960 mg)-sulfamethoxazole (4,800 mg).", "content": "To evaluate the potential usefulness of a single large oral dose of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMZ) for the treatment of uncomplicated genitourinary gonorrhea, the pharmacokinetics of a 12-tablet dose containing 960 mg of TMP and 4,800 mg of SMZ were studied in 15 male volunteers, and the tolerance of this regimen was compared to that of a placebo in a double-blind crossover study. Both TMP and SMZ were rapidly absorbed. Peak mean serum concentrations (+/- standard deviation) of TMP, total SMZ, and free SMZ were 9.2 +/- 2.2, 259.4 +/- 40.9, and 233.7 +/- 33.6 mug/ml, respectively. Elimination half-lives were 16.7, 14.6, and 12.9 h, respectively. When results were compared to data from similar studies after smaller doses, peak mean serum concentrations were proportional to dose, but elimination half-lives were longer after larger doses. Urinary concentrations of TMP, total SMZ, and free SMZ were many-fold higher than serum concentrations. Percents recovery (+/- standard deviation) in urine were 60.6 +/- 10.6, 80.2 +/- 7.8, and 37.4 +/- 6.5%, respectively, during the 48 h after administration. The incidence of severe headache and of objective transient oliguria was significantly higher after TMP-SMZ than after placebo. Although the observed serum concentrations of TMP and SMZ surpassed concentrations necessary to inhibit clinical isolates of Neisseria gonorrhoeae in vitro for longer than 24 h, the adverse reactions associated with a 12-tablet dose of TMP-SMZ would preclude the clinical usefulness of such a therapeutic regimen.", "contents": "Pharmacokinetics and tolerance of a single twelve-tablet dose of trimethoprim (960 mg)-sulfamethoxazole (4,800 mg). To evaluate the potential usefulness of a single large oral dose of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMZ) for the treatment of uncomplicated genitourinary gonorrhea, the pharmacokinetics of a 12-tablet dose containing 960 mg of TMP and 4,800 mg of SMZ were studied in 15 male volunteers, and the tolerance of this regimen was compared to that of a placebo in a double-blind crossover study. Both TMP and SMZ were rapidly absorbed. Peak mean serum concentrations (+/- standard deviation) of TMP, total SMZ, and free SMZ were 9.2 +/- 2.2, 259.4 +/- 40.9, and 233.7 +/- 33.6 mug/ml, respectively. Elimination half-lives were 16.7, 14.6, and 12.9 h, respectively. When results were compared to data from similar studies after smaller doses, peak mean serum concentrations were proportional to dose, but elimination half-lives were longer after larger doses. Urinary concentrations of TMP, total SMZ, and free SMZ were many-fold higher than serum concentrations. Percents recovery (+/- standard deviation) in urine were 60.6 +/- 10.6, 80.2 +/- 7.8, and 37.4 +/- 6.5%, respectively, during the 48 h after administration. The incidence of severe headache and of objective transient oliguria was significantly higher after TMP-SMZ than after placebo. Although the observed serum concentrations of TMP and SMZ surpassed concentrations necessary to inhibit clinical isolates of Neisseria gonorrhoeae in vitro for longer than 24 h, the adverse reactions associated with a 12-tablet dose of TMP-SMZ would preclude the clinical usefulness of such a therapeutic regimen."}
{"id": "PMID:883812", "title": "In vitro evaluation of three iodine-containing compounds as antiplaque agents.", "content": "The antibacterial activity of three iodine-containing compounds was determined for strains of four dental plaque-forming microorganisms, using an in vitro preclinical plaque model system. Solutions of inorganic iodine, povidone-iodine, and Wescodyne were tested for antiplaque activity against preformed plaques of a number of strains of Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus sanguis, Actinomyces viscosus, and Actinomyces naeslundii. Solutions of inorganic iodine were more effective as antiplaque agents, with respect to minimal bactericidal concentration and time and frequency of treatments, than solutions of Wescodyne and povidone-iodine. Inorganic iodine appeared to be particularly effective against the most cariogenic (S. mutans) and periodontopathic (A. viscosus) organisms while allowing survival of the least orally pathogenic plaque-forming microorganism (S. sanguis). It is suggested that topical application of solutions of inorganic iodine may be useful in controlling dental caries and actinomyces-associated periodontal disease.", "contents": "In vitro evaluation of three iodine-containing compounds as antiplaque agents. The antibacterial activity of three iodine-containing compounds was determined for strains of four dental plaque-forming microorganisms, using an in vitro preclinical plaque model system. Solutions of inorganic iodine, povidone-iodine, and Wescodyne were tested for antiplaque activity against preformed plaques of a number of strains of Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus sanguis, Actinomyces viscosus, and Actinomyces naeslundii. Solutions of inorganic iodine were more effective as antiplaque agents, with respect to minimal bactericidal concentration and time and frequency of treatments, than solutions of Wescodyne and povidone-iodine. Inorganic iodine appeared to be particularly effective against the most cariogenic (S. mutans) and periodontopathic (A. viscosus) organisms while allowing survival of the least orally pathogenic plaque-forming microorganism (S. sanguis). It is suggested that topical application of solutions of inorganic iodine may be useful in controlling dental caries and actinomyces-associated periodontal disease."}
{"id": "PMID:883813", "title": "Human interferon: mass production in a newly established cell line, MG-63.", "content": "MG-63 cells, a line derived from an osteosarcoma, produced high yields of interferon after superinduction with polyinosinic acid.polycytidylic acid, cycloheximide, and actinomycin D. Advantages of MG-63 cells over diploid fibroblasts as a substrate are: no requirement for aging between confluency and induction, no requirement for priming, and 3.7-fold higher yields per square centimeter of culture surface. Physicochemically and biologically, MG-63 cell interferon resembles fibroblast rather than leukocyte interferon.", "contents": "Human interferon: mass production in a newly established cell line, MG-63. MG-63 cells, a line derived from an osteosarcoma, produced high yields of interferon after superinduction with polyinosinic acid.polycytidylic acid, cycloheximide, and actinomycin D. Advantages of MG-63 cells over diploid fibroblasts as a substrate are: no requirement for aging between confluency and induction, no requirement for priming, and 3.7-fold higher yields per square centimeter of culture surface. Physicochemically and biologically, MG-63 cell interferon resembles fibroblast rather than leukocyte interferon."}
{"id": "PMID:883814", "title": "Failure of type 1 herpesvirus to develop resistance to ribavirin.", "content": "Exposure (10 passages) of type 1 herpesvirus to ribavirin or idoxuridine in Vero cells results in resistance to idoxuridine, but not to ribavirin.", "contents": "Failure of type 1 herpesvirus to develop resistance to ribavirin. Exposure (10 passages) of type 1 herpesvirus to ribavirin or idoxuridine in Vero cells results in resistance to idoxuridine, but not to ribavirin."}
{"id": "PMID:883815", "title": "Pharmacokinetic study of netilmicin.", "content": "Netilmicin at a dose of 2 mg/kg was infused intravenously into 10 healthy volunteers. A peak serum concentration of 16.56 mug/ml was obtained at the end of the infusion. Thirty-nine percent of the infused dose was excreted in the urine during the first 8 h after infusion. The pharmacokinetic parameters of netilmicin were derived by analyzing the elimination data according to a two-compartment model.", "contents": "Pharmacokinetic study of netilmicin. Netilmicin at a dose of 2 mg/kg was infused intravenously into 10 healthy volunteers. A peak serum concentration of 16.56 mug/ml was obtained at the end of the infusion. Thirty-nine percent of the infused dose was excreted in the urine during the first 8 h after infusion. The pharmacokinetic parameters of netilmicin were derived by analyzing the elimination data according to a two-compartment model."}
{"id": "PMID:883816", "title": "Lytic effect of mycobacillin and its derivatives on erythrocytes.", "content": "Mycobacillin as well as its O-acetyl (tyrosyl and seryl) and ester derivatives is known to have antifungal activity. The antibiotic also possesses hemolytic activity. This latter property is not appreciably altered by partial or complete esterification of its free carboxyl groups. On the other hand, acetylation of the molecule at the two tyrosyl hydroxyl groups nullifies selectively the hemolytic activity.", "contents": "Lytic effect of mycobacillin and its derivatives on erythrocytes. Mycobacillin as well as its O-acetyl (tyrosyl and seryl) and ester derivatives is known to have antifungal activity. The antibiotic also possesses hemolytic activity. This latter property is not appreciably altered by partial or complete esterification of its free carboxyl groups. On the other hand, acetylation of the molecule at the two tyrosyl hydroxyl groups nullifies selectively the hemolytic activity."}
{"id": "PMID:883817", "title": "2\"-O-phosphorylation of gentamicin components by a Staphylococcus aureus strain carrying a plasmid.", "content": "A wild-type strain of Staphylococcus aureus that inactivates the 4,6-glycosidically linked deoxystreptamine aminoglycoside antibiotics by a plasmid-mediated process was found to harbor two enzymes: an acetyltransferase of the AAC(6') type and a new phosphotranferase specific to the gentamicin components. The target of this last enzyme is the 2''-hydroxyl function of these antibiotics, since one inactivated compound is 2''-(O)-phosphorylsisomicin.", "contents": "2\"-O-phosphorylation of gentamicin components by a Staphylococcus aureus strain carrying a plasmid. A wild-type strain of Staphylococcus aureus that inactivates the 4,6-glycosidically linked deoxystreptamine aminoglycoside antibiotics by a plasmid-mediated process was found to harbor two enzymes: an acetyltransferase of the AAC(6') type and a new phosphotranferase specific to the gentamicin components. The target of this last enzyme is the 2''-hydroxyl function of these antibiotics, since one inactivated compound is 2''-(O)-phosphorylsisomicin."}
{"id": "PMID:883818", "title": "Cefuroxime, a new parenteral cephalosporin: collaborative in vitro susceptibility comparison with cephalothin against 5,887 clinical bacterial isolates.", "content": "Cefuroxime, a new parenteral cephalosporin was compared with cephalothin by broth microdilution susceptibility testing against 5,887 routine clinical bacterial isolates in four large clinical laboratories. The minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of cefuroxime against the Enterobacteriaceae were consistently lower than those of cephalothin. This was most striking among the Enterobacter species, which were generally susceptible to cefuroxime (MIC </= 8 mug/ml), but resistant to cephalothin. Similar results occurred with Haemophilus species, Acinetobacter anitratus, meningococci, and Aeromonas hydrophilia, but Pseudomonas species and enterococci were resistant to high concentrations of both drugs. Streptococci showed slightly greater susceptibility to cefuroxime than to cephalothin. By contrast, staphylococci were more susceptible to cephalothin. Bacteroides fragilis was resistant to cefuroxime, but other anaerobes were generally susceptible.", "contents": "Cefuroxime, a new parenteral cephalosporin: collaborative in vitro susceptibility comparison with cephalothin against 5,887 clinical bacterial isolates. Cefuroxime, a new parenteral cephalosporin was compared with cephalothin by broth microdilution susceptibility testing against 5,887 routine clinical bacterial isolates in four large clinical laboratories. The minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of cefuroxime against the Enterobacteriaceae were consistently lower than those of cephalothin. This was most striking among the Enterobacter species, which were generally susceptible to cefuroxime (MIC </= 8 mug/ml), but resistant to cephalothin. Similar results occurred with Haemophilus species, Acinetobacter anitratus, meningococci, and Aeromonas hydrophilia, but Pseudomonas species and enterococci were resistant to high concentrations of both drugs. Streptococci showed slightly greater susceptibility to cefuroxime than to cephalothin. By contrast, staphylococci were more susceptible to cephalothin. Bacteroides fragilis was resistant to cefuroxime, but other anaerobes were generally susceptible."}
{"id": "PMID:883819", "title": "Electrical impedance measurements in the reading and monitoring of broth dilution susceptibility tests.", "content": "Electrical impedance changes in the medium were studied during traditional broth dilution tests. Tests involved clinical isolates of Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Enterobacter sp., Klebsiella, and enterococcus and ten antibiotics. Minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) values from overnight visual readings were compared with MIC values determined from electrical impedance end points, using inocula of 10(6) organisms per ml. Ninety-three percent of the results were within one twofold dilution of each other. When the impedance end point was determined at 6 h, this correlation was lowered to 34%. By increasing the initial electrical impedance inoculum 10-fold, the correlation between the 6-h impedance MIC and the overnight visual MIC was improved to 74%. Ampicillin, tetracycline, and polymyxin E results accounted for most discrepancies. Continuous monitoring of impedance changes suggested that better correspondence could be obtained by adjusting the end point criteria for the 6-h impedance MIC with different antibiotics. Electrical impedance methods for reading bacterial end points in automated clinical laboratory instruments appear promising.", "contents": "Electrical impedance measurements in the reading and monitoring of broth dilution susceptibility tests. Electrical impedance changes in the medium were studied during traditional broth dilution tests. Tests involved clinical isolates of Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Enterobacter sp., Klebsiella, and enterococcus and ten antibiotics. Minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) values from overnight visual readings were compared with MIC values determined from electrical impedance end points, using inocula of 10(6) organisms per ml. Ninety-three percent of the results were within one twofold dilution of each other. When the impedance end point was determined at 6 h, this correlation was lowered to 34%. By increasing the initial electrical impedance inoculum 10-fold, the correlation between the 6-h impedance MIC and the overnight visual MIC was improved to 74%. Ampicillin, tetracycline, and polymyxin E results accounted for most discrepancies. Continuous monitoring of impedance changes suggested that better correspondence could be obtained by adjusting the end point criteria for the 6-h impedance MIC with different antibiotics. Electrical impedance methods for reading bacterial end points in automated clinical laboratory instruments appear promising."}
{"id": "PMID:883820", "title": "Metabolic fate of [14C]cefamandole, a parenteral cephalosporin antibiotic, in rats and dogs.", "content": "The biotransformation of the parenterally effective cephalosporin antibiotic cefamandole nafate (I) has been studied in rats and dogs. After rapid in vivo hydrolysis of the nafate pharmaceutical form to cefamandole (II), the antibiotic was found to be very resistant to metabolic degradation in both species. In dogs, cefamandole escaped metabolism and was eliminated as unaltered antibiotic almost exclusively by renal excretion. In rats, cefamandole was somewhat labile to metabolism; however, a major portion of the administered antibiotic was eliminated unchanged principally by renal excretion.", "contents": "Metabolic fate of [14C]cefamandole, a parenteral cephalosporin antibiotic, in rats and dogs. The biotransformation of the parenterally effective cephalosporin antibiotic cefamandole nafate (I) has been studied in rats and dogs. After rapid in vivo hydrolysis of the nafate pharmaceutical form to cefamandole (II), the antibiotic was found to be very resistant to metabolic degradation in both species. In dogs, cefamandole escaped metabolism and was eliminated as unaltered antibiotic almost exclusively by renal excretion. In rats, cefamandole was somewhat labile to metabolism; however, a major portion of the administered antibiotic was eliminated unchanged principally by renal excretion."}
{"id": "PMID:883821", "title": "Antimicrobial activity of several antibiotics and a sulfonamide against Chlamydia trachomatis organisms in cell culture.", "content": "Minimum inhibitory concentrations of several antibiotics and a sulfonamide for growth of the 15 known immunotypes of Chlamydia trachomatis were determined in HeLa 229 cell cultures. The concentrations for complete inhibition of infectious-organism production were (per milliliter): tetracycline, 0.02 to 0.5 mug; rosamicin, 0.05 to 0.25 mug; erythromycin, 0.1 to 0.5 mug; chloramphenicol, 10 mug; penicillin, 0.02 to 50 U; ampicillin, 0.1 to 50 mug; and sulfisoxazole, 2 to 200 mug. The same concentrations of tetracycline, rosamicin, erythromycin, and chloramphenicol were sufficient to inhibit C. trachomatis inclusion formation. An increased concentration of sulfisoxazole was often needed to inhibit inclusion formation. Penicillin at 100 U/ml and ampicillin at 100 mug/ml failed to completely inhibit inclusion formation.", "contents": "Antimicrobial activity of several antibiotics and a sulfonamide against Chlamydia trachomatis organisms in cell culture. Minimum inhibitory concentrations of several antibiotics and a sulfonamide for growth of the 15 known immunotypes of Chlamydia trachomatis were determined in HeLa 229 cell cultures. The concentrations for complete inhibition of infectious-organism production were (per milliliter): tetracycline, 0.02 to 0.5 mug; rosamicin, 0.05 to 0.25 mug; erythromycin, 0.1 to 0.5 mug; chloramphenicol, 10 mug; penicillin, 0.02 to 50 U; ampicillin, 0.1 to 50 mug; and sulfisoxazole, 2 to 200 mug. The same concentrations of tetracycline, rosamicin, erythromycin, and chloramphenicol were sufficient to inhibit C. trachomatis inclusion formation. An increased concentration of sulfisoxazole was often needed to inhibit inclusion formation. Penicillin at 100 U/ml and ampicillin at 100 mug/ml failed to completely inhibit inclusion formation."}
{"id": "PMID:883822", "title": "Comparison of pharmacological and antimicrobial properties of cefadroxil and cephalexin.", "content": "Pharmacological and antimicrobial properties of cefadroxil, a new cephalosporin antibiotic, were compared with cephalexin. Absorption and excretion were studied in 20 healthy men. Peak concentrations of the drugs in serum were similar after ingestion of single 500-mg tablets. The concentration of cefadroxil in serum was more sustained than that of cephalexin. Levels of cefadroxil in serum after a dose of 1,000 mg were approximately twice those after a 500-mg dose through 6 h. Each drug administered in a dose of 500 mg every 6 h for 24 h resulted in concentrations in serum that were similar to a single dose without accumulation. Ninety-three percent of the cefadroxil and 85% of the cephalexin were excreted in urine after ingestions of single 500-mg tablets. The urine concentration of cefadroxil was more sustained than cephalexin. Minimal inhibitory and minimal bactericidal concentrations for clinical isolates were comparable with each drug. Cefadroxil compares favorably with cephalexin in this study. Sustained levels of cefadroxil in serum and urine suggest that this drug may be given at less frequent intervals than cephalexin.", "contents": "Comparison of pharmacological and antimicrobial properties of cefadroxil and cephalexin. Pharmacological and antimicrobial properties of cefadroxil, a new cephalosporin antibiotic, were compared with cephalexin. Absorption and excretion were studied in 20 healthy men. Peak concentrations of the drugs in serum were similar after ingestion of single 500-mg tablets. The concentration of cefadroxil in serum was more sustained than that of cephalexin. Levels of cefadroxil in serum after a dose of 1,000 mg were approximately twice those after a 500-mg dose through 6 h. Each drug administered in a dose of 500 mg every 6 h for 24 h resulted in concentrations in serum that were similar to a single dose without accumulation. Ninety-three percent of the cefadroxil and 85% of the cephalexin were excreted in urine after ingestions of single 500-mg tablets. The urine concentration of cefadroxil was more sustained than cephalexin. Minimal inhibitory and minimal bactericidal concentrations for clinical isolates were comparable with each drug. Cefadroxil compares favorably with cephalexin in this study. Sustained levels of cefadroxil in serum and urine suggest that this drug may be given at less frequent intervals than cephalexin."}
{"id": "PMID:883823", "title": "Pharmacokinetics of nafcillin in patients with renal failure.", "content": "Nafcillin, a pencillinase-resistant penicillin, is frequently used for treatment of staphylococcal infections in hemodialysis patients. Despite its widespread use, there is a paucity of available data regarding the pharmacokinetics of nafcillin in hemodialysis patients. Therefore, sodium nafcillin, 25 mg/kg, was given intravenously over a 5- to 15-min period to 12 hemodialysis patients. Eleven patients were studied during dialysis, and eight of these were studied again during the interdialysis period. The initial serum half-life for nafcillin was 0.208 h during dialyses and 0.278 h between dialyses. The terminal half-life was 1.48 h during dialyses and 1.89 h between dialyses. There was no statistically significant difference between these values. These data indicate that renal failure does not appreciably affect the serum half-life of nafcillin, and hemodialysis does not accelerate the rate of clearance of nafcillin from the blood. Therefore, no modification of the usual nafcillin dosage is necessary when using this drug in hemodialysis patients.", "contents": "Pharmacokinetics of nafcillin in patients with renal failure. Nafcillin, a pencillinase-resistant penicillin, is frequently used for treatment of staphylococcal infections in hemodialysis patients. Despite its widespread use, there is a paucity of available data regarding the pharmacokinetics of nafcillin in hemodialysis patients. Therefore, sodium nafcillin, 25 mg/kg, was given intravenously over a 5- to 15-min period to 12 hemodialysis patients. Eleven patients were studied during dialysis, and eight of these were studied again during the interdialysis period. The initial serum half-life for nafcillin was 0.208 h during dialyses and 0.278 h between dialyses. The terminal half-life was 1.48 h during dialyses and 1.89 h between dialyses. There was no statistically significant difference between these values. These data indicate that renal failure does not appreciably affect the serum half-life of nafcillin, and hemodialysis does not accelerate the rate of clearance of nafcillin from the blood. Therefore, no modification of the usual nafcillin dosage is necessary when using this drug in hemodialysis patients."}
{"id": "PMID:883840", "title": "Penetration, permeation, and absorption of triamcinolone acetonide in normal and psoriatic skin.", "content": "Penetration studies of radiolabelled Triamcinolone acetonide from ointment or cream preparations revealed that in cases of normal as well as psoriatic skin 70-90% of the applied substance remains on the surface. Normal horny layer stores up to 30% of the steroid. Nevertheless, a rapid penetration into the living layers of the skin is observed, whereby the epidermal concentrations reach levels between 5-10(-6) and 3-10(-5) M (mol per liter of tissue). The excretion in the urine took more than 72 h after removal of the excess of substance from the skin. In psoriatic skin, the epidermal and dermal concentrations were 3-10 times higher than in normal skin. This increase lies in the same range as the one resulting from removal of the horny layer by stripping prior to the application, as reported earlier.", "contents": "Penetration, permeation, and absorption of triamcinolone acetonide in normal and psoriatic skin. Penetration studies of radiolabelled Triamcinolone acetonide from ointment or cream preparations revealed that in cases of normal as well as psoriatic skin 70-90% of the applied substance remains on the surface. Normal horny layer stores up to 30% of the steroid. Nevertheless, a rapid penetration into the living layers of the skin is observed, whereby the epidermal concentrations reach levels between 5-10(-6) and 3-10(-5) M (mol per liter of tissue). The excretion in the urine took more than 72 h after removal of the excess of substance from the skin. In psoriatic skin, the epidermal and dermal concentrations were 3-10 times higher than in normal skin. This increase lies in the same range as the one resulting from removal of the horny layer by stripping prior to the application, as reported earlier."}
{"id": "PMID:883841", "title": "SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoretic determination of type I and type III collagen in small skin samples.", "content": "A sodium dodecylsulfate-polyacrylamide electrophoretic method, which in contrast to other biochemical procedures, e.g. differential salt precipitation or ion exchange chromatography and molecular sieve chromatography, is applicable to smallest amounts of protein, is shown to be suitable for the determination of the collagen types from small skin samples, such as routine skin biopsies. After urea extraction, the tissue samples are cleaved with cyanogen bromide. The resulting CNBr peptides derived from the different alpha-chains are resolved in 12% SDS-polyacrylamide gels. Densitometric profiles of the gel electrophoretic patterns correspond to the collagen type content of the tissue specimens. Comparing fetal to adult skin, the higher content of type III collagen in the case of fetal skin can be demonstrated.", "contents": "SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoretic determination of type I and type III collagen in small skin samples. A sodium dodecylsulfate-polyacrylamide electrophoretic method, which in contrast to other biochemical procedures, e.g. differential salt precipitation or ion exchange chromatography and molecular sieve chromatography, is applicable to smallest amounts of protein, is shown to be suitable for the determination of the collagen types from small skin samples, such as routine skin biopsies. After urea extraction, the tissue samples are cleaved with cyanogen bromide. The resulting CNBr peptides derived from the different alpha-chains are resolved in 12% SDS-polyacrylamide gels. Densitometric profiles of the gel electrophoretic patterns correspond to the collagen type content of the tissue specimens. Comparing fetal to adult skin, the higher content of type III collagen in the case of fetal skin can be demonstrated."}
{"id": "PMID:883842", "title": "The significance of fluorescein angiography in the early diagnosis of lesions on ocular fundus at pseudoxanthoma elasticum patients.", "content": "The role of fluorescein angiography in early diagnosis of lesions on fundus of the eye at pseudoxanthoma elasticum patients has been shown. The authors show angiographic changes on the basis of three cases of pseudoxanthoma elasticum patients.", "contents": "The significance of fluorescein angiography in the early diagnosis of lesions on ocular fundus at pseudoxanthoma elasticum patients. The role of fluorescein angiography in early diagnosis of lesions on fundus of the eye at pseudoxanthoma elasticum patients has been shown. The authors show angiographic changes on the basis of three cases of pseudoxanthoma elasticum patients."}
{"id": "PMID:883843", "title": "Histological features of \"pagetoid reticulosis\" (Woringer-Kolopp) in pre-mycosis fungoides.", "content": "The case of a 66-year-old female with chronic skin lesions is described, which clinically resembled parakeratosis variegata but histologically showed the pattern of \"pagetoid reticulosis\" (Woringer-Kolopp). The intraepidermal pagetoid cells were lymphoid cells which, by electron microscopy, could be identified as small S\u00e9zary cells. The intraepidermal presence of numerous  atypical reticulum cells does not support the theory of \"pagetoid reticulosis\" as a separate nosological entity, but rather stresses the epidermotropic character of (pre-)mycosis fungoides just known from intraepidermal Pautrier microabscesses.", "contents": "Histological features of \"pagetoid reticulosis\" (Woringer-Kolopp) in pre-mycosis fungoides. The case of a 66-year-old female with chronic skin lesions is described, which clinically resembled parakeratosis variegata but histologically showed the pattern of \"pagetoid reticulosis\" (Woringer-Kolopp). The intraepidermal pagetoid cells were lymphoid cells which, by electron microscopy, could be identified as small S\u00e9zary cells. The intraepidermal presence of numerous  atypical reticulum cells does not support the theory of \"pagetoid reticulosis\" as a separate nosological entity, but rather stresses the epidermotropic character of (pre-)mycosis fungoides just known from intraepidermal Pautrier microabscesses."}
{"id": "PMID:883844", "title": "Factors responsible for dermally induced epidermal hyperplasia.", "content": "The secondary epidermal hyperplasia seen over some dermal lesions can be experimentally induced in the guinea pig by the intracutaneous injection of carrageenan. This paper documents experiments directed to determining the factors that cause this epidermal reaction. Indomethacin, aspirin and polyphloretin phosphate were found to block the epidermal thickening. \"Non inflammatory\" stretching of the skin induced by a silastic implant caused an increase in the germinative population but no sustained epidermal hyperplasia. Rubbing into the skin a rubefacient cream produced more epidermal hyperplasia than did the base cream alone. It is suggested that the secondary epidermal hyperplasia from dermal abnormalities is multifactorial in its causation but that prostaglandin release might be involved and that increased blood flow may also play a role.", "contents": "Factors responsible for dermally induced epidermal hyperplasia. The secondary epidermal hyperplasia seen over some dermal lesions can be experimentally induced in the guinea pig by the intracutaneous injection of carrageenan. This paper documents experiments directed to determining the factors that cause this epidermal reaction. Indomethacin, aspirin and polyphloretin phosphate were found to block the epidermal thickening. \"Non inflammatory\" stretching of the skin induced by a silastic implant caused an increase in the germinative population but no sustained epidermal hyperplasia. Rubbing into the skin a rubefacient cream produced more epidermal hyperplasia than did the base cream alone. It is suggested that the secondary epidermal hyperplasia from dermal abnormalities is multifactorial in its causation but that prostaglandin release might be involved and that increased blood flow may also play a role."}
{"id": "PMID:883845", "title": "Local skin necroses after intramuscular injection -Experimental animal studies-.", "content": "The pathogenesis of local skin necroses after intramuscular injection of various drugs such as phenylbutazone (Embolia cutis medicamentosa, Nicolau's syndrome) is not clear. In an attempt to simulate this clinical feature experiments were performed on the rabbit ear lobe. A 20% phenylbutazone solution was injected paraarterial, intraarterial and paraarterial after perforation of the vessel. The drug produced a violent inflammation with all kinds of application. The local inflammation induced by paraarterial injection resulted in a fine scarring. Both other kinds of application produced necroses or even perforations. The histological examinations in these cases revealed massive destructions of the inner arterial wall. In control-experiments necroses or perforations were nerve observed. From these data the following conclusions on the etiology of Nicolau's syndrome can be drawn: Phenylbutazone injected into the vascular or perivascular tissue causes an obligatory inflammation. After lesion of an artery complete destruction of the vessel followed by necrosis of the skin may occur. It seems obvious that this secondary effect can not completely be avoided.", "contents": "Local skin necroses after intramuscular injection -Experimental animal studies-. The pathogenesis of local skin necroses after intramuscular injection of various drugs such as phenylbutazone (Embolia cutis medicamentosa, Nicolau's syndrome) is not clear. In an attempt to simulate this clinical feature experiments were performed on the rabbit ear lobe. A 20% phenylbutazone solution was injected paraarterial, intraarterial and paraarterial after perforation of the vessel. The drug produced a violent inflammation with all kinds of application. The local inflammation induced by paraarterial injection resulted in a fine scarring. Both other kinds of application produced necroses or even perforations. The histological examinations in these cases revealed massive destructions of the inner arterial wall. In control-experiments necroses or perforations were nerve observed. From these data the following conclusions on the etiology of Nicolau's syndrome can be drawn: Phenylbutazone injected into the vascular or perivascular tissue causes an obligatory inflammation. After lesion of an artery complete destruction of the vessel followed by necrosis of the skin may occur. It seems obvious that this secondary effect can not completely be avoided."}
{"id": "PMID:883846", "title": "Testosterone levels and gonadotrophins in Klinefelter's patients treated with injections of mesterolone cipionate.", "content": "Hormone levels were measured in patients with Klinefelter's syndrome after treatment with 100 mg mesterolone cipionate (twice monthly). There was no difference in plasma testosterone and FSH levels in treated and untreated patients. The basal and maximum LH levels were lower, but remained raised. The urinary excretion of testosterone as measured by liquid gaschromatography was higher in treated patients after treatment was discontinued.-From these results it is concluded that in spite of reported decreases of plasma testosterone during therapy with mesterolone cipionate this drug does not lead to severe impairment of the endogenous hormone production after discontinuing treatment.", "contents": "Testosterone levels and gonadotrophins in Klinefelter's patients treated with injections of mesterolone cipionate. Hormone levels were measured in patients with Klinefelter's syndrome after treatment with 100 mg mesterolone cipionate (twice monthly). There was no difference in plasma testosterone and FSH levels in treated and untreated patients. The basal and maximum LH levels were lower, but remained raised. The urinary excretion of testosterone as measured by liquid gaschromatography was higher in treated patients after treatment was discontinued.-From these results it is concluded that in spite of reported decreases of plasma testosterone during therapy with mesterolone cipionate this drug does not lead to severe impairment of the endogenous hormone production after discontinuing treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:883847", "title": "Influence of some inflammatory or antiinflammatory substances on skin biopsies investigated with microcalorimetry and respiratory techniques.", "content": "Thermal effects were achieved from skin biopsies (epidermis, corium, subcutis) measured by batch-microcalorimetry, after exposure to potent inflammatory or antiinflammatory substances (compound 48/80, histamine, serotonine and hydrocortisone phosphate). Exothermic effects were achieved from 48-80, histamine and hydrocortisone phosphate, when exposed to the skin and lasting for varying time. From serotonine initial endothermic signals were achieved but after about 50 min there was stabilizing of the thermal reaction at the baseline. To analyze the nature of these non-specific thermal effects, determinations of O2 consumption and CO2 production were performed, using Warburg technique on exactly matched tissue pieces exposed to the same substances and run parallely with the microcalorimetrical determinations. An increased respiration, probably as an indicator of increased metabolism was registrated for all test substances acting on the skin. It felt, that the thermal effects reflect an increased metabolism of the tissue exposed to the test substances.", "contents": "Influence of some inflammatory or antiinflammatory substances on skin biopsies investigated with microcalorimetry and respiratory techniques. Thermal effects were achieved from skin biopsies (epidermis, corium, subcutis) measured by batch-microcalorimetry, after exposure to potent inflammatory or antiinflammatory substances (compound 48/80, histamine, serotonine and hydrocortisone phosphate). Exothermic effects were achieved from 48-80, histamine and hydrocortisone phosphate, when exposed to the skin and lasting for varying time. From serotonine initial endothermic signals were achieved but after about 50 min there was stabilizing of the thermal reaction at the baseline. To analyze the nature of these non-specific thermal effects, determinations of O2 consumption and CO2 production were performed, using Warburg technique on exactly matched tissue pieces exposed to the same substances and run parallely with the microcalorimetrical determinations. An increased respiration, probably as an indicator of increased metabolism was registrated for all test substances acting on the skin. It felt, that the thermal effects reflect an increased metabolism of the tissue exposed to the test substances."}
{"id": "PMID:883849", "title": "Effect of morestan and other substituted quinoxalines on the activities of various rat hepatic mixed-function oxidases.", "content": "Morestan (6-methyl-2,3-quinoxalinedithiol cyclic-S,S carbonate) and two of its metabolites: methyl-2,3-quinoxalinedithiol and 6-methyl-2,3-quinoxalinedihydroxy were administered to male and female rats by intraperitoneal route for 4 consecutive days (50 mg/kg/daily). Morestan was also administered by esophageal intubation for 4 days at the dose of 75 mg/kg/daily. After evaluating the pentobarbital sleeping time in the animals on the 5th day, aminopyrine N-demethylase, p-nitroanisole O-demethylase and aromatic aniline hyroxylase activities and levels of cytochrome P450, proteins and RNA were measured in the microsomal hepatic fraction. Protein and nucleic acid levels were also measured in whole liver. The 3 substances studied caused considerable decreases in activity of certain microsomal enzymes: morestan inhibits some hepatic mixed-function oxidase systems; in females it is more active by peroral administration, and in males by intraperitoneal route. However, 6-methyl-2,3-quinoxalinedithiol is an even more powerful inhibitor of monooxygenase activities both in males and females. 6-methyl-2,3-quinoxalinedihydroxy also decreases activity by microsomal enzymes, but its action is inferior to that of the other two products investigated.", "contents": "Effect of morestan and other substituted quinoxalines on the activities of various rat hepatic mixed-function oxidases. Morestan (6-methyl-2,3-quinoxalinedithiol cyclic-S,S carbonate) and two of its metabolites: methyl-2,3-quinoxalinedithiol and 6-methyl-2,3-quinoxalinedihydroxy were administered to male and female rats by intraperitoneal route for 4 consecutive days (50 mg/kg/daily). Morestan was also administered by esophageal intubation for 4 days at the dose of 75 mg/kg/daily. After evaluating the pentobarbital sleeping time in the animals on the 5th day, aminopyrine N-demethylase, p-nitroanisole O-demethylase and aromatic aniline hyroxylase activities and levels of cytochrome P450, proteins and RNA were measured in the microsomal hepatic fraction. Protein and nucleic acid levels were also measured in whole liver. The 3 substances studied caused considerable decreases in activity of certain microsomal enzymes: morestan inhibits some hepatic mixed-function oxidase systems; in females it is more active by peroral administration, and in males by intraperitoneal route. However, 6-methyl-2,3-quinoxalinedithiol is an even more powerful inhibitor of monooxygenase activities both in males and females. 6-methyl-2,3-quinoxalinedihydroxy also decreases activity by microsomal enzymes, but its action is inferior to that of the other two products investigated."}
{"id": "PMID:883851", "title": "Identification and determination of ionic surface active agents.", "content": "A general colorimetric method has been developed to analyze either anionic or cationic surfactants in fresh water. An appropriate dye will react with ionic surfactant to form a chloroform-soluble, colored complex in the presence of chloroform. The color intensity of the vigorously rocked and subsequently settled chloroform layer is proportional to the concentration of the \"dye-ionic surfactant complex\", and can then be measured by making spectrophotometric readings of the chloroform solution at the optimum wavelength of the instrument used. When cationic surfactants are to be analyzed, methyl orange shall be used as a dye; when anionic surfactants are to be analyzed, azure A or methylene blue shall be used as a dye; Other chemical reagents, apparatus and spectrophotometers, however, can be nearly identical for either cationic surfactant or anionic surfactant measurement. The new analytical method is stoichiometric, and can be easily performed by a laboratory technician within a very short period of time.", "contents": "Identification and determination of ionic surface active agents. A general colorimetric method has been developed to analyze either anionic or cationic surfactants in fresh water. An appropriate dye will react with ionic surfactant to form a chloroform-soluble, colored complex in the presence of chloroform. The color intensity of the vigorously rocked and subsequently settled chloroform layer is proportional to the concentration of the \"dye-ionic surfactant complex\", and can then be measured by making spectrophotometric readings of the chloroform solution at the optimum wavelength of the instrument used. When cationic surfactants are to be analyzed, methyl orange shall be used as a dye; when anionic surfactants are to be analyzed, azure A or methylene blue shall be used as a dye; Other chemical reagents, apparatus and spectrophotometers, however, can be nearly identical for either cationic surfactant or anionic surfactant measurement. The new analytical method is stoichiometric, and can be easily performed by a laboratory technician within a very short period of time."}
{"id": "PMID:883852", "title": "Physiological response to organophosphate residues in field workers.", "content": "The physiologic response of 21 male agricultural field workers exposed to foliage-borne Guthion residues was monitored during routine peach-thinning operations in a northern California orchard. Surveillance included daily venipuncture and urine collection to determine whole blood cholinesterase (CHE) activity and level of dialkylphosphate excretion for 3 baseline (nonexposed) and 5 normal work days. Foliage samples were obtained to measure dislodgeable and total Guthion residues. A decrease in group-mean CHE activity by 15% over the surveillance period was found. Apart from one worker who showed a consistent decrease in CHE activity, reaching a maximum of 30% below baseline at the end of the work week, daily changes in individual CHE activity were erratic. Group-mean dialkylphosphate excretion levels provided a semiquantitative indication of exposure to Guthion. Medical examination before and after the exposure period revealed an absence of clinical signs of organophosphate intoxication.", "contents": "Physiological response to organophosphate residues in field workers. The physiologic response of 21 male agricultural field workers exposed to foliage-borne Guthion residues was monitored during routine peach-thinning operations in a northern California orchard. Surveillance included daily venipuncture and urine collection to determine whole blood cholinesterase (CHE) activity and level of dialkylphosphate excretion for 3 baseline (nonexposed) and 5 normal work days. Foliage samples were obtained to measure dislodgeable and total Guthion residues. A decrease in group-mean CHE activity by 15% over the surveillance period was found. Apart from one worker who showed a consistent decrease in CHE activity, reaching a maximum of 30% below baseline at the end of the work week, daily changes in individual CHE activity were erratic. Group-mean dialkylphosphate excretion levels provided a semiquantitative indication of exposure to Guthion. Medical examination before and after the exposure period revealed an absence of clinical signs of organophosphate intoxication."}
{"id": "PMID:883860", "title": "[Prinzmetal's angina. Response to the treatment with reserpine. Review of its physiopathological mechanisms].", "content": "A case of Prinzmetal angina refractory to classic medical treatment, in which the angina attacks were suppressed with the administration qf reserpine is presented. The possible physiopathologic mecanisms of this entity are reviewed. The possibility of coronary spasm due to an alteration in the regulation of the coronary arterial tone from an autonomic.nervous system illness is established, an abnormal coronary vascular reactivity is also reviewed. It is emphasized that the Prinzmetal angina is an original entity, idfferent from the coronary arteriosclerotic heart disease, which may coexist with it but which cannot be treated in the same way, because its physiopathologic mecanisms are different.", "contents": "[Prinzmetal's angina. Response to the treatment with reserpine. Review of its physiopathological mechanisms]. A case of Prinzmetal angina refractory to classic medical treatment, in which the angina attacks were suppressed with the administration qf reserpine is presented. The possible physiopathologic mecanisms of this entity are reviewed. The possibility of coronary spasm due to an alteration in the regulation of the coronary arterial tone from an autonomic.nervous system illness is established, an abnormal coronary vascular reactivity is also reviewed. It is emphasized that the Prinzmetal angina is an original entity, idfferent from the coronary arteriosclerotic heart disease, which may coexist with it but which cannot be treated in the same way, because its physiopathologic mecanisms are different."}
{"id": "PMID:883870", "title": "[An explanation of ventilation problems in congenital heart disease with left to right shunt].", "content": "The problems associated with the ventilation of children who have congenital heart disease with left to righ shunts and pulmonary hypertension are more likely to be acquired than due to the congenital malformation. Haemodynamic, angiographic, bronchoscopic and bronchographic studies demonstrated that ventilation problems arose because of compression of the bronchus by the pulmonary artery. The bronchial compression should be treated by surgery to the heart defect without removing the lung. The intervention should be early to obtain maximum benefit and to avoid irreversible damage to the bronchus.", "contents": "[An explanation of ventilation problems in congenital heart disease with left to right shunt]. The problems associated with the ventilation of children who have congenital heart disease with left to righ shunts and pulmonary hypertension are more likely to be acquired than due to the congenital malformation. Haemodynamic, angiographic, bronchoscopic and bronchographic studies demonstrated that ventilation problems arose because of compression of the bronchus by the pulmonary artery. The bronchial compression should be treated by surgery to the heart defect without removing the lung. The intervention should be early to obtain maximum benefit and to avoid irreversible damage to the bronchus."}
{"id": "PMID:883871", "title": "[Epilepsy, anticonvulsants and pregnancy].", "content": "A statistical study, using a computer, of 343 epileptic women with 775 pregnancies led to the following conclusions: 1. The influence of pregnancy on epilepsy is very variable: null once out of 2 times, pregnancy is more often favourable than unfavourable in the remaining 50% of the cases. 2. The influence of epilepsy on pregnancy seems to be null with regard to the course of pregnancy, its termination and the post-delivery period. The perinatal mortality rate is, however, higher. 3. Concerning the very present question of the teratogenic risk due to anticonvulsants, it appears that an epileptic woman has a slightly higher risk to bear a child with a congenital defect than does a non-epileptic mother; 4.04% of malformations in treated epileptic women, 2.32% in non-treated; 2.2% and 1.8% in two control groups.", "contents": "[Epilepsy, anticonvulsants and pregnancy]. A statistical study, using a computer, of 343 epileptic women with 775 pregnancies led to the following conclusions: 1. The influence of pregnancy on epilepsy is very variable: null once out of 2 times, pregnancy is more often favourable than unfavourable in the remaining 50% of the cases. 2. The influence of epilepsy on pregnancy seems to be null with regard to the course of pregnancy, its termination and the post-delivery period. The perinatal mortality rate is, however, higher. 3. Concerning the very present question of the teratogenic risk due to anticonvulsants, it appears that an epileptic woman has a slightly higher risk to bear a child with a congenital defect than does a non-epileptic mother; 4.04% of malformations in treated epileptic women, 2.32% in non-treated; 2.2% and 1.8% in two control groups."}
{"id": "PMID:883868", "title": "[Measurement of colloidosmostic pressure].", "content": "In the patient in a critical state there are numerous conditions which alter the COP (Coloidosmotic pressure), which is important for the exchange of liquids at the capillary level of the entire organism. As a consequence for these changes, problems occur with the accumulation of water in the intersticia and a malfunction of organs. A device to measure the COP in a reliable, rapid, and economical form is described. Its simple operation is of great use in the intensive care units for the rapid diagnosis and adequate management of the alterations in the water balance of the critical patient.", "contents": "[Measurement of colloidosmostic pressure]. In the patient in a critical state there are numerous conditions which alter the COP (Coloidosmotic pressure), which is important for the exchange of liquids at the capillary level of the entire organism. As a consequence for these changes, problems occur with the accumulation of water in the intersticia and a malfunction of organs. A device to measure the COP in a reliable, rapid, and economical form is described. Its simple operation is of great use in the intensive care units for the rapid diagnosis and adequate management of the alterations in the water balance of the critical patient."}
{"id": "PMID:883887", "title": "[Doppler findings in intracranial vascular disorders. Differential diagnosis of extracranial and intracranial vascular occlusions (author's transl)].", "content": "Directional Doppler sonography of the carotid arteries in the neck (selective for the common carotid artery, external and internal carotid arteries) and of the supratrochlear artery permits reliable diagnoses and localizations of extracranial stenoses and occlusions of these arteries. In addition, severe intracranial vascular disorders may also be detected by these methods. Characteristic combinations of Doppler results are described in occlusions of the trunk of the middle cerebral artery, cerebral circulatory breakdown, large arteriovenous angiomas of one hemisphere and carotidcavernous fistulas, and are compared with angiographic findings. The knowledge of these Doppler findings is indispensable for the differential critical evaluation of such disorders found at the level of the neck arteries and at the fronto-orbital terminal branches of the ophthalmic artery.", "contents": "[Doppler findings in intracranial vascular disorders. Differential diagnosis of extracranial and intracranial vascular occlusions (author's transl)]. Directional Doppler sonography of the carotid arteries in the neck (selective for the common carotid artery, external and internal carotid arteries) and of the supratrochlear artery permits reliable diagnoses and localizations of extracranial stenoses and occlusions of these arteries. In addition, severe intracranial vascular disorders may also be detected by these methods. Characteristic combinations of Doppler results are described in occlusions of the trunk of the middle cerebral artery, cerebral circulatory breakdown, large arteriovenous angiomas of one hemisphere and carotidcavernous fistulas, and are compared with angiographic findings. The knowledge of these Doppler findings is indispensable for the differential critical evaluation of such disorders found at the level of the neck arteries and at the fronto-orbital terminal branches of the ophthalmic artery."}
{"id": "PMID:883888", "title": "Regional cerebral blood flow in a case of bromide psychosis.", "content": "A case of bromide psychosis is described. A course of repeated measurements of the regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) was followed, using the 133Xe inhalation method. At the first examination, when the serum bromide level was 45 mmol/1, the cerebral blood flow was reduced to about one-third of the normal. The regional flow pattern was also abnormal with low flows in frontal and parieto-occipital regions. Hemodialysis was performed with an overall improvement of the condition and a successive normalization of rCBF. The pronounced decrease of the cerebral blood flow, together with the positive effects of hemodialysis, seems to indicate that bromide psychosis is of a toxic origin and not an abstinence phenomenon.", "contents": "Regional cerebral blood flow in a case of bromide psychosis. A case of bromide psychosis is described. A course of repeated measurements of the regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) was followed, using the 133Xe inhalation method. At the first examination, when the serum bromide level was 45 mmol/1, the cerebral blood flow was reduced to about one-third of the normal. The regional flow pattern was also abnormal with low flows in frontal and parieto-occipital regions. Hemodialysis was performed with an overall improvement of the condition and a successive normalization of rCBF. The pronounced decrease of the cerebral blood flow, together with the positive effects of hemodialysis, seems to indicate that bromide psychosis is of a toxic origin and not an abstinence phenomenon."}
{"id": "PMID:883889", "title": "Autonomic activation and endogenous depression.", "content": "Psychophysiologic parameters were investigated in 10 patients with endogenous depression during the course of electroconvulsive therapy. Changes in the depressive mood were assessed by the patients at regular intervals using a general mood scale. EEG and heart rate response and habituation were recorded before, during, and after E.C.T. Prior to treatment a low variance and responsiveness and striking intra-individual stability were found in the physiologic parameters. At the start of E.C.T. there was a significant increase in the deviation values of heart rate and a significant increase in the occurrence of typical biphasic heart rate responses. The EEG showed increased amplitudes and a slowing of background activity. Treatment-dependent differences were also seen in the habituation of the EEG amplitude response. Regarding improvement in the depressive mood, differences were found between the retarded and the agitated patients. Agitated patients demonstrated a continous gradual decline of their depressive condition, while in retarded patients the general trend toward improvement passed through a period of increased mood lability. The results are interpreted with reference to the activation dependency of heart rate responses.", "contents": "Autonomic activation and endogenous depression. Psychophysiologic parameters were investigated in 10 patients with endogenous depression during the course of electroconvulsive therapy. Changes in the depressive mood were assessed by the patients at regular intervals using a general mood scale. EEG and heart rate response and habituation were recorded before, during, and after E.C.T. Prior to treatment a low variance and responsiveness and striking intra-individual stability were found in the physiologic parameters. At the start of E.C.T. there was a significant increase in the deviation values of heart rate and a significant increase in the occurrence of typical biphasic heart rate responses. The EEG showed increased amplitudes and a slowing of background activity. Treatment-dependent differences were also seen in the habituation of the EEG amplitude response. Regarding improvement in the depressive mood, differences were found between the retarded and the agitated patients. Agitated patients demonstrated a continous gradual decline of their depressive condition, while in retarded patients the general trend toward improvement passed through a period of increased mood lability. The results are interpreted with reference to the activation dependency of heart rate responses."}
{"id": "PMID:883890", "title": "Memory impairment after convulsive therapy. Influence of age and number of treatments.", "content": "The influence of age and number of treatments on memory impairment was studied in depressed patients after a series of convulsive treatments: bilateral ECT, unilateral ECT on the nondominant hemisphere, and fluorothyl convulsive therapy. Before and after the completed convulsive therapy course the patients were tested with a memory test battery and the symptoms rated with a depression scale. Before treatment older age-groups had decreased ability to learn, but their post-treatment forgetting score was not significantly higher than in other age-groups. An increase in the number of ECTs did not seem to correlate with the degree of memory impairment. The conclusion of the present study is that age (up to 65) and the number of ECTs (up to 10) have no apparent influence on memory impairment after electroconvulsive therapy.", "contents": "Memory impairment after convulsive therapy. Influence of age and number of treatments. The influence of age and number of treatments on memory impairment was studied in depressed patients after a series of convulsive treatments: bilateral ECT, unilateral ECT on the nondominant hemisphere, and fluorothyl convulsive therapy. Before and after the completed convulsive therapy course the patients were tested with a memory test battery and the symptoms rated with a depression scale. Before treatment older age-groups had decreased ability to learn, but their post-treatment forgetting score was not significantly higher than in other age-groups. An increase in the number of ECTs did not seem to correlate with the degree of memory impairment. The conclusion of the present study is that age (up to 65) and the number of ECTs (up to 10) have no apparent influence on memory impairment after electroconvulsive therapy."}
{"id": "PMID:883891", "title": "[AMP system: longitudinal studies of psychopathologic and somatic symptoms. An empiric investigation of the problem of side effects (author's transl)].", "content": "The psychopathologic and somatic state of 681 psychiatric patients were investigated in longitudinal studies within the scope of different psychopharmacologic trials. Most psychologic symptoms occur less frequently, whereas somatic symptoms are found to increase, which suggests side effects from psychotropic drugs. The analyses show that the AMP-system can be reduced by 49 (possibly 45) symptoms, as initial findings and developments show that these symptoms are rare, and do not allow of differentiation between diagnostic groups.", "contents": "[AMP system: longitudinal studies of psychopathologic and somatic symptoms. An empiric investigation of the problem of side effects (author's transl)]. The psychopathologic and somatic state of 681 psychiatric patients were investigated in longitudinal studies within the scope of different psychopharmacologic trials. Most psychologic symptoms occur less frequently, whereas somatic symptoms are found to increase, which suggests side effects from psychotropic drugs. The analyses show that the AMP-system can be reduced by 49 (possibly 45) symptoms, as initial findings and developments show that these symptoms are rare, and do not allow of differentiation between diagnostic groups."}
{"id": "PMID:883892", "title": "[Neuropsychological investigations of thought processes in aphasics (author's transl)].", "content": "Fifteen aphasics and 10 patients with cortical lesions of the right (nondominant) hemisphere were examined using 10 nonverbal psychological tests with 23 variants. The number of correct solutions and the duration of fulfillment of each variant were recorded with statistical significance and standard deviations. Aphasics as well as patients with right-sided cortical damage have lower scores than normal individuals for both correctness and duration of performance. The two groups of patients differed in that the number of correct solutions was higher in aphasics than it was in right-sided cortical injury cases. Aphasics required a longer time to perform the tests used by the authors than normals did, and those with right-sided cortical lesions required an even longer time. The results were also dependent on the kind of test applied. For example, the differences shown by tests 4, 5, 6, and 10 were comparatively less among the three groups (normals, aphasics, and right-sided damage of the cortex) and nonsignificant. The results are discussed in relation to thought processes, language, and aphasia.", "contents": "[Neuropsychological investigations of thought processes in aphasics (author's transl)]. Fifteen aphasics and 10 patients with cortical lesions of the right (nondominant) hemisphere were examined using 10 nonverbal psychological tests with 23 variants. The number of correct solutions and the duration of fulfillment of each variant were recorded with statistical significance and standard deviations. Aphasics as well as patients with right-sided cortical damage have lower scores than normal individuals for both correctness and duration of performance. The two groups of patients differed in that the number of correct solutions was higher in aphasics than it was in right-sided cortical injury cases. Aphasics required a longer time to perform the tests used by the authors than normals did, and those with right-sided cortical lesions required an even longer time. The results were also dependent on the kind of test applied. For example, the differences shown by tests 4, 5, 6, and 10 were comparatively less among the three groups (normals, aphasics, and right-sided damage of the cortex) and nonsignificant. The results are discussed in relation to thought processes, language, and aphasia."}
{"id": "PMID:883908", "title": "Multifrequency tympanometry.", "content": "The tympanogram shape has been investigated in 290 patients as a function of probe tone frequency (from 200 to 2000 Hz). As the frequency of the probe tone rises, the tympanogram undergoes characteristic modifications which have been grouped, according to their morphologic similarities, in three classes: V, W and inverted-V shape. These three tympanometric configurations are consistently observed both in normals and in some patients with middle ear disorders. Exceptions to this regular behaviour are the pathological pictures of the middle ear in which the structure or the dynamics of the tympano-ossicular system are significantly altered (massive tympanosclerosis, glue ear and cholesteatoma). The frequency interval at which the characteristic tympanometric configurations appear is the most important factor for differentiating pathophysiologic conditions of the middle ear.", "contents": "Multifrequency tympanometry. The tympanogram shape has been investigated in 290 patients as a function of probe tone frequency (from 200 to 2000 Hz). As the frequency of the probe tone rises, the tympanogram undergoes characteristic modifications which have been grouped, according to their morphologic similarities, in three classes: V, W and inverted-V shape. These three tympanometric configurations are consistently observed both in normals and in some patients with middle ear disorders. Exceptions to this regular behaviour are the pathological pictures of the middle ear in which the structure or the dynamics of the tympano-ossicular system are significantly altered (massive tympanosclerosis, glue ear and cholesteatoma). The frequency interval at which the characteristic tympanometric configurations appear is the most important factor for differentiating pathophysiologic conditions of the middle ear."}
{"id": "PMID:883909", "title": "Middle-ear impedance measurements in screening.", "content": "Middle-ear disorders are the major cause of hearing loss in the young school child, the majority of sensorineural disorders already having been detected. Mild conductive deafness may lead to educational retardation, psychological and social problems as well as to more severe middle-ear problems. It is consequently important to detect persistent middle-ear conditions as early as possible. Pure-tone audiometry has been shown to be a poor method of identifying middle-ear effusions. Impedance measurement is considerably more efficient, and different approaches are reviewed in the light of long-term studies of middle-ear effusion.", "contents": "Middle-ear impedance measurements in screening. Middle-ear disorders are the major cause of hearing loss in the young school child, the majority of sensorineural disorders already having been detected. Mild conductive deafness may lead to educational retardation, psychological and social problems as well as to more severe middle-ear problems. It is consequently important to detect persistent middle-ear conditions as early as possible. Pure-tone audiometry has been shown to be a poor method of identifying middle-ear effusions. Impedance measurement is considerably more efficient, and different approaches are reviewed in the light of long-term studies of middle-ear effusion."}
{"id": "PMID:883912", "title": "The intra-aural muscle reflex in retrocochlear pathology: a model study in the rabbit.", "content": "An animal model for the evaluation of the acoustic stapedius reflex is described. The intra-aural muscle reflex in the rabbit can be recorded with a technique identical to that used in man. The validity and reproducibility of the measurements are good. Lesions in the reflex pathway were shown to be followed by changes in reflex properties. The type of alteration depended on the location of the damage. Lesions in the dorsal cochlear nucleus were not followed by reflex changes. Lesions in the ventral cochlear nucleus and/or the eighth nerve were followed by a rise of reflex threshold and often, but not always, by reflex decay. Lesions in the midline of the trapezoid body were followed by specific changes in the crossed reflex, whereas the ipsilateral reflex was unaffected. The advantage of making simultaneous ipsilateral and contraleral reflex recordings was pointed out.", "contents": "The intra-aural muscle reflex in retrocochlear pathology: a model study in the rabbit. An animal model for the evaluation of the acoustic stapedius reflex is described. The intra-aural muscle reflex in the rabbit can be recorded with a technique identical to that used in man. The validity and reproducibility of the measurements are good. Lesions in the reflex pathway were shown to be followed by changes in reflex properties. The type of alteration depended on the location of the damage. Lesions in the dorsal cochlear nucleus were not followed by reflex changes. Lesions in the ventral cochlear nucleus and/or the eighth nerve were followed by a rise of reflex threshold and often, but not always, by reflex decay. Lesions in the midline of the trapezoid body were followed by specific changes in the crossed reflex, whereas the ipsilateral reflex was unaffected. The advantage of making simultaneous ipsilateral and contraleral reflex recordings was pointed out."}
{"id": "PMID:883913", "title": "A further examination of the use of the stapedius reflex in the diagnosis of acoustic neuroma.", "content": "Criteria proposed by ANDERSON et al. for the diagnosis of early acoustic neuromas using the acoustic stapedius reflex were examined. Populations of normal hearers and subjects with sensorineural hearing losses were studied and yielded high false-positive detection rates by the threshold criteria. It is suggested that the threshold asymmetry of the reflex may be more useful than the absolute threshold.", "contents": "A further examination of the use of the stapedius reflex in the diagnosis of acoustic neuroma. Criteria proposed by ANDERSON et al. for the diagnosis of early acoustic neuromas using the acoustic stapedius reflex were examined. Populations of normal hearers and subjects with sensorineural hearing losses were studied and yielded high false-positive detection rates by the threshold criteria. It is suggested that the threshold asymmetry of the reflex may be more useful than the absolute threshold."}
{"id": "PMID:883914", "title": "Multifrequency impedance testing in relation to otospongiotic stapedial fixation and other factors.", "content": "After reviewing COLLETTI'S research, the authors describe their own experimental work on multifrequency impedance testing in relation to stapedial fixation in otospongiosis, and other factors. Their findings, based on 266 tested ears, lead the authors to the conclusion that : (1) the most useful frequencies, from the clinical point of view, are the low ones (220, 660 and 800 Hz); (2) the research frequencies, range beyond (900 to 2 000 Hz), for a finer diagnosis, but are confused by numerous artefacts and are not always reliable; (3) COLLETTI'S conclusions on the inversion of the peak and on the shifting of M and W, are valuable, but not always reliable in some cases.", "contents": "Multifrequency impedance testing in relation to otospongiotic stapedial fixation and other factors. After reviewing COLLETTI'S research, the authors describe their own experimental work on multifrequency impedance testing in relation to stapedial fixation in otospongiosis, and other factors. Their findings, based on 266 tested ears, lead the authors to the conclusion that : (1) the most useful frequencies, from the clinical point of view, are the low ones (220, 660 and 800 Hz); (2) the research frequencies, range beyond (900 to 2 000 Hz), for a finer diagnosis, but are confused by numerous artefacts and are not always reliable; (3) COLLETTI'S conclusions on the inversion of the peak and on the shifting of M and W, are valuable, but not always reliable in some cases."}
{"id": "PMID:883910", "title": "Diagnostic application and interpretation of tympanometry and the acoustic reflex.", "content": "Tympanometry and the acoustic reflex constitute a powerful middle ear measurement battery. Together, these measurements provide us with direct objective information about the integrity and mobility of the middle ear system and the status of the sensorineural auditory function. A descriptive analysis of tympanograms involves a consideration of the amplitude and shape of the tympanogram as well as the location of the peak along the air pressure axis. The differential effect of pathology on tympanogram pressure peak location, amplitude and shape as well as on the acoustic reflex provides the capability for the application of this battery in the differential diagnosis of auditory disorders.", "contents": "Diagnostic application and interpretation of tympanometry and the acoustic reflex. Tympanometry and the acoustic reflex constitute a powerful middle ear measurement battery. Together, these measurements provide us with direct objective information about the integrity and mobility of the middle ear system and the status of the sensorineural auditory function. A descriptive analysis of tympanograms involves a consideration of the amplitude and shape of the tympanogram as well as the location of the peak along the air pressure axis. The differential effect of pathology on tympanogram pressure peak location, amplitude and shape as well as on the acoustic reflex provides the capability for the application of this battery in the differential diagnosis of auditory disorders."}
{"id": "PMID:883911", "title": "Pathology of the nervous arc of the acoustic reflexes.", "content": "A short comment is made on the pathological conditions of the input and efferent arc of the stapedius reflex. The modifications of this reflex during pathological and experimental inpairment of the intermediate portion of the arc, at the brain stem level, in human subjects are analyzed in more detail. The graphic and oscilloscopic records demonstrate a modification of the latency, amplitude and particularly of the speed of onset of the reflex. A concomitant modification of the electronystagmogram and tonal tests of lateralization is also demonstrated. Some abnormal responses observed in cases of facial palsy (efferent arc) as compared with electrogustometry and the problem of eliciting an isolated reflex contraction of the tensor tympani are briefly commented upon.", "contents": "Pathology of the nervous arc of the acoustic reflexes. A short comment is made on the pathological conditions of the input and efferent arc of the stapedius reflex. The modifications of this reflex during pathological and experimental inpairment of the intermediate portion of the arc, at the brain stem level, in human subjects are analyzed in more detail. The graphic and oscilloscopic records demonstrate a modification of the latency, amplitude and particularly of the speed of onset of the reflex. A concomitant modification of the electronystagmogram and tonal tests of lateralization is also demonstrated. Some abnormal responses observed in cases of facial palsy (efferent arc) as compared with electrogustometry and the problem of eliciting an isolated reflex contraction of the tensor tympani are briefly commented upon."}
{"id": "PMID:883915", "title": "Impedance changes elicited by electrocutaneous stimulation.", "content": "Electrical stimulation of the skin in the cavum conchae is followed by bilateral changes in the acoustic impedance of the ear due to reflex contraction of the stapedius muscle. A stimulator and a special surface electrode for electrical stimulation of the skin have been developed. The apparatus produces square-wave constant-current pulses independent of the electrical impedance of the electrode and the skin, and its hazard-proof. The effect of five independently variable stimulus parameters upon the elicited impedance changes has been examined in order to find a stimulus producing a large and reproducible impedance change without causing discomfort to the subject. Although a pronounced habituation phenomenon tends to mask the cause to effect relation of the various parameters, the results indicate that an appropriate stimulus is a pulse train of 0.5 s duration, consisting of individual pulses of a frequency of 200 Hz and 1 ms duration. The stimulus is applied at 10-second intervals.", "contents": "Impedance changes elicited by electrocutaneous stimulation. Electrical stimulation of the skin in the cavum conchae is followed by bilateral changes in the acoustic impedance of the ear due to reflex contraction of the stapedius muscle. A stimulator and a special surface electrode for electrical stimulation of the skin have been developed. The apparatus produces square-wave constant-current pulses independent of the electrical impedance of the electrode and the skin, and its hazard-proof. The effect of five independently variable stimulus parameters upon the elicited impedance changes has been examined in order to find a stimulus producing a large and reproducible impedance change without causing discomfort to the subject. Although a pronounced habituation phenomenon tends to mask the cause to effect relation of the various parameters, the results indicate that an appropriate stimulus is a pulse train of 0.5 s duration, consisting of individual pulses of a frequency of 200 Hz and 1 ms duration. The stimulus is applied at 10-second intervals."}
{"id": "PMID:883926", "title": "Effects of hyperoxia on glutathione reductase activity, membrane proteins, and esterases of rabbit erythrocytes.", "content": "Rabbits were exposed to 100% oxygen at pressures of 256 to 1520 mm Hg for up to 5 d and the blood and erythrocytes of these animals were examined for changes that could be related to hyperoxia. Glutathione reductase activity of erythrocytes was reduced 5 to 29% by hyperoxia, whereas that of the plasma was not significantly altered. Significant changes in red and white cell counts, including differential leukocyte count, could not be detected. Electrophoretic analysis of the proteins and esterases derived from plasma and membranes and cytoplasmic fractions of erythrocytes did not reveal changes attributable to hyperoxia.", "contents": "Effects of hyperoxia on glutathione reductase activity, membrane proteins, and esterases of rabbit erythrocytes. Rabbits were exposed to 100% oxygen at pressures of 256 to 1520 mm Hg for up to 5 d and the blood and erythrocytes of these animals were examined for changes that could be related to hyperoxia. Glutathione reductase activity of erythrocytes was reduced 5 to 29% by hyperoxia, whereas that of the plasma was not significantly altered. Significant changes in red and white cell counts, including differential leukocyte count, could not be detected. Electrophoretic analysis of the proteins and esterases derived from plasma and membranes and cytoplasmic fractions of erythrocytes did not reveal changes attributable to hyperoxia."}
{"id": "PMID:883927", "title": "Some psychological correlates of motion sickness susceptibility.", "content": "Four groups of 37 subjects each (highly susceptible men, highly susceptible women, nonsusceptible men, and nonsusceptible women) were obtained from a population of 2,432 college students ranging in age from 18 to 39 years. Susceptibility to motion sickness was determined by scores on a motion sickness questionnaire (MSQ); only individuals with extreme scores were considered for inclusion in the experimental groups. The following tests were administered: Floor Ataxia Test Battery, State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, Menstrual Distress Questionnaire, Cornell Medical Index, Cornell Work Form, Eysenck Personality Inventory, Rotter Internal-External Locus of Control Scale, and the 16 Personality Factors test. Each subject was tested on at least three, but not more than six, of the eight tests. Significant sex differences were obtained on the ataxia battery and the Cornell Medical Index. Susceptible subjects did not differ significantly from nonsusceptibles on the ataxia battery but did differ significantly on all personality tests except the Menstrual Distress Questionnaire (administered only to women) and the Rotter Scale. The generally consistent and significant patterns of results from the psychological tests probably reflect the selection factors used in defining the subject groups; certain personality characteristics are associated with a high degree of susceptibility to motion sickness.", "contents": "Some psychological correlates of motion sickness susceptibility. Four groups of 37 subjects each (highly susceptible men, highly susceptible women, nonsusceptible men, and nonsusceptible women) were obtained from a population of 2,432 college students ranging in age from 18 to 39 years. Susceptibility to motion sickness was determined by scores on a motion sickness questionnaire (MSQ); only individuals with extreme scores were considered for inclusion in the experimental groups. The following tests were administered: Floor Ataxia Test Battery, State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, Menstrual Distress Questionnaire, Cornell Medical Index, Cornell Work Form, Eysenck Personality Inventory, Rotter Internal-External Locus of Control Scale, and the 16 Personality Factors test. Each subject was tested on at least three, but not more than six, of the eight tests. Significant sex differences were obtained on the ataxia battery and the Cornell Medical Index. Susceptible subjects did not differ significantly from nonsusceptibles on the ataxia battery but did differ significantly on all personality tests except the Menstrual Distress Questionnaire (administered only to women) and the Rotter Scale. The generally consistent and significant patterns of results from the psychological tests probably reflect the selection factors used in defining the subject groups; certain personality characteristics are associated with a high degree of susceptibility to motion sickness."}
{"id": "PMID:883928", "title": "Prolonged weightlessness effect on postflight plasma thyroid hormones.", "content": "Blood drawn before and after spaceflight from the nine Skylab astronauts showed a statistically significant increase in mean plasma thyroxine (T-4) of 1.4 microgram/dl and in thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) of 4 muU/ml. Concurrent triiodothyronine (T-3) levels decreased 27 ng/dl indicating inhibited conversion of T-4 to T-3. The T-3 decrease is postulated to be a result of the increased cortisol levels noted during and following each mission. These results confirm the thyroidal changes noted after the shorter Apollo flights and show that thyroid hormone levels change during spaceflight.", "contents": "Prolonged weightlessness effect on postflight plasma thyroid hormones. Blood drawn before and after spaceflight from the nine Skylab astronauts showed a statistically significant increase in mean plasma thyroxine (T-4) of 1.4 microgram/dl and in thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) of 4 muU/ml. Concurrent triiodothyronine (T-3) levels decreased 27 ng/dl indicating inhibited conversion of T-4 to T-3. The T-3 decrease is postulated to be a result of the increased cortisol levels noted during and following each mission. These results confirm the thyroidal changes noted after the shorter Apollo flights and show that thyroid hormone levels change during spaceflight."}
{"id": "PMID:883929", "title": "Voluntary eye movements and alcohol.", "content": "Human voluntary horizontal eye-movements are studied prior and subsequent to the ingestion of alcohol. Such movements are important, especially during reading and driving. Infrared monitoring techniques were employed to record eye movements and eye-movement latency histograms were tabulated. Blood alcohol levels were continually monitored. Alcohol increases eye-movement latency but the maximum latency occurred in most cases at different elapsed times from the time of maximum blood alcohol level. In general, a roughly 20% increase in latency occurs subsequent to alcohol. Whether this added delay is a result of a general depression of the oculomotor system or a specific increase in some oculomotor computing element is unresolved. Within the limits of our experimentation, there was no difference between latency change observed in moderate and heavy drinkers.", "contents": "Voluntary eye movements and alcohol. Human voluntary horizontal eye-movements are studied prior and subsequent to the ingestion of alcohol. Such movements are important, especially during reading and driving. Infrared monitoring techniques were employed to record eye movements and eye-movement latency histograms were tabulated. Blood alcohol levels were continually monitored. Alcohol increases eye-movement latency but the maximum latency occurred in most cases at different elapsed times from the time of maximum blood alcohol level. In general, a roughly 20% increase in latency occurs subsequent to alcohol. Whether this added delay is a result of a general depression of the oculomotor system or a specific increase in some oculomotor computing element is unresolved. Within the limits of our experimentation, there was no difference between latency change observed in moderate and heavy drinkers."}
{"id": "PMID:883930", "title": "Sleep at altitude.", "content": "The effects of hypobaric hypoxia upon the electrophysiologically assessed sleep of four male and four female subjects--18-29 years old--were measured during two successive nights at 493 torr (3500 m) in a hypobaric chamber. Five subjects experienced varied levels of acute mountain sickness (AMS). Sleep disturbance was primarily manifested as \"insomnia\" in two subjects experiencing higher levels of AMS. Relatively normal amounts of synchronized sleep were observed at 493 torr, implying the occurrence of sleep hypoventilation.", "contents": "Sleep at altitude. The effects of hypobaric hypoxia upon the electrophysiologically assessed sleep of four male and four female subjects--18-29 years old--were measured during two successive nights at 493 torr (3500 m) in a hypobaric chamber. Five subjects experienced varied levels of acute mountain sickness (AMS). Sleep disturbance was primarily manifested as \"insomnia\" in two subjects experiencing higher levels of AMS. Relatively normal amounts of synchronized sleep were observed at 493 torr, implying the occurrence of sleep hypoventilation."}
{"id": "PMID:883931", "title": "Cardiac output during sleep at altitude.", "content": "The effects of hypobaric hypoxia and sleep, assessed by EEG, upon cardiac output (Q) were studied by impedance cardiography using two male and two female subjects. Three nights were spent at 746 torr (152 m) followed by two nights at 493 torr (3500 m), all in a hypobaric chamber. Relatively normal sleep was observed except in the presence of Acute Mountain Sickness (AMS). The occurrence of normal levels of synchronized sleep implied that sleep hypoventilation occurred. A nadir of Q was observed at about 0500 hours, implying reduced O2 delivery. It was suggested that hypobaric hypoxia, sleep hypoventilation, and reduced O2 delivery may have interacted to produce AMS.", "contents": "Cardiac output during sleep at altitude. The effects of hypobaric hypoxia and sleep, assessed by EEG, upon cardiac output (Q) were studied by impedance cardiography using two male and two female subjects. Three nights were spent at 746 torr (152 m) followed by two nights at 493 torr (3500 m), all in a hypobaric chamber. Relatively normal sleep was observed except in the presence of Acute Mountain Sickness (AMS). The occurrence of normal levels of synchronized sleep implied that sleep hypoventilation occurred. A nadir of Q was observed at about 0500 hours, implying reduced O2 delivery. It was suggested that hypobaric hypoxia, sleep hypoventilation, and reduced O2 delivery may have interacted to produce AMS."}
{"id": "PMID:883932", "title": "Accidental hypothermia: an experimental study of practical rewarming methods.", "content": "Five rewarming techniques, appropriate for first-aid use in the nonhospital setting, were applied to each of nine subjects whose body temperatures had been lowered to 35 degrees C in a stirred tank of 7.5 degrees C water. The rewarming techniques were: a) inhalation of heated, water-saturated oxygen; b) placement of heating pads over areas of high heat transfer; c) combination of methods a) and b); d) hot whirlpool bath; and e) shivering. Inhalation of heated, water-saturated oxygen was significantly better than the shivering control in minimizing temperature \"afterdrop\" and is, therefore, preferred over the other techniques as it avoids the physiological hazards of the peripheral vasodilation from external rewarming.", "contents": "Accidental hypothermia: an experimental study of practical rewarming methods. Five rewarming techniques, appropriate for first-aid use in the nonhospital setting, were applied to each of nine subjects whose body temperatures had been lowered to 35 degrees C in a stirred tank of 7.5 degrees C water. The rewarming techniques were: a) inhalation of heated, water-saturated oxygen; b) placement of heating pads over areas of high heat transfer; c) combination of methods a) and b); d) hot whirlpool bath; and e) shivering. Inhalation of heated, water-saturated oxygen was significantly better than the shivering control in minimizing temperature \"afterdrop\" and is, therefore, preferred over the other techniques as it avoids the physiological hazards of the peripheral vasodilation from external rewarming."}
{"id": "PMID:883933", "title": "Effect of bedrest on circadian rhythms of plasma renin, aldosterone, and cortisol.", "content": "Previous studies of normal men after 5 d of bedrest showed that circulatory instability on head-up tilt or standing is preceded by increased plasma renin activity (PRA) at bedrest. In the present study, the circadian rhythms of PRA, aldosterone, and cortisol have been observed in five normal men on a constant diet. In ambulatory controls, PRA and aldosterone increased normally after standing. On the third morning of bedrest, PRA was higher than before, and at noon, PRA was higher than in standing controls. The nocturnal peaks of PRA resulting from episodic renin secretion during sleep were higher after bedrest. Plasma aldosterone was also increased by bedrest. The findings are compatible with the theory that intermittent beta-adrenergic nerve activity during sleep is increased after bedrest, but other factors, such as loss of body sodium and a lower plasma volume, may also be involved.", "contents": "Effect of bedrest on circadian rhythms of plasma renin, aldosterone, and cortisol. Previous studies of normal men after 5 d of bedrest showed that circulatory instability on head-up tilt or standing is preceded by increased plasma renin activity (PRA) at bedrest. In the present study, the circadian rhythms of PRA, aldosterone, and cortisol have been observed in five normal men on a constant diet. In ambulatory controls, PRA and aldosterone increased normally after standing. On the third morning of bedrest, PRA was higher than before, and at noon, PRA was higher than in standing controls. The nocturnal peaks of PRA resulting from episodic renin secretion during sleep were higher after bedrest. Plasma aldosterone was also increased by bedrest. The findings are compatible with the theory that intermittent beta-adrenergic nerve activity during sleep is increased after bedrest, but other factors, such as loss of body sodium and a lower plasma volume, may also be involved."}
{"id": "PMID:883934", "title": "Comparison of indirect calorimetry and direct heat flow discs results in measuring R+C heat loss in burned patients.", "content": "This study was carried out on 17 burned patients. Metabolic heat production, rectal and skin temperatures, and heat exchanges by R+C were measured. It was found that R+C heat loss takes into account 60 to 80% of the increased metabolic heat production. Two methods were used to measure R+C heat loss: calculation by indirect calorimetry and direct measurements by using heat flow discs. The direct relationship which exists between the results of these two methods showed the reliability of the use of heat flow discs for measuring R+C heat loss. This fast-responding techniques may allow the elaboration of a thermal setting system which could modulate ambient air temperature, thus limiting exagerated heat loss due to the skin lesions.", "contents": "Comparison of indirect calorimetry and direct heat flow discs results in measuring R+C heat loss in burned patients. This study was carried out on 17 burned patients. Metabolic heat production, rectal and skin temperatures, and heat exchanges by R+C were measured. It was found that R+C heat loss takes into account 60 to 80% of the increased metabolic heat production. Two methods were used to measure R+C heat loss: calculation by indirect calorimetry and direct measurements by using heat flow discs. The direct relationship which exists between the results of these two methods showed the reliability of the use of heat flow discs for measuring R+C heat loss. This fast-responding techniques may allow the elaboration of a thermal setting system which could modulate ambient air temperature, thus limiting exagerated heat loss due to the skin lesions."}
{"id": "PMID:883935", "title": "Thermal data from helicopters operating in a sub-arctic environment.", "content": "Using automatic and observer-operated equipment for monitoring thermal data, observations have been made during Royal Navy Wessex 5 helicopter operations in a sub-Arctic climate. Measurements were taken in flight of front and rear cabin temperatures and aircrew deep body and skin temperatures. The results indicate that the \"arcticised\" aircraft used had more than enough cabin heating to alleviate cold stress on the aircrew.", "contents": "Thermal data from helicopters operating in a sub-arctic environment. Using automatic and observer-operated equipment for monitoring thermal data, observations have been made during Royal Navy Wessex 5 helicopter operations in a sub-Arctic climate. Measurements were taken in flight of front and rear cabin temperatures and aircrew deep body and skin temperatures. The results indicate that the \"arcticised\" aircraft used had more than enough cabin heating to alleviate cold stress on the aircrew."}
{"id": "PMID:883936", "title": "Effect of superoxide dismutase and succinate on the development of hyperbaric oxygen toxicity.", "content": "Prolonged exposure to hyperbaric O2 (HBO) causes seizures and eventual death. The precise molecular basis for O2 toxicity is not known but may be due to increased biological production of superoxide anion (O2-). In the present study, superoxide dismutase (SOD), an enzyme that catalyzes the dismutation of O2- to less toxic forms, was evaluated for its ability to protect against HBO-induced seizures and death, and the results were compared to those concurrently obtained with succinate (SUCC), an agent previously reported to protect against HBO-induced seizures. Preconvulsion time and survival time in normal and vitamin E-deficient rats exposed to 100% O2 at 5 ATA were not significantly prolonged by pretreatment with 2 to 20 mg/kg SOD intraperitoneally (ip) or 0.1 to 1.0 mg/kg SOD intrathecally. In contrast, 12 mmol/kg SUCC ip significantly prolonged preconvulsion time in normal and vitamin E-deficient rats and survival time in normal rats. The ability of SUCC to stimulate ATP production may account for its protective role. Reasons for the failure of SOD to protect against O2 toxicity are discussed.", "contents": "Effect of superoxide dismutase and succinate on the development of hyperbaric oxygen toxicity. Prolonged exposure to hyperbaric O2 (HBO) causes seizures and eventual death. The precise molecular basis for O2 toxicity is not known but may be due to increased biological production of superoxide anion (O2-). In the present study, superoxide dismutase (SOD), an enzyme that catalyzes the dismutation of O2- to less toxic forms, was evaluated for its ability to protect against HBO-induced seizures and death, and the results were compared to those concurrently obtained with succinate (SUCC), an agent previously reported to protect against HBO-induced seizures. Preconvulsion time and survival time in normal and vitamin E-deficient rats exposed to 100% O2 at 5 ATA were not significantly prolonged by pretreatment with 2 to 20 mg/kg SOD intraperitoneally (ip) or 0.1 to 1.0 mg/kg SOD intrathecally. In contrast, 12 mmol/kg SUCC ip significantly prolonged preconvulsion time in normal and vitamin E-deficient rats and survival time in normal rats. The ability of SUCC to stimulate ATP production may account for its protective role. Reasons for the failure of SOD to protect against O2 toxicity are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:883937", "title": "Review of epidemiology in clinical cardiology.", "content": "The application of epidemiological techniques to clinical cardiology has led to very significant advances in the diagnosis and treatment of coronary atherosclerosis. However, these epidemiological techniques almost necessitate the use of modern computer technology, including data base management systems, in the application of which medicine has lagged behind other areas. Businessmen have come to rely on computerized methods of data storage, retrieval, and analysis to sell commercial products and manage our finances--while their medical counterparts rely on imcomplete data in forgetful minds beset with bias and emotion to use powerful therapeutic tools in the treatment of patients. Hopefully, the next decade will see a new generation of clinical researchers who will combine epidemiology and computer technology for the improvement of health care delivery.", "contents": "Review of epidemiology in clinical cardiology. The application of epidemiological techniques to clinical cardiology has led to very significant advances in the diagnosis and treatment of coronary atherosclerosis. However, these epidemiological techniques almost necessitate the use of modern computer technology, including data base management systems, in the application of which medicine has lagged behind other areas. Businessmen have come to rely on computerized methods of data storage, retrieval, and analysis to sell commercial products and manage our finances--while their medical counterparts rely on imcomplete data in forgetful minds beset with bias and emotion to use powerful therapeutic tools in the treatment of patients. Hopefully, the next decade will see a new generation of clinical researchers who will combine epidemiology and computer technology for the improvement of health care delivery."}
{"id": "PMID:883938", "title": "Organization and operation of civil aviation medicine in the Soviet Union.", "content": "The United States of America and the Soviet Union formalized an agreement in 1973 wherein periodic exchanges of information in civil aviation take place. During the period Aug. 21-Sept. 9, 1976, the author and an associate visited the Soviet Union as part of the exchange agreement. During the visit, the following information was covered. The civil ceviation medicine program in the Soviet Union involves preflight physical examinations for aircrew members, including flight attendants, quarterly physical examinations on pilots and flight engineers, and a special central hospital for diagnosis and treatment of problem medical cases occurring in aviation personnel. In addition, prophylactoria (special rest facilities) for flight crew are maintained at major airports. Certain other aspects of Soviet civil aviation medicine include preflight examinations on all children, and the provision at each airport of a designated medical emergency facility.", "contents": "Organization and operation of civil aviation medicine in the Soviet Union. The United States of America and the Soviet Union formalized an agreement in 1973 wherein periodic exchanges of information in civil aviation take place. During the period Aug. 21-Sept. 9, 1976, the author and an associate visited the Soviet Union as part of the exchange agreement. During the visit, the following information was covered. The civil ceviation medicine program in the Soviet Union involves preflight physical examinations for aircrew members, including flight attendants, quarterly physical examinations on pilots and flight engineers, and a special central hospital for diagnosis and treatment of problem medical cases occurring in aviation personnel. In addition, prophylactoria (special rest facilities) for flight crew are maintained at major airports. Certain other aspects of Soviet civil aviation medicine include preflight examinations on all children, and the provision at each airport of a designated medical emergency facility."}
{"id": "PMID:883939", "title": "Hyperbaric oxygenation in the treatment of postencephalitic amnesic syndrome.", "content": "The efficacy of hyperbaric oxygenation in the treatment of an amnesic disorder was studied in a young woman with a residual memory impairment 2 years after Herpes Simplex Encephalitis. Quantitative testing of memory was performed under controlled conditions before, during, and immediately following treatment. There was no systematic change in storage and retrieval of either verbal or essentially nonverbal information when testing was performed during hyperbaric oxygenation or after termination of four daily treatment sessions. The findings support recent studies which have indicated a lack of therapeutic effects of hyperbaric oxygenation on the mental efficiency of older demented patients.", "contents": "Hyperbaric oxygenation in the treatment of postencephalitic amnesic syndrome. The efficacy of hyperbaric oxygenation in the treatment of an amnesic disorder was studied in a young woman with a residual memory impairment 2 years after Herpes Simplex Encephalitis. Quantitative testing of memory was performed under controlled conditions before, during, and immediately following treatment. There was no systematic change in storage and retrieval of either verbal or essentially nonverbal information when testing was performed during hyperbaric oxygenation or after termination of four daily treatment sessions. The findings support recent studies which have indicated a lack of therapeutic effects of hyperbaric oxygenation on the mental efficiency of older demented patients."}
{"id": "PMID:883940", "title": "Atmospheric pressure and idiopathic facial paralysis (Bell's palsy).", "content": "In a statistical study the onset of idiopathic facial paralysis (Bell's palsy) in 241 patients, observed in a 3-year period, is studied in relation to atmospheric pressure. The hypothesis of no association is not rejected. Neither is the hypothesis rejected of uniform distribution of the occurrence of Bell's palsy during the same period.", "contents": "Atmospheric pressure and idiopathic facial paralysis (Bell's palsy). In a statistical study the onset of idiopathic facial paralysis (Bell's palsy) in 241 patients, observed in a 3-year period, is studied in relation to atmospheric pressure. The hypothesis of no association is not rejected. Neither is the hypothesis rejected of uniform distribution of the occurrence of Bell's palsy during the same period."}
{"id": "PMID:883942", "title": "Stress reactions in organizations: syndromes, causes and consequences.", "content": "This study examines the prevalence, causes, and consequences of stress reactions among over 2000 high status members of a large organization in Canada. Five stress syndromes were identified: emotional distress, medication use, cardiovascular disturbance, gastrointestinal disturbance, and allergy respiratory disturbance. The study demonstrates the effects of sociocultural variables on selected stress responses to compare typical symptoms of French vs. English Canadians, and in demographic variables such as age and sex as reflections of stages in the life cycle. Once the sociocultural and demographic effects were isolated, the study revealed a major occupational effect in the distribution of stress syndromes. Managers compared with staff and operations people show a low prevalence of stress reactions. The explanation of this finding led to the evaluation of four possible causes: the maturity effect, the vulnerability effect, the bureaucratic effect, and the power effect. The first two causes assume the objective stressors in the environment are about the same for all occupational groups in the study and the variations in symptoms result from major personality factors held in common among the occupational groups. The second two causes assume that the variations in symptoms result from major differences in the environments of the three occupational groups. Analysis suggests that psychodynamic factors affect the tolerance for stress and the choice of syndrome. The environment, particularly the frustrations and deprivations associated with bureaucracy and the lack of power, activates the defenses against anger and rage that in turn lead to symptom formation. The study concludes with the paradox of the bureaucratic experience. Designed to minimize the uses of power in negotiating work procedures and relationships, bureaucracy requires the mobilization and uses of power to, at a minimum, reduce the risks of falling ill from frustration and anger and, at a maximum, to sense one's impact on events.", "contents": "Stress reactions in organizations: syndromes, causes and consequences. This study examines the prevalence, causes, and consequences of stress reactions among over 2000 high status members of a large organization in Canada. Five stress syndromes were identified: emotional distress, medication use, cardiovascular disturbance, gastrointestinal disturbance, and allergy respiratory disturbance. The study demonstrates the effects of sociocultural variables on selected stress responses to compare typical symptoms of French vs. English Canadians, and in demographic variables such as age and sex as reflections of stages in the life cycle. Once the sociocultural and demographic effects were isolated, the study revealed a major occupational effect in the distribution of stress syndromes. Managers compared with staff and operations people show a low prevalence of stress reactions. The explanation of this finding led to the evaluation of four possible causes: the maturity effect, the vulnerability effect, the bureaucratic effect, and the power effect. The first two causes assume the objective stressors in the environment are about the same for all occupational groups in the study and the variations in symptoms result from major personality factors held in common among the occupational groups. The second two causes assume that the variations in symptoms result from major differences in the environments of the three occupational groups. Analysis suggests that psychodynamic factors affect the tolerance for stress and the choice of syndrome. The environment, particularly the frustrations and deprivations associated with bureaucracy and the lack of power, activates the defenses against anger and rage that in turn lead to symptom formation. The study concludes with the paradox of the bureaucratic experience. Designed to minimize the uses of power in negotiating work procedures and relationships, bureaucracy requires the mobilization and uses of power to, at a minimum, reduce the risks of falling ill from frustration and anger and, at a maximum, to sense one's impact on events."}
{"id": "PMID:883943", "title": "Test of a model of decision processes in an intense conflict situation.", "content": "A particularly intense form of conflict. It is a situation in which at most one of some set of participants may obtain an objective and in which it is possible that none will obtain their objective. A mathematical model is derived from basic assumptions about the decision making process in a three-person uelative conflict situation, a truel. It is proposed that the model is generalizable to n-person situations. A preliminary test of the model that varied only one of the parameters revealed support for the model. More extensive tests of the model are warranted. In addition, the applicability of the model to internation or intergroup conflict is explored.", "contents": "Test of a model of decision processes in an intense conflict situation. A particularly intense form of conflict. It is a situation in which at most one of some set of participants may obtain an objective and in which it is possible that none will obtain their objective. A mathematical model is derived from basic assumptions about the decision making process in a three-person uelative conflict situation, a truel. It is proposed that the model is generalizable to n-person situations. A preliminary test of the model that varied only one of the parameters revealed support for the model. More extensive tests of the model are warranted. In addition, the applicability of the model to internation or intergroup conflict is explored."}
{"id": "PMID:883948", "title": "The absorption and metabolism in rats of small oral doses of dimethylnitrosamine. Implication for the possible hazard of dimethylnitrosamine in human food.", "content": "1. Groups of rats were given one dose of the carcinogen dimethylnitrosamine by gastric intubation. The dose was varied between 10mg/kg body wt. and 1 microgram/kg body wt. 2. The dose was rapidly absorbed. 3. The methylation of liver DNA resulting from the administration of this carcinogen was proportional to dose. This suggests that small doses are absorbed from the gut with no more loss than large doses. 4. As the dose was decreased there was a disproportionately greater decrease in the alkylation of kidney DNA, and when the dose was less than 40 microgram/kg body wt. the methylation of kidney DNA was no longer detectable. This possibly explains why small amounts of dimethylnitrosamine in the diet do not induce kidney tumours. 5. Comparison of the relative alkylation of liver DNA and kidney DNA resulting from an oral and from an intravenous dose of dimethylnitrosamine suggest that small amounts of dimethylnitrosamine absorbed into the portal blood from the gut are completely metabolized by the liver and do not enter the general circulation. 6. The implications of these results for the possible hazard of dimethylnitrosamine in human food is discussed.", "contents": "The absorption and metabolism in rats of small oral doses of dimethylnitrosamine. Implication for the possible hazard of dimethylnitrosamine in human food. 1. Groups of rats were given one dose of the carcinogen dimethylnitrosamine by gastric intubation. The dose was varied between 10mg/kg body wt. and 1 microgram/kg body wt. 2. The dose was rapidly absorbed. 3. The methylation of liver DNA resulting from the administration of this carcinogen was proportional to dose. This suggests that small doses are absorbed from the gut with no more loss than large doses. 4. As the dose was decreased there was a disproportionately greater decrease in the alkylation of kidney DNA, and when the dose was less than 40 microgram/kg body wt. the methylation of kidney DNA was no longer detectable. This possibly explains why small amounts of dimethylnitrosamine in the diet do not induce kidney tumours. 5. Comparison of the relative alkylation of liver DNA and kidney DNA resulting from an oral and from an intravenous dose of dimethylnitrosamine suggest that small amounts of dimethylnitrosamine absorbed into the portal blood from the gut are completely metabolized by the liver and do not enter the general circulation. 6. The implications of these results for the possible hazard of dimethylnitrosamine in human food is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:883949", "title": "A new method for assaying rat liver microsomal 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase activity and its application in a study of the effect of dietary cholesterol on this effect of dietary cholesterol on this enzyme.", "content": "A new method suitable for measuring rat liver 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase activity is described and its advantages over methods previously available are discussed. An accurate time course was measured for the inhibition of liver microsomal 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase activity by dietary cholesterol; this enzyme was affected 1 1/4 h after the rats began to consume a cholesterol-rich diet. In this experiment there was no correlation between concentrations of microsomal cholesterol ester and the activity of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutary-CoA reductase.", "contents": "A new method for assaying rat liver microsomal 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase activity and its application in a study of the effect of dietary cholesterol on this effect of dietary cholesterol on this enzyme. A new method suitable for measuring rat liver 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase activity is described and its advantages over methods previously available are discussed. An accurate time course was measured for the inhibition of liver microsomal 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase activity by dietary cholesterol; this enzyme was affected 1 1/4 h after the rats began to consume a cholesterol-rich diet. In this experiment there was no correlation between concentrations of microsomal cholesterol ester and the activity of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutary-CoA reductase."}
{"id": "PMID:883950", "title": "Effects of lactation of ketogenesis from oleate or butyrate in rat hepatocytes.", "content": "1. Rates of ketogenesis from endogenous butyrate or oleate were measured in isolated hepatocytes prepared from fed rats during different reproductive states [virgin, pregnant, early-lactating (2-4 days) and peak-lactating (10-17 days)]. In the peak-lactation group there was a decrease (25%) in the rate of ketogenesis from butyrate, but there were no differences in the rates between the other groups. Wth oleate, the rate of ketogenesis was increased in the pregnant and in the early-lactation groups compared with the virgin group, whereas the rate was 50% lower in the peak-lactation group. 2. Experiments with [1-(14)C]oleate indicated that these differences in rates of ketogenesis were not due to alterations in the rate of oleate utilization, but to changes in the amount of oleoyl-CoA converted into ketone bodies. 3. Although the addition of carnitine increased the rates of ketogenesis from oleate in all groups of rats, it did not abolish the differences between the groups. 4. Measurements of the accumulation of glucose and lactate showed that hepatocytes from rats at peak lactation had a higher rate of glycolytic flux than did hepatocytes from the other groups. After starvation, the rate of ketogenesis from oleate was still lower in the peak-lactation group compared with the control group. This suggests that the alteration in ketogenic capacity in the former group is not merely due to a higher glycolytic flux. 5. It is concluded that livers from rats at peak lactation have a lower capacity to produce ketone bodies from long-chain fatty acids which is due to an alteration in the partitioning of long-chain acyl-CoA esters between the pathways of triacylglycerol synthesis and beta-oxidation. The physiological relevance of this finding is discussed.", "contents": "Effects of lactation of ketogenesis from oleate or butyrate in rat hepatocytes. 1. Rates of ketogenesis from endogenous butyrate or oleate were measured in isolated hepatocytes prepared from fed rats during different reproductive states [virgin, pregnant, early-lactating (2-4 days) and peak-lactating (10-17 days)]. In the peak-lactation group there was a decrease (25%) in the rate of ketogenesis from butyrate, but there were no differences in the rates between the other groups. Wth oleate, the rate of ketogenesis was increased in the pregnant and in the early-lactation groups compared with the virgin group, whereas the rate was 50% lower in the peak-lactation group. 2. Experiments with [1-(14)C]oleate indicated that these differences in rates of ketogenesis were not due to alterations in the rate of oleate utilization, but to changes in the amount of oleoyl-CoA converted into ketone bodies. 3. Although the addition of carnitine increased the rates of ketogenesis from oleate in all groups of rats, it did not abolish the differences between the groups. 4. Measurements of the accumulation of glucose and lactate showed that hepatocytes from rats at peak lactation had a higher rate of glycolytic flux than did hepatocytes from the other groups. After starvation, the rate of ketogenesis from oleate was still lower in the peak-lactation group compared with the control group. This suggests that the alteration in ketogenic capacity in the former group is not merely due to a higher glycolytic flux. 5. It is concluded that livers from rats at peak lactation have a lower capacity to produce ketone bodies from long-chain fatty acids which is due to an alteration in the partitioning of long-chain acyl-CoA esters between the pathways of triacylglycerol synthesis and beta-oxidation. The physiological relevance of this finding is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:883951", "title": "Hypoketonaemic effect of L-alamine. Specific decrease in blood concentrations of 3-hydroxybutyrate in the rat.", "content": "1. The injection of L-alanine (50-100 mg/kg) into 35-day-old rats that had been starveed for 48 h increased blood L-alanine concentration to values observed in fed animals and lowered the blood concentration of 3-hydroxybutyrate within 2 min. 2. This hypoketon aemic action of L-alanine was specific for 3-hydroxybutyrate, since the acetoacetate concentrations did not change significantly. 3. The decrease in 3-hydroxybutyrate elicited by L-alanine was not related to changes in the blood concentrations of insulin, glucagon, growth hormone, glucose, unesterified fatty acids, lactate or pyruvate. 4. The injection of L-alanine resulted in a decrease in total ketones that was apparently unrelated to their increased peripheral utilization. These results are interpreted as an anti-ketogenic action of L-alanine. 5. The data suggest that L-alamine lowers ketone-body formation in starved rats, possibly via an alteration in hepatic redox equilibrium.", "contents": "Hypoketonaemic effect of L-alamine. Specific decrease in blood concentrations of 3-hydroxybutyrate in the rat. 1. The injection of L-alanine (50-100 mg/kg) into 35-day-old rats that had been starveed for 48 h increased blood L-alanine concentration to values observed in fed animals and lowered the blood concentration of 3-hydroxybutyrate within 2 min. 2. This hypoketon aemic action of L-alanine was specific for 3-hydroxybutyrate, since the acetoacetate concentrations did not change significantly. 3. The decrease in 3-hydroxybutyrate elicited by L-alanine was not related to changes in the blood concentrations of insulin, glucagon, growth hormone, glucose, unesterified fatty acids, lactate or pyruvate. 4. The injection of L-alanine resulted in a decrease in total ketones that was apparently unrelated to their increased peripheral utilization. These results are interpreted as an anti-ketogenic action of L-alanine. 5. The data suggest that L-alamine lowers ketone-body formation in starved rats, possibly via an alteration in hepatic redox equilibrium."}
{"id": "PMID:883952", "title": "Changes in surface-membrane components during the differentation of rabbit erythroid cells.", "content": "The membrane components of rabbit bone-marrow-bound erythroid cells were characterized and compared with those of circulating rabbit erythroid cells. By the criteria of sodium dodecyl sulphate/polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis, radioiodination with lactoperoxidase and binding of radioiodinated lectins, the two circulating forms of erythroid cells (the reticulocyte and erythrocyte) have the same surface components. In contrast, bone-marrow-bound nucleated erythroid cells have a unique set of membrane surface components which are completely different from those found on circulating cells. Of the ten Coomassie-Blue-staining proteins present in nucleated erythroid-cell plasma-membrane preparations, eight are accessible at the extracellular surface, and all of these are lectin-binding glycoproteins. Bone-marrow erythroid cells separated according to age by velocity sedimentation were also studied. The changeover in surface components occurs after the last nucleated stage of the erythroid cells (the orthochromatic normoblast). We discuss the alterations in membrane surface components observed during the differentiation of the erythroid-cell series in relation to the transition from bone-marrow-bound to circulating forms of these cells. We suggest that the change in membrane surface components may be linked to the loss of the nucleus from the normoblast and the entry of the erythroid cell into the circulation.", "contents": "Changes in surface-membrane components during the differentation of rabbit erythroid cells. The membrane components of rabbit bone-marrow-bound erythroid cells were characterized and compared with those of circulating rabbit erythroid cells. By the criteria of sodium dodecyl sulphate/polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis, radioiodination with lactoperoxidase and binding of radioiodinated lectins, the two circulating forms of erythroid cells (the reticulocyte and erythrocyte) have the same surface components. In contrast, bone-marrow-bound nucleated erythroid cells have a unique set of membrane surface components which are completely different from those found on circulating cells. Of the ten Coomassie-Blue-staining proteins present in nucleated erythroid-cell plasma-membrane preparations, eight are accessible at the extracellular surface, and all of these are lectin-binding glycoproteins. Bone-marrow erythroid cells separated according to age by velocity sedimentation were also studied. The changeover in surface components occurs after the last nucleated stage of the erythroid cells (the orthochromatic normoblast). We discuss the alterations in membrane surface components observed during the differentiation of the erythroid-cell series in relation to the transition from bone-marrow-bound to circulating forms of these cells. We suggest that the change in membrane surface components may be linked to the loss of the nucleus from the normoblast and the entry of the erythroid cell into the circulation."}
{"id": "PMID:883953", "title": "Biosynthesis of the pyrimidinyl amino acid lathyrine by Lathyrus tingitanus L.", "content": "The biosynthesis of the pyrimidinyl amino acid lathyrine by seedlings of Lathyrus tingitanus L. was shown to be stimulated by uracil. [6(-14)C]Orotate, [2(-14)C]uracil and [3(-14)C]serine were incorporated into lathyrine; the incorporation of [6(-14)C]orotate was substantially decreased in the presence of uracil. Chemical degradation to locate the 14C incorporated from labelled precursors showed that 90% of the radioactivity incorporated into lathyrine from [3(-14)C]serine could be recovered in the alanine side chain. Over 80% of the radioactivity incorporated from [2(-14)C]uracil was shown to be located in C-2 of lathyrine. It is concluded that under the conditions studied, lathyrine arises from a preformed pyrimidine arising via the orotate pathway. Paradoxically, it was also possible to confirm previous reports that radioactivity from L-[guanidino-14C]homoarginine is incorporated into lathyrine and gamma-hydroxyhomoarginine. However, as homoarginine and gamma-hydroxyhomoarginine are also both labelled by [2(-14)C]uracil, it is suggested that they are products of the ring-opening of lathyrine and that reversibility of this process accounts, at least in part, for their observed experimental incorporation into lathyrine.", "contents": "Biosynthesis of the pyrimidinyl amino acid lathyrine by Lathyrus tingitanus L. The biosynthesis of the pyrimidinyl amino acid lathyrine by seedlings of Lathyrus tingitanus L. was shown to be stimulated by uracil. [6(-14)C]Orotate, [2(-14)C]uracil and [3(-14)C]serine were incorporated into lathyrine; the incorporation of [6(-14)C]orotate was substantially decreased in the presence of uracil. Chemical degradation to locate the 14C incorporated from labelled precursors showed that 90% of the radioactivity incorporated into lathyrine from [3(-14)C]serine could be recovered in the alanine side chain. Over 80% of the radioactivity incorporated from [2(-14)C]uracil was shown to be located in C-2 of lathyrine. It is concluded that under the conditions studied, lathyrine arises from a preformed pyrimidine arising via the orotate pathway. Paradoxically, it was also possible to confirm previous reports that radioactivity from L-[guanidino-14C]homoarginine is incorporated into lathyrine and gamma-hydroxyhomoarginine. However, as homoarginine and gamma-hydroxyhomoarginine are also both labelled by [2(-14)C]uracil, it is suggested that they are products of the ring-opening of lathyrine and that reversibility of this process accounts, at least in part, for their observed experimental incorporation into lathyrine."}
{"id": "PMID:883954", "title": "The metabolism of cyclohexanecarboxylate in the rat.", "content": "In the rat, cyclohexanecarboxylate was metabolized and excreted (mostly in the urine) as hippurate, hexahydrohippurate, 3,4,5,6-tetrahydrohippurate and benzoyl and cyclohexylcarbonyl beta-glucuronides. The pattern of metabolism is dose-dependent. With decreasing dose a progressive increase in the conversion into hippurate occurred. This was largely at the expense of glucuronide formation, although the proportions of hexahydro- and tetrahydro-hippurate were also decreased. The observed formation of hexahydrohippurate and 3,4,5,5-tetrahydrohippurate substantiates the proposed mechanism of aromatization of cyclohexanecarboxylate.  It appears that these compounds arise via glycine conjugation of active intermediates in the aromatization process. Hexahydrohippurate and 3,4,5,6-tetrahydrohippurate may occur in the urine of rats as new mitabolities of shikimate, dependent for their formation on microbial metabolism.", "contents": "The metabolism of cyclohexanecarboxylate in the rat. In the rat, cyclohexanecarboxylate was metabolized and excreted (mostly in the urine) as hippurate, hexahydrohippurate, 3,4,5,6-tetrahydrohippurate and benzoyl and cyclohexylcarbonyl beta-glucuronides. The pattern of metabolism is dose-dependent. With decreasing dose a progressive increase in the conversion into hippurate occurred. This was largely at the expense of glucuronide formation, although the proportions of hexahydro- and tetrahydro-hippurate were also decreased. The observed formation of hexahydrohippurate and 3,4,5,5-tetrahydrohippurate substantiates the proposed mechanism of aromatization of cyclohexanecarboxylate.  It appears that these compounds arise via glycine conjugation of active intermediates in the aromatization process. Hexahydrohippurate and 3,4,5,6-tetrahydrohippurate may occur in the urine of rats as new mitabolities of shikimate, dependent for their formation on microbial metabolism."}
{"id": "PMID:883955", "title": "Retained folates in the rat.", "content": "The retention of radioactivity after doses of 14C- and 3H-labelled folic acid is described. Radioactivity was retained in liver, kidney and gut of rats for some time after administration of the dose. The retained radioactivity could not be displaced by large doses of unlabelled folic acid or unlabelled 5-methyltetrahydrofolate. 14C- and 3H-labbelled folates showed similar chromatographic behaviour onion-exchange chromatography to 5-methyltetrahydrofolate, and on ion-exchange and gel-permeation chromatography to synthetic pteroylhepta-gamma-glutamate.", "contents": "Retained folates in the rat. The retention of radioactivity after doses of 14C- and 3H-labelled folic acid is described. Radioactivity was retained in liver, kidney and gut of rats for some time after administration of the dose. The retained radioactivity could not be displaced by large doses of unlabelled folic acid or unlabelled 5-methyltetrahydrofolate. 14C- and 3H-labbelled folates showed similar chromatographic behaviour onion-exchange chromatography to 5-methyltetrahydrofolate, and on ion-exchange and gel-permeation chromatography to synthetic pteroylhepta-gamma-glutamate."}
{"id": "PMID:883956", "title": "A spectrophotometric procedure for rapid and sensitive measurements of beta-oxidation. Demonstration of factors that can be rate-limiting for beta-oxidation.", "content": "1. A spectrophotometric direct-reading assay for measurements of beta-oxidation by intact mitochondria is described. The procedure relies on the ability of ferricyanide to trap reducing equivalents generated by the acyl-CoA dehydrogenases (EC 1.3.99.3). The reduction of ferricyanide was recorded by using a dual-wavelength spectrophotometer. 2. Oxaloacetate or acetoacetate was used to stimulate the rate of beta-oxidation by rotenone-blocked mitochondria. Although both were effective with rat liver mitochondria, oxaloacetate gave about 75% more stimulation. With heart or kidney mitochondria, only oxaloacetate gave marked stimulation. Acetoacetate had no stimulatory effect with heart mitochondria, but a small stimulatory effect on the rate of beta-oxidation by kidney mitochondria. 3. The stoicheiometry of beta-oxidation-dependent reduction of ferricyanide was examined, and good correlations were found between experimental and theoretical amounts of ferricyanide reduced. 4. Ferricyanide appears as efficient a final electron acceptor as O2. With ferricyanide the rate of beta-oxidation by heart mitochondria can be measured without interference from the oxidation of tricarboxylic acid-cycle intermediates.", "contents": "A spectrophotometric procedure for rapid and sensitive measurements of beta-oxidation. Demonstration of factors that can be rate-limiting for beta-oxidation. 1. A spectrophotometric direct-reading assay for measurements of beta-oxidation by intact mitochondria is described. The procedure relies on the ability of ferricyanide to trap reducing equivalents generated by the acyl-CoA dehydrogenases (EC 1.3.99.3). The reduction of ferricyanide was recorded by using a dual-wavelength spectrophotometer. 2. Oxaloacetate or acetoacetate was used to stimulate the rate of beta-oxidation by rotenone-blocked mitochondria. Although both were effective with rat liver mitochondria, oxaloacetate gave about 75% more stimulation. With heart or kidney mitochondria, only oxaloacetate gave marked stimulation. Acetoacetate had no stimulatory effect with heart mitochondria, but a small stimulatory effect on the rate of beta-oxidation by kidney mitochondria. 3. The stoicheiometry of beta-oxidation-dependent reduction of ferricyanide was examined, and good correlations were found between experimental and theoretical amounts of ferricyanide reduced. 4. Ferricyanide appears as efficient a final electron acceptor as O2. With ferricyanide the rate of beta-oxidation by heart mitochondria can be measured without interference from the oxidation of tricarboxylic acid-cycle intermediates."}
{"id": "PMID:883957", "title": "Interaction of the anti-oestrogen, nafoxidine hydrochloride, with the soluble nuclear oestradiol-binding protein in chick liver.", "content": "Nafoxidine hydrochloride (Upjohn, 11100A)injected with oestradiol into immature chicks inhibits the hormone-induced increase in [3H]oestradiol-binding activity in salt extracts of liver nuclei as well as the subsequent production by liver of egg-yolk phosphoprotein. Substantial inhibition of both oestradiol-induced responses is seen when nafoxidine is given in a dose approximately equimolar with that of oestradiol. In vitro nafoxidine competitively inhibits binding of [3H]oestradiol in nuclear extracts. The Ki for the inhibition is 43 nM, which indicates an affinity of nafoxidine for the binding protein about 4% of that of oestradiol. The inhibitory action of nafoxidine in vivo thus is more potent than the relative binding affinity determined in vitro might indicate. One possible explanation is that the primary site of nafoxidine action is at a point proximal to nuclear receptor interaction. Nafoxidine injected alone into the chick does not induce phosphoprotein synthesis, but it does increase [3H]oestradiol-binding activity in extracts of liver nuclei to a limited extent. No differences in the properties of the oestradiol-binding activity in extracts from nafoxidine-treated chicks or from oestradiol-treated chicks were detected. Chick liver cytosol does not contain detectable high-affinity oestradiol-binding activity. A low-affinity oestradiol-binding component with a sedimentation coefficient of 3.5S was found, but it was unaffected by treatment of chicks with earlier nafoxidine or oestradiol. The results suggest a difference in the mechanism of oestradiol action in the chick liver and in the widely studied rat uterus, on which the usual model for oestradiol action is largely based.", "contents": "Interaction of the anti-oestrogen, nafoxidine hydrochloride, with the soluble nuclear oestradiol-binding protein in chick liver. Nafoxidine hydrochloride (Upjohn, 11100A)injected with oestradiol into immature chicks inhibits the hormone-induced increase in [3H]oestradiol-binding activity in salt extracts of liver nuclei as well as the subsequent production by liver of egg-yolk phosphoprotein. Substantial inhibition of both oestradiol-induced responses is seen when nafoxidine is given in a dose approximately equimolar with that of oestradiol. In vitro nafoxidine competitively inhibits binding of [3H]oestradiol in nuclear extracts. The Ki for the inhibition is 43 nM, which indicates an affinity of nafoxidine for the binding protein about 4% of that of oestradiol. The inhibitory action of nafoxidine in vivo thus is more potent than the relative binding affinity determined in vitro might indicate. One possible explanation is that the primary site of nafoxidine action is at a point proximal to nuclear receptor interaction. Nafoxidine injected alone into the chick does not induce phosphoprotein synthesis, but it does increase [3H]oestradiol-binding activity in extracts of liver nuclei to a limited extent. No differences in the properties of the oestradiol-binding activity in extracts from nafoxidine-treated chicks or from oestradiol-treated chicks were detected. Chick liver cytosol does not contain detectable high-affinity oestradiol-binding activity. A low-affinity oestradiol-binding component with a sedimentation coefficient of 3.5S was found, but it was unaffected by treatment of chicks with earlier nafoxidine or oestradiol. The results suggest a difference in the mechanism of oestradiol action in the chick liver and in the widely studied rat uterus, on which the usual model for oestradiol action is largely based."}
{"id": "PMID:883958", "title": "Number and activity of active ribosomes in bacterial polyribosomes.", "content": "Polyribosomes were isolated from Baccillus licheniformis, grown at 37 and 46 degrees C, and from Bacillus stearothermophilus, grown at 46 and 55 degrees C. The polyribosomes were incubated with either [3H]puromycin or [14C]phenylalanine. The number of active ribosomes (i.e. those to which growing polypeptide chains are attached) was calculated from the amount of [3H]peptidyl-puromycin formed. The activity of an active ribosome (i.e. the total number of amino acid molecules incorporated/unit time per active ribosome) was calculated from the uptake of [14C]phenylalanine. The number of active ribosomes per migrogram of RNA was as follows: for B. licheniformis, 1.66 X 10(12) and 1.72 X 10(12) at 37 and 46 degrees C respectively; for B. stearothermophilus, 2.59 X 10(12) at 46 and 55 degreesC respectively. The activity per active ribosome was as follows: for B. licheniformis, 0.61 and 0.05 at 37 and 46 degrees C respectively; for B. stearothermophilus, 0.58 and 0.42 at 46 and 55 degrees C respectively.", "contents": "Number and activity of active ribosomes in bacterial polyribosomes. Polyribosomes were isolated from Baccillus licheniformis, grown at 37 and 46 degrees C, and from Bacillus stearothermophilus, grown at 46 and 55 degrees C. The polyribosomes were incubated with either [3H]puromycin or [14C]phenylalanine. The number of active ribosomes (i.e. those to which growing polypeptide chains are attached) was calculated from the amount of [3H]peptidyl-puromycin formed. The activity of an active ribosome (i.e. the total number of amino acid molecules incorporated/unit time per active ribosome) was calculated from the uptake of [14C]phenylalanine. The number of active ribosomes per migrogram of RNA was as follows: for B. licheniformis, 1.66 X 10(12) and 1.72 X 10(12) at 37 and 46 degrees C respectively; for B. stearothermophilus, 2.59 X 10(12) at 46 and 55 degreesC respectively. The activity per active ribosome was as follows: for B. licheniformis, 0.61 and 0.05 at 37 and 46 degrees C respectively; for B. stearothermophilus, 0.58 and 0.42 at 46 and 55 degrees C respectively."}
{"id": "PMID:883959", "title": "Selective permeability of rat liver mitochondria to purified aspartate aminotransferases in vitro.", "content": "1. A method was devised to allow determination of intramitochondrial aspartate amino-transferase activity in suspensions of intact mitochondria. 2. Addition of purified rat liver mitochondrial aspartate aminotransferase to suspensions of rat liver mitochondria caused an apparent increase in the intramitochondrial enzyme activity. No increase was observed when the mitochondria were preincubated with the purified cytoplasmic isoenzyme. 3. These results suggest that mitochondrial aspartate aminotransferase, but not the cytoplasmic isoenzyme, is able to pass from solution into the matrix of intact rat liver mitochondria in vitro. 4. This system may provide a model for studies of the little-understood processes by which cytoplasmically synthesized components are incorporated into mitochondria in vivo.", "contents": "Selective permeability of rat liver mitochondria to purified aspartate aminotransferases in vitro. 1. A method was devised to allow determination of intramitochondrial aspartate amino-transferase activity in suspensions of intact mitochondria. 2. Addition of purified rat liver mitochondrial aspartate aminotransferase to suspensions of rat liver mitochondria caused an apparent increase in the intramitochondrial enzyme activity. No increase was observed when the mitochondria were preincubated with the purified cytoplasmic isoenzyme. 3. These results suggest that mitochondrial aspartate aminotransferase, but not the cytoplasmic isoenzyme, is able to pass from solution into the matrix of intact rat liver mitochondria in vitro. 4. This system may provide a model for studies of the little-understood processes by which cytoplasmically synthesized components are incorporated into mitochondria in vivo."}
{"id": "PMID:883960", "title": "Pyruvate dehydrogenase activity in hamster small intestine during development.", "content": "Total pyruvate dehydrogenase activities in hamster intestine increase from 40 nmol/min (munits) per g of intestine in the foetal animals to 460 munits/g in the adult, whereas the fraction of the enzyme in the active form increases from 34 to 42% of the total activity over the same period. However, a complete conversion of the enzyme into the active form is observed in the neonatal animal immediately after birth. Results from experiments in vitro suggested that the activation of pyruvate dehydrogenase is controlled, in part, by the [NAD+]/[NADH] ratio. This proposal was tested in vivo by examining the proportion of the enzyme in the active form during conditions when the [NAD+]/[NADH] ratio was markedly altered, and the data show a direct relationship between the mitochondrial redox state and activity of the active form.", "contents": "Pyruvate dehydrogenase activity in hamster small intestine during development. Total pyruvate dehydrogenase activities in hamster intestine increase from 40 nmol/min (munits) per g of intestine in the foetal animals to 460 munits/g in the adult, whereas the fraction of the enzyme in the active form increases from 34 to 42% of the total activity over the same period. However, a complete conversion of the enzyme into the active form is observed in the neonatal animal immediately after birth. Results from experiments in vitro suggested that the activation of pyruvate dehydrogenase is controlled, in part, by the [NAD+]/[NADH] ratio. This proposal was tested in vivo by examining the proportion of the enzyme in the active form during conditions when the [NAD+]/[NADH] ratio was markedly altered, and the data show a direct relationship between the mitochondrial redox state and activity of the active form."}
{"id": "PMID:883961", "title": "Adaptation of protein metabolism to endurance training. Increased amino acid oxidation in response to training.", "content": "This study was conducted to investigate alterations in excretion of urea and total nitrogen after6-8 weeks of daily exercise and to establish if the capacity for amino acid oxidation in muscle is influenced by endurance training. Urea nitrogen excretion was increased in trained compared with untrained rats and nitrogen balance was less positive in trained than in untrained rats. Increased [14C]leucine oxidation with training was observed both in vivo and in vitro. The results of this study demonstrate that amino acid catabolism is increased during exercise training and that the muscle enzymes involved in leucine oxidation adapt to endurance training in a manner similar to the enzymes of carbohydrate and fat catabolism.", "contents": "Adaptation of protein metabolism to endurance training. Increased amino acid oxidation in response to training. This study was conducted to investigate alterations in excretion of urea and total nitrogen after6-8 weeks of daily exercise and to establish if the capacity for amino acid oxidation in muscle is influenced by endurance training. Urea nitrogen excretion was increased in trained compared with untrained rats and nitrogen balance was less positive in trained than in untrained rats. Increased [14C]leucine oxidation with training was observed both in vivo and in vitro. The results of this study demonstrate that amino acid catabolism is increased during exercise training and that the muscle enzymes involved in leucine oxidation adapt to endurance training in a manner similar to the enzymes of carbohydrate and fat catabolism."}
{"id": "PMID:883962", "title": "Microbiological degradation of bile acids. The preparation of hexahydroindane derivatives as substrates for studying cholic acid degradation.", "content": "Relatively large amounts of 3-(3aalpha-hexahydro-7abeta-methyl-1,5-dioxoindan-4alpha-yl)propionic acid (IIb), which is believed to be one of the intermediates involved in the degradation of cholic acid (I), were needed to identify is further degradation products. A simple method for the preparation of this compound was then investigated. Arthrobacter simplex could degrade-3-oxoandrost-4-ene-17beta-carboxylic acid (IIIa) to 3-(1beta-carboxy-3aalpha-hexahydro-7abeta-methyl-5-oxoindan-4alpha-yl)propionic acid (IVa) in good yield, the structure of which was established by partial synthesis. It was therefore expected that, if a similar degradation by this organism occurred with 17alpha-hydroxy-3-oxoandrost-4-ene-17beta-carboxylic acid (IIIb), which is easily obtained by chemical oxidation of commercially availabe 17alpha-hydroxydeoxycorticosterone, the resulting product, 3-(1beta-carboxy-3aalpha-hexahydro-1alpha-hydroxy-7abeta-methyl-5-oxoindan-4alpha-yl)propionic acid (IVb), could be readily converted chemically into the required dioxocarboxylic acid, (IIb). Exposure of compound (IIIb) to A. simplex produced, as expected, compound (IVb) which was then oxidized with NaBiO3 to give a reasonable yield of compound (IIb).", "contents": "Microbiological degradation of bile acids. The preparation of hexahydroindane derivatives as substrates for studying cholic acid degradation. Relatively large amounts of 3-(3aalpha-hexahydro-7abeta-methyl-1,5-dioxoindan-4alpha-yl)propionic acid (IIb), which is believed to be one of the intermediates involved in the degradation of cholic acid (I), were needed to identify is further degradation products. A simple method for the preparation of this compound was then investigated. Arthrobacter simplex could degrade-3-oxoandrost-4-ene-17beta-carboxylic acid (IIIa) to 3-(1beta-carboxy-3aalpha-hexahydro-7abeta-methyl-5-oxoindan-4alpha-yl)propionic acid (IVa) in good yield, the structure of which was established by partial synthesis. It was therefore expected that, if a similar degradation by this organism occurred with 17alpha-hydroxy-3-oxoandrost-4-ene-17beta-carboxylic acid (IIIb), which is easily obtained by chemical oxidation of commercially availabe 17alpha-hydroxydeoxycorticosterone, the resulting product, 3-(1beta-carboxy-3aalpha-hexahydro-1alpha-hydroxy-7abeta-methyl-5-oxoindan-4alpha-yl)propionic acid (IVb), could be readily converted chemically into the required dioxocarboxylic acid, (IIb). Exposure of compound (IIIb) to A. simplex produced, as expected, compound (IVb) which was then oxidized with NaBiO3 to give a reasonable yield of compound (IIb)."}
{"id": "PMID:883963", "title": "Microbiological degradation of bile acids. Metabolites formed from 3-(3a alpha-hexahydro-7a beta-methyl-1,5-dioxoindan-4 alpha-yl) propionic acid by Streptomyces rubescens.", "content": "1. The metabolism of 3-(3a alpha-hexahydro-7a beta-methyl-1,5-dioxoindan-4 alpha-yl)propionic acid (III), which is a possible precursor of 2,3,4,6,6a beta, 7,8,9,9a alpha,9b beta-decahydro-6a beta-methyl-1H-cyclopenta[f]quinoline-3,7-dione (II) formed from cholic acid (I) by streptomyces rubescens, was investigated by using the same organism. 2. This organism effected amide bond formation, reduction of the carbonyl groups, trans alpha beta-desaturation and R-oriented beta-hydroxylation of the propionic acid side chain and skeleton cleavage, and the following metabolites were isolated as these forms or their derivatives: compound (II), 1,2,3,4 a beta,-5,6,6a beta,7,8,9a alpha,9b beta-dodecahydro-6a beta -methylcyclopental[f][1]benzopyran-3,7-dione (IVa), (1R)-1,2,3,4a beta,5,6,6a beta,7,8,9.9a alpha,9b beta-dodecahydro-1-hydroxy-6a beta-methylcyclopenta[f][1]benzopyran-3,7-dione (IVb), (E)-3-(3aalpha-hexahydro-5 alpha-hydroxy-7a beta-methyl-l-oxo-indan-4 alpha-yl)prop-2-enoic acid (V), (+)-(5R)-5-methyl-4-oxo-octane-1,8-dioic acid (VI), 3-(4-hydroxy-5-methyl-2-oxo-2H-pyran-6-yl)propionic acid (VII) and 3-(3a alpha-hexahydro-1 beta-hydroxy-7a beta-methyl-5-oxoindan-4 alpha-yl)propionic acid (VIII). The metabolites (IVb), (V), (VI) and (VII) were new compounds, and their structures were established by chemical synthesis. 3. The question of whether these metabolites are true degradative intermediates is discussed, and a degradative pathway of compound (III) to the possible precursor of compound (VII), 7-carboxy-4-methyl-3,5-dioxoheptanoyl-CoA (IX), is tentatively proposed. The further degradation of compound (IX) to small fragments is also considered.", "contents": "Microbiological degradation of bile acids. Metabolites formed from 3-(3a alpha-hexahydro-7a beta-methyl-1,5-dioxoindan-4 alpha-yl) propionic acid by Streptomyces rubescens. 1. The metabolism of 3-(3a alpha-hexahydro-7a beta-methyl-1,5-dioxoindan-4 alpha-yl)propionic acid (III), which is a possible precursor of 2,3,4,6,6a beta, 7,8,9,9a alpha,9b beta-decahydro-6a beta-methyl-1H-cyclopenta[f]quinoline-3,7-dione (II) formed from cholic acid (I) by streptomyces rubescens, was investigated by using the same organism. 2. This organism effected amide bond formation, reduction of the carbonyl groups, trans alpha beta-desaturation and R-oriented beta-hydroxylation of the propionic acid side chain and skeleton cleavage, and the following metabolites were isolated as these forms or their derivatives: compound (II), 1,2,3,4 a beta,-5,6,6a beta,7,8,9a alpha,9b beta-dodecahydro-6a beta -methylcyclopental[f][1]benzopyran-3,7-dione (IVa), (1R)-1,2,3,4a beta,5,6,6a beta,7,8,9.9a alpha,9b beta-dodecahydro-1-hydroxy-6a beta-methylcyclopenta[f][1]benzopyran-3,7-dione (IVb), (E)-3-(3aalpha-hexahydro-5 alpha-hydroxy-7a beta-methyl-l-oxo-indan-4 alpha-yl)prop-2-enoic acid (V), (+)-(5R)-5-methyl-4-oxo-octane-1,8-dioic acid (VI), 3-(4-hydroxy-5-methyl-2-oxo-2H-pyran-6-yl)propionic acid (VII) and 3-(3a alpha-hexahydro-1 beta-hydroxy-7a beta-methyl-5-oxoindan-4 alpha-yl)propionic acid (VIII). The metabolites (IVb), (V), (VI) and (VII) were new compounds, and their structures were established by chemical synthesis. 3. The question of whether these metabolites are true degradative intermediates is discussed, and a degradative pathway of compound (III) to the possible precursor of compound (VII), 7-carboxy-4-methyl-3,5-dioxoheptanoyl-CoA (IX), is tentatively proposed. The further degradation of compound (IX) to small fragments is also considered."}
{"id": "PMID:883964", "title": "Comparative studies on glutamate metabolism in synpatic and non-synaptic rat brain mitochondria.", "content": "1. The apparent Michaelis constants of the glutamate dehydrogenase (EC 1.4.1.3), the glutamate-oxaloacetate transaminase (EC 2.6.1.1) and the glutaminase (EC 3.5.1.2) of rat brain mitochondria derived from non-synaptic (M) and synaptic (SM2) sources were studied. 2. The kinetics of oxygen uptake of both populations of mitochondria in the presence of a fixed concentration of malate and various concentrations of glutamate or glutamine were investigated. 3. In both mitochondrial populations, glutamate-supported respiration in the presence of 2.5 mM-malate appears to be biphasic, one system (B) having an apparent Km for glutamate of 0.25 +/- 0.04 mM (n=7) and the other (A) of 1.64 +/- 0.5 mM (n=7) [when corrected for low-Km process, Km=2.4 +/- 0.75 mM (n=7)]. Aspartate production in these experiments followed kinetics of a single process with an apparent Km for glutamate of 1.8-2 mM, approximating to the high-Km process. 4. Oxygen-uptake measurement with both mitochondrial populations in the presence of malate and various glutamate concentrations in which amino-oxyacetate was present showed kinetics approximating only to the low-Km process (apparent Km for glutamate approximately 0.2 mM). Similar experiments in the presence of glutamate alone showed kinetics approximating only to the high-Km process (apparent Km for glutamate approximately 1-1.3 mM). 5. Oxygen uptake supported by glutamine (0-3 mM) and malate (2.5 mM) by the free (M) mitochondrial population, however, showed single-phase kinetics with an apparent Km for glutamine of 0.28 mM. 6. Aspartate and 2-oxoglutarate accumulation was measured in 'free' nonsynaptic (M) brain mitochondria oxidizing various concentrations of glutamate at a fixed malate concentration. Over a 30-fold increase in glutamate concentration, the flux through the glutamate-oxaloacetate transaminase increased 7--8-fold, whereas the flux through 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase increased about 2.5-fold. 7. The biphasic kinetics of glutamate-supported respiration by brain mitochondria in the presence of malate are interpreted as reflecting this change in the relative fluxes through transamination and 2-oxoglutarate metabolism.", "contents": "Comparative studies on glutamate metabolism in synpatic and non-synaptic rat brain mitochondria. 1. The apparent Michaelis constants of the glutamate dehydrogenase (EC 1.4.1.3), the glutamate-oxaloacetate transaminase (EC 2.6.1.1) and the glutaminase (EC 3.5.1.2) of rat brain mitochondria derived from non-synaptic (M) and synaptic (SM2) sources were studied. 2. The kinetics of oxygen uptake of both populations of mitochondria in the presence of a fixed concentration of malate and various concentrations of glutamate or glutamine were investigated. 3. In both mitochondrial populations, glutamate-supported respiration in the presence of 2.5 mM-malate appears to be biphasic, one system (B) having an apparent Km for glutamate of 0.25 +/- 0.04 mM (n=7) and the other (A) of 1.64 +/- 0.5 mM (n=7) [when corrected for low-Km process, Km=2.4 +/- 0.75 mM (n=7)]. Aspartate production in these experiments followed kinetics of a single process with an apparent Km for glutamate of 1.8-2 mM, approximating to the high-Km process. 4. Oxygen-uptake measurement with both mitochondrial populations in the presence of malate and various glutamate concentrations in which amino-oxyacetate was present showed kinetics approximating only to the low-Km process (apparent Km for glutamate approximately 0.2 mM). Similar experiments in the presence of glutamate alone showed kinetics approximating only to the high-Km process (apparent Km for glutamate approximately 1-1.3 mM). 5. Oxygen uptake supported by glutamine (0-3 mM) and malate (2.5 mM) by the free (M) mitochondrial population, however, showed single-phase kinetics with an apparent Km for glutamine of 0.28 mM. 6. Aspartate and 2-oxoglutarate accumulation was measured in 'free' nonsynaptic (M) brain mitochondria oxidizing various concentrations of glutamate at a fixed malate concentration. Over a 30-fold increase in glutamate concentration, the flux through the glutamate-oxaloacetate transaminase increased 7--8-fold, whereas the flux through 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase increased about 2.5-fold. 7. The biphasic kinetics of glutamate-supported respiration by brain mitochondria in the presence of malate are interpreted as reflecting this change in the relative fluxes through transamination and 2-oxoglutarate metabolism."}
{"id": "PMID:883965", "title": "Effects of acetoacetate administration on glucose metabolism in mammary gland of fed lactating rats.", "content": "Administration of acetoactate to fed lactating rats rapidly decreases glucose uptake by the mammary gland, and causes an output of pyruvate, whereas lactate uptake remains unchanged. Similar changes, though not identical, occur in starved lactating rats, which suggests that the increased acetoacetate concentration in this situation may be one of the factors responsible for the alterations in glucose metabolism.", "contents": "Effects of acetoacetate administration on glucose metabolism in mammary gland of fed lactating rats. Administration of acetoactate to fed lactating rats rapidly decreases glucose uptake by the mammary gland, and causes an output of pyruvate, whereas lactate uptake remains unchanged. Similar changes, though not identical, occur in starved lactating rats, which suggests that the increased acetoacetate concentration in this situation may be one of the factors responsible for the alterations in glucose metabolism."}
{"id": "PMID:883994", "title": "[Total dose determination at different dose rates in interstitial and endocavitary radiotherapy (author's transl)].", "content": "A method to determine biologically equivalent doses at different dose rates in interstitial and endocavitary radiotherapy is exposed. Doses may be directly determined by means of coefficients for single dose treatments and by means of N.S.D. concepts for fractionated schedules.", "contents": "[Total dose determination at different dose rates in interstitial and endocavitary radiotherapy (author's transl)]. A method to determine biologically equivalent doses at different dose rates in interstitial and endocavitary radiotherapy is exposed. Doses may be directly determined by means of coefficients for single dose treatments and by means of N.S.D. concepts for fractionated schedules."}
{"id": "PMID:883995", "title": "[Clinical and muscle istochemical observations in secondary hypokalaemia (author's transl)].", "content": "A case of hypokalaemia due to chronic administration of Clortalydone is reported. The histochemistry of muscle biopsy showed the morphologic changes which are usually found in the muscle fibers of periodic familial paralysis (necrotic fibers, accumulation of PAS positive substance, inflammatory cells, intermyofibrillar network degeneration, increase of lipids content). Such findings suggest some clues to the pathophysiology of the essential hypokalaemic paralysis and the possible practical importance of these histopathologic muscular findings in the diagnosis of secondary hypokalaemia.", "contents": "[Clinical and muscle istochemical observations in secondary hypokalaemia (author's transl)]. A case of hypokalaemia due to chronic administration of Clortalydone is reported. The histochemistry of muscle biopsy showed the morphologic changes which are usually found in the muscle fibers of periodic familial paralysis (necrotic fibers, accumulation of PAS positive substance, inflammatory cells, intermyofibrillar network degeneration, increase of lipids content). Such findings suggest some clues to the pathophysiology of the essential hypokalaemic paralysis and the possible practical importance of these histopathologic muscular findings in the diagnosis of secondary hypokalaemia."}
{"id": "PMID:883996", "title": "[Antiphlogistic effects of extracts of a marine ooze in rats, guinea-pigs and rabbits (author's transl)].", "content": "Acetonic extracts of a marine ooze from the Adriatic coast inhibited in rats, and to a lesser extent in guinea-pigs and rabbits, the oedema-forming activity of histamine, but not of 5HT, bradykinin, formalin and carrageenin.", "contents": "[Antiphlogistic effects of extracts of a marine ooze in rats, guinea-pigs and rabbits (author's transl)]. Acetonic extracts of a marine ooze from the Adriatic coast inhibited in rats, and to a lesser extent in guinea-pigs and rabbits, the oedema-forming activity of histamine, but not of 5HT, bradykinin, formalin and carrageenin."}
{"id": "PMID:883997", "title": "[Physiopathological and functional semeiologic considerations in a case of primary normoaldosteronemic hyperaldosteronism].", "content": "Among the atypical pictures of primary aldosteronism, sometimes, normal blood and urine concentration of aldosterone have been observed in association with an adrenal aldosterone-producing adenoma. Here we report a case of atypical primary aldosteronism so characterized: -- the patient had the typical clinical findings of aldosteronism (hypertension, hypokalemic alkalosis, polyuria, etc). -- the patient exhibted all the biochemical abnormalities of primary aldosteronism: increase of exchangeable Na and of plasma volume, decrease of exchangeable K, etc. -- the patient had normal blood and urine levels of aldosterone. -- the patient's blood and urine aldosterone concentration increased following sodium depletion and K administration. Such increase was comparable with that obtained in normal subjects after the same tests. However, at the end of these tests, the patient was still in potassium depletion and sodium repletion. Therefore, it was concluded that the secretion of aldosterone, although normal in absolute values, was inappropriate to the metabolic status of the patient, since such \"normal\" values were found in association with conditions that should have produced an inhibition of aldosterone production. The catheterization of adrenal veins demonstrated the existence of a right adrenal adenoma. The blood pressure and the biochemical parameters of the patients have been normalized by right adrenalectomy.", "contents": "[Physiopathological and functional semeiologic considerations in a case of primary normoaldosteronemic hyperaldosteronism]. Among the atypical pictures of primary aldosteronism, sometimes, normal blood and urine concentration of aldosterone have been observed in association with an adrenal aldosterone-producing adenoma. Here we report a case of atypical primary aldosteronism so characterized: -- the patient had the typical clinical findings of aldosteronism (hypertension, hypokalemic alkalosis, polyuria, etc). -- the patient exhibted all the biochemical abnormalities of primary aldosteronism: increase of exchangeable Na and of plasma volume, decrease of exchangeable K, etc. -- the patient had normal blood and urine levels of aldosterone. -- the patient's blood and urine aldosterone concentration increased following sodium depletion and K administration. Such increase was comparable with that obtained in normal subjects after the same tests. However, at the end of these tests, the patient was still in potassium depletion and sodium repletion. Therefore, it was concluded that the secretion of aldosterone, although normal in absolute values, was inappropriate to the metabolic status of the patient, since such \"normal\" values were found in association with conditions that should have produced an inhibition of aldosterone production. The catheterization of adrenal veins demonstrated the existence of a right adrenal adenoma. The blood pressure and the biochemical parameters of the patients have been normalized by right adrenalectomy."}
{"id": "PMID:883999", "title": "Effect of cholesterol feeding and estrogen treatment on synthesis of fatty acids in liver.", "content": "The effect of cholesterol feeding and estrogen administration on synthesis of fatty acids in liver mitochondria, microsomes and cytoplasm of male rabbits has been investigated. The synthesis was measured by the incorporation of [1(-14)C] acetyl CoA or [2(-14)C]malonyl CoA into long chain fatty acids under optimal conditions. It was found that atherogenesis markedly decreased the fatty acid synthesis in cytoplasm. The mitochondrial fatty acid synthesis was not affected by the disease. There was a small but measurable decrease in the synthesis of fatty acids in microsomes. Estrogen had no effect on the synthesis of fatty acids in mitochondria or microsomes. But if effectively counteracted, after a short lag period, the decreased synthesis of cytoplasmic fatty acids observed in atherosclerosis. It is possible that liver fatty acid synthetase is one of the enzyme systems through which estrogens exert their atherosclerosis-retarding effect. The decreased cytoplasmic fatty acid synthesis observed in atherosclerosis might account for the low levels of saturated fatty acids reported in liver and plasma lipids of atherosclerotic animals.", "contents": "Effect of cholesterol feeding and estrogen treatment on synthesis of fatty acids in liver. The effect of cholesterol feeding and estrogen administration on synthesis of fatty acids in liver mitochondria, microsomes and cytoplasm of male rabbits has been investigated. The synthesis was measured by the incorporation of [1(-14)C] acetyl CoA or [2(-14)C]malonyl CoA into long chain fatty acids under optimal conditions. It was found that atherogenesis markedly decreased the fatty acid synthesis in cytoplasm. The mitochondrial fatty acid synthesis was not affected by the disease. There was a small but measurable decrease in the synthesis of fatty acids in microsomes. Estrogen had no effect on the synthesis of fatty acids in mitochondria or microsomes. But if effectively counteracted, after a short lag period, the decreased synthesis of cytoplasmic fatty acids observed in atherosclerosis. It is possible that liver fatty acid synthetase is one of the enzyme systems through which estrogens exert their atherosclerosis-retarding effect. The decreased cytoplasmic fatty acid synthesis observed in atherosclerosis might account for the low levels of saturated fatty acids reported in liver and plasma lipids of atherosclerotic animals."}
{"id": "PMID:884000", "title": "Aortic size and aortic calcification. A necropsy Study.", "content": "Measurements of aortic length and circumference in 336 post-mortem specimens confirm earlier, neglected observations on the progressive increase in aortic size which occurs with advancing years. The increase is not related to atherosclerosis , or to hypertension and seems to be part of a true ageing process. The value of measurement of aortic size in body age determination merits exploration by forensic pathologists. Aortic calcification is found in raised and complicated atherosclerotic plaques and its prevalence and severity closely follows the accepted pattern of plaque severity, occurring earlier and more severely in men, in the abdominal aorta and in patients with overt vascular disease in other territories such as patients with cardiac infarcts. No association was found between the amount of calcification and the presence of hypertension, diabetes or neoplasia.", "contents": "Aortic size and aortic calcification. A necropsy Study. Measurements of aortic length and circumference in 336 post-mortem specimens confirm earlier, neglected observations on the progressive increase in aortic size which occurs with advancing years. The increase is not related to atherosclerosis , or to hypertension and seems to be part of a true ageing process. The value of measurement of aortic size in body age determination merits exploration by forensic pathologists. Aortic calcification is found in raised and complicated atherosclerotic plaques and its prevalence and severity closely follows the accepted pattern of plaque severity, occurring earlier and more severely in men, in the abdominal aorta and in patients with overt vascular disease in other territories such as patients with cardiac infarcts. No association was found between the amount of calcification and the presence of hypertension, diabetes or neoplasia."}
{"id": "PMID:884002", "title": "Stimulation of aortic protein synthesis in experimental rabbit atherosclerosis.", "content": "Collagen, elastin and non-fibrous protein synthesis were measured in the aortas of male New Zealand white rabbits fed a diet containing 2% cholesterol for 140 or 180 days. At these time periods increases in aortic cholesterol and cholesteryl esters were evident. The atherosclerotic lesions induced were predominantly of the foam cell type although some areas of early fibrous lesion formation were noted. These changes in lipid concentration and arterial morphology were accompanied by a significant increase in collagen synthesis as determined by the formation of [14C]hydroxyproline. This increase, however, was not confined specifically to collagen since both elastin and non-collagenous proteins were also being synthesized at a higher rate. The two-fold increase in the rates of both fibrous and non-fibrous protein synthesis may in part be a consequence of marked intimal hyperplasia necessitating a general increase in protein synthesis.", "contents": "Stimulation of aortic protein synthesis in experimental rabbit atherosclerosis. Collagen, elastin and non-fibrous protein synthesis were measured in the aortas of male New Zealand white rabbits fed a diet containing 2% cholesterol for 140 or 180 days. At these time periods increases in aortic cholesterol and cholesteryl esters were evident. The atherosclerotic lesions induced were predominantly of the foam cell type although some areas of early fibrous lesion formation were noted. These changes in lipid concentration and arterial morphology were accompanied by a significant increase in collagen synthesis as determined by the formation of [14C]hydroxyproline. This increase, however, was not confined specifically to collagen since both elastin and non-collagenous proteins were also being synthesized at a higher rate. The two-fold increase in the rates of both fibrous and non-fibrous protein synthesis may in part be a consequence of marked intimal hyperplasia necessitating a general increase in protein synthesis."}
{"id": "PMID:884003", "title": "Comparison of the lipid-lowering effect of clofibrate, and of clofibrate plus beta-pyridylcarbinol.", "content": "Forty-eight patients under 65 years were included in a double blind study comparing the lipid-lowering effect of clofibrate with that of beta-pyridylcarbinol combined with clofibrate. Over 4 months there was no significant difference in the lipid-lowering effect of either regime. A mean reduction of triglyceride of approximately 30% and of cholesterol of 18% was observed. Both drugs caused significantly greater reductions than placebo. No serious side-effects were noted.", "contents": "Comparison of the lipid-lowering effect of clofibrate, and of clofibrate plus beta-pyridylcarbinol. Forty-eight patients under 65 years were included in a double blind study comparing the lipid-lowering effect of clofibrate with that of beta-pyridylcarbinol combined with clofibrate. Over 4 months there was no significant difference in the lipid-lowering effect of either regime. A mean reduction of triglyceride of approximately 30% and of cholesterol of 18% was observed. Both drugs caused significantly greater reductions than placebo. No serious side-effects were noted."}
{"id": "PMID:884004", "title": "The effect of treatment with clofibrate on hepatic triglyceride and lipoprotein lipase activities of post heparin plasma in male patients with hyperlipoproteinemia.", "content": "Twelve male patients with hyperlipoproteinemia were treated with clofibrate, 1 g twice daily. Serum triglyceride concentration decreased on the average 28 +/- 6%. No significant change of serum cholesterol concentration occurred. Post heparin plasma lipoprotein lipase activity isolated and partially purified by heparin Sepharose affinity chromatography was determined quantitatively. During the clofibrate treatment this enzyme activity increased 48 +/- 9%. The post heparin hepatic triglyceride lipase did not change significantly. The possibility that the serum triglyceride-lowering effect of clofibrate might partly be explained by an increased removal rate of triglyceride rich lipoproteins through increased lipoprotein lipase activity is discussed.", "contents": "The effect of treatment with clofibrate on hepatic triglyceride and lipoprotein lipase activities of post heparin plasma in male patients with hyperlipoproteinemia. Twelve male patients with hyperlipoproteinemia were treated with clofibrate, 1 g twice daily. Serum triglyceride concentration decreased on the average 28 +/- 6%. No significant change of serum cholesterol concentration occurred. Post heparin plasma lipoprotein lipase activity isolated and partially purified by heparin Sepharose affinity chromatography was determined quantitatively. During the clofibrate treatment this enzyme activity increased 48 +/- 9%. The post heparin hepatic triglyceride lipase did not change significantly. The possibility that the serum triglyceride-lowering effect of clofibrate might partly be explained by an increased removal rate of triglyceride rich lipoproteins through increased lipoprotein lipase activity is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:884005", "title": "The effect of anticonvulsant drugs on thymidine and deoxyribosenucleic acid synthesis by human marrow cells.", "content": "An abnormal deoxyuridine suppression test was found in treated epileptic patients that did not correlate with other evidence of abnormal folate metabolism. Diphenylhydantoin at a level of 100 microgram/ml interfered with the incorporation of [3H]thymidine into DNA. It is suggested that anticonvulsants may exert their effect at a stage of DNA synthesis beyond that at which folate coenzymes operate. Folate deficiency may then arise as a result of death of cells in vivo causing an increased folate requirement.", "contents": "The effect of anticonvulsant drugs on thymidine and deoxyribosenucleic acid synthesis by human marrow cells. An abnormal deoxyuridine suppression test was found in treated epileptic patients that did not correlate with other evidence of abnormal folate metabolism. Diphenylhydantoin at a level of 100 microgram/ml interfered with the incorporation of [3H]thymidine into DNA. It is suggested that anticonvulsants may exert their effect at a stage of DNA synthesis beyond that at which folate coenzymes operate. Folate deficiency may then arise as a result of death of cells in vivo causing an increased folate requirement."}
{"id": "PMID:884009", "title": "Echocardiographic findings in left ventricular to right atrial shunts.", "content": "The echocardiographic abnormalities of tricuspid valve motion in 2 patients with left ventricular to right atrial shunts are described. In both patients the abnormal anatomy was defined at surgery, in one patient the shunt being above the tricuspid valve leaflets (supravalvar) and in the other patient through the septal leaflet (intravalvar). Different patterns of tricuspid valve systolic fluttering were seen in these two cases and the possible reasons for this are discussed. After surgical closure of the defects the systolic fluttering of the tricuspid valve was no longer observed. Echocardiography appears to be useful in detecting the presence of left ventricular to right atrial shunts which otherwise may be difficult to diagnose.", "contents": "Echocardiographic findings in left ventricular to right atrial shunts. The echocardiographic abnormalities of tricuspid valve motion in 2 patients with left ventricular to right atrial shunts are described. In both patients the abnormal anatomy was defined at surgery, in one patient the shunt being above the tricuspid valve leaflets (supravalvar) and in the other patient through the septal leaflet (intravalvar). Different patterns of tricuspid valve systolic fluttering were seen in these two cases and the possible reasons for this are discussed. After surgical closure of the defects the systolic fluttering of the tricuspid valve was no longer observed. Echocardiography appears to be useful in detecting the presence of left ventricular to right atrial shunts which otherwise may be difficult to diagnose."}
{"id": "PMID:884010", "title": "Intra-aortic balloon assistance in cardiogenic shock after myocardial infarction or cardiac surgery.", "content": "Sixty-eight patients were referred for consideration of intra-aortic balloon assistance, 55 of whom were accepted. Thirty-one patients were in cardiogenic shock after myocardial infarction and the remaining 24 were cardiac surgical patients. Twenty-three of the myocardial infarct group were established on IABA and all 24 of the cardiac surgical patients. Of the 23 patients with cardiogenic shock after myocardial infarction, 19 showed initial haemodynamic improvement on intra-aortic balloon assistance and 5 (22%) survived to leave hospital. Of the 24 cardiac surgical patients, 15 could not be withdrawn from total cardiopulmonary bypass. With intra-aortic balloon assistance, 11 (73%) could be withdrawn from cardiopulmonary bypass and 5 (33%) were hospital and long-term survivors. The remaining 9 surgical patients were in cardiogenic shock in the early postoperative phase, though 5 showed initial haemodynamic improvement there was only one hospital survivor in this group. Intra-aortic balloon assistance was, therefore, of most value in patients dependent on cardiopulmonary bypass. The survival in patients with cardiogenic shock after myocardial infarction was marginally improved.", "contents": "Intra-aortic balloon assistance in cardiogenic shock after myocardial infarction or cardiac surgery. Sixty-eight patients were referred for consideration of intra-aortic balloon assistance, 55 of whom were accepted. Thirty-one patients were in cardiogenic shock after myocardial infarction and the remaining 24 were cardiac surgical patients. Twenty-three of the myocardial infarct group were established on IABA and all 24 of the cardiac surgical patients. Of the 23 patients with cardiogenic shock after myocardial infarction, 19 showed initial haemodynamic improvement on intra-aortic balloon assistance and 5 (22%) survived to leave hospital. Of the 24 cardiac surgical patients, 15 could not be withdrawn from total cardiopulmonary bypass. With intra-aortic balloon assistance, 11 (73%) could be withdrawn from cardiopulmonary bypass and 5 (33%) were hospital and long-term survivors. The remaining 9 surgical patients were in cardiogenic shock in the early postoperative phase, though 5 showed initial haemodynamic improvement there was only one hospital survivor in this group. Intra-aortic balloon assistance was, therefore, of most value in patients dependent on cardiopulmonary bypass. The survival in patients with cardiogenic shock after myocardial infarction was marginally improved."}
{"id": "PMID:884012", "title": "Infradiaphragmatic total anomalous pulmonary venous return. Review of clinical and pathological findings and results of operation in 28 cases.", "content": "Twenty-eight cases of infradiaphragmatic total anomalous pulmonary venous return are presented, 17 without associated complex intracardiac anomalies (group A), and 11 with additional complex lesions (group B). The anomalous site of connection was to the portal vein in 19 cases (68%), to the inferior vena cava in 4 (14%), the ductus venosus in 2 (7%), to the left hepatic vein in 2 (7%), and unknown in one. A patent foramen ovale was present in 82 per cent of cases in group A and 40 per cent in group B and was frequently associated with a small left atrium and left ventricle. Nine cases (8 in group A; 1 in group B) had surgical correction, with 3 long-term survivors. The surgical mortality was 66 per cent. The postoperative haemodynamic status of the 3 surviving patients is very satisfactory, though 1 had a residual atrial septal defect. Factors which adversely affected the surgical outcome were: (1) a critically ill infant, (2) small left atrium and left ventricle, (3) a patent foramen ovale rather than atrial septal defect, (4) systemic arterial oxygen saturation less than 70 per cent, and (5) pulmonary arterial pressure in excess of systemic arterial pressure. The mortality for the entire series was 93 per cent.", "contents": "Infradiaphragmatic total anomalous pulmonary venous return. Review of clinical and pathological findings and results of operation in 28 cases. Twenty-eight cases of infradiaphragmatic total anomalous pulmonary venous return are presented, 17 without associated complex intracardiac anomalies (group A), and 11 with additional complex lesions (group B). The anomalous site of connection was to the portal vein in 19 cases (68%), to the inferior vena cava in 4 (14%), the ductus venosus in 2 (7%), to the left hepatic vein in 2 (7%), and unknown in one. A patent foramen ovale was present in 82 per cent of cases in group A and 40 per cent in group B and was frequently associated with a small left atrium and left ventricle. Nine cases (8 in group A; 1 in group B) had surgical correction, with 3 long-term survivors. The surgical mortality was 66 per cent. The postoperative haemodynamic status of the 3 surviving patients is very satisfactory, though 1 had a residual atrial septal defect. Factors which adversely affected the surgical outcome were: (1) a critically ill infant, (2) small left atrium and left ventricle, (3) a patent foramen ovale rather than atrial septal defect, (4) systemic arterial oxygen saturation less than 70 per cent, and (5) pulmonary arterial pressure in excess of systemic arterial pressure. The mortality for the entire series was 93 per cent."}
{"id": "PMID:884014", "title": "Sequence of retrograde atrial activation of the human heart. Correlation with P wave polarity.", "content": "Studies were performed in 6 patients during open heart surgery to correlate the relative sequence of atrial activation with the polarity of the retrograde P wave in electrocardiographic leads II, III, and aVF. Bipolar atrial electrograms were recorded from selected sites during threshold pacing from sites low on the right side of the atrial septum which when paced resulted in the inscription of either negative or positive P waves in electrocardiograph leads II, III, and aVF. When the atria were paced from a site just anterior to the coronary sinus ostium (negative P waves), the posteroinferior left atrium was activated early and Bachmann's bundle late during the inscription of the P wave. When the atria were paced from a site 2 cm anterior to the coronary sinus ostial site (positive P waves), Bachmann's bundle was activated early during the P wave and the posteroinferior left atrium was activated relatively later. These data from man are consistent with previous studies in the canine heart. Therefore, we deduced that in man during the inscription of negative retrograde P waves in leads II, III, and aVF, atrial activation occurs primarily in a retrograde fashion. However, during the inscription of positive retrograde P waves in man, activation occurs rapidly up the  interatrial septum (we believe via the anterior internodal pathway) to Bachmann's bundle, from where it then spreads in a manner similar to that which occurs during normal sinus rhythm.", "contents": "Sequence of retrograde atrial activation of the human heart. Correlation with P wave polarity. Studies were performed in 6 patients during open heart surgery to correlate the relative sequence of atrial activation with the polarity of the retrograde P wave in electrocardiographic leads II, III, and aVF. Bipolar atrial electrograms were recorded from selected sites during threshold pacing from sites low on the right side of the atrial septum which when paced resulted in the inscription of either negative or positive P waves in electrocardiograph leads II, III, and aVF. When the atria were paced from a site just anterior to the coronary sinus ostium (negative P waves), the posteroinferior left atrium was activated early and Bachmann's bundle late during the inscription of the P wave. When the atria were paced from a site 2 cm anterior to the coronary sinus ostial site (positive P waves), Bachmann's bundle was activated early during the P wave and the posteroinferior left atrium was activated relatively later. These data from man are consistent with previous studies in the canine heart. Therefore, we deduced that in man during the inscription of negative retrograde P waves in leads II, III, and aVF, atrial activation occurs primarily in a retrograde fashion. However, during the inscription of positive retrograde P waves in man, activation occurs rapidly up the  interatrial septum (we believe via the anterior internodal pathway) to Bachmann's bundle, from where it then spreads in a manner similar to that which occurs during normal sinus rhythm."}
{"id": "PMID:884018", "title": "Dual effect of disopyramide on atrial and atrioventricular conduction and refractory periods.", "content": "Disopyramide has been shown in conditions of cholinergic blockade to have a depressant effect upon sinus node automaticity and the atrial refractoriness. It also prolongs atrioventricular conduction and increases atrioventricular refractoriness. These effects may often be masked in vivo by the anticholinergic effects of the drug.", "contents": "Dual effect of disopyramide on atrial and atrioventricular conduction and refractory periods. Disopyramide has been shown in conditions of cholinergic blockade to have a depressant effect upon sinus node automaticity and the atrial refractoriness. It also prolongs atrioventricular conduction and increases atrioventricular refractoriness. These effects may often be masked in vivo by the anticholinergic effects of the drug."}
{"id": "PMID:884019", "title": "Dissimilar atrial rhythms. A patient with interatrial block.", "content": "A patient with type A Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome and prolonged interatrial conduction intervals developed atrial flutter during the course of an electrophysiological study. The atrial flutter blocked along the left-to-right conduction pathways in a Wenckebach pattern. The dissimilar atrial rhythms of right atrial tachycardia and left atrial flutter evolved as the interatrial block increased to 2:1 conduction.", "contents": "Dissimilar atrial rhythms. A patient with interatrial block. A patient with type A Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome and prolonged interatrial conduction intervals developed atrial flutter during the course of an electrophysiological study. The atrial flutter blocked along the left-to-right conduction pathways in a Wenckebach pattern. The dissimilar atrial rhythms of right atrial tachycardia and left atrial flutter evolved as the interatrial block increased to 2:1 conduction."}
{"id": "PMID:884020", "title": "Infradiaphragmatic total anomalous pulmonary venous connection to portal vein. Diagnostic implications of echocardiography.", "content": "A case of total anomalous pulmonary venous connection to the portal vein is described. The diagnosis was suspected clinically, supported by the echocardiogram, and confirmed by cardiac catheterisation, angiocardiography, and contrast echocardiography. An echo-free space lying behind the left atrium initially was thought to represent the common pulmonary vein. However, contrast echocardiography showed that this space was not the anomalous vein but probably an artefact. This paper shows that the origins of intracardiac echoes cannot always be assumed from a simple comparison of echocardiography with angiocardiographic or necropsy findings. In some cases it is necessary to introduce a marker into the echocardiogram which unequivocally originates from, and, therefore, localises, the structure under examination. Contrast echocardiography provides such a marker.", "contents": "Infradiaphragmatic total anomalous pulmonary venous connection to portal vein. Diagnostic implications of echocardiography. A case of total anomalous pulmonary venous connection to the portal vein is described. The diagnosis was suspected clinically, supported by the echocardiogram, and confirmed by cardiac catheterisation, angiocardiography, and contrast echocardiography. An echo-free space lying behind the left atrium initially was thought to represent the common pulmonary vein. However, contrast echocardiography showed that this space was not the anomalous vein but probably an artefact. This paper shows that the origins of intracardiac echoes cannot always be assumed from a simple comparison of echocardiography with angiocardiographic or necropsy findings. In some cases it is necessary to introduce a marker into the echocardiogram which unequivocally originates from, and, therefore, localises, the structure under examination. Contrast echocardiography provides such a marker."}
{"id": "PMID:884021", "title": "Vasodilator treatment for acute and chronic heart failure.", "content": "The current status of the use of vasodilator drugs in the treatment of acute and chronic heart failure has been reviewed. It is apparent that vasodilator treatment can be used effectively in some patients with heart failure with a beneficial haemodynamics response, and that vasodilator agents are likely to find an important place in the management of such patients. Vasodilator treatment may be associated with complications and must be used with care. Though several nonparenteral vasodilator agents have been investigated, no ideal drug is yet available for the treatment of chronic heart failure. Nevertheless, it is probable that suitable drugs will emerge and find an important place in the management of such patients.", "contents": "Vasodilator treatment for acute and chronic heart failure. The current status of the use of vasodilator drugs in the treatment of acute and chronic heart failure has been reviewed. It is apparent that vasodilator treatment can be used effectively in some patients with heart failure with a beneficial haemodynamics response, and that vasodilator agents are likely to find an important place in the management of such patients. Vasodilator treatment may be associated with complications and must be used with care. Though several nonparenteral vasodilator agents have been investigated, no ideal drug is yet available for the treatment of chronic heart failure. Nevertheless, it is probable that suitable drugs will emerge and find an important place in the management of such patients."}
{"id": "PMID:884022", "title": "Evaluation of intracardiac recordings in diagnosis of impulse formation and concealed conduction in atrioventricular nodal bypass tracts.", "content": "Invasive electrophysiological studies were performed in 2 symptomatic patients with recurrent arrhythmias in which impulse formation presumably occured within atrioventricular nodal bypass tracts. Case 1 had ectopic beats arising within, or close to, the upper end of a left-sided atrioventricular nodal bypass tract of the type described by Brechenmacher. In addition, this conduction was 'concealed' during sinus rhythm and right atrial pacing because the relatively prolonged right-to-left atrial conduction time allowed right atrial impulses to reach the His bundle via the atrioventricular node before they could do so through the atrioventricular nodal bypass tract. Case 2 had ectopic beats arising in a right-sided atrioventricular nodal bypass tract which did not conduct in either forward or retrograde directions, its presence being detected only when initiating impulses. However, it could not be determined whether this tract was an 'abnormal' atrio-His connection or a 'normal' transitional (atrio-atrioventricular nodal) tract. Though intracardiac studies complement body surface recordings, they should be interpreted with knowledge of their inherent limitations.", "contents": "Evaluation of intracardiac recordings in diagnosis of impulse formation and concealed conduction in atrioventricular nodal bypass tracts. Invasive electrophysiological studies were performed in 2 symptomatic patients with recurrent arrhythmias in which impulse formation presumably occured within atrioventricular nodal bypass tracts. Case 1 had ectopic beats arising within, or close to, the upper end of a left-sided atrioventricular nodal bypass tract of the type described by Brechenmacher. In addition, this conduction was 'concealed' during sinus rhythm and right atrial pacing because the relatively prolonged right-to-left atrial conduction time allowed right atrial impulses to reach the His bundle via the atrioventricular node before they could do so through the atrioventricular nodal bypass tract. Case 2 had ectopic beats arising in a right-sided atrioventricular nodal bypass tract which did not conduct in either forward or retrograde directions, its presence being detected only when initiating impulses. However, it could not be determined whether this tract was an 'abnormal' atrio-His connection or a 'normal' transitional (atrio-atrioventricular nodal) tract. Though intracardiac studies complement body surface recordings, they should be interpreted with knowledge of their inherent limitations."}
{"id": "PMID:884025", "title": "Early work load tests for evaluation of long-term prognosis of acute myocardial infarction.", "content": "Exercise tests performed 3 and 9 weeks after acute myocardial infarction in 205 patients were found to give prognostic information on the survival during a follow-up period of 2 to 5 years. The appearance of tachycardia, major ventricular arrhythmias, or anginal complaints during these early exercise tests was thus accompanied by a significantly increased mortality during the observation period. Ventricular arrhythmias disclosed by exercise proved to be of higher prognostic significance than those recorded at rest on the same occasions. The usefulness of early exercise tests in the evaluation of the response to antiarrhythmic treatment after acute myocardial infarction as well as of the prognostic importance of the effects was documented in a smaller series of patients.", "contents": "Early work load tests for evaluation of long-term prognosis of acute myocardial infarction. Exercise tests performed 3 and 9 weeks after acute myocardial infarction in 205 patients were found to give prognostic information on the survival during a follow-up period of 2 to 5 years. The appearance of tachycardia, major ventricular arrhythmias, or anginal complaints during these early exercise tests was thus accompanied by a significantly increased mortality during the observation period. Ventricular arrhythmias disclosed by exercise proved to be of higher prognostic significance than those recorded at rest on the same occasions. The usefulness of early exercise tests in the evaluation of the response to antiarrhythmic treatment after acute myocardial infarction as well as of the prognostic importance of the effects was documented in a smaller series of patients."}
{"id": "PMID:884027", "title": "Indirect measurement of sinoatrial conduction time in patients with sinoatrial disease and in controls.", "content": "Clinical recognition of sinoatrial disease currently depends on the presence of transient sinus bradycardia, sinoatrial block, or supraventricular tachyarrhythmias. The value of clinical electrophysiological assessment in these patients is not clear. Using intracardiac electrophysiological recordings and programmed stimulation we have examined 14 patients with sinoatrial disease and 11 control patients undergoing investigation for chest pain. Intracardiac conduction times were normal in all patients. There was no significant difference of sinus node recovery times between the sinoatrial disease and control groups. Sinoatrial conduction times were measured by the indirect method and two populations were identified. However, the mean values of 128 +/- 27 ms in patients and 112 +/- 30 ms in controls were not significantly different and major overlap rendered this measurement clinically valueless. It is concluded that no current electrophysiological measurement has diagnostic value in patients with sinoatrial disease.", "contents": "Indirect measurement of sinoatrial conduction time in patients with sinoatrial disease and in controls. Clinical recognition of sinoatrial disease currently depends on the presence of transient sinus bradycardia, sinoatrial block, or supraventricular tachyarrhythmias. The value of clinical electrophysiological assessment in these patients is not clear. Using intracardiac electrophysiological recordings and programmed stimulation we have examined 14 patients with sinoatrial disease and 11 control patients undergoing investigation for chest pain. Intracardiac conduction times were normal in all patients. There was no significant difference of sinus node recovery times between the sinoatrial disease and control groups. Sinoatrial conduction times were measured by the indirect method and two populations were identified. However, the mean values of 128 +/- 27 ms in patients and 112 +/- 30 ms in controls were not significantly different and major overlap rendered this measurement clinically valueless. It is concluded that no current electrophysiological measurement has diagnostic value in patients with sinoatrial disease."}
{"id": "PMID:884029", "title": "The Elag-Koln automatic blood pressure recorder. A clinical appraisal.", "content": "The performance of an Elag-Koln semiautomatic blood pressure recorder was compared with the London School of Hygiene mercury sphygmomanometer in 24 subjects providing a wide range of blood pressure measurements. Readings with the two instruments correlated highly (for systole, r=0-99; for diastole phase 4, r=0-97; for diastole phase 5,r=0-98), and the slopes of the regressions did not differ significantly from unity. Elag-Koln measurements were higher for systole (mean difference 3-7 mmHg,P less than 0-001) and diastole phase 5 (mean difference 7-4 mmHg,P less than 0-001), but agreed closely with diastole phase 4 readings with the London School of Hygiene instrument. The Elag-Koln recorder tested was compact, easy to use, and had acceptable accuracy. This type of instrument deserves further testing to examine its suitability for general use.", "contents": "The Elag-Koln automatic blood pressure recorder. A clinical appraisal. The performance of an Elag-Koln semiautomatic blood pressure recorder was compared with the London School of Hygiene mercury sphygmomanometer in 24 subjects providing a wide range of blood pressure measurements. Readings with the two instruments correlated highly (for systole, r=0-99; for diastole phase 4, r=0-97; for diastole phase 5,r=0-98), and the slopes of the regressions did not differ significantly from unity. Elag-Koln measurements were higher for systole (mean difference 3-7 mmHg,P less than 0-001) and diastole phase 5 (mean difference 7-4 mmHg,P less than 0-001), but agreed closely with diastole phase 4 readings with the London School of Hygiene instrument. The Elag-Koln recorder tested was compact, easy to use, and had acceptable accuracy. This type of instrument deserves further testing to examine its suitability for general use."}
{"id": "PMID:884030", "title": "Baroreflex sensitivity and cardiopulmonary blood volume in normotensive and hypertensive patients.", "content": "Baroreflex sensitivity and cardiopulmonary blood volume were determined in 95 men, including normotensive and hypertensive subjects with normal renal function and balanced sodium intake and urinary output. Baroreflex sensitivity was estimated by determining the slope of the regression line relating the increase of systolic pressure to the cardiac slowing after transient rises of arterial pressure. A technique of gradual atropinisation was used to evaluate the parasympathetic mediated component of the reflex. With this method, it was possible to calculate the exact atropine dose abolishing the reflex sensitivity. This index was not dependent on age. It was negatively correlated to the diastolic pressure in normotensive patients but not in hypertensive patients. The ratio between the cardiopulmonary and the total blood volume was considered as an index of sympathetic venous tone. This ratio was positively correlated to the diastolic pressure in normotensive patients, but not in hypertensive patients. This study strongly suggests that a precise sympathetic-parasympathetic balance existed in the normotensive patients. This balance was disrupted in the hypertensive patients pointing to abnormalities in the autonomic nervous system of permanently hypertensive patients.", "contents": "Baroreflex sensitivity and cardiopulmonary blood volume in normotensive and hypertensive patients. Baroreflex sensitivity and cardiopulmonary blood volume were determined in 95 men, including normotensive and hypertensive subjects with normal renal function and balanced sodium intake and urinary output. Baroreflex sensitivity was estimated by determining the slope of the regression line relating the increase of systolic pressure to the cardiac slowing after transient rises of arterial pressure. A technique of gradual atropinisation was used to evaluate the parasympathetic mediated component of the reflex. With this method, it was possible to calculate the exact atropine dose abolishing the reflex sensitivity. This index was not dependent on age. It was negatively correlated to the diastolic pressure in normotensive patients but not in hypertensive patients. The ratio between the cardiopulmonary and the total blood volume was considered as an index of sympathetic venous tone. This ratio was positively correlated to the diastolic pressure in normotensive patients, but not in hypertensive patients. This study strongly suggests that a precise sympathetic-parasympathetic balance existed in the normotensive patients. This balance was disrupted in the hypertensive patients pointing to abnormalities in the autonomic nervous system of permanently hypertensive patients."}
{"id": "PMID:884031", "title": "Left ventricular apical thin point.", "content": "The wall thickness of the apex of the left ventricle has been measured at its thinnest point in 60 adult hearts at necropsy. This measured 2 mm or less in 97% of them and 1 mm or less in 67%.", "contents": "Left ventricular apical thin point. The wall thickness of the apex of the left ventricle has been measured at its thinnest point in 60 adult hearts at necropsy. This measured 2 mm or less in 97% of them and 1 mm or less in 67%."}
{"id": "PMID:884032", "title": "Atrioventricular reciprocal rhythm and chronic reciprocating tachycardia in a newborn infant with concealed Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome.", "content": "A case of atrioventricular reciprocal rhythm and chronic reciprocating tachycardia in a newborn infant is presented. Electrophysiological studies suggest that these rhythm disturbances are related to the presence of a right-sided atrioventricular accessory pathway capable only of retrograde conduction (concealed Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome). The technique of recording the sequence of atrial activation during the tachycardia is described and its clinical importance emphasised.", "contents": "Atrioventricular reciprocal rhythm and chronic reciprocating tachycardia in a newborn infant with concealed Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome. A case of atrioventricular reciprocal rhythm and chronic reciprocating tachycardia in a newborn infant is presented. Electrophysiological studies suggest that these rhythm disturbances are related to the presence of a right-sided atrioventricular accessory pathway capable only of retrograde conduction (concealed Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome). The technique of recording the sequence of atrial activation during the tachycardia is described and its clinical importance emphasised."}
{"id": "PMID:884033", "title": "Primary thrombosis of pulmonary artery in a child with tetralogy of Fallot.", "content": "A 34-month-old child with tetralogy of Fallot developed an acute, primary thrombosis of the pulmonary trunk. A greatly increased haematocrit was most probably a predisposing factor. An unusual postmortem finding was the large number of extremely dilated myocardial capillaries. In a review of a series of 394 consecutive necropsy cases with many kinds of cardiac anomalies, there was only one case (a 28-year-old man) with occluding thrombus formation in the pulmonary artery. This case also belonged to the Fallot group but a subacute glomerulonephritis seemed to be the major cause of death.", "contents": "Primary thrombosis of pulmonary artery in a child with tetralogy of Fallot. A 34-month-old child with tetralogy of Fallot developed an acute, primary thrombosis of the pulmonary trunk. A greatly increased haematocrit was most probably a predisposing factor. An unusual postmortem finding was the large number of extremely dilated myocardial capillaries. In a review of a series of 394 consecutive necropsy cases with many kinds of cardiac anomalies, there was only one case (a 28-year-old man) with occluding thrombus formation in the pulmonary artery. This case also belonged to the Fallot group but a subacute glomerulonephritis seemed to be the major cause of death."}
{"id": "PMID:884070", "title": "Kinetics of chlorophyll fluorescence at 77K in Chlorella and chloroplasts. Effects of CCCP, ferricyanide and DCMU.", "content": "The kinetics of chlorophyll fluorescence at 77K were studied in Chlorella cells and spinach chloroplasts. During a first illumination, the rise is polyphasic with at least three phases. The slowest one is irreversible and corresponds to the cytochrome oxidation. The dark regeneration of half the variable fluorescence is biphasic, the fast phase being inhibited by 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1, 1-dimethylurea (DCMU) both in Chlorella and chloroplasts. The fluorescence rise during a second illumination is still biphasic. Carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone (CCCP) slows down the fluorescence rise in Chlorella but has no effect on the dark regeneration. It does not affect the fluorescence of chloroplasts. Ferricyanide which oxidizes cytochrome beta-559 at room temperature produces a quenching of the variable fluorescence and an acceleration of the fluorescence rise during the first illumination. Our results fit the idea of the heterogeneity of the Photosystem II centers at low temperature.", "contents": "Kinetics of chlorophyll fluorescence at 77K in Chlorella and chloroplasts. Effects of CCCP, ferricyanide and DCMU. The kinetics of chlorophyll fluorescence at 77K were studied in Chlorella cells and spinach chloroplasts. During a first illumination, the rise is polyphasic with at least three phases. The slowest one is irreversible and corresponds to the cytochrome oxidation. The dark regeneration of half the variable fluorescence is biphasic, the fast phase being inhibited by 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1, 1-dimethylurea (DCMU) both in Chlorella and chloroplasts. The fluorescence rise during a second illumination is still biphasic. Carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone (CCCP) slows down the fluorescence rise in Chlorella but has no effect on the dark regeneration. It does not affect the fluorescence of chloroplasts. Ferricyanide which oxidizes cytochrome beta-559 at room temperature produces a quenching of the variable fluorescence and an acceleration of the fluorescence rise during the first illumination. Our results fit the idea of the heterogeneity of the Photosystem II centers at low temperature."}
{"id": "PMID:884071", "title": "Phase separation in phosphatidylcholine bilayers as a predictor of inhibition of blood platelet aggregation by amantadines.", "content": "The ability of eleven amantadine derivatives to induce phase separation in dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine bilayers was studied by differential scanning calorimetry. The relative potency varied with the shape and size of the hydrocarbon cage. These agents also markedly inhibited blood platelet aggregation. The relative potencies of these compounds to induce phase separation showed a significant correlation (r = 0.70) with their platelet inhibitory activity suggesting that their pharmacologic action may be at the level of the platelet membrane. The effective concentration of the parent component amantadine is similar to its pharmacologic concentration suggesting its use as an anti-platelet drug.", "contents": "Phase separation in phosphatidylcholine bilayers as a predictor of inhibition of blood platelet aggregation by amantadines. The ability of eleven amantadine derivatives to induce phase separation in dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine bilayers was studied by differential scanning calorimetry. The relative potency varied with the shape and size of the hydrocarbon cage. These agents also markedly inhibited blood platelet aggregation. The relative potencies of these compounds to induce phase separation showed a significant correlation (r = 0.70) with their platelet inhibitory activity suggesting that their pharmacologic action may be at the level of the platelet membrane. The effective concentration of the parent component amantadine is similar to its pharmacologic concentration suggesting its use as an anti-platelet drug."}
{"id": "PMID:884072", "title": "Interaction between sphingomyelin and a cytolysin from the sea anemone Stoichactis helianthus.", "content": "The cytolytic toxin from the sea anemone Stoichactis helianthus was inhibited up to 90--95% by suspensions of sphingomyelin but not by phosphatidylcholine or other membrane lipids. When the toxin was incubated with sphingomyelin and the mixture fractionated either by isoelectric focusing or Sephadex gel filtration, the residual hemolytic units migrated together with the lipid and not as free toxin. Incubation with phosphatidylcholine, however, did not shift the toxin peak in either type of column. A toxin-ferritin conjugate retaining hemolytic activity was observed by negative staining to bind to liposomes prepared with sphingomyelin but not with liposomes containing phosphatidylcholine. The results provide evidence that the membrane binding site of the toxin is sphingomyelin.", "contents": "Interaction between sphingomyelin and a cytolysin from the sea anemone Stoichactis helianthus. The cytolytic toxin from the sea anemone Stoichactis helianthus was inhibited up to 90--95% by suspensions of sphingomyelin but not by phosphatidylcholine or other membrane lipids. When the toxin was incubated with sphingomyelin and the mixture fractionated either by isoelectric focusing or Sephadex gel filtration, the residual hemolytic units migrated together with the lipid and not as free toxin. Incubation with phosphatidylcholine, however, did not shift the toxin peak in either type of column. A toxin-ferritin conjugate retaining hemolytic activity was observed by negative staining to bind to liposomes prepared with sphingomyelin but not with liposomes containing phosphatidylcholine. The results provide evidence that the membrane binding site of the toxin is sphingomyelin."}
{"id": "PMID:884073", "title": "Calcium-induced interaction of phospholipid vesicles and bilayer lipid membranes.", "content": "The interaction of unilamellar phospholipid vesicles with bilayer lipid membranes has been studied by observing the electrical conductance of the planar membrane. The presence of phosphatidylcholine vesicles as well as phosphatidylcholine/phosphatidylserine (1 : 1) vesicles on one side compartment of the bilayer membrane, but not phosphatidylserine vesicles, causes discrete fluctuations in the phosphatidylserine membrane conductance, which is also increased by at least an order of magnitude. These events are dependent on vesicle concentration as well as the presence of Ca2+. The results are interpreted in terms of the incorporation of domains of phosphatidylcholine into the membrane, which confer a higher conductance state.", "contents": "Calcium-induced interaction of phospholipid vesicles and bilayer lipid membranes. The interaction of unilamellar phospholipid vesicles with bilayer lipid membranes has been studied by observing the electrical conductance of the planar membrane. The presence of phosphatidylcholine vesicles as well as phosphatidylcholine/phosphatidylserine (1 : 1) vesicles on one side compartment of the bilayer membrane, but not phosphatidylserine vesicles, causes discrete fluctuations in the phosphatidylserine membrane conductance, which is also increased by at least an order of magnitude. These events are dependent on vesicle concentration as well as the presence of Ca2+. The results are interpreted in terms of the incorporation of domains of phosphatidylcholine into the membrane, which confer a higher conductance state."}
{"id": "PMID:884074", "title": "Biosynthesis of brush border glycoproteins by human small intestinal mucosa in organ culture.", "content": "The incorporation of [14C]glucosamine into brush border glycoproteins by human small intestinal mucosa in organ culture has been investigated. The experiments were based on the observations that (1) isolated brush border membrane fragments from cultured explants showed an unchanged pattern of protein bands and brush border enzyme activities on sodium dodecyl sulfate/polyacrylamide gels after electrophoresis and (2) the rate of overall [14C]glucosamine incorporation measured in the tissue homogenate remained constant up to 48 h. After 24 h of culture, the radioactivity peaks on gels due to incorporation of [14C]glucosamine were found exclusively in the high molecular weight region and corresponded to protein bands identified as maltase-glucoamylase, lactase, sucrase-isomaltase, enterokinase and alkaline phosphatase. Enzymatic activity could not be assigned to the three remaining labelled bands. Most of these glycoproteins were already labelled after 5 h. Newly glycosylated brush border enzymes remained predominantly associated with the brush border membrane of intact cells with little release into the medium up to 24 h.", "contents": "Biosynthesis of brush border glycoproteins by human small intestinal mucosa in organ culture. The incorporation of [14C]glucosamine into brush border glycoproteins by human small intestinal mucosa in organ culture has been investigated. The experiments were based on the observations that (1) isolated brush border membrane fragments from cultured explants showed an unchanged pattern of protein bands and brush border enzyme activities on sodium dodecyl sulfate/polyacrylamide gels after electrophoresis and (2) the rate of overall [14C]glucosamine incorporation measured in the tissue homogenate remained constant up to 48 h. After 24 h of culture, the radioactivity peaks on gels due to incorporation of [14C]glucosamine were found exclusively in the high molecular weight region and corresponded to protein bands identified as maltase-glucoamylase, lactase, sucrase-isomaltase, enterokinase and alkaline phosphatase. Enzymatic activity could not be assigned to the three remaining labelled bands. Most of these glycoproteins were already labelled after 5 h. Newly glycosylated brush border enzymes remained predominantly associated with the brush border membrane of intact cells with little release into the medium up to 24 h."}
{"id": "PMID:884076", "title": "The chloride transport induced by triaklyl-tin compound across erythrocyte membrane.", "content": "The effect of tripropyl-tin chloride on anion permeability was studied using red cells previously treated with a covalent binding inhibitor 4-acetamido-4'-isothiocyanostilbene-2,2'-disulfonic acid (SITS) to inhibit completely and irreversibly the natural anion transport system. It was demonstrated that the tin compound can mediate chloride-hydroxide and chloride-chloride exchanges across the \"impermeabilised\" erythrocyte membrane. In the non hemolytic range, the rate of exchange increased with the concentration of the tin compound in a non linear fashion, and no saturation effect was seen. The temperature profile of the chloride self exchange induced by tripropyl-tin was studied and the apparent activation energy found was 29 Kcal/mol. The tripropyl-tin chloride cannot mediate a chloride-bicarbonate exchange. Because of this discriminatory effect between hydroxide and bicarbonate, the tin compound can be useful in certain experimental conditions as seen for the study of the anion \"carrier\" of the red cell membrane (\"cousin, J.L., Motais, R. and Sola, F. (1975) J. Physiol. Lond. 253, 385-399).", "contents": "The chloride transport induced by triaklyl-tin compound across erythrocyte membrane. The effect of tripropyl-tin chloride on anion permeability was studied using red cells previously treated with a covalent binding inhibitor 4-acetamido-4'-isothiocyanostilbene-2,2'-disulfonic acid (SITS) to inhibit completely and irreversibly the natural anion transport system. It was demonstrated that the tin compound can mediate chloride-hydroxide and chloride-chloride exchanges across the \"impermeabilised\" erythrocyte membrane. In the non hemolytic range, the rate of exchange increased with the concentration of the tin compound in a non linear fashion, and no saturation effect was seen. The temperature profile of the chloride self exchange induced by tripropyl-tin was studied and the apparent activation energy found was 29 Kcal/mol. The tripropyl-tin chloride cannot mediate a chloride-bicarbonate exchange. Because of this discriminatory effect between hydroxide and bicarbonate, the tin compound can be useful in certain experimental conditions as seen for the study of the anion \"carrier\" of the red cell membrane (\"cousin, J.L., Motais, R. and Sola, F. (1975) J. Physiol. Lond. 253, 385-399)."}
{"id": "PMID:884077", "title": "Stimulatory and inhibitory effects of sulfhydryl reagent on p-aminohippuric acid transport by isolated renal tubules.", "content": "Isolated tubules from rabbit kidney cortex were treated with several different sulfhydryl reagents in an attempt to determine whether sulfhydryl groups are involved in organic acid transport. Disulfide reagents such as sodium tetrathionate and 6,6'-dithionicotinic acid were found to exert a biphasic effect on p-aminohippuric acid transport, i.e. transient stimulation followed by inhibition. In contrast, treatment of tubules with the mercaptide-forming reagent, p-chloromercuribenzoate, caused only inhibition of organic acid transport. Treatment of tubules with reductants such as dithiothreitol or mercaptoethanol blocked the stimulatory effect of tetrathionate without affecting the inhibitory effect of this oxidant. The inhibition caused by p-chloromercuribenzoate, however, was largely reversible when tubules were treated with reductants. The results suggest that the renal organic acid transport system contains sulfhydryl groups and that its activity is increased when some of these groups are oxidized.", "contents": "Stimulatory and inhibitory effects of sulfhydryl reagent on p-aminohippuric acid transport by isolated renal tubules. Isolated tubules from rabbit kidney cortex were treated with several different sulfhydryl reagents in an attempt to determine whether sulfhydryl groups are involved in organic acid transport. Disulfide reagents such as sodium tetrathionate and 6,6'-dithionicotinic acid were found to exert a biphasic effect on p-aminohippuric acid transport, i.e. transient stimulation followed by inhibition. In contrast, treatment of tubules with the mercaptide-forming reagent, p-chloromercuribenzoate, caused only inhibition of organic acid transport. Treatment of tubules with reductants such as dithiothreitol or mercaptoethanol blocked the stimulatory effect of tetrathionate without affecting the inhibitory effect of this oxidant. The inhibition caused by p-chloromercuribenzoate, however, was largely reversible when tubules were treated with reductants. The results suggest that the renal organic acid transport system contains sulfhydryl groups and that its activity is increased when some of these groups are oxidized."}
{"id": "PMID:884078", "title": "How the kinetic parameters of the simple carrier are affected by an applied voltage.", "content": "The kinetic parameters (K, R00, R12, R21 and Ree) of the simple carrier model are analysed as a function of applied voltage for various cases of charged substrates and carriers. If certain parameters are invariant with voltage, strong conclusions can be made as to the charge on the free carrier. In one particular case (where the parameter R00 is invariant while R12 and R21 display a non-linear dependence on the exponential of the voltage) it may be possible to identify the isomerisation of the carrier-substrate complex.", "contents": "How the kinetic parameters of the simple carrier are affected by an applied voltage. The kinetic parameters (K, R00, R12, R21 and Ree) of the simple carrier model are analysed as a function of applied voltage for various cases of charged substrates and carriers. If certain parameters are invariant with voltage, strong conclusions can be made as to the charge on the free carrier. In one particular case (where the parameter R00 is invariant while R12 and R21 display a non-linear dependence on the exponential of the voltage) it may be possible to identify the isomerisation of the carrier-substrate complex."}
{"id": "PMID:884080", "title": "Phase behavior and structural characteristics of hydrated bovine brain gangliosides.", "content": "Hydrated bovine brain gangliosides have been studied by differential scanning calorimetry, X-ray diffraction, and polarized light microscopy. Over the hydration range 18-50 wt.% H2O, mixed brain gangliosides exhibit a hexagonal mesophase structure, in which the ganglioside molecules form hexagonally packed rod-like structures. The apolar lipid chains radiate from the center of the rods, with the sugar groups on the cylinder surface in contact with water. At higher water contents, an isotropic micellar solution is formed. Over the hydration range 20-30 wt.% H2O, two small thermal transitions with peak maxima at 30 degrees C and 46 degrees C are observed by differential scanning calorimetry. These transitions broaden and move apart in temperature as the hydration is increased to 50 wt.% H2O. X-ray diffraction data indicate that this double transition is associated with a hydrocarbon chain rearrangement from a disordered state to another, possibly more disordered, state. Thus, the gangliosides, although membrane lipid components, have physical characteristics which are very different from those of the membrane phospholipids.", "contents": "Phase behavior and structural characteristics of hydrated bovine brain gangliosides. Hydrated bovine brain gangliosides have been studied by differential scanning calorimetry, X-ray diffraction, and polarized light microscopy. Over the hydration range 18-50 wt.% H2O, mixed brain gangliosides exhibit a hexagonal mesophase structure, in which the ganglioside molecules form hexagonally packed rod-like structures. The apolar lipid chains radiate from the center of the rods, with the sugar groups on the cylinder surface in contact with water. At higher water contents, an isotropic micellar solution is formed. Over the hydration range 20-30 wt.% H2O, two small thermal transitions with peak maxima at 30 degrees C and 46 degrees C are observed by differential scanning calorimetry. These transitions broaden and move apart in temperature as the hydration is increased to 50 wt.% H2O. X-ray diffraction data indicate that this double transition is associated with a hydrocarbon chain rearrangement from a disordered state to another, possibly more disordered, state. Thus, the gangliosides, although membrane lipid components, have physical characteristics which are very different from those of the membrane phospholipids."}
{"id": "PMID:884081", "title": "The computation of saturable and linear components of intestinal and other transport kinetics.", "content": "1. Published data for absorption kinetics have been fitted by non-linear regression to (i) a single Michaelis-Menten function, (ii) a Michaelis-Menten function plus a linear term and (iii) a sum of two Michaelis-Menten functions. A series of criteria have been drawn up to establish the goodness of fit in each case. 2. In 17 out of 35 cases the Michaelis-Menten function was the \"best fit\". In nine cases the \"best-fit\" model also included a linear term, but never was the sum of two Michaelis-Menten functions accepted to be the \"best-fit\" model. 3. Linearity of a Lineweaver-Burk plot was of unreliable diagnostic value in assessing goodness of fit. 4. Since the fit of a Michaelis-Menten function was often poor, simulated data sets with error were used to study the influence of experimental design etc. on Michaelis-Menten parameter estimation. 5. Precision of estimation of Km is increased by increasing the number of data points, reducing their variance, increasing the data range and by straddling Km in the observations. For a given constant number of observations there is no advantage in using replicate observations at few concentrations or single values at relatively many concentrations, or in using single values rather than means. 6. The caution necessary in interpretation of kinetic models is emphasized.", "contents": "The computation of saturable and linear components of intestinal and other transport kinetics. 1. Published data for absorption kinetics have been fitted by non-linear regression to (i) a single Michaelis-Menten function, (ii) a Michaelis-Menten function plus a linear term and (iii) a sum of two Michaelis-Menten functions. A series of criteria have been drawn up to establish the goodness of fit in each case. 2. In 17 out of 35 cases the Michaelis-Menten function was the \"best fit\". In nine cases the \"best-fit\" model also included a linear term, but never was the sum of two Michaelis-Menten functions accepted to be the \"best-fit\" model. 3. Linearity of a Lineweaver-Burk plot was of unreliable diagnostic value in assessing goodness of fit. 4. Since the fit of a Michaelis-Menten function was often poor, simulated data sets with error were used to study the influence of experimental design etc. on Michaelis-Menten parameter estimation. 5. Precision of estimation of Km is increased by increasing the number of data points, reducing their variance, increasing the data range and by straddling Km in the observations. For a given constant number of observations there is no advantage in using replicate observations at few concentrations or single values at relatively many concentrations, or in using single values rather than means. 6. The caution necessary in interpretation of kinetic models is emphasized."}
{"id": "PMID:884084", "title": "Intrinsic proteins of the intestinal microvillus membrane. Iodonaphthylazide labeling studies.", "content": "Isolated brush border membranes of the intestinal epithelial cell were labeled with a hydrophobic photoactive compound [125U]iodonaphthylazide. High incorporation of the radioactive naphthylazide was noted for molecular weight bands of 99 000, 86 000, 65 000, 54 000 and 30 000. Minimal labeling occurred in the higher bands of 300 000, 135 000, 125 000 and 17 000. The iodonaphthylazide label was not removed by extensive papain digestion whereas chloramine T iodinated membranes released radioactivity under the same conditions. Neither enzymatic nor transport activities were inhibited by the presence of iodonaphthylazide or the irradiation process. On the basis of the presented data it is concluded that the iodonaphthylazide unspecifically labels those portions of membrane proteins which are inserted into the lipid bilayer matrix.", "contents": "Intrinsic proteins of the intestinal microvillus membrane. Iodonaphthylazide labeling studies. Isolated brush border membranes of the intestinal epithelial cell were labeled with a hydrophobic photoactive compound [125U]iodonaphthylazide. High incorporation of the radioactive naphthylazide was noted for molecular weight bands of 99 000, 86 000, 65 000, 54 000 and 30 000. Minimal labeling occurred in the higher bands of 300 000, 135 000, 125 000 and 17 000. The iodonaphthylazide label was not removed by extensive papain digestion whereas chloramine T iodinated membranes released radioactivity under the same conditions. Neither enzymatic nor transport activities were inhibited by the presence of iodonaphthylazide or the irradiation process. On the basis of the presented data it is concluded that the iodonaphthylazide unspecifically labels those portions of membrane proteins which are inserted into the lipid bilayer matrix."}
{"id": "PMID:884087", "title": "Permeability of iodide in multilamellar liposomes modeled by two compartments and a reservoir.", "content": "A previously published rate law for the diffusion of iodide from multilamellar egg phosphatidylcholine liposomes (Schullery, S.E. (1975) Chem. Phys. Lipids 14, 49-58) is fitted to the relatively simple mathematical model of two compartments in series with a reservoir. All of the inner liposome compartments are assumed to behave as effectively one compartment in series with the liposome's outermost compartment. Based on this model, reasonable values are calculated for the fraction of the total solution trapped by liposomes which is in the outermost liposome compartment, 17%, and the permeability coefficient of iodide against isotonic, mixed iodide-chloride solution, 2-10(-9) cm/s.", "contents": "Permeability of iodide in multilamellar liposomes modeled by two compartments and a reservoir. A previously published rate law for the diffusion of iodide from multilamellar egg phosphatidylcholine liposomes (Schullery, S.E. (1975) Chem. Phys. Lipids 14, 49-58) is fitted to the relatively simple mathematical model of two compartments in series with a reservoir. All of the inner liposome compartments are assumed to behave as effectively one compartment in series with the liposome's outermost compartment. Based on this model, reasonable values are calculated for the fraction of the total solution trapped by liposomes which is in the outermost liposome compartment, 17%, and the permeability coefficient of iodide against isotonic, mixed iodide-chloride solution, 2-10(-9) cm/s."}
{"id": "PMID:884092", "title": "Identification of transferrin receptors in reticulocytes.", "content": "Experiments were performed to obtain definitive evidence for the presence of membrane receptors for transferrin on reticulocytes. Rabbit reticulocytes were incubated with 125I-labelled rabbit transferrin. The transferrin taken up by the cells was solubilized using the non-ionic detergent, Teric 12A9 (polyoxyethylene (n=9) dodecyl alcohol). The soluble extracts of the cells were examined by gel filtration and a transferrin-binding moiety of approximate molecular weight 275 000 was identified. This binding moiety was found only in reticulocytes, not in mature erythrocytes. The membrane component could bind only transferrin and not the other plasma proteins studied. Only transferrin could displace bound transferrin from the complex. Rabbit transferrin was bound more strongly than human transferrin. The binding of transferrin to the component was shown to be reversible and saturable. It is concluded from these studies that the transferrin binding component identified in the reticulocyte stroma is a true physiological receptor for transferrin.", "contents": "Identification of transferrin receptors in reticulocytes. Experiments were performed to obtain definitive evidence for the presence of membrane receptors for transferrin on reticulocytes. Rabbit reticulocytes were incubated with 125I-labelled rabbit transferrin. The transferrin taken up by the cells was solubilized using the non-ionic detergent, Teric 12A9 (polyoxyethylene (n=9) dodecyl alcohol). The soluble extracts of the cells were examined by gel filtration and a transferrin-binding moiety of approximate molecular weight 275 000 was identified. This binding moiety was found only in reticulocytes, not in mature erythrocytes. The membrane component could bind only transferrin and not the other plasma proteins studied. Only transferrin could displace bound transferrin from the complex. Rabbit transferrin was bound more strongly than human transferrin. The binding of transferrin to the component was shown to be reversible and saturable. It is concluded from these studies that the transferrin binding component identified in the reticulocyte stroma is a true physiological receptor for transferrin."}
{"id": "PMID:884095", "title": "Effect of bicarbonate and other buffers on choroid plexus Na+/K+pump.", "content": "The Na+/K+ pump on the apical membrane of the choroid plexus epithelium was found to be sensitive to bicarbonate. Glycodiazine, a non-volatile, lipid soluble buffer with a pK of 5.7, mimicked the effect of bicarbonate, and was transported across the epithelium in the same direction as sodium. These results are explained in terms of a Na+/H+ exchange mechanism on the basal-lateral membrane.", "contents": "Effect of bicarbonate and other buffers on choroid plexus Na+/K+pump. The Na+/K+ pump on the apical membrane of the choroid plexus epithelium was found to be sensitive to bicarbonate. Glycodiazine, a non-volatile, lipid soluble buffer with a pK of 5.7, mimicked the effect of bicarbonate, and was transported across the epithelium in the same direction as sodium. These results are explained in terms of a Na+/H+ exchange mechanism on the basal-lateral membrane."}
{"id": "PMID:884096", "title": "Cooperative unit size in the gel-liquid crystalline phase transition of dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine-water multilayers: an estimate from Raman spectroscopy.", "content": "The temperature dependence of the Raman spectral transitions assigned to the acyl chain C-C stretching modes of dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine was determined for the gel, phase transition and liquid crystalline states of the lipid multilayers. The van't Hoff enthalpy differences delta HVH between trans and gauche rotational isomers were obtained from the Raman spectral data for the temperature region characteristic of each bilayer state. An average size for the cooperative unit undergoing the chain melting process during the phase transition was estimated from the ratio of the appropriate van't Hoff enthalpy to an adjusted calorimetric enthalpy.", "contents": "Cooperative unit size in the gel-liquid crystalline phase transition of dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine-water multilayers: an estimate from Raman spectroscopy. The temperature dependence of the Raman spectral transitions assigned to the acyl chain C-C stretching modes of dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine was determined for the gel, phase transition and liquid crystalline states of the lipid multilayers. The van't Hoff enthalpy differences delta HVH between trans and gauche rotational isomers were obtained from the Raman spectral data for the temperature region characteristic of each bilayer state. An average size for the cooperative unit undergoing the chain melting process during the phase transition was estimated from the ratio of the appropriate van't Hoff enthalpy to an adjusted calorimetric enthalpy."}
{"id": "PMID:884097", "title": "An electron microscopic histochemical investigation of the localization of creatine phosphokinase in heart cells.", "content": "The results of an electron microscopic histochemical investigation performed in the current study indicate that in heart cells creatine phosphokinase is localized: (1) inside mitochondria mainly on the cristae membranes, (2) on the membrane of the sarcoplasmic reticulum, (3) on myofibrils (and in cytoplasm), (4) on the plasma membrane of the cells, (5) on the membrane of the cell nuclei.", "contents": "An electron microscopic histochemical investigation of the localization of creatine phosphokinase in heart cells. The results of an electron microscopic histochemical investigation performed in the current study indicate that in heart cells creatine phosphokinase is localized: (1) inside mitochondria mainly on the cristae membranes, (2) on the membrane of the sarcoplasmic reticulum, (3) on myofibrils (and in cytoplasm), (4) on the plasma membrane of the cells, (5) on the membrane of the cell nuclei."}
{"id": "PMID:884098", "title": "Conformation affinity of cross-linked polyacrylic gels towards nucleobases, nucleosides and nucleotides.", "content": "By radical copolymerisation of monofunctional acrylic derivatives with 1,4-tetramethylene dimethacrylate, cross-linked polyacrylic gels which show a high affinity towards nucleic acid residues have been synthesised. Using these polyacrlic gels, mixtures of nucleobases, nucleosides and nucleotides can be chromatographically separated to differing extents, in some cases quantitatively. The elution of nucleobases and nucleosides from the gel in the order Cyt, Gua, Thy, Ade (or dC, dG, dT, dA and C, G, U, A, respectively) shows that Ade (dA, A) is retarded to the highest degree from the gel matrix, Cyt (dC, C) to the lowest degree. Further, the results of the separations prove that the affinity of the polyacrylic gels is much stronger towards deoxyribonucleosides than towards ribonucleosides and nucleobases. The affinity of the polyacrylic gels towards nucleobases and nucleosides depends mainly upon their tertiary structure whereas the functional side groups of the polyacrylate matrix do not contribute significantly to the interaction of the gels.", "contents": "Conformation affinity of cross-linked polyacrylic gels towards nucleobases, nucleosides and nucleotides. By radical copolymerisation of monofunctional acrylic derivatives with 1,4-tetramethylene dimethacrylate, cross-linked polyacrylic gels which show a high affinity towards nucleic acid residues have been synthesised. Using these polyacrlic gels, mixtures of nucleobases, nucleosides and nucleotides can be chromatographically separated to differing extents, in some cases quantitatively. The elution of nucleobases and nucleosides from the gel in the order Cyt, Gua, Thy, Ade (or dC, dG, dT, dA and C, G, U, A, respectively) shows that Ade (dA, A) is retarded to the highest degree from the gel matrix, Cyt (dC, C) to the lowest degree. Further, the results of the separations prove that the affinity of the polyacrylic gels is much stronger towards deoxyribonucleosides than towards ribonucleosides and nucleobases. The affinity of the polyacrylic gels towards nucleobases and nucleosides depends mainly upon their tertiary structure whereas the functional side groups of the polyacrylate matrix do not contribute significantly to the interaction of the gels."}
{"id": "PMID:884099", "title": "The incomplete denaturation of DNA in N,N-dimethyl formamide.", "content": "In this paper we show that the extent of DNA denaturation achieved by dialysis against N,N-dimethyl formamide depends on both the source of DNA and the buffer used. The stability against denaturation increases with the guanine plus cytosine content. The base sequence also plays a minor role. This behavior is due to differences in the solubility of DNA in the denaturing solvent. The DNAs with a high guanine-cytosine content have a lower solubility in dimethyl formamide and this fact results in a higher stability against denaturation. As a practical consequence, in order to achieve complete denaturation of DNA by dialysis against dimethyl formamide, it is necessary to start with DNA dissolved in a buffer of low ionic strength, preferably below 10(-3) M.", "contents": "The incomplete denaturation of DNA in N,N-dimethyl formamide. In this paper we show that the extent of DNA denaturation achieved by dialysis against N,N-dimethyl formamide depends on both the source of DNA and the buffer used. The stability against denaturation increases with the guanine plus cytosine content. The base sequence also plays a minor role. This behavior is due to differences in the solubility of DNA in the denaturing solvent. The DNAs with a high guanine-cytosine content have a lower solubility in dimethyl formamide and this fact results in a higher stability against denaturation. As a practical consequence, in order to achieve complete denaturation of DNA by dialysis against dimethyl formamide, it is necessary to start with DNA dissolved in a buffer of low ionic strength, preferably below 10(-3) M."}
{"id": "PMID:884101", "title": "Control of cell protein degradation. Changes in activities of lysosomal proteases.", "content": "In cycloheximide-treated fibroblasts, the rate of cell proteolysis and the specific activity of cathepsin D show a rapid, concurrent, and proportional decrease over a 48 h period. Cathepsin B1 also decreases, but other lysosomal enzymes show litte or no change in specific activity. These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that the rate of proteolysis in the cell is in part controlled by the specific activities of lysosomal proteases.", "contents": "Control of cell protein degradation. Changes in activities of lysosomal proteases. In cycloheximide-treated fibroblasts, the rate of cell proteolysis and the specific activity of cathepsin D show a rapid, concurrent, and proportional decrease over a 48 h period. Cathepsin B1 also decreases, but other lysosomal enzymes show litte or no change in specific activity. These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that the rate of proteolysis in the cell is in part controlled by the specific activities of lysosomal proteases."}
{"id": "PMID:884102", "title": "C8-amino purine nucleosides. A well-defined steric determinant of glycosyl conformational preferences.", "content": "100 MHz proton magnetic resonance measurements were performed on dilute solutions of adenosine and guanosine and their 8MH2, 8-NHCH3 8-N(CH3)2 and 8-bromo derivatives. The chemical shift of the ribose C2'-H and especially the difference in chemical shifts between the C1'-H and C2'-H resonances clearly indicated whether the nucleoside exists in a syn glycosyl conformation (the C8-dimethylamino derivatives) or as a flexible syn-anti mixture (the monomethylamino and amino derivatives). The temperature dependent behavior of these indicators can be employed to define qualitative shifs in syn-anti equilibrium with temperature. An increased C1'-H-C2'-H chemical shift separation implies shift to more anti, a decreased separation a shift to more syn conformers.", "contents": "C8-amino purine nucleosides. A well-defined steric determinant of glycosyl conformational preferences. 100 MHz proton magnetic resonance measurements were performed on dilute solutions of adenosine and guanosine and their 8MH2, 8-NHCH3 8-N(CH3)2 and 8-bromo derivatives. The chemical shift of the ribose C2'-H and especially the difference in chemical shifts between the C1'-H and C2'-H resonances clearly indicated whether the nucleoside exists in a syn glycosyl conformation (the C8-dimethylamino derivatives) or as a flexible syn-anti mixture (the monomethylamino and amino derivatives). The temperature dependent behavior of these indicators can be employed to define qualitative shifs in syn-anti equilibrium with temperature. An increased C1'-H-C2'-H chemical shift separation implies shift to more anti, a decreased separation a shift to more syn conformers."}
{"id": "PMID:884103", "title": "Bromodeoxyuridine inhibition of Friend leukemia cell induction. Mechanism of reversal by deoxycytidine.", "content": "Deoxycytidine (dC) reverses bromodeoxyuridine (brdUrd) inhibition of induction in Friend leukemia cells only if added within the first 6 h after the addition of brdUrd. dC is shown to reduce the uptake of [3H]brdUrd into both soluble nucleotide pools and DNA, substantially expand the dTTP pool, and result in a lower level of brdUrd substitution in DNA. When the conversion of dC to thymidine nucleotides is prevented in BATH medium (containing brdUrd, aminopterin, thymidine, and hypoxanthine), dC no longer reverses brdUrd inhibition. These results show that dC exerts its primary effect via alterations in thymidine pools and probably through the resultant lower substitution of brdUrd in DNA.", "contents": "Bromodeoxyuridine inhibition of Friend leukemia cell induction. Mechanism of reversal by deoxycytidine. Deoxycytidine (dC) reverses bromodeoxyuridine (brdUrd) inhibition of induction in Friend leukemia cells only if added within the first 6 h after the addition of brdUrd. dC is shown to reduce the uptake of [3H]brdUrd into both soluble nucleotide pools and DNA, substantially expand the dTTP pool, and result in a lower level of brdUrd substitution in DNA. When the conversion of dC to thymidine nucleotides is prevented in BATH medium (containing brdUrd, aminopterin, thymidine, and hypoxanthine), dC no longer reverses brdUrd inhibition. These results show that dC exerts its primary effect via alterations in thymidine pools and probably through the resultant lower substitution of brdUrd in DNA."}
{"id": "PMID:884104", "title": "An efficient synthesis of polyguanylic acid by a thermophilic polynucleotide phosphorylase.", "content": "Polyguanylic acid (poly(G)) was synthesized from GDP in a yield of 60-75% by Thermus thermophilus polynucleotide phosphorylase (polyribonucleotide: orthophosphate nucleotidyltransferase, EC 2.7.7.8) at 70 degrees C, pH 8.5 in the presence of Mg2+. The yield was dependent on the ratio of GDP to Mg2+, but was independent of the concentrations of enzyme or substrate. The maximal rate of GDP polymerization was obtained when the ratio of GDP to Mg2+ was 3:1. However, by prolonged incubation, the higher initial ratio of over 4:1 was preferred because of the rapid consumption of GDP in the reaction mixture. Poly(G) prepared by 1 h incubation was heterogeneous in size from 5 S to over 23 S, but by prolonged incubation of 19 h the size of product converged to 9 S as judged by sucrose density gradient centrifugation. Its chain length was determined by terminal nucleoside analysis to be 200 nucleotides long.", "contents": "An efficient synthesis of polyguanylic acid by a thermophilic polynucleotide phosphorylase. Polyguanylic acid (poly(G)) was synthesized from GDP in a yield of 60-75% by Thermus thermophilus polynucleotide phosphorylase (polyribonucleotide: orthophosphate nucleotidyltransferase, EC 2.7.7.8) at 70 degrees C, pH 8.5 in the presence of Mg2+. The yield was dependent on the ratio of GDP to Mg2+, but was independent of the concentrations of enzyme or substrate. The maximal rate of GDP polymerization was obtained when the ratio of GDP to Mg2+ was 3:1. However, by prolonged incubation, the higher initial ratio of over 4:1 was preferred because of the rapid consumption of GDP in the reaction mixture. Poly(G) prepared by 1 h incubation was heterogeneous in size from 5 S to over 23 S, but by prolonged incubation of 19 h the size of product converged to 9 S as judged by sucrose density gradient centrifugation. Its chain length was determined by terminal nucleoside analysis to be 200 nucleotides long."}
{"id": "PMID:884105", "title": "Purification and properties of tRNA nucleotidyl transferase from Musca domestica.", "content": "The enzyme tRNA nucleotidyl transferase (EC 2.7.7.25) has been highly purified from whole adult houseflies. A molecular weight of 30 000 has been determined. The enzyme requires Mg2+ and tRNA deprived of the 3' terminal sequence CCA for activity in the incorporation of AMP and CMP onto the tRNA. UMP can be incorporated instead of CMP but the latter has a higher affinity than UMP as shown by competition experiments. A complex between the enzyme and tRNA has been shown by sucrose gradient centrifugation, nitrocellulose binding and protection by tRNA against enzyme denaturation at 50 degrees C. Comparative studies with tRNA nucleotidyl transferase purified from larvae, pupae and adult insects indicate that tRNA nucleotidyl transferase from these three developmental stages have the same molecular weight, sedimentation coefficient and optimum pH while the larval enzyme differs from the pupae and adult enzymes in the elution behaviour from a DEAE-cellulose column.", "contents": "Purification and properties of tRNA nucleotidyl transferase from Musca domestica. The enzyme tRNA nucleotidyl transferase (EC 2.7.7.25) has been highly purified from whole adult houseflies. A molecular weight of 30 000 has been determined. The enzyme requires Mg2+ and tRNA deprived of the 3' terminal sequence CCA for activity in the incorporation of AMP and CMP onto the tRNA. UMP can be incorporated instead of CMP but the latter has a higher affinity than UMP as shown by competition experiments. A complex between the enzyme and tRNA has been shown by sucrose gradient centrifugation, nitrocellulose binding and protection by tRNA against enzyme denaturation at 50 degrees C. Comparative studies with tRNA nucleotidyl transferase purified from larvae, pupae and adult insects indicate that tRNA nucleotidyl transferase from these three developmental stages have the same molecular weight, sedimentation coefficient and optimum pH while the larval enzyme differs from the pupae and adult enzymes in the elution behaviour from a DEAE-cellulose column."}
{"id": "PMID:884106", "title": "Multiple chromatographic peaks of phenylalanyl-tRNA associated with spontaneous hydrolysis of Y base during isolation.", "content": "In contrast to the single phenylalanyl-tRNA found in normal cells, some tumours are known to have more than one phenylalanine isoacceptor. However, during certain steps in tRNA isolation from normal or tumour tissue, additional chromatographic peaks can be artificially produced which may be confused with the tumour-specific Phe-tRNA. Such procedures as extraction with unbuffered phenol and unbuffered gel filtration chromatography appear to produce adventitious isoacceptors by hydrolysis of Y base.", "contents": "Multiple chromatographic peaks of phenylalanyl-tRNA associated with spontaneous hydrolysis of Y base during isolation. In contrast to the single phenylalanyl-tRNA found in normal cells, some tumours are known to have more than one phenylalanine isoacceptor. However, during certain steps in tRNA isolation from normal or tumour tissue, additional chromatographic peaks can be artificially produced which may be confused with the tumour-specific Phe-tRNA. Such procedures as extraction with unbuffered phenol and unbuffered gel filtration chromatography appear to produce adventitious isoacceptors by hydrolysis of Y base."}
{"id": "PMID:884107", "title": "Effect of magnesium and polyamines on the structure of yeast tRNAPhe.", "content": "The effect of magnesium and polyamines (spermine, spermidine, putrescine and cadaverine) on the structure of yeast tRNAPhe has been investigated. It is found that magnesium induces structural changes and stabilizes hydrogen bonds in the temperature range 22--44 degrees C in 0.17 M sodium. The number of Mg2+ which affect tRNA structure increases from 1 +/- 1 at 22 degrees C to 4 +/- 1 at 44 degrees C and the number of additional base pairs formed in the presence of magnesium increases from 1 +/- 1 at 22 degrees C to 4 +/- 1 at 44 degrees C. The spectral changes are more-or-less sequential. The polyamine spermine stabilizes some, but not all, of the structural features stabilized by magnesium at 44 degrees C, and the combination of magnesium and spermine, at low levels, is more effective than either cation alone in stabilizing tRNA structure. Comparison of the effects of spermine, spermidine, putrescine and cadaverine indicates that it is the asymmetric triamine unit which is important in the stabilization. Some spectral changes induced by magnesium can be assigned to stabilization of specific tertiary structure interactions and to alteration of stacking adjacent to U8-A14.", "contents": "Effect of magnesium and polyamines on the structure of yeast tRNAPhe. The effect of magnesium and polyamines (spermine, spermidine, putrescine and cadaverine) on the structure of yeast tRNAPhe has been investigated. It is found that magnesium induces structural changes and stabilizes hydrogen bonds in the temperature range 22--44 degrees C in 0.17 M sodium. The number of Mg2+ which affect tRNA structure increases from 1 +/- 1 at 22 degrees C to 4 +/- 1 at 44 degrees C and the number of additional base pairs formed in the presence of magnesium increases from 1 +/- 1 at 22 degrees C to 4 +/- 1 at 44 degrees C. The spectral changes are more-or-less sequential. The polyamine spermine stabilizes some, but not all, of the structural features stabilized by magnesium at 44 degrees C, and the combination of magnesium and spermine, at low levels, is more effective than either cation alone in stabilizing tRNA structure. Comparison of the effects of spermine, spermidine, putrescine and cadaverine indicates that it is the asymmetric triamine unit which is important in the stabilization. Some spectral changes induced by magnesium can be assigned to stabilization of specific tertiary structure interactions and to alteration of stacking adjacent to U8-A14."}
{"id": "PMID:884108", "title": "HeLa cell DNA polymerases: the effect of cycloheximide in vivo and detection of a new form of DNA polymerase alpha.", "content": "Blockage of protein synthesis in HeLa cells by cycloheximide leads to selective effects on the levels of DNA polymerases alpha, beta, and gamma in the cell. The total activity of DNA polymerase alpha remains unchanged after 7 h exposure of cells to cycloheximide but drops to 50% of its original level after 24 h. The level of the beta-polymerase falls rapidly in the cell and is reduced to less than 30% of its initial value by 7 h after treatment of the cells with cycloheximide. The gamma-polymerase level is diminished by 30--40% during the 7 h cycloheximide treatment and reaches 50% of its original level after 24 h. Cells which have been exposed to cycloheximide for 7 h will regain normal levels of the beta- and gamma-polymerases within 90 min after removal of the drug. The cycloheximide-treated cells also show the presence of a new form of the alpha-polymerase, designated alpha1, which can be clearly detected as a separate entity in column chromatography. The level of alpha1 in the nucleus increases during the period that the cells are treated and cycloheximide so that after 24 h it represents almost 50% of the nuclear DNA polymerase activity. The presence of alpha1 in the cytoplasmic fraction can also be demonstrated in both cycloheximide-treated and normal, growing cells.", "contents": "HeLa cell DNA polymerases: the effect of cycloheximide in vivo and detection of a new form of DNA polymerase alpha. Blockage of protein synthesis in HeLa cells by cycloheximide leads to selective effects on the levels of DNA polymerases alpha, beta, and gamma in the cell. The total activity of DNA polymerase alpha remains unchanged after 7 h exposure of cells to cycloheximide but drops to 50% of its original level after 24 h. The level of the beta-polymerase falls rapidly in the cell and is reduced to less than 30% of its initial value by 7 h after treatment of the cells with cycloheximide. The gamma-polymerase level is diminished by 30--40% during the 7 h cycloheximide treatment and reaches 50% of its original level after 24 h. Cells which have been exposed to cycloheximide for 7 h will regain normal levels of the beta- and gamma-polymerases within 90 min after removal of the drug. The cycloheximide-treated cells also show the presence of a new form of the alpha-polymerase, designated alpha1, which can be clearly detected as a separate entity in column chromatography. The level of alpha1 in the nucleus increases during the period that the cells are treated and cycloheximide so that after 24 h it represents almost 50% of the nuclear DNA polymerase activity. The presence of alpha1 in the cytoplasmic fraction can also be demonstrated in both cycloheximide-treated and normal, growing cells."}
{"id": "PMID:884109", "title": "Normal endonuclease activities for damaged DNA during hepatocarcinogenesis.", "content": "Two endonuclease activities in rat liver for damaged DNA were assayed. Double-stranded, covalently closed DNA from phage PM2 was damaged by either ultraviolet irradiation or by heating at acid pH, and used as substrate for endonucleases specific for ultraviolet DNA damage and for DNA apurinic sites, respectively. The levels of both enzyme activities in livers of normal rats were compared to levels in livers of rats fed N-2-acetylaminofluorene. At critical stages of the carcinogenic regimen levels of both endonuclease activities were normal. This, together with other data, suggests that depression of excision-repair of DNA damage does not take place during experimental carcinogenesis.", "contents": "Normal endonuclease activities for damaged DNA during hepatocarcinogenesis. Two endonuclease activities in rat liver for damaged DNA were assayed. Double-stranded, covalently closed DNA from phage PM2 was damaged by either ultraviolet irradiation or by heating at acid pH, and used as substrate for endonucleases specific for ultraviolet DNA damage and for DNA apurinic sites, respectively. The levels of both enzyme activities in livers of normal rats were compared to levels in livers of rats fed N-2-acetylaminofluorene. At critical stages of the carcinogenic regimen levels of both endonuclease activities were normal. This, together with other data, suggests that depression of excision-repair of DNA damage does not take place during experimental carcinogenesis."}
{"id": "PMID:884110", "title": "Stimulation of hepatocellular proliferation by a serum factor from thioacetamide-treated rats.", "content": "Rats treated with thioacetamide undergo hepatocellular proliferation reminscent of liver regeneration following partial hepatectomy. 36 h after administration of 50 mg thioacetamide/kg body weight to rats, [3H]thymidine incorporation into hepatic DNA reaches a peak of 78-10(3) dpm/mg DNA compared to a control of 3.2-10(3) dpm/mg DNA. Serum obtained from 6 to 48 h after administration of thioacetamide to rats stimulated hepatic but not kidney DNA synthesis in mice and rats. Autoradiography revealed an increase in the incorporation of labelled thymidine into the nuclei of mouse hepatocytes. The mitotic index of the liver was also increased. The serum factor stimulating these changes in the liver was non-dialyzable and heat stable. These results indicate that thioacetamide induced liver injury results in a humoral factor which stimulates DNA synthesis in rat and mouse identified in the serum from partially hepatectomized rats.", "contents": "Stimulation of hepatocellular proliferation by a serum factor from thioacetamide-treated rats. Rats treated with thioacetamide undergo hepatocellular proliferation reminscent of liver regeneration following partial hepatectomy. 36 h after administration of 50 mg thioacetamide/kg body weight to rats, [3H]thymidine incorporation into hepatic DNA reaches a peak of 78-10(3) dpm/mg DNA compared to a control of 3.2-10(3) dpm/mg DNA. Serum obtained from 6 to 48 h after administration of thioacetamide to rats stimulated hepatic but not kidney DNA synthesis in mice and rats. Autoradiography revealed an increase in the incorporation of labelled thymidine into the nuclei of mouse hepatocytes. The mitotic index of the liver was also increased. The serum factor stimulating these changes in the liver was non-dialyzable and heat stable. These results indicate that thioacetamide induced liver injury results in a humoral factor which stimulates DNA synthesis in rat and mouse identified in the serum from partially hepatectomized rats."}
{"id": "PMID:884111", "title": "Phosphorylation of acidic ribosomal proteins from rabbit reticulocytes by a ribosome-associated casein kinase.", "content": "Two acidic proteins from 80-S ribosomes were isolated and purified to homogeneity. The purified acidic proteins could be phosphorylated by casein kinase using [gamma-32P]ATP and [gamma-32P]GTP as a phosphoryl donor. The proteins became phosphorylated in situ, too. Sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel analysis of the purified acidic proteins and 80-S particles showed identical phosphoproteins in the 16 000 dalton region.", "contents": "Phosphorylation of acidic ribosomal proteins from rabbit reticulocytes by a ribosome-associated casein kinase. Two acidic proteins from 80-S ribosomes were isolated and purified to homogeneity. The purified acidic proteins could be phosphorylated by casein kinase using [gamma-32P]ATP and [gamma-32P]GTP as a phosphoryl donor. The proteins became phosphorylated in situ, too. Sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel analysis of the purified acidic proteins and 80-S particles showed identical phosphoproteins in the 16 000 dalton region."}
{"id": "PMID:884112", "title": "X-ray structure of a compound of cobalt with uridine 5'-monophosphate. Evidence for metal-phosphate bonding only.", "content": "An X-ray study of the crystal structure of a cobalt(II) complex with uridine 5'-monophosphate shows it to contain polymeric chains of composition [Co2(H2O)4 (5'-UMP)2]n. The cobalt atoms do not bind to the pyrimidine base moiety; instead each metal atom is octahedrally coordinated to four phosphate groups and two water molecules. Managanese(II) forms a similar compound.", "contents": "X-ray structure of a compound of cobalt with uridine 5'-monophosphate. Evidence for metal-phosphate bonding only. An X-ray study of the crystal structure of a cobalt(II) complex with uridine 5'-monophosphate shows it to contain polymeric chains of composition [Co2(H2O)4 (5'-UMP)2]n. The cobalt atoms do not bind to the pyrimidine base moiety; instead each metal atom is octahedrally coordinated to four phosphate groups and two water molecules. Managanese(II) forms a similar compound."}
{"id": "PMID:884113", "title": "Isolation and characterization of mRNA from Paramecium aurelia.", "content": "Total cellular RNA was isolated from the ciliate protozoan Paramecium aurelia by pH 9.5 chloroform/octanol extraction. Passage of this RNA through an oligo(dT)-cellulose column in 0.5 M NaCl resulted in 2--3% binding, indicating the presence of polyadenylic acid sequences. These polyadenylic acid regions were estimated to be 250-500 nucleotides in length, based on their resistance to ribonuclease degradation. The oligo(dT)-cellulose bound RNA sedimented at 14--25 S in sodium dodecyl sulphate/sucrose gradients. The base composition of this RNA is similar to the base composition of the DNA. This RNA was also actively translated into protein by an in vitro protein synthesizing system isolated from wheat germ. Translation was optimal under conditions similar to those used for mammalian mRNA translation. In addition, translation of the P. aurelia oligo(dT)-cellulose bound RNA was inhibited 80% by the analog 7-methylguanosine-5'-phosphate, suggesting the presence of a 5'-capped terminus.", "contents": "Isolation and characterization of mRNA from Paramecium aurelia. Total cellular RNA was isolated from the ciliate protozoan Paramecium aurelia by pH 9.5 chloroform/octanol extraction. Passage of this RNA through an oligo(dT)-cellulose column in 0.5 M NaCl resulted in 2--3% binding, indicating the presence of polyadenylic acid sequences. These polyadenylic acid regions were estimated to be 250-500 nucleotides in length, based on their resistance to ribonuclease degradation. The oligo(dT)-cellulose bound RNA sedimented at 14--25 S in sodium dodecyl sulphate/sucrose gradients. The base composition of this RNA is similar to the base composition of the DNA. This RNA was also actively translated into protein by an in vitro protein synthesizing system isolated from wheat germ. Translation was optimal under conditions similar to those used for mammalian mRNA translation. In addition, translation of the P. aurelia oligo(dT)-cellulose bound RNA was inhibited 80% by the analog 7-methylguanosine-5'-phosphate, suggesting the presence of a 5'-capped terminus."}
{"id": "PMID:884115", "title": "DNA synthesis in isolated lymphocyte nuclei. Effects of megaloblastic anaemia due to folate or vitamin B-12 deficiency or antimetabolite drugs.", "content": "DNA synthesis has been studied in nuclei isolated from phytohaemagglutinin-stimulated lymphocytes from normal subjects and patients with megaloblastic anaemia. Lymphocytes were incubated for 72 h, nuclei isolated and incorporation of tritiated deoxythymidine triphosphate ([3H]TTP) into DNA measured, usually over a 10 min incubation period. Preincubation of normal phytohaemagglutinin-stimulated lymphocytes with methotrexate (1 - 10(-5) M, 48--72 h), 5-fluorouracil (1 - 10(-6) M, 70--72 h), and 1-beta-D-arabinofuranosyl cytosine (cytosine arabinoside) (4 - 10(-5) M, 71--72 h) caused a mean rise in [3H]TTP incorporation of 1.7 (P less than 0.01), 1.7 (P less than 0.05) and 2.4 (P less than 0.0025) fold, respectively. Hydroxyurea (3 - 10(-4) M, 48--72 h) in two experiments caused a mean increase of 1.6 fold. Untreated vitamin B-12- and folate-deficient cells showed a 2.0-fold (P less than 0.05) increase above the incorporation when the deficiencies were corrected by addition of vitamin B-12 and folic acid between 0 and 72 h in vitro. The mean percentages of the incorporation due to ATP-independent synthesis in nuclei from normal untreated cells, 5-fluorouracil-treated, cytosine arabinoside treated and vitamin B-12- or folate-deficient cells were 56 +/- 7% S.E., 41 +/- 7%, 84 +/- 3% and 28 +/- 6%, respectively. 5-Fluorouracil caused a two-fold increase in the cytoplasmic fraction of DNA polymerase when added to phytohaemagglutinin-stimulated lymphocytes between 48 and 72 h of culture but had no significant effect when added between 70 and 72 h.", "contents": "DNA synthesis in isolated lymphocyte nuclei. Effects of megaloblastic anaemia due to folate or vitamin B-12 deficiency or antimetabolite drugs. DNA synthesis has been studied in nuclei isolated from phytohaemagglutinin-stimulated lymphocytes from normal subjects and patients with megaloblastic anaemia. Lymphocytes were incubated for 72 h, nuclei isolated and incorporation of tritiated deoxythymidine triphosphate ([3H]TTP) into DNA measured, usually over a 10 min incubation period. Preincubation of normal phytohaemagglutinin-stimulated lymphocytes with methotrexate (1 - 10(-5) M, 48--72 h), 5-fluorouracil (1 - 10(-6) M, 70--72 h), and 1-beta-D-arabinofuranosyl cytosine (cytosine arabinoside) (4 - 10(-5) M, 71--72 h) caused a mean rise in [3H]TTP incorporation of 1.7 (P less than 0.01), 1.7 (P less than 0.05) and 2.4 (P less than 0.0025) fold, respectively. Hydroxyurea (3 - 10(-4) M, 48--72 h) in two experiments caused a mean increase of 1.6 fold. Untreated vitamin B-12- and folate-deficient cells showed a 2.0-fold (P less than 0.05) increase above the incorporation when the deficiencies were corrected by addition of vitamin B-12 and folic acid between 0 and 72 h in vitro. The mean percentages of the incorporation due to ATP-independent synthesis in nuclei from normal untreated cells, 5-fluorouracil-treated, cytosine arabinoside treated and vitamin B-12- or folate-deficient cells were 56 +/- 7% S.E., 41 +/- 7%, 84 +/- 3% and 28 +/- 6%, respectively. 5-Fluorouracil caused a two-fold increase in the cytoplasmic fraction of DNA polymerase when added to phytohaemagglutinin-stimulated lymphocytes between 48 and 72 h of culture but had no significant effect when added between 70 and 72 h."}
{"id": "PMID:884116", "title": "Mitochondrial biogenesis in cultured mammalian cells. II. Mitochondrial protein and phospholipid synthesis in chloramphenicol-treated BHK-21 cells.", "content": "The effect of growth of BHK-21 cells in chloramphenicol on the synthesis of cellular proteins and phospholipids has been examined. The incorporation of leucine into total cellular proteins, or into the proteins of specific subcellular fractions are not significantly reduced by cell culture in the presence of chloramphenicol. In cells treated with cycloheximide, a small amount of chloramphenicol-sensitive labelling of protein was detected within the first hour of exposure to the drug. Chloramphenicol inhibits the incorporation of delta-amino-levulinic acid into hemoproteins, only if it is present during both the 48-h culturing and 4-h labelling period. De novo synthesis of cellular lipids as measured by pulse labelling with 32Pi or [3H]glycerol, is decreased in chloramphenicol-treated cells. This decrease is observed in all sub-cellular fractions, although the mitochondrial fraction is most affected. All phospholipids are affected, with diphosphatidylglycerol labelling reduced to the greatest extent. Although fatty acid synthesis is inhibited, the labelling of diphosphatidylglycerol with fatty acids is stimulated on chloramphenicol treatment.", "contents": "Mitochondrial biogenesis in cultured mammalian cells. II. Mitochondrial protein and phospholipid synthesis in chloramphenicol-treated BHK-21 cells. The effect of growth of BHK-21 cells in chloramphenicol on the synthesis of cellular proteins and phospholipids has been examined. The incorporation of leucine into total cellular proteins, or into the proteins of specific subcellular fractions are not significantly reduced by cell culture in the presence of chloramphenicol. In cells treated with cycloheximide, a small amount of chloramphenicol-sensitive labelling of protein was detected within the first hour of exposure to the drug. Chloramphenicol inhibits the incorporation of delta-amino-levulinic acid into hemoproteins, only if it is present during both the 48-h culturing and 4-h labelling period. De novo synthesis of cellular lipids as measured by pulse labelling with 32Pi or [3H]glycerol, is decreased in chloramphenicol-treated cells. This decrease is observed in all sub-cellular fractions, although the mitochondrial fraction is most affected. All phospholipids are affected, with diphosphatidylglycerol labelling reduced to the greatest extent. Although fatty acid synthesis is inhibited, the labelling of diphosphatidylglycerol with fatty acids is stimulated on chloramphenicol treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:884117", "title": "Organization and transcriptional activity of brain chromatin subunits.", "content": "Digestion of brain nuclei with micrococcal nuclease produces 11.2-S chromatin subunits which comprise up to 80% of the total nuclear DNA. Hybridization studies with excess subunit DNA demonstrate that subunits are distributed throughout the repeated and nonrepeated sequences of the genome. No class of nonrepeated DNA appears to be excluded from subunits. Transcribed DNA is present in chromatin subunits since in vitro labelled poly(A+)-mRNA hybridizes to excess subunit DNA with kinetics identical to that for total DNA.", "contents": "Organization and transcriptional activity of brain chromatin subunits. Digestion of brain nuclei with micrococcal nuclease produces 11.2-S chromatin subunits which comprise up to 80% of the total nuclear DNA. Hybridization studies with excess subunit DNA demonstrate that subunits are distributed throughout the repeated and nonrepeated sequences of the genome. No class of nonrepeated DNA appears to be excluded from subunits. Transcribed DNA is present in chromatin subunits since in vitro labelled poly(A+)-mRNA hybridizes to excess subunit DNA with kinetics identical to that for total DNA."}
{"id": "PMID:884118", "title": "Action of heparin on mammalian nuclei. I. Differential extraction of histone H1 and cooperative removal of histones from chromatin.", "content": "Heparin interacts strongly with the histone component of chromatin, forming heparin-histone complexes which resist dissociation by 0.2 M H2SO4. Heparin treatment of unfractionated histones isolated from nuclei of Chinese hamster cells indicates that the affinities of the histone classes for heparin appear in the order from greatest to least: (H3, H4) greater than (H2A, H2B) greater than H1. However, when isolated nuclei are treated with heparin, H1 is released from the chromatin more readily than the other four histone classes. The release of these four histones (H2A, H2B, H3, and H4) is coordinate and occurs in a highly cooperative manner, as indicated by (1) dependence of the initial kinetics of histone removal upon heparin concentration, (2) analysis of DNA and histones in the fractions obtained from differential sedimentation of heparin-treated nuclei, and (3) analysis of the products from heparin-treated nuclei by equilibrium centrifugation in metrizamide density gradients. The results suggest rapid procedures for using heparin as an agent for studying the accessibility of histones in chromatin of intact nuclei. The relationship of these results to current models of chromatin structure is discussed.", "contents": "Action of heparin on mammalian nuclei. I. Differential extraction of histone H1 and cooperative removal of histones from chromatin. Heparin interacts strongly with the histone component of chromatin, forming heparin-histone complexes which resist dissociation by 0.2 M H2SO4. Heparin treatment of unfractionated histones isolated from nuclei of Chinese hamster cells indicates that the affinities of the histone classes for heparin appear in the order from greatest to least: (H3, H4) greater than (H2A, H2B) greater than H1. However, when isolated nuclei are treated with heparin, H1 is released from the chromatin more readily than the other four histone classes. The release of these four histones (H2A, H2B, H3, and H4) is coordinate and occurs in a highly cooperative manner, as indicated by (1) dependence of the initial kinetics of histone removal upon heparin concentration, (2) analysis of DNA and histones in the fractions obtained from differential sedimentation of heparin-treated nuclei, and (3) analysis of the products from heparin-treated nuclei by equilibrium centrifugation in metrizamide density gradients. The results suggest rapid procedures for using heparin as an agent for studying the accessibility of histones in chromatin of intact nuclei. The relationship of these results to current models of chromatin structure is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:884120", "title": "Ontogenic characteristics of lactate dehydrogenase turnover in the mouse.", "content": "1. In order to investigate the ontogenic and turnover characteristics of lactate dehydrogenase (L-lactate:NAD+ oxidoreductase, EC 1.1.1.27) in the foetal mouse, activities of this enzyme and isoenzyme distributions have been measured during development, and the time sequence of incorporation of radioactive amino acids have been determined during the last weeks of gestation. 2. In the early foetal stages, the enzyme was present with low specific activity and in the form of lactate dehydrogenase-5 in all regions, but a marked increase in specific activity became evident about the seventeenth day of gestation, and was accompanied by the formation of tissue specific patterns of isoenzyme distribution. 3. Measurement of turnover parameters was undertaken by both double-label ([3H] and [14C]leucine) and pulse-chase ([3H]leucine) techniques. Both procedures provided indications that appreciable degradation may occur during embryogenesis, with general proteolysis proceeding at a faster rate than with lactate dehydrogenase, and with higher rates of degradation occurring in foetuses which were smaller than average. 4. This data has been discussed in relation to the regional variation in these characteristics and the significance to studies of growth and differentiation.", "contents": "Ontogenic characteristics of lactate dehydrogenase turnover in the mouse. 1. In order to investigate the ontogenic and turnover characteristics of lactate dehydrogenase (L-lactate:NAD+ oxidoreductase, EC 1.1.1.27) in the foetal mouse, activities of this enzyme and isoenzyme distributions have been measured during development, and the time sequence of incorporation of radioactive amino acids have been determined during the last weeks of gestation. 2. In the early foetal stages, the enzyme was present with low specific activity and in the form of lactate dehydrogenase-5 in all regions, but a marked increase in specific activity became evident about the seventeenth day of gestation, and was accompanied by the formation of tissue specific patterns of isoenzyme distribution. 3. Measurement of turnover parameters was undertaken by both double-label ([3H] and [14C]leucine) and pulse-chase ([3H]leucine) techniques. Both procedures provided indications that appreciable degradation may occur during embryogenesis, with general proteolysis proceeding at a faster rate than with lactate dehydrogenase, and with higher rates of degradation occurring in foetuses which were smaller than average. 4. This data has been discussed in relation to the regional variation in these characteristics and the significance to studies of growth and differentiation."}
{"id": "PMID:884121", "title": "Endopolygalacturonase from Rhizoctonia fragariae. Purification and characterization of two isoenzymes.", "content": "An electrophoretically homogeneous preparation of endo-polygalacturonase (poly(1,4-alpha-D-galacturonide)glycanohydrolase, EC 3.2.1.15) from culture filtrates of Rhizoctonia fragariae, a pathogenic agent in strawberry plants, was resolved into two isoenzymes when subjected to isoelectrofocusing in a narrow pH range. The isoelectric points of the two isoenzymes were 6.76 +/- 0.03 and 7.08 +/- 0.05. The two polygalacturonases exhibited similar substrate specificity, pH optimum and pattern of degradation of sodium polypectate. The two enzymes consisted of a single polypeptide chain which had an apparent molecular weight of 36 000 as determined by gel filtration on Sephadex G-100.", "contents": "Endopolygalacturonase from Rhizoctonia fragariae. Purification and characterization of two isoenzymes. An electrophoretically homogeneous preparation of endo-polygalacturonase (poly(1,4-alpha-D-galacturonide)glycanohydrolase, EC 3.2.1.15) from culture filtrates of Rhizoctonia fragariae, a pathogenic agent in strawberry plants, was resolved into two isoenzymes when subjected to isoelectrofocusing in a narrow pH range. The isoelectric points of the two isoenzymes were 6.76 +/- 0.03 and 7.08 +/- 0.05. The two polygalacturonases exhibited similar substrate specificity, pH optimum and pattern of degradation of sodium polypectate. The two enzymes consisted of a single polypeptide chain which had an apparent molecular weight of 36 000 as determined by gel filtration on Sephadex G-100."}
{"id": "PMID:884122", "title": "Purification of neuraminidase from influenza viruses by affinity chromatography.", "content": "The neuraminidase (acylneuraminyl hydrolase, EC 3.2.1.18) of the influenza virus recombinant strain (HON2) was solubilized with detergents and isolated by affinity chromatography. The neuraminidase could be purified to a single high molecular weight glycoprotein when assayed under non-reducing conditions on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The enzyme showed an increase in specific activity from 2.46 to 189 micronM N-acetylneuraminic acid released per min per mg protein and the recovery represented 123% of the activity of intact virus particles. The enzyme could be purified from laboratory preparations of virus or from outdated influenza virus vaccine. Viral neuraminidases purified by this technique were stable at pH 6.0 for several hours.", "contents": "Purification of neuraminidase from influenza viruses by affinity chromatography. The neuraminidase (acylneuraminyl hydrolase, EC 3.2.1.18) of the influenza virus recombinant strain (HON2) was solubilized with detergents and isolated by affinity chromatography. The neuraminidase could be purified to a single high molecular weight glycoprotein when assayed under non-reducing conditions on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The enzyme showed an increase in specific activity from 2.46 to 189 micronM N-acetylneuraminic acid released per min per mg protein and the recovery represented 123% of the activity of intact virus particles. The enzyme could be purified from laboratory preparations of virus or from outdated influenza virus vaccine. Viral neuraminidases purified by this technique were stable at pH 6.0 for several hours."}
{"id": "PMID:884123", "title": "The interaction of p-nitrophenyl carbamate with urease.", "content": "1. p-Nitrophenyl carbamate and thiourea have been shown to be substrates for urease (urea amidohydrolase, EC 3.5.1.5) 2. Urease has been shown to have a lower Km, 0.67 mM, with p-nitrophenyl carbamate than with urea, 2.0 mM. 3. The V of urease for the hydrolysis of urea, p-nitrophenyl carbamate and thiourea has been shown to be the same, indicating a common rate-limiting step. 4. A mechanism has been proposed for urease where the initial rate-limiting step is the release of a molecule of ammonia from the substrates.", "contents": "The interaction of p-nitrophenyl carbamate with urease. 1. p-Nitrophenyl carbamate and thiourea have been shown to be substrates for urease (urea amidohydrolase, EC 3.5.1.5) 2. Urease has been shown to have a lower Km, 0.67 mM, with p-nitrophenyl carbamate than with urea, 2.0 mM. 3. The V of urease for the hydrolysis of urea, p-nitrophenyl carbamate and thiourea has been shown to be the same, indicating a common rate-limiting step. 4. A mechanism has been proposed for urease where the initial rate-limiting step is the release of a molecule of ammonia from the substrates."}
{"id": "PMID:884125", "title": "Mechanistic studies on the biosynthesis of 6-ketoprostaglandin F1alpha.", "content": "The isolation, structure and biosynthesis of a novel metabolite of arachidonic acid formed during incubations of rat stomach homogenates is reported. This product was formed from unlabeled, tritium-labeled and deuterium-labeled arachidonic acid and the prostaglandin endoperoxides, G2 and H2, demonstrating its formation via the \"prostaglandin endoperoxide synthetase\" pathway. Its structure, 6-ketoprostaglandin F1alpha, was based on mass spectral interpretation of several derivatives (undeuterated and deuterated) and confirmed through chemical synthesis. 6-Ketoprostaglandin F1alpha is unique in being formed from a substrate of the \"2\" series of prostaglandins, i.e. arachidonic acid, yet belonging to the \"1\" series. A mechanism for its biosynthesis is proposed involving a specific cyclising enzyme which we term, 6(9)-oxycyclase.", "contents": "Mechanistic studies on the biosynthesis of 6-ketoprostaglandin F1alpha. The isolation, structure and biosynthesis of a novel metabolite of arachidonic acid formed during incubations of rat stomach homogenates is reported. This product was formed from unlabeled, tritium-labeled and deuterium-labeled arachidonic acid and the prostaglandin endoperoxides, G2 and H2, demonstrating its formation via the \"prostaglandin endoperoxide synthetase\" pathway. Its structure, 6-ketoprostaglandin F1alpha, was based on mass spectral interpretation of several derivatives (undeuterated and deuterated) and confirmed through chemical synthesis. 6-Ketoprostaglandin F1alpha is unique in being formed from a substrate of the \"2\" series of prostaglandins, i.e. arachidonic acid, yet belonging to the \"1\" series. A mechanism for its biosynthesis is proposed involving a specific cyclising enzyme which we term, 6(9)-oxycyclase."}
{"id": "PMID:884126", "title": "The role of diacylglycerol-carrying lipoprotein I in lipid transport during insect vitellogenesis.", "content": "A diacylglycerol-carrying lipoprotein was isolated from mature eggs of the silkworm, Philosamia cynthia and compared, for physiochemical properties, with the major diacylglycerol-carrying lipoprotein I (LP-I) of hemolymph. The two molecules are identical an electrophoretic mobility, structural configuration as revealed by electron microscopy, and amino acid composition. In addition mannose was detected in the lipid-free protein moiety, thus enabling classification of the molecules as glycoproteins. The molecules differ in lipid content with egg-LP-I containing only 3.6% of the diacylglycerol content of hemolymph LP-I and the phospholipid and cholesterol components also showing a marked reduction. Analysis of the LP-I and vitellogenin (another diacylglycerol-carrying lipoprotein; LP-II) concentrations of mature eggs indicates that the amounts of the two glycolipoproteins in eggs are insufficient to account for the total acylglycerol content of the eggs. The results suggest that LP-I functions as a true carrier-protein serving to transport diacylglycerol from the fat body to the ovary. This proposal is supported by the observation that LP-I isolated from the egg retains the physiological capacity of hemolymph-LPi to take up diacylglycerol from fat body. Thus it is suggested that LP-I is the major source of lipid for vitellogenesis, whereas vitellogenin is the primary source of protein.", "contents": "The role of diacylglycerol-carrying lipoprotein I in lipid transport during insect vitellogenesis. A diacylglycerol-carrying lipoprotein was isolated from mature eggs of the silkworm, Philosamia cynthia and compared, for physiochemical properties, with the major diacylglycerol-carrying lipoprotein I (LP-I) of hemolymph. The two molecules are identical an electrophoretic mobility, structural configuration as revealed by electron microscopy, and amino acid composition. In addition mannose was detected in the lipid-free protein moiety, thus enabling classification of the molecules as glycoproteins. The molecules differ in lipid content with egg-LP-I containing only 3.6% of the diacylglycerol content of hemolymph LP-I and the phospholipid and cholesterol components also showing a marked reduction. Analysis of the LP-I and vitellogenin (another diacylglycerol-carrying lipoprotein; LP-II) concentrations of mature eggs indicates that the amounts of the two glycolipoproteins in eggs are insufficient to account for the total acylglycerol content of the eggs. The results suggest that LP-I functions as a true carrier-protein serving to transport diacylglycerol from the fat body to the ovary. This proposal is supported by the observation that LP-I isolated from the egg retains the physiological capacity of hemolymph-LPi to take up diacylglycerol from fat body. Thus it is suggested that LP-I is the major source of lipid for vitellogenesis, whereas vitellogenin is the primary source of protein."}
{"id": "PMID:884127", "title": "The primary structure of phospholipase A2 from porcine pancreas. A reinvestigation.", "content": "The primary structure of porcine pancreatic phospholipase A2 (EC 3.1.1.4) has been reinvestigated. A number of modifications have been introduced including the addition of a 7th disulfide bridge. The structure which is presented here shows a high degree of homology with the amino acid sequence of snake venom and horse pancreas phospholipase A2.", "contents": "The primary structure of phospholipase A2 from porcine pancreas. A reinvestigation. The primary structure of porcine pancreatic phospholipase A2 (EC 3.1.1.4) has been reinvestigated. A number of modifications have been introduced including the addition of a 7th disulfide bridge. The structure which is presented here shows a high degree of homology with the amino acid sequence of snake venom and horse pancreas phospholipase A2."}
{"id": "PMID:884129", "title": "[Determination of the primary structure of alfalfa mosaic virus (strain S) coat protein. II. Complete sequence of the protein (author's transl)].", "content": "The alfalfa mosaic virus protein was submitted to the action of cyanogen bromide. Four peptides were isolated. Study of these peptides allowed us to determine the order. Then protein was submitted, after S-carboxymethylation or S-aminoethylation, to the action of different proteolytic enzymes: trypsin, chymotrypsin, thermolysin and papain. The peptides issued from these different hydrolysis were separated on Dowex 50 X4 and Dowex 1 X2, and their amino acid composition was determined. The use of classical methods of sequence determination, of mass spectrometry and for one case the use of a sequencer, lead to the obtention of the primary structure of all the tryptic peptides. The studies of chymotryptic, thermolytic and papainic hydrolysates, and of cyanogen bromide rupture, allowed us to isolate the overlapping peptides which were necessary for the reconstitution of the complete proteic chain.", "contents": "[Determination of the primary structure of alfalfa mosaic virus (strain S) coat protein. II. Complete sequence of the protein (author's transl)]. The alfalfa mosaic virus protein was submitted to the action of cyanogen bromide. Four peptides were isolated. Study of these peptides allowed us to determine the order. Then protein was submitted, after S-carboxymethylation or S-aminoethylation, to the action of different proteolytic enzymes: trypsin, chymotrypsin, thermolysin and papain. The peptides issued from these different hydrolysis were separated on Dowex 50 X4 and Dowex 1 X2, and their amino acid composition was determined. The use of classical methods of sequence determination, of mass spectrometry and for one case the use of a sequencer, lead to the obtention of the primary structure of all the tryptic peptides. The studies of chymotryptic, thermolytic and papainic hydrolysates, and of cyanogen bromide rupture, allowed us to isolate the overlapping peptides which were necessary for the reconstitution of the complete proteic chain."}
{"id": "PMID:884130", "title": "Properties of carbohydrate-stripped thyroglobulin. III. Solubility characteristics of thyroglobulin.", "content": "In studying the solubility characteristics of thyroglobulin, it was found that the removal of sialic acid residues from either human or hog thyroglobulin by treatment with neuraminidase markedly decreased the solubility in salt solutions. On the other hand, naturally sialic acid-rich thyroglobulin obtained from human diffuse goiter was slightly more soluble than thyroglobulin in which sialic acid content was within the normal range. However, the desialized preparations prepared from both normal and sialic acid-rich thyroglobulin showed markedly lower solubility and further, showed no significant difference in solubility between them. These results indicate that the surface charge of thyroglobulin which influenced the salting-out property depends largely on the number of sialic acid residues in a thyroglobulin molecule, not on the degree of iodination of thyroglobulin.", "contents": "Properties of carbohydrate-stripped thyroglobulin. III. Solubility characteristics of thyroglobulin. In studying the solubility characteristics of thyroglobulin, it was found that the removal of sialic acid residues from either human or hog thyroglobulin by treatment with neuraminidase markedly decreased the solubility in salt solutions. On the other hand, naturally sialic acid-rich thyroglobulin obtained from human diffuse goiter was slightly more soluble than thyroglobulin in which sialic acid content was within the normal range. However, the desialized preparations prepared from both normal and sialic acid-rich thyroglobulin showed markedly lower solubility and further, showed no significant difference in solubility between them. These results indicate that the surface charge of thyroglobulin which influenced the salting-out property depends largely on the number of sialic acid residues in a thyroglobulin molecule, not on the degree of iodination of thyroglobulin."}
{"id": "PMID:884132", "title": "Heterogeneity of purified cholera toxin.", "content": "The heterogeneity of Vibrio cholerae toxin, obtained from culture filtrates in homogeneous form by gel filtration and preparative disc gel electrophoresis has been studied. By means of disc electrophoresis on polyacrylamide gel cholera toxin was separated into three forms designated I (5%), II (15%) and III (80%). The toxic activity, amino acid content and molecular weight of the three forms were similar. The difference so far observed between the various electrophoretic fractions is a difference in net charge. Incubation of either cholera toxin II or cholera toxin III at relatively high pH leads to the formation of the more acidic forms. These forms, generated in vitro by deamidation of asparagine and/or glutamine residues, are indistinguishable from the toxins of similar electrophoretic mobilities isolated from crude culture filtrates.", "contents": "Heterogeneity of purified cholera toxin. The heterogeneity of Vibrio cholerae toxin, obtained from culture filtrates in homogeneous form by gel filtration and preparative disc gel electrophoresis has been studied. By means of disc electrophoresis on polyacrylamide gel cholera toxin was separated into three forms designated I (5%), II (15%) and III (80%). The toxic activity, amino acid content and molecular weight of the three forms were similar. The difference so far observed between the various electrophoretic fractions is a difference in net charge. Incubation of either cholera toxin II or cholera toxin III at relatively high pH leads to the formation of the more acidic forms. These forms, generated in vitro by deamidation of asparagine and/or glutamine residues, are indistinguishable from the toxins of similar electrophoretic mobilities isolated from crude culture filtrates."}
{"id": "PMID:884133", "title": "Reactions of gold(III) ions with ribonuclease A and methionine derivatives in aqueous solution.", "content": "1. Addition of Au(III) (as chloroaurate) to folded ribonuclease A causes the formation of aggregates, as shown by chromatography and extreme broadening of the 270 MHZ 1H NMR spectrum. 2. When RNAase is partially unfolded Au(III) causes oxidation of methionines to the sulphoxide, and leads to almost complete unfolding (at molar equivalent ratios). 3. Reactions between model methionine derivatives and Au(III) show that the oxidation involves the production of Au(I)-methionine species. The stability of these complexes is dependent on the availability of free NH2 groups which catalyse their disproportionation.", "contents": "Reactions of gold(III) ions with ribonuclease A and methionine derivatives in aqueous solution. 1. Addition of Au(III) (as chloroaurate) to folded ribonuclease A causes the formation of aggregates, as shown by chromatography and extreme broadening of the 270 MHZ 1H NMR spectrum. 2. When RNAase is partially unfolded Au(III) causes oxidation of methionines to the sulphoxide, and leads to almost complete unfolding (at molar equivalent ratios). 3. Reactions between model methionine derivatives and Au(III) show that the oxidation involves the production of Au(I)-methionine species. The stability of these complexes is dependent on the availability of free NH2 groups which catalyse their disproportionation."}
{"id": "PMID:884134", "title": "Studies of disulfide bond location in ovine lutropin beta subunit.", "content": "By combinations of selective chemical cleavage (cyanogen bromide), selective enzymatic cleavage (trypsin, thermolysin), and random cleavage (partial acid hydrolysis) a series of disulfide-containing peptides have been isolated from ovine lutropin beta subunit. These peptides suggest six disulfide linkages between half-cystine residues in positions 23-72, 26-110, 93-100, 34-88, 9-90, and 38-57. The latter pair was placed by elimination of other possibilities. The first three pairs are in agreement with a report by Chung, D., Sairam, M. R. and Li, C. H. (1975) Int. J. Peptide Protein Res. 7, 487-493; the pair 93-100 has also been detected by Reeve, J. R., Cheng, K. W. and Pierce, J. G. (1975) Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 67, 149-155, using partial reduction and alkylation. In an attempt to improve the efficiency of enzymatic attack, a preliminary partial reduction as per Reeve et al. [16] was done. In this instance a peptide suggesting an additional disulfide linkage between half-cystines 23-26 was obtained as well as peptides consistent with the 23-72 and 26-110 placements. This was interpreted as an artifactual opening and recombining during partial reduction-reoxidation to produce the 23-26 linkage. The placement of three disulfide bonds (34-88, 9-90, and 38-57) is in disagreement with the pairings Chung et al. [15] suggest for these six half-cystine residues. Six reasons for uncertainty in the placement of disulfide bonds are discussed. It is concluded the definitive placement of the disputed three disulfide bonds in ovine lutropin beta subunit remains an open question.", "contents": "Studies of disulfide bond location in ovine lutropin beta subunit. By combinations of selective chemical cleavage (cyanogen bromide), selective enzymatic cleavage (trypsin, thermolysin), and random cleavage (partial acid hydrolysis) a series of disulfide-containing peptides have been isolated from ovine lutropin beta subunit. These peptides suggest six disulfide linkages between half-cystine residues in positions 23-72, 26-110, 93-100, 34-88, 9-90, and 38-57. The latter pair was placed by elimination of other possibilities. The first three pairs are in agreement with a report by Chung, D., Sairam, M. R. and Li, C. H. (1975) Int. J. Peptide Protein Res. 7, 487-493; the pair 93-100 has also been detected by Reeve, J. R., Cheng, K. W. and Pierce, J. G. (1975) Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 67, 149-155, using partial reduction and alkylation. In an attempt to improve the efficiency of enzymatic attack, a preliminary partial reduction as per Reeve et al. [16] was done. In this instance a peptide suggesting an additional disulfide linkage between half-cystines 23-26 was obtained as well as peptides consistent with the 23-72 and 26-110 placements. This was interpreted as an artifactual opening and recombining during partial reduction-reoxidation to produce the 23-26 linkage. The placement of three disulfide bonds (34-88, 9-90, and 38-57) is in disagreement with the pairings Chung et al. [15] suggest for these six half-cystine residues. Six reasons for uncertainty in the placement of disulfide bonds are discussed. It is concluded the definitive placement of the disputed three disulfide bonds in ovine lutropin beta subunit remains an open question."}
{"id": "PMID:884135", "title": "Electronmicroscopic investigation of the flexibility of F-actin.", "content": "The contour lenghts and the end-to-end distances of a large number of F-actin filaments were measured in electronmicrographs. Preparation of F-actin for electron-microscopy was made at three different temperatures. The flexibility parameter or the elastic modulus for bending of F-actin was determined from the relation between the contour length and the end-to-end distance after statistical treatment. The value of the flexibility parameter obtained here showed good agreement with that obtained by the quasielastic light scattering at all temperatures examined. The flexibility of F-actin increased with raising temperature and with the binding of heavy meromyosin.", "contents": "Electronmicroscopic investigation of the flexibility of F-actin. The contour lenghts and the end-to-end distances of a large number of F-actin filaments were measured in electronmicrographs. Preparation of F-actin for electron-microscopy was made at three different temperatures. The flexibility parameter or the elastic modulus for bending of F-actin was determined from the relation between the contour length and the end-to-end distance after statistical treatment. The value of the flexibility parameter obtained here showed good agreement with that obtained by the quasielastic light scattering at all temperatures examined. The flexibility of F-actin increased with raising temperature and with the binding of heavy meromyosin."}
{"id": "PMID:884136", "title": "Isolation and characterization of a low-molecular weight seed protein from Ricinus communis.", "content": "A seed protein with an apparent molecular weight of 5000 has been isolated and purified from Ricinus communis. This protein has a very high content of glutamine and an unusual ultraviolet absorption spectrum. The amino-terminal sequence of 22 residues determined by automatic Edman degradation is: NH2-Pro-Ser-Gln-Gln-Gly-Cys-Cys-Gly-Gln-Ile-Gln-Glu-Gln-Gln-Asn-Leu-Arg-Gln-Cys-Gln-Glu-Tyr-.", "contents": "Isolation and characterization of a low-molecular weight seed protein from Ricinus communis. A seed protein with an apparent molecular weight of 5000 has been isolated and purified from Ricinus communis. This protein has a very high content of glutamine and an unusual ultraviolet absorption spectrum. The amino-terminal sequence of 22 residues determined by automatic Edman degradation is: NH2-Pro-Ser-Gln-Gln-Gly-Cys-Cys-Gly-Gln-Ile-Gln-Glu-Gln-Gln-Asn-Leu-Arg-Gln-Cys-Gln-Glu-Tyr-."}
{"id": "PMID:884137", "title": "Conformational transitions of alpha-elastin.", "content": "The alpha-elastin, the soluble product obtained from elastin by oxalic acid hydrolysis, has been studied from a conformational point of view in different conditions using circular dichroism spectroscopy. The spectral variations of the alpha-elastin dissolved in water and in different organic solvents/water mixtures have been examined in order to establish the effect of the solvents on the structural properties of the protein. The effect of calcium ions has also been studied on alpha-elastin dissolved either in water or in organic solvents. Finally, the effect of pH and temperature on the conformational properties of the alpha-elastin has been investigated.", "contents": "Conformational transitions of alpha-elastin. The alpha-elastin, the soluble product obtained from elastin by oxalic acid hydrolysis, has been studied from a conformational point of view in different conditions using circular dichroism spectroscopy. The spectral variations of the alpha-elastin dissolved in water and in different organic solvents/water mixtures have been examined in order to establish the effect of the solvents on the structural properties of the protein. The effect of calcium ions has also been studied on alpha-elastin dissolved either in water or in organic solvents. Finally, the effect of pH and temperature on the conformational properties of the alpha-elastin has been investigated."}
{"id": "PMID:884139", "title": "Some observations on the ageing in vitro of reprecipitated collagen fibres.", "content": "The changes in solubility and amounts of reducible cross-links have been studied during \"ageing\" in vitro of reprecipitated rat skin collagen fibres by incubation at 37 degrees C. Fibres from pre-reduced collagen devoid of aldehyde precursors became insoluble at the same rate as that of normal fibres during \"ageing\". Insolubilization occurred at a much faster rate in the presence of oxygen than in air and was almost completely inhibited when oxygen was excluded. The rate of decline of the reducible cross-links was, however, unaffected by oxygen tension. The results indicate that, during \"ageing\" in vitro, conversion of the lysine-derived cross-links to a non-reducible form is not associated with solubility changes. The relationship of these in vitro changes to those ocurring in vivo is unknown.", "contents": "Some observations on the ageing in vitro of reprecipitated collagen fibres. The changes in solubility and amounts of reducible cross-links have been studied during \"ageing\" in vitro of reprecipitated rat skin collagen fibres by incubation at 37 degrees C. Fibres from pre-reduced collagen devoid of aldehyde precursors became insoluble at the same rate as that of normal fibres during \"ageing\". Insolubilization occurred at a much faster rate in the presence of oxygen than in air and was almost completely inhibited when oxygen was excluded. The rate of decline of the reducible cross-links was, however, unaffected by oxygen tension. The results indicate that, during \"ageing\" in vitro, conversion of the lysine-derived cross-links to a non-reducible form is not associated with solubility changes. The relationship of these in vitro changes to those ocurring in vivo is unknown."}
{"id": "PMID:884140", "title": "Structural and functional studies of hemoglobin J Cala-bria: beta64 (E8) Gly leads to Asp.", "content": "A hemoglobin of high electrophoretic mobility was detected in a French male suffering from an acute leukemia; this hemoglobin was also present in his family. The variant was unstable and possessed an abnormal beta chain, in which a glycyl residue in position 64 (E8) was replaced by an aspartyl residue. This variant constitutes a new case of Hb J Calabria. Since the substituted E8 residue is in close spatial contact with that at B6, it was of interest to compare the properties of Hb J Calabria with those of other hemoglobins bearing substitutions at the same site.", "contents": "Structural and functional studies of hemoglobin J Cala-bria: beta64 (E8) Gly leads to Asp. A hemoglobin of high electrophoretic mobility was detected in a French male suffering from an acute leukemia; this hemoglobin was also present in his family. The variant was unstable and possessed an abnormal beta chain, in which a glycyl residue in position 64 (E8) was replaced by an aspartyl residue. This variant constitutes a new case of Hb J Calabria. Since the substituted E8 residue is in close spatial contact with that at B6, it was of interest to compare the properties of Hb J Calabria with those of other hemoglobins bearing substitutions at the same site."}
{"id": "PMID:884142", "title": "Comparative effects of native insulin and insulin-dextran complexes on the metabolism of adipose tissue.", "content": "Insulin-dextran complexes have been prepared and their biological activities compared to that of native insulin. Complexes referred to as T-70 had a molecular weight of about 450 000, T-2000 being more than 2 million. Insulin-dextran T-70 was stable and no release of free insulin from the complex was observed upon its incubation with adipose tissue. Insulin-dextran T-70 mimicked the effects of native insulin upon adipose tissue metabolism. It also lowered blood sugar. These effects necessitated, on an insulin molar basis, concentrations of the complex that were 10-times greater than those needed for native insulin. Maximal concentrations of insulin complex T-70 or native insulin elicited similar quantitative effects. This suggested that when the concentration of insulin-dextran T-70 was high enough, the complex occupied a sufficient number of receptor sites to produce maximal stimulation of the tissue. In contrast, insulin-dextran T-2000 was barely effective, indicating that, probably due to its size, it was unable to reach receptor sites. The size, stability and metabolic effects of insulin-dextran T-70 observed in this study give additional support to the concept that insulin action is probably mediated via a series of events initiated at the level of the plasma membrane of adipocytes.", "contents": "Comparative effects of native insulin and insulin-dextran complexes on the metabolism of adipose tissue. Insulin-dextran complexes have been prepared and their biological activities compared to that of native insulin. Complexes referred to as T-70 had a molecular weight of about 450 000, T-2000 being more than 2 million. Insulin-dextran T-70 was stable and no release of free insulin from the complex was observed upon its incubation with adipose tissue. Insulin-dextran T-70 mimicked the effects of native insulin upon adipose tissue metabolism. It also lowered blood sugar. These effects necessitated, on an insulin molar basis, concentrations of the complex that were 10-times greater than those needed for native insulin. Maximal concentrations of insulin complex T-70 or native insulin elicited similar quantitative effects. This suggested that when the concentration of insulin-dextran T-70 was high enough, the complex occupied a sufficient number of receptor sites to produce maximal stimulation of the tissue. In contrast, insulin-dextran T-2000 was barely effective, indicating that, probably due to its size, it was unable to reach receptor sites. The size, stability and metabolic effects of insulin-dextran T-70 observed in this study give additional support to the concept that insulin action is probably mediated via a series of events initiated at the level of the plasma membrane of adipocytes."}
{"id": "PMID:884145", "title": "Isolation and characterization of the sulfated glycosaminoglycans of the vitreous body.", "content": "Ester sulfate containing glycosaminoglycans comprising approx. 3% of the total glycosaminoglycan content, have been isolated from protease-digested bovine vitreous body by stepwise fractionation on AG-1X2(Cl-) and gel filtration on Bio-Gel P-300. Two heparan sulfate and two chondroitin-4-sulfate fractions were isolated in nearly pure form. The heparan sulfate fractions were undersulfated and contained the same relative proportions of N- and O-sulfate (1:2), although the total sulfate content differed by approx. 100%. No chondroitin-6-sulfate was present in the isolates, based on evidence obtained from chondroitin ABC lyase experiments.", "contents": "Isolation and characterization of the sulfated glycosaminoglycans of the vitreous body. Ester sulfate containing glycosaminoglycans comprising approx. 3% of the total glycosaminoglycan content, have been isolated from protease-digested bovine vitreous body by stepwise fractionation on AG-1X2(Cl-) and gel filtration on Bio-Gel P-300. Two heparan sulfate and two chondroitin-4-sulfate fractions were isolated in nearly pure form. The heparan sulfate fractions were undersulfated and contained the same relative proportions of N- and O-sulfate (1:2), although the total sulfate content differed by approx. 100%. No chondroitin-6-sulfate was present in the isolates, based on evidence obtained from chondroitin ABC lyase experiments."}
{"id": "PMID:884148", "title": "Dissociation of aggregated ferroheme complexes and protoporphyrin IX by water-soluble polymers.", "content": "The ferroheme-pyridine complex, ferroheme and protoporphyrin IX form the aggregates by the hydrophobic interaction in aqueous solutions. We found by spectrophotometric and fluorometric measurements that the aggregates dissociated into the monomers by the addition of water-soluble polymers, such as, poly(ethyleneoxide), poly(vinylalcohol), poly(vinylpyrrolidone) and poly(styrene sulfonate). The dissociation by the polymers proceeded as their hydrophobicities increased. The aggregated ferroheme was effectively dissociated by the copolymers of 4-vinylpyridine which were water-soluble polymer-ligands.", "contents": "Dissociation of aggregated ferroheme complexes and protoporphyrin IX by water-soluble polymers. The ferroheme-pyridine complex, ferroheme and protoporphyrin IX form the aggregates by the hydrophobic interaction in aqueous solutions. We found by spectrophotometric and fluorometric measurements that the aggregates dissociated into the monomers by the addition of water-soluble polymers, such as, poly(ethyleneoxide), poly(vinylalcohol), poly(vinylpyrrolidone) and poly(styrene sulfonate). The dissociation by the polymers proceeded as their hydrophobicities increased. The aggregated ferroheme was effectively dissociated by the copolymers of 4-vinylpyridine which were water-soluble polymer-ligands."}
{"id": "PMID:884150", "title": "Studies on bacterial cell wall inhibitors. III. 3-amino-3-deoxy-D-glucose, an inhibitor of bacterial cell wall synthesis.", "content": "It was shown that 3-amino-3-deoxy-D-glucose, one of the constituents of the kanamycin molecule and a metabolite of Bacillus sp., inhibits the bacterial synthesis of cell wall. The antibiotic (100 microgram/ml) significantly inhibits the growth of Staphylococcus aureus FDA 209P as well as the incorporation of DL-[14C]alanine into the acid-insoluble macromolecular fraction of its growing cells in the presence of chloramphenicol (100 microgram/ml). In contrast, the antibiotic does not affect the incorporation of [3H]thymidine, [3H]uridine and L-[14C]leucine. The other constituents of kanamycin, 6-amino-6-deoxy-D-glucose and deoxystreptamine do not inhibit the synthesis of bacterial cell wall peptidoglycan.", "contents": "Studies on bacterial cell wall inhibitors. III. 3-amino-3-deoxy-D-glucose, an inhibitor of bacterial cell wall synthesis. It was shown that 3-amino-3-deoxy-D-glucose, one of the constituents of the kanamycin molecule and a metabolite of Bacillus sp., inhibits the bacterial synthesis of cell wall. The antibiotic (100 microgram/ml) significantly inhibits the growth of Staphylococcus aureus FDA 209P as well as the incorporation of DL-[14C]alanine into the acid-insoluble macromolecular fraction of its growing cells in the presence of chloramphenicol (100 microgram/ml). In contrast, the antibiotic does not affect the incorporation of [3H]thymidine, [3H]uridine and L-[14C]leucine. The other constituents of kanamycin, 6-amino-6-deoxy-D-glucose and deoxystreptamine do not inhibit the synthesis of bacterial cell wall peptidoglycan."}
{"id": "PMID:884152", "title": "Obligatory free radical intermediate in the oxidative activation of the carcinogen N-hydroxy-2-acetylaminofluorene.", "content": "We have demonstrated that the nitroxyl free radical form of the carcinogen N-hydroxy-2-acetylaminofluorene (OH-AAF) is an obligatory intermediate in the cumene hydroperoxide-hematin-induced oxidative activation of this carcinogen into 2-nitrosofluorene and N-acetoxy-2-acetylaminofluorene. Both the rate of N-OH-acetylaminofluorene oxidation and the amount of its nitroxyl free radical were experimentally observed as a function of reaction time. Rate equations were derived for a model in which the nitroxyl free radical form of OH-AAF was an obligatory intermediate in the reaction. Using this theory it was possible to compute one experimental variable, the rate of OH-AAF oxidation, utilizing the other experimental variable, the amount of nitroxyl free radical present at any time during the reaction. The theory also predicts a linear relationship between the rate of OH-AAF oxidation and the square of the free radical content; and this was found to be true experimentally. The dismutation rate constant of the nitroxyl free radical of OH-AAF was found to be 2.7-10(5) M-1-s-1.", "contents": "Obligatory free radical intermediate in the oxidative activation of the carcinogen N-hydroxy-2-acetylaminofluorene. We have demonstrated that the nitroxyl free radical form of the carcinogen N-hydroxy-2-acetylaminofluorene (OH-AAF) is an obligatory intermediate in the cumene hydroperoxide-hematin-induced oxidative activation of this carcinogen into 2-nitrosofluorene and N-acetoxy-2-acetylaminofluorene. Both the rate of N-OH-acetylaminofluorene oxidation and the amount of its nitroxyl free radical were experimentally observed as a function of reaction time. Rate equations were derived for a model in which the nitroxyl free radical form of OH-AAF was an obligatory intermediate in the reaction. Using this theory it was possible to compute one experimental variable, the rate of OH-AAF oxidation, utilizing the other experimental variable, the amount of nitroxyl free radical present at any time during the reaction. The theory also predicts a linear relationship between the rate of OH-AAF oxidation and the square of the free radical content; and this was found to be true experimentally. The dismutation rate constant of the nitroxyl free radical of OH-AAF was found to be 2.7-10(5) M-1-s-1."}
{"id": "PMID:884153", "title": "Release of O-sulfate groups under mild acid hydrolysis conditions used for estimation of N-sulfate content.", "content": "The treatment of chondroitin sulfate isolated from cultured B16 mouse melanoma cells with 0.04 M HCl at 100 degrees C for 90 min released up to 45% of O-sulfate residues as free inorganic sulfate. In addition to the release of inorganic sulfate, extensive degradation of this polysaccharide as well as of cartilage chondroitin sulfate, pig rib cartilage proteoglycan, heparin and hyaluronic acid was also evident under these conditions. The above hydrolysis conditions are used for characterizing 35S-labeled heparan sulfates synthesized by cultured cells and to calculate ratio of N- and O-sulfates in these molecules. Our results suggest that caution is necessary in interpreting the results of mild acid hydrolysis of glycosaminoglycans.", "contents": "Release of O-sulfate groups under mild acid hydrolysis conditions used for estimation of N-sulfate content. The treatment of chondroitin sulfate isolated from cultured B16 mouse melanoma cells with 0.04 M HCl at 100 degrees C for 90 min released up to 45% of O-sulfate residues as free inorganic sulfate. In addition to the release of inorganic sulfate, extensive degradation of this polysaccharide as well as of cartilage chondroitin sulfate, pig rib cartilage proteoglycan, heparin and hyaluronic acid was also evident under these conditions. The above hydrolysis conditions are used for characterizing 35S-labeled heparan sulfates synthesized by cultured cells and to calculate ratio of N- and O-sulfates in these molecules. Our results suggest that caution is necessary in interpreting the results of mild acid hydrolysis of glycosaminoglycans."}
{"id": "PMID:884154", "title": "Melittin interactions with adenylate cyclase.", "content": "Melittin, a basic polypeptide from bee venom, inhibits basal and thyrotropin-stimulated adenylate cyclase of beef thyroid membranes with a Ki approximately 10 micron. Although this property resides in the basic C-terminal and not the N-terminal portion of the molecule, inhibition is due primarily to its detergent-like nature rather than charge effects. There is also a small enhancing effect of both basal and thyrotropin-stimulated adenylate cyclase of 0.3-3 micron melittin.", "contents": "Melittin interactions with adenylate cyclase. Melittin, a basic polypeptide from bee venom, inhibits basal and thyrotropin-stimulated adenylate cyclase of beef thyroid membranes with a Ki approximately 10 micron. Although this property resides in the basic C-terminal and not the N-terminal portion of the molecule, inhibition is due primarily to its detergent-like nature rather than charge effects. There is also a small enhancing effect of both basal and thyrotropin-stimulated adenylate cyclase of 0.3-3 micron melittin."}
{"id": "PMID:884155", "title": "The submicrosomal distribution in rat and boar testis of some enzymes involved in androgen and 16-androstene biosynthesis.", "content": "The submicrosomal localization of enzymes involved in androgen and 16-androstene biosynthesis in rat and boar testis tissue has been studied. 16-androstene production was not evident in the rat testis but two enzymes concerned with androgen generation (17 alpha-hydroxy C21 steroid C-17,20 lyase; 17 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, were found predominantly in agranular microsomes. In the boar testis the C-17,10 lyase had a similar distribution to the rat enzyme but the 17 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase was found to be evenly distributed between the two microsomal types. The enzyme system, \"andien-betha synthetase\", involved in the conversion of pregnenolone to 5,16-androstadien-3 beta-ol, was found mainly (66%) in the agranular microsomes but had a lower specific activity than those of the two enzymes of androgen biosynthesis that have been studied.", "contents": "The submicrosomal distribution in rat and boar testis of some enzymes involved in androgen and 16-androstene biosynthesis. The submicrosomal localization of enzymes involved in androgen and 16-androstene biosynthesis in rat and boar testis tissue has been studied. 16-androstene production was not evident in the rat testis but two enzymes concerned with androgen generation (17 alpha-hydroxy C21 steroid C-17,20 lyase; 17 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, were found predominantly in agranular microsomes. In the boar testis the C-17,10 lyase had a similar distribution to the rat enzyme but the 17 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase was found to be evenly distributed between the two microsomal types. The enzyme system, \"andien-betha synthetase\", involved in the conversion of pregnenolone to 5,16-androstadien-3 beta-ol, was found mainly (66%) in the agranular microsomes but had a lower specific activity than those of the two enzymes of androgen biosynthesis that have been studied."}
{"id": "PMID:884156", "title": "Synthesis in vitro of glycoprotein in regenerating rat liver.", "content": "The metabolism of glucosamine in regenerating rat liver was studied in liver slices. [1-14C] Glucosamine was incorporated into acid-soluble fraction, rapidly converted to UDP-N-acetylhexosamine and transferred to acid-insoluble fraction. Electrophoretic analysis revealed that most of the radioactive macromolecules released from the slices to the incubation medium were plasma glycoproteins. The incorporation of [1-14C] glucosamine into UDP-N-acetylhexosamine significantly increased from 6 h to 48 h after partial hepatectomy. On the contrary, the incorporation into acid-insoluble fractions of slice and medium decreased to about 50% of the control values. The rate of transfer of N-acetylhexosamine from UDP-N-acetylhexosamine to acid-soluble fractions also decreased at 12 h and 48 h respectively. This indicates that the transfer of N-acetylhexosamine to glycoproteins decreases during 48 h of liver regeneration. The enhancement of [1-14C] glucosamine incorporation into UDP-N-acetylhexosamine is due to an accumulation of the label in the larger pool of this compound. Evidently, some control mechanism may operate on the transfer of N-acetylhexosamine to glycoproteins in regenerating rat liver.", "contents": "Synthesis in vitro of glycoprotein in regenerating rat liver. The metabolism of glucosamine in regenerating rat liver was studied in liver slices. [1-14C] Glucosamine was incorporated into acid-soluble fraction, rapidly converted to UDP-N-acetylhexosamine and transferred to acid-insoluble fraction. Electrophoretic analysis revealed that most of the radioactive macromolecules released from the slices to the incubation medium were plasma glycoproteins. The incorporation of [1-14C] glucosamine into UDP-N-acetylhexosamine significantly increased from 6 h to 48 h after partial hepatectomy. On the contrary, the incorporation into acid-insoluble fractions of slice and medium decreased to about 50% of the control values. The rate of transfer of N-acetylhexosamine from UDP-N-acetylhexosamine to acid-soluble fractions also decreased at 12 h and 48 h respectively. This indicates that the transfer of N-acetylhexosamine to glycoproteins decreases during 48 h of liver regeneration. The enhancement of [1-14C] glucosamine incorporation into UDP-N-acetylhexosamine is due to an accumulation of the label in the larger pool of this compound. Evidently, some control mechanism may operate on the transfer of N-acetylhexosamine to glycoproteins in regenerating rat liver."}
{"id": "PMID:884157", "title": "Studies of nicotinic acetylcholine receptor protein from rat brain. II. Partial purification.", "content": "The pharmacological specificity of the binding of 125I-labeled alpha-bungarotoxin to a 1% Emulphogene BC-720 extract of a rat brain particulate fraction has been investigated. The extract contains a component which possesses the binding characteristics of a nicotinic acetylcholine receptor protein. The crude soluble acetylcholine receptor protein was purified by affinity chromatography utilizing the alpha-neurotoxin of Naja naja siamensis as ligand and 1.0 M carbamylcholine chloride as eluant. A single, batch-wise, affinity chromatography procedure yields an average purification of 510-fold. When this purified material is treated a second time by affinity chromatography, purification as high as 12600-fold has been obtained. Binding of 125I-labeled alpha-bungarotoxin to this purified acetylcholine receptor protein is saturable with a Kd of 1 - 10(-8) M. Nicotine and acetylcholine iodide at concentrations of 10(-5) M inhibit 125I-labeled toxin-acetylcholine receptor protein complex formation by 41 and 61% respectively. At 10(-4) M, carbamylcholine chloride and (+)-tubocurarine chloride give respectively 52 and 82% inhibition. Eserine sulfate and atropine sulfate have no effect on complex formation at a concentration of 10(-4) M. These data support the isolation of a partially purified nicotinic acetylcholine receptor protein.", "contents": "Studies of nicotinic acetylcholine receptor protein from rat brain. II. Partial purification. The pharmacological specificity of the binding of 125I-labeled alpha-bungarotoxin to a 1% Emulphogene BC-720 extract of a rat brain particulate fraction has been investigated. The extract contains a component which possesses the binding characteristics of a nicotinic acetylcholine receptor protein. The crude soluble acetylcholine receptor protein was purified by affinity chromatography utilizing the alpha-neurotoxin of Naja naja siamensis as ligand and 1.0 M carbamylcholine chloride as eluant. A single, batch-wise, affinity chromatography procedure yields an average purification of 510-fold. When this purified material is treated a second time by affinity chromatography, purification as high as 12600-fold has been obtained. Binding of 125I-labeled alpha-bungarotoxin to this purified acetylcholine receptor protein is saturable with a Kd of 1 - 10(-8) M. Nicotine and acetylcholine iodide at concentrations of 10(-5) M inhibit 125I-labeled toxin-acetylcholine receptor protein complex formation by 41 and 61% respectively. At 10(-4) M, carbamylcholine chloride and (+)-tubocurarine chloride give respectively 52 and 82% inhibition. Eserine sulfate and atropine sulfate have no effect on complex formation at a concentration of 10(-4) M. These data support the isolation of a partially purified nicotinic acetylcholine receptor protein."}
{"id": "PMID:884158", "title": "The micro-assay of the disaccharide isomers of chondroitin sulphate.", "content": "Connective tissue extracts containing the 4- and 6-sulphated isomers of chondroitin sulphate can be measured at the microgram level (approximately 10 microgram) using colorimetric assays. The chondroitin sulphates are depolymerised to disaccharides using chondroitin ABC lyase (EC 4.2.2.4). The 4- and 6-sulphated disaccharides after treatment with acid periodate are determined using a thiobarbituric acid procedure. An alkaline borate p-dimethylaminobenzaldehyde reaction is used to measure 6-sulphated disaccharide, the 4-sulphated disaccharide not forming a chromogen. Unsulphated disaccharide causes interference in both assays and if present is separated prior to assay using paper electrophoresis fractionation.", "contents": "The micro-assay of the disaccharide isomers of chondroitin sulphate. Connective tissue extracts containing the 4- and 6-sulphated isomers of chondroitin sulphate can be measured at the microgram level (approximately 10 microgram) using colorimetric assays. The chondroitin sulphates are depolymerised to disaccharides using chondroitin ABC lyase (EC 4.2.2.4). The 4- and 6-sulphated disaccharides after treatment with acid periodate are determined using a thiobarbituric acid procedure. An alkaline borate p-dimethylaminobenzaldehyde reaction is used to measure 6-sulphated disaccharide, the 4-sulphated disaccharide not forming a chromogen. Unsulphated disaccharide causes interference in both assays and if present is separated prior to assay using paper electrophoresis fractionation."}
{"id": "PMID:884160", "title": "High-pressure liquid chromatography and field desorption mass spectrometry of heme alpha, heme alpha dimethyl ester and acetyl heme alpha dimethyl ester.", "content": "Field desorption mass spectrometry was shown to be a valid technique for determining the molecular weights of hemins and hemin esters, as well as of porphyrins. The observed base peaks of ligand-free protoheme IX, protoheme IX dimethyl ester, and protoporphyrin IX dimethyl ester correspond well to the molecular weights of these compounds and the base peak for hematoporphyrin corresponds to the molecular weight of this porphyrin minus two molecules of water. The technique was employed to confirm the molecular weights of heme alpha, heme alpha dimethyl ester, and acetyl heme alpha dimethyl ester. Heme alpha dimethyl ester was prepared by reaction of heme alpha with trimethyloxonium tetrafluoroborate and purified by high-pressure liquid chromatography. The isolated product was converted to the acetylated derivative by reaction with acetic anhydride and was subsequently purified by high-pressure liquid chromatography. A field desorption spectrum of heme alpha shows a base peak at 582 which is in agreement with previous deductions of the structure of this prosthetic group. Base peaks of the heme alpha ester and its acetylated derivative demonstrate that the two carboxyl groups have been methylated and the single hydroxyl group has been acetylated without further alteration of the molecule.", "contents": "High-pressure liquid chromatography and field desorption mass spectrometry of heme alpha, heme alpha dimethyl ester and acetyl heme alpha dimethyl ester. Field desorption mass spectrometry was shown to be a valid technique for determining the molecular weights of hemins and hemin esters, as well as of porphyrins. The observed base peaks of ligand-free protoheme IX, protoheme IX dimethyl ester, and protoporphyrin IX dimethyl ester correspond well to the molecular weights of these compounds and the base peak for hematoporphyrin corresponds to the molecular weight of this porphyrin minus two molecules of water. The technique was employed to confirm the molecular weights of heme alpha, heme alpha dimethyl ester, and acetyl heme alpha dimethyl ester. Heme alpha dimethyl ester was prepared by reaction of heme alpha with trimethyloxonium tetrafluoroborate and purified by high-pressure liquid chromatography. The isolated product was converted to the acetylated derivative by reaction with acetic anhydride and was subsequently purified by high-pressure liquid chromatography. A field desorption spectrum of heme alpha shows a base peak at 582 which is in agreement with previous deductions of the structure of this prosthetic group. Base peaks of the heme alpha ester and its acetylated derivative demonstrate that the two carboxyl groups have been methylated and the single hydroxyl group has been acetylated without further alteration of the molecule."}
{"id": "PMID:884161", "title": "Axial pertubations on the electronic and magnetic properties of ferric porphyrins. II. Solvent effects on the proton NMR spectra of low-spin cyano complexes.", "content": "The proton NMR spectra of a series of low-spin bis-cyano ferric complexes of tetraarylporphyrins and octaethylporphyrin in a variety of solvents have been recorded and analyzed. The hyperfine shifts are shown to be very sensitive to the solvent, experiencing an overall downfield bias as the solvent hydrogen-bonding donor strength increased. The characteristic pattern of the contact and dipolar shifts for the meso-aryl group in tetraarylporphyrin complexes are shown to permit a quantitative separation of the dipolar and contact contributions to the hyperfine shift. The separated components indicate that increased solvent hydrogen bonding strength significantly decreases the magnetic anisotropy of the iron and diminishes porphyrin replaced by iron pi bonding. The changes in anisotropy with solvent are shown to be consistent with the coordinated cyanide acting as a proton acceptor. Although similar solvent effects are found to be absent in bis-imidazole complexes, a downfield bias of half the magnitude of the bis-cyano complexes is observed in mixed cyano/imidazole complexes. Hence, the heme hyperfine shifts in cyano-metmyoglobins and -hemoglobins may serve as probes for the protonation of the distal histidyl imidazole.", "contents": "Axial pertubations on the electronic and magnetic properties of ferric porphyrins. II. Solvent effects on the proton NMR spectra of low-spin cyano complexes. The proton NMR spectra of a series of low-spin bis-cyano ferric complexes of tetraarylporphyrins and octaethylporphyrin in a variety of solvents have been recorded and analyzed. The hyperfine shifts are shown to be very sensitive to the solvent, experiencing an overall downfield bias as the solvent hydrogen-bonding donor strength increased. The characteristic pattern of the contact and dipolar shifts for the meso-aryl group in tetraarylporphyrin complexes are shown to permit a quantitative separation of the dipolar and contact contributions to the hyperfine shift. The separated components indicate that increased solvent hydrogen bonding strength significantly decreases the magnetic anisotropy of the iron and diminishes porphyrin replaced by iron pi bonding. The changes in anisotropy with solvent are shown to be consistent with the coordinated cyanide acting as a proton acceptor. Although similar solvent effects are found to be absent in bis-imidazole complexes, a downfield bias of half the magnitude of the bis-cyano complexes is observed in mixed cyano/imidazole complexes. Hence, the heme hyperfine shifts in cyano-metmyoglobins and -hemoglobins may serve as probes for the protonation of the distal histidyl imidazole."}
{"id": "PMID:884162", "title": "Different action of hormonal stimulation on the biosynthesis of three pancreatic enzymes.", "content": "The rates of biosynthesis of amylase, lipase and chymotrypsinogen were followed in rat pancreas in vivo after intravenous injection of the hormone cholecystokinin-pancreozymin (8 IDU/kg) associated with secretin (5 CU/kg). This pancreatic stimulation resulted in non-parallel variations of the rates of biosynthesis of the three studied enzymes, suggesting independent regulation of synthesis. The result of one stimulation was calculated in terms of quantities of enzymes synthesized by the pancreas in comparison to control. It was found that chymotrypsinogen, amylase and lipase productions were increased by 63, 26 and 10%, respectively, indicating that repeated cholecystokinin-pancreozymin plus secretin stimulations could induce \"adaptation-like\" modifications of the pancreatic enzyme content.", "contents": "Different action of hormonal stimulation on the biosynthesis of three pancreatic enzymes. The rates of biosynthesis of amylase, lipase and chymotrypsinogen were followed in rat pancreas in vivo after intravenous injection of the hormone cholecystokinin-pancreozymin (8 IDU/kg) associated with secretin (5 CU/kg). This pancreatic stimulation resulted in non-parallel variations of the rates of biosynthesis of the three studied enzymes, suggesting independent regulation of synthesis. The result of one stimulation was calculated in terms of quantities of enzymes synthesized by the pancreas in comparison to control. It was found that chymotrypsinogen, amylase and lipase productions were increased by 63, 26 and 10%, respectively, indicating that repeated cholecystokinin-pancreozymin plus secretin stimulations could induce \"adaptation-like\" modifications of the pancreatic enzyme content."}
{"id": "PMID:884164", "title": "Oxygen binding to cobalt(II) proto-, deutero- and meso-porphyrin IX dimethyl ester complexes in organic solvents.", "content": "The binding of oxygen to cobalt(II) meso, deutero- and proto-porphyrin IX dimethyl esters complexed with pyridine or 2-methylimidazole was investigated at -10 degress - -60 degrees C in toluene or DMF solution, and the thermodynamic data related with the binding were presented. The oxygen affinity of cobalt meso-porphyrin complex was larger by the factor of 2.0-1.4 than those of the other complexes where oxygen affinities were not explained by a simple electron-withdrawing capability of 2,4-substituents of the porphyrin ring. The oxygen binding property was, generally, dependent on the solvent, suggesting that the solvation affects appreciably the oxygen binding to the complexes. The oxygen affinities of cobalt porphyrin complexes in various organic solvents were compared with those of their apomyoglobin complexes. The differences of oxygen affinities between both systems decreased with increasing the size of 2,4-substituents, and it was in the following order on 2,4-substituted porphyrins: Deutero greater than Proto greater than Meso. It was suggested that the 2,4-substitutent effect on the oxygen affinity of cobalt myoglobin complexes was not only caused by the direct electronic effect on the central cobalt atom, but also controlled by the stereochemical interaction between apomyoglobin and the porphyrin.", "contents": "Oxygen binding to cobalt(II) proto-, deutero- and meso-porphyrin IX dimethyl ester complexes in organic solvents. The binding of oxygen to cobalt(II) meso, deutero- and proto-porphyrin IX dimethyl esters complexed with pyridine or 2-methylimidazole was investigated at -10 degress - -60 degrees C in toluene or DMF solution, and the thermodynamic data related with the binding were presented. The oxygen affinity of cobalt meso-porphyrin complex was larger by the factor of 2.0-1.4 than those of the other complexes where oxygen affinities were not explained by a simple electron-withdrawing capability of 2,4-substituents of the porphyrin ring. The oxygen binding property was, generally, dependent on the solvent, suggesting that the solvation affects appreciably the oxygen binding to the complexes. The oxygen affinities of cobalt porphyrin complexes in various organic solvents were compared with those of their apomyoglobin complexes. The differences of oxygen affinities between both systems decreased with increasing the size of 2,4-substituents, and it was in the following order on 2,4-substituted porphyrins: Deutero greater than Proto greater than Meso. It was suggested that the 2,4-substitutent effect on the oxygen affinity of cobalt myoglobin complexes was not only caused by the direct electronic effect on the central cobalt atom, but also controlled by the stereochemical interaction between apomyoglobin and the porphyrin."}
{"id": "PMID:884165", "title": "Interactions of platinum complexes, peptides, methionine and dehydrogenases.", "content": "Eight platinum-methionine complexes have been investigated as inhibitors of the alcohol (EC 1.1.1.1) and lactate (EC 1.1.1.27) dehydrogenase systems. While only one complex, Pt(Met)Cl2, had two halogen ligands on the platinum, all the complexes were able to inhibit both enzyme systems. Of the various methionine and histidine containing peptides evaluated, the dipeptide Met-Met gave the best protection against inhibition by N-alkyl-substituted ethylenediamine-platinum complexes. The histidine containing peptides gave a slight protection against the inhibition by beta-[Pt(Met)(NH3)Cl]Cl. Thus it appears that in the enzyme systems studied, the methionine acts as a strong ligand for platinum.", "contents": "Interactions of platinum complexes, peptides, methionine and dehydrogenases. Eight platinum-methionine complexes have been investigated as inhibitors of the alcohol (EC 1.1.1.1) and lactate (EC 1.1.1.27) dehydrogenase systems. While only one complex, Pt(Met)Cl2, had two halogen ligands on the platinum, all the complexes were able to inhibit both enzyme systems. Of the various methionine and histidine containing peptides evaluated, the dipeptide Met-Met gave the best protection against inhibition by N-alkyl-substituted ethylenediamine-platinum complexes. The histidine containing peptides gave a slight protection against the inhibition by beta-[Pt(Met)(NH3)Cl]Cl. Thus it appears that in the enzyme systems studied, the methionine acts as a strong ligand for platinum."}
{"id": "PMID:884166", "title": "Kinetics of the substitution reaction of thiocyanate with tetrakis (3-N-methylphyridyl)porphinecobalt(III).", "content": "The equilibrium constant for the first thiocyanate addition to Co(III)-tetra(3-N-methylpyridyl)porphine is a factor of two smaller than for the less basic 4-N-methylporphine isomer. This effect is primarily due to a larger Co-SCN dissociation rate constant for the 3-isomer.", "contents": "Kinetics of the substitution reaction of thiocyanate with tetrakis (3-N-methylphyridyl)porphinecobalt(III). The equilibrium constant for the first thiocyanate addition to Co(III)-tetra(3-N-methylpyridyl)porphine is a factor of two smaller than for the less basic 4-N-methylporphine isomer. This effect is primarily due to a larger Co-SCN dissociation rate constant for the 3-isomer."}
{"id": "PMID:884167", "title": "Perfusion of intact skin by a saline solution of bis(glycinato) copper(II).", "content": "The perfusion of intact cat skin by a saline solution of bis(glycinato) copper(II), labelled with Cu64, has been studied in a diffusion cell. It has been shown by counting the activity that the copper(II) complex perfuses the skin and over a period of 6-7 hr reaches the isotonic saline solution underneath. After this inaugural delay period a steady rate of penetration was maintained and after 24 hr about 1 mg of the complex perfused the skin. Skin samples, taken before and after, were fixed in buffered formalin and embedded in paraffin. Five micron sections were taken, stained with rubeanic acid and counterstained with 1% Eosin Y solution. Histological examination showed that copper was present in all layers of the perfused skin. This work is relevant to the solubility of metallic copper in human sweat and to the possible therapeutic value of the \"copper bracelet\".", "contents": "Perfusion of intact skin by a saline solution of bis(glycinato) copper(II). The perfusion of intact cat skin by a saline solution of bis(glycinato) copper(II), labelled with Cu64, has been studied in a diffusion cell. It has been shown by counting the activity that the copper(II) complex perfuses the skin and over a period of 6-7 hr reaches the isotonic saline solution underneath. After this inaugural delay period a steady rate of penetration was maintained and after 24 hr about 1 mg of the complex perfused the skin. Skin samples, taken before and after, were fixed in buffered formalin and embedded in paraffin. Five micron sections were taken, stained with rubeanic acid and counterstained with 1% Eosin Y solution. Histological examination showed that copper was present in all layers of the perfused skin. This work is relevant to the solubility of metallic copper in human sweat and to the possible therapeutic value of the \"copper bracelet\"."}
{"id": "PMID:884169", "title": "Essential fatty acid metabolism in cultured astroblasts.", "content": "The fetal calf serum on which two astroblast cell lines were grown was shown to be deficient in essential fatty acids. The fatty acid profiles of lipids of these two cell lines showed very low amounts of polyunsaturated fatty acids. In order to know if this low level of unsaturation was due to the lack of essential fatty acids in serum, or to a lack of desaturase activities in the cells, we have investigated the modifications of the cell lipid fatty acid patterns when serum was enriched in essential fatty acids. Linoleic acid was incorporated in rather high amounts in the cell lipids, while linolenic acid was very poorly incorporated. These two essential fatty acids were converted into polyunsaturated fatty acids only when they were added alone to the serum. Both cell clones exhibited a lack in the delta 4 desaturase activity. No morphological changes of the cells occured after nine days of culture with modified serum.", "contents": "Essential fatty acid metabolism in cultured astroblasts. The fetal calf serum on which two astroblast cell lines were grown was shown to be deficient in essential fatty acids. The fatty acid profiles of lipids of these two cell lines showed very low amounts of polyunsaturated fatty acids. In order to know if this low level of unsaturation was due to the lack of essential fatty acids in serum, or to a lack of desaturase activities in the cells, we have investigated the modifications of the cell lipid fatty acid patterns when serum was enriched in essential fatty acids. Linoleic acid was incorporated in rather high amounts in the cell lipids, while linolenic acid was very poorly incorporated. These two essential fatty acids were converted into polyunsaturated fatty acids only when they were added alone to the serum. Both cell clones exhibited a lack in the delta 4 desaturase activity. No morphological changes of the cells occured after nine days of culture with modified serum."}
{"id": "PMID:884170", "title": "Lipolytic activities against trioctanoin and monoolein in rat intestinal mucosa.", "content": "The hydrolysis of trioctanoin and of monoolein by rat intestinal homogenates, catalyzed by the previously described \"trioctanoin hydrolase\" and \"monoglyceride lipase\" [Ref. 6 and 11], was shown to be entirely due to the action of the intestinal glycerol-ester hydrolase [Ref. 1 and 2] and to contaminating pancreatic lipase firmly bound to the intestinal cells. These conclusions are supported by experiments based on the chromatographic behaviour of the different lipolytic activities, the use of an immunoserum directed against rat pancreatic juice and the relief of bile salt inhibitions by pancreatic colipase. The results are in favour of the existence of a single lipolytic enzyme in the rat intestinal mucosa, i.e. glycerol-ester hydrolase, active against short- and medium chain mono-, di- and triglycerides and against long chain monoglycerides.", "contents": "Lipolytic activities against trioctanoin and monoolein in rat intestinal mucosa. The hydrolysis of trioctanoin and of monoolein by rat intestinal homogenates, catalyzed by the previously described \"trioctanoin hydrolase\" and \"monoglyceride lipase\" [Ref. 6 and 11], was shown to be entirely due to the action of the intestinal glycerol-ester hydrolase [Ref. 1 and 2] and to contaminating pancreatic lipase firmly bound to the intestinal cells. These conclusions are supported by experiments based on the chromatographic behaviour of the different lipolytic activities, the use of an immunoserum directed against rat pancreatic juice and the relief of bile salt inhibitions by pancreatic colipase. The results are in favour of the existence of a single lipolytic enzyme in the rat intestinal mucosa, i.e. glycerol-ester hydrolase, active against short- and medium chain mono-, di- and triglycerides and against long chain monoglycerides."}
{"id": "PMID:884171", "title": "Twenty-four-hour patterns in human performance, subjective and physiological variables and differences between morning and evening active subjects.", "content": "A study was undertaken to investigate differences between habitually morning active and evening active subjects as regards 24-hr patterns in physiological and subjective arousal and performance efficiency under conditions of 72 hr of sleep deprivation. The results were that very consistent 24-hr rhythmic were present in some of the performance variables, subjective alertness, oral temperature and urinary adrenaline excretion. No significant differences in 24-hr patterns could be detected between a group of habitually morning active and a group of evening active subjects. Significant correlations were obtained between oral temperature and some of the performance measures, while adrenaline excretion was not significantly correlated with performance. There were rather high correlations between subjective alertness ratings and some of the performances.", "contents": "Twenty-four-hour patterns in human performance, subjective and physiological variables and differences between morning and evening active subjects. A study was undertaken to investigate differences between habitually morning active and evening active subjects as regards 24-hr patterns in physiological and subjective arousal and performance efficiency under conditions of 72 hr of sleep deprivation. The results were that very consistent 24-hr rhythmic were present in some of the performance variables, subjective alertness, oral temperature and urinary adrenaline excretion. No significant differences in 24-hr patterns could be detected between a group of habitually morning active and a group of evening active subjects. Significant correlations were obtained between oral temperature and some of the performance measures, while adrenaline excretion was not significantly correlated with performance. There were rather high correlations between subjective alertness ratings and some of the performances."}
{"id": "PMID:884172", "title": "Event-related brain potentials in selective response.", "content": "Event-related potentials were recorded during performance of a simple reaction task and two selective response tasks differing in the intensity of the non-key stimulus. Known differences in reaction between these tasks were confirmed, but there were no corresponding differences in amplitude of the slow potential shift which develops in the EEG in anticipation of the imperative signal. Since this anticipatory potential is not affected by event uncertainty, it seems to be related to motor preparation rather than to expectancy. Performance differences between simple and selective response tasks appear to depend not upon differential preparation, but upon selective processing of the imperative signal, which is reflected in the N120 component of the visual evoked response to that signal.", "contents": "Event-related brain potentials in selective response. Event-related potentials were recorded during performance of a simple reaction task and two selective response tasks differing in the intensity of the non-key stimulus. Known differences in reaction between these tasks were confirmed, but there were no corresponding differences in amplitude of the slow potential shift which develops in the EEG in anticipation of the imperative signal. Since this anticipatory potential is not affected by event uncertainty, it seems to be related to motor preparation rather than to expectancy. Performance differences between simple and selective response tasks appear to depend not upon differential preparation, but upon selective processing of the imperative signal, which is reflected in the N120 component of the visual evoked response to that signal."}
{"id": "PMID:884173", "title": "Attention and cardiac activity: heart rate responses during a variable foreperiod, disjunctive reaction time task.", "content": "A variable foreperiod disjunctive reaction time task was used to evaluate the effects of stimulus discriminability on cardiac activity. In two sessions, 20 male undergraduates received easy or difficult auditory discrimination trials in blocked and random series. In the random session only, when the warning stimulus provided information about the difficulty of the subsequent discrimination, difficult trials were associated with greater foreperiod deceleration. Cardiac accelerations also tended to be greater in the foreperiods of difficult trials. There was an effect of both warning and imperative stimuli on the heart rate of the cycle in which the stimuli occurred which depended on the difficulty of the trial. The results are discussed in terms of the psychological significance of the different heart rate responses.", "contents": "Attention and cardiac activity: heart rate responses during a variable foreperiod, disjunctive reaction time task. A variable foreperiod disjunctive reaction time task was used to evaluate the effects of stimulus discriminability on cardiac activity. In two sessions, 20 male undergraduates received easy or difficult auditory discrimination trials in blocked and random series. In the random session only, when the warning stimulus provided information about the difficulty of the subsequent discrimination, difficult trials were associated with greater foreperiod deceleration. Cardiac accelerations also tended to be greater in the foreperiods of difficult trials. There was an effect of both warning and imperative stimuli on the heart rate of the cycle in which the stimuli occurred which depended on the difficulty of the trial. The results are discussed in terms of the psychological significance of the different heart rate responses."}
{"id": "PMID:884174", "title": "Feedback and instructional effects in the voluntary control of digital pulse amplitude.", "content": "The effects of verbal instructions and these instructions plus visual analogue feedback on the voluntary control of digital amplitude were examined in 2 groups of 8 subjects over 8 training sessions. Control of pulse amplitude was demonstrated but feedback did not add consistently or reliably to the effect of verbal instructions. Control did not improve over the period of training nor did it become more specific, i.e. the effect did not become localised at the feedback site and pulse interval, respiration rate and forearm muscle activity were implicated in the response throughout. The results are interpreted as providing little support for the theory that learning to control a visceral response is analogous to learning a motor skill.", "contents": "Feedback and instructional effects in the voluntary control of digital pulse amplitude. The effects of verbal instructions and these instructions plus visual analogue feedback on the voluntary control of digital amplitude were examined in 2 groups of 8 subjects over 8 training sessions. Control of pulse amplitude was demonstrated but feedback did not add consistently or reliably to the effect of verbal instructions. Control did not improve over the period of training nor did it become more specific, i.e. the effect did not become localised at the feedback site and pulse interval, respiration rate and forearm muscle activity were implicated in the response throughout. The results are interpreted as providing little support for the theory that learning to control a visceral response is analogous to learning a motor skill."}
{"id": "PMID:884200", "title": "Circular dichroism of insulin A chain in water: trifluoroethanol mixtures. Use of linear and nonlinear least squares analysis.", "content": "Circular dichroic spectra obtained for S-carboxymethylated insulin A chain in water: trifluoroethanol mixtures show that a marked conformational transition occurs as the concentration of trifluoroethanol is increased to (v/v) 83% to give a polypeptide containing about 43% of the residues in the alph-helical conformation. Several proposed methods of analysis, including both linear and two nonlinear lest squares methods, were unable to quantitate the amount of beta-structure present in the polypeptide in 83% trifluoroethanol. Examination of the methods of analysis lead to the conclusion that the current models for far UV CD analysis are not adequare for the data obtained in this study and shows that nonlinear least squares procedures may lead to erroneous conclusions.", "contents": "Circular dichroism of insulin A chain in water: trifluoroethanol mixtures. Use of linear and nonlinear least squares analysis. Circular dichroic spectra obtained for S-carboxymethylated insulin A chain in water: trifluoroethanol mixtures show that a marked conformational transition occurs as the concentration of trifluoroethanol is increased to (v/v) 83% to give a polypeptide containing about 43% of the residues in the alph-helical conformation. Several proposed methods of analysis, including both linear and two nonlinear lest squares methods, were unable to quantitate the amount of beta-structure present in the polypeptide in 83% trifluoroethanol. Examination of the methods of analysis lead to the conclusion that the current models for far UV CD analysis are not adequare for the data obtained in this study and shows that nonlinear least squares procedures may lead to erroneous conclusions."}
{"id": "PMID:884201", "title": "On conformations of the superhelix structure.", "content": "The slight deformation of a helical macromolecule leading to the superhelical structure is considered. General equations which connect \"internal\" stereochemical parameters of the backbone of a helical macromolecule with \"external\" parameters of the superhelix are obtained; they are analogous to those of Shimanouchi and Mizushima. The case when the radius of the major helix is much greater than the radius of the minor helix is treated. Assuming that all conformational changes are due to small distortions of the rotation angles (bond angles and bond lengths are kept constant) the general equations  reduce to a set of nonhomogeneous linear algebraic equations. Its solution (in the case of the DNA double-helix in B-form) shows that the DNA backbone can form a coiled-coil with parameters close to those estimated from experimental data on DNP in chromatine from nuclei of cells.", "contents": "On conformations of the superhelix structure. The slight deformation of a helical macromolecule leading to the superhelical structure is considered. General equations which connect \"internal\" stereochemical parameters of the backbone of a helical macromolecule with \"external\" parameters of the superhelix are obtained; they are analogous to those of Shimanouchi and Mizushima. The case when the radius of the major helix is much greater than the radius of the minor helix is treated. Assuming that all conformational changes are due to small distortions of the rotation angles (bond angles and bond lengths are kept constant) the general equations  reduce to a set of nonhomogeneous linear algebraic equations. Its solution (in the case of the DNA double-helix in B-form) shows that the DNA backbone can form a coiled-coil with parameters close to those estimated from experimental data on DNP in chromatine from nuclei of cells."}
{"id": "PMID:884202", "title": "Resolvability of Adair constants from oxygenation curves measured at low hemoglobin concentration.", "content": "Analyses of low concentration oxygenation curves for apparent Adair constants in which the effects of dimers is ignored have been explored using recently determined values of the overall energy coupling parameters. For high affinity systems and favorable energy distributions, it is found that the errors in estimated binding free energies may be less than one kcal provided the measurement errors are strictly random and of small magnitude. These errors are nevertheless quite substantial as compared with the differences between values for the successive binding steps.", "contents": "Resolvability of Adair constants from oxygenation curves measured at low hemoglobin concentration. Analyses of low concentration oxygenation curves for apparent Adair constants in which the effects of dimers is ignored have been explored using recently determined values of the overall energy coupling parameters. For high affinity systems and favorable energy distributions, it is found that the errors in estimated binding free energies may be less than one kcal provided the measurement errors are strictly random and of small magnitude. These errors are nevertheless quite substantial as compared with the differences between values for the successive binding steps."}
{"id": "PMID:884204", "title": "Studies on trimethylsilyl derivatives of 1-alk-1enyl-2-acyl glycerols by gas-liquid chromatography mass spectrometry.", "content": "Trimethylsilyl derivatives of 1-hexadec-1-enyl-2-decanoyl and -2-octadecenoylglycerols and 1-octadec-1-enyl-2-decanoyl and -2-octadecenoylglycerols were subjected to analysis by a gas chromatograph mass spectrometer system. The characteristic ions are as follows: (1) ions at [M-15]+ and [M-90]+- are observed, 2 or 16 mass units less than those of the corresponding 1-alkyl-2-acyl or 1,2-diacyl derivatives; (2) the base peak is m/e 129; (3) the ion at [M-R1CH=CHO]+ or [R2COO+130]+ is present in high abundance; (4) ions at m/e 311 and 339, characteristic of trimethylsilyl derivatives of 1-hexadec-1-enyl and 1-octadec-1-enylglycerols, are due to [R1CH-CHO-1)+73]+, also confirmed from studies on the perdeuteriotrimethylsilyl derivatives; (5) several ions based on one acyl group, [R2CO]+, [R2CO+74]+ and [R2COO+74]+ are also observed.", "contents": "Studies on trimethylsilyl derivatives of 1-alk-1enyl-2-acyl glycerols by gas-liquid chromatography mass spectrometry. Trimethylsilyl derivatives of 1-hexadec-1-enyl-2-decanoyl and -2-octadecenoylglycerols and 1-octadec-1-enyl-2-decanoyl and -2-octadecenoylglycerols were subjected to analysis by a gas chromatograph mass spectrometer system. The characteristic ions are as follows: (1) ions at [M-15]+ and [M-90]+- are observed, 2 or 16 mass units less than those of the corresponding 1-alkyl-2-acyl or 1,2-diacyl derivatives; (2) the base peak is m/e 129; (3) the ion at [M-R1CH=CHO]+ or [R2COO+130]+ is present in high abundance; (4) ions at m/e 311 and 339, characteristic of trimethylsilyl derivatives of 1-hexadec-1-enyl and 1-octadec-1-enylglycerols, are due to [R1CH-CHO-1)+73]+, also confirmed from studies on the perdeuteriotrimethylsilyl derivatives; (5) several ions based on one acyl group, [R2CO]+, [R2CO+74]+ and [R2COO+74]+ are also observed."}
{"id": "PMID:884205", "title": "Determination of mass spectrometric sensitivity of different metalloporphyrin esters relative to porphyrin ester.", "content": "Quantitative determination of metalloporphyrin contamination in preparations of biologically important porphyrins was achieved mass spectrometrically by application of the integrated ion current technique. For this purpose, the relative molecular ion sensitivities of the contaminating metal complexes were determined from the ratios of the integrated molecular ion currents of a series of calibration samples containing a porphyrin ester and one of its metal complexes in known molar ratio. Complexes formed with divalent ions of Cu, Zn, Fe, Co and Ni of copro- as well as uro-porphyrin permethylester were all found to have the same molecular ion sensitivities as their metal-free porphyrin ester. The relative metalloporphyrin ester content in a sample of porphyrin ester was thus obtained directly as the integrated ion current ratios of the normalized molecular ions. The preparation of calibration samples, including complex formation and the mass spectrometric methodology, is described and discussed.", "contents": "Determination of mass spectrometric sensitivity of different metalloporphyrin esters relative to porphyrin ester. Quantitative determination of metalloporphyrin contamination in preparations of biologically important porphyrins was achieved mass spectrometrically by application of the integrated ion current technique. For this purpose, the relative molecular ion sensitivities of the contaminating metal complexes were determined from the ratios of the integrated molecular ion currents of a series of calibration samples containing a porphyrin ester and one of its metal complexes in known molar ratio. Complexes formed with divalent ions of Cu, Zn, Fe, Co and Ni of copro- as well as uro-porphyrin permethylester were all found to have the same molecular ion sensitivities as their metal-free porphyrin ester. The relative metalloporphyrin ester content in a sample of porphyrin ester was thus obtained directly as the integrated ion current ratios of the normalized molecular ions. The preparation of calibration samples, including complex formation and the mass spectrometric methodology, is described and discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:884206", "title": "Variance analysis of error in selected ion monitoring assays using various internal standards. A practical study case.", "content": "This study contains a practical application of variance analysis for the evaluation of precision in selected ion monitoring using stable isotope variants or chemically related compounds as internal standards. Variance analysis is applied to determine the relative contributions of the errors due to long-term and short-term effects of instrument stability. The technique allows the resolution of variance due to sample manipulation from that introduced by the gas chromatography mass spectrometry instrumentation. This provides an objective measure of potential internal standards. Evaluation of the dependency of these errors upon concentration indicates appropriate weighing factors to be applied for regression analysis.", "contents": "Variance analysis of error in selected ion monitoring assays using various internal standards. A practical study case. This study contains a practical application of variance analysis for the evaluation of precision in selected ion monitoring using stable isotope variants or chemically related compounds as internal standards. Variance analysis is applied to determine the relative contributions of the errors due to long-term and short-term effects of instrument stability. The technique allows the resolution of variance due to sample manipulation from that introduced by the gas chromatography mass spectrometry instrumentation. This provides an objective measure of potential internal standards. Evaluation of the dependency of these errors upon concentration indicates appropriate weighing factors to be applied for regression analysis."}
{"id": "PMID:884207", "title": "Identification of dihydrothiazoles in urine of male mice.", "content": "The compounds 2-isopropyl-4,5-dihydrothiazole and 2-sec-butyl-4,5-dihydrothiazole were identified in urine of male mice. Their excretion in mouse urine is sex-dependent. In the urine of female mice the two dihydrothiazoles are either absent or present only in trace amounts. The analytical procedure includes the adsorption of the volatile mouse urine constituents on Tenax GC, their gas chromatographic separation and the detection of the sulfur compounds by the sulfur-specific detector. The identified compounds were synthesized. Natural and synthetic compounds had the same mass spectrometric properties and retention data.", "contents": "Identification of dihydrothiazoles in urine of male mice. The compounds 2-isopropyl-4,5-dihydrothiazole and 2-sec-butyl-4,5-dihydrothiazole were identified in urine of male mice. Their excretion in mouse urine is sex-dependent. In the urine of female mice the two dihydrothiazoles are either absent or present only in trace amounts. The analytical procedure includes the adsorption of the volatile mouse urine constituents on Tenax GC, their gas chromatographic separation and the detection of the sulfur compounds by the sulfur-specific detector. The identified compounds were synthesized. Natural and synthetic compounds had the same mass spectrometric properties and retention data."}
{"id": "PMID:884209", "title": "Structural analysis by mass spectrometry of the major mammalian retinal ganglioside, a sialyl-sialyl-dihexosyl-ceramide.", "content": "The major mammalian retinal ganglioside was analysed by mass spectrometry. Three types of derivatives were used, the fully methylated, the methylated and reduced and the methylated, reduced and trimethylsilylated compound. The mass spectra unambiguously showed the ganglioside to be a sialyl-sialyl-dihexosyl-ceramide. This is the first conclusive proof that the two N-acetylneuraminic acids are bound to each other constituting the terminal disaccharide. The major species contained sphingosine and stearic acid.", "contents": "Structural analysis by mass spectrometry of the major mammalian retinal ganglioside, a sialyl-sialyl-dihexosyl-ceramide. The major mammalian retinal ganglioside was analysed by mass spectrometry. Three types of derivatives were used, the fully methylated, the methylated and reduced and the methylated, reduced and trimethylsilylated compound. The mass spectra unambiguously showed the ganglioside to be a sialyl-sialyl-dihexosyl-ceramide. This is the first conclusive proof that the two N-acetylneuraminic acids are bound to each other constituting the terminal disaccharide. The major species contained sphingosine and stearic acid."}
{"id": "PMID:884210", "title": "Precise measurement of total body water using trace quantities of deuterium oxide.", "content": "This study was undertaken to investigate the possibility of measuring total body water in human subjects to better than +/-0.5%. Accurate serial estimates of total body water were required to complement densitometric and anthropometric measurements used to monitor body compositional changes in obese patients undergoing dietary or surgical weight reduction therapy. The method required the oral administration of 1-2 g of deuterium oxide and the analysis of pre-dose and respective equilibrated samples of urine, plasma or saliva. The sample size required for analysis was 5 microliter and the conversion of gaseous phase was accomplished using a uranium reduction furnace. Isotopic enrichment of samples was measured using a mass spectrometer incorporating several features designed to cope with problems inherent in H2/H2H isotopic analysis. Reproducibility of sample preparation and accuracy of the mass spectrometer were tested using international standards and shown to give an overall sensitivity of 2 parts in 10(7) for the determination of deuterium in H2O/H2HO mixtures. This precision has enabled us to demonstrate that isotopic fractionation of deuterium with respect to hydrogen occurs within the body and expands the potential use of this isotope for quantitative biochemical studies in the human subject.", "contents": "Precise measurement of total body water using trace quantities of deuterium oxide. This study was undertaken to investigate the possibility of measuring total body water in human subjects to better than +/-0.5%. Accurate serial estimates of total body water were required to complement densitometric and anthropometric measurements used to monitor body compositional changes in obese patients undergoing dietary or surgical weight reduction therapy. The method required the oral administration of 1-2 g of deuterium oxide and the analysis of pre-dose and respective equilibrated samples of urine, plasma or saliva. The sample size required for analysis was 5 microliter and the conversion of gaseous phase was accomplished using a uranium reduction furnace. Isotopic enrichment of samples was measured using a mass spectrometer incorporating several features designed to cope with problems inherent in H2/H2H isotopic analysis. Reproducibility of sample preparation and accuracy of the mass spectrometer were tested using international standards and shown to give an overall sensitivity of 2 parts in 10(7) for the determination of deuterium in H2O/H2HO mixtures. This precision has enabled us to demonstrate that isotopic fractionation of deuterium with respect to hydrogen occurs within the body and expands the potential use of this isotope for quantitative biochemical studies in the human subject."}
{"id": "PMID:884211", "title": "Cyclic alkylboronates as derivatives for the characterization of cannabinolic acids by combined gas chromatography and mass spectrometry.", "content": "Stable cyclic methyl- and n-butylboronates were prepared from the cannabinolic acids and used as derivatives for the characterization of these compounds by combined gas chromatography mass spectrometry. Retention times of the methylboronates were comparable with those of the trimethylsilyl derivatives. The mass spectra of these derivatives were more characteristic of the cannabinoid skeleton than were the spectra of the trimethylsilyl derivatives where fragmentation was associated with the trimethylsilyl groups. Molecular weights were lower and abundant molecular ions were obtained. These derivatives also offered the possibility of distinguishing between isomeric cannabinolic acids where only isomers possessing adjacent phenolic and carboxylic functions form cyclic boronates.", "contents": "Cyclic alkylboronates as derivatives for the characterization of cannabinolic acids by combined gas chromatography and mass spectrometry. Stable cyclic methyl- and n-butylboronates were prepared from the cannabinolic acids and used as derivatives for the characterization of these compounds by combined gas chromatography mass spectrometry. Retention times of the methylboronates were comparable with those of the trimethylsilyl derivatives. The mass spectra of these derivatives were more characteristic of the cannabinoid skeleton than were the spectra of the trimethylsilyl derivatives where fragmentation was associated with the trimethylsilyl groups. Molecular weights were lower and abundant molecular ions were obtained. These derivatives also offered the possibility of distinguishing between isomeric cannabinolic acids where only isomers possessing adjacent phenolic and carboxylic functions form cyclic boronates."}
{"id": "PMID:884212", "title": "The measurements of propantheline ion in biological fluids after administering propantheline bromide to man.", "content": "The measurement of propantheline ion has been accomplished in urine and plasma following administration of propantheline bromide to man. Trideuteropropantheline bromide is added to the biological fluid to act as a carrier and internal standard to quantify the propantheline ion using multiple ion monitoring. Methane was used as reactant gas but following the discovery of exchange of the trideuteromethyl group when using methane, ammonia was used for later analyses. The determination of propantheline ion in urine and plasma after administration of propantheline bromide to man is described.", "contents": "The measurements of propantheline ion in biological fluids after administering propantheline bromide to man. The measurement of propantheline ion has been accomplished in urine and plasma following administration of propantheline bromide to man. Trideuteropropantheline bromide is added to the biological fluid to act as a carrier and internal standard to quantify the propantheline ion using multiple ion monitoring. Methane was used as reactant gas but following the discovery of exchange of the trideuteromethyl group when using methane, ammonia was used for later analyses. The determination of propantheline ion in urine and plasma after administration of propantheline bromide to man is described."}
{"id": "PMID:884217", "title": "Ionic channels of nerve: questions for theoretical chemists.", "content": "Ionic channels are the voltage-dependent, ion-selective pores of nerve membranes. They are probably macromolecules which change their conformation as the electric field is changed. One conformation makes the membrane permeable to ions. Physiologists need the help of physical chemists and theoretical chemists to understand channels better.", "contents": "Ionic channels of nerve: questions for theoretical chemists. Ionic channels are the voltage-dependent, ion-selective pores of nerve membranes. They are probably macromolecules which change their conformation as the electric field is changed. One conformation makes the membrane permeable to ions. Physiologists need the help of physical chemists and theoretical chemists to understand channels better."}
{"id": "PMID:884218", "title": "Kinetic dielectric decrements and conducting liquids.", "content": "We have calculated influence of ion migration on the measured dielectric constant of an electrolyte solution. The solvent is assumed to be a viscous, incompressible, polarizable liquid continuum having a finite dielectric relaxation time, while the ion is a rigid, impenetrable body. The decrement in the static permitivity of the solution with respect to the pure solvent is shown to be proportional to the product of solvent dielectric relaxation time and conductivity of the solution, with an additional contribution arising from viscous relaxation in the solvent.", "contents": "Kinetic dielectric decrements and conducting liquids. We have calculated influence of ion migration on the measured dielectric constant of an electrolyte solution. The solvent is assumed to be a viscous, incompressible, polarizable liquid continuum having a finite dielectric relaxation time, while the ion is a rigid, impenetrable body. The decrement in the static permitivity of the solution with respect to the pure solvent is shown to be proportional to the product of solvent dielectric relaxation time and conductivity of the solution, with an additional contribution arising from viscous relaxation in the solvent."}
{"id": "PMID:884220", "title": "Variational principles in nonequilibrium thermodynamics.", "content": "The variational principles introduced by Onsager into nonequilibrium thermodynamics are discussed. Several new variational formulations of the linear laws are introduced including both a Hamiltonian and Lagrangian form. Also an Onsager-Machlup type variational description of fluctuations is shown to apply  at steady states even far from equilibrium.", "contents": "Variational principles in nonequilibrium thermodynamics. The variational principles introduced by Onsager into nonequilibrium thermodynamics are discussed. Several new variational formulations of the linear laws are introduced including both a Hamiltonian and Lagrangian form. Also an Onsager-Machlup type variational description of fluctuations is shown to apply  at steady states even far from equilibrium."}
{"id": "PMID:884224", "title": "Oscillatory chemical reactions: the Tomita-Kitahara model.", "content": "Biological clocks share with excitable membrane (nerve, muscle) the requirement that the chemical systems that underlie them have unstable steady states, and hence are capable of limit-cycle oscillations. A particularly simple model of a chemical oscillator is discussed, especially with reference to the reverse reaction, which tends to damp the oscillations. For thermodynamic reasons (entropy production) reversibility can not, however, be neglected. The steady state, even when stable, does not minimize the dissipation function. Computer studies show the response to sinusoidal variation of the rate constant governing the autocatalytic step.", "contents": "Oscillatory chemical reactions: the Tomita-Kitahara model. Biological clocks share with excitable membrane (nerve, muscle) the requirement that the chemical systems that underlie them have unstable steady states, and hence are capable of limit-cycle oscillations. A particularly simple model of a chemical oscillator is discussed, especially with reference to the reverse reaction, which tends to damp the oscillations. For thermodynamic reasons (entropy production) reversibility can not, however, be neglected. The steady state, even when stable, does not minimize the dissipation function. Computer studies show the response to sinusoidal variation of the rate constant governing the autocatalytic step."}
{"id": "PMID:884227", "title": "A model for the packing of cells.", "content": "A model is presented for the statistical and geometrical aspects of the packing of cells. The model is closely related to lattice polymer models and the Ising model of ferromagnetism. Fundamental questions of existence and analyticity in the infinite volume limit are discussed, and the results of some initial numerical studies are given.", "contents": "A model for the packing of cells. A model is presented for the statistical and geometrical aspects of the packing of cells. The model is closely related to lattice polymer models and the Ising model of ferromagnetism. Fundamental questions of existence and analyticity in the infinite volume limit are discussed, and the results of some initial numerical studies are given."}
{"id": "PMID:884230", "title": "Corynecin (chloramphenicol analogs) fermentation studies: selective production of Corynecin I by Corynebacterium hydrocarboclastus grown on acetate.", "content": "Corynebacterium hydrocarboclastus KY 8835 grew in the acetate medium and accumulated 28mM Corynecins which was the highest production yield among the processes using various carbon sources. Selective production of Corynecin I (over 90% of all Corynecins), which had been desired for increase of the product yield, was achieved in this acetate medium. To keep the concentration of acetate, ammonium, and phosphate ions in the optimum range throughout the fermentation, a solution containing CH2COOH (50%), CH3COONH4 (9%), and KH2PO4 (0.2%) was fed continuously to the culture medium as the pH controlling agent. The addition of KCl (1%) and NaCl (1%) to the medium at 12 hr after inoculation stimulated the production of Corynecins.", "contents": "Corynecin (chloramphenicol analogs) fermentation studies: selective production of Corynecin I by Corynebacterium hydrocarboclastus grown on acetate. Corynebacterium hydrocarboclastus KY 8835 grew in the acetate medium and accumulated 28mM Corynecins which was the highest production yield among the processes using various carbon sources. Selective production of Corynecin I (over 90% of all Corynecins), which had been desired for increase of the product yield, was achieved in this acetate medium. To keep the concentration of acetate, ammonium, and phosphate ions in the optimum range throughout the fermentation, a solution containing CH2COOH (50%), CH3COONH4 (9%), and KH2PO4 (0.2%) was fed continuously to the culture medium as the pH controlling agent. The addition of KCl (1%) and NaCl (1%) to the medium at 12 hr after inoculation stimulated the production of Corynecins."}
{"id": "PMID:884231", "title": "Characteristics of unbuffered gel-immobilized urease particles. I. Internal pH.", "content": "The overall rate of reaction of a gel-immobilized urease particle necessarily depends upon the hydrogen ion concentrations within the particle. When the particle is unbuffered, the internal hydrogen ion concentrations are a consequence of the local rates of reaction and the rate of egress of the products of hydrolysis. A simple apparatus has been devised which allows a fairly rapid determination of the hydrogen ion concentration in the center of a particle for any given size, enzyme concentration, substrate concentration, and external pH. The products of urea hydrolysis are self-buffering in the region of pH 8.83 and for an external pH less than the self-buffering pH, the pH within the particle is increased because of the reaction. When the external pH is greater than the self-buffering pH, the converse occurs. The pH at the center of the particle approaches the self-buffering pH with an increase in particle size and enzyme concentration. The external increase in the external substrate concentration has a limited effect, simply rendering the local rates of reaction to be of zero order. The center-line pH and therefore all internal hydrogen ion concentrations depend upon the parameter L square root pe and the external pH. Differences between the external and center-line pH values of the order of units are unexceptional. The implications of the internal pH profiles on the local and overall rates of reaction are explored.", "contents": "Characteristics of unbuffered gel-immobilized urease particles. I. Internal pH. The overall rate of reaction of a gel-immobilized urease particle necessarily depends upon the hydrogen ion concentrations within the particle. When the particle is unbuffered, the internal hydrogen ion concentrations are a consequence of the local rates of reaction and the rate of egress of the products of hydrolysis. A simple apparatus has been devised which allows a fairly rapid determination of the hydrogen ion concentration in the center of a particle for any given size, enzyme concentration, substrate concentration, and external pH. The products of urea hydrolysis are self-buffering in the region of pH 8.83 and for an external pH less than the self-buffering pH, the pH within the particle is increased because of the reaction. When the external pH is greater than the self-buffering pH, the converse occurs. The pH at the center of the particle approaches the self-buffering pH with an increase in particle size and enzyme concentration. The external increase in the external substrate concentration has a limited effect, simply rendering the local rates of reaction to be of zero order. The center-line pH and therefore all internal hydrogen ion concentrations depend upon the parameter L square root pe and the external pH. Differences between the external and center-line pH values of the order of units are unexceptional. The implications of the internal pH profiles on the local and overall rates of reaction are explored."}
{"id": "PMID:884232", "title": "Characteristics of unbuffered gel-immobilized urease particles. II. Overall rate of reaction.", "content": "The overall rates of reaction of unbuffered gel-immobilized urease particles have been investigated with the aid of a packed-bed differential recycle reactor. Both substrate and enzyme concentrations have received attention. Cylindrical gel particles contained within impermeable tubelets were used to provide the physical strength necessary for the packed-bed arrangement and a one dimensional diffusion path to aid understanding of the complex interactions between substrate and product diffusion, and their effect on the reactions taking place. The experimental data have been interpreted with the aid of an enzyme rate equation (ERE) which relates the free solution characteristics of the enzyme to the conditions within a diffusion limited particle. The internal hydrogen ion profiles have been accommodated by a lumped parameter, the apparent pH (pHapp). Two methods have been suggested for the calculation of pHapp and the loss of activity on particle preparation, these methods are based on the use of the ERE in conjunction with experimental data.", "contents": "Characteristics of unbuffered gel-immobilized urease particles. II. Overall rate of reaction. The overall rates of reaction of unbuffered gel-immobilized urease particles have been investigated with the aid of a packed-bed differential recycle reactor. Both substrate and enzyme concentrations have received attention. Cylindrical gel particles contained within impermeable tubelets were used to provide the physical strength necessary for the packed-bed arrangement and a one dimensional diffusion path to aid understanding of the complex interactions between substrate and product diffusion, and their effect on the reactions taking place. The experimental data have been interpreted with the aid of an enzyme rate equation (ERE) which relates the free solution characteristics of the enzyme to the conditions within a diffusion limited particle. The internal hydrogen ion profiles have been accommodated by a lumped parameter, the apparent pH (pHapp). Two methods have been suggested for the calculation of pHapp and the loss of activity on particle preparation, these methods are based on the use of the ERE in conjunction with experimental data."}
{"id": "PMID:884234", "title": "Competition for mixed substrates by microbial populations.", "content": "A model for the growth of an organism on multiple substrates was developed, assuming that each substrate has a competitive inhibition effect on the uptake of other substrates. The model was extended to examine mixed substrates, showing that the coexistence of several species at steady state in continuous cultures is possible, even when all the organisms all strongly prefer the one substrate. The diversity of nutrient sources in a real system may be a key factor in supporting a heterogeneous microbial population.", "contents": "Competition for mixed substrates by microbial populations. A model for the growth of an organism on multiple substrates was developed, assuming that each substrate has a competitive inhibition effect on the uptake of other substrates. The model was extended to examine mixed substrates, showing that the coexistence of several species at steady state in continuous cultures is possible, even when all the organisms all strongly prefer the one substrate. The diversity of nutrient sources in a real system may be a key factor in supporting a heterogeneous microbial population."}
{"id": "PMID:884243", "title": "Comparison of existing classifications for coding congenital malformation and genetic syndromes.", "content": "One thousand consecutive new registrations at the B.C. Health Surveillance Registry were coded by means of ICD (8th Edition), Cardiff Classification, and SNOMED systems. The Cardiff system uses the basic ICD number with important fifth and sixth digit modifiers, which improve discrimination. In certain conditions, however, the basic three-digit number differs from that in ICD and hence comparability is not always possible. The SNOMED system has six subcategories, followed by a five-digit code. These subcategories deal with Function, Disease, Topography, Etiology, Morphology, and Procedure. For our particular needs, the SNOMED system was not entirely satisfactory as it has not expanded sufficiently for many of the malformation syndromes. For hospital use, though, the SNOMED system may have numerous advantages over other existing systems.", "contents": "Comparison of existing classifications for coding congenital malformation and genetic syndromes. One thousand consecutive new registrations at the B.C. Health Surveillance Registry were coded by means of ICD (8th Edition), Cardiff Classification, and SNOMED systems. The Cardiff system uses the basic ICD number with important fifth and sixth digit modifiers, which improve discrimination. In certain conditions, however, the basic three-digit number differs from that in ICD and hence comparability is not always possible. The SNOMED system has six subcategories, followed by a five-digit code. These subcategories deal with Function, Disease, Topography, Etiology, Morphology, and Procedure. For our particular needs, the SNOMED system was not entirely satisfactory as it has not expanded sufficiently for many of the malformation syndromes. For hospital use, though, the SNOMED system may have numerous advantages over other existing systems."}
{"id": "PMID:884247", "title": "[Generators of pathologically enhanced excitation as determinant structures in the spinal cord].", "content": "Using tetanus toxin as a tool to disturb the inhibition, enhanced excitation generators were created in the anterior horns of lumbar segments of the left and right sides of albino rat spinal cord. The generators worked at different regimens: the \"left-side\" generator originating under conditions of a more prolonged toxin action, on being activated by trigger stimulation, produced first tonic and then intermittent activity or periodic spontaneous discharges; the \"right-side\" generator produced only tonic activity. After the inhibition of one of the generators by glycine the other continued working in its regimen. Activation of one of the generators was followed by inhibition of the effect of the other. In case of separate activation of one of the generators all pools of the spinal and supraspinal motor neurons reproduced the activity pattern of the generator working at that moment. Thus, the latter played the role of the hyperactive structure determining the system behaviour, i.e. the determinant. The evidence obtained is analyzed from the point of view of the general concept on the role of the determinant structures in the nervous system activity and the theory of generator mechanisms of the neuropathological syndromes characterized by the system hyperactivity.", "contents": "[Generators of pathologically enhanced excitation as determinant structures in the spinal cord]. Using tetanus toxin as a tool to disturb the inhibition, enhanced excitation generators were created in the anterior horns of lumbar segments of the left and right sides of albino rat spinal cord. The generators worked at different regimens: the \"left-side\" generator originating under conditions of a more prolonged toxin action, on being activated by trigger stimulation, produced first tonic and then intermittent activity or periodic spontaneous discharges; the \"right-side\" generator produced only tonic activity. After the inhibition of one of the generators by glycine the other continued working in its regimen. Activation of one of the generators was followed by inhibition of the effect of the other. In case of separate activation of one of the generators all pools of the spinal and supraspinal motor neurons reproduced the activity pattern of the generator working at that moment. Thus, the latter played the role of the hyperactive structure determining the system behaviour, i.e. the determinant. The evidence obtained is analyzed from the point of view of the general concept on the role of the determinant structures in the nervous system activity and the theory of generator mechanisms of the neuropathological syndromes characterized by the system hyperactivity."}
{"id": "PMID:884248", "title": "[Changes in the sensitivity of aortic baroreceptors under the influence of the sympathetic nervous system].", "content": "A dependence of the activity of the aortic baroceptors on the aortic pressure in stimulation of a branch of the stellate ganglion innervating the aortic baroceptor zone was studied in experiments on cats. The sympathetic stimulation failed to change the threshold of baroceptors (80 mm Hg) and their activity within the pressure range of 80-140 mm Hg. With higher aortic pressure the sympathetic stimulation decreased the baroceptor activity. As a result, an increase of the baroceptor activity with pressure was less and maximal activity was attained at higher aortic pressure (greater by an average of 32 mm Hg). The action mechanism of the influence of the sympathetic innervation on the baroceptor sensitivity, and physiological significance of this phenomenon are discussed.", "contents": "[Changes in the sensitivity of aortic baroreceptors under the influence of the sympathetic nervous system]. A dependence of the activity of the aortic baroceptors on the aortic pressure in stimulation of a branch of the stellate ganglion innervating the aortic baroceptor zone was studied in experiments on cats. The sympathetic stimulation failed to change the threshold of baroceptors (80 mm Hg) and their activity within the pressure range of 80-140 mm Hg. With higher aortic pressure the sympathetic stimulation decreased the baroceptor activity. As a result, an increase of the baroceptor activity with pressure was less and maximal activity was attained at higher aortic pressure (greater by an average of 32 mm Hg). The action mechanism of the influence of the sympathetic innervation on the baroceptor sensitivity, and physiological significance of this phenomenon are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:884249", "title": "[Effect of increased calcium ion concentration on the electrical and contractile activity of guinea pig ureter smooth muscle].", "content": "Experiments were performed on the smooth muscle cells of the guinea pig ureter by means of the double sucrose-gap method. An increase of Ca2+ concentration (22 mM/1) in Ringer-Locke solution causes hyperpolarization and a slight increase of the membrane resistance. The amplitude of the first spike potential and the plateau decreases, the amplitude of oscillations increases. In sodium-free Ringer-Locke solution when the action potential in the smooth muscle cells of the ureter turns into a simple spike potential, an increase of Ca2+ concentration causes a marked increase of the action potential amplitude.", "contents": "[Effect of increased calcium ion concentration on the electrical and contractile activity of guinea pig ureter smooth muscle]. Experiments were performed on the smooth muscle cells of the guinea pig ureter by means of the double sucrose-gap method. An increase of Ca2+ concentration (22 mM/1) in Ringer-Locke solution causes hyperpolarization and a slight increase of the membrane resistance. The amplitude of the first spike potential and the plateau decreases, the amplitude of oscillations increases. In sodium-free Ringer-Locke solution when the action potential in the smooth muscle cells of the ureter turns into a simple spike potential, an increase of Ca2+ concentration causes a marked increase of the action potential amplitude."}
{"id": "PMID:884250", "title": "[Influence of adaptation to altitude hypoxia and subsequent de-adaptation on the retention of a temporary connection].", "content": "Adaptation to simulated altitude hypoxia was followed by a significant increase of the degree of retention of active avoidance of the conditioned reflex. Twenty four hours after the reflex elaboration the adapted rats required only half of conditioned and unconditioned stimulus combinations in the reflex retention test than control ones. This effect was reproduced 1 and 5 days after the cessation of hypoxic training. The obtained increase in the degree of the conditioned reflex retention disappeared during deadaptation 10 and 27 days after the cessation of hypoxic training.", "contents": "[Influence of adaptation to altitude hypoxia and subsequent de-adaptation on the retention of a temporary connection]. Adaptation to simulated altitude hypoxia was followed by a significant increase of the degree of retention of active avoidance of the conditioned reflex. Twenty four hours after the reflex elaboration the adapted rats required only half of conditioned and unconditioned stimulus combinations in the reflex retention test than control ones. This effect was reproduced 1 and 5 days after the cessation of hypoxic training. The obtained increase in the degree of the conditioned reflex retention disappeared during deadaptation 10 and 27 days after the cessation of hypoxic training."}
{"id": "PMID:884251", "title": "[Effect of conditioning to altitude hypoxia on mesenteric microcirculation in rats].", "content": "A long-term training of rats to high-altitude hypoxia (in an altitude chamber at the height of 6500 m, 6 hours daily, for 30 to 40 days) results in a significant hyperemia of their intestinal wall and mesentery. The number of functioning capillaries of trained rats exceeded that of control animals several times, but the blood flow was slowed down in the dilated vessels and their structure was altered. Besides an obvious increase in blood rachemia in the arteries and veins, its rarefaction is observed in the capillaries. Definite hemorheological changes, probably associated with polycythemia, and an increased hematocrite index were noted.", "contents": "[Effect of conditioning to altitude hypoxia on mesenteric microcirculation in rats]. A long-term training of rats to high-altitude hypoxia (in an altitude chamber at the height of 6500 m, 6 hours daily, for 30 to 40 days) results in a significant hyperemia of their intestinal wall and mesentery. The number of functioning capillaries of trained rats exceeded that of control animals several times, but the blood flow was slowed down in the dilated vessels and their structure was altered. Besides an obvious increase in blood rachemia in the arteries and veins, its rarefaction is observed in the capillaries. Definite hemorheological changes, probably associated with polycythemia, and an increased hematocrite index were noted."}
{"id": "PMID:884254", "title": "[Influence of latent tetanus poisoning on nervous system excitability in aseptic inflammation].", "content": "Experiments on rabbits demonstrated phasic changes in the nervous system excitability in aseptic inflammation against the background of latent tetanus intoxication (according to the results of investigation of the neuro-muscular chronaxia and the entire electroexcitability curve (\"power-duration\"). Apparently this is of definite significance in the changes of interrelations between the reactivity and the resistance of the organism and in the action on the phlogogenic agent.", "contents": "[Influence of latent tetanus poisoning on nervous system excitability in aseptic inflammation]. Experiments on rabbits demonstrated phasic changes in the nervous system excitability in aseptic inflammation against the background of latent tetanus intoxication (according to the results of investigation of the neuro-muscular chronaxia and the entire electroexcitability curve (\"power-duration\"). Apparently this is of definite significance in the changes of interrelations between the reactivity and the resistance of the organism and in the action on the phlogogenic agent."}
{"id": "PMID:884255", "title": "[Growth and heat resistance of rats repeatedly exposed to heat during early ontogenesis].", "content": "The influence of a 10-fold heat training from the 1st to the 10th to the 20th, and from the 20th to the 30th days after birth on further growth and resistance of the animals to the high temperature was investigated. The growth and survival of rats was found to depend on the regimen of heat training. The animals aged 10 to 20 days proved to be most sensitive to the action of high temperature. Heat resistance of these rats turned out to be maximally increased at the period of primary sexual maturation, and the growth rate was retarded in comparison with the animals subjected to heat training at other age periods.", "contents": "[Growth and heat resistance of rats repeatedly exposed to heat during early ontogenesis]. The influence of a 10-fold heat training from the 1st to the 10th to the 20th, and from the 20th to the 30th days after birth on further growth and resistance of the animals to the high temperature was investigated. The growth and survival of rats was found to depend on the regimen of heat training. The animals aged 10 to 20 days proved to be most sensitive to the action of high temperature. Heat resistance of these rats turned out to be maximally increased at the period of primary sexual maturation, and the growth rate was retarded in comparison with the animals subjected to heat training at other age periods."}
{"id": "PMID:884256", "title": "[Multi-component system of proteins binding estradiol in rat liver cytosol. Relationship to sex steroids].", "content": "Marked sex differences in estradiol-binding capacity ratio of components with Stokes radii (a) 7.0 and 2.5 nm in the liver cytosol of mature intact rats were found to be diminished, but not fully eliminated by gonadectomy. Prolonged administration of estradiol (50 microgram/animal for 8 days) to gonadectomized rats led to inhibition of the estradiol-binding activity of all the components in the liver cytosol of male and female animals. Administration of testosterone-propionate (2 mg/animal for 8 days) to gonadectomized animals stimulated selectivity the peculair estrogen-binding protein with a 2.5 nm not only in male, in which this protein was normally found, but also in female rats. It is supposed that sex differences in the system of estradiol-binding proteins in rat liver cytosol are determined by sex differentiation of the system at the early stages of ontogenesis, on the one hand, and by the active regulating influence of estrogens and androgens at the late stages of ontogenesis, on the other hand.", "contents": "[Multi-component system of proteins binding estradiol in rat liver cytosol. Relationship to sex steroids]. Marked sex differences in estradiol-binding capacity ratio of components with Stokes radii (a) 7.0 and 2.5 nm in the liver cytosol of mature intact rats were found to be diminished, but not fully eliminated by gonadectomy. Prolonged administration of estradiol (50 microgram/animal for 8 days) to gonadectomized rats led to inhibition of the estradiol-binding activity of all the components in the liver cytosol of male and female animals. Administration of testosterone-propionate (2 mg/animal for 8 days) to gonadectomized animals stimulated selectivity the peculair estrogen-binding protein with a 2.5 nm not only in male, in which this protein was normally found, but also in female rats. It is supposed that sex differences in the system of estradiol-binding proteins in rat liver cytosol are determined by sex differentiation of the system at the early stages of ontogenesis, on the one hand, and by the active regulating influence of estrogens and androgens at the late stages of ontogenesis, on the other hand."}
{"id": "PMID:884257", "title": "[Release of DNA from the nuclei of hepatocytes of rats following their treatment with heparin].", "content": "The influence of heparin on the protein fractions and DNA of the isolated nuclei of hepatocytes was studied by biochemical and cytospectrophotometrical methods on Wistar rats. It was found that 0.05% sodium heparinate solution blocked 95% of the histones, not influencing the non-histone proteins of the cell nucleus. Histone blocking was connected with the DNA release into the incubation medium in the amounts proportional to the incubation period.", "contents": "[Release of DNA from the nuclei of hepatocytes of rats following their treatment with heparin]. The influence of heparin on the protein fractions and DNA of the isolated nuclei of hepatocytes was studied by biochemical and cytospectrophotometrical methods on Wistar rats. It was found that 0.05% sodium heparinate solution blocked 95% of the histones, not influencing the non-histone proteins of the cell nucleus. Histone blocking was connected with the DNA release into the incubation medium in the amounts proportional to the incubation period."}
{"id": "PMID:884258", "title": "[Resistance of different forms of rat liver cytochrome P-450 to influence destabilizing microsomal membranes].", "content": "The authors studied the effect of actions destabilizing the membrane of hepatic microsomes on the spectral properties of cytochrome P-450 (P-448) in rats--intact and those given phenobarbital (PB) or 3-methylcholantrene (MC). There was revealed a marked resistance of microsomes induced with PB and MC to the enzymatic and nonenzymatic peroxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids of membrane phospholipids. There was a distinct difference in the sensitivity of cytochrome P-448 and cytochromes P-450 in rats--intact and those given PB--to desoxycholate-Na treatment in vitro. The results obtained pointed to structural changes of the microsomal membranes in the case of induction with PB and MC representing two different types of hepatic monooxygenases inductors.", "contents": "[Resistance of different forms of rat liver cytochrome P-450 to influence destabilizing microsomal membranes]. The authors studied the effect of actions destabilizing the membrane of hepatic microsomes on the spectral properties of cytochrome P-450 (P-448) in rats--intact and those given phenobarbital (PB) or 3-methylcholantrene (MC). There was revealed a marked resistance of microsomes induced with PB and MC to the enzymatic and nonenzymatic peroxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids of membrane phospholipids. There was a distinct difference in the sensitivity of cytochrome P-448 and cytochromes P-450 in rats--intact and those given PB--to desoxycholate-Na treatment in vitro. The results obtained pointed to structural changes of the microsomal membranes in the case of induction with PB and MC representing two different types of hepatic monooxygenases inductors."}
{"id": "PMID:884259", "title": "[Space-time organization of systems of membrane hydrolysis and transport in rat small intestine].", "content": "Glucose transport by the concentration gradient with the incubation for 90 min in 0.2% glucose and soluble starch solutions was studied in Wistar rats in 5 segments of the small intestine by the \"sac turned inside out\" method. Serous fluid was completely replaced by a new portion of Ringer's solution every 15 or 30 min. Substrate load synchronized the enterocyte population and stabilized the transport systems. The changes of glucose absorption during the period of about an hour proved to differ in the 5 segments against the background of continuous and interrupted substrate load. These differences were due to the properties of the transported systems autocontrol and the reactivity level of the given enterocyte population. Areas with different reactivity were found to alternate along the intestine. Between the 8th and 16th hour (rats were sacrificed every 2 hours) starch glucose transport fell sharply in the proximal, and, to a lesser extent, in the middle segments. On the contrary, absorption between the 8th and the 12th hour was considerably intensified in the distal segments. The changes of the strach glucose transport during the period of about an hour along the intestine differed. The data obtained are discussed with consideration to the possible role of the undulating processes in the individual enterocyte population and in the small intestine as an integral system.", "contents": "[Space-time organization of systems of membrane hydrolysis and transport in rat small intestine]. Glucose transport by the concentration gradient with the incubation for 90 min in 0.2% glucose and soluble starch solutions was studied in Wistar rats in 5 segments of the small intestine by the \"sac turned inside out\" method. Serous fluid was completely replaced by a new portion of Ringer's solution every 15 or 30 min. Substrate load synchronized the enterocyte population and stabilized the transport systems. The changes of glucose absorption during the period of about an hour proved to differ in the 5 segments against the background of continuous and interrupted substrate load. These differences were due to the properties of the transported systems autocontrol and the reactivity level of the given enterocyte population. Areas with different reactivity were found to alternate along the intestine. Between the 8th and 16th hour (rats were sacrificed every 2 hours) starch glucose transport fell sharply in the proximal, and, to a lesser extent, in the middle segments. On the contrary, absorption between the 8th and the 12th hour was considerably intensified in the distal segments. The changes of the strach glucose transport during the period of about an hour along the intestine differed. The data obtained are discussed with consideration to the possible role of the undulating processes in the individual enterocyte population and in the small intestine as an integral system."}
{"id": "PMID:884260", "title": "[Influence of thyroxine on lipid peroxidation in mitochondrial membranes].", "content": "In concentrations above 5.10(-7) M thyroxin brought about a delay in chemifluorescence development and decreased the slope of semilogarythmic plot of chemifluorescence curve at the initial step of the fluorescence slow flash. The antioxidant activity of thyroxin was found to be insignificantly lower than that of the well-known antioxidant alpha-tocopherol. In lower concentrations (about 1.10(-8) M) the hormone can act as prooxidant, the effect being the highest in the case of intact mitochondria incubated in the phosphate-containing medium in the presence of Mg2+ ions, and much less in the mitochondria treated in hypotonic medium containing Ca2+ ions.", "contents": "[Influence of thyroxine on lipid peroxidation in mitochondrial membranes]. In concentrations above 5.10(-7) M thyroxin brought about a delay in chemifluorescence development and decreased the slope of semilogarythmic plot of chemifluorescence curve at the initial step of the fluorescence slow flash. The antioxidant activity of thyroxin was found to be insignificantly lower than that of the well-known antioxidant alpha-tocopherol. In lower concentrations (about 1.10(-8) M) the hormone can act as prooxidant, the effect being the highest in the case of intact mitochondria incubated in the phosphate-containing medium in the presence of Mg2+ ions, and much less in the mitochondria treated in hypotonic medium containing Ca2+ ions."}
{"id": "PMID:884261", "title": "[Uptake of gamma-aminobutyric acid by 3H-glial cells and synaptosomes of rat cerebral cortex under the influence of psychotropic substances].", "content": "Chlorpromazine was shown to inhibit non-competitively the 3H-GABA uptake both by the glial cells and synaptosomes; synaptosomal uptake was more sensitive to the inhibitor. Only the low-affinity GABA uptake in the glial cells was competitively inhibited by beta-alanine. On the whole, there was a correlation between the inhibition of GABA uptake by psychotropic drugs in the glial cells and in the synaptosomes. It is assumed that there existed two different systems of GABA uptake (of high and low affinity) in the nerve endings and glial cells.", "contents": "[Uptake of gamma-aminobutyric acid by 3H-glial cells and synaptosomes of rat cerebral cortex under the influence of psychotropic substances]. Chlorpromazine was shown to inhibit non-competitively the 3H-GABA uptake both by the glial cells and synaptosomes; synaptosomal uptake was more sensitive to the inhibitor. Only the low-affinity GABA uptake in the glial cells was competitively inhibited by beta-alanine. On the whole, there was a correlation between the inhibition of GABA uptake by psychotropic drugs in the glial cells and in the synaptosomes. It is assumed that there existed two different systems of GABA uptake (of high and low affinity) in the nerve endings and glial cells."}
{"id": "PMID:884262", "title": "[Effect of hydrocortisone on DNA synthesis by urinary bladder epithelial cells and renal cortical substance and on the concentration of glucocorticoids in the blood].", "content": "Single administration of hydrocortisone (10 mg per 100 g of body weight) led at first to increase, and then to statistically significant reduction of the peripheral blood plasma corticosteroid level in rats. An increase of glucocorticosteroids was accompanied by a reduction in number of DNA-synthesizing cells of the urinary bladder epithelium leading later to the fall in the number of mitoses, whereas reduction of the hormone--to increase of the cell change from G1 to S period. At the same time inhibition of the proliferative processes in the kidney epithelium lasted during the whole experiment (48 hours). Possible causes of different sensitivity of the epithelial tissues to hydrocortisone are discussed.", "contents": "[Effect of hydrocortisone on DNA synthesis by urinary bladder epithelial cells and renal cortical substance and on the concentration of glucocorticoids in the blood]. Single administration of hydrocortisone (10 mg per 100 g of body weight) led at first to increase, and then to statistically significant reduction of the peripheral blood plasma corticosteroid level in rats. An increase of glucocorticosteroids was accompanied by a reduction in number of DNA-synthesizing cells of the urinary bladder epithelium leading later to the fall in the number of mitoses, whereas reduction of the hormone--to increase of the cell change from G1 to S period. At the same time inhibition of the proliferative processes in the kidney epithelium lasted during the whole experiment (48 hours). Possible causes of different sensitivity of the epithelial tissues to hydrocortisone are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:884263", "title": "[Metabolism of immunoglobulin receptors by lymphocytes maintained in mouse spleen at the peak of the primary response].", "content": "Splenocytes obtained from mice on the 5th day after the injection of sheep red blood cells (SRBC) lost irreversibly approximately 50% of their surface immunoglobulins in the course of four-hour in vitro incubation. On the contrary, there were no changes in the total amount of surface immunoglobulins following in vitro incubation of splenocytes obtained on the 9th day after the antigen injection. Metabolism of antigen-binding receptors of immune splenocytes was studied by the method of rosette-formation. Incubation for 20 hours of splenocytes obtained on the 5th day after the SRBC injection demonstrated a loss of 70% of rosette-forming (RFC). The remaining RFC belonged to the theta-positive lymphocytes with the half-life of their antigen-binding receptors of approximately 4 hrs. Similar half-life was found for the RFC receptors of mouse spleen on the 9th day after the antigenic stimulation. No reduction of the RFC count occurred during their in vitro incubation for 20 hrs. It is supposed that a reduction in the number of the RFC obtained at the peak of the primary immune response could result from the inability of immune lymphocytes to synthesize new receptors or from blocking the newly-formed receptors by a soluble factor produced by immune lymphocytes following their in vitro incubation.", "contents": "[Metabolism of immunoglobulin receptors by lymphocytes maintained in mouse spleen at the peak of the primary response]. Splenocytes obtained from mice on the 5th day after the injection of sheep red blood cells (SRBC) lost irreversibly approximately 50% of their surface immunoglobulins in the course of four-hour in vitro incubation. On the contrary, there were no changes in the total amount of surface immunoglobulins following in vitro incubation of splenocytes obtained on the 9th day after the antigen injection. Metabolism of antigen-binding receptors of immune splenocytes was studied by the method of rosette-formation. Incubation for 20 hours of splenocytes obtained on the 5th day after the SRBC injection demonstrated a loss of 70% of rosette-forming (RFC). The remaining RFC belonged to the theta-positive lymphocytes with the half-life of their antigen-binding receptors of approximately 4 hrs. Similar half-life was found for the RFC receptors of mouse spleen on the 9th day after the antigenic stimulation. No reduction of the RFC count occurred during their in vitro incubation for 20 hrs. It is supposed that a reduction in the number of the RFC obtained at the peak of the primary immune response could result from the inability of immune lymphocytes to synthesize new receptors or from blocking the newly-formed receptors by a soluble factor produced by immune lymphocytes following their in vitro incubation."}
{"id": "PMID:884264", "title": "[Development of tumors in Unio pictorum bivalve mollusks under the influence of N-nitroso compounds].", "content": "Diethyl- and dimethylnitrosamines dissolved in tank water in doses of 200-400 ppm induced neoplasms of the digestive gland (basophilic cell neoplasms) in 16 of 95 and in 6 of 17 molusco which survived to the time of appearance of the first tumour (38-39 days), and also neoplasms of the hemopoietic system (lymphatic leukemia) in 7 and 1 molluscs, chiefly in combination with tumours of the digestive gland. Methylnitrosoguanidine induced only inflammatory changes at the site of injections. It is of expedience to use the molluscs as a biological indicator of the hydrosphere pollution with chemical carcinogens.", "contents": "[Development of tumors in Unio pictorum bivalve mollusks under the influence of N-nitroso compounds]. Diethyl- and dimethylnitrosamines dissolved in tank water in doses of 200-400 ppm induced neoplasms of the digestive gland (basophilic cell neoplasms) in 16 of 95 and in 6 of 17 molusco which survived to the time of appearance of the first tumour (38-39 days), and also neoplasms of the hemopoietic system (lymphatic leukemia) in 7 and 1 molluscs, chiefly in combination with tumours of the digestive gland. Methylnitrosoguanidine induced only inflammatory changes at the site of injections. It is of expedience to use the molluscs as a biological indicator of the hydrosphere pollution with chemical carcinogens."}
{"id": "PMID:884265", "title": "[Effect of estrogens on the concentration of carcinoembryonal antigen in the serum of rats with intestinal neoplasms and in the presence of non-specific injuries to its mucous membrane].", "content": "Carcinoembryonal antigen (CEA) was shown to be present in 70% of rats with tumours of the large intestine induced with 1,2-dimethyl-hydrazine and in rats with posttraumatic mucosa regeneration of the same organ. After treatment with estrogen--diethyl stilbestrol propionate (0.57 microgram/day for 6 days) the incidence of CEA finding in the serum of these rats was increased. In rats with an injured mucosa of the large intestine estrogen treatment prevented the natural decrease of CEA during the decline of regeneration.", "contents": "[Effect of estrogens on the concentration of carcinoembryonal antigen in the serum of rats with intestinal neoplasms and in the presence of non-specific injuries to its mucous membrane]. Carcinoembryonal antigen (CEA) was shown to be present in 70% of rats with tumours of the large intestine induced with 1,2-dimethyl-hydrazine and in rats with posttraumatic mucosa regeneration of the same organ. After treatment with estrogen--diethyl stilbestrol propionate (0.57 microgram/day for 6 days) the incidence of CEA finding in the serum of these rats was increased. In rats with an injured mucosa of the large intestine estrogen treatment prevented the natural decrease of CEA during the decline of regeneration."}
{"id": "PMID:884266", "title": "[Effect of x-irradiation on DNA-synthesis in uterine gland epithelium and the relationship of that effect to the phase of the mitotic cycle].", "content": "The autoradiographic method with the use of thymidone-3H was applied to the study of X-irradiation influence on the DNA synthesis in the epithelium of the endometrial glands of ovariectomized mice stimulated with synestrol, and of the dependence of this action on the mitotic cycle phase. It appeared that in local irradiation of the uterus with a dose of 400 r reduction of the labeled nuclei index (LNI) in the cells of the endometrial glands differed and depended on the mitotic cycle phase of the majority of the cells.", "contents": "[Effect of x-irradiation on DNA-synthesis in uterine gland epithelium and the relationship of that effect to the phase of the mitotic cycle]. The autoradiographic method with the use of thymidone-3H was applied to the study of X-irradiation influence on the DNA synthesis in the epithelium of the endometrial glands of ovariectomized mice stimulated with synestrol, and of the dependence of this action on the mitotic cycle phase. It appeared that in local irradiation of the uterus with a dose of 400 r reduction of the labeled nuclei index (LNI) in the cells of the endometrial glands differed and depended on the mitotic cycle phase of the majority of the cells."}
{"id": "PMID:884267", "title": "[Protein synthesis during the period of mitotic recovery following exposure to colchicine and colcemide].", "content": "Autoradiographic study with leucine-3H showed the restoration of normal mitosis course after the action of colchicine on the culture of Chinese hamster cells to be accompanied by a marked activation of the protein synthesis exceeding the initial level. This intensification of protein synthesis precedes complete normalization of the mitotic activity in the cell culture. The course of normalization under the influence of colcemide is characterized only by the stabilization of the protein synthesis at the initial control level.", "contents": "[Protein synthesis during the period of mitotic recovery following exposure to colchicine and colcemide]. Autoradiographic study with leucine-3H showed the restoration of normal mitosis course after the action of colchicine on the culture of Chinese hamster cells to be accompanied by a marked activation of the protein synthesis exceeding the initial level. This intensification of protein synthesis precedes complete normalization of the mitotic activity in the cell culture. The course of normalization under the influence of colcemide is characterized only by the stabilization of the protein synthesis at the initial control level."}
{"id": "PMID:884268", "title": "[Repression and derepression of lactate dehydrogenase loci during mouse development].", "content": "The ultramicroelectrophoretic method was applied to the study of the lactic dehydrogenase (LDH) spectrum alterations during the developmental phases of mice: ovulated ova--zygote--blastocyte--embryo--oocyte--ovulated ova. Only H-subunits were found in the embryo cells before the 5th day of development. After this M-subunits appeared indicating derepression of LDH-A locus. On the 8th day of the embryonal development deres pression of the LDH-B locus was observed to disappear during the oogenesis, being the result of progressive repression of locus LDH-A. Dictiotena of meios prophase is characterised by active H-subunit synthesis and a gradual decrease of the M-subunit synthesis. During the whole dictiotena phase the LDH-spectrum of the follicular cells was of the M-type.", "contents": "[Repression and derepression of lactate dehydrogenase loci during mouse development]. The ultramicroelectrophoretic method was applied to the study of the lactic dehydrogenase (LDH) spectrum alterations during the developmental phases of mice: ovulated ova--zygote--blastocyte--embryo--oocyte--ovulated ova. Only H-subunits were found in the embryo cells before the 5th day of development. After this M-subunits appeared indicating derepression of LDH-A locus. On the 8th day of the embryonal development deres pression of the LDH-B locus was observed to disappear during the oogenesis, being the result of progressive repression of locus LDH-A. Dictiotena of meios prophase is characterised by active H-subunit synthesis and a gradual decrease of the M-subunit synthesis. During the whole dictiotena phase the LDH-spectrum of the follicular cells was of the M-type."}
{"id": "PMID:884269", "title": "[Morphofunctional characteristics of pacemaker formations situated in the atrioventricular valves of the heart].", "content": "By the microelectrode technique and the method of electron microscopy multicellular formations responsible for generation of the automatic pacemaker activity were found in the cusps of the atrioventricular valves in the rabbit heart. Cells of different morphological structure were revealed: P-cells, cells of the Purkinje type and transitional cells. These formations have rich innervation, mainly of cholinergic nature. A certain correlation was established between the morphological and electrophysiological characteristics of these cells.", "contents": "[Morphofunctional characteristics of pacemaker formations situated in the atrioventricular valves of the heart]. By the microelectrode technique and the method of electron microscopy multicellular formations responsible for generation of the automatic pacemaker activity were found in the cusps of the atrioventricular valves in the rabbit heart. Cells of different morphological structure were revealed: P-cells, cells of the Purkinje type and transitional cells. These formations have rich innervation, mainly of cholinergic nature. A certain correlation was established between the morphological and electrophysiological characteristics of these cells."}
{"id": "PMID:884270", "title": "[Electron-autoradiographic analysis of projections of somatosensory cortex regions I and II to the posterior ventral nucleus of the thalamus].", "content": "To reveal the differences in the nucleus ventralis postero-lateralis (VPL) of the thalamus of the corticofugal fibers originating from the first (S1) and the second (S2) somatosensory areas a combined morphological study was undertaken using autoradiography and electron microscopy of the degenerating terminals. Within the range of VPL distribution of the cortico-fugal fibers of the corresponding zones of two cortical somatosensory regions differed from one another. The terminals of both types of the fibers established synaptic contacts, chiefly with the distal dendrites of the relay VPL cells, and much more rarely with the dendrites of the interneurons of the Golgi II type. No direct convergence of the fibers originating from two somatosensory regions on single VPL elements was observed.", "contents": "[Electron-autoradiographic analysis of projections of somatosensory cortex regions I and II to the posterior ventral nucleus of the thalamus]. To reveal the differences in the nucleus ventralis postero-lateralis (VPL) of the thalamus of the corticofugal fibers originating from the first (S1) and the second (S2) somatosensory areas a combined morphological study was undertaken using autoradiography and electron microscopy of the degenerating terminals. Within the range of VPL distribution of the cortico-fugal fibers of the corresponding zones of two cortical somatosensory regions differed from one another. The terminals of both types of the fibers established synaptic contacts, chiefly with the distal dendrites of the relay VPL cells, and much more rarely with the dendrites of the interneurons of the Golgi II type. No direct convergence of the fibers originating from two somatosensory regions on single VPL elements was observed."}
{"id": "PMID:884271", "title": "[Ultrastructural mechanisms of serotonin demyelination].", "content": "The effect of serotonin on dog white matter ultrastructure in the CNS was investigated. The intracysternal injection of this amine (6 microgram in 0.1 ml of physiological saline) induced significant lesions in the myelin and glia of the spinal cord white matter areas adjacent to the cerebrospinal fluid tracts. A loss of the regular structure and stratification of the myelin lamellae, as well as rupture and lysis of the myelin membranes, and their demyelination occurred. There was vacuolar dystrophy of oligodendrocytes; the astrocytes remained practically unchanged. After local intracranial injection of this amine (2 microgram in 0.01 ml of physiological saline) similar lesions were observed in the white matter of the cerebral hemisphere; in addition signs of inflammatory reaction were revealed at the late period of investigation. In control animals injected with physiological saline the changes were observed later and in gliocytes only. A conclusion was drawn that serotonin was capable of injuring the myelin and glia.", "contents": "[Ultrastructural mechanisms of serotonin demyelination]. The effect of serotonin on dog white matter ultrastructure in the CNS was investigated. The intracysternal injection of this amine (6 microgram in 0.1 ml of physiological saline) induced significant lesions in the myelin and glia of the spinal cord white matter areas adjacent to the cerebrospinal fluid tracts. A loss of the regular structure and stratification of the myelin lamellae, as well as rupture and lysis of the myelin membranes, and their demyelination occurred. There was vacuolar dystrophy of oligodendrocytes; the astrocytes remained practically unchanged. After local intracranial injection of this amine (2 microgram in 0.01 ml of physiological saline) similar lesions were observed in the white matter of the cerebral hemisphere; in addition signs of inflammatory reaction were revealed at the late period of investigation. In control animals injected with physiological saline the changes were observed later and in gliocytes only. A conclusion was drawn that serotonin was capable of injuring the myelin and glia."}
{"id": "PMID:884272", "title": "[Reactions of cardiomyocytes of the right half of the heart to trauma to the left].", "content": "Myocardial infarction of the left ventricle was induced in adult rats weighing 120-160 g by ligation of the left coronary artery; the left atrium was injured in the second group of rats; the third group of the animals was subjected to the sham operation (only the pericardium was removed). On the 5th postoperative day the dividing myocytes were found in the right auricle (mitotic index varied from 0.7 to 8.8%) and in the subepicardial region of the right ventricle (mitotic index from 0.8 to 2.9%). On the third postoperative day the myocytes of the myocardium of senescent rats weighing 300-430 g proliferated in the left auricular appendage (mitotic index--from 1 to 5.1%) and in the right auricula appendage (in one of 8 cases, mitotic index 4.2%). Only rare mitoses were found in the subepicardial region of the left ventricle.", "contents": "[Reactions of cardiomyocytes of the right half of the heart to trauma to the left]. Myocardial infarction of the left ventricle was induced in adult rats weighing 120-160 g by ligation of the left coronary artery; the left atrium was injured in the second group of rats; the third group of the animals was subjected to the sham operation (only the pericardium was removed). On the 5th postoperative day the dividing myocytes were found in the right auricle (mitotic index varied from 0.7 to 8.8%) and in the subepicardial region of the right ventricle (mitotic index from 0.8 to 2.9%). On the third postoperative day the myocytes of the myocardium of senescent rats weighing 300-430 g proliferated in the left auricular appendage (mitotic index--from 1 to 5.1%) and in the right auricula appendage (in one of 8 cases, mitotic index 4.2%). Only rare mitoses were found in the subepicardial region of the left ventricle."}
{"id": "PMID:884273", "title": "[Autoradiographic study of DNA synthesis in rats with experimental myocardial infarct].", "content": "Rats with experimental myocardial infarction were injected with 3H-thymidine; DNA-synthesizing nuclei were counted in different parts of the heart. Myocardial infarction enhanced insignificantly the DNA synthesis in the nuclei of myocytes located at the periphery of the injured zone. However the label localization in the myocyte nuclei was rarely undoubtful. There was no increase in the number of labeled myocyte nuclei when a higher dose of 3H-thymidine was used or its injection was repeated thrice. Proliferation of connective tissue cells was activated in all the parts of the heart. The number of the connective tissue DNA-synthesizing nuclei rose within 24 hours, reached its peak in 48 hours and remained at a higher level, as compared to control throughout the experimental period. On the first day the highest count of labeled stromal nuclei was found at the periphery of the infarction and on the third day -- within the injured zone. This indicated the growth of granulation tissue from the periphery to the center of the infarction focus.", "contents": "[Autoradiographic study of DNA synthesis in rats with experimental myocardial infarct]. Rats with experimental myocardial infarction were injected with 3H-thymidine; DNA-synthesizing nuclei were counted in different parts of the heart. Myocardial infarction enhanced insignificantly the DNA synthesis in the nuclei of myocytes located at the periphery of the injured zone. However the label localization in the myocyte nuclei was rarely undoubtful. There was no increase in the number of labeled myocyte nuclei when a higher dose of 3H-thymidine was used or its injection was repeated thrice. Proliferation of connective tissue cells was activated in all the parts of the heart. The number of the connective tissue DNA-synthesizing nuclei rose within 24 hours, reached its peak in 48 hours and remained at a higher level, as compared to control throughout the experimental period. On the first day the highest count of labeled stromal nuclei was found at the periphery of the infarction and on the third day -- within the injured zone. This indicated the growth of granulation tissue from the periphery to the center of the infarction focus."}
{"id": "PMID:884274", "title": "[Histochemical and morphometric changes in the adrenal cortex under conditions of acute vascular insufficiency].", "content": "Morphofunctional changes in the adrenal glands of 50 male cats under experimental vascular insufficiency were studied by means of morphometric, histochemical, and biochemical methods, with a preliminary investigation of the histoenzymatological profile of the adrenal glands in intact animals. A decrease in the adrenal function was revealed five hours after induced hypotony resulting from intravenous injection of arfonade. Adrenal insufficiency, particularly that of the glucocorticosteroid function, under conditions of developing vascular failure can be considered as a peculiar adaptation of the organism to preserve its viability.", "contents": "[Histochemical and morphometric changes in the adrenal cortex under conditions of acute vascular insufficiency]. Morphofunctional changes in the adrenal glands of 50 male cats under experimental vascular insufficiency were studied by means of morphometric, histochemical, and biochemical methods, with a preliminary investigation of the histoenzymatological profile of the adrenal glands in intact animals. A decrease in the adrenal function was revealed five hours after induced hypotony resulting from intravenous injection of arfonade. Adrenal insufficiency, particularly that of the glucocorticosteroid function, under conditions of developing vascular failure can be considered as a peculiar adaptation of the organism to preserve its viability."}
{"id": "PMID:884275", "title": "[Microspectrophotometric characteristics of renal enzymes under conditions of acute vascular insufficiency].", "content": "The activity of optic density of preparations of cat kidneys by studying lactic, succinic-, glycoso-6-phosphoric-beta-oxybutyrate, NAD.H2-, NADP.H2-tetrazolium-reductases, alkaline and acid phosphatases, was investigated in intact animals, those under hexenal anesthesia, under conditions of a 5-hour hypotension caused by administration of a ganglioblocker (arphonade), 24 hours after the termination of artificial hypotension and in profuse blood letting. Analysis of the optic density distribution curves showed that under conditions of acute vascular insufficiency all the nephron parts reacted by different changes of the enzymatic activity. These changes clearly demonstrated a sharp fall of the energy importance of the main oxidation way (Krebs cycle) and of the prevalence of glycolytic way and pentose shunt under conditions of circulatory hypoxia.", "contents": "[Microspectrophotometric characteristics of renal enzymes under conditions of acute vascular insufficiency]. The activity of optic density of preparations of cat kidneys by studying lactic, succinic-, glycoso-6-phosphoric-beta-oxybutyrate, NAD.H2-, NADP.H2-tetrazolium-reductases, alkaline and acid phosphatases, was investigated in intact animals, those under hexenal anesthesia, under conditions of a 5-hour hypotension caused by administration of a ganglioblocker (arphonade), 24 hours after the termination of artificial hypotension and in profuse blood letting. Analysis of the optic density distribution curves showed that under conditions of acute vascular insufficiency all the nephron parts reacted by different changes of the enzymatic activity. These changes clearly demonstrated a sharp fall of the energy importance of the main oxidation way (Krebs cycle) and of the prevalence of glycolytic way and pentose shunt under conditions of circulatory hypoxia."}
{"id": "PMID:884276", "title": "[Changes in phagocytizing and lymphoid elements in obstructive pneumonia].", "content": "A comparative cytochemical study of the state of phagocytizing and lymphoid elements was carried out during the action on them of a foreign body, under septic and aseptic conditions. Local and systemic changes of the phagocytozing and lymphoid elements ratio, permeability disturbances of the lysosomal membranes in them, an increase in destroyed macrophage, neutrophil, and lymphocyte count, serving as one of the main mechanisms of the developing inflammatory-destructive processes, were regard as indices of cell regression.", "contents": "[Changes in phagocytizing and lymphoid elements in obstructive pneumonia]. A comparative cytochemical study of the state of phagocytizing and lymphoid elements was carried out during the action on them of a foreign body, under septic and aseptic conditions. Local and systemic changes of the phagocytozing and lymphoid elements ratio, permeability disturbances of the lysosomal membranes in them, an increase in destroyed macrophage, neutrophil, and lymphocyte count, serving as one of the main mechanisms of the developing inflammatory-destructive processes, were regard as indices of cell regression."}
{"id": "PMID:884277", "title": "[Ultrastructural localization of thyrocyte acid phosphatase in the presence of thyrocyte hyperfunction in rats].", "content": "Acid phosphatase was found by electron microscopy in the lysosomes which appeared in great numbers in the follicular cells of rat hyperplastic thyroid gland. The other types of granules (mature secretory granules and lipids) whose amounts were also greatly increased in cases of functional thyrocyte strain were also nonreactive. The lysosomes were subdivided into three main groups according to distribution of the reaction product: the lysosomes with dense homogeneous deposit and with deposit in the form of densely or loosely packed dark round granules. The lysosome heterogeneity was apparently connected with their different functions also found within the colloid droplets in the form of inclusions of rarely located dark granules. The authors believe such granules to be the result of the merging of the colloid droplets and lysosomes. The acid phosphatase of the latter participated in the hydrolysis of the product of cell secretion with the formation of active substances.", "contents": "[Ultrastructural localization of thyrocyte acid phosphatase in the presence of thyrocyte hyperfunction in rats]. Acid phosphatase was found by electron microscopy in the lysosomes which appeared in great numbers in the follicular cells of rat hyperplastic thyroid gland. The other types of granules (mature secretory granules and lipids) whose amounts were also greatly increased in cases of functional thyrocyte strain were also nonreactive. The lysosomes were subdivided into three main groups according to distribution of the reaction product: the lysosomes with dense homogeneous deposit and with deposit in the form of densely or loosely packed dark round granules. The lysosome heterogeneity was apparently connected with their different functions also found within the colloid droplets in the form of inclusions of rarely located dark granules. The authors believe such granules to be the result of the merging of the colloid droplets and lysosomes. The acid phosphatase of the latter participated in the hydrolysis of the product of cell secretion with the formation of active substances."}
{"id": "PMID:884278", "title": "[Relationship between the mosaicism of myocardial damage and the metabolic heterogeneity of myocardiocytes].", "content": "Uridine-3H (2 muCi/g of body weight) was injected intraperitoneally to albino mice; this was followed (in one hour) by isopropylnoradrenaline (0.1 mg/g of body weight). The animals were sacrified in 10 minutes. Autoradiographic analysis and polarisation-microscopic study of the myocardial section showed that myokardiocytes with a lower level of the RNA synthesis were to the contracture lesions.", "contents": "[Relationship between the mosaicism of myocardial damage and the metabolic heterogeneity of myocardiocytes]. Uridine-3H (2 muCi/g of body weight) was injected intraperitoneally to albino mice; this was followed (in one hour) by isopropylnoradrenaline (0.1 mg/g of body weight). The animals were sacrified in 10 minutes. Autoradiographic analysis and polarisation-microscopic study of the myocardial section showed that myokardiocytes with a lower level of the RNA synthesis were to the contracture lesions."}
{"id": "PMID:884279", "title": "[Macrophage-fibroblast interaction and its possible role in regulating collagen metabolism during wound healing].", "content": "The role of macrophages in the resorption of denatured collagen in the wound tissue was demonstrated by transmission and scanning electron microscopy investigation. Tight cell contacts between the macrophages and fibroblasts in the granulation tissue preceded active collagen synthesis and fibrillogenesis. A hypothesis was suggested according to which these contacts played an important role in the transfer of specific signals for the initiation of collagen biosynthesis; collagen decomposition products were considered as the actual signals, thus connecting the collagen catabolism and biosynthesis. Such a feed-back mechanism probably served as an integral part of the general hemostasis regulating the growth of connective tissue.", "contents": "[Macrophage-fibroblast interaction and its possible role in regulating collagen metabolism during wound healing]. The role of macrophages in the resorption of denatured collagen in the wound tissue was demonstrated by transmission and scanning electron microscopy investigation. Tight cell contacts between the macrophages and fibroblasts in the granulation tissue preceded active collagen synthesis and fibrillogenesis. A hypothesis was suggested according to which these contacts played an important role in the transfer of specific signals for the initiation of collagen biosynthesis; collagen decomposition products were considered as the actual signals, thus connecting the collagen catabolism and biosynthesis. Such a feed-back mechanism probably served as an integral part of the general hemostasis regulating the growth of connective tissue."}
{"id": "PMID:884280", "title": "[Morphometry of the adrenals].", "content": "The authors report on the method of determination of the weight indices of the adrenyl gland glomerular, testicular-reticular and medullar zones with a spheroid shape; it is substantiated by mathematical analysis of a plasticine model of the adrenal gland, whose characteristics approached the actual ones. The method was particularly accurate in determination of the weight of the fascicular-reticular and glomerular zones, and less--in determination of the weight of the medullary layer, the method's error being 0.6-0.9% in the first case, 2.7-3.5% in the second and 5.3-6.4 in the last.", "contents": "[Morphometry of the adrenals]. The authors report on the method of determination of the weight indices of the adrenyl gland glomerular, testicular-reticular and medullar zones with a spheroid shape; it is substantiated by mathematical analysis of a plasticine model of the adrenal gland, whose characteristics approached the actual ones. The method was particularly accurate in determination of the weight of the fascicular-reticular and glomerular zones, and less--in determination of the weight of the medullary layer, the method's error being 0.6-0.9% in the first case, 2.7-3.5% in the second and 5.3-6.4 in the last."}
{"id": "PMID:884281", "title": "[Method of resistography].", "content": "To eliminate the error of the resistograph connected with the animal's arterial pressure fluctuation an automatic stabilizer of the entrance pressure provided with an electromagnetic valve is proposed. To switch off the resistograph pump automatically when the blood flow into the apparatus is either hindered or stopped the following device is proposed: the pressure stabilizer and the servo system are controlled by electro-contact Hg manometers connected with the admission channel of the resistograph.", "contents": "[Method of resistography]. To eliminate the error of the resistograph connected with the animal's arterial pressure fluctuation an automatic stabilizer of the entrance pressure provided with an electromagnetic valve is proposed. To switch off the resistograph pump automatically when the blood flow into the apparatus is either hindered or stopped the following device is proposed: the pressure stabilizer and the servo system are controlled by electro-contact Hg manometers connected with the admission channel of the resistograph."}
{"id": "PMID:884284", "title": "[Afferent projections of the aortic nerve onto different portions of the hypothalamic region].", "content": "Reactions of the neurons of the anterior, middle, and the posterior hypothalamus in response to electrical stimulation of the aortic nerve were studied. Two groups of neurons were distinguished in the pressor zones of the hypothalamic region. Changes of the neuron pulse activity preceded the reduction of the arterial pressure arising in response to the aortic nerve stimulation. Changes in the activity of the neurons of another group followed the arterial pressure reduction. A conclusion was drawn that excitations caused by stimulation of the aortic depressor nerves and the afferent influences, coursing during the depressor reaction from the baroreceptors of the vascular bed, spread to the neurons of the supraoptic, paraventricular, and the ventro-medial nuclei of the hypothalamus, the anterior and the lateral hypothalamic field, and the supramamillary region.", "contents": "[Afferent projections of the aortic nerve onto different portions of the hypothalamic region]. Reactions of the neurons of the anterior, middle, and the posterior hypothalamus in response to electrical stimulation of the aortic nerve were studied. Two groups of neurons were distinguished in the pressor zones of the hypothalamic region. Changes of the neuron pulse activity preceded the reduction of the arterial pressure arising in response to the aortic nerve stimulation. Changes in the activity of the neurons of another group followed the arterial pressure reduction. A conclusion was drawn that excitations caused by stimulation of the aortic depressor nerves and the afferent influences, coursing during the depressor reaction from the baroreceptors of the vascular bed, spread to the neurons of the supraoptic, paraventricular, and the ventro-medial nuclei of the hypothalamus, the anterior and the lateral hypothalamic field, and the supramamillary region."}
{"id": "PMID:884285", "title": "[Effect of micropolarization of focal and extrafocal brain structures on experimental epilepsy].", "content": "The influence of micropolarization (MCP, 0.05-0.75 muA) was studied in chronic experiments on rabbits with epileptogenic foci provoked by penicillin (doses of 500 and 1000 U) injection into the motor cortex. A single MCP of extrafocal structure (the corpus calossum, nucleus caudatus) and the site of the focus inhibited the development of seizure reactions. Numerous MCP of the focus facilitated the seizure reactions. These effects may be explained not only by the specific role of the structures studied in the processes of the formation and propagation of the excitation, their initial functional state, but also by the dependence of the activity of these structures on the MCP regimen.", "contents": "[Effect of micropolarization of focal and extrafocal brain structures on experimental epilepsy]. The influence of micropolarization (MCP, 0.05-0.75 muA) was studied in chronic experiments on rabbits with epileptogenic foci provoked by penicillin (doses of 500 and 1000 U) injection into the motor cortex. A single MCP of extrafocal structure (the corpus calossum, nucleus caudatus) and the site of the focus inhibited the development of seizure reactions. Numerous MCP of the focus facilitated the seizure reactions. These effects may be explained not only by the specific role of the structures studied in the processes of the formation and propagation of the excitation, their initial functional state, but also by the dependence of the activity of these structures on the MCP regimen."}
{"id": "PMID:884286", "title": "[Influence of convulsive and pre-convulsive components of an audiogenic seizure on the process of consolidation of temporary connections].", "content": "In comparing the seizures of different severity in rats an amnestic effect of the convulsive phases of the audiogenic attacks on the short-term (in difference from the long-term) memory and the process of consolidation of temporary associations was revealed. Without behavioristic seizures the audiogenic attacks almost failed to derange the short-term memory. The results obtained confirmed the authors' results obtained earlier on different nature of the convulsive and preconvulsive phases of the motor activity during the audiogenic attack in rats. The preconvulsive phase is regarded only as a peculiar motor aura of the audiogenic attack without any convulsive components.", "contents": "[Influence of convulsive and pre-convulsive components of an audiogenic seizure on the process of consolidation of temporary connections]. In comparing the seizures of different severity in rats an amnestic effect of the convulsive phases of the audiogenic attacks on the short-term (in difference from the long-term) memory and the process of consolidation of temporary associations was revealed. Without behavioristic seizures the audiogenic attacks almost failed to derange the short-term memory. The results obtained confirmed the authors' results obtained earlier on different nature of the convulsive and preconvulsive phases of the motor activity during the audiogenic attack in rats. The preconvulsive phase is regarded only as a peculiar motor aura of the audiogenic attack without any convulsive components."}
{"id": "PMID:884287", "title": "[Mechanism of disorders of inhibition of electrogenesis in spinal alpha-motor neurons in experimental local botulin poisoning].", "content": "Disorders of postsynaptic inhibition and of the spinal cord alpha-motoneurons were studied in cats with experimental local botulinum intoxication. A significant decrease of the reciprocal, and, to a lesser extent, of polysynaptic inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP) was noted. With the appearance of total paralysis of the muscles in the poisoned extremity there proved to be an even greater depression of the reciprocal and polysynaptic IPSP; however, they never disappeared or turned into depolarization potentials. Synaptic permeability of motor neurons as a rule decreased during the IPSP development, this indirectly indicating a reduction of ion transport.", "contents": "[Mechanism of disorders of inhibition of electrogenesis in spinal alpha-motor neurons in experimental local botulin poisoning]. Disorders of postsynaptic inhibition and of the spinal cord alpha-motoneurons were studied in cats with experimental local botulinum intoxication. A significant decrease of the reciprocal, and, to a lesser extent, of polysynaptic inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP) was noted. With the appearance of total paralysis of the muscles in the poisoned extremity there proved to be an even greater depression of the reciprocal and polysynaptic IPSP; however, they never disappeared or turned into depolarization potentials. Synaptic permeability of motor neurons as a rule decreased during the IPSP development, this indirectly indicating a reduction of ion transport."}
{"id": "PMID:884288", "title": "[State of neuromuscular transmission in rats with experimental hypoparathyroidism].", "content": "Experiments on albino rats with hypoparathyrosis demonstrated disturbances of the neuro-muscular transmission characterized by a decrease of the liminal strength of irritation in case of indirect stimulation, reduced amplitude of the muscle action potential, diminished latent period of response and absolute and relative refracterity phases and the character of muscular retention as well in indirect rhythmic stimulation. The investigated parameters displayed the same indices as in the control experiments following intravenous injection of proserine. Disturbances of the neuro-muscular transmission proved to be related to the presynaptic defect and could play a definite role in the development of the motor failure under conditions of hypoparathyrosis.", "contents": "[State of neuromuscular transmission in rats with experimental hypoparathyroidism]. Experiments on albino rats with hypoparathyrosis demonstrated disturbances of the neuro-muscular transmission characterized by a decrease of the liminal strength of irritation in case of indirect stimulation, reduced amplitude of the muscle action potential, diminished latent period of response and absolute and relative refracterity phases and the character of muscular retention as well in indirect rhythmic stimulation. The investigated parameters displayed the same indices as in the control experiments following intravenous injection of proserine. Disturbances of the neuro-muscular transmission proved to be related to the presynaptic defect and could play a definite role in the development of the motor failure under conditions of hypoparathyrosis."}
{"id": "PMID:884289", "title": "[Reserve production of renin by glomerular mesangial cells following experimental decrease in renal circulation].", "content": "The aorta was partially constricted between the origins of the two renal arteries in rats. The renin activity was studied separately in the capillary parts of the isolated glomeruli and in their arterioles. The renin activity was found in the capillary parts of the glomeruli 3 to 4 weeks after the constriction. The rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum and the Golgi complex of the mesangial cells were activated at this period. The authors consider these results as a confirmation of the hypothesis on the reserve renin production by mesangial cells under prolonged decrease of renal circulation.", "contents": "[Reserve production of renin by glomerular mesangial cells following experimental decrease in renal circulation]. The aorta was partially constricted between the origins of the two renal arteries in rats. The renin activity was studied separately in the capillary parts of the isolated glomeruli and in their arterioles. The renin activity was found in the capillary parts of the glomeruli 3 to 4 weeks after the constriction. The rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum and the Golgi complex of the mesangial cells were activated at this period. The authors consider these results as a confirmation of the hypothesis on the reserve renin production by mesangial cells under prolonged decrease of renal circulation."}
{"id": "PMID:884290", "title": "[Biosynthesis of renal prostaglandins in spontaneously hypertensive rats].", "content": "Biosynthesis of prostaglandins E2 and F2alpha from the exogenously added 14C-arachidonic acid in the renal medulla of spontaneously hypertensive (SHR) and normotensive Wistar rats (1 1/2- and 3 1/2-months-old) was studied. Investigations carried out showed that the formation of PgE2 from the arachidonic acid by the kidneys of SHR was significantly lower than in Wistar rats, whereas biosynthesis of PgF2alpha was practically normal. No difference in the prostaglandin-synthetase activity was noted in the kidneys of SHR of different age, whereas Wistar rats displayed a reduction of the PgE2 synthesis by the age of 3 1/2 months.", "contents": "[Biosynthesis of renal prostaglandins in spontaneously hypertensive rats]. Biosynthesis of prostaglandins E2 and F2alpha from the exogenously added 14C-arachidonic acid in the renal medulla of spontaneously hypertensive (SHR) and normotensive Wistar rats (1 1/2- and 3 1/2-months-old) was studied. Investigations carried out showed that the formation of PgE2 from the arachidonic acid by the kidneys of SHR was significantly lower than in Wistar rats, whereas biosynthesis of PgF2alpha was practically normal. No difference in the prostaglandin-synthetase activity was noted in the kidneys of SHR of different age, whereas Wistar rats displayed a reduction of the PgE2 synthesis by the age of 3 1/2 months."}
{"id": "PMID:884291", "title": "[Functional deficiency of erythrocyte thromboplastin factor].", "content": "A study of human erythrocytes in healthy and sick persons showed changes in the erythrocytes procoagulant activity, namely a reduction of the whole cell thromboplastin activity despite a sufficient procoagulant factor content. A term \"functional insufficiency of thromboplastin factor of erythrocytes\" or briefly \"erythrocytic thrombopathy\" is suggested for the above-mentioned changes of erythrocytes, similar with the changes of platelet procoagulant properties in one of the thrombopathy forms.", "contents": "[Functional deficiency of erythrocyte thromboplastin factor]. A study of human erythrocytes in healthy and sick persons showed changes in the erythrocytes procoagulant activity, namely a reduction of the whole cell thromboplastin activity despite a sufficient procoagulant factor content. A term \"functional insufficiency of thromboplastin factor of erythrocytes\" or briefly \"erythrocytic thrombopathy\" is suggested for the above-mentioned changes of erythrocytes, similar with the changes of platelet procoagulant properties in one of the thrombopathy forms."}
{"id": "PMID:884292", "title": "[Mechanisms of compensating the evacuatory function of the stomach after exclusion of the pyloric sphincter].", "content": "The rate of solid food evacuation from the stomach was investigated in chronic experiments on dogs with the stomach and the duodenum (its first part) fistulae. It was found that in exclusion of the pyloric sphincter (operations of pyloroplastics or gastroduodenostomy) the stomach evacuation was mainly compensated. However, judging by the free passage of rubber balls (3 mm in diameter) into the duodenum no structures replacing the pyloric sphincter formed in the stomach. The compensation of the stomach evacuatory function under these conditions was provided by a significant increase of the enterogastric reflex.", "contents": "[Mechanisms of compensating the evacuatory function of the stomach after exclusion of the pyloric sphincter]. The rate of solid food evacuation from the stomach was investigated in chronic experiments on dogs with the stomach and the duodenum (its first part) fistulae. It was found that in exclusion of the pyloric sphincter (operations of pyloroplastics or gastroduodenostomy) the stomach evacuation was mainly compensated. However, judging by the free passage of rubber balls (3 mm in diameter) into the duodenum no structures replacing the pyloric sphincter formed in the stomach. The compensation of the stomach evacuatory function under these conditions was provided by a significant increase of the enterogastric reflex."}
{"id": "PMID:884293", "title": "[Transformation of mitochondrial monoaminoxidases types A and B].", "content": "Chlorgyline, a selective monoamine oxidase (MAO) of the A type inhibitor, contrary to deprenil--MAO of the B type inhibitor, prevented the appearance in the rat liver mitochondrial membrane fragments incubated under aerobic conditions of qualitatively new properties to deaminate histamine or AMP. Apparently the MAO of A type but not of B type underwent a qualitative alteration (transformation) of catalytic properties under conditions favourable for partial oxidation of SH-groups.", "contents": "[Transformation of mitochondrial monoaminoxidases types A and B]. Chlorgyline, a selective monoamine oxidase (MAO) of the A type inhibitor, contrary to deprenil--MAO of the B type inhibitor, prevented the appearance in the rat liver mitochondrial membrane fragments incubated under aerobic conditions of qualitatively new properties to deaminate histamine or AMP. Apparently the MAO of A type but not of B type underwent a qualitative alteration (transformation) of catalytic properties under conditions favourable for partial oxidation of SH-groups."}
{"id": "PMID:884294", "title": "[Latent activity of liposomal creatine phosphokinase].", "content": "Quantitative regimen for the entrapping of creatine phosphokinase (CPK) under different experimental conditions was investigated for the preparation of liposomes with a high internal protein content. As revealed, introduction of 20% of positively-charged lipid (stearyl amine) into the lipid mixture and subsequent one-minute sonication resulted in maximal levels of latent enzyme activity. Maximal entrapment (6.1%) was yielded when 300 mM glucose solution (pH 7.0) AND 0.5 MG OF PROTEIN PER ML WERE USED. Liposome preparations when washed twice at 205 000 g with physiological saline showed minimal external enzyme activity. During storage of liposomes for 7 days under argon protection the internal protein content has not diminished, nor the external activity has increased.", "contents": "[Latent activity of liposomal creatine phosphokinase]. Quantitative regimen for the entrapping of creatine phosphokinase (CPK) under different experimental conditions was investigated for the preparation of liposomes with a high internal protein content. As revealed, introduction of 20% of positively-charged lipid (stearyl amine) into the lipid mixture and subsequent one-minute sonication resulted in maximal levels of latent enzyme activity. Maximal entrapment (6.1%) was yielded when 300 mM glucose solution (pH 7.0) AND 0.5 MG OF PROTEIN PER ML WERE USED. Liposome preparations when washed twice at 205 000 g with physiological saline showed minimal external enzyme activity. During storage of liposomes for 7 days under argon protection the internal protein content has not diminished, nor the external activity has increased."}
{"id": "PMID:884295", "title": "[Effect of sub-extreme and extreme factors on liver lysosomes].", "content": "Functional state of the lysosomal liver system in rats under subextreme and extreme influences (an intense muscle tension, fasting and combination of the both factors) was studied. An elevation of the acid hydrolases activity and labilization of the lysosomal membranes could be observed in the course of the body overstraining. Activation of lysosomal system correlated well with the extent of overstraining and reflected an adaptive reconstruction of the cellular structure and metabolism.", "contents": "[Effect of sub-extreme and extreme factors on liver lysosomes]. Functional state of the lysosomal liver system in rats under subextreme and extreme influences (an intense muscle tension, fasting and combination of the both factors) was studied. An elevation of the acid hydrolases activity and labilization of the lysosomal membranes could be observed in the course of the body overstraining. Activation of lysosomal system correlated well with the extent of overstraining and reflected an adaptive reconstruction of the cellular structure and metabolism."}
{"id": "PMID:884296", "title": "[2 possible mechanisms of action of thyroxine on mitochondrial swelling].", "content": "The effect of thyroxin on different types of mitochondrial swelling (induced by calcium, detergents, valinomycine, or lipid peroxidation) was investigated. Under conditions favourable for phospholipase-induced mitochondrial swelling on account of phospholipase activation (low Mg2+ concentration, and Ca2+ present in the incubation medium) the hormone proved to accelerate the swelling of the organellae. When phospholipase-induced mechanism of mitochondrial swelling was inhibited (high Mg2+ concentration) thyroxin depressed considerably the swelling of organellae induced by lipid peroxidation due to its antioxidant action.", "contents": "[2 possible mechanisms of action of thyroxine on mitochondrial swelling]. The effect of thyroxin on different types of mitochondrial swelling (induced by calcium, detergents, valinomycine, or lipid peroxidation) was investigated. Under conditions favourable for phospholipase-induced mitochondrial swelling on account of phospholipase activation (low Mg2+ concentration, and Ca2+ present in the incubation medium) the hormone proved to accelerate the swelling of the organellae. When phospholipase-induced mechanism of mitochondrial swelling was inhibited (high Mg2+ concentration) thyroxin depressed considerably the swelling of organellae induced by lipid peroxidation due to its antioxidant action."}
{"id": "PMID:884297", "title": "[Effect of morphine and azidomorphine on the neuronal activity of the cerebral cortex].", "content": "Acute experiments were conducted on unanesthetized curare-treated cats and rats. Analgetic doses of morphine and azidomorphine proved to depress the spontaneous and bradykinin-induced neuronal activity in the sensory-motor zone of the cerebral cortex. The inhibiting effect of the drugs was eliminated by nalorphine. It is supposed that the depressive action of morphine and azidomorphine may be connected with their direct influence on the cerebral cortex.", "contents": "[Effect of morphine and azidomorphine on the neuronal activity of the cerebral cortex]. Acute experiments were conducted on unanesthetized curare-treated cats and rats. Analgetic doses of morphine and azidomorphine proved to depress the spontaneous and bradykinin-induced neuronal activity in the sensory-motor zone of the cerebral cortex. The inhibiting effect of the drugs was eliminated by nalorphine. It is supposed that the depressive action of morphine and azidomorphine may be connected with their direct influence on the cerebral cortex."}
{"id": "PMID:884298", "title": "[Changes in the large granular vesicles in sympathetic nerve endings under the influence of several pharmacologic agents].", "content": "Electron microscopic study of large dense-core vesicles of the adrenergic nerve endings in the middle cerebral arteries of some vertebrates showed substantial changes of the vesicles studied (in comparison with control) 60 to 70 minutes after rejections of ipraside (3 mg/kg) and dopamine (40 mg/kg). A statistically significant increase of their quantity was also revealed. Large dense-core vesicles are supposed to take part in the process of accumulation and transformation of noradrenaline and/or its precursors.", "contents": "[Changes in the large granular vesicles in sympathetic nerve endings under the influence of several pharmacologic agents]. Electron microscopic study of large dense-core vesicles of the adrenergic nerve endings in the middle cerebral arteries of some vertebrates showed substantial changes of the vesicles studied (in comparison with control) 60 to 70 minutes after rejections of ipraside (3 mg/kg) and dopamine (40 mg/kg). A statistically significant increase of their quantity was also revealed. Large dense-core vesicles are supposed to take part in the process of accumulation and transformation of noradrenaline and/or its precursors."}
{"id": "PMID:884299", "title": "[Effect of aldosterone, vasopressin and natriuretic factor on the process of absoprtion in the rat small intestine].", "content": "Experiments were conducted on rat jejunum pouches turned inside-out. On addition of blood plasma containing the natriuretic factor there was a reverse relationship between the natriuretic factor concentration and the processes of absorption in the jejunum. No such effect was noted under the effect of aldosterone and vasopressin.", "contents": "[Effect of aldosterone, vasopressin and natriuretic factor on the process of absoprtion in the rat small intestine]. Experiments were conducted on rat jejunum pouches turned inside-out. On addition of blood plasma containing the natriuretic factor there was a reverse relationship between the natriuretic factor concentration and the processes of absorption in the jejunum. No such effect was noted under the effect of aldosterone and vasopressin."}
{"id": "PMID:884300", "title": "[Immune lymphocyte inhibition of activation of DNA synthesis in mixed cultures of normal lymphocytes in vitro].", "content": "Substitution of normal lymphocytes by immune ones as responding cells in the \"one-way\" mixed lymphocyte culture (MLC) results in inhibition of the DNA synthesis. This phenomenon is reproduced irrespective of the mouse strains used, immunization method (in vivo or in vitro) and various MLC techniques (macro- or microcultures, the presence of mercaptoethanol in the medium, control variants). Unlike the cytotoxic effect of immune lymphocytes showing a sharp peak on the 8th day after in vivo immunization, inhibition of the DNA synthesis activation in MLC occurred as the second day, and persisted for several weeks after immunization; this inhibition was reproduced on addition of a small fraction (5 to 10%) of immune lymphocytes to normal ones.", "contents": "[Immune lymphocyte inhibition of activation of DNA synthesis in mixed cultures of normal lymphocytes in vitro]. Substitution of normal lymphocytes by immune ones as responding cells in the \"one-way\" mixed lymphocyte culture (MLC) results in inhibition of the DNA synthesis. This phenomenon is reproduced irrespective of the mouse strains used, immunization method (in vivo or in vitro) and various MLC techniques (macro- or microcultures, the presence of mercaptoethanol in the medium, control variants). Unlike the cytotoxic effect of immune lymphocytes showing a sharp peak on the 8th day after in vivo immunization, inhibition of the DNA synthesis activation in MLC occurred as the second day, and persisted for several weeks after immunization; this inhibition was reproduced on addition of a small fraction (5 to 10%) of immune lymphocytes to normal ones."}
{"id": "PMID:884303", "title": "[Transplancental effect of ortho-aminoazotoluene on organ cultures of embryonal liver from mouse lines C57BL and CBA].", "content": "Transplacental influence of ortho-aminoazotoluol (OAAT) on the organ cultures of embryonal liver of highly-hepatomous mice CBA, and low-cancerous mice C57BL was the subject of this research. Transplacental influence of 12 mg OAAT caused an increase of embryonal liver organ cultures viability. Under the transplacental influence of 24 mg OAAT on CBA mice the toxic effect noted at the early cultivation period was replaced by the 20-25th cultivation days by the growth-stimulating effect. The results of in vivo experiments corresponded to the results of in vitro observations.", "contents": "[Transplancental effect of ortho-aminoazotoluene on organ cultures of embryonal liver from mouse lines C57BL and CBA]. Transplacental influence of ortho-aminoazotoluol (OAAT) on the organ cultures of embryonal liver of highly-hepatomous mice CBA, and low-cancerous mice C57BL was the subject of this research. Transplacental influence of 12 mg OAAT caused an increase of embryonal liver organ cultures viability. Under the transplacental influence of 24 mg OAAT on CBA mice the toxic effect noted at the early cultivation period was replaced by the 20-25th cultivation days by the growth-stimulating effect. The results of in vivo experiments corresponded to the results of in vitro observations."}
{"id": "PMID:884304", "title": "[Changes in the processes of bone marrow cell proliferation and differentiation in white mice under the influence of heparin].", "content": "In experiments carried out on albino mice daily heparin injections (250 units/kg) for two weeks resulted in 30% increase of leukocyte count in the venous blood. The femur bone marrow kariocyte count remained unchanged, while the leukoerythroblastic ratio rose from 4.1 to 7.6. Autoradiography demonstrated that the duration of the mitotic cycle and its phases in myeloid cells underwent no change, constituting: T--13 hrs, ts--8 hrs, tG2--1 hour, t(G1+M)--4 hrs. In heparinized animals the curve of labeled mitoses was nearly ideal. It is suggested that there occurred a change in the stem cells differentiation towards the myeloid type in the bone marrow under the effect of heparin.", "contents": "[Changes in the processes of bone marrow cell proliferation and differentiation in white mice under the influence of heparin]. In experiments carried out on albino mice daily heparin injections (250 units/kg) for two weeks resulted in 30% increase of leukocyte count in the venous blood. The femur bone marrow kariocyte count remained unchanged, while the leukoerythroblastic ratio rose from 4.1 to 7.6. Autoradiography demonstrated that the duration of the mitotic cycle and its phases in myeloid cells underwent no change, constituting: T--13 hrs, ts--8 hrs, tG2--1 hour, t(G1+M)--4 hrs. In heparinized animals the curve of labeled mitoses was nearly ideal. It is suggested that there occurred a change in the stem cells differentiation towards the myeloid type in the bone marrow under the effect of heparin."}
{"id": "PMID:884305", "title": "[Division of stellate reticulocytes in rat liver following vagotomy].", "content": "The authors studied the 24-hour variations of mitoses in the stellate reticuloendothelial intralobular blood capillaries of rats under normal conditions and after bilateral subphrenic vagotomy. The greatest number of mitoses was noted in all the animals in the morning hours--3 to 7 a.m. A gradual decrease in the number of mitoses occurred in vagotomized and laparotomized animals by 10 p.m. After vagotomy the number of mitoses in the stellate reticuloendotheliocytes and in hepatocytes was double that in control; the character of the curve reflecting the 24-hour periodicity of mitoses in denervated liver was unchanged in comparison with control.", "contents": "[Division of stellate reticulocytes in rat liver following vagotomy]. The authors studied the 24-hour variations of mitoses in the stellate reticuloendothelial intralobular blood capillaries of rats under normal conditions and after bilateral subphrenic vagotomy. The greatest number of mitoses was noted in all the animals in the morning hours--3 to 7 a.m. A gradual decrease in the number of mitoses occurred in vagotomized and laparotomized animals by 10 p.m. After vagotomy the number of mitoses in the stellate reticuloendotheliocytes and in hepatocytes was double that in control; the character of the curve reflecting the 24-hour periodicity of mitoses in denervated liver was unchanged in comparison with control."}
{"id": "PMID:884306", "title": "[Effect of sigetin on anovulation in rats].", "content": "The effect of sygethin on anovulatory cycle was studied in mature female rats. Anovulation was experimentally induced in rats on the one hand by stress effect (keeping rats in crowded conditions), and on the other hand by removing one ovary (hemicastration). Sygethin therapy (10 mg/kg for 4-5 days) proved to restore normal ovulation. When higher sygethin doses were used, and when it was administered for longer periods (for 2 to 3 weeks) no such effect proved to ensue. The results of these experiments suggest that small doses of sygethin stimulated luteinizing hormone secretion.", "contents": "[Effect of sigetin on anovulation in rats]. The effect of sygethin on anovulatory cycle was studied in mature female rats. Anovulation was experimentally induced in rats on the one hand by stress effect (keeping rats in crowded conditions), and on the other hand by removing one ovary (hemicastration). Sygethin therapy (10 mg/kg for 4-5 days) proved to restore normal ovulation. When higher sygethin doses were used, and when it was administered for longer periods (for 2 to 3 weeks) no such effect proved to ensue. The results of these experiments suggest that small doses of sygethin stimulated luteinizing hormone secretion."}
{"id": "PMID:884307", "title": "[Dynamics of changes in anomalous human cells during prolonged cultivation in the stationary phase. Trisomy 7 cells].", "content": "Ontogenetic changes of normal diploid cells and cells with chromosomal aberration (strain LHC-162; 47, XY, +7) were studied in prolonged cultivation in stationary phase. Cultivated cells were human found to possess their specific type of ontogenetic changes for each culture; the dynamics of these changes depended on the density of cellular population. Two morphologically different cellular subpopulations differing by the degree of cell nucleus heterochromatinization (normal strains) and three different cellular subpopulations in the aberrant strain (47, XY, +7) were discovered in studying the cell nucleus.", "contents": "[Dynamics of changes in anomalous human cells during prolonged cultivation in the stationary phase. Trisomy 7 cells]. Ontogenetic changes of normal diploid cells and cells with chromosomal aberration (strain LHC-162; 47, XY, +7) were studied in prolonged cultivation in stationary phase. Cultivated cells were human found to possess their specific type of ontogenetic changes for each culture; the dynamics of these changes depended on the density of cellular population. Two morphologically different cellular subpopulations differing by the degree of cell nucleus heterochromatinization (normal strains) and three different cellular subpopulations in the aberrant strain (47, XY, +7) were discovered in studying the cell nucleus."}
{"id": "PMID:884308", "title": "[Autoradiographic analysis of RNA synthesis by sympathetic neurocytes from a population depleted of nerve cells].", "content": "Autoradiographic analysis of the changes of the nuclear and cytoplasmic RNA in the sympathetic neurocytes of presenile mice subjected to partial desympathization during the first days after birth by guanetidine injections was carried out. As compared with the control mice of the same age, neurocytes of the populations with a sharply reduced number of cells were characterized by a slower migration rate of the newly-synthesizing RNA from the nucleus to the cytoplasm. The neurocytes of partially desympathized infantile, young and presenile mice were not larger than those of the control mice.", "contents": "[Autoradiographic analysis of RNA synthesis by sympathetic neurocytes from a population depleted of nerve cells]. Autoradiographic analysis of the changes of the nuclear and cytoplasmic RNA in the sympathetic neurocytes of presenile mice subjected to partial desympathization during the first days after birth by guanetidine injections was carried out. As compared with the control mice of the same age, neurocytes of the populations with a sharply reduced number of cells were characterized by a slower migration rate of the newly-synthesizing RNA from the nucleus to the cytoplasm. The neurocytes of partially desympathized infantile, young and presenile mice were not larger than those of the control mice."}
{"id": "PMID:884309", "title": "[Nucleic acid concentration in the brains of inbred rats of different strains].", "content": "The changes of nucleic acids content in the formation of conditioned skin-defence reflex was studied on inbred rats of various strains. In WGA rats the reflex was formed on the average aight stimulations. An increased RNA content was discovered by cytophotometric determination of the nucleic acids content in the neurons and perineural glia of the cerebral cortex in August rats only. It is assumed that an increased RNA synthesis in the animals of this strain can serve as the basis for their better training.", "contents": "[Nucleic acid concentration in the brains of inbred rats of different strains]. The changes of nucleic acids content in the formation of conditioned skin-defence reflex was studied on inbred rats of various strains. In WGA rats the reflex was formed on the average aight stimulations. An increased RNA content was discovered by cytophotometric determination of the nucleic acids content in the neurons and perineural glia of the cerebral cortex in August rats only. It is assumed that an increased RNA synthesis in the animals of this strain can serve as the basis for their better training."}
{"id": "PMID:884310", "title": "[Electron-microscopic autoradiography of RNA synthesis in the myocardium after damage to it].", "content": "Thermic burn of the wall of the left cardiac ventricle was inflicted to new born rats. Twenty-four hours after the injury the RNA synthesis of the myocardial cells remote from the site of burn were investigated by electron-microscopic autoradiography. Tissue samples were fixed 2 and 6 hours after the 3H-uridine injections. As compared with the control, experimental animals displayed a reduction of silver grains density over the nucleus and the cytoplasm of cardiomyocytes.", "contents": "[Electron-microscopic autoradiography of RNA synthesis in the myocardium after damage to it]. Thermic burn of the wall of the left cardiac ventricle was inflicted to new born rats. Twenty-four hours after the injury the RNA synthesis of the myocardial cells remote from the site of burn were investigated by electron-microscopic autoradiography. Tissue samples were fixed 2 and 6 hours after the 3H-uridine injections. As compared with the control, experimental animals displayed a reduction of silver grains density over the nucleus and the cytoplasm of cardiomyocytes."}
{"id": "PMID:884311", "title": "[Effect of desympathization and catecholamines on metabolic processes in the rabbit otic artery].", "content": "The influence of sympathectomy of the ear artery in rabbits on the activity of a number of redox coenzymes inthe vascular wall (lactic, glucose-6-phosphoric, isocitrate, and succinic dehydrogenases: LDH, G-6-PDHm isoCDH, and SDH, respectively) was studied by the quantitative histochemical method. Sympathectomy produced a significant diminution of all the dehydrogenase activities. The effect of adrenalin and noradrenaline on the dehydrogenase activities differed. Adrenalin increased thI LDH activity in the intact perfused artery, but had no effect on the CDH and G-6-PDH. Contrary to adrenalin, noradrenaline increased not only the LDH activity, but also that of the G-6-PDH. The action of noradrenaline on the sympathectomized vessel depended on the place of noadrenaline entrance, i.e. through the intima or the adventitia.", "contents": "[Effect of desympathization and catecholamines on metabolic processes in the rabbit otic artery]. The influence of sympathectomy of the ear artery in rabbits on the activity of a number of redox coenzymes inthe vascular wall (lactic, glucose-6-phosphoric, isocitrate, and succinic dehydrogenases: LDH, G-6-PDHm isoCDH, and SDH, respectively) was studied by the quantitative histochemical method. Sympathectomy produced a significant diminution of all the dehydrogenase activities. The effect of adrenalin and noradrenaline on the dehydrogenase activities differed. Adrenalin increased thI LDH activity in the intact perfused artery, but had no effect on the CDH and G-6-PDH. Contrary to adrenalin, noradrenaline increased not only the LDH activity, but also that of the G-6-PDH. The action of noradrenaline on the sympathectomized vessel depended on the place of noadrenaline entrance, i.e. through the intima or the adventitia."}
{"id": "PMID:884312", "title": "[Electron-histochemical study of capillary permeability in the central nervous system in burn shock].", "content": "Electron microscopic and histochemical studies of capillary permeability in the central nervous system were carried out in experiments on albino rats during burn shock. Exogenous peroxidase marker was used for this purpose. During burn shock capillary wall in the central nervous system proved to be permeable for the substance of 40 000 mol wt, such as peroxidase.", "contents": "[Electron-histochemical study of capillary permeability in the central nervous system in burn shock]. Electron microscopic and histochemical studies of capillary permeability in the central nervous system were carried out in experiments on albino rats during burn shock. Exogenous peroxidase marker was used for this purpose. During burn shock capillary wall in the central nervous system proved to be permeable for the substance of 40 000 mol wt, such as peroxidase."}
{"id": "PMID:884313", "title": "[DNA concentration in the nuclei of endometrial gland epithelium in the presence of dyshormonal hyperplasias of the climacteric period].", "content": "The DNA content in the nuclei of the glandular epithelium of the endometrium was studied by microspectrophotometry in 6 women of fertile age and 10 with the climacteric dyshormonal adenocystic hyperplasia. In normal uterine mucosa the DNA quantity remained unchanged at various phases of the menstrual cycle. As compared to the normal, in dyshormonal endometrial hyperplasia the DNA content was almost doubled; there was also a moderate increase of polyploidy.", "contents": "[DNA concentration in the nuclei of endometrial gland epithelium in the presence of dyshormonal hyperplasias of the climacteric period]. The DNA content in the nuclei of the glandular epithelium of the endometrium was studied by microspectrophotometry in 6 women of fertile age and 10 with the climacteric dyshormonal adenocystic hyperplasia. In normal uterine mucosa the DNA quantity remained unchanged at various phases of the menstrual cycle. As compared to the normal, in dyshormonal endometrial hyperplasia the DNA content was almost doubled; there was also a moderate increase of polyploidy."}
{"id": "PMID:884314", "title": "[Quantitative method of determining the activity of multiple forms of superoxide dismutase].", "content": "A quantitative method for determination of the activity of multiple superoxide dismutase (SOD) forms is presented. The method is based on SOD electrophoretic separation on polyacrylamide gels, elution from gels and determination of inhibition of nitro blue tetrazolium reduction in the NADH2 + phenazinemetasulphate system. As shown, partially purified SOD from bovine erythrocytes separated into three fractions. The activity of form 2 proved to be much lower than the degree of its staining for protein.", "contents": "[Quantitative method of determining the activity of multiple forms of superoxide dismutase]. A quantitative method for determination of the activity of multiple superoxide dismutase (SOD) forms is presented. The method is based on SOD electrophoretic separation on polyacrylamide gels, elution from gels and determination of inhibition of nitro blue tetrazolium reduction in the NADH2 + phenazinemetasulphate system. As shown, partially purified SOD from bovine erythrocytes separated into three fractions. The activity of form 2 proved to be much lower than the degree of its staining for protein."}
{"id": "PMID:884316", "title": "Plasma thromboplastin antecedent (PTA, factor XI): a specific and sensitive radioimmunoassay.", "content": "A specific, sensitive, and reproducible radioimmunoassay for human plasma thromboplastin antecedent (PTA, factor XI) has been developed with purified PTA and monospecific rabbit antiserum. Precise measurements of PTA antigen were possible for concentrations as low as 0.3% of that in normal pooled plasma. Normal plasma contained approximately 6 microgram PTA/ml. A good correlation (correlation coefficient 0.68) existed between the PTA procoagulant assays and radioimmunoassays among 50 normal adults (25 males and 25 females). PTA antigen was markedly reduced in plasma of 13 patients with congenital homozygous PTA deficiency (range less than 0.003-0.128 U/ml) and 9 patients with hepatic cirrhosis (0.35+/-0.17 U/ml), but was normal in those of 9 patients under treatment with warfarin, 8 patients with disseminated intravascular coagulation and 16 patients with other congenital clotting factor abnormalities, including prekallikrein deficiency (Fletcher trait) and high molecular weight kininogen deficiency (Fitzgerald trait).", "contents": "Plasma thromboplastin antecedent (PTA, factor XI): a specific and sensitive radioimmunoassay. A specific, sensitive, and reproducible radioimmunoassay for human plasma thromboplastin antecedent (PTA, factor XI) has been developed with purified PTA and monospecific rabbit antiserum. Precise measurements of PTA antigen were possible for concentrations as low as 0.3% of that in normal pooled plasma. Normal plasma contained approximately 6 microgram PTA/ml. A good correlation (correlation coefficient 0.68) existed between the PTA procoagulant assays and radioimmunoassays among 50 normal adults (25 males and 25 females). PTA antigen was markedly reduced in plasma of 13 patients with congenital homozygous PTA deficiency (range less than 0.003-0.128 U/ml) and 9 patients with hepatic cirrhosis (0.35+/-0.17 U/ml), but was normal in those of 9 patients under treatment with warfarin, 8 patients with disseminated intravascular coagulation and 16 patients with other congenital clotting factor abnormalities, including prekallikrein deficiency (Fletcher trait) and high molecular weight kininogen deficiency (Fitzgerald trait)."}
{"id": "PMID:884317", "title": "Tissue-factor coagulant activity of cultured human endothelial and smooth muscle cells and fibroblasts.", "content": "The tissue-factor (thromboplastic) activity of cultured human endothelial cells and fibroblasts is low at time of transfer into fresh medium but increases 3-10 fold. Endothelial cells reach peak activity (400 U/10(5) cells) 5-8 hr after subculture. Activity in fibroblast cultures peaks (3000-12,000 U/10(5) cells) 7-12 hr after subculture. After attaining maximum activity, endothelial and fibroblast tissue-factor content decreases in a time course similar to other cells studied in this laboratory, approaching basal levels by 24-50 hr after subculture. If medium over fibroblasts is changed every 12 hr, activity can be sustained at the peak level for an additional day but cannot be maintained at a high level indefinitely. The kinetics of expression of smooth muscle cell tissue factor are markedly different from other cell types. There is always a pronounced lag (30 hr or more) before the activity increases, and then, in most cases, there is no subsequent decline in activity even though the cells are not refed or restimulated. The activity of each of these cell types is cryptic but becomes available after freeze-thaw disruption of cells.", "contents": "Tissue-factor coagulant activity of cultured human endothelial and smooth muscle cells and fibroblasts. The tissue-factor (thromboplastic) activity of cultured human endothelial cells and fibroblasts is low at time of transfer into fresh medium but increases 3-10 fold. Endothelial cells reach peak activity (400 U/10(5) cells) 5-8 hr after subculture. Activity in fibroblast cultures peaks (3000-12,000 U/10(5) cells) 7-12 hr after subculture. After attaining maximum activity, endothelial and fibroblast tissue-factor content decreases in a time course similar to other cells studied in this laboratory, approaching basal levels by 24-50 hr after subculture. If medium over fibroblasts is changed every 12 hr, activity can be sustained at the peak level for an additional day but cannot be maintained at a high level indefinitely. The kinetics of expression of smooth muscle cell tissue factor are markedly different from other cell types. There is always a pronounced lag (30 hr or more) before the activity increases, and then, in most cases, there is no subsequent decline in activity even though the cells are not refed or restimulated. The activity of each of these cell types is cryptic but becomes available after freeze-thaw disruption of cells."}
{"id": "PMID:884318", "title": "Influence of HLA-A2 on the effectiveness of platelet transfusions in alloimmunized thrombocytopenic patients.", "content": "Platelet transfusions from donors selectively mismatched for cross-reactive and certain non-cross-reactive HLA antigens were found to be more effective in HLA-A2 negative than in HLA-A2 positive, alloimmunized thrombocytopenic patients. The two groups of patients responded equally well to platelets matched for antigens of the HLA-A and B loci. Certain alloimmunized patients negative for HLA-A2 continued to respond satisfactorily to platelets selectively mismatched for non-cross-reactive HLA antigens as long as platelets containing HLA-A2 were avoided. The data indicate that platelet transfusion support can be provided within a broader range of donor-recipient HLA antigenic disparity to HLA-A2 negative alloimmunized patients than to those who are positive for this antigen.", "contents": "Influence of HLA-A2 on the effectiveness of platelet transfusions in alloimmunized thrombocytopenic patients. Platelet transfusions from donors selectively mismatched for cross-reactive and certain non-cross-reactive HLA antigens were found to be more effective in HLA-A2 negative than in HLA-A2 positive, alloimmunized thrombocytopenic patients. The two groups of patients responded equally well to platelets matched for antigens of the HLA-A and B loci. Certain alloimmunized patients negative for HLA-A2 continued to respond satisfactorily to platelets selectively mismatched for non-cross-reactive HLA antigens as long as platelets containing HLA-A2 were avoided. The data indicate that platelet transfusion support can be provided within a broader range of donor-recipient HLA antigenic disparity to HLA-A2 negative alloimmunized patients than to those who are positive for this antigen."}
{"id": "PMID:884320", "title": "Prognostic significance of thrombocytosis in idiopathic sideroblastic anemia.", "content": "In order to determine the prognostic significance of thrombocytosis in idiopathic sideroblastic anemia, the clinical courses of 17 patients were reviewed. Six patients (36%) had thrombocytosis, and none developed acute leukemia. Nine patients (53%) had normal platelet counts, and one developed acute leukemia. Two patients (12%) were thrombocytopenic, and one died of acute leukemia. There was little correlation between survival and platelet count. Sixty-three additional case reports of idiopathic sideroblastic anemia were collected from the literature. Analysis of those patients and the patients in the present study documented transformation to acute leukemia in 5 of 9 (56%) thrombocytopenic patients, 4 of 54 (7.4%) patients with normal platelet counts, and 0 of 17 patients with thrombocytosis (p less than 0.05). Therefore patients with idiopathic sideroblastic anemia and thrombocytosis appear to have a decreased likelihood of leukemic transformation.", "contents": "Prognostic significance of thrombocytosis in idiopathic sideroblastic anemia. In order to determine the prognostic significance of thrombocytosis in idiopathic sideroblastic anemia, the clinical courses of 17 patients were reviewed. Six patients (36%) had thrombocytosis, and none developed acute leukemia. Nine patients (53%) had normal platelet counts, and one developed acute leukemia. Two patients (12%) were thrombocytopenic, and one died of acute leukemia. There was little correlation between survival and platelet count. Sixty-three additional case reports of idiopathic sideroblastic anemia were collected from the literature. Analysis of those patients and the patients in the present study documented transformation to acute leukemia in 5 of 9 (56%) thrombocytopenic patients, 4 of 54 (7.4%) patients with normal platelet counts, and 0 of 17 patients with thrombocytosis (p less than 0.05). Therefore patients with idiopathic sideroblastic anemia and thrombocytosis appear to have a decreased likelihood of leukemic transformation."}
{"id": "PMID:884321", "title": "Effect of blood donation on iron stores as evaluated by serum ferritin.", "content": "Serum ferritin was measured in 2982 blood donors. First-time male donors had a geometric mean of 127 microgram/liter and female donors 46 microgram/liter. While values were essentially constant in the women between the ages of 18 and 45, there was a rapid increase in the men between 18 and 30 years of age consistent with the establishment of iron stores during that time. Blood donation was associated with a decrease in serum ferritin. One unit per year, equivalent to an increased requirement of 0.65 mg/day, halved the serum ferritin level in the male. More frequent donations were associated with further decreases. From the data obtained it would appear that male donors, while depleting their iron stores, were able to donate 2-3 U/yr without an appreciable incidence of iron deficiency. Women could donate only about half that amount, and more frequent donations were associated with a high incidence of iron deficiency and donor dropout. These data have provided information on the effect of graded amounts of iron loss through bleeding on iron balance.", "contents": "Effect of blood donation on iron stores as evaluated by serum ferritin. Serum ferritin was measured in 2982 blood donors. First-time male donors had a geometric mean of 127 microgram/liter and female donors 46 microgram/liter. While values were essentially constant in the women between the ages of 18 and 45, there was a rapid increase in the men between 18 and 30 years of age consistent with the establishment of iron stores during that time. Blood donation was associated with a decrease in serum ferritin. One unit per year, equivalent to an increased requirement of 0.65 mg/day, halved the serum ferritin level in the male. More frequent donations were associated with further decreases. From the data obtained it would appear that male donors, while depleting their iron stores, were able to donate 2-3 U/yr without an appreciable incidence of iron deficiency. Women could donate only about half that amount, and more frequent donations were associated with a high incidence of iron deficiency and donor dropout. These data have provided information on the effect of graded amounts of iron loss through bleeding on iron balance."}
{"id": "PMID:884322", "title": "Effects of partial hepatectomy on extrarenal erythropoietin production in rats.", "content": "Studies were performed to determine the effects of partial hepatectomy on extra-renal erythropoietin production. Rats were either partially hepatectomized or sham operated. At intervals of from 5 min to 7 days afterward, both kidneys were removed from cohorts of the above two groups of rats and the animals were then exposed to hypoxia for 7.5 hr. Immediately afterward, their plasma was collected and its erythropoietin titer was assayed. Rats which were partially hepatectomized 2-4 days prior to nephrectomy and hypoxia had significantly higher plasma erythropoietin levels than did sham-operated controls, whereas rats hepatectomized 5 min, 1 day, or 7 days prior to nephrectomy and hypoxia did not. These data are consistent with the conclusion that extrarenal erythropoietin production is enhanced in association with rapid regeneration of hepatic cells.", "contents": "Effects of partial hepatectomy on extrarenal erythropoietin production in rats. Studies were performed to determine the effects of partial hepatectomy on extra-renal erythropoietin production. Rats were either partially hepatectomized or sham operated. At intervals of from 5 min to 7 days afterward, both kidneys were removed from cohorts of the above two groups of rats and the animals were then exposed to hypoxia for 7.5 hr. Immediately afterward, their plasma was collected and its erythropoietin titer was assayed. Rats which were partially hepatectomized 2-4 days prior to nephrectomy and hypoxia had significantly higher plasma erythropoietin levels than did sham-operated controls, whereas rats hepatectomized 5 min, 1 day, or 7 days prior to nephrectomy and hypoxia did not. These data are consistent with the conclusion that extrarenal erythropoietin production is enhanced in association with rapid regeneration of hepatic cells."}
{"id": "PMID:884323", "title": "beta-O-thalassemia from Algeria: genetic and molecular characterization.", "content": "beta-Thalassemia is a major public health problem in Algeria. During a survey, a family including two cases of betaO-thalassemia was studied. The family study indicated that two of the affected siblings had homozygous beta-thalassemia; there were also both normal and heterozygous siblings, and both parents had beta-thalassemia trait. In the two cases of betaO-thalassemia there was no hemoglobin A in the peripheral blood, and no beta-globin chain synthesis in whole cell incubations. Hybridization of purified complementary DNA specific for alpha- and beta-globin messenger RNAs demonstrated less than 1% mRNAbeta relative to mRNAalpha in circulating reticulocytes, and for one case in total RNA from bone marrow. There is no apparent beta-globin gene deletion as determined by hybridization in globin cDNAbeta sequence excess. Therefore the Algerian cases studied are similar in molecular pathology to some Southern Italian and Asian cases described previously, and differ from other Italian and Chinese betaO-thalassemias, in which hybridizable mRNAbeta has been demonstrated, and from deltabetaO-thalassemia, which is caused by a gene deletion.", "contents": "beta-O-thalassemia from Algeria: genetic and molecular characterization. beta-Thalassemia is a major public health problem in Algeria. During a survey, a family including two cases of betaO-thalassemia was studied. The family study indicated that two of the affected siblings had homozygous beta-thalassemia; there were also both normal and heterozygous siblings, and both parents had beta-thalassemia trait. In the two cases of betaO-thalassemia there was no hemoglobin A in the peripheral blood, and no beta-globin chain synthesis in whole cell incubations. Hybridization of purified complementary DNA specific for alpha- and beta-globin messenger RNAs demonstrated less than 1% mRNAbeta relative to mRNAalpha in circulating reticulocytes, and for one case in total RNA from bone marrow. There is no apparent beta-globin gene deletion as determined by hybridization in globin cDNAbeta sequence excess. Therefore the Algerian cases studied are similar in molecular pathology to some Southern Italian and Asian cases described previously, and differ from other Italian and Chinese betaO-thalassemias, in which hybridizable mRNAbeta has been demonstrated, and from deltabetaO-thalassemia, which is caused by a gene deletion."}
{"id": "PMID:884324", "title": "Superoxide-forming enzyme from human neutrophils: evidence for a flavin requirement.", "content": "The superoxide-forming activity of 27,000-g particles prepared from homogenates of zymosan-treated human neutrophils is lost if the assay is conducted in the presence of 0.045% Triton X-100. This loss in activity in the presence of detergent is prevented by 40 micron flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD), but not by flavin mononucleotide, riboflavin, adenosine 5'-diphosphate, or adenosine 5'-monophosphate. With resting particles or particles from zymosan-treated chronic granulomatous disease neutrophils, no superoxide-forming activity is detectable even in the presence of FAD; this is true whether or not detergent is present in the assay. Particles extracted with detergent prior to assay are fully active if assayed in the presence of FAD, but show little activity if FAD is omitted from the assay mixture. These results suggest that the superoxide-forming enzyme from human neutrophils is a FAD-requiring enzyme.", "contents": "Superoxide-forming enzyme from human neutrophils: evidence for a flavin requirement. The superoxide-forming activity of 27,000-g particles prepared from homogenates of zymosan-treated human neutrophils is lost if the assay is conducted in the presence of 0.045% Triton X-100. This loss in activity in the presence of detergent is prevented by 40 micron flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD), but not by flavin mononucleotide, riboflavin, adenosine 5'-diphosphate, or adenosine 5'-monophosphate. With resting particles or particles from zymosan-treated chronic granulomatous disease neutrophils, no superoxide-forming activity is detectable even in the presence of FAD; this is true whether or not detergent is present in the assay. Particles extracted with detergent prior to assay are fully active if assayed in the presence of FAD, but show little activity if FAD is omitted from the assay mixture. These results suggest that the superoxide-forming enzyme from human neutrophils is a FAD-requiring enzyme."}
{"id": "PMID:884325", "title": "Oxidative metabolism of the human eosinophil.", "content": "We have compared the oxidative metabolism of human eosinophils (80%-90% purity) to that of neutrophils. Hexose monophosphate (HMP) shunt activity of eosinophils was higher than that of neutrophils under either resting or phagocytizing conditions. Eosinophil HMP shunt activity also was stimulated by phorbol myristate acetate, a membrane-active agent. Eosinophils showed a marked incorporation of 125I into trichloroacetic acid-insoluble material under resting conditions, which increased markedly during phagocytosis. Eosinophils likewise showed a greater reduction of nitroblue tetrazolium dye during phagocytosis than did neutrophils. Measurement of other parameters of oxidative metabolism indicated that eosinophils generated superoxide anion following phagocytosis and also elicited a burst of chemiluminescence similar to that observed during phagocytosis by neutrophils. Measurement of NADPH oxidase activity demonstrated that this enzyme was 3-6 times more active in fractions isolated from eosinophils than in corresponding fractions isolated from neutrophils; this was observed over a range of substrate concentrations. The eosinophil enzyme sedimented differently than the neutrophil enzyme with differential centrifugation; neither showed sedimentation characteristics of peroxidase. These data indicate that eosinophils possess a similar, although in some ways more potent, oxidative burst than neutrophils and are consistent with a role for NADPH oxidase in the initiation of that burst.", "contents": "Oxidative metabolism of the human eosinophil. We have compared the oxidative metabolism of human eosinophils (80%-90% purity) to that of neutrophils. Hexose monophosphate (HMP) shunt activity of eosinophils was higher than that of neutrophils under either resting or phagocytizing conditions. Eosinophil HMP shunt activity also was stimulated by phorbol myristate acetate, a membrane-active agent. Eosinophils showed a marked incorporation of 125I into trichloroacetic acid-insoluble material under resting conditions, which increased markedly during phagocytosis. Eosinophils likewise showed a greater reduction of nitroblue tetrazolium dye during phagocytosis than did neutrophils. Measurement of other parameters of oxidative metabolism indicated that eosinophils generated superoxide anion following phagocytosis and also elicited a burst of chemiluminescence similar to that observed during phagocytosis by neutrophils. Measurement of NADPH oxidase activity demonstrated that this enzyme was 3-6 times more active in fractions isolated from eosinophils than in corresponding fractions isolated from neutrophils; this was observed over a range of substrate concentrations. The eosinophil enzyme sedimented differently than the neutrophil enzyme with differential centrifugation; neither showed sedimentation characteristics of peroxidase. These data indicate that eosinophils possess a similar, although in some ways more potent, oxidative burst than neutrophils and are consistent with a role for NADPH oxidase in the initiation of that burst."}
{"id": "PMID:884331", "title": "Toxicological analysis in a case of endosulfan suicide.", "content": "Stomach, small intestine contents, blood, liver, kidney and urine of a 28-years old man, were analyzed for residues of Endosulfan (6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 10-hexachloro-1, 5, 5a, 6, 9, 9a-hexahydro-6, 9-methano-2, 4, 3-benzo(e)dioxathiepin 3-oxide). The analysis results showed the presence of high concentrations of the two endosulfan isomers in all samples. Since also alcohol was present in all the tissues analyzed, it was concluded that the victim died of a combined endosulfan-alcohol poisoning. No other drugs were found.", "contents": "Toxicological analysis in a case of endosulfan suicide. Stomach, small intestine contents, blood, liver, kidney and urine of a 28-years old man, were analyzed for residues of Endosulfan (6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 10-hexachloro-1, 5, 5a, 6, 9, 9a-hexahydro-6, 9-methano-2, 4, 3-benzo(e)dioxathiepin 3-oxide). The analysis results showed the presence of high concentrations of the two endosulfan isomers in all samples. Since also alcohol was present in all the tissues analyzed, it was concluded that the victim died of a combined endosulfan-alcohol poisoning. No other drugs were found."}
{"id": "PMID:884341", "title": "Determination of terbacil in soil by gas-liquid chromatography with 63Ni electron capture detection.", "content": "A method is described for the determination of terbacil residue in soil. The herbicide residue is extracted with 1.5% NaOH, partitioned into an organic phase and subsequently cleaned up by passing through a Florisil column. Extract is analyzed by gas-liquid chromatography using a 63Ni electron capture detector. The procedure has a sensitivity of about 0.01 ppm, based on a 20 g sample. The method was used for the analysis of terbacil residues in the field treated soil samples.", "contents": "Determination of terbacil in soil by gas-liquid chromatography with 63Ni electron capture detection. A method is described for the determination of terbacil residue in soil. The herbicide residue is extracted with 1.5% NaOH, partitioned into an organic phase and subsequently cleaned up by passing through a Florisil column. Extract is analyzed by gas-liquid chromatography using a 63Ni electron capture detector. The procedure has a sensitivity of about 0.01 ppm, based on a 20 g sample. The method was used for the analysis of terbacil residues in the field treated soil samples."}
{"id": "PMID:884344", "title": "Women and health sciences librarianship: an overview.", "content": "In biomedical libraries, as in other areas of librarianship, women continue to be underrepresented in administrative positions. This paper reviews some of the factors contributing to the present situation and discusses implications and suggested courses of action for health sciences librarians.", "contents": "Women and health sciences librarianship: an overview. In biomedical libraries, as in other areas of librarianship, women continue to be underrepresented in administrative positions. This paper reviews some of the factors contributing to the present situation and discusses implications and suggested courses of action for health sciences librarians."}
{"id": "PMID:884345", "title": "Rank and promotion of library faculty in a health sciences university.", "content": "One method of determining faculty rank and promotion of library personnel in a health sciences university setting is presented. The focus is on appointment and promotion policies and procedures for librarians as faculty. The promotion document stresses (1) superior teaching, (2) outstanding service to the institution, (3) academic achievement, and (4) professional growth and development. Criteria for appointment and promotion to specific ranks are given. Detailed promotion procedures and a timetable are also included. This method of determining rank and promotion of library faculty is now in operation at the Medical College of Georgia.", "contents": "Rank and promotion of library faculty in a health sciences university. One method of determining faculty rank and promotion of library personnel in a health sciences university setting is presented. The focus is on appointment and promotion policies and procedures for librarians as faculty. The promotion document stresses (1) superior teaching, (2) outstanding service to the institution, (3) academic achievement, and (4) professional growth and development. Criteria for appointment and promotion to specific ranks are given. Detailed promotion procedures and a timetable are also included. This method of determining rank and promotion of library faculty is now in operation at the Medical College of Georgia."}
{"id": "PMID:884346", "title": "The circuit rider librarian.", "content": "Many hospitals are unable to maintain a full-or even half-time professional librarian to support the professional and nonprofessional hospital staff, and to assist with the development of education programs. To answer this need, the Cleveland Health Sciences Library has developed the \"circuit rider librarian\" concept. A designated librarian from the staff visits a group of hospitals and, for a fee, provides library service which the hospital could not or would not readily supply for itself. The only limitations on the expansion of such a program are the interest of the hospitals, their geographic proximity to each other and to the resource library, and the ability of the latter to handle the increased demand.", "contents": "The circuit rider librarian. Many hospitals are unable to maintain a full-or even half-time professional librarian to support the professional and nonprofessional hospital staff, and to assist with the development of education programs. To answer this need, the Cleveland Health Sciences Library has developed the \"circuit rider librarian\" concept. A designated librarian from the staff visits a group of hospitals and, for a fee, provides library service which the hospital could not or would not readily supply for itself. The only limitations on the expansion of such a program are the interest of the hospitals, their geographic proximity to each other and to the resource library, and the ability of the latter to handle the increased demand."}
{"id": "PMID:884347", "title": "Reclassification in a small decentralized medical library.", "content": "This study describes procedures and indentifies problems in the reclassification of a small medical school library collection that is decentralized into five locations in three different communities. A total of 9,915 monographic titles (14,911 volumes) were reclassified in a nine-month period. The reclassification staff consisted of one professional, two nonprofessionals, and one partime student assistant.", "contents": "Reclassification in a small decentralized medical library. This study describes procedures and indentifies problems in the reclassification of a small medical school library collection that is decentralized into five locations in three different communities. A total of 9,915 monographic titles (14,911 volumes) were reclassified in a nine-month period. The reclassification staff consisted of one professional, two nonprofessionals, and one partime student assistant."}
{"id": "PMID:884348", "title": "New library buildings. Health Sciences Library, University of Cininnati.", "content": "The new Health Sciences Library at the University of Cincinnati Medical Center in Cincinnati, Ohio is described. The library is a self-contained unit within the Medical Sciences Building. The Health Sciences Library contains a total of 90,000 gross square feet, 56,000 of which are assignable. The total project cost was $5,490,000, or $61.00 per square foot. Seating capacity is over 800. The library has a Media Resources Center equipped with a cable television system that is used to project information from the library to patient care areas in the Cincinnati community. The library was first occupied in June 1974; its dedication was held in the fall of 1974.", "contents": "New library buildings. Health Sciences Library, University of Cininnati. The new Health Sciences Library at the University of Cincinnati Medical Center in Cincinnati, Ohio is described. The library is a self-contained unit within the Medical Sciences Building. The Health Sciences Library contains a total of 90,000 gross square feet, 56,000 of which are assignable. The total project cost was $5,490,000, or $61.00 per square foot. Seating capacity is over 800. The library has a Media Resources Center equipped with a cable television system that is used to project information from the library to patient care areas in the Cincinnati community. The library was first occupied in June 1974; its dedication was held in the fall of 1974."}
{"id": "PMID:884349", "title": "Area health education centers and health science library services.", "content": "A study to determine the impact that the Area Health Education Center type of programs may have on health science libraries was conducted by the Extramural Programs, National Library of Medicine, in conjunction with a contract awarded by the Bureau of Health Manpower, Health Resources Administration, to develop an inventory of the AHEC type of projects in the United States. Specific study tasks included a review of these programs as they relate to library and information activities, on-site surveys on the programs to define their needs for library services and information, and a categorization of library activities. A major finding was that health science libraries and information services are generally not included in AHEC program planning and development, although information and information exchange is a fundamental part of the AHEC type of programs. This study suggests that library inadequacies are basically the result of this planning failure and of a lack of financial resources; however, many other factors may be contributory. The design and value of library activities for these programs needs explication.", "contents": "Area health education centers and health science library services. A study to determine the impact that the Area Health Education Center type of programs may have on health science libraries was conducted by the Extramural Programs, National Library of Medicine, in conjunction with a contract awarded by the Bureau of Health Manpower, Health Resources Administration, to develop an inventory of the AHEC type of projects in the United States. Specific study tasks included a review of these programs as they relate to library and information activities, on-site surveys on the programs to define their needs for library services and information, and a categorization of library activities. A major finding was that health science libraries and information services are generally not included in AHEC program planning and development, although information and information exchange is a fundamental part of the AHEC type of programs. This study suggests that library inadequacies are basically the result of this planning failure and of a lack of financial resources; however, many other factors may be contributory. The design and value of library activities for these programs needs explication."}
{"id": "PMID:884358", "title": "A  perspective on the global problem of enteric diseases.", "content": "Experience has shown that neither drugs nor vaccines can hope to solve the world's enteric disease problems. But oral-fluid therapy, which has sharply reduced cholera mortality, is proving effective in treating other enteric diseases as well. And most developing countries are making real progress in providing the safe water supplies and sanitary conditions that deny enteric pathogens an opportunity to flourish and spread.", "contents": "A  perspective on the global problem of enteric diseases. Experience has shown that neither drugs nor vaccines can hope to solve the world's enteric disease problems. But oral-fluid therapy, which has sharply reduced cholera mortality, is proving effective in treating other enteric diseases as well. And most developing countries are making real progress in providing the safe water supplies and sanitary conditions that deny enteric pathogens an opportunity to flourish and spread."}
{"id": "PMID:884363", "title": "[Morphological virus diagnosis].", "content": "Morphological virus diagnosis is based on the detection of pathological changes in organs, tissues and cells at the macroscopic, lightmicroscopic and/or ultrastructural levels. Cytopathic effects may be caused directly by virus replication or be secondary in nature. A number of morphological methods with different degrees of specificity are available for the demonstration of virus particles and viral antigens. Examples are presented and the most important morphological characteristics of the viruses of the major groups are summarized.", "contents": "[Morphological virus diagnosis]. Morphological virus diagnosis is based on the detection of pathological changes in organs, tissues and cells at the macroscopic, lightmicroscopic and/or ultrastructural levels. Cytopathic effects may be caused directly by virus replication or be secondary in nature. A number of morphological methods with different degrees of specificity are available for the demonstration of virus particles and viral antigens. Examples are presented and the most important morphological characteristics of the viruses of the major groups are summarized."}
{"id": "PMID:884364", "title": "[Information and statistics in pathological anatomy].", "content": "The theme is centred on the topics: informatics without computer-stitistics without numbers. Informatics without computers: the development of electronic data processing in medicine and especially in pathology has demonstrated that we are still far from clear text processing or automated diagnosis. An essential reason is seen  in the fact that the present nomenclature allows no clear distinction between the terms of entity of disease and diagnosis. An exact differentiation between these terms is prerequisite for a further development of data processing. Statistics without nombers: In a larger interdisciplinary study we examined how the known risk factors to arteriosclerosis and myocardial infarction can be correlated upon the morphometrical explored patho-anatomical changes of the coronary vessel system. The method used was the factor analysis. In about 30% of the observed cases (total number: 419) the morphologic aspect alone and under simultaneous consideration of the risk factors did not sufficiently explain the patho-anatomically detected myocardial infarctions. As a possible explanation of this phenomenon the simultaneous and concordant attack of the intramural coronary vessels is being discussed.", "contents": "[Information and statistics in pathological anatomy]. The theme is centred on the topics: informatics without computer-stitistics without numbers. Informatics without computers: the development of electronic data processing in medicine and especially in pathology has demonstrated that we are still far from clear text processing or automated diagnosis. An essential reason is seen  in the fact that the present nomenclature allows no clear distinction between the terms of entity of disease and diagnosis. An exact differentiation between these terms is prerequisite for a further development of data processing. Statistics without nombers: In a larger interdisciplinary study we examined how the known risk factors to arteriosclerosis and myocardial infarction can be correlated upon the morphometrical explored patho-anatomical changes of the coronary vessel system. The method used was the factor analysis. In about 30% of the observed cases (total number: 419) the morphologic aspect alone and under simultaneous consideration of the risk factors did not sufficiently explain the patho-anatomically detected myocardial infarctions. As a possible explanation of this phenomenon the simultaneous and concordant attack of the intramural coronary vessels is being discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:884366", "title": "[The significance of the clinical autopsy from the viewpoint of the pathologist].", "content": "Selected examples are cited to show that, even today, autopsy can provide the clinician with essential information. The most important task of clinical autopsy is analysis of the individual case and correlation between clinical and autopsy findings. The discrepancies that may arise here are illustrated by cases of endocarditis. Spontaneous or therapeutic alterations of disease forms can only be established by autopsy, as is exemplified by indigenous systemic mycoses. The part autopsy can play in the analysis of new disease entities is illustrated in the case of analgesic nephropathy. From this it emerges that autopsy serves not only to establich terminal states but also the early stages. The example of malignant tumors which eluded clinical diagnosis is cited to demonstrate the value of autopsy statistics. In conclusion, an appeal is made for more intensive cooperation between clinician and pathologist and wider use of modern methods in the evaluation of autopsies.", "contents": "[The significance of the clinical autopsy from the viewpoint of the pathologist]. Selected examples are cited to show that, even today, autopsy can provide the clinician with essential information. The most important task of clinical autopsy is analysis of the individual case and correlation between clinical and autopsy findings. The discrepancies that may arise here are illustrated by cases of endocarditis. Spontaneous or therapeutic alterations of disease forms can only be established by autopsy, as is exemplified by indigenous systemic mycoses. The part autopsy can play in the analysis of new disease entities is illustrated in the case of analgesic nephropathy. From this it emerges that autopsy serves not only to establich terminal states but also the early stages. The example of malignant tumors which eluded clinical diagnosis is cited to demonstrate the value of autopsy statistics. In conclusion, an appeal is made for more intensive cooperation between clinician and pathologist and wider use of modern methods in the evaluation of autopsies."}
{"id": "PMID:884367", "title": "[Anatomical and clinical correlates statistical analysis].", "content": "A retrospective study of the clinico-pathological correlation was undertaken on 1000 consecutive autopsies required by a university department of medicine. For each case the following data were collected on a standardized card: information on the patient, the hospital stay, the therapy; the main clinical and pathological diagnoses, classified according to their importance; judgements on the clinico-pathological correlation related to each single diagnosis as well as to each case as a whole. The data were analyzed by computer. Two samples of the results are presented her. 1. 18 cases of active tuberculosis were observed. In 7, among which 5 were autopsy discoveries, the tuberculosis was rated as the cause of death. 2. General estimate of clinico-pathological correlation. In the cases where the clinical picture was obscure the autopsy was able to solve the problem completely in 2 cases out of 3. Even when the clinival situation was thought to be obvious, the post mortem examination brought to light important errors or omissions in just over 30% of the cases. On ther other hand, in one case out of 10, the autopsy could not solve in part or in whole the clinical problems involved. There results show that routine autopsies are generally still useful today, but fail fairly ofter to meet the clinician's expectation. These failures can probably be in part corrected.", "contents": "[Anatomical and clinical correlates statistical analysis]. A retrospective study of the clinico-pathological correlation was undertaken on 1000 consecutive autopsies required by a university department of medicine. For each case the following data were collected on a standardized card: information on the patient, the hospital stay, the therapy; the main clinical and pathological diagnoses, classified according to their importance; judgements on the clinico-pathological correlation related to each single diagnosis as well as to each case as a whole. The data were analyzed by computer. Two samples of the results are presented her. 1. 18 cases of active tuberculosis were observed. In 7, among which 5 were autopsy discoveries, the tuberculosis was rated as the cause of death. 2. General estimate of clinico-pathological correlation. In the cases where the clinical picture was obscure the autopsy was able to solve the problem completely in 2 cases out of 3. Even when the clinival situation was thought to be obvious, the post mortem examination brought to light important errors or omissions in just over 30% of the cases. On ther other hand, in one case out of 10, the autopsy could not solve in part or in whole the clinical problems involved. There results show that routine autopsies are generally still useful today, but fail fairly ofter to meet the clinician's expectation. These failures can probably be in part corrected."}
{"id": "PMID:884369", "title": "[The necropsy, contribution to the knowledge of the undesirable effects of medications and toxic agents].", "content": "All the examples quoted demonstrate that in the field of toxicology, pathologic anatomy still offers the means of establishing the first links between macroscopic and microscopic lestions and physiology. The current trend in this disciplin is to look beyond the clinical symptom or morphologic disturbance and seek the causal biochemical interactions. Through the methods of systematic autopsy and electron microscopy of biopsy specimens, pathologic anatomy continues to provide the alarm signal for the pharmacologic warning system our modern environment demands.", "contents": "[The necropsy, contribution to the knowledge of the undesirable effects of medications and toxic agents]. All the examples quoted demonstrate that in the field of toxicology, pathologic anatomy still offers the means of establishing the first links between macroscopic and microscopic lestions and physiology. The current trend in this disciplin is to look beyond the clinical symptom or morphologic disturbance and seek the causal biochemical interactions. Through the methods of systematic autopsy and electron microscopy of biopsy specimens, pathologic anatomy continues to provide the alarm signal for the pharmacologic warning system our modern environment demands."}
{"id": "PMID:884371", "title": "[Functional lymph node diagnosis].", "content": "This short review focuses on recent developments in the field of functional morphology of peripheral lymphoid tissues, in particular of lymph nodes. Emphasis is given to cellular and histological characteristics of lymph nodes in the course of cell-mediated and humoral immune responses. Against the background of regional and age-related changes, selected examples of a functional interpretation of structural changes are presented.", "contents": "[Functional lymph node diagnosis]. This short review focuses on recent developments in the field of functional morphology of peripheral lymphoid tissues, in particular of lymph nodes. Emphasis is given to cellular and histological characteristics of lymph nodes in the course of cell-mediated and humoral immune responses. Against the background of regional and age-related changes, selected examples of a functional interpretation of structural changes are presented."}
{"id": "PMID:884376", "title": "The aetiology of acute pulmonary embolism and the identification of high risk groups.", "content": "Although the cause of venous thrombosis remains obscure, preventive methods have been described. The fact that pulmonary embolism continues to cause a high death toll suggests that there is still a failure to recognize the need for prevention or to employ those prophylactic methods that are known to be effective. While it may be impracticable to offer prophylactic treatment to all patients at risk, an awareness of the important predisposing factors and the application of effective prophylaxis to high risk cases could bring about a reduction in the mortality rate from a disease that at present causes as many unnecessary deaths as motor vehicle accidents.", "contents": "The aetiology of acute pulmonary embolism and the identification of high risk groups. Although the cause of venous thrombosis remains obscure, preventive methods have been described. The fact that pulmonary embolism continues to cause a high death toll suggests that there is still a failure to recognize the need for prevention or to employ those prophylactic methods that are known to be effective. While it may be impracticable to offer prophylactic treatment to all patients at risk, an awareness of the important predisposing factors and the application of effective prophylaxis to high risk cases could bring about a reduction in the mortality rate from a disease that at present causes as many unnecessary deaths as motor vehicle accidents."}
{"id": "PMID:884382", "title": "Plasma concentrations and cardiotoxic effects of desipramine and protriptyline in the rat.", "content": "1 Desipramine and protriptyline were administered to anaesthetized rats by two consecutive intravenous infusions in order to obtain a peak level (first infusion) followed by lower steady state concentrations (second infusion) (Wagner, 1974). Theoretical plasma level time courses were confirmed experimentally.2 Desipramine and protriptyline were measured in atria and ventricles. Increasing infusion rates led to proportional increases in plasma and atrial concentrations. The tissue/medium ratio ranged from 57 to 21 for desipramine and from 43 to 11 for protriptyline according to the time of determination during infusions.3 Heart rate changes, deviation of the electrical axis of the heart and prolongation of atrioventricular conduction were recorded at fixed times during infusion.4 Positive chronotropic effects were noted at plasma concentrations ranging from 0.035 to 0.1 mug/ml for desipramine and from 0.04 to 1.2 mug/ml for protriptyline. At higher plasma concentrations the positive chronotropic effect decreased and bradycardia developed. Both drugs induced right rotation of the electrical axis of the heart. Threshold plasma levels giving 40 degrees rotation were 1.35 mug/ml (desipramine) and 1.75 mug/ml (protriptyline). Atrioventricular conduction was prolonged at threshold plasma concentrations of 2.2 mug/ml for desipramine and 3.6 mug/ml for protriptyline.5 Desipramine is more cardiotoxic than protriptyline. This difference is discussed in relation to the plasma and heart concentration of the two drugs.", "contents": "Plasma concentrations and cardiotoxic effects of desipramine and protriptyline in the rat. 1 Desipramine and protriptyline were administered to anaesthetized rats by two consecutive intravenous infusions in order to obtain a peak level (first infusion) followed by lower steady state concentrations (second infusion) (Wagner, 1974). Theoretical plasma level time courses were confirmed experimentally.2 Desipramine and protriptyline were measured in atria and ventricles. Increasing infusion rates led to proportional increases in plasma and atrial concentrations. The tissue/medium ratio ranged from 57 to 21 for desipramine and from 43 to 11 for protriptyline according to the time of determination during infusions.3 Heart rate changes, deviation of the electrical axis of the heart and prolongation of atrioventricular conduction were recorded at fixed times during infusion.4 Positive chronotropic effects were noted at plasma concentrations ranging from 0.035 to 0.1 mug/ml for desipramine and from 0.04 to 1.2 mug/ml for protriptyline. At higher plasma concentrations the positive chronotropic effect decreased and bradycardia developed. Both drugs induced right rotation of the electrical axis of the heart. Threshold plasma levels giving 40 degrees rotation were 1.35 mug/ml (desipramine) and 1.75 mug/ml (protriptyline). Atrioventricular conduction was prolonged at threshold plasma concentrations of 2.2 mug/ml for desipramine and 3.6 mug/ml for protriptyline.5 Desipramine is more cardiotoxic than protriptyline. This difference is discussed in relation to the plasma and heart concentration of the two drugs."}
{"id": "PMID:884383", "title": "A comparison of the effects of bradykinin, 5-hydroxytryptamine and histamine on the hepatic arterial and portal venous vascular beds of the dog: histamine H1 and H2-receptor populations.", "content": "1 The hepatic arterial and hepatic portal venous vascular beds of anaesthetized dogs were separately perfused in different experiments.2 From measurements of perfusion pressures and blood flows in the two series of experiments, hepatic arterial vascular resistance (HAVR) and hepatic portal venous vascular resistance (HPVR) respectively were calculated.3 Bradykinin, 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) and histamine were injected intra-arterially and intra-portally and dose-response curves constructed from these data.4 Bradykinin injected intra-arterially caused dose-dependent hepatic arterial vasodilatation, and with an ED(50) of 2.66 x 10(-13) mol was more potent than any other vasodilator agent yet examined on this vascular bed.5 Bradykinin injected intraportally at doses up to 10 times those which were maximal on the arterial circuit did not alter the calculated HPVR.6 5-HT injected intra-arterially caused weak and variable rises in HAVR, indicating vasoconstriction. The maximum rise in HAVR was much less than that attained with noradrenaline in the same preparations.7 5-HT injected intraportally caused dose-dependent rises in HPVR indicating portal constriction at doses above 15-100 mug: in some experiments small doses of 5-HT resulted in reductions in calculated HPVR.8 Histamine has previously been shown to cause hepatic arterial vasodilatation: by intraportal injection, it caused dose-dependent rises in HPVR.9 In order to examine the receptors responsible for the effects of histamine, dose-response curves were constructed before and after mepyramine and metiamide.10 On the hepatic arterial vascular bed, metiamide did not antagonize the vasodilator effects of intra-arterial histamine, but these effects were antagonized by mepyramine.11 Similarly on the hepatic portal bed, the rises in HPVR due to histamine were antagonized by mepyramine but not by metiamide.12 The effects of histamine on both the hepatic arterial and portal venous vascular beds of the dog are therefore mediated predominantly by histamine H(1)-receptors.", "contents": "A comparison of the effects of bradykinin, 5-hydroxytryptamine and histamine on the hepatic arterial and portal venous vascular beds of the dog: histamine H1 and H2-receptor populations. 1 The hepatic arterial and hepatic portal venous vascular beds of anaesthetized dogs were separately perfused in different experiments.2 From measurements of perfusion pressures and blood flows in the two series of experiments, hepatic arterial vascular resistance (HAVR) and hepatic portal venous vascular resistance (HPVR) respectively were calculated.3 Bradykinin, 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) and histamine were injected intra-arterially and intra-portally and dose-response curves constructed from these data.4 Bradykinin injected intra-arterially caused dose-dependent hepatic arterial vasodilatation, and with an ED(50) of 2.66 x 10(-13) mol was more potent than any other vasodilator agent yet examined on this vascular bed.5 Bradykinin injected intraportally at doses up to 10 times those which were maximal on the arterial circuit did not alter the calculated HPVR.6 5-HT injected intra-arterially caused weak and variable rises in HAVR, indicating vasoconstriction. The maximum rise in HAVR was much less than that attained with noradrenaline in the same preparations.7 5-HT injected intraportally caused dose-dependent rises in HPVR indicating portal constriction at doses above 15-100 mug: in some experiments small doses of 5-HT resulted in reductions in calculated HPVR.8 Histamine has previously been shown to cause hepatic arterial vasodilatation: by intraportal injection, it caused dose-dependent rises in HPVR.9 In order to examine the receptors responsible for the effects of histamine, dose-response curves were constructed before and after mepyramine and metiamide.10 On the hepatic arterial vascular bed, metiamide did not antagonize the vasodilator effects of intra-arterial histamine, but these effects were antagonized by mepyramine.11 Similarly on the hepatic portal bed, the rises in HPVR due to histamine were antagonized by mepyramine but not by metiamide.12 The effects of histamine on both the hepatic arterial and portal venous vascular beds of the dog are therefore mediated predominantly by histamine H(1)-receptors."}
{"id": "PMID:884384", "title": "Selective inhibitory actions of sodium-p-benzyl-4-[1-oxo-2-(4-chlorobenzyl)-3-phenyl propyl] phenyl phosphonate (N-0161) and indomethacin on the biosynthesis of prostaglandins and thromboxanes from arachidonic acid.", "content": "1 Sodium p-benzyl-4-[1-oxo-2-(4-chlorobenzyl)-3-phenyl propyl]phenyl phosphonate (N-0164) selectively inhibited the formation of thromboxane-A(2) from prostaglandin endoperoxides by human platelet microsomes in a dose-dependent manner (IC(50) 2.2 x 10(-5) M or 11.6 mug/ml).2 N-0164 was approximately 15 to 20 times as potent as indomethacin as an inhibitor of thromboxane-A(2) formation. In contrast, indomethacin was 20 times as potent as N-0164 as an inhibitor of prostaglandin endoperoxide formation from arachidonic acid (IC(50) 2.6 x 10(-5) M or 9.4 mug/ml).3 Spiral strips of dog coronary arteries relaxed in the presence of prostaglandin endoperoxides and were contracted by prostaglandin E(2) and thromboxane-A(2) and were therefore used to distinguish between prostaglandins and their intermediate precursors, the endoperoxides.4 Neither indomethacin nor N-0164 (both 50 mug/ml) significantly inhibited the formation of prostaglandin-like activity from the endoperoxides following incubation with indomethacin-pretreated rabbit kidney medulla microsomes.5 It is not known whether this action of N-0164 is related to its ability to antagonize certain actions of prostaglandins (and related compounds) or whether N-0164 can penetrate the cell membrane to inhibit thromboxane formation in the intact cell.6 Selective inhibition of thromboxane formation by drugs such as N-0164 may be useful both clinically and as a pharmacological tool to elucidate the patho-physiological roles of the thromboxanes.", "contents": "Selective inhibitory actions of sodium-p-benzyl-4-[1-oxo-2-(4-chlorobenzyl)-3-phenyl propyl] phenyl phosphonate (N-0161) and indomethacin on the biosynthesis of prostaglandins and thromboxanes from arachidonic acid. 1 Sodium p-benzyl-4-[1-oxo-2-(4-chlorobenzyl)-3-phenyl propyl]phenyl phosphonate (N-0164) selectively inhibited the formation of thromboxane-A(2) from prostaglandin endoperoxides by human platelet microsomes in a dose-dependent manner (IC(50) 2.2 x 10(-5) M or 11.6 mug/ml).2 N-0164 was approximately 15 to 20 times as potent as indomethacin as an inhibitor of thromboxane-A(2) formation. In contrast, indomethacin was 20 times as potent as N-0164 as an inhibitor of prostaglandin endoperoxide formation from arachidonic acid (IC(50) 2.6 x 10(-5) M or 9.4 mug/ml).3 Spiral strips of dog coronary arteries relaxed in the presence of prostaglandin endoperoxides and were contracted by prostaglandin E(2) and thromboxane-A(2) and were therefore used to distinguish between prostaglandins and their intermediate precursors, the endoperoxides.4 Neither indomethacin nor N-0164 (both 50 mug/ml) significantly inhibited the formation of prostaglandin-like activity from the endoperoxides following incubation with indomethacin-pretreated rabbit kidney medulla microsomes.5 It is not known whether this action of N-0164 is related to its ability to antagonize certain actions of prostaglandins (and related compounds) or whether N-0164 can penetrate the cell membrane to inhibit thromboxane formation in the intact cell.6 Selective inhibition of thromboxane formation by drugs such as N-0164 may be useful both clinically and as a pharmacological tool to elucidate the patho-physiological roles of the thromboxanes."}
{"id": "PMID:884385", "title": "The nature of potassium chloride-induced relaxations of the rat anococcygeus muscle.", "content": "1. The nature of KCl-induced relaxations of the rat anococcygeus muscle was investigated. 2. The relaxations were mimicked by other K+ salts, but not by NaCl. 3. The muscle was more susceptible to the relaxant effects of KCl than the contractile effects. 4. Addition of ouabain (100 micron) had no effect on the relaxations. 5. The relaxations were abolished by tetrodotoxin (5 microgram/ml), procaine (500 micron), and by section of the inhibitory nerves. 6. The results suggest that KCl-induced relaxations are due to stimulation of the inhibitory nerves by K+.", "contents": "The nature of potassium chloride-induced relaxations of the rat anococcygeus muscle. 1. The nature of KCl-induced relaxations of the rat anococcygeus muscle was investigated. 2. The relaxations were mimicked by other K+ salts, but not by NaCl. 3. The muscle was more susceptible to the relaxant effects of KCl than the contractile effects. 4. Addition of ouabain (100 micron) had no effect on the relaxations. 5. The relaxations were abolished by tetrodotoxin (5 microgram/ml), procaine (500 micron), and by section of the inhibitory nerves. 6. The results suggest that KCl-induced relaxations are due to stimulation of the inhibitory nerves by K+."}
{"id": "PMID:884386", "title": "The effects of gastrin and gastrin analogues on pancreatic acinar cell membrane potential and resistance.", "content": "1 Intracellular recordings of membrane potentials and input resistance have been made from the exocrine acinar cells of mouse and rat pancreas placed in a tissue bath perfused with Krebs-Henseleit solution.2 The resting acinar cell membrane potential was about -38 mV. The acinar cells were stimulated by cholecystokinin-pancreozymin (CCK-PZ), gastrin and the gastrin-related polypeptides, caerulein and desulphated caerulein. The immediate effect of stimulation with these secretagogues was always a depolarization and a concomitant reduction in input resistance and time constant. Depolarization of the acinar cell membrane by these secretagogues was not abolished in the presence of atropine (1.4 muM).3 These peptide secretagogues were divided into the gastrin group and the CCK-PZ group according to the time course of the depolarizations and the shape of the dose-response curve. The depolarization evoked by the gastrin group returned quickly to the resting level but that evoked by the CCK-PZ group was long lasting. The time course and the dose-response curve for desulphated caerulein was identical with that of gastrin.4 It was confirmed electrophysiologically that the activity of gastrin is exerted by the C-terminal tetrapeptide; but the activity of caerulein depends on the C-terminal heptapeptide, especially the presence in the molecule of the sulphated tyrosyl residue at position 7 (numbering from the C-terminus). The equivalent sulphated tyrosyl residue in CCK-PZ is probably necessary for optimal activity of this polypeptide.5 The dose-response curves obtained by electrophysiological methods indicated that the relative potencies of the peptides on mouse pancreatic acinar cells were caerulein > CCK-PZ > gastrin. Synthetic human gastrin I was found to have a higher potency than either tetra- or pentagastrin.", "contents": "The effects of gastrin and gastrin analogues on pancreatic acinar cell membrane potential and resistance. 1 Intracellular recordings of membrane potentials and input resistance have been made from the exocrine acinar cells of mouse and rat pancreas placed in a tissue bath perfused with Krebs-Henseleit solution.2 The resting acinar cell membrane potential was about -38 mV. The acinar cells were stimulated by cholecystokinin-pancreozymin (CCK-PZ), gastrin and the gastrin-related polypeptides, caerulein and desulphated caerulein. The immediate effect of stimulation with these secretagogues was always a depolarization and a concomitant reduction in input resistance and time constant. Depolarization of the acinar cell membrane by these secretagogues was not abolished in the presence of atropine (1.4 muM).3 These peptide secretagogues were divided into the gastrin group and the CCK-PZ group according to the time course of the depolarizations and the shape of the dose-response curve. The depolarization evoked by the gastrin group returned quickly to the resting level but that evoked by the CCK-PZ group was long lasting. The time course and the dose-response curve for desulphated caerulein was identical with that of gastrin.4 It was confirmed electrophysiologically that the activity of gastrin is exerted by the C-terminal tetrapeptide; but the activity of caerulein depends on the C-terminal heptapeptide, especially the presence in the molecule of the sulphated tyrosyl residue at position 7 (numbering from the C-terminus). The equivalent sulphated tyrosyl residue in CCK-PZ is probably necessary for optimal activity of this polypeptide.5 The dose-response curves obtained by electrophysiological methods indicated that the relative potencies of the peptides on mouse pancreatic acinar cells were caerulein > CCK-PZ > gastrin. Synthetic human gastrin I was found to have a higher potency than either tetra- or pentagastrin."}
{"id": "PMID:884387", "title": "Plasma nortriptyline and cardiac responses in young and old rats.", "content": "1. The relationship between plasma concentrations and cardiac effects of nortriptyline was studied in anaesthetized young and old rats. 2. Nortriptyline was administered by two consecutive intravenous infusions which resulted in a peak plasma concentration followed by steady state values. Increasing infusion rates were followed by proportional increases in the drug plasma concentrations ranging from 0.15 to 6.0 microgram/ml. 3. In young rats, nortriptyline induced an increase in the heart rate, a right rotation of the electrical axis and a prolongation of the PQ interval. Heart rate changes were not correlated with nortriptyline plasma concentrations, while significant correlations were found for the other two parameters. Plasma concentrations inducing 20% increase of the PQ interval and 40 degrees rotation of the electrical axis were 1.65 microgram/ml respectively. Arrhythmias occurred at concentrations higher than 5.2 microgram/ml. 4. Nortriptyline caused more severe cardiac effects in old than in young animals. However, plasma concentrations of nortriptyline in old rats were two to five times higher than those found in young rats at similar infusion rates. A higher concentration of the drug at its sites of action seems to be responsible for the more severe cardiac toxicity of nortriptyline observed in old rats.", "contents": "Plasma nortriptyline and cardiac responses in young and old rats. 1. The relationship between plasma concentrations and cardiac effects of nortriptyline was studied in anaesthetized young and old rats. 2. Nortriptyline was administered by two consecutive intravenous infusions which resulted in a peak plasma concentration followed by steady state values. Increasing infusion rates were followed by proportional increases in the drug plasma concentrations ranging from 0.15 to 6.0 microgram/ml. 3. In young rats, nortriptyline induced an increase in the heart rate, a right rotation of the electrical axis and a prolongation of the PQ interval. Heart rate changes were not correlated with nortriptyline plasma concentrations, while significant correlations were found for the other two parameters. Plasma concentrations inducing 20% increase of the PQ interval and 40 degrees rotation of the electrical axis were 1.65 microgram/ml respectively. Arrhythmias occurred at concentrations higher than 5.2 microgram/ml. 4. Nortriptyline caused more severe cardiac effects in old than in young animals. However, plasma concentrations of nortriptyline in old rats were two to five times higher than those found in young rats at similar infusion rates. A higher concentration of the drug at its sites of action seems to be responsible for the more severe cardiac toxicity of nortriptyline observed in old rats."}
{"id": "PMID:884388", "title": "Responses of motoneurones to electrophoretically applied dopamine.", "content": "1. The effect of electrophoretically applied dopamine upon motoneurone excitability has been investigated. Field potentials originating from antidromically activated motoneurones were recorded from the ventral horn of the rat lumbar spinal cord. 2. Field potentials showed an increase in amplitude following electrophoretic application of dopamine. Dopamine was shown to be less potent than noradrenaline and 5-hydroxytryptamine in producing these changes. 3. Measurement of the transport number of dopamine suggest that the relatively low potency of dopamine cannot be attributed to differences in ionic mobilities between the amines. 4. Electrophoretic application of alpha-flupenthixol was shown to discriminate between dopamine and 5-hydroxytryptamine responses. Dopamine responses were profoundly reduced. 5. Electrophoretically applied alpha-flupenthixol also discriminated between dopamine and noradrenaline. Noradrenaline responses were consistently potentiated by alpha-flupenthixol. The possibility is discussed that dopamine may not merely be a precursor for noradrenaline in the rat spinal cord.", "contents": "Responses of motoneurones to electrophoretically applied dopamine. 1. The effect of electrophoretically applied dopamine upon motoneurone excitability has been investigated. Field potentials originating from antidromically activated motoneurones were recorded from the ventral horn of the rat lumbar spinal cord. 2. Field potentials showed an increase in amplitude following electrophoretic application of dopamine. Dopamine was shown to be less potent than noradrenaline and 5-hydroxytryptamine in producing these changes. 3. Measurement of the transport number of dopamine suggest that the relatively low potency of dopamine cannot be attributed to differences in ionic mobilities between the amines. 4. Electrophoretic application of alpha-flupenthixol was shown to discriminate between dopamine and 5-hydroxytryptamine responses. Dopamine responses were profoundly reduced. 5. Electrophoretically applied alpha-flupenthixol also discriminated between dopamine and noradrenaline. Noradrenaline responses were consistently potentiated by alpha-flupenthixol. The possibility is discussed that dopamine may not merely be a precursor for noradrenaline in the rat spinal cord."}
{"id": "PMID:884389", "title": "Inhibition by Cd2+ verapamil and papaverine of Ca2+-induced contractions in isolated cerebral and peripheral arteries of the dog.", "content": "1 In helically cut strips of canine cerebral arteries exposed to Ca2+-free media and depolarized by K+, the addition of Ca2+ caused biphasic (transient and sustained) contractions, while in coronary and mesenteric arteries, the additon of Ca2+ produced a sustained contraction sometimes preceded by a slight transient contraction. 2. These Ca2+-induced contractions were attenuated by Cd2+ (50 to 100 micron) in a dose-dependent manner, the attenuation being greater in cerebral than in coronary and mesenteric arteries. The inhibitory effect of Cd2+ was prevented and partially reversed by 1 mM cysteine. 3. Verapamil and papaverine were also effective in attenuating the Ca2+-induced contrations in cerebral and peripheral arteries: susceptibility to verapamil was in the order, cerebral greater than coronary greater than mesenteric, while that to papaverine was in the order, cerebral=coronary greater than mesenteric. 4. It may be concluded that the agents that interfere with trans-membrane influxes of Ca2+ cause a greater relaxation in cerebral than in peripheral arteries, as is seen with papaverine, a non-specific vasodilator.", "contents": "Inhibition by Cd2+ verapamil and papaverine of Ca2+-induced contractions in isolated cerebral and peripheral arteries of the dog. 1 In helically cut strips of canine cerebral arteries exposed to Ca2+-free media and depolarized by K+, the addition of Ca2+ caused biphasic (transient and sustained) contractions, while in coronary and mesenteric arteries, the additon of Ca2+ produced a sustained contraction sometimes preceded by a slight transient contraction. 2. These Ca2+-induced contractions were attenuated by Cd2+ (50 to 100 micron) in a dose-dependent manner, the attenuation being greater in cerebral than in coronary and mesenteric arteries. The inhibitory effect of Cd2+ was prevented and partially reversed by 1 mM cysteine. 3. Verapamil and papaverine were also effective in attenuating the Ca2+-induced contrations in cerebral and peripheral arteries: susceptibility to verapamil was in the order, cerebral greater than coronary greater than mesenteric, while that to papaverine was in the order, cerebral=coronary greater than mesenteric. 4. It may be concluded that the agents that interfere with trans-membrane influxes of Ca2+ cause a greater relaxation in cerebral than in peripheral arteries, as is seen with papaverine, a non-specific vasodilator."}
{"id": "PMID:884390", "title": "Possible mechanism of adverse reaction following levodopa plus benserazide treatment.", "content": "1 Rats treated for seven days with seryl-trihydroxybenzylhydrazine (benserazide), and inhibitor of peripheral aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase (500 mg/kg, daily, i.p.) alone or in combination with L-DOPA methylester (500 mg/kg, daily, i.p.) for seven days showed a moderate but significant decrease of liver aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH), without accompanying change in alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) activity, compared with saline-treated controls. 2 Administration of L-DOPA methylester (500 mg/kg, daily, i.p.) alone for seven days had little effect on liver ADH or ALDH. 3. The combined treatment might be conducive to the in vivo formation of L-DOPA-derived tetrahydroisoquinoline derivatives which might be implicated in L-DOPA produced adverse effects.", "contents": "Possible mechanism of adverse reaction following levodopa plus benserazide treatment. 1 Rats treated for seven days with seryl-trihydroxybenzylhydrazine (benserazide), and inhibitor of peripheral aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase (500 mg/kg, daily, i.p.) alone or in combination with L-DOPA methylester (500 mg/kg, daily, i.p.) for seven days showed a moderate but significant decrease of liver aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH), without accompanying change in alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) activity, compared with saline-treated controls. 2 Administration of L-DOPA methylester (500 mg/kg, daily, i.p.) alone for seven days had little effect on liver ADH or ALDH. 3. The combined treatment might be conducive to the in vivo formation of L-DOPA-derived tetrahydroisoquinoline derivatives which might be implicated in L-DOPA produced adverse effects."}
{"id": "PMID:884391", "title": "The effect of delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol on body temperature and brain amine concentrations in the rat at differnt ambient temperatures.", "content": "1. Rats were injected intravenously with 2 mg/kg (-)-trans-delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol (delta9-THC) at ambient temperatures of 4 degrees, 21 degrees, 31 degrees and 37 degrees C. 2. The general behavior exhibited by rats treated with delta9-THC was similar at all four ambient temperatures. 3. Body temperatures were recorded continuously before and after drug administration. At 4 degrees and 21 degrees C, delta9-THC caused hypothermia whereas no change in body temperature occurred at 31 degrees and 37 degrees C. 4. The concentrations in the whole brain of noradrenaline (NA), dopamine, 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) were determined spectrophotofluorimetrically 1 h after drug administration. At 4 degrees C delta9-THC caused an increase of 5-HT, at 21 degrees C an increase of 5-HIAA, at 21 degrees C an increase of 5-HIAA AND A decrease of NA, and at 37 degrees C an increase of 5-HT and 5-HIAA. 5. At all ambient temperatures, delta9-THC increased the brain levels of 5-HT and/or 5-HIAA. A correlation between the delta9-THC-induced hypothermic response and the possible alteration of brain 5-HT metabolism cannot be excluded.", "contents": "The effect of delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol on body temperature and brain amine concentrations in the rat at differnt ambient temperatures. 1. Rats were injected intravenously with 2 mg/kg (-)-trans-delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol (delta9-THC) at ambient temperatures of 4 degrees, 21 degrees, 31 degrees and 37 degrees C. 2. The general behavior exhibited by rats treated with delta9-THC was similar at all four ambient temperatures. 3. Body temperatures were recorded continuously before and after drug administration. At 4 degrees and 21 degrees C, delta9-THC caused hypothermia whereas no change in body temperature occurred at 31 degrees and 37 degrees C. 4. The concentrations in the whole brain of noradrenaline (NA), dopamine, 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) were determined spectrophotofluorimetrically 1 h after drug administration. At 4 degrees C delta9-THC caused an increase of 5-HT, at 21 degrees C an increase of 5-HIAA, at 21 degrees C an increase of 5-HIAA AND A decrease of NA, and at 37 degrees C an increase of 5-HT and 5-HIAA. 5. At all ambient temperatures, delta9-THC increased the brain levels of 5-HT and/or 5-HIAA. A correlation between the delta9-THC-induced hypothermic response and the possible alteration of brain 5-HT metabolism cannot be excluded."}
{"id": "PMID:884392", "title": "Intrarenal stimulation of renin secretion by frusemide in the isolated kidney of the rat.", "content": "1. Intrarenal infusion of frusemide markedly stimulated renin secretion in the isolated perfused kidney of the rat. 2. Renin vales increased from 24+/-6 to 195+/-34 units of secretion rate (renin concentration (nmol angiotensin I/h per litre) X flow rate (ml/min)) following administration of frusemide for 8 min, compared with corresponding control values of 13 +/- 2 (P greater than 0.05) and 47 +/-18 (P less than 0.001). This stimulatory effect was also observed when urine flow was interrupted by ligation of the ureters. 3. The changes in renal perfusion pressure and perfusate flow rate were not significantly differnt from the control values. 4. These findings indicate the existence of an intrarenal site of action for frusemide on renin secretion. 5. Since frusemide did dot appear to alter perfusion pressure or flow rate, and was effective when urine flow was abolished, a dominant role for a vascular or macula densa receptor mechnaism seems unlikely. A direct effect of frusemide on the renin secreting cell is therefore suggested.", "contents": "Intrarenal stimulation of renin secretion by frusemide in the isolated kidney of the rat. 1. Intrarenal infusion of frusemide markedly stimulated renin secretion in the isolated perfused kidney of the rat. 2. Renin vales increased from 24+/-6 to 195+/-34 units of secretion rate (renin concentration (nmol angiotensin I/h per litre) X flow rate (ml/min)) following administration of frusemide for 8 min, compared with corresponding control values of 13 +/- 2 (P greater than 0.05) and 47 +/-18 (P less than 0.001). This stimulatory effect was also observed when urine flow was interrupted by ligation of the ureters. 3. The changes in renal perfusion pressure and perfusate flow rate were not significantly differnt from the control values. 4. These findings indicate the existence of an intrarenal site of action for frusemide on renin secretion. 5. Since frusemide did dot appear to alter perfusion pressure or flow rate, and was effective when urine flow was abolished, a dominant role for a vascular or macula densa receptor mechnaism seems unlikely. A direct effect of frusemide on the renin secreting cell is therefore suggested."}
{"id": "PMID:884393", "title": "Metabolic basis for the supra-additive effect of the ethanol-diazepam combination in mice.", "content": "1 The comination of ethanol and diazepam elicits additive or supra-additive pharmacological effects in animals and humans. Since the mouse appeared to be a reasonably good animal model for man, this species was examined to determine if a biochemical basis for these effects could be established.2 The effect of ethanol (3 g/kg, orally), administered 0.5 h before [(14)C]-diazepam (5 mg/kg, orally), on the pharmacokinetics of diazepam in male Swiss Webster mice was examined.3 At 4, 6, 8 and 12 h after dosing, blood levels of (14)C were higher in ethanol pretreated mice than in vehicle pretreated controls. A tissue distribution study indicated that ethanol had similar effects on levels of (14)C in most tissues at 2, 6 and 12 hours.4 Both pretreated and control mice eliminated approximately 25% of the dose of isotope in the urine and 50% in the faeces by 48 hours.5 Biliary excretion was the major route of clearance in mice in which the bile ducts had been cannulated and ethanol reduced excretion at all time periods examined up to 12 hours.6 Oxazepam (the glucuronide in bile) and desmethyl diazepam were the major metabolites identified in bile, plasma and brain. Ethanol reduced oxazepam levels but increased desmethyl diazepam levels, suggesting that 3-hydroxylation of desmethyl diazepam was inhibited by ethanol.7 The accumulation of the pharmacologically active desmethyl diazepam in the brains of ethanol pretreated mice offers an explanation for the supra-additive effect of the ethanol-diazepam combination on motor coordination.", "contents": "Metabolic basis for the supra-additive effect of the ethanol-diazepam combination in mice. 1 The comination of ethanol and diazepam elicits additive or supra-additive pharmacological effects in animals and humans. Since the mouse appeared to be a reasonably good animal model for man, this species was examined to determine if a biochemical basis for these effects could be established.2 The effect of ethanol (3 g/kg, orally), administered 0.5 h before [(14)C]-diazepam (5 mg/kg, orally), on the pharmacokinetics of diazepam in male Swiss Webster mice was examined.3 At 4, 6, 8 and 12 h after dosing, blood levels of (14)C were higher in ethanol pretreated mice than in vehicle pretreated controls. A tissue distribution study indicated that ethanol had similar effects on levels of (14)C in most tissues at 2, 6 and 12 hours.4 Both pretreated and control mice eliminated approximately 25% of the dose of isotope in the urine and 50% in the faeces by 48 hours.5 Biliary excretion was the major route of clearance in mice in which the bile ducts had been cannulated and ethanol reduced excretion at all time periods examined up to 12 hours.6 Oxazepam (the glucuronide in bile) and desmethyl diazepam were the major metabolites identified in bile, plasma and brain. Ethanol reduced oxazepam levels but increased desmethyl diazepam levels, suggesting that 3-hydroxylation of desmethyl diazepam was inhibited by ethanol.7 The accumulation of the pharmacologically active desmethyl diazepam in the brains of ethanol pretreated mice offers an explanation for the supra-additive effect of the ethanol-diazepam combination on motor coordination."}
{"id": "PMID:884395", "title": "Frequency distribution of hospital-referred parasuicidal episodes in Edinburgh.", "content": "This paper presents frequency distributions of parasuicidal episodes (suicide attempts) in Edinburgh for four subgroups of people for each of the years 1970, 1973, and 1974. Probability distributions are fitted to these data and it is shown that the log-series distribution best fits the data for two subgroups. The stability of the parameters of these distributions is examined and is demonstrated for two of the subgroups.", "contents": "Frequency distribution of hospital-referred parasuicidal episodes in Edinburgh. This paper presents frequency distributions of parasuicidal episodes (suicide attempts) in Edinburgh for four subgroups of people for each of the years 1970, 1973, and 1974. Probability distributions are fitted to these data and it is shown that the log-series distribution best fits the data for two subgroups. The stability of the parameters of these distributions is examined and is demonstrated for two of the subgroups."}
{"id": "PMID:884394", "title": "Acute respiratory illness in the community: effect of family composition, smoking, and chronic symptoms.", "content": "Respiratory illness and infection was studied in the community of Tecumseh, Michigan, USA, during a six-year period. Acute illness was ascertained by making weekly telephone calls, and prevalent agents were identified by microbial isolation. Infection rates were determined serologically using blood specimens collected routinely at six monthly intervals from those reported to be ill. Illness rates were higher in the youngest children of families up to the age of three years than for the oldest children of the same ages. Above the age of three, the pattern was reversed. Among the adults, rates of illness were shown to relate not only to the presence, but also to the age of children in the home. Throughout this comparison, women were more likely to be ill than men in the same groups. Smoking in itself was not related to increased acute respiratory illnesses, but persons with symptoms of chronic bronchitis were found to have higher illness rates independently of whether they smoked.", "contents": "Acute respiratory illness in the community: effect of family composition, smoking, and chronic symptoms. Respiratory illness and infection was studied in the community of Tecumseh, Michigan, USA, during a six-year period. Acute illness was ascertained by making weekly telephone calls, and prevalent agents were identified by microbial isolation. Infection rates were determined serologically using blood specimens collected routinely at six monthly intervals from those reported to be ill. Illness rates were higher in the youngest children of families up to the age of three years than for the oldest children of the same ages. Above the age of three, the pattern was reversed. Among the adults, rates of illness were shown to relate not only to the presence, but also to the age of children in the home. Throughout this comparison, women were more likely to be ill than men in the same groups. Smoking in itself was not related to increased acute respiratory illnesses, but persons with symptoms of chronic bronchitis were found to have higher illness rates independently of whether they smoked."}
{"id": "PMID:884396", "title": "A scoring system for sick children.", "content": "A scoring chart for sick children was designed using the vital signs of temperature, respiratory and pulse rates, and the central nervous system. The scoring chart was used on 68 sick children who had been randomly selected from a child welfare clinic in Lagos. Analyses of the charts showed that although values overlapped when related to clinical impression, there was an inverse correlation with the severity of the illness. The correlation coefficient between the doctors' and nurses' scores was high. Despite the need for further modification and investigation the scoring chart was promising as a screening tool for use by people who were not doctors and, possibly in some situations, by those who were not nurses.", "contents": "A scoring system for sick children. A scoring chart for sick children was designed using the vital signs of temperature, respiratory and pulse rates, and the central nervous system. The scoring chart was used on 68 sick children who had been randomly selected from a child welfare clinic in Lagos. Analyses of the charts showed that although values overlapped when related to clinical impression, there was an inverse correlation with the severity of the illness. The correlation coefficient between the doctors' and nurses' scores was high. Despite the need for further modification and investigation the scoring chart was promising as a screening tool for use by people who were not doctors and, possibly in some situations, by those who were not nurses."}
{"id": "PMID:884397", "title": "Bias resulting from missing information: some epidemiological findings.", "content": "The biases resulting from missing information were examined in three psychiatric epidemiological studies. In each study, cases with missing information could be compared with the main sample because data were available from several sources or at several points in time through a longitudinal study. In almost all instances, cases with missing data differed systematically in terms of variables crucial to the questions being studied. In general, they tended to include a higher proportion with problems of various kinds--such as, behavioural deviance, reading backwardness, child or adult psychiatric disorder, and marital discord. The characteristics or circumstances of those giving information were generally more strongly associated with co-operation in testing or interviewing than the characteristics of those about whom information was sought. In some situations, the nature and degree of distortion resulting from missing information could lead to biased results.", "contents": "Bias resulting from missing information: some epidemiological findings. The biases resulting from missing information were examined in three psychiatric epidemiological studies. In each study, cases with missing information could be compared with the main sample because data were available from several sources or at several points in time through a longitudinal study. In almost all instances, cases with missing data differed systematically in terms of variables crucial to the questions being studied. In general, they tended to include a higher proportion with problems of various kinds--such as, behavioural deviance, reading backwardness, child or adult psychiatric disorder, and marital discord. The characteristics or circumstances of those giving information were generally more strongly associated with co-operation in testing or interviewing than the characteristics of those about whom information was sought. In some situations, the nature and degree of distortion resulting from missing information could lead to biased results."}
{"id": "PMID:884398", "title": "The power of a test for seasonality.", "content": "The power of a test of Edwards to detect seasonality or cyclic variation in the rate of an epidemiological event is derived and tabulated. A simple harmonic or sinusoidal form of variation is assumed, but the power results should also apply approximately to other situations with similar types of rate oscillation. The results may be used by investigators to determine the sample size required in order to detect seasonal variation of a given magnitude, or conversely to calculate the probability of detecting seasonality of various amplitudes with a sample of fixed size.", "contents": "The power of a test for seasonality. The power of a test of Edwards to detect seasonality or cyclic variation in the rate of an epidemiological event is derived and tabulated. A simple harmonic or sinusoidal form of variation is assumed, but the power results should also apply approximately to other situations with similar types of rate oscillation. The results may be used by investigators to determine the sample size required in order to detect seasonal variation of a given magnitude, or conversely to calculate the probability of detecting seasonality of various amplitudes with a sample of fixed size."}
{"id": "PMID:884399", "title": "Foods and diseases.", "content": "An examination was made of the statistical correlations between the main foodstuff and nutrient intakes and the chief causes of mortality in 20 different countries, comprising 17 in Europe, and Canada, USA, and Japan. Subsidiary examinations were made of the effects of including and excluding Japan, and of the effects of various statistical standardisation procedures. Complex food patterns were identified and related both to geographical latitude and to levels of affluence; these, in turn, were related to complex patterns of mortality. Criteria for drawing special attention to specific associations were identified, based partly on statistical significance tests and also on strength-of-association yardsticks supplied by diseases with known causes. Findings suggesting causal interpretations were: (a) alcohol intakes and cirrhosis of the liver, cancer of the mouth, and cancer of the larynx; (b) total fat intakes and multiple sclerosis, cancer of the large intestine, and cancer of the breast; and (c) beer and cancer of the rectum.", "contents": "Foods and diseases. An examination was made of the statistical correlations between the main foodstuff and nutrient intakes and the chief causes of mortality in 20 different countries, comprising 17 in Europe, and Canada, USA, and Japan. Subsidiary examinations were made of the effects of including and excluding Japan, and of the effects of various statistical standardisation procedures. Complex food patterns were identified and related both to geographical latitude and to levels of affluence; these, in turn, were related to complex patterns of mortality. Criteria for drawing special attention to specific associations were identified, based partly on statistical significance tests and also on strength-of-association yardsticks supplied by diseases with known causes. Findings suggesting causal interpretations were: (a) alcohol intakes and cirrhosis of the liver, cancer of the mouth, and cancer of the larynx; (b) total fat intakes and multiple sclerosis, cancer of the large intestine, and cancer of the breast; and (c) beer and cancer of the rectum."}
{"id": "PMID:884400", "title": "Some behavioural changes in 493 patients after an acute myocardial infarction.", "content": "A retrospective study of behavioural changes in 493 consecutive patients who had survived a first acute myocardial infarction was carried out. The changes in behaviour that were studied related to smoking, physical activity, and weight loss. The personalities of the patients were also studied by means of the Eysenck personality inventory to find out if there was any relationship between the personality factors, extroversion and neuroticism, and the changes in behaviour. Sixty-six per cent of the men and 59% of the women reduced or stopped smoking, 60% of the men and 81% of the women reduced their physical activity, and 67% of the men and 56% of the women lost weight. Some significant associations were found between these changes and the medical advice given, the patients' views of the value of the change in behaviour, and the severity of the illness. Personality factors as assessed were not associated with any of the observed changes, except in the case of physical activity. Those who increased or decreased their physical activity had a significantly higher mean neuroticism score than those who did not change their behaviour in this respect.", "contents": "Some behavioural changes in 493 patients after an acute myocardial infarction. A retrospective study of behavioural changes in 493 consecutive patients who had survived a first acute myocardial infarction was carried out. The changes in behaviour that were studied related to smoking, physical activity, and weight loss. The personalities of the patients were also studied by means of the Eysenck personality inventory to find out if there was any relationship between the personality factors, extroversion and neuroticism, and the changes in behaviour. Sixty-six per cent of the men and 59% of the women reduced or stopped smoking, 60% of the men and 81% of the women reduced their physical activity, and 67% of the men and 56% of the women lost weight. Some significant associations were found between these changes and the medical advice given, the patients' views of the value of the change in behaviour, and the severity of the illness. Personality factors as assessed were not associated with any of the observed changes, except in the case of physical activity. Those who increased or decreased their physical activity had a significantly higher mean neuroticism score than those who did not change their behaviour in this respect."}
{"id": "PMID:884401", "title": "Are poor living conditions in childhood and adolescence an important risk factor for arteriosclerotic heart disease?", "content": "Norwegian counties show considerable variations in their rates of mortality from arteriosclerotic heart disease. These variations cannot be explained by present-day differences in standard of living. Such differences did exist in the past as was shown by large variations in infant mortality. A significant positive correlation has been found between the county age-adjusted mortality from arteriosclerotic heart disease in people aged between 40 and 69 years and county infant mortality relating to the early years in the same cohorts. The findings suggest that great poverty in childhood and adolescence followed by prosperity, is a risk factor for arteriosclerotic heart disease.", "contents": "Are poor living conditions in childhood and adolescence an important risk factor for arteriosclerotic heart disease? Norwegian counties show considerable variations in their rates of mortality from arteriosclerotic heart disease. These variations cannot be explained by present-day differences in standard of living. Such differences did exist in the past as was shown by large variations in infant mortality. A significant positive correlation has been found between the county age-adjusted mortality from arteriosclerotic heart disease in people aged between 40 and 69 years and county infant mortality relating to the early years in the same cohorts. The findings suggest that great poverty in childhood and adolescence followed by prosperity, is a risk factor for arteriosclerotic heart disease."}
{"id": "PMID:884402", "title": "Coronary risk factors in various occupational groups: the Oslo study.", "content": "Coronary risk factors (CRF) have been recorded for nearly 15 000 men aged between 40 and 49 living in Oslo in 1972. These data are matched with the 1970 census data for Norway so as to analyse CRF within various occupational groups. A fairly good agreement between mortality statistics for Norway and CRF was found in many occupations. For instance, persons in pedagogical work have low total mortality rates consistent with their low coronary risk factors. Taxi and busdrivers, on the other hand, have been reported to have mortality rates from lung cancer and coronary heart disease consistent with their high smoking prevalence, serum triglycerides, and cholesterol levels.", "contents": "Coronary risk factors in various occupational groups: the Oslo study. Coronary risk factors (CRF) have been recorded for nearly 15 000 men aged between 40 and 49 living in Oslo in 1972. These data are matched with the 1970 census data for Norway so as to analyse CRF within various occupational groups. A fairly good agreement between mortality statistics for Norway and CRF was found in many occupations. For instance, persons in pedagogical work have low total mortality rates consistent with their low coronary risk factors. Taxi and busdrivers, on the other hand, have been reported to have mortality rates from lung cancer and coronary heart disease consistent with their high smoking prevalence, serum triglycerides, and cholesterol levels."}
{"id": "PMID:884403", "title": "Psychiatric illness in male doctors and controls: an analysis of Scottish hospitals in-patient data.", "content": "An investigation was undertaken into the first admissions to (for the years 1963, 1965, 1968, 1972) and the total discharges from (for the years 1963-72) Scottish mental hospitals and psychiatric units of male doctors and other social class I males. The overall rates for both first admission and for all discharges were more than twice as high among male doctors as among other social class I males. First admission and total discharge rates for drug dependence, alcoholism, neurotic and 'functional' depression and for affective psychosis were all significantly higher among doctors than non-doctors. Doctors were more likely than non-doctors to have been referred by themselves or by medical sources other than general practitioners, and were as willing as non-doctors to enter hospital voluntarily. Creater access to psychiatrists may have contributed to their higher rates in in-patient care, but it is improbable that such factors accounted for all of the excess in rates of drug dependence, alcoholism and depression.", "contents": "Psychiatric illness in male doctors and controls: an analysis of Scottish hospitals in-patient data. An investigation was undertaken into the first admissions to (for the years 1963, 1965, 1968, 1972) and the total discharges from (for the years 1963-72) Scottish mental hospitals and psychiatric units of male doctors and other social class I males. The overall rates for both first admission and for all discharges were more than twice as high among male doctors as among other social class I males. First admission and total discharge rates for drug dependence, alcoholism, neurotic and 'functional' depression and for affective psychosis were all significantly higher among doctors than non-doctors. Doctors were more likely than non-doctors to have been referred by themselves or by medical sources other than general practitioners, and were as willing as non-doctors to enter hospital voluntarily. Creater access to psychiatrists may have contributed to their higher rates in in-patient care, but it is improbable that such factors accounted for all of the excess in rates of drug dependence, alcoholism and depression."}
{"id": "PMID:884407", "title": "One hundred doctors at The Retreat. A contribution to the subject of mental disorder in the medical profession.", "content": "A study of the cases of 100 doctors admitted to The Retreat, York, confirmed the findings of a'Brook et al  (1967) in all important respects, addiction being the outstanding feature of the series.", "contents": "One hundred doctors at The Retreat. A contribution to the subject of mental disorder in the medical profession. A study of the cases of 100 doctors admitted to The Retreat, York, confirmed the findings of a'Brook et al  (1967) in all important respects, addiction being the outstanding feature of the series."}
{"id": "PMID:884411", "title": "Coping behaviour after shipwreck.", "content": "A description is given of the coping behaviour of seven men who survived a shipwreck and were not rescued until 13 days later. The principal behaviours shown by the men were attachment ideation, drive to survive, modelling, prayer and hope. Particular attention is paid to the first of these, and consideration given to its likely origins in behavioural evolution. It is proposed as a hitherto inadequately recognized coping behaviour. A follow-up examination 12 to 24 months later showed that five of the seven men available had developed substantial psychiatric disorder, while by contrast one was not only well but claimed to have been enriched by the experience. Exposure to extreme adversity or disaster may have long-term effects on mental health. Further longitudinal studies of disaster victims are necessary for the design of informed after-care.", "contents": "Coping behaviour after shipwreck. A description is given of the coping behaviour of seven men who survived a shipwreck and were not rescued until 13 days later. The principal behaviours shown by the men were attachment ideation, drive to survive, modelling, prayer and hope. Particular attention is paid to the first of these, and consideration given to its likely origins in behavioural evolution. It is proposed as a hitherto inadequately recognized coping behaviour. A follow-up examination 12 to 24 months later showed that five of the seven men available had developed substantial psychiatric disorder, while by contrast one was not only well but claimed to have been enriched by the experience. Exposure to extreme adversity or disaster may have long-term effects on mental health. Further longitudinal studies of disaster victims are necessary for the design of informed after-care."}
{"id": "PMID:884412", "title": "Pathological mourning after the death of a domestic pet.", "content": "Pathological bereavement reactions following the death of a close relative or friend have been well documented in the literature. Similar grief reactions have been described following other personal losses, such as the loss of a limb or the loss of one's homes. The cases of three women are described in whom pathological grief followed another category of loss, that represented by the death of a much loved domestic pet. The patients suffered disabling psychiatric symptoms following the death of their pet dogs. The dogs were all of the toy dog variety and had been at least 13 years of age at the time of their death. Institution of psychiatric treatment resulted in rapid recovery and at follow-up after a year there had been no recurrence of symptoms.", "contents": "Pathological mourning after the death of a domestic pet. Pathological bereavement reactions following the death of a close relative or friend have been well documented in the literature. Similar grief reactions have been described following other personal losses, such as the loss of a limb or the loss of one's homes. The cases of three women are described in whom pathological grief followed another category of loss, that represented by the death of a much loved domestic pet. The patients suffered disabling psychiatric symptoms following the death of their pet dogs. The dogs were all of the toy dog variety and had been at least 13 years of age at the time of their death. Institution of psychiatric treatment resulted in rapid recovery and at follow-up after a year there had been no recurrence of symptoms."}
{"id": "PMID:884413", "title": "Life events and illness: a three year prospective study.", "content": "In an investigation of the relation between life events (stressors) and illness, 87 medical students reported on a prospective basis their health and life events history over a three year period. There were a few positive findings, e.g. that subjects who reported more life events during the period also reported more illnesses during that period. Overall, however, the study showed a lack of statistically significant association between life events and illness.", "contents": "Life events and illness: a three year prospective study. In an investigation of the relation between life events (stressors) and illness, 87 medical students reported on a prospective basis their health and life events history over a three year period. There were a few positive findings, e.g. that subjects who reported more life events during the period also reported more illnesses during that period. Overall, however, the study showed a lack of statistically significant association between life events and illness."}
{"id": "PMID:884414", "title": "Multiple personality--an objective case study.", "content": "A case of multiple personality is presented and described. Psychological and neurophysiological parameters obtained on the personalities are evaluated. Major differences between the personalities in the processing of sensory information (augmenting-reducing parameter) are discussed.", "contents": "Multiple personality--an objective case study. A case of multiple personality is presented and described. Psychological and neurophysiological parameters obtained on the personalities are evaluated. Major differences between the personalities in the processing of sensory information (augmenting-reducing parameter) are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:884415", "title": "Eighteen years of community psychiatric service in the island of Sams\u00f8.", "content": "An analysis has been made of patients aged 15 + referred to the community psychiatric service in a Danish rural population during 18 years. The mean referral rate per year was 17.9 per 1,000. The majority of the patients (79 per cent) were referred to the clinic by the general practitioners, and it is stressed that a close and good co-operation between the psychiatrists and the local physicians is one of the most important factors in establishing a good community psychiatric service. Only 11 per cent of all referrals were admitted to a psychiatric hospital. The admission frequency for psychoses was only 19 per cent, and it was estimated that it would have been approximately 44 per cent higher, if the service had been of the usual hospital-oriented type. Forty-three per cent of the patients were visited by the psychiatrist in their home at least once and 42 per cent of all 6,000 consultations were home visits. When evaluating the treatment possibilities it was considered that approximately 50 per cent of all patients referred could be treated by the local physicians after examination by psychiatrists and discussion of the cases with them.", "contents": "Eighteen years of community psychiatric service in the island of Sams\u00f8. An analysis has been made of patients aged 15 + referred to the community psychiatric service in a Danish rural population during 18 years. The mean referral rate per year was 17.9 per 1,000. The majority of the patients (79 per cent) were referred to the clinic by the general practitioners, and it is stressed that a close and good co-operation between the psychiatrists and the local physicians is one of the most important factors in establishing a good community psychiatric service. Only 11 per cent of all referrals were admitted to a psychiatric hospital. The admission frequency for psychoses was only 19 per cent, and it was estimated that it would have been approximately 44 per cent higher, if the service had been of the usual hospital-oriented type. Forty-three per cent of the patients were visited by the psychiatrist in their home at least once and 42 per cent of all 6,000 consultations were home visits. When evaluating the treatment possibilities it was considered that approximately 50 per cent of all patients referred could be treated by the local physicians after examination by psychiatrists and discussion of the cases with them."}
{"id": "PMID:884416", "title": "Validity of the Hamilton Rating Scale for depression.", "content": "In 26 depressed patients, a high correlation (0-89) was found between the Hamilton score and a psychiatrist's global rating and between the change (0-68) in these ratings during treatment. The Hamilton scale was able to differentiate at the o-01 level four degrees of severity based on the global rating. Limiting the range of severity measured was found to lower significantly the correlation between the ratings. A prospective examination of a six-item sub-scale of the Hamilton scale developed by Beck and associates failed to confirm its claimed improvement in sensitivity or validity.", "contents": "Validity of the Hamilton Rating Scale for depression. In 26 depressed patients, a high correlation (0-89) was found between the Hamilton score and a psychiatrist's global rating and between the change (0-68) in these ratings during treatment. The Hamilton scale was able to differentiate at the o-01 level four degrees of severity based on the global rating. Limiting the range of severity measured was found to lower significantly the correlation between the ratings. A prospective examination of a six-item sub-scale of the Hamilton scale developed by Beck and associates failed to confirm its claimed improvement in sensitivity or validity."}
{"id": "PMID:884417", "title": "A replication study of Foulds' and Bedford's hierarchical model of depression.", "content": "Seventy-eight depressives were assessed on the Delusions-Symptoms-States Inventory. The results supported Fould's and Bedford's hierarchy model, in that nearly all patients fitted this model, and the relationship between delusions of Contrition and state of Depression was found to be an inclusive, non-reflexive one. Suggestions are made for extensions to this study.", "contents": "A replication study of Foulds' and Bedford's hierarchical model of depression. Seventy-eight depressives were assessed on the Delusions-Symptoms-States Inventory. The results supported Fould's and Bedford's hierarchy model, in that nearly all patients fitted this model, and the relationship between delusions of Contrition and state of Depression was found to be an inclusive, non-reflexive one. Suggestions are made for extensions to this study."}
{"id": "PMID:884418", "title": "A test of the hierarchical model of personal illness.", "content": "To test the Foulds and Bedford hierarchical model of personal illness, the Delusions-Symptoms-States Inventory (DSSI) was administered to 100 psychiatric in-patients. Ninety-six had symptom patterns compatible with the hierarchy. This is significantly more than expected on the basis merely of the number of DSSI items affirmed, and overall the results support the model.", "contents": "A test of the hierarchical model of personal illness. To test the Foulds and Bedford hierarchical model of personal illness, the Delusions-Symptoms-States Inventory (DSSI) was administered to 100 psychiatric in-patients. Ninety-six had symptom patterns compatible with the hierarchy. This is significantly more than expected on the basis merely of the number of DSSI items affirmed, and overall the results support the model."}
{"id": "PMID:884419", "title": "The relationship between extra- and intracellular lithium concentration in human red blood cells: an in vitro study.", "content": "Red blood cells (RBC's) from normal volunteers were incubated in vitro at four different extracellular lithium concentrations. Extracellular lithium concentration affected RBC lithium accumulation in several ways. As extracellular lithium concentration increased, the inter-individual variability of RBC lithium accumulation increased. Furthermore, the ratio of RBC lithium concentration to extracellular lithium concentration (lithium ratio) increased in relation to increasing extracellular lithium concentration. A lack of agreement among the authors of recent reports dealing with the significance of the lithium ratio as a psychobiological measure has been noted. It is suggested that this lack of agreement may be due, in part, to the study of patients with differing levels of extracellular lithium.", "contents": "The relationship between extra- and intracellular lithium concentration in human red blood cells: an in vitro study. Red blood cells (RBC's) from normal volunteers were incubated in vitro at four different extracellular lithium concentrations. Extracellular lithium concentration affected RBC lithium accumulation in several ways. As extracellular lithium concentration increased, the inter-individual variability of RBC lithium accumulation increased. Furthermore, the ratio of RBC lithium concentration to extracellular lithium concentration (lithium ratio) increased in relation to increasing extracellular lithium concentration. A lack of agreement among the authors of recent reports dealing with the significance of the lithium ratio as a psychobiological measure has been noted. It is suggested that this lack of agreement may be due, in part, to the study of patients with differing levels of extracellular lithium."}
{"id": "PMID:884420", "title": "A ten-year follow-up study of Chinese schizophrenics in Hong Kong.", "content": "One hundred and thirty-three Chinese schizophrenic patients first seen in 1965 were traced for a follow-up assessment in 1975. Eighty-two patients attended and were fully evaluated, 47 failed to attend and 4 were known to have died. The course and outcome were graded into four categories, and it was found that 65 per cent of the fully evaluated group had full and lasting remission or showed no or mild deterioration only, despite some relapses. Intra-group comparison showed that being female, a shorter duration of illness, an acute onset, symptom-groups other than disturbances of emotion and volition, and the presence of a supportive relative are factors which affect the prognosis favourably.", "contents": "A ten-year follow-up study of Chinese schizophrenics in Hong Kong. One hundred and thirty-three Chinese schizophrenic patients first seen in 1965 were traced for a follow-up assessment in 1975. Eighty-two patients attended and were fully evaluated, 47 failed to attend and 4 were known to have died. The course and outcome were graded into four categories, and it was found that 65 per cent of the fully evaluated group had full and lasting remission or showed no or mild deterioration only, despite some relapses. Intra-group comparison showed that being female, a shorter duration of illness, an acute onset, symptom-groups other than disturbances of emotion and volition, and the presence of a supportive relative are factors which affect the prognosis favourably."}
{"id": "PMID:884421", "title": "Thought disorder and the predictability of schizophrenic speech.", "content": "Previous research suggests that the predictability of speech in schizophrenic patients may be related to certain measures of thought disorder. Two uninterrupted passages of 200 words were taken from 25 randomly selected schizophrenic patients recently admitted to hospital and were 'Clozed' by students under both fourth- and fifth-word deletion. Thought disorder was measured by the Bannister-Fransella test, and the Cloze scores were found to be related neither to Intensity nor to Consistency.", "contents": "Thought disorder and the predictability of schizophrenic speech. Previous research suggests that the predictability of speech in schizophrenic patients may be related to certain measures of thought disorder. Two uninterrupted passages of 200 words were taken from 25 randomly selected schizophrenic patients recently admitted to hospital and were 'Clozed' by students under both fourth- and fifth-word deletion. Thought disorder was measured by the Bannister-Fransella test, and the Cloze scores were found to be related neither to Intensity nor to Consistency."}
{"id": "PMID:884422", "title": "Anorexia nervosa and the secretion of prolactin.", "content": "Theoretically, one would expect to find increases in prolactin secretion in patients with anorexia nervosa: the evidence for this is reviewed. However, relevant work to date seems to indicate that this is not so. These paradoxical findings are discussed, and areas of further research are outlined.", "contents": "Anorexia nervosa and the secretion of prolactin. Theoretically, one would expect to find increases in prolactin secretion in patients with anorexia nervosa: the evidence for this is reviewed. However, relevant work to date seems to indicate that this is not so. These paradoxical findings are discussed, and areas of further research are outlined."}
{"id": "PMID:884423", "title": "A study of consanguinity between the parents of transsexuals.", "content": "During recent years there have been published a number of reports of more than one case of transsexualism or other sexual pathology occurring within the same family. As long as the aetiology of transsexualism remains unknown the authors consider that a possible effect of recessive genes cannot be definitely excluded. To ascertain whether transsexual patients are born of cousin marriages to a greater extent than expected the authors have fully investigated family relationships for 61 known cases of transsexualism. No case of cousin marriage was disclosed.", "contents": "A study of consanguinity between the parents of transsexuals. During recent years there have been published a number of reports of more than one case of transsexualism or other sexual pathology occurring within the same family. As long as the aetiology of transsexualism remains unknown the authors consider that a possible effect of recessive genes cannot be definitely excluded. To ascertain whether transsexual patients are born of cousin marriages to a greater extent than expected the authors have fully investigated family relationships for 61 known cases of transsexualism. No case of cousin marriage was disclosed."}
{"id": "PMID:884424", "title": "The phenomenology of severe obsessive-compulsive neurosis.", "content": "The case histories are examined of 41 patients who were admitted to hospital for the first time with a diagnosis of obsessive-compulsive neurosis. Aspects of the phenomenology are reported which presented between the first appearance of obsessive-compulsive symptoms and discharge from the first admission. The mean age for admission was 31-6 years (SD 14-3) and 68 per cent of the sample were women. The women showed significantly higher incidences of contamination phobia and of compulsive cleaning behaviour than did the men. Cleaning behaviour and avoidance of feared stimuli were the most frequently encountered manifestations of compulsive behaviour.", "contents": "The phenomenology of severe obsessive-compulsive neurosis. The case histories are examined of 41 patients who were admitted to hospital for the first time with a diagnosis of obsessive-compulsive neurosis. Aspects of the phenomenology are reported which presented between the first appearance of obsessive-compulsive symptoms and discharge from the first admission. The mean age for admission was 31-6 years (SD 14-3) and 68 per cent of the sample were women. The women showed significantly higher incidences of contamination phobia and of compulsive cleaning behaviour than did the men. Cleaning behaviour and avoidance of feared stimuli were the most frequently encountered manifestations of compulsive behaviour."}
{"id": "PMID:884425", "title": "Psychiatric morbidity and the menopause: survey of a gynaecological out-patient clinic.", "content": "Two hundred and seventeen women between the ages of 40 and 55 years referred to a gynaecological out-patient clinic were screened for psychiatric illness by means of the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ) and a brief special questionnaire. Of the 114 women identified as possible psychiatric 'cases' 104 were interviewed. A standardized psychiatric interview schedule was used. Compared with a general population sample from the same geographical area and in the same age range, women presenting at the gynaecological out-patient clinic were predominantly pre-menopausal and from the lower end of the 15-year age range, and were more likely to be separated or divorced, less likely to be single, and more likely to have had previous or to have subsequent contact with the local psychiatric services. A higher proportion of women were identified as psychiatric 'cases' in the clinic population than in the general population, and their psychiatric disorder appeared to be severe and more depressive in nature. The findings for this age group support the view that among women presenting for hysterectomy there is already an excess of psychiatric illness before the operation. The association of gynaecological complaints and psychiatric morbidity in the pre-menopausal years is discussed.", "contents": "Psychiatric morbidity and the menopause: survey of a gynaecological out-patient clinic. Two hundred and seventeen women between the ages of 40 and 55 years referred to a gynaecological out-patient clinic were screened for psychiatric illness by means of the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ) and a brief special questionnaire. Of the 114 women identified as possible psychiatric 'cases' 104 were interviewed. A standardized psychiatric interview schedule was used. Compared with a general population sample from the same geographical area and in the same age range, women presenting at the gynaecological out-patient clinic were predominantly pre-menopausal and from the lower end of the 15-year age range, and were more likely to be separated or divorced, less likely to be single, and more likely to have had previous or to have subsequent contact with the local psychiatric services. A higher proportion of women were identified as psychiatric 'cases' in the clinic population than in the general population, and their psychiatric disorder appeared to be severe and more depressive in nature. The findings for this age group support the view that among women presenting for hysterectomy there is already an excess of psychiatric illness before the operation. The association of gynaecological complaints and psychiatric morbidity in the pre-menopausal years is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:884426", "title": "The Stockton Geriatric Rating Scale: a shortened version with British normative data.", "content": "This paper presents information on a shortened form of the Stockton Geriatric Rating Scale, which is shown to be as effective as the original version in discriminating among the elderly. The results for 400 people in the care of hospital or social services provide provisional normative data for the use of the scale, which should be of value in assessing the behavioural competence of the elderly on an individual and group basis.", "contents": "The Stockton Geriatric Rating Scale: a shortened version with British normative data. This paper presents information on a shortened form of the Stockton Geriatric Rating Scale, which is shown to be as effective as the original version in discriminating among the elderly. The results for 400 people in the care of hospital or social services provide provisional normative data for the use of the scale, which should be of value in assessing the behavioural competence of the elderly on an individual and group basis."}
{"id": "PMID:884427", "title": "Some experiences with the F scale in Yugoslavia.", "content": "Two studies in which the original F scale (Adorno, Frenkel-Brunswik, Levinson & Sanford, 1950) has been used in Yugoslavia are reported. The first one considers inter-item correlations whereas the second rates total score to several personality variables. It has been found that these studies provide evidence for the existence of several hard-to-interpret first-order factors which do lead to one higher-order factor. The F scale measures anxiety, independence (dominance) and also unexpected social adjustment second-order personality factors. Both political and cultural influences could be considered as explanations for these results but the latter seem to be more pronounced. That being the case, revisions of the scale have been suggested.", "contents": "Some experiences with the F scale in Yugoslavia. Two studies in which the original F scale (Adorno, Frenkel-Brunswik, Levinson & Sanford, 1950) has been used in Yugoslavia are reported. The first one considers inter-item correlations whereas the second rates total score to several personality variables. It has been found that these studies provide evidence for the existence of several hard-to-interpret first-order factors which do lead to one higher-order factor. The F scale measures anxiety, independence (dominance) and also unexpected social adjustment second-order personality factors. Both political and cultural influences could be considered as explanations for these results but the latter seem to be more pronounced. That being the case, revisions of the scale have been suggested."}
{"id": "PMID:884428", "title": "Fluctuations in national levels of neuroticism and extraversion, 1935-1970.", "content": "National levels of neuroticism and extraversion in 18 advanced Western nations are measured at intervals from 1935 to 1970. It is shown that levels of neuroticism rose significantly in the nations that suffered military defeat and occupation in the Second World War and then declined during the 1950s to prewar levels. National levels of extraversion have been generally rising over this period.", "contents": "Fluctuations in national levels of neuroticism and extraversion, 1935-1970. National levels of neuroticism and extraversion in 18 advanced Western nations are measured at intervals from 1935 to 1970. It is shown that levels of neuroticism rose significantly in the nations that suffered military defeat and occupation in the Second World War and then declined during the 1950s to prewar levels. National levels of extraversion have been generally rising over this period."}
{"id": "PMID:884429", "title": "The effect of distractor strength versus rate of item presentation on retention in schizophrenics.", "content": "Predictions made from Chapman & McGhie's attentional dysfunction theory of schizophrenia were compared with those made from Yates' slow information processing theory. Retention in a free-recall, short-term memory task was studied with 20 chronic nonparanoid schizophrenics and 20 psychiatric controls matched on age, educational level and intelligence as subjects. Schizophrenics performed consistently poorer than controls, but no differences between groups were found as a function of either variation in distractor strength or in item presentation rate. Thus, neither theory was supported, but several uncontrolled aspects of the task variable were suggested as possible reasons for some of these conflicting findings.", "contents": "The effect of distractor strength versus rate of item presentation on retention in schizophrenics. Predictions made from Chapman & McGhie's attentional dysfunction theory of schizophrenia were compared with those made from Yates' slow information processing theory. Retention in a free-recall, short-term memory task was studied with 20 chronic nonparanoid schizophrenics and 20 psychiatric controls matched on age, educational level and intelligence as subjects. Schizophrenics performed consistently poorer than controls, but no differences between groups were found as a function of either variation in distractor strength or in item presentation rate. Thus, neither theory was supported, but several uncontrolled aspects of the task variable were suggested as possible reasons for some of these conflicting findings."}
{"id": "PMID:884430", "title": "The prediction of psychiatric patient's work adjustment in the community.", "content": "Five aspects of patients' work behaviour were assessed by supervisors in a rehabilitation unit. The assessments involved task competence, response to supervision, relationships with other patients, motivation and enthusiasm, and confidence-initiative. These assessments were compared with work adjustment after discharge, and also with intelligence, personality, chronicity and age. All aspects of work behaviour correlated with work success in the community. Predictions based on both the workshop and clerical assessments were very accurate, and the predictions of outcome were better for the clerical than the \"manual\" patients. Work behaviour was, in general, unrelated to intelligence, personality, age and chronicity, though there were specific exceptions to this trend. The theoretical and practical implications of these results are discussed.", "contents": "The prediction of psychiatric patient's work adjustment in the community. Five aspects of patients' work behaviour were assessed by supervisors in a rehabilitation unit. The assessments involved task competence, response to supervision, relationships with other patients, motivation and enthusiasm, and confidence-initiative. These assessments were compared with work adjustment after discharge, and also with intelligence, personality, chronicity and age. All aspects of work behaviour correlated with work success in the community. Predictions based on both the workshop and clerical assessments were very accurate, and the predictions of outcome were better for the clerical than the \"manual\" patients. Work behaviour was, in general, unrelated to intelligence, personality, age and chronicity, though there were specific exceptions to this trend. The theoretical and practical implications of these results are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:884431", "title": "Direct assessment of social behaviour from videotape recordings.", "content": "A number of frequency and duration measures, and also general ratings, were made to assess specified aspects of interpersonal behaviour. These were taken from videotape recordings of interviews, or informal conversations, involving psychiatric patients. The frequency and duration measures were found to have high inter-rater reliability. Pearsonian correlations were in the range of 0-88--0-99. The general ratings were less reliable (0-42--0-86). The patients were divided into two groups. The first were patients whose major difficulties were interpersonal problems. The second contained patients with other psychiatric problems. Comparisons between these groups revealed a number of significant differences in the behavioural frequency and duration measures. Significant differences were also found in the general ratings, but there were disagreements between the two raters which made the interpretation of these differences difficult. When, within the interpersonal problem group, informal conversations were compared with formal interviews, it was found that subjects spent longer looking at the other person during the conversation. No other differences were evident. The implications of the results for social skills research are discussed.", "contents": "Direct assessment of social behaviour from videotape recordings. A number of frequency and duration measures, and also general ratings, were made to assess specified aspects of interpersonal behaviour. These were taken from videotape recordings of interviews, or informal conversations, involving psychiatric patients. The frequency and duration measures were found to have high inter-rater reliability. Pearsonian correlations were in the range of 0-88--0-99. The general ratings were less reliable (0-42--0-86). The patients were divided into two groups. The first were patients whose major difficulties were interpersonal problems. The second contained patients with other psychiatric problems. Comparisons between these groups revealed a number of significant differences in the behavioural frequency and duration measures. Significant differences were also found in the general ratings, but there were disagreements between the two raters which made the interpretation of these differences difficult. When, within the interpersonal problem group, informal conversations were compared with formal interviews, it was found that subjects spent longer looking at the other person during the conversation. No other differences were evident. The implications of the results for social skills research are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:884433", "title": "Avulsion fractures in athletes.", "content": "34 cases of avulsion fractures are described. Each fracture took place during athletic training or competition. Excepting six sportsmen participating in a general fitness programme, every patient was an active competitive athlete. There were six women and 28 men; their average age was 20.1 years, raised by a few middle-aged \"fitness sportsmen\". Most avulsion fractures took place in sprinters and hurdlers; next were middle and long distance renner, footballers, fitness joggers, skiers and ice-hockey players. The most usual location of a fracture was the anterior pelvic spines; avulsion fractures were also detected in various parts of lower limbs. There were fewer avulsion fractures in the area of the trunk and upper extremities. Roetgenologically, the diagnosis of an avulsion fracture is generally easy to make. However, the diagnosis is facilitated by knowing the mechanism of the injury, the technique of the athletic event, and some of the training methods. Generally, a fracture heals well, even if it requires both sufficient immobilisation and some delay in resuming physical exertion.", "contents": "Avulsion fractures in athletes. 34 cases of avulsion fractures are described. Each fracture took place during athletic training or competition. Excepting six sportsmen participating in a general fitness programme, every patient was an active competitive athlete. There were six women and 28 men; their average age was 20.1 years, raised by a few middle-aged \"fitness sportsmen\". Most avulsion fractures took place in sprinters and hurdlers; next were middle and long distance renner, footballers, fitness joggers, skiers and ice-hockey players. The most usual location of a fracture was the anterior pelvic spines; avulsion fractures were also detected in various parts of lower limbs. There were fewer avulsion fractures in the area of the trunk and upper extremities. Roetgenologically, the diagnosis of an avulsion fracture is generally easy to make. However, the diagnosis is facilitated by knowing the mechanism of the injury, the technique of the athletic event, and some of the training methods. Generally, a fracture heals well, even if it requires both sufficient immobilisation and some delay in resuming physical exertion."}
{"id": "PMID:884435", "title": "Prevention of karate injuries--a progress report.", "content": "Methods of preventing karate injuries are discussed. These fall into three groups:--1. Prevention by control. 2. Prevention by using protective clothing. 3. Pre-fight medical examination. The results of the above methods in reducing the incidence of injury in karate competitions are described. After a follow up one year (1102 fights) it is concluded that the incidence and severity of karate injuries has been reduced significantly thus making the sport safer.", "contents": "Prevention of karate injuries--a progress report. Methods of preventing karate injuries are discussed. These fall into three groups:--1. Prevention by control. 2. Prevention by using protective clothing. 3. Pre-fight medical examination. The results of the above methods in reducing the incidence of injury in karate competitions are described. After a follow up one year (1102 fights) it is concluded that the incidence and severity of karate injuries has been reduced significantly thus making the sport safer."}
{"id": "PMID:884436", "title": "LaTulippe--a case study of a one hundred and sixty kilometre runner.", "content": "A 55 year old runner covered 160 km within a 20 hour period. His speed averaged 8.16 km/h, at an estimated 59.1% of maximum oxygen intake. After the first four hours of running, one of five fluids was taken in rotation every twelve minutes. Volumes ingested whe heart rate for the final four hours (125/min) was not increased relative to oxygen consumption for this portion of the run. Constancy of heart rate, continued urine production and formal fluid balance calculations all indicate that hydration was well maintained over the run. Caloric intake averaged 480 kcal/h (2.01 MJH), being greatest fro the ice-creas/syrup mixture; the energy deficit (56/KA/H, 235 kJ/h) was small during that part of the run in which food was provided.", "contents": "LaTulippe--a case study of a one hundred and sixty kilometre runner. A 55 year old runner covered 160 km within a 20 hour period. His speed averaged 8.16 km/h, at an estimated 59.1% of maximum oxygen intake. After the first four hours of running, one of five fluids was taken in rotation every twelve minutes. Volumes ingested whe heart rate for the final four hours (125/min) was not increased relative to oxygen consumption for this portion of the run. Constancy of heart rate, continued urine production and formal fluid balance calculations all indicate that hydration was well maintained over the run. Caloric intake averaged 480 kcal/h (2.01 MJH), being greatest fro the ice-creas/syrup mixture; the energy deficit (56/KA/H, 235 kJ/h) was small during that part of the run in which food was provided."}
{"id": "PMID:884438", "title": "Urinary excretion of free noradrenaline and adrenaline in trained and untrained men.", "content": "Measurements of free noradrenaline and adrenaline were made in the urine of 28 men sampled after rest and exercise prior to, and following six and twelve weeks of an excercise programme. The training consisted of thirty minutes of running and walking four times per week at an intensity estimated at 75% of the age-predicted maximum heart rate. A fifteen minute standardized cycle ergometer work test was conducted on all subjects prior to the training and following six and twelve weeks of training. Noradrenaline and adrenaline excretions in the urine were measured before and after the work test.", "contents": "Urinary excretion of free noradrenaline and adrenaline in trained and untrained men. Measurements of free noradrenaline and adrenaline were made in the urine of 28 men sampled after rest and exercise prior to, and following six and twelve weeks of an excercise programme. The training consisted of thirty minutes of running and walking four times per week at an intensity estimated at 75% of the age-predicted maximum heart rate. A fifteen minute standardized cycle ergometer work test was conducted on all subjects prior to the training and following six and twelve weeks of training. Noradrenaline and adrenaline excretions in the urine were measured before and after the work test."}
{"id": "PMID:884444", "title": "Circulating immune complexes in patients with breast cancer.", "content": "In a retrospective study in women with breast cancer circulating immune complex levels were measured by radioimmunoprecipitation with 125I-Clq. Before operation all the patients showed plasma immune complex levels significantly higher than those in controls. Twelve months after mastectomy patients identified clinicopathologically as having a good prognosis had almost normal levels of immune complexes. By contrast, patients with detectable dissemination on diagnosis or those who died within 22 months after mastectomy had significantly raised plasma levels. The tumour-specific nature of the immune complexes detected remains to be shown and suggestions about the applicability of this test not only for prognosis but also for monitoring the course of malignant diseases need to be confirmed by further investigations.", "contents": "Circulating immune complexes in patients with breast cancer. In a retrospective study in women with breast cancer circulating immune complex levels were measured by radioimmunoprecipitation with 125I-Clq. Before operation all the patients showed plasma immune complex levels significantly higher than those in controls. Twelve months after mastectomy patients identified clinicopathologically as having a good prognosis had almost normal levels of immune complexes. By contrast, patients with detectable dissemination on diagnosis or those who died within 22 months after mastectomy had significantly raised plasma levels. The tumour-specific nature of the immune complexes detected remains to be shown and suggestions about the applicability of this test not only for prognosis but also for monitoring the course of malignant diseases need to be confirmed by further investigations."}
{"id": "PMID:884445", "title": "Femoral vein thrombosis and total hip replacement.", "content": "Of 160 patients who underwent total hip replacement, 81 developed venographic evidence of thrombi in the operated leg. In 46 cases (57%) the thrombus originated from the femoral vein, and in 43 of these the exact site of origin was defined by venography. In 34 cases (74%) the thrombus arose from the wall of the femoral vein at the level of the lesser trochanter. This region was studied by intraoperative venography in eight patients undergoing total hip replacement, and in every case severe distortion of the common femoral vein was observed, producing almost total occlusion. We suggest that intraoperative damage to the femoral vein results from manipulation of the leg, and that this is one reason why the operation is followed by a high incidence of deep vein thrombosis in the upper femoral region.", "contents": "Femoral vein thrombosis and total hip replacement. Of 160 patients who underwent total hip replacement, 81 developed venographic evidence of thrombi in the operated leg. In 46 cases (57%) the thrombus originated from the femoral vein, and in 43 of these the exact site of origin was defined by venography. In 34 cases (74%) the thrombus arose from the wall of the femoral vein at the level of the lesser trochanter. This region was studied by intraoperative venography in eight patients undergoing total hip replacement, and in every case severe distortion of the common femoral vein was observed, producing almost total occlusion. We suggest that intraoperative damage to the femoral vein results from manipulation of the leg, and that this is one reason why the operation is followed by a high incidence of deep vein thrombosis in the upper femoral region."}
{"id": "PMID:884446", "title": "Effects of naloxone on pethidine-induced neonatal depression. Part II--Intramuscular naloxone.", "content": "Thirty full-term infants whose mothers had had pethidine during labour were given either naloxone 200 microgram or normal saline intramuscularly. The drugs were chosen blindly and administered within one minute of birth. Naloxone produced a significant reduction in mean alveolar carbon dioxide tension and an increase in carbon dioxide excretion and mean alveolar ventilation at all times up to 48 hours after birth. The mean rate of habituation to a repeated auditory stimulus, the mean sucking frequency, the sucking pressure, and the mean consumption of milk were all significantly higher in the naloxone-treated group than in the placebo-treated group up to 48 hours after birth. Intramuscular naxolone therefore seemed to reverse the undesirable effects of pethidine.", "contents": "Effects of naloxone on pethidine-induced neonatal depression. Part II--Intramuscular naloxone. Thirty full-term infants whose mothers had had pethidine during labour were given either naloxone 200 microgram or normal saline intramuscularly. The drugs were chosen blindly and administered within one minute of birth. Naloxone produced a significant reduction in mean alveolar carbon dioxide tension and an increase in carbon dioxide excretion and mean alveolar ventilation at all times up to 48 hours after birth. The mean rate of habituation to a repeated auditory stimulus, the mean sucking frequency, the sucking pressure, and the mean consumption of milk were all significantly higher in the naloxone-treated group than in the placebo-treated group up to 48 hours after birth. Intramuscular naxolone therefore seemed to reverse the undesirable effects of pethidine."}
{"id": "PMID:884454", "title": "Vaccination of rubella-susceptible women during oral contraceptive care in general practice.", "content": "Over a six-month period women attending a general practice surgery for contraceptive pill prescriptions were asked whether they had had rubella and if they would give a blood sample to test for immunity. Of 459 interview, 104 (23%) did not want any more children and 69 (15%) had been vaccinated or had been shown to be immune by serotesting. Only three refused to give a blood sample, and 283 patients (62%) had their antibody concentrations checked. Two hundred and twenty-five (79-5%) could be reassured that they were immune, and the rest were offered rubella vaccination. It is thus quite feasible, and would add little to the work load, to screen the susceptible women in a practice and offer rubella vaccination to those needing it.", "contents": "Vaccination of rubella-susceptible women during oral contraceptive care in general practice. Over a six-month period women attending a general practice surgery for contraceptive pill prescriptions were asked whether they had had rubella and if they would give a blood sample to test for immunity. Of 459 interview, 104 (23%) did not want any more children and 69 (15%) had been vaccinated or had been shown to be immune by serotesting. Only three refused to give a blood sample, and 283 patients (62%) had their antibody concentrations checked. Two hundred and twenty-five (79-5%) could be reassured that they were immune, and the rest were offered rubella vaccination. It is thus quite feasible, and would add little to the work load, to screen the susceptible women in a practice and offer rubella vaccination to those needing it."}
{"id": "PMID:884484", "title": "Propriobulbar fibre connections to the trigeminal, facial and hypoglossal motor nuclei. I. An anterograde degeneration study in the cat.", "content": "The local bulbar connections to the V, VII and XII motor nuclei in the cat have been studied by means of the anterograde fibre degeneration technique in combination with the Fink-Heimer silver impregnation procedure. For this purpose electrolytic lesions were made mainly in the reticular formation of the medulla oblongata and the pons. For control purposes also, extrabulbar lesions were made in the cervical cord and the upper brain-stem and in addition, primary afferent fibres were interrupted by section of the upper cervical and trigeminal roots. The findings indicated the existence of a lateral and a medial propriobulbar fibre system, the former of which projects to the motor nuclei mainly ipsilaterally, while the latter tends to project bilaterally. Since the cells of origin of the propriobulbar fibre systems are difficult to determine by means of the anterograde degeneration technique these systems have also been investigated by means of the labelled amino-acid tracing technique. The findings thus obtained are reported in the adjoining paper.", "contents": "Propriobulbar fibre connections to the trigeminal, facial and hypoglossal motor nuclei. I. An anterograde degeneration study in the cat. The local bulbar connections to the V, VII and XII motor nuclei in the cat have been studied by means of the anterograde fibre degeneration technique in combination with the Fink-Heimer silver impregnation procedure. For this purpose electrolytic lesions were made mainly in the reticular formation of the medulla oblongata and the pons. For control purposes also, extrabulbar lesions were made in the cervical cord and the upper brain-stem and in addition, primary afferent fibres were interrupted by section of the upper cervical and trigeminal roots. The findings indicated the existence of a lateral and a medial propriobulbar fibre system, the former of which projects to the motor nuclei mainly ipsilaterally, while the latter tends to project bilaterally. Since the cells of origin of the propriobulbar fibre systems are difficult to determine by means of the anterograde degeneration technique these systems have also been investigated by means of the labelled amino-acid tracing technique. The findings thus obtained are reported in the adjoining paper."}
{"id": "PMID:884485", "title": "The organization of the bulbar fibre connections to the trigeminal, facial and hypoglossal motor nuclei. II. An autoradiographic tracing study in cat.", "content": "In 34 cats 3H-leucine was injected in the pontine and medullary tegmentum. The location of the labelled neurons and the distribution of the labelled fibres and terminals were studied autoradiographically. The findings indicate that the neurons in the bulbar lateral tegmental field (Berman, 1968) represent the main source of the propriobulbar projections to the hypoglossal, facial and motor V nuclei, while those in the medial tegmental field distribute their fibres mainly to the spinal cord. The neurons in the lateral part of the lateral tegmental field give rise to ascending and descending fibres which compose the lateral propriobulbar system, and distribute fibres mainly to ipsilateral bulbar motor nuclei. The neurons in the medial part of the lateral tegmental field compose the medial propriobulbar system, which is organized bilaterally and tends to distribute fibres to the motor nuclei bilaterally. The various neuronal cell groups which project through the medial propriobulbar system to the different motor nuclei bilaterally show relatively less spatial segregation than those which project through the lateral system to these motor nuclei.", "contents": "The organization of the bulbar fibre connections to the trigeminal, facial and hypoglossal motor nuclei. II. An autoradiographic tracing study in cat. In 34 cats 3H-leucine was injected in the pontine and medullary tegmentum. The location of the labelled neurons and the distribution of the labelled fibres and terminals were studied autoradiographically. The findings indicate that the neurons in the bulbar lateral tegmental field (Berman, 1968) represent the main source of the propriobulbar projections to the hypoglossal, facial and motor V nuclei, while those in the medial tegmental field distribute their fibres mainly to the spinal cord. The neurons in the lateral part of the lateral tegmental field give rise to ascending and descending fibres which compose the lateral propriobulbar system, and distribute fibres mainly to ipsilateral bulbar motor nuclei. The neurons in the medial part of the lateral tegmental field compose the medial propriobulbar system, which is organized bilaterally and tends to distribute fibres to the motor nuclei bilaterally. The various neuronal cell groups which project through the medial propriobulbar system to the different motor nuclei bilaterally show relatively less spatial segregation than those which project through the lateral system to these motor nuclei."}
{"id": "PMID:884486", "title": "Ballistic movement overflow myoclonus a form of essential myoclonus.", "content": "The clinical and electrophysiological findings in 2 cases of familial essential myoclonus are presented. The myoclonus was inherited apparently as an autosomal dominant trait, onset was in the first decade of life and the course was benign without the development of other significant neurological deficits. The electroencephalogram was unremarkable. The electromyographic appearance of the myoclonus was 50-100 ms complex bursts, usually occurring alternately in agonists and antagonists, similar to a normal ballistic movement. Muscles throughout the body were activated synchronously. In one of the cases myoclonus occurred at rest, but in both cases the myoclonus could be regularly produced by attempting a rapid movement. The myoclonic activity occurred simultaneously with the appropriate muscle activity which initiated the ballistic movement. It was as if the command to generate a ballistic movement overflowed into an excessive number of muscles. From a review of the literature it was concluded that this physiological mechanism was probably responsible for a definite sub-group of essential myoclonus. The relation of this type of myoclonus to other types of myoclonus and other involuntary movement disorders is discussed.", "contents": "Ballistic movement overflow myoclonus a form of essential myoclonus. The clinical and electrophysiological findings in 2 cases of familial essential myoclonus are presented. The myoclonus was inherited apparently as an autosomal dominant trait, onset was in the first decade of life and the course was benign without the development of other significant neurological deficits. The electroencephalogram was unremarkable. The electromyographic appearance of the myoclonus was 50-100 ms complex bursts, usually occurring alternately in agonists and antagonists, similar to a normal ballistic movement. Muscles throughout the body were activated synchronously. In one of the cases myoclonus occurred at rest, but in both cases the myoclonus could be regularly produced by attempting a rapid movement. The myoclonic activity occurred simultaneously with the appropriate muscle activity which initiated the ballistic movement. It was as if the command to generate a ballistic movement overflowed into an excessive number of muscles. From a review of the literature it was concluded that this physiological mechanism was probably responsible for a definite sub-group of essential myoclonus. The relation of this type of myoclonus to other types of myoclonus and other involuntary movement disorders is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:884488", "title": "Sensations of heaviness.", "content": "We have studied the appreciation of heaviness in two groups of subjects; in 8 patients with varying degrees of unilateral 'upper motor neuron' weakness but without sensory symptoms or signs, and in 10 volunteers during partial curarization of the forearm and hand. In all experiments the subjects matched a reference weight lifted on the weak side with a variable weight on the strong side to provide an objective indication of the heaviness of the reference weight. Patients matched the weights of tennis balls filled with mercury or weights lifted by extending the index finger. Weights were judged as heavier when lifted by the weakened side both in the hemiparetic patients and in normal subjects weakened with curare. In both the hemiparetic patients and the subjects weakened with curare peripheral sensory information would signal the forces exerted in lifting the weight; however, both groups of subjects clearly placed more reliance on the effort that was being put into the contraction than on peripheral tensions achieved. The concept that we rely in part on a sensing command to the motoneurons when estimating weight agrees with observations by Holmes on patients with unilateral cerebellar dysfunction, and with recent physiological experiments.", "contents": "Sensations of heaviness. We have studied the appreciation of heaviness in two groups of subjects; in 8 patients with varying degrees of unilateral 'upper motor neuron' weakness but without sensory symptoms or signs, and in 10 volunteers during partial curarization of the forearm and hand. In all experiments the subjects matched a reference weight lifted on the weak side with a variable weight on the strong side to provide an objective indication of the heaviness of the reference weight. Patients matched the weights of tennis balls filled with mercury or weights lifted by extending the index finger. Weights were judged as heavier when lifted by the weakened side both in the hemiparetic patients and in normal subjects weakened with curare. In both the hemiparetic patients and the subjects weakened with curare peripheral sensory information would signal the forces exerted in lifting the weight; however, both groups of subjects clearly placed more reliance on the effort that was being put into the contraction than on peripheral tensions achieved. The concept that we rely in part on a sensing command to the motoneurons when estimating weight agrees with observations by Holmes on patients with unilateral cerebellar dysfunction, and with recent physiological experiments."}
{"id": "PMID:884489", "title": "Visuomotor ataxia.", "content": "Visuomotor ataxia is a disorder of movement performed under visual control. It can occur in the absence of disturbance of ocular fixation and in the absence of spatial agnosia. This disorder may extend over the whole visual field or it may be localized to one visual half-field, right or left. It may involve both hands or one hand only, so that visuomotor ataxia may be divided into: (1) Unilateral visuomotor ataxia, localized to a single field. In this case it may affect both hands or a single hand. It is direct when the hand is ataxic in the ipsilateral visual field and it is crossed when the hand is ataxic in the contralateral visual field; (2) Bilateral visuomotor ataxia, involving the whole visual field. Each hand may be ataxic only in the contralateral visual field, that is, bilateral crossed visuomotor ataxia; or in the ipsilateral field when it is called bilateral direct visuomotor ataxia. The observed clinical variations which are described here imply the existence of both direct and crossed visuomotor connections, the latter probably crossing the corpus callosum in the splenium.", "contents": "Visuomotor ataxia. Visuomotor ataxia is a disorder of movement performed under visual control. It can occur in the absence of disturbance of ocular fixation and in the absence of spatial agnosia. This disorder may extend over the whole visual field or it may be localized to one visual half-field, right or left. It may involve both hands or one hand only, so that visuomotor ataxia may be divided into: (1) Unilateral visuomotor ataxia, localized to a single field. In this case it may affect both hands or a single hand. It is direct when the hand is ataxic in the ipsilateral visual field and it is crossed when the hand is ataxic in the contralateral visual field; (2) Bilateral visuomotor ataxia, involving the whole visual field. Each hand may be ataxic only in the contralateral visual field, that is, bilateral crossed visuomotor ataxia; or in the ipsilateral field when it is called bilateral direct visuomotor ataxia. The observed clinical variations which are described here imply the existence of both direct and crossed visuomotor connections, the latter probably crossing the corpus callosum in the splenium."}
{"id": "PMID:884490", "title": "Clinical testing of olfaction reassessed.", "content": "Odours in current use for testing olfaction (e.g., peppermint, camphor) cause considerable trigeminal nerve stimulation; this would render them relatively inefficacious in the detection of lesions of the main olfactory pathway. Musks and floral odours are considered to be relatively 'pure' olfactory stimulants, acting virtually exclusively via the first cranial nerve. These odours have been compared with standard odours in a group of patients whose olfactory pathways had been damaged by frontal tumours, surgical operation, head injury, multiple sclerosis and miscellaneous causes. Hyposmia or anosmia was detected more frequently and more reliably by musks and floral odours in all groups of patients; a number of patients had gross deficits of odour description without hyposmia or anosmia. Two-thirds of an unselected group of patients with multiple sclerosis had olfactory abnormalities. A substantial improvement in the rate of detection of organic lesions affecting the olfactory pathway can be achieved by substituting odours such as musk ketone, exaltolide, linalyl acetate and coumarin for those in current use.", "contents": "Clinical testing of olfaction reassessed. Odours in current use for testing olfaction (e.g., peppermint, camphor) cause considerable trigeminal nerve stimulation; this would render them relatively inefficacious in the detection of lesions of the main olfactory pathway. Musks and floral odours are considered to be relatively 'pure' olfactory stimulants, acting virtually exclusively via the first cranial nerve. These odours have been compared with standard odours in a group of patients whose olfactory pathways had been damaged by frontal tumours, surgical operation, head injury, multiple sclerosis and miscellaneous causes. Hyposmia or anosmia was detected more frequently and more reliably by musks and floral odours in all groups of patients; a number of patients had gross deficits of odour description without hyposmia or anosmia. Two-thirds of an unselected group of patients with multiple sclerosis had olfactory abnormalities. A substantial improvement in the rate of detection of organic lesions affecting the olfactory pathway can be achieved by substituting odours such as musk ketone, exaltolide, linalyl acetate and coumarin for those in current use."}
{"id": "PMID:884491", "title": "The role of the optic tectum in various visually mediated behaviors of goldfish.", "content": "Five visually mediated behaviors were assessed following ablation of one or both lobes of the optic tectum in goldfish. Three of the behaviors disappeared following tectal ablations: optomotor response (swimming with the stripes in a rotating striped drum), food pellet localization and shadow-induced deceleration of respiration. Two of the behaviors persisted following tectal ablation: optokinetic nystagmus (movement of the eyes with the stripes in a rotating striped drum) and dorsal light reflex (tilting of the vertical axis toward the brighter of two laterally placed lights). The unexpected result that lesioned fish tracked the stripes with their eyes, but did not swim after them as normal fish did, suggests that the tectum serves a pre-motor function in addition to its sensory role. In addition, the results demonstrate that selected behaviors can be used to establish whether functional tectal or non-tectal connections are made by regenerating goldfish optic nerves.", "contents": "The role of the optic tectum in various visually mediated behaviors of goldfish. Five visually mediated behaviors were assessed following ablation of one or both lobes of the optic tectum in goldfish. Three of the behaviors disappeared following tectal ablations: optomotor response (swimming with the stripes in a rotating striped drum), food pellet localization and shadow-induced deceleration of respiration. Two of the behaviors persisted following tectal ablation: optokinetic nystagmus (movement of the eyes with the stripes in a rotating striped drum) and dorsal light reflex (tilting of the vertical axis toward the brighter of two laterally placed lights). The unexpected result that lesioned fish tracked the stripes with their eyes, but did not swim after them as normal fish did, suggests that the tectum serves a pre-motor function in addition to its sensory role. In addition, the results demonstrate that selected behaviors can be used to establish whether functional tectal or non-tectal connections are made by regenerating goldfish optic nerves."}
{"id": "PMID:884493", "title": "Reversal of sign of long spinal reflexes dependent on the phase of the step cycle in the high decerebrate cat.", "content": "Reversal of the sign of long ascending and descending spinal reflexes dependent on the phase of the step cycle has been shown in the high decerebrate cat. Electrical stimuli were applied to the skin over the dorsum of the metacarpals and metatarsals and the effects were recorded in the corresponding hindlimb or forelimb of the same side. Stimulation generally evoked an increase in activity of flexor or extensor muscles shortly before, and during, activity of the muscle. Inhibition of a muscle occurred when its activity overlapped with the activity of an antagonist muscle. From the latencies it was concluded that at least the early components of the long reflex responses are due to spinal mechanisms. In the stimulated limb the activity of flexor and extensor muscles was also modulated in a phase dependent manner. No consistent long spinal responses to skin stimulation were obtained in high spinal cats during stepping. Electrical stimulation of cutaneous nerve trunks in decerebrate preparations during stepping gave variable though phase dependent long spinal reflex effects.", "contents": "Reversal of sign of long spinal reflexes dependent on the phase of the step cycle in the high decerebrate cat. Reversal of the sign of long ascending and descending spinal reflexes dependent on the phase of the step cycle has been shown in the high decerebrate cat. Electrical stimuli were applied to the skin over the dorsum of the metacarpals and metatarsals and the effects were recorded in the corresponding hindlimb or forelimb of the same side. Stimulation generally evoked an increase in activity of flexor or extensor muscles shortly before, and during, activity of the muscle. Inhibition of a muscle occurred when its activity overlapped with the activity of an antagonist muscle. From the latencies it was concluded that at least the early components of the long reflex responses are due to spinal mechanisms. In the stimulated limb the activity of flexor and extensor muscles was also modulated in a phase dependent manner. No consistent long spinal responses to skin stimulation were obtained in high spinal cats during stepping. Electrical stimulation of cutaneous nerve trunks in decerebrate preparations during stepping gave variable though phase dependent long spinal reflex effects."}
{"id": "PMID:884494", "title": "Thermosensitive midbrain neurons in the cat.", "content": "Responses of single neurons in the midbrain of cats anesthetized with chloral hydrate were studied during manipulations of midbrain temperature produced with a bilateral water-perfused thermode. Temperatures of the thermodes and the anterior hypothalamus were monitored while single neuron activity was recorded between the thermodes and correlated with the midbrain temperature. Q10's and thermal coefficients were calculated from the estimated temperature at the neuron itself. A surprisingly high percentage (72%) of the 72 neurons recorded in the caudal paramedian midbrain of 11 cats were thermoresponsive. Most of these were heat sensitive and exhibited a variety of frequency/temperature curves. Explorations of more rostral regions of the midbrain in 9 cats yielded only 18% thermoresponsive units out of the 99 neurons sampled. We suggest that the concentrated pool of warm-sensitive neurons in the caudal midbrain is part of an extensive system of brain stem thermosensors which are involved in establishing and controlling normal brain temperature.", "contents": "Thermosensitive midbrain neurons in the cat. Responses of single neurons in the midbrain of cats anesthetized with chloral hydrate were studied during manipulations of midbrain temperature produced with a bilateral water-perfused thermode. Temperatures of the thermodes and the anterior hypothalamus were monitored while single neuron activity was recorded between the thermodes and correlated with the midbrain temperature. Q10's and thermal coefficients were calculated from the estimated temperature at the neuron itself. A surprisingly high percentage (72%) of the 72 neurons recorded in the caudal paramedian midbrain of 11 cats were thermoresponsive. Most of these were heat sensitive and exhibited a variety of frequency/temperature curves. Explorations of more rostral regions of the midbrain in 9 cats yielded only 18% thermoresponsive units out of the 99 neurons sampled. We suggest that the concentrated pool of warm-sensitive neurons in the caudal midbrain is part of an extensive system of brain stem thermosensors which are involved in establishing and controlling normal brain temperature."}
{"id": "PMID:884495", "title": "Effect of prostaglandin, pyrogen and noradrenaline, injected into the hypothalamus, on thermoregulation in newborn lambs.", "content": "Thirteen newborn lambs were implanted stereotaxically with an array of 4 guide tubes positioned bilaterally so that their tips lay above various hypothalamic loci. At postnatal ages 50-70 h, rectal temperature was monitored, and bilateral 1 microliter injections were made into the hypothalamus. Prostaglandin E1 (0.2 microgram) and prostaglandin E2 (0.2-2.0 microgram) did not cause fever on any occasion though injections were made into 44 sites throughout the hypothalamus. Nevertheless, lambs that did not develop fever following central injection were often, if sensitized by bacterial pyrogen given earlier able to develop fever after intravenous injection of bacterial pyrogen. Infusion of a bacterial pyrogen (S. abortus equi, 0.2 microgram) into these same sites caused fever only when injections were made into the anterior hypothalamic/preoptic area (AH/POA). Eight lambs were placed in a 10 degrees C environment and noradrenaline was injected. Rectal temperature fell by 0.5-1.4 degrees C after 7 bilateral injections into the AH/POA, but 9 injections into other hypothalamic areas caused little temperature change. When 6 lambs were placed at a temperature of 30 degrees C and noradrenaline was injected, no consistent temperature changes were observed after microinjection into the AH/POA or other parts of the hypothalamus.", "contents": "Effect of prostaglandin, pyrogen and noradrenaline, injected into the hypothalamus, on thermoregulation in newborn lambs. Thirteen newborn lambs were implanted stereotaxically with an array of 4 guide tubes positioned bilaterally so that their tips lay above various hypothalamic loci. At postnatal ages 50-70 h, rectal temperature was monitored, and bilateral 1 microliter injections were made into the hypothalamus. Prostaglandin E1 (0.2 microgram) and prostaglandin E2 (0.2-2.0 microgram) did not cause fever on any occasion though injections were made into 44 sites throughout the hypothalamus. Nevertheless, lambs that did not develop fever following central injection were often, if sensitized by bacterial pyrogen given earlier able to develop fever after intravenous injection of bacterial pyrogen. Infusion of a bacterial pyrogen (S. abortus equi, 0.2 microgram) into these same sites caused fever only when injections were made into the anterior hypothalamic/preoptic area (AH/POA). Eight lambs were placed in a 10 degrees C environment and noradrenaline was injected. Rectal temperature fell by 0.5-1.4 degrees C after 7 bilateral injections into the AH/POA, but 9 injections into other hypothalamic areas caused little temperature change. When 6 lambs were placed at a temperature of 30 degrees C and noradrenaline was injected, no consistent temperature changes were observed after microinjection into the AH/POA or other parts of the hypothalamus."}
{"id": "PMID:884502", "title": "Functional development of mechanoreceptive neurons innervating the glabrous skin in postnatal kittens.", "content": "We studied single units innervating the glabrous forepaw skin of 35 domestic kittens ranging in age from 1 to 52 postnatal days. There aspects of coding were emphasized: (a) size and force thresholds of receptive fields, (b) time course of recovery between stimulus presentations, and (c) electrical conduction properties of the afferent nerve fibers. Receptive field (RF) size and force thresholds were (a) positively correlated with age for palmar but not digital RFs, and (b) were significantly larger on palm than on digits. Unit responsiveness was highly dependent on intertrial interval, complete recovery requiring at least 30 sec. Conduction velocity increased more rapidly than nerve fiber length, thus conduction time decreased with age. Refractory period decreased with age, but the conduction velocities of sequential spikes were proportional, regardless of age. These changes which we observed can more readily be ascribed to alterations of the mechanical properties of skin and conduction properties of nerve fibers than to changes in the coding mechanisms themselves.", "contents": "Functional development of mechanoreceptive neurons innervating the glabrous skin in postnatal kittens. We studied single units innervating the glabrous forepaw skin of 35 domestic kittens ranging in age from 1 to 52 postnatal days. There aspects of coding were emphasized: (a) size and force thresholds of receptive fields, (b) time course of recovery between stimulus presentations, and (c) electrical conduction properties of the afferent nerve fibers. Receptive field (RF) size and force thresholds were (a) positively correlated with age for palmar but not digital RFs, and (b) were significantly larger on palm than on digits. Unit responsiveness was highly dependent on intertrial interval, complete recovery requiring at least 30 sec. Conduction velocity increased more rapidly than nerve fiber length, thus conduction time decreased with age. Refractory period decreased with age, but the conduction velocities of sequential spikes were proportional, regardless of age. These changes which we observed can more readily be ascribed to alterations of the mechanical properties of skin and conduction properties of nerve fibers than to changes in the coding mechanisms themselves."}
{"id": "PMID:884503", "title": "The role of the septal nuclei in the release of acetyl-choline from the rabbit cerebral cortex and dorsal hippocampus and the effect of atropine.", "content": "Acetylcholine (ACh) was collected from the alvear surface of the dorsal hippocampus and cerebral cortex in chloralose-urethane anaesthetized or unanaesthetized rabbits. With anaesthesia, the resting release of ACh from the hippocampus was greater than that from the cortex. Wthout anaesthesia, the resting release from both areas was much higher and very similar. The addition of atropine sulphate (1 microgram/ml) to the collecting fluid or the administration of Artane (2 mg/kg i.v.) increased resting ACh release from both the hippocampus and cortex to similar output levels. Atropine also increased ACh release due to stimulation of the medial septum (MS) or mesencephalic reticular formation (MRF). Removal of the septum abolished the effect of atropine on resting ACh release and on release evoked by MRF stimulation from both the hippocampus and cortex. The data indicate that the septum is an essential pathway for cholinergic fibres ascending to the cerebral cortex and hippocampus. They also demonstrate that the septal cholinergic fibres must be intact and active for atropine to increase ACh release from their terminals.", "contents": "The role of the septal nuclei in the release of acetyl-choline from the rabbit cerebral cortex and dorsal hippocampus and the effect of atropine. Acetylcholine (ACh) was collected from the alvear surface of the dorsal hippocampus and cerebral cortex in chloralose-urethane anaesthetized or unanaesthetized rabbits. With anaesthesia, the resting release of ACh from the hippocampus was greater than that from the cortex. Wthout anaesthesia, the resting release from both areas was much higher and very similar. The addition of atropine sulphate (1 microgram/ml) to the collecting fluid or the administration of Artane (2 mg/kg i.v.) increased resting ACh release from both the hippocampus and cortex to similar output levels. Atropine also increased ACh release due to stimulation of the medial septum (MS) or mesencephalic reticular formation (MRF). Removal of the septum abolished the effect of atropine on resting ACh release and on release evoked by MRF stimulation from both the hippocampus and cortex. The data indicate that the septum is an essential pathway for cholinergic fibres ascending to the cerebral cortex and hippocampus. They also demonstrate that the septal cholinergic fibres must be intact and active for atropine to increase ACh release from their terminals."}
{"id": "PMID:884504", "title": "Effect of NGF on in vitro preformed microtubules. Evidence for a protective action against vinblastine.", "content": "The nerve growth factor protein (NGF) induces organization of in vitro preformed microtubules (MTs) to form multiple arrays. These complexes, in cross-section, appear to be formed by clusters of single tubules in parallel in close contact with center distance similar to the diameter of a microtubule. In the absence of NGF, on the contrary, microtubules are far apart from each other. Addition of vinblastine to NGF-MT complexes does not result in the usual reorganization of microtubules into paracrystalline arrays, noticeable when the growth factor is not present. The vinblastine treated NGF-MT complexes have several round-shaped elements along the tubules and at their endings which, at higher magnification, appear to be formed by closely packed, ring-like structures. These 'boutons' are postulated to represent the point of resistance to the depolymerizing action of the vinca alkaloid. These findings are discussed in relation to a similar antagonistic effect observed in vivo between NGF and vinblastine and to the possible involvement of microtubules in the mechanism of action of the growth factor.", "contents": "Effect of NGF on in vitro preformed microtubules. Evidence for a protective action against vinblastine. The nerve growth factor protein (NGF) induces organization of in vitro preformed microtubules (MTs) to form multiple arrays. These complexes, in cross-section, appear to be formed by clusters of single tubules in parallel in close contact with center distance similar to the diameter of a microtubule. In the absence of NGF, on the contrary, microtubules are far apart from each other. Addition of vinblastine to NGF-MT complexes does not result in the usual reorganization of microtubules into paracrystalline arrays, noticeable when the growth factor is not present. The vinblastine treated NGF-MT complexes have several round-shaped elements along the tubules and at their endings which, at higher magnification, appear to be formed by closely packed, ring-like structures. These 'boutons' are postulated to represent the point of resistance to the depolymerizing action of the vinca alkaloid. These findings are discussed in relation to a similar antagonistic effect observed in vivo between NGF and vinblastine and to the possible involvement of microtubules in the mechanism of action of the growth factor."}
{"id": "PMID:884505", "title": "Effect of reserpine on cell proliferation in the developing rat bran: a biochemical study.", "content": "Reserpine, a well-known CNS depressant which depletes central monoamine stores, was found to produce in the brains of 11-day-old rats a severe depression in cell proliferation in terms of the rate of [3H]thymidine incorporation into DNA. The effect was studied in detail 12 h after ther administration of the drug (2.5 mg/kg, s.c.) when the rate of in vivo DNA synthesis in the forebrain was about one-third of control: the decrease was less marked in the cerebellum (rate about two-thirds of control). It was possible to exclude side effects of the drug, such as restricted food intake, hypothermia and an elevation of the level of blood corticosteroids being responsible for the reduction of [3H]thymidine incorporation into DNA. Kinetic studies showed that reserpine had no marked effect on the entry of [3H]thymidine from blood to brain, but it caused some retardation in the rate of [3H]thymidine conversion into [3H]thymidine nucleotides. Nevertheless, the severe depression of DNA labelling was evident even after correcting the values on the basis of [3H]thymidine nucleotide concentrations. In contrast to these effects, thymidine kinase activity was normal in the brain of reserpine-treated animals.", "contents": "Effect of reserpine on cell proliferation in the developing rat bran: a biochemical study. Reserpine, a well-known CNS depressant which depletes central monoamine stores, was found to produce in the brains of 11-day-old rats a severe depression in cell proliferation in terms of the rate of [3H]thymidine incorporation into DNA. The effect was studied in detail 12 h after ther administration of the drug (2.5 mg/kg, s.c.) when the rate of in vivo DNA synthesis in the forebrain was about one-third of control: the decrease was less marked in the cerebellum (rate about two-thirds of control). It was possible to exclude side effects of the drug, such as restricted food intake, hypothermia and an elevation of the level of blood corticosteroids being responsible for the reduction of [3H]thymidine incorporation into DNA. Kinetic studies showed that reserpine had no marked effect on the entry of [3H]thymidine from blood to brain, but it caused some retardation in the rate of [3H]thymidine conversion into [3H]thymidine nucleotides. Nevertheless, the severe depression of DNA labelling was evident even after correcting the values on the basis of [3H]thymidine nucleotide concentrations. In contrast to these effects, thymidine kinase activity was normal in the brain of reserpine-treated animals."}
{"id": "PMID:884506", "title": "Effect of reserpine on cell proliferation in the developing rat brain: a quantivative histological study.", "content": "Rats aged 11 days were injected with reserpine (2.5 mg/kg body wt.) and the rate of [3H]thymidine incorporation into brain DNA was followed over a period of 36h. In the forebrain this was significantly depressed by 2h, and it reached a nadir of about 30% of the control level at 4h, at which it remained for another 26h. A partial recovery occurred by 36h. The effect was less pronounced in the cerebellum. On the basis of this information brains of rats were examined histologically and by autoradiography between 7 and 36 h after reserpine to obtain estimates of cell cycle parameters and of rates of cell proliferation and cell loss. In the forebrain lateral ventricular subependymal layer the labelling index was markedly reduced in comparison withe controls. Cell cycle time was prolonged by 50% and turnover time increased by 60%. In the cerebellar external granular layer, the mitotic index was reduced and increased numbers of degenerate postmitotic nuclei were found, notably in the latter part of the experimental period. These effects are potentially of functional and clinical significance.", "contents": "Effect of reserpine on cell proliferation in the developing rat brain: a quantivative histological study. Rats aged 11 days were injected with reserpine (2.5 mg/kg body wt.) and the rate of [3H]thymidine incorporation into brain DNA was followed over a period of 36h. In the forebrain this was significantly depressed by 2h, and it reached a nadir of about 30% of the control level at 4h, at which it remained for another 26h. A partial recovery occurred by 36h. The effect was less pronounced in the cerebellum. On the basis of this information brains of rats were examined histologically and by autoradiography between 7 and 36 h after reserpine to obtain estimates of cell cycle parameters and of rates of cell proliferation and cell loss. In the forebrain lateral ventricular subependymal layer the labelling index was markedly reduced in comparison withe controls. Cell cycle time was prolonged by 50% and turnover time increased by 60%. In the cerebellar external granular layer, the mitotic index was reduced and increased numbers of degenerate postmitotic nuclei were found, notably in the latter part of the experimental period. These effects are potentially of functional and clinical significance."}
{"id": "PMID:884507", "title": "Electrical stimulation of the rat diencephalon: differential effects of interrupted stimulation on on- and off-responding.", "content": "Rats were trained to turn on and to turn off electrical stimulation of the hypothalamus. Breaking trains of stimulation into bursts of pulses separated by intervals of no-stimulation attenuated off-responding more than on-responding. Current intensity was raised in an attempt to maintain a constant level of performance when either burst duration was decreased or interburst interval was increased. Current increases necessary to maintain on-responding were consistently smaller than the increments required to maintain off-responding. At shorter burst durations, off-responding usually ceased while on-responding continued. Four interpretations of the results are discussed: (1) temporal integration characteristics of the underlying neural systems, (2) reward adaptation, (3) electrode location, and (4) procedural artifacts. Only the first explanation which holds that the buildup of activity in the rewarding system is more rapid than in the aversive system is consistent with all the results. If correct, this conclusion indicates that multiple effects of electrical stimulation at a single brain site can be differentiated by manipulating the temporal pattern of the stimulation.", "contents": "Electrical stimulation of the rat diencephalon: differential effects of interrupted stimulation on on- and off-responding. Rats were trained to turn on and to turn off electrical stimulation of the hypothalamus. Breaking trains of stimulation into bursts of pulses separated by intervals of no-stimulation attenuated off-responding more than on-responding. Current intensity was raised in an attempt to maintain a constant level of performance when either burst duration was decreased or interburst interval was increased. Current increases necessary to maintain on-responding were consistently smaller than the increments required to maintain off-responding. At shorter burst durations, off-responding usually ceased while on-responding continued. Four interpretations of the results are discussed: (1) temporal integration characteristics of the underlying neural systems, (2) reward adaptation, (3) electrode location, and (4) procedural artifacts. Only the first explanation which holds that the buildup of activity in the rewarding system is more rapid than in the aversive system is consistent with all the results. If correct, this conclusion indicates that multiple effects of electrical stimulation at a single brain site can be differentiated by manipulating the temporal pattern of the stimulation."}
{"id": "PMID:884514", "title": "Serotonergic innervation of the forebrain: effect of lesions on serotonin and tryptophan hydroxylase levels.", "content": "Concentrations of serotonin and tryptophan hydroxylase activity in individual hypothalamic and limbic nuclei, as well as cortical regions, were measured by radioenzymatic microassays after dorsal raphe nucleus lesions and various surgical transections of the brain stem. Fourteen days after lesioning of the dorsal raphe nucleus there were 43-65% decreases in 5-HT concentrations of certain hypothalamic and limbic nuclei. More pronounced decreases were found in the parietal cortex and in the locus coeruleus and substantia nigra. Degenerations of nerve terminals in various regions of the hypothalamus and the limbic system were detected by electron microscopic studies 1-8 days after dorsal raphe nucleus lesions. There was no change in the 5-HT concentration of the spinal cord following dorsal raphe nucleus lesions. Surgical transections at the level of mesencephalic-pontine junction caused no significant changes in 5-HT concentrations or tryptophan hydroxylase levels in the hypothalamus, limbic system, cerebral cortex or spinal cord. Serotonergic fibers ascending from the mesencephalic raphe nuclei constitute a well circumscribed bundle dorsal to the interpeduncular nucleus. The axons enter the hypothalamus between the mammillary body and crus cerebri just ventral to the medial forebrain bundle. The ascending pathway contains all the ascending 5-HT fibers innervating the hypothalamus and the rostral limbic and cortical areas.", "contents": "Serotonergic innervation of the forebrain: effect of lesions on serotonin and tryptophan hydroxylase levels. Concentrations of serotonin and tryptophan hydroxylase activity in individual hypothalamic and limbic nuclei, as well as cortical regions, were measured by radioenzymatic microassays after dorsal raphe nucleus lesions and various surgical transections of the brain stem. Fourteen days after lesioning of the dorsal raphe nucleus there were 43-65% decreases in 5-HT concentrations of certain hypothalamic and limbic nuclei. More pronounced decreases were found in the parietal cortex and in the locus coeruleus and substantia nigra. Degenerations of nerve terminals in various regions of the hypothalamus and the limbic system were detected by electron microscopic studies 1-8 days after dorsal raphe nucleus lesions. There was no change in the 5-HT concentration of the spinal cord following dorsal raphe nucleus lesions. Surgical transections at the level of mesencephalic-pontine junction caused no significant changes in 5-HT concentrations or tryptophan hydroxylase levels in the hypothalamus, limbic system, cerebral cortex or spinal cord. Serotonergic fibers ascending from the mesencephalic raphe nuclei constitute a well circumscribed bundle dorsal to the interpeduncular nucleus. The axons enter the hypothalamus between the mammillary body and crus cerebri just ventral to the medial forebrain bundle. The ascending pathway contains all the ascending 5-HT fibers innervating the hypothalamus and the rostral limbic and cortical areas."}
{"id": "PMID:884519", "title": "Two types of presynaptic configurations in insect central synapses: an ultrastructural analysis.", "content": "Two structurally distinct types of synapses have been identified in the cockroach metathoracic ganglion. The two synaptic types are distinguished on the basis of (a) the shape and position of the presynaptic density seen by serial thin sectioning and (b) the arrangement and location of vesicle attachment sites (VAS) on the presynaptic membrane obtained from replicas of aldehyde-fixed, freeze-fractured neuropile. Bar-type synapses in thin sections possess a long presynaptic density located in a trough or groove opposite the extracellular space between two contiguous postsynaptic processes. In freeze-fracture, this trough is flanked by two rows of vesicle attachment sites. The second synaptic conformation consists of rows of discrete dense projections located on the convexities of the presynaptic membrane, i.e., directly opposite a single postsynaptic process. This conformation has been correlated with groups of VAS linearly arranged also on the convexities of the presynaptic membrane. These structurally different synapses may represent functionally different contacts within the insect ganglion.", "contents": "Two types of presynaptic configurations in insect central synapses: an ultrastructural analysis. Two structurally distinct types of synapses have been identified in the cockroach metathoracic ganglion. The two synaptic types are distinguished on the basis of (a) the shape and position of the presynaptic density seen by serial thin sectioning and (b) the arrangement and location of vesicle attachment sites (VAS) on the presynaptic membrane obtained from replicas of aldehyde-fixed, freeze-fractured neuropile. Bar-type synapses in thin sections possess a long presynaptic density located in a trough or groove opposite the extracellular space between two contiguous postsynaptic processes. In freeze-fracture, this trough is flanked by two rows of vesicle attachment sites. The second synaptic conformation consists of rows of discrete dense projections located on the convexities of the presynaptic membrane, i.e., directly opposite a single postsynaptic process. This conformation has been correlated with groups of VAS linearly arranged also on the convexities of the presynaptic membrane. These structurally different synapses may represent functionally different contacts within the insect ganglion."}
{"id": "PMID:884520", "title": "Early course of Wallerian degeneration in myelinated fibres of the rat phrenic nerve.", "content": "A quantitative study of Wallerian degeneration was carried out on teased fibres. The breakdown into ovoids was used as the criterion of degeneration. The fragmentation of fibres begins near the point of nerve interrruption and spreads along the unbranched parts of axons at velocities correlated with fibre diameter and internodal length. The latent period, preceding the onset of fragmentation, lasts from 25.6 h in thin fibres to 45.0 h in the thickest fibres. The speed of the subsequent advance along the nerve varies correspondingly from 250 to 46 mm/day. In each internode the first ovoids appear in the middle, the ends of the internodal segment being initially spared. The spatiotemporal pattern of degeneration is consistent with the hypothesis that a neuronal trophic substance, normally ensuring the integrity of the axon, exerts transcellularly an inhibitory influence on the Schwann cell. This influence disappears when the amount or concentration of migrating trophic substances falls below a critical level in a stretch of axon. The overlying Schwann cells become mobile and exhibit intense metabolic activity, leading eventually to axonal disruption.", "contents": "Early course of Wallerian degeneration in myelinated fibres of the rat phrenic nerve. A quantitative study of Wallerian degeneration was carried out on teased fibres. The breakdown into ovoids was used as the criterion of degeneration. The fragmentation of fibres begins near the point of nerve interrruption and spreads along the unbranched parts of axons at velocities correlated with fibre diameter and internodal length. The latent period, preceding the onset of fragmentation, lasts from 25.6 h in thin fibres to 45.0 h in the thickest fibres. The speed of the subsequent advance along the nerve varies correspondingly from 250 to 46 mm/day. In each internode the first ovoids appear in the middle, the ends of the internodal segment being initially spared. The spatiotemporal pattern of degeneration is consistent with the hypothesis that a neuronal trophic substance, normally ensuring the integrity of the axon, exerts transcellularly an inhibitory influence on the Schwann cell. This influence disappears when the amount or concentration of migrating trophic substances falls below a critical level in a stretch of axon. The overlying Schwann cells become mobile and exhibit intense metabolic activity, leading eventually to axonal disruption."}
{"id": "PMID:884521", "title": "Selective cell loss in the lateral geniculate nucleus of adult cats following binocular lid suture.", "content": "Two weeks of binocular lid suture in adult cats caused selective cell loss in lamina A1 of the lateral geniculate nucleus. The loss was manifested as a shift in the latency distribution of LGN cell responses to optic chiasm shock. Proportionately fewer LGN cells with slowly conducting retinal afferents (X-cell range) were in evidence following binocular suture. This change was observed only in lamina A1 while laminae A and C retained normal latency distributions. These observations confirm and extend recent reports of the susceptibility of adult cat visual system to environmental modification.", "contents": "Selective cell loss in the lateral geniculate nucleus of adult cats following binocular lid suture. Two weeks of binocular lid suture in adult cats caused selective cell loss in lamina A1 of the lateral geniculate nucleus. The loss was manifested as a shift in the latency distribution of LGN cell responses to optic chiasm shock. Proportionately fewer LGN cells with slowly conducting retinal afferents (X-cell range) were in evidence following binocular suture. This change was observed only in lamina A1 while laminae A and C retained normal latency distributions. These observations confirm and extend recent reports of the susceptibility of adult cat visual system to environmental modification."}
{"id": "PMID:884522", "title": "Electrophysiological properties of so-called inactivation response and their relationship to dendritic activity in hippocampal pyramidal cells of rabbits.", "content": "(1) The so-called inactivation response (IR), i.e. a prolonged (duration, 40-80 msec) and large (magnitude, more than 20 mV) depolarization of the cell membrane with superposed spike burst exhibiting a strong tendency of spike inactivation, was studied with an intracellular microelectrode in hippocampal pyramidal cells of rabbits, which were anesthetized with Nembutal and, in addition, curarized. (2) Evidence was presented that an all-or-nothing process was involved in the mechanism of production of the IR. (3) The threshold of the spontaneous IR was lower by more than 10 mV than that of the IR induced with depolarizing current injected into the cell body. From this, it was inferred that the IR originated at a site away from the cell body, possibly in the dendrites. (4) Two kinds of small fast spikes (magnitude, 10-20 mV) and spike-like potentials (magnitude, 8-22 mV; duration, 6-15 msec) were shown to exist. All of them were of high threshold and not related in magnitude to the membrane potential of the cell body. The dendrites were suggested as possible sites of their origin.", "contents": "Electrophysiological properties of so-called inactivation response and their relationship to dendritic activity in hippocampal pyramidal cells of rabbits. (1) The so-called inactivation response (IR), i.e. a prolonged (duration, 40-80 msec) and large (magnitude, more than 20 mV) depolarization of the cell membrane with superposed spike burst exhibiting a strong tendency of spike inactivation, was studied with an intracellular microelectrode in hippocampal pyramidal cells of rabbits, which were anesthetized with Nembutal and, in addition, curarized. (2) Evidence was presented that an all-or-nothing process was involved in the mechanism of production of the IR. (3) The threshold of the spontaneous IR was lower by more than 10 mV than that of the IR induced with depolarizing current injected into the cell body. From this, it was inferred that the IR originated at a site away from the cell body, possibly in the dendrites. (4) Two kinds of small fast spikes (magnitude, 10-20 mV) and spike-like potentials (magnitude, 8-22 mV; duration, 6-15 msec) were shown to exist. All of them were of high threshold and not related in magnitude to the membrane potential of the cell body. The dendrites were suggested as possible sites of their origin."}
{"id": "PMID:884524", "title": "The efferent projections of the nucleus accumbens in the rat.", "content": "The efferent projections of the nucleus accumbens have been examined in the rat. This has been achieved by mapping the distribution of degenerating axons and terminals following the placement of small electrolytic lesions within the accumbens. Quantitatively, the majority of accumbens efferent fibres appear to terminate in the diencephalon, while there are also projections to cortical and brain stem structures. The evidence suggests that the nucleus accumbens sends efferent fibres to the cingulum, lateral hypothalamus, globus pallidus, thalamus (including the reuniens, gelatinosus, parataenial, medial and anteromedial nuclei) and the substantia nigra.", "contents": "The efferent projections of the nucleus accumbens in the rat. The efferent projections of the nucleus accumbens have been examined in the rat. This has been achieved by mapping the distribution of degenerating axons and terminals following the placement of small electrolytic lesions within the accumbens. Quantitatively, the majority of accumbens efferent fibres appear to terminate in the diencephalon, while there are also projections to cortical and brain stem structures. The evidence suggests that the nucleus accumbens sends efferent fibres to the cingulum, lateral hypothalamus, globus pallidus, thalamus (including the reuniens, gelatinosus, parataenial, medial and anteromedial nuclei) and the substantia nigra."}
{"id": "PMID:884525", "title": "Taste responses in the facial lobe of the carp, Cyprinus carpio L.", "content": "Single unitary discharges in the facial lobe of carp, Cyprinus carpio L., were studied electrophysiologically in response to chemical stimulation of the chemoreceptors of the facial skin. Of 258 neurons recorded, 95% were facilitated by taste stimuli and 5% were inhibited. According to responsiveness to the 4 basic tasting substances, the taste neurons were classified into 5 types: type I which was activated by one stimulus (43% of total neurons), type II by two (35%), type III by three (12%), type IV by 4 (5%), and type V which was inhibited by certain qualities (5%). Statical analysis revealed that responsiveness of taste neurons differed somewhat in receptive fields of the face. The taste neurons in the barbel and lip areas of the facial lobe showed variable responsiveness to chemical solutions, but those in other areas belonged generally to types I or II and did not respond to sucrose. Sodium chloride solution was the most effective among the 4 basic stimuli in this experiment. About 90% of the taste neurons also responded to mechanical stimulation of taste receptive fields. Tactile neurons in the facial lobe were localized in a topographical manner and the taste neurons were arranged in the tactile areas, but chemotopical organization was not recognized in the present study.", "contents": "Taste responses in the facial lobe of the carp, Cyprinus carpio L. Single unitary discharges in the facial lobe of carp, Cyprinus carpio L., were studied electrophysiologically in response to chemical stimulation of the chemoreceptors of the facial skin. Of 258 neurons recorded, 95% were facilitated by taste stimuli and 5% were inhibited. According to responsiveness to the 4 basic tasting substances, the taste neurons were classified into 5 types: type I which was activated by one stimulus (43% of total neurons), type II by two (35%), type III by three (12%), type IV by 4 (5%), and type V which was inhibited by certain qualities (5%). Statical analysis revealed that responsiveness of taste neurons differed somewhat in receptive fields of the face. The taste neurons in the barbel and lip areas of the facial lobe showed variable responsiveness to chemical solutions, but those in other areas belonged generally to types I or II and did not respond to sucrose. Sodium chloride solution was the most effective among the 4 basic stimuli in this experiment. About 90% of the taste neurons also responded to mechanical stimulation of taste receptive fields. Tactile neurons in the facial lobe were localized in a topographical manner and the taste neurons were arranged in the tactile areas, but chemotopical organization was not recognized in the present study."}
{"id": "PMID:884526", "title": "Neurotensin, a central nervous system peptide: apparent receptor binding in brain membranes.", "content": "Neurotensin, a tridecapeptide recently isolated from bovine hypothalamia, has potent pharmacologic effects in several peripheral systems and a regional distribution in rat brain suggestive of a specialized function. 125I-neurotensin binds to membrane preparations from rat brain saturably, reversibly, and with high affinity (apparent KD = 3 nM) under conditions that minimize degradation of the polypeptide. This binding is displaced by neurotensin sequence fragments with relative potencies generally paralleling their potencies in peripheral systems. 125I-neurotensin binding is highest in specific thalamic, cerebral cortical, and hypothalamic areas of rat and calf brain. White matter, brain stem and cerebellar regions have substantially lower amounts of binding. Characteristics of this binding suggest an association with a physiologically revelant neurotensin receptor.", "contents": "Neurotensin, a central nervous system peptide: apparent receptor binding in brain membranes. Neurotensin, a tridecapeptide recently isolated from bovine hypothalamia, has potent pharmacologic effects in several peripheral systems and a regional distribution in rat brain suggestive of a specialized function. 125I-neurotensin binds to membrane preparations from rat brain saturably, reversibly, and with high affinity (apparent KD = 3 nM) under conditions that minimize degradation of the polypeptide. This binding is displaced by neurotensin sequence fragments with relative potencies generally paralleling their potencies in peripheral systems. 125I-neurotensin binding is highest in specific thalamic, cerebral cortical, and hypothalamic areas of rat and calf brain. White matter, brain stem and cerebellar regions have substantially lower amounts of binding. Characteristics of this binding suggest an association with a physiologically revelant neurotensin receptor."}
{"id": "PMID:884527", "title": "Differentiated short latency response increases after conditioning in inferior colliculus neurons of alert rat.", "content": "The responses of 35 inferior colliculus multiple units (MUs) to tone onset were measured in 10 freely moving rats before and after differential behavioral conditioning. MU response changes were found in the 16.8 msec after tone onset (includes 2 msec air travel time) after learning. Responses to CS+ onset increased in 12 of the 35 individual MUs, and in the group of MUs as a whole, after conditioning. The CS+--CS- difference increased in 17 of the 35 individual MUs, and in the group of MUs, after conditioning. The response differentiation was significant in the 3.6-6.4 msec interval after the tone reached the animal's ears, the time at which neuronal responses were first evident. Since the inferior colliculus increases were differentiated between CS+ and CS-, they could not be explained by sensitization caused by changed middle ear contractions or by alterations in orientation to the speakers.", "contents": "Differentiated short latency response increases after conditioning in inferior colliculus neurons of alert rat. The responses of 35 inferior colliculus multiple units (MUs) to tone onset were measured in 10 freely moving rats before and after differential behavioral conditioning. MU response changes were found in the 16.8 msec after tone onset (includes 2 msec air travel time) after learning. Responses to CS+ onset increased in 12 of the 35 individual MUs, and in the group of MUs as a whole, after conditioning. The CS+--CS- difference increased in 17 of the 35 individual MUs, and in the group of MUs, after conditioning. The response differentiation was significant in the 3.6-6.4 msec interval after the tone reached the animal's ears, the time at which neuronal responses were first evident. Since the inferior colliculus increases were differentiated between CS+ and CS-, they could not be explained by sensitization caused by changed middle ear contractions or by alterations in orientation to the speakers."}
{"id": "PMID:884545", "title": "The indolaminergic innervation of the inferior olive. 2. Relation to harmaline induced tremor.", "content": "The possible involvement of serotoninergic mechanisms in the induction of harmaline generated tremor in the inferior olive has been investigated electrophysiologically in the cat and rat. Mass recordings of Purkinje cell activity in the cat showed that harmaline induces strong, synchronous and rhythmic activity in those parts of the climbing fibre system originating in the caudal part of the medial accessory olive and the caudolateral parts of the dorsal accessory nucleus. These are the areas of the cat olive shown to receive a dense serotoninergic innervation. In the rat, the selective removal of the serotoninergic innervation--produced by an intraventricular injection of 5,6-dihydroxytryptamine, or 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine in combination with desipramine--caused a significant attenuation of both the tremor and the climbing fibre activity induced by an intravenous harmaline injection. In the 5,6-dihydroxytryptamine-treated animals the reappearance of the harmaline tremor seemed to parallel the regrowth of new serotoninergic axon sprouts in the inferior olive. On the basis of the present results it is proposed that the serotoninergic afferents to the accessory olivary nuclei are of critical importance for the tremor induction of harmaline in the inferior olive. It is suggested that harmaline, rather than acting directly on the olivary neurones, exerts its effect through an interference with a serotoninergic (possibly inhibitory) innervation of these cells.", "contents": "The indolaminergic innervation of the inferior olive. 2. Relation to harmaline induced tremor. The possible involvement of serotoninergic mechanisms in the induction of harmaline generated tremor in the inferior olive has been investigated electrophysiologically in the cat and rat. Mass recordings of Purkinje cell activity in the cat showed that harmaline induces strong, synchronous and rhythmic activity in those parts of the climbing fibre system originating in the caudal part of the medial accessory olive and the caudolateral parts of the dorsal accessory nucleus. These are the areas of the cat olive shown to receive a dense serotoninergic innervation. In the rat, the selective removal of the serotoninergic innervation--produced by an intraventricular injection of 5,6-dihydroxytryptamine, or 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine in combination with desipramine--caused a significant attenuation of both the tremor and the climbing fibre activity induced by an intravenous harmaline injection. In the 5,6-dihydroxytryptamine-treated animals the reappearance of the harmaline tremor seemed to parallel the regrowth of new serotoninergic axon sprouts in the inferior olive. On the basis of the present results it is proposed that the serotoninergic afferents to the accessory olivary nuclei are of critical importance for the tremor induction of harmaline in the inferior olive. It is suggested that harmaline, rather than acting directly on the olivary neurones, exerts its effect through an interference with a serotoninergic (possibly inhibitory) innervation of these cells."}
{"id": "PMID:884546", "title": "Some synaptic inputs and ascending projections of lateralis posterior thalamic neurons.", "content": "(1) Some synaptic inputs and telencephalic targets of lateralis intermedius-lateralis posterior (LI-LP) thalamic neurons have been investigated in the enc\u00e9phale isol\u00e9 cat by recording extracellular unit discharges and focal slow waves following stimulation of cortical areas 5 and 7, center median (CM) thalamic nucleus and mesencephalic reticular formation (RF). (2) Orthodromic and/or antidromic discharges in LI-LP neurons following anterior suprasylvian stimulation are electrophysiological evidence of thalamocortical reciprocal pathway in this \"association\" system. A few neurons were backfired from several cortical stimulated foci at different latencies, thus suggesting the existence of LI-LP output cells with branching axons. The numerous cases of cortically elicited synaptic excitation in LI-LP cells, taken together with evidence of an unexpectedly high proportion of corticothalamic neurons found in parallel experiments of this laboratory on areas 5 and 7, support the suggestion that complex functions of the \"association\" cortex partially depend on its downstrem connections with thalamic integrative structures. (3) Monosynaptic and oligosynaptic excitatory projections link the brain stem reticular core with LI-LP nuclear group. For some neurons, this is a high-security pathway as shown by the ability of thalamic cells to follow at short latencies fast repetitive reticular shocks. The RF-elicited phasic excitation is followed by a period of suppressed spontaneous and evoked discharge. The excitatory projections from the upper brain stem RF to the LI-LP nuclei are discussed in relation to disfacilitatory phenomena in thalamocortical systems due to withdrawal of reticulofugal ascending activation at sleep onset.", "contents": "Some synaptic inputs and ascending projections of lateralis posterior thalamic neurons. (1) Some synaptic inputs and telencephalic targets of lateralis intermedius-lateralis posterior (LI-LP) thalamic neurons have been investigated in the enc\u00e9phale isol\u00e9 cat by recording extracellular unit discharges and focal slow waves following stimulation of cortical areas 5 and 7, center median (CM) thalamic nucleus and mesencephalic reticular formation (RF). (2) Orthodromic and/or antidromic discharges in LI-LP neurons following anterior suprasylvian stimulation are electrophysiological evidence of thalamocortical reciprocal pathway in this \"association\" system. A few neurons were backfired from several cortical stimulated foci at different latencies, thus suggesting the existence of LI-LP output cells with branching axons. The numerous cases of cortically elicited synaptic excitation in LI-LP cells, taken together with evidence of an unexpectedly high proportion of corticothalamic neurons found in parallel experiments of this laboratory on areas 5 and 7, support the suggestion that complex functions of the \"association\" cortex partially depend on its downstrem connections with thalamic integrative structures. (3) Monosynaptic and oligosynaptic excitatory projections link the brain stem reticular core with LI-LP nuclear group. For some neurons, this is a high-security pathway as shown by the ability of thalamic cells to follow at short latencies fast repetitive reticular shocks. The RF-elicited phasic excitation is followed by a period of suppressed spontaneous and evoked discharge. The excitatory projections from the upper brain stem RF to the LI-LP nuclei are discussed in relation to disfacilitatory phenomena in thalamocortical systems due to withdrawal of reticulofugal ascending activation at sleep onset."}
{"id": "PMID:884547", "title": "Reticular influences on lateralis posterior thalamic neurons.", "content": "(1) Spontaneous firing of lateralis intermedius-lateralis posterior (LI-LP) thalamic output cells, as well as excitatory-inhibitory sequences elicited in LI-LP neurons by anterior suprasylvian cortical and center median (CM) thalamic stimulation were studied in enc\u00e9phale isol\u00e9 preparations during control periods of EEG synchronization and during EEG activation induced by stimulating the mesencephalic reticular formation (RF). (2) Mean rate of spontaneous firing of identified thalamocortical neurons increased during spontaneous or RF-induced EEG activation and decreased during EEG synchronization, occuring spontaneously or elicited by hypocapnia. Compared with the sustained firing during EEG activation, discharge patterns of output cells during EEG synchronization were characterized by very short (less than 5 msec) and very long (greater than 1 sec) interspike intervals, and by a class of intervals reflecting rhythmic (2.5-4/sec) periods of neuronal silence between high-frequency spike bursts. (d) The following effects were exerted by a short conditioning mesencephalic RF stimulation on cortically evoked events in single LI or LP thalamic neurons: (a) increased probability of the early, antidromically or orthodromically elicited discharges; (b) decreased probability of late (15-25 msec) discharges; (c) shortened latency of the subsequent inhibitory period; (d) reduction in the duration of the first inhibitory phase, and blocking of subsequent, cyclic inhibitory pauses as well as disorganization of postinhibitory clustered excitation.", "contents": "Reticular influences on lateralis posterior thalamic neurons. (1) Spontaneous firing of lateralis intermedius-lateralis posterior (LI-LP) thalamic output cells, as well as excitatory-inhibitory sequences elicited in LI-LP neurons by anterior suprasylvian cortical and center median (CM) thalamic stimulation were studied in enc\u00e9phale isol\u00e9 preparations during control periods of EEG synchronization and during EEG activation induced by stimulating the mesencephalic reticular formation (RF). (2) Mean rate of spontaneous firing of identified thalamocortical neurons increased during spontaneous or RF-induced EEG activation and decreased during EEG synchronization, occuring spontaneously or elicited by hypocapnia. Compared with the sustained firing during EEG activation, discharge patterns of output cells during EEG synchronization were characterized by very short (less than 5 msec) and very long (greater than 1 sec) interspike intervals, and by a class of intervals reflecting rhythmic (2.5-4/sec) periods of neuronal silence between high-frequency spike bursts. (d) The following effects were exerted by a short conditioning mesencephalic RF stimulation on cortically evoked events in single LI or LP thalamic neurons: (a) increased probability of the early, antidromically or orthodromically elicited discharges; (b) decreased probability of late (15-25 msec) discharges; (c) shortened latency of the subsequent inhibitory period; (d) reduction in the duration of the first inhibitory phase, and blocking of subsequent, cyclic inhibitory pauses as well as disorganization of postinhibitory clustered excitation."}
{"id": "PMID:884548", "title": "Avian sympathetic cardiac fibers and their cells of origin: anatomical and electrophysiological characteristics.", "content": "The sympathetic cardiac innervation of the pigeon was investigated to describe certain anatomical and physiological properties of the cardiac nerve fibers and their postganglionic cells of origin. The compound action potential of the right cardiac nerve has two major components, one conducting at 2.0-5.6 m/sec with no chronotropic effect on the heart and the other conducting at 0.4-1.0 m/sec with a cardioacceleratory effect. Postganglionic neurons responding antidromically to cardiac nerve stimulation were then studied in ganglion 14 which contains most cells of origin of the cardiac fibers. These neurons have refractory periods of approximately 4 msec, following frequencies of less than 4 HZ, and axons conducting at 0.4-2.0 m/sec; this conduction velocity range corresponds to the slower compound action potential component. Electron microscopy of the cardiac nerve revealed unmyelinated fibers ranging in diameter from 0.2 to 1.2 micrometer and a population of myelinated fibers 1.0-3.6 micrometer in diameter. The unmyelinated fibers account for the slower compound action potential component and are largely postganglionic cardioaccelerator axons. The myelinated fibers account for the faster compound action potential component which has no chronotropic effect and is not reflected in postganglionic antidromic latencies; it is suggested that these myelinated fibers are cardiac sympathetic afferents. This study thus establishes electrophysiological criteria for identifying cardiac postganglionic neurons and describes the anatomical basis of these criteria.", "contents": "Avian sympathetic cardiac fibers and their cells of origin: anatomical and electrophysiological characteristics. The sympathetic cardiac innervation of the pigeon was investigated to describe certain anatomical and physiological properties of the cardiac nerve fibers and their postganglionic cells of origin. The compound action potential of the right cardiac nerve has two major components, one conducting at 2.0-5.6 m/sec with no chronotropic effect on the heart and the other conducting at 0.4-1.0 m/sec with a cardioacceleratory effect. Postganglionic neurons responding antidromically to cardiac nerve stimulation were then studied in ganglion 14 which contains most cells of origin of the cardiac fibers. These neurons have refractory periods of approximately 4 msec, following frequencies of less than 4 HZ, and axons conducting at 0.4-2.0 m/sec; this conduction velocity range corresponds to the slower compound action potential component. Electron microscopy of the cardiac nerve revealed unmyelinated fibers ranging in diameter from 0.2 to 1.2 micrometer and a population of myelinated fibers 1.0-3.6 micrometer in diameter. The unmyelinated fibers account for the slower compound action potential component and are largely postganglionic cardioaccelerator axons. The myelinated fibers account for the faster compound action potential component which has no chronotropic effect and is not reflected in postganglionic antidromic latencies; it is suggested that these myelinated fibers are cardiac sympathetic afferents. This study thus establishes electrophysiological criteria for identifying cardiac postganglionic neurons and describes the anatomical basis of these criteria."}
{"id": "PMID:884549", "title": "Anatomical and physiological characterization of avian sympathetic cardiac efferents.", "content": "In the preceding paper6 describing the right sympathetic cardiac nerve of the pigeon we reported a fast compound action potential component with no chronotropic effect, and single unit recordings from sympathetic postganglionic neurons demonstrated that this action potential component was not reflected in the antidromic postganglionic latencies. Electron microscopy then indicated the presence of numerous myelinated fibers in the nerve, and together these findings suggested the existence of a substantial number of sympathetic cardiac afferents in the right cardiac nerve. The present paper confirms this by demonstrating with retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase that some fibers of the right sympathetic cardiac nerve have their cells of origin in dorsal root ganglia. This was also shown to be the case for the left sympathetic cardiac nerve. Selective activation of the myelinated fiber contingent was then shown to elicit a short latency decrease in arterial blood pressure that could be further augmented by the activation of the smaller unmyelinated fibers. This reflex depressor response to activation of sympathetic cardiac afferents survived bilateral vagotomy but was blocked by atropine. It is therefore concluded that both the left and right sympathetic cardiac nerves of the pigeon contain afferent fibers, both myelinated and unmyelinated, and that the reflex effect of activating these fibers is a sympathetically mediated vasodilation that is atropine-sensitive.", "contents": "Anatomical and physiological characterization of avian sympathetic cardiac efferents. In the preceding paper6 describing the right sympathetic cardiac nerve of the pigeon we reported a fast compound action potential component with no chronotropic effect, and single unit recordings from sympathetic postganglionic neurons demonstrated that this action potential component was not reflected in the antidromic postganglionic latencies. Electron microscopy then indicated the presence of numerous myelinated fibers in the nerve, and together these findings suggested the existence of a substantial number of sympathetic cardiac afferents in the right cardiac nerve. The present paper confirms this by demonstrating with retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase that some fibers of the right sympathetic cardiac nerve have their cells of origin in dorsal root ganglia. This was also shown to be the case for the left sympathetic cardiac nerve. Selective activation of the myelinated fiber contingent was then shown to elicit a short latency decrease in arterial blood pressure that could be further augmented by the activation of the smaller unmyelinated fibers. This reflex depressor response to activation of sympathetic cardiac afferents survived bilateral vagotomy but was blocked by atropine. It is therefore concluded that both the left and right sympathetic cardiac nerves of the pigeon contain afferent fibers, both myelinated and unmyelinated, and that the reflex effect of activating these fibers is a sympathetically mediated vasodilation that is atropine-sensitive."}
{"id": "PMID:884580", "title": "Stimulation by autologous serum preheated at 66 degrees C of the incorporation of [3H]uridine by cultured lymphocytes: comparison with stimulation by concanavalin A.", "content": "Rabbit serum, preheated at 66 degrees C for 30 min, produced a stimulation of the incorporation of [3H]uridine by cultured autologous lymph-node cells similar to that caused by concanavalin A (Con-A). However, whereas the percentage stimulation by Con-A increased with time, that by serum preheated at 66 degrees C(66 degrees C-serum) reached a peak after 3-4 h and then declined. The decline was greater at higher cell concentrations. Isotope-dilution studies showed that stimulation at 3 h by 66 degrees C-serum or by Con-A reflected an increase in the maximum velocity of the rate-limiting step for incorporation of [3H]uridine and not a decrease in a the pool of uridine and (or) uridine competitors. Experiments in which serum concentration and the relative proportions of serum preheated at 66 degrees C and serum preheated at 37 degree C were varied, suggested that preheating serum at 66 degrees C removes an inhibitory factor and exposes a stimulatory factors. The stimulatory activity of 66 degrees C-serum was not dialysable. The results are compatible with a model which requires that lectins activate cultured lymphocyted by influencing the distribution of an inhibitory molecule (perhaps alpha 2-macroglobulin) between the cell surface and the culture medium.", "contents": "Stimulation by autologous serum preheated at 66 degrees C of the incorporation of [3H]uridine by cultured lymphocytes: comparison with stimulation by concanavalin A. Rabbit serum, preheated at 66 degrees C for 30 min, produced a stimulation of the incorporation of [3H]uridine by cultured autologous lymph-node cells similar to that caused by concanavalin A (Con-A). However, whereas the percentage stimulation by Con-A increased with time, that by serum preheated at 66 degrees C(66 degrees C-serum) reached a peak after 3-4 h and then declined. The decline was greater at higher cell concentrations. Isotope-dilution studies showed that stimulation at 3 h by 66 degrees C-serum or by Con-A reflected an increase in the maximum velocity of the rate-limiting step for incorporation of [3H]uridine and not a decrease in a the pool of uridine and (or) uridine competitors. Experiments in which serum concentration and the relative proportions of serum preheated at 66 degrees C and serum preheated at 37 degree C were varied, suggested that preheating serum at 66 degrees C removes an inhibitory factor and exposes a stimulatory factors. The stimulatory activity of 66 degrees C-serum was not dialysable. The results are compatible with a model which requires that lectins activate cultured lymphocyted by influencing the distribution of an inhibitory molecule (perhaps alpha 2-macroglobulin) between the cell surface and the culture medium."}
{"id": "PMID:884581", "title": "Enzymic preparation of adenosine 5'-[beta-2P]triphosphate.", "content": "A simple method for the preparation of adenosine 5'-[beta-32 P]triphosphate is described. When [32P]orthophosphate was incubated with polyadenylate and phosphoenolpyruvate in the presence of polynucletide phosphorylase (EC 2.7.7.8) and pyruvate kinase (EC 2.7.1.40), up to 75% of 32P radioactivity was recovered in ATP. [32P]ATP was purified to 99.5% radiochemical purity by chromatography on polyethyleneimine-cellulose thin-layer plates. Analysis of hydrolysis products of [32P]ATP with apyrase (EC 3.6.1.5) indicates that 32P in the beta-phosphate position accounts for all 32P label in ATP.", "contents": "Enzymic preparation of adenosine 5'-[beta-2P]triphosphate. A simple method for the preparation of adenosine 5'-[beta-32 P]triphosphate is described. When [32P]orthophosphate was incubated with polyadenylate and phosphoenolpyruvate in the presence of polynucletide phosphorylase (EC 2.7.7.8) and pyruvate kinase (EC 2.7.1.40), up to 75% of 32P radioactivity was recovered in ATP. [32P]ATP was purified to 99.5% radiochemical purity by chromatography on polyethyleneimine-cellulose thin-layer plates. Analysis of hydrolysis products of [32P]ATP with apyrase (EC 3.6.1.5) indicates that 32P in the beta-phosphate position accounts for all 32P label in ATP."}
{"id": "PMID:884583", "title": "Structural studies on cross-lined peptides containing lysinonorleucine from elastin of porcine aorta.", "content": "Three lysinonorleucine peptides were isolated from mature porcine aorta elastin after enzymic digestions and partial acid hydrolysis. The structural investigation which were performed suggest that different regions containing lysinonorleucine may exist. The role of this cross-link in mature elastin is discussed.", "contents": "Structural studies on cross-lined peptides containing lysinonorleucine from elastin of porcine aorta. Three lysinonorleucine peptides were isolated from mature porcine aorta elastin after enzymic digestions and partial acid hydrolysis. The structural investigation which were performed suggest that different regions containing lysinonorleucine may exist. The role of this cross-link in mature elastin is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:884584", "title": "Further evidence for the presence of androgen receptors in the lungs and in the head appendages of the cock.", "content": "The presence of cytoplasmic dihydrotestosterone receptors in the lungs, the comb, the wattle, and the ear lobes of the cock was demonstrated by sucrose density-gradient centrifugation. All these tissues exhibited saturable 'in vitro' binding of dihydrotestosterone in the 8-11S region of the gradient. When 0.5 M KCl was added to the lung, wattle, and comb cytosol and to the gradients, the radioactive dihydrotestosterone migrated in the 4-5S region. These studies suggest that the mechanism of action of androgens in the head appendages of the cock and in other target tissues is similar.", "contents": "Further evidence for the presence of androgen receptors in the lungs and in the head appendages of the cock. The presence of cytoplasmic dihydrotestosterone receptors in the lungs, the comb, the wattle, and the ear lobes of the cock was demonstrated by sucrose density-gradient centrifugation. All these tissues exhibited saturable 'in vitro' binding of dihydrotestosterone in the 8-11S region of the gradient. When 0.5 M KCl was added to the lung, wattle, and comb cytosol and to the gradients, the radioactive dihydrotestosterone migrated in the 4-5S region. These studies suggest that the mechanism of action of androgens in the head appendages of the cock and in other target tissues is similar."}
{"id": "PMID:884586", "title": "Proton nuclear magnetic resonance studies on methylthiohydantoins, thiohydantoins, and hydantoins of amino acids.", "content": "Proton magnetic resonance spectra of methylthiohydantoin (3-methyl-2-thiohydantoin), thiohydantoin (2-thiohydantoin), and hydantoin derivatives of amino acids were studied in dimethyl sulfoxide-d6. Their parent amino acids could be identified by the spectra. An application to the N- and C-terminal amino acid analysis of a tripeptide was examined.", "contents": "Proton nuclear magnetic resonance studies on methylthiohydantoins, thiohydantoins, and hydantoins of amino acids. Proton magnetic resonance spectra of methylthiohydantoin (3-methyl-2-thiohydantoin), thiohydantoin (2-thiohydantoin), and hydantoin derivatives of amino acids were studied in dimethyl sulfoxide-d6. Their parent amino acids could be identified by the spectra. An application to the N- and C-terminal amino acid analysis of a tripeptide was examined."}
{"id": "PMID:884587", "title": "A convenient preparation of beta-N-acetylhexosaminidase from commercial bovine serum albumin.", "content": "A simple procedure for the preparation of beta-N-acetylhexosaminidase (EC 3.2.1.52), free from other glycosidases, from commercial bovine serum albumin is described. It has been fractionated into three peaks on a DEAE-cellulose column. The Km and V values for 4-methylumbelliferyl-beta-D-N-acetylglucosaminide (4MU-gluNAc), 4-methvlumbelliferyl-beta-D-N-acetylgalactosaminide (4MU-galNAc), p-nitrophenyl-beta-D-N-acetylglucosaminide, and p-nitrophenyl-beta-D-N-acetylgalactosaminide for each was established. The inhibition by several structural analogues on 4MU-gluNAc and 4MU-galNAc hydrolysis by the enzyme present in peak 1 was investigated.", "contents": "A convenient preparation of beta-N-acetylhexosaminidase from commercial bovine serum albumin. A simple procedure for the preparation of beta-N-acetylhexosaminidase (EC 3.2.1.52), free from other glycosidases, from commercial bovine serum albumin is described. It has been fractionated into three peaks on a DEAE-cellulose column. The Km and V values for 4-methylumbelliferyl-beta-D-N-acetylglucosaminide (4MU-gluNAc), 4-methvlumbelliferyl-beta-D-N-acetylgalactosaminide (4MU-galNAc), p-nitrophenyl-beta-D-N-acetylglucosaminide, and p-nitrophenyl-beta-D-N-acetylgalactosaminide for each was established. The inhibition by several structural analogues on 4MU-gluNAc and 4MU-galNAc hydrolysis by the enzyme present in peak 1 was investigated."}
{"id": "PMID:884588", "title": "Application of long-range 13C,H nuclear spin-spin coupling constants in the study of imidazole tautomerism in L-histidine, and related compounds.", "content": "Three-bond 13C,H nuclear spin-spin coupling constants can be used to estimate the relative populations of the two possible tautomers of the imidazole ring in compounds containing this moiety. The mole fraction, XII, of the 1-H tautomer (i.e. the tautomer having a proton bound to the nitrogen atom at position 1 of the ring, where the ring is numbered according to IUPAC-IUB convention) can be calculated from the following equation: XII congruent to 1.705--0.164 3J(C5,H2)obs. Estimates of the predominant tautomer in L-histamine (both the neutral molecule and the monocation), and the dipeptide L-histidyl-L-glutamic acid indicate that the 1-H form is favored in basic aqueous solution. The results are compared with those obtained by other methods, and show that the present technique can provide a simple, rapid means of determining tautomeric equilibrium in imidazole derivatives.", "contents": "Application of long-range 13C,H nuclear spin-spin coupling constants in the study of imidazole tautomerism in L-histidine, and related compounds. Three-bond 13C,H nuclear spin-spin coupling constants can be used to estimate the relative populations of the two possible tautomers of the imidazole ring in compounds containing this moiety. The mole fraction, XII, of the 1-H tautomer (i.e. the tautomer having a proton bound to the nitrogen atom at position 1 of the ring, where the ring is numbered according to IUPAC-IUB convention) can be calculated from the following equation: XII congruent to 1.705--0.164 3J(C5,H2)obs. Estimates of the predominant tautomer in L-histamine (both the neutral molecule and the monocation), and the dipeptide L-histidyl-L-glutamic acid indicate that the 1-H form is favored in basic aqueous solution. The results are compared with those obtained by other methods, and show that the present technique can provide a simple, rapid means of determining tautomeric equilibrium in imidazole derivatives."}
{"id": "PMID:884589", "title": "Effects of acetylcholine on potassium-induced changes of water and sodium uptakes in cerebral cortex slices from the rat.", "content": "The increases in uptakes of water and of sodium ions that occur in rat brain cortex slices when they are incubated in a physiological saline-glucose medium in presence of a high concentration of potassium ions (105 muequiv./ml) are abolished by acetylcholine in presence of eserine but not by choline. Acetylcholine is effective at 20 micron but its optimal effect occurs at about 0.7 micron. Its action is suppressed by atropine and not by d-tubocurarine. The potassium-induced change of permeability of brain cell membranes to sodium ions occurs at a site different from the tetrodotoxin-sensitive channel of sodium entry, because the suppressive effects of acetylcholine and tetrodotoxin are apparently independent of each other. The acetylcholine effect does not occur in the absence of calcium ions from the incubation medium. It is suggested that the increase of cell calcium ions, brought about by high concentrations of potassium ions in the incubation medium, induces an increase of glial permeability to sodium ions, with a resultant change in the sodium gradient, and that this increase is suppressed by acetylcholine.", "contents": "Effects of acetylcholine on potassium-induced changes of water and sodium uptakes in cerebral cortex slices from the rat. The increases in uptakes of water and of sodium ions that occur in rat brain cortex slices when they are incubated in a physiological saline-glucose medium in presence of a high concentration of potassium ions (105 muequiv./ml) are abolished by acetylcholine in presence of eserine but not by choline. Acetylcholine is effective at 20 micron but its optimal effect occurs at about 0.7 micron. Its action is suppressed by atropine and not by d-tubocurarine. The potassium-induced change of permeability of brain cell membranes to sodium ions occurs at a site different from the tetrodotoxin-sensitive channel of sodium entry, because the suppressive effects of acetylcholine and tetrodotoxin are apparently independent of each other. The acetylcholine effect does not occur in the absence of calcium ions from the incubation medium. It is suggested that the increase of cell calcium ions, brought about by high concentrations of potassium ions in the incubation medium, induces an increase of glial permeability to sodium ions, with a resultant change in the sodium gradient, and that this increase is suppressed by acetylcholine."}
{"id": "PMID:884591", "title": "Effects of acetylcholine on potassium-induced changes of GABA and taurine uptakes and release in cerebral cortex slices from the rat.", "content": "Acetylcholine, in presence of eserine, has little or no effect on the potassium-ion-suppressed concentrative uptakes of GABA and taurine by rat brain cortex slices in contrast with its effect on those of L-glutamate, L-aspartate, and glycine. Potassium ions at a concentration of 30 muequiv./ml in the incubation medium has a marked suppressive effect on the uptakes of GABA and taurine when there is no apparent change in the sodium ion content of the brain tissue. It is concluded that some factor, besides the change in sodium gradient, operates in the mechanism of potassium suppression of GABA and taurine uptakes. Acetylcholine diminishes the potassium-evoked release of endogenous GABA and taurine from brain slices. Its action is Ca2+ dependent and is diminished by atropine. Acetylcholine does not affect the potassium-accelerated release of GABA from brain slices previously loaded with this amino acid. The differences in uptake and release phenomena exhibited by GABA and taurine from those of L-glutamine and L-aspartate may be due to differences between the mechanisms, as well as the sites, of cerebral uptake and release of these two groups of amino acids.", "contents": "Effects of acetylcholine on potassium-induced changes of GABA and taurine uptakes and release in cerebral cortex slices from the rat. Acetylcholine, in presence of eserine, has little or no effect on the potassium-ion-suppressed concentrative uptakes of GABA and taurine by rat brain cortex slices in contrast with its effect on those of L-glutamate, L-aspartate, and glycine. Potassium ions at a concentration of 30 muequiv./ml in the incubation medium has a marked suppressive effect on the uptakes of GABA and taurine when there is no apparent change in the sodium ion content of the brain tissue. It is concluded that some factor, besides the change in sodium gradient, operates in the mechanism of potassium suppression of GABA and taurine uptakes. Acetylcholine diminishes the potassium-evoked release of endogenous GABA and taurine from brain slices. Its action is Ca2+ dependent and is diminished by atropine. Acetylcholine does not affect the potassium-accelerated release of GABA from brain slices previously loaded with this amino acid. The differences in uptake and release phenomena exhibited by GABA and taurine from those of L-glutamine and L-aspartate may be due to differences between the mechanisms, as well as the sites, of cerebral uptake and release of these two groups of amino acids."}
{"id": "PMID:884592", "title": "Actions of prednisolone acetate, pregnenolone-16alpha-carbonitrile, and triamcinolone upon drug resistance and metabolism: a comparative study.", "content": "In female rats, pretreatment with prednisolone acetate diminished the duration of zoxazolamine-induced paralysis as well as its plasma concentrations and increased significantly the in vitro metabolism of zoxazolamine and ethylmorphine. These actions of prednisolone were compared with those of equimolar amounts of pregnenolone-16alpha-carbonitrile (PCN) (a known microsomal enzyme inducer) and of triamcinolone (an agent that reduces the sensitivity of the body to drugs although not via microsomal enzyme induction). Prednisolone proved to be a strong drug-metabolizing enzyme inducer but it was less potent than PCN.", "contents": "Actions of prednisolone acetate, pregnenolone-16alpha-carbonitrile, and triamcinolone upon drug resistance and metabolism: a comparative study. In female rats, pretreatment with prednisolone acetate diminished the duration of zoxazolamine-induced paralysis as well as its plasma concentrations and increased significantly the in vitro metabolism of zoxazolamine and ethylmorphine. These actions of prednisolone were compared with those of equimolar amounts of pregnenolone-16alpha-carbonitrile (PCN) (a known microsomal enzyme inducer) and of triamcinolone (an agent that reduces the sensitivity of the body to drugs although not via microsomal enzyme induction). Prednisolone proved to be a strong drug-metabolizing enzyme inducer but it was less potent than PCN."}
{"id": "PMID:884593", "title": "Depression by magnesium ion of neuronal excitability in tissue cultures of central nervous system.", "content": "Magnesium ion (Mg2+) in concentrations of 5-10 micron has been used to block synaptic transmission in in vitro preparations of central nervous system tissue. We have used explants of mouse cerebellum grown in culture to test whether significant levels of direct depression of neuronal membrane excitability could occur in such experiments. Using thresholds for antidromic activation and iontophoretically applied glutamate as tests of excitability, potent depressions of membrane excitability were found using 5-10 micron Mg2+. The additive depressant effects of increased Ca2+ concentrations provided further evidence that the effects were largely on membrane excitability and not on transmitter release mechanisms.", "contents": "Depression by magnesium ion of neuronal excitability in tissue cultures of central nervous system. Magnesium ion (Mg2+) in concentrations of 5-10 micron has been used to block synaptic transmission in in vitro preparations of central nervous system tissue. We have used explants of mouse cerebellum grown in culture to test whether significant levels of direct depression of neuronal membrane excitability could occur in such experiments. Using thresholds for antidromic activation and iontophoretically applied glutamate as tests of excitability, potent depressions of membrane excitability were found using 5-10 micron Mg2+. The additive depressant effects of increased Ca2+ concentrations provided further evidence that the effects were largely on membrane excitability and not on transmitter release mechanisms."}
{"id": "PMID:884595", "title": "Effects of tricyclic antidepressants on the content and metabolism of dopamine in the rat striatum.", "content": "The effects of tricyclic antidepressants: imipramine (IMI), desmethylimipramine (DMI), and amitriptyline (AMI) on the levels and metabolism of dopamine (DA) in rat striatum were investigated. All three antidepressant drugs produced at 60 min a marked increase in striatal DA content. The DA-enhancing effect of DMI was dose dependent until a ceiling (about 140% increase) was reached. The time-course study of DMI (10 mg/kg) revealed a biphasic effect: an initial accumulation of DA peaking at 60 min followed by a decline in levels to about 20% of controls at 3 h after administration. In DMI-treated rats, homovanilic acid concentration was decreased to 58% at 60 min, but increased to 118% at 3 h, whereas 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid levels were unchanged at 60 min, but significantly suppressed at 3-h time interval. The observed effects of tricyclic anti-depressants on striatal DA may be relevant to the beneficial effect of these compounds in Parkinson's disease.", "contents": "Effects of tricyclic antidepressants on the content and metabolism of dopamine in the rat striatum. The effects of tricyclic antidepressants: imipramine (IMI), desmethylimipramine (DMI), and amitriptyline (AMI) on the levels and metabolism of dopamine (DA) in rat striatum were investigated. All three antidepressant drugs produced at 60 min a marked increase in striatal DA content. The DA-enhancing effect of DMI was dose dependent until a ceiling (about 140% increase) was reached. The time-course study of DMI (10 mg/kg) revealed a biphasic effect: an initial accumulation of DA peaking at 60 min followed by a decline in levels to about 20% of controls at 3 h after administration. In DMI-treated rats, homovanilic acid concentration was decreased to 58% at 60 min, but increased to 118% at 3 h, whereas 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid levels were unchanged at 60 min, but significantly suppressed at 3-h time interval. The observed effects of tricyclic anti-depressants on striatal DA may be relevant to the beneficial effect of these compounds in Parkinson's disease."}
{"id": "PMID:884597", "title": "Effect of dipyridamole and 6-(2-hydroxy-5-nitro)-benzylthioguanosine on low-frequency-stimulated relaxation in the guinea pig taenia coli.", "content": "Isolated guinea pig taenia coli responded to electrical field stimulation at 0.3 s-1 with relaxation which was potentiated from 6 to 230% in the presence of 1-1.5 micron dipyridamole. However, no potentiation was seen in the presence of 10 micron 6-(2-hydroxy-5-nitro)-benzylthioguanosine (HNBTG), another more selective inhibitor of adenosine uptake. Both drugs effectively potentiated the relaxant response to low doses of added adenosine. When complete frequency-response curves were recorded in the range 0.1 to 5 s-1, neither dipyridamole nor HNBTG caused any shift of the curves, although a statistically significant increase in relaxation was again seen in the presence of dipyridamole at 0.3 s-1. Thus, the response of taenia coli to transmural stimulation is not modified by all concentrations of inhibitors of adenosine uptake and the limited effect seen with dipyridamole at 0.3 s-1 may be based on another unknown mechanism. No evidence for or against the purinergic nerve hypothesis can be derived from our experiments.", "contents": "Effect of dipyridamole and 6-(2-hydroxy-5-nitro)-benzylthioguanosine on low-frequency-stimulated relaxation in the guinea pig taenia coli. Isolated guinea pig taenia coli responded to electrical field stimulation at 0.3 s-1 with relaxation which was potentiated from 6 to 230% in the presence of 1-1.5 micron dipyridamole. However, no potentiation was seen in the presence of 10 micron 6-(2-hydroxy-5-nitro)-benzylthioguanosine (HNBTG), another more selective inhibitor of adenosine uptake. Both drugs effectively potentiated the relaxant response to low doses of added adenosine. When complete frequency-response curves were recorded in the range 0.1 to 5 s-1, neither dipyridamole nor HNBTG caused any shift of the curves, although a statistically significant increase in relaxation was again seen in the presence of dipyridamole at 0.3 s-1. Thus, the response of taenia coli to transmural stimulation is not modified by all concentrations of inhibitors of adenosine uptake and the limited effect seen with dipyridamole at 0.3 s-1 may be based on another unknown mechanism. No evidence for or against the purinergic nerve hypothesis can be derived from our experiments."}
{"id": "PMID:884599", "title": "Dynamic elasticity of human mitral valve chorade tendinease.", "content": "Chordae tendineae are under constant dynamic stress and, therefore, measurements of static properties alone cannot provide a complete analysis of their mechanical response under stress. This study investigated the dynamic viscoelastic properties of human mitral valve chordae tendineae. The tissue was subjected to sinusoidal strain variations over a frequency range of 0.42 to 6.68 Hz. At a fixed strain, the storage modulus, E', was found to be independent of applied frequency but varied inversely with chordal thickness. Values in the order of 10(8) dyn cm-2 (1 dyn=10 muN) were found. E' also increased with strain level. The phase lag, phi, between stressing function and response was found to be small (0.2-0.058 rad) and decreased with frequency. Values of phi at each frequency were found to be independent of chordal size and strain level. This property would enable a smooth and even closure of the valve and provide a more rapid response at elevated heart rates. The loss modulus, E'', was found to be 18 to 50 times smaller than E'. This implied an almost complete recovery on removal of any stress on the tissue. E'', which also decreased with frequency, was found to be smaller for the larger chordae.", "contents": "Dynamic elasticity of human mitral valve chorade tendinease. Chordae tendineae are under constant dynamic stress and, therefore, measurements of static properties alone cannot provide a complete analysis of their mechanical response under stress. This study investigated the dynamic viscoelastic properties of human mitral valve chordae tendineae. The tissue was subjected to sinusoidal strain variations over a frequency range of 0.42 to 6.68 Hz. At a fixed strain, the storage modulus, E', was found to be independent of applied frequency but varied inversely with chordal thickness. Values in the order of 10(8) dyn cm-2 (1 dyn=10 muN) were found. E' also increased with strain level. The phase lag, phi, between stressing function and response was found to be small (0.2-0.058 rad) and decreased with frequency. Values of phi at each frequency were found to be independent of chordal size and strain level. This property would enable a smooth and even closure of the valve and provide a more rapid response at elevated heart rates. The loss modulus, E'', was found to be 18 to 50 times smaller than E'. This implied an almost complete recovery on removal of any stress on the tissue. E'', which also decreased with frequency, was found to be smaller for the larger chordae."}
{"id": "PMID:884600", "title": "Effect of folic acid deficiency on pregnant rats and their offspring.", "content": "Two groups of 63-day-old female Wistar rats were fed a folic acid deficient diet, based on 20% of vitamin-free casein and containing 1% of succinylsulfathiazole, for 5 weeks (group A) and 9 weeks (group B) before being bred, and the same diet was continued through pregnancy and lactation. Three out of eleven (21.3%) and three out of seven (42.9%) rats in groups A and B, respectively, resorbed completely, while no control rat resorbed. No pups from group B survived to weaning. Both groups (A and B) showed depressed feed consumption (although the effect in group A rats was small) and weight gains and increased formiminoglutamic acid excretion in the urine during gestation, and low serum folic acid by the end of lactation. A study of blood components in group A rats revealed leucopenia, granulocytopenia, and increased reticulocyte count. While no congenital deformities were observed in pups from deficient dams, group A and group B dams in contrast to controls produced smaller sized litters with lower birth weights and poor survival rate. Surviving pups from group A dams had decreased weaning weights with significantly lower brain weights and brain DNA per gram of tissue.", "contents": "Effect of folic acid deficiency on pregnant rats and their offspring. Two groups of 63-day-old female Wistar rats were fed a folic acid deficient diet, based on 20% of vitamin-free casein and containing 1% of succinylsulfathiazole, for 5 weeks (group A) and 9 weeks (group B) before being bred, and the same diet was continued through pregnancy and lactation. Three out of eleven (21.3%) and three out of seven (42.9%) rats in groups A and B, respectively, resorbed completely, while no control rat resorbed. No pups from group B survived to weaning. Both groups (A and B) showed depressed feed consumption (although the effect in group A rats was small) and weight gains and increased formiminoglutamic acid excretion in the urine during gestation, and low serum folic acid by the end of lactation. A study of blood components in group A rats revealed leucopenia, granulocytopenia, and increased reticulocyte count. While no congenital deformities were observed in pups from deficient dams, group A and group B dams in contrast to controls produced smaller sized litters with lower birth weights and poor survival rate. Surviving pups from group A dams had decreased weaning weights with significantly lower brain weights and brain DNA per gram of tissue."}
{"id": "PMID:884601", "title": "Digestibility and nutrient value of palmitoyl-L-lysine derivatives in weanling rats.", "content": "alpha-N, epsilon-N-Dipalmitoyl-L-lysine, alpha-N-monopalmitoyl-L-lysine, and epsilon-N-monopalmitoyl-L-lysine were compared with 18% casein and lysine HCl as sources of lysine in the diets of weanling rats. The lysine derivatives and lysine HCl were added to a basal diet containing 14.1% of an amino acid mixture with no lysine. Weight gain, food intake, plasma lysine, and urine and fecal lysine were determined. Animals fed the basal and lysine derivative diets lost weight over the 10-day study period. They had lower food intake, urine and plasma lysine content, and a higher fecal lysine content than animals fed the other diets. alpha-N-Monopalmitoyl-L-lysine was absorbed whereas the epsilon-N-monopalmitoyl-L-lysine and the alpha-N, epsilon-N-dipalmitoyl compounds were not.", "contents": "Digestibility and nutrient value of palmitoyl-L-lysine derivatives in weanling rats. alpha-N, epsilon-N-Dipalmitoyl-L-lysine, alpha-N-monopalmitoyl-L-lysine, and epsilon-N-monopalmitoyl-L-lysine were compared with 18% casein and lysine HCl as sources of lysine in the diets of weanling rats. The lysine derivatives and lysine HCl were added to a basal diet containing 14.1% of an amino acid mixture with no lysine. Weight gain, food intake, plasma lysine, and urine and fecal lysine were determined. Animals fed the basal and lysine derivative diets lost weight over the 10-day study period. They had lower food intake, urine and plasma lysine content, and a higher fecal lysine content than animals fed the other diets. alpha-N-Monopalmitoyl-L-lysine was absorbed whereas the epsilon-N-monopalmitoyl-L-lysine and the alpha-N, epsilon-N-dipalmitoyl compounds were not."}
{"id": "PMID:884602", "title": "Species variation with respect to the metabolism and excretion of d-amphetamine and d,l-N-hydroxyamphetamine succinate.", "content": "The metabolism of amphetamine and N-hydroxyamphetamine was studied in the rat and mouse. Extensive reduction of N-hydroxyamphetamine to amphetamine occurred in both species. In addition, para-hydroxylation of amphetamine was a common metabolic route, although it was more predominant in the rat. No appreciable difference in the 24-h excretion of amphetamine and p-hydroxyamphetamine in either species was seen after substitution of N-hydroxyamphetamine for amphetamine.", "contents": "Species variation with respect to the metabolism and excretion of d-amphetamine and d,l-N-hydroxyamphetamine succinate. The metabolism of amphetamine and N-hydroxyamphetamine was studied in the rat and mouse. Extensive reduction of N-hydroxyamphetamine to amphetamine occurred in both species. In addition, para-hydroxylation of amphetamine was a common metabolic route, although it was more predominant in the rat. No appreciable difference in the 24-h excretion of amphetamine and p-hydroxyamphetamine in either species was seen after substitution of N-hydroxyamphetamine for amphetamine."}
{"id": "PMID:884603", "title": "Red blood cell catechol O-methyltransferase activity in thyroid dysfunction.", "content": "Using a modification of the method of Mannl et al. (Mannl, H.F.K., Hempel, K., and Kubler, W. 1972. Catechol O-methyltransferase in human erythrocytes. Arch. Pharmacol. 272, 265-276), we have measured the activity of catechol O-methyltransferase (COMT) (EC 2.1.1.6) in red blood cells (RBC) of patients with hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism to establish whether thyroid dysfunction is associated with alterations in catecholamine catabolism. The activity of COMT averaged 4.4+/-0.54 nmol/ml RBC per hour of incubation (mean+/-SEM) in euthyroid subjects compared to 4.76+/-0.64 nmol/ml RBC per hour of incubation in hyperthyroidism and 4.42+/-0.81 nmol/ml RBC per hour of incubation in hypothyroidism; these values are not significantly different. There were no significant differences observed in urinary excretion of vanillylmandelic acid, epinephrine, and norepinephrine among the three groups. These data are compatible with the possibility that thyroid status has little influence on the degradation of circulating catecholamines and suggest that hypothyroidism, with its attendant elevations in serum norepinephrine concentration, may be related to a compensatory noradrenergic response.", "contents": "Red blood cell catechol O-methyltransferase activity in thyroid dysfunction. Using a modification of the method of Mannl et al. (Mannl, H.F.K., Hempel, K., and Kubler, W. 1972. Catechol O-methyltransferase in human erythrocytes. Arch. Pharmacol. 272, 265-276), we have measured the activity of catechol O-methyltransferase (COMT) (EC 2.1.1.6) in red blood cells (RBC) of patients with hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism to establish whether thyroid dysfunction is associated with alterations in catecholamine catabolism. The activity of COMT averaged 4.4+/-0.54 nmol/ml RBC per hour of incubation (mean+/-SEM) in euthyroid subjects compared to 4.76+/-0.64 nmol/ml RBC per hour of incubation in hyperthyroidism and 4.42+/-0.81 nmol/ml RBC per hour of incubation in hypothyroidism; these values are not significantly different. There were no significant differences observed in urinary excretion of vanillylmandelic acid, epinephrine, and norepinephrine among the three groups. These data are compatible with the possibility that thyroid status has little influence on the degradation of circulating catecholamines and suggest that hypothyroidism, with its attendant elevations in serum norepinephrine concentration, may be related to a compensatory noradrenergic response."}
{"id": "PMID:884604", "title": "Inhibition of hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction by dipyridamole is not platelet mediated.", "content": "Dipyridamole, which is known to alter platelet function, has also been shown to reduce hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction. This latter effect could result from dipyridamole either acting on a platelet-mediated system, or acting directly on pulmonary vascular smooth muscle. To investigate these two possibilities, normal dogs were compared with dogs rendered thrombocytopenic by a platelet antiserum. Compared with the hypoxic pressor response before drug treatment, the hypoxic response following dipyridamole was only 32% as great in the normal dogs and only 38% as great in the thrombocytopenic dogs. Thus, dipyridamole was no less effective in reducing the hypoxic pressor response in the virtual absence of platelets. This supports a direct effect of dipyridamole on pulmonary vascular smooth muscle, which could be mediated by an increase in adenosine levels.", "contents": "Inhibition of hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction by dipyridamole is not platelet mediated. Dipyridamole, which is known to alter platelet function, has also been shown to reduce hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction. This latter effect could result from dipyridamole either acting on a platelet-mediated system, or acting directly on pulmonary vascular smooth muscle. To investigate these two possibilities, normal dogs were compared with dogs rendered thrombocytopenic by a platelet antiserum. Compared with the hypoxic pressor response before drug treatment, the hypoxic response following dipyridamole was only 32% as great in the normal dogs and only 38% as great in the thrombocytopenic dogs. Thus, dipyridamole was no less effective in reducing the hypoxic pressor response in the virtual absence of platelets. This supports a direct effect of dipyridamole on pulmonary vascular smooth muscle, which could be mediated by an increase in adenosine levels."}
{"id": "PMID:884605", "title": "The role of coronary flow and pressure as determinants of myocardial oxygen consumption in the presence or absence of vasomotor tone.", "content": "When coronary flow was kept constant and coronary pressure increased by angiotensin or decreased by dipyridamole, myocardial oxygen consumption (MVO2) remained unchanged. When vasomotor tone was abolished by dipyridamole or was intact, changing coronary flow resulted in a change in MVO2 in the same direction as flow; this change in MVO2 was in part the result of a significant alteration in coronary oxygen extraction. These results suggest that coronary flow, but not coronary pressure is an important determinant of MVO2 both in the presence or absence of vasomotor tone.", "contents": "The role of coronary flow and pressure as determinants of myocardial oxygen consumption in the presence or absence of vasomotor tone. When coronary flow was kept constant and coronary pressure increased by angiotensin or decreased by dipyridamole, myocardial oxygen consumption (MVO2) remained unchanged. When vasomotor tone was abolished by dipyridamole or was intact, changing coronary flow resulted in a change in MVO2 in the same direction as flow; this change in MVO2 was in part the result of a significant alteration in coronary oxygen extraction. These results suggest that coronary flow, but not coronary pressure is an important determinant of MVO2 both in the presence or absence of vasomotor tone."}
{"id": "PMID:884606", "title": "Reserpine-induced supersensitivity to the activation of cardiac glycogen phosphorylase by calcium.", "content": "Rats receiving reserpine (2.5 mg/kg, 24 h before sacrifice) developed a supersensitivity to the phosphorylase activating effect of both noradrenaline and Ca2+. Supersensitivity to the inotropic and chronotropic effects of the agonists did not develop with this dose of reserpine. It is concluded that reserpine induced supersensitivity, as well as being dose and species dependent, is also dependent on the response measured. It is concluded further that the supersensitivity developed to noradrenaline may be due to an alteration in the responding system (in this case the phosphorylase activating system) to calcium.", "contents": "Reserpine-induced supersensitivity to the activation of cardiac glycogen phosphorylase by calcium. Rats receiving reserpine (2.5 mg/kg, 24 h before sacrifice) developed a supersensitivity to the phosphorylase activating effect of both noradrenaline and Ca2+. Supersensitivity to the inotropic and chronotropic effects of the agonists did not develop with this dose of reserpine. It is concluded that reserpine induced supersensitivity, as well as being dose and species dependent, is also dependent on the response measured. It is concluded further that the supersensitivity developed to noradrenaline may be due to an alteration in the responding system (in this case the phosphorylase activating system) to calcium."}
{"id": "PMID:884609", "title": "Endocrine effects of the pineal gland and neutralization of circulating melatonin and N-acetylserotonin.", "content": "Adrenocortical function was studied in rats after shampinealectomy, pinealectomy, or immunization against melatonin and N-acetylserotonin (NAS). Pineals were stimulated to increase melatonin synthesis by blinding or exposure to 23 h of darkness daily. Blinding elevated morning corticosterone levels without altering the corticosterone response to novelty stimulation. Among blinded animals, pinealectomy partially reversed and immunization completely reversed the elevations in morning steroid levels. Exposure to short daily photoperiods flattened the diurnal corticosterone rhythm. Pinealectomy did not affect morning corticosterone levels but reduced evening corticosterone levels. More importantly, immunization resulted in reduced corticosterone levels throughout the diurnal cycle. These findings suggest that melatonin and (or) NAS may be involved in the regulation of resting diurnal adrenocortical function.", "contents": "Endocrine effects of the pineal gland and neutralization of circulating melatonin and N-acetylserotonin. Adrenocortical function was studied in rats after shampinealectomy, pinealectomy, or immunization against melatonin and N-acetylserotonin (NAS). Pineals were stimulated to increase melatonin synthesis by blinding or exposure to 23 h of darkness daily. Blinding elevated morning corticosterone levels without altering the corticosterone response to novelty stimulation. Among blinded animals, pinealectomy partially reversed and immunization completely reversed the elevations in morning steroid levels. Exposure to short daily photoperiods flattened the diurnal corticosterone rhythm. Pinealectomy did not affect morning corticosterone levels but reduced evening corticosterone levels. More importantly, immunization resulted in reduced corticosterone levels throughout the diurnal cycle. These findings suggest that melatonin and (or) NAS may be involved in the regulation of resting diurnal adrenocortical function."}
{"id": "PMID:884610", "title": "Blood and plasma volume changes in dogs after sympathectomy with 6-hydroxydopamine.", "content": "The effect of chemical sympathectomy with 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) on blood volume was studied in unanesthetized splenectomized and nonsplenectomized dogs. A significant increase in total blood volume essentially accounted for by a marked plasma volume expansion was found in both groups after 6-OHDA treatment (50 mg/kg). The red cell volume in the nonsplenectomized dogs was significantly reduced 3 and 7 days after sympathectomy but returned to normal after 15 days. In contrast, the red cell volume was unchanged in the splenectomized dogs after sympathectomy. The blood volume changes were accompanied in both groups by significant decreases in hematocrit in plasma sodium and potassium and in serum protein concentrations while serum calcium concentrations were only slightly increased. These results confirm that the inhibition of adrenergic tone directly influences blood volume. They also indicate that an increase in blood volume constitutes an important compensatory mechanism for the long-term maintenance of adequate blood pressure levels after chemical sympathectomy by 6-OHDA.", "contents": "Blood and plasma volume changes in dogs after sympathectomy with 6-hydroxydopamine. The effect of chemical sympathectomy with 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) on blood volume was studied in unanesthetized splenectomized and nonsplenectomized dogs. A significant increase in total blood volume essentially accounted for by a marked plasma volume expansion was found in both groups after 6-OHDA treatment (50 mg/kg). The red cell volume in the nonsplenectomized dogs was significantly reduced 3 and 7 days after sympathectomy but returned to normal after 15 days. In contrast, the red cell volume was unchanged in the splenectomized dogs after sympathectomy. The blood volume changes were accompanied in both groups by significant decreases in hematocrit in plasma sodium and potassium and in serum protein concentrations while serum calcium concentrations were only slightly increased. These results confirm that the inhibition of adrenergic tone directly influences blood volume. They also indicate that an increase in blood volume constitutes an important compensatory mechanism for the long-term maintenance of adequate blood pressure levels after chemical sympathectomy by 6-OHDA."}
{"id": "PMID:884613", "title": "Response of oculomotor neurons to eye muscle stretch.", "content": "Neurons within the ventral portion of the oculomotor nucleus respond to stretch of extraocular muscles. Response latencies range from 30 to 170 ms. Antidromically identified extraocular motoneurons with this input have slowly conducting axons in the range of 30 to 50 m/s. Only responses to stretch of muscles other than those innervated by these motoneurons were recorded. Responses to stretch of several muscles from both eyes are common.", "contents": "Response of oculomotor neurons to eye muscle stretch. Neurons within the ventral portion of the oculomotor nucleus respond to stretch of extraocular muscles. Response latencies range from 30 to 170 ms. Antidromically identified extraocular motoneurons with this input have slowly conducting axons in the range of 30 to 50 m/s. Only responses to stretch of muscles other than those innervated by these motoneurons were recorded. Responses to stretch of several muscles from both eyes are common."}
{"id": "PMID:884614", "title": "Measurement of blood oxygen saturation using a multichannel fiberoptic oximeter-densitometer.", "content": "Design principles and performance of a new fiberoptic oximeter-densitometer for measurement of blood oxygen saturation are described. This instrument is capable of performing measurements using either an intravascular catheter, flow-through cuvette, or earpiece. The operations of the flow-through cuvette and earpiece are based on the principles of light transmission, that of the catheter on the principles of hemoreflection. The system incorporates five interference filters permitting the selection of a particular wavelength or combination of wavelengths to perform different modes of operation. Estimates using both catheter and cuvette appeared to be independent of variations over a wide range in hematocrit and flow rate. In the range from 20 to 100% saturation the standard deviation of the differences between the in vitro estimates by the catheter and (or) cuvette and the Van Slyke analyses were 1.62 and 1.73%, respectively. In 53 children with congenital heart disease (22 cyanotic) values calculated from readings by the earpiece were related to values of arterial oxygen saturation as measured by American Optical Company reflection oximeter at the time of cardiac catheterization. In the range from 50 to 100% saturation, the regression line between the two techniques was linear and the standard deviation of the differences was 2.89% (3.12% in cyanotic children alone). The method provides a high degree of compensation for variations in skin pigmentation.", "contents": "Measurement of blood oxygen saturation using a multichannel fiberoptic oximeter-densitometer. Design principles and performance of a new fiberoptic oximeter-densitometer for measurement of blood oxygen saturation are described. This instrument is capable of performing measurements using either an intravascular catheter, flow-through cuvette, or earpiece. The operations of the flow-through cuvette and earpiece are based on the principles of light transmission, that of the catheter on the principles of hemoreflection. The system incorporates five interference filters permitting the selection of a particular wavelength or combination of wavelengths to perform different modes of operation. Estimates using both catheter and cuvette appeared to be independent of variations over a wide range in hematocrit and flow rate. In the range from 20 to 100% saturation the standard deviation of the differences between the in vitro estimates by the catheter and (or) cuvette and the Van Slyke analyses were 1.62 and 1.73%, respectively. In 53 children with congenital heart disease (22 cyanotic) values calculated from readings by the earpiece were related to values of arterial oxygen saturation as measured by American Optical Company reflection oximeter at the time of cardiac catheterization. In the range from 50 to 100% saturation, the regression line between the two techniques was linear and the standard deviation of the differences was 2.89% (3.12% in cyanotic children alone). The method provides a high degree of compensation for variations in skin pigmentation."}
{"id": "PMID:884615", "title": "Rat intestinal and renal calcium-binding proteins.", "content": "The effect of vitamin D activity on the major renal Ca-binding protein has been compared with that on the intestinal Ca-binding protein. Using a method based on Ca-binding capacity, these proteins were measured in vitamin D deficient rats after vitamin D treatment for varying periods up to 5 days. Since P deficiency has been shown to stimulate synthesis of the active metabolite 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol, a similar experiment was done on rats fed a P-deficient diet for periods up to 21 days. The renal Ca-binding protein was unchanged by vitamin D treatment to vitamin D deficient rats and was only slightly increased (50%) by phosphate deficiency. By comparison, the intestinal protein was increased twofold by vitamin D treatment and fivefold by phosphate deficiency. Results indicate that vitamin D activity has no direct effect on the major renal Ca-binding protein.", "contents": "Rat intestinal and renal calcium-binding proteins. The effect of vitamin D activity on the major renal Ca-binding protein has been compared with that on the intestinal Ca-binding protein. Using a method based on Ca-binding capacity, these proteins were measured in vitamin D deficient rats after vitamin D treatment for varying periods up to 5 days. Since P deficiency has been shown to stimulate synthesis of the active metabolite 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol, a similar experiment was done on rats fed a P-deficient diet for periods up to 21 days. The renal Ca-binding protein was unchanged by vitamin D treatment to vitamin D deficient rats and was only slightly increased (50%) by phosphate deficiency. By comparison, the intestinal protein was increased twofold by vitamin D treatment and fivefold by phosphate deficiency. Results indicate that vitamin D activity has no direct effect on the major renal Ca-binding protein."}
{"id": "PMID:884616", "title": "Plasma and tissue levels of dietary radiotocopherols in the harp seal, Phoca groenlandica.", "content": "Plasma and tissue levels of dietary radiotracer-labeled tocopherols were examined in the harp seal, Phoca groenlandica. The d-alpha form showed much higher plasma maxima and retention than d,l-gamma-tocopherol. Concentration peaks occurred somewhat later but were greater when the vitamin was fed with Tween 80 than with herring and corn oil respectively. Greater plasma levels occurred with the use of herring oil as compared with corn oil. Seals previously maintained on a vitamin E deficient diet showed greater plasma maxima than seals not so deprived. Plasma and tissues generally showed maximum levels within 24 h postingestion. Tissue levels of labelled dietary alpha-tocopherol were examined by biopsy and postmortem studies in selected tissues of vitamin E deprived seals.", "contents": "Plasma and tissue levels of dietary radiotocopherols in the harp seal, Phoca groenlandica. Plasma and tissue levels of dietary radiotracer-labeled tocopherols were examined in the harp seal, Phoca groenlandica. The d-alpha form showed much higher plasma maxima and retention than d,l-gamma-tocopherol. Concentration peaks occurred somewhat later but were greater when the vitamin was fed with Tween 80 than with herring and corn oil respectively. Greater plasma levels occurred with the use of herring oil as compared with corn oil. Seals previously maintained on a vitamin E deficient diet showed greater plasma maxima than seals not so deprived. Plasma and tissues generally showed maximum levels within 24 h postingestion. Tissue levels of labelled dietary alpha-tocopherol were examined by biopsy and postmortem studies in selected tissues of vitamin E deprived seals."}
{"id": "PMID:884617", "title": "Effect of neuronal uptake inhibitors on the adrenergic-neuron blockade produced by guanethidine in rabbit vas deferens.", "content": "The effect of neuronal-uptake inhibitors on the guanethidine-induced inhibition of responses of rabbit vas deferens to transmural stimulation was investigated. The twitch and sustained responses were inhibited by about 70% by 1.2 X 10(-5) M guanethidine. Prior or subsequent exposure to the noradrenaline-uptake inhibitors, 3.3 X 10(-5) M cocaine, 10(-5)M nisoxetine, and 10(-7)M desipramine prevented or reversed these effects of guanethidine. The depressant effects of guanethidine were not modified by the serotonin-uptake inhibitor, 10(-6)M fluoxetine. The uptake of 5 X 10(-8)M (-)-[3H]noradrenaline by rabbit vas deferens was significantly reduced by guanethidine, cocaine, nisoxetine, and desipramine, but not by fluoxetine. It was concluded that guanethidine inhibited both the twitch and sustained responses of the vas by producing adrenergic-neuron blockade and that these effects were dependent on continued transport into adrenergic neurons.", "contents": "Effect of neuronal uptake inhibitors on the adrenergic-neuron blockade produced by guanethidine in rabbit vas deferens. The effect of neuronal-uptake inhibitors on the guanethidine-induced inhibition of responses of rabbit vas deferens to transmural stimulation was investigated. The twitch and sustained responses were inhibited by about 70% by 1.2 X 10(-5) M guanethidine. Prior or subsequent exposure to the noradrenaline-uptake inhibitors, 3.3 X 10(-5) M cocaine, 10(-5)M nisoxetine, and 10(-7)M desipramine prevented or reversed these effects of guanethidine. The depressant effects of guanethidine were not modified by the serotonin-uptake inhibitor, 10(-6)M fluoxetine. The uptake of 5 X 10(-8)M (-)-[3H]noradrenaline by rabbit vas deferens was significantly reduced by guanethidine, cocaine, nisoxetine, and desipramine, but not by fluoxetine. It was concluded that guanethidine inhibited both the twitch and sustained responses of the vas by producing adrenergic-neuron blockade and that these effects were dependent on continued transport into adrenergic neurons."}
{"id": "PMID:884618", "title": "Biochemical reactions involved in pancreatic enzyme secretion. 2. Inhibitory effects of tetracaine and atropine.", "content": "Pancreatic enzyme secretion induced by urecholine or cholecystokinin-pancreozymin (CCK-PZ) is inhibited by tetracaine. If the pancreatic tissue is preincubated with tetracaine then washed out, the subsequent response to CCK-PZ is not affected while that to urecholine is impaired. In contrast with atropine, tetracaine loses its inhibitory potency once secretion has been initiated by urecholine before the addition of the local anaesthetic. Calcium efflux studies have shown that addition of tetracaine in vitro is associated with release of calcium in the incubation medium. This effect on calcium efflux might explain partly the inhibitory action of the drug.", "contents": "Biochemical reactions involved in pancreatic enzyme secretion. 2. Inhibitory effects of tetracaine and atropine. Pancreatic enzyme secretion induced by urecholine or cholecystokinin-pancreozymin (CCK-PZ) is inhibited by tetracaine. If the pancreatic tissue is preincubated with tetracaine then washed out, the subsequent response to CCK-PZ is not affected while that to urecholine is impaired. In contrast with atropine, tetracaine loses its inhibitory potency once secretion has been initiated by urecholine before the addition of the local anaesthetic. Calcium efflux studies have shown that addition of tetracaine in vitro is associated with release of calcium in the incubation medium. This effect on calcium efflux might explain partly the inhibitory action of the drug."}
{"id": "PMID:884619", "title": "GABA and glycine actions on spinal motoneurons.", "content": "Applied microiontophoretically in the spinal cord of cats, glycine is consistently more powerful than gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in raising the membrane conductance of lumbosacral motoneurons (mean ratio of equipotent iontophoretic currents tested on same cells is 5.6:1). This is the reverse of the situation in cerebral cortex. The effect of glycine is well maintained during applications lasting about 1 min, but that of GABA, after an early peak, drops to a much lower plateau (mean plateau-over-peak ratio is 0.23). The reversal potentials for the action of GABA and glycine are initially similar but they behave differently during a prolonged application; that for glycine usually remains constant or becomes more negative whereas that for GABA tends to shift in the positive direction. Various explanations of these phenomena are considered. It is suggested that a single process, electrogenic uptake of GABA, may account for both desensitization (by removing GABA from its site of action) and the positive shift in GABA reversal potential (became uptake is probably associated with an influx of Na+).", "contents": "GABA and glycine actions on spinal motoneurons. Applied microiontophoretically in the spinal cord of cats, glycine is consistently more powerful than gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in raising the membrane conductance of lumbosacral motoneurons (mean ratio of equipotent iontophoretic currents tested on same cells is 5.6:1). This is the reverse of the situation in cerebral cortex. The effect of glycine is well maintained during applications lasting about 1 min, but that of GABA, after an early peak, drops to a much lower plateau (mean plateau-over-peak ratio is 0.23). The reversal potentials for the action of GABA and glycine are initially similar but they behave differently during a prolonged application; that for glycine usually remains constant or becomes more negative whereas that for GABA tends to shift in the positive direction. Various explanations of these phenomena are considered. It is suggested that a single process, electrogenic uptake of GABA, may account for both desensitization (by removing GABA from its site of action) and the positive shift in GABA reversal potential (became uptake is probably associated with an influx of Na+)."}
{"id": "PMID:884620", "title": "Bicuculline, benzyl penicillin, and inhibitory amino acids in the spinal cord of the cat.", "content": "Bicuculline methochloride (BMC), applied by microiontophoresis, tends to depolarize spinal motoneurons and lower their input resistance. With approximately equal iontophoretic currents of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and BMC, there is an almost equal chance of observing no change, a potentiation, or a depression of the GABA-evoked conductance increase. A block of the GABA action is seen consistently only when the iontophoretic current of BMC is at least double that of GABA. Under these conditions BMC can selectively antagonize GABA without blocking the effects of glycine, though the latter can also be blocked by larger amounts of BMC. BMC also regularly eliminates the usual apparent desensitization to GABA. This may be due to depression of GABA uptake by BMC, which would also account for its potentiating action at lower relative doses. Comparable effects are observed with iontophoretic applications of benzyl penicillin (BP); but even large doses of BP produce no definite change in membrane properties or in conductance increase evoked by GABA or glycine.", "contents": "Bicuculline, benzyl penicillin, and inhibitory amino acids in the spinal cord of the cat. Bicuculline methochloride (BMC), applied by microiontophoresis, tends to depolarize spinal motoneurons and lower their input resistance. With approximately equal iontophoretic currents of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and BMC, there is an almost equal chance of observing no change, a potentiation, or a depression of the GABA-evoked conductance increase. A block of the GABA action is seen consistently only when the iontophoretic current of BMC is at least double that of GABA. Under these conditions BMC can selectively antagonize GABA without blocking the effects of glycine, though the latter can also be blocked by larger amounts of BMC. BMC also regularly eliminates the usual apparent desensitization to GABA. This may be due to depression of GABA uptake by BMC, which would also account for its potentiating action at lower relative doses. Comparable effects are observed with iontophoretic applications of benzyl penicillin (BP); but even large doses of BP produce no definite change in membrane properties or in conductance increase evoked by GABA or glycine."}
{"id": "PMID:884622", "title": "Increased circulating plasma catecholamines and plasma renin activity in dogs after chemical sympathectomy with 6-hydroxydopamine.", "content": "Circulating plasma catecholamines, plasma renin activity, and other variables were measured in unanesthetized dogs before and after chemical sympathectomy with 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA, 50 mg/kg). Chemical sympathectomy resulted in an immediate fall in mean arterial blood pressure and a delayed reduction in heart rate. Significant increases in plasma glucose and lactate concentrations, circulating plasma catecholamines, and plasma renin activity were found 24 h after 6-OHDA treatment. Circulating catecholamine levels decreased rapidly as time elapsed after sympathectomy and were half the initial values after 2 weeks. Plasma renin activity remained elevated during the 1st week after 6-OHDA treatment and returned to control levels during the 2nd week. Significant correlations were found between circulating catecholamines and heart rate mean arterial pressure, and plasma glucose and lactate concentrations. A significant correlation was also found between plasma renin activity and the mean arterial blood pressure. These results confirm that the adrenal medulla increases its catecholamine secretion rate into the circulation to compensate for the loss of adrenergic innervation after 6-OHDA treatment. They also indicate that the renin-angiotensin system represents another important compensatory mechanism for circulatory homeostasis in sympathectomized animals.", "contents": "Increased circulating plasma catecholamines and plasma renin activity in dogs after chemical sympathectomy with 6-hydroxydopamine. Circulating plasma catecholamines, plasma renin activity, and other variables were measured in unanesthetized dogs before and after chemical sympathectomy with 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA, 50 mg/kg). Chemical sympathectomy resulted in an immediate fall in mean arterial blood pressure and a delayed reduction in heart rate. Significant increases in plasma glucose and lactate concentrations, circulating plasma catecholamines, and plasma renin activity were found 24 h after 6-OHDA treatment. Circulating catecholamine levels decreased rapidly as time elapsed after sympathectomy and were half the initial values after 2 weeks. Plasma renin activity remained elevated during the 1st week after 6-OHDA treatment and returned to control levels during the 2nd week. Significant correlations were found between circulating catecholamines and heart rate mean arterial pressure, and plasma glucose and lactate concentrations. A significant correlation was also found between plasma renin activity and the mean arterial blood pressure. These results confirm that the adrenal medulla increases its catecholamine secretion rate into the circulation to compensate for the loss of adrenergic innervation after 6-OHDA treatment. They also indicate that the renin-angiotensin system represents another important compensatory mechanism for circulatory homeostasis in sympathectomized animals."}
{"id": "PMID:884623", "title": "Inhibition of cerebral cortical neurones by a 5-hydroxytryptaminergic pathway from median raph\u00e9 nucleus.", "content": "Recent observations made in our laboratory have shown that metergoline is a selective 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) antagonist in the cerebral cortex. Fluoxetine is a reportedly selective 5-HT neuronal uptake blocker. In the present investigation these drugs have been used to examine the existence of a putative 5-HT input to the cerebral cortex. In rats anaesthetized with a mixture of methoxyflurane, nitrous oxide, and oxygen, stimulation of the median raph\u00e9 nucleus or of the ipsilateral cortical surface and iontophoretically applied 5-HT decreased the firing of the deep cerebral cortical neurones. Metergoline antagonized the 5-HT-induced depression and reduced the duration of inhibition produced by raph\u00e9 nucleus stimulation. These results suggest that the cerebral cortical neurones are inhibited by an ascending 5-HT-containing pathway.", "contents": "Inhibition of cerebral cortical neurones by a 5-hydroxytryptaminergic pathway from median raph\u00e9 nucleus. Recent observations made in our laboratory have shown that metergoline is a selective 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) antagonist in the cerebral cortex. Fluoxetine is a reportedly selective 5-HT neuronal uptake blocker. In the present investigation these drugs have been used to examine the existence of a putative 5-HT input to the cerebral cortex. In rats anaesthetized with a mixture of methoxyflurane, nitrous oxide, and oxygen, stimulation of the median raph\u00e9 nucleus or of the ipsilateral cortical surface and iontophoretically applied 5-HT decreased the firing of the deep cerebral cortical neurones. Metergoline antagonized the 5-HT-induced depression and reduced the duration of inhibition produced by raph\u00e9 nucleus stimulation. These results suggest that the cerebral cortical neurones are inhibited by an ascending 5-HT-containing pathway."}
{"id": "PMID:884624", "title": "The effects of alcohol upon cooling rates of humans immersed in 7.5 degrees C water.", "content": "The effects of the ingestion of a moderate dose of alcohol, a known vasodilator, upon the cooling rate of four human subjects immersed in 7.5 degrees C water for periods of time ranging from 38 to 75 min is reported. In three of the cases the cooling rate was retarded, in no case was it accelerated. This result, while lacking statistical significance, has not previously been reported. The difficulties attendant upon such research are noted.", "contents": "The effects of alcohol upon cooling rates of humans immersed in 7.5 degrees C water. The effects of the ingestion of a moderate dose of alcohol, a known vasodilator, upon the cooling rate of four human subjects immersed in 7.5 degrees C water for periods of time ranging from 38 to 75 min is reported. In three of the cases the cooling rate was retarded, in no case was it accelerated. This result, while lacking statistical significance, has not previously been reported. The difficulties attendant upon such research are noted."}
{"id": "PMID:884625", "title": "The effect on fungal growth of some 2,5-dihydroxy-1,4-benzoquinones.", "content": "It has been shown that 2,5-dihydroxy-1,4-benzoquinones decrease vegetative growth and inhibit spore germination of 12 species of fungi belonging to six diverse genera. The nature of are substituents at the 3 and 6 positions of the quinone ring also affected their growth-inhibitory properties; generally those substituents of lower polarity inhibited growth at lower concentrations. As in the case of cochiliodinol, chemical modification of the quinone group, or the hydroxyl groups of the quinone ring, in compounds of the polyporic acid series, also led to loss of biological activity.", "contents": "The effect on fungal growth of some 2,5-dihydroxy-1,4-benzoquinones. It has been shown that 2,5-dihydroxy-1,4-benzoquinones decrease vegetative growth and inhibit spore germination of 12 species of fungi belonging to six diverse genera. The nature of are substituents at the 3 and 6 positions of the quinone ring also affected their growth-inhibitory properties; generally those substituents of lower polarity inhibited growth at lower concentrations. As in the case of cochiliodinol, chemical modification of the quinone group, or the hydroxyl groups of the quinone ring, in compounds of the polyporic acid series, also led to loss of biological activity."}
{"id": "PMID:884626", "title": "Effect of sodium chloride on growth and methane production of methanogens.", "content": "The effect of up to 263.7 mM sodium chloride on the growth and methane production by pure cultures of Methanospirillum hungatii GP1, Methanobacterium MOH, Methanobacterium thermoautotrophicum, and an unidentified methanogen was studied. Growth and methane production by M. hungatii GP1 were not affected up to 97.3 mM NaCl but there was some inhibition of growth at higher concentrations. Growth of Methanobacterium MOH was independent of sodium chloride concentration within the range investigated. For the unidentified methanogen, optimum growth and methane production occurred at 15.2 mM NaCl, while growth of M. thermoautotrophicum was not affected by sodium chloride concentrations up to 15.2 mM. Concentrations over 15.2 mM were inhibitory to these two organisms. The 15 mM sodium chloride concentration used by some investigators appears suitable for isolation and cultivation of methanogens since all the organisms tested in this study exhibited good growth and methane production at this salt concentration.", "contents": "Effect of sodium chloride on growth and methane production of methanogens. The effect of up to 263.7 mM sodium chloride on the growth and methane production by pure cultures of Methanospirillum hungatii GP1, Methanobacterium MOH, Methanobacterium thermoautotrophicum, and an unidentified methanogen was studied. Growth and methane production by M. hungatii GP1 were not affected up to 97.3 mM NaCl but there was some inhibition of growth at higher concentrations. Growth of Methanobacterium MOH was independent of sodium chloride concentration within the range investigated. For the unidentified methanogen, optimum growth and methane production occurred at 15.2 mM NaCl, while growth of M. thermoautotrophicum was not affected by sodium chloride concentrations up to 15.2 mM. Concentrations over 15.2 mM were inhibitory to these two organisms. The 15 mM sodium chloride concentration used by some investigators appears suitable for isolation and cultivation of methanogens since all the organisms tested in this study exhibited good growth and methane production at this salt concentration."}
{"id": "PMID:884627", "title": "Effect of temperature on growth and activity of a methanogenic culture utilising acetate.", "content": "Studies with a methanogenic culture enriched for use of acetic acid showed that this culture had an optimum growth temperature of 35 degrees C, with only small differences for other temperatures between 30 and 40 degrees C. The optimum temperature was the same when determined on the basis of biomass production rate during the exponential (log) phase of growth (0.08-0.09 day-1, at 35 degrees C), amount of biomass present at the end of the log phase (100 mg/l), activity of the biomass (rate of conversion in millimoles per day per milligram (dry wt.) biomass present, 0.08 at end of log phase), or biomass yield (mg (dry wt.) biomass produced per millimole acetic acid converted, 1.0-1.1). Temperatures outside the range 30 to 40 degrees C caused marked reductions in the above parameters. The maximum temperature for growth was 42-44 degrees C; the minimum, below 15 degrees C, the lowest temperature studied. Acetic acid conversion to methane was 0.8-1.0 mol/mol, and was independent of temperature.", "contents": "Effect of temperature on growth and activity of a methanogenic culture utilising acetate. Studies with a methanogenic culture enriched for use of acetic acid showed that this culture had an optimum growth temperature of 35 degrees C, with only small differences for other temperatures between 30 and 40 degrees C. The optimum temperature was the same when determined on the basis of biomass production rate during the exponential (log) phase of growth (0.08-0.09 day-1, at 35 degrees C), amount of biomass present at the end of the log phase (100 mg/l), activity of the biomass (rate of conversion in millimoles per day per milligram (dry wt.) biomass present, 0.08 at end of log phase), or biomass yield (mg (dry wt.) biomass produced per millimole acetic acid converted, 1.0-1.1). Temperatures outside the range 30 to 40 degrees C caused marked reductions in the above parameters. The maximum temperature for growth was 42-44 degrees C; the minimum, below 15 degrees C, the lowest temperature studied. Acetic acid conversion to methane was 0.8-1.0 mol/mol, and was independent of temperature."}
{"id": "PMID:884628", "title": "[Effect of aflatoxin B1 on the enzymatic activities of Bacillus thuringiensis (Berliner)].", "content": "At 20 degrees C, aflatoxin B1, at a sublethal dose, decreases the activity of alkaline phosphatase (EC 3.1.3.1), alpha-glucosidase (EC 3.2.1.20), esterase (EC 3.1.1.1), chymotrypsin (EC 3.4.21.1), leucine aminopeptidase (EC 3.4.11.1), and phosphoamidase (EC 3.9.1.1) biosynthesis in Bacillus thuringiensis (Berliner). In contrast, at 41 degrees C no significant decrease was observed. At this temperature, the mycotoxin is not destroyed or metabolized and bacterial cells are resistant to the toxin.", "contents": "[Effect of aflatoxin B1 on the enzymatic activities of Bacillus thuringiensis (Berliner)]. At 20 degrees C, aflatoxin B1, at a sublethal dose, decreases the activity of alkaline phosphatase (EC 3.1.3.1), alpha-glucosidase (EC 3.2.1.20), esterase (EC 3.1.1.1), chymotrypsin (EC 3.4.21.1), leucine aminopeptidase (EC 3.4.11.1), and phosphoamidase (EC 3.9.1.1) biosynthesis in Bacillus thuringiensis (Berliner). In contrast, at 41 degrees C no significant decrease was observed. At this temperature, the mycotoxin is not destroyed or metabolized and bacterial cells are resistant to the toxin."}
{"id": "PMID:884648", "title": "Back to the drawing board--the need for more realistic model systems for immunotherapy.", "content": "In experimental animals the growth of tumors which display strong immunogenicity can be slowed by immunological maneuvers that increase the magnitude of the host response to the specific tumor antigens. Such immunogeneic tumors do not, in general, cause distant metastases and may, therefore, not be relevant to the treatment of disseminated disease in man. This may explain why the current experience with immunotherapy based on such animal models has, with very few exceptions, been disappointing. Animal tumors which are not immunogenic by standard transplantation tests frequently disseminate and it seems likely that clinically useful immunotherapy has to be based on procedures which are effective against such tumors. The lack of immunogenicity detectable by transplantation may be due to the absence of tumor-specific transplantation antigens (TSTAs), in which case if there is to be any immunotherapy it will have to be direct at boosting some innate type of host resistance. Alternatively, the lack of immunogenicity may be attributable to the intervention of \"escape mechanisms\" which pervert the immunologically specific host response to TSTAs. In this case, the immunological maneuvre should be directed at overcoming the escape problem and not at boosting the magnitude of the specific host reaction to the TSTAs.", "contents": "Back to the drawing board--the need for more realistic model systems for immunotherapy. In experimental animals the growth of tumors which display strong immunogenicity can be slowed by immunological maneuvers that increase the magnitude of the host response to the specific tumor antigens. Such immunogeneic tumors do not, in general, cause distant metastases and may, therefore, not be relevant to the treatment of disseminated disease in man. This may explain why the current experience with immunotherapy based on such animal models has, with very few exceptions, been disappointing. Animal tumors which are not immunogenic by standard transplantation tests frequently disseminate and it seems likely that clinically useful immunotherapy has to be based on procedures which are effective against such tumors. The lack of immunogenicity detectable by transplantation may be due to the absence of tumor-specific transplantation antigens (TSTAs), in which case if there is to be any immunotherapy it will have to be direct at boosting some innate type of host resistance. Alternatively, the lack of immunogenicity may be attributable to the intervention of \"escape mechanisms\" which pervert the immunologically specific host response to TSTAs. In this case, the immunological maneuvre should be directed at overcoming the escape problem and not at boosting the magnitude of the specific host reaction to the TSTAs."}
{"id": "PMID:884649", "title": "Acute and late effects of multimodal therapy on normal tissues.", "content": "The increasing use of combined radiation, chemotherapy, and surgery had led to an increased incidence of acute and late complications. The complications are, in general, similar to those seen with each modality alone, but occur with increased incidence. Enhanced effects of combined radiation and surgery are modest in number and consist primarily of problems with wound healing and fibrosis, as well as late gastrointestinal damage. Combinations of radiotherapy and chemotherapy have shown a greater degree of enhanced acute and late reactions. Drugs, such as actinomycin-D and Adriamycin, are particularly dangerous if the marked enhancement of radiation effects caused by the drugs in almost all organs is not appreciated and the radiation dose not adjusted accordingly. Proper selection of drugs can lead to enhanced local control by radiotherapy and/or surgery, as well as eradication of microscopic distant metastases, without increased normal tissue injury. Late induction of malignancy can occur with either radiation or chemotherapy alone and, in some cases, this appears to be enhanced when they are combined.", "contents": "Acute and late effects of multimodal therapy on normal tissues. The increasing use of combined radiation, chemotherapy, and surgery had led to an increased incidence of acute and late complications. The complications are, in general, similar to those seen with each modality alone, but occur with increased incidence. Enhanced effects of combined radiation and surgery are modest in number and consist primarily of problems with wound healing and fibrosis, as well as late gastrointestinal damage. Combinations of radiotherapy and chemotherapy have shown a greater degree of enhanced acute and late reactions. Drugs, such as actinomycin-D and Adriamycin, are particularly dangerous if the marked enhancement of radiation effects caused by the drugs in almost all organs is not appreciated and the radiation dose not adjusted accordingly. Proper selection of drugs can lead to enhanced local control by radiotherapy and/or surgery, as well as eradication of microscopic distant metastases, without increased normal tissue injury. Late induction of malignancy can occur with either radiation or chemotherapy alone and, in some cases, this appears to be enhanced when they are combined."}
{"id": "PMID:884650", "title": "Some considerations in the design of new antineoplastic agents.", "content": "The design of many antineoplastic agents has been based on atom or group replacement in normal metabolites. New dimensions are being added to this approach by the synthesis of transition state, bisubstrate and \"suicide\" inhibitors. These provide greater potency and in some cases selectivity. Leads for differential sensitivity of viral infected cells are appearing (5'-amino-5-iodo-3',5'-dideoxy-uridine, AIU). Equally important has been the development of repository and precursor forms of active drugs along with structures having altered physical and metabolic properties. In the future combination therapy may include drugs whose intrinsic antitumor activity is relatively low but which in combination provide the means of potentiating the antitumor activity of other agents (THU, deoxycoformycin, pyrazofurin). Finally, the potential for developing macromolecular \"drugs\" such as therapeutic enzymes and peptide hormone analogs must be viewed as a whole new area for drug design.", "contents": "Some considerations in the design of new antineoplastic agents. The design of many antineoplastic agents has been based on atom or group replacement in normal metabolites. New dimensions are being added to this approach by the synthesis of transition state, bisubstrate and \"suicide\" inhibitors. These provide greater potency and in some cases selectivity. Leads for differential sensitivity of viral infected cells are appearing (5'-amino-5-iodo-3',5'-dideoxy-uridine, AIU). Equally important has been the development of repository and precursor forms of active drugs along with structures having altered physical and metabolic properties. In the future combination therapy may include drugs whose intrinsic antitumor activity is relatively low but which in combination provide the means of potentiating the antitumor activity of other agents (THU, deoxycoformycin, pyrazofurin). Finally, the potential for developing macromolecular \"drugs\" such as therapeutic enzymes and peptide hormone analogs must be viewed as a whole new area for drug design."}
{"id": "PMID:884659", "title": "Induction of aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase and forestomach tumors ben benzo(a)pyrene.", "content": "While papillomatous tumors developed in the forestomach of female Ha/ICR mice after a 12-week chronic feeding period of benzo(a)pyrene (BP), no tumors developed in the glandular portion of stomach or in the lung or liver. Among all tissues examined, the forestomach showed the greatest increase of aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase (AHH) activity following acute or chronic administration of BP. Single acute doses of BP induced AHH activity in forestomach, glandular stomach, lung, and small intestine, but not in the kidney and liver of these animals. Similarly, after chronic administration of BP, AHH activity was inducible in the forestomach, glandular stomach, and lung, but again not in the liver. Although the formation of tumors is associated with greater inducibility of AHH activity in the forestomach after BP administration, the relationship between tissue inducibility of AHH activity and susceptibility to BP carcinogenesis is still not clear. Further studies regarding the formation of specific carcinogenic epoxides of BP in itssues both susceptible (e.g., forestomach) and resistant to BP carcinogenesis would more clearly define the relationship between AHH inducibility and BP carcinogenesis.", "contents": "Induction of aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase and forestomach tumors ben benzo(a)pyrene. While papillomatous tumors developed in the forestomach of female Ha/ICR mice after a 12-week chronic feeding period of benzo(a)pyrene (BP), no tumors developed in the glandular portion of stomach or in the lung or liver. Among all tissues examined, the forestomach showed the greatest increase of aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase (AHH) activity following acute or chronic administration of BP. Single acute doses of BP induced AHH activity in forestomach, glandular stomach, lung, and small intestine, but not in the kidney and liver of these animals. Similarly, after chronic administration of BP, AHH activity was inducible in the forestomach, glandular stomach, and lung, but again not in the liver. Although the formation of tumors is associated with greater inducibility of AHH activity in the forestomach after BP administration, the relationship between tissue inducibility of AHH activity and susceptibility to BP carcinogenesis is still not clear. Further studies regarding the formation of specific carcinogenic epoxides of BP in itssues both susceptible (e.g., forestomach) and resistant to BP carcinogenesis would more clearly define the relationship between AHH inducibility and BP carcinogenesis."}
{"id": "PMID:884660", "title": "Phytosterols and cholesterol in malignant and benign breast tumors.", "content": "Tissue phytosterol and cholesterol levels in 10 benign and 8 malignant breast tumors were quantitated to reexamine the hypothesis that malignant tumors had distinctive phytosterol content. Phytosterols were present in 9 of 10 benign and 7 of 8 malignant breast tumors. Mean (+/- S.E.) cholesterol, campesterol, stigmasterol, and beta-sitosterol in malignant and benign tumors (microgram/g wet weight) did not significantly differ (p greater than 0.1): (formula: see text) In the malignant tumors, tissue cholesterol correlated with campesterol (r = 0.97) and beta-sitosterol (r = 0.97) (p less than 0.01), but not stigmasterol (r = -0.06). In benign tumors, tissue cholesterol correlated with campesterol (r = 0.43), stigmasterol (r = 0.64), and beta-sitosterol (r = 0.94), with p less than 0.01 for the latter two. Phytosterols were present in four samples of normal breast tissue with mean (+/- S.E.) campesterol, stigmasterol, and beta-sitosterol (2 +/- 0.8, 15 +/- 9, 7 +/- 5 microgram/g wet weight) slightly but not significantly lower than in benign and malignant breast tumors, p greater than 0.1. The comparability of tissue phytosterols in benign and malignant breast tumors and in normal breast tissue appears to render unlikely and putative etiological relationship between phytosterols and breast carcinoma.", "contents": "Phytosterols and cholesterol in malignant and benign breast tumors. Tissue phytosterol and cholesterol levels in 10 benign and 8 malignant breast tumors were quantitated to reexamine the hypothesis that malignant tumors had distinctive phytosterol content. Phytosterols were present in 9 of 10 benign and 7 of 8 malignant breast tumors. Mean (+/- S.E.) cholesterol, campesterol, stigmasterol, and beta-sitosterol in malignant and benign tumors (microgram/g wet weight) did not significantly differ (p greater than 0.1): (formula: see text) In the malignant tumors, tissue cholesterol correlated with campesterol (r = 0.97) and beta-sitosterol (r = 0.97) (p less than 0.01), but not stigmasterol (r = -0.06). In benign tumors, tissue cholesterol correlated with campesterol (r = 0.43), stigmasterol (r = 0.64), and beta-sitosterol (r = 0.94), with p less than 0.01 for the latter two. Phytosterols were present in four samples of normal breast tissue with mean (+/- S.E.) campesterol, stigmasterol, and beta-sitosterol (2 +/- 0.8, 15 +/- 9, 7 +/- 5 microgram/g wet weight) slightly but not significantly lower than in benign and malignant breast tumors, p greater than 0.1. The comparability of tissue phytosterols in benign and malignant breast tumors and in normal breast tissue appears to render unlikely and putative etiological relationship between phytosterols and breast carcinoma."}
{"id": "PMID:884661", "title": "Fluidity difference of membrane lipids in human normal and leukemic lymphocytes as controlled by serum components.", "content": "Lymphocytes isolated from the peripheral blood of patients with chronic lymphatic leukemia and from normal healthy donors were analyzed for fluidity of membrane lipids. The degree of lipid fluidity in normal and leukemic lymphocytes was quantitatively monitored by a method based on fluorescence polarization analysis of a fluorescent probe that is embedded in lipid regions of cellular membrances. The present studies were performed on lymphocytes isolated from 26 blood samples from 16 patients with chronic lymphatic leukemia and 36 blood samples from 36 normal health donors. A signifcant increase in the degree of fluidity of membrane lipids was found in lymphocytes isolated from leukemic patients as compared to that found for lymphocytes isolated from healthy donors. In vitro incubation of leukemic lymphocytes in normal serum resulted in a decrease in the fluidity of cellular membranes, whereas incubation of normal lymphocytes in leukemic serum resulted in an increase in the fluidity of membrane lipids. These observations suggest that normal and leukemic lymphocytes can be quantitatively characterized by monitoring degree of fluidity of cellular membrane lipids and that the fluidity difference between normal and leukemic lymphocytes is controlled by components in the blood serum.", "contents": "Fluidity difference of membrane lipids in human normal and leukemic lymphocytes as controlled by serum components. Lymphocytes isolated from the peripheral blood of patients with chronic lymphatic leukemia and from normal healthy donors were analyzed for fluidity of membrane lipids. The degree of lipid fluidity in normal and leukemic lymphocytes was quantitatively monitored by a method based on fluorescence polarization analysis of a fluorescent probe that is embedded in lipid regions of cellular membrances. The present studies were performed on lymphocytes isolated from 26 blood samples from 16 patients with chronic lymphatic leukemia and 36 blood samples from 36 normal health donors. A signifcant increase in the degree of fluidity of membrane lipids was found in lymphocytes isolated from leukemic patients as compared to that found for lymphocytes isolated from healthy donors. In vitro incubation of leukemic lymphocytes in normal serum resulted in a decrease in the fluidity of cellular membranes, whereas incubation of normal lymphocytes in leukemic serum resulted in an increase in the fluidity of membrane lipids. These observations suggest that normal and leukemic lymphocytes can be quantitatively characterized by monitoring degree of fluidity of cellular membrane lipids and that the fluidity difference between normal and leukemic lymphocytes is controlled by components in the blood serum."}
{"id": "PMID:884662", "title": "Immunochemotherapy of transplanted KMT-17 tumor in WKA rats by combination of cyclophosphamide and immunostimulatory protein-bound polysaccharide isolated from basidiomycetes.", "content": "Protein-bound polysaccharide Kureha (PS-K) isolated from Basidiomycetes was used in combination with cyclophosphamide (CY) for the treatment of a 3-methylcholanthrene- induced KMT-17 fibrosarcoma in WKA/Mk rats. A single administration of PS-K exhibited no inhibitory effect on the growth of s.c.-inoculated KMT-17 tumor at any timing and dose. However, PS-K exhibited a marked antitumor effect when it was combined with CY. The effect of PS-K dependend on the combination timing of PS-K and CY; a marked antitumor effect was observed when PS-K was administered before CY but not if it was given after CY or before tumor inoculation. When PS-K was administered on Day 1 followed by CY on Day 3, the highest survival rate of 78.5% (11 of 14) was obtained. Delayed hypersensitivity response of rats to KMT-17 was investigat ed by radioisotopic footpad assay. On Day 12, the hypersensitivity response in rats treated with PS-K on Day 1 and CY on Day 3 was significantly higher than that in nontreated rats, indicating an enhanced specific immunity to KMT-17 possibly resulting in a marked antitumor effect.", "contents": "Immunochemotherapy of transplanted KMT-17 tumor in WKA rats by combination of cyclophosphamide and immunostimulatory protein-bound polysaccharide isolated from basidiomycetes. Protein-bound polysaccharide Kureha (PS-K) isolated from Basidiomycetes was used in combination with cyclophosphamide (CY) for the treatment of a 3-methylcholanthrene- induced KMT-17 fibrosarcoma in WKA/Mk rats. A single administration of PS-K exhibited no inhibitory effect on the growth of s.c.-inoculated KMT-17 tumor at any timing and dose. However, PS-K exhibited a marked antitumor effect when it was combined with CY. The effect of PS-K dependend on the combination timing of PS-K and CY; a marked antitumor effect was observed when PS-K was administered before CY but not if it was given after CY or before tumor inoculation. When PS-K was administered on Day 1 followed by CY on Day 3, the highest survival rate of 78.5% (11 of 14) was obtained. Delayed hypersensitivity response of rats to KMT-17 was investigat ed by radioisotopic footpad assay. On Day 12, the hypersensitivity response in rats treated with PS-K on Day 1 and CY on Day 3 was significantly higher than that in nontreated rats, indicating an enhanced specific immunity to KMT-17 possibly resulting in a marked antitumor effect."}
{"id": "PMID:884663", "title": "Disposition and tissue levels of [3H]vindesine in rats.", "content": "The excretion, blood levels, and tissue distribution of [3H]vindesine have been studied in the rat. After an i.v. administration of 500 microgram/kg. [3H]vindesine was found to be distributed very rapidly to tissues. After the distribution phase, blood levels  declined with a half-life near 10 hr. Excretion was mainly via the bile, and [3H]vindesine and its metabolites in bile were poorly reabsorbed in the gastrointestinal tract. Levels were relatively high in most tissues studied but appeared to be efficiently cleared from all tissues except thymus and testes. Uptake into peripheral nerves was considerably higher than into the central nervous system.", "contents": "Disposition and tissue levels of [3H]vindesine in rats. The excretion, blood levels, and tissue distribution of [3H]vindesine have been studied in the rat. After an i.v. administration of 500 microgram/kg. [3H]vindesine was found to be distributed very rapidly to tissues. After the distribution phase, blood levels  declined with a half-life near 10 hr. Excretion was mainly via the bile, and [3H]vindesine and its metabolites in bile were poorly reabsorbed in the gastrointestinal tract. Levels were relatively high in most tissues studied but appeared to be efficiently cleared from all tissues except thymus and testes. Uptake into peripheral nerves was considerably higher than into the central nervous system."}
{"id": "PMID:884665", "title": "Selective inhibition of pyrimidine biosynthesis and effect on proliferative growth of colonic cancer cells.", "content": "A highly selective inhibition of de novo pyrimidine synthesis in the intact cell has been demonstrated by the action of N-(phosphonacetyl)-L-aspartate (PALA), a transition-state analog inhibitor of the reaction catalyzed by asparate transcarbamylase. The effect of pyrimidine deprivation induced by this agent on the viability and survival of human normal (WI-38) and colonic cancer cells (HT-29) was examined. The PALA-treated, pyrimidine-deprived cells failed to grow but demonstrated a normal rate of glucose utilization with impaired glycogen synthesis. Pyrimidine deprivation and lack of cell growth were maintained long after PALA removal. Growth inhibition of HT-29 cells by PALA was found to reflect an apparent steady state between newly formed and dying cells induced by limited pyrimidine availability. The highly selective nature of PALA action was confirmed by the ability of an exogenous source of pyrimidine to restore the normal growth pattern of the cell. Significant antitumor activity of PALA was found against a transplantable colonic tumor (line 26) carried in mice.", "contents": "Selective inhibition of pyrimidine biosynthesis and effect on proliferative growth of colonic cancer cells. A highly selective inhibition of de novo pyrimidine synthesis in the intact cell has been demonstrated by the action of N-(phosphonacetyl)-L-aspartate (PALA), a transition-state analog inhibitor of the reaction catalyzed by asparate transcarbamylase. The effect of pyrimidine deprivation induced by this agent on the viability and survival of human normal (WI-38) and colonic cancer cells (HT-29) was examined. The PALA-treated, pyrimidine-deprived cells failed to grow but demonstrated a normal rate of glucose utilization with impaired glycogen synthesis. Pyrimidine deprivation and lack of cell growth were maintained long after PALA removal. Growth inhibition of HT-29 cells by PALA was found to reflect an apparent steady state between newly formed and dying cells induced by limited pyrimidine availability. The highly selective nature of PALA action was confirmed by the ability of an exogenous source of pyrimidine to restore the normal growth pattern of the cell. Significant antitumor activity of PALA was found against a transplantable colonic tumor (line 26) carried in mice."}
{"id": "PMID:884666", "title": "Effect of corynebacterium liquefaciens on a C3Hf mouse squamous cell carcinoma.", "content": "The antitumor effect of anaerobic Corynebacterium liquefaciens was compared with that of specific immunization. Experimental tumors were fourth or fifth generation isotransplants of a NR-Sl squamous cell carcinoma that arose spontaneously in a C3Hf/He female mouse. Specific immunization failed to exhibit an antitumor effect, whereas a single administration of the bacterium markedly inhibited the growth of the tumor. This growth inhibition was most effective when C. liquefaciens was administered 2 to 4 days before transplantation of tumor cells, but marked inhibition was also observed when this agent was administered after transplantation. The inhibitory effect was independent of dose within a range of 0.1 to 2.0 mg/mouse; a single dose of less than 0.05 mg/mouse did not exhibit antitumor effect. Multiple administrations of large doses, if given with short treatment intervals, were no more effective than one small dose. Multiple doses given at 14-day intervals resulted in marked growth retardation. The dose of cells that produced 50% tumor takes in C. liquefaciens-treated animals was not significantly different from that in nontreated animals, indicating that this bacterium exhibited no lethal effect on the tumor cells studied.", "contents": "Effect of corynebacterium liquefaciens on a C3Hf mouse squamous cell carcinoma. The antitumor effect of anaerobic Corynebacterium liquefaciens was compared with that of specific immunization. Experimental tumors were fourth or fifth generation isotransplants of a NR-Sl squamous cell carcinoma that arose spontaneously in a C3Hf/He female mouse. Specific immunization failed to exhibit an antitumor effect, whereas a single administration of the bacterium markedly inhibited the growth of the tumor. This growth inhibition was most effective when C. liquefaciens was administered 2 to 4 days before transplantation of tumor cells, but marked inhibition was also observed when this agent was administered after transplantation. The inhibitory effect was independent of dose within a range of 0.1 to 2.0 mg/mouse; a single dose of less than 0.05 mg/mouse did not exhibit antitumor effect. Multiple administrations of large doses, if given with short treatment intervals, were no more effective than one small dose. Multiple doses given at 14-day intervals resulted in marked growth retardation. The dose of cells that produced 50% tumor takes in C. liquefaciens-treated animals was not significantly different from that in nontreated animals, indicating that this bacterium exhibited no lethal effect on the tumor cells studied."}
{"id": "PMID:884667", "title": "Covalent interaction of dehydroretronecine, a carcinogenic metabolite of the pyrrolizidine alkaloid monocrotaline, with cysteine and glutathione.", "content": "The covalent interaction of dehydroretronecine, a carcinogenic metabolite of the pyrrolizidine alkaloid monocrotaline, with cysteine and glutathione, has been investigated. Dehydroretronecine was allowed to react with cysteine and glutathione in an in vitro system of phosphate buffer solutions. The reaction products were identified structurally by chromatographic, nuclear magnetic resonance, infrared, ultraviolet, and mass-spectral analysis. These data indicate that the reaction products are the sulfhydryl-linked 7-thiocysteine-dehydroretronecine and 7-thioglutathione-dehydroretronecine. Active alkylation of sulfhydryl groups is a possible mechanism by which these alkaloids interact with cellular components.", "contents": "Covalent interaction of dehydroretronecine, a carcinogenic metabolite of the pyrrolizidine alkaloid monocrotaline, with cysteine and glutathione. The covalent interaction of dehydroretronecine, a carcinogenic metabolite of the pyrrolizidine alkaloid monocrotaline, with cysteine and glutathione, has been investigated. Dehydroretronecine was allowed to react with cysteine and glutathione in an in vitro system of phosphate buffer solutions. The reaction products were identified structurally by chromatographic, nuclear magnetic resonance, infrared, ultraviolet, and mass-spectral analysis. These data indicate that the reaction products are the sulfhydryl-linked 7-thiocysteine-dehydroretronecine and 7-thioglutathione-dehydroretronecine. Active alkylation of sulfhydryl groups is a possible mechanism by which these alkaloids interact with cellular components."}
{"id": "PMID:884669", "title": "Inhibition of the synthesis of polyamines and DNA in activated lymphocytes by a combination of alpha-methylornithine and methylglyoxal bis(guanylhydrazone).", "content": "The cancer chemotherapeutic drug, methylglyoxal bis(guanylhydrazone), inhibits the synthesis of spermidine and spermine, but allows continued putrescine production in small lymphocytes stimulated by concanavalin A. DNA replication in these cells is inhibited 50% while the synthesis of protein and RNA continues normally. When excess putrescine accumulation in the presence of methylglyoxal bis(guanylhydrazone) was inhibited with alpha-methylornithine, a competitive inhibitor of ornithine decarboxylase, the inhibition of DNA replication was accentuated, with still no effect on protein or RNA synthesis. No inhibition of DNA synthesis by the combination of alpha-methylornithine and methylglyoxal bis(guanylhydrazone) was observed when the inhibitors were added after accumulation of cellular polyamines. In addition, inhibition was reversed by exogenous putrescine, spermidine, or spermine. We conclude that putrescine can fulfill in part the role normally played by spermidine and spermine in DNA replication, and that blocking putrescine synthesis in the presence of methylglyoxal bis(guanylhydrazone) amplifies the polyamine requirement. The implications of this with regard to polyamine synthesis as a site of chemotherapy are discussed.", "contents": "Inhibition of the synthesis of polyamines and DNA in activated lymphocytes by a combination of alpha-methylornithine and methylglyoxal bis(guanylhydrazone). The cancer chemotherapeutic drug, methylglyoxal bis(guanylhydrazone), inhibits the synthesis of spermidine and spermine, but allows continued putrescine production in small lymphocytes stimulated by concanavalin A. DNA replication in these cells is inhibited 50% while the synthesis of protein and RNA continues normally. When excess putrescine accumulation in the presence of methylglyoxal bis(guanylhydrazone) was inhibited with alpha-methylornithine, a competitive inhibitor of ornithine decarboxylase, the inhibition of DNA replication was accentuated, with still no effect on protein or RNA synthesis. No inhibition of DNA synthesis by the combination of alpha-methylornithine and methylglyoxal bis(guanylhydrazone) was observed when the inhibitors were added after accumulation of cellular polyamines. In addition, inhibition was reversed by exogenous putrescine, spermidine, or spermine. We conclude that putrescine can fulfill in part the role normally played by spermidine and spermine in DNA replication, and that blocking putrescine synthesis in the presence of methylglyoxal bis(guanylhydrazone) amplifies the polyamine requirement. The implications of this with regard to polyamine synthesis as a site of chemotherapy are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:884670", "title": "Hormone dependency of a serially transplantable human breast cancer (Br-10) in nude mice.", "content": "The human breast cancer (Br-10) serially transplanted to nude mice (BALB/c-nu/nu) grew well in female mice but very slowly or not at all in untreated male mice and female mice treated with 1 mg of testosterone i.m. twice a week. The growth in female mice was arrested by ovariectomy, and that in male mice was accelerated by 0.1 mg of estradiol i.m. once a week. Tumors in female and estrogenized male mice retained the original histology of duct carcinoma. Tumors in ovariectomized female, androgenized female, and male mice consisted of cells with smaller and more uniform nuclei, forming markedly dilated lumina in the first group and arranged in lobular patterns in the latter two groups. High-affinity 8 S and 4 S estrogen receptors were present in tumors transplanted to female nude mice, but no progesterone receptors were detected. These results provide experimental evidence for the hormone dependency of a human breast cancer in vivo and strongly suggest the important role of estrogen and androgen in the growth regulation of some estrogen receptor-positive human breast cancers.", "contents": "Hormone dependency of a serially transplantable human breast cancer (Br-10) in nude mice. The human breast cancer (Br-10) serially transplanted to nude mice (BALB/c-nu/nu) grew well in female mice but very slowly or not at all in untreated male mice and female mice treated with 1 mg of testosterone i.m. twice a week. The growth in female mice was arrested by ovariectomy, and that in male mice was accelerated by 0.1 mg of estradiol i.m. once a week. Tumors in female and estrogenized male mice retained the original histology of duct carcinoma. Tumors in ovariectomized female, androgenized female, and male mice consisted of cells with smaller and more uniform nuclei, forming markedly dilated lumina in the first group and arranged in lobular patterns in the latter two groups. High-affinity 8 S and 4 S estrogen receptors were present in tumors transplanted to female nude mice, but no progesterone receptors were detected. These results provide experimental evidence for the hormone dependency of a human breast cancer in vivo and strongly suggest the important role of estrogen and androgen in the growth regulation of some estrogen receptor-positive human breast cancers."}
{"id": "PMID:884673", "title": "Induction and persistence of pyrimidine dimers in the epidermal DNA of two strains of hairless mice.", "content": "The ultraviolet-light induction of DNA damage has been measured in the epidermis of hairless mice with the use of damage-specific endonucleases from Micrococcus luteus. The rates of induction of endonuclease-sensitive sites in HRS/J/Anl and Skh:hairless-1 mice were 6.1 +/- 0.5 X 10(-11) and 6.5 +/- 0.8 X 10(-11)/dalton/J/sq m from a FS40 fluorescent sun lamp (280 to 400 nm), respectively. Enzymatic photoreactivation with yeast photoreactivating enzyme showed that approximately 80% of the endonuclease-sensitive sites were cycloburyl pyrimidine dimers. In both strains of mice the pyrimidine dimers remained in high-molecular-weight DNA for 24 hr after irradiation. These data show that mouse epithelial cells in vivo have little or no capacity for the excision repair of pyrimidine dimers.", "contents": "Induction and persistence of pyrimidine dimers in the epidermal DNA of two strains of hairless mice. The ultraviolet-light induction of DNA damage has been measured in the epidermis of hairless mice with the use of damage-specific endonucleases from Micrococcus luteus. The rates of induction of endonuclease-sensitive sites in HRS/J/Anl and Skh:hairless-1 mice were 6.1 +/- 0.5 X 10(-11) and 6.5 +/- 0.8 X 10(-11)/dalton/J/sq m from a FS40 fluorescent sun lamp (280 to 400 nm), respectively. Enzymatic photoreactivation with yeast photoreactivating enzyme showed that approximately 80% of the endonuclease-sensitive sites were cycloburyl pyrimidine dimers. In both strains of mice the pyrimidine dimers remained in high-molecular-weight DNA for 24 hr after irradiation. These data show that mouse epithelial cells in vivo have little or no capacity for the excision repair of pyrimidine dimers."}
{"id": "PMID:884674", "title": "Effects of 2'-deoxycoformycin, 9-beta-D-arabinofuranosyladenine 5'-phosphate, and 1-beta-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine triple combination therapy on intracerebral leukemia 1210.", "content": "The triple combination of 2'-deoxycoformycin (2'-dCF), 9-beta-D-arabinofuranosyladenine 5'-phosphate, and 9-beta-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine was found to be very effective in the therapy of C57BL X DBA/2 F1 mice with intracerebral L1210. At the dosages and dosage scheduling used, the double combination of 2'-dCF and 9-beta-D-arabinofuranosyladenine 5'-phosphate gave minimal but significant increases in life-span. When 9-beta-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine was given at suboptimal dosage to mice with intracerebral L1210, the host toxicity caused by 2'-dCF and 9-beta-D-arabinofuranosyladenine 5'-phosphate in combination was decreased by a factor of 2, allowing a more prolonged therapy. \"Cures\" were obtained with the triple combination at dosages of 9-beta-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine that did not \"cure\". The supernatant adenosine deaminase from C57BL X DBA/2 F1 mouse brains was purified and the Ki for 2'-dCF using 9-beta-D-arabinofuranosyladenine as substrate was determined to be not more than 2 X 10(-11) M.", "contents": "Effects of 2'-deoxycoformycin, 9-beta-D-arabinofuranosyladenine 5'-phosphate, and 1-beta-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine triple combination therapy on intracerebral leukemia 1210. The triple combination of 2'-deoxycoformycin (2'-dCF), 9-beta-D-arabinofuranosyladenine 5'-phosphate, and 9-beta-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine was found to be very effective in the therapy of C57BL X DBA/2 F1 mice with intracerebral L1210. At the dosages and dosage scheduling used, the double combination of 2'-dCF and 9-beta-D-arabinofuranosyladenine 5'-phosphate gave minimal but significant increases in life-span. When 9-beta-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine was given at suboptimal dosage to mice with intracerebral L1210, the host toxicity caused by 2'-dCF and 9-beta-D-arabinofuranosyladenine 5'-phosphate in combination was decreased by a factor of 2, allowing a more prolonged therapy. \"Cures\" were obtained with the triple combination at dosages of 9-beta-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine that did not \"cure\". The supernatant adenosine deaminase from C57BL X DBA/2 F1 mouse brains was purified and the Ki for 2'-dCF using 9-beta-D-arabinofuranosyladenine as substrate was determined to be not more than 2 X 10(-11) M."}
{"id": "PMID:884676", "title": "Distribution of technetium-99m sulfur colloid in mice bearing melanomas or mammary carcinomas.", "content": "Three groups of 24 C57BL/6J black mice were studied. One group was implanted with B16 malignant melanoma, another was implanted with mammary adenocarcinoma, and the third was not given tumor implants. After 14 to 17 days, the mice were given injections i.v. of technetium-99m sulfur colloid and killed 30 min later. Organs were weighed, and radioactivity was counted. The ratios of specific radioactivities of the spleens to those of the liver were higher only in the group of mice bearing malignant melanomas. This finding suggests that the \"hot spleen\" phenomenon observed in humans with malignant melanomas may be due to increased specific activity rather than increased splenic volume.", "contents": "Distribution of technetium-99m sulfur colloid in mice bearing melanomas or mammary carcinomas. Three groups of 24 C57BL/6J black mice were studied. One group was implanted with B16 malignant melanoma, another was implanted with mammary adenocarcinoma, and the third was not given tumor implants. After 14 to 17 days, the mice were given injections i.v. of technetium-99m sulfur colloid and killed 30 min later. Organs were weighed, and radioactivity was counted. The ratios of specific radioactivities of the spleens to those of the liver were higher only in the group of mice bearing malignant melanomas. This finding suggests that the \"hot spleen\" phenomenon observed in humans with malignant melanomas may be due to increased specific activity rather than increased splenic volume."}
{"id": "PMID:884677", "title": "An improved assay for nuclear estrogen receptor in experimental and human breast cancer.", "content": "We have validated a hydroxylapatite assay for measuring estrogen receptor in extracts from breast tumor nuclei. By adsorption of receptor of hydroxylapatite prior to addition of radioactive ligand and warming, receptor degradation can be avoided. Total binding sites are measured at 30 degrees by exchange, and receptor sites unoccupied by steroid are measured at 4 degrees. A single saturating dose of 5 nM tritiated estradiol (with or without a 100-fold excess of nonradioactive diethylstilbestrol to estimate nonspecific binding) yields results similar to a six-dose Scatchard plot. Following in vivo injection of estradiol into rats bearing mammary tumors, receptor translocation in the tumors can be accurately quantitated with this assay. Applying the assay to human breast cancer, we find that tumor biopsies may contain cytoplasmic receptor alone or may also have appreciable nuclear receptor. The latter may be bound to estradiol or may be found in \"free\" form. The finding of free receptor in the nuclei in certain cases raises the possibility that unoccupied receptor might be able to stimulate cell replication in these cases, even in the absence of estrogen.", "contents": "An improved assay for nuclear estrogen receptor in experimental and human breast cancer. We have validated a hydroxylapatite assay for measuring estrogen receptor in extracts from breast tumor nuclei. By adsorption of receptor of hydroxylapatite prior to addition of radioactive ligand and warming, receptor degradation can be avoided. Total binding sites are measured at 30 degrees by exchange, and receptor sites unoccupied by steroid are measured at 4 degrees. A single saturating dose of 5 nM tritiated estradiol (with or without a 100-fold excess of nonradioactive diethylstilbestrol to estimate nonspecific binding) yields results similar to a six-dose Scatchard plot. Following in vivo injection of estradiol into rats bearing mammary tumors, receptor translocation in the tumors can be accurately quantitated with this assay. Applying the assay to human breast cancer, we find that tumor biopsies may contain cytoplasmic receptor alone or may also have appreciable nuclear receptor. The latter may be bound to estradiol or may be found in \"free\" form. The finding of free receptor in the nuclei in certain cases raises the possibility that unoccupied receptor might be able to stimulate cell replication in these cases, even in the absence of estrogen."}
{"id": "PMID:884678", "title": "Association of macrophage activation with antitumor activity by synthetic and biological agents.", "content": "Treatment of normal BALB/c mice i.p. with a number of adjuvants, including pyran copolymer, the copolymer of polyinosinic and polycytidylic acids, Bacillus Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin, glucan, and dextran sulfate, rendered macrophages nonspecifically cytostatic for syngeneic tumor cells. Macrophage activation was highly dose dependent. The validity of the inhibition of DNA synthesis assay for measuring macrophage-induced cytostasis of target cells was proven by demonstrating a concurrent decrease in RNA synthesis and a reduction in viable tumor cell number. Moreover, conditioned supernatants from pyran-activated macrophages did not significantly decrease [3H]thymidine incorporation by freshly added leukemia cells. Biological or synthetic agents that activated macrophages were generally effective systemic antitumor agents against the M109 lung carcinoma. Drugs that did not activate macrophages, such as typhoid vaccine, tilorone, levamisole, WY-13876, and thymosin, were ineffective in prolonging the life of tumor-bearing mice. Pyran treatment i.p. was the most effective antitumor adjuvant in two separate tumor models, and suppression of tumor growth appeared to be related not only to an increase in macrophage tumoricidal function, but also to a larger influx of macrophages responding at the tumor site.", "contents": "Association of macrophage activation with antitumor activity by synthetic and biological agents. Treatment of normal BALB/c mice i.p. with a number of adjuvants, including pyran copolymer, the copolymer of polyinosinic and polycytidylic acids, Bacillus Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin, glucan, and dextran sulfate, rendered macrophages nonspecifically cytostatic for syngeneic tumor cells. Macrophage activation was highly dose dependent. The validity of the inhibition of DNA synthesis assay for measuring macrophage-induced cytostasis of target cells was proven by demonstrating a concurrent decrease in RNA synthesis and a reduction in viable tumor cell number. Moreover, conditioned supernatants from pyran-activated macrophages did not significantly decrease [3H]thymidine incorporation by freshly added leukemia cells. Biological or synthetic agents that activated macrophages were generally effective systemic antitumor agents against the M109 lung carcinoma. Drugs that did not activate macrophages, such as typhoid vaccine, tilorone, levamisole, WY-13876, and thymosin, were ineffective in prolonging the life of tumor-bearing mice. Pyran treatment i.p. was the most effective antitumor adjuvant in two separate tumor models, and suppression of tumor growth appeared to be related not only to an increase in macrophage tumoricidal function, but also to a larger influx of macrophages responding at the tumor site."}
{"id": "PMID:884679", "title": "Carcinogenicity of benzo-ring derivatives of benzo(a)pyrene on mouse skin.", "content": "Benzo(a)pyrene (BP) and several benzo-ring derivatives of BP were tested for carcinogenic activity in mice by topical application of each compound once every 2 weeks for 60 weeks. Chronic treatment of C57BL/6J mice with (+/-)-trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo(a)pyrene (0.025 to 0.10 micronmole/application) indicated that the dihydrodiol was slightly more active as a complete carcinogen than the parent hydrocarbon BP. 7,8-Dihydroxy-7,8,9,10-tetrahydro-benzo(a)pyrene, a compound related to (+/-)-trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo(a)pyrene but which lacks the double bond at position 9,10, was inactive as a carcinogen on mouse skin. These results indicate the importance of the double bond at position 9,10 for the carcinogenic activity of (+/-)-trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo(a)pyrene. Chronic treatment of mice with -.4 micronmole of the highly mutagenic (+/-)-7,beta,8alpha-dihydroxy-9alpha, 10alpha-epoxy-7,8,9,10-tetrahydrobenzo(a)pyrene, (+/-)-7beta,8alpha-dihydroxy-9beta, 10beta-epoxy-7,8,9,10-tetrahydrobenzo(a)pyrene, or 9,10-epoxy-7,8,9,10-tetrahydrobenzo(a)pyrene every 2 weeks for 60 weeks resulted in tumor incidences of 0, 8, and 4%, respectively, whereas BP at this dose caused a 100% tumor incidence. The high reactivity of the three epoxides may account for their inactivity or their weak carcinogenic activity on mouse skin.", "contents": "Carcinogenicity of benzo-ring derivatives of benzo(a)pyrene on mouse skin. Benzo(a)pyrene (BP) and several benzo-ring derivatives of BP were tested for carcinogenic activity in mice by topical application of each compound once every 2 weeks for 60 weeks. Chronic treatment of C57BL/6J mice with (+/-)-trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo(a)pyrene (0.025 to 0.10 micronmole/application) indicated that the dihydrodiol was slightly more active as a complete carcinogen than the parent hydrocarbon BP. 7,8-Dihydroxy-7,8,9,10-tetrahydro-benzo(a)pyrene, a compound related to (+/-)-trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo(a)pyrene but which lacks the double bond at position 9,10, was inactive as a carcinogen on mouse skin. These results indicate the importance of the double bond at position 9,10 for the carcinogenic activity of (+/-)-trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo(a)pyrene. Chronic treatment of mice with -.4 micronmole of the highly mutagenic (+/-)-7,beta,8alpha-dihydroxy-9alpha, 10alpha-epoxy-7,8,9,10-tetrahydrobenzo(a)pyrene, (+/-)-7beta,8alpha-dihydroxy-9beta, 10beta-epoxy-7,8,9,10-tetrahydrobenzo(a)pyrene, or 9,10-epoxy-7,8,9,10-tetrahydrobenzo(a)pyrene every 2 weeks for 60 weeks resulted in tumor incidences of 0, 8, and 4%, respectively, whereas BP at this dose caused a 100% tumor incidence. The high reactivity of the three epoxides may account for their inactivity or their weak carcinogenic activity on mouse skin."}
{"id": "PMID:884680", "title": "High turnover rate of transfer RNA in tumor tissue.", "content": "Cancer patients and tumor-bearing animals excrete high levels of modified purines and pyrimidines some of which, e.g., N2,N2-dimethylguanosine, can originate only from transfer RNA (tRNA). Until recently, it could not be ascertained whether the high level of excretion of such compounds is due to cell death or specific tRNA turnover. However, an approach to this problem became feasible, with beta-aminoisobutyric acid as a probe. This compound is a terminal degradation product of thymine which is present in both DNA and tRNA. Since the pathway of synthesis of thymine is different in the two macromolecules, it and its end product, beta-aminoisobutyric acid can be differentially labeled with [14C]formate and [3H3]methylmethionine as precursors. Therefore the ratio of the two labels in the excreted beta-aminoisobutyric acid is a measure of the macromolecular origin of the degradation product. We have found from such analysis that tRNA's are not homogeneous in their turnover rate. There is a subpopulation that turns over much faster than the rest. The turnover rate of a subpopulation of tRNA's in tumor tissue exceeds the turnover rate of tRNA's in normal tissue. Such rapid degradation of tRNA's must be the source of the massive excretion of modified nucleosides by cancer patients which can be 10-fold higher than in normal subjects.", "contents": "High turnover rate of transfer RNA in tumor tissue. Cancer patients and tumor-bearing animals excrete high levels of modified purines and pyrimidines some of which, e.g., N2,N2-dimethylguanosine, can originate only from transfer RNA (tRNA). Until recently, it could not be ascertained whether the high level of excretion of such compounds is due to cell death or specific tRNA turnover. However, an approach to this problem became feasible, with beta-aminoisobutyric acid as a probe. This compound is a terminal degradation product of thymine which is present in both DNA and tRNA. Since the pathway of synthesis of thymine is different in the two macromolecules, it and its end product, beta-aminoisobutyric acid can be differentially labeled with [14C]formate and [3H3]methylmethionine as precursors. Therefore the ratio of the two labels in the excreted beta-aminoisobutyric acid is a measure of the macromolecular origin of the degradation product. We have found from such analysis that tRNA's are not homogeneous in their turnover rate. There is a subpopulation that turns over much faster than the rest. The turnover rate of a subpopulation of tRNA's in tumor tissue exceeds the turnover rate of tRNA's in normal tissue. Such rapid degradation of tRNA's must be the source of the massive excretion of modified nucleosides by cancer patients which can be 10-fold higher than in normal subjects."}
{"id": "PMID:884682", "title": "Repair following combined X-ray and heat at 41 degrees in plateau-phase mammalian cells.", "content": "Plateau-phase V79 Chinese hamster cells maintained at 37 degrees following X-irradiation demonstrated both sublethal damage repair and potentially lethal damage repair. When cells were kept at 41 degrees for 1 hr following irradiation, no sublethal damage repair was seen. In contrast, irradiated cells maintained at 41 degrees for 1 hr and then returned to 37 degrees were capable of repairing both sublethal and potentially lethal radiation damage; hyperthermic (41 degrees) inhibition of radiation damage repair was reversible. Repair was similar for cells heated before or after irradiation. The extent of sublethal damage repair (as measured by recovery ratios and quasi-threshold doses) and potentially lethal damage repair (as measured by recovery ratios and dose-modifying factors) was similar following combined heat and X-ray treatment and following X-ray treatment alone.", "contents": "Repair following combined X-ray and heat at 41 degrees in plateau-phase mammalian cells. Plateau-phase V79 Chinese hamster cells maintained at 37 degrees following X-irradiation demonstrated both sublethal damage repair and potentially lethal damage repair. When cells were kept at 41 degrees for 1 hr following irradiation, no sublethal damage repair was seen. In contrast, irradiated cells maintained at 41 degrees for 1 hr and then returned to 37 degrees were capable of repairing both sublethal and potentially lethal radiation damage; hyperthermic (41 degrees) inhibition of radiation damage repair was reversible. Repair was similar for cells heated before or after irradiation. The extent of sublethal damage repair (as measured by recovery ratios and quasi-threshold doses) and potentially lethal damage repair (as measured by recovery ratios and dose-modifying factors) was similar following combined heat and X-ray treatment and following X-ray treatment alone."}
{"id": "PMID:884683", "title": "Detection of soluble tumor-associated antigens in serum of tumor-bearing rats and their immunological role in vivo.", "content": "Circulating soluble tumor antigens were detected in the serum of tumor-bearing rats. Sublethally irradiated W/Fu rats inoculated with syngeneic C58(NT)D Gross virus-induced lymphoma served as the source of tumor antigens. Soluble antigens were assessed by specific inhibition of the complement-mediated cytotoxicity of isogenic W/Fu anti-C58(NT)D antibodies against 51Cr tumor target cells. With a s.c. inoculum of 5 X 10(7) tumor cells, circulating tumor antigens were first detected at Day 8, and a maximum concentration was reached by Day 13 to 14, which coincided with the peak of tumor growth and was followed by the sudden death of the animals. Pooled serum from tumor-bearing rats was fractioned on Sephadex G-150 and resulted in one peak that contained all of the antigenic activity. The molecular weight of this fraction was estimated to be 50,000 to 60,000 daltons. Presensitization of normal rats with soluble tumor antigens resulted in a specific acceleration of tumor growth and delay in tumor rejection. Specificity was shown by lack of C58(NT)D tumor enhancement in rats presensitized with serum containing tumor antigens from a syngeneic but antigenically unrelated WR-6 lymphoma. The biological significance of circulating soluble tumor antigen mediating specific immunosuppression against an immunogenic tumor is discussed.", "contents": "Detection of soluble tumor-associated antigens in serum of tumor-bearing rats and their immunological role in vivo. Circulating soluble tumor antigens were detected in the serum of tumor-bearing rats. Sublethally irradiated W/Fu rats inoculated with syngeneic C58(NT)D Gross virus-induced lymphoma served as the source of tumor antigens. Soluble antigens were assessed by specific inhibition of the complement-mediated cytotoxicity of isogenic W/Fu anti-C58(NT)D antibodies against 51Cr tumor target cells. With a s.c. inoculum of 5 X 10(7) tumor cells, circulating tumor antigens were first detected at Day 8, and a maximum concentration was reached by Day 13 to 14, which coincided with the peak of tumor growth and was followed by the sudden death of the animals. Pooled serum from tumor-bearing rats was fractioned on Sephadex G-150 and resulted in one peak that contained all of the antigenic activity. The molecular weight of this fraction was estimated to be 50,000 to 60,000 daltons. Presensitization of normal rats with soluble tumor antigens resulted in a specific acceleration of tumor growth and delay in tumor rejection. Specificity was shown by lack of C58(NT)D tumor enhancement in rats presensitized with serum containing tumor antigens from a syngeneic but antigenically unrelated WR-6 lymphoma. The biological significance of circulating soluble tumor antigen mediating specific immunosuppression against an immunogenic tumor is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:884685", "title": "Inactivation of glucocorticoid receptors in cell-free preparations of rat liver.", "content": "We have examined the rates of inactivation of glucocorticoid receptors in cell-free preparations from several rat tissues. The t1/2 of inactivation of the glucocorticoid-binding ability of thymus, heart, and kidney cytosols (37,000 X g supernatants) ranges from 2 to 4 hr at 0 degrees, whereas that of liver is much slower (15 to 25 hr). The rate of inactivation of the glucocorticoid-binding capacity of soluble preparations from liver varies roughly according to the g force at which they have been centrifuged. The 100,000 X g supernatant. The ability of the particulate enzyme to inactivate glucocorticoid receptors at 0 degrees is not affected by protease inhibitors but is inhibited by fluoride and molybdate. The rapid inactivation of unbound glucocorticoid receptors that occurs in a high-speed (100,000 X g) supernatant preparation from rat liver at 25 degrees can be completely inhibited by molybdate. These observations suggest that the inactivation of glucocorticoid receptors observed in cell-free liver preparations in vitro is due to a nonproteolytic enzymatic function.", "contents": "Inactivation of glucocorticoid receptors in cell-free preparations of rat liver. We have examined the rates of inactivation of glucocorticoid receptors in cell-free preparations from several rat tissues. The t1/2 of inactivation of the glucocorticoid-binding ability of thymus, heart, and kidney cytosols (37,000 X g supernatants) ranges from 2 to 4 hr at 0 degrees, whereas that of liver is much slower (15 to 25 hr). The rate of inactivation of the glucocorticoid-binding capacity of soluble preparations from liver varies roughly according to the g force at which they have been centrifuged. The 100,000 X g supernatant. The ability of the particulate enzyme to inactivate glucocorticoid receptors at 0 degrees is not affected by protease inhibitors but is inhibited by fluoride and molybdate. The rapid inactivation of unbound glucocorticoid receptors that occurs in a high-speed (100,000 X g) supernatant preparation from rat liver at 25 degrees can be completely inhibited by molybdate. These observations suggest that the inactivation of glucocorticoid receptors observed in cell-free liver preparations in vitro is due to a nonproteolytic enzymatic function."}
{"id": "PMID:884687", "title": "Lack of cross-resistance between certain platinum coordination compounds in mouse leukemia.", "content": "Two congeners of cis-platinum diamminodichloride, 1,2-diamminocyclohexylplatinum malonate (NSC 224964) and 1,2-cyclohexyldiamminoplatinum sulfate (NSC 250427), show approximately equal inhibitory activity in vitro against leukemia L1210 and a line of L1210 (L1210/PDD) that has developed resistance to cis-platinum diamminodichloride. These compounds are also active against L1210/PDD in vivo. These observations suggest that they be tried clinically in patients whose disease has become resistant to cis-platinum diamminodichloride.", "contents": "Lack of cross-resistance between certain platinum coordination compounds in mouse leukemia. Two congeners of cis-platinum diamminodichloride, 1,2-diamminocyclohexylplatinum malonate (NSC 224964) and 1,2-cyclohexyldiamminoplatinum sulfate (NSC 250427), show approximately equal inhibitory activity in vitro against leukemia L1210 and a line of L1210 (L1210/PDD) that has developed resistance to cis-platinum diamminodichloride. These compounds are also active against L1210/PDD in vivo. These observations suggest that they be tried clinically in patients whose disease has become resistant to cis-platinum diamminodichloride."}
{"id": "PMID:884690", "title": "Physicochemical considerations and pharmacokinetic behavior in delivery of drugs to the central nervous system.", "content": "The blood-brain barrier is not as rigid or as formidable as once believed. When experimental tumors of the central nervous system (CNS) and tumors of non-CNS origin are implanted intracerebrally (ic), they will grow and kill the host. It was once thought that only a few select agents, such as the nitrosoureas, were capable of crossing the blood-brain barrier and inhibiting tumor growth. There are now considerable data available which indicate that a variety of agents such as cytosine arabinoside, methotrexate, 6-mercaptopurine, 5-fluorouracil, procarbazine, melphalan, and cyclophosphamide, as well as the nitrosoureas, may significantly influence the growth rate of experimentally implanted ic tumors. A number of physicochemical factors may influence the penetration of the blood-brain barrier. These include pKa values, log-P values, and molecular size. Brain-level measurements indicate that most drugs have some accessibility to the CNS. Maximal effects against sensitive, ic implanted tumors are attained through maximal scheduling. Effective drug combinations should be sought to further enhance antitumor effects in the CNS.", "contents": "Physicochemical considerations and pharmacokinetic behavior in delivery of drugs to the central nervous system. The blood-brain barrier is not as rigid or as formidable as once believed. When experimental tumors of the central nervous system (CNS) and tumors of non-CNS origin are implanted intracerebrally (ic), they will grow and kill the host. It was once thought that only a few select agents, such as the nitrosoureas, were capable of crossing the blood-brain barrier and inhibiting tumor growth. There are now considerable data available which indicate that a variety of agents such as cytosine arabinoside, methotrexate, 6-mercaptopurine, 5-fluorouracil, procarbazine, melphalan, and cyclophosphamide, as well as the nitrosoureas, may significantly influence the growth rate of experimentally implanted ic tumors. A number of physicochemical factors may influence the penetration of the blood-brain barrier. These include pKa values, log-P values, and molecular size. Brain-level measurements indicate that most drugs have some accessibility to the CNS. Maximal effects against sensitive, ic implanted tumors are attained through maximal scheduling. Effective drug combinations should be sought to further enhance antitumor effects in the CNS."}
{"id": "PMID:884692", "title": "Ligand-binding radioassay for the antifolate compounds: application in patients receiving methotrexate.", "content": "The general principles of ligand-binding radioassays are reviewed and a specific noncompetitive system is described for the measurement of methotrexate (MTX) using dihydrofolate reductase as the binding determinant. This type of radioassay can also be exploited to measure any antifolate compound which binds to this enzyme even if [3H]MTX is used as the tracer. The radioassay has now been used to measure MTX in all types of body fluids, tissue extracts, and rbc lysates from patients receiving this drug.", "contents": "Ligand-binding radioassay for the antifolate compounds: application in patients receiving methotrexate. The general principles of ligand-binding radioassays are reviewed and a specific noncompetitive system is described for the measurement of methotrexate (MTX) using dihydrofolate reductase as the binding determinant. This type of radioassay can also be exploited to measure any antifolate compound which binds to this enzyme even if [3H]MTX is used as the tracer. The radioassay has now been used to measure MTX in all types of body fluids, tissue extracts, and rbc lysates from patients receiving this drug."}
{"id": "PMID:884702", "title": "Increased cell proliferation with persistence of circadian rhythms in hamster cheek pouch neoplasms.", "content": "Squamous cell neoplasms induced by repeated topical application of 7,12-dimethyl-benz(a)anthracene in Syrian hamster cheek pouch exhibited circadian rhythms of DNA synthesis and mitotic activity. Fluctuations in the fractions of cells in mitosis and DNA synthesis observed in the tumors were approximately in phase with the circadian rhythms from normal precursor epithelium, indicating that some degree of host physiologic modulation persists during neoplastic growth. The labeling (thymidine-3H) and mitotic indices of neoplasms were considerably higher than normal throughout the 24 hr period. The duration of the neoplastic S phase--measured from the PLM curve--was 30% shorter than normal; G2 did not show detectable variation. The data demonstrated that chemically induced squamous cell neoplasms had markedly increased rates of cell production. It is postulated that applications of a carcinogen upon a cell-renewing population generate a multicompartmental cytokinetic imbalance in which: (1) a higher proportion of G0 cells is stimulated to enter the cycle; (2) the duration of the cell cycle is shortened; (3) the regulatory mechanisms fail to stimulate an accelerated rate of differentiation to compensate for the overproduction of cells; and (4) the state of proliferative hyperactivity becomes stable. An oncogenic cytokinetic mechanism based solely on a persistent decrease in cell loss (differentiation) is rule out by the present investigation, at least for squamous cell neoplasms.", "contents": "Increased cell proliferation with persistence of circadian rhythms in hamster cheek pouch neoplasms. Squamous cell neoplasms induced by repeated topical application of 7,12-dimethyl-benz(a)anthracene in Syrian hamster cheek pouch exhibited circadian rhythms of DNA synthesis and mitotic activity. Fluctuations in the fractions of cells in mitosis and DNA synthesis observed in the tumors were approximately in phase with the circadian rhythms from normal precursor epithelium, indicating that some degree of host physiologic modulation persists during neoplastic growth. The labeling (thymidine-3H) and mitotic indices of neoplasms were considerably higher than normal throughout the 24 hr period. The duration of the neoplastic S phase--measured from the PLM curve--was 30% shorter than normal; G2 did not show detectable variation. The data demonstrated that chemically induced squamous cell neoplasms had markedly increased rates of cell production. It is postulated that applications of a carcinogen upon a cell-renewing population generate a multicompartmental cytokinetic imbalance in which: (1) a higher proportion of G0 cells is stimulated to enter the cycle; (2) the duration of the cell cycle is shortened; (3) the regulatory mechanisms fail to stimulate an accelerated rate of differentiation to compensate for the overproduction of cells; and (4) the state of proliferative hyperactivity becomes stable. An oncogenic cytokinetic mechanism based solely on a persistent decrease in cell loss (differentiation) is rule out by the present investigation, at least for squamous cell neoplasms."}
{"id": "PMID:884704", "title": "Cell cycle time determinations based on liquid scintillation counting of 3H-TdR labeled mitotic cells.", "content": "Following a 10 min pulse labeling with 3H-TdR, flasks of asynchronous monolayer cultures of Chinese hamster ovary cells were subjected to mitotic selection at 2 hr intervals. The mitotic index of the selected populations was always greater than 90%. Counts per min per cell obtained by liquid scintillation counting were plotted versus time after the pulse label. Comparisons were made between cycle times obtained by the mitotic-scintillation counting method and by the standard per cent labeled mitosis technique. The resulting curves were used for calculations of the cell cycle times and the lengths of G1, S, G2 and M phases of the cell cycle. There was less than 2% difference in the cell cycle times obtained using the scintillation method as compared to times calculated from autoradiographic data obtained from individual petri dishes. The mitotic-scintillation counting technique is simple, accurate and rapid and allows the calculation of the cell kinetics parameters within 1 hr of the end of the experiment.", "contents": "Cell cycle time determinations based on liquid scintillation counting of 3H-TdR labeled mitotic cells. Following a 10 min pulse labeling with 3H-TdR, flasks of asynchronous monolayer cultures of Chinese hamster ovary cells were subjected to mitotic selection at 2 hr intervals. The mitotic index of the selected populations was always greater than 90%. Counts per min per cell obtained by liquid scintillation counting were plotted versus time after the pulse label. Comparisons were made between cycle times obtained by the mitotic-scintillation counting method and by the standard per cent labeled mitosis technique. The resulting curves were used for calculations of the cell cycle times and the lengths of G1, S, G2 and M phases of the cell cycle. There was less than 2% difference in the cell cycle times obtained using the scintillation method as compared to times calculated from autoradiographic data obtained from individual petri dishes. The mitotic-scintillation counting technique is simple, accurate and rapid and allows the calculation of the cell kinetics parameters within 1 hr of the end of the experiment."}
{"id": "PMID:884706", "title": "The effect of E type prostaglandins on the proliferation of haemopoietic stem cells in vivo.", "content": "The ability of protaglandins E1 and E2 to stimulate the proliferation of haemopoietic stem cells (CFUS) was studied in vivo. PGE2, in a dose range of 10(-4) to 10(-1) microgram/g body weight and PGE1 in a dose range of 10(-5) to 10(-1) microgram/g body weight, produced a rapid cycling wave of CFUS. The increase in the number of CFUS in S phase was not followed by a rise in the femoral CFUS content, and except for a transient increase in femoral CFUC level, no increase in differentiation was found either. Therefore, it is proposed that haemopoiesis after PG-induced CFU stimulation is ineffective. PGE2 did not stimulate regeneration of CFUS in a perturbed state (after sublethal irradiation). All these findings support  the idea that PGEs might represent potent stimulators of the haemopoietic stem cells acting in physiological doses. However, if acting concurrently with physiological control systems PGs lead to ineffective haemopoiesis (under normal conditions) or do not exert any measurable effect (after sublethal irradiation).", "contents": "The effect of E type prostaglandins on the proliferation of haemopoietic stem cells in vivo. The ability of protaglandins E1 and E2 to stimulate the proliferation of haemopoietic stem cells (CFUS) was studied in vivo. PGE2, in a dose range of 10(-4) to 10(-1) microgram/g body weight and PGE1 in a dose range of 10(-5) to 10(-1) microgram/g body weight, produced a rapid cycling wave of CFUS. The increase in the number of CFUS in S phase was not followed by a rise in the femoral CFUS content, and except for a transient increase in femoral CFUC level, no increase in differentiation was found either. Therefore, it is proposed that haemopoiesis after PG-induced CFU stimulation is ineffective. PGE2 did not stimulate regeneration of CFUS in a perturbed state (after sublethal irradiation). All these findings support  the idea that PGEs might represent potent stimulators of the haemopoietic stem cells acting in physiological doses. However, if acting concurrently with physiological control systems PGs lead to ineffective haemopoiesis (under normal conditions) or do not exert any measurable effect (after sublethal irradiation)."}
{"id": "PMID:884707", "title": "The effect of transposition to jejunum on epithelial cell kinetics in an ileal segment.", "content": "Epithelial cell kinetics were studied in an ileal segment after transposition to proximal jejunum. The number of cells per villus column in the transposed ileum increased after 4--7 days to reach values normal for jejunum after 14--30 days. This increase was accompanied by a simultaneous increase in the number of cells per crypt column up to 130% of values in jejunum and ileum in situ. The percentage of labelled crypt cells, after labelling with 3H-thymidine, and the relative size of the proliferative cell compartment in the crypt in the transposed ileum did not differ from values in the ileum in situ at any time interval after surgery. The total proliferative activity per crypt, which was determined by scintillation counting of isolated crypts after 3H-thymidine labelling, increased two-fold from 7 days after surgery. Cell migration studies showed that the increase in the number of villus cells was probably not caused by a change in the life span of the epithelial cells. It seems that the increase in the number of villus cells in ileal epithelium after transposition to proximal jejunum is brought about by an enlargement of the crypt, while the relative size of the proliferative cell compartment in the crypt remains unchanged.", "contents": "The effect of transposition to jejunum on epithelial cell kinetics in an ileal segment. Epithelial cell kinetics were studied in an ileal segment after transposition to proximal jejunum. The number of cells per villus column in the transposed ileum increased after 4--7 days to reach values normal for jejunum after 14--30 days. This increase was accompanied by a simultaneous increase in the number of cells per crypt column up to 130% of values in jejunum and ileum in situ. The percentage of labelled crypt cells, after labelling with 3H-thymidine, and the relative size of the proliferative cell compartment in the crypt in the transposed ileum did not differ from values in the ileum in situ at any time interval after surgery. The total proliferative activity per crypt, which was determined by scintillation counting of isolated crypts after 3H-thymidine labelling, increased two-fold from 7 days after surgery. Cell migration studies showed that the increase in the number of villus cells was probably not caused by a change in the life span of the epithelial cells. It seems that the increase in the number of villus cells in ileal epithelium after transposition to proximal jejunum is brought about by an enlargement of the crypt, while the relative size of the proliferative cell compartment in the crypt remains unchanged."}
{"id": "PMID:884708", "title": "Ultrastructure of cardiac muscle of Trochosa terricola Thor., Pardosa amentata Clerck, P. pullata Clerck, and Pisaura mirabilis Clerck (Araneae: Lycosidae, Pisauridae).", "content": "The ultrastructure of the cardiac muscle in some araneae has been investigated. The sarcolemma invaginates at the Z band and may extend into the cells through several myofibrils. Numerous T-tubules are given off both from sarcolemmal invaginations and also directly from the cell surface. In passing through the Z band, the luminal diameter of T-tubules greatly increases. Dyadic and a few triadic couplings are found mainly at the A-I level. Peripheral couplings were not seen.", "contents": "Ultrastructure of cardiac muscle of Trochosa terricola Thor., Pardosa amentata Clerck, P. pullata Clerck, and Pisaura mirabilis Clerck (Araneae: Lycosidae, Pisauridae). The ultrastructure of the cardiac muscle in some araneae has been investigated. The sarcolemma invaginates at the Z band and may extend into the cells through several myofibrils. Numerous T-tubules are given off both from sarcolemmal invaginations and also directly from the cell surface. In passing through the Z band, the luminal diameter of T-tubules greatly increases. Dyadic and a few triadic couplings are found mainly at the A-I level. Peripheral couplings were not seen."}
{"id": "PMID:884709", "title": "Some ultrastructural effects of testosterone and insulin on the ventral prostate of rats in organ culture.", "content": "The fine structure of the secretory epithelial cells of rat's ventral prostate has been studied following organ culture. Culturing with either testosterone or insulin alone, and with the two hormones combined, were carried out to investigate how insulin modifies the action of testosterone on the maintenance of cellular integrity. After 4 days in hormone-free culture, the secretory epithelial cells showed signs of cellular atrophy and regression, involving loss of the apical microvilli, absence of the apical secretory vacuoles, atrophy of the Golgi apparatus, decrease in rough endoplasmic reticulum and the appearance of autophagic vacuoles. The presence in the medium of either testosterone or insulin alone, or combined, prevented cellular atrophy and regression. The best maintenance of cellular integrity was obtained in a culture containing both hormones. The effects of insulin was approximately equivalent to those of testosterone in the maintenance of cellular integrity.", "contents": "Some ultrastructural effects of testosterone and insulin on the ventral prostate of rats in organ culture. The fine structure of the secretory epithelial cells of rat's ventral prostate has been studied following organ culture. Culturing with either testosterone or insulin alone, and with the two hormones combined, were carried out to investigate how insulin modifies the action of testosterone on the maintenance of cellular integrity. After 4 days in hormone-free culture, the secretory epithelial cells showed signs of cellular atrophy and regression, involving loss of the apical microvilli, absence of the apical secretory vacuoles, atrophy of the Golgi apparatus, decrease in rough endoplasmic reticulum and the appearance of autophagic vacuoles. The presence in the medium of either testosterone or insulin alone, or combined, prevented cellular atrophy and regression. The best maintenance of cellular integrity was obtained in a culture containing both hormones. The effects of insulin was approximately equivalent to those of testosterone in the maintenance of cellular integrity."}
{"id": "PMID:884710", "title": "The membrane systems of the cardiac muscle cell of Meganychtiphanes norvegica (m. sars), euphauciacea, crustacea.", "content": "The membrane systems of cardiac muscle cells of the euphausiacean Meganychtiphanes norvegica are described. Transverse tubules are found both at the Z-band level (TZ-tubules) and at the H-band level (Th-tubules). Within the sarcomere narrow longitudinal tubules branch off from the TZ-tubules. At the H-band level these tubules expand forming flattened cisternae in dyadic and triadic couplings with the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR). Adjacent myofibrils are separated by a well developed SR. Modifications of the SR are seen at the H-band level where junctional cisternae are formed.", "contents": "The membrane systems of the cardiac muscle cell of Meganychtiphanes norvegica (m. sars), euphauciacea, crustacea. The membrane systems of cardiac muscle cells of the euphausiacean Meganychtiphanes norvegica are described. Transverse tubules are found both at the Z-band level (TZ-tubules) and at the H-band level (Th-tubules). Within the sarcomere narrow longitudinal tubules branch off from the TZ-tubules. At the H-band level these tubules expand forming flattened cisternae in dyadic and triadic couplings with the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR). Adjacent myofibrils are separated by a well developed SR. Modifications of the SR are seen at the H-band level where junctional cisternae are formed."}
{"id": "PMID:884711", "title": "Ultrastructure of epidermis of Salamandra salamandra followed throughout ontogenesis.", "content": "Ventral epidermal ultrastructure of the amphibian urodele Salamandra salamandra is described and followed throughout its life cycle. Tadpoles were divided into five categories on the basis of the organization of their epidermis and the ultrastructure of its cells. In newly hatched tadpoles the epidermis is arranged in two layers and four types of cells were recognized. The number of epidermal layers increases in the metamorphosing tadpole. At this stage the layers become organized in four strata. Metamorphosis involves the disappearance of some cell types and the appearance of others, typical of the adult epidermis. The significance of these ontogenetic changes in epidermal ultrastructure is discussed in respect to aquatic and terrestrial life habits.", "contents": "Ultrastructure of epidermis of Salamandra salamandra followed throughout ontogenesis. Ventral epidermal ultrastructure of the amphibian urodele Salamandra salamandra is described and followed throughout its life cycle. Tadpoles were divided into five categories on the basis of the organization of their epidermis and the ultrastructure of its cells. In newly hatched tadpoles the epidermis is arranged in two layers and four types of cells were recognized. The number of epidermal layers increases in the metamorphosing tadpole. At this stage the layers become organized in four strata. Metamorphosis involves the disappearance of some cell types and the appearance of others, typical of the adult epidermis. The significance of these ontogenetic changes in epidermal ultrastructure is discussed in respect to aquatic and terrestrial life habits."}
{"id": "PMID:884712", "title": "Irregular patterns of actin and myosin filaments in human skeletal muscle cells.", "content": "The ultrastructural study of cross sections of normal skeletal muscle cells showed the existence of irregular patterns of actin filaments in connection with the hexagonal pattern of the myosin filaments. The actin filaments surrounding each myosin filament vary in number from 6 to 11. The most frequent relationship is 9 to 1, followed by 10 to 1 and 8 to 1. The hexagonal pattern of actin filaments was observed only in the 6 to 1 arrays; as the actin filaments increase in number, they tend to form different polygons or circles around the myosin filaments. All described patterns may occur in each sarcomere. The actin to myosin filament ratio varies from 3 to 4 within each individual myofibril. The described variability of the actin filaments arrays leads to several difficulties in an explanation of the mechanism of muscular contraction.", "contents": "Irregular patterns of actin and myosin filaments in human skeletal muscle cells. The ultrastructural study of cross sections of normal skeletal muscle cells showed the existence of irregular patterns of actin filaments in connection with the hexagonal pattern of the myosin filaments. The actin filaments surrounding each myosin filament vary in number from 6 to 11. The most frequent relationship is 9 to 1, followed by 10 to 1 and 8 to 1. The hexagonal pattern of actin filaments was observed only in the 6 to 1 arrays; as the actin filaments increase in number, they tend to form different polygons or circles around the myosin filaments. All described patterns may occur in each sarcomere. The actin to myosin filament ratio varies from 3 to 4 within each individual myofibril. The described variability of the actin filaments arrays leads to several difficulties in an explanation of the mechanism of muscular contraction."}
{"id": "PMID:884713", "title": "The fine structure of distal receptors on the labium of the aphid, Brevicoryne brassicae L. (homoptera). Implications for current theories of sensory transduction.", "content": "Short peg receptors located at the distal tip of the aphid labium have the structure of mechanoreceptors. Each peg is innervated by a single sensory nerve which is anchored eccentrically to a basal cuticular tube and terminates in electron-dense material in the base of the peg. The arrangement and eccentric insertion of the eight pegs in the labial wall on one side of the stylet groove, with the eccentric insertions of their innervating neurones, provide a mirror image of the receptors on the opposite side. On the basis of a comparison of the structure of these receptors with that of tactile receptors for which electrophysiological data on sensitivity are available, it is possible to predict that the receptors detect both surface contact (pressure) and surface profile; and that the bilateral symmetry in the receptor arrangement facilitates the detection of vein contours which are preferred settling sites on the leaf. The structure of the dendritic terminal and its insertion is that of a well reinforced cytoskeleton designed to transmit tension to the cell membrane, in agreement with the concept that transduction is a membrane related phenomenon. The distal microtubules, fifty per-cent of which originate as well as terminate in the \"tubular body\", are packed in electron-dense material which binds to the cell membrane. The membrane in turn is attached to cuticular components of the receptor. Abrupt changes in dimension of the dendritic outer segment may be designed to modulate the conduction of a membrane potential. On the other hand, lack of continuity in the microtubules makes these organelles poor candidates for the transduction of excitation from a distal site of stimulation to a proximal region.", "contents": "The fine structure of distal receptors on the labium of the aphid, Brevicoryne brassicae L. (homoptera). Implications for current theories of sensory transduction. Short peg receptors located at the distal tip of the aphid labium have the structure of mechanoreceptors. Each peg is innervated by a single sensory nerve which is anchored eccentrically to a basal cuticular tube and terminates in electron-dense material in the base of the peg. The arrangement and eccentric insertion of the eight pegs in the labial wall on one side of the stylet groove, with the eccentric insertions of their innervating neurones, provide a mirror image of the receptors on the opposite side. On the basis of a comparison of the structure of these receptors with that of tactile receptors for which electrophysiological data on sensitivity are available, it is possible to predict that the receptors detect both surface contact (pressure) and surface profile; and that the bilateral symmetry in the receptor arrangement facilitates the detection of vein contours which are preferred settling sites on the leaf. The structure of the dendritic terminal and its insertion is that of a well reinforced cytoskeleton designed to transmit tension to the cell membrane, in agreement with the concept that transduction is a membrane related phenomenon. The distal microtubules, fifty per-cent of which originate as well as terminate in the \"tubular body\", are packed in electron-dense material which binds to the cell membrane. The membrane in turn is attached to cuticular components of the receptor. Abrupt changes in dimension of the dendritic outer segment may be designed to modulate the conduction of a membrane potential. On the other hand, lack of continuity in the microtubules makes these organelles poor candidates for the transduction of excitation from a distal site of stimulation to a proximal region."}
{"id": "PMID:884714", "title": "Myocardial cell lesions caused by an anabolic hormone.", "content": "Early changes in the composition of heart muscle cells of the rat caused by an anabolic hormone were investigated by electron microscopy. Mitochondria and myofibrils showed changes similar to those observed in early heart failure: The mitochondria were swollen and elongated. Their matrix was sparse and the cristae were few in number. The myofibrils showed either disintegration and widened and twisted Z-bands or a complete dissolution of the sarcomeric units.", "contents": "Myocardial cell lesions caused by an anabolic hormone. Early changes in the composition of heart muscle cells of the rat caused by an anabolic hormone were investigated by electron microscopy. Mitochondria and myofibrils showed changes similar to those observed in early heart failure: The mitochondria were swollen and elongated. Their matrix was sparse and the cristae were few in number. The myofibrils showed either disintegration and widened and twisted Z-bands or a complete dissolution of the sarcomeric units."}
{"id": "PMID:884715", "title": "In vivo and in vitro formation of the junctional complex in choroid epithelium. A freeze-etching study.", "content": "The junctional complex of choroid epithelial cells was studied during in vivo formation, disaggregation after trypsin treatment, and in vitro reaggregation. The in vivo formation begins with the occurrence of amorphous patches of particles followed by the formation of small particulate rows and polygonal-ordered particle assemblies. Further arrangement of the zonula occludens continues with the confluence of particles and smooth contoured ridges. At the 9th day stage a fully developed zonula occludens has developed. In a subsequent step nexus become integrated within the tight junction formation. Disaggregation after trypsination results in fragmentation of the zonulae occludentes. Parts of the disassembling aggregates become incorporated in vacuoles indicating an endocytotic mode of \"digestion\". The in vitro reconstruction of the zonula occludens proceeds from remnants of the former zonula occludens. On the 3rd to 4th day of cultivation mature tight junctions are visible. In vitro integrations of nexus were observed during a later phase. On the 7th day, cultivated choroid epithelial cells reveal well differentiated junctional complexes consisting of continuous zonulae occludentes and integrated gap junctions.", "contents": "In vivo and in vitro formation of the junctional complex in choroid epithelium. A freeze-etching study. The junctional complex of choroid epithelial cells was studied during in vivo formation, disaggregation after trypsin treatment, and in vitro reaggregation. The in vivo formation begins with the occurrence of amorphous patches of particles followed by the formation of small particulate rows and polygonal-ordered particle assemblies. Further arrangement of the zonula occludens continues with the confluence of particles and smooth contoured ridges. At the 9th day stage a fully developed zonula occludens has developed. In a subsequent step nexus become integrated within the tight junction formation. Disaggregation after trypsination results in fragmentation of the zonulae occludentes. Parts of the disassembling aggregates become incorporated in vacuoles indicating an endocytotic mode of \"digestion\". The in vitro reconstruction of the zonula occludens proceeds from remnants of the former zonula occludens. On the 3rd to 4th day of cultivation mature tight junctions are visible. In vitro integrations of nexus were observed during a later phase. On the 7th day, cultivated choroid epithelial cells reveal well differentiated junctional complexes consisting of continuous zonulae occludentes and integrated gap junctions."}
{"id": "PMID:884716", "title": "General morphology and axonal ultrastructure of the olfactory nerve of the pike, Esox lucius.", "content": "The olfactory nerve of the European pike (Esox lucius) contains 5.1 X 10(6) axons with an average diameter of 0.20+/-0,04 micron and a length of 5.5 cm in 1 meter long pike. Each axon contains an average of 4 microtubules as well as neurofilaments, smooth endoplasmic reticulum and about 500 mitochondria per centimeter. The number of neurofilaments ranges from zero in 15% of the cross sections to over 10 in 6%. Neurofilaments generally occur in clusters located opposite to microtubule regions. Smooth ER can not be identified in 14% of the cross sections suggesting that this structure may not be continuous. Microtubules often display annular regions (halos) of low electron density ranging in size from 800 to 1300 A. Halos from adjacent tubules usually merge into regional halos. The ratio of axoplasm to glial cytoplasm is 4.4:1, while the ratio of axonal plasma membrane to glial plasma membrane exceeds 7:1. A 4 cm nerve contains 1280 cm2 of axolemma. This nerve represents an extreme in high density axonal packing and is therefore exceptionally well suited for biochemical, biophysical and physiological investigations.", "contents": "General morphology and axonal ultrastructure of the olfactory nerve of the pike, Esox lucius. The olfactory nerve of the European pike (Esox lucius) contains 5.1 X 10(6) axons with an average diameter of 0.20+/-0,04 micron and a length of 5.5 cm in 1 meter long pike. Each axon contains an average of 4 microtubules as well as neurofilaments, smooth endoplasmic reticulum and about 500 mitochondria per centimeter. The number of neurofilaments ranges from zero in 15% of the cross sections to over 10 in 6%. Neurofilaments generally occur in clusters located opposite to microtubule regions. Smooth ER can not be identified in 14% of the cross sections suggesting that this structure may not be continuous. Microtubules often display annular regions (halos) of low electron density ranging in size from 800 to 1300 A. Halos from adjacent tubules usually merge into regional halos. The ratio of axoplasm to glial cytoplasm is 4.4:1, while the ratio of axonal plasma membrane to glial plasma membrane exceeds 7:1. A 4 cm nerve contains 1280 cm2 of axolemma. This nerve represents an extreme in high density axonal packing and is therefore exceptionally well suited for biochemical, biophysical and physiological investigations."}
{"id": "PMID:884717", "title": "Some enzyme histochemical characteristics of the human hippocampus.", "content": "The histochemical distribution of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and alpha-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase (alpha-GPDH) was studied in the area dentata and hippocampus proper of the human brain. Although differences did exist, there were many features in common with the distribution of these two enzymes in the rat and guinea pig. The laminar chemoarchitectonic picture was not as distinct in the human brain as in the rat and guinea pig. Most of the AChE reaction products were confined to the neuropil, with the strongest staining intensity in supra- and infrapyramidal zones. The layer of mossy fibres (stratum lucidum), was characteristically pale. On the other hand, AChE-positive cell bodies were observed in the hilus of the area dentata and a few scattered cells in the hippocampus proper. The AChE reaction products were sparse in the pyramidal cells, conforming similar observations in the rat and guinea pig. Based on our previous description of the AChE-positive cell bodies and fibres in the human septum and a considerable body of experimental material obtained in the rat, it is suggested that most of the AChE in the dentate area and the hippocampus proper is confined to terminals of cholinergic septal efferents in both man and other species. alpha-GPDH was particularly reactive in the cell layers, hilus fasciae dentatae and the layer of mossy fibers. These observations are similar to those described for the rat and guinea pig. They indicate, furthermore, a particular metabolic property common to the archicortex of man and other species.", "contents": "Some enzyme histochemical characteristics of the human hippocampus. The histochemical distribution of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and alpha-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase (alpha-GPDH) was studied in the area dentata and hippocampus proper of the human brain. Although differences did exist, there were many features in common with the distribution of these two enzymes in the rat and guinea pig. The laminar chemoarchitectonic picture was not as distinct in the human brain as in the rat and guinea pig. Most of the AChE reaction products were confined to the neuropil, with the strongest staining intensity in supra- and infrapyramidal zones. The layer of mossy fibres (stratum lucidum), was characteristically pale. On the other hand, AChE-positive cell bodies were observed in the hilus of the area dentata and a few scattered cells in the hippocampus proper. The AChE reaction products were sparse in the pyramidal cells, conforming similar observations in the rat and guinea pig. Based on our previous description of the AChE-positive cell bodies and fibres in the human septum and a considerable body of experimental material obtained in the rat, it is suggested that most of the AChE in the dentate area and the hippocampus proper is confined to terminals of cholinergic septal efferents in both man and other species. alpha-GPDH was particularly reactive in the cell layers, hilus fasciae dentatae and the layer of mossy fibers. These observations are similar to those described for the rat and guinea pig. They indicate, furthermore, a particular metabolic property common to the archicortex of man and other species."}
{"id": "PMID:884718", "title": "'Disk shedding' in the cone outer segments of the teleost, Poecilia reticulata P.", "content": "Electron microscopical observations show that the cones in the retina of the diurnal Poecilia reticulata shed their membranous outer segment disks. This occurs at the side of the disk which is open to the extracellular space. Shedding is observed in single and twin cones and occurs at any level of the outer segment. The disks are not discarded in packages or as single disks, but are shed in small vesicular portions. This mode of 'disk shedding' may explain why in cone outer segments radioactively labelled replacement protein is diffusely distributed.", "contents": "'Disk shedding' in the cone outer segments of the teleost, Poecilia reticulata P. Electron microscopical observations show that the cones in the retina of the diurnal Poecilia reticulata shed their membranous outer segment disks. This occurs at the side of the disk which is open to the extracellular space. Shedding is observed in single and twin cones and occurs at any level of the outer segment. The disks are not discarded in packages or as single disks, but are shed in small vesicular portions. This mode of 'disk shedding' may explain why in cone outer segments radioactively labelled replacement protein is diffusely distributed."}
{"id": "PMID:884719", "title": "Structure and function of the amphibian follicular epithelium during ovulation.", "content": "Low concentrations of cytochalasin B (CCB) are known to inhibit ovulation in the frog, Hyla regilla. Examination of amphibian thecal cell ultrastructure reveals filaments (average diameter 71 A) arranged in bundles parallel to the surface of the oocyte. These filaments are often associated with hemidesmosome-like plaques on the basal plasmalemma, While individual filaments appear unaltered morphologically by CCB (1-5 microgram/ml), their organization into bundles, apparent relationship to the hemidesmosomes, and the highly contorted configuration of the thecal cells after oocyte expulsion, suggest that a nonmuscular contractile system residing within the follicle plays a fundamental role in ovulation. Our data suggest that the flattened epitheloid thecal cells shorten all axes that run parallel to the oocyte surface via filament bundle contractions, while they remain tightly bound together by macular attachment plaques. These cells thus increase in height to become cuboidal-low columnar in shape; the area covered by the base of each is greatly reduced. As this \"thecal sac\" decreases in size, the compression generated by the contractile mechanism forces the oocyte through the enzymatically weakened apex of the follicle and ovulation results.", "contents": "Structure and function of the amphibian follicular epithelium during ovulation. Low concentrations of cytochalasin B (CCB) are known to inhibit ovulation in the frog, Hyla regilla. Examination of amphibian thecal cell ultrastructure reveals filaments (average diameter 71 A) arranged in bundles parallel to the surface of the oocyte. These filaments are often associated with hemidesmosome-like plaques on the basal plasmalemma, While individual filaments appear unaltered morphologically by CCB (1-5 microgram/ml), their organization into bundles, apparent relationship to the hemidesmosomes, and the highly contorted configuration of the thecal cells after oocyte expulsion, suggest that a nonmuscular contractile system residing within the follicle plays a fundamental role in ovulation. Our data suggest that the flattened epitheloid thecal cells shorten all axes that run parallel to the oocyte surface via filament bundle contractions, while they remain tightly bound together by macular attachment plaques. These cells thus increase in height to become cuboidal-low columnar in shape; the area covered by the base of each is greatly reduced. As this \"thecal sac\" decreases in size, the compression generated by the contractile mechanism forces the oocyte through the enzymatically weakened apex of the follicle and ovulation results."}
{"id": "PMID:884720", "title": "Secretion in the rat coagulating gland (anterior prostate) after copulation.", "content": "The effect of copulation on the rat coagulating gland (anterior prostate) was studied. At 4 to 6 h after the beginning of copulation the coagulating glands of rats that had produced copulatory plugs were nearly empty of secretion. Ultrastructurally, the coagulating gland has large cisternae of rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) and few condensing vacuoles or secretion granules. After copulation the number of secretion granules and the frequency of their expulsion into the lumen increased. Also in the lumen were \"fragmentation\" vesicles (50-100 nm diameter) that were bounded by a unit membrane and appeared to arise from microvilli. At 4, 6, and 7h after the beginning of copulation there was an increase in apical blebbing. Blebbing was found in both perfusion and immersion-fixed tissue. Also, after copulation there was an increase in \"light cells\" that were characterized by reduced RER cisternae, an electron lucent cytoplasm, and atrophic Golgi apparatus. The luminal ground substance, secretion granules, and some Golgi elements, contained polysaccharides as seen with the periodic acid-thiocarbohydrazide-silver proteinate method.", "contents": "Secretion in the rat coagulating gland (anterior prostate) after copulation. The effect of copulation on the rat coagulating gland (anterior prostate) was studied. At 4 to 6 h after the beginning of copulation the coagulating glands of rats that had produced copulatory plugs were nearly empty of secretion. Ultrastructurally, the coagulating gland has large cisternae of rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) and few condensing vacuoles or secretion granules. After copulation the number of secretion granules and the frequency of their expulsion into the lumen increased. Also in the lumen were \"fragmentation\" vesicles (50-100 nm diameter) that were bounded by a unit membrane and appeared to arise from microvilli. At 4, 6, and 7h after the beginning of copulation there was an increase in apical blebbing. Blebbing was found in both perfusion and immersion-fixed tissue. Also, after copulation there was an increase in \"light cells\" that were characterized by reduced RER cisternae, an electron lucent cytoplasm, and atrophic Golgi apparatus. The luminal ground substance, secretion granules, and some Golgi elements, contained polysaccharides as seen with the periodic acid-thiocarbohydrazide-silver proteinate method."}
{"id": "PMID:884721", "title": "Spicule formation in the calcareous sponge Sycon ciliatum.", "content": "The spicule primordium is formed in an intercellular cavity within a group of sclerocytes. This cavity contains organic material which ensheaths the growing spicule but does not appear to determine the nature of the mineral morph (magnesian calcite) or the crystallographic orientation of the spicule. The tip of each growing spicule ray is seated in a 'dense cup' in the cytoplasm of the sclerocyte concerned. Both ends of monaxons are initially inserted each into a dense cup. As rays elongate the sclerocyte membrane around the tip becomes invaginated and forms a system of 'converging spaces' that possibly indicate high secretory activity in that region. Spicule growth involves the displacement and expansion of the organic sheath by the enlarging spicule. Fully formed spicules which are exposed to the mesohyl become surrounded by collagen fibrils. However, these fibrils are in no way concerned with the process of mineral deposition and are never found within the spicule calcite.", "contents": "Spicule formation in the calcareous sponge Sycon ciliatum. The spicule primordium is formed in an intercellular cavity within a group of sclerocytes. This cavity contains organic material which ensheaths the growing spicule but does not appear to determine the nature of the mineral morph (magnesian calcite) or the crystallographic orientation of the spicule. The tip of each growing spicule ray is seated in a 'dense cup' in the cytoplasm of the sclerocyte concerned. Both ends of monaxons are initially inserted each into a dense cup. As rays elongate the sclerocyte membrane around the tip becomes invaginated and forms a system of 'converging spaces' that possibly indicate high secretory activity in that region. Spicule growth involves the displacement and expansion of the organic sheath by the enlarging spicule. Fully formed spicules which are exposed to the mesohyl become surrounded by collagen fibrils. However, these fibrils are in no way concerned with the process of mineral deposition and are never found within the spicule calcite."}
{"id": "PMID:884722", "title": "The rat epithalamus. I. Correlative scanning-transmission electron microscopy of supraependymal nerves.", "content": "Transmission and scanning electron microscopy of the rat epithalamus shows a regional variation in the distribution of supraependymal nerves (SN) which correlates well with supraependymal yellow fluorescence reported by Richards et al. (1974). The medial habenular nucleus, the intercommissural and suprahabenular recesses, the habenular commissure and the fibrae periventriculares thalami have the greatest density of SN/100micron of ependymal surface. The floor of the suprahabenular and intercommisural recesses is covered by non-ciliated ependyma. The significance of these findings is discussed with respect to (1) a direct functional relationship of SN with ependyma, and (2) a possible participation of the non-ciliated ependyma of the suprahabenular and intercommissural recesses in secretory activity whereby the CSF serves as a vehicle for neuroendocrine communication.", "contents": "The rat epithalamus. I. Correlative scanning-transmission electron microscopy of supraependymal nerves. Transmission and scanning electron microscopy of the rat epithalamus shows a regional variation in the distribution of supraependymal nerves (SN) which correlates well with supraependymal yellow fluorescence reported by Richards et al. (1974). The medial habenular nucleus, the intercommissural and suprahabenular recesses, the habenular commissure and the fibrae periventriculares thalami have the greatest density of SN/100micron of ependymal surface. The floor of the suprahabenular and intercommisural recesses is covered by non-ciliated ependyma. The significance of these findings is discussed with respect to (1) a direct functional relationship of SN with ependyma, and (2) a possible participation of the non-ciliated ependyma of the suprahabenular and intercommissural recesses in secretory activity whereby the CSF serves as a vehicle for neuroendocrine communication."}
{"id": "PMID:884723", "title": "The transition of the thick ascending limb of Henle's loop into the distal convoluted tubule in the nephron of the rat kidney.", "content": "Examination of serial semithin sections of rat kidney cortex and a subsequent electron microscopic study of selected areas revealed that the characteristic epithelium of the cortical part of the thick ascending limb of Henle extends for a varying distance beyond the macula densa. The transition from the relatively thin epithelium of the thick ascending limb at this site to the three--or even four--fold thicker epithelium of the convoluted part of the distal tubule is sharply defined and occurs without the interposition of an intermediate cell type. The position of the macula densa at the end but still clearly within the ascending limb of Henle's loop is functionally interpreted to guarantee the separation of the sensor point macula densa from disturbing influences which might arise from the secretory activity of the subsequent tubular portion.", "contents": "The transition of the thick ascending limb of Henle's loop into the distal convoluted tubule in the nephron of the rat kidney. Examination of serial semithin sections of rat kidney cortex and a subsequent electron microscopic study of selected areas revealed that the characteristic epithelium of the cortical part of the thick ascending limb of Henle extends for a varying distance beyond the macula densa. The transition from the relatively thin epithelium of the thick ascending limb at this site to the three--or even four--fold thicker epithelium of the convoluted part of the distal tubule is sharply defined and occurs without the interposition of an intermediate cell type. The position of the macula densa at the end but still clearly within the ascending limb of Henle's loop is functionally interpreted to guarantee the separation of the sensor point macula densa from disturbing influences which might arise from the secretory activity of the subsequent tubular portion."}
{"id": "PMID:884724", "title": "Relationship between collagen fibril diameters and body size. Study of fish derma.", "content": "Suspensions of collagen fibrils obtained from derma of Elasmobranchia and Actinopterygia of different body sizes and developmental stages were examined by transmission electron microscopy. Fibril diameters were measured and classified into groups comprising a 20 nm diameter interval. Diagrams showing fibril populations of each fish were made. The measurements were averaged and their confidence intervals and standard errors determined. For each species other diagrams were plotted in which the mean diameters were correlated to the body length of each sample. The results show that: 1) a correlation exists between an increase in diameter of collagen fibrils and somatic growth until sexual maturity is reached; 2) fibril populations are subsequently spread over a wider range due to the presence in the derma of classes of newly formed and therefore thinner fibrils. The deposition of new fibrils is possibly influenced by individual factors; 3) no relationship exists between mean fibril diameter and body size; 4) no relationship exists between phylogenetic position and pattern of diameter distribution.", "contents": "Relationship between collagen fibril diameters and body size. Study of fish derma. Suspensions of collagen fibrils obtained from derma of Elasmobranchia and Actinopterygia of different body sizes and developmental stages were examined by transmission electron microscopy. Fibril diameters were measured and classified into groups comprising a 20 nm diameter interval. Diagrams showing fibril populations of each fish were made. The measurements were averaged and their confidence intervals and standard errors determined. For each species other diagrams were plotted in which the mean diameters were correlated to the body length of each sample. The results show that: 1) a correlation exists between an increase in diameter of collagen fibrils and somatic growth until sexual maturity is reached; 2) fibril populations are subsequently spread over a wider range due to the presence in the derma of classes of newly formed and therefore thinner fibrils. The deposition of new fibrils is possibly influenced by individual factors; 3) no relationship exists between mean fibril diameter and body size; 4) no relationship exists between phylogenetic position and pattern of diameter distribution."}
{"id": "PMID:884725", "title": "Photoreceptor-like outer segments in the pineal organ of the lovebird, Uroloncha domestica (Aves: passeriformes). A scanning electron microscopic study.", "content": "In the pineal organ of the lovebird, Uroloncha domestica, bulbous, cup-shaped and elongated outer segments of photoreceptor-like pinealocytes are demonstrated by scanning electron microscopy. These scarce outer segments, 4-11 micron in length, extend into the pineal lumen. The present structural observations speak in favor of photosensitive pinealocytes in the pineal organ of Uroloncha domestica. The relation of the photoreceptor-like pinealocytes to acetylcholinesterase-positive nerve cells and a nervous connection between the pineal and the brain indicate that the pineal organ of this passeriform species may be the site of neuroendocrine and photoreceptive functions.", "contents": "Photoreceptor-like outer segments in the pineal organ of the lovebird, Uroloncha domestica (Aves: passeriformes). A scanning electron microscopic study. In the pineal organ of the lovebird, Uroloncha domestica, bulbous, cup-shaped and elongated outer segments of photoreceptor-like pinealocytes are demonstrated by scanning electron microscopy. These scarce outer segments, 4-11 micron in length, extend into the pineal lumen. The present structural observations speak in favor of photosensitive pinealocytes in the pineal organ of Uroloncha domestica. The relation of the photoreceptor-like pinealocytes to acetylcholinesterase-positive nerve cells and a nervous connection between the pineal and the brain indicate that the pineal organ of this passeriform species may be the site of neuroendocrine and photoreceptive functions."}
{"id": "PMID:884726", "title": "The connections of the sensory organ of Bellonci with the brain in Isopoda (crustacea).", "content": "The peduncle linking the organ of Bellonci with the brain was examined in Sphaeroma serratum and Anilocra frontalis. This peduncle, in its extension to the brain, becomes a nerve-like tract with bundles of pedicles originating from the sensory cell bodies located in the organ of Bellonci. It ends at the level of the medulla interna in an alveolar region resulting from the swelling of the sensory pedicle terminations. At this level three types of connections have been observed. The first is characterized by afferent synapses to the brain with, in the sensory pedicle endings, structures similar to the presynaptic ribbons noted by some authors in photoreceptors of arthropods. The two other types include nerve fibres originating from the brain, one with small electron lucent vesicles, a second displaying larger vesicles with a core of medium density. These fibres form efferent synapses to the organ of Bellonci. The sensory differentiation of the organ of Bellonci in Isopoda is confirmed but its true role is not specified.", "contents": "The connections of the sensory organ of Bellonci with the brain in Isopoda (crustacea). The peduncle linking the organ of Bellonci with the brain was examined in Sphaeroma serratum and Anilocra frontalis. This peduncle, in its extension to the brain, becomes a nerve-like tract with bundles of pedicles originating from the sensory cell bodies located in the organ of Bellonci. It ends at the level of the medulla interna in an alveolar region resulting from the swelling of the sensory pedicle terminations. At this level three types of connections have been observed. The first is characterized by afferent synapses to the brain with, in the sensory pedicle endings, structures similar to the presynaptic ribbons noted by some authors in photoreceptors of arthropods. The two other types include nerve fibres originating from the brain, one with small electron lucent vesicles, a second displaying larger vesicles with a core of medium density. These fibres form efferent synapses to the organ of Bellonci. The sensory differentiation of the organ of Bellonci in Isopoda is confirmed but its true role is not specified."}
{"id": "PMID:884727", "title": "Electron microscopic observations on the elimination of the oocyte through the peritoneal epithelium in the neonatal mouse ovary.", "content": "Numerous ovarian oocytes of primordial follicles are lost postnatally by their elimination into the peritoneal cavity during days 1-6 in young mice. It is rarely found in animals over 2 weeks old. This phenomenon has been investigated by light and EM techniques. Oocytes that become extruded from the ovary this way appear to pass between the cells of the covering epithelium. The ultrastructural changes that take place during this process are described.", "contents": "Electron microscopic observations on the elimination of the oocyte through the peritoneal epithelium in the neonatal mouse ovary. Numerous ovarian oocytes of primordial follicles are lost postnatally by their elimination into the peritoneal cavity during days 1-6 in young mice. It is rarely found in animals over 2 weeks old. This phenomenon has been investigated by light and EM techniques. Oocytes that become extruded from the ovary this way appear to pass between the cells of the covering epithelium. The ultrastructural changes that take place during this process are described."}
{"id": "PMID:884728", "title": "Fine structure of the eyes of orb-weavers, Argiope amoena L. Koch (araneae: argiopidae). 1. The anteromedial eyes.", "content": "The anteromedial eye of the web-building spider, Argiope amoena has been examined with light and electron microscopy. The eye consists of a cornea, a lens, a vitreous body and a retina. The retina contains 400 to 500 bipolar photoreceptor cells and pigment ce-ls which envelop the receptor cells. Microvilli extend laterally from the distal process of each receptor cell beneath the vitreous body. The microvilli interdigitate with those from neighboring processes to form rhabdoms. Multivesicular bodies occur in the rhabdomeric portion, and in an intermediate segment, between the rhabdomeric portion and the receptor cell body, are found mixed lamellar vesicular bodies and lamellar bodies. A single axon extends from the receptor cell. The site of origin of the axon from the cell varies depending on the location of the cell in the retina. The axon originates on the intermediate segment, or on the lateral surface or proximal end of the cell body. The axons join together in the postero-dorsal region of the eye and then extend to the first optic glomerulus as an ocellar nerve of about 3 mm in length. The pigment cells, whose cell bodies lie among those of the receptor cells or the axons, possess cytoplasmic prolongations which reach up to the vitreous body.", "contents": "Fine structure of the eyes of orb-weavers, Argiope amoena L. Koch (araneae: argiopidae). 1. The anteromedial eyes. The anteromedial eye of the web-building spider, Argiope amoena has been examined with light and electron microscopy. The eye consists of a cornea, a lens, a vitreous body and a retina. The retina contains 400 to 500 bipolar photoreceptor cells and pigment ce-ls which envelop the receptor cells. Microvilli extend laterally from the distal process of each receptor cell beneath the vitreous body. The microvilli interdigitate with those from neighboring processes to form rhabdoms. Multivesicular bodies occur in the rhabdomeric portion, and in an intermediate segment, between the rhabdomeric portion and the receptor cell body, are found mixed lamellar vesicular bodies and lamellar bodies. A single axon extends from the receptor cell. The site of origin of the axon from the cell varies depending on the location of the cell in the retina. The axon originates on the intermediate segment, or on the lateral surface or proximal end of the cell body. The axons join together in the postero-dorsal region of the eye and then extend to the first optic glomerulus as an ocellar nerve of about 3 mm in length. The pigment cells, whose cell bodies lie among those of the receptor cells or the axons, possess cytoplasmic prolongations which reach up to the vitreous body."}
{"id": "PMID:884729", "title": "Secondary sensory cells in the gravity receptor system of the statocyst of Octopus vulgaris.", "content": "The presence of secondary sensory cells in the Octopus gravity receptor system has been demonstrated. In serial thin sections of the receptor cells (hair cells) no axons were found leaving the cells. Instead, synapses were observed with synaptic vesicles lying inside the receptor cells. Both data clearly indicate that the receptor hair cells represent secondary sensory cells. In addition, efferent contacts to the receptor cells could be confirmed.", "contents": "Secondary sensory cells in the gravity receptor system of the statocyst of Octopus vulgaris. The presence of secondary sensory cells in the Octopus gravity receptor system has been demonstrated. In serial thin sections of the receptor cells (hair cells) no axons were found leaving the cells. Instead, synapses were observed with synaptic vesicles lying inside the receptor cells. Both data clearly indicate that the receptor hair cells represent secondary sensory cells. In addition, efferent contacts to the receptor cells could be confirmed."}
{"id": "PMID:884730", "title": "Morphologic evidence for differentiation of pinealocytes from photoreceptor cells in the adult noctule bat (Nyctalus noctula, Schreber).", "content": "An electron microscopical investigation of the pineal gland of the adult noctule bat revealed the presence of some peculiar ciliary derivatives, similar to the club-shaped outer segment of rudimentary photoreceptor cells in the pineal organ of nonmammalian vertebrates. The pinealocytes of population I can be classified in several morphological types, one of them displaying morphological features resembling those of rudimentary photoreceptor cells. These results reconfirm the concept of the sensory cell line in the vertebrate pineal organ. The question whether the pinealocytes of population II belong to the same sensory cell line is discussed.", "contents": "Morphologic evidence for differentiation of pinealocytes from photoreceptor cells in the adult noctule bat (Nyctalus noctula, Schreber). An electron microscopical investigation of the pineal gland of the adult noctule bat revealed the presence of some peculiar ciliary derivatives, similar to the club-shaped outer segment of rudimentary photoreceptor cells in the pineal organ of nonmammalian vertebrates. The pinealocytes of population I can be classified in several morphological types, one of them displaying morphological features resembling those of rudimentary photoreceptor cells. These results reconfirm the concept of the sensory cell line in the vertebrate pineal organ. The question whether the pinealocytes of population II belong to the same sensory cell line is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:884733", "title": "Sequence from the assembly nucleation region of TMV RNA.", "content": "In an effort to isolate RNA sequences containing the assembly nucleation region, uniformly 32P-labeled tobacco mosaic virus RNA was partially digested with pancreatic ribonuclease, and the mixture of fragments was incubated with limited amounts of tobacco mosaic virus protein disks in conditions favorable for reconstitution. The RNA fragments which became encapsidated were purified and sequenced by conventional techniques. The sequence of the first 139 nucleotides of P1, the principal encapsidated fragment, is AGGUUUGAGAGAGAAGAUUACAAGCGUGAGAGACGGAGGGCCCAUGGAACUUACAGAAGAAGUUGUUGAUGAGUUCAUGGAAGAUGUCCCUAUGUCAAUCAGACUUGCAAAGUUUCGAUCUCGAACCGGAAAAAAGAGU. Residues 1--110 of P1 overlap the assembly origin isolated and characterized in the accompanying papers by Zimmern (1977) and Zimmern and Butler (1977). Our results, taken in conjunction with the two accompanying papers, define the sequence of much of the nucleation region as well as sequences flanking it on both sides. The features of the P1 sequence which may have role in the nucleation reaction are discussed in detail in the text.", "contents": "Sequence from the assembly nucleation region of TMV RNA. In an effort to isolate RNA sequences containing the assembly nucleation region, uniformly 32P-labeled tobacco mosaic virus RNA was partially digested with pancreatic ribonuclease, and the mixture of fragments was incubated with limited amounts of tobacco mosaic virus protein disks in conditions favorable for reconstitution. The RNA fragments which became encapsidated were purified and sequenced by conventional techniques. The sequence of the first 139 nucleotides of P1, the principal encapsidated fragment, is AGGUUUGAGAGAGAAGAUUACAAGCGUGAGAGACGGAGGGCCCAUGGAACUUACAGAAGAAGUUGUUGAUGAGUUCAUGGAAGAUGUCCCUAUGUCAAUCAGACUUGCAAAGUUUCGAUCUCGAACCGGAAAAAAGAGU. Residues 1--110 of P1 overlap the assembly origin isolated and characterized in the accompanying papers by Zimmern (1977) and Zimmern and Butler (1977). Our results, taken in conjunction with the two accompanying papers, define the sequence of much of the nucleation region as well as sequences flanking it on both sides. The features of the P1 sequence which may have role in the nucleation reaction are discussed in detail in the text."}
{"id": "PMID:884734", "title": "One predominant 5'-undecanucleotide in adenovirus 2 late messenger RNAs.", "content": "Oligonucleotides containing the 5' termini of adenovirus 2 mRNA are selectively retained on columns of dihydroxyboryl cellulose. When total late adenovirus 2 mRNA was treated with RNAase T1, a single 5' terminal oligonucleotide was isolated, although in several states of methylation. This oligonucleotide has the general structure m7G5'ppp5' AmCmU(C4,U3)G. Since at least twelve individual species of mRNA must be present late after infection, this finding was unexpected and its significance is discussed.", "contents": "One predominant 5'-undecanucleotide in adenovirus 2 late messenger RNAs. Oligonucleotides containing the 5' termini of adenovirus 2 mRNA are selectively retained on columns of dihydroxyboryl cellulose. When total late adenovirus 2 mRNA was treated with RNAase T1, a single 5' terminal oligonucleotide was isolated, although in several states of methylation. This oligonucleotide has the general structure m7G5'ppp5' AmCmU(C4,U3)G. Since at least twelve individual species of mRNA must be present late after infection, this finding was unexpected and its significance is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:884735", "title": "The nucleotide sequence of two silk gland alanine tRNAs: implications for fibroin synthesis and for initiator tRNA structure.", "content": "The nucleotide sequences of two major alanine tRNAs from the Bombyx mori posterior silk gland have been determined. One of these tRNAs appears to be specific to the silk gland, where its accumulation is associated with the rapid production of fibroin. Both sequences are identical, with the exception of a single nucleotide in the anticodon stem. A striking feature of both alanine tRNAs is that loop IV contains sequences previously believed to be restricted to initiator tRNA.", "contents": "The nucleotide sequence of two silk gland alanine tRNAs: implications for fibroin synthesis and for initiator tRNA structure. The nucleotide sequences of two major alanine tRNAs from the Bombyx mori posterior silk gland have been determined. One of these tRNAs appears to be specific to the silk gland, where its accumulation is associated with the rapid production of fibroin. Both sequences are identical, with the exception of a single nucleotide in the anticodon stem. A striking feature of both alanine tRNAs is that loop IV contains sequences previously believed to be restricted to initiator tRNA."}
{"id": "PMID:884736", "title": "Mapping of mitochondrial DNA of individual sheep and goats: rapid evolution in the D loop region.", "content": "Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) from sheep and goat was compared by restriction endonuclease analysis and heteroduplex mapping in the electron microscope. The fragment patterns produced by endonuclease Hae III from three individual sheep and two goat mtDNAs all differed from each other. The three sheep mtDNAs had identical Eco RI and Hind III fragments, but the two goat mtDNA patterns differed from each other as well as from sheep mtDNA. We estimate that each sheep mtDNA differs from each other by 0.5-1% of its nucleotide sequences, the two goat mtDNAs by 1-2%, and there is a 6-11% sequence difference between sheep and goat mtDNAs. We have mapped the Eco RI and Hind III sites of goat and sheep mtDNA and determined the positions of the D loop, which marks the replication origin, relative to the restriction map. The D loops are at homologous positions on the mtDNAs from both species, but the goat D loop is only 75% as long as the sheep D loop. Regions with a high degree of sequence divergence occur at both ends of the D loop. We suggest that a duplication of about 150 base pairs has occurred in the region where the sheep and goat D loops differ in length. We discuss mtDNA evolution in terms of divergence of isolated \"mitochondrial DNA clones.\"", "contents": "Mapping of mitochondrial DNA of individual sheep and goats: rapid evolution in the D loop region. Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) from sheep and goat was compared by restriction endonuclease analysis and heteroduplex mapping in the electron microscope. The fragment patterns produced by endonuclease Hae III from three individual sheep and two goat mtDNAs all differed from each other. The three sheep mtDNAs had identical Eco RI and Hind III fragments, but the two goat mtDNA patterns differed from each other as well as from sheep mtDNA. We estimate that each sheep mtDNA differs from each other by 0.5-1% of its nucleotide sequences, the two goat mtDNAs by 1-2%, and there is a 6-11% sequence difference between sheep and goat mtDNAs. We have mapped the Eco RI and Hind III sites of goat and sheep mtDNA and determined the positions of the D loop, which marks the replication origin, relative to the restriction map. The D loops are at homologous positions on the mtDNAs from both species, but the goat D loop is only 75% as long as the sheep D loop. Regions with a high degree of sequence divergence occur at both ends of the D loop. We suggest that a duplication of about 150 base pairs has occurred in the region where the sheep and goat D loops differ in length. We discuss mtDNA evolution in terms of divergence of isolated \"mitochondrial DNA clones.\""}
{"id": "PMID:884738", "title": "Globin RNA precursor molecules: biosynthesis and process in erythroid cells.", "content": "Hybridization of labeled RNA with excess amounts of DNA complementary to globin mRNA, in conjunction with a pulse-chase technique, were used to investigate the biosynthetic pathway of globin mRNA in erythroid cells. Three species of molecules sharing common sequences with globin mRNA were detected in the nuclei of these cells, two of which are larger than the cytoplasmic globin mRNA. One species was approximately 7 times larger than globin mRNA (\"27S\"), and the other (\"15S\") was only about twice the size of cytoplasmic globin mRNA. The largest species lacked poly(A) sequences, while the others contained poly(A), After chase, the large RNA species gradually disappeared ( 1/2 = 5 min), while the cytoplasmic 10S species accumulated. From these results a model is proposed describing the biosynthetic pathway of globin RNA transcription: an early transcription product is the large molecule \"27S\" (approximately 5000 nucleotides long) which is then cleaved into a smaller species \"15S\" (approximately 1500 nucleotides). This intermediate precursor is then clipped, presumably at the 5' end, and finally converted to the exported \"10S\" molecule (approximately 750 nucleotides) which accumulates in the cytoplasm.", "contents": "Globin RNA precursor molecules: biosynthesis and process in erythroid cells. Hybridization of labeled RNA with excess amounts of DNA complementary to globin mRNA, in conjunction with a pulse-chase technique, were used to investigate the biosynthetic pathway of globin mRNA in erythroid cells. Three species of molecules sharing common sequences with globin mRNA were detected in the nuclei of these cells, two of which are larger than the cytoplasmic globin mRNA. One species was approximately 7 times larger than globin mRNA (\"27S\"), and the other (\"15S\") was only about twice the size of cytoplasmic globin mRNA. The largest species lacked poly(A) sequences, while the others contained poly(A), After chase, the large RNA species gradually disappeared ( 1/2 = 5 min), while the cytoplasmic 10S species accumulated. From these results a model is proposed describing the biosynthetic pathway of globin RNA transcription: an early transcription product is the large molecule \"27S\" (approximately 5000 nucleotides long) which is then cleaved into a smaller species \"15S\" (approximately 1500 nucleotides). This intermediate precursor is then clipped, presumably at the 5' end, and finally converted to the exported \"10S\" molecule (approximately 750 nucleotides) which accumulates in the cytoplasm."}
{"id": "PMID:884739", "title": "Presence of histone mRNA sequences in high molecular weight RNA of HeLa cells.", "content": "Pulse-labeled HeLa cell RNA centrifuged under denaturing conditions was hybridized with DNA of recombinant phages containing sea urchin histone genes. This cross-hybridization showed the presence of histone mRNA sequences in high molecular weight RNA molecules. Treatment of the cells with actinomycin to stop RNA synthesis resulted in the rapid decay of this high molecular weight RNA followed by an increase of 9S histone mRNA in the cytoplasm. The results are consistent with the presence in HeLa cells of a high molecular weight precursor to histone messengers.", "contents": "Presence of histone mRNA sequences in high molecular weight RNA of HeLa cells. Pulse-labeled HeLa cell RNA centrifuged under denaturing conditions was hybridized with DNA of recombinant phages containing sea urchin histone genes. This cross-hybridization showed the presence of histone mRNA sequences in high molecular weight RNA molecules. Treatment of the cells with actinomycin to stop RNA synthesis resulted in the rapid decay of this high molecular weight RNA followed by an increase of 9S histone mRNA in the cytoplasm. The results are consistent with the presence in HeLa cells of a high molecular weight precursor to histone messengers."}
{"id": "PMID:884740", "title": "Macrophage plasminogen activator: induction by concanavalin A and phorbol myristate acetate.", "content": "The synthesis and secretion of plasminogen activator by cultured macrophages can be induced and stimulated by concanavalin A and by phorbol myristate acetate, and inhibited by such agents as glucocorticoids, mitotic inhibitors and compounds affecting cAMP metabolism. By the manipulation of stimulatory and inhibitory influences, enzyme production can be modulated continuously over a 200 fold range. In the same way, the proportion of cells that secrete detectable levels of enzyme can be varied from 1-90%. No comparable modulation of lysozyme or acid hydrolase production is observed under the same conditions. These results suggest that the physiological control of macrophage plasminogen activator production is achieved by the interacting effects of mutually antagonistic stimuli; this emphasizes the utility of this enzyme for the study of regulatory phenomena, including those relating to inflammation.", "contents": "Macrophage plasminogen activator: induction by concanavalin A and phorbol myristate acetate. The synthesis and secretion of plasminogen activator by cultured macrophages can be induced and stimulated by concanavalin A and by phorbol myristate acetate, and inhibited by such agents as glucocorticoids, mitotic inhibitors and compounds affecting cAMP metabolism. By the manipulation of stimulatory and inhibitory influences, enzyme production can be modulated continuously over a 200 fold range. In the same way, the proportion of cells that secrete detectable levels of enzyme can be varied from 1-90%. No comparable modulation of lysozyme or acid hydrolase production is observed under the same conditions. These results suggest that the physiological control of macrophage plasminogen activator production is achieved by the interacting effects of mutually antagonistic stimuli; this emphasizes the utility of this enzyme for the study of regulatory phenomena, including those relating to inflammation."}
{"id": "PMID:884741", "title": "Changes in mouse mammary epithelial cell size during mammary gland development.", "content": "The average volume and size distribution of mouse mammary epithelial cells (MMEC) at different stages of functional activity of the mammary gland have been estimated. During early pregnancy, the mean MMEC volume begins to enlarge, resulting in a 21-fold cell volume increase by late lactation (Day 18). Progressive increases in mean MMEC volume during late pregnancy and throughout lactation result from the appearance and progressive hypertrophy of secretory alveolar cells. Involution of the mammary tissue brings about a precipitous decrease both in the average MMED volume and in the distribution of cell sizes established during the later phases of lactation. The progressive hypertrophy of cells particularly throughout the lactational period appear to correlate with previously reported changes in the metabolic activities of the mammary gland.", "contents": "Changes in mouse mammary epithelial cell size during mammary gland development. The average volume and size distribution of mouse mammary epithelial cells (MMEC) at different stages of functional activity of the mammary gland have been estimated. During early pregnancy, the mean MMEC volume begins to enlarge, resulting in a 21-fold cell volume increase by late lactation (Day 18). Progressive increases in mean MMEC volume during late pregnancy and throughout lactation result from the appearance and progressive hypertrophy of secretory alveolar cells. Involution of the mammary tissue brings about a precipitous decrease both in the average MMED volume and in the distribution of cell sizes established during the later phases of lactation. The progressive hypertrophy of cells particularly throughout the lactational period appear to correlate with previously reported changes in the metabolic activities of the mammary gland."}
{"id": "PMID:884742", "title": "Incorporation of specific amino acids as markers of cell differentiation.", "content": "Incorporation of different amino acids into the proteins of wheat embryo has been found to be not uniform during the various stages of seed germination. It is suggested that incorporation maxima of appropriate amino acids can be used as markers of switching of specific protein synthesis during embryo development. Such markers have been found suitable for defining the functional activity of preformed messenger RNA.", "contents": "Incorporation of specific amino acids as markers of cell differentiation. Incorporation of different amino acids into the proteins of wheat embryo has been found to be not uniform during the various stages of seed germination. It is suggested that incorporation maxima of appropriate amino acids can be used as markers of switching of specific protein synthesis during embryo development. Such markers have been found suitable for defining the functional activity of preformed messenger RNA."}
{"id": "PMID:884773", "title": "Relationships between the chemical structure and the biological properties of some eremophilane compounds related to PR toxin.", "content": "The problem of the chemical structure--biological effects relationships has been studied for various eremophilane compounds related to PR toxin (PRT), a mycotoxin synthesized by Penicillium roqueforti. The biological tests were based on in vivo toxicity for male Swiss mice and inhibition of in vitro transcription and tranlation. The results showed a good correlation between the responses obtained for the three tests by the different compounds; thus, the toxic potency and the capacity of inhibiting transcription and translation should be directed by a common chemical structure. The data also indicated that the biological properties are related to the existence of an aldehyde group in position 12. In addition, evidence has been obtained demonstrating the hydrolysis of PRT imine with formation of a PRT-like compound.", "contents": "Relationships between the chemical structure and the biological properties of some eremophilane compounds related to PR toxin. The problem of the chemical structure--biological effects relationships has been studied for various eremophilane compounds related to PR toxin (PRT), a mycotoxin synthesized by Penicillium roqueforti. The biological tests were based on in vivo toxicity for male Swiss mice and inhibition of in vitro transcription and tranlation. The results showed a good correlation between the responses obtained for the three tests by the different compounds; thus, the toxic potency and the capacity of inhibiting transcription and translation should be directed by a common chemical structure. The data also indicated that the biological properties are related to the existence of an aldehyde group in position 12. In addition, evidence has been obtained demonstrating the hydrolysis of PRT imine with formation of a PRT-like compound."}
{"id": "PMID:884775", "title": "An unusual effect of N-octylamine on the cytochrome b5 spectrum of insect and mammalian microsomes.", "content": "The addition of n-octylamine to microsomes prepared from the midgut of tobacco hornworn (Manduca sexta) larvae causes an unusual spectral interaction. The initial optical difference spectrum appears to be the sum of reduced cytochrome b5 and a type II difference spectrum of cytochrome P-450. This initial spectrum is unstable and diminishes in size, with a concurrent shift in peak (424 to 428 nm) and trough (409 and 392 to approx. 400 nm) positions, to yield a stable spectrum identical to the type II spectrum of cytochrome P-450. Thus, in addition to its interaction with cytochrome P-450, n-octylamine causes a reduction of cytochrome b5 which subsequently becomes reoxidized. The causal factor for this unusual spectral interaction occurs in the cytoplasm and appears to be protein-bound. It was also present in similar preparations from the tobacco budworm (Heliothis virescens) but not in those from rat or mouse liver or abdomens from insecticide-resistant or susceptible houseflies (Musca domestica). Microsomes from rat and mouse liver, but not those from housefly abdomens, exhibit similar unusual spectral interactions with n-octylamine when supplemented with the soluble factor from the hornworm.", "contents": "An unusual effect of N-octylamine on the cytochrome b5 spectrum of insect and mammalian microsomes. The addition of n-octylamine to microsomes prepared from the midgut of tobacco hornworn (Manduca sexta) larvae causes an unusual spectral interaction. The initial optical difference spectrum appears to be the sum of reduced cytochrome b5 and a type II difference spectrum of cytochrome P-450. This initial spectrum is unstable and diminishes in size, with a concurrent shift in peak (424 to 428 nm) and trough (409 and 392 to approx. 400 nm) positions, to yield a stable spectrum identical to the type II spectrum of cytochrome P-450. Thus, in addition to its interaction with cytochrome P-450, n-octylamine causes a reduction of cytochrome b5 which subsequently becomes reoxidized. The causal factor for this unusual spectral interaction occurs in the cytoplasm and appears to be protein-bound. It was also present in similar preparations from the tobacco budworm (Heliothis virescens) but not in those from rat or mouse liver or abdomens from insecticide-resistant or susceptible houseflies (Musca domestica). Microsomes from rat and mouse liver, but not those from housefly abdomens, exhibit similar unusual spectral interactions with n-octylamine when supplemented with the soluble factor from the hornworm."}
{"id": "PMID:884776", "title": "The effect of vinyl chloride monomer, chloroethylene oxide and chloracetaldehyde on DNA synthesis in regenerating rat liver.", "content": "Vinyl chloride monomer used in the manufacture of polyvinyl chloride is a chemical of increasing industrial importance but has recently been incriminated as a carcinogen, producing a mutagenic effect after being metabolized to active metabolites. The initial effect of vinyl chloride monomer and two of its presumed metabolites, chloracetaldehyde and chloroethylene oxide, on DNA synthesis was investigated in vivo in regenerating rat liver. The established control curve for the DNA synthesis rate after partial hepatectomy demonstrated two waves of synthetic activity at 21 and 30 h. Vinyl chloride, injected intravenously immediately on completion of the operation, depressed the first wave of DNA synthesis by 49.6%. The second peak of DNA synthetic activity was similar to that of the control. Chloracetaldehyde and chloroethylene oxide both produced similar effects on the first wave of DNA synthesis after partial hepatectomy, inhibiting the DNA synthesis rate by approx. 50%. After a regenerating period of 27 h, however, they produced very different effects, chloroethylene oxide raising the control DNA synthesis rate at 30 h by 49% while chloracetaldehyde tended to desynchronize the well-defined second peak of the control. The test compounds have been compared to literature reports of the inhibitory effects of various carcinogens on DNA synthesis.", "contents": "The effect of vinyl chloride monomer, chloroethylene oxide and chloracetaldehyde on DNA synthesis in regenerating rat liver. Vinyl chloride monomer used in the manufacture of polyvinyl chloride is a chemical of increasing industrial importance but has recently been incriminated as a carcinogen, producing a mutagenic effect after being metabolized to active metabolites. The initial effect of vinyl chloride monomer and two of its presumed metabolites, chloracetaldehyde and chloroethylene oxide, on DNA synthesis was investigated in vivo in regenerating rat liver. The established control curve for the DNA synthesis rate after partial hepatectomy demonstrated two waves of synthetic activity at 21 and 30 h. Vinyl chloride, injected intravenously immediately on completion of the operation, depressed the first wave of DNA synthesis by 49.6%. The second peak of DNA synthetic activity was similar to that of the control. Chloracetaldehyde and chloroethylene oxide both produced similar effects on the first wave of DNA synthesis after partial hepatectomy, inhibiting the DNA synthesis rate by approx. 50%. After a regenerating period of 27 h, however, they produced very different effects, chloroethylene oxide raising the control DNA synthesis rate at 30 h by 49% while chloracetaldehyde tended to desynchronize the well-defined second peak of the control. The test compounds have been compared to literature reports of the inhibitory effects of various carcinogens on DNA synthesis."}
{"id": "PMID:884788", "title": "Influence of mannitol on maintaining coronary flows and salvaging myocardium during ventriculotomy and during prolonged coronary artery ligation.", "content": "We investigated whether prolonged infusion of hypertonic mannitol results in a sustained increase in coronary flow and reduces myocardial necrosis after ventriculotomy or two hours of circumflex coronary artery occlusion. Cardiac outputs, intracardiac pressures, and heart rates did not differ between mannitol and control animals. Those receiving mannitol after ventriculotomy had coronary flows to myocardium near the incision which did not differ from controls. During coronary occlusion, mannitol did increase flow to ischemic and peri-ischemic regions by one hour, but this increase was not sustained at two hours. On histologic examination, myocardial necrosis involving the right ventricular free wall in the ventriculotomy animals and the posterior papillary muscle and subadjacent free wall in the coronary occlusion animals, did not differ between the mannitol treated and control groups. The data obtained in the present study, combined with those from earlier evaluations of the influence of mannitol during ventriculotomy and myocardial ischemia, suggest that mannitol's ability to increase coronary flow to injured areas of myocardium is relatively short-lived.", "contents": "Influence of mannitol on maintaining coronary flows and salvaging myocardium during ventriculotomy and during prolonged coronary artery ligation. We investigated whether prolonged infusion of hypertonic mannitol results in a sustained increase in coronary flow and reduces myocardial necrosis after ventriculotomy or two hours of circumflex coronary artery occlusion. Cardiac outputs, intracardiac pressures, and heart rates did not differ between mannitol and control animals. Those receiving mannitol after ventriculotomy had coronary flows to myocardium near the incision which did not differ from controls. During coronary occlusion, mannitol did increase flow to ischemic and peri-ischemic regions by one hour, but this increase was not sustained at two hours. On histologic examination, myocardial necrosis involving the right ventricular free wall in the ventriculotomy animals and the posterior papillary muscle and subadjacent free wall in the coronary occlusion animals, did not differ between the mannitol treated and control groups. The data obtained in the present study, combined with those from earlier evaluations of the influence of mannitol during ventriculotomy and myocardial ischemia, suggest that mannitol's ability to increase coronary flow to injured areas of myocardium is relatively short-lived."}
{"id": "PMID:884789", "title": "Efficacy of ambulatory systemic vasodilator therapy with oral prazosin in chronic refractory heart failure. Concomitant relief of pulmonary congestion and elevation of pump output demonstrated by improvements in symptomatology, exercise tolerance, hemodynamics and echocardiography.", "content": "The long-term efficacy of the new oral vasodilator, prazosin (PZ), was evaluated in nine patients with refractory heart failure due to chronic coronary heart disease. Ventricular function was assessed by cardiac catheterization, echocardiography, and treadmill testing; symptomatic evaluation was carried out for two to four months. One hour following 2-7 mg PZ, control left ventricular filling pressure was reduced (32 to 18 mm Hg, P less than 0.001) and cardiac index was elevated (1.95 to 2.89 L/min/m2, P less than 0.001) for a 6-hour period. After two weeks of PZ 2 to 7 mg four times daily, echographic end-diastolic dimension fell (5.7 to 5.4 cm, P less than 0.001) while shortening fraction increased (27.6 to 30.2%, P less than 0.005). Treadmill exercise duration increased from 209 to 317 seconds (P less than 0.001). Symptoms diminished throughout the duration of follow-up (mean 94 days) with improvement in NYHA functional class (3.7 to 2.2, P less than 0.001). Thus, prazosin possesses sustained nitroprusside-like balanced dilator actions on the systemic arterial and venous systems and is effective in the ambulatory management of chronic severe heart failure.", "contents": "Efficacy of ambulatory systemic vasodilator therapy with oral prazosin in chronic refractory heart failure. Concomitant relief of pulmonary congestion and elevation of pump output demonstrated by improvements in symptomatology, exercise tolerance, hemodynamics and echocardiography. The long-term efficacy of the new oral vasodilator, prazosin (PZ), was evaluated in nine patients with refractory heart failure due to chronic coronary heart disease. Ventricular function was assessed by cardiac catheterization, echocardiography, and treadmill testing; symptomatic evaluation was carried out for two to four months. One hour following 2-7 mg PZ, control left ventricular filling pressure was reduced (32 to 18 mm Hg, P less than 0.001) and cardiac index was elevated (1.95 to 2.89 L/min/m2, P less than 0.001) for a 6-hour period. After two weeks of PZ 2 to 7 mg four times daily, echographic end-diastolic dimension fell (5.7 to 5.4 cm, P less than 0.001) while shortening fraction increased (27.6 to 30.2%, P less than 0.005). Treadmill exercise duration increased from 209 to 317 seconds (P less than 0.001). Symptoms diminished throughout the duration of follow-up (mean 94 days) with improvement in NYHA functional class (3.7 to 2.2, P less than 0.001). Thus, prazosin possesses sustained nitroprusside-like balanced dilator actions on the systemic arterial and venous systems and is effective in the ambulatory management of chronic severe heart failure."}
{"id": "PMID:884790", "title": "Effects of digitalis on resting and isometric exercise myocardial perfusion in patients with coronary artery disease and left ventricular dysfunction.", "content": "Digitalis has been shown to improve the impaired ventricular function associated with coronary artery disease as well as to increase myocardial oxygen consumption and produce coronary vasoconstriction. To elucidate the net result of these contrasting effects, six patients with coronary artery disease and left ventricular ejection fractions less than 0.50 had 1.0 mCi thallium-201 injected intravenously at rest and during three minutes of 33% of maximal handgrip, off and on 0.25 mg daily maintenance digoxin. Thallium-201 scintigram images were taken 30 minutes later and were computer processed with orthogonal linearly interpolated background subtraction and maximal count density equalization. Processed images were visually graded on a 0, 1, or 2 scale for 18 sectors--nine from the AP projections and nine from the 40 degrees left anterior oblique projections. A score resulting from the summation of the 18 sector grades was made for each study, the maximum score being 36. Off digitalis, patients performing handgrip exercise decreased their scintigram scores from 25.7 +/- 1.5 (mean +/- SEM) to 23.0 +/- 1.0, P less than 0.05. When patients were on maintenance digoxin, scores did not change significantly during handgrip exercise. Post exercise scores were significantly higher on digoxin than off (P less than 0.05), whereas, resting scores were unaffected by digoxin. These data suggest that myocardial perfusion, as measured by thallium-201 uptake, is improved in patients on digitalis who have coronary artery disease and left ventricular dysfunction.", "contents": "Effects of digitalis on resting and isometric exercise myocardial perfusion in patients with coronary artery disease and left ventricular dysfunction. Digitalis has been shown to improve the impaired ventricular function associated with coronary artery disease as well as to increase myocardial oxygen consumption and produce coronary vasoconstriction. To elucidate the net result of these contrasting effects, six patients with coronary artery disease and left ventricular ejection fractions less than 0.50 had 1.0 mCi thallium-201 injected intravenously at rest and during three minutes of 33% of maximal handgrip, off and on 0.25 mg daily maintenance digoxin. Thallium-201 scintigram images were taken 30 minutes later and were computer processed with orthogonal linearly interpolated background subtraction and maximal count density equalization. Processed images were visually graded on a 0, 1, or 2 scale for 18 sectors--nine from the AP projections and nine from the 40 degrees left anterior oblique projections. A score resulting from the summation of the 18 sector grades was made for each study, the maximum score being 36. Off digitalis, patients performing handgrip exercise decreased their scintigram scores from 25.7 +/- 1.5 (mean +/- SEM) to 23.0 +/- 1.0, P less than 0.05. When patients were on maintenance digoxin, scores did not change significantly during handgrip exercise. Post exercise scores were significantly higher on digoxin than off (P less than 0.05), whereas, resting scores were unaffected by digoxin. These data suggest that myocardial perfusion, as measured by thallium-201 uptake, is improved in patients on digitalis who have coronary artery disease and left ventricular dysfunction."}
{"id": "PMID:884791", "title": "Serum glycoproteins in coronary artery disease.", "content": "Serum glycoprotein levels were compared in two groups of age- and sex-matched patients, 15 with coronary artery disease and 14 normal controls. While total glycoprotein levels were increased in the coronary group, significantly higher levels were found in only five of 16 glycoproteins--C3c haptoglobin, GC-globulin, alpha1-acid glycoprotein, and C3 activator--with no change in 10 other glycoproteins and significant decrease in transferrin. This study demonstrates what appears to be a glycoprotein profile in coronary artery disease and reviews possible interactions of glycoproteins with known risk factors in atherogenesis.", "contents": "Serum glycoproteins in coronary artery disease. Serum glycoprotein levels were compared in two groups of age- and sex-matched patients, 15 with coronary artery disease and 14 normal controls. While total glycoprotein levels were increased in the coronary group, significantly higher levels were found in only five of 16 glycoproteins--C3c haptoglobin, GC-globulin, alpha1-acid glycoprotein, and C3 activator--with no change in 10 other glycoproteins and significant decrease in transferrin. This study demonstrates what appears to be a glycoprotein profile in coronary artery disease and reviews possible interactions of glycoproteins with known risk factors in atherogenesis."}
{"id": "PMID:884792", "title": "The Erysichthon syndrome. Progression of coronary atherosclerosis and dietary hyperlipidemia.", "content": "One hundred nineteen patients with coronary artery disease confirmed by coronary arteriograms were studied. Cine coronary arteriography confirmed progression of atherosclerosis in 106 (89%) patients (mean age 50.9 yr) and nonprogression in 13 (11%) patients (mean age 50.3 yr). Progression was defined as follows: any increase to 50% stenosis, 50% to 75% narrowing, 75% to 90%, 90% to 99%, 99% to total occlusion. Only one patient of the 106 who progressed (less than 1%) had ideal values for both cholesterol and triglyceride. Three of 13 patients (23%) who did not progress had ideal lipid values (P less than 0.005). Fifty four of 106 patients who progressed had cholesterol levels greater than or equal to 250 mg%; none of 13 patients who did not progress had such levels (P less than 0.005). Thirty-nine of 98 (40%) patients who progressed had hypertension; only one (8%) who did not progress had hypertension (P less than 0.025). Seventy-four of 96 patients who progressed were smokers (77%); two of 13 nonprogression patients smoked (15%) (P less than 0.005).", "contents": "The Erysichthon syndrome. Progression of coronary atherosclerosis and dietary hyperlipidemia. One hundred nineteen patients with coronary artery disease confirmed by coronary arteriograms were studied. Cine coronary arteriography confirmed progression of atherosclerosis in 106 (89%) patients (mean age 50.9 yr) and nonprogression in 13 (11%) patients (mean age 50.3 yr). Progression was defined as follows: any increase to 50% stenosis, 50% to 75% narrowing, 75% to 90%, 90% to 99%, 99% to total occlusion. Only one patient of the 106 who progressed (less than 1%) had ideal values for both cholesterol and triglyceride. Three of 13 patients (23%) who did not progress had ideal lipid values (P less than 0.005). Fifty four of 106 patients who progressed had cholesterol levels greater than or equal to 250 mg%; none of 13 patients who did not progress had such levels (P less than 0.005). Thirty-nine of 98 (40%) patients who progressed had hypertension; only one (8%) who did not progress had hypertension (P less than 0.025). Seventy-four of 96 patients who progressed were smokers (77%); two of 13 nonprogression patients smoked (15%) (P less than 0.005)."}
{"id": "PMID:884793", "title": "A study of left ventricular function in coronary patients before and after physical training.", "content": "Fifteen subjects recovering from a myocardial infarction or suffering from angina were given a maximum effort test on a bicycle ergometer and hemodynamic and angiographic investigations before and after a period of physical training. The training program consisted of three sessions of 60 to 75 min each week for two months. Maximum effort tests showed that physical capacity had increased by 17% (P less than 0.02) and that for the same amount of effort the heart rate had decreased by 13% and the blood pressure by 7% (P less than 0.01). Hemodynamic and angiographic investigations showed no significant changes after training in the left ventricular end-diastolic pressure, ventricular volume, ejection fraction, VCF, percentage of shortening and segmental contractility, in the total group, in those patients whose contractility was considerably impaired, or in those who had large dyskinetic areas or widespread akinesia. It is concluded that training had no direct influence on the myocardium, either beneficial or detrimental.", "contents": "A study of left ventricular function in coronary patients before and after physical training. Fifteen subjects recovering from a myocardial infarction or suffering from angina were given a maximum effort test on a bicycle ergometer and hemodynamic and angiographic investigations before and after a period of physical training. The training program consisted of three sessions of 60 to 75 min each week for two months. Maximum effort tests showed that physical capacity had increased by 17% (P less than 0.02) and that for the same amount of effort the heart rate had decreased by 13% and the blood pressure by 7% (P less than 0.01). Hemodynamic and angiographic investigations showed no significant changes after training in the left ventricular end-diastolic pressure, ventricular volume, ejection fraction, VCF, percentage of shortening and segmental contractility, in the total group, in those patients whose contractility was considerably impaired, or in those who had large dyskinetic areas or widespread akinesia. It is concluded that training had no direct influence on the myocardium, either beneficial or detrimental."}
{"id": "PMID:884794", "title": "Immediate effect of contrast medium injection on left ventricular volumes and ejection fraction. A study using metallic epicardial markers.", "content": "The immediate effect of contrast medium injection on left ventricular (LV) volume, stroke volume (SV) and ejection fraction (EF) was evaluated from postoperative LV biplane cineangiograms of 10 patients with 4-6 epicardial markers placed at the time of coronary artery surgery. After calibrating marker distances with respect to volume (r = 0.97-0.99) over one cardiac cycle for each patient, regression equations were used to compute LV volume from marker measurements for beats prior to, during and following injection. End-diastolic volumes (EDV) prior to injection ranged from 93-263 ml and did not change significantly with injection. End-systolic volumes (ESV) showed a mean decrease of 7.3 ml by beat 7 following injection; this was of borderline significance. Similarly, there was no significant change of SV or EF until beat 7 when there were small but significant increases of 6.4 ml and 0.04, respectively. The injection of moderate amounts of contrast in man does not cause significant changes in LV volume or EF through the sixth post-injection beat.", "contents": "Immediate effect of contrast medium injection on left ventricular volumes and ejection fraction. A study using metallic epicardial markers. The immediate effect of contrast medium injection on left ventricular (LV) volume, stroke volume (SV) and ejection fraction (EF) was evaluated from postoperative LV biplane cineangiograms of 10 patients with 4-6 epicardial markers placed at the time of coronary artery surgery. After calibrating marker distances with respect to volume (r = 0.97-0.99) over one cardiac cycle for each patient, regression equations were used to compute LV volume from marker measurements for beats prior to, during and following injection. End-diastolic volumes (EDV) prior to injection ranged from 93-263 ml and did not change significantly with injection. End-systolic volumes (ESV) showed a mean decrease of 7.3 ml by beat 7 following injection; this was of borderline significance. Similarly, there was no significant change of SV or EF until beat 7 when there were small but significant increases of 6.4 ml and 0.04, respectively. The injection of moderate amounts of contrast in man does not cause significant changes in LV volume or EF through the sixth post-injection beat."}
{"id": "PMID:884795", "title": "Termination of ventricular tachycardia by an increase in cardiac vagal drive.", "content": "Out of 12 patients in whom phenylephrine terminated ventricular tachycardia, four were selected for detailed studies of its mechanism of action. Pretreatment with edrophonium (15-20 mg, i.v.) decreased, while atropine (2.4 mg, i.v.) increased by at least a factor of two, the dose of phenylephrine required to break ventricular tachycardia. Carotid sinus massage following pretreatment with edrophonium in unusually high (15-20 mg, i.v.) doses broke ventricular tachycardia in all four patients. The evidence presented supports the assumption that a vagal mechanism caused both instances of termination. These findings significantly alter our interpretation of vagal interventions in the bedside clinical diagnosis of wide QRS complex tachycardias.", "contents": "Termination of ventricular tachycardia by an increase in cardiac vagal drive. Out of 12 patients in whom phenylephrine terminated ventricular tachycardia, four were selected for detailed studies of its mechanism of action. Pretreatment with edrophonium (15-20 mg, i.v.) decreased, while atropine (2.4 mg, i.v.) increased by at least a factor of two, the dose of phenylephrine required to break ventricular tachycardia. Carotid sinus massage following pretreatment with edrophonium in unusually high (15-20 mg, i.v.) doses broke ventricular tachycardia in all four patients. The evidence presented supports the assumption that a vagal mechanism caused both instances of termination. These findings significantly alter our interpretation of vagal interventions in the bedside clinical diagnosis of wide QRS complex tachycardias."}
{"id": "PMID:884797", "title": "Echocardiographic and hemodynamic relationships of ejection sounds.", "content": "The physiologic correlates of ejection sounds have been studied by simultaneous phonocardiograms, echocardiograms and high fidelity pressure tracings. Ejection sounds associated with semilunar valve stenosis or hypertension of the systemic or pulmonary circulation occur at the moment of complete opening of the aortic or pulmonary valve recorded echocardiographically. The start of opening of these valves occurs at the onset of the pressure rise in the corresponding great vessel and completion of valve opening always occurs on the pressure upstroke. The ejection sound in the presence of stenotic valves occurs with checking of the opening motion of the thickened valve cusps. Although the hypertensive ejection sounds also occur at the precise moment of full opening of the valve it remains to be seen whether this relationship is causal or coincidental.", "contents": "Echocardiographic and hemodynamic relationships of ejection sounds. The physiologic correlates of ejection sounds have been studied by simultaneous phonocardiograms, echocardiograms and high fidelity pressure tracings. Ejection sounds associated with semilunar valve stenosis or hypertension of the systemic or pulmonary circulation occur at the moment of complete opening of the aortic or pulmonary valve recorded echocardiographically. The start of opening of these valves occurs at the onset of the pressure rise in the corresponding great vessel and completion of valve opening always occurs on the pressure upstroke. The ejection sound in the presence of stenotic valves occurs with checking of the opening motion of the thickened valve cusps. Although the hypertensive ejection sounds also occur at the precise moment of full opening of the valve it remains to be seen whether this relationship is causal or coincidental."}
{"id": "PMID:884798", "title": "Limitations of the echocardiogram in diagnosing valvular vegetations in patients with mitral valve prolapse.", "content": "In order to assess the reliability of the echocardiogram in detecting valvular vegetations in patients with mitral valve prolapse (MVP), echocardiograms from 85 consecutive patients with mitral valve prolapse were reviewed. Eleven patients had thick shaggy echoes confined to the anterior mitral leaflet; eighteen patients had shaggy echoes on the posterior leaflet; and five had abnormal echoes on both the anterior and posterior leaflets. Only one patient had clinical evidence of infective endocarditis. Redundant leaflets which present multiple surfaces for the production of echoes may explain the abnormal echoes that were observed. Patients with echographic features suggesting mild prolapse less commonly exhibited shaggy leaflet echoes than those with more severe prolapse. Because a significant proportion (40%) of patients with MVP had shaggy echoes which closely resembled those seen in valvular vegetations, we feel that the echocardiogram is of limited value in diagnosing infective endocarditis in patients with mitral valve prolapse.", "contents": "Limitations of the echocardiogram in diagnosing valvular vegetations in patients with mitral valve prolapse. In order to assess the reliability of the echocardiogram in detecting valvular vegetations in patients with mitral valve prolapse (MVP), echocardiograms from 85 consecutive patients with mitral valve prolapse were reviewed. Eleven patients had thick shaggy echoes confined to the anterior mitral leaflet; eighteen patients had shaggy echoes on the posterior leaflet; and five had abnormal echoes on both the anterior and posterior leaflets. Only one patient had clinical evidence of infective endocarditis. Redundant leaflets which present multiple surfaces for the production of echoes may explain the abnormal echoes that were observed. Patients with echographic features suggesting mild prolapse less commonly exhibited shaggy leaflet echoes than those with more severe prolapse. Because a significant proportion (40%) of patients with MVP had shaggy echoes which closely resembled those seen in valvular vegetations, we feel that the echocardiogram is of limited value in diagnosing infective endocarditis in patients with mitral valve prolapse."}
{"id": "PMID:884799", "title": "Echocardiography of right ventricular tumors.", "content": "The clinical and echocardiographic findings of four patients with right ventricular tumors (three myxomas and one metastatic melanoma) are presented. All four patients previously had been evaluated by competent cardiologists, and the diagnosis of a right ventricular tumor was missed. The initial echocardiograms were interpreted as not showing any right ventricular tumor; but on review we found that the correct diagnosis could have been made. The presence of the right ventricular myxomas was confirmed at angiography and surgery. However, the attachment of the stalk of the mycoma could not be determined confidently by angiography alone, and in two of the three cases two-dimensional echocardiography was required to identify correctly the location of the base of the stalk. This paper emphasizes the usefulness and technical difficulties of M-mode and two-dimensional echocardiography in the diagnosis of a right ventricular tumor.", "contents": "Echocardiography of right ventricular tumors. The clinical and echocardiographic findings of four patients with right ventricular tumors (three myxomas and one metastatic melanoma) are presented. All four patients previously had been evaluated by competent cardiologists, and the diagnosis of a right ventricular tumor was missed. The initial echocardiograms were interpreted as not showing any right ventricular tumor; but on review we found that the correct diagnosis could have been made. The presence of the right ventricular myxomas was confirmed at angiography and surgery. However, the attachment of the stalk of the mycoma could not be determined confidently by angiography alone, and in two of the three cases two-dimensional echocardiography was required to identify correctly the location of the base of the stalk. This paper emphasizes the usefulness and technical difficulties of M-mode and two-dimensional echocardiography in the diagnosis of a right ventricular tumor."}
{"id": "PMID:884800", "title": "Two-dimensional echocardiographic findings in atrial septal defect.", "content": "Two-dimensional echocardiographic findings in a group of 24 patients with atrial septal defects were correlated with findings obtained by cardiac catheterization and M-mode echocardiography. The prevalence of mitral prolapse was 95% by two-dimensional echocardiography and 59% by angiography in patients with secundum and sinus venosus atrial septal defects. The majority of the group with echocardiographic prolapse manifested a distinctive pattern of prolapse, with predominant involvement of the anterior mitral leaflet. Thirty-eight percent of the patients in this series manifested paradoxical septal motion by M-mode and/or two-dimensional echocardiography. In the patients with abnormal septal motion, the net systolic anterior movement of the septum was caused by an exaggerated systolic anterior movement of the main body of the left ventricle. The atrial septal defect could be visualized with confidence by two-dimensional echocardiography only in the two patients with ostium primum atrial septal defects. Cleft anterior mitral leaflets were also clearly demonstrated in these two patients.", "contents": "Two-dimensional echocardiographic findings in atrial septal defect. Two-dimensional echocardiographic findings in a group of 24 patients with atrial septal defects were correlated with findings obtained by cardiac catheterization and M-mode echocardiography. The prevalence of mitral prolapse was 95% by two-dimensional echocardiography and 59% by angiography in patients with secundum and sinus venosus atrial septal defects. The majority of the group with echocardiographic prolapse manifested a distinctive pattern of prolapse, with predominant involvement of the anterior mitral leaflet. Thirty-eight percent of the patients in this series manifested paradoxical septal motion by M-mode and/or two-dimensional echocardiography. In the patients with abnormal septal motion, the net systolic anterior movement of the septum was caused by an exaggerated systolic anterior movement of the main body of the left ventricle. The atrial septal defect could be visualized with confidence by two-dimensional echocardiography only in the two patients with ostium primum atrial septal defects. Cleft anterior mitral leaflets were also clearly demonstrated in these two patients."}
{"id": "PMID:884801", "title": "Evaluation of left ventricular size and function by echocardiography. Results in normal children.", "content": "Left ventricular (LV) size and function were studied by echocardiography in 145 normal children. The LV end-diastolic diameter (EDD) and its percentage change with systole (%deltaLVD) were measured and mean velocity of circumferential fiber shortening (Vcf) calculated. The LV pre-ejection period (PEP) and ejection time (LVET) were determined from recordings of aortic valve motion. The EDD increased by approximately threefold during childhood and was best correlated with the log of body weight (r = 0.95) and the log of body surface area (r = 0.96). The mean %deltaLVD was 36 +/- 4 (SD), and this index of LV function was independent of age and heart rate. Mean Vef was higher, and the absolute values of PEP and LVET shorter, in younger children with a faster heart rate. The mean ratio of PEP/LVET was 0.31 +/- 0.003, and was relatively independent of age (r = 0.41) and heart rate (r = 0.37). The %deltaLVD and PEP/LVET appear to be particularly useful indices of LV function because they remain constant during the course of childhood.", "contents": "Evaluation of left ventricular size and function by echocardiography. Results in normal children. Left ventricular (LV) size and function were studied by echocardiography in 145 normal children. The LV end-diastolic diameter (EDD) and its percentage change with systole (%deltaLVD) were measured and mean velocity of circumferential fiber shortening (Vcf) calculated. The LV pre-ejection period (PEP) and ejection time (LVET) were determined from recordings of aortic valve motion. The EDD increased by approximately threefold during childhood and was best correlated with the log of body weight (r = 0.95) and the log of body surface area (r = 0.96). The mean %deltaLVD was 36 +/- 4 (SD), and this index of LV function was independent of age and heart rate. Mean Vef was higher, and the absolute values of PEP and LVET shorter, in younger children with a faster heart rate. The mean ratio of PEP/LVET was 0.31 +/- 0.003, and was relatively independent of age (r = 0.41) and heart rate (r = 0.37). The %deltaLVD and PEP/LVET appear to be particularly useful indices of LV function because they remain constant during the course of childhood."}
{"id": "PMID:884803", "title": "The cardiovascular effects of the continuous infusion of dobutamine in patients with severe cardiac failure.", "content": "Twenty-five patients with left ventricular failure and low cardiac output received a 72 hour infusion of dobutamine (10-15 microgram/kg/min) in order to determine the cardiovascular properties of this new inotropic agent. Left ventricular contractile performance improved significantly during the infusion as measured by systolic time intervals and echocardiographic parameters. Mean PEP/LVET decreased from 0.76 +/- 0.03 to 0.58 +/- 0.03 (P less than 0.05). The percent change in internal dimension of the left ventricle from diastole to systole increased from 9.5 +/- 1 to 16.8 +/- 1 (P less than 0.05) and Vcf increased from 0.47 +/- 0.05 to 0.80 +/- 0.06 circ/sec (P less than 0.05). Mean cardiac output (nine patients) rose from 1.97 +/- 0.15 to 3.33 +/- 0.50 L/min/m2 while mean pulmonary capillary wedge pressure fell from 28 +/- 3 to 18 +/- 2 mm Hg during the infusion period (both P less than 0.05). These changes in cardiac function occurred without significant changes in heart rate, ventricular irritability, or blood pressure. Urine flow and urine sodium concentration increased during the infusion period. The improvement of cardiac function without the simultaneous development or exacerbation of undesirable effects (tachycardia, premature ventricular contractions, increased pulmonary or systemic resistance, tachyphylaxis, etc.) makes dobutamine a highly desirable inotropic agent.", "contents": "The cardiovascular effects of the continuous infusion of dobutamine in patients with severe cardiac failure. Twenty-five patients with left ventricular failure and low cardiac output received a 72 hour infusion of dobutamine (10-15 microgram/kg/min) in order to determine the cardiovascular properties of this new inotropic agent. Left ventricular contractile performance improved significantly during the infusion as measured by systolic time intervals and echocardiographic parameters. Mean PEP/LVET decreased from 0.76 +/- 0.03 to 0.58 +/- 0.03 (P less than 0.05). The percent change in internal dimension of the left ventricle from diastole to systole increased from 9.5 +/- 1 to 16.8 +/- 1 (P less than 0.05) and Vcf increased from 0.47 +/- 0.05 to 0.80 +/- 0.06 circ/sec (P less than 0.05). Mean cardiac output (nine patients) rose from 1.97 +/- 0.15 to 3.33 +/- 0.50 L/min/m2 while mean pulmonary capillary wedge pressure fell from 28 +/- 3 to 18 +/- 2 mm Hg during the infusion period (both P less than 0.05). These changes in cardiac function occurred without significant changes in heart rate, ventricular irritability, or blood pressure. Urine flow and urine sodium concentration increased during the infusion period. The improvement of cardiac function without the simultaneous development or exacerbation of undesirable effects (tachycardia, premature ventricular contractions, increased pulmonary or systemic resistance, tachyphylaxis, etc.) makes dobutamine a highly desirable inotropic agent."}
{"id": "PMID:884804", "title": "Systemic collateral and pulmonary artery stenosis in patients with congenital pulmonary valve atresia and ventricular septal defect.", "content": "Angiograms of 30 patients with congenital pulmonary valve atresia, ventricular septal defect, and large systemic-pulmonary collateral arteries (SPCAs) were evaluated. All had aortography, 28 had SPCA arteriography, and 26 had right ventriculography. Seventeen (65%) of 26 patients had a right ventricular infundibulum, 23 (77%) had a pulmonary artery confluence, and five of the nine patients without a right ventricular infundibulum had a confluence. Sixty-six SPCAs of aortic origin were seen; 28 (42%) had narrowing and 21 patients (70%) had one or more narrowed SPCAs. Five patients had collaterals from internal mammary, subclavian or innominate arteries. Fourteen (47%) had hilar pulmonary artery stenosis. Of these 14 patients mild peripheral stenosis was demonstrated in five. Right aortic arch was present in 15 patients (50%). Complete angiographic delineation of pulmonary vasculature is an essential procedure for preoperative detection of pulmonary and SPCA stenoses in these patients.", "contents": "Systemic collateral and pulmonary artery stenosis in patients with congenital pulmonary valve atresia and ventricular septal defect. Angiograms of 30 patients with congenital pulmonary valve atresia, ventricular septal defect, and large systemic-pulmonary collateral arteries (SPCAs) were evaluated. All had aortography, 28 had SPCA arteriography, and 26 had right ventriculography. Seventeen (65%) of 26 patients had a right ventricular infundibulum, 23 (77%) had a pulmonary artery confluence, and five of the nine patients without a right ventricular infundibulum had a confluence. Sixty-six SPCAs of aortic origin were seen; 28 (42%) had narrowing and 21 patients (70%) had one or more narrowed SPCAs. Five patients had collaterals from internal mammary, subclavian or innominate arteries. Fourteen (47%) had hilar pulmonary artery stenosis. Of these 14 patients mild peripheral stenosis was demonstrated in five. Right aortic arch was present in 15 patients (50%). Complete angiographic delineation of pulmonary vasculature is an essential procedure for preoperative detection of pulmonary and SPCA stenoses in these patients."}
{"id": "PMID:884805", "title": "The status of cardiovascular health knowledge among sixth, seventh, and eighth grade children.", "content": "The goals of this study were to develop and standardize a test of cardiovascular health knowledge to determine its status among primary school children, to ascertain the rate at which cardiovascular health knowledge increases as compared to other subject areas, and to demonstrate the feasibility of the use of standardized achievement tests for assessing the results of health education curricula. The Iowa Cardiovascular Health Knowledge Test (ICVHT) was developed and administered in conjunction with a standardized educational testing program, the Iowa Test of Basic Skills (ITBS), to a stratified sample of 2,675 Iowa Students from grades six, seven, and eight. The average student in the sixth, seventh and eighth grades answered 37.9 +/- 0.4, 41.2 +/- 0.3, and 43.7 +/- 0.4 (SEM) percent of the items correctly. ICVHT scores increased minimally (less than 1 item/grade) as  grade levels increased, but at a 75% slower rate than scores in other subjects tested. The results document a deficiency in cardiovascular health knowledge and provide a model for use in educational assessment programs in other health disciplines.", "contents": "The status of cardiovascular health knowledge among sixth, seventh, and eighth grade children. The goals of this study were to develop and standardize a test of cardiovascular health knowledge to determine its status among primary school children, to ascertain the rate at which cardiovascular health knowledge increases as compared to other subject areas, and to demonstrate the feasibility of the use of standardized achievement tests for assessing the results of health education curricula. The Iowa Cardiovascular Health Knowledge Test (ICVHT) was developed and administered in conjunction with a standardized educational testing program, the Iowa Test of Basic Skills (ITBS), to a stratified sample of 2,675 Iowa Students from grades six, seven, and eight. The average student in the sixth, seventh and eighth grades answered 37.9 +/- 0.4, 41.2 +/- 0.3, and 43.7 +/- 0.4 (SEM) percent of the items correctly. ICVHT scores increased minimally (less than 1 item/grade) as  grade levels increased, but at a 75% slower rate than scores in other subjects tested. The results document a deficiency in cardiovascular health knowledge and provide a model for use in educational assessment programs in other health disciplines."}
{"id": "PMID:884806", "title": "Conjoined thoracopagus twins.", "content": "A case of vaginally delivered stillborn female thoracopagus conjoined twins is presented. Each twin had a cleft lip and cleft palate. They shared a common pericardial sac and a common abdominal cavity. The liver was conjoined, and the small bowel was common to both twins. One twin was asplenic. Although the twins were monozygotic, their viscera were neither identical nor mirror-image to each other, and the visceral anomalies were unique to each twin. The hearts were fused, and communications existed between the circulations at the atrial and ventricular levels. One twin had single atrium, solitary (right) ventricle, malposed great arteries, pulmonary valvular atresia and infundibular stenosis, right aortic arch with aberrant left subclavian artery and with left ductus arteriosus, and atresia of the common pulmonary vein. The other twin had two atrial septal defects of the fossa ovalis and sinus venosus types, partial anomalous pulmonary venous connection, persistent left superior vena cava to coronary sinus, solitary (left) ventricle, malposed great arteries, and left aortic arch with aberrant right subclavian artery and with left ductus arteriosus. There was atrial and ventricular fusion. On hypothetical grounds, and in a comparable anatomic situation, salvage of one twin might be possible by surgical means, while the other twin was sacrificed.", "contents": "Conjoined thoracopagus twins. A case of vaginally delivered stillborn female thoracopagus conjoined twins is presented. Each twin had a cleft lip and cleft palate. They shared a common pericardial sac and a common abdominal cavity. The liver was conjoined, and the small bowel was common to both twins. One twin was asplenic. Although the twins were monozygotic, their viscera were neither identical nor mirror-image to each other, and the visceral anomalies were unique to each twin. The hearts were fused, and communications existed between the circulations at the atrial and ventricular levels. One twin had single atrium, solitary (right) ventricle, malposed great arteries, pulmonary valvular atresia and infundibular stenosis, right aortic arch with aberrant left subclavian artery and with left ductus arteriosus, and atresia of the common pulmonary vein. The other twin had two atrial septal defects of the fossa ovalis and sinus venosus types, partial anomalous pulmonary venous connection, persistent left superior vena cava to coronary sinus, solitary (left) ventricle, malposed great arteries, and left aortic arch with aberrant right subclavian artery and with left ductus arteriosus. There was atrial and ventricular fusion. On hypothetical grounds, and in a comparable anatomic situation, salvage of one twin might be possible by surgical means, while the other twin was sacrificed."}
{"id": "PMID:884812", "title": "Early saphenous vein grafting after subendocardial infarction. Immediate surgical results and late prognosis.", "content": "In a prospective study of subendocardial myocardial infarction (SEI), 64 patients underwent coronary arteriography and left ventriculography early after their SEI. Of these 64 patients, 28 had saphenous vein grafting (SVG) performed within 3 months of SEI. The majority of this surgical group (24 of 28 patients) were operated on because of unstable angina following their SEI. Of these 28 patients, three suffered a perioperative myocardial infarction (10.7% incidence) and another patient died immediately postoperative (3.6% mortality). At a mean follow-up period of 16 months, 22 of these 28 patients (78%) were free of angina; in addition, there were no late deaths or recurrent myocardial infarctions in this surgical group. Therefore, SVG appears to improve the functional status of the majority of this group of patients with a complication rate at surgery comparable to that reported for unstable angina alone.", "contents": "Early saphenous vein grafting after subendocardial infarction. Immediate surgical results and late prognosis. In a prospective study of subendocardial myocardial infarction (SEI), 64 patients underwent coronary arteriography and left ventriculography early after their SEI. Of these 64 patients, 28 had saphenous vein grafting (SVG) performed within 3 months of SEI. The majority of this surgical group (24 of 28 patients) were operated on because of unstable angina following their SEI. Of these 28 patients, three suffered a perioperative myocardial infarction (10.7% incidence) and another patient died immediately postoperative (3.6% mortality). At a mean follow-up period of 16 months, 22 of these 28 patients (78%) were free of angina; in addition, there were no late deaths or recurrent myocardial infarctions in this surgical group. Therefore, SVG appears to improve the functional status of the majority of this group of patients with a complication rate at surgery comparable to that reported for unstable angina alone."}
{"id": "PMID:884813", "title": "Mitral valve replacement in medically unresponsive congestive heart failure due to papillary muscle dysfunction.", "content": "Forty patients with a mean age of 65 years (range 44-76 years) were operated on; 30 of 40 patients (75%) had prior myocardial infarction. All had severe therapy-resistant congestive heart failure, 75% (30 of 40 patients) were symptomatic at rest, and 25% (10 of 40 patients) were symptomatic on minimal exertion. Cardiac index ranged from 1.24-2.84 L/min/m2 (mean 1.99). Left ventricular end-diastolic pressure ranged from 3-36 mm Hg (mean 18). All patients had significant mitral insufficiency and contractility was reduced markedly to moderately in 63% (25 of 40 patients). Significant coronary artery disease (obstruction greater than or equal to 75%) was present in all patients. All had mitral valve replacement, 30 had bypass surgery, and 7 left ventricular aneurysmectomy. Five died during surgery or before discharge (early mortality 12.5%). After a mean follow-up period of 16 months, another eight patients died, two with causes not related to the cardiovascular system (total mortality 32.5%). Of 20 patients with a cardiac index greater than or equal to 1.5 L/min/m2 and an ejection fraction greater than or equal to 0.40, 17 survived surgery and improved postoperatively. Mitral valve replacement for this group of patients is recommended.", "contents": "Mitral valve replacement in medically unresponsive congestive heart failure due to papillary muscle dysfunction. Forty patients with a mean age of 65 years (range 44-76 years) were operated on; 30 of 40 patients (75%) had prior myocardial infarction. All had severe therapy-resistant congestive heart failure, 75% (30 of 40 patients) were symptomatic at rest, and 25% (10 of 40 patients) were symptomatic on minimal exertion. Cardiac index ranged from 1.24-2.84 L/min/m2 (mean 1.99). Left ventricular end-diastolic pressure ranged from 3-36 mm Hg (mean 18). All patients had significant mitral insufficiency and contractility was reduced markedly to moderately in 63% (25 of 40 patients). Significant coronary artery disease (obstruction greater than or equal to 75%) was present in all patients. All had mitral valve replacement, 30 had bypass surgery, and 7 left ventricular aneurysmectomy. Five died during surgery or before discharge (early mortality 12.5%). After a mean follow-up period of 16 months, another eight patients died, two with causes not related to the cardiovascular system (total mortality 32.5%). Of 20 patients with a cardiac index greater than or equal to 1.5 L/min/m2 and an ejection fraction greater than or equal to 0.40, 17 survived surgery and improved postoperatively. Mitral valve replacement for this group of patients is recommended."}
{"id": "PMID:884814", "title": "Valve replacement in children.", "content": "Since 1964, 27 valve replacements have been performed in patients who ranged from 5 months to 20 years of age. Fourteen underwent aortic valve replacement, 10 underwent mitral valve replacement, two had systemic atrio-ventricular valve replacement, and one had tricuspid valve replacement. Nineteen patients had congenital heart disease, five had rheumatic disease, and three had Marfan's syndrome. Starr-Edwards prostheses were used in 17 patients, Bj\u00f6rk-Shiley prostheses in six, and procine xenografts in for. There were five early deaths and five late deaths. Patients were followed for 2 months to 6 years postoperatively (mean 2.1 years). All survivors showed clinical improvement. There were no episodes of thromboembolism. Minor bleeding, arrhythmias, and bacterial endocarditis occurred infrequently.", "contents": "Valve replacement in children. Since 1964, 27 valve replacements have been performed in patients who ranged from 5 months to 20 years of age. Fourteen underwent aortic valve replacement, 10 underwent mitral valve replacement, two had systemic atrio-ventricular valve replacement, and one had tricuspid valve replacement. Nineteen patients had congenital heart disease, five had rheumatic disease, and three had Marfan's syndrome. Starr-Edwards prostheses were used in 17 patients, Bj\u00f6rk-Shiley prostheses in six, and procine xenografts in for. There were five early deaths and five late deaths. Patients were followed for 2 months to 6 years postoperatively (mean 2.1 years). All survivors showed clinical improvement. There were no episodes of thromboembolism. Minor bleeding, arrhythmias, and bacterial endocarditis occurred infrequently."}
{"id": "PMID:884815", "title": "Angiographic predictors of survival following left ventricular aneurysmectomy.", "content": "Sixty-four consecutive patients with coronary artery disease who had resections of left ventricular scars during 1969 to 1973 were retrospectively identified. Extent of angiographic coronary artery disease was scored by the jeopardy score system. Size of the abnormally contracting segment (akinetic or dyskinetic in all) was measured as a percent of the end-diastolic ventriculographic perimeter (% ACS). Contractility of the non-ACS was expressed as the difference between the actual ejection fraction and that predicted by the spherical model of Feild and Dowling (excess ejection fraction, XEF.) Perioperative survival correlated with jeopardy score (21 of 27, jeopardy score less than or equal to 6; 19 of 37 jeopardy score greater than 6) and with XEF (30 OF 38, XEF greater than +0.10; 10 of 26, XEF less than or equal to \"0.10). When XEF and jeopardy score were combined, the patients were separated into four subgroups with perioperative survival ranging from 89% to 33%. Long-term survival (minimum follow-up period 30 months) in the 40 perioperative survivors also correlated with jeopardy score (95% at 54 mo for jeopardy score less than or equal to 6; 49% for jeopardy score greater than 6). Survival was unrelated to whether or not aortocoronary bypass graft procedures had been done. It is concluded that survival following aneurysmectomy is predicted by two preoperative angiographic variables--the extent of coronary artery disease and the contractility of the non-aneurysmal portion of the left ventricle.", "contents": "Angiographic predictors of survival following left ventricular aneurysmectomy. Sixty-four consecutive patients with coronary artery disease who had resections of left ventricular scars during 1969 to 1973 were retrospectively identified. Extent of angiographic coronary artery disease was scored by the jeopardy score system. Size of the abnormally contracting segment (akinetic or dyskinetic in all) was measured as a percent of the end-diastolic ventriculographic perimeter (% ACS). Contractility of the non-ACS was expressed as the difference between the actual ejection fraction and that predicted by the spherical model of Feild and Dowling (excess ejection fraction, XEF.) Perioperative survival correlated with jeopardy score (21 of 27, jeopardy score less than or equal to 6; 19 of 37 jeopardy score greater than 6) and with XEF (30 OF 38, XEF greater than +0.10; 10 of 26, XEF less than or equal to \"0.10). When XEF and jeopardy score were combined, the patients were separated into four subgroups with perioperative survival ranging from 89% to 33%. Long-term survival (minimum follow-up period 30 months) in the 40 perioperative survivors also correlated with jeopardy score (95% at 54 mo for jeopardy score less than or equal to 6; 49% for jeopardy score greater than 6). Survival was unrelated to whether or not aortocoronary bypass graft procedures had been done. It is concluded that survival following aneurysmectomy is predicted by two preoperative angiographic variables--the extent of coronary artery disease and the contractility of the non-aneurysmal portion of the left ventricle."}
{"id": "PMID:884816", "title": "Clinical and hemodynamic results following triple valve replacement: mechanical vs porcine xenograft prostheses.", "content": "This study summarizes the results in 26 patients of triple valve replacement (TVR) performed between 1967-1975. The first ten patients (group I) received all-mechanical valves, but the last 16 (group II) received porcine xenograft atrioventricular and porcine or mechanical aortic valves. Preoperatively, all patients were functional class II or IV with pulmonary arterial and venous hypertension. Early mortality was 30% group I and 18.8% group II; late mortality has been 30% group I and 6.3% group II. Total operative and bypass time, and duration of postoperative respiratory support was less (P less than 0.025) in group II than in group I. Postoperative catheterization performed in 16 of 26 patients demonstrated significant reduction (P less than 0.05) in pulmonary arterial and venous hypertension, and aortic and mitral gradients in group II. There have been no late complications or valve malfunctions in group II. An improvement of at least two functional classes was seen in 4/6 group I and 12/13 group II operative survivors. The results of TVR with porcine xenografts compare favorably with those of all-mechanical replacements and deserve further evaluation.", "contents": "Clinical and hemodynamic results following triple valve replacement: mechanical vs porcine xenograft prostheses. This study summarizes the results in 26 patients of triple valve replacement (TVR) performed between 1967-1975. The first ten patients (group I) received all-mechanical valves, but the last 16 (group II) received porcine xenograft atrioventricular and porcine or mechanical aortic valves. Preoperatively, all patients were functional class II or IV with pulmonary arterial and venous hypertension. Early mortality was 30% group I and 18.8% group II; late mortality has been 30% group I and 6.3% group II. Total operative and bypass time, and duration of postoperative respiratory support was less (P less than 0.025) in group II than in group I. Postoperative catheterization performed in 16 of 26 patients demonstrated significant reduction (P less than 0.05) in pulmonary arterial and venous hypertension, and aortic and mitral gradients in group II. There have been no late complications or valve malfunctions in group II. An improvement of at least two functional classes was seen in 4/6 group I and 12/13 group II operative survivors. The results of TVR with porcine xenografts compare favorably with those of all-mechanical replacements and deserve further evaluation."}
{"id": "PMID:884817", "title": "Aortic valve replacement: a ten-year follow-up of non-cloth-covered vs cloth-covered caged-ball prostheses.", "content": "From 1965 to 1976, 721 isolated aortic valve replacements were performed at the University of Oregon hospitals, utilizing Starr-Edwards caged-ball prostheses. Three models of aortic prostheses were introduced during this period: a non-cloth-covered model has been in continuous use since 1965; a cloth-covered model was begun in 1968 and has been supplanted by the modified composite-strut or \"track\" model since 1972. The 5-year actuarial survival rate for operative survivors is about 80% for both non-cloth-covered and cloth-covered valves, while the 10-year survival is 61%, based on the older model only. The actuarially-determined percentages of patients experiencing significant thromboembolic episodes (i.e., all except transient ischemic episodes) at 5 years are 7% for the cloth-covered and 9% for the non-cloth-covered model. If transient ischemic attacks are included, the cloth-covered model has only an 8% incidence at 5 years compared to a 22% incidence for the older model. However, the cloth-covered valves are subject to a higher risk of reoperation because of the possibility of cloth injury. The \"track\" valve, therefore, was designed with exposed metal on the inner surface of each strut to prevent ball-cloth contact. In 107 patients (mean follow-up period 1 year) receiving anticoagulation, this prosthesis has maintained the same low incidence of thromboembolism as the previous cloth-covered model, with no reoperations for valve failure.", "contents": "Aortic valve replacement: a ten-year follow-up of non-cloth-covered vs cloth-covered caged-ball prostheses. From 1965 to 1976, 721 isolated aortic valve replacements were performed at the University of Oregon hospitals, utilizing Starr-Edwards caged-ball prostheses. Three models of aortic prostheses were introduced during this period: a non-cloth-covered model has been in continuous use since 1965; a cloth-covered model was begun in 1968 and has been supplanted by the modified composite-strut or \"track\" model since 1972. The 5-year actuarial survival rate for operative survivors is about 80% for both non-cloth-covered and cloth-covered valves, while the 10-year survival is 61%, based on the older model only. The actuarially-determined percentages of patients experiencing significant thromboembolic episodes (i.e., all except transient ischemic episodes) at 5 years are 7% for the cloth-covered and 9% for the non-cloth-covered model. If transient ischemic attacks are included, the cloth-covered model has only an 8% incidence at 5 years compared to a 22% incidence for the older model. However, the cloth-covered valves are subject to a higher risk of reoperation because of the possibility of cloth injury. The \"track\" valve, therefore, was designed with exposed metal on the inner surface of each strut to prevent ball-cloth contact. In 107 patients (mean follow-up period 1 year) receiving anticoagulation, this prosthesis has maintained the same low incidence of thromboembolism as the previous cloth-covered model, with no reoperations for valve failure."}
{"id": "PMID:884818", "title": "Quantification of wear, hemolysis and coagulation deficits in patients with Beall mitral valves.", "content": "Fifty-five patients (35 females and 20 males) were studied by noninvasive means 3.5-8.6 years after isolated mitral valve replacement with Models 103 and 104 Beall prostheses. History and physical exams by three physicians, complete hemograms, SMA 18, iron excretion rates, and coagulation profiles were performed. Additionally, electrocardiograms, echocardiograms, phonocardiograms, cardiac series, and high-speed cinefluorography of the prostheses were obtained. Valve wear was assessed by the disc/cage ratio measured from a \"three-legged view\" with magnification. At a mean duration of 5.85 years after operation, the entire group had a mean disc/cage ratio of operation, the entire group had a mean disc/cage ratio of 0.906 +/- 0.031 vs a normal value of 0.944 +/- 0.014. The group was mildly anemic and had a urinary iron loss that was 40 times normal. The lactic dehydrogenase (LDH) concentration was more than five times normal. The coagulation profiles were abnormal with respect to the bleeding and stypven times, antiheparin activity, fibrin degradation products, and megathrombocyte index. These abnormalities were unrelated to sex, degree of valve wear, and history of thromboembolism. Males were less anemic and had higher urine iron losses than females. Nine patients with severe valve wear (disc/cage ratio less than or equal to 0.87) were significantly more anemic with large urine iron losses and had elevated total bilirubin, serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase, and LDH concentrations (ninefold), when compared to nine patients with minimal wear (disc/cage ratio greater than or equal to 0.925). It is emphasized that the findings of a significant anemia, an LDH concentration greater than 1500 mU/ml, and a disc/cage ratio of less than 0.87 in a patient with an isolated Beall mitral valve prosthesis are indicators for the need to replace the prosthesis in the near future. Re-replacement is urged before significant clinical deterioration.", "contents": "Quantification of wear, hemolysis and coagulation deficits in patients with Beall mitral valves. Fifty-five patients (35 females and 20 males) were studied by noninvasive means 3.5-8.6 years after isolated mitral valve replacement with Models 103 and 104 Beall prostheses. History and physical exams by three physicians, complete hemograms, SMA 18, iron excretion rates, and coagulation profiles were performed. Additionally, electrocardiograms, echocardiograms, phonocardiograms, cardiac series, and high-speed cinefluorography of the prostheses were obtained. Valve wear was assessed by the disc/cage ratio measured from a \"three-legged view\" with magnification. At a mean duration of 5.85 years after operation, the entire group had a mean disc/cage ratio of operation, the entire group had a mean disc/cage ratio of 0.906 +/- 0.031 vs a normal value of 0.944 +/- 0.014. The group was mildly anemic and had a urinary iron loss that was 40 times normal. The lactic dehydrogenase (LDH) concentration was more than five times normal. The coagulation profiles were abnormal with respect to the bleeding and stypven times, antiheparin activity, fibrin degradation products, and megathrombocyte index. These abnormalities were unrelated to sex, degree of valve wear, and history of thromboembolism. Males were less anemic and had higher urine iron losses than females. Nine patients with severe valve wear (disc/cage ratio less than or equal to 0.87) were significantly more anemic with large urine iron losses and had elevated total bilirubin, serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase, and LDH concentrations (ninefold), when compared to nine patients with minimal wear (disc/cage ratio greater than or equal to 0.925). It is emphasized that the findings of a significant anemia, an LDH concentration greater than 1500 mU/ml, and a disc/cage ratio of less than 0.87 in a patient with an isolated Beall mitral valve prosthesis are indicators for the need to replace the prosthesis in the near future. Re-replacement is urged before significant clinical deterioration."}
{"id": "PMID:884819", "title": "Effects of membrane stabilization on the safety of hypothermic arrest after aortic cross-clamping.", "content": "Twenty dogs underwent 1 hour of topical hypothermic arrest; five were untreated, five received methyl prednisolone (30 mg/kg), five received 0.2% procaine, and five received both drugs. Arrest was almost immediate (less than 2 min) with procaine, but was delayed 14 +/- 3 minutes in the other groups. Steroid-treated dogs had the highest post-ischemic left ventricular (LV) blood flows (110 +/- 22 cc/100 g/min) (P less than 0.05). Membrane-stabilizing drugs did not prevent myocardial edema; LV water rose 2% (P less than 0.01) in all groups. Post-ischemic LV compliance was depressed most (55%) in the untreated group, and less after procaine (30%) (P less than 0.05). Postischemic LV performance was depressed 44% (P less than 0.01) in the untreated dogs, and returned to near normal levels with steroid (89% recovery), procaine (97% recovery), and both drugs (95% recovery). We conclude that steroids and/or procaine protect against postischemic myocardial depression but do not prevent myocardial edema. Combining steroids and procaine provide no apparent added benefit, but procaine has the technical advantage of almost immediate cardioplegia.", "contents": "Effects of membrane stabilization on the safety of hypothermic arrest after aortic cross-clamping. Twenty dogs underwent 1 hour of topical hypothermic arrest; five were untreated, five received methyl prednisolone (30 mg/kg), five received 0.2% procaine, and five received both drugs. Arrest was almost immediate (less than 2 min) with procaine, but was delayed 14 +/- 3 minutes in the other groups. Steroid-treated dogs had the highest post-ischemic left ventricular (LV) blood flows (110 +/- 22 cc/100 g/min) (P less than 0.05). Membrane-stabilizing drugs did not prevent myocardial edema; LV water rose 2% (P less than 0.01) in all groups. Post-ischemic LV compliance was depressed most (55%) in the untreated group, and less after procaine (30%) (P less than 0.05). Postischemic LV performance was depressed 44% (P less than 0.01) in the untreated dogs, and returned to near normal levels with steroid (89% recovery), procaine (97% recovery), and both drugs (95% recovery). We conclude that steroids and/or procaine protect against postischemic myocardial depression but do not prevent myocardial edema. Combining steroids and procaine provide no apparent added benefit, but procaine has the technical advantage of almost immediate cardioplegia."}
{"id": "PMID:884820", "title": "Optimal conditions for reperfusion during cardiopulmonary bypass.", "content": "An experiment was designed to determine optimal methods of myocardial reperfusion after normothermic ischemic arrest in the in vivo pig heart. Four variables were studied: 1) ischemic arrest for 15 minutes repeated six times vs 30 minutes repeated three times: 2) coronary reperfusion between each arrest period lasting 5 or greater than or equal to 15 minutes (the latter duration dependent upon electrocardiographic reversal of ischemic); 3) perfusion pressure of 50, 75, or 100 mm Hg; and 4) a beating or fibrillating heart during reperfusion. The effects of perfusion were monitored by measuring the endocardial/epicardial perfusion ratio (with ratioactive microspheres), coronary blood flow, and coronary reactive hyperemia by measuring coronary vascular resistance during reperfusion. Electron micrographs were examined to determine if subtle distinctions between groups could be measured. A total of 78 pigs (60 experimental and 18 control) were evaluated. The experimental animals were divided into 10 groups of six pigs each. In each group only one of the four variables (beating or fibrillating ventricle, perfusion pressure, duration of ischemia, and duration of reperfusion) was altered to provide comparative data. Results are based on improved endocardial perfusion and a greater coronary reactive hyperemic response when comparing each experimental group to one another and to control animals. Reperfusion of a contracting rather than fibrillating ventricle resulted in improved endocardial flow as did reperfusion at a low (50 or 75 mm Hg) rather than a high (100 mm Hg) perfusion pressure. A short ischemic interval repeated six times rather than a longer ischemic interval repeated three times also allowed for improved subendocardial perfusion and a greater reactive hypermic response as did a longer reperfusion period between equal ischemic intervals. Electron microscopic studies showed a gradation of abnormalities ranging from little deviation from control in beating hearts and short ischemia and long duration, low pressure reperfusion to marked mitochondrial vacuolization in fibrillating hearts subjected to long ischemia, short reperfusion at high perfusion pressures. The best technique for myocardial reperfusion based on available data is to provide reperfusion of adequate duration in order to reverse the ischemic electrocardiogram in a beating heart, avoiding an excessively high perfusion pressure.", "contents": "Optimal conditions for reperfusion during cardiopulmonary bypass. An experiment was designed to determine optimal methods of myocardial reperfusion after normothermic ischemic arrest in the in vivo pig heart. Four variables were studied: 1) ischemic arrest for 15 minutes repeated six times vs 30 minutes repeated three times: 2) coronary reperfusion between each arrest period lasting 5 or greater than or equal to 15 minutes (the latter duration dependent upon electrocardiographic reversal of ischemic); 3) perfusion pressure of 50, 75, or 100 mm Hg; and 4) a beating or fibrillating heart during reperfusion. The effects of perfusion were monitored by measuring the endocardial/epicardial perfusion ratio (with ratioactive microspheres), coronary blood flow, and coronary reactive hyperemia by measuring coronary vascular resistance during reperfusion. Electron micrographs were examined to determine if subtle distinctions between groups could be measured. A total of 78 pigs (60 experimental and 18 control) were evaluated. The experimental animals were divided into 10 groups of six pigs each. In each group only one of the four variables (beating or fibrillating ventricle, perfusion pressure, duration of ischemia, and duration of reperfusion) was altered to provide comparative data. Results are based on improved endocardial perfusion and a greater coronary reactive hyperemic response when comparing each experimental group to one another and to control animals. Reperfusion of a contracting rather than fibrillating ventricle resulted in improved endocardial flow as did reperfusion at a low (50 or 75 mm Hg) rather than a high (100 mm Hg) perfusion pressure. A short ischemic interval repeated six times rather than a longer ischemic interval repeated three times also allowed for improved subendocardial perfusion and a greater reactive hypermic response as did a longer reperfusion period between equal ischemic intervals. Electron microscopic studies showed a gradation of abnormalities ranging from little deviation from control in beating hearts and short ischemia and long duration, low pressure reperfusion to marked mitochondrial vacuolization in fibrillating hearts subjected to long ischemia, short reperfusion at high perfusion pressures. The best technique for myocardial reperfusion based on available data is to provide reperfusion of adequate duration in order to reverse the ischemic electrocardiogram in a beating heart, avoiding an excessively high perfusion pressure."}
{"id": "PMID:884821", "title": "Autopsy study of unoperated abdominal aortic aneurysms. The case for early resection.", "content": "A review of 24,000 consecutive autopsies during a 23-year period from 1952 through 1975 at the Massachusetts General Hospital revealed 473 patients died with surgically intact arteriosclerotic abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAA). Contrary to previous studies, the incidence of rupture of AAA between 4 and 7 cm in our experience is similar and significant (25%). The location of rupture and duration of symptoms were recorded. Of the multiple-risk factors considered, only size seemed to bear on the likelihood of AAA rupture. Of 52 patients followed 3 months to 10 years before death with known AAA, the majority died of the ruptured AAA. In a surgical environment with an expected mortality of less than 2%, even small aortic aneurysms should be resected.", "contents": "Autopsy study of unoperated abdominal aortic aneurysms. The case for early resection. A review of 24,000 consecutive autopsies during a 23-year period from 1952 through 1975 at the Massachusetts General Hospital revealed 473 patients died with surgically intact arteriosclerotic abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAA). Contrary to previous studies, the incidence of rupture of AAA between 4 and 7 cm in our experience is similar and significant (25%). The location of rupture and duration of symptoms were recorded. Of the multiple-risk factors considered, only size seemed to bear on the likelihood of AAA rupture. Of 52 patients followed 3 months to 10 years before death with known AAA, the majority died of the ruptured AAA. In a surgical environment with an expected mortality of less than 2%, even small aortic aneurysms should be resected."}
{"id": "PMID:884822", "title": "Assessment of abdominal aortic aneurysm size.", "content": "Because of the importance of size in the decision for elective operation in patients with abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) and the need to identify accurately even small aneurysms, a prospective study was carried out to compare currently available diagnostic methods. A series of 78 patients with AAA underwent evaluation by physical examination, lateral lumbar spine X-ray, aortic ultrasound, and aortography. Measurements were compared to aneurysm size at operation. Physical examination was most variable, and tended to overestimate size by approximately 20%. Lateral spine X-ray was useful in three of every four patients and in these cases it was reliable and reasonably accurate. Ultrasonography was most widely applicable and very reliable for diagnosis. Its tendency to underestimate aneurysm size in our experience may be improved by use of gray-scale units, which better define aneurysm wall thickness. The anatomic information provided by aortography was of great value in the surgical management of patients with AAA, but aortography was of limited value in accurate measurement and should not be employed for this purpose.", "contents": "Assessment of abdominal aortic aneurysm size. Because of the importance of size in the decision for elective operation in patients with abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) and the need to identify accurately even small aneurysms, a prospective study was carried out to compare currently available diagnostic methods. A series of 78 patients with AAA underwent evaluation by physical examination, lateral lumbar spine X-ray, aortic ultrasound, and aortography. Measurements were compared to aneurysm size at operation. Physical examination was most variable, and tended to overestimate size by approximately 20%. Lateral spine X-ray was useful in three of every four patients and in these cases it was reliable and reasonably accurate. Ultrasonography was most widely applicable and very reliable for diagnosis. Its tendency to underestimate aneurysm size in our experience may be improved by use of gray-scale units, which better define aneurysm wall thickness. The anatomic information provided by aortography was of great value in the surgical management of patients with AAA, but aortography was of limited value in accurate measurement and should not be employed for this purpose."}
{"id": "PMID:884823", "title": "Combined aneurysmal and occlusive arterial disease.", "content": "Acute arterial occlusion secondary to embolization from aneurysms located upstream occurred in 16% in 277 aneurysms involving subclavian, abdominal aortic, femoral, and popliteal vessels. This association should be suspected in those instances when the occlusive symptoms are severe and sudden in onset. The study emphasizes the importance of aortic outlining, as well as arteriographic mapping of both lower extremities, when occlusive disease of one or both legs is present. An aneurysm upstream should be suspected when there is failure of a previously implanted graft peripherally. Asymptomatic, small abdominal aortic aneurysms should be resected.", "contents": "Combined aneurysmal and occlusive arterial disease. Acute arterial occlusion secondary to embolization from aneurysms located upstream occurred in 16% in 277 aneurysms involving subclavian, abdominal aortic, femoral, and popliteal vessels. This association should be suspected in those instances when the occlusive symptoms are severe and sudden in onset. The study emphasizes the importance of aortic outlining, as well as arteriographic mapping of both lower extremities, when occlusive disease of one or both legs is present. An aneurysm upstream should be suspected when there is failure of a previously implanted graft peripherally. Asymptomatic, small abdominal aortic aneurysms should be resected."}
{"id": "PMID:884824", "title": "Large vessel impedance in peripheral atherosclerosis.", "content": "Recent studies based on an animal model of arterial stenosis have shown that large vessel impedance (ZL), determined from the high-frequency vascular hydraulic impedance of a stenotic femoral arterial bed, is linearly related to the large vessel stenotic resistance, and somewhat independent of distal (small vessel) arteriolar resistance. To determine the applicability of these findings on human subjects with stenotic atherosclerotic lesions, ZL was determined in the femoral arteries of 17 patients (at the time of reconstructive operations) with no (N), mild (AS), and severe (occlusive) atherosclerotic (ASO) disease, and in a group of patients before and after femoral-to-popliteal bypass procedures (FEM-POP). Data were collected under steady-state conditions (SS) and during peak flow after a 30 mg bolus intra-arterial administration of papaverine hydrochloride (PAPAV). The ZL was found to be significantly greater (P less than 0.05) for the ASO group than for the N group at SS and after PAPAV administration. There was no significant difference in ZL between the SS and PAPAV conditions for all groups. The ZL decreased significantly (P less than 0.01) from the pre- to post-bypass conditions (with and without the stenosis), at steady-state and after papaverine hydrochloride administration. Large vessel impedance appears to provide a reliable index of the severity of a large vessel atherosclerotic stenosis, and is indpendent of small vessel resistance in humans. These findings are consistent with those of previous experimental animal studies.", "contents": "Large vessel impedance in peripheral atherosclerosis. Recent studies based on an animal model of arterial stenosis have shown that large vessel impedance (ZL), determined from the high-frequency vascular hydraulic impedance of a stenotic femoral arterial bed, is linearly related to the large vessel stenotic resistance, and somewhat independent of distal (small vessel) arteriolar resistance. To determine the applicability of these findings on human subjects with stenotic atherosclerotic lesions, ZL was determined in the femoral arteries of 17 patients (at the time of reconstructive operations) with no (N), mild (AS), and severe (occlusive) atherosclerotic (ASO) disease, and in a group of patients before and after femoral-to-popliteal bypass procedures (FEM-POP). Data were collected under steady-state conditions (SS) and during peak flow after a 30 mg bolus intra-arterial administration of papaverine hydrochloride (PAPAV). The ZL was found to be significantly greater (P less than 0.05) for the ASO group than for the N group at SS and after PAPAV administration. There was no significant difference in ZL between the SS and PAPAV conditions for all groups. The ZL decreased significantly (P less than 0.01) from the pre- to post-bypass conditions (with and without the stenosis), at steady-state and after papaverine hydrochloride administration. Large vessel impedance appears to provide a reliable index of the severity of a large vessel atherosclerotic stenosis, and is indpendent of small vessel resistance in humans. These findings are consistent with those of previous experimental animal studies."}
{"id": "PMID:884825", "title": "Regional ischemia distal to a critical coronary stenosis during prolonged fibrillation--improvement with pulsatile perfusion.", "content": "In a previous study from this laboratory, regional myocardial ischemia developed distal to a critical coronary stenosis in the fibrillating heart on cardiopulmonary bypass when myocardial perfusion was non-pulsatile. To assess the effect of pulsatile perfusion on the development of the fibrillation-induced ischemia, 10 dogs were placed on total cardiopulmonary bypass with the heart in the vented fibrillating state. A critical stenosis was applied to the left anterior descending artery (LAD). Pulsatile perfusion with a pulse pressure of 35 mm Hg and a pulse rate of 100/min was produced by a new method developed in this laboratory. During the 2 hours of bypass, ischemia in the LAD-supplied myocardium was assessed by changes in intramyocardial oxygen (PmO2) and carbon dioxide (PmCO2) tensions and by regional arterial-coronary venous lactate difference. With linear perfusion, regional ischemia in the LAD myocardium had been evidenced by a low PmO2 (8 +/- 3 mm Hg), a high PmCO2 (170 +/- 25 mm Hg) and regional lactate production (9.2 +/- 4.2 mg/100 ml). In contrast with pulsatile perfusion intramyocardial gas tensions remained stable during the 2 hours on bypass (PmO2 = 21 +/- 3 mm Hg, PmCO2 = 65 +/- 5 mm Hg, P less than 0.05 vs linear flow study) and lactate consumption was demonstrated (+17.7 +/- 2.9 mg/100 ml, P less than 0.001 vs linear flow group). With linear perfusion, myocardial blood flow to the LAD area had decreased 56 +/- 8% in the subendocardial layer and 46 +/- 7% in the subepicardial layer. In the dogs receiving pulsatile flow during bypass, regional LAD blood flow remained unchanged over the 2-hour bypass period and was significantly higher than the flow with linear flow (P less than 0.05). These data indicate that fibrillation-induced regional myocardial ischemia distal to a critical stenosis can be prevented by maintaining pulsatile perfusion during cardiopulmonary bypass.", "contents": "Regional ischemia distal to a critical coronary stenosis during prolonged fibrillation--improvement with pulsatile perfusion. In a previous study from this laboratory, regional myocardial ischemia developed distal to a critical coronary stenosis in the fibrillating heart on cardiopulmonary bypass when myocardial perfusion was non-pulsatile. To assess the effect of pulsatile perfusion on the development of the fibrillation-induced ischemia, 10 dogs were placed on total cardiopulmonary bypass with the heart in the vented fibrillating state. A critical stenosis was applied to the left anterior descending artery (LAD). Pulsatile perfusion with a pulse pressure of 35 mm Hg and a pulse rate of 100/min was produced by a new method developed in this laboratory. During the 2 hours of bypass, ischemia in the LAD-supplied myocardium was assessed by changes in intramyocardial oxygen (PmO2) and carbon dioxide (PmCO2) tensions and by regional arterial-coronary venous lactate difference. With linear perfusion, regional ischemia in the LAD myocardium had been evidenced by a low PmO2 (8 +/- 3 mm Hg), a high PmCO2 (170 +/- 25 mm Hg) and regional lactate production (9.2 +/- 4.2 mg/100 ml). In contrast with pulsatile perfusion intramyocardial gas tensions remained stable during the 2 hours on bypass (PmO2 = 21 +/- 3 mm Hg, PmCO2 = 65 +/- 5 mm Hg, P less than 0.05 vs linear flow study) and lactate consumption was demonstrated (+17.7 +/- 2.9 mg/100 ml, P less than 0.001 vs linear flow group). With linear perfusion, myocardial blood flow to the LAD area had decreased 56 +/- 8% in the subendocardial layer and 46 +/- 7% in the subepicardial layer. In the dogs receiving pulsatile flow during bypass, regional LAD blood flow remained unchanged over the 2-hour bypass period and was significantly higher than the flow with linear flow (P less than 0.05). These data indicate that fibrillation-induced regional myocardial ischemia distal to a critical stenosis can be prevented by maintaining pulsatile perfusion during cardiopulmonary bypass."}
{"id": "PMID:884826", "title": "Reduction of unexpected, life-threatening events in postoperative cardiac surgical patients; the role of computerized surveillance.", "content": "With increasing use of computerized surveillance (CS) in critical care, a key question is whether it favorably influences clinical outcome. Knowing that two intensive care unit beds would soon have CS capability, we embarked on an uninterrupted prospective study in which the incidence of sudden, unexpected life-threatening events (SULTE) was compared in post-open heart surgery patients whose subsystem performances were evaluated by conventional methods (CM) as opposed to those who would be followed by CS involving automatic acquisition and generation of 30 cardio-respiratory variables. We evaluated 211 patients, 91 with CM and 120 by CS. Since CS availability was limited, sicker patients were given priority for the two CS beds. Despite the obvious bias in favor of CM, there was a statistically significant reduction (P less than 0.001) in the incidence of SULTE in those patients followed by CS (1 of 120 patients: 0.8%; no SULTE-related deaths) in comparison to the CM patients (11 of 91 patients: 12%; two SULTE-related deaths.) The data suggest that computerized surveillance can play a role in reducing morbidity and possibly mortality in postoperative cardiac surgical patients.", "contents": "Reduction of unexpected, life-threatening events in postoperative cardiac surgical patients; the role of computerized surveillance. With increasing use of computerized surveillance (CS) in critical care, a key question is whether it favorably influences clinical outcome. Knowing that two intensive care unit beds would soon have CS capability, we embarked on an uninterrupted prospective study in which the incidence of sudden, unexpected life-threatening events (SULTE) was compared in post-open heart surgery patients whose subsystem performances were evaluated by conventional methods (CM) as opposed to those who would be followed by CS involving automatic acquisition and generation of 30 cardio-respiratory variables. We evaluated 211 patients, 91 with CM and 120 by CS. Since CS availability was limited, sicker patients were given priority for the two CS beds. Despite the obvious bias in favor of CM, there was a statistically significant reduction (P less than 0.001) in the incidence of SULTE in those patients followed by CS (1 of 120 patients: 0.8%; no SULTE-related deaths) in comparison to the CM patients (11 of 91 patients: 12%; two SULTE-related deaths.) The data suggest that computerized surveillance can play a role in reducing morbidity and possibly mortality in postoperative cardiac surgical patients."}
{"id": "PMID:884827", "title": "Myocardial injury following myocardial revascularization. Detection by isoenzyme analysis.", "content": "To clarify the value of isoenzymes in the detection of acute myocardial injury (AMI) associated with coronary artery bypass grafting, 350 consecutive patients (804 grafts) were evaluated with serial electrocardiograms (ECG) and serum levels of serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT), total creatinine phosphokinase (CPK), and lactic dehydrogenase (LDH) on Days 0, 1,2,3,4,5, and 7. Graft patency 1 to 6 months postoperatively was 92%. Sixty patients (18%) had ECG evidence of AMI. Four patients died (1.1%) Of the 185 patients with serial LDH isoenzyme analysis, 46 had elevated cardiac fraction (LDH-1). Only 35 of these had AMI by ECG. The others had nonspecific ECG changes, but associated enzymatic andhemodynamic evidence of AMI. The CPK-MB band was elevated in all patients in the immediate postoperative period, but did not correlate with ECG, hemodynamic, or enzymatic evidence of AMI. The diagnosis of AMI following coronary artery bypass could not be substantiated by evaluation of total LDH, CPK, or CPK-MB. LDH-1 is specific in detecting AMI after a coronary artery bypass graft.", "contents": "Myocardial injury following myocardial revascularization. Detection by isoenzyme analysis. To clarify the value of isoenzymes in the detection of acute myocardial injury (AMI) associated with coronary artery bypass grafting, 350 consecutive patients (804 grafts) were evaluated with serial electrocardiograms (ECG) and serum levels of serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT), total creatinine phosphokinase (CPK), and lactic dehydrogenase (LDH) on Days 0, 1,2,3,4,5, and 7. Graft patency 1 to 6 months postoperatively was 92%. Sixty patients (18%) had ECG evidence of AMI. Four patients died (1.1%) Of the 185 patients with serial LDH isoenzyme analysis, 46 had elevated cardiac fraction (LDH-1). Only 35 of these had AMI by ECG. The others had nonspecific ECG changes, but associated enzymatic andhemodynamic evidence of AMI. The CPK-MB band was elevated in all patients in the immediate postoperative period, but did not correlate with ECG, hemodynamic, or enzymatic evidence of AMI. The diagnosis of AMI following coronary artery bypass could not be substantiated by evaluation of total LDH, CPK, or CPK-MB. LDH-1 is specific in detecting AMI after a coronary artery bypass graft."}
{"id": "PMID:884828", "title": "Left ventricular apical-abdominal aortic conduits for left ventricular outflow tract obstructions. Clinical results in eleven patients with a special composite prosthesis.", "content": "Cardiologists and surgeons are occasionally faced with therapeutic dilemmas regarding the management of recurrent left ventricular outflow tract obstructions, such as supravalvular, valvular, subvalvular or \"tunnel\" stenoses and obstructive myopathies. Following an extended series of biomaterial, hemodynamic, reliability and configuration studies in calves, we have created double-outlet left ventricles in 11 patients. All gradients were markedly reduced. All patients were discharged without anticoagulants, and the longest follow-up period is in excess of 1 year. In eight cases, the percent of cardiac output flowing antegrade and retrograde was quantitated with velocity-tipped catheters. An average ratio of 2:1 (antegrade [ascending aorta]: retrograde [composite conduit]) was found. The procedure is simple and effective in relieving primary or recurrent left ventricular outflow tract obstructions.", "contents": "Left ventricular apical-abdominal aortic conduits for left ventricular outflow tract obstructions. Clinical results in eleven patients with a special composite prosthesis. Cardiologists and surgeons are occasionally faced with therapeutic dilemmas regarding the management of recurrent left ventricular outflow tract obstructions, such as supravalvular, valvular, subvalvular or \"tunnel\" stenoses and obstructive myopathies. Following an extended series of biomaterial, hemodynamic, reliability and configuration studies in calves, we have created double-outlet left ventricles in 11 patients. All gradients were markedly reduced. All patients were discharged without anticoagulants, and the longest follow-up period is in excess of 1 year. In eight cases, the percent of cardiac output flowing antegrade and retrograde was quantitated with velocity-tipped catheters. An average ratio of 2:1 (antegrade [ascending aorta]: retrograde [composite conduit]) was found. The procedure is simple and effective in relieving primary or recurrent left ventricular outflow tract obstructions."}
{"id": "PMID:884829", "title": "Long-term function of aortic homografts as the right ventricular outflow tract.", "content": "Physical examination, chest roentgenography, phonocardiography, and right heart catheterization were used to evaluate the function of composite aortic homografts inserted as right ventricular outflow tracts in 13 patients 1.8 to 7 years previously. All homografts in these patients who were followed for 2 or more years demonstrated calcification of the aortic wall, but valve leaflets were spared. Moderate pulmonary insufficiency was present in eight patients with single cusp partial homografts, but was well tolerated in all. Homograft valve insufficiency was mild in five patients with complete homografts. No patient had an outflow tract gradient greater than 32 mm Hg. The average gradient was 18.5 +/- 2.7 (SEM) mm Hg. Abnormality of pulmonary blood flow was found in three patients and could be related to previous Waterston or Potts anastomoses. No late morbidity due to homograft degeneration has occurred and the long-term function of these conduits appears to be good.", "contents": "Long-term function of aortic homografts as the right ventricular outflow tract. Physical examination, chest roentgenography, phonocardiography, and right heart catheterization were used to evaluate the function of composite aortic homografts inserted as right ventricular outflow tracts in 13 patients 1.8 to 7 years previously. All homografts in these patients who were followed for 2 or more years demonstrated calcification of the aortic wall, but valve leaflets were spared. Moderate pulmonary insufficiency was present in eight patients with single cusp partial homografts, but was well tolerated in all. Homograft valve insufficiency was mild in five patients with complete homografts. No patient had an outflow tract gradient greater than 32 mm Hg. The average gradient was 18.5 +/- 2.7 (SEM) mm Hg. Abnormality of pulmonary blood flow was found in three patients and could be related to previous Waterston or Potts anastomoses. No late morbidity due to homograft degeneration has occurred and the long-term function of these conduits appears to be good."}
{"id": "PMID:884830", "title": "Postoperative investigation of left ventricular aneurysm resection.", "content": "We reviewed 35 patients undergoing resection of a chronic postinfarction left ventricular aneurysm. There was 5.7% operative mortality. Of the long-term survivors, 80% are functional class I or II. Ten patients had postoperative left ventriculograms studied by means of a computerized analysis of endocardial motion using internal orthogonal and radial grids. Postoperative end-diastolic volumes were much greater than normal and large akinetic areas were present although there was good improvement in the patient's functional capacity. Grid analysis of endocardial motion correlated better with the patient's postoperative clinical status than did measurements of end-diastolic pressure and volume, ejection fraction, or visual inspection of the postoperative left ventriculogram.", "contents": "Postoperative investigation of left ventricular aneurysm resection. We reviewed 35 patients undergoing resection of a chronic postinfarction left ventricular aneurysm. There was 5.7% operative mortality. Of the long-term survivors, 80% are functional class I or II. Ten patients had postoperative left ventriculograms studied by means of a computerized analysis of endocardial motion using internal orthogonal and radial grids. Postoperative end-diastolic volumes were much greater than normal and large akinetic areas were present although there was good improvement in the patient's functional capacity. Grid analysis of endocardial motion correlated better with the patient's postoperative clinical status than did measurements of end-diastolic pressure and volume, ejection fraction, or visual inspection of the postoperative left ventriculogram."}
{"id": "PMID:884831", "title": "Late results with synthetic valved external conduits from venous ventricle to pulmonary arteries.", "content": "Eighty-five patients operated on before January 1976 have survived at least 30 days after insertion of a valved external conduit by the venous ventricle (usually the right) and the pulmonary arteries as a part of the repair of their congenital heart disease. Follow-up information is available on 83 patients, and mean follow-up time has been 27.7 months. Seven patients have required reoperation because of obstructive complications. Actuarial analysis indicates that the proportion of patients requiring reoperation is 4.0 +/- 2.8% at 2 years, 12.9 +/- 5.5% at 3 1/2 years, and 30.4 +/- 12.1% at 5 years. In five patients compression of the conduit between the sternum and heart was the primary cause of the obstruction. The proportion requiring reoperation for conduit compression is 2.0 +/- 2.0% at 2 years, 8.6 +/- 4.9% at 3 1/2 years, and 27 +/- 12.4% at 5 years. Age at operation is not related to the proportion of patients requiring reoperation, nor is the type of conduit. No patients have yet required reoperation for conduit compression whose operation has been done since we began systematically to position the conduit well away from the sternum. By actuarial analysis the proportion of patients surviving 5 years is 76.7%. Of those alive at follow-up examination, 78% were without limitation of activity.", "contents": "Late results with synthetic valved external conduits from venous ventricle to pulmonary arteries. Eighty-five patients operated on before January 1976 have survived at least 30 days after insertion of a valved external conduit by the venous ventricle (usually the right) and the pulmonary arteries as a part of the repair of their congenital heart disease. Follow-up information is available on 83 patients, and mean follow-up time has been 27.7 months. Seven patients have required reoperation because of obstructive complications. Actuarial analysis indicates that the proportion of patients requiring reoperation is 4.0 +/- 2.8% at 2 years, 12.9 +/- 5.5% at 3 1/2 years, and 30.4 +/- 12.1% at 5 years. In five patients compression of the conduit between the sternum and heart was the primary cause of the obstruction. The proportion requiring reoperation for conduit compression is 2.0 +/- 2.0% at 2 years, 8.6 +/- 4.9% at 3 1/2 years, and 27 +/- 12.4% at 5 years. Age at operation is not related to the proportion of patients requiring reoperation, nor is the type of conduit. No patients have yet required reoperation for conduit compression whose operation has been done since we began systematically to position the conduit well away from the sternum. By actuarial analysis the proportion of patients surviving 5 years is 76.7%. Of those alive at follow-up examination, 78% were without limitation of activity."}
{"id": "PMID:884832", "title": "Ultrasound evaluation of abdominal aortic aneurysms.", "content": "Forty-eight patients undergoing elective repair of an abdominal aortic aneurysm were randomly selected for correlation of diagnosis of aneurysm and aneurysm size as determined by direct surgical measurements, ultrasound examination, and lumbar spine X-ray. The preoperative diagnosis was confirmed by lumbar spine plain films in 72% of patients and by B-mode ultrasound in all of patients. Aneurysm size could be measured by lumbar spine X-ray in 55% of patients and with gray-scale B-mode ultrasound in all of patients. The average difference between surgically measured and roentogenographically determined aneurysm size was 1.5 cm in the transverse diameter and 0.87 cm in the anteroposterior diameter of the aneurysm. The average difference between surgically measured aneurysm size and ultrasound-determined external wall diameter of the aneurysm was 0.42 cm in the transverse diameter and 0.29 cm in the anteroposterior diameter. From these data we conclude that gray-scale B-mode ultrasound of the aorta is a more sensitive and accurate method of assessing abdominal aortic aneurysms than is the use of lumbar spine X-ray.", "contents": "Ultrasound evaluation of abdominal aortic aneurysms. Forty-eight patients undergoing elective repair of an abdominal aortic aneurysm were randomly selected for correlation of diagnosis of aneurysm and aneurysm size as determined by direct surgical measurements, ultrasound examination, and lumbar spine X-ray. The preoperative diagnosis was confirmed by lumbar spine plain films in 72% of patients and by B-mode ultrasound in all of patients. Aneurysm size could be measured by lumbar spine X-ray in 55% of patients and with gray-scale B-mode ultrasound in all of patients. The average difference between surgically measured and roentogenographically determined aneurysm size was 1.5 cm in the transverse diameter and 0.87 cm in the anteroposterior diameter of the aneurysm. The average difference between surgically measured aneurysm size and ultrasound-determined external wall diameter of the aneurysm was 0.42 cm in the transverse diameter and 0.29 cm in the anteroposterior diameter. From these data we conclude that gray-scale B-mode ultrasound of the aorta is a more sensitive and accurate method of assessing abdominal aortic aneurysms than is the use of lumbar spine X-ray."}
{"id": "PMID:884833", "title": "Long-term results of the Mustard procedure.", "content": "Over a 10-year period, 123 patients with transposition of the great vessels underwent the Mustard procedure. The hospital mortality for the series was 10.6%. There were seven late deaths, five of which were presumable due to arrhythmia. Sinus rhythm was noted postoperatively in 53% of the patients. Almost all the survivors had achieved catch-up growth when evaluated 6 months to 10 years later. A growth spurt was more consistently seen in the patients who were operated on under 2 years of age. Physical endurance and school performance were on a par with their normal peers or better in about half of the survivors. Severe neurologic problems were present in five patients. Postoperative catheterizations in 42 patients showed a rather high incidence of residual interatrial shunts, mild left ventricular outflow obstruction, and mild superior vena caval obstruction. Pulmonary venous obstruction and serious tricuspid regurgitation were not encountered.", "contents": "Long-term results of the Mustard procedure. Over a 10-year period, 123 patients with transposition of the great vessels underwent the Mustard procedure. The hospital mortality for the series was 10.6%. There were seven late deaths, five of which were presumable due to arrhythmia. Sinus rhythm was noted postoperatively in 53% of the patients. Almost all the survivors had achieved catch-up growth when evaluated 6 months to 10 years later. A growth spurt was more consistently seen in the patients who were operated on under 2 years of age. Physical endurance and school performance were on a par with their normal peers or better in about half of the survivors. Severe neurologic problems were present in five patients. Postoperative catheterizations in 42 patients showed a rather high incidence of residual interatrial shunts, mild left ventricular outflow obstruction, and mild superior vena caval obstruction. Pulmonary venous obstruction and serious tricuspid regurgitation were not encountered."}
{"id": "PMID:884834", "title": "Mitral valve replacement: long-term evaluation of prosthesis-related mortality and morbidity.", "content": "Over a 12-year period isolated mitral valve replacement (MVR) was performed in 897 patients including 49 Starr-Edwards no. 6000, 519 SE no. 6120, 115 aortic allograft, and 214 porcine xenograft valves. Mortality and morbidity specifically related to the prosthesis was determined for each valve type. Fifty-two of 505 (10%) discharged patients with SE valves, four of 108 (3.7%) with homografts, no patients with heterografts, died of valve-related causes (P less than 0.05). Actuarial analysis shows continued time-related risk with any valve for both thromboemboli and valve failure. Thromboemboli were much more frequent with SE than with either tissue valve (P less than 0.05). Primary valvular incompetence was more common as a cause of valve failure with tissue valves (P less than 0.05), whereas multiple embolic episodes were more often a cause of valve failure with SE (P less than 0.05). Five of 49 (10%) patients with SE no. 6000, 30 of 519 (5.8%) with SE no. 6120, 19 of 115 (16.5%) with allografts, and two of 214 (0.9%) with xenografts needed reoperation for valve failure. For SE, homograft, and heterograft valves, actuarially determined composite, prosthesis-related mortality show 14% (80/568), 7% (8/115), 0% patients dead 6 years after MVR, respectively (P less than 0.05), while 3 years after MVR, 65% (369/568), 37% (42/115), and 85% (181/214) patients were free of prosthesis-related death or complications, respectively (P less than 0.05). Specific prosthesis-related complications differ between valve types significantly affecting survival and morbidity post-MVR.", "contents": "Mitral valve replacement: long-term evaluation of prosthesis-related mortality and morbidity. Over a 12-year period isolated mitral valve replacement (MVR) was performed in 897 patients including 49 Starr-Edwards no. 6000, 519 SE no. 6120, 115 aortic allograft, and 214 porcine xenograft valves. Mortality and morbidity specifically related to the prosthesis was determined for each valve type. Fifty-two of 505 (10%) discharged patients with SE valves, four of 108 (3.7%) with homografts, no patients with heterografts, died of valve-related causes (P less than 0.05). Actuarial analysis shows continued time-related risk with any valve for both thromboemboli and valve failure. Thromboemboli were much more frequent with SE than with either tissue valve (P less than 0.05). Primary valvular incompetence was more common as a cause of valve failure with tissue valves (P less than 0.05), whereas multiple embolic episodes were more often a cause of valve failure with SE (P less than 0.05). Five of 49 (10%) patients with SE no. 6000, 30 of 519 (5.8%) with SE no. 6120, 19 of 115 (16.5%) with allografts, and two of 214 (0.9%) with xenografts needed reoperation for valve failure. For SE, homograft, and heterograft valves, actuarially determined composite, prosthesis-related mortality show 14% (80/568), 7% (8/115), 0% patients dead 6 years after MVR, respectively (P less than 0.05), while 3 years after MVR, 65% (369/568), 37% (42/115), and 85% (181/214) patients were free of prosthesis-related death or complications, respectively (P less than 0.05). Specific prosthesis-related complications differ between valve types significantly affecting survival and morbidity post-MVR."}
{"id": "PMID:884836", "title": "Comparison of competitive protein binding analysis and radioimmunoassay for the determination of cortisol in serum and urine.", "content": "The determination of serum and urinary free cortisol by competitive protein binding and radioimmunoassay were compared on patient samples using two commercially available kits. In addition, the Beckman RIA kit reagents were examined for precision and accuracy through the performance of reproducibility, recovery, cross reactivity and parallelism studies on serum and urine. Analytical recovery experiments with cortisol added to urine and serum showed 90% and 97% recovery respectively with the RIA reagents. Good reproducibility and parallelism criteria were also obtained using Beckman kit reagents. Antiserum specificity was documented and demonstrated no cross reactivity with structurally related steroids at clinically normal serum concentrations.", "contents": "Comparison of competitive protein binding analysis and radioimmunoassay for the determination of cortisol in serum and urine. The determination of serum and urinary free cortisol by competitive protein binding and radioimmunoassay were compared on patient samples using two commercially available kits. In addition, the Beckman RIA kit reagents were examined for precision and accuracy through the performance of reproducibility, recovery, cross reactivity and parallelism studies on serum and urine. Analytical recovery experiments with cortisol added to urine and serum showed 90% and 97% recovery respectively with the RIA reagents. Good reproducibility and parallelism criteria were also obtained using Beckman kit reagents. Antiserum specificity was documented and demonstrated no cross reactivity with structurally related steroids at clinically normal serum concentrations."}
{"id": "PMID:884838", "title": "Variables in the measurement of serum cholesterol by gas-liquid chromatography.", "content": "Gas-liquid chromatography (GLC) is an effective method for the measurement of total serum cholesterol. Its use in the clinical laboratory, however, requires careful attention to many variables (flow rate, sample size, sensitivity of solvent and choice of the quantitation method, i.e. peak-height ratio vs. peak height). This report evaluates the effect of these variables on the quantitation of serum cholesterol by GLC.", "contents": "Variables in the measurement of serum cholesterol by gas-liquid chromatography. Gas-liquid chromatography (GLC) is an effective method for the measurement of total serum cholesterol. Its use in the clinical laboratory, however, requires careful attention to many variables (flow rate, sample size, sensitivity of solvent and choice of the quantitation method, i.e. peak-height ratio vs. peak height). This report evaluates the effect of these variables on the quantitation of serum cholesterol by GLC."}
{"id": "PMID:884839", "title": "Copper interference in the determination of iron in serum using ferrozine.", "content": "Random samples of sera were analysed for copper and iron. Based on the data presented in this paper and substantiated by other workers, the ferrozine method for the determination of serum iron is the most sensitive method currently available, provided the interference due to copper is effectively eliminated.", "contents": "Copper interference in the determination of iron in serum using ferrozine. Random samples of sera were analysed for copper and iron. Based on the data presented in this paper and substantiated by other workers, the ferrozine method for the determination of serum iron is the most sensitive method currently available, provided the interference due to copper is effectively eliminated."}
{"id": "PMID:884840", "title": "Quantitative analysis of trace elements in human blood and plasma by energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence.", "content": "A photon excitation, secondary target x-ray fluorescence system was used to measure concentrations of Cu, Zn, Br and Rb in whole blood and plasma of healthy adults. The samples preparation method and calculated limits of detection of the technique are reported. Correlation statistics for elemental concentrations have been determined. Verification of the results for copper was performed using atomic absorption spectrophotometry.", "contents": "Quantitative analysis of trace elements in human blood and plasma by energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence. A photon excitation, secondary target x-ray fluorescence system was used to measure concentrations of Cu, Zn, Br and Rb in whole blood and plasma of healthy adults. The samples preparation method and calculated limits of detection of the technique are reported. Correlation statistics for elemental concentrations have been determined. Verification of the results for copper was performed using atomic absorption spectrophotometry."}
{"id": "PMID:884841", "title": "The use of in vitro diagnostic kits in hospital laboratories in Canada.", "content": "1. A survey conducted among hospital laboratories has yielded data from 640 institutions concerning the use of diagnostic kits and reagents in Canada. 2. Kits designed to test for chemical constituents were most frequently used in hospitals of 51 to 600 bed capacity whereas the ones for enzymes were most extensively used in 201 to 700 bed-size institutions. Kits based on the CPB principles were generally used in hospitals of more than 200 beds whereas those based on RIA were only in frequent use where the bed capacity was 351 or more. 3. The following tests were most often performed by kits: aminotransferases, amylase, urea, LDH, phosphatases, glucose, CPK, bilirubin, calcium, uric acid, T-4, T-3, digoxin and vitamin B12. 4. The survey reflects a continuing and increasing usage of in vitro diagnostic kits and associated blood analyzer systems. It also indicates a significant adoption of assay kits which utilize RIA and CPB principles.", "contents": "The use of in vitro diagnostic kits in hospital laboratories in Canada. 1. A survey conducted among hospital laboratories has yielded data from 640 institutions concerning the use of diagnostic kits and reagents in Canada. 2. Kits designed to test for chemical constituents were most frequently used in hospitals of 51 to 600 bed capacity whereas the ones for enzymes were most extensively used in 201 to 700 bed-size institutions. Kits based on the CPB principles were generally used in hospitals of more than 200 beds whereas those based on RIA were only in frequent use where the bed capacity was 351 or more. 3. The following tests were most often performed by kits: aminotransferases, amylase, urea, LDH, phosphatases, glucose, CPK, bilirubin, calcium, uric acid, T-4, T-3, digoxin and vitamin B12. 4. The survey reflects a continuing and increasing usage of in vitro diagnostic kits and associated blood analyzer systems. It also indicates a significant adoption of assay kits which utilize RIA and CPB principles."}
{"id": "PMID:884842", "title": "A random survey of drug screening proficiency.", "content": "There is little evidence of uniformity of standards of performance as influenced by technical capability and priority of concern for drug-screening proficiency. The objective of this quality-control survey was to illustrate the degree of error associated with toxicological analyses and encourage the use of controls to decrease the possibility of reporting erroneous findings.", "contents": "A random survey of drug screening proficiency. There is little evidence of uniformity of standards of performance as influenced by technical capability and priority of concern for drug-screening proficiency. The objective of this quality-control survey was to illustrate the degree of error associated with toxicological analyses and encourage the use of controls to decrease the possibility of reporting erroneous findings."}
{"id": "PMID:884843", "title": "Isoelectrofocusing of aldolase B from normal human livers and from livers with hereditary fructose intolerance.", "content": "By isoelectrofocusing in thin-layer acrylamide-ampholine gel, normal human aldolase B has been resolved into 5 bands. Moreover we were able to specifically stain (after isoelectrofocusing) the mutated aldolase B in livers with hereditary fructose intolerance, and to show that only the 3 most anodic bands are seen. Some different hypotheses are discussed to account for the microheterogeneity of the normal aldolase B, and for the different isoelectrofocusing pattern found in livers with hereditary fructose intolerance.", "contents": "Isoelectrofocusing of aldolase B from normal human livers and from livers with hereditary fructose intolerance. By isoelectrofocusing in thin-layer acrylamide-ampholine gel, normal human aldolase B has been resolved into 5 bands. Moreover we were able to specifically stain (after isoelectrofocusing) the mutated aldolase B in livers with hereditary fructose intolerance, and to show that only the 3 most anodic bands are seen. Some different hypotheses are discussed to account for the microheterogeneity of the normal aldolase B, and for the different isoelectrofocusing pattern found in livers with hereditary fructose intolerance."}
{"id": "PMID:884844", "title": "Galactose-1-phosphate uridyltransferase activities in erythrocytes from a patient with galactosemia: discrepancy between two methods.", "content": "When measuring with the spectrophotometric UDP-Glu consumption test, the galactose-1-phosphate uridyltransferase (Gal-PUT) activity in erythrocyte lysates from a 22-month-old infant with a late onset form of galactosemia was found to be approximately 25% of normal. With a radiochemical assay only a very low residual activity could be detected (+/- 1% of normal). Preincubation of the patient's lysate with purified NADase caused a marked decrease of residual Gal-PUT activity as judged from the data obtained with the consumption test. The radiochemical assay was not influenced by a similar pre-treatment. The high level of residual activity found with the consumption test in this patient was attributed to the consumption of UDP-Glu by other reactions than Gal-PUT. Because it is a direct, simple and generally applicable assay, the radiochemical procedure is suggested to be the best method for the more detailed enzymological characterisation of the Gal-PUT deficient state in galactosemics.", "contents": "Galactose-1-phosphate uridyltransferase activities in erythrocytes from a patient with galactosemia: discrepancy between two methods. When measuring with the spectrophotometric UDP-Glu consumption test, the galactose-1-phosphate uridyltransferase (Gal-PUT) activity in erythrocyte lysates from a 22-month-old infant with a late onset form of galactosemia was found to be approximately 25% of normal. With a radiochemical assay only a very low residual activity could be detected (+/- 1% of normal). Preincubation of the patient's lysate with purified NADase caused a marked decrease of residual Gal-PUT activity as judged from the data obtained with the consumption test. The radiochemical assay was not influenced by a similar pre-treatment. The high level of residual activity found with the consumption test in this patient was attributed to the consumption of UDP-Glu by other reactions than Gal-PUT. Because it is a direct, simple and generally applicable assay, the radiochemical procedure is suggested to be the best method for the more detailed enzymological characterisation of the Gal-PUT deficient state in galactosemics."}
{"id": "PMID:884845", "title": "Bile proteins in the serum of jaundiced rats.", "content": "The major bile proteins can be detected by two-dimensional electrophoresis in the serum of cholestatic rats, three days after ligation of the common bile duct. The novel electrophoresis system used agarose gel electrophoresis in the first dimension followed by equilibrium electrophoresis in a polyacrylamide gel gradient.", "contents": "Bile proteins in the serum of jaundiced rats. The major bile proteins can be detected by two-dimensional electrophoresis in the serum of cholestatic rats, three days after ligation of the common bile duct. The novel electrophoresis system used agarose gel electrophoresis in the first dimension followed by equilibrium electrophoresis in a polyacrylamide gel gradient."}
{"id": "PMID:884846", "title": "[Thin-layer chromatography of sugars (author's transl)].", "content": "A thin-layer chromatographic method for the detection of sugars is described. The method can also be adapted for the use in biochemistry, pharmacology, and food chemistry. The solvent systems are: I, benzene/1-butanol/acetone/water (20 : 30 : 40 : 10, v/v); II, 1,2-dichloroethane/glacial acetic acid/methanol/water (50 : 25 : 15 : 10, v/v); III, boric acid 0.5%/1-butanol/2-propanol (20 : 30 : 50, v/v). Detection is developed by a diphenylamine aniline phosphoric acid reagent. Additionally an enzymatic method for the detection of some sugars is described.", "contents": "[Thin-layer chromatography of sugars (author's transl)]. A thin-layer chromatographic method for the detection of sugars is described. The method can also be adapted for the use in biochemistry, pharmacology, and food chemistry. The solvent systems are: I, benzene/1-butanol/acetone/water (20 : 30 : 40 : 10, v/v); II, 1,2-dichloroethane/glacial acetic acid/methanol/water (50 : 25 : 15 : 10, v/v); III, boric acid 0.5%/1-butanol/2-propanol (20 : 30 : 50, v/v). Detection is developed by a diphenylamine aniline phosphoric acid reagent. Additionally an enzymatic method for the detection of some sugars is described."}
{"id": "PMID:884847", "title": "Serum versus heparinized plasma for alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase of normal individuals.", "content": "The influence of heparin on the estimation of aminotransferases was investigated in a reaction medium containing phosphate or Tris buffer. Heparin scarcely affects the ASAT determination, but the ALAT activity in plasma is about 70% of the activity in serum, when the enzyme determination is carried out in Tris buffer. There exists a lag phase due to which the decrease in absorbance with the incubation time is nonlinear. When the Tris buffer is omitted, the same lag phase is observed in the ALAT determination. This lag phase is not caused by the indicator enzyme LDH. Addition of phosphate to the incubation medium without any buffer abolishes this lag phase. The possibility exists that heparin influences the structure of the proteins present in plasma and that these proteins, in their turn, decrease the enzymatic activity of ALAT.", "contents": "Serum versus heparinized plasma for alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase of normal individuals. The influence of heparin on the estimation of aminotransferases was investigated in a reaction medium containing phosphate or Tris buffer. Heparin scarcely affects the ASAT determination, but the ALAT activity in plasma is about 70% of the activity in serum, when the enzyme determination is carried out in Tris buffer. There exists a lag phase due to which the decrease in absorbance with the incubation time is nonlinear. When the Tris buffer is omitted, the same lag phase is observed in the ALAT determination. This lag phase is not caused by the indicator enzyme LDH. Addition of phosphate to the incubation medium without any buffer abolishes this lag phase. The possibility exists that heparin influences the structure of the proteins present in plasma and that these proteins, in their turn, decrease the enzymatic activity of ALAT."}
{"id": "PMID:884849", "title": "Creatine kinase B-subunit activity in human serum. II. Evaluation of s-ck b-subunit activity in the diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction.", "content": "In a group of 113 consecutive patients taken into a coronary care unit on suspicion of acute myocardial infarction, blood samples were taken every 6 h and the following enzyme activities were measured: creatine kinase (S-CK), aspartate aminotransferase (S-ASAT), alanine aminotransferase (S-ALAT) and lactate dehydrogenase (S-LD). All measurements were made according to the Recommendations of the Scandinavian Committee on Enzymes. On all patients S-CK B subunit activity was determined by immunoinhibition with a specific anti CK M-subunit inhibitory antibody. At peak values of the respective total enzyme activities CK and LD isoenzymes were further qualitatively estimated by electrophoresis. The data indicate that even serial determinations of total CK, ASAT, ALAT and LD activities in serum do not provide the information required for a conclusive diagnosis of myocardial infarction in the individual case. In contrast, the positive predictive value (PV) of S-CK B was found to be 1.0 and the negative predictive value was 0.98. S-CK MB showed a PV pos. of 1.0 and also a PV neg. of 1.0. Electrophoretic determination of S-LD isoenzymes was slightly poorer with a PV pos. of 0.96 and PV neg. of 0.98. S-CK, total activity with nearly 9 per cent false positives had a positive predictive value of only 0.91, but a negative one of 1.0.", "contents": "Creatine kinase B-subunit activity in human serum. II. Evaluation of s-ck b-subunit activity in the diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction. In a group of 113 consecutive patients taken into a coronary care unit on suspicion of acute myocardial infarction, blood samples were taken every 6 h and the following enzyme activities were measured: creatine kinase (S-CK), aspartate aminotransferase (S-ASAT), alanine aminotransferase (S-ALAT) and lactate dehydrogenase (S-LD). All measurements were made according to the Recommendations of the Scandinavian Committee on Enzymes. On all patients S-CK B subunit activity was determined by immunoinhibition with a specific anti CK M-subunit inhibitory antibody. At peak values of the respective total enzyme activities CK and LD isoenzymes were further qualitatively estimated by electrophoresis. The data indicate that even serial determinations of total CK, ASAT, ALAT and LD activities in serum do not provide the information required for a conclusive diagnosis of myocardial infarction in the individual case. In contrast, the positive predictive value (PV) of S-CK B was found to be 1.0 and the negative predictive value was 0.98. S-CK MB showed a PV pos. of 1.0 and also a PV neg. of 1.0. Electrophoretic determination of S-LD isoenzymes was slightly poorer with a PV pos. of 0.96 and PV neg. of 0.98. S-CK, total activity with nearly 9 per cent false positives had a positive predictive value of only 0.91, but a negative one of 1.0."}
{"id": "PMID:884850", "title": "Improved gas chromatographic analysis of chlorpromazine in blood serum.", "content": "Reliable determinations of chlorpromazine levels in blood serum samples obtained from patients were accomplished by electron capture gas chromatography. By using modifications of the procedure to insure stability of the sample, minimal losses during sample preparation and gas chromatography, and by selecting appropriate operating parameters of the electron capture detector, excellent agreement was obtained in replicate analyses with a limit of sensitivity of 1 ng/ml in 1 ml of plasma.", "contents": "Improved gas chromatographic analysis of chlorpromazine in blood serum. Reliable determinations of chlorpromazine levels in blood serum samples obtained from patients were accomplished by electron capture gas chromatography. By using modifications of the procedure to insure stability of the sample, minimal losses during sample preparation and gas chromatography, and by selecting appropriate operating parameters of the electron capture detector, excellent agreement was obtained in replicate analyses with a limit of sensitivity of 1 ng/ml in 1 ml of plasma."}
{"id": "PMID:884851", "title": "Effect of kininogen on the activity of the kallikreinogen-kallikrein system of human blood serum.", "content": "In experiments with kallikreinogen, kallikrein and kininogen preparations from human blood serum partially purified on QAE-Sephadex A-50, CM-Sephadex and Sephadex G-200 it was established that N-benzoyl-L-arginine ethyl ester (BAEE)-esterase activity of kallikrein and the process of autoactivation of kallikreinogen are inhibited by kininogen, especially by its high-molecular form.", "contents": "Effect of kininogen on the activity of the kallikreinogen-kallikrein system of human blood serum. In experiments with kallikreinogen, kallikrein and kininogen preparations from human blood serum partially purified on QAE-Sephadex A-50, CM-Sephadex and Sephadex G-200 it was established that N-benzoyl-L-arginine ethyl ester (BAEE)-esterase activity of kallikrein and the process of autoactivation of kallikreinogen are inhibited by kininogen, especially by its high-molecular form."}
{"id": "PMID:884852", "title": "Atypical GM1 ganglioside accumulation in a case of juvenile amaurotic idiocy.", "content": "The brain and liver from a 7-year-old Japanese girl with juvenile amaurotic idiocy were examined neuropathologically and biochemically. Visceromegaly and skeletal abnormalities were absent. Nerve cells in the central nervous system were swollen and contained fine fat granules. Electronmicroscopically, there were large numbers of irregular bodies in the perikarya and these corresponded to the curvilinear and membranous cytoplasmic bodies. Lipid analysis of the brain revealed that GM1 ganglioside was increased in the parietal and occipital areas, while the frontal lobe showed a normal ganglioside pattern. N-Acetyl neuraminic acid (NANA) content in all areas was not elevated. Determinations of beta-galactosidase activity were within normal ranges. The liver had no accumulation of GM1 ganglioside and showed a normal beta-galactosidase activity. These unusual findings in GM1 gangliosidosis were discussed.", "contents": "Atypical GM1 ganglioside accumulation in a case of juvenile amaurotic idiocy. The brain and liver from a 7-year-old Japanese girl with juvenile amaurotic idiocy were examined neuropathologically and biochemically. Visceromegaly and skeletal abnormalities were absent. Nerve cells in the central nervous system were swollen and contained fine fat granules. Electronmicroscopically, there were large numbers of irregular bodies in the perikarya and these corresponded to the curvilinear and membranous cytoplasmic bodies. Lipid analysis of the brain revealed that GM1 ganglioside was increased in the parietal and occipital areas, while the frontal lobe showed a normal ganglioside pattern. N-Acetyl neuraminic acid (NANA) content in all areas was not elevated. Determinations of beta-galactosidase activity were within normal ranges. The liver had no accumulation of GM1 ganglioside and showed a normal beta-galactosidase activity. These unusual findings in GM1 gangliosidosis were discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:884853", "title": "[Quantitative determination of hippuric acid in urine using high pressure liquid chromatography (author's transl)].", "content": "A simple method to determine hippuric acid in urine by high pressure liquid chromatography is described. An ion exchange column is used for the separation. The detection is carried out with a photometer. The analytical criteria of the reliability of the method are tested. The results for the precision and the accuracy of the method meet the guidelines of the statistical quality control. 34 urinary constituents were tested for their interference in order to examine the specificity. Measuring urine samples from 46 normal persons yielded hippuric acid concentrations between 160 and 2010 mg/1. The median was 400 mg/1, equivalent to 357 mg/g creatinine. These results are compared to those given in the literature. Comparative investigations of those urine samples by a gas chromatographic method matched well, with a coefficient of regression of 0.86.", "contents": "[Quantitative determination of hippuric acid in urine using high pressure liquid chromatography (author's transl)]. A simple method to determine hippuric acid in urine by high pressure liquid chromatography is described. An ion exchange column is used for the separation. The detection is carried out with a photometer. The analytical criteria of the reliability of the method are tested. The results for the precision and the accuracy of the method meet the guidelines of the statistical quality control. 34 urinary constituents were tested for their interference in order to examine the specificity. Measuring urine samples from 46 normal persons yielded hippuric acid concentrations between 160 and 2010 mg/1. The median was 400 mg/1, equivalent to 357 mg/g creatinine. These results are compared to those given in the literature. Comparative investigations of those urine samples by a gas chromatographic method matched well, with a coefficient of regression of 0.86."}
{"id": "PMID:884854", "title": "A quantitative assay of cortisol in human plasma by high performance liquid chromatography using a selective chemically bonded stationary phase.", "content": "The extraction and subsequent liquid chromatographic analysis of human plasma samples for cortisol is described. Extraction and chromatography are optimized, resulting in a recovery for cortisol of 96% and a detection limit of 1 microgram cortisol in 100 ml plasma. The application of two chemically modified silicas has been evaluated. The specificity of the method was tested by field desorption - mass spectrometry experiments.", "contents": "A quantitative assay of cortisol in human plasma by high performance liquid chromatography using a selective chemically bonded stationary phase. The extraction and subsequent liquid chromatographic analysis of human plasma samples for cortisol is described. Extraction and chromatography are optimized, resulting in a recovery for cortisol of 96% and a detection limit of 1 microgram cortisol in 100 ml plasma. The application of two chemically modified silicas has been evaluated. The specificity of the method was tested by field desorption - mass spectrometry experiments."}
{"id": "PMID:884855", "title": "Demonstration of N-dicarboxyl-mono-glycines in dicarboxylic acidurias by mass fragmentography.", "content": "Urine samples from 18 individuals with various types of dicarboxylic acidurias have been investigated by mass fragmentography for N-dicarboxyl-mono-glycines (dicarboxylglycines). One patient with methylmalonic acidemia excreted 14-20 microgram methylmalonylglycine/mg creatinine, three patients with glutaric aciduria excreted 20-60 microgram glutarylglycine/creatinine, and one patient with C6-C10-dicarboxylic aciduria excreted 120-365 microgram succinylglycine/mg creatinine. Excretion of C6-C10-dicarboxylic acids in patients with ketosis and glycogenosis and in neonates were not accompanied by excretion of C8-C10-dicarboxylglycines in measurable amounts (greater than 1 microgram/mg creatinine). Nor did patients with succinic aciduria excrete succinylglycine in amounts larger than 1 microgram/mg creatinine. On the basis of these data it is argued that production of short- and medium-chain dicarboxylglycines is not a metabolic pathway of biological significance for the elimination of short- and medium-chain dicarboxylic acids from individuals with dicarboxylic acidurias.", "contents": "Demonstration of N-dicarboxyl-mono-glycines in dicarboxylic acidurias by mass fragmentography. Urine samples from 18 individuals with various types of dicarboxylic acidurias have been investigated by mass fragmentography for N-dicarboxyl-mono-glycines (dicarboxylglycines). One patient with methylmalonic acidemia excreted 14-20 microgram methylmalonylglycine/mg creatinine, three patients with glutaric aciduria excreted 20-60 microgram glutarylglycine/creatinine, and one patient with C6-C10-dicarboxylic aciduria excreted 120-365 microgram succinylglycine/mg creatinine. Excretion of C6-C10-dicarboxylic acids in patients with ketosis and glycogenosis and in neonates were not accompanied by excretion of C8-C10-dicarboxylglycines in measurable amounts (greater than 1 microgram/mg creatinine). Nor did patients with succinic aciduria excrete succinylglycine in amounts larger than 1 microgram/mg creatinine. On the basis of these data it is argued that production of short- and medium-chain dicarboxylglycines is not a metabolic pathway of biological significance for the elimination of short- and medium-chain dicarboxylic acids from individuals with dicarboxylic acidurias."}
{"id": "PMID:884856", "title": "[The relationship between zinc levels in blood and the activity of delta-amino-levulinic acid dehydratase in human erythrocytes (author's transl)].", "content": "The blood levels of zinc, lead, copper and albumin and the activity of erythrocyte delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase (ALA D), with and without addition of zinc in vitro, were measured in healthy subjects and in patients with cirrhosis. In cirrhosis there was a decrease, of zinc (-40%) albumin (-38%) and of activity of ALA D (-48%) and an increase in blood lead (+80%). Correlation between these results has been studied. The increase of blood lead is probably the result of zinc decrease. Moreover, as the urinary excretion of zinc is enhanced by chelation therapy, the prescription of zinc in lead intoxication is to be recommended. The activity of ALA D in patients with cirrhosis is less enhanced by addition of zinc in vitro than is the activity in patients intoxicated with lead. Probably in cirrhosis there is especially a decrease in the synthesis of ALA D, and lead intoxication the enzyme is inhibited.", "contents": "[The relationship between zinc levels in blood and the activity of delta-amino-levulinic acid dehydratase in human erythrocytes (author's transl)]. The blood levels of zinc, lead, copper and albumin and the activity of erythrocyte delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase (ALA D), with and without addition of zinc in vitro, were measured in healthy subjects and in patients with cirrhosis. In cirrhosis there was a decrease, of zinc (-40%) albumin (-38%) and of activity of ALA D (-48%) and an increase in blood lead (+80%). Correlation between these results has been studied. The increase of blood lead is probably the result of zinc decrease. Moreover, as the urinary excretion of zinc is enhanced by chelation therapy, the prescription of zinc in lead intoxication is to be recommended. The activity of ALA D in patients with cirrhosis is less enhanced by addition of zinc in vitro than is the activity in patients intoxicated with lead. Probably in cirrhosis there is especially a decrease in the synthesis of ALA D, and lead intoxication the enzyme is inhibited."}
{"id": "PMID:884857", "title": "The simultaneous quantitative determination of cephalothin and cefazolin in serum by high pressure liquid chromatography.", "content": "Conventional microbiological assay procedures for cephalosporins in serum do not allow the determination of serum concentrations if more than one cephalosporin is present in a single sample. An HPLC procedure has been developed which permits the simultaneous quantitative determination of cefazolin sodium and cephalothin sodium in serum. Reverse phase chromatography using methanol in 0.2 M ammonium acetate as the mobile phase was employed to separate and quantitate the two cephalosporins in a trichloroacetic acid supernatant solution prepared from serum.", "contents": "The simultaneous quantitative determination of cephalothin and cefazolin in serum by high pressure liquid chromatography. Conventional microbiological assay procedures for cephalosporins in serum do not allow the determination of serum concentrations if more than one cephalosporin is present in a single sample. An HPLC procedure has been developed which permits the simultaneous quantitative determination of cefazolin sodium and cephalothin sodium in serum. Reverse phase chromatography using methanol in 0.2 M ammonium acetate as the mobile phase was employed to separate and quantitate the two cephalosporins in a trichloroacetic acid supernatant solution prepared from serum."}
{"id": "PMID:884858", "title": "The application of an improved gas-liquid chromatographic method for the determination of the long chain non-esterified fatty acid pattern of blood plasma in children.", "content": "An accurate, practicable and fast method for the quantitative determination of the non-esterified fatty acid (NEFA) pattern in plasma is described. After extraction, thin-layer chromatography and methylation, the NEFAs are quantitated by injection on a gas chromatographic column. A precise method with a mean recovery of 96% and a coefficient variation of the total NEFA concentration between 4 and 5% has been developed by the addition of the internal standard before the extraction, the deduction of a blank value and the use of constant quantities of silicagel, taken from the thinlayer plates. The height X retention time of each methyl ester peak is calculated after injection on a free fatty acid phase (FFAP) column. The total NEFA concentration and the plasma NEFA pattern of Belgian schoolboys (15 to 17 years old) have been determined.", "contents": "The application of an improved gas-liquid chromatographic method for the determination of the long chain non-esterified fatty acid pattern of blood plasma in children. An accurate, practicable and fast method for the quantitative determination of the non-esterified fatty acid (NEFA) pattern in plasma is described. After extraction, thin-layer chromatography and methylation, the NEFAs are quantitated by injection on a gas chromatographic column. A precise method with a mean recovery of 96% and a coefficient variation of the total NEFA concentration between 4 and 5% has been developed by the addition of the internal standard before the extraction, the deduction of a blank value and the use of constant quantities of silicagel, taken from the thinlayer plates. The height X retention time of each methyl ester peak is calculated after injection on a free fatty acid phase (FFAP) column. The total NEFA concentration and the plasma NEFA pattern of Belgian schoolboys (15 to 17 years old) have been determined."}
{"id": "PMID:884859", "title": "Pretreatment methods prior to gaschromatographic analysis of volatile fatty acids from faecal samples.", "content": "Vacuum distillation and steam distillation have been compared as pretreatment methods prior to the GC analysis of volatile fatty acids (VFA) in faecal material. Vacuum distillation resulted in a recovery range of 90-110% for all VFA in standard solutions. This was superior to the recovery ranges found after pretreatment by steam distillation. Coefficients of variance for steam distilled samples were higher than for vacuum distilled samples. Using a faecal homogenate, the vacuum distillation method was found to be highly reproducible. Spiking experiments substantiated the quantitative recovery of VFA from vacuum distilled samples. Modifications of the standard vacuum distillation procedure showed that care must be taken to ensure adequate cooling of the receiver tube.", "contents": "Pretreatment methods prior to gaschromatographic analysis of volatile fatty acids from faecal samples. Vacuum distillation and steam distillation have been compared as pretreatment methods prior to the GC analysis of volatile fatty acids (VFA) in faecal material. Vacuum distillation resulted in a recovery range of 90-110% for all VFA in standard solutions. This was superior to the recovery ranges found after pretreatment by steam distillation. Coefficients of variance for steam distilled samples were higher than for vacuum distilled samples. Using a faecal homogenate, the vacuum distillation method was found to be highly reproducible. Spiking experiments substantiated the quantitative recovery of VFA from vacuum distilled samples. Modifications of the standard vacuum distillation procedure showed that care must be taken to ensure adequate cooling of the receiver tube."}
{"id": "PMID:884860", "title": "Isoelectric focusing and hybridisation experiments on creatine kinase (EC 2.7.3.2).", "content": "In the case of increased creatine kinase levels, the MM isozyme in human serum can often be subdivided by electrophoresis into three isozymes: MM1, MM2 and MM3. This paper presents the results of hybridisation experiments, which prove the existence of two different M-subunits. The MM isozyme fractions used in the hybridisation experiments were isolated by isoelectric focusing of human sera. The experiments were completed by hybridisation of mixtures of BB and MM isozymes, leading to the formation of two MB isozymes.", "contents": "Isoelectric focusing and hybridisation experiments on creatine kinase (EC 2.7.3.2). In the case of increased creatine kinase levels, the MM isozyme in human serum can often be subdivided by electrophoresis into three isozymes: MM1, MM2 and MM3. This paper presents the results of hybridisation experiments, which prove the existence of two different M-subunits. The MM isozyme fractions used in the hybridisation experiments were isolated by isoelectric focusing of human sera. The experiments were completed by hybridisation of mixtures of BB and MM isozymes, leading to the formation of two MB isozymes."}
{"id": "PMID:884861", "title": "Plasma short-chain fatty acids in fulminant hepatic failure.", "content": "The role of short-chain fatty acids in the pathogenesis of coma in patients with fulminant hepatic failure has been studied by gas-liquid chromatography. There was no correlation between the initial or the final plasma levels of short-chain fatty acids in these patients and the clinical outcome of their disease. A primary role for the short-chain fatty acids in the pathogenesis of coma in fulminant hepatic failure is unlikely.", "contents": "Plasma short-chain fatty acids in fulminant hepatic failure. The role of short-chain fatty acids in the pathogenesis of coma in patients with fulminant hepatic failure has been studied by gas-liquid chromatography. There was no correlation between the initial or the final plasma levels of short-chain fatty acids in these patients and the clinical outcome of their disease. A primary role for the short-chain fatty acids in the pathogenesis of coma in fulminant hepatic failure is unlikely."}
{"id": "PMID:884862", "title": "Serum lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase activity in children with familial hyperbetalipoproteinaemia.", "content": "Serum (non-fasting) was obtained from 71 healthy school children (12-14 years) and from 16 children with the heterozygous form of familial hyperbetalipoproteinaemia being treated by diet or ion-exchange resin. The activity of lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase (EC 2.3.1.43) expressed as nmol cholesterol esterified/hour/ml serum did not change with increasing concentrations of unesterified cholesterol in the healthy children. In children with familial hyperbetalipoproteinaemia, lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase activity was higher than in the healthy children and this activity increased with increasing concentrations of unesterified cholesterol.", "contents": "Serum lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase activity in children with familial hyperbetalipoproteinaemia. Serum (non-fasting) was obtained from 71 healthy school children (12-14 years) and from 16 children with the heterozygous form of familial hyperbetalipoproteinaemia being treated by diet or ion-exchange resin. The activity of lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase (EC 2.3.1.43) expressed as nmol cholesterol esterified/hour/ml serum did not change with increasing concentrations of unesterified cholesterol in the healthy children. In children with familial hyperbetalipoproteinaemia, lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase activity was higher than in the healthy children and this activity increased with increasing concentrations of unesterified cholesterol."}
{"id": "PMID:884863", "title": "Evaluation of automated glucose oxidase methods for serum glucose: comparison to hexokinase of a colorimetric and an electrometric method.", "content": "Two automated glucose oxidase methods have been evaluated with respect to accuracy, precision, recovery, linearity and various potential interferences. Trinder's method on an AutoAnalyzer II had a between-day coefficient of variation (C.V.) of 2.6% (mean 228 mg/dl), was linear to 500 mg/dl, and produced a mean recovery of 99.7%. Comparison of Trinder's method with a manual, blanked hexokinase method yielded the regression equation: TR=--1.95 + HEX (1.04); Spearman's rho correlation coefficient was: 0.974. The Beckman System I glucose method had a between-day C.V. of 1.6% (mean 198 mg/dl), was linear to 500 mg/dl, and recovered an average of 98.0% of added glucose. Comparison with the same hexokinase method yielded: SYI = 1.27 + HEX (1.02: Spearman's rho = 0.991. None of the possible interfering compounds tested caused significant deviation of results by either method within the range of concentrations encountered physiologically. Trinder's method on the AutoAnalyzer II and the System I method are accurate, precise methods and are highly recommended for routine use in the clinical laboratory.", "contents": "Evaluation of automated glucose oxidase methods for serum glucose: comparison to hexokinase of a colorimetric and an electrometric method. Two automated glucose oxidase methods have been evaluated with respect to accuracy, precision, recovery, linearity and various potential interferences. Trinder's method on an AutoAnalyzer II had a between-day coefficient of variation (C.V.) of 2.6% (mean 228 mg/dl), was linear to 500 mg/dl, and produced a mean recovery of 99.7%. Comparison of Trinder's method with a manual, blanked hexokinase method yielded the regression equation: TR=--1.95 + HEX (1.04); Spearman's rho correlation coefficient was: 0.974. The Beckman System I glucose method had a between-day C.V. of 1.6% (mean 198 mg/dl), was linear to 500 mg/dl, and recovered an average of 98.0% of added glucose. Comparison with the same hexokinase method yielded: SYI = 1.27 + HEX (1.02: Spearman's rho = 0.991. None of the possible interfering compounds tested caused significant deviation of results by either method within the range of concentrations encountered physiologically. Trinder's method on the AutoAnalyzer II and the System I method are accurate, precise methods and are highly recommended for routine use in the clinical laboratory."}
{"id": "PMID:884865", "title": "A fluorometric assay for beta-phenylethylamine in human urine.", "content": "A sensitive and specific method for the fluorometric determination of beta-phenylethylamine (PEA) in human urine is described. PEA in urine was separated from phenylalanine and 5-hydroxytryptamine by n-heptane extraction, and determined by the ninhydrin reaction in the presence of L-leucyl-L-alanine. Using this method, the amounts of free PEA in urine samples of normal subjects and schizophrenics were measured. Normal subjects excreted 15.9 +/- 6.4 microgarm/day of free PEA, and chronic schizophrenics 9.3 +/- 2.7 microgram/day of free PEA. In normal subjects, the highest excretion of free PEA was observed in the period from 4:00 p.m. to 12:00 p.m. in a day.", "contents": "A fluorometric assay for beta-phenylethylamine in human urine. A sensitive and specific method for the fluorometric determination of beta-phenylethylamine (PEA) in human urine is described. PEA in urine was separated from phenylalanine and 5-hydroxytryptamine by n-heptane extraction, and determined by the ninhydrin reaction in the presence of L-leucyl-L-alanine. Using this method, the amounts of free PEA in urine samples of normal subjects and schizophrenics were measured. Normal subjects excreted 15.9 +/- 6.4 microgarm/day of free PEA, and chronic schizophrenics 9.3 +/- 2.7 microgram/day of free PEA. In normal subjects, the highest excretion of free PEA was observed in the period from 4:00 p.m. to 12:00 p.m. in a day."}
{"id": "PMID:884866", "title": "Serum lipids before and after parathyroidectomy in patients with primary hyperparathyroidism.", "content": "Eight males and 36 females with hypercalcaemia were operated upon for primary hyperparathyroidism and parathyroid adenomata were revealed in every case. The serum levels of cholesterol and triglycerides were determined before the operations and 6,12 and 18 months after them. Furthermore, the serum lipids of the patients were compared with those of a normacalcaemic sex- and age-matched control group. The serum cholesterol concentration in primary hyperparathyroidism was about 8-10% lower in both females and males compared with the correspondeing control cases and the levels of serum trigycerides were about 22% and 60% lower. After operation the serum cholesterol concentration returned to a normal level and the triglycerides nomalized. The results are discussed in the light of present knowledge about dietary calcium intake, primary hyperparathyroidism and lipid metabolism.", "contents": "Serum lipids before and after parathyroidectomy in patients with primary hyperparathyroidism. Eight males and 36 females with hypercalcaemia were operated upon for primary hyperparathyroidism and parathyroid adenomata were revealed in every case. The serum levels of cholesterol and triglycerides were determined before the operations and 6,12 and 18 months after them. Furthermore, the serum lipids of the patients were compared with those of a normacalcaemic sex- and age-matched control group. The serum cholesterol concentration in primary hyperparathyroidism was about 8-10% lower in both females and males compared with the correspondeing control cases and the levels of serum trigycerides were about 22% and 60% lower. After operation the serum cholesterol concentration returned to a normal level and the triglycerides nomalized. The results are discussed in the light of present knowledge about dietary calcium intake, primary hyperparathyroidism and lipid metabolism."}
{"id": "PMID:884867", "title": "Dihydroxanthopterinuria in phenylketonuria and lethal hyperphenylalaninemia patients.", "content": "7,8-Dihydroxanthopterin in identified in urine from phenylketonuria and lethal hyperphenylalaninemia patients. Because 7,8-dihyroxanthopterin is readily oxidised to xanthopterin, most of the characterisation was performed on xanthopterin. This finding indicates a gross disturbance of tetrahydrobiopterin metabolism in these patients. 7,8-dihydroxanthopterin or a related pterin may play a role in the pathogenesis of neurological symptoms in phenylketonuria and lethal hyperphenylalaninemia.", "contents": "Dihydroxanthopterinuria in phenylketonuria and lethal hyperphenylalaninemia patients. 7,8-Dihydroxanthopterin in identified in urine from phenylketonuria and lethal hyperphenylalaninemia patients. Because 7,8-dihyroxanthopterin is readily oxidised to xanthopterin, most of the characterisation was performed on xanthopterin. This finding indicates a gross disturbance of tetrahydrobiopterin metabolism in these patients. 7,8-dihydroxanthopterin or a related pterin may play a role in the pathogenesis of neurological symptoms in phenylketonuria and lethal hyperphenylalaninemia."}
{"id": "PMID:884868", "title": "Human calcitonin radioimmunoassay: characterization and application.", "content": "A radioimmunoassay of human calcitonin (HCT) has been developed, employing antibodies formed in response to a HCT-bovine gamma globulin conjugate. The assay is sensitive (lower limits of detection 30 pg/ml serum), reproducible, and specific for intact HCT and carboxyl-terminal fragments of HCT. Serum HCT was detected in 76% of 63 normal subjects (mean +/- S.E.M. = 72 +/- 7 pg/ml), and was increased in cord sera, as well as sera from patients with chronic renal disease and medullary thyroid cancer. Increased levels were observed during calcium infusion into normal subjects, but not in sera from pregnant women or subjects with chronic hypercalcemia. No significant correlation was observed between serum ionized calcium and HCT in sera from 147 hospitalized patients. These findings suggest the usefulness of this assay for further studies of conditions affecting calcitonin homeostasis.", "contents": "Human calcitonin radioimmunoassay: characterization and application. A radioimmunoassay of human calcitonin (HCT) has been developed, employing antibodies formed in response to a HCT-bovine gamma globulin conjugate. The assay is sensitive (lower limits of detection 30 pg/ml serum), reproducible, and specific for intact HCT and carboxyl-terminal fragments of HCT. Serum HCT was detected in 76% of 63 normal subjects (mean +/- S.E.M. = 72 +/- 7 pg/ml), and was increased in cord sera, as well as sera from patients with chronic renal disease and medullary thyroid cancer. Increased levels were observed during calcium infusion into normal subjects, but not in sera from pregnant women or subjects with chronic hypercalcemia. No significant correlation was observed between serum ionized calcium and HCT in sera from 147 hospitalized patients. These findings suggest the usefulness of this assay for further studies of conditions affecting calcitonin homeostasis."}
{"id": "PMID:884869", "title": "Carrier detection in X-linked recessive (Duchenne) muscular dystrophy: pyruvate kinase isoenzymes and creatine phosphokinase in serum and blood cells.", "content": "Allosterism allows individual assay of both isoenzymes, one abundant in muscle, of pyruvate kinase (PK), recently reported superior to serum creatine phosphokinase (CPK) in detecting patients with and female carriers of X-linked recessive (Duchenne) muscular dystrophy (DMD). Extensive comparative studies did not support these findings and confirmed the marked superiority of CPK over rariants of PK or other enzymes in sensitivity, stability and convenience. Deducting the adenylate kinase increment (AKI) further refined the CPK assay, eliminating the effect of haemolysis in diagnosis and enabling studies of blood cell content. Both leucocytes and erythrocytes liberated PK and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) after brief chilling or disruption. Only erythrocytes showed a CPK content, however, constantly adjusted to match that of serum as if by free cell membrane passage, but less accomodating to a sudden large influx of CPK than of LDH, where an apparent buffering effect could account for differences in clinical response.", "contents": "Carrier detection in X-linked recessive (Duchenne) muscular dystrophy: pyruvate kinase isoenzymes and creatine phosphokinase in serum and blood cells. Allosterism allows individual assay of both isoenzymes, one abundant in muscle, of pyruvate kinase (PK), recently reported superior to serum creatine phosphokinase (CPK) in detecting patients with and female carriers of X-linked recessive (Duchenne) muscular dystrophy (DMD). Extensive comparative studies did not support these findings and confirmed the marked superiority of CPK over rariants of PK or other enzymes in sensitivity, stability and convenience. Deducting the adenylate kinase increment (AKI) further refined the CPK assay, eliminating the effect of haemolysis in diagnosis and enabling studies of blood cell content. Both leucocytes and erythrocytes liberated PK and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) after brief chilling or disruption. Only erythrocytes showed a CPK content, however, constantly adjusted to match that of serum as if by free cell membrane passage, but less accomodating to a sudden large influx of CPK than of LDH, where an apparent buffering effect could account for differences in clinical response."}
{"id": "PMID:884870", "title": "Kinetics of intravenous administered L-phenylalanine in patients with cirrohosis of the liver.", "content": "The metabolism of intravenously administered L-phenylalanine has been studied in 13 patients with cirrhosis of the liver and in 17 control subjects. The decline in the plasma phenylalanine concentration followed a biexponential curve and the kinetics could be evaluated assuming a two-compartment model. The volume of the central compartment was reduced in the cirrhotic patients, reflecting a diminished liver pool size. The total phenylalanine clearance was lower in the cirrhotic patients, due mainly to a reduction of the liver cell mass or to changes in the intrahepatic membrane permeability and only to a minor extent to a reduced hepatic blood flow. The elimination rate constant from the central compartment was similar in both groups, suggesting that the remaining liver cells, had a normal capacity to hydroxylate phenylalanine to tyrosine. There was considerable overlapping in the kinetic parameters between the two groups, and even in patients with well established cirrhosis an apparently normal phenylalanine metabolism was observed.", "contents": "Kinetics of intravenous administered L-phenylalanine in patients with cirrohosis of the liver. The metabolism of intravenously administered L-phenylalanine has been studied in 13 patients with cirrhosis of the liver and in 17 control subjects. The decline in the plasma phenylalanine concentration followed a biexponential curve and the kinetics could be evaluated assuming a two-compartment model. The volume of the central compartment was reduced in the cirrhotic patients, reflecting a diminished liver pool size. The total phenylalanine clearance was lower in the cirrhotic patients, due mainly to a reduction of the liver cell mass or to changes in the intrahepatic membrane permeability and only to a minor extent to a reduced hepatic blood flow. The elimination rate constant from the central compartment was similar in both groups, suggesting that the remaining liver cells, had a normal capacity to hydroxylate phenylalanine to tyrosine. There was considerable overlapping in the kinetic parameters between the two groups, and even in patients with well established cirrhosis an apparently normal phenylalanine metabolism was observed."}
{"id": "PMID:884871", "title": "Sulfhaemoglobin. Absorption spectrum, millimolar extinction coefficient at lambda = 620 nm, and interference with the determination of haemoglobin and of haemiglobincy anide.", "content": "The spectrophotometry properties of sulfhaemoglobin (SHb) and some derivatives were investigated using an improved technique for measuring the SHb fraction induced in human blood samples. The millimolar extinction coefficient of SHb at lambda = 620 nm was found to be 20.8 (S.D. 1.48; S.E. = 0.44; n = 11). In addition it was demonstrated that the spectral changes occurring in SHb containing haemoglobin solutions upon the addition of KCN, K3Fe(CN)6 and K3Fe(CN)6 +KCN invalidate the KCN addition method for the determination of haemiglobin. The influence of clinically occurring SHb fractions on the internationally standarized total haemoglobin determination were shown to be insignificant.", "contents": "Sulfhaemoglobin. Absorption spectrum, millimolar extinction coefficient at lambda = 620 nm, and interference with the determination of haemoglobin and of haemiglobincy anide. The spectrophotometry properties of sulfhaemoglobin (SHb) and some derivatives were investigated using an improved technique for measuring the SHb fraction induced in human blood samples. The millimolar extinction coefficient of SHb at lambda = 620 nm was found to be 20.8 (S.D. 1.48; S.E. = 0.44; n = 11). In addition it was demonstrated that the spectral changes occurring in SHb containing haemoglobin solutions upon the addition of KCN, K3Fe(CN)6 and K3Fe(CN)6 +KCN invalidate the KCN addition method for the determination of haemiglobin. The influence of clinically occurring SHb fractions on the internationally standarized total haemoglobin determination were shown to be insignificant."}
{"id": "PMID:884872", "title": "The occurrence of 2-hydroxyisovaleric acid in patients with lactic acidosis and ketoacidosis.", "content": "Examination of urine samples by capillary column gas chromatography and mass spectrometry showed the presence of 2-hydroxyisovaleric acid together with trace amounts of the three branched-chain 2-keto acids in five patients with lactic and ketoacidosis. None of these compounds was detected in urine from healthy controls.", "contents": "The occurrence of 2-hydroxyisovaleric acid in patients with lactic acidosis and ketoacidosis. Examination of urine samples by capillary column gas chromatography and mass spectrometry showed the presence of 2-hydroxyisovaleric acid together with trace amounts of the three branched-chain 2-keto acids in five patients with lactic and ketoacidosis. None of these compounds was detected in urine from healthy controls."}
{"id": "PMID:884873", "title": "An immobilized hexokinase enzyme stirrer for a simple and economical assay of plasma glucose.", "content": "We have adapted the hexokinase glucose procedure to an immobilized enzyme stirrer for the determination of glucose concentrations in human blood plasma. The procedure is a fluorometric rate method measuring the formation of NADPH catalyzed by immobilized glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and hexokinase held within a tiny stirrer. The enzyme stirrer is stable for at least two months and can be used over eight-hundred assays without any loss of activity.", "contents": "An immobilized hexokinase enzyme stirrer for a simple and economical assay of plasma glucose. We have adapted the hexokinase glucose procedure to an immobilized enzyme stirrer for the determination of glucose concentrations in human blood plasma. The procedure is a fluorometric rate method measuring the formation of NADPH catalyzed by immobilized glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and hexokinase held within a tiny stirrer. The enzyme stirrer is stable for at least two months and can be used over eight-hundred assays without any loss of activity."}
{"id": "PMID:884875", "title": "The presence of immunoreactive growth hormone release-inhibiting hormone in normal cerebrospinal fluid.", "content": "Immunoreactive GHRIH is present in normal CSF at a level of 55 +/- 28 pg/ml. Immunoreactivity shows mobility identical to synthetic GHRIH standard on sephadex and thin layer chromatography, and can be removed by antibody conjugated to sepharose.", "contents": "The presence of immunoreactive growth hormone release-inhibiting hormone in normal cerebrospinal fluid. Immunoreactive GHRIH is present in normal CSF at a level of 55 +/- 28 pg/ml. Immunoreactivity shows mobility identical to synthetic GHRIH standard on sephadex and thin layer chromatography, and can be removed by antibody conjugated to sepharose."}
{"id": "PMID:884876", "title": "Increasing growth with raised circulating somatomedin but normal immunoassayable growth hormone.", "content": "Two patients are described with elevation of circulating somatomedin A concentration but normal growth hormone levels. One,a young male, appeared clinically acromegalic; the other, a young female, was tall with kyphoscoliosis, and her appearance resembled Marfan's syndrome. In both patients plasma growth hormone concentration was suppressible by hyperglycaemia. It is suggested that their clinical syndromes resulted from excessive somatomedin activity.", "contents": "Increasing growth with raised circulating somatomedin but normal immunoassayable growth hormone. Two patients are described with elevation of circulating somatomedin A concentration but normal growth hormone levels. One,a young male, appeared clinically acromegalic; the other, a young female, was tall with kyphoscoliosis, and her appearance resembled Marfan's syndrome. In both patients plasma growth hormone concentration was suppressible by hyperglycaemia. It is suggested that their clinical syndromes resulted from excessive somatomedin activity."}
{"id": "PMID:884877", "title": "Oestrogen-progestogen oral contraceptives and urinary calcium excretion.", "content": "To examine the effects of age and use of oestrogen-progestogen oral contraceptive agents (OCA) on urinary calcium excretion, 24 h urine collections were obtained from 525 women aged 16-69 years during a health survey, and measurements made of the amounts of calcium, creatinine, sodium, potassium and magnesium excreted. Younger women using OCA excreted more potassium and creatinine but less calcium, and less calcium and magnesium relative to creatinine, than corresponding controls using no OCA. Older women excreted less creatine, but significantly greater amounts of calcium, sodium, potassium and magnesium relative to creatinine than younger women. It is postulated that the diminished urinary calcium excretion observed in women using OCA resulted from suppression of bone resorption by oestrogens in OCA.", "contents": "Oestrogen-progestogen oral contraceptives and urinary calcium excretion. To examine the effects of age and use of oestrogen-progestogen oral contraceptive agents (OCA) on urinary calcium excretion, 24 h urine collections were obtained from 525 women aged 16-69 years during a health survey, and measurements made of the amounts of calcium, creatinine, sodium, potassium and magnesium excreted. Younger women using OCA excreted more potassium and creatinine but less calcium, and less calcium and magnesium relative to creatinine, than corresponding controls using no OCA. Older women excreted less creatine, but significantly greater amounts of calcium, sodium, potassium and magnesium relative to creatinine than younger women. It is postulated that the diminished urinary calcium excretion observed in women using OCA resulted from suppression of bone resorption by oestrogens in OCA."}
{"id": "PMID:884878", "title": "Prevention by somatostatin of rise in blood pressure and plasma renin mediated by beta-receptor stimulation.", "content": "The interrelationships of increased plasma renin and elevated blood pressure following acute beta-stimulation by orcipernaline and its prevention by somatostatin was studied in normal man. During somatostatin infusion basal values of renin and blood pressure were unchanged. Following orciprenaline both variables increased significantly. Combination of somatostatin and orciprenaline reduced the rise in plasma renin activity by 49%, mean arterial blood pressure by 21% and heart rate by 19%, compared with beta-stimulation alone. The results indicate that the inhibitory action of somatostatin on plasma renin activity may be mediated via beta-receptors. The lesser increase of blood pressure under somatostatin plus orciprenaline also indicates a possible inhibitory effect of somatostatin on beta-adrenergic receptors.", "contents": "Prevention by somatostatin of rise in blood pressure and plasma renin mediated by beta-receptor stimulation. The interrelationships of increased plasma renin and elevated blood pressure following acute beta-stimulation by orcipernaline and its prevention by somatostatin was studied in normal man. During somatostatin infusion basal values of renin and blood pressure were unchanged. Following orciprenaline both variables increased significantly. Combination of somatostatin and orciprenaline reduced the rise in plasma renin activity by 49%, mean arterial blood pressure by 21% and heart rate by 19%, compared with beta-stimulation alone. The results indicate that the inhibitory action of somatostatin on plasma renin activity may be mediated via beta-receptors. The lesser increase of blood pressure under somatostatin plus orciprenaline also indicates a possible inhibitory effect of somatostatin on beta-adrenergic receptors."}
{"id": "PMID:884898", "title": "Glutathione alterations in rat liver after acute and subacute oral administration of paracetamol.", "content": "1. The effect on hepatic glutathione was studied in rats pretreated orally with various dosages of paracetamol (acetaminophen) for varying time intervals. 2. Paracetamol caused a dose-dependent depletion of hepatic glutathione, the maximum depletion occurring 3 h after acute dosing, the levels returning to normal by 12 h after low doses (0-1 or 0-25 g/kg, p.o.) and by 72 h after the highest doses (1 g/kg, p.o.). 3. Before returning to normal, the liver glutathione levels became significantly greater than the control values (35-40%) at 24 and 48 h in 0-5 and 1 g/kg paracetamol-treated rats, respectively, suggesting thereby a 'glutathione rebound action' of paracetamol-pretreatment. 4. In contrast with the acutely treated rats, the liver glutathione content remained unchanged when 0-5 g/kg paracetamol was administered twice daily for 7 consecutive days. 5. Fasting caused a significant reduction in hepatic glutathione, the glutathione stores were replenished within 6 h after feeding. 6. The results suggest that the hepatic glutathione levels are reversibly depleted by single large doses of paracetamol, while the glutathione depletory effect appears to decrease after the repeated administration of this hepatotoxic agent.", "contents": "Glutathione alterations in rat liver after acute and subacute oral administration of paracetamol. 1. The effect on hepatic glutathione was studied in rats pretreated orally with various dosages of paracetamol (acetaminophen) for varying time intervals. 2. Paracetamol caused a dose-dependent depletion of hepatic glutathione, the maximum depletion occurring 3 h after acute dosing, the levels returning to normal by 12 h after low doses (0-1 or 0-25 g/kg, p.o.) and by 72 h after the highest doses (1 g/kg, p.o.). 3. Before returning to normal, the liver glutathione levels became significantly greater than the control values (35-40%) at 24 and 48 h in 0-5 and 1 g/kg paracetamol-treated rats, respectively, suggesting thereby a 'glutathione rebound action' of paracetamol-pretreatment. 4. In contrast with the acutely treated rats, the liver glutathione content remained unchanged when 0-5 g/kg paracetamol was administered twice daily for 7 consecutive days. 5. Fasting caused a significant reduction in hepatic glutathione, the glutathione stores were replenished within 6 h after feeding. 6. The results suggest that the hepatic glutathione levels are reversibly depleted by single large doses of paracetamol, while the glutathione depletory effect appears to decrease after the repeated administration of this hepatotoxic agent."}
{"id": "PMID:884899", "title": "Unusual effect of some alpha-mercaptoacrylic acids on metabolism of zinc in the rat.", "content": "1. Gavage of rats with beta-aryl derivatives of alpha-mercaptoacrylic acid resulted in pronounced and sustained elevation of serum zinc concentration. Greater than ten-fold increases above normal zinc levels were attained 2-8 h after doses of 50 mg/kg of the phenyl and furan derivatives. 2. These compounds were rapidly absorbed from the rat gastrointestinal tract and could be detected in serum for several days after a single dose. The return of serum zinc concentration to the normal level paralleled clearance of the mercaptoacrylic acid from plasma. 3. Close to 100% of the zinc and of the alpha-mercapto-beta-(2-furan)acrylic acid (MFA) in serum 4 h after administration of the compound were bound to serum macromolecules. 4. MFA decreased excretion of endogenous zinc; it altered neither the gastrointestinal absorption of zinc nor serum concentrations of copper, albumin and total protein. 5. These compounds appear to mobilize zinc from tissue stores and retard zinc clearance from plasma.", "contents": "Unusual effect of some alpha-mercaptoacrylic acids on metabolism of zinc in the rat. 1. Gavage of rats with beta-aryl derivatives of alpha-mercaptoacrylic acid resulted in pronounced and sustained elevation of serum zinc concentration. Greater than ten-fold increases above normal zinc levels were attained 2-8 h after doses of 50 mg/kg of the phenyl and furan derivatives. 2. These compounds were rapidly absorbed from the rat gastrointestinal tract and could be detected in serum for several days after a single dose. The return of serum zinc concentration to the normal level paralleled clearance of the mercaptoacrylic acid from plasma. 3. Close to 100% of the zinc and of the alpha-mercapto-beta-(2-furan)acrylic acid (MFA) in serum 4 h after administration of the compound were bound to serum macromolecules. 4. MFA decreased excretion of endogenous zinc; it altered neither the gastrointestinal absorption of zinc nor serum concentrations of copper, albumin and total protein. 5. These compounds appear to mobilize zinc from tissue stores and retard zinc clearance from plasma."}
{"id": "PMID:884902", "title": "Blockade by phentolamine of the potentiation of histamine-induced vasoconstriction caused by serotonin and methysergide in the rabbit ear artery.", "content": "1. In subconstrictor doses, both serotonin and methysergide potentiated the vasoconstrictor responses to histamine in the isolated artery of the rabbit ear. 2. In the presence of phentolamine (5 microgram/ml) the potentiating actions of serotonin and methysergide were significantly reduced. 3. This blocking action of phentolamine could be overcome by increasing the concentration of serotonin or by washing the preparation. 4. In arteries taken from rabbits pretreated with reserpine, serotonin still potentiated the response to histamine and phentolamine still blocked this potentiation. 5. The concentration of phentolamine required to block potentiation also blocked the direct constrictor response to serotonin. It did, however, produce a significantly greater blockade of the vasoconstrictor response to noradrenaline. 6. The results indicate that the action of phentolamine in blocking the vascular potentiation produced by serotonin and methysergide is not due to a blockade of alpha-receptors.", "contents": "Blockade by phentolamine of the potentiation of histamine-induced vasoconstriction caused by serotonin and methysergide in the rabbit ear artery. 1. In subconstrictor doses, both serotonin and methysergide potentiated the vasoconstrictor responses to histamine in the isolated artery of the rabbit ear. 2. In the presence of phentolamine (5 microgram/ml) the potentiating actions of serotonin and methysergide were significantly reduced. 3. This blocking action of phentolamine could be overcome by increasing the concentration of serotonin or by washing the preparation. 4. In arteries taken from rabbits pretreated with reserpine, serotonin still potentiated the response to histamine and phentolamine still blocked this potentiation. 5. The concentration of phentolamine required to block potentiation also blocked the direct constrictor response to serotonin. It did, however, produce a significantly greater blockade of the vasoconstrictor response to noradrenaline. 6. The results indicate that the action of phentolamine in blocking the vascular potentiation produced by serotonin and methysergide is not due to a blockade of alpha-receptors."}
{"id": "PMID:884901", "title": "The participation of enteric inhibitory nerves in accommodation of the intestine to distension.", "content": "1. The amounts by which various weights distended isolated segments from the distal colons of guinea-pigs were measured. 2. Tetrodotoxin substantially reduced the distensibility of the intestine, but bretylium, guanethidine, hyoscine and methysergide had no significant effect. 3. It is concluded that a local reflex involving enteric inhibitory nerves causes an accomodation of the intestine to stretch.", "contents": "The participation of enteric inhibitory nerves in accommodation of the intestine to distension. 1. The amounts by which various weights distended isolated segments from the distal colons of guinea-pigs were measured. 2. Tetrodotoxin substantially reduced the distensibility of the intestine, but bretylium, guanethidine, hyoscine and methysergide had no significant effect. 3. It is concluded that a local reflex involving enteric inhibitory nerves causes an accomodation of the intestine to stretch."}
{"id": "PMID:884909", "title": "Dialysis in the treatment of renal failure in patients with liver disease.", "content": "The value and effects of treating renal failure by dialysis are analyzed in a series of 84 patients with various types of liver disease. Although none of the 25 patients with cirrhosis survived, six of 50 with fulminant hepatic failure recovered completely as did seven of nine patients with renal failure secondary to extrahepatic biliary tract obstruction or with liver and renal damage following episodes of severe hypotension. Dialysis was required for seven weeks before diuresis occurred in one patient in the latter group. Both peritoneal and hemodialysis satisfactorily controlled plasma urea and creatinine levels, except in patients with fulminant hepatic failure in whom this was only achieved by hemodialysis. Complications of dialysis were most common in patients with cirrhosis and fulminant hepatic failure and included hypotension, gastrointestinal bleeding, and intraperitoneal sepsis. Overall, the results show that dialysis is only worth attempting in those patients in whom recovery of the underlying liver lesion is possible, and even then treatment for prolonged periods may be necessary.", "contents": "Dialysis in the treatment of renal failure in patients with liver disease. The value and effects of treating renal failure by dialysis are analyzed in a series of 84 patients with various types of liver disease. Although none of the 25 patients with cirrhosis survived, six of 50 with fulminant hepatic failure recovered completely as did seven of nine patients with renal failure secondary to extrahepatic biliary tract obstruction or with liver and renal damage following episodes of severe hypotension. Dialysis was required for seven weeks before diuresis occurred in one patient in the latter group. Both peritoneal and hemodialysis satisfactorily controlled plasma urea and creatinine levels, except in patients with fulminant hepatic failure in whom this was only achieved by hemodialysis. Complications of dialysis were most common in patients with cirrhosis and fulminant hepatic failure and included hypotension, gastrointestinal bleeding, and intraperitoneal sepsis. Overall, the results show that dialysis is only worth attempting in those patients in whom recovery of the underlying liver lesion is possible, and even then treatment for prolonged periods may be necessary."}
{"id": "PMID:884910", "title": "Improved growth in growth retarded uremic rats with use of calorie supplementation.", "content": "Renal failure in childhood is often associated with poor growth. Growth in uremia was studied using young growing male Sprague-Dawley rats made moderately uremic (SUN77 mg/100 ml) by partial nephrectomy. Uremic rats weighed less than control rats after 17 days of observation (P less than .01). Uremic rats supplemented by corn oil gavage had significantly better weight gain than nonsupplemented uremic rats (P less than .005). Uremic rats whose appetite was stimulated by the addition of saccharin to diet also had significantly better daily weight gain than uremic rats not having saccharin added to diet (P less than .05). Calorie intake appeared to be the limiting variable with regard to observed differences in growth. In fact, when adjusted for calorie intake/weight-75, uremic rats did not differ from control rats in weight gain/weight-75. In addition, control rats fed diets identical to those consumed by uremic rats grew equally as poorly. Improved growth in uremic rats with calorie supplementation was felt to be real growth in that body composition studies showed proportionate gains in cell mass, total body solids, liver and muscle. Catch-up growth was not observed, perhaps because insufficient supplemental calories were provided or because other unexplained factors contributed to growth retardation.", "contents": "Improved growth in growth retarded uremic rats with use of calorie supplementation. Renal failure in childhood is often associated with poor growth. Growth in uremia was studied using young growing male Sprague-Dawley rats made moderately uremic (SUN77 mg/100 ml) by partial nephrectomy. Uremic rats weighed less than control rats after 17 days of observation (P less than .01). Uremic rats supplemented by corn oil gavage had significantly better weight gain than nonsupplemented uremic rats (P less than .005). Uremic rats whose appetite was stimulated by the addition of saccharin to diet also had significantly better daily weight gain than uremic rats not having saccharin added to diet (P less than .05). Calorie intake appeared to be the limiting variable with regard to observed differences in growth. In fact, when adjusted for calorie intake/weight-75, uremic rats did not differ from control rats in weight gain/weight-75. In addition, control rats fed diets identical to those consumed by uremic rats grew equally as poorly. Improved growth in uremic rats with calorie supplementation was felt to be real growth in that body composition studies showed proportionate gains in cell mass, total body solids, liver and muscle. Catch-up growth was not observed, perhaps because insufficient supplemental calories were provided or because other unexplained factors contributed to growth retardation."}
{"id": "PMID:884900", "title": "Formation of a ternary complex with serum albumin: an explanation for the effect of alpha-mercapto-beta-(2-furan) acrylic acid on rat plasma zinc clearance.", "content": "1. Four, six and eight hours after gavage of rats with alpha-mercapto-beta-(2-furan)acrylic acid (MFA) (25 mg/kg) serum zinc concentration was increased ten-fold over control levels and a mean molar ratio of 1 albumin:0-4 zinc:0-8 MFA was found for seventeen sera. 2. At pH 7-5 a maximum of 1 mole of MFA could be bound per mole of metal-free bovine serum albumin. 3. In the presence of zinc ion, albumin-zinc-MFA complexes formed, since for each mole of albumin-zinc complex an additional mole of MFA could be bound to albumin. Complexes up to a molar stoichiometry of 1 albumin:2 zinc:3 MFA were prepared. 4. MFA stabilized the albumin-zinc complex against dissociation. 5. Formation of similar complexes in vivo may account for the markedly delayed clearance of plasma zinc rats administered beta-aryl derivatives of alpha-mercapto-acrylic acid.", "contents": "Formation of a ternary complex with serum albumin: an explanation for the effect of alpha-mercapto-beta-(2-furan) acrylic acid on rat plasma zinc clearance. 1. Four, six and eight hours after gavage of rats with alpha-mercapto-beta-(2-furan)acrylic acid (MFA) (25 mg/kg) serum zinc concentration was increased ten-fold over control levels and a mean molar ratio of 1 albumin:0-4 zinc:0-8 MFA was found for seventeen sera. 2. At pH 7-5 a maximum of 1 mole of MFA could be bound per mole of metal-free bovine serum albumin. 3. In the presence of zinc ion, albumin-zinc-MFA complexes formed, since for each mole of albumin-zinc complex an additional mole of MFA could be bound to albumin. Complexes up to a molar stoichiometry of 1 albumin:2 zinc:3 MFA were prepared. 4. MFA stabilized the albumin-zinc complex against dissociation. 5. Formation of similar complexes in vivo may account for the markedly delayed clearance of plasma zinc rats administered beta-aryl derivatives of alpha-mercapto-acrylic acid."}
{"id": "PMID:884911", "title": "Hypersequestration of 51Cr-labelled erythrocytes as a criterion for splenectomy in regular hemodialysis patients.", "content": "The splenic uptake of 51Cr-labelled autologous erythrocytes was studied by body surface counting in 20 hemodialysis patients. Evidence for splenic hypersequestration of erythrocytes was obtained in 7 patients. Splenectomy was performed in 6 of these and led to a reduction in transfusion requirements. One patient without evidence of splenic hypersequestration of red cells was also subjected to splenectomy but was not improved. The importance of following the splenic uptake of 51Cr for a sufficiently long time to detect a delayed uptake of 51Cr is pointed out.", "contents": "Hypersequestration of 51Cr-labelled erythrocytes as a criterion for splenectomy in regular hemodialysis patients. The splenic uptake of 51Cr-labelled autologous erythrocytes was studied by body surface counting in 20 hemodialysis patients. Evidence for splenic hypersequestration of erythrocytes was obtained in 7 patients. Splenectomy was performed in 6 of these and led to a reduction in transfusion requirements. One patient without evidence of splenic hypersequestration of red cells was also subjected to splenectomy but was not improved. The importance of following the splenic uptake of 51Cr for a sufficiently long time to detect a delayed uptake of 51Cr is pointed out."}
{"id": "PMID:884904", "title": "Cardiovascular effects of amitriptyline in anaesthetized dogs.", "content": "1. The effect of amitriptyline on cardiovascular variables has been studied in anaesthetized dogs. 2. In small doses (0.25 mg/dg) amitryptyline caused small increases in heart rates, contractility, blood pressure, coronary blood flow and aortic flow. 3. Large doses produced initial depressant effects on myocardial reflex rises in these and rate and blood pressure, which were followed by secondary reflex rises in these measurements. 4. The depressant effects were dose-related and were accompanied by marked increases in coronary flow and smaller increases in ortic flow. 5. The secondary reflex rises in cardiac parameters were abolished by propranolol and that of the blood pressure was much reduced.", "contents": "Cardiovascular effects of amitriptyline in anaesthetized dogs. 1. The effect of amitriptyline on cardiovascular variables has been studied in anaesthetized dogs. 2. In small doses (0.25 mg/dg) amitryptyline caused small increases in heart rates, contractility, blood pressure, coronary blood flow and aortic flow. 3. Large doses produced initial depressant effects on myocardial reflex rises in these and rate and blood pressure, which were followed by secondary reflex rises in these measurements. 4. The depressant effects were dose-related and were accompanied by marked increases in coronary flow and smaller increases in ortic flow. 5. The secondary reflex rises in cardiac parameters were abolished by propranolol and that of the blood pressure was much reduced."}
{"id": "PMID:884907", "title": "The effect of chromatographically pure sample of adenosine 5'-tetraphosphate on sheep and rabbit blood platelets.", "content": "1. The commercially available trisodium salt of adenosine 5'-tetraphosphate (ATetraP) (Sigma) was found to be contaminated with ATP, ADP and AMP, and therefore unsuitable for use in platelet studies. 2. The more stable barium salt of ATetraP was converted to the ammonium salt and found to be chromatographically homogeneous. This sample was tested for its influence on sheep blood platelets in citrated-rich plasma by the photometric method. 3. The ammonium salt of ATetraP (5-105 mumol.1(-1)) induced platelet aggregation which showed no tendency towards disaggregation. 4. The log dose-response lines for ATetraP and for adenosine diphosphate were parallel. On a molar basis, the tetraphosphate and only 1.5% of the aggregating activity of ADP. 5. The initial rate of aggregation induced by the tetraphosphate was inhibited by adenosine 5'-monophosphate analogues which are selective ADP-antagonists. These compounds also dispersed aggregates produced by ATetraP. 6. Platelets made refractory to ADP were also refractory to ATetraP. 7. Like ADP, ATetraP induced the change in shape of rabbit platelets and in this respect had only 3.4% the activity of ADP. 8. It is concluded that ATetraP per se can induced platelet aggregation and platelet shape change, and appears to exert its effect at the same site on the platelet surface as does ADP.", "contents": "The effect of chromatographically pure sample of adenosine 5'-tetraphosphate on sheep and rabbit blood platelets. 1. The commercially available trisodium salt of adenosine 5'-tetraphosphate (ATetraP) (Sigma) was found to be contaminated with ATP, ADP and AMP, and therefore unsuitable for use in platelet studies. 2. The more stable barium salt of ATetraP was converted to the ammonium salt and found to be chromatographically homogeneous. This sample was tested for its influence on sheep blood platelets in citrated-rich plasma by the photometric method. 3. The ammonium salt of ATetraP (5-105 mumol.1(-1)) induced platelet aggregation which showed no tendency towards disaggregation. 4. The log dose-response lines for ATetraP and for adenosine diphosphate were parallel. On a molar basis, the tetraphosphate and only 1.5% of the aggregating activity of ADP. 5. The initial rate of aggregation induced by the tetraphosphate was inhibited by adenosine 5'-monophosphate analogues which are selective ADP-antagonists. These compounds also dispersed aggregates produced by ATetraP. 6. Platelets made refractory to ADP were also refractory to ATetraP. 7. Like ADP, ATetraP induced the change in shape of rabbit platelets and in this respect had only 3.4% the activity of ADP. 8. It is concluded that ATetraP per se can induced platelet aggregation and platelet shape change, and appears to exert its effect at the same site on the platelet surface as does ADP."}
{"id": "PMID:884912", "title": "The size of the juxtaglomerular apparatus in diabetic glomerulosclerosis and its correlation with arteriolosclerosis and arterial hypertension: a morphometric light microscopic study on human renal biopsies.", "content": "The surface areas of the juxtaglomerular cell complexes and the index of arteriolar sclerosis were evaluated in renal biopsies from 50 patients with diabetic glomerulosclerosis. The mean surface areas of the JGC's were significantly enlarged compared to that of normal renal tissue, whereas no significant difference could be found between kidneys from hypertensive and the normotensive diabetics. A positive linear correlation was found between mean JGC-size and the index of sclerosis of the afferent arterioles. This was interpreted as the result of faulty coordination between the activity of the juxtaglomerular apparatus and the systemic arterial blood pressure. This is caused by stenoses of the preglomerular afferent arterioles in diabetic arteriosclerosis.", "contents": "The size of the juxtaglomerular apparatus in diabetic glomerulosclerosis and its correlation with arteriolosclerosis and arterial hypertension: a morphometric light microscopic study on human renal biopsies. The surface areas of the juxtaglomerular cell complexes and the index of arteriolar sclerosis were evaluated in renal biopsies from 50 patients with diabetic glomerulosclerosis. The mean surface areas of the JGC's were significantly enlarged compared to that of normal renal tissue, whereas no significant difference could be found between kidneys from hypertensive and the normotensive diabetics. A positive linear correlation was found between mean JGC-size and the index of sclerosis of the afferent arterioles. This was interpreted as the result of faulty coordination between the activity of the juxtaglomerular apparatus and the systemic arterial blood pressure. This is caused by stenoses of the preglomerular afferent arterioles in diabetic arteriosclerosis."}
{"id": "PMID:884913", "title": "Hemodynamic evaluation of hypotension during chronic hemodialysis.", "content": "Hypotensive episodes occur frequently during hemodialysis; they are often sudden and difficult to prevent despite careful clinical control. Their etiology was studied by investigating the hemodynamic response of five patients submitted to ultrafiltration during their three first dialyses. A Swan Ganz catheter was inserted and left in position for 5 days. Simultaneous determination of cardiac output, mean pulmonary artery (PAP) and capillary and systemic arterial pressures were recorded. 10 hypotensive episodes were observed. In 3 patients in whom the first hypotensive episode occurred 10 minutes after the start of dialysis, there was a significant drop in PAP, cardiac index and stroke index while heart rate and peripheral resistance remained unchanged. Paradoxical bradycardia was observed. In 4 patients hypotension was observed more than one hour after initiation of dialysis. Before the hypotensive episode there was moderate elevation of heart rate and peripheral resistance and an insignificant reduction in PAP. Cardiac index and stroke index were diminished. The decrease in MAP was only 2 mm Hg. Hypovolemia is the most important factor in hemodialysis-induced hypotension but other factors such as vagal stimulation, autonomic neuropathy and osmotic disequilibrium can interfere with blood pressure control and trigger hypotension. Methods of preventing hypotension during dialysis, including the infusion of low molecular weight dextran, are discussed.", "contents": "Hemodynamic evaluation of hypotension during chronic hemodialysis. Hypotensive episodes occur frequently during hemodialysis; they are often sudden and difficult to prevent despite careful clinical control. Their etiology was studied by investigating the hemodynamic response of five patients submitted to ultrafiltration during their three first dialyses. A Swan Ganz catheter was inserted and left in position for 5 days. Simultaneous determination of cardiac output, mean pulmonary artery (PAP) and capillary and systemic arterial pressures were recorded. 10 hypotensive episodes were observed. In 3 patients in whom the first hypotensive episode occurred 10 minutes after the start of dialysis, there was a significant drop in PAP, cardiac index and stroke index while heart rate and peripheral resistance remained unchanged. Paradoxical bradycardia was observed. In 4 patients hypotension was observed more than one hour after initiation of dialysis. Before the hypotensive episode there was moderate elevation of heart rate and peripheral resistance and an insignificant reduction in PAP. Cardiac index and stroke index were diminished. The decrease in MAP was only 2 mm Hg. Hypovolemia is the most important factor in hemodialysis-induced hypotension but other factors such as vagal stimulation, autonomic neuropathy and osmotic disequilibrium can interfere with blood pressure control and trigger hypotension. Methods of preventing hypotension during dialysis, including the infusion of low molecular weight dextran, are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:884914", "title": "Malignant hypertension and uremia in scleroderma: efficacy of nephrectomy and hemodialysis.", "content": "Two cases of scleroderma are presented in which malignant hypertension developed abruptly, accompanied by rapidly progressive renal failure. The malignant hypertension was associated with high plasma renin levels and like other forms of hyperrenninemic hypertension and uremia, was refractory to both antihypertensive medication and extracellular fluid volume control with hemodialysis. Blood pressures became controllable only after bilateral nephrectomy was performed, and in each case resulted in a reversal of a rapidly progressive downhill course. Though both patients had multisystem involvement at the onset of renal failure, the non-renal manifestations of scleroderma have not progressed rapidly. Consequently, when patients with scleroderma develop malignant hypertension and uremia, aggressive therapy with dialysis and nephrectomy may significantly prolong survival.", "contents": "Malignant hypertension and uremia in scleroderma: efficacy of nephrectomy and hemodialysis. Two cases of scleroderma are presented in which malignant hypertension developed abruptly, accompanied by rapidly progressive renal failure. The malignant hypertension was associated with high plasma renin levels and like other forms of hyperrenninemic hypertension and uremia, was refractory to both antihypertensive medication and extracellular fluid volume control with hemodialysis. Blood pressures became controllable only after bilateral nephrectomy was performed, and in each case resulted in a reversal of a rapidly progressive downhill course. Though both patients had multisystem involvement at the onset of renal failure, the non-renal manifestations of scleroderma have not progressed rapidly. Consequently, when patients with scleroderma develop malignant hypertension and uremia, aggressive therapy with dialysis and nephrectomy may significantly prolong survival."}
{"id": "PMID:884905", "title": "A comparison of the cardiac actions of dopamine and noradrenaline in anaesthetized dogs and guinea-pig atria.", "content": "1. The positive chronotropic and inotropic actions of dopamine and noradrenaline have been compared in anaesthetized dogs and isolated guinea-pig atria. 2. Inotropic activity was measured with a strain-gauge arch in vagotomized dogs or estimated from max (dp/dt) in dogs with denervated hearts. 3. The effects of propranolol and haloperidol on the concentration-response curves to both amines were studied in isolated atria. 4. In anaesthetized vagotomized dogs noradrenaline was more potent than dopamine but dopamine appeared to have a selective inotropic action, less apparent with noradrenaline. In denervated hearts, doses of noradrenaline and dopamine which caused similar increases in max (dp/dt) also caused similar increases in heart rate. 5. In isolated atrial preparations, concentrations of dopamine and noradrenaline which produced similar increases in force of contraction also had similar chronotropic effects. 6. Propranolol produced a shift to the right of the concentration-response curves to both dopamine and noradrenaline but the antagonism of noradrenaline was quantitatively greater. Haloperidol had not effct in concentrations below those found to cause general tissue depression. 7. It is concluded that neither dopamine nor noradrenaline show any real difference in their relative inotropic and chronotropic activities in the absence of autonomic innervation.", "contents": "A comparison of the cardiac actions of dopamine and noradrenaline in anaesthetized dogs and guinea-pig atria. 1. The positive chronotropic and inotropic actions of dopamine and noradrenaline have been compared in anaesthetized dogs and isolated guinea-pig atria. 2. Inotropic activity was measured with a strain-gauge arch in vagotomized dogs or estimated from max (dp/dt) in dogs with denervated hearts. 3. The effects of propranolol and haloperidol on the concentration-response curves to both amines were studied in isolated atria. 4. In anaesthetized vagotomized dogs noradrenaline was more potent than dopamine but dopamine appeared to have a selective inotropic action, less apparent with noradrenaline. In denervated hearts, doses of noradrenaline and dopamine which caused similar increases in max (dp/dt) also caused similar increases in heart rate. 5. In isolated atrial preparations, concentrations of dopamine and noradrenaline which produced similar increases in force of contraction also had similar chronotropic effects. 6. Propranolol produced a shift to the right of the concentration-response curves to both dopamine and noradrenaline but the antagonism of noradrenaline was quantitatively greater. Haloperidol had not effct in concentrations below those found to cause general tissue depression. 7. It is concluded that neither dopamine nor noradrenaline show any real difference in their relative inotropic and chronotropic activities in the absence of autonomic innervation."}
{"id": "PMID:884916", "title": "Continuous sampling as a pharmacokinetic tool.", "content": "Continuous sampling (CS) of blood through a nonthrombogenic catheter is presented as a tool for determining various pharmacokinetic parameters after a single injection of a drug. In addition to defining many of the usual parameters used in pharmacokinetic analyses, CS provides an accurate and direct determination of the total area under the plasma concentration curve. The theoretic background underlying the CS method is derived, and a practical formulation for its use in a clinical setting is described. The aminoglycoside antibiotic, amikacin, was chosen to exemplify the use of this technique. The drug was administered to 6 children, and CS was used to define plasma and single organ (kidney) clearance, volume of distribution, half-life during the final elimination phase, the shape of the plasma concentration curve, and the exponential factorization of this curve for multicompartmental analysis. The CS method has several theoretical and practical advantages over the usual technique of intermittent blood sampling; such as accuracy in the determination of the plasma concentration-time curve integral, relative model independence, requirement for few samples, and ease in obtaining samples.", "contents": "Continuous sampling as a pharmacokinetic tool. Continuous sampling (CS) of blood through a nonthrombogenic catheter is presented as a tool for determining various pharmacokinetic parameters after a single injection of a drug. In addition to defining many of the usual parameters used in pharmacokinetic analyses, CS provides an accurate and direct determination of the total area under the plasma concentration curve. The theoretic background underlying the CS method is derived, and a practical formulation for its use in a clinical setting is described. The aminoglycoside antibiotic, amikacin, was chosen to exemplify the use of this technique. The drug was administered to 6 children, and CS was used to define plasma and single organ (kidney) clearance, volume of distribution, half-life during the final elimination phase, the shape of the plasma concentration curve, and the exponential factorization of this curve for multicompartmental analysis. The CS method has several theoretical and practical advantages over the usual technique of intermittent blood sampling; such as accuracy in the determination of the plasma concentration-time curve integral, relative model independence, requirement for few samples, and ease in obtaining samples."}
{"id": "PMID:884906", "title": "The effects of some bronchodilator and anti-inflammatory drugs on prostaglandin F2alpha-induced contraction of guinea-pig isolated trachea.", "content": "1. The bronchodilator drugs isoprenaline, salbutamol, theophylline and prostaglandin E1 (PGE1) relaxed the guinea-pig isolated tracheal chain preparation dose-dependently and their potencies were compared by EC50 values. 2. The non-steroid anti-inflammatory drugs flufenamate, mefenamate and phenylbutazone also relaxed the preparation dose-dependently, but were less potent than the sympathomimetic drugs and PGE1. 3. The contractile response to a submaximal concentration of prostaglandin F2alpha (PGF2alpha) was antagonized by flufenamate, mefenamate, phenylbutazone, aspirin, theophylline, isoprenaline, salbutamol and PGE1, at concentrations similar to or less than the clinical peak plasma levels in man. A relatively higher concentration of indomethacin was required. 4. The antagonism was relatively specific for PGF2alpha in the case of the fenamates, which did not cause comparable reductions in responses to equi-effective concentrations of histamine and carbachol. The other anti-inflammatory drugs, theophylline and the sympathomimetic drugs were less or non-specific. 5. The nature of the shifts in the long dose-response curve for PGF2alpha caused by increasing concentration levels of flufenamate indicates a dual competitive/non-competitive type of antagonism.", "contents": "The effects of some bronchodilator and anti-inflammatory drugs on prostaglandin F2alpha-induced contraction of guinea-pig isolated trachea. 1. The bronchodilator drugs isoprenaline, salbutamol, theophylline and prostaglandin E1 (PGE1) relaxed the guinea-pig isolated tracheal chain preparation dose-dependently and their potencies were compared by EC50 values. 2. The non-steroid anti-inflammatory drugs flufenamate, mefenamate and phenylbutazone also relaxed the preparation dose-dependently, but were less potent than the sympathomimetic drugs and PGE1. 3. The contractile response to a submaximal concentration of prostaglandin F2alpha (PGF2alpha) was antagonized by flufenamate, mefenamate, phenylbutazone, aspirin, theophylline, isoprenaline, salbutamol and PGE1, at concentrations similar to or less than the clinical peak plasma levels in man. A relatively higher concentration of indomethacin was required. 4. The antagonism was relatively specific for PGF2alpha in the case of the fenamates, which did not cause comparable reductions in responses to equi-effective concentrations of histamine and carbachol. The other anti-inflammatory drugs, theophylline and the sympathomimetic drugs were less or non-specific. 5. The nature of the shifts in the long dose-response curve for PGF2alpha caused by increasing concentration levels of flufenamate indicates a dual competitive/non-competitive type of antagonism."}
{"id": "PMID:884919", "title": "Diuretic effect and metabolism of bumetanide in man.", "content": "Bumetanide (3-N-butylamino-4-phenoxy-5-sulfamyl-benzoic acid) is a sulfonamide congener with potent diuretic activity in man. Oral administration of 14C-bumetanide (2 mg, 22 71Ci) to 4 adult male volunteers was rapidly and almost completely absorbed (greater than 95%). Its average apparent volume of distribution was 25 L. Bumetanide induced a ceiling diuresis at 1 hr, with loss of Na+ and water for 4 to 5 hr. Loss of K+ was minimal. Bumetanide was quickly eliminated by metabolism and urinary excretion with a plasma half-life of 1.5 hr. The administered radioactivity was almost completely recovered (96%), 81% appearing in the urine and the remainder in the feces. In one subject with bilary T tube, 14.4% of the dose was excreted in the bile which suggested that the radioactivity of the feces came from the bile. Thin-layer chromatography analysis of pooled urine, bile, and fecal samples showed the elimination of bumetanide could be explained by excretion of unchanged drug and side chain oxidative metabolism and conjugation.", "contents": "Diuretic effect and metabolism of bumetanide in man. Bumetanide (3-N-butylamino-4-phenoxy-5-sulfamyl-benzoic acid) is a sulfonamide congener with potent diuretic activity in man. Oral administration of 14C-bumetanide (2 mg, 22 71Ci) to 4 adult male volunteers was rapidly and almost completely absorbed (greater than 95%). Its average apparent volume of distribution was 25 L. Bumetanide induced a ceiling diuresis at 1 hr, with loss of Na+ and water for 4 to 5 hr. Loss of K+ was minimal. Bumetanide was quickly eliminated by metabolism and urinary excretion with a plasma half-life of 1.5 hr. The administered radioactivity was almost completely recovered (96%), 81% appearing in the urine and the remainder in the feces. In one subject with bilary T tube, 14.4% of the dose was excreted in the bile which suggested that the radioactivity of the feces came from the bile. Thin-layer chromatography analysis of pooled urine, bile, and fecal samples showed the elimination of bumetanide could be explained by excretion of unchanged drug and side chain oxidative metabolism and conjugation."}
{"id": "PMID:884920", "title": "Kinetics of intravenous theophylline.", "content": "The pharmacokinetics of theophylline was studied in 6 normal, nonsmoking, adult male volunteers. A constant-rate intravenous infusion of 3.84 to 4.98 mg/kg of theophylline (as the ethylenediamine salt, aminophylline) was administered over 40 min. Serum theophylline concentrations were measured for 24 hr by means of a gas chromatographic method specific for theophylline. Within 30 min of an average intravenous dose of 4.4 mg/kg of theophylline, serum levels reached 10 microgram/ml. The highest serum level at the end of the infusion was 17 microgram/ml. The serum concentration-time data were fitted to a two-compartment open model and yielded a mean serum half-life (t1/2) of 11.02 hr, a value longer than those previously reported. Our results indicated that after the original loading dose of 4.4 mg/kg was infused for 40min, an immediate infusion rate of 1.40 mg/kg/hr (1.65 mg/kg/hr aminophylline) would be necessary to maintain a serum level of 10 microgram/ml.", "contents": "Kinetics of intravenous theophylline. The pharmacokinetics of theophylline was studied in 6 normal, nonsmoking, adult male volunteers. A constant-rate intravenous infusion of 3.84 to 4.98 mg/kg of theophylline (as the ethylenediamine salt, aminophylline) was administered over 40 min. Serum theophylline concentrations were measured for 24 hr by means of a gas chromatographic method specific for theophylline. Within 30 min of an average intravenous dose of 4.4 mg/kg of theophylline, serum levels reached 10 microgram/ml. The highest serum level at the end of the infusion was 17 microgram/ml. The serum concentration-time data were fitted to a two-compartment open model and yielded a mean serum half-life (t1/2) of 11.02 hr, a value longer than those previously reported. Our results indicated that after the original loading dose of 4.4 mg/kg was infused for 40min, an immediate infusion rate of 1.40 mg/kg/hr (1.65 mg/kg/hr aminophylline) would be necessary to maintain a serum level of 10 microgram/ml."}
{"id": "PMID:884921", "title": "Kinetics of primidone metabolism and excretion in children.", "content": "The metabolism and excretion of orally administered primidone was studied in 12 children, aged 7 to 14 yr during long-term dosing. Plasma concentrations of primidone (Pr) peaked at 4 to 6 hr and declined exponentially from 6 to 24 hr, with half-life (t1/2) values ranging from 4.5 to 11 hr. A mean of 92% (72% to 123%) of the administered dose was recovered within 24 hr from the urine as Pr and its metabolites. Of the total Pr daily dose, 42.3% (15.2% to 65.9%) was recovered as unchanged drug, 45.2% (16.3% to 65.3%) as phenylethylmalonamide (PEMA), and 4.9% (1.1% to 8.0%) as phenobarbital (Pb). The mean rate constant for conversion of Pr to PEMA (K1) was 0.0424 hr-1, for conversion of Pr to Pb (K2) was 0.0045 hr-1, and for excretion of unchanged Pr (K3) was 0.0389 hr-1. Of Pb excreted, 43% (13% to 100%) was unchanged, 15% (0% to 27%) was unconjugated p-OH Pb, 20% (0% to 44%) was conjugated p-OH Pb, and 22% (0% to 33%) was conjugated 3,4-OH Pb. KE appears to be important determinant of the steady-state plasma concentration of Pb, but interindividual differences in K2 have little influence on the overall rate constant for elimination of Pr.", "contents": "Kinetics of primidone metabolism and excretion in children. The metabolism and excretion of orally administered primidone was studied in 12 children, aged 7 to 14 yr during long-term dosing. Plasma concentrations of primidone (Pr) peaked at 4 to 6 hr and declined exponentially from 6 to 24 hr, with half-life (t1/2) values ranging from 4.5 to 11 hr. A mean of 92% (72% to 123%) of the administered dose was recovered within 24 hr from the urine as Pr and its metabolites. Of the total Pr daily dose, 42.3% (15.2% to 65.9%) was recovered as unchanged drug, 45.2% (16.3% to 65.3%) as phenylethylmalonamide (PEMA), and 4.9% (1.1% to 8.0%) as phenobarbital (Pb). The mean rate constant for conversion of Pr to PEMA (K1) was 0.0424 hr-1, for conversion of Pr to Pb (K2) was 0.0045 hr-1, and for excretion of unchanged Pr (K3) was 0.0389 hr-1. Of Pb excreted, 43% (13% to 100%) was unchanged, 15% (0% to 27%) was unconjugated p-OH Pb, 20% (0% to 44%) was conjugated p-OH Pb, and 22% (0% to 33%) was conjugated 3,4-OH Pb. KE appears to be important determinant of the steady-state plasma concentration of Pb, but interindividual differences in K2 have little influence on the overall rate constant for elimination of Pr."}
{"id": "PMID:884922", "title": "Kinetics of a sulfadiazine-trimethoprim combination.", "content": "The pharmacokinetics of a combination of sulfadiazine and trimethoprim has been studied in 16 patients with varying degrees of reduced renal function. In normal renal function, the serum half-life (t1/2) of active sulfadiazine, total sulfadiazine, and trimethoprim were quite close: 7.7, 9.6, and 12.1 hr, respectively. There was a gradual increase in serum t1/2 with reduction in renal function for both active and total sulfadiazine and for trimethoprim. With accurate determinations of endogenous renal clearance, t1/2 estimates may be made from regression curves presented. The relative distribution in the body was unrelated to renal function. It was similar for the two fractions of sulfonamide and higher for trimethoprim. The means were 0.371, 0.176, and 1.104 L/kg, respectively, for active and total sulfadiazine, and trimethoprim.", "contents": "Kinetics of a sulfadiazine-trimethoprim combination. The pharmacokinetics of a combination of sulfadiazine and trimethoprim has been studied in 16 patients with varying degrees of reduced renal function. In normal renal function, the serum half-life (t1/2) of active sulfadiazine, total sulfadiazine, and trimethoprim were quite close: 7.7, 9.6, and 12.1 hr, respectively. There was a gradual increase in serum t1/2 with reduction in renal function for both active and total sulfadiazine and for trimethoprim. With accurate determinations of endogenous renal clearance, t1/2 estimates may be made from regression curves presented. The relative distribution in the body was unrelated to renal function. It was similar for the two fractions of sulfonamide and higher for trimethoprim. The means were 0.371, 0.176, and 1.104 L/kg, respectively, for active and total sulfadiazine, and trimethoprim."}
{"id": "PMID:884923", "title": "Adjustment of lithium dose during lithium-chlorothiazide therapy.", "content": "There has been a long-held belief that lithium salts cannot be used in the presence of thiazide diuretics. Recently, however, thiazides have been demonstrated to be not only safe, but actually indicated in two situations in which lithium salts are used. The first is in the treatment of lithium-induced nephrogenic diabetes insipidus and the second is in severe manic depressive illness in which high doses of lithium do not produce therapeutic serum  or intraeythrocytic lithium concentrations. This new information now makes it possible for some manic depressive patients with serious medical illnesses (such as hypertension or congestive heart failure), in whom thiazide diuretics are routinely used, to be treated cautiously with lithium carbonate. This paper analyzes data from 13 patients taking lithium carbonate and varying doses of chlorothiazide in order to indicate the approximate magnitude of downward adjustment of daily lithium dose which the clinician must make to safely give 500, 750, and 1,000 mg/day of chlorothiazide.", "contents": "Adjustment of lithium dose during lithium-chlorothiazide therapy. There has been a long-held belief that lithium salts cannot be used in the presence of thiazide diuretics. Recently, however, thiazides have been demonstrated to be not only safe, but actually indicated in two situations in which lithium salts are used. The first is in the treatment of lithium-induced nephrogenic diabetes insipidus and the second is in severe manic depressive illness in which high doses of lithium do not produce therapeutic serum  or intraeythrocytic lithium concentrations. This new information now makes it possible for some manic depressive patients with serious medical illnesses (such as hypertension or congestive heart failure), in whom thiazide diuretics are routinely used, to be treated cautiously with lithium carbonate. This paper analyzes data from 13 patients taking lithium carbonate and varying doses of chlorothiazide in order to indicate the approximate magnitude of downward adjustment of daily lithium dose which the clinician must make to safely give 500, 750, and 1,000 mg/day of chlorothiazide."}
{"id": "PMID:884925", "title": "Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of ethanol, whiskey, and ethanol with n-propyl, n-butyl, and iso-amyl alcohols.", "content": "Plasma ethanol concentration, reaction time, and electroencephalogram (EEG) were recorded in 6 normal men after ingestion of ethanol along (Group 1), whiskey (Group 2), or a mixture of ethanol, n-propanol, n-butanol, and iso-amyl alcohol (Group 3). The peak plasma ethanol concentration and the total area under the plasma concentration:time curve of ethanol did not depend upon the type of drink given, but the half-life of the terminal exponential phase of ethanol elimination was longer in Group 3. In each study period reaction time increased, there was a relative increase in delta activity (2 to 3 Hz) and a fall in mean dominant frequency in EEG activity. The extent of increase in reaction time depended on the rate of increase in plasma ethanol concentration and correlated with the concentration of ethanol while the plasma concentration of ethanol was falling. Differences in the effects of ethanol between study periods were minimal.", "contents": "Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of ethanol, whiskey, and ethanol with n-propyl, n-butyl, and iso-amyl alcohols. Plasma ethanol concentration, reaction time, and electroencephalogram (EEG) were recorded in 6 normal men after ingestion of ethanol along (Group 1), whiskey (Group 2), or a mixture of ethanol, n-propanol, n-butanol, and iso-amyl alcohol (Group 3). The peak plasma ethanol concentration and the total area under the plasma concentration:time curve of ethanol did not depend upon the type of drink given, but the half-life of the terminal exponential phase of ethanol elimination was longer in Group 3. In each study period reaction time increased, there was a relative increase in delta activity (2 to 3 Hz) and a fall in mean dominant frequency in EEG activity. The extent of increase in reaction time depended on the rate of increase in plasma ethanol concentration and correlated with the concentration of ethanol while the plasma concentration of ethanol was falling. Differences in the effects of ethanol between study periods were minimal."}
{"id": "PMID:884924", "title": "Bilary disposition of adriamycin.", "content": "A patient with a choledochal T tube and normal liver function received adriamycin as therapy for abdominal histiocytic lymphoma. Plasma, urine, and bile samples were collected after drug administration. Adriamycin and its metabolites were extracted from the samples and separated by thin-layer chromatography. The pharmacokinetics of adriamycin and metabolites in plasma urine resembled those of previous patients, with a plasma elimination half-life for adriamycin of 25.2 hr. Bile contained adriamycin and 11 metabolites, 4 of which were not present in plasma or urine. Forty-one percent of the administered dose of adriamycin appeared in the bile in 7 days; of this amount, 42% was adriamycin, 22% was adriamycinol, the major metabolite, and 36% was other metabolites. Hepatic clearances of adriamycin and adriamycinol showed early, rapid removal of drug by the liver, with subsequent slowing of removal rate as plasma drug concentration declined. Adriamycin was more efficiently cleared than adriamycinol by both liver and kidney. Disease states which impair the capacity of the liver to excrete adriamycin may result in prolonged, high drug levels and increased toxicity.", "contents": "Bilary disposition of adriamycin. A patient with a choledochal T tube and normal liver function received adriamycin as therapy for abdominal histiocytic lymphoma. Plasma, urine, and bile samples were collected after drug administration. Adriamycin and its metabolites were extracted from the samples and separated by thin-layer chromatography. The pharmacokinetics of adriamycin and metabolites in plasma urine resembled those of previous patients, with a plasma elimination half-life for adriamycin of 25.2 hr. Bile contained adriamycin and 11 metabolites, 4 of which were not present in plasma or urine. Forty-one percent of the administered dose of adriamycin appeared in the bile in 7 days; of this amount, 42% was adriamycin, 22% was adriamycinol, the major metabolite, and 36% was other metabolites. Hepatic clearances of adriamycin and adriamycinol showed early, rapid removal of drug by the liver, with subsequent slowing of removal rate as plasma drug concentration declined. Adriamycin was more efficiently cleared than adriamycinol by both liver and kidney. Disease states which impair the capacity of the liver to excrete adriamycin may result in prolonged, high drug levels and increased toxicity."}
{"id": "PMID:884927", "title": "Bone healing.", "content": "Secondary fracture healing with callus fomation involves the immediate reaction of this special kind of connective tissue (as well as others) with rapid increase in the reduplication of periosteal, paraosseal, and, to a lesser extent, endosteal cells. There is increased metabolism of glycosaminoglycan collagen synthesis, and transformation of fibrous and cartilaginous callus, combined with mineralization of the latter and intensified vascular invasion into bone. The glycosaminoglycan content decreases with progressing ossification, while the collagen content increases. In the beginning stages of whole bone fracture healing, vascularization is the first step responsible in part for the several maxima of synthesis and total contents of the specific cell products. Extension of ossification and remodeling in the final phases of bone fracture healing depend on other local and general factors, as well as biophysical and biological factors.", "contents": "Bone healing. Secondary fracture healing with callus fomation involves the immediate reaction of this special kind of connective tissue (as well as others) with rapid increase in the reduplication of periosteal, paraosseal, and, to a lesser extent, endosteal cells. There is increased metabolism of glycosaminoglycan collagen synthesis, and transformation of fibrous and cartilaginous callus, combined with mineralization of the latter and intensified vascular invasion into bone. The glycosaminoglycan content decreases with progressing ossification, while the collagen content increases. In the beginning stages of whole bone fracture healing, vascularization is the first step responsible in part for the several maxima of synthesis and total contents of the specific cell products. Extension of ossification and remodeling in the final phases of bone fracture healing depend on other local and general factors, as well as biophysical and biological factors."}
{"id": "PMID:884928", "title": "Studies on the kinetics of unconjugated [14C]bilirubin metabolism in normal subjects and patients with compensated cirrhosis.", "content": "1. The kinetics of unconjugated [14C]-bilirubin metabolism have been investigated and analysed in terms of a three-pool model in a group of seven normal subjects and in a group of eight cirrhotic patients who had appreciable impairment of liver cell function. 2. In the patients with cirrhosis, the plasma unconjugated bilirubin was either normal or only slightly increased but the metabolism of unconjugated bilirubin was deranged. 3. The mean volume of distribution, the mean 4 h retention, and the mean mass of the rapidly mixing pool were all significantly greater than in the normal subjects. In contrast, mean fractional clearance rate and mean estimated erythrocyte life-span were significantly less than in the normal subjects. 4. The mean functional transfer rates and fluxes from pool 1 (rapidly mixing pool--'plasma') to pool 3 ('extravascular') and vice versa were significantly greater than the corresponding values in the normal subjects. 5. The results indicate that, in patients with compensated cirrhosis, the efficiency of the liver in extracting unconjugated bilirubin from plasma against a concentration gradient is impaired, even though the liver's capacity to conjugate bilirubin may be normal. As a consequence of the increased volume of distribution, the absolute hepatic clearance of unconjugated bilirubin is relatively well maintained.", "contents": "Studies on the kinetics of unconjugated [14C]bilirubin metabolism in normal subjects and patients with compensated cirrhosis. 1. The kinetics of unconjugated [14C]-bilirubin metabolism have been investigated and analysed in terms of a three-pool model in a group of seven normal subjects and in a group of eight cirrhotic patients who had appreciable impairment of liver cell function. 2. In the patients with cirrhosis, the plasma unconjugated bilirubin was either normal or only slightly increased but the metabolism of unconjugated bilirubin was deranged. 3. The mean volume of distribution, the mean 4 h retention, and the mean mass of the rapidly mixing pool were all significantly greater than in the normal subjects. In contrast, mean fractional clearance rate and mean estimated erythrocyte life-span were significantly less than in the normal subjects. 4. The mean functional transfer rates and fluxes from pool 1 (rapidly mixing pool--'plasma') to pool 3 ('extravascular') and vice versa were significantly greater than the corresponding values in the normal subjects. 5. The results indicate that, in patients with compensated cirrhosis, the efficiency of the liver in extracting unconjugated bilirubin from plasma against a concentration gradient is impaired, even though the liver's capacity to conjugate bilirubin may be normal. As a consequence of the increased volume of distribution, the absolute hepatic clearance of unconjugated bilirubin is relatively well maintained."}
{"id": "PMID:884929", "title": "The effect of dietary sodium intake on the blood pressure and cardiac output responses to angiotensin II in unanaesthetized rats.", "content": "1. Dose-response curves for the pressor activity of angiotensin II have been determined in unanaesthetized rats receiving diets containing 2-5% (w/w) or 0-007% (w/w) sodium and administered in various sequences. 2. Dose-response curves were shifted to the left in rats on a high-, compared with a low-, sodium intake. This response was maintained for 7 days on changing from high to low sodium. 3. There was no difference in the relation between the fall of cardiac output and the rise of blood pressure in any of the experimental groups. 4. Dose-response curves for peripheral resistance showed the same directional change as seen for the pressor response in rats on high- and low-sodium diets. Since depression of cardiac output was proportional to the pressure rise, the absolute change in peripheral resistance was greater than the blood pressure response. The proportional changes were similar. 5. It is concluded that alterations in the pressor response to angiotensin caused by changes in sodium loading are attributable to changes in peripheral resistance and not to changes in the cardiac output response to the acute rise in blood pressure.", "contents": "The effect of dietary sodium intake on the blood pressure and cardiac output responses to angiotensin II in unanaesthetized rats. 1. Dose-response curves for the pressor activity of angiotensin II have been determined in unanaesthetized rats receiving diets containing 2-5% (w/w) or 0-007% (w/w) sodium and administered in various sequences. 2. Dose-response curves were shifted to the left in rats on a high-, compared with a low-, sodium intake. This response was maintained for 7 days on changing from high to low sodium. 3. There was no difference in the relation between the fall of cardiac output and the rise of blood pressure in any of the experimental groups. 4. Dose-response curves for peripheral resistance showed the same directional change as seen for the pressor response in rats on high- and low-sodium diets. Since depression of cardiac output was proportional to the pressure rise, the absolute change in peripheral resistance was greater than the blood pressure response. The proportional changes were similar. 5. It is concluded that alterations in the pressor response to angiotensin caused by changes in sodium loading are attributable to changes in peripheral resistance and not to changes in the cardiac output response to the acute rise in blood pressure."}
{"id": "PMID:884930", "title": "Plasma renin levels and systemic haemodynamics in essential hypertension.", "content": "1. Plasma renin concentration, intra-arterial pressure, cardiac output and total peripheral resistance have been studied in 50 patients with essential hypertension and normal renal function. 2. Total peripheral resistance and plasma renin were negatively correlated (r = -0-45), indicating that 'high-renin' essential hypertension is not necessarily associated with arteriolar vasoconstriction. 3. The inverse relation between mean arterial pressure and plasma renin (r = -0-46) suggests a role for the renal baroreceptor mechanism in the suppression of renin in 'low-renin' hypertension. 4. Cardiac output was positively related to plasma renin concentration (r = +0-42). 5. Multiple regression analysis indicates that the described relationships were independent of age.", "contents": "Plasma renin levels and systemic haemodynamics in essential hypertension. 1. Plasma renin concentration, intra-arterial pressure, cardiac output and total peripheral resistance have been studied in 50 patients with essential hypertension and normal renal function. 2. Total peripheral resistance and plasma renin were negatively correlated (r = -0-45), indicating that 'high-renin' essential hypertension is not necessarily associated with arteriolar vasoconstriction. 3. The inverse relation between mean arterial pressure and plasma renin (r = -0-46) suggests a role for the renal baroreceptor mechanism in the suppression of renin in 'low-renin' hypertension. 4. Cardiac output was positively related to plasma renin concentration (r = +0-42). 5. Multiple regression analysis indicates that the described relationships were independent of age."}
{"id": "PMID:884931", "title": "Mitochondrial functions and content of microsomal and mitochondrial cytochromes in human cirrhosis.", "content": "1. Mitochondria and microsomal fractions have been isolated from liver biopsies from patients with alcoholic cirrhosis, cryptogenic cirrhosis or chronic aggressive hepatitis. 2. Cirrhotic livers yieled fewer mitochondria than normal liver. 3. The most significant change was a decrease in mitochondrial respiratory control. Cirrhotic microsomal fractions had a 50% diminution in cytochrome b5 and cytochrome P-450 content. 4. The two patients with chronic aggressive hepatitis showed similar mitochondrial and microsomal changes.", "contents": "Mitochondrial functions and content of microsomal and mitochondrial cytochromes in human cirrhosis. 1. Mitochondria and microsomal fractions have been isolated from liver biopsies from patients with alcoholic cirrhosis, cryptogenic cirrhosis or chronic aggressive hepatitis. 2. Cirrhotic livers yieled fewer mitochondria than normal liver. 3. The most significant change was a decrease in mitochondrial respiratory control. Cirrhotic microsomal fractions had a 50% diminution in cytochrome b5 and cytochrome P-450 content. 4. The two patients with chronic aggressive hepatitis showed similar mitochondrial and microsomal changes."}
{"id": "PMID:884932", "title": "Intestinal absorption of glycine and glycyl-L-proline in the rat.", "content": "1. Absorption of [3H]glycine and [14C]-glycyl-L-proline at concentrations between 0-5 and 4 mmol/l was studied by perfusion in vivo of rat jejunal and ileal segments. Absorption was defined as net removal of radioisotope from the perfusate. Radioactivity assays and amino acid analyses were performed on perfusates and on mucosal tissue samples obtained from the perfused segments. 2. At the concentrations studied, absorption rates of glycine and glycylproline were proportional to concentration. Ileal rates were approximately 60% of jejunal rates. Glycylproline absorption was slightly faster than glycine absorption and was associated with the appearance in the perfusate of free glycine and proline in the ratio approximately 3:1. Intraluminal hydrolysis was insufficient to account for the amounts of free amino acids found and glycylproline hydrolase activity at the brush border is known to be minimal. 3. Glycylproline absorption apparently occurred by transport of the intact peptide followed by its intracellular hydrolysis. However, more than one-third of absorbed glycine and one-eighth of absorbed proline returned to the lumen as free amino acid. This reflux of glycine and proline was not proportional to their concentrations in the mucosa.", "contents": "Intestinal absorption of glycine and glycyl-L-proline in the rat. 1. Absorption of [3H]glycine and [14C]-glycyl-L-proline at concentrations between 0-5 and 4 mmol/l was studied by perfusion in vivo of rat jejunal and ileal segments. Absorption was defined as net removal of radioisotope from the perfusate. Radioactivity assays and amino acid analyses were performed on perfusates and on mucosal tissue samples obtained from the perfused segments. 2. At the concentrations studied, absorption rates of glycine and glycylproline were proportional to concentration. Ileal rates were approximately 60% of jejunal rates. Glycylproline absorption was slightly faster than glycine absorption and was associated with the appearance in the perfusate of free glycine and proline in the ratio approximately 3:1. Intraluminal hydrolysis was insufficient to account for the amounts of free amino acids found and glycylproline hydrolase activity at the brush border is known to be minimal. 3. Glycylproline absorption apparently occurred by transport of the intact peptide followed by its intracellular hydrolysis. However, more than one-third of absorbed glycine and one-eighth of absorbed proline returned to the lumen as free amino acid. This reflux of glycine and proline was not proportional to their concentrations in the mucosa."}
{"id": "PMID:884953", "title": "[Misanthropic effects of civilization].", "content": "Increase of cool distance in social relations entails not only higher consciousness of human being but also a shift from primary ingenuous emotional spontaneity of behavior to intellectually controlled thinking and striving. With progress of civilisation, social conformity is dissolving. That causes a clash between contradictory impulses: unruly urge for freedom and independence on the one hand, and insatiable yearning for harmonic community, that means, for imperturbable warm-hearted human relations on the other. In the same measure as modern men are growing unable to endure those restrictions which are unavoidable in every society, hostile motions are obstructing formation and maintenance of durable confidential contacts. In the end, estrangement and, at last, total disintegration of social structures will be conjured up.", "contents": "[Misanthropic effects of civilization]. Increase of cool distance in social relations entails not only higher consciousness of human being but also a shift from primary ingenuous emotional spontaneity of behavior to intellectually controlled thinking and striving. With progress of civilisation, social conformity is dissolving. That causes a clash between contradictory impulses: unruly urge for freedom and independence on the one hand, and insatiable yearning for harmonic community, that means, for imperturbable warm-hearted human relations on the other. In the same measure as modern men are growing unable to endure those restrictions which are unavoidable in every society, hostile motions are obstructing formation and maintenance of durable confidential contacts. In the end, estrangement and, at last, total disintegration of social structures will be conjured up."}
{"id": "PMID:884954", "title": "[Indirect portraits. An attempt of non-verbal communication in a psychoanalytic group].", "content": "A collection of 7 own drawing and 15 related sketches are presented. They have been produced during the time of my participation in an analytic group. Fairly detailed information can be given about how the drawing process developed (first inspiration, initial situation, considerations during drawing). The formative and constituent elements of the drawing conceived consciously during its production are contrasted with those that have only later become conscious. The discussion of this own series of drawings and sketches should facilitate the comprehension of, and approach to, the drawings of the patients, which can also be considered to be 'indirect portraits' of their own personality and of their current environmental situatiion. The drawings were also an attempt at better integration in the group, with regard to group interaction. Advantages and disadvantages of this trial in nonverbal communication are discussed.", "contents": "[Indirect portraits. An attempt of non-verbal communication in a psychoanalytic group]. A collection of 7 own drawing and 15 related sketches are presented. They have been produced during the time of my participation in an analytic group. Fairly detailed information can be given about how the drawing process developed (first inspiration, initial situation, considerations during drawing). The formative and constituent elements of the drawing conceived consciously during its production are contrasted with those that have only later become conscious. The discussion of this own series of drawings and sketches should facilitate the comprehension of, and approach to, the drawings of the patients, which can also be considered to be 'indirect portraits' of their own personality and of their current environmental situatiion. The drawings were also an attempt at better integration in the group, with regard to group interaction. Advantages and disadvantages of this trial in nonverbal communication are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:884957", "title": "Treatment of refractory psoriasis with fluocinonide gel.", "content": "Twenty patients with refractory psoriasis that had responded poorly to previous therapy were treated with fluocinonide gel (0.05 percent), unoccluded, for six weeks. Patients were evaluated weekly. By the  sixth week, all patients had improved, and seventeen (85 percent) showed \"excellent\" improvement. One patient discontinued the trial after four weeks because the lesions had completely cleared. No other patient discontinued using the medication for any reason. Patient complaints were minimal and consisted of stinging (three patients), itching (two patients), and drying (two patients). The study suggests that fluocinonide gel (0.05 percent) is a cosmetically acceptable alternative for the treatment of refractory psoriasis.", "contents": "Treatment of refractory psoriasis with fluocinonide gel. Twenty patients with refractory psoriasis that had responded poorly to previous therapy were treated with fluocinonide gel (0.05 percent), unoccluded, for six weeks. Patients were evaluated weekly. By the  sixth week, all patients had improved, and seventeen (85 percent) showed \"excellent\" improvement. One patient discontinued the trial after four weeks because the lesions had completely cleared. No other patient discontinued using the medication for any reason. Patient complaints were minimal and consisted of stinging (three patients), itching (two patients), and drying (two patients). The study suggests that fluocinonide gel (0.05 percent) is a cosmetically acceptable alternative for the treatment of refractory psoriasis."}
{"id": "PMID:884960", "title": "Trichophyton tonsurans granuloma in the scalp of an adult.", "content": "Tinea capitis with granuloma formation in the scalp of an adult that was caused by Tr. tonsurans infection is presented. The lack of symptomatic findings emphasizes the occasional difficulty in making a clinical diagnosis of this condition. Moreover, the possibility of beauty parlors being the source of scalp infection in adults, as well as children, must be considered.", "contents": "Trichophyton tonsurans granuloma in the scalp of an adult. Tinea capitis with granuloma formation in the scalp of an adult that was caused by Tr. tonsurans infection is presented. The lack of symptomatic findings emphasizes the occasional difficulty in making a clinical diagnosis of this condition. Moreover, the possibility of beauty parlors being the source of scalp infection in adults, as well as children, must be considered."}
{"id": "PMID:884961", "title": "PUVA: using filtered sunlight as an energy source.", "content": "In this preliminary report, twenty-two of twenty-three patients with psoriasis had satisfactory clearing with 8-MOP and natural sunlight given through a Mylar screen. The long-term effects and side effects are not known. Whether this program will provide sufficiently lengthy remissions for summer use in less sunny climates is not, as yet, known.", "contents": "PUVA: using filtered sunlight as an energy source. In this preliminary report, twenty-two of twenty-three patients with psoriasis had satisfactory clearing with 8-MOP and natural sunlight given through a Mylar screen. The long-term effects and side effects are not known. Whether this program will provide sufficiently lengthy remissions for summer use in less sunny climates is not, as yet, known."}
{"id": "PMID:884962", "title": "Granuloma faciale.", "content": "The development of our present knowledge of granuloma faciale is summarized, and the clinical picture, absence of systemic illness, and distinct histopathologic features are briefly described. The differential diagnoses are noted, and the fact that the histopathologic features can almost always readily confirm the diagnosis of granuloma faciale is pointed out. A patient with eighteen individual lesions on the face in whom response of several lesions to intralesional triamcinolone occurred is presented.", "contents": "Granuloma faciale. The development of our present knowledge of granuloma faciale is summarized, and the clinical picture, absence of systemic illness, and distinct histopathologic features are briefly described. The differential diagnoses are noted, and the fact that the histopathologic features can almost always readily confirm the diagnosis of granuloma faciale is pointed out. A patient with eighteen individual lesions on the face in whom response of several lesions to intralesional triamcinolone occurred is presented."}
{"id": "PMID:884963", "title": "Skin cancer: comparison of aggressive potentials of sunlight-induced and x-ray-induced tumors.", "content": "Differences in clinical behavior between sunlight- and x-ray-induced skin cancer have been shown. The frequency of occurrence of multiple lesions is greater in those induced by x-ray than in the solar or nevoid type. Recurrence and major surgical sequelae appear to be greater with x-ray-induced lesions. The electron microscopic pictures of sunlight-induced and x-ray-induced basal cell carcinoma are different.", "contents": "Skin cancer: comparison of aggressive potentials of sunlight-induced and x-ray-induced tumors. Differences in clinical behavior between sunlight- and x-ray-induced skin cancer have been shown. The frequency of occurrence of multiple lesions is greater in those induced by x-ray than in the solar or nevoid type. Recurrence and major surgical sequelae appear to be greater with x-ray-induced lesions. The electron microscopic pictures of sunlight-induced and x-ray-induced basal cell carcinoma are different."}
{"id": "PMID:884965", "title": "Severe reaction to hydroxyurea.", "content": "This case illustrates the danger of Hydrea taken for more than three years, even though results of monthly blood studies and platelet counts were within normal limits. In this patient, thrombocytopenia suddenly developed only five weeks after normal laboratory results. Fortunately, the sodium level reverted to normal and the pancytopenia disappeared within a week with no residual effects.", "contents": "Severe reaction to hydroxyurea. This case illustrates the danger of Hydrea taken for more than three years, even though results of monthly blood studies and platelet counts were within normal limits. In this patient, thrombocytopenia suddenly developed only five weeks after normal laboratory results. Fortunately, the sodium level reverted to normal and the pancytopenia disappeared within a week with no residual effects."}
{"id": "PMID:884966", "title": "Preleptotene chromosome condensation in mouse oogenesis.", "content": "In the embryonic mouse ovary, studies of meiotic onset reveal the existence of a preleptotene stage of chromosome condensation. This stage begins with the appearance of very fine and irregular filaments, which gather around the chromocenters constituted by centromeric heterochromatin. At maximal condensation the nucleus contains 40 compact chromosomal masses. Decondensation engenders the reappearance of filaments more dense and regular than those seen at the onset of the condensation stage. The filaments elongate while progressively taking on the appearance of leptotene-stage chromosomes. The oocytes at different phases of condensation stage represent 41% of the germ cels in the 13-day-old mouse embryo. This proportion reaches 63% at 14 days and then declines to 3% at 17 days. Spectrophotometric studies of the condensation-stage nucleus, following staining by the Feulgen reaction, indicated that the nucleus contains 4C DNA. This observation, together with the morphologic characteristics of this stage, suggests that the oocyte is already engaged in prophase. Time studies indicate that the condensation stage occurs immediately prior to leptotene.", "contents": "Preleptotene chromosome condensation in mouse oogenesis. In the embryonic mouse ovary, studies of meiotic onset reveal the existence of a preleptotene stage of chromosome condensation. This stage begins with the appearance of very fine and irregular filaments, which gather around the chromocenters constituted by centromeric heterochromatin. At maximal condensation the nucleus contains 40 compact chromosomal masses. Decondensation engenders the reappearance of filaments more dense and regular than those seen at the onset of the condensation stage. The filaments elongate while progressively taking on the appearance of leptotene-stage chromosomes. The oocytes at different phases of condensation stage represent 41% of the germ cels in the 13-day-old mouse embryo. This proportion reaches 63% at 14 days and then declines to 3% at 17 days. Spectrophotometric studies of the condensation-stage nucleus, following staining by the Feulgen reaction, indicated that the nucleus contains 4C DNA. This observation, together with the morphologic characteristics of this stage, suggests that the oocyte is already engaged in prophase. Time studies indicate that the condensation stage occurs immediately prior to leptotene."}
{"id": "PMID:884967", "title": "A new approach to quantitative analysis of somatic association.", "content": "A formula is proposed for estimating statistically the degree of somatic chromosome association during metaphase. Standard chi-square tests can then be used to determine the presence or absence of somatic association between homologous chromosomes in selected species. The method requires that the chromosomes be morphologically distinguishable and that their circular arrangement on the metaphase plate has not been distorted by the squash used during their preparation.", "contents": "A new approach to quantitative analysis of somatic association. A formula is proposed for estimating statistically the degree of somatic chromosome association during metaphase. Standard chi-square tests can then be used to determine the presence or absence of somatic association between homologous chromosomes in selected species. The method requires that the chromosomes be morphologically distinguishable and that their circular arrangement on the metaphase plate has not been distorted by the squash used during their preparation."}
{"id": "PMID:884968", "title": "Assignment of the human gene for enolase 1 to region pter in equilibrium p36 of chromosome 1.", "content": "Somatic cell hybrids between mouse cells and human cells carrying a reciprocal translocation between chromosomes 1 and 7 were tested for the expression of human enolase 1 (ENO1) by starch-gel electrophoresis. The results indicated that the gene for human enolase 1 can be assigned to the region p36 in equilibrium pter of human chromosome 1.", "contents": "Assignment of the human gene for enolase 1 to region pter in equilibrium p36 of chromosome 1. Somatic cell hybrids between mouse cells and human cells carrying a reciprocal translocation between chromosomes 1 and 7 were tested for the expression of human enolase 1 (ENO1) by starch-gel electrophoresis. The results indicated that the gene for human enolase 1 can be assigned to the region p36 in equilibrium pter of human chromosome 1."}
{"id": "PMID:884969", "title": "Replication pattern of the X chromosomes in three X/autosomal translocations.", "content": "Three X/autosomal translocations, two familial and one de novo, were analyzed. Late-replicating chromosomes and chromosome regions were studied with R-banding techniques after BrdU incorporation. The first translocation, t(X;4)(q21;q13), was a de novo translocation, found in a woman with amenorrhea. The structurally normal X was late replicating in all cells. The second translocation, t(X;6)(p21;q26), was found in an unbalanced form, 46,XX,der(6), in a phenotypically abnormal girl; her mother carried the balanced translocation. In the mother's blood culture inactivation of the X's followed two modes: In 85% of the cells the normal X was late replicating, and in the remaining 15% the der(X) was inactivated, including the attached fragment of chromosome 6. The third translocation, t(X;17)(p11;q24), was found in three generations. In the phenotypically normal mother, who carried the balanced translocation, the late-replicating X was always the normal X. In her daughters, who had an unbalanced karyotype, 46,X,der(X), and multiple congenital abnormalities, the X part of the translocation chromosome was always late replicating. No spreading of inactivation over the attached autosomal region was observed, resulting for these patients in a partial trisomy of 17q. Their peculiar phenotype is described.", "contents": "Replication pattern of the X chromosomes in three X/autosomal translocations. Three X/autosomal translocations, two familial and one de novo, were analyzed. Late-replicating chromosomes and chromosome regions were studied with R-banding techniques after BrdU incorporation. The first translocation, t(X;4)(q21;q13), was a de novo translocation, found in a woman with amenorrhea. The structurally normal X was late replicating in all cells. The second translocation, t(X;6)(p21;q26), was found in an unbalanced form, 46,XX,der(6), in a phenotypically abnormal girl; her mother carried the balanced translocation. In the mother's blood culture inactivation of the X's followed two modes: In 85% of the cells the normal X was late replicating, and in the remaining 15% the der(X) was inactivated, including the attached fragment of chromosome 6. The third translocation, t(X;17)(p11;q24), was found in three generations. In the phenotypically normal mother, who carried the balanced translocation, the late-replicating X was always the normal X. In her daughters, who had an unbalanced karyotype, 46,X,der(X), and multiple congenital abnormalities, the X part of the translocation chromosome was always late replicating. No spreading of inactivation over the attached autosomal region was observed, resulting for these patients in a partial trisomy of 17q. Their peculiar phenotype is described."}
{"id": "PMID:884970", "title": "Differences in the order of termination of DNA replication in human chromosomes in peripheral blood lymphocytes and skin fibroblasts from the same individual.", "content": "A comparison of the sequence of terminal replication of DNA in human chromosomes has been made between skin fibroblasts and peripheral blood lymphocytes from the same adult male individual. The chromosomes were identified by quinacrine-banding, and the order of termination of replication was determined by autoradiography. Chromosomes 4, 5, 8, and 13 were found to terminate DNA replication later in lymphocytes than in fibroblasts, wheres chromosomes 15, 19, 20, and 22 were found to terminate their replication earlier in lymphocytes than in fibroblasts.", "contents": "Differences in the order of termination of DNA replication in human chromosomes in peripheral blood lymphocytes and skin fibroblasts from the same individual. A comparison of the sequence of terminal replication of DNA in human chromosomes has been made between skin fibroblasts and peripheral blood lymphocytes from the same adult male individual. The chromosomes were identified by quinacrine-banding, and the order of termination of replication was determined by autoradiography. Chromosomes 4, 5, 8, and 13 were found to terminate DNA replication later in lymphocytes than in fibroblasts, wheres chromosomes 15, 19, 20, and 22 were found to terminate their replication earlier in lymphocytes than in fibroblasts."}
{"id": "PMID:884973", "title": "The effect upon coronary blood flow of coronary ostial intubation with an angiographic catheter.", "content": "Fifty-two patients undergoing cardiac catheterization were studied to determine whether intubation of the coronary ostium in the course of coronary angiographic studies interferes with coronary blood flow. Pressure at the tip of the catheter and coronary sinus blood flow were measured continuously during insertion of a No. 7.2 French Judkins' catheter into the left coronary ostium and during withdrawal of the catheter from it. In 48 of the 52 patients, there was no change in blood flow related to manipulation of the catheter. In four patients, either a drop in flow following insertion of the catheter or a rise following withdrawal or both were recorded. Two of these four patients had high-grade obstruction of the main left coronary artery, and in the other two the catheter inadvertently advanced and became wedged. In all four cases, reduction in coronary flow was indicated by a drop in or \"ventricularization\" of the catheter-tip pressure. It is concluded that in the large majority of instances, intubation of the coronary ostium during coronary angiographic studies causes no interference with resting coronary blood flow, but that monitoring of catheter-tip pressure is an important, as well as a valid, procedure for detecting such an interference if it should occur.", "contents": "The effect upon coronary blood flow of coronary ostial intubation with an angiographic catheter. Fifty-two patients undergoing cardiac catheterization were studied to determine whether intubation of the coronary ostium in the course of coronary angiographic studies interferes with coronary blood flow. Pressure at the tip of the catheter and coronary sinus blood flow were measured continuously during insertion of a No. 7.2 French Judkins' catheter into the left coronary ostium and during withdrawal of the catheter from it. In 48 of the 52 patients, there was no change in blood flow related to manipulation of the catheter. In four patients, either a drop in flow following insertion of the catheter or a rise following withdrawal or both were recorded. Two of these four patients had high-grade obstruction of the main left coronary artery, and in the other two the catheter inadvertently advanced and became wedged. In all four cases, reduction in coronary flow was indicated by a drop in or \"ventricularization\" of the catheter-tip pressure. It is concluded that in the large majority of instances, intubation of the coronary ostium during coronary angiographic studies causes no interference with resting coronary blood flow, but that monitoring of catheter-tip pressure is an important, as well as a valid, procedure for detecting such an interference if it should occur."}
{"id": "PMID:884974", "title": "Incidence of pneumothorax and pneumomediastinum in patients with aspiration pneumonia requiring ventilatory support.", "content": "In a prospective study of patients with ventilatory support, six (38 percent) of 16 patients who had ventilatory support because of aspiration pneumonia developed pneumothorax and pneumomediastinum. In contrast, the incidence of barotrauma in the entire group of patients who had ventilatory support during a year was 4 percent (22/553) (P less than 0.001). This greater incidence in the group with aspiration pneumonia was also observed when patients who were receiving ventilatory support with positive end-expiratory pressure were excluded.", "contents": "Incidence of pneumothorax and pneumomediastinum in patients with aspiration pneumonia requiring ventilatory support. In a prospective study of patients with ventilatory support, six (38 percent) of 16 patients who had ventilatory support because of aspiration pneumonia developed pneumothorax and pneumomediastinum. In contrast, the incidence of barotrauma in the entire group of patients who had ventilatory support during a year was 4 percent (22/553) (P less than 0.001). This greater incidence in the group with aspiration pneumonia was also observed when patients who were receiving ventilatory support with positive end-expiratory pressure were excluded."}
{"id": "PMID:884975", "title": "Conscious perception of bronchospasm as a protective phenomenon in asthma.", "content": "Ten initially asymptomatic asthmatic subjects underwent methacholine-induced attacks of asthma on a number of occasions, to the point when tightness in the chest was just sensed (threshold point). As baseline lung volumes increased and the caliber of the airways decreased, the relative changes needed to attain a threshold point generally became smaller. Although pulmonary function can deteriorate chronically without increasing dyspnea, it is possible that a mechanism exists at the level of consciousness to protect a subject's breathing at times when pulmonary function is acutely impaired.", "contents": "Conscious perception of bronchospasm as a protective phenomenon in asthma. Ten initially asymptomatic asthmatic subjects underwent methacholine-induced attacks of asthma on a number of occasions, to the point when tightness in the chest was just sensed (threshold point). As baseline lung volumes increased and the caliber of the airways decreased, the relative changes needed to attain a threshold point generally became smaller. Although pulmonary function can deteriorate chronically without increasing dyspnea, it is possible that a mechanism exists at the level of consciousness to protect a subject's breathing at times when pulmonary function is acutely impaired."}
{"id": "PMID:884976", "title": "Desquamative interstitial pneumonitis. Cellular phase of fibrosing alveolitis.", "content": "Since the original description of desquamative interstitial pneumonitis in 1967, several investigators have questioned the specificity of the disease. The concept of desquamative interstitial pneumonitis and usual fibrosing interstitial pneumonitis as two manifestations of a nonspecific disease spectrum has been proposed. Twenty-six patients with desquamative interstitial pneumonitis were evaluated with respect to clinicopathologic correlates. Biopsies were reviewed without knowledge of the patients' clinical course. The absolute histopathologic criteria for the diagnosis were (1) intra-alveolar accumulations of free alveolar cells with PAS-positive diastaseresistant cytoplasmic granules; (2) mononuclear cell interstitial inflammation; and (3) absence of necrosis, hyaline membranes, intra-alveolar fibrosis, asbestos bodies, and birefringent crystalline dust material. Transmission electron microscopic studies revealed the dominant alveolar lining cell to be the granular pneumocyte, with a prominent population of free alveolar macrophages. Patients were segregated into group 1 (cellular phase) and 2 (cicatrized phase). Although favorable short-term responses to corticosteroid therapy were observed in both groups, long-term responses were variable. Apparent complete remissions were noted in both groups.", "contents": "Desquamative interstitial pneumonitis. Cellular phase of fibrosing alveolitis. Since the original description of desquamative interstitial pneumonitis in 1967, several investigators have questioned the specificity of the disease. The concept of desquamative interstitial pneumonitis and usual fibrosing interstitial pneumonitis as two manifestations of a nonspecific disease spectrum has been proposed. Twenty-six patients with desquamative interstitial pneumonitis were evaluated with respect to clinicopathologic correlates. Biopsies were reviewed without knowledge of the patients' clinical course. The absolute histopathologic criteria for the diagnosis were (1) intra-alveolar accumulations of free alveolar cells with PAS-positive diastaseresistant cytoplasmic granules; (2) mononuclear cell interstitial inflammation; and (3) absence of necrosis, hyaline membranes, intra-alveolar fibrosis, asbestos bodies, and birefringent crystalline dust material. Transmission electron microscopic studies revealed the dominant alveolar lining cell to be the granular pneumocyte, with a prominent population of free alveolar macrophages. Patients were segregated into group 1 (cellular phase) and 2 (cicatrized phase). Although favorable short-term responses to corticosteroid therapy were observed in both groups, long-term responses were variable. Apparent complete remissions were noted in both groups."}
{"id": "PMID:884977", "title": "Desquamative interstitial pneumonia-like reaction accompanying pulmonary lesions.", "content": "Six patients with specific pulmonary diseases had pulmonary tissue surgically resected for diagnostic purposes. All six cases were characterized by space-occupying lesions surrounded by a peculiar reaction of the pulmonary parenchyma indistinguishable from desquamative interstitial pneumonia. If small biopsies from these areas had been taken, a diagnosis of desquamative interstitial pneumonia would have been made, and the underlying process would have gone undetected. These cases corroborate even further the concept that desquamative interstitial pneumonia is a pattern of pulmonary reaction, rather than a well-defined disease entity. Furthermore, it seems advisable to make the dianosis of desquamative interstitial pneumonia only when other conditions have been carefully ruled out by thorough clinical and pathologic investigations.", "contents": "Desquamative interstitial pneumonia-like reaction accompanying pulmonary lesions. Six patients with specific pulmonary diseases had pulmonary tissue surgically resected for diagnostic purposes. All six cases were characterized by space-occupying lesions surrounded by a peculiar reaction of the pulmonary parenchyma indistinguishable from desquamative interstitial pneumonia. If small biopsies from these areas had been taken, a diagnosis of desquamative interstitial pneumonia would have been made, and the underlying process would have gone undetected. These cases corroborate even further the concept that desquamative interstitial pneumonia is a pattern of pulmonary reaction, rather than a well-defined disease entity. Furthermore, it seems advisable to make the dianosis of desquamative interstitial pneumonia only when other conditions have been carefully ruled out by thorough clinical and pathologic investigations."}
{"id": "PMID:884978", "title": "Demonstration of two anomalous bypasses in concealed Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome.", "content": "Two patients with a history of paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia but no evidence of the Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome in the conventional electrocardiograms were studied utilizing atrial and ventricular extrastimuli. The evidence obtained in these patients was consistent with a concealed Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome. In one patient, ventricular extrastimuli revealed three different responses in the curve of ventriculoatrial conduction, depending upon the interval of stimulus. In the other patient, intracardiac recordings, including the left atrial potential, showed that paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia was induced by an impulse via an anomalous bypass which diverged from the main bypass or stemmed independently from the left ventricle and was maintained by impulses via the main bypass which lay between the left ventricle and the left atrium. The mechanisms for initiation of the paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia were discussed.", "contents": "Demonstration of two anomalous bypasses in concealed Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome. Two patients with a history of paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia but no evidence of the Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome in the conventional electrocardiograms were studied utilizing atrial and ventricular extrastimuli. The evidence obtained in these patients was consistent with a concealed Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome. In one patient, ventricular extrastimuli revealed three different responses in the curve of ventriculoatrial conduction, depending upon the interval of stimulus. In the other patient, intracardiac recordings, including the left atrial potential, showed that paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia was induced by an impulse via an anomalous bypass which diverged from the main bypass or stemmed independently from the left ventricle and was maintained by impulses via the main bypass which lay between the left ventricle and the left atrium. The mechanisms for initiation of the paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia were discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:884979", "title": "Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome. Alterations in electrophysiologic characteristics of the bypass tract secondary to ischemia.", "content": "Accurate electrocardiographic diagnosis of myocardial ischemia or infarction is difficult in patients with the Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome; however, myocardial ischemia may also have profound effects on the electrophysiologic characteristics of the bypass tract in these patients. Comparison of studies performed during and two months following an episode of significant myocardial ischemia demonstrated substantial prolongation of the refractoriness of the bypass tract during the period of ischemia. Bypass refractoriness was prolonged by 196 msec, yet atrioventricular nodal refractoriness was not significantly different from normal. These studies, therefore, suggest that, on occasion, the presence of acute myocardial ischemia may, in fact, obscure the electrocardiographic diagnosis of the Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome.", "contents": "Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome. Alterations in electrophysiologic characteristics of the bypass tract secondary to ischemia. Accurate electrocardiographic diagnosis of myocardial ischemia or infarction is difficult in patients with the Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome; however, myocardial ischemia may also have profound effects on the electrophysiologic characteristics of the bypass tract in these patients. Comparison of studies performed during and two months following an episode of significant myocardial ischemia demonstrated substantial prolongation of the refractoriness of the bypass tract during the period of ischemia. Bypass refractoriness was prolonged by 196 msec, yet atrioventricular nodal refractoriness was not significantly different from normal. These studies, therefore, suggest that, on occasion, the presence of acute myocardial ischemia may, in fact, obscure the electrocardiographic diagnosis of the Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome."}
{"id": "PMID:884980", "title": "Quadricuspid semilunar valves.", "content": "Forty-seven cases of quadricuspid semilunar valves which were autopsied were reviewed. The ratio of quadricuspid pulmonic valve to quadricuspid aortic valve was 5:1. Among the 35 patients with quadricuspid pulmonic valves, there were ten patients with clinical and pathologic evidence of coexisting congenital cardiac defects, eight of which resulted in severe cyanotic heart disease in infancy. In the remaining 25 patients the quadricuspid pulmonic valve was an incidental finding at autopsy. Three of the seven patients with quadricuspid aortic valves had aortic insufficiency, while the remaining four had no other clinical or pathologic evidence of congenital heart disease.", "contents": "Quadricuspid semilunar valves. Forty-seven cases of quadricuspid semilunar valves which were autopsied were reviewed. The ratio of quadricuspid pulmonic valve to quadricuspid aortic valve was 5:1. Among the 35 patients with quadricuspid pulmonic valves, there were ten patients with clinical and pathologic evidence of coexisting congenital cardiac defects, eight of which resulted in severe cyanotic heart disease in infancy. In the remaining 25 patients the quadricuspid pulmonic valve was an incidental finding at autopsy. Three of the seven patients with quadricuspid aortic valves had aortic insufficiency, while the remaining four had no other clinical or pathologic evidence of congenital heart disease."}
{"id": "PMID:884981", "title": "Long-term physiologic consequences of the adult respiratory distress syndrome.", "content": "Six survivors of the adult respiratory distress syndrome were studied. Measurements were made of lung volumes, flow rates, single-breath diffusing capacity for carbon dioxide (Dsb), arterial blood gas levels at rest and during exercise, the ratio of physiologic dead space to tidal volume (VD/VT), alveolar-arterial oxygen pressure difference (P[A-a]O2) and percent shunt (using an assumed arteriovenous oxygen content difference). At the time of study, which varied from 3 to 16 months after recovery, we found minor and inconsistent abnormalities in the lung volumes (reduced vital capacity in one patient, elevated residual volume [RV] in two, and reduced RV in three) and in the flow rates (reduced instantaneous forced expiratory flow after 50 percent of the forced vital capacity had been exhaled in two patients). In those tests having to do with transfer of gas, there were more abnormalities, consisting of a decreased Dsb in three patients, an elevated P(A-a)O2 in four, a low resting arterial oxygen pressure (PaO2) in two, a decrease in exercise PaO2 in three, an elevated shunt fraction (Qsan/Qt) in three, and an elevated VD/VT in one patient. Clinically, at the time of study, the patients all had returned to their status before illness.", "contents": "Long-term physiologic consequences of the adult respiratory distress syndrome. Six survivors of the adult respiratory distress syndrome were studied. Measurements were made of lung volumes, flow rates, single-breath diffusing capacity for carbon dioxide (Dsb), arterial blood gas levels at rest and during exercise, the ratio of physiologic dead space to tidal volume (VD/VT), alveolar-arterial oxygen pressure difference (P[A-a]O2) and percent shunt (using an assumed arteriovenous oxygen content difference). At the time of study, which varied from 3 to 16 months after recovery, we found minor and inconsistent abnormalities in the lung volumes (reduced vital capacity in one patient, elevated residual volume [RV] in two, and reduced RV in three) and in the flow rates (reduced instantaneous forced expiratory flow after 50 percent of the forced vital capacity had been exhaled in two patients). In those tests having to do with transfer of gas, there were more abnormalities, consisting of a decreased Dsb in three patients, an elevated P(A-a)O2 in four, a low resting arterial oxygen pressure (PaO2) in two, a decrease in exercise PaO2 in three, an elevated shunt fraction (Qsan/Qt) in three, and an elevated VD/VT in one patient. Clinically, at the time of study, the patients all had returned to their status before illness."}
{"id": "PMID:884982", "title": "A nomogram for planning respiratory therapy.", "content": "A nomogram is presented which aids in monitoring and selecting therapy in the treatment of the patient with hypoxemia. It facilitates accurate bedside determination of total shunt fraction and estimation of the arterial oxygen tension (PaO2) attainable at inspired oxygen concentrations of 21 percent to 100 percent. The nomogram permits rapid consideration of changes in hemoglobin concentration, arteriovenous oxygen content difference, and shunt fraction on the PaO2. The uses of the nomogram in several therapeutic contexts are discussed.", "contents": "A nomogram for planning respiratory therapy. A nomogram is presented which aids in monitoring and selecting therapy in the treatment of the patient with hypoxemia. It facilitates accurate bedside determination of total shunt fraction and estimation of the arterial oxygen tension (PaO2) attainable at inspired oxygen concentrations of 21 percent to 100 percent. The nomogram permits rapid consideration of changes in hemoglobin concentration, arteriovenous oxygen content difference, and shunt fraction on the PaO2. The uses of the nomogram in several therapeutic contexts are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:884984", "title": "Pulmonary parenchymal tissue volume in normal subjects. The effect of age and sex.", "content": "Pulmonary parenchymal tissue volume (Vt) and pulmonary capillary blood flow were determined by the acetylene-inhalation technique of Cander and Forster in 66 normal subjects (31 male and 35 female subjects) ages 8 to 66 years. In subjects under the age of 20 years, values for Vt, when factored by alveolar volume (VA) to correct for differences in body size, were essentially identical in both male and female subjects (0.248 +/- 0.039 in male subjects and 0.242 +/- 0.079 in female subjects). In subjects between the ages of 21 and 40 years, Vt/Va was significantly lower in men than women, 0.125 +/- 0.057 vs 0.193 +/- 0.046 (P less than 0.001), respectively. In subjects over the age of 41 years, although Vt/VA increased, there was no significant difference between the sexes; ie, Vt/VA decreased with advancing age up to the age of 35 years (more so in male than female subjects) and then increased back to pubertal values. The reason for the intersex changes is a greater increase of VA in male than female subjects for the same Vt. The reasons for the increase in Vt/VA in subjects over the age of 35 years are obscure.", "contents": "Pulmonary parenchymal tissue volume in normal subjects. The effect of age and sex. Pulmonary parenchymal tissue volume (Vt) and pulmonary capillary blood flow were determined by the acetylene-inhalation technique of Cander and Forster in 66 normal subjects (31 male and 35 female subjects) ages 8 to 66 years. In subjects under the age of 20 years, values for Vt, when factored by alveolar volume (VA) to correct for differences in body size, were essentially identical in both male and female subjects (0.248 +/- 0.039 in male subjects and 0.242 +/- 0.079 in female subjects). In subjects between the ages of 21 and 40 years, Vt/Va was significantly lower in men than women, 0.125 +/- 0.057 vs 0.193 +/- 0.046 (P less than 0.001), respectively. In subjects over the age of 41 years, although Vt/VA increased, there was no significant difference between the sexes; ie, Vt/VA decreased with advancing age up to the age of 35 years (more so in male than female subjects) and then increased back to pubertal values. The reason for the intersex changes is a greater increase of VA in male than female subjects for the same Vt. The reasons for the increase in Vt/VA in subjects over the age of 35 years are obscure."}
{"id": "PMID:884985", "title": "Technique for accurate determination of the blood nitrogen tension by mass spectrometer.", "content": "Heretofore, the technical difficulties encountered in the measurement of blood nitrogen tension (PN2) by gas chromatographic techniques effectively prevented the utilization of PN2 as a clinical tool to characterize mismatching of pulmonary ventilation and perfusion. The development of mass spectrometric techniques allows for the accurate measurement of blood gas tensions; however, due to the dependency of the measurement upon flow, this technique has proven to be inaccurate for determinations of blood PN2. This technical impediment has been effectively circumvented by the development of commercially available attachment (Searle in vitro module) to a mass spectrometer. Tonometrically analyzed water was used to evaluate the validity of the measurement and the error inherent in the technique. A significant difference between the values for tonometrically analyzed water and tonometrically analyzed blood was not detected. Since the blood PN2 is a measure of the nitrogen dissolved in the water of the plasma, these studies show that tonometrically analyzed water is a valid standard of calibration for this mass-spectrometric method of determining the blood PN2.", "contents": "Technique for accurate determination of the blood nitrogen tension by mass spectrometer. Heretofore, the technical difficulties encountered in the measurement of blood nitrogen tension (PN2) by gas chromatographic techniques effectively prevented the utilization of PN2 as a clinical tool to characterize mismatching of pulmonary ventilation and perfusion. The development of mass spectrometric techniques allows for the accurate measurement of blood gas tensions; however, due to the dependency of the measurement upon flow, this technique has proven to be inaccurate for determinations of blood PN2. This technical impediment has been effectively circumvented by the development of commercially available attachment (Searle in vitro module) to a mass spectrometer. Tonometrically analyzed water was used to evaluate the validity of the measurement and the error inherent in the technique. A significant difference between the values for tonometrically analyzed water and tonometrically analyzed blood was not detected. Since the blood PN2 is a measure of the nitrogen dissolved in the water of the plasma, these studies show that tonometrically analyzed water is a valid standard of calibration for this mass-spectrometric method of determining the blood PN2."}
{"id": "PMID:884987", "title": "Codeine-induced pulmonary edema.", "content": "We recently treated a patient with pulmonary edema and an oral overdose of codeine. Although overdoses of other opiate drugs are known to cause pulmonary edema, the association of an overdose of codeine with pulmonary edema has not been reported previously.", "contents": "Codeine-induced pulmonary edema. We recently treated a patient with pulmonary edema and an oral overdose of codeine. Although overdoses of other opiate drugs are known to cause pulmonary edema, the association of an overdose of codeine with pulmonary edema has not been reported previously."}
{"id": "PMID:884988", "title": "Pneumothorax complicating aseptic cavitating pulmonary infarction.", "content": "This report documents a pulmonary infarction secondary to an angiographically proven pulmonary embolus with complicating aseptic cavitation and pneumothorax. These two rare complications of pulmonary infarction have not previously been clinically or radiographically documented to occur simultaneously. The patient recovered uneventfully.", "contents": "Pneumothorax complicating aseptic cavitating pulmonary infarction. This report documents a pulmonary infarction secondary to an angiographically proven pulmonary embolus with complicating aseptic cavitation and pneumothorax. These two rare complications of pulmonary infarction have not previously been clinically or radiographically documented to occur simultaneously. The patient recovered uneventfully."}
{"id": "PMID:884989", "title": "Primary ventricular fibrillation. Some unusual features.", "content": "A 47-year-old man experienced ventricular fibrillation three times during a 3 1/2-year period. Each episode was  preceded by an auditory aura, and no ventricular irritability was identified between episodes. The results of coronary arteriographic, hemodynamic, and intracardiac electrophysiologic studies were all normal. Hypokalemia and abnormal oxyhemoglobin dissociation were present. The possible relationships of these unusual features to the patient's disturbances in rhythm are discussed.", "contents": "Primary ventricular fibrillation. Some unusual features. A 47-year-old man experienced ventricular fibrillation three times during a 3 1/2-year period. Each episode was  preceded by an auditory aura, and no ventricular irritability was identified between episodes. The results of coronary arteriographic, hemodynamic, and intracardiac electrophysiologic studies were all normal. Hypokalemia and abnormal oxyhemoglobin dissociation were present. The possible relationships of these unusual features to the patient's disturbances in rhythm are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:884990", "title": "Disseminated histoplasmosis followed by disseminated coccidioidomycosis.", "content": "A case of disseminated histoplasmosis followed later by disseminated coccidioidomycosis is described. The clinical illness and immunologic studies suggest subtle defects that may have existed antecedent to infection and, thus, provided an opportunity for widespread dissemination by these normally nonopportunistic organisms. Poor correlation was noted between the clinical course and in vitro tests of cell-mediated immunity.", "contents": "Disseminated histoplasmosis followed by disseminated coccidioidomycosis. A case of disseminated histoplasmosis followed later by disseminated coccidioidomycosis is described. The clinical illness and immunologic studies suggest subtle defects that may have existed antecedent to infection and, thus, provided an opportunity for widespread dissemination by these normally nonopportunistic organisms. Poor correlation was noted between the clinical course and in vitro tests of cell-mediated immunity."}
{"id": "PMID:884991", "title": "Removal of foreign bodies (two teeth) by fiberoptic bronchoscopy.", "content": "In special situations the flexible fiberoptic bronchoscope, with its increased visual range and extended capabilities for extraction, may be utilized to augment rigid bronchoscopy. Recently developed tools for extraction (claw, basket, forceps, and balloon catheter) may be inserted through the channel of the fiberoptic bronchoscope to capture small, peripheral foreign objects. We present the case of a 76-year-old man in whom two aspirated teeth were removed from the right lower lobe (RB9a and RB9b) using the fiberoptic bronchoscope, a wire basket, and a Fogarty balloon catheter. Rigid tube bronchoscopy was contraindicated because the patient had just sustained a fractured skull and jaw in an automobile accident.", "contents": "Removal of foreign bodies (two teeth) by fiberoptic bronchoscopy. In special situations the flexible fiberoptic bronchoscope, with its increased visual range and extended capabilities for extraction, may be utilized to augment rigid bronchoscopy. Recently developed tools for extraction (claw, basket, forceps, and balloon catheter) may be inserted through the channel of the fiberoptic bronchoscope to capture small, peripheral foreign objects. We present the case of a 76-year-old man in whom two aspirated teeth were removed from the right lower lobe (RB9a and RB9b) using the fiberoptic bronchoscope, a wire basket, and a Fogarty balloon catheter. Rigid tube bronchoscopy was contraindicated because the patient had just sustained a fractured skull and jaw in an automobile accident."}
{"id": "PMID:884992", "title": "Staphylococcal aortic pseudoaneurysm. Treatment employing ascending aorta-abdominal aorta bypass graft.", "content": "An adult patient developed infection of the anastomosis after resection of an isthmic coarctation, with subsequent formation of a pseudoaneurysm. He was treated successfully by an ascending aorta-abdominal aorta bypass graft. The graft was placed retrosternally and passed through the diaphragm into the retroperitoneal space. After surgery the patient developed systolic hypertension. A faint murmur was heard over the chest and abdomen, caused by the turbulent flow through the graft.", "contents": "Staphylococcal aortic pseudoaneurysm. Treatment employing ascending aorta-abdominal aorta bypass graft. An adult patient developed infection of the anastomosis after resection of an isthmic coarctation, with subsequent formation of a pseudoaneurysm. He was treated successfully by an ascending aorta-abdominal aorta bypass graft. The graft was placed retrosternally and passed through the diaphragm into the retroperitoneal space. After surgery the patient developed systolic hypertension. A faint murmur was heard over the chest and abdomen, caused by the turbulent flow through the graft."}
{"id": "PMID:884993", "title": "Pulmonary injury following exposure to chlorine gas. Possible beneficial effects of steroid treatment.", "content": "Two sisters were exposed to chlorine gas in toxic quantities in the same room of their home during an industrial accident. One was hospitalized and treated with corticosteroids and oxygen therapy, while the other received evaluation in the emergency room, and brief oxygen therapy and was released without corticosteroid therapy. Pulmonary physiologic studies have been performed on both patients at intervals following the exposure. The treated patient was stable, with normal results on studies of pulmonary function at the end of two years, while the sibling not treated with corticosteroids had demonstrable abnormalities of gas exchange which persisted during 55 months of observation. This \"natural experiment\" gives evidence of prolonged detrimental effects of sublethal exposure to chlorine gas on human pulmonary function in some patients. The effect of the differences in treatment between the two siblings cannot be definitely assessed in this single situation.", "contents": "Pulmonary injury following exposure to chlorine gas. Possible beneficial effects of steroid treatment. Two sisters were exposed to chlorine gas in toxic quantities in the same room of their home during an industrial accident. One was hospitalized and treated with corticosteroids and oxygen therapy, while the other received evaluation in the emergency room, and brief oxygen therapy and was released without corticosteroid therapy. Pulmonary physiologic studies have been performed on both patients at intervals following the exposure. The treated patient was stable, with normal results on studies of pulmonary function at the end of two years, while the sibling not treated with corticosteroids had demonstrable abnormalities of gas exchange which persisted during 55 months of observation. This \"natural experiment\" gives evidence of prolonged detrimental effects of sublethal exposure to chlorine gas on human pulmonary function in some patients. The effect of the differences in treatment between the two siblings cannot be definitely assessed in this single situation."}
{"id": "PMID:884994", "title": "Ebstein's anomaly of the left atrioventricular valve with congenital corrected transposition of the great arteries. Diagnosis by intracavitary electrocardiography.", "content": "We present the findings in a 13-month-old infant with angiographically confirmed congenital corrected transposition of the great arteries and insufficiency of the left atrioventricular valve. Simultaneous intracavitary electrocardiographic and pressure recordings across the left atrioventricular valve were similar to those obtained in Ebsteins' anomaly and suggested Ebstein's disease of the left atrioventricular valve. To our knowledge, this is the first reported case with intracavitary electrocardiograms in a patient with congenital corrected transposition of the great arteries with Ebstein's malformation of the left atrioventricular valve. The usefulness of the simultaneous recording of the intracavitary ECG and pressure in the diagnosis by catheterization of Ebstein's anomaly of the left atrioventricular valve in patients with congenital corrected transposition of the great arteries is emphasized.", "contents": "Ebstein's anomaly of the left atrioventricular valve with congenital corrected transposition of the great arteries. Diagnosis by intracavitary electrocardiography. We present the findings in a 13-month-old infant with angiographically confirmed congenital corrected transposition of the great arteries and insufficiency of the left atrioventricular valve. Simultaneous intracavitary electrocardiographic and pressure recordings across the left atrioventricular valve were similar to those obtained in Ebsteins' anomaly and suggested Ebstein's disease of the left atrioventricular valve. To our knowledge, this is the first reported case with intracavitary electrocardiograms in a patient with congenital corrected transposition of the great arteries with Ebstein's malformation of the left atrioventricular valve. The usefulness of the simultaneous recording of the intracavitary ECG and pressure in the diagnosis by catheterization of Ebstein's anomaly of the left atrioventricular valve in patients with congenital corrected transposition of the great arteries is emphasized."}
{"id": "PMID:884995", "title": "Bilateral sequestrations of different type with mirror-image vascularization.", "content": "The case of a 15-year-old boy with coexistent bilateral intralobar and extralobar sequestrations is reported. The interesting variant lies in the vascularization of each sequestration as a mirror-image of the other, the arterial supply originating from a common trunk of the thoracic aorta and the venous drainage converging to a unique channel into the azygos system.", "contents": "Bilateral sequestrations of different type with mirror-image vascularization. The case of a 15-year-old boy with coexistent bilateral intralobar and extralobar sequestrations is reported. The interesting variant lies in the vascularization of each sequestration as a mirror-image of the other, the arterial supply originating from a common trunk of the thoracic aorta and the venous drainage converging to a unique channel into the azygos system."}
{"id": "PMID:885001", "title": "Measuring the cost of caring for a foster child.", "content": "The problem of determining this cost is complex. Total costs include the direct or out-of-pocket costs and indirect costs, or the value of time devoted to rearing foster children. The use of secondary data for estimating coses in local areas is recommended.", "contents": "Measuring the cost of caring for a foster child. The problem of determining this cost is complex. Total costs include the direct or out-of-pocket costs and indirect costs, or the value of time devoted to rearing foster children. The use of secondary data for estimating coses in local areas is recommended."}
{"id": "PMID:885002", "title": "Day care: have we forgotten the school-age child?", "content": "There is a serious lack of research on and programs for day care for the school-age child. This article examines the opinions of working mothers of school-age youngsters, and the arrangements they make.", "contents": "Day care: have we forgotten the school-age child? There is a serious lack of research on and programs for day care for the school-age child. This article examines the opinions of working mothers of school-age youngsters, and the arrangements they make."}
{"id": "PMID:885003", "title": "Individualizing behavior therapy for children in group settings.", "content": "Individualizing behavior-modification programs in group settings requires a carefully devised plan applying general principles and specific procedures. This description of techniques may serve as a model for such programs.", "contents": "Individualizing behavior therapy for children in group settings. Individualizing behavior-modification programs in group settings requires a carefully devised plan applying general principles and specific procedures. This description of techniques may serve as a model for such programs."}
{"id": "PMID:885004", "title": "\"There's always adoption\": the infertility problem.", "content": "The adoption worker can play a significant role in helping couples understand and surmount, prior to adoption, the trauma normal to infertility.", "contents": "\"There's always adoption\": the infertility problem. The adoption worker can play a significant role in helping couples understand and surmount, prior to adoption, the trauma normal to infertility."}
{"id": "PMID:885005", "title": "Adoption trends: 1976.", "content": "The number of children accepted for adoption by voluntary agencies decreased last year, but the number accepted by public agencies showed an increase. Nonwhite homes approved for adoption continued in short supply.", "contents": "Adoption trends: 1976. The number of children accepted for adoption by voluntary agencies decreased last year, but the number accepted by public agencies showed an increase. Nonwhite homes approved for adoption continued in short supply."}
{"id": "PMID:885020", "title": "[Clinical and arthrographic aspects of the popliteal cysts].", "content": "Arthrography revealed extended meniscus lesions in 68 of 78 patients with popliteal cysts. In the remaining cases mechanical damage or inflammatory diseases of the knee were responsible for cyst genesis. Popliteal cysts should be removed only after causal diagnosis of the underlying chronic relapsing effusion leading to increased joint pressure and cystic dilatation of the often communication submembranous bursa.", "contents": "[Clinical and arthrographic aspects of the popliteal cysts]. Arthrography revealed extended meniscus lesions in 68 of 78 patients with popliteal cysts. In the remaining cases mechanical damage or inflammatory diseases of the knee were responsible for cyst genesis. Popliteal cysts should be removed only after causal diagnosis of the underlying chronic relapsing effusion leading to increased joint pressure and cystic dilatation of the often communication submembranous bursa."}
{"id": "PMID:885021", "title": "[Report on 938 bimalleolar luxation fractures. 2. Late results in operated cases and consequences for the surgical technic].", "content": "In the first part of this paper the authors reported on the treatment of 938 bimalleolar luxation fractures. 256 of these patients underwent operative treatment. 109 of these were examined clinically and by X-ray 3-13 years after the operation. The analysis of late results allowed conclusions about complaints and function in connection with the new development of arthrosis deformans posttraumatica. Owing to these conclusions the operative method was partly changed. There are no new aspects regarding postoperative treatment.", "contents": "[Report on 938 bimalleolar luxation fractures. 2. Late results in operated cases and consequences for the surgical technic]. In the first part of this paper the authors reported on the treatment of 938 bimalleolar luxation fractures. 256 of these patients underwent operative treatment. 109 of these were examined clinically and by X-ray 3-13 years after the operation. The analysis of late results allowed conclusions about complaints and function in connection with the new development of arthrosis deformans posttraumatica. Owing to these conclusions the operative method was partly changed. There are no new aspects regarding postoperative treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:885022", "title": "[Hemangiopericytoma of the stomach].", "content": "The case is reported of a 46-year-old man who was succesfully operated for a tumor that had its origin in the greater curvature of the stomach and grew into the gastrocolic ligament. After two false diagnoses (pancreatitis and retroperitoneal tumor) this tumor was histologically identified as a hemangiopericytoma. The possibility of recurrence and its prevention are discussed.", "contents": "[Hemangiopericytoma of the stomach]. The case is reported of a 46-year-old man who was succesfully operated for a tumor that had its origin in the greater curvature of the stomach and grew into the gastrocolic ligament. After two false diagnoses (pancreatitis and retroperitoneal tumor) this tumor was histologically identified as a hemangiopericytoma. The possibility of recurrence and its prevention are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:885023", "title": "[Crohn's disease with several intestinal foci (\"skip lesions\")].", "content": "A 35-year-old man underwent a resection of part of the ileum due to six \"skip lesions\" in Crohn's disease. At reoperation four years later, in addition to a typical terminal ileitis, two stenosing lesions were found at the ileal-jejunal junction. In connection with this rare observation, a report is made on multiple lesions and the diffuse type of Crohn's disease, both of which must be included in the therapeutic concept. \"Adequate\" resections including all segmental lesions are demanded, different resections in additional distant lesions, and conservative medical treatment in the widespread diffuse type of the disease.", "contents": "[Crohn's disease with several intestinal foci (\"skip lesions\")]. A 35-year-old man underwent a resection of part of the ileum due to six \"skip lesions\" in Crohn's disease. At reoperation four years later, in addition to a typical terminal ileitis, two stenosing lesions were found at the ileal-jejunal junction. In connection with this rare observation, a report is made on multiple lesions and the diffuse type of Crohn's disease, both of which must be included in the therapeutic concept. \"Adequate\" resections including all segmental lesions are demanded, different resections in additional distant lesions, and conservative medical treatment in the widespread diffuse type of the disease."}
{"id": "PMID:885027", "title": "Orientation of interphase chromosomes as detected by Giemsa C-bands.", "content": "The orientation of Giemsa C-bands has been studied in mitotic and interphase cells of Allium cepa. A sativum and of Aloe vera. The C-bands in these three species are located at the telomeres, secondary constriction region of the nucleolar chromosomes and the centromeric regions, respectively. Observations in A. cepa and Aloe indicate clearly that the interphase chromosomes are non-random in their orientation and possibly maintain their telophase configuration through the attachment of telomeres and perhaps of kinetochores with the nuclear membrane. Electron micrographs of onion cells also reveal that certain heterochromatic segments are associated with the nuclear membrane.--The nucleolar interstitial C-bands in A. sativum remain free in the nucleoplasm and may come close to each other due to heterochromatic attraction. Such a heterochromatic attraction is also evident between telomeric regions and between centromeres. However, a two by two attachment could not be noticed. A diagrammatic representation of the orientation of interphase chromosomes has been presented.", "contents": "Orientation of interphase chromosomes as detected by Giemsa C-bands. The orientation of Giemsa C-bands has been studied in mitotic and interphase cells of Allium cepa. A sativum and of Aloe vera. The C-bands in these three species are located at the telomeres, secondary constriction region of the nucleolar chromosomes and the centromeric regions, respectively. Observations in A. cepa and Aloe indicate clearly that the interphase chromosomes are non-random in their orientation and possibly maintain their telophase configuration through the attachment of telomeres and perhaps of kinetochores with the nuclear membrane. Electron micrographs of onion cells also reveal that certain heterochromatic segments are associated with the nuclear membrane.--The nucleolar interstitial C-bands in A. sativum remain free in the nucleoplasm and may come close to each other due to heterochromatic attraction. Such a heterochromatic attraction is also evident between telomeric regions and between centromeres. However, a two by two attachment could not be noticed. A diagrammatic representation of the orientation of interphase chromosomes has been presented."}
{"id": "PMID:885030", "title": "Biochemical analysis of meiosis in the male mouse. I. Separation of DNA labelling of specific spermatogenic stages.", "content": "Spermatogenic cells of the mouse have been separated by gravity sedimentation using a modification of a previously published method. Details are given for the collection of purified samples of specific meiotic stages and for the collection of labelled cell fractions following injection of 3H-thymidine. Suppression of semi-conservative meiotic DNA synthesis, essential to the biochemical analysis of pachytene DNA metabolism, has been achieved by in vivo administration of 1 M hydroxyurea.", "contents": "Biochemical analysis of meiosis in the male mouse. I. Separation of DNA labelling of specific spermatogenic stages. Spermatogenic cells of the mouse have been separated by gravity sedimentation using a modification of a previously published method. Details are given for the collection of purified samples of specific meiotic stages and for the collection of labelled cell fractions following injection of 3H-thymidine. Suppression of semi-conservative meiotic DNA synthesis, essential to the biochemical analysis of pachytene DNA metabolism, has been achieved by in vivo administration of 1 M hydroxyurea."}
{"id": "PMID:885031", "title": "Biochemical analysis of meiosis in the male mouse. II. DNA metabolism at pachytene.", "content": "The DNA metabolism of mouse spermatogenic cells was investigated by intravenous administration of isotope and Staput fractionation of the cells. The pattern of metabolism is virtually identical with that observed in Lilium microsporocytes. A programmed single strand nicking of DNA occure at pachytene such that at least 50% of the DNA is in the form of 62S fragments. Repair replication of endogenously nicked sites is fully achieved during pachytene. The sites of nicking and repair are preferentially located in sequences that are repeated about 400 times. These results are considered as strong evidence for a universal pattern of meiotic prophase DNA metabolism which is associated with crossing-over.", "contents": "Biochemical analysis of meiosis in the male mouse. II. DNA metabolism at pachytene. The DNA metabolism of mouse spermatogenic cells was investigated by intravenous administration of isotope and Staput fractionation of the cells. The pattern of metabolism is virtually identical with that observed in Lilium microsporocytes. A programmed single strand nicking of DNA occure at pachytene such that at least 50% of the DNA is in the form of 62S fragments. Repair replication of endogenously nicked sites is fully achieved during pachytene. The sites of nicking and repair are preferentially located in sequences that are repeated about 400 times. These results are considered as strong evidence for a universal pattern of meiotic prophase DNA metabolism which is associated with crossing-over."}
{"id": "PMID:885033", "title": "Schizophrenia--phenomenological and biological aspects.", "content": "This manuscript attempts to integrate certain biological aspects of schizophrenia with the clinical symptoms of this condition and the schizophrenic experience. Neurophysiological, biochemical, and dynamic aspects of schizophrenia involving reticular activating system, split brain studies, and the role of serotonin are discussed. The author feels that inability to selectively attend to a stimulus is the core defect in schizophrenia. Other related possibilities are alluded to.", "contents": "Schizophrenia--phenomenological and biological aspects. This manuscript attempts to integrate certain biological aspects of schizophrenia with the clinical symptoms of this condition and the schizophrenic experience. Neurophysiological, biochemical, and dynamic aspects of schizophrenia involving reticular activating system, split brain studies, and the role of serotonin are discussed. The author feels that inability to selectively attend to a stimulus is the core defect in schizophrenia. Other related possibilities are alluded to."}
{"id": "PMID:885035", "title": "The measurement of emotional concepts in patients with temporal lobe epilepsy.", "content": "Eleven temporal lobe epileptics, implanted with depth electrodes, 21 post-lobectomy epileptics, and 24 orthopedic controls were given a semantic differential test, which measured responses along 4 scales (evaluative, potency, activity, and danger) of 18 emotional and 1 non-emotional concepts. Results showed that post-lobectomy females thought of themselves as more dangerous than did orthopedic control females. Both post-lobectomy and implantation patients found the anger-hostility and fear-anxiety concepts less bad, potent, active, and dangerous than did the orthopedic controls. The post-lobectomy and implantation patients found the concept \"sexual intercourse\" and other non-sexual love-related concepts to be worse and more dangerous, but less potent and active than did the orthopedic controls.", "contents": "The measurement of emotional concepts in patients with temporal lobe epilepsy. Eleven temporal lobe epileptics, implanted with depth electrodes, 21 post-lobectomy epileptics, and 24 orthopedic controls were given a semantic differential test, which measured responses along 4 scales (evaluative, potency, activity, and danger) of 18 emotional and 1 non-emotional concepts. Results showed that post-lobectomy females thought of themselves as more dangerous than did orthopedic control females. Both post-lobectomy and implantation patients found the anger-hostility and fear-anxiety concepts less bad, potent, active, and dangerous than did the orthopedic controls. The post-lobectomy and implantation patients found the concept \"sexual intercourse\" and other non-sexual love-related concepts to be worse and more dangerous, but less potent and active than did the orthopedic controls."}
{"id": "PMID:885036", "title": "Post-traumatic psychoneurosis: evaluation of drug therapy.", "content": "This study evaluates the results of drug therapy and psychotherapy in post-traumatic psychoneurosis. The study was undertaken because of the frequent need to estimate the costs of treatment since the illness may at times be the result of a compensable injury. Patients with this illness are frequently parties in litigation. Over the past twelve years, fifty patients that had been diagnosed as having Post-Traumatic Psychoneurosis were treated. In order to attempt to evaluate the effects of treatment the patients were selected alternately for therapy with psychotherapy or with drug therapy. The results of therapies are compared and evaluated.", "contents": "Post-traumatic psychoneurosis: evaluation of drug therapy. This study evaluates the results of drug therapy and psychotherapy in post-traumatic psychoneurosis. The study was undertaken because of the frequent need to estimate the costs of treatment since the illness may at times be the result of a compensable injury. Patients with this illness are frequently parties in litigation. Over the past twelve years, fifty patients that had been diagnosed as having Post-Traumatic Psychoneurosis were treated. In order to attempt to evaluate the effects of treatment the patients were selected alternately for therapy with psychotherapy or with drug therapy. The results of therapies are compared and evaluated."}
{"id": "PMID:885038", "title": "Post head trauma syndrome in an adolescent treated with lithium carbonate--case report.", "content": "A twelve year old black male sustained closed head trauma, following which he developed agitated hypomanic behavior. After failure to respond to several treatment modalities, he was begun on lithium carbonate for six months, at which time the medication was discontinued without recurrence of pathological behavior.", "contents": "Post head trauma syndrome in an adolescent treated with lithium carbonate--case report. A twelve year old black male sustained closed head trauma, following which he developed agitated hypomanic behavior. After failure to respond to several treatment modalities, he was begun on lithium carbonate for six months, at which time the medication was discontinued without recurrence of pathological behavior."}
{"id": "PMID:885039", "title": "Normal pressure hydrocephalus: a case presentation.", "content": "There are presently no successful medical treatments available for most of the chronic dementias. For this reason it is most important to diagnose potentially reversible syndromes such as Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus and to determine if that patient is a candidate for neurosurgical treatment. A typical clinical case exemplifying the most common features of this syndrome is presented. This is followed by a discussion of the physiology, etiology, signs and symptoms, methods of diagnosis, and treatment of this illness. Material for this discussion was obtained from personal clinical experience and a review of the medical literature.", "contents": "Normal pressure hydrocephalus: a case presentation. There are presently no successful medical treatments available for most of the chronic dementias. For this reason it is most important to diagnose potentially reversible syndromes such as Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus and to determine if that patient is a candidate for neurosurgical treatment. A typical clinical case exemplifying the most common features of this syndrome is presented. This is followed by a discussion of the physiology, etiology, signs and symptoms, methods of diagnosis, and treatment of this illness. Material for this discussion was obtained from personal clinical experience and a review of the medical literature."}
{"id": "PMID:885041", "title": "Cerebellar role in smooth pursuit movement.", "content": "It is generally believed that pursuit eye movements are unaffected by cerebellar cortical atrophy or cerebellectomy. The present study was performed on patients who underwent partial vermis and hemisphere ablations as a result of severe cranial injury or cerebellar tumors. Eye movements were measured by DC electro-oculography. A clear disparity of the slow phase of the optokinetic nystagmus was observed. When eye movements were contralateral to the ablated side the slow phase of optokinetic nystagmus was statistically slower than drum or visual field velocity. It is suggested that the cerebellum network is involved in the mechanisms of the smooth pursuit movement.", "contents": "Cerebellar role in smooth pursuit movement. It is generally believed that pursuit eye movements are unaffected by cerebellar cortical atrophy or cerebellectomy. The present study was performed on patients who underwent partial vermis and hemisphere ablations as a result of severe cranial injury or cerebellar tumors. Eye movements were measured by DC electro-oculography. A clear disparity of the slow phase of the optokinetic nystagmus was observed. When eye movements were contralateral to the ablated side the slow phase of optokinetic nystagmus was statistically slower than drum or visual field velocity. It is suggested that the cerebellum network is involved in the mechanisms of the smooth pursuit movement."}
{"id": "PMID:885042", "title": "The cerebellum involvement in the generation of saccades.", "content": "It was assumed that the cerebellum is not essential for eye movements, playing only a modifying and influencing role. Recently it has been shown that the directions of the saccades can be related to a stimulated cerebellar site. This study was done on patients who underwent partial vermis and hemisphere ablations as a result of severe cranial or cerebellar tumors. The results further indicate that lack that lack of some cerebellar neural structure affects the nature of the saccade: it does not move the eyes in one saccade to acquire the new target and its amplitude duration relationship changes. It is suggested that cerebellar cortex generates a neural pulse based on teleceptive information about stimulus location with respect to an observer's head, corrects this information for initial eye position and sends out a signal to the saccadic pulse generators which move the eyes to acquire the new target.", "contents": "The cerebellum involvement in the generation of saccades. It was assumed that the cerebellum is not essential for eye movements, playing only a modifying and influencing role. Recently it has been shown that the directions of the saccades can be related to a stimulated cerebellar site. This study was done on patients who underwent partial vermis and hemisphere ablations as a result of severe cranial or cerebellar tumors. The results further indicate that lack that lack of some cerebellar neural structure affects the nature of the saccade: it does not move the eyes in one saccade to acquire the new target and its amplitude duration relationship changes. It is suggested that cerebellar cortex generates a neural pulse based on teleceptive information about stimulus location with respect to an observer's head, corrects this information for initial eye position and sends out a signal to the saccadic pulse generators which move the eyes to acquire the new target."}
{"id": "PMID:885043", "title": "New developments in fluorescein angiography.", "content": "New developments in fluorescein angiography concern the apparatus employed, technique and the photographic laboratory. A wide-angle retinograph has been developed which enables us to photograph the periphery of the fundus. Television, with a very sensitive camera, permits us to obtain very well defined dynamic views with pictures at the rate of 25 per second. This technique enables us to resolve some new problems. The use of television produces stronger fluorescence than that achieved by ordinary photography and allows us to choose the best pictures relating to a clinical problem.", "contents": "New developments in fluorescein angiography. New developments in fluorescein angiography concern the apparatus employed, technique and the photographic laboratory. A wide-angle retinograph has been developed which enables us to photograph the periphery of the fundus. Television, with a very sensitive camera, permits us to obtain very well defined dynamic views with pictures at the rate of 25 per second. This technique enables us to resolve some new problems. The use of television produces stronger fluorescence than that achieved by ordinary photography and allows us to choose the best pictures relating to a clinical problem."}
{"id": "PMID:885044", "title": "A new ultrasonic apparatus for ophthalmology using manuel compound scanning.", "content": "A new ultrasonic equipment for ophthalmological diagnosis has been developed. Manual compound scanning using water immersion made acurate representation of cross-section of the orbital structure possible. A large, focused transducer brought resolution and sensitivity. Gray scale display of the ultrasonogram increased information concerning intensity of echoes. Ultrasonograms of retinoblastoma, vitreous hemorrhage, melanocytoma, optic disc coloboma and unilateral exophthalmos are presented.", "contents": "A new ultrasonic apparatus for ophthalmology using manuel compound scanning. A new ultrasonic equipment for ophthalmological diagnosis has been developed. Manual compound scanning using water immersion made acurate representation of cross-section of the orbital structure possible. A large, focused transducer brought resolution and sensitivity. Gray scale display of the ultrasonogram increased information concerning intensity of echoes. Ultrasonograms of retinoblastoma, vitreous hemorrhage, melanocytoma, optic disc coloboma and unilateral exophthalmos are presented."}
{"id": "PMID:885045", "title": "Ultrasonographic refraction of aphakic infants and children.", "content": "A simple method of aphakic refraction using ultrasonographic axial length measurement and corneal curvature determination is presented. This method was compared with skiascopy in refraction eleven eyes of aphakic infants. No significant differences were found between the relative errors measured by these two methods.", "contents": "Ultrasonographic refraction of aphakic infants and children. A simple method of aphakic refraction using ultrasonographic axial length measurement and corneal curvature determination is presented. This method was compared with skiascopy in refraction eleven eyes of aphakic infants. No significant differences were found between the relative errors measured by these two methods."}
{"id": "PMID:885046", "title": "Applications of nuclear medicine in ophthalmology.", "content": "Diagnostic techniques using radioactive isotopes can be used for the investigation of cerebral, orbital and intraocular tumours and for the dynamic study of tear flow. The value of such techniques in the study of obstruction of the nasolacrymal system (particularly partial and functional obstructions) has been established and the possibility of using Tc99m clearance for the investigation of dry eyes is being investigated.", "contents": "Applications of nuclear medicine in ophthalmology. Diagnostic techniques using radioactive isotopes can be used for the investigation of cerebral, orbital and intraocular tumours and for the dynamic study of tear flow. The value of such techniques in the study of obstruction of the nasolacrymal system (particularly partial and functional obstructions) has been established and the possibility of using Tc99m clearance for the investigation of dry eyes is being investigated."}
{"id": "PMID:885047", "title": "Correction of aphakia with contact lenses.", "content": "The correction of unilateral and bilateral aphakia with contact lenses has given good results. The contact lens of choice today is either the hard corneal lens or the soft hydrophilic lens. High-water-content lenses have excellent oxygen permeability which permits continuous wear. Experience with the 'Sauflon 85' lens is described.", "contents": "Correction of aphakia with contact lenses. The correction of unilateral and bilateral aphakia with contact lenses has given good results. The contact lens of choice today is either the hard corneal lens or the soft hydrophilic lens. High-water-content lenses have excellent oxygen permeability which permits continuous wear. Experience with the 'Sauflon 85' lens is described."}
{"id": "PMID:885048", "title": "A trichromatic test for spheric and astigmatic refraction.", "content": "An improved chromatic rotatable refraction test for simultaneous spheric and astigmatic refraction is described. Its new features are interposition of a bright yellow stripe between the conventional red and green fields and a pair of parallel test lines, which traverse vertically all colored fields. Thereby astigmatic errors become easily visible.", "contents": "A trichromatic test for spheric and astigmatic refraction. An improved chromatic rotatable refraction test for simultaneous spheric and astigmatic refraction is described. Its new features are interposition of a bright yellow stripe between the conventional red and green fields and a pair of parallel test lines, which traverse vertically all colored fields. Thereby astigmatic errors become easily visible."}
{"id": "PMID:885049", "title": "Optical and long wave holography: potential applications in ophthalmology.", "content": "The first part of this paper describes the process of optical holography, and discusses the possibilities and some of the merits of the application of optical holographic techniques in the field of ophthalmology, such as: 1. Holographic observation of the eye and the light-path through the cornea and the lens, leading to the evaluation of the optical constants of the eye. 2. Holographic  interferometric measurements of the configuration changes which accompany accommodation or changes in the intra-ocular pressure. 3. Three-dimensional observations of the fundus. The second part of the paper is devoted to long wave holography, which has attained special attention in electromagnetic (non-optic) and ultrasonic wave propagation. Although these two forms of wave propagation differ in their physical properties, there are many similarities in their signal processing techniques, the collection of wave fronts emerging from the object, and in the visualization of images.", "contents": "Optical and long wave holography: potential applications in ophthalmology. The first part of this paper describes the process of optical holography, and discusses the possibilities and some of the merits of the application of optical holographic techniques in the field of ophthalmology, such as: 1. Holographic observation of the eye and the light-path through the cornea and the lens, leading to the evaluation of the optical constants of the eye. 2. Holographic  interferometric measurements of the configuration changes which accompany accommodation or changes in the intra-ocular pressure. 3. Three-dimensional observations of the fundus. The second part of the paper is devoted to long wave holography, which has attained special attention in electromagnetic (non-optic) and ultrasonic wave propagation. Although these two forms of wave propagation differ in their physical properties, there are many similarities in their signal processing techniques, the collection of wave fronts emerging from the object, and in the visualization of images."}
{"id": "PMID:885050", "title": "The computer in clinical research. Prevalence of glaucoma.", "content": "The prevalence of glaucoma in a rural population of 6232 people over the age of 40 years, including patients with previously diagnosed glaucoma, was found to be 1.21%. There were 41 cases of open-angle glaucoma compared to 32 cases of angle-closure glaucoma. The prevalence of glaucoma among subjects over the age of 60 years was 3.07%.", "contents": "The computer in clinical research. Prevalence of glaucoma. The prevalence of glaucoma in a rural population of 6232 people over the age of 40 years, including patients with previously diagnosed glaucoma, was found to be 1.21%. There were 41 cases of open-angle glaucoma compared to 32 cases of angle-closure glaucoma. The prevalence of glaucoma among subjects over the age of 60 years was 3.07%."}
{"id": "PMID:885051", "title": "A data retrieval system for the eye clinic. I. Clinical aspects.", "content": "The use of a data retrieval system for patients' ophthalmic records is described. Input is by using simple forms and output is in batch. The system is adaptable for on-line use as soon as a terminal is established in the clinic. To date there are over 6000 patients on file, of whom about one half have no other form of ophthalmic medical record.", "contents": "A data retrieval system for the eye clinic. I. Clinical aspects. The use of a data retrieval system for patients' ophthalmic records is described. Input is by using simple forms and output is in batch. The system is adaptable for on-line use as soon as a terminal is established in the clinic. To date there are over 6000 patients on file, of whom about one half have no other form of ophthalmic medical record."}
{"id": "PMID:885052", "title": "A data retrieval system for the eye clinic. II. The programmed system.", "content": "The programmed system of a data retrieval system for the eye clinic is described. The system uses an IBM 370/168 computer, involves programmes to minimize the possibility of entering errors and a magnetic tape back-up system to reduce the cost of storing rarely required material and as a safeguard against the accidental erasion of material on disc.", "contents": "A data retrieval system for the eye clinic. II. The programmed system. The programmed system of a data retrieval system for the eye clinic is described. The system uses an IBM 370/168 computer, involves programmes to minimize the possibility of entering errors and a magnetic tape back-up system to reduce the cost of storing rarely required material and as a safeguard against the accidental erasion of material on disc."}
{"id": "PMID:885053", "title": "Blur: a sufficient accommodative stimulus.", "content": "Experiments under a variety of open and closed loop feedback configurations demonstrate that accommodative responses to target blur are equivalent to those to defocus blur; this supports blur as the 'sufficient' neurological stimulus to accommodations. The hunting action of accommodation compensates for the even error aspect of blur and also adaptively minimizes any close loop error components while finally accepting open loop components.", "contents": "Blur: a sufficient accommodative stimulus. Experiments under a variety of open and closed loop feedback configurations demonstrate that accommodative responses to target blur are equivalent to those to defocus blur; this supports blur as the 'sufficient' neurological stimulus to accommodations. The hunting action of accommodation compensates for the even error aspect of blur and also adaptively minimizes any close loop error components while finally accepting open loop components."}
{"id": "PMID:885066", "title": "Pseudoepidemics of heroin addiction.", "content": "Smooth unimodal skewed distributions, sometimes referred to as \"epidemic-like\" curves, are often used as evidence of time to time changes in incidence. Data on year of onset from groups of treated heroin addicts are generally alleged to reflect incidence, and this distribution is used to evaluate effectiveness and predict future needs. This paper describes the development of simple demographic models which demonstrate the production of epidemic-like curves without changes in incidence, ascertainment or duration of disorder. These graphic models are relevant to other non-infectious disorders where there is continuing exposure to the etiologic agents and where intervals between onset and ascertainment are not uniformly distributed.", "contents": "Pseudoepidemics of heroin addiction. Smooth unimodal skewed distributions, sometimes referred to as \"epidemic-like\" curves, are often used as evidence of time to time changes in incidence. Data on year of onset from groups of treated heroin addicts are generally alleged to reflect incidence, and this distribution is used to evaluate effectiveness and predict future needs. This paper describes the development of simple demographic models which demonstrate the production of epidemic-like curves without changes in incidence, ascertainment or duration of disorder. These graphic models are relevant to other non-infectious disorders where there is continuing exposure to the etiologic agents and where intervals between onset and ascertainment are not uniformly distributed."}
{"id": "PMID:885067", "title": "The drunken driver: a psychosocial study.", "content": "A self-administered questionnaire was used to compare selected psychosocial variables of 306 convicted male drunk drivers with those of 294 alcoholics and 253 controls. The drunk driver group fell between the other groups on many parameters but resembled the alcoholic group on many others. While over 68% of the drunk drivers appeared to be alcoholics, in general they showed significantly less psychosocial incapacity than the alcoholic comparison group. The differences between the alcoholic and presumed non-alcoholic drunk drivers were not sufficient to clearly dichotomize the drunk driver group.", "contents": "The drunken driver: a psychosocial study. A self-administered questionnaire was used to compare selected psychosocial variables of 306 convicted male drunk drivers with those of 294 alcoholics and 253 controls. The drunk driver group fell between the other groups on many parameters but resembled the alcoholic group on many others. While over 68% of the drunk drivers appeared to be alcoholics, in general they showed significantly less psychosocial incapacity than the alcoholic comparison group. The differences between the alcoholic and presumed non-alcoholic drunk drivers were not sufficient to clearly dichotomize the drunk driver group."}
{"id": "PMID:885068", "title": "Alcohol use among black youths in a rural community.", "content": "The results of this study lead to the conclusion that the circumstances which surround the act of youth drinking in the black population of an abstinence setting are somewhat different from those recorded elsewhere. Although fewer students drink, the drinking styles reveal several dimensions frequently associated with alcohol abuse. As a rule, users do not have parental permission to drink and for the most part they identify with churches that condemn alcohol on moral grounds. Because many of the youth procure their beverages from illegal sources or in an illegal way, they tend to drink in a surreptitious manner in a setting absent of restraint. Consequently, a significant number of youths were drinking without normal propriety and were exhibiting several social complications as a result. This suggests that less drinking can be expected in abstinence settings but, among those young people who drink, problems may be more frequent. This is logical since the user is at variance with the normative prescriptions of the community, church and home. Obviously, drinking under these conditions may actually be an expression of a general test of the limits of the adult world or a symbol of rejection of adult standards. Subsequently, the abuse of alcohol may decrease with maturity. Regardless of their meaning, however, the findings do point to a need for education about alcohol at the school level.", "contents": "Alcohol use among black youths in a rural community. The results of this study lead to the conclusion that the circumstances which surround the act of youth drinking in the black population of an abstinence setting are somewhat different from those recorded elsewhere. Although fewer students drink, the drinking styles reveal several dimensions frequently associated with alcohol abuse. As a rule, users do not have parental permission to drink and for the most part they identify with churches that condemn alcohol on moral grounds. Because many of the youth procure their beverages from illegal sources or in an illegal way, they tend to drink in a surreptitious manner in a setting absent of restraint. Consequently, a significant number of youths were drinking without normal propriety and were exhibiting several social complications as a result. This suggests that less drinking can be expected in abstinence settings but, among those young people who drink, problems may be more frequent. This is logical since the user is at variance with the normative prescriptions of the community, church and home. Obviously, drinking under these conditions may actually be an expression of a general test of the limits of the adult world or a symbol of rejection of adult standards. Subsequently, the abuse of alcohol may decrease with maturity. Regardless of their meaning, however, the findings do point to a need for education about alcohol at the school level."}
{"id": "PMID:885069", "title": "Narcotic addiction in two Asian cultures: a comparison and analysis.", "content": "Our current knowledge regarding the effects of open access to narcotic drugs is limited. This study was undertaken to clarify issues regarding availability of these drugs. Two ethnic groups in Laos were compared: the Hmong (or Meo), a tribal group with access to opium in their homes; and the Lao, a peasant people with more limited access, usually in opium dens. Of 15 demographic and clinical variables studied, 10 showed significant differences between the two cultures. Eight of these 10 could be readily accounted for by differences in drug availability. Only two differences could be ascribed to socio-ecologic factors not related to drug availability. Similarities between the two groups appeared due to (1) pharmacologic effects of narcotic addiction and (2) low social opprobrium toward addiction in both cultures. In this study, open availability of narcotic drugs appeared to favor the following: a greater proportion of female addicts; younger age of opiate usage and addiction; use of the more intoxicating route of administration; earlier onset of problems related to addiction; and shorter duration of addiction before seeking treatment.", "contents": "Narcotic addiction in two Asian cultures: a comparison and analysis. Our current knowledge regarding the effects of open access to narcotic drugs is limited. This study was undertaken to clarify issues regarding availability of these drugs. Two ethnic groups in Laos were compared: the Hmong (or Meo), a tribal group with access to opium in their homes; and the Lao, a peasant people with more limited access, usually in opium dens. Of 15 demographic and clinical variables studied, 10 showed significant differences between the two cultures. Eight of these 10 could be readily accounted for by differences in drug availability. Only two differences could be ascribed to socio-ecologic factors not related to drug availability. Similarities between the two groups appeared due to (1) pharmacologic effects of narcotic addiction and (2) low social opprobrium toward addiction in both cultures. In this study, open availability of narcotic drugs appeared to favor the following: a greater proportion of female addicts; younger age of opiate usage and addiction; use of the more intoxicating route of administration; earlier onset of problems related to addiction; and shorter duration of addiction before seeking treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:885075", "title": "[Rubella immunization--immunity after 4 years (author's transl)].", "content": "The rubella antibody titres were evaluated in 158 girls who had been seronegative prior to immunization and had been immunised 4 years previously (1971) with the rubella vaccine HPV77DE5. In 138 girls (87%) the 1975 titres were unchanged in comparison with 1971. Only in 5 girls (3.2%) the titres had decreased by up to 2 log2 steps. In two patients the titre reached the critical value of 1:8 which must be considered negative due to the high sensitivity of the haemagglutination inhibition test. A titre increase by two or more steps was observed in 15 girls (9.5%). A third of the titre increases might be due to reinfection with rubella wild virus which would correspond to a reinfection rate of less than 1% per year. Present knowledge indicates that reinfection during pregnancy does not endanger the unborn child.", "contents": "[Rubella immunization--immunity after 4 years (author's transl)]. The rubella antibody titres were evaluated in 158 girls who had been seronegative prior to immunization and had been immunised 4 years previously (1971) with the rubella vaccine HPV77DE5. In 138 girls (87%) the 1975 titres were unchanged in comparison with 1971. Only in 5 girls (3.2%) the titres had decreased by up to 2 log2 steps. In two patients the titre reached the critical value of 1:8 which must be considered negative due to the high sensitivity of the haemagglutination inhibition test. A titre increase by two or more steps was observed in 15 girls (9.5%). A third of the titre increases might be due to reinfection with rubella wild virus which would correspond to a reinfection rate of less than 1% per year. Present knowledge indicates that reinfection during pregnancy does not endanger the unborn child."}
{"id": "PMID:885076", "title": "[The value of pneumocystography in diagnosis of breast tumours (author's transl)].", "content": "Pneumocystography was performed regularly in mammographically benign tumours. During 1974 and 1975 16892 breast were investigated radiographically of which 1031 had palpable tumours. In 614 cases the results of palpation correlated with radiography and indicated a cyst. These tumours were punctured with the aim of demonstrating the cyst wall by air filling and subsequent pneumocystography. This procedure enabled 4 out of 10 women (430 out of 1031) to avoid operation despite clinically palpable tumours. In 184 cases biopsy was necessary. In 12 cases the pneumocystogram showed tumours needing excision in addition to unremarkable cysts, in 11 cases the cyst walls showed radiological changes, 161 tumours were apparently solid. Since December 1975 we have started to aspirate breasts with radiographically suspected cysts in the absence of palpable tumour and to perform a pneumocystogram. This attempt was successful in all 19 cases. Removal of unremarkable cysts should not be accepted any longer. Prior to removal of a palpable tumour of the breast radiological investigated is indicated.", "contents": "[The value of pneumocystography in diagnosis of breast tumours (author's transl)]. Pneumocystography was performed regularly in mammographically benign tumours. During 1974 and 1975 16892 breast were investigated radiographically of which 1031 had palpable tumours. In 614 cases the results of palpation correlated with radiography and indicated a cyst. These tumours were punctured with the aim of demonstrating the cyst wall by air filling and subsequent pneumocystography. This procedure enabled 4 out of 10 women (430 out of 1031) to avoid operation despite clinically palpable tumours. In 184 cases biopsy was necessary. In 12 cases the pneumocystogram showed tumours needing excision in addition to unremarkable cysts, in 11 cases the cyst walls showed radiological changes, 161 tumours were apparently solid. Since December 1975 we have started to aspirate breasts with radiographically suspected cysts in the absence of palpable tumour and to perform a pneumocystogram. This attempt was successful in all 19 cases. Removal of unremarkable cysts should not be accepted any longer. Prior to removal of a palpable tumour of the breast radiological investigated is indicated."}
{"id": "PMID:885102", "title": "[Evaluation of treatment with hemineurine in delirium tremens].", "content": "The authors make a sum-up of all cases of delirium tremens admitted to the Lausanne University Psychiatric Clinic during the period 1970-1974. All were treated by intravenous and oral chlormethiazole (hemineurine), its technique being described. The need to restablish the fluid and electrolitic balance is stressed. Side effects are not important and there is a shortening of the acute phase, as compared to other techniques. Mortality is nil. The authors suggest that chlormethiazole is an indication of choice in the treatment of delirium tremens and are surprised that this substance has not yet taken its place in the U.S.A.", "contents": "[Evaluation of treatment with hemineurine in delirium tremens]. The authors make a sum-up of all cases of delirium tremens admitted to the Lausanne University Psychiatric Clinic during the period 1970-1974. All were treated by intravenous and oral chlormethiazole (hemineurine), its technique being described. The need to restablish the fluid and electrolitic balance is stressed. Side effects are not important and there is a shortening of the acute phase, as compared to other techniques. Mortality is nil. The authors suggest that chlormethiazole is an indication of choice in the treatment of delirium tremens and are surprised that this substance has not yet taken its place in the U.S.A."}
{"id": "PMID:885103", "title": "[Aphasia and artistic creation].", "content": "An artist active drawing and waterpainting, most prominent in sculpture, suffered an apopleptic insult at 66 years of age. Right hemiparesis and severe motor aphasia remained but this with rare unexpected and sometimes rather complicated productions in spoken, and also in written language in spite of modest progress in writing exercise. His behaviour witnessed of the memory of remote and complicated stored material. Some months after the insult he resumed his artistic activity using his left hand and continued it principally in the same manner as before his illness. His drawing and water-painting displayed some uncertainty of lines and sometimes coarseness of the stain spots. His pieces of sculpture regained the quality of his earlier works, as proven already by the first statue he made after the insult. While it is generally accepted that the motor aphasia does not essentially affect the artistic production, even of high quality, in painting, this is the first instance which proves that the same holds true for sculpture. In this case the mechanisms inciting the finest innervation on the side of the cortical center of the left hand, can work with promptness. In motor aphasia the mechanisms indispensable for the correct realisation of the function are affected without a final extinction of the function itself. Motor asphasia is an instrumental disorder not necessarily accompanied by disturbances of the intelligence.", "contents": "[Aphasia and artistic creation]. An artist active drawing and waterpainting, most prominent in sculpture, suffered an apopleptic insult at 66 years of age. Right hemiparesis and severe motor aphasia remained but this with rare unexpected and sometimes rather complicated productions in spoken, and also in written language in spite of modest progress in writing exercise. His behaviour witnessed of the memory of remote and complicated stored material. Some months after the insult he resumed his artistic activity using his left hand and continued it principally in the same manner as before his illness. His drawing and water-painting displayed some uncertainty of lines and sometimes coarseness of the stain spots. His pieces of sculpture regained the quality of his earlier works, as proven already by the first statue he made after the insult. While it is generally accepted that the motor aphasia does not essentially affect the artistic production, even of high quality, in painting, this is the first instance which proves that the same holds true for sculpture. In this case the mechanisms inciting the finest innervation on the side of the cortical center of the left hand, can work with promptness. In motor aphasia the mechanisms indispensable for the correct realisation of the function are affected without a final extinction of the function itself. Motor asphasia is an instrumental disorder not necessarily accompanied by disturbances of the intelligence."}
{"id": "PMID:885104", "title": "[Repeated sessions of sleep deprivation in the treatment of depression].", "content": "30 depressed patients were submitted to repeated sessions of sleep deprivation. The results obtained in a previous study were confirmed: after 36 hours of wakefulness there is an important overall improvement, albeit followed by a partial or total relapse the second day after. There are no counter-indications, even for elderly subjects with psycho-organic symptoms.", "contents": "[Repeated sessions of sleep deprivation in the treatment of depression]. 30 depressed patients were submitted to repeated sessions of sleep deprivation. The results obtained in a previous study were confirmed: after 36 hours of wakefulness there is an important overall improvement, albeit followed by a partial or total relapse the second day after. There are no counter-indications, even for elderly subjects with psycho-organic symptoms."}
{"id": "PMID:885106", "title": "Conversion of radiolabeled human growth hormone into higher molecular weight moieties in human plasma in vivo and in vitro.", "content": "Purified human growth hormone (hGH) was iodinated with 131I ([131I]iodo-hGH) and purified on Sephadex G-100. The monomeric [131I]iodo-hGH (mol wt about 20,000 daltons) was injected as a bolus iv in healthy volunteers and plasma obtained at 10, 20, and 40 min. Then continuous infusion with [131I]-iodo-hGH was started and further plasma samples obtained after 120 min when a plateau of immunoreactive hGH (IR-hGH) had been attained. In one individual the bolus injection was followed further to 60 and 120 min. Fresh plasma was immediately chromatographed on Sephadex G-100 and the IR-hGH profiles evaluated. In all instances following iv injection, larger and occasionally smaller immunoreactive moieties than the injected [131I]iodo-hGH appeared. When [131I]iodo-hGH was incubated at 37 C with fresh human plasma from 4 different individuals from 10 to 120 min, the larger molecular weight forms, noted in the in vivo studies, were again demonstrable. Only the monomeric [131I]iodo-hGH was found when [131I]iodo-hGH was incubated at 37 C for 120 min with human serum albumin or gamma globulin.", "contents": "Conversion of radiolabeled human growth hormone into higher molecular weight moieties in human plasma in vivo and in vitro. Purified human growth hormone (hGH) was iodinated with 131I ([131I]iodo-hGH) and purified on Sephadex G-100. The monomeric [131I]iodo-hGH (mol wt about 20,000 daltons) was injected as a bolus iv in healthy volunteers and plasma obtained at 10, 20, and 40 min. Then continuous infusion with [131I]-iodo-hGH was started and further plasma samples obtained after 120 min when a plateau of immunoreactive hGH (IR-hGH) had been attained. In one individual the bolus injection was followed further to 60 and 120 min. Fresh plasma was immediately chromatographed on Sephadex G-100 and the IR-hGH profiles evaluated. In all instances following iv injection, larger and occasionally smaller immunoreactive moieties than the injected [131I]iodo-hGH appeared. When [131I]iodo-hGH was incubated at 37 C with fresh human plasma from 4 different individuals from 10 to 120 min, the larger molecular weight forms, noted in the in vivo studies, were again demonstrable. Only the monomeric [131I]iodo-hGH was found when [131I]iodo-hGH was incubated at 37 C for 120 min with human serum albumin or gamma globulin."}
{"id": "PMID:885107", "title": "Insulin-like activities and insulin-potentiating actions of a modified insulin B21-26 fragment: beta-Ala-Arg-Gly-Phe-Phe-Tyr-NH2.", "content": "A modified sequence of insulin B21-26, beta-Ala-Arg-Gly-Phe-Phe-Tyr-NH2 (DP-432), was synthesized and tested for its biological activities. The hexapeptide, ip injected to mice, stimulated [U-14C]-glucose incorporation into diaphragm glycogen and adipose tissue total lipid. Neither plasma glucose nor FFA (free fatty acid) was reduced by the injection. However, when injected with epinephrine, the peptide prevented a rise of plasma FFA but not that of plasma glucose due to epinephrine. In vitro, the peptide stimulated glucose oxidation and inhibited epinephrine- or isoproterenol-stimulated lipolysis of mouse adipose tissue. Furthermore, when added along with insulin to incubation media, the peptide exaggerated the effects of insulin on both glucose oxidation and isoproterenol-stimulated lipolysis. The hexapeptide thus seems to have an insulin-potentiating action as well as insulin like activities on peripheral tissue.", "contents": "Insulin-like activities and insulin-potentiating actions of a modified insulin B21-26 fragment: beta-Ala-Arg-Gly-Phe-Phe-Tyr-NH2. A modified sequence of insulin B21-26, beta-Ala-Arg-Gly-Phe-Phe-Tyr-NH2 (DP-432), was synthesized and tested for its biological activities. The hexapeptide, ip injected to mice, stimulated [U-14C]-glucose incorporation into diaphragm glycogen and adipose tissue total lipid. Neither plasma glucose nor FFA (free fatty acid) was reduced by the injection. However, when injected with epinephrine, the peptide prevented a rise of plasma FFA but not that of plasma glucose due to epinephrine. In vitro, the peptide stimulated glucose oxidation and inhibited epinephrine- or isoproterenol-stimulated lipolysis of mouse adipose tissue. Furthermore, when added along with insulin to incubation media, the peptide exaggerated the effects of insulin on both glucose oxidation and isoproterenol-stimulated lipolysis. The hexapeptide thus seems to have an insulin-potentiating action as well as insulin like activities on peripheral tissue."}
{"id": "PMID:885108", "title": "Heterotransplantation of human fetal pituitaries in nude mice.", "content": "The heterotransplantation of minced human fetal pituitaries into adult thymus-aplastic nude mice is described. Development and growth of such grafts were observed in 16 of 21 recipient mice. Histological examinations of the transplants showed typical adenohypophyseal cells. Neurohypophyseal cells could never be detected. The levels of human growth hormone (hGH) varied between 0.8 and 42.0 ng/ml in the plasma of the hosts (mean value 7.2 ng/ml, by radioimmunoassay).", "contents": "Heterotransplantation of human fetal pituitaries in nude mice. The heterotransplantation of minced human fetal pituitaries into adult thymus-aplastic nude mice is described. Development and growth of such grafts were observed in 16 of 21 recipient mice. Histological examinations of the transplants showed typical adenohypophyseal cells. Neurohypophyseal cells could never be detected. The levels of human growth hormone (hGH) varied between 0.8 and 42.0 ng/ml in the plasma of the hosts (mean value 7.2 ng/ml, by radioimmunoassay)."}
{"id": "PMID:885111", "title": "Renin and aldosterone in the cardiomyopathic hamster in congestive heart failure.", "content": "The renin-aldosterone system was studied in cardiomyopathic hamsters (CMH) before and after the onset of untreated clinical congestive heart failure. Age-matched random-bred hamsters (RB) served as controls. Before heart failure, there were no differences in body weight accretion, sodium balance, plasma renin activity or in vitro aldosterone production. After the onset of heart failure in CMH, body weight increased at a greater rate than in RB and positive sodium balance was nearly twice control levels. Although plasma renin activity was greater (P less than 0.005) in CMH than in RB (23.4+/-4.2 (mean+/-SEM) vs. 3.8+/-1.8 ng/ml/h), aldosterone production (101+/-15 vs. 95+/-16 ng/h) did not differ. Plasma aldosterone was low or undetectable in RB and in CMH in heart failure. In response to angiotensin stimulation, aldosterone production increased in both strains and did not differ. No difference in muscle potassium content, potassium balance or excretion was detected. Thus, in CMH, congestive heart failure is attended by increased plasma renin activity without a significant increase in aldosterone production, a dissociation which does not appear to be due to adrenal unresponsiveness to angiotensin II or to potassium depletion.", "contents": "Renin and aldosterone in the cardiomyopathic hamster in congestive heart failure. The renin-aldosterone system was studied in cardiomyopathic hamsters (CMH) before and after the onset of untreated clinical congestive heart failure. Age-matched random-bred hamsters (RB) served as controls. Before heart failure, there were no differences in body weight accretion, sodium balance, plasma renin activity or in vitro aldosterone production. After the onset of heart failure in CMH, body weight increased at a greater rate than in RB and positive sodium balance was nearly twice control levels. Although plasma renin activity was greater (P less than 0.005) in CMH than in RB (23.4+/-4.2 (mean+/-SEM) vs. 3.8+/-1.8 ng/ml/h), aldosterone production (101+/-15 vs. 95+/-16 ng/h) did not differ. Plasma aldosterone was low or undetectable in RB and in CMH in heart failure. In response to angiotensin stimulation, aldosterone production increased in both strains and did not differ. No difference in muscle potassium content, potassium balance or excretion was detected. Thus, in CMH, congestive heart failure is attended by increased plasma renin activity without a significant increase in aldosterone production, a dissociation which does not appear to be due to adrenal unresponsiveness to angiotensin II or to potassium depletion."}
{"id": "PMID:885117", "title": "The metabolic clearance rate, the brain extraction and distribution and the uterine extraction and retention of progesterone and R 5020 in estrogen-treated ovariectomized rabbits.", "content": "The metabolic clearance rate (MCR), uterine extraction, uterine retention and brain distribution of the synthetic progestin R 5020 and progesterone were studied in estrogen-treated ovariectomized rabbits. The MCR of R 5020 was 163+/-15 (SE) 1/day and was lower than that of progesterone. The uterine extraction of R 5020 (51.4+/-3.9 (SE)%) was greater than that of progesterone (33.7+/-7.7%) as was the uterine tissue:arterial blood ratio (28.1+/-4 vs. 7.3). The brain and pituitary retention and distribution of R 5020 and progesterone were the same and provided no evidence for a selective accumulation of a progestin in the pituitary or hypothalamus.", "contents": "The metabolic clearance rate, the brain extraction and distribution and the uterine extraction and retention of progesterone and R 5020 in estrogen-treated ovariectomized rabbits. The metabolic clearance rate (MCR), uterine extraction, uterine retention and brain distribution of the synthetic progestin R 5020 and progesterone were studied in estrogen-treated ovariectomized rabbits. The MCR of R 5020 was 163+/-15 (SE) 1/day and was lower than that of progesterone. The uterine extraction of R 5020 (51.4+/-3.9 (SE)%) was greater than that of progesterone (33.7+/-7.7%) as was the uterine tissue:arterial blood ratio (28.1+/-4 vs. 7.3). The brain and pituitary retention and distribution of R 5020 and progesterone were the same and provided no evidence for a selective accumulation of a progestin in the pituitary or hypothalamus."}
{"id": "PMID:885121", "title": "Evidence for androgen participation in induced ovulation in immature rats.", "content": "Rabbit antiserum to testosterone injected intravenously (iv) together with 10 IU human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) markedly reduced the number of tubal ova in intact or hypophysectomized immature rats primed with 5 IU pregnant mare's serum gonadotropin. Normal rabbit serum (NRS) injected instead of the antiserum resulted in a normal complement of ovulated ova. Ten microgram of testosterone or 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone dissolved in NRS administered iv 1 h after simultaneous injection of hCG and antiserum to progesterone (anti-P) restored ovulation that would otherwise have been blocked by anti-P, with a comparable number of ova to control animals not given anti-P. The results indicate active participation of androgen in induced ovulation in immature rats.", "contents": "Evidence for androgen participation in induced ovulation in immature rats. Rabbit antiserum to testosterone injected intravenously (iv) together with 10 IU human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) markedly reduced the number of tubal ova in intact or hypophysectomized immature rats primed with 5 IU pregnant mare's serum gonadotropin. Normal rabbit serum (NRS) injected instead of the antiserum resulted in a normal complement of ovulated ova. Ten microgram of testosterone or 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone dissolved in NRS administered iv 1 h after simultaneous injection of hCG and antiserum to progesterone (anti-P) restored ovulation that would otherwise have been blocked by anti-P, with a comparable number of ova to control animals not given anti-P. The results indicate active participation of androgen in induced ovulation in immature rats."}
{"id": "PMID:885122", "title": "Estrogen hormones and lipid metabolism. Effect of ethynyl-estradiol on liver lipases.", "content": "Lipase activities assayed in liver subcellular fractions from rats given ethynyl-estradiol are lowered, while triglycerides increase and cholesterol decreases in blood. Triester lipase in microsomes is the most altered activity. Such enzymatic changes might play a role in the development of lipid abnormalities in blood of women taking estrogens as oral contraceptives.", "contents": "Estrogen hormones and lipid metabolism. Effect of ethynyl-estradiol on liver lipases. Lipase activities assayed in liver subcellular fractions from rats given ethynyl-estradiol are lowered, while triglycerides increase and cholesterol decreases in blood. Triester lipase in microsomes is the most altered activity. Such enzymatic changes might play a role in the development of lipid abnormalities in blood of women taking estrogens as oral contraceptives."}
{"id": "PMID:885132", "title": "Carbon-14 tracer studies in rat-liver perfusion experiments under conditions of gluconeogenesis from lactate and pyruvate.", "content": "The intracellular events in the metabolic pathway of gluconeogenesis from lactate and pyruvate in liver tissue were assumed to be understood. Nevertheless the results of several 14C-tracer experiments gave rise to the postulation of still unknown intracellular interactions under this condition. We have tried to contribute to the solution of this problem by using different 14C labeled tracers such as [1-14C]lactate or pyruvate and [2-14C]lactate or pyruvate, [14C]bicarbonate and [1-14C]octanoate in perfusion experiments with livers from rats under conditions of gluconeogenesis from lactate and pyruvate. The 14C labeling patterns of intracellular metabolites as malate, citrate, phosphoenolpyruvate, phosphoglycerate and newly synthesized glucose were analysed under different conditions. A comparison with values calculated by using metabolic models, based on the generally accepted concepts of intracellular interactions, showed some fundamental discrepancies, which justify the postulation of still unknown intracellular interactions in the pathway of gluconeogenesis from lactate and pyruvate.", "contents": "Carbon-14 tracer studies in rat-liver perfusion experiments under conditions of gluconeogenesis from lactate and pyruvate. The intracellular events in the metabolic pathway of gluconeogenesis from lactate and pyruvate in liver tissue were assumed to be understood. Nevertheless the results of several 14C-tracer experiments gave rise to the postulation of still unknown intracellular interactions under this condition. We have tried to contribute to the solution of this problem by using different 14C labeled tracers such as [1-14C]lactate or pyruvate and [2-14C]lactate or pyruvate, [14C]bicarbonate and [1-14C]octanoate in perfusion experiments with livers from rats under conditions of gluconeogenesis from lactate and pyruvate. The 14C labeling patterns of intracellular metabolites as malate, citrate, phosphoenolpyruvate, phosphoglycerate and newly synthesized glucose were analysed under different conditions. A comparison with values calculated by using metabolic models, based on the generally accepted concepts of intracellular interactions, showed some fundamental discrepancies, which justify the postulation of still unknown intracellular interactions in the pathway of gluconeogenesis from lactate and pyruvate."}
{"id": "PMID:885133", "title": "Carbon-14 tracer studies in the metabolism of isolated rat-liver parenchymal cells under conditions of gluconeogenesis from lactate and pyruvate.", "content": "In rat liver perfusion experiments under conditions of gluconeogenesis from lactate and pyruvate 14C-labeling patterns of metabolites with (1-14C)-labeled and (2-14C)-labeled lactate or pyruvate, [14C]bicarbonate and [1-14C]octanoate as tracers, have been obtained, which do not agree with generally assumed reaction schemes. The experiments have been repeated with incubations of isolated rat-liver parenchymal cells. The results demonstrate that the discrepancies between expected and analysed 14C-labeling patterns of metabolites were still existent. From this observation it may be concluded, that 14C-labeling patterns of metabolites are indicative for the existence of still unknown metabolic relationships in liver parenchymal cells. Furthermore the results of our experiments prove that conclusions based on the exclusive analysis of metabolite levels are of limited value for studying intracellular events, because of uncharacterized compartmentations, which become evident in 14C-tracer studies. It cannot be answered by our studies, whether the apparent existence of differently labeled species of citrate, oxoglutarate or acetyl-CoA, represent intracellular compartmentation or whether it is the result of metabolic heterogeneity of liver parenchymal cells.", "contents": "Carbon-14 tracer studies in the metabolism of isolated rat-liver parenchymal cells under conditions of gluconeogenesis from lactate and pyruvate. In rat liver perfusion experiments under conditions of gluconeogenesis from lactate and pyruvate 14C-labeling patterns of metabolites with (1-14C)-labeled and (2-14C)-labeled lactate or pyruvate, [14C]bicarbonate and [1-14C]octanoate as tracers, have been obtained, which do not agree with generally assumed reaction schemes. The experiments have been repeated with incubations of isolated rat-liver parenchymal cells. The results demonstrate that the discrepancies between expected and analysed 14C-labeling patterns of metabolites were still existent. From this observation it may be concluded, that 14C-labeling patterns of metabolites are indicative for the existence of still unknown metabolic relationships in liver parenchymal cells. Furthermore the results of our experiments prove that conclusions based on the exclusive analysis of metabolite levels are of limited value for studying intracellular events, because of uncharacterized compartmentations, which become evident in 14C-tracer studies. It cannot be answered by our studies, whether the apparent existence of differently labeled species of citrate, oxoglutarate or acetyl-CoA, represent intracellular compartmentation or whether it is the result of metabolic heterogeneity of liver parenchymal cells."}
{"id": "PMID:885134", "title": "The nature of DNA synthesized in nuclei from mouse L1210 cells.", "content": "A DNA-synthesizing system in vitro from mouse L1210 cell nuclei is described. A high proportion of the DNA synthesized by the L1210 nuclei in vitro appeared to be covalently linked complementary DNA. DNA synthesis by L1210 nuclei was not inhibited by the anti-leukaemia compound 4'-9-acridinylamino)-methansulphon-m-anisidine, although this drug binds to isolated DNA and is active against L1210 leukaemia.", "contents": "The nature of DNA synthesized in nuclei from mouse L1210 cells. A DNA-synthesizing system in vitro from mouse L1210 cell nuclei is described. A high proportion of the DNA synthesized by the L1210 nuclei in vitro appeared to be covalently linked complementary DNA. DNA synthesis by L1210 nuclei was not inhibited by the anti-leukaemia compound 4'-9-acridinylamino)-methansulphon-m-anisidine, although this drug binds to isolated DNA and is active against L1210 leukaemia."}
{"id": "PMID:885135", "title": "A deoxyribonuclease from Chlamydomonas reinhardii. 2. Substrate specificity, mode of action and products.", "content": "A deoxyribonuclease purified Chlamydomonas reinhardii has been shown to be specific for single-stranded DNA. The enzyme is most active on thermally denatured DNA, but also degrades single-stranded termini from double-stranded DNA. The enzyme has no effect on single-stranded or double-stranded intact circular phiX174DNA, suggesting that it requires DNA termini for activity. DNA is digested progressively to oligonucleotides and then mononucleotides. The product of the reaction is nucleoside 5'-monophosphates. The enzyme has no effect on RNA, nor does it possess phosphatase or phosphodiesterase activity. No specificity was demonstrated for phosphate or hydroxyl groups at either the 5' or 3' termini of DNA. The enzyme may be able to initiate hydrolysis at either the 3' or the 5' termini, since radioactivity was released more rapidly from 5' and 3' termini than from bulk DNA. The enzyme has been tentatively named Chlamydomonas reinhardii exonuclease 1.", "contents": "A deoxyribonuclease from Chlamydomonas reinhardii. 2. Substrate specificity, mode of action and products. A deoxyribonuclease purified Chlamydomonas reinhardii has been shown to be specific for single-stranded DNA. The enzyme is most active on thermally denatured DNA, but also degrades single-stranded termini from double-stranded DNA. The enzyme has no effect on single-stranded or double-stranded intact circular phiX174DNA, suggesting that it requires DNA termini for activity. DNA is digested progressively to oligonucleotides and then mononucleotides. The product of the reaction is nucleoside 5'-monophosphates. The enzyme has no effect on RNA, nor does it possess phosphatase or phosphodiesterase activity. No specificity was demonstrated for phosphate or hydroxyl groups at either the 5' or 3' termini of DNA. The enzyme may be able to initiate hydrolysis at either the 3' or the 5' termini, since radioactivity was released more rapidly from 5' and 3' termini than from bulk DNA. The enzyme has been tentatively named Chlamydomonas reinhardii exonuclease 1."}
{"id": "PMID:885138", "title": "Urea as a selective inhibitor of argininosuccinate lyase.", "content": "The effect of urea on various ornithine cycle enzymes has been investigated. It was demonstrated that argininosuccinate lyase was the only ornithine cycle enzyme inhibited by urea in a competitive manner. Based on the data presented the possible role of urea in maintaining a physiological range of intracellular and extracellular urea concentration by controlling hepatic ureogenesis was discussed.", "contents": "Urea as a selective inhibitor of argininosuccinate lyase. The effect of urea on various ornithine cycle enzymes has been investigated. It was demonstrated that argininosuccinate lyase was the only ornithine cycle enzyme inhibited by urea in a competitive manner. Based on the data presented the possible role of urea in maintaining a physiological range of intracellular and extracellular urea concentration by controlling hepatic ureogenesis was discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:885141", "title": "Initiation of protein synthesis in eukaryotes. Binding to Sepharose-heparin and partial purification of initiation factors from Krebs II ascites cells.", "content": "By means of affinity chromatography of lysates from Krebs II ascites cells and rabbit reticulocytes on Sepharose-heparin an active fraction of initiation factors has been obtained. The fraction is eluted from the column at 350 mM KCl using a linear gradient and displays a number of activities, i.e. binding of Met-tRNAfMet to form a ternary complex with GTP; transferring this complex to 40-S subunits in an A-U-G-independent step and finally coupling of the 40-S initiation complex to the 60-S subunit, a reaction which is completely A-U-G-dependent. Moreover, MettRNA is bound into the P-site as is indicated by its puromycin sensitivity. The method is very suitable for large-scale preparation. Further purification and characterization of the factors have been carried out on DEAE-cellulose and phosphocellulose columns. Evidence is presented that the polysomes present in a lysate that has been passed through the Sepharose-heparin column can only complete their nascent chains, initiation of new polypeptides is completely dependent on addition of initiation factors.", "contents": "Initiation of protein synthesis in eukaryotes. Binding to Sepharose-heparin and partial purification of initiation factors from Krebs II ascites cells. By means of affinity chromatography of lysates from Krebs II ascites cells and rabbit reticulocytes on Sepharose-heparin an active fraction of initiation factors has been obtained. The fraction is eluted from the column at 350 mM KCl using a linear gradient and displays a number of activities, i.e. binding of Met-tRNAfMet to form a ternary complex with GTP; transferring this complex to 40-S subunits in an A-U-G-independent step and finally coupling of the 40-S initiation complex to the 60-S subunit, a reaction which is completely A-U-G-dependent. Moreover, MettRNA is bound into the P-site as is indicated by its puromycin sensitivity. The method is very suitable for large-scale preparation. Further purification and characterization of the factors have been carried out on DEAE-cellulose and phosphocellulose columns. Evidence is presented that the polysomes present in a lysate that has been passed through the Sepharose-heparin column can only complete their nascent chains, initiation of new polypeptides is completely dependent on addition of initiation factors."}
{"id": "PMID:885143", "title": "Tissue limited mosaicism for unbalanced autosomal translocation in a child with congenital anomalies and mental retardation.", "content": "We studied a patient with a sporadic mental retardation/multiple congenital anomalies syndrome. Chromosome analysis showed a 46,XX, inv(9)(p 11;q13) karyotype in all lymphocytes. Fibroblasts from two separate skin biopsies revealed a mosaic karyotype. Some 22.5% of fibroblasts had a karyotype like that of the lymphocytes, while 77.5% of fibroblasts had a karyotype 46,XX,inv(9)(p11;q13),der(12),t(12;?)(P13;?). The data in this case emphasize the drawbacks of confining cytogenetic analysis to lymphocytes.", "contents": "Tissue limited mosaicism for unbalanced autosomal translocation in a child with congenital anomalies and mental retardation. We studied a patient with a sporadic mental retardation/multiple congenital anomalies syndrome. Chromosome analysis showed a 46,XX, inv(9)(p 11;q13) karyotype in all lymphocytes. Fibroblasts from two separate skin biopsies revealed a mosaic karyotype. Some 22.5% of fibroblasts had a karyotype like that of the lymphocytes, while 77.5% of fibroblasts had a karyotype 46,XX,inv(9)(p11;q13),der(12),t(12;?)(P13;?). The data in this case emphasize the drawbacks of confining cytogenetic analysis to lymphocytes."}
{"id": "PMID:885144", "title": "The characteristics of amylase activity and the isoamylase pattern in serum and urine of infants and children.", "content": "Determination of amylase activity and isoamylase patterns were performed in serum and urine of normal newborns, infants and children of different ages. In the serum of newborn infants measurable amounts of amylase were present. The activity increased with the age and reached the normal adult level by approximately 8 months of age. Isoamylase analysis revealed that the low level of serum amylase in infants was mainly due to deficiency of the pancreatic-type isoamylase. The absence of the pancreatic isoamylase in newborns and young infants is a physiological and developmental phenomenon. Great caution is therefore necessary when amylase isoenzymes are used in the diagnosis of abnormal pancreatic function and such results have always to be interpreted in relation to the age of the child.", "contents": "The characteristics of amylase activity and the isoamylase pattern in serum and urine of infants and children. Determination of amylase activity and isoamylase patterns were performed in serum and urine of normal newborns, infants and children of different ages. In the serum of newborn infants measurable amounts of amylase were present. The activity increased with the age and reached the normal adult level by approximately 8 months of age. Isoamylase analysis revealed that the low level of serum amylase in infants was mainly due to deficiency of the pancreatic-type isoamylase. The absence of the pancreatic isoamylase in newborns and young infants is a physiological and developmental phenomenon. Great caution is therefore necessary when amylase isoenzymes are used in the diagnosis of abnormal pancreatic function and such results have always to be interpreted in relation to the age of the child."}
{"id": "PMID:885145", "title": "Studies on the kinetics and renal excretion of low and high molecular weight dextrans in preterm babies, newborns and young infants.", "content": "Administration of low and high molecular weight dextrans in the initial phase of shock is no longer controversial. The special conditions in newborns, however, have been insufficiently considered in planning therapy. This investigation aimed at determining the biological half-lives of dextran 40 (Rheomacrodex) and dextran 60 (Macrodex) in this age group. The half-life of dextran 40 was found to be 60 min and that of dextran 60 3 h. Preterm babies and newborns excrete up to 25% less dextran 40 and 60 in 24 h than infants and adults. Normal adult values for excretion are only reached towards the end of the first year of life.", "contents": "Studies on the kinetics and renal excretion of low and high molecular weight dextrans in preterm babies, newborns and young infants. Administration of low and high molecular weight dextrans in the initial phase of shock is no longer controversial. The special conditions in newborns, however, have been insufficiently considered in planning therapy. This investigation aimed at determining the biological half-lives of dextran 40 (Rheomacrodex) and dextran 60 (Macrodex) in this age group. The half-life of dextran 40 was found to be 60 min and that of dextran 60 3 h. Preterm babies and newborns excrete up to 25% less dextran 40 and 60 in 24 h than infants and adults. Normal adult values for excretion are only reached towards the end of the first year of life."}
{"id": "PMID:885146", "title": "The effects of oral alanine administration on blood glucose, pyruvate, lactate, serum glucagon and insulin in human newborns.", "content": "Alanine (500 mg/kg body weight) was given orally to 27 healthy full term newborn infants, and the changes in blood glucose, pyruvate, lactate, alanine, glucagon and insulin were determined. Significant increments in blood glucose were found in 15 infants with blood glucose levels below 60 mg/100 ml, 4 of whom showed significant elevation of serum glucagon levels on day 1. This observation suggests that hepatic gluconeogenesis is possible immediately after birth.", "contents": "The effects of oral alanine administration on blood glucose, pyruvate, lactate, serum glucagon and insulin in human newborns. Alanine (500 mg/kg body weight) was given orally to 27 healthy full term newborn infants, and the changes in blood glucose, pyruvate, lactate, alanine, glucagon and insulin were determined. Significant increments in blood glucose were found in 15 infants with blood glucose levels below 60 mg/100 ml, 4 of whom showed significant elevation of serum glucagon levels on day 1. This observation suggests that hepatic gluconeogenesis is possible immediately after birth."}
{"id": "PMID:885147", "title": "Mechanism of diet-induced uraemia and acidosis in infants.", "content": "Five patients aged between 40 and 70 days were admitted to our Clinic with an initial diagnosis of \"renal failure\", but the high levels of urea nitrogen, metabolic acidosis and oliguria were found to be related to a high renal solute load and to the very high protein and electrolyte content of the diet. By calculating urinary output (V/m'), clearance of osmotically-active substances (COsm), clearance of free water (CH2O), maximum tubular reabsorption of water (TcH2O) and the change in metabolic H+ production, it has been possible to demonstrate that dietary protein and electrolytes were both responsible for the high blood urea nitrogen levels and metabolic acidosis.", "contents": "Mechanism of diet-induced uraemia and acidosis in infants. Five patients aged between 40 and 70 days were admitted to our Clinic with an initial diagnosis of \"renal failure\", but the high levels of urea nitrogen, metabolic acidosis and oliguria were found to be related to a high renal solute load and to the very high protein and electrolyte content of the diet. By calculating urinary output (V/m'), clearance of osmotically-active substances (COsm), clearance of free water (CH2O), maximum tubular reabsorption of water (TcH2O) and the change in metabolic H+ production, it has been possible to demonstrate that dietary protein and electrolytes were both responsible for the high blood urea nitrogen levels and metabolic acidosis."}
{"id": "PMID:885148", "title": "3,3',5'-Triiodothyronine (Reverse T3) in amniotic fluid and cord serum.", "content": "3,3',5'-triiodothyronine (reverse T3, rT3) was measured in 122 samples of amniotic fluid obtained between the 29th--40th weeks of gestation, and in the blood of 37 newborn and their mothers. The mean rT3 concentration in amniotic fluid was 0.769 +/- 0.47 ng/ml, with a slight decrease from the 29th--40th weeks of gestation which was not statistically significant. Because of the great scatter of rT3 concentrations in amniotic fluid, its estimation does not seem to be useful in prenatal diagnosis of hypothyroidism. The mean rT3 concentration in cord blood (2.62 ng/ml; range 1.4--4.9 ng/ml) was greatly elevated in comparison to the mean maternal level at delivery (0.34 ng/ml; range 0.08--0.69 ng/ml). The possible use of rT3 measurements in cord blood as a screening test for congenital hypothyroidism is discussed.", "contents": "3,3',5'-Triiodothyronine (Reverse T3) in amniotic fluid and cord serum. 3,3',5'-triiodothyronine (reverse T3, rT3) was measured in 122 samples of amniotic fluid obtained between the 29th--40th weeks of gestation, and in the blood of 37 newborn and their mothers. The mean rT3 concentration in amniotic fluid was 0.769 +/- 0.47 ng/ml, with a slight decrease from the 29th--40th weeks of gestation which was not statistically significant. Because of the great scatter of rT3 concentrations in amniotic fluid, its estimation does not seem to be useful in prenatal diagnosis of hypothyroidism. The mean rT3 concentration in cord blood (2.62 ng/ml; range 1.4--4.9 ng/ml) was greatly elevated in comparison to the mean maternal level at delivery (0.34 ng/ml; range 0.08--0.69 ng/ml). The possible use of rT3 measurements in cord blood as a screening test for congenital hypothyroidism is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:885149", "title": "Congenital sinus bradycardia combined with congenital total atrioventricular block.", "content": "Sinus bradycardia and total atrioventricular block were found at the age of seven months in a boy who is now 16 1/2 years old. According to Yaters (1929) criteria, these are likely to be congenital disorders. While the frequency of the ventricular impulse generator in the upper bundle of His only slowed in accordance with age during the period of observation, the sinus node activity deteriorated considerably. Finally potentials could only be sporadically demonstrated. Under heavy stress and with a simultaneous slight increase in ventricular frequency, a re-occurence of regular but slow sinus node activity came about. The cause of this binodal disorder of rhythm is unknown. There is no indication of family affliction or of myocarditis in early childhood. Congenital heart disease could also be excluded.", "contents": "Congenital sinus bradycardia combined with congenital total atrioventricular block. Sinus bradycardia and total atrioventricular block were found at the age of seven months in a boy who is now 16 1/2 years old. According to Yaters (1929) criteria, these are likely to be congenital disorders. While the frequency of the ventricular impulse generator in the upper bundle of His only slowed in accordance with age during the period of observation, the sinus node activity deteriorated considerably. Finally potentials could only be sporadically demonstrated. Under heavy stress and with a simultaneous slight increase in ventricular frequency, a re-occurence of regular but slow sinus node activity came about. The cause of this binodal disorder of rhythm is unknown. There is no indication of family affliction or of myocarditis in early childhood. Congenital heart disease could also be excluded."}
{"id": "PMID:885150", "title": "The effect of aging on synaptosomal Ca2+ transport in the brain.", "content": "The effect of aging on Ca2+ -transport in synaptosomal preparations from rat brains was assessed by measuring the accumulation of radioactive 45Ca within these particles. Four groups of rats at 6, 12 24 and 30 months of age were used for this study. Synaptosomal particles were isolated from the cerebral cortex of each animal and the radioactive 45Ca inside the particles were measured after incubating the particles with media containing an energy source and 45Ca Cl2. Results indicated that the transport of 45Ca was lower in the younger rats than the older groups. A 20% increase was consistent with the old rats (30 mo) as compared with the young ones (6 mo). The increase in Ca2+ -transport across synaptic plasma membranes may be related to the transmitter release and behavioral activity after senescence.", "contents": "The effect of aging on synaptosomal Ca2+ transport in the brain. The effect of aging on Ca2+ -transport in synaptosomal preparations from rat brains was assessed by measuring the accumulation of radioactive 45Ca within these particles. Four groups of rats at 6, 12 24 and 30 months of age were used for this study. Synaptosomal particles were isolated from the cerebral cortex of each animal and the radioactive 45Ca inside the particles were measured after incubating the particles with media containing an energy source and 45Ca Cl2. Results indicated that the transport of 45Ca was lower in the younger rats than the older groups. A 20% increase was consistent with the old rats (30 mo) as compared with the young ones (6 mo). The increase in Ca2+ -transport across synaptic plasma membranes may be related to the transmitter release and behavioral activity after senescence."}
{"id": "PMID:885151", "title": "Age-related decline in receptivity in normal, neonatally androgenized female and male hamsters.", "content": "The pattern of female sexual behavior shown by aging male and female hamsters was related to exposure to perinatal androgen. Twenty-five female and 37 male hamsters in Experiment 1 was gonadectomized on the day of birth or at 43 days of age. The received 11 tests for receptivity between the ages of 28 and 66 wk. In Experiment 2, 83 females were implanted with a Silastic pellet containing 3, 1, 3 or 9% testosterone (T) or testosterone propionate (TP) by weight from the second to the tenth day of life, and tested approximately every 2 wk from 22 to 58 wk of age. Receptivity was induced by estradiol benzoate and progesterone injected before each 600 sec mating test. Normal females exhibited the highest lordosis scores, followed by minimally androgenized females and males castrated at birth. High doses of exogenous or endogenous perinatal T suppressed receptivity throughout the animal's lifespan, but did not accelerate the rate of decline in female behavior over time. Non-androgenized animals showed the greatest decrease in receptivity with advanced age.", "contents": "Age-related decline in receptivity in normal, neonatally androgenized female and male hamsters. The pattern of female sexual behavior shown by aging male and female hamsters was related to exposure to perinatal androgen. Twenty-five female and 37 male hamsters in Experiment 1 was gonadectomized on the day of birth or at 43 days of age. The received 11 tests for receptivity between the ages of 28 and 66 wk. In Experiment 2, 83 females were implanted with a Silastic pellet containing 3, 1, 3 or 9% testosterone (T) or testosterone propionate (TP) by weight from the second to the tenth day of life, and tested approximately every 2 wk from 22 to 58 wk of age. Receptivity was induced by estradiol benzoate and progesterone injected before each 600 sec mating test. Normal females exhibited the highest lordosis scores, followed by minimally androgenized females and males castrated at birth. High doses of exogenous or endogenous perinatal T suppressed receptivity throughout the animal's lifespan, but did not accelerate the rate of decline in female behavior over time. Non-androgenized animals showed the greatest decrease in receptivity with advanced age."}
{"id": "PMID:885152", "title": "Behavior of immature and middle-aged mice as a function of dietary protein.", "content": "The differential effects of continued maintenance on a 12% vs. 24% protein diet were examined in immature and middle-aged male and female C57BL/6J mice. Exploratory behavior, body weight and fluid consumption of water, saccharin and quinine were monitored over 9 weeks of presentation of the special diets. No rehabilitation datawere obtained. The dietary manipulations differentially effected the various groups, but the pattern of change in behavior was a function of the age and sex of the subject and the specific measure employed.", "contents": "Behavior of immature and middle-aged mice as a function of dietary protein. The differential effects of continued maintenance on a 12% vs. 24% protein diet were examined in immature and middle-aged male and female C57BL/6J mice. Exploratory behavior, body weight and fluid consumption of water, saccharin and quinine were monitored over 9 weeks of presentation of the special diets. No rehabilitation datawere obtained. The dietary manipulations differentially effected the various groups, but the pattern of change in behavior was a function of the age and sex of the subject and the specific measure employed."}
{"id": "PMID:885153", "title": "Determinants of anagram problem solution in adulthood.", "content": "An evaluation of the indices proposed in the literature regarding measures of anagram difficulty was made by asking three groups (ages 17-26, 39-51, 59-76) of adults (n = 54) to solve a list of 30 anagrams. Results indicated that only two of these indices (Thorndike-Lorge and Bigram Rank measures) significantly predicted frequency of solution in samples beyong college age. It was also found that the cognitive variable mediating the effects of these indices in middle aged and elderly subjects was crystallized ability, suggesting an experiential basis for the effects of both task and organismic variables as determinants of anagram problem solving in adulthood. The role of fluid ability as a mediator of problem solution in the young received limited support.", "contents": "Determinants of anagram problem solution in adulthood. An evaluation of the indices proposed in the literature regarding measures of anagram difficulty was made by asking three groups (ages 17-26, 39-51, 59-76) of adults (n = 54) to solve a list of 30 anagrams. Results indicated that only two of these indices (Thorndike-Lorge and Bigram Rank measures) significantly predicted frequency of solution in samples beyong college age. It was also found that the cognitive variable mediating the effects of these indices in middle aged and elderly subjects was crystallized ability, suggesting an experiential basis for the effects of both task and organismic variables as determinants of anagram problem solving in adulthood. The role of fluid ability as a mediator of problem solution in the young received limited support."}
{"id": "PMID:885154", "title": "Sex differences in serial learning for aged persons with high verbal ability.", "content": "Serial rote learning was examined in men and women with high verbal ability aged 60-74 years. No sex differences were found in total errors, commission errors, or omissions errors. The results are in accord with the findings reported in a study by Wilkie and Eisdorfer (1977) and suggest that high verval ability may, in part, mediate sex differences in serial learning.", "contents": "Sex differences in serial learning for aged persons with high verbal ability. Serial rote learning was examined in men and women with high verbal ability aged 60-74 years. No sex differences were found in total errors, commission errors, or omissions errors. The results are in accord with the findings reported in a study by Wilkie and Eisdorfer (1977) and suggest that high verval ability may, in part, mediate sex differences in serial learning."}
{"id": "PMID:885155", "title": "Aging, and crosslinking in mammlian collagen.", "content": "The amount and type of borohydride-reducible crosslinks in collagen have been examined as a function of animal age. In a variety of bovine, canine and human tissues the level of redicible crosslinks decreases with time and the ratios of individual compounds change. There is both tissue and species specificity in the extent of these changes. A decrease in the level of reducible crosslinks correlates with the cessation of growth. Loss of reducible crosslinks does not imply a small total number of crosslinks since physical changes with age imply the opposite. We conclude that reducible crosslinks are converted to a stable nonreducible state and the persistence of low levels of reducible crosslinks may be indicative of a low level of turnover in the tissue. Changes in ratios of reducible crosslinks are of doubtful functioal significance and may simply reflect variation in post-translational modification of lysine residues.", "contents": "Aging, and crosslinking in mammlian collagen. The amount and type of borohydride-reducible crosslinks in collagen have been examined as a function of animal age. In a variety of bovine, canine and human tissues the level of redicible crosslinks decreases with time and the ratios of individual compounds change. There is both tissue and species specificity in the extent of these changes. A decrease in the level of reducible crosslinks correlates with the cessation of growth. Loss of reducible crosslinks does not imply a small total number of crosslinks since physical changes with age imply the opposite. We conclude that reducible crosslinks are converted to a stable nonreducible state and the persistence of low levels of reducible crosslinks may be indicative of a low level of turnover in the tissue. Changes in ratios of reducible crosslinks are of doubtful functioal significance and may simply reflect variation in post-translational modification of lysine residues."}
{"id": "PMID:885156", "title": "The effect of metiamide in in vitro and in vivo canine models of type I hypersensitivity reactions.", "content": "The histamine H2-receptor antagonist metiamide was evaluated in in vitro and in vivo canine models of immediate-type hypersensitivity reactions. At concentrations of 2 and 4 X 10(-4) M, the antagonist significantly increased the amount of histamine present in the medium surrounding passively sensitized canine lung fragments which had been challenged with ascaris antigen. In contrast, the compound was without effect on the release of a slow reacting substance of anaphylaxis. On the basis of these observations metiamide was investigated in an in vivo canine model of allergic asthma. At doses of 10, 30 and 50 mu moles/kg, the antagonist did not enhance the ascaris antigen-induced pulmonary pathophysiology. Similarly, at 10 and 50 mu moles/kg metiamide did not alter histamine-induced increases in pulmonary resistance or decreases in dynamic lung compliance. Insofar as the canine model of allergic asthma may be predictive of the human disease, it could be anticipated that the use of histamine H2-receptor antagonists may not be deleterious to allergic asthmatics.", "contents": "The effect of metiamide in in vitro and in vivo canine models of type I hypersensitivity reactions. The histamine H2-receptor antagonist metiamide was evaluated in in vitro and in vivo canine models of immediate-type hypersensitivity reactions. At concentrations of 2 and 4 X 10(-4) M, the antagonist significantly increased the amount of histamine present in the medium surrounding passively sensitized canine lung fragments which had been challenged with ascaris antigen. In contrast, the compound was without effect on the release of a slow reacting substance of anaphylaxis. On the basis of these observations metiamide was investigated in an in vivo canine model of allergic asthma. At doses of 10, 30 and 50 mu moles/kg, the antagonist did not enhance the ascaris antigen-induced pulmonary pathophysiology. Similarly, at 10 and 50 mu moles/kg metiamide did not alter histamine-induced increases in pulmonary resistance or decreases in dynamic lung compliance. Insofar as the canine model of allergic asthma may be predictive of the human disease, it could be anticipated that the use of histamine H2-receptor antagonists may not be deleterious to allergic asthmatics."}
{"id": "PMID:885157", "title": "Interactions of substance P with putative mediators of inflammation and ATP.", "content": "Substance P has recently been localized in sensory nerves and has been suggested to be the mediator of antidromic vasodilatation. Interactions of substance P with putative mediators of inflammation and adenosine 5'-triphosphate were studied in rats using a quantitative Evans blue dye-leakage technique. Rats anaesthetized with either were given Evans blue. i.v. and intracutaneous injections of inflammatory agents were given into the shaved abdominal skin. Doses of substance P, 1-5 X 10(-10) mol, produced graded dye leakage. A low dose of substance P (5 X 10(-11) mol) potentiated responses to 5-hydroxytryptamine (2.5 X 10(-10) mol), bradykinin (5 X 10(-10) mol), prostaglandin E1 (5 X 10(-10) mol) and adenosine 5'-triphosphate (2.5 X 10(-7) mol) but no histamine (2 X 10(-8) mol). A higher dose of substance P (5 X 10(-10) mol) was potentiated by prostaglandin E1 (5 X 10(-11) mol) and adenosine 5'triphosphate (5 X 10(-9) mol) but but not by histamine (5 X 10(-10) mol) or bradykinin (5 X 10(-11 mol) and was inhibited by 5-hydroxytryptamine (5 X 10(-12) mol). If substance P is released from sensory nerves in some inflammatory states these interactions might be of importance in determining the response observed.", "contents": "Interactions of substance P with putative mediators of inflammation and ATP. Substance P has recently been localized in sensory nerves and has been suggested to be the mediator of antidromic vasodilatation. Interactions of substance P with putative mediators of inflammation and adenosine 5'-triphosphate were studied in rats using a quantitative Evans blue dye-leakage technique. Rats anaesthetized with either were given Evans blue. i.v. and intracutaneous injections of inflammatory agents were given into the shaved abdominal skin. Doses of substance P, 1-5 X 10(-10) mol, produced graded dye leakage. A low dose of substance P (5 X 10(-11) mol) potentiated responses to 5-hydroxytryptamine (2.5 X 10(-10) mol), bradykinin (5 X 10(-10) mol), prostaglandin E1 (5 X 10(-10) mol) and adenosine 5'-triphosphate (2.5 X 10(-7) mol) but no histamine (2 X 10(-8) mol). A higher dose of substance P (5 X 10(-10) mol) was potentiated by prostaglandin E1 (5 X 10(-11) mol) and adenosine 5'triphosphate (5 X 10(-9) mol) but but not by histamine (5 X 10(-10) mol) or bradykinin (5 X 10(-11 mol) and was inhibited by 5-hydroxytryptamine (5 X 10(-12) mol). If substance P is released from sensory nerves in some inflammatory states these interactions might be of importance in determining the response observed."}
{"id": "PMID:885158", "title": "Amphetamine discrimination as a test for anti-parkinsonism drugs.", "content": "Rats were trained and tested on a two-lever discrimination task based upon the presence or absence of 0.8 mg/kg d-amphetamine. After 80% criterion performance was attained, dopaminergic drugs reported to be effective in the treatment of Parkinson's disease were tested to investigate their ability to produce d-amphetamine-like responding. Amantidine (50 mg/kg), apomorphine (2.5 mg/kg), n-propylnoraporphine (0.1, 0.2 and 1.0 mg/kg), and piribedil (25 mg/kg) were all observed to produce d-amphetamine-appropriate responding. These results indicate that discriminative behavior controlled by d-amphetamine is mediated by central dopaminergic systems and the use of this technique in the evaluation of potential anti-Parkinsonism drugs is discussed.", "contents": "Amphetamine discrimination as a test for anti-parkinsonism drugs. Rats were trained and tested on a two-lever discrimination task based upon the presence or absence of 0.8 mg/kg d-amphetamine. After 80% criterion performance was attained, dopaminergic drugs reported to be effective in the treatment of Parkinson's disease were tested to investigate their ability to produce d-amphetamine-like responding. Amantidine (50 mg/kg), apomorphine (2.5 mg/kg), n-propylnoraporphine (0.1, 0.2 and 1.0 mg/kg), and piribedil (25 mg/kg) were all observed to produce d-amphetamine-appropriate responding. These results indicate that discriminative behavior controlled by d-amphetamine is mediated by central dopaminergic systems and the use of this technique in the evaluation of potential anti-Parkinsonism drugs is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:885160", "title": "Central serotonin-like activity of 6-chloro-2-[1-piperazinyl]-pyrazine (CPP; MK-212).", "content": "CPP, administered systemically, elicited four distinct responses characteristic of serotonin-receptor activation in the central nervous system. The crossed extensor reflex in the acutely spinalized rat was enhanced by treatment with CPP, 1-16 mg/kg. CPP, 1.11-10 mg/kg, elicited a dose-related increase in head twitches in mice. A complex motor syndrome in rats similar to that produced by pargyline plus tryptophan (or other treatments effecting increased activation of central serotonin receptors) was produced by 1.25-5 mg/kg of CPP. An increase in twitch frequency of the mylohyoideus muscle in the urethane anesthetized rat occured after CPP at 0.1 mg/kg or less. Complete abolition of all four effects of CPP was achieved by pretreatment with the centrally acting indoleamine antagonist methergoline. The peripherally acting serotonin antagonist xylamidine was ineffective or only weakly active, depending upon the test procedure, in preventing the serotonin-like actions of CPP. These findings indicate that CPP has a serotoninmimetic action in the central nervous system.", "contents": "Central serotonin-like activity of 6-chloro-2-[1-piperazinyl]-pyrazine (CPP; MK-212). CPP, administered systemically, elicited four distinct responses characteristic of serotonin-receptor activation in the central nervous system. The crossed extensor reflex in the acutely spinalized rat was enhanced by treatment with CPP, 1-16 mg/kg. CPP, 1.11-10 mg/kg, elicited a dose-related increase in head twitches in mice. A complex motor syndrome in rats similar to that produced by pargyline plus tryptophan (or other treatments effecting increased activation of central serotonin receptors) was produced by 1.25-5 mg/kg of CPP. An increase in twitch frequency of the mylohyoideus muscle in the urethane anesthetized rat occured after CPP at 0.1 mg/kg or less. Complete abolition of all four effects of CPP was achieved by pretreatment with the centrally acting indoleamine antagonist methergoline. The peripherally acting serotonin antagonist xylamidine was ineffective or only weakly active, depending upon the test procedure, in preventing the serotonin-like actions of CPP. These findings indicate that CPP has a serotoninmimetic action in the central nervous system."}
{"id": "PMID:885161", "title": "Delayed appearance of propranolol sensitivity in cultured heart cells.", "content": "Examination of the appearance of adrenaline responsiveness and propranolol sensitivity with culture age in myoblasts cultured from neonatal rat hearts shows that propranolol sensitivity lags behind adrenergic responsiveness. Such a finding may illustrate subtle differences in sites for agonist and antagonist at the beta-receptor of these cells.", "contents": "Delayed appearance of propranolol sensitivity in cultured heart cells. Examination of the appearance of adrenaline responsiveness and propranolol sensitivity with culture age in myoblasts cultured from neonatal rat hearts shows that propranolol sensitivity lags behind adrenergic responsiveness. Such a finding may illustrate subtle differences in sites for agonist and antagonist at the beta-receptor of these cells."}
{"id": "PMID:885162", "title": "Radioimmunological determination of thromboxane release in cardiac anaphylaxis.", "content": "A sensitive and specific radioimmunoassay for thromboxane B2 were detected in perfusates of anaphylactic guinea pig hearts. Indomethacin decreased thromboxane B2 levels in the perfusates to below the detection limit of the radioimmunoassay and concomitantly delayed the onset of coronary vasoconstriction after antigenic challenge.", "contents": "Radioimmunological determination of thromboxane release in cardiac anaphylaxis. A sensitive and specific radioimmunoassay for thromboxane B2 were detected in perfusates of anaphylactic guinea pig hearts. Indomethacin decreased thromboxane B2 levels in the perfusates to below the detection limit of the radioimmunoassay and concomitantly delayed the onset of coronary vasoconstriction after antigenic challenge."}
{"id": "PMID:885163", "title": "Influence of several anesthetic agents on the effect of delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol on the heart rate and blood pressure of the mongrel dog.", "content": "delta9-Tetrahydrocannabinol (delta9-THC) 1 mg/kg, i.v. produced a slight but significant reduction in the heart rate of conscious mongrel dogs, and these effects were greatly potentiated by pentobarbital and/or urethane anesthesia. However, significant increase in the heart rate was noted following delta9-THC administration in the dogs anesthetized with a combination of morphine plus chloralose; further, neither morphine nor chloralose alone could reverse the bradycardic effects of delt9-THC. Tachycardia induced by delta9-THC in these dogs could be reversed by bilateral vagotomy or by pretreatment of the animals with methylatropine, or propranolol and/or practolol. The data indicated a complex interaction between delta9-THC and morphine-chloralose combination and the tachycardia induced by delta9-THC under this anesthesia may be due to release of epinephrine by a reflexogenic mechanism involving afferent vagi. Further, while the bradycardic effects of delta9-THC were essentially identical under pentobarbital or urethane anesthesia, the hypotensive effects were similar in urethane or chloralose anesthetized dogs. The study emphasizes that anesthetic interaction should be taken into consideration while investigating mechanisms of actions of pharmacological agents.", "contents": "Influence of several anesthetic agents on the effect of delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol on the heart rate and blood pressure of the mongrel dog. delta9-Tetrahydrocannabinol (delta9-THC) 1 mg/kg, i.v. produced a slight but significant reduction in the heart rate of conscious mongrel dogs, and these effects were greatly potentiated by pentobarbital and/or urethane anesthesia. However, significant increase in the heart rate was noted following delta9-THC administration in the dogs anesthetized with a combination of morphine plus chloralose; further, neither morphine nor chloralose alone could reverse the bradycardic effects of delt9-THC. Tachycardia induced by delta9-THC in these dogs could be reversed by bilateral vagotomy or by pretreatment of the animals with methylatropine, or propranolol and/or practolol. The data indicated a complex interaction between delta9-THC and morphine-chloralose combination and the tachycardia induced by delta9-THC under this anesthesia may be due to release of epinephrine by a reflexogenic mechanism involving afferent vagi. Further, while the bradycardic effects of delta9-THC were essentially identical under pentobarbital or urethane anesthesia, the hypotensive effects were similar in urethane or chloralose anesthetized dogs. The study emphasizes that anesthetic interaction should be taken into consideration while investigating mechanisms of actions of pharmacological agents."}
{"id": "PMID:885164", "title": "Renin-angiotensin mediation of adrenal catecholamine secretion induced by haemorrhage.", "content": "The mechanism involved in catecholamine (CA) release from cat adrenal gland, in response to haemorrhage was studied. In intact cats, in cats with bilateral cervical vagotomy or following bilateral ureteral ligation, haemorrhage induced an increased catecholamine release from the adrenal (with increased percentage of noradrenaline). Acute bilateral nephrectomy, chronic sodium loading with repeated administration of desoxycorticosterone acetate (DOCA), or acute denervation of the adrenal gland, completely abolished the increased CA release from the adrenal gland following haemorrhage. Haemorrhage induced an increase of plasma renin concentration in intact cats and after ureteral ligation but there was no increase in plasma renin after haemorrhage in cats with bilateral nephrectomy or following pretreatment with DOCA and salt load. Following haemorrhage in intact cats, blood pressure showed an immediate fall followed by rapid recovery. The recovery of blood pressure after haemorrhage was abolished in cats with bilateral nephrectomy. It is concluded that the adreno-medullary response to haemorrhage in the cat, depends primarily on the intact renal renin angiotensin system. Angiotensin, generated peripherally, probably affects the CNS and activates the sympathetic nerves.", "contents": "Renin-angiotensin mediation of adrenal catecholamine secretion induced by haemorrhage. The mechanism involved in catecholamine (CA) release from cat adrenal gland, in response to haemorrhage was studied. In intact cats, in cats with bilateral cervical vagotomy or following bilateral ureteral ligation, haemorrhage induced an increased catecholamine release from the adrenal (with increased percentage of noradrenaline). Acute bilateral nephrectomy, chronic sodium loading with repeated administration of desoxycorticosterone acetate (DOCA), or acute denervation of the adrenal gland, completely abolished the increased CA release from the adrenal gland following haemorrhage. Haemorrhage induced an increase of plasma renin concentration in intact cats and after ureteral ligation but there was no increase in plasma renin after haemorrhage in cats with bilateral nephrectomy or following pretreatment with DOCA and salt load. Following haemorrhage in intact cats, blood pressure showed an immediate fall followed by rapid recovery. The recovery of blood pressure after haemorrhage was abolished in cats with bilateral nephrectomy. It is concluded that the adreno-medullary response to haemorrhage in the cat, depends primarily on the intact renal renin angiotensin system. Angiotensin, generated peripherally, probably affects the CNS and activates the sympathetic nerves."}
{"id": "PMID:885165", "title": "Distribution of metaraminol and its relation to norepinephrine.", "content": "A modified fluorometric procedure of high specificity and sensitivity id described for the analysis of metaraminol (MET) in biological material. With this method the distribution of MET was studied in the rat. Except for brain, peripherally administered MET was well distributed. Organs with a large population of norepinephrine (NE) storage vesicles such as the heart, spleen and adrenal, took up relatively large amounts of MET and retained it longer than those tissues with few vesicles such as the liver, lung and kidney. MET had a longer blood half-life than described for NE in other species. In part, this can be attributed to the lack of metabolism of MET as well as our finding that MET, unlike NE, was concentrated in the cellular fraction of blood. Under the conditions of these experiments there was no close correlation on a concentration or time basis with respect to the appearance and disappearance of MET and NE in various organs. This was particularly evident in the adrenal gland where MET resembled reserpine in that one unit of drug displaced many units of catecholamines. In this case, however, we did not rule out a possible contributing effect via the CNS.", "contents": "Distribution of metaraminol and its relation to norepinephrine. A modified fluorometric procedure of high specificity and sensitivity id described for the analysis of metaraminol (MET) in biological material. With this method the distribution of MET was studied in the rat. Except for brain, peripherally administered MET was well distributed. Organs with a large population of norepinephrine (NE) storage vesicles such as the heart, spleen and adrenal, took up relatively large amounts of MET and retained it longer than those tissues with few vesicles such as the liver, lung and kidney. MET had a longer blood half-life than described for NE in other species. In part, this can be attributed to the lack of metabolism of MET as well as our finding that MET, unlike NE, was concentrated in the cellular fraction of blood. Under the conditions of these experiments there was no close correlation on a concentration or time basis with respect to the appearance and disappearance of MET and NE in various organs. This was particularly evident in the adrenal gland where MET resembled reserpine in that one unit of drug displaced many units of catecholamines. In this case, however, we did not rule out a possible contributing effect via the CNS."}
{"id": "PMID:885166", "title": "Effects of bovine SRS-A (SRS-Abov) on bovine respiratory tract and lung vasculature in vitro.", "content": "Evidence from isolated bovine pulmonary vessels and respiratory smooth muscles suggests that bovine slow-reacting substance of anaphylaxis (SRS-Abov) may contribute to bronchoconstriction and pulmonary oedema during anaphylaxis in cattle. Bovine bronchus is sensitive to low concentrations of SRS-Abov and is considerably more sensitive than trachea. Contraction of the calf bronchus to SRS-Abov can be antagonized by sodium meclofenamate, suggesting prostaglandins may be involved in the contraction. Bovine pulmonary artery did not contract to SRS-A at any of the concentrations examined. None of the proposed SRS-A receptor antagonists, FPL 55712, PR-D-92-EA, or sodium meclofenamate, inhibit the effects of bovine SRS-A in bovine pulmonary vein.", "contents": "Effects of bovine SRS-A (SRS-Abov) on bovine respiratory tract and lung vasculature in vitro. Evidence from isolated bovine pulmonary vessels and respiratory smooth muscles suggests that bovine slow-reacting substance of anaphylaxis (SRS-Abov) may contribute to bronchoconstriction and pulmonary oedema during anaphylaxis in cattle. Bovine bronchus is sensitive to low concentrations of SRS-Abov and is considerably more sensitive than trachea. Contraction of the calf bronchus to SRS-Abov can be antagonized by sodium meclofenamate, suggesting prostaglandins may be involved in the contraction. Bovine pulmonary artery did not contract to SRS-A at any of the concentrations examined. None of the proposed SRS-A receptor antagonists, FPL 55712, PR-D-92-EA, or sodium meclofenamate, inhibit the effects of bovine SRS-A in bovine pulmonary vein."}
{"id": "PMID:885167", "title": "Failure of cycloheximide to alter rate of recovery of temperature following acute DFP treatment.", "content": "Cycloheximide, 400 microgram intraventricularly 4 h after a 1 mg/kg i.m. injection of the irreversible anticholinesterase DFP, failed to alter the rate of recovery of temperature to normal. Tolerance to the hypothermic effects of DFP developed at the same rate in cycloheximide-treated rats. These findings suggest that neither recovery from the acute effects of DFP nor tolerance to its chronic effects depends on protein synthesis.", "contents": "Failure of cycloheximide to alter rate of recovery of temperature following acute DFP treatment. Cycloheximide, 400 microgram intraventricularly 4 h after a 1 mg/kg i.m. injection of the irreversible anticholinesterase DFP, failed to alter the rate of recovery of temperature to normal. Tolerance to the hypothermic effects of DFP developed at the same rate in cycloheximide-treated rats. These findings suggest that neither recovery from the acute effects of DFP nor tolerance to its chronic effects depends on protein synthesis."}
{"id": "PMID:885168", "title": "The prevention of alloxan-induced diabetes in mice by dimethyl sulfoxide.", "content": "Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO, 7.3 g/kg) administered to mice prior to alloxan completely protected against the diabetogenic actions of 50 mg/kg alloxan. The same dose of DMSO provided a partial protection against 75 mg/kg alloxan. This protection against alloxan-induced diabetes is consistent with the scavenging of the hydroxyl radical by DMSO.", "contents": "The prevention of alloxan-induced diabetes in mice by dimethyl sulfoxide. Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO, 7.3 g/kg) administered to mice prior to alloxan completely protected against the diabetogenic actions of 50 mg/kg alloxan. The same dose of DMSO provided a partial protection against 75 mg/kg alloxan. This protection against alloxan-induced diabetes is consistent with the scavenging of the hydroxyl radical by DMSO."}
{"id": "PMID:885170", "title": "The effect of 5-hydroxytryptamine on the chick biventer cervicis muscle.", "content": "The actions of 5-hydroxytryptamine have been studied in the chick biventer cervicis nerve--muscle preparation. At concentrations between 2.5 X 10(-3) and 3.7 X 10(-3) M, 5HT produced a transient increase in responses to indirect stimulation, but not to direct stimulation. At higher concentrations, 5HT produced a reversible depression of twitches, which was much more marked in indirectly than in directly stimulated preparations. In a concentration range of 2.5-3.7 X 10(-3) M, 5HT increased the response to exogenous acetylcholine but reduced the response to carbachol. After pretreatment with neostigmine, 5HT inhibited responses to both acetylcholine and carbachol. It is suggested that the facilitatory effects of 5HT are due to its anticholinesterase activity. The blocking actions of 5HT are thought to be curare-like. In addition, irreversible toxic effects on the muscle preparations were found after repeated exposures to high concentrations of 5HT.", "contents": "The effect of 5-hydroxytryptamine on the chick biventer cervicis muscle. The actions of 5-hydroxytryptamine have been studied in the chick biventer cervicis nerve--muscle preparation. At concentrations between 2.5 X 10(-3) and 3.7 X 10(-3) M, 5HT produced a transient increase in responses to indirect stimulation, but not to direct stimulation. At higher concentrations, 5HT produced a reversible depression of twitches, which was much more marked in indirectly than in directly stimulated preparations. In a concentration range of 2.5-3.7 X 10(-3) M, 5HT increased the response to exogenous acetylcholine but reduced the response to carbachol. After pretreatment with neostigmine, 5HT inhibited responses to both acetylcholine and carbachol. It is suggested that the facilitatory effects of 5HT are due to its anticholinesterase activity. The blocking actions of 5HT are thought to be curare-like. In addition, irreversible toxic effects on the muscle preparations were found after repeated exposures to high concentrations of 5HT."}
{"id": "PMID:885179", "title": "The jamming avoidance response in Rhamphichthys rostratus: an alternative principle of time domain analysis in electric fish.", "content": "A Jamming Avoidance Response was found in the weakly electric fish Rhamphichthys rostratus, a South American pulse-Gymnotid. The analysis of the response suggests that it requires a key stimulus which is fundamentally different from that in previously described harmonic Gymnotids. It relies on a sensitivity for the direction of phase shifts of stimulus pulses relative to the fish's own electric organ discharge rather than on a sensitivity for beating frequencies.", "contents": "The jamming avoidance response in Rhamphichthys rostratus: an alternative principle of time domain analysis in electric fish. A Jamming Avoidance Response was found in the weakly electric fish Rhamphichthys rostratus, a South American pulse-Gymnotid. The analysis of the response suggests that it requires a key stimulus which is fundamentally different from that in previously described harmonic Gymnotids. It relies on a sensitivity for the direction of phase shifts of stimulus pulses relative to the fish's own electric organ discharge rather than on a sensitivity for beating frequencies."}
{"id": "PMID:885180", "title": "Compensation of postural effects of hemilabyrinthectomy in the cat. A sensory substitution process?", "content": "A photographic technique was used to study the evolution of lateral head-tilt following hemilabyrinthectomy in adult cats. Animals were maintained post-operatively in normally lit conditions (LM cats), in total darkness (DM cats), or in stroboscopic light. In LM casts, the head tilt peaked at 45 degrees (with the lesionned side down) on the second post-operative day, and decreased to about 0 degree within about 10 days. This evolution was followed by rebounds of head-tilt to large angles before a stable compensated head postion could be maintained (approximately at the end of the third post-operative month). In DM cats the head remained tilted by a large angle throughout the duration of the dark period. Re-exposure to light was followed by a rapid decrease of head-tilt. In stroboscopic light, the evolution of head-tilt was found to be closely similar to that in the normally lit condition. Finally, when put back in the dark at a late post-operative stage, already compensated animals were found to loose their symmetrical head position, and to re-acquire a strong head tilt. This effect resumed on re-exposure to light. It is inferred that static visual input is a necessary condition for compensation of the postural deficits of hemi-labyrinthctomy in the cat. Maintenance of a stable head posture also depends upon continuous availability of visual input.", "contents": "Compensation of postural effects of hemilabyrinthectomy in the cat. A sensory substitution process? A photographic technique was used to study the evolution of lateral head-tilt following hemilabyrinthectomy in adult cats. Animals were maintained post-operatively in normally lit conditions (LM cats), in total darkness (DM cats), or in stroboscopic light. In LM casts, the head tilt peaked at 45 degrees (with the lesionned side down) on the second post-operative day, and decreased to about 0 degree within about 10 days. This evolution was followed by rebounds of head-tilt to large angles before a stable compensated head postion could be maintained (approximately at the end of the third post-operative month). In DM cats the head remained tilted by a large angle throughout the duration of the dark period. Re-exposure to light was followed by a rapid decrease of head-tilt. In stroboscopic light, the evolution of head-tilt was found to be closely similar to that in the normally lit condition. Finally, when put back in the dark at a late post-operative stage, already compensated animals were found to loose their symmetrical head position, and to re-acquire a strong head tilt. This effect resumed on re-exposure to light. It is inferred that static visual input is a necessary condition for compensation of the postural deficits of hemi-labyrinthctomy in the cat. Maintenance of a stable head posture also depends upon continuous availability of visual input."}
{"id": "PMID:885181", "title": "Evidence that GABA is not the afferent transmitter in the cochlea.", "content": "The GABA antagonists picrotoxin, bicuculline and bicuculline-methochloride, when applied intracochlearly, do not affect the compound action potential of the cochlear nerve. It is therefore concluded that these drugs do not interfere with afferent synaptic transmission, and therefore that GABA is not the afferent transmitter. With very high doses, picrotoxin as well as bicuculline-methochloride partially block the efferent synapses. This effect is most likely to be unspecific, but shows that with the technique used the agents can reach the synaptic site.", "contents": "Evidence that GABA is not the afferent transmitter in the cochlea. The GABA antagonists picrotoxin, bicuculline and bicuculline-methochloride, when applied intracochlearly, do not affect the compound action potential of the cochlear nerve. It is therefore concluded that these drugs do not interfere with afferent synaptic transmission, and therefore that GABA is not the afferent transmitter. With very high doses, picrotoxin as well as bicuculline-methochloride partially block the efferent synapses. This effect is most likely to be unspecific, but shows that with the technique used the agents can reach the synaptic site."}
{"id": "PMID:885182", "title": "Temporal aspects of spatial vision in the cat.", "content": "Using behavioral techniques, contrast sensitivity for flickering and stationary gratings was measured in ordinary cats. Gratings of low spatial frequency were more easily detected by the cat when temporal modulation was present, but at high spatial frequencies temporal modulation reduced grating visibility. These psychophysical results are consistent with neurophysiological evidence for the existence of two classes of visual cells in the cat, which are distinguishable in terms of their spatio-temporal response properties.", "contents": "Temporal aspects of spatial vision in the cat. Using behavioral techniques, contrast sensitivity for flickering and stationary gratings was measured in ordinary cats. Gratings of low spatial frequency were more easily detected by the cat when temporal modulation was present, but at high spatial frequencies temporal modulation reduced grating visibility. These psychophysical results are consistent with neurophysiological evidence for the existence of two classes of visual cells in the cat, which are distinguishable in terms of their spatio-temporal response properties."}
{"id": "PMID:885183", "title": "Lamellar organisation in the rat hippocampus.", "content": "A series of experiments was conducted in the urethane anaesthetised rat to determine the organisation of some hippocampal pathways in this species, using stimulating and recording microelectrodes to elicit and record pupulation spikes. It was found that the mossy fibres, alvear fibres and perforant path were clearly arranged in a lamellar fashion. Lamellar organisation could not be demonstrated for the afferents in the stratum radiatum which include the Schaffer collaterals. It was concluded that hippocampal organisation in this species essentially resembles that in the rabbit and cat.", "contents": "Lamellar organisation in the rat hippocampus. A series of experiments was conducted in the urethane anaesthetised rat to determine the organisation of some hippocampal pathways in this species, using stimulating and recording microelectrodes to elicit and record pupulation spikes. It was found that the mossy fibres, alvear fibres and perforant path were clearly arranged in a lamellar fashion. Lamellar organisation could not be demonstrated for the afferents in the stratum radiatum which include the Schaffer collaterals. It was concluded that hippocampal organisation in this species essentially resembles that in the rabbit and cat."}
{"id": "PMID:885184", "title": "Degeneration of two of nine types of synapses in the putamen after center median coagulation in the cat.", "content": "The cat putamen contains the identical nine types of synapses and the same proportion of axo-dendritic (or axo-somatic) synapses as described for the fundus striati. However, type III (cortico-striatal) (31:16%) and type V Caxon-callateral) (13:1%) occur much more frequently and type I (nigro-striatal) much less frequently (14:34%) in the putamen than in the fundus striati. Of the axo-spinous synapses only type IV, with densely arranged small round vesicles and interrrupted, asymmetric contact, shows a dark degeneration after center median lesions, mainly in the parvocellular part. Of the six axo-dendritic (or axo-somatic) synapses, only type VII, with densely packed small round vesicles and asymmmetric contact, is degenerated after the same lesion in the center median nucleus. However, after such lesions type VII synapses are much more frequently degenerated in the putamen than those of type IV.", "contents": "Degeneration of two of nine types of synapses in the putamen after center median coagulation in the cat. The cat putamen contains the identical nine types of synapses and the same proportion of axo-dendritic (or axo-somatic) synapses as described for the fundus striati. However, type III (cortico-striatal) (31:16%) and type V Caxon-callateral) (13:1%) occur much more frequently and type I (nigro-striatal) much less frequently (14:34%) in the putamen than in the fundus striati. Of the axo-spinous synapses only type IV, with densely arranged small round vesicles and interrrupted, asymmetric contact, shows a dark degeneration after center median lesions, mainly in the parvocellular part. Of the six axo-dendritic (or axo-somatic) synapses, only type VII, with densely packed small round vesicles and asymmmetric contact, is degenerated after the same lesion in the center median nucleus. However, after such lesions type VII synapses are much more frequently degenerated in the putamen than those of type IV."}
{"id": "PMID:885187", "title": "Extraocular proprioceptive projections to the visual cortex.", "content": "Electrical stimulation of the intraorbital part of the motor branches of extraocular muscles, where proprioceptive fibers run, evokes responses in 25% of the units of the striate cortex of the cat. The latency ranges between 25 and 40 msec. Mechanical stretch of extraocular muscles evokes multiunit responses in the striate cortex. The response is abolished by injection of xylocaine into the stretched muscle. The suppression of the response is reversible.", "contents": "Extraocular proprioceptive projections to the visual cortex. Electrical stimulation of the intraorbital part of the motor branches of extraocular muscles, where proprioceptive fibers run, evokes responses in 25% of the units of the striate cortex of the cat. The latency ranges between 25 and 40 msec. Mechanical stretch of extraocular muscles evokes multiunit responses in the striate cortex. The response is abolished by injection of xylocaine into the stretched muscle. The suppression of the response is reversible."}
{"id": "PMID:885261", "title": "Pharmacokinetics of digoxin.", "content": "The pharmacokinetics of digoxin, the most frequently used digitalis preparation, are reviewed. The dominate serum turnover time is about 34 hours, and is not affected by the route of administration. Excretion is largely as unchanged digoxin in the urine and this excretion is compromised in renal failure. Serum levels of digoxin (determined by radioimmunoassay) are generally available and are useful clinically in assessment of both toxicity and the state of underdigitalization, even though significant overlap exists. Special problems are presented in patients with myocardial infarction, pulmonary heart disease, and thyroid disease.", "contents": "Pharmacokinetics of digoxin. The pharmacokinetics of digoxin, the most frequently used digitalis preparation, are reviewed. The dominate serum turnover time is about 34 hours, and is not affected by the route of administration. Excretion is largely as unchanged digoxin in the urine and this excretion is compromised in renal failure. Serum levels of digoxin (determined by radioimmunoassay) are generally available and are useful clinically in assessment of both toxicity and the state of underdigitalization, even though significant overlap exists. Special problems are presented in patients with myocardial infarction, pulmonary heart disease, and thyroid disease."}
{"id": "PMID:885268", "title": "Are hormonal contraceptives teratogenic?", "content": "The widespread use of hormonal contraceptives for a prolonged time in women during the child-bearing period necessitates that appropriate precautions be taken to ensure safety for the patient as well as for her progeny. Hormonal administration during or prior to pregnancy may be potentially teratogenic. Although there have been many reports during the last decade, it has been very difficult to document conclusively such a relationship. Over-all, it seems that hormonal use prior to pregnancy does not lead to an increase in the frequency of chromosomal aberrations or of congenital malformations. The use of certain hormones during pregnancy, on the other hand, may lead to an increase in the incidence of congenital malformations, probably in the genetically predisposed fetus. In view of this concept hormonal contraceptives should not be used to treat threatened abortion, and their use as a pregnancy test should be abandoned. Since the question of the safety of the inadvertent administration of pills during early pregnancy has not been resolved, the mother should be informed of the potential risks.", "contents": "Are hormonal contraceptives teratogenic? The widespread use of hormonal contraceptives for a prolonged time in women during the child-bearing period necessitates that appropriate precautions be taken to ensure safety for the patient as well as for her progeny. Hormonal administration during or prior to pregnancy may be potentially teratogenic. Although there have been many reports during the last decade, it has been very difficult to document conclusively such a relationship. Over-all, it seems that hormonal use prior to pregnancy does not lead to an increase in the frequency of chromosomal aberrations or of congenital malformations. The use of certain hormones during pregnancy, on the other hand, may lead to an increase in the incidence of congenital malformations, probably in the genetically predisposed fetus. In view of this concept hormonal contraceptives should not be used to treat threatened abortion, and their use as a pregnancy test should be abandoned. Since the question of the safety of the inadvertent administration of pills during early pregnancy has not been resolved, the mother should be informed of the potential risks."}
{"id": "PMID:885270", "title": "Oxyphenbutazone--an adjuvant to be used in prevention of adhesions in operations for fertility.", "content": "A laparotomy was performed in 40 rats and the cecum was subjected to a standardized trauma. Half the rats were treated with oxyphenbutazone in a dose of 40 mg/kg body weight daily for 14 days. The remaining 20 rats served as controls. All of the rats were killed 2 weeks after the laparotomy, and the number of intraperitoneal adhesions was recorded. There were significantly (P less than 0.001) fewer rats with adhesions in the group treated with oxyphenbutazone than in the control group.", "contents": "Oxyphenbutazone--an adjuvant to be used in prevention of adhesions in operations for fertility. A laparotomy was performed in 40 rats and the cecum was subjected to a standardized trauma. Half the rats were treated with oxyphenbutazone in a dose of 40 mg/kg body weight daily for 14 days. The remaining 20 rats served as controls. All of the rats were killed 2 weeks after the laparotomy, and the number of intraperitoneal adhesions was recorded. There were significantly (P less than 0.001) fewer rats with adhesions in the group treated with oxyphenbutazone than in the control group."}
{"id": "PMID:885271", "title": "Danazol inhibits steroidogenesis.", "content": "Danazol was found to inhibit multiple enzymes of steroidogenesis directly in the pregnant mare serum (PMS)-treated hamster ovary and the rat testis and adrenal in vitro. In the PMS-treated hamster ovary, danazol inhibited 17alpha-hydroxylase, 17,20-lyase, and 3beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase. In the rat testis, danazol inhibited 17alpha-hydroxylase, 17,20-lyase, 3beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, and 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase. In the rat adrenal, danazol inhibited 3beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, 21-hydroxylase, and 11beta-hydroxylase. Two hours after a subcutaneous injection of 5 mg/kg of danazol to adult male rats, serum luteinizing hormone levels were significantly increased and serum testosterone levels were significantly suppressed. These findings suggest that in the rodent one of danazol's major pharmacologic effects is the direct inhibition of steroidogenesis.", "contents": "Danazol inhibits steroidogenesis. Danazol was found to inhibit multiple enzymes of steroidogenesis directly in the pregnant mare serum (PMS)-treated hamster ovary and the rat testis and adrenal in vitro. In the PMS-treated hamster ovary, danazol inhibited 17alpha-hydroxylase, 17,20-lyase, and 3beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase. In the rat testis, danazol inhibited 17alpha-hydroxylase, 17,20-lyase, 3beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, and 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase. In the rat adrenal, danazol inhibited 3beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, 21-hydroxylase, and 11beta-hydroxylase. Two hours after a subcutaneous injection of 5 mg/kg of danazol to adult male rats, serum luteinizing hormone levels were significantly increased and serum testosterone levels were significantly suppressed. These findings suggest that in the rodent one of danazol's major pharmacologic effects is the direct inhibition of steroidogenesis."}
{"id": "PMID:885272", "title": "Immunoglobulin e-mediated severe allergy to human seminal plasma.", "content": "Two women with allergy to human seminal plasma are described. Both patients had generalized and local allergic symptoms, i.e., hypotension, asthmatic dyspnea, urticaria, and vaginal swelling, beginning within a few minutes of intercourse. The antigen causing the reaction in these patients was common to all seminal plasmas examined. Most of the antigenic activity was shown to be present in one protein band detected by acrylamide gel electrophoresis. The seminal plasma reaction was mediated through an immunoglobulin E (IgE) antibody. Passive transfer of the hypersensitivity with the serum of both patients was successful, and the radioallergosorbent test showed that the serum of the first patient contained IgE specific to seminal plasma.", "contents": "Immunoglobulin e-mediated severe allergy to human seminal plasma. Two women with allergy to human seminal plasma are described. Both patients had generalized and local allergic symptoms, i.e., hypotension, asthmatic dyspnea, urticaria, and vaginal swelling, beginning within a few minutes of intercourse. The antigen causing the reaction in these patients was common to all seminal plasmas examined. Most of the antigenic activity was shown to be present in one protein band detected by acrylamide gel electrophoresis. The seminal plasma reaction was mediated through an immunoglobulin E (IgE) antibody. Passive transfer of the hypersensitivity with the serum of both patients was successful, and the radioallergosorbent test showed that the serum of the first patient contained IgE specific to seminal plasma."}
{"id": "PMID:885273", "title": "Immunoreactive insulin in serum and seminal plasma of diabetic and nondiabetic men and its role in the regulation of spermatozoal activity.", "content": "Concentrations of immunoreactive insulin (IRI) and, in some cases, testosterone, luteinizing hormone (LH), and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) were measured in serum and seminal plasma (SP). IRI levels were usually higher in SP. They were unaffected by masturbation; circulating testosterone, LH, and FSH levels were also unaffected. The IRI concentration was higher in the second (vesicular) fraction of split ejaculates. Semen quality was unrelated to IRI in SP in normal and diabetic (chlorpropamide-maintained) men. The addition of insulin in vitro to washed spermatozoa from diabetic and nondiabetic men had no effect on oxygen and glucose uptake or on lactate production and spermatozoal motility. Furthermore, administration of L-arginine to infertile men for 3 months (4 gm/day) was followed in four of seven men by significant increases in IRI concentrations in blood and SP. However, neither semen quality nor fertility was improved.", "contents": "Immunoreactive insulin in serum and seminal plasma of diabetic and nondiabetic men and its role in the regulation of spermatozoal activity. Concentrations of immunoreactive insulin (IRI) and, in some cases, testosterone, luteinizing hormone (LH), and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) were measured in serum and seminal plasma (SP). IRI levels were usually higher in SP. They were unaffected by masturbation; circulating testosterone, LH, and FSH levels were also unaffected. The IRI concentration was higher in the second (vesicular) fraction of split ejaculates. Semen quality was unrelated to IRI in SP in normal and diabetic (chlorpropamide-maintained) men. The addition of insulin in vitro to washed spermatozoa from diabetic and nondiabetic men had no effect on oxygen and glucose uptake or on lactate production and spermatozoal motility. Furthermore, administration of L-arginine to infertile men for 3 months (4 gm/day) was followed in four of seven men by significant increases in IRI concentrations in blood and SP. However, neither semen quality nor fertility was improved."}
{"id": "PMID:885274", "title": "Morphology of postcoital spermatozoa in the cervical secretion and its clinical significance.", "content": "Morphologic analysis of spermatozoa recovered 10 hours postcoitally from the human female genital tract and its correlation to the clinical situation have shown that (1) spermatozoa in the vagina are equivalent to those in the semen sample; (2) spermatozoa within the cervical secretion exhibit significantly better morphology than do those of the semen sample, indicating the presence of a barrier against abnormal spermatozoa at the level of the external os; (3) this barrier is significantly more effective in cases where conceptions later occur than in cases of persistent, unexplained infertility; and (4) the barrier is particularly active against spermatozoa with abnormal heads.", "contents": "Morphology of postcoital spermatozoa in the cervical secretion and its clinical significance. Morphologic analysis of spermatozoa recovered 10 hours postcoitally from the human female genital tract and its correlation to the clinical situation have shown that (1) spermatozoa in the vagina are equivalent to those in the semen sample; (2) spermatozoa within the cervical secretion exhibit significantly better morphology than do those of the semen sample, indicating the presence of a barrier against abnormal spermatozoa at the level of the external os; (3) this barrier is significantly more effective in cases where conceptions later occur than in cases of persistent, unexplained infertility; and (4) the barrier is particularly active against spermatozoa with abnormal heads."}
{"id": "PMID:885275", "title": "Molecular forms of human chorionic gonadotropin in serum, urine, and placental extracts.", "content": "The molecular forms of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) were assessed in serum, urine, and placental extracts by gel filtration chromatography using radioimmunoassays for hCG, hCGalpha, and hCGbeta and a radioreceptor assay for hCG. The predominant form in all three biologic specimens was native-sized hCG. An excess of free alpha-subunit was also found in all three specimens. A small molecular weight fragment, reactive in the hCGbeta assay, was noted in urine and placental extracts. A large molecular form, reactive in all three radioimmunoassays and in the radioreceptor assay, was found in placental extracts. This large molecular species could not be dissociated by conditions that totally dissociate hCG.", "contents": "Molecular forms of human chorionic gonadotropin in serum, urine, and placental extracts. The molecular forms of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) were assessed in serum, urine, and placental extracts by gel filtration chromatography using radioimmunoassays for hCG, hCGalpha, and hCGbeta and a radioreceptor assay for hCG. The predominant form in all three biologic specimens was native-sized hCG. An excess of free alpha-subunit was also found in all three specimens. A small molecular weight fragment, reactive in the hCGbeta assay, was noted in urine and placental extracts. A large molecular form, reactive in all three radioimmunoassays and in the radioreceptor assay, was found in placental extracts. This large molecular species could not be dissociated by conditions that totally dissociate hCG."}
{"id": "PMID:885276", "title": "The ultrastructure of preimplantation hamster blastocysts developed in vivo and in vitro.", "content": "Scanning electron microscopy of zona-free blastocysts showed bulging trophoblast cells possessing slender microvilli and many small projections of various lengths. The trophoblast cells contained mitochondria in two shapes. One type consisted of spheroids with a few mitochondrial inner membranes. The other type had a more conventional appearance. Fibrous material varied in amount. The trophoblast cells from blastocysts cultured for 1 day had an appearance similar to that of trophoblast tissue fixed in vivo. However, the large, dense mitochondria with few cristae had diminished in number, and globular mitochondria occurred more frequently. Furthermore, the fibrous material was more sparsely distributed after culture. The experiments demonstrated that cultured hamster blastocysts have ultrastructural characteristics similar to those of in vivo blastocysts. Experiments are in progress to test whether the in vitro technique can determine the growth requirements of the hamster blastocyst.", "contents": "The ultrastructure of preimplantation hamster blastocysts developed in vivo and in vitro. Scanning electron microscopy of zona-free blastocysts showed bulging trophoblast cells possessing slender microvilli and many small projections of various lengths. The trophoblast cells contained mitochondria in two shapes. One type consisted of spheroids with a few mitochondrial inner membranes. The other type had a more conventional appearance. Fibrous material varied in amount. The trophoblast cells from blastocysts cultured for 1 day had an appearance similar to that of trophoblast tissue fixed in vivo. However, the large, dense mitochondria with few cristae had diminished in number, and globular mitochondria occurred more frequently. Furthermore, the fibrous material was more sparsely distributed after culture. The experiments demonstrated that cultured hamster blastocysts have ultrastructural characteristics similar to those of in vivo blastocysts. Experiments are in progress to test whether the in vitro technique can determine the growth requirements of the hamster blastocyst."}
{"id": "PMID:885277", "title": "Pregnancy following thyroid hormone treatment in a patient with amenorrhea-galactorrhea due to primary hypothyroidism.", "content": "A 32-year-old female with amenorrhea-galactorrhea due to primary hypothyroidism was treated with thyroid hormones, and serum levels of thyrotropin (TSH), prolactin (PRL), triiodothyronine (T3), thyroxin (T4), and T3 resin sponge uptake (RT3U) were measured throughout the course of treatment. The elevated serum levels of TSH and PRL fell into the normal range following T3 treatment. Subsequently, the menstrual cycle was restored within 1 month, and galactorrhea completely ceased and conception was achieved within 3 months. Desiccated thyroid was administered during pregnancy, and the patient gave birth to a female infant. Impaired secretion of PRL during pregnancy and poor milk secretion with blunted response of PRL to the suckling stimulus during the puerperium were noted.", "contents": "Pregnancy following thyroid hormone treatment in a patient with amenorrhea-galactorrhea due to primary hypothyroidism. A 32-year-old female with amenorrhea-galactorrhea due to primary hypothyroidism was treated with thyroid hormones, and serum levels of thyrotropin (TSH), prolactin (PRL), triiodothyronine (T3), thyroxin (T4), and T3 resin sponge uptake (RT3U) were measured throughout the course of treatment. The elevated serum levels of TSH and PRL fell into the normal range following T3 treatment. Subsequently, the menstrual cycle was restored within 1 month, and galactorrhea completely ceased and conception was achieved within 3 months. Desiccated thyroid was administered during pregnancy, and the patient gave birth to a female infant. Impaired secretion of PRL during pregnancy and poor milk secretion with blunted response of PRL to the suckling stimulus during the puerperium were noted."}
{"id": "PMID:885281", "title": "Correlation of some in vitro and in vivo investigations in rats sensitized with complete Freund's adjuvant.", "content": "The survival of peripheral blood lymphocytes following 24 hours of incubation with PPD, migration of peritoneal exudate cells from capillary tubes in the presence or absence of specific antigen in culture medium were investigated at different time intervals after sensitization with complete Freund's adjuvant. Relative regional lymph node weights and enlargement indices were evaluated in all animals. Furthermore, total leucocyte counts and differential counts of different cell types were determined. A correlation between the parameters studied was found, especially between the migration of peritoneal exudate cells and the survival of blood lymphocytes. The kinetic changes in the regional lymph node weights in sensitized animals in relation to those of IFA injected animals can be considered specifically affected. Increasing numbers of peripheral blood leucocytes after sensitization with complete Freud's adjuvant and the finding of increased numbers of monocytes and eosinophils in the initial stages of the observations have been reported in the literature. The results are discussed in relation to problems of tuberculin skin hypersensitivity in ratswhich has long been contradictory in the literature.", "contents": "Correlation of some in vitro and in vivo investigations in rats sensitized with complete Freund's adjuvant. The survival of peripheral blood lymphocytes following 24 hours of incubation with PPD, migration of peritoneal exudate cells from capillary tubes in the presence or absence of specific antigen in culture medium were investigated at different time intervals after sensitization with complete Freund's adjuvant. Relative regional lymph node weights and enlargement indices were evaluated in all animals. Furthermore, total leucocyte counts and differential counts of different cell types were determined. A correlation between the parameters studied was found, especially between the migration of peritoneal exudate cells and the survival of blood lymphocytes. The kinetic changes in the regional lymph node weights in sensitized animals in relation to those of IFA injected animals can be considered specifically affected. Increasing numbers of peripheral blood leucocytes after sensitization with complete Freud's adjuvant and the finding of increased numbers of monocytes and eosinophils in the initial stages of the observations have been reported in the literature. The results are discussed in relation to problems of tuberculin skin hypersensitivity in ratswhich has long been contradictory in the literature."}
{"id": "PMID:885282", "title": "Cell cycle in heteronuclear cell line VUP-1. I. Locomotion behaviour analysis.", "content": "Time-lapse cinemicrography was used to study the locomotory activity of sperical cells of a heteronuclear cell line VUP-1 originating from a malignant melanoma of chorioidea. Migration of cells was followed during the entire cell cycle and locomotion was analyzed in relation to the population density and to the morphological and functional characteristics of the leading undulating membrane. The variations in cellular motility were related to the morphology of the membranes and their possible functional regulation.", "contents": "Cell cycle in heteronuclear cell line VUP-1. I. Locomotion behaviour analysis. Time-lapse cinemicrography was used to study the locomotory activity of sperical cells of a heteronuclear cell line VUP-1 originating from a malignant melanoma of chorioidea. Migration of cells was followed during the entire cell cycle and locomotion was analyzed in relation to the population density and to the morphological and functional characteristics of the leading undulating membrane. The variations in cellular motility were related to the morphology of the membranes and their possible functional regulation."}
{"id": "PMID:885283", "title": "Cell cycle in heteronuclear cell line VUP-1. II. Analysis of mitosis.", "content": "Mitosis in spherical cells of heteronuclear cell line VUP-1 was analyzed by means of time-lapse cinemicrography. A comparison with another permanent cell line (hamster) revealed some differences in the duration of individual mitotic stages. Metaphase was the longest stage in VUP-1 line cells (about 3-4 hours). Various irregularities in mitotic cycle kinetics were also found, such as absence of anaphase or separation of chromosomes from the aster in metaphase. Attention was further focussed on cytokinesis.", "contents": "Cell cycle in heteronuclear cell line VUP-1. II. Analysis of mitosis. Mitosis in spherical cells of heteronuclear cell line VUP-1 was analyzed by means of time-lapse cinemicrography. A comparison with another permanent cell line (hamster) revealed some differences in the duration of individual mitotic stages. Metaphase was the longest stage in VUP-1 line cells (about 3-4 hours). Various irregularities in mitotic cycle kinetics were also found, such as absence of anaphase or separation of chromosomes from the aster in metaphase. Attention was further focussed on cytokinesis."}
{"id": "PMID:885284", "title": "Circadian rhythm of RNA and DNA in some organs of fed rats.", "content": "Circadian changes in RNA and DNA contents in the thymus, spleen, liver and myocardium were studied in rats fed ad libitum (maintained in a room illuminated from 07.00 to 19.00 and darkened from 19.00 to 07.00 hours). The values for the thymus, liver and heart muscle fluctuated broadly over the 24-hour period: between 25% and 42% for RNA, and between 46% and 58% for DNA. However, no significant changes in RNA and DNA contents were detected in the spleen. In general the lowest values of nucleic acid content in the thymus, spleen and myocardium were recorded aroung 23.00-02.00 hours, and were replaced by a quick increase in the following hours (mainly till 05.00) up to a maximum reached around 11.00 in the thymus and liver, and around 17.00 in myocardium. The changes in the amount of RNA and DNA did not always run in parallel; consequently the ratio RNA/DNA varied, with the widest fluctuations found in the thymus.", "contents": "Circadian rhythm of RNA and DNA in some organs of fed rats. Circadian changes in RNA and DNA contents in the thymus, spleen, liver and myocardium were studied in rats fed ad libitum (maintained in a room illuminated from 07.00 to 19.00 and darkened from 19.00 to 07.00 hours). The values for the thymus, liver and heart muscle fluctuated broadly over the 24-hour period: between 25% and 42% for RNA, and between 46% and 58% for DNA. However, no significant changes in RNA and DNA contents were detected in the spleen. In general the lowest values of nucleic acid content in the thymus, spleen and myocardium were recorded aroung 23.00-02.00 hours, and were replaced by a quick increase in the following hours (mainly till 05.00) up to a maximum reached around 11.00 in the thymus and liver, and around 17.00 in myocardium. The changes in the amount of RNA and DNA did not always run in parallel; consequently the ratio RNA/DNA varied, with the widest fluctuations found in the thymus."}
{"id": "PMID:885285", "title": "Chromosomal characteristic of Chinese hamster cells and their HGPRT-deficient mutant line.", "content": "Chinese hamster cell line (line K 431, HGPRT+) and its mutant (line K II, HGPRT-) are similar in the numberical composition of the karyotype (modal number 22 chromosomes), but differ in its structureal constitution (occurrence of trisomy, breaks in the centromeric region, chromosome losses and others). Deletion and rearrangement of some heterochromatic segments of the X chromosome appeared with a higher frequency in HGPRT- line and can constitute one of the conceivable causes of the HGPRT activity loss in the mutant line.", "contents": "Chromosomal characteristic of Chinese hamster cells and their HGPRT-deficient mutant line. Chinese hamster cell line (line K 431, HGPRT+) and its mutant (line K II, HGPRT-) are similar in the numberical composition of the karyotype (modal number 22 chromosomes), but differ in its structureal constitution (occurrence of trisomy, breaks in the centromeric region, chromosome losses and others). Deletion and rearrangement of some heterochromatic segments of the X chromosome appeared with a higher frequency in HGPRT- line and can constitute one of the conceivable causes of the HGPRT activity loss in the mutant line."}
{"id": "PMID:885286", "title": "Thyrotropin-induced plasma membrane protein modifications in porcine thyroid cells.", "content": "Highly purified plasma membranes were obtained from isolated porcine thyroid cells maintained in conditions of culture in the presence of thyrotropin (stimulated cells) or in their absence (non-stimulated cells). Analyses of both types of membranes by high-resolution sodium dodecylsulfate-polyacrylamide slab gel electrophoresis showed reproducible quantitative differences in protein bands of apparent molecular weight 38,000, 36,000 and inconstantly 96,000. Phosphorylation of membranes by [gamma-32P]ATP was 2-3 times higher in membranes from thyrotropin-stimulated than in membranes from non-stimulated cells. About 20 32P-labeled bands were detected by slab gel electrophoresis in denaturing conditions, among which the catalytic subunit of Na+, K+ ATPase was characterized. In addition, plasma membranes from thyrotropin-stimulated cells contained a firmly bound [14C]glucosamine-containing glycoprotein probably related to an aggregation-promoting factor. 125I-labeled thyroglobulin and components of unknown nature were associated with plasma membranes from thyrotropin-stimulated cells. Whether they participate in the structure and function(s) of the plasma membrane or represent contaminants of the preparation is not clear at the present time.", "contents": "Thyrotropin-induced plasma membrane protein modifications in porcine thyroid cells. Highly purified plasma membranes were obtained from isolated porcine thyroid cells maintained in conditions of culture in the presence of thyrotropin (stimulated cells) or in their absence (non-stimulated cells). Analyses of both types of membranes by high-resolution sodium dodecylsulfate-polyacrylamide slab gel electrophoresis showed reproducible quantitative differences in protein bands of apparent molecular weight 38,000, 36,000 and inconstantly 96,000. Phosphorylation of membranes by [gamma-32P]ATP was 2-3 times higher in membranes from thyrotropin-stimulated than in membranes from non-stimulated cells. About 20 32P-labeled bands were detected by slab gel electrophoresis in denaturing conditions, among which the catalytic subunit of Na+, K+ ATPase was characterized. In addition, plasma membranes from thyrotropin-stimulated cells contained a firmly bound [14C]glucosamine-containing glycoprotein probably related to an aggregation-promoting factor. 125I-labeled thyroglobulin and components of unknown nature were associated with plasma membranes from thyrotropin-stimulated cells. Whether they participate in the structure and function(s) of the plasma membrane or represent contaminants of the preparation is not clear at the present time."}
{"id": "PMID:885287", "title": "Hydrocortisone enhancement of insulin's action on macromolecular synthesis in MCF-7 cells.", "content": "In MCF-7 human breast cancer cells, insulin stimulated the rate of [3H]uridine incorporation into RNA, [3H]thymidine incorporation into DNA, and [3H]leucine incorporation into protein. In addition, hydrocortisone appeared to augment the effect of insulin, by further increasing the rate of [3H]uridine incorporation into RNA and [3H]thymidine incorporation into DNA. A significant increase in the total amount of DNA and protein was present in cultures treated with insulin compared to untreated controls. Hydrocortisone was shown to augment the insulin effect on total protein accumulation and total RNA accumulation in MCF-7 cells.", "contents": "Hydrocortisone enhancement of insulin's action on macromolecular synthesis in MCF-7 cells. In MCF-7 human breast cancer cells, insulin stimulated the rate of [3H]uridine incorporation into RNA, [3H]thymidine incorporation into DNA, and [3H]leucine incorporation into protein. In addition, hydrocortisone appeared to augment the effect of insulin, by further increasing the rate of [3H]uridine incorporation into RNA and [3H]thymidine incorporation into DNA. A significant increase in the total amount of DNA and protein was present in cultures treated with insulin compared to untreated controls. Hydrocortisone was shown to augment the insulin effect on total protein accumulation and total RNA accumulation in MCF-7 cells."}
{"id": "PMID:885296", "title": "HLA antigens in Japanese patients with diabetes mellitus.", "content": "Lymphocytes of 84 Japanese patients with diabetes mellitus and 150 normal controls were tested for HLA antigens by the microcytotoxicity test. HLA-B12 was found in 37.5 per cent of 32 patients with juvenile-onset diabetes mellitus, 13.5 per cent of 52 patients with late-onset diabetes, and 9.3 per cent of 150 normal controls. In the insulin-dependent juvenile form, HLA-B12 was associated with the disease more frequently and at a significant level (p less than 0.0005). In Japanese patients with juvenile-onset insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus the association is with HLA-B12, not with HLA-B8 and BW15, as in Caucasian patients. There was no significant increase of HLA-B12 in patients with insulin-indpendent diabetes mellitus.", "contents": "HLA antigens in Japanese patients with diabetes mellitus. Lymphocytes of 84 Japanese patients with diabetes mellitus and 150 normal controls were tested for HLA antigens by the microcytotoxicity test. HLA-B12 was found in 37.5 per cent of 32 patients with juvenile-onset diabetes mellitus, 13.5 per cent of 52 patients with late-onset diabetes, and 9.3 per cent of 150 normal controls. In the insulin-dependent juvenile form, HLA-B12 was associated with the disease more frequently and at a significant level (p less than 0.0005). In Japanese patients with juvenile-onset insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus the association is with HLA-B12, not with HLA-B8 and BW15, as in Caucasian patients. There was no significant increase of HLA-B12 in patients with insulin-indpendent diabetes mellitus."}
{"id": "PMID:885297", "title": "Topical corticosteroid response and retinopathy in juvenile-onset diabetes mellitus.", "content": "In a prospective study, 64 patients with insulin-dependent juvenile-onset diabetes mellitus were followed for eight to 12 years to determine if those with higher spontaneous intraocular pressures (IOPs) would be protected from the development of retinopathy. The patients were also classified initially as high (GG), intermediate (NG), or low (NN), responders on the basis of their IOP response to corticosteroid eyedrops. High responders were found to be considerably in excess (25 per cent) of the proportion found in the general population (6 per cent). Retinopathy developed significantly less often and was less severe in the high (GG) corticosteroid responders. Although the GG diabetics had significantly higher mean baseline IOPs than the less responsive NN and NG groups in each corticosteroid response category, the mean IOP of the group with retinopathy was not significantly different from that without retinopathy. This suggested that factors associated with the GG response other than increased IOP might be important in the relative resistance to diabetic retinopathy.", "contents": "Topical corticosteroid response and retinopathy in juvenile-onset diabetes mellitus. In a prospective study, 64 patients with insulin-dependent juvenile-onset diabetes mellitus were followed for eight to 12 years to determine if those with higher spontaneous intraocular pressures (IOPs) would be protected from the development of retinopathy. The patients were also classified initially as high (GG), intermediate (NG), or low (NN), responders on the basis of their IOP response to corticosteroid eyedrops. High responders were found to be considerably in excess (25 per cent) of the proportion found in the general population (6 per cent). Retinopathy developed significantly less often and was less severe in the high (GG) corticosteroid responders. Although the GG diabetics had significantly higher mean baseline IOPs than the less responsive NN and NG groups in each corticosteroid response category, the mean IOP of the group with retinopathy was not significantly different from that without retinopathy. This suggested that factors associated with the GG response other than increased IOP might be important in the relative resistance to diabetic retinopathy."}
{"id": "PMID:885298", "title": "Relationship of microvascular disease in diabetes to metabolic control.", "content": "Dogs were made alloxan-diabetic and randomly distributed into either of two prospective treatment groups. In one group it was intended that the metabolic signs of diabetes be controlled poorly, and commercial insulin was administered in doses inadequate to prevent chronic, severe hyperglycemia and glucosuria. In the other group it was intended that the metabolic disorder be well controlled, and the animals received food and commercial insulin twice daily such that the hyperglycemia and glucosuria became mild or infrequent. Experimental improvement of the carbohydrate disorder was accompanied by amelioration of hyperlipemia and other clinical signs of deficient insulin activity. By 60 months of diabetes, retinal capillary aneurysms, pericyte ghosts, obliterated vessels, and other microvascular abnormalities typical of diabetes were apparent in each animal of the poor-control group. Better control was found to reduce significantly the incidence and severity of microvascular lesions. The data suggest that the mechanism responsible for diabetic retinopathy is initiated as a result of deficient insulin activity and that the development of the microvascular complications of diabetes are preventable and may be inhibited by careful control of the metabolic disorder.", "contents": "Relationship of microvascular disease in diabetes to metabolic control. Dogs were made alloxan-diabetic and randomly distributed into either of two prospective treatment groups. In one group it was intended that the metabolic signs of diabetes be controlled poorly, and commercial insulin was administered in doses inadequate to prevent chronic, severe hyperglycemia and glucosuria. In the other group it was intended that the metabolic disorder be well controlled, and the animals received food and commercial insulin twice daily such that the hyperglycemia and glucosuria became mild or infrequent. Experimental improvement of the carbohydrate disorder was accompanied by amelioration of hyperlipemia and other clinical signs of deficient insulin activity. By 60 months of diabetes, retinal capillary aneurysms, pericyte ghosts, obliterated vessels, and other microvascular abnormalities typical of diabetes were apparent in each animal of the poor-control group. Better control was found to reduce significantly the incidence and severity of microvascular lesions. The data suggest that the mechanism responsible for diabetic retinopathy is initiated as a result of deficient insulin activity and that the development of the microvascular complications of diabetes are preventable and may be inhibited by careful control of the metabolic disorder."}
{"id": "PMID:885299", "title": "Serum glucose levels and alcohol-consumption habits in a large population.", "content": "Using information from approximately 100,000 multiphasic check-ups performed in these facilities, we have found an association between alcohol-drinking habits and serum glucose values one hour after an oral challenge with 75 gm. of glucose. There was a positive dose-response relation between reported alcohol intake and serum glucose level over the most common range of alcohol intake. Serum glucose levels were highest in the group who consumed six to eight alcoholic drinks per day. However, among those who said they took nine or more drinks per day, mean serum glucose levels were significantly lower than in the six-to-eight-drink group. These relations persisted when the analysis was controlled for the effects of age, sex, race, adiposity, time since last food intake, time of day, previously known diabetes, and previously known liver disease. A search of the literature failed to uncover a complete explanation for these phenomena.", "contents": "Serum glucose levels and alcohol-consumption habits in a large population. Using information from approximately 100,000 multiphasic check-ups performed in these facilities, we have found an association between alcohol-drinking habits and serum glucose values one hour after an oral challenge with 75 gm. of glucose. There was a positive dose-response relation between reported alcohol intake and serum glucose level over the most common range of alcohol intake. Serum glucose levels were highest in the group who consumed six to eight alcoholic drinks per day. However, among those who said they took nine or more drinks per day, mean serum glucose levels were significantly lower than in the six-to-eight-drink group. These relations persisted when the analysis was controlled for the effects of age, sex, race, adiposity, time since last food intake, time of day, previously known diabetes, and previously known liver disease. A search of the literature failed to uncover a complete explanation for these phenomena."}
{"id": "PMID:885300", "title": "Growth hormone antiserum suppresses the growth effect of diabetic serum. Studies on rabbit aortic medical cell cultures.", "content": "Growth medium containing serum from young diabetic subjects caused a significant stimulation both of cell proliferation and of the outgrowth in cultures of rabbit aortic medial cells above that noted with normal human sera. The addition to the sera of guinea-pig human growth hormones antibody caused a marked inhibition of these stimulatory effects. The growth effect of rabbit serum was not affected by the human growth hormone antiserum. Reinvestigation of the effect of human growth hormone disclosed that the same increase as observed in growth with the diabetic sera could be obtained with a growth hormone concentration of 0.2 ng. per milliliter medium. The present results strongly suggest that the increased stimulatory effect of normolipemic human diabetic serum on growth and cell proliferation of aortic medial cell cultures is due to increased serum growth hormone concentration.", "contents": "Growth hormone antiserum suppresses the growth effect of diabetic serum. Studies on rabbit aortic medical cell cultures. Growth medium containing serum from young diabetic subjects caused a significant stimulation both of cell proliferation and of the outgrowth in cultures of rabbit aortic medial cells above that noted with normal human sera. The addition to the sera of guinea-pig human growth hormones antibody caused a marked inhibition of these stimulatory effects. The growth effect of rabbit serum was not affected by the human growth hormone antiserum. Reinvestigation of the effect of human growth hormone disclosed that the same increase as observed in growth with the diabetic sera could be obtained with a growth hormone concentration of 0.2 ng. per milliliter medium. The present results strongly suggest that the increased stimulatory effect of normolipemic human diabetic serum on growth and cell proliferation of aortic medial cell cultures is due to increased serum growth hormone concentration."}
{"id": "PMID:885320", "title": "[Pregnancies in spite of intrauterine pessaries in situ].", "content": "Reviewing literature the fate of 3027 pregnancies with intrauterine devices in situ, included 43 own cases, is reported. The data strongly suggest to remove the intrauterine devices as early as possible in pregnancy, because otherwise the rate of spontaneous abortion, premature birth and stillbirth is negatively affected. The known elevated risk of extrauterine pregnancies is corroberated. The ratio of 1:4 with the progesterone-T is higher than with other IUDs (1:31 to 1:24,5). The observations do not support the view that intrauterine devices cause malformations. From the results instructions for the management of pregnancies associated with intrauterine devices are set up.", "contents": "[Pregnancies in spite of intrauterine pessaries in situ]. Reviewing literature the fate of 3027 pregnancies with intrauterine devices in situ, included 43 own cases, is reported. The data strongly suggest to remove the intrauterine devices as early as possible in pregnancy, because otherwise the rate of spontaneous abortion, premature birth and stillbirth is negatively affected. The known elevated risk of extrauterine pregnancies is corroberated. The ratio of 1:4 with the progesterone-T is higher than with other IUDs (1:31 to 1:24,5). The observations do not support the view that intrauterine devices cause malformations. From the results instructions for the management of pregnancies associated with intrauterine devices are set up."}
{"id": "PMID:885321", "title": "[Treatment of delayed labour with prostaglandin E2 (author's transl)].", "content": "26 patients suffering from delayed labour at term were treated with Prostaglandine E2 (PGE2). The compound was administered i.v. in a dosage of 0,5-1,0 microgram/min. Delivery was completed in 20 patients approximately 5 hours after starting the PGE2-infusion. In 6 patients delivery had to be performed by caesarean section, 4 times because of maternal and 2 times of fetal indications. In none of the cases uterine hypertension was recorded. The rate of side effects was negligible.", "contents": "[Treatment of delayed labour with prostaglandin E2 (author's transl)]. 26 patients suffering from delayed labour at term were treated with Prostaglandine E2 (PGE2). The compound was administered i.v. in a dosage of 0,5-1,0 microgram/min. Delivery was completed in 20 patients approximately 5 hours after starting the PGE2-infusion. In 6 patients delivery had to be performed by caesarean section, 4 times because of maternal and 2 times of fetal indications. In none of the cases uterine hypertension was recorded. The rate of side effects was negligible."}
{"id": "PMID:885322", "title": "[Diagnosis and monitoring of endangered early pregnancies with determination of oestrone, oestradiol 17beta, oestriol, progesterone and HPL in plasma and the pregnancy test in graduated dilutions of urine (author's transl)].", "content": "Unconjugated oestrone (Oe1), oestradiol-17beta (Oe2), oestriol (Oe3), progesterone (P) and HPL in plasma were determined by radioimmunoassay and the immunological pregnancy-test in urine was carried out in 70 patients with normal pregnancy or imminent abortion from 4th-20th week of gestation. Oe2 and HPL showed the most pronounced rises, Oe3 increased especially after the first trimester. In cases with abortion symptoms and poor prognosis Oe2 and HPL gave the most reliable results concerning the endocrin function of early normal pregnancy. Oe1- and P-values in normal pregnancy did not differ so clearly from concentrations observed during normal menstrual cycles and were thus of  less value. The pregnancy-test was positive (greater than 1000 IU/1) even in most cases of dead pregnancy and therefore not reliable. With increasing production of oestrogen precursors in the fetal adrenal cortex after the first trimester determination of Oe3 becomes more important. In cases with abortion symptoms in early pregnancy and subsequent normal development, plasma Oe2- and Oe3- values represented best criteria for a prognosis. -- For the diagnosis and control of the endangered early pregnancy we recommend, as a consequence of this study, determination of Oe2 up to the 13th week of pregnancy and thereafter Oe3 in maternal plasma.", "contents": "[Diagnosis and monitoring of endangered early pregnancies with determination of oestrone, oestradiol 17beta, oestriol, progesterone and HPL in plasma and the pregnancy test in graduated dilutions of urine (author's transl)]. Unconjugated oestrone (Oe1), oestradiol-17beta (Oe2), oestriol (Oe3), progesterone (P) and HPL in plasma were determined by radioimmunoassay and the immunological pregnancy-test in urine was carried out in 70 patients with normal pregnancy or imminent abortion from 4th-20th week of gestation. Oe2 and HPL showed the most pronounced rises, Oe3 increased especially after the first trimester. In cases with abortion symptoms and poor prognosis Oe2 and HPL gave the most reliable results concerning the endocrin function of early normal pregnancy. Oe1- and P-values in normal pregnancy did not differ so clearly from concentrations observed during normal menstrual cycles and were thus of  less value. The pregnancy-test was positive (greater than 1000 IU/1) even in most cases of dead pregnancy and therefore not reliable. With increasing production of oestrogen precursors in the fetal adrenal cortex after the first trimester determination of Oe3 becomes more important. In cases with abortion symptoms in early pregnancy and subsequent normal development, plasma Oe2- and Oe3- values represented best criteria for a prognosis. -- For the diagnosis and control of the endangered early pregnancy we recommend, as a consequence of this study, determination of Oe2 up to the 13th week of pregnancy and thereafter Oe3 in maternal plasma."}
{"id": "PMID:885323", "title": "[Experience with the Marshall-Marchetti operation for stress incontinence (author's transl)].", "content": "From 1962 to 1975 severe stress incontinence or recurrent stress incontinence was operated according to Marshall-Marchetti In 64 cases. Sixty patients were followed up. More than 2/3 of the patients were satisified with the result. Objective follow-up with urethrocystotonometry showed that only slightly more than 50% of the patients were cured. It was possible to divide the cases in 4 groups to elucidate the discrepancy between subjective and objective cure. The operative and postoperative complications were minor. The recurrence rate was the same with follow-up from 3 to 14 years. The results can probably be improved by precise pre-operative diagnosis regarding intrinsic urinary tract disease and by an extension of the indication for this operation or risk cases. The patients must be warned that the result also depends on their cooperation.", "contents": "[Experience with the Marshall-Marchetti operation for stress incontinence (author's transl)]. From 1962 to 1975 severe stress incontinence or recurrent stress incontinence was operated according to Marshall-Marchetti In 64 cases. Sixty patients were followed up. More than 2/3 of the patients were satisified with the result. Objective follow-up with urethrocystotonometry showed that only slightly more than 50% of the patients were cured. It was possible to divide the cases in 4 groups to elucidate the discrepancy between subjective and objective cure. The operative and postoperative complications were minor. The recurrence rate was the same with follow-up from 3 to 14 years. The results can probably be improved by precise pre-operative diagnosis regarding intrinsic urinary tract disease and by an extension of the indication for this operation or risk cases. The patients must be warned that the result also depends on their cooperation."}
{"id": "PMID:885324", "title": "[Cytologic follow-up examination of patients with a suspicious Papanicoaou type 3D smear (author's transl)].", "content": "The cytological differential diagnosis \"dysplasia\" was made in 176 cases between January 1968 and June 1975. An immediate microscopic diagnosis was possible in 18 cases (10.22%). 14 cases eluded further follow-up. In 144 cases, long term observation was carried out. In some cases up to 6 years. Cytological regression to a permanently negative smear occurred in 57 patients (39.58%). A microscopic confirmation of the diagnosis was not obtained in these patients. In cytologically persistent cases microscopic confirmation was obtained after varying times of observation. The cytological differential diagnosis was correct in comparison to the histologic findings in 82.6% of the cases. 62 cases of the total (43.05%) showed cytological persistence of the suspicious smear. A cytological progression became apparent in 25 cases (17.36%) and was always subjected to microscopic confirmation by cone biopsy or primary hysterectomy. In 71 cases with microscopic confirmation persistent dysplasia was found in 64.78% of the cases and a progression occurred in 30.98% of the cases. 21.12% showed carcinoma in situ, 7.04% (5) cases showed a microinvasive carcinoma and 2 cases (2.82%) showed an invasive carcinoma. Cervical dysplasias are apparently capable of regression in a large number of cases. However about 10% of the cases will show progression to a micro-invasive or invasive carcinoma after varying lengths of time. In order to avoid unnecessary operations and to improve our knowledge on the biology of dysplasias, observation with cytological diagnosis dysplasia (Papanicolaou 3D) is justified.", "contents": "[Cytologic follow-up examination of patients with a suspicious Papanicoaou type 3D smear (author's transl)]. The cytological differential diagnosis \"dysplasia\" was made in 176 cases between January 1968 and June 1975. An immediate microscopic diagnosis was possible in 18 cases (10.22%). 14 cases eluded further follow-up. In 144 cases, long term observation was carried out. In some cases up to 6 years. Cytological regression to a permanently negative smear occurred in 57 patients (39.58%). A microscopic confirmation of the diagnosis was not obtained in these patients. In cytologically persistent cases microscopic confirmation was obtained after varying times of observation. The cytological differential diagnosis was correct in comparison to the histologic findings in 82.6% of the cases. 62 cases of the total (43.05%) showed cytological persistence of the suspicious smear. A cytological progression became apparent in 25 cases (17.36%) and was always subjected to microscopic confirmation by cone biopsy or primary hysterectomy. In 71 cases with microscopic confirmation persistent dysplasia was found in 64.78% of the cases and a progression occurred in 30.98% of the cases. 21.12% showed carcinoma in situ, 7.04% (5) cases showed a microinvasive carcinoma and 2 cases (2.82%) showed an invasive carcinoma. Cervical dysplasias are apparently capable of regression in a large number of cases. However about 10% of the cases will show progression to a micro-invasive or invasive carcinoma after varying lengths of time. In order to avoid unnecessary operations and to improve our knowledge on the biology of dysplasias, observation with cytological diagnosis dysplasia (Papanicolaou 3D) is justified."}
{"id": "PMID:885325", "title": "[Comparative clinical studies on clomiphen, cyclofenil and epimestrol (author's transl)].", "content": "Report on the treatment of 310 anovulatory woment in 1173 treatment cycles with Clomiphen, Cyclofenil and Epimestrol. 63% of the patients had a biphasic basal body temperature record after treatment in 718 cycles. Patients with secondary amenorrhea of the first or the second degree had a satisfactory ovulation rate in 71% of the cases only by treatment with Clomiphen. In women with anovulatory cycles an overall ovulation rate of 75% was observed with all three medications. In 73 patients 78 pregnancies occurred. Of these, 38 pregnancies followed Cyclofenil, 25 pregnancies followed Clomiphen and 15 pregnancies followed Epimestrol corresponding to a 15%, 17% and 13% rate in the treated patients. 22 of these pregnancies ended in incomplete abortion. The side effects of Clomiphen especially visual and cystic ovarian and vasomotor side effects are more pronounced than the side effects of Cyclofenil and Epimestrol. The statistical analysis of the clinical results showed that Clomiphen and Cyclofenil had a higher rate of ovulation in secondary amenorrhea of the first or second degree than Epimestrol.", "contents": "[Comparative clinical studies on clomiphen, cyclofenil and epimestrol (author's transl)]. Report on the treatment of 310 anovulatory woment in 1173 treatment cycles with Clomiphen, Cyclofenil and Epimestrol. 63% of the patients had a biphasic basal body temperature record after treatment in 718 cycles. Patients with secondary amenorrhea of the first or the second degree had a satisfactory ovulation rate in 71% of the cases only by treatment with Clomiphen. In women with anovulatory cycles an overall ovulation rate of 75% was observed with all three medications. In 73 patients 78 pregnancies occurred. Of these, 38 pregnancies followed Cyclofenil, 25 pregnancies followed Clomiphen and 15 pregnancies followed Epimestrol corresponding to a 15%, 17% and 13% rate in the treated patients. 22 of these pregnancies ended in incomplete abortion. The side effects of Clomiphen especially visual and cystic ovarian and vasomotor side effects are more pronounced than the side effects of Cyclofenil and Epimestrol. The statistical analysis of the clinical results showed that Clomiphen and Cyclofenil had a higher rate of ovulation in secondary amenorrhea of the first or second degree than Epimestrol."}
{"id": "PMID:885326", "title": "[Follow-up of patients who underwent reduction mammoplasty according to Strombeck between 1972 and 1975. Postoperative complications and results. Modification of the technique. Postoperative mammographic results (author's transl)].", "content": "Follow-up examinations were carried out in 60 women who underwent a reduction mammoplasty. Their review concentrated on the questions of the frequency of postoperative complications, the possibility to avoid complications by a modification of the technique and the question of mammographic evaluation of the breast in the face of scars from the mammoplasty. There were 12 severe complications. There were 6 necroses of the nipples, there were 3 abscesses, there were 2 suture fistulas and there was one case of massive hematoma. The complications depend on the amount of tissue resected. Especially necroses of the nipples depend upon the amount of tissue resected. With increasing experience of the surgeon, the nipple is moved without tension by lateral division of tissues and omission of resection of tissue above the nipple. This reduces the risk of necrosis of the nipple. Ugly scars are avoided by additional subcutaneous dexon double O sutures and additional subcuticular structures. Prolonged immobilization and later removal of the sutures help to obtain fine scars. A comparison of the preoperative and postoperative mammographies showed that 78% of the X-rays could be evaluated for carcinoma more readily postoperatively than before. For the differential diagnosis to scars from the operative, a preoperative and postoperative mammogram is necessary for comparison.", "contents": "[Follow-up of patients who underwent reduction mammoplasty according to Strombeck between 1972 and 1975. Postoperative complications and results. Modification of the technique. Postoperative mammographic results (author's transl)]. Follow-up examinations were carried out in 60 women who underwent a reduction mammoplasty. Their review concentrated on the questions of the frequency of postoperative complications, the possibility to avoid complications by a modification of the technique and the question of mammographic evaluation of the breast in the face of scars from the mammoplasty. There were 12 severe complications. There were 6 necroses of the nipples, there were 3 abscesses, there were 2 suture fistulas and there was one case of massive hematoma. The complications depend on the amount of tissue resected. Especially necroses of the nipples depend upon the amount of tissue resected. With increasing experience of the surgeon, the nipple is moved without tension by lateral division of tissues and omission of resection of tissue above the nipple. This reduces the risk of necrosis of the nipple. Ugly scars are avoided by additional subcutaneous dexon double O sutures and additional subcuticular structures. Prolonged immobilization and later removal of the sutures help to obtain fine scars. A comparison of the preoperative and postoperative mammographies showed that 78% of the X-rays could be evaluated for carcinoma more readily postoperatively than before. For the differential diagnosis to scars from the operative, a preoperative and postoperative mammogram is necessary for comparison."}
{"id": "PMID:885327", "title": "[Intraoperative sphincterotonometrie during plastic repair of the urogenital diaphragm (author's transl)].", "content": "The method of using sphincterotonometry during the operation, which is described in this paper, adds further importance to this means of examination besides the pre-operative classifying of urinary incontinence and the postoperative control of the surgical success. By drawing up a urethral profile and by performing simultaneous impact palpation the functional effect of the operation can be checked during the same, so that a possibly necessary correction can follow at once.--Up-til now this test has been carried out during 16 operations on urinary incontinence (diaphragma plastic by Kelly with at least one years of postoperative control).--According to our hitherto existing examinations a positive closing pressure of more than 10 mmHg is necessary for achieving a functionally satisfying operation result.", "contents": "[Intraoperative sphincterotonometrie during plastic repair of the urogenital diaphragm (author's transl)]. The method of using sphincterotonometry during the operation, which is described in this paper, adds further importance to this means of examination besides the pre-operative classifying of urinary incontinence and the postoperative control of the surgical success. By drawing up a urethral profile and by performing simultaneous impact palpation the functional effect of the operation can be checked during the same, so that a possibly necessary correction can follow at once.--Up-til now this test has been carried out during 16 operations on urinary incontinence (diaphragma plastic by Kelly with at least one years of postoperative control).--According to our hitherto existing examinations a positive closing pressure of more than 10 mmHg is necessary for achieving a functionally satisfying operation result."}
{"id": "PMID:885328", "title": "[Unusual fetal heart pattern during pregnancy (author's transl)].", "content": "A rare case of severe fetal heart bradycardia at 29 weeks gestation by dates followed by prolonged extreme tachycardia is reported and the literature on antepartum fetal bradycardia and fetal tachycardia is reviewed. Fetal bradycardia at the beginning of the third trimester with good fetal movements is not necessarily due to fetal distress. A prolonged fetal tachycardia does not have to be due to hypoxia but is probably due to unknown changes in the exitability of the myocardium. A prolonged fetal tachycardia antepartum and during delivery is in itself no indication for a Caesarean Section.", "contents": "[Unusual fetal heart pattern during pregnancy (author's transl)]. A rare case of severe fetal heart bradycardia at 29 weeks gestation by dates followed by prolonged extreme tachycardia is reported and the literature on antepartum fetal bradycardia and fetal tachycardia is reviewed. Fetal bradycardia at the beginning of the third trimester with good fetal movements is not necessarily due to fetal distress. A prolonged fetal tachycardia does not have to be due to hypoxia but is probably due to unknown changes in the exitability of the myocardium. A prolonged fetal tachycardia antepartum and during delivery is in itself no indication for a Caesarean Section."}
{"id": "PMID:885329", "title": "[The influence of anemia on the weight of child and placenta].", "content": "To determine the influence of anemia on the weight of child and placenta, a group of people suffering from anemia was compared with a non-anemic group (Hb median 8.6 g%). It was found that: 1. The median weight of the newborn child in the anemic group is 83,5 g less than in the non-anemic group. This insignificant difference is dependent solely upon the lesser weight of the mother in the anemic group (difference 6.2 kg). 2. The distribution curve of child weight which is displaced by 83,5 g on the side of lesser weight of the children explains an increase of birth rate from 5,5% to 7,5% among children under the 2500 g limit. 3. In contrast to the anticipated parallel behaviour to child weight, the placenta shows an increase in weight which can be considered as a compensatory achievement.", "contents": "[The influence of anemia on the weight of child and placenta]. To determine the influence of anemia on the weight of child and placenta, a group of people suffering from anemia was compared with a non-anemic group (Hb median 8.6 g%). It was found that: 1. The median weight of the newborn child in the anemic group is 83,5 g less than in the non-anemic group. This insignificant difference is dependent solely upon the lesser weight of the mother in the anemic group (difference 6.2 kg). 2. The distribution curve of child weight which is displaced by 83,5 g on the side of lesser weight of the children explains an increase of birth rate from 5,5% to 7,5% among children under the 2500 g limit. 3. In contrast to the anticipated parallel behaviour to child weight, the placenta shows an increase in weight which can be considered as a compensatory achievement."}
{"id": "PMID:885330", "title": "[Duffy-blood-factor incompatibility during pregnancy (author's transl)].", "content": "Routine screening of maternal antibodies showed presence of anti-Fya (from the antigen Fya of Duffy Blood Group System) in a 25 years old second time pregnant woman. The spectroscopic examination of amniotic fluid has been carried out and gave values which decrease within Zone II. In the beginning of 39. week of gestation a mature newborn has been delivered, who survived without need of exchange transfusion immediately after birth.", "contents": "[Duffy-blood-factor incompatibility during pregnancy (author's transl)]. Routine screening of maternal antibodies showed presence of anti-Fya (from the antigen Fya of Duffy Blood Group System) in a 25 years old second time pregnant woman. The spectroscopic examination of amniotic fluid has been carried out and gave values which decrease within Zone II. In the beginning of 39. week of gestation a mature newborn has been delivered, who survived without need of exchange transfusion immediately after birth."}
{"id": "PMID:885331", "title": "[The development of coagulopathy in missed abortion (author's transl)].", "content": "A case of fetal death is demonstrated, where a primary hyperfibrinolysis induced a bleeding tendency after curettage. Writings on the subject give differing opinions on the pathogenesis of coagulopathy in the case of fetal demise (= dead fetus syndrome). It is shown that the coagulopathy is caused most frequently by a combination of disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) and subsequent hyperfibrinolysis. In sporadic cases, however, one of both pathogenetic mechanisms can occur isolated.", "contents": "[The development of coagulopathy in missed abortion (author's transl)]. A case of fetal death is demonstrated, where a primary hyperfibrinolysis induced a bleeding tendency after curettage. Writings on the subject give differing opinions on the pathogenesis of coagulopathy in the case of fetal demise (= dead fetus syndrome). It is shown that the coagulopathy is caused most frequently by a combination of disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) and subsequent hyperfibrinolysis. In sporadic cases, however, one of both pathogenetic mechanisms can occur isolated."}
{"id": "PMID:885332", "title": "[Carcino-embryogenic antigen (CEA) in patients with genital tumors (author's transl)].", "content": "The concentration of carcino-embryogenic antigen in the serum of healthy women and of patients with different benign and malignant genital tumors was determined before and after treatment. The carcino-embryogenic antigen was elevated to more than 2.5 ng/ml in 11% of the healthy control patients. Patients with carcinoma of the breast had positive CEA tests in 60%. Patients with ovarian cancer had positive CEA tests in 57%, women with carcinoma of the uterine cervix had positive tests in 50% and women with endometrial carcinoma had increased CEA levels in the serum in 38% of the cases. Following treatment the CEA values decreased.", "contents": "[Carcino-embryogenic antigen (CEA) in patients with genital tumors (author's transl)]. The concentration of carcino-embryogenic antigen in the serum of healthy women and of patients with different benign and malignant genital tumors was determined before and after treatment. The carcino-embryogenic antigen was elevated to more than 2.5 ng/ml in 11% of the healthy control patients. Patients with carcinoma of the breast had positive CEA tests in 60%. Patients with ovarian cancer had positive CEA tests in 57%, women with carcinoma of the uterine cervix had positive tests in 50% and women with endometrial carcinoma had increased CEA levels in the serum in 38% of the cases. Following treatment the CEA values decreased."}
{"id": "PMID:885333", "title": "[Results of needle aspiration cytology in proliferative fibrocystic disease of the breast (author's transl)].", "content": "The accuracy of needle aspiration cytology in fibrocystic disease of the breast was evaluated in 101 cases with microscopically proved proliferative fibrocystic disease. The morphology of the obtained cytosmears was described. In about 50% of the cases a cytological diagnosis of proliferating fibrocystic disease is possible with accuracy. The needle aspiration is therefore a new method for intensive follow-up of patients with a high risk of develop carcinoma of the breast. The accuracy is increased in cases with well developed proliferation of the glandular cells. In cases with intraductal and intracystic proliferations, the results were better than in cases with adenosis.", "contents": "[Results of needle aspiration cytology in proliferative fibrocystic disease of the breast (author's transl)]. The accuracy of needle aspiration cytology in fibrocystic disease of the breast was evaluated in 101 cases with microscopically proved proliferative fibrocystic disease. The morphology of the obtained cytosmears was described. In about 50% of the cases a cytological diagnosis of proliferating fibrocystic disease is possible with accuracy. The needle aspiration is therefore a new method for intensive follow-up of patients with a high risk of develop carcinoma of the breast. The accuracy is increased in cases with well developed proliferation of the glandular cells. In cases with intraductal and intracystic proliferations, the results were better than in cases with adenosis."}
{"id": "PMID:885335", "title": "[Contraception with the Lippes Loop D with or without contraceptive foam (author's transl)].", "content": "Contraception with Lippes Loop D was compared in 1 group of women (N 172) who used a spermicidal preparation with intercourse and a second group (N 190) who used no spermicidal preparation. In the group with a Lippes Loop and a spermicidal preparation, there were 1.2% unplanned pregnancies compared to 6.4% unplanned pregnancies without spermicidal preparation. This combined method approaches the reliability of oral contraception. The third group of women who used a spermicidal preparation erratically is not comparable in the statistical sense to the other two groups. However in this third group there were less unwanted pregnancies than in the group without the use of spermicidal preparation.", "contents": "[Contraception with the Lippes Loop D with or without contraceptive foam (author's transl)]. Contraception with Lippes Loop D was compared in 1 group of women (N 172) who used a spermicidal preparation with intercourse and a second group (N 190) who used no spermicidal preparation. In the group with a Lippes Loop and a spermicidal preparation, there were 1.2% unplanned pregnancies compared to 6.4% unplanned pregnancies without spermicidal preparation. This combined method approaches the reliability of oral contraception. The third group of women who used a spermicidal preparation erratically is not comparable in the statistical sense to the other two groups. However in this third group there were less unwanted pregnancies than in the group without the use of spermicidal preparation."}
{"id": "PMID:885336", "title": "[The primary isolated ovarian abscess. Clinical and bacteriological observations and a new pathogenetic hypothesis (author's transl)].", "content": "42 of 86 patients with suppurated ovaries had primary isolated ovarian abscesses (PIOA), 44 secondary tubo-ovarian abscesses (STOA). Parts of ectopic endometrium in the abscess wall could be identified by serial sections in 23 PIOA. With Berlin-blue-staining was a special phenomenon in 28 of 42 PIOA demonstrated: a basal layer of hemosiderophages underlying the abscess membrane. Thus in 36 of 42 PIOA the histogenesis out of cystic ovarian endometriosis or other pathologic ovarian hematomas is assured. The PIOA is a typical major complication of ovarian hematomas, especially in cases of ovarian endometriosis caused by vaginal aplasia (gynatresia). Concomitant salpingitis in PIOA is therefore often better explained as secondary descending infection from pelveoperitonitis. Before laparotomy it is extremely difficult to diagnose PIOA on a clinical basis only. More than laboratory data helps this special consideration if an inflammatory adnexal mass could be or not the result of an ascending infection and if an ovarian endometriosis could exist. Besides the abscesses out of cystic ovarian endometriosis PIOA were observed after hysterectomies and complicated appendectomies possible due to the infection of traumatic ovarian hematomas. The only curative therapy for PIOA is surgery--as soon as possible. Antibiotics are poorly helpful. However the inefficacy of antibiotics usually gives the final indication for laparotomy. Knowing the usual etiology of PIOA out of pathologic (endometriotic) ovarian hematomas we have new guidelines in other clinical problems also: Thus every ovarian endometriosis has to be cured--hormonally or surgically; evacuation of endometriotic cysts during pelvic endoscopy is not a sufficient therapy, for the endometrium would be left in the ovary. During operations provocation of traumatic hematomas of the adnexa should be avoided.", "contents": "[The primary isolated ovarian abscess. Clinical and bacteriological observations and a new pathogenetic hypothesis (author's transl)]. 42 of 86 patients with suppurated ovaries had primary isolated ovarian abscesses (PIOA), 44 secondary tubo-ovarian abscesses (STOA). Parts of ectopic endometrium in the abscess wall could be identified by serial sections in 23 PIOA. With Berlin-blue-staining was a special phenomenon in 28 of 42 PIOA demonstrated: a basal layer of hemosiderophages underlying the abscess membrane. Thus in 36 of 42 PIOA the histogenesis out of cystic ovarian endometriosis or other pathologic ovarian hematomas is assured. The PIOA is a typical major complication of ovarian hematomas, especially in cases of ovarian endometriosis caused by vaginal aplasia (gynatresia). Concomitant salpingitis in PIOA is therefore often better explained as secondary descending infection from pelveoperitonitis. Before laparotomy it is extremely difficult to diagnose PIOA on a clinical basis only. More than laboratory data helps this special consideration if an inflammatory adnexal mass could be or not the result of an ascending infection and if an ovarian endometriosis could exist. Besides the abscesses out of cystic ovarian endometriosis PIOA were observed after hysterectomies and complicated appendectomies possible due to the infection of traumatic ovarian hematomas. The only curative therapy for PIOA is surgery--as soon as possible. Antibiotics are poorly helpful. However the inefficacy of antibiotics usually gives the final indication for laparotomy. Knowing the usual etiology of PIOA out of pathologic (endometriotic) ovarian hematomas we have new guidelines in other clinical problems also: Thus every ovarian endometriosis has to be cured--hormonally or surgically; evacuation of endometriotic cysts during pelvic endoscopy is not a sufficient therapy, for the endometrium would be left in the ovary. During operations provocation of traumatic hematomas of the adnexa should be avoided."}
{"id": "PMID:885337", "title": "Traumatic induction of early maturity in tetrahymena.", "content": "Exposure of conjugating pairs of Tetrahymena thermophila to high temperature (37 degrees) during macronuclear development causes an abortion of many macronuclei, but it also often induces an early appearance of sexual maturity in clones completing macronuclear development. Lines become mature after about 15 cell divisions rather than after 50 or more cell divisions in untreated pairs. The phenotype resembles that associated with Em (early maturity) mutants but, because it is not transmitted to the progeny in the next generation, it must be considered a phenocopy. The hypothesis is developed that an early genotype-environment incompatibiltiy, whether associated with an abnormal genotype or an unusual environment, activates a shunt mechanism permitting the organisms to undertake quickly an ordinarily forbidden sexual lottery.", "contents": "Traumatic induction of early maturity in tetrahymena. Exposure of conjugating pairs of Tetrahymena thermophila to high temperature (37 degrees) during macronuclear development causes an abortion of many macronuclei, but it also often induces an early appearance of sexual maturity in clones completing macronuclear development. Lines become mature after about 15 cell divisions rather than after 50 or more cell divisions in untreated pairs. The phenotype resembles that associated with Em (early maturity) mutants but, because it is not transmitted to the progeny in the next generation, it must be considered a phenocopy. The hypothesis is developed that an early genotype-environment incompatibiltiy, whether associated with an abnormal genotype or an unusual environment, activates a shunt mechanism permitting the organisms to undertake quickly an ordinarily forbidden sexual lottery."}
{"id": "PMID:885338", "title": "Genetic analyses of \"paranoiac\" mutants of Paramecium tetraurelia.", "content": "Six mutants of Paramecium tetraurelia with curious \"Paranoiac\" phenotypes have been isolated and examined. Instead of the normal transient avoiding reactions in Na+ solution, these mutants show \"violent avoidances\"--backing continuously for 10 to over 60 sec. This behavior corresponds to prolonged membrane excitation excitation.--Genetic analyses establish five genic loci at which mutations give the \"Paranoiac\" phenotype. Close linkage between two of these genes occurs. Allelic variants are found for two of the genes. In one case, the two alleles determine very different behavioral phenotypes (\"Paranoiac\" and \"fast-2\"). These results show that the mechanism(s) which shuts off excitation in the wild-type membrane is (are) complex, but in the future may be fruitfully pursued in mutants which are defective.", "contents": "Genetic analyses of \"paranoiac\" mutants of Paramecium tetraurelia. Six mutants of Paramecium tetraurelia with curious \"Paranoiac\" phenotypes have been isolated and examined. Instead of the normal transient avoiding reactions in Na+ solution, these mutants show \"violent avoidances\"--backing continuously for 10 to over 60 sec. This behavior corresponds to prolonged membrane excitation excitation.--Genetic analyses establish five genic loci at which mutations give the \"Paranoiac\" phenotype. Close linkage between two of these genes occurs. Allelic variants are found for two of the genes. In one case, the two alleles determine very different behavioral phenotypes (\"Paranoiac\" and \"fast-2\"). These results show that the mechanism(s) which shuts off excitation in the wild-type membrane is (are) complex, but in the future may be fruitfully pursued in mutants which are defective."}
{"id": "PMID:885339", "title": "Sites of the 5S ribosomal genes in Drosophila. I. The multiple clusters in the virilis group.", "content": "Drosophila melanogaster 125I-5S RNA was annealed to salivary gland preparations of 6 species in the virilis group of Drosophila. Two patterns of annealing were found. D. virilis, D. montana and D. borealis showed three 5S gene clusters on chromosome 5; Sd-f and Wc-j were strongly labeled, but Xa-e was weakly labeled. D. montana and D. borealis have a greater percentage of their total 5S cistroms at S d-f than does D. virilis. D. americana americana, D. americana texana and D. novamexicana showed 2 sites labeled; no label was seen at Sd-f while Wc-j was weakly labeled and Xa-e was strongly labeled, the reciprocal of the previous pattern in the W-X region. Hybrids between D. a americana and D. virilis showed no difference in chromosome banding at the sites of the 5S clusters despite their pattern difference. D. a texana X D. virilis, on the other hand, did show a difference in staining the Xa-e region. These patterns fall squarely into the biosystematic groupings deduced by many previous workers.", "contents": "Sites of the 5S ribosomal genes in Drosophila. I. The multiple clusters in the virilis group. Drosophila melanogaster 125I-5S RNA was annealed to salivary gland preparations of 6 species in the virilis group of Drosophila. Two patterns of annealing were found. D. virilis, D. montana and D. borealis showed three 5S gene clusters on chromosome 5; Sd-f and Wc-j were strongly labeled, but Xa-e was weakly labeled. D. montana and D. borealis have a greater percentage of their total 5S cistroms at S d-f than does D. virilis. D. americana americana, D. americana texana and D. novamexicana showed 2 sites labeled; no label was seen at Sd-f while Wc-j was weakly labeled and Xa-e was strongly labeled, the reciprocal of the previous pattern in the W-X region. Hybrids between D. a americana and D. virilis showed no difference in chromosome banding at the sites of the 5S clusters despite their pattern difference. D. a texana X D. virilis, on the other hand, did show a difference in staining the Xa-e region. These patterns fall squarely into the biosystematic groupings deduced by many previous workers."}
{"id": "PMID:885340", "title": "Genetic and developmental analysis of some new color mutants in the goldfish, Carassius auratus.", "content": "The genotypes of three color mutants in goldfish: a depigmentation character of larval melanophores, albinism and a recessive-transparent character, were analyzed by crossing experiments. The depigmentation character in the common goldfish is controlled by two dominant multiple genes, Dp1 and Dp2, and only fish with double recessive alleles dp1dp1 dp2dp2 can retain larval melanophores throughout life. Albinism is also controlled by double autosomal genes, p and c. The genotype of an albino fish is represented by PP CC; the non-albino fish is PP CC. Fish with either a pp CC or pp Cc genotype are albino when scored at the time of melanosome differentiation in the pigment retina, but after the time of skin melanophore diffrentiation, they change to the nonalbino type under the control of the C gene. The recessive-transparent character is controlled by a single autosomal gene, g. The mechanisms of gene expression of these characters were proposed as a result of observation and/or experimental data on the differentiation processes of their phenotypes, and the genotypes of these color mutant goldfish were considered in relation to the \"gene duplication hypothesis in the Cyprinidae.\"", "contents": "Genetic and developmental analysis of some new color mutants in the goldfish, Carassius auratus. The genotypes of three color mutants in goldfish: a depigmentation character of larval melanophores, albinism and a recessive-transparent character, were analyzed by crossing experiments. The depigmentation character in the common goldfish is controlled by two dominant multiple genes, Dp1 and Dp2, and only fish with double recessive alleles dp1dp1 dp2dp2 can retain larval melanophores throughout life. Albinism is also controlled by double autosomal genes, p and c. The genotype of an albino fish is represented by PP CC; the non-albino fish is PP CC. Fish with either a pp CC or pp Cc genotype are albino when scored at the time of melanosome differentiation in the pigment retina, but after the time of skin melanophore diffrentiation, they change to the nonalbino type under the control of the C gene. The recessive-transparent character is controlled by a single autosomal gene, g. The mechanisms of gene expression of these characters were proposed as a result of observation and/or experimental data on the differentiation processes of their phenotypes, and the genotypes of these color mutant goldfish were considered in relation to the \"gene duplication hypothesis in the Cyprinidae.\""}
{"id": "PMID:885341", "title": "Genetic variation in Hawaiian Drosophila. IV. Allozymic similarity between D. silvestris and D. heteroneura from the island of Hawaii.", "content": "The species are endemic to the newest island in the archipelago and are broadly sympatric. They are easily distinguished morphologically in both sexes. Using standard electrophoretic procedures, we have examined 25 loci encoding for structural proteins from 539 silvestris and 325 heteroneura collected at three widely-separated localities where the two species are sympatric. Pairwise comparisons within and between the species show the following coefficients of genetic identity (NEI'S I): within silvestris, 0.961 +/- 0.01; within heteroneura, 0.949 +/- 0.02; between silvestris and heteroneura, 0.939 +/- 0.01. Neither the differences within nor between the species are significant. There are no fixed allelic diffrences either within or between the species. At the three areas of sympatry, the species show gene frequency differences (P less than 0.05) at 9,11 and 13 loci respectively. This is not much different from the variation within either one of the species across the three localities. The two species have similar heterozygosity (H) levels (silvestris, 0.083; heteroneura, 0.089) and percent of polymorphic loci (both 0.37). It is suggested that despite their morphological divergence, these species are much more newly formed than classical sibling species. Significant allozymic differences may not have had time to accumulate.", "contents": "Genetic variation in Hawaiian Drosophila. IV. Allozymic similarity between D. silvestris and D. heteroneura from the island of Hawaii. The species are endemic to the newest island in the archipelago and are broadly sympatric. They are easily distinguished morphologically in both sexes. Using standard electrophoretic procedures, we have examined 25 loci encoding for structural proteins from 539 silvestris and 325 heteroneura collected at three widely-separated localities where the two species are sympatric. Pairwise comparisons within and between the species show the following coefficients of genetic identity (NEI'S I): within silvestris, 0.961 +/- 0.01; within heteroneura, 0.949 +/- 0.02; between silvestris and heteroneura, 0.939 +/- 0.01. Neither the differences within nor between the species are significant. There are no fixed allelic diffrences either within or between the species. At the three areas of sympatry, the species show gene frequency differences (P less than 0.05) at 9,11 and 13 loci respectively. This is not much different from the variation within either one of the species across the three localities. The two species have similar heterozygosity (H) levels (silvestris, 0.083; heteroneura, 0.089) and percent of polymorphic loci (both 0.37). It is suggested that despite their morphological divergence, these species are much more newly formed than classical sibling species. Significant allozymic differences may not have had time to accumulate."}
{"id": "PMID:885342", "title": "The effects of overdominance of linkage in a multilocus system.", "content": "Computer simulations were performed with overdominant muliple alleles among tightly linked multiple loci under a multiplicative fitness model. The quantity chi2/N (n--1) was introduced as a new measure of linkage disequilibrium which, unlike previously available measures, can be applied to multiple allele models, where N is the sample size, and n is the number of alleles at the locus possessing fewest alleles. Simulations showed that (1) With multiple (three or four) alleles, the approach to stable disequilibrium is slower and the amount of disequilibrium established is weaker than in a two allele system. (2) The number of complementary chromosomes is a function of number of alleles and of population size. (3) As population size increases, the rate of the approach to stable disequilibrium is slower. (4) There is an optimum selection coefficient which minimizes the transient fixation probability of alleles when linkage is present. (5) The absence of linkage disequilibrium is in most cases not a practical method of testing the hypothesis of balancing selection of genetic polymorphisms because it depends strongly on population size in determining linkage disequilibria.", "contents": "The effects of overdominance of linkage in a multilocus system. Computer simulations were performed with overdominant muliple alleles among tightly linked multiple loci under a multiplicative fitness model. The quantity chi2/N (n--1) was introduced as a new measure of linkage disequilibrium which, unlike previously available measures, can be applied to multiple allele models, where N is the sample size, and n is the number of alleles at the locus possessing fewest alleles. Simulations showed that (1) With multiple (three or four) alleles, the approach to stable disequilibrium is slower and the amount of disequilibrium established is weaker than in a two allele system. (2) The number of complementary chromosomes is a function of number of alleles and of population size. (3) As population size increases, the rate of the approach to stable disequilibrium is slower. (4) There is an optimum selection coefficient which minimizes the transient fixation probability of alleles when linkage is present. (5) The absence of linkage disequilibrium is in most cases not a practical method of testing the hypothesis of balancing selection of genetic polymorphisms because it depends strongly on population size in determining linkage disequilibria."}
{"id": "PMID:885343", "title": "Multiple interactions of a DNA-binding protein in vivo. III. Phage T4 gene-32 mutations differentially affect insertion-type recombination and membrane properties.", "content": "We have investigated in in vivo roles of T4 gene-32 protein in recombination. We have studied the effects of gene-32 mutations under conditions that allow normal DNA replication and are permissive for progeny production. Under these conditions, certain gene-32 mutations specifically reduce insertion-type (short-interval) recombination but none affect crossover-type (long-interval) recombination (see Figure 5). Heterozygote frequencies in all gene-32 mutants are similar to or higher than in a gene-32+ background and are not correlated with recombination deficiencies. \"Recombination-deficient\" alleles are dominant or codominant over the \"recombination-proficient\" gene 32 mutation tsL171. This explains apparent discrepancies between a gene-32 map deduced from two-factor crosses and the map derived from three-factor crosses. We have also found that the \"recombination proficient\" mutation tsL171 and it homdoalleles suppress the characteristic plaque morphology of rII mutants. Under restrictive conditions, tsL171 is partially suppressed by rII mutations, which allow the use of host ligase in recombination. Our present and previous results are discussed in terms of current recombination models. We conclude that gene-32 protein functions in recombination by forming a complex with DNA, with recombination enzymes and with membrane components. Since gene-32 protein interacts with many components of this recombination complex, gene-32 mutations may differentially affect various recombination steps.", "contents": "Multiple interactions of a DNA-binding protein in vivo. III. Phage T4 gene-32 mutations differentially affect insertion-type recombination and membrane properties. We have investigated in in vivo roles of T4 gene-32 protein in recombination. We have studied the effects of gene-32 mutations under conditions that allow normal DNA replication and are permissive for progeny production. Under these conditions, certain gene-32 mutations specifically reduce insertion-type (short-interval) recombination but none affect crossover-type (long-interval) recombination (see Figure 5). Heterozygote frequencies in all gene-32 mutants are similar to or higher than in a gene-32+ background and are not correlated with recombination deficiencies. \"Recombination-deficient\" alleles are dominant or codominant over the \"recombination-proficient\" gene 32 mutation tsL171. This explains apparent discrepancies between a gene-32 map deduced from two-factor crosses and the map derived from three-factor crosses. We have also found that the \"recombination proficient\" mutation tsL171 and it homdoalleles suppress the characteristic plaque morphology of rII mutants. Under restrictive conditions, tsL171 is partially suppressed by rII mutations, which allow the use of host ligase in recombination. Our present and previous results are discussed in terms of current recombination models. We conclude that gene-32 protein functions in recombination by forming a complex with DNA, with recombination enzymes and with membrane components. Since gene-32 protein interacts with many components of this recombination complex, gene-32 mutations may differentially affect various recombination steps."}
{"id": "PMID:885344", "title": "Differentiating causes of headache.", "content": "Headache may be the presenting symptom of many diseases in the elderly. Some headaches are caused by significant intracranial disease, and the patient's age and general cardiologic and respiratory status may not allow investigation or neurosurgical management. Conditions that demand urgent neurosurgical attention are subarachnoid hemorrhage, pituitary apoplexy, subdural hematoma, and meningioma. Cranial arteritis, too, should be remembered as a possible medical cause of headache in the elderly.", "contents": "Differentiating causes of headache. Headache may be the presenting symptom of many diseases in the elderly. Some headaches are caused by significant intracranial disease, and the patient's age and general cardiologic and respiratory status may not allow investigation or neurosurgical management. Conditions that demand urgent neurosurgical attention are subarachnoid hemorrhage, pituitary apoplexy, subdural hematoma, and meningioma. Cranial arteritis, too, should be remembered as a possible medical cause of headache in the elderly."}
{"id": "PMID:885378", "title": "Factor VIII deficient plasma for laboratory tests prepared from normal plasma and a human antibody.", "content": "Plasma from a patient factor VIII inhibitor was mixed at several low concentrations with fresh normal plasma. The factor VIII deficient plasmas obtained after a short incubation period were used as substrate plasmas in the normal one-stage factor VIII assay method. Results obtained using 0.5-1% of the inhibitor plasma in normal plasma compared favourably with those obtained using normal haemophilia A factor VIII deficient plasma provided that tests were carried out without delay. A single plasma exchange of this patient provided enough antibody to prepare more than 500 litres of factor VIII deficient plasma by simple mixing with fresh normal plasma.", "contents": "Factor VIII deficient plasma for laboratory tests prepared from normal plasma and a human antibody. Plasma from a patient factor VIII inhibitor was mixed at several low concentrations with fresh normal plasma. The factor VIII deficient plasmas obtained after a short incubation period were used as substrate plasmas in the normal one-stage factor VIII assay method. Results obtained using 0.5-1% of the inhibitor plasma in normal plasma compared favourably with those obtained using normal haemophilia A factor VIII deficient plasma provided that tests were carried out without delay. A single plasma exchange of this patient provided enough antibody to prepare more than 500 litres of factor VIII deficient plasma by simple mixing with fresh normal plasma."}
{"id": "PMID:885379", "title": "The effect of heparin on the interaction of factor VIII and human platelets in vitro.", "content": "Heparin was found to inhibit the interaction between human factor VIII and platelets. This was noted in two different systems, namely, platelet aggregation induced by neuraminidase-treated human cryoprecipitate and platelet aggregation induced by ristocetin-human factor VIII complex. Heparin appeared to have an inhibitory effect on the above systems similar to that reported on bovine factor VIII-induced platelet aggregation.", "contents": "The effect of heparin on the interaction of factor VIII and human platelets in vitro. Heparin was found to inhibit the interaction between human factor VIII and platelets. This was noted in two different systems, namely, platelet aggregation induced by neuraminidase-treated human cryoprecipitate and platelet aggregation induced by ristocetin-human factor VIII complex. Heparin appeared to have an inhibitory effect on the above systems similar to that reported on bovine factor VIII-induced platelet aggregation."}
{"id": "PMID:885380", "title": "Human blood platelet elastase and proelastase. Activation of proelastase and release of elastase after ahesion of platelets to collagen.", "content": "After an in vitro incubation of platelets with fibrillar collagen, their elastase activity is markedly and rapidly increased while proelastase decrease: proelastase is activated in situ into elastase which is released in its active form from the platelet. The activation of proelastase is likely due to the action of a trypsin-like enzyme present in the platelet. This protease has the same type of localization as proelastase and elastase: their highest activity is associated with light granules but part of these enzymes (or precursor) is also associated with the membranes. The mechanism of the arterial elastolysis induced by the platelets probably involves their adhesion to intimal thrombogenic surfaces (collagen) followed by a reaction during which proelastase would become available to the trypsin-like enzyme and would be activated into elastase directly released in the vessel wall.", "contents": "Human blood platelet elastase and proelastase. Activation of proelastase and release of elastase after ahesion of platelets to collagen. After an in vitro incubation of platelets with fibrillar collagen, their elastase activity is markedly and rapidly increased while proelastase decrease: proelastase is activated in situ into elastase which is released in its active form from the platelet. The activation of proelastase is likely due to the action of a trypsin-like enzyme present in the platelet. This protease has the same type of localization as proelastase and elastase: their highest activity is associated with light granules but part of these enzymes (or precursor) is also associated with the membranes. The mechanism of the arterial elastolysis induced by the platelets probably involves their adhesion to intimal thrombogenic surfaces (collagen) followed by a reaction during which proelastase would become available to the trypsin-like enzyme and would be activated into elastase directly released in the vessel wall."}
{"id": "PMID:885381", "title": "Plasma and platelet phospholipids in normal subjects and in patients with chronic arterial obliterations.", "content": "Normally a substantially higher percentage of phosphoethanolamine is found in thrombocytes (24%) than in plasma (2.7%). The thrombocytes of patients with chronic arterial occlusions contain significantly less phosphoethanolamine (16.1%) than thrombocytes of normal subjects (24.0%; p less than 0.01). On the contrary, the plasma phosphoethanolamine levels of these patients are significantly elevated (4.8%) in comparison to normal subjects (2.7; p less than 0.05), possibly as the result of some 'leakage' of phosphoethanolamine from platelets. An anti-aggregating treatment did not change the phospholipid pattern of the plasma and of the thrombocytes.", "contents": "Plasma and platelet phospholipids in normal subjects and in patients with chronic arterial obliterations. Normally a substantially higher percentage of phosphoethanolamine is found in thrombocytes (24%) than in plasma (2.7%). The thrombocytes of patients with chronic arterial occlusions contain significantly less phosphoethanolamine (16.1%) than thrombocytes of normal subjects (24.0%; p less than 0.01). On the contrary, the plasma phosphoethanolamine levels of these patients are significantly elevated (4.8%) in comparison to normal subjects (2.7; p less than 0.05), possibly as the result of some 'leakage' of phosphoethanolamine from platelets. An anti-aggregating treatment did not change the phospholipid pattern of the plasma and of the thrombocytes."}
{"id": "PMID:885416", "title": "The role of histones in the restriction of chromatin activity in successive stages of development of the antheridial filaments of Chara vulgaris L.", "content": "The binding of 3H actinomycin D(3H AMD) was studied autoradiographically and the extinction following Feulgen's reaction at short (5 minutes) hydrolysis in 1N HCl was investigated cytophotometrically in 4 successive (4-, 8-, 16-, and 32-cell) generations of synchronously dividing antheridial filaments of Chara vulgaris L. Four stages of interphase, i.e. early and late S and early and late G2 were taken into consideration in each generation. The intensity of 3H AMD binding, except for early S, declines gradually in successive generations, i.e. in the developmental stages of antheridial filaments. Each generation reveals the highest radioactivity in the cells of early G2. Removal of lysine-rich histones in late G2 is the more effective for enhancing 3H AMD binding the more advanced is the stage of development of antheridial filaments. In early phase S extraction of arginine- or lysine-rich histones stimulates the binding of 3H AMD in the same degree. When all histones are removed, differences in the intensity of 3H AMD binding between particular generations of antheridial filaments disappear altogether. After a 5 minutes hydrolysis Feulgen's reaction reveales mainly loose chromatin, whereas after 16 minutes compact chromatin predominates. Removal of lysin-rich histones brings about an increased extinction after a 5 minutes hydrolysis in all phases of the cell cycle and in all developmental stages of antheridial filaments. After 5 minutes of hydrolysis, the extinction value per nuclear area in all experimental series, despite identical DNA content, undergoes a gradual reduction with the diminishing nuclear volume in the successive generations of antheridial filaments. This reduction is correlated with a decreased intensity of 3H AMD binding. The obtained data indicate that a decline in chromatin cativity in successive developmental stages of antheridial filaments of Chara vulgaris L. is caused by the progressing condensation of chromatin for which lysin-rich histones are responsible.", "contents": "The role of histones in the restriction of chromatin activity in successive stages of development of the antheridial filaments of Chara vulgaris L. The binding of 3H actinomycin D(3H AMD) was studied autoradiographically and the extinction following Feulgen's reaction at short (5 minutes) hydrolysis in 1N HCl was investigated cytophotometrically in 4 successive (4-, 8-, 16-, and 32-cell) generations of synchronously dividing antheridial filaments of Chara vulgaris L. Four stages of interphase, i.e. early and late S and early and late G2 were taken into consideration in each generation. The intensity of 3H AMD binding, except for early S, declines gradually in successive generations, i.e. in the developmental stages of antheridial filaments. Each generation reveals the highest radioactivity in the cells of early G2. Removal of lysine-rich histones in late G2 is the more effective for enhancing 3H AMD binding the more advanced is the stage of development of antheridial filaments. In early phase S extraction of arginine- or lysine-rich histones stimulates the binding of 3H AMD in the same degree. When all histones are removed, differences in the intensity of 3H AMD binding between particular generations of antheridial filaments disappear altogether. After a 5 minutes hydrolysis Feulgen's reaction reveales mainly loose chromatin, whereas after 16 minutes compact chromatin predominates. Removal of lysin-rich histones brings about an increased extinction after a 5 minutes hydrolysis in all phases of the cell cycle and in all developmental stages of antheridial filaments. After 5 minutes of hydrolysis, the extinction value per nuclear area in all experimental series, despite identical DNA content, undergoes a gradual reduction with the diminishing nuclear volume in the successive generations of antheridial filaments. This reduction is correlated with a decreased intensity of 3H AMD binding. The obtained data indicate that a decline in chromatin cativity in successive developmental stages of antheridial filaments of Chara vulgaris L. is caused by the progressing condensation of chromatin for which lysin-rich histones are responsible."}
{"id": "PMID:885419", "title": "The effect of 5,5-diethylbarbituric acid on the biosynthesis of anthracyclines in Streptomyces galilaeus.", "content": "5,5-Diethylbarbituric acid (barbital) stimulates the production of anthracycline antibiotics called galirubins in Streptomyces galilaeus in dependence on the strain, concentration and cultivation conditions. The stimulation is more pronounced (up to 300%) in the low-producing strain than in the production mutant. Under conditions of limited aeration the effect of barbital is increased in both strains. In the production strain barbital narrows the spectrum of metabolites produced. Higher barbital concentrations inhibit growth of the mycelium of both strains and decrease the formation of free anthracyclinones.", "contents": "The effect of 5,5-diethylbarbituric acid on the biosynthesis of anthracyclines in Streptomyces galilaeus. 5,5-Diethylbarbituric acid (barbital) stimulates the production of anthracycline antibiotics called galirubins in Streptomyces galilaeus in dependence on the strain, concentration and cultivation conditions. The stimulation is more pronounced (up to 300%) in the low-producing strain than in the production mutant. Under conditions of limited aeration the effect of barbital is increased in both strains. In the production strain barbital narrows the spectrum of metabolites produced. Higher barbital concentrations inhibit growth of the mycelium of both strains and decrease the formation of free anthracyclinones."}
{"id": "PMID:885420", "title": "Dependence of cell yield and specific growth rate of Candida boidinii on temperature during continuous cultivation.", "content": "Investigation of the dependence of cell yield of Candida boidinii in a chemostat and specific growth rate in a turbidostat on temperature was carried out using methanol as substrate. Each of the curves obtained had only one maximum, the optimum temperature for yield (Ys) and for specific growth rate (micron) being somewhat different. With deviation of temperature from the corresponding optimum the micron value decreases more sharply than that of Ys. The shape of two-factor dependences Ys(micron, T) and micron(S, T) is analyzed on the basis of these data and the known dependences of Ys on micron and micron on the limiting substrate concentration S. It is shown that the decelerating action of methanol on the growth rate increases at elevated and lower temperatures.", "contents": "Dependence of cell yield and specific growth rate of Candida boidinii on temperature during continuous cultivation. Investigation of the dependence of cell yield of Candida boidinii in a chemostat and specific growth rate in a turbidostat on temperature was carried out using methanol as substrate. Each of the curves obtained had only one maximum, the optimum temperature for yield (Ys) and for specific growth rate (micron) being somewhat different. With deviation of temperature from the corresponding optimum the micron value decreases more sharply than that of Ys. The shape of two-factor dependences Ys(micron, T) and micron(S, T) is analyzed on the basis of these data and the known dependences of Ys on micron and micron on the limiting substrate concentration S. It is shown that the decelerating action of methanol on the growth rate increases at elevated and lower temperatures."}
{"id": "PMID:885448", "title": "[Central hemodynamics and left ventricle contractility in experimental septicemia].", "content": "A well-defined septicaemia in dogs was induced using different initiating causes, such as abscess of thigh and peritonitis. The determination of the septicaemia was based upon both quantitative (number of bacteria) and qualitative criteria (staphylococcus aureus, pseudomonas aeruginosa). The hemodynamic changes lead to the classification of three time intervals, which occur constantly. There are correlations between the general infection and the reaction of blood circulation. There is no evidence of specific types of shock corresponding to the type of bacteria. Correlations exist between the moment when endotoxin is present and the occurrence of low-cardiac-output shock-syndrome. A disturbance of myocardial contractility develops in all types of shock in septicaemia. The decrease of contractility correlates in time with the first duration of the presence of the endotoxin. Several causes of the negative inotropic effects are discussed. Some of these are possible cardiotoxic effects of endotoxin shock mediators, lactate acidosis, and the decrease of coronary perfusion pressure.", "contents": "[Central hemodynamics and left ventricle contractility in experimental septicemia]. A well-defined septicaemia in dogs was induced using different initiating causes, such as abscess of thigh and peritonitis. The determination of the septicaemia was based upon both quantitative (number of bacteria) and qualitative criteria (staphylococcus aureus, pseudomonas aeruginosa). The hemodynamic changes lead to the classification of three time intervals, which occur constantly. There are correlations between the general infection and the reaction of blood circulation. There is no evidence of specific types of shock corresponding to the type of bacteria. Correlations exist between the moment when endotoxin is present and the occurrence of low-cardiac-output shock-syndrome. A disturbance of myocardial contractility develops in all types of shock in septicaemia. The decrease of contractility correlates in time with the first duration of the presence of the endotoxin. Several causes of the negative inotropic effects are discussed. Some of these are possible cardiotoxic effects of endotoxin shock mediators, lactate acidosis, and the decrease of coronary perfusion pressure."}
{"id": "PMID:885449", "title": "[Extracorporeal liver perfusion in the treatment of liver failure].", "content": "An evaluation of therapeutic approaches in acute liver failure needs essentially experimental studies. Devascularization of the liver seems to be the superior form of liver damage induced by a variety of toxins. A perfusion circuit for extracorporeal pig liver perfusion was investigated. Oxygen utilization of the livers under experimental conditions proved to be the fastest and most reliable test of organ viability. In therapeutic use in devascularized pigs the survival time could be prolonged. Biochemical parameters were normalized or improved during a 2 hour perfusion. The method was of value in a 59 year old patient perfused for 9 1/2 hours with an isolated baboon liver. Controlled trials, however, seem to be necessary to evaluate each therapeutic method in acute liver failure in man.", "contents": "[Extracorporeal liver perfusion in the treatment of liver failure]. An evaluation of therapeutic approaches in acute liver failure needs essentially experimental studies. Devascularization of the liver seems to be the superior form of liver damage induced by a variety of toxins. A perfusion circuit for extracorporeal pig liver perfusion was investigated. Oxygen utilization of the livers under experimental conditions proved to be the fastest and most reliable test of organ viability. In therapeutic use in devascularized pigs the survival time could be prolonged. Biochemical parameters were normalized or improved during a 2 hour perfusion. The method was of value in a 59 year old patient perfused for 9 1/2 hours with an isolated baboon liver. Controlled trials, however, seem to be necessary to evaluate each therapeutic method in acute liver failure in man."}
{"id": "PMID:885450", "title": "[Internal complications following jejunoileostomy in the treatment of extreme obesity].", "content": "More than 250 patients with extreme obesity were treated at the Chir. Univ.-Klinik Erlangen by 30 + 20 cm jejunoileostomy. The patients lose overweight and reach nearly normal weight after 9-12 months. Carbohydrate intolerance and hypertriglyceridema disappear. Ensuing malabsorption and also the surgical procedure are responsible for complications like wound infection or intussuception. The resulting chronic vomitting causes hypoproteinemia, hypokaliemia and liver dysfunction. Continuous therapeutical substitution is necessary, especially of potassium, to avoid deficiency. The diarrhea is treated by drug administration, i.e Reasec. The long time results are not yet sufficiently known. Calcium deficiency may occur many years later. The rate of cholelithiasis and nephrolithiasis ranges from 2 to 10%. The over-all lethality over 5 years is 2,8% as seen in the patients of our clinic during the past 6 years.", "contents": "[Internal complications following jejunoileostomy in the treatment of extreme obesity]. More than 250 patients with extreme obesity were treated at the Chir. Univ.-Klinik Erlangen by 30 + 20 cm jejunoileostomy. The patients lose overweight and reach nearly normal weight after 9-12 months. Carbohydrate intolerance and hypertriglyceridema disappear. Ensuing malabsorption and also the surgical procedure are responsible for complications like wound infection or intussuception. The resulting chronic vomitting causes hypoproteinemia, hypokaliemia and liver dysfunction. Continuous therapeutical substitution is necessary, especially of potassium, to avoid deficiency. The diarrhea is treated by drug administration, i.e Reasec. The long time results are not yet sufficiently known. Calcium deficiency may occur many years later. The rate of cholelithiasis and nephrolithiasis ranges from 2 to 10%. The over-all lethality over 5 years is 2,8% as seen in the patients of our clinic during the past 6 years."}
{"id": "PMID:885445", "title": "Practical and experimental studies on the use of prostaglandins F2alpha in pigs.", "content": "The possible practical uses of F2alpha prostaglandins (two different experimental preparations) in pigs are discussed. It was shown that the intramuscular injection of 1-2 mg PGF2alpha (in the region behind the ear) could result in oestrus, ovulation and subsequent conception in a considerable number (78.3%) of virgin pigs with persistent clinical anoestrus (15-16 months old), the start of normal oestrous cycles in pigs 10-11 months old and also the early appearance of oestrous symptoms in pigs of prepuberal age (6-7 months). As the PGF2alpha treatment did not have any adverse effects on the composition and the normal growth of the piglets (except for a smaller litter size in the prepuberal gilts, probably due to age of the animals), while transitory side-effects only occurred exceptionally after treatment (slight excitement), the use of PGF2alpha is suggested for production of functional recovery in virgin gilts with apparent persistent clinical anoestrus, for the synchronization of oestrus in primiparous gilts on farms with no apparent reproductive disorders, and for the concentration of births also in pluriparous pigs past the 12th day of the normal oestrous cycle before injection, and for the induction of precocious oestrus and subsequent early conception in gilts of prepuberal age.", "contents": "Practical and experimental studies on the use of prostaglandins F2alpha in pigs. The possible practical uses of F2alpha prostaglandins (two different experimental preparations) in pigs are discussed. It was shown that the intramuscular injection of 1-2 mg PGF2alpha (in the region behind the ear) could result in oestrus, ovulation and subsequent conception in a considerable number (78.3%) of virgin pigs with persistent clinical anoestrus (15-16 months old), the start of normal oestrous cycles in pigs 10-11 months old and also the early appearance of oestrous symptoms in pigs of prepuberal age (6-7 months). As the PGF2alpha treatment did not have any adverse effects on the composition and the normal growth of the piglets (except for a smaller litter size in the prepuberal gilts, probably due to age of the animals), while transitory side-effects only occurred exceptionally after treatment (slight excitement), the use of PGF2alpha is suggested for production of functional recovery in virgin gilts with apparent persistent clinical anoestrus, for the synchronization of oestrus in primiparous gilts on farms with no apparent reproductive disorders, and for the concentration of births also in pluriparous pigs past the 12th day of the normal oestrous cycle before injection, and for the induction of precocious oestrus and subsequent early conception in gilts of prepuberal age."}
{"id": "PMID:885444", "title": "Observation on chemotherapy in cows chronically infected with Coxiella burnetii (Q fever).", "content": "Pregnant dairy cows chronically infected with Coxiella burnetii were treated orally with 8 mg of chlortetracycline per kilo of body weight each day for 30 days during their dry period. With the exception of a sample of mammary fluid collected at 28 days, rickettsiae were not recovered from the mammary fluids after the second week of treatment. In addition, the organism was not recovered by mouse inoculation from placental tissues, colostrum or calf tissues that were examined after parturition. Results of oral chemotherapy studies in cows and guinea-pigs suggest that in some cases chlortetracycline may suppress rather than eradicate the Q fever agent.", "contents": "Observation on chemotherapy in cows chronically infected with Coxiella burnetii (Q fever). Pregnant dairy cows chronically infected with Coxiella burnetii were treated orally with 8 mg of chlortetracycline per kilo of body weight each day for 30 days during their dry period. With the exception of a sample of mammary fluid collected at 28 days, rickettsiae were not recovered from the mammary fluids after the second week of treatment. In addition, the organism was not recovered by mouse inoculation from placental tissues, colostrum or calf tissues that were examined after parturition. Results of oral chemotherapy studies in cows and guinea-pigs suggest that in some cases chlortetracycline may suppress rather than eradicate the Q fever agent."}
{"id": "PMID:885451", "title": "[Indications for percutaneous fracture fixation in bone surgery].", "content": "Because of its technical improvement percutaneous pinfixation of bones is now a successful procedure of osteosynthesis. The indications of this method are: Open fractures of second and third degree, emergency treatment of polytraumatized persons with debris fractures, fractures in combination with vascular injuries or burns, elongating osteotomy, pseudarthrosis, osteomyelitis and arthrodesis. External pin-fixation offers the following advantages: High range of stability with the possibility of early exercises. In case of resorption of the bone fragments it is possible, to correct the axial compression. No lesion of the fragments periosteum or endosteum. The operative damage to cortical vascular supply is minimized. The danger of bone infection is reduced. Subsequent correction of the bone axis can be performed. Altogether the pin-fixation is a safe and satisfactory method of osteosynthesis without physical strain for the patient.", "contents": "[Indications for percutaneous fracture fixation in bone surgery]. Because of its technical improvement percutaneous pinfixation of bones is now a successful procedure of osteosynthesis. The indications of this method are: Open fractures of second and third degree, emergency treatment of polytraumatized persons with debris fractures, fractures in combination with vascular injuries or burns, elongating osteotomy, pseudarthrosis, osteomyelitis and arthrodesis. External pin-fixation offers the following advantages: High range of stability with the possibility of early exercises. In case of resorption of the bone fragments it is possible, to correct the axial compression. No lesion of the fragments periosteum or endosteum. The operative damage to cortical vascular supply is minimized. The danger of bone infection is reduced. Subsequent correction of the bone axis can be performed. Altogether the pin-fixation is a safe and satisfactory method of osteosynthesis without physical strain for the patient."}
{"id": "PMID:885457", "title": "[Caries prophylaxis].", "content": "The extent of dental caries incidence has reached such proportions that it may no longer be kept under control by restorative methods alone. Parodontopathy is besides tooth caried the most wide spread ailment. Bacterial plaque can be considered as main cause and key-factor for caries incidence and parodontopathy. All other causes are co-factors. It follows that decrease of dental plaque must be the most urgent goal in prophylactic dentistry. The combination of all caries and parodontal prophylactic remedies and methods determines as a complex the fate of hard and soft tissues exposed to bacterial plaque.", "contents": "[Caries prophylaxis]. The extent of dental caries incidence has reached such proportions that it may no longer be kept under control by restorative methods alone. Parodontopathy is besides tooth caried the most wide spread ailment. Bacterial plaque can be considered as main cause and key-factor for caries incidence and parodontopathy. All other causes are co-factors. It follows that decrease of dental plaque must be the most urgent goal in prophylactic dentistry. The combination of all caries and parodontal prophylactic remedies and methods determines as a complex the fate of hard and soft tissues exposed to bacterial plaque."}
{"id": "PMID:885462", "title": "[The effect of nutrition on aging].", "content": "It is possible to prevent some degenerative processes of old age. Special prescriptions should respect: 1. A reasonable diet in order to slow up ageing should be started before the age of 60 years; 2. diet for common metabolic diseases of old age:obesity, diabetes, hypertension; 3. diets adapted to gastric achlorhydria and to digestive diseases frequent in old age; 4. knowledge about the relationship between diet and cancer.", "contents": "[The effect of nutrition on aging]. It is possible to prevent some degenerative processes of old age. Special prescriptions should respect: 1. A reasonable diet in order to slow up ageing should be started before the age of 60 years; 2. diet for common metabolic diseases of old age:obesity, diabetes, hypertension; 3. diets adapted to gastric achlorhydria and to digestive diseases frequent in old age; 4. knowledge about the relationship between diet and cancer."}
{"id": "PMID:885464", "title": "[The effect of low dose gestagens on the hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian axis].", "content": "The contraceptive effect of continuous treatment with low dose progestogens (minipill) has been attributed mainly to alterations of the cervical mucus and the endometrium. This study was undertaken to investigate the effect of low dose progestogens on hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian function. Plasma concentrations of follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), luteininzing hormone (LH), estradiol-17 beta (E-2) and Progesterone were measured daily during apparently ovulatory menstrual cycles and during treatment cycles with different low dose progestogens. From the results obtained it was concluded that the minipill has a clear-cut effect on the LH/FSH peak at midcycle and on corpus luteum function. A cyclic secretion of E-2 is maintained in the majority of cases. In a few treatment cycles however, follicular maturation was suppressed as indicated by low E-2 concentrations. It was concluded that the minipill exerts a profound effect at the central and ovarian level which contributes to its satisfactory contraceptive efficacy.", "contents": "[The effect of low dose gestagens on the hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian axis]. The contraceptive effect of continuous treatment with low dose progestogens (minipill) has been attributed mainly to alterations of the cervical mucus and the endometrium. This study was undertaken to investigate the effect of low dose progestogens on hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian function. Plasma concentrations of follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), luteininzing hormone (LH), estradiol-17 beta (E-2) and Progesterone were measured daily during apparently ovulatory menstrual cycles and during treatment cycles with different low dose progestogens. From the results obtained it was concluded that the minipill has a clear-cut effect on the LH/FSH peak at midcycle and on corpus luteum function. A cyclic secretion of E-2 is maintained in the majority of cases. In a few treatment cycles however, follicular maturation was suppressed as indicated by low E-2 concentrations. It was concluded that the minipill exerts a profound effect at the central and ovarian level which contributes to its satisfactory contraceptive efficacy."}
{"id": "PMID:885465", "title": "[The effect of fludilat on carbohydrate metabolism].", "content": "Fludilat (bencyclane-hydrogen-fumarate) increases the O2 consumption and CO2 production of a 10% bovine lens homogenate. An increase of the glucose substrate supply of the homogenate from 25 mM to 37 mM enlarges the above mentioned effects. Investigations on the content of ATP, ADP and AMP show that bencyclane is able to stabilize the physiologic distribution pattern of the three free adenine nucleotides. Changes of the distribution pattern pointing to disturbances of the energy metabolism could in part be normalized by incubation  with the addition of bencyclane. This is not only true for lens homogenates but also for whole bovine lenses. Investigations with the enzymes fumarase and malatedehydrogenase indicate that the fumaric acid rest of bencyclane may serve as a substrate for these enzymes in the same way as fumarate. The Km-values found are identical.", "contents": "[The effect of fludilat on carbohydrate metabolism]. Fludilat (bencyclane-hydrogen-fumarate) increases the O2 consumption and CO2 production of a 10% bovine lens homogenate. An increase of the glucose substrate supply of the homogenate from 25 mM to 37 mM enlarges the above mentioned effects. Investigations on the content of ATP, ADP and AMP show that bencyclane is able to stabilize the physiologic distribution pattern of the three free adenine nucleotides. Changes of the distribution pattern pointing to disturbances of the energy metabolism could in part be normalized by incubation  with the addition of bencyclane. This is not only true for lens homogenates but also for whole bovine lenses. Investigations with the enzymes fumarase and malatedehydrogenase indicate that the fumaric acid rest of bencyclane may serve as a substrate for these enzymes in the same way as fumarate. The Km-values found are identical."}
{"id": "PMID:885466", "title": "Tolbutamide-induced insulin release in pregnant diabetics.", "content": "A study was undertaken to determine whether the abnormal insulin release pattern in insulin-independent pregnant diabetics (IID) was due to a lack of stored insulin and whether their clinical response to treatment with tolbutamide was correlated with enhanced plasma insulin values. Ten pregnant diabetics in the third trimester of pregnancy were subjected to both an oral glucose tolerance test and an intravenous tolbutamide tolerance test. The results indicated that an enhanced early release of insulin could be evoked by intravenous tolbutamide. The biochemical inertia of the beta cell noted in pregnant IID is therefore more likely to be associated with a relative insensitivity of the beta cell to glucose or to a defect in the enteroinsular axis. Although the individual hypoglycaemic effect of intravenous insulin was similar, the plasma insulin response varied greatly. The clinical improvement in tolbutamide-treated diabetics cannot be explained solely on the basis of enhanced insulin release.", "contents": "Tolbutamide-induced insulin release in pregnant diabetics. A study was undertaken to determine whether the abnormal insulin release pattern in insulin-independent pregnant diabetics (IID) was due to a lack of stored insulin and whether their clinical response to treatment with tolbutamide was correlated with enhanced plasma insulin values. Ten pregnant diabetics in the third trimester of pregnancy were subjected to both an oral glucose tolerance test and an intravenous tolbutamide tolerance test. The results indicated that an enhanced early release of insulin could be evoked by intravenous tolbutamide. The biochemical inertia of the beta cell noted in pregnant IID is therefore more likely to be associated with a relative insensitivity of the beta cell to glucose or to a defect in the enteroinsular axis. Although the individual hypoglycaemic effect of intravenous insulin was similar, the plasma insulin response varied greatly. The clinical improvement in tolbutamide-treated diabetics cannot be explained solely on the basis of enhanced insulin release."}
{"id": "PMID:885467", "title": "Influence of indomethacin on glucose-induced insulin response in normal man--role of prostaglandins in the rapid insulin release?", "content": "The possibility of a role of endogenous prostaglandins in glucose-induced insulin release was investigated in normal human subjects with short-term indomethacin treatment. This treatment was found profoundly to inhibit the early insulin response to a 1 h glucose infusion test. In contrast, the later insulin response was enhanced, probably mainly as a result of the higher degree of hyperglycemia induced in experiments with the drug. Together with in vitro data on the relationship between prostaglandins and cyclic AMP in the pancreatic islets, the present finding is considered to point at the possibility of an involvement of prostaglandins in the normal regulation of the rapid glucose-induced insulin release.", "contents": "Influence of indomethacin on glucose-induced insulin response in normal man--role of prostaglandins in the rapid insulin release? The possibility of a role of endogenous prostaglandins in glucose-induced insulin release was investigated in normal human subjects with short-term indomethacin treatment. This treatment was found profoundly to inhibit the early insulin response to a 1 h glucose infusion test. In contrast, the later insulin response was enhanced, probably mainly as a result of the higher degree of hyperglycemia induced in experiments with the drug. Together with in vitro data on the relationship between prostaglandins and cyclic AMP in the pancreatic islets, the present finding is considered to point at the possibility of an involvement of prostaglandins in the normal regulation of the rapid glucose-induced insulin release."}
{"id": "PMID:885468", "title": "Insulin release in response to vagal stimulation in anaesthetized cats.", "content": "Peripheral and portal plasma insulin concentrations were determined in eviscerated cats before, during and after vagal stimulation. Basal peripheral insulin levels averaged 2.4 ng/ml and portal levels 18 ng/ml. The portal blood flow was recorded continuously, thus enabling the insulin output/min to be calculated. In addition, the total insulin content of the pancreas was determined, which permitted quantitative comparisons of insulin release and pancreatic insulin content to be made. About 2% of the insulin store was released during one hour under basal conditions. Unilateral vagal stimulation with frequencies ranging between 1 and 20 Hz induced an almost immediate release of insulin into the portal vein. Following stimulation with frequencies of 3-4 Hz, the release mechanism was fatigued by a total of 2000-3000 impulses. The insulin output produced by such a supramaximal stimulation averaged 1.5 microgram and constituted about 2% of the total pancreatic insulin content. 15-20 min was needed for the release mechanism to recover.", "contents": "Insulin release in response to vagal stimulation in anaesthetized cats. Peripheral and portal plasma insulin concentrations were determined in eviscerated cats before, during and after vagal stimulation. Basal peripheral insulin levels averaged 2.4 ng/ml and portal levels 18 ng/ml. The portal blood flow was recorded continuously, thus enabling the insulin output/min to be calculated. In addition, the total insulin content of the pancreas was determined, which permitted quantitative comparisons of insulin release and pancreatic insulin content to be made. About 2% of the insulin store was released during one hour under basal conditions. Unilateral vagal stimulation with frequencies ranging between 1 and 20 Hz induced an almost immediate release of insulin into the portal vein. Following stimulation with frequencies of 3-4 Hz, the release mechanism was fatigued by a total of 2000-3000 impulses. The insulin output produced by such a supramaximal stimulation averaged 1.5 microgram and constituted about 2% of the total pancreatic insulin content. 15-20 min was needed for the release mechanism to recover."}
{"id": "PMID:885469", "title": "Degradation, receptor binding affinity and biological potency of monoiodoinsulin in isolated rat fat cells.", "content": "The degradation, binding affinity and biological potency of monoiodoinsulin was studied in isolated rat fat cells. The rate of inactivation by a concentrated cell suspension was indistinguishable from that of native insulin, whereas the relative biological potency (increase in lipid synthesis from glucose) and binding affinity (inhibition of receptor binding of 125 I-labelled insulin) was 60-80%. Assuming that the insulin receptor binding is a simple, reversible, bimolecular reaction, the following are the consequences for the interpretation of experiments at equilibrium in which an unlabelled species of insulin competes with (125I) monoiodoinsulin present in a concentration much below the dissociation constant for the insulin: 1. The dissociation constant is estimated without bias. 2. The total number of receptors is slightly underestimated.", "contents": "Degradation, receptor binding affinity and biological potency of monoiodoinsulin in isolated rat fat cells. The degradation, binding affinity and biological potency of monoiodoinsulin was studied in isolated rat fat cells. The rate of inactivation by a concentrated cell suspension was indistinguishable from that of native insulin, whereas the relative biological potency (increase in lipid synthesis from glucose) and binding affinity (inhibition of receptor binding of 125 I-labelled insulin) was 60-80%. Assuming that the insulin receptor binding is a simple, reversible, bimolecular reaction, the following are the consequences for the interpretation of experiments at equilibrium in which an unlabelled species of insulin competes with (125I) monoiodoinsulin present in a concentration much below the dissociation constant for the insulin: 1. The dissociation constant is estimated without bias. 2. The total number of receptors is slightly underestimated."}
{"id": "PMID:885470", "title": "Insulin-glucose dynamics during flow-through perfusion of the isolated rat hindlimb.", "content": "The dose-response relationship between glucose and insulin concentration and utilization in skeletal muscle was examined in hindlimbs of overnight fasted normal male rats. The perfusion was by flow-through technique utilizing an artificial perfusate containing beef erythrocytes. Glucose disappearance correlated significantly with insulin concentration. Insulin effect was detected within 5 minutes. When arterial glucose was 10 mM, glucose disappearance during maximal insulin stimulation was fivefold greater than glucose disappearance in the absence of insulin. A half-maximal effect occurred at an insulin concentration of 411 U per ml. Arteriovenous difference of immunoreactive insulin during a single passage thorugh the hindlimb averaged 16.7% over the range of 50 to 10,000 U per ml. In the presence or absence of insulin, glucose disappearance was positively correlated with glucose concentration up to a glucose concentration range of 30 to 45 mM. In this range and above glucose uptake averaged twelvefold above that observed for 5 mM glucose. When insulin (500 muU/ml) was added at any glucose concentration, glucose disappearance was augmented. The data thus indicate that rat skeletal muscle is a major site of insulin metabolism. In addition to the effect of insulin on glucose uptake by the muscle cell, glucose mass action appears to be quantitatively equipotent.", "contents": "Insulin-glucose dynamics during flow-through perfusion of the isolated rat hindlimb. The dose-response relationship between glucose and insulin concentration and utilization in skeletal muscle was examined in hindlimbs of overnight fasted normal male rats. The perfusion was by flow-through technique utilizing an artificial perfusate containing beef erythrocytes. Glucose disappearance correlated significantly with insulin concentration. Insulin effect was detected within 5 minutes. When arterial glucose was 10 mM, glucose disappearance during maximal insulin stimulation was fivefold greater than glucose disappearance in the absence of insulin. A half-maximal effect occurred at an insulin concentration of 411 U per ml. Arteriovenous difference of immunoreactive insulin during a single passage thorugh the hindlimb averaged 16.7% over the range of 50 to 10,000 U per ml. In the presence or absence of insulin, glucose disappearance was positively correlated with glucose concentration up to a glucose concentration range of 30 to 45 mM. In this range and above glucose uptake averaged twelvefold above that observed for 5 mM glucose. When insulin (500 muU/ml) was added at any glucose concentration, glucose disappearance was augmented. The data thus indicate that rat skeletal muscle is a major site of insulin metabolism. In addition to the effect of insulin on glucose uptake by the muscle cell, glucose mass action appears to be quantitatively equipotent."}
{"id": "PMID:885471", "title": "Pancreatic glucagon-like immunoreactivity in a pancreatectomized patient.", "content": "True or 'pancreatic' glucagon-like immunoreactivity (GLI) was found in the plasma of a pancreatectomized patient. In contrast with the regulation of pancreatic GLI in normal controls, there was paradoxical release after oral glucose, no response to arginine or insulin-hypoglycaemia and somatostatin did not suppress its release, but tolbutamide did. Similar to controls, this pancreatic GLI appeared to be under adrenergic beta-receptor control. There was no apparent effect on blood glucose regulation despite marked changes in pancreatic GLI levels during the various manipulations. On polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, pancreatic GLI from our patient's plasma eluted as two equivalent peaks: one with the glucagon marker and the other in a more cathodal position. We therefore suggest that, although the extra-pancreatic 'pancreatic' GLI in our patient's plasma has immunologic similarities with pancreatic glucagon, the responses to stimulation and suppression are quite different from those in controls and the biologic activity does not appear to be that of pancreatic glucagon.", "contents": "Pancreatic glucagon-like immunoreactivity in a pancreatectomized patient. True or 'pancreatic' glucagon-like immunoreactivity (GLI) was found in the plasma of a pancreatectomized patient. In contrast with the regulation of pancreatic GLI in normal controls, there was paradoxical release after oral glucose, no response to arginine or insulin-hypoglycaemia and somatostatin did not suppress its release, but tolbutamide did. Similar to controls, this pancreatic GLI appeared to be under adrenergic beta-receptor control. There was no apparent effect on blood glucose regulation despite marked changes in pancreatic GLI levels during the various manipulations. On polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, pancreatic GLI from our patient's plasma eluted as two equivalent peaks: one with the glucagon marker and the other in a more cathodal position. We therefore suggest that, although the extra-pancreatic 'pancreatic' GLI in our patient's plasma has immunologic similarities with pancreatic glucagon, the responses to stimulation and suppression are quite different from those in controls and the biologic activity does not appear to be that of pancreatic glucagon."}
{"id": "PMID:885472", "title": "Effect of pregnancy on the glucagon response to protein ingestion.", "content": "Plasma glucose, insulin and glucagon concentrations were measured before and after the ingestion of a protein-rich meal in 11 healthy pregnant women in the last trimester of pregnancy, and again in the same subjects postpartum. Compared to postpartum, basal levels of plasma glucose were lower in late pregnancy whereas basal insulin and glucagon concentrations were both enhanced. After the meal, insulin and glucagon concentrations in plasma increased in gestation as well as postpartum. Plasma glucose increased slightly in pregnancy but remained unchanged postpartum. The mean insulin response to the meal was unaffected by pregnancy whereas that of glucagon was reduced. Thus following protein ingestion, plasma glucose rose in pregnancy in spite of unchanged levels of insulin and depressed levels of glucagon. Favouring analbolism, the reduced glucagon response to protein ingestion in pregnancy fits in the concept of 'facilitated anabolism' in late pregnancy and, moreover, it lend further support to the idea that changes in glucagon secretion per se are not involved in the pathogenesis of the diabetogenicity of pregnancy.", "contents": "Effect of pregnancy on the glucagon response to protein ingestion. Plasma glucose, insulin and glucagon concentrations were measured before and after the ingestion of a protein-rich meal in 11 healthy pregnant women in the last trimester of pregnancy, and again in the same subjects postpartum. Compared to postpartum, basal levels of plasma glucose were lower in late pregnancy whereas basal insulin and glucagon concentrations were both enhanced. After the meal, insulin and glucagon concentrations in plasma increased in gestation as well as postpartum. Plasma glucose increased slightly in pregnancy but remained unchanged postpartum. The mean insulin response to the meal was unaffected by pregnancy whereas that of glucagon was reduced. Thus following protein ingestion, plasma glucose rose in pregnancy in spite of unchanged levels of insulin and depressed levels of glucagon. Favouring analbolism, the reduced glucagon response to protein ingestion in pregnancy fits in the concept of 'facilitated anabolism' in late pregnancy and, moreover, it lend further support to the idea that changes in glucagon secretion per se are not involved in the pathogenesis of the diabetogenicity of pregnancy."}
{"id": "PMID:885474", "title": "An effect of extracellular redox state on the glucagon-stimulated glucose release by rat hepatocytes and perfused liver.", "content": "The effect of changes in the extracellular redox-state on glucagon-stimulated glucose release by intact isolated rat hepatocytes and the perfused liver was examined. For hepatocytes from the fed rat an increase in pyruvate, ammonium ion or oxygen concentration or a decrease in the lactate/pyruvate or sorbitol/fructose ratios decreased the ability of 1 microM-glucagon to stimulate glucose release without significantly altering the control rate. These changes coincided with a decrease in the lactate/pyruvate ratio of the cell suspension. A decrease in the lactate/pyruvate ratio also decreased the ability of 1 microM-glucagon to stimulate glycogen breakdown measured by loss of contained radioactivity. For the isolated perfused rat liver (fed rat) maximal effects of glucagon as a stimulant of glucose release occurred when lactate instead of pyruvate was present in the perfusion medium. It is concluded that the efficacy of glucagon as a stimulant of glucose release by isolated hepatocytes and the perfused liver depends upon the cytoplasmic redox-state represented by the intracellular lactate/pyruvate ratio.", "contents": "An effect of extracellular redox state on the glucagon-stimulated glucose release by rat hepatocytes and perfused liver. The effect of changes in the extracellular redox-state on glucagon-stimulated glucose release by intact isolated rat hepatocytes and the perfused liver was examined. For hepatocytes from the fed rat an increase in pyruvate, ammonium ion or oxygen concentration or a decrease in the lactate/pyruvate or sorbitol/fructose ratios decreased the ability of 1 microM-glucagon to stimulate glucose release without significantly altering the control rate. These changes coincided with a decrease in the lactate/pyruvate ratio of the cell suspension. A decrease in the lactate/pyruvate ratio also decreased the ability of 1 microM-glucagon to stimulate glycogen breakdown measured by loss of contained radioactivity. For the isolated perfused rat liver (fed rat) maximal effects of glucagon as a stimulant of glucose release occurred when lactate instead of pyruvate was present in the perfusion medium. It is concluded that the efficacy of glucagon as a stimulant of glucose release by isolated hepatocytes and the perfused liver depends upon the cytoplasmic redox-state represented by the intracellular lactate/pyruvate ratio."}
{"id": "PMID:885475", "title": "The effect of diet fat on rat adipocyte glucose transport.", "content": "Rats were fed either a high fat diet (67% of calories as lard) or high glucose diet (67% of calories as glucose) for 7-8 days. Basal and insulin stimulated net uptake of D glucose (D-L) and 2 deoxy D glucose uptake by free fat cells of fat rats were depressed. Net transport of D glucose (D-L) by purified adipocyte plasma membranes of fat red rats was also diminished. Incubation of fat cells from glucose fed rats with insulin before homogenization for membrane preparation increased net D glucose transport by subsequently purified membranes in two experiments to a greater extent than in similar preparations from rat fed rats. These experiments suggest that fat feeding modifies the plasma membranes of fat cells so that both glucose transport and the stimulatory effect of insulin on the process are decreased.", "contents": "The effect of diet fat on rat adipocyte glucose transport. Rats were fed either a high fat diet (67% of calories as lard) or high glucose diet (67% of calories as glucose) for 7-8 days. Basal and insulin stimulated net uptake of D glucose (D-L) and 2 deoxy D glucose uptake by free fat cells of fat rats were depressed. Net transport of D glucose (D-L) by purified adipocyte plasma membranes of fat red rats was also diminished. Incubation of fat cells from glucose fed rats with insulin before homogenization for membrane preparation increased net D glucose transport by subsequently purified membranes in two experiments to a greater extent than in similar preparations from rat fed rats. These experiments suggest that fat feeding modifies the plasma membranes of fat cells so that both glucose transport and the stimulatory effect of insulin on the process are decreased."}
{"id": "PMID:885476", "title": "Improved method and its clinical application of a radioimmunoassay of arginine vasopressin in human serum.", "content": "A sensitive and specific double-antibody radioimmunoassay for measuring circulating levels of arginine vasopressin in human serum is described. It is possible to detect arginine vasopressin levels of 1 microU/ml serum without extraction procedure. Normal subjects were found to have 5.7 +/- 4.4 microU/ml after a dehydration period of 12 hours. Water loading diminished arginine vasopressin concentrations while dehydration increased it. Application of furosemide over a period of 14 days brought forth constant but not significant decreases. Subjects suffering from psychogenic polydipsia showed normal levels in spite of drinking 8-12 liters of water per day. Patients suffering from liver cirrhosis with ascites showed significantly higher arginine vasopressin levels, approaching normal values, when ascites was under control.", "contents": "Improved method and its clinical application of a radioimmunoassay of arginine vasopressin in human serum. A sensitive and specific double-antibody radioimmunoassay for measuring circulating levels of arginine vasopressin in human serum is described. It is possible to detect arginine vasopressin levels of 1 microU/ml serum without extraction procedure. Normal subjects were found to have 5.7 +/- 4.4 microU/ml after a dehydration period of 12 hours. Water loading diminished arginine vasopressin concentrations while dehydration increased it. Application of furosemide over a period of 14 days brought forth constant but not significant decreases. Subjects suffering from psychogenic polydipsia showed normal levels in spite of drinking 8-12 liters of water per day. Patients suffering from liver cirrhosis with ascites showed significantly higher arginine vasopressin levels, approaching normal values, when ascites was under control."}
{"id": "PMID:885477", "title": "Free thyroxin index in normal, melatonin-treated and blind hamsters.", "content": "The administration of melatonin to young male hamsters depressed thyroxin levels, as measured by radioimmunoassay, by 38.5% of saline controls. Free thyroxin index was also signficantly depressed by melatonin injections. The depression of thyroxin and free thyroxin index by melatonin injections was more effective in intact than in pinealectomized animals. Blinding of hamsters also reduced both thyroxin and free thyroxin index.", "contents": "Free thyroxin index in normal, melatonin-treated and blind hamsters. The administration of melatonin to young male hamsters depressed thyroxin levels, as measured by radioimmunoassay, by 38.5% of saline controls. Free thyroxin index was also signficantly depressed by melatonin injections. The depression of thyroxin and free thyroxin index by melatonin injections was more effective in intact than in pinealectomized animals. Blinding of hamsters also reduced both thyroxin and free thyroxin index."}
{"id": "PMID:885478", "title": "Metabolism of human PTH by the kidney and the liver.", "content": "Immunoreactive PTH was measured by amino terminal and carboxyl terminal specific assays in the femoral artery, the right renal vein and the suprahepatic vein of ten hyperparathyroid patients. A marked arterio venous difference for amino terminal immunoreactivity was observed in the kidney and the liver. In contrast, the arterio venous difference for carboxyl terminal immunoreactivity was small in the kidney and not significantly in the liver. It is concluded that intact PTH and possibly amino terminal fragments of the hormone are metabolized by the kidney and the liver. Considering the fact that a carboxyl terminal specific antiserum is also capable of recognizing intact hormone, the finding of a small positive arterio venous difference for carboxyl terminal immunoreactivity does not permit us to exclude the possibility that the kidney and/or the liver are capable of generating carboxyl terminal fragments.", "contents": "Metabolism of human PTH by the kidney and the liver. Immunoreactive PTH was measured by amino terminal and carboxyl terminal specific assays in the femoral artery, the right renal vein and the suprahepatic vein of ten hyperparathyroid patients. A marked arterio venous difference for amino terminal immunoreactivity was observed in the kidney and the liver. In contrast, the arterio venous difference for carboxyl terminal immunoreactivity was small in the kidney and not significantly in the liver. It is concluded that intact PTH and possibly amino terminal fragments of the hormone are metabolized by the kidney and the liver. Considering the fact that a carboxyl terminal specific antiserum is also capable of recognizing intact hormone, the finding of a small positive arterio venous difference for carboxyl terminal immunoreactivity does not permit us to exclude the possibility that the kidney and/or the liver are capable of generating carboxyl terminal fragments."}
{"id": "PMID:885487", "title": "A technique for the selective extraction of water-soluble polypeptides from identified neurons of Aplysia californica.", "content": "Increasing the osmotic gradient during hypo-osmotic lysis, by pre-treating Aplysia neurons with 100% ethylene glycol, caused the selective extraction of water-soluble, low molecular weight polypeptides from the cells. Specific 3H-labeled polypeptides in the cells R15, R3-13, and the bag cells which were not extracted by exposure of the cells to distilled water \"lysis\" were effectively solubilized by this procedure. The possible mechanisms and potential uses of this method are discussed.", "contents": "A technique for the selective extraction of water-soluble polypeptides from identified neurons of Aplysia californica. Increasing the osmotic gradient during hypo-osmotic lysis, by pre-treating Aplysia neurons with 100% ethylene glycol, caused the selective extraction of water-soluble, low molecular weight polypeptides from the cells. Specific 3H-labeled polypeptides in the cells R15, R3-13, and the bag cells which were not extracted by exposure of the cells to distilled water \"lysis\" were effectively solubilized by this procedure. The possible mechanisms and potential uses of this method are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:885494", "title": "An organizational-distress syndrome: diagnosis and treatment.", "content": "Organizational disturbances often begin with seemingly plausible complaints, which the author calls mass symptoms, that are presented repeatedly from many sources and that cannot be clarified or resolved. They are essentially pseudo-problems by which responsibility for organizational failing is transferred elsewhere. Treatment consists primarily of restoring functional job-related communication, often by means of small, explicit changes in communication pathways rather than by attitudinal changes in communication or by \"open\" or emotionally candid communication. The author describes the occurrence and treatment of mass symptoms in a military hospital unit, a mental health center, and a university teaching unit.", "contents": "An organizational-distress syndrome: diagnosis and treatment. Organizational disturbances often begin with seemingly plausible complaints, which the author calls mass symptoms, that are presented repeatedly from many sources and that cannot be clarified or resolved. They are essentially pseudo-problems by which responsibility for organizational failing is transferred elsewhere. Treatment consists primarily of restoring functional job-related communication, often by means of small, explicit changes in communication pathways rather than by attitudinal changes in communication or by \"open\" or emotionally candid communication. The author describes the occurrence and treatment of mass symptoms in a military hospital unit, a mental health center, and a university teaching unit."}
{"id": "PMID:885495", "title": "Egalitarianism in a mental health center: an experiment that failed.", "content": "A core group of staff hired to open a new community mental health center attempted to employ the concepts of egalitarianism and role-blurring to avoid the rigidity and the strictly hierarchical approach to decision-making that existed in the state hospital where they formerly worked. The new structure permitted no authority figures, and decisions were made by the staff as a group. All staff, including the unit chief--a physician--and the psychologist, social workers, nurses, and attendants, were expected to rotate shifts and interchange jobs. The author discusses the inefficiencies and the lack of direction that resulted, and describes the evolution of a more traditional authoritative structure that enabled staff to proceed toward the goal of quality patient care.", "contents": "Egalitarianism in a mental health center: an experiment that failed. A core group of staff hired to open a new community mental health center attempted to employ the concepts of egalitarianism and role-blurring to avoid the rigidity and the strictly hierarchical approach to decision-making that existed in the state hospital where they formerly worked. The new structure permitted no authority figures, and decisions were made by the staff as a group. All staff, including the unit chief--a physician--and the psychologist, social workers, nurses, and attendants, were expected to rotate shifts and interchange jobs. The author discusses the inefficiencies and the lack of direction that resulted, and describes the evolution of a more traditional authoritative structure that enabled staff to proceed toward the goal of quality patient care."}
{"id": "PMID:885497", "title": "Defining the differences between crisis intervention and short-term therapy.", "content": "Using the model of \"person plus stress yields reaction,\" the authors discuss the differences between crisis intervention and short-term treatment, including psychiatric emergencies. In emergency treatment the central focus is on the reaction, or symptoms, while in crisis intervention the emphasis is on the stress and its quick resolution. In short-term treatment the focus is on the person and exploration of behavior patterns and feelings. The authors believe that the number of crisis cases handled by a therapist must be limited because of their exhausting nature.", "contents": "Defining the differences between crisis intervention and short-term therapy. Using the model of \"person plus stress yields reaction,\" the authors discuss the differences between crisis intervention and short-term treatment, including psychiatric emergencies. In emergency treatment the central focus is on the reaction, or symptoms, while in crisis intervention the emphasis is on the stress and its quick resolution. In short-term treatment the focus is on the person and exploration of behavior patterns and feelings. The authors believe that the number of crisis cases handled by a therapist must be limited because of their exhausting nature."}
{"id": "PMID:885498", "title": "High referral success rates in a crisis center.", "content": "The standard method of referral used by workers at the Cleveland Suicide Prevention Center is to call the facility or therapist to make an appointment for the client and then to follow up to see if the client kept the appointment. Three different patient samples were studied to find what percentage of patients were actually seen at the resource to which they were referred. The success rates were 69.5%, 63.4%, and 62.3%. The authors review some of the literature on referral rates and report that their rates are significantly higher than those reported by screening agencies that merely direct clients to another resource.", "contents": "High referral success rates in a crisis center. The standard method of referral used by workers at the Cleveland Suicide Prevention Center is to call the facility or therapist to make an appointment for the client and then to follow up to see if the client kept the appointment. Three different patient samples were studied to find what percentage of patients were actually seen at the resource to which they were referred. The success rates were 69.5%, 63.4%, and 62.3%. The authors review some of the literature on referral rates and report that their rates are significantly higher than those reported by screening agencies that merely direct clients to another resource."}
{"id": "PMID:885499", "title": "Anger provocation as a crisis intervention technique.", "content": "The author describes the use of anger provocation, a technique that encourages patients to express their repressed anger to a therapist who makes himself the target for their anger. He presents five case examples to illustrate the positive effects of the technique in crisis and emergency situations. Three of the patients were depressed and withdrawn, one was suffering from conversion hysteria, and one was a paranoid schizophrenic. The author cautions that the technique must be used with discretion only in those cases where the repression of anger is producing major incapacitating symptomatology, but where the anger is not the major source of disorganization.", "contents": "Anger provocation as a crisis intervention technique. The author describes the use of anger provocation, a technique that encourages patients to express their repressed anger to a therapist who makes himself the target for their anger. He presents five case examples to illustrate the positive effects of the technique in crisis and emergency situations. Three of the patients were depressed and withdrawn, one was suffering from conversion hysteria, and one was a paranoid schizophrenic. The author cautions that the technique must be used with discretion only in those cases where the repression of anger is producing major incapacitating symptomatology, but where the anger is not the major source of disorganization."}
{"id": "PMID:885500", "title": "Short-term treatment in a general hospital following a suicide attempt.", "content": "The authors discuss the value of short-term psychiatric treatment in the nonpsychiatric wards of a general hospital for patients who attempt suicide. During 1974 a total of 124 such patients were seen in the emergency room of Meir General Hospital in Kfar Saba, Israel. Following an initial psychiatric examination, 110 of the patients were admitted to the internal medicine or surgical wards. After further observation 30% were transferred to psychiatric hospitals, and the rest were treated in the general hospital's nonpsychiatric wards for an average of three days. There were no suicide attempts during hospitalization. The authors emphasize the usefulness of a short hospitalization to separate the patient from his traumatic home environment until his return to it becomes feasible.", "contents": "Short-term treatment in a general hospital following a suicide attempt. The authors discuss the value of short-term psychiatric treatment in the nonpsychiatric wards of a general hospital for patients who attempt suicide. During 1974 a total of 124 such patients were seen in the emergency room of Meir General Hospital in Kfar Saba, Israel. Following an initial psychiatric examination, 110 of the patients were admitted to the internal medicine or surgical wards. After further observation 30% were transferred to psychiatric hospitals, and the rest were treated in the general hospital's nonpsychiatric wards for an average of three days. There were no suicide attempts during hospitalization. The authors emphasize the usefulness of a short hospitalization to separate the patient from his traumatic home environment until his return to it becomes feasible."}
{"id": "PMID:885501", "title": "Short-term group therapy for people in crisis.", "content": "The author describes a short-term group therapy program that he believes is more effective than the traditional one-to-one approach for people in crisis. The group focuses on the problems of one member at a time and helps him examine his role, identity, and value system, the significant people in his community, and his ability to appreciate the positive things that exist within himself. Short-term goal-setting, self-evaluation, and written homework assignments are used to teach the client a new process that can help him look at his life positively and accept defeats and failures as a part of the growth process.", "contents": "Short-term group therapy for people in crisis. The author describes a short-term group therapy program that he believes is more effective than the traditional one-to-one approach for people in crisis. The group focuses on the problems of one member at a time and helps him examine his role, identity, and value system, the significant people in his community, and his ability to appreciate the positive things that exist within himself. Short-term goal-setting, self-evaluation, and written homework assignments are used to teach the client a new process that can help him look at his life positively and accept defeats and failures as a part of the growth process."}
{"id": "PMID:885506", "title": "The future of the mental hospital: developing a unified system of care.", "content": "The authors emphasize that the future of state mental hospitals should be considered only in the context of a unified system of care and treatment of the mentally ill. They discuss changing perceptions of mental hospitals as resources for mental health care, describe trends that must be considered in developing a unified system of services, and make recommendations about treatment plans, staffing, funding, organization and governance, and legal codes and standards of the components of a unified system.", "contents": "The future of the mental hospital: developing a unified system of care. The authors emphasize that the future of state mental hospitals should be considered only in the context of a unified system of care and treatment of the mentally ill. They discuss changing perceptions of mental hospitals as resources for mental health care, describe trends that must be considered in developing a unified system of services, and make recommendations about treatment plans, staffing, funding, organization and governance, and legal codes and standards of the components of a unified system."}
{"id": "PMID:885508", "title": "State mental health institutions in the next decade: illusions and reality.", "content": "Rejecting assertions that state mental health institutions are dying, the authors describe current proposals conceringin future roles of institutions and put forward two postulates as the basis for successful change. They argue that new or different roles for state mental health institution can better be developed if there exists a statewide structure that can both promote and direct change, and if there is a regionally based statewide plan for change that has the support of state, regional, and local leaders. They give several examples of institutionally based service units that could be operated in concert with community services in a unified mental health system. They urge mental health administrators to admit the need for institutional change and to provide active leadership in bringing it about.", "contents": "State mental health institutions in the next decade: illusions and reality. Rejecting assertions that state mental health institutions are dying, the authors describe current proposals conceringin future roles of institutions and put forward two postulates as the basis for successful change. They argue that new or different roles for state mental health institution can better be developed if there exists a statewide structure that can both promote and direct change, and if there is a regionally based statewide plan for change that has the support of state, regional, and local leaders. They give several examples of institutionally based service units that could be operated in concert with community services in a unified mental health system. They urge mental health administrators to admit the need for institutional change and to provide active leadership in bringing it about."}
{"id": "PMID:885509", "title": "Practical issues in developing and operating a halfway house program.", "content": "During its six years of operation, the halfway house program of the Southern Arizona Mental Health Center has developed a well-defined set of program goals, referral procedures, staffing patterns, and procedures for operating the houses, many of which are described here. The program serves 25 residents in four adjacent houses. It is operated as a therapeutic community with a broad range of structured activities and treatment modalities and an emphasis on solving reality problems. The staff of director, therapist-counselors, residential (or nighttime) counselors, and volunteer counselors is supplemented by the services of consultants, the mental health center, and community agencies.", "contents": "Practical issues in developing and operating a halfway house program. During its six years of operation, the halfway house program of the Southern Arizona Mental Health Center has developed a well-defined set of program goals, referral procedures, staffing patterns, and procedures for operating the houses, many of which are described here. The program serves 25 residents in four adjacent houses. It is operated as a therapeutic community with a broad range of structured activities and treatment modalities and an emphasis on solving reality problems. The staff of director, therapist-counselors, residential (or nighttime) counselors, and volunteer counselors is supplemented by the services of consultants, the mental health center, and community agencies."}
{"id": "PMID:885510", "title": "Special living arrangements: a model for decision-making.", "content": "Many chronically disabled patients need special support systems to help them meet material needs, personal-care needs, and psychosocial needs. The authors propose two guidelines that must be considered simultaneously when deciding what special support system is most appropriate for a particular client. The first is that the system be adequate to meet the client's unmet needs, and the second is that the system not meet needs the client can meet hiself. The authors feel that one should look first to support systems other than special living arrangements, which can easily overprovide services to clients. If a special living arrangement is considered appropriate, the one selected should provide only for those needs the client cannot meet himself.", "contents": "Special living arrangements: a model for decision-making. Many chronically disabled patients need special support systems to help them meet material needs, personal-care needs, and psychosocial needs. The authors propose two guidelines that must be considered simultaneously when deciding what special support system is most appropriate for a particular client. The first is that the system be adequate to meet the client's unmet needs, and the second is that the system not meet needs the client can meet hiself. The authors feel that one should look first to support systems other than special living arrangements, which can easily overprovide services to clients. If a special living arrangement is considered appropriate, the one selected should provide only for those needs the client cannot meet himself."}
{"id": "PMID:885511", "title": "A study of former state hospital employees at a community-based outpatient clinic.", "content": "The current trend toward providing community-based services for the mentally ill has had substantial impact on state hospital employees who transfer to community mental health centers. A study, through interviews and questionnaires, of 30 Grafton State Hospital employees who transferred to a community outpatient clinic indicated initial anxiety about the hospital's closing, the relocation process, and the lack of structure in the new community setting. Many employees stated that those initial reactions were gradually replaced by satisfaction and personal growth stemming from successful adaptation to the community-based placement.", "contents": "A study of former state hospital employees at a community-based outpatient clinic. The current trend toward providing community-based services for the mentally ill has had substantial impact on state hospital employees who transfer to community mental health centers. A study, through interviews and questionnaires, of 30 Grafton State Hospital employees who transferred to a community outpatient clinic indicated initial anxiety about the hospital's closing, the relocation process, and the lack of structure in the new community setting. Many employees stated that those initial reactions were gradually replaced by satisfaction and personal growth stemming from successful adaptation to the community-based placement."}
{"id": "PMID:885533", "title": "Nonlinkage between C6 and chromosome 6 markers.", "content": "C6 typing was performed in a family material by two different techniques: serum or plasma samples were subjected either to high-voltage agarose gel electrophoresis or to isoelectric focusing in polyacrylamide gel slabs. Proteins with C6 activity were then visualized by a specific, hemolytic assay. In 81 unrelated adults within the family material the following allele frequencies were found: C6A:0.61 and C6B:0.39. Linkage studies exclude linkage between C6 and HLA region marker loci, and also between C6 and another chromosome 6 marker locus PGM3.", "contents": "Nonlinkage between C6 and chromosome 6 markers. C6 typing was performed in a family material by two different techniques: serum or plasma samples were subjected either to high-voltage agarose gel electrophoresis or to isoelectric focusing in polyacrylamide gel slabs. Proteins with C6 activity were then visualized by a specific, hemolytic assay. In 81 unrelated adults within the family material the following allele frequencies were found: C6A:0.61 and C6B:0.39. Linkage studies exclude linkage between C6 and HLA region marker loci, and also between C6 and another chromosome 6 marker locus PGM3."}
{"id": "PMID:885534", "title": "Localization of HLA on the short arm of chromosome 6.", "content": "A detailed marker gene study in a large Dutch kindred segregating for a reciprocal translocation between the chromosomes 6 and 20, t(6;20) (p21; p13), revealed a close linkage between the HLA genes and the breakpoint on the short arm of 6. During this study an apparent peak lod score of 2.9 was obtained at a recombination value of 0.05 for a linkage between HLA and the breakpoint, indicating that the chromosomal region, carrying the HLA genes, is situated near the breakpoint in band 6p21 close to the transition to 6p22.", "contents": "Localization of HLA on the short arm of chromosome 6. A detailed marker gene study in a large Dutch kindred segregating for a reciprocal translocation between the chromosomes 6 and 20, t(6;20) (p21; p13), revealed a close linkage between the HLA genes and the breakpoint on the short arm of 6. During this study an apparent peak lod score of 2.9 was obtained at a recombination value of 0.05 for a linkage between HLA and the breakpoint, indicating that the chromosomal region, carrying the HLA genes, is situated near the breakpoint in band 6p21 close to the transition to 6p22."}
{"id": "PMID:885535", "title": "De novo trisomy 9pter leads to q13.", "content": "A case of de novo trisomy 9p was observed. Cytogenetic analysis of G-, R-, Q-, and C-banded preparations revealed a karyotypic description of 47,XY,+del(9)(pter leads to q13). In addition to the principal characteristics of the 9p trisomy syndrome, the child presented with skeletal and urogenital abnormalities. It appears that certain clinical abnormalities are due to trisomy of 9q1.", "contents": "De novo trisomy 9pter leads to q13. A case of de novo trisomy 9p was observed. Cytogenetic analysis of G-, R-, Q-, and C-banded preparations revealed a karyotypic description of 47,XY,+del(9)(pter leads to q13). In addition to the principal characteristics of the 9p trisomy syndrome, the child presented with skeletal and urogenital abnormalities. It appears that certain clinical abnormalities are due to trisomy of 9q1."}
{"id": "PMID:885536", "title": "Full monosomy 21: a clinically recognizable syndrome?", "content": "A female newborn with multiple malformations and with full monosomy 21 is described. Clinical resemblance to the three cases described in the literature is striking.", "contents": "Full monosomy 21: a clinically recognizable syndrome? A female newborn with multiple malformations and with full monosomy 21 is described. Clinical resemblance to the three cases described in the literature is striking."}
{"id": "PMID:885537", "title": "Psoriasis vulgaris and genetic markers.", "content": "In a sample of n = 160 nonrelated male and female patients suffering from psoriasis Vulgaris, blood serum protein, and enzyme group typings have been carried out and compared with healthy controls from the same area (Rheinland-Pfalz). Marked statistically significant differences between patients and controls were found in none of the genetic blood polymorphisms considered here. However, combining previously published data from various authors with our own, significant associations between this skin disease and genetic polymorphisms such as MN, Gc, Gm (2), red cell acid phosphatase, and red cell phosphoglucomutase (PGM1) were seen. The possible reasons for these associations are discussed.", "contents": "Psoriasis vulgaris and genetic markers. In a sample of n = 160 nonrelated male and female patients suffering from psoriasis Vulgaris, blood serum protein, and enzyme group typings have been carried out and compared with healthy controls from the same area (Rheinland-Pfalz). Marked statistically significant differences between patients and controls were found in none of the genetic blood polymorphisms considered here. However, combining previously published data from various authors with our own, significant associations between this skin disease and genetic polymorphisms such as MN, Gc, Gm (2), red cell acid phosphatase, and red cell phosphoglucomutase (PGM1) were seen. The possible reasons for these associations are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:885538", "title": "Clozapine-induced agranulocytosis. A genetic and epidemiologic study.", "content": "An epidemic of agranulocytosis and granulocytopenia occurred in 1975 in conjunction with clozapine treatment of mental patients in Finland. An attempt was made to assess the epidemiologic and genetic factors contributing to the adverse drug effect. The estimated incidence rate in Finland was 2.1/1000 patient-months. This figure could not be compared with rates from other countries because of the inexact nature of the figures reported so far. All 16 cases occurred in seven hospitals in southwestern Finland, whereas the overall hospital net use of the drug was geographically evenly distributed. The difference between the observed and the proportionally expected incidence of cases amongst the hospitals where clozapine was used was statistically significant. The average consumption of the drug did not differ between the hospitals where cases occurred and those where no definite cases could be diagnosed. Six-generation pedigree analyses failed to reveal significant parental consanguinity or genetic kinship between probands. Neither did the birth places of the ancestors of the probands disclose a typical isolate pattern. In conclusion, the cases appeared to be confined to a few hospitals in southwestern Finland. Although a genetic factor is not excluded, we found no evidence in support of a genetic mechanism.", "contents": "Clozapine-induced agranulocytosis. A genetic and epidemiologic study. An epidemic of agranulocytosis and granulocytopenia occurred in 1975 in conjunction with clozapine treatment of mental patients in Finland. An attempt was made to assess the epidemiologic and genetic factors contributing to the adverse drug effect. The estimated incidence rate in Finland was 2.1/1000 patient-months. This figure could not be compared with rates from other countries because of the inexact nature of the figures reported so far. All 16 cases occurred in seven hospitals in southwestern Finland, whereas the overall hospital net use of the drug was geographically evenly distributed. The difference between the observed and the proportionally expected incidence of cases amongst the hospitals where clozapine was used was statistically significant. The average consumption of the drug did not differ between the hospitals where cases occurred and those where no definite cases could be diagnosed. Six-generation pedigree analyses failed to reveal significant parental consanguinity or genetic kinship between probands. Neither did the birth places of the ancestors of the probands disclose a typical isolate pattern. In conclusion, the cases appeared to be confined to a few hospitals in southwestern Finland. Although a genetic factor is not excluded, we found no evidence in support of a genetic mechanism."}
{"id": "PMID:885539", "title": "Rapid prenatal diagnosis of HG-PRT deficiency using ultra-microchemical methods.", "content": "A previously developed simple ultramicromethod has been used for the rapid prenatal diagnosis of hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyl transferase (HG-PRT) deficiency. The method is based on the incubation of small numbers of visually selected, lyophilized fibroblasts (in the present study five cells per incubation) with radioactive substrate in an end volume of 0.3 microliter. Fibroblasts derived from the amniotic fluid of a 15-week male fetus in a heterozygote for the X-linked Lesch-Nyhan syndrome showed a severe degree of HG-PRT deficiency. In total 50 fibroblasts were used. The diagnosis was confirmed upon termination of the pregnancy by the demonstration of HG-PRT deficiency in fetal erythrocytes and cultured skin fibroblasts.", "contents": "Rapid prenatal diagnosis of HG-PRT deficiency using ultra-microchemical methods. A previously developed simple ultramicromethod has been used for the rapid prenatal diagnosis of hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyl transferase (HG-PRT) deficiency. The method is based on the incubation of small numbers of visually selected, lyophilized fibroblasts (in the present study five cells per incubation) with radioactive substrate in an end volume of 0.3 microliter. Fibroblasts derived from the amniotic fluid of a 15-week male fetus in a heterozygote for the X-linked Lesch-Nyhan syndrome showed a severe degree of HG-PRT deficiency. In total 50 fibroblasts were used. The diagnosis was confirmed upon termination of the pregnancy by the demonstration of HG-PRT deficiency in fetal erythrocytes and cultured skin fibroblasts."}
{"id": "PMID:885540", "title": "Flow microfluorometric DNA content measurements of tissue culture cells and peripheral lymphocytes.", "content": "The difference in DNA content of peripheral lymphocytes from normal males, normal females, and an individual with a 48 (xxxy) chromosome constitution was determined by rapid flow microfluorometric techniques. A similar comparison was performed using tissue culture fibroblasts derived from an individual with a 49 (xxxxy) chromosome constitution and WI-38 cells as a normal control. Less than 60 min were required to isolate the lymphocytes, to stain the cells fluorescently, and to measure the increased DNA content. The measured increase in DNA content is consistent with chromosome DNA analyses and chromosome length measurements.", "contents": "Flow microfluorometric DNA content measurements of tissue culture cells and peripheral lymphocytes. The difference in DNA content of peripheral lymphocytes from normal males, normal females, and an individual with a 48 (xxxy) chromosome constitution was determined by rapid flow microfluorometric techniques. A similar comparison was performed using tissue culture fibroblasts derived from an individual with a 49 (xxxxy) chromosome constitution and WI-38 cells as a normal control. Less than 60 min were required to isolate the lymphocytes, to stain the cells fluorescently, and to measure the increased DNA content. The measured increase in DNA content is consistent with chromosome DNA analyses and chromosome length measurements."}
{"id": "PMID:885541", "title": "A case of 46,XY,t(1;13) (q24;q32) with mental retardation.", "content": "A 14-year-old mentally retarded boy with congenital malformations of unknown etiology was found to have a de novo apparently balanced reciprocal translocation between chromosomal arms 1q and 13q. There is only one other case where a similar translocation was observed but the breakpoints could be localized only by regions and the individual was not mentally retarded.", "contents": "A case of 46,XY,t(1;13) (q24;q32) with mental retardation. A 14-year-old mentally retarded boy with congenital malformations of unknown etiology was found to have a de novo apparently balanced reciprocal translocation between chromosomal arms 1q and 13q. There is only one other case where a similar translocation was observed but the breakpoints could be localized only by regions and the individual was not mentally retarded."}
{"id": "PMID:885542", "title": "Plasma noradrenalin and dopamine-beta-hydroxylase during behavioral testine of sexually deviant XYY and XXY males.", "content": "In a behavior study of a sexually deviant XYY and XXY male, who were both murderers, plasma noradrenaline (NAA), dopamine-beta-hydroxylase (DBH) were determined radioenzymatically under resting conditions and during exertional and emotional stress. Under a physical sork load on the bicycle ergometer both had normal plasma NA and DBH levels. During emotional stress both had NA increases of the same magnitude. During an arithmetic test NA values did not increase more than expected for the sitting position.", "contents": "Plasma noradrenalin and dopamine-beta-hydroxylase during behavioral testine of sexually deviant XYY and XXY males. In a behavior study of a sexually deviant XYY and XXY male, who were both murderers, plasma noradrenaline (NAA), dopamine-beta-hydroxylase (DBH) were determined radioenzymatically under resting conditions and during exertional and emotional stress. Under a physical sork load on the bicycle ergometer both had normal plasma NA and DBH levels. During emotional stress both had NA increases of the same magnitude. During an arithmetic test NA values did not increase more than expected for the sitting position."}
{"id": "PMID:885543", "title": "Meiotic chromosomes in an infertile male with an unbalanced Y/13 translocation.", "content": "An infertile male carrying an unbalanced Y/13 translocation is described. Meiotic studies suggest that the unbalanced translocation does not affect meiotic division.", "contents": "Meiotic chromosomes in an infertile male with an unbalanced Y/13 translocation. An infertile male carrying an unbalanced Y/13 translocation is described. Meiotic studies suggest that the unbalanced translocation does not affect meiotic division."}
{"id": "PMID:885544", "title": "Pitfalls in the use of chromosome variants for paternity dispute cases.", "content": "A huge 'satellite' (22s+) was observed in a mentally retarded and malformed girl. It consisted of constitutive heterochromatin based on the C-band technique (CBG). In neither of the parents was the variant observed. Genetic marker studies revealed that the father was, indeed, the father of the proposita (probability, 99.8%). It is emphasized that caution must be taken in the use of chromosome variants for paternity dispute cases.", "contents": "Pitfalls in the use of chromosome variants for paternity dispute cases. A huge 'satellite' (22s+) was observed in a mentally retarded and malformed girl. It consisted of constitutive heterochromatin based on the C-band technique (CBG). In neither of the parents was the variant observed. Genetic marker studies revealed that the father was, indeed, the father of the proposita (probability, 99.8%). It is emphasized that caution must be taken in the use of chromosome variants for paternity dispute cases."}
{"id": "PMID:885545", "title": "The Chicago variant of clinical galactosemia.", "content": "A new variant of clinical galactosemia with two hitherto unidentified alleles on the transferase locus in one family is described. This new clinical variant of transferase has 25% of normal control activity in blood and in skin fibroblasts, and the patient accumulates galactose-1-phosphate in blood on an unrestricted galactose diet. Using starch gel electrophoresis on the hemolysate of the family members, a fast-moving transferase with mobility in between those of the normal control and of the Duarte variant is identified. This new allele is designated as GALTC1 (fast-moving Chicago variant). In addition, a second new allele was documented in this family by studying the instability of the transferase enzyme in hemolysates of family members at 50 degrees C for various time intervals. This new allele is designated as GALTC2 (heat-labile Chicago variant). On the basis of these studies, the transferase genotype of this patient is thought to be a double heterozygote compound, GALTC1/GALTG.", "contents": "The Chicago variant of clinical galactosemia. A new variant of clinical galactosemia with two hitherto unidentified alleles on the transferase locus in one family is described. This new clinical variant of transferase has 25% of normal control activity in blood and in skin fibroblasts, and the patient accumulates galactose-1-phosphate in blood on an unrestricted galactose diet. Using starch gel electrophoresis on the hemolysate of the family members, a fast-moving transferase with mobility in between those of the normal control and of the Duarte variant is identified. This new allele is designated as GALTC1 (fast-moving Chicago variant). In addition, a second new allele was documented in this family by studying the instability of the transferase enzyme in hemolysates of family members at 50 degrees C for various time intervals. This new allele is designated as GALTC2 (heat-labile Chicago variant). On the basis of these studies, the transferase genotype of this patient is thought to be a double heterozygote compound, GALTC1/GALTG."}
{"id": "PMID:885546", "title": "The human PGM-2 and its chromosomal localization in man-mouse hybrids.", "content": "A detailed procedure is described for a rapid detection of phosphoglucomutase-2(=phosphopentomutase;PGM-2) on Cellogel following electrophoresis of extracts of human red blood cells and other tissues, including cultured fibroblasts and various types of primate-rodent somatic hybrid cells. The present study indicated that there is only one locus for phosphopentomutase in man. The data from a selected panel of 20 independent clones of man-mouse somatic cell hybrids, investigated for the presence of human chromosomes and for the presence or absence of human PGM-2 favored the assignment of the human PGM-2 locus to chromosome 4.", "contents": "The human PGM-2 and its chromosomal localization in man-mouse hybrids. A detailed procedure is described for a rapid detection of phosphoglucomutase-2(=phosphopentomutase;PGM-2) on Cellogel following electrophoresis of extracts of human red blood cells and other tissues, including cultured fibroblasts and various types of primate-rodent somatic hybrid cells. The present study indicated that there is only one locus for phosphopentomutase in man. The data from a selected panel of 20 independent clones of man-mouse somatic cell hybrids, investigated for the presence of human chromosomes and for the presence or absence of human PGM-2 favored the assignment of the human PGM-2 locus to chromosome 4."}
{"id": "PMID:885547", "title": "Regional chromosomal localization of the human gene for galactose-1-phosphate uridyltransferase.", "content": "In the progeny of somatic cell hybrids formed by fusion of human lymphocytes and Chinese hamster mutant cells, a single human chromosome A2 was selectively retained when grown in appropriate medium. Spontaneous breakage of this chromosome in different hybrid subclones led to the assignment of the gene for galactose-1-phosphate uridyltransferase to the centromeric region of this chromosome (2q11 leads to 2q14). This gene is shown to be syntenic to the previously mapped genes for acid phosphatase 1 and malate dehydrogenase 1.", "contents": "Regional chromosomal localization of the human gene for galactose-1-phosphate uridyltransferase. In the progeny of somatic cell hybrids formed by fusion of human lymphocytes and Chinese hamster mutant cells, a single human chromosome A2 was selectively retained when grown in appropriate medium. Spontaneous breakage of this chromosome in different hybrid subclones led to the assignment of the gene for galactose-1-phosphate uridyltransferase to the centromeric region of this chromosome (2q11 leads to 2q14). This gene is shown to be syntenic to the previously mapped genes for acid phosphatase 1 and malate dehydrogenase 1."}
{"id": "PMID:885548", "title": "Nucleolus organizer and N-band distribution in morphologic and fluorescence variants of human chromosomes.", "content": "Three cases of morphologic variants of human D- or G-group chromosomes have been studied by N- and Ag-AS banding techniques. The results confirm our previous findings about the localization of nucleolus organizers on the secondary constrictions of acrocentric chromosomes. Preliminary results on the distribution and number of N bands in D- and G-group chromosomes with morphologic and fluorescence variants are reported.", "contents": "Nucleolus organizer and N-band distribution in morphologic and fluorescence variants of human chromosomes. Three cases of morphologic variants of human D- or G-group chromosomes have been studied by N- and Ag-AS banding techniques. The results confirm our previous findings about the localization of nucleolus organizers on the secondary constrictions of acrocentric chromosomes. Preliminary results on the distribution and number of N bands in D- and G-group chromosomes with morphologic and fluorescence variants are reported."}
{"id": "PMID:885549", "title": "Linkage relationships of Lp and Ag serum lipoproteins with 25 polymorphic markers.", "content": "Linkage relations of Lp and Ag serum lipoproteins with 25 polymorphic marker systems are examined in a large kindred of over 100 persons. The results indicate that Lp and ESD are probably closely linked and so the Lp locus may also be assigned to chromosome 13. No significant linkage is detected between Ag and the other marker systems.", "contents": "Linkage relationships of Lp and Ag serum lipoproteins with 25 polymorphic markers. Linkage relations of Lp and Ag serum lipoproteins with 25 polymorphic marker systems are examined in a large kindred of over 100 persons. The results indicate that Lp and ESD are probably closely linked and so the Lp locus may also be assigned to chromosome 13. No significant linkage is detected between Ag and the other marker systems."}
{"id": "PMID:885550", "title": "Rapid determination of polyploidy in human chorionic tissue sections.", "content": "Chromosomal analysis from aborted tissue has become an important diagnostic aid. However, the necessary cultures are frequently unsuccessful due to the condition of the aborted tissue. Polyploidy, in particular triploidy, in the conceptus is a common cause of early pregnancy loss and unlike aneuploidy does not appear to be associated with an increased recurrence risk. The necessity to monitor a subsequent pregnancy with amniocentesis is therefore eliminated. Therefore, in cases where a chromosomal anomaly is probable, a fast simple method of identification of a polyploid karyotype would be valuable. In this presentation, we describe a method using a scanning light microscope and histologic tissue preparations. This method can accurately determine the ploidy of the aborted material in 5 days.", "contents": "Rapid determination of polyploidy in human chorionic tissue sections. Chromosomal analysis from aborted tissue has become an important diagnostic aid. However, the necessary cultures are frequently unsuccessful due to the condition of the aborted tissue. Polyploidy, in particular triploidy, in the conceptus is a common cause of early pregnancy loss and unlike aneuploidy does not appear to be associated with an increased recurrence risk. The necessity to monitor a subsequent pregnancy with amniocentesis is therefore eliminated. Therefore, in cases where a chromosomal anomaly is probable, a fast simple method of identification of a polyploid karyotype would be valuable. In this presentation, we describe a method using a scanning light microscope and histologic tissue preparations. This method can accurately determine the ploidy of the aborted material in 5 days."}
{"id": "PMID:885551", "title": "Phosphoglucose isomerase (PGI) variants in the Netherlands.", "content": "Six hundred individuals of pure Dutch ancestry have been typed for their erythrocyte phosphoglucose isomerase phenotypes by starch gel and cellulose acetate electrophoresis. In two individuals a variant phenotype was discovered. One phenotype was found to be indistinguishable from PGI-Phillips. The other variant would appear to be a new phenotype and has been designated PGI-Jager.", "contents": "Phosphoglucose isomerase (PGI) variants in the Netherlands. Six hundred individuals of pure Dutch ancestry have been typed for their erythrocyte phosphoglucose isomerase phenotypes by starch gel and cellulose acetate electrophoresis. In two individuals a variant phenotype was discovered. One phenotype was found to be indistinguishable from PGI-Phillips. The other variant would appear to be a new phenotype and has been designated PGI-Jager."}
{"id": "PMID:885552", "title": "Genetic markers in Libyan Jews.", "content": "Blood groups, serum proteins, and red-cell enzyme frequencies were determined on a random sample of 148 Libyan Jews now settled in Israel. Comparisons with data on Libyan non-Jews show significant differences in most systems, implying maintenance of a high degree of genetic isolation of the Jewish group from surrounding populations. The relative lack of the African component in their gene pool shows that they have interbred very little, if at all, with their negroid neighbours.", "contents": "Genetic markers in Libyan Jews. Blood groups, serum proteins, and red-cell enzyme frequencies were determined on a random sample of 148 Libyan Jews now settled in Israel. Comparisons with data on Libyan non-Jews show significant differences in most systems, implying maintenance of a high degree of genetic isolation of the Jewish group from surrounding populations. The relative lack of the African component in their gene pool shows that they have interbred very little, if at all, with their negroid neighbours."}
{"id": "PMID:885553", "title": "A cytogenetic survey of 200 unclassifiable mentally retarded children with congenital anomalies and 200 normal controls.", "content": "A cytogenetic survey was carried out on 200 patients with mental retardation and multiple congenital anomalies, and on 200 normal adult controls. Patients with a known syndrome were excluded from the survey. Chromosome analyses were carried out on 'blind-coded' slides using the ASG banding technique as the routine stain. After the initial analyses (at least 15 cells per person) the slides were decoded, destained and reused for C and Q band polymorphism studies. Five major chromosome abnormalities were detected in the patient group during the survey. They included three patients with de novo, apparently balanced, reciprocal translocations, karyotypes 46,XY,rcp(3;16)(q21;p12); 46,XX,rcp(5;8)(p15;q22); and 46,XX,rcp(5;12)(p11;q24); one with karyotype 47,XX,+mar and one with karyotype 46,XX,der(13),t(13;?)(q34;?). One additional patient whose karyotype in lymphocytes was 46,XX,inv(9)(p11;q13) was found to have a mosaic karyotype 46,XX,inv(9)(p11;q13)/46,XX,inv(9) (p11;q13), der(12),t(12;?)p13;?) in cultured skin fibroblasts. None of the 200 controls had a major chromosome abnormality. From the combined results of this and previous surveys it is now apparent that about 6.2% of the unclassifiable mentally retarded patients with three or more congenital anomalies and about 0.7% of the controls reveal major chromosome abnormalities.", "contents": "A cytogenetic survey of 200 unclassifiable mentally retarded children with congenital anomalies and 200 normal controls. A cytogenetic survey was carried out on 200 patients with mental retardation and multiple congenital anomalies, and on 200 normal adult controls. Patients with a known syndrome were excluded from the survey. Chromosome analyses were carried out on 'blind-coded' slides using the ASG banding technique as the routine stain. After the initial analyses (at least 15 cells per person) the slides were decoded, destained and reused for C and Q band polymorphism studies. Five major chromosome abnormalities were detected in the patient group during the survey. They included three patients with de novo, apparently balanced, reciprocal translocations, karyotypes 46,XY,rcp(3;16)(q21;p12); 46,XX,rcp(5;8)(p15;q22); and 46,XX,rcp(5;12)(p11;q24); one with karyotype 47,XX,+mar and one with karyotype 46,XX,der(13),t(13;?)(q34;?). One additional patient whose karyotype in lymphocytes was 46,XX,inv(9)(p11;q13) was found to have a mosaic karyotype 46,XX,inv(9)(p11;q13)/46,XX,inv(9) (p11;q13), der(12),t(12;?)p13;?) in cultured skin fibroblasts. None of the 200 controls had a major chromosome abnormality. From the combined results of this and previous surveys it is now apparent that about 6.2% of the unclassifiable mentally retarded patients with three or more congenital anomalies and about 0.7% of the controls reveal major chromosome abnormalities."}
{"id": "PMID:885555", "title": "Inversion 19 and isochromosome short arm 17 or 18.", "content": "A case of inversion 19 and isochromosome short arm 17 or 18 has been studied, and the possibility of an increased risk of nondisjunction in persons with certain chromosome inversions is discussed.", "contents": "Inversion 19 and isochromosome short arm 17 or 18. A case of inversion 19 and isochromosome short arm 17 or 18 has been studied, and the possibility of an increased risk of nondisjunction in persons with certain chromosome inversions is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:885556", "title": "Ring chromosome 9. 46,XY,r(9) in a male with ambiguous external genitalia.", "content": "Cytogenetic investigation of a 4-year-old boy with ambiguous external genitalia revealed a 46,XY,r(9)(p2q3) complement. The patient displayed some phenotypic characteristics common to other reported r(9) cases, in addition to ambiguous external genitalia.", "contents": "Ring chromosome 9. 46,XY,r(9) in a male with ambiguous external genitalia. Cytogenetic investigation of a 4-year-old boy with ambiguous external genitalia revealed a 46,XY,r(9)(p2q3) complement. The patient displayed some phenotypic characteristics common to other reported r(9) cases, in addition to ambiguous external genitalia."}
{"id": "PMID:885558", "title": "Ultrastructure of human endometrial epithelium in monolayer culture with and without steroid hormones.", "content": "Colonies of cells of epithelioid appearance were identified in monolayer cultures grown up to 50 days from normal human endometrial cell suspension obtained by a method designed to insure a maximum harvest of glandular cells. Groups of these cells were separated from stromal cells by means of cloning cylinders. Studies comparing the ultrastructure of cells of this type to fresh endometrial tissue revealed a number of similarities. The morphological characteristics common to both types of samples included junctional complexes, perinuclear microfilaments and microvilli with glycocalyx. Other common features were prominent nucleoli, well developed Golgi, rough endoplasmic reticulum and membrane-bound electron-dense bodies in the cytoplasm. A stripping technique applied to the fetal bovine serum used in the nutrient medium made it possible to initiate cultures in a steroid-free environment and to maintain them in the presence of the specified concentration of estradiol and/or progesterone. Isolation of epithelial cells of endometrium in monolayer culture may provide a useful model system in which to study the specific effects of steroid hormones on cellular function and differentiation.", "contents": "Ultrastructure of human endometrial epithelium in monolayer culture with and without steroid hormones. Colonies of cells of epithelioid appearance were identified in monolayer cultures grown up to 50 days from normal human endometrial cell suspension obtained by a method designed to insure a maximum harvest of glandular cells. Groups of these cells were separated from stromal cells by means of cloning cylinders. Studies comparing the ultrastructure of cells of this type to fresh endometrial tissue revealed a number of similarities. The morphological characteristics common to both types of samples included junctional complexes, perinuclear microfilaments and microvilli with glycocalyx. Other common features were prominent nucleoli, well developed Golgi, rough endoplasmic reticulum and membrane-bound electron-dense bodies in the cytoplasm. A stripping technique applied to the fetal bovine serum used in the nutrient medium made it possible to initiate cultures in a steroid-free environment and to maintain them in the presence of the specified concentration of estradiol and/or progesterone. Isolation of epithelial cells of endometrium in monolayer culture may provide a useful model system in which to study the specific effects of steroid hormones on cellular function and differentiation."}
{"id": "PMID:885559", "title": "Uptake and release of tetracycline by cultured carrot cells.", "content": "The nature of tetracycline uptake by carrot cell suspension cultures is described. Tetracycline enters the cells by diffusion and the intracellular level of the antibiotic increases with the amount added. Exposure of carrot cells to high levels of tetracycline for a limited time (24 hr) followed by the removal of the drug and the resuspension of the cells in drug-free medium does not affect cell growth and has no inhibitory effect on protein synthesis (14C-leucine incorporation).", "contents": "Uptake and release of tetracycline by cultured carrot cells. The nature of tetracycline uptake by carrot cell suspension cultures is described. Tetracycline enters the cells by diffusion and the intracellular level of the antibiotic increases with the amount added. Exposure of carrot cells to high levels of tetracycline for a limited time (24 hr) followed by the removal of the drug and the resuspension of the cells in drug-free medium does not affect cell growth and has no inhibitory effect on protein synthesis (14C-leucine incorporation)."}
{"id": "PMID:885560", "title": "A simple method for examining organotypic CNS cultures with Nomarski optics.", "content": "This paper describes a method for examination of living organotypic cultures of CNS with Nomarski differential interference-contrast optics. Cultures grown in Maximow assemblies, which promote the best differentiation of the tissue but are optically faulty, are transferred for Nomarski observation to a simple sandwich chamber which combines the optical perfection of the usual sandwich chamber with the flexibility and safeguarding of sterility characteristic of the Maximow assembly. Thus cultures can be transferred repeatedly between their maintenance and observation chambers. In the resulting microscopic images, it is possible to visualize delicate unmyelinated fibers, myelinated cell bodies and other features which are normally impossible to demonstrate in living cultures as well as to improve the images of other structures such as large neuronal perikarya and myelinated axons.", "contents": "A simple method for examining organotypic CNS cultures with Nomarski optics. This paper describes a method for examination of living organotypic cultures of CNS with Nomarski differential interference-contrast optics. Cultures grown in Maximow assemblies, which promote the best differentiation of the tissue but are optically faulty, are transferred for Nomarski observation to a simple sandwich chamber which combines the optical perfection of the usual sandwich chamber with the flexibility and safeguarding of sterility characteristic of the Maximow assembly. Thus cultures can be transferred repeatedly between their maintenance and observation chambers. In the resulting microscopic images, it is possible to visualize delicate unmyelinated fibers, myelinated cell bodies and other features which are normally impossible to demonstrate in living cultures as well as to improve the images of other structures such as large neuronal perikarya and myelinated axons."}
{"id": "PMID:885561", "title": "Effects of bacterial agarase on agarose gel in cell culture.", "content": "Bacterial agarase, concentrated and purified from culture filtrate of agar-degrading bacteria, has been used to clean cells cultured in soft agarose from gel residues. The enzyme also has been used to liquefy the gel directly in the dishes to facilitate the removal of cells. The sufaces of glioma cells from agarase-treated colonies could not be distinguished in the scanning electron microscope from surfaces of cells which had never been in contact with agarose or agarase. This implies that most agarose residues had been removed, and also that the treatment did not seriously alter the cell surfaces. The influence of the agarase treatment also was tested by comparison of the mitotic index and the incorporation of [3H]thymidine in agarase-treated and untreated cells. No effects of the treatment could be seen in these tests.", "contents": "Effects of bacterial agarase on agarose gel in cell culture. Bacterial agarase, concentrated and purified from culture filtrate of agar-degrading bacteria, has been used to clean cells cultured in soft agarose from gel residues. The enzyme also has been used to liquefy the gel directly in the dishes to facilitate the removal of cells. The sufaces of glioma cells from agarase-treated colonies could not be distinguished in the scanning electron microscope from surfaces of cells which had never been in contact with agarose or agarase. This implies that most agarose residues had been removed, and also that the treatment did not seriously alter the cell surfaces. The influence of the agarase treatment also was tested by comparison of the mitotic index and the incorporation of [3H]thymidine in agarase-treated and untreated cells. No effects of the treatment could be seen in these tests."}
{"id": "PMID:885562", "title": "Organ culture of human articular cartilage: studies on sulphated glycosaminoglycan synthesis.", "content": "An organ culture system is described for adult human articular cartilage obtained from joints after femoral head replacement operations. Cartilage slices maintain maximal viability for 2 days in culture as assessed by uptake of [3H]uridine and [3H]leucine into whole tissue, and 35SO4 into sulphated glycosaminoglycans (GAGs). Since GAGs are the components of cartilage matrix, the depletion of which is associated with osteoarthrosis, a method for measuring sulphated GAG synthesis in culture has been investigated.", "contents": "Organ culture of human articular cartilage: studies on sulphated glycosaminoglycan synthesis. An organ culture system is described for adult human articular cartilage obtained from joints after femoral head replacement operations. Cartilage slices maintain maximal viability for 2 days in culture as assessed by uptake of [3H]uridine and [3H]leucine into whole tissue, and 35SO4 into sulphated glycosaminoglycans (GAGs). Since GAGs are the components of cartilage matrix, the depletion of which is associated with osteoarthrosis, a method for measuring sulphated GAG synthesis in culture has been investigated."}
{"id": "PMID:885563", "title": "Effects of cytosine arabinoside on in vivo and in vitro mouse limb development.", "content": "When pregnant mice were exposed to 40 mg per kg of cytosine arabinoside (ara-C) on days 10 to 12 of gestation, adactylous limbs with large, distally located blisters were found when the fetuses were examined on day 18. Embryonic limbs exposed transplacentally under identical conditions and explanted to culture exhibited the same morphological abnormality as did limbs exposed directly in culture to 0.1 to 1 microgram per ml of ara-C. Two noncytotoxic analogues of ara-C, uridine arabinoside (ara-U) and hypoxanthine arabinose (ara-HX), had no influence on morphological differentiation of limbs in vitro. Ara-C alone caused a dose-related decrease in uptake of 3H-thymidine and 35SO4 in cultured limb buds. Production of this morphologically distinct malformation in vitro will allow detailed biochemical investigations on the effect of ara-C limb ectodermal-mesenchymal interactions.", "contents": "Effects of cytosine arabinoside on in vivo and in vitro mouse limb development. When pregnant mice were exposed to 40 mg per kg of cytosine arabinoside (ara-C) on days 10 to 12 of gestation, adactylous limbs with large, distally located blisters were found when the fetuses were examined on day 18. Embryonic limbs exposed transplacentally under identical conditions and explanted to culture exhibited the same morphological abnormality as did limbs exposed directly in culture to 0.1 to 1 microgram per ml of ara-C. Two noncytotoxic analogues of ara-C, uridine arabinoside (ara-U) and hypoxanthine arabinose (ara-HX), had no influence on morphological differentiation of limbs in vitro. Ara-C alone caused a dose-related decrease in uptake of 3H-thymidine and 35SO4 in cultured limb buds. Production of this morphologically distinct malformation in vitro will allow detailed biochemical investigations on the effect of ara-C limb ectodermal-mesenchymal interactions."}
{"id": "PMID:885579", "title": "[Antibodies against staphylococcal nuclease--titres of persons with and without staphylococcal infections (author's transl)].", "content": "Rabbits were immunized against staphylococcal nuclease by repeated intramuscular injections. After five weeks the peak of the antibody response was reached, after 17 weeks the titres are on the level of the starting point. Persons without staphylococcal infections showed titres between 1:200 and 1:300 (titre of normal). In patients with proved staphylococcal infection the peak of the titres is reached three month post infection. The level of the titre is influenced by the site of infection; deep infections gave higher values than superficial processes. The method of the AStaN-reaction was examined with respect of their reproducibility, clearness, specificity and diagnostic relevance. In proved staphylococcal infections the AStaN-reaction is more often positive than the AStaL-reaction.", "contents": "[Antibodies against staphylococcal nuclease--titres of persons with and without staphylococcal infections (author's transl)]. Rabbits were immunized against staphylococcal nuclease by repeated intramuscular injections. After five weeks the peak of the antibody response was reached, after 17 weeks the titres are on the level of the starting point. Persons without staphylococcal infections showed titres between 1:200 and 1:300 (titre of normal). In patients with proved staphylococcal infection the peak of the titres is reached three month post infection. The level of the titre is influenced by the site of infection; deep infections gave higher values than superficial processes. The method of the AStaN-reaction was examined with respect of their reproducibility, clearness, specificity and diagnostic relevance. In proved staphylococcal infections the AStaN-reaction is more often positive than the AStaL-reaction."}
{"id": "PMID:885580", "title": "Syngeneic tumor rejection induced by immunization with normal allogeneic tissues.", "content": "Immunization with normal allogeneic kidney and liver tissues extends survival of DBA/2Cr mice challenged with a lethal dose of syngeneic L517BY lymphoma cells. Immunization with a combination of tissues from five strains provides far more protection than immunization with tissue from any single strain. It is suggested that the basis of this protective effect is a cross-reactivity or identity between tumor-associated transplantation antigens (TATA) on the L5178Y tumor and non-H-2 alloantigens normally expressed by some allogeneic tissues.", "contents": "Syngeneic tumor rejection induced by immunization with normal allogeneic tissues. Immunization with normal allogeneic kidney and liver tissues extends survival of DBA/2Cr mice challenged with a lethal dose of syngeneic L517BY lymphoma cells. Immunization with a combination of tissues from five strains provides far more protection than immunization with tissue from any single strain. It is suggested that the basis of this protective effect is a cross-reactivity or identity between tumor-associated transplantation antigens (TATA) on the L5178Y tumor and non-H-2 alloantigens normally expressed by some allogeneic tissues."}
{"id": "PMID:885581", "title": "Antibody responses to xenogeneic red blood cell challenge in the Japanese quail.", "content": "Previous reports indicate that Japanese quail are hyporesponsive to such conventionally used antigens as sheep red blood cells and bovine serum albumin. In this study the immune responsiveness of Japanese quail to several erythrocyte antigens was investigated. The quail produced higher antibody titers when immunized with chukar red blood cells than when immunized with sheep, turkey, or pheasant red blood cells. It is concluded that Japanese quail are capable of producing HA titers comparable in magnitude to those demonstrated by other laboratory animals, when the quail are immunized with an appropriate antigen. Chukar red blood cells are such an antigen.", "contents": "Antibody responses to xenogeneic red blood cell challenge in the Japanese quail. Previous reports indicate that Japanese quail are hyporesponsive to such conventionally used antigens as sheep red blood cells and bovine serum albumin. In this study the immune responsiveness of Japanese quail to several erythrocyte antigens was investigated. The quail produced higher antibody titers when immunized with chukar red blood cells than when immunized with sheep, turkey, or pheasant red blood cells. It is concluded that Japanese quail are capable of producing HA titers comparable in magnitude to those demonstrated by other laboratory animals, when the quail are immunized with an appropriate antigen. Chukar red blood cells are such an antigen."}
{"id": "PMID:885582", "title": "Effect of concanavalin A on the functional activity of hemolytic antibody.", "content": "Concanavalin A (Con A), either in solution or insolubilized by covalent binding to Sepharose 4B, can inhibit the ability of fluid phase 19S, but not 7S, anti-Forssman antibody to sensitize sheep red cells (E) toward lysis by excess guinea pig complement. The efficiency of 19S antibody is unaffected when E are treated with Con A before sensitization or when antibody sensitized cells (EA) are exposed to the lectin before complement is added. Although whole complement activity is retained on a solumn of Con A-Sepharose, cell bound lectin did not act as a complement fixing antibody. Consistent with this result, there was no difference in the amount of C1 fixed by E and E-Con A, or by EA and EA-Con A.", "contents": "Effect of concanavalin A on the functional activity of hemolytic antibody. Concanavalin A (Con A), either in solution or insolubilized by covalent binding to Sepharose 4B, can inhibit the ability of fluid phase 19S, but not 7S, anti-Forssman antibody to sensitize sheep red cells (E) toward lysis by excess guinea pig complement. The efficiency of 19S antibody is unaffected when E are treated with Con A before sensitization or when antibody sensitized cells (EA) are exposed to the lectin before complement is added. Although whole complement activity is retained on a solumn of Con A-Sepharose, cell bound lectin did not act as a complement fixing antibody. Consistent with this result, there was no difference in the amount of C1 fixed by E and E-Con A, or by EA and EA-Con A."}
{"id": "PMID:885583", "title": "Comparison between antigen-antibody binding energies and interfacial free energies.", "content": "Antigen-antibody binding energies derived from equilibrium data are compared with the binding energies resulting from the interfacial free energies obtained from contact angle measurements of antigens and antibodies. From these interfacial free energies two sorts of theoretical antigen-antibody binding energies can be derived, as well as the Hamaker constants for most antigen-antibody systems. For interaction in vacuo the Hamaker constants obtained are between 4 and 6 X 10(-13) ergs, while these constants for hydrated antigen antibody interactions are less than 10(-14) ergs. For interactions in vacuo, interfacial free energies yield binding energies (delta Fa) that lie between -120 and -140 ergs/cm2. For interactions in the aqueous phase (with interstitial water still present), much lower binding energies (delta Fb) are derived, of the order of -.01 and -1 ergs/cm2. In comparison, dextran-anti-dextran interactions show a binding energy derived from equilibrium data (delta Feq) of the order of -10 ergs/cm2. In general the equilibrium binding energies delta Feq of most antigen-antibody systems would vary between -1 and -20 ergs/cm2. The implications of this comparison are discussed in the light of the influence of residual water between antigenic determinant and antibody-active site, as well as in the light of the degree of perfection of fit between these sites.", "contents": "Comparison between antigen-antibody binding energies and interfacial free energies. Antigen-antibody binding energies derived from equilibrium data are compared with the binding energies resulting from the interfacial free energies obtained from contact angle measurements of antigens and antibodies. From these interfacial free energies two sorts of theoretical antigen-antibody binding energies can be derived, as well as the Hamaker constants for most antigen-antibody systems. For interaction in vacuo the Hamaker constants obtained are between 4 and 6 X 10(-13) ergs, while these constants for hydrated antigen antibody interactions are less than 10(-14) ergs. For interactions in vacuo, interfacial free energies yield binding energies (delta Fa) that lie between -120 and -140 ergs/cm2. For interactions in the aqueous phase (with interstitial water still present), much lower binding energies (delta Fb) are derived, of the order of -.01 and -1 ergs/cm2. In comparison, dextran-anti-dextran interactions show a binding energy derived from equilibrium data (delta Feq) of the order of -10 ergs/cm2. In general the equilibrium binding energies delta Feq of most antigen-antibody systems would vary between -1 and -20 ergs/cm2. The implications of this comparison are discussed in the light of the influence of residual water between antigenic determinant and antibody-active site, as well as in the light of the degree of perfection of fit between these sites."}
{"id": "PMID:885584", "title": "Crystallization of Fab fragments from an induced antibody.", "content": "Fab fragments of rabbit anti-p-azobenzoate antibody have been crystallized. Washed, redissolved crystalline materials has the same binding constant toward p-iodobenzoate as the intact antibody, 8 X 10(4) M-1.", "contents": "Crystallization of Fab fragments from an induced antibody. Fab fragments of rabbit anti-p-azobenzoate antibody have been crystallized. Washed, redissolved crystalline materials has the same binding constant toward p-iodobenzoate as the intact antibody, 8 X 10(4) M-1."}
{"id": "PMID:885585", "title": "Effect of serum and serum components on the mitogen-induced proliferation of murine lymphocytes.", "content": "By increasing the concentration of human serum, the dose-response profile of the Concanavalin A-induced proliferation of murine spleen lymphocytes becomes broader and the optimal cell proliferation takes place at higher concentrations of mitogen. It is shown that this behavior is due to the globulin fraction of serum which greatly decreases the binding of Concanavalin A to lymphocytes. Cohn fractions III and IV have a similar effect. On the other hand, cell proliferation takes place also in the absence of Pooled Human Serum at appropriate concentrations of Concanavalin A and within a very narrow range of cell concentrations. In the presence of the albumin fraction of serum, proliferation takes place over a wider range of mitogen and cell concentrations. As a result of these phenomena, the mitogenic effect of Concanavalin A varies greatly in function of the concentration of serum. Analogous results were obtained with fetal calf serum.", "contents": "Effect of serum and serum components on the mitogen-induced proliferation of murine lymphocytes. By increasing the concentration of human serum, the dose-response profile of the Concanavalin A-induced proliferation of murine spleen lymphocytes becomes broader and the optimal cell proliferation takes place at higher concentrations of mitogen. It is shown that this behavior is due to the globulin fraction of serum which greatly decreases the binding of Concanavalin A to lymphocytes. Cohn fractions III and IV have a similar effect. On the other hand, cell proliferation takes place also in the absence of Pooled Human Serum at appropriate concentrations of Concanavalin A and within a very narrow range of cell concentrations. In the presence of the albumin fraction of serum, proliferation takes place over a wider range of mitogen and cell concentrations. As a result of these phenomena, the mitogenic effect of Concanavalin A varies greatly in function of the concentration of serum. Analogous results were obtained with fetal calf serum."}
{"id": "PMID:885586", "title": "Influence of cyclophosphamide on delayed hypersensitivity and acquired cellular resistance to Listeria monocytogenes in the mouse.", "content": "The effect of a single dose of cyclophosphamide (CY) on delayed type hypersensitivity (DH) and acquired cellular resistance (ACR) to Listeria monocytogenes infection in mice was studied. Intraperitoneal or intracutaneous immunization with L forms of L. monocytogenes did not result in protection against lethal challenge. A positive DH could be observed when CY-treated mice were intracutaneously immunized with 10(8) or more L forms. Intraperitoneal injection of viable L. monocytogenes resulted only in a narrow dose range in survival on immunization and partial protection on challenge. Protection was accompanied by DH. Intracutaneous injection of Listeria in Freund's complete adjuvant permitted the use of even 10(9) viable bacteria for immunization. This figure was reduced to 10(5) or less for CY treated mice. In normal mice protection was afforded on immunization with 10(7) bacteria whereas 10(3) bacteria were sufficient to protect CY treated animals. All protected mice showed a positive DH. These results demonstrate that CY treatment reduces the dose of viable bacteria tolerated for immunization 10(4) times. On the other hand after CY treatment the doses of bacteria effective on immunization for ACR and DH could be reduced in the same order of magnitude. Reduction of the CY dose resulted in a peak DH with 4 mg CY, but the protection was less than that obtained after treatment with 6 mg CY. A dissociation between ACR and DH was observed by varying the interval between immunization and challenge. In normal mice DH was preceded by ACR, with peaks at respectively 10 and 5 days after immunization. CY treatment caused a delay in the onset of the ACR, followed by an enhanced and slightly prolonged response. The effect of CY on DH consisted of enhancement and prolongation.", "contents": "Influence of cyclophosphamide on delayed hypersensitivity and acquired cellular resistance to Listeria monocytogenes in the mouse. The effect of a single dose of cyclophosphamide (CY) on delayed type hypersensitivity (DH) and acquired cellular resistance (ACR) to Listeria monocytogenes infection in mice was studied. Intraperitoneal or intracutaneous immunization with L forms of L. monocytogenes did not result in protection against lethal challenge. A positive DH could be observed when CY-treated mice were intracutaneously immunized with 10(8) or more L forms. Intraperitoneal injection of viable L. monocytogenes resulted only in a narrow dose range in survival on immunization and partial protection on challenge. Protection was accompanied by DH. Intracutaneous injection of Listeria in Freund's complete adjuvant permitted the use of even 10(9) viable bacteria for immunization. This figure was reduced to 10(5) or less for CY treated mice. In normal mice protection was afforded on immunization with 10(7) bacteria whereas 10(3) bacteria were sufficient to protect CY treated animals. All protected mice showed a positive DH. These results demonstrate that CY treatment reduces the dose of viable bacteria tolerated for immunization 10(4) times. On the other hand after CY treatment the doses of bacteria effective on immunization for ACR and DH could be reduced in the same order of magnitude. Reduction of the CY dose resulted in a peak DH with 4 mg CY, but the protection was less than that obtained after treatment with 6 mg CY. A dissociation between ACR and DH was observed by varying the interval between immunization and challenge. In normal mice DH was preceded by ACR, with peaks at respectively 10 and 5 days after immunization. CY treatment caused a delay in the onset of the ACR, followed by an enhanced and slightly prolonged response. The effect of CY on DH consisted of enhancement and prolongation."}
{"id": "PMID:885587", "title": "Isolation of a peptido-polysaccharide from the dermatophyte Epidermophyton floccosum and a study of its reaction with human C-reactive protein and a mouse anti-phosphorylcholine myeloma serum.", "content": "Culture filtrate extracts from a number of dermatophyte and Aspergillus species precipitate with human C-reactive protein (CRP) and the lectin Con A. Using immobilized Con A, a peptidopolysaccharide (PPS) has been isolated from Epidermophyton floccosum culture filtrate by affinity chromatography and shown to precipitate with Con A, human CRP sera and a mouse myeloma serum with specificity for phosphorylcholine (PC). The PPS contains carbohydrate (60%), protein (35%), choline and phosphate. The carbohydrate portion consists almost entirely of D-mannose with only 2% hexosamine. Amino acid analysis revealed that serine, threonine, proline and glycine accounted for over 50% of the total amino acids present. Precipitation of E. floccosum PPS and pneumococcal C substance with human CRP sera and mouse anti-PC serum were compared in quantitative precipitin studies. Inhibition studies demonstrated that PC is a potent inhibitor of the serum CRP-PPS and myeloma protein-PPS precipitation reactions. The involvement of 'C substances' in a variety of biological processes is discussed.", "contents": "Isolation of a peptido-polysaccharide from the dermatophyte Epidermophyton floccosum and a study of its reaction with human C-reactive protein and a mouse anti-phosphorylcholine myeloma serum. Culture filtrate extracts from a number of dermatophyte and Aspergillus species precipitate with human C-reactive protein (CRP) and the lectin Con A. Using immobilized Con A, a peptidopolysaccharide (PPS) has been isolated from Epidermophyton floccosum culture filtrate by affinity chromatography and shown to precipitate with Con A, human CRP sera and a mouse myeloma serum with specificity for phosphorylcholine (PC). The PPS contains carbohydrate (60%), protein (35%), choline and phosphate. The carbohydrate portion consists almost entirely of D-mannose with only 2% hexosamine. Amino acid analysis revealed that serine, threonine, proline and glycine accounted for over 50% of the total amino acids present. Precipitation of E. floccosum PPS and pneumococcal C substance with human CRP sera and mouse anti-PC serum were compared in quantitative precipitin studies. Inhibition studies demonstrated that PC is a potent inhibitor of the serum CRP-PPS and myeloma protein-PPS precipitation reactions. The involvement of 'C substances' in a variety of biological processes is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:885588", "title": "Quantitative estimations of five classes of immunoglobulin in inbred mouse strains.", "content": "The age-dependent change of the levels of five classes of immunoglobulin in mouse serum were investigated. Between 3 and 12 months after birth, the major IgG subclass of BALB/c was IgG1, while that of C57BL/6 was IgG2b. This difference was the same in the sera from hyperimmunized or germ-free animals.", "contents": "Quantitative estimations of five classes of immunoglobulin in inbred mouse strains. The age-dependent change of the levels of five classes of immunoglobulin in mouse serum were investigated. Between 3 and 12 months after birth, the major IgG subclass of BALB/c was IgG1, while that of C57BL/6 was IgG2b. This difference was the same in the sera from hyperimmunized or germ-free animals."}
{"id": "PMID:885590", "title": "The immunoelectron-microscopical demonstration of antibodies against endoplasmic reticulum (microsomes) in chronic aggressive hepatitis and liver cirrhosis.", "content": "Electron microscopic findings made on microsomal fractions of rat liver after treatment with microsomal antibodies obtained from the blood of patients diagnosed as having chronic aggressive hepatitis and liver cirrhosis and after incubation with peroxidase-labelled antihuman IgG are described and presented in this paper. Interpretation of these findings as the substrate of an antibody reaction directed against membranes of the endoplasmic reticulum of hepatocytes is discussed.", "contents": "The immunoelectron-microscopical demonstration of antibodies against endoplasmic reticulum (microsomes) in chronic aggressive hepatitis and liver cirrhosis. Electron microscopic findings made on microsomal fractions of rat liver after treatment with microsomal antibodies obtained from the blood of patients diagnosed as having chronic aggressive hepatitis and liver cirrhosis and after incubation with peroxidase-labelled antihuman IgG are described and presented in this paper. Interpretation of these findings as the substrate of an antibody reaction directed against membranes of the endoplasmic reticulum of hepatocytes is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:885591", "title": "Immune responses in mice infected with lactic dehydrogenase virus. I. Antibody response to DNP-BGG and hyperglobulinaemia in BALB/c mice.", "content": "The humoral immune response to DNP-BGG of BALB/c mice acutely infected with lactic dehydrogenase virus (LDV) has been investigated. Virus-infected mice injected with antigen in saline exhibit a greater anti-DNP response than uninfected controls. When this antigen is presented in Freund's complete adjuvant (FCA) the anti-DNP response is greater than obtained with antigen in saline, but significant differences between infected and uninfected controls are not observed. These data are consistent with the view that acute LDV infection can have an adjuvant-like effect when this T-dependent antigen is introduced in saline. In addition, the effect of viral infection on plasma Ig class and subclass levels has been investigated. LDV infection leads to a gradual increase in plasma Ig concentration. This effect is restricted to the IgG2a subclass in most animals, but occasionally is restricted to IgG1. The mechanisms responsible for these changes have not been delineated.", "contents": "Immune responses in mice infected with lactic dehydrogenase virus. I. Antibody response to DNP-BGG and hyperglobulinaemia in BALB/c mice. The humoral immune response to DNP-BGG of BALB/c mice acutely infected with lactic dehydrogenase virus (LDV) has been investigated. Virus-infected mice injected with antigen in saline exhibit a greater anti-DNP response than uninfected controls. When this antigen is presented in Freund's complete adjuvant (FCA) the anti-DNP response is greater than obtained with antigen in saline, but significant differences between infected and uninfected controls are not observed. These data are consistent with the view that acute LDV infection can have an adjuvant-like effect when this T-dependent antigen is introduced in saline. In addition, the effect of viral infection on plasma Ig class and subclass levels has been investigated. LDV infection leads to a gradual increase in plasma Ig concentration. This effect is restricted to the IgG2a subclass in most animals, but occasionally is restricted to IgG1. The mechanisms responsible for these changes have not been delineated."}
{"id": "PMID:885592", "title": "Changes in the electrophoretic mobility of mouse lymph node lymphocytes during ontogeny.", "content": "The electrokinetic properties of peripheral lymph node (LN) cells from C3H and nude mice aged 1, 3 or 10 weeks, were investigated by means of preparative and analytical cell electrophoresis. Two groups of cells were distinguishable throughout the age interval examined. The first group, with low-mobility (LM) included the majority of surface-immunoglobulin positive lymphocytes, was predominant in athymic nude mice and is thus likely to represent B cells. The other group, with higher mobility (HM), was sensitive to anti-Thy 1-2 serum, made up the major LN population in C3H mice and normal nude littermates and thus probably corresponds to T cells. In C3H mice, the relative proportion of LM cells was found to increase with age of LN donors (from 9-22%). Moreover, significant alterations in the mean electrophoretic mobility (EPM) of both lymphocyte populations were detected in the course of development. While the EPM of LM cells diminished from 0-81-0-70 micrometer.s-1.V-1.cm, that of HM cells increased from 1-11-1-22 micrometer.s-1.V-1.cm as the animals grew from 1-10 weeks. These observations indicate a relationship between the degree of maturity of peripheral B- and T-cell populations and their electrokinetic properties.", "contents": "Changes in the electrophoretic mobility of mouse lymph node lymphocytes during ontogeny. The electrokinetic properties of peripheral lymph node (LN) cells from C3H and nude mice aged 1, 3 or 10 weeks, were investigated by means of preparative and analytical cell electrophoresis. Two groups of cells were distinguishable throughout the age interval examined. The first group, with low-mobility (LM) included the majority of surface-immunoglobulin positive lymphocytes, was predominant in athymic nude mice and is thus likely to represent B cells. The other group, with higher mobility (HM), was sensitive to anti-Thy 1-2 serum, made up the major LN population in C3H mice and normal nude littermates and thus probably corresponds to T cells. In C3H mice, the relative proportion of LM cells was found to increase with age of LN donors (from 9-22%). Moreover, significant alterations in the mean electrophoretic mobility (EPM) of both lymphocyte populations were detected in the course of development. While the EPM of LM cells diminished from 0-81-0-70 micrometer.s-1.V-1.cm, that of HM cells increased from 1-11-1-22 micrometer.s-1.V-1.cm as the animals grew from 1-10 weeks. These observations indicate a relationship between the degree of maturity of peripheral B- and T-cell populations and their electrokinetic properties."}
{"id": "PMID:885593", "title": "Urinary nitrogen in elderly Indians.", "content": "Urinary volumes, nitrogenous consituents eliminated in 24 hrs urine and diet taken by healthy elderly lactovegetarian Indian subjects in Bombay are reported. The average values where: diet = 1603 calories, 52.3 gms proteins intake per day; urinary volume 1568 cc, urea 11.27 +/- 3.59 gms/24 hrs, creatinine 1.09 +/- 0.8 gms, uric acid 0.56 +/- 0.21 gms and ammonia 0.38 +/- 0.25 gms per day. While the values of all N2 constituents-urea, creatinine, uric acid and ammonia are much lower, the total N2 as well as urea output in elderly Indians in less than half of that of the young Europeans on meat rich diet but greater than those on protein free diets.", "contents": "Urinary nitrogen in elderly Indians. Urinary volumes, nitrogenous consituents eliminated in 24 hrs urine and diet taken by healthy elderly lactovegetarian Indian subjects in Bombay are reported. The average values where: diet = 1603 calories, 52.3 gms proteins intake per day; urinary volume 1568 cc, urea 11.27 +/- 3.59 gms/24 hrs, creatinine 1.09 +/- 0.8 gms, uric acid 0.56 +/- 0.21 gms and ammonia 0.38 +/- 0.25 gms per day. While the values of all N2 constituents-urea, creatinine, uric acid and ammonia are much lower, the total N2 as well as urea output in elderly Indians in less than half of that of the young Europeans on meat rich diet but greater than those on protein free diets."}
{"id": "PMID:885594", "title": "Adverse effects of vasectomy: sperm granuloma of epididymides.", "content": "Rats and mice were vasectomized to study the pathological changes in the development and resolution of vasectomy induced sperm granuloma. Epididymal weights were increased in all groups of vasectomized animals, whereas testicular weights did not change. Granuloma in the form of yellow nodular masses of cysts were present at the lower pole of the epididymis. It consisted of a pool of sperm and other material surrounded by a wall of histocytes or macrophages. The biologic significance of the phenomena has been discussed.", "contents": "Adverse effects of vasectomy: sperm granuloma of epididymides. Rats and mice were vasectomized to study the pathological changes in the development and resolution of vasectomy induced sperm granuloma. Epididymal weights were increased in all groups of vasectomized animals, whereas testicular weights did not change. Granuloma in the form of yellow nodular masses of cysts were present at the lower pole of the epididymis. It consisted of a pool of sperm and other material surrounded by a wall of histocytes or macrophages. The biologic significance of the phenomena has been discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:885595", "title": "Pharmacological studies on Lepidium sativum, linn.", "content": "Pharmacological studies on Lepidium sativum suggested in it the presence of a cardioactive substance, which is unstable in solution, shows tachyphylaxis and probably exerts its actions through adrenergic mechanisms.", "contents": "Pharmacological studies on Lepidium sativum, linn. Pharmacological studies on Lepidium sativum suggested in it the presence of a cardioactive substance, which is unstable in solution, shows tachyphylaxis and probably exerts its actions through adrenergic mechanisms."}
{"id": "PMID:885596", "title": "Changes in brain acetylcholine of rats after dermal application of fenitrothion (Sumithion).", "content": "Fenitrothion (Sumithion), and organophosphorous insectide, was applied dermally to rats. Cholinesterase activity was measured in blood and brain. The concentration of the pesticide in blood plasma and acetylcholine in brain were estimated at different intervals. The maximum concentration of Fenitrothion in the plasma was found at 4 hrs while significantly elevated levels of acetylcholine were present in the brain till 24 hrs. The results suggest that the compound was readily absorbed by dermal route to produce inhibition of cholinesterase and a consequent persistent increase in brain acetylcholine.", "contents": "Changes in brain acetylcholine of rats after dermal application of fenitrothion (Sumithion). Fenitrothion (Sumithion), and organophosphorous insectide, was applied dermally to rats. Cholinesterase activity was measured in blood and brain. The concentration of the pesticide in blood plasma and acetylcholine in brain were estimated at different intervals. The maximum concentration of Fenitrothion in the plasma was found at 4 hrs while significantly elevated levels of acetylcholine were present in the brain till 24 hrs. The results suggest that the compound was readily absorbed by dermal route to produce inhibition of cholinesterase and a consequent persistent increase in brain acetylcholine."}
{"id": "PMID:885597", "title": "Effect of angiotensin II on total plasma protein and albumin content in dogs.", "content": "Intravenous administration of angiotensin II caused a significant decrease in total plasma protein and albumin level in dogs. The central nervous system, the spleen and adrenal glands do not play any significant role in decreased plasma protein and albumin level. It is suggested that might be due to increased secretion of prostaglandin-like substances from the dog kidney causing increased permeability of vascularendothelium.", "contents": "Effect of angiotensin II on total plasma protein and albumin content in dogs. Intravenous administration of angiotensin II caused a significant decrease in total plasma protein and albumin level in dogs. The central nervous system, the spleen and adrenal glands do not play any significant role in decreased plasma protein and albumin level. It is suggested that might be due to increased secretion of prostaglandin-like substances from the dog kidney causing increased permeability of vascularendothelium."}
{"id": "PMID:885598", "title": "Actions of glucagon on the perfused vessels of the isolated rabbit ear.", "content": "Actions of glucagon on the perfused vessels of the isolated rabbit ear were investigated. The two main actions of glucagon on the perfused ear vessels of the rabbit are: (i) release of noradrenaline which accounts for the constrictor response in low tone preparations. The response depends on the level of 3, 5 AMP. If the level rises as a result of noradrenaline action, contriction sets in. (ii) Glucagon may stimulate the adenylcyclase. In the high tone preparation 3,5 AMP levels are probably high. Release of noradrenaline by glucagon would have little additonal effect.", "contents": "Actions of glucagon on the perfused vessels of the isolated rabbit ear. Actions of glucagon on the perfused vessels of the isolated rabbit ear were investigated. The two main actions of glucagon on the perfused ear vessels of the rabbit are: (i) release of noradrenaline which accounts for the constrictor response in low tone preparations. The response depends on the level of 3, 5 AMP. If the level rises as a result of noradrenaline action, contriction sets in. (ii) Glucagon may stimulate the adenylcyclase. In the high tone preparation 3,5 AMP levels are probably high. Release of noradrenaline by glucagon would have little additonal effect."}
{"id": "PMID:885599", "title": "A dehydrogenase system to demonstrate oxidation of amphetamine and related compounds by rat brain homogenate.", "content": "Amphetamine, ephedrine, mescaline and chlorpromazine act as substrate for dehydrogenase system of rat brain homogenate. This system appears quite different from the usual deaminating process of these compounds, which required NADP and oxygen. The present system proceeds more rapidly in anaerobic condition.", "contents": "A dehydrogenase system to demonstrate oxidation of amphetamine and related compounds by rat brain homogenate. Amphetamine, ephedrine, mescaline and chlorpromazine act as substrate for dehydrogenase system of rat brain homogenate. This system appears quite different from the usual deaminating process of these compounds, which required NADP and oxygen. The present system proceeds more rapidly in anaerobic condition."}
{"id": "PMID:885600", "title": "Influence of age on residual latency.", "content": "From the conduction studies of ulnar nerve on normal individuals of different age groups and sexes the residual latencies were determined. The age has no influence on the residual latency. But the values of residual latency decreased significantly in the case of females as compared with males.", "contents": "Influence of age on residual latency. From the conduction studies of ulnar nerve on normal individuals of different age groups and sexes the residual latencies were determined. The age has no influence on the residual latency. But the values of residual latency decreased significantly in the case of females as compared with males."}
{"id": "PMID:885601", "title": "Effect of hydrocortisone on arginase activity in ICRC mouse mammary tumours in vitro.", "content": "Three fold increase of arginase activity was observed in hydrocortisone treated mammary tumour tissue when compared to the untreated tissue in vitro. No change in succinic dehydrogenase activity was observed. It is likely that arginase present in mammary tumour is due to the presence of mammary tumour virus and it is tempting to speculate that the increase in arginase activity by hydrocortisone may be due to sustained viral production in the presence of hydrocortisone.", "contents": "Effect of hydrocortisone on arginase activity in ICRC mouse mammary tumours in vitro. Three fold increase of arginase activity was observed in hydrocortisone treated mammary tumour tissue when compared to the untreated tissue in vitro. No change in succinic dehydrogenase activity was observed. It is likely that arginase present in mammary tumour is due to the presence of mammary tumour virus and it is tempting to speculate that the increase in arginase activity by hydrocortisone may be due to sustained viral production in the presence of hydrocortisone."}
{"id": "PMID:885602", "title": "Sub-cellular distribution of monoamine oxidase and monoamine dehydrogenase.", "content": "MAO and MADH activities in different sub-cellular fractions of rat brain have been studied. The sub-cellular distribution pattern of MAO and MADH was found to be same, mostly concentrated in the mitochondrial fraction, although activities were also present in microsome and nucleus.", "contents": "Sub-cellular distribution of monoamine oxidase and monoamine dehydrogenase. MAO and MADH activities in different sub-cellular fractions of rat brain have been studied. The sub-cellular distribution pattern of MAO and MADH was found to be same, mostly concentrated in the mitochondrial fraction, although activities were also present in microsome and nucleus."}
{"id": "PMID:885603", "title": "Effect of insulin on blood cholesterol.", "content": "The effect of plain insulin was studied in normal mongrel dogs on blood cholesterol level. Intravenous administration of plain insulin in different doses on different groups of dogs does not cause any significant change in blood cholesterol level over a period extending upto 5 hrs. Exogenous insulin neither has any direct nor indirect effect on cholesterol metabolism in dogs.", "contents": "Effect of insulin on blood cholesterol. The effect of plain insulin was studied in normal mongrel dogs on blood cholesterol level. Intravenous administration of plain insulin in different doses on different groups of dogs does not cause any significant change in blood cholesterol level over a period extending upto 5 hrs. Exogenous insulin neither has any direct nor indirect effect on cholesterol metabolism in dogs."}
{"id": "PMID:885608", "title": "Hepatitis B antigen, hepatitis B antibody, and subtypes in leprosy.", "content": "The prevalence of hepatitis B antigen (HBsAg), hepatitis B antibody (HBsAb), and subtypes in 242 cases of leprosy is reported. Patients were divided into three subgroups, lepromatous (174), tuberculoid (55), and borderline (13). A total of 131 patients were tested on admission; the remaining 111 had been institutionalized for a period of 3 months or more when tested. Of the 131 cases tested on admission, 88 were retested 6 to 12 months after admission. There was no statistical difference in the incidence of HBsAg and HBsAb among the three groups or between normal controls and the leprosy patients. The predominant subtype was ADW (84.1%). After institutionalization, one lepromatous case converted to HBsAg positive and four converted to HBsAb positive.", "contents": "Hepatitis B antigen, hepatitis B antibody, and subtypes in leprosy. The prevalence of hepatitis B antigen (HBsAg), hepatitis B antibody (HBsAb), and subtypes in 242 cases of leprosy is reported. Patients were divided into three subgroups, lepromatous (174), tuberculoid (55), and borderline (13). A total of 131 patients were tested on admission; the remaining 111 had been institutionalized for a period of 3 months or more when tested. Of the 131 cases tested on admission, 88 were retested 6 to 12 months after admission. There was no statistical difference in the incidence of HBsAg and HBsAb among the three groups or between normal controls and the leprosy patients. The predominant subtype was ADW (84.1%). After institutionalization, one lepromatous case converted to HBsAg positive and four converted to HBsAb positive."}
{"id": "PMID:885604", "title": "Preliminary study of the intense sympathetic discharge induced centrally after lateral ventricular administration of whole venom of Dendroaspis polylepis.", "content": "Lateral ventricular administration of 100 microgram of Dendroaspis polylepis venom is cats consistently produced a marked rise in arterial blood pressure, heart rate dilatation of pupils and piloerection. This intense central sympathetic discharge occurred after a latent period of 11.7 +/- 0.72 min. Bilateral adrenelectomy abolished the sympathetic discharge showing that central release of catecholamines from the adrenal medulla may play an important role in elicting the cardiovascular response.", "contents": "Preliminary study of the intense sympathetic discharge induced centrally after lateral ventricular administration of whole venom of Dendroaspis polylepis. Lateral ventricular administration of 100 microgram of Dendroaspis polylepis venom is cats consistently produced a marked rise in arterial blood pressure, heart rate dilatation of pupils and piloerection. This intense central sympathetic discharge occurred after a latent period of 11.7 +/- 0.72 min. Bilateral adrenelectomy abolished the sympathetic discharge showing that central release of catecholamines from the adrenal medulla may play an important role in elicting the cardiovascular response."}
{"id": "PMID:885609", "title": "Enzyme activity of salivary lactoperoxidase adsorbed to human enamel.", "content": "Human saliva was incubated with human enamel powder, and the lactoperoxidase activity of the saliva was measured before and after incubation. Liquidphase lactoperoxidase activity was reduced in direct proportion to the weight of enamel powder added. Lactoperoxidase molecules were adsorbed to the enamel surface in an enzymatically active conformation, and this enamel-bound lactoperoxidase activity was also measured. The adsorption of lactoperoxidase was irreversible and produced at least a 40% increase in the concentration of lactoperoxidase in the enamel surface phase as compared with its concentration in the liquid phase. Enamel-bound lactoperoxidase, as well as the free enzyme, was capable of inactivating the key glycolytic enzyme hexokinase. The implications of the adsorption phenomenon for bacterial colonization are discussed.", "contents": "Enzyme activity of salivary lactoperoxidase adsorbed to human enamel. Human saliva was incubated with human enamel powder, and the lactoperoxidase activity of the saliva was measured before and after incubation. Liquidphase lactoperoxidase activity was reduced in direct proportion to the weight of enamel powder added. Lactoperoxidase molecules were adsorbed to the enamel surface in an enzymatically active conformation, and this enamel-bound lactoperoxidase activity was also measured. The adsorption of lactoperoxidase was irreversible and produced at least a 40% increase in the concentration of lactoperoxidase in the enamel surface phase as compared with its concentration in the liquid phase. Enamel-bound lactoperoxidase, as well as the free enzyme, was capable of inactivating the key glycolytic enzyme hexokinase. The implications of the adsorption phenomenon for bacterial colonization are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:885606", "title": "Brain levels of chloradiazepoyide in rats.", "content": "The time-and dose-dependent uptake of chlordiazepoxide by the brain of rats was investigated and correlated with the blood levels of the drug. Peak concentration in the brain was reached in 10 min after i.p. injection of 25 mg/kg, and in 5 min with a dose of 50 mg/kg of the drug. Retention of chlordiazepoxide by the brain showed different characteristics dependeing on the size of the dose used.", "contents": "Brain levels of chloradiazepoyide in rats. The time-and dose-dependent uptake of chlordiazepoxide by the brain of rats was investigated and correlated with the blood levels of the drug. Peak concentration in the brain was reached in 10 min after i.p. injection of 25 mg/kg, and in 5 min with a dose of 50 mg/kg of the drug. Retention of chlordiazepoxide by the brain showed different characteristics dependeing on the size of the dose used."}
{"id": "PMID:885607", "title": "Effects of centrally administered insulin on urine output and sodium excretion in dogs.", "content": "The effects of insulin administration via intracerebroventricular (ICV), third ventricular (TV) and intracisternal (IC) routes on the urine output and sodium excretion have been studied in mongrel dogs. The central administration of insulin resulted in a significant increase in urine output and sodium excretion. This diuresis and natriuresis was not observed in animals which had undergone either spinal-cord transectomy or adrenalectomy. The insulin-sensitive receptors for this diuresis and natriuresis seem to be present in the vicinity of the fourth-ventricle of the brain. The observations in the present study suggest that the probable efferents might be the sympathetic fibers in the spinal-cord. The centrally administered insulin inhibits the secretion of some substance from the adrenal cortex, which in turn results in the diuresis and natriuresis in animals.", "contents": "Effects of centrally administered insulin on urine output and sodium excretion in dogs. The effects of insulin administration via intracerebroventricular (ICV), third ventricular (TV) and intracisternal (IC) routes on the urine output and sodium excretion have been studied in mongrel dogs. The central administration of insulin resulted in a significant increase in urine output and sodium excretion. This diuresis and natriuresis was not observed in animals which had undergone either spinal-cord transectomy or adrenalectomy. The insulin-sensitive receptors for this diuresis and natriuresis seem to be present in the vicinity of the fourth-ventricle of the brain. The observations in the present study suggest that the probable efferents might be the sympathetic fibers in the spinal-cord. The centrally administered insulin inhibits the secretion of some substance from the adrenal cortex, which in turn results in the diuresis and natriuresis in animals."}
{"id": "PMID:885610", "title": "Chemiluminescence by human alveolar macrophages: stimulation with heat-killed bacteria or phorobol myristate acetate.", "content": "Chemiluminescence of human alveolar macrophages (AM) was evaluated in vitro. Unstimulated AM generated chemiluminescence that remained constant during incubation. Addition of heat-killed Staphylococcus aureus 502A (HKB) or a chemical agent, phorbol myristate acetate, produced high rates of chemiluminescence that were significantly (P less than 0.05) increased over unstimulated AM. Phorbol myristate acetate-and HKB-stimulated increases in AM chemiluminescence were completely blocked by the enzyme superoxide dismutase. In comparison with unstimulated polymorphonuclear leukocytes, unstimulated AM had significantly (P less than 0.005) greater levels of chemiluminescence. However, after stimulation by phorbol myristate acetate or HKB, AM showed less chemiluminescence than similarly treated polymorphonuclear leukocytes.", "contents": "Chemiluminescence by human alveolar macrophages: stimulation with heat-killed bacteria or phorobol myristate acetate. Chemiluminescence of human alveolar macrophages (AM) was evaluated in vitro. Unstimulated AM generated chemiluminescence that remained constant during incubation. Addition of heat-killed Staphylococcus aureus 502A (HKB) or a chemical agent, phorbol myristate acetate, produced high rates of chemiluminescence that were significantly (P less than 0.05) increased over unstimulated AM. Phorbol myristate acetate-and HKB-stimulated increases in AM chemiluminescence were completely blocked by the enzyme superoxide dismutase. In comparison with unstimulated polymorphonuclear leukocytes, unstimulated AM had significantly (P less than 0.005) greater levels of chemiluminescence. However, after stimulation by phorbol myristate acetate or HKB, AM showed less chemiluminescence than similarly treated polymorphonuclear leukocytes."}
{"id": "PMID:885611", "title": "Production of extracellular material by streptococci associated with subacute bacterial endocarditis.", "content": "Six strains of viridans streptococci isolated from confirmed cases of subacute bacterial endocarditis were studied for production of extracellular material. All six strains, when grown to the exponential phase, produced exoproducts that had similar elution profiles on a G-100 Sephadex column. Since essential nutrients, such as amino acids, may be periodically growth limiting to streptococci in the fibrin-covered lesions on heart valves, the potential to elaborate extracellular protein and other material by streptococci that were deprived of essential amino acids was studied. Examination of supernatant fluids from cultures of Streptococcus MG intermedius deprived of glutamate and cystine revealed the presence of a complex mixture of extracellular materials in amounts comparable to those produced by normallly growing cells, Although only a slight (21 to 24%) increase in total protein occurred during amino acid deprivation of 12 h, the extracellular material contained numerous protein components, several of which demonstrated proteolytic activity. On a cell dry weight basis, the amino acid-deprived cells produced four-to eightfold more protease(s) than did exponential cells grown in complete medium. These results demonstrate that viridans streptococci are capable of elaborating potentially damaging compounds even when their multiplication has been arrested by nutritional deprivation.", "contents": "Production of extracellular material by streptococci associated with subacute bacterial endocarditis. Six strains of viridans streptococci isolated from confirmed cases of subacute bacterial endocarditis were studied for production of extracellular material. All six strains, when grown to the exponential phase, produced exoproducts that had similar elution profiles on a G-100 Sephadex column. Since essential nutrients, such as amino acids, may be periodically growth limiting to streptococci in the fibrin-covered lesions on heart valves, the potential to elaborate extracellular protein and other material by streptococci that were deprived of essential amino acids was studied. Examination of supernatant fluids from cultures of Streptococcus MG intermedius deprived of glutamate and cystine revealed the presence of a complex mixture of extracellular materials in amounts comparable to those produced by normallly growing cells, Although only a slight (21 to 24%) increase in total protein occurred during amino acid deprivation of 12 h, the extracellular material contained numerous protein components, several of which demonstrated proteolytic activity. On a cell dry weight basis, the amino acid-deprived cells produced four-to eightfold more protease(s) than did exponential cells grown in complete medium. These results demonstrate that viridans streptococci are capable of elaborating potentially damaging compounds even when their multiplication has been arrested by nutritional deprivation."}
{"id": "PMID:885612", "title": "Tubular structures associated with acute nonbacterial gastroenteritis in young children.", "content": "We clearly demonstrated a fine morphology of the tumbular structures antigenically related to the reovirus-like particles associated with acute nonbacterial gastroenteritis in young children. The tubular structures with a caplike structure on each end seemed to be complete forms, 75 to 80 nm in width and approximately 1,000 nm in length.", "contents": "Tubular structures associated with acute nonbacterial gastroenteritis in young children. We clearly demonstrated a fine morphology of the tumbular structures antigenically related to the reovirus-like particles associated with acute nonbacterial gastroenteritis in young children. The tubular structures with a caplike structure on each end seemed to be complete forms, 75 to 80 nm in width and approximately 1,000 nm in length."}
{"id": "PMID:885613", "title": "Effects of stimulation and suppression of cell-mediated immunity on experimental cryptococcosis.", "content": "A model of cryptococcosis was developed using intraperitoneal infections of guinea pigs. This model shared characteristics with cryptococcosis in humans and was used to study the effects of immunosuppression and immunostimulation on cryptococcosis. Female guniea pigs survived longer than males; perphaps this was related to a greater capacity of their monocytes to kill cryptococci. A brief course of cortisone shortened survival of females and resulted in depressed immune and inflammatory responses, which persisted long after cortisone was stopped. Stimulation of the immune response by treatment with cryptococci in Freund complete adjuvant improved survival in males. Preliminary studies indicated the usefulness of this model for the study of other potential immunostimulants, including immune lymphocytes, transfer factor prepared from immune lymphocytes, and levamisole. Overall, long-term survivors appeared to clear disseminated cryptococci from extraperitoneal sites including brain, rather than prevent dissemination of cryptococci from the peritoneal cavity. The quantity of the inflammatory response in infectious foci, rather than the ability of individual leukocytes to kill crytococci, may have determined the outcome of most infections.", "contents": "Effects of stimulation and suppression of cell-mediated immunity on experimental cryptococcosis. A model of cryptococcosis was developed using intraperitoneal infections of guinea pigs. This model shared characteristics with cryptococcosis in humans and was used to study the effects of immunosuppression and immunostimulation on cryptococcosis. Female guniea pigs survived longer than males; perphaps this was related to a greater capacity of their monocytes to kill cryptococci. A brief course of cortisone shortened survival of females and resulted in depressed immune and inflammatory responses, which persisted long after cortisone was stopped. Stimulation of the immune response by treatment with cryptococci in Freund complete adjuvant improved survival in males. Preliminary studies indicated the usefulness of this model for the study of other potential immunostimulants, including immune lymphocytes, transfer factor prepared from immune lymphocytes, and levamisole. Overall, long-term survivors appeared to clear disseminated cryptococci from extraperitoneal sites including brain, rather than prevent dissemination of cryptococci from the peritoneal cavity. The quantity of the inflammatory response in infectious foci, rather than the ability of individual leukocytes to kill crytococci, may have determined the outcome of most infections."}
{"id": "PMID:885614", "title": "Survey of the extrachromosomal gene pool of Streptococcus mutans.", "content": "Fifty strains of Streptococcus mutans independently isolated from human dental plaque were examined for the presence of covalently closed circular plasmid deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). Cesium chloride-ethidium bromide centrifugation of [3H]thymidine-labeled, Sarkosyl-lysed cells revealed that 2 of the 50 strains contained plasmid DNA. The plasmid DNA from these strains was characterized by velocity and equilibrium centrifugation and by electron microscopy. The plasmids in these strains were virtually identical in size, with molecular weights of 3.6 X 10(6) and 3.7 X 10(6), Both were present to the extent of approximately 20 molecules per genome equivalent. Interlocked catenated dimeric molecules of each plasmid were readily detected by velocity sedimentation and electron microscopy. These plasmid-containing strains were compared with representative plasmid-free S. mutans strains by using such criteria as bacteriocin production, antibiotic susceptibility, and hemolysis of mammalian erythrocytes. Although no correlation of phenotype to plasmid content could be made,  production of bacteriocin-like activity differed significantly between the two plasmid-containing S. mutans isolates. Thus, although the plasmids in these two isolates appeared identical by the criteria of molecular weight, presence of dimers, and copy number, they appeared to be harbored by two distinct S. mutans strains.", "contents": "Survey of the extrachromosomal gene pool of Streptococcus mutans. Fifty strains of Streptococcus mutans independently isolated from human dental plaque were examined for the presence of covalently closed circular plasmid deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). Cesium chloride-ethidium bromide centrifugation of [3H]thymidine-labeled, Sarkosyl-lysed cells revealed that 2 of the 50 strains contained plasmid DNA. The plasmid DNA from these strains was characterized by velocity and equilibrium centrifugation and by electron microscopy. The plasmids in these strains were virtually identical in size, with molecular weights of 3.6 X 10(6) and 3.7 X 10(6), Both were present to the extent of approximately 20 molecules per genome equivalent. Interlocked catenated dimeric molecules of each plasmid were readily detected by velocity sedimentation and electron microscopy. These plasmid-containing strains were compared with representative plasmid-free S. mutans strains by using such criteria as bacteriocin production, antibiotic susceptibility, and hemolysis of mammalian erythrocytes. Although no correlation of phenotype to plasmid content could be made,  production of bacteriocin-like activity differed significantly between the two plasmid-containing S. mutans isolates. Thus, although the plasmids in these two isolates appeared identical by the criteria of molecular weight, presence of dimers, and copy number, they appeared to be harbored by two distinct S. mutans strains."}
{"id": "PMID:885615", "title": "Nature of the genetic determinant controlling encapsulation in Staphylococcus aureus Smith.", "content": "Two strains of Staphylococcus aureus, Smith and M, were studied for the elimination of encapsulation. For S. aureus M, encapsulation was stable. For S. aureus Smith, spontaneous loss of encapsulation was 1.3% and increased markedly in medium containing surface-active agents. In the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate, unencapsulated cells had a considerable selective advantage. Attempts to demonstrate covalently closed circular plasmid deoxyribonucleic acid were unsuccessful. In cultures of unencapsulated cells, encapsulated cells were observed occasionally. These data argue against a plasmid location for the determinants controlling encapsulation in this organism in spite of a high spontaneous loss of this character.", "contents": "Nature of the genetic determinant controlling encapsulation in Staphylococcus aureus Smith. Two strains of Staphylococcus aureus, Smith and M, were studied for the elimination of encapsulation. For S. aureus M, encapsulation was stable. For S. aureus Smith, spontaneous loss of encapsulation was 1.3% and increased markedly in medium containing surface-active agents. In the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate, unencapsulated cells had a considerable selective advantage. Attempts to demonstrate covalently closed circular plasmid deoxyribonucleic acid were unsuccessful. In cultures of unencapsulated cells, encapsulated cells were observed occasionally. These data argue against a plasmid location for the determinants controlling encapsulation in this organism in spite of a high spontaneous loss of this character."}
{"id": "PMID:885616", "title": "Sucrose metabolism in resting-cell suspensions of caries associated and non-caries-associated dental plaque.", "content": "Small specimens of cariogenic plaque (CP) and non-cariogenic plaque (NCP) from the same tooth were individually dispersed in buffer, divided equally, and incubated for 45 min with [(14)C]sucrose uniformly labeled either in the glucosyl moiety or the fructosyl moiety. Sucrose metabolism was analyzed periodically during an anaerobic incubation at 37 degrees C. Radiochemical techniques were devised to analyze formation of lactic acid, soluble extracellular polysaccharide, total cell-bound and insoluble products, intracellular polysaccharide, lactic acid from intracellular polysaccharide catabolism, insoluble extracellular glucan, CO(2), total volatile acids, individual volatile acids, and rates of sucrose consumption. The contribution of the glucosyl and fructosyl moieties of sucrose to each metabolic by-product was determined. All of the metabolic data were adjusted to the size of the plaque specimens as determined by colony-forming units, Coulter counter particle counts, and fluorometric protein analyses. Both types of dental plaque transformed from 70 to 80% of the consumed sucrose into lactic acid and cell-bound and insoluble products, primarily intracellular polysaccharide and extracellular glucan. Volatile acids accounted for most of the remaining by-products. CP metabolized significantly more sucrose than NCP and consequently produced significantly higher levels of each metabolic by-product. High levels of Streptococcus mutans were found in CP (averaging 40% of colony-forming units), whereas it was virtually absent in NCP. Actinomyces and S. sanguis levels were distinctly higher in NCP. NCP harbored more anaerobes and dextranase-forming microorganisms than CP.", "contents": "Sucrose metabolism in resting-cell suspensions of caries associated and non-caries-associated dental plaque. Small specimens of cariogenic plaque (CP) and non-cariogenic plaque (NCP) from the same tooth were individually dispersed in buffer, divided equally, and incubated for 45 min with [(14)C]sucrose uniformly labeled either in the glucosyl moiety or the fructosyl moiety. Sucrose metabolism was analyzed periodically during an anaerobic incubation at 37 degrees C. Radiochemical techniques were devised to analyze formation of lactic acid, soluble extracellular polysaccharide, total cell-bound and insoluble products, intracellular polysaccharide, lactic acid from intracellular polysaccharide catabolism, insoluble extracellular glucan, CO(2), total volatile acids, individual volatile acids, and rates of sucrose consumption. The contribution of the glucosyl and fructosyl moieties of sucrose to each metabolic by-product was determined. All of the metabolic data were adjusted to the size of the plaque specimens as determined by colony-forming units, Coulter counter particle counts, and fluorometric protein analyses. Both types of dental plaque transformed from 70 to 80% of the consumed sucrose into lactic acid and cell-bound and insoluble products, primarily intracellular polysaccharide and extracellular glucan. Volatile acids accounted for most of the remaining by-products. CP metabolized significantly more sucrose than NCP and consequently produced significantly higher levels of each metabolic by-product. High levels of Streptococcus mutans were found in CP (averaging 40% of colony-forming units), whereas it was virtually absent in NCP. Actinomyces and S. sanguis levels were distinctly higher in NCP. NCP harbored more anaerobes and dextranase-forming microorganisms than CP."}
{"id": "PMID:885617", "title": "Host immunological mechanisms in the resistance of mice to leptospiral infections.", "content": "Several serovars of Leptospira virulent for hamsters and guinea pigs caused acute lethal leptospirosis in mice immunosuppressed with cyclophosphamide. Neither BCG vaccine nor Corynebacterium parvum suspension influenced the course of leptospiral infection in either immunosuppressed or normal BALB/c mice. Nude athymic mice produced anti-leptospiral antibody and were therefore resistant to infection with leptospires. Nude mice were made susceptible with cyclophosphamide but were immune if they had acquired antibody from previous infection or immunization. The evidence suggests that mechanisms of resistance to primary infection and immunity to reinfection are exclusively humorally mediated in mice. The roles of host and microbial factors in the outcome of infection are discussed.", "contents": "Host immunological mechanisms in the resistance of mice to leptospiral infections. Several serovars of Leptospira virulent for hamsters and guinea pigs caused acute lethal leptospirosis in mice immunosuppressed with cyclophosphamide. Neither BCG vaccine nor Corynebacterium parvum suspension influenced the course of leptospiral infection in either immunosuppressed or normal BALB/c mice. Nude athymic mice produced anti-leptospiral antibody and were therefore resistant to infection with leptospires. Nude mice were made susceptible with cyclophosphamide but were immune if they had acquired antibody from previous infection or immunization. The evidence suggests that mechanisms of resistance to primary infection and immunity to reinfection are exclusively humorally mediated in mice. The roles of host and microbial factors in the outcome of infection are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:885618", "title": "Comparison of Coccidioides immitis arthrospore, mycelium, and spherule cell walls, and influence of growth medium on mycelial cell wall composition.", "content": "Comparative lipid content, cell wall yield, neutral monosaccharide, glucosamine, and protein (amino acid) contents of arthrospores, mycelia, and spherules of Coccidioides immitis Cash were studied. Cellular lipid contents were found in the decreasing order: spherules, arthrospores, mycelia. Lipid content of mycelia did not reach the level of arthrospores or spherules even when mycelia were grown on relatively rich media. Cell wall yields of spherules were lower than for mycelia when grown on comparable media. Cell walls of arthrospores, mycelia, spherules, and spherule culture filtrate all contained 3-O-methylmannose, mannose, and glucose, but in varying amounts. Cell wall yield and cell wall glucose content increased in mycelia grown in increasingly rich media, whereas mannose content either decreased or remained constant.", "contents": "Comparison of Coccidioides immitis arthrospore, mycelium, and spherule cell walls, and influence of growth medium on mycelial cell wall composition. Comparative lipid content, cell wall yield, neutral monosaccharide, glucosamine, and protein (amino acid) contents of arthrospores, mycelia, and spherules of Coccidioides immitis Cash were studied. Cellular lipid contents were found in the decreasing order: spherules, arthrospores, mycelia. Lipid content of mycelia did not reach the level of arthrospores or spherules even when mycelia were grown on relatively rich media. Cell wall yields of spherules were lower than for mycelia when grown on comparable media. Cell walls of arthrospores, mycelia, spherules, and spherule culture filtrate all contained 3-O-methylmannose, mannose, and glucose, but in varying amounts. Cell wall yield and cell wall glucose content increased in mycelia grown in increasingly rich media, whereas mannose content either decreased or remained constant."}
{"id": "PMID:885626", "title": "Clinical significance of specific IgE antibody against streptokinase-streptodornase in renal diseases of childhood.", "content": "The immediate skin reaction (IR) with streptokinase-streptodornase (SK-SD) was found with a high incidence in children with renal disease and was confirmed to be mediated by a specific IgE antibody against SK-SD by means of the radioallergosorbent test (RAST). This test revealed high radiocounts in children with renal disease who showed the IR and there was a close correlation between the RAST counts and the intensity of the IR. Furthermore, the RAST counts in the severe nephrotic syndrome belonging to corticosteroid dependent and resistant group were far higher than those in the corticosteroid sensitive group. From these results, a determination of the RAST counts against SK-SD seemed to help evaluate the severity of some nephrotic syndromes and the specific IgE antibody may be involved in the pathogenesis of the disease.", "contents": "Clinical significance of specific IgE antibody against streptokinase-streptodornase in renal diseases of childhood. The immediate skin reaction (IR) with streptokinase-streptodornase (SK-SD) was found with a high incidence in children with renal disease and was confirmed to be mediated by a specific IgE antibody against SK-SD by means of the radioallergosorbent test (RAST). This test revealed high radiocounts in children with renal disease who showed the IR and there was a close correlation between the RAST counts and the intensity of the IR. Furthermore, the RAST counts in the severe nephrotic syndrome belonging to corticosteroid dependent and resistant group were far higher than those in the corticosteroid sensitive group. From these results, a determination of the RAST counts against SK-SD seemed to help evaluate the severity of some nephrotic syndromes and the specific IgE antibody may be involved in the pathogenesis of the disease."}
{"id": "PMID:885627", "title": "Complement system in human colostrum: presence of nine complement components and factors of alternative pathway in human colostrum.", "content": "Evidence has been obtained for the presence in human colostrum of all nine components of complement (C), C1 through C9, and factors of the alternative pathway. Samples of colostrums collected from five women at 1-4 days after normal parturition were assayed for the haemolytic activities of individual components. As compared with normal human sera, the activities of each component ranged from 0.03 to 7% of those in sera. The activities of C4, C7 and C9 were relatively high, while that of C1 was extremely low. In most of the cases, the activities of individual components gradually increased following delivery, when expressed as the activity per unit weight (g) of protein in the colostrum. When the colostrums were treated with cobra venom factor, most of the colostrums showed 10-20% reduction in the C3 activity. This finding indicates the presence of factors such as B and D which are involved in the activation of C through the alternative pathway. The role as a defense factor of the C system in human colostrum and milk is discussed in connection with the ability of secretory IgA to react with C.", "contents": "Complement system in human colostrum: presence of nine complement components and factors of alternative pathway in human colostrum. Evidence has been obtained for the presence in human colostrum of all nine components of complement (C), C1 through C9, and factors of the alternative pathway. Samples of colostrums collected from five women at 1-4 days after normal parturition were assayed for the haemolytic activities of individual components. As compared with normal human sera, the activities of each component ranged from 0.03 to 7% of those in sera. The activities of C4, C7 and C9 were relatively high, while that of C1 was extremely low. In most of the cases, the activities of individual components gradually increased following delivery, when expressed as the activity per unit weight (g) of protein in the colostrum. When the colostrums were treated with cobra venom factor, most of the colostrums showed 10-20% reduction in the C3 activity. This finding indicates the presence of factors such as B and D which are involved in the activation of C through the alternative pathway. The role as a defense factor of the C system in human colostrum and milk is discussed in connection with the ability of secretory IgA to react with C."}
{"id": "PMID:885628", "title": "Studies of C1 subcomponents in chronic urticaria and angioedema.", "content": "C1q, C1r, C1s, C3, C4 and C-1 IA were determined by electroimmunoassay in sera from 150 patients with chronic urticaria or angioedema. Abnormal C1q and C1s levels were found in about 30% of the patients. In seven sera C1r was not measurable due to the appearance of diffuse precipitates. The levels of C3 and/or C4 were decreased in five sera with aberrations of C1 subcomponents in the electroimmunoassay. None of the patients showed reduced C-1 IA levels in the electroimmunoassay. The presence in sera of abnormal C1 subcomponent complexes was studied by crossed immunoelectrophoresis. Sera from 11% of the patients contained C1r-C1s complexes. Increased amounts of alpha2 complexes (C-1r-C-1-S-C-1 IA) were found in 33% of the patients. A major part of the C1q in sera yielding abnormal C1r precipitates had the same electrophoretic mobility as isolated C1q and was not associated with the C1qrs complex. C1 activity in hemolytic tests was low in these sera as well as in sera with decreased C1q levels. In the esterolytic assay for C-1 IA low values were found in 14 patients. Repeated sampling and family studies in appropriate cases gave no evidence for genetically determined deficiencies of C1q, C1r or C-1 IA.", "contents": "Studies of C1 subcomponents in chronic urticaria and angioedema. C1q, C1r, C1s, C3, C4 and C-1 IA were determined by electroimmunoassay in sera from 150 patients with chronic urticaria or angioedema. Abnormal C1q and C1s levels were found in about 30% of the patients. In seven sera C1r was not measurable due to the appearance of diffuse precipitates. The levels of C3 and/or C4 were decreased in five sera with aberrations of C1 subcomponents in the electroimmunoassay. None of the patients showed reduced C-1 IA levels in the electroimmunoassay. The presence in sera of abnormal C1 subcomponent complexes was studied by crossed immunoelectrophoresis. Sera from 11% of the patients contained C1r-C1s complexes. Increased amounts of alpha2 complexes (C-1r-C-1-S-C-1 IA) were found in 33% of the patients. A major part of the C1q in sera yielding abnormal C1r precipitates had the same electrophoretic mobility as isolated C1q and was not associated with the C1qrs complex. C1 activity in hemolytic tests was low in these sera as well as in sera with decreased C1q levels. In the esterolytic assay for C-1 IA low values were found in 14 patients. Repeated sampling and family studies in appropriate cases gave no evidence for genetically determined deficiencies of C1q, C1r or C-1 IA."}
{"id": "PMID:885629", "title": "Secretory IgA antibodies against cow's milk proteins in human milk and their possible effect in mixed feeding.", "content": "Antibodies of the secretory IgA type against cow's milk proteins were consistently found in human milk. With the assumption that such antibodies can help to prevent or at least diminish the contact between native cow's milk proteins and the lymphoid system of babies on mixed feeding, the levels of antibodies of various immunoglobulin classes against bovine milk proteins were measured in different groups of babies. Those on artificial feeds who had been on mixed feeding of human milk and cow's milk for less than 1 week had significantly higher levels of IgG antibodies to cow's milk proteins than those who had been on mixed feeding for a period longer than 3 weeks.", "contents": "Secretory IgA antibodies against cow's milk proteins in human milk and their possible effect in mixed feeding. Antibodies of the secretory IgA type against cow's milk proteins were consistently found in human milk. With the assumption that such antibodies can help to prevent or at least diminish the contact between native cow's milk proteins and the lymphoid system of babies on mixed feeding, the levels of antibodies of various immunoglobulin classes against bovine milk proteins were measured in different groups of babies. Those on artificial feeds who had been on mixed feeding of human milk and cow's milk for less than 1 week had significantly higher levels of IgG antibodies to cow's milk proteins than those who had been on mixed feeding for a period longer than 3 weeks."}
{"id": "PMID:885630", "title": "Thymic factors regulating DNA synthesis in lymphocytes cultured in vitro.", "content": "An extract was prepared from the calf thymus. Thymic factors with stimulating or inhibiting effect on the incorporation of 3H-thymidine into DNA of cultured lymphocytes from guinea pigs and rats were identified and separated from each other by ultrafiltration, gel filtration, ion-exchange chromatography and electrofocusing. Two different stimulating substances were found both with molecular weight below 10,000 daltons. The result of ion-exchange chromatography and preparative electrofocusing indicated the existence of one (or two) acidic and one slightly alkaline stimulating thymic factor. The stimulating substances were found in greater amount in a young thymus than in a an old one. the thymic factors increasing the uptake of 3H-thymidine are probably polypeptides.", "contents": "Thymic factors regulating DNA synthesis in lymphocytes cultured in vitro. An extract was prepared from the calf thymus. Thymic factors with stimulating or inhibiting effect on the incorporation of 3H-thymidine into DNA of cultured lymphocytes from guinea pigs and rats were identified and separated from each other by ultrafiltration, gel filtration, ion-exchange chromatography and electrofocusing. Two different stimulating substances were found both with molecular weight below 10,000 daltons. The result of ion-exchange chromatography and preparative electrofocusing indicated the existence of one (or two) acidic and one slightly alkaline stimulating thymic factor. The stimulating substances were found in greater amount in a young thymus than in a an old one. the thymic factors increasing the uptake of 3H-thymidine are probably polypeptides."}
{"id": "PMID:885631", "title": "HLA - frequencies in intermittent acute porphyria.", "content": "Tissue typing was performed in 20 patients suffering from intermittent acute porphyria using the lymphocytotoxicity test in a two-step method. The patients belonged to different families and were not related. Compared with the healthy population, and increased frequency of HLA-A10, HLA-A29, HLA-B13, HLA-B14 and HLA-B27 was observed, whereas HLA-A2, HLA-A3, HLA-A9, HLA-A11, HLA-A28 and HLA-BW15 had decreased frequencies. No conspicuous combination between particular HLA alleles was detected. Regarding the number of differences, a relationship between the patients due to a common ancestor must be considered.", "contents": "HLA - frequencies in intermittent acute porphyria. Tissue typing was performed in 20 patients suffering from intermittent acute porphyria using the lymphocytotoxicity test in a two-step method. The patients belonged to different families and were not related. Compared with the healthy population, and increased frequency of HLA-A10, HLA-A29, HLA-B13, HLA-B14 and HLA-B27 was observed, whereas HLA-A2, HLA-A3, HLA-A9, HLA-A11, HLA-A28 and HLA-BW15 had decreased frequencies. No conspicuous combination between particular HLA alleles was detected. Regarding the number of differences, a relationship between the patients due to a common ancestor must be considered."}
{"id": "PMID:885632", "title": "Studies on acid eluates from kidneys of sheep with glomerulonephritis mediated by antibody to glomerular basement membrane.", "content": "Kidneys from six sheep having glomerulonephritis mediated by antibody to glomerular basement membrane (GBM) were extracted at acid pH. Each preparation was characterised using immunological techniques and the eluates contained between 3.6 and 13% anti-GBM antibody of IgG class. It appears that this low antibody content is due to the presence of contaminants, mainly serum proteins.", "contents": "Studies on acid eluates from kidneys of sheep with glomerulonephritis mediated by antibody to glomerular basement membrane. Kidneys from six sheep having glomerulonephritis mediated by antibody to glomerular basement membrane (GBM) were extracted at acid pH. Each preparation was characterised using immunological techniques and the eluates contained between 3.6 and 13% anti-GBM antibody of IgG class. It appears that this low antibody content is due to the presence of contaminants, mainly serum proteins."}
{"id": "PMID:885633", "title": "Isolation and characterization in vitro of an allergen from plane-tree (Platanus acerifolia) pollen.", "content": "A plane-tree pollen allergen was obtained by ion exchange and gel filtration chromatography. It is a glycoprotein with a molecular weight of 22,000. By isoelectrofocusing, two isomers with a high cross-allergenicity were obtained. The results suggest that this fraction is not the only allergen but certainly the most active.", "contents": "Isolation and characterization in vitro of an allergen from plane-tree (Platanus acerifolia) pollen. A plane-tree pollen allergen was obtained by ion exchange and gel filtration chromatography. It is a glycoprotein with a molecular weight of 22,000. By isoelectrofocusing, two isomers with a high cross-allergenicity were obtained. The results suggest that this fraction is not the only allergen but certainly the most active."}
{"id": "PMID:885635", "title": "The functions of human monocytes in normal subjects and in disorders associated with immune deficiency.", "content": "Human peripheral blood monocytes were tested for various functions. It was found that 63--70% of monocytes from 12 normal subjects phagocytized either Staphylococcus epidermidis or latex particles; 28% of Staphylococcus organisms exposed to cells were phagocytized in 1 h and 67% were killed within 2 h; 59% of phagocytizing cells reduced NBT; 77% of endocytosed rabbit gammaglobulin was catabolized in 18 h. In Hodgkin's disease, sarcoidosis and severe pulmonary tuberculosis, phagocytic and bactericidal capacity was decreased in one third to two thirds of cases, while catabolism of gammaglobulin was reduced less often and metabolism was practically unmodified. By contrast, phagocytic and bactericidal capacity were practically normal in the common variable form of agammaglobulinemia, while gammaglobulin was catabolized at a low level in all cases. There was no relationship between the functional disorders of monocytes and alterations of lymphocyte stimulation. These results indicate that mononuclear phagocytes may have intrinsic alterations of functions which can result in deficient defense mechanisms and/or immune response.", "contents": "The functions of human monocytes in normal subjects and in disorders associated with immune deficiency. Human peripheral blood monocytes were tested for various functions. It was found that 63--70% of monocytes from 12 normal subjects phagocytized either Staphylococcus epidermidis or latex particles; 28% of Staphylococcus organisms exposed to cells were phagocytized in 1 h and 67% were killed within 2 h; 59% of phagocytizing cells reduced NBT; 77% of endocytosed rabbit gammaglobulin was catabolized in 18 h. In Hodgkin's disease, sarcoidosis and severe pulmonary tuberculosis, phagocytic and bactericidal capacity was decreased in one third to two thirds of cases, while catabolism of gammaglobulin was reduced less often and metabolism was practically unmodified. By contrast, phagocytic and bactericidal capacity were practically normal in the common variable form of agammaglobulinemia, while gammaglobulin was catabolized at a low level in all cases. There was no relationship between the functional disorders of monocytes and alterations of lymphocyte stimulation. These results indicate that mononuclear phagocytes may have intrinsic alterations of functions which can result in deficient defense mechanisms and/or immune response."}
{"id": "PMID:885636", "title": "Positive skin reaction induced by 4,4'-azoxybenzenedisulfonamide in relationship to the sulfanilamide allergy.", "content": "All guinea pigs sensitized to sulfanilamide or 4-hydroxylaminobenzenesulfonamide in the absence of ultraviolet irradiation exhibited positive skin reactions to 4,4'-azoxybenzenedisulfonamide, 4-nitrosobenzenesulfonamide, and 4-hydroxylaminobenzenesulfonamide.", "contents": "Positive skin reaction induced by 4,4'-azoxybenzenedisulfonamide in relationship to the sulfanilamide allergy. All guinea pigs sensitized to sulfanilamide or 4-hydroxylaminobenzenesulfonamide in the absence of ultraviolet irradiation exhibited positive skin reactions to 4,4'-azoxybenzenedisulfonamide, 4-nitrosobenzenesulfonamide, and 4-hydroxylaminobenzenesulfonamide."}
{"id": "PMID:885637", "title": "The antigens of pigeon breeder's disease. II. Isolation and characterization of antigen PDE1.", "content": "Antigen PDE1 was purified from pigeon dropping extracts by chromatography on DEAE-cellulose and Bio-Gel A-1.5. It was characterized as a glycoprotein, containing 88% protein and 12% carbohydrate, with a molecular weight of approximately 200,000. PDE1 appears to be derived from pigeon intestinal IgA, showing the typical immunoglobulin structure of heavy and light chains. This antigen represents about 24% of the dry weight of the unfractionated pigeon dropping extract.", "contents": "The antigens of pigeon breeder's disease. II. Isolation and characterization of antigen PDE1. Antigen PDE1 was purified from pigeon dropping extracts by chromatography on DEAE-cellulose and Bio-Gel A-1.5. It was characterized as a glycoprotein, containing 88% protein and 12% carbohydrate, with a molecular weight of approximately 200,000. PDE1 appears to be derived from pigeon intestinal IgA, showing the typical immunoglobulin structure of heavy and light chains. This antigen represents about 24% of the dry weight of the unfractionated pigeon dropping extract."}
{"id": "PMID:885640", "title": "Vector cardiographic assessment of implanted cardiac pacemakers.", "content": "The design and use of an on-line PDP 11/40 based vector cardiographic pacemaker assessment system is described. The system has been designed for comprehensive, automated testing of either fixed rate or demand implanted cardiac pacemakers. It is accurate and can be operated by a laboratory assistant without special training. Pacemaker parameters extracted are pulse height, width, rate, energy index and the frontal plane vector length and angle at maximum inspiration and during quiet breathing. In addition, a graphical representation of the patient's ECG and the pacemaker pulse is obtained on a computer graphics terminal. Patient data are written to cartridge disk for permanent record following the test. At each subsequent test of the implanted pacemaker, the data on disk are addended with the latest quantitative results. A separate off-line FORTRAN program can interrogate disk files for detailed analysis of patient data and display of parameter trends since implantation.", "contents": "Vector cardiographic assessment of implanted cardiac pacemakers. The design and use of an on-line PDP 11/40 based vector cardiographic pacemaker assessment system is described. The system has been designed for comprehensive, automated testing of either fixed rate or demand implanted cardiac pacemakers. It is accurate and can be operated by a laboratory assistant without special training. Pacemaker parameters extracted are pulse height, width, rate, energy index and the frontal plane vector length and angle at maximum inspiration and during quiet breathing. In addition, a graphical representation of the patient's ECG and the pacemaker pulse is obtained on a computer graphics terminal. Patient data are written to cartridge disk for permanent record following the test. At each subsequent test of the implanted pacemaker, the data on disk are addended with the latest quantitative results. A separate off-line FORTRAN program can interrogate disk files for detailed analysis of patient data and display of parameter trends since implantation."}
{"id": "PMID:885641", "title": "Retail pharmacy activities and their automation by bar code recorder, tablet counter and remote computer. A feasibility trial.", "content": "The advent of mechanical tablet counters in retail pharmacy, and the development of methods of stock control involving mechanical code reading in other forms of retailing have prompted the trail of a machine which combines both these functions with support from a computer. The wide range of activities over which the combined machine can provide assistance to the pharmacist has been explored. An extension of the system utilising the same data would provide the basis for automation of the pharmaceutical wholesaler and manufacturer, and of the prescription pricing bureau.", "contents": "Retail pharmacy activities and their automation by bar code recorder, tablet counter and remote computer. A feasibility trial. The advent of mechanical tablet counters in retail pharmacy, and the development of methods of stock control involving mechanical code reading in other forms of retailing have prompted the trail of a machine which combines both these functions with support from a computer. The wide range of activities over which the combined machine can provide assistance to the pharmacist has been explored. An extension of the system utilising the same data would provide the basis for automation of the pharmaceutical wholesaler and manufacturer, and of the prescription pricing bureau."}
{"id": "PMID:885642", "title": "[System for querying medical records].", "content": "The use of traditional interrogation systems seldom applies to medical records. We developed a system oriented towards the processing of these records. We will describe here the language, the type of utilisation, the organisation and the performance of the system.", "contents": "[System for querying medical records]. The use of traditional interrogation systems seldom applies to medical records. We developed a system oriented towards the processing of these records. We will describe here the language, the type of utilisation, the organisation and the performance of the system."}
{"id": "PMID:885643", "title": "A computational model of cerebellar cortex and peripheral muscle.", "content": "A computational model, suitable for analytical or machine simulation studies, is developed for a specific cerebellar loop, the pathway from muscle fibre stretch receptors to the cerebellar cortex and back again. The model adheres to physiological data from the cat, and employs features from several existing models, including a single neuron model developed and tested earlier. Also included is a mechanical equivalent to an idealised muscle, in this case a rectangular array of muscle fibres which map 1-to-1 onto the array of compartments which form the cerebellar cortex. Much of the literature on cerebellar models is briefly reviewed, as are several key physiological experiments.", "contents": "A computational model of cerebellar cortex and peripheral muscle. A computational model, suitable for analytical or machine simulation studies, is developed for a specific cerebellar loop, the pathway from muscle fibre stretch receptors to the cerebellar cortex and back again. The model adheres to physiological data from the cat, and employs features from several existing models, including a single neuron model developed and tested earlier. Also included is a mechanical equivalent to an idealised muscle, in this case a rectangular array of muscle fibres which map 1-to-1 onto the array of compartments which form the cerebellar cortex. Much of the literature on cerebellar models is briefly reviewed, as are several key physiological experiments."}
{"id": "PMID:885653", "title": "Some remarks on the economic and political development of health care in the Federal Republic of Germany.", "content": "The economic and political development of health care in the Federal Republic of Germany is analyzed within the framework of overall social development. This will be shown describing the main components of the health care system: outpatient care, inpatient care, the dispensing of medicines, and statutory health insurance. The functions of the state and the influence of the pressure groups, i.e. the medical professional associations, are examined. Finally, an assessment of the present situation is made.", "contents": "Some remarks on the economic and political development of health care in the Federal Republic of Germany. The economic and political development of health care in the Federal Republic of Germany is analyzed within the framework of overall social development. This will be shown describing the main components of the health care system: outpatient care, inpatient care, the dispensing of medicines, and statutory health insurance. The functions of the state and the influence of the pressure groups, i.e. the medical professional associations, are examined. Finally, an assessment of the present situation is made."}
{"id": "PMID:885654", "title": "The drug lag: an interpretive review of the literature.", "content": "This articel reviews the literature pertinent to the \"drug lag\" issue, in order to evaluate the evidence underlying the thesis that the U.S. has suffered from a slow-down in the rate and timing of new drug introductions, to the detriment of patients, because of the stricter requirements since 1962 regarding proof of safety and efficacy for new drugs. Comparing the post-1962 record in the U.S. with (a) the U.S. record before 1962 and (b) the post-1962 record in other, mainly Western European, countries, the weight of evidence and argument falls on the side of those who see a lag existing in the U.S. Other evidence, more subjective, supports the view that this lag imposes net positive costs on U.S. patients. However, it is not clear that the 1962 Drug Act is the sole, or even the main, cause of the lag. Instead, the drug information system and its inefficiencies emerge as the fundamental reason for the existence of a lag; hence, changes in the administration of the law by the Food and Drug Administration and greater efficiency by companies in supporting New Drug Applications can help close the gap, but probably only in minor degree. The solution to the lag problem lies in formulating and implementing a drug information system that quickly and accurately gathers, interprets, and disseminates information on the positive and negative effects of newly introduced drugs; with such a system, protection of drug users from undue risk is compatible with a greater rate and more rapid appearance of new drug discoveries.", "contents": "The drug lag: an interpretive review of the literature. This articel reviews the literature pertinent to the \"drug lag\" issue, in order to evaluate the evidence underlying the thesis that the U.S. has suffered from a slow-down in the rate and timing of new drug introductions, to the detriment of patients, because of the stricter requirements since 1962 regarding proof of safety and efficacy for new drugs. Comparing the post-1962 record in the U.S. with (a) the U.S. record before 1962 and (b) the post-1962 record in other, mainly Western European, countries, the weight of evidence and argument falls on the side of those who see a lag existing in the U.S. Other evidence, more subjective, supports the view that this lag imposes net positive costs on U.S. patients. However, it is not clear that the 1962 Drug Act is the sole, or even the main, cause of the lag. Instead, the drug information system and its inefficiencies emerge as the fundamental reason for the existence of a lag; hence, changes in the administration of the law by the Food and Drug Administration and greater efficiency by companies in supporting New Drug Applications can help close the gap, but probably only in minor degree. The solution to the lag problem lies in formulating and implementing a drug information system that quickly and accurately gathers, interprets, and disseminates information on the positive and negative effects of newly introduced drugs; with such a system, protection of drug users from undue risk is compatible with a greater rate and more rapid appearance of new drug discoveries."}
{"id": "PMID:885655", "title": "Changes in Cuban health care: an argument against technological pessimism.", "content": "Since the popular revolution in 1959, alterations in the organization and delivery of health care in Cuba have paralleled the country's broader political, economic, and social changes. This paper discusses the evolution of the Cuban health care system during the past seventeen years within the wider context of societal development. The authors compare three \"snapshots\" of Cuba, the first in 1959, the second in 1970, and the last in 1976, and touch upon such issues as the organization of health care delivery, the recruitment and socialization of health workers, and aspects of the process of receiving health care. They point out that the Cuban experience should be of particular interest to the developing world. For though it is true that a larger portion of Cuban national resources has been directed to the health and social services than in other developing countries, nonetheless, it was largely through the reorganization and equalization of the prerevolutionary health care system that improvement in the health status of the population was achieved. It appears that Cuba could well serve as an example for those who are skeptical about the possibility of combining technical development with improvement in the humane quality of care.", "contents": "Changes in Cuban health care: an argument against technological pessimism. Since the popular revolution in 1959, alterations in the organization and delivery of health care in Cuba have paralleled the country's broader political, economic, and social changes. This paper discusses the evolution of the Cuban health care system during the past seventeen years within the wider context of societal development. The authors compare three \"snapshots\" of Cuba, the first in 1959, the second in 1970, and the last in 1976, and touch upon such issues as the organization of health care delivery, the recruitment and socialization of health workers, and aspects of the process of receiving health care. They point out that the Cuban experience should be of particular interest to the developing world. For though it is true that a larger portion of Cuban national resources has been directed to the health and social services than in other developing countries, nonetheless, it was largely through the reorganization and equalization of the prerevolutionary health care system that improvement in the health status of the population was achieved. It appears that Cuba could well serve as an example for those who are skeptical about the possibility of combining technical development with improvement in the humane quality of care."}
{"id": "PMID:885657", "title": "The international transfer of medical technology--an analysis and a proposal for effective monitoring.", "content": "The international transfer of medical technology to the developing countries occurs at four levels--medical education, research, and missions; multinational corporate transactions; technical assistance projects sponsored by the World Health Organization; and bilateral foreign aid programs. In this article, a proposal is made for effective monitoring of international medical technology transfer through political and legal means, including a specific code of conduct for corporations engaged in medical technology transfer. The development of \"intermediate health technologies\" along the lines suggested by E. F. Schumacher, and the advantages of such an innovation in terms of population issues and economic development are also discussed.", "contents": "The international transfer of medical technology--an analysis and a proposal for effective monitoring. The international transfer of medical technology to the developing countries occurs at four levels--medical education, research, and missions; multinational corporate transactions; technical assistance projects sponsored by the World Health Organization; and bilateral foreign aid programs. In this article, a proposal is made for effective monitoring of international medical technology transfer through political and legal means, including a specific code of conduct for corporations engaged in medical technology transfer. The development of \"intermediate health technologies\" along the lines suggested by E. F. Schumacher, and the advantages of such an innovation in terms of population issues and economic development are also discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:885658", "title": "The business of good doctoring or doctoring as good business: reflections on Freidson's view of the medical game.", "content": "This paper reflects on selected aspects of the work of Eliot Freidson and is based mainly on his three latest books--Profession of Medicine, Professional Dominance, and Doctoring Together--in which he draws together his various contributions and elaborates a substantial argument concerning the dominant position of physicians within the institution of medicine in particular and, more generally, their unique position within the broader society. Freidson's work is considered from the perspective of political economy. The paper discusses, on a broad level, some of the assumptions underlying his analysis, the adequacy of his theoretical orientation and level of analysis for understanding the House of Medicine in the United States, and some implications that follow.", "contents": "The business of good doctoring or doctoring as good business: reflections on Freidson's view of the medical game. This paper reflects on selected aspects of the work of Eliot Freidson and is based mainly on his three latest books--Profession of Medicine, Professional Dominance, and Doctoring Together--in which he draws together his various contributions and elaborates a substantial argument concerning the dominant position of physicians within the institution of medicine in particular and, more generally, their unique position within the broader society. Freidson's work is considered from the perspective of political economy. The paper discusses, on a broad level, some of the assumptions underlying his analysis, the adequacy of his theoretical orientation and level of analysis for understanding the House of Medicine in the United States, and some implications that follow."}
{"id": "PMID:885659", "title": "Copayment and national health insurance in the United States: a critique of work by Newhouse, Phelps, and Schwartz.", "content": "In \"Policy Options and the Impact of National Health Insurance,\" Newhouse, Phelps, and Schwartz concluded that any national health insurance program which did not provide for high user copayments, particularly for ambulatory services, would swamp, and ultimately wreck, the health care delivery system, particularly for ambulatory services. This paper presents a detailed critique of their work. Three major points of criticism are raised: First, Newhouse et al. have engaged in some questionable methodological practices. Second, they fall into a serious contradiction in gathering evidence to support their basic postulate. Third, they adopt a unidimensional view in proposing solutions to the problems which they predict will arise. From these criticisms, the conclusion is drawn that Newhouse et al. failed to prove their case.", "contents": "Copayment and national health insurance in the United States: a critique of work by Newhouse, Phelps, and Schwartz. In \"Policy Options and the Impact of National Health Insurance,\" Newhouse, Phelps, and Schwartz concluded that any national health insurance program which did not provide for high user copayments, particularly for ambulatory services, would swamp, and ultimately wreck, the health care delivery system, particularly for ambulatory services. This paper presents a detailed critique of their work. Three major points of criticism are raised: First, Newhouse et al. have engaged in some questionable methodological practices. Second, they fall into a serious contradiction in gathering evidence to support their basic postulate. Third, they adopt a unidimensional view in proposing solutions to the problems which they predict will arise. From these criticisms, the conclusion is drawn that Newhouse et al. failed to prove their case."}
{"id": "PMID:885664", "title": "Absorption, and effect on gastric mucosa, of buffered and non-buffered tablets of acetylsalicylic acid.", "content": "The effect of buffered and non-buffered acetylsalicylic acid tablets on gastric mucosa and gastric distress was investigated in healthy volunteers and in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. The absorption of acetylsalicylic and salicylic acids was also measured. The absorption of salicylic acid was not affected in clinically significant amounts by buffering the tablets. Buffered tablets containing aluminum subacetate showed a slightly delayed absorption of salicylic acid. Damage to the gastric mucosa tended to be less after the preparation buffered by magnesium hydroxide. Subjective feelings to gastric distress were not affected by buffering.", "contents": "Absorption, and effect on gastric mucosa, of buffered and non-buffered tablets of acetylsalicylic acid. The effect of buffered and non-buffered acetylsalicylic acid tablets on gastric mucosa and gastric distress was investigated in healthy volunteers and in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. The absorption of acetylsalicylic and salicylic acids was also measured. The absorption of salicylic acid was not affected in clinically significant amounts by buffering the tablets. Buffered tablets containing aluminum subacetate showed a slightly delayed absorption of salicylic acid. Damage to the gastric mucosa tended to be less after the preparation buffered by magnesium hydroxide. Subjective feelings to gastric distress were not affected by buffering."}
{"id": "PMID:885666", "title": "alpha-Tocopherylquinone: effect on blood pressure in normotensive volunteers and its plasma concentrations in men and dogs.", "content": "Three normotensive volunteers were given oral doses of alpha-tocopherylquinone. Blood pressure and its plasma concentrations were measured before and within 6 hours after taking this drug. Two dogs were given alpha-tocopherylquinone orally and after 3 days intravenously. Plasma concentrations were measured after each administration. Our result showed that this drug did not affect the blood pressure of normotensive individuals, and only small concentrations of alpha-tocopherylquinone were detected in plasma. In dogs, oral doses gave higher plasma levels than intravenous administration.", "contents": "alpha-Tocopherylquinone: effect on blood pressure in normotensive volunteers and its plasma concentrations in men and dogs. Three normotensive volunteers were given oral doses of alpha-tocopherylquinone. Blood pressure and its plasma concentrations were measured before and within 6 hours after taking this drug. Two dogs were given alpha-tocopherylquinone orally and after 3 days intravenously. Plasma concentrations were measured after each administration. Our result showed that this drug did not affect the blood pressure of normotensive individuals, and only small concentrations of alpha-tocopherylquinone were detected in plasma. In dogs, oral doses gave higher plasma levels than intravenous administration."}
{"id": "PMID:885667", "title": "Reduction of pulmonary hypertension by nitroprusside.", "content": "The action of nitroprusside on pulmonary circulation was studied in patients with pulmonary hypertension due to mitral stenosis (group I) or to primary lung disease (group II) and in patients with normal pulmonary artery pressure (group III). Nitroprusside 20 microgram/min decreased systolic and mean pulmonary artery pressure in groups I and II while higher doses were necessary to produce a similar pressure reduction in group III. Diastolic pulmonary artery pressure was reduced by 40 microgram/min nitroprusside in all groups. Systemic arterial pressure declined during nitroprusside infusion similary in all groups in a dose-related manner; cardiac index remained unaltered. Pulmonary vascular resistance was reduced by 20 microgram/min nitroprusside in group I, not below 200 microgram/min nitroprusside in group II and remained unchanged in group III. Peripheral vascular resistance declined in all groups with nitroprusside infusion. The study suggests direct relaxation of the pulmonary vasculature by nitroprusside.", "contents": "Reduction of pulmonary hypertension by nitroprusside. The action of nitroprusside on pulmonary circulation was studied in patients with pulmonary hypertension due to mitral stenosis (group I) or to primary lung disease (group II) and in patients with normal pulmonary artery pressure (group III). Nitroprusside 20 microgram/min decreased systolic and mean pulmonary artery pressure in groups I and II while higher doses were necessary to produce a similar pressure reduction in group III. Diastolic pulmonary artery pressure was reduced by 40 microgram/min nitroprusside in all groups. Systemic arterial pressure declined during nitroprusside infusion similary in all groups in a dose-related manner; cardiac index remained unaltered. Pulmonary vascular resistance was reduced by 20 microgram/min nitroprusside in group I, not below 200 microgram/min nitroprusside in group II and remained unchanged in group III. Peripheral vascular resistance declined in all groups with nitroprusside infusion. The study suggests direct relaxation of the pulmonary vasculature by nitroprusside."}
{"id": "PMID:885668", "title": "[Acute side effects of erythromycin, lincomycin and clindamycin].", "content": "After some introductory remarks on the pathogenetic mechanisms of acute undesirable reactions following the administration of antibiotics, the incidence of vascular shock (anaphylactic shock, anaphylactoid shock) is discussed. Investigations were performed to obtain information on the sensitizing capacity of erythromycin and clindamycin in rats and guinea pigs. Although maximation procedures were used, no sensitization could be obtained, in contrast to similar series with penicillin and sulfonamides. In another experimental series, the anaphylactoid properties of erythromycin and clindamycin were studied in vitro. The dye-kick-off test and the mast-cell-degranulation test were used. No pronounced anaphylactoid activity, either of the cellular or of the humoral type, was found in the two antibiotics investigated. The results of the animal experiments and the experiments in vitro are in good accordance with clinical experience: erythromycin and clindamycin rank among the safest antibiotics with regard to the elicitation of acute undesirable actions.", "contents": "[Acute side effects of erythromycin, lincomycin and clindamycin]. After some introductory remarks on the pathogenetic mechanisms of acute undesirable reactions following the administration of antibiotics, the incidence of vascular shock (anaphylactic shock, anaphylactoid shock) is discussed. Investigations were performed to obtain information on the sensitizing capacity of erythromycin and clindamycin in rats and guinea pigs. Although maximation procedures were used, no sensitization could be obtained, in contrast to similar series with penicillin and sulfonamides. In another experimental series, the anaphylactoid properties of erythromycin and clindamycin were studied in vitro. The dye-kick-off test and the mast-cell-degranulation test were used. No pronounced anaphylactoid activity, either of the cellular or of the humoral type, was found in the two antibiotics investigated. The results of the animal experiments and the experiments in vitro are in good accordance with clinical experience: erythromycin and clindamycin rank among the safest antibiotics with regard to the elicitation of acute undesirable actions."}
{"id": "PMID:885670", "title": "A surveillance of human influenza virus in swine in southern Taiwan.", "content": "From September 1970 to December 1971, samples were taken monthly from farm pigs, piglets and abattoir pigs in Southern Taiwan for virus isolations and serologic studies. A total of 10 strains of hemagglutinating agent were isolated in January and July 1971, following 2 epidemics of human influenza occurring in December 1970 and June 1971, respectively. Three strains were antigenically confirmed as influenza A similar to A/Hong Kong/68 virus.", "contents": "A surveillance of human influenza virus in swine in southern Taiwan. From September 1970 to December 1971, samples were taken monthly from farm pigs, piglets and abattoir pigs in Southern Taiwan for virus isolations and serologic studies. A total of 10 strains of hemagglutinating agent were isolated in January and July 1971, following 2 epidemics of human influenza occurring in December 1970 and June 1971, respectively. Three strains were antigenically confirmed as influenza A similar to A/Hong Kong/68 virus."}
{"id": "PMID:885679", "title": "Marijuana and vision--after ten years' use in Costa Rica.", "content": "Several tests of visual function were applied to an abstaining user (10 years or more) group and a nonuser group carefully preselected to be free of clinical signs of eye disease. The groups were matched on several criteria. The results show that all findings from both groups are within established limits of normalcy. Small differences and trends were found between the groups. These would have been undetected without large samples. Relative to the nonuser group, tests showed these user trends: increased basal lacrimation, increased intraocular pressure, increased photosensitivity, decreased dark adaptation, decreased color-match limits, and decreased Snellen acuity. These differences were associated with statistical probabilities, p=0.07 to p=0.001. There were no significant differences or clear trends between the user and nonuser groups in incidence of pathological fundus signs, conjunctival hyperemia, pterygia, or color-match midpoints.", "contents": "Marijuana and vision--after ten years' use in Costa Rica. Several tests of visual function were applied to an abstaining user (10 years or more) group and a nonuser group carefully preselected to be free of clinical signs of eye disease. The groups were matched on several criteria. The results show that all findings from both groups are within established limits of normalcy. Small differences and trends were found between the groups. These would have been undetected without large samples. Relative to the nonuser group, tests showed these user trends: increased basal lacrimation, increased intraocular pressure, increased photosensitivity, decreased dark adaptation, decreased color-match limits, and decreased Snellen acuity. These differences were associated with statistical probabilities, p=0.07 to p=0.001. There were no significant differences or clear trends between the user and nonuser groups in incidence of pathological fundus signs, conjunctival hyperemia, pterygia, or color-match midpoints."}
{"id": "PMID:885680", "title": "Scanning electron microscopy of normal and lased rabbit pigment epithelium.", "content": "Scanning electron microscopic (SEM) observations of the rabbit retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) are reported both for normal tissue and for tissue subjected to laser radiation. In normal RPE, cells were observed to be closely packed and to have the characteristic hexagonal shape. The microvilli were abundant and of two types. Suprathreshold lesions were produced with 0.4 musec pulses of high-intensity yellow light (585 nm.) from a dye laser. In the lased RPE, cells were denuded of their microvilli, and a number of cells with single discrete holes were observed. Hypertrophied cells were always present. Within 5 days of irradiation groups of small proliferating RPE cells were found in the lesion area.", "contents": "Scanning electron microscopy of normal and lased rabbit pigment epithelium. Scanning electron microscopic (SEM) observations of the rabbit retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) are reported both for normal tissue and for tissue subjected to laser radiation. In normal RPE, cells were observed to be closely packed and to have the characteristic hexagonal shape. The microvilli were abundant and of two types. Suprathreshold lesions were produced with 0.4 musec pulses of high-intensity yellow light (585 nm.) from a dye laser. In the lased RPE, cells were denuded of their microvilli, and a number of cells with single discrete holes were observed. Hypertrophied cells were always present. Within 5 days of irradiation groups of small proliferating RPE cells were found in the lesion area."}
{"id": "PMID:885682", "title": "Dextran flux in M-K medium-stored human corneas.", "content": "Dextran, with a minimal molecular weight of 40,000, can pass in and out of the corneal endothelium during storage in M-K medium. Results suggest that the degree of penetration of dextran depends on the length of storage and the condition of the endothelium.", "contents": "Dextran flux in M-K medium-stored human corneas. Dextran, with a minimal molecular weight of 40,000, can pass in and out of the corneal endothelium during storage in M-K medium. Results suggest that the degree of penetration of dextran depends on the length of storage and the condition of the endothelium."}
{"id": "PMID:885684", "title": "Indomethacin inhibition of prostaglandin-mediated inflammation following intraocular surgery.", "content": "Indomethacin treatment before lens extraction and vitrectomy-lensectomy reduces postoperative inflammation as measured by protein determination of the ocular fluid.", "contents": "Indomethacin inhibition of prostaglandin-mediated inflammation following intraocular surgery. Indomethacin treatment before lens extraction and vitrectomy-lensectomy reduces postoperative inflammation as measured by protein determination of the ocular fluid."}
{"id": "PMID:885685", "title": "Importance of bicarbonate in retinal function.", "content": "This study demonstrates a requirement for bicarbonate in retinal function. Omission of bicarbonate, with either phosphate or Tris used to maintain a constant pH, leads to significant changes in both the electroretinogram potentials and metabolism of the isolated rat retina. Electroretinograms in bicarbonate-free media show a selective loss of the b wave and a decline in the amplitudes of the a wave and Slow PIII. Substitution of phosphate for bicarbonate causes a 60 and 52% decrease in aerobic and anaerobic lactate production, respectively, but this substitution leads to a 27% increase in aerobic retinal ATP content. It is suggested that the electrical effects of bicarbonate-free media are due to a decrease in utilization of ATP below critical levels at critical sites.", "contents": "Importance of bicarbonate in retinal function. This study demonstrates a requirement for bicarbonate in retinal function. Omission of bicarbonate, with either phosphate or Tris used to maintain a constant pH, leads to significant changes in both the electroretinogram potentials and metabolism of the isolated rat retina. Electroretinograms in bicarbonate-free media show a selective loss of the b wave and a decline in the amplitudes of the a wave and Slow PIII. Substitution of phosphate for bicarbonate causes a 60 and 52% decrease in aerobic and anaerobic lactate production, respectively, but this substitution leads to a 27% increase in aerobic retinal ATP content. It is suggested that the electrical effects of bicarbonate-free media are due to a decrease in utilization of ATP below critical levels at critical sites."}
{"id": "PMID:885686", "title": "The in vitro frog pigment epithelial cell hyperpolarization in response to light.", "content": "Pigment epithelial cell membrane potentials were measured in an in vitro frog retina-pigment epithelium-choroid preparation. Light stimuli hyperpolarized the apical membrane of the pigment epithelium. This hyperpolarization was the source of the c-wave of the electroretinogram. Light stimuli also decreased retinal extracellular potassium ion concentration, [K+]O, with the same time course as the apical hyperpolarization. It is suggested that the pigment epithelial hyperpolarization, which causes the c-wave, results directly from the light-evoked decrease in retinal [K+]O.", "contents": "The in vitro frog pigment epithelial cell hyperpolarization in response to light. Pigment epithelial cell membrane potentials were measured in an in vitro frog retina-pigment epithelium-choroid preparation. Light stimuli hyperpolarized the apical membrane of the pigment epithelium. This hyperpolarization was the source of the c-wave of the electroretinogram. Light stimuli also decreased retinal extracellular potassium ion concentration, [K+]O, with the same time course as the apical hyperpolarization. It is suggested that the pigment epithelial hyperpolarization, which causes the c-wave, results directly from the light-evoked decrease in retinal [K+]O."}
{"id": "PMID:885687", "title": "Tectal projection of displaced ganglion cells in avian retina.", "content": "Labeled displaced ganglion cells (DGC's) were observed in chick embryos (day 12 to 18) and hatchings following discrete tectal injections of horseradish peroxidase (HRP). Average DGC diameter was 10 to 15 mu, approximately twice the size of orthotopic ganglion cells. Six to 12 DGC's were found per 15 mu section. These findings conclusively demonstrate a tectal projection for the DGC.", "contents": "Tectal projection of displaced ganglion cells in avian retina. Labeled displaced ganglion cells (DGC's) were observed in chick embryos (day 12 to 18) and hatchings following discrete tectal injections of horseradish peroxidase (HRP). Average DGC diameter was 10 to 15 mu, approximately twice the size of orthotopic ganglion cells. Six to 12 DGC's were found per 15 mu section. These findings conclusively demonstrate a tectal projection for the DGC."}
{"id": "PMID:885688", "title": "Measurement of atherosclerotic luminal irregularity and obstruction by radiographic densitometry.", "content": "This report describes a procedure to quantify stenosis and to detect enface plaques in single plane angiograms. We derived an optical density function proportional to local arterial chord length from arteriographs over a wide range of conditions. Standard radiographs were made of silicone rubber bolus used as the radiopaque medium in cadaver arteries. Replicate arterial casts filled with iodine-bearing contrast medium were radiographed for comparison. Identical atherosclerotic areas in both film sets were scanned with a microdensitometer and vessel chord lengths used to construct arterial cross sections for comparison with vessel casts. Cross-sectional areas derived from cadaver and phantom films were highly correlated with those derived from cast slices (r = 0.997). Thus, luminal cross-sectional areas were accurately estimated independent of plaque location, and accuracy of chord length measurement was +/- 0.28 mm in vessels four to 10 mm in diameter.", "contents": "Measurement of atherosclerotic luminal irregularity and obstruction by radiographic densitometry. This report describes a procedure to quantify stenosis and to detect enface plaques in single plane angiograms. We derived an optical density function proportional to local arterial chord length from arteriographs over a wide range of conditions. Standard radiographs were made of silicone rubber bolus used as the radiopaque medium in cadaver arteries. Replicate arterial casts filled with iodine-bearing contrast medium were radiographed for comparison. Identical atherosclerotic areas in both film sets were scanned with a microdensitometer and vessel chord lengths used to construct arterial cross sections for comparison with vessel casts. Cross-sectional areas derived from cadaver and phantom films were highly correlated with those derived from cast slices (r = 0.997). Thus, luminal cross-sectional areas were accurately estimated independent of plaque location, and accuracy of chord length measurement was +/- 0.28 mm in vessels four to 10 mm in diameter."}
{"id": "PMID:885690", "title": "Arterial blood flow measurement: assessment of velocity estimation methods.", "content": "Three methods are presented which provide statistically acceptable estimates of mean transit time of opacified blood during angiography. While the methods vary in precision, the selection of the method appropriate for any particular experimental model depends on the degree of precision required to demonstrate the effect under investigation. As the day follows the night, the cost of equipment increases with increasing precision and the inexpensive method may provide sufficient accuracy for most clinical situations.", "contents": "Arterial blood flow measurement: assessment of velocity estimation methods. Three methods are presented which provide statistically acceptable estimates of mean transit time of opacified blood during angiography. While the methods vary in precision, the selection of the method appropriate for any particular experimental model depends on the degree of precision required to demonstrate the effect under investigation. As the day follows the night, the cost of equipment increases with increasing precision and the inexpensive method may provide sufficient accuracy for most clinical situations."}
{"id": "PMID:885691", "title": "Cerebral water content, blood flow and EEG changes after cardiac arrest in the dog.", "content": "Changes of cerebral water content, blood flow and cortical EEG following cardiac arrest (8-14 minutes) were studied in 14 mongrel dogs. With five hours of maintenance, changes in the water content both in grey and white matter were found to be insignificant. (Grey matter: control 78.68 +/- 2.62%; arrest 79.91 +/- 1.76%. White matter: control 66.66 +/- 4.10%; arrest 67.76 +/- 1.88%). Blood flow was measured using 15 micron microspheres labeled with Sr, 85 Ce141 and Yb.169 Flow in grey matter was decreased to 47% at 3 hours and 53% at 5 hours; while in white matter it was 67% at 3 hours and 75% at 5 hours from baseline. Deterioration of the cortical electrical activity was observed in all animals having an arrest of more than 8 minutes. In aminals having arrest of longer than 12 minutes there is either no return (isoelectric) or marked slowing of cortical electrical activity. From this and previous studies, it is concluded that with more than 8 minutes of cardiac arrest and up to 5 hours of maintenance there is impairment of cortical perfusion which is not associated with a significant increase in total water content. The lack of increase in total water content, however, does not mean there is no local swelling or edema such as in endothelial cells.", "contents": "Cerebral water content, blood flow and EEG changes after cardiac arrest in the dog. Changes of cerebral water content, blood flow and cortical EEG following cardiac arrest (8-14 minutes) were studied in 14 mongrel dogs. With five hours of maintenance, changes in the water content both in grey and white matter were found to be insignificant. (Grey matter: control 78.68 +/- 2.62%; arrest 79.91 +/- 1.76%. White matter: control 66.66 +/- 4.10%; arrest 67.76 +/- 1.88%). Blood flow was measured using 15 micron microspheres labeled with Sr, 85 Ce141 and Yb.169 Flow in grey matter was decreased to 47% at 3 hours and 53% at 5 hours; while in white matter it was 67% at 3 hours and 75% at 5 hours from baseline. Deterioration of the cortical electrical activity was observed in all animals having an arrest of more than 8 minutes. In aminals having arrest of longer than 12 minutes there is either no return (isoelectric) or marked slowing of cortical electrical activity. From this and previous studies, it is concluded that with more than 8 minutes of cardiac arrest and up to 5 hours of maintenance there is impairment of cortical perfusion which is not associated with a significant increase in total water content. The lack of increase in total water content, however, does not mean there is no local swelling or edema such as in endothelial cells."}
{"id": "PMID:885692", "title": "Comparison of renal cortical perfusion assessed with angiography and xenon washout technique in hydrated and dehydrated dogs: a preliminary observation.", "content": "Selective renal angiograms and xenon washout curves were performed under general anesthesia with pentobarbital in hydrated or dehydrated dogs weighing 22-27 kg. Compared to the hydrated animals a significant overall decrease in the angiographic cortical perfusion was found in the dehydrated dogs which was reversible with the infusion of 200 ml isotonic saline. The total renal blood flow, the rapid flow component and the percent of total flow to the first compartment assessed with the xenon washout technique was however not significantly different in hydrated and dehydrated animals. It is suggested that temporary cortical ischemia might occur in dehydration which differs from the well known pathologic condition of cortical ischemia since total renal blood flow appears to be normal in the former and there is a fast recovery with isotonic saline infusion. The observed findings in dehydration could be explained with redistribution of blood away from the outer cortex to the inner cortex and to the medulla.", "contents": "Comparison of renal cortical perfusion assessed with angiography and xenon washout technique in hydrated and dehydrated dogs: a preliminary observation. Selective renal angiograms and xenon washout curves were performed under general anesthesia with pentobarbital in hydrated or dehydrated dogs weighing 22-27 kg. Compared to the hydrated animals a significant overall decrease in the angiographic cortical perfusion was found in the dehydrated dogs which was reversible with the infusion of 200 ml isotonic saline. The total renal blood flow, the rapid flow component and the percent of total flow to the first compartment assessed with the xenon washout technique was however not significantly different in hydrated and dehydrated animals. It is suggested that temporary cortical ischemia might occur in dehydration which differs from the well known pathologic condition of cortical ischemia since total renal blood flow appears to be normal in the former and there is a fast recovery with isotonic saline infusion. The observed findings in dehydration could be explained with redistribution of blood away from the outer cortex to the inner cortex and to the medulla."}
{"id": "PMID:885697", "title": "Characterization of cytoplasmic inclusions formed during influenza/WSN virus infection of chick embryo fibroblast cells.", "content": "Cytoplasmic crystalline inclusions could be isolated and partially purified from influenza/WSN-infected chick fibroblasts by extraction of the cytoplasmic homogenate with fluorocarbon, followed by sedimentation to equilibrium in potassium tartrate gradients. Repeated analyses of the crystal-enriched fraction by PAGE showed it to be predominantly protein (mol. wt. 23,000 daltons) with a minor contamination of 2-10% by a protein of mol. wt. 60,000 daltons, which comigrated with the NP protein. The latter is believed to exist within characteristic cytoplasmic and nuclear helices, also described in this study. The molecular weight data suggest that the crystals are composed of the so-called nonstructural protein.", "contents": "Characterization of cytoplasmic inclusions formed during influenza/WSN virus infection of chick embryo fibroblast cells. Cytoplasmic crystalline inclusions could be isolated and partially purified from influenza/WSN-infected chick fibroblasts by extraction of the cytoplasmic homogenate with fluorocarbon, followed by sedimentation to equilibrium in potassium tartrate gradients. Repeated analyses of the crystal-enriched fraction by PAGE showed it to be predominantly protein (mol. wt. 23,000 daltons) with a minor contamination of 2-10% by a protein of mol. wt. 60,000 daltons, which comigrated with the NP protein. The latter is believed to exist within characteristic cytoplasmic and nuclear helices, also described in this study. The molecular weight data suggest that the crystals are composed of the so-called nonstructural protein."}
{"id": "PMID:885695", "title": "Fluid compartment distribution of intravenous iothalamate in the dog.", "content": "The distribution of 125I iothalamate between the intravascular and extravascular fluid compartments was determined after intravenous injection in dogs. Simultaneous measurements of total blood volume, blood iothalamate concentrations and urinary iothalamate excretion were made and permitted calculation of extravascular iothalamate. The drug diffused very rapidly to the extravascular space: more than half had reached the extravascular space one minute after injection. The ratio of extravascular to intravascular iothalamate rose to a plateau of 6.8. We conclude that the contrast material responsible for tissue opacification during radiography is primarily extravascular and that the levels of contrast in plasma during urography are affected less by renal excretion than by distribution between fluid compartments.", "contents": "Fluid compartment distribution of intravenous iothalamate in the dog. The distribution of 125I iothalamate between the intravascular and extravascular fluid compartments was determined after intravenous injection in dogs. Simultaneous measurements of total blood volume, blood iothalamate concentrations and urinary iothalamate excretion were made and permitted calculation of extravascular iothalamate. The drug diffused very rapidly to the extravascular space: more than half had reached the extravascular space one minute after injection. The ratio of extravascular to intravascular iothalamate rose to a plateau of 6.8. We conclude that the contrast material responsible for tissue opacification during radiography is primarily extravascular and that the levels of contrast in plasma during urography are affected less by renal excretion than by distribution between fluid compartments."}
{"id": "PMID:885694", "title": "Fluid filled small bowel loops in gallstone ileus: clinical and experimental observations.", "content": "A bowel fluid gas index was developed for the degree of fluid filled distention in small intestinal obstruction, utilizing the proportion of fluid filled versus gas filled loops on plain abdominal films. Comparison of simple distal small bowel obstruction due to adhesions and gallstone ileus demonstrated a significantly higher index in gallstone ileus, indicating more cases of fluid filled distention. In an experimental study, fistulae between the gall bladder and duodenum were fashioned in a series of dogs. Distal small bowel obstruction was then produced in these dogs and in another series of dogs in whom a sham first operation had been performed. The bowel fluid gas index, as evaluated in a double blind study, was significantly higher in dogs with the fistulae and was similar to that in patients with gallstone ileus. The possible mechanism for these observations is proposed.", "contents": "Fluid filled small bowel loops in gallstone ileus: clinical and experimental observations. A bowel fluid gas index was developed for the degree of fluid filled distention in small intestinal obstruction, utilizing the proportion of fluid filled versus gas filled loops on plain abdominal films. Comparison of simple distal small bowel obstruction due to adhesions and gallstone ileus demonstrated a significantly higher index in gallstone ileus, indicating more cases of fluid filled distention. In an experimental study, fistulae between the gall bladder and duodenum were fashioned in a series of dogs. Distal small bowel obstruction was then produced in these dogs and in another series of dogs in whom a sham first operation had been performed. The bowel fluid gas index, as evaluated in a double blind study, was significantly higher in dogs with the fistulae and was similar to that in patients with gallstone ileus. The possible mechanism for these observations is proposed."}
{"id": "PMID:885704", "title": "Water soluble proteoglycans from bovine duodenal mucosa.", "content": "Glycosaminoglycan-protein complexes were extracted from bovine duodenal mucosa with distilled water, resulting in solubilization of a fraction of the total proteoglycan of the tissue. The extracted material was purified by anion exchange chromatography on DEAE-Sephadex A-25, and then characterized by chemical analysis and by fractionation on Dowex 1. By using these procedures, two major fractions were identified, which were eluted from Dowex with 1.0-1.25 M NaC1 and with 1.5-1.75 M NaC1 respectively. Analyses showed that both fractions were mainly composed of glucosamine-containing, hyaluronidase-resistant polysaccharides, which were identified by their N-sulphate: D-glucosamine and total sulphate: D-glucosamine ratios as heparan-sulphate in the less acidic fraction, and as heparin in the more acidic fraction. Dermatan sulphate molecules were also present in both preparations, with an approximate ratio 1:3 to the glucosamine-containing polysaccharides. Solubility behaviour of the complexes formed by the isolated polyanionic molecules with cetylpyridinium chloride was strongly modified by papain digestion of the duodenal material. This reduction of molecular size of papain treatment suggests that the molecules extracted with water from duodenal mucosa are complex proteoglycans, perhaps in the native state.", "contents": "Water soluble proteoglycans from bovine duodenal mucosa. Glycosaminoglycan-protein complexes were extracted from bovine duodenal mucosa with distilled water, resulting in solubilization of a fraction of the total proteoglycan of the tissue. The extracted material was purified by anion exchange chromatography on DEAE-Sephadex A-25, and then characterized by chemical analysis and by fractionation on Dowex 1. By using these procedures, two major fractions were identified, which were eluted from Dowex with 1.0-1.25 M NaC1 and with 1.5-1.75 M NaC1 respectively. Analyses showed that both fractions were mainly composed of glucosamine-containing, hyaluronidase-resistant polysaccharides, which were identified by their N-sulphate: D-glucosamine and total sulphate: D-glucosamine ratios as heparan-sulphate in the less acidic fraction, and as heparin in the more acidic fraction. Dermatan sulphate molecules were also present in both preparations, with an approximate ratio 1:3 to the glucosamine-containing polysaccharides. Solubility behaviour of the complexes formed by the isolated polyanionic molecules with cetylpyridinium chloride was strongly modified by papain digestion of the duodenal material. This reduction of molecular size of papain treatment suggests that the molecules extracted with water from duodenal mucosa are complex proteoglycans, perhaps in the native state."}
{"id": "PMID:885709", "title": "Pattern of prophylactic use of antibiotics in six surgical departments of a teaching hospital in Jerusalem.", "content": "The prophylactic use of antibiotics for various surgical procedures was studied in six surgical departments of the Hadassah University Hospital over an 18-month period between January 1972 and June 1973. A total of 7,339 patients was discharged from the six departments during this period. Antibiotics had been used prophylactically in 17.7% of these patients and in 20.4% of the 6,313 patients in whom there was no evidence of infection on admission. The rate of prophylactic use varied from 12.8 to 47.8% in different departments. Different prophylactic regimes were used in the various departments, but there was a tendency for the same regime to be used within one department, irrespective of the nature of the surgical procedure. The antibiotics were usually started postoperatively. The duration of the prophylactic courses varied but there was a general tendency to continue for more than five days, often up to 10 or more days. The frequency of use seemed to be related to the presence of factors regarded as carrying a high risk of infection, such as advanced age, operation through a contaminated field and the presence of malignancy. The association between prophylactic use and subsequent wound infection was examined. The importance of continuous surveillance of the prophylactic use of antibiotics and the role of the infection-control unit in this surveillance is stressed.", "contents": "Pattern of prophylactic use of antibiotics in six surgical departments of a teaching hospital in Jerusalem. The prophylactic use of antibiotics for various surgical procedures was studied in six surgical departments of the Hadassah University Hospital over an 18-month period between January 1972 and June 1973. A total of 7,339 patients was discharged from the six departments during this period. Antibiotics had been used prophylactically in 17.7% of these patients and in 20.4% of the 6,313 patients in whom there was no evidence of infection on admission. The rate of prophylactic use varied from 12.8 to 47.8% in different departments. Different prophylactic regimes were used in the various departments, but there was a tendency for the same regime to be used within one department, irrespective of the nature of the surgical procedure. The antibiotics were usually started postoperatively. The duration of the prophylactic courses varied but there was a general tendency to continue for more than five days, often up to 10 or more days. The frequency of use seemed to be related to the presence of factors regarded as carrying a high risk of infection, such as advanced age, operation through a contaminated field and the presence of malignancy. The association between prophylactic use and subsequent wound infection was examined. The importance of continuous surveillance of the prophylactic use of antibiotics and the role of the infection-control unit in this surveillance is stressed."}
{"id": "PMID:885705", "title": "Purification and properties of rat liver L-threonine deaminase.", "content": "Rat liver threonine deaminase has been partially purified. The enzyme deaminates L-threonine and L-serine, is not affected by isoleucine, nor by AMP and ADP. L-cysteine and analogues are inhibitors of threonine deaminase and it is very likely that the inhibition is due to the formation of a thiazolidine ring with PLP bound to the enzyme. However, the simple formation of this ring does seem to explain completely the different degree and type of inhibition shown by L-cysteine and analogues. The hypothesis that the different behaviour of L- and D-cysteine is due also to interactions independent of the formation of thiazolidinic ring is discussed.", "contents": "Purification and properties of rat liver L-threonine deaminase. Rat liver threonine deaminase has been partially purified. The enzyme deaminates L-threonine and L-serine, is not affected by isoleucine, nor by AMP and ADP. L-cysteine and analogues are inhibitors of threonine deaminase and it is very likely that the inhibition is due to the formation of a thiazolidine ring with PLP bound to the enzyme. However, the simple formation of this ring does seem to explain completely the different degree and type of inhibition shown by L-cysteine and analogues. The hypothesis that the different behaviour of L- and D-cysteine is due also to interactions independent of the formation of thiazolidinic ring is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:885710", "title": "Cyclic combination chemotherapy for metastatic breast cancer.", "content": "Forty-four patients with metastatic breast cancer were treated with monthly courses of cyclophosphamide, methotrexate and 5-fluorouracil. Complete remission was achieved in five of the 44 patients (11.4%), partial remission in 17 (38.7%) and stabilization in 19 (43.2%). Progression of the disease was seen in three patients (6.7%). Forty patients are still alive and continue to receive chemotherapy. The main side effects were leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, weakness, nausea and vomiting; all were mild and transient, and were treated symptomatically.", "contents": "Cyclic combination chemotherapy for metastatic breast cancer. Forty-four patients with metastatic breast cancer were treated with monthly courses of cyclophosphamide, methotrexate and 5-fluorouracil. Complete remission was achieved in five of the 44 patients (11.4%), partial remission in 17 (38.7%) and stabilization in 19 (43.2%). Progression of the disease was seen in three patients (6.7%). Forty patients are still alive and continue to receive chemotherapy. The main side effects were leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, weakness, nausea and vomiting; all were mild and transient, and were treated symptomatically."}
{"id": "PMID:885706", "title": "Characterization of the polymer formed from methylglyoxal in the presence of L(+)-lysine.", "content": "L(+)--lysine reacts with methylglyoxal in aqueous solution to give a yellow polymer. This polymer has been subjected to some chemical and physico-chemical characterizations. The gross structure of the polymer is probably formed by 3-hydroxypyrrolic nuclei, bridged together by vinylenic groups or -CH(OH)-CH2-CO-CH(OH)-groups.", "contents": "Characterization of the polymer formed from methylglyoxal in the presence of L(+)-lysine. L(+)--lysine reacts with methylglyoxal in aqueous solution to give a yellow polymer. This polymer has been subjected to some chemical and physico-chemical characterizations. The gross structure of the polymer is probably formed by 3-hydroxypyrrolic nuclei, bridged together by vinylenic groups or -CH(OH)-CH2-CO-CH(OH)-groups."}
{"id": "PMID:885711", "title": "Tinea inguinalis treated with miconazole cream: a double-blind study.", "content": "A double-blind study on the effect of 2% miconazole cream and its vehicle was conducted on 84 men with tinea inguinalis. Relief of itching and improved clinical and mycological cure rates were noted after 14 and 28 days of treatment with miconazole in patients in whom the causal agent was Trichophyton rubrum. No conclusion about the efficacy of the active substance could be drawn in patients in whom the causal agent was some other dermatophyte or Candida.", "contents": "Tinea inguinalis treated with miconazole cream: a double-blind study. A double-blind study on the effect of 2% miconazole cream and its vehicle was conducted on 84 men with tinea inguinalis. Relief of itching and improved clinical and mycological cure rates were noted after 14 and 28 days of treatment with miconazole in patients in whom the causal agent was Trichophyton rubrum. No conclusion about the efficacy of the active substance could be drawn in patients in whom the causal agent was some other dermatophyte or Candida."}
{"id": "PMID:885712", "title": "Infectious hepatitis and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency.", "content": "The occurrence of infectious hepatitis in patients with coexistent glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency may present a clinical picture similar to that of fulminant hepatitis. To determine the factors which enable a rapid diagnosis of this disease combination, the clinical and biochemical findings in 14 patients were compared with those in 50 patients with uncomplicated hepatitis and those in 14 patients with fulminant hepatitis. Similarities with the latter group included persistence of fever, tachycardia, leukocytosis and hyperbilirubinemia of greater than 340 mumol/liter (20 mg/dl). A rise in bilirubin values of more than 50 mumol/liter (3 mg/dl) per day in patients with viral hepatitis strongly suggested the presence of G6PD deficiency. Despite the severity of the illness, prothrombin activity was well maintained in G6PD-deficienct patients.", "contents": "Infectious hepatitis and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency. The occurrence of infectious hepatitis in patients with coexistent glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency may present a clinical picture similar to that of fulminant hepatitis. To determine the factors which enable a rapid diagnosis of this disease combination, the clinical and biochemical findings in 14 patients were compared with those in 50 patients with uncomplicated hepatitis and those in 14 patients with fulminant hepatitis. Similarities with the latter group included persistence of fever, tachycardia, leukocytosis and hyperbilirubinemia of greater than 340 mumol/liter (20 mg/dl). A rise in bilirubin values of more than 50 mumol/liter (3 mg/dl) per day in patients with viral hepatitis strongly suggested the presence of G6PD deficiency. Despite the severity of the illness, prothrombin activity was well maintained in G6PD-deficienct patients."}
{"id": "PMID:885713", "title": "Renal failure and interstitial nephritis due to trichloroethylene anesthesia and high-dose penicillin.", "content": "An unusual case of acute renal failure is described. The patient, who had no previous history or signs of renal impairment, underwent lumbar laminectomy under general anesthesia with trichloroethylene (Trilene) and nitrous oxide. On the fifth postoperative day i.v. administration of 12 million units of penicillin was started. Within 16 h the patient developed oliguria and a clinical picture of acute renal failure. The course of the disease was prolonged and necessitated four hemadialysis treatments. The patient recovered only about 50% of his renal function. A biopsy performed two months after the onset of the acute renal failure was interpreted as indicating tubulo-interstitial nephritis. The role of trichloroethylene in the etiology of acute renal failure is discussed.", "contents": "Renal failure and interstitial nephritis due to trichloroethylene anesthesia and high-dose penicillin. An unusual case of acute renal failure is described. The patient, who had no previous history or signs of renal impairment, underwent lumbar laminectomy under general anesthesia with trichloroethylene (Trilene) and nitrous oxide. On the fifth postoperative day i.v. administration of 12 million units of penicillin was started. Within 16 h the patient developed oliguria and a clinical picture of acute renal failure. The course of the disease was prolonged and necessitated four hemadialysis treatments. The patient recovered only about 50% of his renal function. A biopsy performed two months after the onset of the acute renal failure was interpreted as indicating tubulo-interstitial nephritis. The role of trichloroethylene in the etiology of acute renal failure is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:885707", "title": "Study on protein content of rabbit reticulocyte ribosomal subunits: correlation with functional activity.", "content": "The correlation between chemical composition (protein content) of native and derived ribosomal subunits and their activity in a cell-free system, programmed with haemoglobin messenger RNA, has been investigated. On the basis of isodensity sedimentation of formaldehyde fixed particles in CsC1 and of two-dimensional gel electrophoresis of ribosomal proteins, it appears that the native ribosomal subparticles contain a large protein complement than the derived subparticles and, correspondingly, they are less dependent on an external supply of initiation factors for haemoglobin synthesis in vitro.", "contents": "Study on protein content of rabbit reticulocyte ribosomal subunits: correlation with functional activity. The correlation between chemical composition (protein content) of native and derived ribosomal subunits and their activity in a cell-free system, programmed with haemoglobin messenger RNA, has been investigated. On the basis of isodensity sedimentation of formaldehyde fixed particles in CsC1 and of two-dimensional gel electrophoresis of ribosomal proteins, it appears that the native ribosomal subparticles contain a large protein complement than the derived subparticles and, correspondingly, they are less dependent on an external supply of initiation factors for haemoglobin synthesis in vitro."}
{"id": "PMID:885714", "title": "Renal tubular acidosis due to the milk-alkali syndrome.", "content": "A 60-year-old man with a history of excessive ingestion of calcium carbonate presented with azotemia, hypercalcemia and hyperphosphatemia. His acid-base status was initially normal. Following the cessation of calcium carbonate treatment, the hypercalcemia and azotemia disappeared, and the patient was found to be in metabolic acidosis with blunted acid excretion and a urine pH of 6.1. Kidney biopsy showed focal tubular calcification; the tubular damage was apparently caused by hypercalcemia and had resulted in renal tubular acidosis. During the three months of observation since that time there has been a tendecy for spontaneous remission of the renal tubular acidosis. Impaired renal hydrogen ion excretion prevented the development of metabolic alkalosis despite ingestion of alkali initially, and was later responsible for the metabolic acidosis. Renal tubular acidosis occurring as a sequel to the milk-alkali syndrome may aggravate the danger of nephrocalcinosis in this syndrome.", "contents": "Renal tubular acidosis due to the milk-alkali syndrome. A 60-year-old man with a history of excessive ingestion of calcium carbonate presented with azotemia, hypercalcemia and hyperphosphatemia. His acid-base status was initially normal. Following the cessation of calcium carbonate treatment, the hypercalcemia and azotemia disappeared, and the patient was found to be in metabolic acidosis with blunted acid excretion and a urine pH of 6.1. Kidney biopsy showed focal tubular calcification; the tubular damage was apparently caused by hypercalcemia and had resulted in renal tubular acidosis. During the three months of observation since that time there has been a tendecy for spontaneous remission of the renal tubular acidosis. Impaired renal hydrogen ion excretion prevented the development of metabolic alkalosis despite ingestion of alkali initially, and was later responsible for the metabolic acidosis. Renal tubular acidosis occurring as a sequel to the milk-alkali syndrome may aggravate the danger of nephrocalcinosis in this syndrome."}
{"id": "PMID:885717", "title": "[Etiopathogenesis and epidemiology of candidiasis and related yeast mycoses].", "content": "The clinically and histologically well differentiated clinical picture of candidosis (CA) is heterogenous with regard to etiology: Only about 95 per cents of the cases are caused by candida species, the rest by other cryptococcaceae species. Formal pathogenetically the CA may be primary as well as secondary. Which kind of pathogenicity is predominating depends first of all on the momentary ecological, civilisational and medical conditions. At present in unselected dermatological cases at least 90 per cents are secondary; the severe systemic cases without exception. Primarily the pathogenesis of CA is determined by certain disposing factors, being partly exogenous, partly endogenous and/or constitutional, conditional or accidental, the knowledge and consideration of them representing the basis for an effective therapy. Particular CA-forms are largely characteristic for the kind of \"underlying disease\". Beside the disposing factors in the pathogenesis of CA also the quantity of the germs is of great importance whereas their virulence has only a minor meaning.", "contents": "[Etiopathogenesis and epidemiology of candidiasis and related yeast mycoses]. The clinically and histologically well differentiated clinical picture of candidosis (CA) is heterogenous with regard to etiology: Only about 95 per cents of the cases are caused by candida species, the rest by other cryptococcaceae species. Formal pathogenetically the CA may be primary as well as secondary. Which kind of pathogenicity is predominating depends first of all on the momentary ecological, civilisational and medical conditions. At present in unselected dermatological cases at least 90 per cents are secondary; the severe systemic cases without exception. Primarily the pathogenesis of CA is determined by certain disposing factors, being partly exogenous, partly endogenous and/or constitutional, conditional or accidental, the knowledge and consideration of them representing the basis for an effective therapy. Particular CA-forms are largely characteristic for the kind of \"underlying disease\". Beside the disposing factors in the pathogenesis of CA also the quantity of the germs is of great importance whereas their virulence has only a minor meaning."}
{"id": "PMID:885718", "title": "[Mycoplasma infections of urogenital tract].", "content": "Our investigationes during the last seven years stress the importance of mycoplasma hominis and ureaplasma on the so called abacterial inflammation of the urogenital tract. Because of diagnostic problems and differential diagnoses only specialized centers should explore these inflammatory conditions. Therapy is possible, however, by dermatologists, urologists, gynecologists, and general practitioners.", "contents": "[Mycoplasma infections of urogenital tract]. Our investigationes during the last seven years stress the importance of mycoplasma hominis and ureaplasma on the so called abacterial inflammation of the urogenital tract. Because of diagnostic problems and differential diagnoses only specialized centers should explore these inflammatory conditions. Therapy is possible, however, by dermatologists, urologists, gynecologists, and general practitioners."}
{"id": "PMID:885719", "title": "[Mycoplasma induced damage to sperm head in infertile men].", "content": "The heavy contamination of T-mycoplasmas in ejaculates of infertile men can be found in coiled forms as well as in swollen necks of the spermatozoa. The analysis of the sperma of one infertile man shows significant changes of the head of numerous spermatozoa possible caused by mycoplasmas. Our findings support the assumption of a correlation between T-mycoplasmas in ejaculates and the infertility of men.", "contents": "[Mycoplasma induced damage to sperm head in infertile men]. The heavy contamination of T-mycoplasmas in ejaculates of infertile men can be found in coiled forms as well as in swollen necks of the spermatozoa. The analysis of the sperma of one infertile man shows significant changes of the head of numerous spermatozoa possible caused by mycoplasmas. Our findings support the assumption of a correlation between T-mycoplasmas in ejaculates and the infertility of men."}
{"id": "PMID:885720", "title": "[Verrucous type of Thomson's syndrome. A contribution to the congenital poikilodermias].", "content": "A case of a verrucous type of Thomson's syndrome in a 12 year old boy is presented. The verrucous type is discussed as a prognostically serious form of Thomson's syndrome, because of tendency to malignant degeneration. A review of the literature is given.", "contents": "[Verrucous type of Thomson's syndrome. A contribution to the congenital poikilodermias]. A case of a verrucous type of Thomson's syndrome in a 12 year old boy is presented. The verrucous type is discussed as a prognostically serious form of Thomson's syndrome, because of tendency to malignant degeneration. A review of the literature is given."}
{"id": "PMID:885721", "title": "[Antibiotics resistance of staphylococci in skin diseases].", "content": "Cutaneous infection due to bacteria are predominantly caused by staphylococci. The sensitivity of 1036 staphylococcal strains towards various topical and systemical antibiotics was investigated over a period of three years (1973-1975). Comparing the present results with results from previous investigations revealed that staphylococcal sensitivity towards common antibiotic drugs remained nearly unchanged. A comparatively high proportion of strains has acquired resistance against multiple antibiotics. The importance of routinely determining bacterial sensitivity in antibiotic therapy is emphasized.", "contents": "[Antibiotics resistance of staphylococci in skin diseases]. Cutaneous infection due to bacteria are predominantly caused by staphylococci. The sensitivity of 1036 staphylococcal strains towards various topical and systemical antibiotics was investigated over a period of three years (1973-1975). Comparing the present results with results from previous investigations revealed that staphylococcal sensitivity towards common antibiotic drugs remained nearly unchanged. A comparatively high proportion of strains has acquired resistance against multiple antibiotics. The importance of routinely determining bacterial sensitivity in antibiotic therapy is emphasized."}
{"id": "PMID:885722", "title": "[Granulomatous cheilitis and Crohn's disease].", "content": "A case of Cheilitis granulomatosa is described. The various etiologic hypotheses concerning the disease are summarized and a relation with Crohn's disease is emphasized in this case. The Cheilitis granulomatosa Miescher is to be considered as a cutaneous symptom which can be observed in various diseases (e.g. sarcoidosis, herpetic infections. Crohn's disease, panniculitis).", "contents": "[Granulomatous cheilitis and Crohn's disease]. A case of Cheilitis granulomatosa is described. The various etiologic hypotheses concerning the disease are summarized and a relation with Crohn's disease is emphasized in this case. The Cheilitis granulomatosa Miescher is to be considered as a cutaneous symptom which can be observed in various diseases (e.g. sarcoidosis, herpetic infections. Crohn's disease, panniculitis)."}
{"id": "PMID:885723", "title": "[Lymphangiosis melanoblastomatosa].", "content": "After endolymphatic therapy and following surgical excision of lymphnodes in a patient with malignant melanoma the involved leg became edematous. In the edematous tissue there was a wide and diffuse spreading of the melanoma cells. Besides numerous cutaneous and subcutaneous metastatic nodules there were areas of blue-black coloring which showed a fine and reticular pattern. Histology confirmed that melanoma cells had filled up predominantly the superficial lymphatic vessels. Fluorescence histochemical investigations showed that these cells were viable and pigment-producing melanoma cells. There were also single enlarged melanocytes in the basal part of the epidermis with a high amount of fluorophores.", "contents": "[Lymphangiosis melanoblastomatosa]. After endolymphatic therapy and following surgical excision of lymphnodes in a patient with malignant melanoma the involved leg became edematous. In the edematous tissue there was a wide and diffuse spreading of the melanoma cells. Besides numerous cutaneous and subcutaneous metastatic nodules there were areas of blue-black coloring which showed a fine and reticular pattern. Histology confirmed that melanoma cells had filled up predominantly the superficial lymphatic vessels. Fluorescence histochemical investigations showed that these cells were viable and pigment-producing melanoma cells. There were also single enlarged melanocytes in the basal part of the epidermis with a high amount of fluorophores."}
{"id": "PMID:885725", "title": "Facility location: a review of context-free and EMS models.", "content": "EMS location models are those formulated to address specific problems of emergency medical services systems; context-free location models are those developed without reference to particular applications. The literature on these two types of public facility location models is reviewed, and the development of the maximal covering model from several earlier context-free models is described, with emphasis on problem statements and articulation of service objectives. An application of the maximal covering model to fire truck location points up the ability of this model to handle multiple objectives; its ability to compare alternative solutions gives it great utility for planning and evaluating EMS systems of a wide range of complexity. Potential applications of the maximal covering model are discussed regarding EMS problems involving multiple time standards and service objectives, location of special equipment, and siting of fixed facilities.", "contents": "Facility location: a review of context-free and EMS models. EMS location models are those formulated to address specific problems of emergency medical services systems; context-free location models are those developed without reference to particular applications. The literature on these two types of public facility location models is reviewed, and the development of the maximal covering model from several earlier context-free models is described, with emphasis on problem statements and articulation of service objectives. An application of the maximal covering model to fire truck location points up the ability of this model to handle multiple objectives; its ability to compare alternative solutions gives it great utility for planning and evaluating EMS systems of a wide range of complexity. Potential applications of the maximal covering model are discussed regarding EMS problems involving multiple time standards and service objectives, location of special equipment, and siting of fixed facilities."}
{"id": "PMID:885726", "title": "Are \"medically underserved areas\" medically underserved?", "content": "A comparison of medically underserved areas (MUAs) and adequately served areas (ASAs) is presented. Nonmetropolitan areas represented in the Health Interview Survey (HIS) are classified as MUAs or ASAs by the official criterion of their scores on the Index of Medical Underservice (IMU), and HIS data from the two types of areas are examined for differences. Standard metropolitan statistical areas are also compared with the nonmetropolitan MUAs and ASAs. Results show no difference between MUA and ASA residents in number of physician visits per year or proportion with at least one visit in the past year, although MUA residents reported poorer health status, used some preventive services less, and used nonsurgical hospitalization more than did ASA residents. In gereral, most MUA-ASA differences tend to be similar in size to differences between ASAs and SMSAs. An alternative to the IMU, using HIS data to identify underserved areas, is discussed.", "contents": "Are \"medically underserved areas\" medically underserved? A comparison of medically underserved areas (MUAs) and adequately served areas (ASAs) is presented. Nonmetropolitan areas represented in the Health Interview Survey (HIS) are classified as MUAs or ASAs by the official criterion of their scores on the Index of Medical Underservice (IMU), and HIS data from the two types of areas are examined for differences. Standard metropolitan statistical areas are also compared with the nonmetropolitan MUAs and ASAs. Results show no difference between MUA and ASA residents in number of physician visits per year or proportion with at least one visit in the past year, although MUA residents reported poorer health status, used some preventive services less, and used nonsurgical hospitalization more than did ASA residents. In gereral, most MUA-ASA differences tend to be similar in size to differences between ASAs and SMSAs. An alternative to the IMU, using HIS data to identify underserved areas, is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:885727", "title": "Size and performance of planning agencies.", "content": "A preliminary analysis of the 1973-74 national assessment of comprehensive health planning [P.L. 89-749, sections 314 (a) and (b)] agencies is reported. The analysis suggests that agency staff size and budget are more strongly related to high performance scores than is size of population served. Complete analysis of the 1973-74 assessment data was not possible because of time constraints; it is argued that plans should be made for detailed analysis of data from future assessments of planning agencies under P.L. 93-641 so that factors relevant to performance may be identified more precisely and incorporated into agency structure.", "contents": "Size and performance of planning agencies. A preliminary analysis of the 1973-74 national assessment of comprehensive health planning [P.L. 89-749, sections 314 (a) and (b)] agencies is reported. The analysis suggests that agency staff size and budget are more strongly related to high performance scores than is size of population served. Complete analysis of the 1973-74 assessment data was not possible because of time constraints; it is argued that plans should be made for detailed analysis of data from future assessments of planning agencies under P.L. 93-641 so that factors relevant to performance may be identified more precisely and incorporated into agency structure."}
{"id": "PMID:885735", "title": "Substance P and 5-HT in granules isolated from an intestinal argentaffin carcinoid.", "content": "Intestinal argentaffin carcinoids, thought to originate from enterochromaffin cells, occasionally contain large amounts of substance P-like immunoreactivity in addition to 5-HT. The cytoplasmic granules of one such tumour were isolated. The granules, which in the electron microscope were shown to be argentaffin, contained both substance P-like immunoreactivity and 5-HT. The results support the view that substance P is localized in a population of enterochromaffin cells where it is stored in the cytoplasmic granules together with 5-HT.", "contents": "Substance P and 5-HT in granules isolated from an intestinal argentaffin carcinoid. Intestinal argentaffin carcinoids, thought to originate from enterochromaffin cells, occasionally contain large amounts of substance P-like immunoreactivity in addition to 5-HT. The cytoplasmic granules of one such tumour were isolated. The granules, which in the electron microscope were shown to be argentaffin, contained both substance P-like immunoreactivity and 5-HT. The results support the view that substance P is localized in a population of enterochromaffin cells where it is stored in the cytoplasmic granules together with 5-HT."}
{"id": "PMID:885736", "title": "Magnesium ions in catecholamine fluorescence histochemistry. Application to the cryostat and vibratome techniques.", "content": "The effects of high concentrations of magnesium ions in the cryostat and Vibratome procedures for visualization of catecholamine fluorescence in the central nervous system have been investigated. In cryostat sections, obtained from specimens perfused with a formaldehyde and glyoxylic acid containing buffer, the addition of high concentrations of MgSO4 to the perfusion solution enhances the fluorescence intensity and reduces the unspecific background fluorescence and the diffusion of the catecholamine fluorophore. This improves the visualization of all portions of the central catecholamine-containing neurons. Similar effects are obtained in the formaldehyde-Vibratome technique by the introduction of an immersion bath containing MgSO4 after the sectioning procedure. The use of the magnesium perfusion or immersion steps furthermore increases the reproducibility of the Vibratome and cryostat techniques. The paper describes the improved Vibratome and cryostat techniques used in our laboratory.", "contents": "Magnesium ions in catecholamine fluorescence histochemistry. Application to the cryostat and vibratome techniques. The effects of high concentrations of magnesium ions in the cryostat and Vibratome procedures for visualization of catecholamine fluorescence in the central nervous system have been investigated. In cryostat sections, obtained from specimens perfused with a formaldehyde and glyoxylic acid containing buffer, the addition of high concentrations of MgSO4 to the perfusion solution enhances the fluorescence intensity and reduces the unspecific background fluorescence and the diffusion of the catecholamine fluorophore. This improves the visualization of all portions of the central catecholamine-containing neurons. Similar effects are obtained in the formaldehyde-Vibratome technique by the introduction of an immersion bath containing MgSO4 after the sectioning procedure. The use of the magnesium perfusion or immersion steps furthermore increases the reproducibility of the Vibratome and cryostat techniques. The paper describes the improved Vibratome and cryostat techniques used in our laboratory."}
{"id": "PMID:885737", "title": "[A new image-processing system designed for densitometry and pattern analysis of microscopic specimen. Application to the automated recognition and counting of cells in the various phases of the mitotic cycle (author's transl)].", "content": "A new image analysing system, designed for microphotometric measurement and pattern recognition has been applied in the discrimination of cells from the various phases of the mitotic cycle. The data acquisition procedure is controlled by a programmable electronic unit and involves the combination of the shifting of the microscope moving stages and the scanning of the successive fields by a mechanical device. The data processing is achieved by a computer. The preliminary results we obtained have shown that such a system allows the automatic recognition and counting of the M, G1, S and G2 cells as also the G0 resting cells. The most useful parameters of the cell proliferation kinetics are thus obtained from a single specimen of a cell population.", "contents": "[A new image-processing system designed for densitometry and pattern analysis of microscopic specimen. Application to the automated recognition and counting of cells in the various phases of the mitotic cycle (author's transl)]. A new image analysing system, designed for microphotometric measurement and pattern recognition has been applied in the discrimination of cells from the various phases of the mitotic cycle. The data acquisition procedure is controlled by a programmable electronic unit and involves the combination of the shifting of the microscope moving stages and the scanning of the successive fields by a mechanical device. The data processing is achieved by a computer. The preliminary results we obtained have shown that such a system allows the automatic recognition and counting of the M, G1, S and G2 cells as also the G0 resting cells. The most useful parameters of the cell proliferation kinetics are thus obtained from a single specimen of a cell population."}
{"id": "PMID:885738", "title": "[Suitability of naphthyl-alpha-L-fucosides for the investigation of alpha-L-fucosidases (author's transl)].", "content": "In comparison with 1- and 2-naphthyl beta-D-glucoside, beta-D-galactoside, beta-D-glucuronide, beta-D-N-acetylglucosaminide, alpha-D-glucoside, alpha-D-galactoside and alpha-D-mannoside 1- and 2-naphthyl alpha-L-fucoside are hydrolyzed more quickly or to the same extent by homogenates prepared from freeze-dried cryostate sections of various rat organs. Nevertheless, when the fucosides are employed for the histochemical demonstration of alpha-L-fucosidase mostly negative data were obtained independent on the method used, whereas all other naphthyl glycosies deliver positive results. The reasons for these discrepancies are the marked inhibition of alpha-L-fucosidase by aldehyde fixation and diazonium salts. Then, alpha-L-fucosidase activity is suppressed to 90% and between 85 and 98% respectively; the inhibition of alpha- and beta-D-glucosidase, alpha- and beta-D-galactosidase, alpha-D-mannosidase, beta-D-glucuronidase and beta-D-N-acetylglucosaminidase by the fixative or coupling reagent does not exceed 70%. Therefore 1- and 2-naphthyl alpha-L-fucoside cannot be recommended in general for histochemical purposes. Small amounts of dimethylformamide do not influence the activity of most of the glycosidases investigated. For biochemical measurements, however, especially 1-naphthyl alpha-L-fucoside represents a suitable alternative in a fluorometric procedure instead of p-nitrophenyl alpha-L-fucoside used for the photometric evaluation of alpha-L-fucosidase. With the fluorometric method the enzyme was measured in rat organs, which posses remarkably different activities of alpha-L-fucosidase.", "contents": "[Suitability of naphthyl-alpha-L-fucosides for the investigation of alpha-L-fucosidases (author's transl)]. In comparison with 1- and 2-naphthyl beta-D-glucoside, beta-D-galactoside, beta-D-glucuronide, beta-D-N-acetylglucosaminide, alpha-D-glucoside, alpha-D-galactoside and alpha-D-mannoside 1- and 2-naphthyl alpha-L-fucoside are hydrolyzed more quickly or to the same extent by homogenates prepared from freeze-dried cryostate sections of various rat organs. Nevertheless, when the fucosides are employed for the histochemical demonstration of alpha-L-fucosidase mostly negative data were obtained independent on the method used, whereas all other naphthyl glycosies deliver positive results. The reasons for these discrepancies are the marked inhibition of alpha-L-fucosidase by aldehyde fixation and diazonium salts. Then, alpha-L-fucosidase activity is suppressed to 90% and between 85 and 98% respectively; the inhibition of alpha- and beta-D-glucosidase, alpha- and beta-D-galactosidase, alpha-D-mannosidase, beta-D-glucuronidase and beta-D-N-acetylglucosaminidase by the fixative or coupling reagent does not exceed 70%. Therefore 1- and 2-naphthyl alpha-L-fucoside cannot be recommended in general for histochemical purposes. Small amounts of dimethylformamide do not influence the activity of most of the glycosidases investigated. For biochemical measurements, however, especially 1-naphthyl alpha-L-fucoside represents a suitable alternative in a fluorometric procedure instead of p-nitrophenyl alpha-L-fucoside used for the photometric evaluation of alpha-L-fucosidase. With the fluorometric method the enzyme was measured in rat organs, which posses remarkably different activities of alpha-L-fucosidase."}
{"id": "PMID:885739", "title": "Localization of eosinophils in the thymus by the peroxidase reaction.", "content": "Thymuses of human fetuses and infants and of young mice were investigated histochemically for peroxidase. Eosinophils were shown to be the only peroxidase-positive cells in the thymus. In human thymuses the eosinophilic cells were predominantly localized in medullar areas, with concentration of cell clusters at the cortico-medullar junction, around or inside Hassall's bodies and occasionally in high numbers in the intraseptal vessels of the cortex. In the normal mouse the eosinophils were evenly distributed throughout the medulla. Treatment with corticosteroids or X-rays produced a severe involution of the thymus with concommitant change in cellular pattern. The central areas of the thymus residue contained lymphocytes while the peripheral regions consisted of reticuloepithelia, macrophages and numerous eosinophils. Azathioprine did not change the morphology of the thymus. The numbers of eosinophils were slightly reduced, the distribution pattern remaining unchanged.", "contents": "Localization of eosinophils in the thymus by the peroxidase reaction. Thymuses of human fetuses and infants and of young mice were investigated histochemically for peroxidase. Eosinophils were shown to be the only peroxidase-positive cells in the thymus. In human thymuses the eosinophilic cells were predominantly localized in medullar areas, with concentration of cell clusters at the cortico-medullar junction, around or inside Hassall's bodies and occasionally in high numbers in the intraseptal vessels of the cortex. In the normal mouse the eosinophils were evenly distributed throughout the medulla. Treatment with corticosteroids or X-rays produced a severe involution of the thymus with concommitant change in cellular pattern. The central areas of the thymus residue contained lymphocytes while the peripheral regions consisted of reticuloepithelia, macrophages and numerous eosinophils. Azathioprine did not change the morphology of the thymus. The numbers of eosinophils were slightly reduced, the distribution pattern remaining unchanged."}
{"id": "PMID:885741", "title": "Cytofluorometric analysis of cell proliferation and differentiation of the human erythroblasts.", "content": "The method of cytofluorometric measurement of the contents of Hb and nuclear DNA on a single erythroid cell (Fukuda et al., l975; 1977a) was used for the quantitative analysis of the erythropoiesis in normal bone marrow. The intracellular Hb in an erythroid cell was converted to fluorescent porphyrin after removing the Giemsa staning by irradiation with violet light in the presence of SH-donor (mercaptoethylamine hydrochloride, MEA) and its nuclear DNA was subsequently stained with pararosaniline Feulgen staining. With the two quantitative parameters, Hb content and DNA amount, the erythroid cells in normal human bone marrow were classified into 6 classes of different maturation stages (EI-EIV). The morphological characteristics of the most primitive erythroblast (EI cells) were described. The \"proerythroblasts\" which were identified on the bases of morphological criteria had in general aneuploid amounts of nuclear DNA with disproportional contents of Hb, thereby indicating that they are rather aberrations from the normal steps of cell maturation. The DNA amounts of \"orthochromatic erythroblasts\" (EV cells) showed continuous decrease from diploid range to almost zero suggesting that the removal of nuclear DNA from the erythroblast is not exclusively due to mechanical explusion of a whole intact nucleus.", "contents": "Cytofluorometric analysis of cell proliferation and differentiation of the human erythroblasts. The method of cytofluorometric measurement of the contents of Hb and nuclear DNA on a single erythroid cell (Fukuda et al., l975; 1977a) was used for the quantitative analysis of the erythropoiesis in normal bone marrow. The intracellular Hb in an erythroid cell was converted to fluorescent porphyrin after removing the Giemsa staning by irradiation with violet light in the presence of SH-donor (mercaptoethylamine hydrochloride, MEA) and its nuclear DNA was subsequently stained with pararosaniline Feulgen staining. With the two quantitative parameters, Hb content and DNA amount, the erythroid cells in normal human bone marrow were classified into 6 classes of different maturation stages (EI-EIV). The morphological characteristics of the most primitive erythroblast (EI cells) were described. The \"proerythroblasts\" which were identified on the bases of morphological criteria had in general aneuploid amounts of nuclear DNA with disproportional contents of Hb, thereby indicating that they are rather aberrations from the normal steps of cell maturation. The DNA amounts of \"orthochromatic erythroblasts\" (EV cells) showed continuous decrease from diploid range to almost zero suggesting that the removal of nuclear DNA from the erythroblast is not exclusively due to mechanical explusion of a whole intact nucleus."}
{"id": "PMID:885742", "title": "High-speed autoradiography of 3H-thymidine-labelled nuclei.", "content": "High-speed autoradiography with stripping film of 3H-thymidine-labelled cells was tested. The tests involved: (a) various times of immersion of emulsion-covered cell preparations in the mixture of dioxane-PPO-POPOP, at 20 degrees C, (b) exposure of cell preparations and blanks for various times at either -70 degrees C or +20 degrees C, with different humidity levels. Autoradiographs of good quality could be produced by 2-min immersion in the scintillator, exposure time greater than or equal to 1 h at either temperature and relative humidity 20--30%. A linear relationship between autoradiographic efficiency and exposure time of 1--7 h was found at either temperature, although the efficiency of autoradiographs exposed at -70 degrees C was by approximately 30% higher than that of autoradiographs exposed at +20 degrees C. Background values of autoradiographs dried with a fan and exposed for 1/4--7 h at either -70 degrees C or +20 degrees C were 0.6--0.8 grain/100 micron2. Theoretical calculations and experimental data showed that high-speed autoradiographs are 30--50 times more efficient as compared with conventional stripping film autoradiographs, thus allowing a shortening of the respective exposure time. Theoretical aspects of efficiency and resolution of high-speed autoradiography are considered.", "contents": "High-speed autoradiography of 3H-thymidine-labelled nuclei. High-speed autoradiography with stripping film of 3H-thymidine-labelled cells was tested. The tests involved: (a) various times of immersion of emulsion-covered cell preparations in the mixture of dioxane-PPO-POPOP, at 20 degrees C, (b) exposure of cell preparations and blanks for various times at either -70 degrees C or +20 degrees C, with different humidity levels. Autoradiographs of good quality could be produced by 2-min immersion in the scintillator, exposure time greater than or equal to 1 h at either temperature and relative humidity 20--30%. A linear relationship between autoradiographic efficiency and exposure time of 1--7 h was found at either temperature, although the efficiency of autoradiographs exposed at -70 degrees C was by approximately 30% higher than that of autoradiographs exposed at +20 degrees C. Background values of autoradiographs dried with a fan and exposed for 1/4--7 h at either -70 degrees C or +20 degrees C were 0.6--0.8 grain/100 micron2. Theoretical calculations and experimental data showed that high-speed autoradiographs are 30--50 times more efficient as compared with conventional stripping film autoradiographs, thus allowing a shortening of the respective exposure time. Theoretical aspects of efficiency and resolution of high-speed autoradiography are considered."}
{"id": "PMID:885743", "title": "[Microsurgery of the temporal bone (author's transl)].", "content": "Microsurgery of the temporal bone has opened a new frontier in otology, neurosurgery and head and neck surgery. The operative approaches used to reach the most hidden supra-, retro-, infra- and premeatal regions of the temporal bone are described and their surgical uses are illustrated. Particular attention has been paid to the subtotal petrosectomy with permanent anterior transposition of the facial nerve and is indicated for the extirpation of large infra- and premeatal tumors as well as for the repair of sub- and infratemporal aneurysms of the internal carotid artery.", "contents": "[Microsurgery of the temporal bone (author's transl)]. Microsurgery of the temporal bone has opened a new frontier in otology, neurosurgery and head and neck surgery. The operative approaches used to reach the most hidden supra-, retro-, infra- and premeatal regions of the temporal bone are described and their surgical uses are illustrated. Particular attention has been paid to the subtotal petrosectomy with permanent anterior transposition of the facial nerve and is indicated for the extirpation of large infra- and premeatal tumors as well as for the repair of sub- and infratemporal aneurysms of the internal carotid artery."}
{"id": "PMID:885744", "title": "[The treatment of carcinoma of the tongue (author's transl)].", "content": "In the past 18 years 34 patients (21 males and 13 females) with carcinoma of the tongue were treated in the author's clinic. Patients with T1N0 lesions were treated satisfactorily only with irradiation. Patients with advanced disease, such as T2-T4 with metastases, were classified into 2 groups. One group was treated surgically (hemiglosectomy and radical neck dissection) and postoperative irradiation (about 6000 rads). The other group was treated with preoperative irradiation (about 4000 rads) and the same operation as the first groups. The results are significantly different. In the first group, 15 patients out of 17 died from local or cervical recurrences, whilst in the latter group 12 patients of 14 are in good health. As two patients died from unknown disease the 5 year survival of this group is 100%.", "contents": "[The treatment of carcinoma of the tongue (author's transl)]. In the past 18 years 34 patients (21 males and 13 females) with carcinoma of the tongue were treated in the author's clinic. Patients with T1N0 lesions were treated satisfactorily only with irradiation. Patients with advanced disease, such as T2-T4 with metastases, were classified into 2 groups. One group was treated surgically (hemiglosectomy and radical neck dissection) and postoperative irradiation (about 6000 rads). The other group was treated with preoperative irradiation (about 4000 rads) and the same operation as the first groups. The results are significantly different. In the first group, 15 patients out of 17 died from local or cervical recurrences, whilst in the latter group 12 patients of 14 are in good health. As two patients died from unknown disease the 5 year survival of this group is 100%."}
{"id": "PMID:885745", "title": "[A case report of an esophageal fibrolipoma (author's transl)].", "content": "A case of a rare, large pedunculated esophageal fibrolipoma is reported. Early symptoms involved regurgitations into the oral cavity. Correction was accomplished by endoscopic removal of the growth.", "contents": "[A case report of an esophageal fibrolipoma (author's transl)]. A case of a rare, large pedunculated esophageal fibrolipoma is reported. Early symptoms involved regurgitations into the oral cavity. Correction was accomplished by endoscopic removal of the growth."}
{"id": "PMID:885746", "title": "[Manifestations of paranasal sinus malignant lymphoma (author's transl)].", "content": "Malignant lymphomas rarely arise initially in the paranasal sinuses, although these may become involved at a later stage of the disease. Such cases have rarely been reported because the paranasal sinuses are seldom subjected to routine postmortem examination, and the clinical signs often resemble those of suppurative sinusitis. The present paper reports 3 patients in whom the paranasal sinuses were affected by a malignant lymphoma (chronic lymphatic leukaemia). The histological findings are illustrated and the pathogenesis discussed.", "contents": "[Manifestations of paranasal sinus malignant lymphoma (author's transl)]. Malignant lymphomas rarely arise initially in the paranasal sinuses, although these may become involved at a later stage of the disease. Such cases have rarely been reported because the paranasal sinuses are seldom subjected to routine postmortem examination, and the clinical signs often resemble those of suppurative sinusitis. The present paper reports 3 patients in whom the paranasal sinuses were affected by a malignant lymphoma (chronic lymphatic leukaemia). The histological findings are illustrated and the pathogenesis discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:885747", "title": "[Observations on the accent-method of Smith in the management of voice and speech disturbances. Part II (author's transl)].", "content": "In an earlier paper [HNO 25, 102 (1977)], the accent-method for the treatment of voice disorders has been described in detail. The rhythmical pronunciation of stressed (\"accentuated\") syllables with a physiologically correct phonatory respiration and a loose articulation form the basis for this method, and allow treatment of voice disorders as well as problems related to abnormal speech behavior. Further discussion is based on present theories of the physics and the physiology of voice function as well as on concepts from modern psychology and pedagogics.", "contents": "[Observations on the accent-method of Smith in the management of voice and speech disturbances. Part II (author's transl)]. In an earlier paper [HNO 25, 102 (1977)], the accent-method for the treatment of voice disorders has been described in detail. The rhythmical pronunciation of stressed (\"accentuated\") syllables with a physiologically correct phonatory respiration and a loose articulation form the basis for this method, and allow treatment of voice disorders as well as problems related to abnormal speech behavior. Further discussion is based on present theories of the physics and the physiology of voice function as well as on concepts from modern psychology and pedagogics."}
{"id": "PMID:885748", "title": "[The results of comparative examinations in patients with grass pollen allergies (author's transl)].", "content": "Detailed histories of 20 patients with suspected hay fever were prepared from questionnaires. These patients were skin-tested with allergens prepared form four different grass mixtures, and a nasal provocative test with a fifth grass preparation was utilized. This latter test was evaluated by the clinical reaction of the nasal mucous membrane, by measuring the temperature variations in the nasal lumen, and by determining the nasal resistance with the use of \"passive anterior rhinomanometry\" (P.A.R.). In addition, the total serum IgE level and three grass-specific IgE concentrations were determined. The following results were then found: eight patients were consistently positive and four patients were consistently negative in all tests for allergens. Among the remaining eight patients, two false-positive and six false-negative patients by skin tests were uncovered by the additional use of history, IgE determinations and the nasal provocative test with rhinomanometric evaluation.", "contents": "[The results of comparative examinations in patients with grass pollen allergies (author's transl)]. Detailed histories of 20 patients with suspected hay fever were prepared from questionnaires. These patients were skin-tested with allergens prepared form four different grass mixtures, and a nasal provocative test with a fifth grass preparation was utilized. This latter test was evaluated by the clinical reaction of the nasal mucous membrane, by measuring the temperature variations in the nasal lumen, and by determining the nasal resistance with the use of \"passive anterior rhinomanometry\" (P.A.R.). In addition, the total serum IgE level and three grass-specific IgE concentrations were determined. The following results were then found: eight patients were consistently positive and four patients were consistently negative in all tests for allergens. Among the remaining eight patients, two false-positive and six false-negative patients by skin tests were uncovered by the additional use of history, IgE determinations and the nasal provocative test with rhinomanometric evaluation."}
{"id": "PMID:885768", "title": "Branchial cyst in a heifer.", "content": "A branchial cyst in a heifer was removed surgically. Diagnosis was based on clinical signs, analysis of cyst contents, and histologic examination of the cyst wall. Biochemically, the cyst fluid resembled a transudate. The cyst lining consisted of nonciliated, pseudostratified columnar epithelium and pigmented, keratinized, stratified squamous epithelium. The embryologic origin was thought to be endoderm of the 2nd pharyngeal pouch and adjacent ectoderm.", "contents": "Branchial cyst in a heifer. A branchial cyst in a heifer was removed surgically. Diagnosis was based on clinical signs, analysis of cyst contents, and histologic examination of the cyst wall. Biochemically, the cyst fluid resembled a transudate. The cyst lining consisted of nonciliated, pseudostratified columnar epithelium and pigmented, keratinized, stratified squamous epithelium. The embryologic origin was thought to be endoderm of the 2nd pharyngeal pouch and adjacent ectoderm."}
{"id": "PMID:885770", "title": "Depressed thyroid function in two tetraplegic dogs.", "content": "Rapidly progressing tetraplegia developed in two 6-year-old dogs, both of which had eaten decayed meat sometime during the 24 hours prior to the onset of paralysis. Both dogs were found to have depressed thyroid function, as indicated by extremely low triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) values. Electromyographic studies revealed some abnormal insertional activity but no abnormal potentials when the fore- and hindlimb muscles were at total rest. Nerve conduction velocity was slightly depressed in 1 of the dogs and severely depressed in the other. Recovery was complete in less than 3 weeks in 1 dog, but the other dog was not completely recovered when placed under the owner's care 2 1/2 months after admission.", "contents": "Depressed thyroid function in two tetraplegic dogs. Rapidly progressing tetraplegia developed in two 6-year-old dogs, both of which had eaten decayed meat sometime during the 24 hours prior to the onset of paralysis. Both dogs were found to have depressed thyroid function, as indicated by extremely low triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) values. Electromyographic studies revealed some abnormal insertional activity but no abnormal potentials when the fore- and hindlimb muscles were at total rest. Nerve conduction velocity was slightly depressed in 1 of the dogs and severely depressed in the other. Recovery was complete in less than 3 weeks in 1 dog, but the other dog was not completely recovered when placed under the owner's care 2 1/2 months after admission."}
{"id": "PMID:885771", "title": "Surgical approach to the equine brachial plexus.", "content": "Eleven ponies were used to perfect a surgical approach to the brachial plexus that would offer maximal exposure to the plexus, with minimal trauma. One pony was euthanatized to determine whether surgical exposure to the plexus was feasible. By approaching the plexus from the prescapular region, the only muscle that was found necessary to incise was the cutaneus omobrachialis. The rest of the procedure required only blunt dissection. In the other 10 ponies, the wounds healed by first intention, and the gait was not affected by the surgery.", "contents": "Surgical approach to the equine brachial plexus. Eleven ponies were used to perfect a surgical approach to the brachial plexus that would offer maximal exposure to the plexus, with minimal trauma. One pony was euthanatized to determine whether surgical exposure to the plexus was feasible. By approaching the plexus from the prescapular region, the only muscle that was found necessary to incise was the cutaneus omobrachialis. The rest of the procedure required only blunt dissection. In the other 10 ponies, the wounds healed by first intention, and the gait was not affected by the surgery."}
{"id": "PMID:885772", "title": "Fibrous foreign body impaction colic in young horses.", "content": "OF 207 horses with colic seen over a 36-month period, 10 were determined to have impaction colic caused by ingestion of synthetic fencing material. In 6 cases, there was history of exposure to rubberized fencing products. All horses affected were less than or equal to 3 years of age, had signs of mild to moderate abdominal pain, and were unresponsive to usual symptomatic therapy. At surgery, each horse was found to have an impaction involving the distal right dorsal colon, transverse colon, or small colon, and in some cases, all 3 bowel segments. In 9 cases, the involved segment of bowel could not be brought out of the abdominal cavity, and in each of these cases, the foreign bodies were removed through one or more enterotomies. Five of the 10 horses survived.", "contents": "Fibrous foreign body impaction colic in young horses. OF 207 horses with colic seen over a 36-month period, 10 were determined to have impaction colic caused by ingestion of synthetic fencing material. In 6 cases, there was history of exposure to rubberized fencing products. All horses affected were less than or equal to 3 years of age, had signs of mild to moderate abdominal pain, and were unresponsive to usual symptomatic therapy. At surgery, each horse was found to have an impaction involving the distal right dorsal colon, transverse colon, or small colon, and in some cases, all 3 bowel segments. In 9 cases, the involved segment of bowel could not be brought out of the abdominal cavity, and in each of these cases, the foreign bodies were removed through one or more enterotomies. Five of the 10 horses survived."}
{"id": "PMID:885773", "title": "Clinical application of cerebrospinal fluid creatine phosphokinase determination.", "content": "Creatine phosphokinase activity was determined in cerebrospinal fluid samples submitted for analysis from 126 animals suspected of having central nervous system disease. Values less than 1 sigma unit/ml were obtained on 32 samples and values less than or equal to 1 sigma unit/ml were obtained on 94 samples. The creatine phosphokinase values were increased in all cases of feline toxoplasmosis and feline infectious peritonitis. From other cases, especially seizure disorders and suspected poisonings, and apparent aid in prognosis for future cases was identified.", "contents": "Clinical application of cerebrospinal fluid creatine phosphokinase determination. Creatine phosphokinase activity was determined in cerebrospinal fluid samples submitted for analysis from 126 animals suspected of having central nervous system disease. Values less than 1 sigma unit/ml were obtained on 32 samples and values less than or equal to 1 sigma unit/ml were obtained on 94 samples. The creatine phosphokinase values were increased in all cases of feline toxoplasmosis and feline infectious peritonitis. From other cases, especially seizure disorders and suspected poisonings, and apparent aid in prognosis for future cases was identified."}
{"id": "PMID:885774", "title": "Electron microscopic and enzyme cytochemical studies on granules of mature chicken granular leucocytes.", "content": "Detailed morphologic and enzyme cytochemical analysis was carried out by electron microscopy on granules of mature granulocytes obtained from the circulating chicken blood. Heterophils possessed three types of granules: large, rod-shaped, dense (Type I); medium sized, oval, light (Type II); and small-core (Type III). Acid phosphatase activity was present in Type I granules, but peroxidase and alkaline phosphatase were not demonstrable. The cytochemical nature of Types II and III granules remains unknown. Eosinophils contained only one type of granule, which was circular and had electron-opague contents. Both peroxidase and acid phosphatase, but not alkaline phosphatase, were present, indicating that the granules are lysosomes like the granules of mammalian eosinophils. Basophils possessed two types of granules, the characteristic large basophilic granules (Type I) and small dense granules (Type II). Acid phosphatase activity was found in only a small proportion of Type I granules: peroxidase and alkaline phosphatase were not demonstrable.", "contents": "Electron microscopic and enzyme cytochemical studies on granules of mature chicken granular leucocytes. Detailed morphologic and enzyme cytochemical analysis was carried out by electron microscopy on granules of mature granulocytes obtained from the circulating chicken blood. Heterophils possessed three types of granules: large, rod-shaped, dense (Type I); medium sized, oval, light (Type II); and small-core (Type III). Acid phosphatase activity was present in Type I granules, but peroxidase and alkaline phosphatase were not demonstrable. The cytochemical nature of Types II and III granules remains unknown. Eosinophils contained only one type of granule, which was circular and had electron-opague contents. Both peroxidase and acid phosphatase, but not alkaline phosphatase, were present, indicating that the granules are lysosomes like the granules of mammalian eosinophils. Basophils possessed two types of granules, the characteristic large basophilic granules (Type I) and small dense granules (Type II). Acid phosphatase activity was found in only a small proportion of Type I granules: peroxidase and alkaline phosphatase were not demonstrable."}
{"id": "PMID:885775", "title": "The early innervation of the developing deciduous teeth.", "content": "Ingrowth of dental nerve fibres into the mesenchyme of the tooth-bearing areas of the mouth takes place at an relatively early stage, when the dental laminae are forming but the tooth buds are undeveloped. By the time a developing tooth has reached the cap and bell stages small nerve bundles have begun to enter the mesenchyme from which the dental papilla and sac arise.", "contents": "The early innervation of the developing deciduous teeth. Ingrowth of dental nerve fibres into the mesenchyme of the tooth-bearing areas of the mouth takes place at an relatively early stage, when the dental laminae are forming but the tooth buds are undeveloped. By the time a developing tooth has reached the cap and bell stages small nerve bundles have begun to enter the mesenchyme from which the dental papilla and sac arise."}
{"id": "PMID:885776", "title": "Numbers and diameters of motoneurons and myelinated axons in the facial nucleus and nerve of the albino rat.", "content": "The number and diameter of the motoneurons in serial sections of the facial nucleus in the albino rat were estimated using a photograph-camera lucida technique for counting and measuring cells in conjunction with a systematic section method for sampling the population. The mean diameter of facial motoneuron nucleoli was also estimated. Total cell counts were estimated using two formulas, one a basic count and the other the basic count corrected for split nucleoli errors. The mean motoneuron diameter is 33-93 micronm (+/- 6-18 micronm S.D.). The number and diameter of myelinated axons in both the facial nerve and its cutaneous auricular branch at the level of the stylomastoid foramen were estimated. There are 5353 myelinated axons in the facial nerve, with a mean diameter of 2-74 micronm, and 627 myelinated axons in the cutaneous auricular branch with a mean diameter of 1-47 micronm. The accuracy and reproductibility of results using the photograph-camera lucida technique for counting and measuring cells and the systematic section method of sampling are compared with those of the methods used by previous investigators. The accuracy of results obtained for estimates of the total cell count using the formulas for the basic count and the basic count corrected for split nucleoli are also compared.", "contents": "Numbers and diameters of motoneurons and myelinated axons in the facial nucleus and nerve of the albino rat. The number and diameter of the motoneurons in serial sections of the facial nucleus in the albino rat were estimated using a photograph-camera lucida technique for counting and measuring cells in conjunction with a systematic section method for sampling the population. The mean diameter of facial motoneuron nucleoli was also estimated. Total cell counts were estimated using two formulas, one a basic count and the other the basic count corrected for split nucleoli errors. The mean motoneuron diameter is 33-93 micronm (+/- 6-18 micronm S.D.). The number and diameter of myelinated axons in both the facial nerve and its cutaneous auricular branch at the level of the stylomastoid foramen were estimated. There are 5353 myelinated axons in the facial nerve, with a mean diameter of 2-74 micronm, and 627 myelinated axons in the cutaneous auricular branch with a mean diameter of 1-47 micronm. The accuracy and reproductibility of results using the photograph-camera lucida technique for counting and measuring cells and the systematic section method of sampling are compared with those of the methods used by previous investigators. The accuracy of results obtained for estimates of the total cell count using the formulas for the basic count and the basic count corrected for split nucleoli are also compared."}
{"id": "PMID:885777", "title": "Testis differentiation in the fetal and postnatal ferret.", "content": "Testis development has been examined in a series of 59 fetal and 9 postnatal ferrets from day 22 of the 40-42 day pregnancy, to 12 days after birth. Developing seminiferous tubules and interstitial cells were first seen on day 26, and were well established one day later. Differentiation was associated with cell enlargement and cell division, and consequently the testes grew distinctly more rapidly at this time than the corresponding ovaries. Up to the end of pregnancy the epithelioid interstitial cells, derived from stromal tissue, formed a large proportion of the testis. Lipid was distinguishable in them, histologically, from about day 30. As in various other mammals, there appeared to be some regression of the interstitial Leydig cells around the time of birth, when the seminiferous tubules resumed their growth. The intra-gonadal rete was present from day 22 onwards; it established connexions with the seminiferous tubules through the small tubuli recti by day 32.", "contents": "Testis differentiation in the fetal and postnatal ferret. Testis development has been examined in a series of 59 fetal and 9 postnatal ferrets from day 22 of the 40-42 day pregnancy, to 12 days after birth. Developing seminiferous tubules and interstitial cells were first seen on day 26, and were well established one day later. Differentiation was associated with cell enlargement and cell division, and consequently the testes grew distinctly more rapidly at this time than the corresponding ovaries. Up to the end of pregnancy the epithelioid interstitial cells, derived from stromal tissue, formed a large proportion of the testis. Lipid was distinguishable in them, histologically, from about day 30. As in various other mammals, there appeared to be some regression of the interstitial Leydig cells around the time of birth, when the seminiferous tubules resumed their growth. The intra-gonadal rete was present from day 22 onwards; it established connexions with the seminiferous tubules through the small tubuli recti by day 32."}
{"id": "PMID:885778", "title": "The developmental changes in the placenta of the guinea-pig.", "content": "The placental disc and the yolk sac endoderm of intact guinea-pigs from day 14 of gestation to term, and of ovariectomized and fetectomized animals at 35 days of pregnancy, were observed by histological means. The chorionic giant cells were the first to attain maximal development (between days 17-35) and they had begun to degenerate by day 40. The spongy zone syncytiotrophoblast was well established and vascularized by day 18, and the maximal size of the zone was maintained between days 30 and 64. The spongy zone then dwindled in size just before parturition. Labyrinthine tissue appeared on day 18, but rapid growth and complete vascularization was not attained until as late as day 40. However, its continued increase in size almost up to term closely paralleled the growth of the fetus. If the placenta secretes progesterone from day 18 to parturition, the spongy zone is the only tissue sufficiently well established to carry out this activity throughout this period. The compensatory hypertrophy of the spongy zone syncytiotrophoblast in 35 day pregnant animals after ovariectomy and fetectomy supports the hypothesis that the spongy tissue secretes progesterone.", "contents": "The developmental changes in the placenta of the guinea-pig. The placental disc and the yolk sac endoderm of intact guinea-pigs from day 14 of gestation to term, and of ovariectomized and fetectomized animals at 35 days of pregnancy, were observed by histological means. The chorionic giant cells were the first to attain maximal development (between days 17-35) and they had begun to degenerate by day 40. The spongy zone syncytiotrophoblast was well established and vascularized by day 18, and the maximal size of the zone was maintained between days 30 and 64. The spongy zone then dwindled in size just before parturition. Labyrinthine tissue appeared on day 18, but rapid growth and complete vascularization was not attained until as late as day 40. However, its continued increase in size almost up to term closely paralleled the growth of the fetus. If the placenta secretes progesterone from day 18 to parturition, the spongy zone is the only tissue sufficiently well established to carry out this activity throughout this period. The compensatory hypertrophy of the spongy zone syncytiotrophoblast in 35 day pregnant animals after ovariectomy and fetectomy supports the hypothesis that the spongy tissue secretes progesterone."}
{"id": "PMID:885779", "title": "The growth patterns of three hindlimb muscles in the chicken.", "content": "This study was designed to investigate the growth patterns of three hindlimb muscles of the chicken relative to the functional-biomechanical demands of increasing body size. The biceps femoris, a bipennate non-postural muscle, grew relatively faster in terms of wet and dry weight than did the parallel-fibred adductor superficialis or the unipennate adductor profundus, both postural muscles. All three muscles exhibited positive allometry (relative to body weight) in muscle length but only biceps femoris and adductor profundus showed positive allometry in cross sectional area adductor superficialis having isometric growth in this parameter. In biceps femoris and adductor superficialis the lengths of the longest and shortest fasciculi grew at equal rates, whereas in adductor profundus the shortest fasciculi grew faster than the longest. We conclude that muscle weight alone is an insufficient indicator of changing function in growing muscle. Hence, growth studies should include other functionally relevant parameters such as cross sectional area, which is proportional to the force-producing capabilities of the muscle, or fibre (fasciculus) length, which is indicative of the absolute amount of stretching or shortening that is possible and of the contraction velocity.", "contents": "The growth patterns of three hindlimb muscles in the chicken. This study was designed to investigate the growth patterns of three hindlimb muscles of the chicken relative to the functional-biomechanical demands of increasing body size. The biceps femoris, a bipennate non-postural muscle, grew relatively faster in terms of wet and dry weight than did the parallel-fibred adductor superficialis or the unipennate adductor profundus, both postural muscles. All three muscles exhibited positive allometry (relative to body weight) in muscle length but only biceps femoris and adductor profundus showed positive allometry in cross sectional area adductor superficialis having isometric growth in this parameter. In biceps femoris and adductor superficialis the lengths of the longest and shortest fasciculi grew at equal rates, whereas in adductor profundus the shortest fasciculi grew faster than the longest. We conclude that muscle weight alone is an insufficient indicator of changing function in growing muscle. Hence, growth studies should include other functionally relevant parameters such as cross sectional area, which is proportional to the force-producing capabilities of the muscle, or fibre (fasciculus) length, which is indicative of the absolute amount of stretching or shortening that is possible and of the contraction velocity."}
{"id": "PMID:885780", "title": "Morphological effects of chronic tracheal ligation and drainage in the fetal lamb lung.", "content": "The relationship between lung liquid flow and fetal lung development has been studied at the cellular level using ultrastructural techniques. Continuous in utero tracheal ligation and drainage (over a period of 21-28 days) both result in malformations of the developing fetal lamb lung. Ligated lungs are larger, and drained lungs are smaller, than normal lungs at a similar gestational age. These changes are not merely due to altered lung liquid volume, but actual tissue growth thas been affected. Future alveolar wall thinning is enhanced in ligated lungs and inhibited in drained lungs, whilst the presence of differentiated alveolar type II cells (probably related to surfactant production) is decreased in ligated lungs and markedly enhanced in drained lungs. These results indicate the importance of fetal lung liquid in the regulation of pulmonary development in the fetus.", "contents": "Morphological effects of chronic tracheal ligation and drainage in the fetal lamb lung. The relationship between lung liquid flow and fetal lung development has been studied at the cellular level using ultrastructural techniques. Continuous in utero tracheal ligation and drainage (over a period of 21-28 days) both result in malformations of the developing fetal lamb lung. Ligated lungs are larger, and drained lungs are smaller, than normal lungs at a similar gestational age. These changes are not merely due to altered lung liquid volume, but actual tissue growth thas been affected. Future alveolar wall thinning is enhanced in ligated lungs and inhibited in drained lungs, whilst the presence of differentiated alveolar type II cells (probably related to surfactant production) is decreased in ligated lungs and markedly enhanced in drained lungs. These results indicate the importance of fetal lung liquid in the regulation of pulmonary development in the fetus."}
{"id": "PMID:885781", "title": "Experimental study of the development of the truncus and the conus in the chick embryo.", "content": "The development of the truncus and the conus was studied in the chick embryo by in vivo labelling techniques. The earliest labels were placed at the stage of fusion of the myocardial troughs (stage 9-) and they were traced until the mature heart stage (stage 35). Microdissections and light microscopic studies were also carried out. The results are discussed in relation to the human heart. Our experiments permit the following conclusions: (1) At stage 9- fusion of the myocardial troughs takes place at the level of the primordium of the trabeculated portion of the right ventricle, when neither the conus nor the truncus are present. (2) At stage 12 (loop stage) there appears the caudal portion of the conus, which constitutes the cephalic end of the cardiac tube. (3) The truncus appears between stages 13 and 22. (4) At stage 22 angular junction between the conus and the truncus is the area where the semilunar valve cusps of the great arteries will develop and that, at this same stage, the junction between the conus and the trabeculated portion of the right ventricle seen from the right surface corresponds to the inferior edge of the crista supraventricularis. (5) It was confirmed that the pulmonary semilunar valve cusps originate from the walls of the truncus. (6) The development of the conus and truncus are similar in chick and man. (7) Histologically, in the chick, the wall of the truncus and the conus contain cardiac muscle as late as stage 28, but from then on the walls of the truncus are transformed into connective tissue and plain muscle.", "contents": "Experimental study of the development of the truncus and the conus in the chick embryo. The development of the truncus and the conus was studied in the chick embryo by in vivo labelling techniques. The earliest labels were placed at the stage of fusion of the myocardial troughs (stage 9-) and they were traced until the mature heart stage (stage 35). Microdissections and light microscopic studies were also carried out. The results are discussed in relation to the human heart. Our experiments permit the following conclusions: (1) At stage 9- fusion of the myocardial troughs takes place at the level of the primordium of the trabeculated portion of the right ventricle, when neither the conus nor the truncus are present. (2) At stage 12 (loop stage) there appears the caudal portion of the conus, which constitutes the cephalic end of the cardiac tube. (3) The truncus appears between stages 13 and 22. (4) At stage 22 angular junction between the conus and the truncus is the area where the semilunar valve cusps of the great arteries will develop and that, at this same stage, the junction between the conus and the trabeculated portion of the right ventricle seen from the right surface corresponds to the inferior edge of the crista supraventricularis. (5) It was confirmed that the pulmonary semilunar valve cusps originate from the walls of the truncus. (6) The development of the conus and truncus are similar in chick and man. (7) Histologically, in the chick, the wall of the truncus and the conus contain cardiac muscle as late as stage 28, but from then on the walls of the truncus are transformed into connective tissue and plain muscle."}
{"id": "PMID:885782", "title": "The fine structure of the rat metrial gland in relation to the origin of the granulated cells.", "content": "The fine structure of the metrial gland of the rat was examined at days 12, 14, 16, 18 and 20 of pregnancy and at all these stages two well differentiated cell types were seen. A relatively pale-staining cell which contained numerous dense granules was readily distinguished from a darkly stained fibroblast-like cell. Numerous cells could be identified, however, which did not fit either of these categories. On the basis of their morphological appearances these cells were placed in a series, with the members of the series showing a transition from a small cell with a high nuclear/cytoplasmic size ratio to a readily identifiable metrial gland cell containing a few typical granules. The small cell, apparently the precursor of the granulated metrial gland cell, was characterized by a markedly heterochromatic nucleus and few cytoplasmic organelles, although there were occasional mitochondria and Golgi bodies. On morphological grounds this cell appeared to be from the lymphocyte series and was probably a small lymphocyte.", "contents": "The fine structure of the rat metrial gland in relation to the origin of the granulated cells. The fine structure of the metrial gland of the rat was examined at days 12, 14, 16, 18 and 20 of pregnancy and at all these stages two well differentiated cell types were seen. A relatively pale-staining cell which contained numerous dense granules was readily distinguished from a darkly stained fibroblast-like cell. Numerous cells could be identified, however, which did not fit either of these categories. On the basis of their morphological appearances these cells were placed in a series, with the members of the series showing a transition from a small cell with a high nuclear/cytoplasmic size ratio to a readily identifiable metrial gland cell containing a few typical granules. The small cell, apparently the precursor of the granulated metrial gland cell, was characterized by a markedly heterochromatic nucleus and few cytoplasmic organelles, although there were occasional mitochondria and Golgi bodies. On morphological grounds this cell appeared to be from the lymphocyte series and was probably a small lymphocyte."}
{"id": "PMID:885783", "title": "The avian bronchial arteries: species variations.", "content": "The bronchial arteries arose from the oesophagotracheobronchial branches of the common carotid arteries. In the goose, duck, Muscovy duck, and turkey several small bronchial arteries supplied the whole length of each primary bronchus, including the orifices of the secondary bronchi. In the guinea-fowl and quail similar bronchial arteries supplied only the extrapulmonary part of the primary bronchus. In the pigeon a single true bronchial artery supplied the extrapulmonary part of each primary bronchus; this pair of bronchial arteries arose asymmetrically from a common bronchial trunk derived from the left oesophagotracheobronchial artery only. In this species, and in the guinea-fowl and quail, the intrapulmonary part of the primary bronchus was supplied by the pulmonary artery. There were no branches to the exchange tissue in any species. In all species the bronchial veins of the extra-pulmonary part of the primary bronchus drained via oesophageal veins, whereas those of the intrapulmonary part emptied into branches of the pulmonary vein.", "contents": "The avian bronchial arteries: species variations. The bronchial arteries arose from the oesophagotracheobronchial branches of the common carotid arteries. In the goose, duck, Muscovy duck, and turkey several small bronchial arteries supplied the whole length of each primary bronchus, including the orifices of the secondary bronchi. In the guinea-fowl and quail similar bronchial arteries supplied only the extrapulmonary part of the primary bronchus. In the pigeon a single true bronchial artery supplied the extrapulmonary part of each primary bronchus; this pair of bronchial arteries arose asymmetrically from a common bronchial trunk derived from the left oesophagotracheobronchial artery only. In this species, and in the guinea-fowl and quail, the intrapulmonary part of the primary bronchus was supplied by the pulmonary artery. There were no branches to the exchange tissue in any species. In all species the bronchial veins of the extra-pulmonary part of the primary bronchus drained via oesophageal veins, whereas those of the intrapulmonary part emptied into branches of the pulmonary vein."}
{"id": "PMID:885784", "title": "Fine structure of squamous epitheilum and submucosal glands of human oesophagus.", "content": "Normal squamous epithelium and submucosal glands of the human oesophagus have been studied in biopsy and resection specimens. The squamous epithelium has a structure similar to that seen in other histologically comparable sites, and contains Langerhans cells. Features of note within the squamous cells include microfibrillar intranuclear bodies and occasional intracytoplasmic desmosomes. The submucosal glands are comparable in many respects to the mucous-secreting minor salivary glands. Myoepithelial cells are observed within the acini and smaller ducts; occasional oncocytic cells are identified at the junction between duct and acinus. The innvervation of these glands appears to be indirect.", "contents": "Fine structure of squamous epitheilum and submucosal glands of human oesophagus. Normal squamous epithelium and submucosal glands of the human oesophagus have been studied in biopsy and resection specimens. The squamous epithelium has a structure similar to that seen in other histologically comparable sites, and contains Langerhans cells. Features of note within the squamous cells include microfibrillar intranuclear bodies and occasional intracytoplasmic desmosomes. The submucosal glands are comparable in many respects to the mucous-secreting minor salivary glands. Myoepithelial cells are observed within the acini and smaller ducts; occasional oncocytic cells are identified at the junction between duct and acinus. The innvervation of these glands appears to be indirect."}
{"id": "PMID:885785", "title": "The structure of the cells lining the stomach of the tammar wallaby (Macropus eugenii).", "content": "The stomach of the tammar may be divided into cardiac, \"oesophageal\", fundic and pyloric regions. In the cells of the cardiac region (which occupy 65% of the stomach) at least three types of mucous droplet are present. The stratified squamous \"oesophageal\" region occupies 20% of the stomach and the fundic and pyloric regions make up the remaining 15%. The cellular structure of the three last named regions seems to be similar to that described for other monogastric mammals. Endocrine cells were found in all glandular regions.", "contents": "The structure of the cells lining the stomach of the tammar wallaby (Macropus eugenii). The stomach of the tammar may be divided into cardiac, \"oesophageal\", fundic and pyloric regions. In the cells of the cardiac region (which occupy 65% of the stomach) at least three types of mucous droplet are present. The stratified squamous \"oesophageal\" region occupies 20% of the stomach and the fundic and pyloric regions make up the remaining 15%. The cellular structure of the three last named regions seems to be similar to that described for other monogastric mammals. Endocrine cells were found in all glandular regions."}
{"id": "PMID:885786", "title": "Pre-elastic (oxytalan) fibres in the developing elastic cartilage of the external ear of the rat.", "content": "During chondrogenesis in the external ear of the rat oxytalan fibres precede the appearance of mature elastic fibres by 6-7 days. The spatial distribution of oxytalan fibres in fetal and neonatal pre-cartilage corresponds to that of the elastic fibres in mature cartilage. These findings support the hypothesis that oxytalan fibres in the pre-cartilage of the external ear of the rat are pre-elastic in nature.", "contents": "Pre-elastic (oxytalan) fibres in the developing elastic cartilage of the external ear of the rat. During chondrogenesis in the external ear of the rat oxytalan fibres precede the appearance of mature elastic fibres by 6-7 days. The spatial distribution of oxytalan fibres in fetal and neonatal pre-cartilage corresponds to that of the elastic fibres in mature cartilage. These findings support the hypothesis that oxytalan fibres in the pre-cartilage of the external ear of the rat are pre-elastic in nature."}
{"id": "PMID:885787", "title": "A histochemical study of cholinesterases in arm and forearm muscles of the pigeon and fowl.", "content": "Various arm and forearm muscles of the pigeon and fowl were studied histochemically. Fibres of the muscles from both birds hydrolysed acetyl, butyryl and propionyl thiocholine iodide. With the exception of M. brachialis, all the fibres of the muscles had \"en plaque\" motor end plates. M. brachialis had \"en grappe\" endings on all its fibres. The possibility of M. brachialis being a physiologically \"slow\" muscle is discussed.", "contents": "A histochemical study of cholinesterases in arm and forearm muscles of the pigeon and fowl. Various arm and forearm muscles of the pigeon and fowl were studied histochemically. Fibres of the muscles from both birds hydrolysed acetyl, butyryl and propionyl thiocholine iodide. With the exception of M. brachialis, all the fibres of the muscles had \"en plaque\" motor end plates. M. brachialis had \"en grappe\" endings on all its fibres. The possibility of M. brachialis being a physiologically \"slow\" muscle is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:885788", "title": "Neurons in the mouse anterior commissure. A light microscopic, electron microscopic and autoradiographic study.", "content": "Both limbs of the anterior commissure of the mouse brain were examined to find the number, distribution, times of origin and structure of the neurons present, and also the number of synapses within the commissure. Neurons form between 0-1 and 0-4% of the total cell population and are produced between the twelfth and fourteenth days of gestation. It seems likely that the neurons within the anterior commissure are derived from adjacent septal nuclei, with the bed nuclei of the anterior commissure mainly contributing to the posterior limb and the nucleus triangularis septi mainly contributing to the anterior limb. The neurons are almost certainly functional, and distribute to the nuclei from which they are derived. There are probably also other connexions between these nuclei and both limbs of the anterior commissure through dendrites from the septal nuclei which ramify throughout the commissure. The large number of synapses scattered throughout the anterior commissure suggests that the neurons within the commissure, and dendrites entering it, may contribute substantially to the pathways between the anterior and posterior limbs and the septal nuclei without diminishing the number of axons in the commissure.", "contents": "Neurons in the mouse anterior commissure. A light microscopic, electron microscopic and autoradiographic study. Both limbs of the anterior commissure of the mouse brain were examined to find the number, distribution, times of origin and structure of the neurons present, and also the number of synapses within the commissure. Neurons form between 0-1 and 0-4% of the total cell population and are produced between the twelfth and fourteenth days of gestation. It seems likely that the neurons within the anterior commissure are derived from adjacent septal nuclei, with the bed nuclei of the anterior commissure mainly contributing to the posterior limb and the nucleus triangularis septi mainly contributing to the anterior limb. The neurons are almost certainly functional, and distribute to the nuclei from which they are derived. There are probably also other connexions between these nuclei and both limbs of the anterior commissure through dendrites from the septal nuclei which ramify throughout the commissure. The large number of synapses scattered throughout the anterior commissure suggests that the neurons within the commissure, and dendrites entering it, may contribute substantially to the pathways between the anterior and posterior limbs and the septal nuclei without diminishing the number of axons in the commissure."}
{"id": "PMID:885789", "title": "The structure and composition of peripheral nerves and nerve roots in the Sprawling mouse.", "content": "Peripheral nerves and lumbar nerve roots of Sprawling, a neurological mutant mouse, were examined with light and electron microscopy. The peripheral nerves and the dorsal roots were thin and grey and were composed predominantly of small myelinated and unmyelinated axons. No evidence of axonal or myelin degeneration was found. Quantitative studies showed a marked reduction in the total number of myelinated axons with preponderance of those of 2-5 micron in diameter or less, most marked in the dorsal roots in which there was also an increase in the proportion of axons which were unmyelinated. In the ventral roots there was a deficiency in the contribution formed by myelinated axons of small calibre, probably indicating a deficiency of gamma fibres. Examination of the myelinated axons in nerves and roots showed a normal relationship between fibre size and internodal lengths and number of myelin lamellae. The findings suggest that the genetic defect in Sprawling is responsible for a failure of myelination of sensory axons. The deficiency of large sensory axons and of small motor axons can be correlated with the deficiency of muscle spindles.", "contents": "The structure and composition of peripheral nerves and nerve roots in the Sprawling mouse. Peripheral nerves and lumbar nerve roots of Sprawling, a neurological mutant mouse, were examined with light and electron microscopy. The peripheral nerves and the dorsal roots were thin and grey and were composed predominantly of small myelinated and unmyelinated axons. No evidence of axonal or myelin degeneration was found. Quantitative studies showed a marked reduction in the total number of myelinated axons with preponderance of those of 2-5 micron in diameter or less, most marked in the dorsal roots in which there was also an increase in the proportion of axons which were unmyelinated. In the ventral roots there was a deficiency in the contribution formed by myelinated axons of small calibre, probably indicating a deficiency of gamma fibres. Examination of the myelinated axons in nerves and roots showed a normal relationship between fibre size and internodal lengths and number of myelin lamellae. The findings suggest that the genetic defect in Sprawling is responsible for a failure of myelination of sensory axons. The deficiency of large sensory axons and of small motor axons can be correlated with the deficiency of muscle spindles."}
{"id": "PMID:885790", "title": "A radiographic study of the human fetal spine. 1. The development of the secondary cervical curvature.", "content": "The present study has shown that the secondary curvature in the cervical spine of the human fetus develops at a much earlier age than has been thought. It may, in fact, develop soon after the embryo first acquires a neck and begins to uncurl. The early appearance of this curvature may be related to the early development of function in the muscles responsible for head extension, this movement being a basic component of the primitive \"gasp\" reflex. It is further suggested that, although the embryo develops in flexion, the traditional assumption that such flexion is a consequence of fetal musculoskeletal development must be questioned, and the expression \"normal fetal flexed position\" is probably misleading, since it does not take into account the wide range of movements of which the fetus is capable.", "contents": "A radiographic study of the human fetal spine. 1. The development of the secondary cervical curvature. The present study has shown that the secondary curvature in the cervical spine of the human fetus develops at a much earlier age than has been thought. It may, in fact, develop soon after the embryo first acquires a neck and begins to uncurl. The early appearance of this curvature may be related to the early development of function in the muscles responsible for head extension, this movement being a basic component of the primitive \"gasp\" reflex. It is further suggested that, although the embryo develops in flexion, the traditional assumption that such flexion is a consequence of fetal musculoskeletal development must be questioned, and the expression \"normal fetal flexed position\" is probably misleading, since it does not take into account the wide range of movements of which the fetus is capable."}
{"id": "PMID:885791", "title": "Regional and segmental characteristics of the human adult spinal cord.", "content": "Ten human adult spinal cords were assessed for weight, length, thickness, cholesterol, water and DNA-P content on both a regional and a mean segmental regional basis. The mean segmental DNA-P content, unlike the other parameters, was exceptional in being constant in the cervical, thoracic and lumbar regions. It is concluded that the cellularity of the cord between C1 and L5 is determined segmentally, but is reduced in the segments of the sacrococcygeal cord because of embryonic atrophy.", "contents": "Regional and segmental characteristics of the human adult spinal cord. Ten human adult spinal cords were assessed for weight, length, thickness, cholesterol, water and DNA-P content on both a regional and a mean segmental regional basis. The mean segmental DNA-P content, unlike the other parameters, was exceptional in being constant in the cervical, thoracic and lumbar regions. It is concluded that the cellularity of the cord between C1 and L5 is determined segmentally, but is reduced in the segments of the sacrococcygeal cord because of embryonic atrophy."}
{"id": "PMID:885792", "title": "The effects of age on mucosal morphology and epithelial cell production in rat small intestine.", "content": "Six groups of male Wistar rats were used, with mean weights of 29, 63, 97, 161, 249 and 399 g. Pieces of small intestine from three sites were examined after staining in bulk with the Feulgen reaction. Crypt/villus ratio (the number of crypts per villus) rose with age at all three sites, Villus height and crypt depth were measured on microdissected specimens. Villi in the proximal intestine were always taller than those distally. Proximal villi increased in height in successively older rats, except in the oldest group. Villi at the two distal sites tended to be tall in the youngest group of rats, but suffered a temporary reduction in height in the next two age groups. Crypt depth increased markedly within the first three age groups, and more slowly thereafter. Colchicine-metaphase accumulation rate was estimated from counts on microdissected intact crypts. The rate was low in the youngest group (8 cells/crypt/hour) but about 30 cells/crypt/hour in all other groups. After the changes during the early phase of rapid growth, no marked changes were seen during later life. The significance of these findings is discussed.", "contents": "The effects of age on mucosal morphology and epithelial cell production in rat small intestine. Six groups of male Wistar rats were used, with mean weights of 29, 63, 97, 161, 249 and 399 g. Pieces of small intestine from three sites were examined after staining in bulk with the Feulgen reaction. Crypt/villus ratio (the number of crypts per villus) rose with age at all three sites, Villus height and crypt depth were measured on microdissected specimens. Villi in the proximal intestine were always taller than those distally. Proximal villi increased in height in successively older rats, except in the oldest group. Villi at the two distal sites tended to be tall in the youngest group of rats, but suffered a temporary reduction in height in the next two age groups. Crypt depth increased markedly within the first three age groups, and more slowly thereafter. Colchicine-metaphase accumulation rate was estimated from counts on microdissected intact crypts. The rate was low in the youngest group (8 cells/crypt/hour) but about 30 cells/crypt/hour in all other groups. After the changes during the early phase of rapid growth, no marked changes were seen during later life. The significance of these findings is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:885793", "title": "Diameter distribution spectral of myelinated axons in the median and ulnar nerves of the Soay sheep.", "content": "An ulnar and a median nerve were taken from each of three Soay sheep, two aged 13 months and one aged 6 years. The axon diameter distribution spectra in these six nerves were determined by measurement of transverse sections stained by the Weigert-Pal technique. The histograms of myelinated axon diameters, between 1-17 micron, were unimodal in all the ulnar nerves. The mode lay between 4-5 micron in the nerves from the young sheep and between 6-7 micron in the old animal. The histograms of the median nerve axon diameters, between 1-18 micron, were all tri-modal. The nerves from the young sheep had modes between 2-3, 4-5 and 9-11 micron, and in the nerve from the old animal the modes were between 3-4, 6-7 and 12-13 micron. These findings are correlated with the conduction velocities recorded from these nerves in an earlier series of experiments.", "contents": "Diameter distribution spectral of myelinated axons in the median and ulnar nerves of the Soay sheep. An ulnar and a median nerve were taken from each of three Soay sheep, two aged 13 months and one aged 6 years. The axon diameter distribution spectra in these six nerves were determined by measurement of transverse sections stained by the Weigert-Pal technique. The histograms of myelinated axon diameters, between 1-17 micron, were unimodal in all the ulnar nerves. The mode lay between 4-5 micron in the nerves from the young sheep and between 6-7 micron in the old animal. The histograms of the median nerve axon diameters, between 1-18 micron, were all tri-modal. The nerves from the young sheep had modes between 2-3, 4-5 and 9-11 micron, and in the nerve from the old animal the modes were between 3-4, 6-7 and 12-13 micron. These findings are correlated with the conduction velocities recorded from these nerves in an earlier series of experiments."}
{"id": "PMID:885795", "title": "Semisynthetic beta-Lactam antibiotics. II. Penicillins from alpha-hydrazinoarylacetic acids.", "content": "A number of penicillins (2) have been synthesized from the alpha-hydrazinoarylacetic acids (4) via the activated chloride hydrochlorides (5) or via the mixed anhydride of the corresponding N2-benzyloxycarbonyl derivatives (6). The penicillins, 2b, e, j, show good activity against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria and enhanced penicillinase resistance in comparison with ampicillin.", "contents": "Semisynthetic beta-Lactam antibiotics. II. Penicillins from alpha-hydrazinoarylacetic acids. A number of penicillins (2) have been synthesized from the alpha-hydrazinoarylacetic acids (4) via the activated chloride hydrochlorides (5) or via the mixed anhydride of the corresponding N2-benzyloxycarbonyl derivatives (6). The penicillins, 2b, e, j, show good activity against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria and enhanced penicillinase resistance in comparison with ampicillin."}
{"id": "PMID:885796", "title": "Amino acids and derivatives of thiazole-4-carboxylic acid as constituents of thiopeptin B.", "content": "L-Alanine, L-threonine, L-valine, D-cystine and three derivatives of thiazole-4-carboxylic acid (thiostreptin, 1-aminomethylthiazole-4-carboxylic acid and thiostreptoic acid) were isolated from the acid-hydrolysate of thiopeptin B. In addition, the presence of dehydrobutyrine and dehydroalanine residues in the antibiotic was determined. Other components remain unidentified.", "contents": "Amino acids and derivatives of thiazole-4-carboxylic acid as constituents of thiopeptin B. L-Alanine, L-threonine, L-valine, D-cystine and three derivatives of thiazole-4-carboxylic acid (thiostreptin, 1-aminomethylthiazole-4-carboxylic acid and thiostreptoic acid) were isolated from the acid-hydrolysate of thiopeptin B. In addition, the presence of dehydrobutyrine and dehydroalanine residues in the antibiotic was determined. Other components remain unidentified."}
{"id": "PMID:885797", "title": "The determination of cephradine and cephalexin by reverse phase high-performance liquid chromatography.", "content": "The application of reverse phase high-performance liquid chromatography to the separation and analysis of cephradine and cephalexin is demonstrated. The procedure has been applied to chemicals, pharmaceutical formulations and reaction solutions. The preparation of samples is simple and rapid. Chromatographic conditions are described for both pellicular and small particle columns. The feasibility of determing cephradine and cephalexin in physiological fluids has also been demonstrated.", "contents": "The determination of cephradine and cephalexin by reverse phase high-performance liquid chromatography. The application of reverse phase high-performance liquid chromatography to the separation and analysis of cephradine and cephalexin is demonstrated. The procedure has been applied to chemicals, pharmaceutical formulations and reaction solutions. The preparation of samples is simple and rapid. Chromatographic conditions are described for both pellicular and small particle columns. The feasibility of determing cephradine and cephalexin in physiological fluids has also been demonstrated."}
{"id": "PMID:885798", "title": "Effects of ethidium bromide and acriflavine on streptomycin production by Streptomyces bikiniensis.", "content": "The treatment of Streptomyces bikiniensis with ethidium bromide or acriflavine resulted in the loss of the ability to produce streptomycin in 2 approximately 16% of the colonies isolated from the treated spores. These isolates had also lost their resistance to streptomycin. Treatment with the dyes caused partial to total loss of the ability to produce aerial mycelium by S. bikiniensis, but the isolates regained this ability upon repeated transfer to fresh medium. The dyes did not appear to effect pigment production by S. bikiniensis.", "contents": "Effects of ethidium bromide and acriflavine on streptomycin production by Streptomyces bikiniensis. The treatment of Streptomyces bikiniensis with ethidium bromide or acriflavine resulted in the loss of the ability to produce streptomycin in 2 approximately 16% of the colonies isolated from the treated spores. These isolates had also lost their resistance to streptomycin. Treatment with the dyes caused partial to total loss of the ability to produce aerial mycelium by S. bikiniensis, but the isolates regained this ability upon repeated transfer to fresh medium. The dyes did not appear to effect pigment production by S. bikiniensis."}
{"id": "PMID:885803", "title": "A new antibiotic, platenocidin.", "content": "A new antibiotic named platenocidin was isolated from the culture broth of Streptomyces H 273 N-SY2 and the producting microbe was classified as Streptomyces platensis. Platenocidin gives 5-hydroxymethyluracil by acid or alkaline hydrolysis and can be considered to belong to one of the nucleoside antibiotics. The antibiotic inhibits the growth of certain species of yeasts, but not that of bacteria.", "contents": "A new antibiotic, platenocidin. A new antibiotic named platenocidin was isolated from the culture broth of Streptomyces H 273 N-SY2 and the producting microbe was classified as Streptomyces platensis. Platenocidin gives 5-hydroxymethyluracil by acid or alkaline hydrolysis and can be considered to belong to one of the nucleoside antibiotics. The antibiotic inhibits the growth of certain species of yeasts, but not that of bacteria."}
{"id": "PMID:885804", "title": "Macrolide antibiotics M-4365 produced by Micromonospora. I. Taxonomy, production, isolation, characterization and properties.", "content": "A series of basic 16-membered macrolide antibiotics, M-4365 A1, A2, A3, G1, G2 and G3, were isolated from the culture broth of strain MCRL 0940 which is assigned to be a new species of Micromonospora and for which the name Micromonospora capillata sp. nov. is proposed. Among these antibiotics, M-4365 A2 and G2 showed strong inhibitory activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria.", "contents": "Macrolide antibiotics M-4365 produced by Micromonospora. I. Taxonomy, production, isolation, characterization and properties. A series of basic 16-membered macrolide antibiotics, M-4365 A1, A2, A3, G1, G2 and G3, were isolated from the culture broth of strain MCRL 0940 which is assigned to be a new species of Micromonospora and for which the name Micromonospora capillata sp. nov. is proposed. Among these antibiotics, M-4365 A2 and G2 showed strong inhibitory activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria."}
{"id": "PMID:885805", "title": "Macrolide antibiotics M-4365 produced by Micromonospora. II. Chemical structures.", "content": "By physiochemical analyses and chemical procedures, the structures of a series of basic 16-membered macrolide antibiotics, M-4365, A1, A2, A3, G1, G2 and G3 were elucidated, and it was found that M-4365 A1, G1 and G2 were novel, while M-4365 A2, A3 and G3 were identical with rosamicin, juvenimicins A4 and B1, respectively.", "contents": "Macrolide antibiotics M-4365 produced by Micromonospora. II. Chemical structures. By physiochemical analyses and chemical procedures, the structures of a series of basic 16-membered macrolide antibiotics, M-4365, A1, A2, A3, G1, G2 and G3 were elucidated, and it was found that M-4365 A1, G1 and G2 were novel, while M-4365 A2, A3 and G3 were identical with rosamicin, juvenimicins A4 and B1, respectively."}
{"id": "PMID:885806", "title": "G7063-2, a new nitrogen-containing antibiotic of the epoxydon group, isolated from the fermentation broth of a species of Streptomyces.", "content": "Antibiotic G7063-2, isolated from a Streptomyces species, is a new nitrogen-containing analogue of phyllostine and terreic acid. In vitro G7063-2 is moderately active against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria and weakly active against fungi. It is toxic to mice.", "contents": "G7063-2, a new nitrogen-containing antibiotic of the epoxydon group, isolated from the fermentation broth of a species of Streptomyces. Antibiotic G7063-2, isolated from a Streptomyces species, is a new nitrogen-containing analogue of phyllostine and terreic acid. In vitro G7063-2 is moderately active against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria and weakly active against fungi. It is toxic to mice."}
{"id": "PMID:885807", "title": "Melinacidins II, III and IV. Structural studies.", "content": "The structures of melinacidines II, III and IV were determined by physicochemical methods. Melinacidine IV is considered to be identical to 11alpha,11alpha'-dihydroxychaetocin while melinacidins II and III are isomeric to chaetocin and verticillins A and B.", "contents": "Melinacidins II, III and IV. Structural studies. The structures of melinacidines II, III and IV were determined by physicochemical methods. Melinacidine IV is considered to be identical to 11alpha,11alpha'-dihydroxychaetocin while melinacidins II and III are isomeric to chaetocin and verticillins A and B."}
{"id": "PMID:885808", "title": "Microbial transformation of antibiotics. Clindamycin ribonucleotides.", "content": "Addition of clindamycin to whole-cell cultures of Streptomyces coelicolor M\u00fcller resulted in the loss of in vitro activity against organisms sensitive to clindamycin. Incubation of such culture filtrates with crude alkaline phosphatase generated a biologically active material identified as clindamycin. Fermentation broths containing inactivated clindamycin yielded clindamycin 3-ribonucleotides and clindamycin 3-phosphate the structure of which was established by physicochemical and enzymatic means. Attempts to transform clindamycin to clindamycin 3-ribonucleotides by lysates or partially purified enzyme preparations from S. coelicolor have failed.", "contents": "Microbial transformation of antibiotics. Clindamycin ribonucleotides. Addition of clindamycin to whole-cell cultures of Streptomyces coelicolor M\u00fcller resulted in the loss of in vitro activity against organisms sensitive to clindamycin. Incubation of such culture filtrates with crude alkaline phosphatase generated a biologically active material identified as clindamycin. Fermentation broths containing inactivated clindamycin yielded clindamycin 3-ribonucleotides and clindamycin 3-phosphate the structure of which was established by physicochemical and enzymatic means. Attempts to transform clindamycin to clindamycin 3-ribonucleotides by lysates or partially purified enzyme preparations from S. coelicolor have failed."}
{"id": "PMID:885809", "title": "Biosynthetic studies on the macrolide antibiotic turimycin using 14C-labeled precursors.", "content": "Using a strain of Streptomyces hygroscopicus JA 6599 several 14C-compounds were investigates as potential precursors of the macrolide antibiotic turimycin followed by partial degradation to localize the radioactivity. L-Methionine-14C-methyl and n-butyrate-1-14C were incorporated exclusively and in a specific manner. The incorporation ratios were dependent on the addition time of the precursors. Studies of the incorporation of acylmycaroses and demycarosyl turimycin into the antibiotic are also reported.", "contents": "Biosynthetic studies on the macrolide antibiotic turimycin using 14C-labeled precursors. Using a strain of Streptomyces hygroscopicus JA 6599 several 14C-compounds were investigates as potential precursors of the macrolide antibiotic turimycin followed by partial degradation to localize the radioactivity. L-Methionine-14C-methyl and n-butyrate-1-14C were incorporated exclusively and in a specific manner. The incorporation ratios were dependent on the addition time of the precursors. Studies of the incorporation of acylmycaroses and demycarosyl turimycin into the antibiotic are also reported."}
{"id": "PMID:885810", "title": "Effect of rifampicin derivatives on the ion compartmentation of biological membranes.", "content": "Based on the experimental results that 3-formyl rifamycin SV acts as an uncoupler in vitro on rat liver mitochondria, the effect of some rifampicin derivatives on the K+ and H+ compartmentation of biological membranes was examined to obtain a chemiosmotic hypothesis for oxidative phosphorylation. The K+ release from mitochondria was remarkably stimulated by 3-formyl rifamycin SV in accordance with uncoupling of the oxidative phosphorylation. 3-Formyl rifamycin SV also stimulated the K+ release from red blood cells, though its action was not as effective as in mitochondria. It can be suggested that 3-formyl rifamycin SV interacts with biological membranes, causing a change in permeability to ions, especially of K+ and H+ through the mitochondrial membrane, resulting in uncoupling of the oxidative phosphorylation.", "contents": "Effect of rifampicin derivatives on the ion compartmentation of biological membranes. Based on the experimental results that 3-formyl rifamycin SV acts as an uncoupler in vitro on rat liver mitochondria, the effect of some rifampicin derivatives on the K+ and H+ compartmentation of biological membranes was examined to obtain a chemiosmotic hypothesis for oxidative phosphorylation. The K+ release from mitochondria was remarkably stimulated by 3-formyl rifamycin SV in accordance with uncoupling of the oxidative phosphorylation. 3-Formyl rifamycin SV also stimulated the K+ release from red blood cells, though its action was not as effective as in mitochondria. It can be suggested that 3-formyl rifamycin SV interacts with biological membranes, causing a change in permeability to ions, especially of K+ and H+ through the mitochondrial membrane, resulting in uncoupling of the oxidative phosphorylation."}
{"id": "PMID:885824", "title": "Development and evaluation of treatment paradigms for the suppression of smoking behavior.", "content": "A multiple-baseline component-analysis design was employed to assess the effectiveness of three treatment programs for suppressing the cigarette smoking behavior of 24 subjects. Sartiation, cognitive control, and continger shock procedures were evaluated. The results demonstrated a consistent relationship between contingent shock and suppression of smoking. It was further indicated that subjects should be exposed to the number of sessions necessary to achieve total suppression in order to gain maximally from treatment and to avoid relapse. Neither the satiation component nor the cognitive control component was correlated with clear, permanent decrements in smoking frequencies. To date no other treatment program has demonstrated the dramatic effects ofethe contingent shock procedures used in the present study.", "contents": "Development and evaluation of treatment paradigms for the suppression of smoking behavior. A multiple-baseline component-analysis design was employed to assess the effectiveness of three treatment programs for suppressing the cigarette smoking behavior of 24 subjects. Sartiation, cognitive control, and continger shock procedures were evaluated. The results demonstrated a consistent relationship between contingent shock and suppression of smoking. It was further indicated that subjects should be exposed to the number of sessions necessary to achieve total suppression in order to gain maximally from treatment and to avoid relapse. Neither the satiation component nor the cognitive control component was correlated with clear, permanent decrements in smoking frequencies. To date no other treatment program has demonstrated the dramatic effects ofethe contingent shock procedures used in the present study."}
{"id": "PMID:885825", "title": "Social-skills training for unassertive children: a multiple-baseline analysis.", "content": "The effects of social-skills training consisting of instructions, feedback, behavior rehearsal, and modelling were examined in a multiple-baseline analysis in four unassertive children. The treatment was effective in that the behaviors selected for modification changed markedly. The effects of treatment generalized from trained to untrained items (interpersonal situations requiring assertive responding) and gains were maintained at the two-and four-week followup probe sessions. In addition, overall assertiveness in all subjects increased from baseline assessment to the conclusion of treatment and into followup.", "contents": "Social-skills training for unassertive children: a multiple-baseline analysis. The effects of social-skills training consisting of instructions, feedback, behavior rehearsal, and modelling were examined in a multiple-baseline analysis in four unassertive children. The treatment was effective in that the behaviors selected for modification changed markedly. The effects of treatment generalized from trained to untrained items (interpersonal situations requiring assertive responding) and gains were maintained at the two-and four-week followup probe sessions. In addition, overall assertiveness in all subjects increased from baseline assessment to the conclusion of treatment and into followup."}
{"id": "PMID:885826", "title": "Assessing and training teachers in the generalized use of behavior modification with autistic children.", "content": "This study investigated the feasibility of developing reliable, valid criteria for measuring and training the skills necessary to teach autistic children. The behaviors of 11 teachers and 12 autistic children were recorded in a series of different teaching situation. Teacher-training was initiated at different times for different teachers. The results showed: (1) it was possible to asses empirically whether a teacher was correctly using defined behavior-modification techniques; (2) generally, for any given session, systematic improvement in the child's behavior did not occur unless the teacher working in that session had been trained to use the techniques to a hight criterion; (3) all 11 teachers were rapidly trained to use these techniques; and (4) the teachers learned generalized skills effective with a variety of children and target behaviors.", "contents": "Assessing and training teachers in the generalized use of behavior modification with autistic children. This study investigated the feasibility of developing reliable, valid criteria for measuring and training the skills necessary to teach autistic children. The behaviors of 11 teachers and 12 autistic children were recorded in a series of different teaching situation. Teacher-training was initiated at different times for different teachers. The results showed: (1) it was possible to asses empirically whether a teacher was correctly using defined behavior-modification techniques; (2) generally, for any given session, systematic improvement in the child's behavior did not occur unless the teacher working in that session had been trained to use the techniques to a hight criterion; (3) all 11 teachers were rapidly trained to use these techniques; and (4) the teachers learned generalized skills effective with a variety of children and target behaviors."}
{"id": "PMID:885827", "title": "The effect of modelling on drinking rate.", "content": "Three male college seniors were asked to drink beer at their normal rate in a simulated tavern setting. Each was paired with a confederate, also a male college senior, in an ABACA single subject design. In the baseline conditions, the confederate matched the drinking rate of the subject. Baseline and all subsequent conditions were continued in 1-hr sessions until a stable drinking rate was achieved. In Condition B, the confederate drank either one third more or one third less than the subject's baseline rate. In Condition C, the direction was reversed. All three subjects closely matched the confederate's drinking rate, whether high or low. All subjects reported they were unaware of the true purpose of the study.", "contents": "The effect of modelling on drinking rate. Three male college seniors were asked to drink beer at their normal rate in a simulated tavern setting. Each was paired with a confederate, also a male college senior, in an ABACA single subject design. In the baseline conditions, the confederate matched the drinking rate of the subject. Baseline and all subsequent conditions were continued in 1-hr sessions until a stable drinking rate was achieved. In Condition B, the confederate drank either one third more or one third less than the subject's baseline rate. In Condition C, the direction was reversed. All three subjects closely matched the confederate's drinking rate, whether high or low. All subjects reported they were unaware of the true purpose of the study."}
{"id": "PMID:885828", "title": "Stimulus selection and tracking during urination: autoshaping directed behavior with toilet targets.", "content": "A simple procedure is described for investigating stimuli selected as targets during urination in the commode. Ten normal males preferred a floating target that could be tracked to a series of stationary targets. This technique was used to bring misdirected urinations in a severely retarded male under rapid stimulus control of a floating target in the commode. The float stimulus was also evaluated with nine institionalized, moderately retarded males and results indicated rapid autoshaping of directed urination without the use of verbal instructions or conventional toilet training. The technique can be applied in training children to control misdirected urinations in institution for the retarded, in psychiatric wards with regressed populations, and in certain male school dormitories.", "contents": "Stimulus selection and tracking during urination: autoshaping directed behavior with toilet targets. A simple procedure is described for investigating stimuli selected as targets during urination in the commode. Ten normal males preferred a floating target that could be tracked to a series of stationary targets. This technique was used to bring misdirected urinations in a severely retarded male under rapid stimulus control of a floating target in the commode. The float stimulus was also evaluated with nine institionalized, moderately retarded males and results indicated rapid autoshaping of directed urination without the use of verbal instructions or conventional toilet training. The technique can be applied in training children to control misdirected urinations in institution for the retarded, in psychiatric wards with regressed populations, and in certain male school dormitories."}
{"id": "PMID:885829", "title": "The reduction of stealing in second graders using a group contingency.", "content": "Three clases of second graders served as subjects in this study of the effects of two types of intervention programs upon stealing: (1) an antistealing lecture with no specific contingency implied, and (2) a direct group contingency applied, whereby children were rewarded with (a) extra free time for no thefts, (b) allowed normal free time if stolen items were returned, and (c) punished with lost of free if stolen items were not returned. A multiple-baseline design across the three classes showed the group contingency to be effective in reducing stealing behavior; the anti-stealing lecture was ineffective.", "contents": "The reduction of stealing in second graders using a group contingency. Three clases of second graders served as subjects in this study of the effects of two types of intervention programs upon stealing: (1) an antistealing lecture with no specific contingency implied, and (2) a direct group contingency applied, whereby children were rewarded with (a) extra free time for no thefts, (b) allowed normal free time if stolen items were returned, and (c) punished with lost of free if stolen items were not returned. A multiple-baseline design across the three classes showed the group contingency to be effective in reducing stealing behavior; the anti-stealing lecture was ineffective."}
{"id": "PMID:885830", "title": "The modification of leisure behavior in a half-way house for retarded women.", "content": "A multi-element baseline design combined with a multiple-baseline design, was used to investigate the effect of availability of materials, prizes for participation, and instruction on the leisure behavior of 14 mentally retarded women in a half-way house. A leisure program was conducted on weekday evenings, during which residents could choose to participate in any of six activities offered: puzzles, card games, clay, painting, weaving and rug making. It was found that instruction in weaving and rug making significantly increased the percentage of residents participating in these activities, and that following instruction, prizes were not necessary to maintain high levels of participation. In contrast, prizes were more effective than mere availability of materials in maintaining participation in the other activities.", "contents": "The modification of leisure behavior in a half-way house for retarded women. A multi-element baseline design combined with a multiple-baseline design, was used to investigate the effect of availability of materials, prizes for participation, and instruction on the leisure behavior of 14 mentally retarded women in a half-way house. A leisure program was conducted on weekday evenings, during which residents could choose to participate in any of six activities offered: puzzles, card games, clay, painting, weaving and rug making. It was found that instruction in weaving and rug making significantly increased the percentage of residents participating in these activities, and that following instruction, prizes were not necessary to maintain high levels of participation. In contrast, prizes were more effective than mere availability of materials in maintaining participation in the other activities."}
{"id": "PMID:885831", "title": "Stimulus factors effecting peer conversation among institutionalized retarded women.", "content": "The effect of a series of stimulus changes, including attendant present or absent and agent of token reinforcement in a sorting task, on peer interaction among retarded women was examined. Conversation was not differentially directed toward the agent of reinforcement when that agent was a peer, nor did a peer agent increase the overall rate of peer interaction. Peer interaction did increase when no attendant was present, and during the final phase of the experiment, the high rate of peer interaction was maintained while the attendant was faded back into the situation in a series of discrete steps. The procedure was found to be efficient in terms of staff time and did not adversely affect task performance.", "contents": "Stimulus factors effecting peer conversation among institutionalized retarded women. The effect of a series of stimulus changes, including attendant present or absent and agent of token reinforcement in a sorting task, on peer interaction among retarded women was examined. Conversation was not differentially directed toward the agent of reinforcement when that agent was a peer, nor did a peer agent increase the overall rate of peer interaction. Peer interaction did increase when no attendant was present, and during the final phase of the experiment, the high rate of peer interaction was maintained while the attendant was faded back into the situation in a series of discrete steps. The procedure was found to be efficient in terms of staff time and did not adversely affect task performance."}
{"id": "PMID:885832", "title": "The influence of behavior preceding a reinforced response on behavior change in the classroom.", "content": "The influence of behavior that immediately precedes a reinforced target response on the effectiveness of a reinforcement contingency was examined in two experiments with mentally retarded children in a special-education classroom. Two reinforcement schedules were examined in each experiment. For each schedule, a prespecified period of attentive behavior served as the target response. The schedules differed in whether inattentive or attentive behavior was required immediately to precede the target response. These schedules were examined with one child in a simultaneous treatment design using praise as the reinforcer (Experiment I), and with two children in separate reversal designs using tokens as the reinforcer (Experiment II). While attentive behavior increased under each schedule, the increase was greater when attentive rather than inattentive behavior preceded the reinforced response. The results indicated that the effect of a contingency may be determined not only by the specific response reinforced but also by the behavior that immediately precedes that response.", "contents": "The influence of behavior preceding a reinforced response on behavior change in the classroom. The influence of behavior that immediately precedes a reinforced target response on the effectiveness of a reinforcement contingency was examined in two experiments with mentally retarded children in a special-education classroom. Two reinforcement schedules were examined in each experiment. For each schedule, a prespecified period of attentive behavior served as the target response. The schedules differed in whether inattentive or attentive behavior was required immediately to precede the target response. These schedules were examined with one child in a simultaneous treatment design using praise as the reinforcer (Experiment I), and with two children in separate reversal designs using tokens as the reinforcer (Experiment II). While attentive behavior increased under each schedule, the increase was greater when attentive rather than inattentive behavior preceded the reinforced response. The results indicated that the effect of a contingency may be determined not only by the specific response reinforced but also by the behavior that immediately precedes that response."}
{"id": "PMID:885836", "title": "Oxalate, formate, formamide, and methanol metabolism in Thiobacillus novellus.", "content": "Thiobacillus novellus was able to grow with oxalate, formate, formamide, and methanol as sole sources of carbon and energy. Extensive growth on methanol required yeast extract or vitamins. Glyoxylate carboligase was detected in extracts of oxalate-grown cells. Ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase was found in extracts of cells grown on formate, formamide, and thiosulfate. These data indicate that oxalate is utilized heterotrophically in the glycerate pathway, and formate and formamide are utilized autotrophically in the ribulose bisphosphate pathway. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide-linked formate dehydrogenase was present in extracts of oxalate-, formate-, formamide-, and methanol-grown cells but was absent in thiosulfate- and acetate-grown cells.", "contents": "Oxalate, formate, formamide, and methanol metabolism in Thiobacillus novellus. Thiobacillus novellus was able to grow with oxalate, formate, formamide, and methanol as sole sources of carbon and energy. Extensive growth on methanol required yeast extract or vitamins. Glyoxylate carboligase was detected in extracts of oxalate-grown cells. Ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase was found in extracts of cells grown on formate, formamide, and thiosulfate. These data indicate that oxalate is utilized heterotrophically in the glycerate pathway, and formate and formamide are utilized autotrophically in the ribulose bisphosphate pathway. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide-linked formate dehydrogenase was present in extracts of oxalate-, formate-, formamide-, and methanol-grown cells but was absent in thiosulfate- and acetate-grown cells."}
{"id": "PMID:885837", "title": "Effect of light on Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus.", "content": "Bdellovibrio underwent photooxidation by visible light in the presence of exogenous photosensitizer and by near-ultraviolet light (325 to 400 nm) in its absence. The colorless, host-dependent wild type was more sensitive to the lethal effect of light than was its pigmented, facultative parasitic mutant. The latter's ability to form colonies was much more sensitive to light than was its plaque-forming capability. The biosynthesis of the mutant pigment was inhibited by diphenylamine, though this inhibition did not result in additional sensitivity to photokilling.", "contents": "Effect of light on Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus. Bdellovibrio underwent photooxidation by visible light in the presence of exogenous photosensitizer and by near-ultraviolet light (325 to 400 nm) in its absence. The colorless, host-dependent wild type was more sensitive to the lethal effect of light than was its pigmented, facultative parasitic mutant. The latter's ability to form colonies was much more sensitive to light than was its plaque-forming capability. The biosynthesis of the mutant pigment was inhibited by diphenylamine, though this inhibition did not result in additional sensitivity to photokilling."}
{"id": "PMID:885838", "title": "Characterization of lysocardiolipin from Acinetobacter sp. HO1-N.", "content": "Triacyl-lysocardiolipin (triacyl-LCL) and diacyl-LCL were isolated from Acinetobacter sp. HO1-N, and their structures were determined by chemical, physical, and enzymatic procedures. Deacylation of triacyl-LCL and diacyl-LCL yielded bis-glycerylphosphorylglycerol. Periodate oxidation of both lysolipids was negative. Diglyceride and 2-monoglyceride resulted from the acetic acid hydrolysis of triacyl-LCL, whereas 2-monoglyceride was the sole product obtained from diacyl-LCL. Cardiolipin (CL)-specific phospholipase D treatment of triacyl-LCL yielded lysophosphatidylglycerol and phosphatidic acid. Pancreatic lipase treatment of CL yielded triacyl-LCL and diacyl-LCL. 31P nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry showed two resonance peaks separated by 40 HZ for CL, two overlapping peaks separated by 14 HZ for triacyl-LCL, and one peak for diacyl-LCL. The proportion of lysocardiolipin increased as a function of cell age, representing 2 to 3% of the total phospholipids in early- and mid-exponential growth, 5 to 7% in late-exponential growth, and 12% in the stationary growth phase.", "contents": "Characterization of lysocardiolipin from Acinetobacter sp. HO1-N. Triacyl-lysocardiolipin (triacyl-LCL) and diacyl-LCL were isolated from Acinetobacter sp. HO1-N, and their structures were determined by chemical, physical, and enzymatic procedures. Deacylation of triacyl-LCL and diacyl-LCL yielded bis-glycerylphosphorylglycerol. Periodate oxidation of both lysolipids was negative. Diglyceride and 2-monoglyceride resulted from the acetic acid hydrolysis of triacyl-LCL, whereas 2-monoglyceride was the sole product obtained from diacyl-LCL. Cardiolipin (CL)-specific phospholipase D treatment of triacyl-LCL yielded lysophosphatidylglycerol and phosphatidic acid. Pancreatic lipase treatment of CL yielded triacyl-LCL and diacyl-LCL. 31P nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry showed two resonance peaks separated by 40 HZ for CL, two overlapping peaks separated by 14 HZ for triacyl-LCL, and one peak for diacyl-LCL. The proportion of lysocardiolipin increased as a function of cell age, representing 2 to 3% of the total phospholipids in early- and mid-exponential growth, 5 to 7% in late-exponential growth, and 12% in the stationary growth phase."}
{"id": "PMID:885839", "title": "Source of energy for gliding motility in Flexibacter polymorphus: effects of metabolic and respiratory inhibitors on gliding movement.", "content": "The effects of selected metabolic and respiratory inhibitors on the gliding motility of Flexibacter polymorphus were examined. Motility and oxygen consumption were quantitatively inhibited in a reversible manner by specific respiratory poisons, suggesting that gliding velocity was linked to electron transport activity. Arsenate had little influence on the number or rate of gliding filaments, despite a 95% decrease in the concentration of intracellular adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP). At concentrations of cyanide or azide that abolished gliding movement, cells possessed a level of ATP that should have been sufficient to allow motility. Proton-conducting uncouplers of oxidative phosphorylation, such as carbonylcyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone (CCCP) and tetrachlorosalicylanilide, strongly inhibited locomotion yet did not suppress respiratory activity or intracellular ATP sufficiently to account for their effect on movement. Inhibition of motility by CCCP (but not by tetrachlorosalicylanilide) was partially reversed by sulfhydryl compounds. However, unlike CCCP, inhibition of motility by p-chloromercuribenzoate, a known sulfhydryl-blocking reagent, was associated with a corresponding reduction in respiratory activity and ATP content of cells. Protein synthesis was not blocked by concentrations of CCCP inhibitory for motility, indicating that utilization of existing ATP in this energy-requiring process was not impaired. These data suggest (but do not unequivocally prove) that ATP may not function as the sole energy donor for the gliding mechanism, but that some additional product of electron transport is required (e.g., the intermediate of oxidative phosphorylation).", "contents": "Source of energy for gliding motility in Flexibacter polymorphus: effects of metabolic and respiratory inhibitors on gliding movement. The effects of selected metabolic and respiratory inhibitors on the gliding motility of Flexibacter polymorphus were examined. Motility and oxygen consumption were quantitatively inhibited in a reversible manner by specific respiratory poisons, suggesting that gliding velocity was linked to electron transport activity. Arsenate had little influence on the number or rate of gliding filaments, despite a 95% decrease in the concentration of intracellular adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP). At concentrations of cyanide or azide that abolished gliding movement, cells possessed a level of ATP that should have been sufficient to allow motility. Proton-conducting uncouplers of oxidative phosphorylation, such as carbonylcyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone (CCCP) and tetrachlorosalicylanilide, strongly inhibited locomotion yet did not suppress respiratory activity or intracellular ATP sufficiently to account for their effect on movement. Inhibition of motility by CCCP (but not by tetrachlorosalicylanilide) was partially reversed by sulfhydryl compounds. However, unlike CCCP, inhibition of motility by p-chloromercuribenzoate, a known sulfhydryl-blocking reagent, was associated with a corresponding reduction in respiratory activity and ATP content of cells. Protein synthesis was not blocked by concentrations of CCCP inhibitory for motility, indicating that utilization of existing ATP in this energy-requiring process was not impaired. These data suggest (but do not unequivocally prove) that ATP may not function as the sole energy donor for the gliding mechanism, but that some additional product of electron transport is required (e.g., the intermediate of oxidative phosphorylation)."}
{"id": "PMID:885840", "title": "Occurrence of a class II restriction endonuclease in Staphylococcus aureus.", "content": "The occurrence of class II restriction endonucleases (enzymes that both recognize and cleave a specific nucleotide sequence in deoxyribonucleic acid [DNA] in Staphylococcus aureus has been investigated by analysis of crude extracts obtained from different propagating strains of the International Phage Typing System. Of the four main groups of strains in the International System, only extracts of group II strains were found to contain class II restriction endonucleases. The identical cleavage patterns obtained by incubation of different DNAs with cell extracts of group II strains suggest that these enzymes all recognize and cleave the same nucleotide sequence. This recognition site has been determined to be 5'-G-A-T-C-3'-3'-C-T-A-G-5' for the prototype of these enzymes, Sau3AI (J. S. Sussenbach et al., Nucleic Acids Res. 3:3192-3202, 1976). Evidence is presented that the classification of group II strains is based on restriction modification and is correlated with the presence of a class II restriction enoduclease that recognizes and cleaves the above sequence.", "contents": "Occurrence of a class II restriction endonuclease in Staphylococcus aureus. The occurrence of class II restriction endonucleases (enzymes that both recognize and cleave a specific nucleotide sequence in deoxyribonucleic acid [DNA] in Staphylococcus aureus has been investigated by analysis of crude extracts obtained from different propagating strains of the International Phage Typing System. Of the four main groups of strains in the International System, only extracts of group II strains were found to contain class II restriction endonucleases. The identical cleavage patterns obtained by incubation of different DNAs with cell extracts of group II strains suggest that these enzymes all recognize and cleave the same nucleotide sequence. This recognition site has been determined to be 5'-G-A-T-C-3'-3'-C-T-A-G-5' for the prototype of these enzymes, Sau3AI (J. S. Sussenbach et al., Nucleic Acids Res. 3:3192-3202, 1976). Evidence is presented that the classification of group II strains is based on restriction modification and is correlated with the presence of a class II restriction enoduclease that recognizes and cleaves the above sequence."}
{"id": "PMID:885841", "title": "Photodynamic induction of a bacterial cell surface polypeptide.", "content": "The photodynamic action of several dyes on cells of a bacterium, tentatively identified as a species of Arthrobacter, resulted in remarkable stimulation of synthesis of a polypeptide 21,000 daltons in mass. This polypeptide resides on the cell surface and can be solubilized by sodium dodecyl sulfate without lysis of the cells. Chlorophyllin and rose bengal are effective in inducing synthesis of the polypeptide in proportion to their ability to sensitize the photooxidation of histidine. Etiolated cells of the alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii y-1 excrete a substance into the medium that also sensitized the photoinduction of the polypeptide.", "contents": "Photodynamic induction of a bacterial cell surface polypeptide. The photodynamic action of several dyes on cells of a bacterium, tentatively identified as a species of Arthrobacter, resulted in remarkable stimulation of synthesis of a polypeptide 21,000 daltons in mass. This polypeptide resides on the cell surface and can be solubilized by sodium dodecyl sulfate without lysis of the cells. Chlorophyllin and rose bengal are effective in inducing synthesis of the polypeptide in proportion to their ability to sensitize the photooxidation of histidine. Etiolated cells of the alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii y-1 excrete a substance into the medium that also sensitized the photoinduction of the polypeptide."}
{"id": "PMID:885842", "title": "Polyamines in trypanosomatids.", "content": "Polyamines were determined by n-butanol extraction and thin-layer chromatography in four trypanosomatids: Trypanosoma brucei (rat infection) and cultures of Crithidia fasciculata, Leptomonas sp., and Trypanosoma mega. All had putrescine and spermidine but no detectable spermine. Putrescine and spermidine levels were quantitated for extracts of leptomonas during the normal growth cycle. Spermidine values peaked 18 h before peak cell populations. Spermidine-putrescine ratios for all organisms were related to the presumed phylogeny of the group.", "contents": "Polyamines in trypanosomatids. Polyamines were determined by n-butanol extraction and thin-layer chromatography in four trypanosomatids: Trypanosoma brucei (rat infection) and cultures of Crithidia fasciculata, Leptomonas sp., and Trypanosoma mega. All had putrescine and spermidine but no detectable spermine. Putrescine and spermidine levels were quantitated for extracts of leptomonas during the normal growth cycle. Spermidine values peaked 18 h before peak cell populations. Spermidine-putrescine ratios for all organisms were related to the presumed phylogeny of the group."}
{"id": "PMID:885843", "title": "Ultrastructure of lipid bodies in Tilletia caries teliospores.", "content": "The ultrastructure of lipid bodies within developing, dormant, and germinating Tilletia caries (DC). Tul. (race T-16) teliospores was studied by freeze-etching and thin-sectioning techniques. When teliospores were prefixed in sodium cacodylate-buffered glutaraldehyde-acrolein for 24 h before further processing, most of the lipid bodies appeared to have a uniformly osmiophilic matrix. Some of these lipid bodies were surrounded by thin electron-dense lines that appeared to be half-unit membranes. Occasionally this membrane seemed to be absent, allowing for a direct interface between lipid and cytosol. Irregular electron-dense patterns were occasionally observed in lipid bodies of developing, dormant, and germinating teliospores. A lamellar substructure with 6- to 10-nm center-to-center spacing was visible in the electron-dense patterns at high magnifications. Irregular fracture patterns were visible in freeze-etch replicas.", "contents": "Ultrastructure of lipid bodies in Tilletia caries teliospores. The ultrastructure of lipid bodies within developing, dormant, and germinating Tilletia caries (DC). Tul. (race T-16) teliospores was studied by freeze-etching and thin-sectioning techniques. When teliospores were prefixed in sodium cacodylate-buffered glutaraldehyde-acrolein for 24 h before further processing, most of the lipid bodies appeared to have a uniformly osmiophilic matrix. Some of these lipid bodies were surrounded by thin electron-dense lines that appeared to be half-unit membranes. Occasionally this membrane seemed to be absent, allowing for a direct interface between lipid and cytosol. Irregular electron-dense patterns were occasionally observed in lipid bodies of developing, dormant, and germinating teliospores. A lamellar substructure with 6- to 10-nm center-to-center spacing was visible in the electron-dense patterns at high magnifications. Irregular fracture patterns were visible in freeze-etch replicas."}
{"id": "PMID:885844", "title": "Reversible activation of hepatic adenylate cyclase by guanyl-5'-yl-(alpha,beta-methylene)diphosphonate and guanyl-5'-yl imidodiphosphate.", "content": "Guanyl-5'-yl-(alpha,beta-methylene)di[gamma-32P]phosphonate (Gp-(CH2)pp) is not hydrolyzed by rat liver membranes under conditions in which GTP and guanyl-5'-yl imidodiphosphate (Gpp(NH)p) are hydrolyzed. Gp(CH2)pp activates adenylate cyclase in hepatic membranes with characteristics similar to those of Gpp(NH)p activation but with lower potency and effectiveness. The analogs, although with lower potency than GTP, also share the ability to change the glucagon receptor from a high to a low affinity state. Both Gp(CH2)pp and Gpp(NH)p stimulate adenylate cyclase activity following a lag period of about 1 min addition of GTP after steady state rates are achieved results in reduction in the rate following a lag period of 6 min from the time of addition of GTP. Pretreatment of the enzyme with Gpp(NH)p or Gp(CH2)pp, followed by washing the membranes, leads to a high activity state of the enzyme which slowly decays in rate unless the analogs are continuously present in the medium. These data suggest that the guanosyl nucleotide analogs act on the enzyme system by a slowly reversible process that possibly reflects slow binding and dissociation from different transition states of the enzyme system and suggest that activation of adenylate cyclase by GTP, Gpp(NH)p, and Gp(CH2)pp does not involve covalent modification of the enzyme.", "contents": "Reversible activation of hepatic adenylate cyclase by guanyl-5'-yl-(alpha,beta-methylene)diphosphonate and guanyl-5'-yl imidodiphosphate. Guanyl-5'-yl-(alpha,beta-methylene)di[gamma-32P]phosphonate (Gp-(CH2)pp) is not hydrolyzed by rat liver membranes under conditions in which GTP and guanyl-5'-yl imidodiphosphate (Gpp(NH)p) are hydrolyzed. Gp(CH2)pp activates adenylate cyclase in hepatic membranes with characteristics similar to those of Gpp(NH)p activation but with lower potency and effectiveness. The analogs, although with lower potency than GTP, also share the ability to change the glucagon receptor from a high to a low affinity state. Both Gp(CH2)pp and Gpp(NH)p stimulate adenylate cyclase activity following a lag period of about 1 min addition of GTP after steady state rates are achieved results in reduction in the rate following a lag period of 6 min from the time of addition of GTP. Pretreatment of the enzyme with Gpp(NH)p or Gp(CH2)pp, followed by washing the membranes, leads to a high activity state of the enzyme which slowly decays in rate unless the analogs are continuously present in the medium. These data suggest that the guanosyl nucleotide analogs act on the enzyme system by a slowly reversible process that possibly reflects slow binding and dissociation from different transition states of the enzyme system and suggest that activation of adenylate cyclase by GTP, Gpp(NH)p, and Gp(CH2)pp does not involve covalent modification of the enzyme."}
{"id": "PMID:885846", "title": "alpha-Hydroxylation of fatty acids in brain. Substrate specificity and deuterium isotope effect.", "content": "The alpha-hydroxylation of fatty acids with various chain length by a rat brain postnuclear preparation was investigated. The maximum velocity of the alpha-hydroxylation were higher for lignoceric (tetracosanoic), tricosanoic, docosanoic, and heneicosanoic acids and lower for hexacosanoic, pentacosanoic, eicosanoic, and nonadecanoic acids. Stearic palmitic, and phytanic (3,7,11,15-tetramethylpalmitic) acids were not hydroxylated by this preparation. Apparent Km values were lower for fatty acids with the higher Vmax and higher for those with the lower Vmax values. The relative order of alpha-hydroxylation strongly resembles the relative distribution of these fatty acids in brain cerebrosides, and we suggest that alpha-hydroxylation plays an important role in determining this distribution. An improved synthesis of [U-14C]phytanic acid is described. The rate of alpha-hydroxylation with [2-2H2]lignoceric acid was one-fifth of nondeuterated lignoceric acid and one-third of [3-2H2]lignoceric acid, while apparent Km values for these acids were similar. The reduced rate with [2-2H2]lignoceric acid indicates that the cleavage of the C-H bond is the rate-limiting step of the alpha-hydroxylation.", "contents": "alpha-Hydroxylation of fatty acids in brain. Substrate specificity and deuterium isotope effect. The alpha-hydroxylation of fatty acids with various chain length by a rat brain postnuclear preparation was investigated. The maximum velocity of the alpha-hydroxylation were higher for lignoceric (tetracosanoic), tricosanoic, docosanoic, and heneicosanoic acids and lower for hexacosanoic, pentacosanoic, eicosanoic, and nonadecanoic acids. Stearic palmitic, and phytanic (3,7,11,15-tetramethylpalmitic) acids were not hydroxylated by this preparation. Apparent Km values were lower for fatty acids with the higher Vmax and higher for those with the lower Vmax values. The relative order of alpha-hydroxylation strongly resembles the relative distribution of these fatty acids in brain cerebrosides, and we suggest that alpha-hydroxylation plays an important role in determining this distribution. An improved synthesis of [U-14C]phytanic acid is described. The rate of alpha-hydroxylation with [2-2H2]lignoceric acid was one-fifth of nondeuterated lignoceric acid and one-third of [3-2H2]lignoceric acid, while apparent Km values for these acids were similar. The reduced rate with [2-2H2]lignoceric acid indicates that the cleavage of the C-H bond is the rate-limiting step of the alpha-hydroxylation."}
{"id": "PMID:885850", "title": "L-Histidinol inhibits specifically and reversibly protein and ribosomal RNA synthesis in mouse L cells.", "content": "The addition of the histidine analogue L-histidinol to mouse L cells in suspension culture results in an abrupt inhibition of protein and ribosomal RNA synthesis with relatively little effect on messenger RNA production. Messenger RNA synthesized in the presence of L-histidinol associates with ribosomal subunits to form initiation complexes whose ability to commence elongation appears impaired. As a result of this mode of action, L-histidinol treatment results in a dramatic reduction of polyribosomes and a concomitant accumulation of 80 S ribosomes. The inhibition of both protein and ribosomal RNA synthesis mediated by L-histidinol is rapidly reversed by the addition of L-histidine to treated cultures.", "contents": "L-Histidinol inhibits specifically and reversibly protein and ribosomal RNA synthesis in mouse L cells. The addition of the histidine analogue L-histidinol to mouse L cells in suspension culture results in an abrupt inhibition of protein and ribosomal RNA synthesis with relatively little effect on messenger RNA production. Messenger RNA synthesized in the presence of L-histidinol associates with ribosomal subunits to form initiation complexes whose ability to commence elongation appears impaired. As a result of this mode of action, L-histidinol treatment results in a dramatic reduction of polyribosomes and a concomitant accumulation of 80 S ribosomes. The inhibition of both protein and ribosomal RNA synthesis mediated by L-histidinol is rapidly reversed by the addition of L-histidine to treated cultures."}
{"id": "PMID:885852", "title": "Isolation and recombination of ovine lutropin subunits with complete recovery of biological activity.", "content": "Based on the results obtained in the previous paper (Liu, W.-K., Ascoli, M., and Ward, D. N. (1977) J. Biol. Chem. 252, 5274-5279) we have devised a method that permits the isolation of the subunits of ovine lutropin (oLH) in their \"native\" form. The hormone was dissociated by guanidine HCl, and the subunits separated by salt precipitation (Sairam, M. R., and Li, C. H. (1974) Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 165, 709-714). The present method differs significantly from that of Sairam and Li in that all operations are carried out at pH 5.0 or higher, a condition we have shown to be crucial to maintain the integrity of the isolated subunits. The yield of subunits was 75 to 85%. The isolated subunits exceed 95% purity (i.e. contamination with the other subunit or intact lutropin is less than 5%), migrate as single bands in sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gels, and show only the NH2-terminal heterogeneity expected from that of the native hormone. Recombination of the subunits can be accomplished with 75 to 85% yield (with respect to mass) and with full recovery of biological activity.", "contents": "Isolation and recombination of ovine lutropin subunits with complete recovery of biological activity. Based on the results obtained in the previous paper (Liu, W.-K., Ascoli, M., and Ward, D. N. (1977) J. Biol. Chem. 252, 5274-5279) we have devised a method that permits the isolation of the subunits of ovine lutropin (oLH) in their \"native\" form. The hormone was dissociated by guanidine HCl, and the subunits separated by salt precipitation (Sairam, M. R., and Li, C. H. (1974) Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 165, 709-714). The present method differs significantly from that of Sairam and Li in that all operations are carried out at pH 5.0 or higher, a condition we have shown to be crucial to maintain the integrity of the isolated subunits. The yield of subunits was 75 to 85%. The isolated subunits exceed 95% purity (i.e. contamination with the other subunit or intact lutropin is less than 5%), migrate as single bands in sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gels, and show only the NH2-terminal heterogeneity expected from that of the native hormone. Recombination of the subunits can be accomplished with 75 to 85% yield (with respect to mass) and with full recovery of biological activity."}
{"id": "PMID:885856", "title": "Purification and properties of a soluble protein activator of rat liver squalene epoxidase.", "content": "A soluble rat liver protein, termed \"supernatant protein factor\" (SPF), that stimulates microsomal squalene epoxidase has been purified approximately 11,000-fold. The most highly purified preparation obtained by isoelectric focusing shows a single coincident peak for activity and protein (the isoelectric point, pI, was 6.74). SPF is about 95% pure, judged by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and it migrates to a position corresponding to an apparent molecular weight of 47,000. An amino acid analysis of SPF is presented, and the properties of SPF and of the various soluble protein activators of microsomal sterol biosynthesis described by other laboratories are compared.", "contents": "Purification and properties of a soluble protein activator of rat liver squalene epoxidase. A soluble rat liver protein, termed \"supernatant protein factor\" (SPF), that stimulates microsomal squalene epoxidase has been purified approximately 11,000-fold. The most highly purified preparation obtained by isoelectric focusing shows a single coincident peak for activity and protein (the isoelectric point, pI, was 6.74). SPF is about 95% pure, judged by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and it migrates to a position corresponding to an apparent molecular weight of 47,000. An amino acid analysis of SPF is presented, and the properties of SPF and of the various soluble protein activators of microsomal sterol biosynthesis described by other laboratories are compared."}
{"id": "PMID:885857", "title": "Isolation and amino acid sequence of COOH-terminal fragments from the beta subunit of human choriogonadotropin.", "content": "The amino acid sequence of the unique COOH-terminal region of the beta subunit of human choriogonadotropin has been reinvestigated. The desialylated subunit was digested with thermolysin and a 27-residue peptide from positions 115 through 141 isolated in a high yield. Quantitative Edman sequence degradation of this peptide, of another peptide produced by thermolysin digestion containing residues 142 to 145, and of two tryptic peptides (residues 123 to 145, 134 to 145) has established that the amino acid sequence of this region is: (formula: see text). In addition, the positions of attachment of the carbohydrate moieties to serine residues was established by a direct procedure using alkaline elimination and 35S-labeled sulfite addition, which yields [35S]-cysteic acid residues at the site of a substituted serine. Carbohydrate side chains in the COOH-terminal region have been shown to exist at residues 121, 127, 132, and 138. These studies have also resulted in the development of improved methods for the purification of COOH-terminal peptides of the human choriogonadotropin beta subunit.", "contents": "Isolation and amino acid sequence of COOH-terminal fragments from the beta subunit of human choriogonadotropin. The amino acid sequence of the unique COOH-terminal region of the beta subunit of human choriogonadotropin has been reinvestigated. The desialylated subunit was digested with thermolysin and a 27-residue peptide from positions 115 through 141 isolated in a high yield. Quantitative Edman sequence degradation of this peptide, of another peptide produced by thermolysin digestion containing residues 142 to 145, and of two tryptic peptides (residues 123 to 145, 134 to 145) has established that the amino acid sequence of this region is: (formula: see text). In addition, the positions of attachment of the carbohydrate moieties to serine residues was established by a direct procedure using alkaline elimination and 35S-labeled sulfite addition, which yields [35S]-cysteic acid residues at the site of a substituted serine. Carbohydrate side chains in the COOH-terminal region have been shown to exist at residues 121, 127, 132, and 138. These studies have also resulted in the development of improved methods for the purification of COOH-terminal peptides of the human choriogonadotropin beta subunit."}
{"id": "PMID:885859", "title": "Oligosaccharides of human milk. Structural studies of two new octasaccharides, difucosyl derivatives of para-lacto-N-hexaose and para-lacto-N-neohexaose.", "content": "Two new octasaccharides were isolated from human milk of a nonsecretor Lewis a+b- individual. Structural studies by sequential enzymic degradation and by quantitative methylation analysis revealed that their structures were as follows: Galbeta1 leads to 3 (Fucalpha1 leads to 4) GlcNAcbeta1 leads to 3Galbeta1 leads to 4 (Fucalpha1 leads to 3) GlcNAcbeta1 leads to 3Galbeta1 leads to 4Glc, Galbeta1 leads to 4 (Fucalpha1 leads to 3) GlcNAcbeta1 leads to 3Galbeta1 leads to 4 (Fucalpha1 leads to 3) GlcNAcbeta1 leads to 3Galbeta1 leads to 4Glc. The core portions of these sugars, which are newly found linear hexasaccharides, are named para-lacto-N-hexaose and para-lacto-N-neohexaose, respectively.", "contents": "Oligosaccharides of human milk. Structural studies of two new octasaccharides, difucosyl derivatives of para-lacto-N-hexaose and para-lacto-N-neohexaose. Two new octasaccharides were isolated from human milk of a nonsecretor Lewis a+b- individual. Structural studies by sequential enzymic degradation and by quantitative methylation analysis revealed that their structures were as follows: Galbeta1 leads to 3 (Fucalpha1 leads to 4) GlcNAcbeta1 leads to 3Galbeta1 leads to 4 (Fucalpha1 leads to 3) GlcNAcbeta1 leads to 3Galbeta1 leads to 4Glc, Galbeta1 leads to 4 (Fucalpha1 leads to 3) GlcNAcbeta1 leads to 3Galbeta1 leads to 4 (Fucalpha1 leads to 3) GlcNAcbeta1 leads to 3Galbeta1 leads to 4Glc. The core portions of these sugars, which are newly found linear hexasaccharides, are named para-lacto-N-hexaose and para-lacto-N-neohexaose, respectively."}
{"id": "PMID:885865", "title": "Isolation and in vitro translation of the messenger RNA coding for pancreatic amylase.", "content": "RNA prepared from dog pancreas polysomes or microsomes directs the synthesis of pancreas-specific proteins in heterologous cell-free translation systems. A translation product, approximately 1500 daltons larger than authentic amylase, corresponding to pancreatic amylase was identified by immunoprecipitation with anti-amylase gamma-globulin and tryptic peptide analysis. We suggest that this larger form of amylase is an amylase precursor. Using amylase immunoprecipitation of reticulocyte translation reactions as an assay, we have shown that greater than 99% of the mRNA for amylase is associated with polysomes bound to the endoplasmic reticulum. Electrophoresis of pancreatic mRNA preparations in formamide-containing polyacrylamide gels and subsequent translation of the fractions have shown that amylase mRNA is of a discrete size with a mobility equivalent to that of 18 S ribosomal RNA, and therefore significantly larger than required to code solely for the amino acid sequence of the amylase precursor.", "contents": "Isolation and in vitro translation of the messenger RNA coding for pancreatic amylase. RNA prepared from dog pancreas polysomes or microsomes directs the synthesis of pancreas-specific proteins in heterologous cell-free translation systems. A translation product, approximately 1500 daltons larger than authentic amylase, corresponding to pancreatic amylase was identified by immunoprecipitation with anti-amylase gamma-globulin and tryptic peptide analysis. We suggest that this larger form of amylase is an amylase precursor. Using amylase immunoprecipitation of reticulocyte translation reactions as an assay, we have shown that greater than 99% of the mRNA for amylase is associated with polysomes bound to the endoplasmic reticulum. Electrophoresis of pancreatic mRNA preparations in formamide-containing polyacrylamide gels and subsequent translation of the fractions have shown that amylase mRNA is of a discrete size with a mobility equivalent to that of 18 S ribosomal RNA, and therefore significantly larger than required to code solely for the amino acid sequence of the amylase precursor."}
{"id": "PMID:885868", "title": "Ca2+-dependent protease in human platelets. Specific cleavage of platelet polypeptides in the presence of added Ca2+.", "content": "A pronounced Ca2+-dependent protease in lysed platelets was detected by the hydrolysis of an added substrate, azocasein. This protease also catalyzed the cleavage of endogenous platelet polypeptides which was demonstrated by the disappearance of four high molecular weight polypeptides (greater than 200,000) either by adding Ca2+ to lysed platelets or by increasing the cytoplasmic Ca2+ within intact platelets with the ionophore A 23187. In both cases, lower molecular weight cleavage products were clearly identified. The caseinolytic activity as well as the cleavage of the high molecular weight polypeptides was inhibited by sulfhydryl reagents, but not by reagents reacting with trypsin-like proteases. Because of the similarity between this Ca2+-dependent protease and myofibrillar Ca2+-dependent protease (CAF), we have termed the former \"platelet CAF\".", "contents": "Ca2+-dependent protease in human platelets. Specific cleavage of platelet polypeptides in the presence of added Ca2+. A pronounced Ca2+-dependent protease in lysed platelets was detected by the hydrolysis of an added substrate, azocasein. This protease also catalyzed the cleavage of endogenous platelet polypeptides which was demonstrated by the disappearance of four high molecular weight polypeptides (greater than 200,000) either by adding Ca2+ to lysed platelets or by increasing the cytoplasmic Ca2+ within intact platelets with the ionophore A 23187. In both cases, lower molecular weight cleavage products were clearly identified. The caseinolytic activity as well as the cleavage of the high molecular weight polypeptides was inhibited by sulfhydryl reagents, but not by reagents reacting with trypsin-like proteases. Because of the similarity between this Ca2+-dependent protease and myofibrillar Ca2+-dependent protease (CAF), we have termed the former \"platelet CAF\"."}
{"id": "PMID:885869", "title": "In vitro synthesis of a DNA probe for antisense globin sequences.", "content": "A DNA probe specific for sequences complementary to globin RNA has been prepared in vitro from globin complementary DNA (cDNA). Globin cDNA was used as the template for the synthesis of a complementary strand (ccDNA) by avian myeloblastosis virus DNA polymerase. After treatment with single strand-specific S1 nuclease, double-stranded globin DNA was denatured in the presence of a vast excess of globin RNA. After hybridization of the cDNA with globin RNA, the ccDNA was isolated by hydroxyapatite chromatography. The ccDNA probe hybridized efficiently to globin cDNA, but not at all to globin RNA. This probe should prove useful in assessing the asymmetry of gene expression in cell-free transcriptional systems.", "contents": "In vitro synthesis of a DNA probe for antisense globin sequences. A DNA probe specific for sequences complementary to globin RNA has been prepared in vitro from globin complementary DNA (cDNA). Globin cDNA was used as the template for the synthesis of a complementary strand (ccDNA) by avian myeloblastosis virus DNA polymerase. After treatment with single strand-specific S1 nuclease, double-stranded globin DNA was denatured in the presence of a vast excess of globin RNA. After hybridization of the cDNA with globin RNA, the ccDNA was isolated by hydroxyapatite chromatography. The ccDNA probe hybridized efficiently to globin cDNA, but not at all to globin RNA. This probe should prove useful in assessing the asymmetry of gene expression in cell-free transcriptional systems."}
{"id": "PMID:885870", "title": "Cytochrome b5 and cytochrome b5 reductase-phospholipid vesicles. Intervesicle protein transfer and oreintation factors in protein-protein interactions.", "content": "NADH-cytochrome b5 reductase readily binds to preformed phospholipid vesicles either below or above the phase transition temperature of the lipid and in the absence of detergents. The isolated vesicles are free of unbound reductase, and the lipid is present as small, closed bilayers (250 to 400 A in diameter) as indicated by gel filtration, density gradient centrifugation, and internal volume measurements with [3H]glucose. The order of substrate specificity of the bound reductase is: ferricyanide = cytochrome b5 bound to reductase vesicles (100%) greater than cytochrome b5 heme peptide (13%) greater than unbound cytochrome b5 (4.5%) greater than cytochrome b5 vesicles (0.1%). This indicates that a specific orientation of cytochrome b5 and reductase in the bilayer is required for optimal interaction. Protein transfer occurs between reductase vesicles and cytochrome b5 vesicles. The transfer is time-dependent (40 to 70% complete in 2 h), does not involve vesicle fusion, is most rapid at the phase transition temperature of the phospholipid, and appears to require a fluid bilayer.", "contents": "Cytochrome b5 and cytochrome b5 reductase-phospholipid vesicles. Intervesicle protein transfer and oreintation factors in protein-protein interactions. NADH-cytochrome b5 reductase readily binds to preformed phospholipid vesicles either below or above the phase transition temperature of the lipid and in the absence of detergents. The isolated vesicles are free of unbound reductase, and the lipid is present as small, closed bilayers (250 to 400 A in diameter) as indicated by gel filtration, density gradient centrifugation, and internal volume measurements with [3H]glucose. The order of substrate specificity of the bound reductase is: ferricyanide = cytochrome b5 bound to reductase vesicles (100%) greater than cytochrome b5 heme peptide (13%) greater than unbound cytochrome b5 (4.5%) greater than cytochrome b5 vesicles (0.1%). This indicates that a specific orientation of cytochrome b5 and reductase in the bilayer is required for optimal interaction. Protein transfer occurs between reductase vesicles and cytochrome b5 vesicles. The transfer is time-dependent (40 to 70% complete in 2 h), does not involve vesicle fusion, is most rapid at the phase transition temperature of the phospholipid, and appears to require a fluid bilayer."}
{"id": "PMID:885871", "title": "Regulation of citrate transport and pyruvate dehydrogenase in rat kidney cortex mitochondria by bicarbonate.", "content": "1. Bicarbonate increased citrate and 2-oxoglutarate accumulation when rat kidney cortex mitochondria were incubated with pyruvate or L(-)-palmitoyl carnitine in the presence of L-malate. 2. Bicarbonate stimulated the exit of citrate from mitochondria. The Km for bicarbonate was 13.5 mM and the Vmax was 0.59 nmol/min/mg of protein at 10 degrees. 3. The bicarbonate-stimulated exit of citrate from the mitochondria was prevented by inhibitors of the tricarboxylate, dicarboxylate, and phosphate transport systems. 4. The activity of pyruvate dehydrogenase was significantly increased by preincubation of rat kidney mitochondria with bicarbonate. This bicarbonate-induced activation was not observed in presence of inhibitors of citrate transport. Bicarbonate did not activate pyruvate dehydrogenase in rat heart mitochondria. Bicarbonate had no effect on pyruvate dehydrogenase activity in either broken mitochondria or whole tissue preparations. 5. The mechanism of this activation is discussed in the light of the known regulatory properties of pyruvate dehydrogenase, pyruvate carboxylase, and citrate synthase.", "contents": "Regulation of citrate transport and pyruvate dehydrogenase in rat kidney cortex mitochondria by bicarbonate. 1. Bicarbonate increased citrate and 2-oxoglutarate accumulation when rat kidney cortex mitochondria were incubated with pyruvate or L(-)-palmitoyl carnitine in the presence of L-malate. 2. Bicarbonate stimulated the exit of citrate from mitochondria. The Km for bicarbonate was 13.5 mM and the Vmax was 0.59 nmol/min/mg of protein at 10 degrees. 3. The bicarbonate-stimulated exit of citrate from the mitochondria was prevented by inhibitors of the tricarboxylate, dicarboxylate, and phosphate transport systems. 4. The activity of pyruvate dehydrogenase was significantly increased by preincubation of rat kidney mitochondria with bicarbonate. This bicarbonate-induced activation was not observed in presence of inhibitors of citrate transport. Bicarbonate did not activate pyruvate dehydrogenase in rat heart mitochondria. Bicarbonate had no effect on pyruvate dehydrogenase activity in either broken mitochondria or whole tissue preparations. 5. The mechanism of this activation is discussed in the light of the known regulatory properties of pyruvate dehydrogenase, pyruvate carboxylase, and citrate synthase."}
{"id": "PMID:885872", "title": "Studies on the specificity of phosphorylase kinase using peptide substrates.", "content": "The action of phosphorylase kinase on synthetic peptides is reported. These peptides are variants of the amino acid sequence. Ser-Asp-Gln-Glu-Lys-Arg-Lys-Gln-Ile-Ser-Val-Arg-Gly-Leu, found in the natural substrate, phosphorylase b. The effects of size, the cluster of basic groups at the NH2-terminal side, the phosphorylatable seryl residue, the hydrophobic groups surrounding serine, and the arginyl function at the COOH-terminal side were tested and analyzed by evaluation of the kinetic parameters, Km and Vmax. The first 6 residues were found to be nonessential, but substitution of residues in the sequence. Lys-Gln-Ile-Ser-Val-Arg, had a large effect on phosphorylation. A comparison was made between the action of nonactivated and activated phosphorylase kinase on selected peptides and phosphorylase b. Various forms of phosphorylase b were tested as substrates for cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase in the presence of effectors and salts. Although phosphorylase would not serve as a substrate for protein kinase, the aforementioned synthetic peptide of the phosphorylase b sequence would do so, indicating that the primary sequence surrounding the phosphorylatable serine did not block phosphorylation, which suggests that higher order structural features prohibit the phosphorylation.", "contents": "Studies on the specificity of phosphorylase kinase using peptide substrates. The action of phosphorylase kinase on synthetic peptides is reported. These peptides are variants of the amino acid sequence. Ser-Asp-Gln-Glu-Lys-Arg-Lys-Gln-Ile-Ser-Val-Arg-Gly-Leu, found in the natural substrate, phosphorylase b. The effects of size, the cluster of basic groups at the NH2-terminal side, the phosphorylatable seryl residue, the hydrophobic groups surrounding serine, and the arginyl function at the COOH-terminal side were tested and analyzed by evaluation of the kinetic parameters, Km and Vmax. The first 6 residues were found to be nonessential, but substitution of residues in the sequence. Lys-Gln-Ile-Ser-Val-Arg, had a large effect on phosphorylation. A comparison was made between the action of nonactivated and activated phosphorylase kinase on selected peptides and phosphorylase b. Various forms of phosphorylase b were tested as substrates for cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase in the presence of effectors and salts. Although phosphorylase would not serve as a substrate for protein kinase, the aforementioned synthetic peptide of the phosphorylase b sequence would do so, indicating that the primary sequence surrounding the phosphorylatable serine did not block phosphorylation, which suggests that higher order structural features prohibit the phosphorylation."}
{"id": "PMID:885873", "title": "Incubations of testis myo-inositol-1-phosphate synthase with D-(5-18O)glucose 6-phosphate and with H218O show no evidence of Schiff base formation.", "content": "myo-Inositol-1-P synthase (EC 5.5.1.4) purified from rat testis and from bovine testis was allowed to react with D-[5-18O]glucose-6-P. myo-Inositol, obtained in these reactions, retained all of the 18O originally in the glucose-6-P. When these enzyme preparations were incubated with unlabeled glucose-6-P in a medium enriched in H2 18O no uptake of the oxygen isotope occurred that could be ascribed to the myo-inositol-1-P synthase reaction. By these criteria this enzyme, which is considered to use an aldolase mechanism in the cyclization step, cannot form a Schiff base during the reaction. In addition, these enzymes are not inhibited by 10 mM EDTA. One interpretation of this evidence is that the myo-inositol-1-P synthases we have studied are neither Class I nor Class II aldolases, and simply use base catalysis in the cyclization step.", "contents": "Incubations of testis myo-inositol-1-phosphate synthase with D-(5-18O)glucose 6-phosphate and with H218O show no evidence of Schiff base formation. myo-Inositol-1-P synthase (EC 5.5.1.4) purified from rat testis and from bovine testis was allowed to react with D-[5-18O]glucose-6-P. myo-Inositol, obtained in these reactions, retained all of the 18O originally in the glucose-6-P. When these enzyme preparations were incubated with unlabeled glucose-6-P in a medium enriched in H2 18O no uptake of the oxygen isotope occurred that could be ascribed to the myo-inositol-1-P synthase reaction. By these criteria this enzyme, which is considered to use an aldolase mechanism in the cyclization step, cannot form a Schiff base during the reaction. In addition, these enzymes are not inhibited by 10 mM EDTA. One interpretation of this evidence is that the myo-inositol-1-P synthases we have studied are neither Class I nor Class II aldolases, and simply use base catalysis in the cyclization step."}
{"id": "PMID:885877", "title": "Inhibition of Azotobacter vinelandii RNA polymerase by cibacron blue F3GA.", "content": "Cibacron blue F3GA is a potent inhibitor of the Azotobacter vinelandii DNA-directed RNA polymerase. Addition of 8 micrometer Cibacron blue F3GA prior to initiation results in a greater than 90% inhibition of the poly[d(A-T]-directed synthesis of poly[r(A-U)] while addition of the dye during the course of the reaction is without effect on chain elongation. Binding of RNA polymerase to [3H]poly[d(A-T)] is inhibited by only 15% in the presence of 8 micrometer Cibacron blue F3GA. Inhibition by Cibacron blue F3GA is noncompetitive with regard to ATP, UTP, or template. The poly[d(A-T)]-directed pyrophosphate exchange reaction is relatively resistant to inhibition by Cibacron blue F3GA. Rifampicin added to a similar reaction (in the presence of absence of Cibacron blue F3GA) results in 95% inhibition of the exchange reaction. The interaction of the RNA polymerase core enzyme with Cibacron blue F3GA is shown by the formation of a difference spectrum with a positive maximum at 675 nm which is not affected by the presence of a high concentration (4 micrometer) of rafampicin. The data indicate that Cibacron blue F3GA acts by binding to RNA polymerase and inhibits a step between the synthesis of the initial phosphodiester bond and formation of a stable ternary elongation complex.", "contents": "Inhibition of Azotobacter vinelandii RNA polymerase by cibacron blue F3GA. Cibacron blue F3GA is a potent inhibitor of the Azotobacter vinelandii DNA-directed RNA polymerase. Addition of 8 micrometer Cibacron blue F3GA prior to initiation results in a greater than 90% inhibition of the poly[d(A-T]-directed synthesis of poly[r(A-U)] while addition of the dye during the course of the reaction is without effect on chain elongation. Binding of RNA polymerase to [3H]poly[d(A-T)] is inhibited by only 15% in the presence of 8 micrometer Cibacron blue F3GA. Inhibition by Cibacron blue F3GA is noncompetitive with regard to ATP, UTP, or template. The poly[d(A-T)]-directed pyrophosphate exchange reaction is relatively resistant to inhibition by Cibacron blue F3GA. Rifampicin added to a similar reaction (in the presence of absence of Cibacron blue F3GA) results in 95% inhibition of the exchange reaction. The interaction of the RNA polymerase core enzyme with Cibacron blue F3GA is shown by the formation of a difference spectrum with a positive maximum at 675 nm which is not affected by the presence of a high concentration (4 micrometer) of rafampicin. The data indicate that Cibacron blue F3GA acts by binding to RNA polymerase and inhibits a step between the synthesis of the initial phosphodiester bond and formation of a stable ternary elongation complex."}
{"id": "PMID:885878", "title": "Mycobacterium smegmatis fatty acid synthetase. Long chain transacylase chain length specificity.", "content": "Long chain transacylase activity, acyl-CoA + enzyme in equilibrium acyl-enzyme + CoA, catalyzed by the multienzyme complex fatty acid synthetase from Mycobacterium smegmatis was measured by exchange of radioactive coenzyme A into even numbered fatty acyl-CoA substrates 14 to 24 carbon atoms long. This transacylase activity decreases sharply with increasing chain length. It is suggested that C24 transacylation may be rate-limiting in de novo fatty acid synthesis catalyzed by the myocobacterial system. Mycobacterial polysaccharides stimulate the rate of transacylation, and this enhancement becomes more marked as the chain length of the substrate increases. The magnitude of the effect is similar to polysaccharide stimulation of overall synthetase activity. It is therefore proposed that terminal transacylation is the specific and perhaps only partial reaction catalyzed by the M. smegmatis fatty acid synthetase which is facilitated by polysaccharide. The product distribution of the synthetase is distinctly bimodal, with peaks for acyl chains 16 and 24 carbon atoms long. A scheme based on nonoverlapping unimodal chain length specificities for the rates of two activities, elongation and terminal transacylation, is offered to explain this bimodal distribution.", "contents": "Mycobacterium smegmatis fatty acid synthetase. Long chain transacylase chain length specificity. Long chain transacylase activity, acyl-CoA + enzyme in equilibrium acyl-enzyme + CoA, catalyzed by the multienzyme complex fatty acid synthetase from Mycobacterium smegmatis was measured by exchange of radioactive coenzyme A into even numbered fatty acyl-CoA substrates 14 to 24 carbon atoms long. This transacylase activity decreases sharply with increasing chain length. It is suggested that C24 transacylation may be rate-limiting in de novo fatty acid synthesis catalyzed by the myocobacterial system. Mycobacterial polysaccharides stimulate the rate of transacylation, and this enhancement becomes more marked as the chain length of the substrate increases. The magnitude of the effect is similar to polysaccharide stimulation of overall synthetase activity. It is therefore proposed that terminal transacylation is the specific and perhaps only partial reaction catalyzed by the M. smegmatis fatty acid synthetase which is facilitated by polysaccharide. The product distribution of the synthetase is distinctly bimodal, with peaks for acyl chains 16 and 24 carbon atoms long. A scheme based on nonoverlapping unimodal chain length specificities for the rates of two activities, elongation and terminal transacylation, is offered to explain this bimodal distribution."}
{"id": "PMID:885879", "title": "Mycobacterium smegmatis fatty acid synthetase. Polysaccharide stimulation of the rate-limiting step.", "content": "An initial activity burst lasting 5 to 10 s is observed for both de novo synthesis with acetyl-CoA as primer and for elongation of palmitoyl-CoA catalyzed by the multienzyme complex fatty acid synthetase from Mycobacterium smegmatis. After the initial burst, synthetase activity slows at least 6-fold to the steady state rate. The size of the initial burst is proportional to the amount of synthetase protein and corresponds to the synthesis of a small number C three to five) of C24 or C26 acyl chains per mol of enzyme. During the initial burst, C24, C26 acyl enzyme is formed and can be isolated by ammonium sulfate precipitation. On incubation with CoA, enzyme-bound acyl chains undergo transacylation to form the corresponding CoA derivatives. Diffusion of C24-CoA and C26-CoA from the enzyme is slow and rate-limiting for overall fatty acid synthesis. Mycobacterial polysaccharides markedly accelerate this rate-determining step but bovine serum albumin does not. This facilitation of product diffusion accounts for the large stimulation of de novo synthesis and of elongation of mycobacterial polysaccharide. It is also shown that the high apparent Km for acetyl-CoA (approximately 400 micrometer) in the steady state reflects the substrate concentration required to shift the product pattern in favor of shorter chain fatty acids (C16,C18). These conditions circumvent the slow, rate-limiting diffusion of C24-CoA and C26-CoA.", "contents": "Mycobacterium smegmatis fatty acid synthetase. Polysaccharide stimulation of the rate-limiting step. An initial activity burst lasting 5 to 10 s is observed for both de novo synthesis with acetyl-CoA as primer and for elongation of palmitoyl-CoA catalyzed by the multienzyme complex fatty acid synthetase from Mycobacterium smegmatis. After the initial burst, synthetase activity slows at least 6-fold to the steady state rate. The size of the initial burst is proportional to the amount of synthetase protein and corresponds to the synthesis of a small number C three to five) of C24 or C26 acyl chains per mol of enzyme. During the initial burst, C24, C26 acyl enzyme is formed and can be isolated by ammonium sulfate precipitation. On incubation with CoA, enzyme-bound acyl chains undergo transacylation to form the corresponding CoA derivatives. Diffusion of C24-CoA and C26-CoA from the enzyme is slow and rate-limiting for overall fatty acid synthesis. Mycobacterial polysaccharides markedly accelerate this rate-determining step but bovine serum albumin does not. This facilitation of product diffusion accounts for the large stimulation of de novo synthesis and of elongation of mycobacterial polysaccharide. It is also shown that the high apparent Km for acetyl-CoA (approximately 400 micrometer) in the steady state reflects the substrate concentration required to shift the product pattern in favor of shorter chain fatty acids (C16,C18). These conditions circumvent the slow, rate-limiting diffusion of C24-CoA and C26-CoA."}
{"id": "PMID:885880", "title": "Mycobacterium smegmatis fatty acid synthetase. A mechanism based on steady state rates and product distributions.", "content": "The initial steady state rate and product distribution of fatty acid synthesis catalyzed by Mycobacterium smegmatis fatty acid synthetase has been investigated as a function of various concentrations of acetyl-CoA, malonyl-CoA, mycobacterial polysaccharide, and bovine serum albumin. Polysaccharide has a large effect on both rate and chain length. The steady state rate stimulation by polysaccharide is not duplicated by other acyl-CoA-binding molecules such as bovine serum albumin. It is concluded that relief of product inhibition does not adequately explain the specific effects of the mycobacterial polysaccharide. A general mechanism is presented which accounts for variations in reaction rate and produce pattern over a wide range of experimental conditions. We propose that the diffusion of long chain acyl-CoA (C14 to C24) from the enzyme is the rate-limiting step in fatty acid synthesis catalyzed by the M. smegmatis synthetase. Polysaccharide facilitates this rate-limiting step by forming a ternary complex with enzyme-bound acyl-CoA causing rapid release of product.", "contents": "Mycobacterium smegmatis fatty acid synthetase. A mechanism based on steady state rates and product distributions. The initial steady state rate and product distribution of fatty acid synthesis catalyzed by Mycobacterium smegmatis fatty acid synthetase has been investigated as a function of various concentrations of acetyl-CoA, malonyl-CoA, mycobacterial polysaccharide, and bovine serum albumin. Polysaccharide has a large effect on both rate and chain length. The steady state rate stimulation by polysaccharide is not duplicated by other acyl-CoA-binding molecules such as bovine serum albumin. It is concluded that relief of product inhibition does not adequately explain the specific effects of the mycobacterial polysaccharide. A general mechanism is presented which accounts for variations in reaction rate and produce pattern over a wide range of experimental conditions. We propose that the diffusion of long chain acyl-CoA (C14 to C24) from the enzyme is the rate-limiting step in fatty acid synthesis catalyzed by the M. smegmatis synthetase. Polysaccharide facilitates this rate-limiting step by forming a ternary complex with enzyme-bound acyl-CoA causing rapid release of product."}
{"id": "PMID:885884", "title": "Biosynthesis of phytosphingosine by the rat.", "content": "Labeled C18-phytosphingosine was detected in a glyco-lipid-rich fraction from rat intestine 4 and 24 h after injection of D-erythro[4,5-3H]C18-dihydrosphingosine. The criteria for identification were: (a) co-migration on gas-liquid chromatography of the trimethylsilyl ethers of the free and N-acetylated base with authentic standard, (b) co-migration on thin layer chromatography of the dinitrophenyl derivative with authentic standard, (c) labeled pentadecanol detection by gas-liquid radiochromatography after subjecting intact sphingolipids or a mixture of free long chain bases to periodate oxidation followed by sodium borohydride reduction, and (d) obtainment of the same fragmentation pattern as with authentic standard when the trimethylsilyl ethers of the N-acetylated base were subjected to gas-liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Smaller amounts of labeled C18-phytosphingosine were also detected in ceramide- and sphingomyelin-rich fractions of intestine and in liver and kidney. Experiments with germ-free rats strongly suggest that the intestinal flora is not the (sole) site for the biosynthesis of C18-phytosphingosine.", "contents": "Biosynthesis of phytosphingosine by the rat. Labeled C18-phytosphingosine was detected in a glyco-lipid-rich fraction from rat intestine 4 and 24 h after injection of D-erythro[4,5-3H]C18-dihydrosphingosine. The criteria for identification were: (a) co-migration on gas-liquid chromatography of the trimethylsilyl ethers of the free and N-acetylated base with authentic standard, (b) co-migration on thin layer chromatography of the dinitrophenyl derivative with authentic standard, (c) labeled pentadecanol detection by gas-liquid radiochromatography after subjecting intact sphingolipids or a mixture of free long chain bases to periodate oxidation followed by sodium borohydride reduction, and (d) obtainment of the same fragmentation pattern as with authentic standard when the trimethylsilyl ethers of the N-acetylated base were subjected to gas-liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Smaller amounts of labeled C18-phytosphingosine were also detected in ceramide- and sphingomyelin-rich fractions of intestine and in liver and kidney. Experiments with germ-free rats strongly suggest that the intestinal flora is not the (sole) site for the biosynthesis of C18-phytosphingosine."}
{"id": "PMID:885887", "title": "Solubilization and resolution of thromboxane synthesizing system from microsomes of bovine blood platelets.", "content": "The thromboxane synthetase system of the microsomes of bovine blood platelets was solubilized by the treatment with Triton X-100. The solubilized preparation was separated into two enzyme fractions by DEAE-cellulose chromatography. One catalyzed the formation of prostaglandin H2 from arachidonic acid in the presence of heme and tryptophan. The other fraction converted prostaglandin H2 to thromboxane B2 and 12L-hydroxy-5,8,10-heptadecatrienoic acid. However, incubation of the latter fraction with prostaglandin H2 at lower temperature produced an unstable compound with platelet-aggregating activity, which was presumably thromboxane A2 and which decomposed readily to thromboxane B2 and 12L-hydroxy-5,8,10-heptadecatrienoic acid.", "contents": "Solubilization and resolution of thromboxane synthesizing system from microsomes of bovine blood platelets. The thromboxane synthetase system of the microsomes of bovine blood platelets was solubilized by the treatment with Triton X-100. The solubilized preparation was separated into two enzyme fractions by DEAE-cellulose chromatography. One catalyzed the formation of prostaglandin H2 from arachidonic acid in the presence of heme and tryptophan. The other fraction converted prostaglandin H2 to thromboxane B2 and 12L-hydroxy-5,8,10-heptadecatrienoic acid. However, incubation of the latter fraction with prostaglandin H2 at lower temperature produced an unstable compound with platelet-aggregating activity, which was presumably thromboxane A2 and which decomposed readily to thromboxane B2 and 12L-hydroxy-5,8,10-heptadecatrienoic acid."}
{"id": "PMID:885888", "title": "Degradation of L-[3H]fucose-labeled plasma membrane components from regenerating rat liver.", "content": "The rates of degradation of liver cell plasma membranes from control and partially hepatectomized rats were investigated by a single isotope administration procedure utilizing L-[3H]fucose as a precursor. The label was incorporated maximally into normal plasma membranes at 2 to 4 h after intravenous injection. At 4 h, L-[3H]fucose activity was 8-fold more abundant in membrane protein than in total liver protein. Paper chromatography of neutral sugars liberated by acid hydrolysis of the plasma membranes indicated that greater than 90% of the recovered radioactivity was in the form of fucose. After partial hepatectomy, the wet weight of the right lateral liver lobe increased linearly during a 4-day postoperation interval. In addition, the specific activity of plasma membrane alkaline phosphatase was elevated to a level that remained 3 to 4 times higher than that of the control membranes. However, there was not much difference between the mean rates of degradation of the labeled plasma membrane components from the control and regenerating livers. The apparent half-lives were 33 and 40.8 h, respectively. This suggests that the dissociation of fucose-containing components from the plasma membrane is not markedly altered during the process of rapid compensatory liver growth.", "contents": "Degradation of L-[3H]fucose-labeled plasma membrane components from regenerating rat liver. The rates of degradation of liver cell plasma membranes from control and partially hepatectomized rats were investigated by a single isotope administration procedure utilizing L-[3H]fucose as a precursor. The label was incorporated maximally into normal plasma membranes at 2 to 4 h after intravenous injection. At 4 h, L-[3H]fucose activity was 8-fold more abundant in membrane protein than in total liver protein. Paper chromatography of neutral sugars liberated by acid hydrolysis of the plasma membranes indicated that greater than 90% of the recovered radioactivity was in the form of fucose. After partial hepatectomy, the wet weight of the right lateral liver lobe increased linearly during a 4-day postoperation interval. In addition, the specific activity of plasma membrane alkaline phosphatase was elevated to a level that remained 3 to 4 times higher than that of the control membranes. However, there was not much difference between the mean rates of degradation of the labeled plasma membrane components from the control and regenerating livers. The apparent half-lives were 33 and 40.8 h, respectively. This suggests that the dissociation of fucose-containing components from the plasma membrane is not markedly altered during the process of rapid compensatory liver growth."}
{"id": "PMID:885899", "title": "Possible femoral \"steal\" syndrome following femoral-femoral bypass.", "content": "1. The results of a clinical study of two patients who exhibited transitory donor limb ischemia without angiographic evidence of donor limb occlusive arterial disease following femoral-femoral bypass has been reported. 2. Although the circulation seemed to have been diminished in the donor limb following creation of a femoral-femoral bypass, the acute development of ischemia, there may have been other causes for the donor limb ischemia.", "contents": "Possible femoral \"steal\" syndrome following femoral-femoral bypass. 1. The results of a clinical study of two patients who exhibited transitory donor limb ischemia without angiographic evidence of donor limb occlusive arterial disease following femoral-femoral bypass has been reported. 2. Although the circulation seemed to have been diminished in the donor limb following creation of a femoral-femoral bypass, the acute development of ischemia, there may have been other causes for the donor limb ischemia."}
{"id": "PMID:885898", "title": "Brachial artery entrapment syndrome. Intermittent arterial compression as a result of muscular hypertrophy.", "content": "A description is given of an entrapment syndrome of the brachial artery in a thirty-nine-year-old muscular man. The diagnosis was made with the help of angiography. The intermittent compression was not caused by a congenital anomaly, but exclusively by muscular hypertrophy. By cutting the lacertus fibrosus the complaints and symptoms completely disappeared. No previous record of this clinical picture can be found in the world literature, but it can be assumed that this is not an isolated observation.", "contents": "Brachial artery entrapment syndrome. Intermittent arterial compression as a result of muscular hypertrophy. A description is given of an entrapment syndrome of the brachial artery in a thirty-nine-year-old muscular man. The diagnosis was made with the help of angiography. The intermittent compression was not caused by a congenital anomaly, but exclusively by muscular hypertrophy. By cutting the lacertus fibrosus the complaints and symptoms completely disappeared. No previous record of this clinical picture can be found in the world literature, but it can be assumed that this is not an isolated observation."}
{"id": "PMID:885897", "title": "Aneurysm of the gastroduodenal artery.", "content": "A case of aneurysm of the gastroduodenal artery associated with obstruction of celiac axis, is presented. The patient underwent successful surgical correction. The clinical and surgical aspects of this patient are discussed.", "contents": "Aneurysm of the gastroduodenal artery. A case of aneurysm of the gastroduodenal artery associated with obstruction of celiac axis, is presented. The patient underwent successful surgical correction. The clinical and surgical aspects of this patient are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:885901", "title": "Mustard operation for transposition of the great arteries in a 3-day-old infant, complicated by acute renal failure.", "content": "A successful operative treatment of a three day old girl with transposition of the great arteries is described. Post-operative course was complicated by furosemide resistant anuria which was treated by peritoneal dialysis. At the age of eight months, she is a pink, active baby, developing normally. This case report demonstrates the importance of aggressive treatment of severe congenital heart lesions in the first few days of life. The importance of post-operative care is emphasized.", "contents": "Mustard operation for transposition of the great arteries in a 3-day-old infant, complicated by acute renal failure. A successful operative treatment of a three day old girl with transposition of the great arteries is described. Post-operative course was complicated by furosemide resistant anuria which was treated by peritoneal dialysis. At the age of eight months, she is a pink, active baby, developing normally. This case report demonstrates the importance of aggressive treatment of severe congenital heart lesions in the first few days of life. The importance of post-operative care is emphasized."}
{"id": "PMID:885906", "title": "A sensitive method for measuring polymerized and depolymerized forms of tubulin in tissues.", "content": "A rapid method for measuring polymerized and depolymerized forms of tubulin in tissues has been developed. The procedure consists of homogenization and centrifugation of the tissue in a microtubule-stabilizing solution and depolymerization of the precipitated microtubules; polymerized and depolymerized forms of tubulin are quantitated by a colchicine-binding assay. The validity of the technique was assessed by electron microscopy and recovery studies with labeled and unlabeled preparations of polymerized and depolymerized forms of rat brain tubulin. The sensitivity of this technique allows quantitation of tubulin in 150 micrograms of tissue, wet weight. The method demonstrated that both the polymerized and depolymerized forms of tubulin were present in rat liver cells, and that in the fed state 31.3 +/-0.7% of the total tubulin pool was in the polymerized form.", "contents": "A sensitive method for measuring polymerized and depolymerized forms of tubulin in tissues. A rapid method for measuring polymerized and depolymerized forms of tubulin in tissues has been developed. The procedure consists of homogenization and centrifugation of the tissue in a microtubule-stabilizing solution and depolymerization of the precipitated microtubules; polymerized and depolymerized forms of tubulin are quantitated by a colchicine-binding assay. The validity of the technique was assessed by electron microscopy and recovery studies with labeled and unlabeled preparations of polymerized and depolymerized forms of rat brain tubulin. The sensitivity of this technique allows quantitation of tubulin in 150 micrograms of tissue, wet weight. The method demonstrated that both the polymerized and depolymerized forms of tubulin were present in rat liver cells, and that in the fed state 31.3 +/-0.7% of the total tubulin pool was in the polymerized form."}
{"id": "PMID:885907", "title": "Role of the tubulin-microtubule system in lymphocyte activation.", "content": "The role of the tubulin-microtubule system was examined in human peripheral blood leukocytes after activation with phytohemagglutinin (PHA). Soluble tubulin and microtubules were measured with a [(3)H]colchicine-binding assay. It was found that the tubulin content of PHA-activated lymphocytes was consistently increased relative to total protein content after 36 h of culture. There was no increase in the proportion of total tubulin synthesis which was present as microtubules at 36 h. Nevertheless, as a result of increased tubulin synthesis, there was a two-to three-fold increase in total microtubular mass. Colchicine, which disrupts microtubles, was used to assess the role of microtubule assembly in the sequence of events which follow lymphocyte activation, namely lymphokine release, protein synthesis, RNA synthesis, and DNA synthesis. Colchicine consistently inhibited DNA synthesis but did not inhibit release of the lymphokine, osteoclast activating factor (OAF). Protein and RNA syntheses were inhibited much less than DNA synthesis. The fact that some effects of PHA on lymphocytes appear to require intact microtubules and at least one does not suggest that the microtubule dependent step in PHA-stimulated lymphocyte activation occurs at a stage after propagation of the signal from the membrane to the cell interior.", "contents": "Role of the tubulin-microtubule system in lymphocyte activation. The role of the tubulin-microtubule system was examined in human peripheral blood leukocytes after activation with phytohemagglutinin (PHA). Soluble tubulin and microtubules were measured with a [(3)H]colchicine-binding assay. It was found that the tubulin content of PHA-activated lymphocytes was consistently increased relative to total protein content after 36 h of culture. There was no increase in the proportion of total tubulin synthesis which was present as microtubules at 36 h. Nevertheless, as a result of increased tubulin synthesis, there was a two-to three-fold increase in total microtubular mass. Colchicine, which disrupts microtubles, was used to assess the role of microtubule assembly in the sequence of events which follow lymphocyte activation, namely lymphokine release, protein synthesis, RNA synthesis, and DNA synthesis. Colchicine consistently inhibited DNA synthesis but did not inhibit release of the lymphokine, osteoclast activating factor (OAF). Protein and RNA syntheses were inhibited much less than DNA synthesis. The fact that some effects of PHA on lymphocytes appear to require intact microtubules and at least one does not suggest that the microtubule dependent step in PHA-stimulated lymphocyte activation occurs at a stage after propagation of the signal from the membrane to the cell interior."}
{"id": "PMID:885903", "title": "Prosthetic valve surgery in tricuspid area.", "content": "Up to September 20, 1975, 1,020 cases of valvular heart diseases were surgically treated at the Sapporo Medical University Hospital. In these series, there were 33 cases done for the tricuspid valve which included 27 valve replacements (81.8%) and 6 annuloplasties (18.2%). We have demonstrated that TVR may improve hemodynamic condition for any type of TI, however, postoperative A-V block and sinus bradycardias seemed to be serious complications with relatively high incidence. On the other hand, long term hemodynamic results of TAP was demonstrated to be comparable to that with TVR. Therefore, much more reliable technique of tricuspid annuloplasty may bring much better long term results. We have shown our annuloplasty \"Circumferential Annular Constriction\" in which a paired purse-string sutures along the tricuspid annulus may produce almost the same constricting effect as the use of a ring material.", "contents": "Prosthetic valve surgery in tricuspid area. Up to September 20, 1975, 1,020 cases of valvular heart diseases were surgically treated at the Sapporo Medical University Hospital. In these series, there were 33 cases done for the tricuspid valve which included 27 valve replacements (81.8%) and 6 annuloplasties (18.2%). We have demonstrated that TVR may improve hemodynamic condition for any type of TI, however, postoperative A-V block and sinus bradycardias seemed to be serious complications with relatively high incidence. On the other hand, long term hemodynamic results of TAP was demonstrated to be comparable to that with TVR. Therefore, much more reliable technique of tricuspid annuloplasty may bring much better long term results. We have shown our annuloplasty \"Circumferential Annular Constriction\" in which a paired purse-string sutures along the tricuspid annulus may produce almost the same constricting effect as the use of a ring material."}
{"id": "PMID:885902", "title": "Tricuspid valve surgery.", "content": "Our purpose was to study the long-term results of the tricuspid valve replacement. It is obvious that tricuspid annuloplasty (Kay, De Vega) has its place in the treatment of functional tricuspid insufficiency that accompanies mitral or mitral and aortic valve disease. The Carpentier ring appears justified for some cases. However tricuspid valve replacement can be the operation of choice for some patients. Our study demonstrated that the Bj\u00f6rk-Shiley and Starr-Edwards prostheses remain good substitutes in tricuspid valve surgery and that the long-term results are better than it was anticipated a decade ago.", "contents": "Tricuspid valve surgery. Our purpose was to study the long-term results of the tricuspid valve replacement. It is obvious that tricuspid annuloplasty (Kay, De Vega) has its place in the treatment of functional tricuspid insufficiency that accompanies mitral or mitral and aortic valve disease. The Carpentier ring appears justified for some cases. However tricuspid valve replacement can be the operation of choice for some patients. Our study demonstrated that the Bj\u00f6rk-Shiley and Starr-Edwards prostheses remain good substitutes in tricuspid valve surgery and that the long-term results are better than it was anticipated a decade ago."}
{"id": "PMID:885905", "title": "Correlation between tracheal pressure and pulmonary artery pressure in healthy dogs.", "content": "The relationship between mean pulmonary artery pressure (PAP) and alveolar pressures, at varying tidal volumes and opposing variable pressure to expiratory flow, was studied in 14 healthy dogs at the end of inspiration and at the end of expiration. Pulmonary blood flow was also studied in 4 dogs. Through the analysis of multiple regression, the equations which show the relation between PAP, tracheal pressure and tidal volume during phases of zero flow were obtained. Our study shows that the co-relation between PAP and tracheal pressure is always highly significant and that, in our experimental conditions, the parameter having the greatest influence on PAP is tracheal pressure, while tidal volume is negligible.", "contents": "Correlation between tracheal pressure and pulmonary artery pressure in healthy dogs. The relationship between mean pulmonary artery pressure (PAP) and alveolar pressures, at varying tidal volumes and opposing variable pressure to expiratory flow, was studied in 14 healthy dogs at the end of inspiration and at the end of expiration. Pulmonary blood flow was also studied in 4 dogs. Through the analysis of multiple regression, the equations which show the relation between PAP, tracheal pressure and tidal volume during phases of zero flow were obtained. Our study shows that the co-relation between PAP and tracheal pressure is always highly significant and that, in our experimental conditions, the parameter having the greatest influence on PAP is tracheal pressure, while tidal volume is negligible."}
{"id": "PMID:885908", "title": "On the mechanism of anaphase spindle elongation in Diatoma vulgare.", "content": "Central spindles from five dividing cells (one metaphase, three anaphase, and one telophase) of Diatoma vulgare were reconstructed from serial sections. Each spindle is made up of two half-spindles that are composed almost entirely of polar microtubules. A small percentage of continuous microtubules and free microtubules were present in every stage except telophase. The half-spindles interdigitate at the midregion of the central spindle, forming a zone of overlap where the microtubules from one pole intermingle with those of the other. At metaphase the overlap zone is fairly extensive, but as elongation proceeds, the spindle poles move apart and the length of the overlap decreases because fewer microtubules are sufficiently long to reach from the pole to the zone of interdigitation. At telophase, only a few tubules are long enough to overlap at the midregion. Concurrent with the decrease in the length of the overlap zone is an increase in the staining density of the intermicrotubule matrix at the same region. These changes in morphology can most easily be explained by assuming zone mechanochemical interaction between microtubules in the overlap zone which results in a sliding apart of the two half-spindles.", "contents": "On the mechanism of anaphase spindle elongation in Diatoma vulgare. Central spindles from five dividing cells (one metaphase, three anaphase, and one telophase) of Diatoma vulgare were reconstructed from serial sections. Each spindle is made up of two half-spindles that are composed almost entirely of polar microtubules. A small percentage of continuous microtubules and free microtubules were present in every stage except telophase. The half-spindles interdigitate at the midregion of the central spindle, forming a zone of overlap where the microtubules from one pole intermingle with those of the other. At metaphase the overlap zone is fairly extensive, but as elongation proceeds, the spindle poles move apart and the length of the overlap decreases because fewer microtubules are sufficiently long to reach from the pole to the zone of interdigitation. At telophase, only a few tubules are long enough to overlap at the midregion. Concurrent with the decrease in the length of the overlap zone is an increase in the staining density of the intermicrotubule matrix at the same region. These changes in morphology can most easily be explained by assuming zone mechanochemical interaction between microtubules in the overlap zone which results in a sliding apart of the two half-spindles."}
{"id": "PMID:885909", "title": "Relationship between the Golgi apparatus, GERL, and secretory granules in acinar cells of the rat exorbital lacrimal gland.", "content": "The method of secretory granuleformation in the acinar cells of the rat exorbital lacrimal gland was studied by electron microscope morphological and cytochemical techniques. Immature secretory granules at the inner face of the Golgi apparatus were frequently attached to a narrow cisternal structure similar to GERL as described in neurons by Novikoff et al. (Novikoff, P. M., A. B. Novikoff, N. Quintana, and J.-J. Hauw. 1971. J. Cell Bio. 50:859-886). In the lacrimal gland. GERL was located adjacent to the inner Golgi saccule, or separated from it by a variable distance. Portions of GERL were often closely paralleled by modified cisternae of rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER), which lacked ribosomes on the surface adjacent to GERL. Diaminobenzidine reaction product of the secretory enzyme peroxidase was localized in the cisternae of the nuclear envelope, RER, peripheral Golgi vesicles, Golgi saccules, and immature and mature secretory granules. GERL was usually free of peroxidase reaction product or contained only a small amount. Thiamine pyrophosphatase reaction product was present in two to four inner Golgi saccules; occasionally, the innermost saccule was dilated and fenestrated, and contained less reaction product than the next adjacent saccule. Acid phosphatase (AcPase) reaction product was present in GERL, immature granules, and, rarely, in the innermost saccule, but not in the rest of the Golgi saccules. Thick sections of AcPase preparations viewed at 100 kV revealed that GERL consisted of cisternal, and fenestrated or tublular portions. The immature granules were attached to GERL by multiple connections to the tublular portions. These results suggest that, in the rat exorbital lacrimal gland, the Golgi saccules participate in the transport of secretory proteins, and that GERL is involved in the formation of secretory granules.", "contents": "Relationship between the Golgi apparatus, GERL, and secretory granules in acinar cells of the rat exorbital lacrimal gland. The method of secretory granuleformation in the acinar cells of the rat exorbital lacrimal gland was studied by electron microscope morphological and cytochemical techniques. Immature secretory granules at the inner face of the Golgi apparatus were frequently attached to a narrow cisternal structure similar to GERL as described in neurons by Novikoff et al. (Novikoff, P. M., A. B. Novikoff, N. Quintana, and J.-J. Hauw. 1971. J. Cell Bio. 50:859-886). In the lacrimal gland. GERL was located adjacent to the inner Golgi saccule, or separated from it by a variable distance. Portions of GERL were often closely paralleled by modified cisternae of rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER), which lacked ribosomes on the surface adjacent to GERL. Diaminobenzidine reaction product of the secretory enzyme peroxidase was localized in the cisternae of the nuclear envelope, RER, peripheral Golgi vesicles, Golgi saccules, and immature and mature secretory granules. GERL was usually free of peroxidase reaction product or contained only a small amount. Thiamine pyrophosphatase reaction product was present in two to four inner Golgi saccules; occasionally, the innermost saccule was dilated and fenestrated, and contained less reaction product than the next adjacent saccule. Acid phosphatase (AcPase) reaction product was present in GERL, immature granules, and, rarely, in the innermost saccule, but not in the rest of the Golgi saccules. Thick sections of AcPase preparations viewed at 100 kV revealed that GERL consisted of cisternal, and fenestrated or tublular portions. The immature granules were attached to GERL by multiple connections to the tublular portions. These results suggest that, in the rat exorbital lacrimal gland, the Golgi saccules participate in the transport of secretory proteins, and that GERL is involved in the formation of secretory granules."}
{"id": "PMID:885910", "title": "Release of poly A(+) messenger RNA from rat liver rough microsomes upon disassembly of bound polysomes.", "content": "Several procedures were used to disassemble rat liver rough microsomes (RM) into ribosomal subunits, mRNA, and ribosome-stripped membrane vesicles in order to examine the nature of the association between the mRNA of bound polysomes and the microsomal membranes. The fate of the mRNA molecules after ribosome release was determined by measuring the amount of pulse-labeled microsomal RNA in each fraction which was retained by oligo-dT cellulose or by measuring the poly A content by hybridization to radioactive poly U. It was found that ribosomal subunits and mRNA were simultaneously released from the microsomal membranes when the ribosomes were detached by: (a) treatment with puromycin in a high salt medium containing Mg++, (b) resuspension in a high salt medium lacking Mg++, and (c) chelation of Mg++ by EDTA or pyrophosphate. Poly A-containing mRNA fragments were extensively released from RM subjected to a mild treatment with pancreatic RNase in a medium of low ionic strength. This indicates that the 3' end of the mRNA is exposed on the outer microsomal surface and is not directly bound to the membranes. Poly A segments of bound mRNA were also accessible to [(3)H] poly U for in situ hybridization in glutaraldehyde-fixed RM. Rats were treated with drugs which inhibit translation after formation of the first peptide bonds or interfere with the initiation of protein synthesis. After these treatments inactive monomeric ribosomes, as well as ribosomes bearing mRNA, remained associated with their binding sites in microsomes prepared in media of low ionic strength. However, because there were no linkages provided by nascent chains, ribosomes, and mRNA, molecules were released from the microsomal membranes without the need of puromycin, by treatment with a high salt buffer containing Mg++. Thus, both in vivo and in vitro observations are consistent with a model in which mRNA does not contribute significantly to the maintenance of the interaction between bound polysomes and endoplasmic reticulum membranes in rat liver hepatocytes.", "contents": "Release of poly A(+) messenger RNA from rat liver rough microsomes upon disassembly of bound polysomes. Several procedures were used to disassemble rat liver rough microsomes (RM) into ribosomal subunits, mRNA, and ribosome-stripped membrane vesicles in order to examine the nature of the association between the mRNA of bound polysomes and the microsomal membranes. The fate of the mRNA molecules after ribosome release was determined by measuring the amount of pulse-labeled microsomal RNA in each fraction which was retained by oligo-dT cellulose or by measuring the poly A content by hybridization to radioactive poly U. It was found that ribosomal subunits and mRNA were simultaneously released from the microsomal membranes when the ribosomes were detached by: (a) treatment with puromycin in a high salt medium containing Mg++, (b) resuspension in a high salt medium lacking Mg++, and (c) chelation of Mg++ by EDTA or pyrophosphate. Poly A-containing mRNA fragments were extensively released from RM subjected to a mild treatment with pancreatic RNase in a medium of low ionic strength. This indicates that the 3' end of the mRNA is exposed on the outer microsomal surface and is not directly bound to the membranes. Poly A segments of bound mRNA were also accessible to [(3)H] poly U for in situ hybridization in glutaraldehyde-fixed RM. Rats were treated with drugs which inhibit translation after formation of the first peptide bonds or interfere with the initiation of protein synthesis. After these treatments inactive monomeric ribosomes, as well as ribosomes bearing mRNA, remained associated with their binding sites in microsomes prepared in media of low ionic strength. However, because there were no linkages provided by nascent chains, ribosomes, and mRNA, molecules were released from the microsomal membranes without the need of puromycin, by treatment with a high salt buffer containing Mg++. Thus, both in vivo and in vitro observations are consistent with a model in which mRNA does not contribute significantly to the maintenance of the interaction between bound polysomes and endoplasmic reticulum membranes in rat liver hepatocytes."}
{"id": "PMID:885911", "title": "Mitochondrial growth and division during the cell cycle in HeLa cells.", "content": "The growth and division of mitochondria during the cell cycle was investigated by a morphometric analysis of electron micrographs of synchronized HeLa cells. The ratio of total outer membrane contour length to cytoplasmic area did not vary significantly during the cell cycle, implying a continuous growth of the mitochondrial outer membrane. The mean fraction of cytoplasmic area occupied by mitochondrial profiles was likewise found to remain constant, indicating that the increase in total mitochondrial volume per cell occurs continuously during interphase, in such a way that the mitochondrial complement occupies a constant fraction( approximately 10-11(percent)) of the volume of the cytoplasm. The mean area, outer membrane contour length, and axis ratio of the mitochondrial profiles also did not vary appreciably during the cell cycle; furthermore, the close similarity of the frequency distributions of these parameters for the six experimental time-points suggested a stable mitochondrial shape distribution. The constancy of both the mean mitochondrial profile area and the number of mitochondrial profiles per unit of cytoplasmic area was interpreted to indicate the continuous division of mitochondria at the level of the cell population. Furthermore, no evidence was found for the occurrence of synchronous mitochondrial growth and division within individual cells. Thus, it appears that, in HeLa cells, there is no fixed temporal relationship between the growth and division of mitochondria and the events of the cell cycle. A number of statistical methods were developed for the purpose of making numerical estimates of certain three-dimensional cellular and mitochondrial parameters. Mean cellular and cytoplasmic volumes were calculated for the six time-points; both exhibited a nonlinear, approx. twofold increase. A comparison of the axis ratio distributions of the mitochondrial profiles with theoretical distributions expected from random sectioning of bodies of various three-dimensional shapes allowed the derivation of an \"average\" mitochondrial shape. This, in turn, permitted calculations to be made which expressed the two-dimensional results in three-dimensional terms. Thus, the estimated values for the number of mitochondria per unit of cytoplasmic volume and for the mean mitochondrial volume were found to remain constant during the cell cycle, while the estimated number of mitochondria per cell increase approx. twofold in an essentially continuous manner.", "contents": "Mitochondrial growth and division during the cell cycle in HeLa cells. The growth and division of mitochondria during the cell cycle was investigated by a morphometric analysis of electron micrographs of synchronized HeLa cells. The ratio of total outer membrane contour length to cytoplasmic area did not vary significantly during the cell cycle, implying a continuous growth of the mitochondrial outer membrane. The mean fraction of cytoplasmic area occupied by mitochondrial profiles was likewise found to remain constant, indicating that the increase in total mitochondrial volume per cell occurs continuously during interphase, in such a way that the mitochondrial complement occupies a constant fraction( approximately 10-11(percent)) of the volume of the cytoplasm. The mean area, outer membrane contour length, and axis ratio of the mitochondrial profiles also did not vary appreciably during the cell cycle; furthermore, the close similarity of the frequency distributions of these parameters for the six experimental time-points suggested a stable mitochondrial shape distribution. The constancy of both the mean mitochondrial profile area and the number of mitochondrial profiles per unit of cytoplasmic area was interpreted to indicate the continuous division of mitochondria at the level of the cell population. Furthermore, no evidence was found for the occurrence of synchronous mitochondrial growth and division within individual cells. Thus, it appears that, in HeLa cells, there is no fixed temporal relationship between the growth and division of mitochondria and the events of the cell cycle. A number of statistical methods were developed for the purpose of making numerical estimates of certain three-dimensional cellular and mitochondrial parameters. Mean cellular and cytoplasmic volumes were calculated for the six time-points; both exhibited a nonlinear, approx. twofold increase. A comparison of the axis ratio distributions of the mitochondrial profiles with theoretical distributions expected from random sectioning of bodies of various three-dimensional shapes allowed the derivation of an \"average\" mitochondrial shape. This, in turn, permitted calculations to be made which expressed the two-dimensional results in three-dimensional terms. Thus, the estimated values for the number of mitochondria per unit of cytoplasmic volume and for the mean mitochondrial volume were found to remain constant during the cell cycle, while the estimated number of mitochondria per cell increase approx. twofold in an essentially continuous manner."}
{"id": "PMID:885912", "title": "Nuclear pore complexes. Elimination and reconstruction during mitosis.", "content": "Nuclear structures similar to those of the nuclear pore complex were found on chromosomes. This finding indicates that part of the pore complex is retained by the chromosomes through mitosis in the absence of the nuclear membrane. The formation of approximately the same number of pore complexes in the presence and absence of protein synthesis during the first 4 h after mitosis proves the reassembly rather than new synthesis of the pore complex. The structure of pore complexes reconstructed in the absence of protein synthesis cannot be distinguished from the structure of those of control cells.", "contents": "Nuclear pore complexes. Elimination and reconstruction during mitosis. Nuclear structures similar to those of the nuclear pore complex were found on chromosomes. This finding indicates that part of the pore complex is retained by the chromosomes through mitosis in the absence of the nuclear membrane. The formation of approximately the same number of pore complexes in the presence and absence of protein synthesis during the first 4 h after mitosis proves the reassembly rather than new synthesis of the pore complex. The structure of pore complexes reconstructed in the absence of protein synthesis cannot be distinguished from the structure of those of control cells."}
{"id": "PMID:885913", "title": "Cell-to-cell transfer of glial proteins to the squid giant axon. The glia-neuron protein trnasfer hypothesis.", "content": "The hypothesis that glial cells synthesize proteins which are transferred to adjacent neurons was evaluated in the giant fiber of the squid (Loligo pealei). When giant fibers are separated from their neuron cell bodies and incubated in the presence of radioactive amino acids, labeled proteins appear in the glial cells and axoplasm. Labeled axonal proteins were detected by three methods: extrusion of the axoplasm from the giant fiber, autoradiography, and perfusion of the giant fiber. This protein synthesis is completely inhibited by puromycin but is not affected by chloramphenicol. The following evidence indicates that the labeled axonal proteins are not synthesized within the axon itself. (a) The axon does not contain a significant amount of ribosomes or ribosomal RNA. (b) Isolated axoplasm did not incorporate [(3)H]leucine into proteins. (c) Injection of Rnase into the giant axon did not reduce the appearance of newly synthesized proteins in the axoplasm of the giant fiber. These findings, coupled with other evidence, have led us to conclude that the adaxonal glial cells synthesize a class of proteins which are transferred to the giant axon. Analysis of the kinetics of this phenomenon indicates that some proteins are transferred to the axon within minutes of their synthesis in the glial cells. One or more of the steps in the transfer process appear to involve Ca++, since replacement of extracellular Ca++ by either Mg++ or Co++ significantly reduces the appearance of labeled proteins in the axon. A substantial fraction of newly synthesized glial proteins, possibly as much as 40 percent, are transferred to the giant axon. These proteins are heterogeneous and range in size from 12,000 to greater than 200,000 daltons. Comparisons of the amount of amino acid incorporation in glia cells and neuron cell bodies raise the possibility that the adaxonal glial cells may provide an important source of axonal proteins which is supplemental to that provided by axonal transport from the cell body. These findings are discussed with reference to a possible trophic effect of glia on neurons and metabolic cooperation between adaxonal glia and the axon.", "contents": "Cell-to-cell transfer of glial proteins to the squid giant axon. The glia-neuron protein trnasfer hypothesis. The hypothesis that glial cells synthesize proteins which are transferred to adjacent neurons was evaluated in the giant fiber of the squid (Loligo pealei). When giant fibers are separated from their neuron cell bodies and incubated in the presence of radioactive amino acids, labeled proteins appear in the glial cells and axoplasm. Labeled axonal proteins were detected by three methods: extrusion of the axoplasm from the giant fiber, autoradiography, and perfusion of the giant fiber. This protein synthesis is completely inhibited by puromycin but is not affected by chloramphenicol. The following evidence indicates that the labeled axonal proteins are not synthesized within the axon itself. (a) The axon does not contain a significant amount of ribosomes or ribosomal RNA. (b) Isolated axoplasm did not incorporate [(3)H]leucine into proteins. (c) Injection of Rnase into the giant axon did not reduce the appearance of newly synthesized proteins in the axoplasm of the giant fiber. These findings, coupled with other evidence, have led us to conclude that the adaxonal glial cells synthesize a class of proteins which are transferred to the giant axon. Analysis of the kinetics of this phenomenon indicates that some proteins are transferred to the axon within minutes of their synthesis in the glial cells. One or more of the steps in the transfer process appear to involve Ca++, since replacement of extracellular Ca++ by either Mg++ or Co++ significantly reduces the appearance of labeled proteins in the axon. A substantial fraction of newly synthesized glial proteins, possibly as much as 40 percent, are transferred to the giant axon. These proteins are heterogeneous and range in size from 12,000 to greater than 200,000 daltons. Comparisons of the amount of amino acid incorporation in glia cells and neuron cell bodies raise the possibility that the adaxonal glial cells may provide an important source of axonal proteins which is supplemental to that provided by axonal transport from the cell body. These findings are discussed with reference to a possible trophic effect of glia on neurons and metabolic cooperation between adaxonal glia and the axon."}
{"id": "PMID:885914", "title": "Evidence for the glia-neuron protein transfer hypothesis from intracellular perfusion studies of squid giant axons.", "content": "Incubation of intracellulary perfused squid giant axons in [3H]leucine demonstrated that newly synthesized proteins appeared in the perfusate after a 45-min lag period. The transfer of labeled proteins was shown to occur steadily over 8 h of incubation, in the presence of an intact axonal plasma membrane as evidenced by the ability of the perfused axon to conduct propagated action potentials over this time-period. Intracellularly perfused RNase did not affect this transfer, whereas extracellularly applied puromycin, which blocked de novo protein synthesis in the glial sheath, prevented the appearance of labeled proteins in the perfusate. The uptake of exogenous 14C-labeled bovine serum albumin (BSA) into the axon had entirely different kinetics than the endogenous glial labeled protein transfer process. The data provide support for the glia-neuron protein transfer hypothesis.", "contents": "Evidence for the glia-neuron protein transfer hypothesis from intracellular perfusion studies of squid giant axons. Incubation of intracellulary perfused squid giant axons in [3H]leucine demonstrated that newly synthesized proteins appeared in the perfusate after a 45-min lag period. The transfer of labeled proteins was shown to occur steadily over 8 h of incubation, in the presence of an intact axonal plasma membrane as evidenced by the ability of the perfused axon to conduct propagated action potentials over this time-period. Intracellularly perfused RNase did not affect this transfer, whereas extracellularly applied puromycin, which blocked de novo protein synthesis in the glial sheath, prevented the appearance of labeled proteins in the perfusate. The uptake of exogenous 14C-labeled bovine serum albumin (BSA) into the axon had entirely different kinetics than the endogenous glial labeled protein transfer process. The data provide support for the glia-neuron protein transfer hypothesis."}
{"id": "PMID:885915", "title": "Membrane particle changes attending the acrosome reaction in guinea pig spermatozoa.", "content": "To examine the freeze-fracture appearance of membrane alterations accompanying the preparation of sperm membranes for fusions-the first preparatory stage occurring before physiological release of the acrosomal content, the second afterward-we induced the acrosome reaction in capacitated guinea pig spermatozoa by adding calcium to the mixture. The most common features observed before fusion of the acrosomal and plasma membranes were the deletion of fibrillar intramembranous particles from the E-fracture faces of both membranes, and the clearance of globular particles from the P face of the plasma membrane-events taking place near the terminus of the equatorial segment. Large particles, >12nm, remained not far from the cleared E-face patches. The P face of the outer acrosomal membrane is virtually clear from the outset. In addition, when fusion was completed, occasional double lines of large particles transiently embossed the P face of the plasma membrane (postacrosomal) side of the fusion zone. Behind the line of fusion, another series of particle-cleared foci emerged. We interpreted these postfusion membrane clearances as a second adaptation for sperm-egg interaction. Induction of the acrosome reaction in media containing phosphatidylcholine liposomes resulted in their apparent attachment, incorporation, or exchange in both the originally and secondarily cleared regions. Our observations support the concepts that membranes become receptive to union at particle- deficient interfaces, and that the physiologically created barren areas in freeze-fracture replicas may herald incipient membrane fusion.", "contents": "Membrane particle changes attending the acrosome reaction in guinea pig spermatozoa. To examine the freeze-fracture appearance of membrane alterations accompanying the preparation of sperm membranes for fusions-the first preparatory stage occurring before physiological release of the acrosomal content, the second afterward-we induced the acrosome reaction in capacitated guinea pig spermatozoa by adding calcium to the mixture. The most common features observed before fusion of the acrosomal and plasma membranes were the deletion of fibrillar intramembranous particles from the E-fracture faces of both membranes, and the clearance of globular particles from the P face of the plasma membrane-events taking place near the terminus of the equatorial segment. Large particles, >12nm, remained not far from the cleared E-face patches. The P face of the outer acrosomal membrane is virtually clear from the outset. In addition, when fusion was completed, occasional double lines of large particles transiently embossed the P face of the plasma membrane (postacrosomal) side of the fusion zone. Behind the line of fusion, another series of particle-cleared foci emerged. We interpreted these postfusion membrane clearances as a second adaptation for sperm-egg interaction. Induction of the acrosome reaction in media containing phosphatidylcholine liposomes resulted in their apparent attachment, incorporation, or exchange in both the originally and secondarily cleared regions. Our observations support the concepts that membranes become receptive to union at particle- deficient interfaces, and that the physiologically created barren areas in freeze-fracture replicas may herald incipient membrane fusion."}
{"id": "PMID:885916", "title": "Gap junction structures. I. Correlated electron microscopy and x-ray diffraction.", "content": "X-ray crystallographic methods and electron microscope image analysis have been used to correlate the structure and the chemical composition of gap junction plaques isolated intact from mouse liver. The requirement that the interpretations of X-ray, electron microscope, and chemical measurements be consistent reduces the uncertainties inherent in the separate observations and leads to a unified picture of the gap junction structures. Gap junctions are built up of units called connexons that are hexagonally arrayed in the pair of connected cell membranes. X-ray diffraction and electron microscope measurements show that the lattice constant of this array varies from about 80 to 90 A. Analysis of electron micrographs of negatively stained gap junctions shows that there is significant short range disorder in the junction lattice. even though the long range order of the array is remarkably regular. Analysis of the disorder provides information about the nature of the intermolecular forces that hold the array together.", "contents": "Gap junction structures. I. Correlated electron microscopy and x-ray diffraction. X-ray crystallographic methods and electron microscope image analysis have been used to correlate the structure and the chemical composition of gap junction plaques isolated intact from mouse liver. The requirement that the interpretations of X-ray, electron microscope, and chemical measurements be consistent reduces the uncertainties inherent in the separate observations and leads to a unified picture of the gap junction structures. Gap junctions are built up of units called connexons that are hexagonally arrayed in the pair of connected cell membranes. X-ray diffraction and electron microscope measurements show that the lattice constant of this array varies from about 80 to 90 A. Analysis of electron micrographs of negatively stained gap junctions shows that there is significant short range disorder in the junction lattice. even though the long range order of the array is remarkably regular. Analysis of the disorder provides information about the nature of the intermolecular forces that hold the array together."}
{"id": "PMID:885917", "title": "[Severe ligamentous injury due to trauma of the mobile spinal segment of the cervical column (author's transl)].", "content": "The mobile spinal segment includes anatomically, all the soft parts which lie between two neighbouring vertebrae. Its involvement in trauma is not always obvious on initial X Ray. However, the course may lead to complete vertebral dislocation. The initial diagnosis is based on opening of the joint spaces, study of the mobility between two vertebrae by dynamic radiography. The distinction between a benign and a severe ligamentous sprain may thus be made. The attitude in cases of mobile spinal segment involvement, i.e. severe ligamentous injury, should include arthrodesis of the mobile segment affected and this is discussed here.", "contents": "[Severe ligamentous injury due to trauma of the mobile spinal segment of the cervical column (author's transl)]. The mobile spinal segment includes anatomically, all the soft parts which lie between two neighbouring vertebrae. Its involvement in trauma is not always obvious on initial X Ray. However, the course may lead to complete vertebral dislocation. The initial diagnosis is based on opening of the joint spaces, study of the mobility between two vertebrae by dynamic radiography. The distinction between a benign and a severe ligamentous sprain may thus be made. The attitude in cases of mobile spinal segment involvement, i.e. severe ligamentous injury, should include arthrodesis of the mobile segment affected and this is discussed here."}
{"id": "PMID:885918", "title": "[Recentering of the patella; treatment of choice in lateralised femoropatella arthrosis (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors have followed up for than 2 years, 22 cases of lateralised femoro-patella arthrosis treated by recentering of the patella. They confirm the value of this operation and emphasize the necessity of controlling the precise position of the patella during the operation. They also believe that one should avoid, especially if the treated arthrosis is not too advanced, perfect reaxation which may favour progressive narrowing of the joint space, once weight beraring is allowed and which may be the origin of the secondary functional degradation of this series.", "contents": "[Recentering of the patella; treatment of choice in lateralised femoropatella arthrosis (author's transl)]. The authors have followed up for than 2 years, 22 cases of lateralised femoro-patella arthrosis treated by recentering of the patella. They confirm the value of this operation and emphasize the necessity of controlling the precise position of the patella during the operation. They also believe that one should avoid, especially if the treated arthrosis is not too advanced, perfect reaxation which may favour progressive narrowing of the joint space, once weight beraring is allowed and which may be the origin of the secondary functional degradation of this series."}
{"id": "PMID:885919", "title": "[Polycystic liver. Report of one case and therapeutic discussion (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors report a new case of polycystic liver associated with polycystic kidney. The functional disorder due to distension of the cysts led to surgery. The impossibility of carrying out removal of the liver, owing to the diffuse character of these lesions, led the authors to choose the method described by Tien Yu Lin in 1968. This seems to be indicated in a few cases owing to the remarkable functional results.", "contents": "[Polycystic liver. Report of one case and therapeutic discussion (author's transl)]. The authors report a new case of polycystic liver associated with polycystic kidney. The functional disorder due to distension of the cysts led to surgery. The impossibility of carrying out removal of the liver, owing to the diffuse character of these lesions, led the authors to choose the method described by Tien Yu Lin in 1968. This seems to be indicated in a few cases owing to the remarkable functional results."}
{"id": "PMID:885920", "title": "[Surgical attitude in pre-pyloric stenosis due to corrosive substances. Intravascular segmental antrectomy in Y-V. Report of 80 cases (author's transl)].", "content": "The author reports 80 cases of gastric stenosis due to caustic substances, of which 20 were limited only to the stomach and 60 were accompanied by esophageal stenosis. In most cases (78.8 p. cent), the site of the gastric stenosis was antral, pre-pyloric and the duration of onset was, on average, 3 weeks. Surgical treatment depended on the extent of the corrosive lesions. In limited antral stenosis, we carried out antrectomy with gastroduodenal anastomosis. In pre-pyloric stenosis situated 3 to 5 cm from the pylorus, the author recommends conservation of the non-functioning pylorus by double pylorotomy and anastomosis with the whole of the border of the stomach, describing a personal procedure named intravascular Y-V segmental antrectomy. The criterion which decides the proximal border of the resection, should be the appearance of the gastric mucosa, the section should pass immediately above the caustic ulceration. In extensive gastric stenosis (more than 75 p. cent) of the stomach and in evolutive corrosive lesions, we recommend Y-shaped jejunostomy, of Maydl type. In post-caustic pre-pyloric stenosis we operated on 76 cases out of 80 with 3 deaths (3.9 p. cent mortality). In 25 patients we carried out esophagoplasty about 6 months after the accident. We preferred restrosternal isoperistaltic coloesophagoplasty by Kelling's procedure. To increase the circulation through the left colic artery and marginal artery, we ligatured the middle colic artery and right colic artery at the same time as the gastrostomy.", "contents": "[Surgical attitude in pre-pyloric stenosis due to corrosive substances. Intravascular segmental antrectomy in Y-V. Report of 80 cases (author's transl)]. The author reports 80 cases of gastric stenosis due to caustic substances, of which 20 were limited only to the stomach and 60 were accompanied by esophageal stenosis. In most cases (78.8 p. cent), the site of the gastric stenosis was antral, pre-pyloric and the duration of onset was, on average, 3 weeks. Surgical treatment depended on the extent of the corrosive lesions. In limited antral stenosis, we carried out antrectomy with gastroduodenal anastomosis. In pre-pyloric stenosis situated 3 to 5 cm from the pylorus, the author recommends conservation of the non-functioning pylorus by double pylorotomy and anastomosis with the whole of the border of the stomach, describing a personal procedure named intravascular Y-V segmental antrectomy. The criterion which decides the proximal border of the resection, should be the appearance of the gastric mucosa, the section should pass immediately above the caustic ulceration. In extensive gastric stenosis (more than 75 p. cent) of the stomach and in evolutive corrosive lesions, we recommend Y-shaped jejunostomy, of Maydl type. In post-caustic pre-pyloric stenosis we operated on 76 cases out of 80 with 3 deaths (3.9 p. cent mortality). In 25 patients we carried out esophagoplasty about 6 months after the accident. We preferred restrosternal isoperistaltic coloesophagoplasty by Kelling's procedure. To increase the circulation through the left colic artery and marginal artery, we ligatured the middle colic artery and right colic artery at the same time as the gastrostomy."}
{"id": "PMID:885921", "title": "[Artificial left ventricle in paracardiac position between the apex of the heart and the ascending aorta (author's transl)].", "content": "A device for assistance of the left side of the heart in acute failure is placed in the paracardiac position. The blood is drained into the apparatus through the apex of the heart and is reinjected into the ascending aorta by an artificial pump. The flow of blood within the prosthesis and at the level of the inlet and outlet values is studied by a system of lighting in thin layers. Several types of original valve have been tested but the most satisfactory results were obtained with a classical bead valve.", "contents": "[Artificial left ventricle in paracardiac position between the apex of the heart and the ascending aorta (author's transl)]. A device for assistance of the left side of the heart in acute failure is placed in the paracardiac position. The blood is drained into the apparatus through the apex of the heart and is reinjected into the ascending aorta by an artificial pump. The flow of blood within the prosthesis and at the level of the inlet and outlet values is studied by a system of lighting in thin layers. Several types of original valve have been tested but the most satisfactory results were obtained with a classical bead valve."}
{"id": "PMID:885922", "title": "[Artificial left ventricle between the apex of the heart and the ascending aorta (author's transl)].", "content": "The artificial left ventricule is placed in the paracardiac position to ensure a short circuit of the natural left ventricule which is left in position. The prosthesis is implanted on the tip of the heart to ensure wide drainage of the left ventricule and on the ascending aorta to obtain systolic injection under physiological hemodynamic conditions. On both sites of implantation are sutured dacron tubes which permit insertion of the prosthesis without interrupting the general circulation and its withdrawal by simple ligature of the tubes of dacron.", "contents": "[Artificial left ventricle between the apex of the heart and the ascending aorta (author's transl)]. The artificial left ventricule is placed in the paracardiac position to ensure a short circuit of the natural left ventricule which is left in position. The prosthesis is implanted on the tip of the heart to ensure wide drainage of the left ventricule and on the ascending aorta to obtain systolic injection under physiological hemodynamic conditions. On both sites of implantation are sutured dacron tubes which permit insertion of the prosthesis without interrupting the general circulation and its withdrawal by simple ligature of the tubes of dacron."}
{"id": "PMID:885923", "title": "[Place of the splanchnic nerves in the pathogenesis of shock due to retroperitoneal hematoma (author's transl)].", "content": "The clinical picture of retroperitoneal hematoma includes usually a state of shock. The author's experiment implies that the splanchnic nerves are directly involved in the pathogenesis of this fall in blood pressure. Simple therapeutic implications result from this.", "contents": "[Place of the splanchnic nerves in the pathogenesis of shock due to retroperitoneal hematoma (author's transl)]. The clinical picture of retroperitoneal hematoma includes usually a state of shock. The author's experiment implies that the splanchnic nerves are directly involved in the pathogenesis of this fall in blood pressure. Simple therapeutic implications result from this."}
{"id": "PMID:885924", "title": "[Jejuno-ileal short-circuit operations in the treatment of obesity. 16 personal cases (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors report a personal experience of 16 cases and in the light of data in the world literature, the authors discuss the controversial method of treatment of very severe obesity when medical treatment has failed. The onset of various complications linked mainly to intestinal malabsorption, should make one careful in the indications for surgery which may, however, be applicable in certain cases.", "contents": "[Jejuno-ileal short-circuit operations in the treatment of obesity. 16 personal cases (author's transl)]. The authors report a personal experience of 16 cases and in the light of data in the world literature, the authors discuss the controversial method of treatment of very severe obesity when medical treatment has failed. The onset of various complications linked mainly to intestinal malabsorption, should make one careful in the indications for surgery which may, however, be applicable in certain cases."}
{"id": "PMID:885925", "title": "[Leiomyomas of the esophagus. Report of 20 cases (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors report 20 cases of leiomyoma of the esophagus operated on between 1964 and 1976. The diagnosis depended on the existence of dysphagia without loss of weight, the integrity of the mucosa on endoscopy and the findings of the esophagogram, suggested the true origin of the mediastinal image. Surgical operation usually permits simple enucleation of the leiomyoma. Postoperative mortality was nil. The late postoperative period was uneventful. There was no relapse of the histologically benign leiomyoma.", "contents": "[Leiomyomas of the esophagus. Report of 20 cases (author's transl)]. The authors report 20 cases of leiomyoma of the esophagus operated on between 1964 and 1976. The diagnosis depended on the existence of dysphagia without loss of weight, the integrity of the mucosa on endoscopy and the findings of the esophagogram, suggested the true origin of the mediastinal image. Surgical operation usually permits simple enucleation of the leiomyoma. Postoperative mortality was nil. The late postoperative period was uneventful. There was no relapse of the histologically benign leiomyoma."}
{"id": "PMID:885926", "title": "[Pancreatic reflux into Wirsung's duct during peroperative biliary radiomanometry in acute and chronic pancreatitis (author's transl)].", "content": "Pancreatic reflux during radiomanometry is more frequent during acute and chronic pancreatitis. In acute pancreatitis, it is due in 1 case out of 3, to distal obstruction which must be overcome very rapidly. There is no prognostic significance. Santorini's duct when opacified and when it opens into the duodenum, permits one to suggest a better prognosis than in cases of canalicular pancreatitis. In chronic pancreatitis, reflux is twice as common and 3 times more often organic. When Wirsung's duct is dilated, there is almost always a distal obstacle at the level of the sphincter of Oddi due to a gall stone. If chronic pancreatitis is associated with gall stones, sphincterotomy should be carried out.", "contents": "[Pancreatic reflux into Wirsung's duct during peroperative biliary radiomanometry in acute and chronic pancreatitis (author's transl)]. Pancreatic reflux during radiomanometry is more frequent during acute and chronic pancreatitis. In acute pancreatitis, it is due in 1 case out of 3, to distal obstruction which must be overcome very rapidly. There is no prognostic significance. Santorini's duct when opacified and when it opens into the duodenum, permits one to suggest a better prognosis than in cases of canalicular pancreatitis. In chronic pancreatitis, reflux is twice as common and 3 times more often organic. When Wirsung's duct is dilated, there is almost always a distal obstacle at the level of the sphincter of Oddi due to a gall stone. If chronic pancreatitis is associated with gall stones, sphincterotomy should be carried out."}
{"id": "PMID:885927", "title": "[Spontaneous intra-mural rupture of the oesophagus (author's transl)].", "content": "A case of spontaneous intra-mural rupture of the oesophagus is presented. In the light of this, and the review of the other four previously reported cases, it is possible to formulate the clinical picture of this condition and to adopt definite therapeutic measures.", "contents": "[Spontaneous intra-mural rupture of the oesophagus (author's transl)]. A case of spontaneous intra-mural rupture of the oesophagus is presented. In the light of this, and the review of the other four previously reported cases, it is possible to formulate the clinical picture of this condition and to adopt definite therapeutic measures."}
{"id": "PMID:885928", "title": "[Special aspects of colo esophagoplasty in post-caustic esophageal stenosis for corrosive stricture of the esophagus (author's transl)].", "content": "The author reports 12 cases which illustrate unusual aspects of colo esophagoplasty in post-caustic esophageal stenosis. 8 cases respresented post-caustic pharyngolaryngeal stenosis in which he recommended anastomosis of the colon with the oropharynx according to a personal technical variant. In 1 case associated with amputation of the epiglottis, he carried out a double pharyngo-colic Y-shaped anastomosis. He classified the pharyngotomy types in relation to the 3 main nerves, the lingual, hypoglossal and superior laryngeal nerves. In 3 cases the author carried out successfully retrosternal transposition of a colonic segement 6 months, 1 year and 4 years after pre-thoracic colo esophagoplasty. He reports 1 case of intrathoracic strangling of the colonic tube which occurred 1 year after retrosternal colo esophagoplasty, and wich was cured by intra-vascular vertical clectomy. In all cases the good results were maintained for a long period.", "contents": "[Special aspects of colo esophagoplasty in post-caustic esophageal stenosis for corrosive stricture of the esophagus (author's transl)]. The author reports 12 cases which illustrate unusual aspects of colo esophagoplasty in post-caustic esophageal stenosis. 8 cases respresented post-caustic pharyngolaryngeal stenosis in which he recommended anastomosis of the colon with the oropharynx according to a personal technical variant. In 1 case associated with amputation of the epiglottis, he carried out a double pharyngo-colic Y-shaped anastomosis. He classified the pharyngotomy types in relation to the 3 main nerves, the lingual, hypoglossal and superior laryngeal nerves. In 3 cases the author carried out successfully retrosternal transposition of a colonic segement 6 months, 1 year and 4 years after pre-thoracic colo esophagoplasty. He reports 1 case of intrathoracic strangling of the colonic tube which occurred 1 year after retrosternal colo esophagoplasty, and wich was cured by intra-vascular vertical clectomy. In all cases the good results were maintained for a long period."}
{"id": "PMID:885929", "title": "[Post-traumatic arteriovenous communication of the renal pedicle producing severe hypertension (author's transl)].", "content": "Post-traumatic arteriovenous communications of the renal pedicle with the inferior vena cava, the kidney remaining in position, are rare. The present case, to our knowledge, is the fifth in the world literature (Cohen et al., Rex et al., McAlhany et al., Sechas et al.). The diagnosis was made, first by the clinical signs of murmur and thrill, furthermore, by the characteristic finding of diastolic hypertension and by cardiac hypertrophy, and the diagnosis was confirmed by angiography. Treatment was surgical, in an attempt to save the kidney by means of reconstruction of the vessels of the renal pedicle. Finally, as the renal lesions were not reversible and as the state of the patient was aggravated by epilepsy, nephrectomy was carried out during a second operation. One should note the fall in arterial blood pressure during the first postoperative period.", "contents": "[Post-traumatic arteriovenous communication of the renal pedicle producing severe hypertension (author's transl)]. Post-traumatic arteriovenous communications of the renal pedicle with the inferior vena cava, the kidney remaining in position, are rare. The present case, to our knowledge, is the fifth in the world literature (Cohen et al., Rex et al., McAlhany et al., Sechas et al.). The diagnosis was made, first by the clinical signs of murmur and thrill, furthermore, by the characteristic finding of diastolic hypertension and by cardiac hypertrophy, and the diagnosis was confirmed by angiography. Treatment was surgical, in an attempt to save the kidney by means of reconstruction of the vessels of the renal pedicle. Finally, as the renal lesions were not reversible and as the state of the patient was aggravated by epilepsy, nephrectomy was carried out during a second operation. One should note the fall in arterial blood pressure during the first postoperative period."}
{"id": "PMID:885930", "title": "[Interest of fistulography in the treatment of infection of arterial prostheses (author's transl)].", "content": "In groin distal anastomosis suppuration of an aorto or ilio-femoral prosthesis, preoperative opacification of the fistulous tract was used to assess the extent of infection along the prosthesis. In two patients, one with an ilio-femoral by-pass whose entire length was infected, and the other having an aorto-bifemoral by-pass with only one infected distal anastomosis, fistulography enabled us to plan the operative procedure consisting of venous by-pass and resection of the infected segment.", "contents": "[Interest of fistulography in the treatment of infection of arterial prostheses (author's transl)]. In groin distal anastomosis suppuration of an aorto or ilio-femoral prosthesis, preoperative opacification of the fistulous tract was used to assess the extent of infection along the prosthesis. In two patients, one with an ilio-femoral by-pass whose entire length was infected, and the other having an aorto-bifemoral by-pass with only one infected distal anastomosis, fistulography enabled us to plan the operative procedure consisting of venous by-pass and resection of the infected segment."}
{"id": "PMID:885931", "title": "[Thoracic kidney: traumatic hernia or post-traumatic diaphragmatic hernia (author's transl)].", "content": "The discovery of a thoracic kidney a few months after a rupture of the diaphragm repaired as an emergency raises the problem of its congenital or acquired origin. In the latter case, treatment should be adopted?", "contents": "[Thoracic kidney: traumatic hernia or post-traumatic diaphragmatic hernia (author's transl)]. The discovery of a thoracic kidney a few months after a rupture of the diaphragm repaired as an emergency raises the problem of its congenital or acquired origin. In the latter case, treatment should be adopted?"}
{"id": "PMID:885932", "title": "[Electric study of myotomy of the small intestine (author's transl)].", "content": "The electric activity of the small intestine above and below an oblique myotomy was studied in the rabbit. In most cases, there was noted a definite increase in the amplitude of the electric recording above the functional obstruction showing increased peristalsis. This phenomenon seems to become attenuated with time, perhaps owing to the technical conditions of this study. Myotomy of the small intestine seems, in the light of these recordings, to be very efficacious. The authors compare it with other procedures which may be used to slow intestinal transit and suggest carrying out long or multiple myotomies, perhaps associated with one of the other techniques to increase the efficacy.", "contents": "[Electric study of myotomy of the small intestine (author's transl)]. The electric activity of the small intestine above and below an oblique myotomy was studied in the rabbit. In most cases, there was noted a definite increase in the amplitude of the electric recording above the functional obstruction showing increased peristalsis. This phenomenon seems to become attenuated with time, perhaps owing to the technical conditions of this study. Myotomy of the small intestine seems, in the light of these recordings, to be very efficacious. The authors compare it with other procedures which may be used to slow intestinal transit and suggest carrying out long or multiple myotomies, perhaps associated with one of the other techniques to increase the efficacy."}
{"id": "PMID:885933", "title": "[The resistance to infection of digestive sutures. Experimental study (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors study the effects of severe sepsis due to pathogenic gems in large quantity an healing of the suture of the ileum in the rabbit. Contamination of the suture did not lead to any breakdown of the suture whatever the germ. These experimental facts, compared with the data in the literature suggest that the peritoneal serosa ensures efficacious anti-infectious defence, permitting healing of intra-peritoneal digestive sutures in spite of the septic nature of the intestinal contents.", "contents": "[The resistance to infection of digestive sutures. Experimental study (author's transl)]. The authors study the effects of severe sepsis due to pathogenic gems in large quantity an healing of the suture of the ileum in the rabbit. Contamination of the suture did not lead to any breakdown of the suture whatever the germ. These experimental facts, compared with the data in the literature suggest that the peritoneal serosa ensures efficacious anti-infectious defence, permitting healing of intra-peritoneal digestive sutures in spite of the septic nature of the intestinal contents."}
{"id": "PMID:885934", "title": "[Surgery of 19 bilateral simultaneous pulmonary metastases].", "content": "19 patients with bilateral simultaneous pulmonary metastases were operated on between 1954 and april 1976 at the Marie-Lannelongue surgical centre. Sarcomas were twice as common as carcinomas. In 10 cases the thoracotomy was only unilateral, either because thoracotomy was not attempted on the other side owing to the diffuse nature of the lesions (8 cases) or because prior chemotherapy had permitted complete reduction of the metastases on the opposite side (2 cases). This thoracotomy remained exploratory in 47 p. cent of cases, radical removal of all the tumour nodules was possible in 53 p. cent of cases (10 patients). Peripheral resections of the lesions were the rule. But in 4 cases, lobectomy was carried out on one side. 7 of the 9 bilateral operations were performed during the same stage. There were no operative deaths. The late results are encouraging considering the number of sarcomas in which the prognosis is usually poor. Bilateral lesions are thus not an absolute contra-indication, provided one remains within reasonable anatomical and functional limits, in the fields of well-conducted anti-cancer strategy.", "contents": "[Surgery of 19 bilateral simultaneous pulmonary metastases]. 19 patients with bilateral simultaneous pulmonary metastases were operated on between 1954 and april 1976 at the Marie-Lannelongue surgical centre. Sarcomas were twice as common as carcinomas. In 10 cases the thoracotomy was only unilateral, either because thoracotomy was not attempted on the other side owing to the diffuse nature of the lesions (8 cases) or because prior chemotherapy had permitted complete reduction of the metastases on the opposite side (2 cases). This thoracotomy remained exploratory in 47 p. cent of cases, radical removal of all the tumour nodules was possible in 53 p. cent of cases (10 patients). Peripheral resections of the lesions were the rule. But in 4 cases, lobectomy was carried out on one side. 7 of the 9 bilateral operations were performed during the same stage. There were no operative deaths. The late results are encouraging considering the number of sarcomas in which the prognosis is usually poor. Bilateral lesions are thus not an absolute contra-indication, provided one remains within reasonable anatomical and functional limits, in the fields of well-conducted anti-cancer strategy."}
{"id": "PMID:885935", "title": "[Assessment of 81 traumatic vascular lesions of the limbs (author's transl)].", "content": "A review of 81 cases of vascular trauma of the limbs in 75 patients treated at the Grenoble University Hospital from 1967 to 1975 confirms the classical etiological, pathological and clinical findings. Analysis of the results led us to emphasise the necessity of bone and vascular repair which should be complete from the start, verified by peroperative radiological control. The application of now well-established rules to the treatment of vascular trauma should lead to a better prognosis in the case of popliteal lesions (76 p. cent of good results out of 17 revascularisations).", "contents": "[Assessment of 81 traumatic vascular lesions of the limbs (author's transl)]. A review of 81 cases of vascular trauma of the limbs in 75 patients treated at the Grenoble University Hospital from 1967 to 1975 confirms the classical etiological, pathological and clinical findings. Analysis of the results led us to emphasise the necessity of bone and vascular repair which should be complete from the start, verified by peroperative radiological control. The application of now well-established rules to the treatment of vascular trauma should lead to a better prognosis in the case of popliteal lesions (76 p. cent of good results out of 17 revascularisations)."}
{"id": "PMID:885936", "title": "[Conservative treatment of cavo-hepatic traumatic disinsertion. Report of one case (author's transl)].", "content": "Lesions of the main hepatic veins constitute a special entity in the field of liver trauma. Their originality resides: in their immediate severity (difficulty of hemostasis) and secondary consequences (disturbance of the venous blood flow), in their frequent association with other traumatic lesions, The serious consequences of partial emergency hepatectomy which is the usual treatment. There are a number of factors which permit one to propose in a certain number of favourable cases, treatment of the wound or disinsertion of a hepatic vein by vascular ligature, or, preferably, reinsertion on the inferior vena cava after prior suture, associated with conservation of the hepatic parenchyma affected by the vascular lesion. This method seems to us particularly justified when there exist accessory hepatic veins undamaged during the trauma. The possibility of secondary complications cannot be excluded, but in the special case of severe multiple trauma, the immediate vital prognosis is more important than the risk of secondary complications and the difficulty of possible reoperation. Favoured by modern means of vascular exclusion of the liver, conservative treatment may have a place in lesions of the hepatic veins where emergency partial hepatectomy cannot be undertaken without a risk to life.", "contents": "[Conservative treatment of cavo-hepatic traumatic disinsertion. Report of one case (author's transl)]. Lesions of the main hepatic veins constitute a special entity in the field of liver trauma. Their originality resides: in their immediate severity (difficulty of hemostasis) and secondary consequences (disturbance of the venous blood flow), in their frequent association with other traumatic lesions, The serious consequences of partial emergency hepatectomy which is the usual treatment. There are a number of factors which permit one to propose in a certain number of favourable cases, treatment of the wound or disinsertion of a hepatic vein by vascular ligature, or, preferably, reinsertion on the inferior vena cava after prior suture, associated with conservation of the hepatic parenchyma affected by the vascular lesion. This method seems to us particularly justified when there exist accessory hepatic veins undamaged during the trauma. The possibility of secondary complications cannot be excluded, but in the special case of severe multiple trauma, the immediate vital prognosis is more important than the risk of secondary complications and the difficulty of possible reoperation. Favoured by modern means of vascular exclusion of the liver, conservative treatment may have a place in lesions of the hepatic veins where emergency partial hepatectomy cannot be undertaken without a risk to life."}
{"id": "PMID:885937", "title": "[Can one treat cases of multiple trauma in several stages? (author's transl)].", "content": "Treat a case of multiple trauma in a single operative session is an ideal which in practice meets with several obstacles. A study of 125 cases of multiple trauma of which 66 were treated in one stage and 55 in several stages permits in spite of the difficulty of such a comparison, several conclusions. The mortality is not increased in cases of multiple operations, on the contrary, as we noted 27 p. cent of deaths in cases operated on in one stage, and only 15 p. cent in cases submitted to repeated surgery. The complications observed in lesions of the limbs were less numerous (8.8 p. cent) when operation was deferred. In fact, lesions treated as an emergency gave rise to 14 p. cent complications. In spite of the difficulty of interpretation of these figures due to the large number of factors influencing the results, it seems possible to affirm that it is not only possible but even advisable to operate on cases of multiple trauma in several stages, visceral lesions which endanger life and open fractures are the only lesions requiring emergency treatment. The other lesions should be operated on during one or several later stages drawing up a careful plan in relation to the lesions and their localisation.", "contents": "[Can one treat cases of multiple trauma in several stages? (author's transl)]. Treat a case of multiple trauma in a single operative session is an ideal which in practice meets with several obstacles. A study of 125 cases of multiple trauma of which 66 were treated in one stage and 55 in several stages permits in spite of the difficulty of such a comparison, several conclusions. The mortality is not increased in cases of multiple operations, on the contrary, as we noted 27 p. cent of deaths in cases operated on in one stage, and only 15 p. cent in cases submitted to repeated surgery. The complications observed in lesions of the limbs were less numerous (8.8 p. cent) when operation was deferred. In fact, lesions treated as an emergency gave rise to 14 p. cent complications. In spite of the difficulty of interpretation of these figures due to the large number of factors influencing the results, it seems possible to affirm that it is not only possible but even advisable to operate on cases of multiple trauma in several stages, visceral lesions which endanger life and open fractures are the only lesions requiring emergency treatment. The other lesions should be operated on during one or several later stages drawing up a careful plan in relation to the lesions and their localisation."}
{"id": "PMID:885938", "title": "[Treatment of perforated duodenal ulcer. Reflections concerning 110 cases. (author's transl)].", "content": "Based on the analysis of 110 perforated duodenal ulcers, and the revue of the literature, the authors present the following comments: 1) The mortality in the acute phase depends mainly on the general condition of the patient; that is the reason why the Taylor's method, which is the least aggressive, is indicated in the debilitated patients, but only if it proves quickly its efficiency. In all the other cases, this method is not suitable because of its numerous early and late failures. 2) The immediate and late results of the simple suture of the ulcer are not always beneficial to the patent. 3) The good results of the elective surgical treatment of the peptic ulcer disease are also found in the patients operated on for acute perforation. The authors propose a therapeutic protocole in which the indications depend more on the general state of the patients than on the classical criteria, and in which a surgical approach to the peptic ulcer disease is emphasized.", "contents": "[Treatment of perforated duodenal ulcer. Reflections concerning 110 cases. (author's transl)]. Based on the analysis of 110 perforated duodenal ulcers, and the revue of the literature, the authors present the following comments: 1) The mortality in the acute phase depends mainly on the general condition of the patient; that is the reason why the Taylor's method, which is the least aggressive, is indicated in the debilitated patients, but only if it proves quickly its efficiency. In all the other cases, this method is not suitable because of its numerous early and late failures. 2) The immediate and late results of the simple suture of the ulcer are not always beneficial to the patent. 3) The good results of the elective surgical treatment of the peptic ulcer disease are also found in the patients operated on for acute perforation. The authors propose a therapeutic protocole in which the indications depend more on the general state of the patients than on the classical criteria, and in which a surgical approach to the peptic ulcer disease is emphasized."}
{"id": "PMID:885939", "title": "[Angiographic research on the blood supply of the colon with a view to oesophagoplasty (author's transl)].", "content": "The author presents an angiographic study of 34 cadavers concerning the colonic vessels, and draws up an original classification of colonic vessels which arise from the inferior mesenteric artery. He found 16 variants of the left colonic artery which he groups into 5 main types, the classical type being only encountered in 22.6 p. cent of cases. In 32 p. cent, the ascending and descending branches of the left colonic artery had a separate origin from the inferior mesenteric artery. The variants of the sigmoid arteries and of the left colonic veins were also identified. In one case, the inferior mesenteric vein was absent, being supplanted by the marginal vein. As for colo-oesophagoplasty, the isoperistaltic transverse colon was found to be better than the ileo-colon in 64 p. cent of cases and equivalent in 20 p. cent. In 16 p. cent the ileo-colon was preferable. The site of the arterial sections in colo-oesophagoplasty according to the colonic vascular type is discussed.", "contents": "[Angiographic research on the blood supply of the colon with a view to oesophagoplasty (author's transl)]. The author presents an angiographic study of 34 cadavers concerning the colonic vessels, and draws up an original classification of colonic vessels which arise from the inferior mesenteric artery. He found 16 variants of the left colonic artery which he groups into 5 main types, the classical type being only encountered in 22.6 p. cent of cases. In 32 p. cent, the ascending and descending branches of the left colonic artery had a separate origin from the inferior mesenteric artery. The variants of the sigmoid arteries and of the left colonic veins were also identified. In one case, the inferior mesenteric vein was absent, being supplanted by the marginal vein. As for colo-oesophagoplasty, the isoperistaltic transverse colon was found to be better than the ileo-colon in 64 p. cent of cases and equivalent in 20 p. cent. In 16 p. cent the ileo-colon was preferable. The site of the arterial sections in colo-oesophagoplasty according to the colonic vascular type is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:885941", "title": "[Experimental study of the possibilities of electrical stimulation of the development of bony callus (author's transl)].", "content": "The experiment was designed to study: 1) the reliability of an electrostimulator; 2) the possibility of internal fixation. The experimental animal was the dog, which was observed for 15 to 45 days. It appears possible to associate internal fixation and electrostimulation under certain conditions.", "contents": "[Experimental study of the possibilities of electrical stimulation of the development of bony callus (author's transl)]. The experiment was designed to study: 1) the reliability of an electrostimulator; 2) the possibility of internal fixation. The experimental animal was the dog, which was observed for 15 to 45 days. It appears possible to associate internal fixation and electrostimulation under certain conditions."}
{"id": "PMID:885942", "title": "Determination of protein molecular weights in denaturing solvents using glyceryl-CPG.", "content": "Glyceryl-CPG is controlled-pore glass whose surface has been chemically modified to block its slight negative charge in aqueous solution. In contrast to normal controlled-pore glass, glyceryl-CPG can be used successfully for gel filtration of proteins in a variety of denaturing solvents, viz., 8 M urea, 6 M guanidine hydrochloride, and 0.1% sodium dodecyl sulphate.  It has been found that glass with a mean pore diameter near 35 nm is suitable for the molecular weight range 17,000-100,000. Glyceryl-CPG with a smaller pore diameter is more satisfactory for molecular weights below 30,000.  The stable pore size and bed dimensions of controlled-pore glass allows comparison of the conformation of a particular protein in different solvents to be made with the same column.", "contents": "Determination of protein molecular weights in denaturing solvents using glyceryl-CPG. Glyceryl-CPG is controlled-pore glass whose surface has been chemically modified to block its slight negative charge in aqueous solution. In contrast to normal controlled-pore glass, glyceryl-CPG can be used successfully for gel filtration of proteins in a variety of denaturing solvents, viz., 8 M urea, 6 M guanidine hydrochloride, and 0.1% sodium dodecyl sulphate.  It has been found that glass with a mean pore diameter near 35 nm is suitable for the molecular weight range 17,000-100,000. Glyceryl-CPG with a smaller pore diameter is more satisfactory for molecular weights below 30,000.  The stable pore size and bed dimensions of controlled-pore glass allows comparison of the conformation of a particular protein in different solvents to be made with the same column."}
{"id": "PMID:885943", "title": "Quantitative analysis of nonapeptides in pharmaceutical dosage forms by high-performance liquid chromatography.", "content": "A high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method is described for determining oxytocin, lypressin and other nonapeptides and their by-products in liquid and solid pharmaceutical dosage forms. The use of injection volumes up to 750 microliter permits accurate determination of, e.g., oxytocin in injection solutions containing only 1 I.U. (international unit) per ml. Reproducibilities between 1.0 and 1.5% (relative S.D) have been obtained for liquid dosage forms and up to 3% (relative S.D.) for tablets. The correlation between results obtained by bioassay and by the proposed method is highly significant and suggests the use of HPLC as an alternative technique for stability and content-uniformity tests on dosage forms and concentrates.", "contents": "Quantitative analysis of nonapeptides in pharmaceutical dosage forms by high-performance liquid chromatography. A high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method is described for determining oxytocin, lypressin and other nonapeptides and their by-products in liquid and solid pharmaceutical dosage forms. The use of injection volumes up to 750 microliter permits accurate determination of, e.g., oxytocin in injection solutions containing only 1 I.U. (international unit) per ml. Reproducibilities between 1.0 and 1.5% (relative S.D) have been obtained for liquid dosage forms and up to 3% (relative S.D.) for tablets. The correlation between results obtained by bioassay and by the proposed method is highly significant and suggests the use of HPLC as an alternative technique for stability and content-uniformity tests on dosage forms and concentrates."}
{"id": "PMID:885944", "title": "Two-dimensional micro-separation technique for proteins and peptides, combining isoelectric focusing and gel gradient electrophoresis.", "content": "The two-dimensional combination of gel electrofocusing and gel gradient electrophoresis yields separate information about differences in net charge and molecular weight of macro-ions. A micro-version of this technique is described. The first dimension electrofocusing run is performed in cylindrical polyacrylamide gel of capillary size, using xylene cyanole FF as a reliable marker dye to indicate the final separation stage when proteins reach their isoelectric points. In the second-dimension run the focused proteins are separated in a continuous slab gel gradient of less than stamp size with total acrylamide concentration ranging from ca. 1% to more than 40%. Spreading of peaks in the gradient slab gel is shown to be related to the approach of protein to its pore limit in the gel. This spreading is a useful indicator of the final position of a protein in the gel if molecular weights are estimated according to the separation pattern in the gradient gel. The method described has been developed for the separation of proteins extracted from large single cells (i.e., neurons of the mollusc Aplysia californica.", "contents": "Two-dimensional micro-separation technique for proteins and peptides, combining isoelectric focusing and gel gradient electrophoresis. The two-dimensional combination of gel electrofocusing and gel gradient electrophoresis yields separate information about differences in net charge and molecular weight of macro-ions. A micro-version of this technique is described. The first dimension electrofocusing run is performed in cylindrical polyacrylamide gel of capillary size, using xylene cyanole FF as a reliable marker dye to indicate the final separation stage when proteins reach their isoelectric points. In the second-dimension run the focused proteins are separated in a continuous slab gel gradient of less than stamp size with total acrylamide concentration ranging from ca. 1% to more than 40%. Spreading of peaks in the gradient slab gel is shown to be related to the approach of protein to its pore limit in the gel. This spreading is a useful indicator of the final position of a protein in the gel if molecular weights are estimated according to the separation pattern in the gradient gel. The method described has been developed for the separation of proteins extracted from large single cells (i.e., neurons of the mollusc Aplysia californica."}
{"id": "PMID:885945", "title": "Isotachophoretic analysis of mandelic acid, phenylglyoxylic acid, hippuric acid and methylhippuric acid in urine after occupational exposure to styrene, toluene and/or xylene.", "content": "A simple, rapid and sensitive analytical method has been developed for the determination of phenylglyoxylic acid, mandelic acid, hippuric acid and methylhippuric acid; 0-, m- and p-methylhippuric acids are partly separated. These compounds are found as metabolites after occupational exposure to styrene, toluene and xylene. The method has been applied successfully to samples extracted from human urine by diethyl ether. The method can be used to accurately and simultaneously determine as little as 0.5 nmole of all of these acids in less than 20 min.", "contents": "Isotachophoretic analysis of mandelic acid, phenylglyoxylic acid, hippuric acid and methylhippuric acid in urine after occupational exposure to styrene, toluene and/or xylene. A simple, rapid and sensitive analytical method has been developed for the determination of phenylglyoxylic acid, mandelic acid, hippuric acid and methylhippuric acid; 0-, m- and p-methylhippuric acids are partly separated. These compounds are found as metabolites after occupational exposure to styrene, toluene and xylene. The method has been applied successfully to samples extracted from human urine by diethyl ether. The method can be used to accurately and simultaneously determine as little as 0.5 nmole of all of these acids in less than 20 min."}
{"id": "PMID:885946", "title": "Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry of the N(O)-heptafluorobutyryl isobutyl esters of the protein amino acids using electron impact ionisation.", "content": "The N(O)-heptafluorobutyryl isobutyl esters of the protein amino acids have been analysed by combined gas chromatography-mass spectrometry using electron impact ionisation. The spectral data have been used to confirm the structures of the amino acid derivatives.", "contents": "Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry of the N(O)-heptafluorobutyryl isobutyl esters of the protein amino acids using electron impact ionisation. The N(O)-heptafluorobutyryl isobutyl esters of the protein amino acids have been analysed by combined gas chromatography-mass spectrometry using electron impact ionisation. The spectral data have been used to confirm the structures of the amino acid derivatives."}
{"id": "PMID:885947", "title": "High-pressure liquid chromatographic analysis of drugs in biological fluids. III. Analysis of disopyramide and its mono-N-dealkylated metabolite in plasma and urine.", "content": "A high-pressure liquid chromatographic analysis for disopyramide (I) and its mono-N-dealkylated metabolite (II) in plasma and urine is described. The analysis, in which I and II together with an internal standard are chromatographed as ion pairs with heptanesulphonic acid, employs a simple and rapid method of sample preparation. The method is more sensitive, reproducible, and rapid than previously reported gas chromatographic methods.", "contents": "High-pressure liquid chromatographic analysis of drugs in biological fluids. III. Analysis of disopyramide and its mono-N-dealkylated metabolite in plasma and urine. A high-pressure liquid chromatographic analysis for disopyramide (I) and its mono-N-dealkylated metabolite (II) in plasma and urine is described. The analysis, in which I and II together with an internal standard are chromatographed as ion pairs with heptanesulphonic acid, employs a simple and rapid method of sample preparation. The method is more sensitive, reproducible, and rapid than previously reported gas chromatographic methods."}
{"id": "PMID:885948", "title": "Determination of di-(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate in human placenta.", "content": "A simple method has been devised for the analysis of di-(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP) in human placenta which relies entirely on three rapid partition steps prior to gas chromatography with electron capture detection. The use of adsorption chromatography with all its attendant disadvantages for sample clean-up is eliminated in this procedure. Placental samples taken from women who had given birth to a normal baby contained 0.06 +/- 0.02 ppm of DEHP. The principal limitation of this method, and of any others, is the high blanks given by laboratory equipment and solvents. The reduction of contamination to workable levels is described.", "contents": "Determination of di-(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate in human placenta. A simple method has been devised for the analysis of di-(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP) in human placenta which relies entirely on three rapid partition steps prior to gas chromatography with electron capture detection. The use of adsorption chromatography with all its attendant disadvantages for sample clean-up is eliminated in this procedure. Placental samples taken from women who had given birth to a normal baby contained 0.06 +/- 0.02 ppm of DEHP. The principal limitation of this method, and of any others, is the high blanks given by laboratory equipment and solvents. The reduction of contamination to workable levels is described."}
{"id": "PMID:885952", "title": "Gas-liquid chromatographic method with electron-capture detection for the determination of residues of some phenoxyacetic acid herbicides in water as their 2,2,2-trichloroethyl esters.", "content": "A gas-liquid chromatographic method with electron-capture detection was developed for the determination of residues of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and 4-chloro-2-methylpenoxyacetic acid (MCPA) in water as their 2,2,2-trichloroethyl esters, and the sensitivity was compared with that for 2-chloro- and 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl esters. The residue is isolated by sorption of the phenoxy acid on Amberlite XAD-4, eluted with benzene and then esterified with 20% (v/v) 2,2,2-trichloroethanol in trifluoroacetic anhydride in the presence of sulphuric acid. The recoveries at the 0.4 ppb level are 92.1 +/- 3.4% (2,4-D) and 87.8 +/- 2.1% (MCPA) and the detection limits for a 1-1 sample of water are 0.096 ppb (2,4-D) and 0.06 ppb (MCPA).", "contents": "Gas-liquid chromatographic method with electron-capture detection for the determination of residues of some phenoxyacetic acid herbicides in water as their 2,2,2-trichloroethyl esters. A gas-liquid chromatographic method with electron-capture detection was developed for the determination of residues of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and 4-chloro-2-methylpenoxyacetic acid (MCPA) in water as their 2,2,2-trichloroethyl esters, and the sensitivity was compared with that for 2-chloro- and 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl esters. The residue is isolated by sorption of the phenoxy acid on Amberlite XAD-4, eluted with benzene and then esterified with 20% (v/v) 2,2,2-trichloroethanol in trifluoroacetic anhydride in the presence of sulphuric acid. The recoveries at the 0.4 ppb level are 92.1 +/- 3.4% (2,4-D) and 87.8 +/- 2.1% (MCPA) and the detection limits for a 1-1 sample of water are 0.096 ppb (2,4-D) and 0.06 ppb (MCPA)."}
{"id": "PMID:885953", "title": "Amino acid analysis by gas-liquid chromatography of N-heptafluorobutyryl isobutyl esters. Complete resolution using a support-coated open-tubular capillary column.", "content": "Amino acids have been separated by gas-liquid chromatography as their N-heptafluorobutyryl isobutyl esters. Complete resolution of derivatives of all the common amino acids has been achieved using a high-performance support-coated open-tubular capillary column. The analysis time was 30 min. Modifications to the derivatization procedure of MacKenzie and Tenaschuk have been introduced. Acylation by heating at 150 degrees was shown to be destructive; 110 degrees has been selected for routine preparation. To obtain a volatile histidine derivative it has been found necessary to add an antioxidant and to heat samples with ethoxyformic anhydride prior to injection. Amino acid analysis of beta-lactoglobulin after 6 N HCl digestion yielded results in good agreement with those obtained by the conventional ion-exchange method. The method has also been successfully applied to estimation of the different caseins in whole casein and in purified fractions by amino acid analysis of residues liberated by carboxy-peptidase digestion.", "contents": "Amino acid analysis by gas-liquid chromatography of N-heptafluorobutyryl isobutyl esters. Complete resolution using a support-coated open-tubular capillary column. Amino acids have been separated by gas-liquid chromatography as their N-heptafluorobutyryl isobutyl esters. Complete resolution of derivatives of all the common amino acids has been achieved using a high-performance support-coated open-tubular capillary column. The analysis time was 30 min. Modifications to the derivatization procedure of MacKenzie and Tenaschuk have been introduced. Acylation by heating at 150 degrees was shown to be destructive; 110 degrees has been selected for routine preparation. To obtain a volatile histidine derivative it has been found necessary to add an antioxidant and to heat samples with ethoxyformic anhydride prior to injection. Amino acid analysis of beta-lactoglobulin after 6 N HCl digestion yielded results in good agreement with those obtained by the conventional ion-exchange method. The method has also been successfully applied to estimation of the different caseins in whole casein and in purified fractions by amino acid analysis of residues liberated by carboxy-peptidase digestion."}
{"id": "PMID:885954", "title": "Purification of beta-N-acetyl-D-glucosaminidase of the horseshoe crab by affinity chromatography.", "content": "An affinity column has been synthesized consisting of p-aminophenyl 1-thio-beta-L-fucopyranoside residues attached to Sepharose 4B through succinylated diaminodipropylamine bridges. Surprisingly, it has been found to bind beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase in the serum of Limulus polyphemus (horseshoe crab). The enzyme is eluted with N-acetyl-D-glucosamine at a concentration of 2 mg/ml and with other sugars at higher concentrations. A highly purified enzyme free from other glycosidases is obtained. The enzyme is not eluted by solutions of salt.", "contents": "Purification of beta-N-acetyl-D-glucosaminidase of the horseshoe crab by affinity chromatography. An affinity column has been synthesized consisting of p-aminophenyl 1-thio-beta-L-fucopyranoside residues attached to Sepharose 4B through succinylated diaminodipropylamine bridges. Surprisingly, it has been found to bind beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase in the serum of Limulus polyphemus (horseshoe crab). The enzyme is eluted with N-acetyl-D-glucosamine at a concentration of 2 mg/ml and with other sugars at higher concentrations. A highly purified enzyme free from other glycosidases is obtained. The enzyme is not eluted by solutions of salt."}
{"id": "PMID:885961", "title": "Determination of selenium in biological samples by gas-liquid chromatography with electron-capture detection.", "content": "Selenium can be determined quantitatively in biological samples after nitric acid-magnesium nitrate digestion and formation of 5-nitropiazselenole, by extraction into toluene for gas-liquid chromatography with electron-capture detection. The method is suitable for the determination of selenium in orchard leaves, bovine liver and human placenta, hair, blood and urine.", "contents": "Determination of selenium in biological samples by gas-liquid chromatography with electron-capture detection. Selenium can be determined quantitatively in biological samples after nitric acid-magnesium nitrate digestion and formation of 5-nitropiazselenole, by extraction into toluene for gas-liquid chromatography with electron-capture detection. The method is suitable for the determination of selenium in orchard leaves, bovine liver and human placenta, hair, blood and urine."}
{"id": "PMID:885962", "title": "Some 1,2-diaminobenzene derivatives as reagents for gas chromatographic determination of selenium with an electron-capture detector.", "content": "1,2-Diaminobenzene and its derivatives react with selenous acid in acidic solution to form the piazselenols, which can be extracted into toluene. Microgram amounts of selenium can be determined spectrophotometrically by measuring the absorbance of these piazselenols extracted into toluene. A more sensitive method, in which the piazselenols extracted into toluene are detected by electron-capture gas chromatography, has been developed. In order to find a more sensitive reagent, 13 piazselenols were synthesized. The retention behaviour and sensitivity in electron-capture detection gas chromatography and the distribution ratios between aqueous solution and toluene were studied for each piazselenol extracted into toluene. Of these piazselenols, 4,6-dibromopiazselenol, formed by the reaction of 1,2-diamino-3,5-dibromobenzene with selenous acid, was found to be best as regards sensitivity and distribution ratio. Under the optimal conditions for the formation and the extraction of the piazselenol, the practical detection limit was 1 ng. Selenium(VI) and total selenium in NBS Bovine Liver, SRM 1577, were determined successfully.", "contents": "Some 1,2-diaminobenzene derivatives as reagents for gas chromatographic determination of selenium with an electron-capture detector. 1,2-Diaminobenzene and its derivatives react with selenous acid in acidic solution to form the piazselenols, which can be extracted into toluene. Microgram amounts of selenium can be determined spectrophotometrically by measuring the absorbance of these piazselenols extracted into toluene. A more sensitive method, in which the piazselenols extracted into toluene are detected by electron-capture gas chromatography, has been developed. In order to find a more sensitive reagent, 13 piazselenols were synthesized. The retention behaviour and sensitivity in electron-capture detection gas chromatography and the distribution ratios between aqueous solution and toluene were studied for each piazselenol extracted into toluene. Of these piazselenols, 4,6-dibromopiazselenol, formed by the reaction of 1,2-diamino-3,5-dibromobenzene with selenous acid, was found to be best as regards sensitivity and distribution ratio. Under the optimal conditions for the formation and the extraction of the piazselenol, the practical detection limit was 1 ng. Selenium(VI) and total selenium in NBS Bovine Liver, SRM 1577, were determined successfully."}
{"id": "PMID:885963", "title": "Gas chromatographic determination of styrene as its dibromide.", "content": "The selective and sensitive gas chromatographic determination of trace amounts of styrene was studied. Styrene was converted into styrene dibromide by reaction with bromine, and the latter was detected with an electron-capture detector. The minimum detectable amount of the dibromide was about 0.01 ng and the sensitivity to the dibromide was about 500 times higher than the sensitivity of a flame-ionization detector to the styrene monomer. Dodecene-1 and o- and m-cresol gave the greatest interference, but the cresols could easily be removed by reaction with a small amount of a dilute aqueous alkaline solution. The application to a practical specimen, namely urban air, is described.", "contents": "Gas chromatographic determination of styrene as its dibromide. The selective and sensitive gas chromatographic determination of trace amounts of styrene was studied. Styrene was converted into styrene dibromide by reaction with bromine, and the latter was detected with an electron-capture detector. The minimum detectable amount of the dibromide was about 0.01 ng and the sensitivity to the dibromide was about 500 times higher than the sensitivity of a flame-ionization detector to the styrene monomer. Dodecene-1 and o- and m-cresol gave the greatest interference, but the cresols could easily be removed by reaction with a small amount of a dilute aqueous alkaline solution. The application to a practical specimen, namely urban air, is described."}
{"id": "PMID:885964", "title": "Preparative countercurrent chromatography with a slowly rotating helical tube.", "content": "The capability of a simple countercurrent chromatographic scheme for obtaining high-resolution preparative-scale separations was demonstrated with the separations of a series of dinitrophenyl (DNP) amino acids and peptides. Basic studies on stationary phase retention and partition efficiency with a low-viscosity chloroform-acetic acid-0.1 N hydrochloric acid (2:2:1) phase system together with the results previously obtained with a vascous n-butanol system suggest a general applicability of low-interfacial tension phase systems by the present method.", "contents": "Preparative countercurrent chromatography with a slowly rotating helical tube. The capability of a simple countercurrent chromatographic scheme for obtaining high-resolution preparative-scale separations was demonstrated with the separations of a series of dinitrophenyl (DNP) amino acids and peptides. Basic studies on stationary phase retention and partition efficiency with a low-viscosity chloroform-acetic acid-0.1 N hydrochloric acid (2:2:1) phase system together with the results previously obtained with a vascous n-butanol system suggest a general applicability of low-interfacial tension phase systems by the present method."}
{"id": "PMID:885965", "title": "High-pressure liquid chromatography of glycosphingolipids (with special reference to gangliosides).", "content": "The analysis of mixtures of gangliosides from adult human or bovine brain, supplemented with Tay-Sachs ganglioside, and haematoside from dog erythrocytes by high-pressure liquid chromatography using a moving-wire detector system is described. The complete separation of six gangliosides within 40 min has been achieved, using silica as the stationary phase and acidified chloroform-methanol-water mixtures as the eluent on a 25-cm column. Neutral glycosphingolipids, viz., the major components from normal human erythrocytes, can be completely separated on the same column, using non-aqueous and non-acidic eluents. It is shown that the methods described are useful for both analytical and (micro)-preparative purposes.", "contents": "High-pressure liquid chromatography of glycosphingolipids (with special reference to gangliosides). The analysis of mixtures of gangliosides from adult human or bovine brain, supplemented with Tay-Sachs ganglioside, and haematoside from dog erythrocytes by high-pressure liquid chromatography using a moving-wire detector system is described. The complete separation of six gangliosides within 40 min has been achieved, using silica as the stationary phase and acidified chloroform-methanol-water mixtures as the eluent on a 25-cm column. Neutral glycosphingolipids, viz., the major components from normal human erythrocytes, can be completely separated on the same column, using non-aqueous and non-acidic eluents. It is shown that the methods described are useful for both analytical and (micro)-preparative purposes."}
{"id": "PMID:885966", "title": "Comparison of two gas-liquid chromatographic methods for the determination of nitrazepam in plasma.", "content": "Nitrazepam in plasma was determined by gas-liquid chromatography with a nickel-63 electron-capture detector, unchanged by a direct method and also by a hydrolysis method. The extraction in the direct method was carried out with benzenedichloromethane (90:10) and in the hydrolysis method with diethyl ether. The hydrolysis was performed with 6 N sulphuric acid. The hydrolysis product was extracted with toluene-n-heptane-ethyl acetate (80:20:5) directly from acid. Thus the commonly used change in pH was omitted. Nitrazepam concentrations in plasma were determined in 10 healthy volunteers after two oral doses (5 and 10 mg); 0.5 ml of plasma was used for each determination and clonazepam, methylbromazepam and methylnitrazepam were used as internal standards. The recoveries of the methods are almost quantitative (greater than 96%). The two methods are clinically comparable. The high sensitivity and specificity make these methods useful in clinical determinations of nitrazepam in plasma. Advantages and disadvantages of both methods are discussed.", "contents": "Comparison of two gas-liquid chromatographic methods for the determination of nitrazepam in plasma. Nitrazepam in plasma was determined by gas-liquid chromatography with a nickel-63 electron-capture detector, unchanged by a direct method and also by a hydrolysis method. The extraction in the direct method was carried out with benzenedichloromethane (90:10) and in the hydrolysis method with diethyl ether. The hydrolysis was performed with 6 N sulphuric acid. The hydrolysis product was extracted with toluene-n-heptane-ethyl acetate (80:20:5) directly from acid. Thus the commonly used change in pH was omitted. Nitrazepam concentrations in plasma were determined in 10 healthy volunteers after two oral doses (5 and 10 mg); 0.5 ml of plasma was used for each determination and clonazepam, methylbromazepam and methylnitrazepam were used as internal standards. The recoveries of the methods are almost quantitative (greater than 96%). The two methods are clinically comparable. The high sensitivity and specificity make these methods useful in clinical determinations of nitrazepam in plasma. Advantages and disadvantages of both methods are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:885972", "title": "Isolation of substances from urine by affinity chromatography.", "content": "The applications of affinity chromatography for the isolation and purification of physiological substances from urine have been reviewed. The use of affinity supports for the detection and measurement of various urinary components has also been briefly examined. These examples illustrate the usefulness of urine as a source of fine reagents and the versatility, simplicity and practicality of affinity isolation procedures.", "contents": "Isolation of substances from urine by affinity chromatography. The applications of affinity chromatography for the isolation and purification of physiological substances from urine have been reviewed. The use of affinity supports for the detection and measurement of various urinary components has also been briefly examined. These examples illustrate the usefulness of urine as a source of fine reagents and the versatility, simplicity and practicality of affinity isolation procedures."}
{"id": "PMID:885973", "title": "Quantitative analysis of trifluoroacetic acid in body fluids of patients treated with halothane.", "content": "A simple procedure for the quantitative analysis of trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) in urine and serum from patients narcotized with halothane is described. This involves addition of sodium hydroxide to the body fluid, evaporation of the aqueous phase and esterification of TFA in concentrated sulphuric acid with 2,2,2-trichloroethanol. The gaseous phases above the reaction mixture were then analyzed by gas chromatography with a nickel-63 electron-capture detector. The detection limit was 1 microgram of TFA per mililitre of body fluid (200 microgram of body fluid are analysed) and the relative standard deviation was +/-6%. Patients treated with ethrane, another commercial anaesthetic, did not produce any detectable TFA.", "contents": "Quantitative analysis of trifluoroacetic acid in body fluids of patients treated with halothane. A simple procedure for the quantitative analysis of trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) in urine and serum from patients narcotized with halothane is described. This involves addition of sodium hydroxide to the body fluid, evaporation of the aqueous phase and esterification of TFA in concentrated sulphuric acid with 2,2,2-trichloroethanol. The gaseous phases above the reaction mixture were then analyzed by gas chromatography with a nickel-63 electron-capture detector. The detection limit was 1 microgram of TFA per mililitre of body fluid (200 microgram of body fluid are analysed) and the relative standard deviation was +/-6%. Patients treated with ethrane, another commercial anaesthetic, did not produce any detectable TFA."}
{"id": "PMID:885976", "title": "Determination of chlordiazepoxide, diazepam, and their major metabolites in blood or plasma by spectrophotodensitometry.", "content": "An analytical procedure was developed for the determination of chlordiazepoxide, diazepam and their major metabolites in blood or plasma. Demoxepam, a metabolite of chlordiazepoxide, is determined by spectrofluorometry after extraction. The remaining compounds are determined by spectrophotodensitometry after thin-layer chromatographic separation. The sensitivity limit of the spectrofluorometric determination of demoxepam is 0.1 to 0.2 microgram while that of the spectrophotodensitometric determination of chlordiazepoxide, diazepam and their N-desmethyl metabolites is 0.05 to 0.2 microgram. The sensitivity and specificity of the assay renders it suitable for monitoring plasma levels of chlordiazepoxide and its major metabolites following single or chronic oral administration of chlordiazepoxide hydrochloride. The sensitivity limit for diazepam and nordiazepam, its major metabolite, renders the assay useful only for the determination of plasma concentrations resulting from high dosage of diazepam. The assay was used to determine chlordiazepoxide and its metabolites following oral administration of Librium. The data showed a significant correlation to those obtained on the same specimens by differential pulse polarography and by radioimmunoassay.", "contents": "Determination of chlordiazepoxide, diazepam, and their major metabolites in blood or plasma by spectrophotodensitometry. An analytical procedure was developed for the determination of chlordiazepoxide, diazepam and their major metabolites in blood or plasma. Demoxepam, a metabolite of chlordiazepoxide, is determined by spectrofluorometry after extraction. The remaining compounds are determined by spectrophotodensitometry after thin-layer chromatographic separation. The sensitivity limit of the spectrofluorometric determination of demoxepam is 0.1 to 0.2 microgram while that of the spectrophotodensitometric determination of chlordiazepoxide, diazepam and their N-desmethyl metabolites is 0.05 to 0.2 microgram. The sensitivity and specificity of the assay renders it suitable for monitoring plasma levels of chlordiazepoxide and its major metabolites following single or chronic oral administration of chlordiazepoxide hydrochloride. The sensitivity limit for diazepam and nordiazepam, its major metabolite, renders the assay useful only for the determination of plasma concentrations resulting from high dosage of diazepam. The assay was used to determine chlordiazepoxide and its metabolites following oral administration of Librium. The data showed a significant correlation to those obtained on the same specimens by differential pulse polarography and by radioimmunoassay."}
{"id": "PMID:885977", "title": "Selective analysis for adenosine using reversed-phase high-pressure liquid chromatography.", "content": "A high-pressure liquid chromatographic procedure for the selective determination of adenosine in the presence of other nucleic acid components is reported. Reversed-phase microparticle columns and an isocratic elution mode of dilute potassium dihydrophosphate and anhydrous methanol were used. The analysis is specific for adenosine and is achieved in less than 10 min. An example of the use of this analysis in a biomedical study is reported.", "contents": "Selective analysis for adenosine using reversed-phase high-pressure liquid chromatography. A high-pressure liquid chromatographic procedure for the selective determination of adenosine in the presence of other nucleic acid components is reported. Reversed-phase microparticle columns and an isocratic elution mode of dilute potassium dihydrophosphate and anhydrous methanol were used. The analysis is specific for adenosine and is achieved in less than 10 min. An example of the use of this analysis in a biomedical study is reported."}
{"id": "PMID:885978", "title": "Rapid separation of urinary acids by high-performance liquid chromatography.", "content": "Over a hundred acidic urinary constituents were separated within 30 min by using 5-micron octadecyl-silica columns and gradient elution with increasing acetonitrile concentration in dilute aqueous phosphoric acid solution at 70 degrees. The column effluent was monitored with a UV detector at 280 nm or with a fluorescence detector at 260 nm excitation and 340 nm emission wavelengths. The high sensitivity and speed of analysis, the excellent reproducibility and adequate resolution obtained suggest that this technique may be useful to obtain metabolic profiles in routine clinical work.", "contents": "Rapid separation of urinary acids by high-performance liquid chromatography. Over a hundred acidic urinary constituents were separated within 30 min by using 5-micron octadecyl-silica columns and gradient elution with increasing acetonitrile concentration in dilute aqueous phosphoric acid solution at 70 degrees. The column effluent was monitored with a UV detector at 280 nm or with a fluorescence detector at 260 nm excitation and 340 nm emission wavelengths. The high sensitivity and speed of analysis, the excellent reproducibility and adequate resolution obtained suggest that this technique may be useful to obtain metabolic profiles in routine clinical work."}
{"id": "PMID:885987", "title": "The measurement of the vitamin D-binding protein in human serum.", "content": "The concentration of the vitamin D-binding protein was measured in human serum by single radial immunodiffusion. Normal serum concentrations were slightly higher in normal women than in normal men. No race-related difference was found between white people from Belgium and black people from Zaire. Lower concentrations were found in cord serum and in patients with cirrhosis of the liver. Increased serum levels were observed during pregnancy or during the intake of estro-progestogens. The serum level of the vitamin D-binding protein was not altered in various diseases of calcium metabolism (primary osteoporosis, primary and secondary hyperparathyroidism, rickets, osteomalacia or vitamin D intoxication). No correlation was found between serum levels of 25-hydroxy vitamin D and those of its binding protein. From these data the following conclusions can be drawn: 1) The serum concentration of the vitamin D-binding protein (about 6.10(-6)M) largely exceeds the normal serum concentration of 25-hydroxy vitamin D (about 4.10(-8)M), so that this protein is normally for less than 1% saturated, 2) Normal serum levels of the vitamin D-binding protein were observed in several diseases of calcium metabolism, and 3) The free concentration of 25-hydroxyvitamin D is not regulated at a constant level.", "contents": "The measurement of the vitamin D-binding protein in human serum. The concentration of the vitamin D-binding protein was measured in human serum by single radial immunodiffusion. Normal serum concentrations were slightly higher in normal women than in normal men. No race-related difference was found between white people from Belgium and black people from Zaire. Lower concentrations were found in cord serum and in patients with cirrhosis of the liver. Increased serum levels were observed during pregnancy or during the intake of estro-progestogens. The serum level of the vitamin D-binding protein was not altered in various diseases of calcium metabolism (primary osteoporosis, primary and secondary hyperparathyroidism, rickets, osteomalacia or vitamin D intoxication). No correlation was found between serum levels of 25-hydroxy vitamin D and those of its binding protein. From these data the following conclusions can be drawn: 1) The serum concentration of the vitamin D-binding protein (about 6.10(-6)M) largely exceeds the normal serum concentration of 25-hydroxy vitamin D (about 4.10(-8)M), so that this protein is normally for less than 1% saturated, 2) Normal serum levels of the vitamin D-binding protein were observed in several diseases of calcium metabolism, and 3) The free concentration of 25-hydroxyvitamin D is not regulated at a constant level."}
{"id": "PMID:885989", "title": "Somatomedin on insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus.", "content": "Somatomedin activity in sera from twelve insulin-dependent diabetics was measured by the chick embryo cartilage assay system. All patients required insulin for control of hyperglycemia, and had been continuously treated with exogenous insulin for 3 to 25 years. Mean fasting somatomedin activity was elevated in this group of diabetics, and activity did not correlate with the simultaneous blood glucose concentrations. No significant differences were demonstrable between levels in diabetics with and without retinopathy or in patients with and without proteinuria.", "contents": "Somatomedin on insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Somatomedin activity in sera from twelve insulin-dependent diabetics was measured by the chick embryo cartilage assay system. All patients required insulin for control of hyperglycemia, and had been continuously treated with exogenous insulin for 3 to 25 years. Mean fasting somatomedin activity was elevated in this group of diabetics, and activity did not correlate with the simultaneous blood glucose concentrations. No significant differences were demonstrable between levels in diabetics with and without retinopathy or in patients with and without proteinuria."}
{"id": "PMID:885992", "title": "Subacute (de Quervain's) thyroiditis: association with HLA-Bw35 antigen and abnormalities of the complement system, immunoglobulins and other serum proteins.", "content": "The HLA antigens in 40 patients with subacute thyroiditis were investigated. An association between subacute thyroiditis and HLA-Bw35 antigen as previously reported, was confirmed. Further immunological observations included a decrease in Serum Clq, C4 and C3 activator levels; conversely, there was an increase in serum C3, IgM, alpha1-acid glycoprotein and alpha1-antitrypsin levels. Serum IgA levels were decreased in those patients who were Bw35 negative, but were normal in the patients who were Bw-35 positive, with serum alpha2-macroglobulin levels the opposite was found. These studies support the view that a genetic factor(s), viz., the major histocompatibility system, plays a role in the pathogenesis of subacute thyroiditis. A \"nosological clustering\" around the Bw35 antigen as a marker for viral susceptibility is suggested.", "contents": "Subacute (de Quervain's) thyroiditis: association with HLA-Bw35 antigen and abnormalities of the complement system, immunoglobulins and other serum proteins. The HLA antigens in 40 patients with subacute thyroiditis were investigated. An association between subacute thyroiditis and HLA-Bw35 antigen as previously reported, was confirmed. Further immunological observations included a decrease in Serum Clq, C4 and C3 activator levels; conversely, there was an increase in serum C3, IgM, alpha1-acid glycoprotein and alpha1-antitrypsin levels. Serum IgA levels were decreased in those patients who were Bw35 negative, but were normal in the patients who were Bw-35 positive, with serum alpha2-macroglobulin levels the opposite was found. These studies support the view that a genetic factor(s), viz., the major histocompatibility system, plays a role in the pathogenesis of subacute thyroiditis. A \"nosological clustering\" around the Bw35 antigen as a marker for viral susceptibility is suggested."}
{"id": "PMID:885993", "title": "The influence of beta-adrenoceptor blocking agents on plasma thyroxine and triiodothyronine.", "content": "The effect of the beta-adrenoceptor blocking agent propranolol on plasma levels of thyroxine and triiodothyronine was studied in eleven hyperthyroid patients and in six hypothyroid patients on L-thyroxine substitution therapy. In all patients a decrease in plasma-triiodothyronine was found. The per cent decrease of plasma-triiodothyronine was the same in both groups. Plasma levels of thyroxine and thyrotropin increased in the hypothyroid patients, but remained constant in the hyperthyroid subjects. The decrease in plasma-triiodothyronine during propranolol medication is most likely caused by an inhibition of the peripheral conversion of thyroxine into triiodothyronine.", "contents": "The influence of beta-adrenoceptor blocking agents on plasma thyroxine and triiodothyronine. The effect of the beta-adrenoceptor blocking agent propranolol on plasma levels of thyroxine and triiodothyronine was studied in eleven hyperthyroid patients and in six hypothyroid patients on L-thyroxine substitution therapy. In all patients a decrease in plasma-triiodothyronine was found. The per cent decrease of plasma-triiodothyronine was the same in both groups. Plasma levels of thyroxine and thyrotropin increased in the hypothyroid patients, but remained constant in the hyperthyroid subjects. The decrease in plasma-triiodothyronine during propranolol medication is most likely caused by an inhibition of the peripheral conversion of thyroxine into triiodothyronine."}
{"id": "PMID:885994", "title": "The importance of phosphate in regulating plasma 1,25-(OH)2-vitamin D levels in humans: studies in healthy subjects in calcium-stone formers and in patients with primary hyperparathyroidism.", "content": "We observed that plasma 1,25-(OH)2-D concentrations average 87 +/- 30 SD pmol/l in 48 healthy adults without a personal or family history of kidney stones. Plasma 1,25-(OH)2-D concentrations were significantly elevated among 26 patients with recurrent calcium-containing renal stones and hypophosphatemia: 150 +/- 74 pmol/l; P less than 0.001, and among 9 patients with proven parathyroid adenoma and hypophosphatemia: 200 +/- 54 pmol/l; P less than 0.001. Plasma 1,25-(OH)2-D levels in these 3 groups were inversely correlated with serum phosphate concentration: plasma 1,25-(OH)2-D, pmol/l = 282 - 141 X serum PO4, mmol/l; r = 0.51; P less than 0.001. During dietary PO4 deprivation lasting 11 to 16 days in 10 healthy women, serum PO4 fell and plasma 1,25-(OH)2-D concentrations rose whereas in 8 healthy men neither serum PO4 nor 1,25-(OH)2-D concentrations changed. The change from control in plasma 1,25-(OH)2-D levels were correlated with the change from control in serum PO4 concentrations: delta1,25-(OH)2-D, pmol/l = 1 - 82 X delta serum PO4 mmol/l; r = 0.59; P less than 0.01. We conclude that reductions in serum PO4 concentrations, either directly or indirectly, stimulate renal synthesis of 1,25-(OH)2-D in humans.", "contents": "The importance of phosphate in regulating plasma 1,25-(OH)2-vitamin D levels in humans: studies in healthy subjects in calcium-stone formers and in patients with primary hyperparathyroidism. We observed that plasma 1,25-(OH)2-D concentrations average 87 +/- 30 SD pmol/l in 48 healthy adults without a personal or family history of kidney stones. Plasma 1,25-(OH)2-D concentrations were significantly elevated among 26 patients with recurrent calcium-containing renal stones and hypophosphatemia: 150 +/- 74 pmol/l; P less than 0.001, and among 9 patients with proven parathyroid adenoma and hypophosphatemia: 200 +/- 54 pmol/l; P less than 0.001. Plasma 1,25-(OH)2-D levels in these 3 groups were inversely correlated with serum phosphate concentration: plasma 1,25-(OH)2-D, pmol/l = 282 - 141 X serum PO4, mmol/l; r = 0.51; P less than 0.001. During dietary PO4 deprivation lasting 11 to 16 days in 10 healthy women, serum PO4 fell and plasma 1,25-(OH)2-D concentrations rose whereas in 8 healthy men neither serum PO4 nor 1,25-(OH)2-D concentrations changed. The change from control in plasma 1,25-(OH)2-D levels were correlated with the change from control in serum PO4 concentrations: delta1,25-(OH)2-D, pmol/l = 1 - 82 X delta serum PO4 mmol/l; r = 0.59; P less than 0.01. We conclude that reductions in serum PO4 concentrations, either directly or indirectly, stimulate renal synthesis of 1,25-(OH)2-D in humans."}
{"id": "PMID:885995", "title": "Episodic fluctuations of serum gonadotropins in pre- and post-pubertal girls and boys.", "content": "The concentrations of LH and FSH were determined in serum samples obtained at 15 min intervals during a 4 h period from seven normal girls, 9.5-16.5 years of age, and eight normal boys, 9.0-16.8 years of age. An episodic pattern of LH secretion was found in all subjects. There was no significant (P greater than 0.1) difference between girls and boys as to number of episodes (3.0 +/- 0.6 vs. 3.0 +/- 0.0 per 4 h), absolute LH increase (2.6 +/- 1.1 vs. 2.4 +/- 1.0 mIU per ml) or \"apparent LH half-life\" (64.3 +/- 20.8 vs. 76.1 +/- 23.4 min). Mean absolute increase during secretory episodes correlated (R = 0.89, P less than 0.005) with the mean LH concentration per 4 h, and a significant (P less than 0.025) inverse correlation (R = -0.52) was found between the mean per cent increment of the LH secretory episode and the mean \"apparent LH half-life.\" Minor fluctuations of FSH were also observed. In girls and boys, the mean concentration of both gonadotropins increased with advancing puberty. The increase in LH concentration was due to an increase in the amplitude of secretory episodes rather than to an increase in the number of episodes. The increase in FSH concentration reflected a consistent elevation throughout the period of sampling.", "contents": "Episodic fluctuations of serum gonadotropins in pre- and post-pubertal girls and boys. The concentrations of LH and FSH were determined in serum samples obtained at 15 min intervals during a 4 h period from seven normal girls, 9.5-16.5 years of age, and eight normal boys, 9.0-16.8 years of age. An episodic pattern of LH secretion was found in all subjects. There was no significant (P greater than 0.1) difference between girls and boys as to number of episodes (3.0 +/- 0.6 vs. 3.0 +/- 0.0 per 4 h), absolute LH increase (2.6 +/- 1.1 vs. 2.4 +/- 1.0 mIU per ml) or \"apparent LH half-life\" (64.3 +/- 20.8 vs. 76.1 +/- 23.4 min). Mean absolute increase during secretory episodes correlated (R = 0.89, P less than 0.005) with the mean LH concentration per 4 h, and a significant (P less than 0.025) inverse correlation (R = -0.52) was found between the mean per cent increment of the LH secretory episode and the mean \"apparent LH half-life.\" Minor fluctuations of FSH were also observed. In girls and boys, the mean concentration of both gonadotropins increased with advancing puberty. The increase in LH concentration was due to an increase in the amplitude of secretory episodes rather than to an increase in the number of episodes. The increase in FSH concentration reflected a consistent elevation throughout the period of sampling."}
{"id": "PMID:885997", "title": "A new and superior adrenal imaging agent, 131I-6beta-iodomethyl-19-nor-cholesterol (NP-59): evaluation in humans.", "content": "We have reported tissue distribution studies in rats and dogs with a new adrenal imaging agent. 131I-6beta-iodomethyl-19-nor-cholesterol (NP-59). This agent concentrated five times higher in the adrenal cortex than 131I-19-iodocholesterol without increased concentration in non-adrenal tissues. We now report in 34 patients, the findings on scintigraphy with NP-59 compared with angiograms and/or adrenal vein hormone levels and histopathology, including 13 patients with hypercortisolism, 12 with primary aldosteronism, 2 with low renin hypertension, 5 with catecholamine excess, 1 with a liver metastasis from an aldosterone producing adrenal cortical carcinoma, and 1 with anaplastic adrenal cortical carcinoma. NP-59 adrenal cortical uptake was more rapid and intense and background activity was less prominent, allowing earlier and more definite interpretation of images than was possible with 131I-19-iodocholesterol.", "contents": "A new and superior adrenal imaging agent, 131I-6beta-iodomethyl-19-nor-cholesterol (NP-59): evaluation in humans. We have reported tissue distribution studies in rats and dogs with a new adrenal imaging agent. 131I-6beta-iodomethyl-19-nor-cholesterol (NP-59). This agent concentrated five times higher in the adrenal cortex than 131I-19-iodocholesterol without increased concentration in non-adrenal tissues. We now report in 34 patients, the findings on scintigraphy with NP-59 compared with angiograms and/or adrenal vein hormone levels and histopathology, including 13 patients with hypercortisolism, 12 with primary aldosteronism, 2 with low renin hypertension, 5 with catecholamine excess, 1 with a liver metastasis from an aldosterone producing adrenal cortical carcinoma, and 1 with anaplastic adrenal cortical carcinoma. NP-59 adrenal cortical uptake was more rapid and intense and background activity was less prominent, allowing earlier and more definite interpretation of images than was possible with 131I-19-iodocholesterol."}
{"id": "PMID:885998", "title": "A specific and rapid determination of human skin dihydrotestosterone cytosol receptor.", "content": "The 5 alpha-Dihydrotestosterone (DHT) receptor in cytosol prepared from foreskin fragments was identified and measured by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE). 14 normal subjects, 4 boys with hypospadias and two patients with male pseudohermaphroditism (MPH) were studied. The amount of DHT receptor was comparable in the normal subjects and those with hypospadias. No receptor was found in the 2 cases of MPH.", "contents": "A specific and rapid determination of human skin dihydrotestosterone cytosol receptor. The 5 alpha-Dihydrotestosterone (DHT) receptor in cytosol prepared from foreskin fragments was identified and measured by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE). 14 normal subjects, 4 boys with hypospadias and two patients with male pseudohermaphroditism (MPH) were studied. The amount of DHT receptor was comparable in the normal subjects and those with hypospadias. No receptor was found in the 2 cases of MPH."}
{"id": "PMID:885999", "title": "Comparative recovery of Streptococcus mutans on ten isolation media.", "content": "The ability of Streptococcus mutans (Bratthall serotypes a through e) to grow on 10 isolation media was examined. The number and morphology of the colonies were observed to vary on different media. The use of blood-sucrose media consistently produced the highest recoveries. Mitis salivarius agar (MS) and higher recovery values than modified medium 10 (MM10SB), Trypticase-yeast extract-cystine medium (TYC), or MS with 1% tellurite (MST). MST with 40% sucrose (MS40S), MST with 20% sucrose and 0.2 U of bacitracin per ml (MSB), and Carlsson medium with 1% sulfasoxazole (MC), media formulated for the selection of S. mutans, were the most inhibitory for all serotypes. The morphology of several S. mutans strains was atypical on MC and MS40S, making positive identification difficult. Absence of growth of serotype a strains on MSB and serotype d strains on MC were the two major differences observed among the serotypes. Results are discussed in terms of the difficulties in making quantitative determinations from cultural data.", "contents": "Comparative recovery of Streptococcus mutans on ten isolation media. The ability of Streptococcus mutans (Bratthall serotypes a through e) to grow on 10 isolation media was examined. The number and morphology of the colonies were observed to vary on different media. The use of blood-sucrose media consistently produced the highest recoveries. Mitis salivarius agar (MS) and higher recovery values than modified medium 10 (MM10SB), Trypticase-yeast extract-cystine medium (TYC), or MS with 1% tellurite (MST). MST with 40% sucrose (MS40S), MST with 20% sucrose and 0.2 U of bacitracin per ml (MSB), and Carlsson medium with 1% sulfasoxazole (MC), media formulated for the selection of S. mutans, were the most inhibitory for all serotypes. The morphology of several S. mutans strains was atypical on MC and MS40S, making positive identification difficult. Absence of growth of serotype a strains on MSB and serotype d strains on MC were the two major differences observed among the serotypes. Results are discussed in terms of the difficulties in making quantitative determinations from cultural data."}
{"id": "PMID:886000", "title": "Modified staphylococcal absorption method used for detecting rubella-specific immunoglobin M antibodies during a rubella epidemic.", "content": "A recently described method for detecting rubella-specific immunoglobulin M (IgM) antibody based on absorption of IgG by Staphylococcus aureus strain Cowan I has been applied to 198 sera collected during a recent rubella epidemic in Israel. Modification of the original method introduced for the present study includes treatment with 2-mercaptoethanol of antibody remaining after absorption by staphylococci. This treatment confirms that the residual antibody is IgM (sensitive to 2-mercaptoethanol) rather than IgG (2-mercaptoethanol resistant). None of the 67 control patients (seropositive for rubella but without history of recent illness or contact) had specific IgM when tested by this method, though 15 showed some residual antibody after staphylococcal absorption. A total of 125 of 131 rubella convalescents (95%) were positive 4 to 49 days after onset of the clinical symptoms. Six patients had no IgM antibodies when tested by the method described, and all were convalescents tested late in relation to onset of clinical symptoms (beyond 3 weeks). When density gradient centrifugation was applied to clarify some results, 2 of 3 convalescents classified as IgM negative by the staphylococcal absorption method did in fact possess IgM antibody. None of 10 controls tested by density gradient centrifugation was IgM positive. This combination of staphylococcal absorption and 2-mercaptoethanol treatment is recommended as a screening test for selection of IgM positives, in addition to the use of a more sensitive method (such as density gradient centrifugation) on at least some samples classified as IgM negative.", "contents": "Modified staphylococcal absorption method used for detecting rubella-specific immunoglobin M antibodies during a rubella epidemic. A recently described method for detecting rubella-specific immunoglobulin M (IgM) antibody based on absorption of IgG by Staphylococcus aureus strain Cowan I has been applied to 198 sera collected during a recent rubella epidemic in Israel. Modification of the original method introduced for the present study includes treatment with 2-mercaptoethanol of antibody remaining after absorption by staphylococci. This treatment confirms that the residual antibody is IgM (sensitive to 2-mercaptoethanol) rather than IgG (2-mercaptoethanol resistant). None of the 67 control patients (seropositive for rubella but without history of recent illness or contact) had specific IgM when tested by this method, though 15 showed some residual antibody after staphylococcal absorption. A total of 125 of 131 rubella convalescents (95%) were positive 4 to 49 days after onset of the clinical symptoms. Six patients had no IgM antibodies when tested by the method described, and all were convalescents tested late in relation to onset of clinical symptoms (beyond 3 weeks). When density gradient centrifugation was applied to clarify some results, 2 of 3 convalescents classified as IgM negative by the staphylococcal absorption method did in fact possess IgM antibody. None of 10 controls tested by density gradient centrifugation was IgM positive. This combination of staphylococcal absorption and 2-mercaptoethanol treatment is recommended as a screening test for selection of IgM positives, in addition to the use of a more sensitive method (such as density gradient centrifugation) on at least some samples classified as IgM negative."}
{"id": "PMID:886001", "title": "Syphla-Chek: a qualitative study.", "content": "A qualitative evaluation of the newly marketed Syphla-Chek Test (Hyland, Div. of Travenol Laboratories, Inc., Costa Mesa, Calif.), a macroscopically read, nontreponemal card test, was undertaken in order to further evaluate the validity of this procedure as an aid in the diagnosis of syphilis. A total of 1,074 randomly selected sera submitted to the Texas Department of Health Resources for routine analysis, for confirmational analysis, and as a result of problems in analysis, were examined using the Venereal Disease Research Laboratory (VDRL) slide test, the Rapid Plasma Reagin (circle) Card Test (RPRCT), Syphla-Chek Test, and the fluorescent treponemal antibody absorption (FTA-ABS) test. Comparison of the reagin testing procedures studied versus the FTA-ABS procedure led to the following order of agreement with FTA-ABS reactive results: Syphla-Chek, 88.8%; RPRCT, 87.1%; and VDRL, 83.2%. Agreement with FTA-ABS nonreactive results was in order: RPRCT, 86.7%; Syphla-Chek, 79.6%; and VDRL, 78.7%. The relatively few minor procedural problems encountered with the Syphla-Chek Test during this study are also discussed.", "contents": "Syphla-Chek: a qualitative study. A qualitative evaluation of the newly marketed Syphla-Chek Test (Hyland, Div. of Travenol Laboratories, Inc., Costa Mesa, Calif.), a macroscopically read, nontreponemal card test, was undertaken in order to further evaluate the validity of this procedure as an aid in the diagnosis of syphilis. A total of 1,074 randomly selected sera submitted to the Texas Department of Health Resources for routine analysis, for confirmational analysis, and as a result of problems in analysis, were examined using the Venereal Disease Research Laboratory (VDRL) slide test, the Rapid Plasma Reagin (circle) Card Test (RPRCT), Syphla-Chek Test, and the fluorescent treponemal antibody absorption (FTA-ABS) test. Comparison of the reagin testing procedures studied versus the FTA-ABS procedure led to the following order of agreement with FTA-ABS reactive results: Syphla-Chek, 88.8%; RPRCT, 87.1%; and VDRL, 83.2%. Agreement with FTA-ABS nonreactive results was in order: RPRCT, 86.7%; Syphla-Chek, 79.6%; and VDRL, 78.7%. The relatively few minor procedural problems encountered with the Syphla-Chek Test during this study are also discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:886002", "title": "Electron capture gas chromatography detection and mass spectrum identification of 3-(2'-ketohexyl)indoline in spinal fluids of patients with tuberculous meningitis.", "content": "A basic, extractable, indolic type of compound, which was derivatized with heptafluorobutyric anhydride and pyridine, was obtained from the cerebrospinal fluids of patients with acute tuberculous meningitis. The compound was detected by frequency-pulsed, modulated electron capture gas-liquid chromatography, and it was tentatively identified by mass spectrometry as 3-(2'-ketohexyl)indoline. The compound was found to be valuable for differentiating between tuberculous, cryptococcal, and aseptic meningitides.", "contents": "Electron capture gas chromatography detection and mass spectrum identification of 3-(2'-ketohexyl)indoline in spinal fluids of patients with tuberculous meningitis. A basic, extractable, indolic type of compound, which was derivatized with heptafluorobutyric anhydride and pyridine, was obtained from the cerebrospinal fluids of patients with acute tuberculous meningitis. The compound was detected by frequency-pulsed, modulated electron capture gas-liquid chromatography, and it was tentatively identified by mass spectrometry as 3-(2'-ketohexyl)indoline. The compound was found to be valuable for differentiating between tuberculous, cryptococcal, and aseptic meningitides."}
{"id": "PMID:886003", "title": "Malar mass due to Actinomyces odontolyticus.", "content": "Actinomyces odontolyticus was isolated from a patient with a soft tissue mass in the malar region. The organism was identified on the basis of morphological, cultural, and biochemical characteristics. On histological examination, the tissue mass contained several granulomatous foci with small, basophilic staining areas resembling microscopic sulfur granules. This is believed to be the first reported case of actinomycosis due to A. odontolyticus.", "contents": "Malar mass due to Actinomyces odontolyticus. Actinomyces odontolyticus was isolated from a patient with a soft tissue mass in the malar region. The organism was identified on the basis of morphological, cultural, and biochemical characteristics. On histological examination, the tissue mass contained several granulomatous foci with small, basophilic staining areas resembling microscopic sulfur granules. This is believed to be the first reported case of actinomycosis due to A. odontolyticus."}
{"id": "PMID:886004", "title": "Cellular fatty acids of Peptococcus variabilis and Peptostreptococcus anaerobius.", "content": "Cellular fatty acids of Peptococcus variables and Peptostreptococcus anaerobius were identified by gas chromatography, mass spectrometry, and associated analytical techniques. Iso- and anteiso-branched-chain acids were major components in both species.", "contents": "Cellular fatty acids of Peptococcus variabilis and Peptostreptococcus anaerobius. Cellular fatty acids of Peptococcus variables and Peptostreptococcus anaerobius were identified by gas chromatography, mass spectrometry, and associated analytical techniques. Iso- and anteiso-branched-chain acids were major components in both species."}
{"id": "PMID:886005", "title": "Vibrio alginolyticus infections in Hawaii.", "content": "Clinical and bacteriological features of eight cases of Vibrio alginolyticus infections in Hawaii are presented. These isolates occurred in superficial sites, primarily related to infections caused by swimming.", "contents": "Vibrio alginolyticus infections in Hawaii. Clinical and bacteriological features of eight cases of Vibrio alginolyticus infections in Hawaii are presented. These isolates occurred in superficial sites, primarily related to infections caused by swimming."}
{"id": "PMID:886006", "title": "Rapid diagnosis of lymphocytic meningitis by frequency-pulsed electron capture gas-liquid chromatography: differentiation of tuberculous, cryptococcal, and viral meningitis.", "content": "Cerebrospinal fluid specimens from patients with tuberculous (17 cases), cryptococcal (15 cases), and viral (14 cases) meningitis were analyzed by frequency-pulsed electron capture gas-liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry. Compounds that disappeared after therapy were found to be present in each of these specimens and were not detected in controls. They occurred in repetitive patterns such that these three types of meningitis could be rapidly distinguished. The compound associated with tuberculous meningitis has been tentatively identified. These finding have implications for rapid diagnosis, pathophysiological studies, and possible new therapeutic approaches.", "contents": "Rapid diagnosis of lymphocytic meningitis by frequency-pulsed electron capture gas-liquid chromatography: differentiation of tuberculous, cryptococcal, and viral meningitis. Cerebrospinal fluid specimens from patients with tuberculous (17 cases), cryptococcal (15 cases), and viral (14 cases) meningitis were analyzed by frequency-pulsed electron capture gas-liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry. Compounds that disappeared after therapy were found to be present in each of these specimens and were not detected in controls. They occurred in repetitive patterns such that these three types of meningitis could be rapidly distinguished. The compound associated with tuberculous meningitis has been tentatively identified. These finding have implications for rapid diagnosis, pathophysiological studies, and possible new therapeutic approaches."}
{"id": "PMID:886007", "title": "Comparison of coccidioidin and spherulin in complement fixation tests for coccidioidomycosis.", "content": "Coccidioidin, an extract from the saprophytic mycelial form of Coccidioides immitis, has been a very useful antigen preparation in serological tests for coccidioidomycosis. Its sensitivity has been very good for detecting most types of clinical disease, but tests with coccidioidin have been negative for 40% or more of patients with chronic pulmonary disease, the clinical entity which must be differentiated from other cavitary, nodular, or fibrotic pulmonary disease, e.g., tuberculosis and cancer. The specificity of coccidioidin has also been good although it results in positive tests for an average of 16% among patients with noncoccidioidal mycoses. Recently spherulin, an extract from the parasitic endosporulating spherule form of C. immitis, was reported to be more sensitive than coccidioidin in concurrent complement fixation tests with sera from selected cases. We have compared coccidioidin and spherulin in concurrent complement fixation tests with 614 sera submitted routinely for coccidioidal serology and with 159 selected sera from patients with noncoccidioidal mycoses. Among the former, spherulin was positive with 25% and coccidioidin with 23%, and correlation of titer scores was highly significant. Statistical analysis revealed no significant differences with respect to frequency of positive specimens, titer scores, or diagnosis for current coccidioidomycosis. The results with sera from noncoccidioidal mycoses revealed marked differences. Coccidioidin was positive with 20%, and spherulin was positive with 48%. The titer scores with spherulin were consistently and significantly higher, and there was no correlation for results with the two antigens. Thus, coccidioidin and spherulin were equally sensitive, but spherulin was considerably less specific.", "contents": "Comparison of coccidioidin and spherulin in complement fixation tests for coccidioidomycosis. Coccidioidin, an extract from the saprophytic mycelial form of Coccidioides immitis, has been a very useful antigen preparation in serological tests for coccidioidomycosis. Its sensitivity has been very good for detecting most types of clinical disease, but tests with coccidioidin have been negative for 40% or more of patients with chronic pulmonary disease, the clinical entity which must be differentiated from other cavitary, nodular, or fibrotic pulmonary disease, e.g., tuberculosis and cancer. The specificity of coccidioidin has also been good although it results in positive tests for an average of 16% among patients with noncoccidioidal mycoses. Recently spherulin, an extract from the parasitic endosporulating spherule form of C. immitis, was reported to be more sensitive than coccidioidin in concurrent complement fixation tests with sera from selected cases. We have compared coccidioidin and spherulin in concurrent complement fixation tests with 614 sera submitted routinely for coccidioidal serology and with 159 selected sera from patients with noncoccidioidal mycoses. Among the former, spherulin was positive with 25% and coccidioidin with 23%, and correlation of titer scores was highly significant. Statistical analysis revealed no significant differences with respect to frequency of positive specimens, titer scores, or diagnosis for current coccidioidomycosis. The results with sera from noncoccidioidal mycoses revealed marked differences. Coccidioidin was positive with 20%, and spherulin was positive with 48%. The titer scores with spherulin were consistently and significantly higher, and there was no correlation for results with the two antigens. Thus, coccidioidin and spherulin were equally sensitive, but spherulin was considerably less specific."}
{"id": "PMID:886008", "title": "Survival of chlamydiae after cooling to -196 degrees C.", "content": "Factors influencing the survival of chlamydiae after freezing were reexamined. From the data presented, it is suggested that preservation of laboratory-grown chlamydiae is best achieved through the use of sucrose as the cryoprotective agent, in the presence of 10% serum. Dimethyl sulfoxide and glycerol are more toxic. The period of exposure to sucrose before freezing must be kept as short as possible and be at 4 degrees C rather than at room temperature. The rate of cooling during freezing in sucrose is not important; however, cooling at a rate slower than 1 degrees C/min should be avoided. Since chlamydial survival is increased by rapid thawing, the volume of the sample should be kept to a minimum. Thawed suspensions should be inoculated onto cell monolayers without delay. The application of these methods may increase the proportion of stored clinical specimens in which chlamydiae can be found.", "contents": "Survival of chlamydiae after cooling to -196 degrees C. Factors influencing the survival of chlamydiae after freezing were reexamined. From the data presented, it is suggested that preservation of laboratory-grown chlamydiae is best achieved through the use of sucrose as the cryoprotective agent, in the presence of 10% serum. Dimethyl sulfoxide and glycerol are more toxic. The period of exposure to sucrose before freezing must be kept as short as possible and be at 4 degrees C rather than at room temperature. The rate of cooling during freezing in sucrose is not important; however, cooling at a rate slower than 1 degrees C/min should be avoided. Since chlamydial survival is increased by rapid thawing, the volume of the sample should be kept to a minimum. Thawed suspensions should be inoculated onto cell monolayers without delay. The application of these methods may increase the proportion of stored clinical specimens in which chlamydiae can be found."}
{"id": "PMID:886009", "title": "Campylobacter fetus septicemia with concurrent salpingitis.", "content": "Campylobacter fetus was isolated from the blood of a nonpregnant young woman who had a clinical diagnosis of salpingitis. A description of the isolate of C. fetus is given. An increasing awareness of human infections and capability of growing this microaerophilic organism should contribute to our understanding of the incidence and virulence of this bacterium.", "contents": "Campylobacter fetus septicemia with concurrent salpingitis. Campylobacter fetus was isolated from the blood of a nonpregnant young woman who had a clinical diagnosis of salpingitis. A description of the isolate of C. fetus is given. An increasing awareness of human infections and capability of growing this microaerophilic organism should contribute to our understanding of the incidence and virulence of this bacterium."}
{"id": "PMID:886010", "title": "Lack of characteristic hexagonal surface structure on a newly isolated influenza C virus.", "content": "The hexagonal surface structure believed to be characteristic for influenza C virus was not initially observed for a newly isolated virus of this type. After a few additional egg passages of the virus, however, the hexagonal structure could be readily seen on many virions.", "contents": "Lack of characteristic hexagonal surface structure on a newly isolated influenza C virus. The hexagonal surface structure believed to be characteristic for influenza C virus was not initially observed for a newly isolated virus of this type. After a few additional egg passages of the virus, however, the hexagonal structure could be readily seen on many virions."}
{"id": "PMID:886011", "title": "Incidence of Simonsiella in the oral cavity of dogs.", "content": "The gliding bacterium Simonsiella (Cytophagales, Simonsiellaceae) was found in palate samples from 66 out of 67 dogs. It is considered a common resident in the oral cavities of dogs.", "contents": "Incidence of Simonsiella in the oral cavity of dogs. The gliding bacterium Simonsiella (Cytophagales, Simonsiellaceae) was found in palate samples from 66 out of 67 dogs. It is considered a common resident in the oral cavities of dogs."}
{"id": "PMID:886012", "title": "Strains of Achromobacter xylosoxidans from clinical material.", "content": "Eleven strains of Achromobacter xylosoxidans have been received from among 1106 strains of Gram-negative, non-fermentative bacteria submitted to the National Collection of Type Cultures for computer-assisted identification since 1 January 1972. The strains showed resistance to a wide range of antimicrobial agents and five of the isolates possibly played a pathogenic role. The biochemical characteristics of these 11 strains were compared with those of three culture collection strains.", "contents": "Strains of Achromobacter xylosoxidans from clinical material. Eleven strains of Achromobacter xylosoxidans have been received from among 1106 strains of Gram-negative, non-fermentative bacteria submitted to the National Collection of Type Cultures for computer-assisted identification since 1 January 1972. The strains showed resistance to a wide range of antimicrobial agents and five of the isolates possibly played a pathogenic role. The biochemical characteristics of these 11 strains were compared with those of three culture collection strains."}
{"id": "PMID:886013", "title": "Lack of evidence for mutation to erythromycin resistance in clinical strains of Staphylococcus aureus.", "content": "The properties of 100 erythromycin resistant strains of Staphylococcus aureus obtained from clinical material have been compared with the properties of mutants selected in vitro for resistance to erythromycin. The properties, including inducibility of the resistance and cross-resistance to spiramycin and lincomycin, of the two groups of isolates were always different. The risk that staphylococci will mutate to erythromycin resistance during therapy with this antibiotic is remote.", "contents": "Lack of evidence for mutation to erythromycin resistance in clinical strains of Staphylococcus aureus. The properties of 100 erythromycin resistant strains of Staphylococcus aureus obtained from clinical material have been compared with the properties of mutants selected in vitro for resistance to erythromycin. The properties, including inducibility of the resistance and cross-resistance to spiramycin and lincomycin, of the two groups of isolates were always different. The risk that staphylococci will mutate to erythromycin resistance during therapy with this antibiotic is remote."}
{"id": "PMID:886014", "title": "Novobiocin and the differentiation of peptococci and peptostreptococci.", "content": "Paper discs containing 5 microng of novobiocin were used as a presumptive test to differentiate peptococci and peptostreptococci. Zone diameters were measured and minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of the antibiotic for each group were performed to ascertain the activity of the antibiotic against these genera. All strains of peptococci showed no zone of inhibition in the disc test together with an MIC of 25 microng/ml or greater. All strains of peptostreptococci showed zones of inhibition of at least 15 mm diameter together with an MIC of 1-6 microng/ml or less.", "contents": "Novobiocin and the differentiation of peptococci and peptostreptococci. Paper discs containing 5 microng of novobiocin were used as a presumptive test to differentiate peptococci and peptostreptococci. Zone diameters were measured and minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of the antibiotic for each group were performed to ascertain the activity of the antibiotic against these genera. All strains of peptococci showed no zone of inhibition in the disc test together with an MIC of 25 microng/ml or greater. All strains of peptostreptococci showed zones of inhibition of at least 15 mm diameter together with an MIC of 1-6 microng/ml or less."}
{"id": "PMID:886015", "title": "Simplified method for the rubella haemagglutination inhibition screening test.", "content": "A modification of the rubella haemagglutination inhibition (HAI) test in which both pretreatment and serum titration are carried out in wells of the same microtitre plate saves time, labour, and materials and gives results comparable to a conventional HAI procedure.", "contents": "Simplified method for the rubella haemagglutination inhibition screening test. A modification of the rubella haemagglutination inhibition (HAI) test in which both pretreatment and serum titration are carried out in wells of the same microtitre plate saves time, labour, and materials and gives results comparable to a conventional HAI procedure."}
{"id": "PMID:886016", "title": "Hydroxyproline excretion in infantile gastroenteritis.", "content": "Total hydroxyproline/creatinine ratio (THP:Cr) was measured in random urine specimens from 18 infants with gastroenteritis. THP:Cr was sometimes increased during the acute phase of the illness and the reasons for this are discussed. Seven patients failed to thrive after the acute phase and THP:Cr was low in all of these. The test appears to be a sensitive indicator of the onset of failure to thrive, and it is suggested that it may be of value in the management of these patients.", "contents": "Hydroxyproline excretion in infantile gastroenteritis. Total hydroxyproline/creatinine ratio (THP:Cr) was measured in random urine specimens from 18 infants with gastroenteritis. THP:Cr was sometimes increased during the acute phase of the illness and the reasons for this are discussed. Seven patients failed to thrive after the acute phase and THP:Cr was low in all of these. The test appears to be a sensitive indicator of the onset of failure to thrive, and it is suggested that it may be of value in the management of these patients."}
{"id": "PMID:886017", "title": "The erroneous haemoglobin-hyperlipidaemia relationship.", "content": "Hyperlipidaemia, whether primary or secondary to parenteral feeding with intravenous lipid emulsions, causes the haemoglobin level to be erroneously high when measured spectrophotometrically. Contrary to a previous report, evidence is presented which suggests a relationship between the amount of the false rise in the haemoglobin level and the type and degree of hyperlipidaemia.", "contents": "The erroneous haemoglobin-hyperlipidaemia relationship. Hyperlipidaemia, whether primary or secondary to parenteral feeding with intravenous lipid emulsions, causes the haemoglobin level to be erroneously high when measured spectrophotometrically. Contrary to a previous report, evidence is presented which suggests a relationship between the amount of the false rise in the haemoglobin level and the type and degree of hyperlipidaemia."}
{"id": "PMID:886018", "title": "West Midlands regional quality control scheme for haematology.", "content": "A regional quality control scheme is described together with details of the organisation, preparation of material, and an evaluation of the results.", "contents": "West Midlands regional quality control scheme for haematology. A regional quality control scheme is described together with details of the organisation, preparation of material, and an evaluation of the results."}
{"id": "PMID:886019", "title": "Platelet adhesiveness in young patients with ischaemic stroke.", "content": "A significant increase in platelet adhesiveness was observed in 13 patients who developed ischaemic stroke at high altitude and in 43 patients who developed stroke at low altitude when compared with a similar group of normal healthy volunteers. Eighty-eight percent of the patients were below the age of 40 years. The role of platelet adhesiveness in the pathogenesis of cerebral schaemia in young patients is discussed.", "contents": "Platelet adhesiveness in young patients with ischaemic stroke. A significant increase in platelet adhesiveness was observed in 13 patients who developed ischaemic stroke at high altitude and in 43 patients who developed stroke at low altitude when compared with a similar group of normal healthy volunteers. Eighty-eight percent of the patients were below the age of 40 years. The role of platelet adhesiveness in the pathogenesis of cerebral schaemia in young patients is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:886020", "title": "Alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma presenting as subacute intravascular coagulation.", "content": "A patient with rhabdomyosarcoma is described in whom the presenting clinical and laboratory features were those of disseminated intravascular coagulation. The patient's rapid downhill course was primarily expressed by haemorrhagic tendency. An alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma, affecting many organs, including vascular and cardiac lumina, was found at necropsy and was considered to be the cause of the consumption coagulopathy.", "contents": "Alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma presenting as subacute intravascular coagulation. A patient with rhabdomyosarcoma is described in whom the presenting clinical and laboratory features were those of disseminated intravascular coagulation. The patient's rapid downhill course was primarily expressed by haemorrhagic tendency. An alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma, affecting many organs, including vascular and cardiac lumina, was found at necropsy and was considered to be the cause of the consumption coagulopathy."}
{"id": "PMID:886023", "title": "Retinogeniculate projections in the rabbit: an autoradiographic study.", "content": "As shown by autoradiographic techniques, the pattern of retinogeniculate projections in the pigmented rabbit is generally similar to that described in previous studies. Each retina projects bilaterally to the alpha segment of the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (LGd) and to the external segment of the ventral lateral geniculate nucleus (LGv). The beta segment of the LGd and internal layer of the LGv receive contralateral inputs only. The alpha segment of the LGd contains an irregularly shaped region which receives overlapping bilateral projections. Within this region the ipsilateral input is continuous and predominant. This pattern of ipsilateral projection can account for both the laminar arrangement perpendicular to the lines of projection and the \"hidden lamination\" which have been described previously for the rabbit LGd. A separate bilateral projection is identified for a group of cells lying between the LGd and LGv rostrally. Caudally this intergeniculate leaflet extends medial and ventral to the LGv and appears to merge with the zona incerta.", "contents": "Retinogeniculate projections in the rabbit: an autoradiographic study. As shown by autoradiographic techniques, the pattern of retinogeniculate projections in the pigmented rabbit is generally similar to that described in previous studies. Each retina projects bilaterally to the alpha segment of the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (LGd) and to the external segment of the ventral lateral geniculate nucleus (LGv). The beta segment of the LGd and internal layer of the LGv receive contralateral inputs only. The alpha segment of the LGd contains an irregularly shaped region which receives overlapping bilateral projections. Within this region the ipsilateral input is continuous and predominant. This pattern of ipsilateral projection can account for both the laminar arrangement perpendicular to the lines of projection and the \"hidden lamination\" which have been described previously for the rabbit LGd. A separate bilateral projection is identified for a group of cells lying between the LGd and LGv rostrally. Caudally this intergeniculate leaflet extends medial and ventral to the LGv and appears to merge with the zona incerta."}
{"id": "PMID:886024", "title": "Horizontal cells of the pigeon retina.", "content": "Two types of horizontal cells are seen in Golgi-impregnated retinas of the pigeon. Type I horizontal cells are compact, \"brush-shaped,\" and have an axon ending as an irregular spinous arborization. The majority of the dendrites terminate in the distal part of the outer plexiform layer (OPL) as clusters which contact cones, but some terminate as single expansions in the proximal part of the OPL. The axon terminal spines are found only in the distal part of the OPL and contact both rods and cones. Pigeon Type I horizontal cells are Cajal's \"brush-shaped\" cells, and their axon terminals resemble Cajal's \"stellate\" cells. Type II horizontal cells have irregular, wavy, multi-branched dendrites, appear horizontally flattened, and lack axons. The dendrites terminate in the proximal part of the OPL as isolated spines and contact only cones. The Type II horizontal cells of the pigeon have not been previously described in the avian retina.", "contents": "Horizontal cells of the pigeon retina. Two types of horizontal cells are seen in Golgi-impregnated retinas of the pigeon. Type I horizontal cells are compact, \"brush-shaped,\" and have an axon ending as an irregular spinous arborization. The majority of the dendrites terminate in the distal part of the outer plexiform layer (OPL) as clusters which contact cones, but some terminate as single expansions in the proximal part of the OPL. The axon terminal spines are found only in the distal part of the OPL and contact both rods and cones. Pigeon Type I horizontal cells are Cajal's \"brush-shaped\" cells, and their axon terminals resemble Cajal's \"stellate\" cells. Type II horizontal cells have irregular, wavy, multi-branched dendrites, appear horizontally flattened, and lack axons. The dendrites terminate in the proximal part of the OPL as isolated spines and contact only cones. The Type II horizontal cells of the pigeon have not been previously described in the avian retina."}
{"id": "PMID:886025", "title": "Postnatal differentiation of cell body volumes of spinal motoneurons innervating slow-twitch and fast-twitch muscles.", "content": "Distribution of cell body volumes of motoneurons innervating the soleus (slow-twitch or tonic) and medial gastrocnemius (fast-twitch or phasic) muscles was examined in adult cats and a series of kittens ranging from one to 140 days in age. To identify the soleus (Sol) and the medial gastrocnemius (MG) motoneurons, each group of motoneurons was labeled differentially by utilizing retrograde axonal transport of horseradish peroxidase injected into the muscles. It was verified statistically that in the adult cat, the mean cell body volume of the Sol motoneurons was smaller than that of the MG motoneurons. Difference of the mean cell body volume between the Sol and MG motoneurons was found to be significant around the tenth postnatal day. The mean cell body volumes of both Sol and MG motoneurons increased mainly during the third to the seventh week after birth. After this period, increase of the cell body volume was relatively slight and in the fifth month after birth, some of the motoneurons still appeared to be growing. Our findings also suggested that the MG motoneurons may exhibit the adult pattern of distribution of cell body volume in an earlier postnatal stage than do the Sol motoneurons, and that differentiation of motoneurons into the gamma and alpha types may occur earlier than differentiation into the tonic and phasic types.", "contents": "Postnatal differentiation of cell body volumes of spinal motoneurons innervating slow-twitch and fast-twitch muscles. Distribution of cell body volumes of motoneurons innervating the soleus (slow-twitch or tonic) and medial gastrocnemius (fast-twitch or phasic) muscles was examined in adult cats and a series of kittens ranging from one to 140 days in age. To identify the soleus (Sol) and the medial gastrocnemius (MG) motoneurons, each group of motoneurons was labeled differentially by utilizing retrograde axonal transport of horseradish peroxidase injected into the muscles. It was verified statistically that in the adult cat, the mean cell body volume of the Sol motoneurons was smaller than that of the MG motoneurons. Difference of the mean cell body volume between the Sol and MG motoneurons was found to be significant around the tenth postnatal day. The mean cell body volumes of both Sol and MG motoneurons increased mainly during the third to the seventh week after birth. After this period, increase of the cell body volume was relatively slight and in the fifth month after birth, some of the motoneurons still appeared to be growing. Our findings also suggested that the MG motoneurons may exhibit the adult pattern of distribution of cell body volume in an earlier postnatal stage than do the Sol motoneurons, and that differentiation of motoneurons into the gamma and alpha types may occur earlier than differentiation into the tonic and phasic types."}
{"id": "PMID:886028", "title": "Fine structure of unmyelinated nerves in neonatal skin.", "content": "The fine structure of unmyelinated cutaneous nerve fibers in newborns was examined in lesions of adnexal polyp of neonatal skin. In the neonatal cutaneous nerves, unmyelinated fibers outnumbered myelinated ones. The unmyelinated fibers consisted of Schwann cells, axons and basal lamina. Their ultrastructural organization was basically similar to that in the adult skin. However, some of the unmyelinated fibers contained axonal bundles which suggested a state of cytoarchitectual immaturity or incomplete growth. Phagocytosis of melanosomes by Schwann cells was also observed.", "contents": "Fine structure of unmyelinated nerves in neonatal skin. The fine structure of unmyelinated cutaneous nerve fibers in newborns was examined in lesions of adnexal polyp of neonatal skin. In the neonatal cutaneous nerves, unmyelinated fibers outnumbered myelinated ones. The unmyelinated fibers consisted of Schwann cells, axons and basal lamina. Their ultrastructural organization was basically similar to that in the adult skin. However, some of the unmyelinated fibers contained axonal bundles which suggested a state of cytoarchitectual immaturity or incomplete growth. Phagocytosis of melanosomes by Schwann cells was also observed."}
{"id": "PMID:886029", "title": "Cutaneous microflora of patients with repeated skin infections.", "content": "The microflora of normal skin in 16 patients with repeated staphylococcal and streptococcal skin infections was examined to determine whether abnormalities existed which would indicate a protective role for the indigenous flora against colonization by pathogens. Five sites-hands, feet, axilla, groin and back-were examined quantitatively and qualitatively and compared with a control group. Total populations of indigenous flora were significantly higher from patients with repeated skin infections of the back, axillae and feet. The frequency of isolation of different species from normal skin was comparable between the control and experimental groups, with the exception of the incidence of Staphylococcus aureus and Proteus species which were isolated only from patients with repeated skin infections. Gram-negative bacteria were isolated with comparable frequency between the two groups, but patients with repeated skin infections tended to carry gram-negative bacteria on multiple sites. It was concluded from the high population of indigenous flora and the types of microogranisms present that the microflora of normal skin did not appear to protect patients with repeated skin infections against colonization by pathogens. The presence of high populations of Staphylococcus aureus on the normal skin of patients with repeated skin infections would appear to be the most important contributing factor.", "contents": "Cutaneous microflora of patients with repeated skin infections. The microflora of normal skin in 16 patients with repeated staphylococcal and streptococcal skin infections was examined to determine whether abnormalities existed which would indicate a protective role for the indigenous flora against colonization by pathogens. Five sites-hands, feet, axilla, groin and back-were examined quantitatively and qualitatively and compared with a control group. Total populations of indigenous flora were significantly higher from patients with repeated skin infections of the back, axillae and feet. The frequency of isolation of different species from normal skin was comparable between the control and experimental groups, with the exception of the incidence of Staphylococcus aureus and Proteus species which were isolated only from patients with repeated skin infections. Gram-negative bacteria were isolated with comparable frequency between the two groups, but patients with repeated skin infections tended to carry gram-negative bacteria on multiple sites. It was concluded from the high population of indigenous flora and the types of microogranisms present that the microflora of normal skin did not appear to protect patients with repeated skin infections against colonization by pathogens. The presence of high populations of Staphylococcus aureus on the normal skin of patients with repeated skin infections would appear to be the most important contributing factor."}
{"id": "PMID:886030", "title": "Volumetric modifications of X-irradiated keratinocytes.", "content": "The number of epithelial cells per unit volume of tissue (NV) and the relative volume (VV) occupied by the spinous and basal layers of X-irradiated and non-irradiated rat-tail epidermis were studied using techniques of stereologic cytology. By a simple calculation, the absolute volumes of basal and spinous keratinocytes were determined in irradiated (and in non-irradiated, control) epidermis, 24, 48, 72 and 96 h after exposure to a single dose of 16 Krads. During this post-irradiation period, the absolute volumetric values of both basal and spinous keratinocytes increased gradually, reaching a three-fold increase 96 h after irradiation. At the same time, the relative volume of the spinous layer increased from 58% to 75% of the total epidermis, whereas the volume fraction occupied by the basal layer decreased from 20% to 16%. These findings support previous evidence that lethally and sublethally damaged keratinocytes are capable of a metabolic effort resulting in a cell hypertrophy which in some circumstances could lead to repair and recovery from radiation damage.", "contents": "Volumetric modifications of X-irradiated keratinocytes. The number of epithelial cells per unit volume of tissue (NV) and the relative volume (VV) occupied by the spinous and basal layers of X-irradiated and non-irradiated rat-tail epidermis were studied using techniques of stereologic cytology. By a simple calculation, the absolute volumes of basal and spinous keratinocytes were determined in irradiated (and in non-irradiated, control) epidermis, 24, 48, 72 and 96 h after exposure to a single dose of 16 Krads. During this post-irradiation period, the absolute volumetric values of both basal and spinous keratinocytes increased gradually, reaching a three-fold increase 96 h after irradiation. At the same time, the relative volume of the spinous layer increased from 58% to 75% of the total epidermis, whereas the volume fraction occupied by the basal layer decreased from 20% to 16%. These findings support previous evidence that lethally and sublethally damaged keratinocytes are capable of a metabolic effort resulting in a cell hypertrophy which in some circumstances could lead to repair and recovery from radiation damage."}
{"id": "PMID:886033", "title": "Pigmented storiform neurofibroma.", "content": "A case of pigmented storiform neurofibroma (PSN) is presented. The lesion was present in the shoulder of a 7-year-old black girl and recurred after 10 years. The characteristic storiform pattern and melanin production are the relevant features for histologic diagnosis. The histogenesis and taxonomic position of this lesion is discussed with emphasis on its relationship with dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans (DFSP) and cellular blue nervus.", "contents": "Pigmented storiform neurofibroma. A case of pigmented storiform neurofibroma (PSN) is presented. The lesion was present in the shoulder of a 7-year-old black girl and recurred after 10 years. The characteristic storiform pattern and melanin production are the relevant features for histologic diagnosis. The histogenesis and taxonomic position of this lesion is discussed with emphasis on its relationship with dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans (DFSP) and cellular blue nervus."}
{"id": "PMID:886087", "title": "Teacher attitudes toward educational and psychological services for conduct problem children.", "content": "Ninety-nine teachers participated in a survey designed to assess teacher attitudes toward and experience with a variety of strategies for dealing with conduct problem children in regular classes. Results indicated that (a) a majority of teachers favored placing conduct problem children in regular rather than special classes; (b) current sources of assistance (school psychologists, clinical psychologists, principals, parents, and other teachers) were uniformly perceived as only slightly affective in helping teachers handle problem children; and (c) of 14 alternative educational and psychological assistance delivery strategies, teachers most frequently preferred smaller classes, teacher aides, increased counseling staff, and resource classrooms.", "contents": "Teacher attitudes toward educational and psychological services for conduct problem children. Ninety-nine teachers participated in a survey designed to assess teacher attitudes toward and experience with a variety of strategies for dealing with conduct problem children in regular classes. Results indicated that (a) a majority of teachers favored placing conduct problem children in regular rather than special classes; (b) current sources of assistance (school psychologists, clinical psychologists, principals, parents, and other teachers) were uniformly perceived as only slightly affective in helping teachers handle problem children; and (c) of 14 alternative educational and psychological assistance delivery strategies, teachers most frequently preferred smaller classes, teacher aides, increased counseling staff, and resource classrooms."}
{"id": "PMID:886089", "title": "Differentiating psychiatrically disturbed children on the basis of a structured interview.", "content": "A structured psychiatric interview designed for both clinical assessment and data collection was given to 50 pairs of well-matched pediatric and psychiatric clinic children and their mothers. The two groups were shown to be clearly distinguished on the basis of numbers of symptoms. Behavior and school symptoms gave the sharpest distinction between the two groups. Neurotic and somatic symptoms were the poorest discriminators. The psychiatric children showed significantly more antisocial symptoms than their matched pediatric peers. Age differences showed the expected trends with the widest divergence in the number of symptoms being in the oldest age group.", "contents": "Differentiating psychiatrically disturbed children on the basis of a structured interview. A structured psychiatric interview designed for both clinical assessment and data collection was given to 50 pairs of well-matched pediatric and psychiatric clinic children and their mothers. The two groups were shown to be clearly distinguished on the basis of numbers of symptoms. Behavior and school symptoms gave the sharpest distinction between the two groups. Neurotic and somatic symptoms were the poorest discriminators. The psychiatric children showed significantly more antisocial symptoms than their matched pediatric peers. Age differences showed the expected trends with the widest divergence in the number of symptoms being in the oldest age group."}
{"id": "PMID:886090", "title": "Relative efficacy of two token economy procedures for decreasing the disruptive classroom behavior of retarded children.", "content": "Numerous studies have demonstrated that disruptive classroom behavior can be decreased by delivering tokens contingent upon periods of time during which children do not engage in it or by removing tokens contingent upon its occurrence. To date, the best controlled of these studies have consistently reported the two procedures to be qually effective. However, in these studies, token the two procedures to be equally effective. However, in these studies, token contingencies have been combined with instructions regarding the contigencies. The present study compared these two procedures when no instructions were given regarding the token contingencies. Token delivery was not effective in decreasing disruptive behavior in any of the children, while a combination of token delivery and removal was effective for three of four children. The results token delivery and removal was effective for three of four children. The results suggest that the combined procedure may be effective with certain populations that are not readily controlled by instructions.", "contents": "Relative efficacy of two token economy procedures for decreasing the disruptive classroom behavior of retarded children. Numerous studies have demonstrated that disruptive classroom behavior can be decreased by delivering tokens contingent upon periods of time during which children do not engage in it or by removing tokens contingent upon its occurrence. To date, the best controlled of these studies have consistently reported the two procedures to be qually effective. However, in these studies, token the two procedures to be equally effective. However, in these studies, token contingencies have been combined with instructions regarding the contigencies. The present study compared these two procedures when no instructions were given regarding the token contingencies. Token delivery was not effective in decreasing disruptive behavior in any of the children, while a combination of token delivery and removal was effective for three of four children. The results token delivery and removal was effective for three of four children. The results suggest that the combined procedure may be effective with certain populations that are not readily controlled by instructions."}
{"id": "PMID:886091", "title": "Distribution of DSM-II diagnoses in a child psychiatric setting.", "content": "While DSM-II contains more diagnostic categories related specifically to children than did the earlier DSM-I, clinical utilization studies of the various categories have not been extensive. The present study reports data on the distribution of diagnoses of childhood disorders and analyzes relationships among several diagnostic categories and subject variables. Results indicate that clinicians are using a wide range of DSM-II diagnoses for childhood disorders, including some which were intended for use with adults as well as those which were designed specifically for children. Transient Situational Disorders and Behavior Disorders are assigned almost equally to two-thirds of the sample. Chi-square analyses revealed a relationship between diagnostic categories and subject variables of age and sex. These data suggest that boys, particularly between the ages of 6 and 13, are more frequently than girls categorized as Behavior Disorder, and that the Transient Situational Disorder category is overutilized for adolescents, both male and female.", "contents": "Distribution of DSM-II diagnoses in a child psychiatric setting. While DSM-II contains more diagnostic categories related specifically to children than did the earlier DSM-I, clinical utilization studies of the various categories have not been extensive. The present study reports data on the distribution of diagnoses of childhood disorders and analyzes relationships among several diagnostic categories and subject variables. Results indicate that clinicians are using a wide range of DSM-II diagnoses for childhood disorders, including some which were intended for use with adults as well as those which were designed specifically for children. Transient Situational Disorders and Behavior Disorders are assigned almost equally to two-thirds of the sample. Chi-square analyses revealed a relationship between diagnostic categories and subject variables of age and sex. These data suggest that boys, particularly between the ages of 6 and 13, are more frequently than girls categorized as Behavior Disorder, and that the Transient Situational Disorder category is overutilized for adolescents, both male and female."}
{"id": "PMID:886092", "title": "\"Think aloud\": a program for developing self-control in young aggressive boys.", "content": "\"Think Aloud\" was designed as a training program to improve self-control in 6- to 8-year-old boys. It involved modeling and verbalization of cognitive activity to foster use of verbal mediation skills in dealing with both cognitive and interpersonal problems. It was hypothesized that this training would lead to improvement in test performance and teacher ratings of classroom behavior in hyperaggressive boys. Twelve aggressive second grade boys participated in daily, 30-minute, individual sessions for 6 weeks. Normal and aggressive control subjects received no intervention. Teachers rated both trained and untrained aggressive boys as improving in aggressive behaviors but they rated the experimental group as showing improvement on a significantly larger number of prosocial behaviors. The pattern of performance on cognitive tests also changed significantly in the experimental group. On pretest, their pattern differed from normals and resembled the aggressive control group, while on posttest their pattern resembled normals and differed from agressive controls. Suggestions were made concerning additional refinements needed in the program, but overall results indicated potential value in the present approach for providing assistance to aggressive boys in the early grades.", "contents": "\"Think aloud\": a program for developing self-control in young aggressive boys. \"Think Aloud\" was designed as a training program to improve self-control in 6- to 8-year-old boys. It involved modeling and verbalization of cognitive activity to foster use of verbal mediation skills in dealing with both cognitive and interpersonal problems. It was hypothesized that this training would lead to improvement in test performance and teacher ratings of classroom behavior in hyperaggressive boys. Twelve aggressive second grade boys participated in daily, 30-minute, individual sessions for 6 weeks. Normal and aggressive control subjects received no intervention. Teachers rated both trained and untrained aggressive boys as improving in aggressive behaviors but they rated the experimental group as showing improvement on a significantly larger number of prosocial behaviors. The pattern of performance on cognitive tests also changed significantly in the experimental group. On pretest, their pattern differed from normals and resembled the aggressive control group, while on posttest their pattern resembled normals and differed from agressive controls. Suggestions were made concerning additional refinements needed in the program, but overall results indicated potential value in the present approach for providing assistance to aggressive boys in the early grades."}
{"id": "PMID:886093", "title": "Enhancement of maturity of moral judgment by parent education.", "content": "Relationships between maturity of moral judgment of parents, role-taking opportunities in the home, roletaking ability in children and maturity of children's moral judgment were studied. A parent intervention program designed to increase role-taking opportunities in the home thought to lead to an increase in the maturity of moral judgment of children was utilized. Suggestive evidence for the claim that it is possible to accelerate rates of moral maturity of children through intervening indirectly to train their parents was found. Significant relationships were also found between maturity of moral judgment in children and role-taking AND OPPORTUNITIES FOR role-taking in the home. Maturity of moral judgment of parents was not found to be significantly related to maturity of moral judgment of their children.", "contents": "Enhancement of maturity of moral judgment by parent education. Relationships between maturity of moral judgment of parents, role-taking opportunities in the home, roletaking ability in children and maturity of children's moral judgment were studied. A parent intervention program designed to increase role-taking opportunities in the home thought to lead to an increase in the maturity of moral judgment of children was utilized. Suggestive evidence for the claim that it is possible to accelerate rates of moral maturity of children through intervening indirectly to train their parents was found. Significant relationships were also found between maturity of moral judgment in children and role-taking AND OPPORTUNITIES FOR role-taking in the home. Maturity of moral judgment of parents was not found to be significantly related to maturity of moral judgment of their children."}
{"id": "PMID:886094", "title": "Improving the validity of global ratings.", "content": "To examine the effects of behavior sampling on global ratings, four groups of 10 teachers each received varying amounts of observation training, practice, and feedback. Teachers viewed a series of seven videotapes depicting two, boys whose percentage of distractible behavior was systematically manipulated. Ratings of distractibility were obtained for each taped vignette. Results showed that teachers who received observation training and who routinely collected data in their own classroom submitted ratings which corresponded to actual levels of distractible behavior. Teachers who received no training, or who were trained but did not practice, submitted ratings that were significantly less accurate.", "contents": "Improving the validity of global ratings. To examine the effects of behavior sampling on global ratings, four groups of 10 teachers each received varying amounts of observation training, practice, and feedback. Teachers viewed a series of seven videotapes depicting two, boys whose percentage of distractible behavior was systematically manipulated. Ratings of distractibility were obtained for each taped vignette. Results showed that teachers who received observation training and who routinely collected data in their own classroom submitted ratings which corresponded to actual levels of distractible behavior. Teachers who received no training, or who were trained but did not practice, submitted ratings that were significantly less accurate."}
{"id": "PMID:886095", "title": "Agreement of mothers' and teachers' hyperactivity ratings with scores on drug-sensitive psychological tests.", "content": "Hyperactivity ratings were obtained from parents and teachers for 45 hyperactive, children. The children were also given several psychological tests. Teachers' ratings, but not parents' ratings were negatively correlated with performance on the psychological tests that require sustained attention and on which performance is improved by stimulant drugs. This pattern of correlations was interpreted as evidence that teachers, but not parents, have an opportunity to observe children performing daily tasks that require sustained attention.", "contents": "Agreement of mothers' and teachers' hyperactivity ratings with scores on drug-sensitive psychological tests. Hyperactivity ratings were obtained from parents and teachers for 45 hyperactive, children. The children were also given several psychological tests. Teachers' ratings, but not parents' ratings were negatively correlated with performance on the psychological tests that require sustained attention and on which performance is improved by stimulant drugs. This pattern of correlations was interpreted as evidence that teachers, but not parents, have an opportunity to observe children performing daily tasks that require sustained attention."}
{"id": "PMID:886096", "title": "The emotionally disturbed child: disturbed or disturbing?", "content": "The notion that a child's behavior may be more \"disturbing\" than disturbed has been of interest to educators of behaviorally deviant children. Behavior indicative of deviance in child was studied with respect to the relating degree of \"disturbingness\" which each was judged to reflect. Four factor dimensions of disturbingness were identified and discussed with regard to future research and educational implications.", "contents": "The emotionally disturbed child: disturbed or disturbing? The notion that a child's behavior may be more \"disturbing\" than disturbed has been of interest to educators of behaviorally deviant children. Behavior indicative of deviance in child was studied with respect to the relating degree of \"disturbingness\" which each was judged to reflect. Four factor dimensions of disturbingness were identified and discussed with regard to future research and educational implications."}
{"id": "PMID:886127", "title": "Orientation on understanding interpersonal influence.", "content": "Everyone influences and is influenced by others. Are you satisfied with the impact your influence has on others? If not, it can be changed by examining and working on the dimensions of your \"style of influence,\" such as activity, visibility, involvement, and productivity. The author analyzes some of the opposites on a spectrum or \"wheel of influence,\" showing how they may be melded by moderation to achieve the kind of impact you may wish. For instance, there is the analyzer vs. the performer, the leader vs. the follower, the experimenter vs. the organizer, and the asserter vs. the listener. As modes of influence, extremes in any dimension are self-defeating, but by balancing aspects of both sides, desirable \"compromises\" can be developed. Should you wish to change your style of influence, helfpful procedures to follow are suggested, which, hopefully, will result in satisfying interpersonal relationships and understanding.", "contents": "Orientation on understanding interpersonal influence. Everyone influences and is influenced by others. Are you satisfied with the impact your influence has on others? If not, it can be changed by examining and working on the dimensions of your \"style of influence,\" such as activity, visibility, involvement, and productivity. The author analyzes some of the opposites on a spectrum or \"wheel of influence,\" showing how they may be melded by moderation to achieve the kind of impact you may wish. For instance, there is the analyzer vs. the performer, the leader vs. the follower, the experimenter vs. the organizer, and the asserter vs. the listener. As modes of influence, extremes in any dimension are self-defeating, but by balancing aspects of both sides, desirable \"compromises\" can be developed. Should you wish to change your style of influence, helfpful procedures to follow are suggested, which, hopefully, will result in satisfying interpersonal relationships and understanding."}
{"id": "PMID:886128", "title": "Nutritional problems of hospitalized patients. A preliminary survey.", "content": "Of sixty-seven adult, non-selected patients admitted to the medical wards of two New York City teaching hospitals over a six-week period, 91 per cent were found to have overt or potential nutritional problems of clinical significance. While they usually received sophisticated diagnostic studies and complex drug therapy, their nutritional needs, for the most part, were not given comparable attention. Major examples of nutritional neglect included failure to: Obtain a dietary history when indicated; record body weight on admission and at appropriate intervals thereafter, ascertain \"relative weight\" or some similar measure of deviation from a desirable standard; provide appropriate dietary management, including nutrient supplements; and furnish nutritional counseling. At no time was a dietary history obtained by a dietitian, and no plans were made at discharge for follow-up nutritional care.", "contents": "Nutritional problems of hospitalized patients. A preliminary survey. Of sixty-seven adult, non-selected patients admitted to the medical wards of two New York City teaching hospitals over a six-week period, 91 per cent were found to have overt or potential nutritional problems of clinical significance. While they usually received sophisticated diagnostic studies and complex drug therapy, their nutritional needs, for the most part, were not given comparable attention. Major examples of nutritional neglect included failure to: Obtain a dietary history when indicated; record body weight on admission and at appropriate intervals thereafter, ascertain \"relative weight\" or some similar measure of deviation from a desirable standard; provide appropriate dietary management, including nutrient supplements; and furnish nutritional counseling. At no time was a dietary history obtained by a dietitian, and no plans were made at discharge for follow-up nutritional care."}
{"id": "PMID:886129", "title": "Objectivity of food-symptomatology surveys. Questionnaire on the \"Chinese restaurant syndrome\".", "content": "The Chinese restaurant syndrome consists of a characteristic symptom complex, with limited times of onset and duration after eating in a Chinese restaurant. There is widespread belief that the C.R.S. is due to monosodium glutamate used in preparing food in Chinese restaurants and that as many as 25 per cent of the general population may be susceptible to the syndrome. Questionnaires were developed to determine the unpleasant symptoms which 530 subjects associated with specific foods, eating places, and \"ethnic\" styles of preparing food. Over 90 per cent of respondents associated unpleasant symptoms with specific foods, but only 6.6 per cent experienced an event which would \"possibly\" represent the characteristic C.R.S. Nevertheless, when the phrase \"Chinese restaurant syndrome\" was introduced in a second questionnaire, 31 per cent of respondents believed that they were personally susceptible to it. Many people do experience unpleasant symptoms after eating, and particularly after eating food associated with a different culture. Although the responses to food symptomatology questionnaires represent an important aspect of the sociology of eating behavior, this procedure should not be considered an objective data collecting system.", "contents": "Objectivity of food-symptomatology surveys. Questionnaire on the \"Chinese restaurant syndrome\". The Chinese restaurant syndrome consists of a characteristic symptom complex, with limited times of onset and duration after eating in a Chinese restaurant. There is widespread belief that the C.R.S. is due to monosodium glutamate used in preparing food in Chinese restaurants and that as many as 25 per cent of the general population may be susceptible to the syndrome. Questionnaires were developed to determine the unpleasant symptoms which 530 subjects associated with specific foods, eating places, and \"ethnic\" styles of preparing food. Over 90 per cent of respondents associated unpleasant symptoms with specific foods, but only 6.6 per cent experienced an event which would \"possibly\" represent the characteristic C.R.S. Nevertheless, when the phrase \"Chinese restaurant syndrome\" was introduced in a second questionnaire, 31 per cent of respondents believed that they were personally susceptible to it. Many people do experience unpleasant symptoms after eating, and particularly after eating food associated with a different culture. Although the responses to food symptomatology questionnaires represent an important aspect of the sociology of eating behavior, this procedure should not be considered an objective data collecting system."}
{"id": "PMID:886151", "title": "Normal and pathological nostalgia.", "content": "Nostalgia is distinguished from homesickness from which it was originally derived, and from fantasy to which it is related. It is described as an affective-cognitive experience, usually involving memories of places in one's past. These memories are associated with a characteristic affective coloration described as \"bittersweet\". It is concluded that the locales remembered are displacements from objects whose representation was repressed. Nostalgia is a ubiquitous human experience that is evoked by particular stimuli under special circumstances and, while it is generally a normal occurrence, pathological forms occur. Among those discussed are: nostalgia as a substitute for mourning, as an attempted mastery through idealization and displacement of a painful past, as a resistance in analysis, and as a counterphobic mechanism. Nostalgia not only serves as a screen memory, but may also be said to operate as a screen affect.", "contents": "Normal and pathological nostalgia. Nostalgia is distinguished from homesickness from which it was originally derived, and from fantasy to which it is related. It is described as an affective-cognitive experience, usually involving memories of places in one's past. These memories are associated with a characteristic affective coloration described as \"bittersweet\". It is concluded that the locales remembered are displacements from objects whose representation was repressed. Nostalgia is a ubiquitous human experience that is evoked by particular stimuli under special circumstances and, while it is generally a normal occurrence, pathological forms occur. Among those discussed are: nostalgia as a substitute for mourning, as an attempted mastery through idealization and displacement of a painful past, as a resistance in analysis, and as a counterphobic mechanism. Nostalgia not only serves as a screen memory, but may also be said to operate as a screen affect."}
{"id": "PMID:886153", "title": "The genetic point of view: antecedents and transformations.", "content": "It seems educationally advantageous to focus renewed attention on the different sets of propositions encompassed within the genetic point of view. Those assumptions fall into two major classes: antecedents and transformations. Custom and usefulness seems to have brought these two together in the present classification of metapsychology. This re-emphasis of the differences between them appears warranted to further assert their distinctions and enhance the applicability of both.", "contents": "The genetic point of view: antecedents and transformations. It seems educationally advantageous to focus renewed attention on the different sets of propositions encompassed within the genetic point of view. Those assumptions fall into two major classes: antecedents and transformations. Custom and usefulness seems to have brought these two together in the present classification of metapsychology. This re-emphasis of the differences between them appears warranted to further assert their distinctions and enhance the applicability of both."}
{"id": "PMID:886154", "title": "Ambiguity in speech.", "content": "Ambiguity in speech during analysis is one manifestation of transference. Four types of ambiguity are illustrated. Each ambiguity communicates an unconscious wish or intention and the defense against this wish or intention. In each type of ambiguity, transference manifestations are expressed in the form of speech and not alone by its content, as we are accustomed to identifying the transference. Each type of ambiguity within the analysis expresses fear to responsibility and recrimination for libidinal or aggressive intentions. In some patients, the combinative ambiguity or malapropism expresses the fear of reprisal through the transformation into a self-inflicted injury. The pronominal ambiguity may express a feared and wished-for fusion with the analyst. The analyst's ambiguous interpretations are properly used to encourage associations, but at times may reflect lack of understanding and be a manifestation of countertransference.", "contents": "Ambiguity in speech. Ambiguity in speech during analysis is one manifestation of transference. Four types of ambiguity are illustrated. Each ambiguity communicates an unconscious wish or intention and the defense against this wish or intention. In each type of ambiguity, transference manifestations are expressed in the form of speech and not alone by its content, as we are accustomed to identifying the transference. Each type of ambiguity within the analysis expresses fear to responsibility and recrimination for libidinal or aggressive intentions. In some patients, the combinative ambiguity or malapropism expresses the fear of reprisal through the transformation into a self-inflicted injury. The pronominal ambiguity may express a feared and wished-for fusion with the analyst. The analyst's ambiguous interpretations are properly used to encourage associations, but at times may reflect lack of understanding and be a manifestation of countertransference."}
{"id": "PMID:886155", "title": "Long-term trends in transference and resistance: a report on a quantitative-analytic method applied to four psychoanalyses.", "content": "Quantitative ratings of transference and resistance were made at each session during four psychoanalyses. Ratings were then compared with the treating psychoanalysts' clinical impressions. The two relatively successful analyses showed rising transference and diminishing resistance. The two relatively less successful analyses showed more parallel curves: the long, difficult analysis showed closely associated transference and resistance curves; the failure in analysis revealed a high resistance curve, even while transference increased.", "contents": "Long-term trends in transference and resistance: a report on a quantitative-analytic method applied to four psychoanalyses. Quantitative ratings of transference and resistance were made at each session during four psychoanalyses. Ratings were then compared with the treating psychoanalysts' clinical impressions. The two relatively successful analyses showed rising transference and diminishing resistance. The two relatively less successful analyses showed more parallel curves: the long, difficult analysis showed closely associated transference and resistance curves; the failure in analysis revealed a high resistance curve, even while transference increased."}
{"id": "PMID:886157", "title": "A new gas chromatographic determination of ethylenethiourea residues without derivatization.", "content": "A new gas chromatographic method reliable in the microgram range, was developed to measure ETU residues in various crops. Contrary to previously published procedures, this new method does not require prior derivatization of the ETU. The limit of sensitivity was shown to be 0.01 ppm using the flame photometric detector, FPD (sulfur mode, 394 nm).", "contents": "A new gas chromatographic determination of ethylenethiourea residues without derivatization. A new gas chromatographic method reliable in the microgram range, was developed to measure ETU residues in various crops. Contrary to previously published procedures, this new method does not require prior derivatization of the ETU. The limit of sensitivity was shown to be 0.01 ppm using the flame photometric detector, FPD (sulfur mode, 394 nm)."}
{"id": "PMID:886158", "title": "The suitability of the dry ashing procedure for determination of arsenic in marine samples.", "content": "The dry ashing procedure with Mg/(NO3)2/Mgo ashing aid, followed by arsenic determination by colorimetry, has been compared to an X-ray fluorescence method for determination of arsenic in marine samples. Good agreement between these techniques indicated the suitability of the dry ashing, colorimetric procedure for determination of \"fish-arsenic\". A wet digestion procedure using HNO3-H2SO4-HC104 was also shown to be suitable.", "contents": "The suitability of the dry ashing procedure for determination of arsenic in marine samples. The dry ashing procedure with Mg/(NO3)2/Mgo ashing aid, followed by arsenic determination by colorimetry, has been compared to an X-ray fluorescence method for determination of arsenic in marine samples. Good agreement between these techniques indicated the suitability of the dry ashing, colorimetric procedure for determination of \"fish-arsenic\". A wet digestion procedure using HNO3-H2SO4-HC104 was also shown to be suitable."}
{"id": "PMID:886159", "title": "Personality and physiological traits in middle-aged runners and joggers.", "content": "A series of personality and physiological tests and measurements were made in 48 healthy male runners and joggers 40-59 years of age (x = 47.3 yrs.). The Cattell 16 Personality Factor Questionnaire showed that the subjects were significantly more intelligent, imaginative, reserved, self-sufficient, sober, shy, and forthright than the general population. A maximal treadmill test revealed the men to be well above the mean for their age in terms of cardiorespiratory fitness. The men who had run a marathon race and the 40-49-year-age group were higher in terms of fitness than nonmarathoners and the 50-59-age groups, but the groups differed very little from each other on personality characteristics. Middle-aged runners and joggers either possess or develop high levels of self-sufficiency and imagination and tend toward introversion in their personality makeup. It is not known for sure if these factors are a result of or a casual factor in their habitual exercise pattern.", "contents": "Personality and physiological traits in middle-aged runners and joggers. A series of personality and physiological tests and measurements were made in 48 healthy male runners and joggers 40-59 years of age (x = 47.3 yrs.). The Cattell 16 Personality Factor Questionnaire showed that the subjects were significantly more intelligent, imaginative, reserved, self-sufficient, sober, shy, and forthright than the general population. A maximal treadmill test revealed the men to be well above the mean for their age in terms of cardiorespiratory fitness. The men who had run a marathon race and the 40-49-year-age group were higher in terms of fitness than nonmarathoners and the 50-59-age groups, but the groups differed very little from each other on personality characteristics. Middle-aged runners and joggers either possess or develop high levels of self-sufficiency and imagination and tend toward introversion in their personality makeup. It is not known for sure if these factors are a result of or a casual factor in their habitual exercise pattern."}
{"id": "PMID:886160", "title": "Dietary intake and nutritional status in regard to zinc of institutionalized aged.", "content": "Dietary intake and nutritional status in regard to zinc were assessed in 65 institutionalized aged subjects. Dietary intake was generally adequate compared to the Recommended Dietary Allowances, except in regard to zinc and magnesium. Five percent of the subjects had hair zinc levels indicative of zinc deficiency (below 75 microgram/gm). Hair zinc levels were significantly correlated to protein intake by men and were significantly lower in women taking medication for coronary heart disease. Approximately one-fifth of the subjects had decreased taste acuity as evidenced by an inability to detect a difference in deionized water and 48mM solutions of sodium chloride or sucrose. Neither dietary intake of zinc, hair zinc levels, nor smoking habits were correlated to taste acuity at the p less than 0.05 level.", "contents": "Dietary intake and nutritional status in regard to zinc of institutionalized aged. Dietary intake and nutritional status in regard to zinc were assessed in 65 institutionalized aged subjects. Dietary intake was generally adequate compared to the Recommended Dietary Allowances, except in regard to zinc and magnesium. Five percent of the subjects had hair zinc levels indicative of zinc deficiency (below 75 microgram/gm). Hair zinc levels were significantly correlated to protein intake by men and were significantly lower in women taking medication for coronary heart disease. Approximately one-fifth of the subjects had decreased taste acuity as evidenced by an inability to detect a difference in deionized water and 48mM solutions of sodium chloride or sucrose. Neither dietary intake of zinc, hair zinc levels, nor smoking habits were correlated to taste acuity at the p less than 0.05 level."}
{"id": "PMID:886161", "title": "Follow-up 15 years after a geronto-psychiatric prevalence study. Conditions concerning death, cause of death, and life expectancy in relation to psychiatric diagnosis.", "content": "In relation to a follow-up 15 years after a geronto-psychiatric prevalence investigation of the population aged 65+ in a rural population, analysis has been made of the type of death certificate, residence at time of death, place of death, cause of death and life-expectancy in relation to psychiatric diagnoses prevalent in 1961.", "contents": "Follow-up 15 years after a geronto-psychiatric prevalence study. Conditions concerning death, cause of death, and life expectancy in relation to psychiatric diagnosis. In relation to a follow-up 15 years after a geronto-psychiatric prevalence investigation of the population aged 65+ in a rural population, analysis has been made of the type of death certificate, residence at time of death, place of death, cause of death and life-expectancy in relation to psychiatric diagnoses prevalent in 1961."}
{"id": "PMID:886162", "title": "Feldenkrais versus conventional exercises for the elderly.", "content": "Tenants in retirement housing given a 6-week program of Feldenkrais exercises were compared with a group given conventional exercises and with control groups given no exercises. Analysis of covariance of preliminary and subsequent measurements failed to yield any significant differences between groups. Measurements included height, weight, blood pressure, heart rate, balance, flexibility, morale, self-perceived health status and level of performance of activities of daily living, also the number of body parts difficult to move or giving rise to pain. Several possible reasons are given for the results. Attention is drawn to the necessity of medically screening and monitoring elderly registrants for exercise programs since it is apparent that some sign up who should not.", "contents": "Feldenkrais versus conventional exercises for the elderly. Tenants in retirement housing given a 6-week program of Feldenkrais exercises were compared with a group given conventional exercises and with control groups given no exercises. Analysis of covariance of preliminary and subsequent measurements failed to yield any significant differences between groups. Measurements included height, weight, blood pressure, heart rate, balance, flexibility, morale, self-perceived health status and level of performance of activities of daily living, also the number of body parts difficult to move or giving rise to pain. Several possible reasons are given for the results. Attention is drawn to the necessity of medically screening and monitoring elderly registrants for exercise programs since it is apparent that some sign up who should not."}
{"id": "PMID:886163", "title": "Effects of a protected hospital ward area on wandering and nonwandering geriatric patients.", "content": "The differential effect of a protected ward area on wandering and nonwandering geriatric patients was evaluated in terms of their physical, cognitive, and psychosocial functioning. Thirty wanderers and 18 nonwanderers were assessed prior to their transfer between the experimental and other wards and again after 6 and 12 weeks. A group (wanderers vs. nonwanderers) x ward (on vs. off the experimental ward) multivariate analysis of covariance, with the pretransfer measurements as the covariates, was used to analyze the data. Analysis revealed the following multivariate effects at both 6 and 12 weeks. The multivariant group x ward interaction for the physical range of motion) variables was significant, with wanderers showing greater range of motion on the experimental ward and nonwanderers showing greater range of motion off the ward. The multivariate group effect for the psychosical variables was also significant, with wanderers showing less improvement than nonwanderers.", "contents": "Effects of a protected hospital ward area on wandering and nonwandering geriatric patients. The differential effect of a protected ward area on wandering and nonwandering geriatric patients was evaluated in terms of their physical, cognitive, and psychosocial functioning. Thirty wanderers and 18 nonwanderers were assessed prior to their transfer between the experimental and other wards and again after 6 and 12 weeks. A group (wanderers vs. nonwanderers) x ward (on vs. off the experimental ward) multivariate analysis of covariance, with the pretransfer measurements as the covariates, was used to analyze the data. Analysis revealed the following multivariate effects at both 6 and 12 weeks. The multivariant group x ward interaction for the physical range of motion) variables was significant, with wanderers showing greater range of motion on the experimental ward and nonwanderers showing greater range of motion off the ward. The multivariate group effect for the psychosical variables was also significant, with wanderers showing less improvement than nonwanderers."}
{"id": "PMID:886164", "title": "The organization of spatial abilities in older men and women.", "content": "The objective of this study was to test the cognitive identity of older male and female populations with reference to raw score, component structure, and component score measures of spatial and verbal performance. One hundred women (average age, 70.2) and 96 men (average age, 69.0) were administered three verbal and six nonverbal congnitive subtests. The equivalence of four-factor principal component analyses of the male and female correlation matrices, corrected for restriction of range, were tested with the multiple group method of factor analysis. High coefficients of congruence for the three spatial and single verbal factors argue strongly for similar congnitive structures. Multivariate analysis of the factor scores, however, showed a significant mean difference between the older men and women. But when J\u00f6reskog's procedures are applied to test the equivalence of covariance structures, the best fit was obtained for a model involving equivalence of factor means, factor structure, factor coefficients and factor correlations.", "contents": "The organization of spatial abilities in older men and women. The objective of this study was to test the cognitive identity of older male and female populations with reference to raw score, component structure, and component score measures of spatial and verbal performance. One hundred women (average age, 70.2) and 96 men (average age, 69.0) were administered three verbal and six nonverbal congnitive subtests. The equivalence of four-factor principal component analyses of the male and female correlation matrices, corrected for restriction of range, were tested with the multiple group method of factor analysis. High coefficients of congruence for the three spatial and single verbal factors argue strongly for similar congnitive structures. Multivariate analysis of the factor scores, however, showed a significant mean difference between the older men and women. But when J\u00f6reskog's procedures are applied to test the equivalence of covariance structures, the best fit was obtained for a model involving equivalence of factor means, factor structure, factor coefficients and factor correlations."}
{"id": "PMID:886165", "title": "Food recognition by the elderly.", "content": "While blindfolded, 27 young college students and 29 elderly subjects tasted and smelled a series of unseasoned blended foods. The elderly subjects were significantly less able to identify the foods than young subjects. The elderly subjects rated the foods on adjective scales in such a way that a multidimensional scaling of these ratings yielded only one dimension, related to the hedonic aspect of the foods. The multidimensional solution for youthful subjects' ratings was two-dimensional, indicating more discrimination among foods for young subjects compared with the elderly. Significantly more elderly subjects commented on the weakness of the smell or taste of the foods.", "contents": "Food recognition by the elderly. While blindfolded, 27 young college students and 29 elderly subjects tasted and smelled a series of unseasoned blended foods. The elderly subjects were significantly less able to identify the foods than young subjects. The elderly subjects rated the foods on adjective scales in such a way that a multidimensional scaling of these ratings yielded only one dimension, related to the hedonic aspect of the foods. The multidimensional solution for youthful subjects' ratings was two-dimensional, indicating more discrimination among foods for young subjects compared with the elderly. Significantly more elderly subjects commented on the weakness of the smell or taste of the foods."}
{"id": "PMID:886166", "title": "Economic and sociological factors influencing life satisfaction of the aged.", "content": "This investigation examines the relative importance of income, health status, and such sociological factors as worker roles and family setting in explaining the life satisfaction of the aged. A sample of retired individuals was taken from the Columbus, Ohio, area. The survey gathered detailed economic and social data in conjunction with a Life Satisfaction Index-Z (LSIZ). Results of the survey indicated that the lower life satisfaction of the recently retired resulted primarily from the loss of income and not from the loss of a worker-producer role. Furthermore, the greater life satisfaction of those living in a family setting seems to result from the higher income available to the household resulting from this living arrangement. The sample data also supported the proposition that higher income reduces the impact of health problems on life satisfaction. Results further suggest that policy makers should concentrate upon economic factors when designing policy to improve the welfare of the aged.", "contents": "Economic and sociological factors influencing life satisfaction of the aged. This investigation examines the relative importance of income, health status, and such sociological factors as worker roles and family setting in explaining the life satisfaction of the aged. A sample of retired individuals was taken from the Columbus, Ohio, area. The survey gathered detailed economic and social data in conjunction with a Life Satisfaction Index-Z (LSIZ). Results of the survey indicated that the lower life satisfaction of the recently retired resulted primarily from the loss of income and not from the loss of a worker-producer role. Furthermore, the greater life satisfaction of those living in a family setting seems to result from the higher income available to the household resulting from this living arrangement. The sample data also supported the proposition that higher income reduces the impact of health problems on life satisfaction. Results further suggest that policy makers should concentrate upon economic factors when designing policy to improve the welfare of the aged."}
{"id": "PMID:886167", "title": "Morale of the urban aged: a regression analysis by race.", "content": "This research examined the degree to which previous factors shown to be related to morale were isomorphic for aged whites and aged blacks. The data consisted of a random sample of low income aged blacks and whites in Philadelphia and were collected by the late Donald P. Kent as part of the Aged Services Porject and consisted of 722 black elderly and 214 white elderly, all of whom were 65 years of age or older. The results of a regression analysis indicated that for blacks the only two significant predictors of morale were health and participation in solitary activities. For whites, in addition to health and solitary activities, interaction with family and sex were also found to be significant. It was concluded that for these data the predictors are not isomorphic between races.", "contents": "Morale of the urban aged: a regression analysis by race. This research examined the degree to which previous factors shown to be related to morale were isomorphic for aged whites and aged blacks. The data consisted of a random sample of low income aged blacks and whites in Philadelphia and were collected by the late Donald P. Kent as part of the Aged Services Porject and consisted of 722 black elderly and 214 white elderly, all of whom were 65 years of age or older. The results of a regression analysis indicated that for blacks the only two significant predictors of morale were health and participation in solitary activities. For whites, in addition to health and solitary activities, interaction with family and sex were also found to be significant. It was concluded that for these data the predictors are not isomorphic between races."}
{"id": "PMID:886168", "title": "[A model of automatic regulation of uterine contractions].", "content": "The uterus can contract without innervation and without nodal tissue. On the model proposed, purely myogenic regulation results from certain properties of the elementary contractile units of the uterus. Using a fragment of a tracing of the intrauterine pressure curve, the theoretical continuation of such a tracing can be calculated.", "contents": "[A model of automatic regulation of uterine contractions]. The uterus can contract without innervation and without nodal tissue. On the model proposed, purely myogenic regulation results from certain properties of the elementary contractile units of the uterus. Using a fragment of a tracing of the intrauterine pressure curve, the theoretical continuation of such a tracing can be calculated."}
{"id": "PMID:886169", "title": "[Hemoglobinopathies and pregnancy].", "content": "The authors, who practised for years in Africa, present the present view on the effects haemoglobinopathies have on pregnancy and on modern therapeutic methods. They point out that among these haemoglobinopathies by far the most serious is haemoglobin SS or heterozygote S associated with haemoglobin C or with betathalassaemia. On the other hand, pregnancies in patients with the sickle-cell trait (HbSA) are often very well tolerated.", "contents": "[Hemoglobinopathies and pregnancy]. The authors, who practised for years in Africa, present the present view on the effects haemoglobinopathies have on pregnancy and on modern therapeutic methods. They point out that among these haemoglobinopathies by far the most serious is haemoglobin SS or heterozygote S associated with haemoglobin C or with betathalassaemia. On the other hand, pregnancies in patients with the sickle-cell trait (HbSA) are often very well tolerated."}
{"id": "PMID:886170", "title": "[Biological criteria for the surveillance of hydatidiform moles and choriocarcinomas].", "content": "Secretion of choriogonadotropin (hCG) remains until now the more accurate biochemical label of trophoblastic disease and a close follow-up is possible by means of sensitive and specific radioimmunoassays. After hydatidiform moles, drawing the decreasing curve of hCG concentrations by weekly measurements in plasma or urine, would generally allow distinguishing within a few weeks cases with and without retention of active trophoblastic tissue, although in only 30 p. 100 of moles hCG spontaneously disappears within a month. In some choriocarcinoma under therapy, low persisting hCG levels (lower than 100 or 50 I.U./24 hours) could only be evidenced by repeated radioimmunoassays. Even with apparently physiological hLH/hCG concentrations, the use of anti-beta hCG antiserum could demonstrate, if any, a secretion of choriogonadotropin. In castrated women the same technique would elude the interference of hLH and make easier the diagnostic of relapses.", "contents": "[Biological criteria for the surveillance of hydatidiform moles and choriocarcinomas]. Secretion of choriogonadotropin (hCG) remains until now the more accurate biochemical label of trophoblastic disease and a close follow-up is possible by means of sensitive and specific radioimmunoassays. After hydatidiform moles, drawing the decreasing curve of hCG concentrations by weekly measurements in plasma or urine, would generally allow distinguishing within a few weeks cases with and without retention of active trophoblastic tissue, although in only 30 p. 100 of moles hCG spontaneously disappears within a month. In some choriocarcinoma under therapy, low persisting hCG levels (lower than 100 or 50 I.U./24 hours) could only be evidenced by repeated radioimmunoassays. Even with apparently physiological hLH/hCG concentrations, the use of anti-beta hCG antiserum could demonstrate, if any, a secretion of choriogonadotropin. In castrated women the same technique would elude the interference of hLH and make easier the diagnostic of relapses."}
{"id": "PMID:886171", "title": "[Tumors of the hilar cells of the ovary. Apropos of 3 cases].", "content": "Three new cases of ovarian hilar cell tumour are presented. The variable types of presentation are discussed as well as the methods of approach to confirmatory diagnosis. A full range of investigations is essential to diagnosis prior to operation.", "contents": "[Tumors of the hilar cells of the ovary. Apropos of 3 cases]. Three new cases of ovarian hilar cell tumour are presented. The variable types of presentation are discussed as well as the methods of approach to confirmatory diagnosis. A full range of investigations is essential to diagnosis prior to operation."}
{"id": "PMID:886173", "title": "[Our operative strategy in the cure of genital prolapse by high approach].", "content": "The work from the School of Broca has made it possible to specify simple techniques which at one and the same time deal with genital prolapse and stress incontinence. These results, which for a long time had been disappointing, seem now to have improved in the last few years. The authors describe a triple operation which is particularly indicated in cases of large cystoceles found in patients suffering from the clinical condition of prolapse.", "contents": "[Our operative strategy in the cure of genital prolapse by high approach]. The work from the School of Broca has made it possible to specify simple techniques which at one and the same time deal with genital prolapse and stress incontinence. These results, which for a long time had been disappointing, seem now to have improved in the last few years. The authors describe a triple operation which is particularly indicated in cases of large cystoceles found in patients suffering from the clinical condition of prolapse."}
{"id": "PMID:886174", "title": "[Effect of intravenous administration of spasmaverine on uterine activity during labor].", "content": "The authors have studied the action of an intravenous injection of Spasmaverine (Bis gamma phenyl-3-propylethylamine) on the intra-uterine pressure in labour in 20 cases. This study has shown that there is a definite rise in amplitude, in the frequency of contractions, in the uterine activity as expressed in montevideo units and in the basal tone of the uterus in the ten minutes following an injection of 80 mg of Spasmav\u00e9rine intravenously. The fetal cardiac rhythm was never altered. The authors recommend care in using this substance intravenously when sedation of uterine activity is sought.", "contents": "[Effect of intravenous administration of spasmaverine on uterine activity during labor]. The authors have studied the action of an intravenous injection of Spasmaverine (Bis gamma phenyl-3-propylethylamine) on the intra-uterine pressure in labour in 20 cases. This study has shown that there is a definite rise in amplitude, in the frequency of contractions, in the uterine activity as expressed in montevideo units and in the basal tone of the uterus in the ten minutes following an injection of 80 mg of Spasmav\u00e9rine intravenously. The fetal cardiac rhythm was never altered. The authors recommend care in using this substance intravenously when sedation of uterine activity is sought."}
{"id": "PMID:886176", "title": "Tests with a new compound (Praziquantel) against Diphyllobothrium latum.", "content": "Praziquantel (Droncit) is a new anthelminthic agent with a strikingly wide therapeutic index. The efficiency of the drug against Diphyllobothrium latum was tested in vivo and in vitro. With a drug dose of 50 mg/kg, artificially infected hamsters were completely cured. The threshold value of the active dose was between 2-5 and 10-0 mg/kg. Clinical trials with Praziquantel against human diphyllobothriasis show great promise, all of ten patients treated with 25-0 mg/kg of the drug being cured. Praziquantel had little effect on larval or adult diphyllobothriids in vitro.", "contents": "Tests with a new compound (Praziquantel) against Diphyllobothrium latum. Praziquantel (Droncit) is a new anthelminthic agent with a strikingly wide therapeutic index. The efficiency of the drug against Diphyllobothrium latum was tested in vivo and in vitro. With a drug dose of 50 mg/kg, artificially infected hamsters were completely cured. The threshold value of the active dose was between 2-5 and 10-0 mg/kg. Clinical trials with Praziquantel against human diphyllobothriasis show great promise, all of ten patients treated with 25-0 mg/kg of the drug being cured. Praziquantel had little effect on larval or adult diphyllobothriids in vitro."}
{"id": "PMID:886177", "title": "Stunkardia minuta sp. n. (Trematoda: Paramphistomidae) from the Malayan box-tortoise Cuora amboinensis.", "content": "Stunkardia minuta sp. n. was recovered from the small intestine and rectum of 5 box-tortoises (Cuora amboinensis) in Malaysia. The average body size (L X W) is 11-42 X 2-35 mm; oral sucker 1-51 X 1.02; oral pouches 0-21 X 0.18; ventral sucker 1-67 X 1-43; oesophageal bulb 0-54 X 0-54; ant. testis 0-95 X 0-98; post. testis 0-94 X 0.94; seminal vesicle 0-82 X 0-24; ootype 0-21 X 0-41; ovary 0-41 X 0-34; and egg 121 X 83 micrometer. Although morphologically similar to S. dilymphosa, S. minuta is distinct from any other reported member of the Paramphistomidae.", "contents": "Stunkardia minuta sp. n. (Trematoda: Paramphistomidae) from the Malayan box-tortoise Cuora amboinensis. Stunkardia minuta sp. n. was recovered from the small intestine and rectum of 5 box-tortoises (Cuora amboinensis) in Malaysia. The average body size (L X W) is 11-42 X 2-35 mm; oral sucker 1-51 X 1.02; oral pouches 0-21 X 0.18; ventral sucker 1-67 X 1-43; oesophageal bulb 0-54 X 0-54; ant. testis 0-95 X 0-98; post. testis 0-94 X 0.94; seminal vesicle 0-82 X 0-24; ootype 0-21 X 0-41; ovary 0-41 X 0-34; and egg 121 X 83 micrometer. Although morphologically similar to S. dilymphosa, S. minuta is distinct from any other reported member of the Paramphistomidae."}
{"id": "PMID:886178", "title": "Development of Microphalloides japonicus (Osborn, 1919) metacercariae in vitro (Trematoda: Microphallidae).", "content": "Metacercariae of the trematode Microphalloides japonicus (Osborn, 1919) were cultivated in various media to gravid adults, and the results were compared with those in vivo. A few eggs were produced in the uterus even in balanced salt solution, although cultivation in Eagle's MEM and NCTC 109 media was much better. Addition of heat-inactivated serum resulted in even better development. Encysted metacercariae also produced eggs in some media, but most of them were incomplete and without shells.", "contents": "Development of Microphalloides japonicus (Osborn, 1919) metacercariae in vitro (Trematoda: Microphallidae). Metacercariae of the trematode Microphalloides japonicus (Osborn, 1919) were cultivated in various media to gravid adults, and the results were compared with those in vivo. A few eggs were produced in the uterus even in balanced salt solution, although cultivation in Eagle's MEM and NCTC 109 media was much better. Addition of heat-inactivated serum resulted in even better development. Encysted metacercariae also produced eggs in some media, but most of them were incomplete and without shells."}
{"id": "PMID:886181", "title": "The comparison of counterimmunoelectrophoresis with indirect haemagglutination test for detection of antibodies in experimentally infected guinea pigs with Toxocara canis.", "content": "The humoral response of guinea pigs infected with doses of 500, 1000, and 1500 infective Toxocara canis ova were measured by counterimmunoelectrophoresis and indirect haemmagglutination tests one to five weeks after infection. The antigens used in these measurements were prepared from adult T. canis. Counterimmunoelectrophoresis showed lower titres than haemagglutination method, but it was performed rapidly and with ease. The possible use of these techniques for immunodiagnosis of human visceral larval migrans is discussed.", "contents": "The comparison of counterimmunoelectrophoresis with indirect haemagglutination test for detection of antibodies in experimentally infected guinea pigs with Toxocara canis. The humoral response of guinea pigs infected with doses of 500, 1000, and 1500 infective Toxocara canis ova were measured by counterimmunoelectrophoresis and indirect haemmagglutination tests one to five weeks after infection. The antigens used in these measurements were prepared from adult T. canis. Counterimmunoelectrophoresis showed lower titres than haemagglutination method, but it was performed rapidly and with ease. The possible use of these techniques for immunodiagnosis of human visceral larval migrans is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:886182", "title": "A key to cercariae of British strigeoids (Digenea) for which the life-cycles are known, and notes on the characters used.", "content": "From original observations and from data in the literature, a key to cercariae of British strigeoids for which life-cycles are known has been compiled. The value of various characters of systematic importance is discussed.", "contents": "A key to cercariae of British strigeoids (Digenea) for which the life-cycles are known, and notes on the characters used. From original observations and from data in the literature, a key to cercariae of British strigeoids for which life-cycles are known has been compiled. The value of various characters of systematic importance is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:886183", "title": "Mediation of macrophage cytolytic and phagocytic activities by antibodies of different classes and class-specific Fc-receptors.", "content": "The classes of antibodies that mediate the phagocytosis and cytolysis of 51Cr-labeled chicken erythrocytes by IC-21 macrophages, an established line of mouse peritoneal macrophages, were identified. The phagocytic activity of IC-21 macrophages, as determined by a functional inhibition assay with mouse myeloma proteins, depended mainly on IgM and IgG2a antibodies and to a lesser extent on IgG2b antibodies. Extracellular cytolysis of target cells was mediated solely by IgG2b antibodies. These results correlate with the previously documented specificities of discrete Fc-receptors for IgG2a and IgG2b immunoglobulins on IC-21 cells. Thus, phagocytosis and cytolysis appear to be mediated by antibodies of different classes operating through separate and distinct sites on the surface of IC-21 macrophages.", "contents": "Mediation of macrophage cytolytic and phagocytic activities by antibodies of different classes and class-specific Fc-receptors. The classes of antibodies that mediate the phagocytosis and cytolysis of 51Cr-labeled chicken erythrocytes by IC-21 macrophages, an established line of mouse peritoneal macrophages, were identified. The phagocytic activity of IC-21 macrophages, as determined by a functional inhibition assay with mouse myeloma proteins, depended mainly on IgM and IgG2a antibodies and to a lesser extent on IgG2b antibodies. Extracellular cytolysis of target cells was mediated solely by IgG2b antibodies. These results correlate with the previously documented specificities of discrete Fc-receptors for IgG2a and IgG2b immunoglobulins on IC-21 cells. Thus, phagocytosis and cytolysis appear to be mediated by antibodies of different classes operating through separate and distinct sites on the surface of IC-21 macrophages."}
{"id": "PMID:886185", "title": "Transient suppression of the humoral immune response mediated by a factor derived from specifically activated, doubly primed lymphoid cells.", "content": "In cultures of sheep erythrocyte- (SRBC) stimulated spleen cells from mice immunized with tetanus toxoid (TT) and horse erythrocytes (HRBC) 30 to 90 days earlier, the addition of both HRBC (day 0) and TT (day 2) resulted in significant suppression of the anti-SRBC plaque-forming cell (PFC) response compared to the response of similar cultures maintained without the priming antigens. The observed inhibition was due to the presence of a soluble factor that was released into the supernatant fluid of the specifically stimulated, primed population of lymphoid cells between 72 and 120 hr after culture initiation. The active mediator, a macromolecule of approximately 24,000 daltons as determined by gel filtration over Sephadex G-150 and Ultrogel AcA 44, was suppressive when added within 24 hr, but not 48 hr, of assay for PFC against the reference SRBC antigen. The transiently acting soluble suppressor (TASS) was not overtly cytotoxic since total cell recovery and viability were unaffected in its presence. The results presented here are discussed in relation to a possible mechanism of action in which the negative regulation of immunoglobulin production is favored once a minimum level of immune reactivity is reached.", "contents": "Transient suppression of the humoral immune response mediated by a factor derived from specifically activated, doubly primed lymphoid cells. In cultures of sheep erythrocyte- (SRBC) stimulated spleen cells from mice immunized with tetanus toxoid (TT) and horse erythrocytes (HRBC) 30 to 90 days earlier, the addition of both HRBC (day 0) and TT (day 2) resulted in significant suppression of the anti-SRBC plaque-forming cell (PFC) response compared to the response of similar cultures maintained without the priming antigens. The observed inhibition was due to the presence of a soluble factor that was released into the supernatant fluid of the specifically stimulated, primed population of lymphoid cells between 72 and 120 hr after culture initiation. The active mediator, a macromolecule of approximately 24,000 daltons as determined by gel filtration over Sephadex G-150 and Ultrogel AcA 44, was suppressive when added within 24 hr, but not 48 hr, of assay for PFC against the reference SRBC antigen. The transiently acting soluble suppressor (TASS) was not overtly cytotoxic since total cell recovery and viability were unaffected in its presence. The results presented here are discussed in relation to a possible mechanism of action in which the negative regulation of immunoglobulin production is favored once a minimum level of immune reactivity is reached."}
{"id": "PMID:886186", "title": "Binding of N-acetylgalactosamine-containing compounds by a human IgM paraprotein.", "content": "A serum that contains a monoclonal human IgM paraprotein (McG) agglutinates protease-treated human erythrocytes and binds glycosphingolipids that possess a terminal nonreducing N-acetylgalactosaminyl residue in either the alpha or beta anomeric configuration. The approximately equal reactivity of McG with both anomers of N-acetylgalactosamine was unexpected because most immunoglobulins that bind saccharides exhibit a marked preference for one anomeric configuration. The major receptor for this protein in normal group O erythrocytes is globoside, the blood group P antigen: Ga1NAc( beta, 1 leads to 3)Gal(alpha,1 leads to 4)Gal(b,1 lead to 4)G1c-ceramide. Erythrocytes of the rare Pk and p phenotypes lack globoside, and the former are not agglutinated by McG. The McG receptor in p erythrocytes, which are agglutinated as strongly as normal cells, appears to be a crossreactive glycolipid that contains a much larger number of sugar residues than globoside.", "contents": "Binding of N-acetylgalactosamine-containing compounds by a human IgM paraprotein. A serum that contains a monoclonal human IgM paraprotein (McG) agglutinates protease-treated human erythrocytes and binds glycosphingolipids that possess a terminal nonreducing N-acetylgalactosaminyl residue in either the alpha or beta anomeric configuration. The approximately equal reactivity of McG with both anomers of N-acetylgalactosamine was unexpected because most immunoglobulins that bind saccharides exhibit a marked preference for one anomeric configuration. The major receptor for this protein in normal group O erythrocytes is globoside, the blood group P antigen: Ga1NAc( beta, 1 leads to 3)Gal(alpha,1 leads to 4)Gal(b,1 lead to 4)G1c-ceramide. Erythrocytes of the rare Pk and p phenotypes lack globoside, and the former are not agglutinated by McG. The McG receptor in p erythrocytes, which are agglutinated as strongly as normal cells, appears to be a crossreactive glycolipid that contains a much larger number of sugar residues than globoside."}
{"id": "PMID:886187", "title": "Hereditary C5 deficiency in man: genetic linkage studies.", "content": "Genetic linkage studies were performed on the only reported kindred with genetic deficiency of the fifth component of complement (C5). Thirty family members in four generations were studied for C5 defiency and 32 genetic marker systems. Of these marker loci, 13 were informative in this pedigree. Most importantly, C5 deficiency was excluded (lod score greater than -2.0) from linkage with the major histocompatibility locus (HLA) from a recombination frequency of greater than 15% (in females). Other marker systems excluded from linkage with C5 deficiency included the ceruloplasmin and Duffy loci at a recombination frequency of less than 15%, and the erythrocyte glyoxalase, MN, and Lewis loci at a recombination frequency of less than 5%. The most positive lod score (1.07, theta=0.05) was for linkage between C5 and haptoglobin, but this score does not reach statistical significance. Thus, among the genes for complement components which can be mapped because of deficiency states or polymorphic gene products, C5 joins C1r, C3 and C6 in not being closely linked to HLA. In contrast, close HLA linkage has been demonstrated for C2, C4, properdin factor B and, in one of two families, C8.", "contents": "Hereditary C5 deficiency in man: genetic linkage studies. Genetic linkage studies were performed on the only reported kindred with genetic deficiency of the fifth component of complement (C5). Thirty family members in four generations were studied for C5 defiency and 32 genetic marker systems. Of these marker loci, 13 were informative in this pedigree. Most importantly, C5 deficiency was excluded (lod score greater than -2.0) from linkage with the major histocompatibility locus (HLA) from a recombination frequency of greater than 15% (in females). Other marker systems excluded from linkage with C5 deficiency included the ceruloplasmin and Duffy loci at a recombination frequency of less than 15%, and the erythrocyte glyoxalase, MN, and Lewis loci at a recombination frequency of less than 5%. The most positive lod score (1.07, theta=0.05) was for linkage between C5 and haptoglobin, but this score does not reach statistical significance. Thus, among the genes for complement components which can be mapped because of deficiency states or polymorphic gene products, C5 joins C1r, C3 and C6 in not being closely linked to HLA. In contrast, close HLA linkage has been demonstrated for C2, C4, properdin factor B and, in one of two families, C8."}
{"id": "PMID:886189", "title": "The nature of immune complexes in human cancer sera.", "content": "Sera from 517 patients with various types of malignancies were assayed for immune complexes (ICs) by the Raji cell radioimmune assay. The incidence of immune complexes in these patients ranged from 16 to 52% as compared to 19% in normal controls. Increases in tumor mass and metastatic disease were associated with high levels of circulating ICs. Immunization of melanoma patients with BCG and tumor-cell vaccine produced an increase in levels of ICs. Cancer sera contained complexes of intermediate size. Tumor antigens and IgG, presumably in the form of complexes, were identified by immunofluorescence and radiolabeled antibody techniques on the surface of Raji cells incubated in ICs-containing cancer sera.", "contents": "The nature of immune complexes in human cancer sera. Sera from 517 patients with various types of malignancies were assayed for immune complexes (ICs) by the Raji cell radioimmune assay. The incidence of immune complexes in these patients ranged from 16 to 52% as compared to 19% in normal controls. Increases in tumor mass and metastatic disease were associated with high levels of circulating ICs. Immunization of melanoma patients with BCG and tumor-cell vaccine produced an increase in levels of ICs. Cancer sera contained complexes of intermediate size. Tumor antigens and IgG, presumably in the form of complexes, were identified by immunofluorescence and radiolabeled antibody techniques on the surface of Raji cells incubated in ICs-containing cancer sera."}
{"id": "PMID:886190", "title": "In vitro lysis of target cells by rat polymorphonuclear leukocytes isolated from acute pyelonephritic exudates.", "content": "Polymorphonuclear (PMN) leukocytes from acute pyelonephritic exudates of rats were examined for cytoxicity against various target cells. Pyelonephritic PMN leukocytes caused lysis in vitro of syngeneic renal epithelial cells in 24 to 48 hr. They also caused lysis of allogeneic and xenogeneic target cells. The susceptibility to PMN-induced cytolysis was different among various target cell lines. Cell lysis proceeded at low ratios of effector to target cells and was not dependent on the addition of antibody or lectins. PMN isolated from peritoneal exudates (starch or endotoxin induced) were also cytoxic for the target cells. Cell-free supernatants from pyelonephritic PMN-target cell mixtures, or pyelonephritic PMN leukocytes cultured alone contained cytolytic substances which were nondialyzable and heat stable Finally, the urine of pyelonephritic rats was cytotoxic. These results suggest that PMN leukocytes and their cytotoxic mediators are directly involved in the pathogenesis of renal injury in pyelonephritis.", "contents": "In vitro lysis of target cells by rat polymorphonuclear leukocytes isolated from acute pyelonephritic exudates. Polymorphonuclear (PMN) leukocytes from acute pyelonephritic exudates of rats were examined for cytoxicity against various target cells. Pyelonephritic PMN leukocytes caused lysis in vitro of syngeneic renal epithelial cells in 24 to 48 hr. They also caused lysis of allogeneic and xenogeneic target cells. The susceptibility to PMN-induced cytolysis was different among various target cell lines. Cell lysis proceeded at low ratios of effector to target cells and was not dependent on the addition of antibody or lectins. PMN isolated from peritoneal exudates (starch or endotoxin induced) were also cytoxic for the target cells. Cell-free supernatants from pyelonephritic PMN-target cell mixtures, or pyelonephritic PMN leukocytes cultured alone contained cytolytic substances which were nondialyzable and heat stable Finally, the urine of pyelonephritic rats was cytotoxic. These results suggest that PMN leukocytes and their cytotoxic mediators are directly involved in the pathogenesis of renal injury in pyelonephritis."}
{"id": "PMID:886200", "title": "Temperature-sensitive mutants of influenza virus. XIII. Evaluation of influenza A/Hong Kong/68 and A/Udorn/72 ts and wild-type viruses in tracheal organ culture at permissive and restrictive temperatures.", "content": "For development of an in vitro assay of attenuation for virus vaccine candidates, tracheal ring organ cultures from young ferrets were infected with influenza A/Hong Kong/68 and A/Udorn/72 temperature-sensitive (ts) recombinant and wild-type viruses and observed for 21 days at permissive (33 C) and restrictive (37 C) temperatures for effects on ciliated epithelium and viral replication. Results were compared with the known effects of these viruses in humans. Viruses that damaged ferret cilia and grew to high titers at 37 C were insufficiently attenuated for humans, and viruses that failed to damage cilia and grew to low titers at 33 C were excessively attenuated for humans. This system did not completely differentiate the relative virulence of A/Hong Kong/68 ts recombinants for humans but was successful for the A/Udorn/72 ts recombinants. This organ culture system has adjunctive usefulness for detection of most insufficiently attenuated influenza A vaccine candidates and for identification of excessively attenuated candidates that might contain non-ts lesions.", "contents": "Temperature-sensitive mutants of influenza virus. XIII. Evaluation of influenza A/Hong Kong/68 and A/Udorn/72 ts and wild-type viruses in tracheal organ culture at permissive and restrictive temperatures. For development of an in vitro assay of attenuation for virus vaccine candidates, tracheal ring organ cultures from young ferrets were infected with influenza A/Hong Kong/68 and A/Udorn/72 temperature-sensitive (ts) recombinant and wild-type viruses and observed for 21 days at permissive (33 C) and restrictive (37 C) temperatures for effects on ciliated epithelium and viral replication. Results were compared with the known effects of these viruses in humans. Viruses that damaged ferret cilia and grew to high titers at 37 C were insufficiently attenuated for humans, and viruses that failed to damage cilia and grew to low titers at 33 C were excessively attenuated for humans. This system did not completely differentiate the relative virulence of A/Hong Kong/68 ts recombinants for humans but was successful for the A/Udorn/72 ts recombinants. This organ culture system has adjunctive usefulness for detection of most insufficiently attenuated influenza A vaccine candidates and for identification of excessively attenuated candidates that might contain non-ts lesions."}
{"id": "PMID:886201", "title": "Improved method for collection of nasal mucus.", "content": "Specimens of nasal mucus obtained after stimulaton of the mucosa with water and nasal washings from 20 volunteers were compared for content of IgA. The median concentration of IgA was 70 mg/dl in nasal mucus and 17 mg/dl in nasal washings concentrated 10-fold. The use of nasal mucus should allow for more accurate determination of nasal secretory antibody activity.", "contents": "Improved method for collection of nasal mucus. Specimens of nasal mucus obtained after stimulaton of the mucosa with water and nasal washings from 20 volunteers were compared for content of IgA. The median concentration of IgA was 70 mg/dl in nasal mucus and 17 mg/dl in nasal washings concentrated 10-fold. The use of nasal mucus should allow for more accurate determination of nasal secretory antibody activity."}
{"id": "PMID:886202", "title": "Quantitative effects of immunosuppression on bronchoalveolar cells.", "content": "The use of immunosuppressive chemotherapy is associated with an increased incidence of pneumonia. An animal model is described in which drug-induced defects in pulmonary host defense may be evaluated. Guinea pigs receiving cyclophosphamide (15 mg/kg) plus cortisone acetate (100 mg/kg) daily for seven days developed leukopenia (1.5 X 10(3) cells/mm3), neutropenia (0.4 X 10(3)/mm3), and lymphocytopenia (0.7 X 10(3)/mm3) and also lost prior skin hypersensitivity to purified protein derivative. No animal bled or died unexpectedly during immunosuppression. Transtracheal bronchoalveolar lavage of normal and immunosuppressed animals revealed a significant decrease in the number of pulmonary alveolar macrophages during immunosuppressed periods. Cell viability, phagocytosis of latex particlex, and adherence to plastic surfaces were not decreased in immunosuppressed alveolar macrophages. This animal model should allow further studies of cellular and humoral pulmonary immune parameters during a variety of immunosuppressive drug regimens.", "contents": "Quantitative effects of immunosuppression on bronchoalveolar cells. The use of immunosuppressive chemotherapy is associated with an increased incidence of pneumonia. An animal model is described in which drug-induced defects in pulmonary host defense may be evaluated. Guinea pigs receiving cyclophosphamide (15 mg/kg) plus cortisone acetate (100 mg/kg) daily for seven days developed leukopenia (1.5 X 10(3) cells/mm3), neutropenia (0.4 X 10(3)/mm3), and lymphocytopenia (0.7 X 10(3)/mm3) and also lost prior skin hypersensitivity to purified protein derivative. No animal bled or died unexpectedly during immunosuppression. Transtracheal bronchoalveolar lavage of normal and immunosuppressed animals revealed a significant decrease in the number of pulmonary alveolar macrophages during immunosuppressed periods. Cell viability, phagocytosis of latex particlex, and adherence to plastic surfaces were not decreased in immunosuppressed alveolar macrophages. This animal model should allow further studies of cellular and humoral pulmonary immune parameters during a variety of immunosuppressive drug regimens."}
{"id": "PMID:886203", "title": "Spontaneous leprosy-like disease in a chimpanzee.", "content": "The clinical and laboratory findings of a spontaneous disease, resembling human leprosy, in a chimpanzee are described. The disease was a chronic progressive dermatitis characterized by nodular thickenings of the dermis and involving the  ears, eyebrows, nostrils, and lips. A maculopapular rash was also present. Numerous acid-fast organisms were found in nasal swabs and in dermal lesions, including nerves. Attempts to culture acid-fast organisms in artificial media have failed. At this time, the only features of the etiologic agent of this disease that are inconsistent with those of Mycobacterium leprae are failure of the organisms to oxidize 3, 4-dihydroxyphenylalanine and failure to pyridine to remove the acid-fast staining property of the bacilli.", "contents": "Spontaneous leprosy-like disease in a chimpanzee. The clinical and laboratory findings of a spontaneous disease, resembling human leprosy, in a chimpanzee are described. The disease was a chronic progressive dermatitis characterized by nodular thickenings of the dermis and involving the  ears, eyebrows, nostrils, and lips. A maculopapular rash was also present. Numerous acid-fast organisms were found in nasal swabs and in dermal lesions, including nerves. Attempts to culture acid-fast organisms in artificial media have failed. At this time, the only features of the etiologic agent of this disease that are inconsistent with those of Mycobacterium leprae are failure of the organisms to oxidize 3, 4-dihydroxyphenylalanine and failure to pyridine to remove the acid-fast staining property of the bacilli."}
{"id": "PMID:886205", "title": "A prospective study of acute respiratory tract infections among children in a kibbutz: the role of secretory IgA and serum immunoglobulins.", "content": "Absolute concentrations of IgA in nasal secretions and concentrations of immunoglobulins in serum were determined in a prospective study of acute respiratory tract infections. The study was carried out in 48 children aged six months to four years liveing in a kibbutz with a homogeneous environment. No correlation was demonstrated between mean base-line levels of secretory IgA or serum IgA and number of episodes of acute resporatory tract infection. However, children who responded to infection by the production of higher levels of secretory IgA had a lower incidence of acute respiratory tract infection than those who did not. Thisfinding supports the hypothesis that the responsiveness of the host in the production of secretory IgA during infection is important in protection against mucosal infections.", "contents": "A prospective study of acute respiratory tract infections among children in a kibbutz: the role of secretory IgA and serum immunoglobulins. Absolute concentrations of IgA in nasal secretions and concentrations of immunoglobulins in serum were determined in a prospective study of acute respiratory tract infections. The study was carried out in 48 children aged six months to four years liveing in a kibbutz with a homogeneous environment. No correlation was demonstrated between mean base-line levels of secretory IgA or serum IgA and number of episodes of acute resporatory tract infection. However, children who responded to infection by the production of higher levels of secretory IgA had a lower incidence of acute respiratory tract infection than those who did not. Thisfinding supports the hypothesis that the responsiveness of the host in the production of secretory IgA during infection is important in protection against mucosal infections."}
{"id": "PMID:886206", "title": "The capsular polysaccharide of Bacteroides fragilis as a virulence factor: comparison of the pathogenic potential of encapsulated and unencapsulated strains.", "content": "The pathogenic potentials of encapsulated and unencapsulated strains of Bacteroides fragilis were compared by use of a rat model of intraabdominal sepsis. Implantation of encapsulated B. fragilis alone resulted in abscesses in most recipients, whereas unencapsulated strains seldom produced this effect unless they were combined with another organism. Implants of heat-killed, encapsulated B. fragilis also resulted in abscess formation. Subsequent experiments suggested that the abscess-potentiating ability of encapsulated B. fragilis is related to the capsular polysaccharide. Implantation of 200 microgram of the purified capsular material alone or in conjuction with unencapsulated strains caused abscess formation in a majority of animals. Comparable results were not obtained with capsular polysaccharide from Escherichia coli O7:K1(L)\"NM or with heat-killed Streptococcus pneumoniae type III. The capsular polysaccharide of B. fragilis appears to potentiate abscess formation and may represent a virulence factor for this species.", "contents": "The capsular polysaccharide of Bacteroides fragilis as a virulence factor: comparison of the pathogenic potential of encapsulated and unencapsulated strains. The pathogenic potentials of encapsulated and unencapsulated strains of Bacteroides fragilis were compared by use of a rat model of intraabdominal sepsis. Implantation of encapsulated B. fragilis alone resulted in abscesses in most recipients, whereas unencapsulated strains seldom produced this effect unless they were combined with another organism. Implants of heat-killed, encapsulated B. fragilis also resulted in abscess formation. Subsequent experiments suggested that the abscess-potentiating ability of encapsulated B. fragilis is related to the capsular polysaccharide. Implantation of 200 microgram of the purified capsular material alone or in conjuction with unencapsulated strains caused abscess formation in a majority of animals. Comparable results were not obtained with capsular polysaccharide from Escherichia coli O7:K1(L)\"NM or with heat-killed Streptococcus pneumoniae type III. The capsular polysaccharide of B. fragilis appears to potentiate abscess formation and may represent a virulence factor for this species."}
{"id": "PMID:886210", "title": "Magnitude of lead intake from respiration by normal man.", "content": "Lead metabolism of five normal men was studied in a hospital metabolic unit in order to measure the daily intake of lead by respiration in urban adults. Subjects ingested a constant diet, and samples of blood, urine, feces, and diet were analyzed periodically for lead isotopic abundances by mass spectrometry. Three men were fed daily a stable isotope tracer of lead for 83 to 124 days in order to distinguish ingested from respired lead. Also, three men lived in rooms with filtered, low-lead air for 25 to 50 days in order to examine the response of blood lead levels to a change in airborne lead exposure. The quantity of respired lead intake was determined from the lead balance data, labeling of blood lead with a dietary lead tracer, and the response of blood lead levels and lead balances to exposure to low-lead air. The results indicate that these men absorbed a mean of 14 +/- 4 (S.D.) microgram/day of lead while exposed to the ambient levels of about 2 microgram/m3 of airborne lead. About twice this amount was absorbed from the diet.", "contents": "Magnitude of lead intake from respiration by normal man. Lead metabolism of five normal men was studied in a hospital metabolic unit in order to measure the daily intake of lead by respiration in urban adults. Subjects ingested a constant diet, and samples of blood, urine, feces, and diet were analyzed periodically for lead isotopic abundances by mass spectrometry. Three men were fed daily a stable isotope tracer of lead for 83 to 124 days in order to distinguish ingested from respired lead. Also, three men lived in rooms with filtered, low-lead air for 25 to 50 days in order to examine the response of blood lead levels to a change in airborne lead exposure. The quantity of respired lead intake was determined from the lead balance data, labeling of blood lead with a dietary lead tracer, and the response of blood lead levels and lead balances to exposure to low-lead air. The results indicate that these men absorbed a mean of 14 +/- 4 (S.D.) microgram/day of lead while exposed to the ambient levels of about 2 microgram/m3 of airborne lead. About twice this amount was absorbed from the diet."}
{"id": "PMID:886211", "title": "Evaluation of tetracycline in the neutrophil chemotactic response.", "content": "The chemotactic response of human neutrophils was examined in the presence of tetracycline. High concentrations of the antibiotic decreased chemotaxis in vitro but did not have an inhibitory effect on the ability of neutrophils to respond to the chemotactic components of human complement. Mixtures of human serum and endotoxin had decreased chemotactic ability when they were preincubated with various concentrations of tetracycline, the decrease being concentration dependent. This inhibitory effect of tetracycline on the chemotactic response of human neutrophils was not time dependent. Eight different tetracycline compounds were found to produce similar inhibitory effects on the chemotactic response of human neutrophils in vitro. The results indicated that tetracycline either inhibits the generation of neutrophil chemotactic factors of human serum or binds with the chemotactic factors after their generation to cause inactivation.", "contents": "Evaluation of tetracycline in the neutrophil chemotactic response. The chemotactic response of human neutrophils was examined in the presence of tetracycline. High concentrations of the antibiotic decreased chemotaxis in vitro but did not have an inhibitory effect on the ability of neutrophils to respond to the chemotactic components of human complement. Mixtures of human serum and endotoxin had decreased chemotactic ability when they were preincubated with various concentrations of tetracycline, the decrease being concentration dependent. This inhibitory effect of tetracycline on the chemotactic response of human neutrophils was not time dependent. Eight different tetracycline compounds were found to produce similar inhibitory effects on the chemotactic response of human neutrophils in vitro. The results indicated that tetracycline either inhibits the generation of neutrophil chemotactic factors of human serum or binds with the chemotactic factors after their generation to cause inactivation."}
{"id": "PMID:886212", "title": "Renal porphyrinuria during chronic methyl mercury exposure.", "content": "These studies demonstrate altered activities of renal heme biosynthetic pathway enzymes and elevated levels of urinary uroporphyrin and coproporphyrin in rats during chronic exposure to 3, 5, or 10 ppm methyl mercury hydroxide (MMH). Porphyrinuria appears to occur as a result of inhibition of renal ferrochelatase and uroporphyrinogen I synthetase, with secondary induction of delta-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) synthetase in kidneys but not livers of mercury-exposed rats. Since the renal heme biosynthetic system appears to be highly sensitive to MMH during continuous exposure to levels below those which elicit overt general organ damage, these results may have clinical utility in diagnosing pre-toxic biological responses to mercury in human populations.", "contents": "Renal porphyrinuria during chronic methyl mercury exposure. These studies demonstrate altered activities of renal heme biosynthetic pathway enzymes and elevated levels of urinary uroporphyrin and coproporphyrin in rats during chronic exposure to 3, 5, or 10 ppm methyl mercury hydroxide (MMH). Porphyrinuria appears to occur as a result of inhibition of renal ferrochelatase and uroporphyrinogen I synthetase, with secondary induction of delta-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) synthetase in kidneys but not livers of mercury-exposed rats. Since the renal heme biosynthetic system appears to be highly sensitive to MMH during continuous exposure to levels below those which elicit overt general organ damage, these results may have clinical utility in diagnosing pre-toxic biological responses to mercury in human populations."}
{"id": "PMID:886213", "title": "Detection of homozygotes and heterozygotes with methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase deficiency.", "content": "Specific enzyme assay is required for the diagnosis of homocystinuria due to methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase deficiency. A rapid and accurate method has been developed using \"pure\" peripheral lymphocyte preparations. Triplicate determinations showed highly reproducible results. With the use of the mean of triplicate determinations in the presence of flavinadenine dinucleotide, there was complete segregation among the homozygotes, heterozygotes, and normal subjects. This method provides a rapid diagnosis in affected subjects and a simple means for the determination of heterozygotes for genetic counseling.", "contents": "Detection of homozygotes and heterozygotes with methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase deficiency. Specific enzyme assay is required for the diagnosis of homocystinuria due to methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase deficiency. A rapid and accurate method has been developed using \"pure\" peripheral lymphocyte preparations. Triplicate determinations showed highly reproducible results. With the use of the mean of triplicate determinations in the presence of flavinadenine dinucleotide, there was complete segregation among the homozygotes, heterozygotes, and normal subjects. This method provides a rapid diagnosis in affected subjects and a simple means for the determination of heterozygotes for genetic counseling."}
{"id": "PMID:886214", "title": "Lymphocyte mitogen stimulation studies for patients with lung cancer: evaluation of prognostic significance of preirradiation therapy studies.", "content": "The responses of lymphocytes to stimulation by three common plant mitogens (PHA, Con A, and PWM) have been studied prior to irradiation treatment in 65 patients with bronchogenic carcinoma. The lymphocyte mitogen stimulation (LMS) responses of these patients were determined to be normal or abnormal based on data obtained from similar studies in healthy volunteers. The data for the patients with lung cancer were analyzed for correlations between the lymphocyte responses and (1) the stage of disease, (2) prognostic significance, and (3) period of survival. Statistically significant correlations were observed between the responses of lymphocytes and the stage of disease and the period of survival. However, this study indicates that these correlated responses will be of limited prognostic clinical value for individual patients.", "contents": "Lymphocyte mitogen stimulation studies for patients with lung cancer: evaluation of prognostic significance of preirradiation therapy studies. The responses of lymphocytes to stimulation by three common plant mitogens (PHA, Con A, and PWM) have been studied prior to irradiation treatment in 65 patients with bronchogenic carcinoma. The lymphocyte mitogen stimulation (LMS) responses of these patients were determined to be normal or abnormal based on data obtained from similar studies in healthy volunteers. The data for the patients with lung cancer were analyzed for correlations between the lymphocyte responses and (1) the stage of disease, (2) prognostic significance, and (3) period of survival. Statistically significant correlations were observed between the responses of lymphocytes and the stage of disease and the period of survival. However, this study indicates that these correlated responses will be of limited prognostic clinical value for individual patients."}
{"id": "PMID:886215", "title": "Factors affecting serum and urinary guanidinosuccinic acid levels in normal and uremic subjects.", "content": "Guanidinosuccinic acid (GSA) was measured in serum and urine from six normal subjects, 26 chronically uremic patients, and 17 patients undergoing maintenance hemodialysis. All normal subjects and 22 chronically uremic patients were fed diets providing 21 gm of essential amino acids or 20, 40, or 60 gm/day of protein. Serum GSA was usually undetectable in normal subjects and was increased in uremic patients (0.99 +/- S.D. 044. mg/100 ml). Serum creatinine and urea nitrogen were each correlated with serum GSA in the normal and uremic subjects combined and in uremic patients alone. Serum GSA was greater in hemodialysis patients (1.43 +/- 0.56 mg/100 ml) than in uremic patients (p less than 0.02) and decreased by 39% +/- 21 during hemodialysis in five patients. Serum GSA and the serum GSA/creatinine ratio tended to decrease with low protein intake in the uremic patients. Urinary GSA was increased in uremic patients (30.5 +/- 12.9 mg/day) as compared to that in normal subjects (7.5 +/- 1.9 mg/day), was greater in uremic patients than in normal subjects at each level of protein intake, and was directly correlated with protein intake and urinary urea and total nitrogen in both normal and uremic subjects. In three uremic patients who developed intercurrent illnesses, urinary GSA rose transiently. These results indicate four factors which affect serum or urinary GSA levels: (1) renal function, (2) protein intake, (3) catabolic stress, and (4) hemodialysis therapy.", "contents": "Factors affecting serum and urinary guanidinosuccinic acid levels in normal and uremic subjects. Guanidinosuccinic acid (GSA) was measured in serum and urine from six normal subjects, 26 chronically uremic patients, and 17 patients undergoing maintenance hemodialysis. All normal subjects and 22 chronically uremic patients were fed diets providing 21 gm of essential amino acids or 20, 40, or 60 gm/day of protein. Serum GSA was usually undetectable in normal subjects and was increased in uremic patients (0.99 +/- S.D. 044. mg/100 ml). Serum creatinine and urea nitrogen were each correlated with serum GSA in the normal and uremic subjects combined and in uremic patients alone. Serum GSA was greater in hemodialysis patients (1.43 +/- 0.56 mg/100 ml) than in uremic patients (p less than 0.02) and decreased by 39% +/- 21 during hemodialysis in five patients. Serum GSA and the serum GSA/creatinine ratio tended to decrease with low protein intake in the uremic patients. Urinary GSA was increased in uremic patients (30.5 +/- 12.9 mg/day) as compared to that in normal subjects (7.5 +/- 1.9 mg/day), was greater in uremic patients than in normal subjects at each level of protein intake, and was directly correlated with protein intake and urinary urea and total nitrogen in both normal and uremic subjects. In three uremic patients who developed intercurrent illnesses, urinary GSA rose transiently. These results indicate four factors which affect serum or urinary GSA levels: (1) renal function, (2) protein intake, (3) catabolic stress, and (4) hemodialysis therapy."}
{"id": "PMID:886216", "title": "Effects of potassium chloride on plasma renin activity during sodium restriction in normal man.", "content": "Previous studies have suggested that large intakes of potassium (K) will suppress plasma renin activity (PRA) in normal man. The effect of more modest intakes of K on PRA is unclear. The present study was designed to compare the PRA in 11 normal volunteers maintained on an electrolyte-free diet (7000 J), with and without the addition of 50 mEq/day of potassium chloride (7000 J + KCl), well within the limits of usual dietary consumption. Control recumbent and 2 hr of upright PRA determinations were made by radioimmunoassay prior to the initiation of either the 7000 J diet or the 7000 J + KCl diet and on the fourth day of the diet, at a time when urinary sodium, K, and chloride excretions were near intakes. Mean (+/- S.E.M.) PRA's are indicated in Table II. There are significant (p less than 0.01) differences between (1) all respective recumbent and upright posture positions and (2) before and after the administration of 7000 J and 7000 J + KCl. However, there are no significant differences between (1) control periods or (2) before and after the addition of KCl to the electrolyte-free diet. We conclude from these studies that K, given in modest amounts, has no inhibiting effect on PRA.", "contents": "Effects of potassium chloride on plasma renin activity during sodium restriction in normal man. Previous studies have suggested that large intakes of potassium (K) will suppress plasma renin activity (PRA) in normal man. The effect of more modest intakes of K on PRA is unclear. The present study was designed to compare the PRA in 11 normal volunteers maintained on an electrolyte-free diet (7000 J), with and without the addition of 50 mEq/day of potassium chloride (7000 J + KCl), well within the limits of usual dietary consumption. Control recumbent and 2 hr of upright PRA determinations were made by radioimmunoassay prior to the initiation of either the 7000 J diet or the 7000 J + KCl diet and on the fourth day of the diet, at a time when urinary sodium, K, and chloride excretions were near intakes. Mean (+/- S.E.M.) PRA's are indicated in Table II. There are significant (p less than 0.01) differences between (1) all respective recumbent and upright posture positions and (2) before and after the administration of 7000 J and 7000 J + KCl. However, there are no significant differences between (1) control periods or (2) before and after the addition of KCl to the electrolyte-free diet. We conclude from these studies that K, given in modest amounts, has no inhibiting effect on PRA."}
{"id": "PMID:886217", "title": "Tubular effects of acute metabolic acidosis in the rat.", "content": "Micropuncture and clearance studies were performed to evaluate the effects of acute NH4Cl-induced metabolic acidosis. Studies were performed in four groups of rats: controls, urea-saline, saline, and NH4Cl. Acidosis (pH: 7.25 +/- 0.02[S.E.M.], HCO3- = 12.4 +/- 0.7 mEq/L) was associated with increased fractional sodium excretion, 9.13% +/- 0.52 and calcium excretion, 1.32% +/- 0.43, which was significantly greater than controls, 0.30% +/- 0.07 and 0.30% +/- 0.07; urea-saline, 0.54% +/- 0.1 and 0.54% +/- 0.13; saline, 0.71% +/- 0.17 and 0.47% +/- 0.09. In the proximal tubule, however, fractional reabsorption was less with saline, 41.5 +/- 1.7, than either urea-saline, 51.1 +/- 1.3, or the NH4Cl-infused group, 46.9 +/- 0.4. The data indicate that natriuresis of acute NH4Cl loading is associated with but cannot be accounted for by inhibition of proximal tubular reabsorption. The mechanism of inhibition of transport at sites beyond the proximal tubule is not clear but cannot be either volume expansion or increased solute load due to urea excretion.", "contents": "Tubular effects of acute metabolic acidosis in the rat. Micropuncture and clearance studies were performed to evaluate the effects of acute NH4Cl-induced metabolic acidosis. Studies were performed in four groups of rats: controls, urea-saline, saline, and NH4Cl. Acidosis (pH: 7.25 +/- 0.02[S.E.M.], HCO3- = 12.4 +/- 0.7 mEq/L) was associated with increased fractional sodium excretion, 9.13% +/- 0.52 and calcium excretion, 1.32% +/- 0.43, which was significantly greater than controls, 0.30% +/- 0.07 and 0.30% +/- 0.07; urea-saline, 0.54% +/- 0.1 and 0.54% +/- 0.13; saline, 0.71% +/- 0.17 and 0.47% +/- 0.09. In the proximal tubule, however, fractional reabsorption was less with saline, 41.5 +/- 1.7, than either urea-saline, 51.1 +/- 1.3, or the NH4Cl-infused group, 46.9 +/- 0.4. The data indicate that natriuresis of acute NH4Cl loading is associated with but cannot be accounted for by inhibition of proximal tubular reabsorption. The mechanism of inhibition of transport at sites beyond the proximal tubule is not clear but cannot be either volume expansion or increased solute load due to urea excretion."}
{"id": "PMID:886218", "title": "Adsorption of human erythrocyte surface glycoprotein onto polystyrene latex spheres.", "content": "Exposure of polystyrene latex spheres to purified human red blood cell glycoprotein type MM confers upon them the agglutinability of type MM red blood cells by rabbit antisera to human erythrocytes. Thus a property of the RBC outer surface can be transferred onto a synthetic substrate.", "contents": "Adsorption of human erythrocyte surface glycoprotein onto polystyrene latex spheres. Exposure of polystyrene latex spheres to purified human red blood cell glycoprotein type MM confers upon them the agglutinability of type MM red blood cells by rabbit antisera to human erythrocytes. Thus a property of the RBC outer surface can be transferred onto a synthetic substrate."}
{"id": "PMID:886220", "title": "Effect of aminonucleoside on transport maximum of para-aminohippurate and intrarenal blood flow distribution in rats.", "content": "The present study examined intrarenal blood flow distribution and possible involvement of tubular elements in rats with aminonucleoside (AMN)-induced nephrotic syndrome. Tubular maxima of para-aminohippurate (T M PAH) were determined during mild saline expansion in control rats and in rats on days 4, 5, 6, and 14 following a single intravenous injection of AMN (10 mg/100 gm of body weight). T M PAH and glomerular filtration rates (GFR's), unchanged from controls on day 4, were equally depressed on days 5, 6, and 14; minimum values were reached on day 6. Composite linear regression analysis of controls and AMN-treated rats showed that T M PAH and GFR's were significantly correlated (r = 0.704, p less than 0.001). Microsphere studies in animals with chronic carotid catheters demonstrated a decrease in the ratio of outer to inner cortical blood flow 6 days following AMN. The data suggest that AMN produces primarily glomerular lesions and that outer cortical blood flow is more susceptible to AMN than is inner cortical blood flow.", "contents": "Effect of aminonucleoside on transport maximum of para-aminohippurate and intrarenal blood flow distribution in rats. The present study examined intrarenal blood flow distribution and possible involvement of tubular elements in rats with aminonucleoside (AMN)-induced nephrotic syndrome. Tubular maxima of para-aminohippurate (T M PAH) were determined during mild saline expansion in control rats and in rats on days 4, 5, 6, and 14 following a single intravenous injection of AMN (10 mg/100 gm of body weight). T M PAH and glomerular filtration rates (GFR's), unchanged from controls on day 4, were equally depressed on days 5, 6, and 14; minimum values were reached on day 6. Composite linear regression analysis of controls and AMN-treated rats showed that T M PAH and GFR's were significantly correlated (r = 0.704, p less than 0.001). Microsphere studies in animals with chronic carotid catheters demonstrated a decrease in the ratio of outer to inner cortical blood flow 6 days following AMN. The data suggest that AMN produces primarily glomerular lesions and that outer cortical blood flow is more susceptible to AMN than is inner cortical blood flow."}
{"id": "PMID:886223", "title": "An improved method for the in vitro evaluation of monocyte leukotaxis.", "content": "An adaptation of the double-filter technique has been developed for the in vitro evaluation of monocyte leukotaxis. The assay, which employs a sandwich of a cell-permeable polycarbonate and a cell-impermeable cellulose nitrate filter membrane, is more reliable, reproducible, and sensitive than previous techniques without sacrificing their rapidity and simplicity. Leukotactic responses were directly proportional to monocyte concentrations varying from 1 X 10(5)/ml to 6 X 10(6)/ml. Kinetic studies indicated that there was a linear increase in leukotactic responses at incubation periods from 60 to 180 min. At incubation periods less than 60 min, leukotactic responses also increased linearly but at an accelerated rate. The leukotactic and chemokinetic effects of a leukoattractant may be discriminated and appear to exert antagonistic effects in this assay system.", "contents": "An improved method for the in vitro evaluation of monocyte leukotaxis. An adaptation of the double-filter technique has been developed for the in vitro evaluation of monocyte leukotaxis. The assay, which employs a sandwich of a cell-permeable polycarbonate and a cell-impermeable cellulose nitrate filter membrane, is more reliable, reproducible, and sensitive than previous techniques without sacrificing their rapidity and simplicity. Leukotactic responses were directly proportional to monocyte concentrations varying from 1 X 10(5)/ml to 6 X 10(6)/ml. Kinetic studies indicated that there was a linear increase in leukotactic responses at incubation periods from 60 to 180 min. At incubation periods less than 60 min, leukotactic responses also increased linearly but at an accelerated rate. The leukotactic and chemokinetic effects of a leukoattractant may be discriminated and appear to exert antagonistic effects in this assay system."}
{"id": "PMID:886225", "title": "A urinary double-radioisotope technique for the detection of fat malabsorption.", "content": "The possibility that the unreliability of urinary excretion of radioactivity after the administration of oral 131I-triolein, as a measure of fat absorption, is due to variable renal clearance of iodide prompted investigation of a double-radioisotopic method. Intravenously administered radioiodide should be cleared identically with radioiodide split from absorbed fat and serve as an internal standard. Oral 131I-triolein was given in an 80 gm fat liquid meal; 125I-iodide was given intravenously; urine was collected fractionally for 72 hr. Accepted stool fat excretion data and stool radioactivity excretion data developed in this study were used to define groups of normals (less than 5.4 gm of fat or less than 7.8% 131I) and malabsorbers (greater than 5.4 gm of fat or greater than 7.8% 131I). In 26 normals urinary 131I ranged from 24.6% to 77.1% in 48 hr and 27.7% to 86.8% in 72 hr; in the malabsorbers these values lay between 0.6% and 62.8% in 48 hr and 1.0% and 66.8% in 72 hr, showing much overlap with normal. An index of the cumulative percentage of urinary 131I/125I X 100 at either 48 or 72 hr completely separated the groups, the index in normals ranging from 68.7 to 100 in 48 hr and 72.5 to 100 in 72 hr, whereas the malabsorbers varied between 2.0 and 64 in 48 hr and 2.2 and 67.5 in 72 hr.", "contents": "A urinary double-radioisotope technique for the detection of fat malabsorption. The possibility that the unreliability of urinary excretion of radioactivity after the administration of oral 131I-triolein, as a measure of fat absorption, is due to variable renal clearance of iodide prompted investigation of a double-radioisotopic method. Intravenously administered radioiodide should be cleared identically with radioiodide split from absorbed fat and serve as an internal standard. Oral 131I-triolein was given in an 80 gm fat liquid meal; 125I-iodide was given intravenously; urine was collected fractionally for 72 hr. Accepted stool fat excretion data and stool radioactivity excretion data developed in this study were used to define groups of normals (less than 5.4 gm of fat or less than 7.8% 131I) and malabsorbers (greater than 5.4 gm of fat or greater than 7.8% 131I). In 26 normals urinary 131I ranged from 24.6% to 77.1% in 48 hr and 27.7% to 86.8% in 72 hr; in the malabsorbers these values lay between 0.6% and 62.8% in 48 hr and 1.0% and 66.8% in 72 hr, showing much overlap with normal. An index of the cumulative percentage of urinary 131I/125I X 100 at either 48 or 72 hr completely separated the groups, the index in normals ranging from 68.7 to 100 in 48 hr and 72.5 to 100 in 72 hr, whereas the malabsorbers varied between 2.0 and 64 in 48 hr and 2.2 and 67.5 in 72 hr."}
{"id": "PMID:886226", "title": "Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations in patients receiving chronic corticosteroid therapy.", "content": "Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25OHD) concentrations were measured by competitive protein-binding assay in 21 patients who were receiving chronic prednisone therapy and who demonstrated radiologic osteopenia. Results were compared to values obtained in 19 matched non-steroid-treated control subjects. Serum 25OHD values in control and steroid-treated subjects were virtually identical and showed a similar positive correlation with vitamin D intake. To rule out possible assay interference by postulated steroid-induced abnormal vitamin D metabolites, 25OHD was specifically isolated from pooled extracts of control and steroid-treatment patient sera by silicic acid column chromatography. 25OHD levels were again identical in both groups, and there was no evidence of radioassayable abnormal metabolites. It is concluded that the maintenance of normal serum levels of 25OHD is not altered by chronic moderate dose corticosteroid therapy.", "contents": "Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations in patients receiving chronic corticosteroid therapy. Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25OHD) concentrations were measured by competitive protein-binding assay in 21 patients who were receiving chronic prednisone therapy and who demonstrated radiologic osteopenia. Results were compared to values obtained in 19 matched non-steroid-treated control subjects. Serum 25OHD values in control and steroid-treated subjects were virtually identical and showed a similar positive correlation with vitamin D intake. To rule out possible assay interference by postulated steroid-induced abnormal vitamin D metabolites, 25OHD was specifically isolated from pooled extracts of control and steroid-treatment patient sera by silicic acid column chromatography. 25OHD levels were again identical in both groups, and there was no evidence of radioassayable abnormal metabolites. It is concluded that the maintenance of normal serum levels of 25OHD is not altered by chronic moderate dose corticosteroid therapy."}
{"id": "PMID:886227", "title": "Static equilibrium configurations of a model red blood cell.", "content": "The membrane of the red blood cell is modeled as a fluid shell which resists bending and changes in area. The differential equations governing the mechanical equilibrium of such a membrane are derived and axisymmetric solutions are obtained numerically.", "contents": "Static equilibrium configurations of a model red blood cell. The membrane of the red blood cell is modeled as a fluid shell which resists bending and changes in area. The differential equations governing the mechanical equilibrium of such a membrane are derived and axisymmetric solutions are obtained numerically."}
{"id": "PMID:886228", "title": "Persistence and convergence of ecosystems: an analysis of some second order difference equations.", "content": "Three second order difference equation models are analyzed and numerical solutions computed. It is shown that two concepts of ecosystem stability, the local property of convergence and the global property of persistence, do not coincide, and that the exislity are obtained and shown as parameter space diagrams. Examples of solution trajectories representative of different regions of this space are computed and discussed. A wide range of oscillatory behavior, as noted in recent papers by several authors, results. In addition, the erratic nature of regions of convergence to stable solutions is discussed.", "contents": "Persistence and convergence of ecosystems: an analysis of some second order difference equations. Three second order difference equation models are analyzed and numerical solutions computed. It is shown that two concepts of ecosystem stability, the local property of convergence and the global property of persistence, do not coincide, and that the exislity are obtained and shown as parameter space diagrams. Examples of solution trajectories representative of different regions of this space are computed and discussed. A wide range of oscillatory behavior, as noted in recent papers by several authors, results. In addition, the erratic nature of regions of convergence to stable solutions is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:886229", "title": "Excitable chemical reaction systems. II. Several pulses on the ring fiber.", "content": "The parameters of the Field, Noyes and K\u00f6r\u00f6s model for the Belousov-Zhabotinskii reaction were chosen in such a way that the given system is excitable. It is shown by simulation that several pulses on the ring fiber, contrary to experience with known excitable media, may arrange themselves in a non-symmetrical manner while the equilibrium distances are stable. The condition for such behavior is the non-monotonic dependence of the propagation velocity, v, on the time, T, elpased since the previous excitation at that point.", "contents": "Excitable chemical reaction systems. II. Several pulses on the ring fiber. The parameters of the Field, Noyes and K\u00f6r\u00f6s model for the Belousov-Zhabotinskii reaction were chosen in such a way that the given system is excitable. It is shown by simulation that several pulses on the ring fiber, contrary to experience with known excitable media, may arrange themselves in a non-symmetrical manner while the equilibrium distances are stable. The condition for such behavior is the non-monotonic dependence of the propagation velocity, v, on the time, T, elpased since the previous excitation at that point."}
{"id": "PMID:886230", "title": "A solvable selfreproductive hypercycle model for the selection of biological molecules.", "content": "By introducing a modified enzyme coupling in Eigen's hypercycle equations we have produced an exactly solvable selfreproductive hypercycle model. The model shows explicitly how collections of different macromolecular information carriers may coexist, through internal couplings, in the presence of constraints. We show how the \"selective value\" concept is manifested in the model and give simple criteria for selection among competing hypercycles.", "contents": "A solvable selfreproductive hypercycle model for the selection of biological molecules. By introducing a modified enzyme coupling in Eigen's hypercycle equations we have produced an exactly solvable selfreproductive hypercycle model. The model shows explicitly how collections of different macromolecular information carriers may coexist, through internal couplings, in the presence of constraints. We show how the \"selective value\" concept is manifested in the model and give simple criteria for selection among competing hypercycles."}
{"id": "PMID:886231", "title": "When are two qualitative taxonomic characters compatible?", "content": "A proof is given of a procedure that has previously appeared claiming to determine when two amino acid positions on a protein could both possibly be divergent taxonomic characters. An algorithm for executing this procedure is described.", "contents": "When are two qualitative taxonomic characters compatible? A proof is given of a procedure that has previously appeared claiming to determine when two amino acid positions on a protein could both possibly be divergent taxonomic characters. An algorithm for executing this procedure is described."}
{"id": "PMID:886232", "title": "The dynamics of density dependent population models.", "content": "The dynamics of density-dependent population models can be extraordinarily complex as numerous authors have displayed in numerical simulations. Here we commence a theoretical analysis of the mathematical mechanisms underlying this complexity from the viewpoint of modern dynamical systems theory. After discussing the chaotic behavior of one-dimensional difference equations we proceed to illustrate the general theory on a density-dependent Leslie model with two age classes. The pattern of bofurcations away from the equilibrium point is investigated and the existence of a \"strange attractor\" is demonstrated--i.e. an attracting limit set which is neither an equilibrium nor a limit cycle. Near the strange attractor the system exhibits essentially random behavior. An approach to the statical analysis of the dynamics in the chaotic regime is suggested. We then generalize our conclusions to higher dimensions and continuous models (e.g. the nonlinear von Foerster equation).", "contents": "The dynamics of density dependent population models. The dynamics of density-dependent population models can be extraordinarily complex as numerous authors have displayed in numerical simulations. Here we commence a theoretical analysis of the mathematical mechanisms underlying this complexity from the viewpoint of modern dynamical systems theory. After discussing the chaotic behavior of one-dimensional difference equations we proceed to illustrate the general theory on a density-dependent Leslie model with two age classes. The pattern of bofurcations away from the equilibrium point is investigated and the existence of a \"strange attractor\" is demonstrated--i.e. an attracting limit set which is neither an equilibrium nor a limit cycle. Near the strange attractor the system exhibits essentially random behavior. An approach to the statical analysis of the dynamics in the chaotic regime is suggested. We then generalize our conclusions to higher dimensions and continuous models (e.g. the nonlinear von Foerster equation)."}
{"id": "PMID:886240", "title": "[Changes in the extracellular matrix of the cranial cartilages of amphibians (author's transl)].", "content": "During the differentiation of cranial cartilages the composition of perichordal and perineural extracellular matrix changes: at first only collagen and hyaluronic acid can be detectese while the concentration of hyaluronic acid is decreasing. The possible effects of these substances not only on the chondrogenetic cells but also between themselves are discussed.", "contents": "[Changes in the extracellular matrix of the cranial cartilages of amphibians (author's transl)]. During the differentiation of cranial cartilages the composition of perichordal and perineural extracellular matrix changes: at first only collagen and hyaluronic acid can be detectese while the concentration of hyaluronic acid is decreasing. The possible effects of these substances not only on the chondrogenetic cells but also between themselves are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:886241", "title": "[Importance of limb tissue associations in the development of nerve-induced supernumerary limbs in the newt Pleurodeles waltlii Michah (author's transl)].", "content": "Brachial nerve tip deviation has been carried out at various points in the upper arm and close to the limb. Some associations of cutaneous or muscular tissue from two opposite sides - dorsal and ventral or anterior and posterior - of the upper arm were made at these points. Various degrees of development of the nerve-induced supernumerary limbs were observed. When a nerve deviation was not followed by grafting of tissue from the opposite side, the supernumerary limbs did not develop or were strongly hypomorphic. A normal limb to development can occur when tissues from opposite side are associated with the ones located at the nerve tip. Such associations allow a harmonious nerve-induced supernumerary limb to develop and consequently allow all transverse axes to be established. Orientation of nerve-induced supernumerary limbs is determined by the orientation of the tissues in the area of nerve deviation. In terms of positional information, since an absence of contact between tissues from two opposite sides results in a lack of normal development, we can conclude that positional values located on either side of, the centre of, at least, one transverse axis should be in contact to allow limb development, i.e. a regenerated limb or nerve-induced supernumerary limbs or supernumerary limbs. It appears that contact between such values along any transverse axis, under sufficient nervous stimulation may give rise to a supernumerary limb.", "contents": "[Importance of limb tissue associations in the development of nerve-induced supernumerary limbs in the newt Pleurodeles waltlii Michah (author's transl)]. Brachial nerve tip deviation has been carried out at various points in the upper arm and close to the limb. Some associations of cutaneous or muscular tissue from two opposite sides - dorsal and ventral or anterior and posterior - of the upper arm were made at these points. Various degrees of development of the nerve-induced supernumerary limbs were observed. When a nerve deviation was not followed by grafting of tissue from the opposite side, the supernumerary limbs did not develop or were strongly hypomorphic. A normal limb to development can occur when tissues from opposite side are associated with the ones located at the nerve tip. Such associations allow a harmonious nerve-induced supernumerary limb to develop and consequently allow all transverse axes to be established. Orientation of nerve-induced supernumerary limbs is determined by the orientation of the tissues in the area of nerve deviation. In terms of positional information, since an absence of contact between tissues from two opposite sides results in a lack of normal development, we can conclude that positional values located on either side of, the centre of, at least, one transverse axis should be in contact to allow limb development, i.e. a regenerated limb or nerve-induced supernumerary limbs or supernumerary limbs. It appears that contact between such values along any transverse axis, under sufficient nervous stimulation may give rise to a supernumerary limb."}
{"id": "PMID:886242", "title": "Preleptotene chromosome condensation stage in human foetal and neonatal testes.", "content": "A preleptotene stage of chromosome condensation analogous to that already described in various plants and in the oocytes of several animal species has been observed in the human foetal testis. Contrary to what has been previously described, this stage in the testis is not followed by decondensation leading to leptotene filaments. This observation underlines the problem of the precise significance of this stage and its relation to initiation of meiosis. It is suggested that meiosis may be initiated during this condensation phase and that the male germ cell, despite its XY chromosome constitution, tends to evolve towards meiosis. This proposal pleads in favour of both the role of somatic cells in the inhibition of meiosis in the male foetus and the role of environmental factors rather than genetic constitution of the germ cell in meiotic induction.", "contents": "Preleptotene chromosome condensation stage in human foetal and neonatal testes. A preleptotene stage of chromosome condensation analogous to that already described in various plants and in the oocytes of several animal species has been observed in the human foetal testis. Contrary to what has been previously described, this stage in the testis is not followed by decondensation leading to leptotene filaments. This observation underlines the problem of the precise significance of this stage and its relation to initiation of meiosis. It is suggested that meiosis may be initiated during this condensation phase and that the male germ cell, despite its XY chromosome constitution, tends to evolve towards meiosis. This proposal pleads in favour of both the role of somatic cells in the inhibition of meiosis in the male foetus and the role of environmental factors rather than genetic constitution of the germ cell in meiotic induction."}
{"id": "PMID:886244", "title": "In vitro development of palatal tissues from embryonic mice. II. Tissue isolation and recombination studies.", "content": "The epithelial and mesenchymal tissues of the secondary palate from 12-, 13-, and 14-day embryonic mice were enzymatically separated and cultured in isolation and in homochronic and heterochronic recombinations. In both homochronic and heterochronic recombinations, epithelial differentiation was similar to that in vivo. In heterochronic recombinations, epithelium differentiated according to a schedule appropriate for the age of the epithelium rather than for the age of the mesenchyme, suggesting that differentiation of palatal epithelium is temporally 'determined' as early as 12 days of gestation. Palatal epithelium cultured in isolation was capable of limited differentiation. Potential for differentiation therefore exists within the isolated palatal epithelium at an early stage of palatal development, and epithelial-mesenchymal interactions are required during palatal development to support full epithelial differentiation.", "contents": "In vitro development of palatal tissues from embryonic mice. II. Tissue isolation and recombination studies. The epithelial and mesenchymal tissues of the secondary palate from 12-, 13-, and 14-day embryonic mice were enzymatically separated and cultured in isolation and in homochronic and heterochronic recombinations. In both homochronic and heterochronic recombinations, epithelial differentiation was similar to that in vivo. In heterochronic recombinations, epithelium differentiated according to a schedule appropriate for the age of the epithelium rather than for the age of the mesenchyme, suggesting that differentiation of palatal epithelium is temporally 'determined' as early as 12 days of gestation. Palatal epithelium cultured in isolation was capable of limited differentiation. Potential for differentiation therefore exists within the isolated palatal epithelium at an early stage of palatal development, and epithelial-mesenchymal interactions are required during palatal development to support full epithelial differentiation."}
{"id": "PMID:886245", "title": "Blood formation in a clonal cell line of mouse teratocarcinoma.", "content": "Pluripotent cells of a teratocarcinoma clonal line differentiate into various tissues when they are cultivated in submerged cultures. We describe here the formation of endodermal vesicles and blood islands in organotypic cultures of such cells. These are the first macroscopically visible tissues to appear in organ culture and they give rise to megalocytes, the ultimate stage of blood cell evolution in the normal mouse embryo yolk-sac. As in the normal embryo yolk-sac, the formation of haemoglobin-containing cells stops after a while, but it is not replaced by adult haemopoiesis in culture.", "contents": "Blood formation in a clonal cell line of mouse teratocarcinoma. Pluripotent cells of a teratocarcinoma clonal line differentiate into various tissues when they are cultivated in submerged cultures. We describe here the formation of endodermal vesicles and blood islands in organotypic cultures of such cells. These are the first macroscopically visible tissues to appear in organ culture and they give rise to megalocytes, the ultimate stage of blood cell evolution in the normal mouse embryo yolk-sac. As in the normal embryo yolk-sac, the formation of haemoglobin-containing cells stops after a while, but it is not replaced by adult haemopoiesis in culture."}
{"id": "PMID:886246", "title": "Studies on the development of F1 embryos from inter-strain cross involving DDK mice.", "content": "The development of the early mouse embryos was investigated from 36 to 84 h after the presumed time of fertilization. The mean number of cells constituting the embryo from the intra-strain crosses of three strains at 84h of development was as follows: DDK, 22-7; BS, 43-1 and ITES, 62-0. A significance was observed in the cleavage rate of the embryo between DDK and the other two strains. The F1 embryos from the crosses of BS females X DDK males and ITES females X DDK males showed almost the same progress of development as BS and ITES embryos, respectively. Therefore, it is concluded that the early development of the F1 embryos iss, DDK females X BS males, showed conspicuously small cell numbers as compared with their litter-mates that developed to the blastocyst stage. It is inferred that the discrimination is already made during cleavage between the fortunate survivors and the lethal embryos due to the incompatibility between the cytoplasmic factor of DDK eggs and alien spermatozoa.", "contents": "Studies on the development of F1 embryos from inter-strain cross involving DDK mice. The development of the early mouse embryos was investigated from 36 to 84 h after the presumed time of fertilization. The mean number of cells constituting the embryo from the intra-strain crosses of three strains at 84h of development was as follows: DDK, 22-7; BS, 43-1 and ITES, 62-0. A significance was observed in the cleavage rate of the embryo between DDK and the other two strains. The F1 embryos from the crosses of BS females X DDK males and ITES females X DDK males showed almost the same progress of development as BS and ITES embryos, respectively. Therefore, it is concluded that the early development of the F1 embryos iss, DDK females X BS males, showed conspicuously small cell numbers as compared with their litter-mates that developed to the blastocyst stage. It is inferred that the discrimination is already made during cleavage between the fortunate survivors and the lethal embryos due to the incompatibility between the cytoplasmic factor of DDK eggs and alien spermatozoa."}
{"id": "PMID:886247", "title": "Mandibular growth retardation as a cause of cleft palate in mice homozygous for the chondrodysplasia gene.", "content": "Defective chondrogenesis in C57BL mice homozygous for the chondrodysplasia gene leads to deformity of limbs, ribs, trachea, mandible and palate. Since formation of the secondary palate depends upon coordinated development of several craniofacial structures, the presence of micrognathia and cleft palate in cho/cho newborn mice suggested a cause-and-effect relation between these two deformities. To determine whether or not lower jaw shortening coincided with the time of palate closure, heads from mutant control littermates previously rated morphologically were examined in median sagittal section. Of six parameters analyzed, growth rates for mutant mandible and anterior vertical dimension were significantly less than those of controls from the beginning of control palate closure. Since there is evidence that intrinsic shelf force is normal, these observations suggested that, during palatogenesis, growth retardation of Meckel's cartilage did not allow forward displacement of the tongue, and that the consequent failure to straighten the tongue impaired shelf movement. The data support the concept that growth of Meckel's cartilage is necessary for normal palate formation.", "contents": "Mandibular growth retardation as a cause of cleft palate in mice homozygous for the chondrodysplasia gene. Defective chondrogenesis in C57BL mice homozygous for the chondrodysplasia gene leads to deformity of limbs, ribs, trachea, mandible and palate. Since formation of the secondary palate depends upon coordinated development of several craniofacial structures, the presence of micrognathia and cleft palate in cho/cho newborn mice suggested a cause-and-effect relation between these two deformities. To determine whether or not lower jaw shortening coincided with the time of palate closure, heads from mutant control littermates previously rated morphologically were examined in median sagittal section. Of six parameters analyzed, growth rates for mutant mandible and anterior vertical dimension were significantly less than those of controls from the beginning of control palate closure. Since there is evidence that intrinsic shelf force is normal, these observations suggested that, during palatogenesis, growth retardation of Meckel's cartilage did not allow forward displacement of the tongue, and that the consequent failure to straighten the tongue impaired shelf movement. The data support the concept that growth of Meckel's cartilage is necessary for normal palate formation."}
{"id": "PMID:886250", "title": "Karyotype analysis of teratocarcinomas and embryoid bodies of C3H mice.", "content": "Karotype and capacity for differentiation were determined in four transplantable teratomas, and their embryoid bodies, derived from C3H mouse embryos. An apparently normal karyotype was retained by one tumour and one subline that were able to differentiate into a wide range of tissues, but some chromosomal alterations were found in the two tumours and one subline that showed almost identical restrictions in their capacity for differentiation. Trisomy for chromosome 11 was shared by all three restricted tumours; two of the tumours had similar length changes in the same two chromosome (1 and 14) while the third was generally trisomic for four other chromosomes.", "contents": "Karyotype analysis of teratocarcinomas and embryoid bodies of C3H mice. Karotype and capacity for differentiation were determined in four transplantable teratomas, and their embryoid bodies, derived from C3H mouse embryos. An apparently normal karyotype was retained by one tumour and one subline that were able to differentiate into a wide range of tissues, but some chromosomal alterations were found in the two tumours and one subline that showed almost identical restrictions in their capacity for differentiation. Trisomy for chromosome 11 was shared by all three restricted tumours; two of the tumours had similar length changes in the same two chromosome (1 and 14) while the third was generally trisomic for four other chromosomes."}
{"id": "PMID:886251", "title": "An experimental investigation into the early development of the chick elbow joint.", "content": "The theory that differential growth of opposed chondrogenic centres is important in early joint formation has been tested experimentally by removing structures in relation to the chick elbow joint. The humerus and its cap of differentiating joint cells were found to develop independently of structures distal to them. Removal of the presumptive joint region at early stages resulted in fusion of the humerus with the radius and ulna. Results are discussed in terms of concepts concerning pattern formation of cell types in the early wing-bud.", "contents": "An experimental investigation into the early development of the chick elbow joint. The theory that differential growth of opposed chondrogenic centres is important in early joint formation has been tested experimentally by removing structures in relation to the chick elbow joint. The humerus and its cap of differentiating joint cells were found to develop independently of structures distal to them. Removal of the presumptive joint region at early stages resulted in fusion of the humerus with the radius and ulna. Results are discussed in terms of concepts concerning pattern formation of cell types in the early wing-bud."}
{"id": "PMID:886252", "title": "Developmental precocity after asynchronous egg transfer in mice.", "content": "Asynchronously transferred ova were found to implant 6-8 h earlier than did non-transferred eggs, indicating that the endometrium was receptive to implantation several hours before the native blastocysts were prepared to implant. This developmental precocity was also preserved on day 14, according to the results of a morphological rating study on day 14. Synchronously transferred ova showed no such developmental precocity. No statistically significant difference in implantation time or development on day 14 was found between the two strains, CBA and A/Jax. The importance of precocious development for planning teratological studies is emphasized.", "contents": "Developmental precocity after asynchronous egg transfer in mice. Asynchronously transferred ova were found to implant 6-8 h earlier than did non-transferred eggs, indicating that the endometrium was receptive to implantation several hours before the native blastocysts were prepared to implant. This developmental precocity was also preserved on day 14, according to the results of a morphological rating study on day 14. Synchronously transferred ova showed no such developmental precocity. No statistically significant difference in implantation time or development on day 14 was found between the two strains, CBA and A/Jax. The importance of precocious development for planning teratological studies is emphasized."}
{"id": "PMID:886253", "title": "Experimental studies on a mutant gene (p) causing premature death of Ambystoma mexicanum embryos.", "content": "The premature death (p) mutation is a recessive lethal, which, in the homozygous condition, gives rise to a complex of abnormalities. The mutant embryos develop only to stage 37, at which time disintegration of superficial tissue begins. Many of the abnormalities observed in sections of the stage-37 mutant embryo are related to its failure to establish a functioning circulatory system, or to the resulting edema and/or ascites that distend the abdomen and flanks. There are, however, abnormalities of heart, liver, gill and muscle development which cannot be attributed to lack of circulation and edema. All of these abnormalities can be indirectly related to the endoderm, particularly the anterior and dorsal endoderm. The findings, therefore, suggest that the mutation leads to a fairly general defect of the endoderm.", "contents": "Experimental studies on a mutant gene (p) causing premature death of Ambystoma mexicanum embryos. The premature death (p) mutation is a recessive lethal, which, in the homozygous condition, gives rise to a complex of abnormalities. The mutant embryos develop only to stage 37, at which time disintegration of superficial tissue begins. Many of the abnormalities observed in sections of the stage-37 mutant embryo are related to its failure to establish a functioning circulatory system, or to the resulting edema and/or ascites that distend the abdomen and flanks. There are, however, abnormalities of heart, liver, gill and muscle development which cannot be attributed to lack of circulation and edema. All of these abnormalities can be indirectly related to the endoderm, particularly the anterior and dorsal endoderm. The findings, therefore, suggest that the mutation leads to a fairly general defect of the endoderm."}
{"id": "PMID:886254", "title": "Determination of anteroposterior polarity in the axolotl forelimb by an interaction between limb and flank rudiments.", "content": "1. It is shown that the mesoderm in the prospective forelimb-bud of the axolotl embryo is thickened and divided into somatic and splanchnic layers, while that of the flank is thinner and divided. The first sign of the limb-bud itself appears at stage 38. 2. A whole, a half or a third of a limb rudiment can develop into a normal or reduplicated limb when transplanted to the flank. 3. An anterior half of a limb rudiment fails to develop when transplanted to the head but will do so if accompanied by a small piece of flank tissue. 4. Small pieces of tissue from a wide area of the flank will cause reduplication of the forelimb if grafted to the anterior margin of the rudiment. It is shown that the whole of the reduplication is formed from host tissue and has the morphological character of the host. 5. Reduplications have posterior structures arranged symmetrically on both sides of midline. Both muscles and cartilages are duplicated. 6. It is suggested that the same interaction between prospective flank and limb is responsible for the capacity for growth on the head, the induction of reduplications and the formation of the anteroposterior pattern of the limb in normal development. 7. A simple rule is proposed which explains the occurrence of reduplications in classical work on the amphibian limb.", "contents": "Determination of anteroposterior polarity in the axolotl forelimb by an interaction between limb and flank rudiments. 1. It is shown that the mesoderm in the prospective forelimb-bud of the axolotl embryo is thickened and divided into somatic and splanchnic layers, while that of the flank is thinner and divided. The first sign of the limb-bud itself appears at stage 38. 2. A whole, a half or a third of a limb rudiment can develop into a normal or reduplicated limb when transplanted to the flank. 3. An anterior half of a limb rudiment fails to develop when transplanted to the head but will do so if accompanied by a small piece of flank tissue. 4. Small pieces of tissue from a wide area of the flank will cause reduplication of the forelimb if grafted to the anterior margin of the rudiment. It is shown that the whole of the reduplication is formed from host tissue and has the morphological character of the host. 5. Reduplications have posterior structures arranged symmetrically on both sides of midline. Both muscles and cartilages are duplicated. 6. It is suggested that the same interaction between prospective flank and limb is responsible for the capacity for growth on the head, the induction of reduplications and the formation of the anteroposterior pattern of the limb in normal development. 7. A simple rule is proposed which explains the occurrence of reduplications in classical work on the amphibian limb."}
{"id": "PMID:886255", "title": "Control of anteroposterior pattern in the axolotl forelimb by a smoothly graded signal.", "content": "(1) It is shown that the number of cartilage elements in an experimentally produced reduplicated limb depends on the width of competent tissue between pieces of flank tissue. (2) Seventy well formed reduplications were examined on the assumption that the difference in the number of elements between them results from small differences in graft position. (3) All the reduplications are symmetrical along their entire length. (4) All possess the most posterior structures at both edges with other elements arranged in between in the correct serial order. (5) The existence of vestigial and of branched elements in the midline suggest that the cases examined come from a potentially continuous series. (6) All these characteristics can readily be explained by assuming the existence of a continuous U-shaped anteroposterior gradient, and of threshold responses by the cells which together control the pattern of cell differentiation. (7) It is suggested that the gradient \"deepens\" as more distal levels of the limb are laid down. (8) Most but not all of the cases can be arranged in a single series in which proximal and distal levels expand coordinately. (9) Possible mechanisms for the establishment and maintenance of the gradient are discussed.", "contents": "Control of anteroposterior pattern in the axolotl forelimb by a smoothly graded signal. (1) It is shown that the number of cartilage elements in an experimentally produced reduplicated limb depends on the width of competent tissue between pieces of flank tissue. (2) Seventy well formed reduplications were examined on the assumption that the difference in the number of elements between them results from small differences in graft position. (3) All the reduplications are symmetrical along their entire length. (4) All possess the most posterior structures at both edges with other elements arranged in between in the correct serial order. (5) The existence of vestigial and of branched elements in the midline suggest that the cases examined come from a potentially continuous series. (6) All these characteristics can readily be explained by assuming the existence of a continuous U-shaped anteroposterior gradient, and of threshold responses by the cells which together control the pattern of cell differentiation. (7) It is suggested that the gradient \"deepens\" as more distal levels of the limb are laid down. (8) Most but not all of the cases can be arranged in a single series in which proximal and distal levels expand coordinately. (9) Possible mechanisms for the establishment and maintenance of the gradient are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:886257", "title": "Cell lineage and cell determination in the developing compound eye of the cockroach, Periplaneta americana.", "content": "By grafting between eye colour mutants of the cockroach Periplaneta americana we have investigated (i) the hypothesis that cells within an ommatidium of the fused rhabdom type are clonally derived from a single mother cell and (ii) we have tested the suggestion that cells from non-prospective eye epidermis can form ommatidia when grafted next to eye tissue. Mosaic eyes containing cells of the two genotypes contain ommatidia with unpredictable combinations of the two sorts of cells at the host/graft border. This finding is inconsistent with the first hypothesis. Using grafts of prothoracic epidermis and head epidermis from non-prospective eye regions we have shown that only cells from the prospective eye region can form ommatidia. Possible ways that eye cells could be determined are discussed in the light of these findings.", "contents": "Cell lineage and cell determination in the developing compound eye of the cockroach, Periplaneta americana. By grafting between eye colour mutants of the cockroach Periplaneta americana we have investigated (i) the hypothesis that cells within an ommatidium of the fused rhabdom type are clonally derived from a single mother cell and (ii) we have tested the suggestion that cells from non-prospective eye epidermis can form ommatidia when grafted next to eye tissue. Mosaic eyes containing cells of the two genotypes contain ommatidia with unpredictable combinations of the two sorts of cells at the host/graft border. This finding is inconsistent with the first hypothesis. Using grafts of prothoracic epidermis and head epidermis from non-prospective eye regions we have shown that only cells from the prospective eye region can form ommatidia. Possible ways that eye cells could be determined are discussed in the light of these findings."}
{"id": "PMID:886258", "title": "A technique for introducing localized long-lasting implants in the chick embryo.", "content": "A technique is described for making chronic, localized implants of drug-impregnated Silastic in early chick embryos. This silicone material has been shown to gradually and uniformly release its impregnated contents under such conditions. Following implantation of pieces of Silastic treated with the metaphase-blocking drugs colchicine and vinblastine into the wing-buds of 41/2-5 day chick embryos, 53-75% survived 4-5 days, at which time they were sacrificed. Non-impregnated (control) Silastic was also implanted in a group of embryos. In this group, 90% survived 4-5 days. The antimitotic effects of the drugs were very well localized to implanted wings, which were reduced in size by approximately 55% at the time of sacrifice (day 8-9 of incubation). In control embryos, the implanted wings were normal in size and general morphology. It is suggested that the technique could have numerous applications for the study of neuroembryology or other aspects of embryogenesis.", "contents": "A technique for introducing localized long-lasting implants in the chick embryo. A technique is described for making chronic, localized implants of drug-impregnated Silastic in early chick embryos. This silicone material has been shown to gradually and uniformly release its impregnated contents under such conditions. Following implantation of pieces of Silastic treated with the metaphase-blocking drugs colchicine and vinblastine into the wing-buds of 41/2-5 day chick embryos, 53-75% survived 4-5 days, at which time they were sacrificed. Non-impregnated (control) Silastic was also implanted in a group of embryos. In this group, 90% survived 4-5 days. The antimitotic effects of the drugs were very well localized to implanted wings, which were reduced in size by approximately 55% at the time of sacrifice (day 8-9 of incubation). In control embryos, the implanted wings were normal in size and general morphology. It is suggested that the technique could have numerous applications for the study of neuroembryology or other aspects of embryogenesis."}
{"id": "PMID:886259", "title": "Inhibition of cranial neural crest cell development by vitamin A in the cultured chick embryo.", "content": "Chick embryos at stage 8, prior to neural crest cell migration, were explanted on whole egg medium with or without vitamin A and cultured for 3 days. Sections through the head regions showed that the cranial neural crest cells had migrated into the first visceral arch in the controls but were absent from this structure in the treated embryos. These observations suggest that vitamin A inhibits neural crest cell development or migration, an effect which may in part account for the facial malformations produced by excess vitamin A.", "contents": "Inhibition of cranial neural crest cell development by vitamin A in the cultured chick embryo. Chick embryos at stage 8, prior to neural crest cell migration, were explanted on whole egg medium with or without vitamin A and cultured for 3 days. Sections through the head regions showed that the cranial neural crest cells had migrated into the first visceral arch in the controls but were absent from this structure in the treated embryos. These observations suggest that vitamin A inhibits neural crest cell development or migration, an effect which may in part account for the facial malformations produced by excess vitamin A."}
{"id": "PMID:886260", "title": "Trophoblastic vesicles of preimplantation blastocysts can enter into quiescence in the absence of inner cell mass.", "content": "Preimplantation mouse blastocysts were dissected into inner cell mass (ICM) and trophoblast cells. These fragments were transferred to pseudo-pregnant mice which were left intact or ovariectomized. The latter group received progesterone to permit blastocysts and the dissected fragments to enter into quiescence, prior to injection of oestradiol to induce implantation. Trophoblastic vesicles, without ICM, entered into quiescence and implanted whereas the ICM did not. The entry of trophoblast into quiescence does not appear therefore to be governed by the ICM.", "contents": "Trophoblastic vesicles of preimplantation blastocysts can enter into quiescence in the absence of inner cell mass. Preimplantation mouse blastocysts were dissected into inner cell mass (ICM) and trophoblast cells. These fragments were transferred to pseudo-pregnant mice which were left intact or ovariectomized. The latter group received progesterone to permit blastocysts and the dissected fragments to enter into quiescence, prior to injection of oestradiol to induce implantation. Trophoblastic vesicles, without ICM, entered into quiescence and implanted whereas the ICM did not. The entry of trophoblast into quiescence does not appear therefore to be governed by the ICM."}
{"id": "PMID:886261", "title": "Ultrastructural observations on stumpy (stm), a new chondrodystrophic mutant in the mouse.", "content": "Stumpy (stm) is a new chondrodystrophic mutant in the mouse. Light microscopy of cartilage reveals a slightly increased mitotic rate, more chondrocytes than is usual per lacuna and a wide zone of hypertrophy. Electron microscopy shows that many chondrocytes are in close approximation with some tight junctions: in cartilage from 14-day-old mice there is much interdigitation and folding of the cell membranes of adjacent chondrocytes.", "contents": "Ultrastructural observations on stumpy (stm), a new chondrodystrophic mutant in the mouse. Stumpy (stm) is a new chondrodystrophic mutant in the mouse. Light microscopy of cartilage reveals a slightly increased mitotic rate, more chondrocytes than is usual per lacuna and a wide zone of hypertrophy. Electron microscopy shows that many chondrocytes are in close approximation with some tight junctions: in cartilage from 14-day-old mice there is much interdigitation and folding of the cell membranes of adjacent chondrocytes."}
{"id": "PMID:886262", "title": "Further studies on skull growth in achondroplasic (cn) mice.", "content": "The morphology of the basioccipital, basisphenoid and mandibular bones in achondroplasic (cn/cn) mice was compared with that of normal siblings. The two bones of the cranial base were markedly reduced in length but not in width. The percentage reduction in the basisphenoid was twice that in the basioccipital bone and of the same magnitude as that previously observed in the long bones of the limbs. This difference may arise because the basisphenoid, like the long bones, grows in length from two cartilaginous growth sites while the basioccipital grows from one cartilaginous and one periosteal site. The mandible of the cn/cn mice was also reduced in size, although to a lesser extent than were the cranial bones and without the ensuing disproportion. The scale of the mandibular changes suggests that they are largely attributable to regulatory responses to the shortened cranium. The finding that the condylar cartilage of the cn/cn mice is reduced in thickness indicates, however, that the cn gene may have a direct effect on condylar chondrocytes.", "contents": "Further studies on skull growth in achondroplasic (cn) mice. The morphology of the basioccipital, basisphenoid and mandibular bones in achondroplasic (cn/cn) mice was compared with that of normal siblings. The two bones of the cranial base were markedly reduced in length but not in width. The percentage reduction in the basisphenoid was twice that in the basioccipital bone and of the same magnitude as that previously observed in the long bones of the limbs. This difference may arise because the basisphenoid, like the long bones, grows in length from two cartilaginous growth sites while the basioccipital grows from one cartilaginous and one periosteal site. The mandible of the cn/cn mice was also reduced in size, although to a lesser extent than were the cranial bones and without the ensuing disproportion. The scale of the mandibular changes suggests that they are largely attributable to regulatory responses to the shortened cranium. The finding that the condylar cartilage of the cn/cn mice is reduced in thickness indicates, however, that the cn gene may have a direct effect on condylar chondrocytes."}
{"id": "PMID:886263", "title": "Intercellular contacts at the epithelial-mesenchymal interface of the developing rat submandibular gland in vitro.", "content": "An ultrastructural study of the development of the rat submandibular gland (SMG) analage in vitro was undertaken to determine if epithelial-mesenchymal and epithelial-nerve contacts were integral events in the differentiation of the gland in vitro as they are in vivo. SMG rudiments were removed at the stalk-bulb stage (15 days in utero) and cultured for 6 days on a millipore filter in supplemented McCoy's 5A media. Rudiments were taken at daily intervals, fixed and processed for electron microscopy. The overall development of the explanted rudiments closely paralleled their maturation in vivo although cultured glands lagged 24-36 h behind their normal counterparts. Direct epithelial-mesenchymal contacts were seen after the morphogenetic patterning of the gland had been established but prior to functional differentiation of the rudiment. Epithelial-nerve contacts were not seen although healthy axons were seen in the stroma throughout the culture period. The study indicates that epithelial-nerve contacts are probably not required for morphogenesis of cytodifferentiation of the rat SMG. However, direct epithelial-mesenchymal contacts appear to be an integral part of the developmental sequence of the rat SMG.", "contents": "Intercellular contacts at the epithelial-mesenchymal interface of the developing rat submandibular gland in vitro. An ultrastructural study of the development of the rat submandibular gland (SMG) analage in vitro was undertaken to determine if epithelial-mesenchymal and epithelial-nerve contacts were integral events in the differentiation of the gland in vitro as they are in vivo. SMG rudiments were removed at the stalk-bulb stage (15 days in utero) and cultured for 6 days on a millipore filter in supplemented McCoy's 5A media. Rudiments were taken at daily intervals, fixed and processed for electron microscopy. The overall development of the explanted rudiments closely paralleled their maturation in vivo although cultured glands lagged 24-36 h behind their normal counterparts. Direct epithelial-mesenchymal contacts were seen after the morphogenetic patterning of the gland had been established but prior to functional differentiation of the rudiment. Epithelial-nerve contacts were not seen although healthy axons were seen in the stroma throughout the culture period. The study indicates that epithelial-nerve contacts are probably not required for morphogenesis of cytodifferentiation of the rat SMG. However, direct epithelial-mesenchymal contacts appear to be an integral part of the developmental sequence of the rat SMG."}
{"id": "PMID:886265", "title": "Morphologic alterations in the parietal yolk-sac of the rat from the 12th to the 19th day of gestation.", "content": "The rat parietal yolk-sac and its adherent epithelial cells were examined at various stages of gestation using an en face technique. Specimens were observed a both the light and electron microscopic level. Diastase pretreatment and PAS-staining were used to determine the presence of glycogen. As early as the 12th day of gestation the cytoplasm of the parietal yolk-sac cells contained numerous ribosomes and mitochondria and a large amount of endoplasmic reticulum. The glycogen content of the epithelial cells increased from the 12th day of gestation and accumulated in large quantities by the 16th day. By the 17th day many cells exhibited variable degrees of degeneration. Cellular elements of degenerating cells appeared to be trapped within Reichert's membrane. Contrary to the reports of other investigators, the present study indicates that the capsular portion of the parietal yolk-sac consisting of Reichert's membrane and its adherent epithelial cells remained intact until at least the 18th day of gestation. Some of the unique characteristics of the parietal yolk-sac provide experimental models to study the effects of environmental factors on (1) the synthesis of basement membranes, (2) the ageing of cells and (3) the correlation of these histologic changes with the functions of the parietal yolk-sac.", "contents": "Morphologic alterations in the parietal yolk-sac of the rat from the 12th to the 19th day of gestation. The rat parietal yolk-sac and its adherent epithelial cells were examined at various stages of gestation using an en face technique. Specimens were observed a both the light and electron microscopic level. Diastase pretreatment and PAS-staining were used to determine the presence of glycogen. As early as the 12th day of gestation the cytoplasm of the parietal yolk-sac cells contained numerous ribosomes and mitochondria and a large amount of endoplasmic reticulum. The glycogen content of the epithelial cells increased from the 12th day of gestation and accumulated in large quantities by the 16th day. By the 17th day many cells exhibited variable degrees of degeneration. Cellular elements of degenerating cells appeared to be trapped within Reichert's membrane. Contrary to the reports of other investigators, the present study indicates that the capsular portion of the parietal yolk-sac consisting of Reichert's membrane and its adherent epithelial cells remained intact until at least the 18th day of gestation. Some of the unique characteristics of the parietal yolk-sac provide experimental models to study the effects of environmental factors on (1) the synthesis of basement membranes, (2) the ageing of cells and (3) the correlation of these histologic changes with the functions of the parietal yolk-sac."}
{"id": "PMID:886266", "title": "Magnesium deficiency in embryos of Xenopus laevis.", "content": "Embryos of Xenopus laevis reared in media with various low (less than or equal to 10(-5) M) magnesium ion concentrations will exhibit differing degrees of a potentially lethal magnesium starvation syndrome depending on the ion concentration and rearing temperature. The higher the rearing temperature or the lower the magnesium ion content of the medium the more severely the syndrome will be expressed. (Normal development can be expected at temperatures 13-30 degrees C and magnesium ion concentrations greater than 10(-5)M to 10(-2) M.). The magnesium deficiency syndrome in Xenopus embryos is described in detail and compared with the normal and anucleolate conditions. The deficiency condition becomes manifest after hatching as retarded growth and differentiation with progressive paralysis and edema. At the same time alterations are observed in the pattern of soluble proteins. The use of magnesium ions as a probe for investigating developing systems is discussed.", "contents": "Magnesium deficiency in embryos of Xenopus laevis. Embryos of Xenopus laevis reared in media with various low (less than or equal to 10(-5) M) magnesium ion concentrations will exhibit differing degrees of a potentially lethal magnesium starvation syndrome depending on the ion concentration and rearing temperature. The higher the rearing temperature or the lower the magnesium ion content of the medium the more severely the syndrome will be expressed. (Normal development can be expected at temperatures 13-30 degrees C and magnesium ion concentrations greater than 10(-5)M to 10(-2) M.). The magnesium deficiency syndrome in Xenopus embryos is described in detail and compared with the normal and anucleolate conditions. The deficiency condition becomes manifest after hatching as retarded growth and differentiation with progressive paralysis and edema. At the same time alterations are observed in the pattern of soluble proteins. The use of magnesium ions as a probe for investigating developing systems is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:886274", "title": "Attention and visual dominance: a chronometric analysis.", "content": "Three chronometric experiments, each comparing vision and kinesthesis, were conducted to study visual dominance. The time required to switch attention from vision and from kinesthesis was equal, while switching to kinesthesis was faster than switching to vision (Experiment 1). Responses to a combined visual-kinesthetic stimulus were slower than responses to a kinesthetic stimulus alone when the subject was expecting the bimodal stimulus. The visual dominance effect was shown to depend on the subject knowing the modality of the stimulus in advance (Experiment 2). When subjects were instructed to attend one modality they had equal difficulty with conflicting visual and kinesthetic information (Experiment 3). These findings suggest that visual dominance results from a bias to attend vision when that modality seems adequate for the task. Te bias to attend vision may develop to overcome a deficiency in visual alerting.", "contents": "Attention and visual dominance: a chronometric analysis. Three chronometric experiments, each comparing vision and kinesthesis, were conducted to study visual dominance. The time required to switch attention from vision and from kinesthesis was equal, while switching to kinesthesis was faster than switching to vision (Experiment 1). Responses to a combined visual-kinesthetic stimulus were slower than responses to a kinesthetic stimulus alone when the subject was expecting the bimodal stimulus. The visual dominance effect was shown to depend on the subject knowing the modality of the stimulus in advance (Experiment 2). When subjects were instructed to attend one modality they had equal difficulty with conflicting visual and kinesthetic information (Experiment 3). These findings suggest that visual dominance results from a bias to attend vision when that modality seems adequate for the task. Te bias to attend vision may develop to overcome a deficiency in visual alerting."}
{"id": "PMID:886275", "title": "Attention and reaction times to signals of uncertain modality.", "content": "Visual, auditory, and tactile reaction time (RT) signals were used in an a-reaction task. The main independent variable was the predictability of signal modality, which was varied by cuing the relevant modality or modalities before each trial. The response requirement was nondiscriminative with respect to modality. Three experiments showed that (a) RT's were longer when signal modality was uncertain, the more so with three possible modalities than with two; (b) this effect of uncertainty was approximately the same whether varied within subjects or between subjects; and (C) the effect of uncertainty was somewhat smaller on tactile RTs than on visual or auditory RTs. Experiment 4 examined change in this uncertainty effect with practice. The uncertainty effect declined over 11 daily sessions to the point of virtual absence from auditory and tactile RTs but was restored or increase will respect to all three signals following one session of discrimination RTs (\"respond if visual, refrain if auditory or tactile\"). The results are interpreted as showing that attention can be allocated to sensory modalities and that the implied selective process is concerned with modality \"identification,\" though not in a way consistent with a channel-switching model thereof.", "contents": "Attention and reaction times to signals of uncertain modality. Visual, auditory, and tactile reaction time (RT) signals were used in an a-reaction task. The main independent variable was the predictability of signal modality, which was varied by cuing the relevant modality or modalities before each trial. The response requirement was nondiscriminative with respect to modality. Three experiments showed that (a) RT's were longer when signal modality was uncertain, the more so with three possible modalities than with two; (b) this effect of uncertainty was approximately the same whether varied within subjects or between subjects; and (C) the effect of uncertainty was somewhat smaller on tactile RTs than on visual or auditory RTs. Experiment 4 examined change in this uncertainty effect with practice. The uncertainty effect declined over 11 daily sessions to the point of virtual absence from auditory and tactile RTs but was restored or increase will respect to all three signals following one session of discrimination RTs (\"respond if visual, refrain if auditory or tactile\"). The results are interpreted as showing that attention can be allocated to sensory modalities and that the implied selective process is concerned with modality \"identification,\" though not in a way consistent with a channel-switching model thereof."}
{"id": "PMID:886276", "title": "Perception of wholes and of their component parts: some configural superiority effects.", "content": "Theories of visual pattern recognition frequently assume that processing begins with an analysis of the pattern into component parts, which are often assumed to be line segments of particular orientations, lengths, positions, and curvatures. The present experiments measured discriminability of these simple parts when presented either in isolation or within configural contexts that provided no formal information useful for the discrimination. Certain contexts either impaired or did not affect performance. Other contexts were found, however, which dramatically improved discriminability. Thus, two patterns which differed only in a single part could be discriminated from each other more quickly than could their distinguishing parts shown in isolation. Further experiments suggest that this \"configural superiority\" effect influences perceptual components of processing rather than memorial components. The mechanism underlying configural superiority appears to be the detection of novel and distinguishing features, such as corners and intersections, which emerge when parts are placed in close proximity to each other. The outlines of a model for preattentive feature discrimination are presented.", "contents": "Perception of wholes and of their component parts: some configural superiority effects. Theories of visual pattern recognition frequently assume that processing begins with an analysis of the pattern into component parts, which are often assumed to be line segments of particular orientations, lengths, positions, and curvatures. The present experiments measured discriminability of these simple parts when presented either in isolation or within configural contexts that provided no formal information useful for the discrimination. Certain contexts either impaired or did not affect performance. Other contexts were found, however, which dramatically improved discriminability. Thus, two patterns which differed only in a single part could be discriminated from each other more quickly than could their distinguishing parts shown in isolation. Further experiments suggest that this \"configural superiority\" effect influences perceptual components of processing rather than memorial components. The mechanism underlying configural superiority appears to be the detection of novel and distinguishing features, such as corners and intersections, which emerge when parts are placed in close proximity to each other. The outlines of a model for preattentive feature discrimination are presented."}
{"id": "PMID:886277", "title": "Classifying intergral stimuli.", "content": "Two reported experiments support holistic, as opposed to analytic, processing models for integral stimuli. Speeded classification data from different information-processing tasks (univariate and correlated) were predicted by distance between stimuli in similarity space but not by redundancy. The results of the filtering and condensation tasks and the notion of configural stimuli are also explicable in these terms. It is shown that some operational definitions commonly used to define integral stimuli are usually confounded with stimulus similarity. The assumption of independence between the attributes that combine to form multidimensional stimuli is not always met and is always an empirical question. When these attributes are not independent, physical and psychological spaces are not necessarily the same. Similarity structure is a crucial concern if inferences of cognitive processing are to be based on information-processing task results.", "contents": "Classifying intergral stimuli. Two reported experiments support holistic, as opposed to analytic, processing models for integral stimuli. Speeded classification data from different information-processing tasks (univariate and correlated) were predicted by distance between stimuli in similarity space but not by redundancy. The results of the filtering and condensation tasks and the notion of configural stimuli are also explicable in these terms. It is shown that some operational definitions commonly used to define integral stimuli are usually confounded with stimulus similarity. The assumption of independence between the attributes that combine to form multidimensional stimuli is not always met and is always an empirical question. When these attributes are not independent, physical and psychological spaces are not necessarily the same. Similarity structure is a crucial concern if inferences of cognitive processing are to be based on information-processing task results."}
{"id": "PMID:886278", "title": "Backward pattern masking can vary as a nonmonotonic function of target duration: on the influence of intratraget metacontrast.", "content": "The magnitude of backward masking is usually found to vary inversely with the amount of information about a target that is made available to the visual system. Contrary to these findings, we report a nonmonotonic relation between the magnitude of backward pattern masking and target duration. Specifically, masking decreased as target duration was increased to about 8 msec and, then, became more severe as target duration was further increased to a value of at least 40 msec. The occurrence of the nonmonotonic function depended on (a) the degree of definition of the target's edges, (b) the luminance levels within the target stimulus, and (c) the state of adaptation of the eye. It is hypothesized that the source of the nonmonotonic function was metacontrast interference that originated from within the target stimulus configuration. This hypothesis was supported by data that indicated that in the absence of any mask presentations, the apparent contrast between the target and its immediate background varied as a nonmonotonic function of target duration.", "contents": "Backward pattern masking can vary as a nonmonotonic function of target duration: on the influence of intratraget metacontrast. The magnitude of backward masking is usually found to vary inversely with the amount of information about a target that is made available to the visual system. Contrary to these findings, we report a nonmonotonic relation between the magnitude of backward pattern masking and target duration. Specifically, masking decreased as target duration was increased to about 8 msec and, then, became more severe as target duration was further increased to a value of at least 40 msec. The occurrence of the nonmonotonic function depended on (a) the degree of definition of the target's edges, (b) the luminance levels within the target stimulus, and (c) the state of adaptation of the eye. It is hypothesized that the source of the nonmonotonic function was metacontrast interference that originated from within the target stimulus configuration. This hypothesis was supported by data that indicated that in the absence of any mask presentations, the apparent contrast between the target and its immediate background varied as a nonmonotonic function of target duration."}
{"id": "PMID:886279", "title": "Perceived shape at a slant as a function of processing time and processing load.", "content": "Shape and slant judgments of rotated or frontoparallel ellipses were elicited from three groups of 10 subjects. A masking stimulus was introduced to control processing time. Backward masking trials were presented with interstimulus intervals of 0,25 and 50 msec. Reduction of processing time altered shape judgments in the direction of projective shape and slant judgments in the direction of frontoparallelness. This finding is consistent with the shape-slant invariance hypothesis. In order to study the effects of processing load, one group of subjects was given prior knowledge of the kind of judgment to be made on each trial, one group had no prior knowledge, and a third group made both judgments on each trial. The effects of the processing load manipulation were interpreted in terms of the role of attention in perceptual encoding. Consistent with previous findings, allocation of attention did not affect perceptual encoding.", "contents": "Perceived shape at a slant as a function of processing time and processing load. Shape and slant judgments of rotated or frontoparallel ellipses were elicited from three groups of 10 subjects. A masking stimulus was introduced to control processing time. Backward masking trials were presented with interstimulus intervals of 0,25 and 50 msec. Reduction of processing time altered shape judgments in the direction of projective shape and slant judgments in the direction of frontoparallelness. This finding is consistent with the shape-slant invariance hypothesis. In order to study the effects of processing load, one group of subjects was given prior knowledge of the kind of judgment to be made on each trial, one group had no prior knowledge, and a third group made both judgments on each trial. The effects of the processing load manipulation were interpreted in terms of the role of attention in perceptual encoding. Consistent with previous findings, allocation of attention did not affect perceptual encoding."}
{"id": "PMID:886280", "title": "Differential visual persistence between the two eyes: a model for the Fertsch-Pulfrich effect.", "content": "By presenting moving bars of different widths to the two eyes, an attempt was made to model the differential visual persistence produced by differential intensity filtering in the two eyes (the Fertsch-Pulfrich effect). If the phase of the two moving bars was controlled so that the thinner bar lined up with the leading edge of the wider bar, a clear depth effect was seen, which was the same as that produced by placing a filter in front of the eye seeing the wider bar. The depth effect was reversed, for example, from clockwise to anticlockwise, when the trailing edges of the targets were in alignment. These effects were additive to those produced by differential intensity filtering. When observers were permitted to control the phase relation between the two target bars in order to null the depth effect, they placed the thinner bar in alignment with the geometrical center of the wider bar. Widening the variable bar led to a reduction in its luminance, but this did not in itself seem to entail a Fertsch-Pulfrich effect. The classical latency explanation of the differential filtering effect is questioned, and a model involving spatial averaging of visual direction in conditions of differential persistence is proposed in its stead. Possible differences in the mechanisms of static and dynamic stereopsis are discussed.", "contents": "Differential visual persistence between the two eyes: a model for the Fertsch-Pulfrich effect. By presenting moving bars of different widths to the two eyes, an attempt was made to model the differential visual persistence produced by differential intensity filtering in the two eyes (the Fertsch-Pulfrich effect). If the phase of the two moving bars was controlled so that the thinner bar lined up with the leading edge of the wider bar, a clear depth effect was seen, which was the same as that produced by placing a filter in front of the eye seeing the wider bar. The depth effect was reversed, for example, from clockwise to anticlockwise, when the trailing edges of the targets were in alignment. These effects were additive to those produced by differential intensity filtering. When observers were permitted to control the phase relation between the two target bars in order to null the depth effect, they placed the thinner bar in alignment with the geometrical center of the wider bar. Widening the variable bar led to a reduction in its luminance, but this did not in itself seem to entail a Fertsch-Pulfrich effect. The classical latency explanation of the differential filtering effect is questioned, and a model involving spatial averaging of visual direction in conditions of differential persistence is proposed in its stead. Possible differences in the mechanisms of static and dynamic stereopsis are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:886281", "title": "Influence of spatial stimulus-response compatibility on reaction time of ipsilateral and contralateral hand to lateralized light stimuli.", "content": "In a simple reaction time task, key-pressing responses to unpatterned light stimuli presented in the right and left visual fields were faster for the hand ipsilateral to the visual stimulus than for the hand contralateral to the stimulus. The superiority of the ipsilateral reactions was seen also when responses were made with the hands crossed, so that such a superiority cannot be attributed to spatial compatibility between the side of the stimulus and the position of the response device. Similar results were obtained in a reaction time task of the Donders's c-type. It is argued that these laterality effects in visuomotor reaction time tasks are best explained by the anatomical relationships between the visual fields, the cerebral hemispheres, and the hands. The possible interaction between these effects and the effects of spatial compatibility between side of stimulus and side of response device are discussed in relation to reaction time tasks of the Donder's b-type.", "contents": "Influence of spatial stimulus-response compatibility on reaction time of ipsilateral and contralateral hand to lateralized light stimuli. In a simple reaction time task, key-pressing responses to unpatterned light stimuli presented in the right and left visual fields were faster for the hand ipsilateral to the visual stimulus than for the hand contralateral to the stimulus. The superiority of the ipsilateral reactions was seen also when responses were made with the hands crossed, so that such a superiority cannot be attributed to spatial compatibility between the side of the stimulus and the position of the response device. Similar results were obtained in a reaction time task of the Donders's c-type. It is argued that these laterality effects in visuomotor reaction time tasks are best explained by the anatomical relationships between the visual fields, the cerebral hemispheres, and the hands. The possible interaction between these effects and the effects of spatial compatibility between side of stimulus and side of response device are discussed in relation to reaction time tasks of the Donder's b-type."}
{"id": "PMID:886282", "title": "Right-hemisphere language processing in normal right-handers.", "content": "Three experiments were conducted to investigate the verbal performance of the right cerebral hemisphere in right-handed individuals with normal intact brains. A manual reaction time (RT) measure was used to assess the relative efficiency of lateral stimulus-response pathways (e.g., left visual field-right hemisphere-left hand) in processing linguistic information. Experiment 1 showed that the right and left hemispheres were equally efficient at recognizing concrete object nouns in a lexical decision task. The RT data also suggested that abstract nouns may be recognized only by the left hemisphere. Experiments 2 and 3 demonstrated the right hemisphere's ability to detect semantic relationships between concrete nouns and their superordinate categories. The findings were discussed in terms of their consistency with data from split-brain research and their implications for models of the functional organization of language skills in the normal brain. It was proposed that the right hemisphere in the intact brain can play a functional role in processing language.", "contents": "Right-hemisphere language processing in normal right-handers. Three experiments were conducted to investigate the verbal performance of the right cerebral hemisphere in right-handed individuals with normal intact brains. A manual reaction time (RT) measure was used to assess the relative efficiency of lateral stimulus-response pathways (e.g., left visual field-right hemisphere-left hand) in processing linguistic information. Experiment 1 showed that the right and left hemispheres were equally efficient at recognizing concrete object nouns in a lexical decision task. The RT data also suggested that abstract nouns may be recognized only by the left hemisphere. Experiments 2 and 3 demonstrated the right hemisphere's ability to detect semantic relationships between concrete nouns and their superordinate categories. The findings were discussed in terms of their consistency with data from split-brain research and their implications for models of the functional organization of language skills in the normal brain. It was proposed that the right hemisphere in the intact brain can play a functional role in processing language."}
{"id": "PMID:886283", "title": "Patient problems in the office practice of six family physicians in Louisiana.", "content": "Using the Royal College of General Practitioners (RCGP) classification of disease, the patient problems encountered in six family practice offices were classified. The top 20 diagnoses are identified, collectively and individually, and compared with the top 20 diagnoses encountered in a similar, but larger study done in Virginia. The present study includes a regional practice profile based on the disease categories of Royal College of General Practitioners, which was compared with the distribution of problems in the Virginia data. This study confirms the Virginia information on the most frequently encountered problems. Collectively, southeastern Louisiana profiles show fewer respiratory problems and more circulatory problems than the Virginia study. Individually, each practice has a distinct enough profile to warrant consideration of individual practice profiles at the time of re-certification examination or planning of continuing education programs.", "contents": "Patient problems in the office practice of six family physicians in Louisiana. Using the Royal College of General Practitioners (RCGP) classification of disease, the patient problems encountered in six family practice offices were classified. The top 20 diagnoses are identified, collectively and individually, and compared with the top 20 diagnoses encountered in a similar, but larger study done in Virginia. The present study includes a regional practice profile based on the disease categories of Royal College of General Practitioners, which was compared with the distribution of problems in the Virginia data. This study confirms the Virginia information on the most frequently encountered problems. Collectively, southeastern Louisiana profiles show fewer respiratory problems and more circulatory problems than the Virginia study. Individually, each practice has a distinct enough profile to warrant consideration of individual practice profiles at the time of re-certification examination or planning of continuing education programs."}
{"id": "PMID:886284", "title": "An integrated medical record and data system for primary care. Part 3: the diagnostic index manual and computer methods and applications.", "content": "Manual and computer versions of the diagnostic of the index-E-Book are described. Methods for establisment and maintenance of both indexes are given and the relative merits of each are delineated. Uses of diagnostic indexes are presented which are appropriate to solo and group practices. The role of the diagnostic index in curriculum development within a family practice training setting is also illustrated.", "contents": "An integrated medical record and data system for primary care. Part 3: the diagnostic index manual and computer methods and applications. Manual and computer versions of the diagnostic of the index-E-Book are described. Methods for establisment and maintenance of both indexes are given and the relative merits of each are delineated. Uses of diagnostic indexes are presented which are appropriate to solo and group practices. The role of the diagnostic index in curriculum development within a family practice training setting is also illustrated."}
{"id": "PMID:886285", "title": "Failure to thrive in infants and young children.", "content": "Failure to thrive is a syndrome of infancy and early childhood, characterized by growth failure for no apparent cause. A careful history, thorough physical examination, and relatively simple laboratory and radiographic studies will identify the cause of the problem in most instances. Prenatal, genetic, familial, constitutional, and environmental factors are most important. Hospitalization for diagnostic evaluation is often effective from a therapeutic standpoint as well. The family physician is in a favorable position to manage most pediatric patients who fail to thrive.", "contents": "Failure to thrive in infants and young children. Failure to thrive is a syndrome of infancy and early childhood, characterized by growth failure for no apparent cause. A careful history, thorough physical examination, and relatively simple laboratory and radiographic studies will identify the cause of the problem in most instances. Prenatal, genetic, familial, constitutional, and environmental factors are most important. Hospitalization for diagnostic evaluation is often effective from a therapeutic standpoint as well. The family physician is in a favorable position to manage most pediatric patients who fail to thrive."}
{"id": "PMID:886291", "title": "Placebos: a brief review for family physicians.", "content": "Placebos are as old as the practice of medicine and for thousands of years represented nearly the totality of medical therapeutics. Positive and negative placebo effects occur in about 35 percent and 10 percent of individuals, respectively. Without exception, all medical therapeutics may be assumed to have significant placebo components. Factors contributing to the success of placebos are many, but include the expectations of physician and patient, the doctor-patient relationship, and societal norms. Ethical issues regarding the use of placebos are not clear-cut but, in general, the use of placebos is contraindicated except as an adjunct to specific therapy, or as a research tool with informed consent.", "contents": "Placebos: a brief review for family physicians. Placebos are as old as the practice of medicine and for thousands of years represented nearly the totality of medical therapeutics. Positive and negative placebo effects occur in about 35 percent and 10 percent of individuals, respectively. Without exception, all medical therapeutics may be assumed to have significant placebo components. Factors contributing to the success of placebos are many, but include the expectations of physician and patient, the doctor-patient relationship, and societal norms. Ethical issues regarding the use of placebos are not clear-cut but, in general, the use of placebos is contraindicated except as an adjunct to specific therapy, or as a research tool with informed consent."}
{"id": "PMID:886293", "title": "Accumulation of glucocorticoids in regenerating areas of limbs of the newt, Notophthalmus viridescens.", "content": "Evidence is presented that regenerating portions of newt limbs preferentially accumulate 3H-labelled exogeneous cortisol and corticosterone. The ability of such regions to accumulate glucocorticoids is maximal about seven days after amputation and is abolished by interrupting the spinal nerves innervating the limb. Either hypophysectomy or ablation of interrenal tissue is without marked effect. The accumulation effect is not shown by aldosterone, testosterone, glucose, cholesterol, or leucine but estradiol does accumulate to a somewhat lesser extent than do the glucorticoids examined.", "contents": "Accumulation of glucocorticoids in regenerating areas of limbs of the newt, Notophthalmus viridescens. Evidence is presented that regenerating portions of newt limbs preferentially accumulate 3H-labelled exogeneous cortisol and corticosterone. The ability of such regions to accumulate glucocorticoids is maximal about seven days after amputation and is abolished by interrupting the spinal nerves innervating the limb. Either hypophysectomy or ablation of interrenal tissue is without marked effect. The accumulation effect is not shown by aldosterone, testosterone, glucose, cholesterol, or leucine but estradiol does accumulate to a somewhat lesser extent than do the glucorticoids examined."}
{"id": "PMID:886294", "title": "Polymorphism and reproductive mode in the rotifer, Asplanchna sieboldi: relationship between meiotic oogenesis and shape of body-wall outgrowths.", "content": "Sexuality and polymorphism are closely coupled in the rotifer Asplanchna sieboldi. In a graded response to dietary tocopherol, embryos develop body-wall outgrowths of various sizes and shapes. Also in a graded response to this compound, some of the affected females produce eggs undergoing meiotic instead of mitotic oogenesis. The haploid eggs of such mictic females develop parthenogenetically into males instead of females. The incidence of mictic females among animals with different shapes was studied among cohorts from mothers subjected to different inducing conditions. The hypothesis that external tocopherol concentrations absolutely fix the probability of meiotic oogenesis was rejected. The other extreme hypothesis, that the probability of meiotic oogenesis is fixed by morphotype, was rejected for animals at the low end of the morphotypic scale but accepted for the more strongly-affected individuals. The probability of meiotic oogenesis is thus constant for the higher morphotypes. The ascertainment of morphotype frequencies in natural or laboratory populations may suffice for estimating the incidence of sexual forms; furthermore studies of factors affecting the body-wall-outgrowth response may also bear directly upon regulation of sexual reproduction in this species.", "contents": "Polymorphism and reproductive mode in the rotifer, Asplanchna sieboldi: relationship between meiotic oogenesis and shape of body-wall outgrowths. Sexuality and polymorphism are closely coupled in the rotifer Asplanchna sieboldi. In a graded response to dietary tocopherol, embryos develop body-wall outgrowths of various sizes and shapes. Also in a graded response to this compound, some of the affected females produce eggs undergoing meiotic instead of mitotic oogenesis. The haploid eggs of such mictic females develop parthenogenetically into males instead of females. The incidence of mictic females among animals with different shapes was studied among cohorts from mothers subjected to different inducing conditions. The hypothesis that external tocopherol concentrations absolutely fix the probability of meiotic oogenesis was rejected. The other extreme hypothesis, that the probability of meiotic oogenesis is fixed by morphotype, was rejected for animals at the low end of the morphotypic scale but accepted for the more strongly-affected individuals. The probability of meiotic oogenesis is thus constant for the higher morphotypes. The ascertainment of morphotype frequencies in natural or laboratory populations may suffice for estimating the incidence of sexual forms; furthermore studies of factors affecting the body-wall-outgrowth response may also bear directly upon regulation of sexual reproduction in this species."}
{"id": "PMID:886296", "title": "Ontogenetic change in molecular and functional properties of blood of garter snakes, Thamnophis sirtalis.", "content": "At birth the blood of garter snakes (Thamnophis sirtalis) has high oxygen affinity (P50 at 25 degrees C and pH 7.2 = 21 mm Hg), low hematocrit (14%), and a high proportion of inactive hemoglobin (44%). Growth of the snakes is accompanied by a steady decrease in oxygen affinity (P50 = 44 mm Hg in adults), increased hematocrit (to 44%), and decreased inactive hemoglobin (to 3%). These adult values are reached in the second or third year of a snake's life. There is a continuous change in the electrophoretically separable hemoglobin fractions during this period, but there is no ontogenetic change in the oxygen affinity of phosphate-stripped hemoglobin in solution. Organic triphosphates do not fully explain the ontogenetic change in blood oxygen affinity. Similar ontogenetic changes in blood oxygen affinity were found in two other species of snakes. The unusual morphology of snake lungs and consequent changes in pulmonary pO2 and pCO2 during ontogeny may be the basis for the unusual relationship between body size and blood oxygen affinity in snakes.", "contents": "Ontogenetic change in molecular and functional properties of blood of garter snakes, Thamnophis sirtalis. At birth the blood of garter snakes (Thamnophis sirtalis) has high oxygen affinity (P50 at 25 degrees C and pH 7.2 = 21 mm Hg), low hematocrit (14%), and a high proportion of inactive hemoglobin (44%). Growth of the snakes is accompanied by a steady decrease in oxygen affinity (P50 = 44 mm Hg in adults), increased hematocrit (to 44%), and decreased inactive hemoglobin (to 3%). These adult values are reached in the second or third year of a snake's life. There is a continuous change in the electrophoretically separable hemoglobin fractions during this period, but there is no ontogenetic change in the oxygen affinity of phosphate-stripped hemoglobin in solution. Organic triphosphates do not fully explain the ontogenetic change in blood oxygen affinity. Similar ontogenetic changes in blood oxygen affinity were found in two other species of snakes. The unusual morphology of snake lungs and consequent changes in pulmonary pO2 and pCO2 during ontogeny may be the basis for the unusual relationship between body size and blood oxygen affinity in snakes."}
{"id": "PMID:886297", "title": "Is the activated spermatozoon really capacitated?", "content": "A culture medium (7M) consisting only of salts and devoid of any macromolecule was prepared to test its effect upon survival, activation and acrosome reaction of golden hamster spermatozoa. Incubation of spermatozoa in medium 7N allowed a temporal separation of activation and acrosome reaction. Over seventy per cent of spermatozoa were activated after four hours at 37 degrees C while the acrosome reaction remained very low (8%). Activated spermatozoa with intact acrosomes were incubated with zona-free hamster oocytes at 37 degrees C for one to two hours. When these oocytes were examined with the electron microscope it was found that the spermatozoa were closely bound to the egg plasma membrane, mainly by the plasma membrane overlying the acrosome, but in no instance had the gamete membranes fused. Prolonged incubation resulted in an engulfment of the sperm by the oocyte in a phagocytic manner. The experimental evidence would indicate that an activated spermatozoon is not capacitated since it cannot fertilize oocytes.", "contents": "Is the activated spermatozoon really capacitated? A culture medium (7M) consisting only of salts and devoid of any macromolecule was prepared to test its effect upon survival, activation and acrosome reaction of golden hamster spermatozoa. Incubation of spermatozoa in medium 7N allowed a temporal separation of activation and acrosome reaction. Over seventy per cent of spermatozoa were activated after four hours at 37 degrees C while the acrosome reaction remained very low (8%). Activated spermatozoa with intact acrosomes were incubated with zona-free hamster oocytes at 37 degrees C for one to two hours. When these oocytes were examined with the electron microscope it was found that the spermatozoa were closely bound to the egg plasma membrane, mainly by the plasma membrane overlying the acrosome, but in no instance had the gamete membranes fused. Prolonged incubation resulted in an engulfment of the sperm by the oocyte in a phagocytic manner. The experimental evidence would indicate that an activated spermatozoon is not capacitated since it cannot fertilize oocytes."}
{"id": "PMID:886298", "title": "Variations in macromolecular antifreeze levels in larvae of the darkling beetle, Meracantha contracta.", "content": "Overwintering larvae of the darkling beetle, Meracantha contracta, produce a macromolecular antifreeze that is similar in activity to the glycoproteinaceous and proteinaceous antifreezes found in some cold-water, marine teleost fishes. The antifreeze is not present in the hemolymph of the Meracantha larvae in summer, but its production begins by late September in the wild population. The antifreeze reaches a maximum concentration in February, decreases slowly through spring, and disappears by early June. The supercooling points of the larvae are lowest in February, when the antifreeze levels are highest, and increase as the antifreeze concentrations in the hemolymph decrease in the spring. Larvae collected in mid-February and warm-acclimated lost the antifreeze with-in 12 days. Larvae collected in early September and cold-acclimated required nearly two months to produce concentrations of antifreeze comparable to those of overwintering larvae. Temperature seems to be the major environmental factor responsible for the control of antifreeze levels in Meracantha; however, other environmental factors may also be involved.", "contents": "Variations in macromolecular antifreeze levels in larvae of the darkling beetle, Meracantha contracta. Overwintering larvae of the darkling beetle, Meracantha contracta, produce a macromolecular antifreeze that is similar in activity to the glycoproteinaceous and proteinaceous antifreezes found in some cold-water, marine teleost fishes. The antifreeze is not present in the hemolymph of the Meracantha larvae in summer, but its production begins by late September in the wild population. The antifreeze reaches a maximum concentration in February, decreases slowly through spring, and disappears by early June. The supercooling points of the larvae are lowest in February, when the antifreeze levels are highest, and increase as the antifreeze concentrations in the hemolymph decrease in the spring. Larvae collected in mid-February and warm-acclimated lost the antifreeze with-in 12 days. Larvae collected in early September and cold-acclimated required nearly two months to produce concentrations of antifreeze comparable to those of overwintering larvae. Temperature seems to be the major environmental factor responsible for the control of antifreeze levels in Meracantha; however, other environmental factors may also be involved."}
{"id": "PMID:886299", "title": "Liver regeneration in normal and alloxan-induced diabetic rats.", "content": "The effects of alloxan-induced diabetes on liver regeneration were investigated. Normal and diabetic rats were sacrificed at eight time periods between 16 hours and 4 weeks following two-thirds partial hepatectomy or sham operation. The results indicate that alloxan-induced diabetes delays but does not prevent liver regeneration following partial hepatectomy. This delay is indicated by a depressed synthesis of RNA, DNA and protein during the first post-operative day and a lack of mitotic figures in the 24-hour sample. In addition, the synthesis of these three cellular constituents did not return to control levels as rapidly in the diabetics. Compared with the sham operated animals, the concentrations of total serum protein remained depressed longer in the diabetic hepatectomized animals. The data indicate that the metabolic alterations associated with alloxan diabetes delay the onset of the regenerative process and prolong the recovery period.", "contents": "Liver regeneration in normal and alloxan-induced diabetic rats. The effects of alloxan-induced diabetes on liver regeneration were investigated. Normal and diabetic rats were sacrificed at eight time periods between 16 hours and 4 weeks following two-thirds partial hepatectomy or sham operation. The results indicate that alloxan-induced diabetes delays but does not prevent liver regeneration following partial hepatectomy. This delay is indicated by a depressed synthesis of RNA, DNA and protein during the first post-operative day and a lack of mitotic figures in the 24-hour sample. In addition, the synthesis of these three cellular constituents did not return to control levels as rapidly in the diabetics. Compared with the sham operated animals, the concentrations of total serum protein remained depressed longer in the diabetic hepatectomized animals. The data indicate that the metabolic alterations associated with alloxan diabetes delay the onset of the regenerative process and prolong the recovery period."}
{"id": "PMID:886300", "title": "Carbohydrate composition of hepatitis B surface antigen.", "content": "The content and composition of carbohydrate in hepatitis B surface antigen HBsAg) were clarified by gas chromatography. A value of 75-8 microgram carbohydrate per mg of protein was obtained. The main components were N-acetylglucosamine, mannose, galactose and sialic acid and the minor one was fucose. No N-acetyl-galactosamine was detected. The fact that no sugar was detected in lipid fractions suggests that the sugar in HGsAg exists almost exclusively in the form of glycoprotein and there is no glycolipid.", "contents": "Carbohydrate composition of hepatitis B surface antigen. The content and composition of carbohydrate in hepatitis B surface antigen HBsAg) were clarified by gas chromatography. A value of 75-8 microgram carbohydrate per mg of protein was obtained. The main components were N-acetylglucosamine, mannose, galactose and sialic acid and the minor one was fucose. No N-acetyl-galactosamine was detected. The fact that no sugar was detected in lipid fractions suggests that the sugar in HGsAg exists almost exclusively in the form of glycoprotein and there is no glycolipid."}
{"id": "PMID:886301", "title": "Early diagnosis of Hepatitis B by Dane particle associated DNA polymerase assay.", "content": "We have studied prospectively 178 subjects exposed to hepatitis B and 120 haemodialysed patients for the presence of HGs antigen, e antigen and DNA polymerase as well as for anti-HBs and anti-HBc antibodies. The results suggest that the DNA polymerase assay enables us to diagnose hepatitis B earlier than the radioimmunoassay for HGs and that DNA polymerase might be present in the blood in the absence of HBs in cases of confirmed hepatitis B. A posititive correlation between e antigen and DNA polymerase was observed in 83% of the patients on haemodialysis who developed hepatitis B but only in 9% of normal patients developing the same disease.", "contents": "Early diagnosis of Hepatitis B by Dane particle associated DNA polymerase assay. We have studied prospectively 178 subjects exposed to hepatitis B and 120 haemodialysed patients for the presence of HGs antigen, e antigen and DNA polymerase as well as for anti-HBs and anti-HBc antibodies. The results suggest that the DNA polymerase assay enables us to diagnose hepatitis B earlier than the radioimmunoassay for HGs and that DNA polymerase might be present in the blood in the absence of HBs in cases of confirmed hepatitis B. A posititive correlation between e antigen and DNA polymerase was observed in 83% of the patients on haemodialysis who developed hepatitis B but only in 9% of normal patients developing the same disease."}
{"id": "PMID:886302", "title": "Electron microscope observations on a virus transmissible from pinnipeds to swine.", "content": "Evidence from immunological tests and electron microscopy indicates that a virus isolated from an Alaskan fur seal is transmissible to swine. The virus is one of the San Miguel sea lion viruses and a member of the calicivirus groups.", "contents": "Electron microscope observations on a virus transmissible from pinnipeds to swine. Evidence from immunological tests and electron microscopy indicates that a virus isolated from an Alaskan fur seal is transmissible to swine. The virus is one of the San Miguel sea lion viruses and a member of the calicivirus groups."}
{"id": "PMID:886304", "title": "Characteristics of a human cell line transformed by DNA from human adenovirus type 5.", "content": "Human embryonic kidney cells have been transformed by exposing cells to sheared fragments of adenovirus type 5 DNA. The transformed cells (designated 293 cells) exhibited many of the characteristics of transformation including the elaboration of a virus-specific tumour antigen. Analysis of the polypeptides synthesized in the 293 cells by labelling with 35S-methionine and SDS PAGE showed a variable pattern of synthesis, different in a number of respects from that seen in otheruman cells. On labelling the surface of cells by lactoperoxidase catalysed radio-iodination, the absence of a labelled polypeptide analogous to the 250 K (LETS) glycoprotein was noted. Hybridization of labelled cellular RNA with restriction fragments of adenovirus type 5 DNA indicated transcription of a portion of the adenovirus genome at the conventional left hand end.", "contents": "Characteristics of a human cell line transformed by DNA from human adenovirus type 5. Human embryonic kidney cells have been transformed by exposing cells to sheared fragments of adenovirus type 5 DNA. The transformed cells (designated 293 cells) exhibited many of the characteristics of transformation including the elaboration of a virus-specific tumour antigen. Analysis of the polypeptides synthesized in the 293 cells by labelling with 35S-methionine and SDS PAGE showed a variable pattern of synthesis, different in a number of respects from that seen in otheruman cells. On labelling the surface of cells by lactoperoxidase catalysed radio-iodination, the absence of a labelled polypeptide analogous to the 250 K (LETS) glycoprotein was noted. Hybridization of labelled cellular RNA with restriction fragments of adenovirus type 5 DNA indicated transcription of a portion of the adenovirus genome at the conventional left hand end."}
{"id": "PMID:886305", "title": "Relationship of a virus from Tellina tenuis to infectious pancreatic necrosis virus.", "content": "The physicochemical and serological properties of a virus isolated from the bivalve mollusc, Tellina tenuis, have been examined. The virus has a diam. of 59 nm, sediments at 430S in sucrose gradients and bands at a density of I-32 g/ml in CsCl. The virus contains RNA with a mol. wt. about 2-8 X 10(6) as extimated by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis but in sucrose gradients the RNA sediments at 14S. The virus RNA is resistant to ribonuclease under conditions in which ribosomal RNA and the single stranded Mengo virus RNA are completely hydrolysed. Two major polypeptides, mol. wt. 67 and 40 X 10(3), and minor polypeptide, mol. wt. 110 X 10(3), are present in the virus particle. These properties are similar to those found in different serotypes of infectious pancreatic necrosis (IPN) virus. Although there was only a very low level of cross-neutralization between Tellina virus and IPN virus. there was some cross-reaction in immune electron microscopy tests and in immunofluorescence tests with infected tissue culture cells. This cross reaction, together with the close similarity in morphology and physiochemical properties, suggests that Tellina virus and IPN virus belong to the same virus group.", "contents": "Relationship of a virus from Tellina tenuis to infectious pancreatic necrosis virus. The physicochemical and serological properties of a virus isolated from the bivalve mollusc, Tellina tenuis, have been examined. The virus has a diam. of 59 nm, sediments at 430S in sucrose gradients and bands at a density of I-32 g/ml in CsCl. The virus contains RNA with a mol. wt. about 2-8 X 10(6) as extimated by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis but in sucrose gradients the RNA sediments at 14S. The virus RNA is resistant to ribonuclease under conditions in which ribosomal RNA and the single stranded Mengo virus RNA are completely hydrolysed. Two major polypeptides, mol. wt. 67 and 40 X 10(3), and minor polypeptide, mol. wt. 110 X 10(3), are present in the virus particle. These properties are similar to those found in different serotypes of infectious pancreatic necrosis (IPN) virus. Although there was only a very low level of cross-neutralization between Tellina virus and IPN virus. there was some cross-reaction in immune electron microscopy tests and in immunofluorescence tests with infected tissue culture cells. This cross reaction, together with the close similarity in morphology and physiochemical properties, suggests that Tellina virus and IPN virus belong to the same virus group."}
{"id": "PMID:886306", "title": "Legibility of five-digit Arabic and Devanagri numerals as a function of their sizes.", "content": "The purpose was to test two hypotheses: (a) Arabic numerals would be more legible than Devanagri; and (b) among all the four type sizes, 10-point printing faces would be most legible. Five-digit stimuli of four printing sizes (8-, 10-, 12-, and 14-points), printed on white cards in deep black ink, were tachistoscopically presented to 16 students (eight males, eight females) of undergraduate and graduate classes. F ratios for within points, as well as for within scripts, were significant. In all point sizes Arabic was more legible. All but two pairs of means of Arabic numerals (8- X 10-points and 10- X 12-points), but only two pairs of means (8- X 12-points and 8- X 14-points) of Devanagri numerals were significantly different from each other. Legibility scores distinctly rose with increase in sizes in both the numerals.", "contents": "Legibility of five-digit Arabic and Devanagri numerals as a function of their sizes. The purpose was to test two hypotheses: (a) Arabic numerals would be more legible than Devanagri; and (b) among all the four type sizes, 10-point printing faces would be most legible. Five-digit stimuli of four printing sizes (8-, 10-, 12-, and 14-points), printed on white cards in deep black ink, were tachistoscopically presented to 16 students (eight males, eight females) of undergraduate and graduate classes. F ratios for within points, as well as for within scripts, were significant. In all point sizes Arabic was more legible. All but two pairs of means of Arabic numerals (8- X 10-points and 10- X 12-points), but only two pairs of means (8- X 12-points and 8- X 14-points) of Devanagri numerals were significantly different from each other. Legibility scores distinctly rose with increase in sizes in both the numerals."}
{"id": "PMID:886307", "title": "The size-color illusion.", "content": "Slides were made from Munsell color chips in three sizes, four hues, and two chromas; all had the same intensity. A direct-comparisons, forced-choice procedure was used with 100 male and female volunteers from psychology courses. When pairs of slides had the same size and chroma, the order of decreasing apparent size was red-purple, yellow-red, purple-blue, and green. At chroma/8, all comparisons were significant except yellow-red over purple-blue. At chroma/4, the same order was found, but the effect was not pronounced. When pairs were made up of identical hues but different chromas, the square with chroma/4 (less saturation) appeared significantly larger.", "contents": "The size-color illusion. Slides were made from Munsell color chips in three sizes, four hues, and two chromas; all had the same intensity. A direct-comparisons, forced-choice procedure was used with 100 male and female volunteers from psychology courses. When pairs of slides had the same size and chroma, the order of decreasing apparent size was red-purple, yellow-red, purple-blue, and green. At chroma/8, all comparisons were significant except yellow-red over purple-blue. At chroma/4, the same order was found, but the effect was not pronounced. When pairs were made up of identical hues but different chromas, the square with chroma/4 (less saturation) appeared significantly larger."}
{"id": "PMID:886308", "title": "Relation of auditory-visual integration to reading and intelligence.", "content": "The relation of auditory-visual integration to intelligence and reading achievement was studied in a sample of 165 fifth-grade boys and girls by means of (a) a test to match visual dot patterns to tape-recorded tones (b) a nonverbal intelligence test, and (c) a test of reading comprehension. Results showed that auditory-visual integrative ability was significantly related to intelligence and reading achievement. With the effects of intelligence controlled, intersensory transfer remained a significant predictor of reading achievement.", "contents": "Relation of auditory-visual integration to reading and intelligence. The relation of auditory-visual integration to intelligence and reading achievement was studied in a sample of 165 fifth-grade boys and girls by means of (a) a test to match visual dot patterns to tape-recorded tones (b) a nonverbal intelligence test, and (c) a test of reading comprehension. Results showed that auditory-visual integrative ability was significantly related to intelligence and reading achievement. With the effects of intelligence controlled, intersensory transfer remained a significant predictor of reading achievement."}
{"id": "PMID:886309", "title": "A controlled study of siblings of hyperactive children.", "content": "A controlled study of siblings of hyperactive boys resulted in the following findings. The hyperactive child syndrome is more common among brothers of hyperactive children than among brothers of controls (26 per cent vs. 9 per cent). Both probands and their brothers presented with more symptoms of depression-anxiety than controls. The probands, but not their sibs, presented with more antisocial symptoms than controls. Although differences in intelligence and achievement scores were found between probands, their sibs, and controls, both intelligence level and academic achievement were within normal limits in all groups.", "contents": "A controlled study of siblings of hyperactive children. A controlled study of siblings of hyperactive boys resulted in the following findings. The hyperactive child syndrome is more common among brothers of hyperactive children than among brothers of controls (26 per cent vs. 9 per cent). Both probands and their brothers presented with more symptoms of depression-anxiety than controls. The probands, but not their sibs, presented with more antisocial symptoms than controls. Although differences in intelligence and achievement scores were found between probands, their sibs, and controls, both intelligence level and academic achievement were within normal limits in all groups."}
{"id": "PMID:886310", "title": "The importance of psychiatric illness in newly arrested prisoners.", "content": "One hundred ninety-nine male prisoners without prior felony convictions were evaluated through a structured personal interview administered within 24 hours of this arrest. While 46 per cent met psychiatric diagnostic criteria, only 5 per cent demonstrated a need for acute treatment for their affective disorder or organic brain syndrome. It is felt that the alcoholics (15 per cent) and drug-abusing prisoners (12 per cent) might benefit from counseling but were not in need of emergency care. The characteristics of men in each diagnostic group are discussed.", "contents": "The importance of psychiatric illness in newly arrested prisoners. One hundred ninety-nine male prisoners without prior felony convictions were evaluated through a structured personal interview administered within 24 hours of this arrest. While 46 per cent met psychiatric diagnostic criteria, only 5 per cent demonstrated a need for acute treatment for their affective disorder or organic brain syndrome. It is felt that the alcoholics (15 per cent) and drug-abusing prisoners (12 per cent) might benefit from counseling but were not in need of emergency care. The characteristics of men in each diagnostic group are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:886311", "title": "Significance of crossed eye-hand dominance for the adult neuropsychological evaluation.", "content": "The variable of opposit eye and hand dominance is reviewed as a possible sign of learning problems and as an indication of congenital or early developmental brain impairment. It is considered as an independent variable in examining differences along several dimensions of psychological functioning as a possible discriminator of performance levels. It is also considered as a variable in discriminant function analysis to predict brain lesion process. Although few results were statistically significant, the numerous analyses were remarkably convergent in suggesting that crossed dominance is related to poorer verbal learning skills and is a useful variable in differentiating various process diagnostic groups.", "contents": "Significance of crossed eye-hand dominance for the adult neuropsychological evaluation. The variable of opposit eye and hand dominance is reviewed as a possible sign of learning problems and as an indication of congenital or early developmental brain impairment. It is considered as an independent variable in examining differences along several dimensions of psychological functioning as a possible discriminator of performance levels. It is also considered as a variable in discriminant function analysis to predict brain lesion process. Although few results were statistically significant, the numerous analyses were remarkably convergent in suggesting that crossed dominance is related to poorer verbal learning skills and is a useful variable in differentiating various process diagnostic groups."}
{"id": "PMID:886312", "title": "Cardiac toxicity with thioridazine-tricyclic antidepressant combination.", "content": "Thioridazine-tricyclic antidepressant combination is frequently used in clinical practice. One reason for the choice of this combination may be its anticipated effectiveness in depressions which show both retarded and anxious features. Because both of these drugs have an adverse effect on cardiac repolarization, this may be a particularly hazardous combination. Two cases are presented illustrating life-threatening ventricular arrythmia in patients who have ingested both thioridazine and tricyclic antidepressants.", "contents": "Cardiac toxicity with thioridazine-tricyclic antidepressant combination. Thioridazine-tricyclic antidepressant combination is frequently used in clinical practice. One reason for the choice of this combination may be its anticipated effectiveness in depressions which show both retarded and anxious features. Because both of these drugs have an adverse effect on cardiac repolarization, this may be a particularly hazardous combination. Two cases are presented illustrating life-threatening ventricular arrythmia in patients who have ingested both thioridazine and tricyclic antidepressants."}
{"id": "PMID:886313", "title": "Dimensions of family therapy.", "content": "This article is a description of different approaches to therapy with a family orientation. There are general categories of family therpay which had their origins in individual therapy, such as the approaches based upon psychodynamic theory, those derived from experiential procedures, and the behavioral approaches. There are also family therapies which have not developed from individual therapy, such as the extended family system approach and the communication school of family therapy. The different therapy approaches are described within a set of dimensions which characterize most therapy. Such dimensions include whether the past or present is emphasized, whether the therapist uses interpretation or directives, whether the approach is in terms of growth or specific problems, whether hierarchy is a concern, and whether the unit is an individual, two people, three people, or a wider network. Illustrations of the different family therapy approaches are given in terms of the kinds of information that would interest the therapist of each school and the kinds of actions he or she would take to bring about change.", "contents": "Dimensions of family therapy. This article is a description of different approaches to therapy with a family orientation. There are general categories of family therpay which had their origins in individual therapy, such as the approaches based upon psychodynamic theory, those derived from experiential procedures, and the behavioral approaches. There are also family therapies which have not developed from individual therapy, such as the extended family system approach and the communication school of family therapy. The different therapy approaches are described within a set of dimensions which characterize most therapy. Such dimensions include whether the past or present is emphasized, whether the therapist uses interpretation or directives, whether the approach is in terms of growth or specific problems, whether hierarchy is a concern, and whether the unit is an individual, two people, three people, or a wider network. Illustrations of the different family therapy approaches are given in terms of the kinds of information that would interest the therapist of each school and the kinds of actions he or she would take to bring about change."}
{"id": "PMID:886346", "title": "Impact of computerised axial tomography of the management of posterior fossa tumours in childhood.", "content": "Computerised axial tomography (CAT) has profoundly altered the management of most children with posterior fossa tumours. Fifty such children were operated on from October 1973 to December 1975, 20 of whom were explored after investigation by CAT only. Most recent experience suggests that CAT need by the only investigation in the majority of children suspected of having an expanding lesion in the posterior fossa.", "contents": "Impact of computerised axial tomography of the management of posterior fossa tumours in childhood. Computerised axial tomography (CAT) has profoundly altered the management of most children with posterior fossa tumours. Fifty such children were operated on from October 1973 to December 1975, 20 of whom were explored after investigation by CAT only. Most recent experience suggests that CAT need by the only investigation in the majority of children suspected of having an expanding lesion in the posterior fossa."}
{"id": "PMID:886347", "title": "Value of computed tomography in the diagnosis of intracranial abscess.", "content": "The computed tomography (CT) scans of 60 patients with intracranial infection have been reviewed. Computed tomography, particularly if used with contrast enhancement, is a valuable adjunct to the investigation of patients with suspected intracranial abscess. The false negative rate is 1%, but despite this, mortality from intracranial abscess remains unchanged.", "contents": "Value of computed tomography in the diagnosis of intracranial abscess. The computed tomography (CT) scans of 60 patients with intracranial infection have been reviewed. Computed tomography, particularly if used with contrast enhancement, is a valuable adjunct to the investigation of patients with suspected intracranial abscess. The false negative rate is 1%, but despite this, mortality from intracranial abscess remains unchanged."}
{"id": "PMID:886348", "title": "Preservation of singing in Broca's aphasia.", "content": "Twenty-four right-handed, right hemiparetic patients with Broca's aphasia were examined for their singing capacity. Twenty-one (87.5%) produced good melogy. Twelve of these (57%) produced good text words while singing. It is speculated that the right hemisphere is dominant over the left for singing capacity. The relationship between melodic and text singing was also discussed.", "contents": "Preservation of singing in Broca's aphasia. Twenty-four right-handed, right hemiparetic patients with Broca's aphasia were examined for their singing capacity. Twenty-one (87.5%) produced good melogy. Twelve of these (57%) produced good text words while singing. It is speculated that the right hemisphere is dominant over the left for singing capacity. The relationship between melodic and text singing was also discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:886349", "title": "Alexia without agraphia associated with right occipital lesion.", "content": "A 78 year old, right handed man developed the syndrome of alexia without agraphia due to a right occipital thrombotic stroke. The cerebral dominance test strongly suggests that his right hemisphere is dominant. This is believed to be the first case of alexia without agraphia secondary to a right occipital lesion in a right handed person.", "contents": "Alexia without agraphia associated with right occipital lesion. A 78 year old, right handed man developed the syndrome of alexia without agraphia due to a right occipital thrombotic stroke. The cerebral dominance test strongly suggests that his right hemisphere is dominant. This is believed to be the first case of alexia without agraphia secondary to a right occipital lesion in a right handed person."}
{"id": "PMID:886350", "title": "A sensitive test for tactile extinction: results in patients with parietal and frontal lobe disease.", "content": "A simple test for detecting tactile extinction is described. In a population of parietal-damaged patients it yielded fewer false negatives than the classical clinical procedure. Contrary to expectations, lesions confined to the right frontal lobe produced no extinction, while those in right-handed, left frontal cases revealed ipsilateral extinction with the new test.", "contents": "A sensitive test for tactile extinction: results in patients with parietal and frontal lobe disease. A simple test for detecting tactile extinction is described. In a population of parietal-damaged patients it yielded fewer false negatives than the classical clinical procedure. Contrary to expectations, lesions confined to the right frontal lobe produced no extinction, while those in right-handed, left frontal cases revealed ipsilateral extinction with the new test."}
{"id": "PMID:886351", "title": "Electrical and mechanical responses in the platysma and in the adductor pollicis muscle: in normal subjects.", "content": "In the platysma of 34 normal subjects the amplitude of the action potential and twitch tension and tetanic tension were lower, the contraction time of the isometric twitch was 1.4 times shorter, and the potentiation of twitch tension in a staircase and after tetanus was two to four times greater than in m. adductor pollicis. Differences in twitch kinetics and potentiation were related to the four times higher incidence of fast fibres in the platysma than in the adductor pollicis muscle, as determined by histochemistry. Ninety-five per cent confidence limits were established for comparison with patients with myasthenia gravis.", "contents": "Electrical and mechanical responses in the platysma and in the adductor pollicis muscle: in normal subjects. In the platysma of 34 normal subjects the amplitude of the action potential and twitch tension and tetanic tension were lower, the contraction time of the isometric twitch was 1.4 times shorter, and the potentiation of twitch tension in a staircase and after tetanus was two to four times greater than in m. adductor pollicis. Differences in twitch kinetics and potentiation were related to the four times higher incidence of fast fibres in the platysma than in the adductor pollicis muscle, as determined by histochemistry. Ninety-five per cent confidence limits were established for comparison with patients with myasthenia gravis."}
{"id": "PMID:886352", "title": "Mediastinal paraganglioma causing spinal cord compression.", "content": "An invasive paraganglioma of the posterior mediastinum caused spinal cord compression in a 31 year old women. Electron microscopic examination of the paraganglioma invading the epidural space revealed numerous dense-cored granules in the cytoplasm of the tumour cells. We are reporting this case to present the ultrastructure of mediastinal paraganglioma, and to call attention to an unusual cause of spinal cord compression.", "contents": "Mediastinal paraganglioma causing spinal cord compression. An invasive paraganglioma of the posterior mediastinum caused spinal cord compression in a 31 year old women. Electron microscopic examination of the paraganglioma invading the epidural space revealed numerous dense-cored granules in the cytoplasm of the tumour cells. We are reporting this case to present the ultrastructure of mediastinal paraganglioma, and to call attention to an unusual cause of spinal cord compression."}
{"id": "PMID:886353", "title": "Familial idiopathic cerebral calcifications.", "content": "Nine members of a family spanning three generations showed bilateral calcifications of the basal ganglia with autosomal dominant inheritance. Two members developed chorea, dementia, and a characteristic speech disturbance (palialalia) in the third or fourth decade. A third member possibly shows the initial stage of a similar syndrome. Six members with calcifications but without neurological signs are younger than 25 years. All nine patients had normal calcium and phosphorus, and no evidence of endocrinological or somatic abnormalities. Thie 'isiopathic' picture must be differentiated from hypoparathyroidism and pseudohypoparathyroidism.", "contents": "Familial idiopathic cerebral calcifications. Nine members of a family spanning three generations showed bilateral calcifications of the basal ganglia with autosomal dominant inheritance. Two members developed chorea, dementia, and a characteristic speech disturbance (palialalia) in the third or fourth decade. A third member possibly shows the initial stage of a similar syndrome. Six members with calcifications but without neurological signs are younger than 25 years. All nine patients had normal calcium and phosphorus, and no evidence of endocrinological or somatic abnormalities. Thie 'isiopathic' picture must be differentiated from hypoparathyroidism and pseudohypoparathyroidism."}
{"id": "PMID:886354", "title": "The place of ganglion or root alcohol injection in trigeminal neuralgia.", "content": "Of 157 patients with trigeminal neuralgia, referred for neurosurgery, 81 underwent 85 ganglion or root injections. The results, which are analysed with regard to pain relief and sensory loss, compare favourably with results from the literature of other forms of surgery, particularly open temporal root section.", "contents": "The place of ganglion or root alcohol injection in trigeminal neuralgia. Of 157 patients with trigeminal neuralgia, referred for neurosurgery, 81 underwent 85 ganglion or root injections. The results, which are analysed with regard to pain relief and sensory loss, compare favourably with results from the literature of other forms of surgery, particularly open temporal root section."}
{"id": "PMID:886355", "title": "Severe head injuries in three countries.", "content": "Methods for assessing early characteristics and late outcome after severe head injury have been devised and applied to 700 cases in three countries (Scotland, Netherlands, and USA). There was a close similarity between the initial features of patients in the three series; in spite of differences on organisation of care and in details of management , the mortality was exactly the same in each country. This data bank of cases (which is still being enlarged) can be used for predicting outcome in new cases, and for setting up trials of management.", "contents": "Severe head injuries in three countries. Methods for assessing early characteristics and late outcome after severe head injury have been devised and applied to 700 cases in three countries (Scotland, Netherlands, and USA). There was a close similarity between the initial features of patients in the three series; in spite of differences on organisation of care and in details of management , the mortality was exactly the same in each country. This data bank of cases (which is still being enlarged) can be used for predicting outcome in new cases, and for setting up trials of management."}
{"id": "PMID:886356", "title": "Cytophotometric mapping of neuronal changes in senile dementia.", "content": "Results of a cytophotometric study have shown a widespread reduction in cytoplasmic RNA of nerve cells. It appears, therefore, that although certain aspects of the symptomatology of senile dementia may be accounted for by lesions in particular anatomical sites, the main part of the neurological disturbance is related to more broadly based changes in nerve cell metabolism affecting much, if not all, of the CNS.", "contents": "Cytophotometric mapping of neuronal changes in senile dementia. Results of a cytophotometric study have shown a widespread reduction in cytoplasmic RNA of nerve cells. It appears, therefore, that although certain aspects of the symptomatology of senile dementia may be accounted for by lesions in particular anatomical sites, the main part of the neurological disturbance is related to more broadly based changes in nerve cell metabolism affecting much, if not all, of the CNS."}
{"id": "PMID:886357", "title": "Presenile dementia presenting as aphasia.", "content": "A focal aphasic syndrome was the first and outstanding manifestation of a degenerative, presenile dementia in a 67 year old man. Computerised axial tomography showed a strikingly dilated left Sylvian fissure--particularly in its posterior aspect--in the presence of moderate diffuse cortical atrophy. The radiographic findings correlated well with the clinical data. This is the first report of an aphasic disturbance of language as the initial symptom is presenile dementia.", "contents": "Presenile dementia presenting as aphasia. A focal aphasic syndrome was the first and outstanding manifestation of a degenerative, presenile dementia in a 67 year old man. Computerised axial tomography showed a strikingly dilated left Sylvian fissure--particularly in its posterior aspect--in the presence of moderate diffuse cortical atrophy. The radiographic findings correlated well with the clinical data. This is the first report of an aphasic disturbance of language as the initial symptom is presenile dementia."}
{"id": "PMID:886358", "title": "Fatal measles encephalopathy with retinopathy during cytotoxic chemotherapy.", "content": "A 14-year-old boy receiving post-operative cytotoxic chemotherapy for a testicular rhabdomyosarcoma developed a fatal encephalopathy associated with retinal changes 2 months after an episode of acute measles. Post-mortem histological examination showed intranuclear inclusion bodies in the neurons and glial cells, but inflammatory cell infiltrations were absent. Electron-microscopic and immunofluorescent studies revealed intracellular masses of paramyxovirus nucleocapsid-like structures, which had the morphological and antigenic properties of measles virus. Recent reports have emphasized the possibility of occurrence of a similar encephalopathy in treated childhood leukemia. It is evident, however, that this potentially fatal complication must be borne in mind when measles is contracted during any form of cytotoxic treatment or immunosuppression. Retinal changes may be of value for the diagnosis during life. We propose the designation \"measles encephalopathy during immunosuppression\" (MEI) for this condition.", "contents": "Fatal measles encephalopathy with retinopathy during cytotoxic chemotherapy. A 14-year-old boy receiving post-operative cytotoxic chemotherapy for a testicular rhabdomyosarcoma developed a fatal encephalopathy associated with retinal changes 2 months after an episode of acute measles. Post-mortem histological examination showed intranuclear inclusion bodies in the neurons and glial cells, but inflammatory cell infiltrations were absent. Electron-microscopic and immunofluorescent studies revealed intracellular masses of paramyxovirus nucleocapsid-like structures, which had the morphological and antigenic properties of measles virus. Recent reports have emphasized the possibility of occurrence of a similar encephalopathy in treated childhood leukemia. It is evident, however, that this potentially fatal complication must be borne in mind when measles is contracted during any form of cytotoxic treatment or immunosuppression. Retinal changes may be of value for the diagnosis during life. We propose the designation \"measles encephalopathy during immunosuppression\" (MEI) for this condition."}
{"id": "PMID:886359", "title": "Crossed immunoelectrofocusing for identification of normal and abnormal cerebrospinal fluid proteins. A preliminary report.", "content": "Isoelectric focusing is a valuable method for the analysis of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) proteins. Its high resolving power has, however, created problems in identifying the large number of protein bands separated. In an attempt to identify these bands, two-dimensional crossed immunoelectrofocusing has been used, where isoelectric focusing is combined with rocket immunoelectrophoresis. By these methods 9 of the normal proteins in the acidic pH interval have been identified. In addition the unusual CSF protein abnormalities occurring in Marie-Sanger-Brown's ataxia and alcoholic cerebellar degeneration have been shown to represent increases of different microheterogeneous forms of transferrin.", "contents": "Crossed immunoelectrofocusing for identification of normal and abnormal cerebrospinal fluid proteins. A preliminary report. Isoelectric focusing is a valuable method for the analysis of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) proteins. Its high resolving power has, however, created problems in identifying the large number of protein bands separated. In an attempt to identify these bands, two-dimensional crossed immunoelectrofocusing has been used, where isoelectric focusing is combined with rocket immunoelectrophoresis. By these methods 9 of the normal proteins in the acidic pH interval have been identified. In addition the unusual CSF protein abnormalities occurring in Marie-Sanger-Brown's ataxia and alcoholic cerebellar degeneration have been shown to represent increases of different microheterogeneous forms of transferrin."}
{"id": "PMID:886360", "title": "Myopathy with hyperaldosteronism. An electron-microscopic study.", "content": "In the case reported, an overproduction of aldosterone was accompanied by paretic attacks, a decrease in the serum potassium level, and in muscle tone and the deep tendon reflexes. The decrease of serum potassium level was consistent, but moderate, being to just below the normal lower limit. Loading with carbohydrate produced an attack, forearm ischaemic exercise resulted in less lactic acid production than normally. In the limb-girdle muscles there was also evidence of slight but permanent weakness. The results of histological and ultrastructural examination of a muscle biopsy are reported. It seems probable that the disturbance in the mineralo-corticoid metabolism led periodically to a decrease in the serum potassium, while in some muscle fibres the glycogen content increased and the SR became dilated and partially destroyed. In the attack-free periods tubular aggregates were produced, supposedly through an attempt at regeneration of the SR. During attacks portions of the muscle fibres were destroyed irreversibly and in consequence moderate permanent weakness resulted. Some spheromembranous degradation products which were observed might be regarded as remnants of degenerated tubular aggregates.", "contents": "Myopathy with hyperaldosteronism. An electron-microscopic study. In the case reported, an overproduction of aldosterone was accompanied by paretic attacks, a decrease in the serum potassium level, and in muscle tone and the deep tendon reflexes. The decrease of serum potassium level was consistent, but moderate, being to just below the normal lower limit. Loading with carbohydrate produced an attack, forearm ischaemic exercise resulted in less lactic acid production than normally. In the limb-girdle muscles there was also evidence of slight but permanent weakness. The results of histological and ultrastructural examination of a muscle biopsy are reported. It seems probable that the disturbance in the mineralo-corticoid metabolism led periodically to a decrease in the serum potassium, while in some muscle fibres the glycogen content increased and the SR became dilated and partially destroyed. In the attack-free periods tubular aggregates were produced, supposedly through an attempt at regeneration of the SR. During attacks portions of the muscle fibres were destroyed irreversibly and in consequence moderate permanent weakness resulted. Some spheromembranous degradation products which were observed might be regarded as remnants of degenerated tubular aggregates."}
{"id": "PMID:886361", "title": "A quantitative technique for growing human adult skeletal muscle in culture starting from mononucleated cells.", "content": "A quantitative and reproducible technique for establishing primary surface cultures from normal and diseased human muscle is described. Successful cultures were prepared from both fresh muscle and that stored up to 96 hr at 4 degrees C. The CPK activity of the muscle cells ranged between 0.5-3.0 micronmoles creatine per min per mg protein at 30 degrees C, thus indicating a high degree of differentiation. Spontaneous contractions were observed in 4 out of the 22 cultures established. Nerve cells were not required to achieve this level of differentiated function. No gross differences in plating efficiency, rate of myotube formation or CPK specific activity were found for the diseased muscle cells cultured so far. However, a 5--10-fold higher cell yield was obtained from muscles of patients with an inflammatory myopathy. The advantages of this technique for carrying out comparative studies on normal and dystrophic muscle cells are discussed.", "contents": "A quantitative technique for growing human adult skeletal muscle in culture starting from mononucleated cells. A quantitative and reproducible technique for establishing primary surface cultures from normal and diseased human muscle is described. Successful cultures were prepared from both fresh muscle and that stored up to 96 hr at 4 degrees C. The CPK activity of the muscle cells ranged between 0.5-3.0 micronmoles creatine per min per mg protein at 30 degrees C, thus indicating a high degree of differentiation. Spontaneous contractions were observed in 4 out of the 22 cultures established. Nerve cells were not required to achieve this level of differentiated function. No gross differences in plating efficiency, rate of myotube formation or CPK specific activity were found for the diseased muscle cells cultured so far. However, a 5--10-fold higher cell yield was obtained from muscles of patients with an inflammatory myopathy. The advantages of this technique for carrying out comparative studies on normal and dystrophic muscle cells are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:886362", "title": "HLA in multiple sclerosis. Relationship to measles antibody, mitogen responsiveness and clinical course.", "content": "In our study of multiple sclerosis (MS) patients we have found significant increases in the A3, B7, and DW2 antigens. We have also studied immune responses in these same patients. There was elevation of measles antibodies in MS patients positive for A3, B7, and B18 as compared to MS patients without those antigens. The first study of mitogen responsiveness (31 patients) showed a decreased response in A3, and B7 positive patients. Study of a second and a larger group (62 patients), at a different time, failed to confirm this deficiency. We propose that there is a genetically linked (HLA) T cell deficiency in some MS patients and that this deficiency results in high humoral responses to measles antigens and an evanescent (or cyclical) reduced T cell response to mitogen.", "contents": "HLA in multiple sclerosis. Relationship to measles antibody, mitogen responsiveness and clinical course. In our study of multiple sclerosis (MS) patients we have found significant increases in the A3, B7, and DW2 antigens. We have also studied immune responses in these same patients. There was elevation of measles antibodies in MS patients positive for A3, B7, and B18 as compared to MS patients without those antigens. The first study of mitogen responsiveness (31 patients) showed a decreased response in A3, and B7 positive patients. Study of a second and a larger group (62 patients), at a different time, failed to confirm this deficiency. We propose that there is a genetically linked (HLA) T cell deficiency in some MS patients and that this deficiency results in high humoral responses to measles antigens and an evanescent (or cyclical) reduced T cell response to mitogen."}
{"id": "PMID:886363", "title": "Pathological changes in the optic chiasm of the cat following local injection of diphtheria toxin.", "content": "The optic chiasm in 14 cats was injected stereotactically with small amounts of diphtheria toxin and the morphological changes were examined by light and electron microscopy. Phagocytosis was already well-marked at 3 hr after injection and massive at 1 week. Intercellular oedema was extensive in the first week and, though diminished, was still present after 1 month. The oedema was most marked in the subendothelial regions in the early stages but was found among the nerve fibres and glial processes in those animals which survived for longer periods. Demyelination and Wallerian-type degeneration were established at 3 hr after injection and both processes continued up to 2 months and beyond. Scarring and an absolute loss of nerve fibres were present in the longer-surviving animals. Unequivocal evidence of remyelination was not obtained.", "contents": "Pathological changes in the optic chiasm of the cat following local injection of diphtheria toxin. The optic chiasm in 14 cats was injected stereotactically with small amounts of diphtheria toxin and the morphological changes were examined by light and electron microscopy. Phagocytosis was already well-marked at 3 hr after injection and massive at 1 week. Intercellular oedema was extensive in the first week and, though diminished, was still present after 1 month. The oedema was most marked in the subendothelial regions in the early stages but was found among the nerve fibres and glial processes in those animals which survived for longer periods. Demyelination and Wallerian-type degeneration were established at 3 hr after injection and both processes continued up to 2 months and beyond. Scarring and an absolute loss of nerve fibres were present in the longer-surviving animals. Unequivocal evidence of remyelination was not obtained."}
{"id": "PMID:886364", "title": "Changing mortality patterns of motor neuron disease in Japan.", "content": "The age-adjusted female death rate from motor neuron disease in Japan was noted to rise after 1952 and to fall rapidly since about 1960. A similar trend was also noticed in the males. Further study will show whether this was a part of a cyclical change or whether the mortality of the disease has entered a period of prolonged decline in that country. Death rates for neurological diseases in various countries were reported previously for 1953-58. Updating this study for 1966-71, a rising trend of deaths from motor neuron disease was identified in European countries, but the rate has been stationary in the United States. The rapidly changing patterns of the mortality seemed incompatible with a purely genetic causation of the disease. This indicates the need for extensive epidemiological studies to identify the extrinsic factors which induced such a trend, and were thus possibly the cause of the disease. In view of the results of the re-evaluation of the diagnosis in death certificates, mortality figures of motor neuron disease in females appeared reasonably reliable for an epidemiological study.", "contents": "Changing mortality patterns of motor neuron disease in Japan. The age-adjusted female death rate from motor neuron disease in Japan was noted to rise after 1952 and to fall rapidly since about 1960. A similar trend was also noticed in the males. Further study will show whether this was a part of a cyclical change or whether the mortality of the disease has entered a period of prolonged decline in that country. Death rates for neurological diseases in various countries were reported previously for 1953-58. Updating this study for 1966-71, a rising trend of deaths from motor neuron disease was identified in European countries, but the rate has been stationary in the United States. The rapidly changing patterns of the mortality seemed incompatible with a purely genetic causation of the disease. This indicates the need for extensive epidemiological studies to identify the extrinsic factors which induced such a trend, and were thus possibly the cause of the disease. In view of the results of the re-evaluation of the diagnosis in death certificates, mortality figures of motor neuron disease in females appeared reasonably reliable for an epidemiological study."}
{"id": "PMID:886365", "title": "Hypocomplementaemic and normocomplementaemic multiple sclerosis. Genetic determinism and association with specific HLA determinants (B18 and B7).", "content": "Seventy-five patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) were treated for complement components C3, after factor B, C4, and tested for HLA-A and B-determinants. Levels of IgG, IgA, IgD, IgE and titres of measles antibodies were also determined. Correlations between these immunological values and HLA determinants could be obtained in siblings, parents and/or children of the patients in 13 families. B18 frequency is strongly associated with the hypocomplementaemic group (x2 = 8.9). An association of B18 with the population of cases with low B levels is also found (x2 = 8.02). Familial data showed that low C3 and/or low B levels are associated with the HLA haplotyes, especially with those containing B18. A \"complement abnormality susceptibility gene\", linked to the HLA genes, is postulated. Infections are significantly more frequent in families of hypocomplementaemic MS, the existence of a genetic immunodeficiency affecting the synthesis of the complement components, linked to the HLA determinants. In 1 case studied in this article, a heterozygous C2 deficiency linked to HLA-A10, B18 was found and might confirm this hypothesis.", "contents": "Hypocomplementaemic and normocomplementaemic multiple sclerosis. Genetic determinism and association with specific HLA determinants (B18 and B7). Seventy-five patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) were treated for complement components C3, after factor B, C4, and tested for HLA-A and B-determinants. Levels of IgG, IgA, IgD, IgE and titres of measles antibodies were also determined. Correlations between these immunological values and HLA determinants could be obtained in siblings, parents and/or children of the patients in 13 families. B18 frequency is strongly associated with the hypocomplementaemic group (x2 = 8.9). An association of B18 with the population of cases with low B levels is also found (x2 = 8.02). Familial data showed that low C3 and/or low B levels are associated with the HLA haplotyes, especially with those containing B18. A \"complement abnormality susceptibility gene\", linked to the HLA genes, is postulated. Infections are significantly more frequent in families of hypocomplementaemic MS, the existence of a genetic immunodeficiency affecting the synthesis of the complement components, linked to the HLA determinants. In 1 case studied in this article, a heterozygous C2 deficiency linked to HLA-A10, B18 was found and might confirm this hypothesis."}
{"id": "PMID:886366", "title": "Ultrastructural and histological studies of brains of ferrets inoculated with subacute sclerosing panencephalitis: similarities to human disease.", "content": "Similarities to human subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE) were revealed in a study of the brains of ferrets inoculated with a cell associated measles virus originally isolated from an SSPE patient. The similarities were greatest in animals that showed neurological signs 3-4 months after inoculation and had high titers of neutralizing antibodies against measles virus. These included dense core particles, nuclear bodies, alterations of basement membranes of small blood vessels, plasma cells, distorted myelin, and rod-like structures in some nuclei. Other abnormalities seen were Hirano bodies, tubular aggregates in cisternae of endoplasmic reticulum and clusters of cytoplasmic tubules. No cells containing viral inclusion bodies were observed by electron microscopy but cell cultures of the brains of these animals always yielded abundant measles virus nucleocapsids in typical SSPE multinucleated syncytia. These findings suggest that the ferret is a suitable animal model for the study of the pathogenesis of SSPE.", "contents": "Ultrastructural and histological studies of brains of ferrets inoculated with subacute sclerosing panencephalitis: similarities to human disease. Similarities to human subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE) were revealed in a study of the brains of ferrets inoculated with a cell associated measles virus originally isolated from an SSPE patient. The similarities were greatest in animals that showed neurological signs 3-4 months after inoculation and had high titers of neutralizing antibodies against measles virus. These included dense core particles, nuclear bodies, alterations of basement membranes of small blood vessels, plasma cells, distorted myelin, and rod-like structures in some nuclei. Other abnormalities seen were Hirano bodies, tubular aggregates in cisternae of endoplasmic reticulum and clusters of cytoplasmic tubules. No cells containing viral inclusion bodies were observed by electron microscopy but cell cultures of the brains of these animals always yielded abundant measles virus nucleocapsids in typical SSPE multinucleated syncytia. These findings suggest that the ferret is a suitable animal model for the study of the pathogenesis of SSPE."}
{"id": "PMID:886367", "title": "Fine structure of medulloepithelioma.", "content": "A survey of published cases of medulloepitheliomas indicates that this tumor is highly malignant (average course 6 months), occurs in early childhood (average age 4,4 years) and has no sex predilection. Although it may originate in any part of the central nervous system, it is most common in the cerebral hemispheres. The first case studied with the electron microscope is reported here. The fine structure of the tumor is similar to that of the fetal neural tube in showing a primitive epithelium having uniform nuclei rich in chromatin but little cytoplasm and sparse organelles; it rests on a distinct basement membrane. The epithelial surface lacks cilia or microvilli and is covered with an irregular amorphous coat which is probably the cause of the light-microscopic misinterpretation of an inner limiting membrane. The lateral cell surfaces lack interdigitations but show extensive primitive forms of cell junctions. The case presented is also unusual in being the second case on record originating in the cerebellum and the first showing massive seeding along the spinal canal.", "contents": "Fine structure of medulloepithelioma. A survey of published cases of medulloepitheliomas indicates that this tumor is highly malignant (average course 6 months), occurs in early childhood (average age 4,4 years) and has no sex predilection. Although it may originate in any part of the central nervous system, it is most common in the cerebral hemispheres. The first case studied with the electron microscope is reported here. The fine structure of the tumor is similar to that of the fetal neural tube in showing a primitive epithelium having uniform nuclei rich in chromatin but little cytoplasm and sparse organelles; it rests on a distinct basement membrane. The epithelial surface lacks cilia or microvilli and is covered with an irregular amorphous coat which is probably the cause of the light-microscopic misinterpretation of an inner limiting membrane. The lateral cell surfaces lack interdigitations but show extensive primitive forms of cell junctions. The case presented is also unusual in being the second case on record originating in the cerebellum and the first showing massive seeding along the spinal canal."}
{"id": "PMID:886368", "title": "Inherited necrotizing myelopathy of Afghan hounds.", "content": "Eleven examples of a naturally occurring, adolescent-onset spinal cord necrosis in Afghan Hounds were studied. Unusual and characteristic spinal cord lesions were necrosis and small vessel proliferation in the dorsal and ventro-medial spinal cord white matter extending from caudal cervical segments to cranial lumbar segments. Spinal cord gray matter and dorsal and ventral roots were preserved. Four dogs had histologically similar lesions in the superior olivary nucleus. The cause of these lesions was not determined by histopathologic or ultrastructural examination. Chi-square analysis of pooled sibships indicates a simple autosomal recessive mode of inheritance.", "contents": "Inherited necrotizing myelopathy of Afghan hounds. Eleven examples of a naturally occurring, adolescent-onset spinal cord necrosis in Afghan Hounds were studied. Unusual and characteristic spinal cord lesions were necrosis and small vessel proliferation in the dorsal and ventro-medial spinal cord white matter extending from caudal cervical segments to cranial lumbar segments. Spinal cord gray matter and dorsal and ventral roots were preserved. Four dogs had histologically similar lesions in the superior olivary nucleus. The cause of these lesions was not determined by histopathologic or ultrastructural examination. Chi-square analysis of pooled sibships indicates a simple autosomal recessive mode of inheritance."}
{"id": "PMID:886369", "title": "Reflex control of locomotion as revealed by stimulation of cutaneous afferents in spontaneously walking premammillary cats.", "content": "1. Stimulation of different hindlimb nerves in spontaneously walking premammillary cats was used in order to examine the effects of sensory input on the rhythmic motor output. 2. Stimulation of the tibial or sural nerve at low intensities caused the burst of activity in the triceps surae or semimembranosus to be prolonged if stimuli were given during the extension phase. When applied during the flexion phase, the same stimuli shortened the burst of activity in the pretibial flexors and induced an early onset of the extensor activity, except if stimuli were given at the very beginning of the flexion phase, when flexor burst prolongations or rebounds were observed instead. 3. These effects were related to activation of large cutaneous afferents in these nerves since the results could be duplicated by low-intensity stimulation of the tibial nerve at the ankle or by direct stimulation of the pad. 4. In contrast, activation of smaller afferents by high-intensity stimulation resulted prolongations of the flexor burst and/or shortenings of the extensor burst for stimuli applied before or during these bursts, respectively. 5. It was concluded that the large and small cutaneous afferents make, respectively, inhibitory and excitatory connections with the central structure involved in the generation of flexion during walking.", "contents": "Reflex control of locomotion as revealed by stimulation of cutaneous afferents in spontaneously walking premammillary cats. 1. Stimulation of different hindlimb nerves in spontaneously walking premammillary cats was used in order to examine the effects of sensory input on the rhythmic motor output. 2. Stimulation of the tibial or sural nerve at low intensities caused the burst of activity in the triceps surae or semimembranosus to be prolonged if stimuli were given during the extension phase. When applied during the flexion phase, the same stimuli shortened the burst of activity in the pretibial flexors and induced an early onset of the extensor activity, except if stimuli were given at the very beginning of the flexion phase, when flexor burst prolongations or rebounds were observed instead. 3. These effects were related to activation of large cutaneous afferents in these nerves since the results could be duplicated by low-intensity stimulation of the tibial nerve at the ankle or by direct stimulation of the pad. 4. In contrast, activation of smaller afferents by high-intensity stimulation resulted prolongations of the flexor burst and/or shortenings of the extensor burst for stimuli applied before or during these bursts, respectively. 5. It was concluded that the large and small cutaneous afferents make, respectively, inhibitory and excitatory connections with the central structure involved in the generation of flexion during walking."}
{"id": "PMID:886370", "title": "Swimming movements elicited by electrical stimulation of turtle spinal cord. I. Low-spinal and intact preparations.", "content": "1. Electrical stimulation applied within the dorsolateral funiculus of the spinal cord of an intact, unanesthetized turtle can elicit rhythmic limb movements similar to those observed during swimming. 2. A spontaneous display of hindlimb swimming movements is not observed in adult turtles whose spinal cord is transected at D2. Such swimming movements are observed in these \"low-spinal\" turtles in response to electrical stimulation applied within the dorsolateral funiculus caudad to the transection. 3. The repetition rate of these swimming movements can be altered by changing stimulus parameters, such as the frequency of electrical pulses. 4. The present results indicate that, in the turtle, a neural pattern generator contributing to the production of hindlimb movements during swimming is located mainly in structures caudad to the cervical enlargement of the spinal cord. These data support the hypothesis that a pattern generator for locomotion is largely resident within the spinal cord.", "contents": "Swimming movements elicited by electrical stimulation of turtle spinal cord. I. Low-spinal and intact preparations. 1. Electrical stimulation applied within the dorsolateral funiculus of the spinal cord of an intact, unanesthetized turtle can elicit rhythmic limb movements similar to those observed during swimming. 2. A spontaneous display of hindlimb swimming movements is not observed in adult turtles whose spinal cord is transected at D2. Such swimming movements are observed in these \"low-spinal\" turtles in response to electrical stimulation applied within the dorsolateral funiculus caudad to the transection. 3. The repetition rate of these swimming movements can be altered by changing stimulus parameters, such as the frequency of electrical pulses. 4. The present results indicate that, in the turtle, a neural pattern generator contributing to the production of hindlimb movements during swimming is located mainly in structures caudad to the cervical enlargement of the spinal cord. These data support the hypothesis that a pattern generator for locomotion is largely resident within the spinal cord."}
{"id": "PMID:886377", "title": "Determination of the optimum dietary proportions of lysine and tryptophan for growing rats based on growth, food intake and plasma metabolites.", "content": "Weanling rats were divided into 24 groups and fed one of three levels of lysine and one of eight levels of tryptophan in a 3 X 8 factorial design to determine the optimum dietary proportions of lysine and tryptophan. The tryptophan \"requirement\" and the optimum lysine:tryptophan ratio were estimated for both adequate and subadequate lysine levels on the basis of weight gain, feed efficiency and changes in plasma levels of lysine, tryptophan and urea. The various criteria yielded similar estimates and indicated a tryptophan requirement of approximately 0.15% when lysine was adequate. The optimum lysine:tryptophan ratio was between 4 and 5 for the rapidly growing 3- to 6-week old rat.", "contents": "Determination of the optimum dietary proportions of lysine and tryptophan for growing rats based on growth, food intake and plasma metabolites. Weanling rats were divided into 24 groups and fed one of three levels of lysine and one of eight levels of tryptophan in a 3 X 8 factorial design to determine the optimum dietary proportions of lysine and tryptophan. The tryptophan \"requirement\" and the optimum lysine:tryptophan ratio were estimated for both adequate and subadequate lysine levels on the basis of weight gain, feed efficiency and changes in plasma levels of lysine, tryptophan and urea. The various criteria yielded similar estimates and indicated a tryptophan requirement of approximately 0.15% when lysine was adequate. The optimum lysine:tryptophan ratio was between 4 and 5 for the rapidly growing 3- to 6-week old rat."}
{"id": "PMID:886378", "title": "Determination of the optimum dietary proportions of lysine and tryptophan for growing pigs based on growth, food intake and plasma metabolites.", "content": "Weanling crossbred pigs were divided into 24 groups and fed one of three levels of lysine and one of eight levels of tryptophan in a 3 X 8 factorial design to determine the optimum dietary proportions of these two amino acids. Weight gain and feed efficiency, and changes in plasma levels of lysine, tryptophan and urea were the response criteria. The tryptophan \"requirement\" and the optimum lysine:tryptophan ratio were estimated for each of the three lysine levels. The data indicate a tryptophan requirement of 0.19% to 0.23% for the 3-week-old pig when the lysine level is adequate. For pigs of this age a lysine:tryptophan ratio of from 4 to 5 was about optimum.", "contents": "Determination of the optimum dietary proportions of lysine and tryptophan for growing pigs based on growth, food intake and plasma metabolites. Weanling crossbred pigs were divided into 24 groups and fed one of three levels of lysine and one of eight levels of tryptophan in a 3 X 8 factorial design to determine the optimum dietary proportions of these two amino acids. Weight gain and feed efficiency, and changes in plasma levels of lysine, tryptophan and urea were the response criteria. The tryptophan \"requirement\" and the optimum lysine:tryptophan ratio were estimated for each of the three lysine levels. The data indicate a tryptophan requirement of 0.19% to 0.23% for the 3-week-old pig when the lysine level is adequate. For pigs of this age a lysine:tryptophan ratio of from 4 to 5 was about optimum."}
{"id": "PMID:886380", "title": "Mechanism of lipid accumulation in rats fed wheat diets.", "content": "Young, weanling rats fed wheat as a sole source of protein have been shown to develop periportal liver lipid infiltration. An attempt has been made to study the mechanism by which these lipid changes are produced. Weanling, male albino rats were fed three diets containing 10% protein based on wheat, wheat fortified with 0.2% lysine or casein, as control. Plasma and liver lipids, incorporation of [1-(14)C]acetate and [U-14C]glucose into hepatic lipids and triglycerides were studied after 6 weeks of feeding. Results of radioactive incorporation studies indicated that hepatic lipogenesis was depressed in rats fed wheat diets. However, adrenal cortical function as well as increased mobilization of lipids from adipose tissue was observed in these rats. Impaired secretion of lipids from liver to plasma is another factor which may be responsible for hepatic lipid accumulation in rats fed the lysine-deficient diet. Rats fed the lysine fortified wheat diet represented a more normal metabolic state though some features of protein deficiency were evident in this group too.", "contents": "Mechanism of lipid accumulation in rats fed wheat diets. Young, weanling rats fed wheat as a sole source of protein have been shown to develop periportal liver lipid infiltration. An attempt has been made to study the mechanism by which these lipid changes are produced. Weanling, male albino rats were fed three diets containing 10% protein based on wheat, wheat fortified with 0.2% lysine or casein, as control. Plasma and liver lipids, incorporation of [1-(14)C]acetate and [U-14C]glucose into hepatic lipids and triglycerides were studied after 6 weeks of feeding. Results of radioactive incorporation studies indicated that hepatic lipogenesis was depressed in rats fed wheat diets. However, adrenal cortical function as well as increased mobilization of lipids from adipose tissue was observed in these rats. Impaired secretion of lipids from liver to plasma is another factor which may be responsible for hepatic lipid accumulation in rats fed the lysine-deficient diet. Rats fed the lysine fortified wheat diet represented a more normal metabolic state though some features of protein deficiency were evident in this group too."}
{"id": "PMID:886381", "title": "Potassium requirement of the growing rat.", "content": "On the basis of maximum weight gain in weanling male rats fed a semipurified diet for 21 days, the requirement for potassium was found to be 0.23% of the diet. This compares with the NRC requirement of 0.18%. The higher requirement is believed to be due to the greater rate of growth, 6.6 to 7.0 g/day, compared with that obtained in older studies on which the NRC estimate was based. The higher potassium level also improved efficiency of food utilization.", "contents": "Potassium requirement of the growing rat. On the basis of maximum weight gain in weanling male rats fed a semipurified diet for 21 days, the requirement for potassium was found to be 0.23% of the diet. This compares with the NRC requirement of 0.18%. The higher requirement is believed to be due to the greater rate of growth, 6.6 to 7.0 g/day, compared with that obtained in older studies on which the NRC estimate was based. The higher potassium level also improved efficiency of food utilization."}
{"id": "PMID:886382", "title": "Effects of zinc deficiency and zinc repletion during pregnancy on parturition in two strains of rats.", "content": "The effects on parturition of a low zinc diet during pregnancy and of three levels of zinc repletion late in pregnancy were compared in two strains of rats, Sprague Dawley and Long Evans. Long Evans rats had a higher hematocrit and higher plasma protein levels than did Sprague Dawley rats. Long Evans rats also had heavier mammary glands and tended to deliver somewhat later than the Sprague Dawley rats. Weight gains during pregnancy and weights of the liver, spleen, adrenal glands, and pups did not vary between strains. No differences were detectable in the degree of stress at parturition between the unsupplemented females of the two strains. Injection of 300, 600, or 900 microgram zinc on day 18 of pregnancy increased female weight gains, pup weight, and spleen and mammary gland weights, and decreased hematocrit level. Three females in the unsupplemented groups died about the expected time of parturition; none died in the supplemented groups. Although there were some differences between the strains, the effects of a low zinc diet and the requirement for zinc for normal parturition were the same in the two strains. An injection of 900 microgram zinc on day 18 resulted in normal parturition in both strains.", "contents": "Effects of zinc deficiency and zinc repletion during pregnancy on parturition in two strains of rats. The effects on parturition of a low zinc diet during pregnancy and of three levels of zinc repletion late in pregnancy were compared in two strains of rats, Sprague Dawley and Long Evans. Long Evans rats had a higher hematocrit and higher plasma protein levels than did Sprague Dawley rats. Long Evans rats also had heavier mammary glands and tended to deliver somewhat later than the Sprague Dawley rats. Weight gains during pregnancy and weights of the liver, spleen, adrenal glands, and pups did not vary between strains. No differences were detectable in the degree of stress at parturition between the unsupplemented females of the two strains. Injection of 300, 600, or 900 microgram zinc on day 18 of pregnancy increased female weight gains, pup weight, and spleen and mammary gland weights, and decreased hematocrit level. Three females in the unsupplemented groups died about the expected time of parturition; none died in the supplemented groups. Although there were some differences between the strains, the effects of a low zinc diet and the requirement for zinc for normal parturition were the same in the two strains. An injection of 900 microgram zinc on day 18 resulted in normal parturition in both strains."}
{"id": "PMID:886384", "title": "Effect of high levels of dietary vitamin E on liver and plasma lipids and fat soluble vitamins in rats.", "content": "The effect of low, moderate and high dietary vitamin E (ranging from 0 to 25,000 IU/kg diet) on the levels of alpha-tocopherol, total lipids, cholesterol and vitamin A in liver and plasma of rats fed for 8 and 16 months was studied. A logarithmic relationship was observed between dietary levels of vitamin E and the concentrations of this vitamin in liver and plasma. The total alpha-tocopherol in whole liver of rats fed different levels of dietary vitamin E for 16 months was approximately double in comparison to rats fed for 8 months. Totoal lipids in liver were significantly increased by excess vitamin E supplementation in rats fed for 8 months, but not in rats fed for 16 months. There was no significant change observed in liver cholesterol level at 16 months. Plasma total lipids and cholesterol were lowered by vitamin E deficiency and also by dietary levels higher than 2,500 IU vitamin E/kg diet in rats fed for 16 months. Liver vitamin A storage was 4.5 times higher in rats supplemented with vitamin E than in rats without any supplement, but the effect of excess dietary vitamin E was no different from that of normal level (25 IU/kg diet). The findings of our long-term study are compared with the results of other short-term studies and the implications are discussed.", "contents": "Effect of high levels of dietary vitamin E on liver and plasma lipids and fat soluble vitamins in rats. The effect of low, moderate and high dietary vitamin E (ranging from 0 to 25,000 IU/kg diet) on the levels of alpha-tocopherol, total lipids, cholesterol and vitamin A in liver and plasma of rats fed for 8 and 16 months was studied. A logarithmic relationship was observed between dietary levels of vitamin E and the concentrations of this vitamin in liver and plasma. The total alpha-tocopherol in whole liver of rats fed different levels of dietary vitamin E for 16 months was approximately double in comparison to rats fed for 8 months. Totoal lipids in liver were significantly increased by excess vitamin E supplementation in rats fed for 8 months, but not in rats fed for 16 months. There was no significant change observed in liver cholesterol level at 16 months. Plasma total lipids and cholesterol were lowered by vitamin E deficiency and also by dietary levels higher than 2,500 IU vitamin E/kg diet in rats fed for 16 months. Liver vitamin A storage was 4.5 times higher in rats supplemented with vitamin E than in rats without any supplement, but the effect of excess dietary vitamin E was no different from that of normal level (25 IU/kg diet). The findings of our long-term study are compared with the results of other short-term studies and the implications are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:886388", "title": "Effects of fasting and feeding various diets on hepatic lipogenic enzyme activities in coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch (Walbaum)).", "content": "The influence of fasting and diet composition on the time sequence of changes in hepatic lipogenic enzyme activities in coho salmon was investigated. Young coho salmon fed a high-carbohydrate diet for 3 weeks were then fasted for 2, 6, or 23 days. Liver preparations were assayed for fatty acid synthetase, citrate cleavage enzyme, malic enzyme, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase activities. Fasting the fish for 2 or 6 days did not influence the activities of these enzymes; however, by the end of the 23-day fast the activities of all these enzymes had decreased. Changing the diet of the fish from high-carbohydrate to high-fat had only a minimal influence on the activities of the hepatic lipogenic enzymes after 7 to 14 days. Longer-term studies demonstrated that high-fat diets did eventually depress lipogenic enzyme activities. The effect of fasting and feeding on the level of lipogenic enzyme activities was observed only after several weeks, in contrast to hours in the rat. This may reflect a difference between poikilothermous and homoiothermous animals.", "contents": "Effects of fasting and feeding various diets on hepatic lipogenic enzyme activities in coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch (Walbaum)). The influence of fasting and diet composition on the time sequence of changes in hepatic lipogenic enzyme activities in coho salmon was investigated. Young coho salmon fed a high-carbohydrate diet for 3 weeks were then fasted for 2, 6, or 23 days. Liver preparations were assayed for fatty acid synthetase, citrate cleavage enzyme, malic enzyme, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase activities. Fasting the fish for 2 or 6 days did not influence the activities of these enzymes; however, by the end of the 23-day fast the activities of all these enzymes had decreased. Changing the diet of the fish from high-carbohydrate to high-fat had only a minimal influence on the activities of the hepatic lipogenic enzymes after 7 to 14 days. Longer-term studies demonstrated that high-fat diets did eventually depress lipogenic enzyme activities. The effect of fasting and feeding on the level of lipogenic enzyme activities was observed only after several weeks, in contrast to hours in the rat. This may reflect a difference between poikilothermous and homoiothermous animals."}
{"id": "PMID:886389", "title": "Lack of effect of ascorbic and citric acids on calcium metabolism of chickens.", "content": "Five experiments were carried out in which various levels of calcium and ascorbic acid or citric acid were fed to adult male chickens, young chickens, or young coturnix. Observations were made on body weight, feed efficiency, plasma calcium and tibia mineral content. One percent dietary ascorbic acid had no adverse effect on body weight, tibia ash or tibia calcium content of adult male chickens over a 224-day period, even at calcium levels as low as 0.026% of the diet. In growing chicks, body weight and plasma calcium and tibia mineral content varied with the calcium level of the diet, but were not influenced by ascorbic acid even at 0.65% of the diet. Citric acid at the same molar level was also ineffective in altering calcium metabolism in growing chickens. Growing coturnix showed differences in growth and tibia ash content with 0.4% and 0.85% calcium, but there were no pronounced effects caused by dietary ascorbic acid. There is no evidence in this work that these relatively high levels of ascorbic acid or citric acid have any adverse effect on calcium metabolism because of their chelating properties.", "contents": "Lack of effect of ascorbic and citric acids on calcium metabolism of chickens. Five experiments were carried out in which various levels of calcium and ascorbic acid or citric acid were fed to adult male chickens, young chickens, or young coturnix. Observations were made on body weight, feed efficiency, plasma calcium and tibia mineral content. One percent dietary ascorbic acid had no adverse effect on body weight, tibia ash or tibia calcium content of adult male chickens over a 224-day period, even at calcium levels as low as 0.026% of the diet. In growing chicks, body weight and plasma calcium and tibia mineral content varied with the calcium level of the diet, but were not influenced by ascorbic acid even at 0.65% of the diet. Citric acid at the same molar level was also ineffective in altering calcium metabolism in growing chickens. Growing coturnix showed differences in growth and tibia ash content with 0.4% and 0.85% calcium, but there were no pronounced effects caused by dietary ascorbic acid. There is no evidence in this work that these relatively high levels of ascorbic acid or citric acid have any adverse effect on calcium metabolism because of their chelating properties."}
{"id": "PMID:886390", "title": "Fatty acid and glucose metabolism in selenium deficient rats and lambs.", "content": "Fatty acid analyses were done on tissues of lambs from ewes fed purified diets, and injected with selenium and/or vitamin E in a 2 X 2 factorial treatment. The concentrations of arachidonic acid averaged 9.3% of the total fatty acid content in semitendinosus muscle from lambs given vitamin E and selenium, but averaged 19.4% in this muscle from lambs given vitamin E without selenium. Arachidonic acid comprised 28.3% and 33.7%, respectively, of the total fatty acids in livers from selenium supplemented and deficient rats. Twice as much radioactivity from [1-(14)C]acetate was recovered in rat liver phospholipid arachidonate in selenium deficient rats as in selenium supplemented ones, indicating a greater turnover rate of this fatty acid in deficient rats. Fifty-five percent of dosed 14C-glucose (either [1-(14)C] or [6-(14)C]glucose) was recovered within 3 hours as 14CO2 from selenium deficient rats. This recovery dropped to one-half this value when these rats were fed a diet containing 0.1 ppm selenium for only 7 days. This increased glucose metabolism is suggestive of a greater metabolic rate in selenium deficient animals, which may be responsible for the differences observed in tissue fatty acid composition.", "contents": "Fatty acid and glucose metabolism in selenium deficient rats and lambs. Fatty acid analyses were done on tissues of lambs from ewes fed purified diets, and injected with selenium and/or vitamin E in a 2 X 2 factorial treatment. The concentrations of arachidonic acid averaged 9.3% of the total fatty acid content in semitendinosus muscle from lambs given vitamin E and selenium, but averaged 19.4% in this muscle from lambs given vitamin E without selenium. Arachidonic acid comprised 28.3% and 33.7%, respectively, of the total fatty acids in livers from selenium supplemented and deficient rats. Twice as much radioactivity from [1-(14)C]acetate was recovered in rat liver phospholipid arachidonate in selenium deficient rats as in selenium supplemented ones, indicating a greater turnover rate of this fatty acid in deficient rats. Fifty-five percent of dosed 14C-glucose (either [1-(14)C] or [6-(14)C]glucose) was recovered within 3 hours as 14CO2 from selenium deficient rats. This recovery dropped to one-half this value when these rats were fed a diet containing 0.1 ppm selenium for only 7 days. This increased glucose metabolism is suggestive of a greater metabolic rate in selenium deficient animals, which may be responsible for the differences observed in tissue fatty acid composition."}
{"id": "PMID:886391", "title": "Quantitative requirement of the hatchling green sea turtle, Chelonia mydas, for valine, leucine, isoleucine and phenylalanine.", "content": "Hatchling green sea turtles were fed purified diets containing 36% crude protein (N X 6.25) to determine the quantitative requirements for valine, leucine, isoleucine and phenylalanine. Expressed as percentage of total dry diet, the hatchling green sea turtle requires 1.3% valine, 1.6% leucine, 1.0% isoleucine and 1.0% phenylalanine (in the presence of 0.5% tyrosine). Within the range of isoleucine-leucine levels investigated, there was no apparent interrelationship between the quantitative requirements of these two amino acids. Growth rate was decreased at a high level of phenylalanine, 3.0% of the dry diet.", "contents": "Quantitative requirement of the hatchling green sea turtle, Chelonia mydas, for valine, leucine, isoleucine and phenylalanine. Hatchling green sea turtles were fed purified diets containing 36% crude protein (N X 6.25) to determine the quantitative requirements for valine, leucine, isoleucine and phenylalanine. Expressed as percentage of total dry diet, the hatchling green sea turtle requires 1.3% valine, 1.6% leucine, 1.0% isoleucine and 1.0% phenylalanine (in the presence of 0.5% tyrosine). Within the range of isoleucine-leucine levels investigated, there was no apparent interrelationship between the quantitative requirements of these two amino acids. Growth rate was decreased at a high level of phenylalanine, 3.0% of the dry diet."}
{"id": "PMID:886393", "title": "A biphasic response of rats to cobalt.", "content": "The study was designed to confirm a previous, unexpected observation of a strong growth depressing effect of 1 microgram cobalt/g in rats fed lactalbumin based diets. The addition of 0.25, 0.5, and 1.0 microgram of cobalt/g to the basal diet containing 0.056 microgram/g depressed growth rates of rats progressively with increasing doses. This depression was overcome by increasing the cobalt supplement to 2 microgram/g, and additional weight gain was observed with 3 microgram/g. Higher concentrations were progressively toxic. Hemoglobin concentrations, hematocrits, and thyroid retention of intravenously injected sodium iodide all were lowest in rats fed the diet containing 1 microgram cobalt/g and increased with lower and higher concentrations of cobalt. The opposite was true for fasting serum glucose levels, which were elevated in rats fed the 1 microgram/g diet and low in rats fed the 3 microgram/g diet or control diet. This biphasic response to cobalt is consistent with the hypothesis that cobalt in low concentrations may have an essential function in the rat. However, an alternative explanation, an interaction of cobalt with a toxic constituent of the diet, has not yet been ruled out.", "contents": "A biphasic response of rats to cobalt. The study was designed to confirm a previous, unexpected observation of a strong growth depressing effect of 1 microgram cobalt/g in rats fed lactalbumin based diets. The addition of 0.25, 0.5, and 1.0 microgram of cobalt/g to the basal diet containing 0.056 microgram/g depressed growth rates of rats progressively with increasing doses. This depression was overcome by increasing the cobalt supplement to 2 microgram/g, and additional weight gain was observed with 3 microgram/g. Higher concentrations were progressively toxic. Hemoglobin concentrations, hematocrits, and thyroid retention of intravenously injected sodium iodide all were lowest in rats fed the diet containing 1 microgram cobalt/g and increased with lower and higher concentrations of cobalt. The opposite was true for fasting serum glucose levels, which were elevated in rats fed the 1 microgram/g diet and low in rats fed the 3 microgram/g diet or control diet. This biphasic response to cobalt is consistent with the hypothesis that cobalt in low concentrations may have an essential function in the rat. However, an alternative explanation, an interaction of cobalt with a toxic constituent of the diet, has not yet been ruled out."}
{"id": "PMID:886394", "title": "Maternal and fetal response to various suboptimal levels of zinc intake during gestation in the rat.", "content": "Some effects of various degrees of zinc deprivation during pregnancy have been examined in dams and offspring. After mating, the dams were fed a biotin enriched, 20% sprayed egg white diet which contained less than 1 ppm zinc. Zinc was provided in the drinking water at one of the following concentrations: 1, 2, 3, 5, 11, or 25 mg/liter. Pups were taken by cesarean section on day 22 of gestation. The dams given insufficient zinc became anorexic, particularly during the latter third of gestation. Anorexia occurred earlier and was most severe at the lowest levels of zinc intake. The decreased food consumption resulted in energy deprivation and at the lowest levels of zinc intake, in protein insufficiency. The total weight gain and rate of weight deposition in the dams were both functions of the level of zinc provided. Fetal growth and extent of zinc deposition into the fetuses were both related to the amount of zinc provided. The responses of dams and fetuses to the extent of zinc deprivation were not equivalent, however. It appeared that there was a sparing of fetal growth at the expense of the dam at very low levels of zinc intake. Conversely, at higher, but still suboptimal levels of zinc, the fetuses still experienced growth retardation although the dams attained a normal weight deposition during gestation.", "contents": "Maternal and fetal response to various suboptimal levels of zinc intake during gestation in the rat. Some effects of various degrees of zinc deprivation during pregnancy have been examined in dams and offspring. After mating, the dams were fed a biotin enriched, 20% sprayed egg white diet which contained less than 1 ppm zinc. Zinc was provided in the drinking water at one of the following concentrations: 1, 2, 3, 5, 11, or 25 mg/liter. Pups were taken by cesarean section on day 22 of gestation. The dams given insufficient zinc became anorexic, particularly during the latter third of gestation. Anorexia occurred earlier and was most severe at the lowest levels of zinc intake. The decreased food consumption resulted in energy deprivation and at the lowest levels of zinc intake, in protein insufficiency. The total weight gain and rate of weight deposition in the dams were both functions of the level of zinc provided. Fetal growth and extent of zinc deposition into the fetuses were both related to the amount of zinc provided. The responses of dams and fetuses to the extent of zinc deprivation were not equivalent, however. It appeared that there was a sparing of fetal growth at the expense of the dam at very low levels of zinc intake. Conversely, at higher, but still suboptimal levels of zinc, the fetuses still experienced growth retardation although the dams attained a normal weight deposition during gestation."}
{"id": "PMID:886398", "title": "Ultrastructure of intestinal and diffuse type gastric carcinoma.", "content": "Samples from 56 resected stomachs, including 28 cases of intestinal and 14 of diffuse type gastric carcinoma, were studied by electron microscopy. The main ultrastructural features of intestinal and diffuse type gastric carcinomas were described and compared to the ultrastructure of normal gastric mucosal cells and cells occurring in intestinal metaplasia of the gastric mucosa. Many similarities were demonstrated between intestinal metaplasia and intestinal type carcinomas. The cells of diffuse type carcinomas closely resembled the goblet cells of intestinal metaplasia. Microvilli, similar to those in the brush border of the intestinal columnar cells, could be demonstrated in the carcinomatous surface epithelium and occasionally also in individually spreading cells of the diffuse type carcinoma. Intracellular cysts with microvilli on the cyst wall were occasionally found in both types of carcinoma. The histogenetic origin of gastric carcinoma was discussed.", "contents": "Ultrastructure of intestinal and diffuse type gastric carcinoma. Samples from 56 resected stomachs, including 28 cases of intestinal and 14 of diffuse type gastric carcinoma, were studied by electron microscopy. The main ultrastructural features of intestinal and diffuse type gastric carcinomas were described and compared to the ultrastructure of normal gastric mucosal cells and cells occurring in intestinal metaplasia of the gastric mucosa. Many similarities were demonstrated between intestinal metaplasia and intestinal type carcinomas. The cells of diffuse type carcinomas closely resembled the goblet cells of intestinal metaplasia. Microvilli, similar to those in the brush border of the intestinal columnar cells, could be demonstrated in the carcinomatous surface epithelium and occasionally also in individually spreading cells of the diffuse type carcinoma. Intracellular cysts with microvilli on the cyst wall were occasionally found in both types of carcinoma. The histogenetic origin of gastric carcinoma was discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:886399", "title": "Pulmonary argyrophil cells at high altitude.", "content": "The numbers of individual argyrophil cells and groups of argyrophil cells were compared in rabbits which had been born and had spent their entire lives at a height of 4300 m above sea level and in sea-level controls. In the bronchi and bronchioles there were more groups of argyrophil cells in the high-altitude rabbits (mean 10-23/cm2) than in the sea-level controls (mean 5-22/cm2). In the alveolar walls there were more individual cells in the high-altitude rabbits (mean 2-65/cm2) than in the sea-level controls (mean 0-72/cm2). These differences may be either inherited or acquired and in either case, it is suggested that the likely explanation for the differences is hypoxia. If acquired, the differences may be due to differentiation of argyrophil cells from a stem cell. The results provide evidence that individual argyrophil cells exist in the alveolar walls. They suggest that individual argyrophil cells and groups of argyrophil cells may have different functions according to their site.", "contents": "Pulmonary argyrophil cells at high altitude. The numbers of individual argyrophil cells and groups of argyrophil cells were compared in rabbits which had been born and had spent their entire lives at a height of 4300 m above sea level and in sea-level controls. In the bronchi and bronchioles there were more groups of argyrophil cells in the high-altitude rabbits (mean 10-23/cm2) than in the sea-level controls (mean 5-22/cm2). In the alveolar walls there were more individual cells in the high-altitude rabbits (mean 2-65/cm2) than in the sea-level controls (mean 0-72/cm2). These differences may be either inherited or acquired and in either case, it is suggested that the likely explanation for the differences is hypoxia. If acquired, the differences may be due to differentiation of argyrophil cells from a stem cell. The results provide evidence that individual argyrophil cells exist in the alveolar walls. They suggest that individual argyrophil cells and groups of argyrophil cells may have different functions according to their site."}
{"id": "PMID:886400", "title": "Atypical glycogen deposits in a plasmacytoma: an ultrastructural study.", "content": "A solitary, benign plasmacytoma, arising from the gum of the lower jaw of a dog, was studied by light and electron microscopy. Some of the tumour cell nuclei showed the characteristic clockface or cartwheel pattern of heterochromatin distribution similar to that found in normal plasma cells. Like normal plasma cells the tumour cells were endowed with rough endoplasmic reticulum but this was invariably dilated or visiculated. Glycogen deposits were found within mitochondria and within the dilated and vesiculated rough endoplasmic reticulum. The idea that these deposits were derived secondarily from glycogen deposits in the cytoplasm seems untenable because no glycogen particles were found in the cytoplasmic matrix. It would therefore appear that most, perhaps all, stages of glycogen synthesis occurred within the mitochondria and rough endoplasmic reticulum of some of these tumour cells.", "contents": "Atypical glycogen deposits in a plasmacytoma: an ultrastructural study. A solitary, benign plasmacytoma, arising from the gum of the lower jaw of a dog, was studied by light and electron microscopy. Some of the tumour cell nuclei showed the characteristic clockface or cartwheel pattern of heterochromatin distribution similar to that found in normal plasma cells. Like normal plasma cells the tumour cells were endowed with rough endoplasmic reticulum but this was invariably dilated or visiculated. Glycogen deposits were found within mitochondria and within the dilated and vesiculated rough endoplasmic reticulum. The idea that these deposits were derived secondarily from glycogen deposits in the cytoplasm seems untenable because no glycogen particles were found in the cytoplasmic matrix. It would therefore appear that most, perhaps all, stages of glycogen synthesis occurred within the mitochondria and rough endoplasmic reticulum of some of these tumour cells."}
{"id": "PMID:886401", "title": "The mechanism of fusion of hamster macrophages induced by antimacrophage serum.", "content": "The mechanism of antihamster macrophage serum (AHMS)-induced fusion of hamster macrophages has been investigated using the serum alone or conjugated to ferritin or Sepharose beads. It has been shown that AHMS attaches to and is interiorised by hamster macrophages. When macrophages are brought into contact before AHMS bound to their surface is interiorised, fusion results. The results strongly support the hypothesis that macrophage fusion is the consequence os simultaneous endocytosis of particles or colloids. It is suggested that a similar mechanism underlies the formation of macrophage giant cells in granulomata where closely packed macrophages attach to and interiorise the denatured materials produced in the chronically inflamed environment.", "contents": "The mechanism of fusion of hamster macrophages induced by antimacrophage serum. The mechanism of antihamster macrophage serum (AHMS)-induced fusion of hamster macrophages has been investigated using the serum alone or conjugated to ferritin or Sepharose beads. It has been shown that AHMS attaches to and is interiorised by hamster macrophages. When macrophages are brought into contact before AHMS bound to their surface is interiorised, fusion results. The results strongly support the hypothesis that macrophage fusion is the consequence os simultaneous endocytosis of particles or colloids. It is suggested that a similar mechanism underlies the formation of macrophage giant cells in granulomata where closely packed macrophages attach to and interiorise the denatured materials produced in the chronically inflamed environment."}
{"id": "PMID:886402", "title": "Cytofluorograf detection of Plasmodium yoelii, Trypanosoma gambiense, and Trypanosoma equiperdum by laser excited fluorescence of stained rodent blood.", "content": "Samples of rat blood infected with Plasmodium yoelii (3% parasitized erythrocytes), Trypanosoma gambiense, or Trypanosoma equiperdum (greater than 50 trypanosomes per microscope field at 400 X) were fixed with 0.5% glutaraldehyde in phosphate buffered saline, then stained with acridine orange (AO) at 10(-4), 10(-5), or 10(-6) M for 0 to 15 min at 5 C or 25 C and/or ethidium bromide (EB) at 0.05 mg/ml for 20 min at 25 C. Stained cells were analyzed with a laser Cytofluorograf (Bio/Physics Systems, Inc.) to determine if parasites could be detected and differentiated from blood cells by their fluorescent characteristics. Samples of uninfected rat blood with and without leukocytes and P. yoelii-infected blood without leukocytes were treated similarly. In addition, suspensions of T. gambiense and T. equiperdum without all blood cells were stained with AO or EB and analyzed with the Cytofluorograf, as were mixed suspensions of both trypanosome species. EB- but not AO-stained P. yoelii-infected erythrocytes had fluorescent characteristics different from most blood cells. Neither AO- nor EB-stained T. gambiense or T. equiperdum could be differentiated from host blood cells or from each other. The results are discussed with respect to the use of laser flow systems in the detection and analysis of bloodstream dwelling protozoan parasites.", "contents": "Cytofluorograf detection of Plasmodium yoelii, Trypanosoma gambiense, and Trypanosoma equiperdum by laser excited fluorescence of stained rodent blood. Samples of rat blood infected with Plasmodium yoelii (3% parasitized erythrocytes), Trypanosoma gambiense, or Trypanosoma equiperdum (greater than 50 trypanosomes per microscope field at 400 X) were fixed with 0.5% glutaraldehyde in phosphate buffered saline, then stained with acridine orange (AO) at 10(-4), 10(-5), or 10(-6) M for 0 to 15 min at 5 C or 25 C and/or ethidium bromide (EB) at 0.05 mg/ml for 20 min at 25 C. Stained cells were analyzed with a laser Cytofluorograf (Bio/Physics Systems, Inc.) to determine if parasites could be detected and differentiated from blood cells by their fluorescent characteristics. Samples of uninfected rat blood with and without leukocytes and P. yoelii-infected blood without leukocytes were treated similarly. In addition, suspensions of T. gambiense and T. equiperdum without all blood cells were stained with AO or EB and analyzed with the Cytofluorograf, as were mixed suspensions of both trypanosome species. EB- but not AO-stained P. yoelii-infected erythrocytes had fluorescent characteristics different from most blood cells. Neither AO- nor EB-stained T. gambiense or T. equiperdum could be differentiated from host blood cells or from each other. The results are discussed with respect to the use of laser flow systems in the detection and analysis of bloodstream dwelling protozoan parasites."}
{"id": "PMID:886403", "title": "Scanning electron microscopy of Eimeria tenella microgametogenesis and fertilization.", "content": "Microgametes of Eimeria tenella were observed in cecal tissue from infected chicks killed six days after inoculation with oocysts. Development from the microgamont stage to maturity was followed. We observed three commonly found, but distinctly different, stages in developing microgametes while they were still associated with microgamonts. In the first, only the flagella could be seen protruding through the enveloping microgamont layer. In the second, both the bodies and flagella could be seen; the flagella had increased in size, and the bodies appeared bulbous. In the third, nearly mature microgametes were randomly arranged around the microgamont, and the manner of flagellar attachment to the bodies near the apical conjunction of the perforatorium was seen. A free microgamete and a macrogamete with one penetrating and two adhering microgametes were found. On flagellum and most of the body of the penetrating microgamete had entered the macrogamete. All micorgametes seen had two flagella.", "contents": "Scanning electron microscopy of Eimeria tenella microgametogenesis and fertilization. Microgametes of Eimeria tenella were observed in cecal tissue from infected chicks killed six days after inoculation with oocysts. Development from the microgamont stage to maturity was followed. We observed three commonly found, but distinctly different, stages in developing microgametes while they were still associated with microgamonts. In the first, only the flagella could be seen protruding through the enveloping microgamont layer. In the second, both the bodies and flagella could be seen; the flagella had increased in size, and the bodies appeared bulbous. In the third, nearly mature microgametes were randomly arranged around the microgamont, and the manner of flagellar attachment to the bodies near the apical conjunction of the perforatorium was seen. A free microgamete and a macrogamete with one penetrating and two adhering microgametes were found. On flagellum and most of the body of the penetrating microgamete had entered the macrogamete. All micorgametes seen had two flagella."}
{"id": "PMID:886404", "title": "Studies on growth, development, and infectivity of Philophthalmus hegeneri Penner and Fried 1963 in the chick.", "content": "A reinvestigation of the growth curve of Philophthalmus hegeneri in chicks showed rapid growth for the first 17 days after infection. After this, the growth rate declined for multiple infections (two or more worms per eye), and after 20 days, adults in monometacercarial infections ceased appreciable growth and never attained reproductive maturity. These results are similar to those reported by Fried (1962), but here adults were approximately 0.5 mm shorter in all cases and were slower in producing mature eggs. When worms from 28 to 36 days old from monometacercarial infections were transplanted into multiple infections, normal growth occurred. Worms recovered from multiple infections and transplanted singly grew normally for at least 18 days but recovery rates were extremely low. When P. hegeneri adults over 20 days old from monometacercarial infections were transplanted singly with Philophthalmus megalurus adults, growth was not stimulated in either species.", "contents": "Studies on growth, development, and infectivity of Philophthalmus hegeneri Penner and Fried 1963 in the chick. A reinvestigation of the growth curve of Philophthalmus hegeneri in chicks showed rapid growth for the first 17 days after infection. After this, the growth rate declined for multiple infections (two or more worms per eye), and after 20 days, adults in monometacercarial infections ceased appreciable growth and never attained reproductive maturity. These results are similar to those reported by Fried (1962), but here adults were approximately 0.5 mm shorter in all cases and were slower in producing mature eggs. When worms from 28 to 36 days old from monometacercarial infections were transplanted into multiple infections, normal growth occurred. Worms recovered from multiple infections and transplanted singly grew normally for at least 18 days but recovery rates were extremely low. When P. hegeneri adults over 20 days old from monometacercarial infections were transplanted singly with Philophthalmus megalurus adults, growth was not stimulated in either species."}
{"id": "PMID:886405", "title": "Aerobic and anaerobic fermentation of glucose by Echinostoma liei.", "content": "Echinostoma liei was incubated in vitro aerobically and anaerobically with various species of 14C glucose. From the recovery of isotope in the respired CO2, it appeared that glucose was incompletely oxidized. The major portion of the CO2 arose from the 3 and 4 carbons of glucose. In addition to CO2, a number of volatile fatty acids accumulated as end-products both aerobically and anaerobically. Lactate and succinate were also isolated. Of these, n-valerate was recovered in the highest concentrations. Qualitatively, the same products were demonstrated after both aerobic and anaerobic incubations, but quantitatively considerably more fatty acids accumulated anaerobically.", "contents": "Aerobic and anaerobic fermentation of glucose by Echinostoma liei. Echinostoma liei was incubated in vitro aerobically and anaerobically with various species of 14C glucose. From the recovery of isotope in the respired CO2, it appeared that glucose was incompletely oxidized. The major portion of the CO2 arose from the 3 and 4 carbons of glucose. In addition to CO2, a number of volatile fatty acids accumulated as end-products both aerobically and anaerobically. Lactate and succinate were also isolated. Of these, n-valerate was recovered in the highest concentrations. Qualitatively, the same products were demonstrated after both aerobic and anaerobic incubations, but quantitatively considerably more fatty acids accumulated anaerobically."}
{"id": "PMID:886406", "title": "A lipogenic effect in intact male hamsters infected with plerocercoids of the tapeworm, Spirometra mansonoides.", "content": "Plerocercoids of the tapeworm, Spirometra mansonoides, produce a potent growth stimulating substance which is active in several species of mammals. While most of the actions of the plerocercoid growth factor (PGF) are similar to those of growth hormone (GH), lipid metabolism is one area where their actions are not alike. This report demonstrates that plerocercoid infection not only stimulates growth of intact male hamsters but is lipogenic as well. The lipogenic effects of plerocercoid infection were demonstrated by increases in epididymal fat pad weights, serum triglycerides, cholesterol, and total lipid. The livers of the plerocercoid-infected hamsters also had more cholesterol and more lipid phosphorus than controls. Incorporation studies using [2-14C]acetate showed that infected hamsters incorporated significantly higher levels of the radionuclide in their livers and serum after 1 hr than the controls. The lipogenic effect of plerocercoid infection is distinctly unlike the reported lipolytic action of GH and the lack of any stimulation of [2-14C]acetate incorporation into the epididymal fat pads is unlike the reported acute actions of insulin as well.", "contents": "A lipogenic effect in intact male hamsters infected with plerocercoids of the tapeworm, Spirometra mansonoides. Plerocercoids of the tapeworm, Spirometra mansonoides, produce a potent growth stimulating substance which is active in several species of mammals. While most of the actions of the plerocercoid growth factor (PGF) are similar to those of growth hormone (GH), lipid metabolism is one area where their actions are not alike. This report demonstrates that plerocercoid infection not only stimulates growth of intact male hamsters but is lipogenic as well. The lipogenic effects of plerocercoid infection were demonstrated by increases in epididymal fat pad weights, serum triglycerides, cholesterol, and total lipid. The livers of the plerocercoid-infected hamsters also had more cholesterol and more lipid phosphorus than controls. Incorporation studies using [2-14C]acetate showed that infected hamsters incorporated significantly higher levels of the radionuclide in their livers and serum after 1 hr than the controls. The lipogenic effect of plerocercoid infection is distinctly unlike the reported lipolytic action of GH and the lack of any stimulation of [2-14C]acetate incorporation into the epididymal fat pads is unlike the reported acute actions of insulin as well."}
{"id": "PMID:886407", "title": "A redescription of Eustrongylides tubifex (Nitzsch 1819) J\u00e4gerski\u00f6ld 1909 (Nematoda: Dioctophymatidae) from mallards (Anas platyrhynchos).", "content": "Eustrongylides tubifex (Nitzsch 1819) J\u00e4gerski\u00f6ld 1909 is redescribed from six male and 10 female adult specimens from experimental infections in mallards (Anas platyrhynchos). Our redescription is compared with that of J\u00e4gerski\u00f6ld (1909) and those of the Russian investigators Kontrimavichus and Bakhmeteva (1960) and Karmanova (1968). Our redescription differs in the ranges of total body length, esophageal length, maximum width, spicule length and vagina length. The cuticular fringe and inner rim of small papillae of the male bursa are shown to be definitive species characters. A key to the species of Eustrongylides is included.", "contents": "A redescription of Eustrongylides tubifex (Nitzsch 1819) J\u00e4gerski\u00f6ld 1909 (Nematoda: Dioctophymatidae) from mallards (Anas platyrhynchos). Eustrongylides tubifex (Nitzsch 1819) J\u00e4gerski\u00f6ld 1909 is redescribed from six male and 10 female adult specimens from experimental infections in mallards (Anas platyrhynchos). Our redescription is compared with that of J\u00e4gerski\u00f6ld (1909) and those of the Russian investigators Kontrimavichus and Bakhmeteva (1960) and Karmanova (1968). Our redescription differs in the ranges of total body length, esophageal length, maximum width, spicule length and vagina length. The cuticular fringe and inner rim of small papillae of the male bursa are shown to be definitive species characters. A key to the species of Eustrongylides is included."}
{"id": "PMID:886409", "title": "Immunity to Trichinella spiralis. VII. Resistance stimulated by the parenteral stages of the infection.", "content": "In three experiments mice were given three intravenous injections of Trichinella spiralis newborn larvae produced in vitro. Following a challenge infection of newborn larvae the mice were shown to be on the average 85% resistant i.e., only 15% of the challenge larvae developed to encysted muscle stage larvae in these mice; when the challenge consisted of normal muscle larvae administered per os, the mice were 51% resistant. Neither the number nor longevity of adult worms in the intestines was affected by this immunization procedure.", "contents": "Immunity to Trichinella spiralis. VII. Resistance stimulated by the parenteral stages of the infection. In three experiments mice were given three intravenous injections of Trichinella spiralis newborn larvae produced in vitro. Following a challenge infection of newborn larvae the mice were shown to be on the average 85% resistant i.e., only 15% of the challenge larvae developed to encysted muscle stage larvae in these mice; when the challenge consisted of normal muscle larvae administered per os, the mice were 51% resistant. Neither the number nor longevity of adult worms in the intestines was affected by this immunization procedure."}
{"id": "PMID:886410", "title": "Critical anthelmintic trials in ponies with four benzimidazoles: mebendazole, cambendazole, fenbendazole, and albendazole.", "content": "The comparative efficacy of four benzimidazoles against gastrointestinal parasites of ponies was evaluated by the critical test method. Mebendazole (8.8 mg/kg), cambendazole (20 mg/kg), fenbendazole (5 mg/kg), and albendazole (2.5 and 5 mg/kg) given in single oral doses were highly effective against adult large strongylids (Strongylus vulgaris, S. endentatus, S. equinus) and adult small strongylids (genera identified in order of frequency: Cylicostephanus, Cylicocyclus, Cyathostomum, Triodontophorus, Poteriostomum, Oesophagodontus, Cylicodontophorus, Gyalocephalus, and Craterostomum). Limited data indicated that all benzimidazoles were completely effective against adult Oxyuris equi and 95 to 100% effective against the 4th stage larvae. There was activity also against the large roundworm, Parascaris equorum, although the low levels of infection and skew distribution among the test animals did not permit a definitive determination of efficacy. Habronema muscae, Draschia megastoma, and Trichostrongylus axei were found in digests of the stomach but none were recovered in the feces after treatment; percent efficacy for these species was not calculated. None of the benzimidazoles showed activity against stomach bots, Gasterophilus spp., and tapeworms, Anoplocephala spp. nor against immature large and small strongylids outside the lumen of the digestive tract.", "contents": "Critical anthelmintic trials in ponies with four benzimidazoles: mebendazole, cambendazole, fenbendazole, and albendazole. The comparative efficacy of four benzimidazoles against gastrointestinal parasites of ponies was evaluated by the critical test method. Mebendazole (8.8 mg/kg), cambendazole (20 mg/kg), fenbendazole (5 mg/kg), and albendazole (2.5 and 5 mg/kg) given in single oral doses were highly effective against adult large strongylids (Strongylus vulgaris, S. endentatus, S. equinus) and adult small strongylids (genera identified in order of frequency: Cylicostephanus, Cylicocyclus, Cyathostomum, Triodontophorus, Poteriostomum, Oesophagodontus, Cylicodontophorus, Gyalocephalus, and Craterostomum). Limited data indicated that all benzimidazoles were completely effective against adult Oxyuris equi and 95 to 100% effective against the 4th stage larvae. There was activity also against the large roundworm, Parascaris equorum, although the low levels of infection and skew distribution among the test animals did not permit a definitive determination of efficacy. Habronema muscae, Draschia megastoma, and Trichostrongylus axei were found in digests of the stomach but none were recovered in the feces after treatment; percent efficacy for these species was not calculated. None of the benzimidazoles showed activity against stomach bots, Gasterophilus spp., and tapeworms, Anoplocephala spp. nor against immature large and small strongylids outside the lumen of the digestive tract."}
{"id": "PMID:886411", "title": "Glochidiosis of salmonid fishes. I. Comparative susceptibility to experimental infection with Margaritifera margaritifera (L.) (Pelecypoda: Margaritanidae).", "content": "This is the first report on the susceptibility of salmonid fishes to infection with the glochidia of the freshwater mussel Margaritifera margaritifera using known numbers of parasites under controlled conditions. The relative susceptibility of six species of salmonid fish, 20 to 80 mm in total length, to glochidiosis was determined by exposing fish individually to different numbers of parasites and plotting mortalities against these exposure levels at 70 days postexposure and also against the numbers of parasites recovered from fish 48 hr postinfection. The 70-day interpolated LE50 values (exposure concentrations of glochidia that killed 50% of the fish) for kokanee salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka kennerlyi), cutthroat trout (Salmo clarki), Atlantic salmon (S. salar), steelhead trout (S. gairdneri) and coho salmon (O. kisutch) were 17,500, 29,000, 35,000, 57,000, and 105,000, respectively. Chinook salmon (O. tshawytscha) was the most susceptible species. The LE50 values could not be estimated even at the lowest exposure levels because mortalities were too high. On the basis of the LE50 value, coho salmon was the most resistant species.", "contents": "Glochidiosis of salmonid fishes. I. Comparative susceptibility to experimental infection with Margaritifera margaritifera (L.) (Pelecypoda: Margaritanidae). This is the first report on the susceptibility of salmonid fishes to infection with the glochidia of the freshwater mussel Margaritifera margaritifera using known numbers of parasites under controlled conditions. The relative susceptibility of six species of salmonid fish, 20 to 80 mm in total length, to glochidiosis was determined by exposing fish individually to different numbers of parasites and plotting mortalities against these exposure levels at 70 days postexposure and also against the numbers of parasites recovered from fish 48 hr postinfection. The 70-day interpolated LE50 values (exposure concentrations of glochidia that killed 50% of the fish) for kokanee salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka kennerlyi), cutthroat trout (Salmo clarki), Atlantic salmon (S. salar), steelhead trout (S. gairdneri) and coho salmon (O. kisutch) were 17,500, 29,000, 35,000, 57,000, and 105,000, respectively. Chinook salmon (O. tshawytscha) was the most susceptible species. The LE50 values could not be estimated even at the lowest exposure levels because mortalities were too high. On the basis of the LE50 value, coho salmon was the most resistant species."}
{"id": "PMID:886412", "title": "Ecology of the tick Amblyomma hebraeum Koch in the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa. I. Distribution and seasonal activity.", "content": "In the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa larvae of Amblyomma hebraeum Koch occur in well-drained, shaded habitats, with a ground cover of grass. The life cycle is normally of 3 years duration. Peak larval activity occurs in the summer of the 1st year, peak nymphal activity in the spring of the 2nd year, and peak adult activity in the summer of the 3rd year. Larval activity shows no direct correlation with macroclimate. Adult activity is correlated with, in the following order of signficance, daylength, temperature, and rainfall. Nymphal activity appears to be regulated by the same factors.", "contents": "Ecology of the tick Amblyomma hebraeum Koch in the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa. I. Distribution and seasonal activity. In the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa larvae of Amblyomma hebraeum Koch occur in well-drained, shaded habitats, with a ground cover of grass. The life cycle is normally of 3 years duration. Peak larval activity occurs in the summer of the 1st year, peak nymphal activity in the spring of the 2nd year, and peak adult activity in the summer of the 3rd year. Larval activity shows no direct correlation with macroclimate. Adult activity is correlated with, in the following order of signficance, daylength, temperature, and rainfall. Nymphal activity appears to be regulated by the same factors."}
{"id": "PMID:886413", "title": "Observations on the ontogeny of halarachnid mites (Acarina: Halarachnidae).", "content": "Descriptions are given of protonymphal and deutonymphal instars of Orthohalarachne diminuata (Doetschmann 1944) and O. attenuata (Banks 1910), together with comparative data for larvae and adults. Some phylogenetic implications of comparative ontogeny in halarachnids are considered. Leg and palpal chaetotaxy of all instars of Pneumonyssus simicola, Banks 1901 is compared with that of the two Orthohalarachne species and with that characteristic of free-living dermanyssids. A neotenic pattern is indicated for the three species of halarachnids. Differences of probable generic significance in leg and palpal chaetotaxy are described for the three species mentioned and for Halarachne Allman 1847.", "contents": "Observations on the ontogeny of halarachnid mites (Acarina: Halarachnidae). Descriptions are given of protonymphal and deutonymphal instars of Orthohalarachne diminuata (Doetschmann 1944) and O. attenuata (Banks 1910), together with comparative data for larvae and adults. Some phylogenetic implications of comparative ontogeny in halarachnids are considered. Leg and palpal chaetotaxy of all instars of Pneumonyssus simicola, Banks 1901 is compared with that of the two Orthohalarachne species and with that characteristic of free-living dermanyssids. A neotenic pattern is indicated for the three species of halarachnids. Differences of probable generic significance in leg and palpal chaetotaxy are described for the three species mentioned and for Halarachne Allman 1847."}
{"id": "PMID:886419", "title": "Adolescent Rorschach responses as a function of age at first institutionalization.", "content": "To test the hypothesis that age of first separation from a home environment is a factor in the emotional health of institutionalized boys, Rorschach protocols of 82 residents of Saint Francis Vocational School, a facility for deprived nondelinquent nonretarded youth aged 10 to 18, were examined. Seven Rorschach variables were used as dependent variables of emotional status. It was found that boys who had first been institutionized before age 10 gave more color-dominant and pure color responses (p less than .005), and more responses with pathological overtones (p less than .005), than did youth first placed at ages 10 to 13 or ages 14 to 17. Fixation was proposed as the basis for the group differences.", "contents": "Adolescent Rorschach responses as a function of age at first institutionalization. To test the hypothesis that age of first separation from a home environment is a factor in the emotional health of institutionalized boys, Rorschach protocols of 82 residents of Saint Francis Vocational School, a facility for deprived nondelinquent nonretarded youth aged 10 to 18, were examined. Seven Rorschach variables were used as dependent variables of emotional status. It was found that boys who had first been institutionized before age 10 gave more color-dominant and pure color responses (p less than .005), and more responses with pathological overtones (p less than .005), than did youth first placed at ages 10 to 13 or ages 14 to 17. Fixation was proposed as the basis for the group differences."}
{"id": "PMID:886420", "title": "The symbiosis scale: inkblot responses of children from symbiotically and non-symbiotically oriented families.", "content": "Describes the development and subsequent attempts at validation of an objective measure of the concept of symbiosis based on children's responses to inkblot stimuli. It was hypothesized that children reared in symbiosis inducing versus non-symbiosis inducing family settings would obtain higher scores on the symbiosis scale. The hypothesis was supported in a first study involving 36 children evidencing neurotic and personality disorders (p less than .01), but was not supported in a second study involving 35 children of whom over 70 percent evidenced borderline psychotic or psychotic disorders. In a third study involving 27 neurotic and personality disordered children the scaled again differentiated between children from symbiotically oriented versus non-symbiotically oriented families (p less than .01).", "contents": "The symbiosis scale: inkblot responses of children from symbiotically and non-symbiotically oriented families. Describes the development and subsequent attempts at validation of an objective measure of the concept of symbiosis based on children's responses to inkblot stimuli. It was hypothesized that children reared in symbiosis inducing versus non-symbiosis inducing family settings would obtain higher scores on the symbiosis scale. The hypothesis was supported in a first study involving 36 children evidencing neurotic and personality disorders (p less than .01), but was not supported in a second study involving 35 children of whom over 70 percent evidenced borderline psychotic or psychotic disorders. In a third study involving 27 neurotic and personality disordered children the scaled again differentiated between children from symbiotically oriented versus non-symbiotically oriented families (p less than .01)."}
{"id": "PMID:886421", "title": "Gender-specific variances in sexual fantasy.", "content": "Six sexual fantasy categories were derived by inductive content analysis, based upon the starting criterion that fantasy is a dynamic and interactional event. Detailed narrative descriptions of sexual fantasy in three conditions, including 'Daydream,' 'masturbatory,' and \"During Sex Relations' were obtained from 48 male and 45 female volunteer graduate students. Detailed narrative descriptions of sexual fantasies were collected by administration of sexual fantasy questionnaires. While the intention was to empirically derive sexual fantasy categories which could be used for personality assessment of gender identity, the hypothesis predicted gender-specific variances in fantasy productions according to derived fantasy categories. Results indicated that significantly more females than males fantasized themselves as recipients of sexual activity from fantasized sexual objects, while males fantasized the sexual object as recipients of sexual activity. Marginal tendencies toward reversal of this gender pattern occurred in the 'Mastubatory' condition for males, and in the 'Daydream' sexual fantasy condition for females.", "contents": "Gender-specific variances in sexual fantasy. Six sexual fantasy categories were derived by inductive content analysis, based upon the starting criterion that fantasy is a dynamic and interactional event. Detailed narrative descriptions of sexual fantasy in three conditions, including 'Daydream,' 'masturbatory,' and \"During Sex Relations' were obtained from 48 male and 45 female volunteer graduate students. Detailed narrative descriptions of sexual fantasies were collected by administration of sexual fantasy questionnaires. While the intention was to empirically derive sexual fantasy categories which could be used for personality assessment of gender identity, the hypothesis predicted gender-specific variances in fantasy productions according to derived fantasy categories. Results indicated that significantly more females than males fantasized themselves as recipients of sexual activity from fantasized sexual objects, while males fantasized the sexual object as recipients of sexual activity. Marginal tendencies toward reversal of this gender pattern occurred in the 'Mastubatory' condition for males, and in the 'Daydream' sexual fantasy condition for females."}
{"id": "PMID:886422", "title": "Personality characteristics related to cross-situational consistency of interpersonal distance.", "content": "Explored the relation of personality dimensions to cross-situational consistency in interpersonal distance. Sixty-five male and 52 female undergraduates were given the Personality Research Form A and the Maudsley Personality Inventory as well as four forms of a measure of interpersonal distance preference which covered 10 different situations. The relationship between the personality dimensions and the consistency of interpersonal distance choice was measured by multiple regression. Neuroticism emerged as having the most reliable relation to consistency, confirming previous data in this area. Multiple Rs ranging from .36 to .53 indicated that consistency may be reliably related to personality dimensions and that conceptualizing consistency as an individual difference or moderating variable may partially explain the difficulty in predicting directly from personality dimensions as the situation varies.", "contents": "Personality characteristics related to cross-situational consistency of interpersonal distance. Explored the relation of personality dimensions to cross-situational consistency in interpersonal distance. Sixty-five male and 52 female undergraduates were given the Personality Research Form A and the Maudsley Personality Inventory as well as four forms of a measure of interpersonal distance preference which covered 10 different situations. The relationship between the personality dimensions and the consistency of interpersonal distance choice was measured by multiple regression. Neuroticism emerged as having the most reliable relation to consistency, confirming previous data in this area. Multiple Rs ranging from .36 to .53 indicated that consistency may be reliably related to personality dimensions and that conceptualizing consistency as an individual difference or moderating variable may partially explain the difficulty in predicting directly from personality dimensions as the situation varies."}
{"id": "PMID:886423", "title": "Causal orientation and personal adjustment of hospitalized veterans.", "content": "Continues a line of theory and research which sees human behavior as basically teleological. Groups of hospitalized male alcoholics, psychotics, and normals were administered the Causal Construct Scale, the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory, and the Shipley Institute of Living Scale. It was predicted that extent of pathology across experimental groups as well as general tendencies to abnormality would follow telic considerations. Intentional causal orientation was positively related and subtance causal orientation was negatively related to mental health. The impetus and pattern causal constructs failed to be predictive of personal adjustment.", "contents": "Causal orientation and personal adjustment of hospitalized veterans. Continues a line of theory and research which sees human behavior as basically teleological. Groups of hospitalized male alcoholics, psychotics, and normals were administered the Causal Construct Scale, the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory, and the Shipley Institute of Living Scale. It was predicted that extent of pathology across experimental groups as well as general tendencies to abnormality would follow telic considerations. Intentional causal orientation was positively related and subtance causal orientation was negatively related to mental health. The impetus and pattern causal constructs failed to be predictive of personal adjustment."}
{"id": "PMID:886424", "title": "Self-ideal discrepancy and acceptance of false personality interpretations.", "content": "Effects of self-ideal discrepancy and favorability of content on subjects' acceptance of personality interpretations were studied. Subjects accepted more favorable than neutral statements and more neutral than unfavorable statements. A significant effect was found for self-ideal discrepancy and for the interaction between self-ideal discrepancy and content favorability. In contrast to moderate and low discrepancy subjects, high discrepancy subjects accepted more of the interpretations, accepted more unfavorable, and rejected more favorable interpretations. High discrepancy subjects also accepted more neutral interpretations than did low discrepancy subjects. High discrepancy subjects expected to receive more negative feedback than low discrepancy subjects, and also interpreted this feedback more negatively than did low discrepancy subjects, while scores for the moderate discrepancy subjects were consistently between these two groups.", "contents": "Self-ideal discrepancy and acceptance of false personality interpretations. Effects of self-ideal discrepancy and favorability of content on subjects' acceptance of personality interpretations were studied. Subjects accepted more favorable than neutral statements and more neutral than unfavorable statements. A significant effect was found for self-ideal discrepancy and for the interaction between self-ideal discrepancy and content favorability. In contrast to moderate and low discrepancy subjects, high discrepancy subjects accepted more of the interpretations, accepted more unfavorable, and rejected more favorable interpretations. High discrepancy subjects also accepted more neutral interpretations than did low discrepancy subjects. High discrepancy subjects expected to receive more negative feedback than low discrepancy subjects, and also interpreted this feedback more negatively than did low discrepancy subjects, while scores for the moderate discrepancy subjects were consistently between these two groups."}
{"id": "PMID:886425", "title": "Some Rorschach data concerning suicide.", "content": "The Rorschachs of 59 effected suicides and 31 attempted suicides, all of which were collected within a period of 60 days prior to the critical event were categorized in terms of method used, and subjected to a computer scan to determine if any constellation of variables occurred with a greater frequency than in the protocols of three control groups, comprised of inpatient depressives, inpatient schizophrenics, and nonpatients. A constellation of 11 variables is reported, a composite of eight or more correctly identifies 75% of the effected group and 45% of the attempters while occurring with a relatively low frequency among controls. Data are also presented from a group of 33 records collected within five days after a suicidal attempt revealing that those records do not differ essentially from either of the two psychiatric control groups. The findings are discussed in terms of the problems of prediction, and in the context of the probable psychological structure of many suicide prone people.", "contents": "Some Rorschach data concerning suicide. The Rorschachs of 59 effected suicides and 31 attempted suicides, all of which were collected within a period of 60 days prior to the critical event were categorized in terms of method used, and subjected to a computer scan to determine if any constellation of variables occurred with a greater frequency than in the protocols of three control groups, comprised of inpatient depressives, inpatient schizophrenics, and nonpatients. A constellation of 11 variables is reported, a composite of eight or more correctly identifies 75% of the effected group and 45% of the attempters while occurring with a relatively low frequency among controls. Data are also presented from a group of 33 records collected within five days after a suicidal attempt revealing that those records do not differ essentially from either of the two psychiatric control groups. The findings are discussed in terms of the problems of prediction, and in the context of the probable psychological structure of many suicide prone people."}
{"id": "PMID:886426", "title": "Personality correlates of the abstract response on the Holtzman Inkblot Technique.", "content": "Through the innovative use of a special set of Holtzman inkblots, several variables of the Personality Research Form were shown to be correlates of the Abstract response for 30 male and 33 female undergraduates. For males, positive correlations were obtained between Abstract and Achievement, Endurance and Sentience; while negative correlations were obtained between Abstract and Harmavoidance and Order, respectively. For females, Abstract was positively correlated with Dominance, Nurturance, Exhibition, and Social Recognition; and negatively correlated with Abasement and Affiliation.", "contents": "Personality correlates of the abstract response on the Holtzman Inkblot Technique. Through the innovative use of a special set of Holtzman inkblots, several variables of the Personality Research Form were shown to be correlates of the Abstract response for 30 male and 33 female undergraduates. For males, positive correlations were obtained between Abstract and Achievement, Endurance and Sentience; while negative correlations were obtained between Abstract and Harmavoidance and Order, respectively. For females, Abstract was positively correlated with Dominance, Nurturance, Exhibition, and Social Recognition; and negatively correlated with Abasement and Affiliation."}
{"id": "PMID:886427", "title": "Reliabilities and interrelationships of two HABGT scales in a male delinquent population.", "content": "Reliabilities and interrelationships of the Adiense-Abience and the Psychopathology Scales of the HABGT were investigated in a population of 120 13-15 year-old male delinquents over a 40-week period. The delinquent boys were assigned to three conditions: individual tutoring and counseling; group tutoring and counseling; controls (no treatment). Both scales were found to have high test-retest reliability over all conditions (rs ranged from .85 to .93). Interscorer reliability among three scorers was also found to be very high. As expected, treatment had a differential effect on psychopathology and on adience-abience: the former was modifiable while the latter was resistant to change. Also as predicted, the two scales had a significantly higher degree of commonality before treatment intervention than after such intervention, but the relationship remained stable for the control group. Implications for clinical and research use are discussed.", "contents": "Reliabilities and interrelationships of two HABGT scales in a male delinquent population. Reliabilities and interrelationships of the Adiense-Abience and the Psychopathology Scales of the HABGT were investigated in a population of 120 13-15 year-old male delinquents over a 40-week period. The delinquent boys were assigned to three conditions: individual tutoring and counseling; group tutoring and counseling; controls (no treatment). Both scales were found to have high test-retest reliability over all conditions (rs ranged from .85 to .93). Interscorer reliability among three scorers was also found to be very high. As expected, treatment had a differential effect on psychopathology and on adience-abience: the former was modifiable while the latter was resistant to change. Also as predicted, the two scales had a significantly higher degree of commonality before treatment intervention than after such intervention, but the relationship remained stable for the control group. Implications for clinical and research use are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:886428", "title": "Medical and nursing students: concepts of self and ideal self, typical and ideal work partner.", "content": "Forty-three medical students and 78 nursing students each filled out four copies of the Interpersonal Check List. The subjects described self, ideal self as physician or nurse, and typical and ideal work partner. For each questionnaire the two summary scores Dom and Lov were computed. The results indicate a discrepancy between concepts of self and ideal self and the results also point to considerable disagreement between medical students and nursing students about their roles on the physician-nurse team.", "contents": "Medical and nursing students: concepts of self and ideal self, typical and ideal work partner. Forty-three medical students and 78 nursing students each filled out four copies of the Interpersonal Check List. The subjects described self, ideal self as physician or nurse, and typical and ideal work partner. For each questionnaire the two summary scores Dom and Lov were computed. The results indicate a discrepancy between concepts of self and ideal self and the results also point to considerable disagreement between medical students and nursing students about their roles on the physician-nurse team."}
{"id": "PMID:886429", "title": "Personality correlates of the Mosher Guilt Scales.", "content": "Examined the relationship between sex guilt, hostility guilt, and morality-conscience guilt, and more traditional concepts in personality, to extend the construct validational work of the Mosher Guilt Scales. This was achieved by correlating the scores of the three guilt subscales with the 15 manifest needs of the Edwards Personal Preference Schedule. The results indicate that while there was some overlap between the guilt scores and the manifest needs, the association was usually a function of theoretically consistent relationships rather than duality of constructs. These findings, and the literature review of the Mosher Guilt Scales, are interpreted as supporting the continued use of the three guilt subscales as well as suggesting that guilt is a personality variable of considerable theoretical significance.", "contents": "Personality correlates of the Mosher Guilt Scales. Examined the relationship between sex guilt, hostility guilt, and morality-conscience guilt, and more traditional concepts in personality, to extend the construct validational work of the Mosher Guilt Scales. This was achieved by correlating the scores of the three guilt subscales with the 15 manifest needs of the Edwards Personal Preference Schedule. The results indicate that while there was some overlap between the guilt scores and the manifest needs, the association was usually a function of theoretically consistent relationships rather than duality of constructs. These findings, and the literature review of the Mosher Guilt Scales, are interpreted as supporting the continued use of the three guilt subscales as well as suggesting that guilt is a personality variable of considerable theoretical significance."}
{"id": "PMID:886430", "title": "Children's beliefs in internal-external control and self-esteem as related to academic achievement.", "content": "Previous work has shown high self-esteem to be related to an internal locus of control (LOC) orientation. Both have been shown to be related to academic achievement. It was hypothesized that LOC and self-esteem are each independently related to achievement, and that these relationships may vary according to the sex of the child and the measure of achievement used. Subjects were 113 ten-year-old, fourth grade children, 60 males and 53 females. They were administered questionnaire measures of LOC and self-esteem (Nowicki-Strickland and Piers-Harris). An internal LOC orientation was significantly related to greater academic achievement and high self-esteem. Males' LOC scores were related to grade point averages and not achievement test scores, while the reverse held for females. Differential socialization of females from males might account for the lack of a relationship between grades and LOC.", "contents": "Children's beliefs in internal-external control and self-esteem as related to academic achievement. Previous work has shown high self-esteem to be related to an internal locus of control (LOC) orientation. Both have been shown to be related to academic achievement. It was hypothesized that LOC and self-esteem are each independently related to achievement, and that these relationships may vary according to the sex of the child and the measure of achievement used. Subjects were 113 ten-year-old, fourth grade children, 60 males and 53 females. They were administered questionnaire measures of LOC and self-esteem (Nowicki-Strickland and Piers-Harris). An internal LOC orientation was significantly related to greater academic achievement and high self-esteem. Males' LOC scores were related to grade point averages and not achievement test scores, while the reverse held for females. Differential socialization of females from males might account for the lack of a relationship between grades and LOC."}
{"id": "PMID:886431", "title": "The occurrence of reinforcing activities in relation to locus of control, success-failure expectancies, and physical attractiveness.", "content": "The Pleasant Events Schedule (mimeographed), which measures the retrospective frequency and value of positive reinforcement, was administered to 74 college students; and its relation to subjects' locus of control and success-failure expectancies and to their levels of physical attractiveness was evaluated. While results were less consistent for females than for males, significant relationships were obtained between each of these \"person\" variables and the various indices derived from the Pleasant Events Schedule. Not only do the findings reflect favorably on the construct validity of the various dimensions as measured, but the data carry implications for a more integrative study of depression.", "contents": "The occurrence of reinforcing activities in relation to locus of control, success-failure expectancies, and physical attractiveness. The Pleasant Events Schedule (mimeographed), which measures the retrospective frequency and value of positive reinforcement, was administered to 74 college students; and its relation to subjects' locus of control and success-failure expectancies and to their levels of physical attractiveness was evaluated. While results were less consistent for females than for males, significant relationships were obtained between each of these \"person\" variables and the various indices derived from the Pleasant Events Schedule. Not only do the findings reflect favorably on the construct validity of the various dimensions as measured, but the data carry implications for a more integrative study of depression."}
{"id": "PMID:886432", "title": "A comparison of four measures of moral reasoning.", "content": "Kohlberg's Moral Judgment Scale, Gilligan et al.'s Sexual Moral Judgment Scale, Maitland and Goldman's Objective Moral Judgment Scale, and Hogan's Maturity of Moral Judgment Scale, were examined for reliability and inter-scale relationships. All measures except the Objective Moral Judgment Scale had good reliabilities. The obtained relations between the Moral Judgment Scale and the Sexual Moral Judgment Scale replicated previous research. The Objective Moral Judgment Scale was not found to validly assess the Kohlberg stages. The Maturity of Moral Judgment Scale scores were strongly related to the subjects's classification on the Kohlberg stages, and the scale appears to offer a reliable, quickly scored, and valid index of mature thought, although the scale's continuous scores do not permit clear stage classification.", "contents": "A comparison of four measures of moral reasoning. Kohlberg's Moral Judgment Scale, Gilligan et al.'s Sexual Moral Judgment Scale, Maitland and Goldman's Objective Moral Judgment Scale, and Hogan's Maturity of Moral Judgment Scale, were examined for reliability and inter-scale relationships. All measures except the Objective Moral Judgment Scale had good reliabilities. The obtained relations between the Moral Judgment Scale and the Sexual Moral Judgment Scale replicated previous research. The Objective Moral Judgment Scale was not found to validly assess the Kohlberg stages. The Maturity of Moral Judgment Scale scores were strongly related to the subjects's classification on the Kohlberg stages, and the scale appears to offer a reliable, quickly scored, and valid index of mature thought, although the scale's continuous scores do not permit clear stage classification."}
{"id": "PMID:886433", "title": "Watchman, what of the future?", "content": "Two Rorschachs were inadvertenly administered to the same client within a period of three months. Althoug the ensuing personality pictures were very similar, an important difference appeared. The first Rorschach report stopped with the client's present condition. The second report saw the protocol as an interim Rorschach, suggesting the possibility that positive changes could lie ahead, if the client were given the appropriate help. The point is made that unwittingly, examiners may do their clients harm by not thinking ahead, in a way which the Rorschach uniquely makes possible. The Rorschach record and graph are presented, along with the various evidences of potential change. In conclusion, a problem is raised concerning the obligation inherent in the examiner-client relationship.", "contents": "Watchman, what of the future? Two Rorschachs were inadvertenly administered to the same client within a period of three months. Althoug the ensuing personality pictures were very similar, an important difference appeared. The first Rorschach report stopped with the client's present condition. The second report saw the protocol as an interim Rorschach, suggesting the possibility that positive changes could lie ahead, if the client were given the appropriate help. The point is made that unwittingly, examiners may do their clients harm by not thinking ahead, in a way which the Rorschach uniquely makes possible. The Rorschach record and graph are presented, along with the various evidences of potential change. In conclusion, a problem is raised concerning the obligation inherent in the examiner-client relationship."}
{"id": "PMID:886434", "title": "Reactions of benzenesulfonohydrazides and benzenesulfonamides with hydrogen chloride or hydrogen bromide in acetic acid.", "content": "Benzenesulfonohydrazides capable of yielding a sulfinic acid intermediate by virtue of a basic nitrogen atom in the second position of the hydrazide moiety produced thiosulfonates when treated with 1 N hydrogen chloride in acetic acid and produced disulfides when treated with 1 N hydrogen bromide in the same solvent. In two cases, a crystalline mixture of P-nitrophenyl p-nitrobenzenethiosulfonate and bis(p-nitrophenyl) disulfide was isolated from the hydrogen chloride reactions. No reaction product was obtained from either the hydrogen chloride or hydrogen bromide reaction with benzenesulfonohydrazides that were unable to form a sulfinic acid intermediate. Reduction of benzenesulfonamides to disulfides appeared to be possible only with hydrogen bromide in acetic acid. No thiosulfonate was isolated from the treatments of benzenesulfonamides with 1 N hydrogen chloride in acetic acid. p-Nitrophenyl p-nitrobenzenethiosulfonate and p-bromophenyl p-bromobenzenethiosulfonate exhibited some antimicrobial activities against Gram-positive bacteria. The latter compound also showed analgesic properties in the phenylquinone test.", "contents": "Reactions of benzenesulfonohydrazides and benzenesulfonamides with hydrogen chloride or hydrogen bromide in acetic acid. Benzenesulfonohydrazides capable of yielding a sulfinic acid intermediate by virtue of a basic nitrogen atom in the second position of the hydrazide moiety produced thiosulfonates when treated with 1 N hydrogen chloride in acetic acid and produced disulfides when treated with 1 N hydrogen bromide in the same solvent. In two cases, a crystalline mixture of P-nitrophenyl p-nitrobenzenethiosulfonate and bis(p-nitrophenyl) disulfide was isolated from the hydrogen chloride reactions. No reaction product was obtained from either the hydrogen chloride or hydrogen bromide reaction with benzenesulfonohydrazides that were unable to form a sulfinic acid intermediate. Reduction of benzenesulfonamides to disulfides appeared to be possible only with hydrogen bromide in acetic acid. No thiosulfonate was isolated from the treatments of benzenesulfonamides with 1 N hydrogen chloride in acetic acid. p-Nitrophenyl p-nitrobenzenethiosulfonate and p-bromophenyl p-bromobenzenethiosulfonate exhibited some antimicrobial activities against Gram-positive bacteria. The latter compound also showed analgesic properties in the phenylquinone test."}
{"id": "PMID:886435", "title": "Mechanism of methacholine-induced rise in intraocular pressure in the dog.", "content": "The mechanism of the methacholine-induced rise in intraocular pressure in the dog was studied to determine the basis of the relationship, if any, between lens thickness and intraocular pressure. The results rule out a vasodilator component in methacholine intraocular pressure elevation, and the tonometric recording of the elevation makes unlikely the involvement of methacholine stimulation of the rectus muscles of the eye. Thus, indirect evidence points to methacholine stimulation of ciliary muscle contraction with consequent thickening of the lens as responsible for its intraocular pressure-elevating effect and, hence, the ability of the response under investigation to specify the cycloplegic liability of a neurotropic antispasmodic agent.", "contents": "Mechanism of methacholine-induced rise in intraocular pressure in the dog. The mechanism of the methacholine-induced rise in intraocular pressure in the dog was studied to determine the basis of the relationship, if any, between lens thickness and intraocular pressure. The results rule out a vasodilator component in methacholine intraocular pressure elevation, and the tonometric recording of the elevation makes unlikely the involvement of methacholine stimulation of the rectus muscles of the eye. Thus, indirect evidence points to methacholine stimulation of ciliary muscle contraction with consequent thickening of the lens as responsible for its intraocular pressure-elevating effect and, hence, the ability of the response under investigation to specify the cycloplegic liability of a neurotropic antispasmodic agent."}
{"id": "PMID:886436", "title": "Impurities in drugs I: Imipramine, desipramine, and their formulations.", "content": "Nineteen lots of imipramine tablets and four lots of desipramine tablets were examined for impurities by TLC. Iminodibenzyl, desipramine, and 10,11-dihydro-5-[3-(methylamino-3'-dimethylaminopropyl)propyl]-5H-dibenz[b,f]azepine dihydrobromide (I) were found in some imipramine tablets, and iminodibenzyl and imipramine were found in some desipramine tablets, all at levels of less than 0.3% of label claim of the drug. Except for I, the identity of the impurities was established by comparison with known standards; I was synthesized and its composition was established by elemental analysis. All impurities, including I, were characterized by TLC, GLC, and mass spectrometry.", "contents": "Impurities in drugs I: Imipramine, desipramine, and their formulations. Nineteen lots of imipramine tablets and four lots of desipramine tablets were examined for impurities by TLC. Iminodibenzyl, desipramine, and 10,11-dihydro-5-[3-(methylamino-3'-dimethylaminopropyl)propyl]-5H-dibenz[b,f]azepine dihydrobromide (I) were found in some imipramine tablets, and iminodibenzyl and imipramine were found in some desipramine tablets, all at levels of less than 0.3% of label claim of the drug. Except for I, the identity of the impurities was established by comparison with known standards; I was synthesized and its composition was established by elemental analysis. All impurities, including I, were characterized by TLC, GLC, and mass spectrometry."}
{"id": "PMID:886437", "title": "Chemical and spectroscopic analysis of a phenobarbital-ephedrine complex.", "content": "A complex of phenobarbital and ephedrine was prepared and characterized. The complex was differentiated from physical mixtures of the two drugs by TLC and IR spectroscopy. NMR spectroscopy was used to verify the proportion of each drug in the complex and to confirm the existence of intermolecular binding. Mass spectrometry was employed to establish that all fragments characteristic of the individual drug entities could be isolated from the complex. Elemental analysis confirmed the chemical composition of the complex. A possible chemical structure for the complex was hypothesized on the basis of the chemical and spectroscopic data.", "contents": "Chemical and spectroscopic analysis of a phenobarbital-ephedrine complex. A complex of phenobarbital and ephedrine was prepared and characterized. The complex was differentiated from physical mixtures of the two drugs by TLC and IR spectroscopy. NMR spectroscopy was used to verify the proportion of each drug in the complex and to confirm the existence of intermolecular binding. Mass spectrometry was employed to establish that all fragments characteristic of the individual drug entities could be isolated from the complex. Elemental analysis confirmed the chemical composition of the complex. A possible chemical structure for the complex was hypothesized on the basis of the chemical and spectroscopic data."}
{"id": "PMID:886438", "title": "Relationship between protein binding of bilirubin, salicylic acid, and sulfisoxazole in serum of unmedicated and phenobarbital-treated rats.", "content": "The relationship between the protein binding of bilirubin, salicylic acid, and sulfisoxazole in the serum of phenobarbital-treated and untreated rats was studied. The free fraction of bilirubin in serum varied about threefold between animals but was not related to the albumin concentration, the free fraction of salicylate, or the free fraction of sulfisoxazole. However, there was a strong positive correlation between the free fraction values of salicylate and sulfisoxazole. The free fraction value for each of these drugs showed a significant negative correlation with the serum albumin concentration. Treatment of the animals with phenobarbital had no apparent effect on the serum protein binding of bilirubin, salicylic acid, and sulfisoxazole.", "contents": "Relationship between protein binding of bilirubin, salicylic acid, and sulfisoxazole in serum of unmedicated and phenobarbital-treated rats. The relationship between the protein binding of bilirubin, salicylic acid, and sulfisoxazole in the serum of phenobarbital-treated and untreated rats was studied. The free fraction of bilirubin in serum varied about threefold between animals but was not related to the albumin concentration, the free fraction of salicylate, or the free fraction of sulfisoxazole. However, there was a strong positive correlation between the free fraction values of salicylate and sulfisoxazole. The free fraction value for each of these drugs showed a significant negative correlation with the serum albumin concentration. Treatment of the animals with phenobarbital had no apparent effect on the serum protein binding of bilirubin, salicylic acid, and sulfisoxazole."}
{"id": "PMID:886439", "title": "Rapid GLC determination of therapeutic plasma glycerin levels.", "content": "A new rapid and inexpensive method for the determination of therapeutic plasma glycerin concentrations is described. In this method, acetic anhydride and pyridine are added to 15 microliter of plasma. After brief incubation and centrifugation, an aliquot of the supernate is injected directly onto the 3% OV-1 column. A linear calibration curve was found in the 0.05--3-mg/ml range, with the precision of the assay estimated to be +/-5.5% (RSD). The method was used to determining preliminary pharmacokinetic data in the rabbit.", "contents": "Rapid GLC determination of therapeutic plasma glycerin levels. A new rapid and inexpensive method for the determination of therapeutic plasma glycerin concentrations is described. In this method, acetic anhydride and pyridine are added to 15 microliter of plasma. After brief incubation and centrifugation, an aliquot of the supernate is injected directly onto the 3% OV-1 column. A linear calibration curve was found in the 0.05--3-mg/ml range, with the precision of the assay estimated to be +/-5.5% (RSD). The method was used to determining preliminary pharmacokinetic data in the rabbit."}
{"id": "PMID:886440", "title": "Colorimetric assay of benzocaine and some dosage forms.", "content": "A colorimetric procedure for benzocaine and a number of its dosage forms was developed; it offers improvement in ease, speed, and sensitivity over the official method. The method is based on the formation of a red Schiff base between benzocaine and p-dimethylaminocinnamaldehyde in a nonaqueous acidic medium. At the maximum absorption of 544 nm, the Beer-Lambert law was adhered to over the 0.025--2.5-microgram/ml range. Best accuracy can be obtained for solutions containing 0.25--1.25  microgram/ml. The color was stable for at least 2 hr. Analysis of benzocaine in the dosage forms studied can be directly performed without prior drug extraction.", "contents": "Colorimetric assay of benzocaine and some dosage forms. A colorimetric procedure for benzocaine and a number of its dosage forms was developed; it offers improvement in ease, speed, and sensitivity over the official method. The method is based on the formation of a red Schiff base between benzocaine and p-dimethylaminocinnamaldehyde in a nonaqueous acidic medium. At the maximum absorption of 544 nm, the Beer-Lambert law was adhered to over the 0.025--2.5-microgram/ml range. Best accuracy can be obtained for solutions containing 0.25--1.25  microgram/ml. The color was stable for at least 2 hr. Analysis of benzocaine in the dosage forms studied can be directly performed without prior drug extraction."}
{"id": "PMID:886441", "title": "Solvent-dependent conformational system of hydroxyureas in octanol-water and in inhibition of ribonucleotide reductase.", "content": "The carbonyl nitrogen IR absorption region of selected hydroxyureas was examined in octanol. The spectra indicated appreciably different absorptions prior to and after equilibration with water. Stability studies on the hydroxyureas indicated that the absorption differences were not due to chemical decomposition in the equilibration process but were due to solvent conformation and/or tautomeric dependency of the system. Preliminary in vitro inhibition of the enzyme ribonucleoside diphosphate reductase by selected hydroxyureas also indicated an apparent solvent dependency, which may involve the conformational and/or tautomeric properties of these agents. The implications of the solvent-dependent conformation-tautomeric system observed are discussed in relation to this property in the biological action of these agents.", "contents": "Solvent-dependent conformational system of hydroxyureas in octanol-water and in inhibition of ribonucleotide reductase. The carbonyl nitrogen IR absorption region of selected hydroxyureas was examined in octanol. The spectra indicated appreciably different absorptions prior to and after equilibration with water. Stability studies on the hydroxyureas indicated that the absorption differences were not due to chemical decomposition in the equilibration process but were due to solvent conformation and/or tautomeric dependency of the system. Preliminary in vitro inhibition of the enzyme ribonucleoside diphosphate reductase by selected hydroxyureas also indicated an apparent solvent dependency, which may involve the conformational and/or tautomeric properties of these agents. The implications of the solvent-dependent conformation-tautomeric system observed are discussed in relation to this property in the biological action of these agents."}
{"id": "PMID:886442", "title": "Improved recovery of morphine from biological tissues using siliconized glassware.", "content": "The adsorption of morphine onto glassware during analysis in aqueous solutions and biological tissues is a common problem, resulting in lower recoveries than expected. The problem can be remedied by siliconization of all glassware involved. The same glassware cannot be used repeatedly without incurring a significant loss of morphine.", "contents": "Improved recovery of morphine from biological tissues using siliconized glassware. The adsorption of morphine onto glassware during analysis in aqueous solutions and biological tissues is a common problem, resulting in lower recoveries than expected. The problem can be remedied by siliconization of all glassware involved. The same glassware cannot be used repeatedly without incurring a significant loss of morphine."}
{"id": "PMID:886443", "title": "Binding of pyridine derivatives to cytochrome P-450.", "content": "The spectral binding constants, Ks, of pyridine, methylpyridine, and dimethylpyridines were determined. The Ks values of the compounds were discussed in terms of mechanisms of possible bonding to cytochrome P-450.", "contents": "Binding of pyridine derivatives to cytochrome P-450. The spectral binding constants, Ks, of pyridine, methylpyridine, and dimethylpyridines were determined. The Ks values of the compounds were discussed in terms of mechanisms of possible bonding to cytochrome P-450."}
{"id": "PMID:886444", "title": "Determination of dextrorphan in plasma and evaluation of bioavailability of dextromethorphan hydrobromide in humans.", "content": "A method is described for the estimation of dextrorphan, a metabolite of dextromethorphan, in plasma. The bioavailability of dextromethorphan hydrobromide after 30 mg po, as measured by the concentration of total (free and conjugated) dextrorphan in the plasma, was determined in six human volunteers with this procedure.", "contents": "Determination of dextrorphan in plasma and evaluation of bioavailability of dextromethorphan hydrobromide in humans. A method is described for the estimation of dextrorphan, a metabolite of dextromethorphan, in plasma. The bioavailability of dextromethorphan hydrobromide after 30 mg po, as measured by the concentration of total (free and conjugated) dextrorphan in the plasma, was determined in six human volunteers with this procedure."}
{"id": "PMID:886445", "title": "Effects of 3,4-dimethoxyphenethylamine derivatives on monoamine oxidase.", "content": "The cactus alkaloid 3,4-dimethoxyphenethylamine and its naturally occurring N-methylated homologs inhibited the deamination of tyramine and tryptamine by rat brain monoamine oxidase. In contrast, the beta-hydroxylated derivatives of this series failed to inhibit the action of monoamine oxidase on both tyramine and tryptamine.", "contents": "Effects of 3,4-dimethoxyphenethylamine derivatives on monoamine oxidase. The cactus alkaloid 3,4-dimethoxyphenethylamine and its naturally occurring N-methylated homologs inhibited the deamination of tyramine and tryptamine by rat brain monoamine oxidase. In contrast, the beta-hydroxylated derivatives of this series failed to inhibit the action of monoamine oxidase on both tyramine and tryptamine."}
{"id": "PMID:886446", "title": "Alkaloids of Papaver orientale L.", "content": "According to the alkaloid profiles, five different chemotypes (A, B, C, D, and E) were classified in Papaver orientale L. with haploid chromosome number n = 14. Chemotype A had only oripavine; chemotype B contained oripavine and thebaine; chemotype C had isothebaine in addition to oripavine; chemotype D contained oripavine and alpinigenine; and chemotype E had oripavine, thebaine, and alpinigenine. In all chemotypes, oripavine was either the sole alkaloid or the single major alkaloid.", "contents": "Alkaloids of Papaver orientale L. According to the alkaloid profiles, five different chemotypes (A, B, C, D, and E) were classified in Papaver orientale L. with haploid chromosome number n = 14. Chemotype A had only oripavine; chemotype B contained oripavine and thebaine; chemotype C had isothebaine in addition to oripavine; chemotype D contained oripavine and alpinigenine; and chemotype E had oripavine, thebaine, and alpinigenine. In all chemotypes, oripavine was either the sole alkaloid or the single major alkaloid."}
{"id": "PMID:886447", "title": "Preparation of spin-labeled opiates: morphine and codeine.", "content": "The preparation of 6-spin-labeled codeine and morphine is described. Treatment of either 6-chlorocodide or 8-bromocodide with 4-amino-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidino-1-oxyl free radical in dimethylformamide afforded 6-spin-labeled codeine. Similar treatment of 6-chloromorphide afforded 6-spin-labeled morphine. Exclusive formation of the 6-isomer in these reactions is explained by halide-ion-catalyzed isomerization of the 6-halo opiate to the 8-halo isomer followed by a normal SN2' displacement of the halogen. Both spin-labeled compounds displayed weak in vivo analgesic activity and did not bind appreciably to receptors in brain homogenate.", "contents": "Preparation of spin-labeled opiates: morphine and codeine. The preparation of 6-spin-labeled codeine and morphine is described. Treatment of either 6-chlorocodide or 8-bromocodide with 4-amino-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidino-1-oxyl free radical in dimethylformamide afforded 6-spin-labeled codeine. Similar treatment of 6-chloromorphide afforded 6-spin-labeled morphine. Exclusive formation of the 6-isomer in these reactions is explained by halide-ion-catalyzed isomerization of the 6-halo opiate to the 8-halo isomer followed by a normal SN2' displacement of the halogen. Both spin-labeled compounds displayed weak in vivo analgesic activity and did not bind appreciably to receptors in brain homogenate."}
{"id": "PMID:886448", "title": "Radiochemical GLC assay for nortriptyline in human plasma.", "content": "A novel method was developed for the assay of nortriptyline in plasma. After nortriptyline was extracted, it was acetylated with 3H-acetic anhydride; the quantity of 3H-acetylnortriptyline in the extract was determined by radiochemical GLC. The method is capable of assaying 5 ng of nortriptyline/ml of plasma. The instrumentation was assembled from commercially available components.", "contents": "Radiochemical GLC assay for nortriptyline in human plasma. A novel method was developed for the assay of nortriptyline in plasma. After nortriptyline was extracted, it was acetylated with 3H-acetic anhydride; the quantity of 3H-acetylnortriptyline in the extract was determined by radiochemical GLC. The method is capable of assaying 5 ng of nortriptyline/ml of plasma. The instrumentation was assembled from commercially available components."}
{"id": "PMID:886449", "title": "Pharmacokinetic evidence for improved ophthalmic drug delivery by reduction of instilled volume.", "content": "The bioavailability of topically applied pilocarpine nitrate was studied as a function of instilled volume. As the instilled volume decreased, the fraction of dose absorbed increased. The relationship between fraction absorbed and instilled volume was not direct, but appropriate adjustment of instilled volume and concentration should permit substantial dosage reductions without sacrifice of drug concentration in the eye. The implications of these findings from both a therapeutic and toxicity standpoint are discussed.", "contents": "Pharmacokinetic evidence for improved ophthalmic drug delivery by reduction of instilled volume. The bioavailability of topically applied pilocarpine nitrate was studied as a function of instilled volume. As the instilled volume decreased, the fraction of dose absorbed increased. The relationship between fraction absorbed and instilled volume was not direct, but appropriate adjustment of instilled volume and concentration should permit substantial dosage reductions without sacrifice of drug concentration in the eye. The implications of these findings from both a therapeutic and toxicity standpoint are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:886451", "title": "Sulfur-containing derivatives of amphetamine: thioureas, methanesulfonamides, and trifluoromethanesulfonamides.", "content": "N-Methylthiourea, methanesulfonamide, and trifluoromethanesulfonamide derivatives of amphetamine, 4-nitroamphetamine, and 4-aminoamphetamine were synthesized. The N-methylthiourea derivative of amphetamine, as well as the triethylammonium salt of the dithiocarbamate, produced significant depressor effects in normotensive dogs. N,N'-Bis(methanesulfonyl)-1-methyl-2-(4-aminophenyl)ethylamine and N-trifluoromethanesulofonyl-1-methyl-2-phenylethylamine, but not N-methanesulfonyl-1-methyl-2-phenylethylamine and N-trifluoroacetyl-1-methyl-2-(4-trifluoromethanesulfonamido-phenyl))ethylamine, showed significant antiobesity effects in rats.", "contents": "Sulfur-containing derivatives of amphetamine: thioureas, methanesulfonamides, and trifluoromethanesulfonamides. N-Methylthiourea, methanesulfonamide, and trifluoromethanesulfonamide derivatives of amphetamine, 4-nitroamphetamine, and 4-aminoamphetamine were synthesized. The N-methylthiourea derivative of amphetamine, as well as the triethylammonium salt of the dithiocarbamate, produced significant depressor effects in normotensive dogs. N,N'-Bis(methanesulfonyl)-1-methyl-2-(4-aminophenyl)ethylamine and N-trifluoromethanesulofonyl-1-methyl-2-phenylethylamine, but not N-methanesulfonyl-1-methyl-2-phenylethylamine and N-trifluoroacetyl-1-methyl-2-(4-trifluoromethanesulfonamido-phenyl))ethylamine, showed significant antiobesity effects in rats."}
{"id": "PMID:886452", "title": "Release of drugs from ointment bases II: In vitro release of benzocaine from suspension-type aqueous gels.", "content": "The in vitro release of benzocaine, suspended in an aqueous gel, through silicone rubber membranes was studied to test an extension of existing mathematical models. The theoretical treatment proposed is intended for experimental systems involving release, through a non-porous membrane, of a drug whose concentration is a few times (larger than or equal to 3) greater than its solubility in the vehicle. For either micronized (2micrometer) or macrosize (125 micrometer) drug, the Q (amount released) versus t1/2 (time1/2) plots were not linear until substantial time had elapsed. Excellent agreement was found between the experimental points and theoretical plots, generated by a computer fit to experimental data of an equation derived from a reported vehicle-boundary diffusion layer model. The values of the solubility and of the diffusion layer model. The values of the solubility and of the diffusion coefficient of benzocaine in the gel, calculated by the present mathematical treatment from release data, were in agreement with literature data. The particle size of released benzocaine did not influence the release pattern, thus confirming release in the present conditions to be diffusion rather than dissolution controlled. The present method is applicable for determining the solubility and diffusion coefficient of drugs in vehicles in cases not contemplated in current release theories.", "contents": "Release of drugs from ointment bases II: In vitro release of benzocaine from suspension-type aqueous gels. The in vitro release of benzocaine, suspended in an aqueous gel, through silicone rubber membranes was studied to test an extension of existing mathematical models. The theoretical treatment proposed is intended for experimental systems involving release, through a non-porous membrane, of a drug whose concentration is a few times (larger than or equal to 3) greater than its solubility in the vehicle. For either micronized (2micrometer) or macrosize (125 micrometer) drug, the Q (amount released) versus t1/2 (time1/2) plots were not linear until substantial time had elapsed. Excellent agreement was found between the experimental points and theoretical plots, generated by a computer fit to experimental data of an equation derived from a reported vehicle-boundary diffusion layer model. The values of the solubility and of the diffusion layer model. The values of the solubility and of the diffusion coefficient of benzocaine in the gel, calculated by the present mathematical treatment from release data, were in agreement with literature data. The particle size of released benzocaine did not influence the release pattern, thus confirming release in the present conditions to be diffusion rather than dissolution controlled. The present method is applicable for determining the solubility and diffusion coefficient of drugs in vehicles in cases not contemplated in current release theories."}
{"id": "PMID:886453", "title": "Metabolism of N-ethyl-3-piperidyl benzilate in rats.", "content": "The metabolic fate of N-ethyl-3-piperidyl benzilate (I) and its potential metabolites 3-piperidyl benzilate (II), N-ethyl-3-hydroxypiperidine (III), and 3-hydroxypiperidine (IV) was studied. Incubation of I with rat liver homogenates resulted in the formation of II and III. Only a trace of unchanged drug appeared in urine after intraperitoneal injection of I. Approximately 9% of the injected dose of I was excreted in urine as III and 2% in the form of metabolites that produced III after acid hydrolysis. After intraperitoneal injection of II in rats, 18% of the dose was excreted in urine as IV. Approximately 26% of the injected dose of III was present in urine as the unchanged drug, and 63% of the dose was excreted in the urine in the form of conjugates that produced III on acid hydrolysis. Urine of rats injected with IV contained approximately 50% of the injected dose as the unchanged drug and 50% of the dose in the form of a conjugate that produced IV on acid hydrolysis. The identity of the metabolites in extracts from urine was established by GLC-mass spectrometry. It is concluded that hydrolysis was one metabolic pathway for I and II. The major routes of elimination of these compounds are not yet known and may include excretion in feces or metabolic transformations resulting in the degradation of the piperidine ring.", "contents": "Metabolism of N-ethyl-3-piperidyl benzilate in rats. The metabolic fate of N-ethyl-3-piperidyl benzilate (I) and its potential metabolites 3-piperidyl benzilate (II), N-ethyl-3-hydroxypiperidine (III), and 3-hydroxypiperidine (IV) was studied. Incubation of I with rat liver homogenates resulted in the formation of II and III. Only a trace of unchanged drug appeared in urine after intraperitoneal injection of I. Approximately 9% of the injected dose of I was excreted in urine as III and 2% in the form of metabolites that produced III after acid hydrolysis. After intraperitoneal injection of II in rats, 18% of the dose was excreted in urine as IV. Approximately 26% of the injected dose of III was present in urine as the unchanged drug, and 63% of the dose was excreted in the urine in the form of conjugates that produced III on acid hydrolysis. Urine of rats injected with IV contained approximately 50% of the injected dose as the unchanged drug and 50% of the dose in the form of a conjugate that produced IV on acid hydrolysis. The identity of the metabolites in extracts from urine was established by GLC-mass spectrometry. It is concluded that hydrolysis was one metabolic pathway for I and II. The major routes of elimination of these compounds are not yet known and may include excretion in feces or metabolic transformations resulting in the degradation of the piperidine ring."}
{"id": "PMID:886454", "title": "Effects of agitation on size distribution of particulate matter in large-volume parenterals.", "content": "The particle-size distributions of six types of large-volume parenterals subjected to different degrees of agitation were determined using an automatic particle counter. Data acquired from each solution, which had been maintained in a stored condition, subjected to agitation by inverting 20 times, and then mechanically shaken for 30 min, produced a linear relationship between log N greater than D and log D. Both the slope (K) and the number of particles per milliliter exceeding 1 micrometer in diameter (N greater than 1) exhibited a dependence on the degree of agitation. Their combined effect indicates that agitation by 20 hand inversions removed particulate matter from the surface of the container, which increased the total number of particles in solution (greater than 1 micrometer) but did not significantly alter the relative size distribution. Agitation for 30 min, however, disintegrated agglomerates and produced a particle-size distribution with a greatly increased number of particles whose diameters were less than 1 micrometer and a corresponding decrease in the number of particles exceeding 1 micrometer in diameter. The particle-size distribution of a parenteral solution determined by this in situ instrumental method was, therefore, dependent upon the degree of agitation to which the parenteral was subjected prior to examination.", "contents": "Effects of agitation on size distribution of particulate matter in large-volume parenterals. The particle-size distributions of six types of large-volume parenterals subjected to different degrees of agitation were determined using an automatic particle counter. Data acquired from each solution, which had been maintained in a stored condition, subjected to agitation by inverting 20 times, and then mechanically shaken for 30 min, produced a linear relationship between log N greater than D and log D. Both the slope (K) and the number of particles per milliliter exceeding 1 micrometer in diameter (N greater than 1) exhibited a dependence on the degree of agitation. Their combined effect indicates that agitation by 20 hand inversions removed particulate matter from the surface of the container, which increased the total number of particles in solution (greater than 1 micrometer) but did not significantly alter the relative size distribution. Agitation for 30 min, however, disintegrated agglomerates and produced a particle-size distribution with a greatly increased number of particles whose diameters were less than 1 micrometer and a corresponding decrease in the number of particles exceeding 1 micrometer in diameter. The particle-size distribution of a parenteral solution determined by this in situ instrumental method was, therefore, dependent upon the degree of agitation to which the parenteral was subjected prior to examination."}
{"id": "PMID:886455", "title": "Comparative pharmacokinetics of coumarin anticoagulants XXV: Warfarin-ibuprofen interaction in rats.", "content": "The effect of ibuprofen on the pharmacokinetics and anticoagulant action of racemic warfarin was determined in a crossover study on male Sprague-Dawley rats. At average plasma concentrations of 24-83 mg/liter, ibuprofen decreased the biological half-life and increased the total clearance of warfarin. It also increased the anticoagulant effect produced by a given plasma concentration of total (free and protein-bound) warfarin. These effects of ibuprofen appear to be a consequence of its displacing effect on warfarin in plasma.", "contents": "Comparative pharmacokinetics of coumarin anticoagulants XXV: Warfarin-ibuprofen interaction in rats. The effect of ibuprofen on the pharmacokinetics and anticoagulant action of racemic warfarin was determined in a crossover study on male Sprague-Dawley rats. At average plasma concentrations of 24-83 mg/liter, ibuprofen decreased the biological half-life and increased the total clearance of warfarin. It also increased the anticoagulant effect produced by a given plasma concentration of total (free and protein-bound) warfarin. These effects of ibuprofen appear to be a consequence of its displacing effect on warfarin in plasma."}
{"id": "PMID:886456", "title": "Interrelation between two anticomplement cobra venom factors isolated from crude Naja naja cobra venom.", "content": "Two moieties occurring in crude Naja naja cobra venom were found to possess anticomplement activity. Both materials possessed similar molecular weights and specific activities but dissimilar elution profiles upon ion-exchange chromatography. The anticomplement activities of these materials were maintained upon digestion with neuraminidase, and their elution profiles from cation-exchange chromatography became identical after this treatment. It was concluded that the differences between the two anticomplement materials were due to their different sialic acid contents.", "contents": "Interrelation between two anticomplement cobra venom factors isolated from crude Naja naja cobra venom. Two moieties occurring in crude Naja naja cobra venom were found to possess anticomplement activity. Both materials possessed similar molecular weights and specific activities but dissimilar elution profiles upon ion-exchange chromatography. The anticomplement activities of these materials were maintained upon digestion with neuraminidase, and their elution profiles from cation-exchange chromatography became identical after this treatment. It was concluded that the differences between the two anticomplement materials were due to their different sialic acid contents."}
{"id": "PMID:886457", "title": "Functional modification of indole binding site with indomethacin congeners.", "content": "Indomethacin and four congeners were shown by equilibrium dialysis to interfere with the binding of L-tryptophan at the primary indole binding site on defatted human serum albumin. Incubation of albumin with 1-(p-bromoacetamidobenzovl)- and 1-(m-bromoacetamidobenzoyl)-5-methoxy-2-methyl-3-indolylacetic acid functionally modified this site, decreasing the availability of the site for the binding of L-tryptophan. Incubation in the presence of a large excess of L-tryptophan resulted in the partial protection of the site from modification by 1-(m-bromoacetamidobenzoyl)-5-methoxy-2-methyl-3-indolylacetic acid.", "contents": "Functional modification of indole binding site with indomethacin congeners. Indomethacin and four congeners were shown by equilibrium dialysis to interfere with the binding of L-tryptophan at the primary indole binding site on defatted human serum albumin. Incubation of albumin with 1-(p-bromoacetamidobenzovl)- and 1-(m-bromoacetamidobenzoyl)-5-methoxy-2-methyl-3-indolylacetic acid functionally modified this site, decreasing the availability of the site for the binding of L-tryptophan. Incubation in the presence of a large excess of L-tryptophan resulted in the partial protection of the site from modification by 1-(m-bromoacetamidobenzoyl)-5-methoxy-2-methyl-3-indolylacetic acid."}
{"id": "PMID:886458", "title": "Rectal absorption of nitrofurantoin.", "content": "The adsorption in humans of nitrofurantoin from seven suppository bases was studied using urinary excretion measurements. Rectal absorption was poorer than GI absorption. The administration of 400 mg of nitrofurantoin in a polyethylene glycol-polysorbate 80 suppository base and in a polyethylene glycol-silica suppository based provided an adequate urinary concentration of nitrofurantoin. Persons who cannot tolerate orally administered nitrofurantoin due to gastric upset could receive nitrofurantoin therapy rectally.", "contents": "Rectal absorption of nitrofurantoin. The adsorption in humans of nitrofurantoin from seven suppository bases was studied using urinary excretion measurements. Rectal absorption was poorer than GI absorption. The administration of 400 mg of nitrofurantoin in a polyethylene glycol-polysorbate 80 suppository base and in a polyethylene glycol-silica suppository based provided an adequate urinary concentration of nitrofurantoin. Persons who cannot tolerate orally administered nitrofurantoin due to gastric upset could receive nitrofurantoin therapy rectally."}
{"id": "PMID:886459", "title": "Determination of energy change associated with dissolution of a solid.", "content": "The dissolution of a solid immersed in a solvent was considered as a consecutive process, consisting of a primary surface interaction leading to the production of a new surface at the solid-liquid interface, solvation of the solid at the interface, and transfer of the solvated solid into the bulk of the solution. The energy changes involved in each step were studied for the dissolution of m-tolylacetamide in hexane and heptane. An energy diagram was constructed according to the proposed dissolution mechanism. The heats of dissolution determined from the energy diagram agreed well with those obtained experimentally.", "contents": "Determination of energy change associated with dissolution of a solid. The dissolution of a solid immersed in a solvent was considered as a consecutive process, consisting of a primary surface interaction leading to the production of a new surface at the solid-liquid interface, solvation of the solid at the interface, and transfer of the solvated solid into the bulk of the solution. The energy changes involved in each step were studied for the dissolution of m-tolylacetamide in hexane and heptane. An energy diagram was constructed according to the proposed dissolution mechanism. The heats of dissolution determined from the energy diagram agreed well with those obtained experimentally."}
{"id": "PMID:886461", "title": "Absorption kinetics of procainamide in humans.", "content": "Plasma procainamide concentrations following the administration of 500 mg of procainamide hydrochloride via intravenous infusion, conventional capsules, and sustained-release tablets were compared in 11 healthy male volunteers. Two-compartment open modeling of the plasma levels from the intravenous infusion experiments yielded mean Kel, k12, and k21 values of 0.0162, 0.0542, and 0.0233 min-1, respectively. The bioavailability of the oral preparations (versus intravenous) averaged 83% for the capsule and 79% for the sustained-release tablet. Calculations using a previously reported method suggested that absorption was a first-order process with mean ka's of 0.0336 and 0.0039 min-1 for the capsule and sustained-release tablet, respectively. The sustained-release formulation exhibited delayed release and adequate bioavailability.", "contents": "Absorption kinetics of procainamide in humans. Plasma procainamide concentrations following the administration of 500 mg of procainamide hydrochloride via intravenous infusion, conventional capsules, and sustained-release tablets were compared in 11 healthy male volunteers. Two-compartment open modeling of the plasma levels from the intravenous infusion experiments yielded mean Kel, k12, and k21 values of 0.0162, 0.0542, and 0.0233 min-1, respectively. The bioavailability of the oral preparations (versus intravenous) averaged 83% for the capsule and 79% for the sustained-release tablet. Calculations using a previously reported method suggested that absorption was a first-order process with mean ka's of 0.0336 and 0.0039 min-1 for the capsule and sustained-release tablet, respectively. The sustained-release formulation exhibited delayed release and adequate bioavailability."}
{"id": "PMID:886462", "title": "Inhibition of catechol O-methyltransferase and transfer RNA methyltransferases by coralyne, nitidine, and related compounds.", "content": "Inhibitory activity against both catechol O-methyltransferase and transfer RNA methyltransferases was observed among the antileukemic alkaloids coralyne, nitidine, and related synthetic alkoxy analogs. Inhibition of both classes of enzymes seems to have a similar profile. The role of water solubility of these compounds with regard to their enzyme inhibitory activity was noted.", "contents": "Inhibition of catechol O-methyltransferase and transfer RNA methyltransferases by coralyne, nitidine, and related compounds. Inhibitory activity against both catechol O-methyltransferase and transfer RNA methyltransferases was observed among the antileukemic alkaloids coralyne, nitidine, and related synthetic alkoxy analogs. Inhibition of both classes of enzymes seems to have a similar profile. The role of water solubility of these compounds with regard to their enzyme inhibitory activity was noted."}
{"id": "PMID:886463", "title": "Pharmaceutical applications of solid dispersion systems: X-ray diffraction and aqueous solubility studies on griseofulvin-polyethylene glycol 6000 systems.", "content": "The X-ray diffraction method was used to characterize physiochemical properties of griseofulvin dispersed in polyethylene glycol 4000 and 6000. Results indicate a negligible or very limited solid solubility of griseofulvin in the pulverized solid dispersions. Pulverization and aging had pronounced effects on the X-ray diffraction spectrum. Results from aqueous solubility studies of griseofulvin in various concentrations of polyethylene glycol 6000 further indicate weak or insignificant interactions between the drug and the carrier. Mechanisms are postulated to account for the reported marked enhancement of dissolution rates and oral adsorption of griseofulvin dispersed in these carriers.", "contents": "Pharmaceutical applications of solid dispersion systems: X-ray diffraction and aqueous solubility studies on griseofulvin-polyethylene glycol 6000 systems. The X-ray diffraction method was used to characterize physiochemical properties of griseofulvin dispersed in polyethylene glycol 4000 and 6000. Results indicate a negligible or very limited solid solubility of griseofulvin in the pulverized solid dispersions. Pulverization and aging had pronounced effects on the X-ray diffraction spectrum. Results from aqueous solubility studies of griseofulvin in various concentrations of polyethylene glycol 6000 further indicate weak or insignificant interactions between the drug and the carrier. Mechanisms are postulated to account for the reported marked enhancement of dissolution rates and oral adsorption of griseofulvin dispersed in these carriers."}
{"id": "PMID:886464", "title": "Carbon disulfide. I. The metabolism of inhaled carbon disulfide in the rat.", "content": "The pharmacokinetics of inhaled carbon disulfide (CS2) vapor was evaluated in rats. Estimates of free CS2 and its nonvolatile, acid-labile metabolites (AL CS2) were made in a variety of rat tissues after an 8-hour inhalation exposure to CS2 vapor (2 mg/l of air). At the end of the exposure, all tissues examined contained appreciable amounts of the native solvent and AL CS2. Elimination of CS2 from the rat during the postexposure period was rapid and occurred primarily via the lungs. Excretion of AL CL2 occurred primarily via the kidneys and was prolonged with respect to that of free CS2. Accumulation of these metabolites upon repeated exposures and their presence in all tissues examined suggest that they may play a role in the toxicity of CS2.", "contents": "Carbon disulfide. I. The metabolism of inhaled carbon disulfide in the rat. The pharmacokinetics of inhaled carbon disulfide (CS2) vapor was evaluated in rats. Estimates of free CS2 and its nonvolatile, acid-labile metabolites (AL CS2) were made in a variety of rat tissues after an 8-hour inhalation exposure to CS2 vapor (2 mg/l of air). At the end of the exposure, all tissues examined contained appreciable amounts of the native solvent and AL CS2. Elimination of CS2 from the rat during the postexposure period was rapid and occurred primarily via the lungs. Excretion of AL CL2 occurred primarily via the kidneys and was prolonged with respect to that of free CS2. Accumulation of these metabolites upon repeated exposures and their presence in all tissues examined suggest that they may play a role in the toxicity of CS2."}
{"id": "PMID:886467", "title": "The site and the mechanism of phenoxy-benzamine potentiation of the pressor response to oxytocin and vasopressin: in vivo and isolated aortic strips studies.", "content": "In intact rats, alpha adrenergic receptor blocking agents, phenoxybenzamine (PBZ) and phentolamine potentiated the pressor response to oxytocin and vasopressin (VP). In the presence of PBZ or phentolamine blockade, the dose-response curves of oxytocin and VP were shifted to the left, resulting in an apparent doubling of the pressor potency of the neurohypophysial peptides. The beta adrenergic blocking agent, propranolol had no significant effect on the pressor response to oxytocin or VP. Combined PBZ and propranolol blockade did not alter the potentiating activity of PBZ. The PBZ-potentiating effect seems to be specific to the neurohypophysial peptides, since the pressor response to angiotensin was not potentiated by PBZ. The  potentiating effect of PBZ on VP could be demonstrated in isolated rat aortic strips. This clearly indicated that the site of action of PBZ is directly on the vascular smooth muscle. However, in aortic strips, the effect of PBZ was seen only if norepinephrine (NE) was also added to the bathing medium. NE alone had no significant effect on the contractile response to VP. The requirement of both PBZ and NE for the potentiating effect suggests that an interaction between these two agents is involved in the PBZ potentiation of VP response. The possibility that NE and not PBZ is the direct agent causing the potentiation of VP response is discussed.", "contents": "The site and the mechanism of phenoxy-benzamine potentiation of the pressor response to oxytocin and vasopressin: in vivo and isolated aortic strips studies. In intact rats, alpha adrenergic receptor blocking agents, phenoxybenzamine (PBZ) and phentolamine potentiated the pressor response to oxytocin and vasopressin (VP). In the presence of PBZ or phentolamine blockade, the dose-response curves of oxytocin and VP were shifted to the left, resulting in an apparent doubling of the pressor potency of the neurohypophysial peptides. The beta adrenergic blocking agent, propranolol had no significant effect on the pressor response to oxytocin or VP. Combined PBZ and propranolol blockade did not alter the potentiating activity of PBZ. The PBZ-potentiating effect seems to be specific to the neurohypophysial peptides, since the pressor response to angiotensin was not potentiated by PBZ. The  potentiating effect of PBZ on VP could be demonstrated in isolated rat aortic strips. This clearly indicated that the site of action of PBZ is directly on the vascular smooth muscle. However, in aortic strips, the effect of PBZ was seen only if norepinephrine (NE) was also added to the bathing medium. NE alone had no significant effect on the contractile response to VP. The requirement of both PBZ and NE for the potentiating effect suggests that an interaction between these two agents is involved in the PBZ potentiation of VP response. The possibility that NE and not PBZ is the direct agent causing the potentiation of VP response is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:886468", "title": "Requirements for angiotensin tachyphylaxis in smooth muscles.", "content": "The ability of angiotensin II (AII) and of seven N-terminally modified peptide analogs to induce tachyphylaxis in isolated preparations of the rat uterus and the guinea-pig ileum was found to correlate well with the degree of amino group protonation. No correlation was found between tachyphylaxis and the affinity for the rat uterus receptors, as measured by the reciprocals of ED50 values. Dissociation between the tachyphylactic property and receptor affinity in the rat uterus was also evident by lowering the calcium concentration in the medium, which resulted in increased tachyphylaxis without significant changes in ED50 values. In the guinea-pig ileum, tachyphylaxis correlated with the reciprocal of ED50, but there was a better correlation with amino group protonation. [6-Pyrazolylalanine] AII was approximately as tachyphylactic as AII in both smooth muscles studied, indicating that protonation of the histidine side-chain may not be important for the manifestation of tachyphylaxis. The recovery of the guinea-pig ileum for AII tachyphylaxis was not affected by repeated treatments with BaCl2, but it was partially impaired by [Suc1]AII, des-Asp-AII, bradykinin and histamine.", "contents": "Requirements for angiotensin tachyphylaxis in smooth muscles. The ability of angiotensin II (AII) and of seven N-terminally modified peptide analogs to induce tachyphylaxis in isolated preparations of the rat uterus and the guinea-pig ileum was found to correlate well with the degree of amino group protonation. No correlation was found between tachyphylaxis and the affinity for the rat uterus receptors, as measured by the reciprocals of ED50 values. Dissociation between the tachyphylactic property and receptor affinity in the rat uterus was also evident by lowering the calcium concentration in the medium, which resulted in increased tachyphylaxis without significant changes in ED50 values. In the guinea-pig ileum, tachyphylaxis correlated with the reciprocal of ED50, but there was a better correlation with amino group protonation. [6-Pyrazolylalanine] AII was approximately as tachyphylactic as AII in both smooth muscles studied, indicating that protonation of the histidine side-chain may not be important for the manifestation of tachyphylaxis. The recovery of the guinea-pig ileum for AII tachyphylaxis was not affected by repeated treatments with BaCl2, but it was partially impaired by [Suc1]AII, des-Asp-AII, bradykinin and histamine."}
{"id": "PMID:886469", "title": "Leakage of dl-propranolol from cerebrospinal fluid to the bloodstream in the rabbit.", "content": "Intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) injection of 500 microgram of dl-propranolol in the conscious rabbit in a rise in mean arterial pressure followed by a small but significant fall (3.2 +/- 1.4 mm Hg between 2 and 4 hours after injection), as has been observed by others. The same dose injected i.v. resulted in a lowering of mean arterial pressure of 6.0 +/- 2.4 mm Hg between 2 and 4 hours after injection. After i.c.v. injection there was a rapid rise in plasma propranolol concentration. Ten minutes after i.c.v. injection the concentration of 80% of the level reached after giving the same dose i.v. After i.c.v. injection there was significant blockade of cardiac beta adrenoreceptors for at least 2 hours. This blockade was determined from the degree of attenuation of isoproterenol-induced tachycardia in rabbits subjected to presynaptic sympathetic nerve block with guanethidine and to vagal block with methscopolamine. Because of the rapid leakage of propranolol from cerebrospinal fluid to plasma it is not possible by means of the technique of i.c.v. injection of the drug to differentiate between central nervous and systemic mechanisms contributing to the lowering of blood pressure.", "contents": "Leakage of dl-propranolol from cerebrospinal fluid to the bloodstream in the rabbit. Intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) injection of 500 microgram of dl-propranolol in the conscious rabbit in a rise in mean arterial pressure followed by a small but significant fall (3.2 +/- 1.4 mm Hg between 2 and 4 hours after injection), as has been observed by others. The same dose injected i.v. resulted in a lowering of mean arterial pressure of 6.0 +/- 2.4 mm Hg between 2 and 4 hours after injection. After i.c.v. injection there was a rapid rise in plasma propranolol concentration. Ten minutes after i.c.v. injection the concentration of 80% of the level reached after giving the same dose i.v. After i.c.v. injection there was significant blockade of cardiac beta adrenoreceptors for at least 2 hours. This blockade was determined from the degree of attenuation of isoproterenol-induced tachycardia in rabbits subjected to presynaptic sympathetic nerve block with guanethidine and to vagal block with methscopolamine. Because of the rapid leakage of propranolol from cerebrospinal fluid to plasma it is not possible by means of the technique of i.c.v. injection of the drug to differentiate between central nervous and systemic mechanisms contributing to the lowering of blood pressure."}
{"id": "PMID:886470", "title": "Epinephrine and recovery from punishment.", "content": "Motor activity of adrenal demedullated and sham-operated rats was suppressed by punishing footshocks. In subsequent no-punishment sessions, the demedullates more rapidly recovered normal spontaneous activity levels. Only the rate of recovery differentiated demedullates from shams: they were equally suppressed on the day of punishment and at the beginning of the first no-punishment session. Further, spontaneous activity levels were the same in demedullates and shams which were not punished. Administration of epinephrine to the punished demedullates prevented the more rapid recovery. In intact rats, dl-propranolol and SK&F 64139 (7,8-dichloro-1, 2, 3, 4-tetrahydroisoquinoline hydrochloride), an inhibitor of adrenal phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase, affects recovery in the same way as demedullation. Neither phenoxybenzamine nor d-propranolol had this effect. These results suggest that epinephrine is important in modulating behavioral adaptation to aversive experiences.", "contents": "Epinephrine and recovery from punishment. Motor activity of adrenal demedullated and sham-operated rats was suppressed by punishing footshocks. In subsequent no-punishment sessions, the demedullates more rapidly recovered normal spontaneous activity levels. Only the rate of recovery differentiated demedullates from shams: they were equally suppressed on the day of punishment and at the beginning of the first no-punishment session. Further, spontaneous activity levels were the same in demedullates and shams which were not punished. Administration of epinephrine to the punished demedullates prevented the more rapid recovery. In intact rats, dl-propranolol and SK&F 64139 (7,8-dichloro-1, 2, 3, 4-tetrahydroisoquinoline hydrochloride), an inhibitor of adrenal phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase, affects recovery in the same way as demedullation. Neither phenoxybenzamine nor d-propranolol had this effect. These results suggest that epinephrine is important in modulating behavioral adaptation to aversive experiences."}
{"id": "PMID:886471", "title": "Motor nerve terminal facilitatory action of SQ 20009: an inhibitor of cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase.", "content": "Facilitatory effects of SQ 20009 [1-ethyl-4-(isopropylidenehydrazine)-1H-pyrazolo-(3,4-b)-pyridine-5-carboxylic acid, ethyl ester, HCl] were investigated at the frog sartorious neuromuscular junction. A dose-dependent increase in miniature end-plate potential frequency occurred without changes in miniature end-plate potential amplitude. Significant increases in the amplitude and the rate of rise of the end-plate potential and reduction in the incidence of end-plate potential failures were observed in magnesium blocked muscle. The increase in end-plate potential amplitude and rate of rise appeared calcium dependent. No significant changes in passive membrane resistance or muscle membrane sensitivity to acetylcholine were observed. Twitch studies employing direct and indirect stimulation of the rat diaphragm preparation demonstrated a preferential facilitation of the indirect response rather than a direct action on the muscle fiber. The facilitatory effect of SQ 20009 on evoked and spontaneous release were of approximately equal orders of magnitude, suggesting that the drug may affect a common mechanism in the two release processes.", "contents": "Motor nerve terminal facilitatory action of SQ 20009: an inhibitor of cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase. Facilitatory effects of SQ 20009 [1-ethyl-4-(isopropylidenehydrazine)-1H-pyrazolo-(3,4-b)-pyridine-5-carboxylic acid, ethyl ester, HCl] were investigated at the frog sartorious neuromuscular junction. A dose-dependent increase in miniature end-plate potential frequency occurred without changes in miniature end-plate potential amplitude. Significant increases in the amplitude and the rate of rise of the end-plate potential and reduction in the incidence of end-plate potential failures were observed in magnesium blocked muscle. The increase in end-plate potential amplitude and rate of rise appeared calcium dependent. No significant changes in passive membrane resistance or muscle membrane sensitivity to acetylcholine were observed. Twitch studies employing direct and indirect stimulation of the rat diaphragm preparation demonstrated a preferential facilitation of the indirect response rather than a direct action on the muscle fiber. The facilitatory effect of SQ 20009 on evoked and spontaneous release were of approximately equal orders of magnitude, suggesting that the drug may affect a common mechanism in the two release processes."}
{"id": "PMID:886472", "title": "Effects of morphine and haloperidol on the electrical activity of rat nigrostriatal neurons.", "content": "The action of opiates on electrical activity in nigrostriatal neurons was compared with the actions of known dopamine receptor agonists and antagonists in order to clarify the effects of opiates on postsynaptic dopamine receptors in the striatum. The systemic administration of either morphine or haloperidol increased the rate of spontaneous firing of neurons in substantia nigra. The injection of either drug directly into the caudate nucleus of the striatum also increased the firing rates of nigral neurons. The administration of the opiate antagonist, naloxone, blocked or reversed the action of systemically or locally applied morphine on firing rates, but not those of haloperidol. The dopamine receptor agonists, dopa and apomorphine, decreased the firing rate in nigral neurons and also reversed the stimulation of firing rates by morphine. The agonists were only partially successful in reversing the effects of haloperidol. The differences in the ability of naloxone and dopa to reverse the stimulated firing rates produced by morphine or haloperidol support the hypothesis that opiates do not act directly on the postsynaptic dopamine receptor in the striatum.", "contents": "Effects of morphine and haloperidol on the electrical activity of rat nigrostriatal neurons. The action of opiates on electrical activity in nigrostriatal neurons was compared with the actions of known dopamine receptor agonists and antagonists in order to clarify the effects of opiates on postsynaptic dopamine receptors in the striatum. The systemic administration of either morphine or haloperidol increased the rate of spontaneous firing of neurons in substantia nigra. The injection of either drug directly into the caudate nucleus of the striatum also increased the firing rates of nigral neurons. The administration of the opiate antagonist, naloxone, blocked or reversed the action of systemically or locally applied morphine on firing rates, but not those of haloperidol. The dopamine receptor agonists, dopa and apomorphine, decreased the firing rate in nigral neurons and also reversed the stimulation of firing rates by morphine. The agonists were only partially successful in reversing the effects of haloperidol. The differences in the ability of naloxone and dopa to reverse the stimulated firing rates produced by morphine or haloperidol support the hypothesis that opiates do not act directly on the postsynaptic dopamine receptor in the striatum."}
{"id": "PMID:886473", "title": "The analgesic action of baclofen [beta-(4-chlorophenyl)-gamma-aminobutyric acid].", "content": "When administered to mice, baclofen induced dose-related antinocisponsive activity in the stretch, hot plate and tail-flick tests. Although high doses also impaired motor coordination, as measured by the rotating rod test, the following observations suggest that the pronounced antinocisponsive effect of higher doses did not reflect a reduced capacity to respond to perceived pain: motor impairment, having shorter onset of action, was fully developed before the appearance of any analgesic action; mice made completely tolerant to the motor effect were still analgesic; and other agents which severely impaired rotating rod performance did not necessarily show antinocisponsive activity in the hot plate test. The mechanism of action of baclofen is not similar to that of morphine since naloxone did not antagonize the analgesic effect of baclofen, and cross-tolerance between morphine- and baclofen-induced analgesia could not be demonstrated.", "contents": "The analgesic action of baclofen [beta-(4-chlorophenyl)-gamma-aminobutyric acid]. When administered to mice, baclofen induced dose-related antinocisponsive activity in the stretch, hot plate and tail-flick tests. Although high doses also impaired motor coordination, as measured by the rotating rod test, the following observations suggest that the pronounced antinocisponsive effect of higher doses did not reflect a reduced capacity to respond to perceived pain: motor impairment, having shorter onset of action, was fully developed before the appearance of any analgesic action; mice made completely tolerant to the motor effect were still analgesic; and other agents which severely impaired rotating rod performance did not necessarily show antinocisponsive activity in the hot plate test. The mechanism of action of baclofen is not similar to that of morphine since naloxone did not antagonize the analgesic effect of baclofen, and cross-tolerance between morphine- and baclofen-induced analgesia could not be demonstrated."}
{"id": "PMID:886474", "title": "Alteration of delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol-induced teratogenicity by stimulation and inhibition of its metabolism.", "content": "Treatment of pregnant mice with delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) significantly increased the incidence of in utero deaths. SKF-525A pretreatment increased the incidence of THC-induced in utero deaths. THC also significantly reduced the body weight of surviving fetuses. Phenobarbital treatment antagonized THC-induced reduction of fetal body weight, but did not reduce resorption rate. Administration of THC, 50 or 200 mg/kg, did not induce fetal anomalies. However, both SKF-525A and phenobarbital treatment potentiated THC-induced cleft palates. SKF-525A treatment plus THC produced 36% cleft palates. Phenobarbital treatment plus THC produced 77% cleft palates. Pretreatments altered the level of tetrahydrocannabinol plus metabolites found in plasma, placenta, fetus and amnionic fluid. In general, SKF-525A increased levels and phenobarbital decreased levels. Two chemically reactive metabolites of THC are proposed, 9,10-epoxyhexahydrocannabinol and an 11-oxo derivative. SKF-525A pretreatment increased the concentration of both of these metabolites. Phenobarbital treatment increased the levels of the proposed 9,10-epoxyhexahydrocannabinol. Possible covalent binding of THC was observed. An active metabolite theory may apply to the teratogenic properties of THC.", "contents": "Alteration of delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol-induced teratogenicity by stimulation and inhibition of its metabolism. Treatment of pregnant mice with delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) significantly increased the incidence of in utero deaths. SKF-525A pretreatment increased the incidence of THC-induced in utero deaths. THC also significantly reduced the body weight of surviving fetuses. Phenobarbital treatment antagonized THC-induced reduction of fetal body weight, but did not reduce resorption rate. Administration of THC, 50 or 200 mg/kg, did not induce fetal anomalies. However, both SKF-525A and phenobarbital treatment potentiated THC-induced cleft palates. SKF-525A treatment plus THC produced 36% cleft palates. Phenobarbital treatment plus THC produced 77% cleft palates. Pretreatments altered the level of tetrahydrocannabinol plus metabolites found in plasma, placenta, fetus and amnionic fluid. In general, SKF-525A increased levels and phenobarbital decreased levels. Two chemically reactive metabolites of THC are proposed, 9,10-epoxyhexahydrocannabinol and an 11-oxo derivative. SKF-525A pretreatment increased the concentration of both of these metabolites. Phenobarbital treatment increased the levels of the proposed 9,10-epoxyhexahydrocannabinol. Possible covalent binding of THC was observed. An active metabolite theory may apply to the teratogenic properties of THC."}
{"id": "PMID:886479", "title": "[Morphological, cytological, and biochemical changes of Anguilla anguilla L. gills deprived of Stannius corpuscles (S. C.) (author's transl)].", "content": "In the silver female eel (Anguilla anguilla L.) maintained in fresh water, surgical removal of Stannius corpuscles (SC) resulted in: a) A significant increase of wet weight of gill cells and the dry weight of gill filaments expressed as function of body weight. b) A proliferation and a hypertrophy of chloride cells shown by a significant rise of cell volume expressed as a precentage of the epithelial volume. c) An increase of the calcium (Ca) binding protein activity in the total branchial mucosa. These modifications are not observed when eels are maintained in Ca-free water. The results are discussed in relation to the Ca fluxes across gills in eels deprived of SC and gill morphological changes during sea water adaptation.", "contents": "[Morphological, cytological, and biochemical changes of Anguilla anguilla L. gills deprived of Stannius corpuscles (S. C.) (author's transl)]. In the silver female eel (Anguilla anguilla L.) maintained in fresh water, surgical removal of Stannius corpuscles (SC) resulted in: a) A significant increase of wet weight of gill cells and the dry weight of gill filaments expressed as function of body weight. b) A proliferation and a hypertrophy of chloride cells shown by a significant rise of cell volume expressed as a precentage of the epithelial volume. c) An increase of the calcium (Ca) binding protein activity in the total branchial mucosa. These modifications are not observed when eels are maintained in Ca-free water. The results are discussed in relation to the Ca fluxes across gills in eels deprived of SC and gill morphological changes during sea water adaptation."}
{"id": "PMID:886480", "title": "Determination of the biliary tree capacity of the rat in its distended and nondistended state using 35 S-sulfobromophtalein glutathione (35 S-BSP-GSH) as a marker.", "content": "The biliary tree capacity of the rat in its nondistended and distended state has been previously determined as the volume of bile collected between the time of intravenous injection of a marker substance and the time at which the concentration of this marker in bile reached one-half maximal excretion rate. 1. According to this procedure modified methods are presented in this study using 35S-sulfobromophthalein glutathione as a test substance for the calculation of both the normal and the distended biliary tree. These approaches are based on the assumption that first measurable radioactivity, which follows the intravenous administration of the dye (most probably with no or only very little delay) indicates the time of appearance of the injected marker in the right and left hepatic duct. 2. The measured nondistended capacities are much smaller in comparison to those reported up until now. 3. The distended biliary tree was determined in two different ways. In one set of experiments, 35S-sulfobromophthalein glutathione was injected intravenously 2-3 sec, in another set 60 set, before termination of a 15 min biliary obstruction. The latter procedure was introduced to avoid transit time problems. Both experimental conditions revealed significantly different values for the distended state (69.8 +/- 7.1 vs. 56.9 +/- 6.7 microliter/rat liver).", "contents": "Determination of the biliary tree capacity of the rat in its distended and nondistended state using 35 S-sulfobromophtalein glutathione (35 S-BSP-GSH) as a marker. The biliary tree capacity of the rat in its nondistended and distended state has been previously determined as the volume of bile collected between the time of intravenous injection of a marker substance and the time at which the concentration of this marker in bile reached one-half maximal excretion rate. 1. According to this procedure modified methods are presented in this study using 35S-sulfobromophthalein glutathione as a test substance for the calculation of both the normal and the distended biliary tree. These approaches are based on the assumption that first measurable radioactivity, which follows the intravenous administration of the dye (most probably with no or only very little delay) indicates the time of appearance of the injected marker in the right and left hepatic duct. 2. The measured nondistended capacities are much smaller in comparison to those reported up until now. 3. The distended biliary tree was determined in two different ways. In one set of experiments, 35S-sulfobromophthalein glutathione was injected intravenously 2-3 sec, in another set 60 set, before termination of a 15 min biliary obstruction. The latter procedure was introduced to avoid transit time problems. Both experimental conditions revealed significantly different values for the distended state (69.8 +/- 7.1 vs. 56.9 +/- 6.7 microliter/rat liver)."}
{"id": "PMID:886482", "title": "Enhanced non-electrolyte uptake in vitro by the dog jejunal mucosa in the cholera-toxin-induced secretory phase.", "content": "A characteristic secretory response in the dog jejunumis observed following three hours' perfusion with cholera toxin. When this mucosa in the secretory phase is examined in vitro, the steady-state accumulation of phenylalanine and beta-methyl-glucoside is considerably enhanced. Since the initial rates of influx of these substrates are unchanged and the tissue ion contents are the same as normal, it is concluded that the increase in steady-state uptake may be attributed to a change in the rate of efflux of the substrates across the baso-lateral membrane of the cell. This change might be related to the reported collapse of the intercellular channels when the intestine is in a secretory state.", "contents": "Enhanced non-electrolyte uptake in vitro by the dog jejunal mucosa in the cholera-toxin-induced secretory phase. A characteristic secretory response in the dog jejunumis observed following three hours' perfusion with cholera toxin. When this mucosa in the secretory phase is examined in vitro, the steady-state accumulation of phenylalanine and beta-methyl-glucoside is considerably enhanced. Since the initial rates of influx of these substrates are unchanged and the tissue ion contents are the same as normal, it is concluded that the increase in steady-state uptake may be attributed to a change in the rate of efflux of the substrates across the baso-lateral membrane of the cell. This change might be related to the reported collapse of the intercellular channels when the intestine is in a secretory state."}
{"id": "PMID:886483", "title": "Nursing home patients' perception of nurses' affective touching.", "content": "Within a sample of 99 elderly white patients in two nursing homes, E used the Comfort when Touched Inventory to measure Ss' perception of comfort-discomfort from affective touching by white nurses, and investigated the relationship of inconsistencies in perception to sex, age, and care classification. Results from alpha factor analysis with varimax rotation suggested that S would most likely perceive discomfort if an older male nurse affectively touched S; if a male nurse touched or held S's hand; or if a nurse, male or female, placed his/her arm around S's shoulders. Results from correlation procedures suggested that inconsistencies in perception were related only to sex; female Ss more than male Ss were likely to perceive discomfort from affective touching by nurses, especially if the nurse was a male.", "contents": "Nursing home patients' perception of nurses' affective touching. Within a sample of 99 elderly white patients in two nursing homes, E used the Comfort when Touched Inventory to measure Ss' perception of comfort-discomfort from affective touching by white nurses, and investigated the relationship of inconsistencies in perception to sex, age, and care classification. Results from alpha factor analysis with varimax rotation suggested that S would most likely perceive discomfort if an older male nurse affectively touched S; if a male nurse touched or held S's hand; or if a nurse, male or female, placed his/her arm around S's shoulders. Results from correlation procedures suggested that inconsistencies in perception were related only to sex; female Ss more than male Ss were likely to perceive discomfort from affective touching by nurses, especially if the nurse was a male."}
{"id": "PMID:886484", "title": "Situational effects on the identification of emotions in children.", "content": "Naive judges were asked to observe infants independently and judge their emotions at 5 sec intervals under three different conditions. Two experiments were conducted to produce the different conditions. In Experiment I, 9- and 12-month-old infants of both sexes (N = 40) were exposed to a series of situations each designed to provoke a specific emotion (Condition 1). Although the judges were not informed as to which emotion each situation sought to provoke, one may assume that they received clues from the situations themselves. In Experiment II, 13- to 17-month-old infants of both sexes (N = 16) were individually placed on a large table (8' X 6') on which they could explore or play in the presence of their mothers (Condition 2). The judges were tota-ly without guidelines as to what emotion to expect. For Condition 3 in the same experiment the table was transformed into a visual cliff, and the judges were told that the generally expected emotion was fear. The judges reached significant agreement for the emotions of interest and anger in Conditions 1, 2, and 3; for distress only in Condition 1; for joy only in Condition 3; and no agreement for fear in any condition.", "contents": "Situational effects on the identification of emotions in children. Naive judges were asked to observe infants independently and judge their emotions at 5 sec intervals under three different conditions. Two experiments were conducted to produce the different conditions. In Experiment I, 9- and 12-month-old infants of both sexes (N = 40) were exposed to a series of situations each designed to provoke a specific emotion (Condition 1). Although the judges were not informed as to which emotion each situation sought to provoke, one may assume that they received clues from the situations themselves. In Experiment II, 13- to 17-month-old infants of both sexes (N = 16) were individually placed on a large table (8' X 6') on which they could explore or play in the presence of their mothers (Condition 2). The judges were tota-ly without guidelines as to what emotion to expect. For Condition 3 in the same experiment the table was transformed into a visual cliff, and the judges were told that the generally expected emotion was fear. The judges reached significant agreement for the emotions of interest and anger in Conditions 1, 2, and 3; for distress only in Condition 1; for joy only in Condition 3; and no agreement for fear in any condition."}
{"id": "PMID:886485", "title": "Sex chromosome abnormalities and cognitive performance: III. Field dependence, frame dependence, and failing development of perceptual stability in girls with Turner's syndrome.", "content": "The Rod-and-Frame Test (RFT) was administered to Turner girls (N = 45), their normal sisters (N = 19), and to nonsiblings with primary amenorrhoea and growth retardation as seen in Turner girls (N = 15). The test was scored by the traditional method which gives a measure of field dependence, as well as by a new method that gives a measure of frame dependence and response inconsistency. The traditional method showed Turner girls to be extremely field dependent. The new method showed that the so-called field dependence in Turner girls was due to response inconsistency, rather than to significant frame dependence. It is concluded that response inconsistency is a characteristic of RFT performance in Turner girls, probably reflecting failing development of \"perceptual stability\".", "contents": "Sex chromosome abnormalities and cognitive performance: III. Field dependence, frame dependence, and failing development of perceptual stability in girls with Turner's syndrome. The Rod-and-Frame Test (RFT) was administered to Turner girls (N = 45), their normal sisters (N = 19), and to nonsiblings with primary amenorrhoea and growth retardation as seen in Turner girls (N = 15). The test was scored by the traditional method which gives a measure of field dependence, as well as by a new method that gives a measure of frame dependence and response inconsistency. The traditional method showed Turner girls to be extremely field dependent. The new method showed that the so-called field dependence in Turner girls was due to response inconsistency, rather than to significant frame dependence. It is concluded that response inconsistency is a characteristic of RFT performance in Turner girls, probably reflecting failing development of \"perceptual stability\"."}
{"id": "PMID:886486", "title": "Sensory substitution and the design of an artificial ear.", "content": "This paper is concerned with attempts at sensory substitution and in particular with devices that have been designed to substitute for hearing by using the skin as an alternative channel of communication. A review of the literature suggests that the failure or limitations of tactile substitution systems are due, not to the inadequacy of the skin's perceptual processing capacity, but to inappropriate displays, ineffective training methods, or insensitive testing techniques. Specifically, displays have been artificial in that they have typically failed to preserve the information relevant to the modality for which they are supposed to substitute. Furthermore, certain false assumptions and misconceptions have been manifest in testing techniques which have not taken into account the way in which perceptual processes normally develop and operate. The result has been that some important evidence has been ignored or has gone unnoticed and that some promising devices have been prematurely abandoned. In the final section of the review, some suggestions are made concerning the design, application, and evaluation of an artificial ear.", "contents": "Sensory substitution and the design of an artificial ear. This paper is concerned with attempts at sensory substitution and in particular with devices that have been designed to substitute for hearing by using the skin as an alternative channel of communication. A review of the literature suggests that the failure or limitations of tactile substitution systems are due, not to the inadequacy of the skin's perceptual processing capacity, but to inappropriate displays, ineffective training methods, or insensitive testing techniques. Specifically, displays have been artificial in that they have typically failed to preserve the information relevant to the modality for which they are supposed to substitute. Furthermore, certain false assumptions and misconceptions have been manifest in testing techniques which have not taken into account the way in which perceptual processes normally develop and operate. The result has been that some important evidence has been ignored or has gone unnoticed and that some promising devices have been prematurely abandoned. In the final section of the review, some suggestions are made concerning the design, application, and evaluation of an artificial ear."}
{"id": "PMID:886487", "title": "Physical attractiveness, personality, and social reactions to peer pressure.", "content": "Following a hypo-deductive theoretical rationale, the relationship between physical attributes, personality development, and susceptibility to peer pressure was assessed. Male and female college students (N = 181) responded to several personality measures previously reported as characteristics attributed to physical attractiveness and a new measure designed to assess peer pressure influences (Dilemmas Test for College Students). Peer-ratings and self-perceptions of facial attractiveness, body form, and general appearance were gathered. Physically attractive persons, in comparison to their lesser attractive peers, were more likely to have internalized socially desirable personality characteristics and show resistance to peer pressure influences. Further, some evidence suggested that attractiveness was related to the internalization of cognitive-social characteristics for males and cognitive-evaluative characteristics for females.", "contents": "Physical attractiveness, personality, and social reactions to peer pressure. Following a hypo-deductive theoretical rationale, the relationship between physical attributes, personality development, and susceptibility to peer pressure was assessed. Male and female college students (N = 181) responded to several personality measures previously reported as characteristics attributed to physical attractiveness and a new measure designed to assess peer pressure influences (Dilemmas Test for College Students). Peer-ratings and self-perceptions of facial attractiveness, body form, and general appearance were gathered. Physically attractive persons, in comparison to their lesser attractive peers, were more likely to have internalized socially desirable personality characteristics and show resistance to peer pressure influences. Further, some evidence suggested that attractiveness was related to the internalization of cognitive-social characteristics for males and cognitive-evaluative characteristics for females."}
{"id": "PMID:886488", "title": "Personality differences between kibbutz born and city born adults.", "content": "Two hundred and thirty-two men and women students at the University of Haifa were administered a Hebrew version of the California Psychological Inventory. Half of the students were kibbutz born, and the others city born. The two samples were matched on sex, age, level of education, and economic level. Of the 18 scales, significant differences between the means were found in only two scales for each sex group: namely, Responsibility and Achievement via Independence for males, and Achievement via Independence and Intellectual Efficiency for females. The other comparisons of means for each sex group were not significant, nor were there any significant differences between the variances. It seems, then, that the differences in child rearing between kibbutz and city do not necessarily produce major differences in personality traits. An alternative hypothesis might be suggested: kibbutz child-rearing practices, different as they are from the city approach, do not create a \"new\" type of personality.", "contents": "Personality differences between kibbutz born and city born adults. Two hundred and thirty-two men and women students at the University of Haifa were administered a Hebrew version of the California Psychological Inventory. Half of the students were kibbutz born, and the others city born. The two samples were matched on sex, age, level of education, and economic level. Of the 18 scales, significant differences between the means were found in only two scales for each sex group: namely, Responsibility and Achievement via Independence for males, and Achievement via Independence and Intellectual Efficiency for females. The other comparisons of means for each sex group were not significant, nor were there any significant differences between the variances. It seems, then, that the differences in child rearing between kibbutz and city do not necessarily produce major differences in personality traits. An alternative hypothesis might be suggested: kibbutz child-rearing practices, different as they are from the city approach, do not create a \"new\" type of personality."}
{"id": "PMID:886489", "title": "Melanin distribution and sensitivity to group therapy.", "content": "Student participants in group therapy were hypothesized to improve on three dimensions of behavior as a result of therapy. It was further hypothesized that improvement would be related to participant eye color, with dark-eyed persons demonstrating greatest improvement and lighter-eyed individuals demonstrating lesser improvement. Differences were also expected from Ss by program. Ss were 35 male and female master's level students in clinical, counseling, and educational psychology programs, ranging in age from 23 to 39 years. Dependent measures were collected before and after therapy with the Vriend and Dyer Scale, an instrument yielding three factors: Self Defeating Behaviors, Fully Functioning Behaviors, and Personal Mastery Index. The design utilized a 3 (eye color) X 2 (program) two-way ANOVA, fixed effects model. Significant main effects were found for Fully Functioning Behaviors: by eye color (p less than .002) and by program (p less than .03). No interactions or other main effects were found.", "contents": "Melanin distribution and sensitivity to group therapy. Student participants in group therapy were hypothesized to improve on three dimensions of behavior as a result of therapy. It was further hypothesized that improvement would be related to participant eye color, with dark-eyed persons demonstrating greatest improvement and lighter-eyed individuals demonstrating lesser improvement. Differences were also expected from Ss by program. Ss were 35 male and female master's level students in clinical, counseling, and educational psychology programs, ranging in age from 23 to 39 years. Dependent measures were collected before and after therapy with the Vriend and Dyer Scale, an instrument yielding three factors: Self Defeating Behaviors, Fully Functioning Behaviors, and Personal Mastery Index. The design utilized a 3 (eye color) X 2 (program) two-way ANOVA, fixed effects model. Significant main effects were found for Fully Functioning Behaviors: by eye color (p less than .002) and by program (p less than .03). No interactions or other main effects were found."}
{"id": "PMID:886492", "title": "Clinical applications of echocardiography.", "content": "Echocardiography is helpful to the clinician in a number of situations. In a patient with the radiological finding of cardiomegaly, the possibilities of a pericardial effusion, left or right ventricular volume overload, or severe ventricular dysfunction, may readily and accurately be assessed. The technique is a useful adjunct in assessing the severity of many valvular lesions and in some cases establishing the aetiology of the lesion. The ability to diagnose left atrial myxomas is unique and invaluable. Mitral valve prolapse and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy are now being recognised more frequently, and may provide an \"organic\" reason for long-standing unexplained symptoms. Finally, while echocardiography is of value in certain clearly defined areas, it should not be regarded as a panacea for all cardiac diagnostic or management problems.", "contents": "Clinical applications of echocardiography. Echocardiography is helpful to the clinician in a number of situations. In a patient with the radiological finding of cardiomegaly, the possibilities of a pericardial effusion, left or right ventricular volume overload, or severe ventricular dysfunction, may readily and accurately be assessed. The technique is a useful adjunct in assessing the severity of many valvular lesions and in some cases establishing the aetiology of the lesion. The ability to diagnose left atrial myxomas is unique and invaluable. Mitral valve prolapse and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy are now being recognised more frequently, and may provide an \"organic\" reason for long-standing unexplained symptoms. Finally, while echocardiography is of value in certain clearly defined areas, it should not be regarded as a panacea for all cardiac diagnostic or management problems."}
{"id": "PMID:886526", "title": "[Time factor in local radiotherapy (author's transl)].", "content": "This study was aimed at determining the influence of time factor in local radiotherapy in patients with spindle cell neoplasms of the skin or basal cell carcinomas of the face, treatable in a single plane. These neoplasma were treated using identical doses (6,000 rads distributed over the envelope isodose), but divided at random into two groups corresponsing to two different spreads (60 +/- 12 hours and 156 +/- 12 hours). The biological effects observed (rate of disappearance of the lesion, intensity of skin reaction, duration of skin reaction) showed no difference between the two types of treatment. This results is unexpected considering the important influence of time factor in the case of fractionated irradiation. In fact, if it is accepted that between 60 and 156 hours, cellular multiplication phenomena are equivalent to approximately 30 rads per day, the difference in spread the two types of treatment is not sufficient to give a significant result.", "contents": "[Time factor in local radiotherapy (author's transl)]. This study was aimed at determining the influence of time factor in local radiotherapy in patients with spindle cell neoplasms of the skin or basal cell carcinomas of the face, treatable in a single plane. These neoplasma were treated using identical doses (6,000 rads distributed over the envelope isodose), but divided at random into two groups corresponsing to two different spreads (60 +/- 12 hours and 156 +/- 12 hours). The biological effects observed (rate of disappearance of the lesion, intensity of skin reaction, duration of skin reaction) showed no difference between the two types of treatment. This results is unexpected considering the important influence of time factor in the case of fractionated irradiation. In fact, if it is accepted that between 60 and 156 hours, cellular multiplication phenomena are equivalent to approximately 30 rads per day, the difference in spread the two types of treatment is not sufficient to give a significant result."}
{"id": "PMID:886527", "title": "[The results of radiotherapy managements in Hodgkin's disease (author's transl)].", "content": "We reported the results of radiotherapy managements in Hodgkin's disease about 185 patients. From this study, it seems to appear possible to confirm or to note some particular facts: the real good prognosis of the forms begining in the right sus-clavicular fossa; the special staging of the long time survival patients (II Aa, type II); the small value in survival of chemotherapy done before and/or after radiotherapy in the I and II stages; in the other side, the true amelioration comming from chemotherapy in the III and IV stages; the value of irradiation by expanded fields; the particular interest of the total mode irradiation done at the beginning or during the course of the illness; the optimal dose of larger than or equal to 4 000 rads with a weekly dose of larger than or equal to 1 000 rads; the good tolerance of the radiotherapy. From this prelimary study, we hope dowing well in further with a greater number of patients.", "contents": "[The results of radiotherapy managements in Hodgkin's disease (author's transl)]. We reported the results of radiotherapy managements in Hodgkin's disease about 185 patients. From this study, it seems to appear possible to confirm or to note some particular facts: the real good prognosis of the forms begining in the right sus-clavicular fossa; the special staging of the long time survival patients (II Aa, type II); the small value in survival of chemotherapy done before and/or after radiotherapy in the I and II stages; in the other side, the true amelioration comming from chemotherapy in the III and IV stages; the value of irradiation by expanded fields; the particular interest of the total mode irradiation done at the beginning or during the course of the illness; the optimal dose of larger than or equal to 4 000 rads with a weekly dose of larger than or equal to 1 000 rads; the good tolerance of the radiotherapy. From this prelimary study, we hope dowing well in further with a greater number of patients."}
{"id": "PMID:886528", "title": "[81 cases of Hodgkin's disease treated with extensive radiotherapy, including 65 with primary MOPP chemiotherapy (author's transl)].", "content": "Study 81 cases of Hodgkin's disease at stages I, II or III led to the following conclusions from a therapeutic standpoint (in relation to the apparent results obtained): The addition of chemotherapy on the form of three courses of MOPP before irradiation improved the results of the latter on the one hand and, principally, by reducing the number of failures and, secondly, by reducing the complications. The addition of chemoprophylaxis by MOPP in patients in complete remission as a result of initial treatment, involving an association of 3 courses of MOPP followed by radiotherapy, was not shown to be useful. A major factor in prognosis would to be the clinical and radiological situation after the first three courses of MOPP (in the context of combined MOPP and radiotherapy) since, despite the later radiotherapy,  numerous failures were noted in the absence of remission after the three MOPP treatments, whilst failure rarely occurred under the opposite set of circumstances. This is important, since modest treatment would seem to suffice in patients reacting well to three initial MOPP treatments, whilst it is essential to reinforce it when this is not the case.", "contents": "[81 cases of Hodgkin's disease treated with extensive radiotherapy, including 65 with primary MOPP chemiotherapy (author's transl)]. Study 81 cases of Hodgkin's disease at stages I, II or III led to the following conclusions from a therapeutic standpoint (in relation to the apparent results obtained): The addition of chemotherapy on the form of three courses of MOPP before irradiation improved the results of the latter on the one hand and, principally, by reducing the number of failures and, secondly, by reducing the complications. The addition of chemoprophylaxis by MOPP in patients in complete remission as a result of initial treatment, involving an association of 3 courses of MOPP followed by radiotherapy, was not shown to be useful. A major factor in prognosis would to be the clinical and radiological situation after the first three courses of MOPP (in the context of combined MOPP and radiotherapy) since, despite the later radiotherapy,  numerous failures were noted in the absence of remission after the three MOPP treatments, whilst failure rarely occurred under the opposite set of circumstances. This is important, since modest treatment would seem to suffice in patients reacting well to three initial MOPP treatments, whilst it is essential to reinforce it when this is not the case."}
{"id": "PMID:886529", "title": "[Results of treatment of carcinoma of the nasopharynx (author's transl)].", "content": "Study of survival amongst a group of 101 patients with epithelial tumours of the nasopharynx treated by cobalt irradiation between 1967 and 1972 indicates the prognostic significance of the following factors: the histological type, extension of the tumour, the degree of lymph node involvement, age and sex. The optimal dose is 1,800 to 2,000 rets NSD and should be modified in the light of these factors, and above all the histological type and the tumour category. Cumulative survival for all cases was 36% at 5 years, with a more favourable prognosis in lympho-epitheliomas in comparison with spindle cell epitheliomas.", "contents": "[Results of treatment of carcinoma of the nasopharynx (author's transl)]. Study of survival amongst a group of 101 patients with epithelial tumours of the nasopharynx treated by cobalt irradiation between 1967 and 1972 indicates the prognostic significance of the following factors: the histological type, extension of the tumour, the degree of lymph node involvement, age and sex. The optimal dose is 1,800 to 2,000 rets NSD and should be modified in the light of these factors, and above all the histological type and the tumour category. Cumulative survival for all cases was 36% at 5 years, with a more favourable prognosis in lympho-epitheliomas in comparison with spindle cell epitheliomas."}
{"id": "PMID:886530", "title": "[The results of cobalt therapy for carcinoma of the larynx (author's transl)].", "content": "The effectiveness of cobalt therapy for carcinoma of the larynx in demonstrated by the results obtained: 53% overall survival at 5 years, with 66% for carcinomas of the glottis, and 48% for supra-glottal l\u00e9sions. The dose-time ratio used was adapted to the tumor category and to the individual reactivity of the patients, local control being obtained in 100, 87, 65 and 25% for T1, T2, T3 and T4 tumours respectively.", "contents": "[The results of cobalt therapy for carcinoma of the larynx (author's transl)]. The effectiveness of cobalt therapy for carcinoma of the larynx in demonstrated by the results obtained: 53% overall survival at 5 years, with 66% for carcinomas of the glottis, and 48% for supra-glottal l\u00e9sions. The dose-time ratio used was adapted to the tumor category and to the individual reactivity of the patients, local control being obtained in 100, 87, 65 and 25% for T1, T2, T3 and T4 tumours respectively."}
{"id": "PMID:886531", "title": "[Application of the Moving Strip Technique of Fletcher in the radiation treatment of primary malignant tumours of the ovary (author's transl)].", "content": "The moving Strip Technique for irradiation of the abdomen perfected by Fletcher and Delclos represents considerable progress in terms of radiotherapy for carcinomas of the ovary by virtue of its simplicity, good tolerance, the homogeneous dose delivered to the entire abdominal cavity and the absence of sequelae. It is possible to deliver a dose of the order of 2.500 rads in 10 days to each abdominal segment, this being equivalent of 3,500 rads in 3,5 weeks. This moderate dose is aimed only at dealing with micronodular invasion and the superimposition of added local doses is required for residual tumour, marked using clips. Of 18 cases treated, including. 15 et stages III and IV, overall survival at 4 years is 52.5%. Two patients at stage III survived for more than 2 years with radiotherapy alone, whilst all at stages I and II are still alive. Have survived for more than two years with radiotherapy alone, whilst all at stages I and II are still alive. From a histological standpoint, the worst group seems to be adenocarcinomas (all dead). Systematic sequential surgery for excision or reduction, chemotherapy to dry out ascites, moving strip irradiation with superimposed doses locally and long term chemotherapy should make it possible to improve the prognostic results of this tumour, for which the outlook remains poor.", "contents": "[Application of the Moving Strip Technique of Fletcher in the radiation treatment of primary malignant tumours of the ovary (author's transl)]. The moving Strip Technique for irradiation of the abdomen perfected by Fletcher and Delclos represents considerable progress in terms of radiotherapy for carcinomas of the ovary by virtue of its simplicity, good tolerance, the homogeneous dose delivered to the entire abdominal cavity and the absence of sequelae. It is possible to deliver a dose of the order of 2.500 rads in 10 days to each abdominal segment, this being equivalent of 3,500 rads in 3,5 weeks. This moderate dose is aimed only at dealing with micronodular invasion and the superimposition of added local doses is required for residual tumour, marked using clips. Of 18 cases treated, including. 15 et stages III and IV, overall survival at 4 years is 52.5%. Two patients at stage III survived for more than 2 years with radiotherapy alone, whilst all at stages I and II are still alive. Have survived for more than two years with radiotherapy alone, whilst all at stages I and II are still alive. From a histological standpoint, the worst group seems to be adenocarcinomas (all dead). Systematic sequential surgery for excision or reduction, chemotherapy to dry out ascites, moving strip irradiation with superimposed doses locally and long term chemotherapy should make it possible to improve the prognostic results of this tumour, for which the outlook remains poor."}
{"id": "PMID:886532", "title": "[Proposals for common definitions of reference points in gynecological brachytherapy (author's transl)].", "content": "In May 1975 the report of European Curietherapy Group recommended in gynecological Dosimetry by computer. Use of reference points = lymphatic trapezoid figure with 6 points, Pelvic wall, all points are refering to bony structures. Use of critical organ reference points = maximum rectum dose, bladder dose mean rectal dose. Use of 6,000 rads reference isodose described by height, width, and thickness dimensions. These proposals are the basis of a common language in gynecological brachytherapy.", "contents": "[Proposals for common definitions of reference points in gynecological brachytherapy (author's transl)]. In May 1975 the report of European Curietherapy Group recommended in gynecological Dosimetry by computer. Use of reference points = lymphatic trapezoid figure with 6 points, Pelvic wall, all points are refering to bony structures. Use of critical organ reference points = maximum rectum dose, bladder dose mean rectal dose. Use of 6,000 rads reference isodose described by height, width, and thickness dimensions. These proposals are the basis of a common language in gynecological brachytherapy."}
{"id": "PMID:886534", "title": "[Evolution of the dosimetric criteria of the curietherapy in carcinoma of uterine cervix (author's transl)].", "content": "The difficulties which arise when comparing the different therapeutic attitudes concerning the treatment in the curable stages of cancer of the uterine cervix have led us to the formation of dosimetric criteria to be employed in the analysis of the intracavity therapy. We have established points of reference which can be utilized irregardless of the intracavitary technique therapy. We have established points of reference which can be utilized irregardless of the intracavitary technique employed. Furthermore, we have analysed those patients who have received the same dose of external irradiation in an effort to establish as the only variable the intracavitary treatment. Forty patients, receiving 4,000 rads tumor dose in 4 weeks, were reviewed and demonstrated a correlation between the reference volume of the intracavitary treatment (as defined by the three dimensions W, H, T) and eventual complications (4 cases of Rectitis 1). We now feel that with the utilisation of these dosimetric criteria we will be able to: minimize the risk of complication without augmenting the indicence of local-regional failures; facilitate the objective comparison of the efficacity of the different intracavitary techniques presently employed at the major treatment centers.", "contents": "[Evolution of the dosimetric criteria of the curietherapy in carcinoma of uterine cervix (author's transl)]. The difficulties which arise when comparing the different therapeutic attitudes concerning the treatment in the curable stages of cancer of the uterine cervix have led us to the formation of dosimetric criteria to be employed in the analysis of the intracavity therapy. We have established points of reference which can be utilized irregardless of the intracavitary technique therapy. We have established points of reference which can be utilized irregardless of the intracavitary technique employed. Furthermore, we have analysed those patients who have received the same dose of external irradiation in an effort to establish as the only variable the intracavitary treatment. Forty patients, receiving 4,000 rads tumor dose in 4 weeks, were reviewed and demonstrated a correlation between the reference volume of the intracavitary treatment (as defined by the three dimensions W, H, T) and eventual complications (4 cases of Rectitis 1). We now feel that with the utilisation of these dosimetric criteria we will be able to: minimize the risk of complication without augmenting the indicence of local-regional failures; facilitate the objective comparison of the efficacity of the different intracavitary techniques presently employed at the major treatment centers."}
{"id": "PMID:886535", "title": "[The practical application of computer dosimetry in gynaecological radiotherapy. 1,200 cases studied between 1968 and 1976 of the Gustave-Roussy institute (author's transl)].", "content": "Experience gained since 1970 by the study of 1,200 cases in which computerised dosimetry was used has led to the proposition of a reliable and useful method. The results are expressed per 24 hours of exposure in numerical form with regard to reference points, as well as in the form of drawn isodose curves in three different planes of reference: sagittal, frontal oblique by sources and frontal oblique passing by the plane of pelvic lymphatics. The authers recall the definition of reference points: bladder, rectum and pelvic walls. Using three typical examples, the aid provided by dosimetry is described. The concept of a \"radiotherapy identity card\" as a means of expressing the dose given is discussed. Comparison between dosimetric results and the results of treatment is encouraging in terms of the continued and fore general use of the method.", "contents": "[The practical application of computer dosimetry in gynaecological radiotherapy. 1,200 cases studied between 1968 and 1976 of the Gustave-Roussy institute (author's transl)]. Experience gained since 1970 by the study of 1,200 cases in which computerised dosimetry was used has led to the proposition of a reliable and useful method. The results are expressed per 24 hours of exposure in numerical form with regard to reference points, as well as in the form of drawn isodose curves in three different planes of reference: sagittal, frontal oblique by sources and frontal oblique passing by the plane of pelvic lymphatics. The authers recall the definition of reference points: bladder, rectum and pelvic walls. Using three typical examples, the aid provided by dosimetry is described. The concept of a \"radiotherapy identity card\" as a means of expressing the dose given is discussed. Comparison between dosimetric results and the results of treatment is encouraging in terms of the continued and fore general use of the method."}
{"id": "PMID:886536", "title": "[Technique for intracavitary radiotherapy using an iridium 192 wire (\"umbrella\") in the treatment of adenocarcinoma of the body of the uterus (author's transl)].", "content": "The description of an intrauterine device for the application of local radiotherapy in non-radioactive preparation. The device consists of polyethylene tubes froming two perpendicular loops joined and fixed and their topmost point by ligature. A traction wire is used to open these loops, therby obtaining a cuboid target-volume from four radioactive lines. Dosimetry for this technique (known as \"umbrella\") may be obtained using a computerised programme.", "contents": "[Technique for intracavitary radiotherapy using an iridium 192 wire (\"umbrella\") in the treatment of adenocarcinoma of the body of the uterus (author's transl)]. The description of an intrauterine device for the application of local radiotherapy in non-radioactive preparation. The device consists of polyethylene tubes froming two perpendicular loops joined and fixed and their topmost point by ligature. A traction wire is used to open these loops, therby obtaining a cuboid target-volume from four radioactive lines. Dosimetry for this technique (known as \"umbrella\") may be obtained using a computerised programme."}
{"id": "PMID:886537", "title": "[Endocurietherapy for carcinoma of the penis (author's transl)].", "content": "46 cases of epithelioma of the penis treated by endocurietherapy (Iridium 192) are analysed, with a minimum follow up to of 5 years. The local results appear to be excellent for small lesions, of the order of 20 mm, with only 2 recurrences out of 14 cases. With a slight potential of lymphatic spread, 12 of the patients are apparently cured. The organ has been preserved in perfect functional state. More extensive lesions, but less than 40 mm in size, have a less satisfactory prognosis by virtue of more frequent lymph node spread, difficult to control, and their general course. However local results remain quite respectable, despite 5 recurrences out of 25 cases, 3 of which were easily \"salvaged\" by surgery. 12 of these patients are apparently cured and in 9 the organ has been preserved in satisfactory functional condition. By contrast, massive forms, larger than 40 mm, recur or necrose and thus represent a poor indication for curietherapy. In conclusion it may be said that endocurietherapy for carcinoma of the penis, by virtue of a technique rendered opitmal by accurate prior dosimetry, is certainly an excellent therapeutic option for all small or moderately extensive lesions, avoiding mutilation. The presence of lymph node involvement has an unfavourable influence on prognosis.", "contents": "[Endocurietherapy for carcinoma of the penis (author's transl)]. 46 cases of epithelioma of the penis treated by endocurietherapy (Iridium 192) are analysed, with a minimum follow up to of 5 years. The local results appear to be excellent for small lesions, of the order of 20 mm, with only 2 recurrences out of 14 cases. With a slight potential of lymphatic spread, 12 of the patients are apparently cured. The organ has been preserved in perfect functional state. More extensive lesions, but less than 40 mm in size, have a less satisfactory prognosis by virtue of more frequent lymph node spread, difficult to control, and their general course. However local results remain quite respectable, despite 5 recurrences out of 25 cases, 3 of which were easily \"salvaged\" by surgery. 12 of these patients are apparently cured and in 9 the organ has been preserved in satisfactory functional condition. By contrast, massive forms, larger than 40 mm, recur or necrose and thus represent a poor indication for curietherapy. In conclusion it may be said that endocurietherapy for carcinoma of the penis, by virtue of a technique rendered opitmal by accurate prior dosimetry, is certainly an excellent therapeutic option for all small or moderately extensive lesions, avoiding mutilation. The presence of lymph node involvement has an unfavourable influence on prognosis."}
{"id": "PMID:886549", "title": "Longterm evaluation of intermittent levamisole treatment in rheumatoid arthritis.", "content": "Twenty-one patients with rheumatoid arthritis were treated discontinuously with levamisole overa prolonged period (150 mg/day, four days per week). Disease activity was completely suppressed or markedly improved in 18 patients, while three patients showed no improvement. Overall, a statistically significant improvement was recorded after six months in morning stiffness, Ritchie index, grip strength, and sedimentation rate. After 12 months treatment, the morning stiffness, Ritchie index, grip strength, and sedimentation rate were still significantly improved. After 18 months treatment, only the morning stiffness was still improved as compared to the initial evaluation. Improvement in the other indices was no longer significant. The beneficial effect of levamisole therapy occurred slowly, reaching a maximum after six months. Similar improvement was observed in patients with advanced disease as in the early stages. Intermittent levamisole administration would appear to be as effective as continuous treatment. While minor side effects occurred just as frequently as with continuous administration, the discontinuous treatment used in this study was free of serious side reactions.", "contents": "Longterm evaluation of intermittent levamisole treatment in rheumatoid arthritis. Twenty-one patients with rheumatoid arthritis were treated discontinuously with levamisole overa prolonged period (150 mg/day, four days per week). Disease activity was completely suppressed or markedly improved in 18 patients, while three patients showed no improvement. Overall, a statistically significant improvement was recorded after six months in morning stiffness, Ritchie index, grip strength, and sedimentation rate. After 12 months treatment, the morning stiffness, Ritchie index, grip strength, and sedimentation rate were still significantly improved. After 18 months treatment, only the morning stiffness was still improved as compared to the initial evaluation. Improvement in the other indices was no longer significant. The beneficial effect of levamisole therapy occurred slowly, reaching a maximum after six months. Similar improvement was observed in patients with advanced disease as in the early stages. Intermittent levamisole administration would appear to be as effective as continuous treatment. While minor side effects occurred just as frequently as with continuous administration, the discontinuous treatment used in this study was free of serious side reactions."}
{"id": "PMID:886550", "title": "Adult sexuality and juvenile rheumatoid arthritis.", "content": "Fifty-eight adults, 37 females and 21 males, were examined and interviewed in a follow-up study, an average of 14.5 years from the onset of juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. Sexual activities of 52 patients were found similar to their peers in the general population. Thirty-eight per cent expressed a need for sexual counselling. Activity of disease rather than severity of joint deformity was found to be the more inhibiting factor in sexual activity. Sexual counselling can help to combat some of these limitations. Sexual counselling should be an integral part of the total treatment provided these patients.", "contents": "Adult sexuality and juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. Fifty-eight adults, 37 females and 21 males, were examined and interviewed in a follow-up study, an average of 14.5 years from the onset of juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. Sexual activities of 52 patients were found similar to their peers in the general population. Thirty-eight per cent expressed a need for sexual counselling. Activity of disease rather than severity of joint deformity was found to be the more inhibiting factor in sexual activity. Sexual counselling can help to combat some of these limitations. Sexual counselling should be an integral part of the total treatment provided these patients."}
{"id": "PMID:886551", "title": "Antirheumatic drugs, the ESR, and the hypohistidinemia of rheumatoid arthritis.", "content": "The longterm administration of prednisone and gold to patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA), in doses that decreased the sedimentation rate (p less than 0.05), did not alter the serum histidine concentration (p greater than 0.5). In patients with RA receiving various combinations of aspirin, prednisone, and gold, the regression lines relating the serum histidine concentrations to the sedimentation rates had similar slopes but different elevations compared to patients receiving no anti-inflammatory drugs. In the patients receiving anti-inflammatory drugs, the regression lines were displaced so that in patients with similar serum histidine concentrations, the stronger the antirheumatic therapy, the less abnormal the sedimentation rate. These observations are consistent with the hypothesis that hypohistidinemia contributes to the pathogenesis of RA.", "contents": "Antirheumatic drugs, the ESR, and the hypohistidinemia of rheumatoid arthritis. The longterm administration of prednisone and gold to patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA), in doses that decreased the sedimentation rate (p less than 0.05), did not alter the serum histidine concentration (p greater than 0.5). In patients with RA receiving various combinations of aspirin, prednisone, and gold, the regression lines relating the serum histidine concentrations to the sedimentation rates had similar slopes but different elevations compared to patients receiving no anti-inflammatory drugs. In the patients receiving anti-inflammatory drugs, the regression lines were displaced so that in patients with similar serum histidine concentrations, the stronger the antirheumatic therapy, the less abnormal the sedimentation rate. These observations are consistent with the hypothesis that hypohistidinemia contributes to the pathogenesis of RA."}
{"id": "PMID:886552", "title": "Scleroderma with intestinal involvement: fatal in two of a kindred.", "content": "The unusual occurrence is reported of scleroderma with intestinal involvement in a 59 year old women and her 19 year old nephew. Both died from causes related to this bowel disease.", "contents": "Scleroderma with intestinal involvement: fatal in two of a kindred. The unusual occurrence is reported of scleroderma with intestinal involvement in a 59 year old women and her 19 year old nephew. Both died from causes related to this bowel disease."}
{"id": "PMID:886553", "title": "Familial CRST syndrome with sicca complex.", "content": "Two patients, a mother and daughter, each with the CRST syndrome, developed Sj\u00f6gren's syndrome. Both patients had mitochondrial antibodies, smooth muscle antibodies, and a raised serum IgM without clinical evidence of liver disease. This family constitutes the first record of the familial coexistence of the CRST syndrome with Sj\u00f6gren's syndrome, and the second evidence of vertical inheritance of scleroderma. It is suggested that patients with the CRST syndrome be studied for Sj\u00f6gren's syndrome and for autoimmune liver disease.", "contents": "Familial CRST syndrome with sicca complex. Two patients, a mother and daughter, each with the CRST syndrome, developed Sj\u00f6gren's syndrome. Both patients had mitochondrial antibodies, smooth muscle antibodies, and a raised serum IgM without clinical evidence of liver disease. This family constitutes the first record of the familial coexistence of the CRST syndrome with Sj\u00f6gren's syndrome, and the second evidence of vertical inheritance of scleroderma. It is suggested that patients with the CRST syndrome be studied for Sj\u00f6gren's syndrome and for autoimmune liver disease."}
{"id": "PMID:886554", "title": "Synovial reaction caused by adjacent malignant tumors: anatomicopathological study of three cases.", "content": "Three patients are described, each having a malignant bone tumor associated with inflammatory episodes in the adjacent joint. Two of these were sarcomas of the lower end of the femur, and one a metastatic carcinoma in the distal end of the radius. Histologically, the synovium exhibited moderate and non-specific signs of inflammation near the malignant tissue. These cases illustrate the possibility of diagnostic error, either clinically or on microscopic examination of small specimens, especially in punch biopsies.", "contents": "Synovial reaction caused by adjacent malignant tumors: anatomicopathological study of three cases. Three patients are described, each having a malignant bone tumor associated with inflammatory episodes in the adjacent joint. Two of these were sarcomas of the lower end of the femur, and one a metastatic carcinoma in the distal end of the radius. Histologically, the synovium exhibited moderate and non-specific signs of inflammation near the malignant tissue. These cases illustrate the possibility of diagnostic error, either clinically or on microscopic examination of small specimens, especially in punch biopsies."}
{"id": "PMID:886555", "title": "Aseptic necrosis of head of femur: presenting manifestation in Cushing's disease.", "content": "Aseptic necrosis of bone is a known complication of corticosteroid therapy. We report a case of aseptic necrosis of the femoral head as a presenting symptom of Cushing's disease. The case demonstrates that endogenous steroids, like exogenous steroids, may bear the same relationship to the pathogenesis of aseptic necrosis of bone. It also indicates that Cushing's disease must be considered in every case of so-called idiopathic aseptic necrosis of bone.", "contents": "Aseptic necrosis of head of femur: presenting manifestation in Cushing's disease. Aseptic necrosis of bone is a known complication of corticosteroid therapy. We report a case of aseptic necrosis of the femoral head as a presenting symptom of Cushing's disease. The case demonstrates that endogenous steroids, like exogenous steroids, may bear the same relationship to the pathogenesis of aseptic necrosis of bone. It also indicates that Cushing's disease must be considered in every case of so-called idiopathic aseptic necrosis of bone."}
{"id": "PMID:886556", "title": "Renal urate excretion in five cases of hypouricemia with an isolated renal defect of urate transport.", "content": "Renal urate excretion was studied in two familial, one suspected familial, and two isolated cases of hypouricemia due to a renal defect. All had very low plasma urate concentrations. In four cases, the urate clearances were approximately the same as the creatinine clearances, and in one case reduced to about one-third. In all cases the urate clearances were minimally diminished by both pyrazinamide and probenecid. This renal response to the drugs is probably due to and isolated tubular defect in the reabsorptive transport mechanism of urate. Following intravenous administration of uric acid, one patient excreted uric acid in the urine more rapidly than a normal subject. In this patient, uric acid secretion from renal tubules was clearly demonstrated during infusion of uric acid. In de novo synthesis of purine, no definite abnormalities were found by incorporation of glycine-15N to uric acid.", "contents": "Renal urate excretion in five cases of hypouricemia with an isolated renal defect of urate transport. Renal urate excretion was studied in two familial, one suspected familial, and two isolated cases of hypouricemia due to a renal defect. All had very low plasma urate concentrations. In four cases, the urate clearances were approximately the same as the creatinine clearances, and in one case reduced to about one-third. In all cases the urate clearances were minimally diminished by both pyrazinamide and probenecid. This renal response to the drugs is probably due to and isolated tubular defect in the reabsorptive transport mechanism of urate. Following intravenous administration of uric acid, one patient excreted uric acid in the urine more rapidly than a normal subject. In this patient, uric acid secretion from renal tubules was clearly demonstrated during infusion of uric acid. In de novo synthesis of purine, no definite abnormalities were found by incorporation of glycine-15N to uric acid."}
{"id": "PMID:886557", "title": "Family study of Reiter's disease and HLA B27 distribution.", "content": "Starting from index patients with confirmed Reiter's disease, a clinical and immunogenetic study was performed on 12 families in which there were further cases of arthritis. Altogether 51 family members were investigated and some information was available on 15 additional members. In most families there were two or three affected members in addition to the proband. The manifestations included acute polyarthritis (16 cases), which frequently followed urethritis or occurred as a complication of Yersinia or Shigella infection, and chronic arthritis (9 cases), either ankylosing spondylitis or peripheral arthritis. The latter characteristically had a remitting course, affecting mainly the large joints. Not a single subject had sero-positive rheumatoid arthritis. The HLA B27 gene was detected in all 12 families, and served as the main indicator of the familial trait for developing arthritis. In individual patients however, the association was not especially close, since there were members with this antigen who did not have arthritis in spite of a seemingly adequate triggering stimulus and others who had arthritis but not the antigen.", "contents": "Family study of Reiter's disease and HLA B27 distribution. Starting from index patients with confirmed Reiter's disease, a clinical and immunogenetic study was performed on 12 families in which there were further cases of arthritis. Altogether 51 family members were investigated and some information was available on 15 additional members. In most families there were two or three affected members in addition to the proband. The manifestations included acute polyarthritis (16 cases), which frequently followed urethritis or occurred as a complication of Yersinia or Shigella infection, and chronic arthritis (9 cases), either ankylosing spondylitis or peripheral arthritis. The latter characteristically had a remitting course, affecting mainly the large joints. Not a single subject had sero-positive rheumatoid arthritis. The HLA B27 gene was detected in all 12 families, and served as the main indicator of the familial trait for developing arthritis. In individual patients however, the association was not especially close, since there were members with this antigen who did not have arthritis in spite of a seemingly adequate triggering stimulus and others who had arthritis but not the antigen."}
{"id": "PMID:886568", "title": "Faculty tenure in American medical schools.", "content": "Advantages and disadvantages of academic tenure for clinical faculties, including an appraisal of its financial burdens, the utility of modified or alternative systems, and the issue of abolition of tenure, were examined through a questionnaire to which deans and faculty representatives of 106 American medical schools responded during 1975-76. Tenure is valued by most deans and faculty members. A flexible tenure policy permitting appointment of some faculty members to senior academic posts without tenure was endorsed by the deans of 10 selected medical schools who were interviewed. Growth of medical faculties is decelerating; a steady state has not been attained but is imminent. Financial pressures and demands for change will increasingly challenge the tenure system.", "contents": "Faculty tenure in American medical schools. Advantages and disadvantages of academic tenure for clinical faculties, including an appraisal of its financial burdens, the utility of modified or alternative systems, and the issue of abolition of tenure, were examined through a questionnaire to which deans and faculty representatives of 106 American medical schools responded during 1975-76. Tenure is valued by most deans and faculty members. A flexible tenure policy permitting appointment of some faculty members to senior academic posts without tenure was endorsed by the deans of 10 selected medical schools who were interviewed. Growth of medical faculties is decelerating; a steady state has not been attained but is imminent. Financial pressures and demands for change will increasingly challenge the tenure system."}
{"id": "PMID:886569", "title": "Can AHES really influence the distribution of physicians?", "content": "In this report the author considers the potential of the \"Area Health Education System\" (AHES) to influence physician distribution, as reflected by a \"core\" surgical experience in a remote site of approximately 20,000 population. Although the long-term effects can only be theorized, the effectiveness of the undergraduate education process in a first-exposure situation discloses only slight advantage as measured on written examination for the student who remains in the university setting. Moreover, some favorable attitudinal alterations were noted among participants in AHES.", "contents": "Can AHES really influence the distribution of physicians? In this report the author considers the potential of the \"Area Health Education System\" (AHES) to influence physician distribution, as reflected by a \"core\" surgical experience in a remote site of approximately 20,000 population. Although the long-term effects can only be theorized, the effectiveness of the undergraduate education process in a first-exposure situation discloses only slight advantage as measured on written examination for the student who remains in the university setting. Moreover, some favorable attitudinal alterations were noted among participants in AHES."}
{"id": "PMID:886570", "title": "Toward an holistic education in pathology and medicine.", "content": "In an attempt to answer the criticism that medical education does not adequately prepare the student for his future profession, the basic course in pathology in the medical faculty of the Erasmus University in Rotterdam has been organized along the lines of Rogers' \"student-centered teaching\" (1), Mursell's \"individualization in social learning situations\" (2), and Brown's \"confluent education\" (3). These organizational factors, combined with a definition of pathology that is broader than the one tradionally given in that it includes the study of psychological, sociological, economic, and political factors related to the etiology of somatic disorders, result in a course that forms the basis of an education in \"humanistic medicine.\" The basic principles in this approach are summarized, and a description of the course, with special attention to the application of confluent education in the medical setting, is given.", "contents": "Toward an holistic education in pathology and medicine. In an attempt to answer the criticism that medical education does not adequately prepare the student for his future profession, the basic course in pathology in the medical faculty of the Erasmus University in Rotterdam has been organized along the lines of Rogers' \"student-centered teaching\" (1), Mursell's \"individualization in social learning situations\" (2), and Brown's \"confluent education\" (3). These organizational factors, combined with a definition of pathology that is broader than the one tradionally given in that it includes the study of psychological, sociological, economic, and political factors related to the etiology of somatic disorders, result in a course that forms the basis of an education in \"humanistic medicine.\" The basic principles in this approach are summarized, and a description of the course, with special attention to the application of confluent education in the medical setting, is given."}
{"id": "PMID:886571", "title": "The integration of nutrition education in the basic biomedical sciences.", "content": "At the Center for Biomedical Education at the City University of New York, nutrition is integrated into the chemistry-biochemistry sequence of a six-year B.S.-M.D. program. Students perform an actual analysis of a sample of their own food, learning a number of basic techniques and concepts. At the same time they carry on experiments with rats on diets similar to those used by some people. Those activities are complemented by a dietary survey on themselves and other college students. The fundamentals of nutrition are taught as part of the biochemistry course, while the interpretation of the nutrition survey will be conducted in the course titled Health, Medicine and Society, in which students become acquainted with health problems in the community they will serve as general practitioners.", "contents": "The integration of nutrition education in the basic biomedical sciences. At the Center for Biomedical Education at the City University of New York, nutrition is integrated into the chemistry-biochemistry sequence of a six-year B.S.-M.D. program. Students perform an actual analysis of a sample of their own food, learning a number of basic techniques and concepts. At the same time they carry on experiments with rats on diets similar to those used by some people. Those activities are complemented by a dietary survey on themselves and other college students. The fundamentals of nutrition are taught as part of the biochemistry course, while the interpretation of the nutrition survey will be conducted in the course titled Health, Medicine and Society, in which students become acquainted with health problems in the community they will serve as general practitioners."}
{"id": "PMID:886572", "title": "A comparison of the clinical performance of students in three-and four-year curricula.", "content": "The purpose of this paper is to report the clinical performance of medical students prepared in three-and four-year curricula. The students were evaluated in five categories: fund of knowledge, medical skills, problem-solving, professional standards, and reliability. The examination of the National Board of Medical Examiners were administered in three of the clinical clerkships. The results indicate that the students performed equally well in most areas, and little difference in clinical performance could be demonstrated between the groups.", "contents": "A comparison of the clinical performance of students in three-and four-year curricula. The purpose of this paper is to report the clinical performance of medical students prepared in three-and four-year curricula. The students were evaluated in five categories: fund of knowledge, medical skills, problem-solving, professional standards, and reliability. The examination of the National Board of Medical Examiners were administered in three of the clinical clerkships. The results indicate that the students performed equally well in most areas, and little difference in clinical performance could be demonstrated between the groups."}
{"id": "PMID:886573", "title": "Objectives of psychiatric education in a primary care curriculum.", "content": "This paper gives the rationale, background, and outline of psychiatric curriculum development in the education of the primary care physician at one medical school. It is important to clarify the educational objectives, to develop specific teaching techniques to meet the objectives, and to have adequate assessment measures to evaluate the objectives and techniques. Additionally, it is necessary for an ongoing committee to continue to monitor and adjust the program as the assessment requires. The value of the program has been educational clarity, the development of a high esprit de corp among the faculty, student acceptance, and integration of psychiatry into the total medical school curriculum.", "contents": "Objectives of psychiatric education in a primary care curriculum. This paper gives the rationale, background, and outline of psychiatric curriculum development in the education of the primary care physician at one medical school. It is important to clarify the educational objectives, to develop specific teaching techniques to meet the objectives, and to have adequate assessment measures to evaluate the objectives and techniques. Additionally, it is necessary for an ongoing committee to continue to monitor and adjust the program as the assessment requires. The value of the program has been educational clarity, the development of a high esprit de corp among the faculty, student acceptance, and integration of psychiatry into the total medical school curriculum."}
{"id": "PMID:886574", "title": "The use of student ratings in multiinstructor courses.", "content": "In this study the authors examined the efficacy of using student ratings of teaching effectiveness in multiinstructor courses. Specific issues addressed included student ability to identify differences in faculty teaching effectiveness, the consistency of student rating obtained immediately following each lecture with those obtained at the conclusion of the course, and the relationship between individual faculty ratings and overall course ratings. A random sample of students rated each of 14 lectures in a psychopathology course using a 13-item rating scale immediately after each lecture and again at the end of the course. Results indicated that differences in faculty teaching effectiveness are measurable, ratings of individual faculty are relatively stable over over time, and rating of individual faculty are separable from those of the course as a whole. Implications of this research for use of student ratings are also discussed.", "contents": "The use of student ratings in multiinstructor courses. In this study the authors examined the efficacy of using student ratings of teaching effectiveness in multiinstructor courses. Specific issues addressed included student ability to identify differences in faculty teaching effectiveness, the consistency of student rating obtained immediately following each lecture with those obtained at the conclusion of the course, and the relationship between individual faculty ratings and overall course ratings. A random sample of students rated each of 14 lectures in a psychopathology course using a 13-item rating scale immediately after each lecture and again at the end of the course. Results indicated that differences in faculty teaching effectiveness are measurable, ratings of individual faculty are relatively stable over over time, and rating of individual faculty are separable from those of the course as a whole. Implications of this research for use of student ratings are also discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:886584", "title": "Study of U.S. medical school applicants, 1975-76.", "content": "This annual descriptive study provides statistics on the demographic and background characteristics, academic ability, and career plans of applicants to the 1975--76 first-year class. Comparisons with the preceding year's applicant pool, traditionally the focus of the applicant study series, show a slight decline in the size of the pool, a continued increase in the number of women applicants and acceptees, and a slightly higher acceptance rate for all applicants. The study has been expanded by reinstating data on the socioeconomic background of applicants and by providing general summaries on topics such as career plan preferences of applicants. New to the series is an analysis of \"in-phase\" applicants, that is, undergraduate college seniors applying to medical school for the first time. The conclusion outlines those activities of the Association of American Medical Colleges over the past year that are related to the medical school admissions process.", "contents": "Study of U.S. medical school applicants, 1975-76. This annual descriptive study provides statistics on the demographic and background characteristics, academic ability, and career plans of applicants to the 1975--76 first-year class. Comparisons with the preceding year's applicant pool, traditionally the focus of the applicant study series, show a slight decline in the size of the pool, a continued increase in the number of women applicants and acceptees, and a slightly higher acceptance rate for all applicants. The study has been expanded by reinstating data on the socioeconomic background of applicants and by providing general summaries on topics such as career plan preferences of applicants. New to the series is an analysis of \"in-phase\" applicants, that is, undergraduate college seniors applying to medical school for the first time. The conclusion outlines those activities of the Association of American Medical Colleges over the past year that are related to the medical school admissions process."}
{"id": "PMID:886585", "title": "Minority admissions to medical schools: problems and opportunities.", "content": "The Congress and the Association of American Medical Colleges have the common objective of ensuring that all Americans will enjoy a high level of medical care. In furtherance of that objective, an AAMC task force in 1970 recommended that representation of minority groups in M.D. programs be increased from 2.8 percent (the level at that time) to 12 percent by 1975--76. While the goal was not realized, substantial progress has been made. Yet formidable barriers remain for many minority students who want to enter the health professions. Perhaps the greatest barrier consists of the subtle discriminatory pressures that manifest themselves in all institutions of the country. Today the phrase \"reverse discrimination\" poses a new political obstacle to the elimination of such pressures. And a series of court decisions has begun to erode the special admissions programs that are attempting to open up professional schools to members of minority groups.", "contents": "Minority admissions to medical schools: problems and opportunities. The Congress and the Association of American Medical Colleges have the common objective of ensuring that all Americans will enjoy a high level of medical care. In furtherance of that objective, an AAMC task force in 1970 recommended that representation of minority groups in M.D. programs be increased from 2.8 percent (the level at that time) to 12 percent by 1975--76. While the goal was not realized, substantial progress has been made. Yet formidable barriers remain for many minority students who want to enter the health professions. Perhaps the greatest barrier consists of the subtle discriminatory pressures that manifest themselves in all institutions of the country. Today the phrase \"reverse discrimination\" poses a new political obstacle to the elimination of such pressures. And a series of court decisions has begun to erode the special admissions programs that are attempting to open up professional schools to members of minority groups."}
{"id": "PMID:886586", "title": "A method for assuring continuity of care in residency training experience.", "content": "A system of patient handling was devised at the University of Virginia to assure continuity of care in a residency training primary care setting. All unscheduled primary care patients as well as walk-in patients making their third visit were seen in the Attending Clinic to assure a proper disposition. The system was studied for one month. Data on the utilization of the system and its usefulness in maintaining continuity are presented. The Attending Clinic is a helpful tool in a teaching medical practice for provision of continuity of care and for systematically introducing patients into the primary care practice.", "contents": "A method for assuring continuity of care in residency training experience. A system of patient handling was devised at the University of Virginia to assure continuity of care in a residency training primary care setting. All unscheduled primary care patients as well as walk-in patients making their third visit were seen in the Attending Clinic to assure a proper disposition. The system was studied for one month. Data on the utilization of the system and its usefulness in maintaining continuity are presented. The Attending Clinic is a helpful tool in a teaching medical practice for provision of continuity of care and for systematically introducing patients into the primary care practice."}
{"id": "PMID:886587", "title": "Continuing education in the community hospital: an interprofessional approach.", "content": "The need for continuing medical education has been growing over the past decade but is largely unmet by, and within, most community hospitals. In this paper the author outlines the development of a systematic, interprofessional, self-directed approach to postgraduate education with a local community hospital. Also described is the format followed in assessing educational needs, evaluating resources, and initiating appropriate and necessary programs. Although care must be taken to avoid too much interdisciplinary involvement solely for the sake of the concept itself, the interprofessional model would appear to meet most educational needs, both individually and collectively, at the community hospital level.", "contents": "Continuing education in the community hospital: an interprofessional approach. The need for continuing medical education has been growing over the past decade but is largely unmet by, and within, most community hospitals. In this paper the author outlines the development of a systematic, interprofessional, self-directed approach to postgraduate education with a local community hospital. Also described is the format followed in assessing educational needs, evaluating resources, and initiating appropriate and necessary programs. Although care must be taken to avoid too much interdisciplinary involvement solely for the sake of the concept itself, the interprofessional model would appear to meet most educational needs, both individually and collectively, at the community hospital level."}
{"id": "PMID:886588", "title": "Empathy in the doctor-patient relationship: skill training for medical students.", "content": "This empirical study was designed to test the effects of a systematically designed training program intended to help medical students develop empathic responses to patients and to attend not only to disease symptoms but also to the patient as a unique individual with a disease symptom. This training was meant not to enable the student to conduct a complete medical interview but to facilitate initial rapport between the student and his patient. The subjects in this study were 43 medical student volunteers, 20 of whom received the training while 23 served as a control group. The experimental group, following training, was found to function at a significantly higher empathy level than the control group. The participants also were significantly more able to attend to the patient with a medical problem, while the control group response remained predominantly an impersonal discussion of the medical problem only.", "contents": "Empathy in the doctor-patient relationship: skill training for medical students. This empirical study was designed to test the effects of a systematically designed training program intended to help medical students develop empathic responses to patients and to attend not only to disease symptoms but also to the patient as a unique individual with a disease symptom. This training was meant not to enable the student to conduct a complete medical interview but to facilitate initial rapport between the student and his patient. The subjects in this study were 43 medical student volunteers, 20 of whom received the training while 23 served as a control group. The experimental group, following training, was found to function at a significantly higher empathy level than the control group. The participants also were significantly more able to attend to the patient with a medical problem, while the control group response remained predominantly an impersonal discussion of the medical problem only."}
{"id": "PMID:886595", "title": "The mechanical properties of bone cements.", "content": "The mechanical properties of a number of commercially available bone cements have been investigated. Tests were carried out on specimens in compression, in bending and in tension. Using the compression test as a standard, the effects of the following variables were studied: the addition of antibiotics, strain rate, environmental temperature, and age. It was concluded that age, temperature and rate of straining have a marked effect on the strength of the cement, while the addition of small quantities of antibiotics only marginally weakens the cement.", "contents": "The mechanical properties of bone cements. The mechanical properties of a number of commercially available bone cements have been investigated. Tests were carried out on specimens in compression, in bending and in tension. Using the compression test as a standard, the effects of the following variables were studied: the addition of antibiotics, strain rate, environmental temperature, and age. It was concluded that age, temperature and rate of straining have a marked effect on the strength of the cement, while the addition of small quantities of antibiotics only marginally weakens the cement."}
{"id": "PMID:886596", "title": "The biomechanical design of a walking appliance for a paraplegic adult.", "content": "One of the major requirements of the medical consultant treating paraplegic patients is to have them upright for at least a few hours a day associated, if possible with some physical exercise. This paper deals with the construction and operation of an appliance which makes this possible.", "contents": "The biomechanical design of a walking appliance for a paraplegic adult. One of the major requirements of the medical consultant treating paraplegic patients is to have them upright for at least a few hours a day associated, if possible with some physical exercise. This paper deals with the construction and operation of an appliance which makes this possible."}
{"id": "PMID:886597", "title": "A preliminary analysis of the forces in screws in tibial fracture fixation.", "content": "If a fracture of the tibia is incorrectly reduced and a plate fixed across the fracture site, then all of the load during subsequent weight bearing can be considered to be taken by the screws fixing the plate to the bone. An analysis of this extreme situation and determination of the magnitude of the consequent forces on the screws indicate that the screws are in danger of failing due to the shear forces but are in little danger from the tensile forces.", "contents": "A preliminary analysis of the forces in screws in tibial fracture fixation. If a fracture of the tibia is incorrectly reduced and a plate fixed across the fracture site, then all of the load during subsequent weight bearing can be considered to be taken by the screws fixing the plate to the bone. An analysis of this extreme situation and determination of the magnitude of the consequent forces on the screws indicate that the screws are in danger of failing due to the shear forces but are in little danger from the tensile forces."}
{"id": "PMID:886598", "title": "Studies in load carrying in BK amputees with a PTB prosthesis system.", "content": "This study was undertaken to assess the effects of certain common modes of load carrying by hand in the BK amputee-PTB prosthesis system. The energy costs of a test group consisting of BK amputees using PTB prostheses were compared to those of a control group made up of normal able-bodied individuals and the difference between the two groups was observed to be more marked when walking was performed on the level with load in one hand only in comparison with the both-hand carrying conditions. Single handed load carrying by either hand did not seem to make any observable difference. Stair ascending with equal load in both hands did not produce any appreciable difference between the two groups. Indications were obtained that the BK amputee with a PTB prosthesis system is capable of performing industrial tasks of \"moderate\" grade.", "contents": "Studies in load carrying in BK amputees with a PTB prosthesis system. This study was undertaken to assess the effects of certain common modes of load carrying by hand in the BK amputee-PTB prosthesis system. The energy costs of a test group consisting of BK amputees using PTB prostheses were compared to those of a control group made up of normal able-bodied individuals and the difference between the two groups was observed to be more marked when walking was performed on the level with load in one hand only in comparison with the both-hand carrying conditions. Single handed load carrying by either hand did not seem to make any observable difference. Stair ascending with equal load in both hands did not produce any appreciable difference between the two groups. Indications were obtained that the BK amputee with a PTB prosthesis system is capable of performing industrial tasks of \"moderate\" grade."}
{"id": "PMID:886603", "title": "Membrane permeability equations and their solutions for red cells.", "content": "The mathematical equations for the transport of nonelectrolytes across cell membranes are critically examined and cast in forms suitable for solution which involve fewer approximations than has heretofore been commonly done. For the use of red cells, the equations are developed to include the effect of the variation in apparent nonosmotic water owing to the variation in hemoglobin concentration as the cell swells or shrinks. Two methods of solution of the equations are developed and studied and sample calculations are provided. It is shown that the solutions to the linearized equations commonly found in the literature are insufficiently accurate for some purposes and this inaccuracy is avoided by the methods given here. The importance of retaining the effects of variations in apparent nonosmotic water and in solute volume in the cell is demonstrated.", "contents": "Membrane permeability equations and their solutions for red cells. The mathematical equations for the transport of nonelectrolytes across cell membranes are critically examined and cast in forms suitable for solution which involve fewer approximations than has heretofore been commonly done. For the use of red cells, the equations are developed to include the effect of the variation in apparent nonosmotic water owing to the variation in hemoglobin concentration as the cell swells or shrinks. Two methods of solution of the equations are developed and studied and sample calculations are provided. It is shown that the solutions to the linearized equations commonly found in the literature are insufficiently accurate for some purposes and this inaccuracy is avoided by the methods given here. The importance of retaining the effects of variations in apparent nonosmotic water and in solute volume in the cell is demonstrated."}
{"id": "PMID:886605", "title": "Reexamination of carbodiimide as a possible affinity label for the acetylcholine receptor at the frog neuromuscular junction.", "content": "The effects of water-soluble carbodiimide were examined at the frog neuromuscular junction. Acetylcholine sensitivity was measured using a fluid electrode technique and intracellular recording of miniature end-plate potentials. The carbodiimide blocked synaptic sensitivity by a reversible, curare-like action. Irreversible blockade was also observed, probably due to covalent binding. The conditions of reaction and irreversibility suggest that several different residues may be attacked. The inability of cholinergic antagonists to protect the receptor from attack indicates that nonspecific sites, and not the acetylcholine binding site, are involved.", "contents": "Reexamination of carbodiimide as a possible affinity label for the acetylcholine receptor at the frog neuromuscular junction. The effects of water-soluble carbodiimide were examined at the frog neuromuscular junction. Acetylcholine sensitivity was measured using a fluid electrode technique and intracellular recording of miniature end-plate potentials. The carbodiimide blocked synaptic sensitivity by a reversible, curare-like action. Irreversible blockade was also observed, probably due to covalent binding. The conditions of reaction and irreversibility suggest that several different residues may be attacked. The inability of cholinergic antagonists to protect the receptor from attack indicates that nonspecific sites, and not the acetylcholine binding site, are involved."}
{"id": "PMID:886607", "title": "Adenosine stimulation of fluid transport across rabbit corneal endothelium.", "content": "The rate of fluid transport across rabbit corneal endothelium has been measured with an automatic volumetric method. The present resolution of the procedure is 1-3 nanoliters, and intervals of measurement can be made as small as seconds. In the presence of glucose, oxidized glutathione (GSSG), and adenosine, the maximal rates were 6.2+/-1.0 microliter/hr cm2, and 8.2+/-0.8 microliter/hr cm2 if a large portion of the stroma was dissected away. In the presence of glucose and GSSG only, the rates were lower, namely 3.7+/-0.5 microliter/hr cm2. The rates consistently increased or decreased when adenosine was added or deleted, respectively, during given experiments. The stimulation of fluid transport by adenosine was in the order of 40-50%. The results raise the possibility that this transport mechanism might be subject to metabolic control.", "contents": "Adenosine stimulation of fluid transport across rabbit corneal endothelium. The rate of fluid transport across rabbit corneal endothelium has been measured with an automatic volumetric method. The present resolution of the procedure is 1-3 nanoliters, and intervals of measurement can be made as small as seconds. In the presence of glucose, oxidized glutathione (GSSG), and adenosine, the maximal rates were 6.2+/-1.0 microliter/hr cm2, and 8.2+/-0.8 microliter/hr cm2 if a large portion of the stroma was dissected away. In the presence of glucose and GSSG only, the rates were lower, namely 3.7+/-0.5 microliter/hr cm2. The rates consistently increased or decreased when adenosine was added or deleted, respectively, during given experiments. The stimulation of fluid transport by adenosine was in the order of 40-50%. The results raise the possibility that this transport mechanism might be subject to metabolic control."}
{"id": "PMID:886609", "title": "Signal to noise enhancement in dark field electron micrographs of vasopressin: filtering of arrays of images in reciprocal space.", "content": "A technique for filtering arrays of images of dispersed molecules is presented which takes advantage of the crystallographic properties of regular arrays and the rapidity of optical treatment. A filter in reciprocal space consisting of perforations in a square or rectangular lattice, as determined by the image arrrangement, reduces noise and averages the images simultaneously by transmitting only regularly recurring image structure. The filter is universal for all image contents and introduces no additional biases. The signal to noise improvement approaches square root N for N independent images of the same molecule in the same configuration. The procedure which is simple, rapid and inexpensive, is demonstrated with the aid of dark field electron micrographs of the protein vasopressin and combined with iodination of that molecule to elucidate its structure.", "contents": "Signal to noise enhancement in dark field electron micrographs of vasopressin: filtering of arrays of images in reciprocal space. A technique for filtering arrays of images of dispersed molecules is presented which takes advantage of the crystallographic properties of regular arrays and the rapidity of optical treatment. A filter in reciprocal space consisting of perforations in a square or rectangular lattice, as determined by the image arrrangement, reduces noise and averages the images simultaneously by transmitting only regularly recurring image structure. The filter is universal for all image contents and introduces no additional biases. The signal to noise improvement approaches square root N for N independent images of the same molecule in the same configuration. The procedure which is simple, rapid and inexpensive, is demonstrated with the aid of dark field electron micrographs of the protein vasopressin and combined with iodination of that molecule to elucidate its structure."}
{"id": "PMID:886629", "title": "Infidelity of DNA synthesis as related to mutagenesis and carcinogenesis.", "content": "An assay system has been developed for measuring the fidelity of DNA synthesis in vitro by using synthetic polynucleotide templates and purified DNA polymerases. Nearest-neighbor analysis of the synthesized product indicates that noncomplementary nucleotides are incorporated as single base substitutions. The accuracy of DNA synthesis can be decreased by (1) prior alkylation of the template, (2) increasing the relative concentration of incorrect nucleotides, and (3) addition of specific metal salts to the reaction mixture. As an initial evaluation of the utility of this system, the effects of 31 metal salts on the fidelity of DNA synthesis have been determined. The results indicate that potential metal mutagens and/or carcinogens may be detected by measuring alterations in the fidelity of DNA synthesis.", "contents": "Infidelity of DNA synthesis as related to mutagenesis and carcinogenesis. An assay system has been developed for measuring the fidelity of DNA synthesis in vitro by using synthetic polynucleotide templates and purified DNA polymerases. Nearest-neighbor analysis of the synthesized product indicates that noncomplementary nucleotides are incorporated as single base substitutions. The accuracy of DNA synthesis can be decreased by (1) prior alkylation of the template, (2) increasing the relative concentration of incorrect nucleotides, and (3) addition of specific metal salts to the reaction mixture. As an initial evaluation of the utility of this system, the effects of 31 metal salts on the fidelity of DNA synthesis have been determined. The results indicate that potential metal mutagens and/or carcinogens may be detected by measuring alterations in the fidelity of DNA synthesis."}
{"id": "PMID:886630", "title": "Chemical mutation in human lymphoblasts.", "content": "We have developed a facile and reliable assay for mutation by chemicals and other mutagenic agents induced in the hgprt locus of diploid human lymphoblasts. We discuss here the detailed protocol and summarize the experiments, reported elsewhere, in which we tested the method for possible systemic bias. The concentration dependence of mutation for methylnitronitrosoguanidine, methylnitrosourea, ICR-191, and bromodeoxyuridine are also summarized to demonstrate the responsiveness of the new system to alkylating agents, an intercalating agent, and a base analog, respectively.", "contents": "Chemical mutation in human lymphoblasts. We have developed a facile and reliable assay for mutation by chemicals and other mutagenic agents induced in the hgprt locus of diploid human lymphoblasts. We discuss here the detailed protocol and summarize the experiments, reported elsewhere, in which we tested the method for possible systemic bias. The concentration dependence of mutation for methylnitronitrosoguanidine, methylnitrosourea, ICR-191, and bromodeoxyuridine are also summarized to demonstrate the responsiveness of the new system to alkylating agents, an intercalating agent, and a base analog, respectively."}
{"id": "PMID:886631", "title": "Repair replication and sister chromatid exchanges as indicators of excisable and nonexcisable damage in human (xeroderma pigmentosum) cells.", "content": "Alkylating agents cause damage to DNA which can be repaired by exicsion repair (repair replication) and which induces sister chromatid exhcanges (SCEs). During early times after exposure (within 5 hr) normal and xeroderma pigmentosum (XP) cells perform similar amounts of repair replication. At later times (after 20 hr) normal cells have completed repair replication but XP cells continue at a lower rate. This slowly repaired component of alkylation damage appears to be related to the higher frequencies of SCEs induced by alkylating agents in XP cells compared to normal cells. Therefore, whereas repair replication is an indicator of exicsed damage, SCEs may be indicators of unexcised damage and may show better correlations with the potentially mutagenic and carcinogenic effects of exposure to enbironmental agents.", "contents": "Repair replication and sister chromatid exchanges as indicators of excisable and nonexcisable damage in human (xeroderma pigmentosum) cells. Alkylating agents cause damage to DNA which can be repaired by exicsion repair (repair replication) and which induces sister chromatid exhcanges (SCEs). During early times after exposure (within 5 hr) normal and xeroderma pigmentosum (XP) cells perform similar amounts of repair replication. At later times (after 20 hr) normal cells have completed repair replication but XP cells continue at a lower rate. This slowly repaired component of alkylation damage appears to be related to the higher frequencies of SCEs induced by alkylating agents in XP cells compared to normal cells. Therefore, whereas repair replication is an indicator of exicsed damage, SCEs may be indicators of unexcised damage and may show better correlations with the potentially mutagenic and carcinogenic effects of exposure to enbironmental agents."}
{"id": "PMID:886637", "title": "Typhoid perforation.", "content": "Out of 270 cases of enteric fever observed over a period of 5 years there were 30 cases of enteric perforation (11.1%). Their clinical features, mode of presentation and various diagnostic and prognostic parameters have been described. Out of 30 patients, 18 died (60%) and 12 (40%) survived. Various factors regarding conservative and surgical management have been briefly discussed.", "contents": "Typhoid perforation. Out of 270 cases of enteric fever observed over a period of 5 years there were 30 cases of enteric perforation (11.1%). Their clinical features, mode of presentation and various diagnostic and prognostic parameters have been described. Out of 30 patients, 18 died (60%) and 12 (40%) survived. Various factors regarding conservative and surgical management have been briefly discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:886646", "title": "Methyl group analysis of virion-associated high-molecular-weight RNA synthesized in vitro by purified vaccinia virus.", "content": "The methylation pattern of virion-associated high-molecular-weight RNA synthesized in vitro by purified vaccinia virus has been determined. Analysis of purified high-molecular-weight RNA synthesized with S-[methyl-3H]-adenosylmethionine and alpha[32P]UTP as precursors gave the following results. (i) Eessentially all molecules contained blocked and methylated structures of the type m7G(5')ppp(5')Gm and m7G(5')ppp(5')Am. (ii) There was no detectable methylation at internal sites. (iii) Under several different conditions of synthesis, the ratio of molecules containing m7G(5')ppp(5')Gm to those containing m7G(5')ppp(5')Am was imilar for both the virion-associated high-molecular-weight RNA and the virion-released 8-12S mRNA.", "contents": "Methyl group analysis of virion-associated high-molecular-weight RNA synthesized in vitro by purified vaccinia virus. The methylation pattern of virion-associated high-molecular-weight RNA synthesized in vitro by purified vaccinia virus has been determined. Analysis of purified high-molecular-weight RNA synthesized with S-[methyl-3H]-adenosylmethionine and alpha[32P]UTP as precursors gave the following results. (i) Eessentially all molecules contained blocked and methylated structures of the type m7G(5')ppp(5')Gm and m7G(5')ppp(5')Am. (ii) There was no detectable methylation at internal sites. (iii) Under several different conditions of synthesis, the ratio of molecules containing m7G(5')ppp(5')Gm to those containing m7G(5')ppp(5')Am was imilar for both the virion-associated high-molecular-weight RNA and the virion-released 8-12S mRNA."}
{"id": "PMID:886647", "title": "Reovirus-specific enzyme(s) associated with subviral particles responds in vitro to polyribocytidylate to yield double-stranded polyribocytidylate-polyriboguanylate.", "content": "In reovirus-infected cells, virus-specific particles accumulate that have associated with them a polyribocytidylate [poly(C)]-dependent polymerase. This enzyme copies in vitro poly(C) to yield the double-stranded poly(C).polyriboguanylate [poly(G)]. The particles with poly(C)-dependent polymerase were heterogeneous in size, with most sedimenting from 300S to 550S. Exponential increase in these particles began at 23 h, and maximal amounts were present by 31 h, the time of onset of exponential growth of virus at 30 degrees C. Maximal amounts of particles with active transcriptase and replicase were present at 15 and 18 h after infection. Thereafter, there was a marked decrease in particles with active transcriptase and replicase until base line levels were reached at 31 h. Thus, the increase in poly(C)-responding particles occurred coincident with the decrease in particles with active transcriptase and replicase. The requirement for poly(C) as template was specific because no RNA was synthesized in vitro in response to any other homopolymer, including 2'-O-methyl-poly(C). Synthesis was optimal in the presence of Mn(2+) as the divalent cation, and no primer was necessary for synthesis. In contrast, the dinucleotide GpG markedly stimulated synthesis in the presence of 8 mM Mg(2+). The size of the poly(C).poly(G) synthesized in vitro was dependent on the size of the poly(C) used as template. This suggested that the whole template was copied into a complementary strand of similar size. The T(m) of the product was between 100 and 130 degrees C. Hydrolysis of the product labeled in [(32)P]GMP with alkali or RNase T2 yielded GMP as the only labeled mononucleotide. This does indicate that the synthesis of the poly(G) strand in vitro did not proceed by end addition to the poly(C) template, but proceeded on a separate strand.", "contents": "Reovirus-specific enzyme(s) associated with subviral particles responds in vitro to polyribocytidylate to yield double-stranded polyribocytidylate-polyriboguanylate. In reovirus-infected cells, virus-specific particles accumulate that have associated with them a polyribocytidylate [poly(C)]-dependent polymerase. This enzyme copies in vitro poly(C) to yield the double-stranded poly(C).polyriboguanylate [poly(G)]. The particles with poly(C)-dependent polymerase were heterogeneous in size, with most sedimenting from 300S to 550S. Exponential increase in these particles began at 23 h, and maximal amounts were present by 31 h, the time of onset of exponential growth of virus at 30 degrees C. Maximal amounts of particles with active transcriptase and replicase were present at 15 and 18 h after infection. Thereafter, there was a marked decrease in particles with active transcriptase and replicase until base line levels were reached at 31 h. Thus, the increase in poly(C)-responding particles occurred coincident with the decrease in particles with active transcriptase and replicase. The requirement for poly(C) as template was specific because no RNA was synthesized in vitro in response to any other homopolymer, including 2'-O-methyl-poly(C). Synthesis was optimal in the presence of Mn(2+) as the divalent cation, and no primer was necessary for synthesis. In contrast, the dinucleotide GpG markedly stimulated synthesis in the presence of 8 mM Mg(2+). The size of the poly(C).poly(G) synthesized in vitro was dependent on the size of the poly(C) used as template. This suggested that the whole template was copied into a complementary strand of similar size. The T(m) of the product was between 100 and 130 degrees C. Hydrolysis of the product labeled in [(32)P]GMP with alkali or RNase T2 yielded GMP as the only labeled mononucleotide. This does indicate that the synthesis of the poly(G) strand in vitro did not proceed by end addition to the poly(C) template, but proceeded on a separate strand."}
{"id": "PMID:886648", "title": "Carbohydrates of influenza virus. I. Glycopeptides derived from viral glycoproteins after labeling with radioactive sugars.", "content": "The carbohydrate moiety of the influenza glycoproteins NA, HA(1), and HA(2) were analyzed by labeling with radioactive sugars. Analysis of glycopeptides obtained after digestion with Pronase indicated that there are at least two different types of carbohydrate side chains. The side chain of type I is composed of glucosamine, mannose, galactose, and fucose. It is found on NA, HA(1), and HA(2). The side chain of type II contains a high amount of mannose and is found only on NA and HA(2). The molecular weights of the corresponding glycopeptides obtained from virus grown in chicken embryo cells are 2,600 for type I and 2,000 for type II. The glycoproteins of virus grown in MDBK cells have a higher molecular weight than those of virus grown in chicken embryo cells, and there is a corresponding difference in the molecular weights of the glycopeptides. Under conditions of partial inhibition of glycosylation, virus particles were isolated that contained hemagglutinin with reduced carbohydrate content. Glycopeptide analysis indicated that this reduction is due to the lack of whole carbohydrate side chains and not to the incorporation of incomplete ones. This observation suggests that glycosylation of the viral glycoproteins involves en bloc transfer of the core sugars to the polypeptide chains.", "contents": "Carbohydrates of influenza virus. I. Glycopeptides derived from viral glycoproteins after labeling with radioactive sugars. The carbohydrate moiety of the influenza glycoproteins NA, HA(1), and HA(2) were analyzed by labeling with radioactive sugars. Analysis of glycopeptides obtained after digestion with Pronase indicated that there are at least two different types of carbohydrate side chains. The side chain of type I is composed of glucosamine, mannose, galactose, and fucose. It is found on NA, HA(1), and HA(2). The side chain of type II contains a high amount of mannose and is found only on NA and HA(2). The molecular weights of the corresponding glycopeptides obtained from virus grown in chicken embryo cells are 2,600 for type I and 2,000 for type II. The glycoproteins of virus grown in MDBK cells have a higher molecular weight than those of virus grown in chicken embryo cells, and there is a corresponding difference in the molecular weights of the glycopeptides. Under conditions of partial inhibition of glycosylation, virus particles were isolated that contained hemagglutinin with reduced carbohydrate content. Glycopeptide analysis indicated that this reduction is due to the lack of whole carbohydrate side chains and not to the incorporation of incomplete ones. This observation suggests that glycosylation of the viral glycoproteins involves en bloc transfer of the core sugars to the polypeptide chains."}
{"id": "PMID:886649", "title": "Species identification and genome mapping of cytoplasmic adenovirus type 2 RNAs synthesized late in infection.", "content": "Adenovirus type 2 cytoplasmic RNAs synthesized late in productive infection were resolved by electrophoresis on formamide gels. Regions of the adenovirus 2 genome specifying RNAs of distinct size were determined by hybridization to specific DNA fragments generated by cleavage with endo R.EcoRI and endo R.SmaI. From these studies 13 distinct viral RNA species were identified. A 26S to 28S size class and a 21S to 23S size class were each found to consist of four distinct RNA species. Three RNA species were identified in a 16S to 18S size class, and a fourth size class, 11S to 13S, was resolved into two components. The SmaI-D region (0.38 to 0.51 on the unit genome) and the EcoRI-F, D region (0.70 to 0.83) of the genome were found to code for multiple transcripts. Three RNAs (28S, 22S, and 18S) are specified by SmaI-D, and four components, 28S, 22S, 18S, and 16S, are encoded by EcoRI-F,D. The RNA represented by each set of multiple transcripts exceeds the coding capacity of the respective region, and the species within each set of RNAs appear to contain common sequences. The relationship between the cytoplasmic RNA species synthesized at late times and early cytoplasmic RNAs was determined by hybridization-inhibition experiments. The multiple transcripts encoded by the EcoRI-D fragment were found to contain sequences that are present in early cytoplasmic RNA. These studies enabled preparation of a map which accounts for transcription of approximately 67% of the r strand of the adenovirus 2 genome.", "contents": "Species identification and genome mapping of cytoplasmic adenovirus type 2 RNAs synthesized late in infection. Adenovirus type 2 cytoplasmic RNAs synthesized late in productive infection were resolved by electrophoresis on formamide gels. Regions of the adenovirus 2 genome specifying RNAs of distinct size were determined by hybridization to specific DNA fragments generated by cleavage with endo R.EcoRI and endo R.SmaI. From these studies 13 distinct viral RNA species were identified. A 26S to 28S size class and a 21S to 23S size class were each found to consist of four distinct RNA species. Three RNA species were identified in a 16S to 18S size class, and a fourth size class, 11S to 13S, was resolved into two components. The SmaI-D region (0.38 to 0.51 on the unit genome) and the EcoRI-F, D region (0.70 to 0.83) of the genome were found to code for multiple transcripts. Three RNAs (28S, 22S, and 18S) are specified by SmaI-D, and four components, 28S, 22S, 18S, and 16S, are encoded by EcoRI-F,D. The RNA represented by each set of multiple transcripts exceeds the coding capacity of the respective region, and the species within each set of RNAs appear to contain common sequences. The relationship between the cytoplasmic RNA species synthesized at late times and early cytoplasmic RNAs was determined by hybridization-inhibition experiments. The multiple transcripts encoded by the EcoRI-D fragment were found to contain sequences that are present in early cytoplasmic RNA. These studies enabled preparation of a map which accounts for transcription of approximately 67% of the r strand of the adenovirus 2 genome."}
{"id": "PMID:886650", "title": "Persistent infections in L cells with temperature-sensitive mutants of reovirus.", "content": "Serial passage of reovirus temperature-sensitive (ts) mutant C(447) produced by passage 9 (P9) a heavily defective population of virus from which the double-stranded RNA genomic segments L(1), L(3), and M(1) were largely missing. Viral cores obtained from this P9 population were heterogeneous with respect to buoyant density in CsCl gradients, suggesting that particles were present with different combinations of deleted segments. Similar observations were made with the E(320) ts mutant of reovirus. By serial passage P15, 90% of the E(320) viral population was defective and the major missing genomic segments were L(1) and L(3). Persistent infections were readily established in monolayer cultures of L cells with P9 of C(447) virus and P15 of E(320) virus and in Vero cells with P9 of C(447) virus. Under similar conditions persistent infections could not be initiated with defective-free populations of C(447) or E(320) viruses. The greater the capacity of defective virus in the population to interfere with viral growth, the more readily persistent infection was initiated. During their maintenance persistently infected cells were subcultured approximately twice a week. More than 80% of the cells continuously produced virus. By subculture 6 the original ts infectious viral component had been replaced by a small-plaque mutant with a ts(+) phenotype. Defective virus was always present in the carrier cells. In addition to the more commonly observed defectives whose cores banded at approximately rho = 1.40 to 1.415 g/ml in CsCl gradients, a new class of defective core was seen banding in the region of 1.34 to 1.36 g/ml. This latter particle, which has not been thoroughly characterized as yet, is termed \"light defective.\" Persistently infected cells underwent periodic crises during their maintenance, during which the cultures partially lysed and then rapidly grew to confluence. Crises corresponded to a burst of infectious virus from the cells and a relatively low concentration of light defectives. During quiescent periods the concentration of light defectives amounted to as much as 98% of the total viral population. The function of light defectives is not yet clear, but it seems essential to assign major importance to defective virus in maintaining persistent infections in this system.", "contents": "Persistent infections in L cells with temperature-sensitive mutants of reovirus. Serial passage of reovirus temperature-sensitive (ts) mutant C(447) produced by passage 9 (P9) a heavily defective population of virus from which the double-stranded RNA genomic segments L(1), L(3), and M(1) were largely missing. Viral cores obtained from this P9 population were heterogeneous with respect to buoyant density in CsCl gradients, suggesting that particles were present with different combinations of deleted segments. Similar observations were made with the E(320) ts mutant of reovirus. By serial passage P15, 90% of the E(320) viral population was defective and the major missing genomic segments were L(1) and L(3). Persistent infections were readily established in monolayer cultures of L cells with P9 of C(447) virus and P15 of E(320) virus and in Vero cells with P9 of C(447) virus. Under similar conditions persistent infections could not be initiated with defective-free populations of C(447) or E(320) viruses. The greater the capacity of defective virus in the population to interfere with viral growth, the more readily persistent infection was initiated. During their maintenance persistently infected cells were subcultured approximately twice a week. More than 80% of the cells continuously produced virus. By subculture 6 the original ts infectious viral component had been replaced by a small-plaque mutant with a ts(+) phenotype. Defective virus was always present in the carrier cells. In addition to the more commonly observed defectives whose cores banded at approximately rho = 1.40 to 1.415 g/ml in CsCl gradients, a new class of defective core was seen banding in the region of 1.34 to 1.36 g/ml. This latter particle, which has not been thoroughly characterized as yet, is termed \"light defective.\" Persistently infected cells underwent periodic crises during their maintenance, during which the cultures partially lysed and then rapidly grew to confluence. Crises corresponded to a burst of infectious virus from the cells and a relatively low concentration of light defectives. During quiescent periods the concentration of light defectives amounted to as much as 98% of the total viral population. The function of light defectives is not yet clear, but it seems essential to assign major importance to defective virus in maintaining persistent infections in this system."}
{"id": "PMID:886651", "title": "Oligosaccharides of the glycoprotein of rabies virus.", "content": "The number of oligosaccharide side chains on rabies virus glycoprotein (G-protein) was investigated. Analysis of glycopeptides obtained by protease digestion of desialated G-protein revealed three discrete glycopeptides. Comparison of the protease digestion products from desialated and from untreated G-protein indicated a heterogeneity among the glycopeptides in the sialic acid content. Two major tryptic glycopeptides were isolated from desialated rabies virus G-protein and analyzed after protease digestion; one contained two oligosaccharide side chains and the other contained a single oligosaccharide side chain.", "contents": "Oligosaccharides of the glycoprotein of rabies virus. The number of oligosaccharide side chains on rabies virus glycoprotein (G-protein) was investigated. Analysis of glycopeptides obtained by protease digestion of desialated G-protein revealed three discrete glycopeptides. Comparison of the protease digestion products from desialated and from untreated G-protein indicated a heterogeneity among the glycopeptides in the sialic acid content. Two major tryptic glycopeptides were isolated from desialated rabies virus G-protein and analyzed after protease digestion; one contained two oligosaccharide side chains and the other contained a single oligosaccharide side chain."}
{"id": "PMID:886652", "title": "Two infectious forms of bacteriophage phi X 174.", "content": "Infectious particles with S values of 114 and 132 were isolated from cells infected with bacteriophage phi chi 174. Electron micrographs of the 132S particle revealed a spherical structure with a diameter of about 40 nm. The 114S particle had spikelike projections and a diameter of about 32 nm. The 132S particles could be converted to 114S particles in vitro. However, pulse and pulse-chase experiments indicated no precursor-product relationship between these two particles in vivo.", "contents": "Two infectious forms of bacteriophage phi X 174. Infectious particles with S values of 114 and 132 were isolated from cells infected with bacteriophage phi chi 174. Electron micrographs of the 132S particle revealed a spherical structure with a diameter of about 40 nm. The 114S particle had spikelike projections and a diameter of about 32 nm. The 132S particles could be converted to 114S particles in vitro. However, pulse and pulse-chase experiments indicated no precursor-product relationship between these two particles in vivo."}
{"id": "PMID:886653", "title": "Clinicopathological evaluation in the surgical treatment for ischemic heart disease.", "content": "Discrepancy in coronary stenosis between angiogram and pathological specimen was moderately found. It is of a problem what is meaning by a significant narrowing. Coronary capacity per heart weight markedly reduced in multi-vessel disease and revealed an intimate relationship to sudded death and cardiac failure. Much of sclerosis in the arterial wall was relatively severe in spite of patency in lumen of the terminal artery. Intramuscular arterioles were intact even when severe extramuscular coronary atherosclerosis was seen. Well-developed collaterals were seen in much of multi-vessel disease. Muscle prevervation was relatively good even in the advanced sclerosis. It is reasonable to make an attempt on a newly construction of a vessel to introduce into preserved arteriola with well-developed collateral, and preserved myocardium.", "contents": "Clinicopathological evaluation in the surgical treatment for ischemic heart disease. Discrepancy in coronary stenosis between angiogram and pathological specimen was moderately found. It is of a problem what is meaning by a significant narrowing. Coronary capacity per heart weight markedly reduced in multi-vessel disease and revealed an intimate relationship to sudded death and cardiac failure. Much of sclerosis in the arterial wall was relatively severe in spite of patency in lumen of the terminal artery. Intramuscular arterioles were intact even when severe extramuscular coronary atherosclerosis was seen. Well-developed collaterals were seen in much of multi-vessel disease. Muscle prevervation was relatively good even in the advanced sclerosis. It is reasonable to make an attempt on a newly construction of a vessel to introduce into preserved arteriola with well-developed collateral, and preserved myocardium."}
{"id": "PMID:886654", "title": "Responses to the postural change and orthostatic dysregulation symptoms: a population study on Japanese junior and senior high school students.", "content": "Unselected 580 male and 779 female junior and senior high school students were subjected to the tilting test and informations on 11 autonomic dysregulation symptoms and complaints were taken by interviews. Results of the analyses of the data are summarized as follows: 1) Number of symptoms and complaints possessed by each individual distributes continuously but nonrandomly among testees; that is, individuals having no symptom and those having 5 or more symptoms are significantly more numerous than those expected from random distribution, indicating accumulation of the symptoms into some individuals. 2) Some specific symptoms tend to coincide with each other. 3) Principal component analyses disclosed that the first principal component can explain only 16-20% of the observed variation in the presence or absence of symptoms and complaints, suggesting that numerous factors are responsible for the occurrence of the symptoms. 4) Measurements of the blood pressures and the pulse rate, and their responses to the postural change show continuous, normal distributions, and significantly correlate to each other. 5) The responses to the tilting test are increased with the increase of number of symptoms and complaints possessed by the testees.", "contents": "Responses to the postural change and orthostatic dysregulation symptoms: a population study on Japanese junior and senior high school students. Unselected 580 male and 779 female junior and senior high school students were subjected to the tilting test and informations on 11 autonomic dysregulation symptoms and complaints were taken by interviews. Results of the analyses of the data are summarized as follows: 1) Number of symptoms and complaints possessed by each individual distributes continuously but nonrandomly among testees; that is, individuals having no symptom and those having 5 or more symptoms are significantly more numerous than those expected from random distribution, indicating accumulation of the symptoms into some individuals. 2) Some specific symptoms tend to coincide with each other. 3) Principal component analyses disclosed that the first principal component can explain only 16-20% of the observed variation in the presence or absence of symptoms and complaints, suggesting that numerous factors are responsible for the occurrence of the symptoms. 4) Measurements of the blood pressures and the pulse rate, and their responses to the postural change show continuous, normal distributions, and significantly correlate to each other. 5) The responses to the tilting test are increased with the increase of number of symptoms and complaints possessed by the testees."}
{"id": "PMID:886657", "title": "Correlative studies on electrocardiogram and histopathology of the conduction system. (1) Right bundle branch block with left axis deviation and prolonged P-R interval.", "content": "The conduction system was examined histologically in three cases whose electrocardiograms showed right bundle branch block and left axis deviation with or without PR prolongation. In two cases histological lesions were found in the right bundle branch and anterior division of the left bundle branch. In the third case histological lesions were found in the right bundle branch and anterior and posterior divisions of the left bundle branch. This case sufferred an Adams-Stokes attack. In the two patients with right bundle branch block and left axis deviation with PR prolongation, the PR prolongation was attributed to delay in atrioventricular node or His bundle in one case and to delay in left bundle branch in the other.", "contents": "Correlative studies on electrocardiogram and histopathology of the conduction system. (1) Right bundle branch block with left axis deviation and prolonged P-R interval. The conduction system was examined histologically in three cases whose electrocardiograms showed right bundle branch block and left axis deviation with or without PR prolongation. In two cases histological lesions were found in the right bundle branch and anterior division of the left bundle branch. In the third case histological lesions were found in the right bundle branch and anterior and posterior divisions of the left bundle branch. This case sufferred an Adams-Stokes attack. In the two patients with right bundle branch block and left axis deviation with PR prolongation, the PR prolongation was attributed to delay in atrioventricular node or His bundle in one case and to delay in left bundle branch in the other."}
{"id": "PMID:886659", "title": "Effects of calcium-antagonistic coronary vasodilators on myocardial contractility and membrane potentials.", "content": "To clarify the relation between the negative inotropic effects of \"calcium-antagonistic\" vasodilators and their calcium-antagonistic effects, the effects of nifedipine, verapamil and diltiazem on isolated electrically-driven left atrial preparations of the guinea pig were studied. The ion-specificity of the antagonistic effects was also studied. In normal Tyrode's solution, all three vasodilators produced a shift to the right to the dose-response curve for calcium, the pA2 values being 5.90 for nifedipine, 4.88 for verapamil and 4.07 for diltiazem. The maximum rate of rise of action potentials recorded as a measure of the sodium permeability of the membrane was found to be reduced by verapamil and diltiazem, while this rate was unaffected by nifedipine. All three vasodilators suppressed the contractile activities induced in potassium-depolarized atria by isoproterenol and the dose-response curves for calcium were shifted to the right, the pA2 values being 8.24 for nifedipine, 6.67 for verapamil and 6.57 for diltiazem. In another set of experiments, calcium-dependent action potentials were evoked in the potassium-depolarized atria either by isoproterenol or aminophylline. These action potentials were suppressed by the above three vasodilators at dosage levels comparable to those producing suppression of the isoproterenol-induced contractile response of the depolarized atria.", "contents": "Effects of calcium-antagonistic coronary vasodilators on myocardial contractility and membrane potentials. To clarify the relation between the negative inotropic effects of \"calcium-antagonistic\" vasodilators and their calcium-antagonistic effects, the effects of nifedipine, verapamil and diltiazem on isolated electrically-driven left atrial preparations of the guinea pig were studied. The ion-specificity of the antagonistic effects was also studied. In normal Tyrode's solution, all three vasodilators produced a shift to the right to the dose-response curve for calcium, the pA2 values being 5.90 for nifedipine, 4.88 for verapamil and 4.07 for diltiazem. The maximum rate of rise of action potentials recorded as a measure of the sodium permeability of the membrane was found to be reduced by verapamil and diltiazem, while this rate was unaffected by nifedipine. All three vasodilators suppressed the contractile activities induced in potassium-depolarized atria by isoproterenol and the dose-response curves for calcium were shifted to the right, the pA2 values being 8.24 for nifedipine, 6.67 for verapamil and 6.57 for diltiazem. In another set of experiments, calcium-dependent action potentials were evoked in the potassium-depolarized atria either by isoproterenol or aminophylline. These action potentials were suppressed by the above three vasodilators at dosage levels comparable to those producing suppression of the isoproterenol-induced contractile response of the depolarized atria."}
{"id": "PMID:886660", "title": "Absence of blocking effect of burimamide and metiamide on positive chronotropic and inotropic responses to histamine in isolated dog atrium.", "content": "When histamine was injected into the sinus node artery of isolated dog atrium perfused with arterial blood led from a carotid artery of the heparinized support dog, positive chronotropic and inotropic effects were dose-relatedly induced at a dose range of 0.1 to 100 microgram. The threshold dose for ind1cing these positive effects was approximately 0.3 microgram. These positive responses to histamine were not blocked by tetrodotoxin, desmethylimipramine and alprenolol. These positive effects of histamine were also not significantly influenced by treatment with a histamine H2 receptor antagonist, tripelennamine or diphenhydramine, which enhanced the actions of norepinephrine. From these results, it is suggested that in the dog atrium, histamine causes positive chronotropic and inotropic effects via histamine H1 receptors.", "contents": "Absence of blocking effect of burimamide and metiamide on positive chronotropic and inotropic responses to histamine in isolated dog atrium. When histamine was injected into the sinus node artery of isolated dog atrium perfused with arterial blood led from a carotid artery of the heparinized support dog, positive chronotropic and inotropic effects were dose-relatedly induced at a dose range of 0.1 to 100 microgram. The threshold dose for ind1cing these positive effects was approximately 0.3 microgram. These positive responses to histamine were not blocked by tetrodotoxin, desmethylimipramine and alprenolol. These positive effects of histamine were also not significantly influenced by treatment with a histamine H2 receptor antagonist, tripelennamine or diphenhydramine, which enhanced the actions of norepinephrine. From these results, it is suggested that in the dog atrium, histamine causes positive chronotropic and inotropic effects via histamine H1 receptors."}
{"id": "PMID:886661", "title": "Inhibitory action of sodium salicylate on the growth of upper jaw and tibia in rats.", "content": "The inhibitory effect of sodium salicylate on the growing upper jaw and tibia was examined by the morphological measurement by radiography at different dose levels. The longitudinal growth of the tibia was greater than the sagittal growth of the upper jaw in young normal rats. The increment in length was approximately 10 mm a month in the former and 3 mm a month in the latter. Growth of these bones was reduced by successive subcutaneous injections of sodium salicylate, and the reduction of growth increased with increase of the dose administered. Sagittal growth of the upper jaw was much more sensitive to the action of salicylate, and was significantly reduced by the drug even at a dose of 100 mg/kg (P less than 0.01).", "contents": "Inhibitory action of sodium salicylate on the growth of upper jaw and tibia in rats. The inhibitory effect of sodium salicylate on the growing upper jaw and tibia was examined by the morphological measurement by radiography at different dose levels. The longitudinal growth of the tibia was greater than the sagittal growth of the upper jaw in young normal rats. The increment in length was approximately 10 mm a month in the former and 3 mm a month in the latter. Growth of these bones was reduced by successive subcutaneous injections of sodium salicylate, and the reduction of growth increased with increase of the dose administered. Sagittal growth of the upper jaw was much more sensitive to the action of salicylate, and was significantly reduced by the drug even at a dose of 100 mg/kg (P less than 0.01)."}
{"id": "PMID:886667", "title": "Major trauma in the rural mountain West.", "content": "A disproportionately high percentage of trauma fatalities occur in rural areas. Almost half of these fatalities occur after arrival at a community hospital. A review of the initial evaluation and management of major trauma victims in rural community hospitals in the intermountain West revealed a surprisingly high incidence of departure from well defined standards. Reducing the magnitude of this rural hospital component of trauma facilities will require application of the same standards of initial evaluation and management which have proved effective in major medical center emergency department settings.", "contents": "Major trauma in the rural mountain West. A disproportionately high percentage of trauma fatalities occur in rural areas. Almost half of these fatalities occur after arrival at a community hospital. A review of the initial evaluation and management of major trauma victims in rural community hospitals in the intermountain West revealed a surprisingly high incidence of departure from well defined standards. Reducing the magnitude of this rural hospital component of trauma facilities will require application of the same standards of initial evaluation and management which have proved effective in major medical center emergency department settings."}
{"id": "PMID:886668", "title": "Emergency nurse practitioner: an answer to an emergency care crisis in rural hospitals.", "content": "During the last three years, a nine-month training program at the University of Virginia was designed and implemented to prepare the nurse to assume an expanded role in the emergency department. The course provides the student with sufficient knowledge and skill to diagnose and treat patients in the emergency department setting while under the supervision of a physician. Graduates of the program are certified by the State of Virginia as \"emergency nurse practitioners\". Qualified candidates who had identified a physician preceptor or were from an area with embryonic emergency medical systems were given priority in the selection process. The training program was divided into three-month modules which dealt first with teaching interview techniques and physical assessment skills, then clinical experiences in rural and urban emergency departments, and finally a preceptorship in the community hospital where the nurses work with the physician preceptors.", "contents": "Emergency nurse practitioner: an answer to an emergency care crisis in rural hospitals. During the last three years, a nine-month training program at the University of Virginia was designed and implemented to prepare the nurse to assume an expanded role in the emergency department. The course provides the student with sufficient knowledge and skill to diagnose and treat patients in the emergency department setting while under the supervision of a physician. Graduates of the program are certified by the State of Virginia as \"emergency nurse practitioners\". Qualified candidates who had identified a physician preceptor or were from an area with embryonic emergency medical systems were given priority in the selection process. The training program was divided into three-month modules which dealt first with teaching interview techniques and physical assessment skills, then clinical experiences in rural and urban emergency departments, and finally a preceptorship in the community hospital where the nurses work with the physician preceptors."}
{"id": "PMID:886669", "title": "Priapism as a sequela of chlorpromazine therapy.", "content": "A patient developed priapism following a single intramuscular injection of chlorpromazine for hiccups. Conservative management was unsuccessful. During surgical intervention on the 15th hospital day, the corpora cavernosa of the turgid penis was irrigated and aspirated with heparinized saline using No14 gauge needles. The patient did well postoperatively. The physiology of the erection and the pathophysiology of priapism are discussed.", "contents": "Priapism as a sequela of chlorpromazine therapy. A patient developed priapism following a single intramuscular injection of chlorpromazine for hiccups. Conservative management was unsuccessful. During surgical intervention on the 15th hospital day, the corpora cavernosa of the turgid penis was irrigated and aspirated with heparinized saline using No14 gauge needles. The patient did well postoperatively. The physiology of the erection and the pathophysiology of priapism are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:886670", "title": "Delayed splenic rupture: diagnosed by culdocentesis.", "content": "Culdocentesis is a valuable asset in the diagnosis of hemoperitoneum in women. A case report of delayed splenic rupture diagnosed by this means emphasizes its usefulness. When compared to paracentesis and peritoneal lavage, culdocentesis is more rapid, theoretically more sensitive, and easier to perform. It is a valuable diagnostic tool.", "contents": "Delayed splenic rupture: diagnosed by culdocentesis. Culdocentesis is a valuable asset in the diagnosis of hemoperitoneum in women. A case report of delayed splenic rupture diagnosed by this means emphasizes its usefulness. When compared to paracentesis and peritoneal lavage, culdocentesis is more rapid, theoretically more sensitive, and easier to perform. It is a valuable diagnostic tool."}
{"id": "PMID:886671", "title": "Topical ethyl ether therapy of herpes simplex lesions.", "content": "A simple and effective method of treating herpes simplex lesions using topical application of ethyl ether relieves pain almost immediately and aborts progression of the lesion. The therapeutic rationale for using this modality is based on the ability of ether to penetrate the epidermis and to destroy the ether sensitive envelope of the virus. A decrease in frequency and even elimination of recurrences has been suggested.", "contents": "Topical ethyl ether therapy of herpes simplex lesions. A simple and effective method of treating herpes simplex lesions using topical application of ethyl ether relieves pain almost immediately and aborts progression of the lesion. The therapeutic rationale for using this modality is based on the ability of ether to penetrate the epidermis and to destroy the ether sensitive envelope of the virus. A decrease in frequency and even elimination of recurrences has been suggested."}
{"id": "PMID:886683", "title": "[Ways of using saccharose under conditions of insufficient muscular activity].", "content": "Under conditions of a limited motor activity an excess of administered saccharose is used not to compensate for the energy expenditures, that are below the control level, as shown by the glycolysis and oxygen uptake data, but to participate in the synthesis processes entering the glucosoaminoglycanes, cholesterol and triglycerides. The increasing amount of lipids is favoured by an activation of the pentose cycle (in the liver, heart, brain), due to which the depot of NADP-H2 in the body increases and the limit of liposynthesis is thus lifted.", "contents": "[Ways of using saccharose under conditions of insufficient muscular activity]. Under conditions of a limited motor activity an excess of administered saccharose is used not to compensate for the energy expenditures, that are below the control level, as shown by the glycolysis and oxygen uptake data, but to participate in the synthesis processes entering the glucosoaminoglycanes, cholesterol and triglycerides. The increasing amount of lipids is favoured by an activation of the pentose cycle (in the liver, heart, brain), due to which the depot of NADP-H2 in the body increases and the limit of liposynthesis is thus lifted."}
{"id": "PMID:886684", "title": "[Hyperbaric oxygenation (current state and perspectives of its use in heart surgery)].", "content": "The current status of hyperbaric oxygenation (HBO) permits a preliminary determination of the optimum regimen with reference to the particular type of pathology to be treated and the method of treatment involved (surgery, resuscitation, therapy). The experimental section presents an analysis of the results of the combined effect of hyperbaric oxygenation and hypothermia, HBO and extracorporeal circulation. An extended series of experiments was conducted determining the optimum regimens of HBO in different types of hypoxia (circulatory, including cardiogenic shock, anemic, hypoxic). The clinical section presents the experience with HBO in 136 patients (118 cardiac procedures, and 18 emergency cases). The authors have the world's greatest experience with extracorporeal circulation under HBO. The priority is using this method  for childbirth by women with severe heart diseases belongs to Soviet medicine. HBO was successfully used for the management of air embolism complicating openheart surgery.", "contents": "[Hyperbaric oxygenation (current state and perspectives of its use in heart surgery)]. The current status of hyperbaric oxygenation (HBO) permits a preliminary determination of the optimum regimen with reference to the particular type of pathology to be treated and the method of treatment involved (surgery, resuscitation, therapy). The experimental section presents an analysis of the results of the combined effect of hyperbaric oxygenation and hypothermia, HBO and extracorporeal circulation. An extended series of experiments was conducted determining the optimum regimens of HBO in different types of hypoxia (circulatory, including cardiogenic shock, anemic, hypoxic). The clinical section presents the experience with HBO in 136 patients (118 cardiac procedures, and 18 emergency cases). The authors have the world's greatest experience with extracorporeal circulation under HBO. The priority is using this method  for childbirth by women with severe heart diseases belongs to Soviet medicine. HBO was successfully used for the management of air embolism complicating openheart surgery."}
{"id": "PMID:886698", "title": "[Effect of hyperbaric oxygenation on the circulatory function in rheumatic mitral valve disease].", "content": "The effect of a hyperbaric oxygenation course (10-14 exposures, one exposure daily at 0.7-1.0 ATA) upon the circulation function was studied in 61 patients with rheumatic mitral valve disease combined with systemic circulation insufficiency. The obtained results (reduction of the heart volume, acceleration of the blood stream within the heart and the body, increase of the stroke index, of the blood flow in the muscles of the extremities, reduction of the arterial and central venous pressure) demonstrate that the contractility of the myocardium and redistribution of the cardiac output between separate vascular regions is improved under the effect of hyperbaric oxygenation. The authors suggest that the increase of contractility in the right or left heart predominantly depends on the prevalence of mitral stenosis or circulatory insufficiency.", "contents": "[Effect of hyperbaric oxygenation on the circulatory function in rheumatic mitral valve disease]. The effect of a hyperbaric oxygenation course (10-14 exposures, one exposure daily at 0.7-1.0 ATA) upon the circulation function was studied in 61 patients with rheumatic mitral valve disease combined with systemic circulation insufficiency. The obtained results (reduction of the heart volume, acceleration of the blood stream within the heart and the body, increase of the stroke index, of the blood flow in the muscles of the extremities, reduction of the arterial and central venous pressure) demonstrate that the contractility of the myocardium and redistribution of the cardiac output between separate vascular regions is improved under the effect of hyperbaric oxygenation. The authors suggest that the increase of contractility in the right or left heart predominantly depends on the prevalence of mitral stenosis or circulatory insufficiency."}
{"id": "PMID:886699", "title": "[Renal angiography with the use of vasoactive drugs and its value in the diagnosis of vasorenal hypertension].", "content": "The results of 76 selective renal angiographies in 33 patients with the use of adrenalin and acetylcholine are presented (17 cases of renovascular hypertension, 7-chronic pyelonephritis, 5-essential hypertension, 2-nephroptosis, 1-kidney tumor). The pecularities of the method essential for the success of the examination and prevention of complications are described. The importance of pharmacoangiography with adrenalin for the determination of the length of renal vessels lesion in cases of fibrous dysplasia was demonstrated, as well as that of the acetylcholine test for examining the state of the vascular bed of the contralateral kidney, the same procedures being applied in cases of chronic pyelonephritis. Typical pharmacoangiographic symptoms of different forms of nephrogenic hypertension are described.", "contents": "[Renal angiography with the use of vasoactive drugs and its value in the diagnosis of vasorenal hypertension]. The results of 76 selective renal angiographies in 33 patients with the use of adrenalin and acetylcholine are presented (17 cases of renovascular hypertension, 7-chronic pyelonephritis, 5-essential hypertension, 2-nephroptosis, 1-kidney tumor). The pecularities of the method essential for the success of the examination and prevention of complications are described. The importance of pharmacoangiography with adrenalin for the determination of the length of renal vessels lesion in cases of fibrous dysplasia was demonstrated, as well as that of the acetylcholine test for examining the state of the vascular bed of the contralateral kidney, the same procedures being applied in cases of chronic pyelonephritis. Typical pharmacoangiographic symptoms of different forms of nephrogenic hypertension are described."}
{"id": "PMID:886700", "title": "[Transthoracic rheography in clinical studies of hemodynamics].", "content": "The possibilities of transthoracic rheographic examinations with the aid of conventional rheographs were studied with reference to the stroke volume and minute cardiac output. A high percentage of coinciding results was found in comparison with similar studies performed on a tetrapolar rheograph. On the basis of the examinations of 60 normal individuals normal values of the systolic and minute cardiac outputs were found, as well as those of several other important haemodynamic parameters that permit a most precise noninvasive measurement of the parameters characterizing the functional state of the cardiovascular system under various conditions.", "contents": "[Transthoracic rheography in clinical studies of hemodynamics]. The possibilities of transthoracic rheographic examinations with the aid of conventional rheographs were studied with reference to the stroke volume and minute cardiac output. A high percentage of coinciding results was found in comparison with similar studies performed on a tetrapolar rheograph. On the basis of the examinations of 60 normal individuals normal values of the systolic and minute cardiac outputs were found, as well as those of several other important haemodynamic parameters that permit a most precise noninvasive measurement of the parameters characterizing the functional state of the cardiovascular system under various conditions."}
{"id": "PMID:886702", "title": "[Methodical study of multifactorial prevention of ischemic heart disease].", "content": "The purpose of the investigation was to study the possibilities of involving the population at large in mass screening procedures, the possible classification of the population with regard the degree of risk of ischaemic heart disease, and the potentials of its preventive therapy. The examined contingent was classified with due regard to some risk factors (arterialy hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, imparied glucose tolerance) and pathological states. The final grouping of the contingent was as follows: the group of \"normal\" was comprised by 53.4% of the examined, the \"intermediate\"-18.6%, the \"pathological\"-28%. The \"intermediate\" group comprised 350 persons selected for preventive therapy by a double blind method. Surveillance of 10% of those in the \"normal\" group and the whole \"pathological\" group was arranged.", "contents": "[Methodical study of multifactorial prevention of ischemic heart disease]. The purpose of the investigation was to study the possibilities of involving the population at large in mass screening procedures, the possible classification of the population with regard the degree of risk of ischaemic heart disease, and the potentials of its preventive therapy. The examined contingent was classified with due regard to some risk factors (arterialy hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, imparied glucose tolerance) and pathological states. The final grouping of the contingent was as follows: the group of \"normal\" was comprised by 53.4% of the examined, the \"intermediate\"-18.6%, the \"pathological\"-28%. The \"intermediate\" group comprised 350 persons selected for preventive therapy by a double blind method. Surveillance of 10% of those in the \"normal\" group and the whole \"pathological\" group was arranged."}
{"id": "PMID:886703", "title": "[Ischemic heart disease and arterial hypertension in Yakutsk (clinico-epidemiologic study)].", "content": "In order to study the incidence of ischaemic heart disease and arterial hypertension among different groups of population in the Yakut Republic and the peculiarities of their course among the indigenous inhabitants of the city of Yakutsk and of rural areas of the Yakut Republic, and among migrants, living in the Yakut Republic for at least 10 years, 1003 males, aged 50-59 years, were examined. The clinical course of ischaemic heart disease and arterial hypertension was also studied in the 2 mentioned groups of population treated in internal medicine clinics, and the data of 650 autopsies were examined. The epidemiological study was conducted in strict conformity with the WHO program.", "contents": "[Ischemic heart disease and arterial hypertension in Yakutsk (clinico-epidemiologic study)]. In order to study the incidence of ischaemic heart disease and arterial hypertension among different groups of population in the Yakut Republic and the peculiarities of their course among the indigenous inhabitants of the city of Yakutsk and of rural areas of the Yakut Republic, and among migrants, living in the Yakut Republic for at least 10 years, 1003 males, aged 50-59 years, were examined. The clinical course of ischaemic heart disease and arterial hypertension was also studied in the 2 mentioned groups of population treated in internal medicine clinics, and the data of 650 autopsies were examined. The epidemiological study was conducted in strict conformity with the WHO program."}
{"id": "PMID:886704", "title": "[Diagnosis of hyperventilation for elimination of false-positive results of physical exercise test].", "content": "The study was conducted in 55 patients with cardiac pains. Electrocardiography was used successively prior to, during and following physical exercises, followed by Seldinger selective coronary angiography, and electrocardiography prior to, during and following hyperventilation tests. In 2 of 55 patients the result of the exercise test was interpreted as false-positive, since the coronary angiography demonstrated intact vessels, and during hyperventilation ECG recorded a decreased ST segment. To avoid false-positive results in patients with suspected angina pectoris the physical exercises tests can be considered positive only in cases in which hyperventilation caused no ECG changes typical for angina pectoris.", "contents": "[Diagnosis of hyperventilation for elimination of false-positive results of physical exercise test]. The study was conducted in 55 patients with cardiac pains. Electrocardiography was used successively prior to, during and following physical exercises, followed by Seldinger selective coronary angiography, and electrocardiography prior to, during and following hyperventilation tests. In 2 of 55 patients the result of the exercise test was interpreted as false-positive, since the coronary angiography demonstrated intact vessels, and during hyperventilation ECG recorded a decreased ST segment. To avoid false-positive results in patients with suspected angina pectoris the physical exercises tests can be considered positive only in cases in which hyperventilation caused no ECG changes typical for angina pectoris."}
{"id": "PMID:886705", "title": "[Indicators of general insulin activity and free insulin of blood serum in myocardial infarct].", "content": "Data are presented on the base-line level of general insulin activity and free serum insulin determined by biological techniques in 45 patients during the acute and subacute phases of their myocardial infarction. Patients with normal body weight demonstrated a reduction of the insulin activity parameters during the initial days of the disease, the reduction being most distinct in a complicated course of the acute period. The indices of free insulin varied widely, and the mean values were close to the controls, although the majority of patients had a reduced level of free insulin in blood. During the subacute phase of myocardial infarction the indices of insulin activity and free insulin did not differ from the control figures in the majority of patients. The general insulin activity remained reduced during the subacute period as well if the course of the disease was complicated by the development of circulatory insufficiency. In obese patients the indices of insulin activity and free insulin exceeded during the acute period of myocardial infarction those of the control, and during the subacute stage of the disease they became even higher.", "contents": "[Indicators of general insulin activity and free insulin of blood serum in myocardial infarct]. Data are presented on the base-line level of general insulin activity and free serum insulin determined by biological techniques in 45 patients during the acute and subacute phases of their myocardial infarction. Patients with normal body weight demonstrated a reduction of the insulin activity parameters during the initial days of the disease, the reduction being most distinct in a complicated course of the acute period. The indices of free insulin varied widely, and the mean values were close to the controls, although the majority of patients had a reduced level of free insulin in blood. During the subacute phase of myocardial infarction the indices of insulin activity and free insulin did not differ from the control figures in the majority of patients. The general insulin activity remained reduced during the subacute period as well if the course of the disease was complicated by the development of circulatory insufficiency. In obese patients the indices of insulin activity and free insulin exceeded during the acute period of myocardial infarction those of the control, and during the subacute stage of the disease they became even higher."}
{"id": "PMID:886706", "title": "[Effect of exclusion of neural regulation on the contractile function of the myocardium of animals adapted to physical exertion].", "content": "The results of experiments conducted with the nervous regulation of the heart intact indicate that body adaptation to physical exercises results in an increased capacity of the cardiac mechanisms responsible for the regulation of both the force of the contractions, and the rate of adapted animals, revealed when the neuroregulation was switched off, in contrast to those of non-adapted animals, indicate the enhancement of the autoregulation mechanism of the heart muscle under the effect of physical training.", "contents": "[Effect of exclusion of neural regulation on the contractile function of the myocardium of animals adapted to physical exertion]. The results of experiments conducted with the nervous regulation of the heart intact indicate that body adaptation to physical exercises results in an increased capacity of the cardiac mechanisms responsible for the regulation of both the force of the contractions, and the rate of adapted animals, revealed when the neuroregulation was switched off, in contrast to those of non-adapted animals, indicate the enhancement of the autoregulation mechanism of the heart muscle under the effect of physical training."}
{"id": "PMID:886707", "title": "[Effect of electric stimulation rate on the indicators of systolic and diastolic activity of the left ventricle].", "content": "The interrelationship of the indices of the systolic and diastolic myocardial activity with reference to the cardiac contractions rate was studied in acute experiments in isolated feline hearts. The study had demonstrated that moderate tachycardia (a 30% increase of the cardiac contractions rate) produced a beneficial inotropic effect, and increased the diastolic compliance of the myocardium. Severe tachycardia (a 80--100% increase of the contractions rate) produced a negative inotropic effect decreasing the myocardial compliance. Proceeding from the obtained results a conclusion is drawn that the cardiac contractions rate is an important factor in the regulation of not only the systolic, but also the diastolic myocardial activity.", "contents": "[Effect of electric stimulation rate on the indicators of systolic and diastolic activity of the left ventricle]. The interrelationship of the indices of the systolic and diastolic myocardial activity with reference to the cardiac contractions rate was studied in acute experiments in isolated feline hearts. The study had demonstrated that moderate tachycardia (a 30% increase of the cardiac contractions rate) produced a beneficial inotropic effect, and increased the diastolic compliance of the myocardium. Severe tachycardia (a 80--100% increase of the contractions rate) produced a negative inotropic effect decreasing the myocardial compliance. Proceeding from the obtained results a conclusion is drawn that the cardiac contractions rate is an important factor in the regulation of not only the systolic, but also the diastolic myocardial activity."}
{"id": "PMID:886708", "title": "[Automatism of the sino-atrial node and sinoatrial conduction of excitation in hypoxia].", "content": "The effect of experimental hypoxia on the automatic activity of the sinus node and sinoauricular transmission of excitation was studied in 17 isolated preparations of rabbit hearts. A greater frequency of the shifts of sinoauricular delay was noted under hypoxia. Local electrophoretic applications of adrenalin demonstrated that the shifts of the delay occur because of the shifts of pacemakers. The mean frequency of the automatic activity recorded in the atria falls to zero between 6 and 20 min of hypoxia. Hypoxia causes the development of sinoauricular blocks and atrial arrhythmias in the form of individual extrasystoles, high-frequency discharges, or alternations of series of impulses with \"mute\" periods. The increased tendency towards arrhythmias in the sinoauricular zone is, according to the authors, due to the growing heterogeneity of the duration of action potentials that increases more than three-fold by the 10th minute of hypoxia. The possible reflection of the excitation wave (\"echo\") from the sinus node zone with an inhibited excitability was demonstrated.", "contents": "[Automatism of the sino-atrial node and sinoatrial conduction of excitation in hypoxia]. The effect of experimental hypoxia on the automatic activity of the sinus node and sinoauricular transmission of excitation was studied in 17 isolated preparations of rabbit hearts. A greater frequency of the shifts of sinoauricular delay was noted under hypoxia. Local electrophoretic applications of adrenalin demonstrated that the shifts of the delay occur because of the shifts of pacemakers. The mean frequency of the automatic activity recorded in the atria falls to zero between 6 and 20 min of hypoxia. Hypoxia causes the development of sinoauricular blocks and atrial arrhythmias in the form of individual extrasystoles, high-frequency discharges, or alternations of series of impulses with \"mute\" periods. The increased tendency towards arrhythmias in the sinoauricular zone is, according to the authors, due to the growing heterogeneity of the duration of action potentials that increases more than three-fold by the 10th minute of hypoxia. The possible reflection of the excitation wave (\"echo\") from the sinus node zone with an inhibited excitability was demonstrated."}
{"id": "PMID:886709", "title": "[Parallel study of the fibrillation and excitation thresholds in the cardiac ventricles in experimental animals].", "content": "To find the fibrillation threshold under rapidly changing conditions a method of its determination with long-lasting stimuli (100--300 msec) far exceeding the period of the highest vulnerability is described. The figures of the fibrillation threshold found by way of stimulating the heart with short and long impulses were partically identical. Intravenous administration of 4 mg/kg Lidocaine resulted in an increase of the fibrillation threshold in the experimental dogs, without changing the projection of the stimulus producing the fibrillation onto the force-interval curve and at the same time increasing the excitability of the myocardium. Intravenous 1 mg/kg Propranolol elevated the fibrillation threshold causing a parallel rightward shift in the projection of the stimulus on the force-interval curve and decreasing the exitability of the heart.", "contents": "[Parallel study of the fibrillation and excitation thresholds in the cardiac ventricles in experimental animals]. To find the fibrillation threshold under rapidly changing conditions a method of its determination with long-lasting stimuli (100--300 msec) far exceeding the period of the highest vulnerability is described. The figures of the fibrillation threshold found by way of stimulating the heart with short and long impulses were partically identical. Intravenous administration of 4 mg/kg Lidocaine resulted in an increase of the fibrillation threshold in the experimental dogs, without changing the projection of the stimulus producing the fibrillation onto the force-interval curve and at the same time increasing the excitability of the myocardium. Intravenous 1 mg/kg Propranolol elevated the fibrillation threshold causing a parallel rightward shift in the projection of the stimulus on the force-interval curve and decreasing the exitability of the heart."}
{"id": "PMID:886710", "title": "[Experimental study of successive range of excitation of the heart ventricles].", "content": "The succession of excitation spreading about the cardiac ventricles was studied in 28 dogs using the intramural multipolar technique. The primary foci of excitation were found in the zones of the subendocardium on the borderline between the lower and middle portions of the left side of the ventricular septum, and under the base of the anterior papillary muscle on the right side of the ventricular septum. The excitation of the interventricular septum throughout its thickness occurs first of all in the anterior part of its mid-portion where the depolarization waves moves exclusively from left to right. Lastly the posterior lateral subendocardial layers of the bases of the free walls and the upper portion of the ventricular septum are depolarized. In some parts of the interventricular septum and of the left free wall the excitation wave first reaches the zones located deeply under the endocardium, then spreads towards the endo- and epicardium, changing its direction several times.", "contents": "[Experimental study of successive range of excitation of the heart ventricles]. The succession of excitation spreading about the cardiac ventricles was studied in 28 dogs using the intramural multipolar technique. The primary foci of excitation were found in the zones of the subendocardium on the borderline between the lower and middle portions of the left side of the ventricular septum, and under the base of the anterior papillary muscle on the right side of the ventricular septum. The excitation of the interventricular septum throughout its thickness occurs first of all in the anterior part of its mid-portion where the depolarization waves moves exclusively from left to right. Lastly the posterior lateral subendocardial layers of the bases of the free walls and the upper portion of the ventricular septum are depolarized. In some parts of the interventricular septum and of the left free wall the excitation wave first reaches the zones located deeply under the endocardium, then spreads towards the endo- and epicardium, changing its direction several times."}
{"id": "PMID:886711", "title": "[Content of prostaglandins E and A in the blood serum and kidneys of rabbits with vasorenal hypertension (study by radioimmunoassay)].", "content": "The content of depressor prostaglandins E and A was studied in the blood serum and cortical layer of the kidneys of 52 chinchilla rabbits with renovascular hypertension by way of radioimmunoassay using reagent kits of \"Clinical Assay, Inc.\" (USA). The experimental and control rabbits were sacrificed in batches 1, 4, and 8 weeks after surgery. Some mechanisms of the participation of prostaglandins E and A in the pathogenesis of renovascular hypertension are discussed.", "contents": "[Content of prostaglandins E and A in the blood serum and kidneys of rabbits with vasorenal hypertension (study by radioimmunoassay)]. The content of depressor prostaglandins E and A was studied in the blood serum and cortical layer of the kidneys of 52 chinchilla rabbits with renovascular hypertension by way of radioimmunoassay using reagent kits of \"Clinical Assay, Inc.\" (USA). The experimental and control rabbits were sacrificed in batches 1, 4, and 8 weeks after surgery. Some mechanisms of the participation of prostaglandins E and A in the pathogenesis of renovascular hypertension are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:886712", "title": "[Disorders of nitrogen metabolism in circulatory insufficiency].", "content": "The state of nitrogen metabolism was studied on the basis of clinical observations and nitrogen metabolism indices in 102 patients with circulatory insufficiency occurring against the background of rheumatic heart diseases, atherosclerotic cardiosclerosis and chronic corpulmonale. Nitrogen metabolism disorders were found in all stages of circulatory insufficiency. These disorders may be the cause of these patients' resistance to therapy.", "contents": "[Disorders of nitrogen metabolism in circulatory insufficiency]. The state of nitrogen metabolism was studied on the basis of clinical observations and nitrogen metabolism indices in 102 patients with circulatory insufficiency occurring against the background of rheumatic heart diseases, atherosclerotic cardiosclerosis and chronic corpulmonale. Nitrogen metabolism disorders were found in all stages of circulatory insufficiency. These disorders may be the cause of these patients' resistance to therapy."}
{"id": "PMID:886715", "title": "[Correction of cardiac metabolism in acute myocardial infarct].", "content": "Proceeding from an analysis of the results of studies conducted during the recent years the rationale of using an insulin-glucose-potassium mixture during the initial hours of myocardial infarction was substantiated on the grounds that it may result in a reduction of the necrosis zone at the expense of restoration of the damaged zone. The employment of this mixture in 13 patients with acute myocardial infarction demonstrated its beneficial effect upon the clinical state of the patients, ECG changes, dynamics of concentration of free fatty acids and glucose in blood.", "contents": "[Correction of cardiac metabolism in acute myocardial infarct]. Proceeding from an analysis of the results of studies conducted during the recent years the rationale of using an insulin-glucose-potassium mixture during the initial hours of myocardial infarction was substantiated on the grounds that it may result in a reduction of the necrosis zone at the expense of restoration of the damaged zone. The employment of this mixture in 13 patients with acute myocardial infarction demonstrated its beneficial effect upon the clinical state of the patients, ECG changes, dynamics of concentration of free fatty acids and glucose in blood."}
{"id": "PMID:886716", "title": "[Rhythm disorders and their correction in connection with mitral valve prosthesis].", "content": "The course of the operative procedure of mitral valve prosthetic replacement was analyzed in 180 cases. All patients during perfusion developed certain disorders in the processes of excitation and myocardium conductivity that manifested themselves in different kinds of arrhythmias. In 23 cases ventricular fibrillation was recorded during the intervention, in 4 cases--a full atrioventricular block. The main causes of the severe arrhythmias consisted in coronary circulation disorders caused by temporary cross-damping of the aorta, air embolism, inadequacy of the perfusion, compression of the circumflex branch of the left coronary artery by a ligature or haematoma. Severe rhythm disorders usually occurred in patients with cardiomegaly and distinct dystrophic changes in the myocardium. Electric defibrillation was conducted after mitral valve prosthetic replacement in 57 patients for the management of chronic cardiac fibrillation, a positive effect being achieved in 47 of them. The most reasonable period for electroimpulse therapy in patients with IIA stage of circulation disorders is 3-4 weeks after surgery, while in those with IIB stage--5-6 months therafter.", "contents": "[Rhythm disorders and their correction in connection with mitral valve prosthesis]. The course of the operative procedure of mitral valve prosthetic replacement was analyzed in 180 cases. All patients during perfusion developed certain disorders in the processes of excitation and myocardium conductivity that manifested themselves in different kinds of arrhythmias. In 23 cases ventricular fibrillation was recorded during the intervention, in 4 cases--a full atrioventricular block. The main causes of the severe arrhythmias consisted in coronary circulation disorders caused by temporary cross-damping of the aorta, air embolism, inadequacy of the perfusion, compression of the circumflex branch of the left coronary artery by a ligature or haematoma. Severe rhythm disorders usually occurred in patients with cardiomegaly and distinct dystrophic changes in the myocardium. Electric defibrillation was conducted after mitral valve prosthetic replacement in 57 patients for the management of chronic cardiac fibrillation, a positive effect being achieved in 47 of them. The most reasonable period for electroimpulse therapy in patients with IIA stage of circulation disorders is 3-4 weeks after surgery, while in those with IIB stage--5-6 months therafter."}
{"id": "PMID:886717", "title": "[Prognostic value of the state of the heart atria in determination of the time of sinus rhythm preservation after correction of auricular fibrillation].", "content": "Data are presented from atrial vectorcardiograms of 130 patients with different forms of auricular fibrillation including an analysis of their parameters and a study of the catamnestic data following the elimination of auricular fibrillation, which permitted to develop prognostic criteria for determining the period of sinus rhythm preservation after this type of arrhythmia had been eliminated.", "contents": "[Prognostic value of the state of the heart atria in determination of the time of sinus rhythm preservation after correction of auricular fibrillation]. Data are presented from atrial vectorcardiograms of 130 patients with different forms of auricular fibrillation including an analysis of their parameters and a study of the catamnestic data following the elimination of auricular fibrillation, which permitted to develop prognostic criteria for determining the period of sinus rhythm preservation after this type of arrhythmia had been eliminated."}
{"id": "PMID:886718", "title": "[Prevention of supraventricular tachysystole with anti-arrhythmia agents].", "content": "The paper substantiates the necessity of using a set of antiarrhythmic drugs for the prevention of supraventricular tachysystoles. In the development of supraventricular tachysystoles an important role is attributed to the disorders in automatic regulation of the sinus node. Cases are described in which the development of paroxysmal cardiac fibrillation with approximately equal intervals of time was caused by an inhibition of the sinus node activity. The set of antiarrhythmic drugs included beta-adrenergic blockers, isocholinic-type drugs, cardiac glycosides, Rauwolfia serpentina preparations, parasympatholitic drugs.", "contents": "[Prevention of supraventricular tachysystole with anti-arrhythmia agents]. The paper substantiates the necessity of using a set of antiarrhythmic drugs for the prevention of supraventricular tachysystoles. In the development of supraventricular tachysystoles an important role is attributed to the disorders in automatic regulation of the sinus node. Cases are described in which the development of paroxysmal cardiac fibrillation with approximately equal intervals of time was caused by an inhibition of the sinus node activity. The set of antiarrhythmic drugs included beta-adrenergic blockers, isocholinic-type drugs, cardiac glycosides, Rauwolfia serpentina preparations, parasympatholitic drugs."}
{"id": "PMID:886719", "title": "[Recording of the potentials of the bundle of His for precise location of conductivity disorders in patients with partial atrioventricular block].", "content": "The presented results are based on the recording of potentials of the bundle of His during cardiac catheterization in patients with partial atrioventricular blocks, stage II, Samoilov--Wenkebach-type, and Mobitz type II. In all cases a narrow QRS complex on ECG indicated to a proximal localization of the block. However, the recording of an electrogram of the bundle of His permitted to establish the actual level of the block that appeared to be located proximal to the H potential on the electrograms in 2 patients, and in the common trunk of the bundle of His in one. The authors emphasize the advantages of the bundle of His electrography over the routine ECG recording.", "contents": "[Recording of the potentials of the bundle of His for precise location of conductivity disorders in patients with partial atrioventricular block]. The presented results are based on the recording of potentials of the bundle of His during cardiac catheterization in patients with partial atrioventricular blocks, stage II, Samoilov--Wenkebach-type, and Mobitz type II. In all cases a narrow QRS complex on ECG indicated to a proximal localization of the block. However, the recording of an electrogram of the bundle of His permitted to establish the actual level of the block that appeared to be located proximal to the H potential on the electrograms in 2 patients, and in the common trunk of the bundle of His in one. The authors emphasize the advantages of the bundle of His electrography over the routine ECG recording."}
{"id": "PMID:886720", "title": "[Differentiated treatment and prevention of arrhythmias in myocardial infarct].", "content": "Monitoring and electrocardiographic observations were conducted in 900 patients during the acute and subacute periods of myocardial infarction. It was found that without preventive therapy arrhythmias develop in 85% of the patients, and with preventive antiarrhythmic treatment--in 75.5%. A combination of two and more types of arrhythmias was encountered in 42% of the cases. In the presence of routine therapy for myocardial infarction individual antiarrhythmic drugs displayed different efficacy. In supraventricular forms of arrhythmias the most effective drugs are Chinidin and Chinidin-Durules, Inderal and Hiluritmal, in ventricular forms--Lidokaine, Chinidin, Novocainamide, Inderal, Hiluritmal. A combined employment of these drugs against the background of potassium and magnesium salts administration, Inosie-F, water-soluble camphor and Cocarboxylase promoted the restoration of a normal sinus rhythm in 85% of the cases. When the drug therapy produced no antiarrhythmic effect and ventricular fibrillation developed, electroimpulse therapy was employed. In persistent atrioventricular blocks only cardiostimulation was effective.", "contents": "[Differentiated treatment and prevention of arrhythmias in myocardial infarct]. Monitoring and electrocardiographic observations were conducted in 900 patients during the acute and subacute periods of myocardial infarction. It was found that without preventive therapy arrhythmias develop in 85% of the patients, and with preventive antiarrhythmic treatment--in 75.5%. A combination of two and more types of arrhythmias was encountered in 42% of the cases. In the presence of routine therapy for myocardial infarction individual antiarrhythmic drugs displayed different efficacy. In supraventricular forms of arrhythmias the most effective drugs are Chinidin and Chinidin-Durules, Inderal and Hiluritmal, in ventricular forms--Lidokaine, Chinidin, Novocainamide, Inderal, Hiluritmal. A combined employment of these drugs against the background of potassium and magnesium salts administration, Inosie-F, water-soluble camphor and Cocarboxylase promoted the restoration of a normal sinus rhythm in 85% of the cases. When the drug therapy produced no antiarrhythmic effect and ventricular fibrillation developed, electroimpulse therapy was employed. In persistent atrioventricular blocks only cardiostimulation was effective."}
{"id": "PMID:886721", "title": "[Differentiation of intraventricular blocks by means of electrocardiography and vectorcardiography].", "content": "The examination was conducted in 270 patients with ischaemic heart disease and signs of intraventricular conductivity disorders. The most demonstrative signs were singled out in ECG and VCG recordings that permit one to differentiate unifascicular, bi- and trifascicular blocks. Emphasis is made on the diagnosis of focal changes in the myocardium in the presence of excitation conduction disorders in the above mentioned branches of the bundle of His.", "contents": "[Differentiation of intraventricular blocks by means of electrocardiography and vectorcardiography]. The examination was conducted in 270 patients with ischaemic heart disease and signs of intraventricular conductivity disorders. The most demonstrative signs were singled out in ECG and VCG recordings that permit one to differentiate unifascicular, bi- and trifascicular blocks. Emphasis is made on the diagnosis of focal changes in the myocardium in the presence of excitation conduction disorders in the above mentioned branches of the bundle of His."}
{"id": "PMID:886722", "title": "[Partial atrioventricular dissociation caused by paroxysmal nodal tachycardia with outlet tract block].", "content": "Two cases of partial atrioventricular dissociation caused by paroxysmal nodal tachycardia with outlet track block are described. One of the episodes was discovered with the aid of ECG bronchial leads that permit distinct determination of atrial and ventricular \"trapped\" contractions, as well as combination complexes.", "contents": "[Partial atrioventricular dissociation caused by paroxysmal nodal tachycardia with outlet tract block]. Two cases of partial atrioventricular dissociation caused by paroxysmal nodal tachycardia with outlet track block are described. One of the episodes was discovered with the aid of ECG bronchial leads that permit distinct determination of atrial and ventricular \"trapped\" contractions, as well as combination complexes."}
{"id": "PMID:886723", "title": "[Electrocardiographic classification of total atrioventricular block].", "content": "The introduced systematization of full atrioventricular blocks is a new method of analysis of ECG data in such patients. Singling out the arrhythmic form of a full atrioventricular block serves as a means of early diagnosis of the possible complications of making the prognosis of the patient's state, and as a method of choice of surgical or medical treatment; it permits timely implantation of a pacemaker, reduces the period of examination and therapy, which ensures an economic effect.", "contents": "[Electrocardiographic classification of total atrioventricular block]. The introduced systematization of full atrioventricular blocks is a new method of analysis of ECG data in such patients. Singling out the arrhythmic form of a full atrioventricular block serves as a means of early diagnosis of the possible complications of making the prognosis of the patient's state, and as a method of choice of surgical or medical treatment; it permits timely implantation of a pacemaker, reduces the period of examination and therapy, which ensures an economic effect."}
{"id": "PMID:886724", "title": "[Disorders of intraventricular conductivity in primary myocardial infarct].", "content": "Recent knowledge of the system of intraventricular conductivity permits to diagnose much more often the different variants of blocks of the main branches of the bundle of His that develop in acute primary myocardial infarction (41.42%). Clinical and electrocardiographic examinations of 239 patients with acute primary myocardial infarction revealed unilateral conductivity disorders in the right ventricle in 19.24% of the cases, in the left ventricle -- in 13.39%, and bilateral conductivity disorders -- in 8.79%. The main branches of the bundle of His blocks were combined with atrioventricular conductivity disorders in 19 patients (20.21%), in 12 of them the atrioventricular block being a manifestation of bilateral intraventricular conductivity disorders. Patients with various conductivity disorders developed with significantly higher incidence other rhythm disorders (atrial flutter and fibrillation, paroxysmal tachycardia), which indicates to a close relationship between the functions of conductivity and excitation of the heart.", "contents": "[Disorders of intraventricular conductivity in primary myocardial infarct]. Recent knowledge of the system of intraventricular conductivity permits to diagnose much more often the different variants of blocks of the main branches of the bundle of His that develop in acute primary myocardial infarction (41.42%). Clinical and electrocardiographic examinations of 239 patients with acute primary myocardial infarction revealed unilateral conductivity disorders in the right ventricle in 19.24% of the cases, in the left ventricle -- in 13.39%, and bilateral conductivity disorders -- in 8.79%. The main branches of the bundle of His blocks were combined with atrioventricular conductivity disorders in 19 patients (20.21%), in 12 of them the atrioventricular block being a manifestation of bilateral intraventricular conductivity disorders. Patients with various conductivity disorders developed with significantly higher incidence other rhythm disorders (atrial flutter and fibrillation, paroxysmal tachycardia), which indicates to a close relationship between the functions of conductivity and excitation of the heart."}
{"id": "PMID:886725", "title": "[Changes of echocardiographic data in auricular fibrillation of patients with rheumatic mitral valve defect].", "content": "Echocardiography was employed in 39 patients with rheumatic mitral valve disease and atrial fibrillation prior to and following electric defibrillation. Patients under 60 years of age, mainly those subjected to a surgical correction of the disease, with a history of fibrillation under 3 years and without signs of thromboembolic complications in the past were selected for sinus rhythm restoration. The peculiarities of echocardiograms in different frequency of the ventricular rhythm are described. A correlation was found between the end diastolic and stroke volumes and the duration of the diastole in the preceeding cycle. The relationship of the ejection fraction and of the heart contractions rate was demonstrated: in sudden rhythm accelerations in 2 successive cycles the ejection fraction decreases in the 3rd cycle, and in sudden rhythm decelerations it increases. The echocardiographic manifestations of mechanically ineffective systoles are described. Sinus rhythm was restored by defibrillation in 80% of the cases. The haemodynamic parameters prior to and following the elimination of cardiac fibrillation are presented. It is concluded that an echocardiographic enlargement of the left atrium over 60 mm is an unfavourable prognostic sign for sinus rhythm restoration.", "contents": "[Changes of echocardiographic data in auricular fibrillation of patients with rheumatic mitral valve defect]. Echocardiography was employed in 39 patients with rheumatic mitral valve disease and atrial fibrillation prior to and following electric defibrillation. Patients under 60 years of age, mainly those subjected to a surgical correction of the disease, with a history of fibrillation under 3 years and without signs of thromboembolic complications in the past were selected for sinus rhythm restoration. The peculiarities of echocardiograms in different frequency of the ventricular rhythm are described. A correlation was found between the end diastolic and stroke volumes and the duration of the diastole in the preceeding cycle. The relationship of the ejection fraction and of the heart contractions rate was demonstrated: in sudden rhythm accelerations in 2 successive cycles the ejection fraction decreases in the 3rd cycle, and in sudden rhythm decelerations it increases. The echocardiographic manifestations of mechanically ineffective systoles are described. Sinus rhythm was restored by defibrillation in 80% of the cases. The haemodynamic parameters prior to and following the elimination of cardiac fibrillation are presented. It is concluded that an echocardiographic enlargement of the left atrium over 60 mm is an unfavourable prognostic sign for sinus rhythm restoration."}
{"id": "PMID:886727", "title": "[Analysis of the structure of cardiac rhythm during treatment of auricular fibrillation with digitalis].", "content": "The structure of cardiac rhythm was studied with the help of specialized computers during digitalization in 60 patients with atrial fibrillation of different etiology. The reduction of the heart contractions rate under digitalization is accompanied by certain changes in the structure of cardiac rhythm: the arrhythmic pattern of the ventricular contractions increases with a predominant growth of the number of long R--R intervals, the transitions from short intervals to longer ones become sharper, and portions of a relatively stable ventricular rhythm appear. Three main types of dynamics of the rhythm structure were distinguished on the basis of the changes in the interval R--R histogram. The described changes in the structure of cardiac rhythm are not specific, but when Digitalis drugs are used alone they can be used as additional criteria for digitalization.", "contents": "[Analysis of the structure of cardiac rhythm during treatment of auricular fibrillation with digitalis]. The structure of cardiac rhythm was studied with the help of specialized computers during digitalization in 60 patients with atrial fibrillation of different etiology. The reduction of the heart contractions rate under digitalization is accompanied by certain changes in the structure of cardiac rhythm: the arrhythmic pattern of the ventricular contractions increases with a predominant growth of the number of long R--R intervals, the transitions from short intervals to longer ones become sharper, and portions of a relatively stable ventricular rhythm appear. Three main types of dynamics of the rhythm structure were distinguished on the basis of the changes in the interval R--R histogram. The described changes in the structure of cardiac rhythm are not specific, but when Digitalis drugs are used alone they can be used as additional criteria for digitalization."}
{"id": "PMID:886728", "title": "[Effect of various anti-arrhythmia agents on phase structure of cardiac cycle and ballistocardiograph].", "content": "A comparative assessment is presented for the effect of Obsiden, Isoptine, Novocainamide, or Chinidin on the phase structure of the cardiac cycle and on the ballistocardiogramme in 125 patients with arrhythmias of varying forms and genesis. A combined employment of Obsidan or Novocainamide with cardiac glycosides was associated with a worsening of the phase structure of the cardiac cycle; with a similar therapy with Isoptine the poly- and ballistocardiographic data improved significantly. The administration of Isoptine without cardiac glycosides resulted in a distinct impairment of these parameters, although prior to the administration of the drug these patients had no circulatory insufficiency. The observed negative effect of Chinidin upon the indices of poly- and ballistocardiography was substantial following preceeding therapy with Isoptine, and less distinct--following Obsiden treatment.", "contents": "[Effect of various anti-arrhythmia agents on phase structure of cardiac cycle and ballistocardiograph]. A comparative assessment is presented for the effect of Obsiden, Isoptine, Novocainamide, or Chinidin on the phase structure of the cardiac cycle and on the ballistocardiogramme in 125 patients with arrhythmias of varying forms and genesis. A combined employment of Obsidan or Novocainamide with cardiac glycosides was associated with a worsening of the phase structure of the cardiac cycle; with a similar therapy with Isoptine the poly- and ballistocardiographic data improved significantly. The administration of Isoptine without cardiac glycosides resulted in a distinct impairment of these parameters, although prior to the administration of the drug these patients had no circulatory insufficiency. The observed negative effect of Chinidin upon the indices of poly- and ballistocardiography was substantial following preceeding therapy with Isoptine, and less distinct--following Obsiden treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:886729", "title": "[Treatment of congestive heart failure with beta-methyldigoxin (lanitop)].", "content": "Methylated Digoxin preparation--beta-Methyldigoxin (Lanitop) was used in 50 patients with congestive heart failure of different etiology (tablets of 0.3--0.6 mG per day). Its employment proved very effective in the treatment of congestive heart failure. It is not contraindicated to patients with chronic coronary insufficiency with underlying athrosclerotic cardiosclerosis with signs of congestive circulatory insufficiency. Side-effects of beta-Methyldigoxin are mild and noted rather seldom.", "contents": "[Treatment of congestive heart failure with beta-methyldigoxin (lanitop)]. Methylated Digoxin preparation--beta-Methyldigoxin (Lanitop) was used in 50 patients with congestive heart failure of different etiology (tablets of 0.3--0.6 mG per day). Its employment proved very effective in the treatment of congestive heart failure. It is not contraindicated to patients with chronic coronary insufficiency with underlying athrosclerotic cardiosclerosis with signs of congestive circulatory insufficiency. Side-effects of beta-Methyldigoxin are mild and noted rather seldom."}
{"id": "PMID:886730", "title": "[Clinical importance of evaluation of the effect of bicycle exercises  on cardiodynamics of patients with ischemic heart disease].", "content": "An analysis of the results of polycardiographic examinations conducted during muscle work done by patients with ischaemic heart disease extends our knowledge of the functional state of the myocardium and is of certain prognostic importance; besides, such an analysis permits to make the prognosis of the effect of cardiac glycosides on the heart rhythm.", "contents": "[Clinical importance of evaluation of the effect of bicycle exercises  on cardiodynamics of patients with ischemic heart disease]. An analysis of the results of polycardiographic examinations conducted during muscle work done by patients with ischaemic heart disease extends our knowledge of the functional state of the myocardium and is of certain prognostic importance; besides, such an analysis permits to make the prognosis of the effect of cardiac glycosides on the heart rhythm."}
{"id": "PMID:886731", "title": "[Relationship between serum cholesterol content, arterial blood pressure and the ABO blood group phenotype in middle-aged men].", "content": "The diagnosis of arterial hypertension among male volunteers, aged 40 to 49 years, depended to a great extent on the ABO group phenotype. Among those with AB phenotype the chances to have arterial hypertension are 46% higher than among those with the remaining 3 groups of blood. The ABO phenotype appeared to produce no significant effect upon the level of hypercholesterolemia. Males with A and AB phenotypes tended to have hypercholesterolemia more often than others. The obtained data may serve as an additional criterion for early detection of the most vulnerable contingents of individuals so that preventive measures against ischaemic heart disease and arterial hypertension could be taken.", "contents": "[Relationship between serum cholesterol content, arterial blood pressure and the ABO blood group phenotype in middle-aged men]. The diagnosis of arterial hypertension among male volunteers, aged 40 to 49 years, depended to a great extent on the ABO group phenotype. Among those with AB phenotype the chances to have arterial hypertension are 46% higher than among those with the remaining 3 groups of blood. The ABO phenotype appeared to produce no significant effect upon the level of hypercholesterolemia. Males with A and AB phenotypes tended to have hypercholesterolemia more often than others. The obtained data may serve as an additional criterion for early detection of the most vulnerable contingents of individuals so that preventive measures against ischaemic heart disease and arterial hypertension could be taken."}
{"id": "PMID:886732", "title": "[Clinical evaluation of the hypotensive drug catapresan].", "content": "A clinical and laboratory examination was conducted with a hypotensive drug Katapresan used alone and in combinations with Reserpine and saluretics in 30 patients with stage II and III of essential hypertension. Katapresan was shown to be an active hypotensive agent, often effective in patients resistant to other drugs. For long-term therapeutic courses the most effective combination is Katapresan with Hypothiazide and Reserpine. Katapresan may result in a deceleration of atrioventricular conduction, a slowing down of the electric systole, a reduction of the contractile function of the myocardium. The drug does not affect the metabolism of potassium and sodium ions.", "contents": "[Clinical evaluation of the hypotensive drug catapresan]. A clinical and laboratory examination was conducted with a hypotensive drug Katapresan used alone and in combinations with Reserpine and saluretics in 30 patients with stage II and III of essential hypertension. Katapresan was shown to be an active hypotensive agent, often effective in patients resistant to other drugs. For long-term therapeutic courses the most effective combination is Katapresan with Hypothiazide and Reserpine. Katapresan may result in a deceleration of atrioventricular conduction, a slowing down of the electric systole, a reduction of the contractile function of the myocardium. The drug does not affect the metabolism of potassium and sodium ions."}
{"id": "PMID:886733", "title": "[Various electrocardiographic criteria of cardiac hyperfunction in sportsmen].", "content": "An attempt was made to reveal the possible relationship between ECG changes and the isotonic type of myocardial hyperfunction observed in sportsmen training to develop their endurance. Two groups of sportsmen were studied. Group 1 included 45 sportsmen of a high qualification developing their endurance. Group 2 consisted of control sportsmen with other trends in their training. The obtained results demonstrated that Group 1 sportsmen developed a significantly higher incidence of partial right bundle branch block and syndrome of delayed excitation of the right supraventricular crest, than Group 2 sportsmen. They also had a significantly higher amplitude of Q, R and T-waves and local electronegative period in the left thoracic leads. This permitted to conclude that the isotonic type of hyperfunction of the right or left ventricles in sportsmen training for higher endurance is reflected in their ECG.", "contents": "[Various electrocardiographic criteria of cardiac hyperfunction in sportsmen]. An attempt was made to reveal the possible relationship between ECG changes and the isotonic type of myocardial hyperfunction observed in sportsmen training to develop their endurance. Two groups of sportsmen were studied. Group 1 included 45 sportsmen of a high qualification developing their endurance. Group 2 consisted of control sportsmen with other trends in their training. The obtained results demonstrated that Group 1 sportsmen developed a significantly higher incidence of partial right bundle branch block and syndrome of delayed excitation of the right supraventricular crest, than Group 2 sportsmen. They also had a significantly higher amplitude of Q, R and T-waves and local electronegative period in the left thoracic leads. This permitted to conclude that the isotonic type of hyperfunction of the right or left ventricles in sportsmen training for higher endurance is reflected in their ECG."}
{"id": "PMID:886736", "title": "[Effect of hydrocortisone on mobilization and restoration of glycogen depot in the myocardium].", "content": "The mechanism of glycogen content changes in the heart muscle was studied in rat experiments by radio-isotope techniques 30, 60 min. and 3 hours following hydrocortisone administration. It was found that early after hydrocortisone administration (30 min.) the glycogen content in the myocardium decreases, and the incorporation of glucose-1-14C into glycogen increases, i.e. the process of mobilization and resynthesis of glycogen is activated. Proceeding from experiments with Propranolol the role of adrenergic factors in the mechanism of glycogen metabolism disorders in the heart muscle is discussed. Later, 3 hours following hydrocortisone administration, the concentration of glycogen and the incorporation of the radioactive label into the myocardial glycogen and blood glucose from the aminoacid glycine-1-14C is increased. The role of gluconeogenesis in the mechanism of corticosteroid regulation of glycogen metabolism in the heart muscle is discussed.", "contents": "[Effect of hydrocortisone on mobilization and restoration of glycogen depot in the myocardium]. The mechanism of glycogen content changes in the heart muscle was studied in rat experiments by radio-isotope techniques 30, 60 min. and 3 hours following hydrocortisone administration. It was found that early after hydrocortisone administration (30 min.) the glycogen content in the myocardium decreases, and the incorporation of glucose-1-14C into glycogen increases, i.e. the process of mobilization and resynthesis of glycogen is activated. Proceeding from experiments with Propranolol the role of adrenergic factors in the mechanism of glycogen metabolism disorders in the heart muscle is discussed. Later, 3 hours following hydrocortisone administration, the concentration of glycogen and the incorporation of the radioactive label into the myocardial glycogen and blood glucose from the aminoacid glycine-1-14C is increased. The role of gluconeogenesis in the mechanism of corticosteroid regulation of glycogen metabolism in the heart muscle is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:886737", "title": "[Disorders of automatism, excitability and conductivity under long-term effects of subthreshold concentrations of various chemical substances].", "content": "Examinations of 689 persons engaged in the production of phenol, nitrone, nitrile of acrylic acid revealed disorders in automatism, excitability and conductivity. These changes reflect the effect of industrial agents upon the conductivity system of the heart.", "contents": "[Disorders of automatism, excitability and conductivity under long-term effects of subthreshold concentrations of various chemical substances]. Examinations of 689 persons engaged in the production of phenol, nitrone, nitrile of acrylic acid revealed disorders in automatism, excitability and conductivity. These changes reflect the effect of industrial agents upon the conductivity system of the heart."}
{"id": "PMID:886739", "title": "[Circulatory dynamics in the conjunctival vessels in ischemic heart disease with and without hypertension].", "content": "The circulatory dynamics was studied in the conjunctival vessels of 45 patients with ischaemic heart disease without hypertension (12 patients with myocardial infarction including) and in 24 patients with ischaemic heart disease and hypertension. The method of biomicroscopy of the conjunctiva permits to examine the shape of the microvessels, the vascular background and the density of the pattern, as well as the nature of the blood flow. The patients with ischaemic heart disease without hypertension had more distinct changes, in some cases -- with irreversible discontinuity of the flow (aggregation of the erythrocytes in myocardial infarction). In ischaemic heart disease with hypertension the flow in the venules restores completely by the end of therapy. Reversible changes in the microcirculation were demonstrated in cases of a good effect of therapy, as well as the possibilities of timely diagnosis of complications in repeated examinations of the conjunctival vessels.", "contents": "[Circulatory dynamics in the conjunctival vessels in ischemic heart disease with and without hypertension]. The circulatory dynamics was studied in the conjunctival vessels of 45 patients with ischaemic heart disease without hypertension (12 patients with myocardial infarction including) and in 24 patients with ischaemic heart disease and hypertension. The method of biomicroscopy of the conjunctiva permits to examine the shape of the microvessels, the vascular background and the density of the pattern, as well as the nature of the blood flow. The patients with ischaemic heart disease without hypertension had more distinct changes, in some cases -- with irreversible discontinuity of the flow (aggregation of the erythrocytes in myocardial infarction). In ischaemic heart disease with hypertension the flow in the venules restores completely by the end of therapy. Reversible changes in the microcirculation were demonstrated in cases of a good effect of therapy, as well as the possibilities of timely diagnosis of complications in repeated examinations of the conjunctival vessels."}
{"id": "PMID:886744", "title": "[Rheographic properties of blood in acute myocardial infarct and cardiosclerosis].", "content": "The changes in the seeming and inner viscosity and fluidity of blood in 46 patients with acute myocardial infarction were studied during 15 days after the onset of the disease. For comparison, the same parameters were studied in 30 normal individuals and in 20 patients with cardiosclerosis. The studies were conducted with the aid of a rotational viscosimeter with a speed shift range from 8.8 to 140 sec.-1. The viscosity and fluidity of blood in patients with cardiosclerosis was found not to differ from those of normals. Acute myocardial infarction is accompanied by the development of extended intravascular coagulation that manifests itself most distinctly in cardiogenic shock. The extended intravascular coagulation manifests itself in a decreased blood viscosity observed either soon after the onset of the disease, or 4-5 and 11-15 days following a preceeding increase in blood viscosity.", "contents": "[Rheographic properties of blood in acute myocardial infarct and cardiosclerosis]. The changes in the seeming and inner viscosity and fluidity of blood in 46 patients with acute myocardial infarction were studied during 15 days after the onset of the disease. For comparison, the same parameters were studied in 30 normal individuals and in 20 patients with cardiosclerosis. The studies were conducted with the aid of a rotational viscosimeter with a speed shift range from 8.8 to 140 sec.-1. The viscosity and fluidity of blood in patients with cardiosclerosis was found not to differ from those of normals. Acute myocardial infarction is accompanied by the development of extended intravascular coagulation that manifests itself most distinctly in cardiogenic shock. The extended intravascular coagulation manifests itself in a decreased blood viscosity observed either soon after the onset of the disease, or 4-5 and 11-15 days following a preceeding increase in blood viscosity."}
{"id": "PMID:886745", "title": "[Types of hyperlipoproteinemia and thrombocyte survival in ischemic heart disease].", "content": "The life-span of methionie-Se75-labelled thrombocytes was studied in 46 patients with ischaemic heart disease and in 5 control individuals. In ischaemic heart disease patients the platelets life-span comprised 6.6+/-0.14 days, this period being smaller in patients over 60 years of age and in males, in contrast to younger patients and females. The presence of arterial hypertension and excessive body weight did not affect the life-span of the thrombocytes. Smoking, hypercholesterolemia and hypertriglyceridemia caused a statistically significant reduction of the circulation time of labelled thrombocytes. In patients with frequent attacks of angina pectoris and with postinfarction cardiosclerosis the life time of the platelets was shorter then in patients with painless forms of the disease and in those free of myocardial infarction. In Type II hyperlipoproteidemia the circulation period of labelled platelets comprised 6.3+/-0.16 days; in Type IV -- 6.7+/-0.29 days and in normolipemia -- 7.4+/-0.30 days. A distinct inverse correlation was established between the blood plasma cholesterol and thriglycerids level and the thrombocytes life-span. It was concluded that the reduction of the life-span of thrombocytes is attributed to the consumption of platelets by the processes of atherogenesis and chronic intravascular thrombus formation.", "contents": "[Types of hyperlipoproteinemia and thrombocyte survival in ischemic heart disease]. The life-span of methionie-Se75-labelled thrombocytes was studied in 46 patients with ischaemic heart disease and in 5 control individuals. In ischaemic heart disease patients the platelets life-span comprised 6.6+/-0.14 days, this period being smaller in patients over 60 years of age and in males, in contrast to younger patients and females. The presence of arterial hypertension and excessive body weight did not affect the life-span of the thrombocytes. Smoking, hypercholesterolemia and hypertriglyceridemia caused a statistically significant reduction of the circulation time of labelled thrombocytes. In patients with frequent attacks of angina pectoris and with postinfarction cardiosclerosis the life time of the platelets was shorter then in patients with painless forms of the disease and in those free of myocardial infarction. In Type II hyperlipoproteidemia the circulation period of labelled platelets comprised 6.3+/-0.16 days; in Type IV -- 6.7+/-0.29 days and in normolipemia -- 7.4+/-0.30 days. A distinct inverse correlation was established between the blood plasma cholesterol and thriglycerids level and the thrombocytes life-span. It was concluded that the reduction of the life-span of thrombocytes is attributed to the consumption of platelets by the processes of atherogenesis and chronic intravascular thrombus formation."}
{"id": "PMID:886746", "title": "[Importance of tolerance to physical exercise in the study of the blood coagulation and anticoagulation systems after myocardial infarct].", "content": "The results of dynamic studies of some indices of the blood coagulation and anticoagulation systems are presented for 130 male patients surviving myocardial infarction and examined during the first year after this development. Along with signs of hypercoagulation, a high activity of the anticoagulation system was noted throughout the period of observation. 90 patients were examined before and after a tolerance test (with threshold physical exercises on a bicycle) 3, 6 and 12 months following acute myocardial infarction. The physical exercises permitted to reveal the compensatory reserve of the anticoagulation system that manifests itself most clearly 6 months following the onset of the infarction.", "contents": "[Importance of tolerance to physical exercise in the study of the blood coagulation and anticoagulation systems after myocardial infarct]. The results of dynamic studies of some indices of the blood coagulation and anticoagulation systems are presented for 130 male patients surviving myocardial infarction and examined during the first year after this development. Along with signs of hypercoagulation, a high activity of the anticoagulation system was noted throughout the period of observation. 90 patients were examined before and after a tolerance test (with threshold physical exercises on a bicycle) 3, 6 and 12 months following acute myocardial infarction. The physical exercises permitted to reveal the compensatory reserve of the anticoagulation system that manifests itself most clearly 6 months following the onset of the infarction."}
{"id": "PMID:886747", "title": "[Study of blood viscosity for evaluation of peripheral circulation in ischemic heart disease].", "content": "An important role in the characterization of the functions of the circulatory system belongs to the interrelationship between blood viscosity and central haemodynamics. Blood viscosity was studied in comparison with the pulse rate, arterial pressure and Robinson's index in patients with chronic forms of ischaemic heart disease. The examinations were conducted at rest and at the peak of sub-maximal bicycle tests. In normal individuals blood viscosity increases along with the increasing workload of the exercise. In patients with ischaemic heart disease performing threshold exercises the shifts in blood viscosity were varidirectional. In patients without circulatory insufficiency blood viscosity was changing in the same way as in normal individuals. In patients with cardiac insufficiency it either remained unchanged, or decreased. An increasing blood viscosity in normals under physical exercises may be interpreted as a mechanism of homeostasis preservation. A lack of growing blood viscosity under threshold exercises in patients with ischaemic heart disease and circulatory insufficiency indicates to disorders in the mechanisms of homeostasis preservation. Increasing blood viscosity may be due to impaired tissue oxygenation.", "contents": "[Study of blood viscosity for evaluation of peripheral circulation in ischemic heart disease]. An important role in the characterization of the functions of the circulatory system belongs to the interrelationship between blood viscosity and central haemodynamics. Blood viscosity was studied in comparison with the pulse rate, arterial pressure and Robinson's index in patients with chronic forms of ischaemic heart disease. The examinations were conducted at rest and at the peak of sub-maximal bicycle tests. In normal individuals blood viscosity increases along with the increasing workload of the exercise. In patients with ischaemic heart disease performing threshold exercises the shifts in blood viscosity were varidirectional. In patients without circulatory insufficiency blood viscosity was changing in the same way as in normal individuals. In patients with cardiac insufficiency it either remained unchanged, or decreased. An increasing blood viscosity in normals under physical exercises may be interpreted as a mechanism of homeostasis preservation. A lack of growing blood viscosity under threshold exercises in patients with ischaemic heart disease and circulatory insufficiency indicates to disorders in the mechanisms of homeostasis preservation. Increasing blood viscosity may be due to impaired tissue oxygenation."}
{"id": "PMID:886748", "title": "[State of microcirculation in angina pectoris (according to conjunctival biomicroscopy)].", "content": "By way of conjunctival biomicroscopy the state of microcirculation was studied in 107 patients with angina pectoris and in 140 normal middle-aged individuals. All the examinees were tested for bicycle test tolerance. Patients with angina demonstrated important disorders in the terminal blood flow. The tolerance of physical exercises distinctly drops along with the growing severity of angina, and microcirculatory disorders are increasing. Microcirculatory disorders are postulated to play a certain role in the pathogenesis of angina pectoris.", "contents": "[State of microcirculation in angina pectoris (according to conjunctival biomicroscopy)]. By way of conjunctival biomicroscopy the state of microcirculation was studied in 107 patients with angina pectoris and in 140 normal middle-aged individuals. All the examinees were tested for bicycle test tolerance. Patients with angina demonstrated important disorders in the terminal blood flow. The tolerance of physical exercises distinctly drops along with the growing severity of angina, and microcirculatory disorders are increasing. Microcirculatory disorders are postulated to play a certain role in the pathogenesis of angina pectoris."}
{"id": "PMID:886749", "title": "[State of microcirculatory hemostasis in arterial hypertension and its changes under the effect of heparin].", "content": "The state of microcirculatory haemostasis was studied in 145 patients with essential hypertension with reference to the severity of their disease. It was noted that along with the growing duration and severity of the disease the aggregation activity of the platelets is decreasing. Intravenous administration of Heparin, 5, 10, 15, 20 and 25 thousand units, significantly activates the platelets of normal individuals (30 persons) and of hypertonics. The activation develops by the end of Heparin infusion, persists for 2 hours and is clearly perseptible 48 hours following a course of Heparin therapy. The sanogenic role of Heparin-induced activation of the microcirculatory haemostasis in the adaptation-haemostatic reactions is discussed.", "contents": "[State of microcirculatory hemostasis in arterial hypertension and its changes under the effect of heparin]. The state of microcirculatory haemostasis was studied in 145 patients with essential hypertension with reference to the severity of their disease. It was noted that along with the growing duration and severity of the disease the aggregation activity of the platelets is decreasing. Intravenous administration of Heparin, 5, 10, 15, 20 and 25 thousand units, significantly activates the platelets of normal individuals (30 persons) and of hypertonics. The activation develops by the end of Heparin infusion, persists for 2 hours and is clearly perseptible 48 hours following a course of Heparin therapy. The sanogenic role of Heparin-induced activation of the microcirculatory haemostasis in the adaptation-haemostatic reactions is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:886752", "title": "[Change in rheographic properties of blood in congestive circulatory insufficiency treated with diuretics].", "content": "Proceeding from a dynamic study of the rheological properties of blood in 85 patients with stage II-III congestive circulatory insufficiency treated with diuretics (Furosemid, Hypothiazid, Uregit, Verospiron) a conclusion is made that a rational employment of diuretic agents does not result in any increase in blood concentration, and does not increase the risk of thrombotic complications. On the contrary, in some patients with stage IIB-III circulatory insufficiency some normalization of the rheological properties of blood, that had been impaired before the treatment, was noted. The use of diuretics only moderately increased the hematocrit and blood viscosity values, but decreased the aggregation of the erythrocytes and platelets. The improvement of the rheological properties of blood was attributed to the normalization of the water-electrolyte disorders that the patients had had. In cases in which thrombotic complications occurred a low hematocrit and blood viscosity level was common, while the erythrocytes and platelets aggregation was increased.", "contents": "[Change in rheographic properties of blood in congestive circulatory insufficiency treated with diuretics]. Proceeding from a dynamic study of the rheological properties of blood in 85 patients with stage II-III congestive circulatory insufficiency treated with diuretics (Furosemid, Hypothiazid, Uregit, Verospiron) a conclusion is made that a rational employment of diuretic agents does not result in any increase in blood concentration, and does not increase the risk of thrombotic complications. On the contrary, in some patients with stage IIB-III circulatory insufficiency some normalization of the rheological properties of blood, that had been impaired before the treatment, was noted. The use of diuretics only moderately increased the hematocrit and blood viscosity values, but decreased the aggregation of the erythrocytes and platelets. The improvement of the rheological properties of blood was attributed to the normalization of the water-electrolyte disorders that the patients had had. In cases in which thrombotic complications occurred a low hematocrit and blood viscosity level was common, while the erythrocytes and platelets aggregation was increased."}
{"id": "PMID:886753", "title": "[Clinico-morphological comparisons in thrombosis and insufficiency of mitral valve prosthesis].", "content": "Clinical and morphological comparisons were conducted in 31 patients with thrombosis and insufficiency of mitral valve prostheses. The morphology of these complications was studied on the basis of autopsy data in 19 cases, and in 12 reoperations. Prosthetic thrombosis was observed in 18 patients. The leading causes of the functional disorders in the prosthesis were septic complications, persisting hypotension in the early postoperative period, errors of anticoagulation therapy. The clinical manifestations of thrombosis of a prosthesis depend on the extent and localization of the thrombus. An important role in the diagnosis of such complications belongs to a dynamic observation, especially to repeated phonocardiographic examinations. A phonocardiographic semiotics of the complications is presented. The results of reoperations for thrombosis of a mitral valve prosthesis and its insufficiency are also presented. The rationale of secondary interventions is demonstrated.", "contents": "[Clinico-morphological comparisons in thrombosis and insufficiency of mitral valve prosthesis]. Clinical and morphological comparisons were conducted in 31 patients with thrombosis and insufficiency of mitral valve prostheses. The morphology of these complications was studied on the basis of autopsy data in 19 cases, and in 12 reoperations. Prosthetic thrombosis was observed in 18 patients. The leading causes of the functional disorders in the prosthesis were septic complications, persisting hypotension in the early postoperative period, errors of anticoagulation therapy. The clinical manifestations of thrombosis of a prosthesis depend on the extent and localization of the thrombus. An important role in the diagnosis of such complications belongs to a dynamic observation, especially to repeated phonocardiographic examinations. A phonocardiographic semiotics of the complications is presented. The results of reoperations for thrombosis of a mitral valve prosthesis and its insufficiency are also presented. The rationale of secondary interventions is demonstrated."}
{"id": "PMID:886755", "title": "[Aortic coarctation associated with endocardial fibroelastosis in infants (clinical aspects, diagnosis and surgical treatment)].", "content": "Among 111 infants with coarctation of the aorta, fibroelastosis of the left ventricular endocardium was found in 14 cases comprising 12.6%. Such a combination usually caused an extremely poor state of the patients and served as an indication for surgery. A resection of the coarctation of the aorta in cases of fibroelastosis provides for a significant reduction of the workload on the left ventricular myocardium, for an improvement of the patient's state permitting to survive the critical first three years of life. The problems of intravital diagnosis of fibroelastosis in patients with coarctation of the aorta are presented, the importance of chronic ischaemia of the left ventricle in the development of fibroelastosis is emphasized. The details of surgical tactics and postoperative care of such patients are discussed.", "contents": "[Aortic coarctation associated with endocardial fibroelastosis in infants (clinical aspects, diagnosis and surgical treatment)]. Among 111 infants with coarctation of the aorta, fibroelastosis of the left ventricular endocardium was found in 14 cases comprising 12.6%. Such a combination usually caused an extremely poor state of the patients and served as an indication for surgery. A resection of the coarctation of the aorta in cases of fibroelastosis provides for a significant reduction of the workload on the left ventricular myocardium, for an improvement of the patient's state permitting to survive the critical first three years of life. The problems of intravital diagnosis of fibroelastosis in patients with coarctation of the aorta are presented, the importance of chronic ischaemia of the left ventricle in the development of fibroelastosis is emphasized. The details of surgical tactics and postoperative care of such patients are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:886756", "title": "[Hypoplasia of the right ventricle with interatrial communication through the coronary sinus].", "content": "Isolated hypoplasia of the right ventricle is a rare congenital anomaly. The complex defect comprises also a communication between the atria in the form of an oval window or secondary atrial septal defect. The possibility of a communication between the atria via the coronary sinus having in such cases an additional orifice in the left atrium cannot be excluded. In cases of isolated right ventricular hypoplasia the right-to-left shunting goes via the interatrial communication. To eliminate the arterial hypoxemia the interatrial communication has to be closed. When an isolated hypoplasia of the right ventricle is combined with a communication of the coronary sinus with the left atrium, the coronary sinus orifice in the right atrium may be closed by suturing.", "contents": "[Hypoplasia of the right ventricle with interatrial communication through the coronary sinus]. Isolated hypoplasia of the right ventricle is a rare congenital anomaly. The complex defect comprises also a communication between the atria in the form of an oval window or secondary atrial septal defect. The possibility of a communication between the atria via the coronary sinus having in such cases an additional orifice in the left atrium cannot be excluded. In cases of isolated right ventricular hypoplasia the right-to-left shunting goes via the interatrial communication. To eliminate the arterial hypoxemia the interatrial communication has to be closed. When an isolated hypoplasia of the right ventricle is combined with a communication of the coronary sinus with the left atrium, the coronary sinus orifice in the right atrium may be closed by suturing."}
{"id": "PMID:886759", "title": "[Effect of adaptation to altitude hypoxia on vascular resistance].", "content": "The resistance of vessels in the hind limbs was determined under controlled perfusion in rats adapted to hypoxia at 2100 m altitude and in control animals at 200 m above the sea level. It was found that 15 days after the onset of adaptation the resistance of the resistive vessels decreases, after 30 days the degree of this decrease of resistance grows and it becomes statistically significant. The decrease of resistance in the resistive vessels of adapted animals persists after denervation of the extremity and depends on the reduction of the myogenic component of the vascular tonicity. This reduction of the myogenic component of the tonicity is accompanied by a reduction of the pressor reactions to asphyxia and addition of noradrenaline to the perfusate. The obtained data indicate that preliminary adaptation decelerates the development of experimentally induced hypertension.", "contents": "[Effect of adaptation to altitude hypoxia on vascular resistance]. The resistance of vessels in the hind limbs was determined under controlled perfusion in rats adapted to hypoxia at 2100 m altitude and in control animals at 200 m above the sea level. It was found that 15 days after the onset of adaptation the resistance of the resistive vessels decreases, after 30 days the degree of this decrease of resistance grows and it becomes statistically significant. The decrease of resistance in the resistive vessels of adapted animals persists after denervation of the extremity and depends on the reduction of the myogenic component of the vascular tonicity. This reduction of the myogenic component of the tonicity is accompanied by a reduction of the pressor reactions to asphyxia and addition of noradrenaline to the perfusate. The obtained data indicate that preliminary adaptation decelerates the development of experimentally induced hypertension."}
{"id": "PMID:886760", "title": "[Myocardial infarct in young persons].", "content": "A study of 106 patients with myocardial infarction, aged under 40 demonstrated a predominance of males (90.5%) with prevailing marco-focal and transmural myocardial infarctions. In 88 patients (83%) risk-factors of ischaemic heart disease were found: arterial hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, heavy smoking, excessive weight, sedentary life. The severity of the course of myocardial infarction is directly related to the presence of risk factors in the patient. Studies of the content of immunoglobulins in 15 patients revealed an immunologic hyperrectivity in young patients with myocardial infarction when they developed complications. Autopsy data of 5 mortality cases demonstrated atherosclerotic lesions of the coronary arteries in all of them.", "contents": "[Myocardial infarct in young persons]. A study of 106 patients with myocardial infarction, aged under 40 demonstrated a predominance of males (90.5%) with prevailing marco-focal and transmural myocardial infarctions. In 88 patients (83%) risk-factors of ischaemic heart disease were found: arterial hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, heavy smoking, excessive weight, sedentary life. The severity of the course of myocardial infarction is directly related to the presence of risk factors in the patient. Studies of the content of immunoglobulins in 15 patients revealed an immunologic hyperrectivity in young patients with myocardial infarction when they developed complications. Autopsy data of 5 mortality cases demonstrated atherosclerotic lesions of the coronary arteries in all of them."}
{"id": "PMID:886761", "title": "[Response to the orthostatic test in patients with macrofocal myocardial infarct under different tempo of activization].", "content": "In 68 patients with large-focal myocardial infarction subjected to different tempos of activization the orthostatic test was conducted while assuming the vertical position for the first time and prior to being discharged from the hospital. Orthostatic complications and changes in the terminal part of the ventricular complex on ECG were found to be much more frequent in cases of slow tempo activation. A qualitatively different response to the orthostatic test was revealed in myocardial infarction patients with or without circulatory insufficiency. In those with signs of circulatory insufficiency the acceleration of the cardiac contractions rate in the orthostatic position, the shortening of the ejection phase, the reduction of the rheographic amplitude in the lungs and the lower extremities were negligible in  comparison with those free of circulatory insufficiency and having statistically significant shifts in the above parameters. The patients with circulatory insufficiency tended to a greater increase of the diastole-systolic ratio of the lower extremities rheogrammes which proves a hindered outflow of blood from this vascular zone. Faster tempos of activization, even in the presence of circulatory insufficiency, helped to prevent the above shifts.", "contents": "[Response to the orthostatic test in patients with macrofocal myocardial infarct under different tempo of activization]. In 68 patients with large-focal myocardial infarction subjected to different tempos of activization the orthostatic test was conducted while assuming the vertical position for the first time and prior to being discharged from the hospital. Orthostatic complications and changes in the terminal part of the ventricular complex on ECG were found to be much more frequent in cases of slow tempo activation. A qualitatively different response to the orthostatic test was revealed in myocardial infarction patients with or without circulatory insufficiency. In those with signs of circulatory insufficiency the acceleration of the cardiac contractions rate in the orthostatic position, the shortening of the ejection phase, the reduction of the rheographic amplitude in the lungs and the lower extremities were negligible in  comparison with those free of circulatory insufficiency and having statistically significant shifts in the above parameters. The patients with circulatory insufficiency tended to a greater increase of the diastole-systolic ratio of the lower extremities rheogrammes which proves a hindered outflow of blood from this vascular zone. Faster tempos of activization, even in the presence of circulatory insufficiency, helped to prevent the above shifts."}
{"id": "PMID:886792", "title": "[A case of cyclotropia (author's transl)].", "content": "Forward displacement of the superior oblique insertions, associated with partial anterior myectomies of the inferior obliques, compensated a cyclotropia which was not accompanied by other significant deviations.", "contents": "[A case of cyclotropia (author's transl)]. Forward displacement of the superior oblique insertions, associated with partial anterior myectomies of the inferior obliques, compensated a cyclotropia which was not accompanied by other significant deviations."}
{"id": "PMID:886793", "title": "[Areas of anomalous binocular single vision in small angle concomitant esotropia: evaluation by means of a modification of the v. Graefe technique (author's transl)].", "content": "A red filter in front of the fixing eye according to the v. Graefe technique was used in order to detect binocular visual field in patients with anomalous retinal correspondence and small angle esotropia. A striated glass was also placed in front of the deviated eye, in order to check whether single perception was related to suppression or to binocular vision. It has been demonstrated that these patients prevalently enjoy an anomalous binocular vision supported by an anomalous retinal correspondence. The suppression scotoma described by the v. Graefe perimetric technique may therefore in certain cases be in reality areas of single anomalous binocular vision. It has also been seen anomalous retinal correspondence is more deeply rooted at the center than at the periphery of the binocular visual field.", "contents": "[Areas of anomalous binocular single vision in small angle concomitant esotropia: evaluation by means of a modification of the v. Graefe technique (author's transl)]. A red filter in front of the fixing eye according to the v. Graefe technique was used in order to detect binocular visual field in patients with anomalous retinal correspondence and small angle esotropia. A striated glass was also placed in front of the deviated eye, in order to check whether single perception was related to suppression or to binocular vision. It has been demonstrated that these patients prevalently enjoy an anomalous binocular vision supported by an anomalous retinal correspondence. The suppression scotoma described by the v. Graefe perimetric technique may therefore in certain cases be in reality areas of single anomalous binocular vision. It has also been seen anomalous retinal correspondence is more deeply rooted at the center than at the periphery of the binocular visual field."}
{"id": "PMID:886794", "title": "[Problems of automated perimetry (author's transl)].", "content": "The choice of the most convenient computer, the strategies for stimulus presentation, the fixation control, the presentation of results and the response objectivation are the main problems of automated perimetry, some of which are already solved, others are likely to be solved in the near future. The authors present their experiences on automation of perimetry and indicate future perspectives of this procedure.", "contents": "[Problems of automated perimetry (author's transl)]. The choice of the most convenient computer, the strategies for stimulus presentation, the fixation control, the presentation of results and the response objectivation are the main problems of automated perimetry, some of which are already solved, others are likely to be solved in the near future. The authors present their experiences on automation of perimetry and indicate future perspectives of this procedure."}
{"id": "PMID:886795", "title": "[Examination of the venous system of the uvea (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors examined the microvascular venous aspects of the uveal membrane and have divided it into three territories: anterior, intermediate and posterior. They showed a double drainage system of the anterior territory. In addition, they believe that there is a difference between the anterior and the intermediate territories, which show sectorization, and the posterior venous territory which presents morphological and functional homogenity.", "contents": "[Examination of the venous system of the uvea (author's transl)]. The authors examined the microvascular venous aspects of the uveal membrane and have divided it into three territories: anterior, intermediate and posterior. They showed a double drainage system of the anterior territory. In addition, they believe that there is a difference between the anterior and the intermediate territories, which show sectorization, and the posterior venous territory which presents morphological and functional homogenity."}
{"id": "PMID:886796", "title": "[Clinical and therapeutic aspects of haemorrhagic glaucoma (author's transl)].", "content": "Haemorrhagic glaucoma is a clinical syndrome. It is in fact the terminal stage of many very different ocular conditions. During the evolution towards the hypertensive haemorrhagic stage two conditions are essential: venous stasis and neoformation of capillary vessels. These factors have different incidence, but they are always present and affect each other. On the base of the pathogenesis the therapy of haemorrhagic glaucoma is more effective the sooner it is applied. When the syndrome is clear-cut the therapeutic possibilities are very poor. For these cases the authors suggest the operation of diathermotrabeculectomy whose surgical procedure is detailed.", "contents": "[Clinical and therapeutic aspects of haemorrhagic glaucoma (author's transl)]. Haemorrhagic glaucoma is a clinical syndrome. It is in fact the terminal stage of many very different ocular conditions. During the evolution towards the hypertensive haemorrhagic stage two conditions are essential: venous stasis and neoformation of capillary vessels. These factors have different incidence, but they are always present and affect each other. On the base of the pathogenesis the therapy of haemorrhagic glaucoma is more effective the sooner it is applied. When the syndrome is clear-cut the therapeutic possibilities are very poor. For these cases the authors suggest the operation of diathermotrabeculectomy whose surgical procedure is detailed."}
{"id": "PMID:886797", "title": "[Variations of intraocular pressure induced by psychological stress (author's transl)].", "content": "Peculiar psychic reactivity of glaucomatous patients detected clinically and widely treated in the literature, has led us to study the behaviour of intraocular pressure in normal and glaucomatous subjects when submitted to various stresses. The data obtained show that prolonged stress increases intraocular pressure in normal subjects, unlike shorter stress which only causes an increase of intraocular pressure in glaucomatous patients. The possible genesis of the phenomenon is discussed.", "contents": "[Variations of intraocular pressure induced by psychological stress (author's transl)]. Peculiar psychic reactivity of glaucomatous patients detected clinically and widely treated in the literature, has led us to study the behaviour of intraocular pressure in normal and glaucomatous subjects when submitted to various stresses. The data obtained show that prolonged stress increases intraocular pressure in normal subjects, unlike shorter stress which only causes an increase of intraocular pressure in glaucomatous patients. The possible genesis of the phenomenon is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:886798", "title": "[Vascular effects of adrenergic drugs and their action on intraocular pressure (author's transl)].", "content": "By means of the continuous contemporary recording of arterial blood pressure and intraocular pressure, the relationship between the two parameters was analyzed following the intravenous administration of adrenergic drugs. The aim was that of determining if during a change in systemic blood pressure the behaviour of intraocular pressure may indicate an active or passive participation to such a change. In the present studies the most important representatives of the different adrenergic groups (adrenalin, dibenamin, ergotamin, propranolol and isoproterenol) were taken in consideration. The results in normal eyes and in eyes with experimental hypertension showed that the adrenergic drugs affect the intraocular presure through a primary vasomotorial effect. An active vasodilatation of the intraocular vessels could not be demonstrated, whereas an active (adrenalin, ergotamin) as well as a passive (propranolol, isoproterenol) vasoconstriction was evidenced. The present studies allow an interpretation of the ocular hypotonizing mechanism of action of adrenergic drugs.", "contents": "[Vascular effects of adrenergic drugs and their action on intraocular pressure (author's transl)]. By means of the continuous contemporary recording of arterial blood pressure and intraocular pressure, the relationship between the two parameters was analyzed following the intravenous administration of adrenergic drugs. The aim was that of determining if during a change in systemic blood pressure the behaviour of intraocular pressure may indicate an active or passive participation to such a change. In the present studies the most important representatives of the different adrenergic groups (adrenalin, dibenamin, ergotamin, propranolol and isoproterenol) were taken in consideration. The results in normal eyes and in eyes with experimental hypertension showed that the adrenergic drugs affect the intraocular presure through a primary vasomotorial effect. An active vasodilatation of the intraocular vessels could not be demonstrated, whereas an active (adrenalin, ergotamin) as well as a passive (propranolol, isoproterenol) vasoconstriction was evidenced. The present studies allow an interpretation of the ocular hypotonizing mechanism of action of adrenergic drugs."}
{"id": "PMID:886799", "title": "[Experimental triethyltin ocular hypertension. Pharmacological and histopathological studies (author's transl)].", "content": "The experiments were prompted by the need felt in pharmacology of eyes with hypertension of easy availability, rather long duration and fairly constant levels, to allow observation of the effects of hypotensive agents and to study their mechanism of action. Single doses of 1 mg Triethyltin, a substance producing a hydrodynamic compromission of the brain, were injected into the anterior chamber of rabbit eyes. A rise in ocular tension, beginning within 24 hours and lasting seven to ten days is obtained in about 70% of eyes. The pressure increase ranged from 12 to 30 mm Hg. Biomicroscopic and histologic examinations evidenced an uveitis-like reaction in the first week after treatment. Neoprene casts evidenced an impaired vascularization in the ciliary processes and choroid. Topical and parenteral administration of the most commonly used antiglaucomatous drugs showed how well this hypertension responded to hypotonizing agents. The occurrence of producing an ocular hypertension in the untreated fellow eye following repeated intra-cameral injections of small dosage (1 microgram) of Triethyltin, every two days for more than one month, in the other eye is described. Hypertension resulted in 40% of eyes.", "contents": "[Experimental triethyltin ocular hypertension. Pharmacological and histopathological studies (author's transl)]. The experiments were prompted by the need felt in pharmacology of eyes with hypertension of easy availability, rather long duration and fairly constant levels, to allow observation of the effects of hypotensive agents and to study their mechanism of action. Single doses of 1 mg Triethyltin, a substance producing a hydrodynamic compromission of the brain, were injected into the anterior chamber of rabbit eyes. A rise in ocular tension, beginning within 24 hours and lasting seven to ten days is obtained in about 70% of eyes. The pressure increase ranged from 12 to 30 mm Hg. Biomicroscopic and histologic examinations evidenced an uveitis-like reaction in the first week after treatment. Neoprene casts evidenced an impaired vascularization in the ciliary processes and choroid. Topical and parenteral administration of the most commonly used antiglaucomatous drugs showed how well this hypertension responded to hypotonizing agents. The occurrence of producing an ocular hypertension in the untreated fellow eye following repeated intra-cameral injections of small dosage (1 microgram) of Triethyltin, every two days for more than one month, in the other eye is described. Hypertension resulted in 40% of eyes."}
{"id": "PMID:886800", "title": "[On the possibility of reducing systemic side-effects of isoproterenol eyedrops by means of topical propranolol (author's transl)].", "content": "Topical administration of Isoproterenol reduces the intraocular pressure in glaucomatous eyes, but produces systemic side-effects (tachycardia arterial hypotension) that make its clinical use unadvisable. Such side-effects are significant when the concentration of Isoproterenol is 4 and 5%. Pre-treatment of the contralateral eye with a solution of Propranolol 1%, 30 and 60 min. before Isoproterenol instillation, markedly reduces systemic side-effects, without diminishing the ocular hypotensive effectiveness.", "contents": "[On the possibility of reducing systemic side-effects of isoproterenol eyedrops by means of topical propranolol (author's transl)]. Topical administration of Isoproterenol reduces the intraocular pressure in glaucomatous eyes, but produces systemic side-effects (tachycardia arterial hypotension) that make its clinical use unadvisable. Such side-effects are significant when the concentration of Isoproterenol is 4 and 5%. Pre-treatment of the contralateral eye with a solution of Propranolol 1%, 30 and 60 min. before Isoproterenol instillation, markedly reduces systemic side-effects, without diminishing the ocular hypotensive effectiveness."}
{"id": "PMID:886801", "title": "[A contribution on the clinical pictures, fluorescence angiography and histology oe essential progressive iris atrophy (author's transl)].", "content": "The clinical and irisangiographical findings of 2 patients with essential progressive iris atrophy of the juvenile are reported. Histopathological examination was possible in one case. The differential diagnosis including to iridoschisis, Chandler's syndrome, Cogan-Reese (iris-naevus) syndrome is discussed. The aetiology of this rare disease remains obscure. Most authors believe that the iris stroma changes and pigment epithelial atrophy result from a vascular deficiency. Iris angiographical findings confirm this belief. The prognosis is poor, due to the therapy resistant secondary glaucoma. Surgery of the ciliary body appears to be the only possible procedure.", "contents": "[A contribution on the clinical pictures, fluorescence angiography and histology oe essential progressive iris atrophy (author's transl)]. The clinical and irisangiographical findings of 2 patients with essential progressive iris atrophy of the juvenile are reported. Histopathological examination was possible in one case. The differential diagnosis including to iridoschisis, Chandler's syndrome, Cogan-Reese (iris-naevus) syndrome is discussed. The aetiology of this rare disease remains obscure. Most authors believe that the iris stroma changes and pigment epithelial atrophy result from a vascular deficiency. Iris angiographical findings confirm this belief. The prognosis is poor, due to the therapy resistant secondary glaucoma. Surgery of the ciliary body appears to be the only possible procedure."}
{"id": "PMID:886802", "title": "[Reiter's disease in an infant (author's transl)].", "content": "A case of Reiter's disease in a 15-month-old child is presented. The manifestation of this syndrome in childhood is an extraordinary event, so far few cases only have been observed. The symptoms of the syndrome are urethritis, arthritis and iritis. A specific infection could not be demonstrated. The typical clinical features are discussed and compared with earlier reports. Speculations on the etiology are made.", "contents": "[Reiter's disease in an infant (author's transl)]. A case of Reiter's disease in a 15-month-old child is presented. The manifestation of this syndrome in childhood is an extraordinary event, so far few cases only have been observed. The symptoms of the syndrome are urethritis, arthritis and iritis. A specific infection could not be demonstrated. The typical clinical features are discussed and compared with earlier reports. Speculations on the etiology are made."}
{"id": "PMID:886803", "title": "[Experiments on suture material prolene 10-0 and vicryl 11-0 compared with nylon 10-0 in the rabbit cornea (author's transl)].", "content": "Synthetic absorbable suture material Vicryl 11-0 and not absorbable Prolene 10-0 are tolerated well by the corneal tissue as compared with nylon 10-0. Vicryl 11-0 sutures remained intact for only 13.2 days on an average, this is too short for normal corneal surgery. As nylon shows signs of absorption with time Prolene may be preferable to nylon where permanent sutures are necessary.", "contents": "[Experiments on suture material prolene 10-0 and vicryl 11-0 compared with nylon 10-0 in the rabbit cornea (author's transl)]. Synthetic absorbable suture material Vicryl 11-0 and not absorbable Prolene 10-0 are tolerated well by the corneal tissue as compared with nylon 10-0. Vicryl 11-0 sutures remained intact for only 13.2 days on an average, this is too short for normal corneal surgery. As nylon shows signs of absorption with time Prolene may be preferable to nylon where permanent sutures are necessary."}
{"id": "PMID:886804", "title": "[Development of idiopathic dacryostenosis (clinical and pathologico-anatomical findings)].", "content": "The authors describe microsurgical appearances of tear-sac and nasal mucous membranes from 45 patients suffering from dacryostenosis without clinically manifest nose or sinus conditions. In addition the observations of Henle (1865), that described the continuation of expandible conchal mucous membrane up to the lower part of the tear duct were controlled. The observations gave the following results: 1. In all cases of dacryostenosis there was a past history of more or less severe acute or chronic inflammation of the nasal and tear-duct mucous membrane. 2. The submucose of the ductus naso-lacrimalis surrounded by bone contains arterioles with sphincters and cavernous vessel complexes which can cause swelling up to displacement of the canal lumen, according to the blood flow. The results support the hypothesis of the authors that \"idiopathic\" dacryostenosis is caused by ascending inflammations from the region of the nose and sinus cavities, which can be clinically quite inconspicuous.", "contents": "[Development of idiopathic dacryostenosis (clinical and pathologico-anatomical findings)]. The authors describe microsurgical appearances of tear-sac and nasal mucous membranes from 45 patients suffering from dacryostenosis without clinically manifest nose or sinus conditions. In addition the observations of Henle (1865), that described the continuation of expandible conchal mucous membrane up to the lower part of the tear duct were controlled. The observations gave the following results: 1. In all cases of dacryostenosis there was a past history of more or less severe acute or chronic inflammation of the nasal and tear-duct mucous membrane. 2. The submucose of the ductus naso-lacrimalis surrounded by bone contains arterioles with sphincters and cavernous vessel complexes which can cause swelling up to displacement of the canal lumen, according to the blood flow. The results support the hypothesis of the authors that \"idiopathic\" dacryostenosis is caused by ascending inflammations from the region of the nose and sinus cavities, which can be clinically quite inconspicuous."}
{"id": "PMID:886822", "title": "Abnormality of erythrocyte membrane protein in a case of congenital stomatocytosis.", "content": "A new method of membrane protein analysis was used to demonstrate an erythrocyte membrane protein anomaly. Our approach employed electrofocusing linked to sodiumdodecylsulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. We observed an aberrant protein, isoelectric at approximately pH 4.5 with an apparent molecular weight of approximately 25,000 in membrane preparations from a patient with congenital stomatocytosis. This protein has not been observed in any healthy donor examined to date.", "contents": "Abnormality of erythrocyte membrane protein in a case of congenital stomatocytosis. A new method of membrane protein analysis was used to demonstrate an erythrocyte membrane protein anomaly. Our approach employed electrofocusing linked to sodiumdodecylsulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. We observed an aberrant protein, isoelectric at approximately pH 4.5 with an apparent molecular weight of approximately 25,000 in membrane preparations from a patient with congenital stomatocytosis. This protein has not been observed in any healthy donor examined to date."}
{"id": "PMID:886823", "title": "Intracellular histidine content of various tissues (brain, striated muscle and liver) in experimental chronic renal failure.", "content": "Intracellular histidine levels were determined in brain, striated muscle and liver of rats with chronic renal insufficiency (5/6-nephrectomy) and compared both with normal rats and food-restricted (pair-fed) animals. There was no difference in plasma histidine concentration of the three groups whereas in the brain of the uremic rats histidine was significantly increased. Since there existed no alteration of the cerebral histidine in the corresponding pair-fed group, the finding of a raised histidine level in the renal insufficient rats seems to be due to a specific uremic disorder caused by a cerebral disturbance in histidine metabolism.", "contents": "Intracellular histidine content of various tissues (brain, striated muscle and liver) in experimental chronic renal failure. Intracellular histidine levels were determined in brain, striated muscle and liver of rats with chronic renal insufficiency (5/6-nephrectomy) and compared both with normal rats and food-restricted (pair-fed) animals. There was no difference in plasma histidine concentration of the three groups whereas in the brain of the uremic rats histidine was significantly increased. Since there existed no alteration of the cerebral histidine in the corresponding pair-fed group, the finding of a raised histidine level in the renal insufficient rats seems to be due to a specific uremic disorder caused by a cerebral disturbance in histidine metabolism."}
{"id": "PMID:886824", "title": "Relationship between glomerular lesions, serum creatinine and interstitial volume in membrano-proliferative glomerulonephritis.", "content": "Morphometric investigations in 33 patients suffering from membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis at different grades of glomerular involvement showed that there is no certain relationship between the severity of glomerular lesions and the serum creatinine level. On the other hand there is a significant positive correlation between the relative interstitial volume and the level of serum creatinine. The best congruence (r=+0,87, p less than 0.0001) showed an exponential function y=0.563-e0.049x. We therefore conclude that in membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis which is generally considered to be a glomerular disease, interstitial changes have to be taken into account as a cause of renal insufficiency. Glomerular lesions alone cannot explain the functional impairment. The pathophysiologic factors concerning increased interstitial volume as a cause of renal insufficiency - probably immunologic in origin - are yet to be completely clarified.", "contents": "Relationship between glomerular lesions, serum creatinine and interstitial volume in membrano-proliferative glomerulonephritis. Morphometric investigations in 33 patients suffering from membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis at different grades of glomerular involvement showed that there is no certain relationship between the severity of glomerular lesions and the serum creatinine level. On the other hand there is a significant positive correlation between the relative interstitial volume and the level of serum creatinine. The best congruence (r=+0,87, p less than 0.0001) showed an exponential function y=0.563-e0.049x. We therefore conclude that in membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis which is generally considered to be a glomerular disease, interstitial changes have to be taken into account as a cause of renal insufficiency. Glomerular lesions alone cannot explain the functional impairment. The pathophysiologic factors concerning increased interstitial volume as a cause of renal insufficiency - probably immunologic in origin - are yet to be completely clarified."}
{"id": "PMID:886825", "title": "Seasonal variation in litter size, bodyweight and sexual maturation in juvenile female house mice (Mus musculus).", "content": "Over a 4-year period a higher proportion of mated females bore litters during spring and summer than in late autumn and winter. Litter sizes were larger and young female mice weighed more at 21 days of age during spring and summer than at other times. However, young females attained sexual maturity, as indicated by vaginal smears, earlier during the winter months. This contrasts with data indicating that pubertal female mice have lower uterine weights in winter, A multiple regression analysis revealed that mouse bodyweights at 35 days of age and at 1st oestrus were important variables for predicting the age of puberty. Possible factors influencing reproductive seasonality in female house mice maintained under laboratory conditions are discussed.", "contents": "Seasonal variation in litter size, bodyweight and sexual maturation in juvenile female house mice (Mus musculus). Over a 4-year period a higher proportion of mated females bore litters during spring and summer than in late autumn and winter. Litter sizes were larger and young female mice weighed more at 21 days of age during spring and summer than at other times. However, young females attained sexual maturity, as indicated by vaginal smears, earlier during the winter months. This contrasts with data indicating that pubertal female mice have lower uterine weights in winter, A multiple regression analysis revealed that mouse bodyweights at 35 days of age and at 1st oestrus were important variables for predicting the age of puberty. Possible factors influencing reproductive seasonality in female house mice maintained under laboratory conditions are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:886826", "title": "Treatment of purulent staphylococcal conjunctivitis in rabbits with autogenous vaccine.", "content": "Autogenous Staphylococcus aureus vaccine produced temporary clinical improvement in 4 cases of conjunctivitis and may have a role where drugs are inappropriate.", "contents": "Treatment of purulent staphylococcal conjunctivitis in rabbits with autogenous vaccine. Autogenous Staphylococcus aureus vaccine produced temporary clinical improvement in 4 cases of conjunctivitis and may have a role where drugs are inappropriate."}
{"id": "PMID:886827", "title": "Problems of undernutrition research with breeding mice.", "content": "Rats undernourished throughout pregnancy and lactation lose few young during the suckling period and wean normal size litters of extremely growth-retarded offspring. Comparable treatment of maternal mice, on the other hand, resulted in considerable nestling mortality. Thus few young were reared to weaning and these were not nearly as growth-retarded. Detailed evidence is given of the effects of different schedules of undernutrition throughout pregnancy and lactation on the reproductive performance of mice. These findings are compared with those for rats and possible reasons for the difference in nestling mortality discussed.", "contents": "Problems of undernutrition research with breeding mice. Rats undernourished throughout pregnancy and lactation lose few young during the suckling period and wean normal size litters of extremely growth-retarded offspring. Comparable treatment of maternal mice, on the other hand, resulted in considerable nestling mortality. Thus few young were reared to weaning and these were not nearly as growth-retarded. Detailed evidence is given of the effects of different schedules of undernutrition throughout pregnancy and lactation on the reproductive performance of mice. These findings are compared with those for rats and possible reasons for the difference in nestling mortality discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:886829", "title": "Ultrastructure of proliferative ileitis in hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus).", "content": "The ileum of affected hamsters bore microvilli which were much shorter, less regularly arranged and less densely packed than those from control animals. Organelle derangements such as atrophy of mitochondria, degranulation and dilated cisterna of endoplasmic reticulum, were observed. Some hyperplastic epithelial cells contained multiple intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies and amyloid deposits were present extracellularly.", "contents": "Ultrastructure of proliferative ileitis in hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus). The ileum of affected hamsters bore microvilli which were much shorter, less regularly arranged and less densely packed than those from control animals. Organelle derangements such as atrophy of mitochondria, degranulation and dilated cisterna of endoplasmic reticulum, were observed. Some hyperplastic epithelial cells contained multiple intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies and amyloid deposits were present extracellularly."}
{"id": "PMID:886830", "title": "Relationship between bodyweight and spleen size in guinea-pigs.", "content": "The normal weight, width, length and area of the guinea-pig spleen and their corresponding relationships to bodyweight were studied. A total of 224 males and 229 females were selected at weights ranging from 150 to 1000 g. Females had significantly larger and heavier spleens than males, but exhibited greater individual variation in spleen weight, width and length. The width and/or length of the spleen presented the smallest coefficients of variation, suggesting the feasibility of using these parameters together with the calculated base line to establish whether a spleen comes from a normal guinea-pig or from an animal having an infection causing splenomegaly.", "contents": "Relationship between bodyweight and spleen size in guinea-pigs. The normal weight, width, length and area of the guinea-pig spleen and their corresponding relationships to bodyweight were studied. A total of 224 males and 229 females were selected at weights ranging from 150 to 1000 g. Females had significantly larger and heavier spleens than males, but exhibited greater individual variation in spleen weight, width and length. The width and/or length of the spleen presented the smallest coefficients of variation, suggesting the feasibility of using these parameters together with the calculated base line to establish whether a spleen comes from a normal guinea-pig or from an animal having an infection causing splenomegaly."}
{"id": "PMID:886831", "title": "Sexing mouse pups.", "content": "Data on the early sexing of random-bred albino mice (Mus musculus) is presented. It is shown that accurate sexing of newborn pups cannot be made by anogenital distance measurement unless the proportion of animals falling into the overlap-zones are discarded. However, 8-day-old pups may be sexed by the display of abdominal (inguinal) teats in the females.", "contents": "Sexing mouse pups. Data on the early sexing of random-bred albino mice (Mus musculus) is presented. It is shown that accurate sexing of newborn pups cannot be made by anogenital distance measurement unless the proportion of animals falling into the overlap-zones are discarded. However, 8-day-old pups may be sexed by the display of abdominal (inguinal) teats in the females."}
{"id": "PMID:886832", "title": "Infectious form of Spironucleus (Hexamita) muris: banded cysts.", "content": "Spironucleus muris is a facultative pathogen which may impair experiments on rodents. During examination of thymus-deficient (nu/nu) mice of Han:NMRI stock which were spontaneously infected with this flagellate, infectious cysts were found in the lower intestine and in the faeces. The disease was reproduced in animals fed these cysts. The observed prepatent time was 2-3 days. The cysts are supposed to be the only infectious form of S. muris. The immature and mature stages, of the cyst with a characteristic banded appearance ('Easter-egg cysts') are described. The description of the cystic form of S. muris in the faeces of infected mice makes possible the diagnosis of spironucleosis without sacrificing the host.", "contents": "Infectious form of Spironucleus (Hexamita) muris: banded cysts. Spironucleus muris is a facultative pathogen which may impair experiments on rodents. During examination of thymus-deficient (nu/nu) mice of Han:NMRI stock which were spontaneously infected with this flagellate, infectious cysts were found in the lower intestine and in the faeces. The disease was reproduced in animals fed these cysts. The observed prepatent time was 2-3 days. The cysts are supposed to be the only infectious form of S. muris. The immature and mature stages, of the cyst with a characteristic banded appearance ('Easter-egg cysts') are described. The description of the cystic form of S. muris in the faeces of infected mice makes possible the diagnosis of spironucleosis without sacrificing the host."}
{"id": "PMID:886833", "title": "Hydronephrosis in male rats.", "content": "Section of the right internal spermatic artery and vein where they overlie the ureter in Wistar-related male rats suggests that the right hydronephrosis found in these animals is not a consequence of simple obstruction by the blood vessels. The diverse effects of this operation on testicular weight presumably reflect variation in the relative importance of internal and external spermatic blood supply.", "contents": "Hydronephrosis in male rats. Section of the right internal spermatic artery and vein where they overlie the ureter in Wistar-related male rats suggests that the right hydronephrosis found in these animals is not a consequence of simple obstruction by the blood vessels. The diverse effects of this operation on testicular weight presumably reflect variation in the relative importance of internal and external spermatic blood supply."}
{"id": "PMID:886887", "title": "High-resolution NMR studies at 270 MHz of alternating poly(gamma-benzyl D-L-glutamate) in double-stranded helical conformations.", "content": "NMR spectra (270MHz) are presented of strictly alternating poly(gamma-benzyl D-L-glutamate) in dioxane, chloroform, and methylene chloride solutions from which cast films have been demonstrated to have a molecular conformation in the pi pi DL 9.0 and pi pi DL 7.2 double-helical forms. Unusually low chemical shift values are observed for the alpha-CH (approximately 5.5 ppm) and NH (approximately 9.0 ppm) resonances, well separated from those of the alpha and pi DL single helices. The aromatic protons and benzyl-CH2 resonances are found slightly upfield of those of the single helices. It is proposed that these shift values are characteristic of the double helices and that the conformation of the PBD-LG sample in these solvents is the same as in the film obtained therefrom. This conclusion is supported by NMR spectra of a solvent-induced pi pi DL 7.2 leads to pi pi DL 9.0 double helical transconformation and a similar TFA-induced double helix leads to single helix conformational transition.", "contents": "High-resolution NMR studies at 270 MHz of alternating poly(gamma-benzyl D-L-glutamate) in double-stranded helical conformations. NMR spectra (270MHz) are presented of strictly alternating poly(gamma-benzyl D-L-glutamate) in dioxane, chloroform, and methylene chloride solutions from which cast films have been demonstrated to have a molecular conformation in the pi pi DL 9.0 and pi pi DL 7.2 double-helical forms. Unusually low chemical shift values are observed for the alpha-CH (approximately 5.5 ppm) and NH (approximately 9.0 ppm) resonances, well separated from those of the alpha and pi DL single helices. The aromatic protons and benzyl-CH2 resonances are found slightly upfield of those of the single helices. It is proposed that these shift values are characteristic of the double helices and that the conformation of the PBD-LG sample in these solvents is the same as in the film obtained therefrom. This conclusion is supported by NMR spectra of a solvent-induced pi pi DL 7.2 leads to pi pi DL 9.0 double helical transconformation and a similar TFA-induced double helix leads to single helix conformational transition."}
{"id": "PMID:886886", "title": "Unperturbed dimensions of disordered proteins containing an interchain disulfide cross-link.", "content": "Mean-square unperturbed radii of gyration, (s2)0, have been calculated for several proteins cross-linked via an interchain disulfide bond. Thirty different polypeptide chains were used. Characteristic ratios tend to be smaller for cross-linked proteins than for the uncross-linked chains, although exceptions to this generalization do exist. Random flight statistics tend to overestimate the value of g, defined as the ratio of (s2)0 for the cross-linked protein to (s2)0 for analogous linear polypeptide chain containing the same number of amino acid residues. The parameter fi, defined as the ratio of the (s2)0 for the ith uncross-linked polypeptide chain and the cross-linked protein, is usually more accurately estimated by random flight statistics than is g. When the cross-link connects two chains of identical amino acid sequence, the values of fi obtained via random flight statistics are within 6% of those provided by rotational isomeric state theory.", "contents": "Unperturbed dimensions of disordered proteins containing an interchain disulfide cross-link. Mean-square unperturbed radii of gyration, (s2)0, have been calculated for several proteins cross-linked via an interchain disulfide bond. Thirty different polypeptide chains were used. Characteristic ratios tend to be smaller for cross-linked proteins than for the uncross-linked chains, although exceptions to this generalization do exist. Random flight statistics tend to overestimate the value of g, defined as the ratio of (s2)0 for the cross-linked protein to (s2)0 for analogous linear polypeptide chain containing the same number of amino acid residues. The parameter fi, defined as the ratio of the (s2)0 for the ith uncross-linked polypeptide chain and the cross-linked protein, is usually more accurately estimated by random flight statistics than is g. When the cross-link connects two chains of identical amino acid sequence, the values of fi obtained via random flight statistics are within 6% of those provided by rotational isomeric state theory."}
{"id": "PMID:886893", "title": "The great society and health: policies for narrowing the gaps in health status between the poor and the nonpoor.", "content": "The \"Great Society\" may be characterized as a loosely knit program of policies for domestic reform, promulgated by the Johnson Administration in adaptation of the general philosophy and strategies of the New Deal, the Fair Deal, and the New Frontier to certain conditions of the middle 1960s. Among these conditions were demographic, social, political, and economic dimensions, both immediate and long term. The program was marked by some diversity in the strategies of reform and in the particulars of implementing legislation, but also by a general underlying view of the state of American society, the requisites for participation in the benefits of the society, and the appropriate role of the federal government in supporting prosperity and assuring freedom.", "contents": "The great society and health: policies for narrowing the gaps in health status between the poor and the nonpoor. The \"Great Society\" may be characterized as a loosely knit program of policies for domestic reform, promulgated by the Johnson Administration in adaptation of the general philosophy and strategies of the New Deal, the Fair Deal, and the New Frontier to certain conditions of the middle 1960s. Among these conditions were demographic, social, political, and economic dimensions, both immediate and long term. The program was marked by some diversity in the strategies of reform and in the particulars of implementing legislation, but also by a general underlying view of the state of American society, the requisites for participation in the benefits of the society, and the appropriate role of the federal government in supporting prosperity and assuring freedom."}
{"id": "PMID:886895", "title": "Mental health and the poor: have the gaps between the poor and the \"nonpoor\" narrowed in the last decade?", "content": "Because of the difficulty of measuring mental health status and the lack of systematic and longitudinal data reflecting economic status and mental health, and arbitrary definition is used for this paper: changes in the accessibility to and utilization of psychiatric services by the poor compared with that of the nonpoor will be interpreted as changes in mental health status. Patterns of utilization of mental health facilities in the United States and in Monroe County, New York, by economic variables and/or by race, for periods spanning the Great Society programs, are descirbed. In addition, the location and availability of services provided by community mental health centers since their development are examined. Although these data indicate increased accessibility to facilities by the poor, there continue to be differences in the ways different economic groups use psychiatric facilities. In addition to a discussion of the implications of the findings for service delivery, definitional limitations are cited and additional information needed for making any judgements totward planning future mental health programs are explored.", "contents": "Mental health and the poor: have the gaps between the poor and the \"nonpoor\" narrowed in the last decade? Because of the difficulty of measuring mental health status and the lack of systematic and longitudinal data reflecting economic status and mental health, and arbitrary definition is used for this paper: changes in the accessibility to and utilization of psychiatric services by the poor compared with that of the nonpoor will be interpreted as changes in mental health status. Patterns of utilization of mental health facilities in the United States and in Monroe County, New York, by economic variables and/or by race, for periods spanning the Great Society programs, are descirbed. In addition, the location and availability of services provided by community mental health centers since their development are examined. Although these data indicate increased accessibility to facilities by the poor, there continue to be differences in the ways different economic groups use psychiatric facilities. In addition to a discussion of the implications of the findings for service delivery, definitional limitations are cited and additional information needed for making any judgements totward planning future mental health programs are explored."}
{"id": "PMID:886885", "title": "Unperturbed dimensions for homopolypeptides and sequential copolypeptides cross-linked via a disulfide bond.", "content": "Rotational isomeric state theory, in the form appropriate for branched molecules, has been used to calculate the mean-square unperturbed radius of gyration, (s2)0, for cross-linked polyglycine, poly(L-alanine), poly(L-proline), poly(L-alanyl-D-alanine), poly(L-propyl-L-prolylglycine), poly(L-prolyl-L-alanylglycine, poly(glycyl-L-alanyl-L-proline), and poly(L-alanyl-L-alanylglycine). The central amino acid residue in each polypeptide chain is replaced by the L-cysteinyl residue involved in cross-link formation. Each cross-linked molecular is considered to contain two trifunctional branch points, the alpha-carbon atoms of the two L-cysteinyl residues. Random flight statistics provide a poor estimate for g, defined as the ratio of (s2)0 for branched and linear polypeptides containing the same number of amino acid residues, for molecules of moderate molecular weight. The values of g obtained by random flight statistics and rotational isomeric state theory merge as the molecular weight becomes infinite. Deviations of g from its random flight value correlate with the size of the characteristic ratio, (s2)0/nplp2, for the linear polypeptides. The number of peptide bonds is np, and lp denotes the distance between neighboring alpha carbon atoms. Random flight statistics perform better in estimating the change in (s2)0 accompanying the cross-linking of the two polypeptide chains than it does in the estimation of g.", "contents": "Unperturbed dimensions for homopolypeptides and sequential copolypeptides cross-linked via a disulfide bond. Rotational isomeric state theory, in the form appropriate for branched molecules, has been used to calculate the mean-square unperturbed radius of gyration, (s2)0, for cross-linked polyglycine, poly(L-alanine), poly(L-proline), poly(L-alanyl-D-alanine), poly(L-propyl-L-prolylglycine), poly(L-prolyl-L-alanylglycine, poly(glycyl-L-alanyl-L-proline), and poly(L-alanyl-L-alanylglycine). The central amino acid residue in each polypeptide chain is replaced by the L-cysteinyl residue involved in cross-link formation. Each cross-linked molecular is considered to contain two trifunctional branch points, the alpha-carbon atoms of the two L-cysteinyl residues. Random flight statistics provide a poor estimate for g, defined as the ratio of (s2)0 for branched and linear polypeptides containing the same number of amino acid residues, for molecules of moderate molecular weight. The values of g obtained by random flight statistics and rotational isomeric state theory merge as the molecular weight becomes infinite. Deviations of g from its random flight value correlate with the size of the characteristic ratio, (s2)0/nplp2, for the linear polypeptides. The number of peptide bonds is np, and lp denotes the distance between neighboring alpha carbon atoms. Random flight statistics perform better in estimating the change in (s2)0 accompanying the cross-linking of the two polypeptide chains than it does in the estimation of g."}
{"id": "PMID:886888", "title": "Interactions between poly(L-lysine) and chondroitin 6 sulfate. Quasi-elastic light scattering studies.", "content": "Quasi-elastic laser light scattering studies have shown that large multimolecular aggregates are formed on mixing dilute aqueous solutions of poly(L-lysine) and chondroitin 6-sulfate. For the two components in equimolar residue proportions at a total concentration of 0.178 mg/mL, the aggregates have hydrodynamic radii of 1200 A. Circular dichroism spectroscopy indicates that the polypeptide conformation changes from a coil to the alpha-helix on cooling the solution. This change can be reversed by increasing the temperature; the midpoint for the transition is 47 degrees C. Throughout these changes the size of the aggregates remains approximately constant, and thus the conformational transition detected by circular dichroism occurs within the aggregates, which otherwise remain intact. In addition, changes in ratio of the two components, pH, and ionic strength, affect the size of the aggregates.", "contents": "Interactions between poly(L-lysine) and chondroitin 6 sulfate. Quasi-elastic light scattering studies. Quasi-elastic laser light scattering studies have shown that large multimolecular aggregates are formed on mixing dilute aqueous solutions of poly(L-lysine) and chondroitin 6-sulfate. For the two components in equimolar residue proportions at a total concentration of 0.178 mg/mL, the aggregates have hydrodynamic radii of 1200 A. Circular dichroism spectroscopy indicates that the polypeptide conformation changes from a coil to the alpha-helix on cooling the solution. This change can be reversed by increasing the temperature; the midpoint for the transition is 47 degrees C. Throughout these changes the size of the aggregates remains approximately constant, and thus the conformational transition detected by circular dichroism occurs within the aggregates, which otherwise remain intact. In addition, changes in ratio of the two components, pH, and ionic strength, affect the size of the aggregates."}
{"id": "PMID:886899", "title": "Managing change in health care organizations.", "content": "The forces for change seem more potent today than ever before; increased technological advancement and rapid \"societal upheavals\" create a more critical need for change and a more significant need for skills to manage and channel change toward meaningful ends. The area of health care delivery is probably one of the fields most impinged upon and most affected by these turbulent times. Organizational development is presented herein as an approach to assist people in health care organizations with the problems of adaptation and change. A specific change strategy, action research, is discussed and a concrete case example is presented to illustrate the ways in which the action research model can be applied. Advantages and pitfalls are discussed in the concluding section.", "contents": "Managing change in health care organizations. The forces for change seem more potent today than ever before; increased technological advancement and rapid \"societal upheavals\" create a more critical need for change and a more significant need for skills to manage and channel change toward meaningful ends. The area of health care delivery is probably one of the fields most impinged upon and most affected by these turbulent times. Organizational development is presented herein as an approach to assist people in health care organizations with the problems of adaptation and change. A specific change strategy, action research, is discussed and a concrete case example is presented to illustrate the ways in which the action research model can be applied. Advantages and pitfalls are discussed in the concluding section."}
{"id": "PMID:886929", "title": "Using systems performance data for ambulance management.", "content": "The ambulance service is an important component in the emergency medical system of a community. The availability of performance information on several aspects of the ambulance system may improve ambulance management. The location of new ambulance stations, selection of the destination hospital for urgent cases, scheduling of crew changes, and evaluation of crew performance can be approached through an examination of existing data. Management use of such an information system by the Victorian Civil Ambulance Service in Melbourne, Australia is included in the discussion.", "contents": "Using systems performance data for ambulance management. The ambulance service is an important component in the emergency medical system of a community. The availability of performance information on several aspects of the ambulance system may improve ambulance management. The location of new ambulance stations, selection of the destination hospital for urgent cases, scheduling of crew changes, and evaluation of crew performance can be approached through an examination of existing data. Management use of such an information system by the Victorian Civil Ambulance Service in Melbourne, Australia is included in the discussion."}
{"id": "PMID:886945", "title": "[Formation of an x-ray cinematographic image].", "content": "The consideration of the process attending the formation of a roentgenokymographic image enables one to theoretically substantiate the informative characteristics of the roentgenokymographic apparatus, as well as concrete numerical values of the principal parameter of the kymogrid i.e. the dimensions of the slit. In an ordinary roentgenokymograph the slit should equal 0.5 mm, while in a protected one--0.13 mm (in examination of adults) and 0.24 mm (in examination of children).", "contents": "[Formation of an x-ray cinematographic image]. The consideration of the process attending the formation of a roentgenokymographic image enables one to theoretically substantiate the informative characteristics of the roentgenokymographic apparatus, as well as concrete numerical values of the principal parameter of the kymogrid i.e. the dimensions of the slit. In an ordinary roentgenokymograph the slit should equal 0.5 mm, while in a protected one--0.13 mm (in examination of adults) and 0.24 mm (in examination of children)."}
{"id": "PMID:886946", "title": "[Analysis of the basic characteristics of a scintillation gamma-chamber].", "content": "The key characteristics of a scintillation gamma-chamber that determine the quality of the obtained radiodiagnostic information are power and spatial resolution and the field of vision diameter. An analysis of these characteristics allowed it to outline the ways for their further improvement, which, within the bounds of the scintillation method of detection, can be achieved through employment of image intensifiers with a system of photomultipliers at the output screen.", "contents": "[Analysis of the basic characteristics of a scintillation gamma-chamber]. The key characteristics of a scintillation gamma-chamber that determine the quality of the obtained radiodiagnostic information are power and spatial resolution and the field of vision diameter. An analysis of these characteristics allowed it to outline the ways for their further improvement, which, within the bounds of the scintillation method of detection, can be achieved through employment of image intensifiers with a system of photomultipliers at the output screen."}
{"id": "PMID:886948", "title": "[Standardization of the resistance of grounded electrocardiographs with patient circuits ground-insulated to electrical cophase interferences from an external main].", "content": "The possibility of simulating conditions for electrocardiographic interferences examination by current and voltage generators is shown. These two models allow it to adopt for appraising the resistance of electrocardiographs to outside cophasic electric interferences any one of the two equivalent parameters, viz. \"the equivalent resistance of cophasic interferences\" and \"coefficient of cophasic rejection\". The said parameters represent the relation between the differential value of the interferences voltage at the inlet of the electrocardiograph and the interferences current and interferences voltage of the current generators and of the interverences voltage that produced the former, respectively. The required magnitudes for these parameters have been found, namely less than or equal to 14 Om and 0.5-10(-6) V. For practical purposes it is preferable to use the coefficient of cophasic rejection.", "contents": "[Standardization of the resistance of grounded electrocardiographs with patient circuits ground-insulated to electrical cophase interferences from an external main]. The possibility of simulating conditions for electrocardiographic interferences examination by current and voltage generators is shown. These two models allow it to adopt for appraising the resistance of electrocardiographs to outside cophasic electric interferences any one of the two equivalent parameters, viz. \"the equivalent resistance of cophasic interferences\" and \"coefficient of cophasic rejection\". The said parameters represent the relation between the differential value of the interferences voltage at the inlet of the electrocardiograph and the interferences current and interferences voltage of the current generators and of the interverences voltage that produced the former, respectively. The required magnitudes for these parameters have been found, namely less than or equal to 14 Om and 0.5-10(-6) V. For practical purposes it is preferable to use the coefficient of cophasic rejection."}
{"id": "PMID:886947", "title": "[Effect of voltage errors of an x-ray diagnostic apparatus on the quality of the x-ray image].", "content": "The technical suitability of key assemblies in the roentgen unit and the quality of X-ray examinations depend upon a proper choice of permissible voltage setting errors in the X-ray tube. To determine the permissible voltage setting errors in the roentgen apparatus a criterion for the required accuracy of such settings has been suggested and the voltage error in Soviet-made units operating in medical establishments assessed experimentally.", "contents": "[Effect of voltage errors of an x-ray diagnostic apparatus on the quality of the x-ray image]. The technical suitability of key assemblies in the roentgen unit and the quality of X-ray examinations depend upon a proper choice of permissible voltage setting errors in the X-ray tube. To determine the permissible voltage setting errors in the roentgen apparatus a criterion for the required accuracy of such settings has been suggested and the voltage error in Soviet-made units operating in medical establishments assessed experimentally."}
{"id": "PMID:886950", "title": "[Problems in the methods and equipment of dielectrography].", "content": "An equivalent diagram representing the study sector of the body with non-contact electrodes placed upon it is considered. The relationship between the equivalent parallel circuit capacitance value and changes in the electric conductivity and capacitance of the study tissues is analyzed. Dielectrography enables it to register changes occurring in the active conduction of the body section lying between electrodes, i.e. to watch over the volume of blood filling various tissues and organs. Circuitry variants for registration dielectrograms are proposed. Recordings taken from different body areas are submitted.", "contents": "[Problems in the methods and equipment of dielectrography]. An equivalent diagram representing the study sector of the body with non-contact electrodes placed upon it is considered. The relationship between the equivalent parallel circuit capacitance value and changes in the electric conductivity and capacitance of the study tissues is analyzed. Dielectrography enables it to register changes occurring in the active conduction of the body section lying between electrodes, i.e. to watch over the volume of blood filling various tissues and organs. Circuitry variants for registration dielectrograms are proposed. Recordings taken from different body areas are submitted."}
{"id": "PMID:886951", "title": "[Device for the calibration of x-ray cardiographs with photoelectronic transducers].", "content": "A device for calibration (gauging) of roentgenocardiographs carrying a photoelectronic sensor and operating with photo-imitation of X-radiation is described. This method of calibration reduces the irradiation dose received by the attending staff and permits it to easily gauge the devices during their manufacture and adjustment.", "contents": "[Device for the calibration of x-ray cardiographs with photoelectronic transducers]. A device for calibration (gauging) of roentgenocardiographs carrying a photoelectronic sensor and operating with photo-imitation of X-radiation is described. This method of calibration reduces the irradiation dose received by the attending staff and permits it to easily gauge the devices during their manufacture and adjustment."}
{"id": "PMID:886952", "title": "[Scintigraphic systems and their evaluation using computers].", "content": "A comparative characteristics of modern scintillation chambers manufactured by different firms is given. Basic parameters of the chambers and the methods of their appraisal effected by using computer technique are considered and results obtained by comparing major parameters of three chamber models (\"Fo-Gamma III HP\", \"Fo-Gamma LFOV\" and \"Daina-2C\") through experimental procedures by following a chosen method are presented. The authors come to the conclusion that the use of computer technique tends to greatly facilitate the procedure of the chambers' control and increases the significance and reliability of the scintigraphic findings.", "contents": "[Scintigraphic systems and their evaluation using computers]. A comparative characteristics of modern scintillation chambers manufactured by different firms is given. Basic parameters of the chambers and the methods of their appraisal effected by using computer technique are considered and results obtained by comparing major parameters of three chamber models (\"Fo-Gamma III HP\", \"Fo-Gamma LFOV\" and \"Daina-2C\") through experimental procedures by following a chosen method are presented. The authors come to the conclusion that the use of computer technique tends to greatly facilitate the procedure of the chambers' control and increases the significance and reliability of the scintigraphic findings."}
{"id": "PMID:886958", "title": "[Photocinematography of moving objects utilizing pulsed and continuous x-ray radiation].", "content": "The paper described advantages of pulsed X-radiation over the continuous one. Experimental technique employed with a roentgen-diagnostic unit is depicted. It is shown that the use of pulsed X-radiation helps to substantially cut down the radiation load on the physician and the patient and to heighten the resolution of the moving organs image.", "contents": "[Photocinematography of moving objects utilizing pulsed and continuous x-ray radiation]. The paper described advantages of pulsed X-radiation over the continuous one. Experimental technique employed with a roentgen-diagnostic unit is depicted. It is shown that the use of pulsed X-radiation helps to substantially cut down the radiation load on the physician and the patient and to heighten the resolution of the moving organs image."}
{"id": "PMID:886953", "title": "[Systems approach to the development of equipment provision for roentgenological research].", "content": "A systemic approach to the X-ray out fits allowed 3 levels of the roentgen-diagnostic process to be singled out, viz. the lower with the data the data \"normally--anormality\", the medium, with a tentative conclusion and the highest, with an authentic diagnosis at the output end. The levels may be characterized by formulas reflecting the number of inputs, processes (methods) and outputs. The optimal roentgenological facilities should be in keeping with the diagnostic levels formulas. The prospects for improving the facilities involve a systemic approach to the development of equipment and an integration on this basis of the investigation methods, both horizontally (within the framework of roentgenology) and vertically (outside roentgenology).", "contents": "[Systems approach to the development of equipment provision for roentgenological research]. A systemic approach to the X-ray out fits allowed 3 levels of the roentgen-diagnostic process to be singled out, viz. the lower with the data the data \"normally--anormality\", the medium, with a tentative conclusion and the highest, with an authentic diagnosis at the output end. The levels may be characterized by formulas reflecting the number of inputs, processes (methods) and outputs. The optimal roentgenological facilities should be in keeping with the diagnostic levels formulas. The prospects for improving the facilities involve a systemic approach to the development of equipment and an integration on this basis of the investigation methods, both horizontally (within the framework of roentgenology) and vertically (outside roentgenology)."}
{"id": "PMID:887001", "title": "Toxin isolation from a Kanagawa-phenomenon negative strain of Vibrio parahaemolyticus.", "content": "Production of a toxin by Vibrio parahaemolyticus Kanagawa-phenomenon negative strains was examined. Ammonium sulfate fractions of broth culture filtrates were dialyzed, concentrated by lyophilization, and tested for toxic effects by mouse intraperitoneal injection. One fraction, which we think is a toxin, was isolated from a broth culture filtrate of V. parahaemolyticus FC 1011 (a Kanagawa-phenomenon negative strain) and consitently produced lethal effects in mice at high concentrations and diarrhea in lower concentrations. The toxin was assayed for mouse LD50 and ability to produce diarrhea via forced feeding in mice. V. parahaemolyticus FC 1011 toxin was found to be protein, to be inactivated by heat or trypsin hydrolysis, and to produce positive skin permeability reactions in rabbits. However, it failed to induce fluid accumulation in ligated ileal loops in rabbits.", "contents": "Toxin isolation from a Kanagawa-phenomenon negative strain of Vibrio parahaemolyticus. Production of a toxin by Vibrio parahaemolyticus Kanagawa-phenomenon negative strains was examined. Ammonium sulfate fractions of broth culture filtrates were dialyzed, concentrated by lyophilization, and tested for toxic effects by mouse intraperitoneal injection. One fraction, which we think is a toxin, was isolated from a broth culture filtrate of V. parahaemolyticus FC 1011 (a Kanagawa-phenomenon negative strain) and consitently produced lethal effects in mice at high concentrations and diarrhea in lower concentrations. The toxin was assayed for mouse LD50 and ability to produce diarrhea via forced feeding in mice. V. parahaemolyticus FC 1011 toxin was found to be protein, to be inactivated by heat or trypsin hydrolysis, and to produce positive skin permeability reactions in rabbits. However, it failed to induce fluid accumulation in ligated ileal loops in rabbits."}
{"id": "PMID:887004", "title": "Gastric acid secretion in chronic atrophic gastritis and chronic (superficial) gastritis.", "content": "Basal and pentagastrin-stimulated peak acid outputs were determined in 21 subjects with chronic atrophic gastritis and 10 subjects with chronic superficial gastritis. All subjects were Caucasian. The histological diagnosis was based on multiple gastric biopsy specimens obtained through a fibregastroscope. Comparison of the results with those of a previously reported Caucasian control group show that the mean basal acid outputs of subjects with chronic (superficial) gastritis were significantly higher than that of controls and subjects with chronic atrophic gastritis. No significant difference was found in the mean peak acid outputs of controls and subjects with chronic atrophic gastritis or chronic (superficial) gastritis.", "contents": "Gastric acid secretion in chronic atrophic gastritis and chronic (superficial) gastritis. Basal and pentagastrin-stimulated peak acid outputs were determined in 21 subjects with chronic atrophic gastritis and 10 subjects with chronic superficial gastritis. All subjects were Caucasian. The histological diagnosis was based on multiple gastric biopsy specimens obtained through a fibregastroscope. Comparison of the results with those of a previously reported Caucasian control group show that the mean basal acid outputs of subjects with chronic (superficial) gastritis were significantly higher than that of controls and subjects with chronic atrophic gastritis. No significant difference was found in the mean peak acid outputs of controls and subjects with chronic atrophic gastritis or chronic (superficial) gastritis."}
{"id": "PMID:887005", "title": "Vasectomy: a simple postoperative regimen.", "content": "Five hundred men have been followed up for 12 to 15 months after vasectomy. A simple postoperative regimen for confirmation of sterility has proved to be reliable. This comprised examination of a single fresh seminal specimen after 10 ejaculations, non-motile sperm being disregarded and the test being repeated only in those rare cases in which motile sperm were found. Sterility was demonstrated for 26% of men within four weeks of operation, and for 69% of them within eight weeks.", "contents": "Vasectomy: a simple postoperative regimen. Five hundred men have been followed up for 12 to 15 months after vasectomy. A simple postoperative regimen for confirmation of sterility has proved to be reliable. This comprised examination of a single fresh seminal specimen after 10 ejaculations, non-motile sperm being disregarded and the test being repeated only in those rare cases in which motile sperm were found. Sterility was demonstrated for 26% of men within four weeks of operation, and for 69% of them within eight weeks."}
{"id": "PMID:887007", "title": "Hospital costs--the medical student component.", "content": "A study of indirect costs which could be attributed to undergraduate teaching in a large affiliated teaching hospital has shown that they are very small. Thus direct university costs in 1975 were $1,800,000 (7-6% of all expenditure at the hospital); indirect costs were $41,000 (approximately 0-2% of the hospital expenditure). It is concluded that the 45% difference in bed costs per day between teaching and non-teaching hospitals from a previous investigation is therefore not the result of the clinical school indirect demands on hospital expenditure.", "contents": "Hospital costs--the medical student component. A study of indirect costs which could be attributed to undergraduate teaching in a large affiliated teaching hospital has shown that they are very small. Thus direct university costs in 1975 were $1,800,000 (7-6% of all expenditure at the hospital); indirect costs were $41,000 (approximately 0-2% of the hospital expenditure). It is concluded that the 45% difference in bed costs per day between teaching and non-teaching hospitals from a previous investigation is therefore not the result of the clinical school indirect demands on hospital expenditure."}
{"id": "PMID:887015", "title": "Plasmapheresis in Goodpasture's syndrome with renal failure.", "content": "Four patients who presented with severe proliferative glomerulonephritis associated with linear deposition of IgG on the basement membrane have been treated by intermittent massive plasmapheresis. Two patients had all the features of Goodpasture's syndrome. In the other two cases, the characteristic renal lesion was present but there was no pulmonary involvement. In all cases, renal function improved after plasmapheresis while in two, renal function deteriorated after plasmapheresis was stopped. On of these patients responded to a second course of plasmapheresis but failed to respond to a third. This study supports previous reports of the value of plasmapheresis in patients with Goodpasture's syndrome and renal failure in whom recovery without plasmapheresis has not been recorded. The present study emphasizes the importance of continuing treatment for a period of weeks to permit prolonged remission. If treatment is withdrawn too early, rapid deterioration in renal function may result, and unless plasmapheresis is recommenced at once the renal failure may then prove irreversible.", "contents": "Plasmapheresis in Goodpasture's syndrome with renal failure. Four patients who presented with severe proliferative glomerulonephritis associated with linear deposition of IgG on the basement membrane have been treated by intermittent massive plasmapheresis. Two patients had all the features of Goodpasture's syndrome. In the other two cases, the characteristic renal lesion was present but there was no pulmonary involvement. In all cases, renal function improved after plasmapheresis while in two, renal function deteriorated after plasmapheresis was stopped. On of these patients responded to a second course of plasmapheresis but failed to respond to a third. This study supports previous reports of the value of plasmapheresis in patients with Goodpasture's syndrome and renal failure in whom recovery without plasmapheresis has not been recorded. The present study emphasizes the importance of continuing treatment for a period of weeks to permit prolonged remission. If treatment is withdrawn too early, rapid deterioration in renal function may result, and unless plasmapheresis is recommenced at once the renal failure may then prove irreversible."}
{"id": "PMID:887016", "title": "Phenacetin and analgesic nephropathy.", "content": "A prospective survey of 322 autopsies of adults conducted some months after phenacetin was removed from a popular compound analgesic showed to reduction in the incidence of advanced or earlier forms of analgesic nephropathy from levels noted in an earlier survey. Apparently active nephropathy was seen in persons taking two different compound analgesics, neither now containing phenacetin. Crystals observed in early and intermediate analgesic nephropathy had no diagnostic significance and represented a tissue breakdown product.", "contents": "Phenacetin and analgesic nephropathy. A prospective survey of 322 autopsies of adults conducted some months after phenacetin was removed from a popular compound analgesic showed to reduction in the incidence of advanced or earlier forms of analgesic nephropathy from levels noted in an earlier survey. Apparently active nephropathy was seen in persons taking two different compound analgesics, neither now containing phenacetin. Crystals observed in early and intermediate analgesic nephropathy had no diagnostic significance and represented a tissue breakdown product."}
{"id": "PMID:887017", "title": "Urinary tract infections in childhood: the place of the nitrite test.", "content": "The effectiveness of the nitrite test available on the N-Multistix (Ames Co.) was compared with that of the microscopic examination of urine as a screening test for the detection of urinary tract infections in children presenting to a general paediatric clinic. The nitrite test gave a positive result in 59% of children with urinary infections, while microscopic pyuria (more than 50 white blood cells per cubic millimetre of uncentrifuged urine) was found in 72% of the same group. Of children who did not have a urinary tract infection, 2.8% had microscopic pyuria compared with only 0.2% who showed a false-positive nitrite test result. The ease and rapidity of the nitrite test make it a useful screening test for the presumptive diagnosis of urinary tract infections, and in certain circumstances it is preferable to the conventional microscopic examination of urine. However, as in the case of microscopic examination, urine culture must always be performed to avoid missing the urinary infections that are not detected by the screening test.", "contents": "Urinary tract infections in childhood: the place of the nitrite test. The effectiveness of the nitrite test available on the N-Multistix (Ames Co.) was compared with that of the microscopic examination of urine as a screening test for the detection of urinary tract infections in children presenting to a general paediatric clinic. The nitrite test gave a positive result in 59% of children with urinary infections, while microscopic pyuria (more than 50 white blood cells per cubic millimetre of uncentrifuged urine) was found in 72% of the same group. Of children who did not have a urinary tract infection, 2.8% had microscopic pyuria compared with only 0.2% who showed a false-positive nitrite test result. The ease and rapidity of the nitrite test make it a useful screening test for the presumptive diagnosis of urinary tract infections, and in certain circumstances it is preferable to the conventional microscopic examination of urine. However, as in the case of microscopic examination, urine culture must always be performed to avoid missing the urinary infections that are not detected by the screening test."}
{"id": "PMID:887020", "title": "Wound infections in Australia from halophilic vibrios.", "content": "Halophilic vibrios were isolated from extra-intestinal sites of two patients. The organisms isolated, both apparently of marine origin, were probably pathogenic at their respective sites. It is suggested that extra-intestinal infection caused by halophilic vibrios may be more common than reported, and may be more easily demonstrated by the use of the Analytab Products Inc. (AIP) system.", "contents": "Wound infections in Australia from halophilic vibrios. Halophilic vibrios were isolated from extra-intestinal sites of two patients. The organisms isolated, both apparently of marine origin, were probably pathogenic at their respective sites. It is suggested that extra-intestinal infection caused by halophilic vibrios may be more common than reported, and may be more easily demonstrated by the use of the Analytab Products Inc. (AIP) system."}
{"id": "PMID:887027", "title": "Cystic fibrosis screening by sweat analysis: a critical review of techniques.", "content": "Currently employed methods for the assay of electrolytes in sweat, relevant to the diagnosis of cystic fibrosis, are critically evaluated with particular reference to the measurement of electrical conductivity. Attention is drawn to the factors responsible for potentially large errors. On the basis of experimentation, supported by laboratory practice, recommendations are made for the reduction of these errors to clinically acceptable levels. Data concerning sodium and potassium content, electrical conductivity and osmolality of undiluted sweat collections are compared. The feasibility and comparative advantages of measuring sweat osmolality with a vapour pressure osmometer are discussed.", "contents": "Cystic fibrosis screening by sweat analysis: a critical review of techniques. Currently employed methods for the assay of electrolytes in sweat, relevant to the diagnosis of cystic fibrosis, are critically evaluated with particular reference to the measurement of electrical conductivity. Attention is drawn to the factors responsible for potentially large errors. On the basis of experimentation, supported by laboratory practice, recommendations are made for the reduction of these errors to clinically acceptable levels. Data concerning sodium and potassium content, electrical conductivity and osmolality of undiluted sweat collections are compared. The feasibility and comparative advantages of measuring sweat osmolality with a vapour pressure osmometer are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:887028", "title": "Recurrent venous thrombosis (thrombophlebitis migrans) and carcinoma of the lung.", "content": "A case of thrombopheblitis migrans associated with a poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma of the lung is presented. The patient died of a massive pulmonary embolus despite anticoagulant therapy. Disordered fibrinolysis may be the cause of the clotting tendency in this condition.", "contents": "Recurrent venous thrombosis (thrombophlebitis migrans) and carcinoma of the lung. A case of thrombopheblitis migrans associated with a poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma of the lung is presented. The patient died of a massive pulmonary embolus despite anticoagulant therapy. Disordered fibrinolysis may be the cause of the clotting tendency in this condition."}
{"id": "PMID:887031", "title": "Factors affecting aboriginal nutrition.", "content": "A description of the past and present mode of living of Aboriginals in the Northern Territory is followed by information on sources of food. Other factors which have affected the nutritional situation are described. The article concludes with a discussion on the philosophical and socioeconomic aspects of improving Aboriginal nutrition.", "contents": "Factors affecting aboriginal nutrition. A description of the past and present mode of living of Aboriginals in the Northern Territory is followed by information on sources of food. Other factors which have affected the nutritional situation are described. The article concludes with a discussion on the philosophical and socioeconomic aspects of improving Aboriginal nutrition."}
{"id": "PMID:887032", "title": "Aboriginal children in hospital.", "content": "In 1974 there were 932 admissions of 624 Aboriginal infants and children to the Princess Margaret Hospital, Perth, where they were treated for a period of 10,952 bed days. More than 50% of the patients were malnourished and many were anaemic. Most admissions were for nutritional and related disorders, especially chronic and recurrent infections of the respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts and the skin. The average stay in hospital was 12 days, approximately double that for non-Aboriginal children. There were six deaths, mostly in infants with overwhelming infections. These findings indicate the need for at least maintaining programmes aimed at improving the health and nutritional standards of young Australian Aborigines.", "contents": "Aboriginal children in hospital. In 1974 there were 932 admissions of 624 Aboriginal infants and children to the Princess Margaret Hospital, Perth, where they were treated for a period of 10,952 bed days. More than 50% of the patients were malnourished and many were anaemic. Most admissions were for nutritional and related disorders, especially chronic and recurrent infections of the respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts and the skin. The average stay in hospital was 12 days, approximately double that for non-Aboriginal children. There were six deaths, mostly in infants with overwhelming infections. These findings indicate the need for at least maintaining programmes aimed at improving the health and nutritional standards of young Australian Aborigines."}
{"id": "PMID:887033", "title": "The weights of aboriginal infants: a comparison over 20 years.", "content": "At Cherbourg Aboriginal Settlement the weight gains of infants remained at a constant level below the Australian average from 1953 to 1972. During this period the infant death rate decreased from about 28 per 1,000 live births to about 40 per 1,000 live births. At Palm Island Settlement the death rates have remained high and the growth rates low. The pattern at Cherbourg suggests that the people at Cherbourg have learnt how to use appropriately the hospital and health services, but have not yet made any major changes in the standards of infant care.", "contents": "The weights of aboriginal infants: a comparison over 20 years. At Cherbourg Aboriginal Settlement the weight gains of infants remained at a constant level below the Australian average from 1953 to 1972. During this period the infant death rate decreased from about 28 per 1,000 live births to about 40 per 1,000 live births. At Palm Island Settlement the death rates have remained high and the growth rates low. The pattern at Cherbourg suggests that the people at Cherbourg have learnt how to use appropriately the hospital and health services, but have not yet made any major changes in the standards of infant care."}
{"id": "PMID:887034", "title": "Social unrest in an aboriginal community.", "content": "Social unrest among Aboriginals of western Australian deserts, who are now congregated in settlements, is discussed with particular reference to fighting and alcoholism. While recent administrative changes are seen as desirable in the long term, over the short term they appear to increase unrest by bringing out a conflict between the old, traditional, ways and the new. How this happens is discussed in some detail and tentative suggestions aimed at minimizing it are made.", "contents": "Social unrest in an aboriginal community. Social unrest among Aboriginals of western Australian deserts, who are now congregated in settlements, is discussed with particular reference to fighting and alcoholism. While recent administrative changes are seen as desirable in the long term, over the short term they appear to increase unrest by bringing out a conflict between the old, traditional, ways and the new. How this happens is discussed in some detail and tentative suggestions aimed at minimizing it are made."}
{"id": "PMID:887035", "title": "Employment problems among tribal aboriginals.", "content": "Despite financial encouragement to desert Aboriginal communities, only a small proportion of persons have been persuaded to adopt a Western work style. Some of the Aboriginal attitudes to work and the differing implications of work for black and white people are described. These differences are particularly marked in the areas of motivation, social implications of work, such as status, acquisition of money, and uses to which money can be put. Higher levels of skill are also affected by differing ideas of group conformity, individual excellence, and, to some extent, traditional philosophical concepts. Some of the defects in higher levels of performance may be developmental rather that attitudinal, arising from a radically different childhood environment. It is maintained that understanding work problems from the Aboriginal's point of view may help to circumvent some of them, but radical change, if it comes at all, must come from within their community by their own modification of traditional attitudes.", "contents": "Employment problems among tribal aboriginals. Despite financial encouragement to desert Aboriginal communities, only a small proportion of persons have been persuaded to adopt a Western work style. Some of the Aboriginal attitudes to work and the differing implications of work for black and white people are described. These differences are particularly marked in the areas of motivation, social implications of work, such as status, acquisition of money, and uses to which money can be put. Higher levels of skill are also affected by differing ideas of group conformity, individual excellence, and, to some extent, traditional philosophical concepts. Some of the defects in higher levels of performance may be developmental rather that attitudinal, arising from a radically different childhood environment. It is maintained that understanding work problems from the Aboriginal's point of view may help to circumvent some of them, but radical change, if it comes at all, must come from within their community by their own modification of traditional attitudes."}
{"id": "PMID:887037", "title": "Aspirin, phenacetin, and the kidney: a rheumatism clinic study.", "content": "In a rheumatism clinic study in Brisbane, the consumption of aspirin and phenacetin compounds (APC) containing more than one kilogram of aspirin and phenacetin was significantly associated with overt renal papillary necrosis (RPN) and with a renal score, but when more than one kilogram of aspirin was taken without phenacetin there was no such association. Analysis and comparison with the parallel New Zealand study showed an overall risk of RPN of at least 10-6% when more than one kilogram of aspirin was taken in APC form, and 0-3% when aspirin was taken without phenacetin. An additive interaction of phenacetin and aspirin is postulated. It is concluded that phenacetin use should be severely restricted.", "contents": "Aspirin, phenacetin, and the kidney: a rheumatism clinic study. In a rheumatism clinic study in Brisbane, the consumption of aspirin and phenacetin compounds (APC) containing more than one kilogram of aspirin and phenacetin was significantly associated with overt renal papillary necrosis (RPN) and with a renal score, but when more than one kilogram of aspirin was taken without phenacetin there was no such association. Analysis and comparison with the parallel New Zealand study showed an overall risk of RPN of at least 10-6% when more than one kilogram of aspirin was taken in APC form, and 0-3% when aspirin was taken without phenacetin. An additive interaction of phenacetin and aspirin is postulated. It is concluded that phenacetin use should be severely restricted."}
{"id": "PMID:887038", "title": "A kindred with red cell pyruvate kinase deficiency.", "content": "A case is described of mild haemolytic anaemia in a female homozygous for pyruvate kinase deficiency, with 20% of normal enzyme activity and with the unexplained associations that she suffers from angina pectoris and that three of her children died in childhood from a muscular dystrophy presumed to be Werdnig-Hoffman disease.", "contents": "A kindred with red cell pyruvate kinase deficiency. A case is described of mild haemolytic anaemia in a female homozygous for pyruvate kinase deficiency, with 20% of normal enzyme activity and with the unexplained associations that she suffers from angina pectoris and that three of her children died in childhood from a muscular dystrophy presumed to be Werdnig-Hoffman disease."}
{"id": "PMID:887039", "title": "A case of chancroid.", "content": "After a visit to Hong Kong, a 27-year-old salesman developed penile ulceration which failed to respond to three weeks' penicillin therapy. He then presented to hospital with acute paraphimosis. A clinical diagnosis of chancroid was confirmed by isolation of Haemophilus ducreyi. The ulcers healed after sulphonamide and streptomycin therapy. Although chancroid is an uncommon venereal disease in Australia, its incidence is still high in many tropical countries. It should be considered as a possible cause of genital ulceration in patients who have travelled overseas.", "contents": "A case of chancroid. After a visit to Hong Kong, a 27-year-old salesman developed penile ulceration which failed to respond to three weeks' penicillin therapy. He then presented to hospital with acute paraphimosis. A clinical diagnosis of chancroid was confirmed by isolation of Haemophilus ducreyi. The ulcers healed after sulphonamide and streptomycin therapy. Although chancroid is an uncommon venereal disease in Australia, its incidence is still high in many tropical countries. It should be considered as a possible cause of genital ulceration in patients who have travelled overseas."}
{"id": "PMID:887042", "title": "Student health team project at the Wayside Chapel.", "content": "The student health teams were organized by the Australian Medical Students Association (AMSA) as the means of student involvement in community health projects. In July, 1976, at the Wayside Chapel several student health teams each consisting of a medical student, a nursing student, and a student social worker, began a friendly, non-judgemental \"first aid\" service for street people with health problems. The project lasted 12 weeks and aid was given to 76 people. An evaluation of the project appears below.", "contents": "Student health team project at the Wayside Chapel. The student health teams were organized by the Australian Medical Students Association (AMSA) as the means of student involvement in community health projects. In July, 1976, at the Wayside Chapel several student health teams each consisting of a medical student, a nursing student, and a student social worker, began a friendly, non-judgemental \"first aid\" service for street people with health problems. The project lasted 12 weeks and aid was given to 76 people. An evaluation of the project appears below."}
{"id": "PMID:887046", "title": "[Evaluation of a pyridopyridazine as a drug with marked antihypertensive properties (author's transl)].", "content": "Compound BQ 22-708 is a pyridopyridazine with marked antihypertensive effects on experimentally induced hypertension. At this study hemodynamic reactions were controlled in 5 patients with resistent hypertension, two of them with the complication of hypertensive, two of them with the complication of hypertensive crisis, after oral administration of a mean dose of 11 mg BQ 22-708 (range 5 to 15 mg). Mean arterial pressure was reduced by 40 mm Hg. The onset of drug activity occurred 10 to 20 minutes after application. Maximum was reached after 90 to 180 minutes, whereas the antihypertensive effect lasted for about 5 to 6 hours. Peripheral resistance was reduced by about 50%. Heart rate and cardiac output increased. In patients with normal cardiac function stroke volume remained constant, whereas in patients with heart insufficiency an increase occurred. BQ 22-708 led to a slight reduction in pulmonary artery pressure and pulmonary capillary wedge pressure. Right atrial mean pressure remained unchanged. Additional treatment with a beta-adrenergic-blocking-agent or a drug with Ca-antagonistic-activities is indicated for inhibition of BQ-related increase of heart-rate.", "contents": "[Evaluation of a pyridopyridazine as a drug with marked antihypertensive properties (author's transl)]. Compound BQ 22-708 is a pyridopyridazine with marked antihypertensive effects on experimentally induced hypertension. At this study hemodynamic reactions were controlled in 5 patients with resistent hypertension, two of them with the complication of hypertensive, two of them with the complication of hypertensive crisis, after oral administration of a mean dose of 11 mg BQ 22-708 (range 5 to 15 mg). Mean arterial pressure was reduced by 40 mm Hg. The onset of drug activity occurred 10 to 20 minutes after application. Maximum was reached after 90 to 180 minutes, whereas the antihypertensive effect lasted for about 5 to 6 hours. Peripheral resistance was reduced by about 50%. Heart rate and cardiac output increased. In patients with normal cardiac function stroke volume remained constant, whereas in patients with heart insufficiency an increase occurred. BQ 22-708 led to a slight reduction in pulmonary artery pressure and pulmonary capillary wedge pressure. Right atrial mean pressure remained unchanged. Additional treatment with a beta-adrenergic-blocking-agent or a drug with Ca-antagonistic-activities is indicated for inhibition of BQ-related increase of heart-rate."}
{"id": "PMID:887047", "title": "[The influence of the new beta sympathicolytic agent carazolol on sympathicotonic false regulation (author's transl)].", "content": "In 18 patients with tachycardia at rest the effect of treatment with the beta sympathicolytic agent Carazolol was investigated, using Schellong's test, venous occlusion plethysmography, ECG and a questionaire evaluating concomitant effects. A significant reduction in heart rate (about 20 percent) as well as a decrease in systolic blood pressure were observed. No further therapeutical effect was seen during long term treatment. There wer no significant influences on venous occlusion plethysmography and ECG. The patients reported a considerable improvement of their heart complaints.", "contents": "[The influence of the new beta sympathicolytic agent carazolol on sympathicotonic false regulation (author's transl)]. In 18 patients with tachycardia at rest the effect of treatment with the beta sympathicolytic agent Carazolol was investigated, using Schellong's test, venous occlusion plethysmography, ECG and a questionaire evaluating concomitant effects. A significant reduction in heart rate (about 20 percent) as well as a decrease in systolic blood pressure were observed. No further therapeutical effect was seen during long term treatment. There wer no significant influences on venous occlusion plethysmography and ECG. The patients reported a considerable improvement of their heart complaints."}
{"id": "PMID:887049", "title": "[Sclerosing peritonitis and practolol (author's transl)].", "content": "Skin manifestations, eye complications, a nephrotic syndrome, appearance of lupus erythematosus cells and antinuclear antibodies, sometimes combined with a systemic side effects of the beta adrenergic blocker Practolol. Another side effect is though to be sclerosing peritonitis. The latter is identical with the idiopathic fibroplastic peritonitis, described at the turn of this fibroplastic peritonitis, described at the turn of this century by German authors. Our own observation of a case of sclerosing peritonitis is compared with the literature. There is strong evidence for a causal relationship between longstanding Practolol-therapy and sclerosing peritonitis. Practolol was withdrawn from the market in 1975.", "contents": "[Sclerosing peritonitis and practolol (author's transl)]. Skin manifestations, eye complications, a nephrotic syndrome, appearance of lupus erythematosus cells and antinuclear antibodies, sometimes combined with a systemic side effects of the beta adrenergic blocker Practolol. Another side effect is though to be sclerosing peritonitis. The latter is identical with the idiopathic fibroplastic peritonitis, described at the turn of this fibroplastic peritonitis, described at the turn of this century by German authors. Our own observation of a case of sclerosing peritonitis is compared with the literature. There is strong evidence for a causal relationship between longstanding Practolol-therapy and sclerosing peritonitis. Practolol was withdrawn from the market in 1975."}
{"id": "PMID:887050", "title": "[Diagnosis and therapy of esophageal webs (author's transl)].", "content": "Esophageal webs are thin, eccentric stenoses of the lumen, which are easily detected and treated by endoscopy. This is illustrated by a case report of a lower esophageal web.", "contents": "[Diagnosis and therapy of esophageal webs (author's transl)]. Esophageal webs are thin, eccentric stenoses of the lumen, which are easily detected and treated by endoscopy. This is illustrated by a case report of a lower esophageal web."}
{"id": "PMID:887051", "title": "[Atrophic gastritis (author's transl)].", "content": "Gastroscopy was performed in 543 patients with an average of 52.8 years. Of these patients 248 had atrophic gastritis. In over one third of the 248 patients the gastritis inclosed the entire mucosa. In the remaining patients the antrum was most frequently inclosed. In a higher age group more extensive involvement was found. Males had a significantly higher association with alcohol and tobacco abuse (73.0 and 73.7%) as compared to females (20.8 and 13.5%). Out of 21 patients in the group under 30 years all but one were males, probably because of higher alcohol and tobacco abuse in males. It is recommended, that periodic gastroscopic examinations with biopsies be performed in these patients since a significant portion of patients with atrophic gastritis develop gastric carcinoma.", "contents": "[Atrophic gastritis (author's transl)]. Gastroscopy was performed in 543 patients with an average of 52.8 years. Of these patients 248 had atrophic gastritis. In over one third of the 248 patients the gastritis inclosed the entire mucosa. In the remaining patients the antrum was most frequently inclosed. In a higher age group more extensive involvement was found. Males had a significantly higher association with alcohol and tobacco abuse (73.0 and 73.7%) as compared to females (20.8 and 13.5%). Out of 21 patients in the group under 30 years all but one were males, probably because of higher alcohol and tobacco abuse in males. It is recommended, that periodic gastroscopic examinations with biopsies be performed in these patients since a significant portion of patients with atrophic gastritis develop gastric carcinoma."}
{"id": "PMID:887052", "title": "[The histo-morphologic patterns of cholestatic hepatosis (author's transl)].", "content": "Histologic liver examinations performed in 500 autopsies showed 32 times the incidence of cholestatic hepatosis. Males are affected more commonly than females as our statistic indicates. Furthermore it was shown that chronic alcoholism seems to be a more aggravating cause for hepatosis than a long term treatment with psychopharmacologic drugs. No correlation however was found between the extent of cholestasis and morphologic alterations (inflammation, fatty degeneration, iron storage and necrosis).", "contents": "[The histo-morphologic patterns of cholestatic hepatosis (author's transl)]. Histologic liver examinations performed in 500 autopsies showed 32 times the incidence of cholestatic hepatosis. Males are affected more commonly than females as our statistic indicates. Furthermore it was shown that chronic alcoholism seems to be a more aggravating cause for hepatosis than a long term treatment with psychopharmacologic drugs. No correlation however was found between the extent of cholestasis and morphologic alterations (inflammation, fatty degeneration, iron storage and necrosis)."}
{"id": "PMID:887068", "title": "Mitochondrial genes in Podospora anserina: recombination and linkage.", "content": "A fifth cytoplasmic mutation (capr 1) obtained in Podospora anserina is described. In addition to chloramphenicol resistance it confers a strong deficiency in cytochrome aa3 and impairs the germination of ascospores. Genetic analysis shows: 1) strict maternal inheritance of (capr 1) allele; 2) selection against the (capr 1) allele as well in sexual crosses as during vegetative growth; 3) complete reversion of this selection by even low concentration of CAP. On the basis of their cytoplasmic inheritance and altered cytochrome spectra the five cytoplasmic mutations are assumed to be mitochondrial. Analysis of crosses between them allows to class them in 3 loci, 2 of which being closely linked.", "contents": "Mitochondrial genes in Podospora anserina: recombination and linkage. A fifth cytoplasmic mutation (capr 1) obtained in Podospora anserina is described. In addition to chloramphenicol resistance it confers a strong deficiency in cytochrome aa3 and impairs the germination of ascospores. Genetic analysis shows: 1) strict maternal inheritance of (capr 1) allele; 2) selection against the (capr 1) allele as well in sexual crosses as during vegetative growth; 3) complete reversion of this selection by even low concentration of CAP. On the basis of their cytoplasmic inheritance and altered cytochrome spectra the five cytoplasmic mutations are assumed to be mitochondrial. Analysis of crosses between them allows to class them in 3 loci, 2 of which being closely linked."}
{"id": "PMID:887069", "title": "Inhibitors of mitochondrial function prevent senescence in the ascomycete Podosprora anserina.", "content": "The onset of senescence, i.e. decrease of growth rate followed by cellular death, is prevented when inhibitors of mitochondrial function (ethidium-bromide, streptomycin, tiamulin) are present in the culture medium. If mycelia are transferred to a medium not containing one of these substances, senescence occurs after the usual time interval (30 d at 26 degrees C). Inhibitors of cytoplasmic protein synthesis such as emetine and cycloheximide have no effect in preventing senescence.", "contents": "Inhibitors of mitochondrial function prevent senescence in the ascomycete Podosprora anserina. The onset of senescence, i.e. decrease of growth rate followed by cellular death, is prevented when inhibitors of mitochondrial function (ethidium-bromide, streptomycin, tiamulin) are present in the culture medium. If mycelia are transferred to a medium not containing one of these substances, senescence occurs after the usual time interval (30 d at 26 degrees C). Inhibitors of cytoplasmic protein synthesis such as emetine and cycloheximide have no effect in preventing senescence."}
{"id": "PMID:887070", "title": "Characterization of glycerol nonutilizing and protoperithecial mutants of Neurospora.", "content": "Mutants defective in polyol metabolism and/or in protoperithecial development were selected in Neurospora tetrasperma, a species in which protoperithecial development occurs at nonpermissively high temperature if certain polyols are used in lieu of sucrose as carbon source. Mutants selected for nonutilization of one of the four polyols tested, glycerol, mannitol, sorbitol, or xylitol, were usually found to be nonutilizers of the other three polyols as well. Mutants blocked at various stages of protoperithecial development complemented pairwise to produce more advanced developmental stages, usually mature protoperithecia and, when of opposite mating type, mature perithecia. About one-third of the mutants manifested both polyol auxotrophy and defective protoperithecial development upon initial isolation, but protoperithecial defectiveness in such mutants usually showed erratic segregation in crosses and/or instability to repeated vegetative transfer, whereas polyol auxotrophy usually did not and was, therefore, studied further. Two glycerol nonutilizing strains were introgressed into N. crassa to facilitate genetic analysis. One, glp-4, lacked both inducible and constitutive glycerol kinase and mapped to linkage group VI, between ad-1 and rib-1; the other, glp-5, lacked glyceraldehyde kinase and mapped to linkage group I, proximal to ad-9. Another mutant, gly-u(234), has been reported by other investigators to lack inducible glycerol kinase but to map to linkage group I, distal to ad-9.", "contents": "Characterization of glycerol nonutilizing and protoperithecial mutants of Neurospora. Mutants defective in polyol metabolism and/or in protoperithecial development were selected in Neurospora tetrasperma, a species in which protoperithecial development occurs at nonpermissively high temperature if certain polyols are used in lieu of sucrose as carbon source. Mutants selected for nonutilization of one of the four polyols tested, glycerol, mannitol, sorbitol, or xylitol, were usually found to be nonutilizers of the other three polyols as well. Mutants blocked at various stages of protoperithecial development complemented pairwise to produce more advanced developmental stages, usually mature protoperithecia and, when of opposite mating type, mature perithecia. About one-third of the mutants manifested both polyol auxotrophy and defective protoperithecial development upon initial isolation, but protoperithecial defectiveness in such mutants usually showed erratic segregation in crosses and/or instability to repeated vegetative transfer, whereas polyol auxotrophy usually did not and was, therefore, studied further. Two glycerol nonutilizing strains were introgressed into N. crassa to facilitate genetic analysis. One, glp-4, lacked both inducible and constitutive glycerol kinase and mapped to linkage group VI, between ad-1 and rib-1; the other, glp-5, lacked glyceraldehyde kinase and mapped to linkage group I, proximal to ad-9. Another mutant, gly-u(234), has been reported by other investigators to lack inducible glycerol kinase but to map to linkage group I, distal to ad-9."}
{"id": "PMID:887072", "title": "A selection procedure for obtaining conditional gametogenic mutants using a photosynthetically incompetent strain of Chlamydomonas reinhardi.", "content": "A new selection procedure has beed developed for the isolation of temperature sensitive gametogenic mutants in Chlamydomonas reinhardi. This technique makes use of pet-10-1, a mutant strain incapable of photosynthetic electron transport, and the redox dye, methyl viologen. Two mutants found by this method are discussed. The first, gam-4, does not agglutinate at 35 degrees, whereas the second, gam-5, is capable of sexual agglutination, but not of zygote formation at the restrictive temperature. Both mutants appear to be inherited in a Mendelian fashion and are expressed in mating type (+) and mating type (-).", "contents": "A selection procedure for obtaining conditional gametogenic mutants using a photosynthetically incompetent strain of Chlamydomonas reinhardi. A new selection procedure has beed developed for the isolation of temperature sensitive gametogenic mutants in Chlamydomonas reinhardi. This technique makes use of pet-10-1, a mutant strain incapable of photosynthetic electron transport, and the redox dye, methyl viologen. Two mutants found by this method are discussed. The first, gam-4, does not agglutinate at 35 degrees, whereas the second, gam-5, is capable of sexual agglutination, but not of zygote formation at the restrictive temperature. Both mutants appear to be inherited in a Mendelian fashion and are expressed in mating type (+) and mating type (-)."}
{"id": "PMID:887080", "title": "Dose any enzyme follow the Michaelis-Menten equation?", "content": "A literature search has been conducted to see to what extent steady-state kinetics studies in the period 1965-1976 have revealed deviations from Michaelis-Menten kinetics. It was found that over 800 enzymes have been reported as giving complex curves for a variety of reasons and a group by group classification of all these enzymes has been carried out listing all the types of variations reported and the authors' explanations. In addition, for highly complex curves, we have determined the minimum degree of the rate equation. There were very few determined attempts to demonstrate adherence to the Michaelis-Menten equation over a wide variety of experimental conditions and substrate concentration and almost invariably detailed experimental work revealed unsuspected complexities. For these reasons, it is concluded that the assumption that most enzymes follow the Michaelis-Menten equation can not be supported by an appeal to the literature.", "contents": "Dose any enzyme follow the Michaelis-Menten equation? A literature search has been conducted to see to what extent steady-state kinetics studies in the period 1965-1976 have revealed deviations from Michaelis-Menten kinetics. It was found that over 800 enzymes have been reported as giving complex curves for a variety of reasons and a group by group classification of all these enzymes has been carried out listing all the types of variations reported and the authors' explanations. In addition, for highly complex curves, we have determined the minimum degree of the rate equation. There were very few determined attempts to demonstrate adherence to the Michaelis-Menten equation over a wide variety of experimental conditions and substrate concentration and almost invariably detailed experimental work revealed unsuspected complexities. For these reasons, it is concluded that the assumption that most enzymes follow the Michaelis-Menten equation can not be supported by an appeal to the literature."}
{"id": "PMID:887081", "title": "Myo-inositol dehydrogenase(s) from Acetomonas oxydans.", "content": "Experimental studies have been undertaken with a view of isolation of the enzyme(s) responsible for the stereospecific oxidation of myo-inositol. A partial fractionation has been achieved and the properties of this extract examined. Results show that the active enzyme may well have a cytochrome component and there is indication that the stereospecificity of Acetomonas oxydans results from permease as opposed to dehydrogenase activity. Kinetic experiments suggest that only one type of active enzyme site is involved in the dehydrogenation of myo-inositol.", "contents": "Myo-inositol dehydrogenase(s) from Acetomonas oxydans. Experimental studies have been undertaken with a view of isolation of the enzyme(s) responsible for the stereospecific oxidation of myo-inositol. A partial fractionation has been achieved and the properties of this extract examined. Results show that the active enzyme may well have a cytochrome component and there is indication that the stereospecificity of Acetomonas oxydans results from permease as opposed to dehydrogenase activity. Kinetic experiments suggest that only one type of active enzyme site is involved in the dehydrogenation of myo-inositol."}
{"id": "PMID:887082", "title": "Interactions of lanthanum with purified and intact cell acetylcholinesterase of Electrophorus electricus.", "content": "The effects of lanthanum on the activity of purified preparations of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) from the electric organ of E. electricus and on the activity of AChE in intact electroplaques from the same species were studied. 0.1 mM LaCl3 produced an initial inhibition of purified AChE which was followed by a delayed activation of the enzyme. Upon pretreatment of purified enzyme with LaCl3, initial activity was markedly increased. LaCl3 exerted a marked, concentration-dependent inhibition of intact cell AChE. La3+ and Ca2+ appear to interact competitively. In the presence of both 10 mM CaCl2 and 0.1 mM LaCl3, the initial activitity of purified AChE was increased at lower ACh concentrations and inhibited at ACh concentrations greater than 3 X 10(-4) M. Inhibition of intact cell enzyme by 0.1 mM LaCl3 was relieved by increasing the CaCl2 concentration to 10 mM at ACh concentrations less than 2 X 10(-4) M. The data were analyzed assuming Michaelis-Menten kinetics and interpreted with reference to the differential binding of divalent and trivalent cations to regulatory anionic sites which are separate and distinct from the anionic site of the active center of the enzyme.", "contents": "Interactions of lanthanum with purified and intact cell acetylcholinesterase of Electrophorus electricus. The effects of lanthanum on the activity of purified preparations of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) from the electric organ of E. electricus and on the activity of AChE in intact electroplaques from the same species were studied. 0.1 mM LaCl3 produced an initial inhibition of purified AChE which was followed by a delayed activation of the enzyme. Upon pretreatment of purified enzyme with LaCl3, initial activity was markedly increased. LaCl3 exerted a marked, concentration-dependent inhibition of intact cell AChE. La3+ and Ca2+ appear to interact competitively. In the presence of both 10 mM CaCl2 and 0.1 mM LaCl3, the initial activitity of purified AChE was increased at lower ACh concentrations and inhibited at ACh concentrations greater than 3 X 10(-4) M. Inhibition of intact cell enzyme by 0.1 mM LaCl3 was relieved by increasing the CaCl2 concentration to 10 mM at ACh concentrations less than 2 X 10(-4) M. The data were analyzed assuming Michaelis-Menten kinetics and interpreted with reference to the differential binding of divalent and trivalent cations to regulatory anionic sites which are separate and distinct from the anionic site of the active center of the enzyme."}
{"id": "PMID:887084", "title": "Protein synthesis in resting and stimulated human lymphocytes.", "content": "The ribosomal profiles in lysates from resting and phytohemagglutinin stimulated human lymphocytes have been analyzed by sucrose gradient centrifugation. The percentage of polyribosomes increased during lymphocyte transformation reaching a maximal value of 60 to 70% of the total ribosomes after 72 hours of mitogen addition. This time period coincides with maximal in vivo protein synthesis. On the other hand, in nonstimulated lymphocytes, about 25% of the ribosomal particles appeared as aggregates, independently of the incubation period. Experiments performed with homologous cell free systems containing ribosomes and supernatant fluids prepared from unstimulated or activated lymphocytes demonstrate that the mixtures containing both components from stimulated lymphocytes are several fold more active in polypeptide synthesis than the systems which contain ribosomal particles and cell sap from resting cells. Assays carried out with mixtures combining the components from both sources indicate that the increased activity depends on ribosomes as well as on the supernatant fractions.", "contents": "Protein synthesis in resting and stimulated human lymphocytes. The ribosomal profiles in lysates from resting and phytohemagglutinin stimulated human lymphocytes have been analyzed by sucrose gradient centrifugation. The percentage of polyribosomes increased during lymphocyte transformation reaching a maximal value of 60 to 70% of the total ribosomes after 72 hours of mitogen addition. This time period coincides with maximal in vivo protein synthesis. On the other hand, in nonstimulated lymphocytes, about 25% of the ribosomal particles appeared as aggregates, independently of the incubation period. Experiments performed with homologous cell free systems containing ribosomes and supernatant fluids prepared from unstimulated or activated lymphocytes demonstrate that the mixtures containing both components from stimulated lymphocytes are several fold more active in polypeptide synthesis than the systems which contain ribosomal particles and cell sap from resting cells. Assays carried out with mixtures combining the components from both sources indicate that the increased activity depends on ribosomes as well as on the supernatant fractions."}
{"id": "PMID:887085", "title": "Synthesis of dolichol derivatives in human erythrocyte membranes.", "content": "Human erythrocyte membranes contain the enzymes responsible for the synthesis of dolichol-P-glucose, dolichol-P-mannose, dolichol-PP-N-acetylglucosamine, dolichol-PP-NN' diacetylchitobiose and of dolichol-PP-oligosaccharides containing NN' diacetylchitobiose and mannose or the same sugar residues plus glucose. The transfer of the oligosaccharide moieties from the dolichol-PP-oligosaccharides to endogenous proteins could not be detected. These enzymes appeared to be integral membrane proteins.", "contents": "Synthesis of dolichol derivatives in human erythrocyte membranes. Human erythrocyte membranes contain the enzymes responsible for the synthesis of dolichol-P-glucose, dolichol-P-mannose, dolichol-PP-N-acetylglucosamine, dolichol-PP-NN' diacetylchitobiose and of dolichol-PP-oligosaccharides containing NN' diacetylchitobiose and mannose or the same sugar residues plus glucose. The transfer of the oligosaccharide moieties from the dolichol-PP-oligosaccharides to endogenous proteins could not be detected. These enzymes appeared to be integral membrane proteins."}
{"id": "PMID:887088", "title": "Glycosylation of endogenous protein(s) of the rough and smooth microsomes by a lipid sugar intermediate.", "content": "Several problems regarding the protein acceptor of the oligosaccharide from GEA (glucosylated endogenous acceptor) were investigated in the present work using rat liver microsomal subfractions. It was found that the acceptor molecule is present in rough and smooth liver microsomes. Furthermore both fractions have closely similar specific activities. The problem of whether nascent peptides must be ribosome bound for glycosylation to occur was studied. The results suggests that binding of peptides to ribosomes is not a necessary condition for the transfer of GEA oligosaccharide to protein. The increase in specific activity found after partial release of the microsomal vesicular content suggests that the acceptor protein for GEA is membrane bound. Evidence obtained in attempting to elucidate whether nascent or completed chains are glycosylated favours the later possibility.", "contents": "Glycosylation of endogenous protein(s) of the rough and smooth microsomes by a lipid sugar intermediate. Several problems regarding the protein acceptor of the oligosaccharide from GEA (glucosylated endogenous acceptor) were investigated in the present work using rat liver microsomal subfractions. It was found that the acceptor molecule is present in rough and smooth liver microsomes. Furthermore both fractions have closely similar specific activities. The problem of whether nascent peptides must be ribosome bound for glycosylation to occur was studied. The results suggests that binding of peptides to ribosomes is not a necessary condition for the transfer of GEA oligosaccharide to protein. The increase in specific activity found after partial release of the microsomal vesicular content suggests that the acceptor protein for GEA is membrane bound. Evidence obtained in attempting to elucidate whether nascent or completed chains are glycosylated favours the later possibility."}
{"id": "PMID:887089", "title": "Synthesis of a compound soluble in organic solvents from deoxycytidine triphosphate in permeabilized normal human lymphocytes.", "content": "Normal human lymphocytes may be rendered permeable to deoxynucleoside triphosphates. When [3H]dCTP is furnished to permeabilized lymphocytes tow compounds are formed: DNA and a compound soluble in organic solvents. [3H]dCTP incorporation is higher in stimulated lymphocytes than in unstimulated cells. Some characteristics of the system are reported.", "contents": "Synthesis of a compound soluble in organic solvents from deoxycytidine triphosphate in permeabilized normal human lymphocytes. Normal human lymphocytes may be rendered permeable to deoxynucleoside triphosphates. When [3H]dCTP is furnished to permeabilized lymphocytes tow compounds are formed: DNA and a compound soluble in organic solvents. [3H]dCTP incorporation is higher in stimulated lymphocytes than in unstimulated cells. Some characteristics of the system are reported."}
{"id": "PMID:887090", "title": "Porphyrin biosynthesis from prophobilinogen by duck blood hemolysate.", "content": "The formation of porphyrins from porphobilinogen by a duck blood hemolysate was examined. The system was found to form mainly protoporphyrin IX and hemin, and accumulated lesser amounts of uroporphyrins, hepatacarboxylic porphyrin, and coproporphyrins. By storage at -20 degrees the accumulation of uroporphyrins and heptacarboxylic porphyrin was increased. Both porphyrins were mainly the type III isomers. By addition of dithiothreitol the porphyrin pattern reversed to the original one formed by the fresh hemolysate. Addition of a number of amines also inhibited the decarboxylating system without affecting the original isomer distribution among the porphyrins. Addition of Fe2+ (3mM) did not affect the porphyrin pattern or the isomer distribution. Addition of Pb2+ (2.5 mM) partially inhibited the decarboxylating system, whereas at higher concentrations (4 mM) it increased the decarboxylation rate of the heptacarboxylic porphyrin. The obtained results are discussed in relation to porphyrin accumulation in porphyria cutanea tarda and in acquired hepatic porphyrias.", "contents": "Porphyrin biosynthesis from prophobilinogen by duck blood hemolysate. The formation of porphyrins from porphobilinogen by a duck blood hemolysate was examined. The system was found to form mainly protoporphyrin IX and hemin, and accumulated lesser amounts of uroporphyrins, hepatacarboxylic porphyrin, and coproporphyrins. By storage at -20 degrees the accumulation of uroporphyrins and heptacarboxylic porphyrin was increased. Both porphyrins were mainly the type III isomers. By addition of dithiothreitol the porphyrin pattern reversed to the original one formed by the fresh hemolysate. Addition of a number of amines also inhibited the decarboxylating system without affecting the original isomer distribution among the porphyrins. Addition of Fe2+ (3mM) did not affect the porphyrin pattern or the isomer distribution. Addition of Pb2+ (2.5 mM) partially inhibited the decarboxylating system, whereas at higher concentrations (4 mM) it increased the decarboxylation rate of the heptacarboxylic porphyrin. The obtained results are discussed in relation to porphyrin accumulation in porphyria cutanea tarda and in acquired hepatic porphyrias."}
{"id": "PMID:887091", "title": "A lipid linked oligosaccharide which contains hexosamine, mannose and glucose.", "content": "Previous work showed that liver microsomes catalyze the transfer of glucose from dolichol monophosphate glucose to an endogenous acceptor believed to be a dolichol pyrophosphate derivative of an oligosaccharide. This oligosaccharide has now been prepared on a larger scale so as to permit the determination of its sugars. The purification procedure includes, as a last step, a thin layer chromatography on kieselguhr-silica gel to obviate glucose-containing contaminants. After complete hydrolysis mannose, glucose and a small amount of hexosamine were detected.", "contents": "A lipid linked oligosaccharide which contains hexosamine, mannose and glucose. Previous work showed that liver microsomes catalyze the transfer of glucose from dolichol monophosphate glucose to an endogenous acceptor believed to be a dolichol pyrophosphate derivative of an oligosaccharide. This oligosaccharide has now been prepared on a larger scale so as to permit the determination of its sugars. The purification procedure includes, as a last step, a thin layer chromatography on kieselguhr-silica gel to obviate glucose-containing contaminants. After complete hydrolysis mannose, glucose and a small amount of hexosamine were detected."}
{"id": "PMID:887092", "title": "Synthesis of polyprenol-monophosphate- beta -galactose by acetobacter xylinum.", "content": "A particulate enzyme preparation from Acetobacter xylinum synthesizes ficaprenol-monophosphate-beta-galactose from ficaprenol monophosphate (FMP) and UDP-galactose in the presence of detergent. The product has the same properties as those previously reported for the compound formed with the endogenous acceptor. Dolichol-monophosphate (DolMP) is also a good galactose acceptor but the product obtained has different properties. Lipid extracts from Acetobacter contain galactose acceptor capacity which is lost by mild acid treatment. FMP behaves in a similar manner but DolMP is resistant to this treatment. It is concluded that the endogeneous acceptor is an allylic phosphate ester of a polyprenol.", "contents": "Synthesis of polyprenol-monophosphate- beta -galactose by acetobacter xylinum. A particulate enzyme preparation from Acetobacter xylinum synthesizes ficaprenol-monophosphate-beta-galactose from ficaprenol monophosphate (FMP) and UDP-galactose in the presence of detergent. The product has the same properties as those previously reported for the compound formed with the endogenous acceptor. Dolichol-monophosphate (DolMP) is also a good galactose acceptor but the product obtained has different properties. Lipid extracts from Acetobacter contain galactose acceptor capacity which is lost by mild acid treatment. FMP behaves in a similar manner but DolMP is resistant to this treatment. It is concluded that the endogeneous acceptor is an allylic phosphate ester of a polyprenol."}
{"id": "PMID:887093", "title": "Diabetes-induced alteration in subcellular distribution of poly(A)-rich RNA from skeletal muscle.", "content": "Skeletal muscle ribosome preparations from diabetic rats have lower polysome content than those from normal animals. The ratio of poly(A) containing RNA between polysomes and postribosomal supernatant has been measured both in normal and diabetic rats. The results suggest that in diabetic animals there is a greater proportion of free poly(A) containing RNA, in postribosomal supernatant.", "contents": "Diabetes-induced alteration in subcellular distribution of poly(A)-rich RNA from skeletal muscle. Skeletal muscle ribosome preparations from diabetic rats have lower polysome content than those from normal animals. The ratio of poly(A) containing RNA between polysomes and postribosomal supernatant has been measured both in normal and diabetic rats. The results suggest that in diabetic animals there is a greater proportion of free poly(A) containing RNA, in postribosomal supernatant."}
{"id": "PMID:887094", "title": "Binding of estradiol receptor complexes to isolated human breast chromatin.", "content": "The interaction of estradiol-receptor complexes and isolated human breast tumor chromatin was studied under equilibrium conditions. The estradiol-receptor complexes bound specifically to the chromatin of hormone dependent tumors and showed a single class of binding sites with a Ka of 0.96 X 10(10) M-1 and a binding capacity of 1.5 pmoles/mg DNA. The binding was a temperature-dependent process and involved a \"transformation\" of the receptor protein. The heat-activated hormone-receptor complex was more active than the 8S form in the binding phenomenon. The specific interaction of estradiol-receptor complex with isolated chromatin was saturable and sensitive to conditions of temperature and ionic strength. Furthermore under optimal conditions no acceptor sites were detected in chromatin of hormone independent tumors.", "contents": "Binding of estradiol receptor complexes to isolated human breast chromatin. The interaction of estradiol-receptor complexes and isolated human breast tumor chromatin was studied under equilibrium conditions. The estradiol-receptor complexes bound specifically to the chromatin of hormone dependent tumors and showed a single class of binding sites with a Ka of 0.96 X 10(10) M-1 and a binding capacity of 1.5 pmoles/mg DNA. The binding was a temperature-dependent process and involved a \"transformation\" of the receptor protein. The heat-activated hormone-receptor complex was more active than the 8S form in the binding phenomenon. The specific interaction of estradiol-receptor complex with isolated chromatin was saturable and sensitive to conditions of temperature and ionic strength. Furthermore under optimal conditions no acceptor sites were detected in chromatin of hormone independent tumors."}
{"id": "PMID:887096", "title": "Lectin activity of chromatin non-histone proteins.", "content": "Non-histone proteins from chromatin of sea urchin embryos were found to possess the ability to agglutinate erythrocytes.", "contents": "Lectin activity of chromatin non-histone proteins. Non-histone proteins from chromatin of sea urchin embryos were found to possess the ability to agglutinate erythrocytes."}
{"id": "PMID:887097", "title": "Template active chromatin structures: degradation by deoxyribonuclease I.", "content": "Chicken embryos were pulse-labelled in vivo with [3H]uridine (10 min), the chromatin isolated and treated with DNAse I. The residual chromatin was separated from the degradation products by centrifugation. The nascent pulse-labelled RNA is completely recovered in the residual chromatin even after prolonged incubation with DNAase I, whereas the DNA is completely degraded to 80 base polynucleotide fragments and smaller fragments.", "contents": "Template active chromatin structures: degradation by deoxyribonuclease I. Chicken embryos were pulse-labelled in vivo with [3H]uridine (10 min), the chromatin isolated and treated with DNAse I. The residual chromatin was separated from the degradation products by centrifugation. The nascent pulse-labelled RNA is completely recovered in the residual chromatin even after prolonged incubation with DNAase I, whereas the DNA is completely degraded to 80 base polynucleotide fragments and smaller fragments."}
{"id": "PMID:887098", "title": "Detection of methyltransferase activities which modify Gppp G to m7GpppGm in embryonic chick lens.", "content": "GpppG was modified to m7 GpppGm by a cytoplasmic extract, prepared from embryonic lens cells, in a reaction mixture which contained S-adenosyl-methionine as methyl group donor. The appearance of m7 GpppGm was a function of time and lens extract concentration. S-adenosyl-homocysteine inhibited both the m7G and Gm modification reactions. Analogues of GpppG, pG, ppG and pppG were relatively ineffective as substrates.", "contents": "Detection of methyltransferase activities which modify Gppp G to m7GpppGm in embryonic chick lens. GpppG was modified to m7 GpppGm by a cytoplasmic extract, prepared from embryonic lens cells, in a reaction mixture which contained S-adenosyl-methionine as methyl group donor. The appearance of m7 GpppGm was a function of time and lens extract concentration. S-adenosyl-homocysteine inhibited both the m7G and Gm modification reactions. Analogues of GpppG, pG, ppG and pppG were relatively ineffective as substrates."}
{"id": "PMID:887099", "title": "Comparison of the protein content of free and membrane-bound rat liver polysomes and of the derived subunits.", "content": "Ribosomal proteins from pure free and membrane-bound rat liver polysomes were analyzed with a highly resolutive two-dimensional gel electrophoresis technique, using sodium dodecyl sulfate in the second dimension. Three acidic proteins found in free polysomes were always absent from the membrane-bound polysomes. Their molecular weights were estimated to be 20 000, 19 500 and 18 500. When free ribosomes were dissociated into subunits, the three protein spots were still found in the 60S subunit pattern, but they were weaker than in polysomes. A possible involvement of these three proteins in the attachment of ribosomal structures to the membranes is proposed.", "contents": "Comparison of the protein content of free and membrane-bound rat liver polysomes and of the derived subunits. Ribosomal proteins from pure free and membrane-bound rat liver polysomes were analyzed with a highly resolutive two-dimensional gel electrophoresis technique, using sodium dodecyl sulfate in the second dimension. Three acidic proteins found in free polysomes were always absent from the membrane-bound polysomes. Their molecular weights were estimated to be 20 000, 19 500 and 18 500. When free ribosomes were dissociated into subunits, the three protein spots were still found in the 60S subunit pattern, but they were weaker than in polysomes. A possible involvement of these three proteins in the attachment of ribosomal structures to the membranes is proposed."}
{"id": "PMID:887100", "title": "Denaturation of mouse satellite and ribosomal DNA during hydroxyapatite thermal chromatography of chromatin.", "content": "Mouse DNA and chromatin were melted on hydroxyapatite and the denaturation profiles of ribosomal and satellite DNAs were followed by hybridization with their complementary RNAs. Neither ribosomal nor bulk DNA had significantly different melting profiles in chromatin as compared to DNA. However, most of satellite DNA eluted at higher temperature from chromatin than from purified DNA. One explaination for the higher melting temperature of mouse satellite DNA in chromatin suggests that the complex between this particular DNA component and at least some proteins in chromatin is more stable than the average DNA-protein interaction.", "contents": "Denaturation of mouse satellite and ribosomal DNA during hydroxyapatite thermal chromatography of chromatin. Mouse DNA and chromatin were melted on hydroxyapatite and the denaturation profiles of ribosomal and satellite DNAs were followed by hybridization with their complementary RNAs. Neither ribosomal nor bulk DNA had significantly different melting profiles in chromatin as compared to DNA. However, most of satellite DNA eluted at higher temperature from chromatin than from purified DNA. One explaination for the higher melting temperature of mouse satellite DNA in chromatin suggests that the complex between this particular DNA component and at least some proteins in chromatin is more stable than the average DNA-protein interaction."}
{"id": "PMID:887103", "title": "Oral choline administration to patients with tardive dyskinesia.", "content": "We gave pharmacologic doses of choline to patients with tardive dyskinesia in an attempt to suppress involuntary facial movements. Choline is the physiologic precursor of acetylcholine, and its administration elevates brain acetylcholine levels in laboratory animals and, possibly, in human beings. Hence, we thought that its use could benefit patients with diseases like tardive dyskinesia, which is believed to result from deficient central cholinergic tone. Twenty patients with stable baccal-lingual-masticatory movements took oral doses of choline for two weeks according to a double-blind crossover protocol. Plasma choline levels rose from 12.4 +/- 1.0 to 33.5 +/- 2.5 nmol per milliliter (mean +/- S.E.M.; P less than 0.001) during this period. Choreic movements decreased in nine patients, worsened in one and were unchanged in 10. Thus, oral doses of choline can be useful in neurologic diseases in which an increase in acetylcholine release is desired.", "contents": "Oral choline administration to patients with tardive dyskinesia. We gave pharmacologic doses of choline to patients with tardive dyskinesia in an attempt to suppress involuntary facial movements. Choline is the physiologic precursor of acetylcholine, and its administration elevates brain acetylcholine levels in laboratory animals and, possibly, in human beings. Hence, we thought that its use could benefit patients with diseases like tardive dyskinesia, which is believed to result from deficient central cholinergic tone. Twenty patients with stable baccal-lingual-masticatory movements took oral doses of choline for two weeks according to a double-blind crossover protocol. Plasma choline levels rose from 12.4 +/- 1.0 to 33.5 +/- 2.5 nmol per milliliter (mean +/- S.E.M.; P less than 0.001) during this period. Choreic movements decreased in nine patients, worsened in one and were unchanged in 10. Thus, oral doses of choline can be useful in neurologic diseases in which an increase in acetylcholine release is desired."}
{"id": "PMID:887104", "title": "Adverse effects on offspring of maternal alcohol abuse during pregnancy.", "content": "To evaluate the risk of offspring of heavy drinking during pregnancy, we administered a questionnaire to 633 women at the first prenatal visit. Nutritional status, smoking, drug and alcohol use were determined. Women were classified into three groups: abstinent and rare drinkers; moderate drinkers; and heavy drinkers. After delivery, detailed pediatric, neurologic and developmental examinations were administered by a physician without prior knowledge of any history. Infants born to heavy drinkers had twice the risk of abnormality of those born to abstinent or moderate drinkers (P less than 0.001). Thirty-two per cent of infants born to heavy drinkers demonstrated congenital anomalies, as compared to 9 per cent in the abstinent and 14 per cent in the moderate group (P less than 0.001). Microcephaly and multiple congenital anomalies were much more frequent in this group (P less than 0.001). Heavy drinking during pregnancy increases the risk to offspring.", "contents": "Adverse effects on offspring of maternal alcohol abuse during pregnancy. To evaluate the risk of offspring of heavy drinking during pregnancy, we administered a questionnaire to 633 women at the first prenatal visit. Nutritional status, smoking, drug and alcohol use were determined. Women were classified into three groups: abstinent and rare drinkers; moderate drinkers; and heavy drinkers. After delivery, detailed pediatric, neurologic and developmental examinations were administered by a physician without prior knowledge of any history. Infants born to heavy drinkers had twice the risk of abnormality of those born to abstinent or moderate drinkers (P less than 0.001). Thirty-two per cent of infants born to heavy drinkers demonstrated congenital anomalies, as compared to 9 per cent in the abstinent and 14 per cent in the moderate group (P less than 0.001). Microcephaly and multiple congenital anomalies were much more frequent in this group (P less than 0.001). Heavy drinking during pregnancy increases the risk to offspring."}
{"id": "PMID:887105", "title": "Violent death in a metropolitan county. Changing patterns in homicide (1958-74).", "content": "Analysis of homicide patterns in Cuyahoga County, Ohio (metropolitan Cleveland), for 1958-1974 discloses the following major trends: a dramatic rise in overall homicide rates in the city (320 per cent) and suburbs (200 per cent); an increase in justifiable homicide; a doubling of the percentage of homicides incident to other felonies; a markedly increased incidence of homicide among younger persons; a conspicuous rise in firearm killings (now 81 per cent of all homicides); and a continued preponderance of intraracial homicide, with the highest rates among nonwhite males in the city. The trends in Cuyahoga County are consistent with those in other United States metropolitan counties. Homicide is responsible for a major part of the decreased life expectancy among young, urban, non-white men. The factor most consistently associated with these trends is the increased use of handguns.", "contents": "Violent death in a metropolitan county. Changing patterns in homicide (1958-74). Analysis of homicide patterns in Cuyahoga County, Ohio (metropolitan Cleveland), for 1958-1974 discloses the following major trends: a dramatic rise in overall homicide rates in the city (320 per cent) and suburbs (200 per cent); an increase in justifiable homicide; a doubling of the percentage of homicides incident to other felonies; a markedly increased incidence of homicide among younger persons; a conspicuous rise in firearm killings (now 81 per cent of all homicides); and a continued preponderance of intraracial homicide, with the highest rates among nonwhite males in the city. The trends in Cuyahoga County are consistent with those in other United States metropolitan counties. Homicide is responsible for a major part of the decreased life expectancy among young, urban, non-white men. The factor most consistently associated with these trends is the increased use of handguns."}
{"id": "PMID:887115", "title": "Mortality among patients with ankylosing spondylitis not given X-ray therapy.", "content": "We investigated age-specific mortality rates of 836 patients with ankylosing spondylitis diagnosed during 1935-57. These patients were not given deep x-ray therapy, and thus their mortality was not confounded by possible late effects of radiation. Follow-up observation was to January 1, 1968--on the average, over 13 years from enrollment. Men had higher mortality than women; excess mortality was observed in men for diseases known to be associated with spondylitis, such as ulcerative colitis, nephritis and tuberculosis or other respiratory disease. In addition, their mortality risk relative to the general male population was fourfold for all gastrointestinal disease, nearly twofold for accidents, suicide and cerebrovascular disease and 40 per cent in excess for other circulatory diseases. These results indicate that, at least in men, ankylosing spondylitis has life-threatening consequences related to many organ systems, consistent with systemic vascular degeneration as one long-term consequence of the disease.", "contents": "Mortality among patients with ankylosing spondylitis not given X-ray therapy. We investigated age-specific mortality rates of 836 patients with ankylosing spondylitis diagnosed during 1935-57. These patients were not given deep x-ray therapy, and thus their mortality was not confounded by possible late effects of radiation. Follow-up observation was to January 1, 1968--on the average, over 13 years from enrollment. Men had higher mortality than women; excess mortality was observed in men for diseases known to be associated with spondylitis, such as ulcerative colitis, nephritis and tuberculosis or other respiratory disease. In addition, their mortality risk relative to the general male population was fourfold for all gastrointestinal disease, nearly twofold for accidents, suicide and cerebrovascular disease and 40 per cent in excess for other circulatory diseases. These results indicate that, at least in men, ankylosing spondylitis has life-threatening consequences related to many organ systems, consistent with systemic vascular degeneration as one long-term consequence of the disease."}
{"id": "PMID:887128", "title": "Fetal loss, twinning and birth weight after oral-contraceptive use.", "content": "To evaluate the effect of oral-contraceptive use on subsequent offspring, I reviewed information on the pregnancies of 19,887 women who indicated, in response to a mail questionnaire, that they had used oral contraceptives. The rates of spontaneous abortion and stillbirth were smaller for former users than for nonusers--a finding consistent with previous studies. Twinning was more frequent among births of infants conceived soon after cessation of oral contraceptives, the rate being approximately twice the expected value for women who had used oral contraceptives for more than six months (P = 0.1). The sex distribution of the twins indicated that the increase was mainly in dizygous twins (P = 0.02), in accordance with predictions about increased twinning after cessation of oral contraceptive use. No relation was evident between oral contraceptive use and birth weight.", "contents": "Fetal loss, twinning and birth weight after oral-contraceptive use. To evaluate the effect of oral-contraceptive use on subsequent offspring, I reviewed information on the pregnancies of 19,887 women who indicated, in response to a mail questionnaire, that they had used oral contraceptives. The rates of spontaneous abortion and stillbirth were smaller for former users than for nonusers--a finding consistent with previous studies. Twinning was more frequent among births of infants conceived soon after cessation of oral contraceptives, the rate being approximately twice the expected value for women who had used oral contraceptives for more than six months (P = 0.1). The sex distribution of the twins indicated that the increase was mainly in dizygous twins (P = 0.02), in accordance with predictions about increased twinning after cessation of oral contraceptive use. No relation was evident between oral contraceptive use and birth weight."}
{"id": "PMID:887143", "title": "Lateral mobility of human erythrocyte integral membrane proteins.", "content": "Fluorescein isothiocyanate-labelled integral membrane proteins are mobile in the membranes of human erythrocytes that have fused (and haemolysed) by Sendai virus or polyethylene glycol. Minimum diffusion coefficients are of the order of 10(-11) cm2 s-1 at 37 degrees C. This mobility is reduced several-fold at room temperature, not detected at 0 degrees C, and is significantly greater in fresh than in aged blood. Mobility was assessed by observing the spread of fluorescence on labelled cells which had been fused with unlabelled cells; neither intramembrane particle aggregation nor spectrin release occurred during this process.", "contents": "Lateral mobility of human erythrocyte integral membrane proteins. Fluorescein isothiocyanate-labelled integral membrane proteins are mobile in the membranes of human erythrocytes that have fused (and haemolysed) by Sendai virus or polyethylene glycol. Minimum diffusion coefficients are of the order of 10(-11) cm2 s-1 at 37 degrees C. This mobility is reduced several-fold at room temperature, not detected at 0 degrees C, and is significantly greater in fresh than in aged blood. Mobility was assessed by observing the spread of fluorescence on labelled cells which had been fused with unlabelled cells; neither intramembrane particle aggregation nor spectrin release occurred during this process."}
{"id": "PMID:887177", "title": "Complement fixation test of Nebraska calf diarrhea virus with calf serum.", "content": "A complement fixation (CF) test for neonatal calf diarrhea has been developed with Nebraska calf diarrhea virus (NCDV) as antigen. The CF antigenicity of NCDV appeared in BK cell cultures for the first time 3 days after inoculation. Usually, the unconcentrated BK cell culture fluid infected with NCDV possessed poor CF antigenicity. The fluid concentrated by ultracentrifugation and ultrafiltration and with polyethylene glycol 6000 revealed a high-titered CF antigenicity to antiserum against NCDV. The antigen was not sensitive to lipid solvents, but was relatively resistant to heating. It was recognized that the concentrated fluid of cell culture infected with NCDV was available as antigen in the CF test for the serological demonstration of infection with a calf reovirus-like agent. The wide prevalence of diarrhea among Japanese calves with the calf reovirus-like agent was revealed from the results of CF and neutralization tests of NCDV.", "contents": "Complement fixation test of Nebraska calf diarrhea virus with calf serum. A complement fixation (CF) test for neonatal calf diarrhea has been developed with Nebraska calf diarrhea virus (NCDV) as antigen. The CF antigenicity of NCDV appeared in BK cell cultures for the first time 3 days after inoculation. Usually, the unconcentrated BK cell culture fluid infected with NCDV possessed poor CF antigenicity. The fluid concentrated by ultracentrifugation and ultrafiltration and with polyethylene glycol 6000 revealed a high-titered CF antigenicity to antiserum against NCDV. The antigen was not sensitive to lipid solvents, but was relatively resistant to heating. It was recognized that the concentrated fluid of cell culture infected with NCDV was available as antigen in the CF test for the serological demonstration of infection with a calf reovirus-like agent. The wide prevalence of diarrhea among Japanese calves with the calf reovirus-like agent was revealed from the results of CF and neutralization tests of NCDV."}
{"id": "PMID:887186", "title": "Effect of indomethacin on the synthesis of glomerular basement membrane and on proteinuria in rats with nephrotoxic nephritis.", "content": "The effect of indomethacin on protein excretion and on the synthesis of glomerular basement membrane (GBM) was studied during various stages of nephrotoxic nephritis (NTN) in the rat. Daily administration of indomethacin (4 mg/kg) was instituted 1, 6, or 21 days after the induction of NTN with 210, 240, or 268 microgram kidney-fixing antibodies (KFAb). Proteinuria in rats with nephritis induced by 210 microgram KFAb decreased under treatment with indomethacin regardless of the day on which treatment was started but was not affected by indomethacin in rats with clinically more severe nephritis induced with higher doses of KFAb. GBM synthesis was measured in vivo and in vitro by determination of the incorporation of 3H-proline into the GBM. NTN rats treated with indomethacin showed increased GBM synthesis early in the course of NTN, over and above an already increased synthesis. In the later phase of NTN indomethacin treatment did not affect GBM synthesis. The absence of a relationship between the effect of indomethacin on proteinuria and its effect on GBM synthesis clearly shows that the reduction of protein excretion occurring under indomethacin treatment is not mediated by alterations in the rate of GBM synthesis.", "contents": "Effect of indomethacin on the synthesis of glomerular basement membrane and on proteinuria in rats with nephrotoxic nephritis. The effect of indomethacin on protein excretion and on the synthesis of glomerular basement membrane (GBM) was studied during various stages of nephrotoxic nephritis (NTN) in the rat. Daily administration of indomethacin (4 mg/kg) was instituted 1, 6, or 21 days after the induction of NTN with 210, 240, or 268 microgram kidney-fixing antibodies (KFAb). Proteinuria in rats with nephritis induced by 210 microgram KFAb decreased under treatment with indomethacin regardless of the day on which treatment was started but was not affected by indomethacin in rats with clinically more severe nephritis induced with higher doses of KFAb. GBM synthesis was measured in vivo and in vitro by determination of the incorporation of 3H-proline into the GBM. NTN rats treated with indomethacin showed increased GBM synthesis early in the course of NTN, over and above an already increased synthesis. In the later phase of NTN indomethacin treatment did not affect GBM synthesis. The absence of a relationship between the effect of indomethacin on proteinuria and its effect on GBM synthesis clearly shows that the reduction of protein excretion occurring under indomethacin treatment is not mediated by alterations in the rate of GBM synthesis."}
{"id": "PMID:887187", "title": "A method of continuous renal capillary microperfusions of the same area at different solute concentrations.", "content": "The microperfusion pump described in this paper allows to perfuse the same peritubular capillary area on the renal surface with different test solutions. Solutions can be changed by means of a microcannula inside the pump which for this purpose can be moved near to the tip of the pipette. Concentration effect relations of various agents may thus be obtained on the single nephron level in vivo. This is illustrated on the example of the inhibitory effect of acetazolamide on proximal tubular reabsorption. Inhibition of this tubular function has been assessed by means of repeated determinations of split droplet half times.", "contents": "A method of continuous renal capillary microperfusions of the same area at different solute concentrations. The microperfusion pump described in this paper allows to perfuse the same peritubular capillary area on the renal surface with different test solutions. Solutions can be changed by means of a microcannula inside the pump which for this purpose can be moved near to the tip of the pipette. Concentration effect relations of various agents may thus be obtained on the single nephron level in vivo. This is illustrated on the example of the inhibitory effect of acetazolamide on proximal tubular reabsorption. Inhibition of this tubular function has been assessed by means of repeated determinations of split droplet half times."}
{"id": "PMID:887189", "title": "Activities of intestinal enzymes in experimental chronic renal insufficiency.", "content": "Rats with chronic uremia following five-sixths nephrectomy showed a significant fall in the sucrase and maltase activities in the small intestinal mucosa, the lactase and cellobiase activities in contrast remained uninfluenced. The activity of the L-leucyl-L-proline and L-methionyl-L-proline dipeptidases in the small intestinal mucosa was significantly increased, while the activities of seven other dipeptidases studied were unaffected. The mucosal protein and DNA content likewise remained unchanged. Occasional slight alterations of the mucosa were the only finding at histology.", "contents": "Activities of intestinal enzymes in experimental chronic renal insufficiency. Rats with chronic uremia following five-sixths nephrectomy showed a significant fall in the sucrase and maltase activities in the small intestinal mucosa, the lactase and cellobiase activities in contrast remained uninfluenced. The activity of the L-leucyl-L-proline and L-methionyl-L-proline dipeptidases in the small intestinal mucosa was significantly increased, while the activities of seven other dipeptidases studied were unaffected. The mucosal protein and DNA content likewise remained unchanged. Occasional slight alterations of the mucosa were the only finding at histology."}
{"id": "PMID:887190", "title": "Effect of dialysate calcium concentration on plasma parathyroid hormone during hemodialysis.", "content": "The effect of changes in the dialysate calcium concentration on calcium fractions and parathyroid hormone species in plasma during hemodialysis has been examined. C-terminal immunoreactive parathyroid hormone was suppressed when plasma calcium increased by greater than 25% whereas N-terminal fragments demonstrated an increase. The significance of this is discussed in light of present knowledge of parathyroid hormone metabolism.", "contents": "Effect of dialysate calcium concentration on plasma parathyroid hormone during hemodialysis. The effect of changes in the dialysate calcium concentration on calcium fractions and parathyroid hormone species in plasma during hemodialysis has been examined. C-terminal immunoreactive parathyroid hormone was suppressed when plasma calcium increased by greater than 25% whereas N-terminal fragments demonstrated an increase. The significance of this is discussed in light of present knowledge of parathyroid hormone metabolism."}
{"id": "PMID:887191", "title": "Nephronophthisis. Renal function and histologic studies in a family.", "content": "Nephronophthisis (previously described as familial juvenile nephronophthisis and medullary cystic disease) is characterized by insidious renal failure, its main features being increased urinary sodium loss, pitressin-resistant hypotomic polyuria, polydipsia, normal urine sediment and absence of hypertension. Renal function and histologic studies were performed in a family in which two siblings had this disorder, while the parents and two other siblings appeared clinically normal. Both parents demonstrated a moderate impairment of maximum urinary concentration. The values for tubular free water reabsorption (TcH2O) were relativley normal in the parents and the healthy siblings. One of the index patients showed only minimal sodium wasting even though he had hyposthenuria, thus suggesting an involvement of the collecting ducts in the early stage of neophronophthisis. No evidence of proximal tubular dysfunction was found. Although the light-microscopic examination of renal biopsies from the parents and the healthy siblings was unremarkable, electron microscopy revealed probable abnormalities in all four. An autosomal recessive mode of inheritance is, therefore, suggested in this family. The etiology of nephronophthisis is obscure but a likely possibility is that the renal damage results from an inborn metabolic error.", "contents": "Nephronophthisis. Renal function and histologic studies in a family. Nephronophthisis (previously described as familial juvenile nephronophthisis and medullary cystic disease) is characterized by insidious renal failure, its main features being increased urinary sodium loss, pitressin-resistant hypotomic polyuria, polydipsia, normal urine sediment and absence of hypertension. Renal function and histologic studies were performed in a family in which two siblings had this disorder, while the parents and two other siblings appeared clinically normal. Both parents demonstrated a moderate impairment of maximum urinary concentration. The values for tubular free water reabsorption (TcH2O) were relativley normal in the parents and the healthy siblings. One of the index patients showed only minimal sodium wasting even though he had hyposthenuria, thus suggesting an involvement of the collecting ducts in the early stage of neophronophthisis. No evidence of proximal tubular dysfunction was found. Although the light-microscopic examination of renal biopsies from the parents and the healthy siblings was unremarkable, electron microscopy revealed probable abnormalities in all four. An autosomal recessive mode of inheritance is, therefore, suggested in this family. The etiology of nephronophthisis is obscure but a likely possibility is that the renal damage results from an inborn metabolic error."}
{"id": "PMID:887192", "title": "[Growth hormone, LH and FSH under function dynamical conditions in serum and basic corticol and testosterone serum levels in brain-injured patients during dexamethasone treatment].", "content": "In 14 male patients with severe head injury the following hormones were measured by radioimmunological methods in plasma: Basal levels of LH, FSH, GH, testosterone and total corticoids; furthermore LH-releasing-hormone- and insulin-hypoglycaemia-tests were done. The investigations have shown, that in patients with severe head injury no essential impairment of the hypothalamus-hypophyseal-system controlled by LH-, FSH- and GH-secretion could be detected. Diminished testosterone and accelerated LH-levels are measurable, whereas total corticoids were not significantly accelerated. Because of treatment with dexamethasone the effect of this substance has to be discussed.", "contents": "[Growth hormone, LH and FSH under function dynamical conditions in serum and basic corticol and testosterone serum levels in brain-injured patients during dexamethasone treatment]. In 14 male patients with severe head injury the following hormones were measured by radioimmunological methods in plasma: Basal levels of LH, FSH, GH, testosterone and total corticoids; furthermore LH-releasing-hormone- and insulin-hypoglycaemia-tests were done. The investigations have shown, that in patients with severe head injury no essential impairment of the hypothalamus-hypophyseal-system controlled by LH-, FSH- and GH-secretion could be detected. Diminished testosterone and accelerated LH-levels are measurable, whereas total corticoids were not significantly accelerated. Because of treatment with dexamethasone the effect of this substance has to be discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:887228", "title": "[Histological and ultramicroscopic aspects of the small intestine in aregenerative enteropathies after treatment with 2-mercapto-propionyl-glycine (Thiola)].", "content": "The results of using alpha-mercapto-propionyl-glycine treatment (500 mg i.v. pro die for a time varying from one to four months) in a group of 25 patients suffering from aregenerative enteropathy with differing aetiopathogenesis are reported and compared with 29 control patients, i.e. patients suffering from the same situation and not treated with the drug. Morphological (by optical and electronic microscope) and functional (absorption of oleic acid, xylose and B12) study of the small intestine showed up the effectiveness of alpha-mercapto-propionyl-glycine on the trophism of small intestine mucosa, by way of normalization of intestinal cytokinetics, in aregenerative enteropathies due to special physiopathological situations (gastroresection) or to drugs (cytostatics, etc.) inhibiting enterocytic regeneration.", "contents": "[Histological and ultramicroscopic aspects of the small intestine in aregenerative enteropathies after treatment with 2-mercapto-propionyl-glycine (Thiola)]. The results of using alpha-mercapto-propionyl-glycine treatment (500 mg i.v. pro die for a time varying from one to four months) in a group of 25 patients suffering from aregenerative enteropathy with differing aetiopathogenesis are reported and compared with 29 control patients, i.e. patients suffering from the same situation and not treated with the drug. Morphological (by optical and electronic microscope) and functional (absorption of oleic acid, xylose and B12) study of the small intestine showed up the effectiveness of alpha-mercapto-propionyl-glycine on the trophism of small intestine mucosa, by way of normalization of intestinal cytokinetics, in aregenerative enteropathies due to special physiopathological situations (gastroresection) or to drugs (cytostatics, etc.) inhibiting enterocytic regeneration."}
{"id": "PMID:887230", "title": "[Estrogen therapy of advanced breast cancer].", "content": "The results obtained with oestrogen treatment of diffuse malignant cancer of the breast are reported. Improvement was obtained in 50% of cases, 23.3% remained stationary and 26.6% worsened. Side effects were confined essentially to liver trouble of colostatic type, a disturbance that was temporary and closely linked with the drug dose employed. Some aspects of high dose antitumour hormone treatment are examined in detail: hormone dose in the induction phase and during maintenance, latency time before the appearance of the first signs of improvement, relationship between age, sexual endocrinal state and therapeutic result, correlation between time of onset of the disease, free interval and result obtained.", "contents": "[Estrogen therapy of advanced breast cancer]. The results obtained with oestrogen treatment of diffuse malignant cancer of the breast are reported. Improvement was obtained in 50% of cases, 23.3% remained stationary and 26.6% worsened. Side effects were confined essentially to liver trouble of colostatic type, a disturbance that was temporary and closely linked with the drug dose employed. Some aspects of high dose antitumour hormone treatment are examined in detail: hormone dose in the induction phase and during maintenance, latency time before the appearance of the first signs of improvement, relationship between age, sexual endocrinal state and therapeutic result, correlation between time of onset of the disease, free interval and result obtained."}
{"id": "PMID:887231", "title": "[Clinical experience with an antaminic drug in the treatment of post-traumatic and vasomotor headaches].", "content": "After some brief remarks on the pathogenesis of vasomotor cephalea, the properties of the antiaminic drug BC 105 (Sandomigran) are described and the results reported of using it in 171 patients suffering from cephalea of three types: vasomotor cephalea in 50 cases, vasomotor cephalea with associated neurosic component in 26 cases, and post-traumatic cephalea in 95 cases. In the first two types, the positive results obtained confirm the usefulness of BC 105 in basic treatment of vasomotor cephalea. In post-traumatic cephalea which is a notoriously difficult therapeutic problem, the results obtained, although only partially positive, are worthy of the fullest consideration.", "contents": "[Clinical experience with an antaminic drug in the treatment of post-traumatic and vasomotor headaches]. After some brief remarks on the pathogenesis of vasomotor cephalea, the properties of the antiaminic drug BC 105 (Sandomigran) are described and the results reported of using it in 171 patients suffering from cephalea of three types: vasomotor cephalea in 50 cases, vasomotor cephalea with associated neurosic component in 26 cases, and post-traumatic cephalea in 95 cases. In the first two types, the positive results obtained confirm the usefulness of BC 105 in basic treatment of vasomotor cephalea. In post-traumatic cephalea which is a notoriously difficult therapeutic problem, the results obtained, although only partially positive, are worthy of the fullest consideration."}
{"id": "PMID:887248", "title": "Injuries to the hand and wrist in athletes.", "content": "Injuries involving tendons, ligaments, and bones are commonplace with many physical activities. Although the majority of these injuries are minor and cause only temporary discomfort, their potential for producing serious and occasionally permanent disabilities must not be ignored. The initial physical and roentgenographic examination of the injured part must be thorough. Only then can the severity of the injury be recognized and appropriate treatment undertaken. Promptness will limit the period of disability and minimize the chances of development of a chronic condition.", "contents": "Injuries to the hand and wrist in athletes. Injuries involving tendons, ligaments, and bones are commonplace with many physical activities. Although the majority of these injuries are minor and cause only temporary discomfort, their potential for producing serious and occasionally permanent disabilities must not be ignored. The initial physical and roentgenographic examination of the injured part must be thorough. Only then can the severity of the injury be recognized and appropriate treatment undertaken. Promptness will limit the period of disability and minimize the chances of development of a chronic condition."}
{"id": "PMID:887278", "title": "Evaluation of blood glucose, insulin, growth hormone and cortisol response in heroin addicts.", "content": "Oral glucose tolerance tests were performed on 16 addicts and 16 control subjects. A flat delayed glucose response was demonstrated, with hyperinsulinaemia, elevated plasma growth hormone and normal plasma cortisol in heroin addicts compared with control subjects. These studies suggest a relative insulin resistance in addicts which might be mediated by the elevated growth hormone or some other pharmacologic effect of the chronic opiate abuse.", "contents": "Evaluation of blood glucose, insulin, growth hormone and cortisol response in heroin addicts. Oral glucose tolerance tests were performed on 16 addicts and 16 control subjects. A flat delayed glucose response was demonstrated, with hyperinsulinaemia, elevated plasma growth hormone and normal plasma cortisol in heroin addicts compared with control subjects. These studies suggest a relative insulin resistance in addicts which might be mediated by the elevated growth hormone or some other pharmacologic effect of the chronic opiate abuse."}
{"id": "PMID:887280", "title": "Sex-chromatin in Iranian newborn females.", "content": "The incidence of sex-chromatin-positive cells during the first five days of life was investigated in buccal smears stained with aceto-orcein in three groups of newborn females: 51 term infants, 17 small-for-date prematures and 9 prematures with birth weight appropriate for gestational age. In addition, single buccal smears were obtained from a control group of 50 older female children. No significant difference was found in the number of sex-chromatin positive cells between the three groups of infants. The mean incidence of sex-chromatin-positive cells in the neonatal period was lower than that of the older control girls, as has been reported by previous workers. The mean incidence of sex-chromatin-positive cells on the fifth postnatal day never reached 17% which was the mean frequency of sex-chromatin positive cells in older controls. This contrasts with the findings of other workers who reported the rise of sex-chromatin positive cells to occur on the second or third days of life.", "contents": "Sex-chromatin in Iranian newborn females. The incidence of sex-chromatin-positive cells during the first five days of life was investigated in buccal smears stained with aceto-orcein in three groups of newborn females: 51 term infants, 17 small-for-date prematures and 9 prematures with birth weight appropriate for gestational age. In addition, single buccal smears were obtained from a control group of 50 older female children. No significant difference was found in the number of sex-chromatin positive cells between the three groups of infants. The mean incidence of sex-chromatin-positive cells in the neonatal period was lower than that of the older control girls, as has been reported by previous workers. The mean incidence of sex-chromatin-positive cells on the fifth postnatal day never reached 17% which was the mean frequency of sex-chromatin positive cells in older controls. This contrasts with the findings of other workers who reported the rise of sex-chromatin positive cells to occur on the second or third days of life."}
{"id": "PMID:887281", "title": "The role of coronary care unit in reduction of mortality rate and sudden death in acute myocardial infarction.", "content": "One hundred and seventy consecutive unselected patients suspected of having acute myocardial infarction (AMI) were admitted to our Coronary Care Unit (CCU); 100 of them proved to have AMI (CCU group). These patients were compared with another 100 cases of AMI, which were admitted to our hospital in the period immediately preceding the establishment of CCU (prior group). Criteria of selection used for both groups were the same. The mortality rate in the CCU group was 11% compared to 31% of the prior group. There was no single case of sudden death due to primary ventricular fibrillation, though only one due to ventricular asystole in the CCU groups. Our findings also were compared with those reported of elsewhere and the difference is discussed. The reasons for lower mortality rate and sudden death are explained. In coronary care unit, in addition to try to decrease the total mortality rate, also should try to reduce the incidence of Primary ventricular fibrillation and asystole. The two main causes of sudden unexpected death in AMI.", "contents": "The role of coronary care unit in reduction of mortality rate and sudden death in acute myocardial infarction. One hundred and seventy consecutive unselected patients suspected of having acute myocardial infarction (AMI) were admitted to our Coronary Care Unit (CCU); 100 of them proved to have AMI (CCU group). These patients were compared with another 100 cases of AMI, which were admitted to our hospital in the period immediately preceding the establishment of CCU (prior group). Criteria of selection used for both groups were the same. The mortality rate in the CCU group was 11% compared to 31% of the prior group. There was no single case of sudden death due to primary ventricular fibrillation, though only one due to ventricular asystole in the CCU groups. Our findings also were compared with those reported of elsewhere and the difference is discussed. The reasons for lower mortality rate and sudden death are explained. In coronary care unit, in addition to try to decrease the total mortality rate, also should try to reduce the incidence of Primary ventricular fibrillation and asystole. The two main causes of sudden unexpected death in AMI."}
{"id": "PMID:887282", "title": "A survey of intestinal parasitic infestation in Khorasan Province, Iran.", "content": "The prevalance of various intestinal parasites has been determined from a study of 40, 267 people from both urban and rural areas of Khorasan province, Iran. Except for G. lamblia, T. hominis, and H. nana, the prevalence of intestinal parasites seems to be lower in this province than in other areas of Iran. The incidence of infestation in village females was higher than in village males, but was similar in the two sexes in the towns and cities. Of those infested, more than 20% from urban areas and 35% from rural areas had multiple infestations.", "contents": "A survey of intestinal parasitic infestation in Khorasan Province, Iran. The prevalance of various intestinal parasites has been determined from a study of 40, 267 people from both urban and rural areas of Khorasan province, Iran. Except for G. lamblia, T. hominis, and H. nana, the prevalence of intestinal parasites seems to be lower in this province than in other areas of Iran. The incidence of infestation in village females was higher than in village males, but was similar in the two sexes in the towns and cities. Of those infested, more than 20% from urban areas and 35% from rural areas had multiple infestations."}
{"id": "PMID:887283", "title": "Staphylococcal susceptibility to penicillin G.", "content": "In acute Staphylococcal infections, antimicrobial drug therapy must often be initiated before culture results and antibiotic susceptibility testing are completed. Three hundred and ten cultures of coagulase-positive Staphylococcus aureus were tested for antibiotic sensitivity by the Kirby-Bauer method at the Nemazee Hospital in Shiraz, Iran. The overall resistance to penicillin G was 97.10% whereas over 99% of the isolated Staphylococci were sensitive to the penicillinase-resistance penicillin cloxacillin. A penicillinase-resistant penicillin should therefore be used in the initial management of all serious Staphylococcal infections until the organism responsible for infection can be shown to be specifically sensitive to penicillin G.", "contents": "Staphylococcal susceptibility to penicillin G. In acute Staphylococcal infections, antimicrobial drug therapy must often be initiated before culture results and antibiotic susceptibility testing are completed. Three hundred and ten cultures of coagulase-positive Staphylococcus aureus were tested for antibiotic sensitivity by the Kirby-Bauer method at the Nemazee Hospital in Shiraz, Iran. The overall resistance to penicillin G was 97.10% whereas over 99% of the isolated Staphylococci were sensitive to the penicillinase-resistance penicillin cloxacillin. A penicillinase-resistant penicillin should therefore be used in the initial management of all serious Staphylococcal infections until the organism responsible for infection can be shown to be specifically sensitive to penicillin G."}
{"id": "PMID:887285", "title": "Colloid milium. A clincopathologic study of four cases.", "content": "Four cases of colloid medium are presented. The light and electron microscopic pathological changes are described and the important role of  the sunlight exposure in producing these lesions in out-door workers in Iran is emphasized.", "contents": "Colloid milium. A clincopathologic study of four cases. Four cases of colloid medium are presented. The light and electron microscopic pathological changes are described and the important role of  the sunlight exposure in producing these lesions in out-door workers in Iran is emphasized."}
{"id": "PMID:887297", "title": "Atypical mycobacterial infection of intraparotid lymph nodes. Clinical and sialographic observations.", "content": "Four children are reported with a chronic caseating granulomatous infection on the intraparotid lymph nodes most likely due to atypical mycobacteria. The sialogram showed one or more masses within the parotid gland.", "contents": "Atypical mycobacterial infection of intraparotid lymph nodes. Clinical and sialographic observations. Four children are reported with a chronic caseating granulomatous infection on the intraparotid lymph nodes most likely due to atypical mycobacteria. The sialogram showed one or more masses within the parotid gland."}
{"id": "PMID:887296", "title": "The sella in childhood hypothyroidism.", "content": "Two sellar configurations have been noted in primary childhood hypothyroidism. In the older child the sella appears unusually round and slightly enlarged, and the term \"cherry\" sella has been used to describe its appearance. Enlargement is due to rebound hypertrophy of the pituitary gland and is reversible with adequate, early treatment. If reversal of these changes is not accomplished one should consider the possibility of an adenoma having developed. In the young child an infant the sella appears more immature and \"bowl-like\". Enlargement is not a prominent feature in this age group, and indeed was difficult to detect with certainty. Both configurations, but especially the \"cherry\" sella of the older child, are characteristic enough to enable one to suggest the diagnosis of primary hypothyroidism from lateral skull films.", "contents": "The sella in childhood hypothyroidism. Two sellar configurations have been noted in primary childhood hypothyroidism. In the older child the sella appears unusually round and slightly enlarged, and the term \"cherry\" sella has been used to describe its appearance. Enlargement is due to rebound hypertrophy of the pituitary gland and is reversible with adequate, early treatment. If reversal of these changes is not accomplished one should consider the possibility of an adenoma having developed. In the young child an infant the sella appears more immature and \"bowl-like\". Enlargement is not a prominent feature in this age group, and indeed was difficult to detect with certainty. Both configurations, but especially the \"cherry\" sella of the older child, are characteristic enough to enable one to suggest the diagnosis of primary hypothyroidism from lateral skull films."}
{"id": "PMID:887298", "title": "Renal sonography in pediatric patients. A comparative study between sonography and urography.", "content": "Renal sonograms of 260 children were compared with the corresponding excretory urograms. Since each kidney was evaluated separately 520 sonographic and urographic findings could be compared. The study is based on single investigations only, serial investigations were not included. 326 kidneys could be classified as being normal, primarily on the basis of the urogram. By sonography only 10 out of these 326 were misinterpretated as being pathological, 2 by urography. 194 kidneys could be classified as being pathological either by urography or- if necess -by other methods. In 16 out of these 194 no evidence for a pathological process could be found in the sonogram (7 cases of destructive pyelonephritis, 3 cases of double kidneys, 2 cases of slight obstruction of urine flow, 2 cases of small kidneys, 2 cases of ureteral buds), in 10 cases no evidence was seen in the urogram (6 cases of glomerulonephritis, 2 cases of polycystic kidneys, 1 case of preversial ureteral buds), in 10 cases no evidence was seen in the urogram (6 cases of glomerulonephritis, 2 cases of polycystic kidneys, 1 case of prevesical ureterolith, 1 case of ureteral bud). In 2 cases pathological alterations of the kidney was found by both methods, however, the diagnosis differed. Nonfunctioning kidneys were found in 15 cases. In all of these the sonogram provided important complementary information. Our results show 1) that by a systematic application of sonography the early diagnosis of urinary tract malformations can be improved 2) that renal sonography provides the basis for a stricter application of excretory urography and 3) that by the combination of both methods the diagnosis of renal diseases can be improved.", "contents": "Renal sonography in pediatric patients. A comparative study between sonography and urography. Renal sonograms of 260 children were compared with the corresponding excretory urograms. Since each kidney was evaluated separately 520 sonographic and urographic findings could be compared. The study is based on single investigations only, serial investigations were not included. 326 kidneys could be classified as being normal, primarily on the basis of the urogram. By sonography only 10 out of these 326 were misinterpretated as being pathological, 2 by urography. 194 kidneys could be classified as being pathological either by urography or- if necess -by other methods. In 16 out of these 194 no evidence for a pathological process could be found in the sonogram (7 cases of destructive pyelonephritis, 3 cases of double kidneys, 2 cases of slight obstruction of urine flow, 2 cases of small kidneys, 2 cases of ureteral buds), in 10 cases no evidence was seen in the urogram (6 cases of glomerulonephritis, 2 cases of polycystic kidneys, 1 case of preversial ureteral buds), in 10 cases no evidence was seen in the urogram (6 cases of glomerulonephritis, 2 cases of polycystic kidneys, 1 case of prevesical ureterolith, 1 case of ureteral bud). In 2 cases pathological alterations of the kidney was found by both methods, however, the diagnosis differed. Nonfunctioning kidneys were found in 15 cases. In all of these the sonogram provided important complementary information. Our results show 1) that by a systematic application of sonography the early diagnosis of urinary tract malformations can be improved 2) that renal sonography provides the basis for a stricter application of excretory urography and 3) that by the combination of both methods the diagnosis of renal diseases can be improved."}
{"id": "PMID:887299", "title": "Dominantly-inherited polycystic kidneys in infants: association with hypertrophic pyloric stenosis.", "content": "Newborn male fraternal twins presented at 10 days of age will bilateral flank masses; intravenous urograms showed polycystic kidney disease. Both babies also had hypertrophic pyloric stenosis (HPS). Their father has radiographic and sonographi findings of previously unsuspected polycystic kidneys and has a history of HPS in infancy. The association of dominantly-inherited polycystic kidneys (DPK) and HPS in this family is probably due to chance. However the authors speculate that the autosomal gene for DPK may occur at one of several loci that carry the genetic liability for HPS, A DISORDER TRANSMITTED BY POLYGENIC INHERITANCE.", "contents": "Dominantly-inherited polycystic kidneys in infants: association with hypertrophic pyloric stenosis. Newborn male fraternal twins presented at 10 days of age will bilateral flank masses; intravenous urograms showed polycystic kidney disease. Both babies also had hypertrophic pyloric stenosis (HPS). Their father has radiographic and sonographi findings of previously unsuspected polycystic kidneys and has a history of HPS in infancy. The association of dominantly-inherited polycystic kidneys (DPK) and HPS in this family is probably due to chance. However the authors speculate that the autosomal gene for DPK may occur at one of several loci that carry the genetic liability for HPS, A DISORDER TRANSMITTED BY POLYGENIC INHERITANCE."}
{"id": "PMID:887300", "title": "Anterior intervertebral disc herniations in children. Report of four cases.", "content": "Four boys with anterior lumbar disc herniations probably secondary to chronic trauma are reported. Anterior disc herniations may appear as separate lesions-as in our patients-or coexist with Scheuermann's disease. Although Scheuermann's disease, discitis and tuberculosis are regarded as the most common causes of intervertebral disc lesions in childhood, trauma should be excluded as a possible cause in all children with chronic back pain who show localised radiographic signs of narrowed disc spaces with erosive and sclerotic changes in the adjacent vertebrae. Localised mild platyspondly may be the result of abnormal, prolonged stress and early osteoarthritic changes are to be expected.", "contents": "Anterior intervertebral disc herniations in children. Report of four cases. Four boys with anterior lumbar disc herniations probably secondary to chronic trauma are reported. Anterior disc herniations may appear as separate lesions-as in our patients-or coexist with Scheuermann's disease. Although Scheuermann's disease, discitis and tuberculosis are regarded as the most common causes of intervertebral disc lesions in childhood, trauma should be excluded as a possible cause in all children with chronic back pain who show localised radiographic signs of narrowed disc spaces with erosive and sclerotic changes in the adjacent vertebrae. Localised mild platyspondly may be the result of abnormal, prolonged stress and early osteoarthritic changes are to be expected."}
{"id": "PMID:887301", "title": "Ileo-ileal intussusception in the newborn. Report of a radiologically diagnosed case.", "content": "Ileo-Ileal intussusception was demonstrated preoperatively in a newborn infant by gastrografin enema with deliberate reflux of the contrast material into the small bowel. An intraluminal filling defect and stretching of the mucosal folds were demonstrated. The indications and proper use of contrast enemas are discussed.", "contents": "Ileo-ileal intussusception in the newborn. Report of a radiologically diagnosed case. Ileo-Ileal intussusception was demonstrated preoperatively in a newborn infant by gastrografin enema with deliberate reflux of the contrast material into the small bowel. An intraluminal filling defect and stretching of the mucosal folds were demonstrated. The indications and proper use of contrast enemas are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:887302", "title": "Spinal cord compression by vertebral hemangioma.", "content": "Asymptomatic vertebral hemangiomas occur frequently in adults but the discovery of a similar lesion in the pediatric are group is uncommon. A case which involves all the neural arch components with resultant spinal cord compression is rare and is reported with a review of pertinent literature.", "contents": "Spinal cord compression by vertebral hemangioma. Asymptomatic vertebral hemangiomas occur frequently in adults but the discovery of a similar lesion in the pediatric are group is uncommon. A case which involves all the neural arch components with resultant spinal cord compression is rare and is reported with a review of pertinent literature."}
{"id": "PMID:887303", "title": "Lymphangiography and bone scan in the study of lymphangiomatosis.", "content": "Lymphangiomatosis is a rare congenital systemic lymphatic malformation involving multiple bones and other sites. A 12-year old boy with lymphangiomatosis was studied with lymphangiography and bone scan. Lymphangiogram demonstrated irregular pooling of contrast medium in both the mediastinal tumor and bones. Bone scan also revealed increased activity in areas which were not demonstrated radiographically.", "contents": "Lymphangiography and bone scan in the study of lymphangiomatosis. Lymphangiomatosis is a rare congenital systemic lymphatic malformation involving multiple bones and other sites. A 12-year old boy with lymphangiomatosis was studied with lymphangiography and bone scan. Lymphangiogram demonstrated irregular pooling of contrast medium in both the mediastinal tumor and bones. Bone scan also revealed increased activity in areas which were not demonstrated radiographically."}
{"id": "PMID:887304", "title": "Melnick-Needles osteodysplasia associated with pulmonary hypertension, obstructive uropathy and marrow hypoplasia.", "content": "A three and one half-year-old female with Melnick-Needles osteodysplasia is presented. In addition to the characteristic bone roengenograms and obstructive uropathy, the patient had inadequate formation of bone marrow elements and pulmonary arter hypertension.", "contents": "Melnick-Needles osteodysplasia associated with pulmonary hypertension, obstructive uropathy and marrow hypoplasia. A three and one half-year-old female with Melnick-Needles osteodysplasia is presented. In addition to the characteristic bone roengenograms and obstructive uropathy, the patient had inadequate formation of bone marrow elements and pulmonary arter hypertension."}
{"id": "PMID:887305", "title": "Carnitine content of blood and amniotic fluid.", "content": "Free carnitine levels were determined in amniotic fluids between the 10th and 40th week of gestation. They were found to decrease significantly with gestational age. Blood levels of carnitine were lower in pregnant than in nonpregnant women. Levels were found to be higher in cord blood than in maternal blood and usually were higher in the umbilical artery than vein. Intra-arterial injection of L-carnitine into a pregnant ewe did not cause a rise in the fetal blood level of carnitine, which, in contrast to human fetal blood, contained less than half the level of carnitine in maternal blood.", "contents": "Carnitine content of blood and amniotic fluid. Free carnitine levels were determined in amniotic fluids between the 10th and 40th week of gestation. They were found to decrease significantly with gestational age. Blood levels of carnitine were lower in pregnant than in nonpregnant women. Levels were found to be higher in cord blood than in maternal blood and usually were higher in the umbilical artery than vein. Intra-arterial injection of L-carnitine into a pregnant ewe did not cause a rise in the fetal blood level of carnitine, which, in contrast to human fetal blood, contained less than half the level of carnitine in maternal blood."}
{"id": "PMID:887307", "title": "Plasma somatomedin activity in normal and scoliotic children.", "content": "In a study of plasma somatomedin activity in childhood scoliosis a group of five patients with congenital scoliosis was found to have significantly lower plasma somatomedin levels compared with a group of 20 normal children. A group of 52 patients with \"idiopathic\" scoliosis had normal plasma somatomedin levels. There is no apparent difference in the plasma somatomedin activity between the sexes, and no change in plasma somatomedin activity with chronologic age in these children, suggesting that normal adult somatomedin levels have been reached.", "contents": "Plasma somatomedin activity in normal and scoliotic children. In a study of plasma somatomedin activity in childhood scoliosis a group of five patients with congenital scoliosis was found to have significantly lower plasma somatomedin levels compared with a group of 20 normal children. A group of 52 patients with \"idiopathic\" scoliosis had normal plasma somatomedin levels. There is no apparent difference in the plasma somatomedin activity between the sexes, and no change in plasma somatomedin activity with chronologic age in these children, suggesting that normal adult somatomedin levels have been reached."}
{"id": "PMID:887309", "title": "Catecholamine release in the newborn infant at birth.", "content": "Catecholamines were determined by a fluorimetric technique in umbilical blood which was collected from newborn infants immediately after birth. The mean catecholamine concentration was 62.1 nmol/liter in the umbilical artery and 29.3 nmol/liter in the umbilical vein of newborn full term infants delivered uneventfully. This value is considerably higher than in resting adults. Similar levels of catecholamines were seen after elective cesarean sections, whereas considerably higher levels were found after breech deliveries. In the full term asphyxiated infants about a 4-fold increase of the catecholamine concentration was found in both the umbilical arterial and venous blood. The amine concentration level correlated inversely to the pH below 7.25 (10 log catecholamine concentration versus pH, r = -0.71). Preterm infants had, in general, lower amine levels than full term infants both after uneventful deliveries and after intrauterine asphyxia. The catecholamine levels were considerably increased in the newborn infants who showed some kind of abnormal fetal heart rate variation during the last hour before birth; in particular baseline changes were associated with high levels whereas only a moderate increase was seen after loss of beat-to-beat variation.", "contents": "Catecholamine release in the newborn infant at birth. Catecholamines were determined by a fluorimetric technique in umbilical blood which was collected from newborn infants immediately after birth. The mean catecholamine concentration was 62.1 nmol/liter in the umbilical artery and 29.3 nmol/liter in the umbilical vein of newborn full term infants delivered uneventfully. This value is considerably higher than in resting adults. Similar levels of catecholamines were seen after elective cesarean sections, whereas considerably higher levels were found after breech deliveries. In the full term asphyxiated infants about a 4-fold increase of the catecholamine concentration was found in both the umbilical arterial and venous blood. The amine concentration level correlated inversely to the pH below 7.25 (10 log catecholamine concentration versus pH, r = -0.71). Preterm infants had, in general, lower amine levels than full term infants both after uneventful deliveries and after intrauterine asphyxia. The catecholamine levels were considerably increased in the newborn infants who showed some kind of abnormal fetal heart rate variation during the last hour before birth; in particular baseline changes were associated with high levels whereas only a moderate increase was seen after loss of beat-to-beat variation."}
{"id": "PMID:887310", "title": "Steroid sulfatase deficiency.", "content": "Placental steroid sulfatase deficiency is a genetic disorder only recently reported in the medical literature. Most documented cases of placental sulfatase deficiency have been marked by delay in onset of labor, lack of cervical dilatation, and relative refractoriness of oxytocic agents and amniotomy. We have studied the placenta, cultured fibroblasts, and amniotic fluid cells from an affected patient. The activities of estrone sulfatase, pregnenolone sulfatase, dehydroepiandrosterone sulfatase, and arylsulfatase C in the placenta from the patient were severely deficient. Arylsulfatases A and B were present at levels within the normal range for this tissue. Fibroblast dehydroepiandrosterone sulfatase activity was virtually absent in the patient's cells and present at normal levels in individuals with a variety of lysosomal disorders. It would thus appear that the mutation responsible for steroid sulfatase deficiency is genetically and biochemically distinct from those involved in the lysosomal sulfatase deficiency states. The cell culture studies further suggest that the defect is a generalized one which should be detectable in midtrimester of pregnancy and may have phenotypic consequences in later postnatal life.", "contents": "Steroid sulfatase deficiency. Placental steroid sulfatase deficiency is a genetic disorder only recently reported in the medical literature. Most documented cases of placental sulfatase deficiency have been marked by delay in onset of labor, lack of cervical dilatation, and relative refractoriness of oxytocic agents and amniotomy. We have studied the placenta, cultured fibroblasts, and amniotic fluid cells from an affected patient. The activities of estrone sulfatase, pregnenolone sulfatase, dehydroepiandrosterone sulfatase, and arylsulfatase C in the placenta from the patient were severely deficient. Arylsulfatases A and B were present at levels within the normal range for this tissue. Fibroblast dehydroepiandrosterone sulfatase activity was virtually absent in the patient's cells and present at normal levels in individuals with a variety of lysosomal disorders. It would thus appear that the mutation responsible for steroid sulfatase deficiency is genetically and biochemically distinct from those involved in the lysosomal sulfatase deficiency states. The cell culture studies further suggest that the defect is a generalized one which should be detectable in midtrimester of pregnancy and may have phenotypic consequences in later postnatal life."}
{"id": "PMID:887311", "title": "Immunologic studies in cow's milk-induced pulmonary hemosiderosis.", "content": "Antibodies to cow's milk proteins (CMP) were studied by radioallergosorbent tests to determine the quantity and immunoglobulin class of these antibodies in nine patients with precipitins to cow's milk. Three of these patients had pulmonary hemosiderosis (PH); in one other patient pulmonary hemosiderosis was suspected, but not proven. Three patients had nonhemosiderosis chronic lung disease and two had other diseases. Age-matched control subjects were also studied. The quantity and immunoglobulin class distribution of antibodies to CMP were similar in all patients; the quantity of anti-CMP antibody was significantly greater in patients than in control subjects (P less than 0.001). In addition, complement-fixing antibody to CMP was not detected in either patients' or controls' sera. Lymphocyte responses to CMP were studied in three patients with PH, three individuals with other manifestations of milk hypersensitivity (positive controls), and nine negative control subjects. Patients and positive control subjects responded to CMP with greater tritiated thymidine incorporation than the negative control subjects (P less than 0.05). However, no significant difference in response to CMP was observed between the PH patients and the positive control subjects. Antibodies to human lung tissue were studied in the sera of all patients with PH and two negative control subjects. Antibodies to human lung and rat lung were detected in one patient with PH.", "contents": "Immunologic studies in cow's milk-induced pulmonary hemosiderosis. Antibodies to cow's milk proteins (CMP) were studied by radioallergosorbent tests to determine the quantity and immunoglobulin class of these antibodies in nine patients with precipitins to cow's milk. Three of these patients had pulmonary hemosiderosis (PH); in one other patient pulmonary hemosiderosis was suspected, but not proven. Three patients had nonhemosiderosis chronic lung disease and two had other diseases. Age-matched control subjects were also studied. The quantity and immunoglobulin class distribution of antibodies to CMP were similar in all patients; the quantity of anti-CMP antibody was significantly greater in patients than in control subjects (P less than 0.001). In addition, complement-fixing antibody to CMP was not detected in either patients' or controls' sera. Lymphocyte responses to CMP were studied in three patients with PH, three individuals with other manifestations of milk hypersensitivity (positive controls), and nine negative control subjects. Patients and positive control subjects responded to CMP with greater tritiated thymidine incorporation than the negative control subjects (P less than 0.05). However, no significant difference in response to CMP was observed between the PH patients and the positive control subjects. Antibodies to human lung tissue were studied in the sera of all patients with PH and two negative control subjects. Antibodies to human lung and rat lung were detected in one patient with PH."}
{"id": "PMID:887312", "title": "The effect of mucolytic agents and topical decongestants on the ciliary activity of chicken tracheal organ cultures.", "content": "The chicken tracheal organ culture system was used to study the effect on cilia function of two frequently used topical decongestants and four mucolytic agents. The agents used were: phenylephrine hydrochloride spray 0.25%, oxymetazoline 0.05%, sodium bicarbonate 7.5%, acetylcysteine 10%, pancreatic dornase 50,000 units/ml, and L-arginine 5.6%. The tracheal rings were given two kinds of exposure to the test drugs. Only pancreatic dornase was not ciliotoxic. Until further data are available, including studies with human organ cultures, it would perhaps be wise to discourage the topical use of phenylephrine hydroxhloride spray 0.25% and oxymetazoline 0.05%, and to consider pancreatic dornase as the mucolytic agent of choice.", "contents": "The effect of mucolytic agents and topical decongestants on the ciliary activity of chicken tracheal organ cultures. The chicken tracheal organ culture system was used to study the effect on cilia function of two frequently used topical decongestants and four mucolytic agents. The agents used were: phenylephrine hydrochloride spray 0.25%, oxymetazoline 0.05%, sodium bicarbonate 7.5%, acetylcysteine 10%, pancreatic dornase 50,000 units/ml, and L-arginine 5.6%. The tracheal rings were given two kinds of exposure to the test drugs. Only pancreatic dornase was not ciliotoxic. Until further data are available, including studies with human organ cultures, it would perhaps be wise to discourage the topical use of phenylephrine hydroxhloride spray 0.25% and oxymetazoline 0.05%, and to consider pancreatic dornase as the mucolytic agent of choice."}
{"id": "PMID:887313", "title": "Hageman factor and disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) in newborns and rabbits.", "content": "There was no significant difference in the levels of factor XII between sick newborns and normal age-matched controls, although the levels of both groups were lower than normal older children. Detailed coagulation studies on 44 sick infants revealed 11 to have disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC). In those with DIC, the mean Hageman factor was 20% and in those without DIC, 25% (P greater than 0.05). Rabbits given a constant infusion of lysozyme (which inhibits factor XII) showed laboratory evidence of endotoxin-induced DIC. The data suggest that neither reduced factor XII levels nor Hageman factor inhibition provided protection from DIC. The data further suggest that other coagulation pathways might be involved in order to elicit the DIC.", "contents": "Hageman factor and disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) in newborns and rabbits. There was no significant difference in the levels of factor XII between sick newborns and normal age-matched controls, although the levels of both groups were lower than normal older children. Detailed coagulation studies on 44 sick infants revealed 11 to have disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC). In those with DIC, the mean Hageman factor was 20% and in those without DIC, 25% (P greater than 0.05). Rabbits given a constant infusion of lysozyme (which inhibits factor XII) showed laboratory evidence of endotoxin-induced DIC. The data suggest that neither reduced factor XII levels nor Hageman factor inhibition provided protection from DIC. The data further suggest that other coagulation pathways might be involved in order to elicit the DIC."}
{"id": "PMID:887325", "title": "Cockayne syndrome: a cellular sensitivity to ultraviolet light.", "content": "Two unrelated children, a boy 2 1/2 years old and a girl 4 years old, were affected with the cachectic dwarfism of Cockayne syndrome. Fibroblast cultures derived from these patients exhibited increased sensitivity to ultraviolet (UV) light, but not to x-irradiation, as measured by colony-forming ability. In both Cockayne fibroblast cultures, the rate of removal of thymidine dimer from the irradiated cellular DNA was normal. This demonstration of a cellular defect in Cockayne cells suggests that there may be an enzymatic defect in the repair of UV light-induced damage.", "contents": "Cockayne syndrome: a cellular sensitivity to ultraviolet light. Two unrelated children, a boy 2 1/2 years old and a girl 4 years old, were affected with the cachectic dwarfism of Cockayne syndrome. Fibroblast cultures derived from these patients exhibited increased sensitivity to ultraviolet (UV) light, but not to x-irradiation, as measured by colony-forming ability. In both Cockayne fibroblast cultures, the rate of removal of thymidine dimer from the irradiated cellular DNA was normal. This demonstration of a cellular defect in Cockayne cells suggests that there may be an enzymatic defect in the repair of UV light-induced damage."}
{"id": "PMID:887326", "title": "Gasoline sniffing and tetraethyl lead poisoning in children.", "content": "Two cases of acute organic lead poisoning following gasoline sniffing, with one death, are reported. Signs of lead encephalopathy with elevated blood lead levels and markedly decreased levels of erythrocytic delta-amino levulinic dehydratase (ALAD) were demonstrated. Erythrocytic ALAD activity was used as a screening test for the detection of tetraethyl lead (TEL) poisoning in a group of 43 children who were presumed gasoline sniffers. Their mean ALAD activity was 190 units compared to a mean of 538 units for a control group. A survey of schoolchildren in another isolated community revealed that 59% had decreased ALAD activity, which correlated well with a history of gasoline sniffing. Only 5% of the children had blood lead levels over 40 microgram/dl. The two surveys herein reported suggest that there may be large numbers of children living in isolated communities who are suffering from TEL poisoning as a result of gasoline sniffing. This constitutes a major medical, public health, and social problem heretofore virtually unrecognized.", "contents": "Gasoline sniffing and tetraethyl lead poisoning in children. Two cases of acute organic lead poisoning following gasoline sniffing, with one death, are reported. Signs of lead encephalopathy with elevated blood lead levels and markedly decreased levels of erythrocytic delta-amino levulinic dehydratase (ALAD) were demonstrated. Erythrocytic ALAD activity was used as a screening test for the detection of tetraethyl lead (TEL) poisoning in a group of 43 children who were presumed gasoline sniffers. Their mean ALAD activity was 190 units compared to a mean of 538 units for a control group. A survey of schoolchildren in another isolated community revealed that 59% had decreased ALAD activity, which correlated well with a history of gasoline sniffing. Only 5% of the children had blood lead levels over 40 microgram/dl. The two surveys herein reported suggest that there may be large numbers of children living in isolated communities who are suffering from TEL poisoning as a result of gasoline sniffing. This constitutes a major medical, public health, and social problem heretofore virtually unrecognized."}
{"id": "PMID:887327", "title": "Effects of gravity on tracheal mucus transport rates in normal subjects and in patients with cystic fibrosis.", "content": "A noninvasive, radionuclide imaging technique for measuring the rate of mucus clearance in the trachea (RT), was used to study gravitational effects on mucus clearance in 13 patients with cystic fibrosis (CF), average age 17 years; 7 normal, nonsmoking adults, average age 26 years; and a normal subject who was recovering from an acute upper respiratory tract infection (URTI). In the upright position, nine of the CF patients and the subject with URTI demonstrated abnormal tracheal mucus clearance which approached normal when they were placed in 25 degrees headdown position. The normal subjects and two of the CF patients showed no significant difference in the RT measured in the two positions. The results of the study indicate that the force of gravity can be a major influence on tracheal mucus clearance in CF and URTI subjects. This conclusion supports the use of postural drainage as an effective form of therapy in patients with cystic fibrosis.", "contents": "Effects of gravity on tracheal mucus transport rates in normal subjects and in patients with cystic fibrosis. A noninvasive, radionuclide imaging technique for measuring the rate of mucus clearance in the trachea (RT), was used to study gravitational effects on mucus clearance in 13 patients with cystic fibrosis (CF), average age 17 years; 7 normal, nonsmoking adults, average age 26 years; and a normal subject who was recovering from an acute upper respiratory tract infection (URTI). In the upright position, nine of the CF patients and the subject with URTI demonstrated abnormal tracheal mucus clearance which approached normal when they were placed in 25 degrees headdown position. The normal subjects and two of the CF patients showed no significant difference in the RT measured in the two positions. The results of the study indicate that the force of gravity can be a major influence on tracheal mucus clearance in CF and URTI subjects. This conclusion supports the use of postural drainage as an effective form of therapy in patients with cystic fibrosis."}
{"id": "PMID:887328", "title": "Gonorrhea in preadolescent children: an inquiry into source of infection and mode of transmission.", "content": "From November 1974 through December 1975 a study was made of all reported cases of gonorrhea in children under 10 years of age in Tennessee. Clinical manifestations of the 73 subjects identified included vaginal infection (48), urethritis (11), conjunctivitis (8), and ophthalmia neonatorum (6). A total of 203 relatives and associates of 54 subjects was cultured. Fifty-four (27%) had gonorrhea; 43 of these were relatives. A history of sexual contact was found in 18 children, including seven where the contact had a positive culture for Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Sexual transmission was common in children with vaginitis or urethritis. In nine cases, sexual abuse or child neglect was suspected. The recognition of a child with gonococcal infection identifies a cluster of family members and associates who are at increased risk of having gonorrhea.", "contents": "Gonorrhea in preadolescent children: an inquiry into source of infection and mode of transmission. From November 1974 through December 1975 a study was made of all reported cases of gonorrhea in children under 10 years of age in Tennessee. Clinical manifestations of the 73 subjects identified included vaginal infection (48), urethritis (11), conjunctivitis (8), and ophthalmia neonatorum (6). A total of 203 relatives and associates of 54 subjects was cultured. Fifty-four (27%) had gonorrhea; 43 of these were relatives. A history of sexual contact was found in 18 children, including seven where the contact had a positive culture for Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Sexual transmission was common in children with vaginitis or urethritis. In nine cases, sexual abuse or child neglect was suspected. The recognition of a child with gonococcal infection identifies a cluster of family members and associates who are at increased risk of having gonorrhea."}
{"id": "PMID:887330", "title": "Use of trained mothers to teach interviewing skills to first-year medical students: a follow-up study.", "content": "This report describes an attempt to evaluate the effectiveness of \"trained mother\" interviews early in the medical school curriculum. As an adjunct to a first-year course that teaches interviewing techniques, half of the students were exposed to an interview with one of three trained mothers early in the course. This treatment interview was immediately followed by a feedback session which concentrated on the content and process of interviewing. At the end of the course, all students had an evaluative interview. Those students who had an initial interview and feedback session with a trained mother scored significantly higher on both the content and process of their interviews than the control group. This technique is an effective and efficient way to teach interviewing skills to medical students prior to entering any of their clinical clerkships. A follow-up assessment conducted one year later indicated that one interview with a trained mother is sufficient for optimal learning and that the skills learned are retained over at least that period of time.", "contents": "Use of trained mothers to teach interviewing skills to first-year medical students: a follow-up study. This report describes an attempt to evaluate the effectiveness of \"trained mother\" interviews early in the medical school curriculum. As an adjunct to a first-year course that teaches interviewing techniques, half of the students were exposed to an interview with one of three trained mothers early in the course. This treatment interview was immediately followed by a feedback session which concentrated on the content and process of interviewing. At the end of the course, all students had an evaluative interview. Those students who had an initial interview and feedback session with a trained mother scored significantly higher on both the content and process of their interviews than the control group. This technique is an effective and efficient way to teach interviewing skills to medical students prior to entering any of their clinical clerkships. A follow-up assessment conducted one year later indicated that one interview with a trained mother is sufficient for optimal learning and that the skills learned are retained over at least that period of time."}
{"id": "PMID:887331", "title": "Cultural relativity of toilet training readiness: a perspective from East Africa.", "content": "Ideas about infant capabilities and toilet training practice have changed in the United States following cultural trends and the advice of child care experts. Anthropologists have shown that a society's specific infant training practices are adaptive to survival and cultural values. The different expectations of infant behavior of the East African Digo produces a markedly different toilet training approach than the current maturational readiness method recommended in America. The Digo believe that infants can learn soon after birth and begin motor and toilet training in the first weeks of life. With a nurturant conditioning approach, night and day dryness is accomplished by 5 or 6 months. The success of early Digo training suggests that sociocultural factors are more important determinants of toilet training readiness than is currently thought.", "contents": "Cultural relativity of toilet training readiness: a perspective from East Africa. Ideas about infant capabilities and toilet training practice have changed in the United States following cultural trends and the advice of child care experts. Anthropologists have shown that a society's specific infant training practices are adaptive to survival and cultural values. The different expectations of infant behavior of the East African Digo produces a markedly different toilet training approach than the current maturational readiness method recommended in America. The Digo believe that infants can learn soon after birth and begin motor and toilet training in the first weeks of life. With a nurturant conditioning approach, night and day dryness is accomplished by 5 or 6 months. The success of early Digo training suggests that sociocultural factors are more important determinants of toilet training readiness than is currently thought."}
{"id": "PMID:887333", "title": "Denver: a metropolitan public school scoliosis survey.", "content": "A successful method for screening pupils for scoliosis in a metropolitan public school system is outlined. The incidence of scoliosis increased to greater than 3% in the seventh-grade population. Approximately 15% of the patients with established diagnoses required active management.", "contents": "Denver: a metropolitan public school scoliosis survey. A successful method for screening pupils for scoliosis in a metropolitan public school system is outlined. The incidence of scoliosis increased to greater than 3% in the seventh-grade population. Approximately 15% of the patients with established diagnoses required active management."}
{"id": "PMID:887334", "title": "Pediatricians' attitudes affecting decision-making in defective newborns.", "content": "A questionnaire designed to identify the factors that influence the resolution of ethical dilemmas was returned by 230 (57% of the total) Massachusetts pediatricians. The decision to recommend surgery for an infant with Down's syndrome with duodenal atresia when the parents had refused surgery was influenced by religious affiliation (P less than .01), religious activity (P less than .04), and sex (P=.05). Of those favoring surgery, 40.2% would pursue a court order. The decision to recommend surgery for an infant with severe meningomyelocele when the parents' position was not stated was influenced by age (P less than .01), religious activity (P less than .02), and specialization (P less than .008). When the parents' wishes were expressed, the majority of the pediatricians modified their decision in accord with these wishes. In response to general ethical questions, 79.6% of all pediatricians thought that parents should have the right to withold consent for surgery. Equal numbers thought that psychosocial reasons justified witholding lifesaving procedures. Among a variety of factors, they thought that willingness of the parents to care for the child would influence the decision to take heroic measures. There were 90.4% who thought that ethics should be part of medical education; 55.7% indicated this need throughout their careers.", "contents": "Pediatricians' attitudes affecting decision-making in defective newborns. A questionnaire designed to identify the factors that influence the resolution of ethical dilemmas was returned by 230 (57% of the total) Massachusetts pediatricians. The decision to recommend surgery for an infant with Down's syndrome with duodenal atresia when the parents had refused surgery was influenced by religious affiliation (P less than .01), religious activity (P less than .04), and sex (P=.05). Of those favoring surgery, 40.2% would pursue a court order. The decision to recommend surgery for an infant with severe meningomyelocele when the parents' position was not stated was influenced by age (P less than .01), religious activity (P less than .02), and specialization (P less than .008). When the parents' wishes were expressed, the majority of the pediatricians modified their decision in accord with these wishes. In response to general ethical questions, 79.6% of all pediatricians thought that parents should have the right to withold consent for surgery. Equal numbers thought that psychosocial reasons justified witholding lifesaving procedures. Among a variety of factors, they thought that willingness of the parents to care for the child would influence the decision to take heroic measures. There were 90.4% who thought that ethics should be part of medical education; 55.7% indicated this need throughout their careers."}
{"id": "PMID:887335", "title": "Ethics rounds in a Children's Medical Center: evaluation of a hospital-based program for continuing education in medical ethics.", "content": "Clinical rounds in medical ethics were established in 1971 in a large medical center to provide a forum for the multidisciplinary discussion of moral dilemmas in health care. The rounds consisted of case presentations and analyses by professionals primarily from the fields of law, pediatrics, religion, and philosophy. Five years of experience with these rounds were reviewed. Certain predominant themes emerged from the discussions. The most common involved the process of selecting a decision-maker. The rounds were elevated with regard to their impact and educational value. Although these sessions often did not lead to diametric change in position by participants, they did help to sensitize participants and to clarify and expose critical issues. Ethics rounds may offer a constructive response to the current outcry for more stringent consideration of moral values in hospital settings.", "contents": "Ethics rounds in a Children's Medical Center: evaluation of a hospital-based program for continuing education in medical ethics. Clinical rounds in medical ethics were established in 1971 in a large medical center to provide a forum for the multidisciplinary discussion of moral dilemmas in health care. The rounds consisted of case presentations and analyses by professionals primarily from the fields of law, pediatrics, religion, and philosophy. Five years of experience with these rounds were reviewed. Certain predominant themes emerged from the discussions. The most common involved the process of selecting a decision-maker. The rounds were elevated with regard to their impact and educational value. Although these sessions often did not lead to diametric change in position by participants, they did help to sensitize participants and to clarify and expose critical issues. Ethics rounds may offer a constructive response to the current outcry for more stringent consideration of moral values in hospital settings."}
{"id": "PMID:887336", "title": "Clinical, laboratory, and epidemiologic features of a viral gastroenteritis in infants and children.", "content": "We studied 27 infants admitted to the hospital with acute diarrhea caused by human rotavirus (HRV) and obtained additional data on fecal excretion from ten outpatients with the same infection. The disease was characterized by watery diarrhea with fever and vomiting at the onset, isotonic dehydration, compensated metabolic acidosis, and increased concentrations of sodium and chloride but low concentrations of sugar in stools. Diarrhea usually ceased in three to four days when oral feedings were reduced or stopped but recurred mildly in four patients. Of 57 household contacts, 12 were symptomatic, 6 had HRV in their stools, and 19 had significantly increased serum HRV antibody titers. These features of the disease accord with available information on the pathogenesis of HRV infection. Knowledge of the clinical pattern of this newly diagnosable infection should help physicians to recognize and treat quickly this highly infectious, potentially dangerous illness.", "contents": "Clinical, laboratory, and epidemiologic features of a viral gastroenteritis in infants and children. We studied 27 infants admitted to the hospital with acute diarrhea caused by human rotavirus (HRV) and obtained additional data on fecal excretion from ten outpatients with the same infection. The disease was characterized by watery diarrhea with fever and vomiting at the onset, isotonic dehydration, compensated metabolic acidosis, and increased concentrations of sodium and chloride but low concentrations of sugar in stools. Diarrhea usually ceased in three to four days when oral feedings were reduced or stopped but recurred mildly in four patients. Of 57 household contacts, 12 were symptomatic, 6 had HRV in their stools, and 19 had significantly increased serum HRV antibody titers. These features of the disease accord with available information on the pathogenesis of HRV infection. Knowledge of the clinical pattern of this newly diagnosable infection should help physicians to recognize and treat quickly this highly infectious, potentially dangerous illness."}
{"id": "PMID:887337", "title": "A simple device for reducing insensible water loss in low-birth-weight infants.", "content": "Insensible water loss (IWL) was measured in five premature infants, 1 to 4 days old, by multiple weighings on an electronic balance inside an incubator. The babies were studied naked before and after being covered with a transparent thermal blanket. The use of the thermal blanket produced a mean reduction of 70% in IWL and a net caloric saving of 27 kcal/kg/day. There was minimal interference with nursing care. The important caloric saving achieved from reduced vaporization of water and evaporative heat loss may be an important determinant of intact survival in the high-risk infant.", "contents": "A simple device for reducing insensible water loss in low-birth-weight infants. Insensible water loss (IWL) was measured in five premature infants, 1 to 4 days old, by multiple weighings on an electronic balance inside an incubator. The babies were studied naked before and after being covered with a transparent thermal blanket. The use of the thermal blanket produced a mean reduction of 70% in IWL and a net caloric saving of 27 kcal/kg/day. There was minimal interference with nursing care. The important caloric saving achieved from reduced vaporization of water and evaporative heat loss may be an important determinant of intact survival in the high-risk infant."}
{"id": "PMID:887338", "title": "Lipoblastomatosis: a tumor of children.", "content": "A 10-month-old boy with circumscribed lobular lipoblastomatosis of the trunk was examined and treated at the Mayo Clinic. This is only the third case of lipoblastomatosis at our institution. The diagnosis depends on the pathologist, and the lesion must be differentiated from low-grade liposarcoma. Effective treatment involves adequate local excision and local reexcision for recurrence.", "contents": "Lipoblastomatosis: a tumor of children. A 10-month-old boy with circumscribed lobular lipoblastomatosis of the trunk was examined and treated at the Mayo Clinic. This is only the third case of lipoblastomatosis at our institution. The diagnosis depends on the pathologist, and the lesion must be differentiated from low-grade liposarcoma. Effective treatment involves adequate local excision and local reexcision for recurrence."}
{"id": "PMID:887360", "title": "Staff characteristics associated with likeableness on an adolescent treatment unit.", "content": "Personality characteristics including subtest scores from the 16 Personality Factor Questionnaire (16 PF), California Personality Inventory, and Tennessee Self-concept Scale were related to the rated likeableness of staff members of an adolescent treatment unit. Likeableness was assessed by students participating in the treatment program. Correlated were likeableness of staff members and staff members' self-esteem, responsiblity, social awareness, and lack of acquiescent response tendencies.", "contents": "Staff characteristics associated with likeableness on an adolescent treatment unit. Personality characteristics including subtest scores from the 16 Personality Factor Questionnaire (16 PF), California Personality Inventory, and Tennessee Self-concept Scale were related to the rated likeableness of staff members of an adolescent treatment unit. Likeableness was assessed by students participating in the treatment program. Correlated were likeableness of staff members and staff members' self-esteem, responsiblity, social awareness, and lack of acquiescent response tendencies."}
{"id": "PMID:887361", "title": "Performance of criminals and neurotics on the Kahn test of symbol arrangement.", "content": "The diagnostic power of the Kahn Test of Symbol Arrangement (KTSA) in differentiating between criminals and neurotics was examined. Three groups of males--30 incarcerated criminal recidivists, 30 neurotics, and 30 trainees in a work-placement bureau--were given the KTSA and an intelligence test. The groups were equated for age and socioeconomic status. Qualitative differences between the symbol-patterns of the criminals and the neurotics were noted. The KTSA scores of the two groups differed from those of the control group but not from each other.", "contents": "Performance of criminals and neurotics on the Kahn test of symbol arrangement. The diagnostic power of the Kahn Test of Symbol Arrangement (KTSA) in differentiating between criminals and neurotics was examined. Three groups of males--30 incarcerated criminal recidivists, 30 neurotics, and 30 trainees in a work-placement bureau--were given the KTSA and an intelligence test. The groups were equated for age and socioeconomic status. Qualitative differences between the symbol-patterns of the criminals and the neurotics were noted. The KTSA scores of the two groups differed from those of the control group but not from each other."}
{"id": "PMID:887363", "title": "Effects of a developmental physical activity program on children's body coordination and self-concept.", "content": "Significant increases in body coordination, little change in self-concept, and moderate negative correlations between these variables were found after 12 children participated in an 8-wk. developmental physical activity program. Apparently, while body coordination might be improved by participation in activity programs of short duration, these improvements may not necessarily be accompanied by increases in self-concept.", "contents": "Effects of a developmental physical activity program on children's body coordination and self-concept. Significant increases in body coordination, little change in self-concept, and moderate negative correlations between these variables were found after 12 children participated in an 8-wk. developmental physical activity program. Apparently, while body coordination might be improved by participation in activity programs of short duration, these improvements may not necessarily be accompanied by increases in self-concept."}
{"id": "PMID:887365", "title": "Perceived maternal child-rearing behavior among disabled and non-disabled adolescents.", "content": "The purposes of this study were (a) to contrast the reported perceptions of maternal rearing using the Child's Report of Parental Behavior Inventory of 70 disabled (cerebral palsied) and 70 non-disabled adolescents of similar sex, age, intelligence, and socioeconomic status and (b) to evaluate the impact of severity of physical impairment within the disabled group. Analyses of variance were completed using group (disabled/controls) as one dimension and sex as the within-groups source. Partial correlations were used to assess the relationship between severity of incapacitation and perceived maternal behavior. Of the 18 main effects, two were significant, suggesting that the non-disabled perceived their mothers as more possessive and intrusive than did the disabled. Males perceived their mothers as significantly more lax in discipline and allowing more autonomy than did females. Severity of disability was only modestly related to perceived maternal behavior. With this sample of disabled adolescents it was suggested that a physically handicapping condition and its severity may be of more limited influence in the maternal rearing process than assumed.", "contents": "Perceived maternal child-rearing behavior among disabled and non-disabled adolescents. The purposes of this study were (a) to contrast the reported perceptions of maternal rearing using the Child's Report of Parental Behavior Inventory of 70 disabled (cerebral palsied) and 70 non-disabled adolescents of similar sex, age, intelligence, and socioeconomic status and (b) to evaluate the impact of severity of physical impairment within the disabled group. Analyses of variance were completed using group (disabled/controls) as one dimension and sex as the within-groups source. Partial correlations were used to assess the relationship between severity of incapacitation and perceived maternal behavior. Of the 18 main effects, two were significant, suggesting that the non-disabled perceived their mothers as more possessive and intrusive than did the disabled. Males perceived their mothers as significantly more lax in discipline and allowing more autonomy than did females. Severity of disability was only modestly related to perceived maternal behavior. With this sample of disabled adolescents it was suggested that a physically handicapping condition and its severity may be of more limited influence in the maternal rearing process than assumed."}
{"id": "PMID:887366", "title": "Establishing walking by severely retarded children.", "content": "This article examines the implications of independent ambulation for severely retarded children and reviews the literature describing behavioral interventions which facilitate walking. Findings from applied behavior analysis of single subjects support the value of operant techniques in the acquisition of walking. An operationally defined, data-based, four-level sequence for training walking beginning with momentary standing and ending with independent walking on command is described. Representative data from five severely retarded children are presented.", "contents": "Establishing walking by severely retarded children. This article examines the implications of independent ambulation for severely retarded children and reviews the literature describing behavioral interventions which facilitate walking. Findings from applied behavior analysis of single subjects support the value of operant techniques in the acquisition of walking. An operationally defined, data-based, four-level sequence for training walking beginning with momentary standing and ending with independent walking on command is described. Representative data from five severely retarded children are presented."}
{"id": "PMID:887367", "title": "Lateral eye movements during verbal and nonverbal dichotic listening.", "content": "A dichotic listening paradigm was used to study the relation of eye movement to cerebral lateralization. The eye movements of right-handed subjects were recorded during verbal and nonverbal dichotic-listening tasks. Subjects given a verbal dichotic-listening task made significantly more rightward than leftward eye movements and showed more accuracy and speed in processing information presented to the right than to the left ear. Subjects given a nonverbal dichotic-listening task made significantly more leftward eye movements and processed better information presented to the left ear. These findings suggest a potentially strong link between the direction of lateral eye movement during dichotic listening tasks and left- and right-ear advantages in performance on such tasks. They also suggest that both eye movement and ear performance may be related to cerebral laterality and when examined in combination both could provide valuable information for the further study of hemispheric specialization.", "contents": "Lateral eye movements during verbal and nonverbal dichotic listening. A dichotic listening paradigm was used to study the relation of eye movement to cerebral lateralization. The eye movements of right-handed subjects were recorded during verbal and nonverbal dichotic-listening tasks. Subjects given a verbal dichotic-listening task made significantly more rightward than leftward eye movements and showed more accuracy and speed in processing information presented to the right than to the left ear. Subjects given a nonverbal dichotic-listening task made significantly more leftward eye movements and processed better information presented to the left ear. These findings suggest a potentially strong link between the direction of lateral eye movement during dichotic listening tasks and left- and right-ear advantages in performance on such tasks. They also suggest that both eye movement and ear performance may be related to cerebral laterality and when examined in combination both could provide valuable information for the further study of hemispheric specialization."}
{"id": "PMID:887368", "title": "Motor proficiency of learning disabled and nondisabled students.", "content": "The motor proficiency of 55 learning disabled and 55 nondisabled students was compared on a comprehensive battery of motor-skills tests. Learning disabled students performed significantly lower than nondisabled students on measures of fine motor skills and on measures of gross motor skills. Their greatest deficiencies were on tasks requiring body equilibrium, controlled fine visual-motor movements, and bilateral coordination of movements involving different parts of the body. All of these areas include complex motor patterns that require the integration of visual and kinesthetic senses with motor responses. Implications of these findings for the development of motor training programs and for future research are discussed.", "contents": "Motor proficiency of learning disabled and nondisabled students. The motor proficiency of 55 learning disabled and 55 nondisabled students was compared on a comprehensive battery of motor-skills tests. Learning disabled students performed significantly lower than nondisabled students on measures of fine motor skills and on measures of gross motor skills. Their greatest deficiencies were on tasks requiring body equilibrium, controlled fine visual-motor movements, and bilateral coordination of movements involving different parts of the body. All of these areas include complex motor patterns that require the integration of visual and kinesthetic senses with motor responses. Implications of these findings for the development of motor training programs and for future research are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:887371", "title": "Return sweep latency in reading with a paralyzed eye.", "content": "The study concerned the distribution of directional control of eye movement in reading. With the paralysis of the right eye, progressive movements of the left eye were possible, but regressive movements were cancelled, being observed as drift. Base-out prism placed over the non-paralyzed eye allowed for the re-establishment of regressive movements. The results for this subject were explained on the basis of a large retinal error marker having been established. With the paralysis of one eye, base-out prisms reduce that error.", "contents": "Return sweep latency in reading with a paralyzed eye. The study concerned the distribution of directional control of eye movement in reading. With the paralysis of the right eye, progressive movements of the left eye were possible, but regressive movements were cancelled, being observed as drift. Base-out prism placed over the non-paralyzed eye allowed for the re-establishment of regressive movements. The results for this subject were explained on the basis of a large retinal error marker having been established. With the paralysis of one eye, base-out prisms reduce that error."}
{"id": "PMID:887373", "title": "Height on the draw-a-person: comparison of figure drawings of black and white male drug abusers.", "content": "The Draw-A-Person Test was administered to 30 black and 30 white male drug abusers, in a residential therapeutic community. Mean height and mean area of the female figures drawn by the black subjects were greater than the mean height and mean area of the female figures drawn by the white subjects. More black subjects drew the female figure taller than the male figure. Data were discussed in regard to family background and socio-cultural considerations.", "contents": "Height on the draw-a-person: comparison of figure drawings of black and white male drug abusers. The Draw-A-Person Test was administered to 30 black and 30 white male drug abusers, in a residential therapeutic community. Mean height and mean area of the female figures drawn by the black subjects were greater than the mean height and mean area of the female figures drawn by the white subjects. More black subjects drew the female figure taller than the male figure. Data were discussed in regard to family background and socio-cultural considerations."}
{"id": "PMID:887374", "title": "Concept of visual sensation.", "content": "A direct-realist account of visual sensation is outlined. The explanatory notion of elements in visual sensation (atomic sensations) is reinterpreted, and the suggested interpretation is formally justified by constructing a Boolean algebra for visual sensations. The related notion of sensory levels (visual field vs visual world) is discussed.", "contents": "Concept of visual sensation. A direct-realist account of visual sensation is outlined. The explanatory notion of elements in visual sensation (atomic sensations) is reinterpreted, and the suggested interpretation is formally justified by constructing a Boolean algebra for visual sensations. The related notion of sensory levels (visual field vs visual world) is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:887375", "title": "Intra- and inter-modal effects of prior stimulation on cardiac responsiveness to repeated stimulation in the human newborn.", "content": "The effect of prior equivalent auditory and somesthetic input on cardiac acceleration responses to repeated auditory and somesthetic stimulation was studied in 56 healthy 2- or 3-day-old infants. Responsiveness to initial presentation of the reiterative auditory stimulus was significantly greater than to the reiterative somesthetic stimulus regardless of the modality stimulated during the preceding series. In contrast the course of response decrement to subsequent repeated presentations of both stimuli was significantly more rapid when the reiterative and prior stimuli were in different modalities (inter-modal) than when they were in the same modality (intra-modal). The findings demonstrate a modality difference in effect of anticedent input on initial responiveness and a greater efficacy of inter- than of intra-modal auditory and somesthetic stimulation for the habituation of neonatal cardiac responses to repeated stimulation.", "contents": "Intra- and inter-modal effects of prior stimulation on cardiac responsiveness to repeated stimulation in the human newborn. The effect of prior equivalent auditory and somesthetic input on cardiac acceleration responses to repeated auditory and somesthetic stimulation was studied in 56 healthy 2- or 3-day-old infants. Responsiveness to initial presentation of the reiterative auditory stimulus was significantly greater than to the reiterative somesthetic stimulus regardless of the modality stimulated during the preceding series. In contrast the course of response decrement to subsequent repeated presentations of both stimuli was significantly more rapid when the reiterative and prior stimuli were in different modalities (inter-modal) than when they were in the same modality (intra-modal). The findings demonstrate a modality difference in effect of anticedent input on initial responiveness and a greater efficacy of inter- than of intra-modal auditory and somesthetic stimulation for the habituation of neonatal cardiac responses to repeated stimulation."}
{"id": "PMID:887376", "title": "Field-dependence-independence and lateral eye movements following verbal and spatial questions.", "content": "In three studies a small positive relationship was found between field-dependent cognitive style and the tendency to give a higher percentage of right lateral eye movements to verbal than to spatial questions. However, in only one of the three studies was the relationship significant (r = .32, n = 52). It is concluded that differences among samples in cognitive style probably cannot account for different patterns of results in studies of lateral eye movement.", "contents": "Field-dependence-independence and lateral eye movements following verbal and spatial questions. In three studies a small positive relationship was found between field-dependent cognitive style and the tendency to give a higher percentage of right lateral eye movements to verbal than to spatial questions. However, in only one of the three studies was the relationship significant (r = .32, n = 52). It is concluded that differences among samples in cognitive style probably cannot account for different patterns of results in studies of lateral eye movement."}
{"id": "PMID:887378", "title": "Perception and interpretation of explicit negations by learning-disabled children and adolescents.", "content": "The present study evaluated and compared the preception and interpretation of 21 explicit negative sentences by 15 learning disabled third graders and 15 controls, 20 learning disabled adolescents and 20 controls, and 16 randomly selected adults. The proportions of correct interpretations of the experimental sentences did not differ significantly among subject groups. In a similar vein the proportions of correct responses to individual test items did not differ significantly. The findings suggest that the learning-disabled third graders and adolescents adequately perceived the stressed negated elements and interpreted the meanings of the explicit negative sentences appropriately. These findings conflict with previous observations that dyslexic children experienced problems in processing prosodic suprasegmental features (Vogel, 1974).", "contents": "Perception and interpretation of explicit negations by learning-disabled children and adolescents. The present study evaluated and compared the preception and interpretation of 21 explicit negative sentences by 15 learning disabled third graders and 15 controls, 20 learning disabled adolescents and 20 controls, and 16 randomly selected adults. The proportions of correct interpretations of the experimental sentences did not differ significantly among subject groups. In a similar vein the proportions of correct responses to individual test items did not differ significantly. The findings suggest that the learning-disabled third graders and adolescents adequately perceived the stressed negated elements and interpreted the meanings of the explicit negative sentences appropriately. These findings conflict with previous observations that dyslexic children experienced problems in processing prosodic suprasegmental features (Vogel, 1974)."}
{"id": "PMID:887379", "title": "Comparison of sensory integration and operant methods for production of vocalization in profoundly retarded adults.", "content": "Sensory integration, operant and combined therapies were used with 27 profoundly retarded, marginally vocal clients. The sensory integration and combined methods yielded significant increases in rate of vocalizations. The operant techniques also increased rate of vocalizations but the gains were more variable than for the sensory integration procedure and they were positively and highly correlated with pretest rates of vocalization. It appears that sensory integration methods can be an effective method for elicting vocalizations when such behaviors are too infrequent for operant techniques.", "contents": "Comparison of sensory integration and operant methods for production of vocalization in profoundly retarded adults. Sensory integration, operant and combined therapies were used with 27 profoundly retarded, marginally vocal clients. The sensory integration and combined methods yielded significant increases in rate of vocalizations. The operant techniques also increased rate of vocalizations but the gains were more variable than for the sensory integration procedure and they were positively and highly correlated with pretest rates of vocalization. It appears that sensory integration methods can be an effective method for elicting vocalizations when such behaviors are too infrequent for operant techniques."}
{"id": "PMID:887380", "title": "Nationwide residues of mercury, lead, cadmium, arsenic, and selenium in starlings, 1973.", "content": "Starlings (Sturnum vulgaris) collected in 1973 at 51 sites throughout the continental United States were analyzed for mercury, lead, cadmium, arsenic, and selenium. All samples contained detectable levels of these elements. In general, residues were low: mercury residues ranged from less than 0.01 to 0.20 ppm; lead, from less than 0.10 to 3.20 ppm; cadmium, from less than 0.05 to 0.20 ppm; arsenic, from less than 0.05 to 1.40 ppm; and selenium, from 0.10 to 1.10 ppm. There was a significant overall decline in mercury and lead residues in starlings since 1971, and a significant increase in arsenic residues. Lead residues were significantly higher in starlings from urban areas than from rural areas.", "contents": "Nationwide residues of mercury, lead, cadmium, arsenic, and selenium in starlings, 1973. Starlings (Sturnum vulgaris) collected in 1973 at 51 sites throughout the continental United States were analyzed for mercury, lead, cadmium, arsenic, and selenium. All samples contained detectable levels of these elements. In general, residues were low: mercury residues ranged from less than 0.01 to 0.20 ppm; lead, from less than 0.10 to 3.20 ppm; cadmium, from less than 0.05 to 0.20 ppm; arsenic, from less than 0.05 to 1.40 ppm; and selenium, from 0.10 to 1.10 ppm. There was a significant overall decline in mercury and lead residues in starlings since 1971, and a significant increase in arsenic residues. Lead residues were significantly higher in starlings from urban areas than from rural areas."}
{"id": "PMID:887381", "title": "Residues of organochlorines and heavy metals in tissues and eggs of brown pelicans, 1969-73.", "content": "Shells of brown pelican (Pelecanus occidentalis) eggs collected in South Carolina from 1969 through 1973 were significantly thinner than shells of those collected before 1947. Residues of 10 organochlorine pollutants and 10 heavy metals were found in these eggs. Total organochlorine residues were apparently magnified 23 times from fish to pelican eggs, but interpretation of biomagnification was complicated by the migratory habits of both the pelicans and their chief prey fish. Residues of organochlorine pollutants and heavy metals were also found in tissues of brown pelicans. Dieldrin was probably involved in the death of a pelican that exhibited myocardial necrosis. Other pelicans died from gunshot wounds, various diseases, or unknown causes. From 1969 through 1973, there was a significant decline in residues of p-p'-DDE, p-p'-TDE, p-p'DDT, and dieldrin in eggs of the brown pelican in South Carolina, but the rate of decline was different for each pollutant. PCB's peaked in 1972 and then declined in 1973 to the lowest level in 5 years. In 1973, the first time in many years, South Carolina brown pelicans reproduced very well. The excellent reproductivity seemed related to lowered organochlorine residues and favorable tides, weather, and food supply.", "contents": "Residues of organochlorines and heavy metals in tissues and eggs of brown pelicans, 1969-73. Shells of brown pelican (Pelecanus occidentalis) eggs collected in South Carolina from 1969 through 1973 were significantly thinner than shells of those collected before 1947. Residues of 10 organochlorine pollutants and 10 heavy metals were found in these eggs. Total organochlorine residues were apparently magnified 23 times from fish to pelican eggs, but interpretation of biomagnification was complicated by the migratory habits of both the pelicans and their chief prey fish. Residues of organochlorine pollutants and heavy metals were also found in tissues of brown pelicans. Dieldrin was probably involved in the death of a pelican that exhibited myocardial necrosis. Other pelicans died from gunshot wounds, various diseases, or unknown causes. From 1969 through 1973, there was a significant decline in residues of p-p'-DDE, p-p'-TDE, p-p'DDT, and dieldrin in eggs of the brown pelican in South Carolina, but the rate of decline was different for each pollutant. PCB's peaked in 1972 and then declined in 1973 to the lowest level in 5 years. In 1973, the first time in many years, South Carolina brown pelicans reproduced very well. The excellent reproductivity seemed related to lowered organochlorine residues and favorable tides, weather, and food supply."}
{"id": "PMID:887382", "title": "Mercury, arsenic, lead, cadmium, and selenium residues in fish, 1971-73--National Pesticide Monitoring Program.", "content": "As part of the National Pesticide Monitoring Program, the Fish and Wildlife Service, U.S. Department of Interior, analyzed selected fish samples from 100 monitoring stations for residues of mercury, arsenic, lead, cadmium, or selenium in 1971-73. At most stations, detectable residues of all metals were present in more than 95 percent of the composite samples. Fishes with mercury residues exceeding 0.5 mg/kg wet weight in the whole fish were mainly predators. Fishes with residues of arsenic, lead, cadmium, and selenium exceeding 0.5 mg/kg included predatory and nonpredatory species. The number of composite samples in which residues of these elements exceeded 0.5 mg/kg decreased from 1971 to 1973, whereas the percentage of samples with detectable residues increased slightly. Only selected samples were analyzed in 1973; therefore, these figures should be used only cautiously as trend data. Species of fish collected varied considerably between geographic regions but were similar from year to year within each region.", "contents": "Mercury, arsenic, lead, cadmium, and selenium residues in fish, 1971-73--National Pesticide Monitoring Program. As part of the National Pesticide Monitoring Program, the Fish and Wildlife Service, U.S. Department of Interior, analyzed selected fish samples from 100 monitoring stations for residues of mercury, arsenic, lead, cadmium, or selenium in 1971-73. At most stations, detectable residues of all metals were present in more than 95 percent of the composite samples. Fishes with mercury residues exceeding 0.5 mg/kg wet weight in the whole fish were mainly predators. Fishes with residues of arsenic, lead, cadmium, and selenium exceeding 0.5 mg/kg included predatory and nonpredatory species. The number of composite samples in which residues of these elements exceeded 0.5 mg/kg decreased from 1971 to 1973, whereas the percentage of samples with detectable residues increased slightly. Only selected samples were analyzed in 1973; therefore, these figures should be used only cautiously as trend data. Species of fish collected varied considerably between geographic regions but were similar from year to year within each region."}
{"id": "PMID:887383", "title": "Blood levels of chlorinated hydrocarbon residues in the population of a continental town in Croatia (Yugoslavia).", "content": "Plasma or serum samples of 147 individuals from the general population of a continental town in Croatia (Yugoslavia) were analyzed for chlorinated hydrocarbons in 1975. The compounds were determined by gas chromatography and identified by comparing their retention times with those of known standards. All samples contained p,p'-DDE; mean concentration was 35.3 ppb. Only 20 samples contained p,p'-DDT; mean concentration was 22.7 ppb. Concentrations of alpha-BHC, lindane, and p,p'-TDE were 3.25, 4.09, and 11.6 ppb, respectively.", "contents": "Blood levels of chlorinated hydrocarbon residues in the population of a continental town in Croatia (Yugoslavia). Plasma or serum samples of 147 individuals from the general population of a continental town in Croatia (Yugoslavia) were analyzed for chlorinated hydrocarbons in 1975. The compounds were determined by gas chromatography and identified by comparing their retention times with those of known standards. All samples contained p,p'-DDE; mean concentration was 35.3 ppb. Only 20 samples contained p,p'-DDT; mean concentration was 22.7 ppb. Concentrations of alpha-BHC, lindane, and p,p'-TDE were 3.25, 4.09, and 11.6 ppb, respectively."}
{"id": "PMID:887384", "title": "[Grey scale echotomography of the thyroid. Comparison with scintigraphy].", "content": "The most recent development in echotomography, the grey scale introduces the notion of the echogenic power of a tissue. The authors present a number of typical cases of thyroid pathology with scintigraphy and echography.", "contents": "[Grey scale echotomography of the thyroid. Comparison with scintigraphy]. The most recent development in echotomography, the grey scale introduces the notion of the echogenic power of a tissue. The authors present a number of typical cases of thyroid pathology with scintigraphy and echography."}
{"id": "PMID:887385", "title": "[Estrogen and progresterone receptors in male breast diseases].", "content": "The authors study estrogen (RE) and progestogen (RP) receptors by an exchange technique in 8 cases of male breast carcinoma and 7 cases of gynaecomastia. Tumours are considered receptor positive when the binding sites concentration exceeds 100 fmol/g tissue. Using this as a base all the carcinoma are RE+ and 7/8 are RP+. Gynecomastia are always RE- and RP- except for one case which is RP+. RE and RP levels are correlated with the degree of differentiation of the carcinoma, as determined histologically.", "contents": "[Estrogen and progresterone receptors in male breast diseases]. The authors study estrogen (RE) and progestogen (RP) receptors by an exchange technique in 8 cases of male breast carcinoma and 7 cases of gynaecomastia. Tumours are considered receptor positive when the binding sites concentration exceeds 100 fmol/g tissue. Using this as a base all the carcinoma are RE+ and 7/8 are RP+. Gynecomastia are always RE- and RP- except for one case which is RP+. RE and RP levels are correlated with the degree of differentiation of the carcinoma, as determined histologically."}
{"id": "PMID:887386", "title": "[The psychological approach in cardiovascular epidemiology].", "content": "It is quite generally accepted that a certain personality profile long precedes the first manifestations of coronary disease. However the essential traits and above all their place amongst other risk factors remain controversial. The authors undertook a prospective study involving three male populations grouping 2147 adult subjects. Amongst the questions considered, there was the choice of a simple a quick psychological approach applicable to a population ranging over all cultural levels. The study shows that the Bortner auto-transference scale fulfils all these requirements. Thus a given type of behaviour may be analysed as a risk factor, in the same way as various examinations such a blood pressure or cholesterol level.", "contents": "[The psychological approach in cardiovascular epidemiology]. It is quite generally accepted that a certain personality profile long precedes the first manifestations of coronary disease. However the essential traits and above all their place amongst other risk factors remain controversial. The authors undertook a prospective study involving three male populations grouping 2147 adult subjects. Amongst the questions considered, there was the choice of a simple a quick psychological approach applicable to a population ranging over all cultural levels. The study shows that the Bortner auto-transference scale fulfils all these requirements. Thus a given type of behaviour may be analysed as a risk factor, in the same way as various examinations such a blood pressure or cholesterol level."}
{"id": "PMID:887387", "title": "[Treatment of rheumatoid arthritis with levamisole. Preliminary study of clinical and immunological results].", "content": "From September 1975 to September 1976, eleven patients suffering from rheumatoid arthritis in whom gold salts were either inactive or contraindicated were treated with levamisole. Treatment was interrupted in one case because of an allergic rash and in one as a precaution. There was an improvement in six, taking the form of a decrease in clinical symptoms and signs and a slowing of sedimentation rate. Certain immunitary changes were seen, in the sense of a reinforcement of humoural and cellular immunity. Fear of sudden agranulocytosis should lead to caution in further clinical trials.", "contents": "[Treatment of rheumatoid arthritis with levamisole. Preliminary study of clinical and immunological results]. From September 1975 to September 1976, eleven patients suffering from rheumatoid arthritis in whom gold salts were either inactive or contraindicated were treated with levamisole. Treatment was interrupted in one case because of an allergic rash and in one as a precaution. There was an improvement in six, taking the form of a decrease in clinical symptoms and signs and a slowing of sedimentation rate. Certain immunitary changes were seen, in the sense of a reinforcement of humoural and cellular immunity. Fear of sudden agranulocytosis should lead to caution in further clinical trials."}
{"id": "PMID:887401", "title": "[Myocardial function of the chronic hemodialysed patient. Evaluation by measurement of systolic time intervals].", "content": "Study of myocardial function in chronic haemodialysis patients by the measurement of systolic time intervals reveals an alteration in left ventricular performance. These results are in favour of the hypothesis of a multifactorial cardiomyopathy associated with chronic haemodialysis. In the absent of long standing or severe hypertension, blood pressure levels have no significant influence on systolic interval times, this also applying to the degree of anaemia. The age of the patient and the length of time they have spent on haemodialysis are two cumulative risk factors with respect to altered ventricular performance.", "contents": "[Myocardial function of the chronic hemodialysed patient. Evaluation by measurement of systolic time intervals]. Study of myocardial function in chronic haemodialysis patients by the measurement of systolic time intervals reveals an alteration in left ventricular performance. These results are in favour of the hypothesis of a multifactorial cardiomyopathy associated with chronic haemodialysis. In the absent of long standing or severe hypertension, blood pressure levels have no significant influence on systolic interval times, this also applying to the degree of anaemia. The age of the patient and the length of time they have spent on haemodialysis are two cumulative risk factors with respect to altered ventricular performance."}
{"id": "PMID:887402", "title": "[Clinical and biochemical study of 2 cases of lipomatosis].", "content": "The authors report two cases of lipomatosis. Biochemical study of lipomas revealed, in comparison with normal adipose tissue:--an increase in lipasic lipoprotein activity;--a decrease in lipasic triglyceride activity. These changes could be in part implicated in the mechanisms of fatty accumulation within the lipomas, without explaining the topography and encapsulation.", "contents": "[Clinical and biochemical study of 2 cases of lipomatosis]. The authors report two cases of lipomatosis. Biochemical study of lipomas revealed, in comparison with normal adipose tissue:--an increase in lipasic lipoprotein activity;--a decrease in lipasic triglyceride activity. These changes could be in part implicated in the mechanisms of fatty accumulation within the lipomas, without explaining the topography and encapsulation."}
{"id": "PMID:887403", "title": "[Thrombosis of the intracranial venous sinuses after ingestion of estroprogestative agents. 4 cases].", "content": "The authors report 4 cases of thrombosis of the superior longitudinal sinus (SLS) in women taking oestroprogestational agents. This complication is very rare, only 25 cases existing in the literature. The clinical picture consists of premonitory headaches associated with neurological signs suggesting lesions affecting both hemispheres in alternation. In the absence of treatment, sudden deterioration on about the tenth day is to be feared. This picture is similar to that of puerperal thrombosis of the SLS. The diagnosis should be confirmed by carotid arteriography, which demonstrates the presence of collateral varices and the thrombosed sinus giving a \"negative\" image on the AP view. Cerebral scintigraphy shows one or more areas of uptake in the form of adjacent rounded shapes, corresponding to cerebral infarctions of venous origin. As far as the responsibility of oestro-progenstational agents is concerned, the role is suggested by the analogy with puerperal thromboses and also by the absence of cases in men (with the exception of head injury, infections of the face and haematological malignancies). The prognosis is grave (19 deaths out of 29 cases), but surviving patients are completely cured. This prognosis would seem to be essentially dependent upon the possibilities of venous callateral circulation, which are variable in each individual patient. Anticoagulants and thrombolytic risk, in effective doses, to transform the venous thrombosis into a cerebral haemorrhage. Treatment consists rather of methods to reduce cerebral volume, aimed at maximal use of collateral varices and assisting the patient to overcome to acute phase of the first 2 weeks. Headache would seem to be the principal presenting symptom. In our opinion, no biological test gives a reliable indication as to those women most at risk and contraindictions are in fact of a clinical character.", "contents": "[Thrombosis of the intracranial venous sinuses after ingestion of estroprogestative agents. 4 cases]. The authors report 4 cases of thrombosis of the superior longitudinal sinus (SLS) in women taking oestroprogestational agents. This complication is very rare, only 25 cases existing in the literature. The clinical picture consists of premonitory headaches associated with neurological signs suggesting lesions affecting both hemispheres in alternation. In the absence of treatment, sudden deterioration on about the tenth day is to be feared. This picture is similar to that of puerperal thrombosis of the SLS. The diagnosis should be confirmed by carotid arteriography, which demonstrates the presence of collateral varices and the thrombosed sinus giving a \"negative\" image on the AP view. Cerebral scintigraphy shows one or more areas of uptake in the form of adjacent rounded shapes, corresponding to cerebral infarctions of venous origin. As far as the responsibility of oestro-progenstational agents is concerned, the role is suggested by the analogy with puerperal thromboses and also by the absence of cases in men (with the exception of head injury, infections of the face and haematological malignancies). The prognosis is grave (19 deaths out of 29 cases), but surviving patients are completely cured. This prognosis would seem to be essentially dependent upon the possibilities of venous callateral circulation, which are variable in each individual patient. Anticoagulants and thrombolytic risk, in effective doses, to transform the venous thrombosis into a cerebral haemorrhage. Treatment consists rather of methods to reduce cerebral volume, aimed at maximal use of collateral varices and assisting the patient to overcome to acute phase of the first 2 weeks. Headache would seem to be the principal presenting symptom. In our opinion, no biological test gives a reliable indication as to those women most at risk and contraindictions are in fact of a clinical character."}
{"id": "PMID:887405", "title": "[Encephalitis localised in the brain stem and of indetermined etiology. 6 cases].", "content": "The authors report six cases of encephalitis localised in the brain stem. This disease occurred frequently during 1975, with the following symptoms and signs: fever, paralysis of several cranial nerves, temporary mental disturbance and C.S.F. changes. Several patients required tracheotomy and aritificial respiration. All patients recovered without any recurrences. Viral studies were negative. The possibility of a Listeria infection cannot be entirely eliminated.", "contents": "[Encephalitis localised in the brain stem and of indetermined etiology. 6 cases]. The authors report six cases of encephalitis localised in the brain stem. This disease occurred frequently during 1975, with the following symptoms and signs: fever, paralysis of several cranial nerves, temporary mental disturbance and C.S.F. changes. Several patients required tracheotomy and aritificial respiration. All patients recovered without any recurrences. Viral studies were negative. The possibility of a Listeria infection cannot be entirely eliminated."}
{"id": "PMID:887415", "title": "[The normalisation of blood sugar using a non-miniaturised artifical pancreas. Application for 24 hours in 7 insulin-dependent diabetics (author's transl)].", "content": "Seven insulin-dependent diabetic were treated for 24 to 36 hours by intravenous injections of insulin adapted to variations in blood glucose using a fairly voluminous automatic regulation device. This artificial pancreas consists of a modified Technicon blood sugar apparatus which provides continuous estimation of blood glucose using non-haemolysed whole blood by a glucose oxidase method with an inertia time of 6 minutes, a table calculator and a newly developed interpretation and command electronic unit (GlucostatR). Normalisation of blood glucose was obtained for at least 24 hours, during and between meals, during a period following an oral glucose load and throughout the night.", "contents": "[The normalisation of blood sugar using a non-miniaturised artifical pancreas. Application for 24 hours in 7 insulin-dependent diabetics (author's transl)]. Seven insulin-dependent diabetic were treated for 24 to 36 hours by intravenous injections of insulin adapted to variations in blood glucose using a fairly voluminous automatic regulation device. This artificial pancreas consists of a modified Technicon blood sugar apparatus which provides continuous estimation of blood glucose using non-haemolysed whole blood by a glucose oxidase method with an inertia time of 6 minutes, a table calculator and a newly developed interpretation and command electronic unit (GlucostatR). Normalisation of blood glucose was obtained for at least 24 hours, during and between meals, during a period following an oral glucose load and throughout the night."}
{"id": "PMID:887416", "title": "[Extensive apical pulmonary fibrosis complicating ankylosing spondylitis. 2 cases (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors describe two cases of pulmonary fibrosis in patients suffering from ankylosing spondylitis. The diagnosis of tuberculosis was rejected on the basis of negative studies for tubercle bacilli and the total ineffectiveness of specific therapy. No evidence of microbial or parasitic infection was found. This fibrosis was associated with a considerable worsening in general condition. Nevertheless, the first patient remains alive 15 years after the onset of this pathological manifestation. The second patient died but autopsy was not possible. A wide review of the literature is undertaken in the light of these two cases.", "contents": "[Extensive apical pulmonary fibrosis complicating ankylosing spondylitis. 2 cases (author's transl)]. The authors describe two cases of pulmonary fibrosis in patients suffering from ankylosing spondylitis. The diagnosis of tuberculosis was rejected on the basis of negative studies for tubercle bacilli and the total ineffectiveness of specific therapy. No evidence of microbial or parasitic infection was found. This fibrosis was associated with a considerable worsening in general condition. Nevertheless, the first patient remains alive 15 years after the onset of this pathological manifestation. The second patient died but autopsy was not possible. A wide review of the literature is undertaken in the light of these two cases."}
{"id": "PMID:887417", "title": "[Outcome in male sterility].", "content": "Of a total of 102 cases of male infertility seen over the past ten years, treatment resulted in normalisation of the sperm count in 26, with 12 normal pregnancies resulting. These results concerned cases of oligo-asthenospermia related to a varicocele, pyospermia, hormonal insufficiency or general and psychological disorders. Ten couples were able to have a child with the use of artificial insemination using fresh donor sperm. The abandonment of this technique, nor replaced by the use of frozen sperm provided by a sperm bank, results at the present time in a considerable reduction in the number of inseminations, associated with the overload of these banks. Nevertheless, half of all couples accept the principle of hetero-insemination. The number of couples adopting a child is very low (4% in this study) as a result not only of the difficulties of adoption but also refusal by the couple.", "contents": "[Outcome in male sterility]. Of a total of 102 cases of male infertility seen over the past ten years, treatment resulted in normalisation of the sperm count in 26, with 12 normal pregnancies resulting. These results concerned cases of oligo-asthenospermia related to a varicocele, pyospermia, hormonal insufficiency or general and psychological disorders. Ten couples were able to have a child with the use of artificial insemination using fresh donor sperm. The abandonment of this technique, nor replaced by the use of frozen sperm provided by a sperm bank, results at the present time in a considerable reduction in the number of inseminations, associated with the overload of these banks. Nevertheless, half of all couples accept the principle of hetero-insemination. The number of couples adopting a child is very low (4% in this study) as a result not only of the difficulties of adoption but also refusal by the couple."}
{"id": "PMID:887418", "title": "[Value of total thyroidectomy with cervical dissection in the treatment of differentiated thyroid cancers].", "content": "Study of 52 cases of differentiated carcinoma of the thyroid treated by anatomically total thyroidectomy with block dissection of the cervical nodes indicated three amin findings: examination by puncture for cytological examination would have missed 8 micro-carcinomas; unilateral excistion would have bee inadequate in 12 patients; lymph node excision confined to detectable lymphadenopathies would have left neoplastic tissue in place in 8 cases. In the light of these advantages from an oncological standpoint, the complications of total thyroidectomy with bilateral block dissection are few and can be avoided in most cases.", "contents": "[Value of total thyroidectomy with cervical dissection in the treatment of differentiated thyroid cancers]. Study of 52 cases of differentiated carcinoma of the thyroid treated by anatomically total thyroidectomy with block dissection of the cervical nodes indicated three amin findings: examination by puncture for cytological examination would have missed 8 micro-carcinomas; unilateral excistion would have bee inadequate in 12 patients; lymph node excision confined to detectable lymphadenopathies would have left neoplastic tissue in place in 8 cases. In the light of these advantages from an oncological standpoint, the complications of total thyroidectomy with bilateral block dissection are few and can be avoided in most cases."}
{"id": "PMID:887420", "title": "[Immune deficiences during pyoderma gangrenosum associated with a polycythemia vera].", "content": "A deficiency in cellular immunity was demonstrated in a patient suffering from polycythaemia rubra vera in the myelofibrosis stage. Intradermal reactions to classical antigens (candidine, trichophytine, streptokinase, streptodornase, tuberculine) were negative, as was the di-nitrofluorobenzene test. However, the T lymphocyte count was normal. There was no disturbance in humoral immunity. Phagocytosis was normal but leucocyte migration, studied in vitro, was nil. The possibility of an intrinsic abnormality in the polynuclear neutrophil is evoked.", "contents": "[Immune deficiences during pyoderma gangrenosum associated with a polycythemia vera]. A deficiency in cellular immunity was demonstrated in a patient suffering from polycythaemia rubra vera in the myelofibrosis stage. Intradermal reactions to classical antigens (candidine, trichophytine, streptokinase, streptodornase, tuberculine) were negative, as was the di-nitrofluorobenzene test. However, the T lymphocyte count was normal. There was no disturbance in humoral immunity. Phagocytosis was normal but leucocyte migration, studied in vitro, was nil. The possibility of an intrinsic abnormality in the polynuclear neutrophil is evoked."}
{"id": "PMID:887421", "title": "[Irrigation-lavage of the peritoneum. Use of a new type of drain].", "content": "A newly conceived voiding through drain is presented. It seems efficient in maintaining permeability of the drainage tube, without exclusion and thus allows for long standing irrigation and washout of the peritoneal cavity.", "contents": "[Irrigation-lavage of the peritoneum. Use of a new type of drain]. A newly conceived voiding through drain is presented. It seems efficient in maintaining permeability of the drainage tube, without exclusion and thus allows for long standing irrigation and washout of the peritoneal cavity."}
{"id": "PMID:887501", "title": "Selective inhibition of the \"B form\" of monoamine oxidase.", "content": "Deprenyl (phenyl-isopropyl-methyl-propinylamine) is a potent inhibitor of monoamine oxidase (MAO) and like the acetylenic type of inhibitors it induces irreversible inhibition of the enzyme. Its levorotatory isomer is a more potent inhibitor than the dextrorotatory one. Deprenyl elevates the concentration of 3H-noradrenaline (3H-NA) in the synaptosomal fraction of rat heart homogenate while pargyline, probably due to its releasing effect, decreases 3H-NA content in the same fraction. Deprenyl is a selective inhibitor of the \"B form\" of MAO, which preferentially oxidizes beta-phenylethylamine as substrate.", "contents": "Selective inhibition of the \"B form\" of monoamine oxidase. Deprenyl (phenyl-isopropyl-methyl-propinylamine) is a potent inhibitor of monoamine oxidase (MAO) and like the acetylenic type of inhibitors it induces irreversible inhibition of the enzyme. Its levorotatory isomer is a more potent inhibitor than the dextrorotatory one. Deprenyl elevates the concentration of 3H-noradrenaline (3H-NA) in the synaptosomal fraction of rat heart homogenate while pargyline, probably due to its releasing effect, decreases 3H-NA content in the same fraction. Deprenyl is a selective inhibitor of the \"B form\" of MAO, which preferentially oxidizes beta-phenylethylamine as substrate."}
{"id": "PMID:887500", "title": "Stimulatory and inhibitory action of clonidine on the locomotor activity in the rat.", "content": "Clonidine depresses \"motivated\" but stimulates \"basal\" locomotor activity of normal rats. It does not affect the \"dopaminergic\", but inhibits \"noradrenergic\" locomotor stimulation produced by intraventricularly administered L-dopa methyl ester to nialamide-pretreated rats, although it does not affect the brain norepinephrine accumulation observed after administration of the dopa derivative. The importance of experimental protocol and the possible mechanism of \"antiadrenergic\" action of clonidine are discussed.", "contents": "Stimulatory and inhibitory action of clonidine on the locomotor activity in the rat. Clonidine depresses \"motivated\" but stimulates \"basal\" locomotor activity of normal rats. It does not affect the \"dopaminergic\", but inhibits \"noradrenergic\" locomotor stimulation produced by intraventricularly administered L-dopa methyl ester to nialamide-pretreated rats, although it does not affect the brain norepinephrine accumulation observed after administration of the dopa derivative. The importance of experimental protocol and the possible mechanism of \"antiadrenergic\" action of clonidine are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:887502", "title": "The effect of lesions of dopaminergic and serotonergic systems on apomorphine-induced hypothermia in the rat.", "content": "Bilateral lesion of caudate nucleus or substantia nigra as well as brain transsection between telencephalon and diencephalon potentiates the body temperature fall produced by apomorphine (5 mg/kg). A lesion of nucleus accumbens septi did not prevent the hypothermia, but slightly shortened its duration. Electrolytical and chemical (with 5,6-dihydroxytryptamine) lesions of both dorsal and medial raphe nuclei alleviated the hypothermia produced by apomorphine. The lesion of medial raphe nucleus did not affect, while the lesion of dorsal raphe nucleus prevented the hypothermia induced by apomorphine or piribedil (25 mg/kg). The results show that dopaminergic neurons of telencephalon are not involved in the mechanism of induction of apomorphine hypothermia, while the neurons of dorsal raphe nucleus participate in it.", "contents": "The effect of lesions of dopaminergic and serotonergic systems on apomorphine-induced hypothermia in the rat. Bilateral lesion of caudate nucleus or substantia nigra as well as brain transsection between telencephalon and diencephalon potentiates the body temperature fall produced by apomorphine (5 mg/kg). A lesion of nucleus accumbens septi did not prevent the hypothermia, but slightly shortened its duration. Electrolytical and chemical (with 5,6-dihydroxytryptamine) lesions of both dorsal and medial raphe nuclei alleviated the hypothermia produced by apomorphine. The lesion of medial raphe nucleus did not affect, while the lesion of dorsal raphe nucleus prevented the hypothermia induced by apomorphine or piribedil (25 mg/kg). The results show that dopaminergic neurons of telencephalon are not involved in the mechanism of induction of apomorphine hypothermia, while the neurons of dorsal raphe nucleus participate in it."}
{"id": "PMID:887499", "title": "Inhibitory effect of dopamine on acetylcholine release from caudate nucleus.", "content": "It has been shown that dopamine inhibits the release of acetylcholine (ACh) from nerve terminals of caudate cholinergic interneurons, and the imbalance between dopaminergic and cholinergic system by 6-hydroxydopamine pretreatment leads to an increased ACh release. The Parkinson-syndrome induced by drugs which depress dopaminergic function either by reducing the output of dopamine, such as reserpine, or by antagonizing its action on DA receptors, as for instance haloperidol or chlorpromazine, can be attributed to the augmented release of ACh from caudate cholinergic nerve terminals and a consequent increase of cholinergic outflow from caudate nucleus. However, athetoid and choreiform hyperkinesis in patients and hypermotility in animals might result from increased dopaminergic outflow of nigro-striatal pathway and a consequent reduction in cholinergic neurosecretion of caudate nucleus.", "contents": "Inhibitory effect of dopamine on acetylcholine release from caudate nucleus. It has been shown that dopamine inhibits the release of acetylcholine (ACh) from nerve terminals of caudate cholinergic interneurons, and the imbalance between dopaminergic and cholinergic system by 6-hydroxydopamine pretreatment leads to an increased ACh release. The Parkinson-syndrome induced by drugs which depress dopaminergic function either by reducing the output of dopamine, such as reserpine, or by antagonizing its action on DA receptors, as for instance haloperidol or chlorpromazine, can be attributed to the augmented release of ACh from caudate cholinergic nerve terminals and a consequent increase of cholinergic outflow from caudate nucleus. However, athetoid and choreiform hyperkinesis in patients and hypermotility in animals might result from increased dopaminergic outflow of nigro-striatal pathway and a consequent reduction in cholinergic neurosecretion of caudate nucleus."}
{"id": "PMID:887503", "title": "Dopaminergic and serotonergic effects of ergometrine.", "content": "Ergometrine (EGM), 40 mg/kg ip or 100 microgram ivc, produces strong and long-lasting increase of locomotor activity of the rat, completely prevented by pretreatment with spiperone, 0.4 mg/kg, ip, or pimozide, 4 mg/kg ip. Given at a dose of 100 microgram ivc EGM produced a deep hypothermia, resistant to spiperone pretreatment (0.4 mg/kg ip). EGM decelerates cerebral serotonin (5-HT) turnover in mice and rats as measured by accumulation of 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid after pretreatment with probenecid, and depresses the accumulation of 5-HT in the rat brain stem after pretreatment with pargyline. EGM potentiates the hind limb flexor of spinal rat. This effect is blocked by cyproheptadine (1 mg/kg ip) and danitracen (3 mg/kg ip). The results indicate that EGM stimulates both dopamine and 5-HT receptors in the central nervous system.", "contents": "Dopaminergic and serotonergic effects of ergometrine. Ergometrine (EGM), 40 mg/kg ip or 100 microgram ivc, produces strong and long-lasting increase of locomotor activity of the rat, completely prevented by pretreatment with spiperone, 0.4 mg/kg, ip, or pimozide, 4 mg/kg ip. Given at a dose of 100 microgram ivc EGM produced a deep hypothermia, resistant to spiperone pretreatment (0.4 mg/kg ip). EGM decelerates cerebral serotonin (5-HT) turnover in mice and rats as measured by accumulation of 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid after pretreatment with probenecid, and depresses the accumulation of 5-HT in the rat brain stem after pretreatment with pargyline. EGM potentiates the hind limb flexor of spinal rat. This effect is blocked by cyproheptadine (1 mg/kg ip) and danitracen (3 mg/kg ip). The results indicate that EGM stimulates both dopamine and 5-HT receptors in the central nervous system."}
{"id": "PMID:887506", "title": "The convulsive action of pentylenetetrazol and electroshock in irradiated rats.", "content": "Convulsive activity of pentylenetetrazol and electroshock was measured in rats irradiated 24 hr earlier with 800 R of X rays. At this time the content of \"free\" acetylcholine (ACh) was increased in the cerebral cortex, and the content of \"bound\" ACh was depressed in the brain stem. Irradiation facilitated the action of convulsogenic agents. Atropine did not prevent convulsions but facilitated them. An increase in the endogenous pool of ACh by eserine similarly to atropine facilitated the action of convulsogenic agents in control rats. In irradiated rats eserine shortened the duration of electrogenic convulsions, but it did not change significantly the latency of pentylenetetrazol convulsions. A causal relationship between the effects observed and post-irradiation modification of the content of \"free\" and \"bound\" ACh in the cerebral cortex and brain stem is discussed.", "contents": "The convulsive action of pentylenetetrazol and electroshock in irradiated rats. Convulsive activity of pentylenetetrazol and electroshock was measured in rats irradiated 24 hr earlier with 800 R of X rays. At this time the content of \"free\" acetylcholine (ACh) was increased in the cerebral cortex, and the content of \"bound\" ACh was depressed in the brain stem. Irradiation facilitated the action of convulsogenic agents. Atropine did not prevent convulsions but facilitated them. An increase in the endogenous pool of ACh by eserine similarly to atropine facilitated the action of convulsogenic agents in control rats. In irradiated rats eserine shortened the duration of electrogenic convulsions, but it did not change significantly the latency of pentylenetetrazol convulsions. A causal relationship between the effects observed and post-irradiation modification of the content of \"free\" and \"bound\" ACh in the cerebral cortex and brain stem is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:887505", "title": "Interaction of bradykinin with dopaminergic receptors in the CNS.", "content": "The influence of bradykinin on the action of compounds affecting predominantly the dopaminergic receptor was studied in behavioral tests (Lat test and sterotypy) and biochemically (estimation of the level of biogenic amines--noradrenaline, dopamine and serotonin, and their metabolites--normetanephrine, homovanillic and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acids in the brain tissue). Bradykinin potentiated the action of nialamide with L-dopa, dopamine, 1,3-dimethyl-5-aminoadamantane, apomorphine and noradrenaline. Spiroperidol abolished potentializing effect of bradykinin on the central action of nialamide with L-DOPA and of noradrenaline. In animals receiving spiroperidol with bradykinin psychostimulatory action of noradrenaline was also not observed. FLA-63--inhibitor of dopamine beta-hydroxylase--increased the potentializing effect of bradykinin on the central action of dopamine. Most significant biochemical changes between the group receiving nialamide alone and the group given nialamide together with bradykinin have been observed in corpus striatum, where the level of dopamine and its metabolite--homovanillic acid--increased. The results obtained point out that the potentiation of the central effects of catecholamines by kinins depends mainly on the interaction of this peptide with dopaminergic receptor.", "contents": "Interaction of bradykinin with dopaminergic receptors in the CNS. The influence of bradykinin on the action of compounds affecting predominantly the dopaminergic receptor was studied in behavioral tests (Lat test and sterotypy) and biochemically (estimation of the level of biogenic amines--noradrenaline, dopamine and serotonin, and their metabolites--normetanephrine, homovanillic and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acids in the brain tissue). Bradykinin potentiated the action of nialamide with L-dopa, dopamine, 1,3-dimethyl-5-aminoadamantane, apomorphine and noradrenaline. Spiroperidol abolished potentializing effect of bradykinin on the central action of nialamide with L-DOPA and of noradrenaline. In animals receiving spiroperidol with bradykinin psychostimulatory action of noradrenaline was also not observed. FLA-63--inhibitor of dopamine beta-hydroxylase--increased the potentializing effect of bradykinin on the central action of dopamine. Most significant biochemical changes between the group receiving nialamide alone and the group given nialamide together with bradykinin have been observed in corpus striatum, where the level of dopamine and its metabolite--homovanillic acid--increased. The results obtained point out that the potentiation of the central effects of catecholamines by kinins depends mainly on the interaction of this peptide with dopaminergic receptor."}
{"id": "PMID:887504", "title": "The effect of selective MAO inhibitors on the conditioned avoidance response of Wistar rats.", "content": "Behavioral and biochemical effects of 1-deprenyl and clorgyline were studied in Wistar rats. Behavioral performances was tested in a one-way and in a two-way avoidance system. The two MAO inhibitors were given acutely (1 and 10 mg/kg sc) anc chronically (1 mg/kg sc/daily, for 7 days), and their influences on learning and retention performance was tested 24 hr after the last injection. Behavioral reactions remained unchanged after acute administration of the inhibitors, while they were significantly improved following the chronic treatments, either in the one-way or in the two-way experimental situation. Biochemical analysis indicated dissociation between the influence on striatal dopamine content and the behavioral effects of 1-deprenyl and clorgyline.", "contents": "The effect of selective MAO inhibitors on the conditioned avoidance response of Wistar rats. Behavioral and biochemical effects of 1-deprenyl and clorgyline were studied in Wistar rats. Behavioral performances was tested in a one-way and in a two-way avoidance system. The two MAO inhibitors were given acutely (1 and 10 mg/kg sc) anc chronically (1 mg/kg sc/daily, for 7 days), and their influences on learning and retention performance was tested 24 hr after the last injection. Behavioral reactions remained unchanged after acute administration of the inhibitors, while they were significantly improved following the chronic treatments, either in the one-way or in the two-way experimental situation. Biochemical analysis indicated dissociation between the influence on striatal dopamine content and the behavioral effects of 1-deprenyl and clorgyline."}
{"id": "PMID:887523", "title": "[Surgical plastic materials with prolonged antibacterial activity].", "content": "Sulphonation and further treatment with geomycine of surgical plastic articles (arterial prostheses, surgical threads) allowed to receive materials with prolongated surface antibacterial activity. The results of experiments on 200 animals proved the modified threads and prostheses to protect the bacteriostatic effect in surgical wounds within 2 to 10 days' period. The healing of implants was uncomplicated. The high antibacterial activity of these materials (500-1000 bacteriostatic doses) stands the radiosterilization and normal keeping conditions.", "contents": "[Surgical plastic materials with prolonged antibacterial activity]. Sulphonation and further treatment with geomycine of surgical plastic articles (arterial prostheses, surgical threads) allowed to receive materials with prolongated surface antibacterial activity. The results of experiments on 200 animals proved the modified threads and prostheses to protect the bacteriostatic effect in surgical wounds within 2 to 10 days' period. The healing of implants was uncomplicated. The high antibacterial activity of these materials (500-1000 bacteriostatic doses) stands the radiosterilization and normal keeping conditions."}
{"id": "PMID:887524", "title": "[Modification of the properties of drugs combined with polymers. II].", "content": "In the second part of the paper there have been discussed the works on modification of drugs properties when coupled with polymers in terms of covalent links. It was proved on a number of cases that chemical bonds of specified drugs and polymers allows to increase the durability and effective action of these remedies, to decrease the toxicity, to increase the solubility and immunity against ferments and, moreover, enable the advantageous disposal of these substances in particular organs.", "contents": "[Modification of the properties of drugs combined with polymers. II]. In the second part of the paper there have been discussed the works on modification of drugs properties when coupled with polymers in terms of covalent links. It was proved on a number of cases that chemical bonds of specified drugs and polymers allows to increase the durability and effective action of these remedies, to decrease the toxicity, to increase the solubility and immunity against ferments and, moreover, enable the advantageous disposal of these substances in particular organs."}
{"id": "PMID:887525", "title": "[Methods for evaluation of the therapeutic properties of elastic stockings and compression bandages].", "content": "The advisability of examination of compressive bandages is discussed. The manner of the therapeutic action in changed leg venous system is given. The methods for examination of the elastic stockings and elastic bandages are presented.", "contents": "[Methods for evaluation of the therapeutic properties of elastic stockings and compression bandages]. The advisability of examination of compressive bandages is discussed. The manner of the therapeutic action in changed leg venous system is given. The methods for examination of the elastic stockings and elastic bandages are presented."}
{"id": "PMID:887527", "title": "Teeth, vomiting and diet: a study of the dental characteristics of seventeen anorexia nervosa patients.", "content": "Seventeen anorexia nervosa patients were examined dentally and their dietary histories and eating habits studied. Analysis of the data confirmed earlier observations dental deterioration associated with anorexia nervosa. The deterioration included a pattern of enamel dissolution in cases of vomiting, regurgitation, and/or the consumption of large amounts of citrus fruits; and an altered caries response due to abnormal carbohydrate consumption. Despite the patient's probably insistent denial of 'anorectic' eating habits, the general practitioner should consider the existence of anorexia nervosa in the presence of such abnormal features, especially in young women. The relationship of these findings to larger populations with similar eating habits is discussed.", "contents": "Teeth, vomiting and diet: a study of the dental characteristics of seventeen anorexia nervosa patients. Seventeen anorexia nervosa patients were examined dentally and their dietary histories and eating habits studied. Analysis of the data confirmed earlier observations dental deterioration associated with anorexia nervosa. The deterioration included a pattern of enamel dissolution in cases of vomiting, regurgitation, and/or the consumption of large amounts of citrus fruits; and an altered caries response due to abnormal carbohydrate consumption. Despite the patient's probably insistent denial of 'anorectic' eating habits, the general practitioner should consider the existence of anorexia nervosa in the presence of such abnormal features, especially in young women. The relationship of these findings to larger populations with similar eating habits is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:887528", "title": "Antibacterial therapy in general medical wards.", "content": "Information  from a comprehensive drug surveillance programme is analysed to provide details of antibacterial drug use in medical wards. Some 28% of patients received antibacterial therapy, usually for the treatment of respiratory or urinary tract infections. The agents most frequently prescribed were ampicillin, co-trimoxazole and tetracyclines. Overall, 11% of recipients experienced one or more adverse effect of therapy. No significant bacterial growth was obtained from some 40% of specimens of sputum sent from patients. A plea is made for more rational use both of sputum culture in the investigation of patients with respiratory infection and of antibiotics in their treatment.", "contents": "Antibacterial therapy in general medical wards. Information  from a comprehensive drug surveillance programme is analysed to provide details of antibacterial drug use in medical wards. Some 28% of patients received antibacterial therapy, usually for the treatment of respiratory or urinary tract infections. The agents most frequently prescribed were ampicillin, co-trimoxazole and tetracyclines. Overall, 11% of recipients experienced one or more adverse effect of therapy. No significant bacterial growth was obtained from some 40% of specimens of sputum sent from patients. A plea is made for more rational use both of sputum culture in the investigation of patients with respiratory infection and of antibiotics in their treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:887529", "title": "Haematological abnormalities in acute pancreatitis. A prospective study.", "content": "Twenty-five patients with acute pancreatitis were studied prospectively in the first week of their admission using haematological and coagulation tests. Platelet counts initially fell and later returned to admission levels. Rising levels of plasma fibrinogen were recorded. The kaolin cephalin clotting time was shorter than its control in twenty-one patients. Eighteen patients had elevated fibrinogen degradation products and fourteen had a positive ethanol gelation test. It is suggested that by taking into account the results in series of individual patients a degree of intravascular coagulation may be a common feature of acute pancreatitis. In one patient (presented in detail) strong evidence for disseminated intravascular coagulation was found", "contents": "Haematological abnormalities in acute pancreatitis. A prospective study. Twenty-five patients with acute pancreatitis were studied prospectively in the first week of their admission using haematological and coagulation tests. Platelet counts initially fell and later returned to admission levels. Rising levels of plasma fibrinogen were recorded. The kaolin cephalin clotting time was shorter than its control in twenty-one patients. Eighteen patients had elevated fibrinogen degradation products and fourteen had a positive ethanol gelation test. It is suggested that by taking into account the results in series of individual patients a degree of intravascular coagulation may be a common feature of acute pancreatitis. In one patient (presented in detail) strong evidence for disseminated intravascular coagulation was found"}
{"id": "PMID:887530", "title": "A case of myasthenia gravis treated with steroids: some suggestions for the mechanisms underlying their effect.", "content": "This report deals with a patient with long standing myasthenia gravis treated with a small dose of corticosteroids. The response to treatment was prompt and the post-therapeutic deterioration in function was minimal and cholinergic in nature. It is suggested that the dose of anticholinesterases be reduced concomitantly with the institution of steroid treatment.", "contents": "A case of myasthenia gravis treated with steroids: some suggestions for the mechanisms underlying their effect. This report deals with a patient with long standing myasthenia gravis treated with a small dose of corticosteroids. The response to treatment was prompt and the post-therapeutic deterioration in function was minimal and cholinergic in nature. It is suggested that the dose of anticholinesterases be reduced concomitantly with the institution of steroid treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:887531", "title": "Hypocalcaemia and convulsions.", "content": "Hypocalcaemia may manifest with tetany, convulsions and even status eqilepticus. Recognition of underlying hypocalcaemia in convulsions is mandatory because the fits may not be adequately controlled by anti-convulsant drugs which may also aggravate hypocalcaemia. Vitamin D, by relieving hypocalcaemia, reduces the frequency of convulsions and may even eliminate them.", "contents": "Hypocalcaemia and convulsions. Hypocalcaemia may manifest with tetany, convulsions and even status eqilepticus. Recognition of underlying hypocalcaemia in convulsions is mandatory because the fits may not be adequately controlled by anti-convulsant drugs which may also aggravate hypocalcaemia. Vitamin D, by relieving hypocalcaemia, reduces the frequency of convulsions and may even eliminate them."}
{"id": "PMID:887532", "title": "Successful treatment of Pseudomonas aeruginosa septicaemia and meningitis with neutropenia--the presenting feature of hypogammaglobulinaemia.", "content": "A neutropenic child of 20 months suffered generalized infection with Pseudomonas aeruginosa, involving the bloodstream and the meninges. This was successfully treated with intravenous and intrathecal antibiotics and granulocyte transfusions before granulopoiesis recovered spontaneously. No immunoglobulin replacement was given during the acute episode, as the diagnosis of X-linked hypogammaglobulinaemia was made subsequently.", "contents": "Successful treatment of Pseudomonas aeruginosa septicaemia and meningitis with neutropenia--the presenting feature of hypogammaglobulinaemia. A neutropenic child of 20 months suffered generalized infection with Pseudomonas aeruginosa, involving the bloodstream and the meninges. This was successfully treated with intravenous and intrathecal antibiotics and granulocyte transfusions before granulopoiesis recovered spontaneously. No immunoglobulin replacement was given during the acute episode, as the diagnosis of X-linked hypogammaglobulinaemia was made subsequently."}
{"id": "PMID:887533", "title": "Chronic rhinocerebral phycomycosis in association with diabetes.", "content": "Two patients with rhinocerebral phycomycosis associated with diabetes are presented. The chronic nature of the illness in these two cases in emphasized in contrast to the more fulminant course of most previously reported patients. A high index of suspicion is needed to establish the diagnosis as rapidly as possible. Treatment of the underlying disease combined with amphotericin B therapy and radical surgical excision of all infected tissue is important to establish cure of these patients.", "contents": "Chronic rhinocerebral phycomycosis in association with diabetes. Two patients with rhinocerebral phycomycosis associated with diabetes are presented. The chronic nature of the illness in these two cases in emphasized in contrast to the more fulminant course of most previously reported patients. A high index of suspicion is needed to establish the diagnosis as rapidly as possible. Treatment of the underlying disease combined with amphotericin B therapy and radical surgical excision of all infected tissue is important to establish cure of these patients."}
{"id": "PMID:887534", "title": "Myxoedema ascites.", "content": "A case of myxoedema ascites complicating ischaemic heart disease is reported. Partial thyroid hormone replacement therapy, given slowly, eventually produced a diuresis and complete resolution of the ascites after a delay of 4 weeks.", "contents": "Myxoedema ascites. A case of myxoedema ascites complicating ischaemic heart disease is reported. Partial thyroid hormone replacement therapy, given slowly, eventually produced a diuresis and complete resolution of the ascites after a delay of 4 weeks."}
{"id": "PMID:887535", "title": "Free perforation of the small bowel in Crohn's disease.", "content": "A rare case of free double ileal perforation in previously asymptomatic and undiagnosed Crohn's disease of the terminal ileum is described. At operation, a primary resection and anastomosis of the diseased bowel was performed. The management of free perforation in Crohn's disease is discussed, together with a review of the literature. It is suggested that the absence of steroids in a previously undiagnosed case may favour primary resection and anastomosis.", "contents": "Free perforation of the small bowel in Crohn's disease. A rare case of free double ileal perforation in previously asymptomatic and undiagnosed Crohn's disease of the terminal ileum is described. At operation, a primary resection and anastomosis of the diseased bowel was performed. The management of free perforation in Crohn's disease is discussed, together with a review of the literature. It is suggested that the absence of steroids in a previously undiagnosed case may favour primary resection and anastomosis."}
{"id": "PMID:887555", "title": "[A special technique of neurolept analgesia for thermocoagulation of the gasserian ganglion (author's transl)].", "content": "A special technique of neurolept analgesia for electrocoagulation of the gasserian ganglion is described which has been used since 1974. Induction is by means of Fentanyl and Valium. The dosis is sufficiently low for the patient to remain responsive and co-operative but practically painfree. The actual thermocoagulation is performed in intravenous methohexital sodium anaesthesia. The dosis is kept so low that the patient wakes up within 2--3 minutes and is able to inform the surgeon of the success or failure of the operation. If no relief from pain has been obtained a further 20 mg of methohexital are injected and the operation is repeated.", "contents": "[A special technique of neurolept analgesia for thermocoagulation of the gasserian ganglion (author's transl)]. A special technique of neurolept analgesia for electrocoagulation of the gasserian ganglion is described which has been used since 1974. Induction is by means of Fentanyl and Valium. The dosis is sufficiently low for the patient to remain responsive and co-operative but practically painfree. The actual thermocoagulation is performed in intravenous methohexital sodium anaesthesia. The dosis is kept so low that the patient wakes up within 2--3 minutes and is able to inform the surgeon of the success or failure of the operation. If no relief from pain has been obtained a further 20 mg of methohexital are injected and the operation is repeated."}
{"id": "PMID:887556", "title": "[Regulation of intraocular pressure and haemodynamics in patients with severe polytrauma (author's transl)].", "content": "In 18 polytraumatized patients injuried by an accident, the intraocular pressure was measured and the aqueous humour production and regulatory capacity were determined by means of the perilimbal suction cup with simultaneous recording of haemodynamic parameters. The measurements were carried out 1. in the immediate acute stage, 2. in the period of circulatory recovery, and 3. under stable circulatory conditions. It became evident that the production of aqueous humour was suspended in the acute stage. With improving stabilization of the circulatory system, the aqueous humour minute volume and the regulatory capacity of the eye were raised. The cause of the reduction of both these parameters in the acute stage of a polytrauma has to be seen in an affection of the intraocular vascular nervous system in dependence of the general shock situation.", "contents": "[Regulation of intraocular pressure and haemodynamics in patients with severe polytrauma (author's transl)]. In 18 polytraumatized patients injuried by an accident, the intraocular pressure was measured and the aqueous humour production and regulatory capacity were determined by means of the perilimbal suction cup with simultaneous recording of haemodynamic parameters. The measurements were carried out 1. in the immediate acute stage, 2. in the period of circulatory recovery, and 3. under stable circulatory conditions. It became evident that the production of aqueous humour was suspended in the acute stage. With improving stabilization of the circulatory system, the aqueous humour minute volume and the regulatory capacity of the eye were raised. The cause of the reduction of both these parameters in the acute stage of a polytrauma has to be seen in an affection of the intraocular vascular nervous system in dependence of the general shock situation."}
{"id": "PMID:887557", "title": "[Anaesthesia for the relief of dyspnoea caused by fibrin membranes in the larynx and trachea (author's transl)].", "content": "Three cases of life-endangering airway obstruction by fibrin membranes are reviewed which developed in a 17-year-old girl with virus pneumonia, in a 21-year-old girl with a history of thrombopathy after general anaesthesia with naso-tracheal intubation and in a 23-year-old woman after short anaesthesia with orotracheal intubation. Possible causal factors, the clinical symptoms and the therapeutic measures taken by the anaesthetist are discussed. Since these cases are generally in a state of severe respiratory collapse by the time treatment is initiated general anaesthesia with muscle relaxation should be attempted only if the anaesthesist is certain that he can effectively ventilate the patient before and during the operation. Otherwise it is better to apply assisted ventilation with oxygen and halothane via a mask until a clear air passage has been restored. Administration of anticholine drugs and control of shock are essential.", "contents": "[Anaesthesia for the relief of dyspnoea caused by fibrin membranes in the larynx and trachea (author's transl)]. Three cases of life-endangering airway obstruction by fibrin membranes are reviewed which developed in a 17-year-old girl with virus pneumonia, in a 21-year-old girl with a history of thrombopathy after general anaesthesia with naso-tracheal intubation and in a 23-year-old woman after short anaesthesia with orotracheal intubation. Possible causal factors, the clinical symptoms and the therapeutic measures taken by the anaesthetist are discussed. Since these cases are generally in a state of severe respiratory collapse by the time treatment is initiated general anaesthesia with muscle relaxation should be attempted only if the anaesthesist is certain that he can effectively ventilate the patient before and during the operation. Otherwise it is better to apply assisted ventilation with oxygen and halothane via a mask until a clear air passage has been restored. Administration of anticholine drugs and control of shock are essential."}
{"id": "PMID:887563", "title": "[Tracheo-bronchial toilet using the technic of blind nasal intubation in conscious patients (author's transl)].", "content": "A temporary naso-tracheal intubation with a small tube is well tolerated by conscious patients. It is an appropriate alternative treatment intending a tracheobronchial toilet in case of retained mucus. The method and the experiences are described.", "contents": "[Tracheo-bronchial toilet using the technic of blind nasal intubation in conscious patients (author's transl)]. A temporary naso-tracheal intubation with a small tube is well tolerated by conscious patients. It is an appropriate alternative treatment intending a tracheobronchial toilet in case of retained mucus. The method and the experiences are described."}
{"id": "PMID:887564", "title": "[Anesthesia risks in inflammatory processes in the floor of the mouth-neck region (author's transl)].", "content": "Anesthesia for surgical treatment of extensive floor of the mouth-neck phlegmons has a particularly high risk rate. The general condition of the patients to be treated is poorer; respiratory passages are constricted by inflammation-induced swelling. The resulting hypoxia is a main factor in the pluricausal origin of hyperreflexia. Three cases selected from the author's own patients show the problems which occur with this particular clinical picture. The consequences of an adequate preparation for and induction of anesthesia were presented.", "contents": "[Anesthesia risks in inflammatory processes in the floor of the mouth-neck region (author's transl)]. Anesthesia for surgical treatment of extensive floor of the mouth-neck phlegmons has a particularly high risk rate. The general condition of the patients to be treated is poorer; respiratory passages are constricted by inflammation-induced swelling. The resulting hypoxia is a main factor in the pluricausal origin of hyperreflexia. Three cases selected from the author's own patients show the problems which occur with this particular clinical picture. The consequences of an adequate preparation for and induction of anesthesia were presented."}
{"id": "PMID:887565", "title": "[Tracheal suture under jet ventilation in a 7-year-old child (author's transl)].", "content": "Anaesthesia in a 7-year-old girl with incomplete dissection of the trachea due to stabbing is reported. After nasotracheal intubation the lesion was isolated. Then transtracheal jet ventilation through the defect was performed. Thus sufficient ventilation as well as a clear surgical field for the intratracheal suture even of the pars membranacea was garanteed. The advantages of this procedure compared with the traditional intubation are discussed.", "contents": "[Tracheal suture under jet ventilation in a 7-year-old child (author's transl)]. Anaesthesia in a 7-year-old girl with incomplete dissection of the trachea due to stabbing is reported. After nasotracheal intubation the lesion was isolated. Then transtracheal jet ventilation through the defect was performed. Thus sufficient ventilation as well as a clear surgical field for the intratracheal suture even of the pars membranacea was garanteed. The advantages of this procedure compared with the traditional intubation are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:887621", "title": "[Effect of the preliminary action of angiotensin on the sensitivity of the adrenal cortex of dogs to this peptide].", "content": "Experiments on dogs demonstrated that an increase of aldosterone secretion depended not only on the angiotensin II level in the blood, but also on the character of the changes in the peptide concentration: reaction of the glomerular zone of the adrenal cortex to this octapeptide increased after a preliminary angiotensin stimulation of the adrenal glands. The effect revealed was independent of the sum total dose of the preparation administered and was not accompanied by any increase in the glucocorticosteroid level in the plasma. This effect permitted the renin-aldosterone system to change under definite conditions to increased functional level without any marked rise of renin secretion and angiotensin II formation.", "contents": "[Effect of the preliminary action of angiotensin on the sensitivity of the adrenal cortex of dogs to this peptide]. Experiments on dogs demonstrated that an increase of aldosterone secretion depended not only on the angiotensin II level in the blood, but also on the character of the changes in the peptide concentration: reaction of the glomerular zone of the adrenal cortex to this octapeptide increased after a preliminary angiotensin stimulation of the adrenal glands. The effect revealed was independent of the sum total dose of the preparation administered and was not accompanied by any increase in the glucocorticosteroid level in the plasma. This effect permitted the renin-aldosterone system to change under definite conditions to increased functional level without any marked rise of renin secretion and angiotensin II formation."}
{"id": "PMID:887622", "title": "[Effect of thyroidectomy and subsequent L-thyroxine administration on the content of various lipids in the organs of rats of different age].", "content": "Total lipid, phospholipid and cholesterol content in the tissues of the liver, myocardium, skeletal muscle, intestine and the blood plasma was studied on three groups of rats (control, thyroidectomized, and thyroidectomized to which  l-thyroxin was administered); the animals were aged 2, 6 months and 2 years. All the indices studied increased in the tissues and the blood of intact animals with the advance of age at different percentage ratio. As to thyroidectomized animals, cholesterol and phospholipid content increased in all the organs under study at the age of 2 and 6 months, and fell in the old ones. Total lipid content rose at the age of two months and decreased in the sexually mature and old rats. In the thyroidectomized animals to which l-thyroxin was administered cholesterol and total lipid content rose in all the tissues, excluding the blood plasma, whereas phospholipid content reduced in all the organs under study.", "contents": "[Effect of thyroidectomy and subsequent L-thyroxine administration on the content of various lipids in the organs of rats of different age]. Total lipid, phospholipid and cholesterol content in the tissues of the liver, myocardium, skeletal muscle, intestine and the blood plasma was studied on three groups of rats (control, thyroidectomized, and thyroidectomized to which  l-thyroxin was administered); the animals were aged 2, 6 months and 2 years. All the indices studied increased in the tissues and the blood of intact animals with the advance of age at different percentage ratio. As to thyroidectomized animals, cholesterol and phospholipid content increased in all the organs under study at the age of 2 and 6 months, and fell in the old ones. Total lipid content rose at the age of two months and decreased in the sexually mature and old rats. In the thyroidectomized animals to which l-thyroxin was administered cholesterol and total lipid content rose in all the tissues, excluding the blood plasma, whereas phospholipid content reduced in all the organs under study."}
{"id": "PMID:887623", "title": "[Calorigenic effect of catecholamines in dinitrophenol poisoning].", "content": "Experiments were conducted on male albio rats; calorigenic effect of adrenaline and noradrenaline was studied against the background of dinitrophenol poisoning. Dinitrophenol proved to potentiate the metabolic action of catecholamines. It is supposed that this potentiating effect was connected with the peculiarities of the energy metabolism occurring in uncoupling respiration and phosphorylation.", "contents": "[Calorigenic effect of catecholamines in dinitrophenol poisoning]. Experiments were conducted on male albio rats; calorigenic effect of adrenaline and noradrenaline was studied against the background of dinitrophenol poisoning. Dinitrophenol proved to potentiate the metabolic action of catecholamines. It is supposed that this potentiating effect was connected with the peculiarities of the energy metabolism occurring in uncoupling respiration and phosphorylation."}
{"id": "PMID:887624", "title": "[Determination of the insulin antibody titre in severe form of diabetes mellitus].", "content": "The blood serum binding capacity was studied in 20 patients suffering from diabetes mellitus given no insulin and in 67 patients with a severe form of diabetes mellitus treated with insulin. There proved to be a reverse relationship between the duration of insulin therapy and the insulin antibody titre. There was also a reverse relationship between the patient's age and the serum insulin-binding capacity. The dose of insulin administered failed to influence the level of insulin antibodies circulating in the organism.", "contents": "[Determination of the insulin antibody titre in severe form of diabetes mellitus]. The blood serum binding capacity was studied in 20 patients suffering from diabetes mellitus given no insulin and in 67 patients with a severe form of diabetes mellitus treated with insulin. There proved to be a reverse relationship between the duration of insulin therapy and the insulin antibody titre. There was also a reverse relationship between the patient's age and the serum insulin-binding capacity. The dose of insulin administered failed to influence the level of insulin antibodies circulating in the organism."}
{"id": "PMID:887625", "title": "[Activity of blood serum lactate dehydrogenase in diabetes mellitus].", "content": "The activity of lactic dehydrogenase of the blood serum was studied under clinical conditions in 120 patients suffering from diabetes mellitus. Electrophoretic separation of plasma enzymes was used for this purpose. The shifts in the LDH activity proved to be characteristic of all the degrees of diabetes severity, and were expressed in a significant elevation of total LDH, LDH4,5 activity and a decrease of LDH1,2 activity in comparison with healthy individuals. No change of LDH3 activity was noted in mild forms of diabetes. But in severe form the isoenzymatic spectrum was mostly changed on account of LDH3 hyperfermentemia. In mild form of diabetes it approached control values.", "contents": "[Activity of blood serum lactate dehydrogenase in diabetes mellitus]. The activity of lactic dehydrogenase of the blood serum was studied under clinical conditions in 120 patients suffering from diabetes mellitus. Electrophoretic separation of plasma enzymes was used for this purpose. The shifts in the LDH activity proved to be characteristic of all the degrees of diabetes severity, and were expressed in a significant elevation of total LDH, LDH4,5 activity and a decrease of LDH1,2 activity in comparison with healthy individuals. No change of LDH3 activity was noted in mild forms of diabetes. But in severe form the isoenzymatic spectrum was mostly changed on account of LDH3 hyperfermentemia. In mild form of diabetes it approached control values."}
{"id": "PMID:887626", "title": "[Epidemiology of diabetes mellitus in Riga].", "content": "The author presents the results of examination of 1725 workers of the VEF plant in Riga; a triple glucose tolerance test was conducted to detect early forms of diabetes mellitus. There proved to be no significant relationship between the incidence of diabetes mellitus and sex. Obesity appeared to be the main risk factor in diabetes mellitus. There was found no significant difference between detection of diabetes mellitus by simplified glucose tolerance test and triple test; therefore the former is recommended for mass examination for this disease.", "contents": "[Epidemiology of diabetes mellitus in Riga]. The author presents the results of examination of 1725 workers of the VEF plant in Riga; a triple glucose tolerance test was conducted to detect early forms of diabetes mellitus. There proved to be no significant relationship between the incidence of diabetes mellitus and sex. Obesity appeared to be the main risk factor in diabetes mellitus. There was found no significant difference between detection of diabetes mellitus by simplified glucose tolerance test and triple test; therefore the former is recommended for mass examination for this disease."}
{"id": "PMID:887627", "title": "[Use of a computer for the optimal results of treatment of diabetes mellitus with insulin].", "content": "The authors present material on the optimization of diabetes mellitus treatment, with the aid of a computer. There were 320 patients under observation. Mathematical models describing the process of the patients treatment and permitting to pronosticate the blood and urine sugar level during the treatment were developed. The use of the imitation experiment on a computer permitted to test several therapeutic variants for the given patient and to choose the optimum one, leading to the most rapid compensation. The second task consisted in the maintenance in the patients of blood glucose variations within definite limits, in the course of 24 hours. An individual model of blood glucose dynamics in the course of 24 hours is set on the computer, and then the optimal scheme of insulin treatment is chosen. Practical testing of such scheme showed its efficacy.", "contents": "[Use of a computer for the optimal results of treatment of diabetes mellitus with insulin]. The authors present material on the optimization of diabetes mellitus treatment, with the aid of a computer. There were 320 patients under observation. Mathematical models describing the process of the patients treatment and permitting to pronosticate the blood and urine sugar level during the treatment were developed. The use of the imitation experiment on a computer permitted to test several therapeutic variants for the given patient and to choose the optimum one, leading to the most rapid compensation. The second task consisted in the maintenance in the patients of blood glucose variations within definite limits, in the course of 24 hours. An individual model of blood glucose dynamics in the course of 24 hours is set on the computer, and then the optimal scheme of insulin treatment is chosen. Practical testing of such scheme showed its efficacy."}
{"id": "PMID:887629", "title": "[Effect of blood serum of healthy persons and diabetic patients on glucose metabolism in the adipose tissue].", "content": "The intensity of lipid synthesis from the C-14-labeled glucose in the isolated subcutaneous fatty tissue of healthy individuals and diabetic patients was investigated during incubation of the tissue in the serum of healthy individuals and of those suffering from diabetes mellitus. It was shown that the serum of healthy individuals and of patients with diabetes mellitus enhanced the lipid synthesis in the adipose tissue of healthy individuals (significantly and equally) in comparison with the incubation in buffer solution. But no lipid synthesis was stimulated under the effect of the serum of healthy persons and patients with diabetes mellitus in the adipose tissue of diabetic patients. The data obtained indicated that antagonists to the insulin action on adipose tissue were absent in the blood of patients with diabetes mellitus. A reduction of the adipose tissue sensitivity of diabetic patients to insulin contained in the serum was due to the tissue defect representing the primary factor in the pathogenesis of the diabetes mellitus responsible for the development of relative insulin deficiency.", "contents": "[Effect of blood serum of healthy persons and diabetic patients on glucose metabolism in the adipose tissue]. The intensity of lipid synthesis from the C-14-labeled glucose in the isolated subcutaneous fatty tissue of healthy individuals and diabetic patients was investigated during incubation of the tissue in the serum of healthy individuals and of those suffering from diabetes mellitus. It was shown that the serum of healthy individuals and of patients with diabetes mellitus enhanced the lipid synthesis in the adipose tissue of healthy individuals (significantly and equally) in comparison with the incubation in buffer solution. But no lipid synthesis was stimulated under the effect of the serum of healthy persons and patients with diabetes mellitus in the adipose tissue of diabetic patients. The data obtained indicated that antagonists to the insulin action on adipose tissue were absent in the blood of patients with diabetes mellitus. A reduction of the adipose tissue sensitivity of diabetic patients to insulin contained in the serum was due to the tissue defect representing the primary factor in the pathogenesis of the diabetes mellitus responsible for the development of relative insulin deficiency."}
{"id": "PMID:887628", "title": "[Method of quantitative determination of sugar in urine].", "content": "The method described in the paper is intended for quantitative determination of the true sugar content in the urine. The quantitative determination of sugar in the urine is carried out selectively in the strongly carbonated medium following preliminary removal of hindering substances. The method can be expressed stechiometrically, this permitting to obtain a reliable result concerning the blood sugar level, and meets all the clinical diagnosis requirements. The method can be used in any laboratory, being reliable and sufficiently sensitive.", "contents": "[Method of quantitative determination of sugar in urine]. The method described in the paper is intended for quantitative determination of the true sugar content in the urine. The quantitative determination of sugar in the urine is carried out selectively in the strongly carbonated medium following preliminary removal of hindering substances. The method can be expressed stechiometrically, this permitting to obtain a reliable result concerning the blood sugar level, and meets all the clinical diagnosis requirements. The method can be used in any laboratory, being reliable and sufficiently sensitive."}
{"id": "PMID:887630", "title": "[Disorder of the thrombocytic-vascular component of hemostasis in thyrotoxicosis].", "content": "Hemocoagulation and the platelet-vascular hemostasis mechanism were investigated in 79 patients suffering from thyrotoxicosis of different severity by clinical observations and laboratory studies. Along with hemocoagulation defects, there were revealed thrombocytopenia, reduction of the platelet adhesive-aggregation activity and of the vascular wall resistance. The extent of these disturbances depended on the severity of thyrotoxicosis. In the authors opinion, affection of the platelet-vascular hemostasis component, combined with hemocoagulation disturbances played an important role in the development mechanism of increased hemorrhagic tendency of the tissues and hemorrhagic diathesis in thyrotoxicosis. The necessity of complex treatment of patients with thyrotoxicosis with prescription of agents normalizing hemocoagulation and the platelet-vascular hemostasis mechanism is founded.", "contents": "[Disorder of the thrombocytic-vascular component of hemostasis in thyrotoxicosis]. Hemocoagulation and the platelet-vascular hemostasis mechanism were investigated in 79 patients suffering from thyrotoxicosis of different severity by clinical observations and laboratory studies. Along with hemocoagulation defects, there were revealed thrombocytopenia, reduction of the platelet adhesive-aggregation activity and of the vascular wall resistance. The extent of these disturbances depended on the severity of thyrotoxicosis. In the authors opinion, affection of the platelet-vascular hemostasis component, combined with hemocoagulation disturbances played an important role in the development mechanism of increased hemorrhagic tendency of the tissues and hemorrhagic diathesis in thyrotoxicosis. The necessity of complex treatment of patients with thyrotoxicosis with prescription of agents normalizing hemocoagulation and the platelet-vascular hemostasis mechanism is founded."}
{"id": "PMID:887633", "title": "[Effect of stimulation and destruction of the amygdaloid body on the ovaries of sexually mature and immature female rats].", "content": "Experiments were conducted on sexually-mature and infantile female rats; changes in the ovaries and the uterus after the stimulation and destruction of the amygdaloid nuclei were studied. A possible mechanism of the influences exerted by the amygdaloid nuclei on the ovaries is discussed.", "contents": "[Effect of stimulation and destruction of the amygdaloid body on the ovaries of sexually mature and immature female rats]. Experiments were conducted on sexually-mature and infantile female rats; changes in the ovaries and the uterus after the stimulation and destruction of the amygdaloid nuclei were studied. A possible mechanism of the influences exerted by the amygdaloid nuclei on the ovaries is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:887634", "title": "[Characteristics of the amino acid spectrum of blood serum in diabetes mellitus].", "content": "The content of the following 10 amino acids was investigated by means of a microbiological method (with the use of auxotrophic E. coli mutants) in 23 patients with diabetes mellitus with fatty infiltration of the liver and in 27 patients without it: histidine, proline, methionine, cystine, tryptophane, leucine, arginine, tyrosine, lysine, and phenylalanine. Results of study of the amino acid balance were compared with the morphological changes in the liver (the material was obtained by biopsy). All the diabetic patients displayed an increase in the proline, tryptophane, tyrosine, leucine, and cystine content, and a reduction of phenylalanine and lysine level. Fatty hepatocyte infiltration was also accompanied by a significant elevation of methionine and a reduction of arginine content. A tendency to normalization of leucine and lysine only was seen after the treatment of diabetic patients with fatty hepatocyte infiltration; diabetic patients without any fatty infiltration showed normalization in the tyrosine, lysine content and a tendency to the normalization of the cystine, tryptophane level, but no change in the methionine content.", "contents": "[Characteristics of the amino acid spectrum of blood serum in diabetes mellitus]. The content of the following 10 amino acids was investigated by means of a microbiological method (with the use of auxotrophic E. coli mutants) in 23 patients with diabetes mellitus with fatty infiltration of the liver and in 27 patients without it: histidine, proline, methionine, cystine, tryptophane, leucine, arginine, tyrosine, lysine, and phenylalanine. Results of study of the amino acid balance were compared with the morphological changes in the liver (the material was obtained by biopsy). All the diabetic patients displayed an increase in the proline, tryptophane, tyrosine, leucine, and cystine content, and a reduction of phenylalanine and lysine level. Fatty hepatocyte infiltration was also accompanied by a significant elevation of methionine and a reduction of arginine content. A tendency to normalization of leucine and lysine only was seen after the treatment of diabetic patients with fatty hepatocyte infiltration; diabetic patients without any fatty infiltration showed normalization in the tyrosine, lysine content and a tendency to the normalization of the cystine, tryptophane level, but no change in the methionine content."}
{"id": "PMID:887635", "title": "[Histophysiological characteristics of the structures of the subcommissural organ of the brain and the glomerular zone of the adrenal gland in changes of the water-electrolyte balance].", "content": "Experiments were conducted on 45 male rats; histophysiological characteristics of ependymocytes of the subcommissural organ (SCO) and of adrencorticocytes of the glomerular zone of the adrenal cortex (GZA) was investigated under conditions of dehydration and water loading. A marked activation of H-6-PDH, HDH, NAD-dependent alphaHPDH, and an enhancement of the H-6-PDH, NAD-diaphorase and 3betaol activity in the GZA adrencorticocytes resulted from dehydration. Water loading depressed the synthetic processes, particularly in the SCO ependymocytes. The data obtained suggest a functional interrelation between the SCO and GZA.", "contents": "[Histophysiological characteristics of the structures of the subcommissural organ of the brain and the glomerular zone of the adrenal gland in changes of the water-electrolyte balance]. Experiments were conducted on 45 male rats; histophysiological characteristics of ependymocytes of the subcommissural organ (SCO) and of adrencorticocytes of the glomerular zone of the adrenal cortex (GZA) was investigated under conditions of dehydration and water loading. A marked activation of H-6-PDH, HDH, NAD-dependent alphaHPDH, and an enhancement of the H-6-PDH, NAD-diaphorase and 3betaol activity in the GZA adrencorticocytes resulted from dehydration. Water loading depressed the synthetic processes, particularly in the SCO ependymocytes. The data obtained suggest a functional interrelation between the SCO and GZA."}
{"id": "PMID:887636", "title": "[Electrophoretic determination of quantitative changes of the blood protein fractions after intermedin administration].", "content": "The authors present the results of experimental studies of the blood serum proteins metabolism in prolonged administration of intermedin--a hormone of the intermediate lobe of the hypophysis. Daily administration of this hormone caused a reduction of albumins and an increase of the beta-globulin fraction. The most pronounced changes in the protein spectrum were noted on the 15th-20th day of the experiment.", "contents": "[Electrophoretic determination of quantitative changes of the blood protein fractions after intermedin administration]. The authors present the results of experimental studies of the blood serum proteins metabolism in prolonged administration of intermedin--a hormone of the intermediate lobe of the hypophysis. Daily administration of this hormone caused a reduction of albumins and an increase of the beta-globulin fraction. The most pronounced changes in the protein spectrum were noted on the 15th-20th day of the experiment."}
{"id": "PMID:887637", "title": "[Effect of insulin on RNA biosynthesis in the chromatin fractions of the liver of rats of different age].", "content": "Experiments were conducted on rats; a study was made of the age changes of insulin action on the genetic apparatus of hepatocytes. Adult (6-8-month-old) rats showed the greatest elevation of transcribing capacity of the repressed chromatin fraction 2 hours after the hormone administration, no changes occurred in the active chromatin fraction. The maximum increase of the labeled precursor inclusion in old (24--26-month-old) rats was seen 3 hours after insulin injection both in repressed and active chromatin.", "contents": "[Effect of insulin on RNA biosynthesis in the chromatin fractions of the liver of rats of different age]. Experiments were conducted on rats; a study was made of the age changes of insulin action on the genetic apparatus of hepatocytes. Adult (6-8-month-old) rats showed the greatest elevation of transcribing capacity of the repressed chromatin fraction 2 hours after the hormone administration, no changes occurred in the active chromatin fraction. The maximum increase of the labeled precursor inclusion in old (24--26-month-old) rats was seen 3 hours after insulin injection both in repressed and active chromatin."}
{"id": "PMID:887644", "title": "[The influence of thioridazin (Melleril-Sandoz) on psychomotor functions, concentration power and reactivity in children with behaviour disturbances (author's transl)].", "content": "Starting with a brief review of literature about the application of Melleril (Thioridazine) in child psychiatry the authors report a double blind study with 26 children (23 boys and 3 girls at the age of 6 to 14). These children were admitted to clinical treatment because of several behavior disorders. Drug effects on psychomotor activity, concentration power and reactivity were measured by the d2-Test (Brickenkamp), by a tapping experiment, a psychomotor experimental (tracing) and experiments with the Vienna determination apparatus. As compared to the placebo group a statistically significant increase was found in the experimental group in the tapping experiment as well as in one stage of the concentration test. No difference between the groups could be noted in tracing and in the performance of the Vienna determination apparatus. It is suggested that the finding result from a different ability in visuo-motor information processing without or under the drug. Accordingly Melleril seems to advance performance in simply structured motor tasks, whereas complex choice reactions rather appear to be rendered more difficult under this medication.", "contents": "[The influence of thioridazin (Melleril-Sandoz) on psychomotor functions, concentration power and reactivity in children with behaviour disturbances (author's transl)]. Starting with a brief review of literature about the application of Melleril (Thioridazine) in child psychiatry the authors report a double blind study with 26 children (23 boys and 3 girls at the age of 6 to 14). These children were admitted to clinical treatment because of several behavior disorders. Drug effects on psychomotor activity, concentration power and reactivity were measured by the d2-Test (Brickenkamp), by a tapping experiment, a psychomotor experimental (tracing) and experiments with the Vienna determination apparatus. As compared to the placebo group a statistically significant increase was found in the experimental group in the tapping experiment as well as in one stage of the concentration test. No difference between the groups could be noted in tracing and in the performance of the Vienna determination apparatus. It is suggested that the finding result from a different ability in visuo-motor information processing without or under the drug. Accordingly Melleril seems to advance performance in simply structured motor tasks, whereas complex choice reactions rather appear to be rendered more difficult under this medication."}
{"id": "PMID:887645", "title": "A new approach to the hormonal treatment of impotentia erectionis.", "content": "The influence of oraly administered synthetic oxytocin (Syntocinon, Sandoz) on the impotentia erectionis has been studied in a double-blind trial in comparison to placebo. Twenty-nine out-patients divided into 3 groups were treated for a minimum of 7 weeks. Nine patients were given 300 IU daily, ten patients 600 IU daily and further 10 patients placebo. The treatment with 300 IU of oxytocin daily has shown the best therapeutic results. The difference between this group and the placebo group was statistically significant regarding the overall parameters sexual interest and sexual capability (P less than 0.05) and P less than 0.10 respectively). The daily oral dose of 600 IU produced no significant therapeutic effect. Oxytocin in both dosage schedules was well tolerated and no untoward side effects were observed.", "contents": "A new approach to the hormonal treatment of impotentia erectionis. The influence of oraly administered synthetic oxytocin (Syntocinon, Sandoz) on the impotentia erectionis has been studied in a double-blind trial in comparison to placebo. Twenty-nine out-patients divided into 3 groups were treated for a minimum of 7 weeks. Nine patients were given 300 IU daily, ten patients 600 IU daily and further 10 patients placebo. The treatment with 300 IU of oxytocin daily has shown the best therapeutic results. The difference between this group and the placebo group was statistically significant regarding the overall parameters sexual interest and sexual capability (P less than 0.05) and P less than 0.10 respectively). The daily oral dose of 600 IU produced no significant therapeutic effect. Oxytocin in both dosage schedules was well tolerated and no untoward side effects were observed."}
{"id": "PMID:887638", "title": "[Study of the glucocorticoid receptors of the cytosol in various organs of the rat].", "content": "A method of hard phasic separation of free and bound forms of the hormone demonstrated the presence of specific (saturated) and nonspecific (unsaturated) binding of dexamethazone in the cytosol of various rat organs; and increase of the sorbent concentration promoted a better detection of the first type of binding on account of selective depression of binding of the second type. Cortisol was bound with dexamethazone receptors of various rat organs in the binding sites common with dexamethazone, replacing the latter from its complex with the receptors. The constant of dexamethazone association with its receptors in the brain, liver lungs, spleen, thymus, and kidney cytosol was of the order of 10(8) M-1, with the binding capacity of cytosol of these organs within the range of from 0.6 to 4 ng hormone per 1 g of raw weight.", "contents": "[Study of the glucocorticoid receptors of the cytosol in various organs of the rat]. A method of hard phasic separation of free and bound forms of the hormone demonstrated the presence of specific (saturated) and nonspecific (unsaturated) binding of dexamethazone in the cytosol of various rat organs; and increase of the sorbent concentration promoted a better detection of the first type of binding on account of selective depression of binding of the second type. Cortisol was bound with dexamethazone receptors of various rat organs in the binding sites common with dexamethazone, replacing the latter from its complex with the receptors. The constant of dexamethazone association with its receptors in the brain, liver lungs, spleen, thymus, and kidney cytosol was of the order of 10(8) M-1, with the binding capacity of cytosol of these organs within the range of from 0.6 to 4 ng hormone per 1 g of raw weight."}
{"id": "PMID:887646", "title": "Does long term treatment with amitriptyline alter the monoamine oxidase of rat brain?", "content": "Amitriptyline, at a concentration of 10(-5) M, inhibits the oxidative deamination of phenylethylamine, tyramine and tryptamine (by 40, 16, and 8 percent, respectively) by rat brain MAO. After the long term administration of amitryptyline, even at a dosage of 20 mg per kg body weight twice daily, there was no detectable influence on the biochemical properties of MAO. These findings indicate that the full antidepressive effect, which only appears after the first 3 weeks of long term treatment, cannot be caused by the inhibition of MAO.", "contents": "Does long term treatment with amitriptyline alter the monoamine oxidase of rat brain? Amitriptyline, at a concentration of 10(-5) M, inhibits the oxidative deamination of phenylethylamine, tyramine and tryptamine (by 40, 16, and 8 percent, respectively) by rat brain MAO. After the long term administration of amitryptyline, even at a dosage of 20 mg per kg body weight twice daily, there was no detectable influence on the biochemical properties of MAO. These findings indicate that the full antidepressive effect, which only appears after the first 3 weeks of long term treatment, cannot be caused by the inhibition of MAO."}
{"id": "PMID:887647", "title": "[Clinical-chemical studies in schizophrenic out-patients under neuroleptic long-term treatment with particular consideration of the hepatic metabolism (author's transl)].", "content": "A series of clinical-chemical tests was conducted in 68 schizophrenic out-patients under long-term neuroleptic medication, with particular consideration of the hepatic metabolism, i.e.: Erythrocyte sedimentation rate, alpha 1-glycoprotein, ceruloplasmin, fibrinogen, GPT, GOT, gamma-GT, total protein and serum-protein-electrophoresis. Furthermore, the glucose tolerance tests was carried out. In 44% of the patients an increased erythrocyte sedimentation rate and positive correlations with increased fibrinogen values were found. Increased gamma-GT-values were proven in 33% of the patients; they correlated positively with the increased GPT-and/or GOT-values as well as with pathological glucose tolerance values. Overweight of more than 10 kilos was found in 46% of the patients. A significant correlation between overweight and pathological glucose tolerance values existed. The results were interpreted as consequence of a light fatty liver.", "contents": "[Clinical-chemical studies in schizophrenic out-patients under neuroleptic long-term treatment with particular consideration of the hepatic metabolism (author's transl)]. A series of clinical-chemical tests was conducted in 68 schizophrenic out-patients under long-term neuroleptic medication, with particular consideration of the hepatic metabolism, i.e.: Erythrocyte sedimentation rate, alpha 1-glycoprotein, ceruloplasmin, fibrinogen, GPT, GOT, gamma-GT, total protein and serum-protein-electrophoresis. Furthermore, the glucose tolerance tests was carried out. In 44% of the patients an increased erythrocyte sedimentation rate and positive correlations with increased fibrinogen values were found. Increased gamma-GT-values were proven in 33% of the patients; they correlated positively with the increased GPT-and/or GOT-values as well as with pathological glucose tolerance values. Overweight of more than 10 kilos was found in 46% of the patients. A significant correlation between overweight and pathological glucose tolerance values existed. The results were interpreted as consequence of a light fatty liver."}
{"id": "PMID:887648", "title": "[Influence of long term neuroleptic therapies on the function of the peripheral motoric neuron? (author's transl)].", "content": "In electroneurographic and electromyographic examinations of 37 patients who had taken neuroloptic drugs for many years a delay in the conduction velocity of the ulnar nerve was found in one case, of the fibular nerve in five cases. Spontaneous electrical activity was not observed in any case. Deviations from the mean of the action potential were found more frequently, however less markedly than in alcoholics. It is suggested that these small changes are caused by the slight anticholinergic action of major tranquilizers.", "contents": "[Influence of long term neuroleptic therapies on the function of the peripheral motoric neuron? (author's transl)]. In electroneurographic and electromyographic examinations of 37 patients who had taken neuroloptic drugs for many years a delay in the conduction velocity of the ulnar nerve was found in one case, of the fibular nerve in five cases. Spontaneous electrical activity was not observed in any case. Deviations from the mean of the action potential were found more frequently, however less markedly than in alcoholics. It is suggested that these small changes are caused by the slight anticholinergic action of major tranquilizers."}
{"id": "PMID:887649", "title": "'Radial' scanning of trabecular bone: consideration of the probability distributions of path lengths through cavities and trabeculae.", "content": "Previous methods of dosimetry for radionuclides deposited in trabecular bone have been based on probability distributions of random path lengths through the trabeculae and marrow cavities. These distributions have been measured by a technique in which thin bone sections are effectively scanned along sets of parallel grid lines. A new technique is described in this paper, in which all scan lines pass through a selected point in the section scanned, so that they effectively radiate from the point (or focus) in the manner in which particles emerge isotropically from a radioactive atom. By scanning from a number of foci a 'radial-random' distribution can be obtained for a whole bone, and this distribution compared with that obtained from 'parallel' scanning. Differences between the two types of distribution have been observed, especially where the bone exhibits structural anisotropy, the effect on the lengths being up to 13% longer for the radial scanning mode. The effect on the calculated dose factors is not great; based on radial scanning, the factors for a lumbar vertebra are from 5 to 12% less than those for parallel scanning, depending on particle energy. The differences are very small for bones with more uniform trabecular structures, so that for the skeleton as a whole the differences will be smaller than those quoted.", "contents": "'Radial' scanning of trabecular bone: consideration of the probability distributions of path lengths through cavities and trabeculae. Previous methods of dosimetry for radionuclides deposited in trabecular bone have been based on probability distributions of random path lengths through the trabeculae and marrow cavities. These distributions have been measured by a technique in which thin bone sections are effectively scanned along sets of parallel grid lines. A new technique is described in this paper, in which all scan lines pass through a selected point in the section scanned, so that they effectively radiate from the point (or focus) in the manner in which particles emerge isotropically from a radioactive atom. By scanning from a number of foci a 'radial-random' distribution can be obtained for a whole bone, and this distribution compared with that obtained from 'parallel' scanning. Differences between the two types of distribution have been observed, especially where the bone exhibits structural anisotropy, the effect on the lengths being up to 13% longer for the radial scanning mode. The effect on the calculated dose factors is not great; based on radial scanning, the factors for a lumbar vertebra are from 5 to 12% less than those for parallel scanning, depending on particle energy. The differences are very small for bones with more uniform trabecular structures, so that for the skeleton as a whole the differences will be smaller than those quoted."}
{"id": "PMID:887650", "title": "A radiographic technique for measuring the powder packing density in the cavities of trabecular bone.", "content": "An X-ray technique has been developed to enable reproducible and quantitative data to be obtained from radiographs taken by a diagnostic X-ray machine. Careful attention has been paid to the alignment of the specimen and the diagnostic tube and to operating conditions. The choice of X-ray spectrum is described together with the experimental geometry used to minimize the scattered radiation incident on the film. The resultant scattered radiation intensity achieved is about 4% of the unattenuated direct radiation. Careful calibration procedures using objects the same size as the unknown specimen are necessary to avoid the need for complicated corrections for the resulting variation in scatter across the film. The LiF powder packing density is determined as 1-32 g cm-2 with a standard error of 0-52%. Values of projected bone thickness as a function of position in the bone are given. The average percentage of bone in the trabecular specimen is determined as 12-7 +/- 0-5, which is in close agreement with measurements of the same parameter determined from an optical scanning technique. The relationship between average packing density or rho y and the percentage of bone at different positions in the specimen packing density increase in percentage of bone, as would be expected.", "contents": "A radiographic technique for measuring the powder packing density in the cavities of trabecular bone. An X-ray technique has been developed to enable reproducible and quantitative data to be obtained from radiographs taken by a diagnostic X-ray machine. Careful attention has been paid to the alignment of the specimen and the diagnostic tube and to operating conditions. The choice of X-ray spectrum is described together with the experimental geometry used to minimize the scattered radiation incident on the film. The resultant scattered radiation intensity achieved is about 4% of the unattenuated direct radiation. Careful calibration procedures using objects the same size as the unknown specimen are necessary to avoid the need for complicated corrections for the resulting variation in scatter across the film. The LiF powder packing density is determined as 1-32 g cm-2 with a standard error of 0-52%. Values of projected bone thickness as a function of position in the bone are given. The average percentage of bone in the trabecular specimen is determined as 12-7 +/- 0-5, which is in close agreement with measurements of the same parameter determined from an optical scanning technique. The relationship between average packing density or rho y and the percentage of bone at different positions in the specimen packing density increase in percentage of bone, as would be expected."}
{"id": "PMID:887651", "title": "The response of thermoluminescence dosemeters to fast (14-7 MeV) and thermal neutrons.", "content": "The response of common TLD materials has been measured in a 14-7 MeV neutron field with a small and well known gamma component. Values for the thermal neutron response of some TLD materials with low thermal neutron sensitivity have been determined in the NPL standard thermal flux facility.", "contents": "The response of thermoluminescence dosemeters to fast (14-7 MeV) and thermal neutrons. The response of common TLD materials has been measured in a 14-7 MeV neutron field with a small and well known gamma component. Values for the thermal neutron response of some TLD materials with low thermal neutron sensitivity have been determined in the NPL standard thermal flux facility."}
{"id": "PMID:887652", "title": "A simple model of 60Co beams for computerized radiotherapy planning.", "content": "A mathematical model of the dose in tissue from a beam of 60Co gamma rays is presented which is based on a novel fitting formula for the lateral profiles, and the properties of decrement lines. Four parameters completely specify an open field, and six parameters a wedged field to a good precision, as measured by the isodose RMS error of fit. A consequence of the method is that only one lateral profile at a depth of 10 cm needs to be measured, for open and wedged fields, in order to describe the whole field. The model is suitable either for computers or programmable calculators.", "contents": "A simple model of 60Co beams for computerized radiotherapy planning. A mathematical model of the dose in tissue from a beam of 60Co gamma rays is presented which is based on a novel fitting formula for the lateral profiles, and the properties of decrement lines. Four parameters completely specify an open field, and six parameters a wedged field to a good precision, as measured by the isodose RMS error of fit. A consequence of the method is that only one lateral profile at a depth of 10 cm needs to be measured, for open and wedged fields, in order to describe the whole field. The model is suitable either for computers or programmable calculators."}
{"id": "PMID:887653", "title": "Optimum spread functions in linear tomography.", "content": "Recent attempts to reduce artefacts in tomographic blurring, using a transfer function approach, have so far taken little explicit account of the lessening in the degree of blurring which accompanies transfer function correction. A simple comparative measure R of the blurring effect of a linear tomographic movement is proposed. The parameter R is related to the ratio of the area of the point spread function (PSF) to its peak height. It is shown that the PSF having the greatest value of R (maximum blurring), whilst having an entirely positive transform, is of triangular form. Conversely, any PSF for which the value of R exceeds Rtriangle is inevitably associated with phase reversals. The problem of finding the PSF with R greater than Rtriangle, which leads to the minimum degree of phase reversal, has been tackled by determining the transfer function which, for the given value of R, has the minimum area under its subsidiary maxima. Transfer functions optimized in this way, and their corresponding PSFS, are calculated for four values of R using the method described by Jacquinot and Roizen-Dossier. The results of this procedure are discussed and its possible extensions noted.", "contents": "Optimum spread functions in linear tomography. Recent attempts to reduce artefacts in tomographic blurring, using a transfer function approach, have so far taken little explicit account of the lessening in the degree of blurring which accompanies transfer function correction. A simple comparative measure R of the blurring effect of a linear tomographic movement is proposed. The parameter R is related to the ratio of the area of the point spread function (PSF) to its peak height. It is shown that the PSF having the greatest value of R (maximum blurring), whilst having an entirely positive transform, is of triangular form. Conversely, any PSF for which the value of R exceeds Rtriangle is inevitably associated with phase reversals. The problem of finding the PSF with R greater than Rtriangle, which leads to the minimum degree of phase reversal, has been tackled by determining the transfer function which, for the given value of R, has the minimum area under its subsidiary maxima. Transfer functions optimized in this way, and their corresponding PSFS, are calculated for four values of R using the method described by Jacquinot and Roizen-Dossier. The results of this procedure are discussed and its possible extensions noted."}
{"id": "PMID:887654", "title": "Statistical study of a gamma camera transfer function.", "content": "In order to investigate the theoretical resolution of a gamma camera, the position transfer function of the input converters, scintillator and photocathode, has been studied. It is assumed that point scintillations occur in a scintillator at xy0 at a height h above a plane photocathode of sensitivity p per incident photon and that the spatial emission pattern of photoelectrons is known completely. A statistical analysis is given of various methods for determination of the estimator x0 of x0 both for a photocathode of finite and infinite extent. It is shown that the standard deviation sigma of this estimator x0 has a minimum value 2h/(N0p)1/2 where N0p/2 is the total number of photoelectrons emitted by the cathode.", "contents": "Statistical study of a gamma camera transfer function. In order to investigate the theoretical resolution of a gamma camera, the position transfer function of the input converters, scintillator and photocathode, has been studied. It is assumed that point scintillations occur in a scintillator at xy0 at a height h above a plane photocathode of sensitivity p per incident photon and that the spatial emission pattern of photoelectrons is known completely. A statistical analysis is given of various methods for determination of the estimator x0 of x0 both for a photocathode of finite and infinite extent. It is shown that the standard deviation sigma of this estimator x0 has a minimum value 2h/(N0p)1/2 where N0p/2 is the total number of photoelectrons emitted by the cathode."}
{"id": "PMID:887657", "title": "The forehead lift: a useful adjunct to face lift and blepharoplasty.", "content": "The forehead lift, with interruption of the continuity of the frontalis muscle, has been an effective method in our hands for improving the appearance of the upper third of the face. It can be done independently, or combined with a facial rhytidectomy, a blepharoplasty, and/or other ancillary procedures. In some cases of apparent upper lid redundancy, it can eliminate the need for an upper lid blepharoplasty. The results are pleasing and seem to be lasting, while the complications have been few and mild. We describe the operation and discuss its indications, contraindications, advantages, and disadvantages.", "contents": "The forehead lift: a useful adjunct to face lift and blepharoplasty. The forehead lift, with interruption of the continuity of the frontalis muscle, has been an effective method in our hands for improving the appearance of the upper third of the face. It can be done independently, or combined with a facial rhytidectomy, a blepharoplasty, and/or other ancillary procedures. In some cases of apparent upper lid redundancy, it can eliminate the need for an upper lid blepharoplasty. The results are pleasing and seem to be lasting, while the complications have been few and mild. We describe the operation and discuss its indications, contraindications, advantages, and disadvantages."}
{"id": "PMID:887658", "title": "Necessity for partial resection of the orbicularis oculi muscle in blepharoplasties in some young patients.", "content": "Baggy eyelids which are due in part to hypertrophy of the orbicularis oculi muscle may be corrected better if one includes a partial resection of the palpebral portion of this muscle. No eyelid paralysis or ectropion has occurred in our cases.", "contents": "Necessity for partial resection of the orbicularis oculi muscle in blepharoplasties in some young patients. Baggy eyelids which are due in part to hypertrophy of the orbicularis oculi muscle may be corrected better if one includes a partial resection of the palpebral portion of this muscle. No eyelid paralysis or ectropion has occurred in our cases."}
{"id": "PMID:887659", "title": "Late development of granuloma after liquid silicone injections.", "content": "In a 10-year experience with silicone injections involving 92 patients, there was subsequent development of a granuloma in 13 injection sites. Most of these occurred within 12 months, but some took a few years and one appeared 7 years later. It is believed that the injected material was medical grade liquid silicone, without additives or contaminants.", "contents": "Late development of granuloma after liquid silicone injections. In a 10-year experience with silicone injections involving 92 patients, there was subsequent development of a granuloma in 13 injection sites. Most of these occurred within 12 months, but some took a few years and one appeared 7 years later. It is believed that the injected material was medical grade liquid silicone, without additives or contaminants."}
{"id": "PMID:887660", "title": "Surgical treatment of mammary ptosis without hypertrophy.", "content": "A new method of mastopexy is presented which we have used on 60 cases during 7 years, with the best results we have obtained. We believe it preserves the blood supply and sensation of the areola-nipple better than the other mastopexies we have tried, while producing breasts with excellent contour and position, and normal consistency.", "contents": "Surgical treatment of mammary ptosis without hypertrophy. A new method of mastopexy is presented which we have used on 60 cases during 7 years, with the best results we have obtained. We believe it preserves the blood supply and sensation of the areola-nipple better than the other mastopexies we have tried, while producing breasts with excellent contour and position, and normal consistency."}
{"id": "PMID:887661", "title": "Microlymphaticovenous anastomoses for obstructive lymphedema.", "content": "Microlymphatic surgery appears to have a worthwhile clinical application in the treatment of secondary obstructive lymphedema. We prefer 3 or more lymphaticovenous anastomoses at, or above, the elbow; otherwise ablative procedures are recommended. In the selected cases there are some advantages of anastomoses over surgical reduction procedures: (1) the incidence of postoperative cellulitis is significantly less; (2) the microlymphatic techniques are applicable to both upper and lower limbs and perhaps could be extended to localized cases of obstructive lymphedema following trauma and congenital constriction bands. Considerable experience in microvascular surgery is required for doing this type of work. A long-term evaluation of the results of microlymphatic surgery in obstructive secondary lymphedema is required before judging its potential--especially in view of the fluctuating history of lymphedema--but the results reported are encouraging.", "contents": "Microlymphaticovenous anastomoses for obstructive lymphedema. Microlymphatic surgery appears to have a worthwhile clinical application in the treatment of secondary obstructive lymphedema. We prefer 3 or more lymphaticovenous anastomoses at, or above, the elbow; otherwise ablative procedures are recommended. In the selected cases there are some advantages of anastomoses over surgical reduction procedures: (1) the incidence of postoperative cellulitis is significantly less; (2) the microlymphatic techniques are applicable to both upper and lower limbs and perhaps could be extended to localized cases of obstructive lymphedema following trauma and congenital constriction bands. Considerable experience in microvascular surgery is required for doing this type of work. A long-term evaluation of the results of microlymphatic surgery in obstructive secondary lymphedema is required before judging its potential--especially in view of the fluctuating history of lymphedema--but the results reported are encouraging."}
{"id": "PMID:887662", "title": "Mammaplasty with a single, vertical, superiorly-based pedicle to support the nipple-areola.", "content": "We present our technique for mammaplasty, using a vertical, single-pedicled, flap with a superior base. The procedure is simple, and it allows final determination of the areola and nipple location after the newly shaped and positioned mound is closed.", "contents": "Mammaplasty with a single, vertical, superiorly-based pedicle to support the nipple-areola. We present our technique for mammaplasty, using a vertical, single-pedicled, flap with a superior base. The procedure is simple, and it allows final determination of the areola and nipple location after the newly shaped and positioned mound is closed."}
{"id": "PMID:887663", "title": "Use of square scalp grafts for male pattern baldness.", "content": "Of 223 patients we operated on for male pattern baldness, 43 were done with square grafts. The results were so eminently satisfactory that we have decided to use these routinely--rather than round punch grafts, flaps, or strips--except in unusual cases.", "contents": "Use of square scalp grafts for male pattern baldness. Of 223 patients we operated on for male pattern baldness, 43 were done with square grafts. The results were so eminently satisfactory that we have decided to use these routinely--rather than round punch grafts, flaps, or strips--except in unusual cases."}
{"id": "PMID:887664", "title": "Reverse-U incision for secondary repair of cleft lip nose.", "content": "We describe a reverse-U incision for the secondary repair of cleft lip nose deformity. With it, the desired correction, for the various types of deformity, is easy to achieve--especially in the snub nose. Wide subcutaneous undermining in the lower half of the nose results in a subcutaneous layer of fibrosis. We believe this scar layer is more important in holding the ala in the corrected position than is any direct surgical attack on the underdeveloped cartilage itself.", "contents": "Reverse-U incision for secondary repair of cleft lip nose. We describe a reverse-U incision for the secondary repair of cleft lip nose deformity. With it, the desired correction, for the various types of deformity, is easy to achieve--especially in the snub nose. Wide subcutaneous undermining in the lower half of the nose results in a subcutaneous layer of fibrosis. We believe this scar layer is more important in holding the ala in the corrected position than is any direct surgical attack on the underdeveloped cartilage itself."}
{"id": "PMID:887667", "title": "Surgical correction of nipple hypertrophy in male gynecomastia: case report.", "content": "We report a case of nipple hypertrophy in male gynecomastia. By raising 4 small quadrant flaps on the areolar-nipple junction, we were able to do an appropriate core excision of the gynecomastia and hypertrophied nipple--and closure of the flaps produced a small simulated nipple.", "contents": "Surgical correction of nipple hypertrophy in male gynecomastia: case report. We report a case of nipple hypertrophy in male gynecomastia. By raising 4 small quadrant flaps on the areolar-nipple junction, we were able to do an appropriate core excision of the gynecomastia and hypertrophied nipple--and closure of the flaps produced a small simulated nipple."}
{"id": "PMID:887668", "title": "Thumb reconstruction by free transplantation of a damaged index ray from the other hand: case report.", "content": "We feel that the success rate of microvascular anastomosis, for surgeons experienced in it, provides, in selected cases, a method for thumb reconstruction which satisfies most or all of the desired goals. It also provides a means for preserving damaged parts--ones of limited value--and getting more important functions from them.", "contents": "Thumb reconstruction by free transplantation of a damaged index ray from the other hand: case report. We feel that the success rate of microvascular anastomosis, for surgeons experienced in it, provides, in selected cases, a method for thumb reconstruction which satisfies most or all of the desired goals. It also provides a means for preserving damaged parts--ones of limited value--and getting more important functions from them."}
{"id": "PMID:887669", "title": "A modification of the standard technique for repair of scrotal elephantiasis: case report.", "content": "The surgical management of a case of severe scrotal elephantiasis is presented. Excellent functional and esthetic results were achieved by excision of the involved scrotal tissue, and a transverse closure.", "contents": "A modification of the standard technique for repair of scrotal elephantiasis: case report. The surgical management of a case of severe scrotal elephantiasis is presented. Excellent functional and esthetic results were achieved by excision of the involved scrotal tissue, and a transverse closure."}
{"id": "PMID:887670", "title": "Microsurgical replantation of a completely amputated penis and scrotum: case report.", "content": "A successful replantation of an amputated penis-scrotum, by microneurovascular anastomoses, is presented. There were no significant postoperative complications. A satisfactory result was obtained with sensory reinnervation of the glans. Microsurgical replantation, with anastomoses, is the best procedure in these cases when the circumstances permit it.", "contents": "Microsurgical replantation of a completely amputated penis and scrotum: case report. A successful replantation of an amputated penis-scrotum, by microneurovascular anastomoses, is presented. There were no significant postoperative complications. A satisfactory result was obtained with sensory reinnervation of the glans. Microsurgical replantation, with anastomoses, is the best procedure in these cases when the circumstances permit it."}
{"id": "PMID:887687", "title": "Guidelines for a psychiatric hospital intake staff meeting.", "content": "Guidelines are presented that help to make psychiatric intake conferences more efficient and productive. The emphasis is placed on having designated personnel meet individually with the patient as well as review the patient's chart prior to the formal intake conference. Thus, the personnel is able to spend more time on formulating a diagnosis and treatment plan than on reviewing the past history of the patient. Information presented at such conferences should consist more of unique contributions from the personnel (e.g., observations, impressions, testing, etc.) than of redundant material commonly known by the personnel assigned to the patient.", "contents": "Guidelines for a psychiatric hospital intake staff meeting. Guidelines are presented that help to make psychiatric intake conferences more efficient and productive. The emphasis is placed on having designated personnel meet individually with the patient as well as review the patient's chart prior to the formal intake conference. Thus, the personnel is able to spend more time on formulating a diagnosis and treatment plan than on reviewing the past history of the patient. Information presented at such conferences should consist more of unique contributions from the personnel (e.g., observations, impressions, testing, etc.) than of redundant material commonly known by the personnel assigned to the patient."}
{"id": "PMID:887688", "title": "The right to vote and voting patterns of hospitalized psychiatric patients.", "content": "Hospitalized psychiatric patients have traditionally been denied their right to vote. This right was restored in 1972 when the Queens Board of Elections established a registration and polling site on the Creedmore Hospital grounds. A patient education program stimulated interest in current affairs and facilitated informed voting. Gross analysis of patient-voting patterns showed no significant difference from the community at large. However, deeper analysis suggests that the patient vote was independent of the borough of residence, tending to be more Democratic-Liberal and less Republican-Conservative. Furthermore, the patient vote was seen to reflect thoughfulness and awareness of relevant self-interest.", "contents": "The right to vote and voting patterns of hospitalized psychiatric patients. Hospitalized psychiatric patients have traditionally been denied their right to vote. This right was restored in 1972 when the Queens Board of Elections established a registration and polling site on the Creedmore Hospital grounds. A patient education program stimulated interest in current affairs and facilitated informed voting. Gross analysis of patient-voting patterns showed no significant difference from the community at large. However, deeper analysis suggests that the patient vote was independent of the borough of residence, tending to be more Democratic-Liberal and less Republican-Conservative. Furthermore, the patient vote was seen to reflect thoughfulness and awareness of relevant self-interest."}
{"id": "PMID:887689", "title": "Ideology as resistance: a supervisory challenge.", "content": "A number of contemporary psychiatric schools of thought, in addition to enriching the field, may be employed by the psychiatric trainee in the service of resistances to learning and growth. These phenomena are surveyed and the implications for supervision discussed.", "contents": "Ideology as resistance: a supervisory challenge. A number of contemporary psychiatric schools of thought, in addition to enriching the field, may be employed by the psychiatric trainee in the service of resistances to learning and growth. These phenomena are surveyed and the implications for supervision discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:887690", "title": "An indication for conjoint treatment: an application based on an assessment of individual psychopathology.", "content": "Conjoint treatment is advocated as the treatment of choice for a particular class of patients who do not seem able, at least initially, to benefit from individual exploratory psychotherapy. These people identify a person or persons, usually a spouse, as the primary cause of their difficulty. They show no initial capacity for self-observation. Their needs are childlike, and they show limitations in skills and a striking inability to sustain mutually gratifying relationships. The conjoint situation seems capable of initiating self-observation by confronting them with the reality of the person about which they are making claims. As a therapy, it also initiates an improvement in their marital relationship, thereby helping them potentially to gain that which they crave so desperately, but had been unable to realize except in compromise form, that is, in fantasy or in a relationship with a therapist.", "contents": "An indication for conjoint treatment: an application based on an assessment of individual psychopathology. Conjoint treatment is advocated as the treatment of choice for a particular class of patients who do not seem able, at least initially, to benefit from individual exploratory psychotherapy. These people identify a person or persons, usually a spouse, as the primary cause of their difficulty. They show no initial capacity for self-observation. Their needs are childlike, and they show limitations in skills and a striking inability to sustain mutually gratifying relationships. The conjoint situation seems capable of initiating self-observation by confronting them with the reality of the person about which they are making claims. As a therapy, it also initiates an improvement in their marital relationship, thereby helping them potentially to gain that which they crave so desperately, but had been unable to realize except in compromise form, that is, in fantasy or in a relationship with a therapist."}
{"id": "PMID:887691", "title": "Four taboos that may limit the success of psychotherapy.", "content": "Painful though it may be, it must be accepted as fact that psychotherapy has a lower success rate than it should. Whatever questions we therapists raise about the validity of research in psychotherapy, whatever the problems in defining success, whatever the arguments about therapeutic outcome studies, we are stuck with a great deal of evidence which indicates that between one-third and two-thirds of patients do not benefit from treatment (Bergin, 1971; Eysenck, 1952, 1966; Garfield et al., 1971). In contrast, behavior modifiers and those using physical treatments such as psychosurgery claim rates of improvement and success which sometimes exceed 90 percent (Baily et al., 1973; Hunter-Brown, 1972; Paul, 1965; Rachman, 1971). This paper examines four current practices which may contribute to our failure. These practices are linked to taboos and examined with a view toward understanding both the functions they serve and the limits they impose on therapeutic effectiveness.", "contents": "Four taboos that may limit the success of psychotherapy. Painful though it may be, it must be accepted as fact that psychotherapy has a lower success rate than it should. Whatever questions we therapists raise about the validity of research in psychotherapy, whatever the problems in defining success, whatever the arguments about therapeutic outcome studies, we are stuck with a great deal of evidence which indicates that between one-third and two-thirds of patients do not benefit from treatment (Bergin, 1971; Eysenck, 1952, 1966; Garfield et al., 1971). In contrast, behavior modifiers and those using physical treatments such as psychosurgery claim rates of improvement and success which sometimes exceed 90 percent (Baily et al., 1973; Hunter-Brown, 1972; Paul, 1965; Rachman, 1971). This paper examines four current practices which may contribute to our failure. These practices are linked to taboos and examined with a view toward understanding both the functions they serve and the limits they impose on therapeutic effectiveness."}
{"id": "PMID:887692", "title": "Contextual dissonance effects: nature and causes.", "content": "Contextual consonance or dissonance refers to the concordance of, or the discrepancy between, the individual's social characteristics and those of the population by which he is surrounded. Although a number of advantageous consequences have been shown to issue from contextual dissonance, self-esteem is not one of them. This article seeks to account for the deleterious effect of contextual dissonance on self-esteem by examining the nature of dissonant communications environments, dissonant cultural environments, and dissonant comparison reference groups.", "contents": "Contextual dissonance effects: nature and causes. Contextual consonance or dissonance refers to the concordance of, or the discrepancy between, the individual's social characteristics and those of the population by which he is surrounded. Although a number of advantageous consequences have been shown to issue from contextual dissonance, self-esteem is not one of them. This article seeks to account for the deleterious effect of contextual dissonance on self-esteem by examining the nature of dissonant communications environments, dissonant cultural environments, and dissonant comparison reference groups."}
{"id": "PMID:887694", "title": "Anthropophobia and Japanese performance.", "content": "Actors are not the only people who act on a regular basis--everyone does some \"acting\" in his everyday life. The merchant is acting when he pays compliments to his annoying customers. Neurotics often exaggerate their sufferings and assume poses in order to impress their therapists with the seriousness of their illness. When this acting is done so poorly that everyone but the person himself perceives its penny-dreadful nature, the neurosis might be designated a hysteria. Such dramatics can be observed not only in the demeanor of neurotics, but also in their symptoms. The unconscious and concealed acting revealed in the symptoms of neurotics, especially in those of anthropophobiacs, whose main concern is with their appearance in the eyes of others, is what I would like to examine in this paper. I will attempt to eludicate the psychopathology of a large element in Japanese neurosis--that is, of anthropophobia--in relation to unconscious acting.", "contents": "Anthropophobia and Japanese performance. Actors are not the only people who act on a regular basis--everyone does some \"acting\" in his everyday life. The merchant is acting when he pays compliments to his annoying customers. Neurotics often exaggerate their sufferings and assume poses in order to impress their therapists with the seriousness of their illness. When this acting is done so poorly that everyone but the person himself perceives its penny-dreadful nature, the neurosis might be designated a hysteria. Such dramatics can be observed not only in the demeanor of neurotics, but also in their symptoms. The unconscious and concealed acting revealed in the symptoms of neurotics, especially in those of anthropophobiacs, whose main concern is with their appearance in the eyes of others, is what I would like to examine in this paper. I will attempt to eludicate the psychopathology of a large element in Japanese neurosis--that is, of anthropophobia--in relation to unconscious acting."}
{"id": "PMID:887695", "title": "Approaching a comparative typology of assaultive female offenders.", "content": "This two-part study explores the potential for assaultive behavior in females. The first part compares assaultive and nonassaultive female offenders for the presence of specific historical variables, and finds several significant differences. In the second part, the total female offender sample is compared with a male offender sample for presence of the same variables. The nearly equal incidence of several variables in both samples, such as persistent enuresis and firesetting, suggests a need for reassessment of some traditional theoretical formulations.", "contents": "Approaching a comparative typology of assaultive female offenders. This two-part study explores the potential for assaultive behavior in females. The first part compares assaultive and nonassaultive female offenders for the presence of specific historical variables, and finds several significant differences. In the second part, the total female offender sample is compared with a male offender sample for presence of the same variables. The nearly equal incidence of several variables in both samples, such as persistent enuresis and firesetting, suggests a need for reassessment of some traditional theoretical formulations."}
{"id": "PMID:887697", "title": "Work compulsion--a psychoanalytic study.", "content": "There are no published reports of a case of work compulsion. Such a case is described. The patient's history, the course of his analysis, and metapsychological formulations concerning the unconscious and complex meaning of work for this patient are presented. The case is discussed in relation to the relevant literature.", "contents": "Work compulsion--a psychoanalytic study. There are no published reports of a case of work compulsion. Such a case is described. The patient's history, the course of his analysis, and metapsychological formulations concerning the unconscious and complex meaning of work for this patient are presented. The case is discussed in relation to the relevant literature."}
{"id": "PMID:887698", "title": "Working with a borderline patient.", "content": "A summary of the treatment of a borderline patient illustrates (I) that psychoanalytic therapy with such patients is feasible within the framework of the structural hypothesis and (2) that the results of such treatment are influenced materially by the analyst's use of his emotional responses to the patient and her production.", "contents": "Working with a borderline patient. A summary of the treatment of a borderline patient illustrates (I) that psychoanalytic therapy with such patients is feasible within the framework of the structural hypothesis and (2) that the results of such treatment are influenced materially by the analyst's use of his emotional responses to the patient and her production."}
{"id": "PMID:887699", "title": "Poetry as affective communication.", "content": "The poetic experience is approached as an act of affective communication. Through analysis of a part of The Waste Land by T. S. Eliot, factors that contribute to the empathic communication between poet and reader are examined. It is suggested that the capacity for flexible language behavior of the participants in the poetic experience makes possible this empathic communication. The relationship between language and expression of affect is emphasized. Implications for affect theory are presented.", "contents": "Poetry as affective communication. The poetic experience is approached as an act of affective communication. Through analysis of a part of The Waste Land by T. S. Eliot, factors that contribute to the empathic communication between poet and reader are examined. It is suggested that the capacity for flexible language behavior of the participants in the poetic experience makes possible this empathic communication. The relationship between language and expression of affect is emphasized. Implications for affect theory are presented."}
{"id": "PMID:887718", "title": "[Treatment and modification of attitudes].", "content": "The starting point of this work is the first article of the new penitentiary regulations. The aim of the re-education treatment of prisoners is explained here. This aim means to promote a process of modification of the attitudes which prevent a man from living a social life. Starting from the analysis of the concept of attitude which is made up of different elements implying affection, knowledge and behaviour we want to find out if it's possible to change the attitudes, on what conditions this may be realized, which obstacles prevent the change of these attitudes. A man can accept to be influenced when the behaviour he is led to, corresponds to his beliefs. This way a steady change will be acted even outside jail. At last you'll read about a discussion concerning the moral implications which affect people working in a penitentiary.", "contents": "[Treatment and modification of attitudes]. The starting point of this work is the first article of the new penitentiary regulations. The aim of the re-education treatment of prisoners is explained here. This aim means to promote a process of modification of the attitudes which prevent a man from living a social life. Starting from the analysis of the concept of attitude which is made up of different elements implying affection, knowledge and behaviour we want to find out if it's possible to change the attitudes, on what conditions this may be realized, which obstacles prevent the change of these attitudes. A man can accept to be influenced when the behaviour he is led to, corresponds to his beliefs. This way a steady change will be acted even outside jail. At last you'll read about a discussion concerning the moral implications which affect people working in a penitentiary."}
{"id": "PMID:887736", "title": "The radiologic study of the normal spine: cervical, thoracic, lumbar, and sacral.", "content": "The goal of this discussion is to provide the radiologist with a complete and systematic method of evaluating each area of the spine, and to provide him with anatomically correlated information to assist in the identification of the individual portions of the neural arch on each projection. Photographs of anatomic specimens, wired spine specimens, and appropriate radiographs of each view of the spine are presented.", "contents": "The radiologic study of the normal spine: cervical, thoracic, lumbar, and sacral. The goal of this discussion is to provide the radiologist with a complete and systematic method of evaluating each area of the spine, and to provide him with anatomically correlated information to assist in the identification of the individual portions of the neural arch on each projection. Photographs of anatomic specimens, wired spine specimens, and appropriate radiographs of each view of the spine are presented."}
{"id": "PMID:887737", "title": "Cervicobasilar relationships.", "content": "It is prudent to apply several methods of evaluation of cervicobasilar relationships in basilar impression and, in suggestive cases, to use tomographic evaluation for complete study. This discussion reviews normal cervicobasilar relationships and illustrates selected pathologic processes that produce basilar impression.", "contents": "Cervicobasilar relationships. It is prudent to apply several methods of evaluation of cervicobasilar relationships in basilar impression and, in suggestive cases, to use tomographic evaluation for complete study. This discussion reviews normal cervicobasilar relationships and illustrates selected pathologic processes that produce basilar impression."}
{"id": "PMID:887738", "title": "Cervical spine injuries below the axis.", "content": "In the lower cervical spine, motion is relatively limited to flexion and extension, with a small amount of lateral flexion and rotation. Fractures may occur with extreme displacement in any of these directions or as a result of axial application of force. The author provides a guide for the radiologic detection of various fractures of the cervical vertebrae.", "contents": "Cervical spine injuries below the axis. In the lower cervical spine, motion is relatively limited to flexion and extension, with a small amount of lateral flexion and rotation. Fractures may occur with extreme displacement in any of these directions or as a result of axial application of force. The author provides a guide for the radiologic detection of various fractures of the cervical vertebrae."}
{"id": "PMID:887739", "title": "Lumbar spondylolisthesis with isthmic defects.", "content": "The importance of spondylolisthesis, aside from the obvious malalignment and malformation of the affected vertebrae, rests mainly on the possibility and the extent of impairment of activity. In this discussion the authors are concerned mainly with the myelographic signs associated with spondylolisthesis in patients with isthmic changes.", "contents": "Lumbar spondylolisthesis with isthmic defects. The importance of spondylolisthesis, aside from the obvious malalignment and malformation of the affected vertebrae, rests mainly on the possibility and the extent of impairment of activity. In this discussion the authors are concerned mainly with the myelographic signs associated with spondylolisthesis in patients with isthmic changes."}
{"id": "PMID:887740", "title": "Degenerative spondylolisthesis with an intact neural arch.", "content": "Whereas the skeletal, anatomic, and clinical aspects of this condition have been scrutinized in detail, the radiologic changes have received less attention. In this discussion the plain film changes are briefly reviewed, and emphasis is directed toward the myelographic manifestations that reflect intraspinal and intraforaminal instrusions and their clinical sequelae.", "contents": "Degenerative spondylolisthesis with an intact neural arch. Whereas the skeletal, anatomic, and clinical aspects of this condition have been scrutinized in detail, the radiologic changes have received less attention. In this discussion the plain film changes are briefly reviewed, and emphasis is directed toward the myelographic manifestations that reflect intraspinal and intraforaminal instrusions and their clinical sequelae."}
{"id": "PMID:887741", "title": "Senile osteoporosis.", "content": "The incidence of senile osteoporosis is not known because of the various criteria used for the diagnosis of this disorder by different authors. This discussion carefully reviews the pathogenesis, clinical features, diagnosis, and treatment of the condition, placing special emphasis on various techniques of diagnostic radiography.", "contents": "Senile osteoporosis. The incidence of senile osteoporosis is not known because of the various criteria used for the diagnosis of this disorder by different authors. This discussion carefully reviews the pathogenesis, clinical features, diagnosis, and treatment of the condition, placing special emphasis on various techniques of diagnostic radiography."}
{"id": "PMID:887742", "title": "[Roentgenologic findings in carcinoma of the prostate (author's transl)].", "content": "Discussion of the radiodiagnostic findings in patients with carcinoma of the prostate, especially of tumor changes of prostatic ureterocystography. Lymphography was carried out in 154 patients with carcinoma of the prostate. Lymphnodes metastatic were found more frequently and earlier than skeletal metastases. A special lymphographic symptom is total metastatic replacement of lymphnodes by tumor spread.", "contents": "[Roentgenologic findings in carcinoma of the prostate (author's transl)]. Discussion of the radiodiagnostic findings in patients with carcinoma of the prostate, especially of tumor changes of prostatic ureterocystography. Lymphography was carried out in 154 patients with carcinoma of the prostate. Lymphnodes metastatic were found more frequently and earlier than skeletal metastases. A special lymphographic symptom is total metastatic replacement of lymphnodes by tumor spread."}
{"id": "PMID:887743", "title": "[Lymphographic alterations in carcinoma of the prostate (author's transl)].", "content": "Lymphography in carcinoma of the prostate has a characteristic pattern demonstrable in a rather early stage of the disease. This is due to a high rate of lymphogenous spread. In the present analysis the lymphographic data are recorded by computer system correlating the different types of alterations during the angiographic and retention phase. The alterations are evaluated separately in their significance for the prostate carcinoma.", "contents": "[Lymphographic alterations in carcinoma of the prostate (author's transl)]. Lymphography in carcinoma of the prostate has a characteristic pattern demonstrable in a rather early stage of the disease. This is due to a high rate of lymphogenous spread. In the present analysis the lymphographic data are recorded by computer system correlating the different types of alterations during the angiographic and retention phase. The alterations are evaluated separately in their significance for the prostate carcinoma."}
{"id": "PMID:887744", "title": "[The diagnostic value of radiological, nuclear medicine and biochemical methods for detection of bone metastases in carcinoma of the prostate (author's transl)].", "content": "785 combined diagnostic procedures are reported which were carried out on 353 patients with microscopically proven carcinoma of the prostate in order to detect metastases. X-ray films of the thorax, spine and pelvis were taken. Also bone-scintigraphy was done with 87MSr or 99MTc-polyphosphate. Additionally the alcaline, acid and prostate phosphatases were determined. A diagnostic coincidence between radiological results and bone-scan was found in 95.1% of cases. The bone-scan was false negative in 3.7%. Only in 1.2% metastases were detected earlier by the bone-scan than by x-ray examinations. Referring to the number of studies identical results were found. In roentgenologically detected metastases an increased serum level of the alcaline phosphatase was found in 61%, of the acid phosphatase in 31% and of the prostate-phosphatase in 25%.", "contents": "[The diagnostic value of radiological, nuclear medicine and biochemical methods for detection of bone metastases in carcinoma of the prostate (author's transl)]. 785 combined diagnostic procedures are reported which were carried out on 353 patients with microscopically proven carcinoma of the prostate in order to detect metastases. X-ray films of the thorax, spine and pelvis were taken. Also bone-scintigraphy was done with 87MSr or 99MTc-polyphosphate. Additionally the alcaline, acid and prostate phosphatases were determined. A diagnostic coincidence between radiological results and bone-scan was found in 95.1% of cases. The bone-scan was false negative in 3.7%. Only in 1.2% metastases were detected earlier by the bone-scan than by x-ray examinations. Referring to the number of studies identical results were found. In roentgenologically detected metastases an increased serum level of the alcaline phosphatase was found in 61%, of the acid phosphatase in 31% and of the prostate-phosphatase in 25%."}
{"id": "PMID:887745", "title": "[Curative radiotherapy of prostate carcinoma in localized stages (author's transl)].", "content": "The reported results of curative radiotherapy in carcinoma of the prostate are equal to radical surgical techniques. In stage C or T3 where radical surgical procedures are not possible, radiation therapy alone may achieve remarkable survival rates. The side effects and complication rates of radiation therapy are acceptable considering the potential cure. Hormone therapy should be reserved primarily for palliative treatment.", "contents": "[Curative radiotherapy of prostate carcinoma in localized stages (author's transl)]. The reported results of curative radiotherapy in carcinoma of the prostate are equal to radical surgical techniques. In stage C or T3 where radical surgical procedures are not possible, radiation therapy alone may achieve remarkable survival rates. The side effects and complication rates of radiation therapy are acceptable considering the potential cure. Hormone therapy should be reserved primarily for palliative treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:887746", "title": "[Computer tomography of the pelvis. Basics for radiation-therapy, localization and treatment-planning in carcinoma of the prostate (author's transl)].", "content": "Computer tomography demonstrates topographic anatomy of the prostate which si important for localization and planning of radiation therapy in carcinoma of the prostate. Additionally, computer tomography detects enlarged regional lymph nodes which allows staging of the disease and individual radiation therapy-planning.", "contents": "[Computer tomography of the pelvis. Basics for radiation-therapy, localization and treatment-planning in carcinoma of the prostate (author's transl)]. Computer tomography demonstrates topographic anatomy of the prostate which si important for localization and planning of radiation therapy in carcinoma of the prostate. Additionally, computer tomography detects enlarged regional lymph nodes which allows staging of the disease and individual radiation therapy-planning."}
{"id": "PMID:887747", "title": "Effects of contrast media on the conducting system of the heart. Mechanism of action and identification of toxic component.", "content": "Infusion of progressive volumes of meglumine sodium diatrizoate (Renografin 76) into the arteries to the sinoatrial and atrioventricular nodes in anesthetized dogs produced a dose rate-dependent decrease in heart rate and an increase in \"PR interval.\" At high dose rates, Renografin 76 caused sinus arrest and complete heart block in 50% and 70% of the animals, respectively. Saline and meglumine solutions (0.939 M) equiosmolar with Renografin 76 produced similar effects. Infusions of metrizamide (equal in iodine content with Renografin 76), dextrose solution (0.939 M), and autologous blood each had substantially less effects. Contrast media have a direct inhibitory action on sinoatrial automaticity and atrioventricular conductivity which is dependent on ionic strength, not iodine content.", "contents": "Effects of contrast media on the conducting system of the heart. Mechanism of action and identification of toxic component. Infusion of progressive volumes of meglumine sodium diatrizoate (Renografin 76) into the arteries to the sinoatrial and atrioventricular nodes in anesthetized dogs produced a dose rate-dependent decrease in heart rate and an increase in \"PR interval.\" At high dose rates, Renografin 76 caused sinus arrest and complete heart block in 50% and 70% of the animals, respectively. Saline and meglumine solutions (0.939 M) equiosmolar with Renografin 76 produced similar effects. Infusions of metrizamide (equal in iodine content with Renografin 76), dextrose solution (0.939 M), and autologous blood each had substantially less effects. Contrast media have a direct inhibitory action on sinoatrial automaticity and atrioventricular conductivity which is dependent on ionic strength, not iodine content."}
{"id": "PMID:887748", "title": "Bacterial or nonbacterial pneumonia: accuracy of radiographic diagnosis.", "content": "The initial chest radiographs of 31 patients with laboratory-proved pneumonia were evaluated by a panel of 6 radiologists who had no prior knowledge of the clinical data. No statistical reliability was found for distinguishing bacterial from nonbacterial pneumonia. Radiographic diagnoses were 67% accurate for the 16 cases of bacterial pneumonia, and 65% accurate for the 9 viral cases. Six cases of Mycoplasma pneumonia were diagnosed as nonbacterial 19% of the time, and as \"bacterial pneumonia\" 81% of the time.", "contents": "Bacterial or nonbacterial pneumonia: accuracy of radiographic diagnosis. The initial chest radiographs of 31 patients with laboratory-proved pneumonia were evaluated by a panel of 6 radiologists who had no prior knowledge of the clinical data. No statistical reliability was found for distinguishing bacterial from nonbacterial pneumonia. Radiographic diagnoses were 67% accurate for the 16 cases of bacterial pneumonia, and 65% accurate for the 9 viral cases. Six cases of Mycoplasma pneumonia were diagnosed as nonbacterial 19% of the time, and as \"bacterial pneumonia\" 81% of the time."}
{"id": "PMID:887749", "title": "Duodenal varices in extrahepatic portal obstruction.", "content": "Duodenal varices were angiographically demonstrated in 18 cases of extrahepatic obstruction of the portal vein or obstruction of the splenic vein. In 11 cases, barium examination of the upper gastrointestinal tract revealed prominent filling defects in the duodenal bulb and the duodenal sweep. These abnormalities share common characteristics and differ in their appearance from more commonly diagnosed duodenal lesions; their demonstration should raise the suspicion of extrahepatic  portal or splenic vein obstruction, which may be verified by angiography.", "contents": "Duodenal varices in extrahepatic portal obstruction. Duodenal varices were angiographically demonstrated in 18 cases of extrahepatic obstruction of the portal vein or obstruction of the splenic vein. In 11 cases, barium examination of the upper gastrointestinal tract revealed prominent filling defects in the duodenal bulb and the duodenal sweep. These abnormalities share common characteristics and differ in their appearance from more commonly diagnosed duodenal lesions; their demonstration should raise the suspicion of extrahepatic  portal or splenic vein obstruction, which may be verified by angiography."}
{"id": "PMID:887750", "title": "Superior mesenteric artery embolization: an angiographic emergency.", "content": "Eleven cases of superior mesenteric artery embolization are presented. The extent of bowel necrosis was found to be related to two major factors: the site of occlusion and the elapsed time between the onset of symptoms and definitive therapy. Angiography, available on an emergency basis, provides a definitive diagnosis which can only be suspected by other means. Therapy instituted within 24 hours of the onset of symptoms in all cases resulted in a mortality of only 9% attributable to intestinal infarction.", "contents": "Superior mesenteric artery embolization: an angiographic emergency. Eleven cases of superior mesenteric artery embolization are presented. The extent of bowel necrosis was found to be related to two major factors: the site of occlusion and the elapsed time between the onset of symptoms and definitive therapy. Angiography, available on an emergency basis, provides a definitive diagnosis which can only be suspected by other means. Therapy instituted within 24 hours of the onset of symptoms in all cases resulted in a mortality of only 9% attributable to intestinal infarction."}
{"id": "PMID:887751", "title": "Comparison of barium enema nad colonoscopy in the detection of small colonic polyps.", "content": "A total of 210 patients was examined by barium enema and colonoscopy. The authors found 219 polyps in 112 patients. Single-contrast barium enema missed 33 (45.2%) and double-contrast barium enema missed 17 (11.7%) polyps. Colonoscopy failed to detect 6 polyps (2.7%) and another 21 (10%) were not seen because the area could not be reached by the colonoscope. Malignancy was present in 5 small polyps. The authors conclude that the double-contrast barium enema offers a definite advantage in the right colon. In general, the two methods are complementary.", "contents": "Comparison of barium enema nad colonoscopy in the detection of small colonic polyps. A total of 210 patients was examined by barium enema and colonoscopy. The authors found 219 polyps in 112 patients. Single-contrast barium enema missed 33 (45.2%) and double-contrast barium enema missed 17 (11.7%) polyps. Colonoscopy failed to detect 6 polyps (2.7%) and another 21 (10%) were not seen because the area could not be reached by the colonoscope. Malignancy was present in 5 small polyps. The authors conclude that the double-contrast barium enema offers a definite advantage in the right colon. In general, the two methods are complementary."}
{"id": "PMID:887752", "title": "The effect of vasopressin on hepatic arterial blood flow.", "content": "Vasopressin was successively infused into the hepatic and superior mesenteric arteries and a systemic vein, and its levels monitored by blood samples drawn from the portal and hepatic veins and a systemic vein. Blood flow was monitored in the hepatic and superior mesenteric arteries and in the ascending aorta. Hepatic blood flow was inversely correlated with mesenteric blood flow, rising about 50% above baseline levels during hepatic and systemic artery infusions and 96% during superior mesenteric artery infusion. Hepatic artery and systemic vein infusions caused a reduction in mesenteric flow about 20% less than that caused by direct superior mesenteric artery infusion.", "contents": "The effect of vasopressin on hepatic arterial blood flow. Vasopressin was successively infused into the hepatic and superior mesenteric arteries and a systemic vein, and its levels monitored by blood samples drawn from the portal and hepatic veins and a systemic vein. Blood flow was monitored in the hepatic and superior mesenteric arteries and in the ascending aorta. Hepatic blood flow was inversely correlated with mesenteric blood flow, rising about 50% above baseline levels during hepatic and systemic artery infusions and 96% during superior mesenteric artery infusion. Hepatic artery and systemic vein infusions caused a reduction in mesenteric flow about 20% less than that caused by direct superior mesenteric artery infusion."}
{"id": "PMID:887753", "title": "Influence of Cholografin and Renografin 76 on platelet function.", "content": "Cholografin and Renografin 76 were studied to determine their effects on platelet function. In vitro platelet aggregation was significantly inhibited by at least 3.4 micron/ml Cholografin and 19.5 micron/ml Renografin 76. Patients who received Cholografin for intravenous cholangiography, and Renografin 76 for non-cardiac angiography, had low levels of plasma contrast agent, and hemostasis was clinically unimpaired. Patients who received Renografin 76 for cardiac angiography had inhibition of platelet aggregation at high levels of plasma contrast agent; there was no correlation with prolonged bleeding times, or with bleeding complications. High levels of plasma contrast agent may inhibit platelet aggregation in vitro and in vivo, although this may not be associated with clinically significant bleeding.", "contents": "Influence of Cholografin and Renografin 76 on platelet function. Cholografin and Renografin 76 were studied to determine their effects on platelet function. In vitro platelet aggregation was significantly inhibited by at least 3.4 micron/ml Cholografin and 19.5 micron/ml Renografin 76. Patients who received Cholografin for intravenous cholangiography, and Renografin 76 for non-cardiac angiography, had low levels of plasma contrast agent, and hemostasis was clinically unimpaired. Patients who received Renografin 76 for cardiac angiography had inhibition of platelet aggregation at high levels of plasma contrast agent; there was no correlation with prolonged bleeding times, or with bleeding complications. High levels of plasma contrast agent may inhibit platelet aggregation in vitro and in vivo, although this may not be associated with clinically significant bleeding."}
{"id": "PMID:887754", "title": "Evaluation of the physiological function of the ureter by fluoroscopy in bilharziasis.", "content": "Of 40 cases of bilharziasis of the urinary tract examined by excretory urography, 26 (65%) showed evidence of abnormal ureteral motility. Although the severe ureteral dilatation of bilharziasis is generally believed to be caused by fibrotic strictures, only 2 strictures were seen. Abnormal peristalsis was also found in ureters which were not dilated. Upper urinary tract changes in S. haematobium infestation are shown to be more often due to disturbances of ureteral peristalsis rather than ureteral stricture.", "contents": "Evaluation of the physiological function of the ureter by fluoroscopy in bilharziasis. Of 40 cases of bilharziasis of the urinary tract examined by excretory urography, 26 (65%) showed evidence of abnormal ureteral motility. Although the severe ureteral dilatation of bilharziasis is generally believed to be caused by fibrotic strictures, only 2 strictures were seen. Abnormal peristalsis was also found in ureters which were not dilated. Upper urinary tract changes in S. haematobium infestation are shown to be more often due to disturbances of ureteral peristalsis rather than ureteral stricture."}
{"id": "PMID:887755", "title": "A nontraumatic para-aortic lymphocele complicating nephrolithiasis.", "content": "Many cases of traumatic para-aortic lymphocele have been reported. Recently, a case of nontraumatic para-aortic lymphocele was investigated. The etiologic consideration for this lymphocele formation is either a localized inflammatory process, or fibrosis induced by prior passage of calculi.", "contents": "A nontraumatic para-aortic lymphocele complicating nephrolithiasis. Many cases of traumatic para-aortic lymphocele have been reported. Recently, a case of nontraumatic para-aortic lymphocele was investigated. The etiologic consideration for this lymphocele formation is either a localized inflammatory process, or fibrosis induced by prior passage of calculi."}
{"id": "PMID:887756", "title": "Superselective angiography of the hip. Technique, normal features, and early results in idiopathic necrosis of the femoral head.", "content": "The vessels of the hip were studied by superselective injection of the various branches supplying it. The medial and lateral circumflex, obturator, and superior and inferior gluteal arteries were catheterized using a left axillary or brachial approach. The femoral head is supplied primarily by the capsular arteries arising from the medial circumflex artery. Good visualization of the superior capsular arteries is obtained by superselective injection with subtraction. Occlusion of these arteries is shown in the early phase of idiopathic necrosis of the femoral head. The capsular arteries may or may not be revascularized in later phases of this condition, whose evolution is discussed and correlated with the degree of revascularization.", "contents": "Superselective angiography of the hip. Technique, normal features, and early results in idiopathic necrosis of the femoral head. The vessels of the hip were studied by superselective injection of the various branches supplying it. The medial and lateral circumflex, obturator, and superior and inferior gluteal arteries were catheterized using a left axillary or brachial approach. The femoral head is supplied primarily by the capsular arteries arising from the medial circumflex artery. Good visualization of the superior capsular arteries is obtained by superselective injection with subtraction. Occlusion of these arteries is shown in the early phase of idiopathic necrosis of the femoral head. The capsular arteries may or may not be revascularized in later phases of this condition, whose evolution is discussed and correlated with the degree of revascularization."}
{"id": "PMID:887757", "title": "Subtle transchondral fractures of the talar dome: a radiological perspective.", "content": "Radiographic findings associated with small talar dome fractures were analyzed in 21 patients. Representative cases are presented. The classification of talar dome fractures, and the role of the radiologist in their evaluation, are discussed.", "contents": "Subtle transchondral fractures of the talar dome: a radiological perspective. Radiographic findings associated with small talar dome fractures were analyzed in 21 patients. Representative cases are presented. The classification of talar dome fractures, and the role of the radiologist in their evaluation, are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:887758", "title": "The accuracy of radiologic identification of humans using skeletal landmarks: a contribution of forensic pathology.", "content": "The radiologic identification of humans, using skeletal landmarks in the thorax, is a potentially reliable method and its applicability to problems in forensic pathology is emphasized. This method was used in a case of homicide in which the identity of the victim required confirmation.", "contents": "The accuracy of radiologic identification of humans using skeletal landmarks: a contribution of forensic pathology. The radiologic identification of humans, using skeletal landmarks in the thorax, is a potentially reliable method and its applicability to problems in forensic pathology is emphasized. This method was used in a case of homicide in which the identity of the victim required confirmation."}
{"id": "PMID:887759", "title": "Intra-articular calcification in scleroderma.", "content": "Two patients with scleroderma demonstrated intra-articular calcification, which is rarely observed in this disease. The authors suggest that intra-articular calcification and erosion of adjacent cartilage and bone are related.", "contents": "Intra-articular calcification in scleroderma. Two patients with scleroderma demonstrated intra-articular calcification, which is rarely observed in this disease. The authors suggest that intra-articular calcification and erosion of adjacent cartilage and bone are related."}
{"id": "PMID:887760", "title": "Negative-mode soft-tissue xeroradiography.", "content": "Positive-mode xeroradiography is an excellent method of visualizing soft-tissue structures in mammography and other procedures; however, toner deletions over a large area may preclude adequate delineation of the soft tissues near high-density structures such as bone. Use of the negative mode in the development cycle provides excellent demonstration of the soft tissues without toner deletions and requires only about 70% of the exposure needed in the positive mode. Negative-mode images also exhibit greater changes in radiographic contrast than those observed with the positive mode. The extent of achilles tendon lacerations was shown particularly well by this technique.", "contents": "Negative-mode soft-tissue xeroradiography. Positive-mode xeroradiography is an excellent method of visualizing soft-tissue structures in mammography and other procedures; however, toner deletions over a large area may preclude adequate delineation of the soft tissues near high-density structures such as bone. Use of the negative mode in the development cycle provides excellent demonstration of the soft tissues without toner deletions and requires only about 70% of the exposure needed in the positive mode. Negative-mode images also exhibit greater changes in radiographic contrast than those observed with the positive mode. The extent of achilles tendon lacerations was shown particularly well by this technique."}
{"id": "PMID:887761", "title": "Autonomic dysreflexia: an unusual radiologic complication.", "content": "Two cases of autonomic dysreflexia are reported in which patients with high spinal cord lesions developed untoward effects during a diagnostic radiologic procedure. One patient had a retrograde cystogram and the other had a femoral angiogram. Radiologists should be aware of this potentially hazardous complication which could occur in any patient with a spinal cord lesion at or above T6. It can precipitate severe acute hypertension, acute myocardial failure or intracranial hemorrhage. We reviewed clinical features, etiologies, pathophysiology, treatment and prophylaxis.", "contents": "Autonomic dysreflexia: an unusual radiologic complication. Two cases of autonomic dysreflexia are reported in which patients with high spinal cord lesions developed untoward effects during a diagnostic radiologic procedure. One patient had a retrograde cystogram and the other had a femoral angiogram. Radiologists should be aware of this potentially hazardous complication which could occur in any patient with a spinal cord lesion at or above T6. It can precipitate severe acute hypertension, acute myocardial failure or intracranial hemorrhage. We reviewed clinical features, etiologies, pathophysiology, treatment and prophylaxis."}
{"id": "PMID:887762", "title": "An automated radiology information system.", "content": "An automated radiology department information system, serving the diagnostic radiology and nuclear medicine divisions, has been developed. Radiology applications are part of a centralized data processing operation which incorporates clinical, administrative, research, and teaching subsets. The radiology subset includes remote on-line ordering/reporting, automated examination census and statistics, an on-line audit trail/workload control program, and financial reports. The software is linked to other hospital applications. This system improved report turn-around times, decreased clerical loads, and provided better financial management.", "contents": "An automated radiology information system. An automated radiology department information system, serving the diagnostic radiology and nuclear medicine divisions, has been developed. Radiology applications are part of a centralized data processing operation which incorporates clinical, administrative, research, and teaching subsets. The radiology subset includes remote on-line ordering/reporting, automated examination census and statistics, an on-line audit trail/workload control program, and financial reports. The software is linked to other hospital applications. This system improved report turn-around times, decreased clerical loads, and provided better financial management."}
{"id": "PMID:887763", "title": "Coronal computed tomography of the skull and brain in infants and children. Part I: Technique and results.", "content": "The advent of scanners with an air gap and a tilting gantry have made possible the use of the coronal view in computed tomography of the skull and brain in infants and children. Of 400 axial scans performed over a four-month period, 50 were supplemented by the coronal projection. Although the artifacts, uncomfortable position, and prolonged scanning time associated with coronal scanning make it impractical as the only modality, when used as an adjunct to the axial view it can provide valuable additional diagnostic information.", "contents": "Coronal computed tomography of the skull and brain in infants and children. Part I: Technique and results. The advent of scanners with an air gap and a tilting gantry have made possible the use of the coronal view in computed tomography of the skull and brain in infants and children. Of 400 axial scans performed over a four-month period, 50 were supplemented by the coronal projection. Although the artifacts, uncomfortable position, and prolonged scanning time associated with coronal scanning make it impractical as the only modality, when used as an adjunct to the axial view it can provide valuable additional diagnostic information."}
{"id": "PMID:887764", "title": "Coronal computed tomography of the skull and brain in infants and children. Part II. Clinical value.", "content": "Coronal computed tomography is an important adjunct to the routine axial view in the evaluation of lesions of the skull and brain in infants and children. Of 400 axial scans performed over a four-mounth period, 50 were supplemented by coronal scans. Intracranial or cranial abnormalities were present in 39 (78%). Although the disadvantages of the coronal projection make it impractical as the only modality, when used as an adjunct to the axial view certain lesions of the skull and brain are diagnosed and delineated better.", "contents": "Coronal computed tomography of the skull and brain in infants and children. Part II. Clinical value. Coronal computed tomography is an important adjunct to the routine axial view in the evaluation of lesions of the skull and brain in infants and children. Of 400 axial scans performed over a four-mounth period, 50 were supplemented by coronal scans. Intracranial or cranial abnormalities were present in 39 (78%). Although the disadvantages of the coronal projection make it impractical as the only modality, when used as an adjunct to the axial view certain lesions of the skull and brain are diagnosed and delineated better."}
{"id": "PMID:887765", "title": "Computed tomographic evaluation of the pancreas.", "content": "Computed tomography (CT) was used to assess possible pancreatic disease in 352 patients. It was found to be a reliable, often specific, and noninvasive method for detecting pancreatic neoplasms and pseudocysts. The use of CT has resulted in the diminished use of pancreatic angiography; effects of CT on patterns of utilization of other diagnostic methods are described.", "contents": "Computed tomographic evaluation of the pancreas. Computed tomography (CT) was used to assess possible pancreatic disease in 352 patients. It was found to be a reliable, often specific, and noninvasive method for detecting pancreatic neoplasms and pseudocysts. The use of CT has resulted in the diminished use of pancreatic angiography; effects of CT on patterns of utilization of other diagnostic methods are described."}
{"id": "PMID:887766", "title": "Definitive role of CT scanning of the pancreas. The second year's experience.", "content": "In a group of 188 patients, 192 computed tomographic (CT) scans of the pancreas were done, and the diagnostic accuracy of CT determined relative to other modalities. CT was the most effective method of detecting neoplastic and inflammatory diseases. The full extent of the disease process, including involvement of the retroperitoneum and metastasis to the liver, was visualized with one examination. Calcification and cystic collections associated with pancreatitis were also clearly seen.", "contents": "Definitive role of CT scanning of the pancreas. The second year's experience. In a group of 188 patients, 192 computed tomographic (CT) scans of the pancreas were done, and the diagnostic accuracy of CT determined relative to other modalities. CT was the most effective method of detecting neoplastic and inflammatory diseases. The full extent of the disease process, including involvement of the retroperitoneum and metastasis to the liver, was visualized with one examination. Calcification and cystic collections associated with pancreatitis were also clearly seen."}
{"id": "PMID:887767", "title": "Computed tomography in the evaluation of patients with suspected carcinoma of the pancreas.", "content": "The authors assess the efficacy of CT of the pancreas in a series of 151 patients with suspected pancreatic carcinoma. CT diagnoses were divided into four categories based on the original interpretation: \"mass\" or carcinoma (53 scans); normal pancreas (68 scans); normal pancreas, but another pathologic process was discovered on the CT scan (20 scans); and unsatisfactory or indeterminate examinations (10 scans). In more than 50% of the erroneous diagnoses of pancreatic carcinoma, the mass lesion seen on CT was found at surgery or angiography to be adjacent to, not arising from, the pancreas. False-positive interpretation can be avoided by improved equipment and technique and the accumulation of interpreter experience.", "contents": "Computed tomography in the evaluation of patients with suspected carcinoma of the pancreas. The authors assess the efficacy of CT of the pancreas in a series of 151 patients with suspected pancreatic carcinoma. CT diagnoses were divided into four categories based on the original interpretation: \"mass\" or carcinoma (53 scans); normal pancreas (68 scans); normal pancreas, but another pathologic process was discovered on the CT scan (20 scans); and unsatisfactory or indeterminate examinations (10 scans). In more than 50% of the erroneous diagnoses of pancreatic carcinoma, the mass lesion seen on CT was found at surgery or angiography to be adjacent to, not arising from, the pancreas. False-positive interpretation can be avoided by improved equipment and technique and the accumulation of interpreter experience."}
{"id": "PMID:887768", "title": "Efficacy of simple sedation of pediatric computed tomography.", "content": "A mixture of meperidine, chlorpromazine, and promethazine was used for sedation prior to computed tomography in pediatric patients. Diagnostic-quality scans were obtained in 88% of cases, and there were no important complications. Advantages of routine use of sedation over general anesthesia include random scheduling of adults and children, independence from the other demands placed on the anesthesia service, less need to admit these children to the hospital, and low cost.", "contents": "Efficacy of simple sedation of pediatric computed tomography. A mixture of meperidine, chlorpromazine, and promethazine was used for sedation prior to computed tomography in pediatric patients. Diagnostic-quality scans were obtained in 88% of cases, and there were no important complications. Advantages of routine use of sedation over general anesthesia include random scheduling of adults and children, independence from the other demands placed on the anesthesia service, less need to admit these children to the hospital, and low cost."}
{"id": "PMID:887769", "title": "Complications of cerebral angiography and pneumography.", "content": "There were incidences of 0.7% severe and 5.5% mild complications in 1,971 direct puncture carotid angiograms done over a 5-year period. In 1,035 retrograde branchial angiograms, there was a 0.6% incidence of severe, and a 4.7% incidence of mild, complications. Complications tended to increase with increasing age of the patient. Brachial angiography is virtually free of life-threatening complications, and the incidence of neurological sequelae was markedly less than that shown by a comparable analysis of catheter angiography. Of patients undergoing 1,542 fractional pneumoencephalograms, 2 had severe complications.", "contents": "Complications of cerebral angiography and pneumography. There were incidences of 0.7% severe and 5.5% mild complications in 1,971 direct puncture carotid angiograms done over a 5-year period. In 1,035 retrograde branchial angiograms, there was a 0.6% incidence of severe, and a 4.7% incidence of mild, complications. Complications tended to increase with increasing age of the patient. Brachial angiography is virtually free of life-threatening complications, and the incidence of neurological sequelae was markedly less than that shown by a comparable analysis of catheter angiography. Of patients undergoing 1,542 fractional pneumoencephalograms, 2 had severe complications."}
{"id": "PMID:887770", "title": "A modular computer system for the nuclear medicine/ultrasound laboratory.", "content": "Computer-controlled graphic displays are a necessity in many nuclear medicine studies. The authors propose using a set-up consisting of three modules: (a) a display system based on television technology; (b) an instrument interface employing list mode and having a low information loss rate; and (c) flexible modular software which can easily be tailored to the needs of both radiologists and technicians. The authors consider a mini-computer system with broad, flexible applications to be a valuable tool, particularly for those function studies which can only be done by means of nuclear medicine techniques.", "contents": "A modular computer system for the nuclear medicine/ultrasound laboratory. Computer-controlled graphic displays are a necessity in many nuclear medicine studies. The authors propose using a set-up consisting of three modules: (a) a display system based on television technology; (b) an instrument interface employing list mode and having a low information loss rate; and (c) flexible modular software which can easily be tailored to the needs of both radiologists and technicians. The authors consider a mini-computer system with broad, flexible applications to be a valuable tool, particularly for those function studies which can only be done by means of nuclear medicine techniques."}
{"id": "PMID:887771", "title": "Roentgenographic features of American Burkitt's lymphoma.", "content": "Studies of American Burkitt's lymphoma in 12 children showed a high incidence of abdominal involvement, including ileocecal masses with intussusception, retroperitoneal extension, and diffuse bowel involvement. Pleural effusions were common, and 2 patients had pulmonary nodules. Three patients had diffuse renal involvement. The mandibles and other bones were not affected in any of the 9 patients tested. The first 2 patients survived 0.5 to 8.5 months; the last 2 were treated much more aggressively and were still free of disease at the time this paper was written, 14 and 16 months after treatment, respectively. Hopefully, early recognition of the clinical and roentgenographic features of American Burkitt's lymphoma will contribute to improved survival.", "contents": "Roentgenographic features of American Burkitt's lymphoma. Studies of American Burkitt's lymphoma in 12 children showed a high incidence of abdominal involvement, including ileocecal masses with intussusception, retroperitoneal extension, and diffuse bowel involvement. Pleural effusions were common, and 2 patients had pulmonary nodules. Three patients had diffuse renal involvement. The mandibles and other bones were not affected in any of the 9 patients tested. The first 2 patients survived 0.5 to 8.5 months; the last 2 were treated much more aggressively and were still free of disease at the time this paper was written, 14 and 16 months after treatment, respectively. Hopefully, early recognition of the clinical and roentgenographic features of American Burkitt's lymphoma will contribute to improved survival."}
{"id": "PMID:887772", "title": "The radiographic features of early onset Group B streptococcal neonatal sepsis.", "content": "The clinical and radiographic features of 27 newborn infants with early onset Group B streptococcal infection as documented by blood culture have been reviewed. Initial chest radiographs revealed a wide spectrum of patterns. These included changes usually associated with the respiratory distress syndrome, extensive pneumonia, and small infiltrates as well as a normal appearance. Premature birth and a fatal outcome were associated with extensive radiographic changes. At autopsy some of the infants with a radiographic appearance of respiratory distress syndrome had pathologic features of Group B streptococcal infection with no apparent evidence of coexisting respiratory distress syndrome.", "contents": "The radiographic features of early onset Group B streptococcal neonatal sepsis. The clinical and radiographic features of 27 newborn infants with early onset Group B streptococcal infection as documented by blood culture have been reviewed. Initial chest radiographs revealed a wide spectrum of patterns. These included changes usually associated with the respiratory distress syndrome, extensive pneumonia, and small infiltrates as well as a normal appearance. Premature birth and a fatal outcome were associated with extensive radiographic changes. At autopsy some of the infants with a radiographic appearance of respiratory distress syndrome had pathologic features of Group B streptococcal infection with no apparent evidence of coexisting respiratory distress syndrome."}
{"id": "PMID:887773", "title": "Simple bone cysts: factors of age dependency.", "content": "Patient age plays a significant role in the presentation and clinical behavior of bone cysts. In children, cysts behave more aggressively than in adults and the recurrence rate for patients in the first decade of life is four times that in the adolescent. Simple bone cysts are less frequent after 17 years of age and 80% of cysts in the young are located in the proximal end of the shaft of the humerus and femur. Pathological fractures will call attention to the cyst and the highest incidence of fractures is in childhood (0--10 years).", "contents": "Simple bone cysts: factors of age dependency. Patient age plays a significant role in the presentation and clinical behavior of bone cysts. In children, cysts behave more aggressively than in adults and the recurrence rate for patients in the first decade of life is four times that in the adolescent. Simple bone cysts are less frequent after 17 years of age and 80% of cysts in the young are located in the proximal end of the shaft of the humerus and femur. Pathological fractures will call attention to the cyst and the highest incidence of fractures is in childhood (0--10 years)."}
{"id": "PMID:887774", "title": "Ultrasonography in ascites.", "content": "Ascites is usually not difficult to detect with ultrasonography because of its characteristic lack of echoes. However, minimal or lobulated collections of fluid or unusual distributions due to anatomical variations or associated pathological processes may create problems in diagnosis. Differentiation from an intraperitoneal abscess, hematoma, lymphocele, or cystic mass is of considerable clinical importance.", "contents": "Ultrasonography in ascites. Ascites is usually not difficult to detect with ultrasonography because of its characteristic lack of echoes. However, minimal or lobulated collections of fluid or unusual distributions due to anatomical variations or associated pathological processes may create problems in diagnosis. Differentiation from an intraperitoneal abscess, hematoma, lymphocele, or cystic mass is of considerable clinical importance."}
{"id": "PMID:887775", "title": "Ultrasonographic appearance of adult intussusception.", "content": "A gray scale ultrasound evaluation of a case of adult intussusception is presented. The observed \"target-like\" abdominal mass, with central dense echoes and peripheral sonolucency, may be characteristic of this entity. A primary bowel or intestinal loop process should be considered when a lesion with this appearance is encountered.", "contents": "Ultrasonographic appearance of adult intussusception. A gray scale ultrasound evaluation of a case of adult intussusception is presented. The observed \"target-like\" abdominal mass, with central dense echoes and peripheral sonolucency, may be characteristic of this entity. A primary bowel or intestinal loop process should be considered when a lesion with this appearance is encountered."}
{"id": "PMID:887776", "title": "Ultrasound diagnosis of common bile duct dilatation.", "content": "The use of ultrasound in the differential diagnosis of obstructive jaundice has been previously reported. Although common bile duct dilatation has been demonstrated, criteria for its accurate identification have not been stressed. This report describes findings and relationships helpful in recognition of a dilated common bile duct. It is important to identify this structure, since it could otherwise be confused with surrounding vessels.", "contents": "Ultrasound diagnosis of common bile duct dilatation. The use of ultrasound in the differential diagnosis of obstructive jaundice has been previously reported. Although common bile duct dilatation has been demonstrated, criteria for its accurate identification have not been stressed. This report describes findings and relationships helpful in recognition of a dilated common bile duct. It is important to identify this structure, since it could otherwise be confused with surrounding vessels."}
{"id": "PMID:887777", "title": "Ultrasonic diagnosis of hydatidiform mole with a coexistent fetus.", "content": "The sonogram of a patient with an intrauterine gestation revealed a partial posterior placenta praevia and a hydatidiform mole within the praevia portion of the placenta.", "contents": "Ultrasonic diagnosis of hydatidiform mole with a coexistent fetus. The sonogram of a patient with an intrauterine gestation revealed a partial posterior placenta praevia and a hydatidiform mole within the praevia portion of the placenta."}
{"id": "PMID:887778", "title": "Ultrasonography of renal sinus lipomatosis.", "content": "Gray scale B-scans in renal sinus lipomatosis show a variety of features which must be differentiated from clinically significant pathological processes. Normal kidneys show dense homogeneous central echoes. In renal sinus lipomatosis, however, the central echoes are divided and become more sparse (Type I), interspersed with small relatively echo-free areas (Type II), or outline a single relatively echo-free area resembling a mass (Type III). In contrast to similar features in hydronephrosis or multiple cysts, the relatively echo-free areas in lipomatosis are ill-defined and do present several weak internal echoes.", "contents": "Ultrasonography of renal sinus lipomatosis. Gray scale B-scans in renal sinus lipomatosis show a variety of features which must be differentiated from clinically significant pathological processes. Normal kidneys show dense homogeneous central echoes. In renal sinus lipomatosis, however, the central echoes are divided and become more sparse (Type I), interspersed with small relatively echo-free areas (Type II), or outline a single relatively echo-free area resembling a mass (Type III). In contrast to similar features in hydronephrosis or multiple cysts, the relatively echo-free areas in lipomatosis are ill-defined and do present several weak internal echoes."}
{"id": "PMID:887779", "title": "Intracranial ependymomas.", "content": "Clinically significant spinal implants develop in intracranial ependymomas. Spinal subarachnoid implants developed in 11 of 32 patients who received local irradiation at the University of Michigan between 1955 and 1972 for intracranial ependymoma. Seven of these patients received spinal axis irradiation for neurological disturbances resulting from the implants, and implants were found in the other 4 patients postmortem. Ten patients had infratentorial tumors, and one had a supratentorial tumor; nine tumors were poorly differentiated, two were well differentiated. The authors conclude that spinal irradiation is required if the tumor is poorly differentiated, or located in the infratentorial fossa.", "contents": "Intracranial ependymomas. Clinically significant spinal implants develop in intracranial ependymomas. Spinal subarachnoid implants developed in 11 of 32 patients who received local irradiation at the University of Michigan between 1955 and 1972 for intracranial ependymoma. Seven of these patients received spinal axis irradiation for neurological disturbances resulting from the implants, and implants were found in the other 4 patients postmortem. Ten patients had infratentorial tumors, and one had a supratentorial tumor; nine tumors were poorly differentiated, two were well differentiated. The authors conclude that spinal irradiation is required if the tumor is poorly differentiated, or located in the infratentorial fossa."}
{"id": "PMID:887780", "title": "Elective irradiation of the lower cervical region in patients at high risk for recurrent cancer at the tracheal stoma.", "content": "The results of treatment for recurrent cancer at the tracheal stoma have been poor. From 1971 to 1976, elective postoperative irradiation of the neck was given to 26 high-risk patients with carcinoma of the larynx and hypopharynx. None of the 22 patients whose stomas were irradiated developed stomal or peristomal recurrence, while 2 of the 4 patients whose stomas were shielded had stomal recurrence. Elective irradiation of the tracheal stoma was effective in preventing stomal recurrence; we recommend inclusion of the stomal area in preoperative or postoperative irradiation to the lower cervical region for high-risk patients.", "contents": "Elective irradiation of the lower cervical region in patients at high risk for recurrent cancer at the tracheal stoma. The results of treatment for recurrent cancer at the tracheal stoma have been poor. From 1971 to 1976, elective postoperative irradiation of the neck was given to 26 high-risk patients with carcinoma of the larynx and hypopharynx. None of the 22 patients whose stomas were irradiated developed stomal or peristomal recurrence, while 2 of the 4 patients whose stomas were shielded had stomal recurrence. Elective irradiation of the tracheal stoma was effective in preventing stomal recurrence; we recommend inclusion of the stomal area in preoperative or postoperative irradiation to the lower cervical region for high-risk patients."}
{"id": "PMID:887781", "title": "Radiation necrosis of the scalp: a complication of cranial irradiation and methotrexate.", "content": "A case of childhood leukemia with a severe skin reaction following a course of medium-dose cranial irradiation and intrathecal methotrexate is presented. Necrosis of the scalp of partial to full thickness resulted. The authors believe potentiation of the radiation reaction by methotrexate was the probable cause.", "contents": "Radiation necrosis of the scalp: a complication of cranial irradiation and methotrexate. A case of childhood leukemia with a severe skin reaction following a course of medium-dose cranial irradiation and intrathecal methotrexate is presented. Necrosis of the scalp of partial to full thickness resulted. The authors believe potentiation of the radiation reaction by methotrexate was the probable cause."}
{"id": "PMID:887782", "title": "Comparison of intravenous and intra-arterial pyrimidine infusion as a means of radiosensitizing tumors in vivo.", "content": "The halogenated pyrimidine analogue 5-bromo-2-deoxycytidine (BCdR) was infused into BALB/C mice bearing EMT-6 tumors via either the intravenous or intra-arterial route. Hepatic dehalogenation of the drug was blocked by 5-diazouracil (DAZU) in order to ascertain its relative importance in the degradation of intravenously administered analogues. Increased radiosensitization was noted with higher intravenous pyrimidine concentrations, but DAZU blockage of dehalogenation had little effect. These studies show that following intravenous infusion, enough BCdR apparently bypasses the hepatic vessels to permit tumor radiosensitization despite dilution of the drug by the systemic circulation.", "contents": "Comparison of intravenous and intra-arterial pyrimidine infusion as a means of radiosensitizing tumors in vivo. The halogenated pyrimidine analogue 5-bromo-2-deoxycytidine (BCdR) was infused into BALB/C mice bearing EMT-6 tumors via either the intravenous or intra-arterial route. Hepatic dehalogenation of the drug was blocked by 5-diazouracil (DAZU) in order to ascertain its relative importance in the degradation of intravenously administered analogues. Increased radiosensitization was noted with higher intravenous pyrimidine concentrations, but DAZU blockage of dehalogenation had little effect. These studies show that following intravenous infusion, enough BCdR apparently bypasses the hepatic vessels to permit tumor radiosensitization despite dilution of the drug by the systemic circulation."}
{"id": "PMID:887783", "title": "Effect of radiation and contrast media on chromosomes. Preliminary report.", "content": "Measurements of chromosome aberrations or micronuclei in lymphocytes obtained from 7 patients indicate that angiocardiography produced chromosome damage corresponding to an average absorbed dose of about 50 rads. This is an order of magnitude larger than was estimated from the exposure rate. Experiments on lymphocytes suspended in solutions of methylglucamine and sodium diatrizoate (Renografin) or sodium diatrizoate alone (Hypaque) indicate that the chromosome damage observed in the patients is due in larger part to two effects: (a) an increased absorption of x rays as compared to blood and (b) a breakage of chromosomes even in the absence of x rays.", "contents": "Effect of radiation and contrast media on chromosomes. Preliminary report. Measurements of chromosome aberrations or micronuclei in lymphocytes obtained from 7 patients indicate that angiocardiography produced chromosome damage corresponding to an average absorbed dose of about 50 rads. This is an order of magnitude larger than was estimated from the exposure rate. Experiments on lymphocytes suspended in solutions of methylglucamine and sodium diatrizoate (Renografin) or sodium diatrizoate alone (Hypaque) indicate that the chromosome damage observed in the patients is due in larger part to two effects: (a) an increased absorption of x rays as compared to blood and (b) a breakage of chromosomes even in the absence of x rays."}
{"id": "PMID:887784", "title": "Computed tomography of the breast. A preliminary report.", "content": "Initial studies indicate that computed tomography can detect both benign and malignant breast disease in both fatty and dense, thick breasts. CT may also be capable of diagnosing early cancer or a precancerous lesion in women with dysplastic breasts or patients who have had radiation therapy or surgery, whereas some of these lesions cannot be diagnosed by mammography because the breast is too dense.", "contents": "Computed tomography of the breast. A preliminary report. Initial studies indicate that computed tomography can detect both benign and malignant breast disease in both fatty and dense, thick breasts. CT may also be capable of diagnosing early cancer or a precancerous lesion in women with dysplastic breasts or patients who have had radiation therapy or surgery, whereas some of these lesions cannot be diagnosed by mammography because the breast is too dense."}
{"id": "PMID:887785", "title": "The effect of drug-induced thrombocytopenia on direct-current transcatheter electrocoagulation.", "content": "Direct-current transcatheter electrocoagulation in vitro produced substantial clots in thrombocytopenic blood in dogs. The splenic artery was occluded in 3 dogs following ristocetin-induced thrombocytopenia. This procedure may produce effective vessel occlusion in patients with platelet-poor blood.", "contents": "The effect of drug-induced thrombocytopenia on direct-current transcatheter electrocoagulation. Direct-current transcatheter electrocoagulation in vitro produced substantial clots in thrombocytopenic blood in dogs. The splenic artery was occluded in 3 dogs following ristocetin-induced thrombocytopenia. This procedure may produce effective vessel occlusion in patients with platelet-poor blood."}
{"id": "PMID:887786", "title": "Comparison of computed tomography and conventional transverse axial tomography in radiotherapy treatment planning.", "content": "Treatment plans can differ widely depending on whether they were developed from anatomical information generated by computed tomography or conventional transverse axial tomography. In the present study, deviations between tumor doses calculated using the two methods were as great as 10%, increasing to 20% for the spinal cord.", "contents": "Comparison of computed tomography and conventional transverse axial tomography in radiotherapy treatment planning. Treatment plans can differ widely depending on whether they were developed from anatomical information generated by computed tomography or conventional transverse axial tomography. In the present study, deviations between tumor doses calculated using the two methods were as great as 10%, increasing to 20% for the spinal cord."}
{"id": "PMID:887787", "title": "Distribution of 99mTc-1-thioglucose in rats: effect of administration route on pancreatic specificity.", "content": "Tissue distribution of 99mTc-1-thioglucose was studied in inbred albino Fisher rats. High levels of radioactivity were observed in the kidney with concurrent low pancreatic levels and pancreas/liver ratios of 0.4 following intravenous administration of the agent. High pancreatic concentration were observed with pancreas/liver ratios of 4.0 after intraperitoneal administrations. Future studies on pancreatic radiopharmaceuticals should avoid production of artificially high pancreatic values by intraperitoneal injection.", "contents": "Distribution of 99mTc-1-thioglucose in rats: effect of administration route on pancreatic specificity. Tissue distribution of 99mTc-1-thioglucose was studied in inbred albino Fisher rats. High levels of radioactivity were observed in the kidney with concurrent low pancreatic levels and pancreas/liver ratios of 0.4 following intravenous administration of the agent. High pancreatic concentration were observed with pancreas/liver ratios of 4.0 after intraperitoneal administrations. Future studies on pancreatic radiopharmaceuticals should avoid production of artificially high pancreatic values by intraperitoneal injection."}
{"id": "PMID:887788", "title": "Eye lens protection for radiological personnel.", "content": "Various radiodiagnostic procedures expose the eye lens of the diagnostic technician to radiations. With the aid of lead glasses with an attenuation of radiation equivalent to 0.25 mm of lead, the dose can be reduced by 90%.", "contents": "Eye lens protection for radiological personnel. Various radiodiagnostic procedures expose the eye lens of the diagnostic technician to radiations. With the aid of lead glasses with an attenuation of radiation equivalent to 0.25 mm of lead, the dose can be reduced by 90%."}
{"id": "PMID:887789", "title": "An improved computer model for 60cobalt dose distributions.", "content": "A previously developed model for the calculation of 60Co isodose contours exhibits poor fit to experimental data at certain points. Methods for improving the fit at these points are described. The model contains few parameters, and may be useful for treatment planning in cases for which data are not available.", "contents": "An improved computer model for 60cobalt dose distributions. A previously developed model for the calculation of 60Co isodose contours exhibits poor fit to experimental data at certain points. Methods for improving the fit at these points are described. The model contains few parameters, and may be useful for treatment planning in cases for which data are not available."}
{"id": "PMID:887791", "title": "A simple approach to the diagnosis of bronchopleural fistula.", "content": "The authors describe a simple, yet reliable technique for confirmation of a bronchopleural fistula. It is based on detection of radioactivity in the pleural space after the washout phase of the 133Xe ventilation study. This method demonstrated the pathological communication while bronchoscopy, bronchography, and methylene blue testing did not.", "contents": "A simple approach to the diagnosis of bronchopleural fistula. The authors describe a simple, yet reliable technique for confirmation of a bronchopleural fistula. It is based on detection of radioactivity in the pleural space after the washout phase of the 133Xe ventilation study. This method demonstrated the pathological communication while bronchoscopy, bronchography, and methylene blue testing did not."}
{"id": "PMID:887792", "title": "Errors in radiographic measurements caused by variations in the table top/Bucky tray distance.", "content": "The distance between the table top and the Bucky tray varies between radiographic rooms in most x-ray departments. A potential difference of 8% or more in the degree of magnification of radiographic images was found in five Memphis hospitals. Articles on measurement of kidneys, intracranial volume, sella turcica, etc, should specify the distance used to establish the charts.", "contents": "Errors in radiographic measurements caused by variations in the table top/Bucky tray distance. The distance between the table top and the Bucky tray varies between radiographic rooms in most x-ray departments. A potential difference of 8% or more in the degree of magnification of radiographic images was found in five Memphis hospitals. Articles on measurement of kidneys, intracranial volume, sella turcica, etc, should specify the distance used to establish the charts."}
{"id": "PMID:887793", "title": "Some applications of the law of evidence to the specialty of radiology.", "content": "Certain rules or laws of evidence are particularly applicable to diagnostic images in whatever form they are used in court as evidence. The legal principles and precedents of this subject, including opinion evidence, hearsay evidence rule, best evidence rule, and the role of the radiologist as a medical expert witness, are discussed.", "contents": "Some applications of the law of evidence to the specialty of radiology. Certain rules or laws of evidence are particularly applicable to diagnostic images in whatever form they are used in court as evidence. The legal principles and precedents of this subject, including opinion evidence, hearsay evidence rule, best evidence rule, and the role of the radiologist as a medical expert witness, are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:887794", "title": "The identification of two novel prostaglandins and a thromboxane.", "content": "6,15-Dioxo-PGF1alpha, 6,15-dioxo-13,14-dihydro-PGF1alpha and 15-oxo-thromboxane B2 have been identified in incubates of ram seminal vesicle homogenates with added arachidonic acid or in the perfusate from sensitised challenged guinea pig lungs. These compounds are probably related to 6-oxo-PGF1alpha and thromboxane B2. The structures have been determined by gas chromatography mass spectrometry, following suitable chemical derivatisation.", "contents": "The identification of two novel prostaglandins and a thromboxane. 6,15-Dioxo-PGF1alpha, 6,15-dioxo-13,14-dihydro-PGF1alpha and 15-oxo-thromboxane B2 have been identified in incubates of ram seminal vesicle homogenates with added arachidonic acid or in the perfusate from sensitised challenged guinea pig lungs. These compounds are probably related to 6-oxo-PGF1alpha and thromboxane B2. The structures have been determined by gas chromatography mass spectrometry, following suitable chemical derivatisation."}
{"id": "PMID:887795", "title": "Prostaglandins H1 and H2. Convenient biochemical synthesis and isolation. Further biological and spectroscopic characterization.", "content": "An easy biochemical preparation of the prostaglandin endoperoxides, PGH1 and PGH2, is described. Both of the endoperoxides are potent contractors of isolated gerbil colon smooth muscle. Contracture with PGH2 is about equal to that caused by the standard, PGE1, while contracture with PGH1 is about half of that caused by PGE1. PGH1 was found to inhibit platelet aggregation induced by PGH2 and is about 1/10 as potent a stimulator of cAMP accumulation as is PGE1. The mass spectra of the methyl esters of both PGH1 and PGH2 were obtained, as were the infrared spectra of the two compounds. The nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum of PGH2 is characterized by signals at 4.58 delta and 4.47 delta for the C-9 and C-11 protons, respectively.", "contents": "Prostaglandins H1 and H2. Convenient biochemical synthesis and isolation. Further biological and spectroscopic characterization. An easy biochemical preparation of the prostaglandin endoperoxides, PGH1 and PGH2, is described. Both of the endoperoxides are potent contractors of isolated gerbil colon smooth muscle. Contracture with PGH2 is about equal to that caused by the standard, PGE1, while contracture with PGH1 is about half of that caused by PGE1. PGH1 was found to inhibit platelet aggregation induced by PGH2 and is about 1/10 as potent a stimulator of cAMP accumulation as is PGE1. The mass spectra of the methyl esters of both PGH1 and PGH2 were obtained, as were the infrared spectra of the two compounds. The nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum of PGH2 is characterized by signals at 4.58 delta and 4.47 delta for the C-9 and C-11 protons, respectively."}
{"id": "PMID:887796", "title": "Enzymatic preparation of prostaglandin endoperoxides.", "content": "A simple and reliable method is described for the preparation of the endoperoxide intermediates (PGG2 and PGH2) in the biosynthesis of prostaglandins. The endoperoxides are thermolabile and easily decomposed by water (t 1/2 congruent to 5 min at 37 degrees C). Because of this, special precautions must be taken to work at low temperature and to minimize contact with moisture. Milligram quantities of PGG2 and PGH2 were obtained by running several reactions successively and pooling the extracts before chromatographic fractionation. The method is now being developed further to scale up the procedure.", "contents": "Enzymatic preparation of prostaglandin endoperoxides. A simple and reliable method is described for the preparation of the endoperoxide intermediates (PGG2 and PGH2) in the biosynthesis of prostaglandins. The endoperoxides are thermolabile and easily decomposed by water (t 1/2 congruent to 5 min at 37 degrees C). Because of this, special precautions must be taken to work at low temperature and to minimize contact with moisture. Milligram quantities of PGG2 and PGH2 were obtained by running several reactions successively and pooling the extracts before chromatographic fractionation. The method is now being developed further to scale up the procedure."}
{"id": "PMID:887798", "title": "Hormone selective lipase activation in the isolated rabbit heart.", "content": "The synthesis and release of PGs by the isolated perfused rabbit heart upon bradykinin stimulation results from lipase stimulation which liberates arachidonic acid for PG biosynthesis. The [14C]-labelled fatty acids, arachidonate, linoleate, and oleate, when infused into the heart preparation, were efficiently incorporated into the phospholipid pool in the heart mostly in the 2-position of phosphatidylcholine. On the other hand, [14C]-palmitate was esterified into both the 1- and the 2-position. Bradykinin released bioassayable PG when injected into the rabbit hearts, regardless of which fatty acid label was incorporated into the phospholipid pool. However, only [14C]-arachidonic acid (but not [14C]-linoleate, oleate or palmitate) was liberated from the variously labelled hearts upon hormone stimulation. This selective bradykinin effect on fatty acid release suggests that hormone stimulation either activates a specific lipase that distinguishes different fatty acids in the 2-position or activates lipase which is selectively compartmented with arachidonate-containing phospholipids. Ischemia, on the other hand, appeared to non-specifically stimulate tissue lipases, resulting in a non-selective release of oleic as well as arachidonic acid. A disproportionally large release of arachidonic acid was observed accompanying a relatively small PG (10:1 arachidonate: PG ratio) production during ischemia, as compared to bradykinin (3:1 ratio), suggesting distinct mechanisms for PG biosynthesis induced by bradykinin and ischemia.", "contents": "Hormone selective lipase activation in the isolated rabbit heart. The synthesis and release of PGs by the isolated perfused rabbit heart upon bradykinin stimulation results from lipase stimulation which liberates arachidonic acid for PG biosynthesis. The [14C]-labelled fatty acids, arachidonate, linoleate, and oleate, when infused into the heart preparation, were efficiently incorporated into the phospholipid pool in the heart mostly in the 2-position of phosphatidylcholine. On the other hand, [14C]-palmitate was esterified into both the 1- and the 2-position. Bradykinin released bioassayable PG when injected into the rabbit hearts, regardless of which fatty acid label was incorporated into the phospholipid pool. However, only [14C]-arachidonic acid (but not [14C]-linoleate, oleate or palmitate) was liberated from the variously labelled hearts upon hormone stimulation. This selective bradykinin effect on fatty acid release suggests that hormone stimulation either activates a specific lipase that distinguishes different fatty acids in the 2-position or activates lipase which is selectively compartmented with arachidonate-containing phospholipids. Ischemia, on the other hand, appeared to non-specifically stimulate tissue lipases, resulting in a non-selective release of oleic as well as arachidonic acid. A disproportionally large release of arachidonic acid was observed accompanying a relatively small PG (10:1 arachidonate: PG ratio) production during ischemia, as compared to bradykinin (3:1 ratio), suggesting distinct mechanisms for PG biosynthesis induced by bradykinin and ischemia."}
{"id": "PMID:887799", "title": "The effect of prostaglandin inhibition on the natriuresis of drug-induced renal vasodilatation.", "content": "It has been suggested that increased prostaglandin release may mediate the natriuresis seen during the administration of renal vasodilators. To further investigate this possibility, either acetylcholine (40 microgram/min) or bradykinin (5 microgram/min) was infused into the left renal artery of anesthetized dogs previously given an inhibitor of prostaglandin synthesis. During the infusion of either vasodilator drug in the prostaglandin-inhibited dogs, urinary sodium excretion increased to a similar degree as in a group of normal dogs with intact prostaglandin synthesis. These studies therefore do not confirm that prostaglandins play a significant role in the natriuresis of drug-induced vasodilatation.", "contents": "The effect of prostaglandin inhibition on the natriuresis of drug-induced renal vasodilatation. It has been suggested that increased prostaglandin release may mediate the natriuresis seen during the administration of renal vasodilators. To further investigate this possibility, either acetylcholine (40 microgram/min) or bradykinin (5 microgram/min) was infused into the left renal artery of anesthetized dogs previously given an inhibitor of prostaglandin synthesis. During the infusion of either vasodilator drug in the prostaglandin-inhibited dogs, urinary sodium excretion increased to a similar degree as in a group of normal dogs with intact prostaglandin synthesis. These studies therefore do not confirm that prostaglandins play a significant role in the natriuresis of drug-induced vasodilatation."}
{"id": "PMID:887800", "title": "Dual effects of bradykinin on prostaglandin metabolism: relationship to the dissimilar vascular actions of kinins.", "content": "Generation of a prostaglandin of the F series by bovine mesenteric veins in response to bradykinin may depend on increased synthesis of PGE and conversion of the latter to PGF after activation of PGE 9-ketoreductase by the kinin. The prostaglandin then mediates the constrictor action of bradykinin on the bovine mesenteric vein. A high speed supernatant (HSS) fraction of bovine mesenteric blood vessels contains the highest activity of PGE 9-ketoreductase. Incubation of PGE2 with HSS at 37 degrees C in the presence of a NADPH generating system resulted in time-dependent conversion of PGE2 to PGF2alpha. Bradykin (0.01mM) more than doubled conversion of PGE2 to PGF2alpha by the PGE 9-ketoreductase obtained from mesenteric veins whereas the kinin had little effect on enzymic activity of the HSS fraction of mesenteric arteries. However, after inhibition of kininase catabolism, bradykinin increased PGE 9-ketoreductase activity of arteries and veins to the same degree. Prostaglandin release from veins by bradykinin appears essential to contraction of mesenteric venous strips evoked by the polypeptide as indomethacin treatment abolished this effect. PGE 9-ketoreductase may be an important prostaglandin regulatory mechanism of the vascular wall whereby the functional consequences of changes in rates of prostaglandin synthesis are governed by determining the ratio of PGE to PGF within vascular tissue. Constriction of bovine mesenteric veins evoked by bradykinin may, therefore, depend on increased prostaglandin synthesis and conversion of newly formed PGE to PGF, both steps being affected by the kinin.", "contents": "Dual effects of bradykinin on prostaglandin metabolism: relationship to the dissimilar vascular actions of kinins. Generation of a prostaglandin of the F series by bovine mesenteric veins in response to bradykinin may depend on increased synthesis of PGE and conversion of the latter to PGF after activation of PGE 9-ketoreductase by the kinin. The prostaglandin then mediates the constrictor action of bradykinin on the bovine mesenteric vein. A high speed supernatant (HSS) fraction of bovine mesenteric blood vessels contains the highest activity of PGE 9-ketoreductase. Incubation of PGE2 with HSS at 37 degrees C in the presence of a NADPH generating system resulted in time-dependent conversion of PGE2 to PGF2alpha. Bradykin (0.01mM) more than doubled conversion of PGE2 to PGF2alpha by the PGE 9-ketoreductase obtained from mesenteric veins whereas the kinin had little effect on enzymic activity of the HSS fraction of mesenteric arteries. However, after inhibition of kininase catabolism, bradykinin increased PGE 9-ketoreductase activity of arteries and veins to the same degree. Prostaglandin release from veins by bradykinin appears essential to contraction of mesenteric venous strips evoked by the polypeptide as indomethacin treatment abolished this effect. PGE 9-ketoreductase may be an important prostaglandin regulatory mechanism of the vascular wall whereby the functional consequences of changes in rates of prostaglandin synthesis are governed by determining the ratio of PGE to PGF within vascular tissue. Constriction of bovine mesenteric veins evoked by bradykinin may, therefore, depend on increased prostaglandin synthesis and conversion of newly formed PGE to PGF, both steps being affected by the kinin."}
{"id": "PMID:887801", "title": "Radioimmunological and biological measurement of prostaglandins in rabbit urine: decrease of PGE2 excretion at high NaCl intake.", "content": "The estimation of prostaglandin (PG) E2 and of PGF2alpha by radioimmunoassay is described in detail. PGE2 was measured after conversion to either PGB2 or PGF2alpha and the results compared to bioassay. The methods were used to follow the excretion of PGE2 and PGF2alpha after salt loading in rabbits. A marked reduction of PGE2 levels was observed at high NaC1 intake, while PGF2alpha excretion remained unchanged.", "contents": "Radioimmunological and biological measurement of prostaglandins in rabbit urine: decrease of PGE2 excretion at high NaCl intake. The estimation of prostaglandin (PG) E2 and of PGF2alpha by radioimmunoassay is described in detail. PGE2 was measured after conversion to either PGB2 or PGF2alpha and the results compared to bioassay. The methods were used to follow the excretion of PGE2 and PGF2alpha after salt loading in rabbits. A marked reduction of PGE2 levels was observed at high NaC1 intake, while PGF2alpha excretion remained unchanged."}
{"id": "PMID:887802", "title": "Hypercalcemia induced by prostaglandin E2 in thyroparathyroidectomized but not intact rats.", "content": "Prostaglandin E2 was infused into thoracic aorta of thyroparathyroidectomized (TPTX) and intact rats. Circulating calcium increased significantly in the TPTX group by 30 minutes and reached an increment of 1.5 +/- 0.21 mg/dl (x +/- SE, p less than .001) by 90 minutes. No calcium increments were observed in the intact rats. It is postulated that prior failures to demonstrate hypercalcemia during PGE2 infusion may have been due to calcitonin counterregulation.", "contents": "Hypercalcemia induced by prostaglandin E2 in thyroparathyroidectomized but not intact rats. Prostaglandin E2 was infused into thoracic aorta of thyroparathyroidectomized (TPTX) and intact rats. Circulating calcium increased significantly in the TPTX group by 30 minutes and reached an increment of 1.5 +/- 0.21 mg/dl (x +/- SE, p less than .001) by 90 minutes. No calcium increments were observed in the intact rats. It is postulated that prior failures to demonstrate hypercalcemia during PGE2 infusion may have been due to calcitonin counterregulation."}
{"id": "PMID:887803", "title": "Uterine trauma associated with midtrimester abortion induced by intra-amniotic prostaglandin F2alpha with and without concomitant use of oxytocin.", "content": "Five of 80 (6.2%) nulliparous women sustained uterine trauma in association with midtrimester abortion induced by intra-amniotic prostaglandin F2alpha and intravenous oxytocin. All five women suffered cervical lacerations, one extending to the lower uterine segment of the corpus and another associated with myometrial necrosis caused by cornual sacculation and ischemia. No uterine trauma was observed among 95 parous women aborted in the same fashion during this study. The different mechanisms of cervical dilation in the parous woman and the nullipara are offered as an explanation for this difference. Thirty-nine other cases of uterine injury associated with the use of intraamniotic prostaglandin F2alpha from the literature were reviewed, and found to indicate that midtrimester abortion induced by intra-amniotic prostaglandin F2alpha is associated with a significant risk of uterine trauma in the nullipara. The risk seems to increase with the use of oxytocin and with increasing gestational age.", "contents": "Uterine trauma associated with midtrimester abortion induced by intra-amniotic prostaglandin F2alpha with and without concomitant use of oxytocin. Five of 80 (6.2%) nulliparous women sustained uterine trauma in association with midtrimester abortion induced by intra-amniotic prostaglandin F2alpha and intravenous oxytocin. All five women suffered cervical lacerations, one extending to the lower uterine segment of the corpus and another associated with myometrial necrosis caused by cornual sacculation and ischemia. No uterine trauma was observed among 95 parous women aborted in the same fashion during this study. The different mechanisms of cervical dilation in the parous woman and the nullipara are offered as an explanation for this difference. Thirty-nine other cases of uterine injury associated with the use of intraamniotic prostaglandin F2alpha from the literature were reviewed, and found to indicate that midtrimester abortion induced by intra-amniotic prostaglandin F2alpha is associated with a significant risk of uterine trauma in the nullipara. The risk seems to increase with the use of oxytocin and with increasing gestational age."}
{"id": "PMID:887804", "title": "Hormone changes in relation to the time of fetal death after prostaglandin-induced abortion.", "content": "The changes in unconjugated estradiol-17beta and estriol, progesterone and chorionic somatomammotropin (HCS) in peripheral plasma have been studied in 18 women at 30-minute intervals following intra-uterine prostaglandin E2 administration for therapeutic termination of second trimester pregnancy. The hormonal changes were related to the time of fetal death detected by the disappearance of fetal heart pulsations. Prostaglandin E2 was given by the intra-amniotic route with urea (5 patients) or with intravenous oxytocin (5 patients), or by the extra-amniotic route with intravenous oxytocin (8 patients). Fetal death occurred rapidly with intra-amniotic PGE2, but usually at a late stage with extra-amniotic PGE2. Three fetuses in the extra-amniotic group died at or just before abortion. A variety of fetal heart changes were noted and the time of fetal death did not appear to influence the time of abortion within each treatment subgroup. Estradiol and estriol showed a sligh but persistent fall over 24 hours prior to induction of abortion. A more rapid fall usually occurred after induction, with a consistent fall around the time of fetal death. Progesterone and HCS usually fell much less before and immediately after fetal death. A marked rise in estradiol sometimes occurred before fetal death, particularly in the intraamniotic PGE2 and urea subgroup. Estriol levels declined more rapidly before than after fetal death, whereas fetal death had less consistent effects on the other hormones. All hormones had usually fallen considerably at the time of abortion, and in some individuals marked fluctuations in hormone levels were seen.", "contents": "Hormone changes in relation to the time of fetal death after prostaglandin-induced abortion. The changes in unconjugated estradiol-17beta and estriol, progesterone and chorionic somatomammotropin (HCS) in peripheral plasma have been studied in 18 women at 30-minute intervals following intra-uterine prostaglandin E2 administration for therapeutic termination of second trimester pregnancy. The hormonal changes were related to the time of fetal death detected by the disappearance of fetal heart pulsations. Prostaglandin E2 was given by the intra-amniotic route with urea (5 patients) or with intravenous oxytocin (5 patients), or by the extra-amniotic route with intravenous oxytocin (8 patients). Fetal death occurred rapidly with intra-amniotic PGE2, but usually at a late stage with extra-amniotic PGE2. Three fetuses in the extra-amniotic group died at or just before abortion. A variety of fetal heart changes were noted and the time of fetal death did not appear to influence the time of abortion within each treatment subgroup. Estradiol and estriol showed a sligh but persistent fall over 24 hours prior to induction of abortion. A more rapid fall usually occurred after induction, with a consistent fall around the time of fetal death. Progesterone and HCS usually fell much less before and immediately after fetal death. A marked rise in estradiol sometimes occurred before fetal death, particularly in the intraamniotic PGE2 and urea subgroup. Estriol levels declined more rapidly before than after fetal death, whereas fetal death had less consistent effects on the other hormones. All hormones had usually fallen considerably at the time of abortion, and in some individuals marked fluctuations in hormone levels were seen."}
{"id": "PMID:887805", "title": "The effect of orciprenaline sulphate on the in vitro production of postaglandins E and F by the guinea pig uterus.", "content": "The effect of orciprenaline sulphate on the in vitro production of PGs E and F by guinea pig uterine tissue homogenates has been investigated. Estmations of PGs were carried out using sensitive radioimmunoassay techniques. The results indicated that orciprenaline can effectively reduce the in vitro yield of PGs E and F from guinea pig uterine tissue. This could in turn be due to an inhibitory effect of orciprenalline on PG formation or due to stimulation of PG breadkdown by the drug. The implications of these results in relation to premature labour are discussed.", "contents": "The effect of orciprenaline sulphate on the in vitro production of postaglandins E and F by the guinea pig uterus. The effect of orciprenaline sulphate on the in vitro production of PGs E and F by guinea pig uterine tissue homogenates has been investigated. Estmations of PGs were carried out using sensitive radioimmunoassay techniques. The results indicated that orciprenaline can effectively reduce the in vitro yield of PGs E and F from guinea pig uterine tissue. This could in turn be due to an inhibitory effect of orciprenalline on PG formation or due to stimulation of PG breadkdown by the drug. The implications of these results in relation to premature labour are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:887806", "title": "Effect of prostaglandins F2alpha and E2 on milk ejection, blood pressure and blood flow through the mammary artery in the cow.", "content": "The influence of prostaglandins (PG) F2alpha and E2 on milk ejection, mammary artery blood flow and arterial blood pressure was studied in lactating cows. Injections of both PG in the jugular vein or the carotid artery induced milk ejection after a relatively long latency period. The minimal effective dose amounted to 1 to 5 microng and to 100 to 300 microng for PGF2alpha and PGE2 respectively. In several cases with PGF2alpha and once with PGE2 milk ejection was accompanied with a simultaneous increase in blood flow through the mammary artery whereas arterial blood pressure remained unchanged. Both routes of administration showed the same response. It was suggested that the effect of the PG on the bovine myoepithelium is indirect, possibly secondary to a release of oxytocin from the neurohypophysis.", "contents": "Effect of prostaglandins F2alpha and E2 on milk ejection, blood pressure and blood flow through the mammary artery in the cow. The influence of prostaglandins (PG) F2alpha and E2 on milk ejection, mammary artery blood flow and arterial blood pressure was studied in lactating cows. Injections of both PG in the jugular vein or the carotid artery induced milk ejection after a relatively long latency period. The minimal effective dose amounted to 1 to 5 microng and to 100 to 300 microng for PGF2alpha and PGE2 respectively. In several cases with PGF2alpha and once with PGE2 milk ejection was accompanied with a simultaneous increase in blood flow through the mammary artery whereas arterial blood pressure remained unchanged. Both routes of administration showed the same response. It was suggested that the effect of the PG on the bovine myoepithelium is indirect, possibly secondary to a release of oxytocin from the neurohypophysis."}
{"id": "PMID:887807", "title": "Failure of LH and/or prolactin to prevent PGF 2alpha-induced luteolysis of ovine corpora lutea.", "content": "Infusions of phosphate buffered saline, LH (4 microgram/min or 14 microgram/min), prolactin (42 microgram/min) or LH (4 microgram/min) plus prolactin (42 microgram/min) for 12 hr did not prevent luteolysis following intramuscular injections of prostaglandin F2alpha-tham salt two and six hr after beginning the infusion. Likewise, these treatments did not delay luteolysis since a similar rate of decline in peripheral plasma progesterone occurred in all groups. It was concluded that elevation of serum concentrations of LH and prolactin to high levels had no effect on PGF2alpha-induced luteolysis on day 8 following induced ovulation.", "contents": "Failure of LH and/or prolactin to prevent PGF 2alpha-induced luteolysis of ovine corpora lutea. Infusions of phosphate buffered saline, LH (4 microgram/min or 14 microgram/min), prolactin (42 microgram/min) or LH (4 microgram/min) plus prolactin (42 microgram/min) for 12 hr did not prevent luteolysis following intramuscular injections of prostaglandin F2alpha-tham salt two and six hr after beginning the infusion. Likewise, these treatments did not delay luteolysis since a similar rate of decline in peripheral plasma progesterone occurred in all groups. It was concluded that elevation of serum concentrations of LH and prolactin to high levels had no effect on PGF2alpha-induced luteolysis on day 8 following induced ovulation."}
{"id": "PMID:887830", "title": "The effect of electrical stimulation upon the activity of brain glutamate decarboxilase \"in vitro\".", "content": "Using the cytoplasmic soluble fraction from rat brain as a source of glutamate decarboxilase, its enzymatic activity was induced by electrical stimulation and determined by gas release. Modified Warburg's flasks were used for such determination. The limits of frequency and the use of sinusoidal waves were based on normal cerebral rhythms. At low frequencies, GAD activity is markedly enhanced (1-10 Hz, 2v, 500 muA). Activation of the enzyme may be due to distortion of the tertiary structure promoting thus an increased coupling between the substrate and the enzyme complex.", "contents": "The effect of electrical stimulation upon the activity of brain glutamate decarboxilase \"in vitro\". Using the cytoplasmic soluble fraction from rat brain as a source of glutamate decarboxilase, its enzymatic activity was induced by electrical stimulation and determined by gas release. Modified Warburg's flasks were used for such determination. The limits of frequency and the use of sinusoidal waves were based on normal cerebral rhythms. At low frequencies, GAD activity is markedly enhanced (1-10 Hz, 2v, 500 muA). Activation of the enzyme may be due to distortion of the tertiary structure promoting thus an increased coupling between the substrate and the enzyme complex."}
{"id": "PMID:887831", "title": "Ellis-van Creveld syndrome. An inbred kindred with five cases.", "content": "Five additional cases of a kindred with inbred Ellis-van Creveld syndrome are reported. Ectodermal dysplasia polydactyly, chondroectodermal dysplasia and possibly congenital heart diseases were present in all our cases. Cephalometric radiographs from one patient showed an enlargement of the mentum-groove-labial distance. The diagnosis of two individuals was performed by clinical and radiological examinations. An autosomal recessive mode of inheritance is strongly suggested by their pedigree.", "contents": "Ellis-van Creveld syndrome. An inbred kindred with five cases. Five additional cases of a kindred with inbred Ellis-van Creveld syndrome are reported. Ectodermal dysplasia polydactyly, chondroectodermal dysplasia and possibly congenital heart diseases were present in all our cases. Cephalometric radiographs from one patient showed an enlargement of the mentum-groove-labial distance. The diagnosis of two individuals was performed by clinical and radiological examinations. An autosomal recessive mode of inheritance is strongly suggested by their pedigree."}
{"id": "PMID:887832", "title": "Surgical anatomy of hepatic veins: morphologic and angiographic study in the dog.", "content": "Post-mortem angiography with Schlesinger mass was performed on 30 mongrel dogs to study the hepatic veins and its confluence into the caudal vena cava. The study was complemented by anatomic dissection of the specimens with the purpose of confronting angiographic and morphologic patterns. After sacrificing the animals by section of the cervical vessels, a right thoraco-abdominal incision was made with exposition of the vena cava followed by retrograde catheterization and injection of radiopaque mass through a polyethylene catheter. Two radiographies were performed, one with the dog in a supine position and another of the specimen after its withdraw \"en bloc\", from the abdominal cavity. The left hepatic division alone or the central and left divisions \"en bloc\" are the ones that should be used for studies of hepatic ressection, segmentar portal hypertension and lobar liver transplant.", "contents": "Surgical anatomy of hepatic veins: morphologic and angiographic study in the dog. Post-mortem angiography with Schlesinger mass was performed on 30 mongrel dogs to study the hepatic veins and its confluence into the caudal vena cava. The study was complemented by anatomic dissection of the specimens with the purpose of confronting angiographic and morphologic patterns. After sacrificing the animals by section of the cervical vessels, a right thoraco-abdominal incision was made with exposition of the vena cava followed by retrograde catheterization and injection of radiopaque mass through a polyethylene catheter. Two radiographies were performed, one with the dog in a supine position and another of the specimen after its withdraw \"en bloc\", from the abdominal cavity. The left hepatic division alone or the central and left divisions \"en bloc\" are the ones that should be used for studies of hepatic ressection, segmentar portal hypertension and lobar liver transplant."}
{"id": "PMID:887889", "title": "[A comparison between radiologic and endoscopic examinations of early cancer of the stomach (author's transl)].", "content": "Comparison between radiologic and endoscopic-bioptic examinations shows that, in early cancer, great demands are made on the radiologic technique and experience of the examiner. An integrated technique using relief- and double-contrast with additional induced hypotony can achieve demonstration of circumscribed shallow changes of less than 2 cm diameter in all segments of the stomach. With this technique over 80% of early cancers can be detected radiologically.", "contents": "[A comparison between radiologic and endoscopic examinations of early cancer of the stomach (author's transl)]. Comparison between radiologic and endoscopic-bioptic examinations shows that, in early cancer, great demands are made on the radiologic technique and experience of the examiner. An integrated technique using relief- and double-contrast with additional induced hypotony can achieve demonstration of circumscribed shallow changes of less than 2 cm diameter in all segments of the stomach. With this technique over 80% of early cancers can be detected radiologically."}
{"id": "PMID:887891", "title": "[Cancer and advanced pancreatitis of the head of pancreas in the ERCP (endoscopic retrograde cholangio-pancreaticography) (author's transl)].", "content": "3 cases each of carcinoma and chronic pancreatitis of the head of pancreas show tha difficulties of differential diagnosis in retrograde cholangio-pancreaticography. When both duct-systems are shown, diagnosis is facilitated when changes are typical. In favor of cancer--apart from well-known criteria--is the more frequent occurrence in the choledochus and, possibly, the higher age of the patients. All other possible techniques have to be utilized side by side with ERCP.", "contents": "[Cancer and advanced pancreatitis of the head of pancreas in the ERCP (endoscopic retrograde cholangio-pancreaticography) (author's transl)]. 3 cases each of carcinoma and chronic pancreatitis of the head of pancreas show tha difficulties of differential diagnosis in retrograde cholangio-pancreaticography. When both duct-systems are shown, diagnosis is facilitated when changes are typical. In favor of cancer--apart from well-known criteria--is the more frequent occurrence in the choledochus and, possibly, the higher age of the patients. All other possible techniques have to be utilized side by side with ERCP."}
{"id": "PMID:887892", "title": "Post-operative medical problems of the stomach (author's transl).", "content": "Short survey of late or long-term consequences of gastric operations (recurrent ulceration, postprandial discomfort, disturbances of motility, syndrome of malassimilation). The possible importance of the recently discovered gastro-intestinal hormones Motilin, Gastric Inhibitory Polypeptide (GIP) and Vaso-active Intestinal Peptide (VIP) is discussed.", "contents": "Post-operative medical problems of the stomach (author's transl). Short survey of late or long-term consequences of gastric operations (recurrent ulceration, postprandial discomfort, disturbances of motility, syndrome of malassimilation). The possible importance of the recently discovered gastro-intestinal hormones Motilin, Gastric Inhibitory Polypeptide (GIP) and Vaso-active Intestinal Peptide (VIP) is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:887893", "title": "[Radiologic signs in the colon in disease of the gallbladder (author's transl)].", "content": "Acute and chronic inflammation of the gallbladder may simulate pseudotumors of the right half of the colon; this may at times be obvious on straight films of the abdomen. Analysis of the changes of relief in contrast-examinations of the colon will lead to the correct diagnosis. Inflammatory reactions of the colon mostly appear near the mesocolic tenia. Cholecystocolic fistulae are mostly due to perforation of stones, only exceptionally to tumors. Adhesions appear to be the precondition for malignant infiltration and stoneperforation.", "contents": "[Radiologic signs in the colon in disease of the gallbladder (author's transl)]. Acute and chronic inflammation of the gallbladder may simulate pseudotumors of the right half of the colon; this may at times be obvious on straight films of the abdomen. Analysis of the changes of relief in contrast-examinations of the colon will lead to the correct diagnosis. Inflammatory reactions of the colon mostly appear near the mesocolic tenia. Cholecystocolic fistulae are mostly due to perforation of stones, only exceptionally to tumors. Adhesions appear to be the precondition for malignant infiltration and stoneperforation."}
{"id": "PMID:887894", "title": "[Benign disease of the throat in xerotomograms (Part I) (author's transl)].", "content": "The advantages of xeroradiography in radiology of the soft parts are emphasized. The technique in tomography of the throat is described. Typical benign diseases of the throat like acute or chronic inflammation, edema, pareses of the vocal cords and injuries are demonstrated on xerotomograms and discussed. Detail of the structures of the throat is better seen in xeroradiographic tomograms than in R\u00f6ntgentomograms.", "contents": "[Benign disease of the throat in xerotomograms (Part I) (author's transl)]. The advantages of xeroradiography in radiology of the soft parts are emphasized. The technique in tomography of the throat is described. Typical benign diseases of the throat like acute or chronic inflammation, edema, pareses of the vocal cords and injuries are demonstrated on xerotomograms and discussed. Detail of the structures of the throat is better seen in xeroradiographic tomograms than in R\u00f6ntgentomograms."}
{"id": "PMID:887895", "title": "[The value of xerotomography in the radiologic diagnosis of chronic cervical myelopathy (author's transl)].", "content": "Report on experience with radiologic diagnosis of 13 patients with chronic cervical myelopathy, who were examined at our clinic within 6 months. The various neuroradiologic findings are described and evaluated as to their causal importance. If plain radiograms show a spinal canal of normal diameter and where there are no multiple osteochondrotic changes, examinations with positive contrast media are most suitable. Air myelograms should be used when the advantages of xerotomography can be made use of.", "contents": "[The value of xerotomography in the radiologic diagnosis of chronic cervical myelopathy (author's transl)]. Report on experience with radiologic diagnosis of 13 patients with chronic cervical myelopathy, who were examined at our clinic within 6 months. The various neuroradiologic findings are described and evaluated as to their causal importance. If plain radiograms show a spinal canal of normal diameter and where there are no multiple osteochondrotic changes, examinations with positive contrast media are most suitable. Air myelograms should be used when the advantages of xerotomography can be made use of."}
{"id": "PMID:887896", "title": "[Hydroxyapatite rheumatism (multiple tendon calcification disease). II. - Microscopic study - HL-A antigen - Experimental arthritis - Pathogeny].", "content": "Optical and electron microscopic studies of the articular fluid in multiple calcification disease reveals the existence of rounded intra- and extracellular crystalline formations. These crystalline formations of calcium and phosphorus are made up of accumulations of tiny crystals shaped like fine needles 200 nm X 15-20 nm and are highly suggestive of hydroxyapatite. Crystals injected into the plantar pads of rats or the knees of rabbits induce an acute inflammatory reaction maximal at 5 hours and recovering in 24 72 hours. Hydroxyapatite crystals are swiftly dissolved in serum and more rapidly still when cells are present. Their dissolution releases calcium into the surrounding area. HLA typing of patients with multiple tendinous calcification (28 cases) or single tendinous calcification (10 cases) shows an increased frequency of HLA A2 and BW 35 in comparison with controls.", "contents": "[Hydroxyapatite rheumatism (multiple tendon calcification disease). II. - Microscopic study - HL-A antigen - Experimental arthritis - Pathogeny]. Optical and electron microscopic studies of the articular fluid in multiple calcification disease reveals the existence of rounded intra- and extracellular crystalline formations. These crystalline formations of calcium and phosphorus are made up of accumulations of tiny crystals shaped like fine needles 200 nm X 15-20 nm and are highly suggestive of hydroxyapatite. Crystals injected into the plantar pads of rats or the knees of rabbits induce an acute inflammatory reaction maximal at 5 hours and recovering in 24 72 hours. Hydroxyapatite crystals are swiftly dissolved in serum and more rapidly still when cells are present. Their dissolution releases calcium into the surrounding area. HLA typing of patients with multiple tendinous calcification (28 cases) or single tendinous calcification (10 cases) shows an increased frequency of HLA A2 and BW 35 in comparison with controls."}
{"id": "PMID:887914", "title": "Body infestations.", "content": "The common body infestations, their incidence, diagnosis and treatment are discussed. Pediculosis capitis still has a high incidence in Britain. The louse could probably be effectively eradicated provided a national campaign of treatment and education were undertaken. Intensive therapy with a malathion containing preparation should be used before the louse develops resistance to this new organophosphorus insecticide. Similarly, scabies can be effectively treated. All doctors should be aware of the signs and symptoms of this common dermatosis and its treatment.", "contents": "Body infestations. The common body infestations, their incidence, diagnosis and treatment are discussed. Pediculosis capitis still has a high incidence in Britain. The louse could probably be effectively eradicated provided a national campaign of treatment and education were undertaken. Intensive therapy with a malathion containing preparation should be used before the louse develops resistance to this new organophosphorus insecticide. Similarly, scabies can be effectively treated. All doctors should be aware of the signs and symptoms of this common dermatosis and its treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:887916", "title": "Enzymic activities of commercial preparations of pancreatic enzymes.", "content": "The enzymic activities of 20 commercial pancreatic extracts have been measured by standard (F.I.P.) methods of assay and the activities have been compared with a standard preparation of pancreatin supplied by the British Pharmacopoeia Commission. A wide range of enzymic activities was found. The tabulated cost per unit of enzymic activities provides a guide to one aspect of the potential therapeutic efficacy of pancreatic extracts in the treatment of pancreatic exocrine insufficiency.", "contents": "Enzymic activities of commercial preparations of pancreatic enzymes. The enzymic activities of 20 commercial pancreatic extracts have been measured by standard (F.I.P.) methods of assay and the activities have been compared with a standard preparation of pancreatin supplied by the British Pharmacopoeia Commission. A wide range of enzymic activities was found. The tabulated cost per unit of enzymic activities provides a guide to one aspect of the potential therapeutic efficacy of pancreatic extracts in the treatment of pancreatic exocrine insufficiency."}
{"id": "PMID:887917", "title": "Methylmercury poisoning in the harp seal (Pagophilus groenlandicus).", "content": "Hematological and blood chemistry values were examined in harp seals (Pagophilus groenlandicus) exposed to daily oral dosages of methylmercuric chloride (MMC). Two seals, exposed to 0.25 mg MMC/kg body weight/day for 60 and 90 days, respectively, did not show abnormal blood values. Two other seals exposed to 25.0 mg MMC/kg body weight/day died on day 20 and 26 of exposure. Blood parameters indicated toxic hepatitis, uremia and renal failure. Total mercury and methylmercury values in the tissues of the experimental animals indicated that harp seals can tolerate high levels of mercury in the brain and that the observed renal and hepatic dysfunction were related to the high accumulation of mercury in these tissues. Tests of renal function are useful in cases of severe methylmercury poisoning.", "contents": "Methylmercury poisoning in the harp seal (Pagophilus groenlandicus). Hematological and blood chemistry values were examined in harp seals (Pagophilus groenlandicus) exposed to daily oral dosages of methylmercuric chloride (MMC). Two seals, exposed to 0.25 mg MMC/kg body weight/day for 60 and 90 days, respectively, did not show abnormal blood values. Two other seals exposed to 25.0 mg MMC/kg body weight/day died on day 20 and 26 of exposure. Blood parameters indicated toxic hepatitis, uremia and renal failure. Total mercury and methylmercury values in the tissues of the experimental animals indicated that harp seals can tolerate high levels of mercury in the brain and that the observed renal and hepatic dysfunction were related to the high accumulation of mercury in these tissues. Tests of renal function are useful in cases of severe methylmercury poisoning."}
{"id": "PMID:887918", "title": "Multistranded helix in xanthan polysaccharide.", "content": "The extracellular polysaccharide xanthan is shown by electron microscopy to be an unbranched, probably double-stranded fiber 4 nanometers wide and 2 to 10 micrometers long when native. Denaturation yields a single strand only 2 nanometers wide and 0.3 to 1.8 micrometers long. Renatured xanthan shows short unraveled regions with two or three strands arranged in a right-handed twist.", "contents": "Multistranded helix in xanthan polysaccharide. The extracellular polysaccharide xanthan is shown by electron microscopy to be an unbranched, probably double-stranded fiber 4 nanometers wide and 2 to 10 micrometers long when native. Denaturation yields a single strand only 2 nanometers wide and 0.3 to 1.8 micrometers long. Renatured xanthan shows short unraveled regions with two or three strands arranged in a right-handed twist."}
{"id": "PMID:887919", "title": "Phase control of neural pacemakers.", "content": "An electrical stimulus resets the phase of a spontaneously rhythmic neuron. The \"new phase\" versus \"old phase\" curve shows either of two distinct topological characters, depending on the stimulus magnitude. These features, and a phase singularity implicit in them, are common to many stable oscillations deriving from continuous feedback between two or more biophysical quantities.", "contents": "Phase control of neural pacemakers. An electrical stimulus resets the phase of a spontaneously rhythmic neuron. The \"new phase\" versus \"old phase\" curve shows either of two distinct topological characters, depending on the stimulus magnitude. These features, and a phase singularity implicit in them, are common to many stable oscillations deriving from continuous feedback between two or more biophysical quantities."}
{"id": "PMID:887920", "title": "Polarity reversal in nerve-free hydra.", "content": "Hydra experimentally depleted of all nerve cells and nerve stem cells (interstitial cells) demonstrate normal polarity reversal. Thus hydra epithelial cells are capable of controlling complex developmental patterning phenomena.", "contents": "Polarity reversal in nerve-free hydra. Hydra experimentally depleted of all nerve cells and nerve stem cells (interstitial cells) demonstrate normal polarity reversal. Thus hydra epithelial cells are capable of controlling complex developmental patterning phenomena."}
{"id": "PMID:887921", "title": "Ovarian hormone: lack of effect on reproductive structures of female Asian musk shrews.", "content": "Uterine and vaginal weights and histologies are not altered by ovariectomy or estrogen treatment in the Asian musk shrew (Suncus murinus). In addition, ovariectomized shrews mate. Thus, the role of ovarian hormones in the control of the reproductive status of this species does not conform to the accepted mammalian pattern.", "contents": "Ovarian hormone: lack of effect on reproductive structures of female Asian musk shrews. Uterine and vaginal weights and histologies are not altered by ovariectomy or estrogen treatment in the Asian musk shrew (Suncus murinus). In addition, ovariectomized shrews mate. Thus, the role of ovarian hormones in the control of the reproductive status of this species does not conform to the accepted mammalian pattern."}
{"id": "PMID:887922", "title": "Loss of Y-cells in the lateral geniculate nucleus of monocularly deprived tree shrews.", "content": "In tree shrews (Tupaia glis) reared with one eye closed, Y-cells were almost entirely absent in the binocular segment of the lateral geniculate laminae receiving input from the deprived eye. Y-cells were found in the monocular segment of these laminae, and in the binocular segment of the laminae with input from the normal eye. X-cells were present in both the deprived and normal laminae and appeared unaffected by the deprivation. A number of abnormal cells were also found, and these were located primarily in the binocular segment where Y-cells were absent.", "contents": "Loss of Y-cells in the lateral geniculate nucleus of monocularly deprived tree shrews. In tree shrews (Tupaia glis) reared with one eye closed, Y-cells were almost entirely absent in the binocular segment of the lateral geniculate laminae receiving input from the deprived eye. Y-cells were found in the monocular segment of these laminae, and in the binocular segment of the laminae with input from the normal eye. X-cells were present in both the deprived and normal laminae and appeared unaffected by the deprivation. A number of abnormal cells were also found, and these were located primarily in the binocular segment where Y-cells were absent."}
{"id": "PMID:887923", "title": "Augmenting mental chronometry: the P300 as a measure of stimulus evaluation time.", "content": "A technique for measuring the latency of the P300 component of event-related brain potentials on individual trials is described. Choice reaction times and the latency of the P300 were compared under speed-maximizing and under accuracy-mazimising instructions. The choice stimuli required different levels of semantic categorization. The data support the proposition that the latency of P300 corresponds to stimulus evaluation time and is independent of response selection.", "contents": "Augmenting mental chronometry: the P300 as a measure of stimulus evaluation time. A technique for measuring the latency of the P300 component of event-related brain potentials on individual trials is described. Choice reaction times and the latency of the P300 were compared under speed-maximizing and under accuracy-mazimising instructions. The choice stimuli required different levels of semantic categorization. The data support the proposition that the latency of P300 corresponds to stimulus evaluation time and is independent of response selection."}
{"id": "PMID:887924", "title": "Progressive brain damage accelerates axon sprouting in the adult rat.", "content": "An entorhinal cortical lesion causes undamaged fibers in the deafferented hippocampus to sprout and form new connections within 4 to 7 days after the lesion was made. When a partial lesion of the entorhinal cortex precedes a second, more complete entorhinal lesion by a few days, the rate of axon sprouting is accelerated so that the response to the second lesion occurs within only 2 days. This priming effect is present within 4 days, lasts for a few weeks, and eventually subsides. This acceleration may explain, in part, the faster recovery and reduced deficits seen in behavioral studies that have followed serial lesion paradigms.", "contents": "Progressive brain damage accelerates axon sprouting in the adult rat. An entorhinal cortical lesion causes undamaged fibers in the deafferented hippocampus to sprout and form new connections within 4 to 7 days after the lesion was made. When a partial lesion of the entorhinal cortex precedes a second, more complete entorhinal lesion by a few days, the rate of axon sprouting is accelerated so that the response to the second lesion occurs within only 2 days. This priming effect is present within 4 days, lasts for a few weeks, and eventually subsides. This acceleration may explain, in part, the faster recovery and reduced deficits seen in behavioral studies that have followed serial lesion paradigms."}
{"id": "PMID:887925", "title": "Animal parthenogenesis.", "content": "The available evidence on the ecological factors favoring the existence and origin of natural parthenogenesis is evaluated. Analysis of the geographical distributions of the well-known cases of animal parthenogenesis in nature reveals (i) that most of these species exist in natural disclimax communities and (ii) that within these communities they exist in isolation from closely related congeneric species. Parthenogenesis can only evolve in areas devoid of the generating bisexual species, because such species would prevent newly formed unisexuals from establishing clones due either to hybridization or competition. Furthermore, the two unique features allowing parthenogenetic species to invade and occupy open habitats faster than bisexuals are (i) a double intrinsic rate of increase and (ii) the ability of one individual to establish a new colony.", "contents": "Animal parthenogenesis. The available evidence on the ecological factors favoring the existence and origin of natural parthenogenesis is evaluated. Analysis of the geographical distributions of the well-known cases of animal parthenogenesis in nature reveals (i) that most of these species exist in natural disclimax communities and (ii) that within these communities they exist in isolation from closely related congeneric species. Parthenogenesis can only evolve in areas devoid of the generating bisexual species, because such species would prevent newly formed unisexuals from establishing clones due either to hybridization or competition. Furthermore, the two unique features allowing parthenogenetic species to invade and occupy open habitats faster than bisexuals are (i) a double intrinsic rate of increase and (ii) the ability of one individual to establish a new colony."}
{"id": "PMID:887926", "title": "Venous gas bubbles: production by transient, deep isobaric counterdiffusion of helium against nitrogen.", "content": "When awake goats were subjected to isobaric gas switching from saturation (17 hours) on 4.7 atmospheres of nitrogen (0.3 atmosphere of oxygen) to 4.7 atmospheres of helium (0.3 atmosphere of oxygen), bubbles detected by 5-megahertz Doppler ultrasound in the posterior vena cava 20 to 60 minutes after the switch continued for 4 hours. Similar experiments carried out at 6.7 atmospheres of inert gas and 0.3 atmosphere of oxygen produced more bubbles for as long as 12 hours after the gas switch. This is believed to be the first objective demonstration of the phenomenon of deep isobaric supersaturation under transient operational diving conditions at relatively shallow diving depths. Detection of bubbles by Doppler ultrasound confirms the potential importance of the phenomenon to shallow saturation diving and holds promise for better quantitification of its effects as well as those of its counterpart, isobaric undersaturation, which can confer a decompression advantage.", "contents": "Venous gas bubbles: production by transient, deep isobaric counterdiffusion of helium against nitrogen. When awake goats were subjected to isobaric gas switching from saturation (17 hours) on 4.7 atmospheres of nitrogen (0.3 atmosphere of oxygen) to 4.7 atmospheres of helium (0.3 atmosphere of oxygen), bubbles detected by 5-megahertz Doppler ultrasound in the posterior vena cava 20 to 60 minutes after the switch continued for 4 hours. Similar experiments carried out at 6.7 atmospheres of inert gas and 0.3 atmosphere of oxygen produced more bubbles for as long as 12 hours after the gas switch. This is believed to be the first objective demonstration of the phenomenon of deep isobaric supersaturation under transient operational diving conditions at relatively shallow diving depths. Detection of bubbles by Doppler ultrasound confirms the potential importance of the phenomenon to shallow saturation diving and holds promise for better quantitification of its effects as well as those of its counterpart, isobaric undersaturation, which can confer a decompression advantage."}
{"id": "PMID:887927", "title": "Metastasis results from preexisting variant cells within a malignant tumor.", "content": "Clones derived in vitro from a parent culture of murine malignant melanoma cells varied greatly in their ability to produce metastatic colonies in the lungs upon intravenous inoculation into syngeneic mice. This suggests that the parent tumor is heterogeneous and that highly metastatic tumor cell variants preexist in the parental population.", "contents": "Metastasis results from preexisting variant cells within a malignant tumor. Clones derived in vitro from a parent culture of murine malignant melanoma cells varied greatly in their ability to produce metastatic colonies in the lungs upon intravenous inoculation into syngeneic mice. This suggests that the parent tumor is heterogeneous and that highly metastatic tumor cell variants preexist in the parental population."}
{"id": "PMID:887928", "title": "Liquid chromatographic analysis of endogenous catecholamine release from brain slices.", "content": "A simple new liquid chromatographic technique has been applied to transmitter release studies in brain slice preparations. This method, which gives direct readings of picomoles of endogenous transmitter released, has been shown to yield reliable results with a variety of brain slice manipulations.", "contents": "Liquid chromatographic analysis of endogenous catecholamine release from brain slices. A simple new liquid chromatographic technique has been applied to transmitter release studies in brain slice preparations. This method, which gives direct readings of picomoles of endogenous transmitter released, has been shown to yield reliable results with a variety of brain slice manipulations."}
{"id": "PMID:887929", "title": "Psoralen-DNA photoreaction: controlled production of mono- and diadducts with nanosecond ultraviolet laser pulses.", "content": "Samples of DNA which contain adducts of a new psoralen derivative, but no cross-links, have been prepared by irradiating mixtures of DNA and the derivative with single, 15-nanosecond pulses of laser light. Succeeding pulses introduce cross-links. The ability to rapidly and selectively create monoadducts and corss-links may allow the use of psoralens as probes of dynamic processes in living cells.", "contents": "Psoralen-DNA photoreaction: controlled production of mono- and diadducts with nanosecond ultraviolet laser pulses. Samples of DNA which contain adducts of a new psoralen derivative, but no cross-links, have been prepared by irradiating mixtures of DNA and the derivative with single, 15-nanosecond pulses of laser light. Succeeding pulses introduce cross-links. The ability to rapidly and selectively create monoadducts and corss-links may allow the use of psoralens as probes of dynamic processes in living cells."}
{"id": "PMID:887930", "title": "Reye's syndrome: patient serum alters mitochondrial function and morphology in vitro.", "content": "A direct relationship between a putative Reye's syndrome \"serum factor\" and generalized mitochondrial damage has been demonstrated in vitro. The clinical features of Reye's syndrome may be secondary to disrupted mitochondrial structure and a consequent impairment of energy-linked functions involving many organs.", "contents": "Reye's syndrome: patient serum alters mitochondrial function and morphology in vitro. A direct relationship between a putative Reye's syndrome \"serum factor\" and generalized mitochondrial damage has been demonstrated in vitro. The clinical features of Reye's syndrome may be secondary to disrupted mitochondrial structure and a consequent impairment of energy-linked functions involving many organs."}
{"id": "PMID:887931", "title": "Alcohol tolerance in a cholinergic nerve terminal: relation to the membrane expansion-fluidization theory of ethanol action.", "content": "Phrenic nerve terminals from rats subjected to long-term ethanol treatment were more resistant to ethanol (in vitro) than terminals from sucrose-fed rats, as measured by the effect of ethanol on the frequency of miniature end plate potentials. Long-term ethanol exposure may thus induce the synthesis of more rigid membrane lipids, reducing membrane \"fluidizability\". This may provide a neurocellular basis for ethanol tolerance and cross-tolerance with anesthetics and barbiturates.", "contents": "Alcohol tolerance in a cholinergic nerve terminal: relation to the membrane expansion-fluidization theory of ethanol action. Phrenic nerve terminals from rats subjected to long-term ethanol treatment were more resistant to ethanol (in vitro) than terminals from sucrose-fed rats, as measured by the effect of ethanol on the frequency of miniature end plate potentials. Long-term ethanol exposure may thus induce the synthesis of more rigid membrane lipids, reducing membrane \"fluidizability\". This may provide a neurocellular basis for ethanol tolerance and cross-tolerance with anesthetics and barbiturates."}
{"id": "PMID:887932", "title": "Synaptic mechanism of pentylenetetrazole: selectivity for chloride conductance.", "content": "In the neurons of Aplysia californica pentylenetetrazole (2 millimolar) greatly reduced chloride-dependent responses to the iontophoresis of putative transmitters. At the same concentration, pentylenetetrazole caused less attenuation of the other iontophoretic responses and had minimal membrane effects. Several convulsants have been observed to have a similar selectivity for the chloride conductance. A common mechanism of convulsant action--reduction of transmitter-induced chloride conductances--is hypothesized.", "contents": "Synaptic mechanism of pentylenetetrazole: selectivity for chloride conductance. In the neurons of Aplysia californica pentylenetetrazole (2 millimolar) greatly reduced chloride-dependent responses to the iontophoresis of putative transmitters. At the same concentration, pentylenetetrazole caused less attenuation of the other iontophoretic responses and had minimal membrane effects. Several convulsants have been observed to have a similar selectivity for the chloride conductance. A common mechanism of convulsant action--reduction of transmitter-induced chloride conductances--is hypothesized."}
{"id": "PMID:887933", "title": "Relaxin: a disulfide homolog of insulin.", "content": "Relaxin, a peptide hormone responsible for the widening of the birth canal in mammals, has been purified from the ovaries of pregnant hogs. The amino acid sequences of its constituent A and B chains were determined, and the positions of the disulfide cross-links were established. Relaxin was shown to be identical to insulin with respect to its disulfide bond distribution, but significant homology was lacking in other positions. These findings suggest that relaxin and insulin were derived from a common ancestral gene. Since the intrauterine mode of propagation is synonymous with the development of mammals, the genetic distance between insulin and relaxin should therefore permit an estimate of the earliest possible time of commitment of one evolutionary branch to the development of mammals. This event was estimated to have occurred about 5 X 10(8) years ago.", "contents": "Relaxin: a disulfide homolog of insulin. Relaxin, a peptide hormone responsible for the widening of the birth canal in mammals, has been purified from the ovaries of pregnant hogs. The amino acid sequences of its constituent A and B chains were determined, and the positions of the disulfide cross-links were established. Relaxin was shown to be identical to insulin with respect to its disulfide bond distribution, but significant homology was lacking in other positions. These findings suggest that relaxin and insulin were derived from a common ancestral gene. Since the intrauterine mode of propagation is synonymous with the development of mammals, the genetic distance between insulin and relaxin should therefore permit an estimate of the earliest possible time of commitment of one evolutionary branch to the development of mammals. This event was estimated to have occurred about 5 X 10(8) years ago."}
{"id": "PMID:887934", "title": "Quantitation of dimethylnitrosamine in the whole mouse after biosynthesis in vivo from trace levels of precursors.", "content": "A simple and highly sensitive procedure is described for the recovery and quantitative identification of nanogram quantities of preformed N-nitroso compounds in the whole mouse. This procedure has also been applied to the quantitation of N-nitroso compounds after they have been biosynthesized from trace amounts of precursors. The whole animal is frozen in liquid nitrogen and homogenized to a frozen powder; the powder is then extracted and analyzed by a thermal energy analyzer interfaced to a gas-liquid and a high-pressure liquid chromatograph.", "contents": "Quantitation of dimethylnitrosamine in the whole mouse after biosynthesis in vivo from trace levels of precursors. A simple and highly sensitive procedure is described for the recovery and quantitative identification of nanogram quantities of preformed N-nitroso compounds in the whole mouse. This procedure has also been applied to the quantitation of N-nitroso compounds after they have been biosynthesized from trace amounts of precursors. The whole animal is frozen in liquid nitrogen and homogenized to a frozen powder; the powder is then extracted and analyzed by a thermal energy analyzer interfaced to a gas-liquid and a high-pressure liquid chromatograph."}
{"id": "PMID:887935", "title": "Age-related changes in the hepatic endoplasmic reticulum: a quantitative analysis.", "content": "Morphometric analysis demonstrated a twofold increase in the surface area of the hepatic endoplasmic reticulum in Fischer 344 rats between 1 and 20 months of age, followed by a significant decrease in this parameter between 20 and 30 months. These changes are attributed to the smooth-surfaced endoplasmic reticulum, since neither the rough-surfaced variety nor the Golgi membranes underwent any significant change in surface area as a function of the age of the animal.", "contents": "Age-related changes in the hepatic endoplasmic reticulum: a quantitative analysis. Morphometric analysis demonstrated a twofold increase in the surface area of the hepatic endoplasmic reticulum in Fischer 344 rats between 1 and 20 months of age, followed by a significant decrease in this parameter between 20 and 30 months. These changes are attributed to the smooth-surfaced endoplasmic reticulum, since neither the rough-surfaced variety nor the Golgi membranes underwent any significant change in surface area as a function of the age of the animal."}
{"id": "PMID:887936", "title": "Phase separation of a protein-water mixture in cold cataract in the young rat lens.", "content": "A remarkable resemblance between the appearance of opacity in lysozyme--salt water mixtures and the development of opacity in cold cataract in the young rat lens is strong evidence that cold cataract is fundamentally a phase separation of the \"protein-water binary mixture\" in the lens.", "contents": "Phase separation of a protein-water mixture in cold cataract in the young rat lens. A remarkable resemblance between the appearance of opacity in lysozyme--salt water mixtures and the development of opacity in cold cataract in the young rat lens is strong evidence that cold cataract is fundamentally a phase separation of the \"protein-water binary mixture\" in the lens."}
{"id": "PMID:887937", "title": "Diet and uptake of aldomet by the brain: competition with natural large neutral amino acids.", "content": "The rise in levels of aldomet in the brains of rats after an injection of the alpha-methylated amino acid was depressed when large neutral amino acids, but not acidic amino acids, were coadministered with the drug. This result suggests that aldomet is transported into brain by the carrier for natural large neutral amino acids. The prior ingestion of a carbohydrate meal, which lowers levels of neural amino acids in the serum, enhanced the uptake of aldomet into brain; the consumption of a protein-containing meal inhibited the subsequent uptake of aldomet into the brain. Antecedent diet can thus affect the availability of aldomet to the central nervous system; the mechanism of this effect probably involves the blood-brain barrier uptake system for large neutral amino acids.", "contents": "Diet and uptake of aldomet by the brain: competition with natural large neutral amino acids. The rise in levels of aldomet in the brains of rats after an injection of the alpha-methylated amino acid was depressed when large neutral amino acids, but not acidic amino acids, were coadministered with the drug. This result suggests that aldomet is transported into brain by the carrier for natural large neutral amino acids. The prior ingestion of a carbohydrate meal, which lowers levels of neural amino acids in the serum, enhanced the uptake of aldomet into brain; the consumption of a protein-containing meal inhibited the subsequent uptake of aldomet into the brain. Antecedent diet can thus affect the availability of aldomet to the central nervous system; the mechanism of this effect probably involves the blood-brain barrier uptake system for large neutral amino acids."}
{"id": "PMID:887938", "title": "Glucocorticoid in inflammatory proliferative skin disease reduces arachidonic and hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acids.", "content": "Psoriasis is a prototype of several common, glucocorticoid responsive, inflammatory proliferative skin diseases. Within 28 hours, glucocorticoid reduced the increased concentration of free arachidonic acid in diseased tissue. This reduction was observed prior to visible improvement of disease and may be an important molecular mechanism for the therapeutic efficacy of glucocorticoids in psoriasis and similar inflammatory diseases.", "contents": "Glucocorticoid in inflammatory proliferative skin disease reduces arachidonic and hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acids. Psoriasis is a prototype of several common, glucocorticoid responsive, inflammatory proliferative skin diseases. Within 28 hours, glucocorticoid reduced the increased concentration of free arachidonic acid in diseased tissue. This reduction was observed prior to visible improvement of disease and may be an important molecular mechanism for the therapeutic efficacy of glucocorticoids in psoriasis and similar inflammatory diseases."}
{"id": "PMID:887939", "title": "A specific high-affinity binding macromolecule for 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 in fetal bone.", "content": "Cytosol fractions were prepared from fetal rat or embryonic chick calvaria and analyzed for binding of vitamin D3 metabolites on sucrose density gradients. Both cytosol fractions contain a 3.5S macromolecule which specifically binds 1,25-dihydroxy-[3H]vitamin D3 and in addition, a 5 to 6S macromolecule which binds 25-hydroxy-[3H]vitamin D3. In rat calvaria cytosol, 1,25-dihydroxy-[3H]vitamin D3 also binds to the 5 to 6S macromolecule but appears to have greater affinity for the 3.5S component.", "contents": "A specific high-affinity binding macromolecule for 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 in fetal bone. Cytosol fractions were prepared from fetal rat or embryonic chick calvaria and analyzed for binding of vitamin D3 metabolites on sucrose density gradients. Both cytosol fractions contain a 3.5S macromolecule which specifically binds 1,25-dihydroxy-[3H]vitamin D3 and in addition, a 5 to 6S macromolecule which binds 25-hydroxy-[3H]vitamin D3. In rat calvaria cytosol, 1,25-dihydroxy-[3H]vitamin D3 also binds to the 5 to 6S macromolecule but appears to have greater affinity for the 3.5S component."}
{"id": "PMID:887940", "title": "Suprachiasmatic nucleus: use of 14C-labeled deoxyglucose uptake as a functional marker.", "content": "Glucose consumption of the rat suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN) was studied under various experimental conditions by means of the [14C]deoxyglucose (DG) technique. The results show that glucose consumption of the SCN, in contrast to other brain structures, is a function of both the time of day and environmental lighting conditions. These data are consistent with the hypothesis that the SCN have an essential role in circadian rhythm regulation and indicate that the DG technique may provide a novel approach for the study of the central neural mechanisms underlying circadian rhythm regulation.", "contents": "Suprachiasmatic nucleus: use of 14C-labeled deoxyglucose uptake as a functional marker. Glucose consumption of the rat suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN) was studied under various experimental conditions by means of the [14C]deoxyglucose (DG) technique. The results show that glucose consumption of the SCN, in contrast to other brain structures, is a function of both the time of day and environmental lighting conditions. These data are consistent with the hypothesis that the SCN have an essential role in circadian rhythm regulation and indicate that the DG technique may provide a novel approach for the study of the central neural mechanisms underlying circadian rhythm regulation."}
{"id": "PMID:887941", "title": "Neurogenesis in the adult rat: electron microscopic analysis of light radioautographs.", "content": "Three-month-old rats were injected intraperitoneally with [3H]thymidine (4.3 microcuries per gram of body weight) and allowed to survive for 30 days. Radioautography of 1-micrometer sections revealed labeled cells in the granular layers of dentate gyrus and olfactory bulb; these were confirmed as neurons by electron microscopy of reembedded 1-micrometer sections.", "contents": "Neurogenesis in the adult rat: electron microscopic analysis of light radioautographs. Three-month-old rats were injected intraperitoneally with [3H]thymidine (4.3 microcuries per gram of body weight) and allowed to survive for 30 days. Radioautography of 1-micrometer sections revealed labeled cells in the granular layers of dentate gyrus and olfactory bulb; these were confirmed as neurons by electron microscopy of reembedded 1-micrometer sections."}
{"id": "PMID:887942", "title": "An adenylate cyclase of brain reflects propensity for breast cancer in mice.", "content": "High propensity for breast cancer in mice was associated with low dopamine-stimulated adenylate cyclase activity in the brain, low spontaneous motorization, and low motor responses to injections of the catecholamine precursor, L-dopa.", "contents": "An adenylate cyclase of brain reflects propensity for breast cancer in mice. High propensity for breast cancer in mice was associated with low dopamine-stimulated adenylate cyclase activity in the brain, low spontaneous motorization, and low motor responses to injections of the catecholamine precursor, L-dopa."}
{"id": "PMID:887943", "title": "Communication deviance in the families of schizophrenics: a comment on the misuse of analysis of covariance.", "content": "Serious contradictions in recent research programs concerning communication anomalies in parents of schizophrenics have been generated by invalid statistical analyses. The method of analysis used, the analysis of covariance, can lead to erroneous conclusions in the context of these studies, and thus, other means must be sought for bringing these important research programs into common focus.", "contents": "Communication deviance in the families of schizophrenics: a comment on the misuse of analysis of covariance. Serious contradictions in recent research programs concerning communication anomalies in parents of schizophrenics have been generated by invalid statistical analyses. The method of analysis used, the analysis of covariance, can lead to erroneous conclusions in the context of these studies, and thus, other means must be sought for bringing these important research programs into common focus."}
{"id": "PMID:887948", "title": "Mixtures of substances with similar tastes. A test of a psychophysical model of taste mixture interactions.", "content": "When substances of similar taste are mixed, the mixture can show suppression or synergism. That is, the perceived intensity of the mixture can be less than or greater than the sum of the perceived intensities of the components. In the present study, these departures from simple additivity could be predicted from the psychophysical functions relating tast intensity to stimulus concentration of the unmixed components. Psychophysical functions are said to show compression when successive increments in concentration produce progessively smaller increments in perceived intensity and to show expansion when successive increments in concentration produce progressively larger increments in perceived intensity. Suppression resulted from mixtures of substances with compressed psychophysical functions, and synergism resulted from mixtures of substances with expanded functions.", "contents": "Mixtures of substances with similar tastes. A test of a psychophysical model of taste mixture interactions. When substances of similar taste are mixed, the mixture can show suppression or synergism. That is, the perceived intensity of the mixture can be less than or greater than the sum of the perceived intensities of the components. In the present study, these departures from simple additivity could be predicted from the psychophysical functions relating tast intensity to stimulus concentration of the unmixed components. Psychophysical functions are said to show compression when successive increments in concentration produce progessively smaller increments in perceived intensity and to show expansion when successive increments in concentration produce progressively larger increments in perceived intensity. Suppression resulted from mixtures of substances with compressed psychophysical functions, and synergism resulted from mixtures of substances with expanded functions."}
{"id": "PMID:887949", "title": "Enhancement of vibrotactile sensation magnitude and predictions from the duplex model of mechanoreception.", "content": "The degree to which the sensation magnitude of a vibrotactile stimulus is enhanced by a prior stimulus was studied for vibration of the thenar eminence of the right hand. Enhancement was measured by a psychophysical matching procedure in which two brief stimuli separated by a variable time interval were presented to the skin and the subject adjusted a third stimulus to match the sensation magnitude of the second stimulus. By this procedure, it is possible to determine functional relationships between enhancement and the time interval between stimuli, the intensity of the stimuli, and the frequency of the stimuli. The results were consistent with the duplex model of mechanoreception.", "contents": "Enhancement of vibrotactile sensation magnitude and predictions from the duplex model of mechanoreception. The degree to which the sensation magnitude of a vibrotactile stimulus is enhanced by a prior stimulus was studied for vibration of the thenar eminence of the right hand. Enhancement was measured by a psychophysical matching procedure in which two brief stimuli separated by a variable time interval were presented to the skin and the subject adjusted a third stimulus to match the sensation magnitude of the second stimulus. By this procedure, it is possible to determine functional relationships between enhancement and the time interval between stimuli, the intensity of the stimuli, and the frequency of the stimuli. The results were consistent with the duplex model of mechanoreception."}
{"id": "PMID:887950", "title": "Mutual action of taste and olfaction.", "content": "Subjects estimated the intensity of various concentrations of an odorant (ethyl butyrate), a tastant (sodium saccharin), and mixtures of the two. The question of primary interest was whether the perceived intensity of the odor-tast mixtures would be equal to, greater than , or less than the intensities of the unmixed components. The outcome approximated simple additivity: The intensity of the mixtures was only slightly less than the sum of the perceived intensities of the unmixed components. An examination of how subjects apportioned their judgments into the categories odor and taste revealed the existence of taste-smell confusions. Subjects ascribed little odor magnitude to solutions containing only sodium saccharin, but ascribed considerable taste magnitude to solutions containing only ethyl butyrate. The taste ascribed to ethyl butyrate was not due exclusively to its action on gustation since, when the nostrils were closed, as much as 80% of the \"taste\" disappeared. Subjects seem to resolve ambiguity regarding the locus of mutual olfactory-taste stimulation in favor of taste.", "contents": "Mutual action of taste and olfaction. Subjects estimated the intensity of various concentrations of an odorant (ethyl butyrate), a tastant (sodium saccharin), and mixtures of the two. The question of primary interest was whether the perceived intensity of the odor-tast mixtures would be equal to, greater than , or less than the intensities of the unmixed components. The outcome approximated simple additivity: The intensity of the mixtures was only slightly less than the sum of the perceived intensities of the unmixed components. An examination of how subjects apportioned their judgments into the categories odor and taste revealed the existence of taste-smell confusions. Subjects ascribed little odor magnitude to solutions containing only sodium saccharin, but ascribed considerable taste magnitude to solutions containing only ethyl butyrate. The taste ascribed to ethyl butyrate was not due exclusively to its action on gustation since, when the nostrils were closed, as much as 80% of the \"taste\" disappeared. Subjects seem to resolve ambiguity regarding the locus of mutual olfactory-taste stimulation in favor of taste."}
{"id": "PMID:887951", "title": "Profiling of odor components and their mixtures.", "content": "Observers evaluated five odors and their 26 mixtures (two, three, four, and five components) by magnitude estimation. Estimates revealed that in mixtures there is moderate suppression of perceived intensity; a vector model proposed by Berglund (Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1974, 237, 35-51) provides a good prediction of the intensity of binary mixtures, but overpredicts the intensity of three, four, and five component mixtures. Hedonic tones of mixtures were difficult to predict from hedonic tones of components. Qualities of mixtures were difficult to predict from quality of components. Intermediacy, of quality and hedonic values, was often observed.", "contents": "Profiling of odor components and their mixtures. Observers evaluated five odors and their 26 mixtures (two, three, four, and five components) by magnitude estimation. Estimates revealed that in mixtures there is moderate suppression of perceived intensity; a vector model proposed by Berglund (Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1974, 237, 35-51) provides a good prediction of the intensity of binary mixtures, but overpredicts the intensity of three, four, and five component mixtures. Hedonic tones of mixtures were difficult to predict from hedonic tones of components. Qualities of mixtures were difficult to predict from quality of components. Intermediacy, of quality and hedonic values, was often observed."}
{"id": "PMID:887952", "title": "The pleasantness of mixtures in taste and olfaction.", "content": "Human subjects rated the perceived intensity and pleasantness of taste mixtures (sucrose-quinine) and odor mixtures (lemon-heptanal or pyridine-lavender). The components of the mixture were judged as less intense when mixed than when judged alone. A multiple regression indicated that the pleasantness of a mixture can be predicted from a weighted additive function of the pleasantness values of the component sensations. Pleasantness values of the componetns had to be estimated from their pleasantness-intensity functions, because the perceived intensities of the components change when the components are combined. Weighting coefficients for the linear regressions were greater for the unpleasant components, especially in the odor mixtures.", "contents": "The pleasantness of mixtures in taste and olfaction. Human subjects rated the perceived intensity and pleasantness of taste mixtures (sucrose-quinine) and odor mixtures (lemon-heptanal or pyridine-lavender). The components of the mixture were judged as less intense when mixed than when judged alone. A multiple regression indicated that the pleasantness of a mixture can be predicted from a weighted additive function of the pleasantness values of the component sensations. Pleasantness values of the componetns had to be estimated from their pleasantness-intensity functions, because the perceived intensities of the components change when the components are combined. Weighting coefficients for the linear regressions were greater for the unpleasant components, especially in the odor mixtures."}
{"id": "PMID:887953", "title": "Punctate pressure sensitivity: effects of skin temperature.", "content": "The dependence on skin temperature of tactile sensitivity to punctiform (hair) stimulation of the finger tip came under study in five subjects. Their data show that punctate sensitivity is relatively stable over a wide range of thermal environments. On the average, some elevation of touch threshold occurred at a skin temperature of 20 degrees C (i.e., about 10 degree below normal), but severe loss of sensitivity first occurred at 10 degrees C. A small but possibly insignificant loss appeared at skin temperatures of 40 and 43 degrees C. The relatively stable behavior of the punctate threshold between about 20 and 40 degrees C contrasts with that of the vibrotactile threshold, which, at least for high frequencies, depends strongly on the skin temperature.", "contents": "Punctate pressure sensitivity: effects of skin temperature. The dependence on skin temperature of tactile sensitivity to punctiform (hair) stimulation of the finger tip came under study in five subjects. Their data show that punctate sensitivity is relatively stable over a wide range of thermal environments. On the average, some elevation of touch threshold occurred at a skin temperature of 20 degrees C (i.e., about 10 degree below normal), but severe loss of sensitivity first occurred at 10 degrees C. A small but possibly insignificant loss appeared at skin temperatures of 40 and 43 degrees C. The relatively stable behavior of the punctate threshold between about 20 and 40 degrees C contrasts with that of the vibrotactile threshold, which, at least for high frequencies, depends strongly on the skin temperature."}
{"id": "PMID:887959", "title": "Silicone implant for Freiberg's disease.", "content": "Freiberg's disease or osteochondrosis of the second metatarsal head may necessitate surgical intervention because of pain. Several surgical procedures have been recommended. A new surgical procedure similar to the present treatment of hallux rigidus with a silicone rubber implant is described. The procedure is simple and results were cosmetically appealing and functionally effective.", "contents": "Silicone implant for Freiberg's disease. Freiberg's disease or osteochondrosis of the second metatarsal head may necessitate surgical intervention because of pain. Several surgical procedures have been recommended. A new surgical procedure similar to the present treatment of hallux rigidus with a silicone rubber implant is described. The procedure is simple and results were cosmetically appealing and functionally effective."}
{"id": "PMID:887960", "title": "Fatal myocarditis associated with acute tonsillitis.", "content": "A case of myocarditis, hepatic necrosis, and acute anuria associated with acute tonsillitis was described. The previously reported relation between myocarditis and tonsillitis not of diphtheritic or beta-hemolytic streptococcal origin was discussed, as well as the implications for management.", "contents": "Fatal myocarditis associated with acute tonsillitis. A case of myocarditis, hepatic necrosis, and acute anuria associated with acute tonsillitis was described. The previously reported relation between myocarditis and tonsillitis not of diphtheritic or beta-hemolytic streptococcal origin was discussed, as well as the implications for management."}
{"id": "PMID:887962", "title": "Cavernous hemangioma of the neck simulating thyroglossal cyst.", "content": "A rare case of cavernous hemangioma simulating a thyroglossal duct cyst was reported. It is recommended that these be treated by total excision, including hyoid bone, to prevent recurrence.", "contents": "Cavernous hemangioma of the neck simulating thyroglossal cyst. A rare case of cavernous hemangioma simulating a thyroglossal duct cyst was reported. It is recommended that these be treated by total excision, including hyoid bone, to prevent recurrence."}
{"id": "PMID:887963", "title": "Kaposi's sarcoma after long-term alkylating agent therapy for multiple myeloma.", "content": "Described is a patient with multiple myeloma who, during long-term treatment with alkylating agents, developed cutaneous Kaposi's sarcoma. Patients with multiple myeloma, unlike those with malignant lymphoma, do not usually develop Kaposi's sarcoma during the natural course of the disease. It is suggested that the immunosuppression resulting from the long-term alkylating agent therapy for multiple myeloma may have prediposed this individual to the development of Kaposi's sarcoma.", "contents": "Kaposi's sarcoma after long-term alkylating agent therapy for multiple myeloma. Described is a patient with multiple myeloma who, during long-term treatment with alkylating agents, developed cutaneous Kaposi's sarcoma. Patients with multiple myeloma, unlike those with malignant lymphoma, do not usually develop Kaposi's sarcoma during the natural course of the disease. It is suggested that the immunosuppression resulting from the long-term alkylating agent therapy for multiple myeloma may have prediposed this individual to the development of Kaposi's sarcoma."}
{"id": "PMID:887964", "title": "Syphilitic meningitis with papilledema.", "content": "Reported is a patient with associated papilledema and syphilitic meningitis. The clinical picture initially suggested an intracranial mass lesion. The cause of the papilledema in this patient was not clear; it did not appear to be related to increased intracranial pressure. Patients with syphilitic meningitis should receive prompt penicillin therapy to avoid serious neurologic sequelae.", "contents": "Syphilitic meningitis with papilledema. Reported is a patient with associated papilledema and syphilitic meningitis. The clinical picture initially suggested an intracranial mass lesion. The cause of the papilledema in this patient was not clear; it did not appear to be related to increased intracranial pressure. Patients with syphilitic meningitis should receive prompt penicillin therapy to avoid serious neurologic sequelae."}
{"id": "PMID:887965", "title": "Angiographic findings in giant cell arteritis.", "content": "A 65-year-old woman had intermittent episodes of blindness. Although severe atherosclerotic changes were documented angiographically, definite radiographic evidence of arteritis also was present. A temporal artery biopsy was diagnostic for giant cell arteritis. Despite high-dose corticosteroid treatment, the patient became blind. A Westergren sedimentation rate of greater than 40 mm/hr in a patient over age 50 with headache, constitutional complaints, or visual symptoms is presumptive evidence of giant cell arteritis and demands further investigation. Prompt treatment with prednisone in high doses may prevent visual loss. At times angiography may be helpful in diagnosis of this illness or in selection of a biopsy site.", "contents": "Angiographic findings in giant cell arteritis. A 65-year-old woman had intermittent episodes of blindness. Although severe atherosclerotic changes were documented angiographically, definite radiographic evidence of arteritis also was present. A temporal artery biopsy was diagnostic for giant cell arteritis. Despite high-dose corticosteroid treatment, the patient became blind. A Westergren sedimentation rate of greater than 40 mm/hr in a patient over age 50 with headache, constitutional complaints, or visual symptoms is presumptive evidence of giant cell arteritis and demands further investigation. Prompt treatment with prednisone in high doses may prevent visual loss. At times angiography may be helpful in diagnosis of this illness or in selection of a biopsy site."}
{"id": "PMID:887966", "title": "Ethchlorvynol intoxication.", "content": "Ethchlorvynol intoxication can be confusing because of the lack of correlation between blood levels of the drug and clinical status. In this case, the patient was in a coma for approximately one week although he had a blood level of ethchlorvynol (0.8 mg/100 ml) generally considered to be subtoxic.", "contents": "Ethchlorvynol intoxication. Ethchlorvynol intoxication can be confusing because of the lack of correlation between blood levels of the drug and clinical status. In this case, the patient was in a coma for approximately one week although he had a blood level of ethchlorvynol (0.8 mg/100 ml) generally considered to be subtoxic."}
{"id": "PMID:887972", "title": "Importance of the external carotid artery in extracranial cerebrovascular occlusive disease.", "content": "We have encountered 12 patients whose symptoms of transient ischemic attacks were due to total occlusion of the internal carotid artery with patency of the intracranial circulation being maintained by collateral circulation from the external carotid artery. In each case there was either tight stenosis or total occlusion at the origin of the external carotid artery. Eleven of the 12 patients were operated upon, receiving either thromboendarterectomy of the external carotid artery or a saphenous vein bypass to the patent distal portion of this artery. Ten of these 11 had complete or significant relief of symptoms. Although this condition represents only a small percentage of the total number of clinically significant extracranial occlusive lesions, studies suggest that the external carotid artery may be involved more commonly than previously suspected. Adequate radiographic visualization of the cerebral circulation is essential to evaluate the collateral pathways.", "contents": "Importance of the external carotid artery in extracranial cerebrovascular occlusive disease. We have encountered 12 patients whose symptoms of transient ischemic attacks were due to total occlusion of the internal carotid artery with patency of the intracranial circulation being maintained by collateral circulation from the external carotid artery. In each case there was either tight stenosis or total occlusion at the origin of the external carotid artery. Eleven of the 12 patients were operated upon, receiving either thromboendarterectomy of the external carotid artery or a saphenous vein bypass to the patent distal portion of this artery. Ten of these 11 had complete or significant relief of symptoms. Although this condition represents only a small percentage of the total number of clinically significant extracranial occlusive lesions, studies suggest that the external carotid artery may be involved more commonly than previously suspected. Adequate radiographic visualization of the cerebral circulation is essential to evaluate the collateral pathways."}
{"id": "PMID:887973", "title": "Management of facial fractures.", "content": "Maxillofacial fractures are usually diagnosed easily by history, clinical findings, and standard roentgenograms. Emergency treatment centers around airway management; the conscious patient should be allowed to clear his own airway whenever possible. Treatment of lower and upper jaw fractures focuses on reducing the fragments so that dental occlusion is normal. Other midface fracture reductions require additional exact orbital rim alignment. Immobilization of fractures can require various combinations of intermaxillary fixation, interosseous wiring, suspensory wires from intraoral arch bars, transfacial Kirschner wires, occasional maxillary antral packs, and rare external fixation with headframes or external pins. Patients who may be comatose or seriously ill for several weeks should have a simple and safe compromise reduction and K-wire fixation done at the bedside. Management of blow-out fractures of the orbit and frontal sinus fractures is somewhat controversial. Naso-orbital central factial fractures are especially difficult to maintain in proper reduction. Listed are possible late postoperative complications after treatment of facial fractures.", "contents": "Management of facial fractures. Maxillofacial fractures are usually diagnosed easily by history, clinical findings, and standard roentgenograms. Emergency treatment centers around airway management; the conscious patient should be allowed to clear his own airway whenever possible. Treatment of lower and upper jaw fractures focuses on reducing the fragments so that dental occlusion is normal. Other midface fracture reductions require additional exact orbital rim alignment. Immobilization of fractures can require various combinations of intermaxillary fixation, interosseous wiring, suspensory wires from intraoral arch bars, transfacial Kirschner wires, occasional maxillary antral packs, and rare external fixation with headframes or external pins. Patients who may be comatose or seriously ill for several weeks should have a simple and safe compromise reduction and K-wire fixation done at the bedside. Management of blow-out fractures of the orbit and frontal sinus fractures is somewhat controversial. Naso-orbital central factial fractures are especially difficult to maintain in proper reduction. Listed are possible late postoperative complications after treatment of facial fractures."}
{"id": "PMID:887974", "title": "Condylar fractures of the distal humerus in adults.", "content": "Condylar fractures of the distal humerus are serious and in many instances pose a difficult treatment problem for the orthopedist. From 1969 to 1974, 24 condylar fractures of the distal humerus were treated at the University of Alabama Hospitals. Twenty of the fractures were closed and four were open. Eighteen fractures were treated open and fixed with a variety of K-wires and screws, and six fractures were treated closed. One postoperative wound infection occurred. Based on the 18 cases in which follow-up was sufficient to assess end result, we concluded that in comminuted fractures of the distal end of the humerus in adults, it may be technically very difficult to restore anatomic continuity. When secure fixation cannot be obtained or when the injury is of such a nature that internal fixation is contraindicated, such as a gunshot wound, traction may provide a functional range of motion. In fractures where good continuity and firm fixation can be obtained, open reduction and internal fixation give a superior functional range of motion.", "contents": "Condylar fractures of the distal humerus in adults. Condylar fractures of the distal humerus are serious and in many instances pose a difficult treatment problem for the orthopedist. From 1969 to 1974, 24 condylar fractures of the distal humerus were treated at the University of Alabama Hospitals. Twenty of the fractures were closed and four were open. Eighteen fractures were treated open and fixed with a variety of K-wires and screws, and six fractures were treated closed. One postoperative wound infection occurred. Based on the 18 cases in which follow-up was sufficient to assess end result, we concluded that in comminuted fractures of the distal end of the humerus in adults, it may be technically very difficult to restore anatomic continuity. When secure fixation cannot be obtained or when the injury is of such a nature that internal fixation is contraindicated, such as a gunshot wound, traction may provide a functional range of motion. In fractures where good continuity and firm fixation can be obtained, open reduction and internal fixation give a superior functional range of motion."}
{"id": "PMID:887975", "title": "Geriatric mental function and serum folate: a review and survey.", "content": "A review of the growing body of information regarding folic acid biochemistry indicates a relationship between folate metabolism and mental disturbance. Clinical correlations between altered mental functions associated with aging and lowered serum folate values are found to suggest that further studies are warranted. The fasting serum folate levels of two groups of subjects 65 years of age and older are compared after excluding the influence of drugs, alcohol, and gastrointestinal disease. The results show that those elderly persons with good dietary habits and mental acuity had no lowered serum folate levels. Thus, the suggestion that serum folate level normally falls with age is not confirmed. Additionally, it was found that 35% of similarly aged subjects with combined mental dysfunction and poor dietary habits had lowered serum folate values.", "contents": "Geriatric mental function and serum folate: a review and survey. A review of the growing body of information regarding folic acid biochemistry indicates a relationship between folate metabolism and mental disturbance. Clinical correlations between altered mental functions associated with aging and lowered serum folate values are found to suggest that further studies are warranted. The fasting serum folate levels of two groups of subjects 65 years of age and older are compared after excluding the influence of drugs, alcohol, and gastrointestinal disease. The results show that those elderly persons with good dietary habits and mental acuity had no lowered serum folate levels. Thus, the suggestion that serum folate level normally falls with age is not confirmed. Additionally, it was found that 35% of similarly aged subjects with combined mental dysfunction and poor dietary habits had lowered serum folate values."}
{"id": "PMID:887976", "title": "Fine needle aspiration cytology.", "content": "Aspirations were done in 221 breasts and 32 extramammary sites with a 25 gauge needle attached to an ordinary 10 ml syringe. The aspirated material was expressed from the needle hub onto a slide, smeared by means of a second slide, air dried, and stained with a Wright-Giemsa solution. The cytologic interpretation closely correlated with the subsequent histological diagnoses. No false-positive readings were encountered. A falsely negative diagnosis was made in 11 breasts, mostly due to faulty aspiration. Widespread use of the fine needle aspiration cytology should drastically reduce the need for breast biopsies. This technic also may be used in the diagnosis of extramammary lesions.", "contents": "Fine needle aspiration cytology. Aspirations were done in 221 breasts and 32 extramammary sites with a 25 gauge needle attached to an ordinary 10 ml syringe. The aspirated material was expressed from the needle hub onto a slide, smeared by means of a second slide, air dried, and stained with a Wright-Giemsa solution. The cytologic interpretation closely correlated with the subsequent histological diagnoses. No false-positive readings were encountered. A falsely negative diagnosis was made in 11 breasts, mostly due to faulty aspiration. Widespread use of the fine needle aspiration cytology should drastically reduce the need for breast biopsies. This technic also may be used in the diagnosis of extramammary lesions."}
{"id": "PMID:887977", "title": "Endoscopic electrosurgical polypectomies of the upper gastrointestinal tract.", "content": "The electrosurgical removal of polypoid lesions from the upper gastrointestinal tract with the esophagogastro-duodenoscope has proven to be a safe, effective, and relatively inexpensive procedure. Twenty-six polypectomies performed on 24 different patients are presented. Polyps were removed from the distal esophagus, stomach, duodenum, and jejunum. There were no significant complications.", "contents": "Endoscopic electrosurgical polypectomies of the upper gastrointestinal tract. The electrosurgical removal of polypoid lesions from the upper gastrointestinal tract with the esophagogastro-duodenoscope has proven to be a safe, effective, and relatively inexpensive procedure. Twenty-six polypectomies performed on 24 different patients are presented. Polyps were removed from the distal esophagus, stomach, duodenum, and jejunum. There were no significant complications."}
{"id": "PMID:887978", "title": "Recurrent subareolar abscess of the breast and squamous metaplasia of the lactiferous ducts: a clinical syndrome.", "content": "When squamous metaplasia of the lactiferous ducts occurs, the normal cuboidal epithelium lining the lactiferous ducts is replaced by squamous epithelium, leading to intraluminal accumulation of epithelial debris. Recurrent subareolar abscess is a common co-feature of the disease. The chronicity of suppuration is related to a general unfamiliarity with this entity and its underlying pathogenesis and failure to recognize the inadequacy of simple incision and drainage. Recent experience with six patients with recurrent subareolar abscess suggests that cure requires excision of the disease duct(s) and abscess cavity in continuity with the nipple inversion, which also is seen with this problem. The clinical triad of recurrent subareolar abscess, intermittent periareolar drainage, and (possibly) nipple inversion should alert the practitioner to this entity. Appropriate initial operative management will minimize recurrence.", "contents": "Recurrent subareolar abscess of the breast and squamous metaplasia of the lactiferous ducts: a clinical syndrome. When squamous metaplasia of the lactiferous ducts occurs, the normal cuboidal epithelium lining the lactiferous ducts is replaced by squamous epithelium, leading to intraluminal accumulation of epithelial debris. Recurrent subareolar abscess is a common co-feature of the disease. The chronicity of suppuration is related to a general unfamiliarity with this entity and its underlying pathogenesis and failure to recognize the inadequacy of simple incision and drainage. Recent experience with six patients with recurrent subareolar abscess suggests that cure requires excision of the disease duct(s) and abscess cavity in continuity with the nipple inversion, which also is seen with this problem. The clinical triad of recurrent subareolar abscess, intermittent periareolar drainage, and (possibly) nipple inversion should alert the practitioner to this entity. Appropriate initial operative management will minimize recurrence."}
{"id": "PMID:887979", "title": "Fatal poisoning with propoxyphene: report from 100 consecutive cases.", "content": "The first 100 deaths caused by propoxyphene and recorded by the Chief Medical Examiner of North Carolina were studied. Victims ranged evenly in age from the second to the seventh decade. Over 65% were suicides with a female to male ratio of 2:1. Blood propoxyphene concentrations of 0.2 mg/dl were fatal, representing rapid ingestion of approximately ten capsules. In North Carolina, deaths due to propoxyphene have increased from five in 1969 to 49 in 1975. Raising physician-awareness of propoxyphene's toxicity and placing the drug in Schedule II are two of the author's recommendations for reducing the number of propoxyphene deaths.", "contents": "Fatal poisoning with propoxyphene: report from 100 consecutive cases. The first 100 deaths caused by propoxyphene and recorded by the Chief Medical Examiner of North Carolina were studied. Victims ranged evenly in age from the second to the seventh decade. Over 65% were suicides with a female to male ratio of 2:1. Blood propoxyphene concentrations of 0.2 mg/dl were fatal, representing rapid ingestion of approximately ten capsules. In North Carolina, deaths due to propoxyphene have increased from five in 1969 to 49 in 1975. Raising physician-awareness of propoxyphene's toxicity and placing the drug in Schedule II are two of the author's recommendations for reducing the number of propoxyphene deaths."}
{"id": "PMID:887980", "title": "Reconstruction of the deep femoral artery.", "content": "This article describes various surgical technics commonly used for reconstructing the deep femoral artery. The applicability, advantages, and disadvantages of various methods also are discussed.", "contents": "Reconstruction of the deep femoral artery. This article describes various surgical technics commonly used for reconstructing the deep femoral artery. The applicability, advantages, and disadvantages of various methods also are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:887981", "title": "Bacterial flora of patients with prematurely ruptured membranes.", "content": "Twenty consecutive patients with premature rupture of the membranes were studied to determine the vaginal, endocervical, and neonatal bacteriologic flora. Patients who had membranes ruptured for more than 12 hours had more anaerobic species isolated from vaginal plus endocervical or endocervical cultures alone than did those patients with membranes ruptured for less than 12 hours. Overall, aerobic organisms were more frequently isolated than anaerobic organisms, but the majority of cultures were of a mixed flora. Streptococci, corynebacteria, and Bacteroides organisms were the most frequently isolated organisms from all sites cultured. Lactobacilli were isolated in only 45% of endocervical and vaginal cultures, and Enterobacteriaceae were infrequently encountered. This study indicates that there is a change toward a preponderance of anaerobic species in the birth canal when membranes are ruptured for more than 12 hours, and that this change is detectable before delivery.", "contents": "Bacterial flora of patients with prematurely ruptured membranes. Twenty consecutive patients with premature rupture of the membranes were studied to determine the vaginal, endocervical, and neonatal bacteriologic flora. Patients who had membranes ruptured for more than 12 hours had more anaerobic species isolated from vaginal plus endocervical or endocervical cultures alone than did those patients with membranes ruptured for less than 12 hours. Overall, aerobic organisms were more frequently isolated than anaerobic organisms, but the majority of cultures were of a mixed flora. Streptococci, corynebacteria, and Bacteroides organisms were the most frequently isolated organisms from all sites cultured. Lactobacilli were isolated in only 45% of endocervical and vaginal cultures, and Enterobacteriaceae were infrequently encountered. This study indicates that there is a change toward a preponderance of anaerobic species in the birth canal when membranes are ruptured for more than 12 hours, and that this change is detectable before delivery."}
{"id": "PMID:887982", "title": "Urinary estrogens during late pregnancy: observations on the validity of \"24-hour\" urine collections and the estrogen/creatinine ratio.", "content": "The determination of estriol content of the maternal urine in late pregnancy has gained widespread use as a means of assessing the fetoplacental unit. Major drawbacks have included the time lag in obtaining a 24-hour urine collection and obtaining an accurate 24-hour collection. To overcome these problems, it has been suggested that the estrogen/creatinine (E/C) ratio of incomplete collections or even random urine specimens might provide adequate information. Our analysis of these E/C ratio technics, as compared to accurate 24-hour urine estrogen values and fetal outcome, shows the E/C ratio to be less reliable and occasionally misleading.", "contents": "Urinary estrogens during late pregnancy: observations on the validity of \"24-hour\" urine collections and the estrogen/creatinine ratio. The determination of estriol content of the maternal urine in late pregnancy has gained widespread use as a means of assessing the fetoplacental unit. Major drawbacks have included the time lag in obtaining a 24-hour urine collection and obtaining an accurate 24-hour collection. To overcome these problems, it has been suggested that the estrogen/creatinine (E/C) ratio of incomplete collections or even random urine specimens might provide adequate information. Our analysis of these E/C ratio technics, as compared to accurate 24-hour urine estrogen values and fetal outcome, shows the E/C ratio to be less reliable and occasionally misleading."}
{"id": "PMID:887983", "title": "Radioimmunoassay of serum bile acid levels in biopsy-proved cirrhosis.", "content": "Serum bile acid levels were determined by a radioimmunoassay for conjugates of cholic acid in 18 patients with biopsy-proved cirrhosis and compared to results of conventional liver function tests. Serum bile acid levels were abnormal in all 18 patients whereas results of the other tests were abnormal in only 50% to 72% of patients. In this group of patients with a well established diagnosis of cirrhosis, serum bile acid levels were a more sensitive indicator of liver dysfunction than standard liver function tests.", "contents": "Radioimmunoassay of serum bile acid levels in biopsy-proved cirrhosis. Serum bile acid levels were determined by a radioimmunoassay for conjugates of cholic acid in 18 patients with biopsy-proved cirrhosis and compared to results of conventional liver function tests. Serum bile acid levels were abnormal in all 18 patients whereas results of the other tests were abnormal in only 50% to 72% of patients. In this group of patients with a well established diagnosis of cirrhosis, serum bile acid levels were a more sensitive indicator of liver dysfunction than standard liver function tests."}
{"id": "PMID:887984", "title": "Psychiatric consultations for 112 pediatric inpatients.", "content": "The investigator, a child psychiatry consultant for a pediatric service, studied 112 consecutive consultations, categorizing the presenting psychiatric problems, mental status, psychiatric diagnoses, final physical diagnoses, and psychiatric recommendations. The 112 patients represented 3.4% of all pediatric patients in the same age range admitted to the hospital. Girls comprised 59% of the sample studied. The most common presenting problems were unexplained physical symptoms, while the most frequent physical diagnoses were seizure disorder and diabetes. Psychiatric diagnoses were made for 82% of the patients seen; the most common diagnosis was \"reactive\" disorder. Specific recommendations for either inpatient or outpatient psychiatric care were made for 42 patients, of whom 23 were known to have followed through with the recommendations. However, most recommendations involved technics that could be applied by the primary care physician, eg, advice to parents, counseling the child, liaison with schools, direction of hospital staff.", "contents": "Psychiatric consultations for 112 pediatric inpatients. The investigator, a child psychiatry consultant for a pediatric service, studied 112 consecutive consultations, categorizing the presenting psychiatric problems, mental status, psychiatric diagnoses, final physical diagnoses, and psychiatric recommendations. The 112 patients represented 3.4% of all pediatric patients in the same age range admitted to the hospital. Girls comprised 59% of the sample studied. The most common presenting problems were unexplained physical symptoms, while the most frequent physical diagnoses were seizure disorder and diabetes. Psychiatric diagnoses were made for 82% of the patients seen; the most common diagnosis was \"reactive\" disorder. Specific recommendations for either inpatient or outpatient psychiatric care were made for 42 patients, of whom 23 were known to have followed through with the recommendations. However, most recommendations involved technics that could be applied by the primary care physician, eg, advice to parents, counseling the child, liaison with schools, direction of hospital staff."}
{"id": "PMID:887985", "title": "Congenital atresia of the colon.", "content": "Atresia of the colon is a rare congenital anomaly. In 1673, Binninger reported the first case of colonic atresia and Gaub reported the first survival of a patient with this anomaly in 1922. Since that time there have been 97 successfully managed patients described in the literature.", "contents": "Congenital atresia of the colon. Atresia of the colon is a rare congenital anomaly. In 1673, Binninger reported the first case of colonic atresia and Gaub reported the first survival of a patient with this anomaly in 1922. Since that time there have been 97 successfully managed patients described in the literature."}
{"id": "PMID:887988", "title": "Hyposplenism and disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) in fulminant pneumococcal sepsis.", "content": "A case of pneumococcal sepsis with DIC is reported. The patient had hyposplenism from thorium dioxide administration 23 years previously. Evidences of consumptive coagulopathy were verified by clinical manifestations of shock, generalized petechiae, abnormal hemostatic studies, and autopsy findings. The possible pathogenetic mechanism(s) of DIC in hyposplenism and pneumococcemia are reviewed.", "contents": "Hyposplenism and disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) in fulminant pneumococcal sepsis. A case of pneumococcal sepsis with DIC is reported. The patient had hyposplenism from thorium dioxide administration 23 years previously. Evidences of consumptive coagulopathy were verified by clinical manifestations of shock, generalized petechiae, abnormal hemostatic studies, and autopsy findings. The possible pathogenetic mechanism(s) of DIC in hyposplenism and pneumococcemia are reviewed."}
{"id": "PMID:887989", "title": "The association between thalassaemic diseases and traits and post-streptococcal acute glomerulonephritis.", "content": "This prospective study showed that thalassaemic patients, though susceptible to streptococcal infection, as evident from their elevated A.S.O. titres, are not, as has been suggested, more likely to develop acute glomerulonephritis than the rest of the population. The incidence of thalassaemic trait found among typical cases of acute glomerulonephritis does not exceed that of the general Thai population. There were 5 out of 56 cases of thalassaemic patients having transient microscopic haematuria.", "contents": "The association between thalassaemic diseases and traits and post-streptococcal acute glomerulonephritis. This prospective study showed that thalassaemic patients, though susceptible to streptococcal infection, as evident from their elevated A.S.O. titres, are not, as has been suggested, more likely to develop acute glomerulonephritis than the rest of the population. The incidence of thalassaemic trait found among typical cases of acute glomerulonephritis does not exceed that of the general Thai population. There were 5 out of 56 cases of thalassaemic patients having transient microscopic haematuria."}
{"id": "PMID:887992", "title": "Study of intestinal immunity against V. cholerae: role of antibody to V. cholerae haemagglutinin in intestinal immunity.", "content": "Cell-bound haemagglutinin as an adhesive factor of Vibrio cholerae has been partially purified from E1 Tor vibrios using 0.05 M cyclohexylaminopropane sulfonic acid buffer pH 9.5 and gel filtration column chromatography. Rabbits were immunized with the precipitin complexes of the haemagglutinin and its antibody. The antiserum is tested for the protective ability against the oral challenge with Vibrio cholerae strain of which the haemagglutinin has been prepared. The results indicate definite protection of the haemagglutinin antiserum.", "contents": "Study of intestinal immunity against V. cholerae: role of antibody to V. cholerae haemagglutinin in intestinal immunity. Cell-bound haemagglutinin as an adhesive factor of Vibrio cholerae has been partially purified from E1 Tor vibrios using 0.05 M cyclohexylaminopropane sulfonic acid buffer pH 9.5 and gel filtration column chromatography. Rabbits were immunized with the precipitin complexes of the haemagglutinin and its antibody. The antiserum is tested for the protective ability against the oral challenge with Vibrio cholerae strain of which the haemagglutinin has been prepared. The results indicate definite protection of the haemagglutinin antiserum."}
{"id": "PMID:887994", "title": "Studies on the migratory route of Paragonimus siamensis in the bandicoot (Bandicota indica).", "content": "The migration route and the development of P. siamensis obtained from S. juliae and S. germaini were studied in B. indica. The infection rates of P. siamensis in these 2 species of crabs were 19.7% and 21.4% respectively. Worms were recovered in the abdominal cavity, pleural cavity and lungs on day 12, 16 and 30 respectively after oral infection. Worms became mature and laid eggs on day 47 after infection, but their size still increased considerably. The average egg output was found to be 144 eggs/gm faeces/worm or 443 eggs/day/worm. The average recovery rate of P. siamensis in the experimental B. indica was 15%.", "contents": "Studies on the migratory route of Paragonimus siamensis in the bandicoot (Bandicota indica). The migration route and the development of P. siamensis obtained from S. juliae and S. germaini were studied in B. indica. The infection rates of P. siamensis in these 2 species of crabs were 19.7% and 21.4% respectively. Worms were recovered in the abdominal cavity, pleural cavity and lungs on day 12, 16 and 30 respectively after oral infection. Worms became mature and laid eggs on day 47 after infection, but their size still increased considerably. The average egg output was found to be 144 eggs/gm faeces/worm or 443 eggs/day/worm. The average recovery rate of P. siamensis in the experimental B. indica was 15%."}
{"id": "PMID:887996", "title": "An autocidal ovitrap for the control and possible eradication of Aedes aegypti.", "content": "A revolutionary, autocidal ovitrap has been developed as a promising weapon for the control and possible eradication of Ae, aegypti, the principal vector of dengue haemorrhagic fever (DHF), in urban high DHF endemic areas. A study carried out with this trap in a highly endemic area for DHF in Singapore city, namely the Rochor area, has shown this trap to be superior to all other domestic habitats in attractiveness to ovipositing Ae. aegypti females.", "contents": "An autocidal ovitrap for the control and possible eradication of Aedes aegypti. A revolutionary, autocidal ovitrap has been developed as a promising weapon for the control and possible eradication of Ae, aegypti, the principal vector of dengue haemorrhagic fever (DHF), in urban high DHF endemic areas. A study carried out with this trap in a highly endemic area for DHF in Singapore city, namely the Rochor area, has shown this trap to be superior to all other domestic habitats in attractiveness to ovipositing Ae. aegypti females."}
{"id": "PMID:887997", "title": "Studies on the life history of Megaselia scalaris (Loew) in Thailand.", "content": "The morphological, life-cycle, and experimental studies of Megaselia scalaris were reported. This fly is commonly found both in urban and rural areas in Thailand. It is easily identified and the humped thorax was the most distinct characteristic of the adult. The egg to the adult stage and the life span required 15 to 20 days for the male and 16 to 22 days for the female. Experimental attempts to induce myiasis infection in laboratory animals were unsuccessful.", "contents": "Studies on the life history of Megaselia scalaris (Loew) in Thailand. The morphological, life-cycle, and experimental studies of Megaselia scalaris were reported. This fly is commonly found both in urban and rural areas in Thailand. It is easily identified and the humped thorax was the most distinct characteristic of the adult. The egg to the adult stage and the life span required 15 to 20 days for the male and 16 to 22 days for the female. Experimental attempts to induce myiasis infection in laboratory animals were unsuccessful."}
{"id": "PMID:887998", "title": "Histamine content in 24-hour urine in patients with dengue haemorrhagic fever.", "content": "Twenty-four hour urinary histamine in 12 patients with DHF compared to 12 normal subjects in the comparable age and sex were studied. The results revealed significantly increased urinary excretion in patients with DHF than in normal subjects in both free and total forms. This finding suggests that histamine may be one, if not all, of the mediators released during the course of the disease, especially in the severe cases. Histamine may play an important role for the leakage of intravascular fluid to the various serous spaces resulting in hypovolemia and shock.", "contents": "Histamine content in 24-hour urine in patients with dengue haemorrhagic fever. Twenty-four hour urinary histamine in 12 patients with DHF compared to 12 normal subjects in the comparable age and sex were studied. The results revealed significantly increased urinary excretion in patients with DHF than in normal subjects in both free and total forms. This finding suggests that histamine may be one, if not all, of the mediators released during the course of the disease, especially in the severe cases. Histamine may play an important role for the leakage of intravascular fluid to the various serous spaces resulting in hypovolemia and shock."}
{"id": "PMID:888001", "title": "The urinary sulfur/creatinine ratio in the assessment of protein nutritional status.", "content": "The urinary sulfur/creatinine ratio and urea nitrogen/creatinine ratio of Thai soldiers and schoolchildren from Nakhon Nayok, 100 km northeast of Bangkok, the Lam-takong resettlement area and the Kohn Kaen resettlement and irrigation area northeast of Thailand were determined. As reference group healthy children from the University school in Khon Kaen were selected. The urinary urea N/creatinine ratio was significantly lower for the children from Nakhon Nayok, the Lam-takong resettlement and the Khon Kaen resettlement and irrigation area when compared with the reference group. The ratio values of the soldiers was significantly lower than the ratio of every group of children. The urinary sulfur/creatinine ratio for the children in Nakhon Nayok was lower and for the children in the Lam-takong and Khon Kaen resettlements were significantly lower than the ratio of the reference group. For the reference group the normal range for urea N/creatinine ratio was between 4.8 and 14.5 and for sulfur/creatinine ratio between 0.40 and 1.40.", "contents": "The urinary sulfur/creatinine ratio in the assessment of protein nutritional status. The urinary sulfur/creatinine ratio and urea nitrogen/creatinine ratio of Thai soldiers and schoolchildren from Nakhon Nayok, 100 km northeast of Bangkok, the Lam-takong resettlement area and the Kohn Kaen resettlement and irrigation area northeast of Thailand were determined. As reference group healthy children from the University school in Khon Kaen were selected. The urinary urea N/creatinine ratio was significantly lower for the children from Nakhon Nayok, the Lam-takong resettlement and the Khon Kaen resettlement and irrigation area when compared with the reference group. The ratio values of the soldiers was significantly lower than the ratio of every group of children. The urinary sulfur/creatinine ratio for the children in Nakhon Nayok was lower and for the children in the Lam-takong and Khon Kaen resettlements were significantly lower than the ratio of the reference group. For the reference group the normal range for urea N/creatinine ratio was between 4.8 and 14.5 and for sulfur/creatinine ratio between 0.40 and 1.40."}
{"id": "PMID:888002", "title": "The effect of topical retinoic acid (Airol) in the treatment of tinea versicolor.", "content": "A clinical trial with retinoic acid (Airol) cream 0.05% applied topically was carried out on 50 patients suffering from tinea versicolor allocated to a random procedure. The results, judged in terms of cure rate, incidence of relapse and tolerance were very satisfactory. As regards the above mentioned criteria for a successful treatment, there was no significant difference between the lotion and cream groups. Repigmentation of the affected skin after retinoic acid occurred in a relatively shorter period compared with other anti-fungal preparations, especially when simultaneously exposed to sunlight. The therapeutic action on dermatophytes was discussed. It was pointed out that patients suffering from tinea versicolor are predisposed to dermatophyte infections and that cleanliness of the skin is a simple but essential way of preventing contamination with Malassezia furfur.", "contents": "The effect of topical retinoic acid (Airol) in the treatment of tinea versicolor. A clinical trial with retinoic acid (Airol) cream 0.05% applied topically was carried out on 50 patients suffering from tinea versicolor allocated to a random procedure. The results, judged in terms of cure rate, incidence of relapse and tolerance were very satisfactory. As regards the above mentioned criteria for a successful treatment, there was no significant difference between the lotion and cream groups. Repigmentation of the affected skin after retinoic acid occurred in a relatively shorter period compared with other anti-fungal preparations, especially when simultaneously exposed to sunlight. The therapeutic action on dermatophytes was discussed. It was pointed out that patients suffering from tinea versicolor are predisposed to dermatophyte infections and that cleanliness of the skin is a simple but essential way of preventing contamination with Malassezia furfur."}
{"id": "PMID:888020", "title": "Cirrhosis of the liver in Rhodesian Blacks.", "content": "Thirty-five Black patients with cirrhosis of the liver were admitted to the professorial unit over a 1-year period and were included in a carefully planned prospective study. Men predominated over women in a ratio of 3:1. Alcohol consumption in the form of African beer was significantly higher in cirrhotic patients than in a control population. The clinical picture was neither predominantly that of alcoholic nor of cryptogenic cirrhosis. Hepatomegaly, porphyria cutanea tarda, ascites, splenomegaly and oesophageal varices were common. There was a complete absence of gynaecomastia, spider naevi and liver palms. Histologically, the majority of patients had macronodular cirrhosis, and only 1 patient had micronodular cirrhosis and minimal fatty change. Hepatitis B surface antigen (HbsAg) was not detected in any patient, despite a positive HbAg rate of 4% in Black African blood donors, determined by means of the same laboratory technique.", "contents": "Cirrhosis of the liver in Rhodesian Blacks. Thirty-five Black patients with cirrhosis of the liver were admitted to the professorial unit over a 1-year period and were included in a carefully planned prospective study. Men predominated over women in a ratio of 3:1. Alcohol consumption in the form of African beer was significantly higher in cirrhotic patients than in a control population. The clinical picture was neither predominantly that of alcoholic nor of cryptogenic cirrhosis. Hepatomegaly, porphyria cutanea tarda, ascites, splenomegaly and oesophageal varices were common. There was a complete absence of gynaecomastia, spider naevi and liver palms. Histologically, the majority of patients had macronodular cirrhosis, and only 1 patient had micronodular cirrhosis and minimal fatty change. Hepatitis B surface antigen (HbsAg) was not detected in any patient, despite a positive HbAg rate of 4% in Black African blood donors, determined by means of the same laboratory technique."}
{"id": "PMID:888021", "title": "The reconstruction of unequal or absent breasts.", "content": "The different varieties and combinations of unequal breasts, as well as frequently associated defects such as pectus excavatum and absent or maldeveloped pectoral muscles, are discussed. The possible aetiological factors are considered, and the important role that a good history, clinical examination and detailed investigation play, is stressed. The reconstructive treatment of each variety is discussed in some depth. The management and treatment of absent breasts after mastectomy are also considered.", "contents": "The reconstruction of unequal or absent breasts. The different varieties and combinations of unequal breasts, as well as frequently associated defects such as pectus excavatum and absent or maldeveloped pectoral muscles, are discussed. The possible aetiological factors are considered, and the important role that a good history, clinical examination and detailed investigation play, is stressed. The reconstructive treatment of each variety is discussed in some depth. The management and treatment of absent breasts after mastectomy are also considered."}
{"id": "PMID:888022", "title": "Hiatal hernia--manometric and symptomatic assessment of failed surgical management in 60 patients.", "content": "The recurrent symptoms in 60 patients who had undergone surgical management of hiatal hernia with reflux were analysed with the help of manometry. Despite reduction of the hernia in 43 patients, the primary and important defect of sphincter incompetence was the commonest residual abnormality. Oesophageal spasm associated with reflux or occurring as a primary condition was another cause of recurrent symptoms. The addition of vagotomy and pyloroplasty to the hiatal hernia repair procedure in several patients did not prevent reflux. The use of valvuloplasty techniques such as the Hill posterior gastropexy, the Belsey Mark IV operation or the Nissen fundoplication should be encouraged when the primary defect is incompetence of the lower oesophageal sphincter.", "contents": "Hiatal hernia--manometric and symptomatic assessment of failed surgical management in 60 patients. The recurrent symptoms in 60 patients who had undergone surgical management of hiatal hernia with reflux were analysed with the help of manometry. Despite reduction of the hernia in 43 patients, the primary and important defect of sphincter incompetence was the commonest residual abnormality. Oesophageal spasm associated with reflux or occurring as a primary condition was another cause of recurrent symptoms. The addition of vagotomy and pyloroplasty to the hiatal hernia repair procedure in several patients did not prevent reflux. The use of valvuloplasty techniques such as the Hill posterior gastropexy, the Belsey Mark IV operation or the Nissen fundoplication should be encouraged when the primary defect is incompetence of the lower oesophageal sphincter."}
{"id": "PMID:888023", "title": "Postpartum ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm: a case report.", "content": "The successful management of a postpartum ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm is described. The rarity of the condition in the Black South African parturient is emphasized. Recent advances in surgery have improved the prognosis of this condition and early recognition and surgery are essential components of a successful result.", "contents": "Postpartum ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm: a case report. The successful management of a postpartum ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm is described. The rarity of the condition in the Black South African parturient is emphasized. Recent advances in surgery have improved the prognosis of this condition and early recognition and surgery are essential components of a successful result."}
{"id": "PMID:888030", "title": "A review of 450 stabwounds of the spinal cord.", "content": "Patients with spinal cord stabwounds accounted for over one-quarter of the more than 1 600 patients with spinal cord injury admitted to this unit during 13 years. Over half the lesions were of the Brown-S\u00e9quard type. Functional recovery was good in nearly two-thirds of patients. The principles of treatment are discussed.", "contents": "A review of 450 stabwounds of the spinal cord. Patients with spinal cord stabwounds accounted for over one-quarter of the more than 1 600 patients with spinal cord injury admitted to this unit during 13 years. Over half the lesions were of the Brown-S\u00e9quard type. Functional recovery was good in nearly two-thirds of patients. The principles of treatment are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:888031", "title": "Familial vesico-ureteral reflux.", "content": "Four families of which 2 or more members were affected with primary vesico-ureteral reflux are reported. A multifactorial inheritance pattern subject to environmental factors is likely. Early examination and detection of the disorder in relatives at risk provide an opportunity to avoid the serious sequelae of vesico-ureteral reflux.", "contents": "Familial vesico-ureteral reflux. Four families of which 2 or more members were affected with primary vesico-ureteral reflux are reported. A multifactorial inheritance pattern subject to environmental factors is likely. Early examination and detection of the disorder in relatives at risk provide an opportunity to avoid the serious sequelae of vesico-ureteral reflux."}
{"id": "PMID:888032", "title": "Rheumatic disorders in the South African Negro. Part IV. Gout and hyperuricaemia.", "content": "The prevalence of gout and the frequency distribution of serum uric acid (SUA) concentrations have been studied in four South African populations. Approximately 450 respondents over the age of 15 years were investigated in each of the following: a tribal Xhosa community in Transkei; a rural Tswana community in the northwestern Transvaal; an urban Negro population in Johannesburg; and a Caucasian community in the same city. No case of gout was encountered in any of the Negro groups, while the prevalence among the urban Caucasians was 13/1 000 men and 3/1 000 women. The mean SUA concentrations showed two consistent trends: (i) the levels rose with age in all four populations and in both sexes; (ii) they were generally higher in men than in women throughout the age range. There was, moreover, an increase in SUA concentrations with increasing sophistication of lifestyle (P less than 0,01), the lowest levels occurring in the tribal Africans, and the highest in the urban communities. This latter finding could not be explained on a genetic basis, nor were there significant differences in physical configuration and nutritional status among the three Negro groups. It is suggested that hyperuricaemia, and possibly the clinical manifestations of gout, have a polygenic aetiology in which acculturation plays an important contributory role.", "contents": "Rheumatic disorders in the South African Negro. Part IV. Gout and hyperuricaemia. The prevalence of gout and the frequency distribution of serum uric acid (SUA) concentrations have been studied in four South African populations. Approximately 450 respondents over the age of 15 years were investigated in each of the following: a tribal Xhosa community in Transkei; a rural Tswana community in the northwestern Transvaal; an urban Negro population in Johannesburg; and a Caucasian community in the same city. No case of gout was encountered in any of the Negro groups, while the prevalence among the urban Caucasians was 13/1 000 men and 3/1 000 women. The mean SUA concentrations showed two consistent trends: (i) the levels rose with age in all four populations and in both sexes; (ii) they were generally higher in men than in women throughout the age range. There was, moreover, an increase in SUA concentrations with increasing sophistication of lifestyle (P less than 0,01), the lowest levels occurring in the tribal Africans, and the highest in the urban communities. This latter finding could not be explained on a genetic basis, nor were there significant differences in physical configuration and nutritional status among the three Negro groups. It is suggested that hyperuricaemia, and possibly the clinical manifestations of gout, have a polygenic aetiology in which acculturation plays an important contributory role."}
{"id": "PMID:888033", "title": "The monitoring of heparin activity during extracorporeal circulation.", "content": "Heparin activity was assessed in 11 patients who underwent extracorporeal circulation for open-heart surgery. The activated partial thromboplastin time (A-PTT), thrombin time, protamine sulphate titration and factor Xa inhibition assay were used. The patients received heparin 3 mg/kg body weight, and 20 mg/450 ml blood was added to the pump. When the operative procedure was extended beyond 100 minutes patients received an additional 1,5 mg heparin/kg body weight. Protamine sulphate in a dose of 1,5 mg/1 mg heparin, was given to neutralize the heparin activity. The A-PTT was the easiest test which gave reliable results. The factor Xa inhibition assay measured heparin levels most precisely and mirrored the A-PTT results in all but one instance. These results indicate that the protocol employed produced adequate anticoagulation for the bypass procedure in all the patients. Protamine sulphate failed to neutralize heparin adequately after bypass in the 3 patients who received additional heparin during the surgical procedure. The monitoring of heparin activity during and after extracorporeal circulation is a desirable addition to open-heart surgical treatment.", "contents": "The monitoring of heparin activity during extracorporeal circulation. Heparin activity was assessed in 11 patients who underwent extracorporeal circulation for open-heart surgery. The activated partial thromboplastin time (A-PTT), thrombin time, protamine sulphate titration and factor Xa inhibition assay were used. The patients received heparin 3 mg/kg body weight, and 20 mg/450 ml blood was added to the pump. When the operative procedure was extended beyond 100 minutes patients received an additional 1,5 mg heparin/kg body weight. Protamine sulphate in a dose of 1,5 mg/1 mg heparin, was given to neutralize the heparin activity. The A-PTT was the easiest test which gave reliable results. The factor Xa inhibition assay measured heparin levels most precisely and mirrored the A-PTT results in all but one instance. These results indicate that the protocol employed produced adequate anticoagulation for the bypass procedure in all the patients. Protamine sulphate failed to neutralize heparin adequately after bypass in the 3 patients who received additional heparin during the surgical procedure. The monitoring of heparin activity during and after extracorporeal circulation is a desirable addition to open-heart surgical treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:888034", "title": "Isovaleric acidaemia in two South African children.", "content": "Two siblings who were repeatedly admitted to hospital with acute episodes of vomiting, dehydration and coma were found to be suffering from isovaleric acidaemia. This condition is a rare inherited abnormality of leucine metabolism, which is frequently fatal in the early weeks of life and leads to mental retardation in a high proportion of those who survive early attacts. However, both our patients were of normal intelligence. The clinical presentation, biochemical defect, diagnosis and suggested therapies are reviewed.", "contents": "Isovaleric acidaemia in two South African children. Two siblings who were repeatedly admitted to hospital with acute episodes of vomiting, dehydration and coma were found to be suffering from isovaleric acidaemia. This condition is a rare inherited abnormality of leucine metabolism, which is frequently fatal in the early weeks of life and leads to mental retardation in a high proportion of those who survive early attacts. However, both our patients were of normal intelligence. The clinical presentation, biochemical defect, diagnosis and suggested therapies are reviewed."}
{"id": "PMID:888035", "title": "Benign gastric ulcer as a cause of gastrocolic fistula. A report of 3 cases.", "content": "Three cases of gastrocolic fistula due to benign gastric ulcer seen during a 5-year period are presented. Although colonic or gastric malignancy is said to be the commonest cause of gastrocolic fistula, in the same period only 1 case due to colonic carcinoma was seen. The important role played by radiology in the diagnosis of gastrocolic fistula is emphasized and the clinical presentation is discussed, together with the possible role of analgesics in the aetiology.", "contents": "Benign gastric ulcer as a cause of gastrocolic fistula. A report of 3 cases. Three cases of gastrocolic fistula due to benign gastric ulcer seen during a 5-year period are presented. Although colonic or gastric malignancy is said to be the commonest cause of gastrocolic fistula, in the same period only 1 case due to colonic carcinoma was seen. The important role played by radiology in the diagnosis of gastrocolic fistula is emphasized and the clinical presentation is discussed, together with the possible role of analgesics in the aetiology."}
{"id": "PMID:888037", "title": "Tuberculous mastitis. A review of 34 cases.", "content": "During a review of 67 cases of mastitis, 34 were diagnosed as cases of tuberculous mastitis. The majority of the patients with tuberculous mastitis were Black women. The mean age of the patients was 34 years. One patient was lactating and several were of postmenopausal age. All presented with unilateral breast masses, thought to be inflammatory in 10 and neoplastic in 10. In none was tuberculosis suspected clinically. The diagnosis of tuberculosis was based on the histopathological demonstration of tubercles, caseation and a granulomatous inflammation, with acid-fast bacilli in 5 instances. The differential diagnoses included duct ectasia, a foreign-body giant-cell reaction with fat necrosis, foreign material or an abscess, granulomatous mastitis, fungal mastitis, sarcoidosis and a syphilitic gumma.", "contents": "Tuberculous mastitis. A review of 34 cases. During a review of 67 cases of mastitis, 34 were diagnosed as cases of tuberculous mastitis. The majority of the patients with tuberculous mastitis were Black women. The mean age of the patients was 34 years. One patient was lactating and several were of postmenopausal age. All presented with unilateral breast masses, thought to be inflammatory in 10 and neoplastic in 10. In none was tuberculosis suspected clinically. The diagnosis of tuberculosis was based on the histopathological demonstration of tubercles, caseation and a granulomatous inflammation, with acid-fast bacilli in 5 instances. The differential diagnoses included duct ectasia, a foreign-body giant-cell reaction with fat necrosis, foreign material or an abscess, granulomatous mastitis, fungal mastitis, sarcoidosis and a syphilitic gumma."}
{"id": "PMID:888038", "title": "The effect of hyoscine-N-butylbromide on exocrine pancreatic secretion.", "content": "Ten adult men who underwent two successive pancreatic function tests in tandem received hyoscine-N-butylbromide intravenously before the second test. The drug inhibited secretin-stimulated protein, trypsin and amylase secretion and increased the bicarbonate concentration in the pancreatic juice. It is important to take these findings into account when interpreting the results of pure pancreatic juice collections taken during retrograde endoscopic pancreatography if the drug has been used as a duodenal relaxant.", "contents": "The effect of hyoscine-N-butylbromide on exocrine pancreatic secretion. Ten adult men who underwent two successive pancreatic function tests in tandem received hyoscine-N-butylbromide intravenously before the second test. The drug inhibited secretin-stimulated protein, trypsin and amylase secretion and increased the bicarbonate concentration in the pancreatic juice. It is important to take these findings into account when interpreting the results of pure pancreatic juice collections taken during retrograde endoscopic pancreatography if the drug has been used as a duodenal relaxant."}
{"id": "PMID:888039", "title": "The clinical presentation of Gilbert's disease in 26 patients.", "content": "Twenty-six patients with Gilbert's disease (congenital, non-haemolytic unconjugated hyperbilirubinaemia) were analysed regarding their clinical presentation, age at onset of symptoms, sex, frequency of symptoms, family history, race and religion. Seventy-three per cent were men, the mean age at onset of symptoms was 21 years, and frequency of symptoms ranged from 4 times a year to once every 5 years. The symptoms, which were extremely vague, included the following: recurrent asymptomatic jaundice in 74%, malaise in 66%, asthenia in 65%, and vague abdominal distension in 52% of patients. Eight per cent of patients were totally asymptomatic. There did not appear to be any particular race or religious group with a higher incidence of the disorder. No abnormal clinical features apart from mild jaundice were detected. The entirely benign nature of the syndrome is stressed, and a normal life expectancy is the rule. The avoidance of prolonged fasting is the best therapeutic measure, although enzyme induction by phenobarbitone therapy may have some place in the management of symptoms.", "contents": "The clinical presentation of Gilbert's disease in 26 patients. Twenty-six patients with Gilbert's disease (congenital, non-haemolytic unconjugated hyperbilirubinaemia) were analysed regarding their clinical presentation, age at onset of symptoms, sex, frequency of symptoms, family history, race and religion. Seventy-three per cent were men, the mean age at onset of symptoms was 21 years, and frequency of symptoms ranged from 4 times a year to once every 5 years. The symptoms, which were extremely vague, included the following: recurrent asymptomatic jaundice in 74%, malaise in 66%, asthenia in 65%, and vague abdominal distension in 52% of patients. Eight per cent of patients were totally asymptomatic. There did not appear to be any particular race or religious group with a higher incidence of the disorder. No abnormal clinical features apart from mild jaundice were detected. The entirely benign nature of the syndrome is stressed, and a normal life expectancy is the rule. The avoidance of prolonged fasting is the best therapeutic measure, although enzyme induction by phenobarbitone therapy may have some place in the management of symptoms."}
{"id": "PMID:888041", "title": "Domiciliary management of simple femoral fractures in children.", "content": "Twenty-six children with a simple fracture of one femur were nursed at home while on gallows traction, under the supervision of health visitors. The average stay in hospital before they were allowed home on traction was 8,5 days. A control group of 28 children with similar fractures, who were nursed only in hospital, spent an average of 34 days in hospital. No complications of treatment were encountered in either group. It is suggested that when there is an efficient health visiting service, children with uncomplicated fractures of the femur can be nursed at home, with benefit to the hospital, the child, and his family.", "contents": "Domiciliary management of simple femoral fractures in children. Twenty-six children with a simple fracture of one femur were nursed at home while on gallows traction, under the supervision of health visitors. The average stay in hospital before they were allowed home on traction was 8,5 days. A control group of 28 children with similar fractures, who were nursed only in hospital, spent an average of 34 days in hospital. No complications of treatment were encountered in either group. It is suggested that when there is an efficient health visiting service, children with uncomplicated fractures of the femur can be nursed at home, with benefit to the hospital, the child, and his family."}
{"id": "PMID:888042", "title": "Drug side-effects assessed in a 'naturalistic' setting.", "content": "Drug treatment was recorded in 202 outpatients who were also questioned on the presence of 25 symptoms that may be caused by drugs. In only 4 instances was the incidence of symptoms usually attributed to a particular drug significantly higher in patients taking the drug than in patients not taking it. It is important to consider factors not related to drugs as well as the effects of other drugs when commenting on the incidence of a particular adverse reaction attributed to a particular drug.", "contents": "Drug side-effects assessed in a 'naturalistic' setting. Drug treatment was recorded in 202 outpatients who were also questioned on the presence of 25 symptoms that may be caused by drugs. In only 4 instances was the incidence of symptoms usually attributed to a particular drug significantly higher in patients taking the drug than in patients not taking it. It is important to consider factors not related to drugs as well as the effects of other drugs when commenting on the incidence of a particular adverse reaction attributed to a particular drug."}
{"id": "PMID:888043", "title": "Pseudosarcoma of the oesophagus. A case report.", "content": "Pseudosarcoma is a malignant, polypoid tumour which has been described in the oesophagus, mouth, fauces and larynx. The tumour consists of a special variety of squamous cell carcinoma. Although squamous carcinoma of the oesophagus is especially prevalent in the East London area, there does not appear to be a corresponding increase in the incidence of pseudosarcoma. We report a case of pseudosarcoma encountered in a series of 5 000 cases of squamous carcinoma of the oesophagus.", "contents": "Pseudosarcoma of the oesophagus. A case report. Pseudosarcoma is a malignant, polypoid tumour which has been described in the oesophagus, mouth, fauces and larynx. The tumour consists of a special variety of squamous cell carcinoma. Although squamous carcinoma of the oesophagus is especially prevalent in the East London area, there does not appear to be a corresponding increase in the incidence of pseudosarcoma. We report a case of pseudosarcoma encountered in a series of 5 000 cases of squamous carcinoma of the oesophagus."}
{"id": "PMID:888045", "title": "Endoscopic sphincterotomy. A preliminary report.", "content": "Early experience with endoscopic sphincterotomy in 13 patients is recorded. Sphincterotomy was successfully carried out in 11 patients. The only complication noted was a haemorrhage in 1 case, for which the patient required 1 unit of blood. Routine endoscopy and extraction of residual calculi by means of a balloon catheter or Dormia basket have not been practised. Instead, an expectant policy is being put to the test, and patients are followed up chiefly by means of intravenous cholangiography. The anatomical basis of endoscopic sphincterotomy is discussed in detail, and a plea is made for standard terminology.", "contents": "Endoscopic sphincterotomy. A preliminary report. Early experience with endoscopic sphincterotomy in 13 patients is recorded. Sphincterotomy was successfully carried out in 11 patients. The only complication noted was a haemorrhage in 1 case, for which the patient required 1 unit of blood. Routine endoscopy and extraction of residual calculi by means of a balloon catheter or Dormia basket have not been practised. Instead, an expectant policy is being put to the test, and patients are followed up chiefly by means of intravenous cholangiography. The anatomical basis of endoscopic sphincterotomy is discussed in detail, and a plea is made for standard terminology."}
{"id": "PMID:888047", "title": "Socioeconomic characteristics of the elderly: some black-white differences.", "content": "This article compares several characteristics of the black and white population aged 60 and older in March 1972. To distinguish race from economic-status effects the population is divided into quintiles of elderly units ranked by size of money income, and comparisons of selected demographic and economic characteristics are made within and across quintiles. Differences between social security beneficiaries and nonbeneficiaries are also analyzed to ascertain the effects of social security benefits. The educational and occupational disadvantages of blacks were evident even at the highest income level--a status more likely to be achieved by married black couples with both spouses working. Black elderly units were less likely than whites to have social security benefits, other government or private pensions, or income from assets. They were generally more likely to have earned income or to receive public assistance payments.", "contents": "Socioeconomic characteristics of the elderly: some black-white differences. This article compares several characteristics of the black and white population aged 60 and older in March 1972. To distinguish race from economic-status effects the population is divided into quintiles of elderly units ranked by size of money income, and comparisons of selected demographic and economic characteristics are made within and across quintiles. Differences between social security beneficiaries and nonbeneficiaries are also analyzed to ascertain the effects of social security benefits. The educational and occupational disadvantages of blacks were evident even at the highest income level--a status more likely to be achieved by married black couples with both spouses working. Black elderly units were less likely than whites to have social security benefits, other government or private pensions, or income from assets. They were generally more likely to have earned income or to receive public assistance payments."}
{"id": "PMID:888050", "title": "Chronic intestinal ischemia.", "content": "Fifteen patients with chronic ischemia of the intestine underwent mesenteric revascularization at the Clinic between 1964 and 1975. Diagnosis was established by strict interpretation of historical and physical findings and the results of lateral abdominal aortography. Three patients had acute ischemia of the intestine immediately following diagnostic arteriography and an operation was required immediately. Vascular reconstruction of selected visceral arteries included the insertion of a bypass graft, endarterectomy and reimplantation of the superior mesenteric artery. Ten of the 15 patients had clearly good results, one patient had only fair relief and four patients had poor results, with one operative death. Surgical results of mesenteric revascularization, in large measure, reflect the accuracy of preoperative diagnosis and patient selection.", "contents": "Chronic intestinal ischemia. Fifteen patients with chronic ischemia of the intestine underwent mesenteric revascularization at the Clinic between 1964 and 1975. Diagnosis was established by strict interpretation of historical and physical findings and the results of lateral abdominal aortography. Three patients had acute ischemia of the intestine immediately following diagnostic arteriography and an operation was required immediately. Vascular reconstruction of selected visceral arteries included the insertion of a bypass graft, endarterectomy and reimplantation of the superior mesenteric artery. Ten of the 15 patients had clearly good results, one patient had only fair relief and four patients had poor results, with one operative death. Surgical results of mesenteric revascularization, in large measure, reflect the accuracy of preoperative diagnosis and patient selection."}
{"id": "PMID:888051", "title": "The interpretation and management of duodenal lesions other than benign ulcer.", "content": "Five patients, each with a unique disease, illustrate some of the unusual subtleties of interpretation, the challenges of operative approach, the avoidance of pitfalls and the management of complications in local duodenal surgical procedures. A Brunner's gland polyp was resected reversing prior pancreatitis and cardiac alterations. A rare ampullary gangliocytic paraganglioma, hemorrhaging, was managed by duct isolations, resection and papilloplasty. A perforated malignant bleeding ulcer with eventual common bile duct obstruction and mimicking a benign ulcer, was approached with a variety of effective palliative procedures. A complicated duodenoileocolic cutaneous fistula in a patient with a background of granulomatous disease was resected. Finally, an obstructing duodenal stricture, attributable to progressive pancreatitis and presenting two years after bypass for jaundice, was managed by gastrojejunostomy and vagotomy, later converted to a Roux-en-Y preparation because of poor emptying and reflux bile gastritis.", "contents": "The interpretation and management of duodenal lesions other than benign ulcer. Five patients, each with a unique disease, illustrate some of the unusual subtleties of interpretation, the challenges of operative approach, the avoidance of pitfalls and the management of complications in local duodenal surgical procedures. A Brunner's gland polyp was resected reversing prior pancreatitis and cardiac alterations. A rare ampullary gangliocytic paraganglioma, hemorrhaging, was managed by duct isolations, resection and papilloplasty. A perforated malignant bleeding ulcer with eventual common bile duct obstruction and mimicking a benign ulcer, was approached with a variety of effective palliative procedures. A complicated duodenoileocolic cutaneous fistula in a patient with a background of granulomatous disease was resected. Finally, an obstructing duodenal stricture, attributable to progressive pancreatitis and presenting two years after bypass for jaundice, was managed by gastrojejunostomy and vagotomy, later converted to a Roux-en-Y preparation because of poor emptying and reflux bile gastritis."}
{"id": "PMID:888052", "title": "Control and complications of intermittent heparin therapy.", "content": "A prospective study using an intermittent six hour method of heparin administration with control of subsequent dosage by the activated partial thromboplastin time revealed an over-all incidence of hemorrhagic complications of 12 per cent. If surgical patients are excluded, the incidence of hemorrhage falls to 4 per cent. This may be further reduced by monitoring the activated partial thromboplastin time within the therapeutic range. In no patient did thromboembolism recur while receiving heparin. It is suggested that this method provides adequate control of heparin therapy with an acceptable complication rate and adequate thromboembolic control and is cheaper to use than a continuous infusion.", "contents": "Control and complications of intermittent heparin therapy. A prospective study using an intermittent six hour method of heparin administration with control of subsequent dosage by the activated partial thromboplastin time revealed an over-all incidence of hemorrhagic complications of 12 per cent. If surgical patients are excluded, the incidence of hemorrhage falls to 4 per cent. This may be further reduced by monitoring the activated partial thromboplastin time within the therapeutic range. In no patient did thromboembolism recur while receiving heparin. It is suggested that this method provides adequate control of heparin therapy with an acceptable complication rate and adequate thromboembolic control and is cheaper to use than a continuous infusion."}
{"id": "PMID:888053", "title": "Surgical treatment of hyperthyroidism in children.", "content": "During the past ten years, subtotal thyroidectomy for hyperthyroidism was performed upon 43 children at Childrens Hospital of Los Angeles. There were no deaths, no recurrent laryngeal nerve injuries and no permanent hypoparathyroidism. During the one to ten year follow-up period, one patient had recurrent hyperthyroidism develop and was treated with 131I. Twenty-five patients are hypothyroid and require thyroid supplement; 14 are euthyroid and receiv no medication. Postoperative thyroid function did not correlate well with gland remnant size, degree of fibrosis or the extent of lymphoid follicle formation. Lymphocytic infiltration was more severe in patients who had hypothyroidism develop postoperatively. Transient hypocalcemia developed in 22 patients. The effectiveness and safety of the surgical treatment for hyperthyroidism in children is reaffirmed, and it is advocated for consideration over 131I or prolonged medical therapy.", "contents": "Surgical treatment of hyperthyroidism in children. During the past ten years, subtotal thyroidectomy for hyperthyroidism was performed upon 43 children at Childrens Hospital of Los Angeles. There were no deaths, no recurrent laryngeal nerve injuries and no permanent hypoparathyroidism. During the one to ten year follow-up period, one patient had recurrent hyperthyroidism develop and was treated with 131I. Twenty-five patients are hypothyroid and require thyroid supplement; 14 are euthyroid and receiv no medication. Postoperative thyroid function did not correlate well with gland remnant size, degree of fibrosis or the extent of lymphoid follicle formation. Lymphocytic infiltration was more severe in patients who had hypothyroidism develop postoperatively. Transient hypocalcemia developed in 22 patients. The effectiveness and safety of the surgical treatment for hyperthyroidism in children is reaffirmed, and it is advocated for consideration over 131I or prolonged medical therapy."}
{"id": "PMID:888054", "title": "Electrical and mechanical activity of isolated canine stomach perfused with fluorocarbon emulsion.", "content": "Electrical and mechanical activities were recorded from the isolated canine stomach perfused with fluorocarbon emulsion and oxygenated in vitro. This preliminary experiment was undertaken to determine whether or not these activities can be preserved during extracorporeal bloodless perfusion using a perfusate containing only an oxygen carrier, fluorocarbon and a simulated physiologic salt solution of some electrolytes. We found that electrical control activity of stomachs so perfused was identical with that found under in vivo conditions. The electrical and mechanical response of these stomachs to intra-arterially injected methacholine and pentagastrin and to electrical stimulation of the vagus nerve suggested that the function of the muscular and intramural plexus layers of the gastric wall remained normal. It was also observed that the frequency of the cycles of electrical control activity and the amplitude of antral contractions were significantly increased, when pO2 of the circulating perfusate rose. Results of the biochemical studies of the perfusate suggested utilization of some of its components for the metabolic needs of the perfused organ. The gastric secretion was alkaline and contained particles of fluorocarbon emulsion.", "contents": "Electrical and mechanical activity of isolated canine stomach perfused with fluorocarbon emulsion. Electrical and mechanical activities were recorded from the isolated canine stomach perfused with fluorocarbon emulsion and oxygenated in vitro. This preliminary experiment was undertaken to determine whether or not these activities can be preserved during extracorporeal bloodless perfusion using a perfusate containing only an oxygen carrier, fluorocarbon and a simulated physiologic salt solution of some electrolytes. We found that electrical control activity of stomachs so perfused was identical with that found under in vivo conditions. The electrical and mechanical response of these stomachs to intra-arterially injected methacholine and pentagastrin and to electrical stimulation of the vagus nerve suggested that the function of the muscular and intramural plexus layers of the gastric wall remained normal. It was also observed that the frequency of the cycles of electrical control activity and the amplitude of antral contractions were significantly increased, when pO2 of the circulating perfusate rose. Results of the biochemical studies of the perfusate suggested utilization of some of its components for the metabolic needs of the perfused organ. The gastric secretion was alkaline and contained particles of fluorocarbon emulsion."}
{"id": "PMID:888055", "title": "The importance of initial presentation and treatment upon the survival of patients with chondrosarcoma.", "content": "The effect of initial presenting symptoms, degree of tumor differentiation and type of surgical procedure on survival was evaluated in a 20 year review of 42 patients with chondrosarcoma. Therapy of patients presenting initially with a painless mass resulted in a median survival period longer than 13 years versus less than three years of the initial symptom was pain. Median survival time of patients with well differentiated chondrosarcomas was more than ten years compared with 1.2 years if the tumor was less well differentiated. Even if the sarcoma was nonresectable, these factors influenced the survival time. Since chondrosarcomas tended to recur locally rather than to metastasize, a number of patients who had a recurrence after the initial surgical excision could be saved by a more radical secondary operation.", "contents": "The importance of initial presentation and treatment upon the survival of patients with chondrosarcoma. The effect of initial presenting symptoms, degree of tumor differentiation and type of surgical procedure on survival was evaluated in a 20 year review of 42 patients with chondrosarcoma. Therapy of patients presenting initially with a painless mass resulted in a median survival period longer than 13 years versus less than three years of the initial symptom was pain. Median survival time of patients with well differentiated chondrosarcomas was more than ten years compared with 1.2 years if the tumor was less well differentiated. Even if the sarcoma was nonresectable, these factors influenced the survival time. Since chondrosarcomas tended to recur locally rather than to metastasize, a number of patients who had a recurrence after the initial surgical excision could be saved by a more radical secondary operation."}
{"id": "PMID:888056", "title": "Successful autotransplantation of the parathyroid glands during total thyroidectomy for carcinoma.", "content": "In a consecutive series of 118 total thyroidectomies during a period of 11 years, autotransplantation of one or more parathyroid glands was used in 64 patients. During the first nine years of this series, autotransplantation was used in only 25 per cent of the total thyroidectomies, with a 3 per cent incidence of permanent hypoparathyroidism. During the last two years, autotransplantation of the parathyroid was used in 89 per cent of 54 total thyroidectomies, with a zero incidence of hypoparathyroidism.", "contents": "Successful autotransplantation of the parathyroid glands during total thyroidectomy for carcinoma. In a consecutive series of 118 total thyroidectomies during a period of 11 years, autotransplantation of one or more parathyroid glands was used in 64 patients. During the first nine years of this series, autotransplantation was used in only 25 per cent of the total thyroidectomies, with a 3 per cent incidence of permanent hypoparathyroidism. During the last two years, autotransplantation of the parathyroid was used in 89 per cent of 54 total thyroidectomies, with a zero incidence of hypoparathyroidism."}
{"id": "PMID:888057", "title": "The role of the extrinsic antral nerves in the regulation of gastric emptying.", "content": "In six conscious dogs with chronically implanted gastric and duodenal electrodes, gastric emptying of 40 radiopaque plastic spheres, with a diameter of 7 millimeters and a specific gravity of 1.6, was assessed fluoroscopically during fasting and after the feeding of the 25 grams of 1 centimeter cubes of boiled beef liver. Gastric emptying of 400 milliliters of 154 millimolar sodium chloride marked with 14C PEG was also measured. The extrinsic antral nerves were then transected, and after recovery, the tests were repeated. Before antral denervation, gastric spheres were emptied predominantly during activity fronts--the five to 15 minute bursts of action potentials and contractions that sweep aborally from the stomach to the colon every two hours during fasting. Feeding abolished activity fronts for about eight hours and, therefore, delayed gastric emptying of the spheres. After antral denervation, antral activity fronts were irregular, less frequent and of shorter duration, and the spheres emptied slower both during fasting and after feeding. In contrast, the emptying of isotonic sodium chloride was unchanged. We concluded that antral extrinsic nerves enhance gastric emptying of solid spheres but not of isotonic sodium chloride.", "contents": "The role of the extrinsic antral nerves in the regulation of gastric emptying. In six conscious dogs with chronically implanted gastric and duodenal electrodes, gastric emptying of 40 radiopaque plastic spheres, with a diameter of 7 millimeters and a specific gravity of 1.6, was assessed fluoroscopically during fasting and after the feeding of the 25 grams of 1 centimeter cubes of boiled beef liver. Gastric emptying of 400 milliliters of 154 millimolar sodium chloride marked with 14C PEG was also measured. The extrinsic antral nerves were then transected, and after recovery, the tests were repeated. Before antral denervation, gastric spheres were emptied predominantly during activity fronts--the five to 15 minute bursts of action potentials and contractions that sweep aborally from the stomach to the colon every two hours during fasting. Feeding abolished activity fronts for about eight hours and, therefore, delayed gastric emptying of the spheres. After antral denervation, antral activity fronts were irregular, less frequent and of shorter duration, and the spheres emptied slower both during fasting and after feeding. In contrast, the emptying of isotonic sodium chloride was unchanged. We concluded that antral extrinsic nerves enhance gastric emptying of solid spheres but not of isotonic sodium chloride."}
{"id": "PMID:888059", "title": "The life cycle of the myofibroblast.", "content": "Myofibroblasts in pig granulating wounds have an identifiable life cycle that parallels the eight week span of contraction of the wounds. As seen by electron microscopy, fibroblasts with a contractile appearance became prominent within one week after wounding and persisted for 12 weeks, after which time they were not visible. Large tangled filaments, measuring 120 Angstrom units are prominent in fibroblasts in late contracted wounds and may be actin. Such filaments could preserve fibroblasts in a contracted state and allow time for the reorganization of collagen into a fixed rigid scar.", "contents": "The life cycle of the myofibroblast. Myofibroblasts in pig granulating wounds have an identifiable life cycle that parallels the eight week span of contraction of the wounds. As seen by electron microscopy, fibroblasts with a contractile appearance became prominent within one week after wounding and persisted for 12 weeks, after which time they were not visible. Large tangled filaments, measuring 120 Angstrom units are prominent in fibroblasts in late contracted wounds and may be actin. Such filaments could preserve fibroblasts in a contracted state and allow time for the reorganization of collagen into a fixed rigid scar."}
{"id": "PMID:888060", "title": "Serial changes in arterial structure following radiation therapy.", "content": "Acute and chronic morphologic changes in the endothelium and the media of canine femoral arteries following 4,000 roentgen given over a ten day period were evaluated by light and scanning electron microscopy. The endothelium showed evidence of moderate to severe acute injury within 48 hours after the course of radiation was completed, as evidenced by marked nuclear disruption with sloughing of entire cells in some areas and widespread patchy intimal fibrin deposition. Repopulation of the luminal surface with new cells forming an irregular and thickened surface became apparent within three weeks but was still incomplete at four months. The internal elastic membrane appeared to be preserved following radiation. The media evidenced minimal alteration during the first week subsequent to radiation, after which a progressive increase in cellularity and later fibrosis with some focal areas of necrosis and round cell infiltration occurred. The adventitia showed progressive hemorrhage and chronic inflammation. The results of this study suggest that radiation injury to the endothelium may be independent from injury to the remainder of the wall of the vessel. The morphologic alterations in the media and adventitia may be long lasting and perhaps permanent in contrast to the more acute changes with gradual repair in the endothelium. Arterial thrombosis is uncommon following radiation.", "contents": "Serial changes in arterial structure following radiation therapy. Acute and chronic morphologic changes in the endothelium and the media of canine femoral arteries following 4,000 roentgen given over a ten day period were evaluated by light and scanning electron microscopy. The endothelium showed evidence of moderate to severe acute injury within 48 hours after the course of radiation was completed, as evidenced by marked nuclear disruption with sloughing of entire cells in some areas and widespread patchy intimal fibrin deposition. Repopulation of the luminal surface with new cells forming an irregular and thickened surface became apparent within three weeks but was still incomplete at four months. The internal elastic membrane appeared to be preserved following radiation. The media evidenced minimal alteration during the first week subsequent to radiation, after which a progressive increase in cellularity and later fibrosis with some focal areas of necrosis and round cell infiltration occurred. The adventitia showed progressive hemorrhage and chronic inflammation. The results of this study suggest that radiation injury to the endothelium may be independent from injury to the remainder of the wall of the vessel. The morphologic alterations in the media and adventitia may be long lasting and perhaps permanent in contrast to the more acute changes with gradual repair in the endothelium. Arterial thrombosis is uncommon following radiation."}
{"id": "PMID:888061", "title": "Studies of the surgical scrub.", "content": "A study comparing the relative efficacy of a five versus a ten minute surgical scrub was carried out using random sampling of personnel scrubbing for routine scheduled hospital surgical procedures. Scrubbing for five minutes was found to be equally as effective as scrubbing for ten minutes. Betadine was compared to pHisoHex as a scrubbing agent and found to be statistically more effective in degerming the skin following a five minute scrub. As a result of this study, a routine preoperative surgical scrub of five minutes' duration, using Betadine as the scrubbing agent, is recommended.", "contents": "Studies of the surgical scrub. A study comparing the relative efficacy of a five versus a ten minute surgical scrub was carried out using random sampling of personnel scrubbing for routine scheduled hospital surgical procedures. Scrubbing for five minutes was found to be equally as effective as scrubbing for ten minutes. Betadine was compared to pHisoHex as a scrubbing agent and found to be statistically more effective in degerming the skin following a five minute scrub. As a result of this study, a routine preoperative surgical scrub of five minutes' duration, using Betadine as the scrubbing agent, is recommended."}
{"id": "PMID:888064", "title": "Peritoneovenous shunting for ascites.", "content": "The peritoneovenous shunt of LeVeen can be safely performed under local anesthesia in patients with advanced cirrhosis and ascites. The results of the technique described have proved satisfactory in 25 diuretic resistant ascites in selected patients. The rapid, downhill course of the patient with severe hepatic encephalopathy or coma is probably unchanged by the presence of the valve. Eighteen surviving patients discharged with shunts in place are under continuing study.", "contents": "Peritoneovenous shunting for ascites. The peritoneovenous shunt of LeVeen can be safely performed under local anesthesia in patients with advanced cirrhosis and ascites. The results of the technique described have proved satisfactory in 25 diuretic resistant ascites in selected patients. The rapid, downhill course of the patient with severe hepatic encephalopathy or coma is probably unchanged by the presence of the valve. Eighteen surviving patients discharged with shunts in place are under continuing study."}
{"id": "PMID:888065", "title": "Technique for intraoperative arteriography after arterial reconstruction of the lower extremity.", "content": "A simple technique for performing intraoperative arteriography to assess the adequacy of arterial reconstruction of the lower extremity has been devised. All arterial reconstructive procedures are readily visualized using undiluted Renografin 60. Unnecessary time delays are avoided with the optimum co-operation between the surgeon and the Radiology Department. Excellent quality arteriograms are obtained using basic materials without the need for more sophisticated arteriographic equipment.", "contents": "Technique for intraoperative arteriography after arterial reconstruction of the lower extremity. A simple technique for performing intraoperative arteriography to assess the adequacy of arterial reconstruction of the lower extremity has been devised. All arterial reconstructive procedures are readily visualized using undiluted Renografin 60. Unnecessary time delays are avoided with the optimum co-operation between the surgeon and the Radiology Department. Excellent quality arteriograms are obtained using basic materials without the need for more sophisticated arteriographic equipment."}
{"id": "PMID:888068", "title": "Bilateral optic canal meningioma.", "content": "A case of bilateral optic canal meningiomas which presented with progressive visual deterioration and optic atrophy is described. Complete neurologic investigation was negative, only surgical exploration disclosed the tumors.", "contents": "Bilateral optic canal meningioma. A case of bilateral optic canal meningiomas which presented with progressive visual deterioration and optic atrophy is described. Complete neurologic investigation was negative, only surgical exploration disclosed the tumors."}
{"id": "PMID:888070", "title": "Automatic cycling bipolar coagulator.", "content": "Bipolar coagulation may be more effective if the currents is delivered in short bursts. This technique is described, along with a bipolar coagulator which automatically dispenses the current in short regularly cycled bursts.", "contents": "Automatic cycling bipolar coagulator. Bipolar coagulation may be more effective if the currents is delivered in short bursts. This technique is described, along with a bipolar coagulator which automatically dispenses the current in short regularly cycled bursts."}
{"id": "PMID:888071", "title": "Bilateral temporal-middle cerebral artery anastomosis for Moyamoya syndrome.", "content": "Moyamoya syndrome has been recognized for approximately 15 years. Medical and surgical treatment by sympathectomy and ganglionectomy has proved futile. This report presents a case treated by bilateral superficial temporal artery, middle cerebral artery anastomosis in a black American male.", "contents": "Bilateral temporal-middle cerebral artery anastomosis for Moyamoya syndrome. Moyamoya syndrome has been recognized for approximately 15 years. Medical and surgical treatment by sympathectomy and ganglionectomy has proved futile. This report presents a case treated by bilateral superficial temporal artery, middle cerebral artery anastomosis in a black American male."}
{"id": "PMID:888072", "title": "Cerebral hydatid cysts in central India.", "content": "Four cases of hydatid cysts of the brain are reported. All of the patients were under 18 years of age. One presented with a localized erosion of the skull and a characteristic cracked-pot sign. Angiographic findings were most useful in their diagnosis.", "contents": "Cerebral hydatid cysts in central India. Four cases of hydatid cysts of the brain are reported. All of the patients were under 18 years of age. One presented with a localized erosion of the skull and a characteristic cracked-pot sign. Angiographic findings were most useful in their diagnosis."}
{"id": "PMID:888073", "title": "Tuberculous abscesses of the cervical spine with quadriparesis.", "content": "Four cases of tuberculosis of the cervical spine with quadriparesis either from subluxation, and/or compression of the spinal cord are described. Our surgical approach has been laminectomy with excision of abscess and cervical fusion. Pre and post operative cervical traction with Crutchfield tongs on Stryker beds was employed in three of the four cases. Excision of these abscesses and cervical fusion, following improvement of the nutritional status and adjunctive chemotherapy, can reverse paralysis in these patients. Three of our four patients recovered.", "contents": "Tuberculous abscesses of the cervical spine with quadriparesis. Four cases of tuberculosis of the cervical spine with quadriparesis either from subluxation, and/or compression of the spinal cord are described. Our surgical approach has been laminectomy with excision of abscess and cervical fusion. Pre and post operative cervical traction with Crutchfield tongs on Stryker beds was employed in three of the four cases. Excision of these abscesses and cervical fusion, following improvement of the nutritional status and adjunctive chemotherapy, can reverse paralysis in these patients. Three of our four patients recovered."}
{"id": "PMID:888075", "title": "Intracranial subarachnoid pressure recording: experience with 650 patients.", "content": "One hundred and forty-seven patients had intracranial pressure monitoring by means of a subarachnoid screw as part of their routine neurosurgical care. Average length of monitoring was five days. Successful recordings were obtained in 92% of the patients. Improper technical placement caused the majority of failures. The overall infection rate associated with the monitor was 2.1%, with 0.7% CNS infection (one patient developed a brain abscess). We have since monitored an additional 500 patients and find the subarachnoid screw to be a reliable, low risk means of clinically recording intracranial pressure in neurosurgical patients.", "contents": "Intracranial subarachnoid pressure recording: experience with 650 patients. One hundred and forty-seven patients had intracranial pressure monitoring by means of a subarachnoid screw as part of their routine neurosurgical care. Average length of monitoring was five days. Successful recordings were obtained in 92% of the patients. Improper technical placement caused the majority of failures. The overall infection rate associated with the monitor was 2.1%, with 0.7% CNS infection (one patient developed a brain abscess). We have since monitored an additional 500 patients and find the subarachnoid screw to be a reliable, low risk means of clinically recording intracranial pressure in neurosurgical patients."}
{"id": "PMID:888076", "title": "Direct attack on carotid ophthalmic and large internal carotid aneurysms.", "content": "Some cases of carotid-ophthalmic and large internal carotid aneurysms successfully excluded from the carotid circulation by direct approach are presented. The principal anatomical and clinical features of the two groups of aneurysms, together with the technique used, are described. It is concluded that direct attack is the treatment of choice because it ensures exclusion of the aneurysm, permits sparing of internal carotid artery and removal of the aneurysmal sac where it compresses adjacent nervous structures.", "contents": "Direct attack on carotid ophthalmic and large internal carotid aneurysms. Some cases of carotid-ophthalmic and large internal carotid aneurysms successfully excluded from the carotid circulation by direct approach are presented. The principal anatomical and clinical features of the two groups of aneurysms, together with the technique used, are described. It is concluded that direct attack is the treatment of choice because it ensures exclusion of the aneurysm, permits sparing of internal carotid artery and removal of the aneurysmal sac where it compresses adjacent nervous structures."}
{"id": "PMID:888077", "title": "Computed tomography in intracerebral hemorrhage.", "content": "Computed tomography is a practical and simple procedure for diagnosis of acute intracerebral hemorrhage. By this means, operable intracerebral hemorrhage was diagnosed in five patients; four were treated surgically. Computed tomography showed the size and location of the hematomas, making surgical treatment feasible despite occasional large extensions of the lesions.", "contents": "Computed tomography in intracerebral hemorrhage. Computed tomography is a practical and simple procedure for diagnosis of acute intracerebral hemorrhage. By this means, operable intracerebral hemorrhage was diagnosed in five patients; four were treated surgically. Computed tomography showed the size and location of the hematomas, making surgical treatment feasible despite occasional large extensions of the lesions."}
{"id": "PMID:888078", "title": "Computerized axial tomography of the brain in neonates and young infants.", "content": "Twenty critically ill infants with abnormal head growth and/or seizures underwent CAT of the brain. Signs of birth asphyxia or respiratory distress were present in all. Six out of ten infants with abnormal size of the head had abnormal CAT scans. Nine out of ten infants with seizures had abnormal scans. Abnormalities included hydrocephalus, intraventricular hemorrhage, cerebral edema, subarachnoid hemorrhage and porencephaly. Six infants required neurosurgical procedures. Development at two to 15 months of age in the 19 surviving infants was normal in nine, suspect in eight, and severely delayed in two patients. Until the prognosis of the various CNS disorders discussed is clearly defined, aggressive management appears indicated.", "contents": "Computerized axial tomography of the brain in neonates and young infants. Twenty critically ill infants with abnormal head growth and/or seizures underwent CAT of the brain. Signs of birth asphyxia or respiratory distress were present in all. Six out of ten infants with abnormal size of the head had abnormal CAT scans. Nine out of ten infants with seizures had abnormal scans. Abnormalities included hydrocephalus, intraventricular hemorrhage, cerebral edema, subarachnoid hemorrhage and porencephaly. Six infants required neurosurgical procedures. Development at two to 15 months of age in the 19 surviving infants was normal in nine, suspect in eight, and severely delayed in two patients. Until the prognosis of the various CNS disorders discussed is clearly defined, aggressive management appears indicated."}
{"id": "PMID:888079", "title": "Experimental decompression of spinal cord.", "content": "An artificial, slowly expanding mass which compressed the spinal cord produced histological, electrophysiological, and neurological changes. A comparison was made of the effects of laminectomy in the cat with dorsally and ventrally placed masses. Laminectomy reversed declining cord function and produced prompt recovery of somatosensory evoked potentials in cats with dorsally placed masses. In contrast, a worsening of these functions occurred following laminectomy in animals with ventrally placed masses. In all cases, evoked potential changes were consistent with neurological status and were predictive of the outcome of surgery.", "contents": "Experimental decompression of spinal cord. An artificial, slowly expanding mass which compressed the spinal cord produced histological, electrophysiological, and neurological changes. A comparison was made of the effects of laminectomy in the cat with dorsally and ventrally placed masses. Laminectomy reversed declining cord function and produced prompt recovery of somatosensory evoked potentials in cats with dorsally placed masses. In contrast, a worsening of these functions occurred following laminectomy in animals with ventrally placed masses. In all cases, evoked potential changes were consistent with neurological status and were predictive of the outcome of surgery."}
{"id": "PMID:888080", "title": "A ventriculo-peritoneal shunt for hemorrhagic or high protein fluid.", "content": "A ventriculoperitoneal shunt may be a more satisfactory method of treating hydrocephalus than periodic needle aspiration or external drainage. A shunt that can be used when the ventricular fluid is hemorrhagic or has a high protein content is described. Only two of 12 patients required revision for shunt obstruction in the two months after surgery.", "contents": "A ventriculo-peritoneal shunt for hemorrhagic or high protein fluid. A ventriculoperitoneal shunt may be a more satisfactory method of treating hydrocephalus than periodic needle aspiration or external drainage. A shunt that can be used when the ventricular fluid is hemorrhagic or has a high protein content is described. Only two of 12 patients required revision for shunt obstruction in the two months after surgery."}
{"id": "PMID:888081", "title": "Embolization of an arteriovenous malformation of the brain stem.", "content": "A case of complete or nearly complete obliteration of a brain stem arteriovenous malformation by embolization is presented. At the termination of the final angiogram the patient bled into the midbrain and died. The reasons for this complication are unknown.", "contents": "Embolization of an arteriovenous malformation of the brain stem. A case of complete or nearly complete obliteration of a brain stem arteriovenous malformation by embolization is presented. At the termination of the final angiogram the patient bled into the midbrain and died. The reasons for this complication are unknown."}
{"id": "PMID:888082", "title": "Membranous occulusion of the aqueduct of Sylvius.", "content": "Two cases of membranous occlusion of the aqueduct of Sylvius are presented. The role of Conray ventriculography in the precise diagnosis of this condition is stressed. Both cases have been operated upon, and the membranes perforated by catheterisation. The catheter was left in the aqueduct in one case. One of the patients was cured, the other died. Membranous occlusion of the aqueduct of Sylvius is a rare cause of hydrocephalus. Occurrence of two cases within a four-month period attracted our attention to this disorder.", "contents": "Membranous occulusion of the aqueduct of Sylvius. Two cases of membranous occlusion of the aqueduct of Sylvius are presented. The role of Conray ventriculography in the precise diagnosis of this condition is stressed. Both cases have been operated upon, and the membranes perforated by catheterisation. The catheter was left in the aqueduct in one case. One of the patients was cured, the other died. Membranous occlusion of the aqueduct of Sylvius is a rare cause of hydrocephalus. Occurrence of two cases within a four-month period attracted our attention to this disorder."}
{"id": "PMID:888085", "title": "Vasoactive properties of prostaglandin compounds on the in vitro human basilar artery.", "content": "The action of six prostaglandins A1, E1, (A2, E2, F1 alpha, F2 alpha) on in vitro human basilar artery circumferential strips was evaluated to assess relative vasoreactivity. Degree of contraction was compared with 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), hitherto the most active in this laboratory. The three most vasoactive prostaglandins were E1, E2, and F2, alpha. The three PGs giving highest magnitude of response were F1 alpha, F2 alpha, and E2. Most were more active when compared to 5-HT. Vasodilation did not occur. Because of their vasoconstrictive qualities, prostaglandins may participate in arterial vasospasm. It is postulated that prolonged vasoconstriction may lead to vasospasm and that the latter may result from one or more autacoids acting along or synergistically.", "contents": "Vasoactive properties of prostaglandin compounds on the in vitro human basilar artery. The action of six prostaglandins A1, E1, (A2, E2, F1 alpha, F2 alpha) on in vitro human basilar artery circumferential strips was evaluated to assess relative vasoreactivity. Degree of contraction was compared with 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), hitherto the most active in this laboratory. The three most vasoactive prostaglandins were E1, E2, and F2, alpha. The three PGs giving highest magnitude of response were F1 alpha, F2 alpha, and E2. Most were more active when compared to 5-HT. Vasodilation did not occur. Because of their vasoconstrictive qualities, prostaglandins may participate in arterial vasospasm. It is postulated that prolonged vasoconstriction may lead to vasospasm and that the latter may result from one or more autacoids acting along or synergistically."}
{"id": "PMID:888086", "title": "Subarachnoid hemorrhage following intranasal procedures.", "content": "Two cases of subarachnoid hemorrhage complicating intranasal ethmoidectomy are presented. In both, the bleeding was initally considered coincidental to the rupture of a congenital aneurysm or an arteriovenous malformation. A direct relationship between the surgical procedure and the subarachnoid hemorrhage only became evident after extensive studies or after delayed development of CSF rhinorrhea, pneumocephalus and meningitis.", "contents": "Subarachnoid hemorrhage following intranasal procedures. Two cases of subarachnoid hemorrhage complicating intranasal ethmoidectomy are presented. In both, the bleeding was initally considered coincidental to the rupture of a congenital aneurysm or an arteriovenous malformation. A direct relationship between the surgical procedure and the subarachnoid hemorrhage only became evident after extensive studies or after delayed development of CSF rhinorrhea, pneumocephalus and meningitis."}
{"id": "PMID:888087", "title": "Aminophylline and isoproterenol in the treatment of cerebral vasopasm.", "content": "Eighteen patients with cerebral vasospasm following subarachnoid hemorrhage were treated with 21 trials of intravenous aminophylline and isoproterenol. After angiographic demonstration of spasm, all patients were started on a continuous intravenous infusion of aminophylline 125 mg/hr and isoproterenol 125 micrograms/hr, preferably for a period of at least five days before the medications were tapered. Of the 21 treatment trials, there were 11 definite beneficial responses and ten failures. This study emphasizes the importance of instituting this therapy as rapidly as possible following the confirmation of symptomatic cerebral vasospasm. In addition, if a response occurs it will be noted within 24 hours of institution of the medications. If no response is noted following this time period, the medications should be discontinued. The major complications of this therapy include hypotension, tachycardia and arrythmias. These complications may necessitate diminishing the dosage of the medications. However, if a response has been obtained, every effort should be made to avoid discontinuing therapy prematurely since cerebral vasospasm may recur. The use of isoproterenol and aminophylline is based on their demonstrated ability to increase cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cyclic AMP) levels in vascular smooth muscle, thus producing relaxation of vasospasm.", "contents": "Aminophylline and isoproterenol in the treatment of cerebral vasopasm. Eighteen patients with cerebral vasospasm following subarachnoid hemorrhage were treated with 21 trials of intravenous aminophylline and isoproterenol. After angiographic demonstration of spasm, all patients were started on a continuous intravenous infusion of aminophylline 125 mg/hr and isoproterenol 125 micrograms/hr, preferably for a period of at least five days before the medications were tapered. Of the 21 treatment trials, there were 11 definite beneficial responses and ten failures. This study emphasizes the importance of instituting this therapy as rapidly as possible following the confirmation of symptomatic cerebral vasospasm. In addition, if a response occurs it will be noted within 24 hours of institution of the medications. If no response is noted following this time period, the medications should be discontinued. The major complications of this therapy include hypotension, tachycardia and arrythmias. These complications may necessitate diminishing the dosage of the medications. However, if a response has been obtained, every effort should be made to avoid discontinuing therapy prematurely since cerebral vasospasm may recur. The use of isoproterenol and aminophylline is based on their demonstrated ability to increase cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cyclic AMP) levels in vascular smooth muscle, thus producing relaxation of vasospasm."}
{"id": "PMID:888088", "title": "Dandy-Walker syndrome: clinico-pathological features and re-evaluation of modes of treatment.", "content": "Eighteen cases of the Dandy-Walker syndrome are presented. The clinical manifestations are analyzed. Almost half of these children had associated congenital anomalies. Only four had the \"characteristic\" radiological findings. Direct surgical attack upon the cyst was not a successful form of treatment. Satisfactory treatment consisted of shunting of the ventricular system but the incidence of complications was high. There was a 27% mortality. The etiology and pathology are discussed.", "contents": "Dandy-Walker syndrome: clinico-pathological features and re-evaluation of modes of treatment. Eighteen cases of the Dandy-Walker syndrome are presented. The clinical manifestations are analyzed. Almost half of these children had associated congenital anomalies. Only four had the \"characteristic\" radiological findings. Direct surgical attack upon the cyst was not a successful form of treatment. Satisfactory treatment consisted of shunting of the ventricular system but the incidence of complications was high. There was a 27% mortality. The etiology and pathology are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:888089", "title": "Anomalous lumbosacral nerve roots associated with spondylolisthesis.", "content": "Anomalies of the lumbosacral nerve roots, if unrecognized, may lead to injury of that nerve in operations on lumbar disks. Myelography rarely predicts the anomaly before operation. However, the presence of congenital skeletal defects of the lumbosacral joint should alert the surgeon to the possibility of anomalous nerve roots. Two cases of spondylolisthesis of the lumbosacral joint with with associated nerve root abnormalities are presented.", "contents": "Anomalous lumbosacral nerve roots associated with spondylolisthesis. Anomalies of the lumbosacral nerve roots, if unrecognized, may lead to injury of that nerve in operations on lumbar disks. Myelography rarely predicts the anomaly before operation. However, the presence of congenital skeletal defects of the lumbosacral joint should alert the surgeon to the possibility of anomalous nerve roots. Two cases of spondylolisthesis of the lumbosacral joint with with associated nerve root abnormalities are presented."}
{"id": "PMID:888090", "title": "Giant intracranial aneurysms: a review of 13 cases.", "content": "Thirteen cases of subarachnoid, extracavernous giant aneurysms are reported. The various types of presentation and treatment are discussed. Of interest is the fact that the paraclinoid carotid artery is the most common location for giant aneurysms. Thirty-one percent have another vascular abnormality associated with them, and 70% presented initially with a subarachnoid hemorrhage.", "contents": "Giant intracranial aneurysms: a review of 13 cases. Thirteen cases of subarachnoid, extracavernous giant aneurysms are reported. The various types of presentation and treatment are discussed. Of interest is the fact that the paraclinoid carotid artery is the most common location for giant aneurysms. Thirty-one percent have another vascular abnormality associated with them, and 70% presented initially with a subarachnoid hemorrhage."}
{"id": "PMID:888091", "title": "Intradural extramedullary spinal arterio-venous malformations fed by the anterior spinal artery.", "content": "There is a small group of spinal arteriovenous malformations which differ from all of the others. They receive their blood supply from the anterior spinal artery but are located outside of the spinal cord and its pia mater. Six such malformations from our series of 150 spinal arteriovenous malformations 1,4 are reported. They differ in their clinical manifestations from the others. They can be extirpated with improvement in the patient's clinical manifestations.", "contents": "Intradural extramedullary spinal arterio-venous malformations fed by the anterior spinal artery. There is a small group of spinal arteriovenous malformations which differ from all of the others. They receive their blood supply from the anterior spinal artery but are located outside of the spinal cord and its pia mater. Six such malformations from our series of 150 spinal arteriovenous malformations 1,4 are reported. They differ in their clinical manifestations from the others. They can be extirpated with improvement in the patient's clinical manifestations."}
{"id": "PMID:888092", "title": "Intradural rupture of lumbar intervertebral disk: report of two cases with review of the literature.", "content": "Two cases of intradural rupture of lumbar intervertebral disks are described, in addition to 22 cases reported in the literature. Our case occurred among 753 herniated disks surgically treated in this department, an incidence similar to that in the literature. Clinically most cases presented as an acute cauda equina syndrome, and a myelographic block was almost always present. Prognosis is not made worse by the perforation. Various factors that might contribute to this relatively rate complication of disk disease are mentioned.", "contents": "Intradural rupture of lumbar intervertebral disk: report of two cases with review of the literature. Two cases of intradural rupture of lumbar intervertebral disks are described, in addition to 22 cases reported in the literature. Our case occurred among 753 herniated disks surgically treated in this department, an incidence similar to that in the literature. Clinically most cases presented as an acute cauda equina syndrome, and a myelographic block was almost always present. Prognosis is not made worse by the perforation. Various factors that might contribute to this relatively rate complication of disk disease are mentioned."}
{"id": "PMID:888093", "title": "Massive hemorrhage in tumor of tuberous sclerosis.", "content": "A massive hemorrhage originating in a giant celled astrocytoma of tuberous sclerosis is reported and pertinent literature is reviewed. No such association has been reported previously.", "contents": "Massive hemorrhage in tumor of tuberous sclerosis. A massive hemorrhage originating in a giant celled astrocytoma of tuberous sclerosis is reported and pertinent literature is reviewed. No such association has been reported previously."}
{"id": "PMID:888095", "title": "Chronic pancreatitis: a cause of biliary stricture.", "content": "This is a report of our experience with 13 patients who had a distal common duct stricture associated with chronic relapsing pancreatitis. All patients, when first seen, had an elevated alkaline phosphatase level; eight of 13 patients also had an elevated serum bilirubin level. Five of the jaundiced patients had a febrile course; a preoperative diagnosis of acute cholangitis was made in four of these. Eight of the 13 patients have had a choledochoduodenostomy for relief of biliary obstruction; seven of these patients are living and well; one died of continued alcoholism and pancreatitis. One patient had a loop cholecystojejunostomy; decompression was inadequate and death due to septicemia secondary to ascending cholangitis ensued. Four patients have not yet had an operation. Two are symptomatic, but elective operation has been refused. Two have been lost to follow-up. We recommend investigation of the biliary tract in patients known to have chronic relapsing pancreatitis who also have persisting abdominal symptoms and an elevated alkaline phosphatase. If a stricture of the distal common bile duct is identified in the absence of acute pancreatitis, choledochoduodenostomy should be performed.", "contents": "Chronic pancreatitis: a cause of biliary stricture. This is a report of our experience with 13 patients who had a distal common duct stricture associated with chronic relapsing pancreatitis. All patients, when first seen, had an elevated alkaline phosphatase level; eight of 13 patients also had an elevated serum bilirubin level. Five of the jaundiced patients had a febrile course; a preoperative diagnosis of acute cholangitis was made in four of these. Eight of the 13 patients have had a choledochoduodenostomy for relief of biliary obstruction; seven of these patients are living and well; one died of continued alcoholism and pancreatitis. One patient had a loop cholecystojejunostomy; decompression was inadequate and death due to septicemia secondary to ascending cholangitis ensued. Four patients have not yet had an operation. Two are symptomatic, but elective operation has been refused. Two have been lost to follow-up. We recommend investigation of the biliary tract in patients known to have chronic relapsing pancreatitis who also have persisting abdominal symptoms and an elevated alkaline phosphatase. If a stricture of the distal common bile duct is identified in the absence of acute pancreatitis, choledochoduodenostomy should be performed."}
{"id": "PMID:888096", "title": "Abdominoperineal resection in the treatment of devascularizing rectal injuries.", "content": "Local debridement, drainage, and diverting colostomy, with or without primary repair of the rectum, have been considered to be the standard treatment for most rectal injuries, but they are not sufficient for those patients sustaining uncontrollable bleeding or extensive rectal devascularization. This report assessed the indications and results of abdominoperineal resection of the rectum in these patients. Ten patients who were victims of explosive trauma presented with massive perineal injuries and extensive rectal devascularization. Six of these were treated with local debridement of necrotic tissue, pararectal drainage, antibiotics, and colostomy. Five of the six patients initially treated by colostomy died after operation from hemorrhage or sepsis. The sixth patients, who survived, had an abdominal resection of the rectum performed 5 days after the colostomy for removal of a gangrenous rectum. All five of those who underwent abdominoperineal resection survived (p less than 0.01). Increasing violence in the life patterns of modern society enhances the possibility of occurrence of this type of lesion, previously limited to military practice. The need for careful investigation of rectal viability is emphasized. Primary abdominoperineal resection of the rectum is advised when extensive devascularization has occurred.", "contents": "Abdominoperineal resection in the treatment of devascularizing rectal injuries. Local debridement, drainage, and diverting colostomy, with or without primary repair of the rectum, have been considered to be the standard treatment for most rectal injuries, but they are not sufficient for those patients sustaining uncontrollable bleeding or extensive rectal devascularization. This report assessed the indications and results of abdominoperineal resection of the rectum in these patients. Ten patients who were victims of explosive trauma presented with massive perineal injuries and extensive rectal devascularization. Six of these were treated with local debridement of necrotic tissue, pararectal drainage, antibiotics, and colostomy. Five of the six patients initially treated by colostomy died after operation from hemorrhage or sepsis. The sixth patients, who survived, had an abdominal resection of the rectum performed 5 days after the colostomy for removal of a gangrenous rectum. All five of those who underwent abdominoperineal resection survived (p less than 0.01). Increasing violence in the life patterns of modern society enhances the possibility of occurrence of this type of lesion, previously limited to military practice. The need for careful investigation of rectal viability is emphasized. Primary abdominoperineal resection of the rectum is advised when extensive devascularization has occurred."}
{"id": "PMID:888097", "title": "Carotid endarterectomy: is an indwelling shunt necessary?", "content": "Three hundred and four consecutive endarterectomies were performed with general anesthesia and without a temporary indwelling shunt. Eight patients (2.6%) awoke from anesthesia with a new neurological deficit. Eight additional patients later developed neurological symptoms, suggesting that the absence of a shunt did not contribute to their complication. Of these 16 patients, two (0.6%) died, nine (3.0%) had a temporary neurological deficit, and five (1.6%) had a permanent neurological deficit. A prolonged occlusion time, a stump pressure of less than 50 mm Hg, or the presence of additional carotid lesions did not show a significant statistical relationship to postoperative neurological deficit.", "contents": "Carotid endarterectomy: is an indwelling shunt necessary? Three hundred and four consecutive endarterectomies were performed with general anesthesia and without a temporary indwelling shunt. Eight patients (2.6%) awoke from anesthesia with a new neurological deficit. Eight additional patients later developed neurological symptoms, suggesting that the absence of a shunt did not contribute to their complication. Of these 16 patients, two (0.6%) died, nine (3.0%) had a temporary neurological deficit, and five (1.6%) had a permanent neurological deficit. A prolonged occlusion time, a stump pressure of less than 50 mm Hg, or the presence of additional carotid lesions did not show a significant statistical relationship to postoperative neurological deficit."}
{"id": "PMID:888098", "title": "The diagnosis and surgical treatment of patients with Gardner's syndrome.", "content": "Of one hundred and twenty-six patients with Gardner's syndrome, 60% showed soft tissue tumors, 32% showed osteomatosis, 67% polyposis, and 20% the complete triad. Bowel cancer developed in 32% of the patients. The frequency of other diseases in these patients showed fibrous tumors in 8%, and two patients with cancer of the ampulla of Vater; otherwise the diseases seen did not show any major variation from what might be expected for the group at risk. Laboratory evaluation has included the demonstration of increased fecal cholesterol and primary bile acids in these patients. The recommended surgical treatment is colectomy and ileorectal anastomosis at a measured 12 cm level. This level of ileorectal anastomosis may be vital in giving a regression of rectal polyps, which was seen in 15 to 17 patients so treated. The conversion of an ileosigmoid to an ileorectal anastomosis resulted in polyp regression in one patient. The oral administration of ascorbic acid gave polyp regression in seven of 10 patients. There may be a possible relationship of fecal coprostanol and cholesterol levels and polyp regression.", "contents": "The diagnosis and surgical treatment of patients with Gardner's syndrome. Of one hundred and twenty-six patients with Gardner's syndrome, 60% showed soft tissue tumors, 32% showed osteomatosis, 67% polyposis, and 20% the complete triad. Bowel cancer developed in 32% of the patients. The frequency of other diseases in these patients showed fibrous tumors in 8%, and two patients with cancer of the ampulla of Vater; otherwise the diseases seen did not show any major variation from what might be expected for the group at risk. Laboratory evaluation has included the demonstration of increased fecal cholesterol and primary bile acids in these patients. The recommended surgical treatment is colectomy and ileorectal anastomosis at a measured 12 cm level. This level of ileorectal anastomosis may be vital in giving a regression of rectal polyps, which was seen in 15 to 17 patients so treated. The conversion of an ileosigmoid to an ileorectal anastomosis resulted in polyp regression in one patient. The oral administration of ascorbic acid gave polyp regression in seven of 10 patients. There may be a possible relationship of fecal coprostanol and cholesterol levels and polyp regression."}
{"id": "PMID:888099", "title": "Routine preoperative upper gastrointestinal series (UGIS) in patients with biliary tract disease: a plea for more selectivity.", "content": "Preoperative upper gastrointestinal x-ray series (UGIS) in patients with documented biliary tract disease commonly is carried out before cholecystectomy. Of 250 patients who had consecutive cholecystectomies performed in a 400-bed private hospital, 105 patients did not have UGIS prior to operation and no gastroduodenal disease was discovered at operation. Thirty-nine positive x-ray examinations were obtained among the 145 patients who had preoperative UGIS. In only three of these patients was a gastric procedure added at operation; no unexpected cancers were found. In the other 36, \"positive\" findings consisted of small hiatal hernias, diverticula of the esophagus, stomach, or duodenum not clinically significant or postgastrectomy anatomic abnormalities. This review suggests that routine preoperative UGIS may not be warranted in such patients and urges greater selectivity of patients having this procedure.", "contents": "Routine preoperative upper gastrointestinal series (UGIS) in patients with biliary tract disease: a plea for more selectivity. Preoperative upper gastrointestinal x-ray series (UGIS) in patients with documented biliary tract disease commonly is carried out before cholecystectomy. Of 250 patients who had consecutive cholecystectomies performed in a 400-bed private hospital, 105 patients did not have UGIS prior to operation and no gastroduodenal disease was discovered at operation. Thirty-nine positive x-ray examinations were obtained among the 145 patients who had preoperative UGIS. In only three of these patients was a gastric procedure added at operation; no unexpected cancers were found. In the other 36, \"positive\" findings consisted of small hiatal hernias, diverticula of the esophagus, stomach, or duodenum not clinically significant or postgastrectomy anatomic abnormalities. This review suggests that routine preoperative UGIS may not be warranted in such patients and urges greater selectivity of patients having this procedure."}
{"id": "PMID:888100", "title": "Hepatorenal syndrome: reversal by peritoneovenous shunt.", "content": "Two patients with hepatorenal syndrome were treated by insertion of a peritoneovenous shunt. The renal deficit was corrected rapidly in both cases. A 62-year-old woman with a slow onset syndrome with urine output of 100 to 150 ml/day and urinary sodium excretion of 1 mEq/day responded with large volume urinary output and sodium excretion. She is alive with minimal ascites 18 months after shunt. A 53-year-old man with severe nutritional cirrhosis, alcoholic hepatitis, and eventual massive necrosis was treated for bleeding esophageal varices by portacaval shunt. Postoperative massive ascites progressed to acute hepatorenal syndrome. Insertion of a peritoneovenous shunt reversed the renal deficit. HE eventually exsanguinated due to a hemorrhagic diathesis caused by massive hepatic necrosis.", "contents": "Hepatorenal syndrome: reversal by peritoneovenous shunt. Two patients with hepatorenal syndrome were treated by insertion of a peritoneovenous shunt. The renal deficit was corrected rapidly in both cases. A 62-year-old woman with a slow onset syndrome with urine output of 100 to 150 ml/day and urinary sodium excretion of 1 mEq/day responded with large volume urinary output and sodium excretion. She is alive with minimal ascites 18 months after shunt. A 53-year-old man with severe nutritional cirrhosis, alcoholic hepatitis, and eventual massive necrosis was treated for bleeding esophageal varices by portacaval shunt. Postoperative massive ascites progressed to acute hepatorenal syndrome. Insertion of a peritoneovenous shunt reversed the renal deficit. HE eventually exsanguinated due to a hemorrhagic diathesis caused by massive hepatic necrosis."}
{"id": "PMID:888101", "title": "Questionable value of furosemide in preventing renal failure.", "content": "The effects of furosemide on renal function and hemodynamics were evaluated in 54 critically ill surgical patients. Standard clearance techniques were used to measure glomerular filtration rate (GFR), renal plasma flow (RPF), osmolar clearance (COsm), sodium clearance (CNa), and renal blood flow (RBF). RBF distribution to outer cortex, inner cortex-outer medulla, and inner medulla was measured by the radioactive xenon disappearance technique. Furosemide produced a marked rise in urine output, COsm, and CNa; it produced no change in GFR, RPF, RBF, and RBF distribution. Twelve of the 54 patients received furosemide for therapy not related to the study; six patients developed renal failure and five became hypotensive 2 to 10 hours after administration of furosemide. These data demonstrate that furosemide does not protect against renal failure by altering or increasing RBF but may cause renal failure by producing hypovolemia.", "contents": "Questionable value of furosemide in preventing renal failure. The effects of furosemide on renal function and hemodynamics were evaluated in 54 critically ill surgical patients. Standard clearance techniques were used to measure glomerular filtration rate (GFR), renal plasma flow (RPF), osmolar clearance (COsm), sodium clearance (CNa), and renal blood flow (RBF). RBF distribution to outer cortex, inner cortex-outer medulla, and inner medulla was measured by the radioactive xenon disappearance technique. Furosemide produced a marked rise in urine output, COsm, and CNa; it produced no change in GFR, RPF, RBF, and RBF distribution. Twelve of the 54 patients received furosemide for therapy not related to the study; six patients developed renal failure and five became hypotensive 2 to 10 hours after administration of furosemide. These data demonstrate that furosemide does not protect against renal failure by altering or increasing RBF but may cause renal failure by producing hypovolemia."}
{"id": "PMID:888102", "title": "The delayed hypersensitivity response: application in clinical surgery.", "content": "Delayed hypersensitivity skin testing was performed on 520 surgical patients. Significantly higher incidences of sepsis and mortality (p less than 0.001) were found in the abnormal patients as compared to normal responders in the preoperative (322 patients), postoperative and post-trauma (115 patients), and nonoperative (83 patients) groups. Sequential testing in individual patients was of even greater prognostic value. Of the 177 patients who either remained normal or whose responses became normal, the sepsis rate was 10.1%, and the mortality rate was 8.4%. However, a sepsis rate of 57.6% and a 78% mortality rate were found in those patients who developed abnormal responses or whose responses did not improve. Cancer and increased age (older than 80 years) did not account for the incidence of anergy and relative anergy. The mortality rate was higher in the cancer group. Anergy and relative anergy were found to be associated with malnutrition, sepsis, shock, and trauma. In the clinical setting, effective treatment of these associated conditions, especially the maintenance of body cell mass by the use of total parenteral nutrition, was associated with reversal of the anergic state and an improved prognosis.", "contents": "The delayed hypersensitivity response: application in clinical surgery. Delayed hypersensitivity skin testing was performed on 520 surgical patients. Significantly higher incidences of sepsis and mortality (p less than 0.001) were found in the abnormal patients as compared to normal responders in the preoperative (322 patients), postoperative and post-trauma (115 patients), and nonoperative (83 patients) groups. Sequential testing in individual patients was of even greater prognostic value. Of the 177 patients who either remained normal or whose responses became normal, the sepsis rate was 10.1%, and the mortality rate was 8.4%. However, a sepsis rate of 57.6% and a 78% mortality rate were found in those patients who developed abnormal responses or whose responses did not improve. Cancer and increased age (older than 80 years) did not account for the incidence of anergy and relative anergy. The mortality rate was higher in the cancer group. Anergy and relative anergy were found to be associated with malnutrition, sepsis, shock, and trauma. In the clinical setting, effective treatment of these associated conditions, especially the maintenance of body cell mass by the use of total parenteral nutrition, was associated with reversal of the anergic state and an improved prognosis."}
{"id": "PMID:888103", "title": "Management of the morbidly obese patient after small bowel bypass failure.", "content": "Fourteen patients underwent small bowel bypass (SBB) takedown for complications such as chronic nausea and vomiting, excessive flatus, intractable diarrhea, liver dysfunction, electrolyte imbalance, hyperoxaluria with renal stones, and arthritis. The average weight loss in these 14 patients after SBB was 93 pounds (34% of initial weight), with a mean follow-up of 23 months. Four of the 14 patients had SBB takedown only and gained an average of 36 pounds over the ensuing 14 months. Similarly, three patients had SBB takedown with delayed (asynchronous) gastric bypass (GB) and gained an average of 55 pounds during the 14 months prior to GB. Following GB these three patients lost only an additional 8 pounds over a 12 month period, leaving them 47 pounds heavier than at the time of SBB takedown. In contrast, seven patients treated with SBB takedown and synchronous GB not only maintained the weight reduction obtained with SBB, but, in addition, had further modest weight reductions (average, 18 pounds), for a mean follow-up of 8 months. There were no serious operative or late complications with any of the above operations. In addition, the complications leading to SBB takedown resolved in each case. It is concluded that synchronous GB is an effective means of maintaining the weight reduction in the morbidly obese patient after SBB takedown.", "contents": "Management of the morbidly obese patient after small bowel bypass failure. Fourteen patients underwent small bowel bypass (SBB) takedown for complications such as chronic nausea and vomiting, excessive flatus, intractable diarrhea, liver dysfunction, electrolyte imbalance, hyperoxaluria with renal stones, and arthritis. The average weight loss in these 14 patients after SBB was 93 pounds (34% of initial weight), with a mean follow-up of 23 months. Four of the 14 patients had SBB takedown only and gained an average of 36 pounds over the ensuing 14 months. Similarly, three patients had SBB takedown with delayed (asynchronous) gastric bypass (GB) and gained an average of 55 pounds during the 14 months prior to GB. Following GB these three patients lost only an additional 8 pounds over a 12 month period, leaving them 47 pounds heavier than at the time of SBB takedown. In contrast, seven patients treated with SBB takedown and synchronous GB not only maintained the weight reduction obtained with SBB, but, in addition, had further modest weight reductions (average, 18 pounds), for a mean follow-up of 8 months. There were no serious operative or late complications with any of the above operations. In addition, the complications leading to SBB takedown resolved in each case. It is concluded that synchronous GB is an effective means of maintaining the weight reduction in the morbidly obese patient after SBB takedown."}
{"id": "PMID:888104", "title": "The exteriorized anastomosis: its role in surgery of the colon.", "content": "Sixty-one patients (59, trauma; two, nontrauma) have been managed at Detroit General Hospital from 1972 to 1976 utilizing an exteriorized colon anastomosis. Healing of the anastomosis was present in 42 (70%) of the patients, and 37 (62%) avoided colostomy. Our experience with this procedure has demonstrated that it is a safe, reliable adjunct to be used in colon surgery when primary intraperitoneal repair is not desirable, that the added operating time (20 to 30 minutes) will not be deleterious to the patient, that the lesion is at least 18 cm above the peritoneal reflection, and that the likelihood of a prolonged septic postoperative course is not high.", "contents": "The exteriorized anastomosis: its role in surgery of the colon. Sixty-one patients (59, trauma; two, nontrauma) have been managed at Detroit General Hospital from 1972 to 1976 utilizing an exteriorized colon anastomosis. Healing of the anastomosis was present in 42 (70%) of the patients, and 37 (62%) avoided colostomy. Our experience with this procedure has demonstrated that it is a safe, reliable adjunct to be used in colon surgery when primary intraperitoneal repair is not desirable, that the added operating time (20 to 30 minutes) will not be deleterious to the patient, that the lesion is at least 18 cm above the peritoneal reflection, and that the likelihood of a prolonged septic postoperative course is not high."}
{"id": "PMID:888105", "title": "Complications associated with the use of gastrointestinal stapling devices.", "content": "Complications arising in the intraoperative and postoperative period were assessed over a 2-year period in 132 patients in whom gastroinestinal operations had been performed using the TA-type or GIA-type stapling devices. Specific complications are described and their relationship to the staple-suture technique is evaluated. Bleeding from the anastomotic line is believed to be a complication directly attributable to the technique. Technical errors in the use of the device, as well as mechanical malfunction, can contribute to morbidity or mortality. Methods for avoding staple-related complications are suggested. The history of stapling instruments is reviewed briefly.", "contents": "Complications associated with the use of gastrointestinal stapling devices. Complications arising in the intraoperative and postoperative period were assessed over a 2-year period in 132 patients in whom gastroinestinal operations had been performed using the TA-type or GIA-type stapling devices. Specific complications are described and their relationship to the staple-suture technique is evaluated. Bleeding from the anastomotic line is believed to be a complication directly attributable to the technique. Technical errors in the use of the device, as well as mechanical malfunction, can contribute to morbidity or mortality. Methods for avoding staple-related complications are suggested. The history of stapling instruments is reviewed briefly."}
{"id": "PMID:888128", "title": "[Results obtained using various types of suture material in laparotomy and the treatment of umbilical hernia in horses (author's transl)].", "content": "Comparative studies were done on healing of the wound following laparotomy through the ventral wall of the abdomen (paramedian incision or in the linea alba) in seventy horses and following surgical treatment of umbilical hernia in eighty-five (young) horses, in which perlon, (chromic) catgut, stainless steel wire and polyglycollic acid were used as suture material. Though with some reserve, as the study was concerned with the comparison of findings in clinical cases in which a number of conditions may vary, it is concluded that steel wire and polyglycollic acid are preferable to perlon and (chromic) catgut in suturing the abdominal wall and hernial ring in horses.", "contents": "[Results obtained using various types of suture material in laparotomy and the treatment of umbilical hernia in horses (author's transl)]. Comparative studies were done on healing of the wound following laparotomy through the ventral wall of the abdomen (paramedian incision or in the linea alba) in seventy horses and following surgical treatment of umbilical hernia in eighty-five (young) horses, in which perlon, (chromic) catgut, stainless steel wire and polyglycollic acid were used as suture material. Though with some reserve, as the study was concerned with the comparison of findings in clinical cases in which a number of conditions may vary, it is concluded that steel wire and polyglycollic acid are preferable to perlon and (chromic) catgut in suturing the abdominal wall and hernial ring in horses."}
{"id": "PMID:888129", "title": "[Treatment of a traumatic intestinal prolaps in a lizard (author's transl)].", "content": "A serious intestinal prolaps in a lizard (Lacerta pityusensis pityusensis) that was sent by parcel post package, was replaced and the wound sutured. Anaesthesia, surgery and post-operative course are described.", "contents": "[Treatment of a traumatic intestinal prolaps in a lizard (author's transl)]. A serious intestinal prolaps in a lizard (Lacerta pityusensis pityusensis) that was sent by parcel post package, was replaced and the wound sutured. Anaesthesia, surgery and post-operative course are described."}
{"id": "PMID:888130", "title": "[Social function of pets (author's transl)].", "content": "The present paper is an abridged version of one written in 1974. Only one of several functions of small pets, viz. their social function, is discussed, both the positive and the negative aspects being considered. A test developed in Great Britain serves to show how important a pet may be. The reasons for which man regards his animals as important are more within the scope of the psychologist bus are also referred to in the paper. An entirely new social function, especially of dogs, is the role of therapeutic aids in the psychotherapy of children. This method is used specifically by the American psychiatrist B. M. Levinson. Drawbacks to pets are inadequate hygiene, agressiveness and zoonoses, though veterinarians may play an important role in overcoming these disadvantages.", "contents": "[Social function of pets (author's transl)]. The present paper is an abridged version of one written in 1974. Only one of several functions of small pets, viz. their social function, is discussed, both the positive and the negative aspects being considered. A test developed in Great Britain serves to show how important a pet may be. The reasons for which man regards his animals as important are more within the scope of the psychologist bus are also referred to in the paper. An entirely new social function, especially of dogs, is the role of therapeutic aids in the psychotherapy of children. This method is used specifically by the American psychiatrist B. M. Levinson. Drawbacks to pets are inadequate hygiene, agressiveness and zoonoses, though veterinarians may play an important role in overcoming these disadvantages."}
{"id": "PMID:888136", "title": "Surgical treatment and adjuvant chemotherapy of gastric cancer on the basis of pathological findings.", "content": "Gastrectomy was performed in 626 outo 692 operated cases of gastric cancer. Histologic examination of the resected specimens revealed that the cancer was confined to the mucosal (m) or submucosal layer (sm) in 256 cases, advanced to the muscularis propria (pm) or subserosal layer (ss) in 110, and to the serosa (se) or the surrounding organs (si, sei) in 260. 238 (93%) of m and sm cases were free from lymphnode metastasis. Lymphnode metastasis was noted in 51 (46%) of pm and ss cases, 177 (77%) were positive in lymphnode metastasis and 108 (47%) showed metastasis in n2 and n3 degree. Adjuvant chemotherapy fairly improved the psotoperative survival rate of the advanced cases with lymphnode metastasis, serosal involvement, or lymph and blood vessel involement of gastric cancer.", "contents": "Surgical treatment and adjuvant chemotherapy of gastric cancer on the basis of pathological findings. Gastrectomy was performed in 626 outo 692 operated cases of gastric cancer. Histologic examination of the resected specimens revealed that the cancer was confined to the mucosal (m) or submucosal layer (sm) in 256 cases, advanced to the muscularis propria (pm) or subserosal layer (ss) in 110, and to the serosa (se) or the surrounding organs (si, sei) in 260. 238 (93%) of m and sm cases were free from lymphnode metastasis. Lymphnode metastasis was noted in 51 (46%) of pm and ss cases, 177 (77%) were positive in lymphnode metastasis and 108 (47%) showed metastasis in n2 and n3 degree. Adjuvant chemotherapy fairly improved the psotoperative survival rate of the advanced cases with lymphnode metastasis, serosal involvement, or lymph and blood vessel involement of gastric cancer."}
{"id": "PMID:888138", "title": "Effect of starvation on excretion, distribution and metabolism of DDT in mice.", "content": "Effect of starvation on tissue radioactivity of 14C-DDT was examined in mice 8 days after its single injection. Animals were completely fasted and given barium sulfate by gastric intubation for the last 3 days. The findings obtained from starved mice were as follows: 1) loss of body weight, 2) decrease in organ weight of epedidymal fat and liver, 3) reduction in lipid content of whole body as well as of epididymal fat, 4) a marked elevation of DDT levels in tissues except muscle, and 5) occasional neurotoxidc signs characterized by tremors and convulsions. Excretion of DDT-related metabolites was not changed by starvation. Analysis of metabolic producets of 14C-DDT using thin-layer radiochromatography revealed that there was little or no significant difference between control and starved mice in the metabolic pattern of DDT-related compounds in the tissues and excreta. It was assumed the DDT-ingested animals with dietary energy restriction had a subsequent risk of toxicity resulted from redistribution of DDT, but not from alteration in excretion or metabolism.", "contents": "Effect of starvation on excretion, distribution and metabolism of DDT in mice. Effect of starvation on tissue radioactivity of 14C-DDT was examined in mice 8 days after its single injection. Animals were completely fasted and given barium sulfate by gastric intubation for the last 3 days. The findings obtained from starved mice were as follows: 1) loss of body weight, 2) decrease in organ weight of epedidymal fat and liver, 3) reduction in lipid content of whole body as well as of epididymal fat, 4) a marked elevation of DDT levels in tissues except muscle, and 5) occasional neurotoxidc signs characterized by tremors and convulsions. Excretion of DDT-related metabolites was not changed by starvation. Analysis of metabolic producets of 14C-DDT using thin-layer radiochromatography revealed that there was little or no significant difference between control and starved mice in the metabolic pattern of DDT-related compounds in the tissues and excreta. It was assumed the DDT-ingested animals with dietary energy restriction had a subsequent risk of toxicity resulted from redistribution of DDT, but not from alteration in excretion or metabolism."}
{"id": "PMID:888139", "title": "Regional contraction patterns of the left ventricle during ventricular pacing.", "content": "Ten mongrel dogs were used to assess regional myocardial function in response to electrical pacing form the inflow (RVI), outflow tracts (RVO), and apex (RVA) of the right ventricle and apex (LVA) and lateral wall (LVL) of the left ventricle. Strainguauge arches were sutured to the epicardial segments of the apical and lateral walls of the left ventricle and their mechanical shortening was measured during right artial (RA) and during ventricular pacing. The onset of shortening of two segment did not differ significantly in RA and RVI pacing, while the stimulation of RVA and LVA caused the initial contraction of the apical segment, and RVO and LVL pacing caused that of the lateral segment; i.e. RVA and RVO pacing resulted in left ventricular asynchrony of contraction similar to LVA and LVL pacing, respectively. Asynchrony of contraction was not accompanied by a uniform change in peak tension of regional myocardial segments, but prejection tension rose and ejection tension fell at the pacing site. The reduction in mean aortic pressure inversely correlated with the prolongation of the time interval between the onset of shortening of two segments during left ventricular pacing. The decrease in cardiac performance observed during ventricular pacing was related to the severity of asynchrony rather than the direction of the ventricular depolarization or change in regional myocardial tension.", "contents": "Regional contraction patterns of the left ventricle during ventricular pacing. Ten mongrel dogs were used to assess regional myocardial function in response to electrical pacing form the inflow (RVI), outflow tracts (RVO), and apex (RVA) of the right ventricle and apex (LVA) and lateral wall (LVL) of the left ventricle. Strainguauge arches were sutured to the epicardial segments of the apical and lateral walls of the left ventricle and their mechanical shortening was measured during right artial (RA) and during ventricular pacing. The onset of shortening of two segment did not differ significantly in RA and RVI pacing, while the stimulation of RVA and LVA caused the initial contraction of the apical segment, and RVO and LVL pacing caused that of the lateral segment; i.e. RVA and RVO pacing resulted in left ventricular asynchrony of contraction similar to LVA and LVL pacing, respectively. Asynchrony of contraction was not accompanied by a uniform change in peak tension of regional myocardial segments, but prejection tension rose and ejection tension fell at the pacing site. The reduction in mean aortic pressure inversely correlated with the prolongation of the time interval between the onset of shortening of two segments during left ventricular pacing. The decrease in cardiac performance observed during ventricular pacing was related to the severity of asynchrony rather than the direction of the ventricular depolarization or change in regional myocardial tension."}
{"id": "PMID:888140", "title": "Effect of exercise on alimentary lipemia in healthy men.", "content": "To investigate the effect of exercise on alimentary lipemia, 6 healthy volunteers were exmained for their plasma parameters successively for 6 hr after ingestion of emulsified butter (1 g/kg body weight) with and without subsequent intermittent loading of exercise (720 kilopound meters per min for 2 min, 6 times at hourly intervals) using a bicycle ergometer. No apparent differences were found between the fat loading test and the fat and exercise loading test in the 6 hr levels of plasma chylimicron-triglyceride, lipoprotein-triglyceride and endogenous lipolytic activity measured by the usual lipoprotein lipase assay method, although the increase in plasma free fatty acids in the fat and exercise loading test was significantly greater than that in the single fat loading test. It is concluded that the intermittent muscle exercise adopted in this study has no significant inffuence on the triglyceride elevation after the fat loading in man.", "contents": "Effect of exercise on alimentary lipemia in healthy men. To investigate the effect of exercise on alimentary lipemia, 6 healthy volunteers were exmained for their plasma parameters successively for 6 hr after ingestion of emulsified butter (1 g/kg body weight) with and without subsequent intermittent loading of exercise (720 kilopound meters per min for 2 min, 6 times at hourly intervals) using a bicycle ergometer. No apparent differences were found between the fat loading test and the fat and exercise loading test in the 6 hr levels of plasma chylimicron-triglyceride, lipoprotein-triglyceride and endogenous lipolytic activity measured by the usual lipoprotein lipase assay method, although the increase in plasma free fatty acids in the fat and exercise loading test was significantly greater than that in the single fat loading test. It is concluded that the intermittent muscle exercise adopted in this study has no significant inffuence on the triglyceride elevation after the fat loading in man."}
{"id": "PMID:888141", "title": "Clinical evaluation of angiotensin II antagonist in advanced hypertension.", "content": "Eighteen patients with advanced or malignant hypertension due to essential hypertension, systemic lupus erythematosus or chronic glomerulonephritis were infused intravenously with 1-Sar-8-Ile-Angiotensin II, a competitive antagonist of aniotensin II. The spectrum of responses was broad from a mild elevation to a marked fall in blood pressure. The changes in mean blood pressure caused by this peptide showed a significant correlation with the level of peripheral plasma renin activity immediately before the infusion (r=0.5652, p less than 0.02). This peptide infusion reduced blood pressre in 12 patients (responders), but not in 6 (non-respnders). There were no differences with age, sex and severity of hypertension except for the level of peripheral plasma renin activity between the two groups. Our retrospective study showed that in 12 responders propranolol reduced blood pressure to near the normal level, while in 6 non-responders furosemide induced similar depressor response. It is concluded that the vasodepressor effect of this peptide correlates with the levels of peripheral plasma renin activity and that the responses to this drug can be used as a guide for the selection of effective antihypertensive drugs.", "contents": "Clinical evaluation of angiotensin II antagonist in advanced hypertension. Eighteen patients with advanced or malignant hypertension due to essential hypertension, systemic lupus erythematosus or chronic glomerulonephritis were infused intravenously with 1-Sar-8-Ile-Angiotensin II, a competitive antagonist of aniotensin II. The spectrum of responses was broad from a mild elevation to a marked fall in blood pressure. The changes in mean blood pressure caused by this peptide showed a significant correlation with the level of peripheral plasma renin activity immediately before the infusion (r=0.5652, p less than 0.02). This peptide infusion reduced blood pressre in 12 patients (responders), but not in 6 (non-respnders). There were no differences with age, sex and severity of hypertension except for the level of peripheral plasma renin activity between the two groups. Our retrospective study showed that in 12 responders propranolol reduced blood pressure to near the normal level, while in 6 non-responders furosemide induced similar depressor response. It is concluded that the vasodepressor effect of this peptide correlates with the levels of peripheral plasma renin activity and that the responses to this drug can be used as a guide for the selection of effective antihypertensive drugs."}
{"id": "PMID:888142", "title": "Dependency representing Markov properties of spike trains recorded from central single neurons.", "content": "Neuronal spike trains are regarded as stochastic point processes.  To estimate the order and the vale of Markov properties of the adjacent interspike interval sequences, we have proposed new statistics \"dependency\" Dm for discrete variable and \"simplified dependency\" Dm for continuous variable in the stationary point processes, and Dm(t) for discrete variable in the non-stationary point processes. With the use of Dm it was shown that the maintained activity of the neurons of the mesencephalic reticular formation and red nucleus (tonic neuron groups) revealed higher order and larger values of Markov properties than that of the optic tract (OT) fibers and lateral geniculate nucleus neurons (phasic neuron groups) in cats. By employing Dm(t) it was shown that the value of the 1st order Markov properties of OT spike trains induced by the light spot presentation became to increase earlier in Y-fibers than in X-fibers; and that the value for Y-fibers returned to the maintained level in a short time, while the maximum value for X-fibers continued up to the light-off. The differentiation is considered to have a decided functional significance. From these results it is suggested that dependency code represents the stability of neuronal functions.", "contents": "Dependency representing Markov properties of spike trains recorded from central single neurons. Neuronal spike trains are regarded as stochastic point processes.  To estimate the order and the vale of Markov properties of the adjacent interspike interval sequences, we have proposed new statistics \"dependency\" Dm for discrete variable and \"simplified dependency\" Dm for continuous variable in the stationary point processes, and Dm(t) for discrete variable in the non-stationary point processes. With the use of Dm it was shown that the maintained activity of the neurons of the mesencephalic reticular formation and red nucleus (tonic neuron groups) revealed higher order and larger values of Markov properties than that of the optic tract (OT) fibers and lateral geniculate nucleus neurons (phasic neuron groups) in cats. By employing Dm(t) it was shown that the value of the 1st order Markov properties of OT spike trains induced by the light spot presentation became to increase earlier in Y-fibers than in X-fibers; and that the value for Y-fibers returned to the maintained level in a short time, while the maximum value for X-fibers continued up to the light-off. The differentiation is considered to have a decided functional significance. From these results it is suggested that dependency code represents the stability of neuronal functions."}
{"id": "PMID:888143", "title": "Studies of the metabolic fate of p-hydroxybenzoic acid in male and female cats.", "content": "Metabolic studies conducted on p-hydroxybenzoic acid orally administered at dose levels of 13 and 26 mg/kg to male and female cats have shown that the compound is rapidly excreted in the urine exclusively in the form of the glycine conjugate p-hydroxyhippuric acid. Similar results were obtained following either single administration or 7-day treatment. The metabolite in the urine was characterised by thin-layer chromatography, amino acid analysis and mass spectrometry.", "contents": "Studies of the metabolic fate of p-hydroxybenzoic acid in male and female cats. Metabolic studies conducted on p-hydroxybenzoic acid orally administered at dose levels of 13 and 26 mg/kg to male and female cats have shown that the compound is rapidly excreted in the urine exclusively in the form of the glycine conjugate p-hydroxyhippuric acid. Similar results were obtained following either single administration or 7-day treatment. The metabolite in the urine was characterised by thin-layer chromatography, amino acid analysis and mass spectrometry."}
{"id": "PMID:888144", "title": "Pathological alterations in Syrian golden hamster lungs after passive exposure to cigarette smoke.", "content": "The effects of 2 types of research cigarettes, differing in their total smoke delivery and condensate, were examined as to their histopathological effects of Syrian golden hamster lungs. The animals were passively exposed to the total smoke of the cigarettes once a day, 5 days/week for 1 year. Experimental and control animals were killed one day after termination of exposure. Varying effects on the macrophages of pulmonary alveolar tissue were observed. Infiltration of lung tissue by \"Brown cells\" was a common pathological alteration. Qualitative and quantitative differences existed between the two cigarette groups with respect to the occurrence of such \"Brown cell\" clumps. The response of the lung tissue to smoke exposure would appear to be dependent upon the amount of mainstream total particulate matter (TPM), the amount of condensate, the time exposed and the number of cigarettes.", "contents": "Pathological alterations in Syrian golden hamster lungs after passive exposure to cigarette smoke. The effects of 2 types of research cigarettes, differing in their total smoke delivery and condensate, were examined as to their histopathological effects of Syrian golden hamster lungs. The animals were passively exposed to the total smoke of the cigarettes once a day, 5 days/week for 1 year. Experimental and control animals were killed one day after termination of exposure. Varying effects on the macrophages of pulmonary alveolar tissue were observed. Infiltration of lung tissue by \"Brown cells\" was a common pathological alteration. Qualitative and quantitative differences existed between the two cigarette groups with respect to the occurrence of such \"Brown cell\" clumps. The response of the lung tissue to smoke exposure would appear to be dependent upon the amount of mainstream total particulate matter (TPM), the amount of condensate, the time exposed and the number of cigarettes."}
{"id": "PMID:888145", "title": "An alternative method for the evaluation of organ weight experiments.", "content": "Previous work has suggested that the use of relative organ weights can lead to erroneous conclusions in toxicological experiments. A method of analysis involving very little extra experimentation is suggested and evaluated. Simulated results from rat organ weights indicate that the method is superior to the use of relative organ weights and leads to reliable conclusions being drawn about the treatment effects.", "contents": "An alternative method for the evaluation of organ weight experiments. Previous work has suggested that the use of relative organ weights can lead to erroneous conclusions in toxicological experiments. A method of analysis involving very little extra experimentation is suggested and evaluated. Simulated results from rat organ weights indicate that the method is superior to the use of relative organ weights and leads to reliable conclusions being drawn about the treatment effects."}
{"id": "PMID:888146", "title": "Effect of endosulfan pretreatment on organ weights and on pentobarbital hypnosis in rats.", "content": "The effects of endosulfan on the weights of the liver, adrenal and ovary, on pentobarbital blood and brain levels and on sleeping time (ST) have been investigated in female rats after daily oral doses of 0, 1.0, 2.5 and 5.0 mg/kg for a period of 7 or 15 days. No significant change in body weight was observed. With higher doses (2.5--5.0 mg/kg) the liver weight was significantly increased, but ovary and adrenal weights did not increase. Endosulfan treatment shortened sleeping time, while induction time was significantly increased. The concentration of pentobarbital in the blood and brain of rats after 30 min and upon awakening indicated that there was a significant decrease at 30 min. No change at awakening was observed in endosulfan-treated rats as compared to controls. It is suggested tha endosulfan may shorten the duration of pentobarbital-induced sleep, perhaps by induction of hepatic microsomal enzyme activity.", "contents": "Effect of endosulfan pretreatment on organ weights and on pentobarbital hypnosis in rats. The effects of endosulfan on the weights of the liver, adrenal and ovary, on pentobarbital blood and brain levels and on sleeping time (ST) have been investigated in female rats after daily oral doses of 0, 1.0, 2.5 and 5.0 mg/kg for a period of 7 or 15 days. No significant change in body weight was observed. With higher doses (2.5--5.0 mg/kg) the liver weight was significantly increased, but ovary and adrenal weights did not increase. Endosulfan treatment shortened sleeping time, while induction time was significantly increased. The concentration of pentobarbital in the blood and brain of rats after 30 min and upon awakening indicated that there was a significant decrease at 30 min. No change at awakening was observed in endosulfan-treated rats as compared to controls. It is suggested tha endosulfan may shorten the duration of pentobarbital-induced sleep, perhaps by induction of hepatic microsomal enzyme activity."}
{"id": "PMID:888150", "title": "Determination of mercury in fish from rivers and lakes in Hungary by atomic absorption technique.", "content": "In 1975, in cooperation with 8 County Hygienic Stations, total mercury content in fish from rivers and lakes in Hungary was measured. The mercury content in fish muscle-tissue from 164 fish samples averaged 0.36 mg/kg. Average levels in different fish species ranged from 0.10 to 0.57 mg/kg. The amount of mercury in fish from rivers and lakes, with the exception of the Danube, was, in general, lower than the tolerance level (0.50 mg/kg) as adopted in many countries. Mercury levels in fish from Lake Balaton did not amount to more than 0.30 mg/kg. The circulating cold vapour atomic absorption method was used to determined the mercury content in the fish samples.", "contents": "Determination of mercury in fish from rivers and lakes in Hungary by atomic absorption technique. In 1975, in cooperation with 8 County Hygienic Stations, total mercury content in fish from rivers and lakes in Hungary was measured. The mercury content in fish muscle-tissue from 164 fish samples averaged 0.36 mg/kg. Average levels in different fish species ranged from 0.10 to 0.57 mg/kg. The amount of mercury in fish from rivers and lakes, with the exception of the Danube, was, in general, lower than the tolerance level (0.50 mg/kg) as adopted in many countries. Mercury levels in fish from Lake Balaton did not amount to more than 0.30 mg/kg. The circulating cold vapour atomic absorption method was used to determined the mercury content in the fish samples."}
{"id": "PMID:888151", "title": "Toxicity of methyl testosterone in the beagle dog.", "content": "When methyl testosterone was administered orally to beagle dogs at dosage levels of 2, 4 and 6 mg/kg per day for 27 weeks, hepatotoxicity was induced. The change induced was characterized by enlargement of periportal hepatocytes and the presence of haemosiderin within macrophages. There was some evidence of recovery over a 13-week period.", "contents": "Toxicity of methyl testosterone in the beagle dog. When methyl testosterone was administered orally to beagle dogs at dosage levels of 2, 4 and 6 mg/kg per day for 27 weeks, hepatotoxicity was induced. The change induced was characterized by enlargement of periportal hepatocytes and the presence of haemosiderin within macrophages. There was some evidence of recovery over a 13-week period."}
{"id": "PMID:888152", "title": "Metabolism of triphenylmethane colours II. Absorption, excretion and distribution of Benzyl Violet 4B (FD and C Violet No. 1) in rats.", "content": "Absorption, excretion and distribution of Benzyl Violet 4B were investigated in rats, deterimining the colour by the 2-wavelength technique. This colour was hardly absorbed when given orally; only 0.89% of the dose was recovered from the bile after 24 h. On the other hand, it was rapidly excreted through the bile when given intravenously; the cumulative recovery of biliary excretion amounted to 88.4% at 4 h and 95.9% at 24 h. The levels of the colour distributed in the liver, kidney abdominal muscle and blood serum were in the range of 1--3 microgram/g  of tissue in rats fed a diet containing 5% Benzyl Violet 4B for 8 weeks, whereas they were slightly lower in rats fed the diet for 18 weeks. When rats were given the colour intravenously, there was no sex-related difference in the distribution of the colour in either Wistar or Sprague--Dawley rats, but the disappearance of the colour from the brain, liver, abdominal muscle, abdominal skin and ear of Sprague--Dawley rats was slower than from those of Wistar rats.", "contents": "Metabolism of triphenylmethane colours II. Absorption, excretion and distribution of Benzyl Violet 4B (FD and C Violet No. 1) in rats. Absorption, excretion and distribution of Benzyl Violet 4B were investigated in rats, deterimining the colour by the 2-wavelength technique. This colour was hardly absorbed when given orally; only 0.89% of the dose was recovered from the bile after 24 h. On the other hand, it was rapidly excreted through the bile when given intravenously; the cumulative recovery of biliary excretion amounted to 88.4% at 4 h and 95.9% at 24 h. The levels of the colour distributed in the liver, kidney abdominal muscle and blood serum were in the range of 1--3 microgram/g  of tissue in rats fed a diet containing 5% Benzyl Violet 4B for 8 weeks, whereas they were slightly lower in rats fed the diet for 18 weeks. When rats were given the colour intravenously, there was no sex-related difference in the distribution of the colour in either Wistar or Sprague--Dawley rats, but the disappearance of the colour from the brain, liver, abdominal muscle, abdominal skin and ear of Sprague--Dawley rats was slower than from those of Wistar rats."}
{"id": "PMID:888160", "title": "Contraceptive risk taking and abortion: results and implications of a San Francisco Bay Area study.", "content": "A study of 500 abortion-seeking women in the San Francisco Bay area, in California, revealed that, although a majority of them had used contraceptives previously, only a minority had consistently used effective contraceptives. This paper presents a theory of contraceptive risk taking and analyzes the decision making process described by 50 of the women during in-depth interviews. The decision not to contracept is shown to be the result of a rational process of \"cost accounting.\" To decrease the need for abortion, it is argued, programs that change attitudes toward sexual behavior and that give women increasing economic opportunities are needed in addition to programs that make contraceptives more available.", "contents": "Contraceptive risk taking and abortion: results and implications of a San Francisco Bay Area study. A study of 500 abortion-seeking women in the San Francisco Bay area, in California, revealed that, although a majority of them had used contraceptives previously, only a minority had consistently used effective contraceptives. This paper presents a theory of contraceptive risk taking and analyzes the decision making process described by 50 of the women during in-depth interviews. The decision not to contracept is shown to be the result of a rational process of \"cost accounting.\" To decrease the need for abortion, it is argued, programs that change attitudes toward sexual behavior and that give women increasing economic opportunities are needed in addition to programs that make contraceptives more available."}
{"id": "PMID:888161", "title": "Recent trends in contraceptive use in Mexico.", "content": "In 1973 the Mexican government changed its official position on family planning from one of neurtality to one of support. Prior to that time, family planning activities had been limited to the commercial sector and two private programs. As a result of the new policy, all major official health programs began organizing family planning activities. While about the same number of couples were served by the private programs in 1976 as in 1973, the commercial sector grew at over 10 percent per year and official coverage expanded around fivefold. It is estimated that the proportion of eligible women protected by contraception doubled and that the birth rate fell from 43-44 in 1973 to 37-40 by the end of 1976.", "contents": "Recent trends in contraceptive use in Mexico. In 1973 the Mexican government changed its official position on family planning from one of neurtality to one of support. Prior to that time, family planning activities had been limited to the commercial sector and two private programs. As a result of the new policy, all major official health programs began organizing family planning activities. While about the same number of couples were served by the private programs in 1976 as in 1973, the commercial sector grew at over 10 percent per year and official coverage expanded around fivefold. It is estimated that the proportion of eligible women protected by contraception doubled and that the birth rate fell from 43-44 in 1973 to 37-40 by the end of 1976."}
{"id": "PMID:888162", "title": "Communicating through satisfied adopters of female sterilization.", "content": "Communication patterns between 127 satisfied adopters of female sterilization (agents) and 257 potential adopters of family planning (recipients) were examined in this study conducted in a rural community in southern India. The influence of satisfied adopters relative to other family planning communication agents was evaluated. Satisfied adopters were identified as the most important source of family planning information by 55 percent of agents and 74 percent of recipients. Communication usually occurred between persons of similar caste, occupation, education, and income.", "contents": "Communicating through satisfied adopters of female sterilization. Communication patterns between 127 satisfied adopters of female sterilization (agents) and 257 potential adopters of family planning (recipients) were examined in this study conducted in a rural community in southern India. The influence of satisfied adopters relative to other family planning communication agents was evaluated. Satisfied adopters were identified as the most important source of family planning information by 55 percent of agents and 74 percent of recipients. Communication usually occurred between persons of similar caste, occupation, education, and income."}
{"id": "PMID:888163", "title": "Breastfeeding and abstinence among the Yoruba.", "content": "Contemporary patterns of breastfeeding and postpartum abstinence among the Yoruba of Nigera are examined. Quite extensive periods of postpartum abstinence are still observed by most rural and poorer urban women to prolong breastfeeding and increase child survivorship. Differentials in duration of breastfeeding and abstinence relate to both socioeconomic factors and age, suggesting the likelihood of large future reductions. Implications for family planning prospects and policies are noted.", "contents": "Breastfeeding and abstinence among the Yoruba. Contemporary patterns of breastfeeding and postpartum abstinence among the Yoruba of Nigera are examined. Quite extensive periods of postpartum abstinence are still observed by most rural and poorer urban women to prolong breastfeeding and increase child survivorship. Differentials in duration of breastfeeding and abstinence relate to both socioeconomic factors and age, suggesting the likelihood of large future reductions. Implications for family planning prospects and policies are noted."}
{"id": "PMID:888164", "title": "Mycoses of the Sudan.", "content": "Mycoses in the Sudan are still significant and, as well as mycetoma, there are a number of fungal diseases: paranasal aspergillus granuloma, which came into eminence in 1966; actinomycosis; subcutaneous phycomycosis; systemic phycomycosis; post-operative opportunistic infection of the eye with Trichosporon cutaneum and rhinosporidiosis. Mycetoma and paranasal aspergillus granuloma are discussed in detail.", "contents": "Mycoses of the Sudan. Mycoses in the Sudan are still significant and, as well as mycetoma, there are a number of fungal diseases: paranasal aspergillus granuloma, which came into eminence in 1966; actinomycosis; subcutaneous phycomycosis; systemic phycomycosis; post-operative opportunistic infection of the eye with Trichosporon cutaneum and rhinosporidiosis. Mycetoma and paranasal aspergillus granuloma are discussed in detail."}
{"id": "PMID:888165", "title": "Infection and its effect on the growth of young children: a comparison of The Gambia and Uganda.", "content": "Longitudinal studies of 152 children from Keneba, The Gambia, and 45 from Namulonge, Uganda, investigating the relationship between growth and different types of infection in the two areas are reported and their relevance to the patterns of malnutrition seen in Africa are discussed. The relative ineffectiveness of curative medicine in the real health problems of rural Africa and the need for prevention are stressed.", "contents": "Infection and its effect on the growth of young children: a comparison of The Gambia and Uganda. Longitudinal studies of 152 children from Keneba, The Gambia, and 45 from Namulonge, Uganda, investigating the relationship between growth and different types of infection in the two areas are reported and their relevance to the patterns of malnutrition seen in Africa are discussed. The relative ineffectiveness of curative medicine in the real health problems of rural Africa and the need for prevention are stressed."}
{"id": "PMID:888166", "title": "Malnutrition and gastroenteritis in The Gambia.", "content": "There is a strong association between failure to thrive and diarrhoeal disease in young Gambian children. The high prevalence of diarrhoeal disease seen is not due to frequent attacks of \"acute infantile diarrhoea\" of viral orgin. The picture of protracted diarrhoea is almost certainly due to colonization of the upper bowel and the high prevalence demonstrated to be at least partly due to the environment to which the children are exposed, particularly in terms of food and water hygiene. Until this cycle of upper bowel colonization and protracted diarrhoea is broken, a diet-based nutrition programme cannot be expected to function effectively.", "contents": "Malnutrition and gastroenteritis in The Gambia. There is a strong association between failure to thrive and diarrhoeal disease in young Gambian children. The high prevalence of diarrhoeal disease seen is not due to frequent attacks of \"acute infantile diarrhoea\" of viral orgin. The picture of protracted diarrhoea is almost certainly due to colonization of the upper bowel and the high prevalence demonstrated to be at least partly due to the environment to which the children are exposed, particularly in terms of food and water hygiene. Until this cycle of upper bowel colonization and protracted diarrhoea is broken, a diet-based nutrition programme cannot be expected to function effectively."}
{"id": "PMID:888167", "title": "Endemic pyoderma in Ghana: a survey in rural villages.", "content": "The prevalence and characteristics of pyoderma in a randomly sampled rural population in Ghana has been studied. Findings are compared with studies reported in recent literature which describe pyoderma in other countries. In the present study, conducted in 1975 as part of the Danfa Project's Village Health Survey, pyoderma was diagnosed in 19.4% of villagers examined. Peak rates occurred in the five to nine-year-old age group, and pyoderma was more prevalent among males and unskilled labourers and farmers than among those engaged in more sedentary occupations. Non-bullous impetigo was most common (72% of lesions) and, in contrast to other studies, non-group A-streptococci predominated in these lesions (82% of streptococcal lesions were Group G, 18% Group C). Current knowledge of transmission and control of pyoderma is discussed.", "contents": "Endemic pyoderma in Ghana: a survey in rural villages. The prevalence and characteristics of pyoderma in a randomly sampled rural population in Ghana has been studied. Findings are compared with studies reported in recent literature which describe pyoderma in other countries. In the present study, conducted in 1975 as part of the Danfa Project's Village Health Survey, pyoderma was diagnosed in 19.4% of villagers examined. Peak rates occurred in the five to nine-year-old age group, and pyoderma was more prevalent among males and unskilled labourers and farmers than among those engaged in more sedentary occupations. Non-bullous impetigo was most common (72% of lesions) and, in contrast to other studies, non-group A-streptococci predominated in these lesions (82% of streptococcal lesions were Group G, 18% Group C). Current knowledge of transmission and control of pyoderma is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:888168", "title": "Underweight, stunting and wasting in black and white South African schoolchildren: malnutrition or adaptation?", "content": "Prevalences of underweight for age in South African schoolchildren rose from seven years to reach high levels during puberty. In Black children at the height of the pubertal growth spurt, half to three-quarters were underweight for age and hence classifiable as \"malnourished\". However, percentages fell rapidly to one-fifth or less at 17 years. High prevalences of stunting were common in Blacks. Wasting occurred in similar proportions of urban Black compared with White children, i.e., the large majority of both Blacks and Whites were normally proportioned; younger children were more wasted than older pupils. Factors additional to nutrition appear to share in the regulation of growth. In Whites on adequate diets, there were (i) similar patterns, but smaller rises in underweight prevalences over the growth spurt, also (ii) small but not insignificant prevalences of stunting: (iii) closely similar \"normal\" patterns of weight for height occurred in Whites as well as Blacks, and (iv) in Blacks the sharp fall in prevalences of underweight and wasting, after the rapid growth phase, occurred without any dietary intervention. A plea is made to use not only weight, but height, particularly relative to weight, at all ages, in assessing nutritional status and \"at risk\" groups. The stunted and wasted child is likely to be at greater risk than a similarly stunted but normally proportioned or overweight child--both could be underweight for age. Further definitive studies are required.", "contents": "Underweight, stunting and wasting in black and white South African schoolchildren: malnutrition or adaptation? Prevalences of underweight for age in South African schoolchildren rose from seven years to reach high levels during puberty. In Black children at the height of the pubertal growth spurt, half to three-quarters were underweight for age and hence classifiable as \"malnourished\". However, percentages fell rapidly to one-fifth or less at 17 years. High prevalences of stunting were common in Blacks. Wasting occurred in similar proportions of urban Black compared with White children, i.e., the large majority of both Blacks and Whites were normally proportioned; younger children were more wasted than older pupils. Factors additional to nutrition appear to share in the regulation of growth. In Whites on adequate diets, there were (i) similar patterns, but smaller rises in underweight prevalences over the growth spurt, also (ii) small but not insignificant prevalences of stunting: (iii) closely similar \"normal\" patterns of weight for height occurred in Whites as well as Blacks, and (iv) in Blacks the sharp fall in prevalences of underweight and wasting, after the rapid growth phase, occurred without any dietary intervention. A plea is made to use not only weight, but height, particularly relative to weight, at all ages, in assessing nutritional status and \"at risk\" groups. The stunted and wasted child is likely to be at greater risk than a similarly stunted but normally proportioned or overweight child--both could be underweight for age. Further definitive studies are required."}
{"id": "PMID:888169", "title": "Malaria eradication in Portugal.", "content": "Research on malaria, which was endemic in several parts of Portugal at the beginning of this century, was intensified in the 1940's and led to the development of better control methods, especially in the rice-growing areas of the country. In the 1950's residual DDT spraying was introduced and followed by extensive detection of cases of malaria and their treatment. Plans for eradication of the disease were made, and by 1958 the transmission of the infection was interrupted in nearly all areas of European Portugal. The country was placed in the maintenance phase of malaria eradication and the certification of malaria eradication was confirmed by the WHO in 1973. The political and military events of the past five years greatly increased the number of cases of malaria imported into Portugal from tropical Africa and indicated the need for much vigilance to prevent the resumption of transmission by the local vectors. It appears that the measures put into action have succeeded in this respect. This was due to the high degree of effective surveillance and also to the fact that Anopheles atroparvus does not readily transmit the exotic strains of Plasmodium falciparum and P. vivax. However, further vigilance must be maintained and intensified.", "contents": "Malaria eradication in Portugal. Research on malaria, which was endemic in several parts of Portugal at the beginning of this century, was intensified in the 1940's and led to the development of better control methods, especially in the rice-growing areas of the country. In the 1950's residual DDT spraying was introduced and followed by extensive detection of cases of malaria and their treatment. Plans for eradication of the disease were made, and by 1958 the transmission of the infection was interrupted in nearly all areas of European Portugal. The country was placed in the maintenance phase of malaria eradication and the certification of malaria eradication was confirmed by the WHO in 1973. The political and military events of the past five years greatly increased the number of cases of malaria imported into Portugal from tropical Africa and indicated the need for much vigilance to prevent the resumption of transmission by the local vectors. It appears that the measures put into action have succeeded in this respect. This was due to the high degree of effective surveillance and also to the fact that Anopheles atroparvus does not readily transmit the exotic strains of Plasmodium falciparum and P. vivax. However, further vigilance must be maintained and intensified."}
{"id": "PMID:888170", "title": "Post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis in African children.", "content": "Streptococcal infection remains almost the sole cause of the clinical syndrome of acute glomerulonephritis in African children. Evidence for this is in elevated levels of antistreptolysin \"O\" (ASO) titre in 93% of 28 patients and growth of Group Abeta haemolytic streptococci from the skin and throat in 32%. Spread of infection from the skin, where lesions were present in all patients, to the throat would account for positive cultures at both sites and the frequent and vigorous antistreptolysin \"O\" responses. Clinical recovery occurred in most within seven days and in all within 60 days of admission. IgG and IgA, but not IgM, were increased in patients; C4 was normal in the majority and low in seven out of 24 (29%), C3 was diminished in 26 out of 28 (93%) and the mean level of C3 PA was lower than in controls. Total haemolytic complement paralleled C3 values; C3 breakdown products were not detected in any patient. Renal biopsies in seven out of 28 patients showed typical histological changes of diffuse exudative proliferative glomerulonephritis on light microscopy and fibrinogen and C3 on immunofluorescent staining. These findings suggest that events leading to glomerular damage in acute post-streptococcal nephritis in African children involve activation of both classical and alternative pathways of complement proteins and also confirm the well recognized and predictable nature of the disease, irrespective of geographical distribution.", "contents": "Post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis in African children. Streptococcal infection remains almost the sole cause of the clinical syndrome of acute glomerulonephritis in African children. Evidence for this is in elevated levels of antistreptolysin \"O\" (ASO) titre in 93% of 28 patients and growth of Group Abeta haemolytic streptococci from the skin and throat in 32%. Spread of infection from the skin, where lesions were present in all patients, to the throat would account for positive cultures at both sites and the frequent and vigorous antistreptolysin \"O\" responses. Clinical recovery occurred in most within seven days and in all within 60 days of admission. IgG and IgA, but not IgM, were increased in patients; C4 was normal in the majority and low in seven out of 24 (29%), C3 was diminished in 26 out of 28 (93%) and the mean level of C3 PA was lower than in controls. Total haemolytic complement paralleled C3 values; C3 breakdown products were not detected in any patient. Renal biopsies in seven out of 28 patients showed typical histological changes of diffuse exudative proliferative glomerulonephritis on light microscopy and fibrinogen and C3 on immunofluorescent staining. These findings suggest that events leading to glomerular damage in acute post-streptococcal nephritis in African children involve activation of both classical and alternative pathways of complement proteins and also confirm the well recognized and predictable nature of the disease, irrespective of geographical distribution."}
{"id": "PMID:888171", "title": "Delayed hypersensitivity to PPD-S following BCG vaccination in African children--an 18-month field study.", "content": "BCG vaccine given to young Gambian children produced a conversion rate, measured by delayed hypersensitivity to PPD-S, which increased with improving nutritional status. Retesting when nutrition had improved showed a considerable loss of delayed hypersensitivity in all nutritional groups. This may be the result of enhanced macrophage microbicidal acitvity at the time the BCG was administered. BCG is not likely to be very effective if given to malnourished children or to those who are undergoing repeated antigenic stimulation.", "contents": "Delayed hypersensitivity to PPD-S following BCG vaccination in African children--an 18-month field study. BCG vaccine given to young Gambian children produced a conversion rate, measured by delayed hypersensitivity to PPD-S, which increased with improving nutritional status. Retesting when nutrition had improved showed a considerable loss of delayed hypersensitivity in all nutritional groups. This may be the result of enhanced macrophage microbicidal acitvity at the time the BCG was administered. BCG is not likely to be very effective if given to malnourished children or to those who are undergoing repeated antigenic stimulation."}
{"id": "PMID:888175", "title": "Clonorchiasis in New York City Chinese.", "content": "Among 150 Chinese-born residents of New York City a single stool examination showed 26% were infected with C, sinensis. Most of those infected were immigrants from the Kwangtung Province of China. The possibility of clonorchiasis in Oriental-born residents is emphasized.", "contents": "Clonorchiasis in New York City Chinese. Among 150 Chinese-born residents of New York City a single stool examination showed 26% were infected with C, sinensis. Most of those infected were immigrants from the Kwangtung Province of China. The possibility of clonorchiasis in Oriental-born residents is emphasized."}
{"id": "PMID:888184", "title": "[Atypical course of Leishmania donovani infections in dogs. Histopathological findings (author's transl)].", "content": "Four beagles infected with an Indian strain of Leishmania donovani showed histiocytic granulomas with very few leishmania in liver and skin biopsies. 3 animals died with formation of tumor-like histiocytic infiltrates in several organs (heart, ling, liver, kidney, pancreas, muscle) and with development of anyloidosis; one survived with minimal residual lesions.", "contents": "[Atypical course of Leishmania donovani infections in dogs. Histopathological findings (author's transl)]. Four beagles infected with an Indian strain of Leishmania donovani showed histiocytic granulomas with very few leishmania in liver and skin biopsies. 3 animals died with formation of tumor-like histiocytic infiltrates in several organs (heart, ling, liver, kidney, pancreas, muscle) and with development of anyloidosis; one survived with minimal residual lesions."}
{"id": "PMID:888185", "title": "[Latex-Chagestest-reactions of immunsera against Bartonella bacilliformis, Haemobartonella muris and Eperythrozoon coccoides (author's transl)].", "content": "Sera from 10 patients positive for Carrion's disease were analysed by means of the latex Chagas test. Sera from 40 SPF-rats experimentally infected with Haemobartonella muris and 5 SPF-mice experimentally infected with Eperythrozoon coccoides were similarly tested. Both the human and mice sera were negative whereas positive reaction was observed with rat sera. The nature of this positive reaction has not been clarified.", "contents": "[Latex-Chagestest-reactions of immunsera against Bartonella bacilliformis, Haemobartonella muris and Eperythrozoon coccoides (author's transl)]. Sera from 10 patients positive for Carrion's disease were analysed by means of the latex Chagas test. Sera from 40 SPF-rats experimentally infected with Haemobartonella muris and 5 SPF-mice experimentally infected with Eperythrozoon coccoides were similarly tested. Both the human and mice sera were negative whereas positive reaction was observed with rat sera. The nature of this positive reaction has not been clarified."}
{"id": "PMID:888186", "title": "Studies on the attraction of Simulium damnosum s.l. (Diptera: Simuliidae) to its hosts. III. Experiments with animal-baited traps.", "content": "In the forest zone of the United Republic of Cameroon, a live chicken proved far more attractive to hunting S. damnosum s.l. than did a live sheep; but in the Sudan-savanna zone, a sheep was more attractive than a chicken. It is suggested that the populations of flies in the two areas represented different species of the S. damnosum s.l. complex with different host-finding mechanisms, that in the forest (? S. squamosum) hunting mainly by smell, and that in the Sudan savanna (? S. damnosum s.s.) hunting mainly by sight.", "contents": "Studies on the attraction of Simulium damnosum s.l. (Diptera: Simuliidae) to its hosts. III. Experiments with animal-baited traps. In the forest zone of the United Republic of Cameroon, a live chicken proved far more attractive to hunting S. damnosum s.l. than did a live sheep; but in the Sudan-savanna zone, a sheep was more attractive than a chicken. It is suggested that the populations of flies in the two areas represented different species of the S. damnosum s.l. complex with different host-finding mechanisms, that in the forest (? S. squamosum) hunting mainly by smell, and that in the Sudan savanna (? S. damnosum s.s.) hunting mainly by sight."}
{"id": "PMID:888187", "title": "Immunological studies in onchocercosis patients.", "content": "The immunological profile of onchocercosis patients from an endemic region in Venezuela was studied. The sample was made up of patients suffering from onchocercosis and undergoing treatment, persons previously treated and apparently cured of the disease, and a group of apparently healthy individuals from the same area. The results obtained indicate that during the course of the disease the immunological apparatus suffers only slight modifications since no great variations were found in the immunoglobulin levels, the third component of the complement, the reactivity to DNCB, or the response of peripheral blood lymphocytes to mitogens. When under treatment, the levels of serum IgG and IgM are increased and there is a decrease in C3 levels. The slight modifications found can be attributed to the low severity of the disease as only one patient of those studied presented clinical manifestations ascribable to the disease (onchocercoma).", "contents": "Immunological studies in onchocercosis patients. The immunological profile of onchocercosis patients from an endemic region in Venezuela was studied. The sample was made up of patients suffering from onchocercosis and undergoing treatment, persons previously treated and apparently cured of the disease, and a group of apparently healthy individuals from the same area. The results obtained indicate that during the course of the disease the immunological apparatus suffers only slight modifications since no great variations were found in the immunoglobulin levels, the third component of the complement, the reactivity to DNCB, or the response of peripheral blood lymphocytes to mitogens. When under treatment, the levels of serum IgG and IgM are increased and there is a decrease in C3 levels. The slight modifications found can be attributed to the low severity of the disease as only one patient of those studied presented clinical manifestations ascribable to the disease (onchocercoma)."}
{"id": "PMID:888189", "title": "On the development of onchocerca volvulus in mosquitoes.", "content": "In an attmept to find an experimental vector for Onchocerca volvulus which can be easily be bred under laboratory conditions, the susceptibility of Anopheles gambiae and Aedes aegypti to infection with O. volvulus was studied. The mosquitoes were fed on a membrane feeding apparatus containing microfilariae of O. volvulus. Whereas A. gambiae was refractory to infection. 14.9% of A. aegypti females became infected with developing stages, 11,2% showed young and mature third-stage larvae as well as some which had developed abnormally. However, no infective larvae of O. volvulus were found in the abdomen or the head of the mosquitoes.", "contents": "On the development of onchocerca volvulus in mosquitoes. In an attmept to find an experimental vector for Onchocerca volvulus which can be easily be bred under laboratory conditions, the susceptibility of Anopheles gambiae and Aedes aegypti to infection with O. volvulus was studied. The mosquitoes were fed on a membrane feeding apparatus containing microfilariae of O. volvulus. Whereas A. gambiae was refractory to infection. 14.9% of A. aegypti females became infected with developing stages, 11,2% showed young and mature third-stage larvae as well as some which had developed abnormally. However, no infective larvae of O. volvulus were found in the abdomen or the head of the mosquitoes."}
{"id": "PMID:888191", "title": "[Comparative study of the ultrastructure of cells of the zona fasciculata of the adrenal cortex of rats of different lines].", "content": "By means of morphometric analysis, some tissue and cellular parameters of the zona fasciculata of the adrenal cortex of three rat inbred strains (Wistar, Sprague-Dawley, August) and of the wild grey rats were calculated. Significant genotypic differences were found in the absolute volume in the number of cells per mm3 of tissue, and in relative volumes of basis cellular compartments (smooth endoplasmic reticulum, liposomes) which take part in corticosteroid biosynthesis. A hypothesis is put forward that these differences determine different potential possibilities of rat adrenals, which are realized when their functional activity is enhanced under extreme conditions.", "contents": "[Comparative study of the ultrastructure of cells of the zona fasciculata of the adrenal cortex of rats of different lines]. By means of morphometric analysis, some tissue and cellular parameters of the zona fasciculata of the adrenal cortex of three rat inbred strains (Wistar, Sprague-Dawley, August) and of the wild grey rats were calculated. Significant genotypic differences were found in the absolute volume in the number of cells per mm3 of tissue, and in relative volumes of basis cellular compartments (smooth endoplasmic reticulum, liposomes) which take part in corticosteroid biosynthesis. A hypothesis is put forward that these differences determine different potential possibilities of rat adrenals, which are realized when their functional activity is enhanced under extreme conditions."}
{"id": "PMID:888192", "title": "[Pulmonary capillary ultrastructure during accumulation of a phosphoorganic cholinesterase inhibitor in the lungs].", "content": "The ultrastructure of the blood-air barrier in rabbits was investigated during different periods after i. v. injection of high hydrophobic organophosphorus cholinesterase inhibitor GA-95. According to the biochemical data, this inhibitor is accumulated mostly in the lungs. The most pronounced changes observed 20 min after injection involved a significant increase in number of pinocytose vesicles in the cytoplasm of endothelial cells of lung capillaries. The morphological data may serve an indirect evidence for the inhibitor sorption at the surface of lung capillaries.", "contents": "[Pulmonary capillary ultrastructure during accumulation of a phosphoorganic cholinesterase inhibitor in the lungs]. The ultrastructure of the blood-air barrier in rabbits was investigated during different periods after i. v. injection of high hydrophobic organophosphorus cholinesterase inhibitor GA-95. According to the biochemical data, this inhibitor is accumulated mostly in the lungs. The most pronounced changes observed 20 min after injection involved a significant increase in number of pinocytose vesicles in the cytoplasm of endothelial cells of lung capillaries. The morphological data may serve an indirect evidence for the inhibitor sorption at the surface of lung capillaries."}
{"id": "PMID:888193", "title": "[Ultrastructure of the mesencephalic visual center of the steppe turtle].", "content": "A layer-by-layer study of ultrastructural synaptic organization of mesencephalic optic centre (tectum opticum) of T. horsfieldi Gray was made. The predominating type of synaptic contacts is axo-dendritic, however, there are some axo-axonic synapses which are met most frequently in the regions where polysynaptic complexes and glomeneruli (sublayer Ib, sublayer IIa and the upper zone of layer III) are disposed. Axo-somatic contacts are localized virtually in all the neuronic types. In the external layers of the tectum opticum where the terminals of optic afferents are disposed, a considerable morphological variety of nerve terminals is revealed which are distinguished not only by their ultrastructural parameters but also by the character of organization in synaptic complexes at different levels of the cortical plates of the investigated centre.", "contents": "[Ultrastructure of the mesencephalic visual center of the steppe turtle]. A layer-by-layer study of ultrastructural synaptic organization of mesencephalic optic centre (tectum opticum) of T. horsfieldi Gray was made. The predominating type of synaptic contacts is axo-dendritic, however, there are some axo-axonic synapses which are met most frequently in the regions where polysynaptic complexes and glomeneruli (sublayer Ib, sublayer IIa and the upper zone of layer III) are disposed. Axo-somatic contacts are localized virtually in all the neuronic types. In the external layers of the tectum opticum where the terminals of optic afferents are disposed, a considerable morphological variety of nerve terminals is revealed which are distinguished not only by their ultrastructural parameters but also by the character of organization in synaptic complexes at different levels of the cortical plates of the investigated centre."}
{"id": "PMID:888194", "title": "[Appearance of nuclear formations of the \"drumstick\" type in neutrophilic leukocytes under the influence of neonatal thymectomy in male-rats].", "content": "The morphology of nuclei of neutrophil luecocytes was studied in neonatally thymectomized Wistar rats. In thymectomized males, the number of neutrophils with \"drumsticks\" increased up to 5.9 for 500 neutrophils counted, whereas no such changes were observed in females. The contents of \"drumsticks\" in neutrophils of the intact Wistar rats was shown to be equal in males and females therefore unfitting for sex identification. The neonatal thymectomy did not influence and absolute quantity of neutrophils but led to a greater segmentation index of the nucleus.", "contents": "[Appearance of nuclear formations of the \"drumstick\" type in neutrophilic leukocytes under the influence of neonatal thymectomy in male-rats]. The morphology of nuclei of neutrophil luecocytes was studied in neonatally thymectomized Wistar rats. In thymectomized males, the number of neutrophils with \"drumsticks\" increased up to 5.9 for 500 neutrophils counted, whereas no such changes were observed in females. The contents of \"drumsticks\" in neutrophils of the intact Wistar rats was shown to be equal in males and females therefore unfitting for sex identification. The neonatal thymectomy did not influence and absolute quantity of neutrophils but led to a greater segmentation index of the nucleus."}
{"id": "PMID:888196", "title": "[Influence of inhibitors of energy metabolism on the interaction of neutral red with Ehrlich ascitic carcinoma cells].", "content": "Effects of energy metabolism inhibitors on the granule formation of neutral red in Ehrlich ascite carcinoma cells have no relation with the action of these agents on the ATP formation. Accumulation of neutral red by cells has no relation with granule formation and does not depend on the energy metabolism of cells. The action of 2,4-dinditrophenol, oligomycin, Tween-20, Tween-80 and sodium deoxycholate on the granule formation may be linked with direct action of these agents on the cell membranes, for example, on the Golgi membranes.", "contents": "[Influence of inhibitors of energy metabolism on the interaction of neutral red with Ehrlich ascitic carcinoma cells]. Effects of energy metabolism inhibitors on the granule formation of neutral red in Ehrlich ascite carcinoma cells have no relation with the action of these agents on the ATP formation. Accumulation of neutral red by cells has no relation with granule formation and does not depend on the energy metabolism of cells. The action of 2,4-dinditrophenol, oligomycin, Tween-20, Tween-80 and sodium deoxycholate on the granule formation may be linked with direct action of these agents on the cell membranes, for example, on the Golgi membranes."}
{"id": "PMID:888197", "title": "[Morphometric study of the ultrastructure of cells of the zona fasciculata of the adrenals in rats under stress].", "content": "A morphometrical study of cell ultrastructures of zona fasciculata of rat adrenal cortex was performed in norm and after immobilization during 4 or 24 hours. A 4 hour's immobilization (alarm reaction) is characterized by adrenocorticocyte activation: relative volumes of mitochondria and reticulum increase by 1.1 and 1.2 times, resp., and lipid volume decrease by 2.6 times. 24 hours after immobilization (the stage of maximal strain), mitochondrion and reticulum volumes decrease by 1.5 and 1.7 times, resp., compared to the initial ones, and autophagosome volumes increase sharply reaching 11% of the cytoplasm volume, i.e. this is the evidence of degeneration clearly registered morphometrically.", "contents": "[Morphometric study of the ultrastructure of cells of the zona fasciculata of the adrenals in rats under stress]. A morphometrical study of cell ultrastructures of zona fasciculata of rat adrenal cortex was performed in norm and after immobilization during 4 or 24 hours. A 4 hour's immobilization (alarm reaction) is characterized by adrenocorticocyte activation: relative volumes of mitochondria and reticulum increase by 1.1 and 1.2 times, resp., and lipid volume decrease by 2.6 times. 24 hours after immobilization (the stage of maximal strain), mitochondrion and reticulum volumes decrease by 1.5 and 1.7 times, resp., compared to the initial ones, and autophagosome volumes increase sharply reaching 11% of the cytoplasm volume, i.e. this is the evidence of degeneration clearly registered morphometrically."}
{"id": "PMID:888200", "title": "[Comparative assessment of quantitative methods of determining proteins in nerve tissue structures].", "content": "The determination of the amount and concentration of protein substances in structures of neuron tissue by two most popular methods of quantitative histochemistry (cytophotometry and interferometry) revealed a significant comparability of the data provided by the two methods. These methods were compared using the pattern of early vision deprivation, taking layer V neurons of the rabbit brain visual cortex as example. In addition to merits and demerits of these methods, their interchangeability was determined. A merit of cytophotometry is that it allows to evaluate more in detail the condition of neuron morphochemical differentiation both in normal state and under changes in functional state of neuron system.", "contents": "[Comparative assessment of quantitative methods of determining proteins in nerve tissue structures]. The determination of the amount and concentration of protein substances in structures of neuron tissue by two most popular methods of quantitative histochemistry (cytophotometry and interferometry) revealed a significant comparability of the data provided by the two methods. These methods were compared using the pattern of early vision deprivation, taking layer V neurons of the rabbit brain visual cortex as example. In addition to merits and demerits of these methods, their interchangeability was determined. A merit of cytophotometry is that it allows to evaluate more in detail the condition of neuron morphochemical differentiation both in normal state and under changes in functional state of neuron system."}
{"id": "PMID:888201", "title": "[Kinetic analysis of mechanisms of Na+-dependent organic acid transport in the proximal tubules of surviving frog kidney. II. Relationship between Na+ concentration in the medium and changes in the parameters of the Michaelis-Menten equation for fluorescein and uranin transport].", "content": "The dependence of active transport rates of fluorescein and uranin into proximal tubules was studied, firstly, on the concentration of these substrates in the incubation medium with constant Na-concentration and, secondly, on Na+-concentration in the medium with constant concentrations of fluorescein or uranin, Km, Vmax, and KmNa, VmaxNa values being determined correspondingly. With the decrease of Na+-concentration in the medium the apparent Km values for fluorescein and uranin increase, while Vmax values remain unchanged and ratios Vmax/Km decrease. The 1/Km value for uranin transport is a linear function of Na+-concentration, while it is a quadratic function of Na+-concentration for fluorescein transport. The KmNa value for fluorescein transport is twice as much as that for uranin transport. The obtained data suggest that one Na+-ion is spent from the medium for translocation of one uranin molecule across the basal membrane, whereas two Na+-ions from the medium are necessary for translocation of one fluorescein molecule. It is assumed that fluorescein and uranin transports are carried out by producing a four-fold transporting complex (a carrier+a substratum+2Na+; in the case of fluorescein 2Na+ appear from the medium, whereas in the case of uranin only one Na+ from the medium is used.", "contents": "[Kinetic analysis of mechanisms of Na+-dependent organic acid transport in the proximal tubules of surviving frog kidney. II. Relationship between Na+ concentration in the medium and changes in the parameters of the Michaelis-Menten equation for fluorescein and uranin transport]. The dependence of active transport rates of fluorescein and uranin into proximal tubules was studied, firstly, on the concentration of these substrates in the incubation medium with constant Na-concentration and, secondly, on Na+-concentration in the medium with constant concentrations of fluorescein or uranin, Km, Vmax, and KmNa, VmaxNa values being determined correspondingly. With the decrease of Na+-concentration in the medium the apparent Km values for fluorescein and uranin increase, while Vmax values remain unchanged and ratios Vmax/Km decrease. The 1/Km value for uranin transport is a linear function of Na+-concentration, while it is a quadratic function of Na+-concentration for fluorescein transport. The KmNa value for fluorescein transport is twice as much as that for uranin transport. The obtained data suggest that one Na+-ion is spent from the medium for translocation of one uranin molecule across the basal membrane, whereas two Na+-ions from the medium are necessary for translocation of one fluorescein molecule. It is assumed that fluorescein and uranin transports are carried out by producing a four-fold transporting complex (a carrier+a substratum+2Na+; in the case of fluorescein 2Na+ appear from the medium, whereas in the case of uranin only one Na+ from the medium is used."}
{"id": "PMID:888202", "title": "[Mitochondria in a living nerve cell].", "content": "The vital staining of the mechanoreceptor neuron of crayfish with Janus green in concentrations from 0.01 to 0.0005% was performed with electrophysiological estimation of functional state and with controlling the staining procedure by the quantitative analysis of densitographs of cell photonegatives. The possibility of the investigation of mitochrondrial space rearrangements in the neuron soma associated with the functional activity has been shown (optimal dye concentration being 0.001%, the time of staining varying from 30 minutes to 2 hours).", "contents": "[Mitochondria in a living nerve cell]. The vital staining of the mechanoreceptor neuron of crayfish with Janus green in concentrations from 0.01 to 0.0005% was performed with electrophysiological estimation of functional state and with controlling the staining procedure by the quantitative analysis of densitographs of cell photonegatives. The possibility of the investigation of mitochrondrial space rearrangements in the neuron soma associated with the functional activity has been shown (optimal dye concentration being 0.001%, the time of staining varying from 30 minutes to 2 hours)."}
{"id": "PMID:888203", "title": "[Dynamics of changes in a population of human fibroblasts after long-term cultivation in the stationary phase].", "content": "Defined and repeated alterations in human fibroblasts were discovered under continuous cultivation in the stationary phase. In the normal diploid fibroblast population, two cell subpopulations were distinguished by the heterochromatinization degree of the nucleus. While in the stationary phase, the number of cells with a parahaploid number of large chromocenters, regularly arranged in the nucleus, is seen increasing. It is supposed that the death of the normal diploid fibroblast culture occurs primarily at the expence of cells with heterochromatinized nuclei. Examination of strains with trisomy (47, XY, +7) and of a strain taken from a patient with pigmented xeroderma has shown that the process of nucleus heterochromatinization and its dynamics are substrains. A possibility is discussed of gene or chromosome mutation influences on the well-regulated nuclear heterochromatinization process and on the cell population structure alteration.", "contents": "[Dynamics of changes in a population of human fibroblasts after long-term cultivation in the stationary phase]. Defined and repeated alterations in human fibroblasts were discovered under continuous cultivation in the stationary phase. In the normal diploid fibroblast population, two cell subpopulations were distinguished by the heterochromatinization degree of the nucleus. While in the stationary phase, the number of cells with a parahaploid number of large chromocenters, regularly arranged in the nucleus, is seen increasing. It is supposed that the death of the normal diploid fibroblast culture occurs primarily at the expence of cells with heterochromatinized nuclei. Examination of strains with trisomy (47, XY, +7) and of a strain taken from a patient with pigmented xeroderma has shown that the process of nucleus heterochromatinization and its dynamics are substrains. A possibility is discussed of gene or chromosome mutation influences on the well-regulated nuclear heterochromatinization process and on the cell population structure alteration."}
{"id": "PMID:888205", "title": "[Comparative characteristics of the dentritic spines of the 3 chief cortical zones of the steppe turtle forebrain].", "content": "A comparative study of the dendritic spines in three principal cortical zones of the turtle forebrain reveals certain patterns of spine distribution, length, shape and other specific morphological characters in every cortical region. The dorsal cortex spines show the highest density, the greatest length, the smallest head diameter, the largest number of mitochondria and invaginated spines. The above features markedly distinguish the dorsal cortex spines from the those of the medial and lateral cortex, which is associated with a more complex morpho-functional organization of this cortical region.", "contents": "[Comparative characteristics of the dentritic spines of the 3 chief cortical zones of the steppe turtle forebrain]. A comparative study of the dendritic spines in three principal cortical zones of the turtle forebrain reveals certain patterns of spine distribution, length, shape and other specific morphological characters in every cortical region. The dorsal cortex spines show the highest density, the greatest length, the smallest head diameter, the largest number of mitochondria and invaginated spines. The above features markedly distinguish the dorsal cortex spines from the those of the medial and lateral cortex, which is associated with a more complex morpho-functional organization of this cortical region."}
{"id": "PMID:888206", "title": "[Proliferative activity and cell differentiation during the period of intensive growth of the iris, ciliary body and pupillary sphincter in rats].", "content": "The duration of the cell cycle in the sphincter pupillae and in the inner and outer neuroepithelia of the iris and ciliary body was studied. The four-day old rats were injected H3-thymidine and three-day old animals were administered H3-dopa to be processed for autoradiography. Cells of sphincter and of both neuroepithelia of the iris have the doubling time of 9.2--9.8 days, whereas the doubling time of cells of neuroepithelia of the ciliary body reaches 5.3--5.9 days. All pigmented epithelia of the iris-ciliary body complex synthesize melanin with the same intensity despite their specific differentiation. The most differentiated smooth muscle cells localized at the outer surface of the sphincter have almost half a melanin synthetic activity as compared with that of more deeply laying cells. Mitotic and H3-thymidine labelled cells were observed in all the areas of the sphincter. The data obtained were interpreted in terms of possible compatibility of both processes in smooth muscle cells of the iris; the synthesis of contractile proteins and the mitotic activity. The cell proliferation and differentiation of the structures in question were regarded as processes being regulated independentely at the stage studied.", "contents": "[Proliferative activity and cell differentiation during the period of intensive growth of the iris, ciliary body and pupillary sphincter in rats]. The duration of the cell cycle in the sphincter pupillae and in the inner and outer neuroepithelia of the iris and ciliary body was studied. The four-day old rats were injected H3-thymidine and three-day old animals were administered H3-dopa to be processed for autoradiography. Cells of sphincter and of both neuroepithelia of the iris have the doubling time of 9.2--9.8 days, whereas the doubling time of cells of neuroepithelia of the ciliary body reaches 5.3--5.9 days. All pigmented epithelia of the iris-ciliary body complex synthesize melanin with the same intensity despite their specific differentiation. The most differentiated smooth muscle cells localized at the outer surface of the sphincter have almost half a melanin synthetic activity as compared with that of more deeply laying cells. Mitotic and H3-thymidine labelled cells were observed in all the areas of the sphincter. The data obtained were interpreted in terms of possible compatibility of both processes in smooth muscle cells of the iris; the synthesis of contractile proteins and the mitotic activity. The cell proliferation and differentiation of the structures in question were regarded as processes being regulated independentely at the stage studied."}
{"id": "PMID:888208", "title": "[Mechanism of potentiation of contractions after muslce loading with glycerin. II. Relationship between incubation conditions and obstructing the inflow of glycerin].", "content": "A study was made of the influence of glycerol loading on contraction responses of the m. sartorius upon stimulation in normal and calcium-free Reinger solutions by caffeine, tetanic electrostimulation and single electric impulses. It was determined that in the glycerol medium each type of stimulation caused contractility potentiation. Ca2+-ions proved to block the responses of potentiation. The data suggest that there should be a potentiation mechanism common to each type of stimulation.", "contents": "[Mechanism of potentiation of contractions after muslce loading with glycerin. II. Relationship between incubation conditions and obstructing the inflow of glycerin]. A study was made of the influence of glycerol loading on contraction responses of the m. sartorius upon stimulation in normal and calcium-free Reinger solutions by caffeine, tetanic electrostimulation and single electric impulses. It was determined that in the glycerol medium each type of stimulation caused contractility potentiation. Ca2+-ions proved to block the responses of potentiation. The data suggest that there should be a potentiation mechanism common to each type of stimulation."}
{"id": "PMID:888209", "title": "[Kinetics of populations of enterocytes of experimental tumors of the large intestine in rats].", "content": "With the aid of histoautoradiography, the proliferation of enterocytes in rat intestinal adenocarcinomas induced with subcutaneous treatment by 1,2-dimethylhydrozine has been studied. The experimental adenocarcinomas are characterized by a high proliferative activity being, however, lower than that in the proliferative zone of the normal intestinal crypt. The parameters of adenocarcinoma proliferation are very close to those of a cell population from the bottom part of crypts in the control animals. This population involves several subpupulations and it is here that stem enterocytes occur. The tumour enterocytes are characterized by the enlargement of short mitotic cycle from 11 to 16 hours, due, mainly, to the prolongation of G1 phase as well as to a more pronounced degree of heterogeneity in relation to the mean tS and tG2 and, probably, to the appearnace of subpopulation R2.", "contents": "[Kinetics of populations of enterocytes of experimental tumors of the large intestine in rats]. With the aid of histoautoradiography, the proliferation of enterocytes in rat intestinal adenocarcinomas induced with subcutaneous treatment by 1,2-dimethylhydrozine has been studied. The experimental adenocarcinomas are characterized by a high proliferative activity being, however, lower than that in the proliferative zone of the normal intestinal crypt. The parameters of adenocarcinoma proliferation are very close to those of a cell population from the bottom part of crypts in the control animals. This population involves several subpupulations and it is here that stem enterocytes occur. The tumour enterocytes are characterized by the enlargement of short mitotic cycle from 11 to 16 hours, due, mainly, to the prolongation of G1 phase as well as to a more pronounced degree of heterogeneity in relation to the mean tS and tG2 and, probably, to the appearnace of subpopulation R2."}
{"id": "PMID:888220", "title": "[Stabilizing effect of calcium ions on glucose oxidase of Penicillium vitale].", "content": "Reconstruction of P. vitale glucose oxidase from apeonzyme and coenzyme (FAD) was studied as affected by iodine acetate as well as mercury and calcium ions. Mercury ions, iodine acetate as well as the labilizing fraction (flavin adenine-containing component) are established to inhibit the reconstruction affecting the sulphydryl groups of the apoenzyme which take part in addition of FAD to it. Calcium ions prevent the effect of the \"labilizing\" fraction, iodine acetate and mercury ions on the glucose oxidase apoenzyme as well as the effect of mercury ions on the glucose oxidase coenzyme. The effect of Ca2+ consists in \"labilizing\" fraction-calcium complexing.", "contents": "[Stabilizing effect of calcium ions on glucose oxidase of Penicillium vitale]. Reconstruction of P. vitale glucose oxidase from apeonzyme and coenzyme (FAD) was studied as affected by iodine acetate as well as mercury and calcium ions. Mercury ions, iodine acetate as well as the labilizing fraction (flavin adenine-containing component) are established to inhibit the reconstruction affecting the sulphydryl groups of the apoenzyme which take part in addition of FAD to it. Calcium ions prevent the effect of the \"labilizing\" fraction, iodine acetate and mercury ions on the glucose oxidase apoenzyme as well as the effect of mercury ions on the glucose oxidase coenzyme. The effect of Ca2+ consists in \"labilizing\" fraction-calcium complexing."}
{"id": "PMID:888219", "title": "[Activity of carbohydratephosphate metabolism enzymes in liver slices after freezing and thawing].", "content": "Activity of hexokinase, phosphorylase, glucoso-6-phosphate dehydrogenase lactate-dehydrogenase was studied in liver slices, homogenate and supernatant fraction after freezing at a rate of 1 degree/min down to -30 degrees C. The enzyme activity in homogenate and supernatant fraction does not change after freezing. A significant reduction in the activity of most enzymes that is followed by an increase in their activity in the freezing medium was observed in the experiments. Cryoprotectant polyethylene glycol, mol. wt. 300 and 1,000 (PEG-300 and PEG-1,000), partially prevents the observed changes in the enzyme activity; PEG-1,000 is more effective than PEG-300. Experimental results show that the main reason for the reduction of the enzyme activity observed after freezing the tissue slices is a decrease in the volume of intracellular enzyme proteins due to their leakage from the injured cellular elements into the exocellular medium.", "contents": "[Activity of carbohydratephosphate metabolism enzymes in liver slices after freezing and thawing]. Activity of hexokinase, phosphorylase, glucoso-6-phosphate dehydrogenase lactate-dehydrogenase was studied in liver slices, homogenate and supernatant fraction after freezing at a rate of 1 degree/min down to -30 degrees C. The enzyme activity in homogenate and supernatant fraction does not change after freezing. A significant reduction in the activity of most enzymes that is followed by an increase in their activity in the freezing medium was observed in the experiments. Cryoprotectant polyethylene glycol, mol. wt. 300 and 1,000 (PEG-300 and PEG-1,000), partially prevents the observed changes in the enzyme activity; PEG-1,000 is more effective than PEG-300. Experimental results show that the main reason for the reduction of the enzyme activity observed after freezing the tissue slices is a decrease in the volume of intracellular enzyme proteins due to their leakage from the injured cellular elements into the exocellular medium."}
{"id": "PMID:888222", "title": "[Monoamine oxidase activity and amount of catecholamines in rat tissues with adrenalectomy and demedullation].", "content": "The activity of monoaminoxidase (MAO) and the amount of catecholamines (CA) were studied in the heart, brain and liver of adrenalectomized and demedullated rats. Adrenalectomy increased the MAO activity of the brain and heart homogenates but had no effect on that of the liver mitochondria. The level of liver mitochondria MAO does not change when rats were demedullated, in this case there is some reduction in the content of the so-called PO (substances with the affinities of CA chinoid oxidation product). Neither adrenalectomy nor demedullation affect the amount of CA of all the studied tissues.", "contents": "[Monoamine oxidase activity and amount of catecholamines in rat tissues with adrenalectomy and demedullation]. The activity of monoaminoxidase (MAO) and the amount of catecholamines (CA) were studied in the heart, brain and liver of adrenalectomized and demedullated rats. Adrenalectomy increased the MAO activity of the brain and heart homogenates but had no effect on that of the liver mitochondria. The level of liver mitochondria MAO does not change when rats were demedullated, in this case there is some reduction in the content of the so-called PO (substances with the affinities of CA chinoid oxidation product). Neither adrenalectomy nor demedullation affect the amount of CA of all the studied tissues."}
{"id": "PMID:888223", "title": "[Formation of thymine nucleotides in bone marrow of animals of different species].", "content": "The activity of enzymes of thymidine and thymidylic acid phosphorylation up to thymidine triphosphate and dCMP-desaminase was studied in bone marrow of rats, rabbits and dogs. A soluble fraction of hyaloplasm obtained after bone marrow homogenates centrifugation at 105000xg for an hour at 0-4 degrees C used as a source of the enzymes. It is found that the rate of thymidine and TMP phosphorylation up to TTP by the rat and dog bone marrow extracts is approximately the same, in rabbits this process is slower. The formation of TTP from TMP in animals of all three species is 1.4-2 times as active as in thymidine phosphorylation. The highest activity of dCMP-desaminase is found in the bone marrow cells of dogs, in rabbits and rats it is 1.6 and 2 times as low, respectively.", "contents": "[Formation of thymine nucleotides in bone marrow of animals of different species]. The activity of enzymes of thymidine and thymidylic acid phosphorylation up to thymidine triphosphate and dCMP-desaminase was studied in bone marrow of rats, rabbits and dogs. A soluble fraction of hyaloplasm obtained after bone marrow homogenates centrifugation at 105000xg for an hour at 0-4 degrees C used as a source of the enzymes. It is found that the rate of thymidine and TMP phosphorylation up to TTP by the rat and dog bone marrow extracts is approximately the same, in rabbits this process is slower. The formation of TTP from TMP in animals of all three species is 1.4-2 times as active as in thymidine phosphorylation. The highest activity of dCMP-desaminase is found in the bone marrow cells of dogs, in rabbits and rats it is 1.6 and 2 times as low, respectively."}
{"id": "PMID:888226", "title": "[Ultrasonic effect on synthesis and excretion of porphyrines].", "content": "A ten-fold sequential action of supersound on rats results in disturbances in synthesis of protoporphyrine IX and its excretion respectively; the level of protoporphyrine in erythrocytes and feces is reduced. Redistribution of porphyrines in erythrocytes is detected; the control level of coproporphyrines being retained; a higher initial content of protoporphyrine IX drops due to an increase in a relatively low level of porphyrines.", "contents": "[Ultrasonic effect on synthesis and excretion of porphyrines]. A ten-fold sequential action of supersound on rats results in disturbances in synthesis of protoporphyrine IX and its excretion respectively; the level of protoporphyrine in erythrocytes and feces is reduced. Redistribution of porphyrines in erythrocytes is detected; the control level of coproporphyrines being retained; a higher initial content of protoporphyrine IX drops due to an increase in a relatively low level of porphyrines."}
{"id": "PMID:888224", "title": "[Effect of corticosteroids on content of amino acids in liver tissue during muscular activity].", "content": "Metabolism of amino acids in the liver in connection with the adrenocortical functions of the adrenals was studied in rats as affected by 3-hour swimming. This load causes an increase in the content of corticosterone in blood, in the activity of alanine aminotranspherase as well as the decrease in the amount of free amino acids in the liver tissue. These changes are absent in adrenalectomized rats and appear again when corticosterone is administered to adrenalectomized animals before swimming.", "contents": "[Effect of corticosteroids on content of amino acids in liver tissue during muscular activity]. Metabolism of amino acids in the liver in connection with the adrenocortical functions of the adrenals was studied in rats as affected by 3-hour swimming. This load causes an increase in the content of corticosterone in blood, in the activity of alanine aminotranspherase as well as the decrease in the amount of free amino acids in the liver tissue. These changes are absent in adrenalectomized rats and appear again when corticosterone is administered to adrenalectomized animals before swimming."}
{"id": "PMID:888225", "title": "[Effect of muscular activity and administration of amino acid mixture on protein synthesis in rat skeletal muscles].", "content": "The mechanisms were studied determining the protein synthesis intensification in the skeletal muscles of albino rats during systematic physical activity only and in combination with enteroadministration of amino acid mixture. It is shown that systematic physical activity induces an increase in the RNA content in the skeletal muscles along with the lack of differences in specific radioactivity of microsomal, ribosomal and poly-A-containing mRNA. Supplementary administration of amino acid mixture in combination with the systematic physical activity induces a further increase in the skeletal muscle RNA content along with a decrease in specific radioactivity of poly-A-containing mRNA, parallel with an increase in its portion in microsomal RNA, as well as results in shifts of the ribosomal spectrum towards polysomal complexes.", "contents": "[Effect of muscular activity and administration of amino acid mixture on protein synthesis in rat skeletal muscles]. The mechanisms were studied determining the protein synthesis intensification in the skeletal muscles of albino rats during systematic physical activity only and in combination with enteroadministration of amino acid mixture. It is shown that systematic physical activity induces an increase in the RNA content in the skeletal muscles along with the lack of differences in specific radioactivity of microsomal, ribosomal and poly-A-containing mRNA. Supplementary administration of amino acid mixture in combination with the systematic physical activity induces a further increase in the skeletal muscle RNA content along with a decrease in specific radioactivity of poly-A-containing mRNA, parallel with an increase in its portion in microsomal RNA, as well as results in shifts of the ribosomal spectrum towards polysomal complexes."}
{"id": "PMID:888221", "title": "[Sensitive method for determination of proteolytic activity].", "content": "The method is developed for estimating the proteolytic activity on the basis of photometric determination at 350 nm of the complexes of products of enzymic splitting of proteins with chloranyl. The advantages of the method are as follows: its high sensitivity (possibility to determine the amount of the enzymic proteolysis products formed from 2-4 microgram of protein), stability of the complexes (three days), wide ranges for direct dependence of absorption on the proteolysis products concentration (0.08-1.2 scale units), simplicity and possibility to conduct determination in the presence of nucleic, acids components.", "contents": "[Sensitive method for determination of proteolytic activity]. The method is developed for estimating the proteolytic activity on the basis of photometric determination at 350 nm of the complexes of products of enzymic splitting of proteins with chloranyl. The advantages of the method are as follows: its high sensitivity (possibility to determine the amount of the enzymic proteolysis products formed from 2-4 microgram of protein), stability of the complexes (three days), wide ranges for direct dependence of absorption on the proteolysis products concentration (0.08-1.2 scale units), simplicity and possibility to conduct determination in the presence of nucleic, acids components."}
{"id": "PMID:888227", "title": "[Activity of enzymes of tricarboxylic and pentose-phosphate cycles in dog brain with myocardial infarction].", "content": "Under conditions of experimental myocardium infarction caused in dogs by ligation of the anterior descending branch of the left coronary artery, the activity of alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase and succinate dehydrogenase in mitochondria of the cortex, cerebellum and medulla ablongata lowers most intensively on the first and fifth day after the appearance of acute myocardium infarction. Activation of the most important enzymes of the pentose-phosphate cycle (glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and transketolase) which is clearly pronounced on the fifth day is observed in the mentioned sections. In the authors' opinions the above changes in the activity of the enzymes are due to the brain hypoxia which may be the main reason of disturbance in the function of the central nervous system under this disease.", "contents": "[Activity of enzymes of tricarboxylic and pentose-phosphate cycles in dog brain with myocardial infarction]. Under conditions of experimental myocardium infarction caused in dogs by ligation of the anterior descending branch of the left coronary artery, the activity of alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase and succinate dehydrogenase in mitochondria of the cortex, cerebellum and medulla ablongata lowers most intensively on the first and fifth day after the appearance of acute myocardium infarction. Activation of the most important enzymes of the pentose-phosphate cycle (glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and transketolase) which is clearly pronounced on the fifth day is observed in the mentioned sections. In the authors' opinions the above changes in the activity of the enzymes are due to the brain hypoxia which may be the main reason of disturbance in the function of the central nervous system under this disease."}
{"id": "PMID:888232", "title": "Is the electron wavelength an observable?", "content": "This paper is concerned with a problem often overlooked; it stems from the fact that the electron wave is also influenced by the magnetic vector potential. If one considers this influence, problems arise from the ambiguities in the gauge of the vector potential. They bear on the question of whether the electron wavelength can be considered observable or not. The answer lies, probably, in the definition of measurability.", "contents": "Is the electron wavelength an observable? This paper is concerned with a problem often overlooked; it stems from the fact that the electron wave is also influenced by the magnetic vector potential. If one considers this influence, problems arise from the ambiguities in the gauge of the vector potential. They bear on the question of whether the electron wavelength can be considered observable or not. The answer lies, probably, in the definition of measurability."}
{"id": "PMID:888229", "title": "[Isoenzyme spectra of lactate dehydrogenase in tissues of pigs at different stages of embryonic development].", "content": "Dynamics of the activity and correlation of isoenzyme spectra of lactate dehydrogenase in extracts of the liver, hip muscle and blood serum of the 30-60- and 108-day pig embryos was studied by polyacrilamide gel diskelectrophoresis. A high specificity of isoenzymes sets in all the tissues under study is established.", "contents": "[Isoenzyme spectra of lactate dehydrogenase in tissues of pigs at different stages of embryonic development]. Dynamics of the activity and correlation of isoenzyme spectra of lactate dehydrogenase in extracts of the liver, hip muscle and blood serum of the 30-60- and 108-day pig embryos was studied by polyacrilamide gel diskelectrophoresis. A high specificity of isoenzymes sets in all the tissues under study is established."}
{"id": "PMID:888228", "title": "[Energy metabolism in gastrocnemius muscles of frogs after tetanic contractions].", "content": "The content of the adenylic system components (ATP, ADP, AMP+IMP), creatine phosphate and inorganic phosphorus (Pin) was determined in the frog gastrochemius muscles in vivo and in vitro at different time after one-second and four-second tetanic contractions. After a one-second contraction the content of ATP in the muscles both in vivo and in vitro increases with respect to the initial level and simultaneously the contents of creative phosphate and Pin decrease. 15 seconds after a four-second contraction the content of ATP in the both cases is below the initial level; in the isolated muscles it restores the initial level during the second minute of rest and subsequently does not change significantly. In vivo the content of ATP continues to increase, accounting for 114% of the initial level during the eighth minute of rest. This rise is accompanied by an essential utilization of Pm, the content of which during the eighth minute of rest is 79.4% relative to control. The content of ADP, AMP+IMP after a one-or four-second contraction does not change significantly.", "contents": "[Energy metabolism in gastrocnemius muscles of frogs after tetanic contractions]. The content of the adenylic system components (ATP, ADP, AMP+IMP), creatine phosphate and inorganic phosphorus (Pin) was determined in the frog gastrochemius muscles in vivo and in vitro at different time after one-second and four-second tetanic contractions. After a one-second contraction the content of ATP in the muscles both in vivo and in vitro increases with respect to the initial level and simultaneously the contents of creative phosphate and Pin decrease. 15 seconds after a four-second contraction the content of ATP in the both cases is below the initial level; in the isolated muscles it restores the initial level during the second minute of rest and subsequently does not change significantly. In vivo the content of ATP continues to increase, accounting for 114% of the initial level during the eighth minute of rest. This rise is accompanied by an essential utilization of Pm, the content of which during the eighth minute of rest is 79.4% relative to control. The content of ADP, AMP+IMP after a one-or four-second contraction does not change significantly."}
{"id": "PMID:888233", "title": "Prospects of three-dimensional high resolution electron microscopy of non-periodic structures.", "content": "In the first part of the paper the general features of three-dimensional electron microscopy of non-periodic structures at high resolution are discussed. Such an analysis requires series of 20 or more exposures of mechanically moved specimens. It is fundamentally important that the integral radiation dose, however, need not be increased--three-dimensional analysis yields extra information without additional radiation loading. It is demonstrated that the constraints characteristic for atomic resolution can in future facilitate many difficulties like restricted tilting range (conical tilting), inaccuracies in the refinement of the origin determination etc. Data collection up to atomic resolution is possible with existing image reconstruction methods if the chromatic spread of the cathodes can be partially corrected. The relatively great radiation induced changes of \"stable\" specimens will require additional averaging in the experiment (quasi-simultaneous registration). The advantage of a time dependent analysis of radiation sensitive structures--especially the possibility of using redundancies in the analysis (trace structure analysis)--is discussed. The experimental part (studies of radiation damage and three-dimensional work on carbon foils) presents examples of such analyses. The main experimental difficulty consists in the collection of many exposures with no extra load of the specimen in the intervals between exposures.", "contents": "Prospects of three-dimensional high resolution electron microscopy of non-periodic structures. In the first part of the paper the general features of three-dimensional electron microscopy of non-periodic structures at high resolution are discussed. Such an analysis requires series of 20 or more exposures of mechanically moved specimens. It is fundamentally important that the integral radiation dose, however, need not be increased--three-dimensional analysis yields extra information without additional radiation loading. It is demonstrated that the constraints characteristic for atomic resolution can in future facilitate many difficulties like restricted tilting range (conical tilting), inaccuracies in the refinement of the origin determination etc. Data collection up to atomic resolution is possible with existing image reconstruction methods if the chromatic spread of the cathodes can be partially corrected. The relatively great radiation induced changes of \"stable\" specimens will require additional averaging in the experiment (quasi-simultaneous registration). The advantage of a time dependent analysis of radiation sensitive structures--especially the possibility of using redundancies in the analysis (trace structure analysis)--is discussed. The experimental part (studies of radiation damage and three-dimensional work on carbon foils) presents examples of such analyses. The main experimental difficulty consists in the collection of many exposures with no extra load of the specimen in the intervals between exposures."}
{"id": "PMID:888234", "title": "Optical and digital image processing in high-resolution electron microscopy.", "content": "A comparison is made of the deblurring by digital and optical processing of a single conventional bright field electron image of ferritin particles distributed on a carbon supporting film. The deblurring functions include the effects of the partial temporal and partial spatial coherence of the electron beam, the phase contrast transfer function of the objective lens and Weiner signal to noise optimisation. Practical aspects of the similar results achieved by the two methods are discussed. The relative advantages and disadvantages of the batch and interactive computer modes for picture processing are considered in an Appendix.", "contents": "Optical and digital image processing in high-resolution electron microscopy. A comparison is made of the deblurring by digital and optical processing of a single conventional bright field electron image of ferritin particles distributed on a carbon supporting film. The deblurring functions include the effects of the partial temporal and partial spatial coherence of the electron beam, the phase contrast transfer function of the objective lens and Weiner signal to noise optimisation. Practical aspects of the similar results achieved by the two methods are discussed. The relative advantages and disadvantages of the batch and interactive computer modes for picture processing are considered in an Appendix."}
{"id": "PMID:888235", "title": "Computer algebra and the study of unconventional electron lenses.", "content": "The calculation of aberration coefficients, and even the derivation of paraxial equations, can involve an immense volume of elementary algebraic manipulation; the use of a computer to lighten this task for some unconventional electron lens types is described.", "contents": "Computer algebra and the study of unconventional electron lenses. The calculation of aberration coefficients, and even the derivation of paraxial equations, can involve an immense volume of elementary algebraic manipulation; the use of a computer to lighten this task for some unconventional electron lens types is described."}
{"id": "PMID:888230", "title": "[Effect of thyroxine on distribution of lactate dehydrogenase isoenzymes and content of pyruvic and lactic acids in tissues of rats of various ages].", "content": "Distribution of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) isoenzymes and content of lactic and pyruvic acids were studied in the heart, kidneys and skeletal muscle of rats at the age of 1, 3, 12 and 24 months at normal state and after thyroxine administration. With age the activity of aerobic isoenzymes of LDH increases and that of hybrid anaerobic isoenzymes of LDH decreases in the heart and kidneys; in the skeletal muscle the activity of LDH5 increases and that of LDH3 and LDH4 decreases, the content of the studied acids in  the heart, kidneys and skeletal muscle changes irregularly. Under the effect of thyroxine the activity of aerobic isoenzymes of LDH increases in the heart of one-month animals and in the kidneys of one- and three-month animals, as well as in the skeletal muscle of 24-month rats; the activity of LDH5 rises in the skeletal muscle of one- and three-month animals. Thyroxine causes an increase in the content of pyruvic acid in the tissues of all the studied rats.", "contents": "[Effect of thyroxine on distribution of lactate dehydrogenase isoenzymes and content of pyruvic and lactic acids in tissues of rats of various ages]. Distribution of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) isoenzymes and content of lactic and pyruvic acids were studied in the heart, kidneys and skeletal muscle of rats at the age of 1, 3, 12 and 24 months at normal state and after thyroxine administration. With age the activity of aerobic isoenzymes of LDH increases and that of hybrid anaerobic isoenzymes of LDH decreases in the heart and kidneys; in the skeletal muscle the activity of LDH5 increases and that of LDH3 and LDH4 decreases, the content of the studied acids in  the heart, kidneys and skeletal muscle changes irregularly. Under the effect of thyroxine the activity of aerobic isoenzymes of LDH increases in the heart of one-month animals and in the kidneys of one- and three-month animals, as well as in the skeletal muscle of 24-month rats; the activity of LDH5 rises in the skeletal muscle of one- and three-month animals. Thyroxine causes an increase in the content of pyruvic acid in the tissues of all the studied rats."}
{"id": "PMID:888237", "title": "Scherzer's formula and the correction of spiral distortion in the electron microscope.", "content": "Scherzer's general expression of 1937 for the spiral distortion coefficient of electron lenses is used to calculate the spiral distortion of the rectangular-field model for the axial flux density distribution in magnetic projector lenses. The results show why it is difficult to correct the spiral distortion produced by conventional lenses. On the other hand, corresponding calculations for single-polepiece projector lenses indicate that the employment of such lenses could lead to a significant improvement of the projector stage of the electron microscope, especially that of the high voltage electron microscope.", "contents": "Scherzer's formula and the correction of spiral distortion in the electron microscope. Scherzer's general expression of 1937 for the spiral distortion coefficient of electron lenses is used to calculate the spiral distortion of the rectangular-field model for the axial flux density distribution in magnetic projector lenses. The results show why it is difficult to correct the spiral distortion produced by conventional lenses. On the other hand, corresponding calculations for single-polepiece projector lenses indicate that the employment of such lenses could lead to a significant improvement of the projector stage of the electron microscope, especially that of the high voltage electron microscope."}
{"id": "PMID:888231", "title": "[Biologically active low-molecular fragments of fibrinogen molecule].", "content": "A peptide fraction with a specific property of interaction with D fragment was found in the fibrinogen tryptic hydrolyzate. This fraction is called a protector. In the protector presence the time of the monomer fibrin polymerization prolonged with D fragment is greatly lowered. The protector was found in the first minutes of fibrinogen degradation. It was shown for low concentration of trypsin (enzyme-substrate ratio being 1:7500). The gel filtration of a tryptic fibrinogen hydrolyzate on Sephadexes G-10, G-15, G-25 showed that the protector has a low molecular weight. It was found that a preincubation of the protector with D fragment should take place before interaction of their mixture with a fibrin monomer. The interaction of the protector with D fragment is reversible.", "contents": "[Biologically active low-molecular fragments of fibrinogen molecule]. A peptide fraction with a specific property of interaction with D fragment was found in the fibrinogen tryptic hydrolyzate. This fraction is called a protector. In the protector presence the time of the monomer fibrin polymerization prolonged with D fragment is greatly lowered. The protector was found in the first minutes of fibrinogen degradation. It was shown for low concentration of trypsin (enzyme-substrate ratio being 1:7500). The gel filtration of a tryptic fibrinogen hydrolyzate on Sephadexes G-10, G-15, G-25 showed that the protector has a low molecular weight. It was found that a preincubation of the protector with D fragment should take place before interaction of their mixture with a fibrin monomer. The interaction of the protector with D fragment is reversible."}
{"id": "PMID:888238", "title": "Partial fraction expansion of electron optical cardinal elements.", "content": "Studying the behavior of virtual or asymptotic cardinal elements (position of focal points, focal widths) of electron optical systems during variation of the acceleration voltage U characteristic discontinuities (poles) are encountered. Partial fraction expansion of the quantities in question with regard to U-1/2 for magnetic systems (round lenses and quadrupoles, straight axis) are investigated. Convergence of the series is established by methods of complex analysis, especially by use of the concept of R-functions introduced by E. Wigner. The results can be used also for systems consisting only of electric quadrupoles. The relations with the terminology introduced by Otto Scherzer are worked out. Applications in analytical field models are suggested. Connections with the problem of determination of the lens field from optical data and with inverse eigenvalue problems are discussed.", "contents": "Partial fraction expansion of electron optical cardinal elements. Studying the behavior of virtual or asymptotic cardinal elements (position of focal points, focal widths) of electron optical systems during variation of the acceleration voltage U characteristic discontinuities (poles) are encountered. Partial fraction expansion of the quantities in question with regard to U-1/2 for magnetic systems (round lenses and quadrupoles, straight axis) are investigated. Convergence of the series is established by methods of complex analysis, especially by use of the concept of R-functions introduced by E. Wigner. The results can be used also for systems consisting only of electric quadrupoles. The relations with the terminology introduced by Otto Scherzer are worked out. Applications in analytical field models are suggested. Connections with the problem of determination of the lens field from optical data and with inverse eigenvalue problems are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:888239", "title": "The bright and shadow images of an atom in the transmission electron microscope.", "content": "Scherzer discussed in his paper of 1949 the phase contrast of an atom image which was given in the form i(psi-psi). The second order term psi psi, which gave the bright image of the atom, was neglected. Under the first Born approximation as adopted by him, the phase contrast disappears at the exact focus of the ideal electron microscope. Under the second Born approximation, the phase contrast does appear under the same condition. It can be interpreted as the shadow image because it compensates the bright image.", "contents": "The bright and shadow images of an atom in the transmission electron microscope. Scherzer discussed in his paper of 1949 the phase contrast of an atom image which was given in the form i(psi-psi). The second order term psi psi, which gave the bright image of the atom, was neglected. Under the first Born approximation as adopted by him, the phase contrast disappears at the exact focus of the ideal electron microscope. Under the second Born approximation, the phase contrast does appear under the same condition. It can be interpreted as the shadow image because it compensates the bright image."}
{"id": "PMID:888240", "title": "Factors affecting high resolution fixed-beam transmission electron microscopy.", "content": "An experimental and theoretical characterization of a fixed-beam transmission electron microscope with a field emission gun has been made with regard to the factors of electron beam brightness, spatial and temporal coherence of the incident electrons, objective lens current fluctuation, mechanical stability, and specimen contamination. It has been found that mechanical stability and temporal coherence are the primary factors that prevent the contrast transfer function from extending to 2.0 A in our microscope. Different amorphous thin films have also been used in order to compare their suitability for testing the imaging capability of the microscope at atomic resolution.", "contents": "Factors affecting high resolution fixed-beam transmission electron microscopy. An experimental and theoretical characterization of a fixed-beam transmission electron microscope with a field emission gun has been made with regard to the factors of electron beam brightness, spatial and temporal coherence of the incident electrons, objective lens current fluctuation, mechanical stability, and specimen contamination. It has been found that mechanical stability and temporal coherence are the primary factors that prevent the contrast transfer function from extending to 2.0 A in our microscope. Different amorphous thin films have also been used in order to compare their suitability for testing the imaging capability of the microscope at atomic resolution."}
{"id": "PMID:888241", "title": "Motif detection in quantum noise-limited electron micrographs by cross-correlation.", "content": "The use of cross-correlation to detect randomly positioned low-dose realizations of a motif in an image field is quantitatively evaluated. For both the bright- and dark-field cases, we derive theoretical expressions for the minimum dose allowing detection in terms of motif size, resolution, and contrast. Model computations on simulated low-dose images of a spherical virus particle give results that agree with our theoretical formulas and demonstrate the feasibility of this approach.", "contents": "Motif detection in quantum noise-limited electron micrographs by cross-correlation. The use of cross-correlation to detect randomly positioned low-dose realizations of a motif in an image field is quantitatively evaluated. For both the bright- and dark-field cases, we derive theoretical expressions for the minimum dose allowing detection in terms of motif size, resolution, and contrast. Model computations on simulated low-dose images of a spherical virus particle give results that agree with our theoretical formulas and demonstrate the feasibility of this approach."}
{"id": "PMID:888242", "title": "High resolution bright field electron microscopy of biological specimens.", "content": "Various parameters which affect the information content in bright field electron micrographs of biological specimens is discussed. Special attention is paid to the resolution of phase contrast imaging, specimen supports and radiation damage.", "contents": "High resolution bright field electron microscopy of biological specimens. Various parameters which affect the information content in bright field electron micrographs of biological specimens is discussed. Special attention is paid to the resolution of phase contrast imaging, specimen supports and radiation damage."}
{"id": "PMID:888243", "title": "Improvements in electron microscopy by application of superconductivity.", "content": "Resolution tests on amorphous carbon foils were carried out in an electron microscope with a superconducting system containing 4 lenses including a shielding lens at 200 kV beam voltage. Due to the mechanical and electrical stability of the system and the absence of contamination of the specimen the highest space frequencies transferred at vertically incident beam were 6 nm-1 corresponding to a resolution of 0.17 nm, a value which approaches the theoretical resolving power of the electron optical system. It should also be feasible to apply such a lens system for microprobe analysis without strongly reducing the theoretical resolution limit, if the construction of the shielding lens is slightly changed.", "contents": "Improvements in electron microscopy by application of superconductivity. Resolution tests on amorphous carbon foils were carried out in an electron microscope with a superconducting system containing 4 lenses including a shielding lens at 200 kV beam voltage. Due to the mechanical and electrical stability of the system and the absence of contamination of the specimen the highest space frequencies transferred at vertically incident beam were 6 nm-1 corresponding to a resolution of 0.17 nm, a value which approaches the theoretical resolving power of the electron optical system. It should also be feasible to apply such a lens system for microprobe analysis without strongly reducing the theoretical resolution limit, if the construction of the shielding lens is slightly changed."}
{"id": "PMID:888244", "title": "Nonstandard imaging methods in electron microscopy.", "content": "A rigorous treatment of image formation, taking into account inelastic scattering and partially coherent illumination, is given for the CTEM. The results also hold for a STEM if the momentum vectors of the incident and outgoing waves are interchanged and the flight direction of the electrons is reversed. A generalized optical theorem is found which connects the anti-Friedel part of the elastic scattering amplitude with the squares of the elastic and inelastic scattering amplitudes. This theorem has important consequences for all approximation methods. For example, it shows that inelastic scattering influences the elastic scattering amplitude. It is further shown that the observed wings in optical diffractograms, obtained from micrographs of amorphous material taken using tilted beam illumination, can only be explained if double scattering (elastic and inelastic) is assumed. Hollow-cone illumination strongly suppresses the structural noise in the phase contrast image. The corresponding phase contrast transfer function (PCTF) is calculated for two different cone angles, assuming that no beam-limiting aperture is present. In addition, the PCTFs of a corrected microscope are calculated for two different illumination modes, one yielding negative and the other positive phase contrast. Finally, the contrast transfer has been investigated for a stem operating with a split detector.", "contents": "Nonstandard imaging methods in electron microscopy. A rigorous treatment of image formation, taking into account inelastic scattering and partially coherent illumination, is given for the CTEM. The results also hold for a STEM if the momentum vectors of the incident and outgoing waves are interchanged and the flight direction of the electrons is reversed. A generalized optical theorem is found which connects the anti-Friedel part of the elastic scattering amplitude with the squares of the elastic and inelastic scattering amplitudes. This theorem has important consequences for all approximation methods. For example, it shows that inelastic scattering influences the elastic scattering amplitude. It is further shown that the observed wings in optical diffractograms, obtained from micrographs of amorphous material taken using tilted beam illumination, can only be explained if double scattering (elastic and inelastic) is assumed. Hollow-cone illumination strongly suppresses the structural noise in the phase contrast image. The corresponding phase contrast transfer function (PCTF) is calculated for two different cone angles, assuming that no beam-limiting aperture is present. In addition, the PCTFs of a corrected microscope are calculated for two different illumination modes, one yielding negative and the other positive phase contrast. Finally, the contrast transfer has been investigated for a stem operating with a split detector."}
{"id": "PMID:888245", "title": "A reflection on partial coherence in electron microscopy.", "content": "The concept of partial coherence, which originated in light optics, is investigated in the case of dark-field electron microscopy. Two atoms arbitrarily arranged in the object space are considered as sources of the secondary waves. The influence of lens aberrations is taken into account. The real degree of coherence gamma r is calculated for the STEM as well as the CTEM. In the case of atomic resolution, the finite size of the atoms significantly influences the degree of coherence, so that it becomes a function of the image coordinate. Analytical expressions are obtained for gamma r which are valid at present-day resolutions for both the CTEM and STEM. The dark-field intensity distribution in the detector plane of a STEM is calculated for an object consisting of two atoms in different configurations and for different positions of the scanning spot.", "contents": "A reflection on partial coherence in electron microscopy. The concept of partial coherence, which originated in light optics, is investigated in the case of dark-field electron microscopy. Two atoms arbitrarily arranged in the object space are considered as sources of the secondary waves. The influence of lens aberrations is taken into account. The real degree of coherence gamma r is calculated for the STEM as well as the CTEM. In the case of atomic resolution, the finite size of the atoms significantly influences the degree of coherence, so that it becomes a function of the image coordinate. Analytical expressions are obtained for gamma r which are valid at present-day resolutions for both the CTEM and STEM. The dark-field intensity distribution in the detector plane of a STEM is calculated for an object consisting of two atoms in different configurations and for different positions of the scanning spot."}
{"id": "PMID:888249", "title": "Effect of succinimide on hyperoxaluria in the rat estimated value of the different dosing methods of oxaluria.", "content": "In the female rat intoxicated with ethylene glycol the oxaluria increases with the degree of intoxication. The increase is less in the animals treated with succinimide. The comparative study of the results of the dosages made with gas-liquid-chromatography and by various colorimetric methods show that this later gives varying results and underestimates high concentrations of oxalic acid. The result is that any study based on results of dosages of urinary oxalic acid made by colorimetry must be taken with some reserve, and this on whether the oxalic lithiasis is experimentally induced or human, or whether its evolution is spontaneous or influenced by a therapeutic.", "contents": "Effect of succinimide on hyperoxaluria in the rat estimated value of the different dosing methods of oxaluria. In the female rat intoxicated with ethylene glycol the oxaluria increases with the degree of intoxication. The increase is less in the animals treated with succinimide. The comparative study of the results of the dosages made with gas-liquid-chromatography and by various colorimetric methods show that this later gives varying results and underestimates high concentrations of oxalic acid. The result is that any study based on results of dosages of urinary oxalic acid made by colorimetry must be taken with some reserve, and this on whether the oxalic lithiasis is experimentally induced or human, or whether its evolution is spontaneous or influenced by a therapeutic."}
{"id": "PMID:888250", "title": "Surface topography of the healthy and diseased transitional cell epithelium of the human urinary bladder.", "content": "51 biopsies from healthy and diseased epithelium from human urinary bladders were examined by scanning electron microscopy. The luminal surface of the cover cells was marked by microvilli and microplicae. The replacement of the cover cells takes place by simple desquamination. This exposes cover cells having numerous microvilli, and these later develop characteristic microplicae. The ability to form cover cells is lost by the transitional epithelium following tumour formation. No tumour-specific surface morphology was observed.", "contents": "Surface topography of the healthy and diseased transitional cell epithelium of the human urinary bladder. 51 biopsies from healthy and diseased epithelium from human urinary bladders were examined by scanning electron microscopy. The luminal surface of the cover cells was marked by microvilli and microplicae. The replacement of the cover cells takes place by simple desquamination. This exposes cover cells having numerous microvilli, and these later develop characteristic microplicae. The ability to form cover cells is lost by the transitional epithelium following tumour formation. No tumour-specific surface morphology was observed."}
{"id": "PMID:888251", "title": "Serum proteins in prostatic cancer. V. Alterations in immunoglobulins and clinical responsiveness following cryoprostatectomy.", "content": "Levels of the three major serum immunoglobulins (G, A, M) were quantitated prior to and up to 2 weeks following each of two independent freezing treatments of the primary prostatic tumour in 4 patients undergoing remission or healing of their metastatic lesions. Cyclical alterations in the level of IgG accompanied by moderate alterations in the level of IgA were noted post-operatively. Most striking was an almost twofold increase in the level of IgM in 3 of the 4 patients evaluated. While possibly a non-specific association, observations of increased levels of IgG and IgM following cryotherapy may represent an active immunologic response by the host to prostatic tissue (tumour?)-specific or tumour-associated antigen(s) in the form of 'blocking' factor(s) or cytotoxic antibody.", "contents": "Serum proteins in prostatic cancer. V. Alterations in immunoglobulins and clinical responsiveness following cryoprostatectomy. Levels of the three major serum immunoglobulins (G, A, M) were quantitated prior to and up to 2 weeks following each of two independent freezing treatments of the primary prostatic tumour in 4 patients undergoing remission or healing of their metastatic lesions. Cyclical alterations in the level of IgG accompanied by moderate alterations in the level of IgA were noted post-operatively. Most striking was an almost twofold increase in the level of IgM in 3 of the 4 patients evaluated. While possibly a non-specific association, observations of increased levels of IgG and IgM following cryotherapy may represent an active immunologic response by the host to prostatic tissue (tumour?)-specific or tumour-associated antigen(s) in the form of 'blocking' factor(s) or cytotoxic antibody."}
{"id": "PMID:888252", "title": "[Immunoblastic sarcoma with clinically primary manifestation in the testis (author's transl)].", "content": "Three own observations of immunoblastic sarcomas with clinically primary manifestation in the testis are reported. In all cases an already generalized tumor stage was evident. In two patients a combined surgical, radiological, and chemotherapeutic treatment was performed with satisfactory success. The essential functional-morphological and clinical criteria of the immunoblastic sarcoma were summarized and discussed.", "contents": "[Immunoblastic sarcoma with clinically primary manifestation in the testis (author's transl)]. Three own observations of immunoblastic sarcomas with clinically primary manifestation in the testis are reported. In all cases an already generalized tumor stage was evident. In two patients a combined surgical, radiological, and chemotherapeutic treatment was performed with satisfactory success. The essential functional-morphological and clinical criteria of the immunoblastic sarcoma were summarized and discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:888257", "title": "Fifteen year review of treated cases of retinal angiomatosis.", "content": "This study describes the experience of the Wills Eye Hospital Retina Service in the treatment of 125 eyes with retinal angiomatosis, with follow-up ranging from 1 to 15 years. The results of several treatment modalities are compared. In lesions smaller than 2.5 DD, xenon arc photocoagulation, argon laser photocoagulation, and cryotherapy all appear to be effective in eradicating the tumor and salvaging useful visual acuity. For lesions larger than 2.5 DD, cryotherapy appeared to offer the best results. The advantages and disadvantages of the various treatment modalities are discussed.", "contents": "Fifteen year review of treated cases of retinal angiomatosis. This study describes the experience of the Wills Eye Hospital Retina Service in the treatment of 125 eyes with retinal angiomatosis, with follow-up ranging from 1 to 15 years. The results of several treatment modalities are compared. In lesions smaller than 2.5 DD, xenon arc photocoagulation, argon laser photocoagulation, and cryotherapy all appear to be effective in eradicating the tumor and salvaging useful visual acuity. For lesions larger than 2.5 DD, cryotherapy appeared to offer the best results. The advantages and disadvantages of the various treatment modalities are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:888258", "title": "Diabetic maculopathy.", "content": "The incidence, pathogenesis, and treatment of diabetic maculopathy are discussed. A plea is made for earlier, more discrete treatment that may improve the chances of prolonging sharp central vision.", "contents": "Diabetic maculopathy. The incidence, pathogenesis, and treatment of diabetic maculopathy are discussed. A plea is made for earlier, more discrete treatment that may improve the chances of prolonging sharp central vision."}
{"id": "PMID:888259", "title": "Preoperative factors influencing anatomic success rates following retinal detachment surgery.", "content": "The percentages of retinal detachment surgical cure rates determined in this study should not be regarded too literally. At least ten preoperative factors have been described which, acting in isolated fashion, are associated with decreased rates of retinal reattachment. Among these factors are visual acuity of 20/60 or less, myopia, preretinal membrane formation, alphakia, pars plana detachment, reoperation, age over 80 years, vitreous membranes, giant tear, and choroidal detachment. Usually there are several influential factors acting simultaneously. The behavior patterns of combinations of predictive factors have not been determined. In addition, there are undoubtedly some factors which are insignificant when acting alone but which have an adverse influence when arranged in certain combinations. More sophisticated analysis would be required to confirm this hypothesis.", "contents": "Preoperative factors influencing anatomic success rates following retinal detachment surgery. The percentages of retinal detachment surgical cure rates determined in this study should not be regarded too literally. At least ten preoperative factors have been described which, acting in isolated fashion, are associated with decreased rates of retinal reattachment. Among these factors are visual acuity of 20/60 or less, myopia, preretinal membrane formation, alphakia, pars plana detachment, reoperation, age over 80 years, vitreous membranes, giant tear, and choroidal detachment. Usually there are several influential factors acting simultaneously. The behavior patterns of combinations of predictive factors have not been determined. In addition, there are undoubtedly some factors which are insignificant when acting alone but which have an adverse influence when arranged in certain combinations. More sophisticated analysis would be required to confirm this hypothesis."}
{"id": "PMID:888260", "title": "Clarification of foveomacular nomenclature and grid for quantitation of macular disorders.", "content": "Standardization of terminology and precise localization of lesions are imperative in the study of the natural course of various retinal vascular and macular disorders. The RAZ localizing system provides an easy and accurate way of documenting and following lesions of the posterior pole in terms of RAZ diameters rather than disc diameters. This type of quantitation is important because consideration regarding prognosis and management is often in terms of involvement of the retinal avascular zone. This type of grid system also permits the clinician to measure and follow the size of some choroidal masses. Based on our preliminary studies, it appears that at this stage of development, this method of studying and recording posterior pole lesions is of useful accuracy. Hopefully, certain guidelines, such as how close one may approach the retinal avascular zone with photocoagulation and still maintain reasonably good vision, can be more accurately determined.", "contents": "Clarification of foveomacular nomenclature and grid for quantitation of macular disorders. Standardization of terminology and precise localization of lesions are imperative in the study of the natural course of various retinal vascular and macular disorders. The RAZ localizing system provides an easy and accurate way of documenting and following lesions of the posterior pole in terms of RAZ diameters rather than disc diameters. This type of quantitation is important because consideration regarding prognosis and management is often in terms of involvement of the retinal avascular zone. This type of grid system also permits the clinician to measure and follow the size of some choroidal masses. Based on our preliminary studies, it appears that at this stage of development, this method of studying and recording posterior pole lesions is of useful accuracy. Hopefully, certain guidelines, such as how close one may approach the retinal avascular zone with photocoagulation and still maintain reasonably good vision, can be more accurately determined."}
{"id": "PMID:888261", "title": "Cystoid macular edema in retinitis pigmentosa.", "content": "Cystoid macular edema was commonly observed in retinitis pigmentosa and documented, fluorangiographically, in 70% (41) of 58 consecutive patients. Macular fluorescence representing the intraretinal accumulation of dye from leaking perifoveal capillaries was best seen by simultaneous projection of early- and late-phase angiograms. This facilitated visualization of dim cystoid staining amid mottled and sometimes confusing hyperfluorescence in the posterior pole. Patients of many different ages demonstrated cystoid macular edema and there was no predominant involvement of any particular age group. Although visual acuity was affected in the majority of patients with cystoid macular edema, 25% had 20/25 or better due, perhaps, to sparing of the fovea. Bone corpuscular pigmentation appeared frequently with cystoid macular edema and we were, therefore, unable to corroborate previous opinions that depicted cystoid macular edema as part of a presumed atypical nonpigmented form of retinitis pigmentosa.", "contents": "Cystoid macular edema in retinitis pigmentosa. Cystoid macular edema was commonly observed in retinitis pigmentosa and documented, fluorangiographically, in 70% (41) of 58 consecutive patients. Macular fluorescence representing the intraretinal accumulation of dye from leaking perifoveal capillaries was best seen by simultaneous projection of early- and late-phase angiograms. This facilitated visualization of dim cystoid staining amid mottled and sometimes confusing hyperfluorescence in the posterior pole. Patients of many different ages demonstrated cystoid macular edema and there was no predominant involvement of any particular age group. Although visual acuity was affected in the majority of patients with cystoid macular edema, 25% had 20/25 or better due, perhaps, to sparing of the fovea. Bone corpuscular pigmentation appeared frequently with cystoid macular edema and we were, therefore, unable to corroborate previous opinions that depicted cystoid macular edema as part of a presumed atypical nonpigmented form of retinitis pigmentosa."}
{"id": "PMID:888263", "title": "Optociliary veins.", "content": "Optociliary veins occur in three clinical settings: in chronic central retinal vein obstruction, with retro-orbital tumors, and as congenital anomalies. In the last setting, associated anomalies of the disc and retinal vessels may be present, which makes differentiation from the first two difficult. Fluorescein angiography may be of value in making this differentiation for, in some if not all congenital OC veins, the direction of flow is from the choroid into the central retinal vein. Two cases are presented in which a congenital optociliary vein was present in association with a fundus picture mimicking a central retinal vein obstruction or papilledema. In both cases, fluorescein angiography demonstrated that the vessel was a congenital anomaly, draining from the choroid into the retina.", "contents": "Optociliary veins. Optociliary veins occur in three clinical settings: in chronic central retinal vein obstruction, with retro-orbital tumors, and as congenital anomalies. In the last setting, associated anomalies of the disc and retinal vessels may be present, which makes differentiation from the first two difficult. Fluorescein angiography may be of value in making this differentiation for, in some if not all congenital OC veins, the direction of flow is from the choroid into the central retinal vein. Two cases are presented in which a congenital optociliary vein was present in association with a fundus picture mimicking a central retinal vein obstruction or papilledema. In both cases, fluorescein angiography demonstrated that the vessel was a congenital anomaly, draining from the choroid into the retina."}
{"id": "PMID:888265", "title": "Diseases of the macula: the diagnosis and management of choroidal neovascularization.", "content": "Choroidal neovascularization is the major complication of several macular diseases. Criteria for the selection of patients for consideration of photocoagulation treatment are presented. The distance of the foveal edge of the choroidal new vessel membrane to the center of the fovea is the most important criterion in considering the patient for photocoagulation. Photocoagulation is not considered unless the edge of the new vessel membrane is at least one fourth disc diameter (375micron) from the center of the fovea. Randomized controlled studies are required to document the role of photocoagulation therapy for choroidal neovascularization.", "contents": "Diseases of the macula: the diagnosis and management of choroidal neovascularization. Choroidal neovascularization is the major complication of several macular diseases. Criteria for the selection of patients for consideration of photocoagulation treatment are presented. The distance of the foveal edge of the choroidal new vessel membrane to the center of the fovea is the most important criterion in considering the patient for photocoagulation. Photocoagulation is not considered unless the edge of the new vessel membrane is at least one fourth disc diameter (375micron) from the center of the fovea. Randomized controlled studies are required to document the role of photocoagulation therapy for choroidal neovascularization."}
{"id": "PMID:888269", "title": "The otologic manifestations of mandibulofacial dysostosis.", "content": "Sixteen patients (32 ears) with diagnoses of mandibulofacial dysostosis were reviewed. The characteristic otologic manifestations of the syndrome were delineated, found to be bilateral, and consist of the following: 1. Mild symmetric deformity of the auricle (grade 1 microtia). 2. Agenesis or hypoplastic development of the mastoid and mastoid antrum. 3. Absence of the external auditory canal. 4. Marked narrowing or agenesis of the middle ear cleft. 5. Agenesis or severe malformation of the malleus and incus. When present, the malleus and incus are most often rudimentary, fused to form a conglomerate mass, and ankylosed to either the atretic plate, epitympanum, or both. 6. Stapedial malformations which usually consist of a deformed suprastructure. 7. Frequently the tegmen assumes a more inferior (low lying) position than normal. 8. Occasionally, the facial nerve pursues an abnormal course and is located more anteriorly than would be expected. 9. A normal inner ear. 10. Normal bone conduction with a marked (greater than 50 dB) conductive hearing loss. 11. Marked disparity between the degree of auricular deformity (mild; grade 1 microtia) and the degree of deformity of the remaining first and second branchial arch derivatives that constitute the external and middle ears (severe).", "contents": "The otologic manifestations of mandibulofacial dysostosis. Sixteen patients (32 ears) with diagnoses of mandibulofacial dysostosis were reviewed. The characteristic otologic manifestations of the syndrome were delineated, found to be bilateral, and consist of the following: 1. Mild symmetric deformity of the auricle (grade 1 microtia). 2. Agenesis or hypoplastic development of the mastoid and mastoid antrum. 3. Absence of the external auditory canal. 4. Marked narrowing or agenesis of the middle ear cleft. 5. Agenesis or severe malformation of the malleus and incus. When present, the malleus and incus are most often rudimentary, fused to form a conglomerate mass, and ankylosed to either the atretic plate, epitympanum, or both. 6. Stapedial malformations which usually consist of a deformed suprastructure. 7. Frequently the tegmen assumes a more inferior (low lying) position than normal. 8. Occasionally, the facial nerve pursues an abnormal course and is located more anteriorly than would be expected. 9. A normal inner ear. 10. Normal bone conduction with a marked (greater than 50 dB) conductive hearing loss. 11. Marked disparity between the degree of auricular deformity (mild; grade 1 microtia) and the degree of deformity of the remaining first and second branchial arch derivatives that constitute the external and middle ears (severe)."}
{"id": "PMID:888270", "title": "Fiberoptic visualization of motion of the eustachian tube.", "content": "The use of fiberoptic endoscopy presents a viable method of examining the nasopharyngeal aspects of the eustachian tube. It involves a nontraumatic procedure and, if introduced transnasally, allows an extended, thorough inspection of the eustachian tube and surrounding structures. The rigis telescope (Storz) is particularly versatile with respect to the areas in the nasopharynx which can be visualized and the angles at which observations may be made. For research and training purposes, phenomena of the eustachian tube and nasopharynx in subjects who do not have openings in the face or hard palate may be studied using fiberoptic endoscopy. Cinematography and videotape recordings of observations provide permanent records, with or without sound, of the dynamic features of the area. The videoendoscopic technique described herein imposed no interference with the structures under observation. Both scopes used for the observations reported herein revealed a variety of movements of the pharyngeal aspects of the eustachian tube and surrounding structures. Endoscopic observations and human cadaver head dissection supported the contention that levator veli palatini acted upon either the torus tubarius or the torus tubarius-salpingopharyngeal fold complex. The mechanism underlying activity at the isthmus of the eustachian tube was not clarified using the methodology described herein.", "contents": "Fiberoptic visualization of motion of the eustachian tube. The use of fiberoptic endoscopy presents a viable method of examining the nasopharyngeal aspects of the eustachian tube. It involves a nontraumatic procedure and, if introduced transnasally, allows an extended, thorough inspection of the eustachian tube and surrounding structures. The rigis telescope (Storz) is particularly versatile with respect to the areas in the nasopharynx which can be visualized and the angles at which observations may be made. For research and training purposes, phenomena of the eustachian tube and nasopharynx in subjects who do not have openings in the face or hard palate may be studied using fiberoptic endoscopy. Cinematography and videotape recordings of observations provide permanent records, with or without sound, of the dynamic features of the area. The videoendoscopic technique described herein imposed no interference with the structures under observation. Both scopes used for the observations reported herein revealed a variety of movements of the pharyngeal aspects of the eustachian tube and surrounding structures. Endoscopic observations and human cadaver head dissection supported the contention that levator veli palatini acted upon either the torus tubarius or the torus tubarius-salpingopharyngeal fold complex. The mechanism underlying activity at the isthmus of the eustachian tube was not clarified using the methodology described herein."}
{"id": "PMID:888271", "title": "The value of including optokinetic nystagmus testing in electronystagmography.", "content": "Seventy-nine out of 172 patients with abnormal horizontal or vertical optokinetic nystagmus had a specific condition or disease that was diagnosed following a complete ENG. Ocular vertigo, MS, motion sickness, brain stem lesions, cerebellar tumors, cerebellar atrophy, parietal lobe tumors, and Harada syndrome were the diagnoses made. Optokinetic asymmetry--horizontal, vertical, or a combination of these--was the most consistent finding in these conditions (Table). In six patients with cerebellar tumor, abnormal findings on OPK testing suggested the need for further evaluation when physical and neurologic examinations, brain scans, and EEG were normal. Surgery confirmed the diagnosis of cerebellar tumor with these patients. This study suggested the importance of using five progressively faster drum speeds in both the horizontal and vertical planes. All patients who had proven or strongly suspected MS had eye-speed fatigability as the drum speed increased, that is, as the drum speed increased, the eye speed decreased. It is suggested that optokinetic studies be included in the ENG. Vertical asymmetry, although not as common as horizontal, should be included in that 14 patients had only this finding.", "contents": "The value of including optokinetic nystagmus testing in electronystagmography. Seventy-nine out of 172 patients with abnormal horizontal or vertical optokinetic nystagmus had a specific condition or disease that was diagnosed following a complete ENG. Ocular vertigo, MS, motion sickness, brain stem lesions, cerebellar tumors, cerebellar atrophy, parietal lobe tumors, and Harada syndrome were the diagnoses made. Optokinetic asymmetry--horizontal, vertical, or a combination of these--was the most consistent finding in these conditions (Table). In six patients with cerebellar tumor, abnormal findings on OPK testing suggested the need for further evaluation when physical and neurologic examinations, brain scans, and EEG were normal. Surgery confirmed the diagnosis of cerebellar tumor with these patients. This study suggested the importance of using five progressively faster drum speeds in both the horizontal and vertical planes. All patients who had proven or strongly suspected MS had eye-speed fatigability as the drum speed increased, that is, as the drum speed increased, the eye speed decreased. It is suggested that optokinetic studies be included in the ENG. Vertical asymmetry, although not as common as horizontal, should be included in that 14 patients had only this finding."}
{"id": "PMID:888273", "title": "Primary conversion laryngectomy: success in failure.", "content": "The concept of surgical exploration for conservation surgery has been applied to selected advanced and radiation failure laryngeal and hypopharyngeal cancers. Primary conversion laryngectomy was required in 50 patients. Factors affecting evaluation, therapy, and survival have been examined. The exploration proves valuable in exactly documenting disease extent and preserving a maximum number of larynxes without adversely affecting survival.", "contents": "Primary conversion laryngectomy: success in failure. The concept of surgical exploration for conservation surgery has been applied to selected advanced and radiation failure laryngeal and hypopharyngeal cancers. Primary conversion laryngectomy was required in 50 patients. Factors affecting evaluation, therapy, and survival have been examined. The exploration proves valuable in exactly documenting disease extent and preserving a maximum number of larynxes without adversely affecting survival."}
{"id": "PMID:888272", "title": "The vestibulospinal stability test: normal limits.", "content": "A computerized method of recording and analyzing Romberg test responses has been employed to objectively and quantitatively study normal and spatially disoriented subjects. Preliminary results have demonstrated that the vestibulospinal stability test may be applied as both a screening and lesion-localization procedure simultaneously. A minimum of patient time is required (two minutes recording time), the procedure is noninvasive, and the technique may be used for all age groups.", "contents": "The vestibulospinal stability test: normal limits. A computerized method of recording and analyzing Romberg test responses has been employed to objectively and quantitatively study normal and spatially disoriented subjects. Preliminary results have demonstrated that the vestibulospinal stability test may be applied as both a screening and lesion-localization procedure simultaneously. A minimum of patient time is required (two minutes recording time), the procedure is noninvasive, and the technique may be used for all age groups."}
{"id": "PMID:888274", "title": "Hypoparathyroidism secondary to surgery for carcinoma of the pharynx and larynx.", "content": "Hypoparathyroidism occurs secondary to surgery for carcinoma of the pharynx and larynx in which a total thyroidectomy is required. The indications for partial and total thyroidectomy are presented. Hypoparathyroidism is an important and complex problem with the clinical presentation ranging from tetany to latent chronic hypoparathyroidism. Serum calcium, phosphate, magnesium, and protein levels are important parameters to monitor. A therapeutic strategy is presented and its complications are discussed. The role of magnesium in calcium metabolism is emphasized.", "contents": "Hypoparathyroidism secondary to surgery for carcinoma of the pharynx and larynx. Hypoparathyroidism occurs secondary to surgery for carcinoma of the pharynx and larynx in which a total thyroidectomy is required. The indications for partial and total thyroidectomy are presented. Hypoparathyroidism is an important and complex problem with the clinical presentation ranging from tetany to latent chronic hypoparathyroidism. Serum calcium, phosphate, magnesium, and protein levels are important parameters to monitor. A therapeutic strategy is presented and its complications are discussed. The role of magnesium in calcium metabolism is emphasized."}
{"id": "PMID:888276", "title": "The use of computerized tomography in otolaryngology.", "content": "Computed axial tomography represents a major advance in otolaryngology in the area of neuro-otology. Now that third and fourth generation scanners with their coned-down imagery are available with much better resolution, the scanner has become extremely useful in the entire field of otolaryngology. Major advantages of this technique are its noninvasive character and the absence of morbidity. This encourages its application to large numbers of patients with disorders at an early stage in the disease processes than was previously deemed prudent with other invasive diagnostic techniques. Intensive study will be necessary to develop the ultimate potential of the system fully in otolaryngology.", "contents": "The use of computerized tomography in otolaryngology. Computed axial tomography represents a major advance in otolaryngology in the area of neuro-otology. Now that third and fourth generation scanners with their coned-down imagery are available with much better resolution, the scanner has become extremely useful in the entire field of otolaryngology. Major advantages of this technique are its noninvasive character and the absence of morbidity. This encourages its application to large numbers of patients with disorders at an early stage in the disease processes than was previously deemed prudent with other invasive diagnostic techniques. Intensive study will be necessary to develop the ultimate potential of the system fully in otolaryngology."}
{"id": "PMID:888308", "title": "Cases of prolonged luteal activity in the non-pregnant dairy cow.", "content": "Regular measurements of progesterone in milk were made to monitor ovarian activity in over 300 commercial dairy cows from partiurition until pregnancy established. Six animals (approximately 1-5 per cent) which had not previously been inseminated showed prolonged luteal activity lasting for over 30 days. No apparent uterine abnormalities or infections were found in these cases. Prostaglandin analogue cloprostenol (Estrumate ICI) given intramuscularly induced complete luteolysis in treated animals. The subsequent fertility varied, but at least three of the six cows conceived again.", "contents": "Cases of prolonged luteal activity in the non-pregnant dairy cow. Regular measurements of progesterone in milk were made to monitor ovarian activity in over 300 commercial dairy cows from partiurition until pregnancy established. Six animals (approximately 1-5 per cent) which had not previously been inseminated showed prolonged luteal activity lasting for over 30 days. No apparent uterine abnormalities or infections were found in these cases. Prostaglandin analogue cloprostenol (Estrumate ICI) given intramuscularly induced complete luteolysis in treated animals. The subsequent fertility varied, but at least three of the six cows conceived again."}
{"id": "PMID:888311", "title": "Tick borne fever in association with mucosal disease and cobalt deficiency in calves.", "content": "Tick borne fever is considered to have played a major role in a complex disease syndrome involving mucosal disease and cobalt deficiency in a group of young calves reared on an upland farm in South West Scotland. Anaemia, illthrift, coat colour changes and scour were the main clinical signs.", "contents": "Tick borne fever in association with mucosal disease and cobalt deficiency in calves. Tick borne fever is considered to have played a major role in a complex disease syndrome involving mucosal disease and cobalt deficiency in a group of young calves reared on an upland farm in South West Scotland. Anaemia, illthrift, coat colour changes and scour were the main clinical signs."}
{"id": "PMID:888322", "title": "Biotin-supplementation of diets; the incidence of foot lesions, and the reproductive performance of sows.", "content": "The effect of biotin supplementation of diets for breeding sows was investigated in a herd where the sows exhibited symptoms resembling those of experimentally induced biotin deficiency. Twenty sows received diets supplemented with 250 mcg D-biotin per kg in pregnancy and 150 mcg D-biotin per kg in lactation. Over a six month period the supplemented sows showed a 28 per cent reduction in the number of foot lesions recorded. Twenty-two control sows showed no reduction in foot lesions. Sows on the supplemented diets produced more piglets at birth than controls, but the differences were not significant. However, second parity supplemented sows did produce significantly more live pigs than controls (1-64 +/- 0-77, P less than 0-05). The weaning to remating interval was significantly reduced from 15-31 +/- 2-85 days in the controls to 6-23 +/- 2-85 days in the supplemented sows (P less than 0-05) and the percentage of sows exhibiting oestrus within seven days of weaning was increased from 56 per cent to 89 per cent.", "contents": "Biotin-supplementation of diets; the incidence of foot lesions, and the reproductive performance of sows. The effect of biotin supplementation of diets for breeding sows was investigated in a herd where the sows exhibited symptoms resembling those of experimentally induced biotin deficiency. Twenty sows received diets supplemented with 250 mcg D-biotin per kg in pregnancy and 150 mcg D-biotin per kg in lactation. Over a six month period the supplemented sows showed a 28 per cent reduction in the number of foot lesions recorded. Twenty-two control sows showed no reduction in foot lesions. Sows on the supplemented diets produced more piglets at birth than controls, but the differences were not significant. However, second parity supplemented sows did produce significantly more live pigs than controls (1-64 +/- 0-77, P less than 0-05). The weaning to remating interval was significantly reduced from 15-31 +/- 2-85 days in the controls to 6-23 +/- 2-85 days in the supplemented sows (P less than 0-05) and the percentage of sows exhibiting oestrus within seven days of weaning was increased from 56 per cent to 89 per cent."}
{"id": "PMID:888323", "title": "Clinical evaluation of enflurane in the dog.", "content": "Enflurane (Ethrane; Abbott Laboratories Ltd), a new inhalation anaesthetic, was used on 30 clinical cases. A surgical plane of anaesthesia was quickly obtained and recovery was rapid. Respiratory depression occurred with a reduction in rate which was more marked in deeper planes of anaesthesia. Hypotension was not severe and was more marked in deeper plans of anaesthesia. Clinically the agent did not appear to be a good analgesic. No signs of spontaneous muscle activity were seen, possibly due to premedication with acepromazine.", "contents": "Clinical evaluation of enflurane in the dog. Enflurane (Ethrane; Abbott Laboratories Ltd), a new inhalation anaesthetic, was used on 30 clinical cases. A surgical plane of anaesthesia was quickly obtained and recovery was rapid. Respiratory depression occurred with a reduction in rate which was more marked in deeper planes of anaesthesia. Hypotension was not severe and was more marked in deeper plans of anaesthesia. Clinically the agent did not appear to be a good analgesic. No signs of spontaneous muscle activity were seen, possibly due to premedication with acepromazine."}
{"id": "PMID:888393", "title": "[Haptoglobin and ceruloplasmin in systemic scleroderma].", "content": "Content of haptoglobin and ceruloplasmin was estimated in blood serum of 23 patients with sclerodermia systematica. A statistically distinct decrease in ceruloplasmin concentration was observed in blood of the patients, whereas content of haptoglobin was markedly increased; this phenomenon reflects a level of the pathological process activity. The proteins are synthesized in various zones of liver lobes: haptoglobin--in the central zone, ceruloplasmin - in the peripheral one. Decrease in content of ceruloplasmin in blood of patients with sclerodermia systematica was due to impairment of hepatocytes, localized in peripheral parts of liver lobes.", "contents": "[Haptoglobin and ceruloplasmin in systemic scleroderma]. Content of haptoglobin and ceruloplasmin was estimated in blood serum of 23 patients with sclerodermia systematica. A statistically distinct decrease in ceruloplasmin concentration was observed in blood of the patients, whereas content of haptoglobin was markedly increased; this phenomenon reflects a level of the pathological process activity. The proteins are synthesized in various zones of liver lobes: haptoglobin--in the central zone, ceruloplasmin - in the peripheral one. Decrease in content of ceruloplasmin in blood of patients with sclerodermia systematica was due to impairment of hepatocytes, localized in peripheral parts of liver lobes."}
{"id": "PMID:888394", "title": "[Cation permeability of liver mitochondrial membranes during Ca+-dependent anoxic damage in vitro].", "content": "Ca2+ ions are responsible for impairment of oxidative phosphorylation in rat liver mitochondria under anoxia in vitro. The decrease in this function is due to inhibition of electron transport over respiratory chain and to uncoupling. The increase in membrane permeability for H+, K+ and Na+ was observed on incubation of mitochondria under anoxic condition together with Ca2+. Uncoupling of phosphorylation depends on the increased permeability of the membranes for H+. The increased permeability of membranes for Na+ and K+ under energy liberation and in presence of penetrating anions led to active swelling of organelles and to secondary (osmotic) impairment. Ca2+-activated mitochondrial phospholipase A2 appears to participate in the organelle impairment under anoxia.", "contents": "[Cation permeability of liver mitochondrial membranes during Ca+-dependent anoxic damage in vitro]. Ca2+ ions are responsible for impairment of oxidative phosphorylation in rat liver mitochondria under anoxia in vitro. The decrease in this function is due to inhibition of electron transport over respiratory chain and to uncoupling. The increase in membrane permeability for H+, K+ and Na+ was observed on incubation of mitochondria under anoxic condition together with Ca2+. Uncoupling of phosphorylation depends on the increased permeability of the membranes for H+. The increased permeability of membranes for Na+ and K+ under energy liberation and in presence of penetrating anions led to active swelling of organelles and to secondary (osmotic) impairment. Ca2+-activated mitochondrial phospholipase A2 appears to participate in the organelle impairment under anoxia."}
{"id": "PMID:888395", "title": "[Effect of hydrocortisone and insulin on the energy metabolism and nucleic acid content of albino rat liver and spleen].", "content": "Hydrocortisone, single administered into rats 5 hrs before the experiment, did not alter oxidative phosphorylation in liver mitochondria but inhibited the process in spleen. In spleen a decrease in content of SH-groups and of nucleic acids was also observed. An inhibition of oxidative phosphorylation and a decrease in content of SH-groups occurred in mitochondria of spleen and liver tissues after administration of hydrocortisone within 5 days. Together with the phenomenon content of RNA and DNA was decreased in nuclei and homogenates of the tissues studied. The trend to normalization of the phosphorylation process and the increase in content of sulfhydryl groups were found in mitochondria after simultaneous administration of insulin. In this case content of nucleic acids was also increased in nuclei and homogenates of spleen and liver tissues. Possible mechanisms of the normalizing effect of insulin on the energy production and the nucleic acids accumulation in these tissues, impaired by administration of hydrocortisone, are discussed.", "contents": "[Effect of hydrocortisone and insulin on the energy metabolism and nucleic acid content of albino rat liver and spleen]. Hydrocortisone, single administered into rats 5 hrs before the experiment, did not alter oxidative phosphorylation in liver mitochondria but inhibited the process in spleen. In spleen a decrease in content of SH-groups and of nucleic acids was also observed. An inhibition of oxidative phosphorylation and a decrease in content of SH-groups occurred in mitochondria of spleen and liver tissues after administration of hydrocortisone within 5 days. Together with the phenomenon content of RNA and DNA was decreased in nuclei and homogenates of the tissues studied. The trend to normalization of the phosphorylation process and the increase in content of sulfhydryl groups were found in mitochondria after simultaneous administration of insulin. In this case content of nucleic acids was also increased in nuclei and homogenates of spleen and liver tissues. Possible mechanisms of the normalizing effect of insulin on the energy production and the nucleic acids accumulation in these tissues, impaired by administration of hydrocortisone, are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:888396", "title": "[Molecular weight of multiple forms of rat liver and adrenal gland glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase].", "content": "Estimation of molecular weights of the glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) multiple forms was carried out by the method of extended electrophoresis (within 24 hrs) in polyacrylamide gel with linear gradient of concentration (from 3.5% to 30%). Proceeding from the variations in molecular weight, the multiple forms of G6PD, found in liver tissue and adrenal glands, might be apparently classified as two types, designated as alpha-G6PD and beta-G6PD. The possible reasons are discussed for the existence of two types of G6PD in the one organ.", "contents": "[Molecular weight of multiple forms of rat liver and adrenal gland glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase]. Estimation of molecular weights of the glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) multiple forms was carried out by the method of extended electrophoresis (within 24 hrs) in polyacrylamide gel with linear gradient of concentration (from 3.5% to 30%). Proceeding from the variations in molecular weight, the multiple forms of G6PD, found in liver tissue and adrenal glands, might be apparently classified as two types, designated as alpha-G6PD and beta-G6PD. The possible reasons are discussed for the existence of two types of G6PD in the one organ."}
{"id": "PMID:888397", "title": "[L-DOPA test for evaluating in vivo catecholamine biosynthesis in normal persons and persons with different diseases].", "content": "Administration of 1-DOPA into healthy persons increased its excretion with urine and elevated the adrenaline secretion. The increase of catecholamines excretion was not observed in aged patients with hypertension; the data obtained suggest that the synthesis of catecholamines with utilization of DOPA was inhibited. In patients with ulcerous disease excretion of 1-DOPA was not increased after its administration, but secretion of catecholamines was decreased during the day time. Under ulcerous disease 1-DOPA appears to be used in process unrelated to synthesis of catecholamines.", "contents": "[L-DOPA test for evaluating in vivo catecholamine biosynthesis in normal persons and persons with different diseases]. Administration of 1-DOPA into healthy persons increased its excretion with urine and elevated the adrenaline secretion. The increase of catecholamines excretion was not observed in aged patients with hypertension; the data obtained suggest that the synthesis of catecholamines with utilization of DOPA was inhibited. In patients with ulcerous disease excretion of 1-DOPA was not increased after its administration, but secretion of catecholamines was decreased during the day time. Under ulcerous disease 1-DOPA appears to be used in process unrelated to synthesis of catecholamines."}
{"id": "PMID:888398", "title": "[Postmortem decomposition of skeletal muscle RNA].", "content": "RNAs, isolated from rat sceletal muscles by heat and cold phenol treatment within various periods after animal death, were analyzed by means of centrifugation in sucrose gradient. Content of 28 S RNA was found to be decreased by 7-8% within 3 days of autolysis with maintaining of the total ribosomal RNA yield. These data suggest that nucleases were present in microsomal and crude myofibrillar fractions and their activity was increased duing autolysis.", "contents": "[Postmortem decomposition of skeletal muscle RNA]. RNAs, isolated from rat sceletal muscles by heat and cold phenol treatment within various periods after animal death, were analyzed by means of centrifugation in sucrose gradient. Content of 28 S RNA was found to be decreased by 7-8% within 3 days of autolysis with maintaining of the total ribosomal RNA yield. These data suggest that nucleases were present in microsomal and crude myofibrillar fractions and their activity was increased duing autolysis."}
{"id": "PMID:888399", "title": "[Changes in substrate specificity of brain mitochondrial monoamine oxidase].", "content": "Mitochondrial monoamine oxidase isolated from bovine brain stem and purified to electrophoretic homogeneity contained 15 SH groups per mole (100000) of protein. The enzyme deaminated tyramine, p-nitro-beta-phenylethylamine, dopamine, 5-hydroxytryptamine, tryptamine but did not deaminate histamine, GABA or spermidine. Oxidation of 9-II SH groups in the MAO by air oxygen was accompanied by appearance of the properties to deaminate histamine or GABA. This qualitative alteration (transformation) in catalytic properties of the enzyme was readily reversed by treatment with reducing agents (dithiothreitol or GSH). No structural alterations detectable by electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gel were observed in course of the qualitative reversible modifications in catalytic activity of MAO. The qualitative alterations in substrate specificity were also initiated by treatment with H2O2 of the monoamine oxidases tightly bound with membrane structures of mitochondria from bovine brain stem.", "contents": "[Changes in substrate specificity of brain mitochondrial monoamine oxidase]. Mitochondrial monoamine oxidase isolated from bovine brain stem and purified to electrophoretic homogeneity contained 15 SH groups per mole (100000) of protein. The enzyme deaminated tyramine, p-nitro-beta-phenylethylamine, dopamine, 5-hydroxytryptamine, tryptamine but did not deaminate histamine, GABA or spermidine. Oxidation of 9-II SH groups in the MAO by air oxygen was accompanied by appearance of the properties to deaminate histamine or GABA. This qualitative alteration (transformation) in catalytic properties of the enzyme was readily reversed by treatment with reducing agents (dithiothreitol or GSH). No structural alterations detectable by electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gel were observed in course of the qualitative reversible modifications in catalytic activity of MAO. The qualitative alterations in substrate specificity were also initiated by treatment with H2O2 of the monoamine oxidases tightly bound with membrane structures of mitochondria from bovine brain stem."}
{"id": "PMID:888400", "title": "[Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase in rat liver and myocardium following toxic doses of noradrenaline].", "content": "Administration of toxic doses of noradrenaline into rats led to exhaustion of noradrenaline reserves in liver and heart tissues with the simultaneous increase in the activity of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase in the tissues. Actinomycin D, administered together with noradrenaline, completely prevented the elevation of the G6PD activity in the tissues studied. The data obtained suggest that sympathetic nervous system and its mediator are responsible for regulation of the rate of enzymatic protein synthesis in tissues.", "contents": "[Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase in rat liver and myocardium following toxic doses of noradrenaline]. Administration of toxic doses of noradrenaline into rats led to exhaustion of noradrenaline reserves in liver and heart tissues with the simultaneous increase in the activity of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase in the tissues. Actinomycin D, administered together with noradrenaline, completely prevented the elevation of the G6PD activity in the tissues studied. The data obtained suggest that sympathetic nervous system and its mediator are responsible for regulation of the rate of enzymatic protein synthesis in tissues."}
{"id": "PMID:888401", "title": "[Changes in the metabolism of adenine-containing components in the heart during experimental myocardial infarct].", "content": "Turnover of heart polynucleotides, adenine nucleotides and adenosine was studied in dynamics of dog experimental myocardial infarction. In the areas of necrosis an inhibition of RNAase and DNAase was observed and later on - an activation of these enzymes with simultaneous increase in content of RNA and DNA; the stable decrease in ATP and ADP content was also found but content of AMP remained at the initial level. Conversion of AMP into adenosine was limited due to inhibition of 5-nucleotidase, whereas the direct AMP deamination and degradation of adenosine proceeded with the normal rate. Out of the necrosis area 5-nucleotidase maintained the high activity but both \"non-adenosine\" pathway of AMP degradation and adenosine splitting were inhibited; this promoted the nucleoside formation and maintained its level in the tissue. Alterations in content of RNA, DNA and adenine mononucleotides out of the infarction area were similar to the alterations in the impaired zone but less distinct and stable.", "contents": "[Changes in the metabolism of adenine-containing components in the heart during experimental myocardial infarct]. Turnover of heart polynucleotides, adenine nucleotides and adenosine was studied in dynamics of dog experimental myocardial infarction. In the areas of necrosis an inhibition of RNAase and DNAase was observed and later on - an activation of these enzymes with simultaneous increase in content of RNA and DNA; the stable decrease in ATP and ADP content was also found but content of AMP remained at the initial level. Conversion of AMP into adenosine was limited due to inhibition of 5-nucleotidase, whereas the direct AMP deamination and degradation of adenosine proceeded with the normal rate. Out of the necrosis area 5-nucleotidase maintained the high activity but both \"non-adenosine\" pathway of AMP degradation and adenosine splitting were inhibited; this promoted the nucleoside formation and maintained its level in the tissue. Alterations in content of RNA, DNA and adenine mononucleotides out of the infarction area were similar to the alterations in the impaired zone but less distinct and stable."}
{"id": "PMID:888402", "title": "[Tissue serotonin content and monoamine oxidase activity in shock].", "content": "Content of serotonin was increased approximately 3-fold in brain, 8-fold in liver tissue, 15-16-fold in kidney and heart, as compared with control, after traumatic shock caused by crushing of rat soft tissues. At the same time content of serotonin was decreased in lungs by 40% and in intestine -- by 80%. The MAO activity was altered in all the tissues studied. The alterations followed a similar pattern in all the cases: short-term increase, decrease, restoration after completing the compression and persistent decrease in decompressional period.", "contents": "[Tissue serotonin content and monoamine oxidase activity in shock]. Content of serotonin was increased approximately 3-fold in brain, 8-fold in liver tissue, 15-16-fold in kidney and heart, as compared with control, after traumatic shock caused by crushing of rat soft tissues. At the same time content of serotonin was decreased in lungs by 40% and in intestine -- by 80%. The MAO activity was altered in all the tissues studied. The alterations followed a similar pattern in all the cases: short-term increase, decrease, restoration after completing the compression and persistent decrease in decompressional period."}
{"id": "PMID:888403", "title": "[Catecholamines, their precursors and metabolites in human fatigue after exertion].", "content": "Alterations in metabolism of catecholamines were studied in sportsmen after development of acute fatigue as a result of the test physical loading. Three types of the alterations were characterized on the basis of differences in excretion with urine of free and sulphate-bound adrenaline, noradrenaline, of their precursors DOPA and dopamine as well as acid metabolites (vanillyl mandelic acid). The first type of the alterations in catecholamines metabolism comprized the cases, when excretion of catecholamines, their precursors and metabolites did not increase; this appears to relate to the partial exhaustion of hormones and peripheric mediators of sympathoadrenal system. The second type was characterized by decreased excretion of the substances studied, by development of the \"perversed\" reactions due to modifications in the regulatory system, which led to the inhibition of the system instead of its stimulation. The third type was manifested as the hyperfunction of the system. The increased synthesis of catecholamines during the hyperfunction suggests that this process serves as a compensatory reaction to their preceding elevated secretion; the phenomenon appears to depend on the increased secretion of the newly formed catecholamines. Excretion of catecholamines and their precursors was decreased for a long time after development of chronic fatigue in the resting state and the increase in excretion of the substances studied was not observed after physical loading.", "contents": "[Catecholamines, their precursors and metabolites in human fatigue after exertion]. Alterations in metabolism of catecholamines were studied in sportsmen after development of acute fatigue as a result of the test physical loading. Three types of the alterations were characterized on the basis of differences in excretion with urine of free and sulphate-bound adrenaline, noradrenaline, of their precursors DOPA and dopamine as well as acid metabolites (vanillyl mandelic acid). The first type of the alterations in catecholamines metabolism comprized the cases, when excretion of catecholamines, their precursors and metabolites did not increase; this appears to relate to the partial exhaustion of hormones and peripheric mediators of sympathoadrenal system. The second type was characterized by decreased excretion of the substances studied, by development of the \"perversed\" reactions due to modifications in the regulatory system, which led to the inhibition of the system instead of its stimulation. The third type was manifested as the hyperfunction of the system. The increased synthesis of catecholamines during the hyperfunction suggests that this process serves as a compensatory reaction to their preceding elevated secretion; the phenomenon appears to depend on the increased secretion of the newly formed catecholamines. Excretion of catecholamines and their precursors was decreased for a long time after development of chronic fatigue in the resting state and the increase in excretion of the substances studied was not observed after physical loading."}
{"id": "PMID:888405", "title": "[Catabolic changes in endogenous lipids in rat adrenal glands during autolysis].", "content": "Alterations in lipid composition of rat adrenal glands were studied at various periods of autolysis by means of micro-thin layer chromatography. Phospholipids, cholesterol and its esters proved to be the most labile lipid fractions of the tissue. At early period of autolysis (4 hrs) content of total lipids was decreased mainly due to lowering in amount of phospholipids, cholesterol and its esters and only slightly - to lowering in content of free fatty acids. In subsequent necrobiotic degradation of adrenal gland tissue (10 hrs) the increase in content of total lipids was related to the distinct elevation in amount of free fatty acids and glycerides. Mechanisms of the phenomenon observed are discussed.", "contents": "[Catabolic changes in endogenous lipids in rat adrenal glands during autolysis]. Alterations in lipid composition of rat adrenal glands were studied at various periods of autolysis by means of micro-thin layer chromatography. Phospholipids, cholesterol and its esters proved to be the most labile lipid fractions of the tissue. At early period of autolysis (4 hrs) content of total lipids was decreased mainly due to lowering in amount of phospholipids, cholesterol and its esters and only slightly - to lowering in content of free fatty acids. In subsequent necrobiotic degradation of adrenal gland tissue (10 hrs) the increase in content of total lipids was related to the distinct elevation in amount of free fatty acids and glycerides. Mechanisms of the phenomenon observed are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:888404", "title": "[Free fatty acids and cholesterol as possible participants in lipid oxidation radical reactions in animal tissues].", "content": "Alterations in concentration of free fatty acids, free cholesterol, native antioxidants as well as in the antioxidative activity were studied in lipids of mice liver tissue and small intestinal mucosa. The intensity of free radical reactions in lipids of animal tissues was affected directly by administration of synthetic inhibitors of the reactions. The inverse correlation was observed between the alteration in concentrations of native antioxidants and free fatty acids as well as between the antioxidative activity of lipids and amount of free cholesterol in them. Free fatty acids appears to be the constant participants in the system of free radical oxidation of lipids, while cholesterol can center the system under distinct level of these reactions intensity.", "contents": "[Free fatty acids and cholesterol as possible participants in lipid oxidation radical reactions in animal tissues]. Alterations in concentration of free fatty acids, free cholesterol, native antioxidants as well as in the antioxidative activity were studied in lipids of mice liver tissue and small intestinal mucosa. The intensity of free radical reactions in lipids of animal tissues was affected directly by administration of synthetic inhibitors of the reactions. The inverse correlation was observed between the alteration in concentrations of native antioxidants and free fatty acids as well as between the antioxidative activity of lipids and amount of free cholesterol in them. Free fatty acids appears to be the constant participants in the system of free radical oxidation of lipids, while cholesterol can center the system under distinct level of these reactions intensity."}
{"id": "PMID:888406", "title": "[Anticomplement activity of native dextrans].", "content": "An anticomplementary activity of native dextrans of various structure was studied among the nine dextrans studied, eight polymers exhibited the anticomplementary activity of variable magnitude; only one dextran, containing 95% of 1--6 links and 2% of 1--2 links was unactive. The highest activity was exhibited by dextrans with high content of 1--2 links; lower activity was observed in dextrans, containing high amount of 1--3 links. The anticomplementary activity was not found in partially hydrolyzed dextrans, containing 90% and more links of the 1--6 type, with molecular weight of 2-10(6) daltons and lower. Polyaldehydes, obtained from these dextrans by oxidation with iodic acid, acquired the anticomplementary activity, comparable with the activity of native dextrans.", "contents": "[Anticomplement activity of native dextrans]. An anticomplementary activity of native dextrans of various structure was studied among the nine dextrans studied, eight polymers exhibited the anticomplementary activity of variable magnitude; only one dextran, containing 95% of 1--6 links and 2% of 1--2 links was unactive. The highest activity was exhibited by dextrans with high content of 1--2 links; lower activity was observed in dextrans, containing high amount of 1--3 links. The anticomplementary activity was not found in partially hydrolyzed dextrans, containing 90% and more links of the 1--6 type, with molecular weight of 2-10(6) daltons and lower. Polyaldehydes, obtained from these dextrans by oxidation with iodic acid, acquired the anticomplementary activity, comparable with the activity of native dextrans."}
{"id": "PMID:888407", "title": "[Lysophospholipids and their diacyl derivatives in rat testicular mitochondria during hypoxia].", "content": "Content of lysophospholipids and their diacyl derivatives was astimated in intact and destructed mitochondria of rat spermatic glands in acute hypoxic hypoxia by means of thin-layer chromatography on silica gel. A ratio of phospholipid lysoforms was found to increase with simultaneous decrease in cardiolipin and rhosphatidyl ethanolamine fractions. The minimal alteration in phospholipid spectrum occurred in mitochondrial membranes.", "contents": "[Lysophospholipids and their diacyl derivatives in rat testicular mitochondria during hypoxia]. Content of lysophospholipids and their diacyl derivatives was astimated in intact and destructed mitochondria of rat spermatic glands in acute hypoxic hypoxia by means of thin-layer chromatography on silica gel. A ratio of phospholipid lysoforms was found to increase with simultaneous decrease in cardiolipin and rhosphatidyl ethanolamine fractions. The minimal alteration in phospholipid spectrum occurred in mitochondrial membranes."}
{"id": "PMID:888408", "title": "[2 forms of UDPG-glycogen transferase in leukocytes of rabbit exudate in diabetes].", "content": "UDPG-glycogen transferase existed mainly as D-form, depending on glucose-6-phosphate, and in minority as E-form in leukocytes of exudate of rabbits with diabetes and of control animals. The total enzymatic activity as well as the activity of D-form were almost the same both in leukocytes under diabetes and in control. The E-form activity accounted for 18% of the total enzymatic activity in leukocytes of diabetic rabbits and for 14% in leukocytes of control animals. Preliminary incubation of leukocyte homogenates at 37 degrees for 30 min led to decrease in the relation between the enzyme forms both in control rabbits and in animals with diabetes.", "contents": "[2 forms of UDPG-glycogen transferase in leukocytes of rabbit exudate in diabetes]. UDPG-glycogen transferase existed mainly as D-form, depending on glucose-6-phosphate, and in minority as E-form in leukocytes of exudate of rabbits with diabetes and of control animals. The total enzymatic activity as well as the activity of D-form were almost the same both in leukocytes under diabetes and in control. The E-form activity accounted for 18% of the total enzymatic activity in leukocytes of diabetic rabbits and for 14% in leukocytes of control animals. Preliminary incubation of leukocyte homogenates at 37 degrees for 30 min led to decrease in the relation between the enzyme forms both in control rabbits and in animals with diabetes."}
{"id": "PMID:888413", "title": "[Antibodies to thyroglobulin in patients with cancer].", "content": "Investigations of over 300 oncological patients and 120 healthy individuals have evidenced a considerable increase in the frequency of detecting antibodies to thyreoglobulin (in the titre 1/80 and higher) in patients with cancer of the breast, sigmoid and stomach in females and a tendency to such increase in cancer of the uterine body, and a number of other localizations.", "contents": "[Antibodies to thyroglobulin in patients with cancer]. Investigations of over 300 oncological patients and 120 healthy individuals have evidenced a considerable increase in the frequency of detecting antibodies to thyreoglobulin (in the titre 1/80 and higher) in patients with cancer of the breast, sigmoid and stomach in females and a tendency to such increase in cancer of the uterine body, and a number of other localizations."}
{"id": "PMID:888414", "title": "[Positive scintigraphy in the diagnosis of lung cancer].", "content": "Based on the clinico-morphological estimation of scannograms, performed by means of sodium selenite--selenium-75, chloromercury-197 and gallium citrate-67 in 231 patients with tumor (185) and nontumor (46) lung diseases, it was found that the best results were obtained in scannographic visualization of primary tumors of the lung (87%). Positive scintigraphy was found to be of high diagnostic value in recognition of lung cancer proceeding against the background of atelectasis, inflammatory processes and other \"disguises\" hampering the clinico-roentgenological diagnosis. Positive scintigraphy may be employed in establishing the differential diagnosis between malignant and benign lung tumors.", "contents": "[Positive scintigraphy in the diagnosis of lung cancer]. Based on the clinico-morphological estimation of scannograms, performed by means of sodium selenite--selenium-75, chloromercury-197 and gallium citrate-67 in 231 patients with tumor (185) and nontumor (46) lung diseases, it was found that the best results were obtained in scannographic visualization of primary tumors of the lung (87%). Positive scintigraphy was found to be of high diagnostic value in recognition of lung cancer proceeding against the background of atelectasis, inflammatory processes and other \"disguises\" hampering the clinico-roentgenological diagnosis. Positive scintigraphy may be employed in establishing the differential diagnosis between malignant and benign lung tumors."}
{"id": "PMID:888410", "title": "[Determination of monoamine oxidase activity in a coupled reaction with alcohol dehydrogenase].", "content": "A simple kinetic method is developed for estimation of the monoamine oxidase (MAO) activity in solubilized mitochondria and purified preparations of MAO from rat liver tissue. The method is based on the property of alcohol dehydrogenase (from horse liver tissue) to catalyze the reduction of fatty-aromatic aldehydes (products of the MAO reaction) to appropriate alcohols in presence of NADH2 excess. The rate of the coupled reaction was evaluated spectrophotometrically by a decrease of the optic density at 340 nm. The optimal conditions were ascertained for coupling of these two reactions. Application of several amines was shown to be possible for estimation of the MAO activity by the kinetic method developed.", "contents": "[Determination of monoamine oxidase activity in a coupled reaction with alcohol dehydrogenase]. A simple kinetic method is developed for estimation of the monoamine oxidase (MAO) activity in solubilized mitochondria and purified preparations of MAO from rat liver tissue. The method is based on the property of alcohol dehydrogenase (from horse liver tissue) to catalyze the reduction of fatty-aromatic aldehydes (products of the MAO reaction) to appropriate alcohols in presence of NADH2 excess. The rate of the coupled reaction was evaluated spectrophotometrically by a decrease of the optic density at 340 nm. The optimal conditions were ascertained for coupling of these two reactions. Application of several amines was shown to be possible for estimation of the MAO activity by the kinetic method developed."}
{"id": "PMID:888415", "title": "[Combined chemo-radiotherapy of small-cell cancer of the lung].", "content": "The authors report the results of the combined treatment of 32 patients with small-cell cancer of the lung by irradiation in a dose of 5000 rad and chemotherapy: cyclophosphan, methotrexate, nitrosoethylurea. An immediate objective improvement was noted in 90 per cent of the patients, an average survival being 10 months, while without the treatment the survival was no longer than 5 months.", "contents": "[Combined chemo-radiotherapy of small-cell cancer of the lung]. The authors report the results of the combined treatment of 32 patients with small-cell cancer of the lung by irradiation in a dose of 5000 rad and chemotherapy: cyclophosphan, methotrexate, nitrosoethylurea. An immediate objective improvement was noted in 90 per cent of the patients, an average survival being 10 months, while without the treatment the survival was no longer than 5 months."}
{"id": "PMID:888416", "title": "[Incidence statistics of malignant stomach neoplasms in the Estonian SSR during 1963-1972].", "content": "Crude and age-adjusted (UICC world standard) morbidity rates of gastric cancer have been presented. The linear-regression analysis of age-ajusted rates for 1963--1972 shows a significant mean annual decrease of 2.9% for males and 4.9% for females. In 1968--1971 the ratio of Russian to Estonian age-ajusted rates was 1.9--2.0 for urban and 1.7 for rural population. 46.1 +/- 2.7% of Russian migrants (gastric cancer patients) have migrated to Estonia from high risk areas. 38.3--61.3% of males and 27.1--47.7% of females have a microscopic verification of the diagnosis.", "contents": "[Incidence statistics of malignant stomach neoplasms in the Estonian SSR during 1963-1972]. Crude and age-adjusted (UICC world standard) morbidity rates of gastric cancer have been presented. The linear-regression analysis of age-ajusted rates for 1963--1972 shows a significant mean annual decrease of 2.9% for males and 4.9% for females. In 1968--1971 the ratio of Russian to Estonian age-ajusted rates was 1.9--2.0 for urban and 1.7 for rural population. 46.1 +/- 2.7% of Russian migrants (gastric cancer patients) have migrated to Estonia from high risk areas. 38.3--61.3% of males and 27.1--47.7% of females have a microscopic verification of the diagnosis."}
{"id": "PMID:888411", "title": "[Comparative study of lipid fraction content in different areas of the rabbit myocardium].", "content": "Comparative study of content of main lipid fractions was carried out in five parts of rabbit myocardium by means of thin-layer chromatography on silicagel with subsequent quantitative estimation. Increased concentrations of free and esterified cholesterol, free fatty acids and triglycerides were observed in atrium dextrum and triglycerides in ventriculus dexter as compared with either the corresponding left-side parts of the heart muscle or with septum interventriculare. Content of cholesterol esters, free fatty acids and triglycerides was higher in atrium dextrum as compared with ventriculus dexter. The lowest concentration of phospholipids was approximately the same in other parts of the heart muscle.", "contents": "[Comparative study of lipid fraction content in different areas of the rabbit myocardium]. Comparative study of content of main lipid fractions was carried out in five parts of rabbit myocardium by means of thin-layer chromatography on silicagel with subsequent quantitative estimation. Increased concentrations of free and esterified cholesterol, free fatty acids and triglycerides were observed in atrium dextrum and triglycerides in ventriculus dexter as compared with either the corresponding left-side parts of the heart muscle or with septum interventriculare. Content of cholesterol esters, free fatty acids and triglycerides was higher in atrium dextrum as compared with ventriculus dexter. The lowest concentration of phospholipids was approximately the same in other parts of the heart muscle."}
{"id": "PMID:888417", "title": "[Blood serotonin in stomach cancer].", "content": "The results of examination of serotonin content in blood of 35 patients with different stages of gastric cancer are reported. Patients with cancer of the stomach show a decreased blood serotonin level compared with analogous data, obtained in healthy individuals and in patients with ulcerous disease of the stomach and duodenum. Contrary to patients with ulcerous disease in patients with gastric cancer hyperserotoninemia would not be restored postoperatively.", "contents": "[Blood serotonin in stomach cancer]. The results of examination of serotonin content in blood of 35 patients with different stages of gastric cancer are reported. Patients with cancer of the stomach show a decreased blood serotonin level compared with analogous data, obtained in healthy individuals and in patients with ulcerous disease of the stomach and duodenum. Contrary to patients with ulcerous disease in patients with gastric cancer hyperserotoninemia would not be restored postoperatively."}
{"id": "PMID:888418", "title": "[Results of surgical treatment of cancer of the large intestine].", "content": "The results of surgical treatment of 765 patients with colonic cancer are analysed, The resectability was 68.7%, postoperative mortality--in 16.3%. The most frequent causes of lethal issues were peritonitis and acute cardiovascular disturbances. The survival of 5 years and longer after radical operations was noted in 53.4 +/- 3.4%. The survival rate in patients with cancer of the right colon is reliably higher than that with the left colon involved. Hemicolectomy yielded better results compared with segmental resections. The worst results of the treatment were noted in stage T4--T3. The presence of metastases in regional lymph nodes reduces 3 times the number of patients survived for 5 years after radical surgery, compared with those without regional metastases. Late results of the treatment in mucous and solid cancers were several times worse than in adenocarcinoma.", "contents": "[Results of surgical treatment of cancer of the large intestine]. The results of surgical treatment of 765 patients with colonic cancer are analysed, The resectability was 68.7%, postoperative mortality--in 16.3%. The most frequent causes of lethal issues were peritonitis and acute cardiovascular disturbances. The survival of 5 years and longer after radical operations was noted in 53.4 +/- 3.4%. The survival rate in patients with cancer of the right colon is reliably higher than that with the left colon involved. Hemicolectomy yielded better results compared with segmental resections. The worst results of the treatment were noted in stage T4--T3. The presence of metastases in regional lymph nodes reduces 3 times the number of patients survived for 5 years after radical surgery, compared with those without regional metastases. Late results of the treatment in mucous and solid cancers were several times worse than in adenocarcinoma."}
{"id": "PMID:888419", "title": "[Importance of the study of proliferative processes in the uterus for early diagnosis of ovarian tumors].", "content": "Under observation were 1780 females operated upon for ovarian tumors and cysts. Special attention is given to the frequent occurrence in them of hormone-dependent hyperplastic and blastomatous processes in the uterus. These processes in the uterus were observed in 41.7% of all operated patients and in 86.2% of patients, in whom the uterus was studied morphologically.", "contents": "[Importance of the study of proliferative processes in the uterus for early diagnosis of ovarian tumors]. Under observation were 1780 females operated upon for ovarian tumors and cysts. Special attention is given to the frequent occurrence in them of hormone-dependent hyperplastic and blastomatous processes in the uterus. These processes in the uterus were observed in 41.7% of all operated patients and in 86.2% of patients, in whom the uterus was studied morphologically."}
{"id": "PMID:888412", "title": "[Adenase inhibitor in thrombocytes of healthy humans].", "content": "An inhibitor of adenase, which is absent in leukemic patients, was studied in thrombocytes of healthy persons. The inhibitor, localized in the granular fraction, was isolated by ultracentrifugation in sucrose gradient.", "contents": "[Adenase inhibitor in thrombocytes of healthy humans]. An inhibitor of adenase, which is absent in leukemic patients, was studied in thrombocytes of healthy persons. The inhibitor, localized in the granular fraction, was isolated by ultracentrifugation in sucrose gradient."}
{"id": "PMID:888420", "title": "[Combination chemotherapy of experimental leukemia].", "content": "In the present work an attempt was made to gain greater therapeutic effect of diazane coupled with adriamycin and sarcolysin. Leucemias L-1210 and La served as a model. In leucosis La diazane was injected once in 5 days. Either an additional injection of adriamycin two days prior to diazane injection or sarcolysin injected simultaneously with diazane enabled the authors to obtain a distinct synergestic effect. In leucemia L-1210 a simultaneous administration of diazane and sarcolysin also contributes to considerably longer survival of leucemic animals. Such combinations are likely to be promising in their clinical use.", "contents": "[Combination chemotherapy of experimental leukemia]. In the present work an attempt was made to gain greater therapeutic effect of diazane coupled with adriamycin and sarcolysin. Leucemias L-1210 and La served as a model. In leucosis La diazane was injected once in 5 days. Either an additional injection of adriamycin two days prior to diazane injection or sarcolysin injected simultaneously with diazane enabled the authors to obtain a distinct synergestic effect. In leucemia L-1210 a simultaneous administration of diazane and sarcolysin also contributes to considerably longer survival of leucemic animals. Such combinations are likely to be promising in their clinical use."}
{"id": "PMID:888421", "title": "[Effect of amniotic fluid on the \"spontaneous\" transformation of embryonic cells of rats].", "content": "While applying amniotic fluid of cow embryos, as one of the components of nutrition medium, the tumor-producing ability of cells is manifested in later period of cultivation. Less malignancy of the transformed cultures was noted, that is supported by a more slow tumor development, by nearly complete absence of metastases, and longer survival of tumor-bearing animals. On the other hand, amniotic fluid renders a somewhat accelerating (2--3 times greater than in the control) effect on the impairment of cultures diploidy. Heteroploidization of the cultures proceeds largely on account of chromosome number shifts from diploid to near-tetraploid amount. Thus, amniotic liquor inhibits the process of \"spontaneous\" malignant transformation of embryonal cells in prolonged cultivation, simultaneously accelerating the impairment of culture diploidy.", "contents": "[Effect of amniotic fluid on the \"spontaneous\" transformation of embryonic cells of rats]. While applying amniotic fluid of cow embryos, as one of the components of nutrition medium, the tumor-producing ability of cells is manifested in later period of cultivation. Less malignancy of the transformed cultures was noted, that is supported by a more slow tumor development, by nearly complete absence of metastases, and longer survival of tumor-bearing animals. On the other hand, amniotic fluid renders a somewhat accelerating (2--3 times greater than in the control) effect on the impairment of cultures diploidy. Heteroploidization of the cultures proceeds largely on account of chromosome number shifts from diploid to near-tetraploid amount. Thus, amniotic liquor inhibits the process of \"spontaneous\" malignant transformation of embryonal cells in prolonged cultivation, simultaneously accelerating the impairment of culture diploidy."}
{"id": "PMID:888422", "title": "[Hormonal sensitivity of mammary adenocarcinoma in rats and the capacity of the sulfhydryl groups of this tumor for bindig by various antineoplastic drugs].", "content": "A correlation was studied between the hormone-dependence of DMBA induced mammary carcinomas in rats and their in-vitro sensitivity to thiophosphamide, benzo-TEPA, sarcolysin and ederpine according to the responsiveness of SH-groups of tumor tissues. A reliable positive correlation was found between the hormone-dependence of neoplasms and their sensitivity to thiophosphamide: the more rapid was tumor regression after ovariectomy, the higher the precentage of in vitro binding of tissue homogenate sulfhydrile groups by the substance. In terms of other alkylating substances this correlation was found to be unreliable. A conclusion is made that the test of adenocarcinoma sulfhydrile groups binding to thiophosphamide may enable one to judge the hormonal responsiveness of mammary gland neoplasms.", "contents": "[Hormonal sensitivity of mammary adenocarcinoma in rats and the capacity of the sulfhydryl groups of this tumor for bindig by various antineoplastic drugs]. A correlation was studied between the hormone-dependence of DMBA induced mammary carcinomas in rats and their in-vitro sensitivity to thiophosphamide, benzo-TEPA, sarcolysin and ederpine according to the responsiveness of SH-groups of tumor tissues. A reliable positive correlation was found between the hormone-dependence of neoplasms and their sensitivity to thiophosphamide: the more rapid was tumor regression after ovariectomy, the higher the precentage of in vitro binding of tissue homogenate sulfhydrile groups by the substance. In terms of other alkylating substances this correlation was found to be unreliable. A conclusion is made that the test of adenocarcinoma sulfhydrile groups binding to thiophosphamide may enable one to judge the hormonal responsiveness of mammary gland neoplasms."}
{"id": "PMID:888445", "title": "The metabolism of S-carboxyalkylcysteines in man.", "content": "1. The ingestion of S-(2-carboxy-1-methylethyl)-, S-(2- carboxy-1-methylpropyl)-, S-(1-carboxy-2methylpropyl)- and S-(2-carboxyethyl)-L-cysteine by man was followed by the excretion in the urine of the unchanged amino acid and the N-acetylated compounds. 2. In the rat the fraction of S-(2-carboxy-1-methylethyl)-L-[U-14C]cysteine acetylated increased as the dose level decreased. 3. The significance of these results for the excretion of S-carboxyalkyl-cysteines in man is discussed.", "contents": "The metabolism of S-carboxyalkylcysteines in man. 1. The ingestion of S-(2-carboxy-1-methylethyl)-, S-(2- carboxy-1-methylpropyl)-, S-(1-carboxy-2methylpropyl)- and S-(2-carboxyethyl)-L-cysteine by man was followed by the excretion in the urine of the unchanged amino acid and the N-acetylated compounds. 2. In the rat the fraction of S-(2-carboxy-1-methylethyl)-L-[U-14C]cysteine acetylated increased as the dose level decreased. 3. The significance of these results for the excretion of S-carboxyalkyl-cysteines in man is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:888444", "title": "Aflatoxicol M1, a new metabolite of aflatoxicol.", "content": "1. Using dog liver microsomal preparations, we have isolated and identified a new metabolite of aflatoxicol, aflatoxicol M1; this metabolic transformation is analogous to the conversion of aflatoxin B1 to aflatoxin M1. 2. Aflatoxicol M1 can also be produced from aflatoxin M1 by a reductase present in rabbit liver cytosol, a reaction analogous to the reduction of aflatoxin B1 to aflatoxicol. 3. In addition, aflatoxicol M1 can be oxidized to aflatoxin M1 by a carbon monoxide-insensitive dehydrogenase activity associated with human liver microsomes, a reaction analogous to the production of aflatoxin B1 from aflatoxicol by this fraction. 4. Ultra-violet, fluorescence, and mass spectral characteristics of aflatoxicol M1 are described. 5. The significance of this new aflatoxin metabolite and the possibility that it may be biologically active are discussed.", "contents": "Aflatoxicol M1, a new metabolite of aflatoxicol. 1. Using dog liver microsomal preparations, we have isolated and identified a new metabolite of aflatoxicol, aflatoxicol M1; this metabolic transformation is analogous to the conversion of aflatoxin B1 to aflatoxin M1. 2. Aflatoxicol M1 can also be produced from aflatoxin M1 by a reductase present in rabbit liver cytosol, a reaction analogous to the reduction of aflatoxin B1 to aflatoxicol. 3. In addition, aflatoxicol M1 can be oxidized to aflatoxin M1 by a carbon monoxide-insensitive dehydrogenase activity associated with human liver microsomes, a reaction analogous to the production of aflatoxin B1 from aflatoxicol by this fraction. 4. Ultra-violet, fluorescence, and mass spectral characteristics of aflatoxicol M1 are described. 5. The significance of this new aflatoxin metabolite and the possibility that it may be biologically active are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:888446", "title": "Toxicity-related changes in benzene metabolism in vivo.", "content": "1. The influence of microsomal enzyme inducers and inhibitors on the metabolism of [U-14C]benzene in the rat was examined. 2. Pre-treatment of animals with the inhibitors piperonyl butoxide and cobaltous chloride tended to reduce the urinary excretion of metabolites in 24 h but increase the overall urinary excretion. Piperonyl butoxide tended to increase expired benzene. 3. Pre-treatment of animals with the inducer phenobarbital tended to increase urinary excretion of metabolites but decrease expired benzene, as did pre-treatment with benzene itself. 4. All pre-treatments appeared to increase the excretion of phenolic glucuronides, particularly benzene pre-treatment. Phenobarbital and benzene pre-treatment tended to increase phenylmercapturic acid excretion and benzene pre-treatment markedly increased excretion of quinol. 5. The results are discussed in relation to the effect of microsomal enzyme inhibitors and inducers on benzene-induced bone marrow toxicity.", "contents": "Toxicity-related changes in benzene metabolism in vivo. 1. The influence of microsomal enzyme inducers and inhibitors on the metabolism of [U-14C]benzene in the rat was examined. 2. Pre-treatment of animals with the inhibitors piperonyl butoxide and cobaltous chloride tended to reduce the urinary excretion of metabolites in 24 h but increase the overall urinary excretion. Piperonyl butoxide tended to increase expired benzene. 3. Pre-treatment of animals with the inducer phenobarbital tended to increase urinary excretion of metabolites but decrease expired benzene, as did pre-treatment with benzene itself. 4. All pre-treatments appeared to increase the excretion of phenolic glucuronides, particularly benzene pre-treatment. Phenobarbital and benzene pre-treatment tended to increase phenylmercapturic acid excretion and benzene pre-treatment markedly increased excretion of quinol. 5. The results are discussed in relation to the effect of microsomal enzyme inhibitors and inducers on benzene-induced bone marrow toxicity."}
{"id": "PMID:888447", "title": "The metabolism of a substituted aminoacetamido-benzophenone and cyclization to the corresponding benzodiazepine in the rat in vivo.", "content": "1. 2-(5-Cyano-N-methyl-3,5-dimethyl-3-aza-pentanamido)-5-nitrobenzophenone, administered orally to the rat, is well absorbed and extensively metabolized with only minimal quantities of parent compound detected in plasma, bile or urine. 2. Urinary t.l.c. metabolite profiles after oral administration of a substituted aminoacetamidobenzophenone, [14C]C 72 0045, and [14C]nimetazepam were qualitatively similar but differed quantitatively. 3. Analysis by t.l.c. of plasma extracts obtained after oral administration of [14C]C 72 0045 demonstrated that nimetazepam and nitrazepam accounted for 20% of the plasma total radioactivity. Nimetazepam and nitrazepam had a combined concentration up to 22 times greater than the concentration of C 72 0045. 4. The presence of nimetazepam in plasma after oral administration of C 72 0045 was confirmed by mass spectrometry. 5. In the liver, [14C]C 72 0045 was rapidly metabolized to polar metabolites. In the same rats, the major brain metabolites were nimetazepam and nitrazepam. 6. It is concluded that [14C]C 72 0045 undergoes metabolic cyclization in the rat to form nimetazepam, which is further metabolized to form nitrazepam.", "contents": "The metabolism of a substituted aminoacetamido-benzophenone and cyclization to the corresponding benzodiazepine in the rat in vivo. 1. 2-(5-Cyano-N-methyl-3,5-dimethyl-3-aza-pentanamido)-5-nitrobenzophenone, administered orally to the rat, is well absorbed and extensively metabolized with only minimal quantities of parent compound detected in plasma, bile or urine. 2. Urinary t.l.c. metabolite profiles after oral administration of a substituted aminoacetamidobenzophenone, [14C]C 72 0045, and [14C]nimetazepam were qualitatively similar but differed quantitatively. 3. Analysis by t.l.c. of plasma extracts obtained after oral administration of [14C]C 72 0045 demonstrated that nimetazepam and nitrazepam accounted for 20% of the plasma total radioactivity. Nimetazepam and nitrazepam had a combined concentration up to 22 times greater than the concentration of C 72 0045. 4. The presence of nimetazepam in plasma after oral administration of C 72 0045 was confirmed by mass spectrometry. 5. In the liver, [14C]C 72 0045 was rapidly metabolized to polar metabolites. In the same rats, the major brain metabolites were nimetazepam and nitrazepam. 6. It is concluded that [14C]C 72 0045 undergoes metabolic cyclization in the rat to form nimetazepam, which is further metabolized to form nitrazepam."}
{"id": "PMID:888448", "title": "The effect of carboxyl substituent on the metabolism of aromatic aldehydes.", "content": "1. The effect of a carboxyl substituent on the metabolism of aromatic aldehydes has been examined in several species of animals. 2. Phthalaldehydic acid was exclusively reduced to the corresponding alcohol in mice, rats, rabbits, dogs and man. The oxidized metabolite phthalic acid was not detected appreciably in any species. 3. Iso- and terephthalaldehydic acid were oxidized to the corresponding dicarboxylic acids in rats and dogs. The reduced metabolites were not detected. 4. The aldehyde group of o-formylphenoxyacetic acid and o-formylphenoxypropionic acid was largely reduced to the corresponding alcohol in rats, rabbits and dogs. In contrast, oxidation to the carboxylic acid predominant over the reduction in mice. In the former three species, the amount of the minor metabolite carboxylic acid was larger with o-formylphenoxypropionic acid than with o-formylphenoxyacetic acid. 5. 1,8-Naphthaldehydic acid, m- and p-formylphenoxyacetic acid were mainly oxidized to the corresponding carboxylic acids in rats. 6. It was concluded that aromatic aldehydes bearing a carboxyl group in the ortho position, attached either directly or indirectly to the benzene nucleus, tend to be reduced to the corresponding alcohols in animals.", "contents": "The effect of carboxyl substituent on the metabolism of aromatic aldehydes. 1. The effect of a carboxyl substituent on the metabolism of aromatic aldehydes has been examined in several species of animals. 2. Phthalaldehydic acid was exclusively reduced to the corresponding alcohol in mice, rats, rabbits, dogs and man. The oxidized metabolite phthalic acid was not detected appreciably in any species. 3. Iso- and terephthalaldehydic acid were oxidized to the corresponding dicarboxylic acids in rats and dogs. The reduced metabolites were not detected. 4. The aldehyde group of o-formylphenoxyacetic acid and o-formylphenoxypropionic acid was largely reduced to the corresponding alcohol in rats, rabbits and dogs. In contrast, oxidation to the carboxylic acid predominant over the reduction in mice. In the former three species, the amount of the minor metabolite carboxylic acid was larger with o-formylphenoxypropionic acid than with o-formylphenoxyacetic acid. 5. 1,8-Naphthaldehydic acid, m- and p-formylphenoxyacetic acid were mainly oxidized to the corresponding carboxylic acids in rats. 6. It was concluded that aromatic aldehydes bearing a carboxyl group in the ortho position, attached either directly or indirectly to the benzene nucleus, tend to be reduced to the corresponding alcohols in animals."}
{"id": "PMID:888449", "title": "Absorption, excretion and metabolism of a new dihydropyridine diester cerebral vasodilator in rats and dogs.", "content": "1. After oral administration of [14C]dihydropyridine diester, the plasma concn. of radioactivity was similar in rats and dogs, reaching a maximum at 0-5 to 1 h and decreasing with a half life of about 3-5 h. The plasma concn. of unmetabolized drug in dogs was 10 times higher than in rats. Radioactivity in rat tissue was high in liver, kidney and lung after both oral and intravenous administration. 2. In both species, 66-72% of radioactivity was excreted in faeces and 23-29% in urine in 48 h, regardless of the route of administration. Biliary excretion in rats after oral dosage amounted to 65%. 3. Eight metabolites were identified from urine of dogs and rats. They were derived from one or several of the following pathways: I, debenzylation of the N-benzyl-N-methylaminoethyl side chain; II, reduction of the 3-nitro group on the phenyl substituent; III, oxidation of the 1,4-dihydropyridine ring to the corresponding pyridine; IV, oxidative removal of the N-benzyl-N-methylamino group yielding a carboxylic acid; V, hydrolysis of the N-benzyl-N-methylamino-ethyl ester to the corresponding carboxylic acid; VI, hydroxylation of the 2-methyl group of the 1,4-dihydropyridine ring to hydroxymethyl.", "contents": "Absorption, excretion and metabolism of a new dihydropyridine diester cerebral vasodilator in rats and dogs. 1. After oral administration of [14C]dihydropyridine diester, the plasma concn. of radioactivity was similar in rats and dogs, reaching a maximum at 0-5 to 1 h and decreasing with a half life of about 3-5 h. The plasma concn. of unmetabolized drug in dogs was 10 times higher than in rats. Radioactivity in rat tissue was high in liver, kidney and lung after both oral and intravenous administration. 2. In both species, 66-72% of radioactivity was excreted in faeces and 23-29% in urine in 48 h, regardless of the route of administration. Biliary excretion in rats after oral dosage amounted to 65%. 3. Eight metabolites were identified from urine of dogs and rats. They were derived from one or several of the following pathways: I, debenzylation of the N-benzyl-N-methylaminoethyl side chain; II, reduction of the 3-nitro group on the phenyl substituent; III, oxidation of the 1,4-dihydropyridine ring to the corresponding pyridine; IV, oxidative removal of the N-benzyl-N-methylamino group yielding a carboxylic acid; V, hydrolysis of the N-benzyl-N-methylamino-ethyl ester to the corresponding carboxylic acid; VI, hydroxylation of the 2-methyl group of the 1,4-dihydropyridine ring to hydroxymethyl."}
{"id": "PMID:888460", "title": "Effects of different compounds of metals and of their mixtures on the growth and survival of Thiobacillus ferrooxidans.", "content": "The iron oxidation by Thiobacillus ferrooxidans was studied in the presence of different concentrations of metals as sulphates, chlorides, nitrates, and in some other compounds. The bacteriological oxidation of ferro-ions develops in all solutions in nearly the same way, with the only difference that, as the ion concentration increases, the beginning of measurable oxidation is postponed, i.e., with ion concentration increasing, the lag-phase expands. When salts are mixed in different proportions, the toxic concentration of such a mixture corresponds, in a defined way, to the total of salts, i.e., of their ions.", "contents": "Effects of different compounds of metals and of their mixtures on the growth and survival of Thiobacillus ferrooxidans. The iron oxidation by Thiobacillus ferrooxidans was studied in the presence of different concentrations of metals as sulphates, chlorides, nitrates, and in some other compounds. The bacteriological oxidation of ferro-ions develops in all solutions in nearly the same way, with the only difference that, as the ion concentration increases, the beginning of measurable oxidation is postponed, i.e., with ion concentration increasing, the lag-phase expands. When salts are mixed in different proportions, the toxic concentration of such a mixture corresponds, in a defined way, to the total of salts, i.e., of their ions."}
{"id": "PMID:888461", "title": "[Rhodosporidium Banno: yeast phase inactivation by ultraviolet light and N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine].", "content": "The inactivation of stationary phase cells by ultraviolet light (UV) and N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG) was examined in eight wild strains of Rhodotorula, six of which are the sporidial yeast phase of Rhodosporidium, a basidiomycetous fungus. It has been found that (1) the UV-resistance of Rhodosporidium and Rhodotorula yeasts is higher and the MNNG-resistance lower than the resistance of Candida and Hansenula yeasts, (2) the shape of the survival curves is sigmoid in the case of UV and two-phase exponential in the case of MNNG, (3) the mutagen sensitivities but not the inactivation kinetics of the strains are different, (4) the UV- and MNNG-sensitivities for each of the strains are correlated, (5) the relatively high resistance to UV cannot be due to the carotenoid pigments of the cells, (6) mutations to UV-sensitivity can be induced with a high rate, (7) the sigmoidal character of the UV survival curves were reduced or transformed to an exponential shape by the UVS-mutations.", "contents": "[Rhodosporidium Banno: yeast phase inactivation by ultraviolet light and N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine]. The inactivation of stationary phase cells by ultraviolet light (UV) and N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG) was examined in eight wild strains of Rhodotorula, six of which are the sporidial yeast phase of Rhodosporidium, a basidiomycetous fungus. It has been found that (1) the UV-resistance of Rhodosporidium and Rhodotorula yeasts is higher and the MNNG-resistance lower than the resistance of Candida and Hansenula yeasts, (2) the shape of the survival curves is sigmoid in the case of UV and two-phase exponential in the case of MNNG, (3) the mutagen sensitivities but not the inactivation kinetics of the strains are different, (4) the UV- and MNNG-sensitivities for each of the strains are correlated, (5) the relatively high resistance to UV cannot be due to the carotenoid pigments of the cells, (6) mutations to UV-sensitivity can be induced with a high rate, (7) the sigmoidal character of the UV survival curves were reduced or transformed to an exponential shape by the UVS-mutations."}
{"id": "PMID:888458", "title": "Control of the splanchnic circulation.", "content": "The major regulatory factors in the mesenteric circulation include general hemodynamic forces, the autonomic nervous system, circulating vasoactive substances, tissue metabolites and intrinsic characteristics of vascular smooth muscle. During mesenteric ischemic states smooth muscle spasm elevates resistance to blood flow and aggravates intestinal tissue hypoxia leading to mucosal necrosis. Close intraarterial infusion of potent vasodilator drugs holds the promise of reversing intestinal ischemia and preserving viability of the gut.", "contents": "Control of the splanchnic circulation. The major regulatory factors in the mesenteric circulation include general hemodynamic forces, the autonomic nervous system, circulating vasoactive substances, tissue metabolites and intrinsic characteristics of vascular smooth muscle. During mesenteric ischemic states smooth muscle spasm elevates resistance to blood flow and aggravates intestinal tissue hypoxia leading to mucosal necrosis. Close intraarterial infusion of potent vasodilator drugs holds the promise of reversing intestinal ischemia and preserving viability of the gut."}
{"id": "PMID:888457", "title": "Maintenance of obesity following hypophysectomy in the obese-hyperglycemic mouse (ob/ob).", "content": "In order to examine the role of the pituitary in the obese-hyperglycemic syndrome, obese (ob/ob) and nonobese sibling (OB/?) mice were sham-operated or hypophysectomized by a parapharyngeal method at 60 to 90 days of age and subsequently weighed for nine weeks. Completeness of hypophysectomy was assessed by microscopic examination of stained serial sections of the brain and attached hypophyseal capsule. Complete hypophysectomy resulted in a moderate weight loss in the obese mice and attenuated further increases in adiposity, but it failed to eliminate the adiposity already established prior to surgery as determined from Lee index values. We tentatively conclude that neither the pituitary nor the target organs it controls represent the site of the primary genetic abnormality that maintains the obesity of the ob/ob.", "contents": "Maintenance of obesity following hypophysectomy in the obese-hyperglycemic mouse (ob/ob). In order to examine the role of the pituitary in the obese-hyperglycemic syndrome, obese (ob/ob) and nonobese sibling (OB/?) mice were sham-operated or hypophysectomized by a parapharyngeal method at 60 to 90 days of age and subsequently weighed for nine weeks. Completeness of hypophysectomy was assessed by microscopic examination of stained serial sections of the brain and attached hypophyseal capsule. Complete hypophysectomy resulted in a moderate weight loss in the obese mice and attenuated further increases in adiposity, but it failed to eliminate the adiposity already established prior to surgery as determined from Lee index values. We tentatively conclude that neither the pituitary nor the target organs it controls represent the site of the primary genetic abnormality that maintains the obesity of the ob/ob."}
{"id": "PMID:888484", "title": "[Clinical problems in the application of sedatives in patients with chronic liver disease (author's transl)].", "content": "In these introductory remarks the application of sedatives in patients with chronic liver diseases is discussed. Sedatives, for example, are used in agitated alcoholics with liver damage, as premedication before endoscopical examinations (emergency endoscopy for hemorrhage from the upper G.i.-tract, peritoneoscopy), and operations necessary for the treatment of typical complications of the liver disease (shunt-op. for portal hypertension). In all these situations the metabolism and pharmaco-kinetics of sedatives may be influenced by the liver disease in a non-predictable way. Generally, an enhanced, enforced and prolonged effect can be assumed. Long acting barbiturates are recommended for a long period treatment, diazepam in reduced doses is used as premedication for endoscopical examination. Opiates should be avoided.", "contents": "[Clinical problems in the application of sedatives in patients with chronic liver disease (author's transl)]. In these introductory remarks the application of sedatives in patients with chronic liver diseases is discussed. Sedatives, for example, are used in agitated alcoholics with liver damage, as premedication before endoscopical examinations (emergency endoscopy for hemorrhage from the upper G.i.-tract, peritoneoscopy), and operations necessary for the treatment of typical complications of the liver disease (shunt-op. for portal hypertension). In all these situations the metabolism and pharmaco-kinetics of sedatives may be influenced by the liver disease in a non-predictable way. Generally, an enhanced, enforced and prolonged effect can be assumed. Long acting barbiturates are recommended for a long period treatment, diazepam in reduced doses is used as premedication for endoscopical examination. Opiates should be avoided."}
{"id": "PMID:888486", "title": "[Metabolism of hypnotic and sedative drugs in cholestasis (author's transl)].", "content": "Alterations of hepatic microsomal biotransformation in cholestasis were discussed. In experimental animals biotransformation of hypnotic and sedative drugs is impaired under cholestatic conditions in vivo. The endplasmic reticulum of the hepatocytes is hypertropic but is hypoactive with respect to drug metabolism, a condition which is partly due to interference to substances retained in cholestatic livers (bile salts) with drug biotransformation and to cytochrome P-450 diminution in the microsomal membranes. The activity of conjugating enzymes (phase II of biotransformation) remains unaffected. A similar situation exists in cholestatic patients in which drug elimination is altered. In vitro studies with human liver homogenate, microsomes, and liver slices confirm the animal experiments by showing that cytochrome P-450 as well as the metabolism of hypnotics are reduced in cholestasis.", "contents": "[Metabolism of hypnotic and sedative drugs in cholestasis (author's transl)]. Alterations of hepatic microsomal biotransformation in cholestasis were discussed. In experimental animals biotransformation of hypnotic and sedative drugs is impaired under cholestatic conditions in vivo. The endplasmic reticulum of the hepatocytes is hypertropic but is hypoactive with respect to drug metabolism, a condition which is partly due to interference to substances retained in cholestatic livers (bile salts) with drug biotransformation and to cytochrome P-450 diminution in the microsomal membranes. The activity of conjugating enzymes (phase II of biotransformation) remains unaffected. A similar situation exists in cholestatic patients in which drug elimination is altered. In vitro studies with human liver homogenate, microsomes, and liver slices confirm the animal experiments by showing that cytochrome P-450 as well as the metabolism of hypnotics are reduced in cholestasis."}
{"id": "PMID:888487", "title": "[Hexobarbital-oxidation in vivo and in vitro in rats with bile duct ligation or ANIT-cholestasis (author's transl)].", "content": "Pharmacokinetics of hexobarbital in rats is not influenced by ligature of the common bile duct or by ANIT-cholestasis. Additional in vitro experiments with isolated liver microsomes show only slight changes of hexobarbital metabolism.", "contents": "[Hexobarbital-oxidation in vivo and in vitro in rats with bile duct ligation or ANIT-cholestasis (author's transl)]. Pharmacokinetics of hexobarbital in rats is not influenced by ligature of the common bile duct or by ANIT-cholestasis. Additional in vitro experiments with isolated liver microsomes show only slight changes of hexobarbital metabolism."}
{"id": "PMID:888488", "title": "[Metabolism of hexobarbital in patients with acute hepatitis and cirrhosis (author's transl)].", "content": "16 patients with acute hepatitis, 18 patients with cirrhosis and a total of 21 volunteers and patients with normal liver function received 7.32 mg/kg hexobarbital by linear intravenous infusion within 60 min. Hexobarbital was determined gaschromatographically in serial blood samples and the hexobarbital-clearance was calculated from the plasma concentration curve versus time. Additional experiments were performed in rats suffering from so called \"galactosamine hepatitis\". In half of the patients with acute hepatitis a normal hexobarbital clearance could be found. In the other patients this was distinctly reduced but not correlation was found to other liver function tests. Patients with cirrhosis were subdivided into two groups. The patients in group 1 were well compensated. The patients in group 2 had a decompensated state with ascites and oesophageal varices. In nearly all patients with cirrhosis the hexobarbital-clearance was diminished. This was more pronounced in group 2. Ketohexobarbital excretion in healthy subjects was in the range of 40-60% of dose. Patients with acute hepatitis excreted only 10-20% of dose and patients with liver cirrhosis only about 5% of dose. In rats with \"galactosamine hepatitis\" hexobarbital clearance in vivo was distinctly reduced and this could be explained by diminished microsomal cytochrome p 45- and hexobarbital oxidation rate.", "contents": "[Metabolism of hexobarbital in patients with acute hepatitis and cirrhosis (author's transl)]. 16 patients with acute hepatitis, 18 patients with cirrhosis and a total of 21 volunteers and patients with normal liver function received 7.32 mg/kg hexobarbital by linear intravenous infusion within 60 min. Hexobarbital was determined gaschromatographically in serial blood samples and the hexobarbital-clearance was calculated from the plasma concentration curve versus time. Additional experiments were performed in rats suffering from so called \"galactosamine hepatitis\". In half of the patients with acute hepatitis a normal hexobarbital clearance could be found. In the other patients this was distinctly reduced but not correlation was found to other liver function tests. Patients with cirrhosis were subdivided into two groups. The patients in group 1 were well compensated. The patients in group 2 had a decompensated state with ascites and oesophageal varices. In nearly all patients with cirrhosis the hexobarbital-clearance was diminished. This was more pronounced in group 2. Ketohexobarbital excretion in healthy subjects was in the range of 40-60% of dose. Patients with acute hepatitis excreted only 10-20% of dose and patients with liver cirrhosis only about 5% of dose. In rats with \"galactosamine hepatitis\" hexobarbital clearance in vivo was distinctly reduced and this could be explained by diminished microsomal cytochrome p 45- and hexobarbital oxidation rate."}
{"id": "PMID:888489", "title": "[Hexobarbital-oxidation in vivo and in vitro in rats after phenobarbital-pretreatment or after portacaval anastomosis (author's transl)].", "content": "Male rats were pretreated with phenobarbital for 5 days or received portacaval anastomosis 3 weeks before. Hexobarbital was applicated intravenously and hexobarbital plasma concentrations were followed up gaschromatographically in arterial blood samples. Hexobarbital clearance was calculated from the plasma concentration curve versus time. Liver microsomes were prepared and cytochrome P 450 and the hexobarbital oxidation rate was determined. After portacaval shunt the animals showed a small liver, a reduced cytochrome P 450 and diminished hexobarbital oxidation rate. Hexobarbital clearance in vivo was reduced, too. After phenobarbital pretreatment liver weight increased and cytochrome P 450 and hexobarbital oxidation rate were distinctly enhanced. The hexobarbital clearance in vivo were increased. Since the plot of hexobarbital clearance in vivo versus cytochrome P 450 or versus hexobarbital oxidation rate in vitro gave a good correlation, it is concluded that hexobarbital clearance in vivo may be a good estimate for hepatic cytochrome P 450 and hepatic hexobarbital oxidation rate.", "contents": "[Hexobarbital-oxidation in vivo and in vitro in rats after phenobarbital-pretreatment or after portacaval anastomosis (author's transl)]. Male rats were pretreated with phenobarbital for 5 days or received portacaval anastomosis 3 weeks before. Hexobarbital was applicated intravenously and hexobarbital plasma concentrations were followed up gaschromatographically in arterial blood samples. Hexobarbital clearance was calculated from the plasma concentration curve versus time. Liver microsomes were prepared and cytochrome P 450 and the hexobarbital oxidation rate was determined. After portacaval shunt the animals showed a small liver, a reduced cytochrome P 450 and diminished hexobarbital oxidation rate. Hexobarbital clearance in vivo was reduced, too. After phenobarbital pretreatment liver weight increased and cytochrome P 450 and hexobarbital oxidation rate were distinctly enhanced. The hexobarbital clearance in vivo were increased. Since the plot of hexobarbital clearance in vivo versus cytochrome P 450 or versus hexobarbital oxidation rate in vitro gave a good correlation, it is concluded that hexobarbital clearance in vivo may be a good estimate for hepatic cytochrome P 450 and hepatic hexobarbital oxidation rate."}
{"id": "PMID:888491", "title": "[Treatment of various forms of icterus or cholestasis with phenobarbital (author's transl)].", "content": "Phenobarbital induces microsomal enzymes such as bilirubinglucoronyltransferase and increases bile flow. Therefore Phenobarbital has been used in the treatment of various forms of icterus or cholestasis. The present paper reviews the results of treatment obtained by various authors.", "contents": "[Treatment of various forms of icterus or cholestasis with phenobarbital (author's transl)]. Phenobarbital induces microsomal enzymes such as bilirubinglucoronyltransferase and increases bile flow. Therefore Phenobarbital has been used in the treatment of various forms of icterus or cholestasis. The present paper reviews the results of treatment obtained by various authors."}
{"id": "PMID:888492", "title": "Programmed versus spontaneous and stimulated labour.", "content": "The present study indicates advantages of programmed labour compared with labour which started spontaneously on or before term day. Programmed labour was shorter and the condition of the newborn, assessed according to Apgar and acid-base values of cord-blood, was better than in spontaneous or stimulated labour groups. There was no appreciable difference in the frequency of other complications such as prematurity, hyperbilirubinemia, and neuropathological symptoms, among groups studied.", "contents": "Programmed versus spontaneous and stimulated labour. The present study indicates advantages of programmed labour compared with labour which started spontaneously on or before term day. Programmed labour was shorter and the condition of the newborn, assessed according to Apgar and acid-base values of cord-blood, was better than in spontaneous or stimulated labour groups. There was no appreciable difference in the frequency of other complications such as prematurity, hyperbilirubinemia, and neuropathological symptoms, among groups studied."}
{"id": "PMID:888494", "title": "[External cephalic version close to term in the management of breech presentation (author's transl)].", "content": "In 16 cases from a total of 36 (44%) the external cephalic version was successful. 18 times the relaxation of the uterus was performed by general anaesthesia with a successrate of 50% and 17 times by Fenoterol with a successrate of 35%. A V-para had a successful external cephalic version without any relaxation of the uterus. In average the external cephalic version was performed in the 39th week of pregnancy. From these 16, in whose case an external cephalic version was successful, there were 6 caesarian deliveries because of fetal indication. From 5 of these 6 caesarian deliveries it was discovered at the time of delivery a complication of the umbilicus. In one case of two massive fetomaternal transfusion the child died. In both cases of fetomaternal transfusion the placenta was located to the anterior wall of the uterus. Therefore we think this location of the placenta is a contraindiction for external cephalic version.", "contents": "[External cephalic version close to term in the management of breech presentation (author's transl)]. In 16 cases from a total of 36 (44%) the external cephalic version was successful. 18 times the relaxation of the uterus was performed by general anaesthesia with a successrate of 50% and 17 times by Fenoterol with a successrate of 35%. A V-para had a successful external cephalic version without any relaxation of the uterus. In average the external cephalic version was performed in the 39th week of pregnancy. From these 16, in whose case an external cephalic version was successful, there were 6 caesarian deliveries because of fetal indication. From 5 of these 6 caesarian deliveries it was discovered at the time of delivery a complication of the umbilicus. In one case of two massive fetomaternal transfusion the child died. In both cases of fetomaternal transfusion the placenta was located to the anterior wall of the uterus. Therefore we think this location of the placenta is a contraindiction for external cephalic version."}
{"id": "PMID:888495", "title": "[Consideration of hemodynamics in the intervillous space of the placenta (author's transl)].", "content": "Using Freese's hemodynamic model, we calculated the speed and pressure distribution in the villi-free area of the cotyledon. The Navier-Stokes equation was converted approximately into Reynod factors. The villi-free area was described as circular diffusor. On the basis of our computations, we assume that a predominately laminar flow occurred in the intervillous space; we considered an angular apearature of between 10 and 40 degrees to be physiological. In this area, pressure distribution is homogenous. The model-theoretical considerations presented here substantiate Freese's conception.", "contents": "[Consideration of hemodynamics in the intervillous space of the placenta (author's transl)]. Using Freese's hemodynamic model, we calculated the speed and pressure distribution in the villi-free area of the cotyledon. The Navier-Stokes equation was converted approximately into Reynod factors. The villi-free area was described as circular diffusor. On the basis of our computations, we assume that a predominately laminar flow occurred in the intervillous space; we considered an angular apearature of between 10 and 40 degrees to be physiological. In this area, pressure distribution is homogenous. The model-theoretical considerations presented here substantiate Freese's conception."}
{"id": "PMID:888496", "title": "[Studies on amino acid kinetics in rats without and with interference of the pregnancy using 75-Se-methionine (author's transl)].", "content": "A collective of 60 rats was divided into 3 groups of 20 non-pregnant, 20 pregnant without interference of the pregnancies and 20 pregant with ligature of the uterine vessels to induce an intrauterine growth retardation. The organ distribution of 100 muC intravenously injected 75-Se-methionine, which is actively transported from the placenta into the fetal circulation, was computer-scintigraphically measured. After 30 minutes and 6 hours typical differences, amongst the 3 groups, between the liver and foetoplacental unit methionine uptake were demonstrated both visually and quantitatively. On the basis of this experimental animal model, it should be attempted to measure quantitatively the placental disorders which are not caused primarily by perfusion of the uteroplacental unit.", "contents": "[Studies on amino acid kinetics in rats without and with interference of the pregnancy using 75-Se-methionine (author's transl)]. A collective of 60 rats was divided into 3 groups of 20 non-pregnant, 20 pregnant without interference of the pregnancies and 20 pregant with ligature of the uterine vessels to induce an intrauterine growth retardation. The organ distribution of 100 muC intravenously injected 75-Se-methionine, which is actively transported from the placenta into the fetal circulation, was computer-scintigraphically measured. After 30 minutes and 6 hours typical differences, amongst the 3 groups, between the liver and foetoplacental unit methionine uptake were demonstrated both visually and quantitatively. On the basis of this experimental animal model, it should be attempted to measure quantitatively the placental disorders which are not caused primarily by perfusion of the uteroplacental unit."}
{"id": "PMID:888497", "title": "[Is there any evidence that the maternal HPL serum-concentration is of prognostic value in cases of threatened abortion? (author's transl)].", "content": "The mean values of the maternal HPL are significantly decreased in cases of threatened abortion from the 10th to the 16th week post menstruation. But the HPL concentration is only of prognostic value after the 13th week because only after that time the HPL concentration is significantly decreased in cases with following abortion. The common therapy with gestagens or with a combination of estrogens and gestagens has no influence of the mean HPL concentrations. For the first time it could be shown an influence of an exogen estrogen-gestagen combination on the individual values of HPL serum-concentrations.", "contents": "[Is there any evidence that the maternal HPL serum-concentration is of prognostic value in cases of threatened abortion? (author's transl)]. The mean values of the maternal HPL are significantly decreased in cases of threatened abortion from the 10th to the 16th week post menstruation. But the HPL concentration is only of prognostic value after the 13th week because only after that time the HPL concentration is significantly decreased in cases with following abortion. The common therapy with gestagens or with a combination of estrogens and gestagens has no influence of the mean HPL concentrations. For the first time it could be shown an influence of an exogen estrogen-gestagen combination on the individual values of HPL serum-concentrations."}
{"id": "PMID:888498", "title": "[Spontaneous rupture of uterus during delivery. Interpretation of cardiotocogram (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors report a case of silent rupture of uterus during delivery. The whole delivery was monitored by intrauterine pressure recording and fetal scalp electrode. Severe fetal bradycardia induced cesarian section. The retrospectively study of the papercover of fetal monitoring indicates the rupture of uterus.", "contents": "[Spontaneous rupture of uterus during delivery. Interpretation of cardiotocogram (author's transl)]. The authors report a case of silent rupture of uterus during delivery. The whole delivery was monitored by intrauterine pressure recording and fetal scalp electrode. Severe fetal bradycardia induced cesarian section. The retrospectively study of the papercover of fetal monitoring indicates the rupture of uterus."}
{"id": "PMID:888499", "title": "[Disseminated superficial actinic porokeratosis].", "content": "The case of a disseminated superficial actinic porokeratosis in a 55-year-old woman is reported which has developed since 10 years. Local application of vitamin-A-acid (retinoic acid) did not improve the dermatoses. The differential diagnosis and some therapeutical consequences (light protecting therapy) are shortly discussed.", "contents": "[Disseminated superficial actinic porokeratosis]. The case of a disseminated superficial actinic porokeratosis in a 55-year-old woman is reported which has developed since 10 years. Local application of vitamin-A-acid (retinoic acid) did not improve the dermatoses. The differential diagnosis and some therapeutical consequences (light protecting therapy) are shortly discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:888505", "title": "[Immunologic reaction in parasitic invasion (author's transl)].", "content": "Among the manifold immunologic events which take place during parasitic invasions, production of autoantibodies and immune complexes can play a serious role during infections with African and American trypanosomes. The importance of complement deserves new attention. The increasing level of IgE induced by helminthic infections on a humoral basis seems to be caused by separate worm allergens; its involvement in self-cure phenomena together with processes on cellular levels is discussed. Destructive processes on various development stages of schistosoma and immunological events during cutaneous leishmaniasis are also cell mediated. Variations in the antigenic behaviour of parasites and their immunological mimicry by uptake of substances from the host and their immunosuppressive action are discussed. As reasons for absence of immunity against animal parasites this action can disturb either humoral or cellular immunological procedures or both.", "contents": "[Immunologic reaction in parasitic invasion (author's transl)]. Among the manifold immunologic events which take place during parasitic invasions, production of autoantibodies and immune complexes can play a serious role during infections with African and American trypanosomes. The importance of complement deserves new attention. The increasing level of IgE induced by helminthic infections on a humoral basis seems to be caused by separate worm allergens; its involvement in self-cure phenomena together with processes on cellular levels is discussed. Destructive processes on various development stages of schistosoma and immunological events during cutaneous leishmaniasis are also cell mediated. Variations in the antigenic behaviour of parasites and their immunological mimicry by uptake of substances from the host and their immunosuppressive action are discussed. As reasons for absence of immunity against animal parasites this action can disturb either humoral or cellular immunological procedures or both."}
{"id": "PMID:888507", "title": "The host response in secondary hydatidosis of mice. I. Circulating antibodies.", "content": "The infection of young albino mice by the intraperitoneal injection of viable hydatid protoscolices provided a suitable model for the investigation of the factors controlling the subsequent host immune response. Antibodies detectable by haemagglutination and complement fixation appeared around the 14th week after infection. Increases in antibody titres were related to the potency of the antigenic impulse(s) produced by the healthy germinal membrane and viable protoscolices. Our results suggest that qualitative and quantitative variations in excretory, secretory and somatic antigens, occurring during the different phases of parasite development, incite the production of a multitude of antibodies, only a few of which are detectable by conventional methods.", "contents": "The host response in secondary hydatidosis of mice. I. Circulating antibodies. The infection of young albino mice by the intraperitoneal injection of viable hydatid protoscolices provided a suitable model for the investigation of the factors controlling the subsequent host immune response. Antibodies detectable by haemagglutination and complement fixation appeared around the 14th week after infection. Increases in antibody titres were related to the potency of the antigenic impulse(s) produced by the healthy germinal membrane and viable protoscolices. Our results suggest that qualitative and quantitative variations in excretory, secretory and somatic antigens, occurring during the different phases of parasite development, incite the production of a multitude of antibodies, only a few of which are detectable by conventional methods."}
{"id": "PMID:888508", "title": "The host response in secondary hydatidosis of mice. II. Cell mediated immunity.", "content": "The presence of cell mediated immunity to Echinococcus granulosus antigen was detected in syngeneic mice with secondary hydatidosis. Significant increases of thymidine uptake were observed in spleen cells from infected animals exposed to protoscolex or hydatid fluid antigens. A definite decrease in the number and size of cysts occurred in mice following the simultaneous intraperitoneal injection of viable protoscolices and a suspension of 1 x 10(7) sensitized spleen cells.", "contents": "The host response in secondary hydatidosis of mice. II. Cell mediated immunity. The presence of cell mediated immunity to Echinococcus granulosus antigen was detected in syngeneic mice with secondary hydatidosis. Significant increases of thymidine uptake were observed in spleen cells from infected animals exposed to protoscolex or hydatid fluid antigens. A definite decrease in the number and size of cysts occurred in mice following the simultaneous intraperitoneal injection of viable protoscolices and a suspension of 1 x 10(7) sensitized spleen cells."}
{"id": "PMID:888509", "title": "The bird schistosome austrobilharzia terrigalensis from the Great Barrier Reef, Australia.", "content": "Austrobilharzia terrigalensis from Egretta sacra and Larus novaehollandiae at Heron Island, Great Barrier Reef, is described. The prosobranch snail Planaxis sulcatus is the natural intermediate host of A. terrigalensis at Heron Island. The life-cycle of A. terrigalensis was worked out using naturally and experimentally infected Planaxis sulcatus and experimentally infected chickens. Experiments to produce a dermatitis with cercariae of A. terrigalensis were negative. Austrobilharzia terrigalensis infects a wide range of natural hosts in Canada, continental United States, Hawaii and Australia, and uses different snail genera belonging to different families as intermediate hosts in different areas. The wide distribution is apparently due to the habits of some hosts which migrate between the northern and southern hemispheres.", "contents": "The bird schistosome austrobilharzia terrigalensis from the Great Barrier Reef, Australia. Austrobilharzia terrigalensis from Egretta sacra and Larus novaehollandiae at Heron Island, Great Barrier Reef, is described. The prosobranch snail Planaxis sulcatus is the natural intermediate host of A. terrigalensis at Heron Island. The life-cycle of A. terrigalensis was worked out using naturally and experimentally infected Planaxis sulcatus and experimentally infected chickens. Experiments to produce a dermatitis with cercariae of A. terrigalensis were negative. Austrobilharzia terrigalensis infects a wide range of natural hosts in Canada, continental United States, Hawaii and Australia, and uses different snail genera belonging to different families as intermediate hosts in different areas. The wide distribution is apparently due to the habits of some hosts which migrate between the northern and southern hemispheres."}
{"id": "PMID:888510", "title": "The penetration of Fascioloides magna miracidia into the snail host Fossaria bulimoides. A scanning electron microscope study.", "content": "Snails of the species Fossaria bulimoides were exposed to miracidia of Fascioloides magna for given periods of time. The course of penetration was followed by means of scanning electron microscopy. Topographical features of the miracidial morphology were studied; the apical organ, epidermal plates and their shedding, and body shapes during penetration. Preliminary data were obtained concerning the nature of the lesions formed by the miracidia. Inferences were drawn concerning the mode and duration of penetration.", "contents": "The penetration of Fascioloides magna miracidia into the snail host Fossaria bulimoides. A scanning electron microscope study. Snails of the species Fossaria bulimoides were exposed to miracidia of Fascioloides magna for given periods of time. The course of penetration was followed by means of scanning electron microscopy. Topographical features of the miracidial morphology were studied; the apical organ, epidermal plates and their shedding, and body shapes during penetration. Preliminary data were obtained concerning the nature of the lesions formed by the miracidia. Inferences were drawn concerning the mode and duration of penetration."}
{"id": "PMID:888511", "title": "[Influence of cymothoidae (Crustacea, Isopoda, Flabellifera) on some hematological constants of the host-fishes (author's transl)].", "content": "Some hematological constants (number of erythrocytes--hemaglobin rate--hematocrit--mean blood corpuscule volume--mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration--mean corpuscular hemoglobin) are studied in non-parasitized and parasitized Teleost fishes (parasites are Cymothoid Isopods). The parasitized fishes show an anaemia, resulting from a decreasing number of erythrocytes in circulation. The spleen undergoes a hypertrophy and a hypervascularization.", "contents": "[Influence of cymothoidae (Crustacea, Isopoda, Flabellifera) on some hematological constants of the host-fishes (author's transl)]. Some hematological constants (number of erythrocytes--hemaglobin rate--hematocrit--mean blood corpuscule volume--mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration--mean corpuscular hemoglobin) are studied in non-parasitized and parasitized Teleost fishes (parasites are Cymothoid Isopods). The parasitized fishes show an anaemia, resulting from a decreasing number of erythrocytes in circulation. The spleen undergoes a hypertrophy and a hypervascularization."}
{"id": "PMID:888512", "title": "[The thoracic and lumbar secondary curve after simple Harrington correction of the primary curve in S-scoliosis (author's transl)].", "content": "Harrington rod correction of the primary curve in S-scoliosis will be successful, if done in the right place and when stable postoperativey. The secondary curve will then correct itself spontaneously. The operation may be kept much smaller and mobility of the spine will be preserved.", "contents": "[The thoracic and lumbar secondary curve after simple Harrington correction of the primary curve in S-scoliosis (author's transl)]. Harrington rod correction of the primary curve in S-scoliosis will be successful, if done in the right place and when stable postoperativey. The secondary curve will then correct itself spontaneously. The operation may be kept much smaller and mobility of the spine will be preserved."}
{"id": "PMID:888513", "title": "[4-7 year results of total hip arthroplasty with special reference to late complications].", "content": "The 4-7 year results of total hip arthroplasty (95 hips, McKee-M\u00fcller and Charnley-M\u00fcller) are presented in detail both from a clinical and radiological point of view. About 83% of the hips showed a good and excellent clinical condition at the time of reevaluation. Deep infection was observed in 4.2% of the hips, 11.2% of the hips had already been reoperated at the time of reevaluation because of aseptic loosening of one or both components. Another 3.5% of the hips showed clinical and radiological evidence of aseptic loosening, some more 4.9% of the hips had radiological evidence of loosening without clinical signs at the time of reevaluation. Furthermore, 6.8% of the hips had radiological evidence of third degree periarticular calcification influencing the clinical state of the hip in a negative manner. Over all serious complications which gave or will give rise to reoperation were 30.6%. The causes for serious complications are discussed extensively. It is proposed to restrict indication for total hip arthroplasty and to reemphasize hip-conserving procedures more seriously.", "contents": "[4-7 year results of total hip arthroplasty with special reference to late complications]. The 4-7 year results of total hip arthroplasty (95 hips, McKee-M\u00fcller and Charnley-M\u00fcller) are presented in detail both from a clinical and radiological point of view. About 83% of the hips showed a good and excellent clinical condition at the time of reevaluation. Deep infection was observed in 4.2% of the hips, 11.2% of the hips had already been reoperated at the time of reevaluation because of aseptic loosening of one or both components. Another 3.5% of the hips showed clinical and radiological evidence of aseptic loosening, some more 4.9% of the hips had radiological evidence of loosening without clinical signs at the time of reevaluation. Furthermore, 6.8% of the hips had radiological evidence of third degree periarticular calcification influencing the clinical state of the hip in a negative manner. Over all serious complications which gave or will give rise to reoperation were 30.6%. The causes for serious complications are discussed extensively. It is proposed to restrict indication for total hip arthroplasty and to reemphasize hip-conserving procedures more seriously."}
{"id": "PMID:888514", "title": "[The incidence of hepatitis following orthopedic operations with massive blood-loss in adolescents (author's transl)].", "content": "Blood replacement in 527 thoracic spinal grafts (n=295) was greater (F=17.99; 1.116; 0.01) when grafting had to be done in two stages. Between 1953 and 1972 3 cases of postoperative jaundice were seen, negative to Australia-Antigen. Transfusion hepatitis appears to be rarer in this operative material of adolescent orthopedic patients then in other disciplines published. The reasons may be: homogenous material, intact youthful immunity reactions, thorough prevention of infection in orthopedic departments. More could be said only in polycentric prospective study. Preventive measures for hepatitis prophylaxis are discussed.", "contents": "[The incidence of hepatitis following orthopedic operations with massive blood-loss in adolescents (author's transl)]. Blood replacement in 527 thoracic spinal grafts (n=295) was greater (F=17.99; 1.116; 0.01) when grafting had to be done in two stages. Between 1953 and 1972 3 cases of postoperative jaundice were seen, negative to Australia-Antigen. Transfusion hepatitis appears to be rarer in this operative material of adolescent orthopedic patients then in other disciplines published. The reasons may be: homogenous material, intact youthful immunity reactions, thorough prevention of infection in orthopedic departments. More could be said only in polycentric prospective study. Preventive measures for hepatitis prophylaxis are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:888515", "title": "[Preliminary report for cementless insertion of ceramic prosthesis (Al2O3) in exchange for a loosened total endoprosthesis].", "content": "In a series of thirty patients whose total hip prosthesis had become loose and had therefore to be replaced, first experiences were gathered with the implantation of a ceramic cup without any cement. Nineteen patients were provided with a ceramic cup, typ Lindenhof. Indication, operation procedure and postoperative treatment are particularly discussed. The postoperative review extends over a period of three to eleven month. A critical evaluation of the first results shows that the implanted ceramic cup was firmly integrated in the bone in spite of unfavorable anchoring conditions. This method proves to be helpful in cases when an aseptic loosening of the prosthesis has occurred, as it guarantees a painless function and a stable strain resistance.", "contents": "[Preliminary report for cementless insertion of ceramic prosthesis (Al2O3) in exchange for a loosened total endoprosthesis]. In a series of thirty patients whose total hip prosthesis had become loose and had therefore to be replaced, first experiences were gathered with the implantation of a ceramic cup without any cement. Nineteen patients were provided with a ceramic cup, typ Lindenhof. Indication, operation procedure and postoperative treatment are particularly discussed. The postoperative review extends over a period of three to eleven month. A critical evaluation of the first results shows that the implanted ceramic cup was firmly integrated in the bone in spite of unfavorable anchoring conditions. This method proves to be helpful in cases when an aseptic loosening of the prosthesis has occurred, as it guarantees a painless function and a stable strain resistance."}
{"id": "PMID:888516", "title": "[May Perthes' disease be due to venous block? Experimental investigations on growing pigs].", "content": "In 13 growing pigs (mini-pigs) all veins draining the head of femur were ligated intra-abdominally. In 2 i.v. injection of 12% Varigloban into the common iliac vein was added, in another 2 the same drug was injected into the head of femur. No real changes could be seen in X-rays, macro- and microscopically. Slides showed only more or less pronounced fibrosis. Scintigrams showed a reduction of radio-active storage in the head of femur by about 12%. The results and conclusions for human pathology are discussed.", "contents": "[May Perthes' disease be due to venous block? Experimental investigations on growing pigs]. In 13 growing pigs (mini-pigs) all veins draining the head of femur were ligated intra-abdominally. In 2 i.v. injection of 12% Varigloban into the common iliac vein was added, in another 2 the same drug was injected into the head of femur. No real changes could be seen in X-rays, macro- and microscopically. Slides showed only more or less pronounced fibrosis. Scintigrams showed a reduction of radio-active storage in the head of femur by about 12%. The results and conclusions for human pathology are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:888517", "title": "[Assorted aluminium-oxide ceramic heads for prostheses of the hip-joint. A preliminary communication (author's transl)].", "content": "In the search for even more hard-wearing prostheses of the hip, a rotating total- and femoral head prosthesis and a total- and femoral head prosthesis with fixed detachable heads are described, the head of which is made from highly polished aluminium oxide ceramic, Biolox. For total prostheses the excellent gliding features between ceramic head and polyethylen acetabulum are being used. They will also permit return to proved metal-polyethylen prostheses, should the ceramic head fracture. The fracture prosthesis provides both such an exchange and conversion into a total prosthesis. Extending the present programme of rotation-prostheses to ceramic heads will require a wide assortment of heads. This will mean not only wide adaptability but also the need for detailed knowledge of this assortment, the use of which demand thorough preparation of the surgeon. In order to collect material of the use of these prostheses, the authors are very keen to hear of drawbacks- and without reticence-as soon as possible. Publication of our own experience will follow this preliminary communication in due course.", "contents": "[Assorted aluminium-oxide ceramic heads for prostheses of the hip-joint. A preliminary communication (author's transl)]. In the search for even more hard-wearing prostheses of the hip, a rotating total- and femoral head prosthesis and a total- and femoral head prosthesis with fixed detachable heads are described, the head of which is made from highly polished aluminium oxide ceramic, Biolox. For total prostheses the excellent gliding features between ceramic head and polyethylen acetabulum are being used. They will also permit return to proved metal-polyethylen prostheses, should the ceramic head fracture. The fracture prosthesis provides both such an exchange and conversion into a total prosthesis. Extending the present programme of rotation-prostheses to ceramic heads will require a wide assortment of heads. This will mean not only wide adaptability but also the need for detailed knowledge of this assortment, the use of which demand thorough preparation of the surgeon. In order to collect material of the use of these prostheses, the authors are very keen to hear of drawbacks- and without reticence-as soon as possible. Publication of our own experience will follow this preliminary communication in due course."}
{"id": "PMID:888518", "title": "[Radiography of the proximal end of femur for measurements of angles (author's transl)].", "content": "Rariographic estimation of the angles between femoral neck and shaft and of antetorsion is a standard examination, particularly in infantile dysplasia. In the radiographs taken, mistakes are made owing to incorrect positioning of the patient. Recognition and prevention of incorrect positioning are discussed using Rippstein's radiographic technique for measuring the neck-shaft angle. Typical mistakes are shown and guidelines for correct positioning given. Since positioning with the legs abducted is technically limited, and alternative, different technique of positioning is described which appears to be less demanding.", "contents": "[Radiography of the proximal end of femur for measurements of angles (author's transl)]. Rariographic estimation of the angles between femoral neck and shaft and of antetorsion is a standard examination, particularly in infantile dysplasia. In the radiographs taken, mistakes are made owing to incorrect positioning of the patient. Recognition and prevention of incorrect positioning are discussed using Rippstein's radiographic technique for measuring the neck-shaft angle. Typical mistakes are shown and guidelines for correct positioning given. Since positioning with the legs abducted is technically limited, and alternative, different technique of positioning is described which appears to be less demanding."}
{"id": "PMID:888519", "title": "[The individuality of weightbearing-patterns of human gait (author's transl)].", "content": "Measurements have been carried out on a quartz-crystal multicomponent platform. The forces exerted by people walking on it could be measured as transverse, horizontal and vertical forces. The total was assessed mit the aid of the components. The torsion-element in the vertical axis was also measured. The patterns varied significantly with individuals. In general, pressures rose with walking speed. Individual patterns of movements, like elastic or stiff gait, showed clear differences. These are explained by the individual dynamic associated movements. These measurements do not permit direct conclusions as to weightbearing, but they demonstrate forces of dynamic movement. They do support the conclusion that static considerations of weightbearing, which omit the likely weightbearing-reducing forces of associated movements of the limbs, will give only a very fragmentary impression.", "contents": "[The individuality of weightbearing-patterns of human gait (author's transl)]. Measurements have been carried out on a quartz-crystal multicomponent platform. The forces exerted by people walking on it could be measured as transverse, horizontal and vertical forces. The total was assessed mit the aid of the components. The torsion-element in the vertical axis was also measured. The patterns varied significantly with individuals. In general, pressures rose with walking speed. Individual patterns of movements, like elastic or stiff gait, showed clear differences. These are explained by the individual dynamic associated movements. These measurements do not permit direct conclusions as to weightbearing, but they demonstrate forces of dynamic movement. They do support the conclusion that static considerations of weightbearing, which omit the likely weightbearing-reducing forces of associated movements of the limbs, will give only a very fragmentary impression."}
{"id": "PMID:888520", "title": "[Ganglion recidives of the knee joint. Arthrography and clinic (author's transl)].", "content": "56 patients with 59 operated popliteal cysts were controlled clinically and by arthrography. In 14.3% (8 knee-joints) a recidive was found. In 64% the arthrogram showed a tout outline of the joint-capsule. In 30% a small and big bursa was seen. Recessus with long narrow handle can be a potential recidive of ganglion. Clinic and arthrogram allow to make a difference between \"recidive\" and \"ganglion\". The clinical recidive may be a new \"ganglion\".", "contents": "[Ganglion recidives of the knee joint. Arthrography and clinic (author's transl)]. 56 patients with 59 operated popliteal cysts were controlled clinically and by arthrography. In 14.3% (8 knee-joints) a recidive was found. In 64% the arthrogram showed a tout outline of the joint-capsule. In 30% a small and big bursa was seen. Recessus with long narrow handle can be a potential recidive of ganglion. Clinic and arthrogram allow to make a difference between \"recidive\" and \"ganglion\". The clinical recidive may be a new \"ganglion\"."}
{"id": "PMID:888521", "title": "[Orthopedic problems in hemophilia. Pathophysiology and results of operations (author's transl)].", "content": "During the last 3 years we have treated over 400 patients with severe hemophilia A or B of all ages. They were looked after by the Institute for Experimental Hematology and Blood-Transfusion of the University at Bonn, for prevention, rehabilitation and operation. The specific pathophysiology of disability of the hemophiliac is shortly outlined, the chances of operative rehabilitation and their indications are discussed. The results show that--with experience--extensive operative rehabilitation can be achieved also in hemophiliacs.", "contents": "[Orthopedic problems in hemophilia. Pathophysiology and results of operations (author's transl)]. During the last 3 years we have treated over 400 patients with severe hemophilia A or B of all ages. They were looked after by the Institute for Experimental Hematology and Blood-Transfusion of the University at Bonn, for prevention, rehabilitation and operation. The specific pathophysiology of disability of the hemophiliac is shortly outlined, the chances of operative rehabilitation and their indications are discussed. The results show that--with experience--extensive operative rehabilitation can be achieved also in hemophiliacs."}
{"id": "PMID:888522", "title": "[Multicentric chondro-myxoid-fibroma of bone with extraskeletal foci (author's transl)].", "content": "A case of chondro-myxoid-fibroma, followed over 7 years, showed the following: 1. multicentric lesions, 2. new lesions in other bones developed during observation, 3. strictly extra-skeletal foci developed in subcutaneous fat. One is justified to doubt whether this tumor really is benign.", "contents": "[Multicentric chondro-myxoid-fibroma of bone with extraskeletal foci (author's transl)]. A case of chondro-myxoid-fibroma, followed over 7 years, showed the following: 1. multicentric lesions, 2. new lesions in other bones developed during observation, 3. strictly extra-skeletal foci developed in subcutaneous fat. One is justified to doubt whether this tumor really is benign."}
{"id": "PMID:888523", "title": "[The fatigue fracture of the calcaneous. The experimental proof of its mechanical genesis (author's transl)].", "content": "The calcaneus is generally stressed by bending. Spongious bone has a trajectorial structure, and is adapted to the stress to an optimal degree. In fatigue fractures, the dense zone runs perpendicularly to the compressive bundles of the spongious bone. Presuming a mechanical genesis, the sclerotic band is expected to run rectangularly to the tensile bundles. This mechanical condition can be performed in a photoelastic experiment. The proof of the presence of a similar mechanical situation during movement of the foot may be derived from electromyygraphic examinations (Mac Conaill 1969, Basmajian 1974). The appearance of these fractures shows that the time is too short to allow the bone to adapt functionally. It may be concluded from this, that the cause of the fracture is a sudden, sharp increase in exercise.", "contents": "[The fatigue fracture of the calcaneous. The experimental proof of its mechanical genesis (author's transl)]. The calcaneus is generally stressed by bending. Spongious bone has a trajectorial structure, and is adapted to the stress to an optimal degree. In fatigue fractures, the dense zone runs perpendicularly to the compressive bundles of the spongious bone. Presuming a mechanical genesis, the sclerotic band is expected to run rectangularly to the tensile bundles. This mechanical condition can be performed in a photoelastic experiment. The proof of the presence of a similar mechanical situation during movement of the foot may be derived from electromyygraphic examinations (Mac Conaill 1969, Basmajian 1974). The appearance of these fractures shows that the time is too short to allow the bone to adapt functionally. It may be concluded from this, that the cause of the fracture is a sudden, sharp increase in exercise."}
{"id": "PMID:888524", "title": "[\"Chronic inguinal strain\" in top-athletes and its treatment (author's transl)].", "content": "The picture of \"chronic inguinal strain\" must be regarded as a further development of the \"gracilis-syndrome\" described by Schneider in 1964 (posttraumatic pibic osteonecrosis). These are rupture of the tendons of gracilis and adductor-longus, degenerated at their points of insertion on the pubic bone. Only surgery is successful. As described by Schneider, the tendon is divided and osteonecrotic tissue removed. If there is rupture the necrotic part of the tendon is excised, the remainder suture red to the nearby tendon. Re-fixation of the tendon at the pubic bone is unnecessary because of the very monor adduction-function of gracilis. Return to sport will be possible-on average-after 6-8 weeks.", "contents": "[\"Chronic inguinal strain\" in top-athletes and its treatment (author's transl)]. The picture of \"chronic inguinal strain\" must be regarded as a further development of the \"gracilis-syndrome\" described by Schneider in 1964 (posttraumatic pibic osteonecrosis). These are rupture of the tendons of gracilis and adductor-longus, degenerated at their points of insertion on the pubic bone. Only surgery is successful. As described by Schneider, the tendon is divided and osteonecrotic tissue removed. If there is rupture the necrotic part of the tendon is excised, the remainder suture red to the nearby tendon. Re-fixation of the tendon at the pubic bone is unnecessary because of the very monor adduction-function of gracilis. Return to sport will be possible-on average-after 6-8 weeks."}
{"id": "PMID:888525", "title": "[Tibiofibular synostoses (author's transl)].", "content": "Report on two cases. The congenital form we explain by partial persistence of an early stage of embryonal development. The cartilage common to tibia and fibula has separated only incompletely during further growth. The postoperative form probably arises from a bridge-cellus which developed from relative instability of the ostetomy-area during bony union. This bridge-callus became during further growth a wide tibiofibular synostosis.", "contents": "[Tibiofibular synostoses (author's transl)]. Report on two cases. The congenital form we explain by partial persistence of an early stage of embryonal development. The cartilage common to tibia and fibula has separated only incompletely during further growth. The postoperative form probably arises from a bridge-cellus which developed from relative instability of the ostetomy-area during bony union. This bridge-callus became during further growth a wide tibiofibular synostosis."}
{"id": "PMID:888526", "title": "[Reaction in bone and cartilage to Judet metal prosthesis over 20 years (author's transl)].", "content": "A case in which a vitallium head-prosthesis was implanted 20 years before. Changes in the neck of femur: Vitallium proved even after 20 years very passive. Minor metallosis could be seen only microscopically, no inflammatory or foreign-body reaction, no atrophy but sclerosis of cancellous bone, which is considered to be due to adaptation to changed weightbearing. Losening of the implant caused a kind of \"pseudarthrosis\" on the surface of the bed, definite secondary changes, in parts osteoarthrotic. The causes of \"pseudarthrosis\" are discussed.", "contents": "[Reaction in bone and cartilage to Judet metal prosthesis over 20 years (author's transl)]. A case in which a vitallium head-prosthesis was implanted 20 years before. Changes in the neck of femur: Vitallium proved even after 20 years very passive. Minor metallosis could be seen only microscopically, no inflammatory or foreign-body reaction, no atrophy but sclerosis of cancellous bone, which is considered to be due to adaptation to changed weightbearing. Losening of the implant caused a kind of \"pseudarthrosis\" on the surface of the bed, definite secondary changes, in parts osteoarthrotic. The causes of \"pseudarthrosis\" are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:888527", "title": "[Thoracic and lumbar myelography with metrizamid (author's transl)].", "content": "With the new x-ray medium Metrizamid it is possible to perform almost complication-free lumbar and thoracic myelography. In an experience the type of complications arising were reduced to moderate headaches, mild nausea occasional dissiness. No convulsions were seen. The number of complications are less than with other watersoluble contrast medium.", "contents": "[Thoracic and lumbar myelography with metrizamid (author's transl)]. With the new x-ray medium Metrizamid it is possible to perform almost complication-free lumbar and thoracic myelography. In an experience the type of complications arising were reduced to moderate headaches, mild nausea occasional dissiness. No convulsions were seen. The number of complications are less than with other watersoluble contrast medium."}
{"id": "PMID:888528", "title": "[Postoperative spinal canal stenosis (author's transl)].", "content": "Four cases of postoperative spinal canal stenosis were presented in which compression of cauda equina was observed. The lesion was found in 5.8% of operated spinal stenosis (four out of 69 cases). One must pay attention to differentiate the lesion from the recurrence of initial disorder, because the symptoms of the postoperative spinal stenosis is no always typical but sometimes resemble to the symptoms of the initial disorder which needed the operation. Myelography is the only reliable method to decide the extent of the spinal canal stenosis.", "contents": "[Postoperative spinal canal stenosis (author's transl)]. Four cases of postoperative spinal canal stenosis were presented in which compression of cauda equina was observed. The lesion was found in 5.8% of operated spinal stenosis (four out of 69 cases). One must pay attention to differentiate the lesion from the recurrence of initial disorder, because the symptoms of the postoperative spinal stenosis is no always typical but sometimes resemble to the symptoms of the initial disorder which needed the operation. Myelography is the only reliable method to decide the extent of the spinal canal stenosis."}
{"id": "PMID:888529", "title": "[Active scoliosis in a modified Milwaukee brace (author's transl)].", "content": "On the basis of new insights in sport-medicine active exercises in the Milwaukee brace have been developed which enable the patient to straighten out his spine \"on command\". The first exercises serves the straightening. A skin-stimulus (spearing) makes the patient straighten his spine actively. First the doctor, later the parents, stimulate with a prick near the thoracic bulge. The patients learn to withdraw the gibbus from it. To re-inforce muscular power, an isometric resistance is exerted after correction. The second exercise corresponds to the well-known active extension with the extension-bandage of Kr\u00e4mer, but this effect is achieved with a modification of the brace. The pelvic girdle contains two shallow holes into which grips can be inserted. The lenght of these grips is so arranged that the power of the arms can be used to best effect. This exercise, too, will later be carried out against the resistance of a sandbag weighing 2-4 kg which is put on the patient's head. Both exercises have the great advantage that they seem to make sense to the patient and will be gladly and regularly carried out. They also encourage the young girls to wear the brace with more hope for success.", "contents": "[Active scoliosis in a modified Milwaukee brace (author's transl)]. On the basis of new insights in sport-medicine active exercises in the Milwaukee brace have been developed which enable the patient to straighten out his spine \"on command\". The first exercises serves the straightening. A skin-stimulus (spearing) makes the patient straighten his spine actively. First the doctor, later the parents, stimulate with a prick near the thoracic bulge. The patients learn to withdraw the gibbus from it. To re-inforce muscular power, an isometric resistance is exerted after correction. The second exercise corresponds to the well-known active extension with the extension-bandage of Kr\u00e4mer, but this effect is achieved with a modification of the brace. The pelvic girdle contains two shallow holes into which grips can be inserted. The lenght of these grips is so arranged that the power of the arms can be used to best effect. This exercise, too, will later be carried out against the resistance of a sandbag weighing 2-4 kg which is put on the patient's head. Both exercises have the great advantage that they seem to make sense to the patient and will be gladly and regularly carried out. They also encourage the young girls to wear the brace with more hope for success."}
{"id": "PMID:888530", "title": "[Osteochondritis dissecans of the carpal scaphoid (author's transl)].", "content": "One case of osteochondrosis dissecans of the carpal scaphoid is reported. The diagnosis is built upon clinical, radiographical, intraoperative and histological statements. Concerning the aetiology there exists as well a dysplay on the scaphoid on the other side. It might be caused by overcharging of the wrist.", "contents": "[Osteochondritis dissecans of the carpal scaphoid (author's transl)]. One case of osteochondrosis dissecans of the carpal scaphoid is reported. The diagnosis is built upon clinical, radiographical, intraoperative and histological statements. Concerning the aetiology there exists as well a dysplay on the scaphoid on the other side. It might be caused by overcharging of the wrist."}
{"id": "PMID:888571", "title": "Old age: only a way station?", "content": "\"A close look suggests that the predominant posture toward old people in our society may be characterized by stereotyping, segregating and stigmatizing.\"", "contents": "Old age: only a way station? \"A close look suggests that the predominant posture toward old people in our society may be characterized by stereotyping, segregating and stigmatizing.\""}
{"id": "PMID:888577", "title": "[Total and organically bound mercury content in fishes from German fishing grounds (author's transl)].", "content": "In a survey sponsored by the Ministry of Food Agriculture and Forestry of the Federal Republic of Germany the mercury contamination of 759 specimens of fishes from the German fishing grounds were analysed. The determinations were performed by flameless atomic absorption (cold vapour system). -We found for the fishes of greatest economic importance herring, cod, saithe, haddock very low averages of less than 0,1 ppm. The legal limit of 1 ppm was only reached or exceeded by older fishes (ling 1.18 ppm, red-fish 1.09 ppm) and by specific kinds of fishes (shark 3.23 ppm, ray 1.69 ppm, tuna 0.80 ppm). -The organically bound mercury (methyl-Hg) which is considered especially toxic, has been determined by gas-liquid-chromatography. Methyl-Hg constitutes about 70--98% of the total mercury, a value which is in agreement with Japanese and Swedish reports on this subject.", "contents": "[Total and organically bound mercury content in fishes from German fishing grounds (author's transl)]. In a survey sponsored by the Ministry of Food Agriculture and Forestry of the Federal Republic of Germany the mercury contamination of 759 specimens of fishes from the German fishing grounds were analysed. The determinations were performed by flameless atomic absorption (cold vapour system). -We found for the fishes of greatest economic importance herring, cod, saithe, haddock very low averages of less than 0,1 ppm. The legal limit of 1 ppm was only reached or exceeded by older fishes (ling 1.18 ppm, red-fish 1.09 ppm) and by specific kinds of fishes (shark 3.23 ppm, ray 1.69 ppm, tuna 0.80 ppm). -The organically bound mercury (methyl-Hg) which is considered especially toxic, has been determined by gas-liquid-chromatography. Methyl-Hg constitutes about 70--98% of the total mercury, a value which is in agreement with Japanese and Swedish reports on this subject."}
{"id": "PMID:888578", "title": "[Thermal stability of aflatoxin M1 (author's transl)].", "content": "Aflatoxin  M1 was added to Emmental hard cheese which was used for the production of processed cheese.  The melting times at about 90 degrees C varied between 3 and 30 min. The analysis of the corresponding processed cheeses yielded a recovery of about 91% aflatoxin M1 on average. This means, that the aflatoxin M1 present in the hard cheese is essentially not destroyed during the production of processed cheese.", "contents": "[Thermal stability of aflatoxin M1 (author's transl)]. Aflatoxin  M1 was added to Emmental hard cheese which was used for the production of processed cheese.  The melting times at about 90 degrees C varied between 3 and 30 min. The analysis of the corresponding processed cheeses yielded a recovery of about 91% aflatoxin M1 on average. This means, that the aflatoxin M1 present in the hard cheese is essentially not destroyed during the production of processed cheese."}
{"id": "PMID:888580", "title": "[Simulation of natural mould growth in processed cheese (author's transl)].", "content": "Processed cheese is a very good substrate for Aspergillus flavus. After 16 days incubation, a processed cheese inoculated with Aspergillus flavus was found to contain 35 ppm aflatoxin B1, 66 ppm aflatoxin G1, 8.6 ppm aflatoxin B2, 5.3 ppm aflatoxin G2 and 2.1 ppm aflatoxin M1. An increase in the content of emulsifying salt from 3% to 8% caused a distinct decrease in the contents of aflatoxin B1 and G1 in the cheese, as did the addition of 6% sodium chloride.", "contents": "[Simulation of natural mould growth in processed cheese (author's transl)]. Processed cheese is a very good substrate for Aspergillus flavus. After 16 days incubation, a processed cheese inoculated with Aspergillus flavus was found to contain 35 ppm aflatoxin B1, 66 ppm aflatoxin G1, 8.6 ppm aflatoxin B2, 5.3 ppm aflatoxin G2 and 2.1 ppm aflatoxin M1. An increase in the content of emulsifying salt from 3% to 8% caused a distinct decrease in the contents of aflatoxin B1 and G1 in the cheese, as did the addition of 6% sodium chloride."}
{"id": "PMID:888581", "title": "[On the determination of the solanum alkaloide solanine and chaconine (author's transl)].", "content": "A new analytical method for quantitative determination of solanine and chaconine in potato tubers, sprouts and leaves has been developed: a) The extraction with pyridine causes a careful isolation of glycoalkaloids; b) the glycoalkaloids are determined by gaschromatography after silylation.", "contents": "[On the determination of the solanum alkaloide solanine and chaconine (author's transl)]. A new analytical method for quantitative determination of solanine and chaconine in potato tubers, sprouts and leaves has been developed: a) The extraction with pyridine causes a careful isolation of glycoalkaloids; b) the glycoalkaloids are determined by gaschromatography after silylation."}
{"id": "PMID:888582", "title": "Environment-dependent attachment behaviour of goslings (Anser indicus) due to environment-specific separation experience.", "content": "Hand-reared Bar-headed goslings (Anser indicus) were always left alone by the human parent in one room, while in another room the parent was always with them. After 13--22 h of experience in each room and at an age of 4--5 days individual goslings were left alone for 5 min in each room. They uttered significantly fewer distress calls in the room in which they were accustomed to being left alone by the parent. The result is interpreted in terms of environment-dependent calibration of interindividual distances. Such weighted distances are expected to be important variables in the short-term control of attachment behaviour.", "contents": "Environment-dependent attachment behaviour of goslings (Anser indicus) due to environment-specific separation experience. Hand-reared Bar-headed goslings (Anser indicus) were always left alone by the human parent in one room, while in another room the parent was always with them. After 13--22 h of experience in each room and at an age of 4--5 days individual goslings were left alone for 5 min in each room. They uttered significantly fewer distress calls in the room in which they were accustomed to being left alone by the parent. The result is interpreted in terms of environment-dependent calibration of interindividual distances. Such weighted distances are expected to be important variables in the short-term control of attachment behaviour."}
{"id": "PMID:888584", "title": "[Morphological examinations of congenital obstructions of the uretero-pelvic junction in children (author's transl)].", "content": "Congenital obstructions of the uretero-pelvic junction of the urinary tract have severe sequelae: urine retention, hydronephrosis, and infections, leading to renal insufficiency without adequate therapy. As the operative results are not always optimal, we studied the morphology of 56 operative specimens and analyzed the structural changes. We found the following conditions causing stenosis of the proximal ureter: 47 localized hypoplasia of the proximal segments of the ureter, systematic hypoplasia in 4 cases, and hypertrophy of the total upper urinary tract in 5 cases. The intrapelvic increase of pressure and the necessary additional work cause characteristic changes of the renal pelvis in the form of hypertrophy of the muscularis and the tunica propria, fibrous destruction of the wall, and secondary formation of valves, which eventually enhance the stenotic effect of the proximal ureter. In the kidneys caliectasis, reduction and hypoplasia of the renal medulla with minor reduction of the renal cortex may be observed. Finally, infections complicate the clinical course. The choice of the surgical procedure should be determined by type and progression of the structural changes and not by personal opinions.", "contents": "[Morphological examinations of congenital obstructions of the uretero-pelvic junction in children (author's transl)]. Congenital obstructions of the uretero-pelvic junction of the urinary tract have severe sequelae: urine retention, hydronephrosis, and infections, leading to renal insufficiency without adequate therapy. As the operative results are not always optimal, we studied the morphology of 56 operative specimens and analyzed the structural changes. We found the following conditions causing stenosis of the proximal ureter: 47 localized hypoplasia of the proximal segments of the ureter, systematic hypoplasia in 4 cases, and hypertrophy of the total upper urinary tract in 5 cases. The intrapelvic increase of pressure and the necessary additional work cause characteristic changes of the renal pelvis in the form of hypertrophy of the muscularis and the tunica propria, fibrous destruction of the wall, and secondary formation of valves, which eventually enhance the stenotic effect of the proximal ureter. In the kidneys caliectasis, reduction and hypoplasia of the renal medulla with minor reduction of the renal cortex may be observed. Finally, infections complicate the clinical course. The choice of the surgical procedure should be determined by type and progression of the structural changes and not by personal opinions."}
{"id": "PMID:888585", "title": "[The morphology of small bowel in small bowel atresia and stenosis].", "content": "The morphologic analysis of 24 operation specimens of small bowel atresia and stenosis reveals: 1. The classification in the 4 common types of atresia is without importance for the operative management in the newborn. 2. Widely important are systemic structural changes of the atretic, preatretic, and the oral small bowel, the associated intraabdominal malformations, and the mucoviscidosis. The morphological damages at the small bowel in atresia are shown in detail. In some cases the results of the histological examination elucidate vascular alterations caused by small bowel obstruction, The severe destructing pre-atretic small bowel should be resected.", "contents": "[The morphology of small bowel in small bowel atresia and stenosis]. The morphologic analysis of 24 operation specimens of small bowel atresia and stenosis reveals: 1. The classification in the 4 common types of atresia is without importance for the operative management in the newborn. 2. Widely important are systemic structural changes of the atretic, preatretic, and the oral small bowel, the associated intraabdominal malformations, and the mucoviscidosis. The morphological damages at the small bowel in atresia are shown in detail. In some cases the results of the histological examination elucidate vascular alterations caused by small bowel obstruction, The severe destructing pre-atretic small bowel should be resected."}
{"id": "PMID:888587", "title": "[Physiotherapy in surgery and traumatology (author's transl)].", "content": "The present survey represents the aims and the methodical contents of physiotherapy for their application in surgery/traumatology. Principles outlining the approach in the pre- and postoperative phase and in the process of functional rehabilitation are explained, with the significance of kinesitherapy as the main point of activating methods and the supporting role of  passive measures being referred to. Aspects of medical rehabilitation conclude the survey. Some suggestions for an organisational conformity with references to a more effective medical prescription of physiotherapy from an informationl point of view complete the concept of harmonious cooperation among special branches in a big general hospital.", "contents": "[Physiotherapy in surgery and traumatology (author's transl)]. The present survey represents the aims and the methodical contents of physiotherapy for their application in surgery/traumatology. Principles outlining the approach in the pre- and postoperative phase and in the process of functional rehabilitation are explained, with the significance of kinesitherapy as the main point of activating methods and the supporting role of  passive measures being referred to. Aspects of medical rehabilitation conclude the survey. Some suggestions for an organisational conformity with references to a more effective medical prescription of physiotherapy from an informationl point of view complete the concept of harmonious cooperation among special branches in a big general hospital."}
{"id": "PMID:888588", "title": "[Knee-ligaments--operation and functional postoperative care (author's transl)].", "content": "After surgical repair of ruptured knee-ligaments the patients have a functional treatment with the help of a limited-mobilization cast (LMC). Flexion from 20 to 60 degrees exerts no tension on the knee-ligaments. Damage to the cartilage by immobilisation can be prevented, the frequency of post-traumatic arthrosis reduced.", "contents": "[Knee-ligaments--operation and functional postoperative care (author's transl)]. After surgical repair of ruptured knee-ligaments the patients have a functional treatment with the help of a limited-mobilization cast (LMC). Flexion from 20 to 60 degrees exerts no tension on the knee-ligaments. Damage to the cartilage by immobilisation can be prevented, the frequency of post-traumatic arthrosis reduced."}
{"id": "PMID:888590", "title": "[Incidence of abortive ova in abortion material].", "content": "The material of 250 legal abortions is investigated histologically. In 47 cases we have found no trophoblastic tissue. Among the other 203 cases we diagnose 50 (24,6 per cent) abortive ova. 40 cases (19,7 per cent) are suspicious of abortive ovum. Only 7 cases (3,4 per cent) show signs of inflammation. Furthermore in 10 cases (4,9 per cent) early disturbances of placentation (maturation) are supposed. According to the statistical results of are supposed our hospital, the frequency of abortive ova among all pregnancies (number of deliveries, spontaneous abortions and legal abortions) is calculated for 14,9%. The real value of spontaneous abortions may be between 15 and 25 per cent.", "contents": "[Incidence of abortive ova in abortion material]. The material of 250 legal abortions is investigated histologically. In 47 cases we have found no trophoblastic tissue. Among the other 203 cases we diagnose 50 (24,6 per cent) abortive ova. 40 cases (19,7 per cent) are suspicious of abortive ovum. Only 7 cases (3,4 per cent) show signs of inflammation. Furthermore in 10 cases (4,9 per cent) early disturbances of placentation (maturation) are supposed. According to the statistical results of are supposed our hospital, the frequency of abortive ova among all pregnancies (number of deliveries, spontaneous abortions and legal abortions) is calculated for 14,9%. The real value of spontaneous abortions may be between 15 and 25 per cent."}
{"id": "PMID:888591", "title": "[Various new aspects for prevention and therapy of impending premature birth].", "content": "After a short representation of the present possibilities in prophylaxis and therapy of premature infants an information is given about disturbances of metabolism of the liver follow up the treatment with beta-adrenergic substances. Further a first report is given about laying in of pessars in addition to cerclage in cases of insufficiency of the cervix uteri.", "contents": "[Various new aspects for prevention and therapy of impending premature birth]. After a short representation of the present possibilities in prophylaxis and therapy of premature infants an information is given about disturbances of metabolism of the liver follow up the treatment with beta-adrenergic substances. Further a first report is given about laying in of pessars in addition to cerclage in cases of insufficiency of the cervix uteri."}
{"id": "PMID:888592", "title": "The significance of martens as transmitters of wildlife rabies in Europe.", "content": "In two areas of the Federal Republic of Germany, 191 rabies cases in martens were investigated for the occurrence of clusters. The length of the interval between cases recorded in the same community showed an uneven distribution. Most such cases occurred at intervals of less than 6 months. No close correlation was found between such associated cases in martens and the frequency of cases in foxes. The results suggest that short chains of infection do occur in martens. Though these episodes in martens are rare and tend to cease after 3-4 months, their significance in the epidemic should be considered locally during the final stage of control operations.", "contents": "The significance of martens as transmitters of wildlife rabies in Europe. In two areas of the Federal Republic of Germany, 191 rabies cases in martens were investigated for the occurrence of clusters. The length of the interval between cases recorded in the same community showed an uneven distribution. Most such cases occurred at intervals of less than 6 months. No close correlation was found between such associated cases in martens and the frequency of cases in foxes. The results suggest that short chains of infection do occur in martens. Though these episodes in martens are rare and tend to cease after 3-4 months, their significance in the epidemic should be considered locally during the final stage of control operations."}
{"id": "PMID:888593", "title": "Studies on the ultrastructure of Yersinia pseudotuberculosis after treatment with some detergents and solvents.", "content": "The ultrastructural changes in 3 strains Yersinia pseudotuberculosis with different virulence after treatment with sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) and petroleum ether were studied. The ultrafine sections after treatment with SLS show heavy destructive changes, concerning the cell wall, the cytoplasmic membrane and the inner structure of the cell. It was established that the same cells Y. pseudotuberculosis after cultivation on a medium with glycerol show a tendency to recover their ultrastructure. The cells treated with petroleum ether did not exhibit any notable ultrastructural changes.", "contents": "Studies on the ultrastructure of Yersinia pseudotuberculosis after treatment with some detergents and solvents. The ultrastructural changes in 3 strains Yersinia pseudotuberculosis with different virulence after treatment with sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) and petroleum ether were studied. The ultrafine sections after treatment with SLS show heavy destructive changes, concerning the cell wall, the cytoplasmic membrane and the inner structure of the cell. It was established that the same cells Y. pseudotuberculosis after cultivation on a medium with glycerol show a tendency to recover their ultrastructure. The cells treated with petroleum ether did not exhibit any notable ultrastructural changes."}
{"id": "PMID:888594", "title": "[Polyacrylamid-gel-electrophoresis of Haemophilus proteins (author's transl)].", "content": "After phenol-acetic-acid extraction the following Haemophilus strains resp. their proteins were subjected the polyacrylamid-gel-electrophoresis in presence of 8 M urea: Strains of the serovar A of H. paragallinarum: 0083, 1516, 1598, 2213, 1645, 1646, L\u00f6hren, 2671, 1385, 758, 17756; strains of serovar B of H. paragallinarum: 0222, 2600, 733, 2028, 1596, 2026, 1676, 245, the S and R-form of 2403 as well as the strains 782 and 1655, which were not serotyped; strains of H. paravium sp. nova (HINZ: Inst. J. Syst. Bacteriol. in press): 1762, 62 (Serovar 1), 2654, 2659 (Serovar 2), 780 (Serovar 3), 94 (Serovar 4) and 1254, 0002, 0003, which were not serotyped. H. parainfluenzae (NCTC 4101) and H. parasuis were examined in the same way. The Coomassie Blue-stained protein patterns show that each of the strains tested developed its characteristic protein pattern, with exception of the S- and R-form of the strain 2403, which developed identical pattern. Interrelations between electrophoretic pattern and biological properties such as biochemical activities or pathogenicity could not be proved. However, the procedure described seems to be suitable for strain- or clon-identification on the subspecies level. The electrophoresis apparatus, which was made according to our instructions was less expensive than corresponding available equipments and proved to be usable for the polyacrylamid-gel-electrophoresis.", "contents": "[Polyacrylamid-gel-electrophoresis of Haemophilus proteins (author's transl)]. After phenol-acetic-acid extraction the following Haemophilus strains resp. their proteins were subjected the polyacrylamid-gel-electrophoresis in presence of 8 M urea: Strains of the serovar A of H. paragallinarum: 0083, 1516, 1598, 2213, 1645, 1646, L\u00f6hren, 2671, 1385, 758, 17756; strains of serovar B of H. paragallinarum: 0222, 2600, 733, 2028, 1596, 2026, 1676, 245, the S and R-form of 2403 as well as the strains 782 and 1655, which were not serotyped; strains of H. paravium sp. nova (HINZ: Inst. J. Syst. Bacteriol. in press): 1762, 62 (Serovar 1), 2654, 2659 (Serovar 2), 780 (Serovar 3), 94 (Serovar 4) and 1254, 0002, 0003, which were not serotyped. H. parainfluenzae (NCTC 4101) and H. parasuis were examined in the same way. The Coomassie Blue-stained protein patterns show that each of the strains tested developed its characteristic protein pattern, with exception of the S- and R-form of the strain 2403, which developed identical pattern. Interrelations between electrophoretic pattern and biological properties such as biochemical activities or pathogenicity could not be proved. However, the procedure described seems to be suitable for strain- or clon-identification on the subspecies level. The electrophoresis apparatus, which was made according to our instructions was less expensive than corresponding available equipments and proved to be usable for the polyacrylamid-gel-electrophoresis."}
{"id": "PMID:888596", "title": "Temperature induced dimorphism in Microsporum gypseum.", "content": "The biochemical mutant of Microsporum gypseum requiring adenine shows characteristic dimorphism dependent upon temperature. At 37 degrees C it produces faviform aconidial colonies with spherical swollen cells similar to thin-walled chlamydospores. At 26 degrees C it yields the usual mycelium with conidia. Conversion of the faviform and mycelial forms is controlled by temperature and reversible.", "contents": "Temperature induced dimorphism in Microsporum gypseum. The biochemical mutant of Microsporum gypseum requiring adenine shows characteristic dimorphism dependent upon temperature. At 37 degrees C it produces faviform aconidial colonies with spherical swollen cells similar to thin-walled chlamydospores. At 26 degrees C it yields the usual mycelium with conidia. Conversion of the faviform and mycelial forms is controlled by temperature and reversible."}
{"id": "PMID:888668", "title": "Anxiety, heart rate and their interrelation at mental stress in school children.", "content": "Heart rate (HR) was measured in 63 ten year old boys during psychic stress induced by dental examination and the reading of a difficult test before a public. By means of the CMAS questionnaire, a teacher's questionnaire, rating of manifestations during the examination and selfcomparison by the children, we tried to assess the level of their anxiety. We looked for correlations between the individual measures of this personality trait and between anxiety and autonomic (HR) reactivity. From the aspect of HR the whole experiment appeared as a uniform, ever increasing stress, including socalled rest situations. HR was more affected by the stress situations than by individual reactivity. Concerning degree of anxiety we found a correlation only between the score of manifest anxiety (CMAS scale) and HR level: more anxious children had a lower HR under stress than less anxious children. We found no correlation between anxiety reported subjectively (CMAS) and objective observation (teacher, experimenter, other children). It was confirmed that in assessing the child's reactivity in stress the intensity of the stimulus must be taken into account. An analysis of the literature has shown that the results and their interpretation depend much on the methods used.", "contents": "Anxiety, heart rate and their interrelation at mental stress in school children. Heart rate (HR) was measured in 63 ten year old boys during psychic stress induced by dental examination and the reading of a difficult test before a public. By means of the CMAS questionnaire, a teacher's questionnaire, rating of manifestations during the examination and selfcomparison by the children, we tried to assess the level of their anxiety. We looked for correlations between the individual measures of this personality trait and between anxiety and autonomic (HR) reactivity. From the aspect of HR the whole experiment appeared as a uniform, ever increasing stress, including socalled rest situations. HR was more affected by the stress situations than by individual reactivity. Concerning degree of anxiety we found a correlation only between the score of manifest anxiety (CMAS scale) and HR level: more anxious children had a lower HR under stress than less anxious children. We found no correlation between anxiety reported subjectively (CMAS) and objective observation (teacher, experimenter, other children). It was confirmed that in assessing the child's reactivity in stress the intensity of the stimulus must be taken into account. An analysis of the literature has shown that the results and their interpretation depend much on the methods used."}
{"id": "PMID:888670", "title": "[A study of clinical signs and EEG profiles in hypercalcemic encephalopathy (author's transl)].", "content": "Eight cases of acute or subacute hypercalcemic encephalopathy are described. The symptoms comprise digestive disorders, signs of dehydration and neuropsychological anomalies. Among the latter, it is stressed that impairments of upright stance and locomotion are present in all cases. The clinical picture is not characteristic. The EEG profile is constant: a slow occipitoparietal background activity is interrupted by high-voltage anterior delta bursts of 1 to 4 second duration. When blood calcium is restored to a normal level the clinical symptoms disappear within 1-2 weeks and EEG anomalies within 3-8 weeks. The physiopathological mechanism whereby hypercalcemia cause clinical and EEG anomalies is still unknown. Blood calcium determinations should be included among the biochemical tests carried out on all patients presenting neuropsychological disorders.", "contents": "[A study of clinical signs and EEG profiles in hypercalcemic encephalopathy (author's transl)]. Eight cases of acute or subacute hypercalcemic encephalopathy are described. The symptoms comprise digestive disorders, signs of dehydration and neuropsychological anomalies. Among the latter, it is stressed that impairments of upright stance and locomotion are present in all cases. The clinical picture is not characteristic. The EEG profile is constant: a slow occipitoparietal background activity is interrupted by high-voltage anterior delta bursts of 1 to 4 second duration. When blood calcium is restored to a normal level the clinical symptoms disappear within 1-2 weeks and EEG anomalies within 3-8 weeks. The physiopathological mechanism whereby hypercalcemia cause clinical and EEG anomalies is still unknown. Blood calcium determinations should be included among the biochemical tests carried out on all patients presenting neuropsychological disorders."}
{"id": "PMID:888671", "title": "[Bilateral triple aneurysms operated in two stages: two case studies (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors discuss the approach to adopt in a case of multiple cerebral aneurysm, taking into account the patient's condition and the appearance of the aneurysmal wall. The size of the aneurysm is not an absolute criterion on which the base an assumption as to the site of the rupture and the haemorrhage. Therapy should be based on plastic coating together with clipping of the aneurysm.", "contents": "[Bilateral triple aneurysms operated in two stages: two case studies (author's transl)]. The authors discuss the approach to adopt in a case of multiple cerebral aneurysm, taking into account the patient's condition and the appearance of the aneurysmal wall. The size of the aneurysm is not an absolute criterion on which the base an assumption as to the site of the rupture and the haemorrhage. Therapy should be based on plastic coating together with clipping of the aneurysm."}
{"id": "PMID:888672", "title": "Thrombosis of the mesencephalic artery. A clinico-pathological study of two cases and its correlation with the arterial vascularisation.", "content": "Two cases of thrombosis of the mesencephalic artery are described : the location of the occlusion and of the infarcted area in the upper mesencephalon is correlated to the clinical syndrome, in particular to the existence or the absence of an oculomotor paralysis. In addition 27 normal brains are examined by means of the translucidation and the radiographic techniques after filling of the arterial system with a colloidal barium sulphate solution. This study supports the subdivision of the upper mesencephalon into five vascular territories and justifies the denomination of mesencephalic artery, which supplies a transitional region between the diencephalon and the brainstem.", "contents": "Thrombosis of the mesencephalic artery. A clinico-pathological study of two cases and its correlation with the arterial vascularisation. Two cases of thrombosis of the mesencephalic artery are described : the location of the occlusion and of the infarcted area in the upper mesencephalon is correlated to the clinical syndrome, in particular to the existence or the absence of an oculomotor paralysis. In addition 27 normal brains are examined by means of the translucidation and the radiographic techniques after filling of the arterial system with a colloidal barium sulphate solution. This study supports the subdivision of the upper mesencephalon into five vascular territories and justifies the denomination of mesencephalic artery, which supplies a transitional region between the diencephalon and the brainstem."}
{"id": "PMID:888673", "title": "Critical appraisal of angioscintigraphy as a diagnostic procedure in cerebrovascular disease.", "content": "In order to assess the diagnostic usefulness of combined functional and morphological isotopic investigations of brain vascularization after intravenous injection of a bolus 99mTc pertechnetate, the authors explored, besides a control group, patients with acute cerebrovascular disease, angiomas, aneurysms and intracerebral hematomas. Combined flow evaluation and visualization of the intracerebral bolus transit was highly effective in patients with cerebrovascular disease. Angiomas with a diameter of 2 cm or more are always visible, the abnormal vascularization of the affected hemisphere being correctly evaluated. Cerebral aneurysms are frequently missed by angioscintigraphy. Intracerebral hematoma generally gives false negative results.", "contents": "Critical appraisal of angioscintigraphy as a diagnostic procedure in cerebrovascular disease. In order to assess the diagnostic usefulness of combined functional and morphological isotopic investigations of brain vascularization after intravenous injection of a bolus 99mTc pertechnetate, the authors explored, besides a control group, patients with acute cerebrovascular disease, angiomas, aneurysms and intracerebral hematomas. Combined flow evaluation and visualization of the intracerebral bolus transit was highly effective in patients with cerebrovascular disease. Angiomas with a diameter of 2 cm or more are always visible, the abnormal vascularization of the affected hemisphere being correctly evaluated. Cerebral aneurysms are frequently missed by angioscintigraphy. Intracerebral hematoma generally gives false negative results."}
{"id": "PMID:888674", "title": "Effects of perilymphatic perfusion with neomycin on the cochlear microphonic potential in the guinea pig.", "content": "The effects of three concentrations of neomycin, administered by a method of acute perilymphatic perfusion of the guinea pig cochlea, on the cochlear microphonic potential (CM) at 4 kHz and 500 Hz are described. A concentration-dependent reduction in CM occured during the 60 minute perfusion period. Neomycin at 10-4 M did not change the CM magnitude, while at 10-3 and 102 M it caused 4 kHz (and 500 Hz) CM reductions which began within 24 (for both frequencies) minutes and 10 (and 12) minutes of drug application respectively. CM reduction proceeded at a higher rate for greater neomycin concentration. The perfusion technique, the implication of the frequency indifference, and the potential of the perfusion technique for inner ear biochemical analysis are discussed.", "contents": "Effects of perilymphatic perfusion with neomycin on the cochlear microphonic potential in the guinea pig. The effects of three concentrations of neomycin, administered by a method of acute perilymphatic perfusion of the guinea pig cochlea, on the cochlear microphonic potential (CM) at 4 kHz and 500 Hz are described. A concentration-dependent reduction in CM occured during the 60 minute perfusion period. Neomycin at 10-4 M did not change the CM magnitude, while at 10-3 and 102 M it caused 4 kHz (and 500 Hz) CM reductions which began within 24 (for both frequencies) minutes and 10 (and 12) minutes of drug application respectively. CM reduction proceeded at a higher rate for greater neomycin concentration. The perfusion technique, the implication of the frequency indifference, and the potential of the perfusion technique for inner ear biochemical analysis are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:888675", "title": "Radioactive labeling of phospholipids and proteins by cochlear perfusion in the guinea pig and the effect of neomycin.", "content": "Phospholipids and proteins of guinea pig stria vascularis, spiral ligament and organ of Corti were radioactively labeled by perilymphatic perfusion with artificial perilymph containing [32P] orthophosphate or radioactive amino acids. Phospholipids were separated by thin-layer chromatography, proteins by disc gel electrophoresis and quantitated by liquid scintillation counting. The addition of 10-4M to 10-2M neomycin to the perfusion fluid resulted in a dose-dependent increase of tissue permeability to the radioactive precursors, and a specific decrease in the 32P-incorporation into phosphatidylinositol diphosphate in stria vascularis and organ of Corti. No effect of neomycin on protein labeling was observed using a double label approach with [3H]methionine and [35S]-methionine. In vitro, low concentrations of neomycin led to the formation of a complex and polyphosphoinositides. Much higher concentrations of the drug were needed for a comparable reaction with the acid mucopolysaccharide, chondroitin sulfate A. The implications of these findings for the mechanism of neomycin ototoxicity are discussed.", "contents": "Radioactive labeling of phospholipids and proteins by cochlear perfusion in the guinea pig and the effect of neomycin. Phospholipids and proteins of guinea pig stria vascularis, spiral ligament and organ of Corti were radioactively labeled by perilymphatic perfusion with artificial perilymph containing [32P] orthophosphate or radioactive amino acids. Phospholipids were separated by thin-layer chromatography, proteins by disc gel electrophoresis and quantitated by liquid scintillation counting. The addition of 10-4M to 10-2M neomycin to the perfusion fluid resulted in a dose-dependent increase of tissue permeability to the radioactive precursors, and a specific decrease in the 32P-incorporation into phosphatidylinositol diphosphate in stria vascularis and organ of Corti. No effect of neomycin on protein labeling was observed using a double label approach with [3H]methionine and [35S]-methionine. In vitro, low concentrations of neomycin led to the formation of a complex and polyphosphoinositides. Much higher concentrations of the drug were needed for a comparable reaction with the acid mucopolysaccharide, chondroitin sulfate A. The implications of these findings for the mechanism of neomycin ototoxicity are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:888676", "title": "Behavioral auditory function after transection of crossed olivo-cochlear bundle in the cat. III. Further study of ambient light intensity discrimination under intense noise.", "content": "This report describes the results in cats of a visual-auditory dual modal experiment after translateral olivo-cochlear bundle ablation at the floor of fourth ventricle. Subjects were behaviorally conditioned (avoidance) to respond in a shuttle box to show that they detected changes in ambient light intensity during the existence of intense background noise. With the given experimental paradigm, no noticeable difference was found between the response of the experimental animals and those of animals that underwent sham operation.", "contents": "Behavioral auditory function after transection of crossed olivo-cochlear bundle in the cat. III. Further study of ambient light intensity discrimination under intense noise. This report describes the results in cats of a visual-auditory dual modal experiment after translateral olivo-cochlear bundle ablation at the floor of fourth ventricle. Subjects were behaviorally conditioned (avoidance) to respond in a shuttle box to show that they detected changes in ambient light intensity during the existence of intense background noise. With the given experimental paradigm, no noticeable difference was found between the response of the experimental animals and those of animals that underwent sham operation."}
{"id": "PMID:888677", "title": "Temporal integration of acoustic energy.", "content": "Perception of sound shows an increase in loudness related to the duration of the acoustic stimulus. This phenomenon has been studied at threshold (temporal integration) in normal and impaired ears. Normal ears showed an improved threshold with impulse durations up to 200 msec. In cochlear hearing loss, regardless of pathology, the threshold improvement was reduced. A method to evaluate these changes has been designed (Brief Tone Audiometry). When using this method, a quantitative comparison showed the same reduction in temporal integration in ears with hearing loss, regardless of pathology. By using a loudness balance test, the increase in loudness related to prolongation of the stimulus was investigated (Loudness Summation). Loudness growth was measured at various intensities and the results from normal and hearing-impaired ears were compared. At a given sound intensity both normal and hearing-impaired ears showed the same Loudness Summation, which in turn showed a simple relationship to Brief Tone Audiometry in impaired ears. Physiological and diagnostic aspects of these findings are discussed.", "contents": "Temporal integration of acoustic energy. Perception of sound shows an increase in loudness related to the duration of the acoustic stimulus. This phenomenon has been studied at threshold (temporal integration) in normal and impaired ears. Normal ears showed an improved threshold with impulse durations up to 200 msec. In cochlear hearing loss, regardless of pathology, the threshold improvement was reduced. A method to evaluate these changes has been designed (Brief Tone Audiometry). When using this method, a quantitative comparison showed the same reduction in temporal integration in ears with hearing loss, regardless of pathology. By using a loudness balance test, the increase in loudness related to prolongation of the stimulus was investigated (Loudness Summation). Loudness growth was measured at various intensities and the results from normal and hearing-impaired ears were compared. At a given sound intensity both normal and hearing-impaired ears showed the same Loudness Summation, which in turn showed a simple relationship to Brief Tone Audiometry in impaired ears. Physiological and diagnostic aspects of these findings are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:888680", "title": "Morphological changes of labyrinthine blood vessels following metal poisoning.", "content": "Metal intoxication (mercury and arsenic) in guinea pigs may cause damage to labyrinthine blood vessels by swelling of the endothelial cells, mitochondrial disintegration and sometimes protrusion of endothelial cell cytoplasm herniating into the blood vessel lumen. Chronic mercury intoxication resulted in distorted endothelial cells with an increase in the density of their cytoplasm. An altered vascular permeability is likely to occur as the result of the morphological changes.", "contents": "Morphological changes of labyrinthine blood vessels following metal poisoning. Metal intoxication (mercury and arsenic) in guinea pigs may cause damage to labyrinthine blood vessels by swelling of the endothelial cells, mitochondrial disintegration and sometimes protrusion of endothelial cell cytoplasm herniating into the blood vessel lumen. Chronic mercury intoxication resulted in distorted endothelial cells with an increase in the density of their cytoplasm. An altered vascular permeability is likely to occur as the result of the morphological changes."}
{"id": "PMID:888681", "title": "Postural equilibrium following exposure to weightless space flight.", "content": "Postural equilibrium performance by the Skylab 1/2, 3, and 4 crewmen following exposure to weightlessness of 28, 59, and 84 days respectively was evaluated using a modified version of a quantitative ataxia test developed by Graybiel and Fregly. Performance for this test was measured under two sets of conditions. In the first, the crewman was required to maintain postural equilibrium on narrow metal rails (or floor) with his eyes open. In the second condition, he attempted to balance with his eyes closed. A comparison of the preflight and postflight data indicated moderate postflight decrements in postural equilibrium in three of the crewmen during the eyes open test condition. However, in the eyes closed condition, a considerable decrease in ability to maintain balance on the rails was observed postflight for all crewmen tested. The magnitude of the change was most pronounced during the first postflight test day. Improvement was slow; however, on the basis of data obtained, recovery of preflight baseline levels of performance was evidently complete at the end of approximately two weeks for all crewmen. The findings are explained in terms of functional alterations in the kinesthetic, touch, vestibular and neuromuscular sensory mechanisms induced by the prolonged absence of a normal 1-G gravitational environment.", "contents": "Postural equilibrium following exposure to weightless space flight. Postural equilibrium performance by the Skylab 1/2, 3, and 4 crewmen following exposure to weightlessness of 28, 59, and 84 days respectively was evaluated using a modified version of a quantitative ataxia test developed by Graybiel and Fregly. Performance for this test was measured under two sets of conditions. In the first, the crewman was required to maintain postural equilibrium on narrow metal rails (or floor) with his eyes open. In the second condition, he attempted to balance with his eyes closed. A comparison of the preflight and postflight data indicated moderate postflight decrements in postural equilibrium in three of the crewmen during the eyes open test condition. However, in the eyes closed condition, a considerable decrease in ability to maintain balance on the rails was observed postflight for all crewmen tested. The magnitude of the change was most pronounced during the first postflight test day. Improvement was slow; however, on the basis of data obtained, recovery of preflight baseline levels of performance was evidently complete at the end of approximately two weeks for all crewmen. The findings are explained in terms of functional alterations in the kinesthetic, touch, vestibular and neuromuscular sensory mechanisms induced by the prolonged absence of a normal 1-G gravitational environment."}
{"id": "PMID:888678", "title": "Conductive hearing loss evaluated by brief tone audiometry.", "content": "Bone-conduction measurements are inaccurate and often troubled by masking problems. Determination of the temporal integration of acoustic energy by Brief Tone Audiometry permits an estimate of the cochlear threshold. In 71 patients with middle ear pathology, the conductive impairment was measured using both conventional audiometry and Brief Tone Audiometry. In 85% of the patients, the estimates coincided within 15 dB. Results from pre- and post-operative measurements are given, and it is demonstrated that Brief Tone Audiometry can be used as an alternative to bone-conduction audiometry to determine the degree of conductive loss with the same accuracy, but without the latter's limitations.", "contents": "Conductive hearing loss evaluated by brief tone audiometry. Bone-conduction measurements are inaccurate and often troubled by masking problems. Determination of the temporal integration of acoustic energy by Brief Tone Audiometry permits an estimate of the cochlear threshold. In 71 patients with middle ear pathology, the conductive impairment was measured using both conventional audiometry and Brief Tone Audiometry. In 85% of the patients, the estimates coincided within 15 dB. Results from pre- and post-operative measurements are given, and it is demonstrated that Brief Tone Audiometry can be used as an alternative to bone-conduction audiometry to determine the degree of conductive loss with the same accuracy, but without the latter's limitations."}
{"id": "PMID:888682", "title": "Ewald's second law re-evaluated.", "content": "Patients and experimental animals (cats) with one functioning horizontal semicircular canal were tested with precise rotatory stimuli. Nystagmus responses were quantified with EOG and a laboratory digital computer. After large-magnitude stimuli there was a statistically significant difference between the maximum slow component velocity of nystagmus induced by ampullopetal endolymph flow and that induced by ampullofugal endolymph flow in all patients and cats.", "contents": "Ewald's second law re-evaluated. Patients and experimental animals (cats) with one functioning horizontal semicircular canal were tested with precise rotatory stimuli. Nystagmus responses were quantified with EOG and a laboratory digital computer. After large-magnitude stimuli there was a statistically significant difference between the maximum slow component velocity of nystagmus induced by ampullopetal endolymph flow and that induced by ampullofugal endolymph flow in all patients and cats."}
{"id": "PMID:888683", "title": "Clinical precision of the Rinne test.", "content": "The precision of the Rinne test at 128-2048 Hz was studied in 100 ears with confirmed conductive pathologies. The number of negative (diagnostic) Rinnes decreased significantly with fall in frequency. While there were significantly more negative than positive Rinnes at 128 and 256 Hz, there were significantly more positive results at higher frequencies; indicating that the Rinne is not reliably diagnostic above 256 Hz. However, the possibility of vibrotactile responses must be remembered with low frequency tuning forks. Also, conductive lesions manifested as high tone air-bone gaps will not be identified with low frequency Rinne tests. Air-bone gaps of 25 to 40 dB, depending on frequency, are necessary for the Rinne to identify the presence of conductive components in most cases. Gaps of 25-30 dB for 128 Hz; 35-40 dB for 256 Hz; 55-60 dB for 512 Hz; and 45-50 dB for 1024 Hz, are necessary for the Rinne to meet a 75% correct detection criterion. The 2o48 Hz Rinne does not attain even chance detection. The Rinne test cannot be validly employed as a criterion against which other measures can be evaluated.", "contents": "Clinical precision of the Rinne test. The precision of the Rinne test at 128-2048 Hz was studied in 100 ears with confirmed conductive pathologies. The number of negative (diagnostic) Rinnes decreased significantly with fall in frequency. While there were significantly more negative than positive Rinnes at 128 and 256 Hz, there were significantly more positive results at higher frequencies; indicating that the Rinne is not reliably diagnostic above 256 Hz. However, the possibility of vibrotactile responses must be remembered with low frequency tuning forks. Also, conductive lesions manifested as high tone air-bone gaps will not be identified with low frequency Rinne tests. Air-bone gaps of 25 to 40 dB, depending on frequency, are necessary for the Rinne to identify the presence of conductive components in most cases. Gaps of 25-30 dB for 128 Hz; 35-40 dB for 256 Hz; 55-60 dB for 512 Hz; and 45-50 dB for 1024 Hz, are necessary for the Rinne to meet a 75% correct detection criterion. The 2o48 Hz Rinne does not attain even chance detection. The Rinne test cannot be validly employed as a criterion against which other measures can be evaluated."}
{"id": "PMID:888679", "title": "Experimentally (atoxyl) induced ampullar degeneration and damage to the maculae utriculi.", "content": "Atoxyl administration to guinea pigs may cause vesicular degeneration of both the secretory and the sensory regions of the cristae ampullares and macula utriculi. Some of the severely damaged secretory cells were even expelled from the surface into the endolymphatic space. The nerve chalices of type I hair cells disintegrated. The degeneration of the secretory region will thus block the endolymph circulation and the electrolyte balance is likely to collapse. Whether hair cell degeneration can best be explained on this basis (indirect atoxyl effect) or by a direct action of atoxyl on the hair cells and the nerve chalices of type I hair cells is discussed.", "contents": "Experimentally (atoxyl) induced ampullar degeneration and damage to the maculae utriculi. Atoxyl administration to guinea pigs may cause vesicular degeneration of both the secretory and the sensory regions of the cristae ampullares and macula utriculi. Some of the severely damaged secretory cells were even expelled from the surface into the endolymphatic space. The nerve chalices of type I hair cells disintegrated. The degeneration of the secretory region will thus block the endolymph circulation and the electrolyte balance is likely to collapse. Whether hair cell degeneration can best be explained on this basis (indirect atoxyl effect) or by a direct action of atoxyl on the hair cells and the nerve chalices of type I hair cells is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:888685", "title": "The mucociliary activity of the upper respiratory tract. I. A method for use in experimental studies on human material.", "content": "A method for standardized recordings of the mucociliary activity of the mucosa in the human respiratory tract is described. Nasal polyps, adenoid vegetations and biopsy material from maxillary sinuses have been used for preliminary in vitro experiments. The dependence of the mucociliary activity on oxygen supply from the surrounding air is emphasized. The influence of varying gas mixtures on the mucociliary activity can be thoroughly studied. The method is also applicable for in vivo recordings in the operating theatre during Luc Caldwell operations. A combination of in vivo and in vitro studies is under way in order to elucidate the aetiology, treatment, and prognosis of diseases of the upper respiratory tract.", "contents": "The mucociliary activity of the upper respiratory tract. I. A method for use in experimental studies on human material. A method for standardized recordings of the mucociliary activity of the mucosa in the human respiratory tract is described. Nasal polyps, adenoid vegetations and biopsy material from maxillary sinuses have been used for preliminary in vitro experiments. The dependence of the mucociliary activity on oxygen supply from the surrounding air is emphasized. The influence of varying gas mixtures on the mucociliary activity can be thoroughly studied. The method is also applicable for in vivo recordings in the operating theatre during Luc Caldwell operations. A combination of in vivo and in vitro studies is under way in order to elucidate the aetiology, treatment, and prognosis of diseases of the upper respiratory tract."}
{"id": "PMID:888684", "title": "Dimensions of importance in reconstructive middle ear surgery.", "content": "A study of the space available for an ossicular prosthesis is presented. Twelve temporal bones without any signs of chronic ear disease were used. The measurements were made with the bone free from soft tissue mounted on a microscope cross-table. The different distances were registered through a stereo-microscope. The width between the facial nerve canal and the promotory was found to be 2.2 mm. The distance from the footplate to the tympanic sulcus plane was found to be 6.6 mm. The space available for the head of a prosthesis was also investigated.", "contents": "Dimensions of importance in reconstructive middle ear surgery. A study of the space available for an ossicular prosthesis is presented. Twelve temporal bones without any signs of chronic ear disease were used. The measurements were made with the bone free from soft tissue mounted on a microscope cross-table. The different distances were registered through a stereo-microscope. The width between the facial nerve canal and the promotory was found to be 2.2 mm. The distance from the footplate to the tympanic sulcus plane was found to be 6.6 mm. The space available for the head of a prosthesis was also investigated."}
{"id": "PMID:888686", "title": "Nasal glands in nasal allergy.", "content": "The entire nasal mucosa from a patient with nasal allergy and hay fever was studied by the whole mount method, and the density of submucous glands was determined. Their density was essentially greater than in normal noses in all parts of the nose, especially on the conchae. This finding indicates that new-abnormal-glands form in the course of the disease, glands which also differ morphologically from the normally occurring glands. As this greatly increases the secretory capacity of the mucous membrane, there is a patho-anatomical basis for assuming that the nasal secretion in allergy is formed exclusively by the existing glands. Other sources of nasal secretion, such as exudation and transudation under normal conditions and in allergy, as well as the mode and causes of gland formation, are discussed.", "contents": "Nasal glands in nasal allergy. The entire nasal mucosa from a patient with nasal allergy and hay fever was studied by the whole mount method, and the density of submucous glands was determined. Their density was essentially greater than in normal noses in all parts of the nose, especially on the conchae. This finding indicates that new-abnormal-glands form in the course of the disease, glands which also differ morphologically from the normally occurring glands. As this greatly increases the secretory capacity of the mucous membrane, there is a patho-anatomical basis for assuming that the nasal secretion in allergy is formed exclusively by the existing glands. Other sources of nasal secretion, such as exudation and transudation under normal conditions and in allergy, as well as the mode and causes of gland formation, are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:888688", "title": "[Experimental hemiglossectomy with an argon laser on tongues from dead humans and of liver rabbits].", "content": "On 8 tongues of decreased humans and 2 live rabbit tongues, drilling and incision experiments were performed using an argon laser. With a power of 50 W a hemiglossectomy was performed in 3-4 min. The average thickness of the tongue was 2 cm and the incision length 10 cm. It was shown on the liver rabbit tongue that no bleeding occurs during a partial hemiglossectomy except at the arteria lingualis. The macroscopical and histological changes of the tissue are described, viz, the carbonization zones, the irreparable cell damage and the coagulation and the hyperaemic edge. The cutting speeds and the incision and drilling data for tongues of varying thickness provide information on the technical conditions for clinical application. In addition, temperatures in the tissue during incision were recorded. The advantages of laser surgery of the tongue are compared with those achieved with the electric knife and scalpel.", "contents": "[Experimental hemiglossectomy with an argon laser on tongues from dead humans and of liver rabbits]. On 8 tongues of decreased humans and 2 live rabbit tongues, drilling and incision experiments were performed using an argon laser. With a power of 50 W a hemiglossectomy was performed in 3-4 min. The average thickness of the tongue was 2 cm and the incision length 10 cm. It was shown on the liver rabbit tongue that no bleeding occurs during a partial hemiglossectomy except at the arteria lingualis. The macroscopical and histological changes of the tissue are described, viz, the carbonization zones, the irreparable cell damage and the coagulation and the hyperaemic edge. The cutting speeds and the incision and drilling data for tongues of varying thickness provide information on the technical conditions for clinical application. In addition, temperatures in the tissue during incision were recorded. The advantages of laser surgery of the tongue are compared with those achieved with the electric knife and scalpel."}
{"id": "PMID:888687", "title": "Control of paralysed axial muscles by electrical stimulation.", "content": "The function of a paralysed axial (laryngeal, facial, extraocular) muscle could conceivably be restored if it were made to contract again like its contralateral partner. A muscle stimulation device was designed and constructed so that the stimulus delivered to a given paralysed muscle was modulated by a signal reflecting the contractile state of its contralateral partner. Studies in dog  larygneal muscles indicate that paralysed muscles stimulated by such an open-loop device could mimic their partners. However, their tracking accuracies were limited by the nature of their stimulus-reponse characteristics. On the other hand, significantly greater tracking accuracies were observed if a closed-loop device was employed, that is, if feedback information from the stimulated muscles was also used to control the device stimulus level. Considerations in implanting such a (closed-loop or open-loop) device in paralysed axial muscles for chronic stimulation are discussed.", "contents": "Control of paralysed axial muscles by electrical stimulation. The function of a paralysed axial (laryngeal, facial, extraocular) muscle could conceivably be restored if it were made to contract again like its contralateral partner. A muscle stimulation device was designed and constructed so that the stimulus delivered to a given paralysed muscle was modulated by a signal reflecting the contractile state of its contralateral partner. Studies in dog  larygneal muscles indicate that paralysed muscles stimulated by such an open-loop device could mimic their partners. However, their tracking accuracies were limited by the nature of their stimulus-reponse characteristics. On the other hand, significantly greater tracking accuracies were observed if a closed-loop device was employed, that is, if feedback information from the stimulated muscles was also used to control the device stimulus level. Considerations in implanting such a (closed-loop or open-loop) device in paralysed axial muscles for chronic stimulation are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:888689", "title": "Ostial resistance. Its variations and correlations to the patency test results.", "content": "Resistance measurement is a simple and practical mean of testing ostial function. The present study showed that the results of measuring the ostial resistance varied according to the amount of antral secretion. For that reason the postirrigational mean resistance is about 1/5 of the highest mean resistance in acute maxillary sinusitis. The average ostial resistance in healthy persons is 2.5 cm of water and in acute maxillary sinusitis at diagnostic puncture, 13.0 cm of water, and at the end of treatment, 3.3 cm of water. There are discrepancies between the results of resistance measuring and patency tests in 10-30% of cases. It is difficult to say whether  these are due more to faults in the measuring techniques of the resistance or the patency. As an ostial function test, resistance measuring is quantitative and the testing of patency qualitative.", "contents": "Ostial resistance. Its variations and correlations to the patency test results. Resistance measurement is a simple and practical mean of testing ostial function. The present study showed that the results of measuring the ostial resistance varied according to the amount of antral secretion. For that reason the postirrigational mean resistance is about 1/5 of the highest mean resistance in acute maxillary sinusitis. The average ostial resistance in healthy persons is 2.5 cm of water and in acute maxillary sinusitis at diagnostic puncture, 13.0 cm of water, and at the end of treatment, 3.3 cm of water. There are discrepancies between the results of resistance measuring and patency tests in 10-30% of cases. It is difficult to say whether  these are due more to faults in the measuring techniques of the resistance or the patency. As an ostial function test, resistance measuring is quantitative and the testing of patency qualitative."}
{"id": "PMID:888701", "title": "Interferon induction in human cell cultures by small molecular inducers (tilorone and acridines).", "content": "Attempts were made to stimulate interferon production in human cell cultures by two related acridin drugs, mepacrine and Acranil. Tilorone was included for comparison. In human embryo lung fibroblasts and in normal human leukocytes only tilorone stimulated some interferon production. All three drugs stimulated modest interferon production in two lymphoblastoid cell lines. All three drugs enhanced the Sendai virus-induced interferon production in lymphoblastoid cells.", "contents": "Interferon induction in human cell cultures by small molecular inducers (tilorone and acridines). Attempts were made to stimulate interferon production in human cell cultures by two related acridin drugs, mepacrine and Acranil. Tilorone was included for comparison. In human embryo lung fibroblasts and in normal human leukocytes only tilorone stimulated some interferon production. All three drugs stimulated modest interferon production in two lymphoblastoid cell lines. All three drugs enhanced the Sendai virus-induced interferon production in lymphoblastoid cells."}
{"id": "PMID:888702", "title": "Ultrastructural studies on the endogenous development of Eimeria brunetti. IV. Formation and structure of the oocyst wall.", "content": "The ultrastructural changes occurring during wall formation in the oocysts of E. brunetti were studied in tissue from the small intestine of young domestic fowls. The process of oocyst wall formation was initiated by a separation of the limiting membranes of the cytoplasmic mass of the macrogamete, to form a loose veil, consisting of 2-3 membranes, around the organism. Concomitant with the appearance of the veil, changes were observed in the Wall Forming Bodies of Type I (WFB I) and Type II (WFB II) which were present in the cytoplasm of the macrogamete. The outer layer of the oocyst wall seemed to be formed by a combination of membranes released from the surface of the organism and the contents of the WFB I. A 700 nm thick layer was thereby formed and, at this stage, the WFB I had disappeared from the cytoplasmic mass. The outer layer further condensed into a structure 250-350 nm in thickness in which 3 zones of different densities could be distinguished. The formation of the inner layer of the oocyst wall appeared to be associated with material from the WFB II and these disappeared from the cytoplasmic mass as the inner layer became evident. This inner layer was homogeneous in appearance and 80 nm thick. Comparison of the ultrastructure of the walls of oocysts obtained from chicken faeces with that of oocysts observed within the intestine showed only minor differences. The loose veil was not present in oocysts isolated from faeces and some changes were also noted in the outer zone of the outer layer of the oocyst wall. These differences could result from the mechanical and chemical treatments used for processing the faeces.", "contents": "Ultrastructural studies on the endogenous development of Eimeria brunetti. IV. Formation and structure of the oocyst wall. The ultrastructural changes occurring during wall formation in the oocysts of E. brunetti were studied in tissue from the small intestine of young domestic fowls. The process of oocyst wall formation was initiated by a separation of the limiting membranes of the cytoplasmic mass of the macrogamete, to form a loose veil, consisting of 2-3 membranes, around the organism. Concomitant with the appearance of the veil, changes were observed in the Wall Forming Bodies of Type I (WFB I) and Type II (WFB II) which were present in the cytoplasm of the macrogamete. The outer layer of the oocyst wall seemed to be formed by a combination of membranes released from the surface of the organism and the contents of the WFB I. A 700 nm thick layer was thereby formed and, at this stage, the WFB I had disappeared from the cytoplasmic mass. The outer layer further condensed into a structure 250-350 nm in thickness in which 3 zones of different densities could be distinguished. The formation of the inner layer of the oocyst wall appeared to be associated with material from the WFB II and these disappeared from the cytoplasmic mass as the inner layer became evident. This inner layer was homogeneous in appearance and 80 nm thick. Comparison of the ultrastructure of the walls of oocysts obtained from chicken faeces with that of oocysts observed within the intestine showed only minor differences. The loose veil was not present in oocysts isolated from faeces and some changes were also noted in the outer zone of the outer layer of the oocyst wall. These differences could result from the mechanical and chemical treatments used for processing the faeces."}
{"id": "PMID:888703", "title": "Balkan (endemic) nephropathy and foodborn ochratoxin A: preliminary results of a survey of foodstuffs.", "content": "Ochratoxin A is a nephrotoxic fungal metabolite (mycotoxin) occurring in foodstuffs. The compound is causally associated with mycotoxic porcine nephropathy, a disease comparable with a human kidney disease, Balkan endemic nephropathy. A preliminary survey of home-produced foodstuffs in areas of Yugoslavia revealed that contamination with ochratoxin A is more frequent in an area where Balkan endemic nephropathy is prevalent (endemic area) than in area where this disease is absent. This indicates higher exposure to foodborn ochratoxin A in the endemic area. Thus further evidence is provided supporting the hypothesis that ochratoxin A is a disease determinant of Balkan endemic nephropathyk0", "contents": "Balkan (endemic) nephropathy and foodborn ochratoxin A: preliminary results of a survey of foodstuffs. Ochratoxin A is a nephrotoxic fungal metabolite (mycotoxin) occurring in foodstuffs. The compound is causally associated with mycotoxic porcine nephropathy, a disease comparable with a human kidney disease, Balkan endemic nephropathy. A preliminary survey of home-produced foodstuffs in areas of Yugoslavia revealed that contamination with ochratoxin A is more frequent in an area where Balkan endemic nephropathy is prevalent (endemic area) than in area where this disease is absent. This indicates higher exposure to foodborn ochratoxin A in the endemic area. Thus further evidence is provided supporting the hypothesis that ochratoxin A is a disease determinant of Balkan endemic nephropathyk0"}
{"id": "PMID:888704", "title": "Tail artery response to sound in the unanesthetized rat.", "content": "Arterial pulsations have been recorded indirectly from the surface of the rat's tail. Slight heating of restrained unanesthetized rats produces vasodilatation and large amplitude pulsations that are influenced by sensory stimuli, in this case, sound. The surface-recorded pulse volume was found to be proportional to pulse pressure, indicating vasoconstriction as the cause of the decline of the pulse amplitude. A one-second noise burst elicited vasoconstriction, the duration of which was proportional to sound level and occurred as low as at hearing threshold. Under the specified conditions, reproducibility was good with no significant habituation both within session, and between sessions with a one week interval. The warming of the rats was found to be critical for the sound-elicited reactions; responses were obtained only within a narrow, individual temperature-range. The possibilities of using tail vasoconstriction for evaluation of hearing was pointed out, as well as for studies of noise effects on peripheral circulation.", "contents": "Tail artery response to sound in the unanesthetized rat. Arterial pulsations have been recorded indirectly from the surface of the rat's tail. Slight heating of restrained unanesthetized rats produces vasodilatation and large amplitude pulsations that are influenced by sensory stimuli, in this case, sound. The surface-recorded pulse volume was found to be proportional to pulse pressure, indicating vasoconstriction as the cause of the decline of the pulse amplitude. A one-second noise burst elicited vasoconstriction, the duration of which was proportional to sound level and occurred as low as at hearing threshold. Under the specified conditions, reproducibility was good with no significant habituation both within session, and between sessions with a one week interval. The warming of the rats was found to be critical for the sound-elicited reactions; responses were obtained only within a narrow, individual temperature-range. The possibilities of using tail vasoconstriction for evaluation of hearing was pointed out, as well as for studies of noise effects on peripheral circulation."}
{"id": "PMID:888705", "title": "The compliance curve for the flow limiting segments of the airway. II. Experiments with human subjects.", "content": "Maximum effort flow-static recoil curves were obtained in 5 healthy subjects breathing air, He/O2, and SF6/O2 mixtures. In 4 of them maximum effort flows corresponded to really maximal flows and their curves were transformed into compliance curves for the flow limiting segments of the airway and analyzed from the point of view of a previously presented lung model (Pedersen and Nielsen 1976). The results showed, that viscosity dependent pressure losses from the alveoli to the flow limiting segments were minimal for air and SF6/O2, but not for He/O2. When viscosity dependent pressure lossess could be negleted, then expiration of gases of different densities gave almost identical compliance curves for the flow limiting segments. This supported the applicability of the model. The calculated compliance curves for the flow limiting segments were compared with data from the literature, and the findings indicated that flow limitation during expirations with just maximal flows throughout began in the extrapulmonary airways and moved upstream during the expiration.", "contents": "The compliance curve for the flow limiting segments of the airway. II. Experiments with human subjects. Maximum effort flow-static recoil curves were obtained in 5 healthy subjects breathing air, He/O2, and SF6/O2 mixtures. In 4 of them maximum effort flows corresponded to really maximal flows and their curves were transformed into compliance curves for the flow limiting segments of the airway and analyzed from the point of view of a previously presented lung model (Pedersen and Nielsen 1976). The results showed, that viscosity dependent pressure losses from the alveoli to the flow limiting segments were minimal for air and SF6/O2, but not for He/O2. When viscosity dependent pressure lossess could be negleted, then expiration of gases of different densities gave almost identical compliance curves for the flow limiting segments. This supported the applicability of the model. The calculated compliance curves for the flow limiting segments were compared with data from the literature, and the findings indicated that flow limitation during expirations with just maximal flows throughout began in the extrapulmonary airways and moved upstream during the expiration."}
{"id": "PMID:888706", "title": "Regional blood flow in the left ventricular wall of dogs with a graded coronary artery stenosis.", "content": "Blood flow in the circumflex branch of the left coronary artery was recorded by electromagnetic flowmeter. In the area supplied by this branch vasodilatation was produced by progressive constriction until the diastolic reactive hyperemic response to 10 s occlusion disappeared (\"optimum\" stenosis). This degree of stenosis was accompanied by a 20% decrease in diastolic circumflex flow, while systolic flow remained unchanged. This distribution of blood flow in the left ventricular free was was evaluated at \"optimum\" stenosis by counting activity in tissue blocks following bolus injection of Xe-133 into the aortic root. When Xe-133 was injected immediately after occlusion of the left anterior descending branch the Xe-133 concentration of toncentration in the epicardial part. The concentrations in the two parts did not, however, differ significantly when occlusion of the left anterior descending branch was omitted. This indicates that the endocardial blood flow reserve is lower than the epicardial, and that, yet, a preferential fall in blood flow in the endocardial part of a post-stenotic area can be rapidly eliminated when blood supply from a neighbouring artery is available.", "contents": "Regional blood flow in the left ventricular wall of dogs with a graded coronary artery stenosis. Blood flow in the circumflex branch of the left coronary artery was recorded by electromagnetic flowmeter. In the area supplied by this branch vasodilatation was produced by progressive constriction until the diastolic reactive hyperemic response to 10 s occlusion disappeared (\"optimum\" stenosis). This degree of stenosis was accompanied by a 20% decrease in diastolic circumflex flow, while systolic flow remained unchanged. This distribution of blood flow in the left ventricular free was was evaluated at \"optimum\" stenosis by counting activity in tissue blocks following bolus injection of Xe-133 into the aortic root. When Xe-133 was injected immediately after occlusion of the left anterior descending branch the Xe-133 concentration of toncentration in the epicardial part. The concentrations in the two parts did not, however, differ significantly when occlusion of the left anterior descending branch was omitted. This indicates that the endocardial blood flow reserve is lower than the epicardial, and that, yet, a preferential fall in blood flow in the endocardial part of a post-stenotic area can be rapidly eliminated when blood supply from a neighbouring artery is available."}
{"id": "PMID:888707", "title": "Effects of prostaglandins on the isolated human bladder and urethra.", "content": "The effects of prostaglandins F2 alpha (PGF2 alpha), E1 (PGE1) and E2 (PGE2) on the human lower urinary tract were studied in vitro in preparations obtained from patients undergoing total cystourethrectomy because of bladder malignancy. Tissue specimens were taken from different parts of the urethra, the urethrovesical junction, and the bladder. From these specimens, smooth muscle preparations were dissected and mounted in organ baths, that were filled with Krebs solution (37 degrees C) and bubbled with carbogen. Isometric tension was recorded. Preparations from the bladder and all parts of the urethra were contracted by PGF2 alpha. This effect was not affected by tetrodotoxin, phenoxybenzamine, or atropine; isoprenaline relaxed the PGF2 alpha  induced contractions. PGE1 and PGE1 both contracted strips from the bladder. However, urethral preparations contracted by PGF2 alpha or noradrenaline were relaxed by these agents. This relaxing effect was at least as pronounced as that produced by isoprenaline; it was not affected by propranolol.", "contents": "Effects of prostaglandins on the isolated human bladder and urethra. The effects of prostaglandins F2 alpha (PGF2 alpha), E1 (PGE1) and E2 (PGE2) on the human lower urinary tract were studied in vitro in preparations obtained from patients undergoing total cystourethrectomy because of bladder malignancy. Tissue specimens were taken from different parts of the urethra, the urethrovesical junction, and the bladder. From these specimens, smooth muscle preparations were dissected and mounted in organ baths, that were filled with Krebs solution (37 degrees C) and bubbled with carbogen. Isometric tension was recorded. Preparations from the bladder and all parts of the urethra were contracted by PGF2 alpha. This effect was not affected by tetrodotoxin, phenoxybenzamine, or atropine; isoprenaline relaxed the PGF2 alpha  induced contractions. PGE1 and PGE1 both contracted strips from the bladder. However, urethral preparations contracted by PGF2 alpha or noradrenaline were relaxed by these agents. This relaxing effect was at least as pronounced as that produced by isoprenaline; it was not affected by propranolol."}
{"id": "PMID:888709", "title": "Brain energy metabolism in angiotensin-induced acute hypertension in rats.", "content": "In order to study if rapid elevation of blood pressure is associated with cerebral ischemia, anesthetized (70% N2O) and artificially ventilated rats were subjected to angiotensin-induced hypertension. After a 5 min hypertensive period, cerebral cortex tissue was frozen in situ for subsequent measurements of labile glycolytic metabolites, ammonia, and organic phosphates. The degree of hypertension induced, which gave evidence of blood-brain barrier damage in 7 of 8 rats, did not affect the tissue concentrations of labile metabolites. It is concluded that ischemia does not contribute to the barrier damage, nor is it likely to be the cause of the clinical symptoms that may occur in conscious rats in the same experimental model.", "contents": "Brain energy metabolism in angiotensin-induced acute hypertension in rats. In order to study if rapid elevation of blood pressure is associated with cerebral ischemia, anesthetized (70% N2O) and artificially ventilated rats were subjected to angiotensin-induced hypertension. After a 5 min hypertensive period, cerebral cortex tissue was frozen in situ for subsequent measurements of labile glycolytic metabolites, ammonia, and organic phosphates. The degree of hypertension induced, which gave evidence of blood-brain barrier damage in 7 of 8 rats, did not affect the tissue concentrations of labile metabolites. It is concluded that ischemia does not contribute to the barrier damage, nor is it likely to be the cause of the clinical symptoms that may occur in conscious rats in the same experimental model."}
{"id": "PMID:888710", "title": "Comparative effects of adrenaline and felypressin (octapressin) on consecutive sections of the vascular bed in canine adipose tissue.", "content": "Blood flow and tissue volume were recorded in the isolated canine subcutaneous adipose tissue, enclosed in a plethysmography. Adrenaline and felypressin (octapressin) were infused intra-arterially at doses producing a blood flow reduction of approximately 60%. Adrenaline (4.6-23 ng/min) caused an initial reduction in tissue volume, indicating a constriction of capacitance vessels. Octapressin (0.46-9.2 ng/min) had no effect on tissue volume. Neither adrenaline or octapressin caused appreciable filtration or absorption, suggesting that the pre- to postcapillary resistance ration remained unchanged. In contrast to sympathetic stimulation and noradrenaline, adrenaline significantly reduced the capillary filtration coefficient (CFC) by 34%, the change in CFC being related to the flow reductions, while octapressin did not reduce CFC sffect of adrenaline on precapillary sphincter sections and on capacitance vessels is greater than that of octapressin in doses producing similar flow reductions.", "contents": "Comparative effects of adrenaline and felypressin (octapressin) on consecutive sections of the vascular bed in canine adipose tissue. Blood flow and tissue volume were recorded in the isolated canine subcutaneous adipose tissue, enclosed in a plethysmography. Adrenaline and felypressin (octapressin) were infused intra-arterially at doses producing a blood flow reduction of approximately 60%. Adrenaline (4.6-23 ng/min) caused an initial reduction in tissue volume, indicating a constriction of capacitance vessels. Octapressin (0.46-9.2 ng/min) had no effect on tissue volume. Neither adrenaline or octapressin caused appreciable filtration or absorption, suggesting that the pre- to postcapillary resistance ration remained unchanged. In contrast to sympathetic stimulation and noradrenaline, adrenaline significantly reduced the capillary filtration coefficient (CFC) by 34%, the change in CFC being related to the flow reductions, while octapressin did not reduce CFC sffect of adrenaline on precapillary sphincter sections and on capacitance vessels is greater than that of octapressin in doses producing similar flow reductions."}
{"id": "PMID:888711", "title": "Small airway constriction and closure after induced intravascular platelet aggregation.", "content": "The aim of this study was to investigate the function of the peripheral airways after intravascular platelet aggregation induced by i.v. infusions of collagen in open chest anesthetized cats, ventilated with constant tidal volume. Lung compliance was examined under static conditions (stat CL) and under dynamic conditions (dyn CL) at ventilation frequencies of 5, 24 and 50/min. In the control situation dyn CL 24 was approximately 90% of stat CL. Collagen infusions resulted in a pronounced frequency-dependence of lung compliance. When dyn CL 24 had decreased by approximately 40% a reduction in stat CL could also be detected. When dyn CL 24 decreased even more a concurrent reduction in stat CL was evident. These findings indicate that the initial event after induced intravascular platelet aggregation is small airway constriction. With more pronounced changes airway closure and reduction in lung volume occurs. We suggest that these functional changes in peripheral airways result in the impaired gas exchange known to occur after intra-vascular platelet aggregation.", "contents": "Small airway constriction and closure after induced intravascular platelet aggregation. The aim of this study was to investigate the function of the peripheral airways after intravascular platelet aggregation induced by i.v. infusions of collagen in open chest anesthetized cats, ventilated with constant tidal volume. Lung compliance was examined under static conditions (stat CL) and under dynamic conditions (dyn CL) at ventilation frequencies of 5, 24 and 50/min. In the control situation dyn CL 24 was approximately 90% of stat CL. Collagen infusions resulted in a pronounced frequency-dependence of lung compliance. When dyn CL 24 had decreased by approximately 40% a reduction in stat CL could also be detected. When dyn CL 24 decreased even more a concurrent reduction in stat CL was evident. These findings indicate that the initial event after induced intravascular platelet aggregation is small airway constriction. With more pronounced changes airway closure and reduction in lung volume occurs. We suggest that these functional changes in peripheral airways result in the impaired gas exchange known to occur after intra-vascular platelet aggregation."}
{"id": "PMID:888712", "title": "Inhibition of gastric and intestinal motor activity in dogs by (Gln4) neurotensin.", "content": "The action of (Gln4)-neurotensin was studied on the spontaneous motor activity in isolated canine fundic, antral and intestinal pouches. All pouches had been prepared more than 6 months prior to the experiments. Spontaneous motor activity was recorded for at least 1 h before the Gln4)-neurotensin was infused i.v. for 30 min in doses ranging between 6.3 and 100 ng X kg-1 X min-1. In the vagally denervated fundic pouches (Gln4)-neurotensin inhibted motor activity in doses above 25 ng X kg-1 X min-1. The vagally innervated antral pouches were more sentitive than the vagally denervated fundic pouches to the action of (Gln4)-neurotensin. Thus motor inhibition was induced by doses as low as 6.3 ng X kg-1 X min-1. The effect of (Gln4)-neurotensin on motor activity in intestinal pouches was inconsistent. Inhibition was seen in 1 out of 7 expts. The present results show that the gastric motor activity is the most sensitive function to (Gln4)-neurotensin so far studied.", "contents": "Inhibition of gastric and intestinal motor activity in dogs by (Gln4) neurotensin. The action of (Gln4)-neurotensin was studied on the spontaneous motor activity in isolated canine fundic, antral and intestinal pouches. All pouches had been prepared more than 6 months prior to the experiments. Spontaneous motor activity was recorded for at least 1 h before the Gln4)-neurotensin was infused i.v. for 30 min in doses ranging between 6.3 and 100 ng X kg-1 X min-1. In the vagally denervated fundic pouches (Gln4)-neurotensin inhibted motor activity in doses above 25 ng X kg-1 X min-1. The vagally innervated antral pouches were more sentitive than the vagally denervated fundic pouches to the action of (Gln4)-neurotensin. Thus motor inhibition was induced by doses as low as 6.3 ng X kg-1 X min-1. The effect of (Gln4)-neurotensin on motor activity in intestinal pouches was inconsistent. Inhibition was seen in 1 out of 7 expts. The present results show that the gastric motor activity is the most sensitive function to (Gln4)-neurotensin so far studied."}
{"id": "PMID:888713", "title": "Blood volume and extravascular water content in the rat lung during acute alveolar hypoxia.", "content": "Values for pulmonary blood volume and extravascular lung water (estimated as wet weight of lung tissue) were arrived at in intact, anesthetized rats by labelling of blood constituents with isotopes and rapidly freezing the whole animals in liquid nitrogen. On ventilating the animals with 10% O2 in N2/N2O, a reduction in lung blood content could be demonstrated. The degree of reduction depended on the type of anesthesia and ventilation used. In some animals the volume reduction was so marked that both arterial, venous and capillary blood compartments have most probably been involved. The water content of the lung tissue was also rapidly and markedly reduced during hypoxia. Increased plasma osmolarity in mixed venous blood could partly be responsible for this tissue water reduction.", "contents": "Blood volume and extravascular water content in the rat lung during acute alveolar hypoxia. Values for pulmonary blood volume and extravascular lung water (estimated as wet weight of lung tissue) were arrived at in intact, anesthetized rats by labelling of blood constituents with isotopes and rapidly freezing the whole animals in liquid nitrogen. On ventilating the animals with 10% O2 in N2/N2O, a reduction in lung blood content could be demonstrated. The degree of reduction depended on the type of anesthesia and ventilation used. In some animals the volume reduction was so marked that both arterial, venous and capillary blood compartments have most probably been involved. The water content of the lung tissue was also rapidly and markedly reduced during hypoxia. Increased plasma osmolarity in mixed venous blood could partly be responsible for this tissue water reduction."}
{"id": "PMID:888714", "title": "Changes in motor unit activity and metabolism in human skeletal muscle during and after repeated eccentric and concentric contractions.", "content": "This study was designed to investigate electromyographic (EMG), muscle glycogen and blood lactate changes in quadriceps muscle group during repeated 40 maximal eccentric and concentric contractions, and to follow the recovery in EMG, muscle glycogen and serum creatine kinase values during a 4 day period following the work test. The subjects were normal males and test order (eccentric or concentric) was randomly selected. The results indicated first, that the EMG parameters (IEMG, AMUP), muscle glycogen and blood lactate changed in a similar manner during the both fatigue loads. Despite the high tension work no selective depletion of glycogen could be observed in the slow or fast twitch muscle fibres in either type of work. The restoring of muscle glycogen occurred in a similar manner after the both fatigue loads, and no significant differences were present between eccentric and concentric works in the serum creatine kinase levels for a 2 days period. The eccentric work was associated with muscle soreness, which was strongest during the second day after the termination of the work test. The recovery of the EMG parameters were also delayed in eccentric fatigue. After concentric fatigue EMG-activity returned to normal values within 2 days.", "contents": "Changes in motor unit activity and metabolism in human skeletal muscle during and after repeated eccentric and concentric contractions. This study was designed to investigate electromyographic (EMG), muscle glycogen and blood lactate changes in quadriceps muscle group during repeated 40 maximal eccentric and concentric contractions, and to follow the recovery in EMG, muscle glycogen and serum creatine kinase values during a 4 day period following the work test. The subjects were normal males and test order (eccentric or concentric) was randomly selected. The results indicated first, that the EMG parameters (IEMG, AMUP), muscle glycogen and blood lactate changed in a similar manner during the both fatigue loads. Despite the high tension work no selective depletion of glycogen could be observed in the slow or fast twitch muscle fibres in either type of work. The restoring of muscle glycogen occurred in a similar manner after the both fatigue loads, and no significant differences were present between eccentric and concentric works in the serum creatine kinase levels for a 2 days period. The eccentric work was associated with muscle soreness, which was strongest during the second day after the termination of the work test. The recovery of the EMG parameters were also delayed in eccentric fatigue. After concentric fatigue EMG-activity returned to normal values within 2 days."}
{"id": "PMID:888725", "title": "Studies on cell proliferation in the mesencephalon of chick embryos by short-term labelling method.", "content": "The proliferative activity of the mesencephalon was studied from stage 8- to stage 30 in chick embryos by the short-term labelling method. Recorded values of DNA synthesis, estimated as cp 10 m/DNA, were plotted against the stage of development. The high proliferative activity in young stages decreased gradually to stage 20. It then rose rapidly, reaching a peak at stage 22, before decreasing again towards stage 30. This result supports data previously obtained by mitotic figures counting by K\u00e4ll\u00e9n (1961) but differs from the results obtained by Cowan et al. (1968) who found the peak of activity at stage 28 in a study of the optic tectum. Possible reasons for this discrepancy are discussed.", "contents": "Studies on cell proliferation in the mesencephalon of chick embryos by short-term labelling method. The proliferative activity of the mesencephalon was studied from stage 8- to stage 30 in chick embryos by the short-term labelling method. Recorded values of DNA synthesis, estimated as cp 10 m/DNA, were plotted against the stage of development. The high proliferative activity in young stages decreased gradually to stage 20. It then rose rapidly, reaching a peak at stage 22, before decreasing again towards stage 30. This result supports data previously obtained by mitotic figures counting by K\u00e4ll\u00e9n (1961) but differs from the results obtained by Cowan et al. (1968) who found the peak of activity at stage 28 in a study of the optic tectum. Possible reasons for this discrepancy are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:888726", "title": "[Development of mouse intestines].", "content": "The development of the intestine was investigated in 8-16 1/2 days' mouse embryos. Graphical and three-dimensional reconstructions were made. Special attention was paid to the appearance and the regression of the umbilical hernia. In representative stages (10, 10 1/2, 11 1/2, 12 1/2, and 14 1/2 days) the distribution of mitotic epithelial cells was studied. 1. In adult mice a total of eight intestinal loops is observed. Their development occurred before the age of 16 1/2 foetal days. 2. A correlation between the numbers and locations of mitoses on the one hand and the intestinal configurations on the other was established. 3. The presence of an umbilical hernia could not be confirmed after the age of 16 1/2 foetal days. 4. Both the differentiating and the adult intestinal tract, except the duodenum, do not show a regular pattern of intrinsic of extrinsic topographic relations.", "contents": "[Development of mouse intestines]. The development of the intestine was investigated in 8-16 1/2 days' mouse embryos. Graphical and three-dimensional reconstructions were made. Special attention was paid to the appearance and the regression of the umbilical hernia. In representative stages (10, 10 1/2, 11 1/2, 12 1/2, and 14 1/2 days) the distribution of mitotic epithelial cells was studied. 1. In adult mice a total of eight intestinal loops is observed. Their development occurred before the age of 16 1/2 foetal days. 2. A correlation between the numbers and locations of mitoses on the one hand and the intestinal configurations on the other was established. 3. The presence of an umbilical hernia could not be confirmed after the age of 16 1/2 foetal days. 4. Both the differentiating and the adult intestinal tract, except the duodenum, do not show a regular pattern of intrinsic of extrinsic topographic relations."}
{"id": "PMID:888734", "title": "Metabolic studies in muscular dystrophy: a role for insulin.", "content": "Insulin is important in maintaining carbohydrate tolerance and normal muscle mass. Cabohydrate intolerance and muscle wasting are frequent in the neuromuscular disorders associated with endocrinopathy and in myotonic dystrophy. Studies of the systemic factors that regulate insulin release in myotonic dystrophy have shown that excessive insulin release occurs on oral glucose tolerance testing with diminished peripheral effectiveness. Study of the peripheral action of insulin by forearm investigations of myotonic dystrophy patients and disease controls has suggested that the peripheral skeletal muscle insulin receptor may be relatively insensitive im myotonic dystrophy. It is possible that an evaluation of insulin regulation and action in myotonic dystrophy or many neuromuscular disorders may have eventual therapeutic implications. If neuromuscular disorders other than myotonic dystrophy have evidence of peripheral insulin ineffectiveness, reasonable causes could be an excessive level of an antagonistic hormone, a faulty insulin receptor, or inadequate pancreatic insulin release.", "contents": "Metabolic studies in muscular dystrophy: a role for insulin. Insulin is important in maintaining carbohydrate tolerance and normal muscle mass. Cabohydrate intolerance and muscle wasting are frequent in the neuromuscular disorders associated with endocrinopathy and in myotonic dystrophy. Studies of the systemic factors that regulate insulin release in myotonic dystrophy have shown that excessive insulin release occurs on oral glucose tolerance testing with diminished peripheral effectiveness. Study of the peripheral action of insulin by forearm investigations of myotonic dystrophy patients and disease controls has suggested that the peripheral skeletal muscle insulin receptor may be relatively insensitive im myotonic dystrophy. It is possible that an evaluation of insulin regulation and action in myotonic dystrophy or many neuromuscular disorders may have eventual therapeutic implications. If neuromuscular disorders other than myotonic dystrophy have evidence of peripheral insulin ineffectiveness, reasonable causes could be an excessive level of an antagonistic hormone, a faulty insulin receptor, or inadequate pancreatic insulin release."}
{"id": "PMID:888741", "title": "Orthopedic correction of musculoskeletal deformity in muscular dystrophy.", "content": "Correction of deformity and maintenance of the upright posture have increased self-reliant skills, thus significantly enhancing the quality of life for the child with muscular dystrophy. In addition, such techniques offer a method of prolonging independent ambulation and, in so doing, forestall confinement to a wheelchair or bed with its inevitable downhill course. Surgery and bracing, accurately indicated and properly timed, play an important role in the total rehabilitation of the patient with muscular dystrophy.", "contents": "Orthopedic correction of musculoskeletal deformity in muscular dystrophy. Correction of deformity and maintenance of the upright posture have increased self-reliant skills, thus significantly enhancing the quality of life for the child with muscular dystrophy. In addition, such techniques offer a method of prolonging independent ambulation and, in so doing, forestall confinement to a wheelchair or bed with its inevitable downhill course. Surgery and bracing, accurately indicated and properly timed, play an important role in the total rehabilitation of the patient with muscular dystrophy."}
{"id": "PMID:888745", "title": "A comparison of fat absorption in young and old subjects.", "content": "Using an oral fat load, it is demonstrated that the pattern of absorption in elderly subjects is significantly different from that found in younger controls. This change may be due to the slower gastric emptying or reduced pancreatic function observed in this study. The possibility of impaired small bowel absorption has not been excluded.", "contents": "A comparison of fat absorption in young and old subjects. Using an oral fat load, it is demonstrated that the pattern of absorption in elderly subjects is significantly different from that found in younger controls. This change may be due to the slower gastric emptying or reduced pancreatic function observed in this study. The possibility of impaired small bowel absorption has not been excluded."}
{"id": "PMID:888746", "title": "Thyroid function tests in the elderly in the community.", "content": "A study of the well elderly living at home has demonstrated that the ranges for serum thyroxine (T4), triiodothyronine (T3) uptake and free-thyroxine index (FTI) are much narrower than those for the sick elderly in-patient. The prevalence of thyroid disease appears similar in both types of elderly population.", "contents": "Thyroid function tests in the elderly in the community. A study of the well elderly living at home has demonstrated that the ranges for serum thyroxine (T4), triiodothyronine (T3) uptake and free-thyroxine index (FTI) are much narrower than those for the sick elderly in-patient. The prevalence of thyroid disease appears similar in both types of elderly population."}
{"id": "PMID:888747", "title": "Unusual presentation of myxoedema coma in the elderly.", "content": "Seven patients were found to be suffering from myxoedema coma over a two-year period in this geriatric department. The majority presented with unusual clinical features. Generalized convulsions were particularly common, occuring in five patients. Four patients were previously diagnosed as suffering from myxoedema, but thyroxine therapy had been discontinued. These findings would suggest that this condition is not unusual in the elderly; but it could easily be missed on account of its atypical presentation.", "contents": "Unusual presentation of myxoedema coma in the elderly. Seven patients were found to be suffering from myxoedema coma over a two-year period in this geriatric department. The majority presented with unusual clinical features. Generalized convulsions were particularly common, occuring in five patients. Four patients were previously diagnosed as suffering from myxoedema, but thyroxine therapy had been discontinued. These findings would suggest that this condition is not unusual in the elderly; but it could easily be missed on account of its atypical presentation."}
{"id": "PMID:888748", "title": "A quantitative histological assessment of cellular death, in relation to mitosis, in rat thymus during growth and age involution.", "content": "The rates of cellular proliferation and cellular death were investigated in the rat thymus during growth and involution. It was found that the percentage of dead cells gradually increased with age, whilst the rate of cell proliferation declined, indicating that a substantial proportion of lymphocytes that divide in the thymus also die there. It was also found that there exists a density-dependent distribution pattern of mitotic and dead cells and that this distribution pattern changed with age. It is suggested that this mechanism of density-dependent control of the thymus may be an important factor in the age involution of the thymus.", "contents": "A quantitative histological assessment of cellular death, in relation to mitosis, in rat thymus during growth and age involution. The rates of cellular proliferation and cellular death were investigated in the rat thymus during growth and involution. It was found that the percentage of dead cells gradually increased with age, whilst the rate of cell proliferation declined, indicating that a substantial proportion of lymphocytes that divide in the thymus also die there. It was also found that there exists a density-dependent distribution pattern of mitotic and dead cells and that this distribution pattern changed with age. It is suggested that this mechanism of density-dependent control of the thymus may be an important factor in the age involution of the thymus."}
{"id": "PMID:888749", "title": "The value of blood cultures in geriatric practice.", "content": "Forty-nine of 498 (10%) blood cultures taken in a 14-month period in a geriatric department were positive. These cultures were taken from 295 patients. Respiratory infections, recent onset of confusion, non-specific malaise and suspected sub-acute bacterial endocarditis were the most common clinical indications for the test. Twenty-seven of the 49 positive cultures were considered significant, the remainder being regarded as due to skin contaminants. This yield was found to be of clinical value, particularly in chest infection when the responsible organism often could not be cultured from the sputum.", "contents": "The value of blood cultures in geriatric practice. Forty-nine of 498 (10%) blood cultures taken in a 14-month period in a geriatric department were positive. These cultures were taken from 295 patients. Respiratory infections, recent onset of confusion, non-specific malaise and suspected sub-acute bacterial endocarditis were the most common clinical indications for the test. Twenty-seven of the 49 positive cultures were considered significant, the remainder being regarded as due to skin contaminants. This yield was found to be of clinical value, particularly in chest infection when the responsible organism often could not be cultured from the sputum."}
{"id": "PMID:888750", "title": "Plasma paroxonase activity in old age.", "content": "Genetic factors are known to be of importance in determining the rate of biotransformation of foreign compounds in the liver. Adverse reactions to drugs are increased and pharmacokinetic parameters altered with age. In the present study, the effect of age on plasma paroxonase activity is studied. Paroxonase is a hepatically synthesized enzyme whose activity is almost entirely determined by genetic factors. It therefore serves as a model to determine whether changes in the frequency or expression of genes could explain the altered responses to drugs observed with age. The frequency distribution for paroxonase activity for 186 elderly people is closely similar to that obtained from 190 blood transfusion volunteers and 189 family members. Paroxonase activity, as with all other previously investigated pharmacogenetic polymorphisms, is unchanged with age. The hypothesis is put forward that genetic determinants of drug metabolism remain unchanged with age.", "contents": "Plasma paroxonase activity in old age. Genetic factors are known to be of importance in determining the rate of biotransformation of foreign compounds in the liver. Adverse reactions to drugs are increased and pharmacokinetic parameters altered with age. In the present study, the effect of age on plasma paroxonase activity is studied. Paroxonase is a hepatically synthesized enzyme whose activity is almost entirely determined by genetic factors. It therefore serves as a model to determine whether changes in the frequency or expression of genes could explain the altered responses to drugs observed with age. The frequency distribution for paroxonase activity for 186 elderly people is closely similar to that obtained from 190 blood transfusion volunteers and 189 family members. Paroxonase activity, as with all other previously investigated pharmacogenetic polymorphisms, is unchanged with age. The hypothesis is put forward that genetic determinants of drug metabolism remain unchanged with age."}
{"id": "PMID:888751", "title": "Who needs speech therapy?", "content": "Assessment of communication by a patient with a speech disorder by clinicians is often dependent on whether the patient makes an appropriate response to an instruction. The speech therapist concerned with language usage and the over-all ability to communicate has developed skills and investigational techniques to identify subgroups within the broad categories of speech pathology appreciated by the clinicians. This prospective study of 100 patients with neurological disease referred for speech therapy, examined in detail in good working conditions and with ample therapy time, is intended to clarify for the clinician a method of assessment, and to illustrate the value of therapy, and establish a prognosis for the variety of speech and language disorders encountered.", "contents": "Who needs speech therapy? Assessment of communication by a patient with a speech disorder by clinicians is often dependent on whether the patient makes an appropriate response to an instruction. The speech therapist concerned with language usage and the over-all ability to communicate has developed skills and investigational techniques to identify subgroups within the broad categories of speech pathology appreciated by the clinicians. This prospective study of 100 patients with neurological disease referred for speech therapy, examined in detail in good working conditions and with ample therapy time, is intended to clarify for the clinician a method of assessment, and to illustrate the value of therapy, and establish a prognosis for the variety of speech and language disorders encountered."}
{"id": "PMID:888752", "title": "Renal carcinoma: diagnostic and therapeutic aspects.", "content": "Angiographic diagnosis of renal cell carcinoma depends primarily upon the demonstration of abnormal vasculature within the tumor. Unless the renal vein is well visualized on the arteriogram, a venacavogram and renal venogram should be performed to detect tumor in these vessels. At present, the only effective treatment for renal carcinoma is radical nephrectomy.", "contents": "Renal carcinoma: diagnostic and therapeutic aspects. Angiographic diagnosis of renal cell carcinoma depends primarily upon the demonstration of abnormal vasculature within the tumor. Unless the renal vein is well visualized on the arteriogram, a venacavogram and renal venogram should be performed to detect tumor in these vessels. At present, the only effective treatment for renal carcinoma is radical nephrectomy."}
{"id": "PMID:888755", "title": "Scuba diving accidents.", "content": "The principal scuba diving medical problems of barotrauma, air embolism and decompression sickness have as their pathophysiologic basis the Ideal Gas Law and Boyle's Law. Hyperbaric chamber recompression therapy is the only definitive treatment of air embolism and decompression sickness. However, with a basic knowledge of diving medicine, the family physician can provide effective supportive care to the patient prior to initiation of hyperbaric therapy.", "contents": "Scuba diving accidents. The principal scuba diving medical problems of barotrauma, air embolism and decompression sickness have as their pathophysiologic basis the Ideal Gas Law and Boyle's Law. Hyperbaric chamber recompression therapy is the only definitive treatment of air embolism and decompression sickness. However, with a basic knowledge of diving medicine, the family physician can provide effective supportive care to the patient prior to initiation of hyperbaric therapy."}
{"id": "PMID:888756", "title": "Diabetic control and the late complications of diabetes.", "content": "Considerable evidence points to a metabolic cause for the long-term complications of diabetes--neuropathy, retinopathy, nephropathy and atherosclerosis. Recent studies suggest potential benefits from controlling hyperglycemia as well as possible. However, the individual physician must analyze the evidence for himself and then decide on which principles to base the treatment of his patients.", "contents": "Diabetic control and the late complications of diabetes. Considerable evidence points to a metabolic cause for the long-term complications of diabetes--neuropathy, retinopathy, nephropathy and atherosclerosis. Recent studies suggest potential benefits from controlling hyperglycemia as well as possible. However, the individual physician must analyze the evidence for himself and then decide on which principles to base the treatment of his patients."}
{"id": "PMID:888759", "title": "An abnormal early diastolic impedance waveform: a predictor of poor prognosis in the cardiac patient?", "content": "The first derivative of the thoracic impedance (dZ/dt) was recorded in 81 patients entering the Cardiac Care Unit with diverse acute cardiovascular illnesses. An abnormal diastolic impedance waveform was identified in 30 of the patients. These were compared with the other 51 patients admitted under similar circumstances who did not show this abnormal waveform. Retrospective analysis of these 81 patients reveals that the ones showing the abnormal wave eventually had a poorer prognosis (66 per cent were eventually classified as Class III and IV) versus 90 per cent of the patients without the abnormality who were eventually classified under Class I and II (X2 = 28.6; p less than .001). More than 50 per cent of the 30 patients who showed the abnormality died, and 16 out of the 18 who died belonged to the group who showed the abnormal waveform (X2 = 26.7; P less than .001). From this analysis it appears that the presence of this abnormal early diastolic waveform of the dZ/dt tracing can be used as a predictor of outcome in patients with several myocardial insults, both in terms of functional disability and death.", "contents": "An abnormal early diastolic impedance waveform: a predictor of poor prognosis in the cardiac patient? The first derivative of the thoracic impedance (dZ/dt) was recorded in 81 patients entering the Cardiac Care Unit with diverse acute cardiovascular illnesses. An abnormal diastolic impedance waveform was identified in 30 of the patients. These were compared with the other 51 patients admitted under similar circumstances who did not show this abnormal waveform. Retrospective analysis of these 81 patients reveals that the ones showing the abnormal wave eventually had a poorer prognosis (66 per cent were eventually classified as Class III and IV) versus 90 per cent of the patients without the abnormality who were eventually classified under Class I and II (X2 = 28.6; p less than .001). More than 50 per cent of the 30 patients who showed the abnormality died, and 16 out of the 18 who died belonged to the group who showed the abnormal waveform (X2 = 26.7; P less than .001). From this analysis it appears that the presence of this abnormal early diastolic waveform of the dZ/dt tracing can be used as a predictor of outcome in patients with several myocardial insults, both in terms of functional disability and death."}
{"id": "PMID:888760", "title": "Results of valve replacement with the Lillehei-Kaster disc prosthesis.", "content": "The results of valve replacement in 150 patients with Lillehei-Kaster aortic and mitral prostheses followed for 20 to 40 months are reviewed. Actuarial analysis showed 78 per cent cummulative thromboembolic-free rate three years following mitral valve replacement and 89 per cent following aortic valve replacement. Five patients had a total of six episodes of mitral valve thrombosis despite anticoagulant therapy. Early detection of mitral valve obstruction was difficult because a mid-diastolic murmur and absence of an opening sound was frequently encountered in normally functioning prostheses. Hemodynamic results assessed clinically in patients with nonthrombosed prostheses were satisfactory.", "contents": "Results of valve replacement with the Lillehei-Kaster disc prosthesis. The results of valve replacement in 150 patients with Lillehei-Kaster aortic and mitral prostheses followed for 20 to 40 months are reviewed. Actuarial analysis showed 78 per cent cummulative thromboembolic-free rate three years following mitral valve replacement and 89 per cent following aortic valve replacement. Five patients had a total of six episodes of mitral valve thrombosis despite anticoagulant therapy. Early detection of mitral valve obstruction was difficult because a mid-diastolic murmur and absence of an opening sound was frequently encountered in normally functioning prostheses. Hemodynamic results assessed clinically in patients with nonthrombosed prostheses were satisfactory."}
{"id": "PMID:888761", "title": "Systolic time intervals in chronic anemia.", "content": "Systolic time intervals were measured noninvasively in 12 healthy control subjects (hemoglobin 12 to 15 Gm. per cent) and 32 cases of chronic anemia without underlying cardiovascular disease. It was found that in mild anemia (hemoglobin above 7 Gm. per cent), where cardiac output is known to be normal, the systolic time intervals were also normal. In severe anemia (hemoglobin below 7 Gm. per cent), where cardiac output is known to be high, the systolic time intervals showed the pattern usually associated with high cardiac output, i.e., increased left ventricular ejection time (LVET) and decreased pre-ejection period (PEP) and PEP/LVET ratio, only when congestive failure was absent. In severe anemia with congestive failure, the LVET was decreased, and PEP and PEP/LVET ratio were increased--the pattern associated with impaired myocardial performance, even though cardiac output is known to be high in such cases also.", "contents": "Systolic time intervals in chronic anemia. Systolic time intervals were measured noninvasively in 12 healthy control subjects (hemoglobin 12 to 15 Gm. per cent) and 32 cases of chronic anemia without underlying cardiovascular disease. It was found that in mild anemia (hemoglobin above 7 Gm. per cent), where cardiac output is known to be normal, the systolic time intervals were also normal. In severe anemia (hemoglobin below 7 Gm. per cent), where cardiac output is known to be high, the systolic time intervals showed the pattern usually associated with high cardiac output, i.e., increased left ventricular ejection time (LVET) and decreased pre-ejection period (PEP) and PEP/LVET ratio, only when congestive failure was absent. In severe anemia with congestive failure, the LVET was decreased, and PEP and PEP/LVET ratio were increased--the pattern associated with impaired myocardial performance, even though cardiac output is known to be high in such cases also."}
{"id": "PMID:888764", "title": "The electrocardiographic response to maximal treadmill exercise of asymptomatic men with left bundle branch block.", "content": "This study presents the results of maximal treadmill testing and coronary angiography in 31 asymptomatic USAF aircrewmen with acquired left bundle branch block. There were two subgroups: 26 men with normal coronary angiography and five men with significant angiographic coronary angiography and five men with significant angiographic coronary artery disease. The mean amount of maximal ST-segment depression induced by treadmill exercise was --0.5 mv. for both groups and the range in the normal subgroup was --0.3 to --1.0 mv. No significant differences were found between the groups. We concluded that apparently healthy, asymptomatic men with acquired left bundle branch block can have considerable ST-segment depression in response to maximal treadmill testing and that their ST-segment response cannot be used to make diagnostic decisions about them.", "contents": "The electrocardiographic response to maximal treadmill exercise of asymptomatic men with left bundle branch block. This study presents the results of maximal treadmill testing and coronary angiography in 31 asymptomatic USAF aircrewmen with acquired left bundle branch block. There were two subgroups: 26 men with normal coronary angiography and five men with significant angiographic coronary angiography and five men with significant angiographic coronary artery disease. The mean amount of maximal ST-segment depression induced by treadmill exercise was --0.5 mv. for both groups and the range in the normal subgroup was --0.3 to --1.0 mv. No significant differences were found between the groups. We concluded that apparently healthy, asymptomatic men with acquired left bundle branch block can have considerable ST-segment depression in response to maximal treadmill testing and that their ST-segment response cannot be used to make diagnostic decisions about them."}
{"id": "PMID:888765", "title": "A clinicopathologic study of prosthetic valve endocarditis in 22 patients: morphologic basis for diagnosis and therapy.", "content": "Although endocarditis is a frequently lethal complication of prosthetic valve replacement, there is little pathological information on which to base diagnosis and treatment. We have studied the clinical and pathological features of 22 patients with prosthetic valve endocarditis seen at The Johns Hopkins Hospital over the past 17 years. Five patients developed endocarditis within two months of operation and 17 between two and 48 months (average 12) after operation. Patients dying early had a more fulminant course and their endocarditis was less often recognized during life. Late deaths, tending to present with fever and bacteremia unmasked by postoperative problems, were more readily recognized. Mitral and aortic prosthetic endocarditis generally led to a different type of prosthetic valve dysfunction: nine of 14 aortic valve prostheses with endocarditis developed incompetence and one other stenosis; five of seven patients with mitral valve prostheses developed stenosis and one, a homograft, developed incompetence. Prosthetic valve dysfunction led to death in 10 patients (45 per cent) and embolic events in five (23 per cent), including four cerebrovascular accidents. Ring infection, often believed to be universally present, and a contraindication to surgery, was found only in 50 per cent of these patients. In four patients (18 per cent) the endocarditis was sterilized by antibiotics but death occurred from valve dysfunction or emboli. These findings suggest that early surgical intervention combined with antibiotics has a chance of providing effective therapy for prosthetic valve endocarditis.", "contents": "A clinicopathologic study of prosthetic valve endocarditis in 22 patients: morphologic basis for diagnosis and therapy. Although endocarditis is a frequently lethal complication of prosthetic valve replacement, there is little pathological information on which to base diagnosis and treatment. We have studied the clinical and pathological features of 22 patients with prosthetic valve endocarditis seen at The Johns Hopkins Hospital over the past 17 years. Five patients developed endocarditis within two months of operation and 17 between two and 48 months (average 12) after operation. Patients dying early had a more fulminant course and their endocarditis was less often recognized during life. Late deaths, tending to present with fever and bacteremia unmasked by postoperative problems, were more readily recognized. Mitral and aortic prosthetic endocarditis generally led to a different type of prosthetic valve dysfunction: nine of 14 aortic valve prostheses with endocarditis developed incompetence and one other stenosis; five of seven patients with mitral valve prostheses developed stenosis and one, a homograft, developed incompetence. Prosthetic valve dysfunction led to death in 10 patients (45 per cent) and embolic events in five (23 per cent), including four cerebrovascular accidents. Ring infection, often believed to be universally present, and a contraindication to surgery, was found only in 50 per cent of these patients. In four patients (18 per cent) the endocarditis was sterilized by antibiotics but death occurred from valve dysfunction or emboli. These findings suggest that early surgical intervention combined with antibiotics has a chance of providing effective therapy for prosthetic valve endocarditis."}
{"id": "PMID:888766", "title": "Retrograde left atrial catheterization in children with congenital heart disease.", "content": "Entry into the left atrium during cardiac catheterization may be essential for full assessment of the hemodynamic situation, particularly for the accurate calculation of pulmonary blood flow and pulmonary arteriolar resistance. The retrograde transaortic transmitral technique of left atrial catheterization has been described in adults but no detailed reports are available for the pediatric age group. Experience of this technique in 43 children with congenital heart disease is now presented, with a success rate of 67 per cent and a low incidence of complications. This method compares favorably with other methods of left atrial catheterization when the interatrial septum is intact.", "contents": "Retrograde left atrial catheterization in children with congenital heart disease. Entry into the left atrium during cardiac catheterization may be essential for full assessment of the hemodynamic situation, particularly for the accurate calculation of pulmonary blood flow and pulmonary arteriolar resistance. The retrograde transaortic transmitral technique of left atrial catheterization has been described in adults but no detailed reports are available for the pediatric age group. Experience of this technique in 43 children with congenital heart disease is now presented, with a success rate of 67 per cent and a low incidence of complications. This method compares favorably with other methods of left atrial catheterization when the interatrial septum is intact."}
{"id": "PMID:888767", "title": "Time course of ventricular fibrillation threshold in infarcted and non-infacted myocardium after acute coronary ligation.", "content": "The time course of the ventricular fibrillation threshold (VFT) was studied in 10 open-chest mongrel dogs following acute occlusion of the left anterior descanding coronary artery (LAD). The VFT in the infarcted area was compared to a non-infarcted area of the left ventricle supplied by the circumflex coronary artery. Prior to coronary occlusion the mean VFT for the entire group of 10 animals was 14 ma. for the area supplied by the LAD and 17.6 ma. for the area of the left circumflex. Immediately after coronary ligation the VFT decreased in both areas. Within 90 to 120 minutes the VFT in the infarcted area was 27 ma. and after 6 hours of occlusion the VFT was 3 times the pre-ligation value. The VFT in the non-infarcted area remained near the pre-ligation values. The excitability of the infarcted area was markedly decreased after coronary occlusion and this accounted for the increase in the VFT in the infarcted area. In the non-ischemic area the excitability was unchanged during the entire six hour period following occlusion. The study stresses the importance of the location of the electrodes used for fibrillation and the natural course of the VFT in evaluating VFT's within the ischemic myocardium.", "contents": "Time course of ventricular fibrillation threshold in infarcted and non-infacted myocardium after acute coronary ligation. The time course of the ventricular fibrillation threshold (VFT) was studied in 10 open-chest mongrel dogs following acute occlusion of the left anterior descanding coronary artery (LAD). The VFT in the infarcted area was compared to a non-infarcted area of the left ventricle supplied by the circumflex coronary artery. Prior to coronary occlusion the mean VFT for the entire group of 10 animals was 14 ma. for the area supplied by the LAD and 17.6 ma. for the area of the left circumflex. Immediately after coronary ligation the VFT decreased in both areas. Within 90 to 120 minutes the VFT in the infarcted area was 27 ma. and after 6 hours of occlusion the VFT was 3 times the pre-ligation value. The VFT in the non-infarcted area remained near the pre-ligation values. The excitability of the infarcted area was markedly decreased after coronary occlusion and this accounted for the increase in the VFT in the infarcted area. In the non-ischemic area the excitability was unchanged during the entire six hour period following occlusion. The study stresses the importance of the location of the electrodes used for fibrillation and the natural course of the VFT in evaluating VFT's within the ischemic myocardium."}
{"id": "PMID:888768", "title": "Granulomatous myocarditis secondary to cornstarch.", "content": "A 44-year-old white female with chronic rheumatic heart disease and mitral insufficiency was admitted to the hospital for cardiac catheterization and mitral valve replacement. On the ninth postoperative day the patient experienced a sudden onset of chest pain, hypotension, and died shortly therafter. Autopsy revealed multiple mural thrombi of the left atrium, one of which occluded the mitral orifice. Histologic examination showed a granulomatous and non-specific interstitial myocarditis involving all chambers of the heart. In the granulomas, both inside and outside giant cells, rounded foreign bodies were noted which stained light blue with hematoxylin and eosin, red with the periodic acid Schiff reagent, dark bluish-black with Gram's iodine, and showed Maltese cross birefringence under polarized light. These particles were identical with starch granules from surgical glove powder. The cause of death was acute mitral occlusion form a flapping mural thrombus.", "contents": "Granulomatous myocarditis secondary to cornstarch. A 44-year-old white female with chronic rheumatic heart disease and mitral insufficiency was admitted to the hospital for cardiac catheterization and mitral valve replacement. On the ninth postoperative day the patient experienced a sudden onset of chest pain, hypotension, and died shortly therafter. Autopsy revealed multiple mural thrombi of the left atrium, one of which occluded the mitral orifice. Histologic examination showed a granulomatous and non-specific interstitial myocarditis involving all chambers of the heart. In the granulomas, both inside and outside giant cells, rounded foreign bodies were noted which stained light blue with hematoxylin and eosin, red with the periodic acid Schiff reagent, dark bluish-black with Gram's iodine, and showed Maltese cross birefringence under polarized light. These particles were identical with starch granules from surgical glove powder. The cause of death was acute mitral occlusion form a flapping mural thrombus."}
{"id": "PMID:888769", "title": "Platelet functions in patients with aortic ball valves.", "content": "Platelet functions were studied in normal subjects and patients with single Staff-Edwards aortic ball valves of series 1200 and 2300. The most pronounced changes were found in platelet adhesiveness, measured with Hellem's modified method. The mean percentage of adhesive platelets was reduced from 71.8 in normal subjects to 50.9 in patients with valve type 1200 and to 27.2 in those with type 2300. An inverse correlation was found between platelet adhesiveness and the degree of intravascular hemolysis, as reflected by serum LDH levels. The mean bleeding time was significantly prolonged in patients with valve 2300, and the individual values correlated inversely to the adhesiveness. The mean values of platelet counts, or irreversible aggregation induced by collagen or epinephrine, and of platelet survival were all moderately-but significantly-reduced as compared to normal. The most important mechanism behind the disturbed platelet reactivity is probably mechanical damage of the platelets by the valve, whereas refractoriness of platelets toward ADP liberated from red cells as well as consumption of adhesive platelets by thrombus formation is thought to have limited influence on platelet behavior. Platelet function was altered to the same extent in patients with a history of arterial thromboembolic complications as in those without. The disturbed platelet reactivity may predispose to bleeding, but may also offer some protection against arterial thromboembolism.", "contents": "Platelet functions in patients with aortic ball valves. Platelet functions were studied in normal subjects and patients with single Staff-Edwards aortic ball valves of series 1200 and 2300. The most pronounced changes were found in platelet adhesiveness, measured with Hellem's modified method. The mean percentage of adhesive platelets was reduced from 71.8 in normal subjects to 50.9 in patients with valve type 1200 and to 27.2 in those with type 2300. An inverse correlation was found between platelet adhesiveness and the degree of intravascular hemolysis, as reflected by serum LDH levels. The mean bleeding time was significantly prolonged in patients with valve 2300, and the individual values correlated inversely to the adhesiveness. The mean values of platelet counts, or irreversible aggregation induced by collagen or epinephrine, and of platelet survival were all moderately-but significantly-reduced as compared to normal. The most important mechanism behind the disturbed platelet reactivity is probably mechanical damage of the platelets by the valve, whereas refractoriness of platelets toward ADP liberated from red cells as well as consumption of adhesive platelets by thrombus formation is thought to have limited influence on platelet behavior. Platelet function was altered to the same extent in patients with a history of arterial thromboembolic complications as in those without. The disturbed platelet reactivity may predispose to bleeding, but may also offer some protection against arterial thromboembolism."}
{"id": "PMID:888778", "title": "The consequences of fever.", "content": "Although recent studies in lizards show that induced fever reduces mortality during an experimental infection, the question of the biological value of a fever response remains an open one. Although both the fever response and muscular work during a shaking chill have a measurable metabolic cost, body temperatures cannot be related directly to heat production. Heat loss must also be considered, for heat losses vary according to body size, amounts of subcutaneous fat, and the insulating effects of clothing or blankets and environmental temperatures. The nutritional costs of fever vary in patients of differing age and size, differing nutritional status, and differing environmental and cultural conditions. More information about these factors is required to help assess the metabolic needs of individual patients during a febrile illness.", "contents": "The consequences of fever. Although recent studies in lizards show that induced fever reduces mortality during an experimental infection, the question of the biological value of a fever response remains an open one. Although both the fever response and muscular work during a shaking chill have a measurable metabolic cost, body temperatures cannot be related directly to heat production. Heat loss must also be considered, for heat losses vary according to body size, amounts of subcutaneous fat, and the insulating effects of clothing or blankets and environmental temperatures. The nutritional costs of fever vary in patients of differing age and size, differing nutritional status, and differing environmental and cultural conditions. More information about these factors is required to help assess the metabolic needs of individual patients during a febrile illness."}
{"id": "PMID:888779", "title": "Effect of infection on food intake and the nutritional state: perspectives as viewed from the village.", "content": "Data from a prospective study of a Guatemalan village population revealed an exceedingly high force of infection which may effect nutrition and growth from gestation onward. Maternal morbidity was higher and fetal antigenic stimulation was more frequent than in industrial societies. Infection of the young child was a common occurrence and although a great many infections were silent, morbidity rates were extremely high, particularly during the protracted weaning period (6 to 24 months). Infectious disease was found to be an important cause of weight loss, arrest in height, and impaired physical growth. Also, it was a common precipitating factor of severe malnutrition and death. Analysis of the dietary data of fully weaned children did not reveal a deficit in protein intake. Most children, however, had very low calorie intakes. Infectious disease was a common cause of anorexia and of marked reduction in calorie intake, followed by weight loss and impaired physical growth. A strong inverse correlation was detected between infectious disease and calorie intake in the 2nd year of life, when children were being weaned. Infection is the most important isolated factor in the causation of malnutrition in the village. A reorientation of health and nutrition policies seems in line in view of failures of food supplementation programs, particularly with protein, in many parts of the world.", "contents": "Effect of infection on food intake and the nutritional state: perspectives as viewed from the village. Data from a prospective study of a Guatemalan village population revealed an exceedingly high force of infection which may effect nutrition and growth from gestation onward. Maternal morbidity was higher and fetal antigenic stimulation was more frequent than in industrial societies. Infection of the young child was a common occurrence and although a great many infections were silent, morbidity rates were extremely high, particularly during the protracted weaning period (6 to 24 months). Infectious disease was found to be an important cause of weight loss, arrest in height, and impaired physical growth. Also, it was a common precipitating factor of severe malnutrition and death. Analysis of the dietary data of fully weaned children did not reveal a deficit in protein intake. Most children, however, had very low calorie intakes. Infectious disease was a common cause of anorexia and of marked reduction in calorie intake, followed by weight loss and impaired physical growth. A strong inverse correlation was detected between infectious disease and calorie intake in the 2nd year of life, when children were being weaned. Infection is the most important isolated factor in the causation of malnutrition in the village. A reorientation of health and nutrition policies seems in line in view of failures of food supplementation programs, particularly with protein, in many parts of the world."}
{"id": "PMID:888780", "title": "Malabsorption associated with diarrhea and intestinal infections.", "content": "An episode of diarrhea causes weight loss and a temporary cessation of growth in infants and children. Diarrhea is accompained by malabsorption of sugars, nitrogen, fats, and micronutrients. The mechanisms by which acute diarrheal disease produce malabsorption have not been studied carefully. The nutritional costs of malabsorption may pose a major threat if diarrhea becomes chronic or recurrent. The hydrogen breath test for carbohydrate malabsorption does not require intubation or blood drawing and can be used in children to help clarify the importance of carbohydrate intolerance in the duration and perpetuation of acute diarrhea and intestinal bacterial overgrowth.", "contents": "Malabsorption associated with diarrhea and intestinal infections. An episode of diarrhea causes weight loss and a temporary cessation of growth in infants and children. Diarrhea is accompained by malabsorption of sugars, nitrogen, fats, and micronutrients. The mechanisms by which acute diarrheal disease produce malabsorption have not been studied carefully. The nutritional costs of malabsorption may pose a major threat if diarrhea becomes chronic or recurrent. The hydrogen breath test for carbohydrate malabsorption does not require intubation or blood drawing and can be used in children to help clarify the importance of carbohydrate intolerance in the duration and perpetuation of acute diarrhea and intestinal bacterial overgrowth."}
{"id": "PMID:888781", "title": "Energy balance and carbohydrate metabolism in infection and sepsis.", "content": "Indirect calorimetry and nitrogen measurements suggest that uncomplicated abdominal surgery produces no significnat change in resting metabolic expenditure and only a slight loss of urinary nitrogen. More severe injury and infections produce larger increases in resting metabolic expenditure and nitrogen loss. Severe injuries can result in a 15 to 30% loss of body weight, but the protein contribution to caloric expenditure does not exceed 20% and is less than expected. The provision of calories and nitrogen can change the course of the septic patient. A continual conversion of alanine carbon to glucose occurs in septic patients, including those who are receiving exogenous glucose at the normal hepatic production rate. In sepsis, the release of glucogenic substrates from peripheral tissues may determine the rate of hepatic gluconeogenesis.", "contents": "Energy balance and carbohydrate metabolism in infection and sepsis. Indirect calorimetry and nitrogen measurements suggest that uncomplicated abdominal surgery produces no significnat change in resting metabolic expenditure and only a slight loss of urinary nitrogen. More severe injury and infections produce larger increases in resting metabolic expenditure and nitrogen loss. Severe injuries can result in a 15 to 30% loss of body weight, but the protein contribution to caloric expenditure does not exceed 20% and is less than expected. The provision of calories and nitrogen can change the course of the septic patient. A continual conversion of alanine carbon to glucose occurs in septic patients, including those who are receiving exogenous glucose at the normal hepatic production rate. In sepsis, the release of glucogenic substrates from peripheral tissues may determine the rate of hepatic gluconeogenesis."}
{"id": "PMID:888782", "title": "Fat metabolism in normal and abnormal states.", "content": "Various aspects of the use of fatty acids as fuel in normal and abnormal states in mammals are described. The discussion includes use of dietary lipid as fuel, the functioning of adipose tissue as a fuel reservoir, the use of free fatty acids mobilized from adipose tissue as fuel, the liver as a source of lipid fuel, and the use of intracellular lipids as fuel sources. In addition, the responses of lipid metabolism to fasting and exercise are reviewed. Finally, selected data on the effects of infections on the use of lipids as fuels are considered in relation to our current knowledge metabolism.", "contents": "Fat metabolism in normal and abnormal states. Various aspects of the use of fatty acids as fuel in normal and abnormal states in mammals are described. The discussion includes use of dietary lipid as fuel, the functioning of adipose tissue as a fuel reservoir, the use of free fatty acids mobilized from adipose tissue as fuel, the liver as a source of lipid fuel, and the use of intracellular lipids as fuel sources. In addition, the responses of lipid metabolism to fasting and exercise are reviewed. Finally, selected data on the effects of infections on the use of lipids as fuels are considered in relation to our current knowledge metabolism."}
{"id": "PMID:888784", "title": "Whole body protein synthesis and catabolism in septic man.", "content": "The protein catabolic response to sepsis has been measured in three patients and in two normal subjects using a pulse injections of L-[15N]alanine. In addition, the urea kinetics were measured using a pulse administration of [15N]urea. Several nitrogen models which simulated the metabolic pathways of nitrogen-labeled compounds were tried. Best curve fits and acceptable confidence limits were obtained with a four-pool model containing two metabolic pools and two urea pools. Using this model, synthesis and catabolism rates were calculated for a fast and slow protein turnover pool. The mean daily total protein synthesis rate in the normal was 3.695 g/kg compared to 4.479 g/kg in sepsis. Because all subjects were in negative nitrogen balance, the mean total protein catabolic rate in the normal was 4.379 g/kg, compared to 5.298 g/kg in sepsis. These data suggest an increase in both protein synthesis and catabolism during sepsis.", "contents": "Whole body protein synthesis and catabolism in septic man. The protein catabolic response to sepsis has been measured in three patients and in two normal subjects using a pulse injections of L-[15N]alanine. In addition, the urea kinetics were measured using a pulse administration of [15N]urea. Several nitrogen models which simulated the metabolic pathways of nitrogen-labeled compounds were tried. Best curve fits and acceptable confidence limits were obtained with a four-pool model containing two metabolic pools and two urea pools. Using this model, synthesis and catabolism rates were calculated for a fast and slow protein turnover pool. The mean daily total protein synthesis rate in the normal was 3.695 g/kg compared to 4.479 g/kg in sepsis. Because all subjects were in negative nitrogen balance, the mean total protein catabolic rate in the normal was 4.379 g/kg, compared to 5.298 g/kg in sepsis. These data suggest an increase in both protein synthesis and catabolism during sepsis."}
{"id": "PMID:888785", "title": "Muscle protein catabolism in the septic patient as measured by 3-methylhistidine excretion.", "content": "Muscle protein catabolism has been evaluated using the excretion of urinary 3-methylhistidine (3-MEH) is six normal male and six normal female subjects and in four surgical patients, two of whom developed febrile episodes during the course of their study. In addition, their nutritional status was also evaluated using percentage body weight losses before hospital admittance, creatinine-height ratios, and, in two patients, serum alkaline ribonuclease levels. The results indicate that: 1) prolonged starvation may produced decreased 3-MEH excretion because of an adaptive diminution of muscle breakdown in sustained starvation, decreased 3-MEH excretion also may simply reflect diminished lean body mass, 3-MEH excretion may be increased above basal levels because of superimposed stresses such as fever, and the acute phases of starvation produce increased levels of 3-MEH excretion until adaptive mechanisms occur; 2) creatinine-height ratios are low in starvation, and increase not only with improved nutrition but in response to fever and stress of operation, even when these are superimposed on malnutrition; and 3) alkaline RNAase levels are elevated in malnutrition and decrease with improved nutrition but in response to fever and stress of operation, even when these are superimposed on malnutrition; and 3) alkaline RNAase levels are elevated in malnutrition and decrease with improved nutrition. The enzyme may also be elevated by the stress  of operations.", "contents": "Muscle protein catabolism in the septic patient as measured by 3-methylhistidine excretion. Muscle protein catabolism has been evaluated using the excretion of urinary 3-methylhistidine (3-MEH) is six normal male and six normal female subjects and in four surgical patients, two of whom developed febrile episodes during the course of their study. In addition, their nutritional status was also evaluated using percentage body weight losses before hospital admittance, creatinine-height ratios, and, in two patients, serum alkaline ribonuclease levels. The results indicate that: 1) prolonged starvation may produced decreased 3-MEH excretion because of an adaptive diminution of muscle breakdown in sustained starvation, decreased 3-MEH excretion also may simply reflect diminished lean body mass, 3-MEH excretion may be increased above basal levels because of superimposed stresses such as fever, and the acute phases of starvation produce increased levels of 3-MEH excretion until adaptive mechanisms occur; 2) creatinine-height ratios are low in starvation, and increase not only with improved nutrition but in response to fever and stress of operation, even when these are superimposed on malnutrition; and 3) alkaline RNAase levels are elevated in malnutrition and decrease with improved nutrition but in response to fever and stress of operation, even when these are superimposed on malnutrition; and 3) alkaline RNAase levels are elevated in malnutrition and decrease with improved nutrition. The enzyme may also be elevated by the stress  of operations."}
{"id": "PMID:888786", "title": "The in vivo measurement of protein synthesis.", "content": "Methods of measuring in vivo protein synthesis are briefly reviewed. Methods involving incorporation of label into protein are more appropriate for mixed proteins. The major difficulty is the definition of the precursor pool for protein synthesis. The only data available on the effect of infection on protein synthesis are open to criticism on the grounds that the precursor pool was not sampled.", "contents": "The in vivo measurement of protein synthesis. Methods of measuring in vivo protein synthesis are briefly reviewed. Methods involving incorporation of label into protein are more appropriate for mixed proteins. The major difficulty is the definition of the precursor pool for protein synthesis. The only data available on the effect of infection on protein synthesis are open to criticism on the grounds that the precursor pool was not sampled."}
{"id": "PMID:888787", "title": "Impaired gluconeogenesis in extensively injured patients with gram-negative bacteremia.", "content": "Glucose kinetics and gluconeogenic precursors were studied in burned patients with or without gram-negative bacteremia. Gram-negative sepsis in burned patients impairs the increased rate of hepatic glucose production which characteristically occurs after thermal injury.", "contents": "Impaired gluconeogenesis in extensively injured patients with gram-negative bacteremia. Glucose kinetics and gluconeogenic precursors were studied in burned patients with or without gram-negative bacteremia. Gram-negative sepsis in burned patients impairs the increased rate of hepatic glucose production which characteristically occurs after thermal injury."}
{"id": "PMID:888788", "title": "Effect of inflammatory and noninflammatory stress on ketone bodies and free fatty acids in rats.", "content": "Both bacterial and viral infections prevented or reversed the expected ketogenic response induced in rats by starvation. In contrast, ketogenesis was not inhibited by stresses such as aseptic femoral fracture or immobilization by screen restraint. Infection had no effect on mitochondrial enzymes of terminal respiration and fatty acid oxidation.", "contents": "Effect of inflammatory and noninflammatory stress on ketone bodies and free fatty acids in rats. Both bacterial and viral infections prevented or reversed the expected ketogenic response induced in rats by starvation. In contrast, ketogenesis was not inhibited by stresses such as aseptic femoral fracture or immobilization by screen restraint. Infection had no effect on mitochondrial enzymes of terminal respiration and fatty acid oxidation."}
{"id": "PMID:888789", "title": "Graduate training in community psychology.", "content": "The results of a 1975 survey of graduate training programs in community psychology and community mental health are presented. For 62 programs offering master's or doctoral training, formal curriculum components in each of five content areas (community systems and behavior, prevention or promotion of effectiveness, practice of community mental health, research and evaluation, and administration) are reported. Availability of training in six sites (community mental health centers, state hospitals, schools, legal, public health, and social service systems) is also indicated for each program. The number of faculty primarily involved in community psychology or community mental health training and principal sources of financial support for graduate students are described. A list of the 62 programs is provided.", "contents": "Graduate training in community psychology. The results of a 1975 survey of graduate training programs in community psychology and community mental health are presented. For 62 programs offering master's or doctoral training, formal curriculum components in each of five content areas (community systems and behavior, prevention or promotion of effectiveness, practice of community mental health, research and evaluation, and administration) are reported. Availability of training in six sites (community mental health centers, state hospitals, schools, legal, public health, and social service systems) is also indicated for each program. The number of faculty primarily involved in community psychology or community mental health training and principal sources of financial support for graduate students are described. A list of the 62 programs is provided."}
{"id": "PMID:888790", "title": "Significant life experiences in an adult sample.", "content": "This study sought to focus on the significant life experiences of an adult sample (n = 45, ages 30-60); in particular, stress, traumas, and trauma-resolved experiences were examined and compared to like experiences of an undergraduate sample. The results for the adults revealed that two-thirds of the sample were able to convert traumas into strens, and the ability seemed to be dependent more on the person than the specific event. Success at converting, if it occurred at all, usually occurred while in subjects were in their 20s; once it occurred, subsequent events were more likely to be coped with in a more positive manner. The implications for primary and early secondary prevention are discussed.", "contents": "Significant life experiences in an adult sample. This study sought to focus on the significant life experiences of an adult sample (n = 45, ages 30-60); in particular, stress, traumas, and trauma-resolved experiences were examined and compared to like experiences of an undergraduate sample. The results for the adults revealed that two-thirds of the sample were able to convert traumas into strens, and the ability seemed to be dependent more on the person than the specific event. Success at converting, if it occurred at all, usually occurred while in subjects were in their 20s; once it occurred, subsequent events were more likely to be coped with in a more positive manner. The implications for primary and early secondary prevention are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:888791", "title": "A method for the study of lay conceptions of psychopathology: a free-response approach.", "content": "A free-response approach for identifying a lay group's conception of psycopathology is described in this paper and is illustrated with a college student population. An initial sample of individuals from the population is asked to give \"reasons why someone might need to be examined by a professional person in the field of mental health.\" A second sample of individuals sort the problem statements on the basis of their judgements of the similarity among the statements. A measure of psychological distance for each pair of statements, based on the proportion of times the two statements are sorted together, is used as input for clustering and multidimensional scaling. A third sample contributes to the interpretation of the resulting structures by rating each problem on several psychological properties. The most relevant properties found for college students are: (a) degree of abnormality; (b) referral source--self versus others. Also disc1ssed are possible applications of the method to other lay groups in the interest of providing improved community mental health services to such groups.", "contents": "A method for the study of lay conceptions of psychopathology: a free-response approach. A free-response approach for identifying a lay group's conception of psycopathology is described in this paper and is illustrated with a college student population. An initial sample of individuals from the population is asked to give \"reasons why someone might need to be examined by a professional person in the field of mental health.\" A second sample of individuals sort the problem statements on the basis of their judgements of the similarity among the statements. A measure of psychological distance for each pair of statements, based on the proportion of times the two statements are sorted together, is used as input for clustering and multidimensional scaling. A third sample contributes to the interpretation of the resulting structures by rating each problem on several psychological properties. The most relevant properties found for college students are: (a) degree of abnormality; (b) referral source--self versus others. Also disc1ssed are possible applications of the method to other lay groups in the interest of providing improved community mental health services to such groups."}
{"id": "PMID:888792", "title": "Roles and expectations for mental health professionals in law enforcement agencies.", "content": "To assess consumer needs for and attitudes toward mental health services within law enforcement agencies, a questionnaire composed of a comprehensive list of mental health services potentially available to police departments was administered to populations of police officers and mental health workers. Respondents rated the services according to perceived utility of the service for law enforcement needs. Generally, police officers seemed receptive to several kinds of mental health  service, although they were less enthusiastic about the value of the services than professionals. The implication of these data for the community mental health worker are discussed in terms of establishing and maintaining effective, mutually satisfying relationships with law enforcement agencies.", "contents": "Roles and expectations for mental health professionals in law enforcement agencies. To assess consumer needs for and attitudes toward mental health services within law enforcement agencies, a questionnaire composed of a comprehensive list of mental health services potentially available to police departments was administered to populations of police officers and mental health workers. Respondents rated the services according to perceived utility of the service for law enforcement needs. Generally, police officers seemed receptive to several kinds of mental health  service, although they were less enthusiastic about the value of the services than professionals. The implication of these data for the community mental health worker are discussed in terms of establishing and maintaining effective, mutually satisfying relationships with law enforcement agencies."}
{"id": "PMID:888793", "title": "Money and mental disorder: toward behavioral cost accounting for primary prevention.", "content": "This paper reviews recent retrospective sociological research suggesting that rises as well as falls in the economy are associated with such indicators of mental disorder as suicide and mental hospitalization. The review emphasizes that a lag exists between economic change and the changes in associated mental indicators. It is suggested that these findings hold promise both for early warning for practitioners and for primary prevention. Also described is a survey in four centers of 93 community mental health workers, indicating that such workers are receptive to the use of such economic indicators but not well-informed about them. Suggestions are made for prospective research to relate economic change to mental disorder through such intervening constructs as life change and stress. Such research, it is hoped, would expand the capacities of community psychologists to account for the behavioral costs of economic policy alternatives.", "contents": "Money and mental disorder: toward behavioral cost accounting for primary prevention. This paper reviews recent retrospective sociological research suggesting that rises as well as falls in the economy are associated with such indicators of mental disorder as suicide and mental hospitalization. The review emphasizes that a lag exists between economic change and the changes in associated mental indicators. It is suggested that these findings hold promise both for early warning for practitioners and for primary prevention. Also described is a survey in four centers of 93 community mental health workers, indicating that such workers are receptive to the use of such economic indicators but not well-informed about them. Suggestions are made for prospective research to relate economic change to mental disorder through such intervening constructs as life change and stress. Such research, it is hoped, would expand the capacities of community psychologists to account for the behavioral costs of economic policy alternatives."}
{"id": "PMID:888794", "title": "Job design and staff satisfaction in human service settings.", "content": "It was hypothesized that job design is systematically related to employee satisfaction. The job design variables included were: variety, task-identity, feedback, autonomy participation, learning, and information. Subjects were 137 professional and nonprofessional employees of 22 agencies providing services to children. Agencies included mental health facilities, visiting nurse associations, residential care settings, and foster placement and adoption agencies. The hypothesis was supported. The correlations between specific jog design variables and work satisfaction were examined.", "contents": "Job design and staff satisfaction in human service settings. It was hypothesized that job design is systematically related to employee satisfaction. The job design variables included were: variety, task-identity, feedback, autonomy participation, learning, and information. Subjects were 137 professional and nonprofessional employees of 22 agencies providing services to children. Agencies included mental health facilities, visiting nurse associations, residential care settings, and foster placement and adoption agencies. The hypothesis was supported. The correlations between specific jog design variables and work satisfaction were examined."}
{"id": "PMID:888795", "title": "Client evaluation of community mental health services: relation to demographic and treatment variables.", "content": "Community mental health center (CMHC) outpatient clients' satisfaction and perceived problem improvement were assessed by telephoning 108 clients, representing 40% of clients discharged during the period under investigation. The CMHC's services were perceived positively, and most clients were satisfied with their therapy experience, found it helpful, and felt more able to handle future problems. Data on reasons for termination, expected future behavior, and extratherapeutic factors were also gathered. Of particular interest were the findings that satisfaction and improvement were unrelated to client age, sex, marital status, or social class, but significantly more positive outcome responses were found for those clients who terminated therapy with a mutual client--therapist decision as compared to those who terminated unilaterally.", "contents": "Client evaluation of community mental health services: relation to demographic and treatment variables. Community mental health center (CMHC) outpatient clients' satisfaction and perceived problem improvement were assessed by telephoning 108 clients, representing 40% of clients discharged during the period under investigation. The CMHC's services were perceived positively, and most clients were satisfied with their therapy experience, found it helpful, and felt more able to handle future problems. Data on reasons for termination, expected future behavior, and extratherapeutic factors were also gathered. Of particular interest were the findings that satisfaction and improvement were unrelated to client age, sex, marital status, or social class, but significantly more positive outcome responses were found for those clients who terminated therapy with a mutual client--therapist decision as compared to those who terminated unilaterally."}
{"id": "PMID:888797", "title": "Pneumococcal meningitis in children.", "content": "We review the clinical and laboratory features of 79 children with 83 episodes of pneumococcal meningitis over a 26-year period. The onset of illness was often severe, with convulsions occurring in 31% of the patients. The mortality was 10.8% and all deaths occurred in patients younger than 1 year of age; the death rate has dropped from 19% in the 1948 to 1962 era to 3% from 1963 to 1973. The association of pneumonia with meningitis, the presence of hypoglycorrhachia, and an increased CSF protein concentration were associated with a poor prognosis; bacteremia and convulsions were also more common in the fetal cases. Neurologic sequelae including recurrent meningitis, deafness, hydrocephalus, convulsions, and retardation were present in 56% of the patients observed. Findings from EEGs did not correlate well with the clinical picture during the acute or convalescent stage of the illness. Despite accurate diagnosis, prompt therapy, and a decrease in the mortality in the past decade, pneumococcal meningitis in children is still often associated with a serious outcome.", "contents": "Pneumococcal meningitis in children. We review the clinical and laboratory features of 79 children with 83 episodes of pneumococcal meningitis over a 26-year period. The onset of illness was often severe, with convulsions occurring in 31% of the patients. The mortality was 10.8% and all deaths occurred in patients younger than 1 year of age; the death rate has dropped from 19% in the 1948 to 1962 era to 3% from 1963 to 1973. The association of pneumonia with meningitis, the presence of hypoglycorrhachia, and an increased CSF protein concentration were associated with a poor prognosis; bacteremia and convulsions were also more common in the fetal cases. Neurologic sequelae including recurrent meningitis, deafness, hydrocephalus, convulsions, and retardation were present in 56% of the patients observed. Findings from EEGs did not correlate well with the clinical picture during the acute or convalescent stage of the illness. Despite accurate diagnosis, prompt therapy, and a decrease in the mortality in the past decade, pneumococcal meningitis in children is still often associated with a serious outcome."}
{"id": "PMID:888798", "title": "Botulism in infancy. Report of a case.", "content": "A 22-day-old infant developed infant botulism characterized by profound weakness, hypotonia, respiratory arrest, areflexia, ptosis, pupils that responded poorly to light, and absent gag reflex. Stool examination yielded Clostridium botulinum type B organisms and type B toxin. Electromyography provided rapid diagnostic assistance. With supportive care, reovery was complete. This \"new\" disease probably is more common than now appreciated.", "contents": "Botulism in infancy. Report of a case. A 22-day-old infant developed infant botulism characterized by profound weakness, hypotonia, respiratory arrest, areflexia, ptosis, pupils that responded poorly to light, and absent gag reflex. Stool examination yielded Clostridium botulinum type B organisms and type B toxin. Electromyography provided rapid diagnostic assistance. With supportive care, reovery was complete. This \"new\" disease probably is more common than now appreciated."}
{"id": "PMID:888799", "title": "Home follow-up of urinary tract infection. Comparison of two nonculture techniques.", "content": "Thirty children with recurrent urinary tract infection were followed up at home by their parents, using urine nitrite and urine glucose bacteruria detection methods. Their results were compared with traditional clinic culture techniques. The home testing chemical methods proved to be more effective than office cultures in detecting children with recurrent infections with a considerable saving in cost and inconvenience.", "contents": "Home follow-up of urinary tract infection. Comparison of two nonculture techniques. Thirty children with recurrent urinary tract infection were followed up at home by their parents, using urine nitrite and urine glucose bacteruria detection methods. Their results were compared with traditional clinic culture techniques. The home testing chemical methods proved to be more effective than office cultures in detecting children with recurrent infections with a considerable saving in cost and inconvenience."}
{"id": "PMID:888800", "title": "Supravalvular mitral stenosis associated with ventricular septal defect.", "content": "We describe three patients with supravalvular mitral stenosis caused by a diaphragm located just above the mitral valve and associated with a ventricular septal defect. Two of our three patients also had an associated coarctation of the aorta. The physical signs, ECGs, chest roentgenograms, and cardiac catheterization data are described. Points helpful in the differential diagnosis of this malformation are emphasized. All three patients were treated successfully by surgery.", "contents": "Supravalvular mitral stenosis associated with ventricular septal defect. We describe three patients with supravalvular mitral stenosis caused by a diaphragm located just above the mitral valve and associated with a ventricular septal defect. Two of our three patients also had an associated coarctation of the aorta. The physical signs, ECGs, chest roentgenograms, and cardiac catheterization data are described. Points helpful in the differential diagnosis of this malformation are emphasized. All three patients were treated successfully by surgery."}
{"id": "PMID:888801", "title": "Kentucky Appalachian goiter without iodine deficiency. Evidence for evanescent thyroiditis.", "content": "In Breathitt County, Kentucky, an Appalachian Mountain community, 1,267 children were examined to determine goiter prevalence. Matched pairs of 82 goitrous and nongoitrous children were reexamined six months later for family history, urinary iodine excretion, serum thyroxine, triiodothyronine, protein-bound iodine, thyrotropin, and thyroid autoantibodies. Goiter prevalence was 8.4%. Iodine deficiency was not found. Thyroid stimulating hormone levels were higher in the goitrous group. Microsomal autoantibody titers were elevated in 20% of the children with goiters vs 6% of controls (P less than .05). Fluorescent antibodies were associated with positive microsomal (P less than .01) but not with positive tanned RBC autoantibodies. Unexpectedly, on repeat examination, goiter was absent in 17 (21%) of the originally goitrous group, but was now present in 22 (25%) of the controls. We concluded that while evolving thyroiditis is common in Appalachian children, it does not explain all goiters in an area of abundant iodine intake and known familial goiter.", "contents": "Kentucky Appalachian goiter without iodine deficiency. Evidence for evanescent thyroiditis. In Breathitt County, Kentucky, an Appalachian Mountain community, 1,267 children were examined to determine goiter prevalence. Matched pairs of 82 goitrous and nongoitrous children were reexamined six months later for family history, urinary iodine excretion, serum thyroxine, triiodothyronine, protein-bound iodine, thyrotropin, and thyroid autoantibodies. Goiter prevalence was 8.4%. Iodine deficiency was not found. Thyroid stimulating hormone levels were higher in the goitrous group. Microsomal autoantibody titers were elevated in 20% of the children with goiters vs 6% of controls (P less than .05). Fluorescent antibodies were associated with positive microsomal (P less than .01) but not with positive tanned RBC autoantibodies. Unexpectedly, on repeat examination, goiter was absent in 17 (21%) of the originally goitrous group, but was now present in 22 (25%) of the controls. We concluded that while evolving thyroiditis is common in Appalachian children, it does not explain all goiters in an area of abundant iodine intake and known familial goiter."}
{"id": "PMID:888802", "title": "Fulminant hepatitis. A presentation of Wilson's disease.", "content": "A boy, 10 years of age, was admitted to the hospital with rapid onset of hepatic failure and died within three weeks. Laboratory and pathological data were consistent with Wilson's disease. We discuss the importance of Wilson's disease in the differential diagnosis of acute liver failure.", "contents": "Fulminant hepatitis. A presentation of Wilson's disease. A boy, 10 years of age, was admitted to the hospital with rapid onset of hepatic failure and died within three weeks. Laboratory and pathological data were consistent with Wilson's disease. We discuss the importance of Wilson's disease in the differential diagnosis of acute liver failure."}
{"id": "PMID:888803", "title": "Chronic overtreatment with insulin in children and adolescents.", "content": "We have recorded clues to the clinical recognition of chronic insulin overdosage in 101 pediatric patients with diabetes mellitus, identified predisposing circumstances, and reconsidered the traditional strategy of slow reduction in insulin dose. Overtreatment occurred in 70%, overall, and in 90% of those referred for instability; mean overdose was 38% of the readjusted dose. The most common findings were frank hypoglycemic episodes, polyuria/nocturia/enuresis despite increasing insulin dosage, excessive appetite, hepatomegaly, weight gain, headaches, exercise intolerance, marked variation in glucosuria, mood swings, and frequence bouts of rapidly developing ketoacidosis. Overtreatment usually developed because of attempts to achieve metabolic control using glucosuria as principal criterion. One fourth of those observed became overtreated during periods of emotional turmoil when need for increased insulin to counter stress-induced hyperglycemia and ketosis led to chronic increase in dosage. Persistent glucosuria/ketonuria and exacerbation of hypoglycemic symptoms were more frequent with slow than with rapid reduction in insulin dosage.", "contents": "Chronic overtreatment with insulin in children and adolescents. We have recorded clues to the clinical recognition of chronic insulin overdosage in 101 pediatric patients with diabetes mellitus, identified predisposing circumstances, and reconsidered the traditional strategy of slow reduction in insulin dose. Overtreatment occurred in 70%, overall, and in 90% of those referred for instability; mean overdose was 38% of the readjusted dose. The most common findings were frank hypoglycemic episodes, polyuria/nocturia/enuresis despite increasing insulin dosage, excessive appetite, hepatomegaly, weight gain, headaches, exercise intolerance, marked variation in glucosuria, mood swings, and frequence bouts of rapidly developing ketoacidosis. Overtreatment usually developed because of attempts to achieve metabolic control using glucosuria as principal criterion. One fourth of those observed became overtreated during periods of emotional turmoil when need for increased insulin to counter stress-induced hyperglycemia and ketosis led to chronic increase in dosage. Persistent glucosuria/ketonuria and exacerbation of hypoglycemic symptoms were more frequent with slow than with rapid reduction in insulin dosage."}
{"id": "PMID:888804", "title": "Systemic amyloidosis in cystic fibrosis.", "content": "We report two siblings with cystic fibrosis and systemic amyloidosis. The major clinical problem in both cases was recurrent respiratory infection with pulmonary fibrosis and bronchiectasis prior to death at ages 20 and 22 years. Findings from postmortem examinations disclosed diffuse amyloidosis. In addition, amyloid infiltration developed in both patients, with enlargement of the thyroid gland, and one required thyroidectomy. An autopsy review of 17 additional cases of cystic fibrosis failed to disclose any other instances of systemic amyloidosis.", "contents": "Systemic amyloidosis in cystic fibrosis. We report two siblings with cystic fibrosis and systemic amyloidosis. The major clinical problem in both cases was recurrent respiratory infection with pulmonary fibrosis and bronchiectasis prior to death at ages 20 and 22 years. Findings from postmortem examinations disclosed diffuse amyloidosis. In addition, amyloid infiltration developed in both patients, with enlargement of the thyroid gland, and one required thyroidectomy. An autopsy review of 17 additional cases of cystic fibrosis failed to disclose any other instances of systemic amyloidosis."}
{"id": "PMID:888805", "title": "Transillumination detection of a growing skull fracture.", "content": "Transillumination is shown to be an effective device in the early diagnosis of enlarging skull fractures in children.", "contents": "Transillumination detection of a growing skull fracture. Transillumination is shown to be an effective device in the early diagnosis of enlarging skull fractures in children."}
{"id": "PMID:888806", "title": "Cat eye syndrome. Partial trisomy 22 due to translocation in the mother.", "content": "We describe a case of cat eye syndrome with 47,XX, +22q--. A balanced translocation, 46,XX,t(11;22), was found by banding studies in the mother. The clinical and cytogenetic correlations disclosed by a review of sporadic and familial cases illustrate the heterogeneity of the syndrome and the challenge to genetic counseling.", "contents": "Cat eye syndrome. Partial trisomy 22 due to translocation in the mother. We describe a case of cat eye syndrome with 47,XX, +22q--. A balanced translocation, 46,XX,t(11;22), was found by banding studies in the mother. The clinical and cytogenetic correlations disclosed by a review of sporadic and familial cases illustrate the heterogeneity of the syndrome and the challenge to genetic counseling."}
{"id": "PMID:888807", "title": "Influence of gestational age and clinical status on bilirubin-binding capacity in newborn infants. Sephadex G-25 gel filtration technique.", "content": "Total bilirubin-binding capacity was measured by Sephadex G-25 gel filtration in 43 clinically well and 45 clinically ill newborn infants between 26 and 41 weeks' gestation. In the well patients, bilirubin-binding capacity, serum albumin concentration, and the molar-binding ratio of bilirubin to albumin were directly related to gestational age. In the sick patients, serum bilirubin-binding capacity and albumin concentration also correlated with gestational age; however, from 32 to 41 weeks' gestation, the mean values for the sick infants were significantly lower than for the well infants. In the sick infants, the molar binding ratio of bilirubin to albumin was also lower than in the well patients and did not correlate with gestational age. The data are in agreement with previous clinical findings indicating an increased risk for low-bilirubin kernicterus among immature infants and suggest that some critically ill term infants may be at risk for kernicterus at serum bilirubin levels below 20 mg/100 ml.", "contents": "Influence of gestational age and clinical status on bilirubin-binding capacity in newborn infants. Sephadex G-25 gel filtration technique. Total bilirubin-binding capacity was measured by Sephadex G-25 gel filtration in 43 clinically well and 45 clinically ill newborn infants between 26 and 41 weeks' gestation. In the well patients, bilirubin-binding capacity, serum albumin concentration, and the molar-binding ratio of bilirubin to albumin were directly related to gestational age. In the sick patients, serum bilirubin-binding capacity and albumin concentration also correlated with gestational age; however, from 32 to 41 weeks' gestation, the mean values for the sick infants were significantly lower than for the well infants. In the sick infants, the molar binding ratio of bilirubin to albumin was also lower than in the well patients and did not correlate with gestational age. The data are in agreement with previous clinical findings indicating an increased risk for low-bilirubin kernicterus among immature infants and suggest that some critically ill term infants may be at risk for kernicterus at serum bilirubin levels below 20 mg/100 ml."}
{"id": "PMID:888812", "title": "Body height and body mass as determinants of basal blood pressure in children--The Bogalusa Heart Study.", "content": "Body height and body mass as determinants of basal blood pressure in children--The Bogalusa Heart Study. Am J Epidemiol 106:101-108, 1977. Risk factor variables for coronary artery disease were measured in a total biracial community study of 3524 children, ages 5-14 years. Anthropometric variables, serum lipids, and blood pressure (BP) were measured in a rigid randomized design. Blood pressure data were obtained with an automatic recording instrument that avoids excessive pressure readings in obese children by the use of an over-sized arm cuff bladder with a built-in infrasonic transducer. By reducing the anxiety of the child and by taking multiple readings, pressures were obtained that approached published basal levels. A multiple regression analysis showed that all measured variables could account for 39% of the systolic BP variation. Major determinants were based on weight (W) and height (H). The BP levels, when related to H and to a weight-height index (W/H3), suggest a strong influence of H and an additional influence of W/H3 on BP, both consistent and proportionate over the entire ranges of H and W/H3. The total spectrum of observed correlates of BP, resulting from the multiple regression analysis, suggests that the BP measured under basallike conditions increases as the child grows and is proportional to lean body mass and total body mass. Practical criteria for evaluating abnormal blood pressure levels in children should be based on normative values derived from body weight and body height rather than from age.", "contents": "Body height and body mass as determinants of basal blood pressure in children--The Bogalusa Heart Study. Body height and body mass as determinants of basal blood pressure in children--The Bogalusa Heart Study. Am J Epidemiol 106:101-108, 1977. Risk factor variables for coronary artery disease were measured in a total biracial community study of 3524 children, ages 5-14 years. Anthropometric variables, serum lipids, and blood pressure (BP) were measured in a rigid randomized design. Blood pressure data were obtained with an automatic recording instrument that avoids excessive pressure readings in obese children by the use of an over-sized arm cuff bladder with a built-in infrasonic transducer. By reducing the anxiety of the child and by taking multiple readings, pressures were obtained that approached published basal levels. A multiple regression analysis showed that all measured variables could account for 39% of the systolic BP variation. Major determinants were based on weight (W) and height (H). The BP levels, when related to H and to a weight-height index (W/H3), suggest a strong influence of H and an additional influence of W/H3 on BP, both consistent and proportionate over the entire ranges of H and W/H3. The total spectrum of observed correlates of BP, resulting from the multiple regression analysis, suggests that the BP measured under basallike conditions increases as the child grows and is proportional to lean body mass and total body mass. Practical criteria for evaluating abnormal blood pressure levels in children should be based on normative values derived from body weight and body height rather than from age."}
{"id": "PMID:888813", "title": "Mortality and industrial employment. III. Industries with high standard mortality ratios for persons with social security coverage in 1960 and 1965.", "content": "Data are available on a 1% sample of social security covered employees by industry, age, sex and race for years 1960 and 1965 and their mortality through 1972. Previous papers have reported on overall rates by age, sex and race and on industries in which mortality appears to be increased among younger workers. In this paper mortality ratios, compared to the expected overall race-sex-age specific rates for this population, are shown for the Standard Industrial Classification two-digit-industry classes for the 1960 and the 1965 cohorts. Among women employed in four industries involving chemical exposures, an abrupt increase in mortality occurred around 1965. Possible reasons for this are discussed. The epidemiologic usefulness of social security mortality data for occupational and preventive purposes and for surveillance is emphasized.", "contents": "Mortality and industrial employment. III. Industries with high standard mortality ratios for persons with social security coverage in 1960 and 1965. Data are available on a 1% sample of social security covered employees by industry, age, sex and race for years 1960 and 1965 and their mortality through 1972. Previous papers have reported on overall rates by age, sex and race and on industries in which mortality appears to be increased among younger workers. In this paper mortality ratios, compared to the expected overall race-sex-age specific rates for this population, are shown for the Standard Industrial Classification two-digit-industry classes for the 1960 and the 1965 cohorts. Among women employed in four industries involving chemical exposures, an abrupt increase in mortality occurred around 1965. Possible reasons for this are discussed. The epidemiologic usefulness of social security mortality data for occupational and preventive purposes and for surveillance is emphasized."}
{"id": "PMID:888814", "title": "Tests for homogeneity of effect in an epidemiologic investigation.", "content": "A test for homogeneity of the effect of a factor in inducing disease in the various strata of a population should relate to the scaling in which homogeneity is anticipated. Popularity, it is the multiplicative effect on the odds ratio in which homogeneity is anticipated. An asymptotic test by M. Zelen (Biometrika 58:129-137, 1971) for homogeneity in this scaling is indicated to be invalid. Further, a test by J. L. Fleiss (Statistical Methods for Rates and Proportions. NY, Wiley, 1973) for homogeneity of the standardized difference is shown to be the same as the Zelen test, to be invalid in any case, and not to correspond to any scaling. The examples given include one in which results of two studies are apparently inhomogeneous by the test even though they give effectively identical results. It is advised that tests for homogeneity be conducted with care, and that thought be given to how effects might be made homogeneous rather than to trying to demonstrate the existence of heterogeneity.", "contents": "Tests for homogeneity of effect in an epidemiologic investigation. A test for homogeneity of the effect of a factor in inducing disease in the various strata of a population should relate to the scaling in which homogeneity is anticipated. Popularity, it is the multiplicative effect on the odds ratio in which homogeneity is anticipated. An asymptotic test by M. Zelen (Biometrika 58:129-137, 1971) for homogeneity in this scaling is indicated to be invalid. Further, a test by J. L. Fleiss (Statistical Methods for Rates and Proportions. NY, Wiley, 1973) for homogeneity of the standardized difference is shown to be the same as the Zelen test, to be invalid in any case, and not to correspond to any scaling. The examples given include one in which results of two studies are apparently inhomogeneous by the test even though they give effectively identical results. It is advised that tests for homogeneity be conducted with care, and that thought be given to how effects might be made homogeneous rather than to trying to demonstrate the existence of heterogeneity."}
{"id": "PMID:888815", "title": "The families of patients with acute rheumatic fever or glomerulonephritis in Trinidad.", "content": "The families of 21 patients with acute rheumatic fever (ARF) and 44 patients with acute glomerulonephritis (AGN) in Trinidad were examined in their homes. The ARF and AGN families were equally large and crowded and they lived in the same largely rural areas. However, only 22% of the ARF family members had skin infections in contrast to 61% of the AGN family members. Sixty-eight per cent of skin infections in ARF families and 69% of skin infections in Agn families yielded group A streptococci. Throat cultures were positive in 19% of ARF family members and 25% of AGN family members. Thirty-two per cent of 51 group A strains isolated from ARF family members (29 from throat, 22 from skin) were M11 or \"M41\" strains which were associated with ARF during the study, while only 8% were M1, T4 (MNT or 60) or M55 strains which were associated with AGN. In contrast, 49% of 171 group A strains isolated from Agn family members (64 from throat, 107 from skin) were M1, T4 (MNT or 60) or M55 while only 10% were M11 or \"M41.\" Serum antibody titers were similar in both groups: antistreptolysin-0 titers were not markedly increased in either while anti-hyaluronidase and/or antideoxyribonuclease-B titers were increased in both. Evidence of subclinical AGN was found equally often in both groups: 6% of each had abnormal urine and 4% of each had decreased serum complement while 2% of the ARF and 3% of the AGN family members had both abnormal urine and decreased serum complement.", "contents": "The families of patients with acute rheumatic fever or glomerulonephritis in Trinidad. The families of 21 patients with acute rheumatic fever (ARF) and 44 patients with acute glomerulonephritis (AGN) in Trinidad were examined in their homes. The ARF and AGN families were equally large and crowded and they lived in the same largely rural areas. However, only 22% of the ARF family members had skin infections in contrast to 61% of the AGN family members. Sixty-eight per cent of skin infections in ARF families and 69% of skin infections in Agn families yielded group A streptococci. Throat cultures were positive in 19% of ARF family members and 25% of AGN family members. Thirty-two per cent of 51 group A strains isolated from ARF family members (29 from throat, 22 from skin) were M11 or \"M41\" strains which were associated with ARF during the study, while only 8% were M1, T4 (MNT or 60) or M55 strains which were associated with AGN. In contrast, 49% of 171 group A strains isolated from Agn family members (64 from throat, 107 from skin) were M1, T4 (MNT or 60) or M55 while only 10% were M11 or \"M41.\" Serum antibody titers were similar in both groups: antistreptolysin-0 titers were not markedly increased in either while anti-hyaluronidase and/or antideoxyribonuclease-B titers were increased in both. Evidence of subclinical AGN was found equally often in both groups: 6% of each had abnormal urine and 4% of each had decreased serum complement while 2% of the ARF and 3% of the AGN family members had both abnormal urine and decreased serum complement."}
{"id": "PMID:888816", "title": "An evaluation of penicillin prophylaxis during an outbreak of foodborne streptococcal pharyngitis.", "content": "Between August 16 and 21, 1974, an outbreak of beta-hemolytic group A M-9 T-9 streptococcal pharyngitis affected 49% of a randomly selected group of inmates at a jail in southern Florida. Food-specific attack rates incriminated improperly stored egg salad served at lunch on August 16 as the vehicle of transmission. By August 20, 290 symptomatic inmates had been placed on penicillin or erythromycin; on that day fewer than 5% of throat cultures from 400 allegedly non-penicillin-allergic largely asymptomatic inmates, cultured just before penicillin prophylaxis, were positive for the epidemic strain. At the time prophylaxis was given, secondary transmission had accounted for only 3% of cases. No non-suppurative sequelae were observed but 5% of inmates who received penicillin prophylaxis experienced an adverse reaction to the drug. Although widespread penicillin prophylaxis during outbreaks of group A beta-hemolytic streptococcal pharyngitis will likely prevent transmission of these organisms, prompt treatment of all symptomatic cases may be equally as effective in controlling adult institutional foodborne outbreaks of streptococcal pharyngitis and will likely minimize the number of adverse reactions to penicillin which may be seen.", "contents": "An evaluation of penicillin prophylaxis during an outbreak of foodborne streptococcal pharyngitis. Between August 16 and 21, 1974, an outbreak of beta-hemolytic group A M-9 T-9 streptococcal pharyngitis affected 49% of a randomly selected group of inmates at a jail in southern Florida. Food-specific attack rates incriminated improperly stored egg salad served at lunch on August 16 as the vehicle of transmission. By August 20, 290 symptomatic inmates had been placed on penicillin or erythromycin; on that day fewer than 5% of throat cultures from 400 allegedly non-penicillin-allergic largely asymptomatic inmates, cultured just before penicillin prophylaxis, were positive for the epidemic strain. At the time prophylaxis was given, secondary transmission had accounted for only 3% of cases. No non-suppurative sequelae were observed but 5% of inmates who received penicillin prophylaxis experienced an adverse reaction to the drug. Although widespread penicillin prophylaxis during outbreaks of group A beta-hemolytic streptococcal pharyngitis will likely prevent transmission of these organisms, prompt treatment of all symptomatic cases may be equally as effective in controlling adult institutional foodborne outbreaks of streptococcal pharyngitis and will likely minimize the number of adverse reactions to penicillin which may be seen."}
{"id": "PMID:888817", "title": "Fatal parathion poisoning caused by contamination of flour in international commerce.", "content": "In January 1976, 79 persons in Jamaica were acutely poisoned by the organophosphorus insecticide parathion. Seventeen died. Cases occurred in three episodes at separate locations, but all patients had consumed wheat flour from a single lot consisting of 5264 cotton bags. Parathion in concentrations of less than 1 to 9900 ppm was identified in flour from six bags in this lot; three had splash marks. The flour had been milled in Western Europe from European wheat, carried in trucks to a dockside warehouse, and loaded aboard ship after 2-5 days' storage. In Jamaica, the flour had moved from quayside to outbreak locations along separate routes through two import houses. Site inspections and review of shipping records suggested that the likely point of contamination was the European port, where foodstuffs and insecticides were stored in the same warehouse.", "contents": "Fatal parathion poisoning caused by contamination of flour in international commerce. In January 1976, 79 persons in Jamaica were acutely poisoned by the organophosphorus insecticide parathion. Seventeen died. Cases occurred in three episodes at separate locations, but all patients had consumed wheat flour from a single lot consisting of 5264 cotton bags. Parathion in concentrations of less than 1 to 9900 ppm was identified in flour from six bags in this lot; three had splash marks. The flour had been milled in Western Europe from European wheat, carried in trucks to a dockside warehouse, and loaded aboard ship after 2-5 days' storage. In Jamaica, the flour had moved from quayside to outbreak locations along separate routes through two import houses. Site inspections and review of shipping records suggested that the likely point of contamination was the European port, where foodstuffs and insecticides were stored in the same warehouse."}
{"id": "PMID:888818", "title": "Pseudobacteremia: false-positive blood cultures from mist tent contamination.", "content": "In the seven-month period from July 1975 through January 1976, 11 pediatric patients had Acinetobacter calcoaceticus var. anitratus cultured from blood; this organism had not been isolated from pediatric patients in the previous six months. In 10 of 11 patients, only the first of two cultures was positive. All patients recovered uneventfully, although only two were treated with appropriate antibiotics. Nine of 11 had been in mist tents at the time of the culture. Mist cultured from one tent contained the same organism found in the patient's blood culture. Eight of 10 patients, however, had blood for culture drawn from the same needle as samples for other blood work, compared with only three of 13 controls (p = .013); this represented a deviation from proper blood culture technique, and a mock trial confirmed contamination of blood cultures when technique was broken. Contamination by this organism occurred in the tent water reservoir and mist, and the nose and skin of the children were colonized. The hands of respiratory therapy technicians and blood-drawing personnel became contaminated while handling the mist tents. Thorough attention to hand-washing, tent sterilization, and technique in drawing blood cultures stopped the pseudo-epidemic.", "contents": "Pseudobacteremia: false-positive blood cultures from mist tent contamination. In the seven-month period from July 1975 through January 1976, 11 pediatric patients had Acinetobacter calcoaceticus var. anitratus cultured from blood; this organism had not been isolated from pediatric patients in the previous six months. In 10 of 11 patients, only the first of two cultures was positive. All patients recovered uneventfully, although only two were treated with appropriate antibiotics. Nine of 11 had been in mist tents at the time of the culture. Mist cultured from one tent contained the same organism found in the patient's blood culture. Eight of 10 patients, however, had blood for culture drawn from the same needle as samples for other blood work, compared with only three of 13 controls (p = .013); this represented a deviation from proper blood culture technique, and a mock trial confirmed contamination of blood cultures when technique was broken. Contamination by this organism occurred in the tent water reservoir and mist, and the nose and skin of the children were colonized. The hands of respiratory therapy technicians and blood-drawing personnel became contaminated while handling the mist tents. Thorough attention to hand-washing, tent sterilization, and technique in drawing blood cultures stopped the pseudo-epidemic."}
{"id": "PMID:888819", "title": "Salmonella typhi infections in the United States, 1967-1972: increasing importance of international travelers.", "content": "Isolates of Salmonella typhi from 3661 persons in the United States were reported to the Center for Disease Control from 1967 to 1972. Available case reports and carrier lists for the patients from whom the isolates were recovered were reviewed. During this period the yearly number of travel-associated cases rose 270% and, in contrast to indigenous cases, the number of travel-associated ones increased each year. This increase was largely due to cases associated in some way with Mexico. Furthermore, residents of the United States with Hispanic surnames were at higher risk of contracting typhoid in this country than was the rest of the population. Most indigenous cases were in children or young adults and were not linked to recognized outbreaks. Most known typhoid carriers in the United States are elderly women.", "contents": "Salmonella typhi infections in the United States, 1967-1972: increasing importance of international travelers. Isolates of Salmonella typhi from 3661 persons in the United States were reported to the Center for Disease Control from 1967 to 1972. Available case reports and carrier lists for the patients from whom the isolates were recovered were reviewed. During this period the yearly number of travel-associated cases rose 270% and, in contrast to indigenous cases, the number of travel-associated ones increased each year. This increase was largely due to cases associated in some way with Mexico. Furthermore, residents of the United States with Hispanic surnames were at higher risk of contracting typhoid in this country than was the rest of the population. Most indigenous cases were in children or young adults and were not linked to recognized outbreaks. Most known typhoid carriers in the United States are elderly women."}
{"id": "PMID:888820", "title": "Rickettsia tsutsugamushi infection and scrub typhus incidence among Chinese military personnel in the Pescadores Islands.", "content": "Personnel assigned to infantry units of the army of the Republic of China (Taiwan) stationed in the Pescadores Islands experienced the highest incidence rate of scrub typhus (4%) and the highest rate of Rickettsia tsutsugamushi infection (12%) of the units studied during 1976. The ratio of scrub typhus to infection with R. tsutsugamushi was 30%. Non-immune personnel, when infected, were more likely to develop scrub typhus than were those who had previously been infected. There was a correlation between clinical illness and high antibody titers developed in response to the infection.", "contents": "Rickettsia tsutsugamushi infection and scrub typhus incidence among Chinese military personnel in the Pescadores Islands. Personnel assigned to infantry units of the army of the Republic of China (Taiwan) stationed in the Pescadores Islands experienced the highest incidence rate of scrub typhus (4%) and the highest rate of Rickettsia tsutsugamushi infection (12%) of the units studied during 1976. The ratio of scrub typhus to infection with R. tsutsugamushi was 30%. Non-immune personnel, when infected, were more likely to develop scrub typhus than were those who had previously been infected. There was a correlation between clinical illness and high antibody titers developed in response to the infection."}
{"id": "PMID:888823", "title": "The anemia of vitamin E deficiency in swine: an experimental model of the human congenital dyserythropoietic anemias.", "content": "The ultrastructural and erythrokinetic characteristics of vitamin E deficiency in swine were investigated in an effort to evaluate the suitability of the swine disorder as a model of the human congenital dyserythropoietic anemias. The dominant erythrokinetic abnormality in vitamin E deficient pigs, as in the CDAs, is ineffective erythropoiesis. As in some patients with CDA, the activity of a number of erythrocyte enzymes was increased. Distinctive ultrastructual changes previously described in patients with CDA were found in normoblasts from vitamin E deficient pigs. The morphologic, erythrokinetic, biochemical and ultrastructural similarities between vitamin E deficiency in swine and the CDAs in man appear to justify the study of the animal disorder as a model of the human disease. A complete hematologic response was elicited by the administration not only of vitamin E, but also, as in the previous studies of vitamin E deficiency in monkeys, by hexahydrocoenzyme Q4. The partial hematologic response occurring after deletion of tocopherol stripped corn oil from the diet indicates that factors other than the dietary lack of vitamin E are important in the pathogenesis of this disorder.", "contents": "The anemia of vitamin E deficiency in swine: an experimental model of the human congenital dyserythropoietic anemias. The ultrastructural and erythrokinetic characteristics of vitamin E deficiency in swine were investigated in an effort to evaluate the suitability of the swine disorder as a model of the human congenital dyserythropoietic anemias. The dominant erythrokinetic abnormality in vitamin E deficient pigs, as in the CDAs, is ineffective erythropoiesis. As in some patients with CDA, the activity of a number of erythrocyte enzymes was increased. Distinctive ultrastructual changes previously described in patients with CDA were found in normoblasts from vitamin E deficient pigs. The morphologic, erythrokinetic, biochemical and ultrastructural similarities between vitamin E deficiency in swine and the CDAs in man appear to justify the study of the animal disorder as a model of the human disease. A complete hematologic response was elicited by the administration not only of vitamin E, but also, as in the previous studies of vitamin E deficiency in monkeys, by hexahydrocoenzyme Q4. The partial hematologic response occurring after deletion of tocopherol stripped corn oil from the diet indicates that factors other than the dietary lack of vitamin E are important in the pathogenesis of this disorder."}
{"id": "PMID:888824", "title": "Borate and glycerol inhibition of the aggregation of guinea pig platelets by bovine factor VIII and ristocetin.", "content": "To demonstrate the importance of the carbohydrate portions of bovine factor VIII and ristocetin for the induction of platelet aggregation, guinea pig platelets were treated with either borate or glycerol before and after addition of ristocetin or bovine factor VIII. Both borate and glycerol were capable of inhibiting the aggregation of blood platelets induced by adding bovine factor VIII or ristocetin to platelet-rich plasma. Furthermore, aggregates formed after treatment with either agent could be dispersed by high concentrations of either borate or glycerol. These effects did not appear to be solely the result of high ionic strength or of irreversible damage to the platelets. The results obtained support the hypothesis that the binding of the carbohydrate groups of factor VIII plays an important role in the induction of platelet aggregation and in the maintenance of aggregates formed in response to the treatment of platelet-rich plasma with bovine factor VIII or ristocetin.", "contents": "Borate and glycerol inhibition of the aggregation of guinea pig platelets by bovine factor VIII and ristocetin. To demonstrate the importance of the carbohydrate portions of bovine factor VIII and ristocetin for the induction of platelet aggregation, guinea pig platelets were treated with either borate or glycerol before and after addition of ristocetin or bovine factor VIII. Both borate and glycerol were capable of inhibiting the aggregation of blood platelets induced by adding bovine factor VIII or ristocetin to platelet-rich plasma. Furthermore, aggregates formed after treatment with either agent could be dispersed by high concentrations of either borate or glycerol. These effects did not appear to be solely the result of high ionic strength or of irreversible damage to the platelets. The results obtained support the hypothesis that the binding of the carbohydrate groups of factor VIII plays an important role in the induction of platelet aggregation and in the maintenance of aggregates formed in response to the treatment of platelet-rich plasma with bovine factor VIII or ristocetin."}
{"id": "PMID:888826", "title": "A chlorpromazine-induced inhibitor of blood coagulation.", "content": "An inhibitor of blood coagulation was detected in the plasma of four schizophrenic patients receiving long-term chlorpromazine therapy. The partial thromboplastin time (PTT) was prolonged in all four patients and the prothrombin time (tpt) was prolonged in one. The inhibitor which resembled in many respects that seen in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), was shown to be associated with the tigM-rich fractions of the serum. None of the patients manifested a clinical bleeding tendency and in two, discontinuation of the chlorpromazine was followed by a decrease in the activity of the anticoagulant. While three of the patients had a positive antinuclear antibody test (ANA) and the fourth a false positive serology for syphilis, no further evidence for SLE was found.", "contents": "A chlorpromazine-induced inhibitor of blood coagulation. An inhibitor of blood coagulation was detected in the plasma of four schizophrenic patients receiving long-term chlorpromazine therapy. The partial thromboplastin time (PTT) was prolonged in all four patients and the prothrombin time (tpt) was prolonged in one. The inhibitor which resembled in many respects that seen in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), was shown to be associated with the tigM-rich fractions of the serum. None of the patients manifested a clinical bleeding tendency and in two, discontinuation of the chlorpromazine was followed by a decrease in the activity of the anticoagulant. While three of the patients had a positive antinuclear antibody test (ANA) and the fourth a false positive serology for syphilis, no further evidence for SLE was found."}
{"id": "PMID:888833", "title": "Pharmacy-based infusion pump program.", "content": "A pharmacy-based program for the procurement, allocation and maintenance of infusion pumps is presented. Policies and procedures for various facets of the program, job descriptions for personnel, and training programs for pharmacy and nursing personnel are discussed. A plan for quality assurance, including in-use accuracy testing, preventive maintenance, repairs, and complete record keeping and documentation is outlined. Various aspects of equipment selection, economic justification of equipment, and revenue generation potential are addressed. It is concluded that an infusion pump program can be operated successfully by the hospital pharmacy department.", "contents": "Pharmacy-based infusion pump program. A pharmacy-based program for the procurement, allocation and maintenance of infusion pumps is presented. Policies and procedures for various facets of the program, job descriptions for personnel, and training programs for pharmacy and nursing personnel are discussed. A plan for quality assurance, including in-use accuracy testing, preventive maintenance, repairs, and complete record keeping and documentation is outlined. Various aspects of equipment selection, economic justification of equipment, and revenue generation potential are addressed. It is concluded that an infusion pump program can be operated successfully by the hospital pharmacy department."}
{"id": "PMID:888834", "title": "Foreign bodies in contrast media for angiography.", "content": "Commercially available soluble contrast media for angiography were investigated for particulate contamination by a technique involving scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive x-ray analysis (EDAX). The investigation revealed a number of particles (up to 3 x 10(5)) in 20 ml of contrast medium in many different shapes, in the size range from 0.5 micrometer to 50 micrometer and, in some instances, up to 450 micrometer. The EDAX analysis disclosed elements such as silicon, iodine, chromium, cobalt, iron, manganese, aluminum, calcium, chlorine, sodium, potassium and zinc in the particles.", "contents": "Foreign bodies in contrast media for angiography. Commercially available soluble contrast media for angiography were investigated for particulate contamination by a technique involving scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive x-ray analysis (EDAX). The investigation revealed a number of particles (up to 3 x 10(5)) in 20 ml of contrast medium in many different shapes, in the size range from 0.5 micrometer to 50 micrometer and, in some instances, up to 450 micrometer. The EDAX analysis disclosed elements such as silicon, iodine, chromium, cobalt, iron, manganese, aluminum, calcium, chlorine, sodium, potassium and zinc in the particles."}
{"id": "PMID:888835", "title": "Community-hospital pharmacist detection of drug-related problems upon patient admission to small hospitals.", "content": "A method was developed to increase community-hospital pharmacist consultation on patient drug use in order to detect drug-related problems upon patient admission to the hospital. A medication history was takenon criteria-selected patients admitted to two hospitals in distant, but similar, geographically small and isolated areas. Tho total number of patients selected was 392. Information about prior drug use was obtained from participating community pharmacists and their patient prescription records and medication profiles. It was found by pharmacist-acquired drug histories that one of five criteria-selected patients had a preexisting drug-related problem that the admitting physician acknowledged probably contributed to the admission and necessitated professional and patient communication. These problems included: adverse response to prescribed therapy, misuse of medication or noncompliance, effect of diet on therapy, patient treatment by more than one prescriber, and therapeutic ineffectiveness or inappropriateness of prescribed therapy. Drug histories were not obtainable in 25.6% of the patients.", "contents": "Community-hospital pharmacist detection of drug-related problems upon patient admission to small hospitals. A method was developed to increase community-hospital pharmacist consultation on patient drug use in order to detect drug-related problems upon patient admission to the hospital. A medication history was takenon criteria-selected patients admitted to two hospitals in distant, but similar, geographically small and isolated areas. Tho total number of patients selected was 392. Information about prior drug use was obtained from participating community pharmacists and their patient prescription records and medication profiles. It was found by pharmacist-acquired drug histories that one of five criteria-selected patients had a preexisting drug-related problem that the admitting physician acknowledged probably contributed to the admission and necessitated professional and patient communication. These problems included: adverse response to prescribed therapy, misuse of medication or noncompliance, effect of diet on therapy, patient treatment by more than one prescriber, and therapeutic ineffectiveness or inappropriateness of prescribed therapy. Drug histories were not obtainable in 25.6% of the patients."}
{"id": "PMID:888836", "title": "Behavioral objectives for a hospital pharmacy residency program.", "content": "The purpose and design of behavioral objectives in educational programs are reviewed, and the behavioral objectives of a pharmacy residency program are listed. The behavioral objectives for the program follow, as a guide, the ASHP Accreditation Standard for Pharmacy Residency in a Hospital.", "contents": "Behavioral objectives for a hospital pharmacy residency program. The purpose and design of behavioral objectives in educational programs are reviewed, and the behavioral objectives of a pharmacy residency program are listed. The behavioral objectives for the program follow, as a guide, the ASHP Accreditation Standard for Pharmacy Residency in a Hospital."}
{"id": "PMID:888837", "title": "Administrative case study: the patient care area pharmacist.", "content": "The development and implementation of a patient area pharmacist position is described. Difficulties which led to the creation of this position are discussed. Primary duties of the position include improving communications with personnel in the patient care areas, reducing the work load and pressure within the pharmacy, and providing nonproduct and clinical services to health care personnel. The advantages and disadvantages of the position are discussed.", "contents": "Administrative case study: the patient care area pharmacist. The development and implementation of a patient area pharmacist position is described. Difficulties which led to the creation of this position are discussed. Primary duties of the position include improving communications with personnel in the patient care areas, reducing the work load and pressure within the pharmacy, and providing nonproduct and clinical services to health care personnel. The advantages and disadvantages of the position are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:888838", "title": "Skilled nursing facilities--a clinical opportunity for pharmacists.", "content": "It is suggested that nursing homes, as opposed to hospitals, provide the pharmacist with one of the best opportunities to practice clinical pharmacy. Restraining forces to clinical pharmacy include the reluctance of other health professionals to accept the pharmacist in clinical roles, and inadequate reimbursement for monitoring services. These restraining forces are less prevalent in nursing homes. Further, the great reliance on drug therapy in nursing homes, coupled with regulations requiring the pharmacist to assume a drug monitoring role, create a favorable atmosphere for clinical pharmacy practice. The importance of documenting the benefits of clinical pharmacy service is discussed.", "contents": "Skilled nursing facilities--a clinical opportunity for pharmacists. It is suggested that nursing homes, as opposed to hospitals, provide the pharmacist with one of the best opportunities to practice clinical pharmacy. Restraining forces to clinical pharmacy include the reluctance of other health professionals to accept the pharmacist in clinical roles, and inadequate reimbursement for monitoring services. These restraining forces are less prevalent in nursing homes. Further, the great reliance on drug therapy in nursing homes, coupled with regulations requiring the pharmacist to assume a drug monitoring role, create a favorable atmosphere for clinical pharmacy practice. The importance of documenting the benefits of clinical pharmacy service is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:888839", "title": "Interpretation of studies on adverse drug reactions.", "content": "The findings of the Boston Collaborative Drug Surveillance Program on the toxicity of drugs are summarized, and the methodologies of this and other epidemiological drug monitoring programs are defended. It is concluded that the currently available data on adverse drug reactions provide a reasonably complete and clear picture of the \"ADR problem\".", "contents": "Interpretation of studies on adverse drug reactions. The findings of the Boston Collaborative Drug Surveillance Program on the toxicity of drugs are summarized, and the methodologies of this and other epidemiological drug monitoring programs are defended. It is concluded that the currently available data on adverse drug reactions provide a reasonably complete and clear picture of the \"ADR problem\"."}
{"id": "PMID:888840", "title": "Nitrofurantoin polyneuropathy: report of two cases.", "content": "Two case reports of patients who developed a toxic neuropathy associated with nitrofurantoin are presented. In each case the patient had normal renal function and the symptoms abated upon withdrawal of the drug. Although the specific mechanism by which nitrofurantoin causes the neuropathy is still not known, various hypotheses are discussed and the literature is reviewed. The danger of nitrofurantoin administration in patients with impaired renal function is emphasized, and it is stress that early signs and symptoms of peripheral neuropathy be reported and the drug immediately discontinued. Even in the presence of normal renal function, the recommended dosage and duration of therapy should not be exceeded.", "contents": "Nitrofurantoin polyneuropathy: report of two cases. Two case reports of patients who developed a toxic neuropathy associated with nitrofurantoin are presented. In each case the patient had normal renal function and the symptoms abated upon withdrawal of the drug. Although the specific mechanism by which nitrofurantoin causes the neuropathy is still not known, various hypotheses are discussed and the literature is reviewed. The danger of nitrofurantoin administration in patients with impaired renal function is emphasized, and it is stress that early signs and symptoms of peripheral neuropathy be reported and the drug immediately discontinued. Even in the presence of normal renal function, the recommended dosage and duration of therapy should not be exceeded."}
{"id": "PMID:888844", "title": "Conjunctival microangiopathy. An early sign of degenerative vascular disease?", "content": "Biomicroscopic examination of the bulbar conjunctival vessels regularly discloses degenerative microangiopathy in patients with overt arteriosclerotic cerebral vascular disease. Examination of a group of normotensive nondiabetic adults aged 21 to 39 years disclosed similar but less severe changes in 56 per cent of the men and 26 per cent of the women. The incidence was higher (88 per cent of the men and 45 per cent of the women) in those with a strong family history of early death from arteriosclerotic disease. There was no consistent correlation between the severity of the microangiopathy and the values for hematocrit, cholesterol, triglycerides or blood pressure. Conjunctival microangiopathy, like atherosclerosis of larger vessels, starts in the second and third decades and advances with age. We suggest that microangiopathic changes in the conjunctival vessels may provide the first readily detectable evidence of degenerative vascular disease.", "contents": "Conjunctival microangiopathy. An early sign of degenerative vascular disease? Biomicroscopic examination of the bulbar conjunctival vessels regularly discloses degenerative microangiopathy in patients with overt arteriosclerotic cerebral vascular disease. Examination of a group of normotensive nondiabetic adults aged 21 to 39 years disclosed similar but less severe changes in 56 per cent of the men and 26 per cent of the women. The incidence was higher (88 per cent of the men and 45 per cent of the women) in those with a strong family history of early death from arteriosclerotic disease. There was no consistent correlation between the severity of the microangiopathy and the values for hematocrit, cholesterol, triglycerides or blood pressure. Conjunctival microangiopathy, like atherosclerosis of larger vessels, starts in the second and third decades and advances with age. We suggest that microangiopathic changes in the conjunctival vessels may provide the first readily detectable evidence of degenerative vascular disease."}
{"id": "PMID:888846", "title": "Familial proximal renal tubular acidosis. A distinct clinical entity.", "content": "We have studied a family in which nine members present hyperchloremic acidosis with normal plasma creatinine and good ability to acidify urine. Renal functions, other than bicarbonate wasting, are normal, which identifies the condition as a pure form of proximal renal tubular acidosis. The acidosis persists into adult life and appears to be inherited as an autosomal dominant trait. All affected members are asymptomatic and the only peculiar finding is a decrease in stature. No hypercalciuria was detected, and no evidence of rickets or osteomalacia was found by x-ray studies. We consider these findings characteristic of a familial trait different from that in previously reported cases of renal tubular acidosis.", "contents": "Familial proximal renal tubular acidosis. A distinct clinical entity. We have studied a family in which nine members present hyperchloremic acidosis with normal plasma creatinine and good ability to acidify urine. Renal functions, other than bicarbonate wasting, are normal, which identifies the condition as a pure form of proximal renal tubular acidosis. The acidosis persists into adult life and appears to be inherited as an autosomal dominant trait. All affected members are asymptomatic and the only peculiar finding is a decrease in stature. No hypercalciuria was detected, and no evidence of rickets or osteomalacia was found by x-ray studies. We consider these findings characteristic of a familial trait different from that in previously reported cases of renal tubular acidosis."}
{"id": "PMID:888847", "title": "Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia and endocarditis associated with a removable infected intravenous device.", "content": "Records of 21 patients with Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia associated with a removable infected intravenous device were reviewed. Sixteen patients had a peripheral intravenous catheter, four had a central venous catheter and one had a transvenous cardiac pacer. The duration of the indwelling intravenous device in situ prior to the detection of infection ranged from two to 11 (mean 5.2) days. The infected intravenous device was promptly removed as soon as bacteremia was suspected. Endocarditis was diagnosed in eight patients: in two patients an aortic murmur developed; in two the diagnosis was made clinically and was confirmed at necropsy (one mitral and one aortic); in four the diagnosis was made at necropsy (two tricuspid and two atrial wall). In patients with Staph. aureus bacteremia associated with a removable infected intravenous device, the risk of endocarditis developing was significant.", "contents": "Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia and endocarditis associated with a removable infected intravenous device. Records of 21 patients with Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia associated with a removable infected intravenous device were reviewed. Sixteen patients had a peripheral intravenous catheter, four had a central venous catheter and one had a transvenous cardiac pacer. The duration of the indwelling intravenous device in situ prior to the detection of infection ranged from two to 11 (mean 5.2) days. The infected intravenous device was promptly removed as soon as bacteremia was suspected. Endocarditis was diagnosed in eight patients: in two patients an aortic murmur developed; in two the diagnosis was made clinically and was confirmed at necropsy (one mitral and one aortic); in four the diagnosis was made at necropsy (two tricuspid and two atrial wall). In patients with Staph. aureus bacteremia associated with a removable infected intravenous device, the risk of endocarditis developing was significant."}
{"id": "PMID:888848", "title": "Primary sarcoma of the pulmonary trunk and/or right or left main pulmonary artery--a rare cause of obstruction to right ventricular outflow. Report on two patients and analysis of 35 previously described patients.", "content": "Clinical and morphologic observations are described in two women with primary sarcoma of the pulmonary trunk, and observations in 35 previously described patients with primary sarcoma involving a major extrapulmonary pulmonary artery are summarized. The neoplasm produces symptoms by causing obstruction to right ventricular outflow or by dislodging tumor fragments to the smaller intrapulmonary pulmonary arteries with or without pulmonary infarction. The sarcoma nearly always arises from the pulmonary trunk to which it is firmly attached. Although it grows to a large size within the lumen, it infrequently, despite its highly malignant histologic pattern, extends through the wall of the pulmonary trunk or metastasizes outside the pulmonary circulation. It may mimic a variety of more common disorders. Diagnosis can be achieved by angiography and treatment starts with total excision.", "contents": "Primary sarcoma of the pulmonary trunk and/or right or left main pulmonary artery--a rare cause of obstruction to right ventricular outflow. Report on two patients and analysis of 35 previously described patients. Clinical and morphologic observations are described in two women with primary sarcoma of the pulmonary trunk, and observations in 35 previously described patients with primary sarcoma involving a major extrapulmonary pulmonary artery are summarized. The neoplasm produces symptoms by causing obstruction to right ventricular outflow or by dislodging tumor fragments to the smaller intrapulmonary pulmonary arteries with or without pulmonary infarction. The sarcoma nearly always arises from the pulmonary trunk to which it is firmly attached. Although it grows to a large size within the lumen, it infrequently, despite its highly malignant histologic pattern, extends through the wall of the pulmonary trunk or metastasizes outside the pulmonary circulation. It may mimic a variety of more common disorders. Diagnosis can be achieved by angiography and treatment starts with total excision."}
{"id": "PMID:888852", "title": "Exertion-induced rhabdomyolysis with acute renal failure and disseminated intravascular coagulation in sickle cell trait.", "content": "From 1970 to 1974, among thousands of trainees seen at two large military installations who were subjected to the same physical and environmental stresses, only four recruits were hospitalized because of acute exertional rhabdomyolysis, renal failure and coagulopathy. The illness followed the performance of vigorous exercise. These four patients had sickle cell trait. In an attempt to explain this association, the data in these four cases are summarized. The hypothesis is then developed that rhabdomyolysis and endothelial damage, terminating in severe coagulopathy, may more likely occur in patients with sickle cell trait who are subjected to virorous physical exertion.", "contents": "Exertion-induced rhabdomyolysis with acute renal failure and disseminated intravascular coagulation in sickle cell trait. From 1970 to 1974, among thousands of trainees seen at two large military installations who were subjected to the same physical and environmental stresses, only four recruits were hospitalized because of acute exertional rhabdomyolysis, renal failure and coagulopathy. The illness followed the performance of vigorous exercise. These four patients had sickle cell trait. In an attempt to explain this association, the data in these four cases are summarized. The hypothesis is then developed that rhabdomyolysis and endothelial damage, terminating in severe coagulopathy, may more likely occur in patients with sickle cell trait who are subjected to virorous physical exertion."}
{"id": "PMID:888853", "title": "Nephritis associated with a diphtheroid-infected cerebrospinal fluid shunt.", "content": "Hypocomplementemic proliferative glomerulonephritis occurred during diphtheroid infection of a ventricular decompression shunt for cerebrospinal fluid diversion (cerebrospinal fluid shunt) in a young man. Granular deposits of immunoglobulin M (IgM) and the third component of complement (C3) were found along the glomerular basement membrane. This report provides supportive evidence for immune complex-mediated glomerular injury due to diphtheroid infection in a cerebrospinal fluid shunt.", "contents": "Nephritis associated with a diphtheroid-infected cerebrospinal fluid shunt. Hypocomplementemic proliferative glomerulonephritis occurred during diphtheroid infection of a ventricular decompression shunt for cerebrospinal fluid diversion (cerebrospinal fluid shunt) in a young man. Granular deposits of immunoglobulin M (IgM) and the third component of complement (C3) were found along the glomerular basement membrane. This report provides supportive evidence for immune complex-mediated glomerular injury due to diphtheroid infection in a cerebrospinal fluid shunt."}
{"id": "PMID:888854", "title": "Individual need satisfaction, organizational practices, and job satisfaction among laboratory professionals.", "content": "This study examines the role of 1) personal job-related needs and 2) certain organizational characteristics in affecting overall job satisfaction for a sample of 259 laboratory professionals, primarily medical technologists. Specific individual needs and specific organizational characteristics were found to be related to three measures of overall job satisfaction. Additional comparisons were made for administrators versus non-administrators and for differences associated with different sized organizations. Implications for the managers of medical technologists and other laboratory professionals are discussed.", "contents": "Individual need satisfaction, organizational practices, and job satisfaction among laboratory professionals. This study examines the role of 1) personal job-related needs and 2) certain organizational characteristics in affecting overall job satisfaction for a sample of 259 laboratory professionals, primarily medical technologists. Specific individual needs and specific organizational characteristics were found to be related to three measures of overall job satisfaction. Additional comparisons were made for administrators versus non-administrators and for differences associated with different sized organizations. Implications for the managers of medical technologists and other laboratory professionals are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:888855", "title": "Gas-liquid chromatographic micromethod for the determination of theophylline.", "content": "A micromethod for the determination of theophylline using gas-liquid chromatography is described. The volatile ethylated derivative is prepared by the flash-heater derivatization technique. Substances that interfere in the classical determination of theophylline such as caffeine and phenobarbital did not interfere in this procedure. The coefficient of variation was 2.1 percent for 5 microgram/ml and 5.4 percent for 40 microgram/ml. This determination is useful for assessing patient compliance and adjusting dosage schedules.", "contents": "Gas-liquid chromatographic micromethod for the determination of theophylline. A micromethod for the determination of theophylline using gas-liquid chromatography is described. The volatile ethylated derivative is prepared by the flash-heater derivatization technique. Substances that interfere in the classical determination of theophylline such as caffeine and phenobarbital did not interfere in this procedure. The coefficient of variation was 2.1 percent for 5 microgram/ml and 5.4 percent for 40 microgram/ml. This determination is useful for assessing patient compliance and adjusting dosage schedules."}
{"id": "PMID:888856", "title": "Normal hemostatic mechanisms: a review.", "content": "A review of the normal hemostatic mechanism is presented. The controversy surrounding the complicated nomenclature for the coagulation system is discussed as well as the complex chain reaction or multiplier effect involving the extrinsic and intrinsic systems. Attention is also given to the role of thrombin and the role of the liver in the clotting mechanisms.", "contents": "Normal hemostatic mechanisms: a review. A review of the normal hemostatic mechanism is presented. The controversy surrounding the complicated nomenclature for the coagulation system is discussed as well as the complex chain reaction or multiplier effect involving the extrinsic and intrinsic systems. Attention is also given to the role of thrombin and the role of the liver in the clotting mechanisms."}
{"id": "PMID:888857", "title": "Student evaluation of instruction: a challenge to medical technology educators.", "content": "Through ever increasing political and economic pressures, accountability is in the foreground of higher education today. Demands are increasing for formal evaluation of instructor effectiveness in classrooms and laboratories. The general concept of teacher evaluation by students is discussed and a form which can be used for evaluation is presented.", "contents": "Student evaluation of instruction: a challenge to medical technology educators. Through ever increasing political and economic pressures, accountability is in the foreground of higher education today. Demands are increasing for formal evaluation of instructor effectiveness in classrooms and laboratories. The general concept of teacher evaluation by students is discussed and a form which can be used for evaluation is presented."}
{"id": "PMID:888858", "title": "The large scale use of frozen blood by the hospital blood bank.", "content": "The large scale use of frozen blood has become practical and economical. Inventory control can be mastered. Components are derived as a by-product. An autologous blood transfusion program can be successfully developed. Frozen blood is available for transplantation patients. tover 25,000 units of frozen-thawed erythrocytes have been given without an allergic, anaphylactoid, or febrile reaction. In the future the majority of red blood cell transfusions may be given as frozen-thawed erythrocytes supplemented by washed refrigerated blood with optimal 2,3 DPG levels.", "contents": "The large scale use of frozen blood by the hospital blood bank. The large scale use of frozen blood has become practical and economical. Inventory control can be mastered. Components are derived as a by-product. An autologous blood transfusion program can be successfully developed. Frozen blood is available for transplantation patients. tover 25,000 units of frozen-thawed erythrocytes have been given without an allergic, anaphylactoid, or febrile reaction. In the future the majority of red blood cell transfusions may be given as frozen-thawed erythrocytes supplemented by washed refrigerated blood with optimal 2,3 DPG levels."}
{"id": "PMID:888861", "title": "Men's reactions to their partners' elective abortions.", "content": "Sixty men who accompanied their wives or girlfriends when the latter came for elective abortions were surveyed to explore, broadly, men's experience of abortion. Portions of the survey relevant to health care revealed that most men felt involved in the abortion experience. They initially wished to play an active, but circumscribed, role in matters related to abortion; they wanted to accompany their partners in order to be supportive and considered themselves responsible, along with their partners, for preventing unwanted pregnancies and choosing abortion. In contrast, there was initially a lack of interest in participation in clinic functions or learning about abortion and contraception despite inadequate knowledge. However, as information and comfort with the setting were gained, it became apparent that greater responsiveness was there to be tapped. Permitting men increased participation in abortion services, both educational and psychological, is discussed as advantageous.", "contents": "Men's reactions to their partners' elective abortions. Sixty men who accompanied their wives or girlfriends when the latter came for elective abortions were surveyed to explore, broadly, men's experience of abortion. Portions of the survey relevant to health care revealed that most men felt involved in the abortion experience. They initially wished to play an active, but circumscribed, role in matters related to abortion; they wanted to accompany their partners in order to be supportive and considered themselves responsible, along with their partners, for preventing unwanted pregnancies and choosing abortion. In contrast, there was initially a lack of interest in participation in clinic functions or learning about abortion and contraception despite inadequate knowledge. However, as information and comfort with the setting were gained, it became apparent that greater responsiveness was there to be tapped. Permitting men increased participation in abortion services, both educational and psychological, is discussed as advantageous."}
{"id": "PMID:888862", "title": "Free testosterone concentration in serum: elevation is the hallmark of hirsutism.", "content": "A simple, reliable procedure for quantitating the concentration of free (not protein bound and thus biologically active) testosterone in serum has been applied to normal and hirsute patients. Each of 32 hirsute women studied had a significantly elevated level of free testosterone (that is, more than two standard deviations above the mean of that found in normal women), although half of them had a total serum testosterone level within normal limits. Suppression of free testosterone to within normal limits could be accomplished by dexamethasone alone in 47 per cent of the hirsute group. In the remainder of the hirsute group, suppression of free testosterone to within normal limits could be accomplished by addition of Enovid-E. Use of free serum testosterone concentration is clearly superior to the use of total serum testosterone concentration for the identification and rational therapy of simple hirsutism.", "contents": "Free testosterone concentration in serum: elevation is the hallmark of hirsutism. A simple, reliable procedure for quantitating the concentration of free (not protein bound and thus biologically active) testosterone in serum has been applied to normal and hirsute patients. Each of 32 hirsute women studied had a significantly elevated level of free testosterone (that is, more than two standard deviations above the mean of that found in normal women), although half of them had a total serum testosterone level within normal limits. Suppression of free testosterone to within normal limits could be accomplished by dexamethasone alone in 47 per cent of the hirsute group. In the remainder of the hirsute group, suppression of free testosterone to within normal limits could be accomplished by addition of Enovid-E. Use of free serum testosterone concentration is clearly superior to the use of total serum testosterone concentration for the identification and rational therapy of simple hirsutism."}
{"id": "PMID:888863", "title": "Hysterosalpingographic follow-up of the partial salpingectomy type of sterilization.", "content": "Two hundred and eleven of 743 patients with salpingectomy-type sterilization had hysterosalpingographic (HSG) follow-up. This type of sterilization was performed post partum, electively suprapubic, vaginally (including fimbriectomies), or at the time of cesarean section. A Foley catheter technique was used for hysterosalpingography. Of these, 1.895 per cent had fistula on hysterosalpingography. Mechanism of fistula formations and recanalization is discussed. A modification of the Pomeroy sterilization procedure is described and discussed.", "contents": "Hysterosalpingographic follow-up of the partial salpingectomy type of sterilization. Two hundred and eleven of 743 patients with salpingectomy-type sterilization had hysterosalpingographic (HSG) follow-up. This type of sterilization was performed post partum, electively suprapubic, vaginally (including fimbriectomies), or at the time of cesarean section. A Foley catheter technique was used for hysterosalpingography. Of these, 1.895 per cent had fistula on hysterosalpingography. Mechanism of fistula formations and recanalization is discussed. A modification of the Pomeroy sterilization procedure is described and discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:888865", "title": "The effect of amniotic fluid on bacterial growth in three population groups.", "content": "Eighty-five amniotic fluid from women of three racial groups in the third trimester of pregnancy were each tested for antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Proteus mirabilis, Streptococcus faecalis, and Candida albicans. Seventy-six per cent of fluid samples from white patients were inhibitory, while the corresponding figures for Africans and Indians were 33 and 52, respectively. Of 19 African fluid samples tested against E. coli only, one proved inhibitory.", "contents": "The effect of amniotic fluid on bacterial growth in three population groups. Eighty-five amniotic fluid from women of three racial groups in the third trimester of pregnancy were each tested for antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Proteus mirabilis, Streptococcus faecalis, and Candida albicans. Seventy-six per cent of fluid samples from white patients were inhibitory, while the corresponding figures for Africans and Indians were 33 and 52, respectively. Of 19 African fluid samples tested against E. coli only, one proved inhibitory."}
{"id": "PMID:888866", "title": "Prospective study of angiotensin II response to positional change in pregnancy-induced hypertension.", "content": "The response of endogenous angiotensin II levels to positional change, lateral to supine recumbency, was investigated in a prospective study of 55 primigravid patients during the last half of pregnancy. Blood samples were obtained in the lateral and supine recumbent positions. The mean supine angiotensin II level was significantly higher between 29 and 34 weeks' gestation in those patients destined to develop pregnancy-induced hypertension than in those who remained normotensive (P less than 0.05). As gestation advanced, the mean per cent relative change of angiotensin II from the lateral to the supine position altered from negative to positive in those patients destined to develop pregnancy-induced hypertension, whereas it remained negative in those patients who remained normotensive. These findings are discussed in relation to pathophysiologic alterations in the development of pregnancy-induced hypertension.", "contents": "Prospective study of angiotensin II response to positional change in pregnancy-induced hypertension. The response of endogenous angiotensin II levels to positional change, lateral to supine recumbency, was investigated in a prospective study of 55 primigravid patients during the last half of pregnancy. Blood samples were obtained in the lateral and supine recumbent positions. The mean supine angiotensin II level was significantly higher between 29 and 34 weeks' gestation in those patients destined to develop pregnancy-induced hypertension than in those who remained normotensive (P less than 0.05). As gestation advanced, the mean per cent relative change of angiotensin II from the lateral to the supine position altered from negative to positive in those patients destined to develop pregnancy-induced hypertension, whereas it remained negative in those patients who remained normotensive. These findings are discussed in relation to pathophysiologic alterations in the development of pregnancy-induced hypertension."}
{"id": "PMID:888867", "title": "The prognostic value of serum human placental lactogen determinations in early pregnancy.", "content": "Serial serum human placental lactogen (S-HPL) determinations were done in early pregnancy on 85 high-risk cases. Normal S-HPL values with a normal ultrasonogram had a 94.8 per cent successful outcome of pregnancy. Low S-HPL values were often accompanied by an abnormal or equivocal ultrasonogram (29.6 per cent). The fetal loss in patients with low S-HPL values and a normal ultrasonogram was 36.8 per cent.", "contents": "The prognostic value of serum human placental lactogen determinations in early pregnancy. Serial serum human placental lactogen (S-HPL) determinations were done in early pregnancy on 85 high-risk cases. Normal S-HPL values with a normal ultrasonogram had a 94.8 per cent successful outcome of pregnancy. Low S-HPL values were often accompanied by an abnormal or equivocal ultrasonogram (29.6 per cent). The fetal loss in patients with low S-HPL values and a normal ultrasonogram was 36.8 per cent."}
{"id": "PMID:888868", "title": "The estimation of fetal weight by computer-assisted analysis.", "content": "The need for a quick and easy method for estimating fetal weight in utero has been clearly established. Estimates by abdominal palpation and fetal hormone production have proved to be of limited value. Eight-five patients, ranging from 17 to 41 weeks' gestation, were ultrasonically scanned within 48 hours of delivery. Statistical analysis and multiple multivariant linear regressions were performed employing the BMD statistical packages. Our results show that birth weight is a logarithmic function of fetal body parameters and that the abdominal circumference has the single best correlation with the log10 birth weight. Our best linear regression with the use of two fetal dimensions (abdominal circumference and biparietal diameter) had a standard deviation of 106 grams per kilogram fetal weight. Since this derived formula is very cumbersome to manipulate, tables have been prepared with computer assistance to read the estimated fetal weight directly. Prospective estimates in 32 cases of both normal and pathologic gestations have proved to be within our expected accuracy.", "contents": "The estimation of fetal weight by computer-assisted analysis. The need for a quick and easy method for estimating fetal weight in utero has been clearly established. Estimates by abdominal palpation and fetal hormone production have proved to be of limited value. Eight-five patients, ranging from 17 to 41 weeks' gestation, were ultrasonically scanned within 48 hours of delivery. Statistical analysis and multiple multivariant linear regressions were performed employing the BMD statistical packages. Our results show that birth weight is a logarithmic function of fetal body parameters and that the abdominal circumference has the single best correlation with the log10 birth weight. Our best linear regression with the use of two fetal dimensions (abdominal circumference and biparietal diameter) had a standard deviation of 106 grams per kilogram fetal weight. Since this derived formula is very cumbersome to manipulate, tables have been prepared with computer assistance to read the estimated fetal weight directly. Prospective estimates in 32 cases of both normal and pathologic gestations have proved to be within our expected accuracy."}
{"id": "PMID:888869", "title": "Placental transfer of a large angiotensin fragment in the guinea pig.", "content": "Angiotensin II (AII) levels are usually higher in the fetal than in the maternal circulations. Radioiodinated AII has been used to establish whether or not this hormone crosses the placenta from the fetus to the mother in the pregnant guinea pig. No intact radioiodinated AII was found to have crossed in any of 13 experiments. A single radioiodinated AII fragment was found in 10 of these experiments. This ran as (des-(Asp1 Arg2 Val3)) in one solvent, but this could not be confirmed when a different solvent was used. The results support the hypothesis, previously based on indirect evidence, that AII does not cross the placenta.", "contents": "Placental transfer of a large angiotensin fragment in the guinea pig. Angiotensin II (AII) levels are usually higher in the fetal than in the maternal circulations. Radioiodinated AII has been used to establish whether or not this hormone crosses the placenta from the fetus to the mother in the pregnant guinea pig. No intact radioiodinated AII was found to have crossed in any of 13 experiments. A single radioiodinated AII fragment was found in 10 of these experiments. This ran as (des-(Asp1 Arg2 Val3)) in one solvent, but this could not be confirmed when a different solvent was used. The results support the hypothesis, previously based on indirect evidence, that AII does not cross the placenta."}
{"id": "PMID:888883", "title": "Trabeculectomy and postoperative ocular hypertension in secondary angle-closure glaucoma.", "content": "I performed trabeculectomies to reduce the introacular pressure to 20 mm Hg or lower, in 56 eyes with medically uncontrollable primary open-angle glaucoma or secondary angle-closure glaucoma. In the former group, I achieved success in 85% of cases, 65% without further antiglaucomatous therapy. In the latter group, 59% obtained a successful result, 41% without additional treatment. The readings of applanation tonometry on the first postsurgical day were compared to those obtained after one year. Although approximately 50% of eyes in both glaucoma categories had an initially elevated pressure after trabeculectomy, it decreased steadily in most of those with primary open-angle glaucoma. In the secondary angle closure glaucoma population, this immediate postoperative ocular hypertension was significantly correlated with eventual failure of the operation.", "contents": "Trabeculectomy and postoperative ocular hypertension in secondary angle-closure glaucoma. I performed trabeculectomies to reduce the introacular pressure to 20 mm Hg or lower, in 56 eyes with medically uncontrollable primary open-angle glaucoma or secondary angle-closure glaucoma. In the former group, I achieved success in 85% of cases, 65% without further antiglaucomatous therapy. In the latter group, 59% obtained a successful result, 41% without additional treatment. The readings of applanation tonometry on the first postsurgical day were compared to those obtained after one year. Although approximately 50% of eyes in both glaucoma categories had an initially elevated pressure after trabeculectomy, it decreased steadily in most of those with primary open-angle glaucoma. In the secondary angle closure glaucoma population, this immediate postoperative ocular hypertension was significantly correlated with eventual failure of the operation."}
{"id": "PMID:888884", "title": "Pars plana lens removal with vitrectomy.", "content": "We used a modification of lens removal by phacofragmentation in conjunction with posterior vitrectomy without any serious complications in over 200 procedures. This modification allowed removal of hardened nuclear sclerotic lenses and reduced the time required for lens removal.", "contents": "Pars plana lens removal with vitrectomy. We used a modification of lens removal by phacofragmentation in conjunction with posterior vitrectomy without any serious complications in over 200 procedures. This modification allowed removal of hardened nuclear sclerotic lenses and reduced the time required for lens removal."}
{"id": "PMID:888885", "title": "Detection, removal, and effect of unpolymerized methylmethacrylate in intraocular lenses.", "content": "Gas-liquid chromatography, infrared spectroscopy, or Raman spectroscopy were used to determine the level of monomer in intraocular lenses and in the preforms used in each step of the manufacturing process. Heating, lathing, molding, and grinding caused an increase in monomer content, presumably the result of depolymerization. The tendency of methylmethacrylate to volatilize, repolymerize, or dissolve precludes high monomer contents from persisting in intraocular lenses. Vacuum ovens or water baths significantly reduced the monomer content to levels of 0.5% or less. Lenses with a monomer content higher than that found in currently available commercial lenses had no effect on rabbit kidney cell cultures. Lens fragments with a similarly elevated monomer content were indistinguishable from lenses with a low monomer content in rabbit eyes. According to these data, monomer does not appear to be a toxic agent in currently available intraocular lenses.", "contents": "Detection, removal, and effect of unpolymerized methylmethacrylate in intraocular lenses. Gas-liquid chromatography, infrared spectroscopy, or Raman spectroscopy were used to determine the level of monomer in intraocular lenses and in the preforms used in each step of the manufacturing process. Heating, lathing, molding, and grinding caused an increase in monomer content, presumably the result of depolymerization. The tendency of methylmethacrylate to volatilize, repolymerize, or dissolve precludes high monomer contents from persisting in intraocular lenses. Vacuum ovens or water baths significantly reduced the monomer content to levels of 0.5% or less. Lenses with a monomer content higher than that found in currently available commercial lenses had no effect on rabbit kidney cell cultures. Lens fragments with a similarly elevated monomer content were indistinguishable from lenses with a low monomer content in rabbit eyes. According to these data, monomer does not appear to be a toxic agent in currently available intraocular lenses."}
{"id": "PMID:888886", "title": "Hemorrhagic peripapillary lesions in presumed ocular histoplasmosis.", "content": "Eight eyes of five patients with hemorrhagic peripapillary histoplasmosis demonstrated prolonged symptomatic periods and recurrent bleeding episodes, although final visual acuity was equal to or better than 6/12 (20/40) in five eyes (63%). Fluorescein angiography demonstrated new subretinal neovascular growth at the margins of atrophic scars. In the late stages additional retinal pigment epithelium was lost and a white subretinal mass developed adjacent to the atrophic zone. Argon laser photocoagulation was used in two cases to destroy this neovascular tissue, but caused a permanent arcuate defect in one.", "contents": "Hemorrhagic peripapillary lesions in presumed ocular histoplasmosis. Eight eyes of five patients with hemorrhagic peripapillary histoplasmosis demonstrated prolonged symptomatic periods and recurrent bleeding episodes, although final visual acuity was equal to or better than 6/12 (20/40) in five eyes (63%). Fluorescein angiography demonstrated new subretinal neovascular growth at the margins of atrophic scars. In the late stages additional retinal pigment epithelium was lost and a white subretinal mass developed adjacent to the atrophic zone. Argon laser photocoagulation was used in two cases to destroy this neovascular tissue, but caused a permanent arcuate defect in one."}
{"id": "PMID:888887", "title": "Benzalkonium chloride toxicity to the human cornea.", "content": "A 36-year-old woman fitted with a soft contact lens after an uneventful extracapsular cataract extraction was wearing her aphakic lens successfully until she switched her lens-soaking solution to an isotonic solution of boric acid, potassium chloride, and sodium carbonate preserved with benzalkonium chloride and edetic acid. After three days her eye became inflamed and vision decreased. No endothelial damage was apparent and the anterior chamber showed 2+ cell and flare reaction. Three weeks after removal of the lens and fitting with an aphakic lens visual acuity was 6/9 (20/30). Study of the preservative by a semiquantitative dilution method together with the clinical evidence in this case proved the cytotoxic effect of benzolkonium chloride when used to sterilize soft contact lenses.", "contents": "Benzalkonium chloride toxicity to the human cornea. A 36-year-old woman fitted with a soft contact lens after an uneventful extracapsular cataract extraction was wearing her aphakic lens successfully until she switched her lens-soaking solution to an isotonic solution of boric acid, potassium chloride, and sodium carbonate preserved with benzalkonium chloride and edetic acid. After three days her eye became inflamed and vision decreased. No endothelial damage was apparent and the anterior chamber showed 2+ cell and flare reaction. Three weeks after removal of the lens and fitting with an aphakic lens visual acuity was 6/9 (20/30). Study of the preservative by a semiquantitative dilution method together with the clinical evidence in this case proved the cytotoxic effect of benzolkonium chloride when used to sterilize soft contact lenses."}
{"id": "PMID:888888", "title": "Early argon laser photocoagulation of presumed histoplasma maculopathy.", "content": "In this study, 66 patients with presumed ocular histplasmic maculopathy and in whom the edge of the neovascular membrane was at least 200 micron from the center of the fovea were selected for treatment with argon laser photocoagulation. They were divided into three groups depending on the time elapsed between the beginning of symptoms and treatment with argon laser photocoagulation. The size of the neovascular membrane, the distance from the center of the fovea, and the presence of hemorrhage in the foveal area were also noted. We found that the most important prognostic factor for best final visual acuity was the interval of time between onset of symptoms and treatment. The study showed that 73.3% (22 of 30) of patients with symptoms of short duration (four weeks or less) compared with 17.6% of those with symptoms of long duration (16 weeks or more) retained 6/15 (20/50) or better final visual acuity following argon laser photocoagulation treatment.", "contents": "Early argon laser photocoagulation of presumed histoplasma maculopathy. In this study, 66 patients with presumed ocular histplasmic maculopathy and in whom the edge of the neovascular membrane was at least 200 micron from the center of the fovea were selected for treatment with argon laser photocoagulation. They were divided into three groups depending on the time elapsed between the beginning of symptoms and treatment with argon laser photocoagulation. The size of the neovascular membrane, the distance from the center of the fovea, and the presence of hemorrhage in the foveal area were also noted. We found that the most important prognostic factor for best final visual acuity was the interval of time between onset of symptoms and treatment. The study showed that 73.3% (22 of 30) of patients with symptoms of short duration (four weeks or less) compared with 17.6% of those with symptoms of long duration (16 weeks or more) retained 6/15 (20/50) or better final visual acuity following argon laser photocoagulation treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:888889", "title": "Retinal breaks secondary to vascular accidents.", "content": "Seven retinal breaks occuring after occlusion of a major retinal arterial or venous branch were found in the eyes of six patients. Five holes were in the midretina, in a nonperfused avascular area corresponding to the sector affected by the vascular accident. One was a macular hole, and one a horseshoe tear outside the area involved in the vascular occlusion caused by traction of vitreous on a tuft of neovascular tissue. Five of the holes may have been caused by a kind of sequestration of the retina secondary to vascular insufficiency.", "contents": "Retinal breaks secondary to vascular accidents. Seven retinal breaks occuring after occlusion of a major retinal arterial or venous branch were found in the eyes of six patients. Five holes were in the midretina, in a nonperfused avascular area corresponding to the sector affected by the vascular accident. One was a macular hole, and one a horseshoe tear outside the area involved in the vascular occlusion caused by traction of vitreous on a tuft of neovascular tissue. Five of the holes may have been caused by a kind of sequestration of the retina secondary to vascular insufficiency."}
{"id": "PMID:888890", "title": "Malignant melanoma of the choroid associated with spontaneous expulsive choroidal hemorrhage.", "content": "A 79-year-old man initially had a perforated corneal ulcer of his blind right eye. The next day a spontaneous expulsive choroidal hemorrhage occurred just before scheduled enucleation. Histopathologic examination of the enucleated eye revealed a severe necrosis of several posterior ciliary arteries in the expulsive choroidal hemorrhage, as well as a large occult spindle B malignant melanoma of the choroid. The necrosis of the posterior ciliary arteries may have been the cause of the choroidal hemorrhage. The finding of an occult malignant melanoma may be more than a chance occurrence of two unrelated events, inasmuch as both are associated with necrosis of the posterior ciliary arteries.", "contents": "Malignant melanoma of the choroid associated with spontaneous expulsive choroidal hemorrhage. A 79-year-old man initially had a perforated corneal ulcer of his blind right eye. The next day a spontaneous expulsive choroidal hemorrhage occurred just before scheduled enucleation. Histopathologic examination of the enucleated eye revealed a severe necrosis of several posterior ciliary arteries in the expulsive choroidal hemorrhage, as well as a large occult spindle B malignant melanoma of the choroid. The necrosis of the posterior ciliary arteries may have been the cause of the choroidal hemorrhage. The finding of an occult malignant melanoma may be more than a chance occurrence of two unrelated events, inasmuch as both are associated with necrosis of the posterior ciliary arteries."}
{"id": "PMID:888891", "title": "Necrotizing vaso-occlusive retinitis.", "content": "We studied two adult patients with fulminating, necrotizing vaso-occlusive retinitis, and documented the progressive course of retinal necrosis, vitreoretinal interface contraction, and consequent retinal detachment. The systemic criteria for Beh\u00e7et's disease were present in one patient, and partially fulfilled in the second.", "contents": "Necrotizing vaso-occlusive retinitis. We studied two adult patients with fulminating, necrotizing vaso-occlusive retinitis, and documented the progressive course of retinal necrosis, vitreoretinal interface contraction, and consequent retinal detachment. The systemic criteria for Beh\u00e7et's disease were present in one patient, and partially fulfilled in the second."}
{"id": "PMID:888892", "title": "Congenital retinal arterial loops and vitreous hemorrhage.", "content": "In two adolescents, mild vitreous hemorrhage occurred from the area of retinal arterial loops near the optic nerve. In both cases the hemorrhage cleared without further complications. This vascular malformation may be associated with secondary complications more frequently than has previously been reported.", "contents": "Congenital retinal arterial loops and vitreous hemorrhage. In two adolescents, mild vitreous hemorrhage occurred from the area of retinal arterial loops near the optic nerve. In both cases the hemorrhage cleared without further complications. This vascular malformation may be associated with secondary complications more frequently than has previously been reported."}
{"id": "PMID:888894", "title": "The eye in the partial trisomy 2q syndrome.", "content": "Mandibulofacial dysostosis, mental retardation, skeletal, genital, and ocular malformations occurred in a family with partial trisomy of the long arm of chromosome 2. Translocations of chromatin material from the long arm of chromosome 2 to the short arm of chromosome 9 was balanced in the female carriers of the pedigree but was unbalanced among the males. Ocular signs in the males included uveal coloboma, anterior chamber angle anomalies as in Ringer's syndrome, congenital glaucoma with dislocated lens, exotropia, and blepharoconjunctivitis. These findings were related to an inherited malformation syndrome.", "contents": "The eye in the partial trisomy 2q syndrome. Mandibulofacial dysostosis, mental retardation, skeletal, genital, and ocular malformations occurred in a family with partial trisomy of the long arm of chromosome 2. Translocations of chromatin material from the long arm of chromosome 2 to the short arm of chromosome 9 was balanced in the female carriers of the pedigree but was unbalanced among the males. Ocular signs in the males included uveal coloboma, anterior chamber angle anomalies as in Ringer's syndrome, congenital glaucoma with dislocated lens, exotropia, and blepharoconjunctivitis. These findings were related to an inherited malformation syndrome."}
{"id": "PMID:888895", "title": "The retinal manifestations of Rocky Mountain spotted fever.", "content": "The prominent ophthalmoscopic features in a 9-year-old white girl with Rocky Mountain spotted fever consisted of papilledema, cotton-wool spots, and dilated, tortuous retinal veins. Fluorescein angigography showed focal areas of capillary nonperfusion with blocked retinal and choroidal fluorescence at the cotton-wool spots. We observed perivascular staining adjacent to the infarcted areas. In addition to hyperfluorescence of the optic disks, late phase photographs demonstrated prolonged retention of intravascular fluorescein indicating obstruction to venous outflow.", "contents": "The retinal manifestations of Rocky Mountain spotted fever. The prominent ophthalmoscopic features in a 9-year-old white girl with Rocky Mountain spotted fever consisted of papilledema, cotton-wool spots, and dilated, tortuous retinal veins. Fluorescein angigography showed focal areas of capillary nonperfusion with blocked retinal and choroidal fluorescence at the cotton-wool spots. We observed perivascular staining adjacent to the infarcted areas. In addition to hyperfluorescence of the optic disks, late phase photographs demonstrated prolonged retention of intravascular fluorescein indicating obstruction to venous outflow."}
{"id": "PMID:888896", "title": "Mydriasis from Datura wrightii.", "content": "A 4-year-old girl had painless, uniocular mydriasis after picking flowers. Pharmacologic testing with 1% pilocarpine confirmed the probability that an atropine-like agent had been instilled in the affected eye. The flowers were identified as Datura wrightii and contained scopolamine, hyoscyamine, and atropine on thin-layer chromatography.", "contents": "Mydriasis from Datura wrightii. A 4-year-old girl had painless, uniocular mydriasis after picking flowers. Pharmacologic testing with 1% pilocarpine confirmed the probability that an atropine-like agent had been instilled in the affected eye. The flowers were identified as Datura wrightii and contained scopolamine, hyoscyamine, and atropine on thin-layer chromatography."}
{"id": "PMID:888898", "title": "Subconjunctival dislocation of intraocular lens implant.", "content": "Eight weeks after intracapsular cataract extraction with implantation of a Binkhorst iris-clip lens joined with a suture to a peripheral iridectomy at the 12 o'clock position, a 52-year-old woman struck the right side of her head. The corneoscleral wound ruptured for three fourths of its length and the artificial lens was located in the subconjunctiva in the superior-nasal quadrant of the eye. The lens was removed, the iris reposited, and the anterior chamber reformed, and the wound resutured. Her vision was 6/12 (20/40) at the time of discharge.", "contents": "Subconjunctival dislocation of intraocular lens implant. Eight weeks after intracapsular cataract extraction with implantation of a Binkhorst iris-clip lens joined with a suture to a peripheral iridectomy at the 12 o'clock position, a 52-year-old woman struck the right side of her head. The corneoscleral wound ruptured for three fourths of its length and the artificial lens was located in the subconjunctiva in the superior-nasal quadrant of the eye. The lens was removed, the iris reposited, and the anterior chamber reformed, and the wound resutured. Her vision was 6/12 (20/40) at the time of discharge."}
{"id": "PMID:888902", "title": "A visual tracking machine.", "content": "The Visual Tracking Machine is an easily constructed device used for perceptual training with adults and children-with the following diagnoses: cerebral vascular accident, traumatic head injury, cerebral palsy, mental retardation, and spina bifida. It offers activities for the following purpose: development of visual attention and eyemotility, stimulation to cross the midline, compensation iraining for homonymous hemianopsia, one-side neglect, eye-hand coordination, and motor planning. The machine features control over smoothness, speed, and direction of movement of a visual stimulus, eliminates a potentially distracting background, spans the whole visual field, motivates the patient by offering the opportunity for many challenging games, and offers variability in task difficulty. It is sturdily built, relies only on manual power, and is not prone to mechanical breakdown. Used successfully during a one-year trial period, it appears to be a potentially useful adjunct to perceptual training programs. A description of its construction and materials needed are included. Other devices promoting tracking are reviewed in terms of function, source, and availability.", "contents": "A visual tracking machine. The Visual Tracking Machine is an easily constructed device used for perceptual training with adults and children-with the following diagnoses: cerebral vascular accident, traumatic head injury, cerebral palsy, mental retardation, and spina bifida. It offers activities for the following purpose: development of visual attention and eyemotility, stimulation to cross the midline, compensation iraining for homonymous hemianopsia, one-side neglect, eye-hand coordination, and motor planning. The machine features control over smoothness, speed, and direction of movement of a visual stimulus, eliminates a potentially distracting background, spans the whole visual field, motivates the patient by offering the opportunity for many challenging games, and offers variability in task difficulty. It is sturdily built, relies only on manual power, and is not prone to mechanical breakdown. Used successfully during a one-year trial period, it appears to be a potentially useful adjunct to perceptual training programs. A description of its construction and materials needed are included. Other devices promoting tracking are reviewed in terms of function, source, and availability."}
{"id": "PMID:888903", "title": "Training the deaf-blind child.", "content": "The literature pertaining to deaf-blind persons was reviewed to acquaint occupational therapists with the needs of this population and to delineate their role in the habilitation of these persons. Two examples of the occupational therapy role in programming for deaf-blind children were described. In the late 1960s, occupational therapists were needed in small numbers, therapists who could work intensively in specific programs for deaf-blind children; in the late 1970s, a much greater number will be needed to provide services to small numbers of deaf-blind persons of all ages who will be attending the same schools, clinics, sheltered workshops, and group living facilities as will other handicapped persons.", "contents": "Training the deaf-blind child. The literature pertaining to deaf-blind persons was reviewed to acquaint occupational therapists with the needs of this population and to delineate their role in the habilitation of these persons. Two examples of the occupational therapy role in programming for deaf-blind children were described. In the late 1960s, occupational therapists were needed in small numbers, therapists who could work intensively in specific programs for deaf-blind children; in the late 1970s, a much greater number will be needed to provide services to small numbers of deaf-blind persons of all ages who will be attending the same schools, clinics, sheltered workshops, and group living facilities as will other handicapped persons."}
{"id": "PMID:888904", "title": "Visual functions of the elderly.", "content": "This review of the literature describes the limitations in visual functions that affect the elderly's ability to accomplish the tasks of daily living. Decline in accommodation for near vision begins as early as 10 years of age, while visual acuity begins to diminish at 18 years of age. These and other limitations are the result of normal age-related physiological changes in the mechanisms underlying visual function. In order to compensate for the visual limitations of the elderly, environmental modifications are recommended. The planners of institutional and other environments need to consider architectural features that allow optimal visual performance and, thereby, encourage safe mobility. Adaptations are suggested to assist the elderly in the accomplishment of daily living tasks.", "contents": "Visual functions of the elderly. This review of the literature describes the limitations in visual functions that affect the elderly's ability to accomplish the tasks of daily living. Decline in accommodation for near vision begins as early as 10 years of age, while visual acuity begins to diminish at 18 years of age. These and other limitations are the result of normal age-related physiological changes in the mechanisms underlying visual function. In order to compensate for the visual limitations of the elderly, environmental modifications are recommended. The planners of institutional and other environments need to consider architectural features that allow optimal visual performance and, thereby, encourage safe mobility. Adaptations are suggested to assist the elderly in the accomplishment of daily living tasks."}
{"id": "PMID:888905", "title": "Dichotic listening performance in learning-disabled children.", "content": "A dichotic listening test was administered to 114 learning-disabled children aged 6 to 10 years and the ratio of correct right ear responses to correct left ear responses was computed. Three subgroups were formed: those with a low right-left ear ratio, those with an average ratio, and those with a high ratio. The groups were given a battery of sensory integrative, postural-ocular, auditory-language, and academic tests. Mean scores were computed for each group. All three groups were considerably lower in their overall accuracy of response to the dichotic listening test than was a normative sample. The groups with low right-left ear ratios were less likely to have a somatosensory disorder than the other two groups, but they were more apt to have a language problem. There was a much larger percentage of children with very high right-left ratios (right ear very \"superior\" to left ear) than would be expected in a random population.", "contents": "Dichotic listening performance in learning-disabled children. A dichotic listening test was administered to 114 learning-disabled children aged 6 to 10 years and the ratio of correct right ear responses to correct left ear responses was computed. Three subgroups were formed: those with a low right-left ear ratio, those with an average ratio, and those with a high ratio. The groups were given a battery of sensory integrative, postural-ocular, auditory-language, and academic tests. Mean scores were computed for each group. All three groups were considerably lower in their overall accuracy of response to the dichotic listening test than was a normative sample. The groups with low right-left ear ratios were less likely to have a somatosensory disorder than the other two groups, but they were more apt to have a language problem. There was a much larger percentage of children with very high right-left ratios (right ear very \"superior\" to left ear) than would be expected in a random population."}
{"id": "PMID:888906", "title": "Tactile-sensitive behavior in hyperactive and nonhyperactive children.", "content": "The Tactile Sensitivity Behavioral Responses Checklist was used to rate behavioral responses that demonstrate tactile defensiveness by children being administered the Southern California Kinesthesia and Tactile Perception Test battery. Hypothesizing that a group of five-year-old boys with hyperactive behaviors would have greater frequencies of tactile-sensitive behaviors than a group of nonhyperactive boys, and that tactile sensitivity would be negatively correlated with tactile discrimination, videotapes of 15 hyperactive and 25 nonhyperative boys being administered the test battery were rated on the checklist. Using the Mann-Whitney U test to compare each group for behavioral response, significant results at the .05 level were reached between groups for seven out of nine categories. A significant negative correlation between tactile sensitivity and tactile discrimination was reached for those children who completed the test battery. These findings support the research hypotheses and provide a more objective data base for recognizing and further researching tactile sensitivity.", "contents": "Tactile-sensitive behavior in hyperactive and nonhyperactive children. The Tactile Sensitivity Behavioral Responses Checklist was used to rate behavioral responses that demonstrate tactile defensiveness by children being administered the Southern California Kinesthesia and Tactile Perception Test battery. Hypothesizing that a group of five-year-old boys with hyperactive behaviors would have greater frequencies of tactile-sensitive behaviors than a group of nonhyperactive boys, and that tactile sensitivity would be negatively correlated with tactile discrimination, videotapes of 15 hyperactive and 25 nonhyperative boys being administered the test battery were rated on the checklist. Using the Mann-Whitney U test to compare each group for behavioral response, significant results at the .05 level were reached between groups for seven out of nine categories. A significant negative correlation between tactile sensitivity and tactile discrimination was reached for those children who completed the test battery. These findings support the research hypotheses and provide a more objective data base for recognizing and further researching tactile sensitivity."}
{"id": "PMID:888908", "title": "Prevention by chlorpromazine of ischemic liver cell death.", "content": "Ischemic liver tissue was produced by clamping the portal venous and hepatic arterial blood supply to the left lateral and median lobes of rat liver. If, after 2 to 3 hours of ischemia, reflow to the liver was established by removing the clamp, two-thirds or more of the liver cells were histologically dead 24 hours later. Pretreatment with chlorpromazine (20 mg/kg) 30 minutes before inducing ischemia for up to 3 hours virtually completely prevented this ischemic cell death. If the animals were kept alive for an additional 24 hours with no further treatment, the extent of liver cell necrosis at 48 hours was still markedly less than that seen in the untreated ischemic controls. Administration of chlorpromazine after induction of ischemia and immediately prior to the onset of reflow reduced but did not completely prevent ischemic cell death as determined at 24 hours. This protective action of chlorpromazine was confirmed by the ability of the treated animals to regenerate cellular ATP levels after 3 hours of ischemia. In addition, chlorpromazine was shown to significantly reduce the increases in total liver cell and mitochondrial calcium ion contents that accompany the return of blood flow to irreversibly injured liver cells. The protective effect of chlorpromazine could not be attributed to any effect either on the rate or extent to which the liver cells became ischemic or on the perfusion patterns following release of the obstruction, and it is concluded that the action of chlorpromazine must be on some component(s) of the reaction of the cells to the ischemia itself. The possible basis of this action is discussed.", "contents": "Prevention by chlorpromazine of ischemic liver cell death. Ischemic liver tissue was produced by clamping the portal venous and hepatic arterial blood supply to the left lateral and median lobes of rat liver. If, after 2 to 3 hours of ischemia, reflow to the liver was established by removing the clamp, two-thirds or more of the liver cells were histologically dead 24 hours later. Pretreatment with chlorpromazine (20 mg/kg) 30 minutes before inducing ischemia for up to 3 hours virtually completely prevented this ischemic cell death. If the animals were kept alive for an additional 24 hours with no further treatment, the extent of liver cell necrosis at 48 hours was still markedly less than that seen in the untreated ischemic controls. Administration of chlorpromazine after induction of ischemia and immediately prior to the onset of reflow reduced but did not completely prevent ischemic cell death as determined at 24 hours. This protective action of chlorpromazine was confirmed by the ability of the treated animals to regenerate cellular ATP levels after 3 hours of ischemia. In addition, chlorpromazine was shown to significantly reduce the increases in total liver cell and mitochondrial calcium ion contents that accompany the return of blood flow to irreversibly injured liver cells. The protective effect of chlorpromazine could not be attributed to any effect either on the rate or extent to which the liver cells became ischemic or on the perfusion patterns following release of the obstruction, and it is concluded that the action of chlorpromazine must be on some component(s) of the reaction of the cells to the ischemia itself. The possible basis of this action is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:888909", "title": "Kinetics of regression of epidermal hyperplasia in the the skin of mice following abrasion.", "content": "Previously, we reported the kinetics of epidermal production during the early phase of epidermal regeneration following abrasion in the skin of mice. We pointed out that following abrasion, epidermal regeneration is characterized by the production of a marked epidermal hyperplasia resulting in a massive overproduction of epidermis, amounting to over a fourfold increase in epidermal wet weight compared to normal. The purpose of this report is to present the kinetics of reduction of epidermal mass following the production of the epidermal hyperplasia as the epidermis returns to its normal thickness during the period of regression. After an almost six times increase in epidermal wet weight per unit area at 5 days after abrasion, epidermal wet weight per unit area begins to decrease gradually, approaching normal levels by 21 days. The gradual decline in epidermal wet weight is associated with a concomitant decrease in the number of nucleated epidermal cell layers, total and suprabasal nuclei per millimeter of interfollicular epidermis, and in the number of mitoses per 1000 nuclei.", "contents": "Kinetics of regression of epidermal hyperplasia in the the skin of mice following abrasion. Previously, we reported the kinetics of epidermal production during the early phase of epidermal regeneration following abrasion in the skin of mice. We pointed out that following abrasion, epidermal regeneration is characterized by the production of a marked epidermal hyperplasia resulting in a massive overproduction of epidermis, amounting to over a fourfold increase in epidermal wet weight compared to normal. The purpose of this report is to present the kinetics of reduction of epidermal mass following the production of the epidermal hyperplasia as the epidermis returns to its normal thickness during the period of regression. After an almost six times increase in epidermal wet weight per unit area at 5 days after abrasion, epidermal wet weight per unit area begins to decrease gradually, approaching normal levels by 21 days. The gradual decline in epidermal wet weight is associated with a concomitant decrease in the number of nucleated epidermal cell layers, total and suprabasal nuclei per millimeter of interfollicular epidermis, and in the number of mitoses per 1000 nuclei."}
{"id": "PMID:888910", "title": "Morphometric analysis of hypertension-induced hypertrophy of rat thoracic aorta.", "content": "The response of the intima-media of the thoracic aorta to 1 to 4 weeks of two-kidney renal hypertension in the rat has been analyzed by morphometric techniques at light and electron microscopic levels. The increased thickness of the aorta that ensues is the result of an increase in the size but not the number of smooth muscle cell layers. The volume fractions of intima occupied by endothelium (26%), internal elastic lamina (37%), and subendothelial space (37%) in normotensive animals are not significantly altered by the hypertension. The percent increases in muscle cross-sectional area is greatest (58 to 60%) in the two innermost layers (M1 and M2). M1 is composed of nearly equal compartments of smooth muscle cells and interstitial space that expand 69% and 50%, respectively, with hypertension. Analysis of the subcellular constituents of the M1 smooth muscle cells indicates that significant changes in absolute volume include increases of caveolae (45%), myofibrils (59%), mitochondria (81%), glycogen (163%), and rough endoplasmic reticulum (221%). Factors contributing to these alterations are discussed.", "contents": "Morphometric analysis of hypertension-induced hypertrophy of rat thoracic aorta. The response of the intima-media of the thoracic aorta to 1 to 4 weeks of two-kidney renal hypertension in the rat has been analyzed by morphometric techniques at light and electron microscopic levels. The increased thickness of the aorta that ensues is the result of an increase in the size but not the number of smooth muscle cell layers. The volume fractions of intima occupied by endothelium (26%), internal elastic lamina (37%), and subendothelial space (37%) in normotensive animals are not significantly altered by the hypertension. The percent increases in muscle cross-sectional area is greatest (58 to 60%) in the two innermost layers (M1 and M2). M1 is composed of nearly equal compartments of smooth muscle cells and interstitial space that expand 69% and 50%, respectively, with hypertension. Analysis of the subcellular constituents of the M1 smooth muscle cells indicates that significant changes in absolute volume include increases of caveolae (45%), myofibrils (59%), mitochondria (81%), glycogen (163%), and rough endoplasmic reticulum (221%). Factors contributing to these alterations are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:888911", "title": "The pulmonary vascular pathology of experimental radiation pneumonitis.", "content": "Dogs exposed by inhalation to an aerosol of fused aluminosilicate particles containing the radionuclide yttrium 90 developed radiation pneumonitis. The aerosol had a mean aerodynamic diameter of 0.8 to 1.2 mu with a sigma(g) of 1.6 to 1.9. The 36 dogs included in this report received initial lung burdens of 590 to 5200 muCi (90)Y/kg body weight and died at 7.5 to 237 days after exposure with total cumulative radiation doses to lung of 9300 to 70,000 rads. Vascular lesions in the lungs were marked. Early changes included edema of vessel walls with leukocytic infiltration, dilation of perivascular lymphatic channels, and occasional periarterial lymphangiectasia. Splitting and reduplication of the elastica were occasionally visible. The most striking inflammatory vascular changes were vasculitis and fibrinoid necrosis, which involved bronchial and pulmonary vessels at some-what different times. Such lesions were often segmental and included fibrinoid necrosis and a variable leukocytic infiltrate in and around the actively involved lesions. Vasculitis was most commonly seen in small muscular arterioles, but veins and venules also occasionally exhibited similar inflammatory lesions. Progressive vascular inflammation led to extensive intimal proliferative lesions and fibromuscular hypertrophy with eventual fibrous accumulation around blood vessels, obliterative intimal and medial thickening, and luminal narrowing. Such changes eventually formed the morphologic basis for increased pulmonary vascular resistance and the development of cardiac dilation and hypertrophy reflecting pulmonary hypertension.", "contents": "The pulmonary vascular pathology of experimental radiation pneumonitis. Dogs exposed by inhalation to an aerosol of fused aluminosilicate particles containing the radionuclide yttrium 90 developed radiation pneumonitis. The aerosol had a mean aerodynamic diameter of 0.8 to 1.2 mu with a sigma(g) of 1.6 to 1.9. The 36 dogs included in this report received initial lung burdens of 590 to 5200 muCi (90)Y/kg body weight and died at 7.5 to 237 days after exposure with total cumulative radiation doses to lung of 9300 to 70,000 rads. Vascular lesions in the lungs were marked. Early changes included edema of vessel walls with leukocytic infiltration, dilation of perivascular lymphatic channels, and occasional periarterial lymphangiectasia. Splitting and reduplication of the elastica were occasionally visible. The most striking inflammatory vascular changes were vasculitis and fibrinoid necrosis, which involved bronchial and pulmonary vessels at some-what different times. Such lesions were often segmental and included fibrinoid necrosis and a variable leukocytic infiltrate in and around the actively involved lesions. Vasculitis was most commonly seen in small muscular arterioles, but veins and venules also occasionally exhibited similar inflammatory lesions. Progressive vascular inflammation led to extensive intimal proliferative lesions and fibromuscular hypertrophy with eventual fibrous accumulation around blood vessels, obliterative intimal and medial thickening, and luminal narrowing. Such changes eventually formed the morphologic basis for increased pulmonary vascular resistance and the development of cardiac dilation and hypertrophy reflecting pulmonary hypertension."}
{"id": "PMID:888915", "title": "Child abuse and neglect: the rights of parents and the needs of their children.", "content": "The trends in treatment and in legal decisions with respect to custody of abused and neglected children are reviewed. Parental rights, including a familial right to treatment, are discussed in terms of the needs of children for their parents and for a safe home environment. It is argued that the critical point for the assertion of parents' rights is not the ultimate custody hearing but the initial decision to remove the child from its home.", "contents": "Child abuse and neglect: the rights of parents and the needs of their children. The trends in treatment and in legal decisions with respect to custody of abused and neglected children are reviewed. Parental rights, including a familial right to treatment, are discussed in terms of the needs of children for their parents and for a safe home environment. It is argued that the critical point for the assertion of parents' rights is not the ultimate custody hearing but the initial decision to remove the child from its home."}
{"id": "PMID:888916", "title": "Patterns of coping in families of psychotic children.", "content": "The nature of family adaptation to severely and chronically disabling cognitive and behavioral conditions is considered. The relationship between atypical development and family response is examined to derive basic concepts--parents' perceptions of their child's unusual characteristics, effects on social relationships, etc.--and suggest strategies for intervention and research.", "contents": "Patterns of coping in families of psychotic children. The nature of family adaptation to severely and chronically disabling cognitive and behavioral conditions is considered. The relationship between atypical development and family response is examined to derive basic concepts--parents' perceptions of their child's unusual characteristics, effects on social relationships, etc.--and suggest strategies for intervention and research."}
{"id": "PMID:888917", "title": "Paranatal influences on maternal-infant attachment.", "content": "This paper reviews recent literature relating to effects on mother-infant attachment of events during pregnancy, birth, and the post-partum period. It is suggested that, for the sake of the physical and emotional well-being of child and mother, medical and technological interventions be held to a minimum during this time. Recommendations are made for the restructuring of routine professional practice.", "contents": "Paranatal influences on maternal-infant attachment. This paper reviews recent literature relating to effects on mother-infant attachment of events during pregnancy, birth, and the post-partum period. It is suggested that, for the sake of the physical and emotional well-being of child and mother, medical and technological interventions be held to a minimum during this time. Recommendations are made for the restructuring of routine professional practice."}
{"id": "PMID:888918", "title": "Maternal drinking and the outcome of pregnancy: implications for child mental health.", "content": "Research since identification in 1973 of the fetal alcohol syndrome indicates that offspring of alcoholic women who drink heavily during pregnancy are at high risk for physical and mental deficiencies, and that even \"social drinking\" during pregnancy may have detrimental effects on birthweight and behavior of infants. While further research and remediation efforts are needed, primary prevention and active intervention in counseling and obstetrical clinics seem clearly and urgently called for.", "contents": "Maternal drinking and the outcome of pregnancy: implications for child mental health. Research since identification in 1973 of the fetal alcohol syndrome indicates that offspring of alcoholic women who drink heavily during pregnancy are at high risk for physical and mental deficiencies, and that even \"social drinking\" during pregnancy may have detrimental effects on birthweight and behavior of infants. While further research and remediation efforts are needed, primary prevention and active intervention in counseling and obstetrical clinics seem clearly and urgently called for."}
{"id": "PMID:888919", "title": "Consultation on a pediatric surgical ward: creating an empathic climate.", "content": "Meaningful consultation to a pediatric surgical service must occur within an emotional climate that supports the consultative process. This paper examines the intangible qualities inherent in such a milieu and the consultant's role in structuring an atmosphere in which one's consultative skills can be utilized effectively.", "contents": "Consultation on a pediatric surgical ward: creating an empathic climate. Meaningful consultation to a pediatric surgical service must occur within an emotional climate that supports the consultative process. This paper examines the intangible qualities inherent in such a milieu and the consultant's role in structuring an atmosphere in which one's consultative skills can be utilized effectively."}
{"id": "PMID:888920", "title": "Problem-solving strategies in consultation.", "content": "Techniques for overcoming common stumbling blocks in consultation are outlined, and the advantages to consultants of viewing consultation as a mutual problem-solving process are discussed. It is suggested that the consultant-in-training can achieve confidence in this approach only through experiencing the relationship from the other side by gaining first-hand understanding of the situation of the consultee. Strategies towards this end are offered.", "contents": "Problem-solving strategies in consultation. Techniques for overcoming common stumbling blocks in consultation are outlined, and the advantages to consultants of viewing consultation as a mutual problem-solving process are discussed. It is suggested that the consultant-in-training can achieve confidence in this approach only through experiencing the relationship from the other side by gaining first-hand understanding of the situation of the consultee. Strategies towards this end are offered."}
{"id": "PMID:888921", "title": "Intraethnic violence in a Hawaii school: a mental health consultation experience.", "content": "This paper explores the dynamics of a violent confrontation between local-born and immigrant Filipino students in a Hawaii high school. Social and psychological issues underlying the incident are considered, and pragmatic aspects of mental health consultation during a crisis situation in a school setting are discussed.", "contents": "Intraethnic violence in a Hawaii school: a mental health consultation experience. This paper explores the dynamics of a violent confrontation between local-born and immigrant Filipino students in a Hawaii high school. Social and psychological issues underlying the incident are considered, and pragmatic aspects of mental health consultation during a crisis situation in a school setting are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:888922", "title": "Federal day care standards: rationale and recommendations.", "content": "Day care for young children is an increasingly popular and needed resource. However, there is no consistent federal policy for assuring quality. This paper argues that fiscal and monitoring responsibilities should be based in a federal agency committed to children and families, and standards should be explicit, enforceable, and economically realistic.", "contents": "Federal day care standards: rationale and recommendations. Day care for young children is an increasingly popular and needed resource. However, there is no consistent federal policy for assuring quality. This paper argues that fiscal and monitoring responsibilities should be based in a federal agency committed to children and families, and standards should be explicit, enforceable, and economically realistic."}
{"id": "PMID:888923", "title": "Conflict and detente between social issues and clinical practice.", "content": "The \"dual nature\" of the mental health profession--embodied in the differences between advocates of social and clinical approaches to people's problems--is considered. It is suggested that the situation reflects realities of the world we live in, and that it contains both dilemma and opportunity. Areas in which social advocacy and clinical expertise have complemented each other are illustrated, and possibilities for constructive and creative conflict are suggested.", "contents": "Conflict and detente between social issues and clinical practice. The \"dual nature\" of the mental health profession--embodied in the differences between advocates of social and clinical approaches to people's problems--is considered. It is suggested that the situation reflects realities of the world we live in, and that it contains both dilemma and opportunity. Areas in which social advocacy and clinical expertise have complemented each other are illustrated, and possibilities for constructive and creative conflict are suggested."}
{"id": "PMID:888924", "title": "The nature of the symbiotic bond between mother and schizophrenic.", "content": "Based on objectively scored TAT stories and interviews measuring five aspects of symbiotic relationships, a group of schizophrenics and their mothers showed more evidence of being enmeshed in such a relationship than did both non-schizophrenic mental patients and a group of normals and their mothers.", "contents": "The nature of the symbiotic bond between mother and schizophrenic. Based on objectively scored TAT stories and interviews measuring five aspects of symbiotic relationships, a group of schizophrenics and their mothers showed more evidence of being enmeshed in such a relationship than did both non-schizophrenic mental patients and a group of normals and their mothers."}
{"id": "PMID:888925", "title": "A family therapy outcome study in an inpatient setting.", "content": "A small sample of adolescents hospitalized in a public mental health facility received family therapy while a control group received individual therapy. Follow-up at three months indicated that those treated in family therapy returned to functioning more rapidly and were rehospitalized less frequently than adolescent patients in individual therapy. Directions for further study are suggested", "contents": "A family therapy outcome study in an inpatient setting. A small sample of adolescents hospitalized in a public mental health facility received family therapy while a control group received individual therapy. Follow-up at three months indicated that those treated in family therapy returned to functioning more rapidly and were rehospitalized less frequently than adolescent patients in individual therapy. Directions for further study are suggested"}
{"id": "PMID:888928", "title": "New procedure for evaluation of normal and abnormal gait.", "content": "In this paper a new procedure is presented that permits a quantitative clinical evaluation of an important aspect of human locomotion. It involves a spatio-temporal representation of the evolution of the group reaction vector (sagittal plane) for a single hind limb during the stance phase of a step. This representation is provided directly on line by use of a computer. Some preliminary results are presented for normal subjects and for patients with a variety of motor disorders.", "contents": "New procedure for evaluation of normal and abnormal gait. In this paper a new procedure is presented that permits a quantitative clinical evaluation of an important aspect of human locomotion. It involves a spatio-temporal representation of the evolution of the group reaction vector (sagittal plane) for a single hind limb during the stance phase of a step. This representation is provided directly on line by use of a computer. Some preliminary results are presented for normal subjects and for patients with a variety of motor disorders."}
{"id": "PMID:888930", "title": "The Cajuns of Southern Alabama: morphology and serology.", "content": "A survey was conducted of 324 members of the Cajun isolate of Southern Alabama. Tradition and appearance suggest that this population of about 3,000 are not entirely White, Black, or Indian but constitute a triracial community somewhat reproductively isolated and inbred. The earliest American settlement in the area, along the banks of the Mobile and Tombigbee Rivers, lay between Spaniards to the South and Indian tribes on the other sides: Creek, Choctaw, and Cherokee. Physical measurements are reported for 71 adults, plus color of skin, eyes, and hair. X-rays were taken of wrist and ankle bones of some 253 children. Red blood samples were typed on adults and children, and haptoglobin, Gm, and Gc types were determined from serum. History and physical examinations were also made. Physical measurements and observations suggest predominantly White ancestry, and D2 analysis confirms this, with least similarity to Indians. Analysis of serological traits implies almost 70% White, almost 30% Black, and very little Indians genes. Few defects of clear genetic etiology were discovered. Growth patterns judged from X-rays appeared normal. All genetic loci testable were in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium except Gc. While history and some common surnames suggest endogamy in the past, the medical and serological findings, plus some additional surnames, indicate that the isolate has already been largely diluted or dissolved.", "contents": "The Cajuns of Southern Alabama: morphology and serology. A survey was conducted of 324 members of the Cajun isolate of Southern Alabama. Tradition and appearance suggest that this population of about 3,000 are not entirely White, Black, or Indian but constitute a triracial community somewhat reproductively isolated and inbred. The earliest American settlement in the area, along the banks of the Mobile and Tombigbee Rivers, lay between Spaniards to the South and Indian tribes on the other sides: Creek, Choctaw, and Cherokee. Physical measurements are reported for 71 adults, plus color of skin, eyes, and hair. X-rays were taken of wrist and ankle bones of some 253 children. Red blood samples were typed on adults and children, and haptoglobin, Gm, and Gc types were determined from serum. History and physical examinations were also made. Physical measurements and observations suggest predominantly White ancestry, and D2 analysis confirms this, with least similarity to Indians. Analysis of serological traits implies almost 70% White, almost 30% Black, and very little Indians genes. Few defects of clear genetic etiology were discovered. Growth patterns judged from X-rays appeared normal. All genetic loci testable were in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium except Gc. While history and some common surnames suggest endogamy in the past, the medical and serological findings, plus some additional surnames, indicate that the isolate has already been largely diluted or dissolved."}
{"id": "PMID:888931", "title": "Palmar flexion creases and dermatoglyphics among diabetic patients.", "content": "Palmar dermatoglyphics and flexion creases of 108 male and 65 female patients diagnosed as having diabetes mellitus have been analysed. The control population consists of 536 males and 234 females from the same population. Palmar flexion creases were analysed according to the method suggested by Bali and Chaube ('71). The flexion creases of diabetic patients and the control population are significantly different. The differences between main line formulae in diabetes and controls are significant among males. The differences between C-line types of patients and controls are significant among both sexes. Axial triradii are significant among female patients and controls. The patterns in the interdigital areas IV and II are significantly lower among male and female patients respectively from their controls.", "contents": "Palmar flexion creases and dermatoglyphics among diabetic patients. Palmar dermatoglyphics and flexion creases of 108 male and 65 female patients diagnosed as having diabetes mellitus have been analysed. The control population consists of 536 males and 234 females from the same population. Palmar flexion creases were analysed according to the method suggested by Bali and Chaube ('71). The flexion creases of diabetic patients and the control population are significantly different. The differences between main line formulae in diabetes and controls are significant among males. The differences between C-line types of patients and controls are significant among both sexes. Axial triradii are significant among female patients and controls. The patterns in the interdigital areas IV and II are significantly lower among male and female patients respectively from their controls."}
{"id": "PMID:888932", "title": "Cribra orbitalia, a possible sign of anemia in early historic native populations of the British Columbia Coast.", "content": "Excavated and museum skeletons of the postcontact period revealed cribra orbitalia in four native ethnolinguistic divisions of the British Columbia coast, Haida, Kwakiutl, Nootka, and Coast Salish. Affected skulls were distributed among 25 of 35 localities, indicating widespread occurrence in a mainly heterogeneous population. Manifestations were similar to porotic hyperostosis, and additional lesions in the sample tend to support the concept that cribra orbitalia is related to anemia. Both inherited and acquired disorders may have been involved in the etiology. A uniquely high incidence of 52.9% occurred in immature of the Haida, a relatively homogeneous population. However, marked variability in expression by age group and by sex in the total sample is suggestive of iron-deficiency anemia. The data and historical information parallel modern expectations of susceptibility. Among 454 skulls, criba orbitalia occurred in 32.7% of growing children and adolescents, 19% of infants and toddlers, 13.3% of adult females, and 4.8% of adult males. Postcontact disruptions and disease may have figured in promoting iron-deficiency anemia, but noted precontact occurrences may also have been due to the disorder.", "contents": "Cribra orbitalia, a possible sign of anemia in early historic native populations of the British Columbia Coast. Excavated and museum skeletons of the postcontact period revealed cribra orbitalia in four native ethnolinguistic divisions of the British Columbia coast, Haida, Kwakiutl, Nootka, and Coast Salish. Affected skulls were distributed among 25 of 35 localities, indicating widespread occurrence in a mainly heterogeneous population. Manifestations were similar to porotic hyperostosis, and additional lesions in the sample tend to support the concept that cribra orbitalia is related to anemia. Both inherited and acquired disorders may have been involved in the etiology. A uniquely high incidence of 52.9% occurred in immature of the Haida, a relatively homogeneous population. However, marked variability in expression by age group and by sex in the total sample is suggestive of iron-deficiency anemia. The data and historical information parallel modern expectations of susceptibility. Among 454 skulls, criba orbitalia occurred in 32.7% of growing children and adolescents, 19% of infants and toddlers, 13.3% of adult females, and 4.8% of adult males. Postcontact disruptions and disease may have figured in promoting iron-deficiency anemia, but noted precontact occurrences may also have been due to the disorder."}
{"id": "PMID:888933", "title": "The dichotomous pattern of craniofacial expansion during aging.", "content": "The craniofacial skeleton expands during adult life and previous investigations have demonstrated non-uniformity in continuing growth. This report confirms the fact that sella turcica, frontal sinus and the skull tables remodel at a rate per unit time which is twice the amount of the anterios and posterior skull diameter. The dual enlargement pattern occurs in both male and females and has been observed longitudinally from the third through the eighth decades of life. Though associations in the continuing growth process of separate anatomical parts throughout the human skeleton remain obscure, the degree to which components vary within the craniofacial system is now clearly evident.", "contents": "The dichotomous pattern of craniofacial expansion during aging. The craniofacial skeleton expands during adult life and previous investigations have demonstrated non-uniformity in continuing growth. This report confirms the fact that sella turcica, frontal sinus and the skull tables remodel at a rate per unit time which is twice the amount of the anterios and posterior skull diameter. The dual enlargement pattern occurs in both male and females and has been observed longitudinally from the third through the eighth decades of life. Though associations in the continuing growth process of separate anatomical parts throughout the human skeleton remain obscure, the degree to which components vary within the craniofacial system is now clearly evident."}
{"id": "PMID:888934", "title": "Chemical and physical methods in dating human skeletal remains.", "content": "Chemical and physical methods for dating skeletal remains were examined. Benzidine reaction, ultra-violet fluorescence, specific gravity and supersonic conductivity were carried out on 71 dated skeletal findings distributed over the span of the last 3,5000 years. Results given by benzidine reaction and ultra-violet fluorescence basically coincide, and positive readings were obtained up to about 200-350 years. Values, measured in specific gravity and supersonic conductivity testing show a parallel trend, pointing out a clear difference between samples of the three first centuries and the ones belonging to more ancient periods examined.", "contents": "Chemical and physical methods in dating human skeletal remains. Chemical and physical methods for dating skeletal remains were examined. Benzidine reaction, ultra-violet fluorescence, specific gravity and supersonic conductivity were carried out on 71 dated skeletal findings distributed over the span of the last 3,5000 years. Results given by benzidine reaction and ultra-violet fluorescence basically coincide, and positive readings were obtained up to about 200-350 years. Values, measured in specific gravity and supersonic conductivity testing show a parallel trend, pointing out a clear difference between samples of the three first centuries and the ones belonging to more ancient periods examined."}
{"id": "PMID:888935", "title": "Palmar creases in population studies.", "content": "Three strictly endogamous groups of Indian, Brahmin, Bhangi, and Punjabi Khattri, were analyzed to test the authenticity of palmar flexion creases as a criterion of human classification, according to the method of Bali and Chaube ('71), which has certain advantages over the existing classification. The significant frequency variation of palmar creases among different Indian populations and the bisexual and bimanual differences in the frequencies of different crease types indicate a regular distribution trend of the trait.", "contents": "Palmar creases in population studies. Three strictly endogamous groups of Indian, Brahmin, Bhangi, and Punjabi Khattri, were analyzed to test the authenticity of palmar flexion creases as a criterion of human classification, according to the method of Bali and Chaube ('71), which has certain advantages over the existing classification. The significant frequency variation of palmar creases among different Indian populations and the bisexual and bimanual differences in the frequencies of different crease types indicate a regular distribution trend of the trait."}
{"id": "PMID:888936", "title": "A descriptive and comparative study of the deciduous dentition of prehistoric Ohio Valley Amerindians.", "content": "The deciduous dentition of 58 individuals from groups of prehistoric Ohio Valley Amerindians (2,000 B.C.-1,600 A.D.) was measured for antero-posterior and bucco-lingual dimensions and scored for morphological characteristics and macroscopic pathology. Only five dimensions of the posterior teeth and the frequency of severe linear enamel hypoplasia showed significant differences in the groups. In all cases focal agriculturalists exhibited smaller teeth and a higher frequency of severe linear enamel hypoplasia. These findings are explained as the result of changing diet and food preparation techniques, and/or sampling bias in the earlier burial cult groups where primarily higher status individuals may be the representatives. Comparison of metric and morphological characteristics of the deciduous dentition in the prehistoric Amerindians and roughly contemporaneous European groups indicates morphological characteristics are the better means of discrimination.", "contents": "A descriptive and comparative study of the deciduous dentition of prehistoric Ohio Valley Amerindians. The deciduous dentition of 58 individuals from groups of prehistoric Ohio Valley Amerindians (2,000 B.C.-1,600 A.D.) was measured for antero-posterior and bucco-lingual dimensions and scored for morphological characteristics and macroscopic pathology. Only five dimensions of the posterior teeth and the frequency of severe linear enamel hypoplasia showed significant differences in the groups. In all cases focal agriculturalists exhibited smaller teeth and a higher frequency of severe linear enamel hypoplasia. These findings are explained as the result of changing diet and food preparation techniques, and/or sampling bias in the earlier burial cult groups where primarily higher status individuals may be the representatives. Comparison of metric and morphological characteristics of the deciduous dentition in the prehistoric Amerindians and roughly contemporaneous European groups indicates morphological characteristics are the better means of discrimination."}
{"id": "PMID:888937", "title": "Fluctuating dental asymmetry: variation among skeletal populations.", "content": "Recent investigations have shown that nongenetic, environmental factors can adversely affect dental growth and produce bilateral asymmetries in tooth size. When asymmetries do not favor either side, i.e., absence of directional asymmetry, the condition is termed fluctuating asymmetry. Fluctuating asymmetry of the mesiodistal and buccolingual dimensions of the total permanent dentition was compared among human skeletal populations which differ socio-economically and nutritionally. Odontometric data were collected from prehistoric hunters (Indian Knoll site), later aboriginal farming groups (Campbell and Larson sites), and a modern cadaver population (Hamann-Todd). The magnitude of asymmetry is expressed by the familiar correlation coefficient, r. The proportion, then, of intra-individual variation due to fluctuating asymmetry is equal to 1-r.", "contents": "Fluctuating dental asymmetry: variation among skeletal populations. Recent investigations have shown that nongenetic, environmental factors can adversely affect dental growth and produce bilateral asymmetries in tooth size. When asymmetries do not favor either side, i.e., absence of directional asymmetry, the condition is termed fluctuating asymmetry. Fluctuating asymmetry of the mesiodistal and buccolingual dimensions of the total permanent dentition was compared among human skeletal populations which differ socio-economically and nutritionally. Odontometric data were collected from prehistoric hunters (Indian Knoll site), later aboriginal farming groups (Campbell and Larson sites), and a modern cadaver population (Hamann-Todd). The magnitude of asymmetry is expressed by the familiar correlation coefficient, r. The proportion, then, of intra-individual variation due to fluctuating asymmetry is equal to 1-r."}
{"id": "PMID:888938", "title": "ABO-typing of ancient skeletons from Israel.", "content": "Sixty-eight ancient skeletons, unearthed at Jerusalem and En Gedi and, according to the archeological data belonging to Jewish residents of these places from about 1,600 to 2,000 years ago, were ABO-typed by means of the hemagglutination-inhibition test. The blood groups of 13 skeletons were undiagnosable and the remaining 55 showed the following distribution: 30.91% A-group, 14.54% B-group, 50.91% AB-group and 3.64% O-group. According to these findings, the population to which these skeletons belonged must have had a high frequency of genes IA and IB, and a low occurrence of O blood group and its related IO gene.", "contents": "ABO-typing of ancient skeletons from Israel. Sixty-eight ancient skeletons, unearthed at Jerusalem and En Gedi and, according to the archeological data belonging to Jewish residents of these places from about 1,600 to 2,000 years ago, were ABO-typed by means of the hemagglutination-inhibition test. The blood groups of 13 skeletons were undiagnosable and the remaining 55 showed the following distribution: 30.91% A-group, 14.54% B-group, 50.91% AB-group and 3.64% O-group. According to these findings, the population to which these skeletons belonged must have had a high frequency of genes IA and IB, and a low occurrence of O blood group and its related IO gene."}
{"id": "PMID:888939", "title": "Congruence of distance matrices based on cranial discrete traits, cranial measurements, and linguistic-geographic criteria in five Alaskan populations.", "content": "Biological distances (C.A.B. Smith's Measure of Divergence) based on 25 nonmetric skull variants have been compared with distances (Mahalanobis' D2) based on cranial measurements of four Eskimo populations representing the Yupik subdivision of the Eskaleut linguistic stock, and one Aleut population. The ranking of Measures of Divergence (pooled-sex samples) for ten pairwise comparisons is significantly correlated (Spearman's rs) with both the male and female rankings of the F-values of D2. In addition, the non-metric distances showed stronger concordance than the metric distances with a hierarchy based on linguistic and geographical affinities. These findings indicate that, depending upon the particular battery of variants used, discrete traits provide valid taxonomical information in the study of extinct human populations.", "contents": "Congruence of distance matrices based on cranial discrete traits, cranial measurements, and linguistic-geographic criteria in five Alaskan populations. Biological distances (C.A.B. Smith's Measure of Divergence) based on 25 nonmetric skull variants have been compared with distances (Mahalanobis' D2) based on cranial measurements of four Eskimo populations representing the Yupik subdivision of the Eskaleut linguistic stock, and one Aleut population. The ranking of Measures of Divergence (pooled-sex samples) for ten pairwise comparisons is significantly correlated (Spearman's rs) with both the male and female rankings of the F-values of D2. In addition, the non-metric distances showed stronger concordance than the metric distances with a hierarchy based on linguistic and geographical affinities. These findings indicate that, depending upon the particular battery of variants used, discrete traits provide valid taxonomical information in the study of extinct human populations."}
{"id": "PMID:888940", "title": "Variations in the anterior patellar groove of the human femur.", "content": "An analysis of the anterior patellar groove of the human femur shows considerable variation in its medial and lateral spects. The groove itself, measured by the angle it encloses, shows considerably less variation than its individual components. The suggested functional relationship between bicondylar angle and lateral elevation of the patellar groove does not obtain for this sample.", "contents": "Variations in the anterior patellar groove of the human femur. An analysis of the anterior patellar groove of the human femur shows considerable variation in its medial and lateral spects. The groove itself, measured by the angle it encloses, shows considerably less variation than its individual components. The suggested functional relationship between bicondylar angle and lateral elevation of the patellar groove does not obtain for this sample."}
{"id": "PMID:888946", "title": "Insulin and growth hormone in lean and obese pigs.", "content": "Plasma glucose, immunoreactive insulin (IRI), and growth hormone (GH) were determined in fasted lean and genetically obese pigs at 1, 3, and 6 mo of age. Rate of glucose clearance and plasma IRI and GH response in provocative stimulation were also measured. Fasting glucose was similar in lean and obese pigs, whereas glucose clearance rate was more rapid in lean pigs. Obese pigs were not hyperinsulinemic but had lower plasma GH than lean pigs. At 1 mo of age, both lean and obese pigs had higher plasma IRI and GH as compared to 3 and 6 mo. Glucose infusion produced increases in plasma IRI at 1, 3, and 6 mo, respectively, with the greatest increases at 6 mo. Plasma IRI peaked at the same level in both pig types at a given age; but due to a more prolonged response in obese pigs, the overall IRI response to glucose infusion was greater in obese pigs. Arginine infusion caused much smaller IRI responses than glucose, but the response of obese pigs was significantly greater than that of lean pigs. Both provocative stimuli caused increases in plasma GH. The GH response to glucose infusion in obese pigs was considerably less than in lean pigs. These observations suggest mild insulin insensitivity and a reduced GH secretory potential in the obese as compared to lean pigs.", "contents": "Insulin and growth hormone in lean and obese pigs. Plasma glucose, immunoreactive insulin (IRI), and growth hormone (GH) were determined in fasted lean and genetically obese pigs at 1, 3, and 6 mo of age. Rate of glucose clearance and plasma IRI and GH response in provocative stimulation were also measured. Fasting glucose was similar in lean and obese pigs, whereas glucose clearance rate was more rapid in lean pigs. Obese pigs were not hyperinsulinemic but had lower plasma GH than lean pigs. At 1 mo of age, both lean and obese pigs had higher plasma IRI and GH as compared to 3 and 6 mo. Glucose infusion produced increases in plasma IRI at 1, 3, and 6 mo, respectively, with the greatest increases at 6 mo. Plasma IRI peaked at the same level in both pig types at a given age; but due to a more prolonged response in obese pigs, the overall IRI response to glucose infusion was greater in obese pigs. Arginine infusion caused much smaller IRI responses than glucose, but the response of obese pigs was significantly greater than that of lean pigs. Both provocative stimuli caused increases in plasma GH. The GH response to glucose infusion in obese pigs was considerably less than in lean pigs. These observations suggest mild insulin insensitivity and a reduced GH secretory potential in the obese as compared to lean pigs."}
{"id": "PMID:888948", "title": "Protein degradation in muscle: response to feeding and fasting in growing rats.", "content": "Degradation rates of muscle proteins were determined in young rats allowed access to standard rat chow 12 h/day. degradation was assessed by determination of 3-methylhistidine (3MH) excretion rates. 3MH is a nonreutilized amino acid produced almost exclusively within the actin and myosin of skeletal and cardiac muscle. Because plasma levels of 3MH are low and renal clearance is high, excretion reflects myofibrillar degradative rates. Excretion of 3MH was determined for 4-h periods beginning 12 and 20 h after initiation of feeding and after 24-and 48-h fasts. Excretion of 3MH per 4-h period increased with time after the last feeding. Because creatinine excretion is a function of muscle mass dividing 3MH excretion by creatinine excretion represents myofibrillar degradation per unit muscle mass, the fractional degradative rate. Degradation rates rose from 4.6 to 14.5%/day between 12 and 16 and 60 and 64 h after the beginning of the last meal. These results support the presence of a diurnal pattern of protein degradation as well as increased muscle degradation during starvation.", "contents": "Protein degradation in muscle: response to feeding and fasting in growing rats. Degradation rates of muscle proteins were determined in young rats allowed access to standard rat chow 12 h/day. degradation was assessed by determination of 3-methylhistidine (3MH) excretion rates. 3MH is a nonreutilized amino acid produced almost exclusively within the actin and myosin of skeletal and cardiac muscle. Because plasma levels of 3MH are low and renal clearance is high, excretion reflects myofibrillar degradative rates. Excretion of 3MH was determined for 4-h periods beginning 12 and 20 h after initiation of feeding and after 24-and 48-h fasts. Excretion of 3MH per 4-h period increased with time after the last feeding. Because creatinine excretion is a function of muscle mass dividing 3MH excretion by creatinine excretion represents myofibrillar degradation per unit muscle mass, the fractional degradative rate. Degradation rates rose from 4.6 to 14.5%/day between 12 and 16 and 60 and 64 h after the beginning of the last meal. These results support the presence of a diurnal pattern of protein degradation as well as increased muscle degradation during starvation."}
{"id": "PMID:888949", "title": "Effect of burn trauma on glucose turnover, oxidation, and recycling in guinea pigs.", "content": "The simultaneous primed-constant infusion of [6-3H]- and [U-14C]glucose was used to determine the effect of burn injury on glucose turnover, oxidation, and recycling in guinea pigs. Eleven burned animals survived more than 72 h (survivors), whereas five died between 60 and 72 h postburn. All of the controls (n = 9) survived more than 72 h. At 48 h postburn, glucose turnover in the burned survivors was elevated 40% above that in control animals. A greater portion of the burned survivors' turnover was due to recycling and less was directed towards oxidation. The nonsurvivors had both a significantly depressed rate of appearance of glucose and an increased glucose clearance rate. Consequently, they were profoundly hypoglycemic and had a low rate of glucose oxidation. The alterations in glucose kinetics and oxidation apparent after burn did not reflect an inability of burned animals to oxidize exogenously infused glucose, however, because of 2-h infusion of 55 mumol/kg-min of unlabeled glucose doubled glucose oxidation in the burned survivors and tripled it in the nonsurvivors.", "contents": "Effect of burn trauma on glucose turnover, oxidation, and recycling in guinea pigs. The simultaneous primed-constant infusion of [6-3H]- and [U-14C]glucose was used to determine the effect of burn injury on glucose turnover, oxidation, and recycling in guinea pigs. Eleven burned animals survived more than 72 h (survivors), whereas five died between 60 and 72 h postburn. All of the controls (n = 9) survived more than 72 h. At 48 h postburn, glucose turnover in the burned survivors was elevated 40% above that in control animals. A greater portion of the burned survivors' turnover was due to recycling and less was directed towards oxidation. The nonsurvivors had both a significantly depressed rate of appearance of glucose and an increased glucose clearance rate. Consequently, they were profoundly hypoglycemic and had a low rate of glucose oxidation. The alterations in glucose kinetics and oxidation apparent after burn did not reflect an inability of burned animals to oxidize exogenously infused glucose, however, because of 2-h infusion of 55 mumol/kg-min of unlabeled glucose doubled glucose oxidation in the burned survivors and tripled it in the nonsurvivors."}
{"id": "PMID:888950", "title": "Mechanism of triiodothyronine-induced creatinuria in the rat.", "content": "Mechanism of triiodothyronine (T3)-induced creatinuria was studied in rats after a single injection of T3 (100 microgram/100 g per s). Urinary creatine excretion increased markedly during the 1st day after T3 injection. Peak of creatinuria was observed during the 2nd day after T3 injection. Excretions of nonprotein nitrogen and potassium were not different between control and T3-injected animals throughout the experimental period. Creatine reabsorption in the kidney was not influenced by T3 treatment. Radioactive creatines in both plasma and urine after [14C]creatine injection were higher in T3-injected animals than in controls, whereas the uptake of radioactive creatine by muscle was lower in the former. Creatine content in muscles decreased significantly 48 h after T3 injection. Moreover, T3 increased a fraction derived from muscle in urinary creatine, but it did not influence that derived from creatine synthesized de novo. These results suggest that both decreased creatine uptake by muscle and increased release of creatine from muscle play important roles in T3-induced creatinuria.", "contents": "Mechanism of triiodothyronine-induced creatinuria in the rat. Mechanism of triiodothyronine (T3)-induced creatinuria was studied in rats after a single injection of T3 (100 microgram/100 g per s). Urinary creatine excretion increased markedly during the 1st day after T3 injection. Peak of creatinuria was observed during the 2nd day after T3 injection. Excretions of nonprotein nitrogen and potassium were not different between control and T3-injected animals throughout the experimental period. Creatine reabsorption in the kidney was not influenced by T3 treatment. Radioactive creatines in both plasma and urine after [14C]creatine injection were higher in T3-injected animals than in controls, whereas the uptake of radioactive creatine by muscle was lower in the former. Creatine content in muscles decreased significantly 48 h after T3 injection. Moreover, T3 increased a fraction derived from muscle in urinary creatine, but it did not influence that derived from creatine synthesized de novo. These results suggest that both decreased creatine uptake by muscle and increased release of creatine from muscle play important roles in T3-induced creatinuria."}
{"id": "PMID:888952", "title": "Effect of volume expansion with NaCl or NaHCO3 on nephron fluid and Cl transport.", "content": "To assess the influence of plasma anions on nephron fluid and chloride transport following volume expansion (VE), rats were studied by micropuncture technique during hydropenia and after VE with NaCl (CVE) or NaHCO3 (BVE). VE with either solution produced increments in plasma volume, SNGFR, and fractional sodium excretion (FENa), and decrements in proximal and distal TF/P inulin ratio which were not different. The proximal transepithelial chloride ratio decreased similarly in CVE (from 1.34 to 1.16) and BVE (from 1.32 to 1.17). Following VE, proximal fractional Cl reabsorption decreased similarly in both CVE (-5.9%) and BVE (-7.4%). Early distal fractional Cl reabsorption also was decreased in CVE (-12%) but not in BVE (-1%). Fractional chloride excretion increased in CVE but not in BVE. Therefore, following VE plasma anion composition did not significantly modify either fluid reabsorption in proximal tubule or loop of Henle or urinary Na excretion. The fraction of sodium reabsorbed with chloride in the proximal tubule increased, and Cl conservation, primarily within the loop of Henle, can be maintained despite marked natriuresis.", "contents": "Effect of volume expansion with NaCl or NaHCO3 on nephron fluid and Cl transport. To assess the influence of plasma anions on nephron fluid and chloride transport following volume expansion (VE), rats were studied by micropuncture technique during hydropenia and after VE with NaCl (CVE) or NaHCO3 (BVE). VE with either solution produced increments in plasma volume, SNGFR, and fractional sodium excretion (FENa), and decrements in proximal and distal TF/P inulin ratio which were not different. The proximal transepithelial chloride ratio decreased similarly in CVE (from 1.34 to 1.16) and BVE (from 1.32 to 1.17). Following VE, proximal fractional Cl reabsorption decreased similarly in both CVE (-5.9%) and BVE (-7.4%). Early distal fractional Cl reabsorption also was decreased in CVE (-12%) but not in BVE (-1%). Fractional chloride excretion increased in CVE but not in BVE. Therefore, following VE plasma anion composition did not significantly modify either fluid reabsorption in proximal tubule or loop of Henle or urinary Na excretion. The fraction of sodium reabsorbed with chloride in the proximal tubule increased, and Cl conservation, primarily within the loop of Henle, can be maintained despite marked natriuresis."}
{"id": "PMID:888953", "title": "Renal handling of the polar DDT metabolite DDA (2,2-bis[p-chlorophenyl] acetic acid) by marine fish.", "content": "The renal handling of 2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl) acetic acid (DDA) was examined in the isolated tubules of the winter flounder (Pseudopleuronectes americanus) in vitro in conjunction with clearance studies in the flounder and in the aglomerular goosefish (Lophius americanus). In vitro, both uptake studies and autoradiography showed extensive energy-dependent accumulation within the cytoplasm of tubular cells and the tubular lumen. The uptake was strongly inhibited by p-aminohippurate and chlorophenol red. A second component of uptake was insensitive to metabolic inhibitors or organic acids and represented tissue binding. In vivo, both species showed net secretion which was inhibited by probenecid. Comparison of DDT and DDA distribution and excretion emphasized the importance of the greater water solubility of DDA and of its secretory transport, since DDA was excreted at over 200 times the rate of DDT. Liver, kidney, and bile also showed elevated DDA tissue-to-plasma ratios. Thus, the organic acid system mediates the accumulation and excretion of DDA in these fish.", "contents": "Renal handling of the polar DDT metabolite DDA (2,2-bis[p-chlorophenyl] acetic acid) by marine fish. The renal handling of 2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl) acetic acid (DDA) was examined in the isolated tubules of the winter flounder (Pseudopleuronectes americanus) in vitro in conjunction with clearance studies in the flounder and in the aglomerular goosefish (Lophius americanus). In vitro, both uptake studies and autoradiography showed extensive energy-dependent accumulation within the cytoplasm of tubular cells and the tubular lumen. The uptake was strongly inhibited by p-aminohippurate and chlorophenol red. A second component of uptake was insensitive to metabolic inhibitors or organic acids and represented tissue binding. In vivo, both species showed net secretion which was inhibited by probenecid. Comparison of DDT and DDA distribution and excretion emphasized the importance of the greater water solubility of DDA and of its secretory transport, since DDA was excreted at over 200 times the rate of DDT. Liver, kidney, and bile also showed elevated DDA tissue-to-plasma ratios. Thus, the organic acid system mediates the accumulation and excretion of DDA in these fish."}
{"id": "PMID:888954", "title": "Renal tubular transport of prostaglandins: inhibition by probenecid and indomethacin.", "content": "With use of the Sperber technique in chickens, labeled prostaglandin E2 and F2alpha were infused and resulted in renal tubular excretion of the label into the urine. A labeled metabolite, 12,14-dihydro,15-keto-PGF2alpha, was infused exogenously and this label was also excreted by active tubular transport. Tubular excretion of the label from PGE2, PGF2alpha, and 13,14-dihydro,15-keto-PGF2alpha was inhibited by probenecid, indomethacin, and PAH. The PAH was 10 times weaker as an inhibitor than probenecid and indomethacin. These results indicate that the prostaglandins are actively transported across the renal tubule by the classic anionic transport system which transports PAH. Since the transport of the prostaglandins is blocked by nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents such as indomethacin, the anti-inflammatory action of indomethacin may be produced not only by the inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis but also by restriction of the distribution of endogenous prostaglnadins. Thin-layer chromatography of an ethyl acetate extract of urine collected during infusion of [3H]PGF2alpha revealed three discrete radioactive peaks, one of which corresponded to authentic PGF2alpha. This signified tubular excretion of PGF2alpha. One metabolite in the ethyl acetate extract was found to be of renal origin.", "contents": "Renal tubular transport of prostaglandins: inhibition by probenecid and indomethacin. With use of the Sperber technique in chickens, labeled prostaglandin E2 and F2alpha were infused and resulted in renal tubular excretion of the label into the urine. A labeled metabolite, 12,14-dihydro,15-keto-PGF2alpha, was infused exogenously and this label was also excreted by active tubular transport. Tubular excretion of the label from PGE2, PGF2alpha, and 13,14-dihydro,15-keto-PGF2alpha was inhibited by probenecid, indomethacin, and PAH. The PAH was 10 times weaker as an inhibitor than probenecid and indomethacin. These results indicate that the prostaglandins are actively transported across the renal tubule by the classic anionic transport system which transports PAH. Since the transport of the prostaglandins is blocked by nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents such as indomethacin, the anti-inflammatory action of indomethacin may be produced not only by the inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis but also by restriction of the distribution of endogenous prostaglnadins. Thin-layer chromatography of an ethyl acetate extract of urine collected during infusion of [3H]PGF2alpha revealed three discrete radioactive peaks, one of which corresponded to authentic PGF2alpha. This signified tubular excretion of PGF2alpha. One metabolite in the ethyl acetate extract was found to be of renal origin."}
{"id": "PMID:888955", "title": "Renal excretion of phosphate and calcium in parathyroidectomized starlings.", "content": "Renal excretion patterns of calcium, phosphate, sodium, and potassium were studied in parathyroidectomized (PTX) and parathyroid extract (PTE)-injected PTX starlings. Sturnus vulgaris. Anesthetized birds (Equi-Thesin or Dial) were infused intravenously with 2.5% mannitol containing [14C]inulin. PTX caused significant hypocalcemia, hyperphosphatemia, increased relative calcium clearance (CCa/CIn), and decreased relative clearances of phosphate and potassium, but did not change the clearance of sodium. Glomerular filtration rate (GFR=CIn) and urine flow remained unchanged up to 2 h after PTX. PTE administration 3 h after PTX returned serum calcium and phosphate values to control levels and caused a transient (10-min) increase in GFR. Following PTE, the relative clearances of phosphate, sodium- and potassium increased, while that of calcium decreased significantly relative to the PTX levels. PTE caused net tubular secretion of phosphate, decreased tubular reabsorption of sodium and potassium (sometimes potassium secretion), and a return of excretion of calcium to control levels. These studies indicate that the parathyroid role in calcium and phosphate homeostasis in starlings is predominantly on the kidney.", "contents": "Renal excretion of phosphate and calcium in parathyroidectomized starlings. Renal excretion patterns of calcium, phosphate, sodium, and potassium were studied in parathyroidectomized (PTX) and parathyroid extract (PTE)-injected PTX starlings. Sturnus vulgaris. Anesthetized birds (Equi-Thesin or Dial) were infused intravenously with 2.5% mannitol containing [14C]inulin. PTX caused significant hypocalcemia, hyperphosphatemia, increased relative calcium clearance (CCa/CIn), and decreased relative clearances of phosphate and potassium, but did not change the clearance of sodium. Glomerular filtration rate (GFR=CIn) and urine flow remained unchanged up to 2 h after PTX. PTE administration 3 h after PTX returned serum calcium and phosphate values to control levels and caused a transient (10-min) increase in GFR. Following PTE, the relative clearances of phosphate, sodium- and potassium increased, while that of calcium decreased significantly relative to the PTX levels. PTE caused net tubular secretion of phosphate, decreased tubular reabsorption of sodium and potassium (sometimes potassium secretion), and a return of excretion of calcium to control levels. These studies indicate that the parathyroid role in calcium and phosphate homeostasis in starlings is predominantly on the kidney."}
{"id": "PMID:888956", "title": "Phosphate transport in superficial and deep nephrons in phosphate-loaded rats.", "content": "We tested the hypothesis that greater phosphate delivery from deep nephrons than from superficial nephrons contributes to the addition of phosphate to the collecting system during phosphate loading. In the first group of eight anesthetized Munich-Wistar rats infused with phosphate and parathyroid hormone (PTH), fractional delivery of phosphate (FDP%) from superficial distal tubules was 56 +/- 6%, significantly less than the amount appearing in the urine, 67 +/- 6% (P less than 0.01). In the second group of six rats, we determined whether this addition of phosphate could be accounted for by a higher FDP% from the deep nephrons. Free-flow micropuncture collections were taken from deep nephrons (ascending limb of the loop of Henle in the papilla), superficial nephrons (distal tubules in the cortex), and urine (duct of Bellini). The FDP% to the ascending limb of the loop of Henle in deep nephrons was 78 +/- 10%, significantly greater than to the distal convoluted tubules in superficial nephrons, 51 +/- 6% (P less than 0.005), and the fractional excretion of phosphate in urine, 72 +/- 10% (P less than 0.05). Although a difference between FDP% in superficial and deep nephrons due to reabsorption in the ascending limb of the loop of Henle cannot be ruled out from the present data, other studies indicate that this interpretation is unlikely. We conclude that greater phosphate delivery by deep nephrons contributes to the addition of phosphate to the collecting system of phosphate-loaded rats.", "contents": "Phosphate transport in superficial and deep nephrons in phosphate-loaded rats. We tested the hypothesis that greater phosphate delivery from deep nephrons than from superficial nephrons contributes to the addition of phosphate to the collecting system during phosphate loading. In the first group of eight anesthetized Munich-Wistar rats infused with phosphate and parathyroid hormone (PTH), fractional delivery of phosphate (FDP%) from superficial distal tubules was 56 +/- 6%, significantly less than the amount appearing in the urine, 67 +/- 6% (P less than 0.01). In the second group of six rats, we determined whether this addition of phosphate could be accounted for by a higher FDP% from the deep nephrons. Free-flow micropuncture collections were taken from deep nephrons (ascending limb of the loop of Henle in the papilla), superficial nephrons (distal tubules in the cortex), and urine (duct of Bellini). The FDP% to the ascending limb of the loop of Henle in deep nephrons was 78 +/- 10%, significantly greater than to the distal convoluted tubules in superficial nephrons, 51 +/- 6% (P less than 0.005), and the fractional excretion of phosphate in urine, 72 +/- 10% (P less than 0.05). Although a difference between FDP% in superficial and deep nephrons due to reabsorption in the ascending limb of the loop of Henle cannot be ruled out from the present data, other studies indicate that this interpretation is unlikely. We conclude that greater phosphate delivery by deep nephrons contributes to the addition of phosphate to the collecting system of phosphate-loaded rats."}
{"id": "PMID:888959", "title": "Failure to abolish reactive hyperemia by indomethacin in denervated kidneys of rabbits.", "content": "The effect of indomethacin (10 mg/kg) on the distribution of cortical blood flow during postocclusive reactive hyperemia was evaluated in denervated kidneys of anesthetized rabbits by the radioactive microsphere technique. Renal denervation caused a slight but not significant increase in renal blood flow with no remarkable alteration in the distribution of cortical blood flow. After release of 1-min occlusion of the renal artery, hyperemic responses developed with a fractional flow redistribution toward the inner cortex. The absolute perfusion rate increased in the inner cortex but did not significantly change in the outer cortex. Indomethacin produced a decrease in renal blood flow despite elevated blood pressure. Even in the indomethacin-treated animals, postocclusive reactive hyperemia appeared concomitantly with the fractional flow redistribution to the inner cortex. The percentage repayment by reactive hyperemia of ischemia during the artery clamping was not significantly different before and after indomethacin administration. The findings indicate that indomethacin did not significantly affect the postocclusive vascular response in denervated kidneys of rabbits, thereby giving evidence against the role of prostaglandins as mediators of reactive hyperemia.", "contents": "Failure to abolish reactive hyperemia by indomethacin in denervated kidneys of rabbits. The effect of indomethacin (10 mg/kg) on the distribution of cortical blood flow during postocclusive reactive hyperemia was evaluated in denervated kidneys of anesthetized rabbits by the radioactive microsphere technique. Renal denervation caused a slight but not significant increase in renal blood flow with no remarkable alteration in the distribution of cortical blood flow. After release of 1-min occlusion of the renal artery, hyperemic responses developed with a fractional flow redistribution toward the inner cortex. The absolute perfusion rate increased in the inner cortex but did not significantly change in the outer cortex. Indomethacin produced a decrease in renal blood flow despite elevated blood pressure. Even in the indomethacin-treated animals, postocclusive reactive hyperemia appeared concomitantly with the fractional flow redistribution to the inner cortex. The percentage repayment by reactive hyperemia of ischemia during the artery clamping was not significantly different before and after indomethacin administration. The findings indicate that indomethacin did not significantly affect the postocclusive vascular response in denervated kidneys of rabbits, thereby giving evidence against the role of prostaglandins as mediators of reactive hyperemia."}
{"id": "PMID:888960", "title": "Reflex suppression of renin release by ventricular receptors with vagal afferents.", "content": "Intracoronary injection of veratrum alkaloids is known to stimulate ventricular receptors with vagal afferents resulting in bradycardia and hypotension. This study examined the role of veratrum-sensitive ventricular receptors in the control of renin secretion in eight chloralose-anesthetized dogs. Hemorrhage of 10% caused renin release to increase significantly from a control of 778 to 1,971 ng/min. Arterial pressure and renal blood flow did not change significantly. The augmented release of renin during volume depletion was virtually abolished by injection of cryptenamine (2 microgram/kg) into the main left coronary artery, falling from 1,971 to 269 ng/min by 4 min after the cryptenamine injection. Blood pressure decreased significantly from 130 mmHg before to 111 mmHg after injection. Renal blood flow did not change significantly. This reflex suppression of renin release by excitation of ventricular receptors was abolished by vagotomy. These data indicate that ventricular receptors with vagal afferents participate in the reflex control of renin release.", "contents": "Reflex suppression of renin release by ventricular receptors with vagal afferents. Intracoronary injection of veratrum alkaloids is known to stimulate ventricular receptors with vagal afferents resulting in bradycardia and hypotension. This study examined the role of veratrum-sensitive ventricular receptors in the control of renin secretion in eight chloralose-anesthetized dogs. Hemorrhage of 10% caused renin release to increase significantly from a control of 778 to 1,971 ng/min. Arterial pressure and renal blood flow did not change significantly. The augmented release of renin during volume depletion was virtually abolished by injection of cryptenamine (2 microgram/kg) into the main left coronary artery, falling from 1,971 to 269 ng/min by 4 min after the cryptenamine injection. Blood pressure decreased significantly from 130 mmHg before to 111 mmHg after injection. Renal blood flow did not change significantly. This reflex suppression of renin release by excitation of ventricular receptors was abolished by vagotomy. These data indicate that ventricular receptors with vagal afferents participate in the reflex control of renin release."}
{"id": "PMID:888961", "title": "Intraperitoneal pressure in formation and reabsorption of ascites in cats.", "content": "The rate of ascites formation or reabsorption was recorded in anesthetized cats using the technique of intraperitoneal plethysmography. Hepatic venous pressure was increased using an extracorporeal circuit to drain effluent blood from the liver. When the intraperitoneal pressure was set to zero, elevation of hepatic venous pressure increased portal pressure and produced a constant rate of ascites formation. However, equivalent increments of portal pressure without elevation of hepatic venous pressure did not cause ascites formation, indicating that the liver was the source of ascites when hepatic venous pressure was increased. The rate of ascites formation was proportional to hepatic venous pressure, but elevation of the intraperitoneal pressure reduced the transsinusoidal pressure gradient responsible for fluid filtration from the liver. Although this reduced the rate of ascites formation, a secondary effect partly opposed this reduction in filtration rate. From this study and from previous work, there are now quantitative data showing that the intraperitoneal pressure is an important factor which accelerates the rate of reabsorption and decreases the rate of formation of ascites to bring these processes into equilibrium.", "contents": "Intraperitoneal pressure in formation and reabsorption of ascites in cats. The rate of ascites formation or reabsorption was recorded in anesthetized cats using the technique of intraperitoneal plethysmography. Hepatic venous pressure was increased using an extracorporeal circuit to drain effluent blood from the liver. When the intraperitoneal pressure was set to zero, elevation of hepatic venous pressure increased portal pressure and produced a constant rate of ascites formation. However, equivalent increments of portal pressure without elevation of hepatic venous pressure did not cause ascites formation, indicating that the liver was the source of ascites when hepatic venous pressure was increased. The rate of ascites formation was proportional to hepatic venous pressure, but elevation of the intraperitoneal pressure reduced the transsinusoidal pressure gradient responsible for fluid filtration from the liver. Although this reduced the rate of ascites formation, a secondary effect partly opposed this reduction in filtration rate. From this study and from previous work, there are now quantitative data showing that the intraperitoneal pressure is an important factor which accelerates the rate of reabsorption and decreases the rate of formation of ascites to bring these processes into equilibrium."}
{"id": "PMID:888962", "title": "Effects of Ca2+ and catecholamines on the guinea pig atrium action potential plateau.", "content": "The activation process in isolated electrically driven guinea pig atria was studied by means of simultaneous microelectrode and tension recording. Reducing external calcium from 2.5 to 1.25 mM prolonged the plateau but further reduction of calcium shortened it. Progressively increasing doses of the calcium antagonist D600 (up to 1.4 micrometer), however, monotonically decreased plateau duration. Either protocol monotonically decreased steady-state tension, but with markedly different effects on the restitution relation. Epinephrine, and to a lesser extent isoproterenol, restored plateau duration after exposure to either a calcium-free or D600-containing solution, but only the isoproterenol effect was propranolol sensitive. Addition of calcium chelators enhanced rather than prevented the effect of epinephrine on plateau duration in a calcium-free solution, extending the plateau duration to more than 3 times normal in some cases. These results are explained in terms of two opposing effects of a change in calcium concentration on plateau formation, one action being through the slow inward current and the second through a shift in a calcium dependence of the inward-rectifying, potassium conductance system.", "contents": "Effects of Ca2+ and catecholamines on the guinea pig atrium action potential plateau. The activation process in isolated electrically driven guinea pig atria was studied by means of simultaneous microelectrode and tension recording. Reducing external calcium from 2.5 to 1.25 mM prolonged the plateau but further reduction of calcium shortened it. Progressively increasing doses of the calcium antagonist D600 (up to 1.4 micrometer), however, monotonically decreased plateau duration. Either protocol monotonically decreased steady-state tension, but with markedly different effects on the restitution relation. Epinephrine, and to a lesser extent isoproterenol, restored plateau duration after exposure to either a calcium-free or D600-containing solution, but only the isoproterenol effect was propranolol sensitive. Addition of calcium chelators enhanced rather than prevented the effect of epinephrine on plateau duration in a calcium-free solution, extending the plateau duration to more than 3 times normal in some cases. These results are explained in terms of two opposing effects of a change in calcium concentration on plateau formation, one action being through the slow inward current and the second through a shift in a calcium dependence of the inward-rectifying, potassium conductance system."}
{"id": "PMID:888963", "title": "Differential sensitivity to neurotransmitters in denervated canine sinus node.", "content": "This investigation determined the chronotropic effects of norepinephrine and acetylcholine (ACh) administered selectively into the canine sinus node artery after cardiac denervation. In 42 dogs the cervical vagi were isolated, the heart was exposed, and vagal stimulations were performed before and after sham procedure or extrinsic cardiac parasympathectomy. Four additional dogs underwent bilateral stellectomy. The dogs were reanesthetized 4-23 days later, and blood pressure, heart rate, ECG, and local cardiac electrograms were recorded. The vagi were again stimulated and the effectiveness of the parasympathectomy was verified in 11 of the dogs. On selective perfusion of the sinus node with 0.001- to 1-microgram doses of ACh, the sinus bradycardias of the parasympathectomized and the sham-operated dogs were not significantly different. The responses to norepinephrine (0.01 and 0.1 microgram/ml) administered via the same route in the stellectomized dogs were significantly greater than those in the sham-operated dogs, thus verifying this technique for the assessment of sinus node sensitivity to neurotrasmitters. We conclude that extrinsic denervation of the canine sinus node leads to development of a differential response between adrenergic and cholinergic neurotransmitters. These differential sensitivities may be important when considering the pharmacological responses and electrical stability of the denervated and/or transplanted heart.", "contents": "Differential sensitivity to neurotransmitters in denervated canine sinus node. This investigation determined the chronotropic effects of norepinephrine and acetylcholine (ACh) administered selectively into the canine sinus node artery after cardiac denervation. In 42 dogs the cervical vagi were isolated, the heart was exposed, and vagal stimulations were performed before and after sham procedure or extrinsic cardiac parasympathectomy. Four additional dogs underwent bilateral stellectomy. The dogs were reanesthetized 4-23 days later, and blood pressure, heart rate, ECG, and local cardiac electrograms were recorded. The vagi were again stimulated and the effectiveness of the parasympathectomy was verified in 11 of the dogs. On selective perfusion of the sinus node with 0.001- to 1-microgram doses of ACh, the sinus bradycardias of the parasympathectomized and the sham-operated dogs were not significantly different. The responses to norepinephrine (0.01 and 0.1 microgram/ml) administered via the same route in the stellectomized dogs were significantly greater than those in the sham-operated dogs, thus verifying this technique for the assessment of sinus node sensitivity to neurotrasmitters. We conclude that extrinsic denervation of the canine sinus node leads to development of a differential response between adrenergic and cholinergic neurotransmitters. These differential sensitivities may be important when considering the pharmacological responses and electrical stability of the denervated and/or transplanted heart."}
{"id": "PMID:888964", "title": "Transmural metabolic gradients in the normal dog left ventricle: effect of right atrial pacing.", "content": "The effects of atrial pacing on tissue metabolite levels known to be sensitive to ischemia were examined. Anesthetized dogs were thoracotomized and a pacing electrode was sutured to the right atrium. Pacing at rates of 200 or 250 beats/min (10 animals per group) was performed for 15 min after base-line hemodynamic data had been obtained. At the end of the pacing period, a transmural biopsy was taken, frozen in liquid nitrogen, and sectioned into subepicardial, midmyocardial, and subendocardial layers. ATP, phosphocreatine, lactate, and glycogen were extracted and analyzed. Significant (P less than 0.001) transmural gradients of each of these metabolites existed in the control group. Pacing had no significant (P greater than 0.2) effect on any metabolite from layer to layer at 200 or 250 beats/min. However, indices of heart work (i.e., contractility (dP/dt), stroke work, and stroke volume) demonstrated significant reductions (P less than 0.01) due to pacing, while circumflex artery blood flow increased more than twofold (P less than 0.001) at the highest rate. These data suggest that physiologic autoregulation occurred during pacing and protected the subendocardium from stress-induced ischemic insult.", "contents": "Transmural metabolic gradients in the normal dog left ventricle: effect of right atrial pacing. The effects of atrial pacing on tissue metabolite levels known to be sensitive to ischemia were examined. Anesthetized dogs were thoracotomized and a pacing electrode was sutured to the right atrium. Pacing at rates of 200 or 250 beats/min (10 animals per group) was performed for 15 min after base-line hemodynamic data had been obtained. At the end of the pacing period, a transmural biopsy was taken, frozen in liquid nitrogen, and sectioned into subepicardial, midmyocardial, and subendocardial layers. ATP, phosphocreatine, lactate, and glycogen were extracted and analyzed. Significant (P less than 0.001) transmural gradients of each of these metabolites existed in the control group. Pacing had no significant (P greater than 0.2) effect on any metabolite from layer to layer at 200 or 250 beats/min. However, indices of heart work (i.e., contractility (dP/dt), stroke work, and stroke volume) demonstrated significant reductions (P less than 0.01) due to pacing, while circumflex artery blood flow increased more than twofold (P less than 0.001) at the highest rate. These data suggest that physiologic autoregulation occurred during pacing and protected the subendocardium from stress-induced ischemic insult."}
{"id": "PMID:888965", "title": "Chronotropic response of spontaneously beating rabbit atria to hyperosmotic media.", "content": "Spontaneously beating rabbit atria responded to hyperosmotic Tyrode bathing media with an increase in rate, force of contraction, and passive tension dependent on the level of osmolality and the osmotic agent employed. The positive chronotropic response reached a maximum within a few minutes and then declined to a lower, maintained plateau level. The plateau change in rate was similar whether the osmotic agent added to Tyrode solution was sucrose, mannitol or NaCl. For these agents, the response increased linearly with osmotic pressure of the bathing media from 300 to 500 mosmol/kg H2O, then progressively decreased approaching zero (plateau rate = control) at about 700 mosmol/kg H2O. The chronotropic response to urea in Tyrode solution, though less than for the other three agents, progressively increased over the entire range of osmolalities tested (from 300 to 700 mosmol/kg H2O). The inotropic response was positive for all agents from 300 to 600 mosmol/kg H2O. Passive tension of atria increased with added NaCl, sucrose, or mannitol, but not with urea. Propranolol did not alter the atrial response to hyperosmolality. Thus, we find that the chronotropic response of atria to hyperosmolar solutions is positive over a wide range of agents and osmolalities, in contrast to earlier reports of a direct negative chronotropic effect.", "contents": "Chronotropic response of spontaneously beating rabbit atria to hyperosmotic media. Spontaneously beating rabbit atria responded to hyperosmotic Tyrode bathing media with an increase in rate, force of contraction, and passive tension dependent on the level of osmolality and the osmotic agent employed. The positive chronotropic response reached a maximum within a few minutes and then declined to a lower, maintained plateau level. The plateau change in rate was similar whether the osmotic agent added to Tyrode solution was sucrose, mannitol or NaCl. For these agents, the response increased linearly with osmotic pressure of the bathing media from 300 to 500 mosmol/kg H2O, then progressively decreased approaching zero (plateau rate = control) at about 700 mosmol/kg H2O. The chronotropic response to urea in Tyrode solution, though less than for the other three agents, progressively increased over the entire range of osmolalities tested (from 300 to 700 mosmol/kg H2O). The inotropic response was positive for all agents from 300 to 600 mosmol/kg H2O. Passive tension of atria increased with added NaCl, sucrose, or mannitol, but not with urea. Propranolol did not alter the atrial response to hyperosmolality. Thus, we find that the chronotropic response of atria to hyperosmolar solutions is positive over a wide range of agents and osmolalities, in contrast to earlier reports of a direct negative chronotropic effect."}
{"id": "PMID:888966", "title": "Effect of methylcellulose injection on murine hematopoiesis.", "content": "This study was designed to determine the effect of methylcellulose (MC)-induced reticuloendothelial (RE) hypertrophy on neutrophils and hematopoietic stem cells and to contrast its overall hematologic effect in the mouse to the more frequently studied rat model. Mice were given MC 3 times/wk and studies were done at 2, 3, and 4 wk, with maximal hematologic change by 2 wk. A stable, but incompletely compensated hemolytic anemia developed which was accompanied by a significant shift of erythropoiesis from marrow to spleen. Thrombocytopenia developed as did neutrophilia, accompanied by an increased number of marrow neutrophil precursors. Extramedullary hematopoiesis was observed in the liver. The number of cells forming spleen colonies in irradiated recipients increased in the spleen but not in marrow. The number of cells producing granulocyte and macrophage colonies in semisolid media increased in spleen and marrow. Splenectomized mice, treated with MC, developed changes very similar to intact mice. Thus, it appears that all three major hematopoietic lines may be destroyed by the MC-hypertrophied RE system. The mouse differs from the rat in its hematologic response to MC by destroying cells in organs other than the spleen, by increasing neutrophil production, by developing hepatic hematopoiesis, and by developing all changes more rapidly.", "contents": "Effect of methylcellulose injection on murine hematopoiesis. This study was designed to determine the effect of methylcellulose (MC)-induced reticuloendothelial (RE) hypertrophy on neutrophils and hematopoietic stem cells and to contrast its overall hematologic effect in the mouse to the more frequently studied rat model. Mice were given MC 3 times/wk and studies were done at 2, 3, and 4 wk, with maximal hematologic change by 2 wk. A stable, but incompletely compensated hemolytic anemia developed which was accompanied by a significant shift of erythropoiesis from marrow to spleen. Thrombocytopenia developed as did neutrophilia, accompanied by an increased number of marrow neutrophil precursors. Extramedullary hematopoiesis was observed in the liver. The number of cells forming spleen colonies in irradiated recipients increased in the spleen but not in marrow. The number of cells producing granulocyte and macrophage colonies in semisolid media increased in spleen and marrow. Splenectomized mice, treated with MC, developed changes very similar to intact mice. Thus, it appears that all three major hematopoietic lines may be destroyed by the MC-hypertrophied RE system. The mouse differs from the rat in its hematologic response to MC by destroying cells in organs other than the spleen, by increasing neutrophil production, by developing hepatic hematopoiesis, and by developing all changes more rapidly."}
{"id": "PMID:888970", "title": "Metabolism of adenine nucleotides in the cultured fetal mouse heart.", "content": "Intact beating fetal mouse hearts in organ culture were deprived of oxygen and glucose for up to 4 h, resulting in loss of beating, an 80% fall in ATP, reduction of energy charge from 0.85 to 0.48, and doubling of total nucleoside concentration. Radiolabeled adenine nucleotides were degraded to hypoxanthine and inosine, which were lost from the hearts into the medium during the deprivation period. Adenosine and adenine also appeared in the medium when adenosine deaminase was inhibited. After 24 h of O2 and glucose resupply, ATP returned to 60% of control, and energy charge rose to 0.76. Labeled nucleosides and bases remaining in the heart or exogenous labeled adenine were utilized to resynthesize ATP. [14C]glycine was rapidly taken up by recovering hearts but was not used for de novo adenine nucleotide synthesis. Ability to recover ATP and spontaneous contraction appear related to residual nucleotide and nucleoside content rather than to energy charge.", "contents": "Metabolism of adenine nucleotides in the cultured fetal mouse heart. Intact beating fetal mouse hearts in organ culture were deprived of oxygen and glucose for up to 4 h, resulting in loss of beating, an 80% fall in ATP, reduction of energy charge from 0.85 to 0.48, and doubling of total nucleoside concentration. Radiolabeled adenine nucleotides were degraded to hypoxanthine and inosine, which were lost from the hearts into the medium during the deprivation period. Adenosine and adenine also appeared in the medium when adenosine deaminase was inhibited. After 24 h of O2 and glucose resupply, ATP returned to 60% of control, and energy charge rose to 0.76. Labeled nucleosides and bases remaining in the heart or exogenous labeled adenine were utilized to resynthesize ATP. [14C]glycine was rapidly taken up by recovering hearts but was not used for de novo adenine nucleotide synthesis. Ability to recover ATP and spontaneous contraction appear related to residual nucleotide and nucleoside content rather than to energy charge."}
{"id": "PMID:888971", "title": "Dependence of reactive hyperemia in skeletal muscle on oxygen tension.", "content": "Red blood cell velocity was measured in capillaries of the rabbit tenuissimus muscle during exposure to a low-oxygen-tension (PO2 = 5 mmHg) and a high-oxygen-tension (room-air PO2 = 150 mmHg) suffusion solution. Control capillary red blood cell velocity was significantly reduced (44%) by elevating the suffusion solution PO2 from 5 to 150 mmHg. The reactive hyperemias that occurred after a 120-s aortic occlusion under these two conditions were compared. The mean RBC velocity during the hyperemia in the 1st min following the removal of occlusion was significantly reduced by increasing oxygen tension, as was the duration of the hyperemia. Peak capillary red blood cell velocities in the hyperemic phase during exposures to low and high PO2 were not significantly different. It can be concluded from this study that although oxygen tension does affect postocclusive reactive hyperemia, other factors such as myogenically induced vascular relaxation also contribute to the production of this phenomenon.", "contents": "Dependence of reactive hyperemia in skeletal muscle on oxygen tension. Red blood cell velocity was measured in capillaries of the rabbit tenuissimus muscle during exposure to a low-oxygen-tension (PO2 = 5 mmHg) and a high-oxygen-tension (room-air PO2 = 150 mmHg) suffusion solution. Control capillary red blood cell velocity was significantly reduced (44%) by elevating the suffusion solution PO2 from 5 to 150 mmHg. The reactive hyperemias that occurred after a 120-s aortic occlusion under these two conditions were compared. The mean RBC velocity during the hyperemia in the 1st min following the removal of occlusion was significantly reduced by increasing oxygen tension, as was the duration of the hyperemia. Peak capillary red blood cell velocities in the hyperemic phase during exposures to low and high PO2 were not significantly different. It can be concluded from this study that although oxygen tension does affect postocclusive reactive hyperemia, other factors such as myogenically induced vascular relaxation also contribute to the production of this phenomenon."}
{"id": "PMID:888972", "title": "Relationship between colloid osmotic pressure and plasma protein concentration in the dog.", "content": "This study was done to establish the correct relationship between protein concentration and plasma colloid osmotic pressure in the dog and to determine the possible influence of the relative albumin and globulin content (A:G ratio). Plasma samples from dogs, rats, and humans were evaluated for total protein concentration, globulin concentration, and colloid osmotic pressure. Samples were concentrated and diluted by ultrafiltration to provide a range of total protein concentrations from 1 to 12 g/dl. Rat and human plasma samples had A:G ratios of 1.4 and 2.1, respectively, and the relationship between protein concentration and colloid osmotic pressure was in agreement with the Landis-Pappenheimer equation. In contrast, dog plasma samples consistently exhibited lower colloid osmotic pressures for any given protein concentration. Two forms of empirical equations were derived to relate these parameters in the dog. Dog plasma samples had higher concentrations of globulin and the A:G ratio averaged 0.59 +/- 0.35 SD. There was a significant relationship between the A:G ratio and the plasma colloid osmotic pressure. Analysis of the possible effect of this altered relationship on glomerular filtration dynamics predicted that efferent plasma colloid osmotic pressure was not specifically affected and was dependent only on the filtration fraction and the plasma colloid osmotic pressure.", "contents": "Relationship between colloid osmotic pressure and plasma protein concentration in the dog. This study was done to establish the correct relationship between protein concentration and plasma colloid osmotic pressure in the dog and to determine the possible influence of the relative albumin and globulin content (A:G ratio). Plasma samples from dogs, rats, and humans were evaluated for total protein concentration, globulin concentration, and colloid osmotic pressure. Samples were concentrated and diluted by ultrafiltration to provide a range of total protein concentrations from 1 to 12 g/dl. Rat and human plasma samples had A:G ratios of 1.4 and 2.1, respectively, and the relationship between protein concentration and colloid osmotic pressure was in agreement with the Landis-Pappenheimer equation. In contrast, dog plasma samples consistently exhibited lower colloid osmotic pressures for any given protein concentration. Two forms of empirical equations were derived to relate these parameters in the dog. Dog plasma samples had higher concentrations of globulin and the A:G ratio averaged 0.59 +/- 0.35 SD. There was a significant relationship between the A:G ratio and the plasma colloid osmotic pressure. Analysis of the possible effect of this altered relationship on glomerular filtration dynamics predicted that efferent plasma colloid osmotic pressure was not specifically affected and was dependent only on the filtration fraction and the plasma colloid osmotic pressure."}
{"id": "PMID:888973", "title": "Formation of adenosine nucleotide derivatives in isolated hog carotid artery strips.", "content": "Media strips of hog carotid artery formed hypoxanthine and inosine during incubation under conditions of normoxia (95% O2, 5% CO2). During anoxia (95% N2, 5% CO2), hypoxanthine increased fivefold and inosine twofold. Stimulation with 124 mM K+ resulted in a twofold increase in hypoxanthine and a threefold increase in inosine. Concurrent with the increase in the concentrations of purine derivatives was a decrease in tissue ATP. Although significant amounts of adenosine were not detected in the medium of incubating artery strips, the following evidence suggests adenosine was formed and rapidly deaminated to inosine: 1) Exogenous adenosine added to the medium of incubating strips was rapidly deaminated to inosine. 2) Exogenous 5'-AMP concentration decreased, whereas adenosine and, subsequently, inosine levels increased during incubation of artery strips. The reaction was specific for 5'-AMP and the data suggest that AMP is dephosphorylated to adenosine. 3) The specific activity of exogenous [U-14C]adenosine added to the medium of incubated strips decreased after 15 min. It is concluded that adenosine is formed in isolated artery strips but is rapidly deaminated to inosine.", "contents": "Formation of adenosine nucleotide derivatives in isolated hog carotid artery strips. Media strips of hog carotid artery formed hypoxanthine and inosine during incubation under conditions of normoxia (95% O2, 5% CO2). During anoxia (95% N2, 5% CO2), hypoxanthine increased fivefold and inosine twofold. Stimulation with 124 mM K+ resulted in a twofold increase in hypoxanthine and a threefold increase in inosine. Concurrent with the increase in the concentrations of purine derivatives was a decrease in tissue ATP. Although significant amounts of adenosine were not detected in the medium of incubating artery strips, the following evidence suggests adenosine was formed and rapidly deaminated to inosine: 1) Exogenous adenosine added to the medium of incubating strips was rapidly deaminated to inosine. 2) Exogenous 5'-AMP concentration decreased, whereas adenosine and, subsequently, inosine levels increased during incubation of artery strips. The reaction was specific for 5'-AMP and the data suggest that AMP is dephosphorylated to adenosine. 3) The specific activity of exogenous [U-14C]adenosine added to the medium of incubated strips decreased after 15 min. It is concluded that adenosine is formed in isolated artery strips but is rapidly deaminated to inosine."}
{"id": "PMID:888974", "title": "Inhibition of fibrin-platelet interactions by fibrinogen-degradation fragment D.", "content": "Homogenized fibrin induced platelet aggregation and the release of serotonin from human platelets. Fragment D, purified from a plasmin digest of human fibrinogen, inhibited these platelet-fibrin interactions. Using a radiolabeled fragment D, it was possible to demonstrate saturable binding of fragment D to fibrin. Nonlabeled fragment D competed with the radiolabeled fragment D for binding to fibrin. Furthermore, the binding of fragment D to fibrin paralleled its ability to inhibit the fibrin-induced release of platelet serotonin. It is postulated that the inhibitory effect of fragment D on fibrin activation of platelets is due to the binding of fragment D to fibrin. The bound fragment D may cover up or block sites on fibrin that are involved in fibrin-platelet interactions. This would then result in inhibition of the fibrin-induced platelet aggregation and release of platelet serotonin.", "contents": "Inhibition of fibrin-platelet interactions by fibrinogen-degradation fragment D. Homogenized fibrin induced platelet aggregation and the release of serotonin from human platelets. Fragment D, purified from a plasmin digest of human fibrinogen, inhibited these platelet-fibrin interactions. Using a radiolabeled fragment D, it was possible to demonstrate saturable binding of fragment D to fibrin. Nonlabeled fragment D competed with the radiolabeled fragment D for binding to fibrin. Furthermore, the binding of fragment D to fibrin paralleled its ability to inhibit the fibrin-induced release of platelet serotonin. It is postulated that the inhibitory effect of fragment D on fibrin activation of platelets is due to the binding of fragment D to fibrin. The bound fragment D may cover up or block sites on fibrin that are involved in fibrin-platelet interactions. This would then result in inhibition of the fibrin-induced platelet aggregation and release of platelet serotonin."}
{"id": "PMID:888975", "title": "A microscope-television system for studying flow velocity in human skin capillaries.", "content": "A noninvasive technique for studying blood flow dynamics in human skin capillaries is described. A light microscope combined with a closed-circuit TV system was used to monitor and record capillary blood flow velocity on video tape. Arterial pulsations were recorded plethysmographically and converted into video signals by modulating the position of a square, white area in the televised scene. Twelve healthy subjects were studied. The mean (+/- SD) resting capillary blood flow velocity was 0.65 +/- 0.3 mm/s at an average skin temperature of 30.4 +/- 2.3 degrees C. Spontaneous fluctuations at a frequency of 6-10 cycles/min were observed in most subjects. A well-pronounced flow pulsatile component could be demonstrated in all capillaries studied. The technique can be used in clinical practice for studying the physiology and pathophysiology of cutaneous microcirculation in man. It can be expected that the method may become an important diagnostic tool in diseases that involve disturbances of the microcirculation, such as diabetes, hypertension, and atherosclerosis.", "contents": "A microscope-television system for studying flow velocity in human skin capillaries. A noninvasive technique for studying blood flow dynamics in human skin capillaries is described. A light microscope combined with a closed-circuit TV system was used to monitor and record capillary blood flow velocity on video tape. Arterial pulsations were recorded plethysmographically and converted into video signals by modulating the position of a square, white area in the televised scene. Twelve healthy subjects were studied. The mean (+/- SD) resting capillary blood flow velocity was 0.65 +/- 0.3 mm/s at an average skin temperature of 30.4 +/- 2.3 degrees C. Spontaneous fluctuations at a frequency of 6-10 cycles/min were observed in most subjects. A well-pronounced flow pulsatile component could be demonstrated in all capillaries studied. The technique can be used in clinical practice for studying the physiology and pathophysiology of cutaneous microcirculation in man. It can be expected that the method may become an important diagnostic tool in diseases that involve disturbances of the microcirculation, such as diabetes, hypertension, and atherosclerosis."}
{"id": "PMID:888976", "title": "Improved signal processor for the ultrasonic dimension gauge.", "content": "Inexpensive modifications and additions to improve the performance of a widely used ultrasonic dimension gauge are presented in detail. These include a pulse width demodulator, averaging peak detector, and improved signal processing circuits. Benefits of the modifications are improved frequency response (to 1 kHz), lowered drift, increased sensitivity (to 128 mV/mm), rational gain calibration, calibrated zero suppression, and improved recovery from signal dropout. The modifications result in the ability to take the derivatives of ventricular wall motion with greater reliability.", "contents": "Improved signal processor for the ultrasonic dimension gauge. Inexpensive modifications and additions to improve the performance of a widely used ultrasonic dimension gauge are presented in detail. These include a pulse width demodulator, averaging peak detector, and improved signal processing circuits. Benefits of the modifications are improved frequency response (to 1 kHz), lowered drift, increased sensitivity (to 128 mV/mm), rational gain calibration, calibrated zero suppression, and improved recovery from signal dropout. The modifications result in the ability to take the derivatives of ventricular wall motion with greater reliability."}
{"id": "PMID:888977", "title": "Organizational determinants of subjective contour: the subjective Necker cube.", "content": "With specially arranged inducing elements on a white surface of uniform luminosity, a phenomenally complete Necker cube can be seen in any array where only the 'corners' of the cube are physically represented. The subjectively seen bars of the cube disappear when the inducing 'discs' are seen as 'holes' in an interposing surface, through which the corners of a partially occluded cube are viewed. Illusory brightness effects are also observed in connection with the different organizations of this ambiguous figure.", "contents": "Organizational determinants of subjective contour: the subjective Necker cube. With specially arranged inducing elements on a white surface of uniform luminosity, a phenomenally complete Necker cube can be seen in any array where only the 'corners' of the cube are physically represented. The subjectively seen bars of the cube disappear when the inducing 'discs' are seen as 'holes' in an interposing surface, through which the corners of a partially occluded cube are viewed. Illusory brightness effects are also observed in connection with the different organizations of this ambiguous figure."}
{"id": "PMID:888988", "title": "Ohio drinking water source and cancer rates.", "content": "The 88 counties of Ohio were classified as either ground water or surface water counties based on the source of the drinking water used by a majority of the county residents included in the 1963 U.S. Public Health Service Inventory of Municipal Water Facilities. Average cancer mortality rates for surface and ground water counties were compared using analysis of covariance. Mortality rates for stomach, bladder, and all malignant neoplasms were higher for white males in counties served by surface water supplies than in counties served by ground water supplies. Mortality rates for stomach neoplasms were higher for white females in surface water counties. These differences in mortality rates were not attributable to other factors known to be associated with cancer death rates including urbanization, median income, population size, manufacturing activity, and agriculture-forestry-fishery activity.", "contents": "Ohio drinking water source and cancer rates. The 88 counties of Ohio were classified as either ground water or surface water counties based on the source of the drinking water used by a majority of the county residents included in the 1963 U.S. Public Health Service Inventory of Municipal Water Facilities. Average cancer mortality rates for surface and ground water counties were compared using analysis of covariance. Mortality rates for stomach, bladder, and all malignant neoplasms were higher for white males in counties served by surface water supplies than in counties served by ground water supplies. Mortality rates for stomach neoplasms were higher for white females in surface water counties. These differences in mortality rates were not attributable to other factors known to be associated with cancer death rates including urbanization, median income, population size, manufacturing activity, and agriculture-forestry-fishery activity."}
{"id": "PMID:888989", "title": "Pro Bono Publico--a century later.", "content": "From the introduction of Pro Bono Publico smoking tobacco in Durham, NC a century ago, the production of tobacco products has become a vital part of the state's economy. How this may relate to the smoking behavior, and consequently to the health of its residents is assessed from smoking patterns of adult residents of a rural area of Durham County. Male smoking rates are considerably higher than U.S. estimates whereas female rates are lower. The national trend of increasing incidence of lung cancer can be expected to continue in North Carolina and may be even greater due to the high rate of smoking.", "contents": "Pro Bono Publico--a century later. From the introduction of Pro Bono Publico smoking tobacco in Durham, NC a century ago, the production of tobacco products has become a vital part of the state's economy. How this may relate to the smoking behavior, and consequently to the health of its residents is assessed from smoking patterns of adult residents of a rural area of Durham County. Male smoking rates are considerably higher than U.S. estimates whereas female rates are lower. The national trend of increasing incidence of lung cancer can be expected to continue in North Carolina and may be even greater due to the high rate of smoking."}
{"id": "PMID:888990", "title": "Screening for gonorrhea and syphilis in the gay baths--Denver, Colorado.", "content": "During 33 screening sessions in Denver gay steambaths, 48 of 419 (11.5 per cent) men were found to have asymptomatic gonorrhea and six (1.4 per cent) had early latent syphilis. Questionnaires were administered to 160 men who reported a mean of 7.9 different male sex contacts per month. Female sex contacts were also reported by 30 per cent. The respondents used the baths an average of 2.2 times per month, having an average of 2.7 different sex contacts per visit, 84 per cent of whom were not previously known to the respondent. Gay steambaths are productive locations for detecting asymptomatic gonorrhea and syphilis.", "contents": "Screening for gonorrhea and syphilis in the gay baths--Denver, Colorado. During 33 screening sessions in Denver gay steambaths, 48 of 419 (11.5 per cent) men were found to have asymptomatic gonorrhea and six (1.4 per cent) had early latent syphilis. Questionnaires were administered to 160 men who reported a mean of 7.9 different male sex contacts per month. Female sex contacts were also reported by 30 per cent. The respondents used the baths an average of 2.2 times per month, having an average of 2.7 different sex contacts per visit, 84 per cent of whom were not previously known to the respondent. Gay steambaths are productive locations for detecting asymptomatic gonorrhea and syphilis."}
{"id": "PMID:888991", "title": "A pitfall in sampling medical visits.", "content": "Samples of outpatient visits often must be used to identify users of a health facility with a given chronic condition. Such samples can lead to biases, however, because patients with more frequent visits are overrepresented. These biases can be avoided by a weighting procedure in which each sampled visit is weighted inversely to the number of clinic visits made by that patient during the sample period. This procedure proved critical in estimating the number and characteristics of hypertensive patients seen in the medical clinic of a teaching hospital. The unweighted estimate of the number of hypertensives was 7,373 patients, more than three times the weighted estimate of 2,250. Similarly,, the number of visits per year by these patients would be overestimated by almost 50 per cent without weighting. The estimated proportion of hypertensives still under treatment after 18 months was 68 per cent without weighting, compared to 51 per cent with weighting. Thus biases from failure to weight may be substantial. Analogous biases and solutions apply to other sampling problems in health services research.", "contents": "A pitfall in sampling medical visits. Samples of outpatient visits often must be used to identify users of a health facility with a given chronic condition. Such samples can lead to biases, however, because patients with more frequent visits are overrepresented. These biases can be avoided by a weighting procedure in which each sampled visit is weighted inversely to the number of clinic visits made by that patient during the sample period. This procedure proved critical in estimating the number and characteristics of hypertensive patients seen in the medical clinic of a teaching hospital. The unweighted estimate of the number of hypertensives was 7,373 patients, more than three times the weighted estimate of 2,250. Similarly,, the number of visits per year by these patients would be overestimated by almost 50 per cent without weighting. The estimated proportion of hypertensives still under treatment after 18 months was 68 per cent without weighting, compared to 51 per cent with weighting. Thus biases from failure to weight may be substantial. Analogous biases and solutions apply to other sampling problems in health services research."}
{"id": "PMID:888992", "title": "The 4 score: an index for predicting a patient's non-medical hospital days.", "content": "Three hundred sixty-three patients representing two groups of consecutive medical admissions to a large city hospital were evaluated on admission to determine what factors might predict \"non-medical\" or social stay. Periodic follow-up determined when patients were ready for discharge and when their social stay began. A composite index, the 4-Score, was derived as a simple indicator of risk for subsequent social stay; it is defined as the number of positive answers to the questions: 1) Is the patient 80 years old or more? 2) Will the patient have to live somewhere new at discharge? 3) Is there any disorientation? AND 4) If so, is the disorientation chronic? Eighteen per cent of the total inpatient hospital days of this group of patients could be attributed to social stay. The 56 patients with a 4-Score of two or more on admission had on average a week each of social stay while the 307 patients with a score of less than two averaged only one social day each.", "contents": "The 4 score: an index for predicting a patient's non-medical hospital days. Three hundred sixty-three patients representing two groups of consecutive medical admissions to a large city hospital were evaluated on admission to determine what factors might predict \"non-medical\" or social stay. Periodic follow-up determined when patients were ready for discharge and when their social stay began. A composite index, the 4-Score, was derived as a simple indicator of risk for subsequent social stay; it is defined as the number of positive answers to the questions: 1) Is the patient 80 years old or more? 2) Will the patient have to live somewhere new at discharge? 3) Is there any disorientation? AND 4) If so, is the disorientation chronic? Eighteen per cent of the total inpatient hospital days of this group of patients could be attributed to social stay. The 56 patients with a 4-Score of two or more on admission had on average a week each of social stay while the 307 patients with a score of less than two averaged only one social day each."}
{"id": "PMID:888993", "title": "Affecting the supply of rural physicians.", "content": "A model describing physician supply and distribution is described. Two surveys obtained information to examine elements of the model. The first survey identified a group of primary care physicians that had considered rural locations but ultimately selected an urban location. This sub-group, 29 per cent of the primary care supply pool, received a follow-up survey to provide more information about how they made their choice. About one-half of them finally chose on the basis of factors other than metropolitan/non-metropolitan considerations. For this half, some of the factors that entered into the decision were the availability of physician specialists, nearby hospital facilities, and access to medical school programs. Such factors could be affected by future policy decisions, but the cost is unknown. Even if such policy decisions were made, and appropriate programs instituted, the results would probably not solve the problem of disproportionate physician distribution. The most likely-to-succeed approach to increasing the number of rural physicians remains that of increasing the number of entrants to medical school with a rural background.", "contents": "Affecting the supply of rural physicians. A model describing physician supply and distribution is described. Two surveys obtained information to examine elements of the model. The first survey identified a group of primary care physicians that had considered rural locations but ultimately selected an urban location. This sub-group, 29 per cent of the primary care supply pool, received a follow-up survey to provide more information about how they made their choice. About one-half of them finally chose on the basis of factors other than metropolitan/non-metropolitan considerations. For this half, some of the factors that entered into the decision were the availability of physician specialists, nearby hospital facilities, and access to medical school programs. Such factors could be affected by future policy decisions, but the cost is unknown. Even if such policy decisions were made, and appropriate programs instituted, the results would probably not solve the problem of disproportionate physician distribution. The most likely-to-succeed approach to increasing the number of rural physicians remains that of increasing the number of entrants to medical school with a rural background."}
{"id": "PMID:888995", "title": "Immunization: public health programming through law enforcement.", "content": "The pre-inoculation program review of the school immunization records in fall, 1974 found that only 60 per cent of the 63,000 children in the Cincinnati primary school system were adequately immunized. Following a program based upon their legal authority to require immunizations, the Board of Health in collaboration with the Board of Education was able to obtain in a two-year effort a 91 per cent immunization level.", "contents": "Immunization: public health programming through law enforcement. The pre-inoculation program review of the school immunization records in fall, 1974 found that only 60 per cent of the 63,000 children in the Cincinnati primary school system were adequately immunized. Following a program based upon their legal authority to require immunizations, the Board of Health in collaboration with the Board of Education was able to obtain in a two-year effort a 91 per cent immunization level."}
{"id": "PMID:889003", "title": "Endemic amebiasis in an extended family.", "content": "Two cousins from a large Spanish-American family were simultaneously diagnosed as having amebic liver abscesses. Survey of 183 extended-family members revealed that 45.7% of 162 had a positive amebiasis indirect hemagglutination test and 12.6% of 111 had cysts or trophozoites of Entamoeba histolytica demonstrated in a single stool examination. A total of five family members had had liver abscesses; two deaths had occurred. In a random sample survey of the remainder of the community, only one person (0.3%) had a positive serologic test. Within the extended family, person-to-person appeared to be the predominant mode of transmission. Water supplies were not contaminated. Both community and extended family homes had the same source of water. Type and source of food supply were not correlated with infection and there was no evidence to implicate an infected food handler. Clustering of seropositivity occurred in homes without indoor toilets. Homes of the extended family were more crowded and significantly fewer of them had indoor toilets. Endemic foci of amebiasis continue to exist in the United States. Follow-up family and other close contacts of persons with amebiasis will frequently identify other cases.", "contents": "Endemic amebiasis in an extended family. Two cousins from a large Spanish-American family were simultaneously diagnosed as having amebic liver abscesses. Survey of 183 extended-family members revealed that 45.7% of 162 had a positive amebiasis indirect hemagglutination test and 12.6% of 111 had cysts or trophozoites of Entamoeba histolytica demonstrated in a single stool examination. A total of five family members had had liver abscesses; two deaths had occurred. In a random sample survey of the remainder of the community, only one person (0.3%) had a positive serologic test. Within the extended family, person-to-person appeared to be the predominant mode of transmission. Water supplies were not contaminated. Both community and extended family homes had the same source of water. Type and source of food supply were not correlated with infection and there was no evidence to implicate an infected food handler. Clustering of seropositivity occurred in homes without indoor toilets. Homes of the extended family were more crowded and significantly fewer of them had indoor toilets. Endemic foci of amebiasis continue to exist in the United States. Follow-up family and other close contacts of persons with amebiasis will frequently identify other cases."}
{"id": "PMID:889004", "title": "Clinical trials of a new anthelmintic, 4-isothiocyanato-4'-nitrodiphenylamine (C.9333-Go/CGP 4540), for the cure of hookworm infection.", "content": "A new compound, 4-isothiocyanato-4'-nitrodiphenylamine (C.9333-Go/CGP 4540), was tried in 39 hospitalized patients with hookworm infection, using several treatment schedules. At effective dose schedules (125 mg X 3 given 4-hourly; 250 mg X 3, 8-hourly; 1,000 mg X 3, 12-hourly), the egg reduction was 96% to 100%; the zero egg-counts were confirmed by coproculture for larvae. The compound was very well tolerated. Transient and mild side effects--giddiness, diarrhea and sweating--were observed in only three patients. No toxic effects were seen as judged by serial organ function tests, except a transient and mild asymptomatic elevation of transaminases in one patient.", "contents": "Clinical trials of a new anthelmintic, 4-isothiocyanato-4'-nitrodiphenylamine (C.9333-Go/CGP 4540), for the cure of hookworm infection. A new compound, 4-isothiocyanato-4'-nitrodiphenylamine (C.9333-Go/CGP 4540), was tried in 39 hospitalized patients with hookworm infection, using several treatment schedules. At effective dose schedules (125 mg X 3 given 4-hourly; 250 mg X 3, 8-hourly; 1,000 mg X 3, 12-hourly), the egg reduction was 96% to 100%; the zero egg-counts were confirmed by coproculture for larvae. The compound was very well tolerated. Transient and mild side effects--giddiness, diarrhea and sweating--were observed in only three patients. No toxic effects were seen as judged by serial organ function tests, except a transient and mild asymptomatic elevation of transaminases in one patient."}
{"id": "PMID:889005", "title": "Strongyloides f\u00fclleborni infections in man in Zambia.", "content": "Rhabditiform larvae, and in two cases eggs, of Strongyloides spp. identified in the stools of Zambian patients were cultured to the free-living adult stage. Free-living adults of S. f\u00fclleborni, a parasite common in primates in Africa and Asia, were present in cultures from 13 (9.9%) of 131 cases of strongyloidiasis. In three of these cases, both S. f\u00fclleborni and S. stercoralis free-living adults were found.", "contents": "Strongyloides f\u00fclleborni infections in man in Zambia. Rhabditiform larvae, and in two cases eggs, of Strongyloides spp. identified in the stools of Zambian patients were cultured to the free-living adult stage. Free-living adults of S. f\u00fclleborni, a parasite common in primates in Africa and Asia, were present in cultures from 13 (9.9%) of 131 cases of strongyloidiasis. In three of these cases, both S. f\u00fclleborni and S. stercoralis free-living adults were found."}
{"id": "PMID:889006", "title": "Enterobius vermicularis in ectopic sites.", "content": "We document six cases in which tissues were invaded by Enterobius vermicularis. These cases illustrate several mechanisms whereby the worms form granulomata in ectopic sites. In three cases, the worms passed through pre-existing breaches in the intestinal mucosa. In one case, a gravid worm migrated via the female genital tract to ther peritoneal cavity. In two other cases, male worms were found on the outer surface of the intestine, suggesting active penetration of the intestinal wall.", "contents": "Enterobius vermicularis in ectopic sites. We document six cases in which tissues were invaded by Enterobius vermicularis. These cases illustrate several mechanisms whereby the worms form granulomata in ectopic sites. In three cases, the worms passed through pre-existing breaches in the intestinal mucosa. In one case, a gravid worm migrated via the female genital tract to ther peritoneal cavity. In two other cases, male worms were found on the outer surface of the intestine, suggesting active penetration of the intestinal wall."}
{"id": "PMID:889007", "title": "Onchocerciasis: invasion of deep organs by Onchocerca volvulus.", "content": "Autopsies of two patients with onchocerciasis in the Republic of Za\u00efre are reported. In one patient elephantiasis who died following diethylcarbamazine therapy there were large numbers of microfilariae of Onchocerca volvulus in the kidney, liver, pancreas, and lung. In the second patient, who also had leprosy and hyperinfection strongyloidiasis, we found an encapsulated adult O. volvulus in the wall of the thoracic aorta.", "contents": "Onchocerciasis: invasion of deep organs by Onchocerca volvulus. Autopsies of two patients with onchocerciasis in the Republic of Za\u00efre are reported. In one patient elephantiasis who died following diethylcarbamazine therapy there were large numbers of microfilariae of Onchocerca volvulus in the kidney, liver, pancreas, and lung. In the second patient, who also had leprosy and hyperinfection strongyloidiasis, we found an encapsulated adult O. volvulus in the wall of the thoracic aorta."}
{"id": "PMID:889008", "title": "Some observations on complement fixation in onchocerciasis in Guatemalans.", "content": "Recent investigations of infections with Onchocerca volvulus in Guatemala presented the opportunity to study some aspects of complement fixation (CF) antibody titers. An extract of adult O. volvulus obtained from nodules excised from patients was used as antigen. Serum was procured from individuals whose intensity of infection was determined by skin snip counts of microfilariae. In general there was an inverse relationship between intensity of infection and CF titers. This correlation was significant in men 40 years and older. The CF titer of women was greater than that of men with the same intensity of infection.", "contents": "Some observations on complement fixation in onchocerciasis in Guatemalans. Recent investigations of infections with Onchocerca volvulus in Guatemala presented the opportunity to study some aspects of complement fixation (CF) antibody titers. An extract of adult O. volvulus obtained from nodules excised from patients was used as antigen. Serum was procured from individuals whose intensity of infection was determined by skin snip counts of microfilariae. In general there was an inverse relationship between intensity of infection and CF titers. This correlation was significant in men 40 years and older. The CF titer of women was greater than that of men with the same intensity of infection."}
{"id": "PMID:889009", "title": "Intracytoplasmic bacteria in Onchocerca volvulus.", "content": "Ultrastructural studies on Onchocerca volvulus disclosed intracellular organisms within the lateral chords of adult worms and of the larval stages. In the females the organisms were also present in the oogonia, oocytes, developing eggs and microfilariae. The organisms, found within vesicles of host (filarid) membrane and limited to the cytoplasm of infected cells, appeared to have a developmental cycle consisting of three morphologically distinct forms: a small spheroidal form up to 0.3 micronm in size, a bacillary form up to 1.5 micron7 in length and 0.7 micronm in diameter, and a third form, intermediate in size between the former and the latter, characterized by a dense inclusion. The intravesicular location and the developmental cycle consisting of three distinct forms are the two characteristics which suggest that these organisms are more similar to the chlamydiae than to the rickettsiae, in spite of their being transovarially transmitted. The significance of these findings with respect to the host-parasite relationship and pathogenesis of onchocerciasis is presently unknown and will require further study.", "contents": "Intracytoplasmic bacteria in Onchocerca volvulus. Ultrastructural studies on Onchocerca volvulus disclosed intracellular organisms within the lateral chords of adult worms and of the larval stages. In the females the organisms were also present in the oogonia, oocytes, developing eggs and microfilariae. The organisms, found within vesicles of host (filarid) membrane and limited to the cytoplasm of infected cells, appeared to have a developmental cycle consisting of three morphologically distinct forms: a small spheroidal form up to 0.3 micronm in size, a bacillary form up to 1.5 micron7 in length and 0.7 micronm in diameter, and a third form, intermediate in size between the former and the latter, characterized by a dense inclusion. The intravesicular location and the developmental cycle consisting of three distinct forms are the two characteristics which suggest that these organisms are more similar to the chlamydiae than to the rickettsiae, in spite of their being transovarially transmitted. The significance of these findings with respect to the host-parasite relationship and pathogenesis of onchocerciasis is presently unknown and will require further study."}
{"id": "PMID:889010", "title": "Single dose therapy of paragonimiasis with menichlopholan.", "content": "Menichlopholan, biphenyl compound, in a single dose of 2 mg/kg body weight, gave a 73%-90% cure rate in the treatment of pulmonary infections due to Paragonimus uterobilateralis at two centers in Nigeria. Ninety-five patients were followed up for 4 months, and 58 for 1 year. Side effects of the drug included sweating and body pains, but there was no significnat biochemical or hematological evidence of damage to the internal organs. The advantages of single dose therapy are likely to make menichlopholan the treatment of choice for paragonimiasis in Africa, and probably elsewhere.", "contents": "Single dose therapy of paragonimiasis with menichlopholan. Menichlopholan, biphenyl compound, in a single dose of 2 mg/kg body weight, gave a 73%-90% cure rate in the treatment of pulmonary infections due to Paragonimus uterobilateralis at two centers in Nigeria. Ninety-five patients were followed up for 4 months, and 58 for 1 year. Side effects of the drug included sweating and body pains, but there was no significnat biochemical or hematological evidence of damage to the internal organs. The advantages of single dose therapy are likely to make menichlopholan the treatment of choice for paragonimiasis in Africa, and probably elsewhere."}
{"id": "PMID:889011", "title": "A 13-year follow-up of antimony-treated Schistosoma mansoni-infected patients.", "content": "Thirty consecutive patients who were treated for Schistosoma mansoni infection with antimony sodium dimercaptosuccinate (Astiban) during the 1960s, and who had not visited an endemic area since the treatment, were reexamined 11 to 17 (average 13) years after the last presumed exposure. Seven of them (23%) still had active infections, six being chronic infections of which only one had been treated in an acute stage. None of the patients with chronic S. mansoni infection had signs of changes in liver, gut, or other organs, and all were able to work at full capacity. Living eggs were found in rectal biopsy specimens from all cases, but in only two cases in stool specimens. Serological reactions were positive in three cases and also in two of the egg-negative cases. Skin tests gave immediate positive reactions in 6 of 7 egg-positive and in 11 of 23 egg-negative patients.", "contents": "A 13-year follow-up of antimony-treated Schistosoma mansoni-infected patients. Thirty consecutive patients who were treated for Schistosoma mansoni infection with antimony sodium dimercaptosuccinate (Astiban) during the 1960s, and who had not visited an endemic area since the treatment, were reexamined 11 to 17 (average 13) years after the last presumed exposure. Seven of them (23%) still had active infections, six being chronic infections of which only one had been treated in an acute stage. None of the patients with chronic S. mansoni infection had signs of changes in liver, gut, or other organs, and all were able to work at full capacity. Living eggs were found in rectal biopsy specimens from all cases, but in only two cases in stool specimens. Serological reactions were positive in three cases and also in two of the egg-negative cases. Skin tests gave immediate positive reactions in 6 of 7 egg-positive and in 11 of 23 egg-negative patients."}
{"id": "PMID:889012", "title": "Schistosoma mansoni and S. haematobium infections in Egypt. I. Evaluation of techniques for recovery of worms and eggs at necropsy.", "content": "Four hundred consecutive autopsy cases were examined in Cairo, Egypt. Sixty percent of cases had Schistosoma haematobium eggs in the tissues and 25% also were infected with S. mansoni. Only a quarter of S. haematobium infections were active, while nearly two-thirds of S. mansoni cases remained active. Adult S. haematobium and S. mansoni were effectively recovered from the mesenteric circulation by a combination of perfusion and dissection. Quantitative recovery from the genitourinary system was reasonably complete, although small numbers of worms were missed in the dissection of these organs.", "contents": "Schistosoma mansoni and S. haematobium infections in Egypt. I. Evaluation of techniques for recovery of worms and eggs at necropsy. Four hundred consecutive autopsy cases were examined in Cairo, Egypt. Sixty percent of cases had Schistosoma haematobium eggs in the tissues and 25% also were infected with S. mansoni. Only a quarter of S. haematobium infections were active, while nearly two-thirds of S. mansoni cases remained active. Adult S. haematobium and S. mansoni were effectively recovered from the mesenteric circulation by a combination of perfusion and dissection. Quantitative recovery from the genitourinary system was reasonably complete, although small numbers of worms were missed in the dissection of these organs."}
{"id": "PMID:889014", "title": "Mycoplasma pneumonia: a study on hospitalized American patients with pneumonia in Vietnam.", "content": "A prospective study on consecutively hospitalized pneumonia patients showed that 41.5% of 58 patients had a fourfold rise in the complement-fixation titer for Mycoplasma pneumoniae. Viral isolation techniques and serologic tests for influenza A1, A2 and B, parainfluenza 1 and 3, respiratory syncytial virus and the adeno virus group yielded only a single positive isolate for influenza A2. Serologic tests for melioidosis, leptospirosis, scrub, murine and epidemic typhus and psittacosis were all negative. The clinical manifestations were not distinctive for the positive M. pneumoniae patients when compared with the patients having a negative M. pneumoniae complement-fixation test. The symptoms and signs and laboratory and radiologic findings were similar to those described in other reports on primary atypical pneumonia.", "contents": "Mycoplasma pneumonia: a study on hospitalized American patients with pneumonia in Vietnam. A prospective study on consecutively hospitalized pneumonia patients showed that 41.5% of 58 patients had a fourfold rise in the complement-fixation titer for Mycoplasma pneumoniae. Viral isolation techniques and serologic tests for influenza A1, A2 and B, parainfluenza 1 and 3, respiratory syncytial virus and the adeno virus group yielded only a single positive isolate for influenza A2. Serologic tests for melioidosis, leptospirosis, scrub, murine and epidemic typhus and psittacosis were all negative. The clinical manifestations were not distinctive for the positive M. pneumoniae patients when compared with the patients having a negative M. pneumoniae complement-fixation test. The symptoms and signs and laboratory and radiologic findings were similar to those described in other reports on primary atypical pneumonia."}
{"id": "PMID:889015", "title": "Meningococcal meningitis in northern Ghana: epidemiology and control measures.", "content": "Hospitalized meningococcal meningitis patients in northeastern Ghana during 1972-1973 were studied to provide baseline information about case clustering and age-specific attack rates to guide meningitis control programs. In 1973, group A meningococci were prevalent and 7% of isolates were sulfadiazine-resistant. In contrast to the age distribution of meningococcal meningitis in North and South America, peak attack rates occurred in 10- to 14-year-old Ghanaians. A mass immunization campaign using group A polysaccharide vaccine in heavily populated areas of the Bawku and Nalgerigu districts is recommended.", "contents": "Meningococcal meningitis in northern Ghana: epidemiology and control measures. Hospitalized meningococcal meningitis patients in northeastern Ghana during 1972-1973 were studied to provide baseline information about case clustering and age-specific attack rates to guide meningitis control programs. In 1973, group A meningococci were prevalent and 7% of isolates were sulfadiazine-resistant. In contrast to the age distribution of meningococcal meningitis in North and South America, peak attack rates occurred in 10- to 14-year-old Ghanaians. A mass immunization campaign using group A polysaccharide vaccine in heavily populated areas of the Bawku and Nalgerigu districts is recommended."}
{"id": "PMID:889016", "title": "Smallpox in the Republic of Guinea, West Africa. II. Eradication using mobile teams.", "content": "Smallpox transmission was interrupted in the Republic of Guinea in January 1969, 13 months after the beginning of the National Smallpox Eradication Program, and after approximately 60% of the population had been mass vaccinated. The eradication strategy was founded on the recent epidemiology of smallpox in Guinea and surrounding countries. Tactics were based on use of mobile teams specifically trained for mass vaccination, assessment, surveillance, and epidemic investigation. Guinea was one of 15 West African countries officially certified by the World Health Organization in 1976 as having eradicated smallpox. Continued vigilance to detect any possible importation is needed and would best be part of a program to improve quarantinable disease surveillance. An acceptable immunity level to smallpox should be maintained in priority groups until worldwide smallpox eradication is achieved.", "contents": "Smallpox in the Republic of Guinea, West Africa. II. Eradication using mobile teams. Smallpox transmission was interrupted in the Republic of Guinea in January 1969, 13 months after the beginning of the National Smallpox Eradication Program, and after approximately 60% of the population had been mass vaccinated. The eradication strategy was founded on the recent epidemiology of smallpox in Guinea and surrounding countries. Tactics were based on use of mobile teams specifically trained for mass vaccination, assessment, surveillance, and epidemic investigation. Guinea was one of 15 West African countries officially certified by the World Health Organization in 1976 as having eradicated smallpox. Continued vigilance to detect any possible importation is needed and would best be part of a program to improve quarantinable disease surveillance. An acceptable immunity level to smallpox should be maintained in priority groups until worldwide smallpox eradication is achieved."}
{"id": "PMID:889017", "title": "Clinical and laboratory observations on patients with primary and secondary dengue type 1 infections with hemorrhagic manifestations in Fiji.", "content": "An extensive epidemic of dengue type 1 infection with a high incidence of hemorrhagic manifestations occurred on the island of Viti Levu, Fiji beginning early in 1975. Previous dengue outbreaks in this population were such that in 1975 two types of dengue patients were observed, one group of patients experienced primary dengue type 1 infection, whereas another experienced their dengue type 1 infection approximately 4 years after a dengue type 2 infection. Clinical and laboratory findings for the two forms of infection were assessed in patients hospitalized for their disease, usually with hemorrhage. With the exception of virologic and serologic findings, no important differences between these two groups were noted with respect to incidence and nature of hemorrhage and other clinical and laboratory findings. Both types of infection sometimes were associated with thrombocytopenia and low serum levels of the C3 component of complement. Virus was more easily isolated from the primary infection patients and the magnitude of their viremia also was higher. No significant differences were noted in a comparison of the ease of virus isolation from serum or plasma.", "contents": "Clinical and laboratory observations on patients with primary and secondary dengue type 1 infections with hemorrhagic manifestations in Fiji. An extensive epidemic of dengue type 1 infection with a high incidence of hemorrhagic manifestations occurred on the island of Viti Levu, Fiji beginning early in 1975. Previous dengue outbreaks in this population were such that in 1975 two types of dengue patients were observed, one group of patients experienced primary dengue type 1 infection, whereas another experienced their dengue type 1 infection approximately 4 years after a dengue type 2 infection. Clinical and laboratory findings for the two forms of infection were assessed in patients hospitalized for their disease, usually with hemorrhage. With the exception of virologic and serologic findings, no important differences between these two groups were noted with respect to incidence and nature of hemorrhage and other clinical and laboratory findings. Both types of infection sometimes were associated with thrombocytopenia and low serum levels of the C3 component of complement. Virus was more easily isolated from the primary infection patients and the magnitude of their viremia also was higher. No significant differences were noted in a comparison of the ease of virus isolation from serum or plasma."}
{"id": "PMID:889018", "title": "Type 1 dengue with hemorrhagic disease in Fiji: epidemiologic findings.", "content": "An explosive epidemic of dengue occurred in Fiji between January and July 1975. All laboratory evidence indicated that type 1 dengue was the only prevalent dengue virus. This type had probably not been in Fiji for 30 years and over 70% of the population was susceptible. Aedes aegypti appeared to be the major vector in urban areas, but circumstantial evidence indicated that Aedes rotumae was a vector in at least one remote area. All forms of the clinical spectrum of dengue were seen and reported in all age groups. Overt clinical symptoms tended to be less frequent among children under age 10 and adults over age 30. Approximately 16% of persons reporting dengue-like illness had some type of bleeding associated with their disease with little difference by age, sex, or ethnic group. Epistaxis and gingival bleeding were the most commonly reported and observed hemorrhagic manifestations, but internal bleeding was reported in about 25% of hemorrhagic cases. The proportion of hemorrhagic cases was the same among primary and secondary dengue-infected persons. These and other epidemiologic observations did not support the hypothesis that the hemorrhagic complications seen with dengue occur only in secondary infections.", "contents": "Type 1 dengue with hemorrhagic disease in Fiji: epidemiologic findings. An explosive epidemic of dengue occurred in Fiji between January and July 1975. All laboratory evidence indicated that type 1 dengue was the only prevalent dengue virus. This type had probably not been in Fiji for 30 years and over 70% of the population was susceptible. Aedes aegypti appeared to be the major vector in urban areas, but circumstantial evidence indicated that Aedes rotumae was a vector in at least one remote area. All forms of the clinical spectrum of dengue were seen and reported in all age groups. Overt clinical symptoms tended to be less frequent among children under age 10 and adults over age 30. Approximately 16% of persons reporting dengue-like illness had some type of bleeding associated with their disease with little difference by age, sex, or ethnic group. Epistaxis and gingival bleeding were the most commonly reported and observed hemorrhagic manifestations, but internal bleeding was reported in about 25% of hemorrhagic cases. The proportion of hemorrhagic cases was the same among primary and secondary dengue-infected persons. These and other epidemiologic observations did not support the hypothesis that the hemorrhagic complications seen with dengue occur only in secondary infections."}
{"id": "PMID:889019", "title": "Antibodies to arboviruses in northwestern Spain.", "content": "A survey for antibodies to arboviruses was done in the human population of the north of Spain (provinces of La Coru\u00f1a, Orense, Pontevedra, Leon, Asturias). Sera were obtained from 701 persons living in the area. The hemagglutination-inhibition (HI) test showed that 16.5% of the population studied had antibodies to group B arboviruses. All sera were negative for group A and Phlebotomus fever group viruses, as well as for Tahyna and Calovo. No evidence of antibody to tick-borne encephalitis viruses was found. Neutralization tests done with several group B viruses on 56 selected sera with HI antibodies confirmed an earlier infection with West Nile and probably one other group B virus not included in the test battery. A high rate of antibody was found in young persons, indicating that epidemic activity occurred between 1961 and 1970 in the area studied.", "contents": "Antibodies to arboviruses in northwestern Spain. A survey for antibodies to arboviruses was done in the human population of the north of Spain (provinces of La Coru\u00f1a, Orense, Pontevedra, Leon, Asturias). Sera were obtained from 701 persons living in the area. The hemagglutination-inhibition (HI) test showed that 16.5% of the population studied had antibodies to group B arboviruses. All sera were negative for group A and Phlebotomus fever group viruses, as well as for Tahyna and Calovo. No evidence of antibody to tick-borne encephalitis viruses was found. Neutralization tests done with several group B viruses on 56 selected sera with HI antibodies confirmed an earlier infection with West Nile and probably one other group B virus not included in the test battery. A high rate of antibody was found in young persons, indicating that epidemic activity occurred between 1961 and 1970 in the area studied."}
{"id": "PMID:889020", "title": "Immune electron microscopy of arboviruses.", "content": "Representative members of four arbovirus taxons were studied by immune electron microscopy (IEM) in an attempt to determine whether the technique can be applied to the specific identification of arboviruses. Alphavirus, flavivirus, bunyavirus, and rhabdovirus antigens were prepared by propagation in tissue culture. The viruses were used to titrate homologous antibody and test heterologous antibody in the IEM test. Specific clumping together with visualization of antibody attachment was observed for all homologous systems studied. For the alphaviruses, titers of antibody, as determined by IEM, were comparable with the titers obtained by hemagglutination inhibition. Alphavirus cross-reactions were observed at low antibody dilutions by IEM. However, further dilution of antibody resulted in specific clumping only of homologous virus, allowing specific identification of alphavirus unknowns. For all viruses studied, positive IEM reactions were obtained with homologous grouping ascitic fluids but not with heterologous grouping fluids.", "contents": "Immune electron microscopy of arboviruses. Representative members of four arbovirus taxons were studied by immune electron microscopy (IEM) in an attempt to determine whether the technique can be applied to the specific identification of arboviruses. Alphavirus, flavivirus, bunyavirus, and rhabdovirus antigens were prepared by propagation in tissue culture. The viruses were used to titrate homologous antibody and test heterologous antibody in the IEM test. Specific clumping together with visualization of antibody attachment was observed for all homologous systems studied. For the alphaviruses, titers of antibody, as determined by IEM, were comparable with the titers obtained by hemagglutination inhibition. Alphavirus cross-reactions were observed at low antibody dilutions by IEM. However, further dilution of antibody resulted in specific clumping only of homologous virus, allowing specific identification of alphavirus unknowns. For all viruses studied, positive IEM reactions were obtained with homologous grouping ascitic fluids but not with heterologous grouping fluids."}
{"id": "PMID:889021", "title": "Experimental infection of birds with epidemic Venezuelan encephalitis virus.", "content": "Sixty-three birds representing 13 species were inoculated with a strain of epidemic Venezuelan encephalitis (VE) virus from the 1971 Texas outbreak. More than 95% of the birds became infected. Mortality which could be attributed to infection with VE virus was very low. Viremia persisted 2-6 days. Peak viremia levels ranged from 10(3.2) to 10(8.2) suckling mouse intracranial 50% lethal doses per milliliter (SMICLD50/ml). Blood virus levels were highest in juvenile Louisiana Herones, adult Robins and adult Mockingbirds and were lowest in juvenile Common Egrets. Most bird species had blood virus levels about 10(5) SMICLD50/ml (high vector infection potential) for 2-3 days. Neutralizing antibody response was more uniform and frequent in herons (95%) than in passerines (56%). The role of birds in the epidemiology of Venezuelan is discussed.", "contents": "Experimental infection of birds with epidemic Venezuelan encephalitis virus. Sixty-three birds representing 13 species were inoculated with a strain of epidemic Venezuelan encephalitis (VE) virus from the 1971 Texas outbreak. More than 95% of the birds became infected. Mortality which could be attributed to infection with VE virus was very low. Viremia persisted 2-6 days. Peak viremia levels ranged from 10(3.2) to 10(8.2) suckling mouse intracranial 50% lethal doses per milliliter (SMICLD50/ml). Blood virus levels were highest in juvenile Louisiana Herones, adult Robins and adult Mockingbirds and were lowest in juvenile Common Egrets. Most bird species had blood virus levels about 10(5) SMICLD50/ml (high vector infection potential) for 2-3 days. Neutralizing antibody response was more uniform and frequent in herons (95%) than in passerines (56%). The role of birds in the epidemiology of Venezuelan is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:889022", "title": "Viremia and antibody response to La Crosse virus in sentinel gray squirrels (Sciuris carolinensis) and chipmunks Tamias striatus).", "content": "Six isolates of La Crosse (LAC) virus were obtained from sentinel gray squirrels (Sciuris carolinensis) and four from sentinel chipmunks (Tamias striatus) in an endemic area. Viremia titers were measured by plaquing on Vero cells. Antibody responses of the animals were measured by a microneutralization test employing four California group viruses: LAC, snowshoe hare (SSH), trivittatus, and Jamestown Canyon. In both species LAC antibody titers peaked at approximately 21 days and were still detectable in all animals at 256 days post-viremia. In chipmunks, homologous LAC virus antibody levels were consistently higher than heterologous antibody responses throughout the period recorded. However, in squirrels, homologous LAC virus and heterologous SSH virus antibody responses were initially comparable. This heterologous SSH titer rapidly declined while LAC antibody levels remained relatively high. Data indicate that antibody response persists from one summer season to the next. Viremia titers in both species indicate that these two species are capable of infecting Aedes triseriatus, the principal vector of LAC virus. This is the first reported field isolation of LAC virus from the squirrel.", "contents": "Viremia and antibody response to La Crosse virus in sentinel gray squirrels (Sciuris carolinensis) and chipmunks Tamias striatus). Six isolates of La Crosse (LAC) virus were obtained from sentinel gray squirrels (Sciuris carolinensis) and four from sentinel chipmunks (Tamias striatus) in an endemic area. Viremia titers were measured by plaquing on Vero cells. Antibody responses of the animals were measured by a microneutralization test employing four California group viruses: LAC, snowshoe hare (SSH), trivittatus, and Jamestown Canyon. In both species LAC antibody titers peaked at approximately 21 days and were still detectable in all animals at 256 days post-viremia. In chipmunks, homologous LAC virus antibody levels were consistently higher than heterologous antibody responses throughout the period recorded. However, in squirrels, homologous LAC virus and heterologous SSH virus antibody responses were initially comparable. This heterologous SSH titer rapidly declined while LAC antibody levels remained relatively high. Data indicate that antibody response persists from one summer season to the next. Viremia titers in both species indicate that these two species are capable of infecting Aedes triseriatus, the principal vector of LAC virus. This is the first reported field isolation of LAC virus from the squirrel."}
{"id": "PMID:889023", "title": "Hepatic amebiasis: diagnostic counterimmunoelectrophoresis and metronidazole (flagyl) therapy.", "content": "In an ongoing study of obscure fevers in Cairo, Egypt which is presently in its 6th year, 12 cases of hepatic amebiasis have been diagnosed. Three were diagnosed during the period 1971-1974. With the introduction of amebic serologic techniques, particularly counterimmunoelectrophoresis, nine additional cases have been diagnosed in 1975-1976. Of 9 patients treated with metronidazole 6 were rapidly cured, 2 had a recurrence of fever necessitating surgical drainage of the abscess, and 1 died suddenly on the 3rd day of therapy.", "contents": "Hepatic amebiasis: diagnostic counterimmunoelectrophoresis and metronidazole (flagyl) therapy. In an ongoing study of obscure fevers in Cairo, Egypt which is presently in its 6th year, 12 cases of hepatic amebiasis have been diagnosed. Three were diagnosed during the period 1971-1974. With the introduction of amebic serologic techniques, particularly counterimmunoelectrophoresis, nine additional cases have been diagnosed in 1975-1976. Of 9 patients treated with metronidazole 6 were rapidly cured, 2 had a recurrence of fever necessitating surgical drainage of the abscess, and 1 died suddenly on the 3rd day of therapy."}
{"id": "PMID:889024", "title": "Tinidazole treatment of acute amebic dysentery in children.", "content": "Tinidazole, a recent derivative of the nitroimidazole group of compounds, was able to achieve a cure in 96% of children with acute amebic dysentery when given in three single daily doses of approximately 60 mg/kg of body weight. At a dose of approximately 50 mg/kg the cure rate was only 76%. The drug was well tolerated and completely free from any toxic effects. Tinidazole can confidently be recommended as a very simple and safe form of therapy for amebic dysentery.", "contents": "Tinidazole treatment of acute amebic dysentery in children. Tinidazole, a recent derivative of the nitroimidazole group of compounds, was able to achieve a cure in 96% of children with acute amebic dysentery when given in three single daily doses of approximately 60 mg/kg of body weight. At a dose of approximately 50 mg/kg the cure rate was only 76%. The drug was well tolerated and completely free from any toxic effects. Tinidazole can confidently be recommended as a very simple and safe form of therapy for amebic dysentery."}
{"id": "PMID:889025", "title": "Extending the vascular examination by noninvasive means.", "content": "The Doppler and phleborheographic technics are highly accurate and convenient methods of diagnosing acute deep venous thrombosis, which cannot be detected reliably by clinical examination. Extent of occlusive disease can be more quantitatively estimated by the Doppler method in the peripheral arteries of the limbs and by oculoplethysmography and phonoangiography in the carotid arteries. Noninvasive methods permit screening of patients suspected of arterial or venous disease and provide physicians with an objective means of assessing therapeutic results.", "contents": "Extending the vascular examination by noninvasive means. The Doppler and phleborheographic technics are highly accurate and convenient methods of diagnosing acute deep venous thrombosis, which cannot be detected reliably by clinical examination. Extent of occlusive disease can be more quantitatively estimated by the Doppler method in the peripheral arteries of the limbs and by oculoplethysmography and phonoangiography in the carotid arteries. Noninvasive methods permit screening of patients suspected of arterial or venous disease and provide physicians with an objective means of assessing therapeutic results."}
{"id": "PMID:889026", "title": "Doppler ultrasound and supraorbital photoplethysmography for noninvasive screening of carotid occlusive disease.", "content": "Doppler ultrasound and supraorbital photoplethysmography were 95 per cent accurate in identifying or excluding significant carotid obstruction in 156 vessels of seventy-six consecutive patients undergoing arteriography. Plethysmography was more sensitive but less specific than Doppler ultrasound. These technics provide simple, rapid, and accurate detection of significant carotid occlusive disease.", "contents": "Doppler ultrasound and supraorbital photoplethysmography for noninvasive screening of carotid occlusive disease. Doppler ultrasound and supraorbital photoplethysmography were 95 per cent accurate in identifying or excluding significant carotid obstruction in 156 vessels of seventy-six consecutive patients undergoing arteriography. Plethysmography was more sensitive but less specific than Doppler ultrasound. These technics provide simple, rapid, and accurate detection of significant carotid occlusive disease."}
{"id": "PMID:889027", "title": "Prospective screening for deep vein thrombosis in high risk patients.", "content": "In 257 patients undergoing total hip replacement, gastric bypass for morbid obesity, major abdominal surgery, and major leg amputation, Doppler ultrasonic screening revealed only five instances of deep vein thrombosis. The present study suggests that Doppler screening of high risk patients is a useful alternative to routine anticoagulant prophylaxis of venous thromboembolic disease.", "contents": "Prospective screening for deep vein thrombosis in high risk patients. In 257 patients undergoing total hip replacement, gastric bypass for morbid obesity, major abdominal surgery, and major leg amputation, Doppler ultrasonic screening revealed only five instances of deep vein thrombosis. The present study suggests that Doppler screening of high risk patients is a useful alternative to routine anticoagulant prophylaxis of venous thromboembolic disease."}
{"id": "PMID:889028", "title": "A surgical approach to lymphedema.", "content": "An approach to the management of lymphedema of the extremity is described. Current surgical procedures for this condition are evaluated and it is emphasized that no cure for this difficult problem exists. Available data indicate that physiologically designed procedures which attempt to reconstruct lymph flow are unsuccessful. Currently, subcutaneous excision beneath skin flaps is the most desirable procedure.", "contents": "A surgical approach to lymphedema. An approach to the management of lymphedema of the extremity is described. Current surgical procedures for this condition are evaluated and it is emphasized that no cure for this difficult problem exists. Available data indicate that physiologically designed procedures which attempt to reconstruct lymph flow are unsuccessful. Currently, subcutaneous excision beneath skin flaps is the most desirable procedure."}
{"id": "PMID:889029", "title": "Horseshoe and pelvic kidneys associated with abdominal aortic aneurysms.", "content": "Preoperative recognitiion of horseshoe or pelvic kidney with abdominal aortic aneurysm greatly facilitates proper operative care of such patients. Operative management of three reported patients varied significantly, depending on complicated and anomalous blood supply to the kidney.", "contents": "Horseshoe and pelvic kidneys associated with abdominal aortic aneurysms. Preoperative recognitiion of horseshoe or pelvic kidney with abdominal aortic aneurysm greatly facilitates proper operative care of such patients. Operative management of three reported patients varied significantly, depending on complicated and anomalous blood supply to the kidney."}
{"id": "PMID:889030", "title": "Femoral tibial-peroneal bypass: the lateral approach and use of glutaraldehyde-tanned umbilical vein.", "content": "Access to the peroneal artery as well as to the anterior tibial artery can be accomplished by a lateral approach with fibular resection. The technic is described as well as the use of the glutaraldehyde-tanned human umbilical cord vein as a vascular prosthesis. The results using the latter have been extremely gratifying.", "contents": "Femoral tibial-peroneal bypass: the lateral approach and use of glutaraldehyde-tanned umbilical vein. Access to the peroneal artery as well as to the anterior tibial artery can be accomplished by a lateral approach with fibular resection. The technic is described as well as the use of the glutaraldehyde-tanned human umbilical cord vein as a vascular prosthesis. The results using the latter have been extremely gratifying."}
{"id": "PMID:889031", "title": "A technic for carotid thromboendarterectomy.", "content": "An exacting technic for carotid thromboendarterectomy is described. Certain anatomic features and pitfalls are discussed along with specific instrumentation. Intraoperative use, insertion, and removal of the inlying carotid shunt are described.", "contents": "A technic for carotid thromboendarterectomy. An exacting technic for carotid thromboendarterectomy is described. Certain anatomic features and pitfalls are discussed along with specific instrumentation. Intraoperative use, insertion, and removal of the inlying carotid shunt are described."}
{"id": "PMID:889032", "title": "Long-term follow-up of vena caval clips and umbrellas.", "content": "Fifty-one consecutive cases of inferior vena caval interruption for documented pulmonary embolism are reported. Forty-four patients underwent transabdominal vena caval clipping  using the multichannel Adams-DeWeese clip, and seven critically ill patients were treated with vena caval umbrella. Operative mortality was 4 per cent. Only one patient developed edema attributable to clipping whereas postinterruption stasis sequelae were common after umbrella insertion. Vena cavography at six months and eight years demonstrated 85 per cent patency in the clip group and 16 per cent in the umbrella group.", "contents": "Long-term follow-up of vena caval clips and umbrellas. Fifty-one consecutive cases of inferior vena caval interruption for documented pulmonary embolism are reported. Forty-four patients underwent transabdominal vena caval clipping  using the multichannel Adams-DeWeese clip, and seven critically ill patients were treated with vena caval umbrella. Operative mortality was 4 per cent. Only one patient developed edema attributable to clipping whereas postinterruption stasis sequelae were common after umbrella insertion. Vena cavography at six months and eight years demonstrated 85 per cent patency in the clip group and 16 per cent in the umbrella group."}
{"id": "PMID:889033", "title": "Diagnosis and management of arterial mural thromboemboli.", "content": "If ischemic lesions or cerebral dysfunction appear without obvious cause, aneurysm, stenosing, or ulcerative plaques in proximal arteries are suspected. Diagnostic methods are outlined. Treatment by removal of the embolic source is preferred and exclusion of the lesion and bypass is reserved for inacessible lesions or poor operative risks.", "contents": "Diagnosis and management of arterial mural thromboemboli. If ischemic lesions or cerebral dysfunction appear without obvious cause, aneurysm, stenosing, or ulcerative plaques in proximal arteries are suspected. Diagnostic methods are outlined. Treatment by removal of the embolic source is preferred and exclusion of the lesion and bypass is reserved for inacessible lesions or poor operative risks."}
{"id": "PMID:889034", "title": "Detection of anticoagulation therapy failures in patients with venous thrombosis.", "content": "Results of ultrasonic monitoring of venous patency and fibrinogen uptake testing were evaluated in ten patients with venous thrombosis receiving heparin therapy. Two propagating venous thromboses were detected 24 to 48 hours before massive pulmonary embolism developed, thus emphasizing the usefulness of these methods for detection of anticoagulation therapy failures.", "contents": "Detection of anticoagulation therapy failures in patients with venous thrombosis. Results of ultrasonic monitoring of venous patency and fibrinogen uptake testing were evaluated in ten patients with venous thrombosis receiving heparin therapy. Two propagating venous thromboses were detected 24 to 48 hours before massive pulmonary embolism developed, thus emphasizing the usefulness of these methods for detection of anticoagulation therapy failures."}
{"id": "PMID:889035", "title": "The clinical use of fibrinolytic agents.", "content": "Two fibrinolytic drugs, streptokinase and urokinase, have undergone extensive clinical evaluation in the past fifteen years. Current evidence suggests that these agents may become the drugs of choice in the treatment of certain patients with venous thrombosis and pulmonary embolism. The ultimate usefulness of fibrinolytic therapy in the treatment of thrombotic conditions other than venous thrombosis and pulmonary embolism has not yet been determined.", "contents": "The clinical use of fibrinolytic agents. Two fibrinolytic drugs, streptokinase and urokinase, have undergone extensive clinical evaluation in the past fifteen years. Current evidence suggests that these agents may become the drugs of choice in the treatment of certain patients with venous thrombosis and pulmonary embolism. The ultimate usefulness of fibrinolytic therapy in the treatment of thrombotic conditions other than venous thrombosis and pulmonary embolism has not yet been determined."}
{"id": "PMID:889036", "title": "Venous trauma: successful venous reconstruction remains an interesting challenge.", "content": "Ligation of some major veins can produce deleterious effects. Based on clinical and experimental research, there is a recent increased interest in repairing injured veins. Despite remaining limitations, successful venous repair has been possible without complications of thrombophlebitis or pulmonary embolism.", "contents": "Venous trauma: successful venous reconstruction remains an interesting challenge. Ligation of some major veins can produce deleterious effects. Based on clinical and experimental research, there is a recent increased interest in repairing injured veins. Despite remaining limitations, successful venous repair has been possible without complications of thrombophlebitis or pulmonary embolism."}
{"id": "PMID:889037", "title": "The role of the platelet in coagulation and clinical thrombotic events.", "content": "There have been exciting advances in our understanding of platelet function in recent years. Platelet physiology, drugs that inhibit platelet function, and the current evidence supporting the use of platelet-inhibiting drugs in the prevention of clinical thrombotic events are reviewed.", "contents": "The role of the platelet in coagulation and clinical thrombotic events. There have been exciting advances in our understanding of platelet function in recent years. Platelet physiology, drugs that inhibit platelet function, and the current evidence supporting the use of platelet-inhibiting drugs in the prevention of clinical thrombotic events are reviewed."}
{"id": "PMID:889039", "title": "In vitro release of gastrin from isolated perfused antrum.", "content": "Gastrin is released from isolated perfused rat antra in a regular fashion by a variety of stimuli, including acetylcholine, glycine, and calcium. Two peaks are seen with the physiologic stimulus, acetylcholine, suggesting perhaps two different antral gastrin populations.", "contents": "In vitro release of gastrin from isolated perfused antrum. Gastrin is released from isolated perfused rat antra in a regular fashion by a variety of stimuli, including acetylcholine, glycine, and calcium. Two peaks are seen with the physiologic stimulus, acetylcholine, suggesting perhaps two different antral gastrin populations."}
{"id": "PMID:889040", "title": "Antral gastrin and acid secretion in duodenal ulcer patients.", "content": "By means of intragastric instillation of meat extract, two groups of duodenal ulcer patients were identified--antral responders and antral nonresponders. Antral response was abolished ater vagotomy and drainage or vagotomy-antrectomy. The differentiation would allow for selective surgery for duodenal ulcer patients.", "contents": "Antral gastrin and acid secretion in duodenal ulcer patients. By means of intragastric instillation of meat extract, two groups of duodenal ulcer patients were identified--antral responders and antral nonresponders. Antral response was abolished ater vagotomy and drainage or vagotomy-antrectomy. The differentiation would allow for selective surgery for duodenal ulcer patients."}
{"id": "PMID:889041", "title": "Changes after major resection of experimental cirrhotic liver.", "content": "Liver cirrhosis was induced experimentally in dogs--hemodynamically, by constriction of the hepatic vein and pharmacologically, by administration of dimethylinitrosamine (DMNA)--after which approximately 45 per cent of the liver was resected. Results indicate that death after major resection of a cirrhotic liver was caused not only by too extensive a resection but also by the rapid progression of cirrhotic changes in the remnant liver during the postoperative course.", "contents": "Changes after major resection of experimental cirrhotic liver. Liver cirrhosis was induced experimentally in dogs--hemodynamically, by constriction of the hepatic vein and pharmacologically, by administration of dimethylinitrosamine (DMNA)--after which approximately 45 per cent of the liver was resected. Results indicate that death after major resection of a cirrhotic liver was caused not only by too extensive a resection but also by the rapid progression of cirrhotic changes in the remnant liver during the postoperative course."}
{"id": "PMID:889042", "title": "Fatal hepatic failure after jejunoileal bypass: clinical and laboratory evidence of prognostic significance.", "content": "Experience with 393 patients undergoing elective jejunoileal bypass procedures is presented with attention directed to the complication of fatal hepatic failure. A retrospective analysis of pre- and postoperative liver function studies is undertaken to identify patients who may develop postoperative fatal hepatic failure.", "contents": "Fatal hepatic failure after jejunoileal bypass: clinical and laboratory evidence of prognostic significance. Experience with 393 patients undergoing elective jejunoileal bypass procedures is presented with attention directed to the complication of fatal hepatic failure. A retrospective analysis of pre- and postoperative liver function studies is undertaken to identify patients who may develop postoperative fatal hepatic failure."}
{"id": "PMID:889043", "title": "Retained antral mucosa in pancreaticoduodenectomy patients.", "content": "Thirteen patients with pancreaticoduodenectomy were studied. In three patients presenting with stomal ulcer or bleeding stomitis, endoscopic biopsies showed the presence of retained antral mucosa (RAM). No disease and no RAM was present in the remaining ten patients. Bombesin (BBS) infusion augmented both gastric acid and gastrin secretion in the group with RAM, whereas no change was apparent in the remaining ten patients. The BBS infusion test is useful in detecting stomal ulcer high risk pancreaticoduodenectomy patients.", "contents": "Retained antral mucosa in pancreaticoduodenectomy patients. Thirteen patients with pancreaticoduodenectomy were studied. In three patients presenting with stomal ulcer or bleeding stomitis, endoscopic biopsies showed the presence of retained antral mucosa (RAM). No disease and no RAM was present in the remaining ten patients. Bombesin (BBS) infusion augmented both gastric acid and gastrin secretion in the group with RAM, whereas no change was apparent in the remaining ten patients. The BBS infusion test is useful in detecting stomal ulcer high risk pancreaticoduodenectomy patients."}
{"id": "PMID:889044", "title": "Congenital bile duct cysts: Classification, operative procedures, and review of thirty-seven cases including cancer arising from choledochal cyst.", "content": "Congenital bile duct cysts are observed in any part of the bile duct from the liver to the duodenum. Reports of cases of cancer arising from it are increasing. Excision of the choledochal cyst seems to be the treatment of choice and partial resection of the intrahepatic cyst followed by intrahepatic cystoenterostomy at the porta hepatis is necessary for type IV-A cysts.", "contents": "Congenital bile duct cysts: Classification, operative procedures, and review of thirty-seven cases including cancer arising from choledochal cyst. Congenital bile duct cysts are observed in any part of the bile duct from the liver to the duodenum. Reports of cases of cancer arising from it are increasing. Excision of the choledochal cyst seems to be the treatment of choice and partial resection of the intrahepatic cyst followed by intrahepatic cystoenterostomy at the porta hepatis is necessary for type IV-A cysts."}
{"id": "PMID:889045", "title": "Y-U pyloroplasty.", "content": "The Y-U pyloroplasty procedure was evaluated in forty-four patients. The technic described requires little dissection and little time, insures a wide pylorus, and has few complications.", "contents": "Y-U pyloroplasty. The Y-U pyloroplasty procedure was evaluated in forty-four patients. The technic described requires little dissection and little time, insures a wide pylorus, and has few complications."}
{"id": "PMID:889046", "title": "Etiologic and therapeutic aspects of intussusception in childhood.", "content": "Analysis of fifty-two instances of intussusception proved the importance of barium enema examinations as a diagnostic and therapeutic modality. Hypertrophy of the lymphatic tissue in the terminal ileum reactive to common diseases of infancy and childhood is of utmost importance in the etiology of \"idiopathic intussusception.\"", "contents": "Etiologic and therapeutic aspects of intussusception in childhood. Analysis of fifty-two instances of intussusception proved the importance of barium enema examinations as a diagnostic and therapeutic modality. Hypertrophy of the lymphatic tissue in the terminal ileum reactive to common diseases of infancy and childhood is of utmost importance in the etiology of \"idiopathic intussusception.\""}
{"id": "PMID:889047", "title": "Adolescent breast masses.", "content": "A retrospective experience with breast masses in 143 female and 22 male adolescents is reviewed: 104 females (71.7 per cent) had fibroadenomas and 1 (0.7 per cent) adenocarcinoma; all 22 males had gynecomastia. The significance of these findings is related to surgical therapy.", "contents": "Adolescent breast masses. A retrospective experience with breast masses in 143 female and 22 male adolescents is reviewed: 104 females (71.7 per cent) had fibroadenomas and 1 (0.7 per cent) adenocarcinoma; all 22 males had gynecomastia. The significance of these findings is related to surgical therapy."}
{"id": "PMID:889048", "title": "Diagnosis and treatment of amebic \"empyema\": report of eighty-eight cases.", "content": "To prevent pleural soilage, early diagnosis and adequate treatment of amebic abscess of the liver are mandatory. Therapy includes administration of amebicidal drugs, drainage of the chest cavity, and treatment of associated respiratory, circulatory, and systemic derangements.", "contents": "Diagnosis and treatment of amebic \"empyema\": report of eighty-eight cases. To prevent pleural soilage, early diagnosis and adequate treatment of amebic abscess of the liver are mandatory. Therapy includes administration of amebicidal drugs, drainage of the chest cavity, and treatment of associated respiratory, circulatory, and systemic derangements."}
{"id": "PMID:889049", "title": "The totally occluded internal carotid artery: indications for surgery.", "content": "Surgery for treatment of the totally occluded internal carotid artery has been controversial since the first case was reported in 1958. Two cases and a review of the literature are presented to show that complete cerebral angiography should be the determining factor for operating in those patients with symptoms referable to the totally occluded internal carotid artery.", "contents": "The totally occluded internal carotid artery: indications for surgery. Surgery for treatment of the totally occluded internal carotid artery has been controversial since the first case was reported in 1958. Two cases and a review of the literature are presented to show that complete cerebral angiography should be the determining factor for operating in those patients with symptoms referable to the totally occluded internal carotid artery."}
{"id": "PMID:889050", "title": "Use of Vicryl (polyglactin 910) sutures in general surgical and cardiothoracic procedures.", "content": "The satisfactory substitute for catgut suture, Vicryl (polyglactin 910) suture, was used in fifty-three patients who underwent general and thoracic surgical procedures. Theoretical advantages of increased strength, controlled absorption by slow depolymerization and dissolution, and superior handling characteristics were confirmed. No suture-related complications were observed.", "contents": "Use of Vicryl (polyglactin 910) sutures in general surgical and cardiothoracic procedures. The satisfactory substitute for catgut suture, Vicryl (polyglactin 910) suture, was used in fifty-three patients who underwent general and thoracic surgical procedures. Theoretical advantages of increased strength, controlled absorption by slow depolymerization and dissolution, and superior handling characteristics were confirmed. No suture-related complications were observed."}
{"id": "PMID:889051", "title": "Rapid totally diverting loop sigmoid colostomy with noncontaminating rectal irrigation.", "content": "Loop sigmoid colostomy employing a stapling device and catheter irrigation of the distal segment is less time-consuming and has lest potential for contamination than the standard double-barrel colostomy. Unlike the standard loop colostomy, it is totally diverting.", "contents": "Rapid totally diverting loop sigmoid colostomy with noncontaminating rectal irrigation. Loop sigmoid colostomy employing a stapling device and catheter irrigation of the distal segment is less time-consuming and has lest potential for contamination than the standard double-barrel colostomy. Unlike the standard loop colostomy, it is totally diverting."}
{"id": "PMID:889053", "title": "A simplified approach to diagnostic rectal biopsy in infants and children.", "content": "Ninety-four patients underwent rectal biopsy with a suction capsule during a two year period. This painless procedure was performed in seventy-one patients for diagnosis of aganglionosis (Hirschsprung's disease). In nine patients, no ganglion cells were encountered, and subsequent surgery confirmed the diagnosis of Hirschsprung's disease in each of these patients. In twenty-three patients, biopsies were taken to search for neuronal storage disease. Six specimens contained abnormal material in the cytoplasm of the ganglion cells.", "contents": "A simplified approach to diagnostic rectal biopsy in infants and children. Ninety-four patients underwent rectal biopsy with a suction capsule during a two year period. This painless procedure was performed in seventy-one patients for diagnosis of aganglionosis (Hirschsprung's disease). In nine patients, no ganglion cells were encountered, and subsequent surgery confirmed the diagnosis of Hirschsprung's disease in each of these patients. In twenty-three patients, biopsies were taken to search for neuronal storage disease. Six specimens contained abnormal material in the cytoplasm of the ganglion cells."}
{"id": "PMID:889066", "title": "[Enflurane anaesthesia for epileptic patients (author's transl)].", "content": "Enflurane anaesthesia with continuous EEG-registration was given to 21 patients, aged 3 to 53 years, who had a history of cerebral convulsions. 11 patients were children up to the age of 14 years. There was no obvious changes or correlation between enflurane concentration and intraoperative EEG-findings. The registered cramp potentials were the same as those registered preceeding the operations. Provocation as a result of the enflurane anaesthesia was not observed in any patient. The anticonvulsive basic treatment preceeding the operations made the interpretation of our results difficult. The warning by some authors against the use of Enflurane anaesthesia in patients with a history of cerebral convulsions could not be confirmed. Therefore, we conclude that a history of cerebral convulsions is not a general contraindication for the use of enflurane.", "contents": "[Enflurane anaesthesia for epileptic patients (author's transl)]. Enflurane anaesthesia with continuous EEG-registration was given to 21 patients, aged 3 to 53 years, who had a history of cerebral convulsions. 11 patients were children up to the age of 14 years. There was no obvious changes or correlation between enflurane concentration and intraoperative EEG-findings. The registered cramp potentials were the same as those registered preceeding the operations. Provocation as a result of the enflurane anaesthesia was not observed in any patient. The anticonvulsive basic treatment preceeding the operations made the interpretation of our results difficult. The warning by some authors against the use of Enflurane anaesthesia in patients with a history of cerebral convulsions could not be confirmed. Therefore, we conclude that a history of cerebral convulsions is not a general contraindication for the use of enflurane."}
{"id": "PMID:889067", "title": "[An electroencephalographic comparison of fentanyl and sulfentanil (author's transl)].", "content": "Equipotent analgesic doses of sulfentanil and fentanyl showed similar effects in 281 cases of clinical neuroleptanalgesia. In rabbits equimolecular doses of sulfentanil induced a deeper narcotic effect (burst suppression) than fentanyl. This supports the thesis of a coincidental increase of analgesic potency and narcotic effect in agonistic opioids. In equipotent doses the conventional EEG and the amplitude-frequency-spectra are equal. Quantificated analyses and statistical calculations show essentially similar changes in animal: - Fentanyl as well as sulfentanil changes only the dominant frequency in the theta-bands. - The percentage value increases only in the sigma-band, doesn't change in the alpha- and beta1-band and decreases in the theta-band, beta2--and beta3-band. - The power of sigma rises by a potency of ten in both substances; the change in the other frequencies shows similar sizes. Fentanyl and sulfentanil do not coure differences in the EEG.", "contents": "[An electroencephalographic comparison of fentanyl and sulfentanil (author's transl)]. Equipotent analgesic doses of sulfentanil and fentanyl showed similar effects in 281 cases of clinical neuroleptanalgesia. In rabbits equimolecular doses of sulfentanil induced a deeper narcotic effect (burst suppression) than fentanyl. This supports the thesis of a coincidental increase of analgesic potency and narcotic effect in agonistic opioids. In equipotent doses the conventional EEG and the amplitude-frequency-spectra are equal. Quantificated analyses and statistical calculations show essentially similar changes in animal: - Fentanyl as well as sulfentanil changes only the dominant frequency in the theta-bands. - The percentage value increases only in the sigma-band, doesn't change in the alpha- and beta1-band and decreases in the theta-band, beta2--and beta3-band. - The power of sigma rises by a potency of ten in both substances; the change in the other frequencies shows similar sizes. Fentanyl and sulfentanil do not coure differences in the EEG."}
{"id": "PMID:889068", "title": "[The influence of neuroleptanalgesia on blood volume and circulatory pressures (author's transl)].", "content": "Studies of blood volume (Evans blue), haematocrit, arterial blood and central venous pressure (CVP) were performed in 37 patients aged 61 to 80 years, 15 h (time I) and 15 min (time II) before, and 20 min after (time III) induction of neuroleptanalgesia (NLA) with fentanyl 0.004 mg and droperidol 0.2 mg per kg body weight. The patients underwent total hip arthroplasty for degenerative joint disease. 11 male and 11 female patients had no other medical disorders (\"normal\" group). 6 had considerable obesity and 9 had hypertension. The mean blood volume was lower in the female patients in comparison with the male patients and lower in the obese and hypertensive patients in comparison with the \"normal\" subjects. Between time I and II there was little decrease of blood and plasma volume and increase of haematocrit in the \"normal\" group. In the hypertensive patients the reverse was true. During this time the mean blood pressure decreased in the hypertensive patients only. CVP remained unchanged in each group. Between time II and III blood pressure and CVP decreased in all groups studied. A haemodilutional effect of NLA expressed by significant decrease of haematocrit and increase of blood and plasma volume was observed in each group. After induction of NLA we found a close correlation of CVP, systolic and diastolic blood pressure with blood volume. These observations firmly suggest that NLA expands vascular capacity. Consequently NLA may lead to a marked fall of blood pressure in hypovolaemic patients. This is important, particularly in hypertensive patients who usually have low blood volumes.", "contents": "[The influence of neuroleptanalgesia on blood volume and circulatory pressures (author's transl)]. Studies of blood volume (Evans blue), haematocrit, arterial blood and central venous pressure (CVP) were performed in 37 patients aged 61 to 80 years, 15 h (time I) and 15 min (time II) before, and 20 min after (time III) induction of neuroleptanalgesia (NLA) with fentanyl 0.004 mg and droperidol 0.2 mg per kg body weight. The patients underwent total hip arthroplasty for degenerative joint disease. 11 male and 11 female patients had no other medical disorders (\"normal\" group). 6 had considerable obesity and 9 had hypertension. The mean blood volume was lower in the female patients in comparison with the male patients and lower in the obese and hypertensive patients in comparison with the \"normal\" subjects. Between time I and II there was little decrease of blood and plasma volume and increase of haematocrit in the \"normal\" group. In the hypertensive patients the reverse was true. During this time the mean blood pressure decreased in the hypertensive patients only. CVP remained unchanged in each group. Between time II and III blood pressure and CVP decreased in all groups studied. A haemodilutional effect of NLA expressed by significant decrease of haematocrit and increase of blood and plasma volume was observed in each group. After induction of NLA we found a close correlation of CVP, systolic and diastolic blood pressure with blood volume. These observations firmly suggest that NLA expands vascular capacity. Consequently NLA may lead to a marked fall of blood pressure in hypovolaemic patients. This is important, particularly in hypertensive patients who usually have low blood volumes."}
{"id": "PMID:889069", "title": "[A study on the action of naloxone (author's transl)].", "content": "The action of naloxone was evaluated in two separate investigations. In the first study the action of naloxone, nalorphine and placebo was compared in 5 healthy volunteers using a double-blind, cross-over trial. After the administration of nalorphine changes in psychical state and respiratory depression were observed in all subjects, whereas naloxone caused no changes even after very high doses. It is concluded, that naloxone has no agonism or intrinsic narcotic activity as opposed to nalorphine. In the second investigation, the efficacy of naloxone in antagonising large doses of fentanyl was evaluated in 25 surgical patients. The administration of naloxone caused a significant increase of respiratory rate and minute volume, a decrease of arteriell pCO2 and an increase of pO2. The results obtained confirmed that naloxone has a fast and potent anti-narcotic action.", "contents": "[A study on the action of naloxone (author's transl)]. The action of naloxone was evaluated in two separate investigations. In the first study the action of naloxone, nalorphine and placebo was compared in 5 healthy volunteers using a double-blind, cross-over trial. After the administration of nalorphine changes in psychical state and respiratory depression were observed in all subjects, whereas naloxone caused no changes even after very high doses. It is concluded, that naloxone has no agonism or intrinsic narcotic activity as opposed to nalorphine. In the second investigation, the efficacy of naloxone in antagonising large doses of fentanyl was evaluated in 25 surgical patients. The administration of naloxone caused a significant increase of respiratory rate and minute volume, a decrease of arteriell pCO2 and an increase of pO2. The results obtained confirmed that naloxone has a fast and potent anti-narcotic action."}
{"id": "PMID:889070", "title": "[Horners syndrome. A complication of the lateral recumbent position (author's transl)].", "content": "The appearance of a unilateral Horner's syndrome after an anesthetic in the lateral recumbent position is reported. It was caused by a damage to the sympathetic nerve at the level of Th 1 probably due to the extreme lateral flexion of the cervical vertebral spine. The importance of correct positioning of the head during anesthesia is stressed.", "contents": "[Horners syndrome. A complication of the lateral recumbent position (author's transl)]. The appearance of a unilateral Horner's syndrome after an anesthetic in the lateral recumbent position is reported. It was caused by a damage to the sympathetic nerve at the level of Th 1 probably due to the extreme lateral flexion of the cervical vertebral spine. The importance of correct positioning of the head during anesthesia is stressed."}
{"id": "PMID:889072", "title": "[The oxymeter, a new device for the continuous transcutaneous measurement of the arterial oxygen partial pressure].", "content": "The transcutaneous measurement of the arterial pO2 is a practicable method for routine clinical use. The covering, calibration and fixation of the electrode are simple. In normal circulatory states the correlation between arterial and transcutaneous pO2 is high. The stability of the electrode permits its use even for long term monitoring. Recalibration is necessary at intervals of 12 h. Orientating blood gas analysis for control is nevertheless essential. After a measuring period of 5--6 h a blistering under the electrode is possible. The placement of the electrode has to be changed after 4 h. The continuous measurement opens new possibilities for the therapy, diagnosis and trend analysis.", "contents": "[The oxymeter, a new device for the continuous transcutaneous measurement of the arterial oxygen partial pressure]. The transcutaneous measurement of the arterial pO2 is a practicable method for routine clinical use. The covering, calibration and fixation of the electrode are simple. In normal circulatory states the correlation between arterial and transcutaneous pO2 is high. The stability of the electrode permits its use even for long term monitoring. Recalibration is necessary at intervals of 12 h. Orientating blood gas analysis for control is nevertheless essential. After a measuring period of 5--6 h a blistering under the electrode is possible. The placement of the electrode has to be changed after 4 h. The continuous measurement opens new possibilities for the therapy, diagnosis and trend analysis."}
{"id": "PMID:889073", "title": "[The paedi-circle. A new paediatric anaesthesia system (author's transl)].", "content": "A new anaesthesia system for infants and small children has been designed. The system--consisting of clinically proven - is easy to handle and to be exchanged; the components problem of anaesthesia gas exhausting (filters or central suction system) has been simplified, compared to the previous fresh gas system (Kuhn or Rees).", "contents": "[The paedi-circle. A new paediatric anaesthesia system (author's transl)]. A new anaesthesia system for infants and small children has been designed. The system--consisting of clinically proven - is easy to handle and to be exchanged; the components problem of anaesthesia gas exhausting (filters or central suction system) has been simplified, compared to the previous fresh gas system (Kuhn or Rees)."}
{"id": "PMID:889112", "title": "Volatile metabolites of halothane in the rabbit.", "content": "To date, carbon dioxide is the only volatile metabolite that has been identified to result from the biotransformation of halothane. This study was undertaken to determine whether other volatile metabolites might be formed. Expiratory gas from four rabbits given halothane by inhalation and from three rabbits into which the halothane was injected intraperitoneally was analyzed by gas chromatography. Qualitative analysis of the metabolites was made by injecting 50-70 microliter of the expired halothane condensed in an ultralow-temperature device (-80 C) attached to the mass spectrometer. Gas chromatography revealed two volatile metabolites between the air peak and the halothane peak. They were identified by mass spectra to be CF2:CHCl and CF2CH2Cl. These volatile metabolites appeared immediately after the beginning of anesthesia. The present investigation suggests the possible existence of a previously unknown metabolic pathway of defluorination and debromination occurring in the early stage of halothane biotransformation. These volatile metabolites may be toxic, highly reactive intermediates that undergo further biotransformation.", "contents": "Volatile metabolites of halothane in the rabbit. To date, carbon dioxide is the only volatile metabolite that has been identified to result from the biotransformation of halothane. This study was undertaken to determine whether other volatile metabolites might be formed. Expiratory gas from four rabbits given halothane by inhalation and from three rabbits into which the halothane was injected intraperitoneally was analyzed by gas chromatography. Qualitative analysis of the metabolites was made by injecting 50-70 microliter of the expired halothane condensed in an ultralow-temperature device (-80 C) attached to the mass spectrometer. Gas chromatography revealed two volatile metabolites between the air peak and the halothane peak. They were identified by mass spectra to be CF2:CHCl and CF2CH2Cl. These volatile metabolites appeared immediately after the beginning of anesthesia. The present investigation suggests the possible existence of a previously unknown metabolic pathway of defluorination and debromination occurring in the early stage of halothane biotransformation. These volatile metabolites may be toxic, highly reactive intermediates that undergo further biotransformation."}
{"id": "PMID:889115", "title": "Factors determining dosages of amide-type local anesthetic drugs.", "content": "The physical status of the patient (sex, age, weight, height, and underlying disease) has been thought to influence the dosage of local anesthetic drugs that can be injected without causing a systemic toxic reaction, but this belief is not supported by statistically significant data. Furthermore, previous studies of plasma levels of bupivacaine and mepivacaine showed no correlation between dosage and physical status, even when maximum dosages recommended by pharmaceutical companies were exceeded. This study of 9,287 regional blocks, using the statistical tests of multiple regression and chi square, substantiates that the occurrence of systemic toxic reactions in adults does not correlate with dosages and/or physical status of the patient when 400 mg or less of bupivacaine, 450 mg or less of etidocaine, or 500 mg or less of mepivacaine is used. Therefore, the study questions the maximum dosages established for certain local anesthetic drugs, as well as the method by which such dosages were established.", "contents": "Factors determining dosages of amide-type local anesthetic drugs. The physical status of the patient (sex, age, weight, height, and underlying disease) has been thought to influence the dosage of local anesthetic drugs that can be injected without causing a systemic toxic reaction, but this belief is not supported by statistically significant data. Furthermore, previous studies of plasma levels of bupivacaine and mepivacaine showed no correlation between dosage and physical status, even when maximum dosages recommended by pharmaceutical companies were exceeded. This study of 9,287 regional blocks, using the statistical tests of multiple regression and chi square, substantiates that the occurrence of systemic toxic reactions in adults does not correlate with dosages and/or physical status of the patient when 400 mg or less of bupivacaine, 450 mg or less of etidocaine, or 500 mg or less of mepivacaine is used. Therefore, the study questions the maximum dosages established for certain local anesthetic drugs, as well as the method by which such dosages were established."}
{"id": "PMID:889145", "title": "Experience and progesterone in ring dove incubation.", "content": "Doves were tested for progesterone-induced incubation after they had acquired previous experience with from one to five different phases of their initial breeding cycle. A sixth group had no previous breeding experience. Previous breeding experience inclusive of at least the nestbuilding phase of the cycle is a significant facilitator of incubation behaviour induced by injected progesterone, but previous experience with only the courtship phase was not sufficient. Experience with phases additional to nestbuilding increased overall nest-responsiveness without significantly increasing the number of birds incubating. The nature of a ring dove's previous experience is therefore an important influence in its behavioural response to exogenous progesterone.", "contents": "Experience and progesterone in ring dove incubation. Doves were tested for progesterone-induced incubation after they had acquired previous experience with from one to five different phases of their initial breeding cycle. A sixth group had no previous breeding experience. Previous breeding experience inclusive of at least the nestbuilding phase of the cycle is a significant facilitator of incubation behaviour induced by injected progesterone, but previous experience with only the courtship phase was not sufficient. Experience with phases additional to nestbuilding increased overall nest-responsiveness without significantly increasing the number of birds incubating. The nature of a ring dove's previous experience is therefore an important influence in its behavioural response to exogenous progesterone."}
{"id": "PMID:889146", "title": "Compensatory responses of goat mothers to their impaired young.", "content": "The behaviour of a mother goat towards her young normally compensates for differences between them in their vigour at birth. Weakening the first-born with drugs still does not prevent its getting equal access to the udder, though weakening the second-born may render it so much less vigorous that maternal compensation does fail. When the mother is unable to distinguish her kids by sight or smell, she is unable to modulate her responses to the kids and then the more vigorous kid always establishes priority of access to the bladder. We conjecture that this is what normally occurs under harsh environmental conditions where the mother's milk supply is occasionally inadequate for two kids.", "contents": "Compensatory responses of goat mothers to their impaired young. The behaviour of a mother goat towards her young normally compensates for differences between them in their vigour at birth. Weakening the first-born with drugs still does not prevent its getting equal access to the udder, though weakening the second-born may render it so much less vigorous that maternal compensation does fail. When the mother is unable to distinguish her kids by sight or smell, she is unable to modulate her responses to the kids and then the more vigorous kid always establishes priority of access to the bladder. We conjecture that this is what normally occurs under harsh environmental conditions where the mother's milk supply is occasionally inadequate for two kids."}
{"id": "PMID:889147", "title": "Social subordination and scent-marking in male Mongolian gerbils (Meriones unguiculatus).", "content": "Mongolian gerbil (Meriones unguiculatus) readily attacks an unfamiliar gerbil intruding into its territory. After several attacks, subordinated intruders seldom scent-mark in the occupied area. This inhibition of scent-marking is a response to stimuli associated with the defended territory, since subordinated males mark normally elsewhere. Previous research suggested that olfactory cues were primarily responsible, but data presented here do not support this. Subordinated males scent-marked as often as controls in a neutral arean contaminated with the dominant animals' bedding odours. Moreover, subordinate males seldom scent-marked in an area resembling the defended territory, even though defeat-related odours were absent. Repeated exposure without attack to the visually similar, but clean, test area did not enhance marking in subordinated males.", "contents": "Social subordination and scent-marking in male Mongolian gerbils (Meriones unguiculatus). Mongolian gerbil (Meriones unguiculatus) readily attacks an unfamiliar gerbil intruding into its territory. After several attacks, subordinated intruders seldom scent-mark in the occupied area. This inhibition of scent-marking is a response to stimuli associated with the defended territory, since subordinated males mark normally elsewhere. Previous research suggested that olfactory cues were primarily responsible, but data presented here do not support this. Subordinated males scent-marked as often as controls in a neutral arean contaminated with the dominant animals' bedding odours. Moreover, subordinate males seldom scent-marked in an area resembling the defended territory, even though defeat-related odours were absent. Repeated exposure without attack to the visually similar, but clean, test area did not enhance marking in subordinated males."}
{"id": "PMID:889148", "title": "Relationships between exploratory behaviour and genic heterozygosity in the oldfield mouse.", "content": "Exploratory behaviour by adult male oldfield mice (Peromyscus polionotus) from mainland and beach localities in the southeastern United States was examined in relation to mean genic heterozygosity. Heterozygosity was estimated from allelic variation in 31 proteins detectable by starch-gel electrophoresis. Mean latency to enter the open field decreased and mean ambulatory behaviour gel mainland samples of mice increased with increasing mean genic heterozygosity. Ambulatory behaviour was realted to the number of heterozygous loci per mouse in mainland mice as a group. The exploratory behaviour of beach mice diverged from relationships between behavioural performance and heterozygosity observed for mainland mice.", "contents": "Relationships between exploratory behaviour and genic heterozygosity in the oldfield mouse. Exploratory behaviour by adult male oldfield mice (Peromyscus polionotus) from mainland and beach localities in the southeastern United States was examined in relation to mean genic heterozygosity. Heterozygosity was estimated from allelic variation in 31 proteins detectable by starch-gel electrophoresis. Mean latency to enter the open field decreased and mean ambulatory behaviour gel mainland samples of mice increased with increasing mean genic heterozygosity. Ambulatory behaviour was realted to the number of heterozygous loci per mouse in mainland mice as a group. The exploratory behaviour of beach mice diverged from relationships between behavioural performance and heterozygosity observed for mainland mice."}
{"id": "PMID:889149", "title": "Pheromonal regulation of male mouse ultrasonic courtship (Mus musculus).", "content": "Biochemicals from several sites on the body of female house mice (Mus musculus) were found to elicit 70-kHz ultrasonic calls from male mice. Experiment 1 demonstrated that an anaesthetized female wrapped in an odour-impermeable plastic bag elicited ultrasounds from males when either the front or rear of their body was left exposed. In experiment 2 cotton swabs rubbed on the face and cheeks of females but not from males elicited ultrasonic calls from males. The results of experiment 3 suggested that female vaginal odours also elicit calls. Experiments 4 and 5 demonstrated that males will also emit ultrasounds in response to female but not male urine. The source and chemical nature of this 'ultrasound-releasing pheromone' remain to be discovered.", "contents": "Pheromonal regulation of male mouse ultrasonic courtship (Mus musculus). Biochemicals from several sites on the body of female house mice (Mus musculus) were found to elicit 70-kHz ultrasonic calls from male mice. Experiment 1 demonstrated that an anaesthetized female wrapped in an odour-impermeable plastic bag elicited ultrasounds from males when either the front or rear of their body was left exposed. In experiment 2 cotton swabs rubbed on the face and cheeks of females but not from males elicited ultrasonic calls from males. The results of experiment 3 suggested that female vaginal odours also elicit calls. Experiments 4 and 5 demonstrated that males will also emit ultrasounds in response to female but not male urine. The source and chemical nature of this 'ultrasound-releasing pheromone' remain to be discovered."}
{"id": "PMID:889150", "title": "On the analysis of rates of behaviour.", "content": "Formulas are developed for calculating the expected frequency of behaviour and of social interactions in each age-sex category or other class, particularly when the study population changes composition during the study, given the null hypothesis either of constant but unknown rates of behaviour that are independent of class, or of class-specific rates per individual.", "contents": "On the analysis of rates of behaviour. Formulas are developed for calculating the expected frequency of behaviour and of social interactions in each age-sex category or other class, particularly when the study population changes composition during the study, given the null hypothesis either of constant but unknown rates of behaviour that are independent of class, or of class-specific rates per individual."}
{"id": "PMID:889151", "title": "A re-evaluation of song development in the song sparrow.", "content": "Song sparrows were hand-reared from the egg in auditory isolation from adult conspecifics and maintained either together with other species or individually in sound chambers. Songs developed by the males contained several normal species-specific characteristics, but on the whole differed both qualitatively and quantitatively and were therefore readily distinguished from wild-type songs. The data are largely consistent with those of Mulligan (1966), but the normal aspects of song development have been over-emphasized in recent literature.", "contents": "A re-evaluation of song development in the song sparrow. Song sparrows were hand-reared from the egg in auditory isolation from adult conspecifics and maintained either together with other species or individually in sound chambers. Songs developed by the males contained several normal species-specific characteristics, but on the whole differed both qualitatively and quantitatively and were therefore readily distinguished from wild-type songs. The data are largely consistent with those of Mulligan (1966), but the normal aspects of song development have been over-emphasized in recent literature."}
{"id": "PMID:889152", "title": "Dominance in a human adolescent group.", "content": "Primatological concepts and methods are applied to a 5-week, naturalistic observational study of six 13-year-old boys in a summer camp. The purpose is to illustrate similarities between a human adolescent group and other primate groups in the establishment and stability of a dominance hierarchy, indices and frequencies of dominance interactions, and characteristics of dominance relations. A hierarchy was evident after 3 days of camp and remained operative throughout the 5 weeks, becoming more stable over time. The dominance rank-order was significantly related to athletic ability, leadership, and bed position but not to trail position, popularity, body surface area, and physical maturity. The possible social effects of the dominance hierarchy are also discussed.", "contents": "Dominance in a human adolescent group. Primatological concepts and methods are applied to a 5-week, naturalistic observational study of six 13-year-old boys in a summer camp. The purpose is to illustrate similarities between a human adolescent group and other primate groups in the establishment and stability of a dominance hierarchy, indices and frequencies of dominance interactions, and characteristics of dominance relations. A hierarchy was evident after 3 days of camp and remained operative throughout the 5 weeks, becoming more stable over time. The dominance rank-order was significantly related to athletic ability, leadership, and bed position but not to trail position, popularity, body surface area, and physical maturity. The possible social effects of the dominance hierarchy are also discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:889153", "title": "Testosterone and persistence in mice.", "content": "In view of previous studies showing that testosterone increases persistence of food searching in chicks, a single factorially-designed experiment was carried out to investigate whether a similar phenomenon occurs in male mice. Using a runway test, it was found that testosterone, injected into castrated mice, did increase persistence. It was also shown that intact males resembled more the testosterone-injected than control-injected castrates, and that females resembled neither intact males nor either group of castrates. A larger number of training trials was found to affect feeding latencies in a similar way to testosterone. Comparison of two strains differing in emotional reactivity (BALB/c and Porton) showed differences consistent with their reactivity levels.", "contents": "Testosterone and persistence in mice. In view of previous studies showing that testosterone increases persistence of food searching in chicks, a single factorially-designed experiment was carried out to investigate whether a similar phenomenon occurs in male mice. Using a runway test, it was found that testosterone, injected into castrated mice, did increase persistence. It was also shown that intact males resembled more the testosterone-injected than control-injected castrates, and that females resembled neither intact males nor either group of castrates. A larger number of training trials was found to affect feeding latencies in a similar way to testosterone. Comparison of two strains differing in emotional reactivity (BALB/c and Porton) showed differences consistent with their reactivity levels."}
{"id": "PMID:889154", "title": "Intradermal administration of bivalent and monovalent influenza vaccines.", "content": "Intradermal (ID) administration of 0.1 ml of a bivalent influenza vaccine containing 40 CCA units each of influenza A/New Jersey (Hswine 1N1) and A/Victoria (H3N2) virus antigens and of a monovalent vaccine containing 100 CCA units of influenza B/Hong Kong virus to 70 adult volunteers produced no serious reactions and only 7% bothersome side effects. Excluding persons with high (1:64 or greater) initial antibody titers, then 90% and 85% of persons had fourfold or greater rises in HAI antibodies to A/New Jersey and B/Hong Kong antigens, whereas 53% had rises to A/Victoria. The authors feel the ID route deserves further consideration for giving killed influenza vaccines to adults. However, an influenza virus type that was prevalent for many years may fail to give sufficient rise in HAI to consider the patient protected.", "contents": "Intradermal administration of bivalent and monovalent influenza vaccines. Intradermal (ID) administration of 0.1 ml of a bivalent influenza vaccine containing 40 CCA units each of influenza A/New Jersey (Hswine 1N1) and A/Victoria (H3N2) virus antigens and of a monovalent vaccine containing 100 CCA units of influenza B/Hong Kong virus to 70 adult volunteers produced no serious reactions and only 7% bothersome side effects. Excluding persons with high (1:64 or greater) initial antibody titers, then 90% and 85% of persons had fourfold or greater rises in HAI antibodies to A/New Jersey and B/Hong Kong antigens, whereas 53% had rises to A/Victoria. The authors feel the ID route deserves further consideration for giving killed influenza vaccines to adults. However, an influenza virus type that was prevalent for many years may fail to give sufficient rise in HAI to consider the patient protected."}
{"id": "PMID:889155", "title": "Transfer factor for the practicing allergist-immunologist.", "content": "As continuing research elucidates the underlying mechanisms of immunological disease at the cellular level the need for the clinical allergist-immunologist to have available tools for the manipulation of cellular mechanics in the form of immunosuppression and immunostimulation becomes more apparent. An immunostimulant of perhaps wide application in the future is transfer factor derived from human lymphocytes. This presentation outlines in general the characteristics of transfer factor and a detailed method of production of transfer factor in a crude form is described. The procedure does not require specialized equipment and is simple enough so that interested clinical allergist-immunologists can produce transfer factor in their own laboratories and thus augment their armamentarium with an immunostimulant agent for use in selected cases.", "contents": "Transfer factor for the practicing allergist-immunologist. As continuing research elucidates the underlying mechanisms of immunological disease at the cellular level the need for the clinical allergist-immunologist to have available tools for the manipulation of cellular mechanics in the form of immunosuppression and immunostimulation becomes more apparent. An immunostimulant of perhaps wide application in the future is transfer factor derived from human lymphocytes. This presentation outlines in general the characteristics of transfer factor and a detailed method of production of transfer factor in a crude form is described. The procedure does not require specialized equipment and is simple enough so that interested clinical allergist-immunologists can produce transfer factor in their own laboratories and thus augment their armamentarium with an immunostimulant agent for use in selected cases."}
{"id": "PMID:889156", "title": "The use of beclomethasone diproprionate inhaler complicated by the development of an eosinophilic pneumonia reaction.", "content": "As an insoluble steroid aerosol, beclomethasone diproprionate was recently made available in the United States. Only minor complications have been reported previously. A more serious development of adrenal insufficiency may occur upon the improper replacement of systemic steroids. We report on a patient who developed the clinical findings of pulmonary eosinophilia. The possible mechanisms for this complication in out patient are discussed. While a lower systemic steroid dosage may have been the provoking factor, we feel that an adverse reaction to oleic acid, a dispersing agent in the aerosol freon vehicle, is a strong possibility.", "contents": "The use of beclomethasone diproprionate inhaler complicated by the development of an eosinophilic pneumonia reaction. As an insoluble steroid aerosol, beclomethasone diproprionate was recently made available in the United States. Only minor complications have been reported previously. A more serious development of adrenal insufficiency may occur upon the improper replacement of systemic steroids. We report on a patient who developed the clinical findings of pulmonary eosinophilia. The possible mechanisms for this complication in out patient are discussed. While a lower systemic steroid dosage may have been the provoking factor, we feel that an adverse reaction to oleic acid, a dispersing agent in the aerosol freon vehicle, is a strong possibility."}
{"id": "PMID:889159", "title": "Immunoglobulin changes in SLE.", "content": "In 39 patients serum total protein and albumin concentrations were stable throughout the course of systemic Lupus Erythematosus. While IgG concentrations were increased at diagnosis and returned to normal during follow-up, IgM concentrations followed the reverse pattern. IgA dynamics differed from IgG and IgM. IgA was normal at diagnosis and its concentrations rose throughout the disease.", "contents": "Immunoglobulin changes in SLE. In 39 patients serum total protein and albumin concentrations were stable throughout the course of systemic Lupus Erythematosus. While IgG concentrations were increased at diagnosis and returned to normal during follow-up, IgM concentrations followed the reverse pattern. IgA dynamics differed from IgG and IgM. IgA was normal at diagnosis and its concentrations rose throughout the disease."}
{"id": "PMID:889168", "title": "Relationship between acute respiratory illness and air pollution levels in an industrial city.", "content": "A retrospective study relating air pollution levels to hospital admissions for acute exacerbations among adults with chronic respiratory illness and children with acute respiratory disease was carried out in a highly industralized Canadian city. A total of 1,780 patient records were collated, and daily, weekly, and monthly hospital admission rates were related to a standard air pollution index that took into account floating particles and sulfur dioxide. A correlation coefficient of 0.77 (P less than 0.01) between number of admissions and level of air pollution was found for the city as a whole, and the strength of the association varied inversely with the distance of the hospital from the industrial area.", "contents": "Relationship between acute respiratory illness and air pollution levels in an industrial city. A retrospective study relating air pollution levels to hospital admissions for acute exacerbations among adults with chronic respiratory illness and children with acute respiratory disease was carried out in a highly industralized Canadian city. A total of 1,780 patient records were collated, and daily, weekly, and monthly hospital admission rates were related to a standard air pollution index that took into account floating particles and sulfur dioxide. A correlation coefficient of 0.77 (P less than 0.01) between number of admissions and level of air pollution was found for the city as a whole, and the strength of the association varied inversely with the distance of the hospital from the industrial area."}
{"id": "PMID:889170", "title": "Arterial oxygenation differences with carbon dioxide-induced versus voluntary increases in minute ventilation in chronic airway obstruction.", "content": "Two groups of patients with similar degrees of chronic airway obstruction exhibited different degrees of increased arterial oxygenation with CO2-induced hyperpnea versus voluntary increases in ventilation matched for ventilatory pattern. Patients who failed to increase arterial PO2 as much with voluntary hyperventilation as with CO2 challenge also had a lower dynamic compliance with the voluntary maneuver, whereas those with similar increases in arterial PO2 had similar dynamic compliances during the 2 periods of increased minute ventilation. The differences between the 2 groups are believed to be related to different effects of hypocapnia on collateral ventilation.", "contents": "Arterial oxygenation differences with carbon dioxide-induced versus voluntary increases in minute ventilation in chronic airway obstruction. Two groups of patients with similar degrees of chronic airway obstruction exhibited different degrees of increased arterial oxygenation with CO2-induced hyperpnea versus voluntary increases in ventilation matched for ventilatory pattern. Patients who failed to increase arterial PO2 as much with voluntary hyperventilation as with CO2 challenge also had a lower dynamic compliance with the voluntary maneuver, whereas those with similar increases in arterial PO2 had similar dynamic compliances during the 2 periods of increased minute ventilation. The differences between the 2 groups are believed to be related to different effects of hypocapnia on collateral ventilation."}
{"id": "PMID:889172", "title": "Regional lung function in pleural effusion.", "content": "In 6 seated subjects with small unilateral pleural effusion without other radiographic abnormality, we measured regional lung function using xenon-133, comparing the function of the lung on the side with the effusion to the function on the contralateral side. When both lungs were equilibrated with Xe, count rates were lower at the base with the effusion, indicating either collapse or displacement of lung in these regions. Regional lung expansion was measured as fractions of regional total lung capacity: regional functional residual capacity/regional total lung capacity and regional residual volume/regional total lung capacity. The distribution of boluses inhaled slowly from residual volume was also measured, In all subjects the results were the same on the side with the effusion as on the other side. These findings were compatible with effective static pleural pressure being the same on both sides and suggest that the reduction in count rate at the base with effusion was due to displacement rather than compression of lung. We also measured regional washout half-times during dynamic breathing and found them prolonged in regions underlying effusion, indicating that dynamic ventilation of these areas was reduced. We postulated that the dynamic pressure swings applied to these regions were decreased by the effusions.", "contents": "Regional lung function in pleural effusion. In 6 seated subjects with small unilateral pleural effusion without other radiographic abnormality, we measured regional lung function using xenon-133, comparing the function of the lung on the side with the effusion to the function on the contralateral side. When both lungs were equilibrated with Xe, count rates were lower at the base with the effusion, indicating either collapse or displacement of lung in these regions. Regional lung expansion was measured as fractions of regional total lung capacity: regional functional residual capacity/regional total lung capacity and regional residual volume/regional total lung capacity. The distribution of boluses inhaled slowly from residual volume was also measured, In all subjects the results were the same on the side with the effusion as on the other side. These findings were compatible with effective static pleural pressure being the same on both sides and suggest that the reduction in count rate at the base with effusion was due to displacement rather than compression of lung. We also measured regional washout half-times during dynamic breathing and found them prolonged in regions underlying effusion, indicating that dynamic ventilation of these areas was reduced. We postulated that the dynamic pressure swings applied to these regions were decreased by the effusions."}
{"id": "PMID:889173", "title": "Spirometric lung function tests in normal men and African ethnic origin.", "content": "Measurements of forced vital capacity, forced expiratory volume in 1 sec; and peak expiratory flow were carried out in 623 normal Northern Sudanese, Soutehrn Sudanese, and Tanzanian men 17 of 70 years of age. The widely used prediction formular of these parameters for American, British, and Swedish subjects gave significantly higher values than the observed values in this study. From the results in Northern Sudanese subjects, prediction formulas and nomograms were constructed. They were found to provide accurate predictions for subjects from Southern Sudan and Tanzania. It is therefore confirmed that racial variations in the values of these parameters occur. The present prediction formulas and nomograms are recommended for subjects who are of African ethnic origin.", "contents": "Spirometric lung function tests in normal men and African ethnic origin. Measurements of forced vital capacity, forced expiratory volume in 1 sec; and peak expiratory flow were carried out in 623 normal Northern Sudanese, Soutehrn Sudanese, and Tanzanian men 17 of 70 years of age. The widely used prediction formular of these parameters for American, British, and Swedish subjects gave significantly higher values than the observed values in this study. From the results in Northern Sudanese subjects, prediction formulas and nomograms were constructed. They were found to provide accurate predictions for subjects from Southern Sudan and Tanzania. It is therefore confirmed that racial variations in the values of these parameters occur. The present prediction formulas and nomograms are recommended for subjects who are of African ethnic origin."}
{"id": "PMID:889174", "title": "Diagnostic lavage and occult pulmonary hemorrhage in thrombocytopenic immunocompromised patients.", "content": "Twenty consecutive thrombocytopenic immunocompromised patients with pulmonary infiltrates underwent diagnostic bronchopulmonary lavage. Nine patients were found to have occult pulmonary hemorrhage as evidenced by increased stainable hemosiderin within alveolar macrophages. Other diagnoses established included Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in 2 patients and metastatic carcinoma in 1. No hemorrhage was precipitated by the procedure, even in 7 patients whose platelet counts were less than or equal to 20,000 per mm3. We concluded that bronchopulmonary lavage is a safe and effective diagnostic procedure in thrombocytopenic immunocompromised patients and that occult pulmonary hemorrhage is a common cause of diffuse pulmonary infiltrates in such patients.", "contents": "Diagnostic lavage and occult pulmonary hemorrhage in thrombocytopenic immunocompromised patients. Twenty consecutive thrombocytopenic immunocompromised patients with pulmonary infiltrates underwent diagnostic bronchopulmonary lavage. Nine patients were found to have occult pulmonary hemorrhage as evidenced by increased stainable hemosiderin within alveolar macrophages. Other diagnoses established included Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in 2 patients and metastatic carcinoma in 1. No hemorrhage was precipitated by the procedure, even in 7 patients whose platelet counts were less than or equal to 20,000 per mm3. We concluded that bronchopulmonary lavage is a safe and effective diagnostic procedure in thrombocytopenic immunocompromised patients and that occult pulmonary hemorrhage is a common cause of diffuse pulmonary infiltrates in such patients."}
{"id": "PMID:889175", "title": "Lung function in infants and young children: functional residual capacity, tidal volume, and respiratory rats.", "content": "Functional residual capacity was measured by the closed-circuit, helium-equilibration method in 121 normal children 3 months to 6 years of age. Prediction equations for functional residual capacity for normal children of this age range are presented for the first time. This study demonstrates that some aspects of lung functiok can be studied relatively conveniently in young children.", "contents": "Lung function in infants and young children: functional residual capacity, tidal volume, and respiratory rats. Functional residual capacity was measured by the closed-circuit, helium-equilibration method in 121 normal children 3 months to 6 years of age. Prediction equations for functional residual capacity for normal children of this age range are presented for the first time. This study demonstrates that some aspects of lung functiok can be studied relatively conveniently in young children."}
{"id": "PMID:889176", "title": "Acute effects of an aerosol hair spray on tracheal mucociliary transport.", "content": "The acute effects of a commercially available aerosol hair spray preparation and a Freon propellant on various pulmonary function tests and tracheal mucociliary transport were studied in 12 normal nonsmokers. Tracheal mucous velocity was estimated by a roentgenographic method. In 7 subjects exposed to hair spray by directing the aerosol to the hair for 20 sec, no significant changes occurred in any of the various pulmonary function parameters, whereas mean tracheal mucous velocity decreased by 57 per cent (P less than 0.001) 1 hour after exposure. This effect was transient and could no longer be demonstrated after 3 hours. No significant changes in tracheal mucous velocity or pulmonary function tests were observed in the 5 control subjects exposed to the Freon propellant alone. These observations suggest that acute exposure to aerosol hair spray produces a transient impairment of a pulmonary defense mechanism, and that measurements of mucociliary transport is a more sensitive indicator of this type of airway irritation than conventional pulmonary function tests.", "contents": "Acute effects of an aerosol hair spray on tracheal mucociliary transport. The acute effects of a commercially available aerosol hair spray preparation and a Freon propellant on various pulmonary function tests and tracheal mucociliary transport were studied in 12 normal nonsmokers. Tracheal mucous velocity was estimated by a roentgenographic method. In 7 subjects exposed to hair spray by directing the aerosol to the hair for 20 sec, no significant changes occurred in any of the various pulmonary function parameters, whereas mean tracheal mucous velocity decreased by 57 per cent (P less than 0.001) 1 hour after exposure. This effect was transient and could no longer be demonstrated after 3 hours. No significant changes in tracheal mucous velocity or pulmonary function tests were observed in the 5 control subjects exposed to the Freon propellant alone. These observations suggest that acute exposure to aerosol hair spray produces a transient impairment of a pulmonary defense mechanism, and that measurements of mucociliary transport is a more sensitive indicator of this type of airway irritation than conventional pulmonary function tests."}
{"id": "PMID:889178", "title": "Serum creatine phosphokinase activity in asthma.", "content": "Serum creatine phosphokinase activity was measured in 2 groups of asthmatics. The first group consisted of 12 asthmatics followed as outpatients for periods of up to 16 months. Serum creatine phosphokinase activity increased in 8 patients and correlated with the severity of subjective symptoms and objective measurement of airway obstruction, as represented by the forced expiratory volume in 1 second. In the second group, consisting of 5 asthmatic patients studied during hospitalization for acute exacerbations of asthma, serum creatine phosphokinase activity was increased on admission in all the patients and decreased as symptoms and airway obstruction improved and alveolar ventilation decreased. Analysis of creatine phosphokinase isoenzymes showed the increase in every instance to be due entirely to skeletal muscle isoenzyme. The results of additional laboratory tests and further evaluation suggested that the increased serum creatine phosphokinase activity was not derived from the myocardium and was not related to parenteral therapy, specific drugs, hyperthermia, or hyperkalemia. The increase in serum creatine phosphokinase during exacerbations of asthma is probably derived from respiratory muscles, owing to the increased work of breathing.", "contents": "Serum creatine phosphokinase activity in asthma. Serum creatine phosphokinase activity was measured in 2 groups of asthmatics. The first group consisted of 12 asthmatics followed as outpatients for periods of up to 16 months. Serum creatine phosphokinase activity increased in 8 patients and correlated with the severity of subjective symptoms and objective measurement of airway obstruction, as represented by the forced expiratory volume in 1 second. In the second group, consisting of 5 asthmatic patients studied during hospitalization for acute exacerbations of asthma, serum creatine phosphokinase activity was increased on admission in all the patients and decreased as symptoms and airway obstruction improved and alveolar ventilation decreased. Analysis of creatine phosphokinase isoenzymes showed the increase in every instance to be due entirely to skeletal muscle isoenzyme. The results of additional laboratory tests and further evaluation suggested that the increased serum creatine phosphokinase activity was not derived from the myocardium and was not related to parenteral therapy, specific drugs, hyperthermia, or hyperkalemia. The increase in serum creatine phosphokinase during exacerbations of asthma is probably derived from respiratory muscles, owing to the increased work of breathing."}
{"id": "PMID:889179", "title": "Urinary tract cancer and isoniazid.", "content": "A case control study was conducted in Washington County, Md. to assess the possibility that isoniazid might be associated with the production of malignant neoplasms of the urinary tract. One hundred and forty-two cases of bladder cancer and 48 cases of renal cancer were found in the follow-up of a 1963 census population. Each case was matched to two other persons of the same race, sex, and age enumerated in the census. The tuberculosos register for the county was searched to see whether any case or control subject had ever received isoniazid. Two members of the entire study group had a record of isoniazid administration; both were control subjects. No evidence was found to associate isoniazid with cancers of the urinary tract.", "contents": "Urinary tract cancer and isoniazid. A case control study was conducted in Washington County, Md. to assess the possibility that isoniazid might be associated with the production of malignant neoplasms of the urinary tract. One hundred and forty-two cases of bladder cancer and 48 cases of renal cancer were found in the follow-up of a 1963 census population. Each case was matched to two other persons of the same race, sex, and age enumerated in the census. The tuberculosos register for the county was searched to see whether any case or control subject had ever received isoniazid. Two members of the entire study group had a record of isoniazid administration; both were control subjects. No evidence was found to associate isoniazid with cancers of the urinary tract."}
{"id": "PMID:889180", "title": "HL-A and silicosis.", "content": "The search for a link between HL-A antigens and silicosis among 75 patients revealed no significant association. However, we did note a decrease in the frequency of B7; This change could be linked to a greater sensitivity to silicosis among persons who carry this antigen. There was also an increase of B8 among those silicotic patients with tuberculosis, although only a small number of patients were affected.", "contents": "HL-A and silicosis. The search for a link between HL-A antigens and silicosis among 75 patients revealed no significant association. However, we did note a decrease in the frequency of B7; This change could be linked to a greater sensitivity to silicosis among persons who carry this antigen. There was also an increase of B8 among those silicotic patients with tuberculosis, although only a small number of patients were affected."}
{"id": "PMID:889181", "title": "Instability of the carbon dioxide stimulus under the \"mixed venous isocapnic\" conditions advocated for testing the ventilatory response to hypoxia.", "content": "Meaningful and reproducible ventilatory responses to hypoxia cannot be obtained from the mixed venous isocapnic test reported by Rebuck and Campbell if it is not recognized that the CO2 drive increases progressively for at least 6 to 10 min after the PCO2 step.", "contents": "Instability of the carbon dioxide stimulus under the \"mixed venous isocapnic\" conditions advocated for testing the ventilatory response to hypoxia. Meaningful and reproducible ventilatory responses to hypoxia cannot be obtained from the mixed venous isocapnic test reported by Rebuck and Campbell if it is not recognized that the CO2 drive increases progressively for at least 6 to 10 min after the PCO2 step."}
{"id": "PMID:889182", "title": "Colonoscopy in a community hospital.", "content": "Colonoscopy is a valuable diagnostic and therapeutic tool. In the present series, 12 polyps, a villous adenoma, and three new cases of ulcerative colitis were found in symptomatic patients with negative barium enemas. Surgical intervention was avoided in two patients suspected of having carcinoma. This study proves the safety and the value of colonoscopy to the community hospital surgeon. It also affords a better means of evaluating the patient with inflammatory disease, and avoids the genetic effects of repeated x-rays.", "contents": "Colonoscopy in a community hospital. Colonoscopy is a valuable diagnostic and therapeutic tool. In the present series, 12 polyps, a villous adenoma, and three new cases of ulcerative colitis were found in symptomatic patients with negative barium enemas. Surgical intervention was avoided in two patients suspected of having carcinoma. This study proves the safety and the value of colonoscopy to the community hospital surgeon. It also affords a better means of evaluating the patient with inflammatory disease, and avoids the genetic effects of repeated x-rays."}
{"id": "PMID:889183", "title": "Vascular injuries to the extremities.", "content": "The treatment of vascular trauma is a challenging and increasingly successful endeavor. Improvement in patency rates and limb salvage have occurred through advances in diagnostic methods, materials for vessel replacement and techniques of repair. Several principals have evolved. An aggressive diagnostic approach is indicated with early arteriography in all suspicious injuries. Distal blood flow should be established as soon as possible. Associated venous injuries should be repaired if possible. Unstable orthopedic injuries shoud be stabilized conservatively with minimal internal wire fixation of fragments and the use of traction. Fasciotomy should be used in treatment of any injury involving prolonged ischemia of distal tissues.", "contents": "Vascular injuries to the extremities. The treatment of vascular trauma is a challenging and increasingly successful endeavor. Improvement in patency rates and limb salvage have occurred through advances in diagnostic methods, materials for vessel replacement and techniques of repair. Several principals have evolved. An aggressive diagnostic approach is indicated with early arteriography in all suspicious injuries. Distal blood flow should be established as soon as possible. Associated venous injuries should be repaired if possible. Unstable orthopedic injuries shoud be stabilized conservatively with minimal internal wire fixation of fragments and the use of traction. Fasciotomy should be used in treatment of any injury involving prolonged ischemia of distal tissues."}
{"id": "PMID:889184", "title": "Correction of late aortic-bifemoral graft failures.", "content": "Our recent experience in reconstruction of late thrombosis of Dacron aortic-femoral graft is presented along with initial evaluation and treatment. It is suggested that a particular patient population is prone to this complication, and that aggressive restoration of limb flow is essential. This frequently involves ingenious techniques of deep femoral artery reconstruction done concomitantly with various inflow procedures as illustrated.", "contents": "Correction of late aortic-bifemoral graft failures. Our recent experience in reconstruction of late thrombosis of Dacron aortic-femoral graft is presented along with initial evaluation and treatment. It is suggested that a particular patient population is prone to this complication, and that aggressive restoration of limb flow is essential. This frequently involves ingenious techniques of deep femoral artery reconstruction done concomitantly with various inflow procedures as illustrated."}
{"id": "PMID:889185", "title": "Dermoid cysts of the pancreas.", "content": "Pancreatic dermoid cysts are very rare. They are congenital abnormal growths arising from embryonic rests, usually appearing as a nontender abdominal mass. Abdominal pain and backaches are the usual symptoms, with or without signs of gastrointestinal obstruction. However, they may be totally asymptomatic. The treatment is surgical extirpation.", "contents": "Dermoid cysts of the pancreas. Pancreatic dermoid cysts are very rare. They are congenital abnormal growths arising from embryonic rests, usually appearing as a nontender abdominal mass. Abdominal pain and backaches are the usual symptoms, with or without signs of gastrointestinal obstruction. However, they may be totally asymptomatic. The treatment is surgical extirpation."}
{"id": "PMID:889186", "title": "Abdominoperineal resection for carcinoma in the community hospital.", "content": "Stimulated by a report in 1974, we have reviewed all abdominoperineal resections in a Univeristy-affiliated community hospital. From 1964--1973, 67 such procedures were performed. There were 65 adenocarcinomas, one squamous cell cancer, and one carcinoid tumor. Dukes' classification was A-4, B-22, C-39, D-4. Postoperative complications occurred in 55.1% of patients. Late complications occurred in 22% of patients. Five-year follow-up was possible in 34 patients with an overall survival of 50%.", "contents": "Abdominoperineal resection for carcinoma in the community hospital. Stimulated by a report in 1974, we have reviewed all abdominoperineal resections in a Univeristy-affiliated community hospital. From 1964--1973, 67 such procedures were performed. There were 65 adenocarcinomas, one squamous cell cancer, and one carcinoid tumor. Dukes' classification was A-4, B-22, C-39, D-4. Postoperative complications occurred in 55.1% of patients. Late complications occurred in 22% of patients. Five-year follow-up was possible in 34 patients with an overall survival of 50%."}
{"id": "PMID:889187", "title": "Eosinophilic granulomas of the gastrointestinal tract.", "content": "Three patients with eosinophilic infiltration of the stomach and one with eosinophilic granulomatous polyp of the ileum are described. We believe that eosinophilic granulomatous lesions of the gastrointestinal tract comprise a distinct clinical and pathologic entity which should be considered in the differential diagnosis of obstructing or ulcerating lesions.", "contents": "Eosinophilic granulomas of the gastrointestinal tract. Three patients with eosinophilic infiltration of the stomach and one with eosinophilic granulomatous polyp of the ileum are described. We believe that eosinophilic granulomatous lesions of the gastrointestinal tract comprise a distinct clinical and pathologic entity which should be considered in the differential diagnosis of obstructing or ulcerating lesions."}
{"id": "PMID:889188", "title": "One-stage cure of infected pilonidal cysts.", "content": "Twenty-five patients with infected pilonidal cysts were treated by wide incision and drainage with curettage of the cyst lining. Twice-daily peroxide irrigations and permanent hair removal were advocated. General anesthesia was used in all but three patients. These also represented the only recurrences. Two of these had an inadequate initial surgical incision.", "contents": "One-stage cure of infected pilonidal cysts. Twenty-five patients with infected pilonidal cysts were treated by wide incision and drainage with curettage of the cyst lining. Twice-daily peroxide irrigations and permanent hair removal were advocated. General anesthesia was used in all but three patients. These also represented the only recurrences. Two of these had an inadequate initial surgical incision."}
{"id": "PMID:889189", "title": "Clinical experience with autogenous ascitic fluid infusion for cirrhotic ascites.", "content": "Autogenous ascitic fluid infusion was found to be a safe and practical method in dealing with patients suffering advanced liver cirrhosis complicated by massive ascites.", "contents": "Clinical experience with autogenous ascitic fluid infusion for cirrhotic ascites. Autogenous ascitic fluid infusion was found to be a safe and practical method in dealing with patients suffering advanced liver cirrhosis complicated by massive ascites."}
{"id": "PMID:889190", "title": "Spontaneous perforation of bile ducts.", "content": "The rarity of spontaneous perforation of bile ducts in the absence of trauma or previous biliary surgery is apparent by the few reports in the literature. In a review of the available literature, only 23 perforations of the common duct and 10 perforations of the common hepatic duct were found. This report adds two cases--one occurring in the distal common hepatic duct and one in a small superficial hepatic duct radical on the inferior surface of the liver. Choledochal calculi associated with infected bile and increased pressure in the proximal ductal system are the most common etiologic factors in spontaneous perforation of biliary ducts. Free bile or bile stained fluid in the peritoneal cavity with an intact gallbladder should alert the surgeon to the possibility of bile duct perforation. Recognition and proper surgical treatment as outlined are essential for successful management of this rare occurrence.", "contents": "Spontaneous perforation of bile ducts. The rarity of spontaneous perforation of bile ducts in the absence of trauma or previous biliary surgery is apparent by the few reports in the literature. In a review of the available literature, only 23 perforations of the common duct and 10 perforations of the common hepatic duct were found. This report adds two cases--one occurring in the distal common hepatic duct and one in a small superficial hepatic duct radical on the inferior surface of the liver. Choledochal calculi associated with infected bile and increased pressure in the proximal ductal system are the most common etiologic factors in spontaneous perforation of biliary ducts. Free bile or bile stained fluid in the peritoneal cavity with an intact gallbladder should alert the surgeon to the possibility of bile duct perforation. Recognition and proper surgical treatment as outlined are essential for successful management of this rare occurrence."}
{"id": "PMID:889192", "title": "Abdominal aortic aneurysm and horseshoe kidney in a 91-year-old man.", "content": "A 91-year-old man had a symptomatic, enlarging abdominal aortic aneurysm in association with horseshoe kidney. He underwent successful surgical resection. Difficulties, secondary to the inter-relationship of the renal artery supply and the aneurysm, are discussed. This patient is 15 years older than the previously oldest reported patient with these two associated anomalies.", "contents": "Abdominal aortic aneurysm and horseshoe kidney in a 91-year-old man. A 91-year-old man had a symptomatic, enlarging abdominal aortic aneurysm in association with horseshoe kidney. He underwent successful surgical resection. Difficulties, secondary to the inter-relationship of the renal artery supply and the aneurysm, are discussed. This patient is 15 years older than the previously oldest reported patient with these two associated anomalies."}
{"id": "PMID:889194", "title": "Sputum cytology: a valuable addition to the investigation of hypercalcemia.", "content": "In this paper we report two patients with asymptomatic hypercalcemia, one with primary and the other with ectopic hyperparathyroidism, in whom cytologic examination of the sputum led to the diagnosis of carcinoma of the lung despite the presence of normal chest roentgenograms. Sputum cytology is a simple, inexpensive and accurate test which should be included in the diagnostic regimen for hypercalcemia.", "contents": "Sputum cytology: a valuable addition to the investigation of hypercalcemia. In this paper we report two patients with asymptomatic hypercalcemia, one with primary and the other with ectopic hyperparathyroidism, in whom cytologic examination of the sputum led to the diagnosis of carcinoma of the lung despite the presence of normal chest roentgenograms. Sputum cytology is a simple, inexpensive and accurate test which should be included in the diagnostic regimen for hypercalcemia."}
{"id": "PMID:889195", "title": "Antimicrobial therapy of vitamin B6-dependent streptococcal endocarditis.", "content": "Vitamin B6-dependent viridans streptococci were isolated from two patients with microbial endocarditis. Because of their unique requirement for pyridoxal hydrochloride, these organisms did not grow normally in the media usually used in diagnostic laboratories. When tested in supplemented media, both strains were resistant to penicillin G and relatively sensitive to streptomycin. Penicillin-streptomycin synergy was demonstrated in vitro as well as in experimental endocarditis. These laboratory findings confirmed the clinical observations in these two patients that penicillin-streptomycin therapy should be used in vitamin B6-dependent streptococcal endocarditis. Nutritionally varient streptococci may be important pathogens in microbial endocarditis and must be considered in patients with suggestive clinical findings but negative blood cultures.", "contents": "Antimicrobial therapy of vitamin B6-dependent streptococcal endocarditis. Vitamin B6-dependent viridans streptococci were isolated from two patients with microbial endocarditis. Because of their unique requirement for pyridoxal hydrochloride, these organisms did not grow normally in the media usually used in diagnostic laboratories. When tested in supplemented media, both strains were resistant to penicillin G and relatively sensitive to streptomycin. Penicillin-streptomycin synergy was demonstrated in vitro as well as in experimental endocarditis. These laboratory findings confirmed the clinical observations in these two patients that penicillin-streptomycin therapy should be used in vitamin B6-dependent streptococcal endocarditis. Nutritionally varient streptococci may be important pathogens in microbial endocarditis and must be considered in patients with suggestive clinical findings but negative blood cultures."}
{"id": "PMID:889196", "title": "Transient postpartum hypothyroidism: fourteen cases with autoimmune thyroiditis.", "content": "Twenty-five episodes of postpartum primary hypothyroidism were observed in 23 patients without thyroid hormone treatment: three were cases of irreversible hypothyroidism and the others were of transient hypothyroidism. The characteristics of transient postpartum hypothyroidism deduced by serial observations on 14 patients were [1] a high incidence of previous goiter; [2] thyroid enlargement at 1/2 to 4 months postpartum; [3] hypothyroidism at 3 to 5 months postpartum; [4] spontaneous recovery at 5 to 10 months postpartum; [5] high titers of antithyroid microsomal antibodies; and [6] persistence of small goiter. Transient postpartum hyperthyroidism before the occurrence of hypothyroidism and the recurrence of transient postpartum hypothyroidism were observed during two consecutive postpartum periods in two patients. Transient hypothyroidism was also observed in two patients after abortion. Fourteen of the 23 patients first noticed thyroid abnormality after delivery. These changes seem to be induced during the course of autoimmune thyroiditis by the immunologic changes occurring after delivery.", "contents": "Transient postpartum hypothyroidism: fourteen cases with autoimmune thyroiditis. Twenty-five episodes of postpartum primary hypothyroidism were observed in 23 patients without thyroid hormone treatment: three were cases of irreversible hypothyroidism and the others were of transient hypothyroidism. The characteristics of transient postpartum hypothyroidism deduced by serial observations on 14 patients were [1] a high incidence of previous goiter; [2] thyroid enlargement at 1/2 to 4 months postpartum; [3] hypothyroidism at 3 to 5 months postpartum; [4] spontaneous recovery at 5 to 10 months postpartum; [5] high titers of antithyroid microsomal antibodies; and [6] persistence of small goiter. Transient postpartum hyperthyroidism before the occurrence of hypothyroidism and the recurrence of transient postpartum hypothyroidism were observed during two consecutive postpartum periods in two patients. Transient hypothyroidism was also observed in two patients after abortion. Fourteen of the 23 patients first noticed thyroid abnormality after delivery. These changes seem to be induced during the course of autoimmune thyroiditis by the immunologic changes occurring after delivery."}
{"id": "PMID:889197", "title": "Salivary gland neoplasms as a late consequence of head and neck irradiation.", "content": "An increased occurrence of salivary tumors was observed in 1922 patients who received radiation to the tonsils and nasopharynx. Twenty-seven tumors, 19 benign and eight malignant, were found in this group as compared with an expected 0.2 malignant and less than 1 benign tumor. The latent period between the initial radiation treatment and diagnosis ranged from 7 to 32 years. After the first 15 years the incidence (77 cases/10(5) subjects/year) has remained constant and shows no indication of declining. Continued observation for salivary gland tumors is therefore indicated for subjects who received childhood irradiation.", "contents": "Salivary gland neoplasms as a late consequence of head and neck irradiation. An increased occurrence of salivary tumors was observed in 1922 patients who received radiation to the tonsils and nasopharynx. Twenty-seven tumors, 19 benign and eight malignant, were found in this group as compared with an expected 0.2 malignant and less than 1 benign tumor. The latent period between the initial radiation treatment and diagnosis ranged from 7 to 32 years. After the first 15 years the incidence (77 cases/10(5) subjects/year) has remained constant and shows no indication of declining. Continued observation for salivary gland tumors is therefore indicated for subjects who received childhood irradiation."}
{"id": "PMID:889198", "title": "Renin, sodium, and vasodepressor response to saralasin in renovascular and essential hypertension.", "content": "Saralasin (1-sar-8-ala-angiotensin II), a competitive inhibitor of angiotensin II, was administered to 32 patients with renovascular or essential hypertension before (Day 1) and after (Day 2) they were mildly sodium depleted by furosemide (1 mg/kg body weight). A blood pressure lowering effect of saralasin was observed in 16 of 17 patients with renovascular hypertension on Day 2, but in only 10 of the 17 on Day 1. Of the 15 patients with essential hypertension, only the four with high renin levels exhibited a vasodepressor response on Day 2; three responded similarly on Day 1. The Average net sodium loss between the 2 days was greater for patients who responded to the drug on Day 2 (170 meq) than those who did not (129 meq) (P less than 0.05); however, there was no correlation between blood pressure response and either net sodium loss or urinary sodium excretion at the time of testing. Plasma renin activity correlated with saralasin responses (r=-0.74, P less than 0.01). Saralasin testing during a state of modest sodium depletion compares favorably with renin measurements in the detection of renin-mediated hypertension.", "contents": "Renin, sodium, and vasodepressor response to saralasin in renovascular and essential hypertension. Saralasin (1-sar-8-ala-angiotensin II), a competitive inhibitor of angiotensin II, was administered to 32 patients with renovascular or essential hypertension before (Day 1) and after (Day 2) they were mildly sodium depleted by furosemide (1 mg/kg body weight). A blood pressure lowering effect of saralasin was observed in 16 of 17 patients with renovascular hypertension on Day 2, but in only 10 of the 17 on Day 1. Of the 15 patients with essential hypertension, only the four with high renin levels exhibited a vasodepressor response on Day 2; three responded similarly on Day 1. The Average net sodium loss between the 2 days was greater for patients who responded to the drug on Day 2 (170 meq) than those who did not (129 meq) (P less than 0.05); however, there was no correlation between blood pressure response and either net sodium loss or urinary sodium excretion at the time of testing. Plasma renin activity correlated with saralasin responses (r=-0.74, P less than 0.01). Saralasin testing during a state of modest sodium depletion compares favorably with renin measurements in the detection of renin-mediated hypertension."}
{"id": "PMID:889199", "title": "Diuretic therapy and response of essential hypertension to saralasin.", "content": "Thirty-four patients, most with a low-renin \"essential\" hypertension, and seven normal subjects were placed on diuretic therapy for 4 to 5 weeks. In the normal subjects, infusion of a highly specific, competitive angiotensin II analogue (1-sar-8-ala-angiotensin II, saralasin) did not significantly change recumbent blood pressure either before or after diuretic administration. In contrast, the hypertensive patients as a group had a low stimulated plasma renin activity before diuretic therapy and a rise in blood pressure during saralasin infusion. After therapy, the stimulated plasma renin activity was higher and saralasin produced a fall in blood pressure in some patients who were still hypertensive. The results suggest that short-term diuretic therapy, which is thought to act through its natriuretic effects, can convert some patients with essential hypertension, many with a low or a low-normal stimulated plasma renin activity, to individuals whose hypertension is supported by angiotensin II. The fall in blood pressure to saralsin infusion after diuretic therapy was directly proportional to the height to which diuretics elevated the stimulated plasma renin activity.", "contents": "Diuretic therapy and response of essential hypertension to saralasin. Thirty-four patients, most with a low-renin \"essential\" hypertension, and seven normal subjects were placed on diuretic therapy for 4 to 5 weeks. In the normal subjects, infusion of a highly specific, competitive angiotensin II analogue (1-sar-8-ala-angiotensin II, saralasin) did not significantly change recumbent blood pressure either before or after diuretic administration. In contrast, the hypertensive patients as a group had a low stimulated plasma renin activity before diuretic therapy and a rise in blood pressure during saralasin infusion. After therapy, the stimulated plasma renin activity was higher and saralasin produced a fall in blood pressure in some patients who were still hypertensive. The results suggest that short-term diuretic therapy, which is thought to act through its natriuretic effects, can convert some patients with essential hypertension, many with a low or a low-normal stimulated plasma renin activity, to individuals whose hypertension is supported by angiotensin II. The fall in blood pressure to saralsin infusion after diuretic therapy was directly proportional to the height to which diuretics elevated the stimulated plasma renin activity."}
{"id": "PMID:889200", "title": "Cystic fibrosis diagnosed after age 13. Twenty-five teenage and adult patients including three asymptomatic men.", "content": "Cystic fibrosis was diagnosed after age 13 in 25 patients. All had an elevated sweat chloride and either a sibling with cystic fibrosis or typical pulmonary infection or digestive symptoms caused by exocrine pancreatic deficiency. Fourteen had long-standing pulmonary or digestive symptoms. In contrast, four of eight patients whose symptoms began after age 13 presented with biliary cirrhosis. Three male patients were asymptomatic at diagnosis. Opacification of all paranasal sinuses was found in all patients examined radiologically. At diagnosis, pulmonary-function testing showed obstructive changes in 19 patients and sputum cultures showed Pseudomonas aeruginosa in 15 patients. Delayed menarche in five of seven female patients and infertility in the asymptomatic male patient (two of whom were found to have aspermia) could have led to earlier diagnosis. Teenagers and young adults with long-standing pulmonary or digestive symptoms, unexplained cirrhosis, aspermia, or a sibling with cystic fibrosis should be sweat-tested by pilocarpine iontophoresis.", "contents": "Cystic fibrosis diagnosed after age 13. Twenty-five teenage and adult patients including three asymptomatic men. Cystic fibrosis was diagnosed after age 13 in 25 patients. All had an elevated sweat chloride and either a sibling with cystic fibrosis or typical pulmonary infection or digestive symptoms caused by exocrine pancreatic deficiency. Fourteen had long-standing pulmonary or digestive symptoms. In contrast, four of eight patients whose symptoms began after age 13 presented with biliary cirrhosis. Three male patients were asymptomatic at diagnosis. Opacification of all paranasal sinuses was found in all patients examined radiologically. At diagnosis, pulmonary-function testing showed obstructive changes in 19 patients and sputum cultures showed Pseudomonas aeruginosa in 15 patients. Delayed menarche in five of seven female patients and infertility in the asymptomatic male patient (two of whom were found to have aspermia) could have led to earlier diagnosis. Teenagers and young adults with long-standing pulmonary or digestive symptoms, unexplained cirrhosis, aspermia, or a sibling with cystic fibrosis should be sweat-tested by pilocarpine iontophoresis."}
{"id": "PMID:889201", "title": "Sternocostoclavicular hyperostosis: painful swelling of the sternum, clavicles, and upper ribs. Report of two new cases.", "content": "Five patients had persistent, pulling pain in the sternum, clavicles, and upper ribs that was exacerbated by cold and dampness. Clublike, symmetrical enlargement of the clavicles was seen and, in two patients, venous congestion of the upper half of the body. All patients had a constantly elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate. Radiologically there was symmetrical hyperostosis of the sternal and middle portions of the clavicles, synostosis of the sternoclavicular joints, a widened and thickened sternum, and varying degrees of involvement of the upper ribs. X-ray findings did not change over several years. Phlebography showed bilateral subclavian vein occlusion in three patients and unilateral occlusion in one. Biopsies of the clavicles showed a characteristic hyperostotic sclerosis of the spongiosa. The cause of this sternocostoclavicular hyperostosis is unknown, but clinical, radiologic, and histologic findings indicate that it may represent a distinct, hitherto undescribed entity.", "contents": "Sternocostoclavicular hyperostosis: painful swelling of the sternum, clavicles, and upper ribs. Report of two new cases. Five patients had persistent, pulling pain in the sternum, clavicles, and upper ribs that was exacerbated by cold and dampness. Clublike, symmetrical enlargement of the clavicles was seen and, in two patients, venous congestion of the upper half of the body. All patients had a constantly elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate. Radiologically there was symmetrical hyperostosis of the sternal and middle portions of the clavicles, synostosis of the sternoclavicular joints, a widened and thickened sternum, and varying degrees of involvement of the upper ribs. X-ray findings did not change over several years. Phlebography showed bilateral subclavian vein occlusion in three patients and unilateral occlusion in one. Biopsies of the clavicles showed a characteristic hyperostotic sclerosis of the spongiosa. The cause of this sternocostoclavicular hyperostosis is unknown, but clinical, radiologic, and histologic findings indicate that it may represent a distinct, hitherto undescribed entity."}
{"id": "PMID:889205", "title": "Major trends in psychosomatic medicine. The psychiatrist's evolving role in medicine.", "content": "Three developmental lines are identifiable in psychosomatic medicine: (1) psychodynamic investigations, (2) psychophysiologic and psychosocial research, and (3) consultation-liaison psychiatry. Although psychodynamic understanding of medical patients remains important, \"psychogenesis\" is no longer the principal concern of psychosomatic medicine, which has shifted emphasis to a holistic understanding that includes the biologic, psychologic, and social systems of medical and psychiatric patients. Recent investigations along the second line indicate that all medical and psychiatric illnesses can be regarded as \"psychosomatic,\" in that comprehensive understanding and care cannot be achieved without considering the three interrelated systems. Consultation-liaison psychiatry is the practice of this holistic approach in the general hospital. The essential role of the consultation-liaison psychiatrist as a bridge between the biologic and behavioral disciplines may become a major part of the role of the general psychiatrist in the future.", "contents": "Major trends in psychosomatic medicine. The psychiatrist's evolving role in medicine. Three developmental lines are identifiable in psychosomatic medicine: (1) psychodynamic investigations, (2) psychophysiologic and psychosocial research, and (3) consultation-liaison psychiatry. Although psychodynamic understanding of medical patients remains important, \"psychogenesis\" is no longer the principal concern of psychosomatic medicine, which has shifted emphasis to a holistic understanding that includes the biologic, psychologic, and social systems of medical and psychiatric patients. Recent investigations along the second line indicate that all medical and psychiatric illnesses can be regarded as \"psychosomatic,\" in that comprehensive understanding and care cannot be achieved without considering the three interrelated systems. Consultation-liaison psychiatry is the practice of this holistic approach in the general hospital. The essential role of the consultation-liaison psychiatrist as a bridge between the biologic and behavioral disciplines may become a major part of the role of the general psychiatrist in the future."}
{"id": "PMID:889219", "title": "Cystic lesions of the petrous apex: transsphenoid approach.", "content": "The transsphenoid approach to cystic lesions of the petrous tip has been made possible by the advances in techniques for diagnosis. These include polytomography, improved angiography, and computer tomographic (CT) brain scanning. The results of these studies can determine the size, shape, and thickness of the cystic lesion, as well as its exact relationship to the sphenoid sinus. A number of surgical approaches have been used to reach the cystic lesion of the petrous apex. Most notably, these include the middle fossa extradural craniotomy and posterior fossa craniotomy. These surgical techniques allow the cyst to be biopsied but do not establish permanent drainage. The translabyrinthine approach accomplishes wide access to the petrous apex, but cochlear and vestibular functions are sacrificed. The transsphenoid approach to cystic lesions of the petrous apex should be the ideal operation provided that the anterior aspect of the cyst abuts against the posterior wall of the sphenoid sinus. The cyst can be completely evacuated and permanent fistulization established into the sphenoid sinus using a septal mucosal flap and a silicone drainage device. The operation is accomplished without destruction to the inner ear.", "contents": "Cystic lesions of the petrous apex: transsphenoid approach. The transsphenoid approach to cystic lesions of the petrous tip has been made possible by the advances in techniques for diagnosis. These include polytomography, improved angiography, and computer tomographic (CT) brain scanning. The results of these studies can determine the size, shape, and thickness of the cystic lesion, as well as its exact relationship to the sphenoid sinus. A number of surgical approaches have been used to reach the cystic lesion of the petrous apex. Most notably, these include the middle fossa extradural craniotomy and posterior fossa craniotomy. These surgical techniques allow the cyst to be biopsied but do not establish permanent drainage. The translabyrinthine approach accomplishes wide access to the petrous apex, but cochlear and vestibular functions are sacrificed. The transsphenoid approach to cystic lesions of the petrous apex should be the ideal operation provided that the anterior aspect of the cyst abuts against the posterior wall of the sphenoid sinus. The cyst can be completely evacuated and permanent fistulization established into the sphenoid sinus using a septal mucosal flap and a silicone drainage device. The operation is accomplished without destruction to the inner ear."}
{"id": "PMID:889220", "title": "Limitations of computed tomography in the investigation of acoustic neuromas.", "content": "Seventy percent of 80 surgically proven acoustic neuromas were visualized on preoperative computed tomography (CT) scans. Many more tumors were seen on contrast enhanced scans than on unenhanced scans (55 vs 25). No intracanalicular tumors and only one of 15 tumors less than 2 cm in size were visualized on CT scan. Most medium size tumors (2.0-3.0 cm) and all large tumors (greater than 3.0 cm) were visualized on CT scan when optimal technique was used. Positive CT scans often replace more invasive diagnostic studies in the investigation of acoustic neuromas. Negative scans do not rule out tumors as intracanalicular, and small tumors are usually not visualized with current techniques. If there is clinical suspicion of an acoustic neuroma, positive contrast posterior fossa cisternography should be done when the CT scan is negative.", "contents": "Limitations of computed tomography in the investigation of acoustic neuromas. Seventy percent of 80 surgically proven acoustic neuromas were visualized on preoperative computed tomography (CT) scans. Many more tumors were seen on contrast enhanced scans than on unenhanced scans (55 vs 25). No intracanalicular tumors and only one of 15 tumors less than 2 cm in size were visualized on CT scan. Most medium size tumors (2.0-3.0 cm) and all large tumors (greater than 3.0 cm) were visualized on CT scan when optimal technique was used. Positive CT scans often replace more invasive diagnostic studies in the investigation of acoustic neuromas. Negative scans do not rule out tumors as intracanalicular, and small tumors are usually not visualized with current techniques. If there is clinical suspicion of an acoustic neuroma, positive contrast posterior fossa cisternography should be done when the CT scan is negative."}
{"id": "PMID:889222", "title": "Cholesteatoma surgery: residual and recurrent disease. A review of 1,024 cases.", "content": "This is an analysis of 1,024 primary cases of mastoid surgery for cholesteatoma operated upon during a ten-year period at the Otologic Medical Group, Inc. Our philosophy of management of the mastoid in these cases has been as follows: 1) avoid an open mastoid cavity when possible; 2) perform the operation in two stages if necessary; 3) reexplore the mastoid and middle ear for residual cholesteatoma when indicated. One-third of 380 revised cases had residual cholesteatoma, disease left by the surgeon. In 260 cases in which the surgeon felt it unlikely that there was residual disease he found it in 23%. In 4% this residual cholesteatoma was found in the mastoid. The incidence of residual cholesteatoma was higher in children and in planned, as opposed to unplanned, revisions. Residual cholesteatoma was detected in the middle ear more frequently than in the epitympanum, and in the epitympanum more frequently than the mastoid. Indications for, and timing of, the reexploration are discussed. Recurrent cholesteatoma refers to a retraction pocket and must be differentiated from residual cholesteatoma; the causes, prevention and treatment are different. Recurrent cholesteatoma was detected in 5%. The most common complication of the disease was a labyrinthine fistula (10%). Operative facial nerve damage occurred in one case. The most common postoperative complication was graft failure (3%). Intact canal wall tympanoplasty with mastoidectomy should be performed as a two-stage procedure in most cases when used in the treatment of aural cholesteatoma.", "contents": "Cholesteatoma surgery: residual and recurrent disease. A review of 1,024 cases. This is an analysis of 1,024 primary cases of mastoid surgery for cholesteatoma operated upon during a ten-year period at the Otologic Medical Group, Inc. Our philosophy of management of the mastoid in these cases has been as follows: 1) avoid an open mastoid cavity when possible; 2) perform the operation in two stages if necessary; 3) reexplore the mastoid and middle ear for residual cholesteatoma when indicated. One-third of 380 revised cases had residual cholesteatoma, disease left by the surgeon. In 260 cases in which the surgeon felt it unlikely that there was residual disease he found it in 23%. In 4% this residual cholesteatoma was found in the mastoid. The incidence of residual cholesteatoma was higher in children and in planned, as opposed to unplanned, revisions. Residual cholesteatoma was detected in the middle ear more frequently than in the epitympanum, and in the epitympanum more frequently than the mastoid. Indications for, and timing of, the reexploration are discussed. Recurrent cholesteatoma refers to a retraction pocket and must be differentiated from residual cholesteatoma; the causes, prevention and treatment are different. Recurrent cholesteatoma was detected in 5%. The most common complication of the disease was a labyrinthine fistula (10%). Operative facial nerve damage occurred in one case. The most common postoperative complication was graft failure (3%). Intact canal wall tympanoplasty with mastoidectomy should be performed as a two-stage procedure in most cases when used in the treatment of aural cholesteatoma."}
{"id": "PMID:889223", "title": "Natural history of sudden sensorineural hearing loss.", "content": "This is a prospective in-depth study of patients with sudden idiopathic sensorineural hearing loss. We found that 65% recover completely to functional hearing levels spontaneously and independent of any type of medical treatment. The majority do so within 14 days and many within the first few days. Prognosis can be predicted according to the slope of the initial audiogram (low-frequency losses do better than high-frequency losses), hearing at 8 kHz, erythrocyte sedimentation rates, in some select instances spatial disorientation symptoms, and speech discrimination scores. There was a very poor correlation between hearing and vestibular test abnormalities, except hypoactive calories. There were no correlations with age (excepting the very elderly), with antecedent respiratory infections, hypertension, diabetes, or other chronic diseases. We conclude that there is a fundamental difference in the behavior of apical and basal cochlea losses, that hearing recovery is always better at low than at high frequencies, that because of the high spontaneous recovery rates, tympanotomies seeking peri-lymph fistulas should be delayed ten days unless there is a progressive hearing loss, and that none of the current recommended treatments, especially histamine, have any effect on the outcome.", "contents": "Natural history of sudden sensorineural hearing loss. This is a prospective in-depth study of patients with sudden idiopathic sensorineural hearing loss. We found that 65% recover completely to functional hearing levels spontaneously and independent of any type of medical treatment. The majority do so within 14 days and many within the first few days. Prognosis can be predicted according to the slope of the initial audiogram (low-frequency losses do better than high-frequency losses), hearing at 8 kHz, erythrocyte sedimentation rates, in some select instances spatial disorientation symptoms, and speech discrimination scores. There was a very poor correlation between hearing and vestibular test abnormalities, except hypoactive calories. There were no correlations with age (excepting the very elderly), with antecedent respiratory infections, hypertension, diabetes, or other chronic diseases. We conclude that there is a fundamental difference in the behavior of apical and basal cochlea losses, that hearing recovery is always better at low than at high frequencies, that because of the high spontaneous recovery rates, tympanotomies seeking peri-lymph fistulas should be delayed ten days unless there is a progressive hearing loss, and that none of the current recommended treatments, especially histamine, have any effect on the outcome."}
{"id": "PMID:889224", "title": "Endolymphatic sac obstruction. Biochemical studies.", "content": "Inner ear fluids were studied biochemically in guinea pigs from 1 to 16 weeks after producing endolymphatic hydrops by obstructing the endolymphatic duct. Fluid collected from beneath the footplate showed changes of 50% of the animals indicating distension of the saccule. There was an increase in potassium concentration and decrease in sodium concentration of the collected fluid, indicating a traumatic mixing of endolymph and perilymph produced by rupture of the saccule during collection of the fluid. The smallest changes occurred at one week, and the greatest changes were found four months after endolymphatic sac obstruction. Similar findings were observed in studying inner ear fluids obtained from patients with M\u00e9ni\u00e8re's disease. Cochlear endolymph showed biochemical alterations after endolymphatic duct blockage. There was a two- to three-fold increase in sodium concentration and a decrease in potassium concentration with the total ionic concentration remaining approximately the same. Some guinea pigs showed similar changes in vestibular endolymph. This study indicates that in the guinea pig, endolymph obtained in the distended endolymph compartment has a slightly different sodium-potassium ratio as compared to the normal ear. In patients with M\u00e9ni\u00e8re's disease there may also be an elevation of endolymph sodium concentration. The significance of this change and hearing loss observed in experimental endolymphatic hydrops and M\u00e9ni\u00e8re's disease is open to speculation at the present time.", "contents": "Endolymphatic sac obstruction. Biochemical studies. Inner ear fluids were studied biochemically in guinea pigs from 1 to 16 weeks after producing endolymphatic hydrops by obstructing the endolymphatic duct. Fluid collected from beneath the footplate showed changes of 50% of the animals indicating distension of the saccule. There was an increase in potassium concentration and decrease in sodium concentration of the collected fluid, indicating a traumatic mixing of endolymph and perilymph produced by rupture of the saccule during collection of the fluid. The smallest changes occurred at one week, and the greatest changes were found four months after endolymphatic sac obstruction. Similar findings were observed in studying inner ear fluids obtained from patients with M\u00e9ni\u00e8re's disease. Cochlear endolymph showed biochemical alterations after endolymphatic duct blockage. There was a two- to three-fold increase in sodium concentration and a decrease in potassium concentration with the total ionic concentration remaining approximately the same. Some guinea pigs showed similar changes in vestibular endolymph. This study indicates that in the guinea pig, endolymph obtained in the distended endolymph compartment has a slightly different sodium-potassium ratio as compared to the normal ear. In patients with M\u00e9ni\u00e8re's disease there may also be an elevation of endolymph sodium concentration. The significance of this change and hearing loss observed in experimental endolymphatic hydrops and M\u00e9ni\u00e8re's disease is open to speculation at the present time."}
{"id": "PMID:889225", "title": "Electron microscopic observations in a case of long-standing profound sensorineural deafness.", "content": "The ultrastructural pathology in an ear with long-standing profound deafness is presented. Endolymphatic hydrops was present, although there had been no vestibular symptoms. Although hair cells were absent, the intercellular junctional complex at the endolymphatic surface of the organ of Corti was maintained, suggesting \"healing\" by migration or proliferation of supporting cells to fill the empty spaces. Severe atrophy of the stria vascularis was present, and crystalline deposits were found within the strial remnant. An encapsulated tectorial membrane was interpreted in light of ultrastructural findings as either herniation of the fibrillar connective tissue of the spiral limbus into the scala media or alternatively demonstrating abnormal continuity between the connective tissue of the spiral limbus and the remnant of tectorial membrane. Neural degeneration was severe in all cochlear turns. However, more nerve fibers were seen in the proximal portion of Rosenthal's canal than at the habenula perforata or in the organ of Corti, and central processes from the ganglion area were more numerous than peripheral processes. The ganglion cell population was reduced to approximately 10% of normal, and only unmyelinated cell bodies were found. Few recognizable neural fibers were seen within the organ of Corti, although bizarre collections of apparent cellular debris and cell processes containing many mitochondria or vesicles were seen in regions normally containing neural fibers.", "contents": "Electron microscopic observations in a case of long-standing profound sensorineural deafness. The ultrastructural pathology in an ear with long-standing profound deafness is presented. Endolymphatic hydrops was present, although there had been no vestibular symptoms. Although hair cells were absent, the intercellular junctional complex at the endolymphatic surface of the organ of Corti was maintained, suggesting \"healing\" by migration or proliferation of supporting cells to fill the empty spaces. Severe atrophy of the stria vascularis was present, and crystalline deposits were found within the strial remnant. An encapsulated tectorial membrane was interpreted in light of ultrastructural findings as either herniation of the fibrillar connective tissue of the spiral limbus into the scala media or alternatively demonstrating abnormal continuity between the connective tissue of the spiral limbus and the remnant of tectorial membrane. Neural degeneration was severe in all cochlear turns. However, more nerve fibers were seen in the proximal portion of Rosenthal's canal than at the habenula perforata or in the organ of Corti, and central processes from the ganglion area were more numerous than peripheral processes. The ganglion cell population was reduced to approximately 10% of normal, and only unmyelinated cell bodies were found. Few recognizable neural fibers were seen within the organ of Corti, although bizarre collections of apparent cellular debris and cell processes containing many mitochondria or vesicles were seen in regions normally containing neural fibers."}
{"id": "PMID:889231", "title": "[Ultrastructural study of the Dego's disease (report of a new case and literature review) (author's transl)].", "content": "An observation of a new case of Degos' disease in a 42 year old woman presenting a merely cutaneous symptomatology, enabled to perform a detailed ultrastructural study of vascular lesions, nerves, infiltrate and perivascular fibroblasts. The episodic clinical evolution with various formation periods of vascular lesions, the frequency of virus-like inclusions in the endothelial cells and fibroblasts, as well as C3 deposits and the presence of intracytoplasmic cylinders in the histiocytes, suggest a common physiopathologic mechanism with the autoimmune diseases. A bibliographic review accompanies the clinico-pathological study.", "contents": "[Ultrastructural study of the Dego's disease (report of a new case and literature review) (author's transl)]. An observation of a new case of Degos' disease in a 42 year old woman presenting a merely cutaneous symptomatology, enabled to perform a detailed ultrastructural study of vascular lesions, nerves, infiltrate and perivascular fibroblasts. The episodic clinical evolution with various formation periods of vascular lesions, the frequency of virus-like inclusions in the endothelial cells and fibroblasts, as well as C3 deposits and the presence of intracytoplasmic cylinders in the histiocytes, suggest a common physiopathologic mechanism with the autoimmune diseases. A bibliographic review accompanies the clinico-pathological study."}
{"id": "PMID:889226", "title": "Inner ear hemorrhage and endolymphatic hydrops in a leukemic patient with sudden hearing loss.", "content": "Several significant histopathological findings were noted in a case of sudden hearing loss in a patient with chronic lymphocytic leukemia. The major pathological findings were leukemic hemorrhage into both perilymphatic and endolymphatic spaces in the cochlear and vestibular systems, endolymphatic hydrops in the cochlea and sacculus, and a relatively narrowed and straightened vestibular aqueduct and endolymphatic sac. Additional interesting findings include: loss of hair cells in the organ of Corti and vestibular end-organs; destruction of the stria vascularis (possibly the origin of the blood); fibrosis in the perilymphatic spaces in the cochlea and the vestibule, and in the endolymphatic space in the vestibule; and new bone formation in the perilymphatic spaces in the vestibule. The leukemic infiltrate observed in both the cochlea and the vestibule was not considered to be significant. Hemorrhage into the cochlea is thought to be the most reasonable cause of the sudden hearing loss in this case. Also discussed are fibrosis and osteogenesis as a late consequence of hemorrhage, and the coexistence of endolymphatic hydrops with an anomaly of the vestibular aqueduct and endolymphatic sac.", "contents": "Inner ear hemorrhage and endolymphatic hydrops in a leukemic patient with sudden hearing loss. Several significant histopathological findings were noted in a case of sudden hearing loss in a patient with chronic lymphocytic leukemia. The major pathological findings were leukemic hemorrhage into both perilymphatic and endolymphatic spaces in the cochlear and vestibular systems, endolymphatic hydrops in the cochlea and sacculus, and a relatively narrowed and straightened vestibular aqueduct and endolymphatic sac. Additional interesting findings include: loss of hair cells in the organ of Corti and vestibular end-organs; destruction of the stria vascularis (possibly the origin of the blood); fibrosis in the perilymphatic spaces in the cochlea and the vestibule, and in the endolymphatic space in the vestibule; and new bone formation in the perilymphatic spaces in the vestibule. The leukemic infiltrate observed in both the cochlea and the vestibule was not considered to be significant. Hemorrhage into the cochlea is thought to be the most reasonable cause of the sudden hearing loss in this case. Also discussed are fibrosis and osteogenesis as a late consequence of hemorrhage, and the coexistence of endolymphatic hydrops with an anomaly of the vestibular aqueduct and endolymphatic sac."}
{"id": "PMID:889232", "title": "[Interest and justification of general corticosteroid therapy in suppurative tinea (kerion) (author's transl)].", "content": "Persistency, especially in country people, of kerions (Trichophyton of animal origin with pus formation) led the authors to propound the use of general corticosteroid treatment as an original therapy. This concept is emphasized by many concordant features showing the importance of immune alterations in the pathogenesis of kerions. Six cases are reported according to this concept.", "contents": "[Interest and justification of general corticosteroid therapy in suppurative tinea (kerion) (author's transl)]. Persistency, especially in country people, of kerions (Trichophyton of animal origin with pus formation) led the authors to propound the use of general corticosteroid treatment as an original therapy. This concept is emphasized by many concordant features showing the importance of immune alterations in the pathogenesis of kerions. Six cases are reported according to this concept."}
{"id": "PMID:889227", "title": "Sudden deafness with severe loss of cochlear neurons.", "content": "We report our postmortem findings in the temporal bones of a patient who, at the age of 13, after having had a cold, experienced a sudden and profound hearing loss in her right ear. She died of nasopharyngeal carcinoma at 41. The patient's right temporal bone showed a complete loss of cochlear neurons, but the organ of Corti was well-preserved. These findings indicate a primary degeneration of the cochlear nerve. The authors speculated that the possible cause of this sudden deafness was severe neuronitis of the cochlear nerve.", "contents": "Sudden deafness with severe loss of cochlear neurons. We report our postmortem findings in the temporal bones of a patient who, at the age of 13, after having had a cold, experienced a sudden and profound hearing loss in her right ear. She died of nasopharyngeal carcinoma at 41. The patient's right temporal bone showed a complete loss of cochlear neurons, but the organ of Corti was well-preserved. These findings indicate a primary degeneration of the cochlear nerve. The authors speculated that the possible cause of this sudden deafness was severe neuronitis of the cochlear nerve."}
{"id": "PMID:889233", "title": "[Ectodermal anhidrotic dysplasia (author's transl)].", "content": "The E. A. D. is a genodermatosis characterised by absence or important diminuation of sweat glands. The study of 3 children of different families allows us to identify the diagnostic elements: typical facial signs, anhidrosis, rarity of teeth \"buds\", abnormalities of dermatoglyphes. This diagnosis must be established early, to protect the newborn from accidents of overheating caused by perspiration insufficiency. The sweat glands are not affected alone: exocrine glands also, explaining the fragility of the upper respiratory tract in such patients. The teeth abnormalities are important and need replacement by false teeth, carefully done at an early date and continued later on. Genetic investigation is indispensable to discover women who carry the disease, with a high risk of transmission to their children.", "contents": "[Ectodermal anhidrotic dysplasia (author's transl)]. The E. A. D. is a genodermatosis characterised by absence or important diminuation of sweat glands. The study of 3 children of different families allows us to identify the diagnostic elements: typical facial signs, anhidrosis, rarity of teeth \"buds\", abnormalities of dermatoglyphes. This diagnosis must be established early, to protect the newborn from accidents of overheating caused by perspiration insufficiency. The sweat glands are not affected alone: exocrine glands also, explaining the fragility of the upper respiratory tract in such patients. The teeth abnormalities are important and need replacement by false teeth, carefully done at an early date and continued later on. Genetic investigation is indispensable to discover women who carry the disease, with a high risk of transmission to their children."}
{"id": "PMID:889228", "title": "Pathogenesis of Bell's palsy. Retrograde epineurial edema and postedematous fibrous compression neuropathy of the facial nerve.", "content": "The pathogenesis of Bell's palsy is presented as retrograde epineurial compression edema with ischemia of the facial nerve. Although the etiology is unknown, an attractive theory is vasospasm, from any cause, along any facial nerve branch, with the chorda tympani, perhaps, the usual primary involvement. Retrograde vascular distension and edema, within the epineurium of the bony facial canal, compresses the nerve from outside its perineurial sheath. The compression force may be mild or severe, resulting in varying degrees of reversible or irreversible ischemic degeneration of myelin sheaths and axons, with varying degrees of cellular reaction to myelin breakdown. The edema may be resorbed, leaving reversible or irreversible nerve damage, or may stimulate collagen formation within the epineurium, with persisting fibrous compression (entrapment) neuropathy of the facial nerve. This concept is consistent with the varying results of Bell's palsy, and depends on the severity and duration of edema, and whether fibrosis occurs within the epineurium of the facial canal. Epineurial fibrosis also results in disturbance of metabolic exchange through the epineurial-perineurial-endoneurial tissues, and may ultimately result in obliteration of vascular drainage. Two temporal bone cases of Bell's palsy, one occurring ten years before death, with residual paralysis, and one two years before death, with clinical recovery, are added to the previously described four cases in the literature, three of early Bell's palsy, and one of remote palsy with almost complete recovery.", "contents": "Pathogenesis of Bell's palsy. Retrograde epineurial edema and postedematous fibrous compression neuropathy of the facial nerve. The pathogenesis of Bell's palsy is presented as retrograde epineurial compression edema with ischemia of the facial nerve. Although the etiology is unknown, an attractive theory is vasospasm, from any cause, along any facial nerve branch, with the chorda tympani, perhaps, the usual primary involvement. Retrograde vascular distension and edema, within the epineurium of the bony facial canal, compresses the nerve from outside its perineurial sheath. The compression force may be mild or severe, resulting in varying degrees of reversible or irreversible ischemic degeneration of myelin sheaths and axons, with varying degrees of cellular reaction to myelin breakdown. The edema may be resorbed, leaving reversible or irreversible nerve damage, or may stimulate collagen formation within the epineurium, with persisting fibrous compression (entrapment) neuropathy of the facial nerve. This concept is consistent with the varying results of Bell's palsy, and depends on the severity and duration of edema, and whether fibrosis occurs within the epineurium of the facial canal. Epineurial fibrosis also results in disturbance of metabolic exchange through the epineurial-perineurial-endoneurial tissues, and may ultimately result in obliteration of vascular drainage. Two temporal bone cases of Bell's palsy, one occurring ten years before death, with residual paralysis, and one two years before death, with clinical recovery, are added to the previously described four cases in the literature, three of early Bell's palsy, and one of remote palsy with almost complete recovery."}
{"id": "PMID:889234", "title": "[Axial dermatoses (author's transl)].", "content": "In the vast group of linear dermatoses a very particular topographic type can be distinguished, i.e., the axial dermatoses which very electively follow the linear course of Scherington's axial lines. This feature can be found in several dermatoses and particularly in lichen striatus and acantholytic linear naevus. Topographically, the axial dermatoses are quite similar to the pigmentary demarcation lines which also follow the same course. Despite numerous patholgenic unknown facts, the concept of axial dermatoses certainly contributes to a better knowledge of the still obscure linear dermatoses.", "contents": "[Axial dermatoses (author's transl)]. In the vast group of linear dermatoses a very particular topographic type can be distinguished, i.e., the axial dermatoses which very electively follow the linear course of Scherington's axial lines. This feature can be found in several dermatoses and particularly in lichen striatus and acantholytic linear naevus. Topographically, the axial dermatoses are quite similar to the pigmentary demarcation lines which also follow the same course. Despite numerous patholgenic unknown facts, the concept of axial dermatoses certainly contributes to a better knowledge of the still obscure linear dermatoses."}
{"id": "PMID:889235", "title": "[\"Pagetoid reticulosis\" (Woringer and Kolopp disease). A disease of the Merkel cell (author's transl)].", "content": "A case of Woringer and Kolopp disease \"Pagetoid reticulosis\" is described. Clinical features include a ring of a target pattern of erythemato-squamous infiltrated skin lesion. The characteristic histological aspect of dense epidermal infiltrate by abnormal cells with a spared dermis has been observed. Ultrastructural findings include cytoplasmic granules with a found electron dense core and close relationship to neurites, two features of the Merkel cell of human normal epidermis. By comparing our patients with the already reported cases of Woringer and Kolopp disease it seems likely that this is a unique disease with no relationship with cutaneous lymphoma but which is defined by a Merkel cell proliferation.", "contents": "[\"Pagetoid reticulosis\" (Woringer and Kolopp disease). A disease of the Merkel cell (author's transl)]. A case of Woringer and Kolopp disease \"Pagetoid reticulosis\" is described. Clinical features include a ring of a target pattern of erythemato-squamous infiltrated skin lesion. The characteristic histological aspect of dense epidermal infiltrate by abnormal cells with a spared dermis has been observed. Ultrastructural findings include cytoplasmic granules with a found electron dense core and close relationship to neurites, two features of the Merkel cell of human normal epidermis. By comparing our patients with the already reported cases of Woringer and Kolopp disease it seems likely that this is a unique disease with no relationship with cutaneous lymphoma but which is defined by a Merkel cell proliferation."}
{"id": "PMID:889326", "title": "Production of refusal factors by Fusarium strains on grains.", "content": "Corn fermented with strains of Fusarium culmorum NRRL 3288, F. poae NRRL 3287, F. moniliforme NRRL 3197, and F. nivale NRRL 3289 at 28 degrees C for 13 days was refused when fed to 30- to 60-pound (about 13.6- to 27.2-kg) swine. Analyses of the refused corn for trichothecenes (T-2, HT-2, acetyl T-2, fusarenon-X, and vomitoxin) showed that only the corn fermented with F. culmorum contained vomitoxin. None of these five trichothecenes could be detected in the other refused corn.F. culmorum grown on rice at 28 degrees C for 13 days also produced vomitoxin.", "contents": "Production of refusal factors by Fusarium strains on grains. Corn fermented with strains of Fusarium culmorum NRRL 3288, F. poae NRRL 3287, F. moniliforme NRRL 3197, and F. nivale NRRL 3289 at 28 degrees C for 13 days was refused when fed to 30- to 60-pound (about 13.6- to 27.2-kg) swine. Analyses of the refused corn for trichothecenes (T-2, HT-2, acetyl T-2, fusarenon-X, and vomitoxin) showed that only the corn fermented with F. culmorum contained vomitoxin. None of these five trichothecenes could be detected in the other refused corn.F. culmorum grown on rice at 28 degrees C for 13 days also produced vomitoxin."}
{"id": "PMID:889327", "title": "Epoxidation of 1,7-octadiene by Pseudomonas oleovorans: fermentation in the presence of cyclohexane.", "content": "A very efficient conversion of 1,7-octadiene to 7,8-epoxy-1-octene and 1,2-7,8-diepoxyoctane was achieved by incorporating a high concentration of cyclohexane into the conventional fermentation medium. In the presence of cyclohexane, a 90-ml% conversion of substrate to product was accomplished within 72 h, compared with an 18,5-mol% conversion in the absence of cyclohexane. Furthermore, the products were simultaneously separated and concentrated in the organic phase.", "contents": "Epoxidation of 1,7-octadiene by Pseudomonas oleovorans: fermentation in the presence of cyclohexane. A very efficient conversion of 1,7-octadiene to 7,8-epoxy-1-octene and 1,2-7,8-diepoxyoctane was achieved by incorporating a high concentration of cyclohexane into the conventional fermentation medium. In the presence of cyclohexane, a 90-ml% conversion of substrate to product was accomplished within 72 h, compared with an 18,5-mol% conversion in the absence of cyclohexane. Furthermore, the products were simultaneously separated and concentrated in the organic phase."}
{"id": "PMID:889328", "title": "Stereospecific sulfur oxidation of 7-methylthioxanthone-2-carboxylic acid by Calonectria decora.", "content": "Thin-layer chromatography was used to determine the ability of three microorganisms capable of sulfur oxygenation, including Aspergillus niger, Streptomyces armentosus subsp. armentosus, and Calonectria decora, to oxidize 7-methylthioxanthone-2-carboxylic acid to the corresponding sulfoxide in growing cultures. In addition, optical rotary dispersion, circular dichroism, and nuclear magnetic resonance analysis in the presence of chiral shift reagent were used variously to access reaction stereoselectivity, absolute configuration, and optical purity of isolated products. The data indicated that C. decora produced the sulfoxide in high yield (69%) and optical purity (97%), most probably in the S-configuration.", "contents": "Stereospecific sulfur oxidation of 7-methylthioxanthone-2-carboxylic acid by Calonectria decora. Thin-layer chromatography was used to determine the ability of three microorganisms capable of sulfur oxygenation, including Aspergillus niger, Streptomyces armentosus subsp. armentosus, and Calonectria decora, to oxidize 7-methylthioxanthone-2-carboxylic acid to the corresponding sulfoxide in growing cultures. In addition, optical rotary dispersion, circular dichroism, and nuclear magnetic resonance analysis in the presence of chiral shift reagent were used variously to access reaction stereoselectivity, absolute configuration, and optical purity of isolated products. The data indicated that C. decora produced the sulfoxide in high yield (69%) and optical purity (97%), most probably in the S-configuration."}
{"id": "PMID:889329", "title": "Numerical taxonomy and ecology of petroleum-degrading bacteria.", "content": "A total of 99 strains of petroleum-degrading bacteria isolated from Chesapeake Bay water and sediment were identified by using numerical taxonomy procedures. The isolates, together with 33 reference cultures, were examined for 48 biochemical, cultural, morphological, and physiological characters. The data were analyzed by computer, using both the simple matching and the Jaccard coefficients. Clustering was achieved by the unweighted average linkage method. From the sorted similarity matrix and dendrogram, 14 phenetic groups, comprising 85 of the petroleum-degrading bacteria, were defined at the 80 to 85% similarity level. These groups were identified as actinomycetes (mycelial forms, four clusters), coryneforms, Enterobacteriaceae, Klebsiella aerogenes, Micrococcus spp. (two clusters), Nocardia species (two clusters), Pseudomonas spp. (two clusters), and Sphaerotilus natans. It is concluded that the degradation of petroleum is accomplished by a diverse range of bacterial taxa, some of which were isolated only at given sampling stations and, more specifically, from sediment collected at a given station.", "contents": "Numerical taxonomy and ecology of petroleum-degrading bacteria. A total of 99 strains of petroleum-degrading bacteria isolated from Chesapeake Bay water and sediment were identified by using numerical taxonomy procedures. The isolates, together with 33 reference cultures, were examined for 48 biochemical, cultural, morphological, and physiological characters. The data were analyzed by computer, using both the simple matching and the Jaccard coefficients. Clustering was achieved by the unweighted average linkage method. From the sorted similarity matrix and dendrogram, 14 phenetic groups, comprising 85 of the petroleum-degrading bacteria, were defined at the 80 to 85% similarity level. These groups were identified as actinomycetes (mycelial forms, four clusters), coryneforms, Enterobacteriaceae, Klebsiella aerogenes, Micrococcus spp. (two clusters), Nocardia species (two clusters), Pseudomonas spp. (two clusters), and Sphaerotilus natans. It is concluded that the degradation of petroleum is accomplished by a diverse range of bacterial taxa, some of which were isolated only at given sampling stations and, more specifically, from sediment collected at a given station."}
{"id": "PMID:889330", "title": "Spatial relationship of the vaginal microflora to the vaginal epithelium of female rats: scanning electron microscopy.", "content": "The vaginal mucosa of ovariectomized female rats has been examined by scanning electron microscopy before and after estrogen [1,3,5(10)-estratriene-3,17beta-diol] treatment. Without estrogen stimulation vaginal colonization is minimal and the epithelium is characterized by a layer of epithelial cells covered with small microvillous-like projections. Progressive changes that were consistent with estrogenic cytoproliferative effects were seen after estrogen treatment. By post-treatment day 3 bacterial colonization was maximal and the epithelium was comprised of flat squamous cells that tended to become detached from the underlying tissue layers. Bacteria were seen in association with the intercellular borders of this tissue and occurred singly or as microcolonies. No distinct physical attachment structures were identified, although an amorphous extracellular material that may serve to attach the bacteria to the squamous epithelial cells was frequently seen.", "contents": "Spatial relationship of the vaginal microflora to the vaginal epithelium of female rats: scanning electron microscopy. The vaginal mucosa of ovariectomized female rats has been examined by scanning electron microscopy before and after estrogen [1,3,5(10)-estratriene-3,17beta-diol] treatment. Without estrogen stimulation vaginal colonization is minimal and the epithelium is characterized by a layer of epithelial cells covered with small microvillous-like projections. Progressive changes that were consistent with estrogenic cytoproliferative effects were seen after estrogen treatment. By post-treatment day 3 bacterial colonization was maximal and the epithelium was comprised of flat squamous cells that tended to become detached from the underlying tissue layers. Bacteria were seen in association with the intercellular borders of this tissue and occurred singly or as microcolonies. No distinct physical attachment structures were identified, although an amorphous extracellular material that may serve to attach the bacteria to the squamous epithelial cells was frequently seen."}
{"id": "PMID:889331", "title": "Sublethal cold shock in Vibrio parahaemolyticus.", "content": "Exposing Vibrio parahaemolyticus populations to temperatures of 2 degrees C results in membrane damage, rendering cells incompetent to grow on media containing 5% NaCl.", "contents": "Sublethal cold shock in Vibrio parahaemolyticus. Exposing Vibrio parahaemolyticus populations to temperatures of 2 degrees C results in membrane damage, rendering cells incompetent to grow on media containing 5% NaCl."}
{"id": "PMID:889332", "title": "Photochemotherapy for mycosis fungoides.", "content": "Twelve cases of cutaneous mycosis fungoides (MF) with erythroderma, plaques, and tumors were treated with photochemotherapy. Methoxsalen followed two hours later by ultraviolet light (UVA) resulted in clinical clearing of skin lesions in seven patients with plaque stage MF and one patient with erythrodermic MF. Four patients with both plaque and tumor stage MF showed clearing of plaques but not the tumors. Phototherapy units consisted of boxes with 16 to 64 UVA lights. The mean numbers of treatments to clear was 17.4. The mean total dose to clear was 134.8 joules. The mean dose of maintenance UVA was 5.6 joules/sq cm. Histopathologic clearing of mycosis fungoides was demonstrated with the clinical clearing.", "contents": "Photochemotherapy for mycosis fungoides. Twelve cases of cutaneous mycosis fungoides (MF) with erythroderma, plaques, and tumors were treated with photochemotherapy. Methoxsalen followed two hours later by ultraviolet light (UVA) resulted in clinical clearing of skin lesions in seven patients with plaque stage MF and one patient with erythrodermic MF. Four patients with both plaque and tumor stage MF showed clearing of plaques but not the tumors. Phototherapy units consisted of boxes with 16 to 64 UVA lights. The mean numbers of treatments to clear was 17.4. The mean total dose to clear was 134.8 joules. The mean dose of maintenance UVA was 5.6 joules/sq cm. Histopathologic clearing of mycosis fungoides was demonstrated with the clinical clearing."}
{"id": "PMID:889333", "title": "Keratinizing dermatoses. Combined data from four centers on short-term topical treatment with tretinoin.", "content": "In four medical centers, 40 patients with keratinizing dermatoses were treated with topical tretinoin (vitamin A acid) 0.1% cream and salicylic acid 2% cream in a short-term, double-blind study. Tretinoin was the more effective treatment for several of the keratinizing dermatoses with the exception of palmar-plantar hyperkeratosis, for which it was not effective in the concentration and method of application used. The most striking clinical responses occurred in patients with lamellar ichthyosis and ichthyosis vulgaris. Local adverse reactions-chiefly pruritus, erythema, burning, excoriation, and irritation-were not severe and could be controlled by modification of the treatment regimen.", "contents": "Keratinizing dermatoses. Combined data from four centers on short-term topical treatment with tretinoin. In four medical centers, 40 patients with keratinizing dermatoses were treated with topical tretinoin (vitamin A acid) 0.1% cream and salicylic acid 2% cream in a short-term, double-blind study. Tretinoin was the more effective treatment for several of the keratinizing dermatoses with the exception of palmar-plantar hyperkeratosis, for which it was not effective in the concentration and method of application used. The most striking clinical responses occurred in patients with lamellar ichthyosis and ichthyosis vulgaris. Local adverse reactions-chiefly pruritus, erythema, burning, excoriation, and irritation-were not severe and could be controlled by modification of the treatment regimen."}
{"id": "PMID:889334", "title": "Allergic contact dermatitis to topical fluorouracil.", "content": "We designed a prospective and retrospective study to determine the incidence of allergic contact dermatitis to topical application of fluorouracil. Intracutaneous and epicutaneous skin tests of various fluorouracil concentrations were given to patients who were to be treated with the drug for actinic keratoses (group A) and to patients who had previously been treated with fluorouracil for actinic keratoses (group B). Six patients in group B had allergic contact dermatitis to topical fluorouracil. The common clinical characteristic of the six patients was a severe pruritic eruption at the site of fluorouracil application. Allergic contact dermatitis should be suspected in the presence of severe pruritus or a severe eczematous response in patients treated with topical fluorouracil.", "contents": "Allergic contact dermatitis to topical fluorouracil. We designed a prospective and retrospective study to determine the incidence of allergic contact dermatitis to topical application of fluorouracil. Intracutaneous and epicutaneous skin tests of various fluorouracil concentrations were given to patients who were to be treated with the drug for actinic keratoses (group A) and to patients who had previously been treated with fluorouracil for actinic keratoses (group B). Six patients in group B had allergic contact dermatitis to topical fluorouracil. The common clinical characteristic of the six patients was a severe pruritic eruption at the site of fluorouracil application. Allergic contact dermatitis should be suspected in the presence of severe pruritus or a severe eczematous response in patients treated with topical fluorouracil."}
{"id": "PMID:889335", "title": "Systemic argyria secondary to topical silver nitrate.", "content": "A case of generalized argyria secondary to topical silver nitrate use on the oral mucosa is described, and the nature and history of argyria reviewed. The patient has extreme pigmentation of her skin and abdominal viscera, as seen on physical examination, gastroduodenoscopy, and laparotomy. Her use of silver nitrate applicators was uncontrolled by her dentist and pharmacist, and the diagnosis of argyria was not made until 2 1/2 years of heavy usage had passed. Avoidance of similar cases requires the careful scrutiny of silver-containing medicinal usage by all health practitioners and pharmacists. Although the systemic distribution of silver in both elemental and ionic forms can be linked with no systemic toxicity, the resultant pigmentation can be devastating to the patient.", "contents": "Systemic argyria secondary to topical silver nitrate. A case of generalized argyria secondary to topical silver nitrate use on the oral mucosa is described, and the nature and history of argyria reviewed. The patient has extreme pigmentation of her skin and abdominal viscera, as seen on physical examination, gastroduodenoscopy, and laparotomy. Her use of silver nitrate applicators was uncontrolled by her dentist and pharmacist, and the diagnosis of argyria was not made until 2 1/2 years of heavy usage had passed. Avoidance of similar cases requires the careful scrutiny of silver-containing medicinal usage by all health practitioners and pharmacists. Although the systemic distribution of silver in both elemental and ionic forms can be linked with no systemic toxicity, the resultant pigmentation can be devastating to the patient."}
{"id": "PMID:889336", "title": "Eosinophilic fasciitis.", "content": "A detailed evaluation of the clinical and histologic manifestations of eosinophilic fasciitis is described in a 22-year-old woman. Scleroderma-like skin involvement is associated with eosinophilia and hypergammaglobulinemia. Visceral and serologic manifestations of a generalized scleroderma are lacking. Results of a biopsy showed severe thickening of the deep fascia accompanied by an infiltration of lymphocytes and plasma cells. This syndrome must be differentiated from generalized scleroderma because eosinophilic fascitis has a benign course and may benefit from systemic corticosteroid therapy.", "contents": "Eosinophilic fasciitis. A detailed evaluation of the clinical and histologic manifestations of eosinophilic fasciitis is described in a 22-year-old woman. Scleroderma-like skin involvement is associated with eosinophilia and hypergammaglobulinemia. Visceral and serologic manifestations of a generalized scleroderma are lacking. Results of a biopsy showed severe thickening of the deep fascia accompanied by an infiltration of lymphocytes and plasma cells. This syndrome must be differentiated from generalized scleroderma because eosinophilic fascitis has a benign course and may benefit from systemic corticosteroid therapy."}
{"id": "PMID:889337", "title": "Xanthoma disseminatum. Clinical, metabolic, pathologic, and radiologic aspects.", "content": "A 55-year-old man with the classical mucocutaneous lesions of xanthoma disseminatum has been followed up for a period of 13 years. The special features of this case, which make it unique, are as follows: (1) the availability of histologic data on multiple lesions for more than a ten-year period; (2) the progressive nature of the multiple osseous lesions; (3) the metabolic studies that show no evidence for accumulation of abnormal sterols in a xanthoma, the blood, or intestinal aspirate; (4) the development of hypothyroidism and symptoms or signs, or both, of an intracerebral and an intraspinal lesion; (5) the partial regression of the cutanous symptoms and lesions while receiving clofibrate, in spite of progression of the mucous membrane and osseous lesions, and (6) the failure to develop diabetes insipidus to date.", "contents": "Xanthoma disseminatum. Clinical, metabolic, pathologic, and radiologic aspects. A 55-year-old man with the classical mucocutaneous lesions of xanthoma disseminatum has been followed up for a period of 13 years. The special features of this case, which make it unique, are as follows: (1) the availability of histologic data on multiple lesions for more than a ten-year period; (2) the progressive nature of the multiple osseous lesions; (3) the metabolic studies that show no evidence for accumulation of abnormal sterols in a xanthoma, the blood, or intestinal aspirate; (4) the development of hypothyroidism and symptoms or signs, or both, of an intracerebral and an intraspinal lesion; (5) the partial regression of the cutanous symptoms and lesions while receiving clofibrate, in spite of progression of the mucous membrane and osseous lesions, and (6) the failure to develop diabetes insipidus to date."}
{"id": "PMID:889338", "title": "Congenital cutaneous candidiasis.", "content": "Three newborn infants are described in whom a generalized maculopapular rash was observed at birth or soon after. The eruption rapidly became vesicular, and in one infant it became bullous, and was followed in each case by extensive desquamation. Candida albicans was demonstrated on direct smear and on culture from the skin vesicles, and evidence of an intrauterine infection with this organism was detected on histologic examination of the placenta in at least two of the cases. Agglutinating antibodies to Candida were present in the sera of all three infants, though these may have reflected transplacental passage of maternal antibody.", "contents": "Congenital cutaneous candidiasis. Three newborn infants are described in whom a generalized maculopapular rash was observed at birth or soon after. The eruption rapidly became vesicular, and in one infant it became bullous, and was followed in each case by extensive desquamation. Candida albicans was demonstrated on direct smear and on culture from the skin vesicles, and evidence of an intrauterine infection with this organism was detected on histologic examination of the placenta in at least two of the cases. Agglutinating antibodies to Candida were present in the sera of all three infants, though these may have reflected transplacental passage of maternal antibody."}
{"id": "PMID:889339", "title": "Epithelioid sarcoma. A distinctive clinical presentation.", "content": "A case of epithelioid sarcoma occurred in an adult black man. The neoplasm recurred after 15 years in the form of multiple nodules and distinctive annular plaques. To our knowledge, this latter clinical manifestation has not been reported previously.", "contents": "Epithelioid sarcoma. A distinctive clinical presentation. A case of epithelioid sarcoma occurred in an adult black man. The neoplasm recurred after 15 years in the form of multiple nodules and distinctive annular plaques. To our knowledge, this latter clinical manifestation has not been reported previously."}
{"id": "PMID:889340", "title": "Choosing dermatologic instruction for students in family practice.", "content": "Sixty-three family practitioners responded to a special questionnaire designed to determine their judgment of what is most important to teach medical students and those residents headed toward careers in family practice. The ranking of emphases and specific diseases should be helpful to dermatologists responsible for the instruction.", "contents": "Choosing dermatologic instruction for students in family practice. Sixty-three family practitioners responded to a special questionnaire designed to determine their judgment of what is most important to teach medical students and those residents headed toward careers in family practice. The ranking of emphases and specific diseases should be helpful to dermatologists responsible for the instruction."}
{"id": "PMID:889358", "title": "Fifteen year experience with subcutaneous bypass grafts for lower extremity ischemia.", "content": "A 15-year experience with 92 subcutaneous arterial bypass grafts for lower extremity revascularization has been reviewed. Fifty-nine AF and 33 FF bypass operations were performed on 89 patients whose average age was 66 years. The overall five-year survival was 33% compared to an expected survival of 80%. 88% of the AF, and 76% of the FF operations were performed for limb salvage, bypass of an aortic aneurysm, or replacement of an infected aortic graft. The remainder were performed for intermittent claudication on patients who were too ill to withstand an intra-abdominal operation. 75% of the patients with AF grafts and 64% of those with FF grafts experienced complete relief of lower extremity ischemia, including all of the patients with claudication. Graft patency was analyzed by the life table method. In the FF series, 74% of the grafts remained patent for one year; 73% for two years; 66% for three years; and 53% for four years. A 50% incidence of thrombosis occurred at the end of two years in the AF group. The patency rate of the AF grafts was also studied with regard to the type of graft material employed: a 50% incidence of thrombosis was reached at 36 months with knitted Dacron; at 18 months with weave-knit Dacron; and at 9 months with woven Dacron. THESE DATA INDICATE THAT: (1) contrary to our previous report, weave-grafts provide adequate blood flow to the lower extremities but do not remain patent as long as more conventional types of reconstruction; (2) subcutaneous grafts should be performed only when an intra-abdominal procedure is contraindicated or life expectancy is limited.", "contents": "Fifteen year experience with subcutaneous bypass grafts for lower extremity ischemia. A 15-year experience with 92 subcutaneous arterial bypass grafts for lower extremity revascularization has been reviewed. Fifty-nine AF and 33 FF bypass operations were performed on 89 patients whose average age was 66 years. The overall five-year survival was 33% compared to an expected survival of 80%. 88% of the AF, and 76% of the FF operations were performed for limb salvage, bypass of an aortic aneurysm, or replacement of an infected aortic graft. The remainder were performed for intermittent claudication on patients who were too ill to withstand an intra-abdominal operation. 75% of the patients with AF grafts and 64% of those with FF grafts experienced complete relief of lower extremity ischemia, including all of the patients with claudication. Graft patency was analyzed by the life table method. In the FF series, 74% of the grafts remained patent for one year; 73% for two years; 66% for three years; and 53% for four years. A 50% incidence of thrombosis occurred at the end of two years in the AF group. The patency rate of the AF grafts was also studied with regard to the type of graft material employed: a 50% incidence of thrombosis was reached at 36 months with knitted Dacron; at 18 months with weave-knit Dacron; and at 9 months with woven Dacron. THESE DATA INDICATE THAT: (1) contrary to our previous report, weave-grafts provide adequate blood flow to the lower extremities but do not remain patent as long as more conventional types of reconstruction; (2) subcutaneous grafts should be performed only when an intra-abdominal procedure is contraindicated or life expectancy is limited."}
{"id": "PMID:889353", "title": "Sources of lead in blood. Identification by stable isotopes.", "content": "The isotope ratios of lead in the blood of ten subjects resident in Dallas, Texas, were measured from April 1974 to June 1975. During the same period, the ratios in the city's air changed linearly by 6%. One subject gave erratic results, but the remainder yielded ratios that changed systematically--some linearly, others cyclically with turning points occurring in August to October and February to April. Two South African subjects were 6 months out of phase with their U.S.-born wives and the other U.S.-born subjects. Since the South Africans are presumed to have in their skeletons lead that is isotopically distinct from that in the U.S. environment, the cycles are attributed to the mixing of skeletal and dietary lead. The dietary component is inferred to be greatest in August to October, which correlates with the time at which 25-hydroxyvitamin D is reported to have maximum concentration in blood. On the assumption that the isotope ratios of dietary leads remained constant, the proportion of airborne lead in the blood of those subjects whose ratios changed linearly could be calculated, and values between 7 +/- 3% and 41 +/- 3% were obtained.", "contents": "Sources of lead in blood. Identification by stable isotopes. The isotope ratios of lead in the blood of ten subjects resident in Dallas, Texas, were measured from April 1974 to June 1975. During the same period, the ratios in the city's air changed linearly by 6%. One subject gave erratic results, but the remainder yielded ratios that changed systematically--some linearly, others cyclically with turning points occurring in August to October and February to April. Two South African subjects were 6 months out of phase with their U.S.-born wives and the other U.S.-born subjects. Since the South Africans are presumed to have in their skeletons lead that is isotopically distinct from that in the U.S. environment, the cycles are attributed to the mixing of skeletal and dietary lead. The dietary component is inferred to be greatest in August to October, which correlates with the time at which 25-hydroxyvitamin D is reported to have maximum concentration in blood. On the assumption that the isotope ratios of dietary leads remained constant, the proportion of airborne lead in the blood of those subjects whose ratios changed linearly could be calculated, and values between 7 +/- 3% and 41 +/- 3% were obtained."}
{"id": "PMID:889354", "title": "Interactions of lead, calcium, vitamin D, and nutrition in lead-burdened children.", "content": "This study was undertaken to evaluate relationships between blood or serum levels of lead (Pb), calcium, and 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25-OHD), within the framework of a nutritional survey of lead-burdened children. The results demonstrate that: regardless of blood Pb concentration and season of the year, serum 25-OHD concentration reflects vitamin D intake; high blood Pb (greater than or equal to 60 microgram/dl) was associated with decreased levels of 25-OHD (18+/--1 ng/ml vs. 32+/- in controls, P less than .001); concentrations Pb and calcium were inversely correlated in control and lead-burdened children; and children in the high blood Pb group (greater than or equal to 60 microgram/dl) had lower mean daily intakes of both calcium (610 +/- 20 mg vs. 770 +/- 20 in controls, P less than .001) and vitamin D (210 +/- 17 IU vs. 325 +/- 20 in controls, P less than .001). These data indicate that, in Pb-burdened children, multiple factors modify the absorption and toxicity of Pb, and relative vitamin D deficiency, not excess, is associated with high blood Pb levels. Assessment of nutrition, calcium metabolism, and vitamin D status is recommended in evaluating children known to have undue absorption of Pb.", "contents": "Interactions of lead, calcium, vitamin D, and nutrition in lead-burdened children. This study was undertaken to evaluate relationships between blood or serum levels of lead (Pb), calcium, and 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25-OHD), within the framework of a nutritional survey of lead-burdened children. The results demonstrate that: regardless of blood Pb concentration and season of the year, serum 25-OHD concentration reflects vitamin D intake; high blood Pb (greater than or equal to 60 microgram/dl) was associated with decreased levels of 25-OHD (18+/--1 ng/ml vs. 32+/- in controls, P less than .001); concentrations Pb and calcium were inversely correlated in control and lead-burdened children; and children in the high blood Pb group (greater than or equal to 60 microgram/dl) had lower mean daily intakes of both calcium (610 +/- 20 mg vs. 770 +/- 20 in controls, P less than .001) and vitamin D (210 +/- 17 IU vs. 325 +/- 20 in controls, P less than .001). These data indicate that, in Pb-burdened children, multiple factors modify the absorption and toxicity of Pb, and relative vitamin D deficiency, not excess, is associated with high blood Pb levels. Assessment of nutrition, calcium metabolism, and vitamin D status is recommended in evaluating children known to have undue absorption of Pb."}
{"id": "PMID:889355", "title": "Chemical pneumonitis secondary to inhalation of epoxy pipe coating.", "content": "Two patients with chemical pneumonitis secondary to inhalation of an epoxy curing material used in the coating of pipes had similar patterns of cough, hemoptysis, and dyspnea associated with diffuse bilateral alveolar infiltrates shortly following the exposure. Pulmonary function studies showed a volume-restrictive defect with severe hypoxemia, but an elevated diffusing capacity. All lung function studies returned toward normal within 1 month of exposure. One patient underwent an open lung biopsy which showed changes consistent with a nonspecific injury to the alveolar wall. This epoxy curing material, trimellitic anhydride, represents another cause of diffuse lung injury that can result in pulmonary edema.", "contents": "Chemical pneumonitis secondary to inhalation of epoxy pipe coating. Two patients with chemical pneumonitis secondary to inhalation of an epoxy curing material used in the coating of pipes had similar patterns of cough, hemoptysis, and dyspnea associated with diffuse bilateral alveolar infiltrates shortly following the exposure. Pulmonary function studies showed a volume-restrictive defect with severe hypoxemia, but an elevated diffusing capacity. All lung function studies returned toward normal within 1 month of exposure. One patient underwent an open lung biopsy which showed changes consistent with a nonspecific injury to the alveolar wall. This epoxy curing material, trimellitic anhydride, represents another cause of diffuse lung injury that can result in pulmonary edema."}
{"id": "PMID:889359", "title": "Is axillo-bilateral femoral graft an effective substitute for aortic-bilateral iliac/femoral graft?: an analysis of ten years experience.", "content": "During the past ten years, 88 aorto-bilateral iliac/femoral grafts and 56 axillo-bilateral femoral grafts were electively performed for occlusive disease of the abdominal aorta or iliac vessels. The results of this retrospective study indicate that the axillo-bilateral femoral graft, although performed in an older population and more frequently for limb salvage, has a lower operative mortality than does conventional aortic bypass surgery with similar patency (76%) and survival (67%) at five years. However, axillo femoral grafting requires more frequent remedial surgery to obtain long term patency.", "contents": "Is axillo-bilateral femoral graft an effective substitute for aortic-bilateral iliac/femoral graft?: an analysis of ten years experience. During the past ten years, 88 aorto-bilateral iliac/femoral grafts and 56 axillo-bilateral femoral grafts were electively performed for occlusive disease of the abdominal aorta or iliac vessels. The results of this retrospective study indicate that the axillo-bilateral femoral graft, although performed in an older population and more frequently for limb salvage, has a lower operative mortality than does conventional aortic bypass surgery with similar patency (76%) and survival (67%) at five years. However, axillo femoral grafting requires more frequent remedial surgery to obtain long term patency."}
{"id": "PMID:889360", "title": "Parathyroid re-exploration. A clinical and pathological study of 112 cases.", "content": "In a series of 112 patients who underwent reoperation for primary hyperparathyroidism at the Massachusetts General Hospital between 1930 and 1975, all but 10 were treated successfully. Seventy-five initial explorations had been performed elsewhere, and 37 in our hospital. A total of 110 diseased parathyroids were uncovered-89 (81%) via re-exploration of the neck and 21 (19%) via mediastinotomy. In operation via the neck, the missing glands were most frequently found in the superior posterior mediastinum at the thoracic inlet (34, or 38%) and in mediastinal exploration, in the upper anterior mediastinum (14, or 67%). There were 66 patients with adenoma, 7 with carcinoma, and 29 with primary hyperplasia. Four had a hyperfunctioning fifth gland. One patient had an intrathyroidal and one, an ectopic gland. Reoperation was unsuccessful in 10 patients. Four died, and 6 are living. Unsuccessful exploration resulted from failure to understand the widespread distribution of normal parathyroids and the way they were displaced when diseased, error in diagnosing the pathologic entity of hyperparathyroidism at surgery, and technical incompetence. Reoperation of the neck was generally performed first. A mediastinotomy was undertaken only if the missing gland was clearly excluded from the neck or if localization studies had demonstrated its presence beyond doubt in the mediastinum. Reoperation was rarely performed simultaneously on the neck and the mediastinum, and it was seldom indicated in asymptomatic cases with a mild degree of the disease.", "contents": "Parathyroid re-exploration. A clinical and pathological study of 112 cases. In a series of 112 patients who underwent reoperation for primary hyperparathyroidism at the Massachusetts General Hospital between 1930 and 1975, all but 10 were treated successfully. Seventy-five initial explorations had been performed elsewhere, and 37 in our hospital. A total of 110 diseased parathyroids were uncovered-89 (81%) via re-exploration of the neck and 21 (19%) via mediastinotomy. In operation via the neck, the missing glands were most frequently found in the superior posterior mediastinum at the thoracic inlet (34, or 38%) and in mediastinal exploration, in the upper anterior mediastinum (14, or 67%). There were 66 patients with adenoma, 7 with carcinoma, and 29 with primary hyperplasia. Four had a hyperfunctioning fifth gland. One patient had an intrathyroidal and one, an ectopic gland. Reoperation was unsuccessful in 10 patients. Four died, and 6 are living. Unsuccessful exploration resulted from failure to understand the widespread distribution of normal parathyroids and the way they were displaced when diseased, error in diagnosing the pathologic entity of hyperparathyroidism at surgery, and technical incompetence. Reoperation of the neck was generally performed first. A mediastinotomy was undertaken only if the missing gland was clearly excluded from the neck or if localization studies had demonstrated its presence beyond doubt in the mediastinum. Reoperation was rarely performed simultaneously on the neck and the mediastinum, and it was seldom indicated in asymptomatic cases with a mild degree of the disease."}
{"id": "PMID:889356", "title": "Tooth lead levels in Birmingham children.", "content": "The mean lead content of deciduous teeth from children living in the city of Birmingham (U.K.) has been shown to be 11.8 ppm dry weight, irrespective of the sex of the donor. Lead content varies according to type of tooth, and there is a gradient from incisors, with the highest level, to second molars, with the lowest. A relationship was shown between age of donor and lead content of canines and (when lognormalized data were considered) first molars. We were not able to demonstrate a correlation between tooth lead levels and residence near a potential industrial lead source, and we conclude that pollution from a general source is responsible for the body burdens we found.", "contents": "Tooth lead levels in Birmingham children. The mean lead content of deciduous teeth from children living in the city of Birmingham (U.K.) has been shown to be 11.8 ppm dry weight, irrespective of the sex of the donor. Lead content varies according to type of tooth, and there is a gradient from incisors, with the highest level, to second molars, with the lowest. A relationship was shown between age of donor and lead content of canines and (when lognormalized data were considered) first molars. We were not able to demonstrate a correlation between tooth lead levels and residence near a potential industrial lead source, and we conclude that pollution from a general source is responsible for the body burdens we found."}
{"id": "PMID:889357", "title": "Cancer mortality in relation to asbestos in municipal water supplies.", "content": "The mortality experience of twenty-two municipalities in Quebec grouped by evidence of exposure to asbestos fibers in water supplies (known high, possible high, and probable low exposures) was evaluated. Excess mortality due to cancer of the stomach (males), pancreas (females), and lung (males) was observed in the two municipalities with known high exposures. The excesses among males have been due to occupational exposure to asbestos. The absence of excess mortality due to pancreatic cancer among males suggested that the excess among females was not due to waterborne asbestos. The study therefore did not reveal evidence of excess cancer mortality that could be attributed to exposure to asbestos in drinking water.", "contents": "Cancer mortality in relation to asbestos in municipal water supplies. The mortality experience of twenty-two municipalities in Quebec grouped by evidence of exposure to asbestos fibers in water supplies (known high, possible high, and probable low exposures) was evaluated. Excess mortality due to cancer of the stomach (males), pancreas (females), and lung (males) was observed in the two municipalities with known high exposures. The excesses among males have been due to occupational exposure to asbestos. The absence of excess mortality due to pancreatic cancer among males suggested that the excess among females was not due to waterborne asbestos. The study therefore did not reveal evidence of excess cancer mortality that could be attributed to exposure to asbestos in drinking water."}
{"id": "PMID:889361", "title": "Anatomic arterial-venous shunting in endotoxic and septic shock in dogs.", "content": "Shunting of radionuclide labeled 9 micron diameter microspheres by the systemic circulation, and 6 body regions was measured in two dog shock models: endotoxic shock (1 mg/kg  E. Coli endotoxin intravenously) and sepsis and septic shock (5 days after cecal ligation). Mean systemic arterial blood pressure was significantly lower than control in both the endotoxic and septic shock groups. Mean systemic shunting was 7.7% in the control group and 7.3% and 4.3% respectively in the endotoxic and septic shock groups. Regional shunting of the head, heart, and skeletal muscle were not significantly different in the three groups. However, mean shunting in the splanchnic circulation was 36.5% in the septic shock group as compared to 18.6% in the control group (p less than 0.05). Mean kidney shunting in the endotoxic group was 15.1% compared to 4% in the control group (p less than 0.05). During resuscitation with crystalloid, mannitol, blood, and cortiocosteroids mean aterial blood pressure and cardiac index increased but systemic arterial-venous shunting was 3.8 and 4.3% in endotoxic and septic shock respectively. These data show that systemic anatomic arterial-venous shunting is small and not different from control in both dog shock models, and regional arterial-venous shunting is increased only in the splanchnic circulation in the septic model and in the kidney in the endotoxin model.", "contents": "Anatomic arterial-venous shunting in endotoxic and septic shock in dogs. Shunting of radionuclide labeled 9 micron diameter microspheres by the systemic circulation, and 6 body regions was measured in two dog shock models: endotoxic shock (1 mg/kg  E. Coli endotoxin intravenously) and sepsis and septic shock (5 days after cecal ligation). Mean systemic arterial blood pressure was significantly lower than control in both the endotoxic and septic shock groups. Mean systemic shunting was 7.7% in the control group and 7.3% and 4.3% respectively in the endotoxic and septic shock groups. Regional shunting of the head, heart, and skeletal muscle were not significantly different in the three groups. However, mean shunting in the splanchnic circulation was 36.5% in the septic shock group as compared to 18.6% in the control group (p less than 0.05). Mean kidney shunting in the endotoxic group was 15.1% compared to 4% in the control group (p less than 0.05). During resuscitation with crystalloid, mannitol, blood, and cortiocosteroids mean aterial blood pressure and cardiac index increased but systemic arterial-venous shunting was 3.8 and 4.3% in endotoxic and septic shock respectively. These data show that systemic anatomic arterial-venous shunting is small and not different from control in both dog shock models, and regional arterial-venous shunting is increased only in the splanchnic circulation in the septic model and in the kidney in the endotoxin model."}
{"id": "PMID:889362", "title": "Rapid onset of hand ischemia of unknown etiology: clinical evaluation and follow-up of ten patients.", "content": "Ten patients presenting with a history of the acute onset of hand ischemia have undergone detailed clinical, immunologic, and arteriographic evaluation. The disease is characterized by the acute onset of hand ischemia proceeding to fingertip ulceration, in the absence of recognized systemic disease. None of the patients had any evidence of large artery obstruction. Arteriography showed diffuse obstruction of the palmar and digital arteries. No evidence was found in any patient of any systemic disease process associated with small artery obstruction. These patients are suspected of having a previously unreported variant of hypersensitivity angiitis. Patients are left with permanent obstruction of the palmar and digital arteries. Follow-up suggests the disease in non-recurrent and is characterized by progessive clinical improvement associated with the development of collateral circulation. Conservative management of the condition is recommended.", "contents": "Rapid onset of hand ischemia of unknown etiology: clinical evaluation and follow-up of ten patients. Ten patients presenting with a history of the acute onset of hand ischemia have undergone detailed clinical, immunologic, and arteriographic evaluation. The disease is characterized by the acute onset of hand ischemia proceeding to fingertip ulceration, in the absence of recognized systemic disease. None of the patients had any evidence of large artery obstruction. Arteriography showed diffuse obstruction of the palmar and digital arteries. No evidence was found in any patient of any systemic disease process associated with small artery obstruction. These patients are suspected of having a previously unreported variant of hypersensitivity angiitis. Patients are left with permanent obstruction of the palmar and digital arteries. Follow-up suggests the disease in non-recurrent and is characterized by progessive clinical improvement associated with the development of collateral circulation. Conservative management of the condition is recommended."}
{"id": "PMID:889363", "title": "The cerebrovascular Doppler examination in patients with non-hemispheric symptoms.", "content": "The cerebrovascular Doppler examination indicated a significant stenosis in only 19 of 53 patients with non-hemispheric TIA'S. There were no false negative or false positive examinations. Fourteen of 19 patients with an abnormal examination and 23 of 31 patients with a normal examination became asymptomatic after a carotid endarterectomy. Eleven patients were improved and two were unchanged. Therefore the cerebrovascular Doppler examination can not be used to predict therapeutic success or failure of carotid endarterectomy for non-hemispheric TIA's.", "contents": "The cerebrovascular Doppler examination in patients with non-hemispheric symptoms. The cerebrovascular Doppler examination indicated a significant stenosis in only 19 of 53 patients with non-hemispheric TIA'S. There were no false negative or false positive examinations. Fourteen of 19 patients with an abnormal examination and 23 of 31 patients with a normal examination became asymptomatic after a carotid endarterectomy. Eleven patients were improved and two were unchanged. Therefore the cerebrovascular Doppler examination can not be used to predict therapeutic success or failure of carotid endarterectomy for non-hemispheric TIA's."}
{"id": "PMID:889364", "title": "A fluorometric study of oxidative metabolism in the in vivo canine heart during acute ischemia and hypoxia.", "content": "Optical techniques for monitoring the fluorescence of intramitochondrial nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) were employed to allow an on-line, non-invasive study of the metabolic state of healthy and ischemic cardiac tissue in the intact dog. Acute interruption of blood flow to the area of myocardium studied resulted in an immediate rise in NADH, indicating impairment of oxidative metabolism due to limitation of oxygen availability. Release of the coronary artery occlusion resulted in an oxidation of NADH to preocclusion baseline and signaled repayment of incurred O2 debt. Collateral flow produced a spontaneous fall in NADH levels towards preocclusion baseline. Hypoxic tissue was recognized by an oxidation of NADH on ventilation with 100 per cent O2, while in normal hearts no oxidation indicated the O2 was not rate limiting. Ischemic NADH increases preceded the onset of epicardial EKG changes, suggesting that an inability to rephosphorylate ADP to ATP is the primary cause of the EKG changes. Fluorometry of the in vivo heart provides a sensitive, continuous technique of monitoring cardiac cellular mitochondrial NAD;NADH redox levels and, therefore, the adequacy of high energy phosphate production and allows localization of cardiac tissue with marginal oxygen supply.", "contents": "A fluorometric study of oxidative metabolism in the in vivo canine heart during acute ischemia and hypoxia. Optical techniques for monitoring the fluorescence of intramitochondrial nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) were employed to allow an on-line, non-invasive study of the metabolic state of healthy and ischemic cardiac tissue in the intact dog. Acute interruption of blood flow to the area of myocardium studied resulted in an immediate rise in NADH, indicating impairment of oxidative metabolism due to limitation of oxygen availability. Release of the coronary artery occlusion resulted in an oxidation of NADH to preocclusion baseline and signaled repayment of incurred O2 debt. Collateral flow produced a spontaneous fall in NADH levels towards preocclusion baseline. Hypoxic tissue was recognized by an oxidation of NADH on ventilation with 100 per cent O2, while in normal hearts no oxidation indicated the O2 was not rate limiting. Ischemic NADH increases preceded the onset of epicardial EKG changes, suggesting that an inability to rephosphorylate ADP to ATP is the primary cause of the EKG changes. Fluorometry of the in vivo heart provides a sensitive, continuous technique of monitoring cardiac cellular mitochondrial NAD;NADH redox levels and, therefore, the adequacy of high energy phosphate production and allows localization of cardiac tissue with marginal oxygen supply."}
{"id": "PMID:889365", "title": "Results of treatment of 269 patients with primary cutaneous melanoma: a five-year prospective study.", "content": "A prospective protocol for the management of primary cutaneous melanoma was initiated at the University of Illinois in October 1968 and continued through June 1974. Over this period 269 cases were treated: 42 of the head and neck region, 75 of the trunk, 94 of the lower extremities and 58 of the upper exremities. The levels of invasion ranged from II to V, according to Clark's classification; level I melanomas were excluded. The status of the regional nodes was correlated with the level of invasion. Preliminary exploratory celiotomies were performed on all patients with lower extremity melanomas and on all those with level IV or V melanoma with clinically positive regional nodes. All patients were treated with wide excision and elective regional node dissection except those in whom celiotomy showed disseminated disease. Of the 150 patients now eligible for five-year analysis, 33 had level II disease, three with positive nodes. None had local recurrence or intra-abdominal metastasis. All 33 (100%) were cancer-free at five years. Of 56 with level III, 23 had positive regional nodes, two had local recurrence within two years, and two with melanoma of the lower extremities had intra-abdominal metastases. At five years 53 (95%) of the 56 were cancer-free. Of the 42 with level IV, 31 had positive regional nodes, five had local recurrence and five had intra-abdominal metastases; 21 (50%) survived for five years. Of the 19 with level V, 17 had positive nodes, three had local recurrence and five intra-abdominal metastases; 7 (37%) were five-year survivors. Of the 150, 114 (76%) were cancer-free at five years. On the basis of these findings, it was concluded that wide local excision is adequate for level II and probably for thin level III. But for thick level III and levels IV and V the best salvage rate is obtained by an aggressive surgical approach.", "contents": "Results of treatment of 269 patients with primary cutaneous melanoma: a five-year prospective study. A prospective protocol for the management of primary cutaneous melanoma was initiated at the University of Illinois in October 1968 and continued through June 1974. Over this period 269 cases were treated: 42 of the head and neck region, 75 of the trunk, 94 of the lower extremities and 58 of the upper exremities. The levels of invasion ranged from II to V, according to Clark's classification; level I melanomas were excluded. The status of the regional nodes was correlated with the level of invasion. Preliminary exploratory celiotomies were performed on all patients with lower extremity melanomas and on all those with level IV or V melanoma with clinically positive regional nodes. All patients were treated with wide excision and elective regional node dissection except those in whom celiotomy showed disseminated disease. Of the 150 patients now eligible for five-year analysis, 33 had level II disease, three with positive nodes. None had local recurrence or intra-abdominal metastasis. All 33 (100%) were cancer-free at five years. Of 56 with level III, 23 had positive regional nodes, two had local recurrence within two years, and two with melanoma of the lower extremities had intra-abdominal metastases. At five years 53 (95%) of the 56 were cancer-free. Of the 42 with level IV, 31 had positive regional nodes, five had local recurrence and five had intra-abdominal metastases; 21 (50%) survived for five years. Of the 19 with level V, 17 had positive nodes, three had local recurrence and five intra-abdominal metastases; 7 (37%) were five-year survivors. Of the 150, 114 (76%) were cancer-free at five years. On the basis of these findings, it was concluded that wide local excision is adequate for level II and probably for thin level III. But for thick level III and levels IV and V the best salvage rate is obtained by an aggressive surgical approach."}
{"id": "PMID:889366", "title": "Ascending aorta to bilateral femoral artery graft via a ventral subcutaneous route.", "content": "Two patients were treated for grossly ischemic legs by a graft from the ascending aorta to both common femoral arteries. After leaving the mediastinum, the graft lay in the subcutaneous position throughout its course. In both patients, standard aorto-femoral repair was considered unduly hazardous because of gross obesity, large incisional hernias, previously unsuccessful vascular procedures, impaired renal function, emphysema, and complete occlusion of the abdominal aorta to the level of the renal arteries. Both patients had evidence of bilateral subclavian artery stenosis or occlusion. The technique of the operation is described and its assets and liabilities discussed. Within strict limitations, it is an alternative to axillo-femoral bypass.", "contents": "Ascending aorta to bilateral femoral artery graft via a ventral subcutaneous route. Two patients were treated for grossly ischemic legs by a graft from the ascending aorta to both common femoral arteries. After leaving the mediastinum, the graft lay in the subcutaneous position throughout its course. In both patients, standard aorto-femoral repair was considered unduly hazardous because of gross obesity, large incisional hernias, previously unsuccessful vascular procedures, impaired renal function, emphysema, and complete occlusion of the abdominal aorta to the level of the renal arteries. Both patients had evidence of bilateral subclavian artery stenosis or occlusion. The technique of the operation is described and its assets and liabilities discussed. Within strict limitations, it is an alternative to axillo-femoral bypass."}
{"id": "PMID:889367", "title": "Clinical vascular laboratory diagnosis of deep venous thrombosis.", "content": "The accuracy of our clinical vascualr laboratory was evaluated. Sixty-nine limbs (55 patients) were examined clinically for thrombophlebitis. All of these patients were then evaluated using segmental plethysmography and Doppler ultrasound techniques. Each limb was then studied with venography. In 57 of the 69 (82.6%) limbs evaluated, measurement of the maximum venous outflow accurately reflected the venographic  findings. Doppler augmented venous sounds were correct when compared to venography in 77.6% of limbs. In the 59 limbs that exhibited clinical signs of deep venous thrombosis, only 35.6% had venographic confirmation of the diagnosis. The clinical vascular laboratory provides an accuracy of diagnosis of deep venous thrombosis not achieved by clinical examination. If both segmental plethysmography and Doppler ultrasound were negative, it was very unlikely that deep venous thrombosis had occurred.", "contents": "Clinical vascular laboratory diagnosis of deep venous thrombosis. The accuracy of our clinical vascualr laboratory was evaluated. Sixty-nine limbs (55 patients) were examined clinically for thrombophlebitis. All of these patients were then evaluated using segmental plethysmography and Doppler ultrasound techniques. Each limb was then studied with venography. In 57 of the 69 (82.6%) limbs evaluated, measurement of the maximum venous outflow accurately reflected the venographic  findings. Doppler augmented venous sounds were correct when compared to venography in 77.6% of limbs. In the 59 limbs that exhibited clinical signs of deep venous thrombosis, only 35.6% had venographic confirmation of the diagnosis. The clinical vascular laboratory provides an accuracy of diagnosis of deep venous thrombosis not achieved by clinical examination. If both segmental plethysmography and Doppler ultrasound were negative, it was very unlikely that deep venous thrombosis had occurred."}
{"id": "PMID:889368", "title": "Splanchnic blood flow in patients with abdominal angina before and after arterial reconstruction. A proposal for a diagnostic test.", "content": "The diagnostic value of determining the splanchnic blood flow (SBF) and oxygen uptake before and after a test meal in patients suspected of abdominal angina was investigated in 15 patients with unexplained abdominal pain. Six patients with typical abdominal angina and occlusive lesions of two or three splanchnic arteries were investigated before and after successful arterial reconstruction. Five patients with less severe arterial lesions were classified as suspected of abdominal angina and four patients with eventual normal arteriography served as controls. No significant difference was found in fasting SBF between the three groups. Postprandial SBF rose in the controls and in the abdominal angina suspected group, but not in the patients with abdominal angina. After arterial reconstruction fasting SBF was higher than before and postprandial SBF rose to the level of the controls. No difference in oxygen uptake before or after test meal was seen in any of the groups or after arterial reconstruction.", "contents": "Splanchnic blood flow in patients with abdominal angina before and after arterial reconstruction. A proposal for a diagnostic test. The diagnostic value of determining the splanchnic blood flow (SBF) and oxygen uptake before and after a test meal in patients suspected of abdominal angina was investigated in 15 patients with unexplained abdominal pain. Six patients with typical abdominal angina and occlusive lesions of two or three splanchnic arteries were investigated before and after successful arterial reconstruction. Five patients with less severe arterial lesions were classified as suspected of abdominal angina and four patients with eventual normal arteriography served as controls. No significant difference was found in fasting SBF between the three groups. Postprandial SBF rose in the controls and in the abdominal angina suspected group, but not in the patients with abdominal angina. After arterial reconstruction fasting SBF was higher than before and postprandial SBF rose to the level of the controls. No difference in oxygen uptake before or after test meal was seen in any of the groups or after arterial reconstruction."}
{"id": "PMID:889369", "title": "Experience with reduction clitoroplasty for clitoral hypertrophy.", "content": "A technique for reduction clitoroplasty has been devised which provides an excellent cosmetic appearance for female patients with clitoromegaly due to virilizing CAH. Contrary to previous views, total clitorectomy should rarely, if ever, be considered as an initial method of management of children with clitoral hypertrophy. One of the 4 patients who has undergone reduction clitoroplasty using the described technique has achieved sexual gratification on several occasions postoperatively without discomfort.", "contents": "Experience with reduction clitoroplasty for clitoral hypertrophy. A technique for reduction clitoroplasty has been devised which provides an excellent cosmetic appearance for female patients with clitoromegaly due to virilizing CAH. Contrary to previous views, total clitorectomy should rarely, if ever, be considered as an initial method of management of children with clitoral hypertrophy. One of the 4 patients who has undergone reduction clitoroplasty using the described technique has achieved sexual gratification on several occasions postoperatively without discomfort."}
{"id": "PMID:889370", "title": "Studies of the modified venous allograft.", "content": "Segments of rat inferior vena cava were modified by proteolytic digestion and dialdehyde starch tanning in an attempt to alter their antigenic nature and increase their tensile strength. These tissues were found to retain their ability to sensitize allogeneic recipients in both the intradermal and intra-aortic positions in all 50 experimental animals. Furthermore, these grafts had a very high aneurysm formation (100%), and aneurysm rupture (54%) rate even in isogeneic recipients, suggesting that the modification procedure so damages the structural integrity of venous tissue that its use in clinical situations may have disastrous consequences. Histologic evidence of intimal thickening, elastic disruption, and often severe acute and chronic inflammation supported the gross evidence of mechanical and immunologic damage and suggests that a mild brief course of immunosuppression may be indicated in clinical trials in situation in which autogenous saphenous vein in unavailable. Although the use of prosthetic mesh support for the graft may help to avoid structural changes, the introduction of synthetic materials may offset the theoretical advantages of the venous tissue.", "contents": "Studies of the modified venous allograft. Segments of rat inferior vena cava were modified by proteolytic digestion and dialdehyde starch tanning in an attempt to alter their antigenic nature and increase their tensile strength. These tissues were found to retain their ability to sensitize allogeneic recipients in both the intradermal and intra-aortic positions in all 50 experimental animals. Furthermore, these grafts had a very high aneurysm formation (100%), and aneurysm rupture (54%) rate even in isogeneic recipients, suggesting that the modification procedure so damages the structural integrity of venous tissue that its use in clinical situations may have disastrous consequences. Histologic evidence of intimal thickening, elastic disruption, and often severe acute and chronic inflammation supported the gross evidence of mechanical and immunologic damage and suggests that a mild brief course of immunosuppression may be indicated in clinical trials in situation in which autogenous saphenous vein in unavailable. Although the use of prosthetic mesh support for the graft may help to avoid structural changes, the introduction of synthetic materials may offset the theoretical advantages of the venous tissue."}
{"id": "PMID:889372", "title": "Preoperative oral antibiotics reduce septic complications of colon operations: results of prospective, randomized, double-blind clinical study.", "content": "The effectiveness of short-term, low-dose, preoperative oral administration of neomycin and erythromycin base combined with vigorous purgation in reducing the incidence of wound infections and other septic complications of elective colon and rectal operations has been studied in a prospective, randomized, double-blind, clinical trial. One hundred and sixteen patients completed the study; all received mechanical preparation; 56 received neomycin-erythromycin base while 60 received an identical appearing placebo. The two patient groups were comparable in age distribution, clinical diagnoses, associated systemic diseases, types of operation performed and similar clinical features. The overall rate of directly related septic complications was 43 per cent in the placebo group and 9% in the group receiving neomycin and erythromycin base. The wound infection rates were 35% in placebo and 9% in antibiotic treated patients. Oral administration of neomycin and erythromycin base together with vigorous mechanical cleansing reduces the risk of septic complications after elective colo-rectal operations.", "contents": "Preoperative oral antibiotics reduce septic complications of colon operations: results of prospective, randomized, double-blind clinical study. The effectiveness of short-term, low-dose, preoperative oral administration of neomycin and erythromycin base combined with vigorous purgation in reducing the incidence of wound infections and other septic complications of elective colon and rectal operations has been studied in a prospective, randomized, double-blind, clinical trial. One hundred and sixteen patients completed the study; all received mechanical preparation; 56 received neomycin-erythromycin base while 60 received an identical appearing placebo. The two patient groups were comparable in age distribution, clinical diagnoses, associated systemic diseases, types of operation performed and similar clinical features. The overall rate of directly related septic complications was 43 per cent in the placebo group and 9% in the group receiving neomycin and erythromycin base. The wound infection rates were 35% in placebo and 9% in antibiotic treated patients. Oral administration of neomycin and erythromycin base together with vigorous mechanical cleansing reduces the risk of septic complications after elective colo-rectal operations."}
{"id": "PMID:889373", "title": "The child with ambiguous genitalia: a neonatal surgical emergency.", "content": "Although many birth defects pose a real threat to life if left uncorrected, the problem of ambiguous genitalia, if poorly or incorrectly handled, leads to a lifetime of unhappiness for both parent and child. The evaluation of these defects must be attended to with the same dispatch as any life threatening anomaly. A total of 18 children with ambiguous genitalia have been evaluated and treated in the past two years including nine females with virilizing adreno-genital syndrome, three infants with mixed gonadal dysgenesis, two infants with dysgenetic male pseudohermaphroditism, two males with severe perineal hypospadias, bifid scrotum, and undescended testicles, and two females with cloacal deformities. Precise diagnosis and most importantly proper gender assignments were made in 11 neonates by cytogenetic, biochemical, and miniaturized endoscopic techniques. Subsequent surgical reconstruction is governed by existing anatomy, not genetic sex, and has been completed in six children two to two and half years of age. Most are reconstructed as females with recession of the enlarged clitoris and vaginoplasty. Males with hypospadias are handled by standard techniques. Seven previously evaluated patients had been lost to follow-up for up to 13 years and were recently reconstructed. Surgical treatment in five older children with extreme virilization and moderate to severe gender confusion was technically successful but associated with pronounced emotional difficulties. Worse than delay in gender assignment, is making the wrong gender assignment, or failing to follow through with the original plan at an early age. Sample cases from each of these categories are presented in detail to illustrate the innovations in the diagnostic and therapeituc management of these children.", "contents": "The child with ambiguous genitalia: a neonatal surgical emergency. Although many birth defects pose a real threat to life if left uncorrected, the problem of ambiguous genitalia, if poorly or incorrectly handled, leads to a lifetime of unhappiness for both parent and child. The evaluation of these defects must be attended to with the same dispatch as any life threatening anomaly. A total of 18 children with ambiguous genitalia have been evaluated and treated in the past two years including nine females with virilizing adreno-genital syndrome, three infants with mixed gonadal dysgenesis, two infants with dysgenetic male pseudohermaphroditism, two males with severe perineal hypospadias, bifid scrotum, and undescended testicles, and two females with cloacal deformities. Precise diagnosis and most importantly proper gender assignments were made in 11 neonates by cytogenetic, biochemical, and miniaturized endoscopic techniques. Subsequent surgical reconstruction is governed by existing anatomy, not genetic sex, and has been completed in six children two to two and half years of age. Most are reconstructed as females with recession of the enlarged clitoris and vaginoplasty. Males with hypospadias are handled by standard techniques. Seven previously evaluated patients had been lost to follow-up for up to 13 years and were recently reconstructed. Surgical treatment in five older children with extreme virilization and moderate to severe gender confusion was technically successful but associated with pronounced emotional difficulties. Worse than delay in gender assignment, is making the wrong gender assignment, or failing to follow through with the original plan at an early age. Sample cases from each of these categories are presented in detail to illustrate the innovations in the diagnostic and therapeituc management of these children."}
{"id": "PMID:889374", "title": "Long-term results in 1375 patients undergoing valve replacement with the Starr-Edwards cloth-covered steel ball prosthesis.", "content": "The two principal considerations with prosthetic valves are durability and thromboembolism. With the widespread interest in recently developed prosthetic valves (porcine, tilting disc, Cooley), the long-term results at one institution with a single prosthesis were considered of particular importance. Accordingly, a 97% follow-up has been completed on 1375 patients (pts) undergoing prosthetic valve replacement with the Starr-Edwards cloth-covered steel ball prosthesis at New York University between October 1967 and December 1975. Operative procedures were as follows: aortic valve replacement (AVR): 470 pts; mitral valve replacement (MVR): 362 pts; combined AVR and MVR: 129 pts; other combined procedures: 414 pts. Overall operative deaths were 13.7%, 9% for AVR, 10.8% for MVR, and 18.6% for combined AVR and MVR. At seven years, AVR survival was 64%, and MVR survival 64.5%. There has been widespread pessimism, usually without significant data, about the cloth-covered prosthesis, because of concern of cloth wear, hemolysis and other complications. Therefore, a particularly significant finding by actuarial analysis was that 85% of surviving patients with isolated AVR remained free of emboli for five years. In pts surviving isolated MVR, 80% remained free of emboli for five years. Of those having embolic episodes, 33% were not on anticoagulants. Fatal hemorrhage from anticoagulants occurred in 0.8% of pts. Endocarditis occurred in 5.7% of the entire group, with 1.3% requiring reoperation. Clinically significant hemolysis occurred in 5.1% of the group, with only 0.2% requiring reoperation. Hence, the total frequency of clinically significant cloth-wear was less than 0.5%. These data indicate both the reliability and the limitations of the Starr-Edwards cloth-covered steel ball valve and can be used in comparing experiences with the more recently developed prostheses.", "contents": "Long-term results in 1375 patients undergoing valve replacement with the Starr-Edwards cloth-covered steel ball prosthesis. The two principal considerations with prosthetic valves are durability and thromboembolism. With the widespread interest in recently developed prosthetic valves (porcine, tilting disc, Cooley), the long-term results at one institution with a single prosthesis were considered of particular importance. Accordingly, a 97% follow-up has been completed on 1375 patients (pts) undergoing prosthetic valve replacement with the Starr-Edwards cloth-covered steel ball prosthesis at New York University between October 1967 and December 1975. Operative procedures were as follows: aortic valve replacement (AVR): 470 pts; mitral valve replacement (MVR): 362 pts; combined AVR and MVR: 129 pts; other combined procedures: 414 pts. Overall operative deaths were 13.7%, 9% for AVR, 10.8% for MVR, and 18.6% for combined AVR and MVR. At seven years, AVR survival was 64%, and MVR survival 64.5%. There has been widespread pessimism, usually without significant data, about the cloth-covered prosthesis, because of concern of cloth wear, hemolysis and other complications. Therefore, a particularly significant finding by actuarial analysis was that 85% of surviving patients with isolated AVR remained free of emboli for five years. In pts surviving isolated MVR, 80% remained free of emboli for five years. Of those having embolic episodes, 33% were not on anticoagulants. Fatal hemorrhage from anticoagulants occurred in 0.8% of pts. Endocarditis occurred in 5.7% of the entire group, with 1.3% requiring reoperation. Clinically significant hemolysis occurred in 5.1% of the group, with only 0.2% requiring reoperation. Hence, the total frequency of clinically significant cloth-wear was less than 0.5%. These data indicate both the reliability and the limitations of the Starr-Edwards cloth-covered steel ball valve and can be used in comparing experiences with the more recently developed prostheses."}
{"id": "PMID:889375", "title": "Familial polyposis coli in black patients.", "content": "We have presented our experience with 19 black patients who had familial polyposis coli, seven of whom had associated cancer. Four of the seven had multiple cancers. Seventeen of the 19 patients were female but most of the patients at risk in our series were female. Sixteen of the 19 had extracolonic manifestations which have been described as part of Gardner's syndrome. Although our series was quite small, larger series do not report as high an incidence of extracolonic manifestations. Follow-up was too short to make any statements concerning the development of cancer in the retained rectal stump.", "contents": "Familial polyposis coli in black patients. We have presented our experience with 19 black patients who had familial polyposis coli, seven of whom had associated cancer. Four of the seven had multiple cancers. Seventeen of the 19 patients were female but most of the patients at risk in our series were female. Sixteen of the 19 had extracolonic manifestations which have been described as part of Gardner's syndrome. Although our series was quite small, larger series do not report as high an incidence of extracolonic manifestations. Follow-up was too short to make any statements concerning the development of cancer in the retained rectal stump."}
{"id": "PMID:889376", "title": "Improved results with carotid endarterectomy.", "content": "Two hundred ninety patients undergoing carotid endarterectomy were reviewed. From 1968 to 1972, 188 patients had carotid endarterectomy under general anesthesia with use of a shunt and hypercarbia. Stump pressures were not recorded in this group. There were three deaths, three postoperative hemiplegias and two complications of transient limb weakness. From 1973 to 1975, 102 patients were operated on under local anesthesia with systemic Innovar and Sublimaze, normocarbia and intra-operative assessment of stump pressure. In this group there was one death, no hemiplegia, and no complications of transient limb weakness. Twenty of the 102 were shunted either on the basis of stump pressure or the loss of motor ability or consciousness on carotid clamping. Those shunted had stump pressures ranging from 10 to 70 mm Hg with a mean of 20 while those not shunted had stump pressures ranging from 20 to 85 mm Hg with a mean of 53 mm Hg. Five patients lapsed into unconsciousness despite internal carotid stump pressures of 30, 30, 34, 36 and 70 mm Hg respectively, thus requiring intraoperative shunting. This experience seriously questions the reliability of carotid stump pressure as the sole determinant to identify those patients who require intraoperative shunting. We have come full circle, back to operation under local anesthesia, since intraoperative assessment of the patient's motor ability and consciousness alone provide the only absolute criteria for assessing the need for intraoperative shunting. Since the operation can be performed with greater technical efficiency without a shunt and without the potential complications of shunting itself, it behooves the surgeon to have a reliable method of knowing when it is not required.", "contents": "Improved results with carotid endarterectomy. Two hundred ninety patients undergoing carotid endarterectomy were reviewed. From 1968 to 1972, 188 patients had carotid endarterectomy under general anesthesia with use of a shunt and hypercarbia. Stump pressures were not recorded in this group. There were three deaths, three postoperative hemiplegias and two complications of transient limb weakness. From 1973 to 1975, 102 patients were operated on under local anesthesia with systemic Innovar and Sublimaze, normocarbia and intra-operative assessment of stump pressure. In this group there was one death, no hemiplegia, and no complications of transient limb weakness. Twenty of the 102 were shunted either on the basis of stump pressure or the loss of motor ability or consciousness on carotid clamping. Those shunted had stump pressures ranging from 10 to 70 mm Hg with a mean of 20 while those not shunted had stump pressures ranging from 20 to 85 mm Hg with a mean of 53 mm Hg. Five patients lapsed into unconsciousness despite internal carotid stump pressures of 30, 30, 34, 36 and 70 mm Hg respectively, thus requiring intraoperative shunting. This experience seriously questions the reliability of carotid stump pressure as the sole determinant to identify those patients who require intraoperative shunting. We have come full circle, back to operation under local anesthesia, since intraoperative assessment of the patient's motor ability and consciousness alone provide the only absolute criteria for assessing the need for intraoperative shunting. Since the operation can be performed with greater technical efficiency without a shunt and without the potential complications of shunting itself, it behooves the surgeon to have a reliable method of knowing when it is not required."}
{"id": "PMID:889377", "title": "Screening for breast cancer.", "content": "Mammography is of real assistance to the surgeon in evaluating breast problems not associated with a breast mass. Use of mammography in the detection of early breast cancer in breast demonstration projects has brought forth the time honored value judgement of benefit vs risk. This report introduces an additional aspect in the consideration of benefit vs risk, the interval cancer. From the demonstration project at KUMC, 326 biopsies were performed and 65 proved to be cancer. However, 24 additional women developed cancer before their next recommended screening date. This reduces the accuracy of mammography and physical examination by trained nurses in screening for breast cancer to 73%.", "contents": "Screening for breast cancer. Mammography is of real assistance to the surgeon in evaluating breast problems not associated with a breast mass. Use of mammography in the detection of early breast cancer in breast demonstration projects has brought forth the time honored value judgement of benefit vs risk. This report introduces an additional aspect in the consideration of benefit vs risk, the interval cancer. From the demonstration project at KUMC, 326 biopsies were performed and 65 proved to be cancer. However, 24 additional women developed cancer before their next recommended screening date. This reduces the accuracy of mammography and physical examination by trained nurses in screening for breast cancer to 73%."}
{"id": "PMID:889378", "title": "An evaluation of bone scans as screening procedures for occult metastases in primary breast cancer.", "content": "Preoperative bone scans were obtained in 104 patients with operable breast cancer. Areas of increased radioactivity detected by the bone scan were correlated with appropriate radiographs. One of 64 patients (1.5%) with clinical Stage I and Stage II breast cancer had a metastatic lesion detected by the preoperative bone scan. In contrast, 10 of 41 patients (24%) with Stage III breast cancer had occult metastatic lesions detected by the preoperative bone scan. The majority of patients with abnormal bone scans and no radiographic evidence of a benign lesion to explain the cause of the increased radioactivity proved to have metastatic breast cancer on follow-examination. Even though 20% of patients with operable breast cancer will eventually develop bone metastases, our results indicate that preoperative bone scans are not an effective means of predicting which patients with Stage I and Stage II disease will develop metastatic breast cancer. Because of the considerably increased frequency of detection of occult metastases in patients with Stage III breast cancer, bone scans should be obtained routinely in the preoperative assessment of these patients.", "contents": "An evaluation of bone scans as screening procedures for occult metastases in primary breast cancer. Preoperative bone scans were obtained in 104 patients with operable breast cancer. Areas of increased radioactivity detected by the bone scan were correlated with appropriate radiographs. One of 64 patients (1.5%) with clinical Stage I and Stage II breast cancer had a metastatic lesion detected by the preoperative bone scan. In contrast, 10 of 41 patients (24%) with Stage III breast cancer had occult metastatic lesions detected by the preoperative bone scan. The majority of patients with abnormal bone scans and no radiographic evidence of a benign lesion to explain the cause of the increased radioactivity proved to have metastatic breast cancer on follow-examination. Even though 20% of patients with operable breast cancer will eventually develop bone metastases, our results indicate that preoperative bone scans are not an effective means of predicting which patients with Stage I and Stage II disease will develop metastatic breast cancer. Because of the considerably increased frequency of detection of occult metastases in patients with Stage III breast cancer, bone scans should be obtained routinely in the preoperative assessment of these patients."}
{"id": "PMID:889379", "title": "The contribution of a bacterially isolated environment to the prevention of infection in seriously burned patients.", "content": "A new system of patient protection from bacterial crossinfection called the Bacteria Controlled Nursing Unit (BCNU) is described, based on strict environmental control of a 6 x 10 foot area surrounding the patient's bed rather than the entire patient room or isolation ward, plus the ability to deliver all medical care without entering the protective environment and maintaining all monitoring, life support, and i.v. equipment outside the controlled environment. The clinical effectiveness of this system in the treatment of burn patients has been studied and compared with the effectiveness of single room isolation on a burn isolation ward and conventional isolation techniques on an open burn ward. The studies show that the BCNU is significantly more effective in preventing bacterial cross-contamination than conventional precautions (3.8% vs. 13.1%, P < 0.001; and 8% vs. 22.8%, P < 0.001) over a two and four week period. The studies also indicate that there was a significant increase in the probability of infection occurring following cross-contamination than occurring after auto-contamination (65% vs. 39%, P < 0.005), emphasizing the importance of preventing cross-contamination in reducing the overall infection rate in seriously burned patients. Clinical evaluation of the unit proved it to be compatible with intensive nursing and medical care without increasing the nurse to patient ratio. The unit provided sufficient control of bacterial cross-infection to allow reduction in mortality and improvement in the effectiveness of burn care through routine prompt excision of burn eschar and immediate wound closure to be carried out in severe and massively burned patients without a limiting threat of bacterial burn wound sepsis.", "contents": "The contribution of a bacterially isolated environment to the prevention of infection in seriously burned patients. A new system of patient protection from bacterial crossinfection called the Bacteria Controlled Nursing Unit (BCNU) is described, based on strict environmental control of a 6 x 10 foot area surrounding the patient's bed rather than the entire patient room or isolation ward, plus the ability to deliver all medical care without entering the protective environment and maintaining all monitoring, life support, and i.v. equipment outside the controlled environment. The clinical effectiveness of this system in the treatment of burn patients has been studied and compared with the effectiveness of single room isolation on a burn isolation ward and conventional isolation techniques on an open burn ward. The studies show that the BCNU is significantly more effective in preventing bacterial cross-contamination than conventional precautions (3.8% vs. 13.1%, P < 0.001; and 8% vs. 22.8%, P < 0.001) over a two and four week period. The studies also indicate that there was a significant increase in the probability of infection occurring following cross-contamination than occurring after auto-contamination (65% vs. 39%, P < 0.005), emphasizing the importance of preventing cross-contamination in reducing the overall infection rate in seriously burned patients. Clinical evaluation of the unit proved it to be compatible with intensive nursing and medical care without increasing the nurse to patient ratio. The unit provided sufficient control of bacterial cross-infection to allow reduction in mortality and improvement in the effectiveness of burn care through routine prompt excision of burn eschar and immediate wound closure to be carried out in severe and massively burned patients without a limiting threat of bacterial burn wound sepsis."}
{"id": "PMID:889380", "title": "The potential of organizations of fee-for-service physicians for achieving significant decreases in hospitalization.", "content": "Because hospitalization is a key factor in controlling health care costs and because fee-for-service remains the predominant mode of physician payment, a study was undertaken of the hospitalization experiences of open panel fee-for-service health maintenance organizations (IPA-HMOs) and Foundations for Medical Care (FMCs). Ten open panel plans were surveyed as to characteristics of their programs, physicians, and enrollees and their hospitalization rates. Although data were incomplete, three IPA-HMOs, described as case reports, did achieve striking reductions in hospital use relative to a comparison group or period. Salient characteristics of these plans that may influence hospital use are prepayment by enrollees, sharing by physicians of some financial risk, and effective peer review. Further study is needed, but preliminary indications are that IPA-HMOs have a role to play in reducing health care costs.", "contents": "The potential of organizations of fee-for-service physicians for achieving significant decreases in hospitalization. Because hospitalization is a key factor in controlling health care costs and because fee-for-service remains the predominant mode of physician payment, a study was undertaken of the hospitalization experiences of open panel fee-for-service health maintenance organizations (IPA-HMOs) and Foundations for Medical Care (FMCs). Ten open panel plans were surveyed as to characteristics of their programs, physicians, and enrollees and their hospitalization rates. Although data were incomplete, three IPA-HMOs, described as case reports, did achieve striking reductions in hospital use relative to a comparison group or period. Salient characteristics of these plans that may influence hospital use are prepayment by enrollees, sharing by physicians of some financial risk, and effective peer review. Further study is needed, but preliminary indications are that IPA-HMOs have a role to play in reducing health care costs."}
{"id": "PMID:889382", "title": "Proton translocation in intack cells of Thiobacillus denitrificans.", "content": "Proton translocation assessed by the quinacrine fluorescence technique was compared with oxygen uptake during thiosulphate oxidation by cells of Thiobacillus denitrificans. The addition of thiosulphate to cell suspensions resulted in an outwardly directed proton translocation as reflected by an increased quinacrine fluorescence. Compared to the O2 uptake activity, the proton translocating system was much more sensitive to proton conductors, other ionophores and inhibitors of electron transport. The results indicate that (a) the proton-translocation activity (membrane energization) is enhanced in aged cell suspensions, (b) intactness of the cytoplasmic membrane is essential for establishing a protonmotive force in cells, (c) the fluorescence increase and proton translocation are reversible processes, (d) inhibitors of electron transport may also act as proton conductors by altering the integrity of the cytoplasmic membrane.", "contents": "Proton translocation in intack cells of Thiobacillus denitrificans. Proton translocation assessed by the quinacrine fluorescence technique was compared with oxygen uptake during thiosulphate oxidation by cells of Thiobacillus denitrificans. The addition of thiosulphate to cell suspensions resulted in an outwardly directed proton translocation as reflected by an increased quinacrine fluorescence. Compared to the O2 uptake activity, the proton translocating system was much more sensitive to proton conductors, other ionophores and inhibitors of electron transport. The results indicate that (a) the proton-translocation activity (membrane energization) is enhanced in aged cell suspensions, (b) intactness of the cytoplasmic membrane is essential for establishing a protonmotive force in cells, (c) the fluorescence increase and proton translocation are reversible processes, (d) inhibitors of electron transport may also act as proton conductors by altering the integrity of the cytoplasmic membrane."}
{"id": "PMID:889383", "title": "[Energy-dependent 63Ni-uptake by Alcaligenes eutrophus strains H1 and H16 (author's transl)].", "content": "Kinetic studies of the uptake of 63Ni were undertaken with two strains of Alcaligenes eutrophus, known to require nickel ions for chemolithotrophic growth. Using carbon dioxide as sole carbon source, growth is stimulated by low concentrations of nickel with optimum concentration for growth stimulation at about 0.3 micron nickel. Higher nickel concentrations were inhibitory. Heterotrophic growth on fructose was not stimulated by nickel ions.--Upon transfer into phosphate buffer freed of heavy metal ions, autotrophically grown cells exhibited rapid uptake of 63Ni which was dependent upon the presence of hydrogen, oxygen and carbon dioxide. Within 60 min nickel was accumulated from the medium, reaching 280-fold concentration in the cells. The observed uptake exhibited a temperature optimum at about 29 degrees C and was markedly inhibited by metabolic inhibitors such as arsenite, iodoacetate, methylene-blue, sodium azide and sodium cyanide. Other heavy metal ions (Zn, Co, Mn and Cu) only slightly inhibited 63Ni-uptake. The efflux of 63Ni from the cells was stimulated by 58NiCl2 and by toluene. These data indicate that nickel ions are accumulated by an energy dependent mechanism in chemolithotrophically grown cells of these strains.", "contents": "[Energy-dependent 63Ni-uptake by Alcaligenes eutrophus strains H1 and H16 (author's transl)]. Kinetic studies of the uptake of 63Ni were undertaken with two strains of Alcaligenes eutrophus, known to require nickel ions for chemolithotrophic growth. Using carbon dioxide as sole carbon source, growth is stimulated by low concentrations of nickel with optimum concentration for growth stimulation at about 0.3 micron nickel. Higher nickel concentrations were inhibitory. Heterotrophic growth on fructose was not stimulated by nickel ions.--Upon transfer into phosphate buffer freed of heavy metal ions, autotrophically grown cells exhibited rapid uptake of 63Ni which was dependent upon the presence of hydrogen, oxygen and carbon dioxide. Within 60 min nickel was accumulated from the medium, reaching 280-fold concentration in the cells. The observed uptake exhibited a temperature optimum at about 29 degrees C and was markedly inhibited by metabolic inhibitors such as arsenite, iodoacetate, methylene-blue, sodium azide and sodium cyanide. Other heavy metal ions (Zn, Co, Mn and Cu) only slightly inhibited 63Ni-uptake. The efflux of 63Ni from the cells was stimulated by 58NiCl2 and by toluene. These data indicate that nickel ions are accumulated by an energy dependent mechanism in chemolithotrophically grown cells of these strains."}
{"id": "PMID:889384", "title": "Nutrition and factors limiting the growth of a methanogenic bacterium (Methanobacterium thermoautotrophicum).", "content": "The purification of Methanobacterium thermoautotrophicum from a culture contaminated with a heterotrophic organism is described. A defined inorganic medium under H2/CO2 (80:20 v/v) has been developed to support growth of M. thermoautotrophicum up to a concentration of at least 1.7 g dry weight/l. In a conventional medium iron and nitrogen sources were found to be growth-limiting factors. Throughout most of the culture period the rate of transfer of hydrogen or carbon dioxide from gas to liquid was the factor which controlled the growth rate. The growth yields of bacteria were in the range of 0.6-1.6 g dry weight/mole CH4.", "contents": "Nutrition and factors limiting the growth of a methanogenic bacterium (Methanobacterium thermoautotrophicum). The purification of Methanobacterium thermoautotrophicum from a culture contaminated with a heterotrophic organism is described. A defined inorganic medium under H2/CO2 (80:20 v/v) has been developed to support growth of M. thermoautotrophicum up to a concentration of at least 1.7 g dry weight/l. In a conventional medium iron and nitrogen sources were found to be growth-limiting factors. Throughout most of the culture period the rate of transfer of hydrogen or carbon dioxide from gas to liquid was the factor which controlled the growth rate. The growth yields of bacteria were in the range of 0.6-1.6 g dry weight/mole CH4."}
{"id": "PMID:889385", "title": "The carotenoids of Flavobacterium strain R1560.", "content": "The main carotenoid of Flavobacterium strain R1560 has been identified as (3R,3'R)-zeaxanthin. Also present were small amounts of 15-cis-phytoene, phytofluene, \"zeta-carotene\" (7,8,7',8'-tetrahydro-psi, psi-carotene plus 7,8,11,12-tetrahydro-psi, psi-carotene), neurosporene, lycopene, beta-zeacarotene, gamma-carotene, beta-carotene, beta-cryptoxanthin, rubixanthin, 3-hydroxy-beta-zeacarotene and several apo-carotenals. Zeaxanthin production was inhibited by nicotine (10 mM), and lycopene and rubixanthin accumulated. The biosynthesis of zeaxanthin is discussed in terms of pathways and also of \"half-molecule\" reaction sequences. The presence of zeaxanthin may be a characteristic of a group of Flavobacterium species, and may thus be useful in the taxonomic classification of these organisms.", "contents": "The carotenoids of Flavobacterium strain R1560. The main carotenoid of Flavobacterium strain R1560 has been identified as (3R,3'R)-zeaxanthin. Also present were small amounts of 15-cis-phytoene, phytofluene, \"zeta-carotene\" (7,8,7',8'-tetrahydro-psi, psi-carotene plus 7,8,11,12-tetrahydro-psi, psi-carotene), neurosporene, lycopene, beta-zeacarotene, gamma-carotene, beta-carotene, beta-cryptoxanthin, rubixanthin, 3-hydroxy-beta-zeacarotene and several apo-carotenals. Zeaxanthin production was inhibited by nicotine (10 mM), and lycopene and rubixanthin accumulated. The biosynthesis of zeaxanthin is discussed in terms of pathways and also of \"half-molecule\" reaction sequences. The presence of zeaxanthin may be a characteristic of a group of Flavobacterium species, and may thus be useful in the taxonomic classification of these organisms."}
{"id": "PMID:889386", "title": "The photosensitivity of the malate oxidase system of a pigmented strain and a carotenoidless mutant of Sarcina lutea (Micrococcus luteus).", "content": "The effect of white light on the malate oxidase of Sarcina lutea (Micrococcus luteus) membranes has been examined using a carotenoid-containing and a carotenoidless mutant. At least three photosensitive sites have been detected. Two of these are associated with the malate dehydrogenase complex (malate-menaquinone reductase) and are unaffected by membrane carotenoid. A third site which has been detected beyond the dehydrogenase complex, is protected by carotenoid since it can only be demonstrated in carotenoidless systems. A repair mechanism has been found for one of the two sites in the dehydrogenase complex.", "contents": "The photosensitivity of the malate oxidase system of a pigmented strain and a carotenoidless mutant of Sarcina lutea (Micrococcus luteus). The effect of white light on the malate oxidase of Sarcina lutea (Micrococcus luteus) membranes has been examined using a carotenoid-containing and a carotenoidless mutant. At least three photosensitive sites have been detected. Two of these are associated with the malate dehydrogenase complex (malate-menaquinone reductase) and are unaffected by membrane carotenoid. A third site which has been detected beyond the dehydrogenase complex, is protected by carotenoid since it can only be demonstrated in carotenoidless systems. A repair mechanism has been found for one of the two sites in the dehydrogenase complex."}
{"id": "PMID:889387", "title": "Lack of peptidoglycan in the cell walls of Methanosarcina barkeri.", "content": "Neither muramic acid and glucosamine nor D-glutamic acid or other amino acids typical of peptidoglycan were found in cell walls of two strains of Methanosarcina barkeri. The main components are galactosamine, neutral sugars and uronic acids. Therefore, the structural component of the cell wall most likely consists of an acid heteropolysaccharide, resembling that of Halococcus morrhuae. It is, however, not sulfated.", "contents": "Lack of peptidoglycan in the cell walls of Methanosarcina barkeri. Neither muramic acid and glucosamine nor D-glutamic acid or other amino acids typical of peptidoglycan were found in cell walls of two strains of Methanosarcina barkeri. The main components are galactosamine, neutral sugars and uronic acids. Therefore, the structural component of the cell wall most likely consists of an acid heteropolysaccharide, resembling that of Halococcus morrhuae. It is, however, not sulfated."}
{"id": "PMID:889389", "title": "The effect of gamma radiation on breaking of dormancy in Phycomyces spores.", "content": "Dormant sporangiospores of Phycomyces blakesleeanus were activated by Cs-137 gamma rays. After a dose of about 300 krad, between 80 and 90% of the spores germinated normally. However, further development of the mycelium was inhibited. Even with dry spores a partial activation was obtained. Activation by gamma rays was not accompanied by an increase in trehalase activity.", "contents": "The effect of gamma radiation on breaking of dormancy in Phycomyces spores. Dormant sporangiospores of Phycomyces blakesleeanus were activated by Cs-137 gamma rays. After a dose of about 300 krad, between 80 and 90% of the spores germinated normally. However, further development of the mycelium was inhibited. Even with dry spores a partial activation was obtained. Activation by gamma rays was not accompanied by an increase in trehalase activity."}
{"id": "PMID:889390", "title": "Regulation of the central metabolism in relation to citric acid production in Saccharomycopsis lipolytica.", "content": "The mechanism of the massive extracellular production of citric and isocitric acids by Saccharomycopsis lipolytica grown on n-paraffins has been studied. When growth stops, because of nitrogen limitation, the intracellular concentration of ATP sharply rises whereas that of AMP and ADP decreases to a low level. At the same time production of acids begins. The activity of the NAD-dependent isocitrate dehydrogenase which requires AMP for activity becomes very low and prevents the oxidative function of the citric acid cycle whereas isocitrate lyase is not inhibited. As citrate synthase inhibition by ATP appears to be insufficient to stop n-paraffin degradation, citric and isocitric acids accumulation can take place. Massive excretion of these acids, however, probably still involves other physiological changes brought about by nitrogen limitation, possibly some permeabilization of the cell to these acids.", "contents": "Regulation of the central metabolism in relation to citric acid production in Saccharomycopsis lipolytica. The mechanism of the massive extracellular production of citric and isocitric acids by Saccharomycopsis lipolytica grown on n-paraffins has been studied. When growth stops, because of nitrogen limitation, the intracellular concentration of ATP sharply rises whereas that of AMP and ADP decreases to a low level. At the same time production of acids begins. The activity of the NAD-dependent isocitrate dehydrogenase which requires AMP for activity becomes very low and prevents the oxidative function of the citric acid cycle whereas isocitrate lyase is not inhibited. As citrate synthase inhibition by ATP appears to be insufficient to stop n-paraffin degradation, citric and isocitric acids accumulation can take place. Massive excretion of these acids, however, probably still involves other physiological changes brought about by nitrogen limitation, possibly some permeabilization of the cell to these acids."}
{"id": "PMID:889394", "title": "[Water and salt retention in low birth weight infants. Physiopathogenic discussion].", "content": "Thirty-nine cases of salt and water retention have been observed in low birth weight infants, preterm or small for dates, during the past five years. The onset on the oedema was delayed and appeared on average at the age considered to be term, that is at about 40 weeks corrected gestational age. The iatrogenic nature of the oedema is shown by the evidence in the population at risk of preterm and small for dates infants: It is frequent when the milk is non-modified cow's milk which contains 21-25 mEq/1 of sodium, less common with modified cow's milk containing 11 mEq/sodium1 and and never with breast milk (7 mEq/1). In the absence of treatment neurological signs appeared, as showed by intracranial hypertension. One injection only of frusemide was often sufficient to interrupt the vicious circle.", "contents": "[Water and salt retention in low birth weight infants. Physiopathogenic discussion]. Thirty-nine cases of salt and water retention have been observed in low birth weight infants, preterm or small for dates, during the past five years. The onset on the oedema was delayed and appeared on average at the age considered to be term, that is at about 40 weeks corrected gestational age. The iatrogenic nature of the oedema is shown by the evidence in the population at risk of preterm and small for dates infants: It is frequent when the milk is non-modified cow's milk which contains 21-25 mEq/1 of sodium, less common with modified cow's milk containing 11 mEq/sodium1 and and never with breast milk (7 mEq/1). In the absence of treatment neurological signs appeared, as showed by intracranial hypertension. One injection only of frusemide was often sufficient to interrupt the vicious circle."}
{"id": "PMID:889395", "title": "[The scimitar syndrome in children. Apropos of 3 cases].", "content": "The authors describe three new cases in children of abnormal right pulmonary venous drainage into the inferior vena cava, associated with sequestration of the right lower lobe and dextrocardia caused by right pulmonary hypoplasia with a scimitar sign. The term scimitar syndrome used in the literature is to some extent inaccurate as it is neither constant nor pathognomonic. The authors have reviewed 45 paediatric cases reported in the literature and compared the different clinical, diagnostic and therapeutic aspects with their patients. To their knowledge they report the first case in childhood with right lobar sequestration, which received its blood supply from an abnormal artery arising from the right internal mammary artery.", "contents": "[The scimitar syndrome in children. Apropos of 3 cases]. The authors describe three new cases in children of abnormal right pulmonary venous drainage into the inferior vena cava, associated with sequestration of the right lower lobe and dextrocardia caused by right pulmonary hypoplasia with a scimitar sign. The term scimitar syndrome used in the literature is to some extent inaccurate as it is neither constant nor pathognomonic. The authors have reviewed 45 paediatric cases reported in the literature and compared the different clinical, diagnostic and therapeutic aspects with their patients. To their knowledge they report the first case in childhood with right lobar sequestration, which received its blood supply from an abnormal artery arising from the right internal mammary artery."}
{"id": "PMID:889396", "title": "[Schilder's disease with adrenal insufficiency (adreno-leukodystrophy). Apropos of 5 cases].", "content": "Five cases of Schilder's disease with adrenal insufficiency are reported (adrenoleucodystrophy) one of whom has a first cousin with Addison's disease. The principle clinical features of the disorder are outlined and particularly the great variability in the severity of the adrenal insufficiency. The current understanding of this disorder is reviewed.", "contents": "[Schilder's disease with adrenal insufficiency (adreno-leukodystrophy). Apropos of 5 cases]. Five cases of Schilder's disease with adrenal insufficiency are reported (adrenoleucodystrophy) one of whom has a first cousin with Addison's disease. The principle clinical features of the disorder are outlined and particularly the great variability in the severity of the adrenal insufficiency. The current understanding of this disorder is reviewed."}
{"id": "PMID:889397", "title": "[Hepato-diaphragmatic interposition of the colon in children. Chilaiditi's syndrome].", "content": "The interposition of the colon between the diaphragm and the liver is reported in an infant aged 12 days who presented in the neonatal period with intestinal obstruction. The syndrome which was described by Chilaiditi in 1910 under the name of hepatoptosis or diaphragmatic-hepatic interposition of the colon, is rare in adults and exceptionally rare in children. Nevertheless it is important to recognise at it is part of the differential diagnosis of pneumoperitoneum and a right sided diaphragmatic hernia. The treatment was surgical in our case.", "contents": "[Hepato-diaphragmatic interposition of the colon in children. Chilaiditi's syndrome]. The interposition of the colon between the diaphragm and the liver is reported in an infant aged 12 days who presented in the neonatal period with intestinal obstruction. The syndrome which was described by Chilaiditi in 1910 under the name of hepatoptosis or diaphragmatic-hepatic interposition of the colon, is rare in adults and exceptionally rare in children. Nevertheless it is important to recognise at it is part of the differential diagnosis of pneumoperitoneum and a right sided diaphragmatic hernia. The treatment was surgical in our case."}
{"id": "PMID:889398", "title": "[Pancreatico-peritoneal fistula in the newborn infant revealed by a hemorrhagic ascites].", "content": "Chronic haemorrhagic ascites in an infant is reported. After much hesitation without a definite diagnosis the first laparotomy was carried out and the estimation of amylase, lipase and proteolytic enzyme activities in the ascitic fluid suggested a pancreatic origin for the ascites. This was conformed at a second laparotomy when the condition was correted. This emphasises the importance of the estimation of pancreatic enzymes in unexplained ascites in children.", "contents": "[Pancreatico-peritoneal fistula in the newborn infant revealed by a hemorrhagic ascites]. Chronic haemorrhagic ascites in an infant is reported. After much hesitation without a definite diagnosis the first laparotomy was carried out and the estimation of amylase, lipase and proteolytic enzyme activities in the ascitic fluid suggested a pancreatic origin for the ascites. This was conformed at a second laparotomy when the condition was correted. This emphasises the importance of the estimation of pancreatic enzymes in unexplained ascites in children."}
{"id": "PMID:889400", "title": "[The anti-epileptic drugs].", "content": "It is no longer acceptable to prescribe anticonvulsants on the basis of empirical rules. Pharmacological studies have made it possible to measure the absorption, distribution and excretion of these drugs. Complete understanding of this data is neccessary if anticonvulsant prescribing is to be fully effective and to avoid iatrogenic disease.", "contents": "[The anti-epileptic drugs]. It is no longer acceptable to prescribe anticonvulsants on the basis of empirical rules. Pharmacological studies have made it possible to measure the absorption, distribution and excretion of these drugs. Complete understanding of this data is neccessary if anticonvulsant prescribing is to be fully effective and to avoid iatrogenic disease."}
{"id": "PMID:889406", "title": "[Still another cause of hypermethioninemia in children: S-adenosylmethionine synthetase deficiency].", "content": "One case of hypermethioninaemia discovered on systematic neonatal screening examination is reported. This metabolic disorder was associated with growth retardation, anorexia, digestive disturbances, and a strong smell of \"boiled cabbage\" in urine and sweat. With a 6-year follow up, psychomotor and growth developments were excellent under a low methionine containing diet, in spite of a persistent pathological hypermethioninaemia. A deficiency in S-adenosyl-methionine synthetase and an abnormal kinetics of this enzyme were found in a liver tissue sample obtained by biopsy. Otherwise, the excretion of alpha-keto-gamma-methyl-thiobutyric acid was increased with, however, no abnormality in the metabolism of folates. Finally, the probability of an autosomal recessive transmission is discussed.", "contents": "[Still another cause of hypermethioninemia in children: S-adenosylmethionine synthetase deficiency]. One case of hypermethioninaemia discovered on systematic neonatal screening examination is reported. This metabolic disorder was associated with growth retardation, anorexia, digestive disturbances, and a strong smell of \"boiled cabbage\" in urine and sweat. With a 6-year follow up, psychomotor and growth developments were excellent under a low methionine containing diet, in spite of a persistent pathological hypermethioninaemia. A deficiency in S-adenosyl-methionine synthetase and an abnormal kinetics of this enzyme were found in a liver tissue sample obtained by biopsy. Otherwise, the excretion of alpha-keto-gamma-methyl-thiobutyric acid was increased with, however, no abnormality in the metabolism of folates. Finally, the probability of an autosomal recessive transmission is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:889407", "title": "[2 cases of solitary pulmonary arteriovenous fistula presenting in the neonatal period].", "content": "Two case reports of pulmonary arterio-venous fistulae presenting in the neonatal period are described. One child had severe respiratory distress with cardiac failure and the other presented with cyanosis and a continuous murmur. In both, chest X-ray demonstrated a localised lesion and the presence of an arteriovenous fistula was confirmed by pulmonary angiography. Lobectomy cured both children.", "contents": "[2 cases of solitary pulmonary arteriovenous fistula presenting in the neonatal period]. Two case reports of pulmonary arterio-venous fistulae presenting in the neonatal period are described. One child had severe respiratory distress with cardiac failure and the other presented with cyanosis and a continuous murmur. In both, chest X-ray demonstrated a localised lesion and the presence of an arteriovenous fistula was confirmed by pulmonary angiography. Lobectomy cured both children."}
{"id": "PMID:889412", "title": "The treatment of sexual dysfunction: a review.", "content": "In this article we describe and contrast the psychodynamic and directive approaches to the treatment of sexual dysfunction. We have also summarized and critically reviewed published reports with ten or more cases. No firm conclusions can be drawn on the efficacy of the psychodynamic approach with this population because of the absence of controlled studies. Fairly conclusive evidence for the efficacy of the directive approaches is now available, but solely with highly selected populations. Success rates in studies with unselected psychiatric outpatient populations are much less favorable. The effect of characteristics of the patient population on outcome with the directive sex therapies has received dangerously little attention.", "contents": "The treatment of sexual dysfunction: a review. In this article we describe and contrast the psychodynamic and directive approaches to the treatment of sexual dysfunction. We have also summarized and critically reviewed published reports with ten or more cases. No firm conclusions can be drawn on the efficacy of the psychodynamic approach with this population because of the absence of controlled studies. Fairly conclusive evidence for the efficacy of the directive approaches is now available, but solely with highly selected populations. Success rates in studies with unselected psychiatric outpatient populations are much less favorable. The effect of characteristics of the patient population on outcome with the directive sex therapies has received dangerously little attention."}
{"id": "PMID:889413", "title": "The components of rapists' sexual arousal.", "content": "The erections of rapists and nonrapists were measured during audio descriptions of rape and nonrape sexual scenes. On the basis of their erection measures, rapists were separated from nonrapists in that the former developed erections to rape descriptions while the latter did not. The method also discriminated those rapists with the highest frequency of rape, those who had injured their victim, and those who chose children as victims.", "contents": "The components of rapists' sexual arousal. The erections of rapists and nonrapists were measured during audio descriptions of rape and nonrape sexual scenes. On the basis of their erection measures, rapists were separated from nonrapists in that the former developed erections to rape descriptions while the latter did not. The method also discriminated those rapists with the highest frequency of rape, those who had injured their victim, and those who chose children as victims."}
{"id": "PMID:889414", "title": "Cognitive mediators between patients' social class and therapists' evaluations.", "content": "Previous research has shown that therapists are more likely to accept middle-class than lower-class persons for psychotherapy and to rate middle-class patients more favorably than lower-class patients. One explanation that has been offered is that lower-class patients may not conceptualize their experiences in a manner compatible with traditional kinds of therapy. This study investigated several cognitive variables that could theoretically serve as mediators between patients' social class and therapists' differential evaluations--specifically, verbal intelligence, psychological differentiation, and locus of control. Therapists evaluated patients after the initial therapy session. Results indicated that psychological differentiation was a mediator for therapists' judgments of both patients' desire for structure and their suitability for psychotherapy. Similarly, a locus of control orientation emphasizing the role of chance functioned as a mediator of therapists' judgments of suitability.", "contents": "Cognitive mediators between patients' social class and therapists' evaluations. Previous research has shown that therapists are more likely to accept middle-class than lower-class persons for psychotherapy and to rate middle-class patients more favorably than lower-class patients. One explanation that has been offered is that lower-class patients may not conceptualize their experiences in a manner compatible with traditional kinds of therapy. This study investigated several cognitive variables that could theoretically serve as mediators between patients' social class and therapists' differential evaluations--specifically, verbal intelligence, psychological differentiation, and locus of control. Therapists evaluated patients after the initial therapy session. Results indicated that psychological differentiation was a mediator for therapists' judgments of both patients' desire for structure and their suitability for psychotherapy. Similarly, a locus of control orientation emphasizing the role of chance functioned as a mediator of therapists' judgments of suitability."}
{"id": "PMID:889415", "title": "The goal-attainment scale: an instructional guide for the delivery of social reinforcement.", "content": "Goal-attainment scaling, a method for evaluating treatment programs, has been reported to benefit therapeutic encounters. In order to evaluate its effect on staff therapeutic behavior, raters were trained to rate the appropriateness of inpatient behavior and the staffs' responses to it. General distribution of the goal-attainment scale on a psychiatric inpatient unit influenced the delivery of positive social reinforcement for appropriate behavior.", "contents": "The goal-attainment scale: an instructional guide for the delivery of social reinforcement. Goal-attainment scaling, a method for evaluating treatment programs, has been reported to benefit therapeutic encounters. In order to evaluate its effect on staff therapeutic behavior, raters were trained to rate the appropriateness of inpatient behavior and the staffs' responses to it. General distribution of the goal-attainment scale on a psychiatric inpatient unit influenced the delivery of positive social reinforcement for appropriate behavior."}
{"id": "PMID:889416", "title": "Compliance with psychiatric emergency room referrals.", "content": "An attempt was made to identify some of the major variables, such as age, sex, ethnicity, and diagnosis, that might be determinants of compliance with psychiatrists' recommendations to enter outpatient treatment after emergency room visits. In general, it was found that older Puerto Rican and white women, usually those diagnosed as having some kind of depression, had the highest rate of compliance. Black patients, as well as all patients diagnosed as schizophrenic, had the lowest probability of outpatient follow-up. A telephone survey of those patients who did not go for outpatient treatment within six months after referral was conducted to elicit their reasons for not going. Several hypotheses were developed concerning reasons for lack of compliance with recommendations for outpatient follow-up, and a number of suggestions were made about possible methods for increasing the compliance rate.", "contents": "Compliance with psychiatric emergency room referrals. An attempt was made to identify some of the major variables, such as age, sex, ethnicity, and diagnosis, that might be determinants of compliance with psychiatrists' recommendations to enter outpatient treatment after emergency room visits. In general, it was found that older Puerto Rican and white women, usually those diagnosed as having some kind of depression, had the highest rate of compliance. Black patients, as well as all patients diagnosed as schizophrenic, had the lowest probability of outpatient follow-up. A telephone survey of those patients who did not go for outpatient treatment within six months after referral was conducted to elicit their reasons for not going. Several hypotheses were developed concerning reasons for lack of compliance with recommendations for outpatient follow-up, and a number of suggestions were made about possible methods for increasing the compliance rate."}
{"id": "PMID:889417", "title": "Decriminalization of public drunkenness: the response of suburban police.", "content": "In 1973, Massachusetts abolished the crime of public drunkenness, with the intent that many of the persons who formerly had been arrested on this charge would now be treated at detoxification centers. We studied the effects of this law in the Boston suburbs, with an emphasis on the police response. We found that there has been a paradoxical increase in drinking-related jail cell detentions, and that the police and detoxification centers are dealing with two essentially different and unrelated populations. Police and detoxification officials agree that the suburban detoxification system is irrelevant for dealing with most of the public intoxicants whom the police have always dealt with and whom they continue to deal with.", "contents": "Decriminalization of public drunkenness: the response of suburban police. In 1973, Massachusetts abolished the crime of public drunkenness, with the intent that many of the persons who formerly had been arrested on this charge would now be treated at detoxification centers. We studied the effects of this law in the Boston suburbs, with an emphasis on the police response. We found that there has been a paradoxical increase in drinking-related jail cell detentions, and that the police and detoxification centers are dealing with two essentially different and unrelated populations. Police and detoxification officials agree that the suburban detoxification system is irrelevant for dealing with most of the public intoxicants whom the police have always dealt with and whom they continue to deal with."}
{"id": "PMID:889418", "title": "Extrapyramidal side effects in chlorpromazine recipients: emergence according to benztropine prophylaxis.", "content": "The frequency of extrapyramidal symptoms (EPS) attributed to chlorpromazine among 86 patients who received benztropine for the prevention of EPS (9.3%) was similar to that of the 568 patients who received chlorpromazine alone (10.6%). The data in this small sample indicated that the prophylactic use of benztropine had no effect in reducing the rate of EPS.", "contents": "Extrapyramidal side effects in chlorpromazine recipients: emergence according to benztropine prophylaxis. The frequency of extrapyramidal symptoms (EPS) attributed to chlorpromazine among 86 patients who received benztropine for the prevention of EPS (9.3%) was similar to that of the 568 patients who received chlorpromazine alone (10.6%). The data in this small sample indicated that the prophylactic use of benztropine had no effect in reducing the rate of EPS."}
{"id": "PMID:889419", "title": "Catatonic reactions to high-potency neuroleptic drugs.", "content": "Eight patients developed a syndrome marked by features of catatonia (including posturing, waxy flexibility, withdrawal and regression) and parkinsonism (including bradykinesia and rigidity) while receiving high-potency neuroleptic drugs. The syndrome had a gradual onset, responded slowly to withdrawal of the neuroleptic or use of an anticholinergic agent, but seemed to respond more rapidly to amantadine. The syndrome may easily be confused with a worsening of schizophrenic symptoms.", "contents": "Catatonic reactions to high-potency neuroleptic drugs. Eight patients developed a syndrome marked by features of catatonia (including posturing, waxy flexibility, withdrawal and regression) and parkinsonism (including bradykinesia and rigidity) while receiving high-potency neuroleptic drugs. The syndrome had a gradual onset, responded slowly to withdrawal of the neuroleptic or use of an anticholinergic agent, but seemed to respond more rapidly to amantadine. The syndrome may easily be confused with a worsening of schizophrenic symptoms."}
{"id": "PMID:889420", "title": "Successful suicides with thioridazine and mesoridazine: a result of probable cardiotoxicity.", "content": "Five cases of successful suicides from thioridazine and mesoridazine occurred. The clinical course and management are outlined. A sixth case of reversible total heart block associated with thioridazine is presented giving further evidence that the deaths from overdose probably resulted from drug cardiotoxicity.", "contents": "Successful suicides with thioridazine and mesoridazine: a result of probable cardiotoxicity. Five cases of successful suicides from thioridazine and mesoridazine occurred. The clinical course and management are outlined. A sixth case of reversible total heart block associated with thioridazine is presented giving further evidence that the deaths from overdose probably resulted from drug cardiotoxicity."}
{"id": "PMID:889421", "title": "Countersymbiotic suicide.", "content": "In the course of studying the outcome of treatment for severely disturbed schizophrenics on a special ward, the authors encountered three instances of suicide with many features in common. All three cases involved young Hispanic male patients who demonstrated pathologically symbiotic relationships with their mothers. None had a history of overt suicide attempts prior to their actual death by jumping. These incidents occurred while the patients were en route to, or at, the maternal home on an unauthorized leave from the hospital. We present the case histories and offer a dynamic interpretation. In each case, it is likely that the underlying desire was to kill the mother. This either was not permissible or, alternatively, the patients' ego boundaries were not sufficiently clear to permit differentiation of self and mother. The patients saw any attempt, short of suicide, to loosen the symbiotic bond as being futile, hence, our terminology of the event as \"countersymbiotic suicide.\"", "contents": "Countersymbiotic suicide. In the course of studying the outcome of treatment for severely disturbed schizophrenics on a special ward, the authors encountered three instances of suicide with many features in common. All three cases involved young Hispanic male patients who demonstrated pathologically symbiotic relationships with their mothers. None had a history of overt suicide attempts prior to their actual death by jumping. These incidents occurred while the patients were en route to, or at, the maternal home on an unauthorized leave from the hospital. We present the case histories and offer a dynamic interpretation. In each case, it is likely that the underlying desire was to kill the mother. This either was not permissible or, alternatively, the patients' ego boundaries were not sufficiently clear to permit differentiation of self and mother. The patients saw any attempt, short of suicide, to loosen the symbiotic bond as being futile, hence, our terminology of the event as \"countersymbiotic suicide.\""}
{"id": "PMID:889422", "title": "Persisting personalities among depressed women.", "content": "Descriptions of patients' premorbid personalities were provided by family informants at the time of the depressive episode, and one year later at follow-up the informants were asked to describe the current personalities. A comparison of the initial and follow-up descriptions for a sample of 190 depressive women showed that personality characteristics traditionally ascribed to depressive patients tended to provide a persisting characterization for most of the sample. There was a diminution in the incidence of certain personality characteristics for a small but significant portion of the sample.", "contents": "Persisting personalities among depressed women. Descriptions of patients' premorbid personalities were provided by family informants at the time of the depressive episode, and one year later at follow-up the informants were asked to describe the current personalities. A comparison of the initial and follow-up descriptions for a sample of 190 depressive women showed that personality characteristics traditionally ascribed to depressive patients tended to provide a persisting characterization for most of the sample. There was a diminution in the incidence of certain personality characteristics for a small but significant portion of the sample."}
{"id": "PMID:889423", "title": "Depressive symptoms in patients and normal subjects in India.", "content": "A survey of symptomatology of depressed patients and normal subjects in  India was conducted, using a previously developed operational definition for depressive disorders that had been converted into a Self-Rating Depression Scale (SDS). Results obtained from 430 depressed and 97 normal subjects showed that depressed patients scored significantly higher on 18 of the 20 individual items of the SDS, as well as the SDS index, than did normal subjects (P= less than .01). Correlation between the physician's global rating of the patient's depression and patient's own self-rating was 0.74 (P= less than .01). A comparison of these results in India with those previously obtained in the United States, Japan, Czechoslovakia, England, Germany, and the Netherlands showed that depressed patients scored similarly in all the countries studied.", "contents": "Depressive symptoms in patients and normal subjects in India. A survey of symptomatology of depressed patients and normal subjects in  India was conducted, using a previously developed operational definition for depressive disorders that had been converted into a Self-Rating Depression Scale (SDS). Results obtained from 430 depressed and 97 normal subjects showed that depressed patients scored significantly higher on 18 of the 20 individual items of the SDS, as well as the SDS index, than did normal subjects (P= less than .01). Correlation between the physician's global rating of the patient's depression and patient's own self-rating was 0.74 (P= less than .01). A comparison of these results in India with those previously obtained in the United States, Japan, Czechoslovakia, England, Germany, and the Netherlands showed that depressed patients scored similarly in all the countries studied."}
{"id": "PMID:889424", "title": "Thyroid function in depression and alcohol abuse: a retrospective study.", "content": "Admission thyroid function tests were reviewed in 115 euthyroid patients with depression (66), depression and alcohol abuse (30), or alcohol abuse (19). Estimated free thyroxine (EFT) levels ranged from 0.7 to 2.7 ng/100 ml (normal, 1.0 to 2.1). Levels above 2.1 ng/100 ml were associated with agitation and values under 1.1 with alcohol abuse. Mean EFT levels differed significantly among six diagnostic subgroups and paralleled rank order for severity of depression (none, secondary, reactive, single uncategorized, recurrent, psychotic). Alcohol abuse negatively affected EFT: there was a significant decrease of mean EFT level from nonabusers to abusers and, further, to intoxicated abusers. A positive association between EFT level and severity of depression, and a negative one with alcohol use, were significant when other variables considered were controlled. These two factors accounted from 28.2% of variability in EFT levels, with a minimal additional contribution of medication effect.", "contents": "Thyroid function in depression and alcohol abuse: a retrospective study. Admission thyroid function tests were reviewed in 115 euthyroid patients with depression (66), depression and alcohol abuse (30), or alcohol abuse (19). Estimated free thyroxine (EFT) levels ranged from 0.7 to 2.7 ng/100 ml (normal, 1.0 to 2.1). Levels above 2.1 ng/100 ml were associated with agitation and values under 1.1 with alcohol abuse. Mean EFT levels differed significantly among six diagnostic subgroups and paralleled rank order for severity of depression (none, secondary, reactive, single uncategorized, recurrent, psychotic). Alcohol abuse negatively affected EFT: there was a significant decrease of mean EFT level from nonabusers to abusers and, further, to intoxicated abusers. A positive association between EFT level and severity of depression, and a negative one with alcohol use, were significant when other variables considered were controlled. These two factors accounted from 28.2% of variability in EFT levels, with a minimal additional contribution of medication effect."}
{"id": "PMID:889425", "title": "Sensitivity of automated red cell antibody detection.", "content": "The principle of detecting red cell antibodies by automated technique using the two-channel Technicon Auto-Analyser with some modification is described. The sensitivity of automated methods in detecting antibodies of different specificities was determined. The study was carried out with 76 diagnostic human sera produced by the Institute of Hematology, Transfusion Centers and commercial firms: anti-RhD, -C, -E, -CW, -c, -e, anti-K, -k, Kpa, anti-Fya, -Fyb, anti-Jka, -Jkb, anti-M, -S, -s, anti-P1, anti-Lua, anti-Lea, -Leb, anti-H, -A1, anti-I, anti-Lua and anti-Vel. A majority of the antibodies were detected by both automated methods with greater sensitivity than by manual methods. Greatest sensitivity was observed in the detection of anti-S, -Vel and antibodies of the Rh system. Anti-Leb and anti A1 antibodies were not detected. The studies are the basis for introduction of the automated technique into routine use for antibodies in blood donors and recipients.", "contents": "Sensitivity of automated red cell antibody detection. The principle of detecting red cell antibodies by automated technique using the two-channel Technicon Auto-Analyser with some modification is described. The sensitivity of automated methods in detecting antibodies of different specificities was determined. The study was carried out with 76 diagnostic human sera produced by the Institute of Hematology, Transfusion Centers and commercial firms: anti-RhD, -C, -E, -CW, -c, -e, anti-K, -k, Kpa, anti-Fya, -Fyb, anti-Jka, -Jkb, anti-M, -S, -s, anti-P1, anti-Lua, anti-Lea, -Leb, anti-H, -A1, anti-I, anti-Lua and anti-Vel. A majority of the antibodies were detected by both automated methods with greater sensitivity than by manual methods. Greatest sensitivity was observed in the detection of anti-S, -Vel and antibodies of the Rh system. Anti-Leb and anti A1 antibodies were not detected. The studies are the basis for introduction of the automated technique into routine use for antibodies in blood donors and recipients."}
{"id": "PMID:889426", "title": "The action of cysteine on PHA-stimulation of lymphocytes. I. Influence of DNA synthesis.", "content": "The influence of short-time preincubation of rat lymphocytes in solutions of L-cysteine reduced glutathione, and dithiothreitol on PHA stimulation of these cells was studied by measuring incorporation of 3H-thymidine. Thirty-minute preincubation in cysteine solution enhanced PHA-induced incorporation of 3H-thymidine. One-hour incubation caused earlier peak of incorporation by one day; and two-hour incubation distinctly inhibited spontaneous incorporation of 3H-thymidine. Incubation in solutions of glutathione and dithiothreitol had no effect on the course or intensity of 3H-thymidine incorporation. However, constant presence of these compounds in cultures was toxic for lymphocytes.", "contents": "The action of cysteine on PHA-stimulation of lymphocytes. I. Influence of DNA synthesis. The influence of short-time preincubation of rat lymphocytes in solutions of L-cysteine reduced glutathione, and dithiothreitol on PHA stimulation of these cells was studied by measuring incorporation of 3H-thymidine. Thirty-minute preincubation in cysteine solution enhanced PHA-induced incorporation of 3H-thymidine. One-hour incubation caused earlier peak of incorporation by one day; and two-hour incubation distinctly inhibited spontaneous incorporation of 3H-thymidine. Incubation in solutions of glutathione and dithiothreitol had no effect on the course or intensity of 3H-thymidine incorporation. However, constant presence of these compounds in cultures was toxic for lymphocytes."}
{"id": "PMID:889427", "title": "The action of cysteine of PHA-stimulation of lymphocytes. II. Influence on incorporation of 3H-uridine and 14C-leucine.", "content": "The influence of short-term preincubation and continuous cultivation with L-cysteine hydrochloride on incorporation of 14C-leucine nad 3H-uridine in cultures of PHA-stimulated and unstimulated lymphocytes was studied. Preincubation during 1 and 2 hours in presence of cysteine inhibited incorporation of these compounds during the first few days of incubation. After 2-hr preincubation, incorporation was first somewhat depressed and then markedly enhanced. Continual presence of cysteine in the medium markedly inhibited incorporation of 3H-uridine and 14C-leucine from the first to last day of incubation.", "contents": "The action of cysteine of PHA-stimulation of lymphocytes. II. Influence on incorporation of 3H-uridine and 14C-leucine. The influence of short-term preincubation and continuous cultivation with L-cysteine hydrochloride on incorporation of 14C-leucine nad 3H-uridine in cultures of PHA-stimulated and unstimulated lymphocytes was studied. Preincubation during 1 and 2 hours in presence of cysteine inhibited incorporation of these compounds during the first few days of incubation. After 2-hr preincubation, incorporation was first somewhat depressed and then markedly enhanced. Continual presence of cysteine in the medium markedly inhibited incorporation of 3H-uridine and 14C-leucine from the first to last day of incubation."}
{"id": "PMID:889428", "title": "The effect of antibody on the migratory pattern of peritoneal macrophages.", "content": "51Cr-labeled peritoneal macrophages which interiorized sheep erythrocytes (SRBC) injected i.p. into syngeneic recipients accumulate in a typical fashion in different organs. The pattern of distribution can be altered by two maneuvers--when animals at the time of macrophages transfer are injected i.v. with cytophilic antibody, or when macrophages are fed with IgG-SRBC complexes instead of native SRBC. The possible role of modified migratory pattern of macrophages in antibody-induced suppression of the immune response is discussed.", "contents": "The effect of antibody on the migratory pattern of peritoneal macrophages. 51Cr-labeled peritoneal macrophages which interiorized sheep erythrocytes (SRBC) injected i.p. into syngeneic recipients accumulate in a typical fashion in different organs. The pattern of distribution can be altered by two maneuvers--when animals at the time of macrophages transfer are injected i.v. with cytophilic antibody, or when macrophages are fed with IgG-SRBC complexes instead of native SRBC. The possible role of modified migratory pattern of macrophages in antibody-induced suppression of the immune response is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:889429", "title": "Dynamic adhesion of erythrocytes to glass. Comparative study of the influence of serum in low concentrations.", "content": "Adhesion of 51Cr-labeled rat erythrocytes was examined in a layer of glass beads in a dynamic system. The kinetics of erythrocyte retention in the bead layer was found to change with time. Adhesion decreased with time at all the studied rates of suspension flow through the layer (within the range 1-5--0-4 cm/min), both in presence and absence of serum in the medium. Serum in low concentrations of 20--200 microgram of protein per ml considerably inhibited dynamic adhesion of erythrocytes to glass. The higher the serum concentration in a medium (at a definite flow velocity), the quicker the decrease of adhesion with time, and the stronger the dependence of the kinetics of erythrocyte retention on the flow velocity of the cells. Mean adhesion of erythrocytes after 17-min perfusion of the layer (at 200 microgram of serum protein per ml of medium) seems to be independent of the concentration of the cells in the suspension flowing into the layer within the range of studied concentrations, 2 x 10(6)--20 x 10(6) cells/ml. However, mean adhesion of erythrocytes deprived of serum seems to be dependent on the cell concentration.", "contents": "Dynamic adhesion of erythrocytes to glass. Comparative study of the influence of serum in low concentrations. Adhesion of 51Cr-labeled rat erythrocytes was examined in a layer of glass beads in a dynamic system. The kinetics of erythrocyte retention in the bead layer was found to change with time. Adhesion decreased with time at all the studied rates of suspension flow through the layer (within the range 1-5--0-4 cm/min), both in presence and absence of serum in the medium. Serum in low concentrations of 20--200 microgram of protein per ml considerably inhibited dynamic adhesion of erythrocytes to glass. The higher the serum concentration in a medium (at a definite flow velocity), the quicker the decrease of adhesion with time, and the stronger the dependence of the kinetics of erythrocyte retention on the flow velocity of the cells. Mean adhesion of erythrocytes after 17-min perfusion of the layer (at 200 microgram of serum protein per ml of medium) seems to be independent of the concentration of the cells in the suspension flowing into the layer within the range of studied concentrations, 2 x 10(6)--20 x 10(6) cells/ml. However, mean adhesion of erythrocytes deprived of serum seems to be dependent on the cell concentration."}
{"id": "PMID:889430", "title": "Activities of some peptidases and glycolytic enzymes in cells of the amniotic fluid. II. Pregnancies complicated by threatening intrauterine fetal asphyxia.", "content": "Activities of leucylaminopeptidase, aspartyl aminopeptidase, gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase, oxytocinase, phosphohexoisomerase, phosphofructokinase and aldolase were studied in amniotic cells from cases of pregnancy complicated by threatening intrauterine fetal asphyxia. Leucylaminopeptidase and oxytocinase activities were much higher in the group of pregnancies complicated by threatening fetal asphyxia than in the control group. It was concluded that elevated activity of the aforementioned enzymes in cells of the amniotic fluid from pregnancies complicated by threatening intrauterine asphyxia is due to acute hypoxia of the fetus.", "contents": "Activities of some peptidases and glycolytic enzymes in cells of the amniotic fluid. II. Pregnancies complicated by threatening intrauterine fetal asphyxia. Activities of leucylaminopeptidase, aspartyl aminopeptidase, gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase, oxytocinase, phosphohexoisomerase, phosphofructokinase and aldolase were studied in amniotic cells from cases of pregnancy complicated by threatening intrauterine fetal asphyxia. Leucylaminopeptidase and oxytocinase activities were much higher in the group of pregnancies complicated by threatening fetal asphyxia than in the control group. It was concluded that elevated activity of the aforementioned enzymes in cells of the amniotic fluid from pregnancies complicated by threatening intrauterine asphyxia is due to acute hypoxia of the fetus."}
{"id": "PMID:889432", "title": "Effect of menstruation on academic performance among college women.", "content": "Many studies report that women's performance and affective patterns fluctuate with their menstrual cycle. Poor mental performance is generally more common during menstruation and for several days prior to onset. Research on academically advanced women, however, has shown that their scholastic performance is less likely to exhibit the usual menstrual decline. Presumably, they are motivated enough to exert a compensatory effort on \"off-days.\" Thus the current research was designed to test whether, among college women, academic performance fluctuates with the menstrual cycle. The academic performance of volunteers in and introductory college psychology course was followed. Biweekly course tests were used to measure performance. The subjects filled out menstrual calendars, indicated their SAT scores, and answered questions from a standardized test of academic motivation. Following the convention of past research, the \"paramenstruum\" (the time of menstrual stress) was defined to be the 4 days prior to onset and the first 4 days of menstruation. The other days in the cycle comprise the \"intermenstruum.\" On all eight tests, the difference between paramenstrual and intermenstrual performance (adjusted for aptitude and motivation) was insignificant.", "contents": "Effect of menstruation on academic performance among college women. Many studies report that women's performance and affective patterns fluctuate with their menstrual cycle. Poor mental performance is generally more common during menstruation and for several days prior to onset. Research on academically advanced women, however, has shown that their scholastic performance is less likely to exhibit the usual menstrual decline. Presumably, they are motivated enough to exert a compensatory effort on \"off-days.\" Thus the current research was designed to test whether, among college women, academic performance fluctuates with the menstrual cycle. The academic performance of volunteers in and introductory college psychology course was followed. Biweekly course tests were used to measure performance. The subjects filled out menstrual calendars, indicated their SAT scores, and answered questions from a standardized test of academic motivation. Following the convention of past research, the \"paramenstruum\" (the time of menstrual stress) was defined to be the 4 days prior to onset and the first 4 days of menstruation. The other days in the cycle comprise the \"intermenstruum.\" On all eight tests, the difference between paramenstrual and intermenstrual performance (adjusted for aptitude and motivation) was insignificant."}
{"id": "PMID:889433", "title": "Gender identity change in a female adolescent transsexual.", "content": "Two years of individual and milieu therapy are described of a 14 1/2-year-old girl who had presented with the persistent request to have a sex-change operation since age 12. Her past history was obtained from her parent and the records of the child guidance clinic which evaluated her at 3 years of age. She gives a history of remarkable tomboyism during her latency years and increasing withdrawal from peers and family during early adolescence. The patient's personal and family dynamics are explored, and these major therapeutic themes are discussed. The individual and milieu therapy are described and discussed with some speculation about the reasons for her positive response to psychotherapy. It would appear that this is a rare case of postpubertal female transsexual reported to have made a gender identity change.", "contents": "Gender identity change in a female adolescent transsexual. Two years of individual and milieu therapy are described of a 14 1/2-year-old girl who had presented with the persistent request to have a sex-change operation since age 12. Her past history was obtained from her parent and the records of the child guidance clinic which evaluated her at 3 years of age. She gives a history of remarkable tomboyism during her latency years and increasing withdrawal from peers and family during early adolescence. The patient's personal and family dynamics are explored, and these major therapeutic themes are discussed. The individual and milieu therapy are described and discussed with some speculation about the reasons for her positive response to psychotherapy. It would appear that this is a rare case of postpubertal female transsexual reported to have made a gender identity change."}
{"id": "PMID:889434", "title": "Investigation of human sexual response using a cassette recorder.", "content": "A cassette recorder (Medilog miniature analogue tape recorder) initially developed for prolonged recording of ECG and EEG has been adapted for monitoring physiological change during sexual response. The recorder is small, portable, and reliable. Recording can be done by the subject in private. By avoiding the problem of invasion of privacy, it may prove practical to obtain data from patients when information about their ability to cope with the stress of sex response is neeeded for medical counseling. Additionally, a larger population than would ordinarily be available for sex research may become available for study. Tracings from a recording of EEG, ECG, and vaginal photoplethysmography during sex response are presented.", "contents": "Investigation of human sexual response using a cassette recorder. A cassette recorder (Medilog miniature analogue tape recorder) initially developed for prolonged recording of ECG and EEG has been adapted for monitoring physiological change during sexual response. The recorder is small, portable, and reliable. Recording can be done by the subject in private. By avoiding the problem of invasion of privacy, it may prove practical to obtain data from patients when information about their ability to cope with the stress of sex response is neeeded for medical counseling. Additionally, a larger population than would ordinarily be available for sex research may become available for study. Tracings from a recording of EEG, ECG, and vaginal photoplethysmography during sex response are presented."}
{"id": "PMID:889435", "title": "[Influence of vitamin B 6 deficiency in early weaned piglets on the digestibility and conversion of protein and energy].", "content": "Early-weaned piglets were subjected during 2 metabolic periods (11th-18th and 32nd-39th days of the experiment) to conversion experiments to study the influence of vitamin B6 depletion on the digestibility of the crude nutrients, metabolizable energy and on nitrogen conversion using the difference procedure. The depleted piglets (0.4 mg vitamin B6/kh diet) and the pair-fed control animals raised under equal conditions (6.5 mg vitamin B6/kh diet) were first fed a pre-starter ration, and from the 24th experimental day, a starter feed. As the period of depletion increased, the vitamin B6 sub-provided piglets revealed deficiency symptoms such as reduced appetite, lethargic behaviour and less movement. Whilst in the first half of the experiment the control animals reached significantly higher weight gains at lower expenditure of dry matter and digestible energy per kg of weight gain, no differences were observed between both groups in the second period. On the other hand, during the 1st metabolic period the digestibility of all crude nutrients and energy in the depleted piglets proved slightly, but significantly higher than in the pair-fed control animals. In the second half of the experiment ther were just casual differences. After a 2-week vitamin B6 deficient nutrition, the piglets had a 4.1% lower nitrogen retention as compared with the pair-fed control. After a depletion period of 5 weeks, this difference reached 14.4%. As nitrogen excretion in the urine increased, a higher renal energy excretion was observed. Thus the vitamin B6 deficient animals had available less metabolizable energy (in % of digestible energy) than the control piglets.", "contents": "[Influence of vitamin B 6 deficiency in early weaned piglets on the digestibility and conversion of protein and energy]. Early-weaned piglets were subjected during 2 metabolic periods (11th-18th and 32nd-39th days of the experiment) to conversion experiments to study the influence of vitamin B6 depletion on the digestibility of the crude nutrients, metabolizable energy and on nitrogen conversion using the difference procedure. The depleted piglets (0.4 mg vitamin B6/kh diet) and the pair-fed control animals raised under equal conditions (6.5 mg vitamin B6/kh diet) were first fed a pre-starter ration, and from the 24th experimental day, a starter feed. As the period of depletion increased, the vitamin B6 sub-provided piglets revealed deficiency symptoms such as reduced appetite, lethargic behaviour and less movement. Whilst in the first half of the experiment the control animals reached significantly higher weight gains at lower expenditure of dry matter and digestible energy per kg of weight gain, no differences were observed between both groups in the second period. On the other hand, during the 1st metabolic period the digestibility of all crude nutrients and energy in the depleted piglets proved slightly, but significantly higher than in the pair-fed control animals. In the second half of the experiment ther were just casual differences. After a 2-week vitamin B6 deficient nutrition, the piglets had a 4.1% lower nitrogen retention as compared with the pair-fed control. After a depletion period of 5 weeks, this difference reached 14.4%. As nitrogen excretion in the urine increased, a higher renal energy excretion was observed. Thus the vitamin B6 deficient animals had available less metabolizable energy (in % of digestible energy) than the control piglets."}
{"id": "PMID:889436", "title": "[Studies on the determination of the part of bacterial nitrogen in relation to total nitrogen content in the duodenum of cows].", "content": "A method for estimation of content of bacterial nitrogen in duodenal intestine was described. The method of HUTTON et al. (1971) in modificated form for the own research was the best method. In two trials roughage (chopped dried forage) and ground corn were given to cows with duodenal bridge fistula in different order (90 min-intervall). Portion of bacterial nitrogen to total nitrogen was 72.5% (corn leads to roughage) and 64.7% (roughage leads to corn).", "contents": "[Studies on the determination of the part of bacterial nitrogen in relation to total nitrogen content in the duodenum of cows]. A method for estimation of content of bacterial nitrogen in duodenal intestine was described. The method of HUTTON et al. (1971) in modificated form for the own research was the best method. In two trials roughage (chopped dried forage) and ground corn were given to cows with duodenal bridge fistula in different order (90 min-intervall). Portion of bacterial nitrogen to total nitrogen was 72.5% (corn leads to roughage) and 64.7% (roughage leads to corn)."}
{"id": "PMID:889437", "title": "[Some methodical problems in the determination of the true amino acid digestibility in swine].", "content": "Five castrated males bridge-fistulated at the end of the small intestine and fed a wheat-casein ration were used to study the influence of the microflora in the determination of the true amino acid digestibility applying the fecal analysis method. The experimental results allow to conclude that the influence of the microflora may be regarded as a very small one if certain parameters are taken into account in applying the fecal analysis methods.", "contents": "[Some methodical problems in the determination of the true amino acid digestibility in swine]. Five castrated males bridge-fistulated at the end of the small intestine and fed a wheat-casein ration were used to study the influence of the microflora in the determination of the true amino acid digestibility applying the fecal analysis method. The experimental results allow to conclude that the influence of the microflora may be regarded as a very small one if certain parameters are taken into account in applying the fecal analysis methods."}
{"id": "PMID:889438", "title": "[Proof of sex-dependent effect of lambdamycin in mice].", "content": "The juvenile mouse is used as screening model to test feed additives for their potentially ergotropic effects. Weight development in 20-day old mice was found to be much more strongly influenced than in animals being 25 to 30 days old. The antibiotic lambdamycin inhibited weight gain in female mice, whilst males were promoted in weight development following lambdamycin application.", "contents": "[Proof of sex-dependent effect of lambdamycin in mice]. The juvenile mouse is used as screening model to test feed additives for their potentially ergotropic effects. Weight development in 20-day old mice was found to be much more strongly influenced than in animals being 25 to 30 days old. The antibiotic lambdamycin inhibited weight gain in female mice, whilst males were promoted in weight development following lambdamycin application."}
{"id": "PMID:889439", "title": "A comparison of Saint Louis encephalitis and Sindbis virus RNA.", "content": "RNA isolated from purified St. Louis encephalitis and Sindbis virus particles was compared by cellulose CF-11 chromatography, and RNase T1 and pancreatic RNase A digestion. SLE RNA eluted from the cellulose CF-11 column as a molecule with very little secondary structure, while Sindbis appears to have some internal bonding. Ribonuclease digestion indicates that SLE RNA contains 2.4 per cent polyadenylic acid.", "contents": "A comparison of Saint Louis encephalitis and Sindbis virus RNA. RNA isolated from purified St. Louis encephalitis and Sindbis virus particles was compared by cellulose CF-11 chromatography, and RNase T1 and pancreatic RNase A digestion. SLE RNA eluted from the cellulose CF-11 column as a molecule with very little secondary structure, while Sindbis appears to have some internal bonding. Ribonuclease digestion indicates that SLE RNA contains 2.4 per cent polyadenylic acid."}
{"id": "PMID:889441", "title": "RNAs of influenza virus recombinants derived from parents of known virulence for man.", "content": "Extensive use of recombinants made from A/PR/8/34 (H0N1) and wild, virulent H3N2 viruses as live influenza vaccines has provided a number of viruses of defined virulence for man. Clinical symptoms produced by these strains have ranged from febrile influenza to local coryzal symptoms or nil. A study was therefore made of the extent to which the PR8 genome had been incorporated into that of a number of the recombinants. By RNA--RNA hybridization it seemed that recombinants which had 55 per cent of greater homology with the PR8 parent were likely to conform an acceptable standard of attenuation. Those with lesser homology were frequently, but not always, clinically virulent. The technique seemed potentially useful, therefore, for screening PR8 live vaccine recombinants in vitro before giving them to volunteers.", "contents": "RNAs of influenza virus recombinants derived from parents of known virulence for man. Extensive use of recombinants made from A/PR/8/34 (H0N1) and wild, virulent H3N2 viruses as live influenza vaccines has provided a number of viruses of defined virulence for man. Clinical symptoms produced by these strains have ranged from febrile influenza to local coryzal symptoms or nil. A study was therefore made of the extent to which the PR8 genome had been incorporated into that of a number of the recombinants. By RNA--RNA hybridization it seemed that recombinants which had 55 per cent of greater homology with the PR8 parent were likely to conform an acceptable standard of attenuation. Those with lesser homology were frequently, but not always, clinically virulent. The technique seemed potentially useful, therefore, for screening PR8 live vaccine recombinants in vitro before giving them to volunteers."}
{"id": "PMID:889442", "title": "Isolation and characterization of further defective clones of a temperature sensitive mutant (ts-1) of respiratory syncytial virus.", "content": "After exposure of the temperature sensitive ts-1 mutant of respiratory syncytial virus to the chemical mutagne, nitrosoguanidine (NG), 2 clones of virus were recovered which were more temperature sensitive and stable genetically than the ts-1 mutant. The initial criterion used for selection of the 2 clones was decreased ability to produce plaques at 36 degrees C. Subsequently it was shown that the 2 clones grew less well at the restrictive temperatures of 37 degrees and 38 degrees C than did the ts-1 parent. Peak titers of the NG derived clones were decreased 10--30 fold at 37 degrees C and over 100-fold at 38 degrees C compared to ts-1. Complementation analysis indicated that the NG mutants retained the same complementation pattern as the ts-1 parent.", "contents": "Isolation and characterization of further defective clones of a temperature sensitive mutant (ts-1) of respiratory syncytial virus. After exposure of the temperature sensitive ts-1 mutant of respiratory syncytial virus to the chemical mutagne, nitrosoguanidine (NG), 2 clones of virus were recovered which were more temperature sensitive and stable genetically than the ts-1 mutant. The initial criterion used for selection of the 2 clones was decreased ability to produce plaques at 36 degrees C. Subsequently it was shown that the 2 clones grew less well at the restrictive temperatures of 37 degrees and 38 degrees C than did the ts-1 parent. Peak titers of the NG derived clones were decreased 10--30 fold at 37 degrees C and over 100-fold at 38 degrees C compared to ts-1. Complementation analysis indicated that the NG mutants retained the same complementation pattern as the ts-1 parent."}
{"id": "PMID:889443", "title": "Influenza virus infection of hamsters. A model for evaluating antiviral drugs.", "content": "Inoculation of hamsters with influenza virus [A/PR/8/34 HON 1] produces an inapparent infection which can be monitored by virus titrations of nasal washes or of homogenates prepared from trachea or lung. Antibody can be detected in the serum within 7 days following virus inoculation. Hamsters previously infected were found to be resistant to challenge with the same virus. The utility of this model for evaluating anti-influenza drugs was demonstrated with two compounds. Calcium elenolate, a virucidal agent, reduced the virus titers of nasal washes when the drug was given as nose drops near the time of virus inoculation so as to affect high drug concentrations in the nasal passages. Virazole, an inhibitor of virus replication, reduced the virus titers of the nasal washes when multiple drug treatments were given as nose drops in an effort to provide drug during the time of virus replication. The model described may provide a useful means of evaluating potential antiviral during candidates inasmuch as the drug can be delivered directly into the nasal passages in a non-fatal influenza infection in a convenient laboratory animal.", "contents": "Influenza virus infection of hamsters. A model for evaluating antiviral drugs. Inoculation of hamsters with influenza virus [A/PR/8/34 HON 1] produces an inapparent infection which can be monitored by virus titrations of nasal washes or of homogenates prepared from trachea or lung. Antibody can be detected in the serum within 7 days following virus inoculation. Hamsters previously infected were found to be resistant to challenge with the same virus. The utility of this model for evaluating anti-influenza drugs was demonstrated with two compounds. Calcium elenolate, a virucidal agent, reduced the virus titers of nasal washes when the drug was given as nose drops near the time of virus inoculation so as to affect high drug concentrations in the nasal passages. Virazole, an inhibitor of virus replication, reduced the virus titers of the nasal washes when multiple drug treatments were given as nose drops in an effort to provide drug during the time of virus replication. The model described may provide a useful means of evaluating potential antiviral during candidates inasmuch as the drug can be delivered directly into the nasal passages in a non-fatal influenza infection in a convenient laboratory animal."}
{"id": "PMID:889444", "title": "A spontaneous temperature sensitive mutant of Japanese encephalitis virus: preliminary characterization.", "content": "A spontaneously arising temperature sensitive (ts) mutant of Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), ts104, was isolated from chick fibroblast (CF) cell cultures of JEV strain M 1/311. Strain ts104 was plaque purified and characterized to ascertain its potential as a candidate for a live vaccine. Parameters of its growth, temperature lability, immunogenicity and virulence were examined. Ts104 has been shown to be stable ts JEV strain, multiplying as well as the parent strain in CF cultures at 35 degrees C, but not mutiplying at 39 degrees C. It was avirulent for embryonated chicken eggs incubated at 39 degrees C and of reduced virulence for intracerebrally (i.c.) inoculated mice as measured by LD50 in weanling mice and average day of death in weanling and suckling mice. Intraperitoneal injection of adult mice with either parent or ts strain resulted in similar levels of protection against challenge with either strain. The potential of ts104 as a candidate live JEV vaccine strain is discussed.", "contents": "A spontaneous temperature sensitive mutant of Japanese encephalitis virus: preliminary characterization. A spontaneously arising temperature sensitive (ts) mutant of Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), ts104, was isolated from chick fibroblast (CF) cell cultures of JEV strain M 1/311. Strain ts104 was plaque purified and characterized to ascertain its potential as a candidate for a live vaccine. Parameters of its growth, temperature lability, immunogenicity and virulence were examined. Ts104 has been shown to be stable ts JEV strain, multiplying as well as the parent strain in CF cultures at 35 degrees C, but not mutiplying at 39 degrees C. It was avirulent for embryonated chicken eggs incubated at 39 degrees C and of reduced virulence for intracerebrally (i.c.) inoculated mice as measured by LD50 in weanling mice and average day of death in weanling and suckling mice. Intraperitoneal injection of adult mice with either parent or ts strain resulted in similar levels of protection against challenge with either strain. The potential of ts104 as a candidate live JEV vaccine strain is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:889445", "title": "The kinetics of adenovirus infection and spread in cell cultures infected with low multiplicity.", "content": "The cause for the long \"incubation period\" required till the appearance of the CPE in cell cultures inoculated with small amounts of adenovirus was investigated with adenovirus type 5 in HeLa cell cultures. The spread of virus in a culture from cell to cell is minimal, as shown in cultures with antiserum in the medium. The spread by spontaneously released virus via the medium is more important. It can be accelerated by repeated subcultivation after freezing and thawing the cells in 2 or 3 days' intervals. The quantity of virus produced by one infected HeLa cell was found to be 200 TCID50 within 48 hours, independent of the MOI. The growth cycle too is largely independent of the virus dose. The data suggest that the long duration of the \"incubation period\" is fully explained by a burst size of 200, a cycle length of 40 to 48 hours and the assumption of a slow and steadily working process of spontaneous release of virus into the medium. Some other possible causes, like impurities in the inoculum or slow and asynchronous early stages of infection, have been ruled out by appropriate experiments.", "contents": "The kinetics of adenovirus infection and spread in cell cultures infected with low multiplicity. The cause for the long \"incubation period\" required till the appearance of the CPE in cell cultures inoculated with small amounts of adenovirus was investigated with adenovirus type 5 in HeLa cell cultures. The spread of virus in a culture from cell to cell is minimal, as shown in cultures with antiserum in the medium. The spread by spontaneously released virus via the medium is more important. It can be accelerated by repeated subcultivation after freezing and thawing the cells in 2 or 3 days' intervals. The quantity of virus produced by one infected HeLa cell was found to be 200 TCID50 within 48 hours, independent of the MOI. The growth cycle too is largely independent of the virus dose. The data suggest that the long duration of the \"incubation period\" is fully explained by a burst size of 200, a cycle length of 40 to 48 hours and the assumption of a slow and steadily working process of spontaneous release of virus into the medium. Some other possible causes, like impurities in the inoculum or slow and asynchronous early stages of infection, have been ruled out by appropriate experiments."}
{"id": "PMID:889446", "title": "Development of a modified immunoelectroosmophoresis method for Uukuniemi and Runde virus serology.", "content": "In search for a suitable method for sero-ecological screenings for arboviruses in Norway, efforts were undertaken to make the immunoelectroosmophoresis technique more sensitive than here to fare in detection of antibodies. The aim was to make it comparable to haemagglutination inhibition test in sensitivity, retaining the advantages in specificity, simplicity and capacity. This has been achieved by: 1. Using concentrated virus as antigen. 2. Performing electrophoresis in a gel consisting of an agar-agarose mixture in optimal concentrations. 3. \"Sandwiching\" the first specific electrophoretic run with an anti-species antiserum to the tested sample.", "contents": "Development of a modified immunoelectroosmophoresis method for Uukuniemi and Runde virus serology. In search for a suitable method for sero-ecological screenings for arboviruses in Norway, efforts were undertaken to make the immunoelectroosmophoresis technique more sensitive than here to fare in detection of antibodies. The aim was to make it comparable to haemagglutination inhibition test in sensitivity, retaining the advantages in specificity, simplicity and capacity. This has been achieved by: 1. Using concentrated virus as antigen. 2. Performing electrophoresis in a gel consisting of an agar-agarose mixture in optimal concentrations. 3. \"Sandwiching\" the first specific electrophoretic run with an anti-species antiserum to the tested sample."}
{"id": "PMID:889447", "title": "West Nile virus infection of adult mice by oral route.", "content": "Adult Swiss albino mice were fed orally with suspensions of a strain of West Nile virus isolated in Nigeria. Most of these mice became sick and died 7 days post feeding and virus was recovered from organs of such infected mice. Histological lesions were observed in some tissues and antibody to the strain of West Nile virus developed in mice that survived infection.", "contents": "West Nile virus infection of adult mice by oral route. Adult Swiss albino mice were fed orally with suspensions of a strain of West Nile virus isolated in Nigeria. Most of these mice became sick and died 7 days post feeding and virus was recovered from organs of such infected mice. Histological lesions were observed in some tissues and antibody to the strain of West Nile virus developed in mice that survived infection."}
{"id": "PMID:889448", "title": "Results of chromosome analysis of rabies virus infected human diploid cells (WI-38).", "content": "Fixed rabies virus strains did not induce mitotic or chromosome abnormalities in infected WI-38 cultures. Infected cells were shown to undergo mitosis thus indicating an endosymbiotic type of infection.", "contents": "Results of chromosome analysis of rabies virus infected human diploid cells (WI-38). Fixed rabies virus strains did not induce mitotic or chromosome abnormalities in infected WI-38 cultures. Infected cells were shown to undergo mitosis thus indicating an endosymbiotic type of infection."}
{"id": "PMID:889477", "title": "Quantitative analysis of interictal behavior in temporal lobe epilepsy.", "content": "Patients with unilateral temporal epileptic foci were contrasted with normal subjects and patients with neuromuscular disorders in the evaluation of specific psychosocial aspects of behavior. Eighteen traits were assessed in equivalent questionnaires completed by both subjects and observers. The epileptic patients self-reported a distinctive profile of humorless sobriety, dependence, and obsessionalism; raters discriminated temporal lobe epileptics on the basis of circumstantiality, philosophical interests, and anger. The right temporal epileptic displayed emotional tendencies in contrast to ideational traits of left temporal epileptic. Right temporal epileptics exhibited \"denial,\" while left temporal epileptics demonstrated a \"catastrophic\" overemphasis of dissocial behavior. The results support the hypotheses that sensory-affective associations are established within the temporal lobes, and that, in man, there exists a hemispheric asymmetry in the expression of affect.", "contents": "Quantitative analysis of interictal behavior in temporal lobe epilepsy. Patients with unilateral temporal epileptic foci were contrasted with normal subjects and patients with neuromuscular disorders in the evaluation of specific psychosocial aspects of behavior. Eighteen traits were assessed in equivalent questionnaires completed by both subjects and observers. The epileptic patients self-reported a distinctive profile of humorless sobriety, dependence, and obsessionalism; raters discriminated temporal lobe epileptics on the basis of circumstantiality, philosophical interests, and anger. The right temporal epileptic displayed emotional tendencies in contrast to ideational traits of left temporal epileptic. Right temporal epileptics exhibited \"denial,\" while left temporal epileptics demonstrated a \"catastrophic\" overemphasis of dissocial behavior. The results support the hypotheses that sensory-affective associations are established within the temporal lobes, and that, in man, there exists a hemispheric asymmetry in the expression of affect."}
{"id": "PMID:889478", "title": "The clinical link between migraine and cluster headaches.", "content": "We describe seven patients with vascular headaches. Five of them had cluster headaches, which were preceded by migrainous scotamata (two patients), weakness contralateral to the pain (one), accompanied by ipsilateral photopsias (one), or by contralateral paresthesias (one). The other two patients had \"clusters\" of daily common migraine headaches separated by long free intervals. The symptoms of these patients suggest a common root for cluster and migraine headaches.", "contents": "The clinical link between migraine and cluster headaches. We describe seven patients with vascular headaches. Five of them had cluster headaches, which were preceded by migrainous scotamata (two patients), weakness contralateral to the pain (one), accompanied by ipsilateral photopsias (one), or by contralateral paresthesias (one). The other two patients had \"clusters\" of daily common migraine headaches separated by long free intervals. The symptoms of these patients suggest a common root for cluster and migraine headaches."}
{"id": "PMID:889479", "title": "Neuropathy presenting as prolonged dyspnea. Case report and review of literature.", "content": "Polyneuropathy presented as isolated respiratory muscular paralysis. Transdiaphragmatic pressure measurements, nerve conduction studies, electromyography, and biopsy of intercostal muscle confirmed the nature of the process. Patients with unexplained respiratory insufficiency must be carefully evaulated for underlying neuromuscular disease.", "contents": "Neuropathy presenting as prolonged dyspnea. Case report and review of literature. Polyneuropathy presented as isolated respiratory muscular paralysis. Transdiaphragmatic pressure measurements, nerve conduction studies, electromyography, and biopsy of intercostal muscle confirmed the nature of the process. Patients with unexplained respiratory insufficiency must be carefully evaulated for underlying neuromuscular disease."}
{"id": "PMID:889480", "title": "Lead neuropathy in adults and children.", "content": "All parts of the nervous systems can be affected, depending on the level and duration of exposure, by increased levels of lead. The occurrence of motor neuron disease, peripheral neuropathy, and encephalopathy are not mutually exclusive disorders for those individuals suffering from the toxic effects of lead. We present data that support the concept that increased absorption of lead produces changes in both central and peripheral nervous systems. Clinical and electrical evidence of subclinical involvement of peripheral nerves appears to be common to adults and children who are exposed to lead. These observations, accumulated from several possible sources of environmental hazard, also suggest that measurement of motor nerve conduction velocity may serve as an additional factor in the diagnosis of otherwise unrecognized toxic effects of lead.", "contents": "Lead neuropathy in adults and children. All parts of the nervous systems can be affected, depending on the level and duration of exposure, by increased levels of lead. The occurrence of motor neuron disease, peripheral neuropathy, and encephalopathy are not mutually exclusive disorders for those individuals suffering from the toxic effects of lead. We present data that support the concept that increased absorption of lead produces changes in both central and peripheral nervous systems. Clinical and electrical evidence of subclinical involvement of peripheral nerves appears to be common to adults and children who are exposed to lead. These observations, accumulated from several possible sources of environmental hazard, also suggest that measurement of motor nerve conduction velocity may serve as an additional factor in the diagnosis of otherwise unrecognized toxic effects of lead."}
{"id": "PMID:889481", "title": "Antibodies to varicella zoster in cerebrospinal fluid.", "content": "The neurologic complications of varicella-zoster (VZ) virus infections are manifested as zoster with or without CNS involvement, encephalomyelitis, or ocular involvement. Usually the association of VZ virus in these conditions has been determined by finding VZ antibodies in the serum. In a few instances, VZ antibodies have been detected in the CSF. We report two cases of VZ virus infection followed by neurologic complications involving the CNS in which VZ antibodies were present in the CSF. These two cases underscore the need and value of determining the presence of VZ antibodies in the CSF in certain instances.", "contents": "Antibodies to varicella zoster in cerebrospinal fluid. The neurologic complications of varicella-zoster (VZ) virus infections are manifested as zoster with or without CNS involvement, encephalomyelitis, or ocular involvement. Usually the association of VZ virus in these conditions has been determined by finding VZ antibodies in the serum. In a few instances, VZ antibodies have been detected in the CSF. We report two cases of VZ virus infection followed by neurologic complications involving the CNS in which VZ antibodies were present in the CSF. These two cases underscore the need and value of determining the presence of VZ antibodies in the CSF in certain instances."}
{"id": "PMID:889482", "title": "Auditory evoked brain stem potentials in a case of \"locked-in\" syndrome.", "content": "Auditory evoked brain stem potentials were measured in a patient with occlusion of the basilar artery about 7 mm above its origin, resulting in the \"locked-in\" syndrome due to infarction at the junction of the lower one third and upper two thirds of the pons. The first three waves of the evoked response originating from the acoustic nerve and auditory nuclei in the caudal pons were normal in wave form, peak latency, and voltage level. Waves IV and V, generated in the region of the lateral lemniscus and inferior colliculus in rostral pons and caudal midbrain, demonstrated prolonged peak latency and reduced voltage, indicative of slowed neural conduction in the pons above the level of the superior olivary complex. These findings suggest that auditory evoked potential recordings may have considerable value in the localization of brain stem disorders.", "contents": "Auditory evoked brain stem potentials in a case of \"locked-in\" syndrome. Auditory evoked brain stem potentials were measured in a patient with occlusion of the basilar artery about 7 mm above its origin, resulting in the \"locked-in\" syndrome due to infarction at the junction of the lower one third and upper two thirds of the pons. The first three waves of the evoked response originating from the acoustic nerve and auditory nuclei in the caudal pons were normal in wave form, peak latency, and voltage level. Waves IV and V, generated in the region of the lateral lemniscus and inferior colliculus in rostral pons and caudal midbrain, demonstrated prolonged peak latency and reduced voltage, indicative of slowed neural conduction in the pons above the level of the superior olivary complex. These findings suggest that auditory evoked potential recordings may have considerable value in the localization of brain stem disorders."}
{"id": "PMID:889483", "title": "Stapedius reflex decay in myasthenia gravis.", "content": "Stapedius reflex decay, in response to a one-minute sound stimulus of 500 Hz occurred in six patients with myasthenia gravis. This decay is analagous to the decremental response of muscle action potentials to rapid nerve stimulation. Edrophonium chloride decreases the degree of decay. This represents a useful test in the diagnosis of myasthenia gravis.", "contents": "Stapedius reflex decay in myasthenia gravis. Stapedius reflex decay, in response to a one-minute sound stimulus of 500 Hz occurred in six patients with myasthenia gravis. This decay is analagous to the decremental response of muscle action potentials to rapid nerve stimulation. Edrophonium chloride decreases the degree of decay. This represents a useful test in the diagnosis of myasthenia gravis."}
{"id": "PMID:889484", "title": "Hypothermia and persisting capacity to develop fever. Occurrence in a patient with sarcoidosis of the central nervous system.", "content": "A patient with central nervous system and systemic sarcoidosis had profound hypothermia and dementia with associated lymphadenopathy and hypernatremia. His capacity to develop fever remained; despite the persistent marked hypothermia, sweating and shivering in response to peripheral heating and cooling were maintained. Postmortem neuropathologic studies indicated that the hypothalamic region, generally considered to contain the primary temperature control, had been severely damaged by granulomatous sarcoid disease. These results confirm and extend previous findings of temperature disturbance in hypothalamic sarcoidosis and suggest that the integrity of the primary control of body temperature is not essential to fever production and \"broad-band\" regulation against environmental temperature extremes.", "contents": "Hypothermia and persisting capacity to develop fever. Occurrence in a patient with sarcoidosis of the central nervous system. A patient with central nervous system and systemic sarcoidosis had profound hypothermia and dementia with associated lymphadenopathy and hypernatremia. His capacity to develop fever remained; despite the persistent marked hypothermia, sweating and shivering in response to peripheral heating and cooling were maintained. Postmortem neuropathologic studies indicated that the hypothalamic region, generally considered to contain the primary temperature control, had been severely damaged by granulomatous sarcoid disease. These results confirm and extend previous findings of temperature disturbance in hypothalamic sarcoidosis and suggest that the integrity of the primary control of body temperature is not essential to fever production and \"broad-band\" regulation against environmental temperature extremes."}
{"id": "PMID:889485", "title": "Unusual cause of relapsing hydrocephalus. Congenital intracranial teratoma.", "content": "We add clinical and pathological details of one male and one female  infant with congenital pineal teratomas who died before reaching 3 months of age to the small number in the world literature. Each had a nonresectable, enormous neoplasm at the time of diagnosis, and shunting procedures were of no significant value. The pathological features of the tumors conformed in all respects to those classically described as true teratomas. An epidermal cyst, possibly metastatic, was found in the spinal subarachnoid space in one patient. There is currently no effective therapy for these neoplasms, although both were diagnosed during life. Whenever recurrent shunt insufficiency occurs in a hydrocephalic neonate, the possibility of a congenital brain tumor should be considered.", "contents": "Unusual cause of relapsing hydrocephalus. Congenital intracranial teratoma. We add clinical and pathological details of one male and one female  infant with congenital pineal teratomas who died before reaching 3 months of age to the small number in the world literature. Each had a nonresectable, enormous neoplasm at the time of diagnosis, and shunting procedures were of no significant value. The pathological features of the tumors conformed in all respects to those classically described as true teratomas. An epidermal cyst, possibly metastatic, was found in the spinal subarachnoid space in one patient. There is currently no effective therapy for these neoplasms, although both were diagnosed during life. Whenever recurrent shunt insufficiency occurs in a hydrocephalic neonate, the possibility of a congenital brain tumor should be considered."}
{"id": "PMID:889486", "title": "Bony and vascular anomalies of the head. Their possible relation to anencephaly.", "content": "This study links a midfacial anomaly in an 8-year-old boy, with underlying bony skull defects and abnormalities of the cerebral vasculature, with an earlier spontaneous miscarriage and the subsequent birth of a frankly anencephalic sibling. We believe that the midfacial and vascular anomalies in the second child could represent a forme fruste of anencephaly, which should alert the physician to monitor subsequent pregnancies for the complete anencephalic phenotype.", "contents": "Bony and vascular anomalies of the head. Their possible relation to anencephaly. This study links a midfacial anomaly in an 8-year-old boy, with underlying bony skull defects and abnormalities of the cerebral vasculature, with an earlier spontaneous miscarriage and the subsequent birth of a frankly anencephalic sibling. We believe that the midfacial and vascular anomalies in the second child could represent a forme fruste of anencephaly, which should alert the physician to monitor subsequent pregnancies for the complete anencephalic phenotype."}
{"id": "PMID:889493", "title": "Evoked response and after-discharge thresholds to electrical stimulation in temporal lobe epileptics.", "content": "The records of electrical stimulation of 30 psychomotor epileptics were examined for threshold levels of evoked responses and after-discharge production. Comparisons were made between anatomical sites, operated and nonoperated structures, and different disease states. It was found that patients with hippocampal sclerosis (HS) had higher thresholds in structures on the operated side. The patients with lesions other than HS were found to differ from those with hippocampal sclerosis in that there were no differences found between their diseased and nondiseased structures. For both patient groups, the amygdala had a much higher threshold for after-discharge production than either the hippocampus or the hippocampal gyrus.", "contents": "Evoked response and after-discharge thresholds to electrical stimulation in temporal lobe epileptics. The records of electrical stimulation of 30 psychomotor epileptics were examined for threshold levels of evoked responses and after-discharge production. Comparisons were made between anatomical sites, operated and nonoperated structures, and different disease states. It was found that patients with hippocampal sclerosis (HS) had higher thresholds in structures on the operated side. The patients with lesions other than HS were found to differ from those with hippocampal sclerosis in that there were no differences found between their diseased and nondiseased structures. For both patient groups, the amygdala had a much higher threshold for after-discharge production than either the hippocampus or the hippocampal gyrus."}
{"id": "PMID:889494", "title": "Amaurosis fugax from disease of the external carotid artery.", "content": "Three patients with proved internal carotid artery occlusion and diseased external carotid artery or common carotid artery had amaurosis fugax. Evidence for retinal embolization through external carotid collaterals is retinal emboli and infarction after carotid artery manipulation, amaurosis during external carotid angiography, and relief of amaurosis by endarterectomy of this vessel. The abundance of external carotid collaterals, their size, and natural incidence are discussed. Reports clinically support embolization to the central retinal artery and ophthalmic artery through these collaterals.", "contents": "Amaurosis fugax from disease of the external carotid artery. Three patients with proved internal carotid artery occlusion and diseased external carotid artery or common carotid artery had amaurosis fugax. Evidence for retinal embolization through external carotid collaterals is retinal emboli and infarction after carotid artery manipulation, amaurosis during external carotid angiography, and relief of amaurosis by endarterectomy of this vessel. The abundance of external carotid collaterals, their size, and natural incidence are discussed. Reports clinically support embolization to the central retinal artery and ophthalmic artery through these collaterals."}
{"id": "PMID:889495", "title": "Hyperhydrosis in  paraplegia.", "content": "A 20-year-old man suffered head, chest, and abdominal trauma in an auto accident resulting in a traumatic dissecting aneurysm of the thoracic aorta. Hypotension developed. The aneurysm was resected and replaced with a prosthetic graft. Postoperatively, the patient was found to be paraplegic below T-9, areflexic and anesthetic to pain and temperature, with preservation of vibration and position senses. In the ensuing nine months, the patient regained considerable sensory function in his lower extremities and had severe constant hyperhydrosis below the T-9 dermatome. The exaggerated sweating was unaffected by temperature change and anxiety. It was diminished by methantheline bromide treatment but never abolished. The spinal cord lesion is postulated to be anterior horn cell loss, with preservation of interneurons and intermediolateral gray columns. Disinhibition of sympthetic circuits or sprouting of axons are proposed mechanisms.", "contents": "Hyperhydrosis in  paraplegia. A 20-year-old man suffered head, chest, and abdominal trauma in an auto accident resulting in a traumatic dissecting aneurysm of the thoracic aorta. Hypotension developed. The aneurysm was resected and replaced with a prosthetic graft. Postoperatively, the patient was found to be paraplegic below T-9, areflexic and anesthetic to pain and temperature, with preservation of vibration and position senses. In the ensuing nine months, the patient regained considerable sensory function in his lower extremities and had severe constant hyperhydrosis below the T-9 dermatome. The exaggerated sweating was unaffected by temperature change and anxiety. It was diminished by methantheline bromide treatment but never abolished. The spinal cord lesion is postulated to be anterior horn cell loss, with preservation of interneurons and intermediolateral gray columns. Disinhibition of sympthetic circuits or sprouting of axons are proposed mechanisms."}
{"id": "PMID:889496", "title": "Hemorrhagic complications of cerebral arteritis.", "content": "Intracranial hemorrhage occurred in two patients with cerebral arteritis. One patient with methamphetamine-induced necrotizing angitis had a spontaneous subarachnoid hemorrhage without an aneurysm. A second patient with ulcerative colitis developed an intracerebral hematoma. Carotid angiography demonstrated a diffuse arteritis in each patient. The risks of bleeding associated with cerebral arteritis are discussed. The use of anticoagulants should be avoided. Cerebral arteritis should be suspected as a cause for intracranial hemorrhage.", "contents": "Hemorrhagic complications of cerebral arteritis. Intracranial hemorrhage occurred in two patients with cerebral arteritis. One patient with methamphetamine-induced necrotizing angitis had a spontaneous subarachnoid hemorrhage without an aneurysm. A second patient with ulcerative colitis developed an intracerebral hematoma. Carotid angiography demonstrated a diffuse arteritis in each patient. The risks of bleeding associated with cerebral arteritis are discussed. The use of anticoagulants should be avoided. Cerebral arteritis should be suspected as a cause for intracranial hemorrhage."}
{"id": "PMID:889497", "title": "Acute hypokalemic myopathy in alcoholism. A clinical entity.", "content": "Two cases of an acute myopathy without muscle pain, tenderness, or swelling are described in alcoholic patients. Both were associated with severe hypokalemia and were largely reversible with potassium repletion. Hypokalemia may be the cause of some cases of acute myopathy in alcoholism, particularly those in which muscle cramps are absent.", "contents": "Acute hypokalemic myopathy in alcoholism. A clinical entity. Two cases of an acute myopathy without muscle pain, tenderness, or swelling are described in alcoholic patients. Both were associated with severe hypokalemia and were largely reversible with potassium repletion. Hypokalemia may be the cause of some cases of acute myopathy in alcoholism, particularly those in which muscle cramps are absent."}
{"id": "PMID:889498", "title": "Motor performance after unilateral hemisphere damage in patients with tumor.", "content": "Hemispheric asymmetry of sensory-motor control has been hypothesized on the basis of clinical and experimental data, but discrepant data indicate asymmetry may vary with task requirements. To examine this possibility, the performance of normal controls and patients with right or left hemispheric tumors were compared on a variety of motor tasks of varying complexity. Group differences were significant only for the two most complex of six tasks; since these two tasks differ in quality (proximal steadiness and distal dexterity), it is unlikely that quality differences are crucial. On these tasks, the group with left hemisphere damage demonstrated bilateral impairment while the right hemisphere group's deficits were contralateral to lesion site. These results support previous data and Liepmann's hypothesis of hemispheric asymmetry of sensory-motor control. Task complexity and the more specific hypothesis of sensory-motor sequencing are important factors influencing hemispheric asymmetry of control.", "contents": "Motor performance after unilateral hemisphere damage in patients with tumor. Hemispheric asymmetry of sensory-motor control has been hypothesized on the basis of clinical and experimental data, but discrepant data indicate asymmetry may vary with task requirements. To examine this possibility, the performance of normal controls and patients with right or left hemispheric tumors were compared on a variety of motor tasks of varying complexity. Group differences were significant only for the two most complex of six tasks; since these two tasks differ in quality (proximal steadiness and distal dexterity), it is unlikely that quality differences are crucial. On these tasks, the group with left hemisphere damage demonstrated bilateral impairment while the right hemisphere group's deficits were contralateral to lesion site. These results support previous data and Liepmann's hypothesis of hemispheric asymmetry of sensory-motor control. Task complexity and the more specific hypothesis of sensory-motor sequencing are important factors influencing hemispheric asymmetry of control."}
{"id": "PMID:889499", "title": "Neonatal meningitis. The ventricle as a bacterial reservoir.", "content": "We reviewed autopsies of neonates who had died of meningitis. Plexitis and ventricular exudate were usually present. While the pathogenetic relationship between these two phenomena is uncertain, it is possible that the glycogen-rich choroid plexus of the lateral ventricles not only facilitates local bacterial growth but also acts as a bacterial reservoir relatively resistant to antimicrobial agents. We suggest that more drastic approaches than parenteral antimicrobial therapy may be indicated to reduce further the morbidity and mortality of neonatal meningitis.", "contents": "Neonatal meningitis. The ventricle as a bacterial reservoir. We reviewed autopsies of neonates who had died of meningitis. Plexitis and ventricular exudate were usually present. While the pathogenetic relationship between these two phenomena is uncertain, it is possible that the glycogen-rich choroid plexus of the lateral ventricles not only facilitates local bacterial growth but also acts as a bacterial reservoir relatively resistant to antimicrobial agents. We suggest that more drastic approaches than parenteral antimicrobial therapy may be indicated to reduce further the morbidity and mortality of neonatal meningitis."}
{"id": "PMID:889500", "title": "Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome with hydrocephalus in early infancy.", "content": "Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome (GBS) is a self-limited and uncommon acquired neurologic syndrome in childhood. It is not thought of as a problem of infancy and is not always included in the differential diagnosis of the floppy infant. This case report describes GBS ina 1-month-old infant. In addition this infant developed hydrocephalus concurrent with the appareance of high CSF protein levels. This patient is described to demonstrate that GBS can occur at all ages and that hydrocephalus may occur particularly when the CSF protein is at an unusually high level.", "contents": "Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome with hydrocephalus in early infancy. Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome (GBS) is a self-limited and uncommon acquired neurologic syndrome in childhood. It is not thought of as a problem of infancy and is not always included in the differential diagnosis of the floppy infant. This case report describes GBS ina 1-month-old infant. In addition this infant developed hydrocephalus concurrent with the appareance of high CSF protein levels. This patient is described to demonstrate that GBS can occur at all ages and that hydrocephalus may occur particularly when the CSF protein is at an unusually high level."}
{"id": "PMID:889501", "title": "Perinatal intracranial hemorrhage. Incidence and clinical features.", "content": "Birth and perinatal records from all medical facilities serving the Rochester, Minn population from 1965 through 1974 were reviewed for cases of intracranial hemorrhage. Among a total of 10,850 live births, 12 documented cases of hemorrhage were found, yielding an average rate of occurrence of 1.1/1,000 live births. To investigate the role of some 30 potential risk factors, a case-control study was undertaken. Only prematurity and respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) were significantly associated with intracranial hemorrhage. This study demonstrates that neonatal intracranial hemorrhage is relatively common, associated with prematurity and RDS, difficult to recognize clinically, and characterized by poor prognosis.", "contents": "Perinatal intracranial hemorrhage. Incidence and clinical features. Birth and perinatal records from all medical facilities serving the Rochester, Minn population from 1965 through 1974 were reviewed for cases of intracranial hemorrhage. Among a total of 10,850 live births, 12 documented cases of hemorrhage were found, yielding an average rate of occurrence of 1.1/1,000 live births. To investigate the role of some 30 potential risk factors, a case-control study was undertaken. Only prematurity and respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) were significantly associated with intracranial hemorrhage. This study demonstrates that neonatal intracranial hemorrhage is relatively common, associated with prematurity and RDS, difficult to recognize clinically, and characterized by poor prognosis."}
{"id": "PMID:889502", "title": "Vertebral artery occlusion complicating yoga exercises.", "content": "Vertebral artery occlusion developed in a young adult shortly after he had performed neck manipulations during yoga movements. Yoga exercises are a rare cause of acute medullary or cerebellar infarction.", "contents": "Vertebral artery occlusion complicating yoga exercises. Vertebral artery occlusion developed in a young adult shortly after he had performed neck manipulations during yoga movements. Yoga exercises are a rare cause of acute medullary or cerebellar infarction."}
{"id": "PMID:889503", "title": "Facial myokymia in the Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome.", "content": "Facial myokymia, a unique involuntary movement of facial muscles, is described in a patient with Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome. Although this involuntary movement is most often described with intramedullary lesions of the brain stem, it may also appear with lesions external to the neuraxis. We review the literature and propose a more widespread distribution of potential lesions along the facial nerve pathway, which may produce facial myokymia.", "contents": "Facial myokymia in the Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome. Facial myokymia, a unique involuntary movement of facial muscles, is described in a patient with Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome. Although this involuntary movement is most often described with intramedullary lesions of the brain stem, it may also appear with lesions external to the neuraxis. We review the literature and propose a more widespread distribution of potential lesions along the facial nerve pathway, which may produce facial myokymia."}
{"id": "PMID:889504", "title": "Paroxysmal atrial tachycardia and frontal lobe tumor.", "content": "We describe a patient who experienced repeated episodes of paroxysmal atrial tachycardia. He was found to have an epileptogenic focus within the right frontal lobe adjacent to a frontal lobe glioma. Subsequent to excision of the tumor, no further attacks have occurred.", "contents": "Paroxysmal atrial tachycardia and frontal lobe tumor. We describe a patient who experienced repeated episodes of paroxysmal atrial tachycardia. He was found to have an epileptogenic focus within the right frontal lobe adjacent to a frontal lobe glioma. Subsequent to excision of the tumor, no further attacks have occurred."}
{"id": "PMID:889506", "title": "Tonography and projection perimetry. Relationship according to receiver operating characteristic curves.", "content": "Previous large scale tonographic studies revealed a significant overlap of coefficient of outflow (C) values for normal and glaucomatous eyes, but their differential diagnosis rested primarily on tangent screen visual field tests. To determine whether projection perimetry would make a difference in the correlation of outflow coefficients with glaucoma, 434 eyes from normal, ocular hypertensive (those without scotomas but with elevated intraocular pressure) and glaucomatous categories were evaluated. Results support the conclusions of earlier work concerning C value overlap and demonstrate the relatively better specificity of the initial intraocular pressure over one coefficient of outflow (Po/C) in distinguishing normal from glaucomatous eyes. It also shows that ocular hypertensives as a group are no different from glaucoma patients with regard to their aqueous outflow. Tonographic tests are, therefore, useful in identifying those eyes that need to be watched closely for the development of glaucomatous change.", "contents": "Tonography and projection perimetry. Relationship according to receiver operating characteristic curves. Previous large scale tonographic studies revealed a significant overlap of coefficient of outflow (C) values for normal and glaucomatous eyes, but their differential diagnosis rested primarily on tangent screen visual field tests. To determine whether projection perimetry would make a difference in the correlation of outflow coefficients with glaucoma, 434 eyes from normal, ocular hypertensive (those without scotomas but with elevated intraocular pressure) and glaucomatous categories were evaluated. Results support the conclusions of earlier work concerning C value overlap and demonstrate the relatively better specificity of the initial intraocular pressure over one coefficient of outflow (Po/C) in distinguishing normal from glaucomatous eyes. It also shows that ocular hypertensives as a group are no different from glaucoma patients with regard to their aqueous outflow. Tonographic tests are, therefore, useful in identifying those eyes that need to be watched closely for the development of glaucomatous change."}
{"id": "PMID:889507", "title": "Corneal endothelial changes with long-term topical epinephrine therapy.", "content": "Corneal thicknesses and endothelial cell densities were studied in nine patients with ocular hypertension receiving long-term unilateral topical epinephrine hydrochloride therapy. No difference was noted in corneal thickness in the treated eyes. There was a significant (P less than .02) reduction in endothelial cell count in the treated eyes compared to their untreated fellow controls. Those patients who had the most marked intraocular pressure response to epinephrine also had the greatest endothelial cell loss.", "contents": "Corneal endothelial changes with long-term topical epinephrine therapy. Corneal thicknesses and endothelial cell densities were studied in nine patients with ocular hypertension receiving long-term unilateral topical epinephrine hydrochloride therapy. No difference was noted in corneal thickness in the treated eyes. There was a significant (P less than .02) reduction in endothelial cell count in the treated eyes compared to their untreated fellow controls. Those patients who had the most marked intraocular pressure response to epinephrine also had the greatest endothelial cell loss."}
{"id": "PMID:889508", "title": "The visual field of low tension glaucoma and shock-induced optic neuropathy.", "content": "The visual fields of patients with shock-induced optic neuropathy with excavation, low tension glaucoma, and chronic simple glaucoma were analyzed. True altitudinal defects are seldom found. The three disease states showed identical field defects. Subtle defects can occur in all three disease states. The preponderance of defects occurred in the upper field. There are obvious differences from ischemic optic neuropathy.", "contents": "The visual field of low tension glaucoma and shock-induced optic neuropathy. The visual fields of patients with shock-induced optic neuropathy with excavation, low tension glaucoma, and chronic simple glaucoma were analyzed. True altitudinal defects are seldom found. The three disease states showed identical field defects. Subtle defects can occur in all three disease states. The preponderance of defects occurred in the upper field. There are obvious differences from ischemic optic neuropathy."}
{"id": "PMID:889509", "title": "Ocular manifestations of toxic epidermal necrolysis associated with allopurinol use.", "content": "A 54-year-old man was receiving allopurinol therapy to treat hyperuricemia that followed an inferior wall, myocardial infarction. After three weeks of allopurinol therapy, the patient developed signs and symptoms of toxic epidermal necrolysis that included pseudomembranous conjunctivitis with ulcerative lesions on the lids and conjunctiva, and punctate corneal staining with subsequent corneal abrasions. Treatment with topical antibiotics and artificial tears relieved the symptoms somewhat, but punctate staining and dry eyes persisted after 14 months of follow-up. Bilateral corneal ulcers developed and necessitated conjunctival flaps in each eye. Visual acuity in each eye was 20/40.", "contents": "Ocular manifestations of toxic epidermal necrolysis associated with allopurinol use. A 54-year-old man was receiving allopurinol therapy to treat hyperuricemia that followed an inferior wall, myocardial infarction. After three weeks of allopurinol therapy, the patient developed signs and symptoms of toxic epidermal necrolysis that included pseudomembranous conjunctivitis with ulcerative lesions on the lids and conjunctiva, and punctate corneal staining with subsequent corneal abrasions. Treatment with topical antibiotics and artificial tears relieved the symptoms somewhat, but punctate staining and dry eyes persisted after 14 months of follow-up. Bilateral corneal ulcers developed and necessitated conjunctival flaps in each eye. Visual acuity in each eye was 20/40."}
{"id": "PMID:889510", "title": "A computerized glaucoma data base.", "content": "The MISAR data base system was modified for ophthalmic use. Approximately 1,165 subject records from the Glaucoma Center of Washington University were entered into this computerized registry. The system has provided a compact, accurate, and well-organized storage of medical data. Searches of the registry for specific diagnoses or for subjects who meet specific criteria have aided the performance of clinical research.", "contents": "A computerized glaucoma data base. The MISAR data base system was modified for ophthalmic use. Approximately 1,165 subject records from the Glaucoma Center of Washington University were entered into this computerized registry. The system has provided a compact, accurate, and well-organized storage of medical data. Searches of the registry for specific diagnoses or for subjects who meet specific criteria have aided the performance of clinical research."}
{"id": "PMID:889511", "title": "Clonidine. Effects of a topically administered solution on intraocular pressure and blood pressure in open-angle glaucoma.", "content": "A double-blind crossover study to determine the effects on intraocular pressure (IOP) and blood pressure of topically instilled 0.125% and 0.25% solutions of clonidine hydrochloride by comparison with a 2% pilocarpine hydrochloride solution and placebo was carried out in a total of 21 patients with open-angle glaucoma, each of whom received a single drop of each preparation in the same glaucomatous eye on separate days. Both clonidine solutions were effective in lowering the IOP; the 0.25% solution was more effective than the 0.125% solution, and the former was slightly less potent than pilocarpine. Pupil diameter was essentially unchanged in all but one of the patients after clonidine. Pilocarpine reduced pupil diameter in all patients. One eye treated with placebo also showed a reduction in pupil size. Both systolic and diastolic blood pressure showed a statistically significant reduction after clonidine, but the magnitude of the change was small. We do not regard the minor blood pressure changes as being a threat to the optic nerve but further studies in this aspect of topical clonidine therapy are required.", "contents": "Clonidine. Effects of a topically administered solution on intraocular pressure and blood pressure in open-angle glaucoma. A double-blind crossover study to determine the effects on intraocular pressure (IOP) and blood pressure of topically instilled 0.125% and 0.25% solutions of clonidine hydrochloride by comparison with a 2% pilocarpine hydrochloride solution and placebo was carried out in a total of 21 patients with open-angle glaucoma, each of whom received a single drop of each preparation in the same glaucomatous eye on separate days. Both clonidine solutions were effective in lowering the IOP; the 0.25% solution was more effective than the 0.125% solution, and the former was slightly less potent than pilocarpine. Pupil diameter was essentially unchanged in all but one of the patients after clonidine. Pilocarpine reduced pupil diameter in all patients. One eye treated with placebo also showed a reduction in pupil size. Both systolic and diastolic blood pressure showed a statistically significant reduction after clonidine, but the magnitude of the change was small. We do not regard the minor blood pressure changes as being a threat to the optic nerve but further studies in this aspect of topical clonidine therapy are required."}
{"id": "PMID:889512", "title": "Trabeculectomy and the progression of glaucomatous visual field loss.", "content": "Twenty-four eyes of 20 patients with chronic open angle glaucoma who had a trabeculectomy were studied retrospectively. Trabeculectomy resulted in a significant lowering of mean intraocular pressures and improvement of pressure control for the group. Progression of visual field defects occurred in all 24 eyes preoperatively, while postoperatively, the fields of 14 eyes showed no change, but the other ten showed further progression. A comparison of the pressures of the eyes showing continued progression after surgery with the eyes showing no further progression revealed no significant difference in the mean preoperative or postoperative pressure or the mean pressure reduction after surgery. Measurements of the quality of the control, however, showed that the quality of pressure control was significantly better in the eyes that did not show progression of field loss postoperatively. Careful postoperative follow-up observation of the visual field remains necessary even after successful surgical pressure reduction.", "contents": "Trabeculectomy and the progression of glaucomatous visual field loss. Twenty-four eyes of 20 patients with chronic open angle glaucoma who had a trabeculectomy were studied retrospectively. Trabeculectomy resulted in a significant lowering of mean intraocular pressures and improvement of pressure control for the group. Progression of visual field defects occurred in all 24 eyes preoperatively, while postoperatively, the fields of 14 eyes showed no change, but the other ten showed further progression. A comparison of the pressures of the eyes showing continued progression after surgery with the eyes showing no further progression revealed no significant difference in the mean preoperative or postoperative pressure or the mean pressure reduction after surgery. Measurements of the quality of the control, however, showed that the quality of pressure control was significantly better in the eyes that did not show progression of field loss postoperatively. Careful postoperative follow-up observation of the visual field remains necessary even after successful surgical pressure reduction."}
{"id": "PMID:889513", "title": "Carbonic anhydrase inhibitor side effects. Serum chemical analysis.", "content": "Multiple serum chemical values were examined in 92 patients with chronic glaucoma who were treated with the carbonic anhydrase inhibitors (CAIs) acetazolamide or methazolamide, seeking relationships between serum composition and symptomatic side effects. Of the 92 patients, 44 complained of a symptom-complex of malaise, fatigue, weight loss, depression, anorexia, and loss of libido, which we have found most commonly to threaten continuation of therapy. Patients who had this symptom complex were significantly more acidotic than those without it. Ten of 24 patients who had chemical evidence of excessive acidosis reported a dramatic alleviation of symptoms when sodium bicarbonate was administered, although their serum CO2-combining power changed little. There was no correlation of the symptom complex with serum potassium concentration, except in a few patients who were simultaneously receiving chlorothiazide diuretics for systemic hypertension and who became frankly hypokalemic.", "contents": "Carbonic anhydrase inhibitor side effects. Serum chemical analysis. Multiple serum chemical values were examined in 92 patients with chronic glaucoma who were treated with the carbonic anhydrase inhibitors (CAIs) acetazolamide or methazolamide, seeking relationships between serum composition and symptomatic side effects. Of the 92 patients, 44 complained of a symptom-complex of malaise, fatigue, weight loss, depression, anorexia, and loss of libido, which we have found most commonly to threaten continuation of therapy. Patients who had this symptom complex were significantly more acidotic than those without it. Ten of 24 patients who had chemical evidence of excessive acidosis reported a dramatic alleviation of symptoms when sodium bicarbonate was administered, although their serum CO2-combining power changed little. There was no correlation of the symptom complex with serum potassium concentration, except in a few patients who were simultaneously receiving chlorothiazide diuretics for systemic hypertension and who became frankly hypokalemic."}
{"id": "PMID:889514", "title": "Regression of orbital hemangioma detected by echography.", "content": "Two infants had orbital cavernous hemangioma that showed impressive regression documented by ultrasound follow-up. In a 15-week-old infant the hemangioma regressed from a size of 11.49 mm to 5.36 mm in prominence during a six-month period. In a 9-month-old infant the mass regressed from 8.53 mm to 4.6 mm during a six-month period. These cases demonstrate that orbital cavernous hemangioma in infancy occasionally shows impressive regression. Furthermore, they illustrate the value of orbital ultrasonography in defining the natural history of orbital hemangioma. Similar follow-up studies in large numbers of infants with orbital hemangioma are needed to further our understanding of the natural history of this tumor.", "contents": "Regression of orbital hemangioma detected by echography. Two infants had orbital cavernous hemangioma that showed impressive regression documented by ultrasound follow-up. In a 15-week-old infant the hemangioma regressed from a size of 11.49 mm to 5.36 mm in prominence during a six-month period. In a 9-month-old infant the mass regressed from 8.53 mm to 4.6 mm during a six-month period. These cases demonstrate that orbital cavernous hemangioma in infancy occasionally shows impressive regression. Furthermore, they illustrate the value of orbital ultrasonography in defining the natural history of orbital hemangioma. Similar follow-up studies in large numbers of infants with orbital hemangioma are needed to further our understanding of the natural history of this tumor."}
{"id": "PMID:889515", "title": "Echography and histological studies in various eye conditions.", "content": "A correlation between A-scan echograms recorded clinically in vivo and histological studies of corresponding sections has been made in 42 eyes with intraocular pathological conditions. This study yielded both new and little known acoustic differential criteria for the diagnosis of retinoschisis, funnel-shaped vitreous detachments, serous as well as hemorrhagic retinal and choroidal detachments, intravitreal hemorrhages, and intraocular tumors.", "contents": "Echography and histological studies in various eye conditions. A correlation between A-scan echograms recorded clinically in vivo and histological studies of corresponding sections has been made in 42 eyes with intraocular pathological conditions. This study yielded both new and little known acoustic differential criteria for the diagnosis of retinoschisis, funnel-shaped vitreous detachments, serous as well as hemorrhagic retinal and choroidal detachments, intravitreal hemorrhages, and intraocular tumors."}
{"id": "PMID:889516", "title": "The ocular tilt reaction. A paroxysmal dyskinesia associated with elliptical nystagmus.", "content": "The ocular tilt reaction, a synkinesis of ocular torsion, skew deviation, and head tilting, was a paroxysmal disorder in a patient with multiple sclerosis. In this distinctive pattern of eye and head motion, the 12 o'clock corneal meridians of both eyes are rotated conjugately in the direction of the lower skewed eye and the head is inclined laterally in the same direction. Paroxysmal activation of brain stem otolithic vestibular projections is proposed responsible for the dyskinesia. Coincident attacks of vertical and horizontal low amplitude pendular oscillation of the eyes produced elliptical nystagmus. This ocular motor disorder was treated effectively with carbamazepine.", "contents": "The ocular tilt reaction. A paroxysmal dyskinesia associated with elliptical nystagmus. The ocular tilt reaction, a synkinesis of ocular torsion, skew deviation, and head tilting, was a paroxysmal disorder in a patient with multiple sclerosis. In this distinctive pattern of eye and head motion, the 12 o'clock corneal meridians of both eyes are rotated conjugately in the direction of the lower skewed eye and the head is inclined laterally in the same direction. Paroxysmal activation of brain stem otolithic vestibular projections is proposed responsible for the dyskinesia. Coincident attacks of vertical and horizontal low amplitude pendular oscillation of the eyes produced elliptical nystagmus. This ocular motor disorder was treated effectively with carbamazepine."}
{"id": "PMID:889517", "title": "Normal saccadic structure of voluntary nystagmus.", "content": "Infrared oculographic recordings in three cases showed that voluntary nystagmus is composed of rapidly alternating small-amplitude saccades with normal velocity-amplitude characteristics. These bursts of reciprocating saccades are routinely associated with oscillopsia. This means in terms of oculomotor control theory that the brain stem mechanism mediating voluntary nystagmus must bypass the level in the oculomotor path where the saccadic corollary discharge (efferent copy) is initiated.", "contents": "Normal saccadic structure of voluntary nystagmus. Infrared oculographic recordings in three cases showed that voluntary nystagmus is composed of rapidly alternating small-amplitude saccades with normal velocity-amplitude characteristics. These bursts of reciprocating saccades are routinely associated with oscillopsia. This means in terms of oculomotor control theory that the brain stem mechanism mediating voluntary nystagmus must bypass the level in the oculomotor path where the saccadic corollary discharge (efferent copy) is initiated."}
{"id": "PMID:889518", "title": "Swimmer's goggles for keratoconjunctivitis sicca.", "content": "Swim goggles with a moist chamber effect have been used successfully in seven patients with severe keratoconjunctivitis sicca unresponsive to the conventional means of therapy including artificial tears, mucolytics, and occlusion of the puncta. The longest follow-up is three years, the shortest six months. There have been no complications, and in all cases the patients have been subjectively and objectively improved.", "contents": "Swimmer's goggles for keratoconjunctivitis sicca. Swim goggles with a moist chamber effect have been used successfully in seven patients with severe keratoconjunctivitis sicca unresponsive to the conventional means of therapy including artificial tears, mucolytics, and occlusion of the puncta. The longest follow-up is three years, the shortest six months. There have been no complications, and in all cases the patients have been subjectively and objectively improved."}
{"id": "PMID:889519", "title": "Conjunctival transplantation.", "content": "A method to transplant healthy conjunctiva onto eyes with damaged ocular surface epithelium and superficial vascularization, as are often seen after chemical or thermal burns is described. Conjunctival resection and lamellar keratectomy were followed by grafting of healthy conjunctival patches. In three of five eyes with total corneal involvement, successful reepithelialization of the cornea from the conjunctiva was accompanied by improved vision and decreased vascularization. Results in two other eyes were less successful due to deep stromal vascularization.", "contents": "Conjunctival transplantation. A method to transplant healthy conjunctiva onto eyes with damaged ocular surface epithelium and superficial vascularization, as are often seen after chemical or thermal burns is described. Conjunctival resection and lamellar keratectomy were followed by grafting of healthy conjunctival patches. In three of five eyes with total corneal involvement, successful reepithelialization of the cornea from the conjunctiva was accompanied by improved vision and decreased vascularization. Results in two other eyes were less successful due to deep stromal vascularization."}
{"id": "PMID:889520", "title": "The levator aponeurosis. Attachments and their clinical significance.", "content": "A detailed knowledge of the anatomy of the levator aponeurosis is required for the aponeurotic approach to ptosis. Yet, many misconceptions regarding the insertional attachments of this important structure are found in the literature. The levator aponeurosis inserts via a fan of fibers. The first insertional attachment curves anteriorly around the orbital septum to form the lid crease. Approximately the anterior half of the aponeurosis inserts into pretarsal orbicularis and the overlying subcutaneous tissue. The remaining posterior half inserts firmly on the lower portion of the tarsus.", "contents": "The levator aponeurosis. Attachments and their clinical significance. A detailed knowledge of the anatomy of the levator aponeurosis is required for the aponeurotic approach to ptosis. Yet, many misconceptions regarding the insertional attachments of this important structure are found in the literature. The levator aponeurosis inserts via a fan of fibers. The first insertional attachment curves anteriorly around the orbital septum to form the lid crease. Approximately the anterior half of the aponeurosis inserts into pretarsal orbicularis and the overlying subcutaneous tissue. The remaining posterior half inserts firmly on the lower portion of the tarsus."}
{"id": "PMID:889521", "title": "Experimental hyphema clearance in rabbits. Drug trials with 1% atropine and 2% and 4% pilocarpine.", "content": "The effect of topical 1% atropine sulfate, 2% pilocarpine hydrochloride, and 4% pilocarpine hydrochloride on the clearance rate of RBCs labeled with chromium 51 (51Cr) that were injected into the anterior chamber of rabbits was determined by monitoring sequential radioactivity counts. Counts were made directly over the anterior chamber. One eye of each animal was treated with either 1% atropine, 2% pilocarpine, or 4% pilocarpine, and the other eye served as a control. None of these drugs significantly altered the clearance rate of 51Cr-labeled RBCs injected into the anterior chamber.", "contents": "Experimental hyphema clearance in rabbits. Drug trials with 1% atropine and 2% and 4% pilocarpine. The effect of topical 1% atropine sulfate, 2% pilocarpine hydrochloride, and 4% pilocarpine hydrochloride on the clearance rate of RBCs labeled with chromium 51 (51Cr) that were injected into the anterior chamber of rabbits was determined by monitoring sequential radioactivity counts. Counts were made directly over the anterior chamber. One eye of each animal was treated with either 1% atropine, 2% pilocarpine, or 4% pilocarpine, and the other eye served as a control. None of these drugs significantly altered the clearance rate of 51Cr-labeled RBCs injected into the anterior chamber."}
{"id": "PMID:889522", "title": "[Present situation of hinge-type artificial knee joints (author's transl)].", "content": "The introduction explains the general problems of knee joint replacement by artificial hinge-type prostheses, due to the reduction of the physiological \"degrees of freedom\" to only rotational movements around a horizontal axis. These problems are compared with the advantages of this type of prosthesis. Subsequently a description of some significant constructional characteristics of the hinge-type prosthesis, 13 given as there are placement of the joint, size of the contact surface, safety of the rotational device, design of the hinge-mechanism, the patella shield and the prosthetic stems as well as the breaking of dynamic forces, which all are subsequently compared in their values. Finally a hinge-type prosthesis is described with characteristics judged optimal according to our present scientific knowledge. We statistically evaluated our material of hinge-type prostheses with regard to final results and frequency of serious complications.", "contents": "[Present situation of hinge-type artificial knee joints (author's transl)]. The introduction explains the general problems of knee joint replacement by artificial hinge-type prostheses, due to the reduction of the physiological \"degrees of freedom\" to only rotational movements around a horizontal axis. These problems are compared with the advantages of this type of prosthesis. Subsequently a description of some significant constructional characteristics of the hinge-type prosthesis, 13 given as there are placement of the joint, size of the contact surface, safety of the rotational device, design of the hinge-mechanism, the patella shield and the prosthetic stems as well as the breaking of dynamic forces, which all are subsequently compared in their values. Finally a hinge-type prosthesis is described with characteristics judged optimal according to our present scientific knowledge. We statistically evaluated our material of hinge-type prostheses with regard to final results and frequency of serious complications."}
{"id": "PMID:889523", "title": "[Results of animal experiments with an implantable femur distractor for operative leg lengthening (author's transl)].", "content": "A new femur distractor for operative leg lengthening has been developed. The new instrument consists of an electronically controllable distractor set including a power unit and a two-part guide rail. The whole system can be implanted totally and gives rigid fixation throughout the period of distraction. The operations \"forward motion\", \"stop\" and \"backward motion\" can be regulated transcutaneously by radio control. A prototype especially developed for animal experiments has been tested successfully in sheep.", "contents": "[Results of animal experiments with an implantable femur distractor for operative leg lengthening (author's transl)]. A new femur distractor for operative leg lengthening has been developed. The new instrument consists of an electronically controllable distractor set including a power unit and a two-part guide rail. The whole system can be implanted totally and gives rigid fixation throughout the period of distraction. The operations \"forward motion\", \"stop\" and \"backward motion\" can be regulated transcutaneously by radio control. A prototype especially developed for animal experiments has been tested successfully in sheep."}
{"id": "PMID:889525", "title": "[On the stress state of bone cement fixing a hip joint prosthesis (author's transl)].", "content": "Using a simplified model, tests were made to investigate the shear stress distribution at a hip joint prosthesis. A marked increase of stress at the tip of the prosthesis was found through photoelasticity. This peak stress resulted in a safety factor of 3 against exceeding the shear strength of bone cement. Since the calculation of the stress is based on unfavourable assumptions, the actual factor of safety should show a higher value still.", "contents": "[On the stress state of bone cement fixing a hip joint prosthesis (author's transl)]. Using a simplified model, tests were made to investigate the shear stress distribution at a hip joint prosthesis. A marked increase of stress at the tip of the prosthesis was found through photoelasticity. This peak stress resulted in a safety factor of 3 against exceeding the shear strength of bone cement. Since the calculation of the stress is based on unfavourable assumptions, the actual factor of safety should show a higher value still."}
{"id": "PMID:889524", "title": "[Fractures of the neck of femur in young children (author's transl)].", "content": "The problems of femoral neck fractures in young children are discussed. Results of 12 own cases are reviewed with an average age of the patients of 7.5 years at the time of accident. The average time between accident and last examination was 12 years. The operative technique, pre- and postoperative care, indications for conservative treatment and late complications are discussed. All types of fractures should be treated operatively. K-wire fixation is sufficient in most cases and does not damage the epiphyseal plate. Immobilization in POP spika is advisable for 6 weeks. With delayed operative treatment of intracapsulare fractures the intraarticular haematoma should be aspirated. Traumatic epiphyseolysis should be reduced by manipulation or operatively and stabilized by K-wires. The treatment of pseudarthrosis is by internal fixation and bone grafting. Late valgus and especially varus deformations should be corrected by intertrochanteric osteotomy.", "contents": "[Fractures of the neck of femur in young children (author's transl)]. The problems of femoral neck fractures in young children are discussed. Results of 12 own cases are reviewed with an average age of the patients of 7.5 years at the time of accident. The average time between accident and last examination was 12 years. The operative technique, pre- and postoperative care, indications for conservative treatment and late complications are discussed. All types of fractures should be treated operatively. K-wire fixation is sufficient in most cases and does not damage the epiphyseal plate. Immobilization in POP spika is advisable for 6 weeks. With delayed operative treatment of intracapsulare fractures the intraarticular haematoma should be aspirated. Traumatic epiphyseolysis should be reduced by manipulation or operatively and stabilized by K-wires. The treatment of pseudarthrosis is by internal fixation and bone grafting. Late valgus and especially varus deformations should be corrected by intertrochanteric osteotomy."}
{"id": "PMID:889526", "title": "[Chronic fibular instability of the ankle-joint -- x-ray diagnostic and ligamentous graft (author's transl)].", "content": "It was tried to find out how many radiographs are necessary to show instabilities of the ankle-joint with ruptures of the ligamentum talofibulare anterius alone (which is the most common ligamentous lesion) and in combination with other fibular ligaments. Therefore stress views of anatomical speciems of ankle-joints with previous artifically coused lesions were done. It was found that one lateral view with the talus stressed in subluxation and one a.p. view with stressed pes equinus and supination with slight internal rotation of the foot are enough in comparison with the other side. The mostly used plastic reconstructions of old fibular ligament teares by Watson-Jones and Evans act as a tenodesis for the subtalar joint, because the natural anatomical position of the ligamentum calcaneofibulare, which should be replaced, is not respected. We looked for the best positioning of a graft as a replacement of the ligamentum calcaneofibulare by help of a string model in anatomical speciems. Only the straight graft of this ligament gives the best chance of free mobility in the subtalar joint. Other directions of this ligamentous graft lead either to a tenodesis or to an outwear of the graft without a stabilizing effect. Postoperative examinations of nine patients with ligamentous grafts stress this point.", "contents": "[Chronic fibular instability of the ankle-joint -- x-ray diagnostic and ligamentous graft (author's transl)]. It was tried to find out how many radiographs are necessary to show instabilities of the ankle-joint with ruptures of the ligamentum talofibulare anterius alone (which is the most common ligamentous lesion) and in combination with other fibular ligaments. Therefore stress views of anatomical speciems of ankle-joints with previous artifically coused lesions were done. It was found that one lateral view with the talus stressed in subluxation and one a.p. view with stressed pes equinus and supination with slight internal rotation of the foot are enough in comparison with the other side. The mostly used plastic reconstructions of old fibular ligament teares by Watson-Jones and Evans act as a tenodesis for the subtalar joint, because the natural anatomical position of the ligamentum calcaneofibulare, which should be replaced, is not respected. We looked for the best positioning of a graft as a replacement of the ligamentum calcaneofibulare by help of a string model in anatomical speciems. Only the straight graft of this ligament gives the best chance of free mobility in the subtalar joint. Other directions of this ligamentous graft lead either to a tenodesis or to an outwear of the graft without a stabilizing effect. Postoperative examinations of nine patients with ligamentous grafts stress this point."}
{"id": "PMID:889527", "title": "[Electromyographic investigations about operative and conservative treatment after rupture of the long tendon of m. biceps brachii (author's transl)].", "content": "After conservative respectively operative treatment of two exactly comparable patients who suffered from rupture of the long head of the biceps tendon of the arm, the myoelectric activity of both muscle heads was investigated on the injured arm and compared to the uninjured side. There was a significant diminution of activity in the ruptured long head as well as a reactive hyperactivity in the short head after conservative treatment in contrast to the operative treated patient, where these alterations in muscle activity were less marked. The operative treatment therefore shows a better functional result when compared with the conservatively treated rupture.", "contents": "[Electromyographic investigations about operative and conservative treatment after rupture of the long tendon of m. biceps brachii (author's transl)]. After conservative respectively operative treatment of two exactly comparable patients who suffered from rupture of the long head of the biceps tendon of the arm, the myoelectric activity of both muscle heads was investigated on the injured arm and compared to the uninjured side. There was a significant diminution of activity in the ruptured long head as well as a reactive hyperactivity in the short head after conservative treatment in contrast to the operative treated patient, where these alterations in muscle activity were less marked. The operative treatment therefore shows a better functional result when compared with the conservatively treated rupture."}
{"id": "PMID:889528", "title": "[Results of surgical correction of valgus deformity in childhood (author's transl)].", "content": "After surgical correction of valgus deformity in childhood by varus-rotations-osteotomy an increased incidence of recurrence of valgus is reported. The present analysis was performed to defind the indication for varus-rotations-osteotomy. 152 cases with operated hip joints were reviewed with regard to the clinical and radiological development. We found out that \"postoperative insufficiency of the gluteal muscles = pathological revalgisation\" does not induce revalgisation as postulated by other authors. Also discharging limping of the hip joint does not cause revalgisation. Postsurgical insuffiency of adductor muscles is not an obligatory but a potential cause for development of pathological revalgisation. And there is not correlation between the less frequent recurrence of anteversion and the pathological revalgisation, also there could not be found a correlation to lesions of the a trochanteric epiphysis due to the operation, or to the time of metal removing. According to our results the complication rate of recurrence of valgus becomes less frequent by age corresponding alteration of the CCD angle, even when it cannot be prevented.", "contents": "[Results of surgical correction of valgus deformity in childhood (author's transl)]. After surgical correction of valgus deformity in childhood by varus-rotations-osteotomy an increased incidence of recurrence of valgus is reported. The present analysis was performed to defind the indication for varus-rotations-osteotomy. 152 cases with operated hip joints were reviewed with regard to the clinical and radiological development. We found out that \"postoperative insufficiency of the gluteal muscles = pathological revalgisation\" does not induce revalgisation as postulated by other authors. Also discharging limping of the hip joint does not cause revalgisation. Postsurgical insuffiency of adductor muscles is not an obligatory but a potential cause for development of pathological revalgisation. And there is not correlation between the less frequent recurrence of anteversion and the pathological revalgisation, also there could not be found a correlation to lesions of the a trochanteric epiphysis due to the operation, or to the time of metal removing. According to our results the complication rate of recurrence of valgus becomes less frequent by age corresponding alteration of the CCD angle, even when it cannot be prevented."}
{"id": "PMID:889529", "title": "[Results of the Ender-nailing method in Austria. With special reference to the cases of the Lorenz-B\u00f6hler-Hospital (author's transl)].", "content": "The problems of the method are briefly analyzed by the early results of together 2137 patients, who were operated in 10 different traumatological departments or accident-hospitals and by the late results of 109 patients, who were followed up in the Lorenz-B\u00f6hler-Hospital. The advantages of the Ender-method are: 1. relatively minimal operative stress to the patients (there are nearly no contraindications); 2. the low infection rate of 1.9%; 3. the favorable mechanical principle of these osteosynthesis, so that in 2137 there was no case with broken nails and no case with nonunion. 4. Rotational stability is better, than by K\u00fcntscher's trochanteric nail, because of the diverging tips of the nails in the head of the femur. Furthermore the insertion of the Ender nails does not injure the medial collateral ligament of the knee. 5. External rotation failures of the femur can be avoided by bending the nails in a second plane corresponding to the antetorsion angle of the collum femoris.", "contents": "[Results of the Ender-nailing method in Austria. With special reference to the cases of the Lorenz-B\u00f6hler-Hospital (author's transl)]. The problems of the method are briefly analyzed by the early results of together 2137 patients, who were operated in 10 different traumatological departments or accident-hospitals and by the late results of 109 patients, who were followed up in the Lorenz-B\u00f6hler-Hospital. The advantages of the Ender-method are: 1. relatively minimal operative stress to the patients (there are nearly no contraindications); 2. the low infection rate of 1.9%; 3. the favorable mechanical principle of these osteosynthesis, so that in 2137 there was no case with broken nails and no case with nonunion. 4. Rotational stability is better, than by K\u00fcntscher's trochanteric nail, because of the diverging tips of the nails in the head of the femur. Furthermore the insertion of the Ender nails does not injure the medial collateral ligament of the knee. 5. External rotation failures of the femur can be avoided by bending the nails in a second plane corresponding to the antetorsion angle of the collum femoris."}
{"id": "PMID:889530", "title": "[Experience on Guepar-hinge-prosthesis (author's transl)].", "content": "Total replacement of the knee joint by the G.U.E.P.A.R. hinge prosthesis has been performed in 72 patients suffering from severe gonarthrosis combined with ligamentous instability. Follow-up examination over a period of 1/2-5 years were made in 65 cases considering pre- and postoperative findings (pain, range of motion, ability to walk). This paper reports on problems of joint replacement surgery especially on details of operative technique to restore free gliding of the patella and muscular force as well. The G.U.E.P.A.R hinge posthesis has given good or excellent results in the great majority of cases.", "contents": "[Experience on Guepar-hinge-prosthesis (author's transl)]. Total replacement of the knee joint by the G.U.E.P.A.R. hinge prosthesis has been performed in 72 patients suffering from severe gonarthrosis combined with ligamentous instability. Follow-up examination over a period of 1/2-5 years were made in 65 cases considering pre- and postoperative findings (pain, range of motion, ability to walk). This paper reports on problems of joint replacement surgery especially on details of operative technique to restore free gliding of the patella and muscular force as well. The G.U.E.P.A.R hinge posthesis has given good or excellent results in the great majority of cases."}
{"id": "PMID:889531", "title": "Benign osteoblastoma: quantitative histological distinction from osteoid osteoma.", "content": "The author performed on 10 cases of benign osteoblastoma and osteoid osteoma a comparative quantitative histological analysis using an optical line-mesh grid for sampling. Tissue components under the line crossing were counted five hundred times in every case making a total of five thousand counts for each group. It was demonstrated that 1. in osteoblastoma the amount of stroma is roughly by 10 per cent elevated and the amount of osteoid about 10 per cent less in comparison with osteoid osteoma. 2. As far as the osteoblast lining, capillaries and giant cells are concerned, there is no basic numerical difference between the two lesions. Experiences gained by qualitative histological comparison are also described. His results are favouring the concept of benign osteoblastoma as an entity with true tumour nature.", "contents": "Benign osteoblastoma: quantitative histological distinction from osteoid osteoma. The author performed on 10 cases of benign osteoblastoma and osteoid osteoma a comparative quantitative histological analysis using an optical line-mesh grid for sampling. Tissue components under the line crossing were counted five hundred times in every case making a total of five thousand counts for each group. It was demonstrated that 1. in osteoblastoma the amount of stroma is roughly by 10 per cent elevated and the amount of osteoid about 10 per cent less in comparison with osteoid osteoma. 2. As far as the osteoblast lining, capillaries and giant cells are concerned, there is no basic numerical difference between the two lesions. Experiences gained by qualitative histological comparison are also described. His results are favouring the concept of benign osteoblastoma as an entity with true tumour nature."}
{"id": "PMID:889534", "title": "[Osteotomies of the forearm in the treatment of ulnar dysmelia (author's transl)].", "content": "The syndrome and classification of ulnadysmelia--which shows considerable analogy to fibuladysmelia--is described on the basis of two cases. The therapy of the milder form of this deformation which includes our two patients is discussed. Correction osteotomy of the bones of both forearms with excision of the radial head is recommended for inveterate cases. In younger children, a result which is both cosmetically and functionally successful can be achieved by lenghtening osteotomy of the ulna. The operation is to be repeated if necessary.", "contents": "[Osteotomies of the forearm in the treatment of ulnar dysmelia (author's transl)]. The syndrome and classification of ulnadysmelia--which shows considerable analogy to fibuladysmelia--is described on the basis of two cases. The therapy of the milder form of this deformation which includes our two patients is discussed. Correction osteotomy of the bones of both forearms with excision of the radial head is recommended for inveterate cases. In younger children, a result which is both cosmetically and functionally successful can be achieved by lenghtening osteotomy of the ulna. The operation is to be repeated if necessary."}
{"id": "PMID:889535", "title": "[Osteosynthesis with hinge joints and methylmethacrylate (author's transl)].", "content": "Six cases have been described where an osteosynthesis was performed using the stem of a hinge knee joint in combination with methylmethacrylate and other osteosynthetic devices (screws, wires). Need for an osteosynthesis existed because of pseudarthrosis after supracondylar and high tibial osteotomies, intraoperative fracture for implantation of a total knee, reimplantation after deep infection, and fatigue fracture after a total knee. The advantage of the procedure lies in early mobilisation and weight bearing. We do not believe in reimplantation after an infected prosthesis. Instead, we recommend fusion after implant removal.", "contents": "[Osteosynthesis with hinge joints and methylmethacrylate (author's transl)]. Six cases have been described where an osteosynthesis was performed using the stem of a hinge knee joint in combination with methylmethacrylate and other osteosynthetic devices (screws, wires). Need for an osteosynthesis existed because of pseudarthrosis after supracondylar and high tibial osteotomies, intraoperative fracture for implantation of a total knee, reimplantation after deep infection, and fatigue fracture after a total knee. The advantage of the procedure lies in early mobilisation and weight bearing. We do not believe in reimplantation after an infected prosthesis. Instead, we recommend fusion after implant removal."}
{"id": "PMID:889536", "title": "[Standardization of implants shown by \"bone-screws\" (author's transl)].", "content": "The increasing use of orthopaedic implants makes international efforts of standardization with their objectives unification and benefit of the patient necessary and sufficient. In 1975 an ISO-Draft for \"bone-screws\" has been finished. To get experimental data there was a test series of breaking bone-screws of five producers by torsional stress. Comparable screws showed considerable differences. The control of conformity to standards gave partially distinct differences to the standard profile and different hardness values, what affects to the screws' security of twisting off.", "contents": "[Standardization of implants shown by \"bone-screws\" (author's transl)]. The increasing use of orthopaedic implants makes international efforts of standardization with their objectives unification and benefit of the patient necessary and sufficient. In 1975 an ISO-Draft for \"bone-screws\" has been finished. To get experimental data there was a test series of breaking bone-screws of five producers by torsional stress. Comparable screws showed considerable differences. The control of conformity to standards gave partially distinct differences to the standard profile and different hardness values, what affects to the screws' security of twisting off."}
{"id": "PMID:889537", "title": "[The force flow in hip joint-endoprostheses (author's transl)].", "content": "The mechanical force flow distribution produced by the hip joint endoprosthesis in the remaining, living femur and its deviation from that of the natural bone have a considerable influence on the quality of the bone-endoprosthesis compound and its duration of life. The loads are calculated for the natural bone as the reference system as well as the compound with conventional endoprostheses and a new type, the Tension-band-Endoprosthesis (R-G). For the calculation the finite element method is used by application of three-dimensional tetrahedron elements. It becomes apparent that in the case of the R-G-Endoprosthesis the induced stresses within the medial range of the remaining bone are far less unphysiological than in the case of the conventional endoprosthesis.", "contents": "[The force flow in hip joint-endoprostheses (author's transl)]. The mechanical force flow distribution produced by the hip joint endoprosthesis in the remaining, living femur and its deviation from that of the natural bone have a considerable influence on the quality of the bone-endoprosthesis compound and its duration of life. The loads are calculated for the natural bone as the reference system as well as the compound with conventional endoprostheses and a new type, the Tension-band-Endoprosthesis (R-G). For the calculation the finite element method is used by application of three-dimensional tetrahedron elements. It becomes apparent that in the case of the R-G-Endoprosthesis the induced stresses within the medial range of the remaining bone are far less unphysiological than in the case of the conventional endoprosthesis."}
{"id": "PMID:889538", "title": "[Human joint capsule in osteoarthrosis (morpholocical changes) (author's transl)].", "content": "Morphological investigations of the joint capsules in osteoarthrotic-changed joints have given rise to doubts about the present theory of the causal aetiology of the osteoarthrosis. In every inspected and demonstrated illustration beside the partly normal capsules segments could be found every transition between mild regressive alterations and most massive proliferative changes of the conective tissue and the lining cell layer. It was extraordinary, that the strongly dilated vessels were filled with red blood cells. In another part of the same case was found a massive stricture caused by concentrically deposited substances, which were impregnated with collagenous fibers. Regeneration of the vessels frequently happened adjacent totally obstructed ones. Round-cell infiltrations, granulocytes or other indications of an inflammatory synovitis are found only in a few cases. The intracartilaginous enzymatic reactions, which have been much talked of and which were explained as characteristic of the osteoarthrosis cannot be the cause of the degradation of the cartilage, particularly, because of the normal cell count which is to be found in the synovial fluid. We can answer this problem, if we can prove that the substrates of the chondral metabolism themselves exert a direct or indirect influence on the interstitial connective tissue with induction of the powerful proliferation of the same tissue. The changes in the transit zone would be secondary and their effect on the lining cell layer would increase the progression of the arthrotic events.", "contents": "[Human joint capsule in osteoarthrosis (morpholocical changes) (author's transl)]. Morphological investigations of the joint capsules in osteoarthrotic-changed joints have given rise to doubts about the present theory of the causal aetiology of the osteoarthrosis. In every inspected and demonstrated illustration beside the partly normal capsules segments could be found every transition between mild regressive alterations and most massive proliferative changes of the conective tissue and the lining cell layer. It was extraordinary, that the strongly dilated vessels were filled with red blood cells. In another part of the same case was found a massive stricture caused by concentrically deposited substances, which were impregnated with collagenous fibers. Regeneration of the vessels frequently happened adjacent totally obstructed ones. Round-cell infiltrations, granulocytes or other indications of an inflammatory synovitis are found only in a few cases. The intracartilaginous enzymatic reactions, which have been much talked of and which were explained as characteristic of the osteoarthrosis cannot be the cause of the degradation of the cartilage, particularly, because of the normal cell count which is to be found in the synovial fluid. We can answer this problem, if we can prove that the substrates of the chondral metabolism themselves exert a direct or indirect influence on the interstitial connective tissue with induction of the powerful proliferation of the same tissue. The changes in the transit zone would be secondary and their effect on the lining cell layer would increase the progression of the arthrotic events."}
{"id": "PMID:889539", "title": "Meitens' syndrome.", "content": "This paper reports on Mietens' syndrome which is characterized by mental retardation, growth failure, flexion contracture of the elbows, dislocation of the radius, abnormally short ulna and radius, bilateral corneal opacity, horizontal and rotational nystagmus, strabismus and a small pointed nose with depressed root. This is the second on the Mietens' syndrome.", "contents": "Meitens' syndrome. This paper reports on Mietens' syndrome which is characterized by mental retardation, growth failure, flexion contracture of the elbows, dislocation of the radius, abnormally short ulna and radius, bilateral corneal opacity, horizontal and rotational nystagmus, strabismus and a small pointed nose with depressed root. This is the second on the Mietens' syndrome."}
{"id": "PMID:889540", "title": "[Measurements of stability of operative osteosynthesis on the proximal femur (author's transl)].", "content": "Bending burdening of stable and unstable per- and subtrochanteral fractures after osteosynthesis with Y-nails (K\u00fcntscher), Ender-nails, 130 degrees and 95 degrees angled plates of the AO were tested in a comparative experimental study. The unstable fractures were also tested after treatment with osteosynthesis and additional application of bone cement in the artificial defect. The essential results were as follows: in the group of stable pertrochanteral fractures the Ender-nails bear in the mean 147 kp, the 130 degrees angle plate 200 kp. In the fracture-group with lacking medial support a highly burdening osteosynthesis could only be achieved by filling up the defects with bone cement. The 95 degrees-angled plate-osteosynthesis combined with bone cement bearing more than 300 kp was superior to the other procedures in the unstable per- and subtrochanteral fractures. In our investigation the stabilizing forces of muscles and fascia have not been taken into consideration.", "contents": "[Measurements of stability of operative osteosynthesis on the proximal femur (author's transl)]. Bending burdening of stable and unstable per- and subtrochanteral fractures after osteosynthesis with Y-nails (K\u00fcntscher), Ender-nails, 130 degrees and 95 degrees angled plates of the AO were tested in a comparative experimental study. The unstable fractures were also tested after treatment with osteosynthesis and additional application of bone cement in the artificial defect. The essential results were as follows: in the group of stable pertrochanteral fractures the Ender-nails bear in the mean 147 kp, the 130 degrees angle plate 200 kp. In the fracture-group with lacking medial support a highly burdening osteosynthesis could only be achieved by filling up the defects with bone cement. The 95 degrees-angled plate-osteosynthesis combined with bone cement bearing more than 300 kp was superior to the other procedures in the unstable per- and subtrochanteral fractures. In our investigation the stabilizing forces of muscles and fascia have not been taken into consideration."}
{"id": "PMID:889542", "title": "Estimations of body composition by various methods.", "content": "Body composition was measured in 38 young men all of whom were overweight by standard height-weight tables. The techniques used were body volumetry, determination of total body water by tritium dilution, whole body 40K counting, and anthropometric measurements required for an equation by Wright and Wilmore, the biceps-height formula, and a complex anthropometric model. Body volumeter and total body water dilution results agreed closely. 40K counts gave lower means for the lean mass (higher means for fat mass and percent body fat), while the Wright-Wilmore equation and complex anthropometric model gave high mean values for lean mass (low means for fat mass and percent body fat). Among the five methods correlation coefficients ranged from 0.81 to 0.94 for lean body mass, from 0.74 to 0.89 for fat mass, and from 0.60 to 0.86 for percent body fat. Although all subjects were overweight, only six (16%) were obese.", "contents": "Estimations of body composition by various methods. Body composition was measured in 38 young men all of whom were overweight by standard height-weight tables. The techniques used were body volumetry, determination of total body water by tritium dilution, whole body 40K counting, and anthropometric measurements required for an equation by Wright and Wilmore, the biceps-height formula, and a complex anthropometric model. Body volumeter and total body water dilution results agreed closely. 40K counts gave lower means for the lean mass (higher means for fat mass and percent body fat), while the Wright-Wilmore equation and complex anthropometric model gave high mean values for lean mass (low means for fat mass and percent body fat). Among the five methods correlation coefficients ranged from 0.81 to 0.94 for lean body mass, from 0.74 to 0.89 for fat mass, and from 0.60 to 0.86 for percent body fat. Although all subjects were overweight, only six (16%) were obese."}
{"id": "PMID:889543", "title": "Alterations in brain electrolytes during acceleration in mice.", "content": "Calcium, magnesium, sodium, and potassium levels were determined in brain tissues of mice subjected to gravitational acceleration in the longitudinal direction. Although no significant changes occur in calcium and magnesium levels, potassium levels markedly increase while sodium levels decrease following exposure to 5 and 10 Gz for 5 min. The electrolyte changes are of long duration and remain for periods greater than 5 h.", "contents": "Alterations in brain electrolytes during acceleration in mice. Calcium, magnesium, sodium, and potassium levels were determined in brain tissues of mice subjected to gravitational acceleration in the longitudinal direction. Although no significant changes occur in calcium and magnesium levels, potassium levels markedly increase while sodium levels decrease following exposure to 5 and 10 Gz for 5 min. The electrolyte changes are of long duration and remain for periods greater than 5 h."}
{"id": "PMID:889544", "title": "Behavioral analyses of killifish exposed to weightlessness in the Apollo-Soyuz test project.", "content": "Two groups of killifish, Fundulus heteroclitus, which were flown aboard Apollo-Soyuz, were subjected to postflight behavioral testing. The first group examined consisted of a graded series of embryos representing key developmental stages at orbital insertion (32-h, 66-h, and 128-h stages; pre-liftoff fertilization times). The tests revealed that the young adults from the flight 32-h stage had a significantly decreased positive geotaxis and increased negative phototaxis when compared with ground controls. These findings suggested a greater sensitization of the least-developed flight stage to post-hatching environmental influences. The second group consisted of 21-d old juveniles which were subjected to light orientation tests soon after recovery. No significant differences were detected.", "contents": "Behavioral analyses of killifish exposed to weightlessness in the Apollo-Soyuz test project. Two groups of killifish, Fundulus heteroclitus, which were flown aboard Apollo-Soyuz, were subjected to postflight behavioral testing. The first group examined consisted of a graded series of embryos representing key developmental stages at orbital insertion (32-h, 66-h, and 128-h stages; pre-liftoff fertilization times). The tests revealed that the young adults from the flight 32-h stage had a significantly decreased positive geotaxis and increased negative phototaxis when compared with ground controls. These findings suggested a greater sensitization of the least-developed flight stage to post-hatching environmental influences. The second group consisted of 21-d old juveniles which were subjected to light orientation tests soon after recovery. No significant differences were detected."}
{"id": "PMID:889545", "title": "Ten-year survey of altitude chamber reactions using the FAA training chamber flight profiles.", "content": "The Federal Aviation Administration since 1962 has trained nonmilitary government-employed flightcrews and civilian pilots in aspects of altitude and its effects on the human body. The standard military altitude chamber flight profile was not used and the reasons are explained. Two different chamber profiles were used for a 10-year period and both included a rapid decompression, but the altitudes attained were limited to 25,000 ft (7,620 m) and 29,000 ft (8,839 m). During the 10-year period cited in this report, 4,759 students were exposed to these altitudes and none experienced an evolved gas problem.", "contents": "Ten-year survey of altitude chamber reactions using the FAA training chamber flight profiles. The Federal Aviation Administration since 1962 has trained nonmilitary government-employed flightcrews and civilian pilots in aspects of altitude and its effects on the human body. The standard military altitude chamber flight profile was not used and the reasons are explained. Two different chamber profiles were used for a 10-year period and both included a rapid decompression, but the altitudes attained were limited to 25,000 ft (7,620 m) and 29,000 ft (8,839 m). During the 10-year period cited in this report, 4,759 students were exposed to these altitudes and none experienced an evolved gas problem."}
{"id": "PMID:889546", "title": "Altitude decompression sickness: hyperbaric therapy results in 145 cases.", "content": "Most cases of decompression sickness that occur at altitude resolve upon descent to lower altitudes. Before the use of hyperbaric therapy, cases that did not resolve accounted for some of the most difficult medical management problems in military aerospace medicine. On 27 March, 1941, the U.S. Navy Diving School successfully used hyperbaric therapy for a case of altitude-induced decompression sickness that did not resolve on return to ground level. Since then, over 145 such cases have been treated by hyperbaric therapy. At first, treatments involved using compressed air, with varying success. Current medical management of altitude-induced decompression sickness requires immediate compression to 2.8 ATA, equivalent to 60 ft of sea water (FSW) pressure, and a series of intermittent oxygen and air breathing periods during the subsequent slow decompression to surface. This report confirms the treatment recommendations set forth by Behnke and Downey, and crystallized by Goodman in 1964. Conclusions are based on treatment experience in the management of 120 cases in U.S. Air Force hyperbaric chambers, and a survey of hyperbaric facilities which have treated 25 other cases.", "contents": "Altitude decompression sickness: hyperbaric therapy results in 145 cases. Most cases of decompression sickness that occur at altitude resolve upon descent to lower altitudes. Before the use of hyperbaric therapy, cases that did not resolve accounted for some of the most difficult medical management problems in military aerospace medicine. On 27 March, 1941, the U.S. Navy Diving School successfully used hyperbaric therapy for a case of altitude-induced decompression sickness that did not resolve on return to ground level. Since then, over 145 such cases have been treated by hyperbaric therapy. At first, treatments involved using compressed air, with varying success. Current medical management of altitude-induced decompression sickness requires immediate compression to 2.8 ATA, equivalent to 60 ft of sea water (FSW) pressure, and a series of intermittent oxygen and air breathing periods during the subsequent slow decompression to surface. This report confirms the treatment recommendations set forth by Behnke and Downey, and crystallized by Goodman in 1964. Conclusions are based on treatment experience in the management of 120 cases in U.S. Air Force hyperbaric chambers, and a survey of hyperbaric facilities which have treated 25 other cases."}
{"id": "PMID:889547", "title": "Femur-bending properties as influenced by gravity: II. Ultimate load, moment, and stress for 3-G mice.", "content": "Material strength as approximated from bending studies of fresh femurs grew during 1 to 8 weeks of hypergravity at rates which were not measurably affected, even though the animal's body growth was measurably slower. As a result, femurs could support greater ultimate loads, moments, and stresses when compared to control bones of comparable rotational moments of their cross-sectional areas. Chronic centrifugation simulated 3.1 G for 45 male. Swiss Webster mice compared to 37 control animals. Effects were most noticeable after the first week of exposure and for younger animals. Effect were only about 50% that noted in comparable treatment of rats. This suggests that four times more mice than rats may be necessary for space-experiments designed to test the effects of weightlessness.", "contents": "Femur-bending properties as influenced by gravity: II. Ultimate load, moment, and stress for 3-G mice. Material strength as approximated from bending studies of fresh femurs grew during 1 to 8 weeks of hypergravity at rates which were not measurably affected, even though the animal's body growth was measurably slower. As a result, femurs could support greater ultimate loads, moments, and stresses when compared to control bones of comparable rotational moments of their cross-sectional areas. Chronic centrifugation simulated 3.1 G for 45 male. Swiss Webster mice compared to 37 control animals. Effects were most noticeable after the first week of exposure and for younger animals. Effect were only about 50% that noted in comparable treatment of rats. This suggests that four times more mice than rats may be necessary for space-experiments designed to test the effects of weightlessness."}
{"id": "PMID:889548", "title": "Selective induction of liver drug-metabolizing enzymes in rats exposed to a 21 ATA He-O2 environment.", "content": "The effects of prolonged exposure to a hyperbaric environment (21 ATA He-O2, 200 +/- 300 mm Hg O2, 32.5 +/- 1 degrees C) were investigated on the activity of rat liver drug-metabolizing enzyme systems, as monitored by O-dealkylation and N-dealkylation reactions. Continuous exposure of different groups of rats to a hyperbaric environment for 8, 22, 39, 57, or 84 d significantly increased the in vitro activity of drug-metabolizing enzymes in liver preparations obtained from rats subjected to prolonged exposures. The increase in the in vitro O-dealkylation of p-nitroanisole was selective; and the percent increases were 27, 146, 58, 40, 49, and 44 in liver preparations obtained from rats exposed continuously for 8, 22, 39, 57, 72, or 84 d, respectively. On the other hand, no statistically significant increase was observed in the in vitro activity of rat liver drug-metabolizing enzyme preparations during N-dealkylation of morphine and cocaine.", "contents": "Selective induction of liver drug-metabolizing enzymes in rats exposed to a 21 ATA He-O2 environment. The effects of prolonged exposure to a hyperbaric environment (21 ATA He-O2, 200 +/- 300 mm Hg O2, 32.5 +/- 1 degrees C) were investigated on the activity of rat liver drug-metabolizing enzyme systems, as monitored by O-dealkylation and N-dealkylation reactions. Continuous exposure of different groups of rats to a hyperbaric environment for 8, 22, 39, 57, or 84 d significantly increased the in vitro activity of drug-metabolizing enzymes in liver preparations obtained from rats subjected to prolonged exposures. The increase in the in vitro O-dealkylation of p-nitroanisole was selective; and the percent increases were 27, 146, 58, 40, 49, and 44 in liver preparations obtained from rats exposed continuously for 8, 22, 39, 57, 72, or 84 d, respectively. On the other hand, no statistically significant increase was observed in the in vitro activity of rat liver drug-metabolizing enzyme preparations during N-dealkylation of morphine and cocaine."}
{"id": "PMID:889551", "title": "Naval aviators admitted to a Naval hospital.", "content": "This paper discusses the hospitalization of aviators at the Naval Regional Medical Center, San Diego, Ca. The areas covered include cancer, trauma, cardiac cases, alcoholics, and the effect of hospitalization on the flying status of aviators. The variety of diagnoses accumulated in 2 years was suprising. Further follow-up of cardiac cases must be pursued, especially post-coronary artery bypass. Alcoholism as a diagnosis in hospitalized patients may be a larger problem than elicited in this series. Hopefully this paper will not be just a statistical study. We should think of prevention and care to decrease the number of aviators who have their wings clipped due to medical problems.", "contents": "Naval aviators admitted to a Naval hospital. This paper discusses the hospitalization of aviators at the Naval Regional Medical Center, San Diego, Ca. The areas covered include cancer, trauma, cardiac cases, alcoholics, and the effect of hospitalization on the flying status of aviators. The variety of diagnoses accumulated in 2 years was suprising. Further follow-up of cardiac cases must be pursued, especially post-coronary artery bypass. Alcoholism as a diagnosis in hospitalized patients may be a larger problem than elicited in this series. Hopefully this paper will not be just a statistical study. We should think of prevention and care to decrease the number of aviators who have their wings clipped due to medical problems."}
{"id": "PMID:889552", "title": "Coronary heart disease index based on longitudinal electrocardiography.", "content": "A coronary heart disease index was developed from longitudinal ECG (LCG) tracings to serve as a cardiac health measure in studies of working and, essentially, asymptomatic populations, such as pilots and executives. For a given subject, the index consisted of a composite score based on the presence of LCG aberrations and weighted values previously assigned to them. The index was validated by correlating it with the known presence or absence of CHD as determined by a complete physical examination, including treadmill, resting ECG, and risk factor information. The validating sample consisted of 111 subjects drawn by a stratified-random procedure from 5000 available case histories. The CHD index was found to be significantly more valid as a sole indicator of CHD than the LCG without the use of the index. The index consistently produced higher validity coefficients in identifying CHD than did treadmill testing, resting ECG, or risk factor analysis.", "contents": "Coronary heart disease index based on longitudinal electrocardiography. A coronary heart disease index was developed from longitudinal ECG (LCG) tracings to serve as a cardiac health measure in studies of working and, essentially, asymptomatic populations, such as pilots and executives. For a given subject, the index consisted of a composite score based on the presence of LCG aberrations and weighted values previously assigned to them. The index was validated by correlating it with the known presence or absence of CHD as determined by a complete physical examination, including treadmill, resting ECG, and risk factor information. The validating sample consisted of 111 subjects drawn by a stratified-random procedure from 5000 available case histories. The CHD index was found to be significantly more valid as a sole indicator of CHD than the LCG without the use of the index. The index consistently produced higher validity coefficients in identifying CHD than did treadmill testing, resting ECG, or risk factor analysis."}
{"id": "PMID:889553", "title": "Post-mortem blood alcohol in general aviation pilots.", "content": "Blood alcohol concentrations are reviewed from a series of 250 consecutive fatal accidents, involving 259 pilots, for the years 1962 through 1975. BACs were obtained in 150 of 213 fatally injured pilots whose bodies were recovered. Positive BACs were 18% of total estimations. Impairment by alcohol was probably a factor in about 9% of accidents in which valid BACs were obtained. These percentages are not significantly different from lumped U.S. data. Comparison with fatal accidents in other modes of personal transportation shows alcohol plays a part in the following descending order: cars in single-vehicle accidents, all cars, motorcycles, general aviation aircraft.", "contents": "Post-mortem blood alcohol in general aviation pilots. Blood alcohol concentrations are reviewed from a series of 250 consecutive fatal accidents, involving 259 pilots, for the years 1962 through 1975. BACs were obtained in 150 of 213 fatally injured pilots whose bodies were recovered. Positive BACs were 18% of total estimations. Impairment by alcohol was probably a factor in about 9% of accidents in which valid BACs were obtained. These percentages are not significantly different from lumped U.S. data. Comparison with fatal accidents in other modes of personal transportation shows alcohol plays a part in the following descending order: cars in single-vehicle accidents, all cars, motorcycles, general aviation aircraft."}
{"id": "PMID:889559", "title": "The significance of the hairpin counter-current principle in the pathogenesis of toxic kidney lesions. An investigation of the influence of antidiuretic hormone and papaverine on hydroxyquinoline nephropathy of the rat.", "content": "The influence of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and papaverine on hydroxyquinoline-induced nephropathy in rats was tested, using histotopochemistry, enzyme activity measurement and morphometric investigation. Hydroxyquinoline causes a marked increase in renal weight, the development of wedge-shaped foci with severely dilated tubule segments, and a simultaneous reduction in dehydrogenases, alkaline phosphatase, and alpha-naphthyl esterase. Both ADH and papaverine produced a significant inhibition of renal damage. The subjective findings were quantitatively confirmed by measurement of enzyme activity, using the microscope photometer, and by morphometric studies with the Leitz-Classimat (determination on the basis of the alkaline phosphatase reaction) of the surface percentage of brush border in the proximal tubules. A disturbance of the hairpin counter-current system is to be considered as the cause of the renal lesion. This disturbance is caused by hydroxyquinoline-induced impairment of Na+/K+ transport, especially in the thick ascending limb of Henle's loop. Our results show that the hydroxyquinoline nephropathy can be favourably influenced both by stimulation of water re-absorption and possibly also transepithelial Na+ transport (ADH), and by increasing the blood flow of the arteriolae rectae with a resultant lowering of the intratubular urine concentration (papaverine). The dependency of hydroxyquinoline nephropathy on the phylogenetically determined concentration capacity of the kidney, and the effective influencing of the condition by ADH and papaverine indicate the importance of the degree of efficiency of the medullary countercurrent system in the pathogenesis of this renal lesion.", "contents": "The significance of the hairpin counter-current principle in the pathogenesis of toxic kidney lesions. An investigation of the influence of antidiuretic hormone and papaverine on hydroxyquinoline nephropathy of the rat. The influence of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and papaverine on hydroxyquinoline-induced nephropathy in rats was tested, using histotopochemistry, enzyme activity measurement and morphometric investigation. Hydroxyquinoline causes a marked increase in renal weight, the development of wedge-shaped foci with severely dilated tubule segments, and a simultaneous reduction in dehydrogenases, alkaline phosphatase, and alpha-naphthyl esterase. Both ADH and papaverine produced a significant inhibition of renal damage. The subjective findings were quantitatively confirmed by measurement of enzyme activity, using the microscope photometer, and by morphometric studies with the Leitz-Classimat (determination on the basis of the alkaline phosphatase reaction) of the surface percentage of brush border in the proximal tubules. A disturbance of the hairpin counter-current system is to be considered as the cause of the renal lesion. This disturbance is caused by hydroxyquinoline-induced impairment of Na+/K+ transport, especially in the thick ascending limb of Henle's loop. Our results show that the hydroxyquinoline nephropathy can be favourably influenced both by stimulation of water re-absorption and possibly also transepithelial Na+ transport (ADH), and by increasing the blood flow of the arteriolae rectae with a resultant lowering of the intratubular urine concentration (papaverine). The dependency of hydroxyquinoline nephropathy on the phylogenetically determined concentration capacity of the kidney, and the effective influencing of the condition by ADH and papaverine indicate the importance of the degree of efficiency of the medullary countercurrent system in the pathogenesis of this renal lesion."}
{"id": "PMID:889563", "title": "Fresh, dried, and sterilized manure of chicks, sheep, and cattle as feedstuff for growing chicks.", "content": "The ration of growing chicks was supplemented by chick, sheep, and cattle excreta in fresh, dried (45-50 degrees C) and sterilized (90 degrees C, 30 mins.) form with 4%, compared with a control ration. The development of the live weight was better in all supplemented ration groups than in the control group. It decreased in this order: fresh - dried - sterilized - (control). Chick excreta were most favourable, least favourable were those of cattle. Feed conversion (food consumption/unit live weight (increase) showed the same trend as the development of the live weight, the rations with fresh excreta being most favourable. 10 data are presented from the results of slaughtering. Slaughtering results were between 70 and 76%, and gave most favourable values in supplementation with fresh excreta and dried excreta from chicks and sheep. A marked influence was found on the length of the intestine (cm/100 g live weight). The mortality rate varied between 0 and 5% in the groups; it was 5% in the control group.", "contents": "Fresh, dried, and sterilized manure of chicks, sheep, and cattle as feedstuff for growing chicks. The ration of growing chicks was supplemented by chick, sheep, and cattle excreta in fresh, dried (45-50 degrees C) and sterilized (90 degrees C, 30 mins.) form with 4%, compared with a control ration. The development of the live weight was better in all supplemented ration groups than in the control group. It decreased in this order: fresh - dried - sterilized - (control). Chick excreta were most favourable, least favourable were those of cattle. Feed conversion (food consumption/unit live weight (increase) showed the same trend as the development of the live weight, the rations with fresh excreta being most favourable. 10 data are presented from the results of slaughtering. Slaughtering results were between 70 and 76%, and gave most favourable values in supplementation with fresh excreta and dried excreta from chicks and sheep. A marked influence was found on the length of the intestine (cm/100 g live weight). The mortality rate varied between 0 and 5% in the groups; it was 5% in the control group."}
{"id": "PMID:889564", "title": "3-O-methyl sugars as constituents of glycoproteins. Identification of 3-O-methylgalactose and 3-O-methylmannose in pulmonate gastropod haemocyanins.", "content": "In addition to the already knownonosaccharides fucose, xylose, mannose, galactose, glucose, N-acetylgalactosamine and N-acetylglucosamine, the carbohydrate part of the haemocyanin from Helix pomatia (Roman snail) contains 3-O-methylgalactose, and that from Lymnaea stagnalis (a freshwater snail) 3-O-methylgalactose and 3-O-methylmannose. The 3-O-methyl sugars were identified by g.l.c.-mas spectrometry of the corresponding trimethylsilyl methyl glycosides and the alditol acetates, and by co-chromatography with the synthetic reference substances.", "contents": "3-O-methyl sugars as constituents of glycoproteins. Identification of 3-O-methylgalactose and 3-O-methylmannose in pulmonate gastropod haemocyanins. In addition to the already knownonosaccharides fucose, xylose, mannose, galactose, glucose, N-acetylgalactosamine and N-acetylglucosamine, the carbohydrate part of the haemocyanin from Helix pomatia (Roman snail) contains 3-O-methylgalactose, and that from Lymnaea stagnalis (a freshwater snail) 3-O-methylgalactose and 3-O-methylmannose. The 3-O-methyl sugars were identified by g.l.c.-mas spectrometry of the corresponding trimethylsilyl methyl glycosides and the alditol acetates, and by co-chromatography with the synthetic reference substances."}
{"id": "PMID:889565", "title": "The covalent linkage of protein to carbohydrate in the extracellular protein-polysaccharide from the red alga Porphyridium cruentum.", "content": "The extracellular anionic polysaccharide isolated from cultures of a unicellular red alga, Porphyridium cruentum, contains a small amount of protein after extensive purification. The polysaccharide and protein are recovered in the same fraction after isopycnic CsCl-density-gradient centrifugation in 4M-guanidinium chloride, under conditions designed to separate proteins from polysaccharide. The peptide portion of the protein-polysaccharide is released from the polysaccharide by alkali under conditions for beta-elimination. The released peptide is non-diffusible, but in can be separated from the polysaccharide by precipitation of the polysaccharide as the cetylpyridinium complex. Under conditions for beta-elimination of certain O-glycosidic carbohydrate-protein linkages, selective destruction of serine and threonine occurs. The addition of a reducing agent to the alkali mixture produces a selective increase in alanine and alpha-aminobutyric acid. Addition of a tritiated reducing agent to the alkali mixture produces radioactive alanine and alpha-aminobutyric acid, and xylitol as the only sugar alcohol. Similar results are obtained from glycopeptides isolated from partial acid hydrolysates. A macromolecular structure of the protein-polysaccharide is suggested by a comparison of the intrinsic viscosity of material before and after treatment with alkali and proteolytic enzymes.", "contents": "The covalent linkage of protein to carbohydrate in the extracellular protein-polysaccharide from the red alga Porphyridium cruentum. The extracellular anionic polysaccharide isolated from cultures of a unicellular red alga, Porphyridium cruentum, contains a small amount of protein after extensive purification. The polysaccharide and protein are recovered in the same fraction after isopycnic CsCl-density-gradient centrifugation in 4M-guanidinium chloride, under conditions designed to separate proteins from polysaccharide. The peptide portion of the protein-polysaccharide is released from the polysaccharide by alkali under conditions for beta-elimination. The released peptide is non-diffusible, but in can be separated from the polysaccharide by precipitation of the polysaccharide as the cetylpyridinium complex. Under conditions for beta-elimination of certain O-glycosidic carbohydrate-protein linkages, selective destruction of serine and threonine occurs. The addition of a reducing agent to the alkali mixture produces a selective increase in alanine and alpha-aminobutyric acid. Addition of a tritiated reducing agent to the alkali mixture produces radioactive alanine and alpha-aminobutyric acid, and xylitol as the only sugar alcohol. Similar results are obtained from glycopeptides isolated from partial acid hydrolysates. A macromolecular structure of the protein-polysaccharide is suggested by a comparison of the intrinsic viscosity of material before and after treatment with alkali and proteolytic enzymes."}
{"id": "PMID:889566", "title": "An evaluation of ways of using equilibrium dialysis to quantify the binding of ligand to macromolecule.", "content": "1. The effect of systematic error (loss of ligand, complex or macromolecule) on three of the experimental designs by which equilibrium dialysis may be used to quantify the interaction of ligand and macromolecule is examined theoretically, and the design that is least sensitive to systematic error is identified. 2. Thirteen methods for fitting the binding isotherm to experimental data are compared by using them to analyse simulated data containing random error, and the most reliable method is identified.", "contents": "An evaluation of ways of using equilibrium dialysis to quantify the binding of ligand to macromolecule. 1. The effect of systematic error (loss of ligand, complex or macromolecule) on three of the experimental designs by which equilibrium dialysis may be used to quantify the interaction of ligand and macromolecule is examined theoretically, and the design that is least sensitive to systematic error is identified. 2. Thirteen methods for fitting the binding isotherm to experimental data are compared by using them to analyse simulated data containing random error, and the most reliable method is identified."}
{"id": "PMID:889567", "title": "Characterization of the extracellular haemoglobins of Artemia salina.", "content": "The following factors were measured for extracellular haemoglobins of Artemia salina: a minimal molecular weight of globin chain per haem group (based on the iron and haem contents), the absorption coefficients, the absorption spectra of various derivatives and the amino acid compositions. These were compared with those of the haemoglobins of other invertebrates. Three Artemia haemoglobins (I, II and III) had similar molecular structures, constructed from two-globin subunits of 122000-130000mol.wt. Since the minimal mol.wt. was determined to be 18000, this suggests that one globin subunit was bound by seven haem groups, and hence one haemoglobin molecule (240000-260000mol.wt.) should contain 14 haem groups. A successful identification of this high-molecular-weight subunit required first the denaturation of haemoglobin in 1% sodium dodecyl sulphate before sodium dodecyl sulphate gel electrophoresis. Denaturation by prolonged incubation (12-36 h) at room temperature in the presence of 0.1% sodium dodecyl sulphate [Bowen, Moise, Waring & Poon (1976) Comp. Biochem. Physiol. B55, 99-103] was accompanied by extensive proteolysis, resulting in low recovery of the stainable protein and heterogeneous gel patterns. Regardless of which electrophoretic system was used, the high-molecular-weight subunit was always present provided that 1% sodium dodecyl sulphate was present during denaturation. These results contrast with those obtained by Bowen et al. (1976). However, preferential cleavage of the globin subunit (alpha) seemed to occur in vitro when standard conditions were used, producing two specific fragments having mol.wts. of 80000 (beta) and 50000 (gamma).", "contents": "Characterization of the extracellular haemoglobins of Artemia salina. The following factors were measured for extracellular haemoglobins of Artemia salina: a minimal molecular weight of globin chain per haem group (based on the iron and haem contents), the absorption coefficients, the absorption spectra of various derivatives and the amino acid compositions. These were compared with those of the haemoglobins of other invertebrates. Three Artemia haemoglobins (I, II and III) had similar molecular structures, constructed from two-globin subunits of 122000-130000mol.wt. Since the minimal mol.wt. was determined to be 18000, this suggests that one globin subunit was bound by seven haem groups, and hence one haemoglobin molecule (240000-260000mol.wt.) should contain 14 haem groups. A successful identification of this high-molecular-weight subunit required first the denaturation of haemoglobin in 1% sodium dodecyl sulphate before sodium dodecyl sulphate gel electrophoresis. Denaturation by prolonged incubation (12-36 h) at room temperature in the presence of 0.1% sodium dodecyl sulphate [Bowen, Moise, Waring & Poon (1976) Comp. Biochem. Physiol. B55, 99-103] was accompanied by extensive proteolysis, resulting in low recovery of the stainable protein and heterogeneous gel patterns. Regardless of which electrophoretic system was used, the high-molecular-weight subunit was always present provided that 1% sodium dodecyl sulphate was present during denaturation. These results contrast with those obtained by Bowen et al. (1976). However, preferential cleavage of the globin subunit (alpha) seemed to occur in vitro when standard conditions were used, producing two specific fragments having mol.wts. of 80000 (beta) and 50000 (gamma)."}
{"id": "PMID:889568", "title": "Affinity chromatography and inhibition of chorismate mutase-prephenate dehydrogenase by derivatives of phenylalanine and tyrosine.", "content": "Several derivatives of phenylalanine and tyrosine were prepared and tested for inhibition of chorismate mutase-prephenate dehydrogenase (EC 1.3.1.12) from Escherichia coli K12 (strain JP 232). The best inhibitors were N-toluene-p-sulphonyl-L-phenylalanine, N-benzenesulphonyl-L-phenylalanine and N-benzloxycarbonyl-L-phenylalanine. Consequently two compounds, N-toluene-sulphonyl-L-p-aminophenylalanine and N-p-aminobenzenesulphonyl-L-phenylalanine, were synthesized for coupling to CNBr-activated Sepharose-4B. The N-toluene-p-sulphonyl-L-p-aminophenylalanine-Sepharose-4B conjugate was shown to bind the enzyme very strongly at pH 7.5. The enzyme was not eluted by various eluents, including 1 M-NaCl, but could be quantitatively recovered by washing with buffer of pH9. Elution was more effective in the presence of 10 mM-1-adamantaneacetic acid, a competitive inhibitor of the enzyme. This affinity-chromatography procedure results in a high degree of purification of the enzyme and can be used to prepare the enzyme in a one-step procedure from the bacterial crude extract. Such a procedure may therefore prove useful in studying this enzyme in a state that closely resembles that in vivo.", "contents": "Affinity chromatography and inhibition of chorismate mutase-prephenate dehydrogenase by derivatives of phenylalanine and tyrosine. Several derivatives of phenylalanine and tyrosine were prepared and tested for inhibition of chorismate mutase-prephenate dehydrogenase (EC 1.3.1.12) from Escherichia coli K12 (strain JP 232). The best inhibitors were N-toluene-p-sulphonyl-L-phenylalanine, N-benzenesulphonyl-L-phenylalanine and N-benzloxycarbonyl-L-phenylalanine. Consequently two compounds, N-toluene-sulphonyl-L-p-aminophenylalanine and N-p-aminobenzenesulphonyl-L-phenylalanine, were synthesized for coupling to CNBr-activated Sepharose-4B. The N-toluene-p-sulphonyl-L-p-aminophenylalanine-Sepharose-4B conjugate was shown to bind the enzyme very strongly at pH 7.5. The enzyme was not eluted by various eluents, including 1 M-NaCl, but could be quantitatively recovered by washing with buffer of pH9. Elution was more effective in the presence of 10 mM-1-adamantaneacetic acid, a competitive inhibitor of the enzyme. This affinity-chromatography procedure results in a high degree of purification of the enzyme and can be used to prepare the enzyme in a one-step procedure from the bacterial crude extract. Such a procedure may therefore prove useful in studying this enzyme in a state that closely resembles that in vivo."}
{"id": "PMID:889569", "title": "Oxidation of human haemoglobin by copper. Mechanism and suggested role of the thiol group of residue beta-93.", "content": "Addition of Cu(II) ions to human oxyhaemoglobin caused the rapid oxidation of the haem groups of the beta-chain. Oxidation required binding of Cu(II) to sites involving the thiol group of beta-93 residues and was prevented when these groups were blocked with iodoacetamide or N-ethylmaleimide. Equilibrium-dialysis studies showed three pairs of binding sites, two pairs with high affinity for Cu(II) and one pair with lower affinity. It was the second pair of high-affinity sites that were blocked with iodoacetamide and were involved in haem oxidation. Cu(II) oxidized deoxyhaemoglobin at least ten times as fast as oxyhaemoglobin, and analysis of rates suggested that binding rather than electron transfer was the rate-determining step. No thiol-group oxidation to disulphides occurred during the period of haem oxidation, although it did occur subsequently in the presence of oxygen, or when Cu(II) was added to methaemoglobin. It is proposed that thiol oxidation did not occur because there exists a pathway of electron transfer between the haem group and copper bound to the beta-93 thiol groups. The route for this electron transfer is discussed, as well as the implications as to the function of the beta-93 cysteine in the haemoglobin molecule.", "contents": "Oxidation of human haemoglobin by copper. Mechanism and suggested role of the thiol group of residue beta-93. Addition of Cu(II) ions to human oxyhaemoglobin caused the rapid oxidation of the haem groups of the beta-chain. Oxidation required binding of Cu(II) to sites involving the thiol group of beta-93 residues and was prevented when these groups were blocked with iodoacetamide or N-ethylmaleimide. Equilibrium-dialysis studies showed three pairs of binding sites, two pairs with high affinity for Cu(II) and one pair with lower affinity. It was the second pair of high-affinity sites that were blocked with iodoacetamide and were involved in haem oxidation. Cu(II) oxidized deoxyhaemoglobin at least ten times as fast as oxyhaemoglobin, and analysis of rates suggested that binding rather than electron transfer was the rate-determining step. No thiol-group oxidation to disulphides occurred during the period of haem oxidation, although it did occur subsequently in the presence of oxygen, or when Cu(II) was added to methaemoglobin. It is proposed that thiol oxidation did not occur because there exists a pathway of electron transfer between the haem group and copper bound to the beta-93 thiol groups. The route for this electron transfer is discussed, as well as the implications as to the function of the beta-93 cysteine in the haemoglobin molecule."}
{"id": "PMID:889570", "title": "A carbohydrate-deficient membrane glycoprotein in human erythrocytes of phenotype S-s-.", "content": "1. We investigated the membranes of human erythrocytes which completely lack the blood-group antigens S and s (denoted as S-s-) as part of a study of the structure and function of the surface glycoproteins of the human erythrocyte. 2. The S-s-erythrocyte-membrane glycoprotein PAS-3 band was much less intensely stained in comparison with that of the glycoprotein from normal erythrocyte membranes. The S-s-membrane glycoprotein PAS-4 band also showed decreased staining. 3. Examination with the lectins from Maclura aurantiaca (Osage orange) and Arachis hypogaea (groundnut) showed that the PAS-3 glycoprotein of S-s-erythrocyte  membranes lacked the receptors for these lectins that are present on glycoprotein PAS-3 from normal erythrocytes. 4. Radioiodination with lactoperoxidase showed the presence of the polypeptide of glycoprotein PAS-3 in S-s-cells, although it was more weakly labelled than the protein in the normal erythrocyte. 5. Our results show that the PAS-3 glycoprotein of S-s-erythrocytes is deficient in some of the carbohydrates present in the protein from normal erythrocytes. Glycoprotein PAS-4 of normal erythrocytes is shown to be a complex containing both glycoproteins PAS-1 and PAS-3.", "contents": "A carbohydrate-deficient membrane glycoprotein in human erythrocytes of phenotype S-s-. 1. We investigated the membranes of human erythrocytes which completely lack the blood-group antigens S and s (denoted as S-s-) as part of a study of the structure and function of the surface glycoproteins of the human erythrocyte. 2. The S-s-erythrocyte-membrane glycoprotein PAS-3 band was much less intensely stained in comparison with that of the glycoprotein from normal erythrocyte membranes. The S-s-membrane glycoprotein PAS-4 band also showed decreased staining. 3. Examination with the lectins from Maclura aurantiaca (Osage orange) and Arachis hypogaea (groundnut) showed that the PAS-3 glycoprotein of S-s-erythrocyte  membranes lacked the receptors for these lectins that are present on glycoprotein PAS-3 from normal erythrocytes. 4. Radioiodination with lactoperoxidase showed the presence of the polypeptide of glycoprotein PAS-3 in S-s-cells, although it was more weakly labelled than the protein in the normal erythrocyte. 5. Our results show that the PAS-3 glycoprotein of S-s-erythrocytes is deficient in some of the carbohydrates present in the protein from normal erythrocytes. Glycoprotein PAS-4 of normal erythrocytes is shown to be a complex containing both glycoproteins PAS-1 and PAS-3."}
{"id": "PMID:889571", "title": "Modification of the kinetic parameters of aldolase on binding to the actin-containing filaments of skeletal muscle.", "content": "The kinetic parameters of fructose bisphosphate aldolase (EC 4.1.2.13) were shown to be modified on binding of the enzyme to the actin-containing filaments of skeletal muscle. Although binding to F-actin or F-actin-tropomyosin filaments results in relative minor changes in kinetic properties, binding to F-actin-tropomyosin-troponin filaments produces major alterations in the kinetic parameters, and, in addition, renders them Ca2+-sensitive. These observations may be relevant to an understanding of the function of this enzyme within the muscle fibre.", "contents": "Modification of the kinetic parameters of aldolase on binding to the actin-containing filaments of skeletal muscle. The kinetic parameters of fructose bisphosphate aldolase (EC 4.1.2.13) were shown to be modified on binding of the enzyme to the actin-containing filaments of skeletal muscle. Although binding to F-actin or F-actin-tropomyosin filaments results in relative minor changes in kinetic properties, binding to F-actin-tropomyosin-troponin filaments produces major alterations in the kinetic parameters, and, in addition, renders them Ca2+-sensitive. These observations may be relevant to an understanding of the function of this enzyme within the muscle fibre."}
{"id": "PMID:889572", "title": "Estimation of gene reiteration from hybridization kinetics in moderate deoxyribonucleic acid excess.", "content": "Theoretical calculations were carried out to clarify how the DNA/RNA or the DNA/cDNA (complementary DNA) ratio in the hybridization reaction mixture affects the kinetics of DNA-RNA or DNA-cDNA reassociation, and theoretical formulae were derived as a function of these ratios. From these formulae, it was found that the DNA/RNA of the DNA/cDNA ratio did not much affect the initial reaction rates of hybridization, but greatly affected the terminal value for the extent of hybrid formation. Therefore the results obtained when one normalizes the experimental data for hydridization and derives the reiteration frequency from a number called the 'half Cot'  (Cot 1/2) are not accurate, especially in the presence of a moderate excess of DNA. A simple method for the estimation of gene reiteration was demonstrated that did not use the half Cot value in the determination. This simple method is useful even if DNA-RNA or DNA/cDNA hybridization are done with a moderate excess of DNA. With mouse myeloma cells as a model system, the gene reiteration of the 28S rRNA cristron was determined.", "contents": "Estimation of gene reiteration from hybridization kinetics in moderate deoxyribonucleic acid excess. Theoretical calculations were carried out to clarify how the DNA/RNA or the DNA/cDNA (complementary DNA) ratio in the hybridization reaction mixture affects the kinetics of DNA-RNA or DNA-cDNA reassociation, and theoretical formulae were derived as a function of these ratios. From these formulae, it was found that the DNA/RNA of the DNA/cDNA ratio did not much affect the initial reaction rates of hybridization, but greatly affected the terminal value for the extent of hybrid formation. Therefore the results obtained when one normalizes the experimental data for hydridization and derives the reiteration frequency from a number called the 'half Cot'  (Cot 1/2) are not accurate, especially in the presence of a moderate excess of DNA. A simple method for the estimation of gene reiteration was demonstrated that did not use the half Cot value in the determination. This simple method is useful even if DNA-RNA or DNA/cDNA hybridization are done with a moderate excess of DNA. With mouse myeloma cells as a model system, the gene reiteration of the 28S rRNA cristron was determined."}
{"id": "PMID:889573", "title": "Biologically active macromolecular forms of oxytocin. [8-Lysine]oxytocin as a suitable ligand.", "content": "[8-Lysine]oxytocin was synthesized on a solid support and possessed an oxytocic activity of 100 +/- 6 units mumol on the isolated rat uterus. The epsilon-carbamoyl, epsilon-3-carboxypropionyl and epsilon-3-carboxybutryl derivatives were prepared and had uterotonic activities of 400, 55 and 50 units/mumol respectively. [8-Lysine]oxytocin was coupled unambiguously through the epsilon-amino group to the carboxyl groups of carboxymethylated dextrans or epsilon-3-carboxypropionly-gelatin. The macromolecular oxytocins were water-soluble and retained signigicant oxytocic activity. [8-Lysine]oxytocin should prove a useful ligand for affinity chromatography of oxytocin-binding proteins.", "contents": "Biologically active macromolecular forms of oxytocin. [8-Lysine]oxytocin as a suitable ligand. [8-Lysine]oxytocin was synthesized on a solid support and possessed an oxytocic activity of 100 +/- 6 units mumol on the isolated rat uterus. The epsilon-carbamoyl, epsilon-3-carboxypropionyl and epsilon-3-carboxybutryl derivatives were prepared and had uterotonic activities of 400, 55 and 50 units/mumol respectively. [8-Lysine]oxytocin was coupled unambiguously through the epsilon-amino group to the carboxyl groups of carboxymethylated dextrans or epsilon-3-carboxypropionly-gelatin. The macromolecular oxytocins were water-soluble and retained signigicant oxytocic activity. [8-Lysine]oxytocin should prove a useful ligand for affinity chromatography of oxytocin-binding proteins."}
{"id": "PMID:889574", "title": "Purification and properties of human kidney-cortex hexosaminidases A and B.", "content": "Hexosaminidases (EC 3.2.1.30) A and B from human kidney cortex were purified to homogeneity by using concanavalin A affinity chromatography, ion-exchange chromatography and gel filtration. The yield of homogeneous isoenzymes improved approx. 20-fold, giving preparations of hexosaminidases A and B with specific activities of about 200 and 325 units/mg of protein respectively. The kinetic and structural properties of kidney hexosaminidase isoenzymes were studied and compared with the hexosaminidase isoenzymes from human placenta. The amino acid composition of hexosaminidase A was significantly different from that of hexosaminidase B. In the event of success in developing enzyme-replacement therapy for Tay-Sachs and Sandhoff's diseases, this modified procedure can furnish larger amounts of homogeneous isoenzymes.", "contents": "Purification and properties of human kidney-cortex hexosaminidases A and B. Hexosaminidases (EC 3.2.1.30) A and B from human kidney cortex were purified to homogeneity by using concanavalin A affinity chromatography, ion-exchange chromatography and gel filtration. The yield of homogeneous isoenzymes improved approx. 20-fold, giving preparations of hexosaminidases A and B with specific activities of about 200 and 325 units/mg of protein respectively. The kinetic and structural properties of kidney hexosaminidase isoenzymes were studied and compared with the hexosaminidase isoenzymes from human placenta. The amino acid composition of hexosaminidase A was significantly different from that of hexosaminidase B. In the event of success in developing enzyme-replacement therapy for Tay-Sachs and Sandhoff's diseases, this modified procedure can furnish larger amounts of homogeneous isoenzymes."}
{"id": "PMID:889575", "title": "An automatic method for deriving steady-state rate equations.", "content": "A method is described for systematically deriving steady-state rate equations. It is based on the schematic method of King & Altman [J. Phys. Chem. (1956) 60, 1375-1378], but is expressed in purely algebraic terms. It is suitable for implementation as a computer program, and a program has been written in FORTRAN IV and deposited as Supplementary Publication SUP 50078 (12 pages) at the British Library (Lending Division), Boston Spa, Wetherby, West Yorkshire LS23 7BQ, U.K., from whom copies can be obtained on the terms indicated in Biochem. J. (1977) 161, 1-2.", "contents": "An automatic method for deriving steady-state rate equations. A method is described for systematically deriving steady-state rate equations. It is based on the schematic method of King & Altman [J. Phys. Chem. (1956) 60, 1375-1378], but is expressed in purely algebraic terms. It is suitable for implementation as a computer program, and a program has been written in FORTRAN IV and deposited as Supplementary Publication SUP 50078 (12 pages) at the British Library (Lending Division), Boston Spa, Wetherby, West Yorkshire LS23 7BQ, U.K., from whom copies can be obtained on the terms indicated in Biochem. J. (1977) 161, 1-2."}
{"id": "PMID:889576", "title": "Kinetic evidence for a 'mnemonical' mechanism for rat liver glucokinase.", "content": "Inhibition studies of glucokinase were carried out with the products of the reaction, glucose 6-phosphate and MgADP-, as well as with ADP3-, Mg2+ and ATP4-. The results of these, together with those of kinetic studies of the uninhibited reaction described previously [Storer & Cornish-Bowden (1976) Biochem. J. 159, 7-14], indicate that the enzyme obeys a 'mnemonical' mechanism. This implies that the co-operativity observed with glucose as substrate arises because glucose binds differentially to two forms of the free enzyme that are not in equilibrium under steady-state conditions. The mechanism predicts the decrease in glucose co-operativity observed at low concentrations of MgATP2-. The product-inhibition results suggest that glucose 6-phosphate is released first and that it is possibly displaced by MgATP2- in a concerted reaction.", "contents": "Kinetic evidence for a 'mnemonical' mechanism for rat liver glucokinase. Inhibition studies of glucokinase were carried out with the products of the reaction, glucose 6-phosphate and MgADP-, as well as with ADP3-, Mg2+ and ATP4-. The results of these, together with those of kinetic studies of the uninhibited reaction described previously [Storer & Cornish-Bowden (1976) Biochem. J. 159, 7-14], indicate that the enzyme obeys a 'mnemonical' mechanism. This implies that the co-operativity observed with glucose as substrate arises because glucose binds differentially to two forms of the free enzyme that are not in equilibrium under steady-state conditions. The mechanism predicts the decrease in glucose co-operativity observed at low concentrations of MgATP2-. The product-inhibition results suggest that glucose 6-phosphate is released first and that it is possibly displaced by MgATP2- in a concerted reaction."}
{"id": "PMID:889577", "title": "A pulse-radiolysis study of the manganese-containing superoxide dismutase from Bacillus stearothermophilus. A kinetic model for the enzyme action.", "content": "The enzymic reaction mechanism of a manganese-containing superoxide dismutase from Bacillus stearothermophilus was studied by using pulse radiolysis. During catalysis (pH 8.9; 25 degrees C), changes occurring in the kinetics of substrate disappearance and in the visible absorption of the enzyme at 480 nm established that the simple two-step mechanism found for copper- and iron-containing superoxide dismutases is not involved. At a low ratio (less than 15) of substrate concentration to enzyme concentration the decay of O2--is close to exponetial, whereas at much higher ratios (greater than 100) the observed decay is predominantly zero-order. The simplest interpretation of the results invokes a rapid one-electron oxidation-reduction cycle ('the fast cycle') and, concurrently, a slower reaction giving a form of the enzyme that is essentially unreactive towards O2-- but which undergoes a first-order decay to yield fully active native enzyme ('the slow cycle'). The fast cycle involves the native enzyme EA and a form of the enzyme EB which can be obtained also by treating the form EA with H2O2. Computer calculations made with such a simple model predict behaviour in excellent agreement with the observed results.", "contents": "A pulse-radiolysis study of the manganese-containing superoxide dismutase from Bacillus stearothermophilus. A kinetic model for the enzyme action. The enzymic reaction mechanism of a manganese-containing superoxide dismutase from Bacillus stearothermophilus was studied by using pulse radiolysis. During catalysis (pH 8.9; 25 degrees C), changes occurring in the kinetics of substrate disappearance and in the visible absorption of the enzyme at 480 nm established that the simple two-step mechanism found for copper- and iron-containing superoxide dismutases is not involved. At a low ratio (less than 15) of substrate concentration to enzyme concentration the decay of O2--is close to exponetial, whereas at much higher ratios (greater than 100) the observed decay is predominantly zero-order. The simplest interpretation of the results invokes a rapid one-electron oxidation-reduction cycle ('the fast cycle') and, concurrently, a slower reaction giving a form of the enzyme that is essentially unreactive towards O2-- but which undergoes a first-order decay to yield fully active native enzyme ('the slow cycle'). The fast cycle involves the native enzyme EA and a form of the enzyme EB which can be obtained also by treating the form EA with H2O2. Computer calculations made with such a simple model predict behaviour in excellent agreement with the observed results."}
{"id": "PMID:889578", "title": "Purification and some properties of the protein component of tissue thromboplastin from human brain.", "content": "The protein component of tissue thromboplastib (Factor III) from human brain was purified by extraction of a microsomal fraction with sodium deoxycholate, gel filtration of the extract on Sephadex G-100 and preparative polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulphate. The product, apoprotein III, was homogeneous by anayltical polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis, and it induced monospecific antibodies in rabbits and goat as shown by immunodiffusion and immunoelectrophoresis. Amino acid- and carbohydrate-analysis data for apoprotein III are presented. The carbohydrate moiety of the protein consists of fucose, mannose, galactose, N-acetylglucosamine and N-acetylneuraminate, amounting to a total content of 6.3g/100g. The apoprotein alone had no procoagulant activity. When Factor III was reconstituted by combining the pure apoprotein with a purified lipid fraction from the deoxycholate extract of crude Factor III, a high and optimal procoagulant activity was obtained at a phospholipid/protein ratio of 1.1g/g. Phosphatidylethanolamine alone had a weak but significant ability to restore activity, whereas phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylserine separately had almost none. Two-component mixtures were on average more effective, and three-component mixtures far more effective, than the single phospholipids. The inclusion of a small amount of phosphatidylserine was very important for high activity.", "contents": "Purification and some properties of the protein component of tissue thromboplastin from human brain. The protein component of tissue thromboplastib (Factor III) from human brain was purified by extraction of a microsomal fraction with sodium deoxycholate, gel filtration of the extract on Sephadex G-100 and preparative polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulphate. The product, apoprotein III, was homogeneous by anayltical polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis, and it induced monospecific antibodies in rabbits and goat as shown by immunodiffusion and immunoelectrophoresis. Amino acid- and carbohydrate-analysis data for apoprotein III are presented. The carbohydrate moiety of the protein consists of fucose, mannose, galactose, N-acetylglucosamine and N-acetylneuraminate, amounting to a total content of 6.3g/100g. The apoprotein alone had no procoagulant activity. When Factor III was reconstituted by combining the pure apoprotein with a purified lipid fraction from the deoxycholate extract of crude Factor III, a high and optimal procoagulant activity was obtained at a phospholipid/protein ratio of 1.1g/g. Phosphatidylethanolamine alone had a weak but significant ability to restore activity, whereas phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylserine separately had almost none. Two-component mixtures were on average more effective, and three-component mixtures far more effective, than the single phospholipids. The inclusion of a small amount of phosphatidylserine was very important for high activity."}
{"id": "PMID:889579", "title": "An investigation of the interactions of the allosteric modifiers of pyruvate kinase with the enzyme from Carcinus maenas hepatopancreas.", "content": "1. Pyruvate kinase purified from the hepatopancrease of Carcinus maenas exhibited sigmoidal saturation kinetics with respect to the substrate phosphoenolpyruvate in the absence of the allosteric activator fructose 1,6-bisphosphate, but normal hyperbolic saturation was seen in the presence of this activator. The activation appears to be the result of a decrease in the s0.5 (phosphoenolpyruvate) and not to a change in Vmax. 2. In the presence of ADP and ATP at a constant nucleotide-pool size the results indicate that phosphoenolpyruvate co-operativity is lost on increasing the [ATP]/[ADP] ratio. 3. Paralleling this change is the observation that the fructose 1,6-bisphosphate activation became less at the [ATP]/[ATP] ratio was increased. This  was due to the enzyme exhibiting a near-maximal activity in the absence of activator. 4. L-Alanine inhibited the enzyme, but homotropic co-operative interactions were only seen with a cruder (1000000g supernatant) enzyme preparation. The inhibition by alanine could be overcome by increasing the concentration of either phosphoenolpyruvate or fructose 1,6-bisphosphate, although increasing the L-alanine concentration did not appear to be able to reverse the activation by fructose 1,6-bisphosphate. 5. In the presence of a low concentration of phosphoenolpyruvate, increasing the concentration of the product, ATP, caused an initial increase in enzyme activity, followed by an inhibitory phase. In the presence of either fructose 1,6-bisphosphate or L-alanine only inhibition was seen. 6. The inhibition by ATP could not be completely reversed by fructose 1,6-bisphosphate.", "contents": "An investigation of the interactions of the allosteric modifiers of pyruvate kinase with the enzyme from Carcinus maenas hepatopancreas. 1. Pyruvate kinase purified from the hepatopancrease of Carcinus maenas exhibited sigmoidal saturation kinetics with respect to the substrate phosphoenolpyruvate in the absence of the allosteric activator fructose 1,6-bisphosphate, but normal hyperbolic saturation was seen in the presence of this activator. The activation appears to be the result of a decrease in the s0.5 (phosphoenolpyruvate) and not to a change in Vmax. 2. In the presence of ADP and ATP at a constant nucleotide-pool size the results indicate that phosphoenolpyruvate co-operativity is lost on increasing the [ATP]/[ADP] ratio. 3. Paralleling this change is the observation that the fructose 1,6-bisphosphate activation became less at the [ATP]/[ATP] ratio was increased. This  was due to the enzyme exhibiting a near-maximal activity in the absence of activator. 4. L-Alanine inhibited the enzyme, but homotropic co-operative interactions were only seen with a cruder (1000000g supernatant) enzyme preparation. The inhibition by alanine could be overcome by increasing the concentration of either phosphoenolpyruvate or fructose 1,6-bisphosphate, although increasing the L-alanine concentration did not appear to be able to reverse the activation by fructose 1,6-bisphosphate. 5. In the presence of a low concentration of phosphoenolpyruvate, increasing the concentration of the product, ATP, caused an initial increase in enzyme activity, followed by an inhibitory phase. In the presence of either fructose 1,6-bisphosphate or L-alanine only inhibition was seen. 6. The inhibition by ATP could not be completely reversed by fructose 1,6-bisphosphate."}
{"id": "PMID:889589", "title": "Immunogenetic control of brain tumor growth in rats.", "content": "The susceptibility to intracerebral and s.c. growth of a transplantable gliosarcoma in genetically inbred rats correlated with histocompatibility type. The genetic control of tumor growth was tested in a cross between a tumor-susceptible strain (F344, Ag-B1) and a tumor-resistant strain (YO, Ag-B2). Susceptibility was transmitted as a dominant trait, and at least two genes or gene complexes were involved: one was linked to the major histocompatibility complex and one segregated independently of it. The genetic mechanisms did not appear to be affected significantly by the site (environment) in which the tumor grew. Antibodies to Ag-B1 histocompatibility antigens, which were those of the strain in which the tumor originated (F344), and to tumor-associated antigens were generally present in animals in which the tumor had regressed. Only tumor-specific antibodies appeared in the sera of Ag-B1 animals that had the tumor. A cytotoxic lymphokine was present in the sera of tumor-bearing animals, but its level did not correlate with tumor growth or regression.", "contents": "Immunogenetic control of brain tumor growth in rats. The susceptibility to intracerebral and s.c. growth of a transplantable gliosarcoma in genetically inbred rats correlated with histocompatibility type. The genetic control of tumor growth was tested in a cross between a tumor-susceptible strain (F344, Ag-B1) and a tumor-resistant strain (YO, Ag-B2). Susceptibility was transmitted as a dominant trait, and at least two genes or gene complexes were involved: one was linked to the major histocompatibility complex and one segregated independently of it. The genetic mechanisms did not appear to be affected significantly by the site (environment) in which the tumor grew. Antibodies to Ag-B1 histocompatibility antigens, which were those of the strain in which the tumor originated (F344), and to tumor-associated antigens were generally present in animals in which the tumor had regressed. Only tumor-specific antibodies appeared in the sera of Ag-B1 animals that had the tumor. A cytotoxic lymphokine was present in the sera of tumor-bearing animals, but its level did not correlate with tumor growth or regression."}
{"id": "PMID:889590", "title": "Pharmacokinetics and metabolism of vinblastine in humans.", "content": "The pharmacokinetics of vinblastine in humans was examined using a radioimmunoassay specific for both the Vinca alkaloids and aromatic ring [3H]vinblastine. The data were consistent with a three-compartment open model system with the following values, alpha phase: t1/2=3.90+/-1.46 min; Vc=16.8+/-7.1 liters. beta phase:t1/2=53.0+/-13.0 min; Vbeta=79.0+/-52.0 liters; gamma phase:t1/2=1173.0+/-65.0 min; Vgamma=1656.0+/-717.0 liters. Most significant was the finding that vinblastine is metabolized to deacetylvinblastine and that this compound is more biologically active on a weight basis than the parent. No other biologically active metabolites appeared to be present in urine or in stool.", "contents": "Pharmacokinetics and metabolism of vinblastine in humans. The pharmacokinetics of vinblastine in humans was examined using a radioimmunoassay specific for both the Vinca alkaloids and aromatic ring [3H]vinblastine. The data were consistent with a three-compartment open model system with the following values, alpha phase: t1/2=3.90+/-1.46 min; Vc=16.8+/-7.1 liters. beta phase:t1/2=53.0+/-13.0 min; Vbeta=79.0+/-52.0 liters; gamma phase:t1/2=1173.0+/-65.0 min; Vgamma=1656.0+/-717.0 liters. Most significant was the finding that vinblastine is metabolized to deacetylvinblastine and that this compound is more biologically active on a weight basis than the parent. No other biologically active metabolites appeared to be present in urine or in stool."}
{"id": "PMID:889594", "title": "Aplysia bursting neurons as endogenous oscillators. I. Phase-response curves for pulsed inhibitory synaptic input.", "content": "1. The left upper quadrant bursting neurons in the abdominal ganglion of Aplysia are isochronous, nonlinear oscillators. Transmembrane current and temperature are parameters of the bursting oscillator. 2. The phase-response curve (PRC) for pulsed inhibitory synaptic input from an interneuron describes the phase shift produced by synaptic input at different phases of the burst cycle. 3. The characteristic shape of the PRC consists of two linear functions that intersect at the point in the cycle where the burst of spikes ends. Whether the net effect of the synaptic input at a given phase is phase advance or phase delay depends on 1) the number of spikes inhibited, and 2) the duration of the inhibition relative to the duration of the free-run period. 4. The shape of the PRC remains constant when a stepwise change in a parameter is introduced, when the duration of the synaptic input is increased, when the fast component of the IPSP is blocked, and when a long hyperpolarizing pulse is used to mimic the slow IPSP. 5. The shape of the PRC is changed when short hyperpolarizing pulses or antidromic action potentials are used and when only the pacemaker oscillation is present in the bursting neuron. 6. Therefore, the synaptic modulation of the bursting rhythm is determined by the voltage change produced by the IPSP and its inhibition of spikes in the bursting neuron.", "contents": "Aplysia bursting neurons as endogenous oscillators. I. Phase-response curves for pulsed inhibitory synaptic input. 1. The left upper quadrant bursting neurons in the abdominal ganglion of Aplysia are isochronous, nonlinear oscillators. Transmembrane current and temperature are parameters of the bursting oscillator. 2. The phase-response curve (PRC) for pulsed inhibitory synaptic input from an interneuron describes the phase shift produced by synaptic input at different phases of the burst cycle. 3. The characteristic shape of the PRC consists of two linear functions that intersect at the point in the cycle where the burst of spikes ends. Whether the net effect of the synaptic input at a given phase is phase advance or phase delay depends on 1) the number of spikes inhibited, and 2) the duration of the inhibition relative to the duration of the free-run period. 4. The shape of the PRC remains constant when a stepwise change in a parameter is introduced, when the duration of the synaptic input is increased, when the fast component of the IPSP is blocked, and when a long hyperpolarizing pulse is used to mimic the slow IPSP. 5. The shape of the PRC is changed when short hyperpolarizing pulses or antidromic action potentials are used and when only the pacemaker oscillation is present in the bursting neuron. 6. Therefore, the synaptic modulation of the bursting rhythm is determined by the voltage change produced by the IPSP and its inhibition of spikes in the bursting neuron."}
{"id": "PMID:889595", "title": "Dominant inheritance of cerebral gigantism.", "content": "Cerebral gigantism is a syndrome consisting of characteristic dysmorphic features, accelerated growth in early childhood, and variable degrees of mental retardation. Its etiology and pathogenesis have not been defined. Three families are presented with multiple affected members. The vertical transmission of the trait and equal expression in both sexes in these families indicates a genetic etiology with a dominant pattern of inheritance, probably autosomal. As in previously reported cases, extensive endocrine evaluation failed to define the pathogenesis of the accelerated growth present in this disorder.", "contents": "Dominant inheritance of cerebral gigantism. Cerebral gigantism is a syndrome consisting of characteristic dysmorphic features, accelerated growth in early childhood, and variable degrees of mental retardation. Its etiology and pathogenesis have not been defined. Three families are presented with multiple affected members. The vertical transmission of the trait and equal expression in both sexes in these families indicates a genetic etiology with a dominant pattern of inheritance, probably autosomal. As in previously reported cases, extensive endocrine evaluation failed to define the pathogenesis of the accelerated growth present in this disorder."}
{"id": "PMID:889596", "title": "Subtotal neonatal calvariectomy for severe craniosynostosis.", "content": "This report sets forth an example of a new mode of management of severe craniosynostosis in the neonate: subtotal calvariectomy. An infant with synostosis of sagittal, coronal, and lambdoidal sutures who had signs of increased intracranial pressure with impending neurologic complications was operated on at 13 days of age. Wide excision of the bony calvarium from the underlying dura was accomplished from the supraorbital ridge to near the foramen magnum; the entire area of the coronal sutures was included. Regeneration of the calvarium occurred over two to 12 weeks and was accompanied by the presence of \"sutures\" in a usual location. These procedures have allowed for normal brain growth without reoperation up to the current age of two years. Neurologic and intellectual performance has been satisfactory, and cosmetic results appear to be preferable to those obtained by more limited surgery. The observations suggest that this approach may permit better craniofacila growth by minimizing secondary deformities in growth of the cranial base.", "contents": "Subtotal neonatal calvariectomy for severe craniosynostosis. This report sets forth an example of a new mode of management of severe craniosynostosis in the neonate: subtotal calvariectomy. An infant with synostosis of sagittal, coronal, and lambdoidal sutures who had signs of increased intracranial pressure with impending neurologic complications was operated on at 13 days of age. Wide excision of the bony calvarium from the underlying dura was accomplished from the supraorbital ridge to near the foramen magnum; the entire area of the coronal sutures was included. Regeneration of the calvarium occurred over two to 12 weeks and was accompanied by the presence of \"sutures\" in a usual location. These procedures have allowed for normal brain growth without reoperation up to the current age of two years. Neurologic and intellectual performance has been satisfactory, and cosmetic results appear to be preferable to those obtained by more limited surgery. The observations suggest that this approach may permit better craniofacila growth by minimizing secondary deformities in growth of the cranial base."}
{"id": "PMID:889597", "title": "Cytotoxic agents from Michelia champaca and Talauma ovata: parthenolide and costunolide.", "content": "The ethanol extract of Michelia champaca and the petroleum ether extract of Talauma ovata showed activity toward the human epidermoid carcinoma of the nasopharynx test system. The active constituents were sesquiterpene lactones, identified as parthenolide (C15H20O3) and costunolide (C15H20O2). Their identities were proven by elemental analyses, PMR, IR, and mass spectral data, melting-point and mixed melting-point determinations, and comparisons with authentic samples and spectra.", "contents": "Cytotoxic agents from Michelia champaca and Talauma ovata: parthenolide and costunolide. The ethanol extract of Michelia champaca and the petroleum ether extract of Talauma ovata showed activity toward the human epidermoid carcinoma of the nasopharynx test system. The active constituents were sesquiterpene lactones, identified as parthenolide (C15H20O3) and costunolide (C15H20O2). Their identities were proven by elemental analyses, PMR, IR, and mass spectral data, melting-point and mixed melting-point determinations, and comparisons with authentic samples and spectra."}
{"id": "PMID:889599", "title": "Sustained reduction of cardiac impedance and preload in congestive heart failure with the antihypertensive vasodilator prazosin.", "content": "To elucidate the hemodynamic effects of prazosin, an antihypertensive agent, in congestive heart failure, we studied 10 patients with ischemic cardiomyopathy and severe ventricular dysfunction. After an oral dose of 2 to 7 mg, heart rate was unchanged (P greater than 0.05). One hour after prazosin administration, mean arterial pressure declined from 95 to 78 mm Hg (P less than 0.001); left ventricular filling pressure declined from 30 to 18 mm Hg (P less than 0.001), cardiac index increased from 2.1 to 2.9 liters per minutes per square meter (P less than 0.001), and systemic vascular resistance fell from 2074 to 1156 dynes sec cm-5 (P less than 0.001). In both forearms vascular resistance and venous tone were reduced (86 to 48 mm Hg per ml per 100 g per minute, and 59 to 18 mm Hg per ml, respectively [P less than 0.001]). All responses persisted for a least six hours (P less than 0.01). Prazosin benefits severe congestive heart failure by inducing a sustained fall of both cardiac preload and impedance.", "contents": "Sustained reduction of cardiac impedance and preload in congestive heart failure with the antihypertensive vasodilator prazosin. To elucidate the hemodynamic effects of prazosin, an antihypertensive agent, in congestive heart failure, we studied 10 patients with ischemic cardiomyopathy and severe ventricular dysfunction. After an oral dose of 2 to 7 mg, heart rate was unchanged (P greater than 0.05). One hour after prazosin administration, mean arterial pressure declined from 95 to 78 mm Hg (P less than 0.001); left ventricular filling pressure declined from 30 to 18 mm Hg (P less than 0.001), cardiac index increased from 2.1 to 2.9 liters per minutes per square meter (P less than 0.001), and systemic vascular resistance fell from 2074 to 1156 dynes sec cm-5 (P less than 0.001). In both forearms vascular resistance and venous tone were reduced (86 to 48 mm Hg per ml per 100 g per minute, and 59 to 18 mm Hg per ml, respectively [P less than 0.001]). All responses persisted for a least six hours (P less than 0.01). Prazosin benefits severe congestive heart failure by inducing a sustained fall of both cardiac preload and impedance."}
{"id": "PMID:889602", "title": "Serum gastrin in health and disease.", "content": "Recent developments have led to a further appreciation of the various species of circulating gastrin and to provocative tests for the presence of the Zollinger-Ellison syndrome. Studies of serum gastrin levels, together with other studies of physiologic response, have suggested some possible roles of gastrin in the complex gastric acid hypersecretory state that frequently accompanies duodenal ulcer. Finally, investigations of exogenous and endogenous serum gastrin have provided a mechanism to examine the possible physiologic effects of this hormone.", "contents": "Serum gastrin in health and disease. Recent developments have led to a further appreciation of the various species of circulating gastrin and to provocative tests for the presence of the Zollinger-Ellison syndrome. Studies of serum gastrin levels, together with other studies of physiologic response, have suggested some possible roles of gastrin in the complex gastric acid hypersecretory state that frequently accompanies duodenal ulcer. Finally, investigations of exogenous and endogenous serum gastrin have provided a mechanism to examine the possible physiologic effects of this hormone."}
{"id": "PMID:889603", "title": "Synteny between glycinamide ribonucleotide synthetase and superoxide dismutase (soluble).", "content": "The auxotrophic mutant ade -C derived from Chinese hamster ovary cell CHO-K1 lacks the enzyme glycinamide ribonucleotide synthetase and requires exogenous supplement of purines for growth. Cells from this mutant were fused with normal human lymphocytes, and the resulting hybrids were isolated in purine-deficient medium. A total of 32 primary clones and 49 secondary clones were analyzed for various isozyme markers. Cytogenetic analysis with chromosome banding was also performed in some hybrid clones. The results provide evidence indicating that glycinamide ribonucleotide synthetase is syntenic with superoxide dismutase (soluble) and is located on human chromosome 21.", "contents": "Synteny between glycinamide ribonucleotide synthetase and superoxide dismutase (soluble). The auxotrophic mutant ade -C derived from Chinese hamster ovary cell CHO-K1 lacks the enzyme glycinamide ribonucleotide synthetase and requires exogenous supplement of purines for growth. Cells from this mutant were fused with normal human lymphocytes, and the resulting hybrids were isolated in purine-deficient medium. A total of 32 primary clones and 49 secondary clones were analyzed for various isozyme markers. Cytogenetic analysis with chromosome banding was also performed in some hybrid clones. The results provide evidence indicating that glycinamide ribonucleotide synthetase is syntenic with superoxide dismutase (soluble) and is located on human chromosome 21."}
{"id": "PMID:889604", "title": "Interaction of transcapillary Starling forces in the isolated dog forelimb.", "content": "Three of the four Starling forces were measured in the intact dog forelimb after anesthetization and all four of the Starling forces were measured in the same forelimb which was surgically isolated yet innervated. In the isolated forelimb, isogravimetric capillary pressure (Pci) averaged 15.6 mmHg; colloid osmotic pressure of the plasma proteins (IIp) averaged 19.9 mmHg; mean interstitial fluid pressure (Pif) was +0.4 mmHg, and the average value of interstitial colloid osmotic pressure (IIif) was 4.9 mmHg. Thus the net imbalance in the Starling forces, i.e., (Pci - Pif) - (IIp - IIif), averaged 0.3 mmHg. Furthermore, the value of IIif was consistently decreased after isolation (average decrease of 1.2 mmHg) while Pif was always increased following isolation (average increase of 4.3 mmHg). In addition, it was found that if the forelimb was denervated during isolation, then Pif was increased by an average of 2 mmHg above Pif in the innervated, isolated forelimb. In summary, these studies show that the differences between the intact and isolated forelimb are that Pci averages 10-11 mmHg in the intact forelimb and 15-16 mmHg in the isolated innervated forelimb while interstitial fluid pressure is negative in the intact limb and positive in the isolated limb.", "contents": "Interaction of transcapillary Starling forces in the isolated dog forelimb. Three of the four Starling forces were measured in the intact dog forelimb after anesthetization and all four of the Starling forces were measured in the same forelimb which was surgically isolated yet innervated. In the isolated forelimb, isogravimetric capillary pressure (Pci) averaged 15.6 mmHg; colloid osmotic pressure of the plasma proteins (IIp) averaged 19.9 mmHg; mean interstitial fluid pressure (Pif) was +0.4 mmHg, and the average value of interstitial colloid osmotic pressure (IIif) was 4.9 mmHg. Thus the net imbalance in the Starling forces, i.e., (Pci - Pif) - (IIp - IIif), averaged 0.3 mmHg. Furthermore, the value of IIif was consistently decreased after isolation (average decrease of 1.2 mmHg) while Pif was always increased following isolation (average increase of 4.3 mmHg). In addition, it was found that if the forelimb was denervated during isolation, then Pif was increased by an average of 2 mmHg above Pif in the innervated, isolated forelimb. In summary, these studies show that the differences between the intact and isolated forelimb are that Pci averages 10-11 mmHg in the intact forelimb and 15-16 mmHg in the isolated innervated forelimb while interstitial fluid pressure is negative in the intact limb and positive in the isolated limb."}
{"id": "PMID:889605", "title": "Changing concepts in establishing the diagnosis of breast masses.", "content": "Experience with 297 consecutive biopsies of breast masses for 235 benign lesions and 62 carcinomas over a thirty month period has been reviewed. The correct preoperative clinical diagnosis was made in 91% of cases. Of patients with carcinoma, 66% were suspected clinically, and 88% of those clinically suspected were confirmed by needle biopsy alone. The mammographic diagnosis was correct in 89% of cases with 6% false-negatives. The clinical and mammographic diagnosis differed in 27 patients, with the clinical diagnosis being correct in 85%. No patient thought to have cancer on both clinical and mammographic grounds had a benign lesion. These data indicate that the approach to establishing a tissue diagnosis in women with breast masses can be simple and inexpensive. Local anesthesia can almost always be employed, and the diagnosis of breast cancer can usually be confirmed with certainty by needle biopsy alone.", "contents": "Changing concepts in establishing the diagnosis of breast masses. Experience with 297 consecutive biopsies of breast masses for 235 benign lesions and 62 carcinomas over a thirty month period has been reviewed. The correct preoperative clinical diagnosis was made in 91% of cases. Of patients with carcinoma, 66% were suspected clinically, and 88% of those clinically suspected were confirmed by needle biopsy alone. The mammographic diagnosis was correct in 89% of cases with 6% false-negatives. The clinical and mammographic diagnosis differed in 27 patients, with the clinical diagnosis being correct in 85%. No patient thought to have cancer on both clinical and mammographic grounds had a benign lesion. These data indicate that the approach to establishing a tissue diagnosis in women with breast masses can be simple and inexpensive. Local anesthesia can almost always be employed, and the diagnosis of breast cancer can usually be confirmed with certainty by needle biopsy alone."}
{"id": "PMID:889606", "title": "Benign slow paroxysmal atrial tachycardia.", "content": "Review of 203 24-h ambulatory electrocardiographic tapes of 140 patients disclosed 32 patients with 66 episodes of paroxysmal atrial tachycardia. In contrast to classic sustained paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia, these episodes were relatively slow and brief. The median duration was 7 beats and the mean 116 beats/min. All episodes were asymptomatic except for three prolonged paroxysms that produced mild palpitation. Sixty-eight percent (45/66) of these episodes occurred during sleep or sinus bradycardia. This was the most common paroxysmal supraventricular arrhythmia observed, and it occurred in patients with a wide variety of cardiac diagnoses. The majority of these episodes appear to arise from an atrial ectopic origin. We conclude that these brief slow atrial paroxysms represent a benign arrhythmia. This rhythm disturbance is present in as many as one quarter of cardiac patients undergoing ambulatory electrocardiographic monitoring. It should not be confused clinically with classic sustained paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia.", "contents": "Benign slow paroxysmal atrial tachycardia. Review of 203 24-h ambulatory electrocardiographic tapes of 140 patients disclosed 32 patients with 66 episodes of paroxysmal atrial tachycardia. In contrast to classic sustained paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia, these episodes were relatively slow and brief. The median duration was 7 beats and the mean 116 beats/min. All episodes were asymptomatic except for three prolonged paroxysms that produced mild palpitation. Sixty-eight percent (45/66) of these episodes occurred during sleep or sinus bradycardia. This was the most common paroxysmal supraventricular arrhythmia observed, and it occurred in patients with a wide variety of cardiac diagnoses. The majority of these episodes appear to arise from an atrial ectopic origin. We conclude that these brief slow atrial paroxysms represent a benign arrhythmia. This rhythm disturbance is present in as many as one quarter of cardiac patients undergoing ambulatory electrocardiographic monitoring. It should not be confused clinically with classic sustained paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia."}
{"id": "PMID:889612", "title": "Gap junction structures. II. Analysis of the x-ray diffraction data.", "content": "Models for the spatial distribution of protein, lipid and water in gap junction structures have been constructed from the results of the analysis of X-ray diffraction data described here and the electron microscope and chemical data presented in the preceding paper (Caspar, D. L. D., D. A. Goodenough, L. Makowski, and W.C. Phillips. 1977. 74:605-628). The continuous intensity distribution on the meridian of the X-ray diffraction pattern was measured, and corrected for the effects of the partially ordered stacking and partial orientation of the junctions in the X-ray specimens. The electron density distribution in the direction perpendicular to the plane of the junction was calculated from the meridional intensity data. Determination of the interference function for the stacking of the junctions improved the accuracy of the electron density profile. The pair-correlation function, which provides information about the packing of junctions in the specimen, was calculated from the interference function. The intensities of the hexagonal lattice reflections on the equator of the X-ray pattern were used in coordination with the electron microscope data to calculate to the two-dimensional electron density projection onto the plane of the membrane. Differences in the structure of the connexons as seen in the meridional profile and equatorial projections were shown to be correlated to changes in lattice constant. The parts of the junction structure which are variable have been distinguished from the invariant parts by comparison of the X-ray data from different specimens. The combination of these results with electron microscope and chemical data provides low resolution three- dimensional representations of the structures of gap junctions.", "contents": "Gap junction structures. II. Analysis of the x-ray diffraction data. Models for the spatial distribution of protein, lipid and water in gap junction structures have been constructed from the results of the analysis of X-ray diffraction data described here and the electron microscope and chemical data presented in the preceding paper (Caspar, D. L. D., D. A. Goodenough, L. Makowski, and W.C. Phillips. 1977. 74:605-628). The continuous intensity distribution on the meridian of the X-ray diffraction pattern was measured, and corrected for the effects of the partially ordered stacking and partial orientation of the junctions in the X-ray specimens. The electron density distribution in the direction perpendicular to the plane of the junction was calculated from the meridional intensity data. Determination of the interference function for the stacking of the junctions improved the accuracy of the electron density profile. The pair-correlation function, which provides information about the packing of junctions in the specimen, was calculated from the interference function. The intensities of the hexagonal lattice reflections on the equator of the X-ray pattern were used in coordination with the electron microscope data to calculate to the two-dimensional electron density projection onto the plane of the membrane. Differences in the structure of the connexons as seen in the meridional profile and equatorial projections were shown to be correlated to changes in lattice constant. The parts of the junction structure which are variable have been distinguished from the invariant parts by comparison of the X-ray data from different specimens. The combination of these results with electron microscope and chemical data provides low resolution three- dimensional representations of the structures of gap junctions."}
{"id": "PMID:889615", "title": "Pathogenesis of temperature-sensitive mutants of Sindbis virus in the embryonated egg. III. Autologous, homologous, and heterologous interference.", "content": "Two temperature-sensitive (ts) mutants of Sindbis virus able to synthetize RNA, but not two ts mutants defective in viral RNA synthesis, reduced to lethality of the superinfecting heat-resistant parent strain of Sindbis virus in embryonated chicken eggs as compared with results in controls. Autologous interference (of mutant with parent) was observed under a variety of conditions. Time-course studies in one selected system showed that lower titers of superinfecting parent virus were detected in doubly infected eggs than in controls eggs infected with only parent virus. Homologous interference with lethality (of mutant with an immunologically different yet related group A togavirus) was observed when the interfering virus was a ts mutant of either Sindbis virus or Eastern equine encephalitis virus. Heterologous interference (mutant with unrelated virus) could also be demonstrated with a ts mutant of Sindbis virus against vaccinia virus-induced pock formation or death. In an autologous interference experiment, in which the ts mutant of Sindbis virus was administered by the yolk sac route and the egg was challeged with parent heat-resistant Sindbis virus by the allantoic route, an interferon-like substance was found in the allantoic fluids at the time of challenge. It is concluded that certain ts viruses of togavirus group A can induce autologous, homologous, and heterologous viral interference in vivo.", "contents": "Pathogenesis of temperature-sensitive mutants of Sindbis virus in the embryonated egg. III. Autologous, homologous, and heterologous interference. Two temperature-sensitive (ts) mutants of Sindbis virus able to synthetize RNA, but not two ts mutants defective in viral RNA synthesis, reduced to lethality of the superinfecting heat-resistant parent strain of Sindbis virus in embryonated chicken eggs as compared with results in controls. Autologous interference (of mutant with parent) was observed under a variety of conditions. Time-course studies in one selected system showed that lower titers of superinfecting parent virus were detected in doubly infected eggs than in controls eggs infected with only parent virus. Homologous interference with lethality (of mutant with an immunologically different yet related group A togavirus) was observed when the interfering virus was a ts mutant of either Sindbis virus or Eastern equine encephalitis virus. Heterologous interference (mutant with unrelated virus) could also be demonstrated with a ts mutant of Sindbis virus against vaccinia virus-induced pock formation or death. In an autologous interference experiment, in which the ts mutant of Sindbis virus was administered by the yolk sac route and the egg was challeged with parent heat-resistant Sindbis virus by the allantoic route, an interferon-like substance was found in the allantoic fluids at the time of challenge. It is concluded that certain ts viruses of togavirus group A can induce autologous, homologous, and heterologous viral interference in vivo."}
{"id": "PMID:889616", "title": "Conjoined twins and opocephaly in guinea-pigs: 4 cases of congenital malformation.", "content": "A case of opocephaly in inbred guinea-pig strain 2/N and another in strain 13/N, a conjoined twin and an opocephaly concurrent with conjoined twins in the Dunkin-Hartley/FD strain are described. The incidence of congenital malformations in the inbred strain 2/N and strain 13/N was 0-0013 and 0-0073% respectively. The incidence in the random-bred Dunkin-Hartley/FD strain was 0-0007%.", "contents": "Conjoined twins and opocephaly in guinea-pigs: 4 cases of congenital malformation. A case of opocephaly in inbred guinea-pig strain 2/N and another in strain 13/N, a conjoined twin and an opocephaly concurrent with conjoined twins in the Dunkin-Hartley/FD strain are described. The incidence of congenital malformations in the inbred strain 2/N and strain 13/N was 0-0013 and 0-0073% respectively. The incidence in the random-bred Dunkin-Hartley/FD strain was 0-0007%."}
{"id": "PMID:889642", "title": "Reduction of hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction during diethyl ether anaesthesia in the dog.", "content": "The activity of the pulmonary vasoconstrictor response to alveolar hypoxia was assessed by measuring the redistribution of pulmonary blood flow in response to the ventilation of one lung with nitrogen. The vasoconstrictor response was depressed during the administration of 5% diethyl ether but returned when the ether was withdrawn. It is suggested that depression of the hypoxic vasoconstrictor mechanism may be one cause of the increased alveolar-arterial Po2 difference noted during ether anaesthesia.", "contents": "Reduction of hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction during diethyl ether anaesthesia in the dog. The activity of the pulmonary vasoconstrictor response to alveolar hypoxia was assessed by measuring the redistribution of pulmonary blood flow in response to the ventilation of one lung with nitrogen. The vasoconstrictor response was depressed during the administration of 5% diethyl ether but returned when the ether was withdrawn. It is suggested that depression of the hypoxic vasoconstrictor mechanism may be one cause of the increased alveolar-arterial Po2 difference noted during ether anaesthesia."}
{"id": "PMID:889643", "title": "Reduction of hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction in the dog during administration of nitrous oxide.", "content": "The pulmonary vasoconstrictor response to alveolar hypoxia was assessed by measuring the redistribution of blood flow in response to the unilateral administration of nitrogen or nitrous oxide. The response was diminished when nitrous oxide was administered and returned to previous levels when hypoxia was produced again by nitrogen. It is postulated that depression of the hypoxic vasoconstrictor response by nitrous oxide may contribute to the increased alveolar-arterial Po2 difference during anaesthesia.", "contents": "Reduction of hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction in the dog during administration of nitrous oxide. The pulmonary vasoconstrictor response to alveolar hypoxia was assessed by measuring the redistribution of blood flow in response to the unilateral administration of nitrogen or nitrous oxide. The response was diminished when nitrous oxide was administered and returned to previous levels when hypoxia was produced again by nitrogen. It is postulated that depression of the hypoxic vasoconstrictor response by nitrous oxide may contribute to the increased alveolar-arterial Po2 difference during anaesthesia."}
{"id": "PMID:889644", "title": "The effects of halothane and ether on the pulmonary circulation in the innervated perfused cat lung.", "content": "The effects of halothane and diethyl ether on pulmonary vascular resistance and the pulmonary vasoconstrictor response to alveolar hypoxia were studied in the innervated perfused cat lung. A left and right heart bypass technique was used to allow perfusion of the lungs at constant flow. Neither anaesthetic agent caused a significant change in pulmonary vascular resistance but both agents caused a depression of the pulmonary vasoconstrictor response to hypoxia.", "contents": "The effects of halothane and ether on the pulmonary circulation in the innervated perfused cat lung. The effects of halothane and diethyl ether on pulmonary vascular resistance and the pulmonary vasoconstrictor response to alveolar hypoxia were studied in the innervated perfused cat lung. A left and right heart bypass technique was used to allow perfusion of the lungs at constant flow. Neither anaesthetic agent caused a significant change in pulmonary vascular resistance but both agents caused a depression of the pulmonary vasoconstrictor response to hypoxia."}
{"id": "PMID:889645", "title": "The prophylaxis of malignant hyperthermia by oral dantrolene sodium in swine.", "content": "The oral administration of dantrolene for the prophylaxis of malignant hyperthermia (MH) in susceptible swine has been investigated. Complete protection from MH in pigs exposed to the known MH initiating agents, halothane and suxamethonium, was demonstrated.", "contents": "The prophylaxis of malignant hyperthermia by oral dantrolene sodium in swine. The oral administration of dantrolene for the prophylaxis of malignant hyperthermia (MH) in susceptible swine has been investigated. Complete protection from MH in pigs exposed to the known MH initiating agents, halothane and suxamethonium, was demonstrated."}
{"id": "PMID:889646", "title": "Determination of MAC for halothane, cyclopropane and ether in the rabbit.", "content": "Rabbits have a high rate of ventilation which makes it difficult to obtain a sample of end-tidal gas by the usual procedures. An occlusion technique was developed which provided a gas sample equivalent to an end-tidal gas sample. MAC values were determined using this sampling method. The values obtained +/- SEM were: cyclopropane 15.6 +/- 1.7%, halothane 0.63 +/- 0.06% and ether 2.7 +/- 0.2%.", "contents": "Determination of MAC for halothane, cyclopropane and ether in the rabbit. Rabbits have a high rate of ventilation which makes it difficult to obtain a sample of end-tidal gas by the usual procedures. An occlusion technique was developed which provided a gas sample equivalent to an end-tidal gas sample. MAC values were determined using this sampling method. The values obtained +/- SEM were: cyclopropane 15.6 +/- 1.7%, halothane 0.63 +/- 0.06% and ether 2.7 +/- 0.2%."}
{"id": "PMID:889647", "title": "Interactions between morphine and doxapram in the rabbit and mouse.", "content": "Certain actions of doxapram, administered alone and in combination with morphine, have been examined in the rabbit and the mouse. Single doses of doxapram were capable of stimulating respiration in both species. There was an increase in tidal volume in the rabbit and an increase in respiratory rate in the mouse. In both species the duration of action of single doses of doxapram was less than 15 min. In morphine-treated rabbits and mice single doses of doxapram affected neither the time course nor the intensity of the respiratory depression. In the rabbit repeated doses of doxapram did not produce tachyphylaxis with respect to the effect on tidal and minute volumes, and effectively reversed the respiratory depressant actions of morphine. The usefulness of this action must be balanced against the enhanced toxicity of doxapram observed in morphine-treated mice.", "contents": "Interactions between morphine and doxapram in the rabbit and mouse. Certain actions of doxapram, administered alone and in combination with morphine, have been examined in the rabbit and the mouse. Single doses of doxapram were capable of stimulating respiration in both species. There was an increase in tidal volume in the rabbit and an increase in respiratory rate in the mouse. In both species the duration of action of single doses of doxapram was less than 15 min. In morphine-treated rabbits and mice single doses of doxapram affected neither the time course nor the intensity of the respiratory depression. In the rabbit repeated doses of doxapram did not produce tachyphylaxis with respect to the effect on tidal and minute volumes, and effectively reversed the respiratory depressant actions of morphine. The usefulness of this action must be balanced against the enhanced toxicity of doxapram observed in morphine-treated mice."}
{"id": "PMID:889648", "title": "Effect of the acute administration of sodium bicarbonate on respiration in the presence of hyperoxia.", "content": "The effects, on respiration, of the acute administration of sodium bicarbonate were studied in 10 normal subjects. Carbon dioxide responses curves and tidal volume v. PCO2 relationships were obtained under hyperoxic conditions using a closed-circuit breathing system. During alkalosis, a decrease in the slope, and a displacement of the response curves to the right, were observed. These findings indicate that metabolic alkalosis, induced acutely by the administration of sodium bicarbonate, alters the respiratory response to carbon dioxide and that sodium bicarbonate may have a depressant effect on respiration.", "contents": "Effect of the acute administration of sodium bicarbonate on respiration in the presence of hyperoxia. The effects, on respiration, of the acute administration of sodium bicarbonate were studied in 10 normal subjects. Carbon dioxide responses curves and tidal volume v. PCO2 relationships were obtained under hyperoxic conditions using a closed-circuit breathing system. During alkalosis, a decrease in the slope, and a displacement of the response curves to the right, were observed. These findings indicate that metabolic alkalosis, induced acutely by the administration of sodium bicarbonate, alters the respiratory response to carbon dioxide and that sodium bicarbonate may have a depressant effect on respiration."}
{"id": "PMID:889649", "title": "Neutrophil chemotaxis and anaesthesia.", "content": "Using a modified Boyden technique, the ability of normal human neutrophils to migrate in response to chemotactic stimulation was evaluated during exposure in vitro to halothane and thiopentone. No abnormality in neutrophil chemotaxis could be demonstrated with either agent at concentrations used clinically. The anaesthetics also did not effect serum complement, which was used as the chemotactic stimulant. It is concluded that halothane and thiopentone have little direct effect on the chemotactic activity of human neutrophils.", "contents": "Neutrophil chemotaxis and anaesthesia. Using a modified Boyden technique, the ability of normal human neutrophils to migrate in response to chemotactic stimulation was evaluated during exposure in vitro to halothane and thiopentone. No abnormality in neutrophil chemotaxis could be demonstrated with either agent at concentrations used clinically. The anaesthetics also did not effect serum complement, which was used as the chemotactic stimulant. It is concluded that halothane and thiopentone have little direct effect on the chemotactic activity of human neutrophils."}
{"id": "PMID:889650", "title": "Comparison of thiopentone, Althesin and ketamine in anaesthesia for otolaryngological surgery in children.", "content": "Thiopentone 4 mg/kg, Althesin 0.055 ml/kg and ketamine 2 mg/kg were compared in 157 children undergoing minor otolaryngological surgery, mostly adenotonsillectomy. Premedication was with pethidine and atropine and anaesthesia was maintained with nitrous oxide in oxygen and halothane. Tracheal intubation was facilitated with suxamethonium. In each group half of the children received pethidine 0.7 mg/kg after intubation and the remainder received saline. Ketamine increased arterial pressure after induction. The cardiovascular responses to intubation were more obvious after thiopentone and Althesin than after ketamine. Operating conditions, cardiovascular changes during operation and the course of extubation were similar in all groups. The recovery after ketamine was longer than after thiopentone and Althesin. Thiopentone was associated with significantly less vomiting immediately after operation than was Althesin and ketamine. In the period immediately after operation Althesin was associated with a higher need for analgesics compared with thiopentone and ketamine. Pethidine prolonged the recovery after thiopentone, decreased the incidence of vomiting immediately after operation associated with Althesin and increased that associated with ketamine.", "contents": "Comparison of thiopentone, Althesin and ketamine in anaesthesia for otolaryngological surgery in children. Thiopentone 4 mg/kg, Althesin 0.055 ml/kg and ketamine 2 mg/kg were compared in 157 children undergoing minor otolaryngological surgery, mostly adenotonsillectomy. Premedication was with pethidine and atropine and anaesthesia was maintained with nitrous oxide in oxygen and halothane. Tracheal intubation was facilitated with suxamethonium. In each group half of the children received pethidine 0.7 mg/kg after intubation and the remainder received saline. Ketamine increased arterial pressure after induction. The cardiovascular responses to intubation were more obvious after thiopentone and Althesin than after ketamine. Operating conditions, cardiovascular changes during operation and the course of extubation were similar in all groups. The recovery after ketamine was longer than after thiopentone and Althesin. Thiopentone was associated with significantly less vomiting immediately after operation than was Althesin and ketamine. In the period immediately after operation Althesin was associated with a higher need for analgesics compared with thiopentone and ketamine. Pethidine prolonged the recovery after thiopentone, decreased the incidence of vomiting immediately after operation associated with Althesin and increased that associated with ketamine."}
{"id": "PMID:889651", "title": "Anaesthesia for Caesarean section. Analysis of blood concentrations of halothane using 0.2% or 0.65% halothane with 50% nitrous oxide in oxygen.", "content": "In 15 patients anaesthesia for elective Caesarean section was maintained with 50% nitrous oxide in oxygen and a 0.65% halothane supplement. In a further 15 mothers a 0.2% halothane supplement was used. In those mothers receiving 0.65% halothane intermittent measurements were made of maternal arterial halothane concentrations during the uptake and the excretion of the agent. At delivery the foetal umbilical venous concentrations were measured also. The mean time between administering halothane and delivery was 10.5 min (SD 3.5). The mean maternal arterial halothane concentration at delivery was 6.03 mg/100 ml (SD 0.75) and the mean umbilical vein concentration was 2.13 mg/100 ml (SD 0.69). The regression of Apgar scores at 1 min after delivery on umbilical vein halothane concentration at delivery was not significant. In the mothers receiving 0.2% halothane measurements of halothane concentration were made in five patients only. The mean maternal arterial halothane concentration at delivery was 1.56 mg/100 ml (SD 0.52) and the mean umbilical vein and artery concentrations were 0.8 and 0.38 mg/100 ml respectively. The use of 0.2% and 0.65% halothane supplements prevented awareness in all the mothers. However, dreaming occurred in two patients given a 0.2% halothane supplement. Studies are required to establish the minimum halothane supplement required to prevent awareness in a larger series of patients.", "contents": "Anaesthesia for Caesarean section. Analysis of blood concentrations of halothane using 0.2% or 0.65% halothane with 50% nitrous oxide in oxygen. In 15 patients anaesthesia for elective Caesarean section was maintained with 50% nitrous oxide in oxygen and a 0.65% halothane supplement. In a further 15 mothers a 0.2% halothane supplement was used. In those mothers receiving 0.65% halothane intermittent measurements were made of maternal arterial halothane concentrations during the uptake and the excretion of the agent. At delivery the foetal umbilical venous concentrations were measured also. The mean time between administering halothane and delivery was 10.5 min (SD 3.5). The mean maternal arterial halothane concentration at delivery was 6.03 mg/100 ml (SD 0.75) and the mean umbilical vein concentration was 2.13 mg/100 ml (SD 0.69). The regression of Apgar scores at 1 min after delivery on umbilical vein halothane concentration at delivery was not significant. In the mothers receiving 0.2% halothane measurements of halothane concentration were made in five patients only. The mean maternal arterial halothane concentration at delivery was 1.56 mg/100 ml (SD 0.52) and the mean umbilical vein and artery concentrations were 0.8 and 0.38 mg/100 ml respectively. The use of 0.2% and 0.65% halothane supplements prevented awareness in all the mothers. However, dreaming occurred in two patients given a 0.2% halothane supplement. Studies are required to establish the minimum halothane supplement required to prevent awareness in a larger series of patients."}
{"id": "PMID:889652", "title": "Management of anaesthesia in an infant with an anomalous lung arising from the oesophagus.", "content": "The anaesthetic management of a 19-month-old male infant undergoing pneumonectomy for a rare congenital anomaly is discussed. The trachea communicated solely with the left lung and there was an abnormal communication between the oesophagus and the right main-stem bronchus. Gross infection of the right lung was present. Our experience suggests that the following points are of importance: (1) There is a substantial risk in intubating deeply into the trachea because of the possible existence of a bronchial pouch at the bifurcation. (2) Since the stomach may be full of pus, aspiration of pus before induction of anaesthesia and before extubation is essential. (3) Pneumonectomy with the patient in the supine position is advised.", "contents": "Management of anaesthesia in an infant with an anomalous lung arising from the oesophagus. The anaesthetic management of a 19-month-old male infant undergoing pneumonectomy for a rare congenital anomaly is discussed. The trachea communicated solely with the left lung and there was an abnormal communication between the oesophagus and the right main-stem bronchus. Gross infection of the right lung was present. Our experience suggests that the following points are of importance: (1) There is a substantial risk in intubating deeply into the trachea because of the possible existence of a bronchial pouch at the bifurcation. (2) Since the stomach may be full of pus, aspiration of pus before induction of anaesthesia and before extubation is essential. (3) Pneumonectomy with the patient in the supine position is advised."}
{"id": "PMID:889653", "title": "Effect of polarity on the response of the flame ionization detector to halothane.", "content": "Prepared standards of halothane in oxygen were analysed using a Pye Series 104 gas chromatograph equipped with a heated head flame ionization detector and gas sampling valve. The adoption of a positive jet voltage expanded the linear dynamic range of the detector to cover the 0.5-9.0% by volume range, provided that a small (0.5-ml) sample loop was used.", "contents": "Effect of polarity on the response of the flame ionization detector to halothane. Prepared standards of halothane in oxygen were analysed using a Pye Series 104 gas chromatograph equipped with a heated head flame ionization detector and gas sampling valve. The adoption of a positive jet voltage expanded the linear dynamic range of the detector to cover the 0.5-9.0% by volume range, provided that a small (0.5-ml) sample loop was used."}
{"id": "PMID:889660", "title": "Sodium nitroprusside and regional arterial haemodynamics in the dog.", "content": "Blood flow to functionally different vascular beds was examined during a sodium nitroprusside infusion in 10 dogs anaesthetized with halothane (1 MAC) in oxygen. Blood flows were measured in the ascending aorta, and the coeliac, superior mesenteric, renal and iliac arteries. In two dogs, regional vascular impedance and related power were calculated. Regional pressure-flow relationships were measured at systemic pressure reductions of approximately 15, 35 and 55% of control. At pressure reductions of 15-35%, coeliac, mesenteric and aortic blood flow exceeded control values (P less than 0.025); renal and iliac blood flows were reduced, but not significantly. At pressure reductions of 55% a more significant reduction of iliac, renal and aortic blood flow occurred (P less than 0.05). All vascular resistances showed significant monotonic reductions (P less than 0.01) over the entire range of pressure reduction. Total power dissipation was reduced in all beds with a reduction of characteristic impedance in the coeliac, renal and iliac beds; aortic oscillatory pressure power increased.", "contents": "Sodium nitroprusside and regional arterial haemodynamics in the dog. Blood flow to functionally different vascular beds was examined during a sodium nitroprusside infusion in 10 dogs anaesthetized with halothane (1 MAC) in oxygen. Blood flows were measured in the ascending aorta, and the coeliac, superior mesenteric, renal and iliac arteries. In two dogs, regional vascular impedance and related power were calculated. Regional pressure-flow relationships were measured at systemic pressure reductions of approximately 15, 35 and 55% of control. At pressure reductions of 15-35%, coeliac, mesenteric and aortic blood flow exceeded control values (P less than 0.025); renal and iliac blood flows were reduced, but not significantly. At pressure reductions of 55% a more significant reduction of iliac, renal and aortic blood flow occurred (P less than 0.05). All vascular resistances showed significant monotonic reductions (P less than 0.01) over the entire range of pressure reduction. Total power dissipation was reduced in all beds with a reduction of characteristic impedance in the coeliac, renal and iliac beds; aortic oscillatory pressure power increased."}
{"id": "PMID:889661", "title": "Inadvertent contamination of anaesthetic circuits with halothane.", "content": "All halothane vaporizers tested for leakage when turned off, leaked significant amounts of halothane and this may represent a hazard to patients liable to develop halothane hepatitis or malignant hyperpyrexia. The hazard from leaking vaporizers may be reduced considerably by the use of well-designed bypass units. Circuit contamination by halothane may still result from such sources as neoprene seals around flowmeters, breathing bags and anaesthetic hose which have had previous contact with halothane vapour, whether or not an apparatus is in use. The hazard from contaminated hoses and bags may be reduced considerably by washing and then hanging in a halothane-free atmosphere for a day. The hazard from contamined rubber or plastic components of the anaesthetic machine can be eliminated only by using one apparatus without the vaporizers having been attached at any time during its working life. Similarly, hazards may arise from trichloroethylene vaporizers and from circuit components contaminated with trichloroethylene.", "contents": "Inadvertent contamination of anaesthetic circuits with halothane. All halothane vaporizers tested for leakage when turned off, leaked significant amounts of halothane and this may represent a hazard to patients liable to develop halothane hepatitis or malignant hyperpyrexia. The hazard from leaking vaporizers may be reduced considerably by the use of well-designed bypass units. Circuit contamination by halothane may still result from such sources as neoprene seals around flowmeters, breathing bags and anaesthetic hose which have had previous contact with halothane vapour, whether or not an apparatus is in use. The hazard from contaminated hoses and bags may be reduced considerably by washing and then hanging in a halothane-free atmosphere for a day. The hazard from contamined rubber or plastic components of the anaesthetic machine can be eliminated only by using one apparatus without the vaporizers having been attached at any time during its working life. Similarly, hazards may arise from trichloroethylene vaporizers and from circuit components contaminated with trichloroethylene."}
{"id": "PMID:889662", "title": "The importance of peripheral vasoconstriction in influencing body temperatures and the part played by certain environmental factors: the effect of inhaled gases.", "content": "Core and peripheral temperatures have been studied in 88 dogs of mixed breeds anaesthetized with pentobarbitone. Hyperventilation with cold, dry oxygen was associated with a decrease in peripheral temperature, whilst normoventilation was without effect.", "contents": "The importance of peripheral vasoconstriction in influencing body temperatures and the part played by certain environmental factors: the effect of inhaled gases. Core and peripheral temperatures have been studied in 88 dogs of mixed breeds anaesthetized with pentobarbitone. Hyperventilation with cold, dry oxygen was associated with a decrease in peripheral temperature, whilst normoventilation was without effect."}
{"id": "PMID:889663", "title": "Correlation of alveolar PCO2 estimated by infra-red analysis and arterial PCO2 in the human neonate and the rabbit.", "content": "The performance of an infra-red analyser (Beckman LB-2) in sampling alveolar gas at ventilatory frequencies and volumes occuring in the human neonate has been examined. The optimum sampling flow rate was found to be 300 ml/min; at this flow the 90% response time of the analyser-catheter system was 140 ms. Correlation of estimated alveolar PCO2 and arterial PCO2 was performed in the rabbit which has a ventilatory rate and tidal volume similar to those of the human neonate. There was a good correlation between maximum end-expired PCO2 (PE'CO2) and arterial PCO2 over a wide range of ventilatory rates (10-100 b.p.m.); maximum PE'CO2 was a better index than mean PE'CO2 or alveolar plateau PE'CO2.", "contents": "Correlation of alveolar PCO2 estimated by infra-red analysis and arterial PCO2 in the human neonate and the rabbit. The performance of an infra-red analyser (Beckman LB-2) in sampling alveolar gas at ventilatory frequencies and volumes occuring in the human neonate has been examined. The optimum sampling flow rate was found to be 300 ml/min; at this flow the 90% response time of the analyser-catheter system was 140 ms. Correlation of estimated alveolar PCO2 and arterial PCO2 was performed in the rabbit which has a ventilatory rate and tidal volume similar to those of the human neonate. There was a good correlation between maximum end-expired PCO2 (PE'CO2) and arterial PCO2 over a wide range of ventilatory rates (10-100 b.p.m.); maximum PE'CO2 was a better index than mean PE'CO2 or alveolar plateau PE'CO2."}
{"id": "PMID:889664", "title": "In vitro study of interactions between i.v. anaesthetics and neuromuscular blocking agents.", "content": "The interactions of four anaesthetic drugs (ketamine, propanidid, Althesin and methohexitone) with two neuromuscular blocking agents (suxamethonium and pancuronium) have been investigated. On the isolated rat phrenic nerve-diaphragm preparation, all the anaesthetic drugs examined potentiated suxamethonium more than they potentiated pancuronium. The anticholinesterase agent, ecothiopate, had no significant effect on the potentiation of suxamethonium caused by the anaesthetic drugs. At low concentrations the anaesthetic drugs increased the twitch tension elicited by stimulation of the phrenic nerve, whilst at high concentrations this potentiation was followed by blockade of neuromuscular transmission. With the exception of Althesin, all the anaesthetics decreased the sensitivity of the frog rectus preparation to acetylcholine. The possible sites and mechanisms of these interactions are discussed.", "contents": "In vitro study of interactions between i.v. anaesthetics and neuromuscular blocking agents. The interactions of four anaesthetic drugs (ketamine, propanidid, Althesin and methohexitone) with two neuromuscular blocking agents (suxamethonium and pancuronium) have been investigated. On the isolated rat phrenic nerve-diaphragm preparation, all the anaesthetic drugs examined potentiated suxamethonium more than they potentiated pancuronium. The anticholinesterase agent, ecothiopate, had no significant effect on the potentiation of suxamethonium caused by the anaesthetic drugs. At low concentrations the anaesthetic drugs increased the twitch tension elicited by stimulation of the phrenic nerve, whilst at high concentrations this potentiation was followed by blockade of neuromuscular transmission. With the exception of Althesin, all the anaesthetics decreased the sensitivity of the frog rectus preparation to acetylcholine. The possible sites and mechanisms of these interactions are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:889665", "title": "Postsynaptic effect of i.v. anaesthetic agents at the neuromuscular junction.", "content": "The effects of sodium thiopentone 19-757 mumol/litre, sodium pentobarbitone 25-806 mumol/litre, propanidid 74-1186 mumol/litre, Althesin 55-220 mumol/litre, diazepam 17.6-140 mumol/litre and ketamine 1.8-116.8 mumol/litre on the time-course of miniature end-plate currents of the excised mouse diaphragm were investigated. The currents were detected by means of extracellular electrodes and recorded with a transient recorder. The drugs had no significant effect on the growth phase of the current, but all six shortened the time-constant of the decay phase. This reduction in the duration of end-plate currents reduced the amplitude of postsynaptic potentials. A similar effect at central synapses may account for a failure of synaptic transmission caused by anaesthetic drugs and it is suggested that a reduction in the lifetime of open postsynaptic ionic channels is a common action of anaesthetic drugs.", "contents": "Postsynaptic effect of i.v. anaesthetic agents at the neuromuscular junction. The effects of sodium thiopentone 19-757 mumol/litre, sodium pentobarbitone 25-806 mumol/litre, propanidid 74-1186 mumol/litre, Althesin 55-220 mumol/litre, diazepam 17.6-140 mumol/litre and ketamine 1.8-116.8 mumol/litre on the time-course of miniature end-plate currents of the excised mouse diaphragm were investigated. The currents were detected by means of extracellular electrodes and recorded with a transient recorder. The drugs had no significant effect on the growth phase of the current, but all six shortened the time-constant of the decay phase. This reduction in the duration of end-plate currents reduced the amplitude of postsynaptic potentials. A similar effect at central synapses may account for a failure of synaptic transmission caused by anaesthetic drugs and it is suggested that a reduction in the lifetime of open postsynaptic ionic channels is a common action of anaesthetic drugs."}
{"id": "PMID:889666", "title": "No mutagenic effect of enflurane on cultured cells.", "content": "Enflurane was tested by the 8-azaguanine system for any evidence of mutagenic effects. No significant increase in the number of mutant colonies compared with controls was found after 24 h of exposure of Chinese hamster cells to 1.5-6.5% enflurane and no damaged chromosomes were seen in metaphase cells on slides. Studies of inhibition of growth rate by enflurane show that in this respect its effects were similar in magnitude to other commonly used inhalation anaesthetic agents, but with regard to cell survival (as measured by colony-forming ability) there was surprisingly little increase in toxicity with increasing concentrations of enflurane.", "contents": "No mutagenic effect of enflurane on cultured cells. Enflurane was tested by the 8-azaguanine system for any evidence of mutagenic effects. No significant increase in the number of mutant colonies compared with controls was found after 24 h of exposure of Chinese hamster cells to 1.5-6.5% enflurane and no damaged chromosomes were seen in metaphase cells on slides. Studies of inhibition of growth rate by enflurane show that in this respect its effects were similar in magnitude to other commonly used inhalation anaesthetic agents, but with regard to cell survival (as measured by colony-forming ability) there was surprisingly little increase in toxicity with increasing concentrations of enflurane."}
{"id": "PMID:889667", "title": "Oxygen therapy after abdominal surgery.", "content": "Arterial blood was sampled from 10 patients, on the day after upper abdominal surgery, breathing air, and during oxygen therapy from 24, 28 and 35% venturi masks. PaO2 during breathing each concentration of oxygen correlated with PaO2 during air breathing. The difference between pulmonary end-capillary and arterial oxygen content was used as an index of the impairment of oxygen transfer in the lung. This difference was reduced by oxygen therapy. The response to oxygen therapy did not correspond to predictions based on an iso-shunt lung model. These findings suggest that hypoxaemia in these patients is predominantly caused by ventilation/perfusion mismatching.", "contents": "Oxygen therapy after abdominal surgery. Arterial blood was sampled from 10 patients, on the day after upper abdominal surgery, breathing air, and during oxygen therapy from 24, 28 and 35% venturi masks. PaO2 during breathing each concentration of oxygen correlated with PaO2 during air breathing. The difference between pulmonary end-capillary and arterial oxygen content was used as an index of the impairment of oxygen transfer in the lung. This difference was reduced by oxygen therapy. The response to oxygen therapy did not correspond to predictions based on an iso-shunt lung model. These findings suggest that hypoxaemia in these patients is predominantly caused by ventilation/perfusion mismatching."}
{"id": "PMID:889668", "title": "Does sodium nitroprusside improve tissue oxygenation during cardiopulmonary bypass?", "content": "Eight patients undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass with hypothermia received, during part of the hypothermic phase, an infusion of sodium nitroprusside (SNP). Oxygen consumption was measured during the infusion and during control periods. Despite causing a marked reduction of arterial pressure, SNP was not shown to have any significant effect upon whole-body oxygen consumption or lactate concentration in the blood.", "contents": "Does sodium nitroprusside improve tissue oxygenation during cardiopulmonary bypass? Eight patients undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass with hypothermia received, during part of the hypothermic phase, an infusion of sodium nitroprusside (SNP). Oxygen consumption was measured during the infusion and during control periods. Despite causing a marked reduction of arterial pressure, SNP was not shown to have any significant effect upon whole-body oxygen consumption or lactate concentration in the blood."}
{"id": "PMID:889669", "title": "A study of eye movement for assessing recovery from anaesthesia.", "content": "A test for assessing recovery from general anaesthesia is proposed, using electro-oculographic (e.o.g.) measurements. The eyes, when exploring a flat area, progress by \"jerking\" movements. After general anaesthesia, incomplete recovery is associated with smooth sinusoidal movements. In a series of 16 patients, different e.o.g. patterns were compared with clinical signs of awakening and related to the anaesthetic drugs used. In a further group of 19 patients, assessment of recovery using e.o.g. techniques was made 2 h following the end of operation. In both groups, this simple test appeared to be very reliable. In addition, the test provides a record which can be filed. This may be of value in day-case anaesthesia, where the safety of the patient and medicolegal considerations would be aided by an objective measurement of recovery.", "contents": "A study of eye movement for assessing recovery from anaesthesia. A test for assessing recovery from general anaesthesia is proposed, using electro-oculographic (e.o.g.) measurements. The eyes, when exploring a flat area, progress by \"jerking\" movements. After general anaesthesia, incomplete recovery is associated with smooth sinusoidal movements. In a series of 16 patients, different e.o.g. patterns were compared with clinical signs of awakening and related to the anaesthetic drugs used. In a further group of 19 patients, assessment of recovery using e.o.g. techniques was made 2 h following the end of operation. In both groups, this simple test appeared to be very reliable. In addition, the test provides a record which can be filed. This may be of value in day-case anaesthesia, where the safety of the patient and medicolegal considerations would be aided by an objective measurement of recovery."}
{"id": "PMID:889670", "title": "The rational use of i.v. hydrochloric acid in the treatment of metabolic alkalosis.", "content": "A method for the assessment and management of factors both causing and maintaining a primary metabolic alkalosis is presented. During a 2-year period 65 patients with metabolic alkalosis were treated with saline and potassium chloride infusions. In four patients the alkalosis was refractory and required additional therapy. An infusion of hydrochloric acid 0.12-0.24 mol/litre through a central venous line corrected the alkalosis without causing haemolysis or tissue necrosis. The maximum rate of infusion suggested is 0.2 mmol H+-kg body wt-1-h-1.", "contents": "The rational use of i.v. hydrochloric acid in the treatment of metabolic alkalosis. A method for the assessment and management of factors both causing and maintaining a primary metabolic alkalosis is presented. During a 2-year period 65 patients with metabolic alkalosis were treated with saline and potassium chloride infusions. In four patients the alkalosis was refractory and required additional therapy. An infusion of hydrochloric acid 0.12-0.24 mol/litre through a central venous line corrected the alkalosis without causing haemolysis or tissue necrosis. The maximum rate of infusion suggested is 0.2 mmol H+-kg body wt-1-h-1."}
{"id": "PMID:889671", "title": "Evaluation of peripheral arterial pressure on the thumb following radial artery cannulation.", "content": "The effects of cannulation of the radial artery were studied in 23 patients. Distal arterial pressure on the thumb, measured during radial or ulnar artery compression, was compared with the result of a modified Allen test performed before operation. Distal arterial pressure on the thumb was monitored for approximately 10 days after removal of the cannula. It was found that radial artery thrombosis, as defined by a thumb arterial pressure of less than 10 mm Hg during ulnar artery compression, occurred with a frequency of about 40% depending on the duration of cannulation. Furthermore, thrombosis of the radial artery resulted in a decrease in perfusion pressure in the thumb of from 17 to 33% of the values before cannulation. However, a satisfactory result from a carefully performed Allen test seems to ensure that post-thrombotic perfusion pressure in the thumb is not decreased to values associated with compromised nutrition of the tissues.", "contents": "Evaluation of peripheral arterial pressure on the thumb following radial artery cannulation. The effects of cannulation of the radial artery were studied in 23 patients. Distal arterial pressure on the thumb, measured during radial or ulnar artery compression, was compared with the result of a modified Allen test performed before operation. Distal arterial pressure on the thumb was monitored for approximately 10 days after removal of the cannula. It was found that radial artery thrombosis, as defined by a thumb arterial pressure of less than 10 mm Hg during ulnar artery compression, occurred with a frequency of about 40% depending on the duration of cannulation. Furthermore, thrombosis of the radial artery resulted in a decrease in perfusion pressure in the thumb of from 17 to 33% of the values before cannulation. However, a satisfactory result from a carefully performed Allen test seems to ensure that post-thrombotic perfusion pressure in the thumb is not decreased to values associated with compromised nutrition of the tissues."}
{"id": "PMID:889672", "title": "Awareness during anaesthesia. A prospective study.", "content": "One hundred and thirty-eight patients were anaesthetized using a nitrous-oxide-oxygen technique with neuromuscular blockage under standard conditions. None showed any evidence of awareness during the course of anaesthesia, irrespective of the type of premedication used.", "contents": "Awareness during anaesthesia. A prospective study. One hundred and thirty-eight patients were anaesthetized using a nitrous-oxide-oxygen technique with neuromuscular blockage under standard conditions. None showed any evidence of awareness during the course of anaesthesia, irrespective of the type of premedication used."}
{"id": "PMID:889676", "title": "Monocytes and macrophages in malignant melanoma. I. Peripheral blood macrophage precursors.", "content": "A micro-assay designed to assess the capacity of peripheral blood mononuclear cells to differentiate in vitro into mature macrophages is described. In patients with \"final common pathway\" malignant melanoma, there was a highly significant deficiency in macrophage precursors (MPs). By conventional morphological criteria such patients did not show a significant monocytopenia. Serum factors do not seem to contribute to the MP defect in the patients. We conclude that these patients have an intrinsic functional defect in their peripheral blood monocytes, but the mechanisms responsible for this defect are as yet unknown.", "contents": "Monocytes and macrophages in malignant melanoma. I. Peripheral blood macrophage precursors. A micro-assay designed to assess the capacity of peripheral blood mononuclear cells to differentiate in vitro into mature macrophages is described. In patients with \"final common pathway\" malignant melanoma, there was a highly significant deficiency in macrophage precursors (MPs). By conventional morphological criteria such patients did not show a significant monocytopenia. Serum factors do not seem to contribute to the MP defect in the patients. We conclude that these patients have an intrinsic functional defect in their peripheral blood monocytes, but the mechanisms responsible for this defect are as yet unknown."}
{"id": "PMID:889677", "title": "Influence of tumour size on hypoxic fraction and therapeutic sensitivity of Lewis lung tumour.", "content": "Radiation survival curves for Lewis lung tumours in the lungs ranging in size from 0-5 to 20 mm3 have been obtained, and a size-dependent variation in hypoxic fraction was found. Cell-survival studies following treatment of various sizes of s.c. tumours indicated that the effects of 60Co gamma-rays and the chemotherapeutic agents 1,3-bas(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea (BCNU) and cyclophosphamide are all size-dependent. Large pulmonary nodules which had regressed but had not been cured by cyclophosphamide regrew with a radiosensitivity that was characteristic of previously untreated tumours. The results give additional experimental support to the clinical interest in early adjuvant therapy of micrometastases, and sequential combined modality therapy for larger tumours.", "contents": "Influence of tumour size on hypoxic fraction and therapeutic sensitivity of Lewis lung tumour. Radiation survival curves for Lewis lung tumours in the lungs ranging in size from 0-5 to 20 mm3 have been obtained, and a size-dependent variation in hypoxic fraction was found. Cell-survival studies following treatment of various sizes of s.c. tumours indicated that the effects of 60Co gamma-rays and the chemotherapeutic agents 1,3-bas(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea (BCNU) and cyclophosphamide are all size-dependent. Large pulmonary nodules which had regressed but had not been cured by cyclophosphamide regrew with a radiosensitivity that was characteristic of previously untreated tumours. The results give additional experimental support to the clinical interest in early adjuvant therapy of micrometastases, and sequential combined modality therapy for larger tumours."}
{"id": "PMID:889678", "title": "Fate of methyl methacrylate in rats.", "content": "Up to 88% of a single dose of methyl[14C]methacrylate in rats is expired as 14CO2 in 10 days (65% in 2 h), irrespective of the route of administration and of the specific labelling of the propylene residue of the molecule. The implications of this observation, and of the excretion of small amounts of [14C]methylmalonate, [14C]-succinate and probably of [14C]beta-hydroxyisobutyrate and 2-formylpropionate, and of the formation of [14C] normal, physiological metabolites that may be accounted for by anabolism both from 14CO2 and from [14C]acetate emergent from the citric acid cycle, are that the metabolic pathway concerned involves intermediary metabolism and relates to mitochondrial function. Present findings are discussed in relation to the imputations of a report of carcinogenic risk.", "contents": "Fate of methyl methacrylate in rats. Up to 88% of a single dose of methyl[14C]methacrylate in rats is expired as 14CO2 in 10 days (65% in 2 h), irrespective of the route of administration and of the specific labelling of the propylene residue of the molecule. The implications of this observation, and of the excretion of small amounts of [14C]methylmalonate, [14C]-succinate and probably of [14C]beta-hydroxyisobutyrate and 2-formylpropionate, and of the formation of [14C] normal, physiological metabolites that may be accounted for by anabolism both from 14CO2 and from [14C]acetate emergent from the citric acid cycle, are that the metabolic pathway concerned involves intermediary metabolism and relates to mitochondrial function. Present findings are discussed in relation to the imputations of a report of carcinogenic risk."}
{"id": "PMID:889679", "title": "Hodgkin's disease in children.", "content": "Fifty-nine children with Hodgkin's disease were seen over a 34-year period. Compared with Hodgkin's disease in adults, there was an increased male incidence, especially in the younger children. This was associated with an increased male incidence of lymphocyte-predominant histology. Forty-six patients underwent lymphography as part of their staging, and 13 had staging laparotomies. The 5-year survival for the entire group was 85%, with a median survival of 10 years. Response to radiotherapy in children with Stages I-IIIA disease was: 12 children treated with involved-field radiotherapy after inadequate clinical staging had a 3-year remission rate of 13%, and a median length of remission of 18 months; 24 children treated with extended-field radiotherapy after adequate clinical staging, including lymphography, had a 3-year remission rate of 72%, and a median duration of remission not yet reached; 3 children treated with elective local radiotherapy for Stage IA disease after intensive clinical staging remain in complete remission for periods of up to 34 months. Eight out of 10 children with Stages IIIB-IV disease, treated with combination chemotherapy, achieved complete remission with a 3-year remission rate of 70%; 7 children treated with combination chemotherapy following relapse after radiotherapy all achieved complete remission with a 3-year complete remission rate of 66%. Thirteen children underwent laparotomy and splenectomy as a staging procedure. Five were found to have intra-abdominal disease, including 4 with splenic involvement. These results show that there is no place for involved-field radiotherapy after inadequate clinical staging, in the management of childhood Hodgkin's disease. Extended-field radiotherapy after adequate staging, and combination chemotherapy, produce results which are as good as those for adults, but the benefits of these treatments and of staging laparotomy must be balanced against the possible complications when they are used in children. These problems are discussed and a scheme of management is proposed.", "contents": "Hodgkin's disease in children. Fifty-nine children with Hodgkin's disease were seen over a 34-year period. Compared with Hodgkin's disease in adults, there was an increased male incidence, especially in the younger children. This was associated with an increased male incidence of lymphocyte-predominant histology. Forty-six patients underwent lymphography as part of their staging, and 13 had staging laparotomies. The 5-year survival for the entire group was 85%, with a median survival of 10 years. Response to radiotherapy in children with Stages I-IIIA disease was: 12 children treated with involved-field radiotherapy after inadequate clinical staging had a 3-year remission rate of 13%, and a median length of remission of 18 months; 24 children treated with extended-field radiotherapy after adequate clinical staging, including lymphography, had a 3-year remission rate of 72%, and a median duration of remission not yet reached; 3 children treated with elective local radiotherapy for Stage IA disease after intensive clinical staging remain in complete remission for periods of up to 34 months. Eight out of 10 children with Stages IIIB-IV disease, treated with combination chemotherapy, achieved complete remission with a 3-year remission rate of 70%; 7 children treated with combination chemotherapy following relapse after radiotherapy all achieved complete remission with a 3-year complete remission rate of 66%. Thirteen children underwent laparotomy and splenectomy as a staging procedure. Five were found to have intra-abdominal disease, including 4 with splenic involvement. These results show that there is no place for involved-field radiotherapy after inadequate clinical staging, in the management of childhood Hodgkin's disease. Extended-field radiotherapy after adequate staging, and combination chemotherapy, produce results which are as good as those for adults, but the benefits of these treatments and of staging laparotomy must be balanced against the possible complications when they are used in children. These problems are discussed and a scheme of management is proposed."}
{"id": "PMID:889680", "title": "Cancer in Yogyakarta, Indonesia: relative frequencies.", "content": "Some 1220 male and 2102 female cases of malignant neoplasms diagnosed histologically at the Department of Pathology of the Gadjah Mada University in Yogyakarta during the period 1970-73 were analysed. The most frequent tumour sites were among men: nasopharyngeal cancer, 21-8% and skin cancer, 17-6%. Among women the genital cancers were the most frequent with: cervix uteri, 25-7% chorionepithelioma, 3-7%, other uterus, 4-4% and ovary, 7-4%. Breast cancer comprised 17-0%, skin 9-6% and nasopharyngeal cancer 7-9%. Low frequencies were observed in both sexes for cancers of the gastro-intestinal tract and of the respiratory organs; previous reports of the rarity of gastric cancer were confirmed. The observed distribution is discussed in the light of possible biases, and compared with other material on the frequency of cancer from South East Asia.", "contents": "Cancer in Yogyakarta, Indonesia: relative frequencies. Some 1220 male and 2102 female cases of malignant neoplasms diagnosed histologically at the Department of Pathology of the Gadjah Mada University in Yogyakarta during the period 1970-73 were analysed. The most frequent tumour sites were among men: nasopharyngeal cancer, 21-8% and skin cancer, 17-6%. Among women the genital cancers were the most frequent with: cervix uteri, 25-7% chorionepithelioma, 3-7%, other uterus, 4-4% and ovary, 7-4%. Breast cancer comprised 17-0%, skin 9-6% and nasopharyngeal cancer 7-9%. Low frequencies were observed in both sexes for cancers of the gastro-intestinal tract and of the respiratory organs; previous reports of the rarity of gastric cancer were confirmed. The observed distribution is discussed in the light of possible biases, and compared with other material on the frequency of cancer from South East Asia."}
{"id": "PMID:889682", "title": "Intravascular coagulation resulting from intravenous injection of C. parvum in mice.", "content": "In mice, i.v. C. parvum induces intravascular coagulation. This is a prolonged reaction lasting up to 7 days. It results in thrombosis in hepatic vessels with consequent hepatic necrosis, and thrombosis in pulmonary and splenic vessels. This may be important in the assessment of the tumour-inhibitory activity of C. parvum.", "contents": "Intravascular coagulation resulting from intravenous injection of C. parvum in mice. In mice, i.v. C. parvum induces intravascular coagulation. This is a prolonged reaction lasting up to 7 days. It results in thrombosis in hepatic vessels with consequent hepatic necrosis, and thrombosis in pulmonary and splenic vessels. This may be important in the assessment of the tumour-inhibitory activity of C. parvum."}
{"id": "PMID:889683", "title": "Non-specific cytotoxicity of spleen cells in mice bearing transplanted chemically induced fibrosarcomas.", "content": "Spleen cells collected from mice bearing transplanted chemically induced syngeneic fibrosarcomas non-specifically inhibited DNA synthesis of sarcoma and lymphoma target cells in vitro. Splenocytes from mice hyper-immunized against a syngeneic sarcoma specifically inhibited DNA synthesis of the tumour used for immunization. The impairment of tumour-cell DNA synthesis was associated in vitro with cytostasis, and lysis of the target cells was not seen. Since treatment with anti-theta serum and complement did not impair cytostatic action of the spleen cells, and since thymus-deprived animals showed similar activity to normal mice, T lymphocytes were not involved in non-specific cytostasis. Removal of phagocytic adherent cells by carbonyl iron markedly inhibited the cytostatic activity of the spleen cells, suggesting a role in this reaction for cells of the monocyte-macrophage series. The presence of an actively growing sarcoma was a prerequisite for the expression of non-specific cytostasis, since surgical excision resulted in complete disappearance of this activity of spleen cells.", "contents": "Non-specific cytotoxicity of spleen cells in mice bearing transplanted chemically induced fibrosarcomas. Spleen cells collected from mice bearing transplanted chemically induced syngeneic fibrosarcomas non-specifically inhibited DNA synthesis of sarcoma and lymphoma target cells in vitro. Splenocytes from mice hyper-immunized against a syngeneic sarcoma specifically inhibited DNA synthesis of the tumour used for immunization. The impairment of tumour-cell DNA synthesis was associated in vitro with cytostasis, and lysis of the target cells was not seen. Since treatment with anti-theta serum and complement did not impair cytostatic action of the spleen cells, and since thymus-deprived animals showed similar activity to normal mice, T lymphocytes were not involved in non-specific cytostasis. Removal of phagocytic adherent cells by carbonyl iron markedly inhibited the cytostatic activity of the spleen cells, suggesting a role in this reaction for cells of the monocyte-macrophage series. The presence of an actively growing sarcoma was a prerequisite for the expression of non-specific cytostasis, since surgical excision resulted in complete disappearance of this activity of spleen cells."}
{"id": "PMID:889684", "title": "Mechanism of the anti-tumour effect of glucans and fructosans: a comparison with C. parvum.", "content": "The anti-tumour activity induced by glucans (lentinan, yeast cell walls, pseudonigeran, dextran, DEAE-dextran and dextran sulphate) and fructosans (levan and carboxymethyl-levan) was compared with the activity of C. parvum. The following effects on tumour systems in CBA mice were assayed: (a) adjuvant activity on the immune response against tumour-specific transplantation antigens (TSTA) with a methylcholanthrene-induced fibrosarcoma; (b) cytostatic activity of peritoneal macrophages against radiation-induced leukaemia cells; and (c) inhibition of tumour nodule formation in the lungs following i.v. injection of fibrosarcoma cells. All the polysaccharides induced cytostatic macrophages, but the dextrans and levans did so only after i.p. and not i.v. injection. Only lentinan, yeast cell walls and pseudonigeran were active in the lung-nodule inhibition test; and only lentinan and dextran sulphate showed slight adjuvant activity for TSTA. It is concluded that the anti-tumour activity induced by these polysaccharides is predominantly non-specific macrophage-mediated and much weaker than that found with C. parvum.", "contents": "Mechanism of the anti-tumour effect of glucans and fructosans: a comparison with C. parvum. The anti-tumour activity induced by glucans (lentinan, yeast cell walls, pseudonigeran, dextran, DEAE-dextran and dextran sulphate) and fructosans (levan and carboxymethyl-levan) was compared with the activity of C. parvum. The following effects on tumour systems in CBA mice were assayed: (a) adjuvant activity on the immune response against tumour-specific transplantation antigens (TSTA) with a methylcholanthrene-induced fibrosarcoma; (b) cytostatic activity of peritoneal macrophages against radiation-induced leukaemia cells; and (c) inhibition of tumour nodule formation in the lungs following i.v. injection of fibrosarcoma cells. All the polysaccharides induced cytostatic macrophages, but the dextrans and levans did so only after i.p. and not i.v. injection. Only lentinan, yeast cell walls and pseudonigeran were active in the lung-nodule inhibition test; and only lentinan and dextran sulphate showed slight adjuvant activity for TSTA. It is concluded that the anti-tumour activity induced by these polysaccharides is predominantly non-specific macrophage-mediated and much weaker than that found with C. parvum."}
{"id": "PMID:889685", "title": "Cell survival in B16 melanoma after treatment with combinations of cytotoxic agents: lack of potentiation.", "content": "The extent of tumour, cell kill, produced by treating B16 melanomas with vincristine, cyclophosphamide, 5-fluorouracil and gamma-rays, alone and in combination, was determined using an in vitro colony assay. Cell kill by vincristine was revealed as a reduction in the yield of cells obtained by trypsinization, and as a decrease in the colony-forming ability of the extracted cells. The reduction in cell yield was interpreted as evidence of rapid cell lysis. Cyclophosphamide and gamma-rays also reduced both cell yield and surviving fraction, but in this case the small decrease in cell yield was due to an increase in cell volume. FU had no effect on cell yield, but surviving fraction was reduced. Tumour weight was also measured, and used in conjunction with cell yield and surviving fraction data to calculate the fraction of surviving cells per tumour following treatment with the agents. In combination studies, single doses of two different cytotoxic agents were given either simultaneously, or up to 24 h apart in either sequence, and assays were performed 24 h after the second drug was given. Combinations of vincristine + cyclophosphamide and 5-fluorouracil + gamma-rays were chosen because they had been shown by other workers to exhibit marked schedule dependency, including considerabl potentiation, against leukaemic cell lines. However, in the B16 melanoma there was no evidence of schedule-dependent cell killing with either of these combinations. For all sequences studied, the fraction of surviving cells per tumour was slightly greater than the predicted additive response calculated from single-drug controls.", "contents": "Cell survival in B16 melanoma after treatment with combinations of cytotoxic agents: lack of potentiation. The extent of tumour, cell kill, produced by treating B16 melanomas with vincristine, cyclophosphamide, 5-fluorouracil and gamma-rays, alone and in combination, was determined using an in vitro colony assay. Cell kill by vincristine was revealed as a reduction in the yield of cells obtained by trypsinization, and as a decrease in the colony-forming ability of the extracted cells. The reduction in cell yield was interpreted as evidence of rapid cell lysis. Cyclophosphamide and gamma-rays also reduced both cell yield and surviving fraction, but in this case the small decrease in cell yield was due to an increase in cell volume. FU had no effect on cell yield, but surviving fraction was reduced. Tumour weight was also measured, and used in conjunction with cell yield and surviving fraction data to calculate the fraction of surviving cells per tumour following treatment with the agents. In combination studies, single doses of two different cytotoxic agents were given either simultaneously, or up to 24 h apart in either sequence, and assays were performed 24 h after the second drug was given. Combinations of vincristine + cyclophosphamide and 5-fluorouracil + gamma-rays were chosen because they had been shown by other workers to exhibit marked schedule dependency, including considerabl potentiation, against leukaemic cell lines. However, in the B16 melanoma there was no evidence of schedule-dependent cell killing with either of these combinations. For all sequences studied, the fraction of surviving cells per tumour was slightly greater than the predicted additive response calculated from single-drug controls."}
{"id": "PMID:889686", "title": "Reactions of the tumour bed to lethally irradiated tumour cells, and the R\u00e9v\u00e9sz effect.", "content": "Subdermal inoculation of the foot of the rat with lethally irradiated (LI) Walker tumour (W256) cells, mixed with viable (V) W256 cells, decreased the latent period for initiation of allogeneic tumour growth without significantly affecting its rate. This R\u00e9v\u00e9sz effect decreased with increase in the number of inoculated V cells, and with decrease in age of recipient. LI cells of a different (Y-P388) rat tumour exerted a R\u00e9v\u00e9sz effect, even in recipients which had been immunized with LI (Y-P388) tumour cells. Local pre-irradiation of the site of inoculation of V cells decreased both the latent period and rate of tumour growth. It acted independently of a R\u00e9v\u00e9sz effect, and the decrease in tumour growth rate was partly due to emigration of V cells from the inoculum, producing metastases. LI, but not heat-killed cells, induced prolonged swelling of the tumour bed in unimmunized and tumour-immunized rats, which, unlike inflammatory swelling, was inhibited by pre-irradiation of the foot. It is postulated that the R\u00e9v\u00e9sz effect is due to enhancement of survival of V cells by trophic substances which are principally elaborated by LI (AND V) cells, but also by the tumour bed, due to innate growth and trophic reactions of its tissues to the presence of tumour cells.", "contents": "Reactions of the tumour bed to lethally irradiated tumour cells, and the R\u00e9v\u00e9sz effect. Subdermal inoculation of the foot of the rat with lethally irradiated (LI) Walker tumour (W256) cells, mixed with viable (V) W256 cells, decreased the latent period for initiation of allogeneic tumour growth without significantly affecting its rate. This R\u00e9v\u00e9sz effect decreased with increase in the number of inoculated V cells, and with decrease in age of recipient. LI cells of a different (Y-P388) rat tumour exerted a R\u00e9v\u00e9sz effect, even in recipients which had been immunized with LI (Y-P388) tumour cells. Local pre-irradiation of the site of inoculation of V cells decreased both the latent period and rate of tumour growth. It acted independently of a R\u00e9v\u00e9sz effect, and the decrease in tumour growth rate was partly due to emigration of V cells from the inoculum, producing metastases. LI, but not heat-killed cells, induced prolonged swelling of the tumour bed in unimmunized and tumour-immunized rats, which, unlike inflammatory swelling, was inhibited by pre-irradiation of the foot. It is postulated that the R\u00e9v\u00e9sz effect is due to enhancement of survival of V cells by trophic substances which are principally elaborated by LI (AND V) cells, but also by the tumour bed, due to innate growth and trophic reactions of its tissues to the presence of tumour cells."}
{"id": "PMID:889687", "title": "Agenesis of the lung.", "content": "Agenesis of the lung is rare. The cases of ten patients with this malformation are recorded and illustrated. Most had congenital malformation of other organs, especially the heart, as well. All had hypoplasia of the pulmonary artery or its branches. A pantaloon-like appearance of the trachea and the main bronchi on the bronchograms is described. Exercise tolerance was impaired in all patients.", "contents": "Agenesis of the lung. Agenesis of the lung is rare. The cases of ten patients with this malformation are recorded and illustrated. Most had congenital malformation of other organs, especially the heart, as well. All had hypoplasia of the pulmonary artery or its branches. A pantaloon-like appearance of the trachea and the main bronchi on the bronchograms is described. Exercise tolerance was impaired in all patients."}
{"id": "PMID:889688", "title": "Mortality from respiratory disease at follow-up of patients with asthma.", "content": "Over a 20-year period 765 men and 1127 women with asthma were followed up; 272 men and 282 women died compared with expected deaths of 165 men and 185 women. As anticipated there was an appreciable number of deaths attributed to asthma but an even higher absolute excess of deaths attributed to bronchitis when compared with the expected numbers. The relative excess from asthma and bronchitis was highest in the younger subjects. Mortality from all other causes was lower than expected.", "contents": "Mortality from respiratory disease at follow-up of patients with asthma. Over a 20-year period 765 men and 1127 women with asthma were followed up; 272 men and 282 women died compared with expected deaths of 165 men and 185 women. As anticipated there was an appreciable number of deaths attributed to asthma but an even higher absolute excess of deaths attributed to bronchitis when compared with the expected numbers. The relative excess from asthma and bronchitis was highest in the younger subjects. Mortality from all other causes was lower than expected."}
{"id": "PMID:889689", "title": "The kidney and aldosterone in acclimatization at altitude.", "content": "Five climbers were studied during an ascent of a 7500 m mountain in the Hindu Kush. Representiative samples from 24-hour urines were preserved from five subjects at 5400 m and 6600 m and from two at 7000 m. Sodium and cortisol excretion was normal, but that of potassium and especially aldosterone was low, especially in two climbers who had episodes of peripheral oedema. Hypoaldosteronism is a feature of high altitude acclimatization but its cause and significance have still to be elucidated.", "contents": "The kidney and aldosterone in acclimatization at altitude. Five climbers were studied during an ascent of a 7500 m mountain in the Hindu Kush. Representiative samples from 24-hour urines were preserved from five subjects at 5400 m and 6600 m and from two at 7000 m. Sodium and cortisol excretion was normal, but that of potassium and especially aldosterone was low, especially in two climbers who had episodes of peripheral oedema. Hypoaldosteronism is a feature of high altitude acclimatization but its cause and significance have still to be elucidated."}
{"id": "PMID:889690", "title": "Mediastinal cavernous haemangioma.", "content": "The case of a patient with a mediastinal cavernous haemangioma and other malformations is described and discussed.", "contents": "Mediastinal cavernous haemangioma. The case of a patient with a mediastinal cavernous haemangioma and other malformations is described and discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:889691", "title": "Cellulitis in complicated pneumococcal pneumonia.", "content": "Serious complications of pneumococcal pneumonia have become uncommon. This has been attributed to decline in pneumococcal infection (van Roy et al. 1971; Foy et al. 1975), but in this country it is more likely to be due to effective antibiotic therapy. We report a case of pneumococcal pneumonia with severe complications (including a very unusual one) which probably arose through antibiotic failure.", "contents": "Cellulitis in complicated pneumococcal pneumonia. Serious complications of pneumococcal pneumonia have become uncommon. This has been attributed to decline in pneumococcal infection (van Roy et al. 1971; Foy et al. 1975), but in this country it is more likely to be due to effective antibiotic therapy. We report a case of pneumococcal pneumonia with severe complications (including a very unusual one) which probably arose through antibiotic failure."}
{"id": "PMID:889695", "title": "Nutritional influences of pellagra on sebum composition.", "content": "Sebum composition has been measured in 51 patients with varying degrees of pellagra and compared with a control group of subjects in the same geographic area. In the pellagra group the wax ester percentage was 14-9 versus the normal of 21-9%. The squalene percentage was increased in the pellagra group (11-6%) versus a control value of 8-4%. A small increase in the percentage of cholesterol was also noted. These changes, which previously have been observed in starved but otherwise normal subjects, were reversible with adequate refeeding.", "contents": "Nutritional influences of pellagra on sebum composition. Sebum composition has been measured in 51 patients with varying degrees of pellagra and compared with a control group of subjects in the same geographic area. In the pellagra group the wax ester percentage was 14-9 versus the normal of 21-9%. The squalene percentage was increased in the pellagra group (11-6%) versus a control value of 8-4%. A small increase in the percentage of cholesterol was also noted. These changes, which previously have been observed in starved but otherwise normal subjects, were reversible with adequate refeeding."}
{"id": "PMID:889697", "title": "Essential fatty acid deficient hairless mouse: the effects of topical agents on the epidermis.", "content": "Essential fatty acid deficient (EFA deficient) hairless mice were used to test the ability of topical agents to reduce the high epidermal DNA synthesis and acanthosis present in EFA deficiency. An established therapeutic agent known to be effective in psoriasis (betamethasone 17-valerate) significantly reduced the epidermal DNA synthesis, mitotic count and epidermal cell thickness. Linoleic acid reduced DNA synthesis and returned epidermal histology towards that of normal skin. Prostaglandin E2 analogue (15 (S)-15-methyl PGE2 methyl ester) reduced epidermal DNA synthesis both in treated and distant skin sites. Prostaglandin E2 was less effective than the analogue but slightly reduced epidermal DNA synthesis and thickness. Prostaglandin F2alpha had no obvious effect on the epidermis. Chlorambucil reduced epidermal DNA synthesis and thickness. Vitamin A acid increased DNA synthesis and epidermal cell thickness but reduced the hyperkeratosis of EFA deficiency. A rapid epidermal cell transit was found in EFA deficient mice, approximately three times faster than in normal mouse epidermis.", "contents": "Essential fatty acid deficient hairless mouse: the effects of topical agents on the epidermis. Essential fatty acid deficient (EFA deficient) hairless mice were used to test the ability of topical agents to reduce the high epidermal DNA synthesis and acanthosis present in EFA deficiency. An established therapeutic agent known to be effective in psoriasis (betamethasone 17-valerate) significantly reduced the epidermal DNA synthesis, mitotic count and epidermal cell thickness. Linoleic acid reduced DNA synthesis and returned epidermal histology towards that of normal skin. Prostaglandin E2 analogue (15 (S)-15-methyl PGE2 methyl ester) reduced epidermal DNA synthesis both in treated and distant skin sites. Prostaglandin E2 was less effective than the analogue but slightly reduced epidermal DNA synthesis and thickness. Prostaglandin F2alpha had no obvious effect on the epidermis. Chlorambucil reduced epidermal DNA synthesis and thickness. Vitamin A acid increased DNA synthesis and epidermal cell thickness but reduced the hyperkeratosis of EFA deficiency. A rapid epidermal cell transit was found in EFA deficient mice, approximately three times faster than in normal mouse epidermis."}
{"id": "PMID:889698", "title": "A modified technique (using polyester tape) of skin surface biopsy. Its interest for the investigation of athlete's foot.", "content": "A technical modification of skin surface biopsy has been introduced by using plastic tape instead of glass as holder, mainly to investigate mycological infections of skin folds. Among various brands of plastic sheets, a polyester film (Melinex O UCB-SIDAC) has been demonstrated as the most suitable. A direct microscopic comparison has been made between our modified technique and conventional scraping as procedures for collecting material from interdigital spaces in 30 patients with bilateral athlete's foot. It has been shown that the skin surface biopsy gives a slightly greater number of positive results (presence of dermatophytes or Candida species) than the conventional scraping technique, although the difference between both techniques is not statistically significant at the 0-05 level (0-05 less than P less than 0-10). Some advantages of the modified skin surface biopsy are emphasized.", "contents": "A modified technique (using polyester tape) of skin surface biopsy. Its interest for the investigation of athlete's foot. A technical modification of skin surface biopsy has been introduced by using plastic tape instead of glass as holder, mainly to investigate mycological infections of skin folds. Among various brands of plastic sheets, a polyester film (Melinex O UCB-SIDAC) has been demonstrated as the most suitable. A direct microscopic comparison has been made between our modified technique and conventional scraping as procedures for collecting material from interdigital spaces in 30 patients with bilateral athlete's foot. It has been shown that the skin surface biopsy gives a slightly greater number of positive results (presence of dermatophytes or Candida species) than the conventional scraping technique, although the difference between both techniques is not statistically significant at the 0-05 level (0-05 less than P less than 0-10). Some advantages of the modified skin surface biopsy are emphasized."}
{"id": "PMID:889699", "title": "X-linked ichthyosis.", "content": "In the period 1962-1974, 36 patients with X-linked ichthyosis, belonging to 22 families, were selected for study. The frequency of this genodermatosis is higher in the province of Salamanca than in other countries. In most of the cases, the lesions were apparent at birth or shortly after. In 41% of the patients studied by slit-lamp microscopy, posterior embriotoxom was seen. Hyperkeratosis was seen in follicular and sweat duct orifices. Statistical analysis of the pedigrees showed a higher proportion of affected males among the offspring of carriers and also among the offspring of the ichthyotics' sisters. In addition, among the patients' descendants, the higher ratio of females is statistically significant, showing that there is likely to be selection in  favour of the X chromosome.", "contents": "X-linked ichthyosis. In the period 1962-1974, 36 patients with X-linked ichthyosis, belonging to 22 families, were selected for study. The frequency of this genodermatosis is higher in the province of Salamanca than in other countries. In most of the cases, the lesions were apparent at birth or shortly after. In 41% of the patients studied by slit-lamp microscopy, posterior embriotoxom was seen. Hyperkeratosis was seen in follicular and sweat duct orifices. Statistical analysis of the pedigrees showed a higher proportion of affected males among the offspring of carriers and also among the offspring of the ichthyotics' sisters. In addition, among the patients' descendants, the higher ratio of females is statistically significant, showing that there is likely to be selection in  favour of the X chromosome."}
{"id": "PMID:889700", "title": "Elevated serum IgE and IgG4 in patients with atopic dermatitis.", "content": "The quantitative measurement of the IgE and IgG subclass levels in the sera of 29 patients with atopic dermatitis has revealed significantly elevated levels of IgE and IgG4 in a relatively high proportion of patients with this condition compared to non-atopic patients with warts and to a group of normal volunteers studied previously. The possible significance of these observations is discussed in relation to current evidence suggesting the involvement of IgG4 in certain immediate-type hypersensitivity disorders.", "contents": "Elevated serum IgE and IgG4 in patients with atopic dermatitis. The quantitative measurement of the IgE and IgG subclass levels in the sera of 29 patients with atopic dermatitis has revealed significantly elevated levels of IgE and IgG4 in a relatively high proportion of patients with this condition compared to non-atopic patients with warts and to a group of normal volunteers studied previously. The possible significance of these observations is discussed in relation to current evidence suggesting the involvement of IgG4 in certain immediate-type hypersensitivity disorders."}
{"id": "PMID:889701", "title": "Percutaneous absorption of 1,3-bis (2-chloroethyl)-I-nitrosourea (BCNU, carmustine) in mycosis fungoides.", "content": "The total percutaneous absorption of 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)-I-nitrosourea (BCNU, carmustine) in 5 patients with mycosis fungoides, based on the 5 day urinary excretion of 14C-labelled BCNU, ranged from 5 to 28%. Absorption through diseased skin was greater than through uninvolved skin.", "contents": "Percutaneous absorption of 1,3-bis (2-chloroethyl)-I-nitrosourea (BCNU, carmustine) in mycosis fungoides. The total percutaneous absorption of 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)-I-nitrosourea (BCNU, carmustine) in 5 patients with mycosis fungoides, based on the 5 day urinary excretion of 14C-labelled BCNU, ranged from 5 to 28%. Absorption through diseased skin was greater than through uninvolved skin."}
{"id": "PMID:889702", "title": "Effects of topically potent glucocorticoids on human diploid fibroblasts in vitro.", "content": "A wide range of concentrations of both cortisol and a topically more potent synthetic derivative, fluocinolone acetonide, was found not to inhibit the growth of cultured human skin fibroblasts; fluocinolone acetonide produced a slight increase in the growth rate. Both steroids had a transient stimulatory effect on fibroblasts, promoting an earlier entry into the period DNA synthesis (S) which was also accompanied by a substantial increase in the length of S.", "contents": "Effects of topically potent glucocorticoids on human diploid fibroblasts in vitro. A wide range of concentrations of both cortisol and a topically more potent synthetic derivative, fluocinolone acetonide, was found not to inhibit the growth of cultured human skin fibroblasts; fluocinolone acetonide produced a slight increase in the growth rate. Both steroids had a transient stimulatory effect on fibroblasts, promoting an earlier entry into the period DNA synthesis (S) which was also accompanied by a substantial increase in the length of S."}
{"id": "PMID:889703", "title": "Treatment of porphyria cutanea tarda with chloroquine and phlebotomy.", "content": "Treatment of porphyria cutanea tarda (PCT) with chloroquine risks serious side-effects so we have combined it with phlebotomy. One to four venesections were performed before the administration of chloroquine in 10 PCT patients. Equally high excretion of urinary porphyrins was achieved but the side-effects were reduced. Chloroquine may be used as a provocative diagnostic test for patients with a questionably latent PCT but this is safe if phlebotomy is performed beforehand.", "contents": "Treatment of porphyria cutanea tarda with chloroquine and phlebotomy. Treatment of porphyria cutanea tarda (PCT) with chloroquine risks serious side-effects so we have combined it with phlebotomy. One to four venesections were performed before the administration of chloroquine in 10 PCT patients. Equally high excretion of urinary porphyrins was achieved but the side-effects were reduced. Chloroquine may be used as a provocative diagnostic test for patients with a questionably latent PCT but this is safe if phlebotomy is performed beforehand."}
{"id": "PMID:889704", "title": "Acquired chronic candidiasis treated with transfer factor.", "content": "A patient with acquired chronic oral and vaginal candidiasis resistant to topical and parenteral therapy was found to have impaired cell mediated immunity to Candida antigen and loss of skin test response to tuberculin (Mantoux). Treatment with Candida-active transfer factor produced clinical remission lasting 1 year and restitution of in vitro and in vivo immune parameters. Relapse occurred while receiving a second lot of transfer factor from the same donor. Subsequent treatment with levamisole was associated with onset of agranulocytosis.", "contents": "Acquired chronic candidiasis treated with transfer factor. A patient with acquired chronic oral and vaginal candidiasis resistant to topical and parenteral therapy was found to have impaired cell mediated immunity to Candida antigen and loss of skin test response to tuberculin (Mantoux). Treatment with Candida-active transfer factor produced clinical remission lasting 1 year and restitution of in vitro and in vivo immune parameters. Relapse occurred while receiving a second lot of transfer factor from the same donor. Subsequent treatment with levamisole was associated with onset of agranulocytosis."}
{"id": "PMID:889705", "title": "Livedo reticularis and nodules due to cholesterol embolism in the lower extremities.", "content": "A case is described of livedo reticularis and nodules, resembling polyarteritis nodosa but shown to be due to emboli of cholesterol crystals.", "contents": "Livedo reticularis and nodules due to cholesterol embolism in the lower extremities. A case is described of livedo reticularis and nodules, resembling polyarteritis nodosa but shown to be due to emboli of cholesterol crystals."}
{"id": "PMID:889706", "title": "Erythema elevatum diutinum, cryoglobulinaemia, and fixed urticaria on cooling.", "content": "A mixed cryoglobulin (IgG/IgM) was detected in a patient with erythema elevatum diutinum. Cold exposure activated the complement system and provoked a fixed urticarial reaction with the histology of a leukocytoclastic vasculitis.", "contents": "Erythema elevatum diutinum, cryoglobulinaemia, and fixed urticaria on cooling. A mixed cryoglobulin (IgG/IgM) was detected in a patient with erythema elevatum diutinum. Cold exposure activated the complement system and provoked a fixed urticarial reaction with the histology of a leukocytoclastic vasculitis."}
{"id": "PMID:889707", "title": "An unusual form of chronic neutropenia in a father and daughter with hypogammaglobulinaemia.", "content": "Chronic neutropenia, with an abundance of mature neutrophils in the bone marrow, was discovered in a father and daughter who also had common variable hypogammaglobulinaemia. Under the stress of infection or following the administration of typhoid vaccine, release of neutrophils from the marrow was enhanced sufficiently to abolish neutropenia temporarily. Although their morphology was abnormal, the function of neutrophils in vitro was normal. Thus, the increased susceptibility to infection that characterized these patients appeared to be due primarily to their defect in humoral immunity rather than their neutropenia.", "contents": "An unusual form of chronic neutropenia in a father and daughter with hypogammaglobulinaemia. Chronic neutropenia, with an abundance of mature neutrophils in the bone marrow, was discovered in a father and daughter who also had common variable hypogammaglobulinaemia. Under the stress of infection or following the administration of typhoid vaccine, release of neutrophils from the marrow was enhanced sufficiently to abolish neutropenia temporarily. Although their morphology was abnormal, the function of neutrophils in vitro was normal. Thus, the increased susceptibility to infection that characterized these patients appeared to be due primarily to their defect in humoral immunity rather than their neutropenia."}
{"id": "PMID:889708", "title": "Intravascular phagocytosis in the rabbit bone marrow: a possible fate of normal senescent red cells.", "content": "Perisinal macrophages in the rabbit bone marrow can penetrate the sinus wall and phagocytose circulating red cells intraluminally. Serial sectioning reveals that the penetration occurs through the cytoplasm of a single endothelial cell. This phenomenon may provide an effective mechanism for monitoring the circulation and removing normal senescent red cells.", "contents": "Intravascular phagocytosis in the rabbit bone marrow: a possible fate of normal senescent red cells. Perisinal macrophages in the rabbit bone marrow can penetrate the sinus wall and phagocytose circulating red cells intraluminally. Serial sectioning reveals that the penetration occurs through the cytoplasm of a single endothelial cell. This phenomenon may provide an effective mechanism for monitoring the circulation and removing normal senescent red cells."}
{"id": "PMID:889709", "title": "The role of iron in the regulation of hepatic transferrin synthesis.", "content": "The role of iron supply in the regulation of hepatic transferrin synthesis by the isolated perfused rat liver was studied using nutritional iron deficiency as the experimental model. The increased transferrin release encountered in iron deficiency could be equated with enhanced de novo synthesis as evidenced by the inhibitory effects of cycloheximide and measurements of intrahepatic protein pools before and after perfusion. Refeeding with iron, sufficient to restore plasma iron and hepatic ferritin iron but before correction of anaemia, promoted a reduction towards normal in the transferrin synthetic rate. This effect was not produced by transfusional correction of the anaemia, suggesting a specific response to iron supply. Phenobarbitone treatment, which produced a marked fall in hepatic ferritin iron concentration but no change in haemoglobin or plasma iron concentrations, promoted a specific enhancement of transferrin synthesis in both control and iron deficient livers. The concentration of liver iron stores appears to be a major regulatory factor in the control of hepatic transferrin synthesis.", "contents": "The role of iron in the regulation of hepatic transferrin synthesis. The role of iron supply in the regulation of hepatic transferrin synthesis by the isolated perfused rat liver was studied using nutritional iron deficiency as the experimental model. The increased transferrin release encountered in iron deficiency could be equated with enhanced de novo synthesis as evidenced by the inhibitory effects of cycloheximide and measurements of intrahepatic protein pools before and after perfusion. Refeeding with iron, sufficient to restore plasma iron and hepatic ferritin iron but before correction of anaemia, promoted a reduction towards normal in the transferrin synthetic rate. This effect was not produced by transfusional correction of the anaemia, suggesting a specific response to iron supply. Phenobarbitone treatment, which produced a marked fall in hepatic ferritin iron concentration but no change in haemoglobin or plasma iron concentrations, promoted a specific enhancement of transferrin synthesis in both control and iron deficient livers. The concentration of liver iron stores appears to be a major regulatory factor in the control of hepatic transferrin synthesis."}
{"id": "PMID:889710", "title": "Aspects of folate metabolism in renal failure.", "content": "Plasma and urine folate fractions were evaluated after ingestion of radioactive N5-methyl-tetrahydrofolic acid by a normal control (subject I), a patient on maintenance haemodialysis for chronic glomerulonephritis (subject 2), and an anephric patient on haemodialysis (subject 3). In subjects 1 and 2 maximal plasma radiofolate peaks appeared within 1 h of isotope ingestion. In subject 3 the radiofolate peak was delayed for 6 h although the total biofolate fraction reached a maximum at 0.5 h (comparable with findings in subject 2). Sephadex DEAE A50 chromatography showed the radiofolate fraction in subject I to be compatible with N5-methyl-tetrahydrofolic acid (peak I). In subject 2 additional radiofolate peaks 2 and 3 were found. The nature of peak 2 is unknown but peak 3 may represent 10-formyl-tetrahydrofolate. Peak I was minimally present in subject 3. This limited study suggest a defect of methyl-tetrahydrofolate metabolism in the anephric state unassociated with defective renal excretion per se. In normal urine, peak 2 predominated while urine of subject 2 had a predominant peak 3 and lesser peaks I and 2. Compared with the control, uraemic subjects 2 and 3 showed greatly decreased dialysis-resistant (bound plasma radiofolate fractions; all urinary radiofolates were fully dialysable. The unexplained radiofolate 'binder' detected with haemoglobin-coated charcoal adsorption in urine (subject 2) and occasionally in plasma, probably represents an artefact. Plasma from 27 uraemic subjects showed no abnormal in vitro radiofolate binding capacity.", "contents": "Aspects of folate metabolism in renal failure. Plasma and urine folate fractions were evaluated after ingestion of radioactive N5-methyl-tetrahydrofolic acid by a normal control (subject I), a patient on maintenance haemodialysis for chronic glomerulonephritis (subject 2), and an anephric patient on haemodialysis (subject 3). In subjects 1 and 2 maximal plasma radiofolate peaks appeared within 1 h of isotope ingestion. In subject 3 the radiofolate peak was delayed for 6 h although the total biofolate fraction reached a maximum at 0.5 h (comparable with findings in subject 2). Sephadex DEAE A50 chromatography showed the radiofolate fraction in subject I to be compatible with N5-methyl-tetrahydrofolic acid (peak I). In subject 2 additional radiofolate peaks 2 and 3 were found. The nature of peak 2 is unknown but peak 3 may represent 10-formyl-tetrahydrofolate. Peak I was minimally present in subject 3. This limited study suggest a defect of methyl-tetrahydrofolate metabolism in the anephric state unassociated with defective renal excretion per se. In normal urine, peak 2 predominated while urine of subject 2 had a predominant peak 3 and lesser peaks I and 2. Compared with the control, uraemic subjects 2 and 3 showed greatly decreased dialysis-resistant (bound plasma radiofolate fractions; all urinary radiofolates were fully dialysable. The unexplained radiofolate 'binder' detected with haemoglobin-coated charcoal adsorption in urine (subject 2) and occasionally in plasma, probably represents an artefact. Plasma from 27 uraemic subjects showed no abnormal in vitro radiofolate binding capacity."}
{"id": "PMID:889711", "title": "Incorporation of 32PO4 into phospholipids of blood platelets.", "content": "Human or rabbit platelets in an artificial medium without phosphate were incubated with carrier-free [32P] orthophosphate for I h, washed and resuspended in Tyrode-albumin solution containing unlabelled phosphate. Aliquots of platelet suspension were subjected to lipid extraction at various times and the extracted phospholipids were separated by thin layer chromatography. The specific radioactivities of triphosphoinositide (TPI) and diphosphoinositide (DPI) were highest during the labelling period and then declined rapidly after the platelets were resuspended in the medium containing unlabelled phosphate. The percentage of total phospholipid 32P in TPI and DPI decreased from over 95% at 1 h to less than 50% at 12 h with either rabbit or human platelets. The specific radioactivity of monophosphoinositide (MPI) reached its greatest value 6-8 h after labelling. In the in vitro incubation studies, phosphatidylcholine (PC), phosphatidylserine (PS) and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) were negligibly labelled in the initial hours but at 12 h (rabbit or human platelets) PC contained more than 30% of the radioactivity. PE and PS contained less than 10% of the total phospholipid-bound radioactivity at the end of the incubation period. The pattern of incorporation of [32P]orthophosphate into the inositol phospholipids, PC, PS and PE that had been found in the in vitro studies was confirmed by an in vivo study in which rabbit platelets labelled with 32P in vitro were infused into rabbits and harvested after 35 h. These findings indicate that the phosphates of all the phospholipids studied in these experiments turn over in vitro and in vivo but the phosphates of the inositol phospholipids turn over most rapidly.", "contents": "Incorporation of 32PO4 into phospholipids of blood platelets. Human or rabbit platelets in an artificial medium without phosphate were incubated with carrier-free [32P] orthophosphate for I h, washed and resuspended in Tyrode-albumin solution containing unlabelled phosphate. Aliquots of platelet suspension were subjected to lipid extraction at various times and the extracted phospholipids were separated by thin layer chromatography. The specific radioactivities of triphosphoinositide (TPI) and diphosphoinositide (DPI) were highest during the labelling period and then declined rapidly after the platelets were resuspended in the medium containing unlabelled phosphate. The percentage of total phospholipid 32P in TPI and DPI decreased from over 95% at 1 h to less than 50% at 12 h with either rabbit or human platelets. The specific radioactivity of monophosphoinositide (MPI) reached its greatest value 6-8 h after labelling. In the in vitro incubation studies, phosphatidylcholine (PC), phosphatidylserine (PS) and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) were negligibly labelled in the initial hours but at 12 h (rabbit or human platelets) PC contained more than 30% of the radioactivity. PE and PS contained less than 10% of the total phospholipid-bound radioactivity at the end of the incubation period. The pattern of incorporation of [32P]orthophosphate into the inositol phospholipids, PC, PS and PE that had been found in the in vitro studies was confirmed by an in vivo study in which rabbit platelets labelled with 32P in vitro were infused into rabbits and harvested after 35 h. These findings indicate that the phosphates of all the phospholipids studied in these experiments turn over in vitro and in vivo but the phosphates of the inositol phospholipids turn over most rapidly."}
{"id": "PMID:889712", "title": "Impairment by heparin of primary haemostasis and platelet [14C]5-hydroxytryptamine release.", "content": "Heparin was administered to 34 normal subjects by intravenous injection (100 mu/kg) and the template bleeding time was significantly increased both 10 min and 120 min following injection. Before heparin the bleeding time was 5-3 +/- 1.0 min (mean +/- 1 SD); 10 min after injection it was 9.8 +/- 5.6 min (P less than 0.001); and 120 min after injection it was 7.2 +/- 3.9 min (P less than 0.001). Increases in the bleeding time were unrelated to changes in platelet count, and independent of heparin's effect on plasma coagulation. In blood drawn 10 min and 120 min following heparin injection, there was significantly less [14C]5-HT released from platelet-rich plasma (PRP) in response to collagen, 0.41 mM epinephrine and 8 micron ADP, although in vitro addition of heparin (0.1 mu/ml, 0.5 mu/ml and 2.5 mu/ml) to baseline PRP of three subjects did not depress [14C]5-HT release. Our experiments suggest that intravenous administration of a therapeutic dose of heparin can cause a significant reversible inpairment of platelet haemostatic properties, possibly by an indirect mechanism.", "contents": "Impairment by heparin of primary haemostasis and platelet [14C]5-hydroxytryptamine release. Heparin was administered to 34 normal subjects by intravenous injection (100 mu/kg) and the template bleeding time was significantly increased both 10 min and 120 min following injection. Before heparin the bleeding time was 5-3 +/- 1.0 min (mean +/- 1 SD); 10 min after injection it was 9.8 +/- 5.6 min (P less than 0.001); and 120 min after injection it was 7.2 +/- 3.9 min (P less than 0.001). Increases in the bleeding time were unrelated to changes in platelet count, and independent of heparin's effect on plasma coagulation. In blood drawn 10 min and 120 min following heparin injection, there was significantly less [14C]5-HT released from platelet-rich plasma (PRP) in response to collagen, 0.41 mM epinephrine and 8 micron ADP, although in vitro addition of heparin (0.1 mu/ml, 0.5 mu/ml and 2.5 mu/ml) to baseline PRP of three subjects did not depress [14C]5-HT release. Our experiments suggest that intravenous administration of a therapeutic dose of heparin can cause a significant reversible inpairment of platelet haemostatic properties, possibly by an indirect mechanism."}
{"id": "PMID:889716", "title": "Proliferation of erythroid colonies in semi-solid agar.", "content": "Growth of human erythroid cells in soft-agar culture with no added erythropoietin was demonstrated. This growth was particularly marked in patients with diseases such as myelofibrosis (MF) in which patients had a previous history of polycythaemia vera (PV) characterized by excessive red cell production. A rapid assessment of the proportion of erythroid colonies was obtained by directly staining the culture with benzidine. Fixed and stained preparations of these agar-grown cells revealed elements in all stages of erythroid maturation. The morphology of these erythroid colonies was characteristic of 'erythroblastic islands' containing central, iron-containing macrophages, surrounded by erythrocytic precursors, with the more mature erythrocytes found at the periphery of the colony. These observations document that erythropoiesis may be maintained in agar cultures, and suggest that this technique may be of diagnostic value in disease states characterized by abnormalities of red cell production.", "contents": "Proliferation of erythroid colonies in semi-solid agar. Growth of human erythroid cells in soft-agar culture with no added erythropoietin was demonstrated. This growth was particularly marked in patients with diseases such as myelofibrosis (MF) in which patients had a previous history of polycythaemia vera (PV) characterized by excessive red cell production. A rapid assessment of the proportion of erythroid colonies was obtained by directly staining the culture with benzidine. Fixed and stained preparations of these agar-grown cells revealed elements in all stages of erythroid maturation. The morphology of these erythroid colonies was characteristic of 'erythroblastic islands' containing central, iron-containing macrophages, surrounded by erythrocytic precursors, with the more mature erythrocytes found at the periphery of the colony. These observations document that erythropoiesis may be maintained in agar cultures, and suggest that this technique may be of diagnostic value in disease states characterized by abnormalities of red cell production."}
{"id": "PMID:889717", "title": "Transferrin receptors in developing murine erythroid cells.", "content": "Techniques of cell separation were used to isolate murine erythroid cells at different stages of maturation. The number of transferrin receptors in these cell populations was assayed by measuring binding of 125I-labelled transferrin. Nearly 23 times as many receptors were found in the least mature cells, chiefly pronormoblasts, as in reticulocytes. Iron transport, determined by measurement of the rate of 59Fe uptake from 59Fe-labelled transferrin, was proportional to the number of receptors at all stages of differentiation. Electron microscope radioautographic studies of the interaction of 125I-labelled transferrin with erythroid precursor cells demonstrated that 15-33% of cell associated transferrin was intracellular in erythroid precursors.", "contents": "Transferrin receptors in developing murine erythroid cells. Techniques of cell separation were used to isolate murine erythroid cells at different stages of maturation. The number of transferrin receptors in these cell populations was assayed by measuring binding of 125I-labelled transferrin. Nearly 23 times as many receptors were found in the least mature cells, chiefly pronormoblasts, as in reticulocytes. Iron transport, determined by measurement of the rate of 59Fe uptake from 59Fe-labelled transferrin, was proportional to the number of receptors at all stages of differentiation. Electron microscope radioautographic studies of the interaction of 125I-labelled transferrin with erythroid precursor cells demonstrated that 15-33% of cell associated transferrin was intracellular in erythroid precursors."}
{"id": "PMID:889718", "title": "Iron deficiency in pregnant women in Ibarapa District of Western Nigeria.", "content": "Ninety-nine pregnant women with anaemia (haematocrit less than 0.30) were detected by antenatal screening in Ibarapa District. Studies on 23 anaemic women and 17 non-anaemic women from the same clinic on the same day showed that eight out of 23 anaemic women had a transferrin saturation of less than 15%. The mean level (19.5%) for the anaemic patients was significantly less than that found in the nonanaemic controls; mean 33.0% (P less than 0.01). Bone marrow studies on 32 anaemic women revealed megaloblastic change and absent iron in 27 of the 32 patients. In a trial of parenteral iron treatment in 66 patients the mean haematocrit of Imferon treated patients rose from 0.27 to 0.32 in 6 weeks but remained at 0.28 or less in the controls. There was a significant difference between the iron-treated group and the comparable group receiving no imferon (P less than 0.001 at 6 weeks). The method of using parenteral iron treatment to make a diagnosis of iron deficiency anaemia is discussed together with the possible advantages and disadvantages of giving iron.", "contents": "Iron deficiency in pregnant women in Ibarapa District of Western Nigeria. Ninety-nine pregnant women with anaemia (haematocrit less than 0.30) were detected by antenatal screening in Ibarapa District. Studies on 23 anaemic women and 17 non-anaemic women from the same clinic on the same day showed that eight out of 23 anaemic women had a transferrin saturation of less than 15%. The mean level (19.5%) for the anaemic patients was significantly less than that found in the nonanaemic controls; mean 33.0% (P less than 0.01). Bone marrow studies on 32 anaemic women revealed megaloblastic change and absent iron in 27 of the 32 patients. In a trial of parenteral iron treatment in 66 patients the mean haematocrit of Imferon treated patients rose from 0.27 to 0.32 in 6 weeks but remained at 0.28 or less in the controls. There was a significant difference between the iron-treated group and the comparable group receiving no imferon (P less than 0.001 at 6 weeks). The method of using parenteral iron treatment to make a diagnosis of iron deficiency anaemia is discussed together with the possible advantages and disadvantages of giving iron."}
{"id": "PMID:889719", "title": "Adenosine diphosphate induced platelet aggregation and release reaction in heparinized platelet rich plasma and the influence of added citrate.", "content": "Platelets in heparinized platelet-rich plasma (PRP) from 54 volunteers were examined for their ability to aggregate and to release tritiated 5-hydroxy tryptamine (3H-5HT) in response to adenosine diphosphate (ADP). Release of 3H-5HT was considerable in 26 of the preparations. When release was high, lower concentrations of ADP were required to induce irreversible aggregation. Second phase aggregation reflected extensive release reaction. Citrate always augmented the release induced by ADP.", "contents": "Adenosine diphosphate induced platelet aggregation and release reaction in heparinized platelet rich plasma and the influence of added citrate. Platelets in heparinized platelet-rich plasma (PRP) from 54 volunteers were examined for their ability to aggregate and to release tritiated 5-hydroxy tryptamine (3H-5HT) in response to adenosine diphosphate (ADP). Release of 3H-5HT was considerable in 26 of the preparations. When release was high, lower concentrations of ADP were required to induce irreversible aggregation. Second phase aggregation reflected extensive release reaction. Citrate always augmented the release induced by ADP."}
{"id": "PMID:889721", "title": "Thrombin activation of factor VIII: the effect of inhibitors.", "content": "Factor VIII is a large glycoprotein which can be separated into a high molecular weight component which retains factor VIII-related antigens and supports ristocetin-induced platelet agglutination, and a low molecular weight component which has procoagulant activity. It has been suggested that this separation, observed in high ionic strength buffers, might be the consequence of proteolysis by plasma proteins. To consider this possibility, we have examined the interaction of the proteolytic enzyme thrombin with factor VIII. This study, carried out with highly purified materials, has used thrombin-mediated factor VIII proagulant activation as an indicator of this interaction. Several proteolytic inhibitors have been studied to determine their ability to inhibit factor VIII activation by thrombin. Under the current experimental conditions, diisopropylfluorophosphate (DFP) and hirudin inhibited the reaction, while heparin was an effective inhibitor only when plasma proteins were added. Benzamidine inhibited factor VIII activation when used at high concentrations, and phenylmethyl sulphonylfluoride and soybean trypsin inhibitor were found to be ineffective. These results show that DFP and hirudin prevent thrombin alteration of factor VIII and will be useful in purification and characterization studies of the factor VIII molecule.", "contents": "Thrombin activation of factor VIII: the effect of inhibitors. Factor VIII is a large glycoprotein which can be separated into a high molecular weight component which retains factor VIII-related antigens and supports ristocetin-induced platelet agglutination, and a low molecular weight component which has procoagulant activity. It has been suggested that this separation, observed in high ionic strength buffers, might be the consequence of proteolysis by plasma proteins. To consider this possibility, we have examined the interaction of the proteolytic enzyme thrombin with factor VIII. This study, carried out with highly purified materials, has used thrombin-mediated factor VIII proagulant activation as an indicator of this interaction. Several proteolytic inhibitors have been studied to determine their ability to inhibit factor VIII activation by thrombin. Under the current experimental conditions, diisopropylfluorophosphate (DFP) and hirudin inhibited the reaction, while heparin was an effective inhibitor only when plasma proteins were added. Benzamidine inhibited factor VIII activation when used at high concentrations, and phenylmethyl sulphonylfluoride and soybean trypsin inhibitor were found to be ineffective. These results show that DFP and hirudin prevent thrombin alteration of factor VIII and will be useful in purification and characterization studies of the factor VIII molecule."}
{"id": "PMID:889722", "title": "Diagnostic value of the unstressed antepartum cardiotocogram.", "content": "The unstressed antepartum cardiotocogram (CTG) is principally judged by two aspects: baseline irregularity, and reaction to Braxton Hicks contractions and fetal movements. A classification into normal, sub-optimal, decelerative, and terminal CTG was devised. The ominous significance of the terminal CTG was confirmed in 26 patients; nine of the fetuses died in utero and the other 17 were delivered by elective Caesarean section; only one newborn was neither small-for-dates nor acidaemic. The significance of the other three categories was evaluated in 428 patients in whom labour was induced. All patients with repeated decelerative antepartum CTG showed signs of fetal distress during labour and most of them required Caesarean section; patients with a normal or sub-optimal CTG rarely showed signs of fetal distress during labour. The incidence of growth retardation was 41 per cent in the combined decelerative and sub-optimal groups against 9 per cent in the normal group. In comparing these results with studies of the oxytocin challenge test, it was concluded that, except in the case of a sub-optimal CTG, the oxytocin challenge test has no place in obstetrics.", "contents": "Diagnostic value of the unstressed antepartum cardiotocogram. The unstressed antepartum cardiotocogram (CTG) is principally judged by two aspects: baseline irregularity, and reaction to Braxton Hicks contractions and fetal movements. A classification into normal, sub-optimal, decelerative, and terminal CTG was devised. The ominous significance of the terminal CTG was confirmed in 26 patients; nine of the fetuses died in utero and the other 17 were delivered by elective Caesarean section; only one newborn was neither small-for-dates nor acidaemic. The significance of the other three categories was evaluated in 428 patients in whom labour was induced. All patients with repeated decelerative antepartum CTG showed signs of fetal distress during labour and most of them required Caesarean section; patients with a normal or sub-optimal CTG rarely showed signs of fetal distress during labour. The incidence of growth retardation was 41 per cent in the combined decelerative and sub-optimal groups against 9 per cent in the normal group. In comparing these results with studies of the oxytocin challenge test, it was concluded that, except in the case of a sub-optimal CTG, the oxytocin challenge test has no place in obstetrics."}
{"id": "PMID:889723", "title": "Epidural analgesia during labour in twin pregnancy.", "content": "We report on the use of epidural analgesia during labour in 58 out of a total of 234 twin deliveries performed over a five-year period. A comparable control group consisted of 44 twin pregnancies delivered consecutively during the year preceding the introduction of epidural analgesia into our department. Epidural analgesia shortened the mean time of labour and made possible the performance of all necessary instrumental and obstetrical manoeuvres, without additional anaesthesia or adverse effects on the second twin. The epidural group required oxytocin more often due to an increased incidence of hypotonic uterine dysfunction. There was also a considerable increase of instrumental deliveries in the epidural group. The condition of the newborn infants of both groups, evaluated by Apgar score at one minute, was similar, but there was a higher perinatal mortality among pre-term infants delivered under epidural analgesia. Epidural analgesia was found to be an acceptable method of relieving pain in twin labour, but because of the increased necessity to use oxytocin and the relatively high perinatal mortality observed among pre-term infants, further experience is necessary before it can be claimed that this is the method of choice for relief of pain in twin labour.", "contents": "Epidural analgesia during labour in twin pregnancy. We report on the use of epidural analgesia during labour in 58 out of a total of 234 twin deliveries performed over a five-year period. A comparable control group consisted of 44 twin pregnancies delivered consecutively during the year preceding the introduction of epidural analgesia into our department. Epidural analgesia shortened the mean time of labour and made possible the performance of all necessary instrumental and obstetrical manoeuvres, without additional anaesthesia or adverse effects on the second twin. The epidural group required oxytocin more often due to an increased incidence of hypotonic uterine dysfunction. There was also a considerable increase of instrumental deliveries in the epidural group. The condition of the newborn infants of both groups, evaluated by Apgar score at one minute, was similar, but there was a higher perinatal mortality among pre-term infants delivered under epidural analgesia. Epidural analgesia was found to be an acceptable method of relieving pain in twin labour, but because of the increased necessity to use oxytocin and the relatively high perinatal mortality observed among pre-term infants, further experience is necessary before it can be claimed that this is the method of choice for relief of pain in twin labour."}
{"id": "PMID:889724", "title": "Bacterial motility and intrauterine catheter-borne infection.", "content": "It has been suggested that monitoring of uterine activity by placement of intrauterine catheters can cause an increase in maternal and fetal infection. The ways in which intrauterine catheters could transmit infection have been investigated. The risk of infection occurs primarily during placement of the catheter, although a risk also exists if bacterial nutrients are present in the fluid filling the catheter. Recommendations are made to minimize these risks.", "contents": "Bacterial motility and intrauterine catheter-borne infection. It has been suggested that monitoring of uterine activity by placement of intrauterine catheters can cause an increase in maternal and fetal infection. The ways in which intrauterine catheters could transmit infection have been investigated. The risk of infection occurs primarily during placement of the catheter, although a risk also exists if bacterial nutrients are present in the fluid filling the catheter. Recommendations are made to minimize these risks."}
{"id": "PMID:889725", "title": "The effect of indomethacin on plasma levels of prostaglandin F2alpha in women in labour.", "content": "Prostaglandin F2alpha was measured by means of radiommunoassay in the serum of women in the active phase of term labour before and after rectal indomethacin administration. Samples of blood were collected every 20 or 30 seconds, between and during contractions. There was a significant decrease of the level of PGF2alpha in plasma 30 to 30 minutes after indomethacin administration, but the pattern of rapid short-term fluctuations in prostaglandin levels was unaltered.", "contents": "The effect of indomethacin on plasma levels of prostaglandin F2alpha in women in labour. Prostaglandin F2alpha was measured by means of radiommunoassay in the serum of women in the active phase of term labour before and after rectal indomethacin administration. Samples of blood were collected every 20 or 30 seconds, between and during contractions. There was a significant decrease of the level of PGF2alpha in plasma 30 to 30 minutes after indomethacin administration, but the pattern of rapid short-term fluctuations in prostaglandin levels was unaltered."}
{"id": "PMID:889726", "title": "The effect of intravenous salbutamol upon plasma and urinary potassium during premature labour.", "content": "Plasma potassium and urinary potassium excretion were measured in eight patients in premature labour treated with salbutamol, and in ten patients at full term in spontaneous labour. There was a significant fall in plasma potassium concentration following salbutamol infusion, but no change during labour in the control groups. Urinary potassium excretion was similar in both groups.", "contents": "The effect of intravenous salbutamol upon plasma and urinary potassium during premature labour. Plasma potassium and urinary potassium excretion were measured in eight patients in premature labour treated with salbutamol, and in ten patients at full term in spontaneous labour. There was a significant fall in plasma potassium concentration following salbutamol infusion, but no change during labour in the control groups. Urinary potassium excretion was similar in both groups."}
{"id": "PMID:889727", "title": "The effect of intravenous and oral salbutamol on fetus and mother in premature labour.", "content": "Salbutamol was administered intravenously to 14 patients in premature labour. Inhibition of uterine contractions occurred on 22 out of 23 occasions. The mean increase in maternal and fetal heart rate and blood pressure were within clinically acceptable limits but there were wide individual variations. The mean delay achieved when the intravenous regime was supplemented with oral salbutamol was greater than that achieved by intravenous salbutamol alone, but the difference was not statistically significant.", "contents": "The effect of intravenous and oral salbutamol on fetus and mother in premature labour. Salbutamol was administered intravenously to 14 patients in premature labour. Inhibition of uterine contractions occurred on 22 out of 23 occasions. The mean increase in maternal and fetal heart rate and blood pressure were within clinically acceptable limits but there were wide individual variations. The mean delay achieved when the intravenous regime was supplemented with oral salbutamol was greater than that achieved by intravenous salbutamol alone, but the difference was not statistically significant."}
{"id": "PMID:889728", "title": "Correlation between thromboplastic activity and lecithin/sphingomyelin ratio in amniotic fluid preliminary report.", "content": "THe thromboplastic activity of amniotic fluid was correlated with the lecithin sphingomyelin (L/S) ratio in 59 pregnancies. It was shown that the thromboplastic activity and the L/S ratio in amniotic fluid had a coefficient of correlation of r = --0-73 (P less than 0-004). The thromboplastic activity was estimated by a modified method for prothrombin time, and a time of 113 seconds appeared to correspond to an L/S ratio of 2, in that it was the border line between maturity and immaturity of the fetal lungs. Thirty women were delivered within 24 hours of a sample of amniotic fluid being obtained. In the three patients whose babies developed the respiratory distress syndrome, the thromboplastic activity was estimated as being slower than 113 seconds.", "contents": "Correlation between thromboplastic activity and lecithin/sphingomyelin ratio in amniotic fluid preliminary report. THe thromboplastic activity of amniotic fluid was correlated with the lecithin sphingomyelin (L/S) ratio in 59 pregnancies. It was shown that the thromboplastic activity and the L/S ratio in amniotic fluid had a coefficient of correlation of r = --0-73 (P less than 0-004). The thromboplastic activity was estimated by a modified method for prothrombin time, and a time of 113 seconds appeared to correspond to an L/S ratio of 2, in that it was the border line between maturity and immaturity of the fetal lungs. Thirty women were delivered within 24 hours of a sample of amniotic fluid being obtained. In the three patients whose babies developed the respiratory distress syndrome, the thromboplastic activity was estimated as being slower than 113 seconds."}
{"id": "PMID:889729", "title": "A comparative study of plasma 17beta-oestradiol, progesterone, placental lactogen and chorionic gonadotrophin in abortion induced with intra-amniotic prostaglandin F2alpha.", "content": "Serial estimations were made in plasma of 17beta-oestradiol (E2), progesterone and human placental lactogen (HPL) in 43 patients and of human chorionic gonadotrophin (HCG) in 34 patients during mid-trimester abortions induced with intra-amniotic prostaglandin F2alpha (PGF2alpha. Mean plasma concentrations of all the hormones showed a progressive fall after PGF2alpha. There was no relationship between the fall in levels of progesterone, HPL and HCG and the induction-abortion interval, signs of fetal distress or of intrauterine fetal death. Both the control level and the rate of fall of E2 were related to the induction-abortion interval and a rapid decline preceded intrauterine fetal death. The relationships of the progesterone/E2 ratio and the amniotic fluid volume/progesterone ratio to the induction-abortion interval were examined. The variation in the time at which significant falls in the concentration of individual hormones occurred was probably related to their respective half-lives in plasma.", "contents": "A comparative study of plasma 17beta-oestradiol, progesterone, placental lactogen and chorionic gonadotrophin in abortion induced with intra-amniotic prostaglandin F2alpha. Serial estimations were made in plasma of 17beta-oestradiol (E2), progesterone and human placental lactogen (HPL) in 43 patients and of human chorionic gonadotrophin (HCG) in 34 patients during mid-trimester abortions induced with intra-amniotic prostaglandin F2alpha (PGF2alpha. Mean plasma concentrations of all the hormones showed a progressive fall after PGF2alpha. There was no relationship between the fall in levels of progesterone, HPL and HCG and the induction-abortion interval, signs of fetal distress or of intrauterine fetal death. Both the control level and the rate of fall of E2 were related to the induction-abortion interval and a rapid decline preceded intrauterine fetal death. The relationships of the progesterone/E2 ratio and the amniotic fluid volume/progesterone ratio to the induction-abortion interval were examined. The variation in the time at which significant falls in the concentration of individual hormones occurred was probably related to their respective half-lives in plasma."}
{"id": "PMID:889730", "title": "Beta-human chorionic gonadotrophin and carcino-embryonic antigen in the management of ovarian carcinoma.", "content": "Measurements of HCG and carcino-embryonic antigen (CEA) were made in 26 patients with ovarian cancer to evaluate these substances as tumour markers; 13-4 per cent of 194 CEA estimations and 14-6 per cent of 144 HCG estimations were abnormal. CEA values were abnormal in 9 out of 26 patients and HCG values in 13 out of 26 patients. The implications of these findings particularly the presence of HCG are discussed.", "contents": "Beta-human chorionic gonadotrophin and carcino-embryonic antigen in the management of ovarian carcinoma. Measurements of HCG and carcino-embryonic antigen (CEA) were made in 26 patients with ovarian cancer to evaluate these substances as tumour markers; 13-4 per cent of 194 CEA estimations and 14-6 per cent of 144 HCG estimations were abnormal. CEA values were abnormal in 9 out of 26 patients and HCG values in 13 out of 26 patients. The implications of these findings particularly the presence of HCG are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:889731", "title": "Polycystic ovarian disease: diagnosis, frequency and symptoms in a general gynaecological practice.", "content": "A study was undertaken to assess the relative frequency of polycystic ovarian disease (POD) among patients with menstrual irregularities and/or hirsutism, and was based on 24-hour urinary steroid profiles under basal conditions, after dexamethasone suppression and after human chorionic gonadotrophin (HCG) stimulation. The final diagnosis was confirmed by laparoscopy or laparotomy and ovarian histology. Fifty-six patients were studied, 38 (38 per cent) of whom had POD. Laboratory results were subjected to multivariate discriminant analysis and a discriminant function was calculated to classify patients into POD, and non-POD subgroups. Steroid profiling under basal conditions was sufficient to classify most of the patient into one of three groups: normal, POD and other endocrinopathies. Of the patients with POD, 70 per cent had an abnormal reaction to dexamethasone or HCG. Significant differences were found in the steroid profiles of ovulating and non ovulating patients with POD.", "contents": "Polycystic ovarian disease: diagnosis, frequency and symptoms in a general gynaecological practice. A study was undertaken to assess the relative frequency of polycystic ovarian disease (POD) among patients with menstrual irregularities and/or hirsutism, and was based on 24-hour urinary steroid profiles under basal conditions, after dexamethasone suppression and after human chorionic gonadotrophin (HCG) stimulation. The final diagnosis was confirmed by laparoscopy or laparotomy and ovarian histology. Fifty-six patients were studied, 38 (38 per cent) of whom had POD. Laboratory results were subjected to multivariate discriminant analysis and a discriminant function was calculated to classify patients into POD, and non-POD subgroups. Steroid profiling under basal conditions was sufficient to classify most of the patient into one of three groups: normal, POD and other endocrinopathies. Of the patients with POD, 70 per cent had an abnormal reaction to dexamethasone or HCG. Significant differences were found in the steroid profiles of ovulating and non ovulating patients with POD."}
{"id": "PMID:889732", "title": "Pregnancy following metergoline treatment in a patient with hyperprolactinaemia.", "content": "A 33-year-old woman who had had amenorrhoea and galactorrhoea for ten years and had hyperprolactinaemia was treated with metergoline, a serotonin antagonist. There was a marked decrease in plasma prolactin levels. After two months, ovulation and pregnancy occurred. This is the first such report.", "contents": "Pregnancy following metergoline treatment in a patient with hyperprolactinaemia. A 33-year-old woman who had had amenorrhoea and galactorrhoea for ten years and had hyperprolactinaemia was treated with metergoline, a serotonin antagonist. There was a marked decrease in plasma prolactin levels. After two months, ovulation and pregnancy occurred. This is the first such report."}
{"id": "PMID:889733", "title": "Intrauterine growth retardation associated with hypoxia due to bronchiectasis.", "content": "Two pregnancies in a young patient who had undergone lobectomy for bronchiectasis are described. Both were complicated by intrauterine growth retardation. The only abnormality detected was maternal hypoxaemia, and this was assumed to be causal.", "contents": "Intrauterine growth retardation associated with hypoxia due to bronchiectasis. Two pregnancies in a young patient who had undergone lobectomy for bronchiectasis are described. Both were complicated by intrauterine growth retardation. The only abnormality detected was maternal hypoxaemia, and this was assumed to be causal."}
{"id": "PMID:889734", "title": "Ruptured renal artery aneurysm in pregnancy. Case report.", "content": "A patient who survived rupture of a renal artery aneurysm in pregnancy is described. The aneurysm was caused by fibromuscular dysplasia of the renal artery.", "contents": "Ruptured renal artery aneurysm in pregnancy. Case report. A patient who survived rupture of a renal artery aneurysm in pregnancy is described. The aneurysm was caused by fibromuscular dysplasia of the renal artery."}
{"id": "PMID:889735", "title": "Home and hospital confinement in Newcastle upon Tyne, 1960 to 1969.", "content": "During the decade 1960 to 1969, perinatal mortality rates in Newcastle upon Tyne fell in parallel with national trends, in association with a marked reduction of domiciliary midwifery. Analysis of the records of women booked for confinement at home or in specialist hospitals showed that the reduction of mortality occurred with unexpected uniformity in both categories, in low risk as well as high risk patients, and in all causes of mortality except congenital malformations. It could not be attributed to improvements in maternal characteristics nor to increased size of babies at birth. The most probably explanation seems to be a combination of many improvements in the quality of care, with increased awareness of risks, better selection of high-risk groups, and improved supervision and management throughout. There is no indication that single factor in obstetric management, such as more intervention during labour, had a dominant effect.", "contents": "Home and hospital confinement in Newcastle upon Tyne, 1960 to 1969. During the decade 1960 to 1969, perinatal mortality rates in Newcastle upon Tyne fell in parallel with national trends, in association with a marked reduction of domiciliary midwifery. Analysis of the records of women booked for confinement at home or in specialist hospitals showed that the reduction of mortality occurred with unexpected uniformity in both categories, in low risk as well as high risk patients, and in all causes of mortality except congenital malformations. It could not be attributed to improvements in maternal characteristics nor to increased size of babies at birth. The most probably explanation seems to be a combination of many improvements in the quality of care, with increased awareness of risks, better selection of high-risk groups, and improved supervision and management throughout. There is no indication that single factor in obstetric management, such as more intervention during labour, had a dominant effect."}
{"id": "PMID:889736", "title": "North-east Essex perinatal mortality survey--1971 to 1975.", "content": "A method of carrying out a Perinatal Mortality Survey in a non-academic district obstetric service is described. The results show a trend of improving perinatal mortality and the various factors that may be influencing this trend are discussed.", "contents": "North-east Essex perinatal mortality survey--1971 to 1975. A method of carrying out a Perinatal Mortality Survey in a non-academic district obstetric service is described. The results show a trend of improving perinatal mortality and the various factors that may be influencing this trend are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:889737", "title": "Erythrocyte 2,3-diphosphoglycerate and associated haematological parameters during the menstrual cycle and pregnancy.", "content": "Erythrocyte 2,3-diphosphoglycerate (2,3-DPG) and associated haematological parameters were measured throughout the normal menstrual cycle, in each trimester of pregnancy and on the third day post partum. There was no significant change during the menstrual cycle but the 2,3-DPG concentration was increased early in pregnancy, and thereafter gradually decreased. Although other metabolic changes are likely to contribute to the increase in 2,3-DPG concentration, it is concluded that 'functional anaemia', secondary to increased oxygen demand, is a more important stimulus than the decrease in haemoglobin concentration. The implications of a decreased oxygen affinity of haemoglobin, secondary to the rise in 2,3-DPG concentration, are discussed in relation to anaemia and blood transfusion in pregnancy.", "contents": "Erythrocyte 2,3-diphosphoglycerate and associated haematological parameters during the menstrual cycle and pregnancy. Erythrocyte 2,3-diphosphoglycerate (2,3-DPG) and associated haematological parameters were measured throughout the normal menstrual cycle, in each trimester of pregnancy and on the third day post partum. There was no significant change during the menstrual cycle but the 2,3-DPG concentration was increased early in pregnancy, and thereafter gradually decreased. Although other metabolic changes are likely to contribute to the increase in 2,3-DPG concentration, it is concluded that 'functional anaemia', secondary to increased oxygen demand, is a more important stimulus than the decrease in haemoglobin concentration. The implications of a decreased oxygen affinity of haemoglobin, secondary to the rise in 2,3-DPG concentration, are discussed in relation to anaemia and blood transfusion in pregnancy."}
{"id": "PMID:889738", "title": "Ferritin as an assessment of iron stores in normal pregnancy.", "content": "In Glasgow, the iron stores in healthy women and in normal pregnant women on prophylactic iron supplementation have been assessed by measurement of plasma ferritin. Ferritin concentration fell progressively to a low level in late pregnancy suggesting that the average iron store was inadequate to meet the demands of pregnancy and that dietary iron supplements were therefore required. There was no evidence that iron supplementation led to excessive iron stores.", "contents": "Ferritin as an assessment of iron stores in normal pregnancy. In Glasgow, the iron stores in healthy women and in normal pregnant women on prophylactic iron supplementation have been assessed by measurement of plasma ferritin. Ferritin concentration fell progressively to a low level in late pregnancy suggesting that the average iron store was inadequate to meet the demands of pregnancy and that dietary iron supplements were therefore required. There was no evidence that iron supplementation led to excessive iron stores."}
{"id": "PMID:889739", "title": "Pregnancy heartburn in Nigerians and Caucasians with theories about aetiology based on manometric recordings from the oesophagus and stomach.", "content": "A study by questionnaire of the incidence of pregnancy heartburn in two groups of Nigerians and one group of Caucasians showed an incidence of 9-8 per cent in all Nigerians as against 78-8 per cent in Caucasians. The difference was highly significant (chi 2 = 102-75; P less than 0-0001). An oesophageal manometric study of the lower esophageal sphincter in 12 non-pregnant women and in 12 pregnant Nigerians (10 without heartburn and 2 with heartburn) showed that the mean lower oesophageal sphincter pressure (+/- SD) in the pregnant patients without heartburn was 20-1 +/- 7-0 mm Hg as against 17-9 +/- 7-0 in the non-pregnant women. While one pregnant subject without heartburn had a lower oesophageal sphincter which was partially displaced into the thorax, none of the non-pregnant women had such sphincter displacement. The two pregnant women with heartburn had low resting sphincter pressures and in both of them the sphincters were partially in the thorax. It is argued that pregnancy heartburn is due to the displacement of the lower oesophageal sphincter into the negative pressure environment of the thorax where the sphincter is less capable of resisting reflux. It is also argued that pregnancy heartburn is commoner in Caucasians that in Nigerians because the spincter in non-pregnant Caucasians is often partly intrathoracic and is thus more easily displaced completely into the thorax by the pregnant uterus.", "contents": "Pregnancy heartburn in Nigerians and Caucasians with theories about aetiology based on manometric recordings from the oesophagus and stomach. A study by questionnaire of the incidence of pregnancy heartburn in two groups of Nigerians and one group of Caucasians showed an incidence of 9-8 per cent in all Nigerians as against 78-8 per cent in Caucasians. The difference was highly significant (chi 2 = 102-75; P less than 0-0001). An oesophageal manometric study of the lower esophageal sphincter in 12 non-pregnant women and in 12 pregnant Nigerians (10 without heartburn and 2 with heartburn) showed that the mean lower oesophageal sphincter pressure (+/- SD) in the pregnant patients without heartburn was 20-1 +/- 7-0 mm Hg as against 17-9 +/- 7-0 in the non-pregnant women. While one pregnant subject without heartburn had a lower oesophageal sphincter which was partially displaced into the thorax, none of the non-pregnant women had such sphincter displacement. The two pregnant women with heartburn had low resting sphincter pressures and in both of them the sphincters were partially in the thorax. It is argued that pregnancy heartburn is due to the displacement of the lower oesophageal sphincter into the negative pressure environment of the thorax where the sphincter is less capable of resisting reflux. It is also argued that pregnancy heartburn is commoner in Caucasians that in Nigerians because the spincter in non-pregnant Caucasians is often partly intrathoracic and is thus more easily displaced completely into the thorax by the pregnant uterus."}
{"id": "PMID:889740", "title": "Large airways function during normal pregnancy.", "content": "Specific airways conductance and forced expiratory volume in one second were measured monthly from the first trimester until term in 30 subjects in the course of a normal pregnancy. Measurements were also made in the postpartum period. There was no significant change in these measurements either throughout pregnancy or compared with postpartum values. Our results suggested that the function of the larger pulmonary airways was not altered in pregnancy.", "contents": "Large airways function during normal pregnancy. Specific airways conductance and forced expiratory volume in one second were measured monthly from the first trimester until term in 30 subjects in the course of a normal pregnancy. Measurements were also made in the postpartum period. There was no significant change in these measurements either throughout pregnancy or compared with postpartum values. Our results suggested that the function of the larger pulmonary airways was not altered in pregnancy."}
{"id": "PMID:889741", "title": "A multifactorial survey of neonatal juandice.", "content": "Concern about a neonatal jaundice rate of 8-6 per cent prompted a retrospective survey of 981 full term infants. There was a highly significant association between increased oxytocin dosage and neonatal jaundice in induced labours. A significant association was also demonstrated between neonatal jaundice and both breast-feeding and minor infections. No association was demonstrated between neonatal jaundice and the method of delivery of birth weight. The results of the survey suggest that while oxytocin in high doses should be used with caution, the benefits obtained from the drug outweigh the risk of hyperbilirubinaemia which it may cause.", "contents": "A multifactorial survey of neonatal juandice. Concern about a neonatal jaundice rate of 8-6 per cent prompted a retrospective survey of 981 full term infants. There was a highly significant association between increased oxytocin dosage and neonatal jaundice in induced labours. A significant association was also demonstrated between neonatal jaundice and both breast-feeding and minor infections. No association was demonstrated between neonatal jaundice and the method of delivery of birth weight. The results of the survey suggest that while oxytocin in high doses should be used with caution, the benefits obtained from the drug outweigh the risk of hyperbilirubinaemia which it may cause."}
{"id": "PMID:889742", "title": "Intercellular spaces and cell junctions in endometrial glands: their possible role in menstruation.", "content": "Intercellular spaces and cell junctions in human endometrial glands were studied by elctron microscopy following different methods of fixation. The size of the spaces, known to alter during the cycle, was found to depend also on the method of fixation. Various intrusive cells and different types of cell debris were seen in these spaces. The three most widely recognized cell junctions (desmosomes, tight junctions and gap junctions), were all most abundant near the cell apices. The possible significance of these findings in elucidating the cellular mechanism of menstruation is discussed.", "contents": "Intercellular spaces and cell junctions in endometrial glands: their possible role in menstruation. Intercellular spaces and cell junctions in human endometrial glands were studied by elctron microscopy following different methods of fixation. The size of the spaces, known to alter during the cycle, was found to depend also on the method of fixation. Various intrusive cells and different types of cell debris were seen in these spaces. The three most widely recognized cell junctions (desmosomes, tight junctions and gap junctions), were all most abundant near the cell apices. The possible significance of these findings in elucidating the cellular mechanism of menstruation is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:889744", "title": "A simple and sensitive radioimmunoassay for pregnancy-specific beta1-glycoprotein.", "content": "A simple, sensitive and relatively rapid radioimmunoassay for pregnancy-specific beta1-glycoprotein (PSbetaG) is described. The concentrations of PSbetaG in plasma from cord blood and in amniotic fluid were approximately 0-1% and 1-0% respectively of the maternal plasma levels. The amniotic fluid PSbetaG levels in pregnancies associated with an anencephalic fetus were not significantly different from normal levels.", "contents": "A simple and sensitive radioimmunoassay for pregnancy-specific beta1-glycoprotein. A simple, sensitive and relatively rapid radioimmunoassay for pregnancy-specific beta1-glycoprotein (PSbetaG) is described. The concentrations of PSbetaG in plasma from cord blood and in amniotic fluid were approximately 0-1% and 1-0% respectively of the maternal plasma levels. The amniotic fluid PSbetaG levels in pregnancies associated with an anencephalic fetus were not significantly different from normal levels."}
{"id": "PMID:889745", "title": "A review of 50 pregnant patients with kyphoscoliosis.", "content": "An analysis of the obstetric and medical complications in 50 pregnant kyphoscoliotic patients is presented.", "contents": "A review of 50 pregnant patients with kyphoscoliosis. An analysis of the obstetric and medical complications in 50 pregnant kyphoscoliotic patients is presented."}
{"id": "PMID:889746", "title": "A study of plasma diazepam levels in mother and infant.", "content": "A 10 mg dose of diazepam was given intravenously to mothers at 15 to 205 minutes before delivery, and plasma diazepam concentrations were measured by gas-liquid chromatography in mothers and infants at delivery and again 24 hours later. The plasma levels in the infants were always significantly higher than in the mothers but there was no evidence to suggest that the newborn were unable to metabolize the drug. All infants had a good Apgar score at birth.", "contents": "A study of plasma diazepam levels in mother and infant. A 10 mg dose of diazepam was given intravenously to mothers at 15 to 205 minutes before delivery, and plasma diazepam concentrations were measured by gas-liquid chromatography in mothers and infants at delivery and again 24 hours later. The plasma levels in the infants were always significantly higher than in the mothers but there was no evidence to suggest that the newborn were unable to metabolize the drug. All infants had a good Apgar score at birth."}
{"id": "PMID:889747", "title": "Blood coagulations studies in pregnant patients with infective hepatitis.", "content": "Coagulation studies were made on 22 pregnant women with acute infective hepatitis and on 15 normal control pregnant women in third trimester. Fourteen hapatitis patients had clinical evidence of liver failure and all of them had a haemorrhagic diathesis; none of the patients without liver failure showed clinical evidence of haemostatic defects. Coagulopathy was present in most patients, its severity being greater in those with hepatic failure. Significant alterations were observed in bleeding time, whole blood clotting time, prothrombin time, thrombin time, plasma fibrinogen and serum levels of fibrinogen degradation products. The last three disturbances were most frequent in patients with liver failure. Increased fibrinolysis and disseminated intravascular coagulation also appeared to play a contributory role, particularly in patients with hepatic failure.", "contents": "Blood coagulations studies in pregnant patients with infective hepatitis. Coagulation studies were made on 22 pregnant women with acute infective hepatitis and on 15 normal control pregnant women in third trimester. Fourteen hapatitis patients had clinical evidence of liver failure and all of them had a haemorrhagic diathesis; none of the patients without liver failure showed clinical evidence of haemostatic defects. Coagulopathy was present in most patients, its severity being greater in those with hepatic failure. Significant alterations were observed in bleeding time, whole blood clotting time, prothrombin time, thrombin time, plasma fibrinogen and serum levels of fibrinogen degradation products. The last three disturbances were most frequent in patients with liver failure. Increased fibrinolysis and disseminated intravascular coagulation also appeared to play a contributory role, particularly in patients with hepatic failure."}
{"id": "PMID:889748", "title": "Characteristics of normal labour among different racial groups in Malaysia.", "content": "The characteristics of normal labour in 977 Malay, Chinese and Indian parturients were established from a retrospective study. Indian babies were found to be significantly smaller than Malay babies which were significantly smaller than Chinese babies (P less than 0-05, P less than 0-05). The mean duration of the first stage of labour taken from the time of admission to the labour ward was 3-4 hours in primiparae and 2-7 hours in multiparae. The mean durations of the second stage of labour were 23-7 minutes and 13-1 minutes respectively. Curves of mean dilatation of cervix and probit analysis at 80% revealed significant differences in the progress of normal labour in primiparae among the three racial groups. The Indian primiparae not only had a slower rate of cervical dilatation but seemed to reach the accelerated phase of dilatation later. No significant differences were noticed in the labours of multiparae.", "contents": "Characteristics of normal labour among different racial groups in Malaysia. The characteristics of normal labour in 977 Malay, Chinese and Indian parturients were established from a retrospective study. Indian babies were found to be significantly smaller than Malay babies which were significantly smaller than Chinese babies (P less than 0-05, P less than 0-05). The mean duration of the first stage of labour taken from the time of admission to the labour ward was 3-4 hours in primiparae and 2-7 hours in multiparae. The mean durations of the second stage of labour were 23-7 minutes and 13-1 minutes respectively. Curves of mean dilatation of cervix and probit analysis at 80% revealed significant differences in the progress of normal labour in primiparae among the three racial groups. The Indian primiparae not only had a slower rate of cervical dilatation but seemed to reach the accelerated phase of dilatation later. No significant differences were noticed in the labours of multiparae."}
{"id": "PMID:889749", "title": "The relation between umbilical cord tissue prostaglandin E2 levels, mode of onset of labour, fetal distress and method of delivery.", "content": "The tissue concentrations of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) were measured by radioimmunoassay in components of the umbilical cord. The levels were significantly higher in the walls of arteries than in non-vascular tissue from the umbilical cord. The highest values were found after emergency Caesarean sections and the lowest after induced ending in normal delivery. The use of forceps and the presence of fetal distress were both associated with significantly raised tissue concentrations of PGE2.", "contents": "The relation between umbilical cord tissue prostaglandin E2 levels, mode of onset of labour, fetal distress and method of delivery. The tissue concentrations of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) were measured by radioimmunoassay in components of the umbilical cord. The levels were significantly higher in the walls of arteries than in non-vascular tissue from the umbilical cord. The highest values were found after emergency Caesarean sections and the lowest after induced ending in normal delivery. The use of forceps and the presence of fetal distress were both associated with significantly raised tissue concentrations of PGE2."}
{"id": "PMID:889750", "title": "Changes in the concentration of cortisol in amniotic fluid after intra-amniotic prostaglandin for midtrimester abortion.", "content": "The effects of intra-amniotic prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and PGF2alpha on the concentration of cortisol in amniotic fluid and in maternal peripheral plasma of patients undergoing abortion between 16 and 23 weeks gestation have been examined. There was a significant (P less than 0-01) increase in the concentration of cortisol in amniotic fluid for hours after PGE2, but not after PGF2alpha. The concentration of cortisol in the maternal peripheral plasma increased in both groups with the progression of abortion, but the levels were not significantly correlated with those in amniotic fluid. These results suggest that by mid-pregnancy fetal cortisol production can be stimulated by PGE2 but the mechanism of this action remains to be elucidated.", "contents": "Changes in the concentration of cortisol in amniotic fluid after intra-amniotic prostaglandin for midtrimester abortion. The effects of intra-amniotic prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and PGF2alpha on the concentration of cortisol in amniotic fluid and in maternal peripheral plasma of patients undergoing abortion between 16 and 23 weeks gestation have been examined. There was a significant (P less than 0-01) increase in the concentration of cortisol in amniotic fluid for hours after PGE2, but not after PGF2alpha. The concentration of cortisol in the maternal peripheral plasma increased in both groups with the progression of abortion, but the levels were not significantly correlated with those in amniotic fluid. These results suggest that by mid-pregnancy fetal cortisol production can be stimulated by PGE2 but the mechanism of this action remains to be elucidated."}
{"id": "PMID:889751", "title": "Plasma oestrogens in a pregnancy associated with chronic haemodialysis.", "content": "Pregnancy in a patient undergoing regular haemodialysis at home is described. The pregnancy was complicated by antepartum haemorrhage due to a Type I placenta praevia, and premature labour occurred at 32 weeks, resulting in spontaneous vaginal delivery of a live infant which survived. Plasma progesterone oestrone, unconjugated oestradiol and oestriol levels were normal during the last two weeks of pregnancy, but failed to show a characteristic fall in the puerperium. The conjugated oestriol fraction was 20 to 30 times the normal mean level and did not fall after delivery. These findings are discussed.", "contents": "Plasma oestrogens in a pregnancy associated with chronic haemodialysis. Pregnancy in a patient undergoing regular haemodialysis at home is described. The pregnancy was complicated by antepartum haemorrhage due to a Type I placenta praevia, and premature labour occurred at 32 weeks, resulting in spontaneous vaginal delivery of a live infant which survived. Plasma progesterone oestrone, unconjugated oestradiol and oestriol levels were normal during the last two weeks of pregnancy, but failed to show a characteristic fall in the puerperium. The conjugated oestriol fraction was 20 to 30 times the normal mean level and did not fall after delivery. These findings are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:889752", "title": "The effects of intramuscular norethisterone oenanthate used as a contraceptive on intravenous glucose tolerance and on blood coagulation factors VII and X.", "content": "Intravenous glucose tolerance tests, and estimations of prothrombin time, and plasma coagulation factors VII and X, were made on 12 women receiving 200 mg norethisterone oenanthate intramuscularly as a contraceptive. These estimations were made before, and at 2 and 12 weeks after, a single injection of norehisterone oenanthate. There was no significant effect on the intravenous glucose tolerance, prothrombin time, or on plasma coagulation factors VII and X, further confirming the safety of norehisterone oenanthate when used as a short-term injectable contraceptive.", "contents": "The effects of intramuscular norethisterone oenanthate used as a contraceptive on intravenous glucose tolerance and on blood coagulation factors VII and X. Intravenous glucose tolerance tests, and estimations of prothrombin time, and plasma coagulation factors VII and X, were made on 12 women receiving 200 mg norethisterone oenanthate intramuscularly as a contraceptive. These estimations were made before, and at 2 and 12 weeks after, a single injection of norehisterone oenanthate. There was no significant effect on the intravenous glucose tolerance, prothrombin time, or on plasma coagulation factors VII and X, further confirming the safety of norehisterone oenanthate when used as a short-term injectable contraceptive."}
{"id": "PMID:889753", "title": "Primary echinococcal infection of the ovary.", "content": "An Iranian Moslem patient with primary echinococcal infection of the ovary is described. Echinococcal infection is extremely rare in practising Moslems.", "contents": "Primary echinococcal infection of the ovary. An Iranian Moslem patient with primary echinococcal infection of the ovary is described. Echinococcal infection is extremely rare in practising Moslems."}
{"id": "PMID:889754", "title": "Primary splenic pregnancy. Case report.", "content": "A patient with a primary splenic pregnancy is described.", "contents": "Primary splenic pregnancy. Case report. A patient with a primary splenic pregnancy is described."}
{"id": "PMID:889755", "title": "Rapid B-scanning of the vitreous.", "content": "Ultrasonic examination is an essential investigation in most patients awaiting vitrectomy. Rapid B-scanning of the vitreous is described utilising a new system capable of high resolution and good tonal quality. Several patterns of haemorrhagic invasion of the vitreous cavity are illustrated, together with detachment, collapse, and retraction of the vitreous gel.", "contents": "Rapid B-scanning of the vitreous. Ultrasonic examination is an essential investigation in most patients awaiting vitrectomy. Rapid B-scanning of the vitreous is described utilising a new system capable of high resolution and good tonal quality. Several patterns of haemorrhagic invasion of the vitreous cavity are illustrated, together with detachment, collapse, and retraction of the vitreous gel."}
{"id": "PMID:889756", "title": "Retinal mobility and retinal detachment surgery.", "content": "A series of 200 consecutive retinal detachments was examined prospectively to consider the physical sign of mobility of the detached retina. Retinal mobility was found to be absent in 28 cases, and this immobility is caused by periretinal membrane formation. The importance of retinal mobility when considering the case for non-drainage retinal surgery has been examined with particular emphasis on the tear/buckle relationship at the end of the operation. It was found that there was an excellent prognosis (92% success rate) for cases in which the retina was found to be mobile in the vicinity of the retinal tear, and a high proportion of these cases (71%) can be successfully treated with a non-drainage operation.", "contents": "Retinal mobility and retinal detachment surgery. A series of 200 consecutive retinal detachments was examined prospectively to consider the physical sign of mobility of the detached retina. Retinal mobility was found to be absent in 28 cases, and this immobility is caused by periretinal membrane formation. The importance of retinal mobility when considering the case for non-drainage retinal surgery has been examined with particular emphasis on the tear/buckle relationship at the end of the operation. It was found that there was an excellent prognosis (92% success rate) for cases in which the retina was found to be mobile in the vicinity of the retinal tear, and a high proportion of these cases (71%) can be successfully treated with a non-drainage operation."}
{"id": "PMID:889757", "title": "Fluorescein pupillary flow in aphakics with intact and spontaneous openings of the vitreous face.", "content": "The passage of fluorescein dye, injected into the general circulation, from the posterior to the anterior chamber was studied in 60 selected aphakic eyes between 2 days and 4 weeks after an uneventful cataract extraction. In a group of 22 eyes with intact anterior hyaloid, fluorescein was seen to pass only through the pupillary margin, mostly within 20 seconds of the beginning of the eye injection. In 24 eyes with rents in the anterior hyaloid the dye was seen percolating only through the vitreous face openings. No fluorescein passed through the pupillary margin or the peripheral iridectomy in this group of eyes. The appearance time of the dye was delayed to about twice the normal appearance time. In 8 eyes with rents in the anterior hyaloid the dye passed only through the pupillary margin. In 4 eyes with anterior vitreous rents the fluorescein appeared through the anterior vitreous face opening. From the analysis of the data it appears that the spontaneous breaks in the anterior vitreous face may represent a 'self-c,re' of pupillary and iridectomy block by the vitreous in aphakics in a high proportion of cases. It is our impression that 3 peripheral iridectomies and a very tight closure of the wound can prevent the complication of spontaneous breaks of the vitreous face.", "contents": "Fluorescein pupillary flow in aphakics with intact and spontaneous openings of the vitreous face. The passage of fluorescein dye, injected into the general circulation, from the posterior to the anterior chamber was studied in 60 selected aphakic eyes between 2 days and 4 weeks after an uneventful cataract extraction. In a group of 22 eyes with intact anterior hyaloid, fluorescein was seen to pass only through the pupillary margin, mostly within 20 seconds of the beginning of the eye injection. In 24 eyes with rents in the anterior hyaloid the dye was seen percolating only through the vitreous face openings. No fluorescein passed through the pupillary margin or the peripheral iridectomy in this group of eyes. The appearance time of the dye was delayed to about twice the normal appearance time. In 8 eyes with rents in the anterior hyaloid the dye passed only through the pupillary margin. In 4 eyes with anterior vitreous rents the fluorescein appeared through the anterior vitreous face opening. From the analysis of the data it appears that the spontaneous breaks in the anterior vitreous face may represent a 'self-c,re' of pupillary and iridectomy block by the vitreous in aphakics in a high proportion of cases. It is our impression that 3 peripheral iridectomies and a very tight closure of the wound can prevent the complication of spontaneous breaks of the vitreous face."}
{"id": "PMID:889758", "title": "The asymmetrical visual evoked potential to pattern reversal in one half field and its significance for the analysis of visual field defects.", "content": "The consistency of the major positive component (P100) of the full-field pattern-reversal response provides a clinically valuable and objective means of detecting visual field defects. Its normally symmetrical distribution about the midline of the occipital scalp results from the summation of two highly asymmetric half-field responses, each of which shows the positive component well lateralised with a widespread distribution on the ipsilateral side. Stimulation of each eye in patients with bitemporal and homonymous hemianopias results in two characteristic patterns of asymmetry, named 'crossed' and 'uncrossed' respectively, in which the major positivity is consistently recorded on the side ipsilateral to the preserved half field. Recordings from a patient after occipital lobectomy confirm the authors' previous suggestion that although the major positive component is recorded from the ipsilateral scalp the typical asymmetric half-field response is generated in the contralateral hemisphere.", "contents": "The asymmetrical visual evoked potential to pattern reversal in one half field and its significance for the analysis of visual field defects. The consistency of the major positive component (P100) of the full-field pattern-reversal response provides a clinically valuable and objective means of detecting visual field defects. Its normally symmetrical distribution about the midline of the occipital scalp results from the summation of two highly asymmetric half-field responses, each of which shows the positive component well lateralised with a widespread distribution on the ipsilateral side. Stimulation of each eye in patients with bitemporal and homonymous hemianopias results in two characteristic patterns of asymmetry, named 'crossed' and 'uncrossed' respectively, in which the major positivity is consistently recorded on the side ipsilateral to the preserved half field. Recordings from a patient after occipital lobectomy confirm the authors' previous suggestion that although the major positive component is recorded from the ipsilateral scalp the typical asymmetric half-field response is generated in the contralateral hemisphere."}
{"id": "PMID:889759", "title": "Pseudoexfoliative disease of the lens: a study in electron microscopy and histochemistry.", "content": "The anterior lens capsule in pseudoexfoliative (PE) disease has been investigated with scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. It shows several distinct zones which correlate with those seen clinically. True exfoliation of the anterior lens capsule is shown as an integral pathologic feature of PE disease. PE fibrils are mixed with various degraded cell products, including organelles, of which uveal pigment granules are the most frequent. Sheets of degenerating iris pigment epithelium as well as individual cells are often firmly adherent to the pre-equatorial lens capsule and zonules. PE fibrils on the capsule are 35 to 40 nm in width, often showing several subunit filaments about 10 nm wide. PF filaments forming vertical bundles in the pre-equatorial capsule are 10 nm wide, but show little tendency to aggregate laterally. Histochemical and ultrastructural properties of both types of PE fibril and those of the capsular inclusion suggest that they are closely related fibrillar proteins. PE fibrils share some of the characteristics of amyloid but are not identical substances. Nevertheless, a similar mechanism of synthesis is suggested. The participation of non-lenticular sites in the formation of PE fibrils is not precluded by this hypothesis.", "contents": "Pseudoexfoliative disease of the lens: a study in electron microscopy and histochemistry. The anterior lens capsule in pseudoexfoliative (PE) disease has been investigated with scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. It shows several distinct zones which correlate with those seen clinically. True exfoliation of the anterior lens capsule is shown as an integral pathologic feature of PE disease. PE fibrils are mixed with various degraded cell products, including organelles, of which uveal pigment granules are the most frequent. Sheets of degenerating iris pigment epithelium as well as individual cells are often firmly adherent to the pre-equatorial lens capsule and zonules. PE fibrils on the capsule are 35 to 40 nm in width, often showing several subunit filaments about 10 nm wide. PF filaments forming vertical bundles in the pre-equatorial capsule are 10 nm wide, but show little tendency to aggregate laterally. Histochemical and ultrastructural properties of both types of PE fibril and those of the capsular inclusion suggest that they are closely related fibrillar proteins. PE fibrils share some of the characteristics of amyloid but are not identical substances. Nevertheless, a similar mechanism of synthesis is suggested. The participation of non-lenticular sites in the formation of PE fibrils is not precluded by this hypothesis."}
{"id": "PMID:889760", "title": "Pseudoexfoliation of the lens in Australian Aborigines.", "content": "The first cases of pseudoexfoliation of the lens to be found in Australian Aborigines are reported. The prevalence rate in the communities in central Australia is 1-3% and for those 61 years and older is 16-3%. Within the limits of our assessment glaucoma was an associated finding in 8-1% of these cases. A high incidence of old trachoma, previous trauma, and Labrador keratopathy was also noted in these people.", "contents": "Pseudoexfoliation of the lens in Australian Aborigines. The first cases of pseudoexfoliation of the lens to be found in Australian Aborigines are reported. The prevalence rate in the communities in central Australia is 1-3% and for those 61 years and older is 16-3%. Within the limits of our assessment glaucoma was an associated finding in 8-1% of these cases. A high incidence of old trachoma, previous trauma, and Labrador keratopathy was also noted in these people."}
{"id": "PMID:889761", "title": "The Elidice: new instrument for visual acuity self-screening.", "content": "A compact electronic device which enables the user to determine for himself whether his visual acuity reaches a chosen standard has been constructed at a cost of 25 pounds. The instrument provides a test which requires the observer to respond to the orientation of a sequence of red Landolt-Cs and which takes under five minutes to complete. 'Crowding' effects associated with conventional letter charts are avoided and the test does not discriminate against astigmatic observers. One hundred observers were tested on both the new instrument (the Elidice) and a standard Snellen chart under clinical conditions. The overall agreement between the two tests was 87.8%, with the  Elidice having an over-referral level of 10-7% and an under-referral level of 1-5% as compared with the letter chart. This makes the Elidice particularly suitable for the regular screening of laser users for reduced visual acuity due to macular damage.", "contents": "The Elidice: new instrument for visual acuity self-screening. A compact electronic device which enables the user to determine for himself whether his visual acuity reaches a chosen standard has been constructed at a cost of 25 pounds. The instrument provides a test which requires the observer to respond to the orientation of a sequence of red Landolt-Cs and which takes under five minutes to complete. 'Crowding' effects associated with conventional letter charts are avoided and the test does not discriminate against astigmatic observers. One hundred observers were tested on both the new instrument (the Elidice) and a standard Snellen chart under clinical conditions. The overall agreement between the two tests was 87.8%, with the  Elidice having an over-referral level of 10-7% and an under-referral level of 1-5% as compared with the letter chart. This makes the Elidice particularly suitable for the regular screening of laser users for reduced visual acuity due to macular damage."}
{"id": "PMID:889762", "title": "Band keratopathy with bilateral deafness as a presenting sign of hyperparathyroidism.", "content": "An unusual case of hyperparathyroidism is reported in which calcification of the cornea was the presenting clinical and diagnostic sign. Early recognition of this condition may be of lifesaving importance.", "contents": "Band keratopathy with bilateral deafness as a presenting sign of hyperparathyroidism. An unusual case of hyperparathyroidism is reported in which calcification of the cornea was the presenting clinical and diagnostic sign. Early recognition of this condition may be of lifesaving importance."}
{"id": "PMID:889763", "title": "Colchicine suppression of corneal healing after strabismus surgery.", "content": "Two patients who had previously undergone uneventful operations for strabismus showed healing of corneal dellen and erosion after withdrawal of colchicine therapy. It is suggested that the exhibition of colchicine therapy for familial Mediterranean fever in these two cases was responsible for initial persistence of these two postoperative complications.", "contents": "Colchicine suppression of corneal healing after strabismus surgery. Two patients who had previously undergone uneventful operations for strabismus showed healing of corneal dellen and erosion after withdrawal of colchicine therapy. It is suggested that the exhibition of colchicine therapy for familial Mediterranean fever in these two cases was responsible for initial persistence of these two postoperative complications."}
{"id": "PMID:889764", "title": "Use of the constant infusion technique for measuring rates of protein synthesis in the New Zealand White rabbit.", "content": "1. To study the potential of the constant-infusion technique for measuring rates of protein synthesis in New Zealand White rabbits, animals were infused for up to 6 h with radioactively-labelled tyrosine. 2. Labelled tyrosine from plasma and tissues was isolate from labelled metabolites by ion-exchange chromatography. 3. Analysis of serial blood and muscle biopsy samples removed under anaesthesia showed that the specific radioactivity (SR) of the free tyrosine pools reached an approximately constant value within 2 h. 4. Certain commercial preparations of L-[side-chain 2,3-3H]tyrosine were contaminated with 300 mg radioactive D-tyrosine/g. The D-isomer appeared to enter the muscle intracellular pool. 5. In constant-infusion experiments L-[3H]tyrosine could replace the uniformly-14C-labelled L-isomer for the determination of rates of protein synthesis in muscle. L-[side-chain 2,3-3H]tyrosine may not be suitable for use as a precursor for measuring rates of liver protein synthesis. 6. Evidence is presented that the precursor of liver protein synthesis may not be well defined by the SR for free tyrosine of the homogenate. 7. The technique was used to measure the rates of protein synthesis in adult rabbits. The rates of protein synthesis in liver and muscle were measured and from measurements of tyrosine flux the mean rate of whole-body protein synthesis was calculated as 13-8 g/kg per d.", "contents": "Use of the constant infusion technique for measuring rates of protein synthesis in the New Zealand White rabbit. 1. To study the potential of the constant-infusion technique for measuring rates of protein synthesis in New Zealand White rabbits, animals were infused for up to 6 h with radioactively-labelled tyrosine. 2. Labelled tyrosine from plasma and tissues was isolate from labelled metabolites by ion-exchange chromatography. 3. Analysis of serial blood and muscle biopsy samples removed under anaesthesia showed that the specific radioactivity (SR) of the free tyrosine pools reached an approximately constant value within 2 h. 4. Certain commercial preparations of L-[side-chain 2,3-3H]tyrosine were contaminated with 300 mg radioactive D-tyrosine/g. The D-isomer appeared to enter the muscle intracellular pool. 5. In constant-infusion experiments L-[3H]tyrosine could replace the uniformly-14C-labelled L-isomer for the determination of rates of protein synthesis in muscle. L-[side-chain 2,3-3H]tyrosine may not be suitable for use as a precursor for measuring rates of liver protein synthesis. 6. Evidence is presented that the precursor of liver protein synthesis may not be well defined by the SR for free tyrosine of the homogenate. 7. The technique was used to measure the rates of protein synthesis in adult rabbits. The rates of protein synthesis in liver and muscle were measured and from measurements of tyrosine flux the mean rate of whole-body protein synthesis was calculated as 13-8 g/kg per d."}
{"id": "PMID:889765", "title": "Determination of rumen microbial growth in vitro from 32P-labelled phosphate incorporation.", "content": "1. The extracellular phosphate pool in incubations of rumen fluid or washed cell suspensions of mixed rumen bacteria (WCS) was labelled with 32P. From the constant extracellular phosphate pool specific activity and the amount of radioactivity incorporated during incubation, the amount of P incorporated in the microbial fraction was calculated. From the value for nitrogen: P determined in microbial matter, the amount of N incorporated was calculated as a measure of microbial growth. 2. Incorporation of soluble non-protein-N in incubations devoid of substrate protein was 50 and 80% of the values obtained using the isotope method for rumen fluid and WCS respectively. It is suggested that results obtained using the former method reflect 'net growth' of micro-organisms which is the result of simultaneous growth and degradation. The isotope method measures 'total growth', as isotope incorporation is not affected by degradation of non-growing cells. 3. Incorporation of 32P in P-containing microbial components (mainly nucleic acids) was compared with net synthesis of these components in incubations of WCS. The results showed different specific rates of synthesis and degradation for all components studied. It is concluded that the composition of microbial matter changed during growth. 4. When N incorporation, calculated from results obtained using the isotope method in incubations with rumen fluid, was compared with the amount of carbohydrate substrate fermented and the type of fermentation, values between 18-3 and 44-6 g N incorporated/kg of organic matter fermented were obtained. Low values were associated with large proportions of the substrate being fermented to lactate and the use of glucose instead of disaccharides as substrate. Part of the variation could also be attributed to differences in incubation period, reflected in different proportions of polysaccharide formed. 5. The use of isotopes for determination of rumen microbial growth in vitro is critically discussed.", "contents": "Determination of rumen microbial growth in vitro from 32P-labelled phosphate incorporation. 1. The extracellular phosphate pool in incubations of rumen fluid or washed cell suspensions of mixed rumen bacteria (WCS) was labelled with 32P. From the constant extracellular phosphate pool specific activity and the amount of radioactivity incorporated during incubation, the amount of P incorporated in the microbial fraction was calculated. From the value for nitrogen: P determined in microbial matter, the amount of N incorporated was calculated as a measure of microbial growth. 2. Incorporation of soluble non-protein-N in incubations devoid of substrate protein was 50 and 80% of the values obtained using the isotope method for rumen fluid and WCS respectively. It is suggested that results obtained using the former method reflect 'net growth' of micro-organisms which is the result of simultaneous growth and degradation. The isotope method measures 'total growth', as isotope incorporation is not affected by degradation of non-growing cells. 3. Incorporation of 32P in P-containing microbial components (mainly nucleic acids) was compared with net synthesis of these components in incubations of WCS. The results showed different specific rates of synthesis and degradation for all components studied. It is concluded that the composition of microbial matter changed during growth. 4. When N incorporation, calculated from results obtained using the isotope method in incubations with rumen fluid, was compared with the amount of carbohydrate substrate fermented and the type of fermentation, values between 18-3 and 44-6 g N incorporated/kg of organic matter fermented were obtained. Low values were associated with large proportions of the substrate being fermented to lactate and the use of glucose instead of disaccharides as substrate. Part of the variation could also be attributed to differences in incubation period, reflected in different proportions of polysaccharide formed. 5. The use of isotopes for determination of rumen microbial growth in vitro is critically discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:889767", "title": "The influence of alpha-linolenic acid (18: 3omega3) on the metabolism of gamma-linolenic acid (18: 3omega6) in the rat.", "content": "1. Essential fatty acid-deficient rats were fed gamma-linolenic acid (18: 3omega6) at 2% dietary energy and alpha-linolenic acid (18: 3omega3) at 0, 1-6, 2-8 and 4-0% of the dietary energy. 2. 18: 3omega3 at 1-6% apparently inhibits the synthesis of the C20 and C22 omega6 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (omega6 LC-PUFA) metabolized from 18: 3omega6. 3. However, increasing the dietary levels of 18: 3omega3 from 1-6 to 4-0% has no further influence. 4. The results suggest that dietary 18: 3omega6 is an efficent precursor for the omega6 LC-PUFA synthesis even in the presence of 18: 3omega3.", "contents": "The influence of alpha-linolenic acid (18: 3omega3) on the metabolism of gamma-linolenic acid (18: 3omega6) in the rat. 1. Essential fatty acid-deficient rats were fed gamma-linolenic acid (18: 3omega6) at 2% dietary energy and alpha-linolenic acid (18: 3omega3) at 0, 1-6, 2-8 and 4-0% of the dietary energy. 2. 18: 3omega3 at 1-6% apparently inhibits the synthesis of the C20 and C22 omega6 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (omega6 LC-PUFA) metabolized from 18: 3omega6. 3. However, increasing the dietary levels of 18: 3omega3 from 1-6 to 4-0% has no further influence. 4. The results suggest that dietary 18: 3omega6 is an efficent precursor for the omega6 LC-PUFA synthesis even in the presence of 18: 3omega3."}
{"id": "PMID:889768", "title": "Dry matter and nitrogen in the duodenal contents of growing pigs: a discrepancy explained.", "content": "1. Discrepancies between the results obtained from experiments on pigs with re-entrant duodenal cannulas have been investigated with reference to diet, cannula site and collection procedure. 2. The results obtained from a sealed automatic collection system were different from those obtained from an open manual method and it was concluded that the maintenance of gut intra-luminal pressure in the automatic system was the causative factor.", "contents": "Dry matter and nitrogen in the duodenal contents of growing pigs: a discrepancy explained. 1. Discrepancies between the results obtained from experiments on pigs with re-entrant duodenal cannulas have been investigated with reference to diet, cannula site and collection procedure. 2. The results obtained from a sealed automatic collection system were different from those obtained from an open manual method and it was concluded that the maintenance of gut intra-luminal pressure in the automatic system was the causative factor."}
{"id": "PMID:889769", "title": "Fractional flux rates of Nt-methylhistidine in skin and gastrointestine: the contribution of these tissues to urinary excretion of Nt-methylhistidine in the rat.", "content": "1. Fractional flux rates of Ntau-methylhistidine (3-methylhistidine; Me-His) of skin and gastrointestine were measured by administering [methyl-3H]methionine to rats. 2. The results showed that the contribution of these tissues to urinary excretion of Me-His was at least 16-6%. This means that when fractional catabolic rates of myosin and actin were estimated from urinary excretion of Me-His, the part of Me-His derived from skin and gastrointestine should not be neglected.", "contents": "Fractional flux rates of Nt-methylhistidine in skin and gastrointestine: the contribution of these tissues to urinary excretion of Nt-methylhistidine in the rat. 1. Fractional flux rates of Ntau-methylhistidine (3-methylhistidine; Me-His) of skin and gastrointestine were measured by administering [methyl-3H]methionine to rats. 2. The results showed that the contribution of these tissues to urinary excretion of Me-His was at least 16-6%. This means that when fractional catabolic rates of myosin and actin were estimated from urinary excretion of Me-His, the part of Me-His derived from skin and gastrointestine should not be neglected."}
{"id": "PMID:889770", "title": "The susceptibility of suckling lambs to zinc toxicity.", "content": "1. Suckling lambs maintained for 4 weeks on a milk-substitute diet containing 407 g Toprina yeast/kg dry matter of diet exhibited poor growth, low appetite and extensive renal damage. 2. The batch of yeast used contained 2065 mg zinc/kg. 3. The kidneys of lambs offered a milk diet supplemented with the same Zn content as the yeast-fed diet (32-1 mg Zn/1000 kJ) were similarly affected.", "contents": "The susceptibility of suckling lambs to zinc toxicity. 1. Suckling lambs maintained for 4 weeks on a milk-substitute diet containing 407 g Toprina yeast/kg dry matter of diet exhibited poor growth, low appetite and extensive renal damage. 2. The batch of yeast used contained 2065 mg zinc/kg. 3. The kidneys of lambs offered a milk diet supplemented with the same Zn content as the yeast-fed diet (32-1 mg Zn/1000 kJ) were similarly affected."}
{"id": "PMID:889771", "title": "Metabolic studies in rats of 75Se incorporated in vivo into fish muscle.", "content": "1. [75Se]selenite of [75Se]selenomethionine was injected in to the coelomic cavity of fish. After 2 d or 14 d the muscle portion of the fish was removed and homogenized. The long-term fate in rats of an oral dose of each labelled homogenate was compared with that of an oral dose of [75Ee]selenite or [75Se]selenomethionine mixed with unlabelled fish homogenate. 2. Urinary and faecal radioactivity were measured during the 1st week and whole-body radioactivity was determined for 10 weeks. Rats were killed at weekly intervals for 4 weeks for analysis of tissue distribution of 75Se. 3. Intestinal absorption of 75Se given as labelled fish homogenate was less complete than that of 75Se mixed with unlabelled homogenate, and the absorption of 75Se from the 14 d-labelled fish homogenate derived from [75Se]selenite was less complete than that of 75Se from the other labelled homogenates. 4. Urinary excretion of absorbed 75Se in the first 7 d was in the range 5--8% absorbed dose and was slightly greater in the rats given 75Se as selenite or derived from selenite than in those given 75Se as selenomethionine or derived from selenomethionine. Endogenous faecal excretion of absorbed Se was similar in all groups, as also were tissue distribution of retained 75Se and long-term whole-body turnover rate. 5. The results of these studies are compared with those of earlier studies of the metabolism in rats of [75Se]selenomethionine, [75Se]selenite, [75Se]selenocystine and 75Se incorporated in vivo into rabbit kidney. There were differences in the initial utilization of 75Se from these various sources but after the 1st week 75Se from all sources appeared to be metabolized similarly, suggesting that for rats dietary Se of all forms is ultimately incorporated into the same metabolic pool.", "contents": "Metabolic studies in rats of 75Se incorporated in vivo into fish muscle. 1. [75Se]selenite of [75Se]selenomethionine was injected in to the coelomic cavity of fish. After 2 d or 14 d the muscle portion of the fish was removed and homogenized. The long-term fate in rats of an oral dose of each labelled homogenate was compared with that of an oral dose of [75Ee]selenite or [75Se]selenomethionine mixed with unlabelled fish homogenate. 2. Urinary and faecal radioactivity were measured during the 1st week and whole-body radioactivity was determined for 10 weeks. Rats were killed at weekly intervals for 4 weeks for analysis of tissue distribution of 75Se. 3. Intestinal absorption of 75Se given as labelled fish homogenate was less complete than that of 75Se mixed with unlabelled homogenate, and the absorption of 75Se from the 14 d-labelled fish homogenate derived from [75Se]selenite was less complete than that of 75Se from the other labelled homogenates. 4. Urinary excretion of absorbed 75Se in the first 7 d was in the range 5--8% absorbed dose and was slightly greater in the rats given 75Se as selenite or derived from selenite than in those given 75Se as selenomethionine or derived from selenomethionine. Endogenous faecal excretion of absorbed Se was similar in all groups, as also were tissue distribution of retained 75Se and long-term whole-body turnover rate. 5. The results of these studies are compared with those of earlier studies of the metabolism in rats of [75Se]selenomethionine, [75Se]selenite, [75Se]selenocystine and 75Se incorporated in vivo into rabbit kidney. There were differences in the initial utilization of 75Se from these various sources but after the 1st week 75Se from all sources appeared to be metabolized similarly, suggesting that for rats dietary Se of all forms is ultimately incorporated into the same metabolic pool."}
{"id": "PMID:889772", "title": "Daily intakes of manganese, copper, zinc and cadmium by New Zealand women.", "content": "1. A total of 179 duplicate diets were collected by twenty-three women consuming their habitual diet. Twelve of the subjects were living in a residential hall for students, the others were living in their own homes or in flats. Collection periods varied from 3 to 21 d. 2. Average daily intakes were: manganese 2-7 mg; copper 1-5 mg for diets not containing liver, 7-6 mg for fifteen diets containing liver; zinc 10-0 mg; cadmium 21 microgram for diets not containing liver, 27 microgram for fifteen diets containing liver. 3. The intakes were compared with values for adults from other countries and with current recommended dietary allowances or estimated minimum requirements. Mn intakes were typical for non-vegeratian Western diets. Cu and Zn intakes may have been marginally low. The intakes of Cd were low. 4. Daily intakes of protein (71 g), fat (83 g), fat (83 g), carbohydrate (224 g) and energy (8-1 MJ) from 129 of the diets were similar to recent values obtained for New Zealand women. 5. Subjects living in the residential hall had higher intakes of all nutrients than subjects living in their own homes or flats.", "contents": "Daily intakes of manganese, copper, zinc and cadmium by New Zealand women. 1. A total of 179 duplicate diets were collected by twenty-three women consuming their habitual diet. Twelve of the subjects were living in a residential hall for students, the others were living in their own homes or in flats. Collection periods varied from 3 to 21 d. 2. Average daily intakes were: manganese 2-7 mg; copper 1-5 mg for diets not containing liver, 7-6 mg for fifteen diets containing liver; zinc 10-0 mg; cadmium 21 microgram for diets not containing liver, 27 microgram for fifteen diets containing liver. 3. The intakes were compared with values for adults from other countries and with current recommended dietary allowances or estimated minimum requirements. Mn intakes were typical for non-vegeratian Western diets. Cu and Zn intakes may have been marginally low. The intakes of Cd were low. 4. Daily intakes of protein (71 g), fat (83 g), fat (83 g), carbohydrate (224 g) and energy (8-1 MJ) from 129 of the diets were similar to recent values obtained for New Zealand women. 5. Subjects living in the residential hall had higher intakes of all nutrients than subjects living in their own homes or flats."}
{"id": "PMID:889773", "title": "The effects of various forms of gastrointestinal cannulation on digestive measurements in sheep.", "content": "1. There was little difference in digestive (voluntary food intake, dry matter digestibility and nitrogen balance) and blood measurements (venous concentrations of corticosteroids, serum aspartate aminotransferase (EC 2.6.1.1), protein-bound iodine, urea and glucose) of intact sheep (eight animals) and of sheep prepared with rumen cannular (sixteen animals) and subsequently with either simple 'T-shaped' (eight animals) or re-entrant cannulas (eight animals) at the duodenum and ileum, when fed ad lib. a chopped medium-quality-hay ration. 2. Wool growth rates of the intact sheep were similar to those in sheep with rumen cannulas and with rumen cannulas plus simple 'T-shaped' cannulas, but higher (P less than 0-01) than those with rumen cannulas plus re-entrant cannulas. 3. When the sheep were subsequently given a restricted intake (800 g/d) of dried grass, retention times of solid- and liquid-phase digesta markers in the rumen and caecum were similar in all sheep. 4. The use of the different preparations in digestive physiology studies is discussed.", "contents": "The effects of various forms of gastrointestinal cannulation on digestive measurements in sheep. 1. There was little difference in digestive (voluntary food intake, dry matter digestibility and nitrogen balance) and blood measurements (venous concentrations of corticosteroids, serum aspartate aminotransferase (EC 2.6.1.1), protein-bound iodine, urea and glucose) of intact sheep (eight animals) and of sheep prepared with rumen cannular (sixteen animals) and subsequently with either simple 'T-shaped' (eight animals) or re-entrant cannulas (eight animals) at the duodenum and ileum, when fed ad lib. a chopped medium-quality-hay ration. 2. Wool growth rates of the intact sheep were similar to those in sheep with rumen cannulas and with rumen cannulas plus simple 'T-shaped' cannulas, but higher (P less than 0-01) than those with rumen cannulas plus re-entrant cannulas. 3. When the sheep were subsequently given a restricted intake (800 g/d) of dried grass, retention times of solid- and liquid-phase digesta markers in the rumen and caecum were similar in all sheep. 4. The use of the different preparations in digestive physiology studies is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:889774", "title": "Polyamines and their biosynthetic decarboxylases in various tissues of the young rat during undernutrition.", "content": "1. Male weanling rats were maintained at a constant body-weight by feeding them reduced amounts of the normal diet for various periods up to 4 weeks. Control male rats were allowed free access to the normal diet and some were killed at the beginning of the experiment and others at the same ages as the experimental rats. 2. After killing by cervical dislocation the rats had their liver, quadriceps muscles and spleen removed. The tissues were weighed and the activities of the enzymes ornithine decarboxylase (ODC; EC 4.1.1.17) and S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase (SAMD; EC 4.1.1.50) assayed in each tissue. In the liver the content of the polyamines (spermidine and spermine) and putrescine was also measured. 3. The liver and quadriceps muscles showed an over-all maintenance of weight during undernutrition, but the spleen lost weight during the first 7 d of undernutrition and then remained constant. The weight of the liver increased by approximately 50% following the daily maintenance feed, but returned to its prefeeding value by 24 h after feeding. 4. During the first 7 d of undernutrition ODC activity decreased in all three tissues, and remained fairly constant thereafter. In the liver there were marked increases in the activity of ODC during the first 4 h after the daily feed, but the activity then decreased to prefeeding values. SAMD activity tended to remain normal in the liver, decreased initially and then returned to normal in the quadriceps muscles, and remained normal initially and then decreased in the spleen. Hepatic SAMD activity showed no consistent response to the daily feed, but quadriceps SAMD activity increased significantly between 1 and 8 h after feeding. 5. Hepatic putrescine content remained constant during undernutrition whilst spermine increased slightly and was then maintained above normal for liver size. Hepatic spermidine content decreased initially and then remained constant. Putrescine increased slightly in response to the daily feed and spermidine increased considerably. Spermine content was unaffected by the daily feed. 6. It is suggested that the response of polyamine synthesis in the various tissues is primarily dependent upon the way in which nutrients are made available to the tissues. The maintenance of spermine content in the liver at the expense of spermidine may be related to differential changes in the nucleic acids.", "contents": "Polyamines and their biosynthetic decarboxylases in various tissues of the young rat during undernutrition. 1. Male weanling rats were maintained at a constant body-weight by feeding them reduced amounts of the normal diet for various periods up to 4 weeks. Control male rats were allowed free access to the normal diet and some were killed at the beginning of the experiment and others at the same ages as the experimental rats. 2. After killing by cervical dislocation the rats had their liver, quadriceps muscles and spleen removed. The tissues were weighed and the activities of the enzymes ornithine decarboxylase (ODC; EC 4.1.1.17) and S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase (SAMD; EC 4.1.1.50) assayed in each tissue. In the liver the content of the polyamines (spermidine and spermine) and putrescine was also measured. 3. The liver and quadriceps muscles showed an over-all maintenance of weight during undernutrition, but the spleen lost weight during the first 7 d of undernutrition and then remained constant. The weight of the liver increased by approximately 50% following the daily maintenance feed, but returned to its prefeeding value by 24 h after feeding. 4. During the first 7 d of undernutrition ODC activity decreased in all three tissues, and remained fairly constant thereafter. In the liver there were marked increases in the activity of ODC during the first 4 h after the daily feed, but the activity then decreased to prefeeding values. SAMD activity tended to remain normal in the liver, decreased initially and then returned to normal in the quadriceps muscles, and remained normal initially and then decreased in the spleen. Hepatic SAMD activity showed no consistent response to the daily feed, but quadriceps SAMD activity increased significantly between 1 and 8 h after feeding. 5. Hepatic putrescine content remained constant during undernutrition whilst spermine increased slightly and was then maintained above normal for liver size. Hepatic spermidine content decreased initially and then remained constant. Putrescine increased slightly in response to the daily feed and spermidine increased considerably. Spermine content was unaffected by the daily feed. 6. It is suggested that the response of polyamine synthesis in the various tissues is primarily dependent upon the way in which nutrients are made available to the tissues. The maintenance of spermine content in the liver at the expense of spermidine may be related to differential changes in the nucleic acids."}
{"id": "PMID:889775", "title": "Distribution of copper and zinc in the liver of the developing sheep foetus.", "content": "1. A study has been made of the copper- and zinc-binding proteins in the livers from sheep foetuses of 80-142 d gestational age. 2. Metallothionein was found to constitute the major Zn-binding component in the cytosol at all times and to be identical to Zn-thionein from adult sheep liver. 3. Zn also occurred in two fractions, not normally found in sheep liver, with approximate molecular weights of 28000 and 47000. The relative proportions of these were age-dependent. 4. Between 15 and 35% of the hepatic Cu, corresponding to most of the Cu in the cytosol, also occurred in the metallothionein-containing fraction.", "contents": "Distribution of copper and zinc in the liver of the developing sheep foetus. 1. A study has been made of the copper- and zinc-binding proteins in the livers from sheep foetuses of 80-142 d gestational age. 2. Metallothionein was found to constitute the major Zn-binding component in the cytosol at all times and to be identical to Zn-thionein from adult sheep liver. 3. Zn also occurred in two fractions, not normally found in sheep liver, with approximate molecular weights of 28000 and 47000. The relative proportions of these were age-dependent. 4. Between 15 and 35% of the hepatic Cu, corresponding to most of the Cu in the cytosol, also occurred in the metallothionein-containing fraction."}
{"id": "PMID:889776", "title": "The effect of dietary copper sulphate on laying performance, nutrient intake and tissue copper and iron levels of the mature, laying, domestic fowl.", "content": "1. A cereal-based diet containing 16 mg copper/kg was fed ad lib. to a group of laying hens for 35 d. Five other groups were given this control diet to which was added 120, 240, 480, and 1920 mg Cu/kg (as copper sulphate). 2. Records were kept of daily food intake, water intake and egg production. 3. After 35 d the hens were slaughtered and blood haemoglobin, packed cell volume, Cu and aspartate aminotransferase (EC 2.6.1.1) levels assayed. Liver, oviduct, kidney and breast muscle Cu and iron concentrations were measured. 4. Food and water intakes were depressed by the two highest levels of dietary Cu and water intake was increased by the diet with 240 mg added Cu/kg. Both food and water intake showed a quadratic relationship with the level of added dietary Cu. 5. Body-weight loss was increased by the addition of Cu and showed a significant linear relationship with the concentration of added Cu in the diet. Liver and oviduct weights were depressed at the two highest levels of Cu addition. 6. Liver and oviduct Cu and Fe concentrations were significantly increased by high dietary Cu and mean total liver and kidney Cu and Fe showed an increase although for the liver this was not statistically significant.", "contents": "The effect of dietary copper sulphate on laying performance, nutrient intake and tissue copper and iron levels of the mature, laying, domestic fowl. 1. A cereal-based diet containing 16 mg copper/kg was fed ad lib. to a group of laying hens for 35 d. Five other groups were given this control diet to which was added 120, 240, 480, and 1920 mg Cu/kg (as copper sulphate). 2. Records were kept of daily food intake, water intake and egg production. 3. After 35 d the hens were slaughtered and blood haemoglobin, packed cell volume, Cu and aspartate aminotransferase (EC 2.6.1.1) levels assayed. Liver, oviduct, kidney and breast muscle Cu and iron concentrations were measured. 4. Food and water intakes were depressed by the two highest levels of dietary Cu and water intake was increased by the diet with 240 mg added Cu/kg. Both food and water intake showed a quadratic relationship with the level of added dietary Cu. 5. Body-weight loss was increased by the addition of Cu and showed a significant linear relationship with the concentration of added Cu in the diet. Liver and oviduct weights were depressed at the two highest levels of Cu addition. 6. Liver and oviduct Cu and Fe concentrations were significantly increased by high dietary Cu and mean total liver and kidney Cu and Fe showed an increase although for the liver this was not statistically significant."}
{"id": "PMID:889778", "title": "Photoaffinity labeling of acyl-coenzyme A:glycine N-acyltransferase with p-azidobenzoyl-coenzyme A.", "content": "A photolabile reagent, p-azidobenzoyl-CoA, has been synthesized and tested as a photoaffinity label for acyl-CoA:glycine N-acyltransferase (EC 2.3.1.13) from beef liver. p-Azidobenzoyl-CoA is an active-site-directed reagent for this N-acyltransferase, since it is an alternate substrate (Km = 26 micronM, when [glycine] = 100 mM). Ultraviolet irradiation of a mixture of p-azidobenzoyl-CoA and the N-acyltransferase produces irreversible inhibition. Benzoyl-CoA protects the enzyme from inhibition by photoactivated p-azidobenzoyl-CoA. Acyl-CoA:glycine N-acyltransferase is composed of a single polypeptide with a molecular weight of about 35 000. Photolabeling experiments show that there is one active site per molecule of enzyme.", "contents": "Photoaffinity labeling of acyl-coenzyme A:glycine N-acyltransferase with p-azidobenzoyl-coenzyme A. A photolabile reagent, p-azidobenzoyl-CoA, has been synthesized and tested as a photoaffinity label for acyl-CoA:glycine N-acyltransferase (EC 2.3.1.13) from beef liver. p-Azidobenzoyl-CoA is an active-site-directed reagent for this N-acyltransferase, since it is an alternate substrate (Km = 26 micronM, when [glycine] = 100 mM). Ultraviolet irradiation of a mixture of p-azidobenzoyl-CoA and the N-acyltransferase produces irreversible inhibition. Benzoyl-CoA protects the enzyme from inhibition by photoactivated p-azidobenzoyl-CoA. Acyl-CoA:glycine N-acyltransferase is composed of a single polypeptide with a molecular weight of about 35 000. Photolabeling experiments show that there is one active site per molecule of enzyme."}
{"id": "PMID:889781", "title": "A nuclear magnetic resonance study of sphingomyelin in bilayer systems.", "content": "The physical properties of small single-walled vesicles composed of the zwitterionic phospholipid sphingomyelin have been studied using 1H and 31P nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The temperature variation of proton line widths and spin-lattice relaxation times and the chemical shift behavior for sphingomyelin vesicles are compared with results previously determined for phosphatidylcholine vesicles. Differences between the two systems are interpreted as indications of the presence of both inter- and intramolecular hydrogen bonding in sphingomyelin bilayers.", "contents": "A nuclear magnetic resonance study of sphingomyelin in bilayer systems. The physical properties of small single-walled vesicles composed of the zwitterionic phospholipid sphingomyelin have been studied using 1H and 31P nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The temperature variation of proton line widths and spin-lattice relaxation times and the chemical shift behavior for sphingomyelin vesicles are compared with results previously determined for phosphatidylcholine vesicles. Differences between the two systems are interpreted as indications of the presence of both inter- and intramolecular hydrogen bonding in sphingomyelin bilayers."}
{"id": "PMID:889782", "title": "More on the motional state of lipid bilayer membranes: interpretation of order parameters obtained from nuclear magnetic resonance experiments.", "content": "Proton and deuterium order parameters measured for the liquid crystalline phase of unsonicated lipid bilayer membranes are interpreted in terms of two motions: (i) chain reorientation and (ii) chain isomerization via kink diffusion. The observed order parameters are found to be compatible with angular deflections of the chain of about 50 degrees with respect to the bilayer normal, coupled with a probability of trans orientation of a methylene segment in the upper part of the chain of about 0.8-0.9. The motional model can be shown to account for the dynamic properties of the membrane system as measured by nuclear magnetic relaxation measurements, assuming that the chain isomerization occurs at a rate of approximately 10(10) s-1 and chain reorientation at a rate of approximately 10(7) s-1. Analysis of proton and deuterium line-width data in terms of this model shows that sonication has the effect of increasing the rate and amplitude of chain reorientation without substantially changing the isomerization motion along the acyl chain. These conclusions are briefly compared with similar observations recently reported in Raman spectroscopic studies.", "contents": "More on the motional state of lipid bilayer membranes: interpretation of order parameters obtained from nuclear magnetic resonance experiments. Proton and deuterium order parameters measured for the liquid crystalline phase of unsonicated lipid bilayer membranes are interpreted in terms of two motions: (i) chain reorientation and (ii) chain isomerization via kink diffusion. The observed order parameters are found to be compatible with angular deflections of the chain of about 50 degrees with respect to the bilayer normal, coupled with a probability of trans orientation of a methylene segment in the upper part of the chain of about 0.8-0.9. The motional model can be shown to account for the dynamic properties of the membrane system as measured by nuclear magnetic relaxation measurements, assuming that the chain isomerization occurs at a rate of approximately 10(10) s-1 and chain reorientation at a rate of approximately 10(7) s-1. Analysis of proton and deuterium line-width data in terms of this model shows that sonication has the effect of increasing the rate and amplitude of chain reorientation without substantially changing the isomerization motion along the acyl chain. These conclusions are briefly compared with similar observations recently reported in Raman spectroscopic studies."}
{"id": "PMID:889789", "title": "A simple method for the preparation of homogeneous phospholipid vesicles.", "content": "A new method is described for the preparation of homogeneously sized, single-lamellar phospholipid vesicles. This method, wich is based on differential high-speed ultracentrifugation, has the advantages of a higher vesicle yield without dilution and rapidity of preparation when compared to the molecular-sieve technique. The homogeneity of vesicle dispersions, prepared by this new method, is examined by several physical techniques and found to be comparable to the best samples prepared by molecular-sieve chromatography.", "contents": "A simple method for the preparation of homogeneous phospholipid vesicles. A new method is described for the preparation of homogeneously sized, single-lamellar phospholipid vesicles. This method, wich is based on differential high-speed ultracentrifugation, has the advantages of a higher vesicle yield without dilution and rapidity of preparation when compared to the molecular-sieve technique. The homogeneity of vesicle dispersions, prepared by this new method, is examined by several physical techniques and found to be comparable to the best samples prepared by molecular-sieve chromatography."}
{"id": "PMID:889790", "title": "Investigation of the structure of bovine erythrocyte superoxide dismutase by 1H nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy.", "content": "The 270-MHz 1H nuclear magnetic resonance spectra of the apo, copper(I)-zinc(II), and copper(II)-zinc(II) forms of bovine erythrocyte superoxide dismutase (EC 1.15.1.1) are reported, and assignments of resonances to ten amino acid residues are proposed. The data require that at least four and probably six histidine residues serve as ligands to the metals in each subunit of the enzyme, consistent with x-ray diffraction results. The remaining assigned resonances are associated with His-19, His-41, Tyr-108, and the N-terminal N-acetyl group. The imidazole C(2)H of His-41 exchanges readily at pH greater than 8. The structural implications of the effect of the paramagnetic Cu(II) in the holoenzyme on the proton relaxation times are in reasonable accord with the data from x-ray diffraction studies.", "contents": "Investigation of the structure of bovine erythrocyte superoxide dismutase by 1H nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The 270-MHz 1H nuclear magnetic resonance spectra of the apo, copper(I)-zinc(II), and copper(II)-zinc(II) forms of bovine erythrocyte superoxide dismutase (EC 1.15.1.1) are reported, and assignments of resonances to ten amino acid residues are proposed. The data require that at least four and probably six histidine residues serve as ligands to the metals in each subunit of the enzyme, consistent with x-ray diffraction results. The remaining assigned resonances are associated with His-19, His-41, Tyr-108, and the N-terminal N-acetyl group. The imidazole C(2)H of His-41 exchanges readily at pH greater than 8. The structural implications of the effect of the paramagnetic Cu(II) in the holoenzyme on the proton relaxation times are in reasonable accord with the data from x-ray diffraction studies."}
{"id": "PMID:889793", "title": "Template activity of calf thymus DNA modified by a dihydrodiol epoxide derivative of benzo[a]pyrene.", "content": "The purpose of the present study was to determine the effects of covalent binding to DNA of a reactive derivative of benzo[a]pyrene on template activity during in vitro transcription with RNA polymerase. Calf thymus deoxyribonucleic acid, modified by reaction with (+/-)-7beta,8alpha-dihydroxy-9alpha, 10alpha-epoxy-7,8,9,10-tetrahydrobenzo[a]pyrene, was transcribed with Escherichia coli DNA-dependent RNA polymerase. With increasing levels of modification, there was a progressive inhibition of transcription. The inhibition was much greater under conditions where continuous reinitiation of transcription occurred than under conditions where only one RNA chain was synthesized per initiation site. This suggested that the modified sites block the movement of polymerase along the template and prevent recycling of the enzyme. Consistent with this interpretation were analyses of RNA transcripts on sucrose density gradients which showed a progressive decrease in average RNA chain length as the extent of template modification increased. In contrast to the inhibitory effect on chain elongation, evidence was obtained that the modified DNA had an increase in the number of initiation sites for transcription. These results are consistent with separate physical studies indicating that modification of DNA by this benzo[a]pyrene derivative can induce small localized regions of denaturation.", "contents": "Template activity of calf thymus DNA modified by a dihydrodiol epoxide derivative of benzo[a]pyrene. The purpose of the present study was to determine the effects of covalent binding to DNA of a reactive derivative of benzo[a]pyrene on template activity during in vitro transcription with RNA polymerase. Calf thymus deoxyribonucleic acid, modified by reaction with (+/-)-7beta,8alpha-dihydroxy-9alpha, 10alpha-epoxy-7,8,9,10-tetrahydrobenzo[a]pyrene, was transcribed with Escherichia coli DNA-dependent RNA polymerase. With increasing levels of modification, there was a progressive inhibition of transcription. The inhibition was much greater under conditions where continuous reinitiation of transcription occurred than under conditions where only one RNA chain was synthesized per initiation site. This suggested that the modified sites block the movement of polymerase along the template and prevent recycling of the enzyme. Consistent with this interpretation were analyses of RNA transcripts on sucrose density gradients which showed a progressive decrease in average RNA chain length as the extent of template modification increased. In contrast to the inhibitory effect on chain elongation, evidence was obtained that the modified DNA had an increase in the number of initiation sites for transcription. These results are consistent with separate physical studies indicating that modification of DNA by this benzo[a]pyrene derivative can induce small localized regions of denaturation."}
{"id": "PMID:889794", "title": "Changes in polypeptide initiation and elongation rates during the cell cycle of Chlamydomonas reinhardi.", "content": "Changes in the rate of protein synthesis during the cell cycle of Chlamydomonas reinhardi have been measured by determining changes in the separate rates of polypeptide chain initiation and elongation and in the rate of incorporation of a radioactive amino acid. The rate of polypeptide chain elongation, determined from the relative rates of labeling of two size classes of polyribosomes, varies only about twofold during the cell cycle. The rate of polypeptide chain initiation, determined from an analysis of the distribution of ribosomes in monoribosomes (and ribosomal subunits) and polyribosomes, varies more than 25-fold. Also, the overall rate of protein synthesis during the cell cycle varies to the same extent as the rate of chain initiation. Measurement of protein synthetic rates using incorporation of a radioactive amino acid ([3H]arginine) underestimates the actual change in the rate of protein synthesis during the cell cycle. The vast changes in the initiation rate during the cell cycle suggest a mechanism for selecting specific messenger RNAs for translation at different cell-cycle stages.", "contents": "Changes in polypeptide initiation and elongation rates during the cell cycle of Chlamydomonas reinhardi. Changes in the rate of protein synthesis during the cell cycle of Chlamydomonas reinhardi have been measured by determining changes in the separate rates of polypeptide chain initiation and elongation and in the rate of incorporation of a radioactive amino acid. The rate of polypeptide chain elongation, determined from the relative rates of labeling of two size classes of polyribosomes, varies only about twofold during the cell cycle. The rate of polypeptide chain initiation, determined from an analysis of the distribution of ribosomes in monoribosomes (and ribosomal subunits) and polyribosomes, varies more than 25-fold. Also, the overall rate of protein synthesis during the cell cycle varies to the same extent as the rate of chain initiation. Measurement of protein synthetic rates using incorporation of a radioactive amino acid ([3H]arginine) underestimates the actual change in the rate of protein synthesis during the cell cycle. The vast changes in the initiation rate during the cell cycle suggest a mechanism for selecting specific messenger RNAs for translation at different cell-cycle stages."}
{"id": "PMID:889795", "title": "Study of DNA synthesis in chromatin isolated from HeLa cells.", "content": "When incubated in vitro, HeLa cell chromatin can synthesize DNA at rate comparable to that observed with isolated nuclei. The in vitro DNA synthetic activity of chromatin reflects DNA synthesis in intact cells since chromatin from cells in S phase are several times more active thatn preparations derived from mitotic cells. The requirements for the synthesis of DNA by chromatin preparations are also similar to those of isolated nuclei and the size of the DNA pieces made in both systems is roughly comparable. The chromatin system offers several advantages not available with isolated nuclei. Chromatin will synthesize DNA for a much longer time than isolated nuclei so that larger amounts of DNA can be synthesized in vitro In addition, although chromatin has its own endogenous ability to synthesize DNA, it is markedly stimulated by the presence of exogenously added HeLa cell DNA polymerase alpha, beta, and gamma, and, thus, may provide a new template system for the study of DNA synthesis.", "contents": "Study of DNA synthesis in chromatin isolated from HeLa cells. When incubated in vitro, HeLa cell chromatin can synthesize DNA at rate comparable to that observed with isolated nuclei. The in vitro DNA synthetic activity of chromatin reflects DNA synthesis in intact cells since chromatin from cells in S phase are several times more active thatn preparations derived from mitotic cells. The requirements for the synthesis of DNA by chromatin preparations are also similar to those of isolated nuclei and the size of the DNA pieces made in both systems is roughly comparable. The chromatin system offers several advantages not available with isolated nuclei. Chromatin will synthesize DNA for a much longer time than isolated nuclei so that larger amounts of DNA can be synthesized in vitro In addition, although chromatin has its own endogenous ability to synthesize DNA, it is markedly stimulated by the presence of exogenously added HeLa cell DNA polymerase alpha, beta, and gamma, and, thus, may provide a new template system for the study of DNA synthesis."}
{"id": "PMID:889797", "title": "Light-activated amino acid transport systems in Halobacterium halobium envelope vesicles: role of chemical and electrical gradients.", "content": "The accumulation of 20 commonly occurring L-amino acids by cell envelope vesicles of Halobacterium halobium, in response to light-induced membrane potential and an artificially created sodium gradient, has been studied. Nineteen of these amino acids are actively accumulated under either or both of these conditions. Glutamate is unique in that its uptake is driven only by a chemical gradient for sodium. Amino acid concentrations at half-maximal uptake rates (Km) and maximal transport rates (Vmax) have been determined for the uptake of all 19 amino acids. The transport systems have been partially characterized with respect to groups of amino acids transported by common carriers, cation effects, and relative response to the electrical and chemical components of the sodium gradient, the driving forces for uptake. The data presented clearly show that the carrier systems, which are responsible for uptake of individual amino acids, are as variable in their properties as those found in other organisms; i.e., some are highly specific for individual amino acids, some transport several amino acids competitively, some are activated by a chemical gradient of sodium only, and some function also in the complete absence of such a gradient. For all amino acids, Na+ and K+ are both required for maximal rate of uptake. The carriers for L-leucine and L-histidine are symmetrical in that these amino acids are transported in both directions across the vesicle membrane. It is suggested that coupling of substrate transport to metabolic energy via transient ionic gradients may be a general phenomenon in  procaryotes.", "contents": "Light-activated amino acid transport systems in Halobacterium halobium envelope vesicles: role of chemical and electrical gradients. The accumulation of 20 commonly occurring L-amino acids by cell envelope vesicles of Halobacterium halobium, in response to light-induced membrane potential and an artificially created sodium gradient, has been studied. Nineteen of these amino acids are actively accumulated under either or both of these conditions. Glutamate is unique in that its uptake is driven only by a chemical gradient for sodium. Amino acid concentrations at half-maximal uptake rates (Km) and maximal transport rates (Vmax) have been determined for the uptake of all 19 amino acids. The transport systems have been partially characterized with respect to groups of amino acids transported by common carriers, cation effects, and relative response to the electrical and chemical components of the sodium gradient, the driving forces for uptake. The data presented clearly show that the carrier systems, which are responsible for uptake of individual amino acids, are as variable in their properties as those found in other organisms; i.e., some are highly specific for individual amino acids, some transport several amino acids competitively, some are activated by a chemical gradient of sodium only, and some function also in the complete absence of such a gradient. For all amino acids, Na+ and K+ are both required for maximal rate of uptake. The carriers for L-leucine and L-histidine are symmetrical in that these amino acids are transported in both directions across the vesicle membrane. It is suggested that coupling of substrate transport to metabolic energy via transient ionic gradients may be a general phenomenon in  procaryotes."}
{"id": "PMID:889798", "title": "Subunit structure of the orotate phosphoribosyltransferase--orotidylate decarboxylase complex from human erythrocytes.", "content": "A complex of orotate phosphoribosyltransferase and orotidylate decarboxylase has been shown to exist in three molecular weight forms (Brown, G. K., Fox, R. M., and O'Sullivan, W. J. (1975), J. Biol. Chem. 250, 7352). The smallest of these, of molecular weight 62 000, was subjected to further study. On the basis of the inactivation of the enzyme activities, carried out in the presence of low concentrations of guanidine hydrochloride, and of changes in molecular weight of preparations during aging, it was inferred that the enzyme complex contained more than one type of subunit. This was confirmed by chromatography on Sephadex G-75 after preincubation in guanidine hydrochloride or with guanidine hydrochloride in the elution buffer. It was concluded that the enzyme complex consisted of two types of subunits, two decarboxylase units of molecular weight approximately 20 000 and two further subunits of approximately 13 000. The subunits could be separated and reassociated with partial recovery of both activities. A 40 000 molecular weight form had full decarboxylase activity but no phosphoribosyltransferase activity. Restoration of the 62 000 molecular weight form resulted in restoration of both enzymatic activities. An intermediate species of molecular weight 50 000 representing a combination of the decarboxylase dimer with one of the 13 000 subunits was also demonstrated. This form required the presence of dithiothreitol in order to manifest phosphoribosyltransferase activity. A model of the system has been proposed that accounts for both the different molecular weight forms and also for the deficiency of both activities in the rare inborn error of metabolism, hereditary orotic aciduria.", "contents": "Subunit structure of the orotate phosphoribosyltransferase--orotidylate decarboxylase complex from human erythrocytes. A complex of orotate phosphoribosyltransferase and orotidylate decarboxylase has been shown to exist in three molecular weight forms (Brown, G. K., Fox, R. M., and O'Sullivan, W. J. (1975), J. Biol. Chem. 250, 7352). The smallest of these, of molecular weight 62 000, was subjected to further study. On the basis of the inactivation of the enzyme activities, carried out in the presence of low concentrations of guanidine hydrochloride, and of changes in molecular weight of preparations during aging, it was inferred that the enzyme complex contained more than one type of subunit. This was confirmed by chromatography on Sephadex G-75 after preincubation in guanidine hydrochloride or with guanidine hydrochloride in the elution buffer. It was concluded that the enzyme complex consisted of two types of subunits, two decarboxylase units of molecular weight approximately 20 000 and two further subunits of approximately 13 000. The subunits could be separated and reassociated with partial recovery of both activities. A 40 000 molecular weight form had full decarboxylase activity but no phosphoribosyltransferase activity. Restoration of the 62 000 molecular weight form resulted in restoration of both enzymatic activities. An intermediate species of molecular weight 50 000 representing a combination of the decarboxylase dimer with one of the 13 000 subunits was also demonstrated. This form required the presence of dithiothreitol in order to manifest phosphoribosyltransferase activity. A model of the system has been proposed that accounts for both the different molecular weight forms and also for the deficiency of both activities in the rare inborn error of metabolism, hereditary orotic aciduria."}
{"id": "PMID:889799", "title": "Infrared linear dichroism investigations of deoxyribonucleic complexes with histones H2B and H3.", "content": "Complexes between DNA and histones H2B and H3 were studies by means of infrared linear dichroism in a wide range of histone to DNA ratios and of different relative humidities. The measurement of the dichroic ratios allows one to determine the secondary structure of DNA in the complexes. It is shown that the progressive addition of histone H2B or H3 to DNA inhibits the structural B leads to A transition and DNA remains in a B-type form at low relative humidity. A new simple method is proposed to evaluate the amount of A or B forms of DNA when both structures are present. It is found that the B leads to A transition is fully inhibited when only one molecule of H2B or H3 histone is bound per about three or four turns of DNA helix, respectively. It is proposed that about four to three turns of DNA helix represent the \"critical length of DNA\" (minimum \"cooperative unit\") for the B leads to A transition.", "contents": "Infrared linear dichroism investigations of deoxyribonucleic complexes with histones H2B and H3. Complexes between DNA and histones H2B and H3 were studies by means of infrared linear dichroism in a wide range of histone to DNA ratios and of different relative humidities. The measurement of the dichroic ratios allows one to determine the secondary structure of DNA in the complexes. It is shown that the progressive addition of histone H2B or H3 to DNA inhibits the structural B leads to A transition and DNA remains in a B-type form at low relative humidity. A new simple method is proposed to evaluate the amount of A or B forms of DNA when both structures are present. It is found that the B leads to A transition is fully inhibited when only one molecule of H2B or H3 histone is bound per about three or four turns of DNA helix, respectively. It is proposed that about four to three turns of DNA helix represent the \"critical length of DNA\" (minimum \"cooperative unit\") for the B leads to A transition."}
{"id": "PMID:889800", "title": "Bovine enterokinase. Purification, specificity, and some molecular properties.", "content": "Enterokinase has been isolated from the contents of bovine duodena and purified 1200-fold in 41% yield. The isolation procedure employed DEAE chromatography, affinity chromatography on immobilized p-aminobenzamidine, and gel filtration. The resultant pure enzyme exhibits a single band on sodium dodecyl sulfate gel electrophoresis corresponding to a molecular weight of 145 000. Two chains in the molecule, connected by disulfide linkages, have molecular weights of 57 000 and 82 000, respectively. The purified enzyme exhibits a restricted specificity which is directed toward the polyanionic amino acid sequence in the activation peptide of the zymogen substrate. Of the zymogens of the serine proteases tested, including several of those involved in blood coagulation, only native and guanidinated trypsinogen are acitvated by enterokinase, whereas acetylated trypsinogen is not. Partial heat denaturation of bovine enterokinase causes a differential response toward the activation of trypsinogen and the hydrolysis of benzoyl-L-arginine ethyl ester (BZArgOEt), further suggesting that secondary sites are important in the binding of trypsinogen. A sensitive assay for enterokinase (nanomole range) was developed using tritiated BZArgOEt.", "contents": "Bovine enterokinase. Purification, specificity, and some molecular properties. Enterokinase has been isolated from the contents of bovine duodena and purified 1200-fold in 41% yield. The isolation procedure employed DEAE chromatography, affinity chromatography on immobilized p-aminobenzamidine, and gel filtration. The resultant pure enzyme exhibits a single band on sodium dodecyl sulfate gel electrophoresis corresponding to a molecular weight of 145 000. Two chains in the molecule, connected by disulfide linkages, have molecular weights of 57 000 and 82 000, respectively. The purified enzyme exhibits a restricted specificity which is directed toward the polyanionic amino acid sequence in the activation peptide of the zymogen substrate. Of the zymogens of the serine proteases tested, including several of those involved in blood coagulation, only native and guanidinated trypsinogen are acitvated by enterokinase, whereas acetylated trypsinogen is not. Partial heat denaturation of bovine enterokinase causes a differential response toward the activation of trypsinogen and the hydrolysis of benzoyl-L-arginine ethyl ester (BZArgOEt), further suggesting that secondary sites are important in the binding of trypsinogen. A sensitive assay for enterokinase (nanomole range) was developed using tritiated BZArgOEt."}
{"id": "PMID:889808", "title": "Calcium binding to rat heart plasma membranes: isolation and purification of a lipoprotein component with a high calcium binding capacity.", "content": "A calcium binding lipoprotein component of rat heart plasma membrane was isolated, purified, and characterized. The lipoprotein complex had an apparent molecular weight of 71 400. One mole of lipoprotein contained 90 mol of phospholipid and 1 mol of a 12 300 molecular weight protein. The maximum calcium binding capacity was 4.27 mu mol/mg of protein, which corresponded to 52 mol of calcium per mol of lipoprotein complex. Calcium binding was competitively inhibited by a variety of metal ions and experimental antiarrhythmic and anesthetic agents.", "contents": "Calcium binding to rat heart plasma membranes: isolation and purification of a lipoprotein component with a high calcium binding capacity. A calcium binding lipoprotein component of rat heart plasma membrane was isolated, purified, and characterized. The lipoprotein complex had an apparent molecular weight of 71 400. One mole of lipoprotein contained 90 mol of phospholipid and 1 mol of a 12 300 molecular weight protein. The maximum calcium binding capacity was 4.27 mu mol/mg of protein, which corresponded to 52 mol of calcium per mol of lipoprotein complex. Calcium binding was competitively inhibited by a variety of metal ions and experimental antiarrhythmic and anesthetic agents."}
{"id": "PMID:889813", "title": "Mechanism of ethidium bromide fluorescence enhancement on binding to nucleic acids.", "content": "The mechanism of the enhancement of the fluorescence of ethidium bromide on binding to double helical RNA and DNA has been investigated. From an examination of the effect of different solvents on the fluorescence lifetime, quenching of fluorescence by proton acceptors, and the substantial lengthening of lifetime observed upon deuteration of the amino protons, regardless of the medium, we conclude that proton transfer from the excited singlet state is the process primarily responsible for the approximately equal to 3.5-fold increase in the lifetime of free ethidium bromide in going from H2O to D2O; the fact that addition of small amounts of water to nonaqueous solvents decreases the fluorescence whereas addition of small amounts of D2O enhances the fluorescence; and the enhancement of the ethidium bromide triplet state yield on binding to DNA. Other proposed mechanisms are shown to be inconsistent with our findings.", "contents": "Mechanism of ethidium bromide fluorescence enhancement on binding to nucleic acids. The mechanism of the enhancement of the fluorescence of ethidium bromide on binding to double helical RNA and DNA has been investigated. From an examination of the effect of different solvents on the fluorescence lifetime, quenching of fluorescence by proton acceptors, and the substantial lengthening of lifetime observed upon deuteration of the amino protons, regardless of the medium, we conclude that proton transfer from the excited singlet state is the process primarily responsible for the approximately equal to 3.5-fold increase in the lifetime of free ethidium bromide in going from H2O to D2O; the fact that addition of small amounts of water to nonaqueous solvents decreases the fluorescence whereas addition of small amounts of D2O enhances the fluorescence; and the enhancement of the ethidium bromide triplet state yield on binding to DNA. Other proposed mechanisms are shown to be inconsistent with our findings."}
{"id": "PMID:889814", "title": "Nanosecond fluorescence spectroscopy of pyrenebutyrate anti-pyrene antibody complexes.", "content": "The utility of the long-lived fluorophore, pyrene, as a probe in nanosecond fluorescence depolarization measurements was investigated using pyrenebutyrate bound in the combining sites of rabbit antipyrenebutyrate immunoglobulin G. The time dependent anisotropy decay data points showed very little scatter in the time interval 0-350 ns, which is more than three times the comparable time interval observed with epsilon-1-dimethylamino-5-naphthalenesulfonyllysine (DNS-lysine) bound in the combining sites of anti-DNS antibodies [Holowka, D.A., and Cathou, R.E. (1976), Biochemistry 15, 3379]. Thus, the use of pyrene can significantly extend the range of macromolecular rotational correlation times that can be measured by the single photon technique. In the present investigation, we confirmed the presence of Fab segmental fexibility in immunoglobulin G molecules specific for a hapten different from DNS-lysine. We obtained a value of about 135 ns for the longer rotational correlation time which probably represents global rotation of the entire molecule. In the course of these experiments, we have also found that the combining sites of antipyrenebutyrate antibodies are, as expected, relatively nonpolar.", "contents": "Nanosecond fluorescence spectroscopy of pyrenebutyrate anti-pyrene antibody complexes. The utility of the long-lived fluorophore, pyrene, as a probe in nanosecond fluorescence depolarization measurements was investigated using pyrenebutyrate bound in the combining sites of rabbit antipyrenebutyrate immunoglobulin G. The time dependent anisotropy decay data points showed very little scatter in the time interval 0-350 ns, which is more than three times the comparable time interval observed with epsilon-1-dimethylamino-5-naphthalenesulfonyllysine (DNS-lysine) bound in the combining sites of anti-DNS antibodies [Holowka, D.A., and Cathou, R.E. (1976), Biochemistry 15, 3379]. Thus, the use of pyrene can significantly extend the range of macromolecular rotational correlation times that can be measured by the single photon technique. In the present investigation, we confirmed the presence of Fab segmental fexibility in immunoglobulin G molecules specific for a hapten different from DNS-lysine. We obtained a value of about 135 ns for the longer rotational correlation time which probably represents global rotation of the entire molecule. In the course of these experiments, we have also found that the combining sites of antipyrenebutyrate antibodies are, as expected, relatively nonpolar."}
{"id": "PMID:889818", "title": "Effect of an anti-tumor platinum complex, Pt(II) diaminotoluene, on mitochondrial membrane properties.", "content": "The effects of platinum complexes, selected for their potent anti-tumor activities, have been studied on rat liver mitochondria. Among the mitochondrial properties which have been studied, the most marked effects of platinum complexes were obtained on functions linked to the inner membrane. cis-Pt(II)(3,4-diaminotoluene) dichloride is shown to stimulate state 4 respiration. It inhibits the phosphate transport into mitochondria, decreases the accumulation of Ca2+, and induces a more rapid release of the accumulated Ca2+. A release of Mg2+ from mitochondria incubated in the absence of added divalent cations, and an efflux of divalent cations from mitochondrial membranes are also observed. All these results indicate a profound modification of the of the permeability of mitochondrial membrane.", "contents": "Effect of an anti-tumor platinum complex, Pt(II) diaminotoluene, on mitochondrial membrane properties. The effects of platinum complexes, selected for their potent anti-tumor activities, have been studied on rat liver mitochondria. Among the mitochondrial properties which have been studied, the most marked effects of platinum complexes were obtained on functions linked to the inner membrane. cis-Pt(II)(3,4-diaminotoluene) dichloride is shown to stimulate state 4 respiration. It inhibits the phosphate transport into mitochondria, decreases the accumulation of Ca2+, and induces a more rapid release of the accumulated Ca2+. A release of Mg2+ from mitochondria incubated in the absence of added divalent cations, and an efflux of divalent cations from mitochondrial membranes are also observed. All these results indicate a profound modification of the of the permeability of mitochondrial membrane."}
{"id": "PMID:889820", "title": "The rise in chlorophyll a fluorescence yield and decay in delayed light emission in tris-washed chloroplasts in the 6-100 microseconds time range after an excitation flash.", "content": "Parallel measurements of the rise in chlorophyll a fluorescence yield and delayed light emission decay, after a 10 ns saturating excitation flash, have been made in tris (hydroxymethyl)aminomethane-washed chloroplasts. Various electron donor systems (Mn2+; ascorbate; reduced phenylenediamine and benzidine) were used in conjuction with different preillumination regimes to alter [P+-680], the oxidized form of the Photosystem II reaction center chlorophyll a. Conditions giving rise to high [p+ -680] resulted in only a small rise in fluorescence yield, an inhibition of a 6 microseconds component of delayed light emission. These results confirm the hypothesis that P+-680 acts as a quencher of fluorescence and that delayed light emission in the microsecond time range is due to the back reaction of P+-680 and Q-. (Q is the first \"stable\" electron acceptor of Photosystem II.) Two preillumination flashes are required before the full effect of Tris washing is observed in the delayed light emission decay and fluorescence yield rise; this suggests that a capacity to hold two charges exists between the Tris block and P+-680. Tris washing has no direct effect on the movement of electrons from Z (the first electron donor to P+-680. Finally, Mn2+ donates electrons to P+-680 via Z.", "contents": "The rise in chlorophyll a fluorescence yield and decay in delayed light emission in tris-washed chloroplasts in the 6-100 microseconds time range after an excitation flash. Parallel measurements of the rise in chlorophyll a fluorescence yield and delayed light emission decay, after a 10 ns saturating excitation flash, have been made in tris (hydroxymethyl)aminomethane-washed chloroplasts. Various electron donor systems (Mn2+; ascorbate; reduced phenylenediamine and benzidine) were used in conjuction with different preillumination regimes to alter [P+-680], the oxidized form of the Photosystem II reaction center chlorophyll a. Conditions giving rise to high [p+ -680] resulted in only a small rise in fluorescence yield, an inhibition of a 6 microseconds component of delayed light emission. These results confirm the hypothesis that P+-680 acts as a quencher of fluorescence and that delayed light emission in the microsecond time range is due to the back reaction of P+-680 and Q-. (Q is the first \"stable\" electron acceptor of Photosystem II.) Two preillumination flashes are required before the full effect of Tris washing is observed in the delayed light emission decay and fluorescence yield rise; this suggests that a capacity to hold two charges exists between the Tris block and P+-680. Tris washing has no direct effect on the movement of electrons from Z (the first electron donor to P+-680. Finally, Mn2+ donates electrons to P+-680 via Z."}
{"id": "PMID:889821", "title": "Oligomycin sensitivity of mitochondrial sulfhydryl groups.", "content": "Dithionitrobenzoate has been used to titrate sulfhydryl groups of rat liver mitochondria in glutamate buffer, pH 7.4. Reaction with oligomycin and different SH reagents preceded the SH titration. Under these conditions it was found that 2-mercaptopropionylcne and N-ethylmaleimide reacted in an oligomycin-sensitive manner, so that the control values (in the absence of SH reagent) were obtained. Similar concentrations of mersalyl and of N-(N-acetyl-4-sulfamoylphenyl) maleimide, in the presence of oligomycin, enhanced reactivity toward Nbs2. The concentration range of oligomycin-sensitive SH groups was thus defined between approx. 5 and 9 nmol reagent/mg mitochondrial protein. In this way, a differentiation between SH grops, which are implicated in phosphate transport antd those, which react in an oligomycin-sensitive manner, and which are probably connected with the coupling mechanism was achieved.", "contents": "Oligomycin sensitivity of mitochondrial sulfhydryl groups. Dithionitrobenzoate has been used to titrate sulfhydryl groups of rat liver mitochondria in glutamate buffer, pH 7.4. Reaction with oligomycin and different SH reagents preceded the SH titration. Under these conditions it was found that 2-mercaptopropionylcne and N-ethylmaleimide reacted in an oligomycin-sensitive manner, so that the control values (in the absence of SH reagent) were obtained. Similar concentrations of mersalyl and of N-(N-acetyl-4-sulfamoylphenyl) maleimide, in the presence of oligomycin, enhanced reactivity toward Nbs2. The concentration range of oligomycin-sensitive SH groups was thus defined between approx. 5 and 9 nmol reagent/mg mitochondrial protein. In this way, a differentiation between SH grops, which are implicated in phosphate transport antd those, which react in an oligomycin-sensitive manner, and which are probably connected with the coupling mechanism was achieved."}
{"id": "PMID:889822", "title": "Picosecond and microsecond pulse laser studies of exciton quenching and exciton distribution in spinach chloroplasts at low temperatures.", "content": "Studies of the fluorescence quantum yield and decay times, determined at the emission maxima of 685 and 735 nm, using picosecond laser pulses for excitation, indicate that the pigments which are responsible for the 735 nm emission derive their energy by transfer of singlet excitons from the light-harvesting pigments and not by direct absorption of photons. Microsecond pulse laser studies of the fluorescence quantum yields at these two fluorescence wavelengths indicate that long lived quenchers (most probably triplet states), which quench singlet excitions, accumulate preferentially within the long wavelength pigment system which gives rise to the 735 nm emission band.", "contents": "Picosecond and microsecond pulse laser studies of exciton quenching and exciton distribution in spinach chloroplasts at low temperatures. Studies of the fluorescence quantum yield and decay times, determined at the emission maxima of 685 and 735 nm, using picosecond laser pulses for excitation, indicate that the pigments which are responsible for the 735 nm emission derive their energy by transfer of singlet excitons from the light-harvesting pigments and not by direct absorption of photons. Microsecond pulse laser studies of the fluorescence quantum yields at these two fluorescence wavelengths indicate that long lived quenchers (most probably triplet states), which quench singlet excitions, accumulate preferentially within the long wavelength pigment system which gives rise to the 735 nm emission band."}
{"id": "PMID:889826", "title": "Dipole moment changes and voltage dependent membrane capacity of squid axon.", "content": "Changes in the membrane capacity of squid axons during hyper- and depolarizations are measured between --160 and +40 mV. After corrections for the series resistance and fringe effect, we found that the membrane capacity increased from 0.68 to 1.2 muF/cm2 with depolarization. It was further observed that tetrodotoxin the external medium eliminated the change in membrane capacity without affecting the conductivity. The voltage-dependent membrane conductivity is, in turn, greatley reduced by the internal cesium ion. These observations clearly indicate that the voltage-dependent membrane capacity and conductivity are closely related to ionic channels. Particularly, the increase in membrane capacity with depolarizations may be due to sodium channels. The change in the dipole moment associated with sodium sites was determined using values of alpham and betam at various depolarizations. We found, based on voltage clamp measurements, that the increase in the dipole moment of the sodium site between --40 and --5 mV is 1230 Debye units (D.U.) and 930 D.U. between --5 and +60mV, indicating that the depolarization of sodium channels may consist of two different steps.", "contents": "Dipole moment changes and voltage dependent membrane capacity of squid axon. Changes in the membrane capacity of squid axons during hyper- and depolarizations are measured between --160 and +40 mV. After corrections for the series resistance and fringe effect, we found that the membrane capacity increased from 0.68 to 1.2 muF/cm2 with depolarization. It was further observed that tetrodotoxin the external medium eliminated the change in membrane capacity without affecting the conductivity. The voltage-dependent membrane conductivity is, in turn, greatley reduced by the internal cesium ion. These observations clearly indicate that the voltage-dependent membrane capacity and conductivity are closely related to ionic channels. Particularly, the increase in membrane capacity with depolarizations may be due to sodium channels. The change in the dipole moment associated with sodium sites was determined using values of alpham and betam at various depolarizations. We found, based on voltage clamp measurements, that the increase in the dipole moment of the sodium site between --40 and --5 mV is 1230 Debye units (D.U.) and 930 D.U. between --5 and +60mV, indicating that the depolarization of sodium channels may consist of two different steps."}
{"id": "PMID:889827", "title": "Extensive exchange of rat liver microsomal phospholipids.", "content": "Liver microsomal fractions were prepared from rats injected with a single dose of choline [14C]methylchloride or with single or multiple doses of 32Pi. Exchangeability of microsomal phospholipids was determined by incubation with an excess of mitochondria and phospholipid exchange proteins derived from beef heart, beef liver or rat liver. Labeled phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylserine and phosphatidylinositol were found to act as a single pool and were 85--95% exchangeable in 1--2h. High latencies of mannose-6-phosphate phosphohydrolase activities and impermeability of microsomes to EDTA proved that phospholipid exchange proteins did not have access to the intracisternal space. If microsomal membranes are largely composed of phospholipid bilayers, the experiments suggest that one or more of the phospholipid classes in microsomal membranes undergo rapid translocation between the inner and outer portions of the bilayer.", "contents": "Extensive exchange of rat liver microsomal phospholipids. Liver microsomal fractions were prepared from rats injected with a single dose of choline [14C]methylchloride or with single or multiple doses of 32Pi. Exchangeability of microsomal phospholipids was determined by incubation with an excess of mitochondria and phospholipid exchange proteins derived from beef heart, beef liver or rat liver. Labeled phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylserine and phosphatidylinositol were found to act as a single pool and were 85--95% exchangeable in 1--2h. High latencies of mannose-6-phosphate phosphohydrolase activities and impermeability of microsomes to EDTA proved that phospholipid exchange proteins did not have access to the intracisternal space. If microsomal membranes are largely composed of phospholipid bilayers, the experiments suggest that one or more of the phospholipid classes in microsomal membranes undergo rapid translocation between the inner and outer portions of the bilayer."}
{"id": "PMID:889828", "title": "Alterations of RNA metabolism in sea urchin embryos by an inhibitor of protein synthesis initiation.", "content": "An inhibitor of the initiation of protein synthesis, 2-(4-methyl-2,6 dinitroanilino)-N-methyl propionamide, (MDMP), inhibits incorporation of amino acids by 85--95% without altering the rate of incorporation of uridine into sea-urchin-hatched blastula embryos. Since the inhibition is readily reversible up to at least 90 min after addition, extensive secondary effects are unlikely. Newly synthesized RNA accumulates in polyribosome-like structures in amount and with a size distribution very similar to the control. The polyadenylation of total, cytoplasmic and polyribosomal RNA are only slightly different from the controls. While the size distribution of 9-S of approx. 30-S RNA is about the same, there is relatively less low molecular weight RNA (approx. 4-S). There is also a greater accumulation of greater than 30-S RNA in the cytoplasm of treated embryos due either to leakage and/or improper processing of nuclear RNA. The latter possibility is consistent with the decrease in 4-S RNA which is a presumed degradation product of nuclear HnRNA. While the initial rate of RNA synthesis and much of the accumulation of RNA in polyribosomes are not affected, the inhibition of protein synthesis per se or a secondary effect of MDMP results in altered patterns of RNA transport and processing.", "contents": "Alterations of RNA metabolism in sea urchin embryos by an inhibitor of protein synthesis initiation. An inhibitor of the initiation of protein synthesis, 2-(4-methyl-2,6 dinitroanilino)-N-methyl propionamide, (MDMP), inhibits incorporation of amino acids by 85--95% without altering the rate of incorporation of uridine into sea-urchin-hatched blastula embryos. Since the inhibition is readily reversible up to at least 90 min after addition, extensive secondary effects are unlikely. Newly synthesized RNA accumulates in polyribosome-like structures in amount and with a size distribution very similar to the control. The polyadenylation of total, cytoplasmic and polyribosomal RNA are only slightly different from the controls. While the size distribution of 9-S of approx. 30-S RNA is about the same, there is relatively less low molecular weight RNA (approx. 4-S). There is also a greater accumulation of greater than 30-S RNA in the cytoplasm of treated embryos due either to leakage and/or improper processing of nuclear RNA. The latter possibility is consistent with the decrease in 4-S RNA which is a presumed degradation product of nuclear HnRNA. While the initial rate of RNA synthesis and much of the accumulation of RNA in polyribosomes are not affected, the inhibition of protein synthesis per se or a secondary effect of MDMP results in altered patterns of RNA transport and processing."}
{"id": "PMID:889830", "title": "Messenger RNA binding of a ribosome-associated protein kinase and a ribosomal phosphoprotein(s) in mouse plasmacytoma.", "content": "A specific ribosome-associated protein kinase (protein kinase II) and phosphoprotein(s) from the ribosomal KCl wash fraction termed \"PPx\" have been isolated from plasmacytoma, and tested for their ability to bind to poly(A) and to different plasmacytoma polynucleotides. The nitrocellulose filter binding technique was used to measure RNA-protein interaction. Protein kinase II and PPx preferentially bound mRNA compared to poly(A). They did not bind ribosomal RNA, soluble RNA or DNA. The optimal conditions (temperature, time, protein concentration, ionic strength) for mRNA-protein interaction were determined. Ribosomal protein kinase (protein kinase II) phosphorylated PPx proteins which bound to mRNA represented at least two bands as determined by sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (Mr = 90 000 and 80 000). The high  affinity of protein kinase II and PPx for mRNA suggests that they may function in regulating protein synthesis.", "contents": "Messenger RNA binding of a ribosome-associated protein kinase and a ribosomal phosphoprotein(s) in mouse plasmacytoma. A specific ribosome-associated protein kinase (protein kinase II) and phosphoprotein(s) from the ribosomal KCl wash fraction termed \"PPx\" have been isolated from plasmacytoma, and tested for their ability to bind to poly(A) and to different plasmacytoma polynucleotides. The nitrocellulose filter binding technique was used to measure RNA-protein interaction. Protein kinase II and PPx preferentially bound mRNA compared to poly(A). They did not bind ribosomal RNA, soluble RNA or DNA. The optimal conditions (temperature, time, protein concentration, ionic strength) for mRNA-protein interaction were determined. Ribosomal protein kinase (protein kinase II) phosphorylated PPx proteins which bound to mRNA represented at least two bands as determined by sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (Mr = 90 000 and 80 000). The high  affinity of protein kinase II and PPx for mRNA suggests that they may function in regulating protein synthesis."}
{"id": "PMID:889831", "title": "Flow dichroism, flow polarized fluorescence and viscosity of the DNA acridine complexes.", "content": "The strong binding of various acridine dyes to DNA has been studied by the measurements of flow dichroism, flow polarized fluorescence and viscosity. Negative flow dichroism and percentage change in polarized fluorescence intensity show that intercalated dye molecules are oriented rather perpendicularly to the main axis of the DNA helix, like base pairs. On the other hand, viscosity measurements show that the increase of the contour length of DNA depends on the dye structure, being much smaller in the case of dyes with bulky substituents compared to that of the other dyes. This may be attributed to the formation of the outside bound complex. Further, the introduction of bulk substituents to the acridine ring leads to a little smaller values of the reduced dichroism and intensity change of polarized fluorescence. The results may be qualitatively understood if we assume that the outside bound dye lies in the groove of the DNA helix and the plane of the dye tilts from the perpendicular direction relative to the main axis of the helix.", "contents": "Flow dichroism, flow polarized fluorescence and viscosity of the DNA acridine complexes. The strong binding of various acridine dyes to DNA has been studied by the measurements of flow dichroism, flow polarized fluorescence and viscosity. Negative flow dichroism and percentage change in polarized fluorescence intensity show that intercalated dye molecules are oriented rather perpendicularly to the main axis of the DNA helix, like base pairs. On the other hand, viscosity measurements show that the increase of the contour length of DNA depends on the dye structure, being much smaller in the case of dyes with bulky substituents compared to that of the other dyes. This may be attributed to the formation of the outside bound complex. Further, the introduction of bulk substituents to the acridine ring leads to a little smaller values of the reduced dichroism and intensity change of polarized fluorescence. The results may be qualitatively understood if we assume that the outside bound dye lies in the groove of the DNA helix and the plane of the dye tilts from the perpendicular direction relative to the main axis of the helix."}
{"id": "PMID:889832", "title": "High molecular weight DNA intermediates synthesized by permeabilized L cells.", "content": "Mouse L cells rendered permeable to deoxynucleoside triphosphates synthesize DNA as an extension of replication forks that were active in the intact cells. The permeabilization process does not affect the size of the bulk cell DNA. Intermediate molecular weight DNA, synthesized in the intact cells, is neither degraded to small molecular weight DNA nor processed into bulk cell DNA following the permeabilization process. DNA synthesized by the permeable cells demonstrates a heterogenous distribution in alkaline sucrose gradients, with peaks at 26 S and 71 S. Pulse-chase experiments demonstrate that these two classes of DNA intermediates do not have a precursor product relation. They appear to be synthesized independently and at the same rate. The results are compatible with continuous synthesis of DNA along one template strand and discontinuous synthesis along the opposite strand. DNA synthesis in isolated L cell nuclei was compared to the process in permeabilized cells with the results demonstrating that the rate of DNA synthesis is slower in the nuclei than it is in the permeable cells. Alkaline sucrose gradient studies demonstrate that the DNA synthesized by isolated nuclei is smaller than the DNA synthesized by the permeable cells.", "contents": "High molecular weight DNA intermediates synthesized by permeabilized L cells. Mouse L cells rendered permeable to deoxynucleoside triphosphates synthesize DNA as an extension of replication forks that were active in the intact cells. The permeabilization process does not affect the size of the bulk cell DNA. Intermediate molecular weight DNA, synthesized in the intact cells, is neither degraded to small molecular weight DNA nor processed into bulk cell DNA following the permeabilization process. DNA synthesized by the permeable cells demonstrates a heterogenous distribution in alkaline sucrose gradients, with peaks at 26 S and 71 S. Pulse-chase experiments demonstrate that these two classes of DNA intermediates do not have a precursor product relation. They appear to be synthesized independently and at the same rate. The results are compatible with continuous synthesis of DNA along one template strand and discontinuous synthesis along the opposite strand. DNA synthesis in isolated L cell nuclei was compared to the process in permeabilized cells with the results demonstrating that the rate of DNA synthesis is slower in the nuclei than it is in the permeable cells. Alkaline sucrose gradient studies demonstrate that the DNA synthesized by isolated nuclei is smaller than the DNA synthesized by the permeable cells."}
{"id": "PMID:889833", "title": "Differential partitioning of tRNAs between micellar and aqueous phases: a convenient gel filtration method for separation of tRNAs.", "content": "Partition coefficients (Kp) of phenylalanine, glutamic acid-II and tyrosine tRNAs between water and micellar cetyltrimethylammonium chloride (CTACl) have been determined to be 5600, 520 and 3100, respectively, by gel filtration on Sephadex G-100-120. Equations for obtaining Kp values from quantitative gel filtration have also been derived. The use of this method for the separation of tRNAs is demonstrated.", "contents": "Differential partitioning of tRNAs between micellar and aqueous phases: a convenient gel filtration method for separation of tRNAs. Partition coefficients (Kp) of phenylalanine, glutamic acid-II and tyrosine tRNAs between water and micellar cetyltrimethylammonium chloride (CTACl) have been determined to be 5600, 520 and 3100, respectively, by gel filtration on Sephadex G-100-120. Equations for obtaining Kp values from quantitative gel filtration have also been derived. The use of this method for the separation of tRNAs is demonstrated."}
{"id": "PMID:889834", "title": "Streptomycin: separation of polysomal and non-polysomal messenger ribonucleoproteins.", "content": "In the presence of 0.02 M streptomycin, all of the polysomes precipitate from male cricket (Acheta domesticus) accessory gland and chick embryonic tissue post-mitochondrial fractions. All non-polysomal messenger-like ribonucleoprotein preparations tested remain in solution.", "contents": "Streptomycin: separation of polysomal and non-polysomal messenger ribonucleoproteins. In the presence of 0.02 M streptomycin, all of the polysomes precipitate from male cricket (Acheta domesticus) accessory gland and chick embryonic tissue post-mitochondrial fractions. All non-polysomal messenger-like ribonucleoprotein preparations tested remain in solution."}
{"id": "PMID:889835", "title": "Kinked DNA. Energetics and conditions favoring its formation.", "content": "Theoretical calculations demonstrate that the formation of kinks in DNA in the manner proposed by Crick and Klug produces a conformation which corresponds to a local energy minimum when the phosphate backbone is charged. This conformation becomes the global minimum under certain conditions which neutralize the anionic backbone oxygens. A sequence preference for kink formation is predicted. The possible role of kinking in experimentally observed phenomena and experimental means of demonstrating the existence of kinks are discussed.", "contents": "Kinked DNA. Energetics and conditions favoring its formation. Theoretical calculations demonstrate that the formation of kinks in DNA in the manner proposed by Crick and Klug produces a conformation which corresponds to a local energy minimum when the phosphate backbone is charged. This conformation becomes the global minimum under certain conditions which neutralize the anionic backbone oxygens. A sequence preference for kink formation is predicted. The possible role of kinking in experimentally observed phenomena and experimental means of demonstrating the existence of kinks are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:889836", "title": "Purification and properties of cytochrome p-450 (11beta- and 18-hydroxylase) from bovine adrenocortical mitochondria.", "content": "We describe an improved procedure for the preparation of a cytochrome P-450 from bovine adrenocortical mitochondria which catalyzes 11beta- and 18-hydroxylation of steroids. The preparation is based upon chromatography on DEAE cellulose which separates the enzyme from the side-chain cleavage P-450, which can also be prepared in highly purified form from the same tissue extracts. The enzyme behaves as a single compound in glycerol density gradients. The enzyme aggregates at protein concentrations greater than 1 mg/ml to a series of forms of various molecular weights. On Sepharose 4B the enzyme shows a molecular weight of 185 000, while on glycerol density gradients a molecular weight of 1 - 10(6) is observed. The subunit molecular weight determined by electrophoresis on polyacrylamide gels with sodium dodecyl sulfate is 47 500 and the protein appears as a single band. The ratio of 11beta-/18-hydroxylase activities does not change significantly during purification and is constant through the protein peak on glycerol density gradients. Since there appears to be only one subunit species, it seems likely that the two hydroxylase activities are catalyzed by one protein.", "contents": "Purification and properties of cytochrome p-450 (11beta- and 18-hydroxylase) from bovine adrenocortical mitochondria. We describe an improved procedure for the preparation of a cytochrome P-450 from bovine adrenocortical mitochondria which catalyzes 11beta- and 18-hydroxylation of steroids. The preparation is based upon chromatography on DEAE cellulose which separates the enzyme from the side-chain cleavage P-450, which can also be prepared in highly purified form from the same tissue extracts. The enzyme behaves as a single compound in glycerol density gradients. The enzyme aggregates at protein concentrations greater than 1 mg/ml to a series of forms of various molecular weights. On Sepharose 4B the enzyme shows a molecular weight of 185 000, while on glycerol density gradients a molecular weight of 1 - 10(6) is observed. The subunit molecular weight determined by electrophoresis on polyacrylamide gels with sodium dodecyl sulfate is 47 500 and the protein appears as a single band. The ratio of 11beta-/18-hydroxylase activities does not change significantly during purification and is constant through the protein peak on glycerol density gradients. Since there appears to be only one subunit species, it seems likely that the two hydroxylase activities are catalyzed by one protein."}
{"id": "PMID:889837", "title": "Inhibition of potato starch phosphorylase by alpha-D-glucopyranose-1,2-cyclic phosphate.", "content": "alpha-D-Glucopyranose-1.2-cyclic phosphate is a potent inhibitor of potato starch phosphorylase-catalyzed (1,4-alpha-D-glucan:orthophosphate alpha-glucosyltransferase, EC 2.4.1.1) starch elongation. The inhibition is competitive with respect to alpha-D-glucopyranose 1-phosphate (Glc-1-P) with Ki approximately 0.07 mM at pH 6.3 and 30 degrees C in 25 mM citrate buffer. The affinity of the phosphorylase - starch complex for the cyclic ester is therefore nearly 30 times as large as for Glc-1-P. Under conditions where alpha-D-glucopyranose-1,2-cyclic phosphate slows starch elongation by a factor of 3, UDPglucose, ADPglucose, D-glucose 6-phosphate, and D-glucose 2-phosphate cause rate reductions of less than 10%. The origin of the relatively strong binding of the cyclic ester to the phosphorylase, and its possible biological significance are discussed.", "contents": "Inhibition of potato starch phosphorylase by alpha-D-glucopyranose-1,2-cyclic phosphate. alpha-D-Glucopyranose-1.2-cyclic phosphate is a potent inhibitor of potato starch phosphorylase-catalyzed (1,4-alpha-D-glucan:orthophosphate alpha-glucosyltransferase, EC 2.4.1.1) starch elongation. The inhibition is competitive with respect to alpha-D-glucopyranose 1-phosphate (Glc-1-P) with Ki approximately 0.07 mM at pH 6.3 and 30 degrees C in 25 mM citrate buffer. The affinity of the phosphorylase - starch complex for the cyclic ester is therefore nearly 30 times as large as for Glc-1-P. Under conditions where alpha-D-glucopyranose-1,2-cyclic phosphate slows starch elongation by a factor of 3, UDPglucose, ADPglucose, D-glucose 6-phosphate, and D-glucose 2-phosphate cause rate reductions of less than 10%. The origin of the relatively strong binding of the cyclic ester to the phosphorylase, and its possible biological significance are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:889838", "title": "The degradation of articular collagen by neutrophil proteinases.", "content": "The action of the serine proteinase (EC 3.4.21--)of human neutrophil leucocytes, elastase and cathepsin G, on cartilage and tendon was investigated. With cartilage, both enzymes first degraded the proteoglycan, then solubilized collagen by an attack on the terminal peptides, destroying the inter- and intramolecular cross-links. There was little degradation of the helical region of the type II collagen. Elastase also solubilized type I collagen from tendon, though this was less susceptible than cartilage collagen, and attacked the terminal peptides and perhaps the helical region of type I skin collagen in solution. Cathepsin G had little or no effect on type I collagen of skin or tendon. Since massive infiltration of joint tissues by neutrophil leucocytes is a prominent feature of inflammatory joint disease, it may well be that elastase and cathepsin G make a significant contribution to the tissue damage that occurs.", "contents": "The degradation of articular collagen by neutrophil proteinases. The action of the serine proteinase (EC 3.4.21--)of human neutrophil leucocytes, elastase and cathepsin G, on cartilage and tendon was investigated. With cartilage, both enzymes first degraded the proteoglycan, then solubilized collagen by an attack on the terminal peptides, destroying the inter- and intramolecular cross-links. There was little degradation of the helical region of the type II collagen. Elastase also solubilized type I collagen from tendon, though this was less susceptible than cartilage collagen, and attacked the terminal peptides and perhaps the helical region of type I skin collagen in solution. Cathepsin G had little or no effect on type I collagen of skin or tendon. Since massive infiltration of joint tissues by neutrophil leucocytes is a prominent feature of inflammatory joint disease, it may well be that elastase and cathepsin G make a significant contribution to the tissue damage that occurs."}
{"id": "PMID:889840", "title": "The inhibition of rat liver chromatin protease by congeners of the phenylboronic acids.", "content": "A group of arylalkylboronic acids were synthesized in order to investigate the inhibitory potential of these compounds for rat liver chromatin protease (EC 3.4--). The effect of side chain length, side chain substitution and aromatic substitution on proteolytic activity in chromatin dissociated in salt and urea was assayed. It was determined that a side chain length two carbons long provided the greatest inhibitory effect with complete inhibition attainable at 20 mM concentration of phenylethylboronic acid. Aryl substitution in the ortho position proved to be the most potent structural change with complete inhibition attained by 1 mM concentration of 0-methylphenylethylboronic acid. The binding of these two inhibitors proved to be reversible.", "contents": "The inhibition of rat liver chromatin protease by congeners of the phenylboronic acids. A group of arylalkylboronic acids were synthesized in order to investigate the inhibitory potential of these compounds for rat liver chromatin protease (EC 3.4--). The effect of side chain length, side chain substitution and aromatic substitution on proteolytic activity in chromatin dissociated in salt and urea was assayed. It was determined that a side chain length two carbons long provided the greatest inhibitory effect with complete inhibition attainable at 20 mM concentration of phenylethylboronic acid. Aryl substitution in the ortho position proved to be the most potent structural change with complete inhibition attained by 1 mM concentration of 0-methylphenylethylboronic acid. The binding of these two inhibitors proved to be reversible."}
{"id": "PMID:889841", "title": "Preparation and properties of trypsin and chymotrysin coupled covalently to poly (N-vinylpyrrolidone).", "content": "Water-soluble poly(N-vinylpyrrolidone) of molecular weight 10 000 was modified by hydrolysis of 5% of the gamma-lactam rings, and formation of the N-hydroxysuccinimidester. This activated polymer was bound covalently to trypsin (EC 3.4.21.4) and chymotrypsin (EC 3.4.21.1) to complexes of a molecular weight of about 150 000. The bound enzymes showed an increase in stability towards autolysis. Towards small molecular weight substrates the trypsin-poly (N-vinylpyrrolidone) conjugate showed an increase in specific activity of 1: 1.6, whereas the activity towards larger substrate was found to be only 20%. Chymotrypsin-poly(N-vinylpyrrolidone) showed decreased activity against small (50%) and large (7%) molecular weight substrates.", "contents": "Preparation and properties of trypsin and chymotrysin coupled covalently to poly (N-vinylpyrrolidone). Water-soluble poly(N-vinylpyrrolidone) of molecular weight 10 000 was modified by hydrolysis of 5% of the gamma-lactam rings, and formation of the N-hydroxysuccinimidester. This activated polymer was bound covalently to trypsin (EC 3.4.21.4) and chymotrypsin (EC 3.4.21.1) to complexes of a molecular weight of about 150 000. The bound enzymes showed an increase in stability towards autolysis. Towards small molecular weight substrates the trypsin-poly (N-vinylpyrrolidone) conjugate showed an increase in specific activity of 1: 1.6, whereas the activity towards larger substrate was found to be only 20%. Chymotrypsin-poly(N-vinylpyrrolidone) showed decreased activity against small (50%) and large (7%) molecular weight substrates."}
{"id": "PMID:889843", "title": "Purification and characterization of aldolase from human erythrocytes.", "content": "A procedure has been developed for the purification of human erythrocyte aldolase (D-fructose-1,6-bisphosphate D-glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate-lyase, EC 4.1.2.1.3). The process involves a specific substrate elution of the enzyme from phosphocellulose followed by a reverse ammonium sulfate fractionation. The preparation has been shown to be homogeneous by analytical ultracentrifugation, thin-layer electrophoresis, and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in sodium dodecyl sulfate. The enzyme exhibits a specific activity of 16 I.U./mg protein, a Km of 7.1-10(-6) M for fructose 1,6-bisphosphate, and a substrate specificity (Fru-1,6-P2/Fru-1-P) of 40. The native protein in a tetramer of 158 000 molecular weight possessing identical or nearly identical subunits, an isoelectric point of 8.9, a diffusion coefficient of 4.68-10(-7) cm2/s, and a molecular radius of 4.56 nm. The study shows the enzyme to be a type A aldolase resembling other muscle forms in chemical and physical properties as well as amino acid composition.", "contents": "Purification and characterization of aldolase from human erythrocytes. A procedure has been developed for the purification of human erythrocyte aldolase (D-fructose-1,6-bisphosphate D-glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate-lyase, EC 4.1.2.1.3). The process involves a specific substrate elution of the enzyme from phosphocellulose followed by a reverse ammonium sulfate fractionation. The preparation has been shown to be homogeneous by analytical ultracentrifugation, thin-layer electrophoresis, and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in sodium dodecyl sulfate. The enzyme exhibits a specific activity of 16 I.U./mg protein, a Km of 7.1-10(-6) M for fructose 1,6-bisphosphate, and a substrate specificity (Fru-1,6-P2/Fru-1-P) of 40. The native protein in a tetramer of 158 000 molecular weight possessing identical or nearly identical subunits, an isoelectric point of 8.9, a diffusion coefficient of 4.68-10(-7) cm2/s, and a molecular radius of 4.56 nm. The study shows the enzyme to be a type A aldolase resembling other muscle forms in chemical and physical properties as well as amino acid composition."}
{"id": "PMID:889845", "title": "Study on the mechanism of action of adenosylcobalamin-dependent glycerol dehydratase from Aerobacter aerogenes. I. Role of structural components of adenosylcobalamin the formation of the active site of glycerol dehydratase.", "content": "A new method of partial chemical synthesis of adenosylcobalamin (Co alpha-[alpha-5,6-diemethylbenzimidazolyl)]-Co beta-adenosylcobamide, AdoCbl) analogs has been developed. A series of derivatives of AdoCbl modified in the nucleoside and nucleotide ligands and corrin macrocycle have been obtained. The interaction of AdoCl analogs with glycerol dehydratase (EC 4.2.1.30) from Aerobacter aerogenes has been investigated. It has been shown that the nucleoside ligand of AdoCbl provides no essential contribution to the binding of apoenzyme but the preservation of the exact structure of the 1-N and 2-C positions of adenine appears essential for the catalysis. The coordination bond between the Co and nucleotide ligand of AdoCl does not play a decisive role in glycerol dehydratase activity. To form the active site of the glycerol dehydrates, the nucleotide in the AdoCbl structure is essential since nucleotide elimination results in a 100-fold increase of Ki for the corresponding analog. In the binding of AdoCbl with apoenzyme, the main role belongs to the corrin macrocycle, in which the e-propionamide group is significant for binding with apoenzyme, but presumably not essential for catalysis.", "contents": "Study on the mechanism of action of adenosylcobalamin-dependent glycerol dehydratase from Aerobacter aerogenes. I. Role of structural components of adenosylcobalamin the formation of the active site of glycerol dehydratase. A new method of partial chemical synthesis of adenosylcobalamin (Co alpha-[alpha-5,6-diemethylbenzimidazolyl)]-Co beta-adenosylcobamide, AdoCbl) analogs has been developed. A series of derivatives of AdoCbl modified in the nucleoside and nucleotide ligands and corrin macrocycle have been obtained. The interaction of AdoCl analogs with glycerol dehydratase (EC 4.2.1.30) from Aerobacter aerogenes has been investigated. It has been shown that the nucleoside ligand of AdoCbl provides no essential contribution to the binding of apoenzyme but the preservation of the exact structure of the 1-N and 2-C positions of adenine appears essential for the catalysis. The coordination bond between the Co and nucleotide ligand of AdoCl does not play a decisive role in glycerol dehydratase activity. To form the active site of the glycerol dehydrates, the nucleotide in the AdoCbl structure is essential since nucleotide elimination results in a 100-fold increase of Ki for the corresponding analog. In the binding of AdoCbl with apoenzyme, the main role belongs to the corrin macrocycle, in which the e-propionamide group is significant for binding with apoenzyme, but presumably not essential for catalysis."}
{"id": "PMID:889846", "title": "Study of the mechanism of action of adenosylcobalamindependent glycerol dehydratase from Aerobacter aerogenes. II. The inactivation kinetics of glycerol dehydratase complexes with adenosylobalamin and its analogs.", "content": "The inactivation kinetics of vacterial glycerol dehydratase (EC 4.2.1.30) in the course of its reaction with adenosylcobalamin (AdoCbl) and its analogs were investigated. It was shown that the inactivation rate of apoenzyme complexes with AdoCbl analogs is determined by the nature of the analogs employed and probably by the rate of their conversion into hydroxycobalamins. A possible inactivation mechanism of glycerol dehydratase is discussed.", "contents": "Study of the mechanism of action of adenosylcobalamindependent glycerol dehydratase from Aerobacter aerogenes. II. The inactivation kinetics of glycerol dehydratase complexes with adenosylobalamin and its analogs. The inactivation kinetics of vacterial glycerol dehydratase (EC 4.2.1.30) in the course of its reaction with adenosylcobalamin (AdoCbl) and its analogs were investigated. It was shown that the inactivation rate of apoenzyme complexes with AdoCbl analogs is determined by the nature of the analogs employed and probably by the rate of their conversion into hydroxycobalamins. A possible inactivation mechanism of glycerol dehydratase is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:889849", "title": "Rate equations and simulation curves for enzymatic reactions which utilize lipids as substrates. I. Interaction of enzymes with the monomers and micelles of soluble, amphiphilic lipids.", "content": "Theoretical aspects of the kinetics of interaction of enzymes with lipid substrates are presented. Rate equations were written and used to simulate v versus S curves for interaction of enzymes with \"monomers\" (i.e. a molecular solution) or micelles (aggregated form) of the \"soluble\", amphiphilic lipids. The rate equations were written assuming separate kinetic parameters for the interaction of the enzyme with these two forms. Although the rate equations are based on the kinetic theory of Michaelis and Menten, most of the simulated v vs. S curves were not hyperbolic. A procedure is suggested for determining the kinetic parameters with the aid of a graphic method.", "contents": "Rate equations and simulation curves for enzymatic reactions which utilize lipids as substrates. I. Interaction of enzymes with the monomers and micelles of soluble, amphiphilic lipids. Theoretical aspects of the kinetics of interaction of enzymes with lipid substrates are presented. Rate equations were written and used to simulate v versus S curves for interaction of enzymes with \"monomers\" (i.e. a molecular solution) or micelles (aggregated form) of the \"soluble\", amphiphilic lipids. The rate equations were written assuming separate kinetic parameters for the interaction of the enzyme with these two forms. Although the rate equations are based on the kinetic theory of Michaelis and Menten, most of the simulated v vs. S curves were not hyperbolic. A procedure is suggested for determining the kinetic parameters with the aid of a graphic method."}
{"id": "PMID:889851", "title": "Activation of purified 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase by phospholipids.", "content": "3-Hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase (HMG-CoA reductase), the enzyme that catalyzes the rate-limiting step in cholesterol biosynthesis, has been purified by two previously reported procedures. Enzyme purified by the method of Heller, R. and Shrewsbury, M. (1976) J. Biol. Chem. 251, 3815-3822) shows up to 3-fold enhancement of activity by various types of lipid dispersions while the enzyme purified by the procedure of Tormanen et al. ((1976) Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 68, 754-762) shows no activation. These results suggest that interaction with microsomal membrane lipids may be important in determining the activity of this enzyme. Analysis of bound lipid showed that enzyme prepared by the procedure of Tormanen contained at last 50 times as much phospholipid on a weight basis as enzyme prepared by Heller and Shrewsbury. Analysis of both preparations by gel-electrophoresis indicates that enzyme activities of the two comigrate, but in neither case does activity coincide with the major protein species.", "contents": "Activation of purified 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase by phospholipids. 3-Hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase (HMG-CoA reductase), the enzyme that catalyzes the rate-limiting step in cholesterol biosynthesis, has been purified by two previously reported procedures. Enzyme purified by the method of Heller, R. and Shrewsbury, M. (1976) J. Biol. Chem. 251, 3815-3822) shows up to 3-fold enhancement of activity by various types of lipid dispersions while the enzyme purified by the procedure of Tormanen et al. ((1976) Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 68, 754-762) shows no activation. These results suggest that interaction with microsomal membrane lipids may be important in determining the activity of this enzyme. Analysis of bound lipid showed that enzyme prepared by the procedure of Tormanen contained at last 50 times as much phospholipid on a weight basis as enzyme prepared by Heller and Shrewsbury. Analysis of both preparations by gel-electrophoresis indicates that enzyme activities of the two comigrate, but in neither case does activity coincide with the major protein species."}
{"id": "PMID:889852", "title": "Wax ester synthesis in the mouse preputial gland tumour.", "content": "The microsomal fraction from the mouse preputial gland tumour contains an acyltransferase which catalyzes the synthesis of wax esters. The enzyme is inhibited by moderate concentrations of free fatty acids (40 muM or more) but the inhibition is relieved by the addition of bovine serum albumin. The specific activity of the enzyme increases markedly between the 20th and 30th days of tumor growth. A number of other lipid synthesizing enzymes show similar trends for specific activity as related to tumour age.", "contents": "Wax ester synthesis in the mouse preputial gland tumour. The microsomal fraction from the mouse preputial gland tumour contains an acyltransferase which catalyzes the synthesis of wax esters. The enzyme is inhibited by moderate concentrations of free fatty acids (40 muM or more) but the inhibition is relieved by the addition of bovine serum albumin. The specific activity of the enzyme increases markedly between the 20th and 30th days of tumor growth. A number of other lipid synthesizing enzymes show similar trends for specific activity as related to tumour age."}
{"id": "PMID:889853", "title": "Purification and characterization of rat liver microsomal monoacylglycerol lipase in comparison to the other esterases.", "content": "Monoacylglycerol lipase was separated from triacylglycerol lipase and two kinds of esterase in the microsomes by heparin treatment and DEAE-cellulose column chromatography. Monoacylglycerol lipase was purified about 1200-fold by DEAE-cellulose, hydroxylapatite, SP-Sephadex and Sephadex G-100 column chromatography from rat liver whole homogenate. The purified enzyme showed a single protein band by sodium dodecyl sul fate gel electrophoresis. The molecular weight was calculated to be approx. 62 000 by gel filtration on Sephadex G-200 and sodium dodecyl sulfate gel electrophoresis. The enzyme had an isoelectric point of 6.80 and pH optimum of 8.5. The enzyme maximally hydrolyzed long chain monoacylglycerol such as monomyristoylglycerol and hydrolyzed 1(3)- and 2-monoacylglycerol at equal rates and showed a little hydrolytic activity on short chain triacylglycerol such as tributyrylglycerol, but did not hydrolyze long chain triacylglycerol. The enzyme had different Km and V in comparison with the esterase fro various short chain triacylglycerols and long chain monoacylglycerols. Moreover, monoacylglycerol lipase differed immunologically from two kinds of microsomal esterase. Diisopropyl fluorophosphate inhibited the enzyme activity completely.", "contents": "Purification and characterization of rat liver microsomal monoacylglycerol lipase in comparison to the other esterases. Monoacylglycerol lipase was separated from triacylglycerol lipase and two kinds of esterase in the microsomes by heparin treatment and DEAE-cellulose column chromatography. Monoacylglycerol lipase was purified about 1200-fold by DEAE-cellulose, hydroxylapatite, SP-Sephadex and Sephadex G-100 column chromatography from rat liver whole homogenate. The purified enzyme showed a single protein band by sodium dodecyl sul fate gel electrophoresis. The molecular weight was calculated to be approx. 62 000 by gel filtration on Sephadex G-200 and sodium dodecyl sulfate gel electrophoresis. The enzyme had an isoelectric point of 6.80 and pH optimum of 8.5. The enzyme maximally hydrolyzed long chain monoacylglycerol such as monomyristoylglycerol and hydrolyzed 1(3)- and 2-monoacylglycerol at equal rates and showed a little hydrolytic activity on short chain triacylglycerol such as tributyrylglycerol, but did not hydrolyze long chain triacylglycerol. The enzyme had different Km and V in comparison with the esterase fro various short chain triacylglycerols and long chain monoacylglycerols. Moreover, monoacylglycerol lipase differed immunologically from two kinds of microsomal esterase. Diisopropyl fluorophosphate inhibited the enzyme activity completely."}
{"id": "PMID:889854", "title": "Rate equations and simulation curves for enzymatic reactions which utilize lipids as substrates. II. Effect of adsorption of the substrate or enzyme on the steady-state kinetics.", "content": "Theoretical aspects of the kinetics of interaction of enzymes with lipid substrates are presented. Rate equations were written and used to simulate v versus S curves for the following cases: (a) The substrate is adsorbed onto non-catalytic sites of the enzyme or to other proteins accompanying the enzyme. (b) The enzyme is adsorbed, via non-catalytic sites to aggregated forms of the substrate. (c) The substrate is adsorbed onto an externally added protein such as albumin. Although all rate equations are based on the Michaelis-Menten kinetic theory, most of the simulated v vs. S curves were not hyperbolic and some of the v vs. E curves not linear.", "contents": "Rate equations and simulation curves for enzymatic reactions which utilize lipids as substrates. II. Effect of adsorption of the substrate or enzyme on the steady-state kinetics. Theoretical aspects of the kinetics of interaction of enzymes with lipid substrates are presented. Rate equations were written and used to simulate v versus S curves for the following cases: (a) The substrate is adsorbed onto non-catalytic sites of the enzyme or to other proteins accompanying the enzyme. (b) The enzyme is adsorbed, via non-catalytic sites to aggregated forms of the substrate. (c) The substrate is adsorbed onto an externally added protein such as albumin. Although all rate equations are based on the Michaelis-Menten kinetic theory, most of the simulated v vs. S curves were not hyperbolic and some of the v vs. E curves not linear."}
{"id": "PMID:889855", "title": "Rat heart in culture as a tool to elucidate the cellular origin of lipoprotein lipase.", "content": "Lipoprotein lipase was determined in 5-day old cell cultures derived from hearts of newborn rats. With the help of the preplating method the cells were subdivided into cultures containing predominantly cardiac myocytes and into those composed mainly of mesenchymal cells. Lipoprotein lipase activity, associated with the mesenchymal cells was ten times higher than the activity found in the cultures containing mainly the myogenic cells. It is suggested that the mesenchymal cells are the progenitors of lipoprotein lipase in rat heart.", "contents": "Rat heart in culture as a tool to elucidate the cellular origin of lipoprotein lipase. Lipoprotein lipase was determined in 5-day old cell cultures derived from hearts of newborn rats. With the help of the preplating method the cells were subdivided into cultures containing predominantly cardiac myocytes and into those composed mainly of mesenchymal cells. Lipoprotein lipase activity, associated with the mesenchymal cells was ten times higher than the activity found in the cultures containing mainly the myogenic cells. It is suggested that the mesenchymal cells are the progenitors of lipoprotein lipase in rat heart."}
{"id": "PMID:889856", "title": "Acetate as a carbon source for lipid synthesis in cultured cells.", "content": "Lipid synthesis from acetate and glucose has been studied in fibroblast cultures grown in lipid free medium containing various concentrations of acetate and glucose. Their role in lipid synthesis was evaluated by comparing the specific activities of total cell lipid, and sterol and fatty acid subfractions, to that of the carbon source in the medium. When glucose was present at 1000 microgram/ml (5.6 mM) and acetate at 100 microgram/ml (1.2 mM), the majority of the total cell lipid and subfractions were derived from glucose. As acetate concentrations increased, lipid synthesis from acetate increased, and glucose declined as a carbon source; in cells grown in the presence of 1000 microgram/ml (12 mM) acetate more of the lipid was derived from acetate than from glucose. When acetate was present at 1000 microgram/ml (12 mM) and glucose was varied from 1000 to 200 microgram/ml (5.6 to 1.1 mM), the relative amount of lipid synthesis from acetate was further increased. The data indicate that acetate can serve as a significant carbon source for lipid synthesis in cultured fibroblasts when it is presented to the cells at high extracellular concentrations relative to glucose.", "contents": "Acetate as a carbon source for lipid synthesis in cultured cells. Lipid synthesis from acetate and glucose has been studied in fibroblast cultures grown in lipid free medium containing various concentrations of acetate and glucose. Their role in lipid synthesis was evaluated by comparing the specific activities of total cell lipid, and sterol and fatty acid subfractions, to that of the carbon source in the medium. When glucose was present at 1000 microgram/ml (5.6 mM) and acetate at 100 microgram/ml (1.2 mM), the majority of the total cell lipid and subfractions were derived from glucose. As acetate concentrations increased, lipid synthesis from acetate increased, and glucose declined as a carbon source; in cells grown in the presence of 1000 microgram/ml (12 mM) acetate more of the lipid was derived from acetate than from glucose. When acetate was present at 1000 microgram/ml (12 mM) and glucose was varied from 1000 to 200 microgram/ml (5.6 to 1.1 mM), the relative amount of lipid synthesis from acetate was further increased. The data indicate that acetate can serve as a significant carbon source for lipid synthesis in cultured fibroblasts when it is presented to the cells at high extracellular concentrations relative to glucose."}
{"id": "PMID:889857", "title": "Substrate specificity in plasmalogen biosynthesis. Desaturation of 1-O-hexadecyloxyethyl-2-acylglycero-3-phosphoethanolamine in developing rat brain.", "content": "1-O-[1'-14C]Hexadecyloxyethyl rac-glycerol was administered to 18-day-old rats by intracerebral injection, and incorporation of radioactivity into the brain lipids was determined after 6, 24 and 48 h. Some of the substrate was catabolized by oxidative cleavage of either of the two ether bonds. Cleavage in the hexadecyloxyethyl moiety yielded labeled palmitic acid, whereas oxidative cleaveage of the glycol glycerol ether bond produced O-hexadecyl glycolic acid. The substrate was also incorporated as such into both ethanolamine and choline phospholipids. Evidence is presented for the desaturation by rat brain of 1-O-hexadecyloxyethyl-2-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine to the plasmalogen analogue, while the corresponding choline phospholipid was not desaturated.", "contents": "Substrate specificity in plasmalogen biosynthesis. Desaturation of 1-O-hexadecyloxyethyl-2-acylglycero-3-phosphoethanolamine in developing rat brain. 1-O-[1'-14C]Hexadecyloxyethyl rac-glycerol was administered to 18-day-old rats by intracerebral injection, and incorporation of radioactivity into the brain lipids was determined after 6, 24 and 48 h. Some of the substrate was catabolized by oxidative cleavage of either of the two ether bonds. Cleavage in the hexadecyloxyethyl moiety yielded labeled palmitic acid, whereas oxidative cleaveage of the glycol glycerol ether bond produced O-hexadecyl glycolic acid. The substrate was also incorporated as such into both ethanolamine and choline phospholipids. Evidence is presented for the desaturation by rat brain of 1-O-hexadecyloxyethyl-2-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine to the plasmalogen analogue, while the corresponding choline phospholipid was not desaturated."}
{"id": "PMID:889858", "title": "Diffusion coefficients of single bile salt and bile salt-mixed lipid micelles in aqueous solution measured by quasielastic laser light scattering.", "content": "Diffusion coefficients of single bile salt micelles and mixed binary micelles consisting of single bile salts and phosphatidylcholine in the molar ratio 3 : 1 have been measured using quasielastic laser light scattering spectroscopy. Among single systems, marked concentration dependence of the diffusion coefficient was observed only in those containing sodium taurodeoxycholate. Micellar size correlates with bile salt molecular structure in a manner similar to that observed by earlier workers with some minor differences to towards a more consistent ordering. Phosphatidylcholine produces small increases in micellar size in most systems depending on bile salt structure, and seems most plausibly interpreted as simple swelling of the single species micelles. In some systems, when phosphatidylcholine is added, size or shape changes are indicated. Diffusion coefficients were also studied in the ternary systems bile salt-phosphatidylcholine-cholesterol which were saturated and metastably super-saturated with respect to cholesterol. The Stokes radii in both systems were the same within experimental error, 35 A. Our results indicate that intermicellar interactions significantly contributed to the measured diffusion coefficients in the ternary systems as well as in the single sodium taurodeoxycholate and binary sodium taurodeoxycholate-phosphatidylcholine systems in the concentration range studied.", "contents": "Diffusion coefficients of single bile salt and bile salt-mixed lipid micelles in aqueous solution measured by quasielastic laser light scattering. Diffusion coefficients of single bile salt micelles and mixed binary micelles consisting of single bile salts and phosphatidylcholine in the molar ratio 3 : 1 have been measured using quasielastic laser light scattering spectroscopy. Among single systems, marked concentration dependence of the diffusion coefficient was observed only in those containing sodium taurodeoxycholate. Micellar size correlates with bile salt molecular structure in a manner similar to that observed by earlier workers with some minor differences to towards a more consistent ordering. Phosphatidylcholine produces small increases in micellar size in most systems depending on bile salt structure, and seems most plausibly interpreted as simple swelling of the single species micelles. In some systems, when phosphatidylcholine is added, size or shape changes are indicated. Diffusion coefficients were also studied in the ternary systems bile salt-phosphatidylcholine-cholesterol which were saturated and metastably super-saturated with respect to cholesterol. The Stokes radii in both systems were the same within experimental error, 35 A. Our results indicate that intermicellar interactions significantly contributed to the measured diffusion coefficients in the ternary systems as well as in the single sodium taurodeoxycholate and binary sodium taurodeoxycholate-phosphatidylcholine systems in the concentration range studied."}
{"id": "PMID:889859", "title": "Production and effects of 7 alpha-hydroxytestosterone on testosterone and dihydrotestosterone metabolism in rat testis.", "content": "1. Testicular 7 alpha-hydroxylation of testerone was assayed in cell extracts of rats between 12 and 79 days of age. Maximal 7 alpha-hydroxylase activity was observed about 60 days, while insignificant activity was obtained prior to 42 days of age. 2. 7 alpha-Hydroxytestosterone, a major metabolite of testosterone in mature rat testis, inhibited 5 alpha-reduction of testosterone in cell extracts of mature but not of immature rat testis. 3. Maximal testicular activity of 3 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase using dihydrotestosterone as substrate was obtained in the presence of NAD, while maximal 3 alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity was observed with NADP. Both enzyme activites were reversible. 4. Sensitivity toward testosterone inhibition of 3-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase varied greatly with stage of testis development being highest at 25-27 days of age. In contrast to testosterone, 7 alpha-hydroxytestosterone was an inhibitor of 3 alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase only. In the mature rat testis 7 alpha-hydroxytestosterone may be a naturally occurring inhibitor of dihydrotestosterone and 5 alpha-androstane-3 alpha, 17 beta-diol formation.", "contents": "Production and effects of 7 alpha-hydroxytestosterone on testosterone and dihydrotestosterone metabolism in rat testis. 1. Testicular 7 alpha-hydroxylation of testerone was assayed in cell extracts of rats between 12 and 79 days of age. Maximal 7 alpha-hydroxylase activity was observed about 60 days, while insignificant activity was obtained prior to 42 days of age. 2. 7 alpha-Hydroxytestosterone, a major metabolite of testosterone in mature rat testis, inhibited 5 alpha-reduction of testosterone in cell extracts of mature but not of immature rat testis. 3. Maximal testicular activity of 3 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase using dihydrotestosterone as substrate was obtained in the presence of NAD, while maximal 3 alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity was observed with NADP. Both enzyme activites were reversible. 4. Sensitivity toward testosterone inhibition of 3-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase varied greatly with stage of testis development being highest at 25-27 days of age. In contrast to testosterone, 7 alpha-hydroxytestosterone was an inhibitor of 3 alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase only. In the mature rat testis 7 alpha-hydroxytestosterone may be a naturally occurring inhibitor of dihydrotestosterone and 5 alpha-androstane-3 alpha, 17 beta-diol formation."}
{"id": "PMID:889860", "title": "Hepatic secretion and turnover of serum phosphatidylcholine-cholesterol acyltransferase in male and female rats.", "content": "The activity of serum phosphatidylcholine-cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT), output of the enzyme by the perfused rat liver, and the effect of pretreatment with colchicine on LCAT were studied in male and female rats. It was observed that: 1. Serum LCAT activity in the female exceeded that of the male in fasted animals, whereas in fed animals, LCAT activity was higher in the male than the female. With both sexes, however, serum LCAT activity in fed animals was greater than that in fasted animals. Data are presented which suggest that the observed sex differences were due to concentration and/or composition of the substrate rather than to differences in the serum concentration of the enzyme. 2. The release of LCAT by perfused livers from fasted female rats exceeded that of the male animals. The output of LCAT was inhibited by pretreatment (male) with colchicine, which suggests that hepatic secretion of LCAT is dependent on vesicular transport. 3. The decay of serum LCAT activity in vivo following injection of colchicine was more rapid in fasted female rats than in male animals. These observations lead us to postulate that the turnover rate of LCAT is higher in female rats than in male animals.", "contents": "Hepatic secretion and turnover of serum phosphatidylcholine-cholesterol acyltransferase in male and female rats. The activity of serum phosphatidylcholine-cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT), output of the enzyme by the perfused rat liver, and the effect of pretreatment with colchicine on LCAT were studied in male and female rats. It was observed that: 1. Serum LCAT activity in the female exceeded that of the male in fasted animals, whereas in fed animals, LCAT activity was higher in the male than the female. With both sexes, however, serum LCAT activity in fed animals was greater than that in fasted animals. Data are presented which suggest that the observed sex differences were due to concentration and/or composition of the substrate rather than to differences in the serum concentration of the enzyme. 2. The release of LCAT by perfused livers from fasted female rats exceeded that of the male animals. The output of LCAT was inhibited by pretreatment (male) with colchicine, which suggests that hepatic secretion of LCAT is dependent on vesicular transport. 3. The decay of serum LCAT activity in vivo following injection of colchicine was more rapid in fasted female rats than in male animals. These observations lead us to postulate that the turnover rate of LCAT is higher in female rats than in male animals."}
{"id": "PMID:889861", "title": "Rat urinary metabolites of [9,10-methylene-14C] sterculic acid.", "content": "1. The metabolism of [9,10-methylene-14C] sterculic acid was studied in corn oil and Stercula foetida oil fed rats. The majority of the radioactivity was excreted into the urine as short chain dicarboxylic acids. The main urinary metabolites were cis-3,4-methylene adipic acid, cis-3,4-methylene suberic acid, trans-3,4-methylene adipic acid, cis-3,4-methylene pimelic acid, and cis-3,4-methylene azelic acid. 2. Formation of these urinary metabolites requires alpha-, beta-, and omega-oxidation plus reduction of the cyclopropene ring to a cyclopropane ring. Sterculic acid must be transported through both mitochondrial and microsomal systems. 3. Other non-radioactive urinary compounds were also identified. A proposed pathway for the metabolism of sterculic acid and possible detrimental effects caused by these metabolites is discussed.", "contents": "Rat urinary metabolites of [9,10-methylene-14C] sterculic acid. 1. The metabolism of [9,10-methylene-14C] sterculic acid was studied in corn oil and Stercula foetida oil fed rats. The majority of the radioactivity was excreted into the urine as short chain dicarboxylic acids. The main urinary metabolites were cis-3,4-methylene adipic acid, cis-3,4-methylene suberic acid, trans-3,4-methylene adipic acid, cis-3,4-methylene pimelic acid, and cis-3,4-methylene azelic acid. 2. Formation of these urinary metabolites requires alpha-, beta-, and omega-oxidation plus reduction of the cyclopropene ring to a cyclopropane ring. Sterculic acid must be transported through both mitochondrial and microsomal systems. 3. Other non-radioactive urinary compounds were also identified. A proposed pathway for the metabolism of sterculic acid and possible detrimental effects caused by these metabolites is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:889862", "title": "Time-dependent, irreversible inhibition of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase by the antibiotic citrinin.", "content": "The inhibition of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase by citrinin, an antibiotic, has been studied. The inhibition was the mixed type with respect to 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA and non-competitive with respect to NADPH. When the enzyme was preincubated with citrinin prior to enzyme assay, however, it caused a time-dependent, irreversible inhibition, possibly by binding to a site distinct from the active center on the enzyme protein.", "contents": "Time-dependent, irreversible inhibition of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase by the antibiotic citrinin. The inhibition of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase by citrinin, an antibiotic, has been studied. The inhibition was the mixed type with respect to 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA and non-competitive with respect to NADPH. When the enzyme was preincubated with citrinin prior to enzyme assay, however, it caused a time-dependent, irreversible inhibition, possibly by binding to a site distinct from the active center on the enzyme protein."}
{"id": "PMID:889867", "title": "The structure of the menaquinones with a tetrahydrogenated isoprenoid side-chain.", "content": "Menaquinones with a tetrahydrogenated isoprenoid side-chain of Oerskovia turbata and Brevibacterium lipolyticum were cyclized to the chromenyl acetate derivatives, which were then submitted to ozonolysis, followed by reduction with dimethylsulfide. The mass-spectrometric analyses of the ozonolysis products revealed the ion peaks at m/e 464 (M+), 449, 422, 407, 267 and 225. These results suggest that the two saturated double bonds are located continuously in the second and third units of the chain starting from the quinone ring, and the menaquinones are designated as 2-methyl-3-II,III-tetrahydromultiprenyl-1,4-naphthoquinone.", "contents": "The structure of the menaquinones with a tetrahydrogenated isoprenoid side-chain. Menaquinones with a tetrahydrogenated isoprenoid side-chain of Oerskovia turbata and Brevibacterium lipolyticum were cyclized to the chromenyl acetate derivatives, which were then submitted to ozonolysis, followed by reduction with dimethylsulfide. The mass-spectrometric analyses of the ozonolysis products revealed the ion peaks at m/e 464 (M+), 449, 422, 407, 267 and 225. These results suggest that the two saturated double bonds are located continuously in the second and third units of the chain starting from the quinone ring, and the menaquinones are designated as 2-methyl-3-II,III-tetrahydromultiprenyl-1,4-naphthoquinone."}
{"id": "PMID:889868", "title": "Side-chain cleavage P-450 from bovine adrenocortical mitochondria. Reconstitution of enzyme activity.", "content": "The subunit structure of the cytochrome P-450 from bovine adrenocortical mitochondria responsible for the conversion of cholesterol to pregnenolone (side-chain cleavage) has been studied. Isoelectric focusing in 6 M urea reveals two fractions of identical amino acid composition which differ in apparent isoelectric points and in phospholipid content: fraction SI shows 0.6-1.8 nmol phospholipid per 53 000 daltons and pI approx. 4.0; SII shows 6.6-8.9 nmol phospholipid per 53 000 daltons and pI approx. 7.0. SII can be made to behave on isoelectric focusing like SI by removal of phospholipid and SI like SII when the extracted phospholipid is added to the protein (SI). Enzymatic activity can be restored to SII by addition of heme and to SI by addition of heme together with the phospholipid extracted from P-450 from the fractions SI and SII. This phospholipid contains at least four classes of phospholipid of which two have been tentatively identified as phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine. A variety of phospholipids from commercial sources do not permit reconstitution of enzyme activity. Evidence is presented to show that minor contaminants seen on polyacrylamide SDS gels are not essential for enzyme activity nor do they appear greatly to influence enzymatic activity. The possible role of phospholipid in reconstituting cytochrome P-450 activity is considered.", "contents": "Side-chain cleavage P-450 from bovine adrenocortical mitochondria. Reconstitution of enzyme activity. The subunit structure of the cytochrome P-450 from bovine adrenocortical mitochondria responsible for the conversion of cholesterol to pregnenolone (side-chain cleavage) has been studied. Isoelectric focusing in 6 M urea reveals two fractions of identical amino acid composition which differ in apparent isoelectric points and in phospholipid content: fraction SI shows 0.6-1.8 nmol phospholipid per 53 000 daltons and pI approx. 4.0; SII shows 6.6-8.9 nmol phospholipid per 53 000 daltons and pI approx. 7.0. SII can be made to behave on isoelectric focusing like SI by removal of phospholipid and SI like SII when the extracted phospholipid is added to the protein (SI). Enzymatic activity can be restored to SII by addition of heme and to SI by addition of heme together with the phospholipid extracted from P-450 from the fractions SI and SII. This phospholipid contains at least four classes of phospholipid of which two have been tentatively identified as phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine. A variety of phospholipids from commercial sources do not permit reconstitution of enzyme activity. Evidence is presented to show that minor contaminants seen on polyacrylamide SDS gels are not essential for enzyme activity nor do they appear greatly to influence enzymatic activity. The possible role of phospholipid in reconstituting cytochrome P-450 activity is considered."}
{"id": "PMID:889869", "title": "The role of subunits in tubulin. I. Renaturation of tubulin after treatment with urea and sodium dodecyl sulfate.", "content": "Bovine brain tubulin treated with urea and SDS partially recovered colchicine binding capacity after removal of SDS in the presence of urea followed by stepwise dialysis against urea solutions of lower concentrations. Tubulin subjected to the above procedure showed the same circular dichroism spectrum between 215 and 260 nm as the native one but showed a slightly different fluorescence spectrum when excited at 290 nm.", "contents": "The role of subunits in tubulin. I. Renaturation of tubulin after treatment with urea and sodium dodecyl sulfate. Bovine brain tubulin treated with urea and SDS partially recovered colchicine binding capacity after removal of SDS in the presence of urea followed by stepwise dialysis against urea solutions of lower concentrations. Tubulin subjected to the above procedure showed the same circular dichroism spectrum between 215 and 260 nm as the native one but showed a slightly different fluorescence spectrum when excited at 290 nm."}
{"id": "PMID:889870", "title": "Preparation and properties of side-chain cleavage cytochrome P-450 from bovine adrenal cortex by affinity chromatography with pregnenolone as ligand.", "content": "A method is described for preparing cytochrome P-450 (side-chain cleavage) from bovine adrenocortical mitochondria, by affinity chromatography on pregnenolong-Sepharose beads. The cytochrome P-450 appears in two fractions, a large form of heterogeneous molecular weight (large P-450) and a form of molecular weight 850 000 composed of 16 apparently identical subunits (molecular weight 52 000-53 000); this form is referred to as protein 16. Electrophoresis on polyacrylamide gel yields one main band and two minor bands; the appearance of the gels is identical whether the starting material is large P-450 or protein 16 or protein 16 prepared by an entirely different method. Yields of protein 16 can be increased by rechromatography on pregnenolone-Sepharose of large P-450 made 0.1 mM in NADPH. Large P-450 shows greater than 10 heme groups per 16 subunits and is less active enzymatically than protein 16. Chromatography on Sepharose and analytical ultracentrifugation show that large P-450 is heterogeneous with respect to molecular weight. Protein 16 shows a heme content of 8 nmol/mg protein and for both large P-450 and protein 16 heme content by CO-difference spectroscopy is in agreement with values by pyridine hemochromogen. This method of preparing P-450 is convenient and both large P-450 and protein 16 are highly purified.", "contents": "Preparation and properties of side-chain cleavage cytochrome P-450 from bovine adrenal cortex by affinity chromatography with pregnenolone as ligand. A method is described for preparing cytochrome P-450 (side-chain cleavage) from bovine adrenocortical mitochondria, by affinity chromatography on pregnenolong-Sepharose beads. The cytochrome P-450 appears in two fractions, a large form of heterogeneous molecular weight (large P-450) and a form of molecular weight 850 000 composed of 16 apparently identical subunits (molecular weight 52 000-53 000); this form is referred to as protein 16. Electrophoresis on polyacrylamide gel yields one main band and two minor bands; the appearance of the gels is identical whether the starting material is large P-450 or protein 16 or protein 16 prepared by an entirely different method. Yields of protein 16 can be increased by rechromatography on pregnenolone-Sepharose of large P-450 made 0.1 mM in NADPH. Large P-450 shows greater than 10 heme groups per 16 subunits and is less active enzymatically than protein 16. Chromatography on Sepharose and analytical ultracentrifugation show that large P-450 is heterogeneous with respect to molecular weight. Protein 16 shows a heme content of 8 nmol/mg protein and for both large P-450 and protein 16 heme content by CO-difference spectroscopy is in agreement with values by pyridine hemochromogen. This method of preparing P-450 is convenient and both large P-450 and protein 16 are highly purified."}
{"id": "PMID:889871", "title": "Comparison of structural glycoproteins from mucus of different sources.", "content": "The main structural glycoprotein derived from three mammalian mucociliary epithelial secretions (bovine cervical, human lung and human middle ear mucus) were compared. The glycoprotein was purified on a cesium chloride density gradient after prior cleavage of disulphide bonds. Marked similarities were seen for the glycoproteins in their sugar and amino acid composition, in electrophoretic mobility, in sedimentation rate and in their banding densities in a cesium chloride density gradient. The molecular weight of these materials was approximately 0.6-10(6). The similarity noted for these materials occurred despite two of them (lung and middle ear) being derived from pathological sources. The glycoprotein derived from an amphibian mucociliary epithelial secretion (frog palatal mucus) was different; it banded at a lower buoyant density and had a lower sugar content. These findings are discussed in terms of the rheological properties and physiological transport role of mucus on ciliated epithelia. It is suggested that reported differences in the properties of mammalian secretions from different sources is due to differences in the extent of crosslinking between glycoprotein units rather than to chemical or structural differences. In the case of the frog its very different composition may be in keeping with its rather different rheological properties.", "contents": "Comparison of structural glycoproteins from mucus of different sources. The main structural glycoprotein derived from three mammalian mucociliary epithelial secretions (bovine cervical, human lung and human middle ear mucus) were compared. The glycoprotein was purified on a cesium chloride density gradient after prior cleavage of disulphide bonds. Marked similarities were seen for the glycoproteins in their sugar and amino acid composition, in electrophoretic mobility, in sedimentation rate and in their banding densities in a cesium chloride density gradient. The molecular weight of these materials was approximately 0.6-10(6). The similarity noted for these materials occurred despite two of them (lung and middle ear) being derived from pathological sources. The glycoprotein derived from an amphibian mucociliary epithelial secretion (frog palatal mucus) was different; it banded at a lower buoyant density and had a lower sugar content. These findings are discussed in terms of the rheological properties and physiological transport role of mucus on ciliated epithelia. It is suggested that reported differences in the properties of mammalian secretions from different sources is due to differences in the extent of crosslinking between glycoprotein units rather than to chemical or structural differences. In the case of the frog its very different composition may be in keeping with its rather different rheological properties."}
{"id": "PMID:889872", "title": "Location of the globular region in chicken erythrocyte histone H5.", "content": "Chicken erythrocyte histone H5 has been cleaved by acetic acid hydrolysis at the two aspartic acid residues 65 and 99 and the 4 peptides (1-65), (66-185) (1-99) (100-185) recovered in a pure form. 270 MHz magnetic resonance and circular dichroic studies show that the two C-terminal peptides are unable to form secondary or tertiary structure. The N-terminal peptides however, form both secondary and tertiary structure. In particular, the peptide (1-99) at high ionic strength possesses a similar number of helical residues to intact histone H5 and also had a closely related nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum. It is concluded that the peptide (1-99) contains most, but not quite all of the residues that are included in the globular segment of histone H5.", "contents": "Location of the globular region in chicken erythrocyte histone H5. Chicken erythrocyte histone H5 has been cleaved by acetic acid hydrolysis at the two aspartic acid residues 65 and 99 and the 4 peptides (1-65), (66-185) (1-99) (100-185) recovered in a pure form. 270 MHz magnetic resonance and circular dichroic studies show that the two C-terminal peptides are unable to form secondary or tertiary structure. The N-terminal peptides however, form both secondary and tertiary structure. In particular, the peptide (1-99) at high ionic strength possesses a similar number of helical residues to intact histone H5 and also had a closely related nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum. It is concluded that the peptide (1-99) contains most, but not quite all of the residues that are included in the globular segment of histone H5."}
{"id": "PMID:889873", "title": "Actin from the nematode, Caenorhabditis elegans, is a single electrofocusing species.", "content": "We have prepared actin from wild type Caenorhabditis elegans animals by three procedures: a purification dependent on the ability of actin to form F-actin, affinity chromatography which preferentially binds G-actin, and co-precipitation of an actin-myosin complex by antimyosin antibodies. Each preparation yields a single electrofucsing species of actin. Comparison of actin from C. elegans embryos and animals reveals that embryos also have the same single electrofocusing species of actin.", "contents": "Actin from the nematode, Caenorhabditis elegans, is a single electrofocusing species. We have prepared actin from wild type Caenorhabditis elegans animals by three procedures: a purification dependent on the ability of actin to form F-actin, affinity chromatography which preferentially binds G-actin, and co-precipitation of an actin-myosin complex by antimyosin antibodies. Each preparation yields a single electrofucsing species of actin. Comparison of actin from C. elegans embryos and animals reveals that embryos also have the same single electrofocusing species of actin."}
{"id": "PMID:889874", "title": "Studies on prolactin. 40. Chemical modification of tyrosine residues in the ovine hormone.", "content": "The seven tyrosine residues in ovine prolactin have been modified, in separate experiments, with tetranitromethane and iodine at 0 degrees C. Both the nitration and iodination studies indicate Tyr-44 to be the most reactive; this residue was converted almost completely to the dinitro and diiodo derivative under the reaction conditions employed. All other reactive tyrosine residues formed the monosubstituted derivative. The relative chemical reactivity of the seven tyrosine residues can be described as follows: Tyr-44 and Tyr-195 are highly reactive, Tyr-147, Tyr-169 and Tyr-185 are partially reactive, with Try-96 and Tyr-28 being relatively unreactive under the conditions employed. The various derivatives have been characterized by exclusion chromatography, circular dichroism, rate of tryptic digestion, and biological activity. The modification of Tyr-44 possibly produces a conformational change which is observed on Sephadex G-100 as an equilibrium between two monomeric forms eluting at slightly different positions. These two forms also appear to display different side-chain CD spectra. Nitration or limited iodination does not appear to decrease the biological activity of the hormone, as measured in the pigeon crop-sac assay, although more extensive iodination does produce a significant loss in potency.", "contents": "Studies on prolactin. 40. Chemical modification of tyrosine residues in the ovine hormone. The seven tyrosine residues in ovine prolactin have been modified, in separate experiments, with tetranitromethane and iodine at 0 degrees C. Both the nitration and iodination studies indicate Tyr-44 to be the most reactive; this residue was converted almost completely to the dinitro and diiodo derivative under the reaction conditions employed. All other reactive tyrosine residues formed the monosubstituted derivative. The relative chemical reactivity of the seven tyrosine residues can be described as follows: Tyr-44 and Tyr-195 are highly reactive, Tyr-147, Tyr-169 and Tyr-185 are partially reactive, with Try-96 and Tyr-28 being relatively unreactive under the conditions employed. The various derivatives have been characterized by exclusion chromatography, circular dichroism, rate of tryptic digestion, and biological activity. The modification of Tyr-44 possibly produces a conformational change which is observed on Sephadex G-100 as an equilibrium between two monomeric forms eluting at slightly different positions. These two forms also appear to display different side-chain CD spectra. Nitration or limited iodination does not appear to decrease the biological activity of the hormone, as measured in the pigeon crop-sac assay, although more extensive iodination does produce a significant loss in potency."}
{"id": "PMID:889875", "title": "Isolation and characterization of multiple hamster hemoglobins.", "content": "Multiple hemoglobins were found in the peripheral blood of hamsters when separated by analytical isoelectric focusing in polyacrylamide gel between pH 6.0 and pH 8.0. Five of these hemoglobins (I-V) were present in sufficient quantities for isolation by preparative isoelectric focusing and subsequent characterization. Cellulose acetate electrophoresis of the isolated hemoglobins resulted in producing as many as six different globin chains. The five hemoglobins were further characterized by their amino acid composition, N-terminal amino acid residue, and molecular weight.", "contents": "Isolation and characterization of multiple hamster hemoglobins. Multiple hemoglobins were found in the peripheral blood of hamsters when separated by analytical isoelectric focusing in polyacrylamide gel between pH 6.0 and pH 8.0. Five of these hemoglobins (I-V) were present in sufficient quantities for isolation by preparative isoelectric focusing and subsequent characterization. Cellulose acetate electrophoresis of the isolated hemoglobins resulted in producing as many as six different globin chains. The five hemoglobins were further characterized by their amino acid composition, N-terminal amino acid residue, and molecular weight."}
{"id": "PMID:889876", "title": "Isolation, characterization and partial amino acid sequence of a phosphorylated polypeptide (E4) from bovine embryonic dental enamel.", "content": "A phosphorylated polypeptide (E4) of molecular weight 5000-6000, has been isolated from bovine embryonic enamel by Bio-Gel P-10 gel filtration and DE-52 ion-exchange chromatography. The peptide contains three serine residues all of which are phosphorylated. All three O-phosphoserine residues are in glutamic acid-O-phosphoserine-tyrosine sequences that are distributed relatively evenly along the polypeptide chain. Although it was not possible to sequence the entire polypeptide chain directly by automatic peptide sequencing, a partial sequence and peptide map was constructed on the basis of the sequence and composition of peptides derived by cyanogen bromide, trypsin and chymotrypsin digestion. The presence of glutamic acid, tyrosine and leucine adjacent to and near the O-phosphoserine residues may be important in calcium binding and in mineralization.", "contents": "Isolation, characterization and partial amino acid sequence of a phosphorylated polypeptide (E4) from bovine embryonic dental enamel. A phosphorylated polypeptide (E4) of molecular weight 5000-6000, has been isolated from bovine embryonic enamel by Bio-Gel P-10 gel filtration and DE-52 ion-exchange chromatography. The peptide contains three serine residues all of which are phosphorylated. All three O-phosphoserine residues are in glutamic acid-O-phosphoserine-tyrosine sequences that are distributed relatively evenly along the polypeptide chain. Although it was not possible to sequence the entire polypeptide chain directly by automatic peptide sequencing, a partial sequence and peptide map was constructed on the basis of the sequence and composition of peptides derived by cyanogen bromide, trypsin and chymotrypsin digestion. The presence of glutamic acid, tyrosine and leucine adjacent to and near the O-phosphoserine residues may be important in calcium binding and in mineralization."}
{"id": "PMID:889877", "title": "Sequence analysis of porcine gut GLI-1.", "content": "A protein from porcine gut with 100 amino acid residues (porcine gut GLI-1) and having glucagon-like immunoreactivity has been characterized by partial sequences. The sequence of the C-terminal amino acid residues is -Met-Asn-Thr-Lys-Arg-Asn-Lys-Asn-Asn-Ile-Ala and includes the C-terminal amino acid residue sequence (-Met-Asn-Thr) of porcine glucagon. Evidence is presented that the glucagon sequence -Thr-Ser-Asp-Tyr-Ser-Lys-Tyr- is found in the gut GLI-1 as well. The data support the theory that gut GLI-1 contains the full glucagon sequence and that gut GLI-1 and glucagon are formed from a common precursor.", "contents": "Sequence analysis of porcine gut GLI-1. A protein from porcine gut with 100 amino acid residues (porcine gut GLI-1) and having glucagon-like immunoreactivity has been characterized by partial sequences. The sequence of the C-terminal amino acid residues is -Met-Asn-Thr-Lys-Arg-Asn-Lys-Asn-Asn-Ile-Ala and includes the C-terminal amino acid residue sequence (-Met-Asn-Thr) of porcine glucagon. Evidence is presented that the glucagon sequence -Thr-Ser-Asp-Tyr-Ser-Lys-Tyr- is found in the gut GLI-1 as well. The data support the theory that gut GLI-1 contains the full glucagon sequence and that gut GLI-1 and glucagon are formed from a common precursor."}
{"id": "PMID:889878", "title": "The myoglobin of the Cape fox (Vulpes chama).", "content": "Tryptic, peptic and chymotryptic peptides from the myoglobin of the Cape fox (Vulpes chama) have been aligned with the sequence of the myoglobin of the domestic dog. No amino acid difference was found. Seven carnivore myoglobins now known are compared amongst themselves and it is noted that though the differences between them are found in many different parts of the myoglobin molecule, there seems to be a higher incidence along the loop formed by helix G, the interhelical region GH and the helix H.", "contents": "The myoglobin of the Cape fox (Vulpes chama). Tryptic, peptic and chymotryptic peptides from the myoglobin of the Cape fox (Vulpes chama) have been aligned with the sequence of the myoglobin of the domestic dog. No amino acid difference was found. Seven carnivore myoglobins now known are compared amongst themselves and it is noted that though the differences between them are found in many different parts of the myoglobin molecule, there seems to be a higher incidence along the loop formed by helix G, the interhelical region GH and the helix H."}
{"id": "PMID:889879", "title": "Regulation of hydrogen peroxide in eye humors. Effect of 3-amino-1H-1,2,4-triazole on catalase and glutathione peroxidase of rabbit eye.", "content": "Activities of catalase (H2O2: H2O2 oxidoreductase, EC 1.11.1.6) and GSH peroxidase (GSH: H202 oxidoreductase, EC 1.11.1.9) have been measured in iris, ciliary body, retina, corneal epithelium, corneal endothelium, lens capsule-epithelium and decapsulated lens. 3-Amino-1H-1,2,4-triazole is a specific inhibitor of catalase and a potent cataractogenic agent. We observed marked inhibition of catalase activity in these tissues 1--6 h after the administration of a single intravenous dose of 1 g 3-aminotriazole per kg body weight in rabbit. This was associated with a 2--3-fold increase in the H2O2 concentrations of aqueous humor and vitreous humor. The increased peroxide concentrations were restored to the physiological levels as the catalase activity of eye tissues gradually returned to normal with time after injection. Under the conditions, GSH peroxidase activity of the afore-mentioned eye tissues was unaltered, GSH and protein sulfhydryl of lens were not changed, and ascorbic acid of aqueous humor and vitreous humor was not significantly altered.  Based on these findings our conclusion is that catalase of eye tissues regulates the endogenous H2O2 in eye humors to the physiological level. We speculate that H2O2 may be the triggering factor in cataract induced by 3-aminotriazole.", "contents": "Regulation of hydrogen peroxide in eye humors. Effect of 3-amino-1H-1,2,4-triazole on catalase and glutathione peroxidase of rabbit eye. Activities of catalase (H2O2: H2O2 oxidoreductase, EC 1.11.1.6) and GSH peroxidase (GSH: H202 oxidoreductase, EC 1.11.1.9) have been measured in iris, ciliary body, retina, corneal epithelium, corneal endothelium, lens capsule-epithelium and decapsulated lens. 3-Amino-1H-1,2,4-triazole is a specific inhibitor of catalase and a potent cataractogenic agent. We observed marked inhibition of catalase activity in these tissues 1--6 h after the administration of a single intravenous dose of 1 g 3-aminotriazole per kg body weight in rabbit. This was associated with a 2--3-fold increase in the H2O2 concentrations of aqueous humor and vitreous humor. The increased peroxide concentrations were restored to the physiological levels as the catalase activity of eye tissues gradually returned to normal with time after injection. Under the conditions, GSH peroxidase activity of the afore-mentioned eye tissues was unaltered, GSH and protein sulfhydryl of lens were not changed, and ascorbic acid of aqueous humor and vitreous humor was not significantly altered.  Based on these findings our conclusion is that catalase of eye tissues regulates the endogenous H2O2 in eye humors to the physiological level. We speculate that H2O2 may be the triggering factor in cataract induced by 3-aminotriazole."}
{"id": "PMID:889880", "title": "Ornithine decarboxylase activity during neonatal development of the rat ventral prostate.", "content": "The relationship between ornithine decarboxylase activity and growth has been examined in ventral prostates from rats aged 2--60 weeks. The incorporation of [125I]iododeoxyuridine in vitro was used to assess DNA-synthetic activity. During 2--7 weeks post-partum ornithine decarboxylase activity/prostrate and the protein content and wet weight increased exponentially. In contrast, the incorporation of [125I]iododeoxyuridine/prostate fell during the first 4 weeks. This decline was reversed at about the time when the systemic concentrations of gonadal androgens start to rise. After 10 weeks post-partum the incorporation of [1252]iododeoxyuridine/prostate and ornithine decarboxylase activity/prostate levelled off, whereas the DNA and protein content of the prostate continued to increase at a slow rate.", "contents": "Ornithine decarboxylase activity during neonatal development of the rat ventral prostate. The relationship between ornithine decarboxylase activity and growth has been examined in ventral prostates from rats aged 2--60 weeks. The incorporation of [125I]iododeoxyuridine in vitro was used to assess DNA-synthetic activity. During 2--7 weeks post-partum ornithine decarboxylase activity/prostrate and the protein content and wet weight increased exponentially. In contrast, the incorporation of [125I]iododeoxyuridine/prostate fell during the first 4 weeks. This decline was reversed at about the time when the systemic concentrations of gonadal androgens start to rise. After 10 weeks post-partum the incorporation of [1252]iododeoxyuridine/prostate and ornithine decarboxylase activity/prostate levelled off, whereas the DNA and protein content of the prostate continued to increase at a slow rate."}
{"id": "PMID:889881", "title": "Perinatal changes in amylase and serum corticosterone levels in rats.", "content": "In rats amylase activity in the pancreas increased greatly from day 15 of gestation to a maximum on day 21. Then it decreased to less than one-tenth of this maximum value on about day 5 after birth. It increased again about 15 days after birth and reached the adult level about 30 days after birth. No amylase activity was in the parotid gland before birth: it appeared about 12 days after birth and reached the adult level, which was higher than that in the pancreas, about 30 days after birth. The serum corticosterone level was as high as the adult level before birth. Then it decreased to less than one-tenth of the adult level 5 days after birth and increased again from 15 to 25 days after birth to the adult level. The developmental change in the serum corticosterone level seemed to influence amylase activity in the pancreas both before and after birth, and that in the parotid gland only after birth. The serum contained both pancreatic and parotid type isozymes of amylase until 1 day after birth but only the parotid type from 3 days after birth.", "contents": "Perinatal changes in amylase and serum corticosterone levels in rats. In rats amylase activity in the pancreas increased greatly from day 15 of gestation to a maximum on day 21. Then it decreased to less than one-tenth of this maximum value on about day 5 after birth. It increased again about 15 days after birth and reached the adult level about 30 days after birth. No amylase activity was in the parotid gland before birth: it appeared about 12 days after birth and reached the adult level, which was higher than that in the pancreas, about 30 days after birth. The serum corticosterone level was as high as the adult level before birth. Then it decreased to less than one-tenth of the adult level 5 days after birth and increased again from 15 to 25 days after birth to the adult level. The developmental change in the serum corticosterone level seemed to influence amylase activity in the pancreas both before and after birth, and that in the parotid gland only after birth. The serum contained both pancreatic and parotid type isozymes of amylase until 1 day after birth but only the parotid type from 3 days after birth."}
{"id": "PMID:889882", "title": "Identification and characterization of intrinsic factor and cobalophilin from pig ileal and pyloric mucosa.", "content": "Pig ileal mucosa was found to bind about 240 ng vitamin B12/g and to contain two vitamin B12-binding proteins. One was highly active in the Schilling test, behaved immunologically as intrinsic factor and was responsible for about half of the total vitamin B12-binding capacity. The other binder was identified as cobalophilin (R-protein). Immunochemical purification of these proteins from pig ileum and pylorus was performed and the molecular characteristics (sedimentation and diffusion coefficients, Stokes radii, frictional ratios and molecular weights) of their vitamin B12 complexes were estimated. Isoelectric focusing revealed differences between the ileal and pyloric intrinsic factors but not between the cobalophilins. The mean isoelectric points of the pyloric and ileal intrinsic factors were pH 5979 and 5.30, respectively, whereas the corresponding figures for the cobalophilins were 4.13 and 4.10.", "contents": "Identification and characterization of intrinsic factor and cobalophilin from pig ileal and pyloric mucosa. Pig ileal mucosa was found to bind about 240 ng vitamin B12/g and to contain two vitamin B12-binding proteins. One was highly active in the Schilling test, behaved immunologically as intrinsic factor and was responsible for about half of the total vitamin B12-binding capacity. The other binder was identified as cobalophilin (R-protein). Immunochemical purification of these proteins from pig ileum and pylorus was performed and the molecular characteristics (sedimentation and diffusion coefficients, Stokes radii, frictional ratios and molecular weights) of their vitamin B12 complexes were estimated. Isoelectric focusing revealed differences between the ileal and pyloric intrinsic factors but not between the cobalophilins. The mean isoelectric points of the pyloric and ileal intrinsic factors were pH 5979 and 5.30, respectively, whereas the corresponding figures for the cobalophilins were 4.13 and 4.10."}
{"id": "PMID:889884", "title": "Two microsomal-associated iron-binding proteins observed in rat small intestinal cells during iron absorption.", "content": "Acrylamide gel electrophoresis of microsomal protein obtained from rat small intestinal mucosal cells, after an injection of [3H]leucine, demonstrated increased quantities of two soluble iron-binding proteins during iron absorption, one with a high molecular weight (about 400 000) and the other of intermediate molecular weight (80 000). Both proteins were present in a ribosomal-enriched sub-fraction obtained during purification of the microsomal membrane but were not identified among the purified membrane proteins.", "contents": "Two microsomal-associated iron-binding proteins observed in rat small intestinal cells during iron absorption. Acrylamide gel electrophoresis of microsomal protein obtained from rat small intestinal mucosal cells, after an injection of [3H]leucine, demonstrated increased quantities of two soluble iron-binding proteins during iron absorption, one with a high molecular weight (about 400 000) and the other of intermediate molecular weight (80 000). Both proteins were present in a ribosomal-enriched sub-fraction obtained during purification of the microsomal membrane but were not identified among the purified membrane proteins."}
{"id": "PMID:889887", "title": "1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D stimulation of specific membrane proteins in chick intestine.", "content": "Vitamin D-deficient chicks were injected intracardially with physiological doses of 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol (1,25-(OH)2D3) and the formation of intestinal brush-border proteins was followed in vitro. Within 4 h of receiving the hormone the incorporation of radioactive leucine into at least two proteins in the brush-borders was increased. The apparent molecular weights of these proteins were 45 000 and 84 000. The change in the synthesis of these proteins was followed with time and compared with the concomitant changes in intestinal calcium transport. The relationship of these changes is such that there is a strong possibility that the proteins are involved in calcium absorption.", "contents": "1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D stimulation of specific membrane proteins in chick intestine. Vitamin D-deficient chicks were injected intracardially with physiological doses of 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol (1,25-(OH)2D3) and the formation of intestinal brush-border proteins was followed in vitro. Within 4 h of receiving the hormone the incorporation of radioactive leucine into at least two proteins in the brush-borders was increased. The apparent molecular weights of these proteins were 45 000 and 84 000. The change in the synthesis of these proteins was followed with time and compared with the concomitant changes in intestinal calcium transport. The relationship of these changes is such that there is a strong possibility that the proteins are involved in calcium absorption."}
{"id": "PMID:889889", "title": "Glycosyltransferases with endogenous acceptor activity in plasma membranes isolated from rat liver.", "content": "Plasma membrane fractions from rat liver exhibited glycosyltransferase activity with endogenous membrane-associated acceptors and either UDP-galactose, UDPglucose, UDP-N-acetylglucosamine, or GDPmannose donors. Of these, incorporation into non-lipid acceptors was most active with UDP-galactose and only with UDPgalactose and UDPmannose was there incorporation into endogenous lipid acceptors. CMP-N-acetylneuraminic acid was inactive as a donor with the isolated plasma membranes. In order to demonstrate transferase activity, low concentrations of substrate sugar nucleotides and short incubation times were used as well as sulfhydryl protectants and a phosphatase inhibitor (NaF) in the reaction mixtures. The findings support the concept of surface localization of at least a galactosyl transferase in cells of rat liver.", "contents": "Glycosyltransferases with endogenous acceptor activity in plasma membranes isolated from rat liver. Plasma membrane fractions from rat liver exhibited glycosyltransferase activity with endogenous membrane-associated acceptors and either UDP-galactose, UDPglucose, UDP-N-acetylglucosamine, or GDPmannose donors. Of these, incorporation into non-lipid acceptors was most active with UDP-galactose and only with UDPgalactose and UDPmannose was there incorporation into endogenous lipid acceptors. CMP-N-acetylneuraminic acid was inactive as a donor with the isolated plasma membranes. In order to demonstrate transferase activity, low concentrations of substrate sugar nucleotides and short incubation times were used as well as sulfhydryl protectants and a phosphatase inhibitor (NaF) in the reaction mixtures. The findings support the concept of surface localization of at least a galactosyl transferase in cells of rat liver."}
{"id": "PMID:889890", "title": "Properties of microsomal delta4-3-ketosteroid 5alpha-reductase in immature rat ovary. Inhibition by estradiol-17beta.", "content": "The subcellular distribution of immature rat ovarian 5alpha-reductase has been studied by utilizing 20alpha-hydroxypregn-4-en-3-one as substrate. The main enzyme activity was found to be associated with the microsomal fraction, with lower activities in the 1000 X g and 10 000 X g fractions. The enzyme activity associated with the microsomes exhibited an apparent Km of 3.0 +/- 1.1 micrometer for 20alpha-hydroxypregn-4-en-3-one and 36.3 +/- 6.7 micrometer for testosterone as substrate. Progesterone and testosterone competitively inhibited the 5alpha-reduction of 20alpha-hydroxypregn-4-en-3-one; estradiol-17beta was found to be a noncompetitive inhibitor of this reaction. A concentration of estradiol-17beta as low as 1 micrometer when added to 25 micrometer concentration of 20alpha-hydroxypregn-4-en-3-one exerted a significant inhibition of 5alpha-reductase activity.", "contents": "Properties of microsomal delta4-3-ketosteroid 5alpha-reductase in immature rat ovary. Inhibition by estradiol-17beta. The subcellular distribution of immature rat ovarian 5alpha-reductase has been studied by utilizing 20alpha-hydroxypregn-4-en-3-one as substrate. The main enzyme activity was found to be associated with the microsomal fraction, with lower activities in the 1000 X g and 10 000 X g fractions. The enzyme activity associated with the microsomes exhibited an apparent Km of 3.0 +/- 1.1 micrometer for 20alpha-hydroxypregn-4-en-3-one and 36.3 +/- 6.7 micrometer for testosterone as substrate. Progesterone and testosterone competitively inhibited the 5alpha-reduction of 20alpha-hydroxypregn-4-en-3-one; estradiol-17beta was found to be a noncompetitive inhibitor of this reaction. A concentration of estradiol-17beta as low as 1 micrometer when added to 25 micrometer concentration of 20alpha-hydroxypregn-4-en-3-one exerted a significant inhibition of 5alpha-reductase activity."}
{"id": "PMID:889893", "title": "The photodecomposition of tryptophan peptides.", "content": "Aqueous solutions of the four tryptophan peptides, Ala-Trp-Val, Val-Trp-Ala, Ala-Ala-Trp-Val and Ala-Gly-Trp-Leu, have been irradiated with the light of wavelength greater than 295 nm. The major changes were destruction of the tryptophan residue, liberation of ammonia and the formation of photoproducts of increased molecular weight. Up to 40% of Ala-Ala-Trp-Val and Ala-Gly-Trp-Leu were converted to products with molecular weights ranging from two to four times those of the original tetrapeptides. Most of the yellow material formed during irradiation in air was present in the high molecular weight fractions. Irradiation of Ala-Gly-[14C]Trp-Leu gave the following identifiable photoproducts: Ala-Gly-Asp-Leu, Ala-Gly-(N'formyl)Kyn-Leu, Ala-Gly-Oia-Leu, and ammonia, where Kyn means kynurenine and Oia, beta-(3-oxindolyl)alanine.", "contents": "The photodecomposition of tryptophan peptides. Aqueous solutions of the four tryptophan peptides, Ala-Trp-Val, Val-Trp-Ala, Ala-Ala-Trp-Val and Ala-Gly-Trp-Leu, have been irradiated with the light of wavelength greater than 295 nm. The major changes were destruction of the tryptophan residue, liberation of ammonia and the formation of photoproducts of increased molecular weight. Up to 40% of Ala-Ala-Trp-Val and Ala-Gly-Trp-Leu were converted to products with molecular weights ranging from two to four times those of the original tetrapeptides. Most of the yellow material formed during irradiation in air was present in the high molecular weight fractions. Irradiation of Ala-Gly-[14C]Trp-Leu gave the following identifiable photoproducts: Ala-Gly-Asp-Leu, Ala-Gly-(N'formyl)Kyn-Leu, Ala-Gly-Oia-Leu, and ammonia, where Kyn means kynurenine and Oia, beta-(3-oxindolyl)alanine."}
{"id": "PMID:889894", "title": "The pathways of oxalate formation from phenylalanine, tyrosine, tryptophan and ascorbic acid in the rat.", "content": "The metabolic pathway by which L-[14C1]phenylalanine, L-[14C1]tyrosine, L-[14C1]tryptophan, and L-[14C1]ascorbic acid are converted to [14C]oxalate have been investigated in the male rate. Only [14C]oxalate was detected in the urine of rats injected with L-[14C1]ascorbic acid, but [14C]-labeled oxalate, glycolate, glyoxylate, glycolaldehyde, glycine, and serine were recovered from the [14C1]-labeled aromatic amino acids. DL-Phenyllactate, an inhibitor of glycolic acid oxidase and glycolic acid dehydrogenase, reduced the amount of [14C]oxalate recovered in the urine of rats given the [14C1]-labeled aromatic amino acids, but increased the amount of [14C]glycolate formed from L-[14C1]phenylalanine and L-[14C1]tyrosine and the amount of [14C]glycolate produced from [14C1]tryptophan. Based on the [14C]labeled intermediates identified and the relative distribution of the radioactivity, it is postulated that phenylalanine and tyrosine are converted to oxalate via glycolate which is oxidized directly to oxalate by glycolic acid dehydrogenase. Tryptophan is metabolized via glyoxylate which is oxidized directly to oxalate by glycolic acid oxidase. Neither glycolate, glyoxylate, glycolic acid oxidase or glycolic acid dehydrogenase are involved in the formation of oxalate from ascorbic acid.", "contents": "The pathways of oxalate formation from phenylalanine, tyrosine, tryptophan and ascorbic acid in the rat. The metabolic pathway by which L-[14C1]phenylalanine, L-[14C1]tyrosine, L-[14C1]tryptophan, and L-[14C1]ascorbic acid are converted to [14C]oxalate have been investigated in the male rate. Only [14C]oxalate was detected in the urine of rats injected with L-[14C1]ascorbic acid, but [14C]-labeled oxalate, glycolate, glyoxylate, glycolaldehyde, glycine, and serine were recovered from the [14C1]-labeled aromatic amino acids. DL-Phenyllactate, an inhibitor of glycolic acid oxidase and glycolic acid dehydrogenase, reduced the amount of [14C]oxalate recovered in the urine of rats given the [14C1]-labeled aromatic amino acids, but increased the amount of [14C]glycolate formed from L-[14C1]phenylalanine and L-[14C1]tyrosine and the amount of [14C]glycolate produced from [14C1]tryptophan. Based on the [14C]labeled intermediates identified and the relative distribution of the radioactivity, it is postulated that phenylalanine and tyrosine are converted to oxalate via glycolate which is oxidized directly to oxalate by glycolic acid dehydrogenase. Tryptophan is metabolized via glyoxylate which is oxidized directly to oxalate by glycolic acid oxidase. Neither glycolate, glyoxylate, glycolic acid oxidase or glycolic acid dehydrogenase are involved in the formation of oxalate from ascorbic acid."}
{"id": "PMID:889895", "title": "Sex differences in the pattern of esterase-active antigens in microsomes from various rat strains.", "content": "Esterase-active antigens present in male and female liver microsomes isolated from three different rat strains-(Sprague-Dawley, Wistar and Dark Agouti) were characterized in crossed immunoelectrophoresis in combination with a zymogram method for esterase activity. No qualitative but some quantitative differencies were encountered between the sexes. Thus, two out of ten antigens were present in significantly lower and one in significantly higher concentrations in male than in female microsomes, demonstrating that although the overall esterase activity in liver may be similar for males and females, the concentration of the individual antigens does vary between the sexes. No qualitative or quantitative differences in the pattern of esterase-active antigens were found between the different strains.", "contents": "Sex differences in the pattern of esterase-active antigens in microsomes from various rat strains. Esterase-active antigens present in male and female liver microsomes isolated from three different rat strains-(Sprague-Dawley, Wistar and Dark Agouti) were characterized in crossed immunoelectrophoresis in combination with a zymogram method for esterase activity. No qualitative but some quantitative differencies were encountered between the sexes. Thus, two out of ten antigens were present in significantly lower and one in significantly higher concentrations in male than in female microsomes, demonstrating that although the overall esterase activity in liver may be similar for males and females, the concentration of the individual antigens does vary between the sexes. No qualitative or quantitative differences in the pattern of esterase-active antigens were found between the different strains."}
{"id": "PMID:889897", "title": "[Action of the microbial flora of the digestive tract on the biosynthesis of cholic acid in the rat (author's transl)].", "content": "Axenic and holoxenic (conventional) rats were fed a diet containing trace amounts of [2,4-3H]cholic and [24-14C]chemodeoxycholic acids. In the feces of both groups of rats, the percentage of labelled bile acids which were 3H-labelled was slightly different. In the experimental conditions used, the intestinal microflora only slightly modified the synthesis of 12alpha-hydroxylated bile acids.", "contents": "[Action of the microbial flora of the digestive tract on the biosynthesis of cholic acid in the rat (author's transl)]. Axenic and holoxenic (conventional) rats were fed a diet containing trace amounts of [2,4-3H]cholic and [24-14C]chemodeoxycholic acids. In the feces of both groups of rats, the percentage of labelled bile acids which were 3H-labelled was slightly different. In the experimental conditions used, the intestinal microflora only slightly modified the synthesis of 12alpha-hydroxylated bile acids."}
{"id": "PMID:889898", "title": "[Photochenical and photoelectronic properties of components of the photosynthetic apparatus. II. Stationary photoconductivity in chlorophyll-acceptor and chlorophyll+protein-acceptor lamellar systems].", "content": "It has been shown that the treatment of chlorophyll a amorphous layer surface with the electron acceptor n-chloranyl leads to an increase of photocurrent by 10(1)--10(3) times. The photoinduced polarization in the lamellar system chlorophyll a--n-chloranyll is studied. It has been shown that under the effect of the red light the n-chloranyl layer is negatively charged in relation to the pigment layer. Photoconductivity was discovered in the rigid layers of chlorophyll a+human serum albumin. When a thin film of n-chloranyl is sprayed on the surface of the chlorophyll-protein layer, the photocurrent increases approximately 6--7 times. The experimental results are discussed within the scheme according to which the formation of free radical carriers in chlorophyll layers is carried out by the destruction of excited states, possibly excitons on the electron-acceptor centres of dissociation.", "contents": "[Photochenical and photoelectronic properties of components of the photosynthetic apparatus. II. Stationary photoconductivity in chlorophyll-acceptor and chlorophyll+protein-acceptor lamellar systems]. It has been shown that the treatment of chlorophyll a amorphous layer surface with the electron acceptor n-chloranyl leads to an increase of photocurrent by 10(1)--10(3) times. The photoinduced polarization in the lamellar system chlorophyll a--n-chloranyll is studied. It has been shown that under the effect of the red light the n-chloranyl layer is negatively charged in relation to the pigment layer. Photoconductivity was discovered in the rigid layers of chlorophyll a+human serum albumin. When a thin film of n-chloranyl is sprayed on the surface of the chlorophyll-protein layer, the photocurrent increases approximately 6--7 times. The experimental results are discussed within the scheme according to which the formation of free radical carriers in chlorophyll layers is carried out by the destruction of excited states, possibly excitons on the electron-acceptor centres of dissociation."}
{"id": "PMID:889901", "title": "[Kinetic characteristics of the action of tocopherols as antioxidants].", "content": "Ability of tocoferols to react with free radicals (constant K7) is determined by means of chemoluminescent method. A succession of activities is obtained for tocoferol homologues; this succession coincides with that of their biological activity. The products of oxidative transformations of tocoferols are shown to posess an inhibiting activity. Formation of sufficiently active free radicals is a characteristic feature of the antioxidative action of tocoferols. The extremal dependence of the antioxidative activity of tocoferols on their concentration is explained by the participation of these radicals in the reactions of the continuation of the oxidation chain. According to their kinetic characteristics tocoferols fall into the category of weak antioxidants. Peculiarities of the antioxidative effect of tocoferols help to explain their high biological activity. Since tocoferols have high enough values of the constants K7, even slight changes in their concentration in lipids will essentially affect the rate of oxidative processes. This peculiarity makes them rather unique, since they are first spent in the oxidation reactions proceeding in lipids, and they can be substituted only by the substances which have the constants K7 of the same order. The specificity of antioxidative properties of tocoferols enables their efficient control over peroxide oxidation of lipids.", "contents": "[Kinetic characteristics of the action of tocopherols as antioxidants]. Ability of tocoferols to react with free radicals (constant K7) is determined by means of chemoluminescent method. A succession of activities is obtained for tocoferol homologues; this succession coincides with that of their biological activity. The products of oxidative transformations of tocoferols are shown to posess an inhibiting activity. Formation of sufficiently active free radicals is a characteristic feature of the antioxidative action of tocoferols. The extremal dependence of the antioxidative activity of tocoferols on their concentration is explained by the participation of these radicals in the reactions of the continuation of the oxidation chain. According to their kinetic characteristics tocoferols fall into the category of weak antioxidants. Peculiarities of the antioxidative effect of tocoferols help to explain their high biological activity. Since tocoferols have high enough values of the constants K7, even slight changes in their concentration in lipids will essentially affect the rate of oxidative processes. This peculiarity makes them rather unique, since they are first spent in the oxidation reactions proceeding in lipids, and they can be substituted only by the substances which have the constants K7 of the same order. The specificity of antioxidative properties of tocoferols enables their efficient control over peroxide oxidation of lipids."}
{"id": "PMID:889900", "title": "[Structure and aggregation of histones. I. Influence of the ionic composition of the medium on the structure and effectiveness of the intermolecular relationships of histone F2a (H2A+H4)].", "content": "The investigation of fluorescence and light-scattering change of histone F2a, ribonuclease, tyrosine, N-acetyltirosinamide, methyl ether tyrosine by the concentration increasing of NaCl, MgCl2, Na2SO4 in the surrounding medium was carried out. In the case of used salts the changes of tertiary structure and histones aggregations depend on the anion type, which is presented in the environment. The tertiary structure of histones formed in the presence of salt is stabilized by weak (hydrophobic and hydrogenic) interactions.", "contents": "[Structure and aggregation of histones. I. Influence of the ionic composition of the medium on the structure and effectiveness of the intermolecular relationships of histone F2a (H2A+H4)]. The investigation of fluorescence and light-scattering change of histone F2a, ribonuclease, tyrosine, N-acetyltirosinamide, methyl ether tyrosine by the concentration increasing of NaCl, MgCl2, Na2SO4 in the surrounding medium was carried out. In the case of used salts the changes of tertiary structure and histones aggregations depend on the anion type, which is presented in the environment. The tertiary structure of histones formed in the presence of salt is stabilized by weak (hydrophobic and hydrogenic) interactions."}
{"id": "PMID:889902", "title": "[Theoretical analysis of forces responsible for the interaction of lipid bilayer membranes in the contact zone].", "content": "A theoretical analysis of the forces responsible for BLM interaction in the contact zone has been carried out. It is shown that these are the forces of Van-der-Vaals attraction, electrostatic repulsion and surface tension of the membranes. Values of Hammaker constant and surface potential of BLM are determined. The value and remote action of each force, as well as the possibilities of the method of measuring the distance between the contacting membrane are discussed.", "contents": "[Theoretical analysis of forces responsible for the interaction of lipid bilayer membranes in the contact zone]. A theoretical analysis of the forces responsible for BLM interaction in the contact zone has been carried out. It is shown that these are the forces of Van-der-Vaals attraction, electrostatic repulsion and surface tension of the membranes. Values of Hammaker constant and surface potential of BLM are determined. The value and remote action of each force, as well as the possibilities of the method of measuring the distance between the contacting membrane are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:889905", "title": "[Effect of acetycholine chloride and chlorocholine chloride on the resting potential and membrane resistance of identified mollusk A and B neurons].", "content": "Chlorcholine chloride (CCC) the molecule of which has no other group, characteristic of acetylcholine (Ach), causes an effective cholinomimetic action on the surface membrane of the mollusc neurons A and B. As the concentration of Ach and CCC increases from 10(-6) to 10(-3) M the resting potential (RP) and the membrane resistance (R) of the neuron A first increases then decreases. The increase of Ach and CCC concentration causes in the neuron B only a decrease of the above mentioned parameters. The data point to the necessity of improving the ideas about the structure of cholinoreceptors and mechanism of cholinoreceptor-cholinomimetic interaction.", "contents": "[Effect of acetycholine chloride and chlorocholine chloride on the resting potential and membrane resistance of identified mollusk A and B neurons]. Chlorcholine chloride (CCC) the molecule of which has no other group, characteristic of acetylcholine (Ach), causes an effective cholinomimetic action on the surface membrane of the mollusc neurons A and B. As the concentration of Ach and CCC increases from 10(-6) to 10(-3) M the resting potential (RP) and the membrane resistance (R) of the neuron A first increases then decreases. The increase of Ach and CCC concentration causes in the neuron B only a decrease of the above mentioned parameters. The data point to the necessity of improving the ideas about the structure of cholinoreceptors and mechanism of cholinoreceptor-cholinomimetic interaction."}
{"id": "PMID:889904", "title": "[Alteration of the electrophysiologic characteristics of the neurons of the great pseudo-equine leech after increasing the intracellular concentration of sodium ions].", "content": "Changes of membrane potential (MP), amplitude of action potential (AAP) and continuence of AP (CAP) of identified neurons of leech Haemopis sanguisuga have been investigated at high intracellular Na+ concentration. It has been shown that a moderate increase of intracellular Na+ concentration leads to hyperpolarization of the membrane to 15 mV and a certain increase of AAP and CAP. A further increase of [Na+]in leads to a sharp decrease of AAP and small decrease of CAP. Possible mechanisms of the phenomena described are discussed.", "contents": "[Alteration of the electrophysiologic characteristics of the neurons of the great pseudo-equine leech after increasing the intracellular concentration of sodium ions]. Changes of membrane potential (MP), amplitude of action potential (AAP) and continuence of AP (CAP) of identified neurons of leech Haemopis sanguisuga have been investigated at high intracellular Na+ concentration. It has been shown that a moderate increase of intracellular Na+ concentration leads to hyperpolarization of the membrane to 15 mV and a certain increase of AAP and CAP. A further increase of [Na+]in leads to a sharp decrease of AAP and small decrease of CAP. Possible mechanisms of the phenomena described are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:889906", "title": "[Relationship between the depth of acute hypothermia and the composition and phase transitions of mitochondrial lipids of dog and white rat myocardium].", "content": "It has been found in the experiments on white rats and dogs that the increase of body temperature by 8--10 degrees in myocardium mitochondria composition of phospholipids is changed, microviscosity of lipids decreases, the phase transition is shifted to the low temperature region. Changes in white rats' mitochondria are expressed to a greater extent. When the body temperature is decreased by 18--20 degrees microviscosity of lipids in dog myocardium mitochondria increases, that of white rats is maintained on the same level. Effect of the composition of membrane lipids on the temerature of phase transitions during hypothermia is discussed, as well as possible dependence of the stability of animals towards low temperatures on the degree of reconstruction of the membrane lipids.", "contents": "[Relationship between the depth of acute hypothermia and the composition and phase transitions of mitochondrial lipids of dog and white rat myocardium]. It has been found in the experiments on white rats and dogs that the increase of body temperature by 8--10 degrees in myocardium mitochondria composition of phospholipids is changed, microviscosity of lipids decreases, the phase transition is shifted to the low temperature region. Changes in white rats' mitochondria are expressed to a greater extent. When the body temperature is decreased by 18--20 degrees microviscosity of lipids in dog myocardium mitochondria increases, that of white rats is maintained on the same level. Effect of the composition of membrane lipids on the temerature of phase transitions during hypothermia is discussed, as well as possible dependence of the stability of animals towards low temperatures on the degree of reconstruction of the membrane lipids."}
{"id": "PMID:889909", "title": "[Mechanism of changes in blood clotting and fibrinolysis under the influence of a constant electric current].", "content": "It has been shown in experiments on dogs that the constant electric current (tension 20 V, exposition time 30 sec) transmitted through an animal organism induces the development of hypercoagulation and hyperfibrinolysis. In the course of these changes in blood coagulation and fibrinolysis an important role is played by tissue hemocoagulating compounds liberated from arteria, veins, muscles and nerves. It is concluded that the ejection of blood coagulation factors from tissues results from the changes in the functional state of cellular membranes, and their permeability in particular.", "contents": "[Mechanism of changes in blood clotting and fibrinolysis under the influence of a constant electric current]. It has been shown in experiments on dogs that the constant electric current (tension 20 V, exposition time 30 sec) transmitted through an animal organism induces the development of hypercoagulation and hyperfibrinolysis. In the course of these changes in blood coagulation and fibrinolysis an important role is played by tissue hemocoagulating compounds liberated from arteria, veins, muscles and nerves. It is concluded that the ejection of blood coagulation factors from tissues results from the changes in the functional state of cellular membranes, and their permeability in particular."}
{"id": "PMID:889910", "title": "[Influence of ultra-high electromagnetic irradiation on the electrophoretic mobility of erythrocytes].", "content": "Under the effect of superhigh-frequency electromagnetic irradiation within the range of 1009 MHZ shifts of electrophoretic mobility (EM) are revealed in human erythrocytes. These shifts depend on the duration and intensity of irradiation. They are accounted for by two causes, i. e. by the deformation of the double electric layer and structural reconstructions of erythrocyte membranes which result from phase transition of structurated water of the membrane into a more liquid state. The EM shifts are reversible.", "contents": "[Influence of ultra-high electromagnetic irradiation on the electrophoretic mobility of erythrocytes]. Under the effect of superhigh-frequency electromagnetic irradiation within the range of 1009 MHZ shifts of electrophoretic mobility (EM) are revealed in human erythrocytes. These shifts depend on the duration and intensity of irradiation. They are accounted for by two causes, i. e. by the deformation of the double electric layer and structural reconstructions of erythrocyte membranes which result from phase transition of structurated water of the membrane into a more liquid state. The EM shifts are reversible."}
{"id": "PMID:889907", "title": "[Mechanical properties of intercellular contacts of small intestinal epithelium].", "content": "It has been shown that when long-acting forces are applied, the intercellular contacts in the small intestine epithelium are destroyed at the values of these forces lower than the adhesion ones obtained at the application of short-term loads. Starting with some threshold value of the load viscose-elastic properties of intercellular contacts are shown up. Thus the threshold varies essentially for different cells of the population: 4 variations are observed. A removal of bivalent cations from the tissue significantly decreases the threshold value of the forces and decreases the viscosity while the excessive concentrations of bivalent cations increase the threshold value of forces, the membrane viscosity and contact components.", "contents": "[Mechanical properties of intercellular contacts of small intestinal epithelium]. It has been shown that when long-acting forces are applied, the intercellular contacts in the small intestine epithelium are destroyed at the values of these forces lower than the adhesion ones obtained at the application of short-term loads. Starting with some threshold value of the load viscose-elastic properties of intercellular contacts are shown up. Thus the threshold varies essentially for different cells of the population: 4 variations are observed. A removal of bivalent cations from the tissue significantly decreases the threshold value of the forces and decreases the viscosity while the excessive concentrations of bivalent cations increase the threshold value of forces, the membrane viscosity and contact components."}
{"id": "PMID:889911", "title": "[Passive electrical properties of the atrioventricular region of the rabbit heart].", "content": "Passive electrical properties of AV node region of rabbit's heart were studied. Electrotonic anisotropism (a9) was characteristic of the entire AV node. a9 was the largest in the region of entry from the crista terminalis and in the lower node. The input resistance, RBX, of AV node was 1.3 to two-fold that measured in atrial trabeculae. Analysis of the results yielded the following specific resistance values for midnodal region: 1 Ohm--cm2 for contacts, 1200 Ohms-cm for intracellular space and 1300 Ohms-cm2 for electrogenic membrane. The nature of intercellular interaction and AV delay is discussed on the basis of the results obtained.", "contents": "[Passive electrical properties of the atrioventricular region of the rabbit heart]. Passive electrical properties of AV node region of rabbit's heart were studied. Electrotonic anisotropism (a9) was characteristic of the entire AV node. a9 was the largest in the region of entry from the crista terminalis and in the lower node. The input resistance, RBX, of AV node was 1.3 to two-fold that measured in atrial trabeculae. Analysis of the results yielded the following specific resistance values for midnodal region: 1 Ohm--cm2 for contacts, 1200 Ohms-cm for intracellular space and 1300 Ohms-cm2 for electrogenic membrane. The nature of intercellular interaction and AV delay is discussed on the basis of the results obtained."}
{"id": "PMID:889913", "title": "[Relationship between ionic membrane currents and stationary rates of stable and unstable spike propagation].", "content": "Pulse propagation in a model of excitable fibre is analyzed. Fibre membrane is described by a nonlinear system of 2 differential equations with small parameter (reduced system of the Hodgkin--Huxley type [1]). Both fast and slow ionic currents of excitable membrane are incorporated into the model. Explicit expressions for fast (stable pulse) and low (unstable pulse) velocities are obtained by using perturbation method. The growth of fast ionic current was shown to result in increase in fast and decrease of slow velocities while the growth of slow ionic current results in increase in slow velocity, fast velocity being almost constant.", "contents": "[Relationship between ionic membrane currents and stationary rates of stable and unstable spike propagation]. Pulse propagation in a model of excitable fibre is analyzed. Fibre membrane is described by a nonlinear system of 2 differential equations with small parameter (reduced system of the Hodgkin--Huxley type [1]). Both fast and slow ionic currents of excitable membrane are incorporated into the model. Explicit expressions for fast (stable pulse) and low (unstable pulse) velocities are obtained by using perturbation method. The growth of fast ionic current was shown to result in increase in fast and decrease of slow velocities while the growth of slow ionic current results in increase in slow velocity, fast velocity being almost constant."}
{"id": "PMID:889915", "title": "[Spike transmission in statistical neuron ensembles. III. Phase transition in a model of hippocampal field CA3].", "content": "The model consists of two types of neurons i. e. excitatory pyramidal cells and inhibitory basket ones. (the problem was formulated by Drs. O. S. Vinogradova and A. G. Bragin). The analysis of neuron activity has been carried out on the basis of \"point approximation\" of spikes transport equations. The graphs were obtained by computer. These graphs of the postsynaptic potentials averaged over ensemble are in good agreement with experimental data. The model observed demonstrates the phase transition over parameter characterizing the conduction of excitation between pyramidal cells. For weak pyramidal cells link there takes place the spontaneous activity regime. For strong link there were observed the epileptoid firing of neurons at 3 divided by 5 hertz and 140 divided by 240 msec phases of inhibition between bursts.", "contents": "[Spike transmission in statistical neuron ensembles. III. Phase transition in a model of hippocampal field CA3]. The model consists of two types of neurons i. e. excitatory pyramidal cells and inhibitory basket ones. (the problem was formulated by Drs. O. S. Vinogradova and A. G. Bragin). The analysis of neuron activity has been carried out on the basis of \"point approximation\" of spikes transport equations. The graphs were obtained by computer. These graphs of the postsynaptic potentials averaged over ensemble are in good agreement with experimental data. The model observed demonstrates the phase transition over parameter characterizing the conduction of excitation between pyramidal cells. For weak pyramidal cells link there takes place the spontaneous activity regime. For strong link there were observed the epileptoid firing of neurons at 3 divided by 5 hertz and 140 divided by 240 msec phases of inhibition between bursts."}
{"id": "PMID:889912", "title": "[Effect of preliminary stimulation on the repetitive firing of rabbit papillary muscle fibers].", "content": "It has been shown that the preliminary stimulation inhibits the initiation of repetitive firings (RF), increases the threshold current of RF and decreases membrane depolarization, induced by the action of constant current. It has been shown, that the higher the stimulation frequency, the higher the threshold current of RF and the lower the level of depolarization. It has been established that the time necessary for the restitution of the control firings of the tissue to the constant current after the action of the high-frequency stimulation does not exceed 2 minutes. It has been shown that the behavior of membrane potential under the constant current is characterized by two particularities: a) dissociation of the first response to switching on the constant current' b) a strong decay of the membrane potential to the resting potential.", "contents": "[Effect of preliminary stimulation on the repetitive firing of rabbit papillary muscle fibers]. It has been shown that the preliminary stimulation inhibits the initiation of repetitive firings (RF), increases the threshold current of RF and decreases membrane depolarization, induced by the action of constant current. It has been shown, that the higher the stimulation frequency, the higher the threshold current of RF and the lower the level of depolarization. It has been established that the time necessary for the restitution of the control firings of the tissue to the constant current after the action of the high-frequency stimulation does not exceed 2 minutes. It has been shown that the behavior of membrane potential under the constant current is characterized by two particularities: a) dissociation of the first response to switching on the constant current' b) a strong decay of the membrane potential to the resting potential."}
{"id": "PMID:889916", "title": "[Possible mechanism of generation of the magnetoencephalogram].", "content": "Various cases of local currents axial symmetry violations such as: 1) bent fibres, 2) fibres located on the boundary between tissues of various conductivities, or 3) spiral fibres were considered as possible sources of the magnetic field. It is supposed that the magnetic moments of the spikes in bent or spiral fibres originate magnetoencephalogram (MEG) and therefore MEG may serve as an index of the summary impulsing activity in human brain. Our explanation of MEG contradicts to Lippold's hypothesis on non-neural nature of alpha-rhythm.", "contents": "[Possible mechanism of generation of the magnetoencephalogram]. Various cases of local currents axial symmetry violations such as: 1) bent fibres, 2) fibres located on the boundary between tissues of various conductivities, or 3) spiral fibres were considered as possible sources of the magnetic field. It is supposed that the magnetic moments of the spikes in bent or spiral fibres originate magnetoencephalogram (MEG) and therefore MEG may serve as an index of the summary impulsing activity in human brain. Our explanation of MEG contradicts to Lippold's hypothesis on non-neural nature of alpha-rhythm."}
{"id": "PMID:889917", "title": "[Electrical properties of solutions of human serum albumin in the 1--15 MHz range].", "content": "The specific electrical conductivity and dielectric permeability of aqueous solutions of human blood serum albumin in the 1--15 MHz range have been measured. No conductivity changes within these frequencies conspicuous of the relaxation processes have been noted. The decrease of solution  dielectrical permeability with the growth of albumin concentration and the excess of its values for denaturated albumin in comparison with native one makes it possible to assume that the anomaly low-frequency dispersion zone has been passed by the beginning of the measured range (1 MHz).", "contents": "[Electrical properties of solutions of human serum albumin in the 1--15 MHz range]. The specific electrical conductivity and dielectric permeability of aqueous solutions of human blood serum albumin in the 1--15 MHz range have been measured. No conductivity changes within these frequencies conspicuous of the relaxation processes have been noted. The decrease of solution  dielectrical permeability with the growth of albumin concentration and the excess of its values for denaturated albumin in comparison with native one makes it possible to assume that the anomaly low-frequency dispersion zone has been passed by the beginning of the measured range (1 MHz)."}
{"id": "PMID:889922", "title": "[Physico-chemical properties of intra- and extracellular milieus at low temperatures. Influence of non-electrolytes].", "content": "The living activity of cells at freezing is determined by the peculiarities of physico-chemical properties of the medium. The effect of various biologically important molecules is determined by the ratio between polar and non-polar groups, by the structure of molecules. Structuration of the media contributes to the stabilization of cells. Optimization of the media content can change the cryohydrate temperature and living activity of the cells at given freezing conditions.", "contents": "[Physico-chemical properties of intra- and extracellular milieus at low temperatures. Influence of non-electrolytes]. The living activity of cells at freezing is determined by the peculiarities of physico-chemical properties of the medium. The effect of various biologically important molecules is determined by the ratio between polar and non-polar groups, by the structure of molecules. Structuration of the media contributes to the stabilization of cells. Optimization of the media content can change the cryohydrate temperature and living activity of the cells at given freezing conditions."}
{"id": "PMID:889929", "title": "Inactivation of alpha-chymotrypsin by new bifunctional reagents: halomethylated derivatives of dihydrocoumarins.", "content": "alpha-Chymotrypsin is rapidly and completely inactivated by a series of halomethylated derivatives of dihydrocoumarins at pH 7 and 25 degrees. The inactivation is pH-dependent and optimal at neutral pH; it is also more or less complete depending on the excess of inhibitor with respect to the enzyme. These compounds are substrates for alpha-chymotrypsin and, during the catalytic process, a latent alkylating function of the reagent is activated at the active site of the enzyme and reacts with some vicinal nucleophilic amino acid residues. The stoichiometry of the reaction of the corresponding radioactive reagents with the enzyme is slightly superior to one, but one histidine residue of alpha-chymotropsin is mainly modified. This histidine is identified as histidine-57 by the diagonal peptide mapping method. In comparison with other reagents, the efficiency of these suicide substrates\" and particularly that one of a derivative (compound 2) carrying a substrate-like side chain is found to be very high.", "contents": "Inactivation of alpha-chymotrypsin by new bifunctional reagents: halomethylated derivatives of dihydrocoumarins. alpha-Chymotrypsin is rapidly and completely inactivated by a series of halomethylated derivatives of dihydrocoumarins at pH 7 and 25 degrees. The inactivation is pH-dependent and optimal at neutral pH; it is also more or less complete depending on the excess of inhibitor with respect to the enzyme. These compounds are substrates for alpha-chymotrypsin and, during the catalytic process, a latent alkylating function of the reagent is activated at the active site of the enzyme and reacts with some vicinal nucleophilic amino acid residues. The stoichiometry of the reaction of the corresponding radioactive reagents with the enzyme is slightly superior to one, but one histidine residue of alpha-chymotropsin is mainly modified. This histidine is identified as histidine-57 by the diagonal peptide mapping method. In comparison with other reagents, the efficiency of these suicide substrates\" and particularly that one of a derivative (compound 2) carrying a substrate-like side chain is found to be very high."}
{"id": "PMID:889930", "title": "Inactivation of proteases and esterases by halomethylated derivatives of dihydrocoumarins.", "content": "A series of halomethylated derivatives of dihydrocoumarins has been found to inhibit irreversibly proteases and esterases. alpha-Chymotrypsin, subtilish, elastase are rapidly inactivated in the presence of these compounds, while trypsin, kallicrein, papain are inhibited more slowly. Esterases like acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase also lose activity in their presence. Two structural features of these inactivators are essential for inhibition: a reactive cis-ester function and an alkylating function. Analogues of these derivatives having only one of these characteristics are inefficient. Therefore it is suggested that the efficiency of these bifunctional reagents is due to their character of potential \"suicide substrates\".", "contents": "Inactivation of proteases and esterases by halomethylated derivatives of dihydrocoumarins. A series of halomethylated derivatives of dihydrocoumarins has been found to inhibit irreversibly proteases and esterases. alpha-Chymotrypsin, subtilish, elastase are rapidly inactivated in the presence of these compounds, while trypsin, kallicrein, papain are inhibited more slowly. Esterases like acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase also lose activity in their presence. Two structural features of these inactivators are essential for inhibition: a reactive cis-ester function and an alkylating function. Analogues of these derivatives having only one of these characteristics are inefficient. Therefore it is suggested that the efficiency of these bifunctional reagents is due to their character of potential \"suicide substrates\"."}
{"id": "PMID:889927", "title": "[High permeability of the intercellular contact].", "content": "The mechanism of the intercellular contact (gap junction) high permeability is proposed on the following basis: 1) cell membranes are depolarized in the junction zone and 2) during depolarization a sharp increase of membrane permeability results from the formerly proposed [1--3] relationship between the trans-membrane potential and membrane surface potential (boundary jump), owing to the fact that the latter determines both the membranes conductance and conformation.", "contents": "[High permeability of the intercellular contact]. The mechanism of the intercellular contact (gap junction) high permeability is proposed on the following basis: 1) cell membranes are depolarized in the junction zone and 2) during depolarization a sharp increase of membrane permeability results from the formerly proposed [1--3] relationship between the trans-membrane potential and membrane surface potential (boundary jump), owing to the fact that the latter determines both the membranes conductance and conformation."}
{"id": "PMID:889933", "title": "[Preparation of highly purified microbules and evidence for a novel molecular arrangement at low temperatures].", "content": "Microtubules were prepared by in vitro polymerization-depolymerization cycles, 1.0 M NaCl which totally depolymerizes was then added to the preparation. After removal of NaCl new arrangements of tubulin were observed at 4 degrees C: simple and double rings as well as fibrils. At 37 degrees these structures disappeared and tubulin polymerized into microtubules. The highly microtubules contain tubulin, tubulin associated proteins of 300,000 and 330,000 molecular weight, minor proteins of low molecular weight and proteins similar to the Tau factors. This raises a question of the role played by low molecular weight polypeptides. Are they products of proteolysis of rather factors of polymerisation?", "contents": "[Preparation of highly purified microbules and evidence for a novel molecular arrangement at low temperatures]. Microtubules were prepared by in vitro polymerization-depolymerization cycles, 1.0 M NaCl which totally depolymerizes was then added to the preparation. After removal of NaCl new arrangements of tubulin were observed at 4 degrees C: simple and double rings as well as fibrils. At 37 degrees these structures disappeared and tubulin polymerized into microtubules. The highly microtubules contain tubulin, tubulin associated proteins of 300,000 and 330,000 molecular weight, minor proteins of low molecular weight and proteins similar to the Tau factors. This raises a question of the role played by low molecular weight polypeptides. Are they products of proteolysis of rather factors of polymerisation?"}
{"id": "PMID:889935", "title": "Are monoglyceride-lipase, triglyceride-lipase and phospholipase A of rat liver microsomes distinct protein entities?", "content": "1. Different extraction and purification techniques were employed for the separation of MG-lipase, TG-lipase and phospholipase A from rat liver microsomes. 2. Up to 60 per cent of the microsomal content of TG-lipase and phospholipase could be extracted with 1 M KCl or NaCl. MG-lipase was extracted more readily by detergents (e.g. emulphogen). 3. MG-lipase is more resistant to detergent and heat inactivation than TG-lipase and phospholipase A. It is retained, using the technique of affinity chromatography, on a column of CH-Sepharose coupled to monooleoylglycerol. In addition, MG-lipase was separated from TG-lipase by electrofocusing. 4. TG-lipase and phospholipase A were partially separated by gel filtration on Sephadex G-200 in the presence of 1 mM dithiothreitol and by chromatography on CH-Sepharose 4b. 5. On the basis of the present extraction and purification studies, it is concluded that mg-lipase is an enzyme protein distinct from TG-lipase and phospholipase A.", "contents": "Are monoglyceride-lipase, triglyceride-lipase and phospholipase A of rat liver microsomes distinct protein entities? 1. Different extraction and purification techniques were employed for the separation of MG-lipase, TG-lipase and phospholipase A from rat liver microsomes. 2. Up to 60 per cent of the microsomal content of TG-lipase and phospholipase could be extracted with 1 M KCl or NaCl. MG-lipase was extracted more readily by detergents (e.g. emulphogen). 3. MG-lipase is more resistant to detergent and heat inactivation than TG-lipase and phospholipase A. It is retained, using the technique of affinity chromatography, on a column of CH-Sepharose coupled to monooleoylglycerol. In addition, MG-lipase was separated from TG-lipase by electrofocusing. 4. TG-lipase and phospholipase A were partially separated by gel filtration on Sephadex G-200 in the presence of 1 mM dithiothreitol and by chromatography on CH-Sepharose 4b. 5. On the basis of the present extraction and purification studies, it is concluded that mg-lipase is an enzyme protein distinct from TG-lipase and phospholipase A."}
{"id": "PMID:889936", "title": "The combined action of insulin and phlorizin on transport and metabolism of sugars and nucleotide turnover in the isolated rat diaphragm.", "content": "The combined effects of insulin and phlorizin have been analyzed on two parameters of insulin stimulation in the surviving rat diaphragm : transport and metabolism of sugars, turnover of the phosphate groups of mononucleotides. Phlorizin (c mM) inhibits glucose transport both in the presence and absence of insulin and displays a small additional inhibitory effect on glycogen biosynthesis; with the non metabolizable glucose anlogue 3-O-methyl-D-glucose transport inhibition is demonstrated solely in the presence of insulin. No correlation is demonstrated between the rates of sugar transport, which are strongly phlorizin-sensitive, and the rates of nucleotide turnover, which show no such sensitivity.", "contents": "The combined action of insulin and phlorizin on transport and metabolism of sugars and nucleotide turnover in the isolated rat diaphragm. The combined effects of insulin and phlorizin have been analyzed on two parameters of insulin stimulation in the surviving rat diaphragm : transport and metabolism of sugars, turnover of the phosphate groups of mononucleotides. Phlorizin (c mM) inhibits glucose transport both in the presence and absence of insulin and displays a small additional inhibitory effect on glycogen biosynthesis; with the non metabolizable glucose anlogue 3-O-methyl-D-glucose transport inhibition is demonstrated solely in the presence of insulin. No correlation is demonstrated between the rates of sugar transport, which are strongly phlorizin-sensitive, and the rates of nucleotide turnover, which show no such sensitivity."}
{"id": "PMID:889939", "title": "Carotenoid pigments in the coxal gland of Limulus.", "content": "The coxal gland of Limulus polyphemus contains a high content of carotenoids. Values ranging from 25 to 226 microgram per gram of wet tissue were found. The corresponding average value for 21 animals was 111 microgram. Chromatographic separation reveals the presence of 7 to 8 components. Characterization and partial identification of these components has been made by the determination of RF values and absorption spectra. In some cases the alterations produced in these properties by borohydride reduction have also been presented. The brick-red color of this tissue reported by earlier investigators would appear to be largely due to its high content of carotenoids.", "contents": "Carotenoid pigments in the coxal gland of Limulus. The coxal gland of Limulus polyphemus contains a high content of carotenoids. Values ranging from 25 to 226 microgram per gram of wet tissue were found. The corresponding average value for 21 animals was 111 microgram. Chromatographic separation reveals the presence of 7 to 8 components. Characterization and partial identification of these components has been made by the determination of RF values and absorption spectra. In some cases the alterations produced in these properties by borohydride reduction have also been presented. The brick-red color of this tissue reported by earlier investigators would appear to be largely due to its high content of carotenoids."}
{"id": "PMID:889940", "title": "Dwarfism in a sabellid polychaete, a study of an interstitial species.", "content": "The anatomy and behavior of a species of the sabellid polychaete subfamily Fabricinae, is described. Mature individuals are virtually microscopic and represent the extreme degree of dwarfism apparently possible for a sabellid. Eggs are matured and liberated unilaterally, one at a time, from a single thoracic segment. Dwarfism in this species is essentially a cessation of body growth at a juvenile stage, accompanied by precocious sexual maturity, as an adaptation to persistent occupation of an interstitial detrital habitat.", "contents": "Dwarfism in a sabellid polychaete, a study of an interstitial species. The anatomy and behavior of a species of the sabellid polychaete subfamily Fabricinae, is described. Mature individuals are virtually microscopic and represent the extreme degree of dwarfism apparently possible for a sabellid. Eggs are matured and liberated unilaterally, one at a time, from a single thoracic segment. Dwarfism in this species is essentially a cessation of body growth at a juvenile stage, accompanied by precocious sexual maturity, as an adaptation to persistent occupation of an interstitial detrital habitat."}
{"id": "PMID:889941", "title": "Biomechanics of water-pumping by Chaetopterus variopedatus Renier: Kinetics and hydrodynamics.", "content": "1. The activities of the three water-pumping segments of Chaetopterus variopedatus are correlated in detail with the fluctuations in water flow through the tube-house. 2. The qualitative performance and design features of the worm's pumping mechanism are compared to those of mechanical reciprocating pumps. 3. Quantitative data on volume flow rate, stroke rate, discharge pressure, and oxygen consumption yield estimates of power output (1.5 X 10(-5) Joules/sec) and aerobic efficiency (0.5%). 4. In its natural habitat, Chaetopterus does no lifting work, but rather functions solely as a transfer pump. 5. Calculations show that, of the work accomplished by Chaetopterus during pumping, 95% is devoted to overcoming inertial resistance.", "contents": "Biomechanics of water-pumping by Chaetopterus variopedatus Renier: Kinetics and hydrodynamics. 1. The activities of the three water-pumping segments of Chaetopterus variopedatus are correlated in detail with the fluctuations in water flow through the tube-house. 2. The qualitative performance and design features of the worm's pumping mechanism are compared to those of mechanical reciprocating pumps. 3. Quantitative data on volume flow rate, stroke rate, discharge pressure, and oxygen consumption yield estimates of power output (1.5 X 10(-5) Joules/sec) and aerobic efficiency (0.5%). 4. In its natural habitat, Chaetopterus does no lifting work, but rather functions solely as a transfer pump. 5. Calculations show that, of the work accomplished by Chaetopterus during pumping, 95% is devoted to overcoming inertial resistance."}
{"id": "PMID:889943", "title": "Cockroach molting. II. The nature of regeneration-induced delay of molting hormone secretion.", "content": "1. The amount of regenerating limb tissue does not control the length of molting delay in cockroaches; rather, a programmed delay associated with each autotomy level and segment allows an appropriate delay for accomplishing the necessary regeneration. 2. Delay of molting is accomplished by inhibiting ecdysiotropin release. 3. Each regenerating limb produces a delay independent of other regenerating limbs. 4. Single and simultaneous double autotomies can be used to obtain substantially increased synchrony of the molting cycle of a wide variety of cockroach species. 5. The signal to delay molting is transmitted to the brain along the ventral nerve cord and requires the stereotyped sensory input associated with autotomy to initiate it. 6. There are two phases of ecdysone titer increase during the molting cycle of cockroaches. An early transitory or gradual increase is associated with the regeneration critical period, while a later major peak is associated with apolysis. The major ecdysone peak was shown to be delayed during leg regeneration.", "contents": "Cockroach molting. II. The nature of regeneration-induced delay of molting hormone secretion. 1. The amount of regenerating limb tissue does not control the length of molting delay in cockroaches; rather, a programmed delay associated with each autotomy level and segment allows an appropriate delay for accomplishing the necessary regeneration. 2. Delay of molting is accomplished by inhibiting ecdysiotropin release. 3. Each regenerating limb produces a delay independent of other regenerating limbs. 4. Single and simultaneous double autotomies can be used to obtain substantially increased synchrony of the molting cycle of a wide variety of cockroach species. 5. The signal to delay molting is transmitted to the brain along the ventral nerve cord and requires the stereotyped sensory input associated with autotomy to initiate it. 6. There are two phases of ecdysone titer increase during the molting cycle of cockroaches. An early transitory or gradual increase is associated with the regeneration critical period, while a later major peak is associated with apolysis. The major ecdysone peak was shown to be delayed during leg regeneration."}
{"id": "PMID:889945", "title": "Locomotion and propagated skin impulses in salps (Tunicata: Thaliacea).", "content": "1. Various observations by M. Fedele on the mechanism of forward and reverse locomotion, on the neurogenic origin of the locomotor rhythm and on the coordinated behavior of salp chains are confirmed or extended. Salpa fusiformis was the species chiefly studied. 2. The striated muscle fibers of the body wall exhibit nonpropagative, graded responsivity. The fibers are multiply-innervated. Adjacent fibers are not electrically coupled. 3. Intracellular recordings are reported from a pacemaker and presumed motor neurons in the brain. The locomotor rhythm is exhibited by deafferented and isolated brains. In the intact animal, sensory input can modify the rhythm and alter the firing sequence of the muscles. The rhythm is accelerated by reduction, and inhibited by elevation of the ambient light intensity. 4. The outer skin is a conducting epithelium. The cells conduct action potentials at ca. 17 cm/sec and are connected by gap junctions. Three other independently conducting inner epithelial territories are described. Propagated impulses in the excitable epithelia are believed to enter the nervous system via neurosensory processes in the skin, extending the effective fields of these receptors. 5. Salp chains show coordinated responses but, except in their earliest developmental stages, impulses are probably not through-conducted along the chain, but are relayed from one zooid to the next by an unknown mechanism. 6. Comparisons are drawn between salps and other pelagic tunicates where conducting epithelia have previously been reported.", "contents": "Locomotion and propagated skin impulses in salps (Tunicata: Thaliacea). 1. Various observations by M. Fedele on the mechanism of forward and reverse locomotion, on the neurogenic origin of the locomotor rhythm and on the coordinated behavior of salp chains are confirmed or extended. Salpa fusiformis was the species chiefly studied. 2. The striated muscle fibers of the body wall exhibit nonpropagative, graded responsivity. The fibers are multiply-innervated. Adjacent fibers are not electrically coupled. 3. Intracellular recordings are reported from a pacemaker and presumed motor neurons in the brain. The locomotor rhythm is exhibited by deafferented and isolated brains. In the intact animal, sensory input can modify the rhythm and alter the firing sequence of the muscles. The rhythm is accelerated by reduction, and inhibited by elevation of the ambient light intensity. 4. The outer skin is a conducting epithelium. The cells conduct action potentials at ca. 17 cm/sec and are connected by gap junctions. Three other independently conducting inner epithelial territories are described. Propagated impulses in the excitable epithelia are believed to enter the nervous system via neurosensory processes in the skin, extending the effective fields of these receptors. 5. Salp chains show coordinated responses but, except in their earliest developmental stages, impulses are probably not through-conducted along the chain, but are relayed from one zooid to the next by an unknown mechanism. 6. Comparisons are drawn between salps and other pelagic tunicates where conducting epithelia have previously been reported."}
{"id": "PMID:889946", "title": "Metabolic relationships between green hydra and its symbiotic algae.", "content": "1. Hydra that maintain algal symbionts evidenced three modes of metabolism depending upon the nutritional state of the host and the photoperiodic conditions under which the animals were maintained. Animals either fed or fasted but maintained in the dark exhibited an RQ of 0.725 indicating fat metabolism. When they were fed Artemia nauplii and maintained in the light green hydra exhibited a mixed metabolism of carbohydrate and fat which gave an RQ of 0.862. Fasting green hydra, when maintained in the light, showed a pronounced carbohydrate metabolism typified by an RQ of 0.970. 2. Aposymbiotic hydra, whether fed or fasted, exhibited an RQ of 0.725 indicating a high degree of fat metabolism. 3. Symbiotic hydra which were fed and maintained in the light demonstrated a respiration rate of 14.4 microliter/day per hydra, which was 2.5 times greater than animals (symbiotic or aposymbiotic) maintained under any other condition of fasting or photoperiod. It is hypothesized that the enhanced respiration observed in these animals is due to the metabolic activities of the symbiotic algae associated with reproduction and development. 4. Calculations based on respiratory measurements and indirect calorimetry suggest that hydra consume approximately 0.0320 calories per day and that symbiotic algae may supply up to 69% of the host caloric requirements via the translocation of approximately 5 microgram of carbohydrate when the host is fasting and light is provided.", "contents": "Metabolic relationships between green hydra and its symbiotic algae. 1. Hydra that maintain algal symbionts evidenced three modes of metabolism depending upon the nutritional state of the host and the photoperiodic conditions under which the animals were maintained. Animals either fed or fasted but maintained in the dark exhibited an RQ of 0.725 indicating fat metabolism. When they were fed Artemia nauplii and maintained in the light green hydra exhibited a mixed metabolism of carbohydrate and fat which gave an RQ of 0.862. Fasting green hydra, when maintained in the light, showed a pronounced carbohydrate metabolism typified by an RQ of 0.970. 2. Aposymbiotic hydra, whether fed or fasted, exhibited an RQ of 0.725 indicating a high degree of fat metabolism. 3. Symbiotic hydra which were fed and maintained in the light demonstrated a respiration rate of 14.4 microliter/day per hydra, which was 2.5 times greater than animals (symbiotic or aposymbiotic) maintained under any other condition of fasting or photoperiod. It is hypothesized that the enhanced respiration observed in these animals is due to the metabolic activities of the symbiotic algae associated with reproduction and development. 4. Calculations based on respiratory measurements and indirect calorimetry suggest that hydra consume approximately 0.0320 calories per day and that symbiotic algae may supply up to 69% of the host caloric requirements via the translocation of approximately 5 microgram of carbohydrate when the host is fasting and light is provided."}
{"id": "PMID:889960", "title": "[Primary structure of functions of RNA terminals].", "content": "Primary structure of tRNA, rRNA, nRNA, mRNA and viral RNA terminals has been studied. Various RNAs responsible for similar functions have been shown to possess some common features. Previously obtained data on the functional role of RNA terminal sequences, mechanisms of their biosynthesis, the stabilizing role of 5'- and 3'-sequences for the molecules of translated eukaryotic RNAs and some viral RNAs are reviewed.", "contents": "[Primary structure of functions of RNA terminals]. Primary structure of tRNA, rRNA, nRNA, mRNA and viral RNA terminals has been studied. Various RNAs responsible for similar functions have been shown to possess some common features. Previously obtained data on the functional role of RNA terminal sequences, mechanisms of their biosynthesis, the stabilizing role of 5'- and 3'-sequences for the molecules of translated eukaryotic RNAs and some viral RNAs are reviewed."}
{"id": "PMID:889961", "title": "[Changes in phospholipid composition in rat liver microsomes and mitochondria under chemical carcinogenesis].", "content": "Considerable change in phospholipid composition of microsomal and mitochondrial rat liver membranes under 3,4-benzpyrene-induced cancerogenesis is observed. The content of main phospholipid fractions (phosphatidylethanolamines and phosphatidylcholines) in rat liver microsomes increases at precancer stage and decreases during the tumour growth. On the contrary, the content of these phospholipids in mitochondrias decreases at precancer stage and increases at the period of vigerous tumour growth. The content of phosphatidylserines in rat liver microsomes sharply increases during the tumour growth, while in mitochondrias in decreases to an extremely low concentration beginning from early cancerogenesis stages. Lysophosphatides content in rat liver microsomes considerably increases under cancerogenesis. The noticeable amount of characteristic microsomal phospholipids, sphingomyelins, appears in rat liver mitochondrias under the growth of induced tumours. The peroxides of phosphatidylethanolamines and phosphatidylcholines appear in rat liver  mitochondrias at later cancerogenesis stages, as compared with microsomes.", "contents": "[Changes in phospholipid composition in rat liver microsomes and mitochondria under chemical carcinogenesis]. Considerable change in phospholipid composition of microsomal and mitochondrial rat liver membranes under 3,4-benzpyrene-induced cancerogenesis is observed. The content of main phospholipid fractions (phosphatidylethanolamines and phosphatidylcholines) in rat liver microsomes increases at precancer stage and decreases during the tumour growth. On the contrary, the content of these phospholipids in mitochondrias decreases at precancer stage and increases at the period of vigerous tumour growth. The content of phosphatidylserines in rat liver microsomes sharply increases during the tumour growth, while in mitochondrias in decreases to an extremely low concentration beginning from early cancerogenesis stages. Lysophosphatides content in rat liver microsomes considerably increases under cancerogenesis. The noticeable amount of characteristic microsomal phospholipids, sphingomyelins, appears in rat liver mitochondrias under the growth of induced tumours. The peroxides of phosphatidylethanolamines and phosphatidylcholines appear in rat liver  mitochondrias at later cancerogenesis stages, as compared with microsomes."}
{"id": "PMID:889962", "title": "[Effect of normal saturated fatty acids on rat liver mitochondria].", "content": "Comparative study of the effect normal saturated carboxulic acids of different carbon chain length (7-16 carbon atoms) on rat liver mitochondria respiration at 3 and 4 states (according to Chance) has revealed that these compounds are protonophores. The data on the dependence of the effect on the concentration of fatty acids suggest that the protein transfer through the mitochondrial membrane is carried out by a monomeric form, and the inhibitory effect is due to a dimeric form of these compounds. Inhibitory and activating properties of fatty acids are described by a theoretically deducted equation, which demonstrates similar activity for highest homologues, in spite of differences in their distribution coefficients between aqueous and lipid phases. It is also concluded that the same effect is due to the same molar concentration of fatty acid in the mitochondrial membrane.", "contents": "[Effect of normal saturated fatty acids on rat liver mitochondria]. Comparative study of the effect normal saturated carboxulic acids of different carbon chain length (7-16 carbon atoms) on rat liver mitochondria respiration at 3 and 4 states (according to Chance) has revealed that these compounds are protonophores. The data on the dependence of the effect on the concentration of fatty acids suggest that the protein transfer through the mitochondrial membrane is carried out by a monomeric form, and the inhibitory effect is due to a dimeric form of these compounds. Inhibitory and activating properties of fatty acids are described by a theoretically deducted equation, which demonstrates similar activity for highest homologues, in spite of differences in their distribution coefficients between aqueous and lipid phases. It is also concluded that the same effect is due to the same molar concentration of fatty acid in the mitochondrial membrane."}
{"id": "PMID:889963", "title": "[Guanidinoacetate-N-methyltransferase in epiphysis of mammals: stimulating effect of norepinephrine in vitro].", "content": "The activity of the enzyme of creatine biosynthesis, S-adenosylmethionine: guanidineacetate-N-methyltransferase (E. C. 2.1.1.2) is discovered in rat and bovine epiphysis homogenates. The enzyme activity was highest in epiphysis of immature and young rats and then decreased linearly with the animal age. No reliable activity of the enzyme was found in adult rats (200-300 g). Incubation of rat and bovine epiphysis with norepinephrine (10(-5)-10(-6) M) in the presence of S-adenosylmethionine and guanidineacetic acid resulted in the increase of the creatine synthesis rate.", "contents": "[Guanidinoacetate-N-methyltransferase in epiphysis of mammals: stimulating effect of norepinephrine in vitro]. The activity of the enzyme of creatine biosynthesis, S-adenosylmethionine: guanidineacetate-N-methyltransferase (E. C. 2.1.1.2) is discovered in rat and bovine epiphysis homogenates. The enzyme activity was highest in epiphysis of immature and young rats and then decreased linearly with the animal age. No reliable activity of the enzyme was found in adult rats (200-300 g). Incubation of rat and bovine epiphysis with norepinephrine (10(-5)-10(-6) M) in the presence of S-adenosylmethionine and guanidineacetic acid resulted in the increase of the creatine synthesis rate."}
{"id": "PMID:889964", "title": "[Comparative characteristics of chromatin endonuclease fragments].", "content": "Soluble fragments of chromatin obtained by Ca, Mg-dependent endonuclease digest of rat liver nuclei, have been separated by gel chromatography on Sepharose 4B into three zones, containing oligomers, tetramers--dimers and monomers, respectively. The content of nonhistone proteins and particularly lysine-rich histones is decreased with a transition from theoligomers to monomers. The average protein/DNA ratio of the monomers is equal to 1.36 and that of histone/DNA ratio--to 0.82. The dependence of the degree of chromatin digest by endonuclease on its protein content and conditions of isolation and incubation of nuclei is discussed. The chromatin monomer formed appears to be made up of a nucleosome and short portions of spacer DNA bound to some part of histone HI and nonhistone proteins.", "contents": "[Comparative characteristics of chromatin endonuclease fragments]. Soluble fragments of chromatin obtained by Ca, Mg-dependent endonuclease digest of rat liver nuclei, have been separated by gel chromatography on Sepharose 4B into three zones, containing oligomers, tetramers--dimers and monomers, respectively. The content of nonhistone proteins and particularly lysine-rich histones is decreased with a transition from theoligomers to monomers. The average protein/DNA ratio of the monomers is equal to 1.36 and that of histone/DNA ratio--to 0.82. The dependence of the degree of chromatin digest by endonuclease on its protein content and conditions of isolation and incubation of nuclei is discussed. The chromatin monomer formed appears to be made up of a nucleosome and short portions of spacer DNA bound to some part of histone HI and nonhistone proteins."}
{"id": "PMID:889965", "title": "[Isolation and some properties of mink lysozyme].", "content": "Lysozyme (EC 3.2.1.17) from spleen, kidney and liver of mink was isolated by affinity chromatography on deaminated chitin. The histidine content of mink lysozyme is unusually high and comprises 7 residues per mole of the protein. The acidic and basic amino acid residues are present in the mink lysozyme in nearly equal amounts (20-22); in this respect, the degree of amidation of the side chain carboxylic groups is relatively low (8-10). The lysozyme preparations obtained are found to contain an unknown, tightly bound component, absorbing at 400-420 nm.", "contents": "[Isolation and some properties of mink lysozyme]. Lysozyme (EC 3.2.1.17) from spleen, kidney and liver of mink was isolated by affinity chromatography on deaminated chitin. The histidine content of mink lysozyme is unusually high and comprises 7 residues per mole of the protein. The acidic and basic amino acid residues are present in the mink lysozyme in nearly equal amounts (20-22); in this respect, the degree of amidation of the side chain carboxylic groups is relatively low (8-10). The lysozyme preparations obtained are found to contain an unknown, tightly bound component, absorbing at 400-420 nm."}
{"id": "PMID:889966", "title": "[ On the absence of high-molecular polyphosphates in chloroplasts of Acetabularia mediterranea].", "content": "High-molecular polyphosphates have been identified in a crude fraction of chloroplasts of Acetabularia mediterranea. However, after a short-term treatment of the fraction with a hypotonic salt solution and centrifugation in a sucrose density gradient it was found possible to completely separate high-molecular polyphosphates from intact chloroplasts. Consequently the chloroplasts themselves contain no high-molecular polyphosphates. It is assumed that the high-molecular polysphates found in a crude fraction of chloroplasts are constitutents of the \"metachromatic\" granules which can be revealed in the A. mediterranea cytoplasm by cytochemical methods.", "contents": "[ On the absence of high-molecular polyphosphates in chloroplasts of Acetabularia mediterranea]. High-molecular polyphosphates have been identified in a crude fraction of chloroplasts of Acetabularia mediterranea. However, after a short-term treatment of the fraction with a hypotonic salt solution and centrifugation in a sucrose density gradient it was found possible to completely separate high-molecular polyphosphates from intact chloroplasts. Consequently the chloroplasts themselves contain no high-molecular polyphosphates. It is assumed that the high-molecular polysphates found in a crude fraction of chloroplasts are constitutents of the \"metachromatic\" granules which can be revealed in the A. mediterranea cytoplasm by cytochemical methods."}
{"id": "PMID:889967", "title": "[Catalytic properties and thermostability of horseradish peroxidase covalently bound with Sepharose by carbohydrate residues of the enzyme].", "content": "A procedure for isolation of stabilized preparations of peroxidase, covalently bound with AH-Sepharose 4B by the enzyme carbohydrate residues, which had been previously oxidized by iodine acid, is proposed. The catalytic properties and thermostability of soluble oxidized and immobilized peroxidase has been studied and a comparison of these properties with those of the native enzyme has been made. It has been demonstrated that the oxidation of the carbohydrate residues dose not affect eh Km value for soluble oxidized peroxidase, but leads to a decrease in the kcat approximately two times for the reaction of peroxidase exidation of o-dianizidine. In case of immobilized peroxidase the Km value for H2O2 does not change, whereas the Km value for o-dianizidine is decreased approximately 20 times. It is demostrated that the chemical structure of the matrix surface and in case of the same matrix used--the degree and type of modification of the functional groups of protein, have a strong effect on the stability of the immobilized enzyme.", "contents": "[Catalytic properties and thermostability of horseradish peroxidase covalently bound with Sepharose by carbohydrate residues of the enzyme]. A procedure for isolation of stabilized preparations of peroxidase, covalently bound with AH-Sepharose 4B by the enzyme carbohydrate residues, which had been previously oxidized by iodine acid, is proposed. The catalytic properties and thermostability of soluble oxidized and immobilized peroxidase has been studied and a comparison of these properties with those of the native enzyme has been made. It has been demonstrated that the oxidation of the carbohydrate residues dose not affect eh Km value for soluble oxidized peroxidase, but leads to a decrease in the kcat approximately two times for the reaction of peroxidase exidation of o-dianizidine. In case of immobilized peroxidase the Km value for H2O2 does not change, whereas the Km value for o-dianizidine is decreased approximately 20 times. It is demostrated that the chemical structure of the matrix surface and in case of the same matrix used--the degree and type of modification of the functional groups of protein, have a strong effect on the stability of the immobilized enzyme."}
{"id": "PMID:889968", "title": "[Replication of DNA associated with nuclear envelope of regenerating rat liver].", "content": "DNA associated with nuclear envelopes was isolated from rat liver nuclear lysate using centrifugation in sucrose gradient. The specific radioactivity of DNA obtained in nuclear envelope was compared with that of overall nuclear DNA at different stages of the S-period after partial hepatectomy and 1-15 min following intravenous injection of 3H-thymidine. It was found that at various steps of the cell cycle (19, 24 and 27 hrs following partial hepatectomy) the specific radioactivities of nuclear membrane-linked and overall nuclear DNAs do not show any significant differences. No noticeable selective synthesis or initiation of DNA replication on the nuelear envelope were observed either.", "contents": "[Replication of DNA associated with nuclear envelope of regenerating rat liver]. DNA associated with nuclear envelopes was isolated from rat liver nuclear lysate using centrifugation in sucrose gradient. The specific radioactivity of DNA obtained in nuclear envelope was compared with that of overall nuclear DNA at different stages of the S-period after partial hepatectomy and 1-15 min following intravenous injection of 3H-thymidine. It was found that at various steps of the cell cycle (19, 24 and 27 hrs following partial hepatectomy) the specific radioactivities of nuclear membrane-linked and overall nuclear DNAs do not show any significant differences. No noticeable selective synthesis or initiation of DNA replication on the nuelear envelope were observed either."}
{"id": "PMID:889969", "title": "[Activity of pyruvate dehydrogenase in embryonic and postnatal chicken liver].", "content": "The activity of pyruvate dehydrogenase (EC 1.2.4.1) in chicken liver embryos remains constant up to the stage of hatching, and is increased by 50-70% during the first days of postnatal development and 6-7-fold on the ninth day. The enzyme activity in adult chickens is approximately equal to that in embryonic liver. The system of pyruvate dehydrogenase activation is labile; however, it may be stabilized by an addition of serum to embryonic liver homogenates. The amount of the inactive form of pyruvate dehydrogenase in embryonic liver makes up to approximately 50% of total activity. No stabilizing effect of the serum on the pyruvate dehydrogenase from young and adult chicken liver was observed.", "contents": "[Activity of pyruvate dehydrogenase in embryonic and postnatal chicken liver]. The activity of pyruvate dehydrogenase (EC 1.2.4.1) in chicken liver embryos remains constant up to the stage of hatching, and is increased by 50-70% during the first days of postnatal development and 6-7-fold on the ninth day. The enzyme activity in adult chickens is approximately equal to that in embryonic liver. The system of pyruvate dehydrogenase activation is labile; however, it may be stabilized by an addition of serum to embryonic liver homogenates. The amount of the inactive form of pyruvate dehydrogenase in embryonic liver makes up to approximately 50% of total activity. No stabilizing effect of the serum on the pyruvate dehydrogenase from young and adult chicken liver was observed."}
{"id": "PMID:889970", "title": "[Transport of amino acids and calcium in the fungus, Phytophthora infestans].", "content": "Amino acid transport in the cells of calcium-dependent fungus Phytophthora infestans has been largely studied with respect to phenylalanine. It is defined as an active process in a number of characteristics. The reasons for that are as follows: 1) accumulation of amino acids is inhibited by carbodiimide and ruthenium red, which suggests the participation of an intermediate; 2) the transport is energy-dependent, since it is inhibited by potassium cyanide, sodium azide and 2,4-dinitrophenol. Cold-osmotic shock results in the inhibition of the amino acid and glucose transport 20-80 times without inhibiting calcium transport. The data obtained suggest that the transport systems of amino acids and calcium are probably not interrelated.", "contents": "[Transport of amino acids and calcium in the fungus, Phytophthora infestans]. Amino acid transport in the cells of calcium-dependent fungus Phytophthora infestans has been largely studied with respect to phenylalanine. It is defined as an active process in a number of characteristics. The reasons for that are as follows: 1) accumulation of amino acids is inhibited by carbodiimide and ruthenium red, which suggests the participation of an intermediate; 2) the transport is energy-dependent, since it is inhibited by potassium cyanide, sodium azide and 2,4-dinitrophenol. Cold-osmotic shock results in the inhibition of the amino acid and glucose transport 20-80 times without inhibiting calcium transport. The data obtained suggest that the transport systems of amino acids and calcium are probably not interrelated."}
{"id": "PMID:889971", "title": "[Some peculiarities of pyrimidine isoplyth methylation of newly synthesized DNA from human blood lymphocytes in normal conditions and chronic lymphoycytic leukemia].", "content": "Methylation of pyrimidine isoplythes of newly synthesized DNA from activated human blood lymphocytes was studied under normal conditions and in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. The analysis of distribution of labelled 5-methylcytosine in DNA pyrimidine oligonucleotides, differing in their lengths, showed a considerable increase in the methylation of pyrimidine oligonucleotide fragments of DNA from lymphocytic leukemia lymphocytes as compared to normal. The greatest differences were observed in methylation with respect to longer fragments, e.g. under chronic lymphocytic leukemia the level of methylation of the cytosine residues of DNA in isoplythes I and II, as well as in the fraction of isoplyth III and in longer fragments exceeded that of the normal DNA isoplythes, 3.7-, 2.1- and 8.3-fold respectively.", "contents": "[Some peculiarities of pyrimidine isoplyth methylation of newly synthesized DNA from human blood lymphocytes in normal conditions and chronic lymphoycytic leukemia]. Methylation of pyrimidine isoplythes of newly synthesized DNA from activated human blood lymphocytes was studied under normal conditions and in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. The analysis of distribution of labelled 5-methylcytosine in DNA pyrimidine oligonucleotides, differing in their lengths, showed a considerable increase in the methylation of pyrimidine oligonucleotide fragments of DNA from lymphocytic leukemia lymphocytes as compared to normal. The greatest differences were observed in methylation with respect to longer fragments, e.g. under chronic lymphocytic leukemia the level of methylation of the cytosine residues of DNA in isoplythes I and II, as well as in the fraction of isoplyth III and in longer fragments exceeded that of the normal DNA isoplythes, 3.7-, 2.1- and 8.3-fold respectively."}
{"id": "PMID:889972", "title": "[In vitro degradation of autolyzed and nonautolyzed RNP-particles from rat skeletal muscles].", "content": "Degradation of autolyzed (72 hrs of autolysis) and non-autolyzed RNP particles from rat skeletal muscles was studied. Distribution of the RNP particles in sucrose gradient and the amount of rRNAs present in the particles were determined. It was shown that in both cases incubation of preparations for 20 min at 60 degrees C is accompanied by an almost complete degradation of RNA extracted from the RNP particles. After 24 hour storage in a buffer, containing Mg2+ at a concentration less than 0.006 M, partial degradation of polysomes and rRNAs occurs. Incubation in the presence of 0.5 mM p-chloromercurybenzoate results in a rapid degradation of polysomes down to monosomes, whereas no additional degradation of rRNAs occurs after 24 hrs of incubation at 18 degrees C. Autolyzed RNP particles when heated up to 50-55 degrees C for 20 min, reveal a much lower stability to p-chloromercurybenzoate than do the non-autolyzed ones. Possible existence of two forms of endoribonucleases in the RNP particles from rat skeletal muscles is discussed.", "contents": "[In vitro degradation of autolyzed and nonautolyzed RNP-particles from rat skeletal muscles]. Degradation of autolyzed (72 hrs of autolysis) and non-autolyzed RNP particles from rat skeletal muscles was studied. Distribution of the RNP particles in sucrose gradient and the amount of rRNAs present in the particles were determined. It was shown that in both cases incubation of preparations for 20 min at 60 degrees C is accompanied by an almost complete degradation of RNA extracted from the RNP particles. After 24 hour storage in a buffer, containing Mg2+ at a concentration less than 0.006 M, partial degradation of polysomes and rRNAs occurs. Incubation in the presence of 0.5 mM p-chloromercurybenzoate results in a rapid degradation of polysomes down to monosomes, whereas no additional degradation of rRNAs occurs after 24 hrs of incubation at 18 degrees C. Autolyzed RNP particles when heated up to 50-55 degrees C for 20 min, reveal a much lower stability to p-chloromercurybenzoate than do the non-autolyzed ones. Possible existence of two forms of endoribonucleases in the RNP particles from rat skeletal muscles is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:889973", "title": "[Identification of CD phage proteins participating in DNA-protein interaction by means of O-methylhydroxylamine].", "content": "An early described hypothetical scheme is confirmed on transformation of non-covalent polynucleotide-protein interactions into covalent under the treatment of CD phage with O-methylhydroxylamine. 4 proteins are revealed, which have been covalently bound to cytosine of DNA during modification process. Fractionation of these proteins in polyacrylamide gel in the presence of sodium dodecylsulphate has revealed that three of them migrate as head structural proteins, and the rest--as internal phage CD protein. Possible mechanisms of the effect of phage protein on the reaction of DNA cytosine residues with O-methylhydroxylamine are discussed.", "contents": "[Identification of CD phage proteins participating in DNA-protein interaction by means of O-methylhydroxylamine]. An early described hypothetical scheme is confirmed on transformation of non-covalent polynucleotide-protein interactions into covalent under the treatment of CD phage with O-methylhydroxylamine. 4 proteins are revealed, which have been covalently bound to cytosine of DNA during modification process. Fractionation of these proteins in polyacrylamide gel in the presence of sodium dodecylsulphate has revealed that three of them migrate as head structural proteins, and the rest--as internal phage CD protein. Possible mechanisms of the effect of phage protein on the reaction of DNA cytosine residues with O-methylhydroxylamine are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:889974", "title": "[18 O-exchange reactions catalyzed by myosin of calf intestine smooth muscle].", "content": "18O-exchange reactions of smooth muscle myosin of calf intestine were studied. Smooth muscle myosin, similar to skeletal myosin, catalyses two types of 18O-exchange reactions--intermediate and direct. Only quantitative differences of the exchange intensity are observed. 18O-exchange dependence on bivalent cation and nucleotide nature is found. The comparison of 18O-exchange characteristics for myosins of smooth and skeletal muscles confirms the hypothesis on the similarity of molecular mechanisms of ATP hydrolysis by myosin from different muscle types.", "contents": "[18 O-exchange reactions catalyzed by myosin of calf intestine smooth muscle]. 18O-exchange reactions of smooth muscle myosin of calf intestine were studied. Smooth muscle myosin, similar to skeletal myosin, catalyses two types of 18O-exchange reactions--intermediate and direct. Only quantitative differences of the exchange intensity are observed. 18O-exchange dependence on bivalent cation and nucleotide nature is found. The comparison of 18O-exchange characteristics for myosins of smooth and skeletal muscles confirms the hypothesis on the similarity of molecular mechanisms of ATP hydrolysis by myosin from different muscle types."}
{"id": "PMID:889975", "title": "[Identification of kinins releasing by pig pancreatic kallikrein from rabbit low molecular weight kininogen].", "content": "Pig pancreatic kallikrein is found to release kinins from LMrK with the rate of 800 mkg. eq. of bradykinin per min, per 1 mg of the enzyme. This kininogenase reaction is not accompanied by a ddep fragmentation of the kininogen molecule, because only a high molecular weight fragment which Mr is practically equal to that of intact LMrK (55-60 000), and a peptide identified as bradykinin, are found in hydrolysate. In the same conditions human salivary kallikrein is found to form kallidin from LMrK.", "contents": "[Identification of kinins releasing by pig pancreatic kallikrein from rabbit low molecular weight kininogen]. Pig pancreatic kallikrein is found to release kinins from LMrK with the rate of 800 mkg. eq. of bradykinin per min, per 1 mg of the enzyme. This kininogenase reaction is not accompanied by a ddep fragmentation of the kininogen molecule, because only a high molecular weight fragment which Mr is practically equal to that of intact LMrK (55-60 000), and a peptide identified as bradykinin, are found in hydrolysate. In the same conditions human salivary kallikrein is found to form kallidin from LMrK."}
{"id": "PMID:889976", "title": "[Role of hydrophobic interactions in manifestation of catalytic activity of lipolytic enzymes].", "content": "Kinetics is studied of enzymatic hydrolysis of different substrates of soluble and immobilized cotton lipase. At least two stages of enzymatic lipolysis are found to take place, which precede the formation of Mikhaelis complex: 1) the enzyme adsorption on substrate phase surface and 2) lipase activation. The latter is accompanied by the formation of local chamber on phase contact area in which the hydrolysis occurs. It is suggested on the basis of data on the inhibition by a number of phenylcarbonic acids and fluoride ions, on the hydrolysis rate of soluble and insoluble substrates, catalysed by different immobilized lipases, that there are three regions in the active center of lipolytic enzymes: 1) a region responsible for the \"recognition\" of substrate phase surface; 2) a binding region, participating in hydrophobic interaction with a single substrate molecule, located in the insoluble phase; 3) catalytical region. A hypothetic scheme of lipid enzymatic hydrolysis at phase contact area is given.", "contents": "[Role of hydrophobic interactions in manifestation of catalytic activity of lipolytic enzymes]. Kinetics is studied of enzymatic hydrolysis of different substrates of soluble and immobilized cotton lipase. At least two stages of enzymatic lipolysis are found to take place, which precede the formation of Mikhaelis complex: 1) the enzyme adsorption on substrate phase surface and 2) lipase activation. The latter is accompanied by the formation of local chamber on phase contact area in which the hydrolysis occurs. It is suggested on the basis of data on the inhibition by a number of phenylcarbonic acids and fluoride ions, on the hydrolysis rate of soluble and insoluble substrates, catalysed by different immobilized lipases, that there are three regions in the active center of lipolytic enzymes: 1) a region responsible for the \"recognition\" of substrate phase surface; 2) a binding region, participating in hydrophobic interaction with a single substrate molecule, located in the insoluble phase; 3) catalytical region. A hypothetic scheme of lipid enzymatic hydrolysis at phase contact area is given."}
{"id": "PMID:889977", "title": "[Isolation and properties of Micrococcus luteus endonucleas acting in DNA depurinization but inactive with pyrimidine dimers].", "content": "An endonuclease (AP-endonuclease II) that specifically attacks double stranded or single stranded depurinated DNA, resulting in single-strand nicks, has been purified 320-fold from Micrococcus luteus. The enzyme is not stimulated by 0.002 M MgCl2, it induces 3'OH-5'PO4 breaks on the 5' side of apurinic sites, it has no activity towards UV-irradiated DNA and has a molecular weight of about 30 000. In cooperation with DNA-polymerase from M. luteus and T4 DNA ligase, AP-endonuclease II has been shown capable of carrying out complete excision repair of depurinated DNA in vitro.", "contents": "[Isolation and properties of Micrococcus luteus endonucleas acting in DNA depurinization but inactive with pyrimidine dimers]. An endonuclease (AP-endonuclease II) that specifically attacks double stranded or single stranded depurinated DNA, resulting in single-strand nicks, has been purified 320-fold from Micrococcus luteus. The enzyme is not stimulated by 0.002 M MgCl2, it induces 3'OH-5'PO4 breaks on the 5' side of apurinic sites, it has no activity towards UV-irradiated DNA and has a molecular weight of about 30 000. In cooperation with DNA-polymerase from M. luteus and T4 DNA ligase, AP-endonuclease II has been shown capable of carrying out complete excision repair of depurinated DNA in vitro."}
{"id": "PMID:889983", "title": "The role of attractiveness and mate selection in phylogenetic adaptation with particular reference to early man.", "content": "The author hypothesizes on the roles of sexual selection and assortative mating in human evolution. Basing his argument on a theory, which views neurosis as a maladaptive vicious cycle, he argues that there is dovetailing of the actions of neurosis and mate selection in promoting the phylogenetic adaptation of early man. He sees both neurosis and assortative mating as magnifying existing differences in viability. This process would, by favoring the most viable, have accelerated human evolution. The relationship between movement patterns and neurosis is also discussed.", "contents": "The role of attractiveness and mate selection in phylogenetic adaptation with particular reference to early man. The author hypothesizes on the roles of sexual selection and assortative mating in human evolution. Basing his argument on a theory, which views neurosis as a maladaptive vicious cycle, he argues that there is dovetailing of the actions of neurosis and mate selection in promoting the phylogenetic adaptation of early man. He sees both neurosis and assortative mating as magnifying existing differences in viability. This process would, by favoring the most viable, have accelerated human evolution. The relationship between movement patterns and neurosis is also discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:889984", "title": "The efficacy of electroconvulsive therapy and antidepressants in depression.", "content": "Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), antidepressants, and neither treatment were compared by reviewing 609 hospitalizations for depression from 1959 to 1969. The groups receiving ECT had a significantly (p less than 0.001) greater percentage of patient who had marked improvement or a complete response (49%) than either adequate or inadequate antidepressant therapy groups (27%) or the group which received neither ECT nor antidepressants (25%). If antidepressant failures who require ECT are included in the evaluation, the percentage total improvement with ECT (90%) is significantly (p less than 0.001) greater than the adequate (74%) or inadequate (60%) antidepressant groups, or neither treatment (60%). At the end of 7 weeks of hospitalization, 74% of the ECT group had been discharged, significantly more (p less than 0.001) than the adequate antidepressant group, 54%. Delusional depressed patients responded much mor frequently to ECT.", "contents": "The efficacy of electroconvulsive therapy and antidepressants in depression. Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), antidepressants, and neither treatment were compared by reviewing 609 hospitalizations for depression from 1959 to 1969. The groups receiving ECT had a significantly (p less than 0.001) greater percentage of patient who had marked improvement or a complete response (49%) than either adequate or inadequate antidepressant therapy groups (27%) or the group which received neither ECT nor antidepressants (25%). If antidepressant failures who require ECT are included in the evaluation, the percentage total improvement with ECT (90%) is significantly (p less than 0.001) greater than the adequate (74%) or inadequate (60%) antidepressant groups, or neither treatment (60%). At the end of 7 weeks of hospitalization, 74% of the ECT group had been discharged, significantly more (p less than 0.001) than the adequate antidepressant group, 54%. Delusional depressed patients responded much mor frequently to ECT."}
{"id": "PMID:889985", "title": "A comparison of standard alternating current and low-energy brief-pulse electrotherapy.", "content": "This study compares a low-energy brief-pulse stimulus (LEBS) with a conventional a-c sine wave stimulus in terms of electrical paramenters, efficiency in producing seizures, and clinical outcome on a variety of standard behavioral measures. The results show the LEBS to require equal voltage, less current, and only one-half the total energy to produce clinically manifest convulsions. There was no apparent difference between methods on any outcome measure. The Halstead-Reitan Neuropsychological Test Battery showed as many patients impaired prior to ECT as following treatment. Implications for ECT practices are discussed.", "contents": "A comparison of standard alternating current and low-energy brief-pulse electrotherapy. This study compares a low-energy brief-pulse stimulus (LEBS) with a conventional a-c sine wave stimulus in terms of electrical paramenters, efficiency in producing seizures, and clinical outcome on a variety of standard behavioral measures. The results show the LEBS to require equal voltage, less current, and only one-half the total energy to produce clinically manifest convulsions. There was no apparent difference between methods on any outcome measure. The Halstead-Reitan Neuropsychological Test Battery showed as many patients impaired prior to ECT as following treatment. Implications for ECT practices are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:890010", "title": "The role of committed and uncommitted hematopoietic stem cells as targets for Rauscher and Friend leukemia virus.", "content": "The study of Friend and Rauscher murine leukemia viruses has produced a variety of evidence regarding the nature of the target cell(s). These viruses produce in mice leukemias with a strong erythroid component. However, they are also pancytotic in their action, with demonstrable effects on differentiating myeloid and thromboid cells, the immuno-responsive cells, and the peripheral lymphoid cells as well. In addition, it has been noted that a variety of factors can influence disease expression, including the variety of mouse strain, the hematopoietic cell line being observed, and the tissue microenvironment in which leukemogenesis is taking place, as well as the viral substrain itself. The data available indicates that the target cells are definitely to be found among the most primitive of the hematopoietic progenitor cells of both the marrow and the spleen. However, from an analysis of this data it would appear that the virus target is not exclusively limited to a single type of hematopoietic precursor cell. Rather it is suggested that there is a closely related family of targets, consisting of the uncommitted pluripotent stem cell and the committed progenitor stem cells of the erythroid, myeloid, thromboid and immune cell lines. The evidence for each of these types of hematopoietic cells is reviewed.", "contents": "The role of committed and uncommitted hematopoietic stem cells as targets for Rauscher and Friend leukemia virus. The study of Friend and Rauscher murine leukemia viruses has produced a variety of evidence regarding the nature of the target cell(s). These viruses produce in mice leukemias with a strong erythroid component. However, they are also pancytotic in their action, with demonstrable effects on differentiating myeloid and thromboid cells, the immuno-responsive cells, and the peripheral lymphoid cells as well. In addition, it has been noted that a variety of factors can influence disease expression, including the variety of mouse strain, the hematopoietic cell line being observed, and the tissue microenvironment in which leukemogenesis is taking place, as well as the viral substrain itself. The data available indicates that the target cells are definitely to be found among the most primitive of the hematopoietic progenitor cells of both the marrow and the spleen. However, from an analysis of this data it would appear that the virus target is not exclusively limited to a single type of hematopoietic precursor cell. Rather it is suggested that there is a closely related family of targets, consisting of the uncommitted pluripotent stem cell and the committed progenitor stem cells of the erythroid, myeloid, thromboid and immune cell lines. The evidence for each of these types of hematopoietic cells is reviewed."}
{"id": "PMID:890011", "title": "Lack of effect of a granulocyte proliferation inhibitor or their committed precursor cells.", "content": "Using the agar culture technique, we have measured the effect of granulocyte extracts GCE (and of erythrocyte-RCE and lymph node extracts-LNE) on the growth and proliferation of the committed granulocytic precursor cells, CFU-C. In addition we have determined their effects on the proliferation of the developing colony cells and on the ultimate cell production in the colonies. The results show that GCE has no effect on the growth or proliferative activity on the CFU-C. It does, however, reduce both the autoradiographic labelling indices of the developing colony cells and the net colony cellularities, acting as a cell cycle modulator. These are effects specific to the GCE since at the dose levels used, neither RCE nor LNE affected these measurements.", "contents": "Lack of effect of a granulocyte proliferation inhibitor or their committed precursor cells. Using the agar culture technique, we have measured the effect of granulocyte extracts GCE (and of erythrocyte-RCE and lymph node extracts-LNE) on the growth and proliferation of the committed granulocytic precursor cells, CFU-C. In addition we have determined their effects on the proliferation of the developing colony cells and on the ultimate cell production in the colonies. The results show that GCE has no effect on the growth or proliferative activity on the CFU-C. It does, however, reduce both the autoradiographic labelling indices of the developing colony cells and the net colony cellularities, acting as a cell cycle modulator. These are effects specific to the GCE since at the dose levels used, neither RCE nor LNE affected these measurements."}
{"id": "PMID:890012", "title": "Effect of the nitrosourea derivative rpcnu (ICIG 1163) on the development of Friend leukemia in mice.", "content": "Friend leukemia was used as an experimental model to study the action of a ribofuranosyl derivative of nitrosourea : RPCNU. This new product was known to be active in L 1210 leukemia and immunosuppressive. RPCNU significantly decreases the splenomegaly induced in DBA2 mice by Friend virus when it is given at a time ranging from 7 days before to 14 days after virus inoculation. The survival time in leukemic treated groups is also greatly increased. However, viral content of the spleen extracts of the leukemic treated mice is not reduced. Therefore, RPCNU cannot be considered as an antiviral agent. A comparison between survival of leukemic and non leukemic mice treated with different doses show that the effectiveness of RPCNU is correlated with its toxicity. The effect of RPCNU on Friend leukemia by cytotoxicity on hematopoietic stem cells is discussed in this paper.", "contents": "Effect of the nitrosourea derivative rpcnu (ICIG 1163) on the development of Friend leukemia in mice. Friend leukemia was used as an experimental model to study the action of a ribofuranosyl derivative of nitrosourea : RPCNU. This new product was known to be active in L 1210 leukemia and immunosuppressive. RPCNU significantly decreases the splenomegaly induced in DBA2 mice by Friend virus when it is given at a time ranging from 7 days before to 14 days after virus inoculation. The survival time in leukemic treated groups is also greatly increased. However, viral content of the spleen extracts of the leukemic treated mice is not reduced. Therefore, RPCNU cannot be considered as an antiviral agent. A comparison between survival of leukemic and non leukemic mice treated with different doses show that the effectiveness of RPCNU is correlated with its toxicity. The effect of RPCNU on Friend leukemia by cytotoxicity on hematopoietic stem cells is discussed in this paper."}
{"id": "PMID:890013", "title": "Granulopoiesis : studies of bone marrow culture in chronic granulocytopenia and comparison with granulocyte kinetics.", "content": "Granulopoiesis was studied in 20 cases of chronic granulocytopenia (adults and children; acquired and congenital). Bone marrow colony growth in methylcellulose culture was compared with the turnover-rate of blood granulocytes labelled with 51Cr and with the bone marrow granulocyte labelling index (L.I.) after \"in vitro\" flash labelling with 3H-thymidine (3H-TDR). There was a positive correlation between colony forming cells (C.F.C.) content and turnover rate and between C.F.C. content and bone marrow cellularity but there was no statistically valid correlation between C.F.C. content and labelling index. In patients with acquired granulocytopenia the colony counts were increased in cases with autoimmune destruction of neutrophils and in one patient during granulocytic regeneration. The C.F.C. numbers were low in cases with neutropenia associated with granulocyte hypoplasia but the prognosis was better in those cases with the highest colony count. On the other hand, colony counts were variable and had no prognostic value in cases of neutropenia secondary to a bone marrow abnormality in maturation or mutiplication, either acquired or congenital, as revealed by turnover studies and autoradiographic data.", "contents": "Granulopoiesis : studies of bone marrow culture in chronic granulocytopenia and comparison with granulocyte kinetics. Granulopoiesis was studied in 20 cases of chronic granulocytopenia (adults and children; acquired and congenital). Bone marrow colony growth in methylcellulose culture was compared with the turnover-rate of blood granulocytes labelled with 51Cr and with the bone marrow granulocyte labelling index (L.I.) after \"in vitro\" flash labelling with 3H-thymidine (3H-TDR). There was a positive correlation between colony forming cells (C.F.C.) content and turnover rate and between C.F.C. content and bone marrow cellularity but there was no statistically valid correlation between C.F.C. content and labelling index. In patients with acquired granulocytopenia the colony counts were increased in cases with autoimmune destruction of neutrophils and in one patient during granulocytic regeneration. The C.F.C. numbers were low in cases with neutropenia associated with granulocyte hypoplasia but the prognosis was better in those cases with the highest colony count. On the other hand, colony counts were variable and had no prognostic value in cases of neutropenia secondary to a bone marrow abnormality in maturation or mutiplication, either acquired or congenital, as revealed by turnover studies and autoradiographic data."}
{"id": "PMID:890014", "title": "HPLC determination of daunorubicin and daunorubicinol in human plasma.", "content": "A high-performance liquid chromatographic method for the quantitative simultaneous measurement of daunorubicin and its active metabolite, daunorubicinol, at low concentrations in human plasma was described. The advantages of this method were specificity, sensitivity, minimal pre-analysis work-up and small sample size. The method was sensitive for plasma levels of daunorubicin and daunorubicinol as low as 10 ng/ml. Preliminary dosages on plasma from leukemic patients treated with a 4 hr infusion of 75 mg/m2 daunorubicin either as free drug or complexed with DNA were reported. The results suggested a slower disposition of the daunorubicin-DNA complex.", "contents": "HPLC determination of daunorubicin and daunorubicinol in human plasma. A high-performance liquid chromatographic method for the quantitative simultaneous measurement of daunorubicin and its active metabolite, daunorubicinol, at low concentrations in human plasma was described. The advantages of this method were specificity, sensitivity, minimal pre-analysis work-up and small sample size. The method was sensitive for plasma levels of daunorubicin and daunorubicinol as low as 10 ng/ml. Preliminary dosages on plasma from leukemic patients treated with a 4 hr infusion of 75 mg/m2 daunorubicin either as free drug or complexed with DNA were reported. The results suggested a slower disposition of the daunorubicin-DNA complex."}
{"id": "PMID:890015", "title": "Contribution of the study of anemia in vitamin D deficiency rickets. I. Study of red blood cell survival.", "content": "The red blood cell T50 51Cr was determined in 14 infants with deficiency rickets unaccompanied by a myeloproliferative syndrome. There is a relationship between the values of T50 51Cr and the age of the patients, constant low values having been found in children under 14 months. This suggests hemolysis in the youngest rachitic children.", "contents": "Contribution of the study of anemia in vitamin D deficiency rickets. I. Study of red blood cell survival. The red blood cell T50 51Cr was determined in 14 infants with deficiency rickets unaccompanied by a myeloproliferative syndrome. There is a relationship between the values of T50 51Cr and the age of the patients, constant low values having been found in children under 14 months. This suggests hemolysis in the youngest rachitic children."}
{"id": "PMID:890016", "title": "Dose-time pattern of the hypercalcemic response to calcium infusion in the dog.", "content": "Forty-five tests were performed to study blood total [Ca] response to a 2-hours IV calcium gluconate infusion, in five conscious dogs. Calcium doses were : 2.45 ; 4.50;6.19 and 9.00 mumole kg--u min-1 ; saline was used as control. Blood samples were collected every 20 minutes and calcaemia determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometry at 422.7 nm. No plateau was reached except with lowest dose. At each Ca dose, successive calcaemia levels can be fitted by a straight line and the regression calculated. With studied doses, calculated slopes were : 3.6 ; 8.3 ; 11.8 and 19.1 mumole l--1 min--1 respectively ; these slopes were found to be significantly different from each other. A linear dose-response relationship was calculated between blood [Ca] increase rate and Ca dose : Y = --3.01 + 2.44 X (mumole l--1 min-1 increase rate per mumole kg--1 min-1 Ca dose). Correspondence analysis emphazises the influence of zero time calcaemia.", "contents": "Dose-time pattern of the hypercalcemic response to calcium infusion in the dog. Forty-five tests were performed to study blood total [Ca] response to a 2-hours IV calcium gluconate infusion, in five conscious dogs. Calcium doses were : 2.45 ; 4.50;6.19 and 9.00 mumole kg--u min-1 ; saline was used as control. Blood samples were collected every 20 minutes and calcaemia determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometry at 422.7 nm. No plateau was reached except with lowest dose. At each Ca dose, successive calcaemia levels can be fitted by a straight line and the regression calculated. With studied doses, calculated slopes were : 3.6 ; 8.3 ; 11.8 and 19.1 mumole l--1 min--1 respectively ; these slopes were found to be significantly different from each other. A linear dose-response relationship was calculated between blood [Ca] increase rate and Ca dose : Y = --3.01 + 2.44 X (mumole l--1 min-1 increase rate per mumole kg--1 min-1 Ca dose). Correspondence analysis emphazises the influence of zero time calcaemia."}
{"id": "PMID:890017", "title": "Glucosyl transferase activity and diabetic microangiopathy.", "content": "Thickening of the basement membrane and deposition of collagen-like substances in vascular lesions are well-known findings in diabetes mellitus, suggesting altered metabolism of glycoproteins. Glomerular glucosyltransferase activity were measured in normal and diabetic rats. Enzymic activity in diabetic animals did not differ from control. Another mechanism must be involved in the thickening of the B.M., such as increased production of hydroxylysine-rich peptides or decreased breakdown of B.M. materials.", "contents": "Glucosyl transferase activity and diabetic microangiopathy. Thickening of the basement membrane and deposition of collagen-like substances in vascular lesions are well-known findings in diabetes mellitus, suggesting altered metabolism of glycoproteins. Glomerular glucosyltransferase activity were measured in normal and diabetic rats. Enzymic activity in diabetic animals did not differ from control. Another mechanism must be involved in the thickening of the B.M., such as increased production of hydroxylysine-rich peptides or decreased breakdown of B.M. materials."}
{"id": "PMID:890018", "title": "EEG and extracelluar K+ in rat brain during pentylenetetrazol seizures and during respiratory arrest.", "content": "The relationship between changes in EEG and the extracellular potassium concentration (K+e) in brain cortex was studied in rats during petylenetetrazol seizures and during respiratory arrest. During seizures an increase of K+e occurred subsequent to the electrical discharges, while during postictal depression of EEG normal levels of K+e were measured. During respiratory arrest K+e rose considerably one minute after flattering of EEG. These findings are against a concept of K+e determining the changes of the EEG pattern. It is hypothetized that during seizures the increased K+e may play an important role in the coupling of neuronal activity to cerebral blood flow and metabolism.", "contents": "EEG and extracelluar K+ in rat brain during pentylenetetrazol seizures and during respiratory arrest. The relationship between changes in EEG and the extracellular potassium concentration (K+e) in brain cortex was studied in rats during petylenetetrazol seizures and during respiratory arrest. During seizures an increase of K+e occurred subsequent to the electrical discharges, while during postictal depression of EEG normal levels of K+e were measured. During respiratory arrest K+e rose considerably one minute after flattering of EEG. These findings are against a concept of K+e determining the changes of the EEG pattern. It is hypothetized that during seizures the increased K+e may play an important role in the coupling of neuronal activity to cerebral blood flow and metabolism."}
{"id": "PMID:890019", "title": "Reduction in severity of acute renal failure (ARF) in rats by dopamine.", "content": "Dopamine was administered to rats at the time of initiation of anoxic acute renal failure. Dopamine partially reduced the severity of ARF as evidenced by a reduction in blood urea, serum creatinine as well as an increase in glomerular filtration rate (GFR). (UNaV) in dopamine treated ARF was similar to sham operated animals and both were significantly lower than control ARF.", "contents": "Reduction in severity of acute renal failure (ARF) in rats by dopamine. Dopamine was administered to rats at the time of initiation of anoxic acute renal failure. Dopamine partially reduced the severity of ARF as evidenced by a reduction in blood urea, serum creatinine as well as an increase in glomerular filtration rate (GFR). (UNaV) in dopamine treated ARF was similar to sham operated animals and both were significantly lower than control ARF."}
{"id": "PMID:890020", "title": "Intrathecal Rubella and RNA antibody synthesis in multiple sclerosis and progressive rubella panencephalitis.", "content": "The assay of serum and CSF rubella and RNA antibodies in 3 patients (2 multiple sclerosis and 1 progressive rubella panencephalitis) shows their predominant local (intrathecal) syntheses. This correlation suggests that RNA antibodies may be directed against the viral genome itself.", "contents": "Intrathecal Rubella and RNA antibody synthesis in multiple sclerosis and progressive rubella panencephalitis. The assay of serum and CSF rubella and RNA antibodies in 3 patients (2 multiple sclerosis and 1 progressive rubella panencephalitis) shows their predominant local (intrathecal) syntheses. This correlation suggests that RNA antibodies may be directed against the viral genome itself."}
{"id": "PMID:890021", "title": "Liver tissue lecithin: cholesterol acyltransferase activity in patients with liver disease.", "content": "Lecithin: Cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT) activity was measured in serum and liver tissue from patients with parenchymal liver disease. Serum LCAT activity was within normal limits and it was probably related to the absence of clinical and laboratory evidence of a decompensated liver function. Liver tissue LCAT activity is about tenfold lower than that in serum. The relative proportion of cholesterol esters in liver tissue was much higher that could be expected according the low tissue LCAT activity. This findings suggest that LCAT is a \"plasma specific\" enzyme and that cholesterol esters in parenchyma may be considered as a storage form of cholesterol esterified in plasma pool.", "contents": "Liver tissue lecithin: cholesterol acyltransferase activity in patients with liver disease. Lecithin: Cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT) activity was measured in serum and liver tissue from patients with parenchymal liver disease. Serum LCAT activity was within normal limits and it was probably related to the absence of clinical and laboratory evidence of a decompensated liver function. Liver tissue LCAT activity is about tenfold lower than that in serum. The relative proportion of cholesterol esters in liver tissue was much higher that could be expected according the low tissue LCAT activity. This findings suggest that LCAT is a \"plasma specific\" enzyme and that cholesterol esters in parenchyma may be considered as a storage form of cholesterol esterified in plasma pool."}
{"id": "PMID:890022", "title": "Specific thrombopoietic inhibition by syngeneic platelet homogenates.", "content": "Injections of 1 to 2.5 X 10(8) syngeneic, uninjured platelets did not diminish the circulating platelet count nor the bone marrow megakaryocyte content in mice, and did not influence the incorporation of 75selenomethionine into circulating platelets. However, platelet homogenates, prepared by repeated freezing and thawing of identical amounts of syngeneic paltelets induced a dose-dependent thrombocytopenia along with a diminution on bone marrow megakaryocyte content, and a decrease in 75 selenomethionine incorporation. Other circulating blood cell counts were not diminished after platelet homogenates, and three intravenous doses of homogenates prepared from 0.7 to 1 X 10(5) syngeneic buffy coat cells failed to influence circulating platelet count or 75 selenomethionine incorporation.", "contents": "Specific thrombopoietic inhibition by syngeneic platelet homogenates. Injections of 1 to 2.5 X 10(8) syngeneic, uninjured platelets did not diminish the circulating platelet count nor the bone marrow megakaryocyte content in mice, and did not influence the incorporation of 75selenomethionine into circulating platelets. However, platelet homogenates, prepared by repeated freezing and thawing of identical amounts of syngeneic paltelets induced a dose-dependent thrombocytopenia along with a diminution on bone marrow megakaryocyte content, and a decrease in 75 selenomethionine incorporation. Other circulating blood cell counts were not diminished after platelet homogenates, and three intravenous doses of homogenates prepared from 0.7 to 1 X 10(5) syngeneic buffy coat cells failed to influence circulating platelet count or 75 selenomethionine incorporation."}
{"id": "PMID:890023", "title": "Inhibitory action of human serum on the isoprenaline-induced chronotropic effect in cultured rat heart cells. Influence of sex and pregnancy.", "content": "Cultures of beating rat myocardial cells brought into contact with various human sera during 24 hours were infused with isoprenaline. The isoprenaline-induced positive chronotropic effect (IIPCE) was not found with all sera. IIPCE was present in all the male sera, but was absent in the cases of clinically beta-blocked pindolol treated men. IIPCE was present only in about 50% of the female sera, menopaused or not. IIPCE was absent in 95% of the sera of pregnant women in the late phase of pregnancy. This suggests the presence in female sera, especially during pregnancy, of a circulating factor capable of \"in vitro\" inhibition of isoprenaline-induced positive chronotropic effect.", "contents": "Inhibitory action of human serum on the isoprenaline-induced chronotropic effect in cultured rat heart cells. Influence of sex and pregnancy. Cultures of beating rat myocardial cells brought into contact with various human sera during 24 hours were infused with isoprenaline. The isoprenaline-induced positive chronotropic effect (IIPCE) was not found with all sera. IIPCE was present in all the male sera, but was absent in the cases of clinically beta-blocked pindolol treated men. IIPCE was present only in about 50% of the female sera, menopaused or not. IIPCE was absent in 95% of the sera of pregnant women in the late phase of pregnancy. This suggests the presence in female sera, especially during pregnancy, of a circulating factor capable of \"in vitro\" inhibition of isoprenaline-induced positive chronotropic effect."}
{"id": "PMID:890024", "title": "Experimental hepatic encephalopathy. Changes of the level of wakefulness in the rat with portacaval shunt.", "content": "The level of wakefulness in rats with portacaval shunt has been evaluated by measurement of the reactivity of the reticulocortical system by electric stimulation of the brain stem reticular formation during slow wave sleep. The voltage level of stimulus necessary to provoke cortical awakening is significantly decreased after portacaval shunt. This modification of the level of wakefulness is in accordance with the diminution of total sleep and the decrease in threshold of reaction to painful stimuli observed in rats after portacaval shunt. The measurement of the reactivity of the reticulocortical system is a simple procedure which permits quantification of post-shunt encephalopathy in the rat.", "contents": "Experimental hepatic encephalopathy. Changes of the level of wakefulness in the rat with portacaval shunt. The level of wakefulness in rats with portacaval shunt has been evaluated by measurement of the reactivity of the reticulocortical system by electric stimulation of the brain stem reticular formation during slow wave sleep. The voltage level of stimulus necessary to provoke cortical awakening is significantly decreased after portacaval shunt. This modification of the level of wakefulness is in accordance with the diminution of total sleep and the decrease in threshold of reaction to painful stimuli observed in rats after portacaval shunt. The measurement of the reactivity of the reticulocortical system is a simple procedure which permits quantification of post-shunt encephalopathy in the rat."}
{"id": "PMID:890025", "title": "Suppression of the exocrine function as an aid to of segmental pancreatic transplantation in dogs.", "content": "The injection of neoprene into the pancreatic ducts appeared to be a simple and effective means of suppression of the pancreatic exocrine function in dogs. It was investigated in experiments performed in three groups of dogs the pancreas of which were injected with 1 to 6 ml of neoprene. In group I (injection alone), all animals  showed pancreatic exocrine insufficiency, none was diabetic. In group II, the dogs received a substitutive treatment and a special diet, they survived in a good general condition up to the time of sacrifice. There was extensive pancreatic fibrosis with disseminated Langerhans islets. In group III, a cephalic pancreatectomy was performed after the injection of neoprene into the pancreatic ducts, 8 animals were alive and well after 3 to 15 months, and showed a normal level of blood sugar, insulin, glucagon and amylase without glycosuria.", "contents": "Suppression of the exocrine function as an aid to of segmental pancreatic transplantation in dogs. The injection of neoprene into the pancreatic ducts appeared to be a simple and effective means of suppression of the pancreatic exocrine function in dogs. It was investigated in experiments performed in three groups of dogs the pancreas of which were injected with 1 to 6 ml of neoprene. In group I (injection alone), all animals  showed pancreatic exocrine insufficiency, none was diabetic. In group II, the dogs received a substitutive treatment and a special diet, they survived in a good general condition up to the time of sacrifice. There was extensive pancreatic fibrosis with disseminated Langerhans islets. In group III, a cephalic pancreatectomy was performed after the injection of neoprene into the pancreatic ducts, 8 animals were alive and well after 3 to 15 months, and showed a normal level of blood sugar, insulin, glucagon and amylase without glycosuria."}
{"id": "PMID:890026", "title": "Effect of torso geometry on the magnetocardiogram.", "content": "Calculations of the effect of torso geometry on the extracorporeal magnetic field produced by a simple cardiac source have been carried out. Contrary to the results at present in the literature, it is found that the field solution is stable under perturbations of geometry in the sense that small relative changes in geometry produce comparably small changes in the magnetic field. Thus, simplified torso models may have a wider range of validity and usefulness than was previously thought.", "contents": "Effect of torso geometry on the magnetocardiogram. Calculations of the effect of torso geometry on the extracorporeal magnetic field produced by a simple cardiac source have been carried out. Contrary to the results at present in the literature, it is found that the field solution is stable under perturbations of geometry in the sense that small relative changes in geometry produce comparably small changes in the magnetic field. Thus, simplified torso models may have a wider range of validity and usefulness than was previously thought."}
{"id": "PMID:890027", "title": "A mechanism for the entrapment of DNA at an air-water interface.", "content": "Addition of the intercalating dye quinacrine to a low ionic strength solution of DNA in quantities sufficient to saturate the high affinity sites in the DNA will result in the accumulation of the DNA at the solution interface. This entrapment of DNA at the air-water interface has been assayed by the adsorption of DNA to untreated carbon-coated electron microscope grids touched to the solution surface. Other intercalating dyes can also bring about this entrapment, if they possess a side arm large enough to occupy one of the DNA grooves when the dye is intercalated into the DNA. The extension and unwinding of the DNA helix brought about by the intercalating chromophore of the dye molecules are not requirements for the entrapment process. Spermidine, a simple polyamine that will bind to the DNA minor groove but that has no intercalating chromophore, was found to bring about this entrapment. Even simple mono- and divalent cations in the absence of the above ligands were found to promote a low level of surface entrapment. A model for the entrapment of DNA at the air-water interface is proposed in which one (or both) of the hydrophobic grooves of the DNA becomes a surface-active agent as a consequence of the association of various ligands and charge neutralization.", "contents": "A mechanism for the entrapment of DNA at an air-water interface. Addition of the intercalating dye quinacrine to a low ionic strength solution of DNA in quantities sufficient to saturate the high affinity sites in the DNA will result in the accumulation of the DNA at the solution interface. This entrapment of DNA at the air-water interface has been assayed by the adsorption of DNA to untreated carbon-coated electron microscope grids touched to the solution surface. Other intercalating dyes can also bring about this entrapment, if they possess a side arm large enough to occupy one of the DNA grooves when the dye is intercalated into the DNA. The extension and unwinding of the DNA helix brought about by the intercalating chromophore of the dye molecules are not requirements for the entrapment process. Spermidine, a simple polyamine that will bind to the DNA minor groove but that has no intercalating chromophore, was found to bring about this entrapment. Even simple mono- and divalent cations in the absence of the above ligands were found to promote a low level of surface entrapment. A model for the entrapment of DNA at the air-water interface is proposed in which one (or both) of the hydrophobic grooves of the DNA becomes a surface-active agent as a consequence of the association of various ligands and charge neutralization."}
{"id": "PMID:890028", "title": "Turbulent flow of red cells in dilute suspensions. Effect on kinetics of O2 uptake.", "content": "The turbulent flow properties of dilute (0.06% by volume) suspensions of human red blood cells in 4-mm-bore glass tubing were estimated by laser anemometry. The flow properties of the dilute red cell suspension were similar to those of a dilute suspension of polystyrene spheres (0.5 micron diameter) in isotonic NaCl solution. Flow was found to be laminar when the Reynolds number was below 2,000, transitional in the range of Reynolds numbers from 2,000 to 3,000, and fully turbulent above Reynolds number 3,000. These results differ from previous studies of more concentrated red cell suspensions. The length scales of the turbulence were also estimated: at a Reynolds number near 4,000 the macroscale is about 1.25 mm, the Taylor microscale is about 0.85 mm, and the Kolmogoroff scale is near 0.075 mm. The results are discussed in relation to previous measurements of the rate of oxygen uptake by dilute red cell suspensions in the flow-type rapid reaction apparatus. Our results suggest that under the conditions of most of these oxygen uptake measurements, the turbulent flow is characterized by eddies about 1 mm across, mixing with each other on a time scale of about 45 ms. Since most of the reported oxygen uptake measurements involve a similar time scale, it is possible that an effective \"unstirred layer\" influenced the reported rate of oxygen uptake.", "contents": "Turbulent flow of red cells in dilute suspensions. Effect on kinetics of O2 uptake. The turbulent flow properties of dilute (0.06% by volume) suspensions of human red blood cells in 4-mm-bore glass tubing were estimated by laser anemometry. The flow properties of the dilute red cell suspension were similar to those of a dilute suspension of polystyrene spheres (0.5 micron diameter) in isotonic NaCl solution. Flow was found to be laminar when the Reynolds number was below 2,000, transitional in the range of Reynolds numbers from 2,000 to 3,000, and fully turbulent above Reynolds number 3,000. These results differ from previous studies of more concentrated red cell suspensions. The length scales of the turbulence were also estimated: at a Reynolds number near 4,000 the macroscale is about 1.25 mm, the Taylor microscale is about 0.85 mm, and the Kolmogoroff scale is near 0.075 mm. The results are discussed in relation to previous measurements of the rate of oxygen uptake by dilute red cell suspensions in the flow-type rapid reaction apparatus. Our results suggest that under the conditions of most of these oxygen uptake measurements, the turbulent flow is characterized by eddies about 1 mm across, mixing with each other on a time scale of about 45 ms. Since most of the reported oxygen uptake measurements involve a similar time scale, it is possible that an effective \"unstirred layer\" influenced the reported rate of oxygen uptake."}
{"id": "PMID:890029", "title": "Photo-induced charge transfer. A critical test of the mechanism and range of biological electron transfer processes.", "content": "The vibronic coupling theory of electron tunneling between biomolecules requires that all such tunnelings involve vibronic coupling, finds temperature dependence to tunneling at finite temperatures, and predicts relatively short tunneling distances. This theory might be expected to apply to most electron transfers involved in the membrane-bound electron transfer reactions of photosynthesis and oxidative phosphorylation. This paper calculates the properties of a weak charge-transfer optical absorption band, whose predicted characteristics are a direct and simple consequence of the model that describes vibronically coupled tunneling. The new absorption band provides the basis for a critical experimental test of the constructs and parameters of the tunneling theory. If the tunneling theory is valid, the oscillator strength of such bands will be the most reliable measure of the tunneling matrix element and of the distance between the sites exchanging an electron.", "contents": "Photo-induced charge transfer. A critical test of the mechanism and range of biological electron transfer processes. The vibronic coupling theory of electron tunneling between biomolecules requires that all such tunnelings involve vibronic coupling, finds temperature dependence to tunneling at finite temperatures, and predicts relatively short tunneling distances. This theory might be expected to apply to most electron transfers involved in the membrane-bound electron transfer reactions of photosynthesis and oxidative phosphorylation. This paper calculates the properties of a weak charge-transfer optical absorption band, whose predicted characteristics are a direct and simple consequence of the model that describes vibronically coupled tunneling. The new absorption band provides the basis for a critical experimental test of the constructs and parameters of the tunneling theory. If the tunneling theory is valid, the oscillator strength of such bands will be the most reliable measure of the tunneling matrix element and of the distance between the sites exchanging an electron."}
{"id": "PMID:890030", "title": "Permeability, phase-boundary potential and conductance in a cholinergic channel without constant field.", "content": "A potassium-selective, chemically excitable channel, whose characteristics cannot be accurately described by constant-field theory, is studied by a new approach based on diffusion theory but with no need for the classical assumptions of constant field, homogeneous membrane, and equal phase-boundary potentials at both interfaces. Permeability is defined, free of these constraints, and the Goldman coefficient is demonstrated to be a special case useful only when the constraints apply. Permeability can be evaluated directly from current-voltage data, and it is found not to be a parameter in this channel, but rather a function of both the voltage and the concentration of the permeant ion. However, it becomes concentration-independent when the membrane voltage is equal to the sum of the phase-boundary potentials. That sum can therefore be determined from these data, and it is -65 mV in this channel. The permeability at that potential is a channel parameter, and equal to 8.66 X 10(-6) cm/s for this channel. A constant field is shown not to exist in this channel and the Goldman coefficient not to be a parameter but a function of potential and concentration. Although errors introduced into this coefficient by nonconstant field and unequal surface potentials partially cancel each other, the coefficient is nevertheless not a correct measure of permeability.", "contents": "Permeability, phase-boundary potential and conductance in a cholinergic channel without constant field. A potassium-selective, chemically excitable channel, whose characteristics cannot be accurately described by constant-field theory, is studied by a new approach based on diffusion theory but with no need for the classical assumptions of constant field, homogeneous membrane, and equal phase-boundary potentials at both interfaces. Permeability is defined, free of these constraints, and the Goldman coefficient is demonstrated to be a special case useful only when the constraints apply. Permeability can be evaluated directly from current-voltage data, and it is found not to be a parameter in this channel, but rather a function of both the voltage and the concentration of the permeant ion. However, it becomes concentration-independent when the membrane voltage is equal to the sum of the phase-boundary potentials. That sum can therefore be determined from these data, and it is -65 mV in this channel. The permeability at that potential is a channel parameter, and equal to 8.66 X 10(-6) cm/s for this channel. A constant field is shown not to exist in this channel and the Goldman coefficient not to be a parameter but a function of potential and concentration. Although errors introduced into this coefficient by nonconstant field and unequal surface potentials partially cancel each other, the coefficient is nevertheless not a correct measure of permeability."}
{"id": "PMID:890035", "title": "Factors restricting diffusion of water-soluble spin labels.", "content": "Line broadening of spin label signals is treated in terms of concentration, viscosity, charge and temperature dependencies. Line broadening of spin label signals may be caused either by spin label interactions or by the interaction between a spin label and a second paramagnetic species. Line broadening has been related to collision frequency in the literature and is treated in that way here. Collision frequency is related to diffusion processes in a way that allows information to be obtained about the diffusion environment. Several potential spin label line-broadening agents are compared as to their effectiveness. Small polymer beads with graduated pore sizes are used to show that collisional broadening has a marked dependence on the long-range structure of the diffusion environment. Application of these results to biological diffusion processes is considered.", "contents": "Factors restricting diffusion of water-soluble spin labels. Line broadening of spin label signals is treated in terms of concentration, viscosity, charge and temperature dependencies. Line broadening of spin label signals may be caused either by spin label interactions or by the interaction between a spin label and a second paramagnetic species. Line broadening has been related to collision frequency in the literature and is treated in that way here. Collision frequency is related to diffusion processes in a way that allows information to be obtained about the diffusion environment. Several potential spin label line-broadening agents are compared as to their effectiveness. Small polymer beads with graduated pore sizes are used to show that collisional broadening has a marked dependence on the long-range structure of the diffusion environment. Application of these results to biological diffusion processes is considered."}
{"id": "PMID:890036", "title": "Phase-locked responses in the Limulus lateral eye. Theoretical and experimental investigation.", "content": "The 1:1 phase locking of the neural discharge to sinusoidally modulated stimuli was investigated both theoretically and experimentally. On the theoretical side, a neural encoder model, the self-inhibited leaky integrator, was considered, and the phase of the locked impulse was computed for each frequency in the locking range by imposing the condition that the \"leaky integral\" u(t) of the driving signal should reach the threshold for the first time one stimulus period after the preceding impulse. As u(t) can be a nonmonotonic function, this approach leads to results that sometimes differ from those reported in the literature. It turns out that the phase excursion is often much smaller than the values of about 180 degrees predicted from previous analysis. Moreover, our analysis shows a peculiar effect; the phase locking frequency range narrows when the input modulation depth increases. The theoretical predictions are then compared with phase-locked discharge patterns recorded from visual cells of the Limulus lateral eye, stimulated by sinusoidally modulated light or depolarizing current. The phases of the locked spikes at each of a number of modulation frequencies have been measured. The predictions offered by the model fit the experimental data, although there are some difficulties in determining the effective driving signal.", "contents": "Phase-locked responses in the Limulus lateral eye. Theoretical and experimental investigation. The 1:1 phase locking of the neural discharge to sinusoidally modulated stimuli was investigated both theoretically and experimentally. On the theoretical side, a neural encoder model, the self-inhibited leaky integrator, was considered, and the phase of the locked impulse was computed for each frequency in the locking range by imposing the condition that the \"leaky integral\" u(t) of the driving signal should reach the threshold for the first time one stimulus period after the preceding impulse. As u(t) can be a nonmonotonic function, this approach leads to results that sometimes differ from those reported in the literature. It turns out that the phase excursion is often much smaller than the values of about 180 degrees predicted from previous analysis. Moreover, our analysis shows a peculiar effect; the phase locking frequency range narrows when the input modulation depth increases. The theoretical predictions are then compared with phase-locked discharge patterns recorded from visual cells of the Limulus lateral eye, stimulated by sinusoidally modulated light or depolarizing current. The phases of the locked spikes at each of a number of modulation frequencies have been measured. The predictions offered by the model fit the experimental data, although there are some difficulties in determining the effective driving signal."}
{"id": "PMID:890037", "title": "A model for the variability of interspike intervals during sustained firing of a retinal neuron.", "content": "The statistics of the variability of interspike intervals of ganglion cells in the retina of goldfish are modeled by assuming the noise in an integrate-and-fire mechanism is proportional to the reciprocal of a normally distributed variable. This model meets the constraint that the coefficient of variation of the interspike. This does not change when the mean firing rate of the neuron changes. Alternative sources of variability of interspike intervals are discussed.", "contents": "A model for the variability of interspike intervals during sustained firing of a retinal neuron. The statistics of the variability of interspike intervals of ganglion cells in the retina of goldfish are modeled by assuming the noise in an integrate-and-fire mechanism is proportional to the reciprocal of a normally distributed variable. This model meets the constraint that the coefficient of variation of the interspike. This does not change when the mean firing rate of the neuron changes. Alternative sources of variability of interspike intervals are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:890038", "title": "The iron-sulfur environment in rubredoxin.", "content": "The atomic environment around the iron site in the nonheme iron sulfur protein rubredoxin was studied by the extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) technique. Within experimental error, the Fe-S bonds in oxidized Clostridium pasteurianum rubredoxin are the same as in the analogue anion [Fe(S2-o-xyl)2]-synthesized by Holm. The average Fe-S bond length is 2.267 +/- 0.003A and the root mean square deviation about this average due to structural disorder is 0.032 + 0.013 - 0.032.", "contents": "The iron-sulfur environment in rubredoxin. The atomic environment around the iron site in the nonheme iron sulfur protein rubredoxin was studied by the extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) technique. Within experimental error, the Fe-S bonds in oxidized Clostridium pasteurianum rubredoxin are the same as in the analogue anion [Fe(S2-o-xyl)2]-synthesized by Holm. The average Fe-S bond length is 2.267 +/- 0.003A and the root mean square deviation about this average due to structural disorder is 0.032 + 0.013 - 0.032."}
{"id": "PMID:890039", "title": "Determination by photon correlation spectroscopy of particle size distributions in lipid vesicle suspensions.", "content": "A method of determining particle size distributions in lipid vesicle preparations is outlined. A vesicle suspension is modeled as a polydisperse mixture of spherical shells. The distribution of particle sizes in this mixture is approximated by a continuous, piecewise linear function called a first-order spline. Excellent simultaneous fits to photon correlation spectroscopy data gathered at several different angles are presented. An error analysis is included to indicate the resolution of the method.", "contents": "Determination by photon correlation spectroscopy of particle size distributions in lipid vesicle suspensions. A method of determining particle size distributions in lipid vesicle preparations is outlined. A vesicle suspension is modeled as a polydisperse mixture of spherical shells. The distribution of particle sizes in this mixture is approximated by a continuous, piecewise linear function called a first-order spline. Excellent simultaneous fits to photon correlation spectroscopy data gathered at several different angles are presented. An error analysis is included to indicate the resolution of the method."}
{"id": "PMID:890040", "title": "Transient polarization currents in the squid giant axon.", "content": "It has been repeatedly noted that the change of conformation of the molecules that serve as the ion-selective channels for sodium and potassium conductance in the nerve membrane will be accompanied by a change in the dipole moment of the molecule. This time-dependent change of dipole moment will produce transient currents in the membrane. The canonical form for these currents is determined with conventional statistical mechanics formalism. It is pointed out that the voltage dependence of the conductance channel conductance determines the free energy of the system to within a factor that is an unknown function of the voltage. Since the dipole currents do not depend on this unknown function, they are completely determined 0y the observed properties of the conductance system. The predicted properties of these dipole currents, their time constants and strengths, are calculated. By using the observed properties of gating currents, the density of the sodium channels is computed. The predicted properties of the dipole currents are found to compare satisfactorily with the observed properties of gating currents.", "contents": "Transient polarization currents in the squid giant axon. It has been repeatedly noted that the change of conformation of the molecules that serve as the ion-selective channels for sodium and potassium conductance in the nerve membrane will be accompanied by a change in the dipole moment of the molecule. This time-dependent change of dipole moment will produce transient currents in the membrane. The canonical form for these currents is determined with conventional statistical mechanics formalism. It is pointed out that the voltage dependence of the conductance channel conductance determines the free energy of the system to within a factor that is an unknown function of the voltage. Since the dipole currents do not depend on this unknown function, they are completely determined 0y the observed properties of the conductance system. The predicted properties of these dipole currents, their time constants and strengths, are calculated. By using the observed properties of gating currents, the density of the sodium channels is computed. The predicted properties of the dipole currents are found to compare satisfactorily with the observed properties of gating currents."}
{"id": "PMID:890041", "title": "Effects of bleaching and regeneration on the purple membrane structure of Halobaterium halobium.", "content": "Sequential bleaching in the presence of hydroxylamine and subsequent regeneration of the purple membrane of Halobacterium halobium was studied by concomitant monitoring of its absorption and circular dichroic spectra in order to ascertain its effects on protein interaction(s) (which may result in possible excitonic interaction between the retinal chromophores), chromophore-apoprotein interaction(s), and protein conformational stability in the membrane. It was concluded that (a) although experimental results are consistent with an exciton mechanism for the interaction between retinal pi - pi* (NV(1)) transition movements in the purple membrane, no evidence for such a mechanism for interaction between retinaloxime transition moments is apparent in the case of the bleached membrane; (b) the bacteriorhodopsin molecules organized in clusters of three in the membrane appear to bleach simultaneously; (c) the retinaloxime produced on bleaching the purple membrane in the presence of hydroxylamine is strongly optically active, because of dissymmetry-inducing and/or -selecting constraints on the chromophore by a component of the membrane (most likely the apoprotein), and when the membrane is regenerated by the addition of retinal, these constraints are lost; and (d) evidence from ultraviolet absorption and circular dichroic spectra suggests that the membrane apoprotein undergoes appreciable conformational changes involving tertiary structure on bleaching with no significant secondary structure involvement. These results are compared with recently reported results from this laboratory on the effects of bleaching on the bovine rod outer segment disk membrane structure.", "contents": "Effects of bleaching and regeneration on the purple membrane structure of Halobaterium halobium. Sequential bleaching in the presence of hydroxylamine and subsequent regeneration of the purple membrane of Halobacterium halobium was studied by concomitant monitoring of its absorption and circular dichroic spectra in order to ascertain its effects on protein interaction(s) (which may result in possible excitonic interaction between the retinal chromophores), chromophore-apoprotein interaction(s), and protein conformational stability in the membrane. It was concluded that (a) although experimental results are consistent with an exciton mechanism for the interaction between retinal pi - pi* (NV(1)) transition movements in the purple membrane, no evidence for such a mechanism for interaction between retinaloxime transition moments is apparent in the case of the bleached membrane; (b) the bacteriorhodopsin molecules organized in clusters of three in the membrane appear to bleach simultaneously; (c) the retinaloxime produced on bleaching the purple membrane in the presence of hydroxylamine is strongly optically active, because of dissymmetry-inducing and/or -selecting constraints on the chromophore by a component of the membrane (most likely the apoprotein), and when the membrane is regenerated by the addition of retinal, these constraints are lost; and (d) evidence from ultraviolet absorption and circular dichroic spectra suggests that the membrane apoprotein undergoes appreciable conformational changes involving tertiary structure on bleaching with no significant secondary structure involvement. These results are compared with recently reported results from this laboratory on the effects of bleaching on the bovine rod outer segment disk membrane structure."}
{"id": "PMID:890042", "title": "In situ observation of dense-body release from hydrated human platelets.", "content": "Human-platelet dense bodies (secretory granules) have been visualized by electron microscopy in cells maintained in a hydrated state, and their sequential release after stimulation by thrombin has been observed in situ. The pattern of dense body release from individual platelets suggests that a a portion of the dense body complement of a single cell can be extruded without appreciable change in the position of the remaining dense bodies.", "contents": "In situ observation of dense-body release from hydrated human platelets. Human-platelet dense bodies (secretory granules) have been visualized by electron microscopy in cells maintained in a hydrated state, and their sequential release after stimulation by thrombin has been observed in situ. The pattern of dense body release from individual platelets suggests that a a portion of the dense body complement of a single cell can be extruded without appreciable change in the position of the remaining dense bodies."}
{"id": "PMID:890043", "title": "Carbon-13 and proton magnetic resonance of mouse muscle.", "content": "It is shown that roughly 4 mmol carbon atoms/g mouse muscle can give rise to a \"high resolution\" 13C NMR spectrum. From the 13C spectrum, it is estimated that the protons from mobile organic molecules or molecular segments amount to 6-8%of total nonrigid protons (organic plus water) in muscle. Their spin-spin relaxation times (T2) are of the order of 0.4-2 ms. At 37 degrees C, the proton spin-echo decay of mouse muscle changes rapidly with time after death, while that of mouse brain does not.", "contents": "Carbon-13 and proton magnetic resonance of mouse muscle. It is shown that roughly 4 mmol carbon atoms/g mouse muscle can give rise to a \"high resolution\" 13C NMR spectrum. From the 13C spectrum, it is estimated that the protons from mobile organic molecules or molecular segments amount to 6-8%of total nonrigid protons (organic plus water) in muscle. Their spin-spin relaxation times (T2) are of the order of 0.4-2 ms. At 37 degrees C, the proton spin-echo decay of mouse muscle changes rapidly with time after death, while that of mouse brain does not."}
{"id": "PMID:890044", "title": "Visual chromophore electronic structure.", "content": "The implications that recent work on the electronic structure of polyenes have for the low lying electronic states of retinal reviewed and a very simple model for the diffusenesss of the absorption spectra of visual chromophores is presented.", "contents": "Visual chromophore electronic structure. The implications that recent work on the electronic structure of polyenes have for the low lying electronic states of retinal reviewed and a very simple model for the diffusenesss of the absorption spectra of visual chromophores is presented."}
{"id": "PMID:890046", "title": "Transient light-induced conformational changes in rhodopsin.", "content": "Arguments are presented which support the possibility that the unfolding of the rhodopsin molecule during photolysis up to the stage of metarhodopsin II is followed by a spontaneous refolding  of the protein, once the isomerized retinaldehyde has left its original binding site. Such a transient conformational change might imply a very similar conformation for rhodopsin and opsin, apart from the presence of the chromophore.", "contents": "Transient light-induced conformational changes in rhodopsin. Arguments are presented which support the possibility that the unfolding of the rhodopsin molecule during photolysis up to the stage of metarhodopsin II is followed by a spontaneous refolding  of the protein, once the isomerized retinaldehyde has left its original binding site. Such a transient conformational change might imply a very similar conformation for rhodopsin and opsin, apart from the presence of the chromophore."}
{"id": "PMID:890049", "title": "Some considerations on the ion transport properties of the rod disc membrane.", "content": "The ion transport properties of the disc membranes in rod outer segments are discussed on the basis of available data. The properties of an air-water interface film of spectroscopically intact and chemically regenerable rhodopsin are presented, and results of studies of ion binding to these films are reported.", "contents": "Some considerations on the ion transport properties of the rod disc membrane. The ion transport properties of the disc membranes in rod outer segments are discussed on the basis of available data. The properties of an air-water interface film of spectroscopically intact and chemically regenerable rhodopsin are presented, and results of studies of ion binding to these films are reported."}
{"id": "PMID:890050", "title": "Closure of ionic channels in turtle cones.", "content": "Recent observations from turtle cones on the kinetics of the light response and the variance and power spectrum of spontaneous noise are discussed in terms of the behaviour of membrane ionic channels.", "contents": "Closure of ionic channels in turtle cones. Recent observations from turtle cones on the kinetics of the light response and the variance and power spectrum of spontaneous noise are discussed in terms of the behaviour of membrane ionic channels."}
{"id": "PMID:890051", "title": "On the mechanism of conductance control of the arthropod visual cell membrane.", "content": "It is assumed that \"dark channels\" determine a permanent dark conductance of the arthropod visual cell membrane. The light stimulus causes a transient opening of \"light channels\". The ion selectivity of dark channels and light channels is roughly described. Factors influencing the activation of light channels, as membrane energy metabolism, membrane potential and adjusted calcium ion concentration are specified. The mechanism of the action of calcium ions on the conductance of the visual cell membrane is discussed.", "contents": "On the mechanism of conductance control of the arthropod visual cell membrane. It is assumed that \"dark channels\" determine a permanent dark conductance of the arthropod visual cell membrane. The light stimulus causes a transient opening of \"light channels\". The ion selectivity of dark channels and light channels is roughly described. Factors influencing the activation of light channels, as membrane energy metabolism, membrane potential and adjusted calcium ion concentration are specified. The mechanism of the action of calcium ions on the conductance of the visual cell membrane is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:890052", "title": "Visual adaptation.", "content": "1) The eye may be regarded as an automatic camera that keeps the average sensitivity near the middle of the working range. 2) Nerve signals are contrast-coded, and hence are not changed by changes in general illumination. 3) Rod thresholds can be raised three-fold by a background from which only 1% of the rods have caught one quantum. 4) Adaptation is of two kinds a) to backgrounds (the Weber-Fechner relation) and b) to bleachings which is entirely different. 5) After bleaching the threshold is raised as though a bright background were present. The positive after-image following bleaching has quantitatively the properties of that bright background. 6) The visual incapacity after bleaching seems a pointless visual disaster.", "contents": "Visual adaptation. 1) The eye may be regarded as an automatic camera that keeps the average sensitivity near the middle of the working range. 2) Nerve signals are contrast-coded, and hence are not changed by changes in general illumination. 3) Rod thresholds can be raised three-fold by a background from which only 1% of the rods have caught one quantum. 4) Adaptation is of two kinds a) to backgrounds (the Weber-Fechner relation) and b) to bleachings which is entirely different. 5) After bleaching the threshold is raised as though a bright background were present. The positive after-image following bleaching has quantitatively the properties of that bright background. 6) The visual incapacity after bleaching seems a pointless visual disaster."}
{"id": "PMID:890054", "title": "Dark adaptaion processes in the amphibian rod.", "content": "Rod dark adaptation in the amphibian retina appears to be due to three processes: 1. background adaptation, occurring immediately after the extinction of an adapting or bleaching light, 2. intermediate adaptation, that frequently lasts 30 min or more and 3. opsin adaptation, which in the isolated retina where regeneration of rhodopsin is insignificant, is observed a a permanent loss of sensitivity after the completion of intermediate adaptation. Intermediate adaptation is characterized by a linear relation between log threshold and the amount of \"retinal\" present, a similar relation is obtained between log threshold and the amount of rhodopsin bleached in opsin adaptation. These adaptation processes are discussed in terms of a model of the rod outer segment.", "contents": "Dark adaptaion processes in the amphibian rod. Rod dark adaptation in the amphibian retina appears to be due to three processes: 1. background adaptation, occurring immediately after the extinction of an adapting or bleaching light, 2. intermediate adaptation, that frequently lasts 30 min or more and 3. opsin adaptation, which in the isolated retina where regeneration of rhodopsin is insignificant, is observed a a permanent loss of sensitivity after the completion of intermediate adaptation. Intermediate adaptation is characterized by a linear relation between log threshold and the amount of \"retinal\" present, a similar relation is obtained between log threshold and the amount of rhodopsin bleached in opsin adaptation. These adaptation processes are discussed in terms of a model of the rod outer segment."}
{"id": "PMID:890056", "title": "Photostable pigments within the membrane of photoreceptors and their possible role.", "content": "In the majority of ommatidia of the fly, the membrane of the central rhabdomere contains--besides the rhodopsin--a photostable pigment. Due to its selective absorption in the blue spectral range, this pigment (possibly a carotene) could modify the spectral senstivity of the central receptor cells. It furthermore may change the fluidity of the microvillus membrane and hence affect the alignment of rhodopsin molecules. Indirect evidence for a possible role of the photostable pigment as an \"antenna\" -pigment for rhodopsin is discussed.", "contents": "Photostable pigments within the membrane of photoreceptors and their possible role. In the majority of ommatidia of the fly, the membrane of the central rhabdomere contains--besides the rhodopsin--a photostable pigment. Due to its selective absorption in the blue spectral range, this pigment (possibly a carotene) could modify the spectral senstivity of the central receptor cells. It furthermore may change the fluidity of the microvillus membrane and hence affect the alignment of rhodopsin molecules. Indirect evidence for a possible role of the photostable pigment as an \"antenna\" -pigment for rhodopsin is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:890057", "title": "Retinal damage by light: possible implication of singlet oxygen.", "content": "A new hypothesis is proposed in an attempt to explain the mechanism of the irreversible damage which can be induced in the retina by visible light. Upon illumination, retinal generates singlet oxygen and this reactive species can produce lipid peroxidation which in turn may induce membrane instability.", "contents": "Retinal damage by light: possible implication of singlet oxygen. A new hypothesis is proposed in an attempt to explain the mechanism of the irreversible damage which can be induced in the retina by visible light. Upon illumination, retinal generates singlet oxygen and this reactive species can produce lipid peroxidation which in turn may induce membrane instability."}
{"id": "PMID:890058", "title": "Isoelectric focusing of phosphorylated cattle rhodopsin.", "content": "32P-rhodopsin was partially separated by isoelectric focusing into several fractions of different phosphorylation extent. It was found that the incorporated phosphate is not uniformly distributed in a population of rhodopsin molecules. In a preparation with an average phosphorylation extent of 2.4 moles of phosphate per mole of rhodopsin, most of the 32P-phosphate was found in fractions where 4-5 phosphates are bound per rhodopsin, whereas a large fraction of the total rhodopsin was not phosphorylated at all. The maximum number os phosphate binding sites in rhodopsin appears to be at least five.", "contents": "Isoelectric focusing of phosphorylated cattle rhodopsin. 32P-rhodopsin was partially separated by isoelectric focusing into several fractions of different phosphorylation extent. It was found that the incorporated phosphate is not uniformly distributed in a population of rhodopsin molecules. In a preparation with an average phosphorylation extent of 2.4 moles of phosphate per mole of rhodopsin, most of the 32P-phosphate was found in fractions where 4-5 phosphates are bound per rhodopsin, whereas a large fraction of the total rhodopsin was not phosphorylated at all. The maximum number os phosphate binding sites in rhodopsin appears to be at least five."}
{"id": "PMID:890060", "title": "Primary photophysical and photochemical processes in visual excitation.", "content": "The color of visual pigments is experimentally shown to be controlled by excited state effects. These effects which define the primary absorption of light by rhodopsin are considered together with results obtained from emission and picosecond spectroscopy. In addition, the molecular changes induced in rhodopsin when a photon is absorbed are analyzed using resonance Raman spectroscopy. The molecular changes observed are compared in bacterial and photoreceptor rhodopsins. This comparison yields a unique explanation for the biological role of the cis-trans isomerization in visual transduction.", "contents": "Primary photophysical and photochemical processes in visual excitation. The color of visual pigments is experimentally shown to be controlled by excited state effects. These effects which define the primary absorption of light by rhodopsin are considered together with results obtained from emission and picosecond spectroscopy. In addition, the molecular changes induced in rhodopsin when a photon is absorbed are analyzed using resonance Raman spectroscopy. The molecular changes observed are compared in bacterial and photoreceptor rhodopsins. This comparison yields a unique explanation for the biological role of the cis-trans isomerization in visual transduction."}
{"id": "PMID:890072", "title": "The electron impact induced fragmentation of Aspergillus amstelodami alkaloids and derivatives.", "content": "The mass spectral data of four isoprenylated indole alkaloids containing a piperazinedione group, neoechinuline, cryptoechinuline C, and A and echinuline, isolated from Aspergillus amstelodami cultures, and of two derivatives obtained by catalytic hydrogenation of neoechinuline and echinuline, are reported and discussed. Their fragmentation patterns are strongly dependent upon the presence of a single or a double bond betueen C-8 and C-9.", "contents": "The electron impact induced fragmentation of Aspergillus amstelodami alkaloids and derivatives. The mass spectral data of four isoprenylated indole alkaloids containing a piperazinedione group, neoechinuline, cryptoechinuline C, and A and echinuline, isolated from Aspergillus amstelodami cultures, and of two derivatives obtained by catalytic hydrogenation of neoechinuline and echinuline, are reported and discussed. Their fragmentation patterns are strongly dependent upon the presence of a single or a double bond betueen C-8 and C-9."}
{"id": "PMID:890073", "title": "Gas chromatography mass spectrometry analysis of polyamines using deuterated analogs as internal standards.", "content": "Quantitative analyses of subnanomole quantities of the polyamines putrescine, cadaverine, spermidine and spermine by the gas chromatography mass spectrometry technique of selected ion monitoring are complicated by effects of the chromatographic column. These effects include sample retention by the column and chromatographic band broadening, and are sufficiently serious that spermine (as the trifluoroacetylated derivative) was not detectable at levels below 50 picomoles. Because the chromatographic behaviors of the four polyamines vary, quantiative analysis using a single internal standard is not feasible. The deuterated polyamine analogs, putrescine-2H4, cadaverine-2H4, spermidine-2H6 and spermine-2H8, have been synthesized and used to accomplish quantiative analyses of the corresponding isotopically natural abundance polyamines to the one picomole level. This enhancement in analytical sensitivity is accomplished by use of large excesses (greater than or equal to 100 picomoles) of the deuterated analogs to improve chromatographic band profiles. The use of such large molar excesses of deuterated analogs for selected ion monitoring analyses is possible because their electron impact spectra exhibit high mass ions ([M-F3C]+, [M-F3CCO]+) which possess greater than or equal to 4 deuterium atoms and have intensity ratios (I2H(max):IH) of 500 or greater.", "contents": "Gas chromatography mass spectrometry analysis of polyamines using deuterated analogs as internal standards. Quantitative analyses of subnanomole quantities of the polyamines putrescine, cadaverine, spermidine and spermine by the gas chromatography mass spectrometry technique of selected ion monitoring are complicated by effects of the chromatographic column. These effects include sample retention by the column and chromatographic band broadening, and are sufficiently serious that spermine (as the trifluoroacetylated derivative) was not detectable at levels below 50 picomoles. Because the chromatographic behaviors of the four polyamines vary, quantiative analysis using a single internal standard is not feasible. The deuterated polyamine analogs, putrescine-2H4, cadaverine-2H4, spermidine-2H6 and spermine-2H8, have been synthesized and used to accomplish quantiative analyses of the corresponding isotopically natural abundance polyamines to the one picomole level. This enhancement in analytical sensitivity is accomplished by use of large excesses (greater than or equal to 100 picomoles) of the deuterated analogs to improve chromatographic band profiles. The use of such large molar excesses of deuterated analogs for selected ion monitoring analyses is possible because their electron impact spectra exhibit high mass ions ([M-F3C]+, [M-F3CCO]+) which possess greater than or equal to 4 deuterium atoms and have intensity ratios (I2H(max):IH) of 500 or greater."}
{"id": "PMID:890074", "title": "Sample derivatization and structure analysis by field desorption mass spectrometry. Peptide methylation-methanolysis.", "content": "Analysis by field desorption mass spectrometry of reaction product mixtures produced by treatment of peptides with methanol and hydrogen chloride augments significantly structural data derived by direct field desorption mass spectrometry analysis of the peptides. Analyses of data obtained by three peptides, beta-Ala-HisOH, p-Glu-Ser-GlyOH and Glu-Ser-Gly-AspOH are used for illustration. Data from field desorption mass spectrometry of peptide methylation-methanolysis product mixtures are used to (a) distinguish [M]+- from [M + H]+ in peptide field desorption mass spectrometry spectra, (b) ascertain the number of carboxyl groups present in a peptide, (c) identify a pyro-glutamyl N-terminus and (d) derive peptide sequence information. Definitive assignments of ion relationships are facilitated by use of methanol and deuteromethanol in paired experiments.", "contents": "Sample derivatization and structure analysis by field desorption mass spectrometry. Peptide methylation-methanolysis. Analysis by field desorption mass spectrometry of reaction product mixtures produced by treatment of peptides with methanol and hydrogen chloride augments significantly structural data derived by direct field desorption mass spectrometry analysis of the peptides. Analyses of data obtained by three peptides, beta-Ala-HisOH, p-Glu-Ser-GlyOH and Glu-Ser-Gly-AspOH are used for illustration. Data from field desorption mass spectrometry of peptide methylation-methanolysis product mixtures are used to (a) distinguish [M]+- from [M + H]+ in peptide field desorption mass spectrometry spectra, (b) ascertain the number of carboxyl groups present in a peptide, (c) identify a pyro-glutamyl N-terminus and (d) derive peptide sequence information. Definitive assignments of ion relationships are facilitated by use of methanol and deuteromethanol in paired experiments."}
{"id": "PMID:890075", "title": "Location of functional groups in antipyrine metabolites by mass spectrometry.", "content": "The mass spectra of antipyrine metabolites show characteristic fragmentation patterns which depend on the presence and position of functional groups. A substituent at position 4 is indicated by an intense key fragment at m/e 56 and a substituent at the methyl group in position 3 causes a significant increase in the intensity of the peak at m/e 82. The fragment at m/e 96, which is characteristic for antipyrine itself, is suppressed if there is a substituent in either position 3 or 4. Mass spectra of the glucuronides of 4-hydroxyantipyrine and 3-hydroxymethylantipyrine are also discussed.", "contents": "Location of functional groups in antipyrine metabolites by mass spectrometry. The mass spectra of antipyrine metabolites show characteristic fragmentation patterns which depend on the presence and position of functional groups. A substituent at position 4 is indicated by an intense key fragment at m/e 56 and a substituent at the methyl group in position 3 causes a significant increase in the intensity of the peak at m/e 82. The fragment at m/e 96, which is characteristic for antipyrine itself, is suppressed if there is a substituent in either position 3 or 4. Mass spectra of the glucuronides of 4-hydroxyantipyrine and 3-hydroxymethylantipyrine are also discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:890076", "title": "Peptide sequencing: the utility of chemical ionization mass spectrometry.", "content": "Chemical ionization mass spectrometry is used at low resolution to determine the sequences of permethylated acetyl peptides. The method has been tested with 45 peptides, between 2 and 5 residues long, including examples of all of the common amino acids except cysteine and N-terminal asparagine. The isobutane chemical ionization spectra contain three principal types of N-terminal sequence ion and one type of C-terminal sequence ion. The redundant information available from these four types of sequence ion increase the reliability of the sequence determination. In prospect, isobutane chemical ionization mass spectrometry seems to be a useful technique for peptide sequence determination, and may have advantages in some cases.", "contents": "Peptide sequencing: the utility of chemical ionization mass spectrometry. Chemical ionization mass spectrometry is used at low resolution to determine the sequences of permethylated acetyl peptides. The method has been tested with 45 peptides, between 2 and 5 residues long, including examples of all of the common amino acids except cysteine and N-terminal asparagine. The isobutane chemical ionization spectra contain three principal types of N-terminal sequence ion and one type of C-terminal sequence ion. The redundant information available from these four types of sequence ion increase the reliability of the sequence determination. In prospect, isobutane chemical ionization mass spectrometry seems to be a useful technique for peptide sequence determination, and may have advantages in some cases."}
{"id": "PMID:890077", "title": "High performance liquid chromatographic and mass spectrometric identification of dimethylxanthine metabolites of caffeine in human plasma.", "content": "High performance liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry were used to isolate and identify theophylline, theobromine and 1,7-dimethylxanthine (paraxanthine) in plasma of human volunteers following administration of 300 mg caffeine to methylxanthine-free volunteers. Plasma from these subjects was extracted and the dimethylxanthines were separated from each other and caffeine by high performance liquid chromatography. The effluents at the chromatographic peaks corresponding to the dimethylxanthine metabolites were collected, rechromatographed in a second system and the dried residues were subjected to mass spectrometry. By comparison of their retention times and mass spectra with those of authentic compounds, theophylline, theobromine and paraxanthine were positively identified as metabolic products of caffeine.", "contents": "High performance liquid chromatographic and mass spectrometric identification of dimethylxanthine metabolites of caffeine in human plasma. High performance liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry were used to isolate and identify theophylline, theobromine and 1,7-dimethylxanthine (paraxanthine) in plasma of human volunteers following administration of 300 mg caffeine to methylxanthine-free volunteers. Plasma from these subjects was extracted and the dimethylxanthines were separated from each other and caffeine by high performance liquid chromatography. The effluents at the chromatographic peaks corresponding to the dimethylxanthine metabolites were collected, rechromatographed in a second system and the dried residues were subjected to mass spectrometry. By comparison of their retention times and mass spectra with those of authentic compounds, theophylline, theobromine and paraxanthine were positively identified as metabolic products of caffeine."}
{"id": "PMID:890078", "title": "Rapid and quantitative blood amino acid analysis by chemical ionization mass spectrometry.", "content": "A quantitative analysis of amino acids in microsamples of dried blood spots by chemical ionization mass spectrometry has been developed. Isotope ratio determination was used as the quantitating technique via multiple labelled internal standards. This procedure yields excellent precision and accuracy as demonstrated by the analysis of known amino acid mixtures and of phenylalanine in the blood from newborns.", "contents": "Rapid and quantitative blood amino acid analysis by chemical ionization mass spectrometry. A quantitative analysis of amino acids in microsamples of dried blood spots by chemical ionization mass spectrometry has been developed. Isotope ratio determination was used as the quantitating technique via multiple labelled internal standards. This procedure yields excellent precision and accuracy as demonstrated by the analysis of known amino acid mixtures and of phenylalanine in the blood from newborns."}
{"id": "PMID:890079", "title": "Source identification of urban airborne polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by gas chromatographic mass spectrometry and high resolution mass spectrometry.", "content": "Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons formed during the combustion of three common fuels (coal, wood and kerosene) were separated and identified by capillary-column gas chromatographic mass spectrometry and were compared to airborne polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from Indianapolis, a high coal consuming area, and Boston, a low coal consuming area. High resolution mass spectral data were utilized in the construction of alkyl homolog plots for the comparison of alkyl distribution within each sample.", "contents": "Source identification of urban airborne polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by gas chromatographic mass spectrometry and high resolution mass spectrometry. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons formed during the combustion of three common fuels (coal, wood and kerosene) were separated and identified by capillary-column gas chromatographic mass spectrometry and were compared to airborne polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from Indianapolis, a high coal consuming area, and Boston, a low coal consuming area. High resolution mass spectral data were utilized in the construction of alkyl homolog plots for the comparison of alkyl distribution within each sample."}
{"id": "PMID:890080", "title": "Limitations of diazomethane for the quantification of 15-oxo-prostaglandin F2alpha.", "content": "The relatively rapid formation of pyrazoline adducts is a serious side reaction in the esterification of 15-oxo-PGF2alpha with ethereal diazomethane under conditions used routinely in the chemical derivatization of prostaglandins.", "contents": "Limitations of diazomethane for the quantification of 15-oxo-prostaglandin F2alpha. The relatively rapid formation of pyrazoline adducts is a serious side reaction in the esterification of 15-oxo-PGF2alpha with ethereal diazomethane under conditions used routinely in the chemical derivatization of prostaglandins."}
{"id": "PMID:890081", "title": "Synthesis and characterization of glucuronides of Cannabinol, cannabidiol, delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol and delta8-tetrahydrocannabinol.", "content": "Partially purified glucuronyltransferase immobilized on beaded sepharose has been used to synthesize the glucuronide conjugates of cannabinol, cannabidol, delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol and delta8-tetrahydrocannabinol. Trimethylsilylated methyl esters and per(trimethylsilyl) derivatives of these conjugates have been characterized by their gas chromatographic retention times and their electron impact and ammonia chemical ionization mass spectra.", "contents": "Synthesis and characterization of glucuronides of Cannabinol, cannabidiol, delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol and delta8-tetrahydrocannabinol. Partially purified glucuronyltransferase immobilized on beaded sepharose has been used to synthesize the glucuronide conjugates of cannabinol, cannabidol, delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol and delta8-tetrahydrocannabinol. Trimethylsilylated methyl esters and per(trimethylsilyl) derivatives of these conjugates have been characterized by their gas chromatographic retention times and their electron impact and ammonia chemical ionization mass spectra."}
{"id": "PMID:890082", "title": "Emulsifying and surface active agents from Corynebacterium hydrocarboclastus.", "content": "A Corynebacterium hydrocarboclastus culture isolated in our laboratory (see, Zajic and Knettig, Developments in Industrial Microbiology, 1971, p. 87) has been shown to produce an extracellular biopolymer with emulsifying properties when grown on a mixture of linear hydrocarbons. This microorganism was found to grow well on a variety of carbohydrates and hydrocarbons. However, the best substrates were pure linear hydrocarbons and particularly, n-C12, n-C13, and n-C14. The substrates supporting good growth gave good polymer production. Maximum cell mass of 10-11 g/liter and a maximum amount of polymer of 5-6 g/liter were recorded. The polymers recovered from the different substrates were found to be complex molecules or mixtures with a protein, a lipid, and a carbohydrate moiety. All the polymers are surface active and have two critical micelle concentrations.", "contents": "Emulsifying and surface active agents from Corynebacterium hydrocarboclastus. A Corynebacterium hydrocarboclastus culture isolated in our laboratory (see, Zajic and Knettig, Developments in Industrial Microbiology, 1971, p. 87) has been shown to produce an extracellular biopolymer with emulsifying properties when grown on a mixture of linear hydrocarbons. This microorganism was found to grow well on a variety of carbohydrates and hydrocarbons. However, the best substrates were pure linear hydrocarbons and particularly, n-C12, n-C13, and n-C14. The substrates supporting good growth gave good polymer production. Maximum cell mass of 10-11 g/liter and a maximum amount of polymer of 5-6 g/liter were recorded. The polymers recovered from the different substrates were found to be complex molecules or mixtures with a protein, a lipid, and a carbohydrate moiety. All the polymers are surface active and have two critical micelle concentrations."}
{"id": "PMID:890083", "title": "Differential speed two roll mill pretreatment of cellulosic materials for enzymatic hydrolysis.", "content": "Differential speed two roll milling is an effective pretreatment for increasing the susceptibility of cellulose to enzymatic hydrolysis. Using mills with three, six, and ten in. diam rolls and processing times of 10 min or less results in the following percent increases in susceptibility over untreated controls: cotton, 1100; maple chips, 1600; white pine chips, 600; newspaper, 125. In comparison, ball milling of newspaper for 24 hr gives only a 62% increase. A further advantage of the roll mill is the increased wet density of the product permitting higher slurry concentrations during hydrolysis. Important parameters of mill effectiveness are roll clearance and processing time", "contents": "Differential speed two roll mill pretreatment of cellulosic materials for enzymatic hydrolysis. Differential speed two roll milling is an effective pretreatment for increasing the susceptibility of cellulose to enzymatic hydrolysis. Using mills with three, six, and ten in. diam rolls and processing times of 10 min or less results in the following percent increases in susceptibility over untreated controls: cotton, 1100; maple chips, 1600; white pine chips, 600; newspaper, 125. In comparison, ball milling of newspaper for 24 hr gives only a 62% increase. A further advantage of the roll mill is the increased wet density of the product permitting higher slurry concentrations during hydrolysis. Important parameters of mill effectiveness are roll clearance and processing time"}
{"id": "PMID:890084", "title": "Hydrocarbon uptake in hydrocarbon fermentations.", "content": "Candida lipolytica (strain ATCC 8662) was grown on a simple defined medium with n-hexadecane as the main carbon source under batch fementation conditions. The relative importance of the cells growing in the aqueous phase on the overall kinetics was studied. The effect of interfacial tension, unoccupied interfacial area, and pseudosolubility on the specific growth was also studied. Results are presented and discussed here.", "contents": "Hydrocarbon uptake in hydrocarbon fermentations. Candida lipolytica (strain ATCC 8662) was grown on a simple defined medium with n-hexadecane as the main carbon source under batch fementation conditions. The relative importance of the cells growing in the aqueous phase on the overall kinetics was studied. The effect of interfacial tension, unoccupied interfacial area, and pseudosolubility on the specific growth was also studied. Results are presented and discussed here."}
{"id": "PMID:890089", "title": "A distinct skeletal dysplasia in an infant from consanguineous parents.", "content": "An infant with a distinct set of skeletal anomalies was studied. The patient's main phenotypic features were short-limb dwarfism, craniofacial disproportion with prominent forehead, short neck and trunk with pectus carinatum, and platyspondyly, protuberant abdomen, acromesomelic shortness of limbs, bilateral palm simian crease, short feet with brachydactyly of the 2nd toe, and prominent heels. Differential diagnosis suggests that the case described had a previously unrecognized skeletal dysplasia. The fact that the parents were first cousins suggests a genetic, probably autosomal recessive etiology.", "contents": "A distinct skeletal dysplasia in an infant from consanguineous parents. An infant with a distinct set of skeletal anomalies was studied. The patient's main phenotypic features were short-limb dwarfism, craniofacial disproportion with prominent forehead, short neck and trunk with pectus carinatum, and platyspondyly, protuberant abdomen, acromesomelic shortness of limbs, bilateral palm simian crease, short feet with brachydactyly of the 2nd toe, and prominent heels. Differential diagnosis suggests that the case described had a previously unrecognized skeletal dysplasia. The fact that the parents were first cousins suggests a genetic, probably autosomal recessive etiology."}
{"id": "PMID:890092", "title": "Familial gingival fibromatosis associated with progressive deafness in five generations of a family.", "content": "Gingival hyperplasia may be inherited in a variety of ways, usually in an autosomal dominant or autosomal recessive manner. Additional phenotypic abnormalities are frequently associated with the gingival hyperplasia. To our knowledge, the family described here represents the first instance of autosomal dominantly inherited gingival hyperplasia associated with progressive neural hearing loss.", "contents": "Familial gingival fibromatosis associated with progressive deafness in five generations of a family. Gingival hyperplasia may be inherited in a variety of ways, usually in an autosomal dominant or autosomal recessive manner. Additional phenotypic abnormalities are frequently associated with the gingival hyperplasia. To our knowledge, the family described here represents the first instance of autosomal dominantly inherited gingival hyperplasia associated with progressive neural hearing loss."}
{"id": "PMID:890093", "title": "Syndrome of mental retardation, cleft palate, eventration of diaphragm, congenital heart defect, glaucoma, growth failure and craniosynostosis.", "content": "A patient is reported with a syndrome of mental retardation, congenital microcephaly, cleft palate, congenital heart defect, eventration of the diaphragm, optic atrophy, and glaucoma. Her facies was Crouzon-like and craniosynostosis, although not present at 10 months, was demonstrated postmortem at 29 months. It is suggested that she is an example of a true multiple congenital anomaly-mental retardation syndrome rather than an example of Crouzon syndrome with additional anomalies.", "contents": "Syndrome of mental retardation, cleft palate, eventration of diaphragm, congenital heart defect, glaucoma, growth failure and craniosynostosis. A patient is reported with a syndrome of mental retardation, congenital microcephaly, cleft palate, congenital heart defect, eventration of the diaphragm, optic atrophy, and glaucoma. Her facies was Crouzon-like and craniosynostosis, although not present at 10 months, was demonstrated postmortem at 29 months. It is suggested that she is an example of a true multiple congenital anomaly-mental retardation syndrome rather than an example of Crouzon syndrome with additional anomalies."}
{"id": "PMID:890094", "title": "Syndrome of myopathy, short stature, seizures, retinitis pigmentosa, and cleft lip.", "content": "A five-year-old boy is presented with an undifferentiated myopathy, retinitis pigmentosa, incomplete cleft lip, short stature (less than third percentile), mild delay in development, and seizures. To date, no etiology or pathogenetic mechanism has been discovered to account for these, and no similar cases have been encountered in the literature.", "contents": "Syndrome of myopathy, short stature, seizures, retinitis pigmentosa, and cleft lip. A five-year-old boy is presented with an undifferentiated myopathy, retinitis pigmentosa, incomplete cleft lip, short stature (less than third percentile), mild delay in development, and seizures. To date, no etiology or pathogenetic mechanism has been discovered to account for these, and no similar cases have been encountered in the literature."}
{"id": "PMID:890097", "title": "The WT syndrome--a \"new\" autosomal dominant pleiotropic trait of radial/ulnar hypoplasia with high risk of bone marrow failure and/or leukemia.", "content": "We report 2 families with an autosomal dominant syndrome of limb and hematologic abnormalities. The W Family was ascertained through AW, a 13-year-old girl, who was purportedly born without congenital anomalies and who was normal until 11 1/2 years when she developed acute lymphoblastic leukemia. She died 2 years later with CNS involvement. Her chromosomes, studied in the first weeks after diagnosis of the disease, were apparently normal. Her father had clinodactyly of both 5th fingers and was found to have panmyelocytopenia refractory to all treatment at 26 years. He died within a year of the onset of his anemia. This man's oldest brother was born with congenital malformations of the elbows and the hands and was healthy until 38 years when he was also found to have an \"idopathic anemia\" and panmyelocytopenia which was refractory to treatment except for transfusions; he died at age 42 years. Both men were initially thought to have the Fanconi anemia syndrome. Their mother died at 71 years of leukemia. DT, the propositus of the second family, was noted to have malformations of both hands at birth. At 21 months he had anemia for which he received transfusions. Family history reveals that several people on the paternal side have severe hand anomalies and a history of childhood anemia. The paternal grandfather died at age 51 of acute monocytic leukemia. Barring genetic heterogeneity, we think that the trait in the W and T families in the same. It is a pleiotropic autosomal dominant mutant which affects radial and ulnar development of the upper limbs and is associated with a relatively high risk of transient or permanent bone marrow arrest with or without leukemia. We propose the hypothesis that apparently increased risk of leukemia to Fanconi heterozygotes actually represents admixture with the WT syndrome and that Fanconi heterozygotes may not have an increased risk of leukemia.", "contents": "The WT syndrome--a \"new\" autosomal dominant pleiotropic trait of radial/ulnar hypoplasia with high risk of bone marrow failure and/or leukemia. We report 2 families with an autosomal dominant syndrome of limb and hematologic abnormalities. The W Family was ascertained through AW, a 13-year-old girl, who was purportedly born without congenital anomalies and who was normal until 11 1/2 years when she developed acute lymphoblastic leukemia. She died 2 years later with CNS involvement. Her chromosomes, studied in the first weeks after diagnosis of the disease, were apparently normal. Her father had clinodactyly of both 5th fingers and was found to have panmyelocytopenia refractory to all treatment at 26 years. He died within a year of the onset of his anemia. This man's oldest brother was born with congenital malformations of the elbows and the hands and was healthy until 38 years when he was also found to have an \"idopathic anemia\" and panmyelocytopenia which was refractory to treatment except for transfusions; he died at age 42 years. Both men were initially thought to have the Fanconi anemia syndrome. Their mother died at 71 years of leukemia. DT, the propositus of the second family, was noted to have malformations of both hands at birth. At 21 months he had anemia for which he received transfusions. Family history reveals that several people on the paternal side have severe hand anomalies and a history of childhood anemia. The paternal grandfather died at age 51 of acute monocytic leukemia. Barring genetic heterogeneity, we think that the trait in the W and T families in the same. It is a pleiotropic autosomal dominant mutant which affects radial and ulnar development of the upper limbs and is associated with a relatively high risk of transient or permanent bone marrow arrest with or without leukemia. We propose the hypothesis that apparently increased risk of leukemia to Fanconi heterozygotes actually represents admixture with the WT syndrome and that Fanconi heterozygotes may not have an increased risk of leukemia."}
{"id": "PMID:890101", "title": "A syndrome of microcephaly, mental retardation, unusual facies, cleft palate, and weight deficiency.", "content": "A brother and sister with a distinctive, apparently previously undescribed dysmorphic/mental retardation syndrome are presented. The major features of their condition include moderate-to-severe mental retardation, microcephaly, weight deficiency, prominent ears, midfacial hypoplasia, small mouth, cleft palate, clinodactyly of the fingers, delayed osseous maturation and generalized bone hypoplasia. Of these, the most prominent physical feature is the weight deficiency which is most likely the result of a decrease in muscle, bone, brain and subcutaneous tissue mass. No underlying biochemical defect, chromosome abnormality, environmental agent or infection has been found to explain this condition. An autosomal recessive mode of inheritance is suggested.", "contents": "A syndrome of microcephaly, mental retardation, unusual facies, cleft palate, and weight deficiency. A brother and sister with a distinctive, apparently previously undescribed dysmorphic/mental retardation syndrome are presented. The major features of their condition include moderate-to-severe mental retardation, microcephaly, weight deficiency, prominent ears, midfacial hypoplasia, small mouth, cleft palate, clinodactyly of the fingers, delayed osseous maturation and generalized bone hypoplasia. Of these, the most prominent physical feature is the weight deficiency which is most likely the result of a decrease in muscle, bone, brain and subcutaneous tissue mass. No underlying biochemical defect, chromosome abnormality, environmental agent or infection has been found to explain this condition. An autosomal recessive mode of inheritance is suggested."}
{"id": "PMID:890106", "title": "Grebe chondrodysplasia and similar forms of severe short-limbed dwarfism.", "content": "We have studied three patients with severe short-limbed dwarfism, only one of whom had the typical features of Grebe disease, whereas the other two had clearly distinct previously unreported skeletal dysplasias. Unlike the patients with Grebe disease, the latter two patients had involvement of the spine and particularly short humeri. The malformations of the hands and lower limbs were different in each of the three patients.", "contents": "Grebe chondrodysplasia and similar forms of severe short-limbed dwarfism. We have studied three patients with severe short-limbed dwarfism, only one of whom had the typical features of Grebe disease, whereas the other two had clearly distinct previously unreported skeletal dysplasias. Unlike the patients with Grebe disease, the latter two patients had involvement of the spine and particularly short humeri. The malformations of the hands and lower limbs were different in each of the three patients."}
{"id": "PMID:890107", "title": "The course of the cerebrocostomandibular syndrome.", "content": "Three children with the cerebrocostomandibular syndrome have been studied. They were from unrelated families. The sib of one of them may demonstrate partial expression of a disorder that varies in severity, so that long-term survival is possible. Long-term survival may be complicated by restrictive pulmonanry disease and cardiac failure. A disorder of cellular growth may account for the symptoms.", "contents": "The course of the cerebrocostomandibular syndrome. Three children with the cerebrocostomandibular syndrome have been studied. They were from unrelated families. The sib of one of them may demonstrate partial expression of a disorder that varies in severity, so that long-term survival is possible. Long-term survival may be complicated by restrictive pulmonanry disease and cardiac failure. A disorder of cellular growth may account for the symptoms."}
{"id": "PMID:890108", "title": "Are the acrocephalosyndactyly syndromes variable expressions of a single gene defect?", "content": "Acrocephalosyndactyl (ACS) describes a group of diseases with craniofacial anomalies resulting from premature sutural craniosynostosis and hand and foot anomalies consisting principally of brachydactyly, syndactyly, and polydacytly. Although considerable phenotypic overlap exists, these syndromes are considered by most investigators to be the result of different (although possibly allelic) genes. This report describes the clinical and roentgenologic manifestations in a family wit acrocephalosyndactyly (ACS) showing considerably variation in phenotype. Two different types of ACS were clinically identified in this single family. The proband presented with the classic stigmata of Pfeiffer syndrome while her cousin was considered to be a typical case of Apert syndrome. Further family study revealed that, in addition to these two individuals, seven other family members also have unusually shaped heads and have the facial appearance remiscent of Crouzon disease. Hand and foot anomalies were seen clinically in some but not all of these individuals. From the observations made in this family and from previous reports in the literature, we feel that there is a substantial reason to reevaluate the ACS classification and to consider that the Apert and Pfeiffer types of ACS may be one and the same.", "contents": "Are the acrocephalosyndactyly syndromes variable expressions of a single gene defect? Acrocephalosyndactyl (ACS) describes a group of diseases with craniofacial anomalies resulting from premature sutural craniosynostosis and hand and foot anomalies consisting principally of brachydactyly, syndactyly, and polydacytly. Although considerable phenotypic overlap exists, these syndromes are considered by most investigators to be the result of different (although possibly allelic) genes. This report describes the clinical and roentgenologic manifestations in a family wit acrocephalosyndactyly (ACS) showing considerably variation in phenotype. Two different types of ACS were clinically identified in this single family. The proband presented with the classic stigmata of Pfeiffer syndrome while her cousin was considered to be a typical case of Apert syndrome. Further family study revealed that, in addition to these two individuals, seven other family members also have unusually shaped heads and have the facial appearance remiscent of Crouzon disease. Hand and foot anomalies were seen clinically in some but not all of these individuals. From the observations made in this family and from previous reports in the literature, we feel that there is a substantial reason to reevaluate the ACS classification and to consider that the Apert and Pfeiffer types of ACS may be one and the same."}
{"id": "PMID:890110", "title": "Trisomy 5: delineation of clinical features.", "content": "Partial trisomy for the short arm of chromosome No. 5 appears to result in an identifiable syndrome. Major features include characteristic facial appearance, mental and growth retardation, seizures, and an excess of ulnar loops. Less certain features may include strabismus and an absence of major congenital malformations. The translocation present in this family from the short arm of chromosome No. 5 to the short arm of No. 4 has, to the best of our knowledge, not been reported previously [6].", "contents": "Trisomy 5: delineation of clinical features. Partial trisomy for the short arm of chromosome No. 5 appears to result in an identifiable syndrome. Major features include characteristic facial appearance, mental and growth retardation, seizures, and an excess of ulnar loops. Less certain features may include strabismus and an absence of major congenital malformations. The translocation present in this family from the short arm of chromosome No. 5 to the short arm of No. 4 has, to the best of our knowledge, not been reported previously [6]."}
{"id": "PMID:890109", "title": "Trisomy 8: an international study of 70 patients.", "content": "The Warkany syndrome is characterized by mental retardation, relatively specific facies, absent or dysplastic patellas, joint contractures, plantar/palmar furrows, distinctively abnormal toe posture, vertebral anomalies, narrow pelvis, ureteral-renal anomalies, or other abnormalities. There is no association with advanced parental age, and birthweight and length are usually commensurate with gestational age. The chromosomal mechanisms accounting for the WS include either literal trisomy (8 (aneuploidy), usually if not always with mosaicism, or translocation leading to partial trisomy 8 (8q2). In addition, some patients with mosaic trisomy 8 may not have the Warkany syndrome.", "contents": "Trisomy 8: an international study of 70 patients. The Warkany syndrome is characterized by mental retardation, relatively specific facies, absent or dysplastic patellas, joint contractures, plantar/palmar furrows, distinctively abnormal toe posture, vertebral anomalies, narrow pelvis, ureteral-renal anomalies, or other abnormalities. There is no association with advanced parental age, and birthweight and length are usually commensurate with gestational age. The chromosomal mechanisms accounting for the WS include either literal trisomy (8 (aneuploidy), usually if not always with mosaicism, or translocation leading to partial trisomy 8 (8q2). In addition, some patients with mosaic trisomy 8 may not have the Warkany syndrome."}
{"id": "PMID:890111", "title": "The Nagar syndrome (acrofacial dysostosis): evidence for autosomal dominant inheritance.", "content": "A 10-year-old girl with the Nagar acrofacial dysostosis syndrome and normal intelligence is presented. Severe conductive hearing loss remains the major handicap. It is suggested that her syndrome is due to a dominant gene mutation.", "contents": "The Nagar syndrome (acrofacial dysostosis): evidence for autosomal dominant inheritance. A 10-year-old girl with the Nagar acrofacial dysostosis syndrome and normal intelligence is presented. Severe conductive hearing loss remains the major handicap. It is suggested that her syndrome is due to a dominant gene mutation."}
{"id": "PMID:890116", "title": "The Goldenhar syndrome: a natural history.", "content": "Twenty-four patients with the 1st branchial arch (Goldenhar) syndrome have been ascertained ranging in age from newborn to 58 years. In infancy, the ocular, auricular, and palatal problems appear most prominent. In childhood, the correction of, or compensation for, hearing deficit assumes greater importance. Incoordination of deglutition, achalasia of the esophagus, hiatus hernia, and mobile cecum (hitherto unreported features) are characteristically troublesome in infancy and early childhood. Cosmetic problems though significant throughout, engender particular concern during adolescence and early adulthood. Spinal problems with early vertebral degenerative changes cause clinical difficulty requiring surgery during adulthood. Fertility appeared to be unimpaired and longevity is probably unaffected (although our oldest patient is less than 60 years old). Only three cases were mentally subnormal and none died following ascertainment.", "contents": "The Goldenhar syndrome: a natural history. Twenty-four patients with the 1st branchial arch (Goldenhar) syndrome have been ascertained ranging in age from newborn to 58 years. In infancy, the ocular, auricular, and palatal problems appear most prominent. In childhood, the correction of, or compensation for, hearing deficit assumes greater importance. Incoordination of deglutition, achalasia of the esophagus, hiatus hernia, and mobile cecum (hitherto unreported features) are characteristically troublesome in infancy and early childhood. Cosmetic problems though significant throughout, engender particular concern during adolescence and early adulthood. Spinal problems with early vertebral degenerative changes cause clinical difficulty requiring surgery during adulthood. Fertility appeared to be unimpaired and longevity is probably unaffected (although our oldest patient is less than 60 years old). Only three cases were mentally subnormal and none died following ascertainment."}
{"id": "PMID:890117", "title": "Autosomal recessive hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasia with subclinical manifestation in the heterozygote.", "content": "Sweat pores on the epidermal ridges are hypoplastic and reduced in number in three sisters affected with autosomal recessive hypohidrotic dysplasia. The heterozygote state is expressed by a reduced number of qualitatively normal sweat pores (14.07 +/- 8.59 as compared to 22.27 +/- 2.33 in controls). Clinical and genetic considerations suggest that this may be a distinct type that has to be differentiated from other autosomal recessive hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasias. Heterozygote manifestation may contribute to delineate this groups of disorders further.", "contents": "Autosomal recessive hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasia with subclinical manifestation in the heterozygote. Sweat pores on the epidermal ridges are hypoplastic and reduced in number in three sisters affected with autosomal recessive hypohidrotic dysplasia. The heterozygote state is expressed by a reduced number of qualitatively normal sweat pores (14.07 +/- 8.59 as compared to 22.27 +/- 2.33 in controls). Clinical and genetic considerations suggest that this may be a distinct type that has to be differentiated from other autosomal recessive hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasias. Heterozygote manifestation may contribute to delineate this groups of disorders further."}
{"id": "PMID:890119", "title": "[Variations in the completeness of skin regeneration during post-traumatic regeneration].", "content": "The healing of the full-thickness skin wounds on the abdomen and the back of hedgehogs was investigated. The wound healing on the abdomen proved to result mainly from the wound contraction. In most cases a small regenerated area containing new hair and sebaceous glands was formed in the centre of the wound. Contraction of the wound was practically absent on the back and its healing occurred chiefly by new tissue formation; due to this vast regenerated areas were formed in the wound. Connective tissue frame-work of the regenerated area on the abdomen and the back resembled intact derma by fiber distribution.", "contents": "[Variations in the completeness of skin regeneration during post-traumatic regeneration]. The healing of the full-thickness skin wounds on the abdomen and the back of hedgehogs was investigated. The wound healing on the abdomen proved to result mainly from the wound contraction. In most cases a small regenerated area containing new hair and sebaceous glands was formed in the centre of the wound. Contraction of the wound was practically absent on the back and its healing occurred chiefly by new tissue formation; due to this vast regenerated areas were formed in the wound. Connective tissue frame-work of the regenerated area on the abdomen and the back resembled intact derma by fiber distribution."}
{"id": "PMID:890120", "title": "[Response of the locus coeruleus to asphyxia].", "content": "To ascertain the mechanisms of the locus coeruleus (LC) function the response of the locus coeruleus neurons to the experimental sharp asphyxia was investigated by the light and electron microscope techniques. Apart from the specific nervous effect (directly through the LC axons and through the stem reticular formation), LC produced humoral influence on the brain structures. There are two possible mechanisms by which catecholamines synthesized in the LC cells could reach the blood; 1) through the cell membrane and then through the basal membrane of the capillary bed and the cytoplasm of the endothelial cell; 2) by virtue of the glia cells.", "contents": "[Response of the locus coeruleus to asphyxia]. To ascertain the mechanisms of the locus coeruleus (LC) function the response of the locus coeruleus neurons to the experimental sharp asphyxia was investigated by the light and electron microscope techniques. Apart from the specific nervous effect (directly through the LC axons and through the stem reticular formation), LC produced humoral influence on the brain structures. There are two possible mechanisms by which catecholamines synthesized in the LC cells could reach the blood; 1) through the cell membrane and then through the basal membrane of the capillary bed and the cytoplasm of the endothelial cell; 2) by virtue of the glia cells."}
{"id": "PMID:890121", "title": "[Change in the ultrastructure of rat myocardium under the influence of 12-months' adaptation to high altitude].", "content": "The right and left ventricle myocardium of rats was studied in the course of a 12-month period of adaptation to high altitude (3200 m above the sea level). A long-term exposure of the animals to the high altitude led the development of ventricular  hypertrophy mostly of the right, and partly of the left ventricle. Hyperplasia and hypertrophy of individual organellae, particularly mitochondria, were found in most cardiomyocytes of both ventricles. In animals adapted to the high altitude the mitochondrial succinic dehydrogenase activity was more pronounced  than in control ones. The results obtained testified to the enhanced intracellular metabolism reflecting myocardial compensatory adaptive responses.", "contents": "[Change in the ultrastructure of rat myocardium under the influence of 12-months' adaptation to high altitude]. The right and left ventricle myocardium of rats was studied in the course of a 12-month period of adaptation to high altitude (3200 m above the sea level). A long-term exposure of the animals to the high altitude led the development of ventricular  hypertrophy mostly of the right, and partly of the left ventricle. Hyperplasia and hypertrophy of individual organellae, particularly mitochondria, were found in most cardiomyocytes of both ventricles. In animals adapted to the high altitude the mitochondrial succinic dehydrogenase activity was more pronounced  than in control ones. The results obtained testified to the enhanced intracellular metabolism reflecting myocardial compensatory adaptive responses."}
{"id": "PMID:890122", "title": "[Effect of glucocorticolids on catecholamine synthesis in the heart and adrenals of rats in the presence of physical fatigue].", "content": "The influence of the adrenal cortex hormones on the catecholamine synthesis in the adrenal glands and the heart of rats following prolonged swimming (8 hours) was studied. Catecholamine synthesis after the incubation of the adrenal glands and heart in the presence of L-tyrosine was sharply inhibited after swimming. Addition of hydrocortisone or prednisolone in vitro (50 microgram per sample) and also administration of these hormones in vivo (50 mg/kg intramuscularly, 3 hours before decapitation) increased catecholamine synthesis in the adrenal glands of swimming, but not of intact rats. After the incubation of the adrenal glands of swimming rats in the presence of L-DOPA and L-noradrenaline, catecholamine synthesis was depressed in comparison with intact animals, and it failed to be restored on addition of glucocorticoids. No stimulating effect of aldosterone on catecholamine synthesis in the adrenal glands in the presence of L-tyrosine was revealed. Catecholamine synthesis was inhibited and not restored under the effect of glucocorticoids in vitro and in vivo after the incubation of the heart tissue of swimming rats in the presence of L-tyrosine and L-DOPA. A conclusion was drawn that glucocorticoid promoted restoration of catecholamine synthesis inhibiteds in case of strong physical fatique at the stage of tyrosin-hydroxylase.", "contents": "[Effect of glucocorticolids on catecholamine synthesis in the heart and adrenals of rats in the presence of physical fatigue]. The influence of the adrenal cortex hormones on the catecholamine synthesis in the adrenal glands and the heart of rats following prolonged swimming (8 hours) was studied. Catecholamine synthesis after the incubation of the adrenal glands and heart in the presence of L-tyrosine was sharply inhibited after swimming. Addition of hydrocortisone or prednisolone in vitro (50 microgram per sample) and also administration of these hormones in vivo (50 mg/kg intramuscularly, 3 hours before decapitation) increased catecholamine synthesis in the adrenal glands of swimming, but not of intact rats. After the incubation of the adrenal glands of swimming rats in the presence of L-DOPA and L-noradrenaline, catecholamine synthesis was depressed in comparison with intact animals, and it failed to be restored on addition of glucocorticoids. No stimulating effect of aldosterone on catecholamine synthesis in the adrenal glands in the presence of L-tyrosine was revealed. Catecholamine synthesis was inhibited and not restored under the effect of glucocorticoids in vitro and in vivo after the incubation of the heart tissue of swimming rats in the presence of L-tyrosine and L-DOPA. A conclusion was drawn that glucocorticoid promoted restoration of catecholamine synthesis inhibiteds in case of strong physical fatique at the stage of tyrosin-hydroxylase."}
{"id": "PMID:890123", "title": "[Role of injury in the appearance of \"activated\" smooth muscle cells].", "content": "The ultrastructure of the smooth muscle tissue was studied in the posterior vena cava in rats after the disturbance of blood outflow, in the stomach following resection of half of its fundus and cecum after constriction of its ascending limb. \"Activation\" of the smooth muscle was found to reflect the stage of the cell ultrastructure injury, and then the processes of intracellular regeneration. Analysis of the correlation between the DNP-synthesizing and the \"activated\" cells showed the latter to be of local origin, from the differentiated myocytes.", "contents": "[Role of injury in the appearance of \"activated\" smooth muscle cells]. The ultrastructure of the smooth muscle tissue was studied in the posterior vena cava in rats after the disturbance of blood outflow, in the stomach following resection of half of its fundus and cecum after constriction of its ascending limb. \"Activation\" of the smooth muscle was found to reflect the stage of the cell ultrastructure injury, and then the processes of intracellular regeneration. Analysis of the correlation between the DNP-synthesizing and the \"activated\" cells showed the latter to be of local origin, from the differentiated myocytes."}
{"id": "PMID:890124", "title": "[Modification of the construction and insertion of a viewing chamber for the study of microcirculation in the subcutaneous compartment of the rabbit ear].", "content": "Modification of the transparent chamber and the operation of its implantation into the tissues of the rabbit ear are described. The chamber is intended for the study of microcirculation in the subcutaneous cellular tissue of the rabbit ear. The chamber design has a number of advantages in comparison with the known models: optic characteristics are improved, assembly of the chamber is simplified, new design permits to use the regenerated tissue for further histological study. Sterilization of the chamber with gamma rays is simple and effective. The chamber is fixed in the tissues of the rabbit pinna by means of a lavsan net. An additional gluing of the latter excludes a possibility of the penetration and development of secondary infection into the operation wound and fixes the chamber in the ear tissues more firmly.", "contents": "[Modification of the construction and insertion of a viewing chamber for the study of microcirculation in the subcutaneous compartment of the rabbit ear]. Modification of the transparent chamber and the operation of its implantation into the tissues of the rabbit ear are described. The chamber is intended for the study of microcirculation in the subcutaneous cellular tissue of the rabbit ear. The chamber design has a number of advantages in comparison with the known models: optic characteristics are improved, assembly of the chamber is simplified, new design permits to use the regenerated tissue for further histological study. Sterilization of the chamber with gamma rays is simple and effective. The chamber is fixed in the tissues of the rabbit pinna by means of a lavsan net. An additional gluing of the latter excludes a possibility of the penetration and development of secondary infection into the operation wound and fixes the chamber in the ear tissues more firmly."}
{"id": "PMID:890125", "title": "[Gastric rheography].", "content": "Practical application of rheography to the investigation of the state of human stomach circulation is suggested. Theoretical premise for the use of the electrode bipolar system (an outer electrode and an inner one) is considered. The dimensions of the electrode contact surfaces were essentially different. The scheme and a brief description of a simple design for the above-mentioned purpose are given. Control experiments on animals confirmed the correctness of the basic premise. The average rheographical quantitative findings often used in clinical practice as applied to the stomach rheograms of thirty healthy subjects are presented.", "contents": "[Gastric rheography]. Practical application of rheography to the investigation of the state of human stomach circulation is suggested. Theoretical premise for the use of the electrode bipolar system (an outer electrode and an inner one) is considered. The dimensions of the electrode contact surfaces were essentially different. The scheme and a brief description of a simple design for the above-mentioned purpose are given. Control experiments on animals confirmed the correctness of the basic premise. The average rheographical quantitative findings often used in clinical practice as applied to the stomach rheograms of thirty healthy subjects are presented."}
{"id": "PMID:890126", "title": "[Role of prostaglandin endoperoxides in thrombocyte aggregation].", "content": "Phospholipase A and lysolecithin stimulated the thromboplastic factor release reaction and the red blood cells and platelets aggregation. According to polarographic research data, these aggregating agents brought about oxygen consumption in the platelet-containing medium. In all probability, this indicated that endoperoxides, an intermediate product of prostaglandin synthesis, were created under the mentioned conditions. Albumin failed to prevent the oxygen release reaction and its consumption, provoked by phospholipase A and lysolecithin, but totally inhibited their aggregation capacity. On the contrary, aspirin, blocked the oxygen consumption by platelets, without producing any significant effect on the lysolecithin aggregation capacity. It is assumed that the blood formed elements aggregation is due to perturbation of their membrane lipid-protein structure, and not to the endoperoxide synthesis.", "contents": "[Role of prostaglandin endoperoxides in thrombocyte aggregation]. Phospholipase A and lysolecithin stimulated the thromboplastic factor release reaction and the red blood cells and platelets aggregation. According to polarographic research data, these aggregating agents brought about oxygen consumption in the platelet-containing medium. In all probability, this indicated that endoperoxides, an intermediate product of prostaglandin synthesis, were created under the mentioned conditions. Albumin failed to prevent the oxygen release reaction and its consumption, provoked by phospholipase A and lysolecithin, but totally inhibited their aggregation capacity. On the contrary, aspirin, blocked the oxygen consumption by platelets, without producing any significant effect on the lysolecithin aggregation capacity. It is assumed that the blood formed elements aggregation is due to perturbation of their membrane lipid-protein structure, and not to the endoperoxide synthesis."}
{"id": "PMID:890127", "title": "[Effect of hypoxemia on the erythropoietic activity of organs during perfusion].", "content": "Hypoxemia (45-minute) influence in vivo on erythropoietic activity of the kidney, liver, spleen, and sternum was studied by normoxemic perfusion of the isolated organs. The erythropoietic activity proved to increase after 6-hour perfusion of the liver; this confirmed the participation of this organ in the extrarenal secretion of the erythropoietic factor.", "contents": "[Effect of hypoxemia on the erythropoietic activity of organs during perfusion]. Hypoxemia (45-minute) influence in vivo on erythropoietic activity of the kidney, liver, spleen, and sternum was studied by normoxemic perfusion of the isolated organs. The erythropoietic activity proved to increase after 6-hour perfusion of the liver; this confirmed the participation of this organ in the extrarenal secretion of the erythropoietic factor."}
{"id": "PMID:890129", "title": "[Chlorine ion transport in the parietal cells of the gastric mucosa (electron-histochemical and autoradiographic study)].", "content": "Chlorine ion localization in the parietal cells of the mouse and rat gastric mucosa was studied with the aid of electron microscopic histochemical and autoradiographic methods and also with the direct method of radioactive isotopes revealing in the tissue. On the grounds of the results received a diagram of chlorine ion specific transport is suggested; this transport is connected with the cell membrane transposition, basal plasmalemma double folds, tubulovesicles and intracellular conaliculi. This intertransformation takes place in the process of cell secretory cycle and depends directly upon it. It is suggested that the ways of general chloride transport along the intercellular spaces are nonspecific.", "contents": "[Chlorine ion transport in the parietal cells of the gastric mucosa (electron-histochemical and autoradiographic study)]. Chlorine ion localization in the parietal cells of the mouse and rat gastric mucosa was studied with the aid of electron microscopic histochemical and autoradiographic methods and also with the direct method of radioactive isotopes revealing in the tissue. On the grounds of the results received a diagram of chlorine ion specific transport is suggested; this transport is connected with the cell membrane transposition, basal plasmalemma double folds, tubulovesicles and intracellular conaliculi. This intertransformation takes place in the process of cell secretory cycle and depends directly upon it. It is suggested that the ways of general chloride transport along the intercellular spaces are nonspecific."}
{"id": "PMID:890128", "title": "[Activity of kidney tissue enzymes in phenylhydrazine anemia and post-transfusion polycythemia].", "content": "The activity of hexokinase, glucose-6-phosphoric dehydrogenase, lactic dehydrogenase, succinic dehydrogenase, acid and alkaline phosphatases was determined in the rat kidney tissue with phenylhydrazine anemia and posttransfusion polycytemia. The blood supply of the cortical and medullary layers of the kidneys was studied at the same time. The purpose of this work was to ascertain possible connections between the changes in the activity of the enzymes under study with the renal erythropoietin producing function of the kidneys. The blood supply of the kidneys of rats with phenylhydrazine anemia was sharply decreased, but it was markedly elevated in case of posttransfusion polycytemia. There were no significant changes in the activity of the mentioned enzymes. These data suggest that the activity of the kidney enzymes is not a controlling factor in the renal erythropoietin production.", "contents": "[Activity of kidney tissue enzymes in phenylhydrazine anemia and post-transfusion polycythemia]. The activity of hexokinase, glucose-6-phosphoric dehydrogenase, lactic dehydrogenase, succinic dehydrogenase, acid and alkaline phosphatases was determined in the rat kidney tissue with phenylhydrazine anemia and posttransfusion polycytemia. The blood supply of the cortical and medullary layers of the kidneys was studied at the same time. The purpose of this work was to ascertain possible connections between the changes in the activity of the enzymes under study with the renal erythropoietin producing function of the kidneys. The blood supply of the kidneys of rats with phenylhydrazine anemia was sharply decreased, but it was markedly elevated in case of posttransfusion polycytemia. There were no significant changes in the activity of the mentioned enzymes. These data suggest that the activity of the kidney enzymes is not a controlling factor in the renal erythropoietin production."}
{"id": "PMID:890130", "title": "[Electrical activity of the hypothalamus during stress].", "content": "Chronic experiments were undertaken on rabbits to ascertain the multiunit activity of the anterior (AHA), medial (MHA), and lateral (LHA) hypothalamic areas during the immobilization stress. The immobilization excited the adrenocortical activity and changed the multiunit activity. The stress resulted in a decrease in the firing rate in most pools in the AHA and LHA, and an increase in the MHA.", "contents": "[Electrical activity of the hypothalamus during stress]. Chronic experiments were undertaken on rabbits to ascertain the multiunit activity of the anterior (AHA), medial (MHA), and lateral (LHA) hypothalamic areas during the immobilization stress. The immobilization excited the adrenocortical activity and changed the multiunit activity. The stress resulted in a decrease in the firing rate in most pools in the AHA and LHA, and an increase in the MHA."}
{"id": "PMID:890131", "title": "[Tissue specific uncoupler of mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation].", "content": "The influence of endogenous uncoupling agent from the rat liver on oxidative phosphorylation of the liver, kidney, heart, lungs, and brain mitochondria was studied; the tissue-specificity of its action was demonstrated. The selective action of the uncoupler on the mitochondrial membrane is more obviously expressed within the range of pH 6.9--6.3 approaching such of the hepatocyte cytoplasm. The tissue-specificity was independent of the original state of mitochondria and could be eliminated only by heat injury of the oxidative phosphorylation. The activity of the tissue-specific uncoupling factor failed to diminish when the ribosomes and microsomes were removed by centrifugation. Addition of bovine albumin to the incubation medium had no influence of the value of the tissue-specific uncoupling. Participation of the uncoupler in the intratissue proliferation control is discussed.", "contents": "[Tissue specific uncoupler of mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation]. The influence of endogenous uncoupling agent from the rat liver on oxidative phosphorylation of the liver, kidney, heart, lungs, and brain mitochondria was studied; the tissue-specificity of its action was demonstrated. The selective action of the uncoupler on the mitochondrial membrane is more obviously expressed within the range of pH 6.9--6.3 approaching such of the hepatocyte cytoplasm. The tissue-specificity was independent of the original state of mitochondria and could be eliminated only by heat injury of the oxidative phosphorylation. The activity of the tissue-specific uncoupling factor failed to diminish when the ribosomes and microsomes were removed by centrifugation. Addition of bovine albumin to the incubation medium had no influence of the value of the tissue-specific uncoupling. Participation of the uncoupler in the intratissue proliferation control is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:890133", "title": "[Responses of different types of connective tissue to hormone administration].", "content": "The lysosomal glycosidase activity of the eye tissues (the sclera and cornea), the bone tissues and cartilage were studied. The intraperitoneal injection of tyrocalcitonine (TCT), deoxycorticosterone (DOCS), hydrocortisone (HC), and somatotropic hormone (STH) influenced both the activity of beta-galactosidase, beta-glucosidase, and hyaluronidase, the the functional state of thy lysosomal membranes of the connective tissues under investigation. GC and STH caused stabilization, whereas DOCS and large doses of TCT--a labilizing effect on the lysosomal membranes and tissues understudy. The absolute activity of the enzymes in the homogenates decreased after the HC and STH injection. DOCS produced an opposite effect.", "contents": "[Responses of different types of connective tissue to hormone administration]. The lysosomal glycosidase activity of the eye tissues (the sclera and cornea), the bone tissues and cartilage were studied. The intraperitoneal injection of tyrocalcitonine (TCT), deoxycorticosterone (DOCS), hydrocortisone (HC), and somatotropic hormone (STH) influenced both the activity of beta-galactosidase, beta-glucosidase, and hyaluronidase, the the functional state of thy lysosomal membranes of the connective tissues under investigation. GC and STH caused stabilization, whereas DOCS and large doses of TCT--a labilizing effect on the lysosomal membranes and tissues understudy. The absolute activity of the enzymes in the homogenates decreased after the HC and STH injection. DOCS produced an opposite effect."}
{"id": "PMID:890134", "title": "[Esterase spectrum in the hepatocytes and Kupffer cells of regenerating liver].", "content": "The esterase spectra of hepatocytes and Kupffer's cells from the regenerating rat liver were studied following partial hepatectomy. The starch-gen electrophoresis method was used. The relative number of Kupffer's cells, per cent of phagocytising Kupffer's cells, as well as mitotic rate of hepatocytes were determined. Hepatocyte esterase spectra from the intact liver consisted of six, whereas that of Kupffer's cells--of five zones of the enzyme activity. A \"simplification\" of hepatocyte esterase spectra could be seen 2 1/2 hours after partial hepatectomy. Additional activity bands appeared in 9 hours; these could be identified for a period of up to 24 hours after the operation. The initiar esterase spectrum was regained within 48 hours. The same tendency was observed in Kupffer's cells, but no full restoration of the enzyme spectra was observed 72 hours after partial hepatectomy.", "contents": "[Esterase spectrum in the hepatocytes and Kupffer cells of regenerating liver]. The esterase spectra of hepatocytes and Kupffer's cells from the regenerating rat liver were studied following partial hepatectomy. The starch-gen electrophoresis method was used. The relative number of Kupffer's cells, per cent of phagocytising Kupffer's cells, as well as mitotic rate of hepatocytes were determined. Hepatocyte esterase spectra from the intact liver consisted of six, whereas that of Kupffer's cells--of five zones of the enzyme activity. A \"simplification\" of hepatocyte esterase spectra could be seen 2 1/2 hours after partial hepatectomy. Additional activity bands appeared in 9 hours; these could be identified for a period of up to 24 hours after the operation. The initiar esterase spectrum was regained within 48 hours. The same tendency was observed in Kupffer's cells, but no full restoration of the enzyme spectra was observed 72 hours after partial hepatectomy."}
{"id": "PMID:890135", "title": "[Contractile function of the heart and its reactivity to noradrenaline in the process of the bodies adaptation to moderate altitudes].", "content": "In acute experiments on rats adapted for 4 weeks to the altitude of 2100 m it was found that at the early period of altitude adaptation the left ventricular systolic pressure and the maximal rates of pressure rise and fall considerably exceeded the values of control tests conducted in Moscow. Later on the parameters of the cardiac contractile function stabilized gradually. In 4 weeks the heart of adapted animals showed a greater increment of the contractility parameters in response to noradrenaline injection and a higher stability of the contractile function at very high heart rates.", "contents": "[Contractile function of the heart and its reactivity to noradrenaline in the process of the bodies adaptation to moderate altitudes]. In acute experiments on rats adapted for 4 weeks to the altitude of 2100 m it was found that at the early period of altitude adaptation the left ventricular systolic pressure and the maximal rates of pressure rise and fall considerably exceeded the values of control tests conducted in Moscow. Later on the parameters of the cardiac contractile function stabilized gradually. In 4 weeks the heart of adapted animals showed a greater increment of the contractility parameters in response to noradrenaline injection and a higher stability of the contractile function at very high heart rates."}
{"id": "PMID:890136", "title": "[Nitrazepam metabolism in the intestines of white rats].", "content": "Nitrasepam is transformed to amino and acetamide derivatives in the rat intestine. Reduction of nitrasepam and its following acetylation in the duodenum and small intestine are catalyzed by the mucosal enzymes. In the cecum and the large intestine these processes are mediated through the action of the microbes and tissue enzymes, whereas in the rectum--through the microbes only.", "contents": "[Nitrazepam metabolism in the intestines of white rats]. Nitrasepam is transformed to amino and acetamide derivatives in the rat intestine. Reduction of nitrasepam and its following acetylation in the duodenum and small intestine are catalyzed by the mucosal enzymes. In the cecum and the large intestine these processes are mediated through the action of the microbes and tissue enzymes, whereas in the rectum--through the microbes only."}
{"id": "PMID:890137", "title": "[Limits of the phagocytizing capability of macrophages].", "content": "The capacity of macrophage peritoneal cells to ingest both different doses of the antigen (sheep red blood cells--SRBC) and the antigens differing in their physico-chemical properties (SRBC, rat red blood cells, typhoid vaccine) was studied. A manifold increase in the SRBC dose failed to influence the amount of the antigen ingestion in the course of a definite time period. When mice macrophage cells were obtained at short periods after the injection of red blood cells of different animal species, there was a decrease of the capacity of these cells to the red blood cells ingestion in vitro. Preincubation of macrophages in vivo or in vitro with all the antigens tested increased sharply their capacity to phagocytize the typhoid vaccine.", "contents": "[Limits of the phagocytizing capability of macrophages]. The capacity of macrophage peritoneal cells to ingest both different doses of the antigen (sheep red blood cells--SRBC) and the antigens differing in their physico-chemical properties (SRBC, rat red blood cells, typhoid vaccine) was studied. A manifold increase in the SRBC dose failed to influence the amount of the antigen ingestion in the course of a definite time period. When mice macrophage cells were obtained at short periods after the injection of red blood cells of different animal species, there was a decrease of the capacity of these cells to the red blood cells ingestion in vitro. Preincubation of macrophages in vivo or in vitro with all the antigens tested increased sharply their capacity to phagocytize the typhoid vaccine."}
{"id": "PMID:890138", "title": "[Reflex mechanism for maintaining magnesium homeostasis].", "content": "Local stimulation of the liver with MgC12 solution in unanesthetized dogs evoked a reflex magnesiuretic response by changing the tubular processes in the kidneys. The presence of selectively magnesium-sensitive receptors in the liver is supposed. The information from these receptors was shown to spread along the vagus nerves.", "contents": "[Reflex mechanism for maintaining magnesium homeostasis]. Local stimulation of the liver with MgC12 solution in unanesthetized dogs evoked a reflex magnesiuretic response by changing the tubular processes in the kidneys. The presence of selectively magnesium-sensitive receptors in the liver is supposed. The information from these receptors was shown to spread along the vagus nerves."}
{"id": "PMID:890139", "title": "[Mast cells and eosinophilic leukocytes during formation of mammary gland tumors in female rats irradiated with gamma-rays at 4 weeks of age].", "content": "Origination of the breast neoplasms was studied in female rats totally gamma-irradiated (a single dose of 200 r) at the age of four weeks. The first neoplasms were found in rats sacrificed 6 months after the exposure; control unexposed rats developed the breast neoplasms only by the 15th month since the beginning of the experiment. By histological criteria all these neoplasms were benign in both groups of animals. Most cell and eosinophilic leukocyte count in the mammary gland tissue showed quantitative changes in the eosinophilic leukocyte count, and a change of the mast cell reaction during the radiation blastomogenesis.", "contents": "[Mast cells and eosinophilic leukocytes during formation of mammary gland tumors in female rats irradiated with gamma-rays at 4 weeks of age]. Origination of the breast neoplasms was studied in female rats totally gamma-irradiated (a single dose of 200 r) at the age of four weeks. The first neoplasms were found in rats sacrificed 6 months after the exposure; control unexposed rats developed the breast neoplasms only by the 15th month since the beginning of the experiment. By histological criteria all these neoplasms were benign in both groups of animals. Most cell and eosinophilic leukocyte count in the mammary gland tissue showed quantitative changes in the eosinophilic leukocyte count, and a change of the mast cell reaction during the radiation blastomogenesis."}
{"id": "PMID:890140", "title": "[Transplacental effect of benz(a)pyrene and pyrene].", "content": "The transplacental and direct effect of benzo(a)pyrene (BP) and pyrene on A and C57BL mice and their offspring was studied. BP proved to present blastomogenic danger for the offspring. In A mice offspring the greatest blastomogenic effect was expressed with the dose of 6 mg: lung tumours developed in 76.8% against 12.3% in the control (P less than 0,001). Tumours of the liver were revealed in the offspring of C57BL mice, chiefly in males. Their incidence with the dose of 12 mg of BP was 31.6% in males: and 9.1% in female; in the controls--1.2% in males, in the control females no tumours of the liver were observed. Noncarcinogenic analogue of BP--pyrene produced no blastomogenic effect.", "contents": "[Transplacental effect of benz(a)pyrene and pyrene]. The transplacental and direct effect of benzo(a)pyrene (BP) and pyrene on A and C57BL mice and their offspring was studied. BP proved to present blastomogenic danger for the offspring. In A mice offspring the greatest blastomogenic effect was expressed with the dose of 6 mg: lung tumours developed in 76.8% against 12.3% in the control (P less than 0,001). Tumours of the liver were revealed in the offspring of C57BL mice, chiefly in males. Their incidence with the dose of 12 mg of BP was 31.6% in males: and 9.1% in female; in the controls--1.2% in males, in the control females no tumours of the liver were observed. Noncarcinogenic analogue of BP--pyrene produced no blastomogenic effect."}
{"id": "PMID:890141", "title": "[Autotransplantation of whole muscles in reptiles].", "content": "Whole gastrocnemius muscles were autotransplanted (replanted) to tortoises testudo horsfieldi, 300-500 g in weight. The grafts were examined 2 weeks to 6 months after the transplantation. In 5 to 6 months the replanted muscles were similar in colour and form to the intact symmetrical muscles, constituting 77% of the latter in weight. Regeneration in the grafts proceeded at a slower rate than in mammals. The separation of myoblasts from the degenerating muscle fibers was intensive during the first month and continued for up to 2 months after the transplantation. Differentiation of myogenic elements into cross-striated muscle fibers and graft vascularization were recorded. Most of the grafts were characterized by a muscle type of structure at the final stage of the experiment; however, the muscle fibers diameter varied greatly.", "contents": "[Autotransplantation of whole muscles in reptiles]. Whole gastrocnemius muscles were autotransplanted (replanted) to tortoises testudo horsfieldi, 300-500 g in weight. The grafts were examined 2 weeks to 6 months after the transplantation. In 5 to 6 months the replanted muscles were similar in colour and form to the intact symmetrical muscles, constituting 77% of the latter in weight. Regeneration in the grafts proceeded at a slower rate than in mammals. The separation of myoblasts from the degenerating muscle fibers was intensive during the first month and continued for up to 2 months after the transplantation. Differentiation of myogenic elements into cross-striated muscle fibers and graft vascularization were recorded. Most of the grafts were characterized by a muscle type of structure at the final stage of the experiment; however, the muscle fibers diameter varied greatly."}
{"id": "PMID:890142", "title": "Transmission and scanning electron microscopy study on plasma cell leukemia.", "content": "The peripheral blood cells of a patient with acute plasma cell leukemia were examined with transmission (TEM) and scanning (SEM) electron microscopes. The TEM features of the immature plasma cells comprised lobulated and irregulary shaped nuclei, with scanty heterochromating and bizarre nucleoli, parallel arrays of endoplasmic reticulum, cytoplasmic fibrils and numerous polymorphic mitochondria. SEM examination of the cells showed long, thin irregular ruffles, or round blebs on the cell surface, with appearance different from this observed on other types of leukemia. A remarkable clinical and hematological remission was achieved with administration of melphalan and steroids.", "contents": "Transmission and scanning electron microscopy study on plasma cell leukemia. The peripheral blood cells of a patient with acute plasma cell leukemia were examined with transmission (TEM) and scanning (SEM) electron microscopes. The TEM features of the immature plasma cells comprised lobulated and irregulary shaped nuclei, with scanty heterochromating and bizarre nucleoli, parallel arrays of endoplasmic reticulum, cytoplasmic fibrils and numerous polymorphic mitochondria. SEM examination of the cells showed long, thin irregular ruffles, or round blebs on the cell surface, with appearance different from this observed on other types of leukemia. A remarkable clinical and hematological remission was achieved with administration of melphalan and steroids."}
{"id": "PMID:890143", "title": "Erythroid stem cells in Rauscher virusinfected mice.", "content": "Using the technique for erythroid colony formation in vitro, bone marrow and spleen cells from NMRI mice were studied after Rauscher virus (RLV) infection. There was a substantial decrease in CFUE concentrations during the first days after infection, this being more pronounced in the marrow than in the spleen. In the marrow values gradually return to and are maintained at control levels, while in the spleen a 40-50-fold increase is seen between days 8 and 18. In normal and RLV infected animals the same dose dependence of CFUE growth for erythropoietin was seen. For normal and RLV infected cells in the absence of erythropoietin there were only very few background colonies. In exhypoxic plethoric mice the increase in CFUE concentration seen in normal mice in the spleen, is delayed by 2-3 days.", "contents": "Erythroid stem cells in Rauscher virusinfected mice. Using the technique for erythroid colony formation in vitro, bone marrow and spleen cells from NMRI mice were studied after Rauscher virus (RLV) infection. There was a substantial decrease in CFUE concentrations during the first days after infection, this being more pronounced in the marrow than in the spleen. In the marrow values gradually return to and are maintained at control levels, while in the spleen a 40-50-fold increase is seen between days 8 and 18. In normal and RLV infected animals the same dose dependence of CFUE growth for erythropoietin was seen. For normal and RLV infected cells in the absence of erythropoietin there were only very few background colonies. In exhypoxic plethoric mice the increase in CFUE concentration seen in normal mice in the spleen, is delayed by 2-3 days."}
{"id": "PMID:890144", "title": "Proliferation characteristics of erythroblasts in chronic renal failure.", "content": "Proliferation of bone marrow erythroblasts in patients with chronic renal disease was studied by combined application of cytophotometric measurement of the DNA content and 3H-TdR labeling in vitro. A striking decrease of 3H-TdR labeling was found in most of the cases. The proportion of diploid (G0 + G1) as well as of tetraploid unlabeled cells (G2) was increased. The data suggest a disturbed induction of DNA synthesis of resting cells as well as an arrest of cells in G2 being responsable for ineffective cell production in this disease.", "contents": "Proliferation characteristics of erythroblasts in chronic renal failure. Proliferation of bone marrow erythroblasts in patients with chronic renal disease was studied by combined application of cytophotometric measurement of the DNA content and 3H-TdR labeling in vitro. A striking decrease of 3H-TdR labeling was found in most of the cases. The proportion of diploid (G0 + G1) as well as of tetraploid unlabeled cells (G2) was increased. The data suggest a disturbed induction of DNA synthesis of resting cells as well as an arrest of cells in G2 being responsable for ineffective cell production in this disease."}
{"id": "PMID:890145", "title": "Hematologic and immunologic studies in dogs given nitrogen mustard (hn3).", "content": "Hematologic and immunosuppressive effects of single doses of nitrogen mustard (HN3) were evaluated in 20 dogs. HN3 caused profound depression of peripheral blood counts in all animals. Recovery of total white blood cell counts in dogs surviving the acute gastrointestinal toxicity of HN3 was complete by day 15. Recovery of platelet and lymphocyte counts to initial levels took a more prolonged course. Granulopoietic progenitor cells (CFU-C) in the bone marrow were assayed by an in vitro culture system. Concentrations of CFU-C were markedly decreased one day after HN3-treatment, but showed at near-lethal doses rapid restoration to normal values within 4 to 7 days. Cellular immune function of HN3-treated dogs was impaired for prolonged periods as indicated by the reduced capacity of canine lymphocytes to proliferate in vitro in response to stimulation with mitogens. Humoral immune function was similarly affected as determined by the depressed and delayed antibody formation against an intravenous challenge with sheep red blood cell. In conclusion, our results suggest a different effect of HN3 on lymphoid and myeloid precursor cells.", "contents": "Hematologic and immunologic studies in dogs given nitrogen mustard (hn3). Hematologic and immunosuppressive effects of single doses of nitrogen mustard (HN3) were evaluated in 20 dogs. HN3 caused profound depression of peripheral blood counts in all animals. Recovery of total white blood cell counts in dogs surviving the acute gastrointestinal toxicity of HN3 was complete by day 15. Recovery of platelet and lymphocyte counts to initial levels took a more prolonged course. Granulopoietic progenitor cells (CFU-C) in the bone marrow were assayed by an in vitro culture system. Concentrations of CFU-C were markedly decreased one day after HN3-treatment, but showed at near-lethal doses rapid restoration to normal values within 4 to 7 days. Cellular immune function of HN3-treated dogs was impaired for prolonged periods as indicated by the reduced capacity of canine lymphocytes to proliferate in vitro in response to stimulation with mitogens. Humoral immune function was similarly affected as determined by the depressed and delayed antibody formation against an intravenous challenge with sheep red blood cell. In conclusion, our results suggest a different effect of HN3 on lymphoid and myeloid precursor cells."}
{"id": "PMID:890147", "title": "The use of RA 233 in the preparation of platelets, with the blood cell separator.", "content": "The intravenous administration of the inhibitor of platelet adhesiveness RA 233 to blood donors before and during cell separation did not increase the yield of platelets in the final concentrate.", "contents": "The use of RA 233 in the preparation of platelets, with the blood cell separator. The intravenous administration of the inhibitor of platelet adhesiveness RA 233 to blood donors before and during cell separation did not increase the yield of platelets in the final concentrate."}
{"id": "PMID:890148", "title": "Residues in common flicker and mountain bluebird eggs one year after a DDT application.", "content": "Common flicker (Colaptes auratus) and mountain bluebird (Sialia currucoides) eggs were examined 1 year after DDT application and showed a marked difference. Residue levels in mountain bluebird eggs were approximately 10 times higher than in common flicker eggs (5.29 to 0.58 ppm wet weight). These differences can be explained by disparate dietary habits. The mean level in American kestrel (Falco sparverius) eggs collected in the spray area at the same time was 6.42 ppm wet weight.", "contents": "Residues in common flicker and mountain bluebird eggs one year after a DDT application. Common flicker (Colaptes auratus) and mountain bluebird (Sialia currucoides) eggs were examined 1 year after DDT application and showed a marked difference. Residue levels in mountain bluebird eggs were approximately 10 times higher than in common flicker eggs (5.29 to 0.58 ppm wet weight). These differences can be explained by disparate dietary habits. The mean level in American kestrel (Falco sparverius) eggs collected in the spray area at the same time was 6.42 ppm wet weight."}
{"id": "PMID:890156", "title": "Mercury levels in human maternal and neonatal blood, hair and milk.", "content": "Total mercury levels were determined with blood, hair and breast milk of mother-neonate pair sampled at the time of delivery. All of the thirty-four mothers are residents of Tokyo Metropolitan area. The maternal samples in general showed lower total mercury levels than those in the neonatal samples. A significant correlation was observed as regards the concentration of total mercury between the neonatal hair and maternal blood, and also neonatal hair and neonatal blood. But no correlation was noticeable on statistical basis between the other items of mother and her neonate.", "contents": "Mercury levels in human maternal and neonatal blood, hair and milk. Total mercury levels were determined with blood, hair and breast milk of mother-neonate pair sampled at the time of delivery. All of the thirty-four mothers are residents of Tokyo Metropolitan area. The maternal samples in general showed lower total mercury levels than those in the neonatal samples. A significant correlation was observed as regards the concentration of total mercury between the neonatal hair and maternal blood, and also neonatal hair and neonatal blood. But no correlation was noticeable on statistical basis between the other items of mother and her neonate."}
{"id": "PMID:890160", "title": "Influence of DDT, DDVP and malathion on FSH, LH and testosterone serum levels and testosterone concentration in testis.", "content": "Groups of adult male rats were treated with DDT, DDVP or malathion orally for two or three weeks. Body weight and testis weight did not change. FSH and LH levels in serum also remained unchanged, whereas that of testosterone was decreased by DDT. This substance also diminished the concentration of testosterone in the testis. Therefore, the previously observed damage to spermatogenesis by DDT are assumed to be caused by a lack of androgens. Those following treatment with DDVP or malathion seem to be due to a direct cytotoxic effect.", "contents": "Influence of DDT, DDVP and malathion on FSH, LH and testosterone serum levels and testosterone concentration in testis. Groups of adult male rats were treated with DDT, DDVP or malathion orally for two or three weeks. Body weight and testis weight did not change. FSH and LH levels in serum also remained unchanged, whereas that of testosterone was decreased by DDT. This substance also diminished the concentration of testosterone in the testis. Therefore, the previously observed damage to spermatogenesis by DDT are assumed to be caused by a lack of androgens. Those following treatment with DDVP or malathion seem to be due to a direct cytotoxic effect."}
{"id": "PMID:890162", "title": "Pentachlorophenol distribution in a fresh water ecosystem.", "content": "The results of this investigation have shown that PCP persisted in leaf litter and sediments for at least seventeen months following contamination. This persistence provides a potential for continuous contamination of the water column and biological magnification via detritus- and benthic-feeding organisms. An investigation of these factors is presently underway.", "contents": "Pentachlorophenol distribution in a fresh water ecosystem. The results of this investigation have shown that PCP persisted in leaf litter and sediments for at least seventeen months following contamination. This persistence provides a potential for continuous contamination of the water column and biological magnification via detritus- and benthic-feeding organisms. An investigation of these factors is presently underway."}
{"id": "PMID:890190", "title": "Alcohol and the fetus.", "content": "Current data clearly point to an association between chronic maternal alcoholism and serious morphological and developmental abnormalities in the fetus. When these abnormalities are severe the condition is recognizable as the fetal alcohol syndrome. However, this represents only the most severe end of a spectrum of abnormalities, some of which may be found in a proportion of infants exposed to lesser amounts of alcohol during pregnancy. Alcohol is an avoidable hazard for the fetus, but only through increased awareness by the medical community and improved education of the lay public may we hope to control this problem.", "contents": "Alcohol and the fetus. Current data clearly point to an association between chronic maternal alcoholism and serious morphological and developmental abnormalities in the fetus. When these abnormalities are severe the condition is recognizable as the fetal alcohol syndrome. However, this represents only the most severe end of a spectrum of abnormalities, some of which may be found in a proportion of infants exposed to lesser amounts of alcohol during pregnancy. Alcohol is an avoidable hazard for the fetus, but only through increased awareness by the medical community and improved education of the lay public may we hope to control this problem."}
{"id": "PMID:890197", "title": "Vein grafts in microvascular surgery.", "content": "The judicious use of vein grafts will lessen the incidence of thrombosis in microvascular surgery and allow digits to be replanted without excessive shortening. In 38 vein grafts only 5 thromboses occurred.", "contents": "Vein grafts in microvascular surgery. The judicious use of vein grafts will lessen the incidence of thrombosis in microvascular surgery and allow digits to be replanted without excessive shortening. In 38 vein grafts only 5 thromboses occurred."}
{"id": "PMID:890202", "title": "Surgical treatment of cutis verticis gyrata: a report of 2 cases.", "content": "Two cases of cutis verticis gyrata underwent partial excision supplemented by relaxation incisions under the folds with satisfactory results. This method may well be useful in treating selected cases of the primary type as well as those of secondary type.", "contents": "Surgical treatment of cutis verticis gyrata: a report of 2 cases. Two cases of cutis verticis gyrata underwent partial excision supplemented by relaxation incisions under the folds with satisfactory results. This method may well be useful in treating selected cases of the primary type as well as those of secondary type."}
{"id": "PMID:890206", "title": "Effect of two hemicholiniums on the disposition and distribution of endogenous free choline in anaesthetized rabbits.", "content": "1 The effects of hemicholinium no. 3 (HC-3) and its p-terphenyl analogue (TPHC-3) on the disposition and distribution of free choline were studied in rabbits under pentobarbitone anaesthesia. Free choline was determined by bioassay. 2 The respiration of animals given 0.35 mumol/kg of HC-3 was hardly affected; however, 4 out of 6 rabbits given the same dose of TPHC-3 exhibited varying degrees of respiratory impairment. All animals that received 2 injections (1 h apart) of either HC-3 (1.4 mumol/kg) or TPHC-3 (0.7 mumol/kg) developed respiratory difficulty about 1 h after the second injection. 3 The respiratory distress was accompanied by a 2 to 15-fold rise in plasma choline concentration. This rise has been attributed to hypoxia. 4 In experiments in which choline has been infused it was observed that HC-3 could impair the animal's ability to dispose of exogenous choline. In control rabbits neither HC-3 nor TPHC-3 produced changes in plasma choline concentrations unless the respiration was depressed. 5 Either HC-3 or TPHC-3 (both at 0.35 mumol/kg) significantly (P less than 0.05) reduced the kidney choline concentration by 40% and 30% respectively; both hemicholiniums raised the lung choline concentration by about 35%. Only TPHC-3 caused a significant rise (40%) in liver choline. The choline concentrations in other tissues were unaffected by the hemicholiniums.", "contents": "Effect of two hemicholiniums on the disposition and distribution of endogenous free choline in anaesthetized rabbits. 1 The effects of hemicholinium no. 3 (HC-3) and its p-terphenyl analogue (TPHC-3) on the disposition and distribution of free choline were studied in rabbits under pentobarbitone anaesthesia. Free choline was determined by bioassay. 2 The respiration of animals given 0.35 mumol/kg of HC-3 was hardly affected; however, 4 out of 6 rabbits given the same dose of TPHC-3 exhibited varying degrees of respiratory impairment. All animals that received 2 injections (1 h apart) of either HC-3 (1.4 mumol/kg) or TPHC-3 (0.7 mumol/kg) developed respiratory difficulty about 1 h after the second injection. 3 The respiratory distress was accompanied by a 2 to 15-fold rise in plasma choline concentration. This rise has been attributed to hypoxia. 4 In experiments in which choline has been infused it was observed that HC-3 could impair the animal's ability to dispose of exogenous choline. In control rabbits neither HC-3 nor TPHC-3 produced changes in plasma choline concentrations unless the respiration was depressed. 5 Either HC-3 or TPHC-3 (both at 0.35 mumol/kg) significantly (P less than 0.05) reduced the kidney choline concentration by 40% and 30% respectively; both hemicholiniums raised the lung choline concentration by about 35%. Only TPHC-3 caused a significant rise (40%) in liver choline. The choline concentrations in other tissues were unaffected by the hemicholiniums."}
{"id": "PMID:890207", "title": "The effects of morphine on the accumulation of homovanillic and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acids in the choroid plexus of rats.", "content": "1 Choroid plexus obtained from the lateral ventricles of the rat actively accumulated homovanillic acid (HVA) and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA). 2 Morphine 5 X 10(-6) M to 5 X 10(-4)M potentiated 5-HIAA accumulation but did not affect HVA accumulation. Levorphanol and dextorphan had little effect. 3 Naloxone at high concentrations inhibited both HVA and 5-HIAA accumulation. 4 Glutamic acid, glycine, and arginine also decreased 5-HIAA accumulation, but lysine, tryptophan, and aspartic acid had no effect. 5 Probenecid, naloxone, arginine, glycine, and tryptophan blocked the increase of 5-HIAA accumulation induced by morphine. 6 Acute or chronic morphine treatment did not increase the accumulation of 5-HIAA. 7 These results suggest that the increase of 5-HIAA or HVA in brain by morphine is not due to the inhibition of the elimination of these metabolites from the choroid plexus.", "contents": "The effects of morphine on the accumulation of homovanillic and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acids in the choroid plexus of rats. 1 Choroid plexus obtained from the lateral ventricles of the rat actively accumulated homovanillic acid (HVA) and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA). 2 Morphine 5 X 10(-6) M to 5 X 10(-4)M potentiated 5-HIAA accumulation but did not affect HVA accumulation. Levorphanol and dextorphan had little effect. 3 Naloxone at high concentrations inhibited both HVA and 5-HIAA accumulation. 4 Glutamic acid, glycine, and arginine also decreased 5-HIAA accumulation, but lysine, tryptophan, and aspartic acid had no effect. 5 Probenecid, naloxone, arginine, glycine, and tryptophan blocked the increase of 5-HIAA accumulation induced by morphine. 6 Acute or chronic morphine treatment did not increase the accumulation of 5-HIAA. 7 These results suggest that the increase of 5-HIAA or HVA in brain by morphine is not due to the inhibition of the elimination of these metabolites from the choroid plexus."}
{"id": "PMID:890208", "title": "Some observations on the anorectic activity of prostaglandin F2alpha.", "content": "1 Intracerebroventricular injection of prostanglandin F2alpha (10-40 microgram) decreases food intake in a dose-dependent manner in rats trained to consume their daily total food intake in a 2 h period. 2 This anorexia is also observed in satiated rats, which had ad libitum access to food. 3 The anorectic activity of prostaglandin F2alpha is not modified by changes in the internal environment of the body after food intake, such as increased blood glucose and insulin levels and decreased fatty acid levels, or by the presence or absence of food in the stomach, as is evident from the anorectic activity of prostaglandin F2alpha in partially satiated rats. 4 The anorexia is not due to pain or irritative properties of prostaglandin F2alpha since induction of comparable pain with 3% acetic acid does not affect food intake in rats deprived of food for 22 hours. 5 Anorectic doses of prostaglandin F2alpha when injected intraperitoneally cause hypothermia. 6 The results suggest that the inhibitory activity of prostaglandin F2alpha on food intake is at both peripheral and central sites. 7 Prostaglandin F2alpha-induced anorexia is associated with the behavioural tranquilization that is seen after the ingestion of food.", "contents": "Some observations on the anorectic activity of prostaglandin F2alpha. 1 Intracerebroventricular injection of prostanglandin F2alpha (10-40 microgram) decreases food intake in a dose-dependent manner in rats trained to consume their daily total food intake in a 2 h period. 2 This anorexia is also observed in satiated rats, which had ad libitum access to food. 3 The anorectic activity of prostaglandin F2alpha is not modified by changes in the internal environment of the body after food intake, such as increased blood glucose and insulin levels and decreased fatty acid levels, or by the presence or absence of food in the stomach, as is evident from the anorectic activity of prostaglandin F2alpha in partially satiated rats. 4 The anorexia is not due to pain or irritative properties of prostaglandin F2alpha since induction of comparable pain with 3% acetic acid does not affect food intake in rats deprived of food for 22 hours. 5 Anorectic doses of prostaglandin F2alpha when injected intraperitoneally cause hypothermia. 6 The results suggest that the inhibitory activity of prostaglandin F2alpha on food intake is at both peripheral and central sites. 7 Prostaglandin F2alpha-induced anorexia is associated with the behavioural tranquilization that is seen after the ingestion of food."}
{"id": "PMID:890209", "title": "Anorectic activity of prostaglandin precursors.", "content": "1 Intraperitoneal and intragastric (i.g.) administration of prostaglandin precursors arachidonic (2 mg, 15 mg/kg, i.p; 30 mg/kg i.g.), linolenic (100 mg/kg i.p.; 200 mg/kg, i.g.) and linoleic (15, 100 mg/kg, i.p.; 100 mg/kg, i.g.) acids to 22 h food-deprived rats inhibits food intake. 2 This anorexia is similar to that induced by prostaglandin F2alpha (1 mg/kg, i.p.). 3 At anorectic doses these fatty acids do not cause pyrexia, in fact arachidonic acid causes hypothermia. 4 Prior treatment with indomethacin (15 mg/kg) and paracetamol (50 mg/kg) specifically reverses the anorexia and the behavioural satiety induced by the three fatty acids, while not affecting prostaglandin F2alpha-induced suppression of food intake. 5 Results of the present experiments suggest that both physiological and pharmacological modification of appetite could be brought about through an effect on prostaglandin generating systems.", "contents": "Anorectic activity of prostaglandin precursors. 1 Intraperitoneal and intragastric (i.g.) administration of prostaglandin precursors arachidonic (2 mg, 15 mg/kg, i.p; 30 mg/kg i.g.), linolenic (100 mg/kg i.p.; 200 mg/kg, i.g.) and linoleic (15, 100 mg/kg, i.p.; 100 mg/kg, i.g.) acids to 22 h food-deprived rats inhibits food intake. 2 This anorexia is similar to that induced by prostaglandin F2alpha (1 mg/kg, i.p.). 3 At anorectic doses these fatty acids do not cause pyrexia, in fact arachidonic acid causes hypothermia. 4 Prior treatment with indomethacin (15 mg/kg) and paracetamol (50 mg/kg) specifically reverses the anorexia and the behavioural satiety induced by the three fatty acids, while not affecting prostaglandin F2alpha-induced suppression of food intake. 5 Results of the present experiments suggest that both physiological and pharmacological modification of appetite could be brought about through an effect on prostaglandin generating systems."}
{"id": "PMID:890210", "title": "The effect of cloprostenol on human luteal steroid and prostaglandin secretion in vitro.", "content": "1 Human luteal tissue slices from days 18, 21 and 25 of the menstrual cycle were superfused in vitro with Medium 199 alone or containing cloprostenol (1 microgram/ml). Concentrations of progesterone, oestradiol-17beta and prostaglandins F2alpha and E2 were determined in the superfusate samples. 2 Secretion of steroids and prostaglandins was maintained at an approximately constant level throughout the experiments (21 h in one case) when the tissue was perfused with M199 alone. 3 Superfusion with cloprostenol (1 microgram/ml) resulted in an initial depression of progesterone and oestradiol-17beta but this was not maintained, levels returning to control values or showing an increase, while superfusion with cloprostenol continued. Cloprostenol is not therefore considered to be luteolytic at this dose and under these conditions for human luteal tissue in vitro. 4 Superfusion with cloprostenol (1 microgram/ml) also resulted in a large stimulation of secretion of endogenous prostaglandin F2 alpha following a short lag phase. This stimulation was possibly due to the initial depression of progesterone secretion. A short-lived stimulation of prostaglandin E2 secretion was also observed. 5 The significance of the increase in prostaglandin E2 secretion and the interrelationships between the various changes observed with cloprostenol are difficult to interpret.", "contents": "The effect of cloprostenol on human luteal steroid and prostaglandin secretion in vitro. 1 Human luteal tissue slices from days 18, 21 and 25 of the menstrual cycle were superfused in vitro with Medium 199 alone or containing cloprostenol (1 microgram/ml). Concentrations of progesterone, oestradiol-17beta and prostaglandins F2alpha and E2 were determined in the superfusate samples. 2 Secretion of steroids and prostaglandins was maintained at an approximately constant level throughout the experiments (21 h in one case) when the tissue was perfused with M199 alone. 3 Superfusion with cloprostenol (1 microgram/ml) resulted in an initial depression of progesterone and oestradiol-17beta but this was not maintained, levels returning to control values or showing an increase, while superfusion with cloprostenol continued. Cloprostenol is not therefore considered to be luteolytic at this dose and under these conditions for human luteal tissue in vitro. 4 Superfusion with cloprostenol (1 microgram/ml) also resulted in a large stimulation of secretion of endogenous prostaglandin F2 alpha following a short lag phase. This stimulation was possibly due to the initial depression of progesterone secretion. A short-lived stimulation of prostaglandin E2 secretion was also observed. 5 The significance of the increase in prostaglandin E2 secretion and the interrelationships between the various changes observed with cloprostenol are difficult to interpret."}
{"id": "PMID:890211", "title": "Effects of atenolol on regional myocardial blood flow and ST segment elevation in the canine myocardium.", "content": "1 The effects of atenolol on regional myocardial blood flow (RMBF) and on ST segment elevation were studied both in normal and ischaemic regions of the myocardium in dogs. Some of the experiments were performed with cardiac pacing or after bilateral stellectomy. 2 In the absence of cardiac pacing, atenolol (1 mg/kg, i.v.) induced a marked reduction in heart rate and contractile force and a decrease in RMBF, which was of the same magnitude in normal and ischaemic areas. There was no modification in the endo/epi flow ratio. ST segment elevation in ischaemic areas was significantly reduced. 3 Bilateral stellectomy induced similar effects to those of atenolol. Atenolol after bilateral stellectomy exhibited no additional effects. 4 In dogs submitted to cardiac pacing, atenolol no longer decreased RMBF and ST segment elevation. 5 These results demonstrate that with atenolol, there is no correlation between bradycardia and the endo/epi flow ratio while there is one between bradycardia and reduction in ST segment elevation.", "contents": "Effects of atenolol on regional myocardial blood flow and ST segment elevation in the canine myocardium. 1 The effects of atenolol on regional myocardial blood flow (RMBF) and on ST segment elevation were studied both in normal and ischaemic regions of the myocardium in dogs. Some of the experiments were performed with cardiac pacing or after bilateral stellectomy. 2 In the absence of cardiac pacing, atenolol (1 mg/kg, i.v.) induced a marked reduction in heart rate and contractile force and a decrease in RMBF, which was of the same magnitude in normal and ischaemic areas. There was no modification in the endo/epi flow ratio. ST segment elevation in ischaemic areas was significantly reduced. 3 Bilateral stellectomy induced similar effects to those of atenolol. Atenolol after bilateral stellectomy exhibited no additional effects. 4 In dogs submitted to cardiac pacing, atenolol no longer decreased RMBF and ST segment elevation. 5 These results demonstrate that with atenolol, there is no correlation between bradycardia and the endo/epi flow ratio while there is one between bradycardia and reduction in ST segment elevation."}
{"id": "PMID:890213", "title": "Reversal of prostaglandin E2 effect on adrenal catecholamine release after hypophysectomy.", "content": "Prostaglandin E2 induced increased catecholamine release in vitro from adrenals of hypophysectomized rats, while in adrenals of intact rats catecholamine release was suppressed by prostaglandin E2.", "contents": "Reversal of prostaglandin E2 effect on adrenal catecholamine release after hypophysectomy. Prostaglandin E2 induced increased catecholamine release in vitro from adrenals of hypophysectomized rats, while in adrenals of intact rats catecholamine release was suppressed by prostaglandin E2."}
{"id": "PMID:890212", "title": "Mechanisms underlying gastric mucosal damage induced by indomethacin and bile-salts, and the actions of prostaglandins.", "content": "1 The mechanisms by which -he bile salt, sodium taurocholate, potentiates the formation of gastric mucosal erosions induced by indomethacin has been investigated in the rat. 2 Systemic administration of indomethacin lowered resting mucosal blood flow but had no effect on the acid back-diffusion across the mucosa. 3 Gastric perfusion of taurocholate in acid solution increased acid back-diffusion and lowered the potential differences. This was accompanied by an increase in mucosal blood flow, which may represent a protective mechanism in the mucosa. 4 Administration of indomethacin during acid-taurocholate perfusion reduced this elevated mucosal blood flow without any further change in acid back-diffusion. 5 The results suggest that although a decrease in mucosal blood flow or an increase in acid back-diffusion can lead to a low incidence of erosions, a combination of both produces extensive mucosal damage. 6 The (15S)-methyl analogue of prostaglandin E2 reduced erosion formation induced by indomethacin and acid-taurocholate administration. 7 It is suggested that this protective action of the prostaglandin analogue may be linked to changes in gastric mucosal permeability and in mucosal blood flow.", "contents": "Mechanisms underlying gastric mucosal damage induced by indomethacin and bile-salts, and the actions of prostaglandins. 1 The mechanisms by which -he bile salt, sodium taurocholate, potentiates the formation of gastric mucosal erosions induced by indomethacin has been investigated in the rat. 2 Systemic administration of indomethacin lowered resting mucosal blood flow but had no effect on the acid back-diffusion across the mucosa. 3 Gastric perfusion of taurocholate in acid solution increased acid back-diffusion and lowered the potential differences. This was accompanied by an increase in mucosal blood flow, which may represent a protective mechanism in the mucosa. 4 Administration of indomethacin during acid-taurocholate perfusion reduced this elevated mucosal blood flow without any further change in acid back-diffusion. 5 The results suggest that although a decrease in mucosal blood flow or an increase in acid back-diffusion can lead to a low incidence of erosions, a combination of both produces extensive mucosal damage. 6 The (15S)-methyl analogue of prostaglandin E2 reduced erosion formation induced by indomethacin and acid-taurocholate administration. 7 It is suggested that this protective action of the prostaglandin analogue may be linked to changes in gastric mucosal permeability and in mucosal blood flow."}
{"id": "PMID:890214", "title": "Experimenter bias against subliminal perception? Comments on a replication.", "content": "Criticizes three replications of experiments on subliminal perception for not being true replications. The lack of subliminal effects in the replications could very well be explained by a change from sensitive to insensitive instruments of measurement.", "contents": "Experimenter bias against subliminal perception? Comments on a replication. Criticizes three replications of experiments on subliminal perception for not being true replications. The lack of subliminal effects in the replications could very well be explained by a change from sensitive to insensitive instruments of measurement."}
{"id": "PMID:890215", "title": "Experimenter bias against subliminal perception? A rejoinder.", "content": "The basis for Spence & Smith's (1977) critique of three replications of subliminal perception experiments is judged to be conjectural. The case that the replications were less sensitive to subliminal perception effects than the original experiments is evaluated and rebutted.", "contents": "Experimenter bias against subliminal perception? A rejoinder. The basis for Spence & Smith's (1977) critique of three replications of subliminal perception experiments is judged to be conjectural. The case that the replications were less sensitive to subliminal perception effects than the original experiments is evaluated and rebutted."}
{"id": "PMID:890216", "title": "Self-rated imagery and vividness of task pictures in relation to visual memory.", "content": "Marks (1973) and Gur & Hilgard (1975) have reported success in predicting performance in visual-memory tasks from scores in a questionnaire of self-rated vividness of imagery, i.e. the Vividness of Visual Imagery Questionnaire (VVIQ; Marks, 1973). The results obtained were attributed to the use of the VVIQ and pictures with a high degree of vividness in the memory task. These findings were disconfirmed in two experiments in which the VVIQ was used and vivid pictures were presented in the memory tasks. Subjects were to judge whether pairs of similar, successively presented pictures were identical or not. The results indicated that subjects rated as 'good' imagers did not perform differently from those rated as 'poor' imagers. The influences of demand characteristics in the previous experiments and differences in experimental procedures were referred to as possible causes of the observed inconsistencies in results. It is also suggested that questionnaires of self-rated visual imagery are ineffective as predictors of performance, since they only cover a limited aspect of imagery.", "contents": "Self-rated imagery and vividness of task pictures in relation to visual memory. Marks (1973) and Gur & Hilgard (1975) have reported success in predicting performance in visual-memory tasks from scores in a questionnaire of self-rated vividness of imagery, i.e. the Vividness of Visual Imagery Questionnaire (VVIQ; Marks, 1973). The results obtained were attributed to the use of the VVIQ and pictures with a high degree of vividness in the memory task. These findings were disconfirmed in two experiments in which the VVIQ was used and vivid pictures were presented in the memory tasks. Subjects were to judge whether pairs of similar, successively presented pictures were identical or not. The results indicated that subjects rated as 'good' imagers did not perform differently from those rated as 'poor' imagers. The influences of demand characteristics in the previous experiments and differences in experimental procedures were referred to as possible causes of the observed inconsistencies in results. It is also suggested that questionnaires of self-rated visual imagery are ineffective as predictors of performance, since they only cover a limited aspect of imagery."}
{"id": "PMID:890217", "title": "A developmental study of the effects of instructions on visual shape judgements.", "content": "Previous developmental studies of visual shape judgements have failed to instruct subjects clearly as to the type of shape judgements required. Using the method of adjustment 180 subjects in five age groups, 6, 8, 10, 12 and 19 years, were instructed to judge either the real or projected shape of an elliptical standard slanted 39, 57 and 72 degrees from the fronto-parallel. No age changes were found in the tendency towards shape constancy. Objective shape judgements exhibited a significantly greater degree of constancy than projective judgements and there was no decline in constancy with increasing slant of the standard under objective instructions, in contrast to a marked decline under projective instructions. Female subjects consistently manifested a greater tendency towards shape constancy than males.", "contents": "A developmental study of the effects of instructions on visual shape judgements. Previous developmental studies of visual shape judgements have failed to instruct subjects clearly as to the type of shape judgements required. Using the method of adjustment 180 subjects in five age groups, 6, 8, 10, 12 and 19 years, were instructed to judge either the real or projected shape of an elliptical standard slanted 39, 57 and 72 degrees from the fronto-parallel. No age changes were found in the tendency towards shape constancy. Objective shape judgements exhibited a significantly greater degree of constancy than projective judgements and there was no decline in constancy with increasing slant of the standard under objective instructions, in contrast to a marked decline under projective instructions. Female subjects consistently manifested a greater tendency towards shape constancy than males."}
{"id": "PMID:890218", "title": "Evidence that focal processing involves a build-up of a visual object.", "content": "Subjects were required to make one of three judgements when presented with a tachistoscopically displayed letter, and the PEST procedure was used to obtain point estimates of the stimulus exposure time required to yield a 50 per cent (corrected for chance) level of accuracy. The judgements were ordered in terms of the information required, and on the assumption that pattern recognition involves the build-up of an appropriate visual object (Neisser, 1967), it was predicted that as the visual representation required to make a judgement increased in detail, the exposure time required would also increase. The results showed that stimulus exposure time increased as subjects located at one of four positions, classified as angular or circular, and identified a letter from the set F,T,O,Q. The type of information required to make these judgements, changed from the figure-ground discrimination needed for location, to the detailed level of representation needed for identification. Therefore, the results supported the prediction and were taken as evidence that pattern recognition involves the build-up of a visual object. The judgements location, classification, and identification were also made on a letter from the set F,f,Q,q, but in this case the classification judgement required subjects to name the letter independent of its case. The results showed that naming was just as difficult as identifying and this suggested that the level of representation required to name the letter was the same as that required to identify it.", "contents": "Evidence that focal processing involves a build-up of a visual object. Subjects were required to make one of three judgements when presented with a tachistoscopically displayed letter, and the PEST procedure was used to obtain point estimates of the stimulus exposure time required to yield a 50 per cent (corrected for chance) level of accuracy. The judgements were ordered in terms of the information required, and on the assumption that pattern recognition involves the build-up of an appropriate visual object (Neisser, 1967), it was predicted that as the visual representation required to make a judgement increased in detail, the exposure time required would also increase. The results showed that stimulus exposure time increased as subjects located at one of four positions, classified as angular or circular, and identified a letter from the set F,T,O,Q. The type of information required to make these judgements, changed from the figure-ground discrimination needed for location, to the detailed level of representation needed for identification. Therefore, the results supported the prediction and were taken as evidence that pattern recognition involves the build-up of a visual object. The judgements location, classification, and identification were also made on a letter from the set F,f,Q,q, but in this case the classification judgement required subjects to name the letter independent of its case. The results showed that naming was just as difficult as identifying and this suggested that the level of representation required to name the letter was the same as that required to identify it."}
{"id": "PMID:890219", "title": "The influence of secondary depth cues on the understanding by Nigerian schoolboys of spatial relationships in pictures.", "content": "The ability of 105 Nigerian schoolboys to interpret pictures three-dimensionally was studied as a function of changing the number of depth cues on moving from monochrome photographs incorporating the effects of shadow, through fully cued line drawings, to line drawings containing only elevation cues. The experiment also investigated the effects of different amounts of previous formal training in technical drawing on performance in these tasks. The results showed a significant increase in performance as the number of depth cues increased above that contained in the minimum cued line drawings. However, the difference between the effects of fully cued line drawings and the photographs was not significant. Neither the main nor interaction effects relating to levels of formal training in technical drawing were significant.", "contents": "The influence of secondary depth cues on the understanding by Nigerian schoolboys of spatial relationships in pictures. The ability of 105 Nigerian schoolboys to interpret pictures three-dimensionally was studied as a function of changing the number of depth cues on moving from monochrome photographs incorporating the effects of shadow, through fully cued line drawings, to line drawings containing only elevation cues. The experiment also investigated the effects of different amounts of previous formal training in technical drawing on performance in these tasks. The results showed a significant increase in performance as the number of depth cues increased above that contained in the minimum cued line drawings. However, the difference between the effects of fully cued line drawings and the photographs was not significant. Neither the main nor interaction effects relating to levels of formal training in technical drawing were significant."}
{"id": "PMID:890220", "title": "Effects of high intensity white noise on short-term memory for position in a list and sequence.", "content": "Seven experiments are described investigating the effect of high intensity white noise during the visual presentation of words on a number of short-term memory tasks. The findings were: 1. In a free recall task recall of items decreased at the highest intensity used (85 dB) compared with a quiet and a 75 dB condition. 2. In free recall, recall by category decreased and recall in the original sequence increased in the 75 dB compared with the other two conditions. 3. Recall of the position of words in the list increased as noise intensity increased, but only when the learning of position was incidental, not when it was intentional. It is inferred that the effect is due to direction of attention or change in the learning strategy. 4. Recall of the original sequence (as shown by the ability to give in response to a word from a list the word which had followed it in the original list) was superior in the 75 dB compared with the other two conditions, but only when recall of the second word was required, not when it had to be recognized among all the items from the original list. It is argued that this can be explained if noise intensity affects the strength of traces and hence the interconnexions established between them, on which retrieval depends. The results for position learning are compatible with the theories of Hockey & Hamilton (1970) or Dornic (1973), but the results for sequence learning cannot be explained by either of these theories. A final experiment confirmed a prediction from the above theory that when recalling the original sequence, omissions (recalling no word) will decrease and transpositions (giving the wrong word) will increase as noise level increases.", "contents": "Effects of high intensity white noise on short-term memory for position in a list and sequence. Seven experiments are described investigating the effect of high intensity white noise during the visual presentation of words on a number of short-term memory tasks. The findings were: 1. In a free recall task recall of items decreased at the highest intensity used (85 dB) compared with a quiet and a 75 dB condition. 2. In free recall, recall by category decreased and recall in the original sequence increased in the 75 dB compared with the other two conditions. 3. Recall of the position of words in the list increased as noise intensity increased, but only when the learning of position was incidental, not when it was intentional. It is inferred that the effect is due to direction of attention or change in the learning strategy. 4. Recall of the original sequence (as shown by the ability to give in response to a word from a list the word which had followed it in the original list) was superior in the 75 dB compared with the other two conditions, but only when recall of the second word was required, not when it had to be recognized among all the items from the original list. It is argued that this can be explained if noise intensity affects the strength of traces and hence the interconnexions established between them, on which retrieval depends. The results for position learning are compatible with the theories of Hockey & Hamilton (1970) or Dornic (1973), but the results for sequence learning cannot be explained by either of these theories. A final experiment confirmed a prediction from the above theory that when recalling the original sequence, omissions (recalling no word) will decrease and transpositions (giving the wrong word) will increase as noise level increases."}
{"id": "PMID:890221", "title": "The structure of visual and kinaesthetic imagery: a free association study.", "content": "A free association technique was used to investigate the semantic structure of three forms of encoding: verbal, visual imagery, and kinaesthetic imagery. Kinaesthetic imagery involves imagined bodily identification with the stimuli (animal names) and is included because of its possible involvement in creativity, and in view of the importance of enactive representation in cognitive development. The analysis of evoked associations in terms of the propositional relations they bear to the stimuli, shows that the actor-action-object framework is particularly important in kinaesthetic imagery, and the whole-part structure in visual imagery. Verbal representation gives rise to various abstract and phonemically based association types. The relevance of these findings to creativity and to the concept of semantic memory is discussed.", "contents": "The structure of visual and kinaesthetic imagery: a free association study. A free association technique was used to investigate the semantic structure of three forms of encoding: verbal, visual imagery, and kinaesthetic imagery. Kinaesthetic imagery involves imagined bodily identification with the stimuli (animal names) and is included because of its possible involvement in creativity, and in view of the importance of enactive representation in cognitive development. The analysis of evoked associations in terms of the propositional relations they bear to the stimuli, shows that the actor-action-object framework is particularly important in kinaesthetic imagery, and the whole-part structure in visual imagery. Verbal representation gives rise to various abstract and phonemically based association types. The relevance of these findings to creativity and to the concept of semantic memory is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:890222", "title": "Is the lemon test an index of arousal level?", "content": "On the basis of numerous studies, it was predicted that salivary output to lemon juice would increase in a noisy relative to a quiet environment. Following the accepted procedure (Corcoran, 1964) salivary output to lemon juice was measured under quiet conditions; then experimental subjects selected a level of noise 'just too loud for comfort' and the salivary index was reassessed. Controls were treated identically except that both measures were conducted in the quiet. It was found that salivation increased in noise, and the weight of saliva produced correlated with the level of noise chosen.", "contents": "Is the lemon test an index of arousal level? On the basis of numerous studies, it was predicted that salivary output to lemon juice would increase in a noisy relative to a quiet environment. Following the accepted procedure (Corcoran, 1964) salivary output to lemon juice was measured under quiet conditions; then experimental subjects selected a level of noise 'just too loud for comfort' and the salivary index was reassessed. Controls were treated identically except that both measures were conducted in the quiet. It was found that salivation increased in noise, and the weight of saliva produced correlated with the level of noise chosen."}
{"id": "PMID:890223", "title": "Tobacco smoking, personality and sex factors in auditory vigilance performance.", "content": "A total of 120 university students comprising equal groups of male and female non-smokers, smokers not smoking and smokers smoking; were compared for performance on a 60 min auditory vigilance task. Non-smokers consistently detected more signals throughout the test. A significant interaction showed that while non-smokers detected fewer signals as the test progressed, smokers increased their number of detections. There were no sex differences and no overall EPI differences in scores, although extraverted non-smokers gave significantly higher scores than introverted non-smokers with the converse being present for smokers. The results are discussed in relation to hippocampal functions and indicate that smoking should be taken into account in experiments involving sustained attention.", "contents": "Tobacco smoking, personality and sex factors in auditory vigilance performance. A total of 120 university students comprising equal groups of male and female non-smokers, smokers not smoking and smokers smoking; were compared for performance on a 60 min auditory vigilance task. Non-smokers consistently detected more signals throughout the test. A significant interaction showed that while non-smokers detected fewer signals as the test progressed, smokers increased their number of detections. There were no sex differences and no overall EPI differences in scores, although extraverted non-smokers gave significantly higher scores than introverted non-smokers with the converse being present for smokers. The results are discussed in relation to hippocampal functions and indicate that smoking should be taken into account in experiments involving sustained attention."}
{"id": "PMID:890224", "title": "A psychophysiological study of paranoid hostility and defensiveness in maximum security hospital patients.", "content": "In this study male security hospital patients are compared against male students on L scores, and on the relationship between scores on Eysenck's P scale and an index of change in muscle tension on attending to perceptual discrimination tasks. In the student sample P score gave a significant positive correlation with the EMG index, while L scores were remarkably low. Results on the hospitalized population showed that the measure of increase in muscle tension was again very significantly correlated with P, but the correlation was negative. This switch is highly significant (P less than 0.0001). Also, with patients, a significant positive correlation occurred between L and the EMG index. The results are interpreted by reference to L scores, since the deviant population had significantly higher L scores than students (P less than 0.001). It is argued that many patients detained for an undefined period are highly defensive and fake socially good. It is proposed that those faking most may be the extreme paranoid and hostile types who, if they had nothing to lose by being honest, would normally endorse a large number of items on the P scale.", "contents": "A psychophysiological study of paranoid hostility and defensiveness in maximum security hospital patients. In this study male security hospital patients are compared against male students on L scores, and on the relationship between scores on Eysenck's P scale and an index of change in muscle tension on attending to perceptual discrimination tasks. In the student sample P score gave a significant positive correlation with the EMG index, while L scores were remarkably low. Results on the hospitalized population showed that the measure of increase in muscle tension was again very significantly correlated with P, but the correlation was negative. This switch is highly significant (P less than 0.0001). Also, with patients, a significant positive correlation occurred between L and the EMG index. The results are interpreted by reference to L scores, since the deviant population had significantly higher L scores than students (P less than 0.001). It is argued that many patients detained for an undefined period are highly defensive and fake socially good. It is proposed that those faking most may be the extreme paranoid and hostile types who, if they had nothing to lose by being honest, would normally endorse a large number of items on the P scale."}
{"id": "PMID:890225", "title": "Tactual and name matching by blind children.", "content": "The hypothesis that letters can be matched on the basis of tactual physical features was tested in three experiments with blind Braille-reading children. Experiment I compared simultaneous matching of pairs of normal (S) and enlarged (E) format Braille letters. Under physical match instructions latencies for SS pairs were significantly faster than for other pairs, but matching EE pairs which compared two difficult letters under physical match instructions was no slower than matching SE or ES letters which compared one easy and one difficult letter under name match instructions. Experiment II showed that successive physical matching of SS and EE letters was significantly faster than name matching of ES and SE letters respectively. Experiment III tested successive matching with two types of altered format (X and Y) under instructions to judge whether pairs were the same letter. Latencies did not differ between XX and YY pairs, but each was significantly faster than either XY or YX pairs. The results were deemed to support the hypothesis.", "contents": "Tactual and name matching by blind children. The hypothesis that letters can be matched on the basis of tactual physical features was tested in three experiments with blind Braille-reading children. Experiment I compared simultaneous matching of pairs of normal (S) and enlarged (E) format Braille letters. Under physical match instructions latencies for SS pairs were significantly faster than for other pairs, but matching EE pairs which compared two difficult letters under physical match instructions was no slower than matching SE or ES letters which compared one easy and one difficult letter under name match instructions. Experiment II showed that successive physical matching of SS and EE letters was significantly faster than name matching of ES and SE letters respectively. Experiment III tested successive matching with two types of altered format (X and Y) under instructions to judge whether pairs were the same letter. Latencies did not differ between XX and YY pairs, but each was significantly faster than either XY or YX pairs. The results were deemed to support the hypothesis."}
{"id": "PMID:890227", "title": "In vivo and in vitro assessment of barium sulphate suspensions.", "content": "In vitro methods of testing the efficiency of barium sulphate suspensions in delineating mucosal detail using canine cadaveric stomachs have been described in the literature. In this study a comparison is made between in vitro and in vivo tests in the stomach and small intestine of dogs, using several brands of barium sulphate. The results indicate that there is considerable variation in the behavior of these suspensions between the in vitro and in vivo tests particularly in the stomach. It is our view that in vitro tests of this sort are of little value for assessing the relative advantages and disadvantages of these suspensions in demonstrating mucosal detail.", "contents": "In vivo and in vitro assessment of barium sulphate suspensions. In vitro methods of testing the efficiency of barium sulphate suspensions in delineating mucosal detail using canine cadaveric stomachs have been described in the literature. In this study a comparison is made between in vitro and in vivo tests in the stomach and small intestine of dogs, using several brands of barium sulphate. The results indicate that there is considerable variation in the behavior of these suspensions between the in vitro and in vivo tests particularly in the stomach. It is our view that in vitro tests of this sort are of little value for assessing the relative advantages and disadvantages of these suspensions in demonstrating mucosal detail."}
{"id": "PMID:890228", "title": "Double contrast preparations: an in vitro study of some antifoaming agents.", "content": "An apparatus is described for the study of foam formation in double contrast preparations in vitro. Antifoaming agents are shown to be of considerable benefit to the double contrast technique, silicone and silicone-free antifoamers being equally effective. Silicone antifoamers are preferred because of their wide clinical acceptability. Antifoamer formulation and concentration are found to be critical factors in determining efficacy of foam suppression, and may lead to erroneous results in the clinic.", "contents": "Double contrast preparations: an in vitro study of some antifoaming agents. An apparatus is described for the study of foam formation in double contrast preparations in vitro. Antifoaming agents are shown to be of considerable benefit to the double contrast technique, silicone and silicone-free antifoamers being equally effective. Silicone antifoamers are preferred because of their wide clinical acceptability. Antifoamer formulation and concentration are found to be critical factors in determining efficacy of foam suppression, and may lead to erroneous results in the clinic."}
{"id": "PMID:890229", "title": "An evaluation of transverse axial emission tomography of the brain in the clinical situation.", "content": "The Aberdeen section scanner provides, in addition to conventional views, a display of the distribution of radioactivity in a tomographic section of the brain. This paper examined the value of this additional information. Scans of lesions confirmed pathologically or radiologically, along with normal and doubtful cases, were examined after a careful randomization procedure. During the course of the study each set of conventional views was examined twice, once without and once with a tomographic section view. In two out of 29 cases (7%) the lesion was diagnosed only with the aid of the tomographic section scan. Improved accuracy of diagnosis with the tomographic section view was significant at the 1% level or better.", "contents": "An evaluation of transverse axial emission tomography of the brain in the clinical situation. The Aberdeen section scanner provides, in addition to conventional views, a display of the distribution of radioactivity in a tomographic section of the brain. This paper examined the value of this additional information. Scans of lesions confirmed pathologically or radiologically, along with normal and doubtful cases, were examined after a careful randomization procedure. During the course of the study each set of conventional views was examined twice, once without and once with a tomographic section view. In two out of 29 cases (7%) the lesion was diagnosed only with the aid of the tomographic section scan. Improved accuracy of diagnosis with the tomographic section view was significant at the 1% level or better."}
{"id": "PMID:890230", "title": "99Tcm-diphosphonate scanning as an aid to diagnosis of infection in total hip joint replacements.", "content": "Local infection following total hip joint replacement is often difficult to diagnose. Bone scanning with 99Tcm-diphosphonate has been used in an attempt to detect such infection by assessing uptake of 99Tcm in the hip. Posterior view dot scans of patients with total hip joint replacements were analysed quantitatively to determine the ratios of dots in regions around the acetabular, trochanteric and femoral parts of the prosthesis compared with normal bone. The scans were also assessed visually. Patients with definite evidence of infection showed higher uptake than control patients. The clearest distinction in uptake between the two groups was in the femoral shaft region. The data from these two groups of patients were used to propose diagnostic criteria for detecting abnormalities on scans. These criteria were applied to scans of a third test group of patients who had painful hips, but no definite evidence of infection. The numerical method of analysis is less subjective and may therefore be preferable as a means of providing evidence for or against a diagnosis of infection in patients with painful hip replacements.", "contents": "99Tcm-diphosphonate scanning as an aid to diagnosis of infection in total hip joint replacements. Local infection following total hip joint replacement is often difficult to diagnose. Bone scanning with 99Tcm-diphosphonate has been used in an attempt to detect such infection by assessing uptake of 99Tcm in the hip. Posterior view dot scans of patients with total hip joint replacements were analysed quantitatively to determine the ratios of dots in regions around the acetabular, trochanteric and femoral parts of the prosthesis compared with normal bone. The scans were also assessed visually. Patients with definite evidence of infection showed higher uptake than control patients. The clearest distinction in uptake between the two groups was in the femoral shaft region. The data from these two groups of patients were used to propose diagnostic criteria for detecting abnormalities on scans. These criteria were applied to scans of a third test group of patients who had painful hips, but no definite evidence of infection. The numerical method of analysis is less subjective and may therefore be preferable as a means of providing evidence for or against a diagnosis of infection in patients with painful hip replacements."}
{"id": "PMID:890231", "title": "Re-irradiation of rat tails to necrosis at six months after treatment with a \"tolerance\" dose of x rays or neutrons.", "content": "Rat tails were re-irradiated to necrosis levels at about six months after various fractionated treatments with 290 kV X rays or 14 MeV neutrons. The X ray dose required to produce necrosis in half of a group of tails (ND50), which had been heavily X-irradiated six months before, was 91+/-4% of the ND50 for aged controls. After prior neutron-irradiation, however, this value was 87+/-4% (neutrons in second treatment) or 75+/-5% (X rays in second course). The \"effective\" oxygenation of mouse tails at this time after X-irradiation was similar to that of controls; thus these percentage dose values indicate the remarkable tolerance of this organized tissue to a second course of X-irradiation, and the presence of more residual injury in neutron-irradiated tissues.", "contents": "Re-irradiation of rat tails to necrosis at six months after treatment with a \"tolerance\" dose of x rays or neutrons. Rat tails were re-irradiated to necrosis levels at about six months after various fractionated treatments with 290 kV X rays or 14 MeV neutrons. The X ray dose required to produce necrosis in half of a group of tails (ND50), which had been heavily X-irradiated six months before, was 91+/-4% of the ND50 for aged controls. After prior neutron-irradiation, however, this value was 87+/-4% (neutrons in second treatment) or 75+/-5% (X rays in second course). The \"effective\" oxygenation of mouse tails at this time after X-irradiation was similar to that of controls; thus these percentage dose values indicate the remarkable tolerance of this organized tissue to a second course of X-irradiation, and the presence of more residual injury in neutron-irradiated tissues."}
{"id": "PMID:890232", "title": "The tolerance of re-irradiation of heavily irradiated human skin.", "content": "The clinical course of a group of 15 female patients treated with X-ray therapy for radiation-induced hypopharyngeal tumours is reviewed. Neither acute nor late skin reactions exceeded those expected in similar radical treatments of patients not previously irradiated. One patient appeared to have been cured by the treatment and four achieved two years' palliation. It is suggested that the tolerance of skin to re-irradiation following a long period may approach normal.", "contents": "The tolerance of re-irradiation of heavily irradiated human skin. The clinical course of a group of 15 female patients treated with X-ray therapy for radiation-induced hypopharyngeal tumours is reviewed. Neither acute nor late skin reactions exceeded those expected in similar radical treatments of patients not previously irradiated. One patient appeared to have been cured by the treatment and four achieved two years' palliation. It is suggested that the tolerance of skin to re-irradiation following a long period may approach normal."}
{"id": "PMID:890233", "title": "The response of the rat tail to hyperthermia.", "content": "When the cartilage of the tail of a baby rat is exposed to temperatures between 41 degrees C and 46 degrees C either necrosis or a small degree of stunting in growth may occur. Isoeffect curves relating time and temperature for both these endpoints for normal and clamped tissue were found to be parallel, a doubling of heating time or an increase in temperature of 1 degree C having the same effect in all cases. Clamping sensitizes the tails by a factor of about three in heating time, equivalent to a temperature difference of 1.5 degrees C. Arrhenius plots show an inactivation energy of 140 kcal/mole. This is similar to that found by other workers using different endpoints, and supports the suggestion that protein denaturation is a critical target for direct heat damage.", "contents": "The response of the rat tail to hyperthermia. When the cartilage of the tail of a baby rat is exposed to temperatures between 41 degrees C and 46 degrees C either necrosis or a small degree of stunting in growth may occur. Isoeffect curves relating time and temperature for both these endpoints for normal and clamped tissue were found to be parallel, a doubling of heating time or an increase in temperature of 1 degree C having the same effect in all cases. Clamping sensitizes the tails by a factor of about three in heating time, equivalent to a temperature difference of 1.5 degrees C. Arrhenius plots show an inactivation energy of 140 kcal/mole. This is similar to that found by other workers using different endpoints, and supports the suggestion that protein denaturation is a critical target for direct heat damage."}
{"id": "PMID:890234", "title": "The response of the rat tail to combined heat and x rays.", "content": "Moderate heat doses which, alone, cause no measurable response in the cartilage of the tail of the baby rat, may potentiate the effects of X-irradiation. The magnitude of the enhancement (the Thermal Enhancement Ratio, or TER) depends upon the heat dose in a similar way to that observed in other normal tissues. The thermal enhancement in the rat tail was also dependent on the dose of X rays, increasing with increasing dose. Potentiation was always greater when heat was applied before irradiation although the difference in TER between heating immediately before or after irradiation was less than 10%. Potentiation of X ray damage decreased steadily to zero as the heat and X-ray treatments were separated by increasing intervals of time. The loss of potentiation was more complete and more rapid when X rays were given before heating, but was also dependent on both the degree of heating and the dose of X rays.", "contents": "The response of the rat tail to combined heat and x rays. Moderate heat doses which, alone, cause no measurable response in the cartilage of the tail of the baby rat, may potentiate the effects of X-irradiation. The magnitude of the enhancement (the Thermal Enhancement Ratio, or TER) depends upon the heat dose in a similar way to that observed in other normal tissues. The thermal enhancement in the rat tail was also dependent on the dose of X rays, increasing with increasing dose. Potentiation was always greater when heat was applied before irradiation although the difference in TER between heating immediately before or after irradiation was less than 10%. Potentiation of X ray damage decreased steadily to zero as the heat and X-ray treatments were separated by increasing intervals of time. The loss of potentiation was more complete and more rapid when X rays were given before heating, but was also dependent on both the degree of heating and the dose of X rays."}
{"id": "PMID:890235", "title": "A radioprotective effect of vitamin C observed in Chinese hamster ovary cells.", "content": "Vitamin C at high concentrations was found to inhibit the growth of CHO clone A cells in culture. It had a radioprotective effect, giving a maximum increase in cell survival of a factor of seven under the experimental conditions used. The protective effect was mainly but not exclusively attributable to an increase in the Do, the maximum increase observed being the order of 1.4.", "contents": "A radioprotective effect of vitamin C observed in Chinese hamster ovary cells. Vitamin C at high concentrations was found to inhibit the growth of CHO clone A cells in culture. It had a radioprotective effect, giving a maximum increase in cell survival of a factor of seven under the experimental conditions used. The protective effect was mainly but not exclusively attributable to an increase in the Do, the maximum increase observed being the order of 1.4."}
{"id": "PMID:890237", "title": "The \"invisible\" can top.", "content": "The hazard of ingestion of a beverage can top in a child is presented. These can tops are susprisingly low radio density and their presence can be overlooked on a conventional P.A. X ray of the chest. In such cases a lateral radiograph of the chest should be included in the routine investigation of the child.", "contents": "The \"invisible\" can top. The hazard of ingestion of a beverage can top in a child is presented. These can tops are susprisingly low radio density and their presence can be overlooked on a conventional P.A. X ray of the chest. In such cases a lateral radiograph of the chest should be included in the routine investigation of the child."}
{"id": "PMID:890244", "title": "The role of oxygen therapy in the healing of experimental skin wounds and colonic anastomosis.", "content": "A number of experimental studies have indicated that wound healing is adversely affected by hypoxia, and it has been suggested that healing can be improved by increasing inspired oxygen tensions. However, this hypothesis is based on observations on simulated wounds or tissue implants in experimental animals, and the clinical relevance of these observations is uncertain. The effects of oxygen therapy on the healing of skin wounds and colonic anastomoses were examined in rats. Sutured skin incisions and normal and ischaemic colonic anastomoses were studied in control animals breathing air and in test animals breathing 50 per cent oxygen. Wound healing was assessed by measurements of wound breaking strength, colonic bursting wall tension and wound collagen after 7 days' treatment with oxygen. There was no significant difference in the measurements in skin wounds or colonic anastomoses in test and control animals, and there was a similar incidence of anastomotic dehiscence in the ischaemic colon of test animals and controls. Oxygen therapy had no apparent effect on wound healing in this study, and it was concluded that further studies are required to determine whether or not there is a rational basis for the clinical use of oxygen therapy to help wound healing.", "contents": "The role of oxygen therapy in the healing of experimental skin wounds and colonic anastomosis. A number of experimental studies have indicated that wound healing is adversely affected by hypoxia, and it has been suggested that healing can be improved by increasing inspired oxygen tensions. However, this hypothesis is based on observations on simulated wounds or tissue implants in experimental animals, and the clinical relevance of these observations is uncertain. The effects of oxygen therapy on the healing of skin wounds and colonic anastomoses were examined in rats. Sutured skin incisions and normal and ischaemic colonic anastomoses were studied in control animals breathing air and in test animals breathing 50 per cent oxygen. Wound healing was assessed by measurements of wound breaking strength, colonic bursting wall tension and wound collagen after 7 days' treatment with oxygen. There was no significant difference in the measurements in skin wounds or colonic anastomoses in test and control animals, and there was a similar incidence of anastomotic dehiscence in the ischaemic colon of test animals and controls. Oxygen therapy had no apparent effect on wound healing in this study, and it was concluded that further studies are required to determine whether or not there is a rational basis for the clinical use of oxygen therapy to help wound healing."}
{"id": "PMID:890245", "title": "Ultrasound and amoebic liver abscess.", "content": "Eight of 12 patients referred to an ultrasound clinic were eventually found to have a liver abscess. All 8 abscesses were confirmed positively by ultrasonic examination. Using ultrasound, an amoebic abscess can be accurately located within the liver and the optimal site for needling suggested to the clinician. Ultrasound is an accurate, non-invasive, diagnostic aid in this condition.", "contents": "Ultrasound and amoebic liver abscess. Eight of 12 patients referred to an ultrasound clinic were eventually found to have a liver abscess. All 8 abscesses were confirmed positively by ultrasonic examination. Using ultrasound, an amoebic abscess can be accurately located within the liver and the optimal site for needling suggested to the clinician. Ultrasound is an accurate, non-invasive, diagnostic aid in this condition."}
{"id": "PMID:890246", "title": "The influence of penicillin on experimental wound contamination with staphylococci: studies with chromic catgut and monofilament nylon closure.", "content": "This study examines the ability of penicillin to eradicate or modify the pattern of infection in experimental wounds contaminated with Staphylococcus pyrogenes in the presence of chromic catgut or monofilament nylon suture. Penicillin therapy initiated within 4 days of the onset of infection was successful in eradicating infection when compared with untreated controls (P less than 0-01). Infection was modified but not eradicated in penicillin was administered from the seventh day. The response of infection to penicillin was identical in wounds containing monofilament nylon or chromic catgut over a 21-day period. Antibiotics given before wound drainage permitted healing of all chronically infected wounds even in the presence of monofilament nylon. When antibiotics were begun at the time of drainage, wound healing occurred in 50 per cent (P less than 0-01).", "contents": "The influence of penicillin on experimental wound contamination with staphylococci: studies with chromic catgut and monofilament nylon closure. This study examines the ability of penicillin to eradicate or modify the pattern of infection in experimental wounds contaminated with Staphylococcus pyrogenes in the presence of chromic catgut or monofilament nylon suture. Penicillin therapy initiated within 4 days of the onset of infection was successful in eradicating infection when compared with untreated controls (P less than 0-01). Infection was modified but not eradicated in penicillin was administered from the seventh day. The response of infection to penicillin was identical in wounds containing monofilament nylon or chromic catgut over a 21-day period. Antibiotics given before wound drainage permitted healing of all chronically infected wounds even in the presence of monofilament nylon. When antibiotics were begun at the time of drainage, wound healing occurred in 50 per cent (P less than 0-01)."}
{"id": "PMID:890247", "title": "Protein turnover in patients before and after elective orthopaedic operations.", "content": "Whole body protein turnover was measured in 11 patients before and after elective orthopaedic operations be giving 15N-glycine orally every 4 hours for 32 hours. The patients were maintained throughout on a constant protein intake. In 2 control subjects a comparison was made between intermittent dosage and continuous infusion of 15N-glycine for the estimation of total protein turnover. With intermittent dosage the 15N abundance in urinary urea reached a constant level after about 24 hours. Rates of total protein synthesis and breakdown were calculated from the 15N abundance at the plateau level. After surgery there was a moderate increase in urinary N output. The apparent N balance (intake--urinary N) was -0-52 +/- 1-31 g/d (mean +/- s.d.) before operation and -7-51 +/- 4-5 g/d after operation. The rate of protein synthesis fell from 3-83 +/- 0-73 g kg-1 d-1 before operation to 2-94 +/- 0-83 g kg-1 d-1 after operation. This difference is statistically significant (0-05 greater than P greater than 0-01). There was no significant change in the rate of protein breakdown. The possibility remains that a block in protein synthesis, probably mainly in muscle, may be partly responsible for the so-called 'catabolic' loss of nitrogen after injury, but this has not been proved.", "contents": "Protein turnover in patients before and after elective orthopaedic operations. Whole body protein turnover was measured in 11 patients before and after elective orthopaedic operations be giving 15N-glycine orally every 4 hours for 32 hours. The patients were maintained throughout on a constant protein intake. In 2 control subjects a comparison was made between intermittent dosage and continuous infusion of 15N-glycine for the estimation of total protein turnover. With intermittent dosage the 15N abundance in urinary urea reached a constant level after about 24 hours. Rates of total protein synthesis and breakdown were calculated from the 15N abundance at the plateau level. After surgery there was a moderate increase in urinary N output. The apparent N balance (intake--urinary N) was -0-52 +/- 1-31 g/d (mean +/- s.d.) before operation and -7-51 +/- 4-5 g/d after operation. The rate of protein synthesis fell from 3-83 +/- 0-73 g kg-1 d-1 before operation to 2-94 +/- 0-83 g kg-1 d-1 after operation. This difference is statistically significant (0-05 greater than P greater than 0-01). There was no significant change in the rate of protein breakdown. The possibility remains that a block in protein synthesis, probably mainly in muscle, may be partly responsible for the so-called 'catabolic' loss of nitrogen after injury, but this has not been proved."}
{"id": "PMID:890248", "title": "Quadruple chemotherapy for advanced malignant disease.", "content": "The results of treatment of 48 cases of advanced cancer by quadruple chemotherapy are reported. In only 4 patients was an objective remission obtained, although equivocal remissions were observed in 9 patients. This report is at variance with other recent reports. The reasons for the discrepancy are discussed, and while combination chemotherapy may prove more effective if used earlier in the natural history of malignant disease, in this series the technique does not appear to offer any greater chance of remission than chemotherapeutic agents used singly.", "contents": "Quadruple chemotherapy for advanced malignant disease. The results of treatment of 48 cases of advanced cancer by quadruple chemotherapy are reported. In only 4 patients was an objective remission obtained, although equivocal remissions were observed in 9 patients. This report is at variance with other recent reports. The reasons for the discrepancy are discussed, and while combination chemotherapy may prove more effective if used earlier in the natural history of malignant disease, in this series the technique does not appear to offer any greater chance of remission than chemotherapeutic agents used singly."}
{"id": "PMID:890249", "title": "Diagnosis of a leiomyoma of the small intestine by selective angiography.", "content": "A case is reported in which a leiomyoma of the jejunum was diagnosed by mesenteric angiography after two negative barium meal examinations. The tumour was resected and recovery was uneventful.", "contents": "Diagnosis of a leiomyoma of the small intestine by selective angiography. A case is reported in which a leiomyoma of the jejunum was diagnosed by mesenteric angiography after two negative barium meal examinations. The tumour was resected and recovery was uneventful."}
{"id": "PMID:890250", "title": "Platelet function tests during major operation for gastro-intestinal carcinoma.", "content": "Platelet function tests were performed on 15 patients undergoing major operation preoperatively, during anaesthesia and 30 minutes and 3 hours after the beginning of operation. It was found that during anaesthesia platelet retention in a glass bead column and platelet aggregation were slightly reduced. During operation the bleeding time and the delay period of the collagen-induced aggregation were progressively prolonged, and the aggregation induced by ADP at a final concentration of 1 and 2 micrometer and by adrenaline was progressively reduced.", "contents": "Platelet function tests during major operation for gastro-intestinal carcinoma. Platelet function tests were performed on 15 patients undergoing major operation preoperatively, during anaesthesia and 30 minutes and 3 hours after the beginning of operation. It was found that during anaesthesia platelet retention in a glass bead column and platelet aggregation were slightly reduced. During operation the bleeding time and the delay period of the collagen-induced aggregation were progressively prolonged, and the aggregation induced by ADP at a final concentration of 1 and 2 micrometer and by adrenaline was progressively reduced."}
{"id": "PMID:890251", "title": "Ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease: results after colectomy and ileorectal anastomosis.", "content": "Eighty-one patients who had had colectomy and ileorectal anastomosis for ulcerative colitis or Crohn's disease of the colon from 1 to 13 years previously were interviewed and examined by a surgeon with whom they had had no previous contact. Sixty-four patients (79 per cent) had a satisfactory result. In 12 patients the operation had failed and an ileostomy had been established, and in a further 5 patients the result was considered unsatisfactory. Despite a high incidence of frequent loose stools and minor anorectal complications, most of the patients were satisfied with the result and would not contemplate the alternative of an ileostomy. No patient had developed rectal cancer. Provided that the rectum is examined regularly for pre-malignant or malignant change, colectomy and ileorectal anastomosis offer a satisfactory alternative to proctocolectomy and ileostomy for many patients with ulcerative colitis or Crohn's disease.", "contents": "Ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease: results after colectomy and ileorectal anastomosis. Eighty-one patients who had had colectomy and ileorectal anastomosis for ulcerative colitis or Crohn's disease of the colon from 1 to 13 years previously were interviewed and examined by a surgeon with whom they had had no previous contact. Sixty-four patients (79 per cent) had a satisfactory result. In 12 patients the operation had failed and an ileostomy had been established, and in a further 5 patients the result was considered unsatisfactory. Despite a high incidence of frequent loose stools and minor anorectal complications, most of the patients were satisfied with the result and would not contemplate the alternative of an ileostomy. No patient had developed rectal cancer. Provided that the rectum is examined regularly for pre-malignant or malignant change, colectomy and ileorectal anastomosis offer a satisfactory alternative to proctocolectomy and ileostomy for many patients with ulcerative colitis or Crohn's disease."}
{"id": "PMID:890252", "title": "Anal fistulas at St Mark's Hospital.", "content": "This paper presents the application of a classification of anal fistulas to an unselected consecutive series of 793 patients treated for this condition at St Mark's Hospital from 1968 to 1973 inclusive. The fistulas were divided into five categories on their anatomical relationships: superficial (16 per cent), intersphincteric (54 per cent), trans-sphincteric (21 per cent), suprasphincteric (3 per cent) and extrasphincteric (3 per cent), with the remaining cases multiple or unclassified (3 per cent). There was good correlation between the categories and presentation, physical signs and treatment of the fistulas. Two hundred and forty-nine patients had potentially difficult fistulas. Follow-up of these patients revealed healing of almost all the fistulas, but the functional results were less satisfactory (incontinence of loose stool in 17 per cent and of flatus in 25 per cent, soiling in 31 per cent).", "contents": "Anal fistulas at St Mark's Hospital. This paper presents the application of a classification of anal fistulas to an unselected consecutive series of 793 patients treated for this condition at St Mark's Hospital from 1968 to 1973 inclusive. The fistulas were divided into five categories on their anatomical relationships: superficial (16 per cent), intersphincteric (54 per cent), trans-sphincteric (21 per cent), suprasphincteric (3 per cent) and extrasphincteric (3 per cent), with the remaining cases multiple or unclassified (3 per cent). There was good correlation between the categories and presentation, physical signs and treatment of the fistulas. Two hundred and forty-nine patients had potentially difficult fistulas. Follow-up of these patients revealed healing of almost all the fistulas, but the functional results were less satisfactory (incontinence of loose stool in 17 per cent and of flatus in 25 per cent, soiling in 31 per cent)."}
{"id": "PMID:890253", "title": "The internal sphincter and anal fissure.", "content": "The activity of the internal anal sphincter in patients with fissure has been studied by measuring anal pressure and motility with a small balloon probe. The mean maximum anal pressure in 12 patients with fissure (116-8 +/- 21-8, s.d., cm H2O) was significantly higher than that in 40 control subjects (85-0 +/- 20-5 cm H2O; P less than 0-01). Ultra-slow pressure waves were present in 80 per cent of the patients and in 5 per cent of the controls. Both the high pressure of ultra-slow waves were due to abnormal activity of the internal sphincter. This could be corrected equally well by either dilatation or lateral subcutaneous sphincterotomy.", "contents": "The internal sphincter and anal fissure. The activity of the internal anal sphincter in patients with fissure has been studied by measuring anal pressure and motility with a small balloon probe. The mean maximum anal pressure in 12 patients with fissure (116-8 +/- 21-8, s.d., cm H2O) was significantly higher than that in 40 control subjects (85-0 +/- 20-5 cm H2O; P less than 0-01). Ultra-slow pressure waves were present in 80 per cent of the patients and in 5 per cent of the controls. Both the high pressure of ultra-slow waves were due to abnormal activity of the internal sphincter. This could be corrected equally well by either dilatation or lateral subcutaneous sphincterotomy."}
{"id": "PMID:890254", "title": "Intestinal changes after jejuno-ileal shunt in obesity: a report of 2 cases.", "content": "Two cases of end-to-end and end-to-side jejuno-ileal bypass for the treatment of obesity are reported in which both patients underwent reoperation 17 and 23 months later respectively. Macroscopic examination and measurements of length of the various segments of the small intestine have been performed twice in each patient: at the time of the bypass and at the second surgical procedure. In one patient a histological study of both the excluded and functioning small intestine was carried out at the time of each surgical procedure. The functioning intestine had increased in size while the excluded segment had become narrowed. The height of the villi had increased slightly in the functioning ileum and more so in the functioning jejunum compared with the preoperative measurements. In contrast, the height of the villi was moderately reduced in both the bypassed jejunal and ileal segments. These findings confirm the results of experimental studies in animals.", "contents": "Intestinal changes after jejuno-ileal shunt in obesity: a report of 2 cases. Two cases of end-to-end and end-to-side jejuno-ileal bypass for the treatment of obesity are reported in which both patients underwent reoperation 17 and 23 months later respectively. Macroscopic examination and measurements of length of the various segments of the small intestine have been performed twice in each patient: at the time of the bypass and at the second surgical procedure. In one patient a histological study of both the excluded and functioning small intestine was carried out at the time of each surgical procedure. The functioning intestine had increased in size while the excluded segment had become narrowed. The height of the villi had increased slightly in the functioning ileum and more so in the functioning jejunum compared with the preoperative measurements. In contrast, the height of the villi was moderately reduced in both the bypassed jejunal and ileal segments. These findings confirm the results of experimental studies in animals."}
{"id": "PMID:890255", "title": "Parathyroidectomy: extent of resection and late results.", "content": "Opinion is divided as to the necessary extent of parathyroid resection in primary hyperparathyroidism. Some surgeons urge that subtotal parathyroidectomy be performed routinely, while others reserve subtotal resections for patients with parathyroid hyperplasia. In a review of 102 patients treated by parathyroidectomy for primary hyperparathyroidism and subsequently followed up for an average of 6 years, there were 73 patients with parathyroid adenoma, 26 with hyperplasia and 3 with carcinoma. The adenoma was not found at the first operation in only 3 cases; in the other 70 after removal of the adenoma no further hypercalcaemia was observed during the follow-up period. Persistent or recurrent hypercalcaemia was a problem in 9 out of the 26 patients with primary hyperplasia who had inadequate resection at the first operation, and also in the 3 patients with carcinoma. Experience shows that peroperative biopsy with frozen section of all the parathyroids is useful in confirming their identity and can be a guide to the type of disease present and the appropriate extent of resection.", "contents": "Parathyroidectomy: extent of resection and late results. Opinion is divided as to the necessary extent of parathyroid resection in primary hyperparathyroidism. Some surgeons urge that subtotal parathyroidectomy be performed routinely, while others reserve subtotal resections for patients with parathyroid hyperplasia. In a review of 102 patients treated by parathyroidectomy for primary hyperparathyroidism and subsequently followed up for an average of 6 years, there were 73 patients with parathyroid adenoma, 26 with hyperplasia and 3 with carcinoma. The adenoma was not found at the first operation in only 3 cases; in the other 70 after removal of the adenoma no further hypercalcaemia was observed during the follow-up period. Persistent or recurrent hypercalcaemia was a problem in 9 out of the 26 patients with primary hyperplasia who had inadequate resection at the first operation, and also in the 3 patients with carcinoma. Experience shows that peroperative biopsy with frozen section of all the parathyroids is useful in confirming their identity and can be a guide to the type of disease present and the appropriate extent of resection."}
{"id": "PMID:890256", "title": "Resection of an unusually large goitre.", "content": "This paper reports the resection of a benign non-toxic goitre measuring 75 X 60 X 45 cm in a patient aged 48 who was unable to walk or sit because of the size of the goitre. The tumour proved to arise from the right half of the thyroid. A right-sided hemistrumectomy was performed under local anaesthesia with the patient prone. A temporary tracheostomy was established. The postoperative course was uneventful apart from slight necrosis of the  wound edge. The patient was discharged in good health on the twentieth postoperative day.", "contents": "Resection of an unusually large goitre. This paper reports the resection of a benign non-toxic goitre measuring 75 X 60 X 45 cm in a patient aged 48 who was unable to walk or sit because of the size of the goitre. The tumour proved to arise from the right half of the thyroid. A right-sided hemistrumectomy was performed under local anaesthesia with the patient prone. A temporary tracheostomy was established. The postoperative course was uneventful apart from slight necrosis of the  wound edge. The patient was discharged in good health on the twentieth postoperative day."}
{"id": "PMID:890257", "title": "The mechanisms of traumatic rupture of the thoracic aorta.", "content": "This paper reviews evidence and ideas on closed accidental rupture of the aorta, and refers to an analysis of 37 subjects in whom traumatic aortic ruptures were found at necropsy. The mechanisms of rupture of the ascending aorta and the proximal and distal parts of the descending aorta are discussed. Aortic rupture is one of the major causes of rapid death after traffic accidents, especially in occupants of motor vehicles. However, about 20 per cent of subjects survive for hours, days or longer after the accident, allowing time for surgical repair in some cases.", "contents": "The mechanisms of traumatic rupture of the thoracic aorta. This paper reviews evidence and ideas on closed accidental rupture of the aorta, and refers to an analysis of 37 subjects in whom traumatic aortic ruptures were found at necropsy. The mechanisms of rupture of the ascending aorta and the proximal and distal parts of the descending aorta are discussed. Aortic rupture is one of the major causes of rapid death after traffic accidents, especially in occupants of motor vehicles. However, about 20 per cent of subjects survive for hours, days or longer after the accident, allowing time for surgical repair in some cases."}
{"id": "PMID:890258", "title": "Aneurysms of the femoral artery.", "content": "Eight aneurysms of the femoral artery out of a total of 27 in 16 patients developed symptoms requiring surgery. The operation of choice was Dacron prosthetic replacement of the aneurysm with preservation of profunda femoris perfusion. The incidence of complications of aneurysms was 30 per cent. The asymptomatic aneurysms were untreated and did not cause the patients any inconvenience as observed at their follow-up. Hence, surgery is advocated only for patients who develop symptoms provided that adequate follow-up and community medicine facilities exist.", "contents": "Aneurysms of the femoral artery. Eight aneurysms of the femoral artery out of a total of 27 in 16 patients developed symptoms requiring surgery. The operation of choice was Dacron prosthetic replacement of the aneurysm with preservation of profunda femoris perfusion. The incidence of complications of aneurysms was 30 per cent. The asymptomatic aneurysms were untreated and did not cause the patients any inconvenience as observed at their follow-up. Hence, surgery is advocated only for patients who develop symptoms provided that adequate follow-up and community medicine facilities exist."}
{"id": "PMID:890259", "title": "Retrograde jejunogastric intussusception: report of 2 cases.", "content": "Two clinical variants of jejunogastric intussusception are described. In one, self-reduction is the rule, whilst in the other strangulation occurs and emergency surgery is mandatory. A case illustrating each variant is presented and its diagnosis and treatment are discussed.", "contents": "Retrograde jejunogastric intussusception: report of 2 cases. Two clinical variants of jejunogastric intussusception are described. In one, self-reduction is the rule, whilst in the other strangulation occurs and emergency surgery is mandatory. A case illustrating each variant is presented and its diagnosis and treatment are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:890260", "title": "Carbohydrate tolerance with portal and systemic venous drainage of the pancreas.", "content": "Carbohydrate tolerance was studied in 8 dogs with pancreatic venous drainage to the hepatic portal vein and 6 dogs with pancreatic venous drainage to the systemic veins. While systemic venous drainage of the pancreas was associated with higher fasting plasma insulin and lower fasting plasma glucose levels, no significant differences in either glucose clearance or insulin response to glucose were detectable. Therefore, in the maintenance of plasma glucose homeostatis, administration of insulin into the portal vein offers no significant advantages over the easier systemic route.", "contents": "Carbohydrate tolerance with portal and systemic venous drainage of the pancreas. Carbohydrate tolerance was studied in 8 dogs with pancreatic venous drainage to the hepatic portal vein and 6 dogs with pancreatic venous drainage to the systemic veins. While systemic venous drainage of the pancreas was associated with higher fasting plasma insulin and lower fasting plasma glucose levels, no significant differences in either glucose clearance or insulin response to glucose were detectable. Therefore, in the maintenance of plasma glucose homeostatis, administration of insulin into the portal vein offers no significant advantages over the easier systemic route."}
{"id": "PMID:890261", "title": "Portal hypertension treated by left gastro-epiploic to left renal vein anastomosis: case report.", "content": "A case of portal hypertension is presented in which because of the presence of multiple thromboses of the main portal branches one of the usual portasystemic shunts could not be performed. An anastomosis between an enlarged left gastro-epiploc vein and the left renal vein was successfully carried out. Six months after surgery the patient was well and no further haemorrhage had occured.", "contents": "Portal hypertension treated by left gastro-epiploic to left renal vein anastomosis: case report. A case of portal hypertension is presented in which because of the presence of multiple thromboses of the main portal branches one of the usual portasystemic shunts could not be performed. An anastomosis between an enlarged left gastro-epiploc vein and the left renal vein was successfully carried out. Six months after surgery the patient was well and no further haemorrhage had occured."}
{"id": "PMID:890262", "title": "Arterial hypoxia in acute pancreatitis.", "content": "Severe arterial hypoxia while breathing ambient air (Pao2 less than 60 mm Hg) was recorded in 38 (45 per cent) of a group of 84 patients with acute pancreatitis when arterial blood gas monitoring was performed during the first week of illness. This contrasted with an incidence of 19 per cent severe hypoxia in a heterogeneous group of 68 patients with acute abdominal pain admitted as surgical emergencies. Clinical evidence of respiratory embarrassment was rarely present in either the patients with acute pancreatitis or the other patients. Arterial hypoxia was related to the prognosis in both groups. It is recommended that all patients with acute pancreatitis have routine arterial blood gas monitoring performed during the first 5 days of illness. Furthermore, all older patients (over 60 years) and younger patients with moderate hypoxia (Pao2 less than 70 mm Hg) should be given supplementary humidified oxygen. An awareness of occult respiratory insufficiency in surgical emergency admissions, and especially in acute pancreatitis, is of importance.", "contents": "Arterial hypoxia in acute pancreatitis. Severe arterial hypoxia while breathing ambient air (Pao2 less than 60 mm Hg) was recorded in 38 (45 per cent) of a group of 84 patients with acute pancreatitis when arterial blood gas monitoring was performed during the first week of illness. This contrasted with an incidence of 19 per cent severe hypoxia in a heterogeneous group of 68 patients with acute abdominal pain admitted as surgical emergencies. Clinical evidence of respiratory embarrassment was rarely present in either the patients with acute pancreatitis or the other patients. Arterial hypoxia was related to the prognosis in both groups. It is recommended that all patients with acute pancreatitis have routine arterial blood gas monitoring performed during the first 5 days of illness. Furthermore, all older patients (over 60 years) and younger patients with moderate hypoxia (Pao2 less than 70 mm Hg) should be given supplementary humidified oxygen. An awareness of occult respiratory insufficiency in surgical emergency admissions, and especially in acute pancreatitis, is of importance."}
{"id": "PMID:890263", "title": "The amylase creatinine clearance ratio in acute pancreatitis.", "content": "One hundred and twenty-two patients have been studied in order to evaluate the usefulness of the amylase creatinine clearance ratio (ACCR) as a simple diagnostic test for acute pancreatitis. Sixteen out of 17 patients with acute pancreatitis had significant elevations in ACCR; in only 10 of these 17 cases was the serum amylase greater than 1200iu/l. The mean ACCR was within the normal range in control patients, in patients with chronic gastro-intestinal disease and in patients with acute abdominal conditions excluding pancreatitis; however, the mean serum amylase was significantly greater in patients with acute abdominal conditions than in the control group (P less than 0-05). The ACCR remained significantly elevated in patients with acute pancreatitis for longer than either serum or urine amylase values. The findings of the study suggest that the amylase creatinine clearance ratio is a simple yet reliable diagnostic test which could be used when screening patients suspected of having acute pancreatitis.", "contents": "The amylase creatinine clearance ratio in acute pancreatitis. One hundred and twenty-two patients have been studied in order to evaluate the usefulness of the amylase creatinine clearance ratio (ACCR) as a simple diagnostic test for acute pancreatitis. Sixteen out of 17 patients with acute pancreatitis had significant elevations in ACCR; in only 10 of these 17 cases was the serum amylase greater than 1200iu/l. The mean ACCR was within the normal range in control patients, in patients with chronic gastro-intestinal disease and in patients with acute abdominal conditions excluding pancreatitis; however, the mean serum amylase was significantly greater in patients with acute abdominal conditions than in the control group (P less than 0-05). The ACCR remained significantly elevated in patients with acute pancreatitis for longer than either serum or urine amylase values. The findings of the study suggest that the amylase creatinine clearance ratio is a simple yet reliable diagnostic test which could be used when screening patients suspected of having acute pancreatitis."}
{"id": "PMID:890264", "title": "Multiseptate hypoplastic gallbladder.", "content": "A case is presented of multiseptate hypoplastic gallbladder, which is an extremely rare combination of two congenital anomalies. The patient was diagnosed as having cholecystitis and was relieved of her symptoms following cholecystectomy, even though the specimen did not show evidence of inflammation or calculi. The significance of this is emphasized by reviewing the 5 authenticated cases of multiseptate gallbladder reported in the literature. Awareness of this condition should avoid misinterpretation of cholecystograms.", "contents": "Multiseptate hypoplastic gallbladder. A case is presented of multiseptate hypoplastic gallbladder, which is an extremely rare combination of two congenital anomalies. The patient was diagnosed as having cholecystitis and was relieved of her symptoms following cholecystectomy, even though the specimen did not show evidence of inflammation or calculi. The significance of this is emphasized by reviewing the 5 authenticated cases of multiseptate gallbladder reported in the literature. Awareness of this condition should avoid misinterpretation of cholecystograms."}
{"id": "PMID:890265", "title": "The medium term results after profundaplasty.", "content": "The medium term results of 112 profundaplasties for lower limb ischaemia are reviewed for periods of up to 9 years after operation. Death from cardiovascular causes was found to be more common than subsequent amputation. Though immediate relief from symptoms was not so dramatic as after a femoropopliteal graft, the longer term results showed a much lower late amputation rate. The only resonable operation for failure of a previous femoropopliteal graft appears to be a profundaplasty.", "contents": "The medium term results after profundaplasty. The medium term results of 112 profundaplasties for lower limb ischaemia are reviewed for periods of up to 9 years after operation. Death from cardiovascular causes was found to be more common than subsequent amputation. Though immediate relief from symptoms was not so dramatic as after a femoropopliteal graft, the longer term results showed a much lower late amputation rate. The only resonable operation for failure of a previous femoropopliteal graft appears to be a profundaplasty."}
{"id": "PMID:890266", "title": "Treatment of critical ischaemia of the lower limb by venous arterialization : an interim report.", "content": "A method to revascularize the critically ischaemic lower limb by arterialization of the dorsal venous arch of the foot via the long saphenous vein is described. Satisfactory procedures were achieved in 5 of 6 patients for whom standard arterial reconstructions were not possible and who would otherwise have required amputation. Of these, 2 failed in the early postoperative period and amputation was performed. Two others failed after 1 year and 18 months respectively but amputation was not required. One patient died 8 months after operation with a functioning arterialized vein and pain-free limb. In the 5 patients with successfully revascularized limbs rest pain was relieved, and incisions, ischaemic ulcers and gangrene healed, showing that effective nutrition of the lower limb was achieved by delivering arterial blood through the venous system. Complications were minor and easily controlled. Although as a result of the procedure amputation was avoided in 3 out of 6 patients, the place of the method in the treatment of critical ischaemia of the lower limb remains dubious. Further investigation and modification of the method are planned.", "contents": "Treatment of critical ischaemia of the lower limb by venous arterialization : an interim report. A method to revascularize the critically ischaemic lower limb by arterialization of the dorsal venous arch of the foot via the long saphenous vein is described. Satisfactory procedures were achieved in 5 of 6 patients for whom standard arterial reconstructions were not possible and who would otherwise have required amputation. Of these, 2 failed in the early postoperative period and amputation was performed. Two others failed after 1 year and 18 months respectively but amputation was not required. One patient died 8 months after operation with a functioning arterialized vein and pain-free limb. In the 5 patients with successfully revascularized limbs rest pain was relieved, and incisions, ischaemic ulcers and gangrene healed, showing that effective nutrition of the lower limb was achieved by delivering arterial blood through the venous system. Complications were minor and easily controlled. Although as a result of the procedure amputation was avoided in 3 out of 6 patients, the place of the method in the treatment of critical ischaemia of the lower limb remains dubious. Further investigation and modification of the method are planned."}
{"id": "PMID:890267", "title": "Prosthetic replacement of a long segment of vein in the treatment of a lower limb injury.", "content": "A patient who sustained exceptionally severe damage to the main blood vessels and to the collateral circulation of his left lower limb is reported. The femoropopliteal vein was replaced by a Dacron prosthesis which remained patent for 6 weeks until an adequate collateral circulation was established.", "contents": "Prosthetic replacement of a long segment of vein in the treatment of a lower limb injury. A patient who sustained exceptionally severe damage to the main blood vessels and to the collateral circulation of his left lower limb is reported. The femoropopliteal vein was replaced by a Dacron prosthesis which remained patent for 6 weeks until an adequate collateral circulation was established."}
{"id": "PMID:890268", "title": "Agenesis of the vermiform appendix in a thalidomide child.", "content": "A case of congenital absence of the appendix occurring in a child with severe thalidomide deformities is described. The literature on agenesis of the appendix is reviewed. The frequency and significance of internal abnormalities in thalidomide children are discussed.", "contents": "Agenesis of the vermiform appendix in a thalidomide child. A case of congenital absence of the appendix occurring in a child with severe thalidomide deformities is described. The literature on agenesis of the appendix is reviewed. The frequency and significance of internal abnormalities in thalidomide children are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:890269", "title": "Carcinoma of the large bowel presenting as a subcutaneous abscess of the thigh : a report of 4 cases.", "content": "Four cases of carcinoma of the distal large bowel are described in which the presenting feature was a subcutaneous abscess of the lateral aspect of the thigh. The high morbidity and mortality of this presentation are discussed and the literature is reviewed.", "contents": "Carcinoma of the large bowel presenting as a subcutaneous abscess of the thigh : a report of 4 cases. Four cases of carcinoma of the distal large bowel are described in which the presenting feature was a subcutaneous abscess of the lateral aspect of the thigh. The high morbidity and mortality of this presentation are discussed and the literature is reviewed."}
{"id": "PMID:890270", "title": "Prostatectomy : its safety in an Australian teaching hospital.", "content": "A comparison of the results of prostatectomy in the same hospital after a 15-year interval has shown that there has been a significant reduction in the mortality (2-3 per cent versus 6-7 per cent). However, on reviewing the results of prostatectomy over the past 30 years it is evident that in spite of improved pre- and postoperative care the mortality and morbidity for high risk patients have remained constant. If the safety for this operation is to improve, it would seem that more care in patient selection is necessary and that other means of achieving urinary drainage will need consideration and evaluation in elderly men with significant cardiovascular and respiratory disease.", "contents": "Prostatectomy : its safety in an Australian teaching hospital. A comparison of the results of prostatectomy in the same hospital after a 15-year interval has shown that there has been a significant reduction in the mortality (2-3 per cent versus 6-7 per cent). However, on reviewing the results of prostatectomy over the past 30 years it is evident that in spite of improved pre- and postoperative care the mortality and morbidity for high risk patients have remained constant. If the safety for this operation is to improve, it would seem that more care in patient selection is necessary and that other means of achieving urinary drainage will need consideration and evaluation in elderly men with significant cardiovascular and respiratory disease."}
{"id": "PMID:890271", "title": "Herniation through the foramen of Morgagni in children.", "content": "Eight cases of herniation through the foramen of Morgagni are described. They fell into two distinct groups presenting either as neonatal respiratory distress or as an incidental findings in older children. Diagnosis is essentially radiological, stressing the importance of a lateral film. Surgical repair is advocated. the abdominal approach being perferred. Pneumopericardium is a rare but severe complication.", "contents": "Herniation through the foramen of Morgagni in children. Eight cases of herniation through the foramen of Morgagni are described. They fell into two distinct groups presenting either as neonatal respiratory distress or as an incidental findings in older children. Diagnosis is essentially radiological, stressing the importance of a lateral film. Surgical repair is advocated. the abdominal approach being perferred. Pneumopericardium is a rare but severe complication."}
{"id": "PMID:890272", "title": "Secretagogue-produced duodenal ulcers in the rat.", "content": "Duodenal ulcers were produced in rats by the subcutaneous infusion for 6-48 hours of two gastric secretagogues in combination: pentagastrin (2 or 4 microgram kg-1 min-1) and carbachol (0-4 or 0-8 microgram kg-1 min-1). With increasing duration of infusion and higher doses there were increases in the incidence, severity, number and perforation rate of duodenal ulcers, their caudad distribution and mortality from peritonitis. This method of producing duodenal ulcers may sufficiently resemble the clinical situation to provide a model for the study of anti-ulcer drugs and the natural history of duodenal ulcers.", "contents": "Secretagogue-produced duodenal ulcers in the rat. Duodenal ulcers were produced in rats by the subcutaneous infusion for 6-48 hours of two gastric secretagogues in combination: pentagastrin (2 or 4 microgram kg-1 min-1) and carbachol (0-4 or 0-8 microgram kg-1 min-1). With increasing duration of infusion and higher doses there were increases in the incidence, severity, number and perforation rate of duodenal ulcers, their caudad distribution and mortality from peritonitis. This method of producing duodenal ulcers may sufficiently resemble the clinical situation to provide a model for the study of anti-ulcer drugs and the natural history of duodenal ulcers."}
{"id": "PMID:890273", "title": "Penetrating airgun injuries of the head.", "content": "Five cases of intracranial airgun injuries are presented. The accepted principles of treatment of a compound depressed fracture of the skull are easily overlooked in these patients because of the rarity of the injury and the apparent well-being of the patient, who is usually fully conscious with only a small scalp laceration.", "contents": "Penetrating airgun injuries of the head. Five cases of intracranial airgun injuries are presented. The accepted principles of treatment of a compound depressed fracture of the skull are easily overlooked in these patients because of the rarity of the injury and the apparent well-being of the patient, who is usually fully conscious with only a small scalp laceration."}
{"id": "PMID:890274", "title": "Small bowel ischaemia and infarction in young women taking oral contraceptives and progestational agents.", "content": "Case histories of three young women who suffered small bowel infarction associated with oral contraceptives and progestational agents are presented. Two infarctions were due to superior mesenteric artery thrombosis and one to superior mesenteric vein thrombosis. All of these patients were of blood group A and smokers, factors which are known to predispose to vascular thrombosis. A study was made of 18 additional cases reported in the literature. It was found that many of these cases presented with a history of symptoms of 2 weeks of more and at operation some of the cases appeared to be reversible. One case was reported where apparent reversion of the process of vascular thrombosis occurred after cessation of the oral contraceptive.", "contents": "Small bowel ischaemia and infarction in young women taking oral contraceptives and progestational agents. Case histories of three young women who suffered small bowel infarction associated with oral contraceptives and progestational agents are presented. Two infarctions were due to superior mesenteric artery thrombosis and one to superior mesenteric vein thrombosis. All of these patients were of blood group A and smokers, factors which are known to predispose to vascular thrombosis. A study was made of 18 additional cases reported in the literature. It was found that many of these cases presented with a history of symptoms of 2 weeks of more and at operation some of the cases appeared to be reversible. One case was reported where apparent reversion of the process of vascular thrombosis occurred after cessation of the oral contraceptive."}
{"id": "PMID:890275", "title": "Foam elastomer dressing in the management of open granulating wounds: experience with 250 patients.", "content": "Our experience in the use of a silicone foam elastomer in the dressing of granulating wounds is described in a series of 250 patients. Among the types of wound treated were a pilonidal sinus, abdominal, perianal and perineal wounds, bed sores and diabetic gangrene of the foot. The technique has marked advantages over conventional packing of wounds in relation to patient comfort and saving of nursing time in hospital, and can eliminate the need for district nursing care in the domiciliary situation. Details of preparation, application and surgical management are given.", "contents": "Foam elastomer dressing in the management of open granulating wounds: experience with 250 patients. Our experience in the use of a silicone foam elastomer in the dressing of granulating wounds is described in a series of 250 patients. Among the types of wound treated were a pilonidal sinus, abdominal, perianal and perineal wounds, bed sores and diabetic gangrene of the foot. The technique has marked advantages over conventional packing of wounds in relation to patient comfort and saving of nursing time in hospital, and can eliminate the need for district nursing care in the domiciliary situation. Details of preparation, application and surgical management are given."}
{"id": "PMID:890276", "title": "Iatrogenic injury to the phrenic nerve nerve in infants and young children.", "content": "Five cases of iatrogenic phrenic nerve injury in infants are presented. The difficulties of diagnosis and treatment are outlined and reference made to the possible sites of injury. The necessity for early recognition of the injury, and its prompt relief if indicated, are stressed.", "contents": "Iatrogenic injury to the phrenic nerve nerve in infants and young children. Five cases of iatrogenic phrenic nerve injury in infants are presented. The difficulties of diagnosis and treatment are outlined and reference made to the possible sites of injury. The necessity for early recognition of the injury, and its prompt relief if indicated, are stressed."}
{"id": "PMID:890277", "title": "Effects of structural configuration of prosthetic aortic valves upon coronary blood flow.", "content": "This study was performed in order to determine the effects of the structural configuration of prosthetic aortic valves upon coronary blood flow. A pulse-duplicating system was utilized to which a rigid model of the root of the aorta and the left artery were attached. A stented normal human valve, stented porcine valve, pivoting disc valve, tilting disc value and a caged ball valve were tested at stimulated resting conditions. The results showed that the pulse configuration and proportions of coronary flow that were systolic and diastolic changed with various valves. There was no significant reduction of the mean simulated coronary flow with the porcine valve or disc valves. Coronary flow was augmented with the caged ball valve. These differences were interpreted as being due to several fluid dynamic phenomena. These were piston effects, inertia of reversed blood flow, torque and the effects resulting from the unique pressure distribution on each valve.", "contents": "Effects of structural configuration of prosthetic aortic valves upon coronary blood flow. This study was performed in order to determine the effects of the structural configuration of prosthetic aortic valves upon coronary blood flow. A pulse-duplicating system was utilized to which a rigid model of the root of the aorta and the left artery were attached. A stented normal human valve, stented porcine valve, pivoting disc valve, tilting disc value and a caged ball valve were tested at stimulated resting conditions. The results showed that the pulse configuration and proportions of coronary flow that were systolic and diastolic changed with various valves. There was no significant reduction of the mean simulated coronary flow with the porcine valve or disc valves. Coronary flow was augmented with the caged ball valve. These differences were interpreted as being due to several fluid dynamic phenomena. These were piston effects, inertia of reversed blood flow, torque and the effects resulting from the unique pressure distribution on each valve."}
{"id": "PMID:890278", "title": "A case of multiple trauma following a motor cycle accident.", "content": "This paper reports a fractured femur, jejunal laceration and a torn aorta in a young man who appeared reasonably well on admission to hospital. The diagnostic problems and treatment of this case are discussed.", "contents": "A case of multiple trauma following a motor cycle accident. This paper reports a fractured femur, jejunal laceration and a torn aorta in a young man who appeared reasonably well on admission to hospital. The diagnostic problems and treatment of this case are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:890279", "title": "Surgical management of hyperhidrosis.", "content": "Sixty-five patients with severe disabling hyperhidrosis were subjected to operation. Eighty-nine sympathectomies and 42 axillary skin excisions were performed to abolish sweating. Almost 90% of these patients were extremely satisfied with the outcome of surgery which resulted in a change for the better in their social and working lives. When conservative therapy fails, we recommend these procedures, which often alleviate this most distressing symptom.", "contents": "Surgical management of hyperhidrosis. Sixty-five patients with severe disabling hyperhidrosis were subjected to operation. Eighty-nine sympathectomies and 42 axillary skin excisions were performed to abolish sweating. Almost 90% of these patients were extremely satisfied with the outcome of surgery which resulted in a change for the better in their social and working lives. When conservative therapy fails, we recommend these procedures, which often alleviate this most distressing symptom."}
{"id": "PMID:890280", "title": "In vitro studies of gallstone dissolution using bile salt solutions and heparinized saline.", "content": "A controlled in vitro study of gallstone dissolution has been carried out using a model designed to simulate the in vivo situation in the bile ducts. Sodium taurocholate, sodium cholate, heparinized saline and physiological saline were infused for 10 days over 81 stones from 32 patients and changes in weight and structure were recorded. The bile salt solutions caused weight loss in 81-5 and 85-7 per cent respectively of the stones treated, but the two saline solutions caused weight gains in 74-5 and 88 per cent respectively. Fragmentation occurred in 18-5% of stones treated with sodium taurocholate, in 25% of those treated with sodium cholate and in 11-8 per cent of those treated with heparinized saline. Small stones lost a lower absolute amount of weight than large stones but this represented a greater proportion of their initial weight. These investigations confirm the advantages of a dynamic in vitro model to study gallstone dissolution. Bile salt solutions infused into the bile ducts may clear retained stones by causing reduction in stone weight or fragmentation or both, but heparinized saline appears to be unsuitable for gallstone dissolution. Larger stones may require longer periods of infusion.", "contents": "In vitro studies of gallstone dissolution using bile salt solutions and heparinized saline. A controlled in vitro study of gallstone dissolution has been carried out using a model designed to simulate the in vivo situation in the bile ducts. Sodium taurocholate, sodium cholate, heparinized saline and physiological saline were infused for 10 days over 81 stones from 32 patients and changes in weight and structure were recorded. The bile salt solutions caused weight loss in 81-5 and 85-7 per cent respectively of the stones treated, but the two saline solutions caused weight gains in 74-5 and 88 per cent respectively. Fragmentation occurred in 18-5% of stones treated with sodium taurocholate, in 25% of those treated with sodium cholate and in 11-8 per cent of those treated with heparinized saline. Small stones lost a lower absolute amount of weight than large stones but this represented a greater proportion of their initial weight. These investigations confirm the advantages of a dynamic in vitro model to study gallstone dissolution. Bile salt solutions infused into the bile ducts may clear retained stones by causing reduction in stone weight or fragmentation or both, but heparinized saline appears to be unsuitable for gallstone dissolution. Larger stones may require longer periods of infusion."}
{"id": "PMID:890281", "title": "Nipple retraction in duct ectasia.", "content": "Thirty patients with nipple retraction associated with duct ectasia have been studied to determine the clinical features of this condition. This association is a common one and the similarity of these nipple changes to those produced by cancer is emphasized. While clinical evaluation of the nipple changes may give an indication of the diagnosis, it is by no means absolute and mammography is advocated in all cases. Combined clinical and mammographic assessment will allow confident differentiation of the two causes in many cases, and a policy for management of nipple retraction is presented.", "contents": "Nipple retraction in duct ectasia. Thirty patients with nipple retraction associated with duct ectasia have been studied to determine the clinical features of this condition. This association is a common one and the similarity of these nipple changes to those produced by cancer is emphasized. While clinical evaluation of the nipple changes may give an indication of the diagnosis, it is by no means absolute and mammography is advocated in all cases. Combined clinical and mammographic assessment will allow confident differentiation of the two causes in many cases, and a policy for management of nipple retraction is presented."}
{"id": "PMID:890282", "title": "Congenital oesophagobronchial fistula in the adult.", "content": "A case of congenital oesophagobronchial fistula presenting in adult life without the more usual accompanying pulmonary infection is presented. The clinical, radiographic, morbid anatomical and histological features of this lesion are discussed.", "contents": "Congenital oesophagobronchial fistula in the adult. A case of congenital oesophagobronchial fistula presenting in adult life without the more usual accompanying pulmonary infection is presented. The clinical, radiographic, morbid anatomical and histological features of this lesion are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:890283", "title": "Volvulus of the sigmoid colon.", "content": "The clinical presentation and treatment of 31 consecutive patients with sigmoid volvulus are reviewed. Nearly half of these patients had a history of mental illness and one-third of all patients were chronically constipated. The main clinical features of abdominal pain and gross abdominal distension had been present for an average of 8 days before presentation of the patient to hospital. The clinical diagnosis of sigmoid volvulus was not difficult but the presence of non-viable bowel was more difficult to establish. A silent abdomen was the most valuable indication of the presence of gangrenous bowel. Conservative measures, including sigmoidoscopy and therapeutic barium enema, successfully reduced the volvulus in half of the cases so treated. In those patients undergoing surgery the procedure associated with the lowest mortality was sigmoid resection with end-to-end anastomosis. The overall mortality was 35%.", "contents": "Volvulus of the sigmoid colon. The clinical presentation and treatment of 31 consecutive patients with sigmoid volvulus are reviewed. Nearly half of these patients had a history of mental illness and one-third of all patients were chronically constipated. The main clinical features of abdominal pain and gross abdominal distension had been present for an average of 8 days before presentation of the patient to hospital. The clinical diagnosis of sigmoid volvulus was not difficult but the presence of non-viable bowel was more difficult to establish. A silent abdomen was the most valuable indication of the presence of gangrenous bowel. Conservative measures, including sigmoidoscopy and therapeutic barium enema, successfully reduced the volvulus in half of the cases so treated. In those patients undergoing surgery the procedure associated with the lowest mortality was sigmoid resection with end-to-end anastomosis. The overall mortality was 35%."}
{"id": "PMID:890284", "title": "The clinical significance of pneumatosis cystoides intestinalis: a report of 5 cases.", "content": "Pneumatosis cystoides intestinalis is an uncommon condition characterized by the presence of gas within the wall of the bowel. In most cases the clinical course is benign and may well be self-limiting, while in others the appearance of pneumatosis may indicate the presence of bowel ischaemia and necessitate emergency laparotomy. This paper describes 5 cases which demonstrate some of the difficulties in diagnosis and management and the improvement which can result from clinical awareness of the condition.", "contents": "The clinical significance of pneumatosis cystoides intestinalis: a report of 5 cases. Pneumatosis cystoides intestinalis is an uncommon condition characterized by the presence of gas within the wall of the bowel. In most cases the clinical course is benign and may well be self-limiting, while in others the appearance of pneumatosis may indicate the presence of bowel ischaemia and necessitate emergency laparotomy. This paper describes 5 cases which demonstrate some of the difficulties in diagnosis and management and the improvement which can result from clinical awareness of the condition."}
{"id": "PMID:890285", "title": "Villous adenoma causing acute appendicitis.", "content": "Acute appendicitis is the most common of surgical emergencies. However, it is very unusual to find a benign neoplastic lesion causing appendicitis. Adenomas of the caecum or the appendix are rare and very few cases of these associated with appendicular inflammation have been described. This report presents a case of acute appendicitis with perforation resulting from obstruction by an adenoma. The management of the condition is discussed.", "contents": "Villous adenoma causing acute appendicitis. Acute appendicitis is the most common of surgical emergencies. However, it is very unusual to find a benign neoplastic lesion causing appendicitis. Adenomas of the caecum or the appendix are rare and very few cases of these associated with appendicular inflammation have been described. This report presents a case of acute appendicitis with perforation resulting from obstruction by an adenoma. The management of the condition is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:890286", "title": "Function of the anal sphincters following colo-anal anastomosis.", "content": "Developments in sphincter-saving operations for carcinoma of the rectum have led to renewed interest in the function of the pelvic floor muscles and the anal sphincters. Twelve patients with a colo-anal anastomosis have been investigated physiologically with reference to sphincter function. It has been shown that the rectum is not essential for the appreciation of impending evacuation, nor for the sphincter inhibitory reflexes, which in this study were elicited by balloon distension above the anastomosis.", "contents": "Function of the anal sphincters following colo-anal anastomosis. Developments in sphincter-saving operations for carcinoma of the rectum have led to renewed interest in the function of the pelvic floor muscles and the anal sphincters. Twelve patients with a colo-anal anastomosis have been investigated physiologically with reference to sphincter function. It has been shown that the rectum is not essential for the appreciation of impending evacuation, nor for the sphincter inhibitory reflexes, which in this study were elicited by balloon distension above the anastomosis."}
{"id": "PMID:890287", "title": "The use of a silicone gel prosthesis in the treatment of post-prostatectomy incontinence.", "content": "Eighty-three patients with post-prostatectomy urinary incontinence were treated by silicone gel prostheses implanted over the bulbous urethra. The prosthesis provides continence by passively increasing the urethral resistance. Successful results were achieved in 72% of patients. The mechanism of post-prostatectomy incontinence and the development of anti-incontinence surgery is briefly reviewed.", "contents": "The use of a silicone gel prosthesis in the treatment of post-prostatectomy incontinence. Eighty-three patients with post-prostatectomy urinary incontinence were treated by silicone gel prostheses implanted over the bulbous urethra. The prosthesis provides continence by passively increasing the urethral resistance. Successful results were achieved in 72% of patients. The mechanism of post-prostatectomy incontinence and the development of anti-incontinence surgery is briefly reviewed."}
{"id": "PMID:890295", "title": "Lipid and lipoprotein concentrations in 1604 men and women in working populations in north-west London.", "content": "Serum lipid and lipoprotein concentrations in men and women vary with age, and so-called \"normal\" limits should take account of this. Serum cholesterol, triglyceride, and phospholipid concentrations were measured in 1027 men and 577 women in five working populations in north-west London, and lipoprotein electrophoresis and quantitative analyses of lipoprotein concentrations were also performed. In men the best fit between serum cholesterol, triglycerides, and phospholipids, on the one hand, and age, on the other, was given by a curvilinear relationship expressed as a quadratic regression. In women the best fit was given by a linear regression. White men had higher serum cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations than Black men, and these differences were reflected in the distributions of the lipoproteins. There were no differences between values in White and Black women. Young women on oral contraceptives had lipid concentrations similar to those of older women not on these preparations. These data suggest that the adoption of concentrations of serum cholesterol (275-300 mg/100 ml (7-1-7-8 mmol/l) and triglycerides (175-200 mg/100 ml (2-0--2-3 mmol/l) recommended by a recent report on the prevention of coronary disease as limits above which special attention should be given to the management of hyperlipidaemia could result in as few as 2% of younger men or as many as 31% of older men being selected for treatment.", "contents": "Lipid and lipoprotein concentrations in 1604 men and women in working populations in north-west London. Serum lipid and lipoprotein concentrations in men and women vary with age, and so-called \"normal\" limits should take account of this. Serum cholesterol, triglyceride, and phospholipid concentrations were measured in 1027 men and 577 women in five working populations in north-west London, and lipoprotein electrophoresis and quantitative analyses of lipoprotein concentrations were also performed. In men the best fit between serum cholesterol, triglycerides, and phospholipids, on the one hand, and age, on the other, was given by a curvilinear relationship expressed as a quadratic regression. In women the best fit was given by a linear regression. White men had higher serum cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations than Black men, and these differences were reflected in the distributions of the lipoproteins. There were no differences between values in White and Black women. Young women on oral contraceptives had lipid concentrations similar to those of older women not on these preparations. These data suggest that the adoption of concentrations of serum cholesterol (275-300 mg/100 ml (7-1-7-8 mmol/l) and triglycerides (175-200 mg/100 ml (2-0--2-3 mmol/l) recommended by a recent report on the prevention of coronary disease as limits above which special attention should be given to the management of hyperlipidaemia could result in as few as 2% of younger men or as many as 31% of older men being selected for treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:890296", "title": "Typhoid catatonia responsive to ECT.", "content": "Twelve patients with typhoid fever presented with a catatonic syndrome that persisted after other signs of the fever had disappeared. The syndrome was distinct from the delirium seen in typhoid fever and did not have the characteristics of an affective or schizophrenic illness. Electric convulsion therapy produced rapid and lasting improvement.", "contents": "Typhoid catatonia responsive to ECT. Twelve patients with typhoid fever presented with a catatonic syndrome that persisted after other signs of the fever had disappeared. The syndrome was distinct from the delirium seen in typhoid fever and did not have the characteristics of an affective or schizophrenic illness. Electric convulsion therapy produced rapid and lasting improvement."}
{"id": "PMID:890297", "title": "Methods used by general practitioners in developmental screening of preschool children.", "content": "A study of the methods used by 20 general practitioners to perform developmental screening examinations of preschool children showed that routine physical examination was adequately performed but at the expense of additional tests of child development. A total of 348 children were examined by either a doctor (144 cases) or a health visitor (90), or both (114). The degree of participation by health visitors suggests that developmental screening need not necessarily be the sole responsibility of doctors, and health visitors should have training opportunities as they have an important contribution to make in this area of child care. Some omissions in testing hearing, vision, and language were clearly due to conflicting demands on the general practitioners' time, but some tests were not performed because the doctors doubted their value. Nevertheless, too many children still enter school with hearing, visual, and speech handicaps that could have been easily identified. If preventive medicine is to become an increasing component of general practice, the methods used by doctors and health visitors must be scrutinised before attempting to evaluate the outcome of large-scale screening programmes.", "contents": "Methods used by general practitioners in developmental screening of preschool children. A study of the methods used by 20 general practitioners to perform developmental screening examinations of preschool children showed that routine physical examination was adequately performed but at the expense of additional tests of child development. A total of 348 children were examined by either a doctor (144 cases) or a health visitor (90), or both (114). The degree of participation by health visitors suggests that developmental screening need not necessarily be the sole responsibility of doctors, and health visitors should have training opportunities as they have an important contribution to make in this area of child care. Some omissions in testing hearing, vision, and language were clearly due to conflicting demands on the general practitioners' time, but some tests were not performed because the doctors doubted their value. Nevertheless, too many children still enter school with hearing, visual, and speech handicaps that could have been easily identified. If preventive medicine is to become an increasing component of general practice, the methods used by doctors and health visitors must be scrutinised before attempting to evaluate the outcome of large-scale screening programmes."}
{"id": "PMID:890298", "title": "Use of hair dyes by patients with breast cancer: a case-control study.", "content": "The recent finding that many permanent and semipermanent hair dyes are strongly mutagenic in a laboratory test, together with the fact that single female hair-dressers had higher than expected death rates from breast-cancer in 1959-63, prompted a study into the use of hair dyes by patients with breast cancer and by matched controls. There was no difference between the patients and their controls in their use of hair dyes. There were also no significant differences between the two groups when the analysis was confinedto women who had used dyes over four years and over nine years before diagnosis. The only significant findings were a higher proportion of past or present smokers among women aged over 50 who used hair dyes and an association between hair dyes use and age at first pregnancy. Further epidemiological studies are clearly needed in view of the mutagenicity found in the Ames test, and the fact th & several human carcinogens are also mutagenic according to this test.", "contents": "Use of hair dyes by patients with breast cancer: a case-control study. The recent finding that many permanent and semipermanent hair dyes are strongly mutagenic in a laboratory test, together with the fact that single female hair-dressers had higher than expected death rates from breast-cancer in 1959-63, prompted a study into the use of hair dyes by patients with breast cancer and by matched controls. There was no difference between the patients and their controls in their use of hair dyes. There were also no significant differences between the two groups when the analysis was confinedto women who had used dyes over four years and over nine years before diagnosis. The only significant findings were a higher proportion of past or present smokers among women aged over 50 who used hair dyes and an association between hair dyes use and age at first pregnancy. Further epidemiological studies are clearly needed in view of the mutagenicity found in the Ames test, and the fact th & several human carcinogens are also mutagenic according to this test."}
{"id": "PMID:890302", "title": "Lumbar epidural analgesia in labour: a 24-hour service provided by obstetricians.", "content": "Of 309 consecutive cases of epidural analgesia provided by obstetricians, 250 set up by junior obstetric staff. Midwives managed the epidural analgesia and gave the top-up doses as part of their traditional role in providing pain relief in labour. This practice was thought to be influential in producing a high sponn epidural analgesic service can safely be provided by obstetricians in a small maternity hospital.", "contents": "Lumbar epidural analgesia in labour: a 24-hour service provided by obstetricians. Of 309 consecutive cases of epidural analgesia provided by obstetricians, 250 set up by junior obstetric staff. Midwives managed the epidural analgesia and gave the top-up doses as part of their traditional role in providing pain relief in labour. This practice was thought to be influential in producing a high sponn epidural analgesic service can safely be provided by obstetricians in a small maternity hospital."}
{"id": "PMID:890303", "title": "An isolation unit in a district general hospital.", "content": "The working of a 19-bed isolation unit in a general hospital was studied from August 1975 to July 1976. A few patients received the highest degree of isolation, but infections in all categories were contained and patients at risk in the same unit were protected from infection.", "contents": "An isolation unit in a district general hospital. The working of a 19-bed isolation unit in a general hospital was studied from August 1975 to July 1976. A few patients received the highest degree of isolation, but infections in all categories were contained and patients at risk in the same unit were protected from infection."}
{"id": "PMID:890324", "title": "Pneumoconiosis and chronic bronchitis.", "content": "Data from a major long-term epidemiological survey in the British coalmining industry were examined to determine whether bronchitis offered any protective action against the development of pneumoconiosis. No evidence of such an effect was found.", "contents": "Pneumoconiosis and chronic bronchitis. Data from a major long-term epidemiological survey in the British coalmining industry were examined to determine whether bronchitis offered any protective action against the development of pneumoconiosis. No evidence of such an effect was found."}
{"id": "PMID:890325", "title": "Prevalence of severe growth hormone deficiency.", "content": "Four hundred and forty-nine short children, who were all over 2-5 standard deviations below the mean height for age, were identified by screening the heights of 48 221 6- to 9-year-old children in three Scottish cities. Most were screened for growth hormone deficiency (GHD). The prevalence of severe GHD in this sample may have been as high as 1 in 4018, much higher than reported. The findings suggest that present referral patterns may account for the delayed or missed diagnosis of the condition in girls or children with less severe short stature.", "contents": "Prevalence of severe growth hormone deficiency. Four hundred and forty-nine short children, who were all over 2-5 standard deviations below the mean height for age, were identified by screening the heights of 48 221 6- to 9-year-old children in three Scottish cities. Most were screened for growth hormone deficiency (GHD). The prevalence of severe GHD in this sample may have been as high as 1 in 4018, much higher than reported. The findings suggest that present referral patterns may account for the delayed or missed diagnosis of the condition in girls or children with less severe short stature."}
{"id": "PMID:890326", "title": "Treatment of liposclerosis of the leg by fibrinolytic enhancement: a preliminary report.", "content": "Fourteen patients with longstanding lipodermatosclerosis of their lower legs, secondary to venous disease in 11, were treated for three months with stanozolol, a drug that enhances fibrinolytic activity. No other treatment was given and no change made in existing treatment. All the patients improved. Two were cured in three months, three were able to stop treatment in the next three to 11 months, and the other nine continued to improve. Fibrinolytic enhancement, with stanozolol, seems to be a worthwhile addition to the treatment of venous liposclerosis and deserves further study.", "contents": "Treatment of liposclerosis of the leg by fibrinolytic enhancement: a preliminary report. Fourteen patients with longstanding lipodermatosclerosis of their lower legs, secondary to venous disease in 11, were treated for three months with stanozolol, a drug that enhances fibrinolytic activity. No other treatment was given and no change made in existing treatment. All the patients improved. Two were cured in three months, three were able to stop treatment in the next three to 11 months, and the other nine continued to improve. Fibrinolytic enhancement, with stanozolol, seems to be a worthwhile addition to the treatment of venous liposclerosis and deserves further study."}
{"id": "PMID:890327", "title": "Amaurosis fugax and carotid artery disease: indications for angiography.", "content": "A prospective study of 80 patients presenting with amaurosis fugax was performed in an attempt to relate clinical features to angiographic findings in the internal carotid artery. Carotid bruit, transient cerebral ischaemic attacks, hypertension, and claudication were associated with a high prevalence of angiographic abnormality. Every patient who showed all these features had an operable lesion, as did 88% of those who had three features. In patients over 50 years of age carotid stenosis and atheromatous ulceration were occasionally found in the absence of bruit and transient cerebral ischaemia, but only one patient aged under 50 had an operable lesion and no associated features. Clinical features were therefore valuable in predicting the outcome of angiography, but it seems prudent to restrict angiography to patients aged over 50, who are most likely to benefit from surgery on the carotid artery.", "contents": "Amaurosis fugax and carotid artery disease: indications for angiography. A prospective study of 80 patients presenting with amaurosis fugax was performed in an attempt to relate clinical features to angiographic findings in the internal carotid artery. Carotid bruit, transient cerebral ischaemic attacks, hypertension, and claudication were associated with a high prevalence of angiographic abnormality. Every patient who showed all these features had an operable lesion, as did 88% of those who had three features. In patients over 50 years of age carotid stenosis and atheromatous ulceration were occasionally found in the absence of bruit and transient cerebral ischaemia, but only one patient aged under 50 had an operable lesion and no associated features. Clinical features were therefore valuable in predicting the outcome of angiography, but it seems prudent to restrict angiography to patients aged over 50, who are most likely to benefit from surgery on the carotid artery."}
{"id": "PMID:890361", "title": "Nocturnal femoral fracture and continuing widespread use of barbiturate hypnotics.", "content": "A survey of 390 patients aged over 65 with fractured femurs showed that nearly all the fractures that had been caused by nocturnal falls had occurred among the many patients who were still taking barbiturate hypnotics. Barbiturates were also strongly associated with a history of frequent falls. Barbiturates are still prescribed surprisingly often for the elderly. An analysis of 1622 elderly patients referred to a geriatric clinic in Nottingham showed that 41% were taking barbiturates in 1973. By 1976 this fugure had actually increased to 51%, despite the substantial campaign against barbiturate prescribing. This campaign thus appears to have made little or no impact on prescriptions for the elderly in at least one large town. The dangers of barbiturates may well need constant reemphasis.", "contents": "Nocturnal femoral fracture and continuing widespread use of barbiturate hypnotics. A survey of 390 patients aged over 65 with fractured femurs showed that nearly all the fractures that had been caused by nocturnal falls had occurred among the many patients who were still taking barbiturate hypnotics. Barbiturates were also strongly associated with a history of frequent falls. Barbiturates are still prescribed surprisingly often for the elderly. An analysis of 1622 elderly patients referred to a geriatric clinic in Nottingham showed that 41% were taking barbiturates in 1973. By 1976 this fugure had actually increased to 51%, despite the substantial campaign against barbiturate prescribing. This campaign thus appears to have made little or no impact on prescriptions for the elderly in at least one large town. The dangers of barbiturates may well need constant reemphasis."}
{"id": "PMID:890362", "title": "Effect of calcitonin treatment on deafness due to Paget's disease of bone.", "content": "Seventeen patients with Paget's disease of the skull and deafness were followed for nine to 18 months. Patients who received calcitonin treatment showed less deterioration in hearing than untreated patients. Calcitonin treatment may retard the progression of deafness in Paget's disease, and further studies are indicated.", "contents": "Effect of calcitonin treatment on deafness due to Paget's disease of bone. Seventeen patients with Paget's disease of the skull and deafness were followed for nine to 18 months. Patients who received calcitonin treatment showed less deterioration in hearing than untreated patients. Calcitonin treatment may retard the progression of deafness in Paget's disease, and further studies are indicated."}
{"id": "PMID:890363", "title": "Acceptability of an oral contraceptive that reduces the frequency of menstruation: the tri-cycle pill regimen.", "content": "The frequency of menstruation was reduced to once every three months in 196 women by the continuous administration of the oral contraceptive pill, Minilyn, for 84 days (tri-cycle regimen). No pregnancies occurred. One hundred and sixty-one women (82%) welcomed the reduction in the number of periods with the associated freedom from menstrual and premenstrual symptoms, and many found the tri-cycle regimen easier to follow. Weight gain of more than 2 kg, irregular cycle control, especially in the first three months, breast tenderness, and headaches were the main side effects. Menstrual loss was unchanged or reduced in all but seven women. The doctors and nurses on the clinic staff were less enthusiastic about this regimen than the volunteers themselves.", "contents": "Acceptability of an oral contraceptive that reduces the frequency of menstruation: the tri-cycle pill regimen. The frequency of menstruation was reduced to once every three months in 196 women by the continuous administration of the oral contraceptive pill, Minilyn, for 84 days (tri-cycle regimen). No pregnancies occurred. One hundred and sixty-one women (82%) welcomed the reduction in the number of periods with the associated freedom from menstrual and premenstrual symptoms, and many found the tri-cycle regimen easier to follow. Weight gain of more than 2 kg, irregular cycle control, especially in the first three months, breast tenderness, and headaches were the main side effects. Menstrual loss was unchanged or reduced in all but seven women. The doctors and nurses on the clinic staff were less enthusiastic about this regimen than the volunteers themselves."}
{"id": "PMID:890364", "title": "Primary immunisation and febrile convulsions in Oxford 1972-5.", "content": "A three-year study of febrile convulsions in Oxford with comprehensive notification from general practice and hospitals showed a 3% risk for all children of suffering at least one febrile convulsion by the age of 5 years. Children were most at risk between 6 and 27 months, and febrile convulsions were most likely to be prolonged in children aged 9-15 months. The association between febrile convulsions and primary immunisations in the preceding 28 days was compared in case and control children, matched for age and sex. Results suggested that such association was a chance relationship with age. If association was direct, the febrile convulsion rates per 1000 immunisation doses were estimated as follows: diphtheria, pertussis, tetanus--0-09 per 1000; poliomyelitis--0-6 per 1000; and measles--0-9 per 1000. Hence if any of these vaccines had a secific causal relationship with febrile convulsions, these rates would probably have been much higher.", "contents": "Primary immunisation and febrile convulsions in Oxford 1972-5. A three-year study of febrile convulsions in Oxford with comprehensive notification from general practice and hospitals showed a 3% risk for all children of suffering at least one febrile convulsion by the age of 5 years. Children were most at risk between 6 and 27 months, and febrile convulsions were most likely to be prolonged in children aged 9-15 months. The association between febrile convulsions and primary immunisations in the preceding 28 days was compared in case and control children, matched for age and sex. Results suggested that such association was a chance relationship with age. If association was direct, the febrile convulsion rates per 1000 immunisation doses were estimated as follows: diphtheria, pertussis, tetanus--0-09 per 1000; poliomyelitis--0-6 per 1000; and measles--0-9 per 1000. Hence if any of these vaccines had a secific causal relationship with febrile convulsions, these rates would probably have been much higher."}
{"id": "PMID:890365", "title": "Family similarities in the age at coronary death in familial hypercholesterolaemia.", "content": "In a combined Norwegian and British study of the age at death from coronary heart disease of heterozygotes for familial hypercholesterolaemia (FH) the correlation coefficients within families for 43 sib pairs was 0-70 and for 14 first cousin pairs 0-61. There was no significant correlation between the age at death and serum cholesterol concentration in either series. The intrafamilial correlations suggest that information about the age at death from coronary heart disease in heterozygotes within families may have some prognostic value and may also be interpreted as evidence for genetic heterogeneity in FH.", "contents": "Family similarities in the age at coronary death in familial hypercholesterolaemia. In a combined Norwegian and British study of the age at death from coronary heart disease of heterozygotes for familial hypercholesterolaemia (FH) the correlation coefficients within families for 43 sib pairs was 0-70 and for 14 first cousin pairs 0-61. There was no significant correlation between the age at death and serum cholesterol concentration in either series. The intrafamilial correlations suggest that information about the age at death from coronary heart disease in heterozygotes within families may have some prognostic value and may also be interpreted as evidence for genetic heterogeneity in FH."}
{"id": "PMID:890370", "title": "Management of intractable hiccup.", "content": "A patient who developed hiccups after laparotomy was treated with numerous drugs with limited success. A left phrenic nerve crush was eventually successful. A review of published work showed that the drugs most likely to succeed were chlorpromazine and metoclopramide, and that phrenic nerve injection and crush should be considered if these failed.", "contents": "Management of intractable hiccup. A patient who developed hiccups after laparotomy was treated with numerous drugs with limited success. A left phrenic nerve crush was eventually successful. A review of published work showed that the drugs most likely to succeed were chlorpromazine and metoclopramide, and that phrenic nerve injection and crush should be considered if these failed."}
{"id": "PMID:890371", "title": "An adolescent ward.", "content": "A ward has been set up for adolescents, who, being neither children nor adults, have special needs. It provides a pleasant and enthusiastic atmosphere that allows the patients to mix together socially alties is important, but not more than 20% should be long-stay patients. Those needing intensive care or specialised investigations and those likely to be a disruptive influence are excluded. No serious sexual problems have been encountered.", "contents": "An adolescent ward. A ward has been set up for adolescents, who, being neither children nor adults, have special needs. It provides a pleasant and enthusiastic atmosphere that allows the patients to mix together socially alties is important, but not more than 20% should be long-stay patients. Those needing intensive care or specialised investigations and those likely to be a disruptive influence are excluded. No serious sexual problems have been encountered."}
{"id": "PMID:890413", "title": "A case of Ebola virus infection.", "content": "In November 1976 an investigator at the Microbiological Research Establishment accidentally inoculated himself while processing material from patients in Africa who had been suffering from a haemorrhagic fever of unknown cause. He developed an illness closely resembling Marburg disease, and a virus was isolated from his blood that resembled Marburg virus but was distinct serologically. The course of the illness was mild and may have been modified by treatment with human interferon and convalescent serum. Convalescence was protracted; there was evidence of bone-marrow depression and virus was excreted in low titre for some weeks. Recovery was complete. Infection was contained by barrier-nursing techniques using a negative-pressure plastic isolator and infection did not spread to attendant staff or to the community.", "contents": "A case of Ebola virus infection. In November 1976 an investigator at the Microbiological Research Establishment accidentally inoculated himself while processing material from patients in Africa who had been suffering from a haemorrhagic fever of unknown cause. He developed an illness closely resembling Marburg disease, and a virus was isolated from his blood that resembled Marburg virus but was distinct serologically. The course of the illness was mild and may have been modified by treatment with human interferon and convalescent serum. Convalescence was protracted; there was evidence of bone-marrow depression and virus was excreted in low titre for some weeks. Recovery was complete. Infection was contained by barrier-nursing techniques using a negative-pressure plastic isolator and infection did not spread to attendant staff or to the community."}
{"id": "PMID:890419", "title": "Negative-pressure plastic isolator for patients with dangerous infections.", "content": "A negative-pressure plastic isolator is effective for dealing with patients suffering from dangerous infections. So far it has been used to treat seven patients suspected of having infections due to Lassa, Marburg, or Ebola viruses. One patient spent 32 days in the isolator. The isolator was proved comfortable and acceptable to patients, and it gives the nursing and medical attendants a high degree of protection. All routine nursing and medical procedures can be carried out with minimal interference by the physical barrier, though it is not practicable to undertake artificial respiration or haemodialysis.", "contents": "Negative-pressure plastic isolator for patients with dangerous infections. A negative-pressure plastic isolator is effective for dealing with patients suffering from dangerous infections. So far it has been used to treat seven patients suspected of having infections due to Lassa, Marburg, or Ebola viruses. One patient spent 32 days in the isolator. The isolator was proved comfortable and acceptable to patients, and it gives the nursing and medical attendants a high degree of protection. All routine nursing and medical procedures can be carried out with minimal interference by the physical barrier, though it is not practicable to undertake artificial respiration or haemodialysis."}
{"id": "PMID:890420", "title": "Ten-minute abortions.", "content": "A service performing very early abortions in a district general hospital uses menstrual aspiration, which enables abortion to be carried out early, easily, safely, and simply. Menstrual aspiration avoids interference with routine gynaecological work and permits an operator to widen his criteria for accepting patients for termination. From September 1975 to April 1977 123 cases were referred and 104 aspirations were performed. Termination of pregnancy failed in only two cases, through inexperience, and infection occurred in only one case. Menstrual aspiration should be performed within 10-18 days of missing a period.", "contents": "Ten-minute abortions. A service performing very early abortions in a district general hospital uses menstrual aspiration, which enables abortion to be carried out early, easily, safely, and simply. Menstrual aspiration avoids interference with routine gynaecological work and permits an operator to widen his criteria for accepting patients for termination. From September 1975 to April 1977 123 cases were referred and 104 aspirations were performed. Termination of pregnancy failed in only two cases, through inexperience, and infection occurred in only one case. Menstrual aspiration should be performed within 10-18 days of missing a period."}
{"id": "PMID:890442", "title": "Membrane associated particles of the presynaptic active zone in rat spinal cord. A morphometric analysis.", "content": "The distribution of membrane-associated particles in the presynaptic membrane was investigated in the spinal cord of unanesthetized and anesthetized rats by freeze etching electron microscopy. Both 'external' face (EF) and 'protoplasmic' face (PF) were examined. Particles were classified according to size in two categories: small particles (diameter 5.0-8.7 nm) and large particles (diameter 8.7-13.7 nm). The presynaptic region was subdivided into an active and a surrounding zone, depending on specific ultrastructural criteria. The density of large particles in the PF was found to be significantly higher in the active as compared with the surrounding zone in both unanesthetized and anesthetized rats. Thus, the presence of large particles represents an important feature of the active zone. Considerably more large particles were found in the waking than in the barbiturized state. This difference is paralleled by a vast increase of vesicle attachment sites in the presynaptic membrane of unanesthetized animals reported by Streit et al. and confirmed in the present study. It is suggested that the two phenomena could be interrelated and that the large particles may represent calcium channels and thus provide the morphological substrate for the mechanism of excitation-secretion coupling.", "contents": "Membrane associated particles of the presynaptic active zone in rat spinal cord. A morphometric analysis. The distribution of membrane-associated particles in the presynaptic membrane was investigated in the spinal cord of unanesthetized and anesthetized rats by freeze etching electron microscopy. Both 'external' face (EF) and 'protoplasmic' face (PF) were examined. Particles were classified according to size in two categories: small particles (diameter 5.0-8.7 nm) and large particles (diameter 8.7-13.7 nm). The presynaptic region was subdivided into an active and a surrounding zone, depending on specific ultrastructural criteria. The density of large particles in the PF was found to be significantly higher in the active as compared with the surrounding zone in both unanesthetized and anesthetized rats. Thus, the presence of large particles represents an important feature of the active zone. Considerably more large particles were found in the waking than in the barbiturized state. This difference is paralleled by a vast increase of vesicle attachment sites in the presynaptic membrane of unanesthetized animals reported by Streit et al. and confirmed in the present study. It is suggested that the two phenomena could be interrelated and that the large particles may represent calcium channels and thus provide the morphological substrate for the mechanism of excitation-secretion coupling."}
{"id": "PMID:890443", "title": "Projections from the inferior olive to the cerebellar nuclei in the cat demonstrated by retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase.", "content": "The method of intracerebral injections of horseradish peroxidase has been applied to demonstrate a projection from the inferior olivary nucleus to the intracerebellar nuclei in the cat. Cells labeled by the transported enzyme can be observed in different regions of the olive according to the localization of the injection. The caudal half of the medial and dorsal accessory subdivisions, the dorsal cap and nucleus beta project to the fastigial nucleus. In the rostral half of the olive, the accessory subdivisions of that nucleus and the dorsomedial cell column send fibers to the interposed nuclei while the principal olive and the ventrolateral outgrowth are connected with the dentate nucleus. It is likely that these fibers are collaterals of the climbing fibers.", "contents": "Projections from the inferior olive to the cerebellar nuclei in the cat demonstrated by retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase. The method of intracerebral injections of horseradish peroxidase has been applied to demonstrate a projection from the inferior olivary nucleus to the intracerebellar nuclei in the cat. Cells labeled by the transported enzyme can be observed in different regions of the olive according to the localization of the injection. The caudal half of the medial and dorsal accessory subdivisions, the dorsal cap and nucleus beta project to the fastigial nucleus. In the rostral half of the olive, the accessory subdivisions of that nucleus and the dorsomedial cell column send fibers to the interposed nuclei while the principal olive and the ventrolateral outgrowth are connected with the dentate nucleus. It is likely that these fibers are collaterals of the climbing fibers."}
{"id": "PMID:890445", "title": "Quantitative cytochemistry of RNA in axotomized feline rubral neurons.", "content": "One-sided lateral funiculotomy at the C-2 segment induced axon reaction in the contralateral red nucleus of adult cats. Two to 60 days postoperatively the animals were sacrificed and the mesencephalon was fixed in ethanol-acetic acid, 3:1. Ten micrometer paraffin sections including both red nuclei were stained for RNA with azure B after incubation in DNAse. Cytophotometric measurements of RNA content of neurons from the caudal 600-1000 micrometer of each red nucleus were made with a Zeiss Cytoscan system using an automatic scanning stage. In contrast to the heightened RNA synthesis that has been reported for axotomized peripheral (extrinsic) neurons, the axotomized central (intrinsic) neurons of the red nucleus showed no evidence of accumulation of cytoplasmic or nucleolar RNA. Rather depletion of cellular RNA occurred. Further indication of the regressive nature of rubral axon reaction derived from morphometric measurements that showed cytoplasmic, nuclear and nucleolar atrophy of the neurons of the red nucleus contralateral to operation with the exception of a possible transient cytoplasmic enlargement 9 days postoperatively. From the cytophotometric and morphometric data here reported we are led to suggest that the frequently observed failure of axonal repair in mammalian CNS results from the innately regressive nature of the axon reaction of many mammalian central neurons.", "contents": "Quantitative cytochemistry of RNA in axotomized feline rubral neurons. One-sided lateral funiculotomy at the C-2 segment induced axon reaction in the contralateral red nucleus of adult cats. Two to 60 days postoperatively the animals were sacrificed and the mesencephalon was fixed in ethanol-acetic acid, 3:1. Ten micrometer paraffin sections including both red nuclei were stained for RNA with azure B after incubation in DNAse. Cytophotometric measurements of RNA content of neurons from the caudal 600-1000 micrometer of each red nucleus were made with a Zeiss Cytoscan system using an automatic scanning stage. In contrast to the heightened RNA synthesis that has been reported for axotomized peripheral (extrinsic) neurons, the axotomized central (intrinsic) neurons of the red nucleus showed no evidence of accumulation of cytoplasmic or nucleolar RNA. Rather depletion of cellular RNA occurred. Further indication of the regressive nature of rubral axon reaction derived from morphometric measurements that showed cytoplasmic, nuclear and nucleolar atrophy of the neurons of the red nucleus contralateral to operation with the exception of a possible transient cytoplasmic enlargement 9 days postoperatively. From the cytophotometric and morphometric data here reported we are led to suggest that the frequently observed failure of axonal repair in mammalian CNS results from the innately regressive nature of the axon reaction of many mammalian central neurons."}
{"id": "PMID:890446", "title": "Electrically induced release of [3H]dopamine from slices obtained from different rat brain cortex regions. Evidence for a widespread dopaminergic innervation of the neocortex.", "content": "Slices obtained from the deeper layers of the rat dorsal frontal, parietal and occipital brain cortex were incubated in vitro with 6.25 X 10-7 M [3H]dopamine (DA), and subsequently superfused and electrically stimulated, while held on quick transfer electrodes, and changes in the efflux of 3H and of the individual amines measured. The separation of the amines, with quantitative recoveries, was performed by chromatography on cation-exchange resins eluted sequentially with water, 1 N HCL AND 6 M urea i 1 N HCl. When no drugs were used, the prestimulation efflux was entirely formed by deaminated metabolites, while following stimulation there was an increase in the efflux of deaminated metabolites, and considerable amounts of [3H]-noradrenaline (NA) now appeared. No DA was present in the pre- or poststimulation medium. Similar results were obtained in all the regions studied. When the slices were incubated with 10-5 M desmethylimipramine (DMI), 10-4 Mnialamide and 10-4 M tropolone, before and during incubation with [3H]DA, it was observed that, prior to stimulation, the efflux was composed of deaminated metabolites, DA and 3-methoxytyramine (MTA), and following the electrical stimulus there was an increased release of DA, NA and deaminated compounds (in order of decreasing release), while no change in that of MTA was evident. The stimulus-induced release of DA was greatest from frontal slices, intermediate from parietal, and lowest from occipital ones. DMI-resistant uptake of [3H]DA also diminished when passing from frontal to occipital. These findings are interpreted as due to the presence of dopaminergic axon terminals in all the regions studied, but with a density that diminishes in a rostrocaudal direction.", "contents": "Electrically induced release of [3H]dopamine from slices obtained from different rat brain cortex regions. Evidence for a widespread dopaminergic innervation of the neocortex. Slices obtained from the deeper layers of the rat dorsal frontal, parietal and occipital brain cortex were incubated in vitro with 6.25 X 10-7 M [3H]dopamine (DA), and subsequently superfused and electrically stimulated, while held on quick transfer electrodes, and changes in the efflux of 3H and of the individual amines measured. The separation of the amines, with quantitative recoveries, was performed by chromatography on cation-exchange resins eluted sequentially with water, 1 N HCL AND 6 M urea i 1 N HCl. When no drugs were used, the prestimulation efflux was entirely formed by deaminated metabolites, while following stimulation there was an increase in the efflux of deaminated metabolites, and considerable amounts of [3H]-noradrenaline (NA) now appeared. No DA was present in the pre- or poststimulation medium. Similar results were obtained in all the regions studied. When the slices were incubated with 10-5 M desmethylimipramine (DMI), 10-4 Mnialamide and 10-4 M tropolone, before and during incubation with [3H]DA, it was observed that, prior to stimulation, the efflux was composed of deaminated metabolites, DA and 3-methoxytyramine (MTA), and following the electrical stimulus there was an increased release of DA, NA and deaminated compounds (in order of decreasing release), while no change in that of MTA was evident. The stimulus-induced release of DA was greatest from frontal slices, intermediate from parietal, and lowest from occipital ones. DMI-resistant uptake of [3H]DA also diminished when passing from frontal to occipital. These findings are interpreted as due to the presence of dopaminergic axon terminals in all the regions studied, but with a density that diminishes in a rostrocaudal direction."}
{"id": "PMID:890447", "title": "Influence of cations on the electrical activity of neuroblastoma X glioma hybrid cells.", "content": "Electrical excitability is one of the various neuronal properties of neuroblastoma X glioma hybrid cells. At a Ca2+ concentration of 1.8 mM the action potential is inhibited by tetrodotoxin, suggesting that the inward current is carried by Na+ ions. In contrast, at a Ca2+ concentration of 20-36 mM and even in the absence of Na+, spikes (sometimes repetitive) with strong hyperpolarizing afterpotential occur, which are no longer affected by tetrodotoxin. They are, however, blocked by antagonists of Ca2+ like La3+, Co2+, Mn2+, and the synthetic compounds D-600 and BAY a-1040. This seems to indicate that at high concentrations of Ca2+, the inward current of the action potential is essentially carried by Ca2+. Sr2+, but not Mg2+ can effectively substitute for Ca2+. It slows down the time course of the action potential. Ba2+ depolarizes the membrane gradually. If Ca2+ is also present, Ba2+ causes a reduced depolarization and spontaneous action potentials with no hyperpolarizing after-potential are observed.", "contents": "Influence of cations on the electrical activity of neuroblastoma X glioma hybrid cells. Electrical excitability is one of the various neuronal properties of neuroblastoma X glioma hybrid cells. At a Ca2+ concentration of 1.8 mM the action potential is inhibited by tetrodotoxin, suggesting that the inward current is carried by Na+ ions. In contrast, at a Ca2+ concentration of 20-36 mM and even in the absence of Na+, spikes (sometimes repetitive) with strong hyperpolarizing afterpotential occur, which are no longer affected by tetrodotoxin. They are, however, blocked by antagonists of Ca2+ like La3+, Co2+, Mn2+, and the synthetic compounds D-600 and BAY a-1040. This seems to indicate that at high concentrations of Ca2+, the inward current of the action potential is essentially carried by Ca2+. Sr2+, but not Mg2+ can effectively substitute for Ca2+. It slows down the time course of the action potential. Ba2+ depolarizes the membrane gradually. If Ca2+ is also present, Ba2+ causes a reduced depolarization and spontaneous action potentials with no hyperpolarizing after-potential are observed."}
{"id": "PMID:890448", "title": "Spontaneous and reflex activity of paraventricular nucleus units in cycling and lactating rats.", "content": "Extracellular recording of paraventricular neurones after electrical stimulation of the neurohypophysis reveals three cell types: type I cells, invaded by an antidromic action potential; type II cells, whose evoked response is orthodromic; and type III cells, which do not respond to stimulation. During the oestrous cycle of the rat, type I  cells are the only ones in the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) whose spontaneous activity (expressed in number of action potentials per second) varies. It is significantly higher during lactation (3.6 \"/- 0.6) and pro-oestrus (3.4 \"/- 0.5) than during oestrus (2.0 +/- 0.5), metoestrus (1.2 +/- 0.3) and dioestrus (1.5 +/- 0.4). There are significantly more phasic units during prooestrus. The mean spontaneous firing rate of type II and III  cells, remain unchanged. The reflex activity of those neurones was studied. Vaginal dilatation, which evokes a release of oxytocin31, increases the activity of a small percentage of type I cells, but there are no differences in this response at different stages of the cycle and lactation. Silent and phasic type I units are never activated. Only the evoked activity of type III cells is affected by the endocrine state. These results are discussed in the light of the known or hypothetical roles of these different cells.", "contents": "Spontaneous and reflex activity of paraventricular nucleus units in cycling and lactating rats. Extracellular recording of paraventricular neurones after electrical stimulation of the neurohypophysis reveals three cell types: type I cells, invaded by an antidromic action potential; type II cells, whose evoked response is orthodromic; and type III cells, which do not respond to stimulation. During the oestrous cycle of the rat, type I  cells are the only ones in the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) whose spontaneous activity (expressed in number of action potentials per second) varies. It is significantly higher during lactation (3.6 \"/- 0.6) and pro-oestrus (3.4 \"/- 0.5) than during oestrus (2.0 +/- 0.5), metoestrus (1.2 +/- 0.3) and dioestrus (1.5 +/- 0.4). There are significantly more phasic units during prooestrus. The mean spontaneous firing rate of type II and III  cells, remain unchanged. The reflex activity of those neurones was studied. Vaginal dilatation, which evokes a release of oxytocin31, increases the activity of a small percentage of type I cells, but there are no differences in this response at different stages of the cycle and lactation. Silent and phasic type I units are never activated. Only the evoked activity of type III cells is affected by the endocrine state. These results are discussed in the light of the known or hypothetical roles of these different cells."}
{"id": "PMID:890449", "title": "[Aversive and appetitive effects induced by mesencephalic and hypothalamic stimulation (author's transl)].", "content": "Approach and escape latencies induced by hypothalamic or central grey stimulation were measured in the rat by means of a shuttle-box technique. In order to compare the effects obtained at various brain sites, the maximal value of the escape latency/approach latency ratio was determined within a given range of stimulation intensities. The ratio was shown to have high values at sites located in the ventral part of the central grey (in or near the dorsal raphe nucleus) or in the lateral hypothalamus. It was equal to zero for most of the sites located in the dorsal part of the central grey, as the rate regularly interrupted the stimulation without initiating it again. Intermediate values were obtained at sites located in the medial hypothalamus and in the dorsal pontine tegmentum.", "contents": "[Aversive and appetitive effects induced by mesencephalic and hypothalamic stimulation (author's transl)]. Approach and escape latencies induced by hypothalamic or central grey stimulation were measured in the rat by means of a shuttle-box technique. In order to compare the effects obtained at various brain sites, the maximal value of the escape latency/approach latency ratio was determined within a given range of stimulation intensities. The ratio was shown to have high values at sites located in the ventral part of the central grey (in or near the dorsal raphe nucleus) or in the lateral hypothalamus. It was equal to zero for most of the sites located in the dorsal part of the central grey, as the rate regularly interrupted the stimulation without initiating it again. Intermediate values were obtained at sites located in the medial hypothalamus and in the dorsal pontine tegmentum."}
{"id": "PMID:890460", "title": "Energetics of amino acid transport into brain slices: effects of glucose depletion and substitution of Krebs' cycle intermediates.", "content": "Amino acid uptake by slices of brain is greatly diminished by incubation of the slices in glucose-free media. Uptake can be restored by the addition of a number of substrates, e.g., lactate, citrate, or oxaloacetate. The mixture of succinate, malate, and pyruvate (SMP, 20, 5, and mM) restored amino acid uptake better than glucose after brain slices were incubated in glucose-free media to deplete endogenous energy stores. The degree of restoration of uptake was different with the various amino acid transport classes and was independent of the restoration of ATP levels in the tissue. After restoration of uptake with SMP the amino acid uptake was resistant to NaF, but was markedly more sensitive to arsenite and oligomycin. The results indicate the coupling of mitochondrial energy transducing systems to transport.", "contents": "Energetics of amino acid transport into brain slices: effects of glucose depletion and substitution of Krebs' cycle intermediates. Amino acid uptake by slices of brain is greatly diminished by incubation of the slices in glucose-free media. Uptake can be restored by the addition of a number of substrates, e.g., lactate, citrate, or oxaloacetate. The mixture of succinate, malate, and pyruvate (SMP, 20, 5, and mM) restored amino acid uptake better than glucose after brain slices were incubated in glucose-free media to deplete endogenous energy stores. The degree of restoration of uptake was different with the various amino acid transport classes and was independent of the restoration of ATP levels in the tissue. After restoration of uptake with SMP the amino acid uptake was resistant to NaF, but was markedly more sensitive to arsenite and oligomycin. The results indicate the coupling of mitochondrial energy transducing systems to transport."}
{"id": "PMID:890469", "title": "Maintenance of neurons isolated in bulk from rat brain: incorporation of radiolabeled substrates.", "content": "Neurons isolated in bulk from 10- to 15-day-old rat brain can be maintained for 18--24 h. Phase microscopy shows that the cells remain morphologically intact during this time. As a criterion of viability, the incorporation of radiolabeled amino acids and uridine into trichloroacetic acid-insoluble material was selected. The cells are capable of the incorporation both after isolation and after maintenance. The uptake is constant with time, is proportional to substrate concentration, and is inhibited by puromycin and cycloheximide, but not by chloramphenicol. Thus the cells remain viable during this maintenance period. This system may provide a model for the study of the synthesis of specific neuronal components.", "contents": "Maintenance of neurons isolated in bulk from rat brain: incorporation of radiolabeled substrates. Neurons isolated in bulk from 10- to 15-day-old rat brain can be maintained for 18--24 h. Phase microscopy shows that the cells remain morphologically intact during this time. As a criterion of viability, the incorporation of radiolabeled amino acids and uridine into trichloroacetic acid-insoluble material was selected. The cells are capable of the incorporation both after isolation and after maintenance. The uptake is constant with time, is proportional to substrate concentration, and is inhibited by puromycin and cycloheximide, but not by chloramphenicol. Thus the cells remain viable during this maintenance period. This system may provide a model for the study of the synthesis of specific neuronal components."}
{"id": "PMID:890471", "title": "Phasic gain control of reflexes from the dorsum of the paw during spinal locomotion.", "content": "In chronic spinal cats walking with their hindlimbs on a treadmill belt, tactile stimuli were applied to the dorsum of the paw during various phases of the step cycle. A stimulation during the swing phase evoked a flexion response with a concomitant crossed extension, whereas in stance it induced an increased ipsilateral extension. EMG-recordings show short latency reflex responses in flexors and extensors, respectively. The responses are organized such that latencies of knee muscles are shorter than those of ankle and hip muscles. The movements induced by the stimulations appear to be very meaningful during normal conditions in compensating for any unpredicted obstacle disturbing the movement of the paw during locomotion. Responses during forward flexion and during the support phase are well adapted to the ongoing locomotor activity and do not influence the interlimb coordination whereas a stimulation when the foot approaches the ground after the end of flexion disturbs the regular alternating pattern. Different possible mechanisms underlying this phase-dependent reflex reversal are discussed.", "contents": "Phasic gain control of reflexes from the dorsum of the paw during spinal locomotion. In chronic spinal cats walking with their hindlimbs on a treadmill belt, tactile stimuli were applied to the dorsum of the paw during various phases of the step cycle. A stimulation during the swing phase evoked a flexion response with a concomitant crossed extension, whereas in stance it induced an increased ipsilateral extension. EMG-recordings show short latency reflex responses in flexors and extensors, respectively. The responses are organized such that latencies of knee muscles are shorter than those of ankle and hip muscles. The movements induced by the stimulations appear to be very meaningful during normal conditions in compensating for any unpredicted obstacle disturbing the movement of the paw during locomotion. Responses during forward flexion and during the support phase are well adapted to the ongoing locomotor activity and do not influence the interlimb coordination whereas a stimulation when the foot approaches the ground after the end of flexion disturbs the regular alternating pattern. Different possible mechanisms underlying this phase-dependent reflex reversal are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:890470", "title": "Denervation in the primary olfactory pathway of mice. IV. Biochemical and morphological evidence for neuronal replacement following nerve section.", "content": "Unilateral olfactory nerve section was performed in the mouse. Three biochemical markers of the olfactory chemoreceptor neurons: carnosine, carnosine synthetase activity and the olfactory marker protein, were measured in the olfactory bulb and epithelium. Parallel observations were made by light microscopy as well as at the ultrastructural level. The specific biochemical markers decrease rapidly in both bulb and epithelium and reach a minimum by the end of the first week after surgery. They then slowly return to 80% of control values by one month. Carnosinase activity in epithelium was essentially unaffected. These biochemical observations coincide temporally with the onset of degenerative changes seen morphologically, in both the bulb and epithelium. The degenerative changes persist for up to two weeks in the bulb and for about one week in the epithelium. At this time basal cell division and differentiation begins in the epithelium with subsequent regrowth of olfactory axons into the glomerular layer of the olfactory bulb with ther reappearance of olfactory axon terminals. The temporal coincidence of these biochemical and morphological observations suggests they are manifestations of the same process, and is consistent with the idea that the olfactory chemoreceptor neurons are perhaps unique in being able to be replaced from undifferentiated stem cells.", "contents": "Denervation in the primary olfactory pathway of mice. IV. Biochemical and morphological evidence for neuronal replacement following nerve section. Unilateral olfactory nerve section was performed in the mouse. Three biochemical markers of the olfactory chemoreceptor neurons: carnosine, carnosine synthetase activity and the olfactory marker protein, were measured in the olfactory bulb and epithelium. Parallel observations were made by light microscopy as well as at the ultrastructural level. The specific biochemical markers decrease rapidly in both bulb and epithelium and reach a minimum by the end of the first week after surgery. They then slowly return to 80% of control values by one month. Carnosinase activity in epithelium was essentially unaffected. These biochemical observations coincide temporally with the onset of degenerative changes seen morphologically, in both the bulb and epithelium. The degenerative changes persist for up to two weeks in the bulb and for about one week in the epithelium. At this time basal cell division and differentiation begins in the epithelium with subsequent regrowth of olfactory axons into the glomerular layer of the olfactory bulb with ther reappearance of olfactory axon terminals. The temporal coincidence of these biochemical and morphological observations suggests they are manifestations of the same process, and is consistent with the idea that the olfactory chemoreceptor neurons are perhaps unique in being able to be replaced from undifferentiated stem cells."}
{"id": "PMID:890479", "title": "A new major projection from locus coeruleus: the main source of noradrenergic nerve terminals in the ventral and dorsal columns of the spinal cord.", "content": "Almost all catecholamine (CA)-containing nerve terminals in the ventral column, intermediate grey and ventral half of the dorsal column disappeared after bilateral stereotaxic lesions of nucleus locus coeruleus, as revealed by fluorescence histochemistry. Some of the CA nerve terminals in the dorsal half of the column seemed to be unaffected by the lesions, as well as the CA terminals innervating the thoracic sympathetic lateral column and the band of nerve terminals crossing the midline and innervating the central grey. This coeruleo-spinal pathway in the rat is located in the anterior funiculus and the ventral parts of the lateral funiculus. A schematic map of the different CA projections to the spinal cord is presented. It was concluded that locus coeruleus innervates almost all parts of the central nervous system.", "contents": "A new major projection from locus coeruleus: the main source of noradrenergic nerve terminals in the ventral and dorsal columns of the spinal cord. Almost all catecholamine (CA)-containing nerve terminals in the ventral column, intermediate grey and ventral half of the dorsal column disappeared after bilateral stereotaxic lesions of nucleus locus coeruleus, as revealed by fluorescence histochemistry. Some of the CA nerve terminals in the dorsal half of the column seemed to be unaffected by the lesions, as well as the CA terminals innervating the thoracic sympathetic lateral column and the band of nerve terminals crossing the midline and innervating the central grey. This coeruleo-spinal pathway in the rat is located in the anterior funiculus and the ventral parts of the lateral funiculus. A schematic map of the different CA projections to the spinal cord is presented. It was concluded that locus coeruleus innervates almost all parts of the central nervous system."}
{"id": "PMID:890480", "title": "An autoradiographic study of the formation of the lateral motor column in the chick embryo.", "content": "An autoradiographic determination of the time of origin of the lateral motor columns (LMC) of the chick embryo has been made. The first motor neurons of the brachial LMC are born at stage 15; the earliest birthdates of lumbar LMC neurons are at stage 17. At least 95% of the motor neurons of both brachial and lumbar columns are produced by stage 23 (4 days). The remaining 5% of the motor neurons are produced during the next two days. A clear rostrocaudal gradient of motor neuron production is seen beoth between the brachial and lumbar LMCs and within the LMCs themselves. The LMCs are assembled in a mediolateral sequence: the early-born motor neurons settle medially, the later-born motor neurons settle more laterally. Observations were made of other large early-born neurons which remain permanently in the dorsal gray of the spinal cord.", "contents": "An autoradiographic study of the formation of the lateral motor column in the chick embryo. An autoradiographic determination of the time of origin of the lateral motor columns (LMC) of the chick embryo has been made. The first motor neurons of the brachial LMC are born at stage 15; the earliest birthdates of lumbar LMC neurons are at stage 17. At least 95% of the motor neurons of both brachial and lumbar columns are produced by stage 23 (4 days). The remaining 5% of the motor neurons are produced during the next two days. A clear rostrocaudal gradient of motor neuron production is seen beoth between the brachial and lumbar LMCs and within the LMCs themselves. The LMCs are assembled in a mediolateral sequence: the early-born motor neurons settle medially, the later-born motor neurons settle more laterally. Observations were made of other large early-born neurons which remain permanently in the dorsal gray of the spinal cord."}
{"id": "PMID:890481", "title": "A fluorescent histochemical study of changes in noradrenergic neurons following experimental cerebral infarction in the rat.", "content": "Following surgical ligation of the middle cerebral artery in the rat, central catecholamine containing neurons were studied using the glyoxylic acid histochemical technique. By 5 days after the ischemic lesion, the density of fluorescent varicosities decreased in both uninjured cerebral cortex and the cerebellar cortex and the intensity of fluorescence of somata in the ipsilateral and contralateral locus coeruleus decreased as compared with controls. At 20 days afer lesioning, catecholamine containing neurons looked normal under fluorescence microscopic examination, except fine varicose fluorescent axons were present for the first time among the cellular debris of the lesion and appeared to have sprouted into the lesion site. However, by 40 days after surgery, there was a marked increase in the density of fluorescent varicosities in the uninjured ipsilateral cerebral cortex, in the contralateral cerebral cortex, and in the cerebellum. These observations confirm the view that an ischemic cortical lesion can lead to profound changes in cetecholamine containing neurons in distant areas of the brain which are uninjured by the local infarction.", "contents": "A fluorescent histochemical study of changes in noradrenergic neurons following experimental cerebral infarction in the rat. Following surgical ligation of the middle cerebral artery in the rat, central catecholamine containing neurons were studied using the glyoxylic acid histochemical technique. By 5 days after the ischemic lesion, the density of fluorescent varicosities decreased in both uninjured cerebral cortex and the cerebellar cortex and the intensity of fluorescence of somata in the ipsilateral and contralateral locus coeruleus decreased as compared with controls. At 20 days afer lesioning, catecholamine containing neurons looked normal under fluorescence microscopic examination, except fine varicose fluorescent axons were present for the first time among the cellular debris of the lesion and appeared to have sprouted into the lesion site. However, by 40 days after surgery, there was a marked increase in the density of fluorescent varicosities in the uninjured ipsilateral cerebral cortex, in the contralateral cerebral cortex, and in the cerebellum. These observations confirm the view that an ischemic cortical lesion can lead to profound changes in cetecholamine containing neurons in distant areas of the brain which are uninjured by the local infarction."}
{"id": "PMID:890482", "title": "The effects of neonatal androgenization on the in vivo transport of alpha-aminoisobutyric acid into specific regions of the rat brain.", "content": "The purpose of the present study was to determine if the administration of testosterone propionate (TP) to neonatal rats is followed in vivo by alterations in the transport of the non-metabolizable amino acid, alpha-aminoisobutyric acid  (AIB), into specific regions of the brain. Forty-eigh hours after birth, male and female rats were injected s.c. with either 1,25 mg TP or an equivalent volume of vehicle. Five, 10 and 17 days after birth, control and TP-treated rats were decapitated at intervals of 2, 5, 60 and 300 min after the i.p. injection of 0.25 muCi [1-14C]alpha-aminoisobutyric acid/g body weight. Twelve brain regions, i.e., amygdala, cerebellum, corpora quadrigemina, frontal cortex, hypothalamus, medulla, occipital cortex, olfactory bulbs, olfactory tubercles, parietal cortex, pons, pyriform cortex and samples of serum were analyzed in terms of disint./min/mg tissue and as tissue/serum (T/S) ratios. At the end of 300 min there was a significant increase in the active transport of AIB in all brain regions of the 5-days-old TP-treated rats. Similarly, by 300 min, the active transport of AIB was significantly increased in all brain regions sxcept cerebellum and pons of the 10-day-old TP-treated rats. The administration of TP to neonatal rats did not alter the accumulation and/or active transport of AIB in brain regions of the 17-day-old rat at any of the tested intervals. These data indicate that (1) neonatally administered TP enhanced (either directly or indirectly) the transport and/or accumuation of AIB in specific brain regions of 5- and 10-day-old rats and (2) the effectiveness of the steroid decreased with the age of the rat.", "contents": "The effects of neonatal androgenization on the in vivo transport of alpha-aminoisobutyric acid into specific regions of the rat brain. The purpose of the present study was to determine if the administration of testosterone propionate (TP) to neonatal rats is followed in vivo by alterations in the transport of the non-metabolizable amino acid, alpha-aminoisobutyric acid  (AIB), into specific regions of the brain. Forty-eigh hours after birth, male and female rats were injected s.c. with either 1,25 mg TP or an equivalent volume of vehicle. Five, 10 and 17 days after birth, control and TP-treated rats were decapitated at intervals of 2, 5, 60 and 300 min after the i.p. injection of 0.25 muCi [1-14C]alpha-aminoisobutyric acid/g body weight. Twelve brain regions, i.e., amygdala, cerebellum, corpora quadrigemina, frontal cortex, hypothalamus, medulla, occipital cortex, olfactory bulbs, olfactory tubercles, parietal cortex, pons, pyriform cortex and samples of serum were analyzed in terms of disint./min/mg tissue and as tissue/serum (T/S) ratios. At the end of 300 min there was a significant increase in the active transport of AIB in all brain regions of the 5-days-old TP-treated rats. Similarly, by 300 min, the active transport of AIB was significantly increased in all brain regions sxcept cerebellum and pons of the 10-day-old TP-treated rats. The administration of TP to neonatal rats did not alter the accumulation and/or active transport of AIB in brain regions of the 17-day-old rat at any of the tested intervals. These data indicate that (1) neonatally administered TP enhanced (either directly or indirectly) the transport and/or accumuation of AIB in specific brain regions of 5- and 10-day-old rats and (2) the effectiveness of the steroid decreased with the age of the rat."}
{"id": "PMID:890483", "title": "Usefulness of an animal behavioral model in studying the duration of action of LSD and the onset and duration of tolerance to LSD in the cat.", "content": "LSD elicits a number of emergent behaviors in the cat, including limb flicking, abortive grooming, investigatory and hallucinatory-like behaviors, which we have proposed as an animal behavior model for studying the actions of LSD and related hallucinogens. These emergent behaviors were used in the present study to investigate the duration of action of LSD, as well as the onset and duration of tolerance. A dose of 10 microgram/kg of LSD produced significant behavioral changes for up to 4h, while a dose or 50 microgram/kg produced changes lasting for at least 8 h. Tolerance to a test dose of 50 microgram/kg of LSD is virtually complete one day after a single 50 microgram/kg dose, and lasts for approximately 5 days. Tolerance to a test dose of 50 microgram/kh of LSD one day after a single dose of 10 microgram/kg is quite marked, and lasts for approximately 3 days. A significant tolerance to a test dose of 50 microgram/kg of LSD occurs within 2 h after a single injection of 10 microgram/kg. The limb flick was found to be the most sensitive index in all tests: it showed the longest time-course, as well as the most rapid and longest-lasting tolerance. These studies demonstrate that the LSD-induced behavioral syndrome in the cat parallels important parameters of the action of LSD in humans, and thus enhances the usefulness of the model.", "contents": "Usefulness of an animal behavioral model in studying the duration of action of LSD and the onset and duration of tolerance to LSD in the cat. LSD elicits a number of emergent behaviors in the cat, including limb flicking, abortive grooming, investigatory and hallucinatory-like behaviors, which we have proposed as an animal behavior model for studying the actions of LSD and related hallucinogens. These emergent behaviors were used in the present study to investigate the duration of action of LSD, as well as the onset and duration of tolerance. A dose of 10 microgram/kg of LSD produced significant behavioral changes for up to 4h, while a dose or 50 microgram/kg produced changes lasting for at least 8 h. Tolerance to a test dose of 50 microgram/kg of LSD is virtually complete one day after a single 50 microgram/kg dose, and lasts for approximately 5 days. Tolerance to a test dose of 50 microgram/kh of LSD one day after a single dose of 10 microgram/kg is quite marked, and lasts for approximately 3 days. A significant tolerance to a test dose of 50 microgram/kg of LSD occurs within 2 h after a single injection of 10 microgram/kg. The limb flick was found to be the most sensitive index in all tests: it showed the longest time-course, as well as the most rapid and longest-lasting tolerance. These studies demonstrate that the LSD-induced behavioral syndrome in the cat parallels important parameters of the action of LSD in humans, and thus enhances the usefulness of the model."}
{"id": "PMID:890484", "title": "The substrate attached material synthesized by clonal cell lines of nerve, glia, and muscle.", "content": "A large number of clonal cell lines were examined for the deposition of proteins (substrate attached material, SAM) on the substratum of culture dishes. Of the many cell types examined, only nerve, muscle, and glia synthesized SAM containing a predominant species of protein with a apparent molecular weight of 55,000. This 55,000 molecular weight protein is distinguishable from actin, tubulin, and collagen.", "contents": "The substrate attached material synthesized by clonal cell lines of nerve, glia, and muscle. A large number of clonal cell lines were examined for the deposition of proteins (substrate attached material, SAM) on the substratum of culture dishes. Of the many cell types examined, only nerve, muscle, and glia synthesized SAM containing a predominant species of protein with a apparent molecular weight of 55,000. This 55,000 molecular weight protein is distinguishable from actin, tubulin, and collagen."}
{"id": "PMID:890491", "title": "A retino-pulvinar projection in the cat.", "content": "Injections of tritiated amino acids were made in one eye of Siamese and common cats including young kittens. After survival periods of 1--7 days axoplasmically transported label accumulated in a portion of the pulvinar nucleus as well as in the other known sites of termination of the retinofugal pathway. The retino-pulvinar projection is present at birth; it is bilateral and approximately symmetrical in common cats but the ipsilateral component is markedly reduced in Siamese animals. Labeled terminal ramifications of the retinal fibers in the pulvinar take the form of a thin, interrupted sheet oriented dorsoventrally and lying at the extreme lateral edge of the pulvinar nucleus. It appears to be continuous caudally with the medial interlaminar nucleus of the lateral geniculate complex, but the cells about which the grains cluster are clearly different from those of the medial interlaminar nucleus.", "contents": "A retino-pulvinar projection in the cat. Injections of tritiated amino acids were made in one eye of Siamese and common cats including young kittens. After survival periods of 1--7 days axoplasmically transported label accumulated in a portion of the pulvinar nucleus as well as in the other known sites of termination of the retinofugal pathway. The retino-pulvinar projection is present at birth; it is bilateral and approximately symmetrical in common cats but the ipsilateral component is markedly reduced in Siamese animals. Labeled terminal ramifications of the retinal fibers in the pulvinar take the form of a thin, interrupted sheet oriented dorsoventrally and lying at the extreme lateral edge of the pulvinar nucleus. It appears to be continuous caudally with the medial interlaminar nucleus of the lateral geniculate complex, but the cells about which the grains cluster are clearly different from those of the medial interlaminar nucleus."}
{"id": "PMID:890492", "title": "Spontaneous elimination of nerve terminals from the endplates of developing skeletal myofibers.", "content": "The development of the motor innervation of a skeletal muscle was examined in the soleus muscles of young rats. At 11 days after birth, nearly three-quarters of the endplates of individual myofibers were innervated by more than one silver stained axon. Four days later, only about 9% of the endplates remained innervated by two or more terminals. The dramatic reduction in the number of axon terminals appeared to result in large measure from the retraction of all but one of the multiple terminals. An axon interpreted as undergoing retraction was characterized by a terminal oval enlargement believed to be the site of disassembly of the fiber.", "contents": "Spontaneous elimination of nerve terminals from the endplates of developing skeletal myofibers. The development of the motor innervation of a skeletal muscle was examined in the soleus muscles of young rats. At 11 days after birth, nearly three-quarters of the endplates of individual myofibers were innervated by more than one silver stained axon. Four days later, only about 9% of the endplates remained innervated by two or more terminals. The dramatic reduction in the number of axon terminals appeared to result in large measure from the retraction of all but one of the multiple terminals. An axon interpreted as undergoing retraction was characterized by a terminal oval enlargement believed to be the site of disassembly of the fiber."}
{"id": "PMID:890500", "title": "The latent period of the Limulus lateral eye receptor potential: action of chlorobutanol.", "content": "Excised lateral eye retinular cells of Limulus polyphemus exposed to chlorobutanol were examined using microelectrode techniques. The effects observed were: (1) a marked shortening of the receptor potential latent period; (2) a decrease in the effective input resistance of retinular cells to hyperpolariziog currents; and (3) a reduction in magnitude of retinular cell receptor and membrane potential. The magnitude of the changes were concentration dependent and reversible and were only produced by chlorobutanol and closely related compounds. Chlorobutanol does not alter the sodium permeability of the receptor cell membrane but it may increase the rate of the process or processes occurring during the latent period of the receptor potential.", "contents": "The latent period of the Limulus lateral eye receptor potential: action of chlorobutanol. Excised lateral eye retinular cells of Limulus polyphemus exposed to chlorobutanol were examined using microelectrode techniques. The effects observed were: (1) a marked shortening of the receptor potential latent period; (2) a decrease in the effective input resistance of retinular cells to hyperpolariziog currents; and (3) a reduction in magnitude of retinular cell receptor and membrane potential. The magnitude of the changes were concentration dependent and reversible and were only produced by chlorobutanol and closely related compounds. Chlorobutanol does not alter the sodium permeability of the receptor cell membrane but it may increase the rate of the process or processes occurring during the latent period of the receptor potential."}
{"id": "PMID:890502", "title": "A new view of the structural relationship between LSD and mescaline.", "content": "An examination of the effects of S-(-) and R-(+) 2-amino-1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene (2-AT) on mouse spontaneous activity and rabbit EEG has shown that the S-(-) enantiomer shows selective central effects similar to those of hallucinogens like mescaline. A stereochemical analysis of these results indicates that the structural relationship between mescaline, or other phenethylamine type hallucinogens, may involve correspondence between the aromatic ring of the phenethylamines and the pyrrole portion of the indole nucleus in LSD.", "contents": "A new view of the structural relationship between LSD and mescaline. An examination of the effects of S-(-) and R-(+) 2-amino-1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene (2-AT) on mouse spontaneous activity and rabbit EEG has shown that the S-(-) enantiomer shows selective central effects similar to those of hallucinogens like mescaline. A stereochemical analysis of these results indicates that the structural relationship between mescaline, or other phenethylamine type hallucinogens, may involve correspondence between the aromatic ring of the phenethylamines and the pyrrole portion of the indole nucleus in LSD."}
{"id": "PMID:890501", "title": "Hypothalamic self-stimulation and operant activity in the mottled mutant mouse.", "content": "Some behavioural effects of the mottled mutation were studied in the variegated heterozygote female. In mutants, compared to normals, operant activity was increased, whereas hypothalamic self-stimulation was always decreased. These results are discussed relative to the excepted central catecholaminergic disturbances resulting from the mutant gene.", "contents": "Hypothalamic self-stimulation and operant activity in the mottled mutant mouse. Some behavioural effects of the mottled mutation were studied in the variegated heterozygote female. In mutants, compared to normals, operant activity was increased, whereas hypothalamic self-stimulation was always decreased. These results are discussed relative to the excepted central catecholaminergic disturbances resulting from the mutant gene."}
{"id": "PMID:890503", "title": "Disruption of the conditioned emotional response by caudate nucleus stimulation.", "content": "The effectiveness of two forms of caudate nuclear stimulation in disrupting the development of a conditioned emotional response (CER) in rats was investigated. When a 5-sec train of 2/sec light flashes was used as a conditioned stimulus (CS), single pulse caudate stimulation delivered 100 msec after each light flash effectively retarded acquisition of the CER. Posttrial caudate stimulation (delivered after the CS--US pairing) was less effective. The differential effectiveness of these two forms of stimulation in disrupting acquisition processes was most clearly seen during extinction of the CER. The group which received caudate stimulation during the CS extinguished faster than the group receiving caudate stimulation after the CS--US pairing. A nonstimulated control group was the fastest to acquire, and the slowest to extinguish the CER.", "contents": "Disruption of the conditioned emotional response by caudate nucleus stimulation. The effectiveness of two forms of caudate nuclear stimulation in disrupting the development of a conditioned emotional response (CER) in rats was investigated. When a 5-sec train of 2/sec light flashes was used as a conditioned stimulus (CS), single pulse caudate stimulation delivered 100 msec after each light flash effectively retarded acquisition of the CER. Posttrial caudate stimulation (delivered after the CS--US pairing) was less effective. The differential effectiveness of these two forms of stimulation in disrupting acquisition processes was most clearly seen during extinction of the CER. The group which received caudate stimulation during the CS extinguished faster than the group receiving caudate stimulation after the CS--US pairing. A nonstimulated control group was the fastest to acquire, and the slowest to extinguish the CER."}
{"id": "PMID:890504", "title": "delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol and the hippocampus: effects on CA1 field potentials in rats.", "content": "The effects of delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) on ortho- and antidromically elicited CA1 field potentials were observed in locally anesthetized rats and in anesthetized with urethane. THC augmented amplitudes of population EPSP's as well as orthodromic and antidromic population spikes from pyramidal cells in locally anesthetized animals. Latencies to peak amplitude of these response were increased. Conditioning-test shock experiments revealed taht THC also depressed recurrent inhibition probably mediated by basket cells. In animals under urethane anesthesia THC enhanced test responses, but failed to augment population response to the conditioning stimulus. It was concluded that THC enhanced postsynaptic excitatory processes but attenuated recurrent inhibition. Urethane anesthesia completely blocked the postsynaptic excitatory effect of THC but had little apparent influence on THC's disinhibitory action.", "contents": "delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol and the hippocampus: effects on CA1 field potentials in rats. The effects of delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) on ortho- and antidromically elicited CA1 field potentials were observed in locally anesthetized rats and in anesthetized with urethane. THC augmented amplitudes of population EPSP's as well as orthodromic and antidromic population spikes from pyramidal cells in locally anesthetized animals. Latencies to peak amplitude of these response were increased. Conditioning-test shock experiments revealed taht THC also depressed recurrent inhibition probably mediated by basket cells. In animals under urethane anesthesia THC enhanced test responses, but failed to augment population response to the conditioning stimulus. It was concluded that THC enhanced postsynaptic excitatory processes but attenuated recurrent inhibition. Urethane anesthesia completely blocked the postsynaptic excitatory effect of THC but had little apparent influence on THC's disinhibitory action."}
{"id": "PMID:890505", "title": "Locus coeruleus-to-dorsal raphe input examined by electrophysiological and morphological methods.", "content": "In order to examine the hypothesis that the locus coeruleus (LC) projects directly to the nucleus raphe dorsalis (DR), electrical stimulation was applied to the LC of rats while recording from single neurons in the region of the DR. Slow firing units of the DR were not influenced by the stimulation, although faster firing units in the nearby substantia grisea centralis (SGC) were. These latter cells become oscillatory in their firing rates during LC stimulation. In parallel studies a retrograde transport technique was imployed to obtain morphological evidence regarding projections to DR. Placements of horseradish peroxidase precisely in the DR resulted in very sparse labeling in the LC, although positive transport occurred to other areas. The results indicate that the LC does not project directly to slow firing DR neurons, but does influence faster firing celles in the region of the SGC, probably by complex routes. Suggestions are made for the integration of these findings with earlier fluorescence studies.", "contents": "Locus coeruleus-to-dorsal raphe input examined by electrophysiological and morphological methods. In order to examine the hypothesis that the locus coeruleus (LC) projects directly to the nucleus raphe dorsalis (DR), electrical stimulation was applied to the LC of rats while recording from single neurons in the region of the DR. Slow firing units of the DR were not influenced by the stimulation, although faster firing units in the nearby substantia grisea centralis (SGC) were. These latter cells become oscillatory in their firing rates during LC stimulation. In parallel studies a retrograde transport technique was imployed to obtain morphological evidence regarding projections to DR. Placements of horseradish peroxidase precisely in the DR resulted in very sparse labeling in the LC, although positive transport occurred to other areas. The results indicate that the LC does not project directly to slow firing DR neurons, but does influence faster firing celles in the region of the SGC, probably by complex routes. Suggestions are made for the integration of these findings with earlier fluorescence studies."}
{"id": "PMID:890515", "title": "Changes in polymorphic gene frequencies in strains of chickens selected for resistance to Marek's disease.", "content": "Resistance to Marek's disease (MD) was selected over five generations in three strains and their four substrains. 2. MD mortality decreased consistently on natural exposure, but in birds artificially inoculated the mortality increased again in later generations. 3. Changes of gene frequencies at five polymorphic loci--blood group A, B and D, plasma esterase and alkaline phosphatase loci--were examined. 4. The frequencies of blood group A6 and B8 alleles showed a consistent trend of increase and the B11 allele gradually decreased in most strains. The Akp allele of alkaline phosphatase increased significantly in two of seven strains. 5. Comparisons of homozygotes and heterozygotes revealed a significant difference only at the A locus.", "contents": "Changes in polymorphic gene frequencies in strains of chickens selected for resistance to Marek's disease. Resistance to Marek's disease (MD) was selected over five generations in three strains and their four substrains. 2. MD mortality decreased consistently on natural exposure, but in birds artificially inoculated the mortality increased again in later generations. 3. Changes of gene frequencies at five polymorphic loci--blood group A, B and D, plasma esterase and alkaline phosphatase loci--were examined. 4. The frequencies of blood group A6 and B8 alleles showed a consistent trend of increase and the B11 allele gradually decreased in most strains. The Akp allele of alkaline phosphatase increased significantly in two of seven strains. 5. Comparisons of homozygotes and heterozygotes revealed a significant difference only at the A locus."}
{"id": "PMID:890516", "title": "Effects of obesity induced by overfeeding on body temperature, the testis and plasma testosterone of the male Japanese quail.", "content": "Male Japanese quail, force-fed for 4 weeks, showed a marked increase in weight resulting mainly from the deposition of fat. 2. Obesity, induced by forced feeding, was accompanied by increases in colonic temperature (about 0-3 degrees C), peripheral leg temperature (about 3 degrees C) and by a decrease of the mid-scapular skin temperature (about 0-6 degrees C). 3. Testicular weight decreased by 30% during the period of overfeeding and the spermatozoa concentration in the testis and ducti deferentes decreased by 50%. There was also a small increase in the cholesterol concentration of the testis; testicular cholesterol concentration was negatively correlated with testicular weight. 4. A marked decrease in the concentration of the plasma testosterone was accompanied by regression of the tail and by a reduction in the volume of cloacal foam secreted.", "contents": "Effects of obesity induced by overfeeding on body temperature, the testis and plasma testosterone of the male Japanese quail. Male Japanese quail, force-fed for 4 weeks, showed a marked increase in weight resulting mainly from the deposition of fat. 2. Obesity, induced by forced feeding, was accompanied by increases in colonic temperature (about 0-3 degrees C), peripheral leg temperature (about 3 degrees C) and by a decrease of the mid-scapular skin temperature (about 0-6 degrees C). 3. Testicular weight decreased by 30% during the period of overfeeding and the spermatozoa concentration in the testis and ducti deferentes decreased by 50%. There was also a small increase in the cholesterol concentration of the testis; testicular cholesterol concentration was negatively correlated with testicular weight. 4. A marked decrease in the concentration of the plasma testosterone was accompanied by regression of the tail and by a reduction in the volume of cloacal foam secreted."}
{"id": "PMID:890517", "title": "Biochemical, physiological and production indices related to fat metabolism in the laying fowl at various stages of physiological development.", "content": "The significance of fat accumulation during physiological development of layers was studied using White Leghorn X Australorp pullets from 12 weeks of age. 2. Liver fat, carcass fat, liver weight and body weight increased markedly at the onset of sexual maturity. 3. Within the liver, the protein to DNA ratio did not alter significantly during development; glycogen was not consistently depleted by egg production. 4. Liver fat content was significantly correlated with carcass fat, liver weight and DNA concentration, and plasma total lipid and cholesterol, independent of stage of development; with body weight, liver protein, moisture, and protein to DNA ratio, excluding the period prior to commencement of sexual maturation; and with plasma phospholipid during lay. 5. Obesity was a feature of faster growing fowls which matured earlier, consumed more, utilised food less efficiently for egg production and produced fewer saleable eggs.", "contents": "Biochemical, physiological and production indices related to fat metabolism in the laying fowl at various stages of physiological development. The significance of fat accumulation during physiological development of layers was studied using White Leghorn X Australorp pullets from 12 weeks of age. 2. Liver fat, carcass fat, liver weight and body weight increased markedly at the onset of sexual maturity. 3. Within the liver, the protein to DNA ratio did not alter significantly during development; glycogen was not consistently depleted by egg production. 4. Liver fat content was significantly correlated with carcass fat, liver weight and DNA concentration, and plasma total lipid and cholesterol, independent of stage of development; with body weight, liver protein, moisture, and protein to DNA ratio, excluding the period prior to commencement of sexual maturation; and with plasma phospholipid during lay. 5. Obesity was a feature of faster growing fowls which matured earlier, consumed more, utilised food less efficiently for egg production and produced fewer saleable eggs."}
{"id": "PMID:890518", "title": "Ultrastructure of fibroblasts from the comb of the cockerel.", "content": "Fibroblasts in the intermediate layer of comb dermis of intact single combed White Leghorn cocks and testosterone-injected capons, all 82 days of age, were divided into three types, namely A, B and C, according to the ultrastructure of these cells. All the fibroblasts in the same tissue from capons were type C. 2. The Golgi complex and the rough endoplasmic reticulum were well developed in type A and type B fibroblasts. The latter organelle in type A fibroblasts was in the form of long parallel cisternae spaced a uniform distance apart, while that in type B fibroblasts was extremely distended, branched and anastomosed, containing flocculent material in the cisternae. In type C fibroblasts, both the Golgi complex and the rough endoplasmic reticulum were poor.", "contents": "Ultrastructure of fibroblasts from the comb of the cockerel. Fibroblasts in the intermediate layer of comb dermis of intact single combed White Leghorn cocks and testosterone-injected capons, all 82 days of age, were divided into three types, namely A, B and C, according to the ultrastructure of these cells. All the fibroblasts in the same tissue from capons were type C. 2. The Golgi complex and the rough endoplasmic reticulum were well developed in type A and type B fibroblasts. The latter organelle in type A fibroblasts was in the form of long parallel cisternae spaced a uniform distance apart, while that in type B fibroblasts was extremely distended, branched and anastomosed, containing flocculent material in the cisternae. In type C fibroblasts, both the Golgi complex and the rough endoplasmic reticulum were poor."}
{"id": "PMID:890519", "title": "Studies on the avian shell gland during egg formation: aqueous and electrolytic composition of the mucosa.", "content": "The intracellular composition of the avian shell gland mucosa was studied at six stages of egg formation. 2. Total water content of the mucosa before shell calcification was 4-8 kg/kg dry weight (dw) and rose to 6-6 kg/kg dw during shell formation; 60% of the increase was intracellular and 40% extracellular. 3. The potassium concentration of the mucosa remained constant during egg formation. 4. Chloride was removed constantly from the mucosal cells during egg formation. 5. A model was constructed for the glandular cells which depicts them as primarily NaHCO3-secreting cells towards the luminal side and HCl-secreting cells towards the serosal side, their main function being to provide CO2/3- for shell formation. In this model, the columnar mucosal cells are responsible for the calcium used in shell formation.", "contents": "Studies on the avian shell gland during egg formation: aqueous and electrolytic composition of the mucosa. The intracellular composition of the avian shell gland mucosa was studied at six stages of egg formation. 2. Total water content of the mucosa before shell calcification was 4-8 kg/kg dry weight (dw) and rose to 6-6 kg/kg dw during shell formation; 60% of the increase was intracellular and 40% extracellular. 3. The potassium concentration of the mucosa remained constant during egg formation. 4. Chloride was removed constantly from the mucosal cells during egg formation. 5. A model was constructed for the glandular cells which depicts them as primarily NaHCO3-secreting cells towards the luminal side and HCl-secreting cells towards the serosal side, their main function being to provide CO2/3- for shell formation. In this model, the columnar mucosal cells are responsible for the calcium used in shell formation."}
{"id": "PMID:890520", "title": "The in vivo estimation of body fat content in laying hens.", "content": "A comparison was made between the determined water space of 16 laying hens weighing between 1-1 and 3-5 kg and that predicted from tritiated water space, with the object of estimating body fat content. 2. The predicted water space over-estimated the determined water space by 15%, but body fat content in living hens with fat levels representing 8-6 and 39% of carcass weight could be predicted with a coefficient of variation of 14%.", "contents": "The in vivo estimation of body fat content in laying hens. A comparison was made between the determined water space of 16 laying hens weighing between 1-1 and 3-5 kg and that predicted from tritiated water space, with the object of estimating body fat content. 2. The predicted water space over-estimated the determined water space by 15%, but body fat content in living hens with fat levels representing 8-6 and 39% of carcass weight could be predicted with a coefficient of variation of 14%."}
{"id": "PMID:890521", "title": "The activity of avian rhodanese.", "content": "A survey of rhodanese activity (thiosulphate: cyanide sulphur transferase) in the tissues of the domestic fowl revealed that the highest activity occurred in the kidney, approximately twice that in the liver, 316 and 141 mumol SCN formed/min g protein, respectively. 2. In sparrows, pigeons and ducks, liver and kidney activities tended to be similar and increased with body size. 3. Relationships were found between enzyme activity and body weight to a fractional power, indicating relatively higher activity in smaller birds.", "contents": "The activity of avian rhodanese. A survey of rhodanese activity (thiosulphate: cyanide sulphur transferase) in the tissues of the domestic fowl revealed that the highest activity occurred in the kidney, approximately twice that in the liver, 316 and 141 mumol SCN formed/min g protein, respectively. 2. In sparrows, pigeons and ducks, liver and kidney activities tended to be similar and increased with body size. 3. Relationships were found between enzyme activity and body weight to a fractional power, indicating relatively higher activity in smaller birds."}
{"id": "PMID:890522", "title": "The relative importance of light and temperature as phase setting signals for oviposition in the fowl.", "content": "Under continuous lighting, time of oviposition was controlled by a temperature cycle (12 h at 30 degrees C and 12 h at 20 degrees C). The peak of egg laying occurred 15 h after the beginning of the cool period, which is the same interval as the interval observed between lights-out and peak egg laying under a 12L:12D lighting schedule. 2. When the temperature cycle was set 12 h out of phase with a light-dark cycle (12L:12D; temperature reduced when the lights came on), oviposition was entrained by the light-dark cycle. 3. When a temperature cycle was set 6 h in advance or 6 h in arrears of a 12L:12D cycle there was a difference of 1-4 h in mean time of lay between the two treatments, indicating that temperature can have a significant, though subsidiary, effect on oviposition time in the presence of a clear light-dark signal. 4. When the light-dark signal was reduced to 22L:2D, oviposition time was controlled by the temperature cycle. With 20L:4D oviposition time was determined principally by the photoperiod, but with a subsidiary effect due to temperature.", "contents": "The relative importance of light and temperature as phase setting signals for oviposition in the fowl. Under continuous lighting, time of oviposition was controlled by a temperature cycle (12 h at 30 degrees C and 12 h at 20 degrees C). The peak of egg laying occurred 15 h after the beginning of the cool period, which is the same interval as the interval observed between lights-out and peak egg laying under a 12L:12D lighting schedule. 2. When the temperature cycle was set 12 h out of phase with a light-dark cycle (12L:12D; temperature reduced when the lights came on), oviposition was entrained by the light-dark cycle. 3. When a temperature cycle was set 6 h in advance or 6 h in arrears of a 12L:12D cycle there was a difference of 1-4 h in mean time of lay between the two treatments, indicating that temperature can have a significant, though subsidiary, effect on oviposition time in the presence of a clear light-dark signal. 4. When the light-dark signal was reduced to 22L:2D, oviposition time was controlled by the temperature cycle. With 20L:4D oviposition time was determined principally by the photoperiod, but with a subsidiary effect due to temperature."}
{"id": "PMID:890524", "title": "Possible route of antigen uptake by the Harderian gland of the domestic fowl.", "content": "India ink and colloidal gold dropped on to the eyeball of chickens travelled up the secretory duct to reach the Harderian gland. 2. It is suggested that this is the route by which exogenous antigens reach the gland.", "contents": "Possible route of antigen uptake by the Harderian gland of the domestic fowl. India ink and colloidal gold dropped on to the eyeball of chickens travelled up the secretory duct to reach the Harderian gland. 2. It is suggested that this is the route by which exogenous antigens reach the gland."}
{"id": "PMID:890525", "title": "A comparison of the energy and nitrogen metabolism of broilers selected for increased growth rate, food consumption and conversion of food to gain.", "content": "Calorimetric measurements were made on 5-week-old male chickens sampled from the third generation of three lines selected for either increased live-weight gain (W), food consumption (F), or food conversion efficiency (E). A control line (C) was also measured. 2. Food intake and food conversion ratio were greater (P less than 0-05) in the F line than in the E anc C lines. 3. Metabolisability of the diet was 0-8% higher in the E line than in the other lines. 4. Metabolisable energy (ME) intake and heat production were greater (P less than 0-05) in the F line than in the E and C lines, and energy balance was greater (P less than 0-05) in the F than in the W and E lines. 5. During starvation, excreta energy and heat production were greater (P less than 0-05) in the F than the other lines. 6. Availability of ME (net energy) was the same (85%) for all lines but calculated daily maintenance energy requirements (kJ ME/kgW) were W, 860; F, 937; E, 796 and C, 810. 7. By 9 weeks the F line contained more fat and less water than lines E and C.", "contents": "A comparison of the energy and nitrogen metabolism of broilers selected for increased growth rate, food consumption and conversion of food to gain. Calorimetric measurements were made on 5-week-old male chickens sampled from the third generation of three lines selected for either increased live-weight gain (W), food consumption (F), or food conversion efficiency (E). A control line (C) was also measured. 2. Food intake and food conversion ratio were greater (P less than 0-05) in the F line than in the E anc C lines. 3. Metabolisability of the diet was 0-8% higher in the E line than in the other lines. 4. Metabolisable energy (ME) intake and heat production were greater (P less than 0-05) in the F line than in the E and C lines, and energy balance was greater (P less than 0-05) in the F than in the W and E lines. 5. During starvation, excreta energy and heat production were greater (P less than 0-05) in the F than the other lines. 6. Availability of ME (net energy) was the same (85%) for all lines but calculated daily maintenance energy requirements (kJ ME/kgW) were W, 860; F, 937; E, 796 and C, 810. 7. By 9 weeks the F line contained more fat and less water than lines E and C."}
{"id": "PMID:890526", "title": "Involvement of molybdenum in feather growth.", "content": "A poor hatchability syndrome, characterised by a high incidence of weak chickens, with clubbed down and long ginger hairs, in commercial broiler breeding stock was investigated. 2. If the weak chick were given a single oral treatment of ammonium molybdate (40 microgram Mo/chick at 1 d), there was a reduction in subsequent mortality in both sexes and an increase in the growth rate of feathers in males, but not in females.", "contents": "Involvement of molybdenum in feather growth. A poor hatchability syndrome, characterised by a high incidence of weak chickens, with clubbed down and long ginger hairs, in commercial broiler breeding stock was investigated. 2. If the weak chick were given a single oral treatment of ammonium molybdate (40 microgram Mo/chick at 1 d), there was a reduction in subsequent mortality in both sexes and an increase in the growth rate of feathers in males, but not in females."}
{"id": "PMID:890527", "title": "The relative growth of internal organs in light and heavy breeds.", "content": "The relative weights of the gastro-intestinal segments and of some other internal organs from light and heavy breed chicks from hatching to 21 days of age were compared. 2. The relative weight of the duodenum and jejunum was higher in the light breed than in the heavy one, the reverse relationship was found for the ileum and caecum.  3. The relative growth of the pancreas, heart, cerebrum and cerebellum was greater in the light breed.", "contents": "The relative growth of internal organs in light and heavy breeds. The relative weights of the gastro-intestinal segments and of some other internal organs from light and heavy breed chicks from hatching to 21 days of age were compared. 2. The relative weight of the duodenum and jejunum was higher in the light breed than in the heavy one, the reverse relationship was found for the ileum and caecum.  3. The relative growth of the pancreas, heart, cerebrum and cerebellum was greater in the light breed."}
{"id": "PMID:890528", "title": "Prevalence of Eimeria acervulina, Eimeria necatrix, Eimeria brunetti and Eimeria tenella in Georgia (USA) as demonstrated by immunity challenge techniques.", "content": "Eimeria acervulina, E. necatrix, E. brunetti and E. tenella were found to be widely distributed in north-east Georgia. 2. Using immunity challenge techniques 17 flocks from 12 to 72 weeks of age showed significantly lower lesion scores for the first three species compared with susceptible control flocks similarly challenged. Only one flock was found to be susceptible to E. tenella. No mortality occurred in the field flocks after challenge while 20 to 60% mortality occurred in the susceptible controls. 3. Partial immunity occurred more frequently in field flocks aged 28 weeks of age or less (62%) than in older flocks (30%). Lesion scores ranged from 0-1 to 2-2 with the former and 0-1 to 0-6 with the latter group. 4. A modification of the immunity challenge method was developed using lesion scores as the major criterion determining immunity. The method permits testing of four species infecting different parts of the digestive tract in one group of birds.", "contents": "Prevalence of Eimeria acervulina, Eimeria necatrix, Eimeria brunetti and Eimeria tenella in Georgia (USA) as demonstrated by immunity challenge techniques. Eimeria acervulina, E. necatrix, E. brunetti and E. tenella were found to be widely distributed in north-east Georgia. 2. Using immunity challenge techniques 17 flocks from 12 to 72 weeks of age showed significantly lower lesion scores for the first three species compared with susceptible control flocks similarly challenged. Only one flock was found to be susceptible to E. tenella. No mortality occurred in the field flocks after challenge while 20 to 60% mortality occurred in the susceptible controls. 3. Partial immunity occurred more frequently in field flocks aged 28 weeks of age or less (62%) than in older flocks (30%). Lesion scores ranged from 0-1 to 2-2 with the former and 0-1 to 0-6 with the latter group. 4. A modification of the immunity challenge method was developed using lesion scores as the major criterion determining immunity. The method permits testing of four species infecting different parts of the digestive tract in one group of birds."}
{"id": "PMID:890540", "title": "Bone water.", "content": "A short review is given of the water in bone. Various analyses of bone water content are discussed, and its possible location is considered in relation to the behaviour of water in isolated components of bone. Some of the difficulties encountered in examining such microscopic phenomena as water structure in a heterogeneous system such as bone are also discussed.", "contents": "Bone water. A short review is given of the water in bone. Various analyses of bone water content are discussed, and its possible location is considered in relation to the behaviour of water in isolated components of bone. Some of the difficulties encountered in examining such microscopic phenomena as water structure in a heterogeneous system such as bone are also discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:890541", "title": "Changes in amino-acid composition of developing rat incisor enamel.", "content": "The amino-acid composition and total \"protein\" content of enamel particles dissected serially from the developing enamel of rat incisors have been determined. Changes in protein content and amino-acid composition occurred throughout all stages of development. The most obvious alterations occurred in the vicinity of a white opaque band. Here, protein was lost most rapidly and considerable changes in amino-acid composition occurred.", "contents": "Changes in amino-acid composition of developing rat incisor enamel. The amino-acid composition and total \"protein\" content of enamel particles dissected serially from the developing enamel of rat incisors have been determined. Changes in protein content and amino-acid composition occurred throughout all stages of development. The most obvious alterations occurred in the vicinity of a white opaque band. Here, protein was lost most rapidly and considerable changes in amino-acid composition occurred."}
{"id": "PMID:890542", "title": "Proteins of the periodontium. Characterization of the insoluble collagens of bovine dental cementum.", "content": "Cyanogen bromide (CNBr) peptides were prepared of the insoluble collagen of bovine dental cementum. Following chromatographic separation, the peptides were identified by their amino-acid composition. Type I collagen ([alpha1(I)]2alpha2) accounted for more than 90% of the organic matrix, while Type III collagen ([alpha1(III)]3) was present at a level of approximately 5%. Amino-acid analyses revealed that the CNBr peptides from alpha1(I) and alpha2 chains of cementum closely resembled the corresponding peptides from calf skin. The only systematic difference was a higher level of hydroxylation of prolyl and lysyl residues of the cementum peptides.", "contents": "Proteins of the periodontium. Characterization of the insoluble collagens of bovine dental cementum. Cyanogen bromide (CNBr) peptides were prepared of the insoluble collagen of bovine dental cementum. Following chromatographic separation, the peptides were identified by their amino-acid composition. Type I collagen ([alpha1(I)]2alpha2) accounted for more than 90% of the organic matrix, while Type III collagen ([alpha1(III)]3) was present at a level of approximately 5%. Amino-acid analyses revealed that the CNBr peptides from alpha1(I) and alpha2 chains of cementum closely resembled the corresponding peptides from calf skin. The only systematic difference was a higher level of hydroxylation of prolyl and lysyl residues of the cementum peptides."}
{"id": "PMID:890543", "title": "The presence and distribution of glycogen particles in chondrogenic cells of the tibiotarsal anlage of developing chick embryos.", "content": "The distribution and localization of glycogen particles in mesenchymal cells, chondroblasts and in young, hypertrophic and degenerating chondrocytes of the tibiotarsal anlage of developing chick embryos were examined ultrastructurally using the periodic acid--thiocarbohydrazide--silver proteinate. The distribution of glycogen particles increased with the degree of differentiation and maturation of the chondrogenic cells. Mesenchymal cells showed minimal content of glycogen particles which gradually increased in the chondroblasts. The young chondrocytes further showed increased glycogen particle content compared to chondroblasts. This content reached a maximum level in hypertrophic chondrocytes. This level subsided in degenerating chondrocytes which showed a much reduced distribution of glycogen particles compared to hypertrophic chondrocytes. The morphological nature of glycogen particles depended on the degree of cellular differentiation. Both mesenchymal cells and chondroblasts contained single particles, while the glycogen particles of chondrocytes aggregated and formed a series of interconnected particles.", "contents": "The presence and distribution of glycogen particles in chondrogenic cells of the tibiotarsal anlage of developing chick embryos. The distribution and localization of glycogen particles in mesenchymal cells, chondroblasts and in young, hypertrophic and degenerating chondrocytes of the tibiotarsal anlage of developing chick embryos were examined ultrastructurally using the periodic acid--thiocarbohydrazide--silver proteinate. The distribution of glycogen particles increased with the degree of differentiation and maturation of the chondrogenic cells. Mesenchymal cells showed minimal content of glycogen particles which gradually increased in the chondroblasts. The young chondrocytes further showed increased glycogen particle content compared to chondroblasts. This content reached a maximum level in hypertrophic chondrocytes. This level subsided in degenerating chondrocytes which showed a much reduced distribution of glycogen particles compared to hypertrophic chondrocytes. The morphological nature of glycogen particles depended on the degree of cellular differentiation. Both mesenchymal cells and chondroblasts contained single particles, while the glycogen particles of chondrocytes aggregated and formed a series of interconnected particles."}
{"id": "PMID:890546", "title": "Calcium deficiency, pregnancy, and lactation in rats. Microscopic and microradiographic observations on bones.", "content": "Adult female rats were subjected to a calcium-depriving regimen (calcium-deficient diet containing oxalate + pregnancy + lactation) to obtain maximum bone mineral mobilization in as short a time as possible. The femur and tibia were investigated by histological, microradiographic and fluorescent microscopic methods. The regimen caused osteoporosis, which varied in severity with the degree of calcium deprivation. Most of the bone tissue removed was taken from the metaphyseal trabeculae and from the endosteal surface of the diaphysis. The remaining bone tissue seemed unchanged. The cells responsible for the bone removal did not seem to be multinucleated osteoclasts, but mononuclear, hypertrophied, elongated cells, possibly derived from the \"resting\" osteoblasts normally lining the bony surfaces. No signs of osteocytic osteolysis were observed. Bone formation was reduced, but present even in the most calcium-deprived animals. No increase in the amount of osteoid was observed.", "contents": "Calcium deficiency, pregnancy, and lactation in rats. Microscopic and microradiographic observations on bones. Adult female rats were subjected to a calcium-depriving regimen (calcium-deficient diet containing oxalate + pregnancy + lactation) to obtain maximum bone mineral mobilization in as short a time as possible. The femur and tibia were investigated by histological, microradiographic and fluorescent microscopic methods. The regimen caused osteoporosis, which varied in severity with the degree of calcium deprivation. Most of the bone tissue removed was taken from the metaphyseal trabeculae and from the endosteal surface of the diaphysis. The remaining bone tissue seemed unchanged. The cells responsible for the bone removal did not seem to be multinucleated osteoclasts, but mononuclear, hypertrophied, elongated cells, possibly derived from the \"resting\" osteoblasts normally lining the bony surfaces. No signs of osteocytic osteolysis were observed. Bone formation was reduced, but present even in the most calcium-deprived animals. No increase in the amount of osteoid was observed."}
{"id": "PMID:890548", "title": "Absorption spectra of bone.", "content": "Absorption spectra of human bone and its two major constituents (collagen and apatite) were obtained in the wavelength region extending from 2000 to 12,000 A. In the last two cases a minimum transmission (maximum absorption) was uniformly observed in the ultraviolet region. The two samples after exposure to ultraviolet radiations show a shift in the peak positions. Absorption peaks in the total bone spectra are not reproducible in its two constituents. After exposure to UV radiations the position of maximum absorption is displaced. A possible interpretation of the observed results is presented.", "contents": "Absorption spectra of bone. Absorption spectra of human bone and its two major constituents (collagen and apatite) were obtained in the wavelength region extending from 2000 to 12,000 A. In the last two cases a minimum transmission (maximum absorption) was uniformly observed in the ultraviolet region. The two samples after exposure to ultraviolet radiations show a shift in the peak positions. Absorption peaks in the total bone spectra are not reproducible in its two constituents. After exposure to UV radiations the position of maximum absorption is displaced. A possible interpretation of the observed results is presented."}
{"id": "PMID:890547", "title": "Movement of 125I albumin and 125I polyvinylpyrrolidone through bone tissue fluid.", "content": "The passage of tissue fluid through cortical bone has been investigated using radioactively labelled macromolecules as markers. The results suggest that in the cortex of young rabbit femur the movement of tissue fluid is in the same net direction as blood, mainly from the endosteal to the periosteal surface. Some albumin is incorporated from extravascular tissue fluid into calcified matrix at sites of bone formation. Polyvinylpyrrolidone, average molecular weight 35,000, is able to pass through extravascular tissue fluid in bone but is not incorporated into calcified matrix. In rabbits made vitamin D deficient, much less alblmin is retained in regions of bone formation than is the case with controls. Albumin adsorbs to the surface of calcium phosphate precipitates and it is suggested that this mechanism may be mainly responsible for its incorporation into bone.", "contents": "Movement of 125I albumin and 125I polyvinylpyrrolidone through bone tissue fluid. The passage of tissue fluid through cortical bone has been investigated using radioactively labelled macromolecules as markers. The results suggest that in the cortex of young rabbit femur the movement of tissue fluid is in the same net direction as blood, mainly from the endosteal to the periosteal surface. Some albumin is incorporated from extravascular tissue fluid into calcified matrix at sites of bone formation. Polyvinylpyrrolidone, average molecular weight 35,000, is able to pass through extravascular tissue fluid in bone but is not incorporated into calcified matrix. In rabbits made vitamin D deficient, much less alblmin is retained in regions of bone formation than is the case with controls. Albumin adsorbs to the surface of calcium phosphate precipitates and it is suggested that this mechanism may be mainly responsible for its incorporation into bone."}
{"id": "PMID:890550", "title": "Biosynthesis of matrix vesicles in epiphyseal cartilage. I. In vivo incorporation of 32P orthophosphate into phospholipids of chondroxyte, membrane, and matrix vesicle fractions.", "content": "The in vivo metabolism of 32P orthophosphate into phospholipids of chondroxyte, matrix vesicle, and membrane fractions of chicken epiphyseal cartilage has been studied. Incorporation of radioactive phosphate into the total phospholipid fraction of matrix vesicles was rapid, the labeling of phosphatidylcholine and lysophosphatidylserine being even more rapid in matrix vesicles than in chondrocytes. These findings indicate that matrix vesicles are formed by a rapid, metabolically active process, and are not remnants of dead cells, as had previously been postulated by some workers. The rate of incorporation of 32P orthophosphate into phosphatidylserine and sphingomyelin of matrix vesicles was significantly slower than that of phosphatidylcholine and certain other vesicle phospholipids. These findings are paradoxical because, compared with chondrocytes, matrix vesicles were enriched in phosphatidylserine and sphingomyelin and depleted in phosphatidylcholine. These results indicate that in vesicle formation the rates of degradation of the various phospholipid classes must be markedly different: phosphatidylcholine must be degraded much more rapidly than either phosphatidylserine or sphingomyelin. Support for this comes from previous data which revealed that substantial phospholipase activity is present in epiphyseal cartilage, especially in the zone of hypertrophy where matrix vesicle formation appears to be particularly active.", "contents": "Biosynthesis of matrix vesicles in epiphyseal cartilage. I. In vivo incorporation of 32P orthophosphate into phospholipids of chondroxyte, membrane, and matrix vesicle fractions. The in vivo metabolism of 32P orthophosphate into phospholipids of chondroxyte, matrix vesicle, and membrane fractions of chicken epiphyseal cartilage has been studied. Incorporation of radioactive phosphate into the total phospholipid fraction of matrix vesicles was rapid, the labeling of phosphatidylcholine and lysophosphatidylserine being even more rapid in matrix vesicles than in chondrocytes. These findings indicate that matrix vesicles are formed by a rapid, metabolically active process, and are not remnants of dead cells, as had previously been postulated by some workers. The rate of incorporation of 32P orthophosphate into phosphatidylserine and sphingomyelin of matrix vesicles was significantly slower than that of phosphatidylcholine and certain other vesicle phospholipids. These findings are paradoxical because, compared with chondrocytes, matrix vesicles were enriched in phosphatidylserine and sphingomyelin and depleted in phosphatidylcholine. These results indicate that in vesicle formation the rates of degradation of the various phospholipid classes must be markedly different: phosphatidylcholine must be degraded much more rapidly than either phosphatidylserine or sphingomyelin. Support for this comes from previous data which revealed that substantial phospholipase activity is present in epiphyseal cartilage, especially in the zone of hypertrophy where matrix vesicle formation appears to be particularly active."}
{"id": "PMID:890551", "title": "The measurement of blood flow in mouse femur and its correlation with 239Pu deposition.", "content": "The concentration of 18F was measured in three parts of the femur and in the blood of 36 mice killed at intervals of from 1 min to 2 h after intravenous injection. Blood supply to the bone sections, calculated by dividing the increase in 18F concentration in bone by the integral of 18F concentration in blood between selected time intervals, was shown to be unaffected by the return of 18F from bone to blood at times earlier than 90 min following injection. The supply of blood per unit mass of bone was greatest in distal end of the femur, less in proximal end and least in shaft. In whole femur average blood flow was 230 mm3 per gram fresh bone per min. The deposition of 239Pu in three parts of the mouse femur was shown to be linearly related to blood flow and the nature of the relationship is discussed.", "contents": "The measurement of blood flow in mouse femur and its correlation with 239Pu deposition. The concentration of 18F was measured in three parts of the femur and in the blood of 36 mice killed at intervals of from 1 min to 2 h after intravenous injection. Blood supply to the bone sections, calculated by dividing the increase in 18F concentration in bone by the integral of 18F concentration in blood between selected time intervals, was shown to be unaffected by the return of 18F from bone to blood at times earlier than 90 min following injection. The supply of blood per unit mass of bone was greatest in distal end of the femur, less in proximal end and least in shaft. In whole femur average blood flow was 230 mm3 per gram fresh bone per min. The deposition of 239Pu in three parts of the mouse femur was shown to be linearly related to blood flow and the nature of the relationship is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:890552", "title": "A preliminary characterization of human cementum collagen.", "content": "Human teeth were used to obtain cementum. Collagen could not be significantly solubilized from the cementum by salt and acetic acid extraction or by pepsin digestion. CNBr digestion (86%) of cementum and subsequent carboxymethyl cellulose chromatography suggests that human cementum consists of type I collagen only as identified by amino acid and hexose analyses.", "contents": "A preliminary characterization of human cementum collagen. Human teeth were used to obtain cementum. Collagen could not be significantly solubilized from the cementum by salt and acetic acid extraction or by pepsin digestion. CNBr digestion (86%) of cementum and subsequent carboxymethyl cellulose chromatography suggests that human cementum consists of type I collagen only as identified by amino acid and hexose analyses."}
{"id": "PMID:890553", "title": "The effects of various diphosphonates on a rat model of cardiac calciphylaxis.", "content": "Seven diphosphonate analogs were treated for their effects on myocardial and cardiovascular degeneration and calcification in an experimental model of cardiac calciphylaxis. A single oral dose of dihydrotachysterol (DHT) administered to rats induced myocardial and vascular degeneration, focal myocarditis and vasculitis, and myocardial and vascular mineralization. The results demonstrated a considerable variation among the various diphosphonates in their ability to block the pathological changes observed in this model. Ethane-1-hydroxy-1,1-diphosphonate (EHDP) was the most effective diphosphonate in reducing myocardial and vascular degeneration and calcification, whereas diphosphonates such as ethane-1-amino-1,1-diphosphonate (EADP) and hydroxymethylene diphosphonate (HMDP) had little or no effect compared to saline controls. For those diphosphonates which were effective, e.g., EHDP, the tissue-protective effects were observed whether the rats were treated with drug prior to the administration of DHT, or whether drug treatment commenced after DHT administration. The results are discussed in terms of the known biological properties of the diphosphonate drugs.", "contents": "The effects of various diphosphonates on a rat model of cardiac calciphylaxis. Seven diphosphonate analogs were treated for their effects on myocardial and cardiovascular degeneration and calcification in an experimental model of cardiac calciphylaxis. A single oral dose of dihydrotachysterol (DHT) administered to rats induced myocardial and vascular degeneration, focal myocarditis and vasculitis, and myocardial and vascular mineralization. The results demonstrated a considerable variation among the various diphosphonates in their ability to block the pathological changes observed in this model. Ethane-1-hydroxy-1,1-diphosphonate (EHDP) was the most effective diphosphonate in reducing myocardial and vascular degeneration and calcification, whereas diphosphonates such as ethane-1-amino-1,1-diphosphonate (EADP) and hydroxymethylene diphosphonate (HMDP) had little or no effect compared to saline controls. For those diphosphonates which were effective, e.g., EHDP, the tissue-protective effects were observed whether the rats were treated with drug prior to the administration of DHT, or whether drug treatment commenced after DHT administration. The results are discussed in terms of the known biological properties of the diphosphonate drugs."}
{"id": "PMID:890555", "title": "The reversibility of disuse osteoporosis. Studies of bone density, bone formation, and cell proliferation in bone tissue.", "content": "One hind leg of 80 adult rats of the Sprague-Dawley strain was made osteoporotic by immobilization for 9 weeks. Osteoporosis was noted in both the femur and the tibia when the hydrated gross bone density and the bone surface areas were measured. No signs of reversibility were observed during 10 weeks after the period of immobilization. Tetracycline and DCAF labelling failed to show significant signs of increased bone formation during the 10 weeks after remobilization. At the moment of remobilization and for some weeks thereafter, there were signs of depressed mitotic activity in the bone cells when expressed as the 3H-thymidine/DNA ratio. The conclusion was that neither the cell-proliferation rate nor the cellular activity increases sufficiently for restitution of the disuse osteoporosis.", "contents": "The reversibility of disuse osteoporosis. Studies of bone density, bone formation, and cell proliferation in bone tissue. One hind leg of 80 adult rats of the Sprague-Dawley strain was made osteoporotic by immobilization for 9 weeks. Osteoporosis was noted in both the femur and the tibia when the hydrated gross bone density and the bone surface areas were measured. No signs of reversibility were observed during 10 weeks after the period of immobilization. Tetracycline and DCAF labelling failed to show significant signs of increased bone formation during the 10 weeks after remobilization. At the moment of remobilization and for some weeks thereafter, there were signs of depressed mitotic activity in the bone cells when expressed as the 3H-thymidine/DNA ratio. The conclusion was that neither the cell-proliferation rate nor the cellular activity increases sufficiently for restitution of the disuse osteoporosis."}
{"id": "PMID:890556", "title": "Reduction of hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction by diethyl ether in the isolated perfused cat lung: the effect of acidosis and alkalosis.", "content": "Hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction is a protective mechanism diverting pulmonary blood flow away from hypoxic areas toward more optimally oxygenated lung units. Venous admixture is reduced and arterial oxygenation improved. Hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction was demonstrated during acidosis, alkalosis and normal pH in the isolated perfused cat lung under conditions of constant flow and constant left atrial and airway pressures. Two per cent diethyl ether markedly reduced hypoxic vasoconstriction under all acid-base conditions, the hypoxic pressor response returning after wash-out of diethyl ether. Modification of hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction during acid-base disturbances and possible implications of concurrent anaesthetic administration are discussed.", "contents": "Reduction of hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction by diethyl ether in the isolated perfused cat lung: the effect of acidosis and alkalosis. Hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction is a protective mechanism diverting pulmonary blood flow away from hypoxic areas toward more optimally oxygenated lung units. Venous admixture is reduced and arterial oxygenation improved. Hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction was demonstrated during acidosis, alkalosis and normal pH in the isolated perfused cat lung under conditions of constant flow and constant left atrial and airway pressures. Two per cent diethyl ether markedly reduced hypoxic vasoconstriction under all acid-base conditions, the hypoxic pressor response returning after wash-out of diethyl ether. Modification of hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction during acid-base disturbances and possible implications of concurrent anaesthetic administration are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:890557", "title": "The direct effects of circulating lidocaine on uterine blood flow and foetal well-being in the pregnant ewe.", "content": "We infused lidocaine intravenously into 13 pregnant ewes at a rate sufficient to maintain plasma levels between 2-4 mugm/ml, which are those commonly seen with regional anaesthesia. These levels did not change maternal blood pressure, pulse rate, cardiac output, stroke volume, total peripheral resistance, uterine blood flow or intra-amniotic pressure. Foetal blood pressure and pulse rate remained stable as did both maternal and foetal blood gases and acid-base values.", "contents": "The direct effects of circulating lidocaine on uterine blood flow and foetal well-being in the pregnant ewe. We infused lidocaine intravenously into 13 pregnant ewes at a rate sufficient to maintain plasma levels between 2-4 mugm/ml, which are those commonly seen with regional anaesthesia. These levels did not change maternal blood pressure, pulse rate, cardiac output, stroke volume, total peripheral resistance, uterine blood flow or intra-amniotic pressure. Foetal blood pressure and pulse rate remained stable as did both maternal and foetal blood gases and acid-base values."}
{"id": "PMID:890559", "title": "Meperidine-halothane interaction in dogs.", "content": "We studied the interaction of meperidine and halothane in 24 unmedicated, spontaneously breathing dogs. Intramuscular (i.m.) injections of meperidine, 2.75 mg/kg, 5.5 mg/kg and 11.0 mg/kg reduced the minimal alveolar concentration (MAC) of halothane required for anaesthesia. The magnitude and duration of MAC depression were dose related. Plasma meperidine concentrations following an i.m. injection of 2.75 mg/kg were lower in the awake, unsedated dogs than in the dogs anaesthetized with halothane.", "contents": "Meperidine-halothane interaction in dogs. We studied the interaction of meperidine and halothane in 24 unmedicated, spontaneously breathing dogs. Intramuscular (i.m.) injections of meperidine, 2.75 mg/kg, 5.5 mg/kg and 11.0 mg/kg reduced the minimal alveolar concentration (MAC) of halothane required for anaesthesia. The magnitude and duration of MAC depression were dose related. Plasma meperidine concentrations following an i.m. injection of 2.75 mg/kg were lower in the awake, unsedated dogs than in the dogs anaesthetized with halothane."}
{"id": "PMID:890560", "title": "Focal contracture following injection of succinylcholine in patients with peripheral nerve injury.", "content": "Focal muscle contracture in the limb following sytemic administration of depolarizing neuromuscular blocking agents have been demonstrated experimentally with transection or crush injury of the nerve, but has rarely been observed clinically in patients with partial peripheral nerve injury. Three cases of spastic response in the hand and wrist are described in patients with subclinical chronic, subacute, and acute nerve injury, to document the occurrence of this phenomenon under various circumstances.", "contents": "Focal contracture following injection of succinylcholine in patients with peripheral nerve injury. Focal muscle contracture in the limb following sytemic administration of depolarizing neuromuscular blocking agents have been demonstrated experimentally with transection or crush injury of the nerve, but has rarely been observed clinically in patients with partial peripheral nerve injury. Three cases of spastic response in the hand and wrist are described in patients with subclinical chronic, subacute, and acute nerve injury, to document the occurrence of this phenomenon under various circumstances."}
{"id": "PMID:890561", "title": "Simple deep hypothermia for open heart surgery in infancy.", "content": "Results of open cardiac surgery under deep simple hypothermia in 121 infants with body weight of less than 10 kg are reported. Deep ether anaesthesia combined with large quantities of ganglion blocking agents (triflupromazine 3 mg/kg) constitutes the anaesthetic management of choice for deep surface-induced hypothermia. The mean lowest oesophageal temperature was 20.8 degrees C, and 18.9 degrees C rectally. The mean circulatory arrest time was 40 minutes. Seventeen infants (14.0 per cent) died post-operatively. There were no operative deaths attributable to failure of cardiac resuscitation. This technique widens the scope of open heart surgery in small infants. Most of the surgically correctable malformations should be operable by this method. More than the potential hazards of hypothermia, which we believe are solved by our technique, the major problem posed by surgery in these small infants is the trans and post-operative respiratory management.", "contents": "Simple deep hypothermia for open heart surgery in infancy. Results of open cardiac surgery under deep simple hypothermia in 121 infants with body weight of less than 10 kg are reported. Deep ether anaesthesia combined with large quantities of ganglion blocking agents (triflupromazine 3 mg/kg) constitutes the anaesthetic management of choice for deep surface-induced hypothermia. The mean lowest oesophageal temperature was 20.8 degrees C, and 18.9 degrees C rectally. The mean circulatory arrest time was 40 minutes. Seventeen infants (14.0 per cent) died post-operatively. There were no operative deaths attributable to failure of cardiac resuscitation. This technique widens the scope of open heart surgery in small infants. Most of the surgically correctable malformations should be operable by this method. More than the potential hazards of hypothermia, which we believe are solved by our technique, the major problem posed by surgery in these small infants is the trans and post-operative respiratory management."}
{"id": "PMID:890562", "title": "The effects of propanidid on arterial pressure, pulse rate, preganglionic sympathetic activity and barostatic reflexes in the cat.", "content": "We have studied the effects of propanidid on preganglionic cervical sympathetic nervous activity, arterial pressure, pulse rate and barostatic reflexes of the cat. Normal, hypertensive, baroreceptor denervated and decerebrate animals with sectioned vagal nerves were studied. On the basis of our findings it is concluded that propanidid exerts its depressant action on the cardiovascular system directly. Central circulatory control mechanisms are essentially unaffected. The depression of arterial pressure caused by propanidid is moderated by two compensatory mechanisms: normal barostatic reflexes causing an increased sympathetic tone in response to hypotension and a vagolytic action of propanidid.", "contents": "The effects of propanidid on arterial pressure, pulse rate, preganglionic sympathetic activity and barostatic reflexes in the cat. We have studied the effects of propanidid on preganglionic cervical sympathetic nervous activity, arterial pressure, pulse rate and barostatic reflexes of the cat. Normal, hypertensive, baroreceptor denervated and decerebrate animals with sectioned vagal nerves were studied. On the basis of our findings it is concluded that propanidid exerts its depressant action on the cardiovascular system directly. Central circulatory control mechanisms are essentially unaffected. The depression of arterial pressure caused by propanidid is moderated by two compensatory mechanisms: normal barostatic reflexes causing an increased sympathetic tone in response to hypotension and a vagolytic action of propanidid."}
{"id": "PMID:890563", "title": "Malignant hyperthermia and althesin.", "content": "General anaesthesia with Althesin was administered on two occasions to a patient who was identified as susceptible to malignant hyperthermia, in whom there was identified familial subclinical myopathy and once in another patient suffering from arthrogryposis multiplex congenita with a history of fever associated with two previous anaesthetics. In the first patient halothane was administered by accident in association with the Althesin, but no hyperpyrexia occurred. In the second instance nitrous oxide-oxygen and halothane were associated purposely with Althesin. In none of these cases was there any rise in temperature, muscle rigor or elevation of the serum CPK level. This experience corroborates the experimental evidence of Hall, et al.10 and Harrison, who reported that Althesin prevented the onset of hyperthermia, and the clinical reports of Page and Judelman. Althesin can be assumed to be an effective anaesthetic for malignant hyperthermia susceptible patients.", "contents": "Malignant hyperthermia and althesin. General anaesthesia with Althesin was administered on two occasions to a patient who was identified as susceptible to malignant hyperthermia, in whom there was identified familial subclinical myopathy and once in another patient suffering from arthrogryposis multiplex congenita with a history of fever associated with two previous anaesthetics. In the first patient halothane was administered by accident in association with the Althesin, but no hyperpyrexia occurred. In the second instance nitrous oxide-oxygen and halothane were associated purposely with Althesin. In none of these cases was there any rise in temperature, muscle rigor or elevation of the serum CPK level. This experience corroborates the experimental evidence of Hall, et al.10 and Harrison, who reported that Althesin prevented the onset of hyperthermia, and the clinical reports of Page and Judelman. Althesin can be assumed to be an effective anaesthetic for malignant hyperthermia susceptible patients."}
{"id": "PMID:890565", "title": "A kinetic analysis of the processive enzyme Lactobacillus plantarum exoribonuclease.", "content": "Oligonucleotide chains consisting of adenosine residues and ranging from 1 to 70 residues in length have been tested as substrates or inhibitors with Lactobacillus plantarum exoribonuclease (EC3.1.4.20). The kinetic constants V, Km, and Ki are all chain-length dependent. Ki decreases with increasing chain length to a minimum for oligonucleotides seven residues in length and then begins to increase slightly. Kinetic plots indicate that the oligonucleotides are almost all competitive inhibitors of poly A hydrolysis. However, the oligonucleotide (Ap)3A greater than p probably leads to mixed inhibition. The enzyme is unable to retain its processivity when it hydrolyzes short oligonucleotides such as (Ap)2A and (Ap)3A. It is proposed that L. plantarum exoribonuclease possesses seven binding sites for the polynucleotide. When the enzyme is bound to a long-chain-length substrate the complex is stabilized by a binding energy of about 8 Kcal/mol. After cleavage of the terminal nucleotide the remaining binding energy is still sufficient to maintain an enzyme-substrate complex. The shortened nucleotide chain is moved relative to the enzyme to re-form the seven-bond association by a gradient of energy of about 1.7 Kcal/mol for the change from six to seven bonds.", "contents": "A kinetic analysis of the processive enzyme Lactobacillus plantarum exoribonuclease. Oligonucleotide chains consisting of adenosine residues and ranging from 1 to 70 residues in length have been tested as substrates or inhibitors with Lactobacillus plantarum exoribonuclease (EC3.1.4.20). The kinetic constants V, Km, and Ki are all chain-length dependent. Ki decreases with increasing chain length to a minimum for oligonucleotides seven residues in length and then begins to increase slightly. Kinetic plots indicate that the oligonucleotides are almost all competitive inhibitors of poly A hydrolysis. However, the oligonucleotide (Ap)3A greater than p probably leads to mixed inhibition. The enzyme is unable to retain its processivity when it hydrolyzes short oligonucleotides such as (Ap)2A and (Ap)3A. It is proposed that L. plantarum exoribonuclease possesses seven binding sites for the polynucleotide. When the enzyme is bound to a long-chain-length substrate the complex is stabilized by a binding energy of about 8 Kcal/mol. After cleavage of the terminal nucleotide the remaining binding energy is still sufficient to maintain an enzyme-substrate complex. The shortened nucleotide chain is moved relative to the enzyme to re-form the seven-bond association by a gradient of energy of about 1.7 Kcal/mol for the change from six to seven bonds."}
{"id": "PMID:890566", "title": "The biosynthesis of isopimpinellin.", "content": "Bergapten and xanthotoxin, labelling in the methyl group wich carbon-14 or tritiated at three skeletal carbons, were administered to leaves of Heracleum lanatum and to cell cultures of Ruta graveolens. In all experiments xanthotoxin was the more efficient precursor of isopimpinellin, although bergapten was always incorporated to a measurable extent. Double-labelling experiments showed that both precursors, especially bergapten, underwent considerable demethylation (and presumably remethylation) before conversion to isopimpinellin. 5-Hydroxyxanthotoxin and 8-hydroxybergapten were both O-methylated by cell-free extracts of Ruta cells to isopimpinellin, in reactions mediated by discrete O-methyltransferases. 8-Hydroxy[Me-14C]bergapten was converted with a high degree of incorporation to isopimpinellin by Ruta cells in vivo, and it is suggested that the preference for the pathway via xanthotoxin may be due to more rapid hydroxylation of this substrate.", "contents": "The biosynthesis of isopimpinellin. Bergapten and xanthotoxin, labelling in the methyl group wich carbon-14 or tritiated at three skeletal carbons, were administered to leaves of Heracleum lanatum and to cell cultures of Ruta graveolens. In all experiments xanthotoxin was the more efficient precursor of isopimpinellin, although bergapten was always incorporated to a measurable extent. Double-labelling experiments showed that both precursors, especially bergapten, underwent considerable demethylation (and presumably remethylation) before conversion to isopimpinellin. 5-Hydroxyxanthotoxin and 8-hydroxybergapten were both O-methylated by cell-free extracts of Ruta cells to isopimpinellin, in reactions mediated by discrete O-methyltransferases. 8-Hydroxy[Me-14C]bergapten was converted with a high degree of incorporation to isopimpinellin by Ruta cells in vivo, and it is suggested that the preference for the pathway via xanthotoxin may be due to more rapid hydroxylation of this substrate."}
{"id": "PMID:890567", "title": "Comparative study of rye and thymus histones: amino acid analysis and tryptic fingerprinting.", "content": "Amino acid composition and tryptic fingerprints of rye (Secal cereale) H1, H2B (PH1), and H2A(PHII) histones indicate the presence of major differences between these and the corresponding calf or rabbit fractions. In addition to variations for other amino acids, fraction H1 from rye contains twice as much arginine as the corresponding animal fraction; the plant H2B (PHI) and H2A (PHII) histones show lysine to arginine ratios greater than those of their animal counterparts. The tryptic maps of the same proteins appear to differ between plants and animals by the number and the general pattern of the peptides, as well as by the quantity and distribution of the arginine-containing peptides. Such results suggest the presence of differences in the primary structure of the calf and rye lysine-rich and moderately lysine-rich histones. Furthermore, the possibility is ruled out that each of these plant histones consists of an animal-like protein with an additional segment of 20--30 amino acid residues. On the other hand, the rye and calf arginine-rich fractions H3 and H4 show similar amino acid compositions and tryptic peptides maps.", "contents": "Comparative study of rye and thymus histones: amino acid analysis and tryptic fingerprinting. Amino acid composition and tryptic fingerprints of rye (Secal cereale) H1, H2B (PH1), and H2A(PHII) histones indicate the presence of major differences between these and the corresponding calf or rabbit fractions. In addition to variations for other amino acids, fraction H1 from rye contains twice as much arginine as the corresponding animal fraction; the plant H2B (PHI) and H2A (PHII) histones show lysine to arginine ratios greater than those of their animal counterparts. The tryptic maps of the same proteins appear to differ between plants and animals by the number and the general pattern of the peptides, as well as by the quantity and distribution of the arginine-containing peptides. Such results suggest the presence of differences in the primary structure of the calf and rye lysine-rich and moderately lysine-rich histones. Furthermore, the possibility is ruled out that each of these plant histones consists of an animal-like protein with an additional segment of 20--30 amino acid residues. On the other hand, the rye and calf arginine-rich fractions H3 and H4 show similar amino acid compositions and tryptic peptides maps."}
{"id": "PMID:890568", "title": "A thermal denaturation study of chromatin and nuclease-produced chromatin fragments.", "content": "Calf thymus chromatin and nuclease-produced chromatin fragments have been examined by thermal denaturation measurements. Native chromatin gave a series of distinct melting transitions at 64, 73,79, and 85 degrees C in 0.25 mM EDTA pH8. Treatments such as dialysis, mechanical shearing, or sulfhydryl oxidation of histone H3 carried out on native chromatin significantly altered the derivative melting profiles by blurring the distinct transitions and shifting the highest melting transition to a lower temperature. Derivative melting profiles for electrophoretically purified chromatin fragments, monomer through hexamer, all resembled that obtained from dialyzed chromatin. These results suggest that higher order structures exist in chromatin that are easily disrupted. Since the products of micrococcal nuclease (EC3.1.4.7) digestion of the altered chromatins did not exhibit any major electrophoretic differences from those obtained from nuclei, than most likely the primary arrangements of histones along the DNA are the main determinant for cleavage sites.", "contents": "A thermal denaturation study of chromatin and nuclease-produced chromatin fragments. Calf thymus chromatin and nuclease-produced chromatin fragments have been examined by thermal denaturation measurements. Native chromatin gave a series of distinct melting transitions at 64, 73,79, and 85 degrees C in 0.25 mM EDTA pH8. Treatments such as dialysis, mechanical shearing, or sulfhydryl oxidation of histone H3 carried out on native chromatin significantly altered the derivative melting profiles by blurring the distinct transitions and shifting the highest melting transition to a lower temperature. Derivative melting profiles for electrophoretically purified chromatin fragments, monomer through hexamer, all resembled that obtained from dialyzed chromatin. These results suggest that higher order structures exist in chromatin that are easily disrupted. Since the products of micrococcal nuclease (EC3.1.4.7) digestion of the altered chromatins did not exhibit any major electrophoretic differences from those obtained from nuclei, than most likely the primary arrangements of histones along the DNA are the main determinant for cleavage sites."}
{"id": "PMID:890569", "title": "Human pituitary thyrotropin. The primary structure of the alpha and beta subunits.", "content": "The amino acid sequence of the alpha and beta subunits of human pituitary thyrotropin has been proposed based on the data derived from the tryptic and chymotryptic peptides. The alpha subunit consists of 89 amino acid residues with two carbohydrate moieties, presumably linked to asparagines in position 49 and 75, and its amino acid sequence is identical to that of lutropin alpha. The beta subunit has 112 residues with a single carbohydrate moiety attached to asparagine at position 23. Comparison of the primary structure of human thyrotropin beta with that of the bovine hormone reveals that only 11 residue positions have been found to be different.", "contents": "Human pituitary thyrotropin. The primary structure of the alpha and beta subunits. The amino acid sequence of the alpha and beta subunits of human pituitary thyrotropin has been proposed based on the data derived from the tryptic and chymotryptic peptides. The alpha subunit consists of 89 amino acid residues with two carbohydrate moieties, presumably linked to asparagines in position 49 and 75, and its amino acid sequence is identical to that of lutropin alpha. The beta subunit has 112 residues with a single carbohydrate moiety attached to asparagine at position 23. Comparison of the primary structure of human thyrotropin beta with that of the bovine hormone reveals that only 11 residue positions have been found to be different."}
{"id": "PMID:890570", "title": "The effect of some phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase inhibitors on the adrenaline content in the domestic fowl diencephalon.", "content": "The concentration of adrenaline in the domestic fowl diencephalon was determined by a mass spectrometric or fluorimetric method. The values obtained were 701 and 803 ng/g, respectively. The administration of phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase (PNMT) (EC 2.1.1.28) inhibitors (SK&F 7698 or SK&F 64139)  to the domestic fowl produced a marked reduction in the diencephalic noradrenaline methylation (from 25% in the controls ot 7--8% in the PNMT-inhibitor-treated animals); the large decrease in adrenaline concentration (to 14--18% of controls) was accompanied by a moderate decrease in noradrenaline concentration (to 63--84% of controls). Reserpine, in contrast, produced a marked reduction of both adrenaline and noradrenaline (to 12 and 17% of controls, respectively) but did not affect the percentage of methylation. It would seem a reasonable assumption that in the domestic fowl diencephalon, adrenaline is formed by N-methylation of noradrenaline and functions there as a transmitter in some specific adrenergic neuronal pathways.", "contents": "The effect of some phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase inhibitors on the adrenaline content in the domestic fowl diencephalon. The concentration of adrenaline in the domestic fowl diencephalon was determined by a mass spectrometric or fluorimetric method. The values obtained were 701 and 803 ng/g, respectively. The administration of phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase (PNMT) (EC 2.1.1.28) inhibitors (SK&F 7698 or SK&F 64139)  to the domestic fowl produced a marked reduction in the diencephalic noradrenaline methylation (from 25% in the controls ot 7--8% in the PNMT-inhibitor-treated animals); the large decrease in adrenaline concentration (to 14--18% of controls) was accompanied by a moderate decrease in noradrenaline concentration (to 63--84% of controls). Reserpine, in contrast, produced a marked reduction of both adrenaline and noradrenaline (to 12 and 17% of controls, respectively) but did not affect the percentage of methylation. It would seem a reasonable assumption that in the domestic fowl diencephalon, adrenaline is formed by N-methylation of noradrenaline and functions there as a transmitter in some specific adrenergic neuronal pathways."}
{"id": "PMID:890571", "title": "Evidence for 16beta-hydroxylation of estrogens by guinea pig liver slices.", "content": "In an earlier communication, we conclusively proved that estrone-3-sulfate could be hydroxylated in the 16alpha position by guinea pig liver slices. Disulfates of 16alpha-hydroxyestrone and estriol were identified. Suggestive evidence for 6-hydroxylated metabolites was also mentioned. A careful reinvestigation has now shown that the steroid disulfate fraction is composed of 16alpha- and 16beta-hydroxylated steroids. 16beta-Hydroxyestrone in particular is an important quantitative metabolite of estradiol-17 beta. It is concluded that no firm evidence is available for the formation of 6-hydroxysteroids in the tissue system under consideration.", "contents": "Evidence for 16beta-hydroxylation of estrogens by guinea pig liver slices. In an earlier communication, we conclusively proved that estrone-3-sulfate could be hydroxylated in the 16alpha position by guinea pig liver slices. Disulfates of 16alpha-hydroxyestrone and estriol were identified. Suggestive evidence for 6-hydroxylated metabolites was also mentioned. A careful reinvestigation has now shown that the steroid disulfate fraction is composed of 16alpha- and 16beta-hydroxylated steroids. 16beta-Hydroxyestrone in particular is an important quantitative metabolite of estradiol-17 beta. It is concluded that no firm evidence is available for the formation of 6-hydroxysteroids in the tissue system under consideration."}
{"id": "PMID:890572", "title": "Competitive inhibition of catechol O-methyltransferase by RO-4-4602.", "content": "RO-4-4602, a peripheral L-DOPA decarboxylase (EC 4.1.1.28) inhibitor was shown to also inhibit the activity of catechol O-methyltransferase (COMT) (EC 2.1.1.6). Kinetic study indicated that the inhibition is of a competitive nature. The apparent Ki values of 7 X 10(6), 5.3 X 10(-6, and 9 X 10-6) M calculated from Lineweaver-Burke plots when dopamine, norepinephrine, and epinephrine, respectively, were used as substrate, showed that this drug is the most potent inhibitor of COMT yet known.", "contents": "Competitive inhibition of catechol O-methyltransferase by RO-4-4602. RO-4-4602, a peripheral L-DOPA decarboxylase (EC 4.1.1.28) inhibitor was shown to also inhibit the activity of catechol O-methyltransferase (COMT) (EC 2.1.1.6). Kinetic study indicated that the inhibition is of a competitive nature. The apparent Ki values of 7 X 10(6), 5.3 X 10(-6, and 9 X 10-6) M calculated from Lineweaver-Burke plots when dopamine, norepinephrine, and epinephrine, respectively, were used as substrate, showed that this drug is the most potent inhibitor of COMT yet known."}
{"id": "PMID:890574", "title": "A method for the simultaneous estimation of free and ketosidically bound sialic acids.", "content": "Various methods for the estimation of free and ketosidically bound sialic acid were investigated for accuracy and specificity. It was found that oxidation with 0.025 M sodium metaperiodate in pH 7.0 phosphate buffer at room temperature for 20 min provided a simple, rapid, sensitive method whereby both the free and the ketosidically bound acid present in a mixture could be quantitatively analyzed. On completion of the oxidation step, the bound sialic acid is estimated with resorcinol reagent and the free sialic acid with thiobarbituric acid reagent. Oxidation under these conditions permitted a facile analysis of mixtures of bovine submaxillary mucin and free N-acetylneuraminic acid, whereas the Warren thiobarbituric acid procedure gave an erroneous value for free sialic acid.", "contents": "A method for the simultaneous estimation of free and ketosidically bound sialic acids. Various methods for the estimation of free and ketosidically bound sialic acid were investigated for accuracy and specificity. It was found that oxidation with 0.025 M sodium metaperiodate in pH 7.0 phosphate buffer at room temperature for 20 min provided a simple, rapid, sensitive method whereby both the free and the ketosidically bound acid present in a mixture could be quantitatively analyzed. On completion of the oxidation step, the bound sialic acid is estimated with resorcinol reagent and the free sialic acid with thiobarbituric acid reagent. Oxidation under these conditions permitted a facile analysis of mixtures of bovine submaxillary mucin and free N-acetylneuraminic acid, whereas the Warren thiobarbituric acid procedure gave an erroneous value for free sialic acid."}
{"id": "PMID:890575", "title": "Metabolism of monoamines and diamines in hyperthyroid and hypothyroid rats.", "content": "The in vivo rates of catabolism of 14C-labelled pentylamine, ethylamine, putrescine, and cadaverine were studied in thyroidectomized rats and others made hyperthyroid by the daily administration of 0.2 mg of L-thyroxine per kilogram for 20--21 days. Hyperthyroid rats metabolized the monoamines at an accelerated rate; thyroidectomized animals oxidized pentylamine at a reduced rate. There was no effect of hypophysectomy on the rate of pentylamine oxidation. The in vitro monoamine oxidase (MAO) activity of liver was reduced in hyperthyroid rats and unchanged in those thyroidectomized; MAO activity in skeletal muscle was increased in the hyperthyroid rats and decreased in the hypothyroid rats. Because of the large mass of skeletal muscle compared with liver, it is considered that the changes in muscle MAO could play an important role in determining the rate of oxidation of pentylamine in vivo. The oxidation of the two diamines tested was not significantly affected by thyroidectomy; the rates were increased in the hyperthyroid rats, but the increase was significant only for cadaverine.", "contents": "Metabolism of monoamines and diamines in hyperthyroid and hypothyroid rats. The in vivo rates of catabolism of 14C-labelled pentylamine, ethylamine, putrescine, and cadaverine were studied in thyroidectomized rats and others made hyperthyroid by the daily administration of 0.2 mg of L-thyroxine per kilogram for 20--21 days. Hyperthyroid rats metabolized the monoamines at an accelerated rate; thyroidectomized animals oxidized pentylamine at a reduced rate. There was no effect of hypophysectomy on the rate of pentylamine oxidation. The in vitro monoamine oxidase (MAO) activity of liver was reduced in hyperthyroid rats and unchanged in those thyroidectomized; MAO activity in skeletal muscle was increased in the hyperthyroid rats and decreased in the hypothyroid rats. Because of the large mass of skeletal muscle compared with liver, it is considered that the changes in muscle MAO could play an important role in determining the rate of oxidation of pentylamine in vivo. The oxidation of the two diamines tested was not significantly affected by thyroidectomy; the rates were increased in the hyperthyroid rats, but the increase was significant only for cadaverine."}
{"id": "PMID:890576", "title": "Circular dichroism of turnip peroxidases.", "content": "Circular dichroic (CD) spectra of two turnip isoperoxidases, P1 and P7, and of their derivatives were measured over the wavelength range of 200 to 650 nm. For the two isoenzymes, it was observed that although the visible and Soret bands are located at similar wavelengths, their ellipticities are different. These results suggest that the active sites are similar but that differences do exist. The results are compared with those reported for Japanese radish peroxidase a and horseradish peroxidase. It appears that a common property of plant peroxidases is the presence of negative CD Soret bands for the reduced forms and their inversion upon cyanide binding. The CD spectra in the far UV region indicate an appreciable helical content for both native enzymes and their various derivatives. The calculated contents of unordered structure are very high (greater than 50% for either P1 or P7), in agreement with other studies on glycoproteins.", "contents": "Circular dichroism of turnip peroxidases. Circular dichroic (CD) spectra of two turnip isoperoxidases, P1 and P7, and of their derivatives were measured over the wavelength range of 200 to 650 nm. For the two isoenzymes, it was observed that although the visible and Soret bands are located at similar wavelengths, their ellipticities are different. These results suggest that the active sites are similar but that differences do exist. The results are compared with those reported for Japanese radish peroxidase a and horseradish peroxidase. It appears that a common property of plant peroxidases is the presence of negative CD Soret bands for the reduced forms and their inversion upon cyanide binding. The CD spectra in the far UV region indicate an appreciable helical content for both native enzymes and their various derivatives. The calculated contents of unordered structure are very high (greater than 50% for either P1 or P7), in agreement with other studies on glycoproteins."}
{"id": "PMID:890577", "title": "Wheat embryo ribonucleates. VIII. The presence of 7-methylguanosine 'cap structures' in the RNA of imbibing wheat embryos.", "content": "1. By imbibing wheat embryos in media that contain methyl-labelled methionine, it is possible to label both terminal and nonterminal 7-methylguanosine constituents in NaCl-insoluble (2.5 M, 0 degrees C) RNA (iRNA). 2. Most of the 7-[Me-14C]methylguanosine in wheat embryo i[Me-14C]RNA is present in nonterminal positions of polynucleotide chains, probably in ribosomal RNA. 3. By passage through a column of oligo-dT-cellulose, it is possible, to show that most of the 7-[Me-3H]methylguanosine in a 'bound' fraction of i[Me-3]RNA from imbibing wheat embryos is present in terminal 'cap' structures, probably in messenger RNA. 4. Although most of the 7-[Me-3H]methylguanosine in the 'unbound' (to oligo-dT-cellulose) fraction of i[Me-3H]RNA was present in nonterminal positions, there was also a highly significant fraction of 7-[Me-3H]methylguanosine in terminal 'cap' structures. Although it will be a subject of continued investigation, possible reasons why a large fraction of the total 7-[Me-3H]-methylguanosine was present in the 'unbound' fraction, in this present study, are a subject of discussion. 5. Careful analysis failed to reveal the presence of any N6,O2'-di[Me-3H]methyladenosine in the 'unbound' fraction of i[Me-3H]RNA. 6. Factors that might influence the binding of 'cap' oligonucleotides to DEAE-cellulose are the subject of a brief discussion.", "contents": "Wheat embryo ribonucleates. VIII. The presence of 7-methylguanosine 'cap structures' in the RNA of imbibing wheat embryos. 1. By imbibing wheat embryos in media that contain methyl-labelled methionine, it is possible to label both terminal and nonterminal 7-methylguanosine constituents in NaCl-insoluble (2.5 M, 0 degrees C) RNA (iRNA). 2. Most of the 7-[Me-14C]methylguanosine in wheat embryo i[Me-14C]RNA is present in nonterminal positions of polynucleotide chains, probably in ribosomal RNA. 3. By passage through a column of oligo-dT-cellulose, it is possible, to show that most of the 7-[Me-3H]methylguanosine in a 'bound' fraction of i[Me-3]RNA from imbibing wheat embryos is present in terminal 'cap' structures, probably in messenger RNA. 4. Although most of the 7-[Me-3H]methylguanosine in the 'unbound' (to oligo-dT-cellulose) fraction of i[Me-3H]RNA was present in nonterminal positions, there was also a highly significant fraction of 7-[Me-3H]methylguanosine in terminal 'cap' structures. Although it will be a subject of continued investigation, possible reasons why a large fraction of the total 7-[Me-3H]-methylguanosine was present in the 'unbound' fraction, in this present study, are a subject of discussion. 5. Careful analysis failed to reveal the presence of any N6,O2'-di[Me-3H]methyladenosine in the 'unbound' fraction of i[Me-3H]RNA. 6. Factors that might influence the binding of 'cap' oligonucleotides to DEAE-cellulose are the subject of a brief discussion."}
{"id": "PMID:890578", "title": "The diguanosine nucleotides: do they exist in aquatic fungi?", "content": "The aquatic fungi Achlya ambisexualis and Blastocladiella emersonii were grown in the presence of 32Pi and the 32P-labeled acid-soluble nucleotide fractions were analyzed by ion-exchange chromatography on DEAE-cellulose. Selected column fractions containing diguanosine tri- and tetra-phosphates (Gp3G and Gp4G) added as chromatographic  markers were analyzed further for 32P by chromatography and (or) enzyme hydrolysis. The results of these experiments clearly indicate that neither Gp4G nor Gp3G is synthesized during vegetative growth of these organisms and cast doubt on the hypothesis that diguanosine nucleotides are important metabolic regulators in fungi.", "contents": "The diguanosine nucleotides: do they exist in aquatic fungi? The aquatic fungi Achlya ambisexualis and Blastocladiella emersonii were grown in the presence of 32Pi and the 32P-labeled acid-soluble nucleotide fractions were analyzed by ion-exchange chromatography on DEAE-cellulose. Selected column fractions containing diguanosine tri- and tetra-phosphates (Gp3G and Gp4G) added as chromatographic  markers were analyzed further for 32P by chromatography and (or) enzyme hydrolysis. The results of these experiments clearly indicate that neither Gp4G nor Gp3G is synthesized during vegetative growth of these organisms and cast doubt on the hypothesis that diguanosine nucleotides are important metabolic regulators in fungi."}
{"id": "PMID:890579", "title": "Identification of specific phosphoproteins in nuclease-digested chromatin subunits.", "content": "Rat liver chromatin subunits (nucleosomes), which were isolated from nuclease-digested chromatin either treated or not treated with 0.5% sodium deoxycholate and 5% Triton X-100, were found to be similar with regard to sedimentation at 11 S and appeared as spherical particles with a diameter of about 100 A (1 A = 0.1 nm) in electron micrographs. The ratio of histone to nonhistone chromatin proteins (NHCP) in these subunits was 1:0.1 in the absence of detergents and 1:0.25 in the presence of detergents. After ultracentrifugation of the nuclease-digested chromatin in a 5--30% sucrose density gradient two groups of phenol-soluble NHCP were identified, one being released in the top of the gradient (fA) and the other still bound to the chromatin subunits after the nuclease digestion (fB). Two specific phosphoproteins were found in fA, one (A4) with molecular weight (MW) 39 000, pI 5.3--6.0, and the other (A5) with MW 31 000, pI 5.1--5.8. These proteins were not present in fB. Another protein in fB (B2) was highly phosphorylated, with MW 68 000, PI 6.5--8.2, and this was not found in fA. These phosphoproteins were further characterized and found to contain phosphoserine. The presence of specific phosphorylated protein(s) in fB suggests that the interaction of phosphoproteins with DNA in the eukaryotic genome is more than a random process.", "contents": "Identification of specific phosphoproteins in nuclease-digested chromatin subunits. Rat liver chromatin subunits (nucleosomes), which were isolated from nuclease-digested chromatin either treated or not treated with 0.5% sodium deoxycholate and 5% Triton X-100, were found to be similar with regard to sedimentation at 11 S and appeared as spherical particles with a diameter of about 100 A (1 A = 0.1 nm) in electron micrographs. The ratio of histone to nonhistone chromatin proteins (NHCP) in these subunits was 1:0.1 in the absence of detergents and 1:0.25 in the presence of detergents. After ultracentrifugation of the nuclease-digested chromatin in a 5--30% sucrose density gradient two groups of phenol-soluble NHCP were identified, one being released in the top of the gradient (fA) and the other still bound to the chromatin subunits after the nuclease digestion (fB). Two specific phosphoproteins were found in fA, one (A4) with molecular weight (MW) 39 000, pI 5.3--6.0, and the other (A5) with MW 31 000, pI 5.1--5.8. These proteins were not present in fB. Another protein in fB (B2) was highly phosphorylated, with MW 68 000, PI 6.5--8.2, and this was not found in fA. These phosphoproteins were further characterized and found to contain phosphoserine. The presence of specific phosphorylated protein(s) in fB suggests that the interaction of phosphoproteins with DNA in the eukaryotic genome is more than a random process."}
{"id": "PMID:890581", "title": "Altered amounts of hemoglobin synthesis in livers of dystrophic hamsters.", "content": "In liver supernatants similar amounts of leucine are incorporated into proteins of normal and dystrophic hamsters. However, using a dual labeling technique, a protein fraction is detected which shows different levels of leucine incorporation between normal and dystrophic animals in an age-dependent fashion. The major protein in this fraction comigrates with hemoglobin or its subunits under various conditions of polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. In animals younger than 3 days there is more synthesis of this protein fraction in dystrophic animals, while at 6 days there is considerably less synthesis of this protein. These changes are paralleled by differences in the number of erythroid foci in histological sections of the livers. There is no evidence for structurally altered hemoglobin in dystrophic hamsters. The significance of this finding and its possible relation to the dystrophy process are not known at present.", "contents": "Altered amounts of hemoglobin synthesis in livers of dystrophic hamsters. In liver supernatants similar amounts of leucine are incorporated into proteins of normal and dystrophic hamsters. However, using a dual labeling technique, a protein fraction is detected which shows different levels of leucine incorporation between normal and dystrophic animals in an age-dependent fashion. The major protein in this fraction comigrates with hemoglobin or its subunits under various conditions of polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. In animals younger than 3 days there is more synthesis of this protein fraction in dystrophic animals, while at 6 days there is considerably less synthesis of this protein. These changes are paralleled by differences in the number of erythroid foci in histological sections of the livers. There is no evidence for structurally altered hemoglobin in dystrophic hamsters. The significance of this finding and its possible relation to the dystrophy process are not known at present."}
{"id": "PMID:890582", "title": "The isolation of polyribosomes from plant material using magnesium precipitation in the presence of heparin.", "content": "A procedure is described for the isolation of polyribosomes from crude tissue homogenates of germinated pea seeds using Mg2+ precipitation in the presence of the ribonuclease inhibitor heparin. Collection of the polyribosomal pellet does not require the use of an ultracentrifuge. The method has a potentially wide application for polyribosome and messenger ribonucleoprotein isolation and might also be useful where conventional techniques have failed.", "contents": "The isolation of polyribosomes from plant material using magnesium precipitation in the presence of heparin. A procedure is described for the isolation of polyribosomes from crude tissue homogenates of germinated pea seeds using Mg2+ precipitation in the presence of the ribonuclease inhibitor heparin. Collection of the polyribosomal pellet does not require the use of an ultracentrifuge. The method has a potentially wide application for polyribosome and messenger ribonucleoprotein isolation and might also be useful where conventional techniques have failed."}
{"id": "PMID:890584", "title": "Phosphonolipids. XXVII. Synthesis of phosphonic acid analogs of saturated and unsaturated L-alpha-lecithins.", "content": "A procedure for the synthesis of saturated and unsaturated phosphonolecithin from the cadmium chloride complex of sn-glycerol-3-(2-trimethylammoniumethyl)-phosphonate is reported. The phosphonolecithins are obtained by acylating sn-glycerol-3(2-trimethylammoniumethyl)-phosphonate-cadmium chloride complex with fatty acid chloride and pyridine at low temperature. The preparation of the disteraroyl, dipalmitoyl, dimyristoly, and dioleoyl phosphonolecithins by this procedure is described.", "contents": "Phosphonolipids. XXVII. Synthesis of phosphonic acid analogs of saturated and unsaturated L-alpha-lecithins. A procedure for the synthesis of saturated and unsaturated phosphonolecithin from the cadmium chloride complex of sn-glycerol-3-(2-trimethylammoniumethyl)-phosphonate is reported. The phosphonolecithins are obtained by acylating sn-glycerol-3(2-trimethylammoniumethyl)-phosphonate-cadmium chloride complex with fatty acid chloride and pyridine at low temperature. The preparation of the disteraroyl, dipalmitoyl, dimyristoly, and dioleoyl phosphonolecithins by this procedure is described."}
{"id": "PMID:890585", "title": "Induction of mutations by chemicals and gamma rays in mutants of yeast refractory to UV-mutagenesis.", "content": "Radiation-sensitive mutants of Schizosaccharomyces pombe, known to be refractory to UV-mutagenesis, were tested for mutability caused by treatments with chemicals and gamma rays. One such mutant (rad3) was studied over a wide range of UV doses to compare the kinetics of its mutational response to that of the wild type. All such comparisons were carried out using a forward mutation system. Data show that, unlike UV, the chemical mutagens as well as gamma rays produced mutations (although at reduced frequency), in the strains of S. pombe tested, indicating the existence of an additional mechanism(s) for chemical and gamma ray induced mutations. These observations are discussed as these relate to the pathways for repair of mutational damage in yeast.", "contents": "Induction of mutations by chemicals and gamma rays in mutants of yeast refractory to UV-mutagenesis. Radiation-sensitive mutants of Schizosaccharomyces pombe, known to be refractory to UV-mutagenesis, were tested for mutability caused by treatments with chemicals and gamma rays. One such mutant (rad3) was studied over a wide range of UV doses to compare the kinetics of its mutational response to that of the wild type. All such comparisons were carried out using a forward mutation system. Data show that, unlike UV, the chemical mutagens as well as gamma rays produced mutations (although at reduced frequency), in the strains of S. pombe tested, indicating the existence of an additional mechanism(s) for chemical and gamma ray induced mutations. These observations are discussed as these relate to the pathways for repair of mutational damage in yeast."}
{"id": "PMID:890586", "title": "Epiblepharon in Labrador.", "content": "We describe the characteristic configuration of normal Inuit (Eskimo) eyelids. Exaggeration of some normal features of the lower lid can result in epiblepharon inferior. We have seen in Labrador seven patients with epiblepharon of a degree sufficient to require surgical intervention. All were Inuit or had distant Eskimo ancestry. We outline their clinical features and the technique of operation which has been evolved. The results were good. We stress the importance of making the distinction between entropion and epiblepharn because the operative treatments of the two conditions are different. The recommended surgical methods include, for some cases, excision of bulky orbicularis muscle as well as skin.", "contents": "Epiblepharon in Labrador. We describe the characteristic configuration of normal Inuit (Eskimo) eyelids. Exaggeration of some normal features of the lower lid can result in epiblepharon inferior. We have seen in Labrador seven patients with epiblepharon of a degree sufficient to require surgical intervention. All were Inuit or had distant Eskimo ancestry. We outline their clinical features and the technique of operation which has been evolved. The results were good. We stress the importance of making the distinction between entropion and epiblepharn because the operative treatments of the two conditions are different. The recommended surgical methods include, for some cases, excision of bulky orbicularis muscle as well as skin."}
{"id": "PMID:890587", "title": "Epi-macular holes: a cause of decreased vision in the elderly.", "content": "The development of epi-macular holes in the elderly represent a maculopathy which resembles senile macular hole and surface wrinkling retinopathy. Clinically it is most likely a sub-type of surface wrinkling retinopathy in which a hole forms in the epi-macular membranes. The findings in 11 patients with this condition are described.", "contents": "Epi-macular holes: a cause of decreased vision in the elderly. The development of epi-macular holes in the elderly represent a maculopathy which resembles senile macular hole and surface wrinkling retinopathy. Clinically it is most likely a sub-type of surface wrinkling retinopathy in which a hole forms in the epi-macular membranes. The findings in 11 patients with this condition are described."}
{"id": "PMID:890588", "title": "Clindamycin in the treatment of human ocular toxoplasmosis.", "content": "Clindamycin was used systemically and periocularly to treat six patients with ocular toxoplasmosis who had a total of eight attacks. Although it appeared to quiet the attack promptly, several side effects were noted. Transient diplopia occured after large periocular doses and papillitis resulted from retrobulbar administration. Despite its efficacy, the results do not seem to warrant high systemic doses for prolonged periods in view of its systemic toxicity. Clindamycin may be most useful as a periocular injection in moderate dosage. A controlled double-blind study is needed.", "contents": "Clindamycin in the treatment of human ocular toxoplasmosis. Clindamycin was used systemically and periocularly to treat six patients with ocular toxoplasmosis who had a total of eight attacks. Although it appeared to quiet the attack promptly, several side effects were noted. Transient diplopia occured after large periocular doses and papillitis resulted from retrobulbar administration. Despite its efficacy, the results do not seem to warrant high systemic doses for prolonged periods in view of its systemic toxicity. Clindamycin may be most useful as a periocular injection in moderate dosage. A controlled double-blind study is needed."}
{"id": "PMID:890589", "title": "The investigation of epiphora.", "content": "The investigation and management of a patient with a tearing problem demands evaluation of the lacrimal passages by syringing and intubation macrodacryocystography with subtraction prints. Data regarding function can be provided by a nuclear lacrimal scan and computer assisted scintillography. We describe our experience with 163 patients.", "contents": "The investigation of epiphora. The investigation and management of a patient with a tearing problem demands evaluation of the lacrimal passages by syringing and intubation macrodacryocystography with subtraction prints. Data regarding function can be provided by a nuclear lacrimal scan and computer assisted scintillography. We describe our experience with 163 patients."}
{"id": "PMID:890590", "title": "The use of the \"lateral canthal sling\" in ectropion repair.", "content": "We describe the use of the \"lateral canthal sling\" in the treatment of non-cicatrical \"senile\" ectropion of the lower lid. Combined with a resection of the lower retractors and the hypertrophied palpebral conjunctiva we consider it the treatment of choice for repairing non-cicatrical \"marginal\" ectropion. We offer a theory of the pathogenesis of the latter.", "contents": "The use of the \"lateral canthal sling\" in ectropion repair. We describe the use of the \"lateral canthal sling\" in the treatment of non-cicatrical \"senile\" ectropion of the lower lid. Combined with a resection of the lower retractors and the hypertrophied palpebral conjunctiva we consider it the treatment of choice for repairing non-cicatrical \"marginal\" ectropion. We offer a theory of the pathogenesis of the latter."}
{"id": "PMID:890591", "title": "A Goldmann perimeter with high luminance chromatic targets.", "content": "We have modified the original Goldmann perimeter by replacing the source and shutter by a Xenon arc source with maximum target luminance of 3183 cdm-2, and a quartz iodine lamp yielding maximum background luminance of 150 cdm-2, both measured at the bowl. Colorimetric and spectrophotometric specifications of the new colour targets are comparable to the original, but give luminance intensities equivalent to 318 cdm-2: levels only realized for the white target in the original system. Chromatic profiles are comparable to previous profiles for achromatic targets and the close correspondence between the retinal threshold gradients produced by the two methods simplifies comparison of data obtained with out instrument with those obtained from routine static perimetry. Under high luminance conditions we do not find the relative foveal scotoma for blue targets observed by other researchers. The use of photometrically equated targets well withi; the photopic levels is an improvement on present methods of colour perimetry.", "contents": "A Goldmann perimeter with high luminance chromatic targets. We have modified the original Goldmann perimeter by replacing the source and shutter by a Xenon arc source with maximum target luminance of 3183 cdm-2, and a quartz iodine lamp yielding maximum background luminance of 150 cdm-2, both measured at the bowl. Colorimetric and spectrophotometric specifications of the new colour targets are comparable to the original, but give luminance intensities equivalent to 318 cdm-2: levels only realized for the white target in the original system. Chromatic profiles are comparable to previous profiles for achromatic targets and the close correspondence between the retinal threshold gradients produced by the two methods simplifies comparison of data obtained with out instrument with those obtained from routine static perimetry. Under high luminance conditions we do not find the relative foveal scotoma for blue targets observed by other researchers. The use of photometrically equated targets well withi; the photopic levels is an improvement on present methods of colour perimetry."}
{"id": "PMID:890592", "title": "Tensile strength of fascia lata sutures following gamma radiation.", "content": "Gamma radiation (Co-60) is used to sterilize biological sutures. We wished to compare the effect of gamma-radiation in doses of 2.7 and 4.0 Mrads on the tensile strength of human fascia lata sutures obtained from the same cadaver. Five variables of tensile strength viz. Breaking Elongation, Breaking Load, Yield Point Load, Work of Rupture and Elastic Stiffness were determined for each suture. For Breaking Elongation the mean strength for the 4.0 Mrad dose was 3% less than for 2.7 Mrad dose (P less than 0.05); for Breaking Load 11% less (P less than 0.01); for Yield Point Load 9% less (P less than 0.02); for Work of Rupture 14% less (P less than 0.01); and for Elastic Stiffness 8% less (P less than 0.02). Irradiation with 4.0 Mrads, does not greatly change the tensile strength characteristics of fascia lata sutures.", "contents": "Tensile strength of fascia lata sutures following gamma radiation. Gamma radiation (Co-60) is used to sterilize biological sutures. We wished to compare the effect of gamma-radiation in doses of 2.7 and 4.0 Mrads on the tensile strength of human fascia lata sutures obtained from the same cadaver. Five variables of tensile strength viz. Breaking Elongation, Breaking Load, Yield Point Load, Work of Rupture and Elastic Stiffness were determined for each suture. For Breaking Elongation the mean strength for the 4.0 Mrad dose was 3% less than for 2.7 Mrad dose (P less than 0.05); for Breaking Load 11% less (P less than 0.01); for Yield Point Load 9% less (P less than 0.02); for Work of Rupture 14% less (P less than 0.01); and for Elastic Stiffness 8% less (P less than 0.02). Irradiation with 4.0 Mrads, does not greatly change the tensile strength characteristics of fascia lata sutures."}
{"id": "PMID:890593", "title": "Ultimate tensile strength of gamma irradiated human scleral sutures.", "content": "Scleral sutures were prepared by hand from the equatorial region of 53 paired donor eyes. The weakening produced by two doses of gamma Co-60 radiation (2.7 and 4.0 Mrads) was compared using measurements of tensile strength; the strength of unirradiated scleral sutures was also measured, for comparison. The three variables of tensile strength, viz. Breaking Elongation, Breaking Load, and Work of Rupture was determined for each suture. As compared to unirradiated sutures, Breaking Elongation decreased on irradiation (P less than 0.01), but the two doses of irradiation were not statistically significant (P greater than 0.05); Breaking Load increased on irradiation (P less than 0.01), but the two doses of irradiation were again not significant (P greater than 0.05). Only 4.0 Mrads irradiated scleral sutures, as compared to unirradiated ones, showed a statistically significant reduction (P less than 0.01) for Work of Rupture. No definite relationships were found by regression analysis among the tensile strength variables and the independent variables of sex and various storage times for the 4.0 Mrad data. Work of Rupture showed a negative relationship to the age of donors, though the change with age was small.", "contents": "Ultimate tensile strength of gamma irradiated human scleral sutures. Scleral sutures were prepared by hand from the equatorial region of 53 paired donor eyes. The weakening produced by two doses of gamma Co-60 radiation (2.7 and 4.0 Mrads) was compared using measurements of tensile strength; the strength of unirradiated scleral sutures was also measured, for comparison. The three variables of tensile strength, viz. Breaking Elongation, Breaking Load, and Work of Rupture was determined for each suture. As compared to unirradiated sutures, Breaking Elongation decreased on irradiation (P less than 0.01), but the two doses of irradiation were not statistically significant (P greater than 0.05); Breaking Load increased on irradiation (P less than 0.01), but the two doses of irradiation were again not significant (P greater than 0.05). Only 4.0 Mrads irradiated scleral sutures, as compared to unirradiated ones, showed a statistically significant reduction (P less than 0.01) for Work of Rupture. No definite relationships were found by regression analysis among the tensile strength variables and the independent variables of sex and various storage times for the 4.0 Mrad data. Work of Rupture showed a negative relationship to the age of donors, though the change with age was small."}
{"id": "PMID:890594", "title": "Computed tomography of choroidal melanoma and scleral buckle.", "content": "In the investigation of a patient with choroidal melanoma in one eye and repaired rhegmatogenous retinal detachment in the other, a C.T. scan demonstrated the tumour in the right globe and the encircling silastic sponge around the left globe. These radiologic findings were confirmed on histological examination of the right eye. We believe C.T. scanning may be a valuable technique for investigating bulbar and para-bulbar soft tissue abnormalities.", "contents": "Computed tomography of choroidal melanoma and scleral buckle. In the investigation of a patient with choroidal melanoma in one eye and repaired rhegmatogenous retinal detachment in the other, a C.T. scan demonstrated the tumour in the right globe and the encircling silastic sponge around the left globe. These radiologic findings were confirmed on histological examination of the right eye. We believe C.T. scanning may be a valuable technique for investigating bulbar and para-bulbar soft tissue abnormalities."}
{"id": "PMID:890595", "title": "Uveal melanoma presenting as post-traumatic choroidal hemorrhage and panophthalmitis.", "content": "A 63-year-old Caucasian man presented with loss of vision in one eye. The loss of vision was considered to be due to a post-traumatic intraocular hemorrhage. He developed panophthalmitis 3 months later and necrosis in a malignant melanoma was diagnosed. The diagnosis of melanoma in patients with blind eyes and opaque ocular media is discussed.", "contents": "Uveal melanoma presenting as post-traumatic choroidal hemorrhage and panophthalmitis. A 63-year-old Caucasian man presented with loss of vision in one eye. The loss of vision was considered to be due to a post-traumatic intraocular hemorrhage. He developed panophthalmitis 3 months later and necrosis in a malignant melanoma was diagnosed. The diagnosis of melanoma in patients with blind eyes and opaque ocular media is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:890596", "title": "Ultrasonography and 32P test in the diagnosis of choroidal melanoma with massive vitreous hemorrhage.", "content": "A malignant melanoma of the choroid presented with a massive vitreous hemorrhage which prevented any view of the posterior pole. The diagnosis was confirmed by the results of a radioactive phosphorus test and ultrasonography. In eyes with opaque media, these tests will ofter prevent delays in diagnosis.", "contents": "Ultrasonography and 32P test in the diagnosis of choroidal melanoma with massive vitreous hemorrhage. A malignant melanoma of the choroid presented with a massive vitreous hemorrhage which prevented any view of the posterior pole. The diagnosis was confirmed by the results of a radioactive phosphorus test and ultrasonography. In eyes with opaque media, these tests will ofter prevent delays in diagnosis."}
{"id": "PMID:890597", "title": "IgE in limbal conjunctiva in Mooren's ulcer.", "content": "A patient with a severe, progressive Mooren's ulcer was unsuccessfully treated by limbal conjunctival resection and cryotherapy. The excised conjunctiva demonstrated a band of IgE along the basement membrane.", "contents": "IgE in limbal conjunctiva in Mooren's ulcer. A patient with a severe, progressive Mooren's ulcer was unsuccessfully treated by limbal conjunctival resection and cryotherapy. The excised conjunctiva demonstrated a band of IgE along the basement membrane."}
{"id": "PMID:890598", "title": "Recent advances the investigation of proptosis.", "content": "Clincal assessment of the patient presenting with proptosis determines the investigations required to make the diagnosis.", "contents": "Recent advances the investigation of proptosis. Clincal assessment of the patient presenting with proptosis determines the investigations required to make the diagnosis."}
{"id": "PMID:890599", "title": "Effects of certain cations on the formation and infectivity of Phytophthora zoospores. 2. Effects of copper, boron, cobalt, manganese, molybdenum, and zinc ions.", "content": "The effects of copper, boron, cobalt, manganese, molybdenum, and zinc on the production of zoosporangia by P. cinnamomi and P. drechsleri in the presence of favourable concentrations of calcium, magnesium, potassium, and iron were investigated. Copper ions were the most effective in reducing the numbers of zoosporangia formed by both fungal species. Molybdenum was also slightly inhibitory. Total inhibition of mycelial growth occurred between 1 and 5 X 10(-5) M Cu2+ whereas total inhibition of sporangial formation occurred between 1 and 5 X 10(-7) M Cu2+. At copper concentrations between 10(-5) M and 5 X 10(-7) M, many P. drechsleri zoosporangia were abnormal in appearance and nonviable. Infection of eucalypt cotyledons by P. drechsleri zoospores was inhibited by 10(-6) M Cu2+ but this inhibition was reversed by EDTA (10(-4) M). There was no evidence for interaction between Cu2+ and Ca2+, Mg2+, K+, or Fe2+ present in the solutions used in the axenic production of zoospores. Preliminary pot trials indicated that CuSO4 had a protective action for safflower seedlings to infection by P. drechsleri when CuSO4 was applied as a dilute solution over the infection period.", "contents": "Effects of certain cations on the formation and infectivity of Phytophthora zoospores. 2. Effects of copper, boron, cobalt, manganese, molybdenum, and zinc ions. The effects of copper, boron, cobalt, manganese, molybdenum, and zinc on the production of zoosporangia by P. cinnamomi and P. drechsleri in the presence of favourable concentrations of calcium, magnesium, potassium, and iron were investigated. Copper ions were the most effective in reducing the numbers of zoosporangia formed by both fungal species. Molybdenum was also slightly inhibitory. Total inhibition of mycelial growth occurred between 1 and 5 X 10(-5) M Cu2+ whereas total inhibition of sporangial formation occurred between 1 and 5 X 10(-7) M Cu2+. At copper concentrations between 10(-5) M and 5 X 10(-7) M, many P. drechsleri zoosporangia were abnormal in appearance and nonviable. Infection of eucalypt cotyledons by P. drechsleri zoospores was inhibited by 10(-6) M Cu2+ but this inhibition was reversed by EDTA (10(-4) M). There was no evidence for interaction between Cu2+ and Ca2+, Mg2+, K+, or Fe2+ present in the solutions used in the axenic production of zoospores. Preliminary pot trials indicated that CuSO4 had a protective action for safflower seedlings to infection by P. drechsleri when CuSO4 was applied as a dilute solution over the infection period."}
{"id": "PMID:890600", "title": "Synchronous sporulation during idiophase development in surface cultures of Rhizopus arrhizus (Fischer).", "content": "A method to obtain synchronous sporulation during idiophase development in liquid surface cultures of Rhizopus arrhizus Fischer in described and evaluated for use in studying metabolism associated with asexual sporulation. In this system growth and sporulation are effectively separated. The respiratory pattern indicates three metabolic phases. The first is associated with spore germination; the second, trophophase, with growth; and the third, idiophase, with sporulation. Synchronous sporulation and the occurrence of distinct metabolic phases are taken as indications of fairly uniform cell development in the surface cultures. A photographic method of estimating large numbers of fruiting structures on semisolid medium is also described.", "contents": "Synchronous sporulation during idiophase development in surface cultures of Rhizopus arrhizus (Fischer). A method to obtain synchronous sporulation during idiophase development in liquid surface cultures of Rhizopus arrhizus Fischer in described and evaluated for use in studying metabolism associated with asexual sporulation. In this system growth and sporulation are effectively separated. The respiratory pattern indicates three metabolic phases. The first is associated with spore germination; the second, trophophase, with growth; and the third, idiophase, with sporulation. Synchronous sporulation and the occurrence of distinct metabolic phases are taken as indications of fairly uniform cell development in the surface cultures. A photographic method of estimating large numbers of fruiting structures on semisolid medium is also described."}
{"id": "PMID:890601", "title": "Symbiotic effectiveness of antibiotic-resistant mutants of fast- and slow-growing strains of Rhizobium nodulating Lotus species.", "content": "Mutants resistant ot 16 individual antibiotics were isolated from two fast-growing and two slow-growing strains of Lotus rhizobia and their symbiotic effectiveness on Lotus pedunculatus evaluated. Resistance to streptomycin, spectinomycin, chloramphenicol, and tetracycline (inhibitors of protein synthesis) was associated with little or no loss of effectiveness with all four strains but resistance to nalidixic acid and rifampicin (inhibitors of nucleic acid synthesis), and to D-cycloserine, novobiocin, and penicillin (inhibitors of cell wall-cell membrane synthesis) was associated with significant loss of effectiveness in 20-100% of the mutants. Resistance to viomycin, neomycin, kanamycin, and vibramycin was associated with loss of effectiveness with mutants of the two fast-growing strains but not with mutants of the two slow-growing strains. When tested on four alternate host legumes individual mutants of a slow-growing strain showed significantly different levels of effectiveness. The results suggest that both the inherent characteristics of the bacterium and of the host plant will influence the symbiotic effectiveness of antibiotic-resistant mutants of Rhizobium.", "contents": "Symbiotic effectiveness of antibiotic-resistant mutants of fast- and slow-growing strains of Rhizobium nodulating Lotus species. Mutants resistant ot 16 individual antibiotics were isolated from two fast-growing and two slow-growing strains of Lotus rhizobia and their symbiotic effectiveness on Lotus pedunculatus evaluated. Resistance to streptomycin, spectinomycin, chloramphenicol, and tetracycline (inhibitors of protein synthesis) was associated with little or no loss of effectiveness with all four strains but resistance to nalidixic acid and rifampicin (inhibitors of nucleic acid synthesis), and to D-cycloserine, novobiocin, and penicillin (inhibitors of cell wall-cell membrane synthesis) was associated with significant loss of effectiveness in 20-100% of the mutants. Resistance to viomycin, neomycin, kanamycin, and vibramycin was associated with loss of effectiveness with mutants of the two fast-growing strains but not with mutants of the two slow-growing strains. When tested on four alternate host legumes individual mutants of a slow-growing strain showed significantly different levels of effectiveness. The results suggest that both the inherent characteristics of the bacterium and of the host plant will influence the symbiotic effectiveness of antibiotic-resistant mutants of Rhizobium."}
{"id": "PMID:890602", "title": "Cryopreservation of aster yellows agent in whole leafhoppers.", "content": "Aster yellows agent was preserved in an infectious state in leafhoppers (Macrosteles fascifrons) that had been fed on infected asters and then frozen and stored as whole insects at -64 degrees C for up to 2 years. No difference in infectivity was observed between extracts prepared from insects stored at -28 and -64 degrees C for up to 21 weeks. Three solutions (glycine + magnesium chloride, glycine + magnesium chloride + sodium sulphate, and phosphate-buffered saline) were found to be equally suitable in preparing extracts from frozen leafhoppers.", "contents": "Cryopreservation of aster yellows agent in whole leafhoppers. Aster yellows agent was preserved in an infectious state in leafhoppers (Macrosteles fascifrons) that had been fed on infected asters and then frozen and stored as whole insects at -64 degrees C for up to 2 years. No difference in infectivity was observed between extracts prepared from insects stored at -28 and -64 degrees C for up to 21 weeks. Three solutions (glycine + magnesium chloride, glycine + magnesium chloride + sodium sulphate, and phosphate-buffered saline) were found to be equally suitable in preparing extracts from frozen leafhoppers."}
{"id": "PMID:890603", "title": "Staphylococcus aureus and the microbial ecology of atopic dermatitis.", "content": "Two surveys were conducted to ascertain the effect which Staphylococcus aureus has on resident flora and on skin of patients with eczema. Forty paired sites, normal and lesions, were sampled from 32 patients with chronic lichenified atopic dermatitis, and 162 sites covering the entire body of a patient with an acute flare of chronic atopic dermatitis were examined. In the first study, 34 lesions (85%) carried S. aureus, and 85% of these positive samples supported greater than 10(4) colony-forming units (CFU) of total aerobic bacteria/cm2. About 55% of normal sites carried S. aureus with 18% of such samples supporting greater than 10(4) CFU/cm2 total aerobic bacteria. Normal sites carried fewer but more diverse flora than lesions. The composition of flora on lesion sites was mainly S. aureus or S. epidermidis biotype 1, or both. At densities greater than 10(7) CFU/cm2, S. aureus constituted almost 100% of the total aerobic bacterial flora. The total body survey of the single eczema patient yielded similar results. Evidence supports the hypotheses that (1) S. aureus is able to exploit the environment of eczematous lesions and to influence the composition of cohabiting aerobic skin bacteria, and (2) its inhabitation of normal appearing sites is transitory.", "contents": "Staphylococcus aureus and the microbial ecology of atopic dermatitis. Two surveys were conducted to ascertain the effect which Staphylococcus aureus has on resident flora and on skin of patients with eczema. Forty paired sites, normal and lesions, were sampled from 32 patients with chronic lichenified atopic dermatitis, and 162 sites covering the entire body of a patient with an acute flare of chronic atopic dermatitis were examined. In the first study, 34 lesions (85%) carried S. aureus, and 85% of these positive samples supported greater than 10(4) colony-forming units (CFU) of total aerobic bacteria/cm2. About 55% of normal sites carried S. aureus with 18% of such samples supporting greater than 10(4) CFU/cm2 total aerobic bacteria. Normal sites carried fewer but more diverse flora than lesions. The composition of flora on lesion sites was mainly S. aureus or S. epidermidis biotype 1, or both. At densities greater than 10(7) CFU/cm2, S. aureus constituted almost 100% of the total aerobic bacterial flora. The total body survey of the single eczema patient yielded similar results. Evidence supports the hypotheses that (1) S. aureus is able to exploit the environment of eczematous lesions and to influence the composition of cohabiting aerobic skin bacteria, and (2) its inhabitation of normal appearing sites is transitory."}
{"id": "PMID:890604", "title": "The sporulation process in Thermomonospora fusca as revealed by scanning and transmission electron microscopy.", "content": "The sporulation process in the thermophilic actinomycete Thermomonospora fusca was observed by scanning and transmission electron microscopy. As shown by scanning electron microscopy, spores were produced primarily on aerial hyphae and first appeared as bud-like enlargements at the tips of short multibranched sporophores. Young spores were oval to spherical in shape with a smooth surface. As they matured spores enlarged and developed a rough and globular covering, which was quite fragile and easily detached from the spore. This outer layer, as observed by transmission electron microscopy, was thought equivalent to the sheath of other Thermomonospora species. In cross section, mature spores exhibited a thick spore coat underneath the outer globular layer. This spore coat was usually observed as a single layer, but some spores produced a bilayered coat. No multilayered spore coat or spore cortex was observed in the heat-sensitive spores of T. fusca. They were, therefore, shown to be aleuriospores (microcondia), and not endospores.", "contents": "The sporulation process in Thermomonospora fusca as revealed by scanning and transmission electron microscopy. The sporulation process in the thermophilic actinomycete Thermomonospora fusca was observed by scanning and transmission electron microscopy. As shown by scanning electron microscopy, spores were produced primarily on aerial hyphae and first appeared as bud-like enlargements at the tips of short multibranched sporophores. Young spores were oval to spherical in shape with a smooth surface. As they matured spores enlarged and developed a rough and globular covering, which was quite fragile and easily detached from the spore. This outer layer, as observed by transmission electron microscopy, was thought equivalent to the sheath of other Thermomonospora species. In cross section, mature spores exhibited a thick spore coat underneath the outer globular layer. This spore coat was usually observed as a single layer, but some spores produced a bilayered coat. No multilayered spore coat or spore cortex was observed in the heat-sensitive spores of T. fusca. They were, therefore, shown to be aleuriospores (microcondia), and not endospores."}
{"id": "PMID:890606", "title": "The intracellular reserve polysaccharide of Clostridium pasteurianum.", "content": "An amylopectinlike polysaccharide (granulose) was the only glucan produced in significant quantities by six wild-type strains of Clostridium pasteurianum grown in glucose minimal medium. The intracellular polysaccharide granules laid down before sporulation contained only this amylopectin. No intracellular dextran was discovered in these wild-type strains, nor in a granulose-negative mutant strain of C. pasteurianum possessing an ADP glucose pyrophosphorylase (EC2.7.7.27) but lacking a granulose synthase (i.e. ADP glucose-alpha-1,4-glucan glucosyl transferase, EC2.4.1.21). Furthermore, methylation analysis demonstrated that (1 leads to 6) linked alpha-D-glucose units accounted for less than 2% of the entire glucose content of these organisms.", "contents": "The intracellular reserve polysaccharide of Clostridium pasteurianum. An amylopectinlike polysaccharide (granulose) was the only glucan produced in significant quantities by six wild-type strains of Clostridium pasteurianum grown in glucose minimal medium. The intracellular polysaccharide granules laid down before sporulation contained only this amylopectin. No intracellular dextran was discovered in these wild-type strains, nor in a granulose-negative mutant strain of C. pasteurianum possessing an ADP glucose pyrophosphorylase (EC2.7.7.27) but lacking a granulose synthase (i.e. ADP glucose-alpha-1,4-glucan glucosyl transferase, EC2.4.1.21). Furthermore, methylation analysis demonstrated that (1 leads to 6) linked alpha-D-glucose units accounted for less than 2% of the entire glucose content of these organisms."}
{"id": "PMID:890607", "title": "Deoxyribonucleic acid relationships among marine vibrios pathogenic to fish.", "content": "Polynucleotide sequence relationships among 19 strains of marine vibrios, 15 of which were pathogenic to fish, were assessed by analysis of DNA-DNA homo-and hetero-duplexes with the endonuclease S1. DNA base compositions (mole% guanine-cytosine (GC) of selected vibro strains were determined by thermal denaturation. Pathogenic strains from the Pacific Northwest had identical mole% GC but could be divided into two discrete, yet related, DNA-homology groups. One highly related group was typical of Vibro anguillarium and showed greater than 70% within-group polynucleotide sequence homology. Second group (designated V1669) showed greater than 83% within-group homology but only about 60% relatedness to V. anguillarum. Neither group showed a significant degree of relatedness to V. parahaemolyticus (biotypes parahaemolyticus or alginolyticus) or to representative strains of any of the other previously described homology groups which we tested.", "contents": "Deoxyribonucleic acid relationships among marine vibrios pathogenic to fish. Polynucleotide sequence relationships among 19 strains of marine vibrios, 15 of which were pathogenic to fish, were assessed by analysis of DNA-DNA homo-and hetero-duplexes with the endonuclease S1. DNA base compositions (mole% guanine-cytosine (GC) of selected vibro strains were determined by thermal denaturation. Pathogenic strains from the Pacific Northwest had identical mole% GC but could be divided into two discrete, yet related, DNA-homology groups. One highly related group was typical of Vibro anguillarium and showed greater than 70% within-group polynucleotide sequence homology. Second group (designated V1669) showed greater than 83% within-group homology but only about 60% relatedness to V. anguillarum. Neither group showed a significant degree of relatedness to V. parahaemolyticus (biotypes parahaemolyticus or alginolyticus) or to representative strains of any of the other previously described homology groups which we tested."}
{"id": "PMID:890608", "title": "Effects of certain cations on the formation and infectivity of Phytophthora zoospores. 1. Effects of calcium, magnesium, potassium, and iron ions.", "content": "The effects of four cations, Ca2+, Mg2+, K+, and Fe3+, upon the production of zoosporangia by isolates of four species of Phytophthora in axenic culture have been investigated. A response surface design was used to examine main effects and possible interactions. Responses to Ca2+ and Fe3+ were strongly quadratic with the higher concentrations inhibiting sporangial production in P. cinnamomi and P. drechsleri isolates. Responses to Mg2+ and K+ were weaker and, in the case of magnesium, were linear rather than quadratic. There was no significant interaction between cations except in the case of P. cambivora where the interaction between Mg2+ and K+ was significant at the 5% level. For each cation, the optimum concentration for zoosporangial production was calculated. The processes of zoospore release and infection of plant material by P. drechsleri showed a strong linear and weak quadratic response to Ca2+, higher concentrations of Ca2+ favouring these processes. A strong quadratic response was obtained to Mg2+, K+, and Fe3+. Interaction between  Ca2+ and Mg2+ was evident for all three host materials used; Mg2+ and K+ showed an interaction when Pinus radiata was used as the host material. The implications and limitations of these results are discussed.", "contents": "Effects of certain cations on the formation and infectivity of Phytophthora zoospores. 1. Effects of calcium, magnesium, potassium, and iron ions. The effects of four cations, Ca2+, Mg2+, K+, and Fe3+, upon the production of zoosporangia by isolates of four species of Phytophthora in axenic culture have been investigated. A response surface design was used to examine main effects and possible interactions. Responses to Ca2+ and Fe3+ were strongly quadratic with the higher concentrations inhibiting sporangial production in P. cinnamomi and P. drechsleri isolates. Responses to Mg2+ and K+ were weaker and, in the case of magnesium, were linear rather than quadratic. There was no significant interaction between cations except in the case of P. cambivora where the interaction between Mg2+ and K+ was significant at the 5% level. For each cation, the optimum concentration for zoosporangial production was calculated. The processes of zoospore release and infection of plant material by P. drechsleri showed a strong linear and weak quadratic response to Ca2+, higher concentrations of Ca2+ favouring these processes. A strong quadratic response was obtained to Mg2+, K+, and Fe3+. Interaction between  Ca2+ and Mg2+ was evident for all three host materials used; Mg2+ and K+ showed an interaction when Pinus radiata was used as the host material. The implications and limitations of these results are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:890609", "title": "Fundamental nature of human infant's brain asymmetry.", "content": "Morphological speech zone asymmetry in man cannot be due to environmental or developmental factors after birth. The functional implication of such a finding is not yet clear. Morphological asymmetry of the human brain is paralleled by electrophysiological evidence of cerebral hemispheric asymmetries. The results of our analysis of 50 infants suggest that clear occipital-temporal coherency asymmetry similar, but not identical to the adult pattern, also exists at or near birth. These asymmetries are generated by stimuli with no verbal content and in infants who presumably have no or an undeveloped capability for language. It is suggested that language is only a part of much more fundamental asymmetries which include the processing of auditory and visual information. Our results, and those of other, are consistent with the assumption that the left hemisphere is more able to relate stimuli to past experience, either short or long-term, while the right hemisphere is more able to process, stimuli which are not easily identifiable or referable. These capabilities would not be based on language, and hence would be expected to develop independently and possibly before speech. The demonstration that reversing electrophysiological asymmetries can be generated with non-speech stimuli in the visual and auditory modalities, and in neonates, supports such an assumption.", "contents": "Fundamental nature of human infant's brain asymmetry. Morphological speech zone asymmetry in man cannot be due to environmental or developmental factors after birth. The functional implication of such a finding is not yet clear. Morphological asymmetry of the human brain is paralleled by electrophysiological evidence of cerebral hemispheric asymmetries. The results of our analysis of 50 infants suggest that clear occipital-temporal coherency asymmetry similar, but not identical to the adult pattern, also exists at or near birth. These asymmetries are generated by stimuli with no verbal content and in infants who presumably have no or an undeveloped capability for language. It is suggested that language is only a part of much more fundamental asymmetries which include the processing of auditory and visual information. Our results, and those of other, are consistent with the assumption that the left hemisphere is more able to relate stimuli to past experience, either short or long-term, while the right hemisphere is more able to process, stimuli which are not easily identifiable or referable. These capabilities would not be based on language, and hence would be expected to develop independently and possibly before speech. The demonstration that reversing electrophysiological asymmetries can be generated with non-speech stimuli in the visual and auditory modalities, and in neonates, supports such an assumption."}
{"id": "PMID:890610", "title": "A non-permanent tonic pupil in rheumatoid arteritis.", "content": "A 76-year-old male with a severely deforming rheumatoid arthritis, eosinophilia, polymyositis, and episcleritis developed a transient tonic pupil. The episcleritis, and a muscle biopsy revealing an occlusive arteritis with eosinophilia, suggest that a wide-spread rheumatoid arteritis caused a reversible ischemic insult to the ciliary ganglion and thus created a transient denervation of the pupil.", "contents": "A non-permanent tonic pupil in rheumatoid arteritis. A 76-year-old male with a severely deforming rheumatoid arthritis, eosinophilia, polymyositis, and episcleritis developed a transient tonic pupil. The episcleritis, and a muscle biopsy revealing an occlusive arteritis with eosinophilia, suggest that a wide-spread rheumatoid arteritis caused a reversible ischemic insult to the ciliary ganglion and thus created a transient denervation of the pupil."}
{"id": "PMID:890611", "title": "Giant cell tumor of the sphenoid bone.", "content": "The clinical and histological features of two cases of giant cell tumor of the sphenoid bone are described. Both presented with similar symptoms and signs, comparable to previously described cases. The problems in histological differential diagnosis are discussed and radiotherapy as the treatment of choice is suggested.", "contents": "Giant cell tumor of the sphenoid bone. The clinical and histological features of two cases of giant cell tumor of the sphenoid bone are described. Both presented with similar symptoms and signs, comparable to previously described cases. The problems in histological differential diagnosis are discussed and radiotherapy as the treatment of choice is suggested."}
{"id": "PMID:890614", "title": "[Anal fissure].", "content": "The etiology of anal fissure remains controversial and the multiplicity of theories suggests a number of different causes. Histologic and manometric studies have shown abnormalities of the internal anal sphincter in this condition. The clinical features are described briefly. Generally accepted principles of medical management have been arrived at by common sense rather than through well-controlled studies. Surgical treatment in its various forms consists in producing a laceration of the internal sphincter. Lateral sphincterotomy gives the best results from the point of view of recurrence or incontinence; posterior sphincterotomy, which leads to a key-hole deformity, appears to produce the highest incidence of incontinence. It is not possible to determine from published reports the respective advantages of complete versus partial posterior sphincterotomy.", "contents": "[Anal fissure]. The etiology of anal fissure remains controversial and the multiplicity of theories suggests a number of different causes. Histologic and manometric studies have shown abnormalities of the internal anal sphincter in this condition. The clinical features are described briefly. Generally accepted principles of medical management have been arrived at by common sense rather than through well-controlled studies. Surgical treatment in its various forms consists in producing a laceration of the internal sphincter. Lateral sphincterotomy gives the best results from the point of view of recurrence or incontinence; posterior sphincterotomy, which leads to a key-hole deformity, appears to produce the highest incidence of incontinence. It is not possible to determine from published reports the respective advantages of complete versus partial posterior sphincterotomy."}
{"id": "PMID:890615", "title": "[Rectal fistula].", "content": "It is now possible to define with precision the pathogenesis of anal fistulous abscesses. Common as well as rarer types of fistulas can be classified according to the anatomy of the anal canal. Identification and proper treatment of these conditions need a thorough systematic approach; knowledge of their symptomatology, anatomy and pathology is of paramount importance, and successful treatment is based on accepted surgical principles. A detailed description of the management of these fistulas is presented. Factors explaining recurrences are also mentioned.", "contents": "[Rectal fistula]. It is now possible to define with precision the pathogenesis of anal fistulous abscesses. Common as well as rarer types of fistulas can be classified according to the anatomy of the anal canal. Identification and proper treatment of these conditions need a thorough systematic approach; knowledge of their symptomatology, anatomy and pathology is of paramount importance, and successful treatment is based on accepted surgical principles. A detailed description of the management of these fistulas is presented. Factors explaining recurrences are also mentioned."}
{"id": "PMID:890616", "title": "Prophylactic node dissection for malignant melanoma.", "content": "The value of prophylactic node dissection was studied in 147 patients with nonsuperficial malignant melanoma of cutaneous origin; all had clinical stage I disease. Seventy-three patients had prophylactic node dissection and 74 did not. Survival rates were calculated by the actuarial method and were age and sex adjusted. Five-year crude survival rates for these two groups were 62 and 29%, respectively, and the adjusted rates were 70 and 33%, respectively. These significant differences (P less than 0.001) were  maintained at 10 years. The difference in survival in the two groups cannot be explained on the basis of age, sex, year of operation, size or location of the primary tumour, or previous incisional biopsy. It is concluded that prophylactic node dissection contributed appreciably to increased survival in this study.", "contents": "Prophylactic node dissection for malignant melanoma. The value of prophylactic node dissection was studied in 147 patients with nonsuperficial malignant melanoma of cutaneous origin; all had clinical stage I disease. Seventy-three patients had prophylactic node dissection and 74 did not. Survival rates were calculated by the actuarial method and were age and sex adjusted. Five-year crude survival rates for these two groups were 62 and 29%, respectively, and the adjusted rates were 70 and 33%, respectively. These significant differences (P less than 0.001) were  maintained at 10 years. The difference in survival in the two groups cannot be explained on the basis of age, sex, year of operation, size or location of the primary tumour, or previous incisional biopsy. It is concluded that prophylactic node dissection contributed appreciably to increased survival in this study."}
{"id": "PMID:890617", "title": "Wound infection after gastroduodenal operations: a 10-year review.", "content": "A review of 444 gastric operations performed over a 10-year period revealed striking differences in wound infection rates when the operations were categorized according to the major indication for surgery. On this basis, low-intermediate- and high-risk groups were recognized. A subsequent prospective randomized study confirmed the predictive value of this categorization and showed that the administration perioperatively of prophylactic systemic antibiotics in high-risk patients will protect them from postoperative wound infection.", "contents": "Wound infection after gastroduodenal operations: a 10-year review. A review of 444 gastric operations performed over a 10-year period revealed striking differences in wound infection rates when the operations were categorized according to the major indication for surgery. On this basis, low-intermediate- and high-risk groups were recognized. A subsequent prospective randomized study confirmed the predictive value of this categorization and showed that the administration perioperatively of prophylactic systemic antibiotics in high-risk patients will protect them from postoperative wound infection."}
{"id": "PMID:890618", "title": "Hemobilia associated with a traumatic arteriovenous fistula.", "content": "Although there have been many reports of hemobilia, its association with an arteriovenous fistula within the liver is extremely rare, only two cases having been reported in the world literature. The authors describe a third case in which a gunshot injury to the liver of a 19-year-old man resulted in the development of hemobilia demonstrated radiologically to be associated with an arteriovenous fistula. The condition was successfully managed by ligation of the proximal hepatic artery.", "contents": "Hemobilia associated with a traumatic arteriovenous fistula. Although there have been many reports of hemobilia, its association with an arteriovenous fistula within the liver is extremely rare, only two cases having been reported in the world literature. The authors describe a third case in which a gunshot injury to the liver of a 19-year-old man resulted in the development of hemobilia demonstrated radiologically to be associated with an arteriovenous fistula. The condition was successfully managed by ligation of the proximal hepatic artery."}
{"id": "PMID:890619", "title": "Leiomyosarcoma of the rectum and prostate.", "content": "A 47-year-old man with leiomyosarcoma involving the rectum and prostate was treated by radical abdominoperineal resection. This case appears to be unique in that leiomyosarcoma was present in both the rectum and the prostate. The literature is reviewed, highlighting some interesting clinical features of this condition. The prognosis for leiomyosarcoma of both rectum and prostate is poor.", "contents": "Leiomyosarcoma of the rectum and prostate. A 47-year-old man with leiomyosarcoma involving the rectum and prostate was treated by radical abdominoperineal resection. This case appears to be unique in that leiomyosarcoma was present in both the rectum and the prostate. The literature is reviewed, highlighting some interesting clinical features of this condition. The prognosis for leiomyosarcoma of both rectum and prostate is poor."}
{"id": "PMID:890620", "title": "Role of aspiration breast biopsy.", "content": "Review of the results of 100 consecutive aspiration breast biopsies disclosed that this technique failed to identify 11 of the 33 breast cancers in the series; however, it identified 3 breast cancers that were not recognized by clinical examination. In one patient who had a fibroadenoma, suspicious cells were seen in the material sent for cytologic examination. It is concluded that a negative aspiration biopsy does not contraindicate tissue biopsy when the clinical findings suggest cancer. Aspiration biopsy can uncover clinically unsuspected cancers. When the lesion appears to be malignant on a clinical basis, aspiration biopsy can obviate formal biopsy. In this way time is saved for all those involved and the fashioning of the mastectomy flaps is facilitated.", "contents": "Role of aspiration breast biopsy. Review of the results of 100 consecutive aspiration breast biopsies disclosed that this technique failed to identify 11 of the 33 breast cancers in the series; however, it identified 3 breast cancers that were not recognized by clinical examination. In one patient who had a fibroadenoma, suspicious cells were seen in the material sent for cytologic examination. It is concluded that a negative aspiration biopsy does not contraindicate tissue biopsy when the clinical findings suggest cancer. Aspiration biopsy can uncover clinically unsuspected cancers. When the lesion appears to be malignant on a clinical basis, aspiration biopsy can obviate formal biopsy. In this way time is saved for all those involved and the fashioning of the mastectomy flaps is facilitated."}
{"id": "PMID:890622", "title": "The relation between ileal resection and vitamin B12 absorption.", "content": "Over 15 years, 33 patients, who had had 36 ileal resections that included the terminal ileum, had Schilling tests to measure the absorption of vitamin B12. In 11 patients who had 60 cm or more of ileum removed, only one test was normal, while in 25 patients with less than 60 cm resected, 17 tests were normal. Seven of the patients with over 60 cm of ileum resected had stool-fat estimations and none were normal. Eight of 10 patients who had less than 60 cm of ileum resected had normal stool-fat estimations. Results of the Schilling test, but not of the stool-fat estimations, are proportional to the length of ileal resection, up to 60 cm. Retention of terminal ileum tends to preserve vitamin B12 absorption capacity. Thus, if more than 60 cm of terminal ileum is removed, fat and B12 malabsorption are likely. The Schilling test is an indicator of the degree of terminal ileal dysfunction.", "contents": "The relation between ileal resection and vitamin B12 absorption. Over 15 years, 33 patients, who had had 36 ileal resections that included the terminal ileum, had Schilling tests to measure the absorption of vitamin B12. In 11 patients who had 60 cm or more of ileum removed, only one test was normal, while in 25 patients with less than 60 cm resected, 17 tests were normal. Seven of the patients with over 60 cm of ileum resected had stool-fat estimations and none were normal. Eight of 10 patients who had less than 60 cm of ileum resected had normal stool-fat estimations. Results of the Schilling test, but not of the stool-fat estimations, are proportional to the length of ileal resection, up to 60 cm. Retention of terminal ileum tends to preserve vitamin B12 absorption capacity. Thus, if more than 60 cm of terminal ileum is removed, fat and B12 malabsorption are likely. The Schilling test is an indicator of the degree of terminal ileal dysfunction."}
{"id": "PMID:890623", "title": "Postoperative flexion contracture of the knee: a simple technique for its treatment.", "content": "Flexion contracture is not a common problem following knee surgery, but it can be severe enough to jeopardize the success of the operation. With the Beath technique a stove-pipe cast is windowed anteriorly and the cast is padded behind the leg, which is then gently wedged into extension. In this way many flexion contractures can be gently and easily overcome. In addition, the need for serial casting or forcible manipulation is obviated and the overall rehabilitation program is unimpeded. In this paper the authors report two illustrative cases, and discuss the advantages and applications of the Beath technique.", "contents": "Postoperative flexion contracture of the knee: a simple technique for its treatment. Flexion contracture is not a common problem following knee surgery, but it can be severe enough to jeopardize the success of the operation. With the Beath technique a stove-pipe cast is windowed anteriorly and the cast is padded behind the leg, which is then gently wedged into extension. In this way many flexion contractures can be gently and easily overcome. In addition, the need for serial casting or forcible manipulation is obviated and the overall rehabilitation program is unimpeded. In this paper the authors report two illustrative cases, and discuss the advantages and applications of the Beath technique."}
{"id": "PMID:890630", "title": "Evaluation of the Canadian Home Fitness Test in middle-aged men.", "content": "The Canadian Home Fitness Test (CHFT) and the Bruce treadmill test were performed by 230 men aged 45 to 69 years. Because of inaccuracies in the counting of heart rates, less was known about the fitness of the men after testing than before. In addition, inaccuracies in the test record and design were uncovered. A more accurate estimate of fitness could be obtained when the subjects' own rating of exertional intensity was substituted for heart rate counting. The CHFT is a marketing tool of Health and Welfare Canada that may be useful in selling fitness, but as a measure of fitness in Canadian homes it is likely to be misleading.", "contents": "Evaluation of the Canadian Home Fitness Test in middle-aged men. The Canadian Home Fitness Test (CHFT) and the Bruce treadmill test were performed by 230 men aged 45 to 69 years. Because of inaccuracies in the counting of heart rates, less was known about the fitness of the men after testing than before. In addition, inaccuracies in the test record and design were uncovered. A more accurate estimate of fitness could be obtained when the subjects' own rating of exertional intensity was substituted for heart rate counting. The CHFT is a marketing tool of Health and Welfare Canada that may be useful in selling fitness, but as a measure of fitness in Canadian homes it is likely to be misleading."}
{"id": "PMID:890631", "title": "Management of hepatic injury.", "content": "Liver injuries may be due to either blunt or penetrating trauma to the thorax or abdomen. Specific treatment depends on the site and extent of hepatic injury. Following resuscitation with intravenous fluids and blood as needed, surgical therapy is directed to provide hemostasis, remove necrotic liver tissue and promote adequate external drainage in the postoperative period. While local measures are usually sufficient, complex hepatic wounds may require extensive resection and vascular ligature or repair.", "contents": "Management of hepatic injury. Liver injuries may be due to either blunt or penetrating trauma to the thorax or abdomen. Specific treatment depends on the site and extent of hepatic injury. Following resuscitation with intravenous fluids and blood as needed, surgical therapy is directed to provide hemostasis, remove necrotic liver tissue and promote adequate external drainage in the postoperative period. While local measures are usually sufficient, complex hepatic wounds may require extensive resection and vascular ligature or repair."}
{"id": "PMID:890632", "title": "Early diagnosis of salt-losing congenital adrenal hyperplasia in a newborn boy.", "content": "Assays of serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone concentration may be relied upon to establish a diagnosis of congenital adrenal hyperplasia within a few hours of birth. In a male infant the concentration of 17-hydroxyprogesterone was increased in cord serum and remained elevated until glucocorticoid therapy was started on the 5th day of life. Plasma renin activity was increased only slightly in the first few days, but a striking increase on day 5, along with a gradual increase in the serum potassium concentration, confirmed that the infant had the salt-losing form of congenital adrenal hyperplasia. It was not possible to demonstrate an increased concentration of 17-hydroxyprogesterone, in amniotic fluid obtained at 30 weeks' gestation, presumably because of interference in this assay by cross-reacting steroids. Studies of the mother's serum concentration of 17-hydroxyprogesterone and cortisol during delivery did not disclose any deviation from normal.", "contents": "Early diagnosis of salt-losing congenital adrenal hyperplasia in a newborn boy. Assays of serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone concentration may be relied upon to establish a diagnosis of congenital adrenal hyperplasia within a few hours of birth. In a male infant the concentration of 17-hydroxyprogesterone was increased in cord serum and remained elevated until glucocorticoid therapy was started on the 5th day of life. Plasma renin activity was increased only slightly in the first few days, but a striking increase on day 5, along with a gradual increase in the serum potassium concentration, confirmed that the infant had the salt-losing form of congenital adrenal hyperplasia. It was not possible to demonstrate an increased concentration of 17-hydroxyprogesterone, in amniotic fluid obtained at 30 weeks' gestation, presumably because of interference in this assay by cross-reacting steroids. Studies of the mother's serum concentration of 17-hydroxyprogesterone and cortisol during delivery did not disclose any deviation from normal."}
{"id": "PMID:890634", "title": "Acute poisoning: an update.", "content": "Treatment of the patient who has taken an overdose of a harmful substance includes support of vital functions and toxicologic analysis. Early recognition of signs and symptoms indicating poisoning by a specific agent or group of related chemicals is essential since specific antidotes may be lifesaving. Activated charcoal is an effective gastrointestinal decontaminant that adsorbs many common drugs. Administration of weak acids as an antidote to alkali ingestion is to be condemned; the only treatment should be dilution with water. The use of physostigmine as a specific antidote for the anticholinergic syndrome has been very successful; the incidence of this syndrome as a result of poisoning by tricyclic antidepressants is increasing. Effective therapy for acetaminophen overdose is still being investigated, but activated charcoal and methionine, if given early enough, seem to be effective.", "contents": "Acute poisoning: an update. Treatment of the patient who has taken an overdose of a harmful substance includes support of vital functions and toxicologic analysis. Early recognition of signs and symptoms indicating poisoning by a specific agent or group of related chemicals is essential since specific antidotes may be lifesaving. Activated charcoal is an effective gastrointestinal decontaminant that adsorbs many common drugs. Administration of weak acids as an antidote to alkali ingestion is to be condemned; the only treatment should be dilution with water. The use of physostigmine as a specific antidote for the anticholinergic syndrome has been very successful; the incidence of this syndrome as a result of poisoning by tricyclic antidepressants is increasing. Effective therapy for acetaminophen overdose is still being investigated, but activated charcoal and methionine, if given early enough, seem to be effective."}
{"id": "PMID:890641", "title": "The new psychotherapies: the courage to be.", "content": "The past decade has seen the emergence of popular \"new psychotherapies\" such as Gestalt Therapy, Transactional Analysis, and Primal Therapy, each with substantial followings. This paper puts forward a hypothesis about what these divergent systems may possess in common. Certain aspects of these therapy systems, in particular the induction of new patients and trainees, are examined in terms of Paul Tillich's concepts of the universal necessity of a rationale for courage. The significance of Tillich's analysis of courage for various historical movements is reviewed. In each system an element of unconditional commitment to a particular world  view is required, as evidenced in the writings of the proponents of these systems, for the patient to be accepted into the particular system. These theoretically divergent systems possess, in common, a factor of an initial commitment to and induction into a collective belief system comparable to what Tillich describes as \"the courage to be as a part\".", "contents": "The new psychotherapies: the courage to be. The past decade has seen the emergence of popular \"new psychotherapies\" such as Gestalt Therapy, Transactional Analysis, and Primal Therapy, each with substantial followings. This paper puts forward a hypothesis about what these divergent systems may possess in common. Certain aspects of these therapy systems, in particular the induction of new patients and trainees, are examined in terms of Paul Tillich's concepts of the universal necessity of a rationale for courage. The significance of Tillich's analysis of courage for various historical movements is reviewed. In each system an element of unconditional commitment to a particular world  view is required, as evidenced in the writings of the proponents of these systems, for the patient to be accepted into the particular system. These theoretically divergent systems possess, in common, a factor of an initial commitment to and induction into a collective belief system comparable to what Tillich describes as \"the courage to be as a part\"."}
{"id": "PMID:890643", "title": "The new androgyny: therapy of \"liberated\" couples.", "content": "Under the impact of women's liberation, many couples are seeking to develop relationships in which roles are less sex-linked and more androgynous. To help such couples and their families, therapists must re-examine and modify their own sexist preconceptions. However to be effective even the most \"liberated\" therapist and couple must distinguish between problems arising from sexism and from each member's personal history and psychodynamics.", "contents": "The new androgyny: therapy of \"liberated\" couples. Under the impact of women's liberation, many couples are seeking to develop relationships in which roles are less sex-linked and more androgynous. To help such couples and their families, therapists must re-examine and modify their own sexist preconceptions. However to be effective even the most \"liberated\" therapist and couple must distinguish between problems arising from sexism and from each member's personal history and psychodynamics."}
{"id": "PMID:890644", "title": "Alcoholism and gun control.", "content": "The recurring dilemma of having to deal with an intoxicated person in possession of a gun uttering homicidal or suicidal threats along with the current debate on gun control prompted this controlled survey of the characteristics of individuals with problems arising from the joint abuse of alcohol and possession of a gun. A comparison of the data point to violence as being the most significant differentiating variable involved. This violent potential was reflected by the presence among the alcoholics involved of more past and present antisocial traits, a higher rating on the Nicol's scale of violence, more offences committed against the person and homicidal behaviour. The availability of a gun was a significant factor. No correlation was found between the severity of the drinking problem and the risk of dangerous handling of a gun. The need for more stringent gun controls is supported but their implications to the physician and especially the psychiatrist as a potential guarantor for a licence application ought to be further explored by the professional bodies involved.", "contents": "Alcoholism and gun control. The recurring dilemma of having to deal with an intoxicated person in possession of a gun uttering homicidal or suicidal threats along with the current debate on gun control prompted this controlled survey of the characteristics of individuals with problems arising from the joint abuse of alcohol and possession of a gun. A comparison of the data point to violence as being the most significant differentiating variable involved. This violent potential was reflected by the presence among the alcoholics involved of more past and present antisocial traits, a higher rating on the Nicol's scale of violence, more offences committed against the person and homicidal behaviour. The availability of a gun was a significant factor. No correlation was found between the severity of the drinking problem and the risk of dangerous handling of a gun. The need for more stringent gun controls is supported but their implications to the physician and especially the psychiatrist as a potential guarantor for a licence application ought to be further explored by the professional bodies involved."}
{"id": "PMID:890652", "title": "Treatment of acute nonlymphocytic leukemia in elderly patients: a prospective study of intensive chemotherapy.", "content": "Twenty-seven patients over 60 years of age with acute nonlymphocytic leukemia (ANLL) were prospectively treated with one of three intensive chemotherapeutic regimens. Complete remissions were achieved in eight patients (30%). Remissions were obtained in seven of 14 patients (50%) age 61 to 70 years, but in only one of 13 patients (8%) 71 years and older. The most effective regimen in patients 61 to 70 years consisted of a combination of daunorubicin and cytosine arabinoside. The median duration of remission for all eight responders is 9+ months and their median survival is 14+ months. Intensive therapy is indicated in the elderly patient 61 to 70 years of age with ANLL.", "contents": "Treatment of acute nonlymphocytic leukemia in elderly patients: a prospective study of intensive chemotherapy. Twenty-seven patients over 60 years of age with acute nonlymphocytic leukemia (ANLL) were prospectively treated with one of three intensive chemotherapeutic regimens. Complete remissions were achieved in eight patients (30%). Remissions were obtained in seven of 14 patients (50%) age 61 to 70 years, but in only one of 13 patients (8%) 71 years and older. The most effective regimen in patients 61 to 70 years consisted of a combination of daunorubicin and cytosine arabinoside. The median duration of remission for all eight responders is 9+ months and their median survival is 14+ months. Intensive therapy is indicated in the elderly patient 61 to 70 years of age with ANLL."}
{"id": "PMID:890654", "title": "Ultrastructure of the mesothelioma of the atrioventricular node.", "content": "In order to determine the histogenesis of tumors of the atrioventricular node, so-called conduction tumors, two such tumors were serially blocked for electron microscopy. Ultrastructurally these tumors were composed of nests of cells arranged in small channels and tubules set in a connective tissue stroma. The cells lining the tubules were flattened or low cuboidal and had abundant microvilli over the lumen surface. The cells were joined by specialized junctions along their lateral adjacent borders, especially at the luminal surfaces, and intercellular spaces delineated by specialized junctions were frequent. Microvilli, intercellular spaces bounded by tight junctions, and complex intercellular junctions are features of mesothelial cells, and especially of benign mesothelioma of the genital tract. These results strongly suggest that the cardiac conduction tumor is derived from mesothelial cells and is in fact a mesothelioma of the atrioventricular node.", "contents": "Ultrastructure of the mesothelioma of the atrioventricular node. In order to determine the histogenesis of tumors of the atrioventricular node, so-called conduction tumors, two such tumors were serially blocked for electron microscopy. Ultrastructurally these tumors were composed of nests of cells arranged in small channels and tubules set in a connective tissue stroma. The cells lining the tubules were flattened or low cuboidal and had abundant microvilli over the lumen surface. The cells were joined by specialized junctions along their lateral adjacent borders, especially at the luminal surfaces, and intercellular spaces delineated by specialized junctions were frequent. Microvilli, intercellular spaces bounded by tight junctions, and complex intercellular junctions are features of mesothelial cells, and especially of benign mesothelioma of the genital tract. These results strongly suggest that the cardiac conduction tumor is derived from mesothelial cells and is in fact a mesothelioma of the atrioventricular node."}
{"id": "PMID:890655", "title": "Ultrastructure of elastofibroma.", "content": "An elastofibroma from a 69-year-old white man was studied by light and electron microscopy. The lesion was comprised of abundant collagen fibers and numerous randomly disposed masses of amorphous elastinophilic material. Ultrastructurally, this material appeared to be derived from a markedly dense, finely fibrillar precursor secreted by fibroblasts and manifested a striking resemblance to young elastic tissue. Central cores of mature elastic tissue were recognized within some of these elastinophilic masses. This study demonstrates unequivocally that the abnormal elastic material in elastofibroma is derived from excessive production of young elastic tissue and not from elastotic degeneration of collagen, as suggested in some of the previous studies. This young elastic tissue manifests a marked retardation of maturation, the cause of which however is not clear. Another interesting finding in this case was the presence of prominent fibrous laminae within the nuclei of most of the fibroblasts. The significance othis finding is briefly discussed.", "contents": "Ultrastructure of elastofibroma. An elastofibroma from a 69-year-old white man was studied by light and electron microscopy. The lesion was comprised of abundant collagen fibers and numerous randomly disposed masses of amorphous elastinophilic material. Ultrastructurally, this material appeared to be derived from a markedly dense, finely fibrillar precursor secreted by fibroblasts and manifested a striking resemblance to young elastic tissue. Central cores of mature elastic tissue were recognized within some of these elastinophilic masses. This study demonstrates unequivocally that the abnormal elastic material in elastofibroma is derived from excessive production of young elastic tissue and not from elastotic degeneration of collagen, as suggested in some of the previous studies. This young elastic tissue manifests a marked retardation of maturation, the cause of which however is not clear. Another interesting finding in this case was the presence of prominent fibrous laminae within the nuclei of most of the fibroblasts. The significance othis finding is briefly discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:890656", "title": "Acinic cell carcinoma: long-term survival after pulmonary metastases: light and electron microscopic study.", "content": "Metastatic pulmonary nodules discovered 6 years after superficial parotidectomy for an acinic cell carcinoma in a 61-year-old man were studied by light and electron microscopy. The lesions were composed of clear cells and darker, gland-forming cells with granular cytoplasm, which by electron microscopy demonstrated features of ductal and acinar serous cells, respectively. Cytologic evidence of malignancy, such as extensive necrosis, nuclear pleomorphism, significant mitotic activity, incomplete encapsulation, and perineural invasion was present. The patient is free of tumor 5 years after resection of the pulmonary lesions. In view of the indolent growth characteristics of this tumor, a more aggressive surgical approach to metastatic tumor foci is recommended.", "contents": "Acinic cell carcinoma: long-term survival after pulmonary metastases: light and electron microscopic study. Metastatic pulmonary nodules discovered 6 years after superficial parotidectomy for an acinic cell carcinoma in a 61-year-old man were studied by light and electron microscopy. The lesions were composed of clear cells and darker, gland-forming cells with granular cytoplasm, which by electron microscopy demonstrated features of ductal and acinar serous cells, respectively. Cytologic evidence of malignancy, such as extensive necrosis, nuclear pleomorphism, significant mitotic activity, incomplete encapsulation, and perineural invasion was present. The patient is free of tumor 5 years after resection of the pulmonary lesions. In view of the indolent growth characteristics of this tumor, a more aggressive surgical approach to metastatic tumor foci is recommended."}
{"id": "PMID:890657", "title": "Amylase-producing lung cancer: ultrastructural and biochemical studies.", "content": "A case of lung cancer with elevated amylase activity in serum, urine, and tumor tissue was studied electron microscopically and biochemically. Ultrastructurally, there were numerous electron-dense granules in the cytoplasm of most tumor cells. These granules were located in the apical region of tumor cells and had a single limiting membrane, associated with a clear zone just beneath it. Furthermore, circular, lamellar and annulate structures, which closely resembled those observed within zymogen granules of the salivary glands in postnatal mice and rats, were sometimes recognized within these granules. These observations suggested that these granules were identical to a postnatal or immature form of zymogen granules in salivary glands. Biochemical analysis confirmed that the amylases obtained from the tumor tissue were composed of the sialic acid-containing glycoprotein, which was not found in normal amylases. A possible histogenesis of the amylase-producing lung cancer was briefly discussed.", "contents": "Amylase-producing lung cancer: ultrastructural and biochemical studies. A case of lung cancer with elevated amylase activity in serum, urine, and tumor tissue was studied electron microscopically and biochemically. Ultrastructurally, there were numerous electron-dense granules in the cytoplasm of most tumor cells. These granules were located in the apical region of tumor cells and had a single limiting membrane, associated with a clear zone just beneath it. Furthermore, circular, lamellar and annulate structures, which closely resembled those observed within zymogen granules of the salivary glands in postnatal mice and rats, were sometimes recognized within these granules. These observations suggested that these granules were identical to a postnatal or immature form of zymogen granules in salivary glands. Biochemical analysis confirmed that the amylases obtained from the tumor tissue were composed of the sialic acid-containing glycoprotein, which was not found in normal amylases. A possible histogenesis of the amylase-producing lung cancer was briefly discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:890658", "title": "Differentiating intracerebral neuroblastoma: report of a case and review of the literature.", "content": "A case of the rare primary intracerebral neuroblastoma is reported. The patient, a 13-year-old girl, was subjected to craniotomy because of a right frontal tumor. The removed tumor tissue was composed of immature, highly cellular areas with numerous mitotic figures, adjacent to fields with Homer-Wright rosettes, and areas consisting of neuroblasts and mature neurons. There was no evidence of a primary tumor elsewhere in the body and 25 months after the operation and postoperative irradiation, the patient is without any signs of recurrence. Determination of catecholamines and their metabolites in the urine and cerebrospinal fluid gave normal results. Dense-corded vesicles could not be detected in the tumor cells by electron microscopy. A review of previously reported cases of primary intracerebral neuroblastomas is included. The cell of origin and the possibility of transition of a differentiating intracerebral neuroblastoma to ganglioneuroma are discussed.", "contents": "Differentiating intracerebral neuroblastoma: report of a case and review of the literature. A case of the rare primary intracerebral neuroblastoma is reported. The patient, a 13-year-old girl, was subjected to craniotomy because of a right frontal tumor. The removed tumor tissue was composed of immature, highly cellular areas with numerous mitotic figures, adjacent to fields with Homer-Wright rosettes, and areas consisting of neuroblasts and mature neurons. There was no evidence of a primary tumor elsewhere in the body and 25 months after the operation and postoperative irradiation, the patient is without any signs of recurrence. Determination of catecholamines and their metabolites in the urine and cerebrospinal fluid gave normal results. Dense-corded vesicles could not be detected in the tumor cells by electron microscopy. A review of previously reported cases of primary intracerebral neuroblastomas is included. The cell of origin and the possibility of transition of a differentiating intracerebral neuroblastoma to ganglioneuroma are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:890659", "title": "Adenosine deaminase activity in patients with renal adenocarcinoma.", "content": "Erythrocyte and lymphocyte adenosine deaminase (ADA) levels were studied in 31 patients with renal cell carcinoma (RCC). Decreased lymphocyte ADA levels occurred in patients with RCC. Erythrocyte ADA levels were reduced only in blood type B and O patients. Nephrectomy resulted in a rise in lymphocyte and erythrocyte ADA levels. Progression of clinical disease was associated with a fall in lymphocyte ADA values in all patients and with a rise in erythrocyte levels only in blood type A patients. Our results suggest that changes in erythrocyte and lymphocyte ADA levels in RCC patients are acquired and may offer insight into host-tumor interactions.", "contents": "Adenosine deaminase activity in patients with renal adenocarcinoma. Erythrocyte and lymphocyte adenosine deaminase (ADA) levels were studied in 31 patients with renal cell carcinoma (RCC). Decreased lymphocyte ADA levels occurred in patients with RCC. Erythrocyte ADA levels were reduced only in blood type B and O patients. Nephrectomy resulted in a rise in lymphocyte and erythrocyte ADA levels. Progression of clinical disease was associated with a fall in lymphocyte ADA values in all patients and with a rise in erythrocyte levels only in blood type A patients. Our results suggest that changes in erythrocyte and lymphocyte ADA levels in RCC patients are acquired and may offer insight into host-tumor interactions."}
{"id": "PMID:890660", "title": "The quantitative relationship of carcinoembryonic antigen to tumor cells of different organs.", "content": "Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) was measured in extracts of cell suspensions from tumors of the colon, stomach, breast, lung and kidney. Cell suspensions were also obtained from normal tissue surrounding the primary tumors. The number of neoplastic cells in each cell suspension was determined by cytologic criteria. Highest CEA concentrations were found in cells obtained from carcinoma of the bowel. There also appeared to be a greater difference between the concentrations of CEA in colonic tumors and either surrounding normal tissue or serum, than in tumors of other organs. There was no apparent correlation of the concentration of CEA in tumor cells and the presence or absence of metastases. The presence of CEA in normal cells from tissue adjacent to tumors was suggestive of increased synthesis of CEA by these cells in some cases.", "contents": "The quantitative relationship of carcinoembryonic antigen to tumor cells of different organs. Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) was measured in extracts of cell suspensions from tumors of the colon, stomach, breast, lung and kidney. Cell suspensions were also obtained from normal tissue surrounding the primary tumors. The number of neoplastic cells in each cell suspension was determined by cytologic criteria. Highest CEA concentrations were found in cells obtained from carcinoma of the bowel. There also appeared to be a greater difference between the concentrations of CEA in colonic tumors and either surrounding normal tissue or serum, than in tumors of other organs. There was no apparent correlation of the concentration of CEA in tumor cells and the presence or absence of metastases. The presence of CEA in normal cells from tissue adjacent to tumors was suggestive of increased synthesis of CEA by these cells in some cases."}
{"id": "PMID:890661", "title": "Pseudoleukemia cutis: report of a case in association with molluscum contagiosum.", "content": "Histologic sections from a solitary cystic cutaneous lesion that showed atypical mononuclear cells in the dermis and within blood vessels were diagnosed by several general pathologists and dermatopathologists as leukemia cutis. The patient, who had no other cutaneous lesions, was consequently submitted to an extensive investigation for leukemia, which proved negative. Additional and deeper sections from the original block revealed that the cellular infiltrate so suspicious of leukemia cutis was secondary to rupture of a lesion of molluscum contagiosum. The correct histopathologic diagnosis, therefore, was pseudoleukemia cutis. The lessons of the case are that 1) further study of the specimen, solitary as it was and asymptomatic as the patient was, would have obviated worry and the expense and inconvenience of an extensive systemic investigation, and that 2) the diagnosis of leukemia cutis should never be made solely on the basis of histologic sections of skin, but rather after examination of blood and bone marrow.", "contents": "Pseudoleukemia cutis: report of a case in association with molluscum contagiosum. Histologic sections from a solitary cystic cutaneous lesion that showed atypical mononuclear cells in the dermis and within blood vessels were diagnosed by several general pathologists and dermatopathologists as leukemia cutis. The patient, who had no other cutaneous lesions, was consequently submitted to an extensive investigation for leukemia, which proved negative. Additional and deeper sections from the original block revealed that the cellular infiltrate so suspicious of leukemia cutis was secondary to rupture of a lesion of molluscum contagiosum. The correct histopathologic diagnosis, therefore, was pseudoleukemia cutis. The lessons of the case are that 1) further study of the specimen, solitary as it was and asymptomatic as the patient was, would have obviated worry and the expense and inconvenience of an extensive systemic investigation, and that 2) the diagnosis of leukemia cutis should never be made solely on the basis of histologic sections of skin, but rather after examination of blood and bone marrow."}
{"id": "PMID:890663", "title": "The bone marrow biopsy, osteoscan, and peripheral blood in non-hematopoietic cancer.", "content": "Bone marrow biopsies were obtained from the iliac crests of 101 male patients with unresectable cancers of non-hematopoietic origin. Tumor cells were identified in 31% of the biopsies. Bone scintophotography studies were performed on 67 patients with positive or suspicious scans reported in 67%. Abnormal peripheral blood smears were encountered in 51% of 100 patients. Histologically established marrow metastases associated with a positive osteoscan and an abnormal peripheral smear occurred in 8% of the patients. The association of either one of the latter two with a positive histologic specimen was observed in about one-half of the patients. The significance of these associations is discussed.", "contents": "The bone marrow biopsy, osteoscan, and peripheral blood in non-hematopoietic cancer. Bone marrow biopsies were obtained from the iliac crests of 101 male patients with unresectable cancers of non-hematopoietic origin. Tumor cells were identified in 31% of the biopsies. Bone scintophotography studies were performed on 67 patients with positive or suspicious scans reported in 67%. Abnormal peripheral blood smears were encountered in 51% of 100 patients. Histologically established marrow metastases associated with a positive osteoscan and an abnormal peripheral smear occurred in 8% of the patients. The association of either one of the latter two with a positive histologic specimen was observed in about one-half of the patients. The significance of these associations is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:890664", "title": "Cancer of the esophagus in southern Iran.", "content": "The minimal yearly incidence of cancer of the esophagus in Fars Province in Southern Iran, based on hospital records in the capital city, is five to 10 times as high as the yearly incidence in Connecticut for the age group 15-44. Since these represent only a portion of cases among residents of the Province, the true rate is probably considerably higher. An unusual proportion of these cases (32% overall) presented with primary tumor in the upper third of the esophagus. The location of the tumor was related strongly to age, but not to sex after taking age into account. The proportion of esophageal cancer cases who were female was significantly greater than that of other GI tract cancers combined. It appears that the risk in males and females in this area is at least nearly equal, and risk could conceivably be higher in females (similar to the appearance of the disease in Northern Iran).", "contents": "Cancer of the esophagus in southern Iran. The minimal yearly incidence of cancer of the esophagus in Fars Province in Southern Iran, based on hospital records in the capital city, is five to 10 times as high as the yearly incidence in Connecticut for the age group 15-44. Since these represent only a portion of cases among residents of the Province, the true rate is probably considerably higher. An unusual proportion of these cases (32% overall) presented with primary tumor in the upper third of the esophagus. The location of the tumor was related strongly to age, but not to sex after taking age into account. The proportion of esophageal cancer cases who were female was significantly greater than that of other GI tract cancers combined. It appears that the risk in males and females in this area is at least nearly equal, and risk could conceivably be higher in females (similar to the appearance of the disease in Northern Iran)."}
{"id": "PMID:890665", "title": "Hyperparathyroidism in persons treated with X-rays for tuberculous cervical adenitis.", "content": "Follow-up examinations of one hundred persons treated with x-rays for tuberculous adenitis between 1930 and 1946 have been carried out to determine if there is an increased incidence of hyperparathyroidism (HPT) after radiation exposure. Neck explorations were done in patients with hypercalcemia and signs and symptoms compatible with HPT. Individuals with thyroid masses were also operated upon when examination of fine needle specimens gave suspicions of malignancy. Eleven subjects were found to have developed parathyroid adenoma or hyperplasia. Four other individuals have hypercalcaemia but are asymptomatic. The mean absorbed dose in the parthyroid glands varied between 75 and 2,200 rads. Six individuals received more than 1,200 rads; four of them later developed HPT, while no HPT occurred below a dose of 300 rads. The high incidence of HPT among patients who had been heavily exposed to radiation suggests a cause and effect relationship between radiation treatment and development of HPT.", "contents": "Hyperparathyroidism in persons treated with X-rays for tuberculous cervical adenitis. Follow-up examinations of one hundred persons treated with x-rays for tuberculous adenitis between 1930 and 1946 have been carried out to determine if there is an increased incidence of hyperparathyroidism (HPT) after radiation exposure. Neck explorations were done in patients with hypercalcemia and signs and symptoms compatible with HPT. Individuals with thyroid masses were also operated upon when examination of fine needle specimens gave suspicions of malignancy. Eleven subjects were found to have developed parathyroid adenoma or hyperplasia. Four other individuals have hypercalcaemia but are asymptomatic. The mean absorbed dose in the parthyroid glands varied between 75 and 2,200 rads. Six individuals received more than 1,200 rads; four of them later developed HPT, while no HPT occurred below a dose of 300 rads. The high incidence of HPT among patients who had been heavily exposed to radiation suggests a cause and effect relationship between radiation treatment and development of HPT."}
{"id": "PMID:890668", "title": "Biliary carcinoma associated with biliary cysts.", "content": "The 24th reported case of biliary carcinoma associated with biliary cyst is reported and the previously reported cases are reviewed. Analysis of the 24 cases in which carcinoma developed shows that stones were present in the cyst in 25% of cases. The most common cell type was adenocarcinoma (70%) and the most common site for tumor was in the posterior cyst wall (57%). One half of the patients reported developed carcinoma a mean of 4 years following an internal drainage procedure for biliary cystic disease. Of the reported cases of biliary cysts associated with cystlithiasis, one-third had associated biliary carcinoma. It is suggested that excisional therapy be performed when possible in all patients with biliary cystic disease, and in particular, in those with associated cystlithiasis.", "contents": "Biliary carcinoma associated with biliary cysts. The 24th reported case of biliary carcinoma associated with biliary cyst is reported and the previously reported cases are reviewed. Analysis of the 24 cases in which carcinoma developed shows that stones were present in the cyst in 25% of cases. The most common cell type was adenocarcinoma (70%) and the most common site for tumor was in the posterior cyst wall (57%). One half of the patients reported developed carcinoma a mean of 4 years following an internal drainage procedure for biliary cystic disease. Of the reported cases of biliary cysts associated with cystlithiasis, one-third had associated biliary carcinoma. It is suggested that excisional therapy be performed when possible in all patients with biliary cystic disease, and in particular, in those with associated cystlithiasis."}
{"id": "PMID:890669", "title": "Lymphangiomyomatosis with chylous ascites: treatment with dietary fat restriction and medium chain triglycerides.", "content": "Lymphangiomyomyoma is a tumor of lymphatic channels and lymph nodes, clinically manifested by recurrent chylous pleural effusions and ascites. The disease is usually progressive and unresponsive to surgery, chemotherapy, or irradiation. A case of lymphangiomyomatosis in a 24-year-old woman who presented with chylous ascites is described. The patient was treated with dietary fat restriction supplemented with medium chain triglycerides and has remained free of recurrent effusions for 2 years.", "contents": "Lymphangiomyomatosis with chylous ascites: treatment with dietary fat restriction and medium chain triglycerides. Lymphangiomyomyoma is a tumor of lymphatic channels and lymph nodes, clinically manifested by recurrent chylous pleural effusions and ascites. The disease is usually progressive and unresponsive to surgery, chemotherapy, or irradiation. A case of lymphangiomyomatosis in a 24-year-old woman who presented with chylous ascites is described. The patient was treated with dietary fat restriction supplemented with medium chain triglycerides and has remained free of recurrent effusions for 2 years."}
{"id": "PMID:890670", "title": "Endometrial stromal sarcomas.", "content": "This study is a clinicopathologic evaluation of seven patients with endometrial stromal sarcoma of pure homologous type. Histologic distinction from endometrial stromatosis was based on the presence of high mitotic activity and nuclear anaplasia. One sarcoma appeared to have originated from invasive stromatosis. All patients died within 27 months although the tumor was judged to have been confined to the uterus at the time of hysterectomy in five patients. The aggressive clinical behavior and high mortality rate documented in this and other studies indicate that stromal sarcoma should be distinguished from the better differentiated and more indolent endometrial stromal tumor known as stromatosis or endolymphatic stromal myosis. It is suggested that surgery be supplemented by irradiation and/or chemotherapy as primary treatment for stromal sarcoma in view of its dismal prognosis.", "contents": "Endometrial stromal sarcomas. This study is a clinicopathologic evaluation of seven patients with endometrial stromal sarcoma of pure homologous type. Histologic distinction from endometrial stromatosis was based on the presence of high mitotic activity and nuclear anaplasia. One sarcoma appeared to have originated from invasive stromatosis. All patients died within 27 months although the tumor was judged to have been confined to the uterus at the time of hysterectomy in five patients. The aggressive clinical behavior and high mortality rate documented in this and other studies indicate that stromal sarcoma should be distinguished from the better differentiated and more indolent endometrial stromal tumor known as stromatosis or endolymphatic stromal myosis. It is suggested that surgery be supplemented by irradiation and/or chemotherapy as primary treatment for stromal sarcoma in view of its dismal prognosis."}
{"id": "PMID:890671", "title": "Ependymoma: a follow-up study of 101 cases.", "content": "One hundred and one patients with histologically confirmed ependymomas were studied over a 22-year period. Choroid plexus papilloma and sub-ependymoma were not included. About half of the tumors were intracranial, with the majority of these infratentorial. The intraspinal tumors were equally divided between intramedullary and the \"cauda\" group. The majority of the intracranial tumors occurred in children, while almost all the intraspinal tumors were in adults. The histologic classification consisted of \"typical ependymoma\" (cellular, papillary and myxopapillary patterns) and \"anaplastic ependymoma\". The intracranial and intramedullary tumors showed a predominantly cellular pattern, while the myxopapillary type was found only in the \"cauda\" group. The histology seems to be of limited value in assessing the prognosis in an individual patient with ependymoma. The postoperative prognosis was poor in the intracranial tumors, although radiotherapy increased the survival time without affecting the eventual fatal outcome. The prognosis in the intraspinal group was much better, with three-fourths of the patients living for at least 10 years. No patient with an anaplastic tumor survived for more than 6 years.", "contents": "Ependymoma: a follow-up study of 101 cases. One hundred and one patients with histologically confirmed ependymomas were studied over a 22-year period. Choroid plexus papilloma and sub-ependymoma were not included. About half of the tumors were intracranial, with the majority of these infratentorial. The intraspinal tumors were equally divided between intramedullary and the \"cauda\" group. The majority of the intracranial tumors occurred in children, while almost all the intraspinal tumors were in adults. The histologic classification consisted of \"typical ependymoma\" (cellular, papillary and myxopapillary patterns) and \"anaplastic ependymoma\". The intracranial and intramedullary tumors showed a predominantly cellular pattern, while the myxopapillary type was found only in the \"cauda\" group. The histology seems to be of limited value in assessing the prognosis in an individual patient with ependymoma. The postoperative prognosis was poor in the intracranial tumors, although radiotherapy increased the survival time without affecting the eventual fatal outcome. The prognosis in the intraspinal group was much better, with three-fourths of the patients living for at least 10 years. No patient with an anaplastic tumor survived for more than 6 years."}
{"id": "PMID:890672", "title": "Carcinoma of the breast in women under 30 years of age: a clinical and histopathological study of all cases reported as carcinoma to the Swedish Cancer Registry, 1958-1968.", "content": "During 1958, 91 cases of breast carcinoma in women below 30 years of age were reported to the Swedish Cancer Registry. A histologic reexamination showed that 16 of these women had only benign proliferative conditions. Among the remaining 75 patients, two had noninvasive carcinoma, eight advanced carcinoma, and 65 operable invasive carcinoma. The carcinomas were characterized by little fibrous stroma and little or no elastosis. The survival rate of the patients with invasive breast carcinomas was similar to that in a total geographic material of all ages with breast carcinoma. The carcinoma was treated during pregnancy or within 1 year after delivery in 15 patients, with the same survival rate as for those whose carcinoma was not complicated by pregnancy.", "contents": "Carcinoma of the breast in women under 30 years of age: a clinical and histopathological study of all cases reported as carcinoma to the Swedish Cancer Registry, 1958-1968. During 1958, 91 cases of breast carcinoma in women below 30 years of age were reported to the Swedish Cancer Registry. A histologic reexamination showed that 16 of these women had only benign proliferative conditions. Among the remaining 75 patients, two had noninvasive carcinoma, eight advanced carcinoma, and 65 operable invasive carcinoma. The carcinomas were characterized by little fibrous stroma and little or no elastosis. The survival rate of the patients with invasive breast carcinomas was similar to that in a total geographic material of all ages with breast carcinoma. The carcinoma was treated during pregnancy or within 1 year after delivery in 15 patients, with the same survival rate as for those whose carcinoma was not complicated by pregnancy."}
{"id": "PMID:890673", "title": "A new topographic approach to the spread of breast cancer: the grid method.", "content": "In a series of 181 patients with breast cancer treated by mastectomy with axillary lymph node dissection, the authors developed and used an improved topographic technique, which they call the \"Grid Method\", which maps out the extent of a given cance of the breast. Three types of tumor spread are defined: Type 1, limited (L)(31%); Type 2, multifocal (M)(13.2%); and Type 3, extensive (E)(55.8%). This topographic information allows a more accurate assessment of prognosis when used in conjunction with the morphologic findings. Moreover, the topographic \"Grid\" study is simple to perform and easy to assess. Of prime importance is the relationship between the topographic and mammographic findings.", "contents": "A new topographic approach to the spread of breast cancer: the grid method. In a series of 181 patients with breast cancer treated by mastectomy with axillary lymph node dissection, the authors developed and used an improved topographic technique, which they call the \"Grid Method\", which maps out the extent of a given cance of the breast. Three types of tumor spread are defined: Type 1, limited (L)(31%); Type 2, multifocal (M)(13.2%); and Type 3, extensive (E)(55.8%). This topographic information allows a more accurate assessment of prognosis when used in conjunction with the morphologic findings. Moreover, the topographic \"Grid\" study is simple to perform and easy to assess. Of prime importance is the relationship between the topographic and mammographic findings."}
{"id": "PMID:890674", "title": "A topographic approach to breast cancer: the relation of topographic and mammographic findings.", "content": "One hundred and twenty-eight patients with breast cancer who, on the basis of mammographic study, were treated by mastectomy were analyzed. The purpose of this endeavor was to correlate the roentgenologic features with the pathologic findings. The correlation between them was very good: the type of tumor opacity, the microcalcifications, and the various other radiologic patterns were compatible with both localized and extensive breast cancer. Mammography appears to be valuable in the selection of patients suitable for conservative treatment.", "contents": "A topographic approach to breast cancer: the relation of topographic and mammographic findings. One hundred and twenty-eight patients with breast cancer who, on the basis of mammographic study, were treated by mastectomy were analyzed. The purpose of this endeavor was to correlate the roentgenologic features with the pathologic findings. The correlation between them was very good: the type of tumor opacity, the microcalcifications, and the various other radiologic patterns were compatible with both localized and extensive breast cancer. Mammography appears to be valuable in the selection of patients suitable for conservative treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:890675", "title": "The combined effect of breast cancer risk factors.", "content": "An extension of the logistic model (Cox, 1970) is applied to the prospective study of breast cancer in Guernsey (Bulbrook and Hayward, 1967). Four important risk factors, age at menarche, family history, age at first birth and etiocholanolone excretion, are identified and shown to have additive effects on a logistic scale for the probability of developing breast cancer. The feasibility of screening a high risk group of women is considered and shown unlikely to be of practical value.", "contents": "The combined effect of breast cancer risk factors. An extension of the logistic model (Cox, 1970) is applied to the prospective study of breast cancer in Guernsey (Bulbrook and Hayward, 1967). Four important risk factors, age at menarche, family history, age at first birth and etiocholanolone excretion, are identified and shown to have additive effects on a logistic scale for the probability of developing breast cancer. The feasibility of screening a high risk group of women is considered and shown unlikely to be of practical value."}
{"id": "PMID:890677", "title": "The early detection of colorectal cancer.", "content": "A review of the American Cancer Society's statistics for colorectal cancer indicates that there has been little improvements in the survival rate for this disease in the past 25 years. Although there have been advances in surgical techniques, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy, the key to improved survival rates is earlier diagnosis. A significant percentage of patients continues to present with regional or distal metastasis at the time of their initial diagnosis. Both proctosigmoidoscopy and guaiac impregnated filter slide paper methods have been productive in diagnosing this disease at an earlier stage. The \"Hemoccult\" test, however, is inexpensive, can be used on a routine basis, is easier for patients to perform themselves, and is aesthetically pleasing. It represents a significant cost savings compared to proctosigmoidoscopy and should be advocated for routine use in all patients over 40 years of age. Although there continues to be a role for local and regional mass screening programs, significant improvements in colorectal survival rates cannot be expected until routine application of this type of screening is practiced.", "contents": "The early detection of colorectal cancer. A review of the American Cancer Society's statistics for colorectal cancer indicates that there has been little improvements in the survival rate for this disease in the past 25 years. Although there have been advances in surgical techniques, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy, the key to improved survival rates is earlier diagnosis. A significant percentage of patients continues to present with regional or distal metastasis at the time of their initial diagnosis. Both proctosigmoidoscopy and guaiac impregnated filter slide paper methods have been productive in diagnosing this disease at an earlier stage. The \"Hemoccult\" test, however, is inexpensive, can be used on a routine basis, is easier for patients to perform themselves, and is aesthetically pleasing. It represents a significant cost savings compared to proctosigmoidoscopy and should be advocated for routine use in all patients over 40 years of age. Although there continues to be a role for local and regional mass screening programs, significant improvements in colorectal survival rates cannot be expected until routine application of this type of screening is practiced."}
{"id": "PMID:890684", "title": "Skin-tumor-initiating ability of benzo(a)pyrene-7,8-diol-9,10-epoxide (anti) when applied topically in tetrahydrofuran.", "content": "The skin-tumor-initiating abilities of various metabolites of benzo(a)pyrene (BP) were determined in mice by using a two-stage system of tumorigenesis. We previously reported that BP-7,8-dihydrodiol (+/- trans) was approximately as potent as BP, suggesting that it may be a proximate carcinogen, but the alleged ultimate carcinogen of BP [BP-7,8-dihydrodiol-9,10-epoxide (anti)] was a weak tumor initiator (Cancer Lett.2: 115, 1976). Because of its high reactivity, the tumor-initiating ability of the BP-7,8-dihydrodiol-9,10-epoxide (anti) was determined by using acetone, benzene, and tetrahydrofuran (THF) as the solvent vehicles. The 'diol-epoxide' of BP was found to be an effective tumor initiator when applied topically in THF. The effectiveness of the various vehicles for the 'diol-epoxide' was as follows: THF greater than benzene greater than acetone; however, acetone was the best solvent for BP tumor initiation. The BP-9,10-dihydrodiol and BP-3-hydroxy were found to be weak tumor initiators. BP-3-hydroxy was also tested for tumor-promoting ability and was found to be inactive in this capacity.", "contents": "Skin-tumor-initiating ability of benzo(a)pyrene-7,8-diol-9,10-epoxide (anti) when applied topically in tetrahydrofuran. The skin-tumor-initiating abilities of various metabolites of benzo(a)pyrene (BP) were determined in mice by using a two-stage system of tumorigenesis. We previously reported that BP-7,8-dihydrodiol (+/- trans) was approximately as potent as BP, suggesting that it may be a proximate carcinogen, but the alleged ultimate carcinogen of BP [BP-7,8-dihydrodiol-9,10-epoxide (anti)] was a weak tumor initiator (Cancer Lett.2: 115, 1976). Because of its high reactivity, the tumor-initiating ability of the BP-7,8-dihydrodiol-9,10-epoxide (anti) was determined by using acetone, benzene, and tetrahydrofuran (THF) as the solvent vehicles. The 'diol-epoxide' of BP was found to be an effective tumor initiator when applied topically in THF. The effectiveness of the various vehicles for the 'diol-epoxide' was as follows: THF greater than benzene greater than acetone; however, acetone was the best solvent for BP tumor initiation. The BP-9,10-dihydrodiol and BP-3-hydroxy were found to be weak tumor initiators. BP-3-hydroxy was also tested for tumor-promoting ability and was found to be inactive in this capacity."}
{"id": "PMID:890685", "title": "Malignant transformation and mutagenesis in mammalian cells induced by vicinal diol-epoxides derived from benzo(a)pyrene.", "content": "Benzo[a] pyrene and the syn- and anti-isomers of the 7,8-diol 9,10-oxide and of the 9,10-diol 7,8-oxide derived from this hydrocarbon have been tested for their abilities to induce malignant transformation in M2 mouse fibroblasts and mutagenesis in V79 Chinese hamster cells. The anti-isomer of the 7,8-diol 9,10-oxide induced more mutations and transformation than did the other three vicinal diol-epoxides. The two 9,10-diol 7,8-oxides were moderately mutagenic but did not induce any transformation. In contrast, benzo[a]-pyrene induced transformation in M2 fibroblasts but was not mutagenic in the V79 cells.", "contents": "Malignant transformation and mutagenesis in mammalian cells induced by vicinal diol-epoxides derived from benzo(a)pyrene. Benzo[a] pyrene and the syn- and anti-isomers of the 7,8-diol 9,10-oxide and of the 9,10-diol 7,8-oxide derived from this hydrocarbon have been tested for their abilities to induce malignant transformation in M2 mouse fibroblasts and mutagenesis in V79 Chinese hamster cells. The anti-isomer of the 7,8-diol 9,10-oxide induced more mutations and transformation than did the other three vicinal diol-epoxides. The two 9,10-diol 7,8-oxides were moderately mutagenic but did not induce any transformation. In contrast, benzo[a]-pyrene induced transformation in M2 fibroblasts but was not mutagenic in the V79 cells."}
{"id": "PMID:890686", "title": "Non-epithelial uterine tumours induced in CBA mice by 1,2-dimethylhydrazine.", "content": "In CBA mice treated with weekly subcutaneous injections of 1,2-dimethylhydrazine an unusually high incidence of uterine sarcomas was observed in two successive experiments. The tumours are easily transplantable. The description of their histological structure is presented and their histogenesis is discussed.", "contents": "Non-epithelial uterine tumours induced in CBA mice by 1,2-dimethylhydrazine. In CBA mice treated with weekly subcutaneous injections of 1,2-dimethylhydrazine an unusually high incidence of uterine sarcomas was observed in two successive experiments. The tumours are easily transplantable. The description of their histological structure is presented and their histogenesis is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:890687", "title": "Acute lethality of D- and L-ethionine in Swiss mice.", "content": "The acute, 7-day LD50 in Swiss mice of D-ethionine administered intraperitoneally, was determined as 185 mg/kg with 95% confidence limits of 163 and 210 mg/kg. L-ethionine, the stereoisomer, which is more potent in inhibiting liver RNA synthesis, was not lethal at 2500 mg/kg. This acute toxicity of D-ethionine was suppressed by L-methionine and adenine. Blood accumulation in the thoracic cavity and pericardium was the probable cause of death.", "contents": "Acute lethality of D- and L-ethionine in Swiss mice. The acute, 7-day LD50 in Swiss mice of D-ethionine administered intraperitoneally, was determined as 185 mg/kg with 95% confidence limits of 163 and 210 mg/kg. L-ethionine, the stereoisomer, which is more potent in inhibiting liver RNA synthesis, was not lethal at 2500 mg/kg. This acute toxicity of D-ethionine was suppressed by L-methionine and adenine. Blood accumulation in the thoracic cavity and pericardium was the probable cause of death."}
{"id": "PMID:890688", "title": "Ultraviolet-induced DNA-repair synthesis in lymphocytes from patients with chronic lymphatic leukemia.", "content": "Ultraviolet-induced DNA-repair synthesis was studied in peripheral lymphocytes from 10 patients with chronic lymphatic leukemia (CLL). An ultraviolet-dose curve was established for each patient and compared with curves for healthy individuals. The same level of DNA-repair synthesis was recorded in CLL and normal lymphocytes. This contrasts with a report from another laboratory. Evidence is presented of the necessity of inhibiting replicative DNA-synthesis with hydroxyurea in order to adequately estimate the DNA-repair synthesis.", "contents": "Ultraviolet-induced DNA-repair synthesis in lymphocytes from patients with chronic lymphatic leukemia. Ultraviolet-induced DNA-repair synthesis was studied in peripheral lymphocytes from 10 patients with chronic lymphatic leukemia (CLL). An ultraviolet-dose curve was established for each patient and compared with curves for healthy individuals. The same level of DNA-repair synthesis was recorded in CLL and normal lymphocytes. This contrasts with a report from another laboratory. Evidence is presented of the necessity of inhibiting replicative DNA-synthesis with hydroxyurea in order to adequately estimate the DNA-repair synthesis."}
{"id": "PMID:890689", "title": "Distribution of small bowel tumors.", "content": "We have studied the anatomic distribution of 784 small bowel carcinomas and have analyzed available epidemiologic data to determine the relation of these rare cancers to other gastrointestinal tumors and to diet. The anatomic distribution of small bowel cancer in unusual: most tumors occur in the duodenum or proximal jejunum, relatively few tumors occur in the central bowel, and only in the lower ileum do the expected number of tumors appear. Review of available epidemiologic data shows a correlation between small bowel cancer and lower, but not upper gastrointestinal cancer. The incidence of small bowel cancer is positively correlated with protein and fat consumption.", "contents": "Distribution of small bowel tumors. We have studied the anatomic distribution of 784 small bowel carcinomas and have analyzed available epidemiologic data to determine the relation of these rare cancers to other gastrointestinal tumors and to diet. The anatomic distribution of small bowel cancer in unusual: most tumors occur in the duodenum or proximal jejunum, relatively few tumors occur in the central bowel, and only in the lower ileum do the expected number of tumors appear. Review of available epidemiologic data shows a correlation between small bowel cancer and lower, but not upper gastrointestinal cancer. The incidence of small bowel cancer is positively correlated with protein and fat consumption."}
{"id": "PMID:890690", "title": "Accelerating action of tea on mouse skin carcinogenesis.", "content": "The effect of different tannin-containing aqueous solutions on the carcinogenic action of benzo(a)pyrene (BP) on the mouse skin was investigated. It was found that the appearance of tumours was accelerated in mice treated with either tea or an oak extract after a single application of BP. The time of appearance of tumours in mice treated with gallic acid or tannic acid after treatment with BP was similar to that in the group treated with BP alone. The overall incidence of tumours was similar in all five groups.", "contents": "Accelerating action of tea on mouse skin carcinogenesis. The effect of different tannin-containing aqueous solutions on the carcinogenic action of benzo(a)pyrene (BP) on the mouse skin was investigated. It was found that the appearance of tumours was accelerated in mice treated with either tea or an oak extract after a single application of BP. The time of appearance of tumours in mice treated with gallic acid or tannic acid after treatment with BP was similar to that in the group treated with BP alone. The overall incidence of tumours was similar in all five groups."}
{"id": "PMID:890691", "title": "Whatever happened to NSC--? An analysis of clinical results of discontinued anticancer agents.", "content": "Twenty-six investigational anticancer drugs formerly supplied by the National Cancer Institute are no longer available due to the lack of requests for their use in clinical trials. This report examines the data on these drugs to determine how well they were clinically evaluated. Generally, the studies are incomplete, and 34% of the compounds have not been studied beyond phase I trials. Clinical pharmacology data were not obtained for most of the drugs. In addition, the information available for drugs that did undergo phase II trials is grossly inadequate and does not permit a confident decision to withdraw them from investigational use. Instances of \"hints\" of activity and interesting drug properties are cited to stimulate further study. Finally, a list of compounds scheduled for future termination is given within the framework of this analysis to provoke thought toward obtaining more phase II data before these drugs fall into disuse.", "contents": "Whatever happened to NSC--? An analysis of clinical results of discontinued anticancer agents. Twenty-six investigational anticancer drugs formerly supplied by the National Cancer Institute are no longer available due to the lack of requests for their use in clinical trials. This report examines the data on these drugs to determine how well they were clinically evaluated. Generally, the studies are incomplete, and 34% of the compounds have not been studied beyond phase I trials. Clinical pharmacology data were not obtained for most of the drugs. In addition, the information available for drugs that did undergo phase II trials is grossly inadequate and does not permit a confident decision to withdraw them from investigational use. Instances of \"hints\" of activity and interesting drug properties are cited to stimulate further study. Finally, a list of compounds scheduled for future termination is given within the framework of this analysis to provoke thought toward obtaining more phase II data before these drugs fall into disuse."}
{"id": "PMID:890692", "title": "Clinical response and toxicity with cis-dichlorodiammineplatinum(II) in children.", "content": "cis-Dichlorodiammineplatinum(II) (DDP) was studied in 16 children with far-advanced malignancies. Three dosage schedules were tried: regimen A, 20 mg/m2/day x 5 days for 3-4 weeks (11 patients); regimen B, 50 mg/m2 once a week (four patients); and regimen C, 60 mg/m2/day x 2 days every 3-4 weeks (one patient). Four of 16 patients (25%) showed partial response, including one with osteogenic sarcoma, one with neuroblastoma, one with seminoma, and one with medullary carcinoma of the thyroid. Two patients showed clinical improvement. The major toxic manifestations included nausea and vomiting (16 of 16), renal toxicity (three of 16), transient pancytopenia (six of 12), and hearing loss (two of 16). It is apparent that DDP has activity in pediatric tumors; however, a more precise response rate must be delineated in a larger series of patients.", "contents": "Clinical response and toxicity with cis-dichlorodiammineplatinum(II) in children. cis-Dichlorodiammineplatinum(II) (DDP) was studied in 16 children with far-advanced malignancies. Three dosage schedules were tried: regimen A, 20 mg/m2/day x 5 days for 3-4 weeks (11 patients); regimen B, 50 mg/m2 once a week (four patients); and regimen C, 60 mg/m2/day x 2 days every 3-4 weeks (one patient). Four of 16 patients (25%) showed partial response, including one with osteogenic sarcoma, one with neuroblastoma, one with seminoma, and one with medullary carcinoma of the thyroid. Two patients showed clinical improvement. The major toxic manifestations included nausea and vomiting (16 of 16), renal toxicity (three of 16), transient pancytopenia (six of 12), and hearing loss (two of 16). It is apparent that DDP has activity in pediatric tumors; however, a more precise response rate must be delineated in a larger series of patients."}
{"id": "PMID:890693", "title": "Uptake of labeled dianhydrogalactitol into human gliomas and nervous tissue.", "content": "The distribution of iv administered 3H-dianhydrogalactitol (DAG) in the plasma, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), brain, and tumor tissue was studied in 11 patients. DAG entered the CSF and was slowly eliminated, with a half-life of 20 hours. Unchanged DAG accounted for about 6%-30% of the total radioactivity in the CSF. All the tumors accumulated the drug to a higher extent than the intact white matter, except the one meningioma studied. The highest uptake was observed in the relatively benign astrocytic tumors.", "contents": "Uptake of labeled dianhydrogalactitol into human gliomas and nervous tissue. The distribution of iv administered 3H-dianhydrogalactitol (DAG) in the plasma, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), brain, and tumor tissue was studied in 11 patients. DAG entered the CSF and was slowly eliminated, with a half-life of 20 hours. Unchanged DAG accounted for about 6%-30% of the total radioactivity in the CSF. All the tumors accumulated the drug to a higher extent than the intact white matter, except the one meningioma studied. The highest uptake was observed in the relatively benign astrocytic tumors."}
{"id": "PMID:890694", "title": "Effects of treatment with cyclophosphamide on hormone-dependent and hormone-independent tumor cells in transplanted GR mouse mammary tumors.", "content": "Previous studies have indicated that hormone-responsive mammary tumors of GR mice are mixed populations of hormone-dependent and autonomous cells. We have now investigated whether these two cell types differ in susceptibility to cytostatic treatment. Experiments in which cyclophosphamide was injected in tumor-bearing mice did not reveal significant differences in percentage of inhibition between hormone-dependent, hormone-responsive, and hormone-independent tumors. Furthermore, the estrogen and progesterone receptor contents of the residual tumor masses after cyclophosphamide treatment were about the same as those of untreated tumors. When the cytostatically treated tumors were transplanted, the degree of hormone responsiveness of the transplants did not differ from that of transplants derived from untreated tumors, nor did their hormone receptor contents. These results indicate that the hormone-dependent and autonomous cells of GR mouse mammary tumors are inhibited to similar extents by cyclophosphamide. The possible significance of these results for combined endocrine therapy and chemotherapy is discussed.", "contents": "Effects of treatment with cyclophosphamide on hormone-dependent and hormone-independent tumor cells in transplanted GR mouse mammary tumors. Previous studies have indicated that hormone-responsive mammary tumors of GR mice are mixed populations of hormone-dependent and autonomous cells. We have now investigated whether these two cell types differ in susceptibility to cytostatic treatment. Experiments in which cyclophosphamide was injected in tumor-bearing mice did not reveal significant differences in percentage of inhibition between hormone-dependent, hormone-responsive, and hormone-independent tumors. Furthermore, the estrogen and progesterone receptor contents of the residual tumor masses after cyclophosphamide treatment were about the same as those of untreated tumors. When the cytostatically treated tumors were transplanted, the degree of hormone responsiveness of the transplants did not differ from that of transplants derived from untreated tumors, nor did their hormone receptor contents. These results indicate that the hormone-dependent and autonomous cells of GR mouse mammary tumors are inhibited to similar extents by cyclophosphamide. The possible significance of these results for combined endocrine therapy and chemotherapy is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:890705", "title": "Changes in physical capacity, heart size and function in patients after myocardial infarction, who underwent a 4-to 6-week physical training program.", "content": "From findings in 1,200 coronary patients after myocardial infarction, it was shown that a stationary course of treatment in a rehabilitation center, where a gradually intensifying, individually adapted physical training program is administered, can lead to statistically highly significant improvements in the functional efficiency of the heart, as well as in physical capacity, in a short period of 4-6 weeks. It should be stressed that these positive effects can be demonstrated in the early stages of rehabilitation from infarction, that is, directly following discharge from the hospital, in the same way as in a late course of treatment of the repeated therapy; it is also important to point out that similar favorable results were obtained for older groups as for younger ones under all parameters, within the same time. A 6-week training period is more effective than a 4-week one.", "contents": "Changes in physical capacity, heart size and function in patients after myocardial infarction, who underwent a 4-to 6-week physical training program. From findings in 1,200 coronary patients after myocardial infarction, it was shown that a stationary course of treatment in a rehabilitation center, where a gradually intensifying, individually adapted physical training program is administered, can lead to statistically highly significant improvements in the functional efficiency of the heart, as well as in physical capacity, in a short period of 4-6 weeks. It should be stressed that these positive effects can be demonstrated in the early stages of rehabilitation from infarction, that is, directly following discharge from the hospital, in the same way as in a late course of treatment of the repeated therapy; it is also important to point out that similar favorable results were obtained for older groups as for younger ones under all parameters, within the same time. A 6-week training period is more effective than a 4-week one."}
{"id": "PMID:890706", "title": "Rehabilitation of the patient after myocardial infarction: the pivotal role of the primary care physician.", "content": "Invalidism is often unnecessarily prolonged after myocardial infarction because of misinformation about the natural history of the illness and because of psychosocial difficulties. To correct these problems, the rehabilitative approach should begin at the onset of illness and remain as a continuing feature in the long-term care of the patient; rehabilitation must thus be the responsibility of the patient's primary physician, who may be a general physician or a practicing cardiologist. Cardiovascular rehabilitation services should be designed to restore the patient, as rapidly as possible, to a productive, active and satisfying life. For patients with significant residual cardiac damage or particular psychological social or vocational problems, conventional medical management is often insufficient to ensure return to a full, active and productive life. The clinician should appreciate this problem early in the course of the illness and institute referral for specialized consultant assessment and management. However, all aspects of the long-term care and rehabilitation of the patient after myocardial infarction must remain under the aegis of the primary physician, ultimately using the personnel, facilities and services of the local community.", "contents": "Rehabilitation of the patient after myocardial infarction: the pivotal role of the primary care physician. Invalidism is often unnecessarily prolonged after myocardial infarction because of misinformation about the natural history of the illness and because of psychosocial difficulties. To correct these problems, the rehabilitative approach should begin at the onset of illness and remain as a continuing feature in the long-term care of the patient; rehabilitation must thus be the responsibility of the patient's primary physician, who may be a general physician or a practicing cardiologist. Cardiovascular rehabilitation services should be designed to restore the patient, as rapidly as possible, to a productive, active and satisfying life. For patients with significant residual cardiac damage or particular psychological social or vocational problems, conventional medical management is often insufficient to ensure return to a full, active and productive life. The clinician should appreciate this problem early in the course of the illness and institute referral for specialized consultant assessment and management. However, all aspects of the long-term care and rehabilitation of the patient after myocardial infarction must remain under the aegis of the primary physician, ultimately using the personnel, facilities and services of the local community."}
{"id": "PMID:890707", "title": "Infarct sizing with technetium-99m stannous pyrophosphate scintigraphy in dogs and man; relationship between scintigraphic and praecordial mapping estimates of infarct size in patients.", "content": "The present study was performed in order to evaluate the ability of technetium-99m stannous pyrophosphate (99mTc-PYP) myocardial scintigrams to size infarcts in experimental animals and man. In 10 dogs with proximal left anterior descending coronary artery occlusion and acute anterior myocardial infarcts, there was a significant correlation between scintigraphic infarct size and histological infarct weight (P less than 0.01). In 25 patients with acute anterior or anterolateral myocardial infarcts, there was a significant correlation between relatively large infarct size determined scintigraphically and the acute development of left ventricular failure. There was some overlap, however, in 99mTc-PYP scintigraphic infarct size between patients who did and did not develop left ventricular failure with infarction. Presumably this is explained by some patients having had earlier myocardial damage and thus developing left ventricular failure with relatively small new infarcts. There was also a statistically significant, but weak, correlation in patients between scintigraphic infarct size and precordial ST segment mapping including peak ST segment elevation (P less than 0.05) and the number of praecordial sites with ST segment elevation equal to or greater than 2 mm (P less than 0.01). The data suggest that 99mTc-PYP scintigrams and praecordial mapping measure some similar but some dissimilar aspects of infarct size in patients, and that 99mTc-PYP scintigraphy does size acute anterior and anterolateral infarcts in experimental animals and patients.", "contents": "Infarct sizing with technetium-99m stannous pyrophosphate scintigraphy in dogs and man; relationship between scintigraphic and praecordial mapping estimates of infarct size in patients. The present study was performed in order to evaluate the ability of technetium-99m stannous pyrophosphate (99mTc-PYP) myocardial scintigrams to size infarcts in experimental animals and man. In 10 dogs with proximal left anterior descending coronary artery occlusion and acute anterior myocardial infarcts, there was a significant correlation between scintigraphic infarct size and histological infarct weight (P less than 0.01). In 25 patients with acute anterior or anterolateral myocardial infarcts, there was a significant correlation between relatively large infarct size determined scintigraphically and the acute development of left ventricular failure. There was some overlap, however, in 99mTc-PYP scintigraphic infarct size between patients who did and did not develop left ventricular failure with infarction. Presumably this is explained by some patients having had earlier myocardial damage and thus developing left ventricular failure with relatively small new infarcts. There was also a statistically significant, but weak, correlation in patients between scintigraphic infarct size and precordial ST segment mapping including peak ST segment elevation (P less than 0.05) and the number of praecordial sites with ST segment elevation equal to or greater than 2 mm (P less than 0.01). The data suggest that 99mTc-PYP scintigrams and praecordial mapping measure some similar but some dissimilar aspects of infarct size in patients, and that 99mTc-PYP scintigraphy does size acute anterior and anterolateral infarcts in experimental animals and patients."}
{"id": "PMID:890708", "title": "Effect of regional myocardial ischaemia on left ventricular isovolumic contraction.", "content": "In anaesthetised, open-chest dogs, global isovolumic contractility indices were reduced by acute regional ischaemia involving 12 to 14% or more of left ventricular mass. These effects were not altered by controlled reduction of blood flow to the non-ischaemic region, but were exaggerated by isoprenaline during normal perfusion of the non-ischaemic region. The results were consistent with a contraction model characterised by simple reduction of the effective length of the contractile elements.", "contents": "Effect of regional myocardial ischaemia on left ventricular isovolumic contraction. In anaesthetised, open-chest dogs, global isovolumic contractility indices were reduced by acute regional ischaemia involving 12 to 14% or more of left ventricular mass. These effects were not altered by controlled reduction of blood flow to the non-ischaemic region, but were exaggerated by isoprenaline during normal perfusion of the non-ischaemic region. The results were consistent with a contraction model characterised by simple reduction of the effective length of the contractile elements."}
{"id": "PMID:890709", "title": "Cardiovascular and antiarrhythmic effects of aprindine (AC1802) during partial occlusion of a coronary artery in the pig.", "content": "The effect of intravenously administered aprindine (AC1802) as a prophylactic agent against ventricular arrhythmias was studied in pigs. During the first 30 min of ischaemia 5 of the 22 untreated animals died because of ventricular fibrillation against 1 of the 23 animals pretreated with aprindine (P=0.09). Ventricular tachycardias were observed in 10 untreated animals and in none of the aprindine group (P=0.0002). The incidence of other arrhythmias was significantly less in the aprindine group compared with the untreated group (P less than 0.02).", "contents": "Cardiovascular and antiarrhythmic effects of aprindine (AC1802) during partial occlusion of a coronary artery in the pig. The effect of intravenously administered aprindine (AC1802) as a prophylactic agent against ventricular arrhythmias was studied in pigs. During the first 30 min of ischaemia 5 of the 22 untreated animals died because of ventricular fibrillation against 1 of the 23 animals pretreated with aprindine (P=0.09). Ventricular tachycardias were observed in 10 untreated animals and in none of the aprindine group (P=0.0002). The incidence of other arrhythmias was significantly less in the aprindine group compared with the untreated group (P less than 0.02)."}
{"id": "PMID:890711", "title": "Calcium kinetics in the aorta of spontaneously hypertensive rats.", "content": "In the search for abnormalities in hypertensive vessels Ca kinetics was studied in the aorta of spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). The uptake of 45Ca was significantly less in hypertensive animals but the uptake of 'Lanthanum resistant' 45Ca was not. The efflux of 45Ca from aorta of SHR was different (P less than 0.01) from that of control rats because of faster initial efflux. The half-life of the first 2 components of efflux curves was significantly shorter in SHR. Results are interpreted as consequences of decreased Ca binding by smooth muscle membrane in hypertensive vessels.", "contents": "Calcium kinetics in the aorta of spontaneously hypertensive rats. In the search for abnormalities in hypertensive vessels Ca kinetics was studied in the aorta of spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). The uptake of 45Ca was significantly less in hypertensive animals but the uptake of 'Lanthanum resistant' 45Ca was not. The efflux of 45Ca from aorta of SHR was different (P less than 0.01) from that of control rats because of faster initial efflux. The half-life of the first 2 components of efflux curves was significantly shorter in SHR. Results are interpreted as consequences of decreased Ca binding by smooth muscle membrane in hypertensive vessels."}
{"id": "PMID:890712", "title": "Right and left ventricular compliance in the hereditary cardiomyopathy of the Syrian hamster.", "content": "Ventricular pressure-volume curves were examined in 10 pre-oedematous cardiomyopathic Syrian hamsters, aged 120 d, and 10 oedematous cardiomyopathic hamsters, aged 210 d, and compared with 10 and 8 age-matched controls, respectively. Previous studies had shown filling pressures and cardiac output to be normal in the pre-oedematous stage. In contrast, the oedematous stage was characterised by elevated filling pressures and increased cardiac output, raising the question whether this stage represents true myocardial failure or circulatory congestion associated with decreased ventricular compliance. Compliance, defined as dV/dP, was derived simulataneously for both ventricles from post-mortem pressure-volume curves from 0 to 2.66 kPa (0 to 20 mmHg). Left ventricular tissue elastic modulus, E, defined as dsigma/depsilon or the incremental stress (sigma) for an increment of strain (epsilon), was derived from the compliance curves and certain linear dimensions of the heart. At isobaric intervals, compliance did not differ between control and myopathic ventricles. At pressures corresponding to previously measured, naturally prevailing end-diastolic pressures, the myopathic ventricles were significantly dilated in both stages; end-diastolic compliance was normal in pre-oedematous hamsters, but was significantly decreased in the oedematous animals. Left ventricular elastic modulus was elevated at all values of sigma in both groups of myopathic animals.", "contents": "Right and left ventricular compliance in the hereditary cardiomyopathy of the Syrian hamster. Ventricular pressure-volume curves were examined in 10 pre-oedematous cardiomyopathic Syrian hamsters, aged 120 d, and 10 oedematous cardiomyopathic hamsters, aged 210 d, and compared with 10 and 8 age-matched controls, respectively. Previous studies had shown filling pressures and cardiac output to be normal in the pre-oedematous stage. In contrast, the oedematous stage was characterised by elevated filling pressures and increased cardiac output, raising the question whether this stage represents true myocardial failure or circulatory congestion associated with decreased ventricular compliance. Compliance, defined as dV/dP, was derived simulataneously for both ventricles from post-mortem pressure-volume curves from 0 to 2.66 kPa (0 to 20 mmHg). Left ventricular tissue elastic modulus, E, defined as dsigma/depsilon or the incremental stress (sigma) for an increment of strain (epsilon), was derived from the compliance curves and certain linear dimensions of the heart. At isobaric intervals, compliance did not differ between control and myopathic ventricles. At pressures corresponding to previously measured, naturally prevailing end-diastolic pressures, the myopathic ventricles were significantly dilated in both stages; end-diastolic compliance was normal in pre-oedematous hamsters, but was significantly decreased in the oedematous animals. Left ventricular elastic modulus was elevated at all values of sigma in both groups of myopathic animals."}
{"id": "PMID:890737", "title": "The cornified envelope of terminally differentiated human epidermal keratinocytes consists of cross-linked protein.", "content": "A small proportion of the protein of stratum corneum of human epidermal callus is insoluble even when boiled in solutions containing sodium dodecylsulfate and a reducing agent. This protein is present in the cornified envelope, a structure located beneath the plasma membrane. When cornified envelopes were dissolved by exhaustive proteolytic digestion and the products analyzed by chromatography, approximately 18% of the total lysine residues were found as the cross-linking dipeptide epsilon-(gamma-glutamyl) lysine. Labeled cornified envelope protein was synthesized by human epidermal keratinocytes allowed to differentiate terminally in culture. The extent of cross-linking, determined from the proportion of radioactive lysine in epsilon-(gamma-glutamyl) lysine after exhaustive proteolysis, was similar to that in stratum corneum. The properties of the cornified envelopes (insolubility in detergent and reducing agents, and solubility following proteolytic digestion) are readily explained by a structure consisting of a cross-linked protein lattice.", "contents": "The cornified envelope of terminally differentiated human epidermal keratinocytes consists of cross-linked protein. A small proportion of the protein of stratum corneum of human epidermal callus is insoluble even when boiled in solutions containing sodium dodecylsulfate and a reducing agent. This protein is present in the cornified envelope, a structure located beneath the plasma membrane. When cornified envelopes were dissolved by exhaustive proteolytic digestion and the products analyzed by chromatography, approximately 18% of the total lysine residues were found as the cross-linking dipeptide epsilon-(gamma-glutamyl) lysine. Labeled cornified envelope protein was synthesized by human epidermal keratinocytes allowed to differentiate terminally in culture. The extent of cross-linking, determined from the proportion of radioactive lysine in epsilon-(gamma-glutamyl) lysine after exhaustive proteolysis, was similar to that in stratum corneum. The properties of the cornified envelopes (insolubility in detergent and reducing agents, and solubility following proteolytic digestion) are readily explained by a structure consisting of a cross-linked protein lattice."}
{"id": "PMID:890739", "title": "Zea mays chloroplast ribosomal RNA genes are part of a 22,000 base pair inverted repeat.", "content": "Zea mays chloroplast rDNA exists in two identical units. Each unit contains one sequence for the 16, 23 and 5S rRNAs in the order given. The 16 and 23S sequences in each unit are separated by a 2100 base pair (bp) spacer. The DNA sequence for 5S RNA is closely linked to that for the 23S RNA. Within the above unit, the three RNAs are transcribed from a single DNA strand. The two rDNA units on the circular chloroplast DNA molecule are separated from each other by 18,500 bp in one direction and by 106,100 bp in the other direction. The two rDNA units have an inverted orientation with respect to each other. Each rDNA unit is part of a 22,000 bp sequence which is repeated with inverted orientation.", "contents": "Zea mays chloroplast ribosomal RNA genes are part of a 22,000 base pair inverted repeat. Zea mays chloroplast rDNA exists in two identical units. Each unit contains one sequence for the 16, 23 and 5S rRNAs in the order given. The 16 and 23S sequences in each unit are separated by a 2100 base pair (bp) spacer. The DNA sequence for 5S RNA is closely linked to that for the 23S RNA. Within the above unit, the three RNAs are transcribed from a single DNA strand. The two rDNA units on the circular chloroplast DNA molecule are separated from each other by 18,500 bp in one direction and by 106,100 bp in the other direction. The two rDNA units have an inverted orientation with respect to each other. Each rDNA unit is part of a 22,000 bp sequence which is repeated with inverted orientation."}
{"id": "PMID:890742", "title": "Binding of [125I]concanavalin A by interspecific amoeba hybrids.", "content": "Two types of interspecific amoeba hybrids, viz. PnIc (Amoeba proteus nucleus in A. indica cytoplasm) and InPc (A. indica nucleus in A. proteus cytoplasm), were tested for their [125I]Concanavalin A (Con A) binding activity at different periods of time. The cell surface binding of the labelled Con A was reduced to approx. 40 and 75% in the PnIc and InPc cells, respectively, 96 h after the cells were made hybrids. A significant increase in the binding of radioactive Con A was observed after the homologous nucleus was back transferred into InPc cells, but not in PnIc cells. No significant difference in the binding of the radioactive Con A was found between the progeny of the hybrid amoebae and the control amoebae. The Con A binding activity of the interspecific amoebae has been discussed in relation to the changes in the cytoplasmic membrane structures which presumably play a role in the formation of cell surface in the amoebae.", "contents": "Binding of [125I]concanavalin A by interspecific amoeba hybrids. Two types of interspecific amoeba hybrids, viz. PnIc (Amoeba proteus nucleus in A. indica cytoplasm) and InPc (A. indica nucleus in A. proteus cytoplasm), were tested for their [125I]Concanavalin A (Con A) binding activity at different periods of time. The cell surface binding of the labelled Con A was reduced to approx. 40 and 75% in the PnIc and InPc cells, respectively, 96 h after the cells were made hybrids. A significant increase in the binding of radioactive Con A was observed after the homologous nucleus was back transferred into InPc cells, but not in PnIc cells. No significant difference in the binding of the radioactive Con A was found between the progeny of the hybrid amoebae and the control amoebae. The Con A binding activity of the interspecific amoebae has been discussed in relation to the changes in the cytoplasmic membrane structures which presumably play a role in the formation of cell surface in the amoebae."}
{"id": "PMID:890743", "title": "Glycosaminoglycan and glycoprotein synthesis by cranial neural crest cells in vitro.", "content": "In the developing chick embryo, cranial neural crest cells, that will subsequently give rise to facial mesenchyme tissues, migrate beneath the surface ectoderm in a cell-free and hyaluronate-rich matrix. To determine how the crest cells could contribute to this matrix, we cultured crest cells from stage 9 embryos for 2 days and then labeled them for 18--20 h with various precursors of glycosaminoglycans (GAG) and glycoproteins. [3H]fucose and [3H]glucosamine were incorporated into Pronase-sensitive macromolecules associated with the cell layer, but little labeled glycoprotein was released into the medium. Hyaluronate was the major GAG synthesized and was distributed between the cells and medium. Less chondroitin-sulfate was synthesized. In comparison, older cultures as well as fibroblasts produced different proportions of GAG. Our results confirm the autoradiographic findings of Pratt et al. (1975) and suggest that crest cells may contribute GAG to the matrix during migration.", "contents": "Glycosaminoglycan and glycoprotein synthesis by cranial neural crest cells in vitro. In the developing chick embryo, cranial neural crest cells, that will subsequently give rise to facial mesenchyme tissues, migrate beneath the surface ectoderm in a cell-free and hyaluronate-rich matrix. To determine how the crest cells could contribute to this matrix, we cultured crest cells from stage 9 embryos for 2 days and then labeled them for 18--20 h with various precursors of glycosaminoglycans (GAG) and glycoproteins. [3H]fucose and [3H]glucosamine were incorporated into Pronase-sensitive macromolecules associated with the cell layer, but little labeled glycoprotein was released into the medium. Hyaluronate was the major GAG synthesized and was distributed between the cells and medium. Less chondroitin-sulfate was synthesized. In comparison, older cultures as well as fibroblasts produced different proportions of GAG. Our results confirm the autoradiographic findings of Pratt et al. (1975) and suggest that crest cells may contribute GAG to the matrix during migration."}
{"id": "PMID:890744", "title": "Studies of protein synthesis during sea urchin oogenesis. II. Synthesis of tubulin.", "content": "Sea urchin oocytes were incubated in vitro with [14C]lysine. Tubulin synthesis was demonstrated by gel filtration and/or electrophoresis of the colchicine-tubulin complex precipitated by vinblastine. The incorporation of [14C]lysine into tubulin represented about 12% of the incorporation into the total proteins at vitellogenesis.", "contents": "Studies of protein synthesis during sea urchin oogenesis. II. Synthesis of tubulin. Sea urchin oocytes were incubated in vitro with [14C]lysine. Tubulin synthesis was demonstrated by gel filtration and/or electrophoresis of the colchicine-tubulin complex precipitated by vinblastine. The incorporation of [14C]lysine into tubulin represented about 12% of the incorporation into the total proteins at vitellogenesis."}
{"id": "PMID:890745", "title": "DNA replication in human diploid cells of different origin.", "content": "DNA-fiber autoradiography has been used to study the replication of chromosomal DNA from cultured human cells of different origin. In normal embryonic fibroblasts, brain cells, heart cells, hepatocytes, and post-natal fibroblasts and lymphocytes the rate of DNA replication in a single fork varies from 0.2 to 1.0 micrometer/min with a mean of about 0.6 micrometer/min; and the size of replication units varies from 80 to 400 micrometer with a mean of about 200 micrometer. The data obtained indicate that in cultured somatic cells of various tissues of the same organism, the rate of DNA replication and the number of functioning replication units are practically the same.", "contents": "DNA replication in human diploid cells of different origin. DNA-fiber autoradiography has been used to study the replication of chromosomal DNA from cultured human cells of different origin. In normal embryonic fibroblasts, brain cells, heart cells, hepatocytes, and post-natal fibroblasts and lymphocytes the rate of DNA replication in a single fork varies from 0.2 to 1.0 micrometer/min with a mean of about 0.6 micrometer/min; and the size of replication units varies from 80 to 400 micrometer with a mean of about 200 micrometer. The data obtained indicate that in cultured somatic cells of various tissues of the same organism, the rate of DNA replication and the number of functioning replication units are practically the same."}
{"id": "PMID:890836", "title": "Some effects of chlorambucil on nuclear protein phosphorylation in the Yoshida ascites sarcoma.", "content": "The ability of nuclei, isolated from Yoshida ascites sarcoma cells, to phosphorylate nuclear proteins in the presence of [gamma-32P]ATP has been investigated. Comparisons were made between a strain sensitive to the effects of the alkylating agent, chlorambucil, with a corresponding resistant strain both before and after drug-treatment of tumour-bearing animals. There was no gross quantitative differences between the drug-sensitive and-resistant untreated cells but treatment resulted in increased levels in the sensitive strain. Qualitative differences were seen before treatment in the phosphorylation pattern of the tris-saline-soluble nuclear sap fraction. The high molecular weight species in the fraction from sensitive cells showed phosphorylations which were absent, or present at very low levels, in the corresponding fraction from drug-resistant cells. Changes were observed in the tris-saline-soluble and non-histone protein fractions from drug-sensitive cells following treatment of tumour-bearing animals. Only minor alterations in patterns of phosphorylation were seen in fractions from drug-resistant cells.", "contents": "Some effects of chlorambucil on nuclear protein phosphorylation in the Yoshida ascites sarcoma. The ability of nuclei, isolated from Yoshida ascites sarcoma cells, to phosphorylate nuclear proteins in the presence of [gamma-32P]ATP has been investigated. Comparisons were made between a strain sensitive to the effects of the alkylating agent, chlorambucil, with a corresponding resistant strain both before and after drug-treatment of tumour-bearing animals. There was no gross quantitative differences between the drug-sensitive and-resistant untreated cells but treatment resulted in increased levels in the sensitive strain. Qualitative differences were seen before treatment in the phosphorylation pattern of the tris-saline-soluble nuclear sap fraction. The high molecular weight species in the fraction from sensitive cells showed phosphorylations which were absent, or present at very low levels, in the corresponding fraction from drug-resistant cells. Changes were observed in the tris-saline-soluble and non-histone protein fractions from drug-sensitive cells following treatment of tumour-bearing animals. Only minor alterations in patterns of phosphorylation were seen in fractions from drug-resistant cells."}
{"id": "PMID:890837", "title": "Biological effects of 2,4-pentadiene-1-ol.", "content": "The biological effects of 2,4-pentadiene-1-ol (CH2 = CH--CH = CH--CH2--OH) the starting monomer in the preparation of a biocompatible polymer were studied. The experiments in rats revealed both a high local (oedema, necrosis) and systemic toxicity. Within 5-10 min after dermal application of 0.2 ml the compound evoked intensive hyperaemia of acral parts (ears, snout, paws) and induced severe breathing difficulties which led to death in half of the animals after a single administration. The most evident macroscopic and microscopic pathologic changes were found in the place of application and in the lungs (haemorrhage in alveolae). Both clinical and histological findings indicated that the toxicity is due to an increased permeability of capillaries.", "contents": "Biological effects of 2,4-pentadiene-1-ol. The biological effects of 2,4-pentadiene-1-ol (CH2 = CH--CH = CH--CH2--OH) the starting monomer in the preparation of a biocompatible polymer were studied. The experiments in rats revealed both a high local (oedema, necrosis) and systemic toxicity. Within 5-10 min after dermal application of 0.2 ml the compound evoked intensive hyperaemia of acral parts (ears, snout, paws) and induced severe breathing difficulties which led to death in half of the animals after a single administration. The most evident macroscopic and microscopic pathologic changes were found in the place of application and in the lungs (haemorrhage in alveolae). Both clinical and histological findings indicated that the toxicity is due to an increased permeability of capillaries."}
{"id": "PMID:890838", "title": "Subcellular distribution, a factor in risk evaluation of pentachlorophenol.", "content": "Pentachlorophenol (PCP) is a potent uncoupler of mitochondrial phosphorylation in vitro and also interferes with microsomal detoxication functions in vitro. This favours flavin mediated oxygenation compared with flavin cytochrome P-450 dependent reactions. Gas chromatographic analysis of subcellular fractions, obtained by zonal centrifugation showed markedly lower PCP concentration in mitochondria and a high accumulation in microsomes compared with cytosol. This increases the likelihood that PCP in vivo causes a malfunction in microsomal detoxication.", "contents": "Subcellular distribution, a factor in risk evaluation of pentachlorophenol. Pentachlorophenol (PCP) is a potent uncoupler of mitochondrial phosphorylation in vitro and also interferes with microsomal detoxication functions in vitro. This favours flavin mediated oxygenation compared with flavin cytochrome P-450 dependent reactions. Gas chromatographic analysis of subcellular fractions, obtained by zonal centrifugation showed markedly lower PCP concentration in mitochondria and a high accumulation in microsomes compared with cytosol. This increases the likelihood that PCP in vivo causes a malfunction in microsomal detoxication."}
{"id": "PMID:890839", "title": "Disturbance of microsomal detoxication mechanisms in liver by chlorophenol pesticides.", "content": "The pesticide pentachlorophenol known as an uncoupler of mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation was shown to disturb liver microsomal detoxication functions by a selective inhibition of the terminal oxygenation enzyme P-450. At lower concentrations the flavin moiety of this enzyme chain is not inhibited but rather is stimulated, whereby a qualitative shift in detoxication of aromatic amines from C-oxygenation to N-oxygenation is obtained. The effects were due to the pentachlorophenol itself and not to a metabolite. Similar effects of varying strength were also obtained with other chlorophenol pesticides; 2,4,di-, 2,4,6,-tri and 2,3,4,6-tetrachlorophenol, di- and hexachlorophen, tri- and nonachloro-2-hydroxydiphenyl ethers. The relevance of these findings to the possible synergistic influence of chlorophenols on the carcinogenic effects of polyaromatic amines and hydrocarbons is discussed.", "contents": "Disturbance of microsomal detoxication mechanisms in liver by chlorophenol pesticides. The pesticide pentachlorophenol known as an uncoupler of mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation was shown to disturb liver microsomal detoxication functions by a selective inhibition of the terminal oxygenation enzyme P-450. At lower concentrations the flavin moiety of this enzyme chain is not inhibited but rather is stimulated, whereby a qualitative shift in detoxication of aromatic amines from C-oxygenation to N-oxygenation is obtained. The effects were due to the pentachlorophenol itself and not to a metabolite. Similar effects of varying strength were also obtained with other chlorophenol pesticides; 2,4,di-, 2,4,6,-tri and 2,3,4,6-tetrachlorophenol, di- and hexachlorophen, tri- and nonachloro-2-hydroxydiphenyl ethers. The relevance of these findings to the possible synergistic influence of chlorophenols on the carcinogenic effects of polyaromatic amines and hydrocarbons is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:890840", "title": "The metabolism and antitumour activity of the enantiomers of cis- and trans-4-methylcyclophosphamide.", "content": "4-Methylcyclophosphamide, an analogue of the antitumour agent cyclophosphamide, exists in cis and trans forms, each of which comprises a pair of optical isomers. The extents of metabolism by rat liver microsomes during 20 min were compared for the four steroisomers incubated separately, and for the racemic cis and trans-derivatives in admixture, using mass spectrometry and gas chromatography respectively. In comparative antitumour tests against the ADJ/PC6 plasma cell tumour in mice, the racemic cis and trans forms of 4- and 6-methylcyclophosphamide had similar therapeutic indices. The four stereoisomers of 4-methylcyclophosphamide exhibited an approx. two-fold range in therapeutic index so that there was no marked effect on either metabolism or antitumour activity occasioned by change of configuration either at C-4 or at phosphorus.", "contents": "The metabolism and antitumour activity of the enantiomers of cis- and trans-4-methylcyclophosphamide. 4-Methylcyclophosphamide, an analogue of the antitumour agent cyclophosphamide, exists in cis and trans forms, each of which comprises a pair of optical isomers. The extents of metabolism by rat liver microsomes during 20 min were compared for the four steroisomers incubated separately, and for the racemic cis and trans-derivatives in admixture, using mass spectrometry and gas chromatography respectively. In comparative antitumour tests against the ADJ/PC6 plasma cell tumour in mice, the racemic cis and trans forms of 4- and 6-methylcyclophosphamide had similar therapeutic indices. The four stereoisomers of 4-methylcyclophosphamide exhibited an approx. two-fold range in therapeutic index so that there was no marked effect on either metabolism or antitumour activity occasioned by change of configuration either at C-4 or at phosphorus."}
{"id": "PMID:890841", "title": "Effect of aflatoxin B1 on hepatic polyribosomes and protein synthesis in the rat.", "content": "This study was concerned with the effect of aflatoxin B1 on protein synthesis in rat liver. Specifically, the effect of the administration of aflatoxin B1 (6.0 mg/kg body weight) on hepatic polyribosomes (free and membranebound), protein synthesis in vitro, and initiation factors activity of rats within 3-12 h was investigated. The results revealed that aflatoxin B1 rapidly led to disaggregation of free and membrane-bound polyribosomes, to inhibition of in vitro protein synthesis by both populations of polyribosomes, to little or no effect on the activities of initiation factors, and to defective ribosomes, particularly the 60S ribosomal subnits, of both types of polyribosomes. Comparative studies on the effects of aflatoxin B1 and actinomycin D revealed progressive disaggregation by both hepatic free and membrane-bound polyribosomes after aflatoxin B1 but not only of the free polyribosomes after actinomycin D.", "contents": "Effect of aflatoxin B1 on hepatic polyribosomes and protein synthesis in the rat. This study was concerned with the effect of aflatoxin B1 on protein synthesis in rat liver. Specifically, the effect of the administration of aflatoxin B1 (6.0 mg/kg body weight) on hepatic polyribosomes (free and membranebound), protein synthesis in vitro, and initiation factors activity of rats within 3-12 h was investigated. The results revealed that aflatoxin B1 rapidly led to disaggregation of free and membrane-bound polyribosomes, to inhibition of in vitro protein synthesis by both populations of polyribosomes, to little or no effect on the activities of initiation factors, and to defective ribosomes, particularly the 60S ribosomal subnits, of both types of polyribosomes. Comparative studies on the effects of aflatoxin B1 and actinomycin D revealed progressive disaggregation by both hepatic free and membrane-bound polyribosomes after aflatoxin B1 but not only of the free polyribosomes after actinomycin D."}
{"id": "PMID:890842", "title": "Isolation of a non-thionein copper-binding protein from liver of copper-injected rats.", "content": "1. The characterization of a low molecular weight, non-thionein, Cu-binding protein isolated from rat liver is reported. The protein was isolated following chronic administration of Cu(NO3)2 using a combination of Sephadex G75 and Sephadex DEAE A-25 chromatography. The protein did not bind to fully equilibrated Sephadex DEAE which formed the basis of the isolation procedure. 2. The final protein pereparation was found to be homogenous by a variety of electrophoretic techniques and was distinguished from metallothionein on the basis of its behaviour on ion exhcange and electrophoretic systems, spectral properties, and amino acid composition and metal content. It contains 6.8% cysteine and was found to bind Cu in a ration of 1.5:1 based on a molecular weight of 11 000. 3. These results confirm the necessity to use techniques other than gel filtration alone to obtain adequate separation of low molecular weight metal-binding protein fractions.", "contents": "Isolation of a non-thionein copper-binding protein from liver of copper-injected rats. 1. The characterization of a low molecular weight, non-thionein, Cu-binding protein isolated from rat liver is reported. The protein was isolated following chronic administration of Cu(NO3)2 using a combination of Sephadex G75 and Sephadex DEAE A-25 chromatography. The protein did not bind to fully equilibrated Sephadex DEAE which formed the basis of the isolation procedure. 2. The final protein pereparation was found to be homogenous by a variety of electrophoretic techniques and was distinguished from metallothionein on the basis of its behaviour on ion exhcange and electrophoretic systems, spectral properties, and amino acid composition and metal content. It contains 6.8% cysteine and was found to bind Cu in a ration of 1.5:1 based on a molecular weight of 11 000. 3. These results confirm the necessity to use techniques other than gel filtration alone to obtain adequate separation of low molecular weight metal-binding protein fractions."}
{"id": "PMID:890843", "title": "Benzo(a)pyrene metabolism in mouse epidermis. Analysis by high pressure liquid chromatography and DNA binding.", "content": "Mouse epidermal homogenates contain an inducible aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase (AHH) complex that catalyzes the formation of benzo(a)pyrene-7,8-dihydrodiol from benzo(a)pyrene (BP) as assessed by high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC). 5,6-Benzoflavone (5,6-BF), 7,8-benzoflavone (7,8-BF) and 17-beta-estradiol decreased and butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) enhanced oxidative metabolism of BP when added in vitro. Epoxide hydrase activity (hydration of benzo(a)pyrene-4,5-epoxide) (BP-4,5-epoxide) was enhanced by 17-beta-estradiol, 5,6-BF, and 7,8-BF. BHT exhibited no significant effect and 1,2-epoxy-3,3,3-trichloropropane (TCPO) inhibited hydrase activity. The capacity of epidermal homogenates to catalyze the covalent binding of BP to DNA indicated that addition of both 5,6-BF and 7,8-BF decreased binding. BHT and TCPO did not significantly affect DNA-binding.", "contents": "Benzo(a)pyrene metabolism in mouse epidermis. Analysis by high pressure liquid chromatography and DNA binding. Mouse epidermal homogenates contain an inducible aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase (AHH) complex that catalyzes the formation of benzo(a)pyrene-7,8-dihydrodiol from benzo(a)pyrene (BP) as assessed by high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC). 5,6-Benzoflavone (5,6-BF), 7,8-benzoflavone (7,8-BF) and 17-beta-estradiol decreased and butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) enhanced oxidative metabolism of BP when added in vitro. Epoxide hydrase activity (hydration of benzo(a)pyrene-4,5-epoxide) (BP-4,5-epoxide) was enhanced by 17-beta-estradiol, 5,6-BF, and 7,8-BF. BHT exhibited no significant effect and 1,2-epoxy-3,3,3-trichloropropane (TCPO) inhibited hydrase activity. The capacity of epidermal homogenates to catalyze the covalent binding of BP to DNA indicated that addition of both 5,6-BF and 7,8-BF decreased binding. BHT and TCPO did not significantly affect DNA-binding."}
{"id": "PMID:890844", "title": "Action of monovalent cations on the biological properties of PR toxin, a mycotoxin from Penicillium roqueforti.", "content": "PR toxin impairs liver cell metabolism by inhibiting RNA and protein synthesis. In vitro, the drug inhibits the transcription carried out by isolated rat liver nuclei and the translation promoted by polysomes. The action of monovalent cations on the biological activities of PR toxin has been studied. The increased ionic strength due to the presence of salt in the incubation medium, lowers the inhibitory action of PR toxin on in vitro transcription and translation activities; this action is reversible. Besides the overall effect of the ionic strength, ammonium salts possess a specific ability to suppress irreversibly the biological properties of PR toxin (in vivo toxicity and capacity of inhibiting RNA and protein synthesis). The mechanism of this action is discussed.", "contents": "Action of monovalent cations on the biological properties of PR toxin, a mycotoxin from Penicillium roqueforti. PR toxin impairs liver cell metabolism by inhibiting RNA and protein synthesis. In vitro, the drug inhibits the transcription carried out by isolated rat liver nuclei and the translation promoted by polysomes. The action of monovalent cations on the biological activities of PR toxin has been studied. The increased ionic strength due to the presence of salt in the incubation medium, lowers the inhibitory action of PR toxin on in vitro transcription and translation activities; this action is reversible. Besides the overall effect of the ionic strength, ammonium salts possess a specific ability to suppress irreversibly the biological properties of PR toxin (in vivo toxicity and capacity of inhibiting RNA and protein synthesis). The mechanism of this action is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:890846", "title": "The metabolic activation of 7-methylbenz(a)anthracene in mouse skin.", "content": "The metabolism of 7-methylbenz(a)anthracene by rat-liver preparations and by mouse skin has been studied using a combination of thin-layer and high pressure liquid chromatography and all five possible trans-dihydrodiols have been detected as metabolites but in different proportions. The roles of these dihydrodiols and of the related vicinal diol-epoxides in the metabolic activation of 7-methylbenz(a)anthracene in mouse skin has been studied using Sephadex LH-20 column chromatography. The results show that the hydrocarbon-nucleic acid products formed in mouse skin in vivo most probably arise from 3,4-dihydro-3,4-dihydroxy-7-methylbenz(a)anthracene 1,2-oxide which, on the basis of this and other evidence, appears to be the reactive intermediate involved in the metabolic activation of 7-methylbenz(a)anthracene in this tissue.", "contents": "The metabolic activation of 7-methylbenz(a)anthracene in mouse skin. The metabolism of 7-methylbenz(a)anthracene by rat-liver preparations and by mouse skin has been studied using a combination of thin-layer and high pressure liquid chromatography and all five possible trans-dihydrodiols have been detected as metabolites but in different proportions. The roles of these dihydrodiols and of the related vicinal diol-epoxides in the metabolic activation of 7-methylbenz(a)anthracene in mouse skin has been studied using Sephadex LH-20 column chromatography. The results show that the hydrocarbon-nucleic acid products formed in mouse skin in vivo most probably arise from 3,4-dihydro-3,4-dihydroxy-7-methylbenz(a)anthracene 1,2-oxide which, on the basis of this and other evidence, appears to be the reactive intermediate involved in the metabolic activation of 7-methylbenz(a)anthracene in this tissue."}
{"id": "PMID:890847", "title": "Alkylated purines in the DNA of various rat tissues after administration of 1,2-dimethylhydrazine.", "content": "[1,2-3H] Dimethylhydrazine (1,2-DMH) (300 mg/kg; 4 mCi/kg) was injected s.c. to BD-VI rats and the degree of DNA alkylation was measured in various tissues 3 h after the administration. The O6-methylguanine/7-methylguanine ratio was approx. 4 times higher in the colon's DNA (0.0565), the principal target organ of this carcinogen, than in the liver's DNA (0.0136). These findings are briefly discussed in relation to the organ specificity of this carcinogen.", "contents": "Alkylated purines in the DNA of various rat tissues after administration of 1,2-dimethylhydrazine. [1,2-3H] Dimethylhydrazine (1,2-DMH) (300 mg/kg; 4 mCi/kg) was injected s.c. to BD-VI rats and the degree of DNA alkylation was measured in various tissues 3 h after the administration. The O6-methylguanine/7-methylguanine ratio was approx. 4 times higher in the colon's DNA (0.0565), the principal target organ of this carcinogen, than in the liver's DNA (0.0136). These findings are briefly discussed in relation to the organ specificity of this carcinogen."}
{"id": "PMID:890864", "title": "Synthesis of phosphonate and ether analogs of rac-phosphatidyl-L-serine.", "content": "The chemical synthesis of four phosphonate-containing phosphatidylserine analogs namely, L-serine (+/-)-[2,3-bis(hexadecyloxy) and 2,3-bis(Palmitoyloxy)-propyl] phosphonates, and L-serine (+/-)-[3,4-bis(hexadecyloxy and 3,4-bis(palmitoyloxy)-butyL]phosphonates is descirbed. (+/-)-2,3-Bis(hexadecyloxy) and 2,3-bis(palmitoyloxy)-prophylphosphonic acids and (+/-)-3,4-bis(hexadecyloxy)butylphosponic acid were prepared by reaction of tris(trimethylsily) phosphite on the corresponding haloalkane. Condensation of the above phosphonic acids or (+/-)-3,4-bis(palmitoyloxy)butylphosphonic acid with N-carboxy-L-serine dibenzyl ester in the presence of trichloroacetonitrile or triisopropylbenzenesulfonyl chloride yielded the protected serine intermediates, which on hydrogenolysis gave the desired L-serine analogs. By a similar route, 1,2-dihexadecyl-rac-glycero-3-phosphoric acid was converted to 1,2-dihexadecyl-rac-glycerophospho-L-serine (L-serine (+/-)-2,3-bis(hexadecyloxy)propyl hydrogen phosphate(ester).", "contents": "Synthesis of phosphonate and ether analogs of rac-phosphatidyl-L-serine. The chemical synthesis of four phosphonate-containing phosphatidylserine analogs namely, L-serine (+/-)-[2,3-bis(hexadecyloxy) and 2,3-bis(Palmitoyloxy)-propyl] phosphonates, and L-serine (+/-)-[3,4-bis(hexadecyloxy and 3,4-bis(palmitoyloxy)-butyL]phosphonates is descirbed. (+/-)-2,3-Bis(hexadecyloxy) and 2,3-bis(palmitoyloxy)-prophylphosphonic acids and (+/-)-3,4-bis(hexadecyloxy)butylphosponic acid were prepared by reaction of tris(trimethylsily) phosphite on the corresponding haloalkane. Condensation of the above phosphonic acids or (+/-)-3,4-bis(palmitoyloxy)butylphosphonic acid with N-carboxy-L-serine dibenzyl ester in the presence of trichloroacetonitrile or triisopropylbenzenesulfonyl chloride yielded the protected serine intermediates, which on hydrogenolysis gave the desired L-serine analogs. By a similar route, 1,2-dihexadecyl-rac-glycero-3-phosphoric acid was converted to 1,2-dihexadecyl-rac-glycerophospho-L-serine (L-serine (+/-)-2,3-bis(hexadecyloxy)propyl hydrogen phosphate(ester)."}
{"id": "PMID:890865", "title": "Cholesteryl sulphate and phosphate in the solid state and in aqueous systems.", "content": "Cholesteryl sodium sulphate (CS) crystallizes as the dihydrate, the crystal structure of which is known. On heating the dihydrate, solid state phase transitions are observed at 65 degrees C and 95 degrees C and melting occurs at 165 degrees C. The structure of the high temperature phase has not been determined. Cholesteryl dihydrogen phosphate (CP) is not isostructural with any phases of CS. It undergoes a phase transition at 50 degrees C and melts at 190 degrees C. In systems with water CS is unstable whereas it was possible to determine the phase diagram of CP. In most of the composition range a crystalline hydrate is in equilibrium with a gel-phase. The latter has remarkable properties in that lamellar order exists with the 46 A lipid bilayer interleaved with water layers up to 1000 A. The monofilm behaviour of CS and CP at different pH levels is also reported.", "contents": "Cholesteryl sulphate and phosphate in the solid state and in aqueous systems. Cholesteryl sodium sulphate (CS) crystallizes as the dihydrate, the crystal structure of which is known. On heating the dihydrate, solid state phase transitions are observed at 65 degrees C and 95 degrees C and melting occurs at 165 degrees C. The structure of the high temperature phase has not been determined. Cholesteryl dihydrogen phosphate (CP) is not isostructural with any phases of CS. It undergoes a phase transition at 50 degrees C and melts at 190 degrees C. In systems with water CS is unstable whereas it was possible to determine the phase diagram of CP. In most of the composition range a crystalline hydrate is in equilibrium with a gel-phase. The latter has remarkable properties in that lamellar order exists with the 46 A lipid bilayer interleaved with water layers up to 1000 A. The monofilm behaviour of CS and CP at different pH levels is also reported."}
{"id": "PMID:890866", "title": "Phosphonosphingoglycolipid, a novel sphingolipid from the viscera of Turbo cornutus.", "content": "A novel lipid which contained long-chain base, fatty acid, galactose and N-methylamino-ethylphosphonic acid in an equimolar was isolated from the viscera of Turbo cornutus. The method used for the structural elucidation of this lipid were partial acid hydrolysis, alkaline hydrolysis, periodate oxidation and Smith degradation. The structure of break-down products were mainly identified by combined gas chromatography and mass spectrometry. The structure of the novel lipid was determined to be 1-O-[6'-O-(N-methylaminoethyl-phosphonyl) galactopyranosyl] ceramide. Mass spectra of galactose-N-methylaminoethylphospnate and glycerol-N-methylamino-ethylphosphonate are given.", "contents": "Phosphonosphingoglycolipid, a novel sphingolipid from the viscera of Turbo cornutus. A novel lipid which contained long-chain base, fatty acid, galactose and N-methylamino-ethylphosphonic acid in an equimolar was isolated from the viscera of Turbo cornutus. The method used for the structural elucidation of this lipid were partial acid hydrolysis, alkaline hydrolysis, periodate oxidation and Smith degradation. The structure of break-down products were mainly identified by combined gas chromatography and mass spectrometry. The structure of the novel lipid was determined to be 1-O-[6'-O-(N-methylaminoethyl-phosphonyl) galactopyranosyl] ceramide. Mass spectra of galactose-N-methylaminoethylphospnate and glycerol-N-methylamino-ethylphosphonate are given."}
{"id": "PMID:890867", "title": "Interactions between fluorescent labeled phosphatidyl serine and cations.", "content": "Phosphatidyl serine (PS) was reacted with dimethylaminoanphthalenesulfonyl (DNS) chloride to produce a fluorescent phospholipid derivative (DNS--PS). By comparison of the emission maximum of the fluorochrome in solvents of varying dielectric constants and in aqueous suspension it was concluded that the DNS moiety of sonicated DNS--PS micells was within the glycerol region of the lipid. Addition of CaC12 to aqueous suspensions of DNS--PS micells caused a shift in the emission maximum from 524 nm to 490 nm, a two-fold increase in the relative fluorescence and an increase in the polarization of fluorescence and finally aggregation. MgC12 produced similar but smaller changes in the fluorescence parameters. In the presence of calcium the thermal transition of the fatty acid tail region could be monitored as an increase in the fluorescence intensity of the DNS group. Without calcium an almost linear decrease in relative fluorescence was observed. These data suggested that calcium caused the fluorochrome to be shifted from the glycerol region of the lipid structure into the fatty acid tail region. These observations indicate how the conformation of a biological membrane might be altered by the interaction between acidic phospholipids and calcium.", "contents": "Interactions between fluorescent labeled phosphatidyl serine and cations. Phosphatidyl serine (PS) was reacted with dimethylaminoanphthalenesulfonyl (DNS) chloride to produce a fluorescent phospholipid derivative (DNS--PS). By comparison of the emission maximum of the fluorochrome in solvents of varying dielectric constants and in aqueous suspension it was concluded that the DNS moiety of sonicated DNS--PS micells was within the glycerol region of the lipid. Addition of CaC12 to aqueous suspensions of DNS--PS micells caused a shift in the emission maximum from 524 nm to 490 nm, a two-fold increase in the relative fluorescence and an increase in the polarization of fluorescence and finally aggregation. MgC12 produced similar but smaller changes in the fluorescence parameters. In the presence of calcium the thermal transition of the fatty acid tail region could be monitored as an increase in the fluorescence intensity of the DNS group. Without calcium an almost linear decrease in relative fluorescence was observed. These data suggested that calcium caused the fluorochrome to be shifted from the glycerol region of the lipid structure into the fatty acid tail region. These observations indicate how the conformation of a biological membrane might be altered by the interaction between acidic phospholipids and calcium."}
{"id": "PMID:890868", "title": "The interaction of lanthanide and calcium salts with phospholipid bilayer vesicles: the validity of the nuclear magnetic resonance method for determination of vesicle bilayer phospholipid surface ratios.", "content": "Contrary to a recent report (B. Sears et al., Biochemistry 15 (1976) 1635), it has been determined that the ratio of the number of phospholipids on the inner and outer surfaces of phospholipid bilayer vesicles can be accurately determined by NMR paramagnetic ion shift reagent studies of vesicles. It is concluded that the metal interacts with all of the phospholipid on the exposed bilayer surface. A ratio of outer phospholipid to inner surface phospholipid of 2.1 +/- 0.1 is obtained regardless of the nucleus studied, position of the nucleus relative to the metal ion binding site, molar ratio of metal to phospholipid over three orders of magnitude, or location of the metal ion of the inside or outside of the vesicle. Additionally, P-31 NMR studies using LaC13 and CaC12 indicate that Ca2+ weakly interacts with egg PC vesicles and that the lanthanides are adequate substitutes for Ca2+ since neither metal is found to perturb measurably the average polar head group conformation.", "contents": "The interaction of lanthanide and calcium salts with phospholipid bilayer vesicles: the validity of the nuclear magnetic resonance method for determination of vesicle bilayer phospholipid surface ratios. Contrary to a recent report (B. Sears et al., Biochemistry 15 (1976) 1635), it has been determined that the ratio of the number of phospholipids on the inner and outer surfaces of phospholipid bilayer vesicles can be accurately determined by NMR paramagnetic ion shift reagent studies of vesicles. It is concluded that the metal interacts with all of the phospholipid on the exposed bilayer surface. A ratio of outer phospholipid to inner surface phospholipid of 2.1 +/- 0.1 is obtained regardless of the nucleus studied, position of the nucleus relative to the metal ion binding site, molar ratio of metal to phospholipid over three orders of magnitude, or location of the metal ion of the inside or outside of the vesicle. Additionally, P-31 NMR studies using LaC13 and CaC12 indicate that Ca2+ weakly interacts with egg PC vesicles and that the lanthanides are adequate substitutes for Ca2+ since neither metal is found to perturb measurably the average polar head group conformation."}
{"id": "PMID:890869", "title": "Dynamics of phospholipid aggregation in ethanol--water solutions.", "content": "The kinetics of liposome and vesicle formation of a synthetic lecithin has been studied by light scattering techniques. It is shown, that by evaporation of alcohol from a lipid--alcohol--water mixture, the aggregates formed undergo several changes in shape. A hypothesis is presented, visualising the formation of liposomes or vesicles from monomers, which is consistent with the experimental observations.", "contents": "Dynamics of phospholipid aggregation in ethanol--water solutions. The kinetics of liposome and vesicle formation of a synthetic lecithin has been studied by light scattering techniques. It is shown, that by evaporation of alcohol from a lipid--alcohol--water mixture, the aggregates formed undergo several changes in shape. A hypothesis is presented, visualising the formation of liposomes or vesicles from monomers, which is consistent with the experimental observations."}
{"id": "PMID:890870", "title": "[Cytobiopsy as the best present method of intraoperative diagnosis of tumors of the pancreas].", "content": "A report has been made over six years experience with a fine needle aspiration biopsy, from authors who have developed a cytological intraoperative quick diagnosis of pancreas tumours. 116 patients have been treated up to this time. This method has proved to be important for the diagnosis of small pancreas tumours, while especially in such cases the indication to pancreas resection is used only in case of malignant tumours. In relation to other normal histological freezer microtome, the cytological method of fine needle biopsy has the advantage of being completely without complication. One can make as many punctures as needed and exactly this is what assues accurate diagnosis. In 90 cases with certain diagnosis, 65 correct conclusions and 12 suspect conclusions of tumour were obtained, and only five cases were erroneously judged negative; in eight cases the poor material did not allow a diagnosis. Therefore, wide application of cytobiopsy can be recommended.", "contents": "[Cytobiopsy as the best present method of intraoperative diagnosis of tumors of the pancreas]. A report has been made over six years experience with a fine needle aspiration biopsy, from authors who have developed a cytological intraoperative quick diagnosis of pancreas tumours. 116 patients have been treated up to this time. This method has proved to be important for the diagnosis of small pancreas tumours, while especially in such cases the indication to pancreas resection is used only in case of malignant tumours. In relation to other normal histological freezer microtome, the cytological method of fine needle biopsy has the advantage of being completely without complication. One can make as many punctures as needed and exactly this is what assues accurate diagnosis. In 90 cases with certain diagnosis, 65 correct conclusions and 12 suspect conclusions of tumour were obtained, and only five cases were erroneously judged negative; in eight cases the poor material did not allow a diagnosis. Therefore, wide application of cytobiopsy can be recommended."}
{"id": "PMID:890871", "title": "[Total colectomy in the rat : its metabolic and functional consequences].", "content": "A number of total colectomies with end-to-end ileo-rectal anastomosis was performed in the inbred Lister rat. The following data were studied: survival rate, body weight curves, variations of appetite, thirst and diuresis, daily weight and electrolytes content of feces, intestinal transit time, histology of terminal ileum, rectum, liver and kidney. After an initial lose of body weight, rats gained their original weight at about two months after colectomy; at this time a syndrome was observed caracterized by anemia, leucocitosis with neutrophilia, ipoproteinemia, remarkable increase of thirst (up to 400%) and of water and sodium content of feces; appetite and diuresis were normal; intestinal transit tice was slightly reduced. Histologically there was a \"coloni\" transformation of the terminal ileum and vacuolization of the proximal renal tubules.", "contents": "[Total colectomy in the rat : its metabolic and functional consequences]. A number of total colectomies with end-to-end ileo-rectal anastomosis was performed in the inbred Lister rat. The following data were studied: survival rate, body weight curves, variations of appetite, thirst and diuresis, daily weight and electrolytes content of feces, intestinal transit time, histology of terminal ileum, rectum, liver and kidney. After an initial lose of body weight, rats gained their original weight at about two months after colectomy; at this time a syndrome was observed caracterized by anemia, leucocitosis with neutrophilia, ipoproteinemia, remarkable increase of thirst (up to 400%) and of water and sodium content of feces; appetite and diuresis were normal; intestinal transit tice was slightly reduced. Histologically there was a \"coloni\" transformation of the terminal ileum and vacuolization of the proximal renal tubules."}
{"id": "PMID:890872", "title": "[Serum gastrin levels in patients with recurrent peptic ulcer].", "content": "Serum gastrin behaviour after stimulation with a protein meal was examined in 20 patients of both sexes suffering from x-graphically and endoscopically accertained recurring peptic ulcer, and a marked increase was found in the hormone in the majority of patients when observations were made 15 and 45 minutes after the meal. The genesis of this increase is therefore discussed, with consideration of the importance that extra-gastric sites of production of the hormone may have in such penomenon.", "contents": "[Serum gastrin levels in patients with recurrent peptic ulcer]. Serum gastrin behaviour after stimulation with a protein meal was examined in 20 patients of both sexes suffering from x-graphically and endoscopically accertained recurring peptic ulcer, and a marked increase was found in the hormone in the majority of patients when observations were made 15 and 45 minutes after the meal. The genesis of this increase is therefore discussed, with consideration of the importance that extra-gastric sites of production of the hormone may have in such penomenon."}
{"id": "PMID:890874", "title": "[Metabolic and histological changes induced in the rat by massive resection of the small intestine].", "content": "The aim of this paper was o study the long-term changes induced in the rat as a consequence of a 90% resection of small intestine. At 6 months after operation the surviving rats were stable and showed: hypoproteinemia, hyperlipemia, and a decrease of bile flow, total lipids, and cholesterol of bile. What residual intestine concern there was an increase in length and size, and decreased transit time; stomach, duodenum and colon too showed increase size. Histologically there was hypertrophy of villi, regressive changes of pancreas and kidney, as well as deposit of iron in the kidney. The reasons for these changes are discussed.", "contents": "[Metabolic and histological changes induced in the rat by massive resection of the small intestine]. The aim of this paper was o study the long-term changes induced in the rat as a consequence of a 90% resection of small intestine. At 6 months after operation the surviving rats were stable and showed: hypoproteinemia, hyperlipemia, and a decrease of bile flow, total lipids, and cholesterol of bile. What residual intestine concern there was an increase in length and size, and decreased transit time; stomach, duodenum and colon too showed increase size. Histologically there was hypertrophy of villi, regressive changes of pancreas and kidney, as well as deposit of iron in the kidney. The reasons for these changes are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:890875", "title": "[Surgical treatment of neoplasms of the vestibule of the mouth].", "content": "In this work the Authors show their own operative technique, attained in the surgical treatment of the neoplasms of the vestibule of the mouth. This operative technique also shows the possibility of reducing two surgical treatments to one. In other words it is possible to remove the primitive lesion and carry out, at the same time, the emptiness of those lymphonodulos chains the lymphtic vessels of the region are tributary to. In such a way the time elapsed between the operation and the following nuclear therapy is considerably reduced. Besides, though the exeresis implies an aesthetical injury, not considerable anyway, no functional deficiencies are shown since all the mouth functions, mastication, phonation, language, deglutition etc. are promptly recovered.", "contents": "[Surgical treatment of neoplasms of the vestibule of the mouth]. In this work the Authors show their own operative technique, attained in the surgical treatment of the neoplasms of the vestibule of the mouth. This operative technique also shows the possibility of reducing two surgical treatments to one. In other words it is possible to remove the primitive lesion and carry out, at the same time, the emptiness of those lymphonodulos chains the lymphtic vessels of the region are tributary to. In such a way the time elapsed between the operation and the following nuclear therapy is considerably reduced. Besides, though the exeresis implies an aesthetical injury, not considerable anyway, no functional deficiencies are shown since all the mouth functions, mastication, phonation, language, deglutition etc. are promptly recovered."}
{"id": "PMID:890884", "title": "Effects of prostaglandin inhibition on intrarenal hemodynamics in acutely saline-loaded rats.", "content": "We studied the effect of inhibition of the prostaglandin (PG)-synthesizing enzyme system in female Sprague-Dawley rats following acute expansion of the extracellular fluid volume (ECV). In 57 conscious rats expansion of the ECV with isotonic saline corresponding to an increase in body weight of 10% was induced. Prior to ECV expansion 31 rats received indomethacin (10 mg/kg of body wt) by stomach tube. In six non-ECV-expanded rats indomethacin had no effect on glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and renal plasma flow (RPF). In ECV-expanded rats pretreated with indomethacin, GFR was unaltered but 125I-hippuran clearance decreased, and filtration fraction significantly increased. Intrarenal 86Rb distribution was similar in control and ECV-expanded rats. Indomethacin caused a slight increase in relative cortical 86 RB activity in non-ECV-expanded rats, but had no effect on intrarenal 86Rb distribution in ECV-expanded rats. No difference in intracortical glomerular perfusion was noted between control and ECV-expanded rats. In indomethacin-treated ECV-expanded rats an increase in relative inner cortical perfusion was observed. Absolute perfusion remained unaltered. Thus the decrease in total RPF was entirely due to decreased perfusion of outer cortical nephrons. Renal prostaglandins therefore may play a permissive role for physical factors to promote renal sodium excretion in acute ECV expansion via changes in intrarenal hemodynamics.", "contents": "Effects of prostaglandin inhibition on intrarenal hemodynamics in acutely saline-loaded rats. We studied the effect of inhibition of the prostaglandin (PG)-synthesizing enzyme system in female Sprague-Dawley rats following acute expansion of the extracellular fluid volume (ECV). In 57 conscious rats expansion of the ECV with isotonic saline corresponding to an increase in body weight of 10% was induced. Prior to ECV expansion 31 rats received indomethacin (10 mg/kg of body wt) by stomach tube. In six non-ECV-expanded rats indomethacin had no effect on glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and renal plasma flow (RPF). In ECV-expanded rats pretreated with indomethacin, GFR was unaltered but 125I-hippuran clearance decreased, and filtration fraction significantly increased. Intrarenal 86Rb distribution was similar in control and ECV-expanded rats. Indomethacin caused a slight increase in relative cortical 86 RB activity in non-ECV-expanded rats, but had no effect on intrarenal 86Rb distribution in ECV-expanded rats. No difference in intracortical glomerular perfusion was noted between control and ECV-expanded rats. In indomethacin-treated ECV-expanded rats an increase in relative inner cortical perfusion was observed. Absolute perfusion remained unaltered. Thus the decrease in total RPF was entirely due to decreased perfusion of outer cortical nephrons. Renal prostaglandins therefore may play a permissive role for physical factors to promote renal sodium excretion in acute ECV expansion via changes in intrarenal hemodynamics."}
{"id": "PMID:890886", "title": "Effect of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor (SQ 20881) on the plasma concentration of angiotensin I, angiotensin II, and arginine vasopressin in the dog during hemorrhagic shock.", "content": "The effect of an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor on the circulating levels of angiotensin I, angiotensin II, and arginine vasopressin was studied in dogs subjected to hypotensive hemorrhagic shock. In dogs subjected to hemorrhage but not given the inhibitor, angiotensin II rose 20-fold (from 69 to 1,343 pg/ml of plasma), whereas in dogs subjected to hemorrhage but pretreated with the inhibitor, angiotensin II rose only 2-fold (from 92 to 171 pg/ml of plasma). In the pretreated dogs angiotensin I rose 30-fold (from 108 to 3,232 pg/ml of plasma). There was no statistically significant difference between the vasopressin levels found in the untreated dogs and the levels found in dogs given the inhibitor (1,016 and 1,095 pg/ml of plasma). Of the 15 dogs in the untreated group, five died before retransfusion was completed (four of cardiac failure and one of cardiac arrhythmia); none of the 10 dogs in the inhibitor-treated group died. These observations suggest that the very high levels of angiotensin II observed following severe hemorrhage do not contribute significantly to the increased secretion of vasopressin and that the inhibitor protects against death, possibly by suppressing the very high blood levels of angiotensin II observed following this type of experimental hemorrhagic shock.", "contents": "Effect of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor (SQ 20881) on the plasma concentration of angiotensin I, angiotensin II, and arginine vasopressin in the dog during hemorrhagic shock. The effect of an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor on the circulating levels of angiotensin I, angiotensin II, and arginine vasopressin was studied in dogs subjected to hypotensive hemorrhagic shock. In dogs subjected to hemorrhage but not given the inhibitor, angiotensin II rose 20-fold (from 69 to 1,343 pg/ml of plasma), whereas in dogs subjected to hemorrhage but pretreated with the inhibitor, angiotensin II rose only 2-fold (from 92 to 171 pg/ml of plasma). In the pretreated dogs angiotensin I rose 30-fold (from 108 to 3,232 pg/ml of plasma). There was no statistically significant difference between the vasopressin levels found in the untreated dogs and the levels found in dogs given the inhibitor (1,016 and 1,095 pg/ml of plasma). Of the 15 dogs in the untreated group, five died before retransfusion was completed (four of cardiac failure and one of cardiac arrhythmia); none of the 10 dogs in the inhibitor-treated group died. These observations suggest that the very high levels of angiotensin II observed following severe hemorrhage do not contribute significantly to the increased secretion of vasopressin and that the inhibitor protects against death, possibly by suppressing the very high blood levels of angiotensin II observed following this type of experimental hemorrhagic shock."}
{"id": "PMID:890887", "title": "Elastin and collagen accumulation in rabbit ascending aorta and pulmonary trunk during postnatal growth. Correlation of cellular synthetic response with medial tension.", "content": "Absolute and relative quantities of elastin, collagen, and DNA in anatomically defined segments of rabbit ascending aorta (AA) and pulmonary trunk (PT) were compared at intervals from birth to 2 months of age. Identical in size, weight, and composition at birth, the vessels maintained similar lengths and diameters at each age but diverged markedly in weight and scleroprotein content after 1 week. By 2 months, 3 times as much elastin and 1.7 times as much collagen had accumulated in the AA as compared to the PT. By contrast, the increase in total DNA content was the same for both segments. Differences in total fibrous protein accumulation, total elastin accumulation, and elastin content relative to DNA paralleled differences in estimated total medial tangential tension. Proportions of elastin and collagen relative to dry weight increased markedly only between 4 and 2 weeks of age and not thereafter despite continuing rapid growth, steadily increasing medial tension, and increasing total scleroprotein content. Thus, medial cells were capable of adapting their quantitative scleroprotein synthetic response to differences in medial tension throughout growth but established a fixed qualitative response within 2 weeks.", "contents": "Elastin and collagen accumulation in rabbit ascending aorta and pulmonary trunk during postnatal growth. Correlation of cellular synthetic response with medial tension. Absolute and relative quantities of elastin, collagen, and DNA in anatomically defined segments of rabbit ascending aorta (AA) and pulmonary trunk (PT) were compared at intervals from birth to 2 months of age. Identical in size, weight, and composition at birth, the vessels maintained similar lengths and diameters at each age but diverged markedly in weight and scleroprotein content after 1 week. By 2 months, 3 times as much elastin and 1.7 times as much collagen had accumulated in the AA as compared to the PT. By contrast, the increase in total DNA content was the same for both segments. Differences in total fibrous protein accumulation, total elastin accumulation, and elastin content relative to DNA paralleled differences in estimated total medial tangential tension. Proportions of elastin and collagen relative to dry weight increased markedly only between 4 and 2 weeks of age and not thereafter despite continuing rapid growth, steadily increasing medial tension, and increasing total scleroprotein content. Thus, medial cells were capable of adapting their quantitative scleroprotein synthetic response to differences in medial tension throughout growth but established a fixed qualitative response within 2 weeks."}
{"id": "PMID:890892", "title": "Effect of hyaluronidase and methylprednisolone on myocardial function, glucose metabolism, and coronary flow in the isolated ischemic rat heart.", "content": "Ischemia in the isolated perfused rat heart resulted in an increase in coronary vascular resistance. Studies were undertaken to determine the effect of hyaluronidase and methylprednisolone on this increase in resistance as well as on glycolytic rate and mechanical function of ischemic hearts. Neither hyaluronidase nor methylprednisolone affected the rate of glucose utilization in working perfused control or ischemic rat hearts. However, both agents prevented a reduction in coronary flow during a 2-hour ischemic period. Associated with the higher coronary flows were higher tissue concentrations of creatine phosphate and lower concentrations of lactate. These agents also prevented accumulation of tissue water in the ischemic hearts. Such changes would appear to be beneficial to the ischemic heart, although mechanical function of post-ischemic hearts was not enhanced by the presence of either hyaluronidase or methylprednisolone. The results, however, suggest that the reduction in myocardial infarct size noted with hyaluronidase and methylprednisolone may be due to their prevention of further reduction of coronary flow in marginally eschemic tissue.", "contents": "Effect of hyaluronidase and methylprednisolone on myocardial function, glucose metabolism, and coronary flow in the isolated ischemic rat heart. Ischemia in the isolated perfused rat heart resulted in an increase in coronary vascular resistance. Studies were undertaken to determine the effect of hyaluronidase and methylprednisolone on this increase in resistance as well as on glycolytic rate and mechanical function of ischemic hearts. Neither hyaluronidase nor methylprednisolone affected the rate of glucose utilization in working perfused control or ischemic rat hearts. However, both agents prevented a reduction in coronary flow during a 2-hour ischemic period. Associated with the higher coronary flows were higher tissue concentrations of creatine phosphate and lower concentrations of lactate. These agents also prevented accumulation of tissue water in the ischemic hearts. Such changes would appear to be beneficial to the ischemic heart, although mechanical function of post-ischemic hearts was not enhanced by the presence of either hyaluronidase or methylprednisolone. The results, however, suggest that the reduction in myocardial infarct size noted with hyaluronidase and methylprednisolone may be due to their prevention of further reduction of coronary flow in marginally eschemic tissue."}
{"id": "PMID:890893", "title": "Quantitative studies of microcirculatory structure and function. III. Microvascular hemodynamics of cat mesentery and rabbit omentum.", "content": "We made simultaneous measurements of intravascular pressure and red blood cell velocity for vessels which make up the modular configuration of microvascular networks in mesentery and omentum. An analysis of these variables and the computed volumetric flow rates is presented for arterioles which had a maximum diameter of 56 micrometer through the \"true capillaries\" (typically 7 micrometer for mesentery and 8 micrometer for omentum) to 56-micrometer venules. The spatial variance of pressure and flow is related to topographical features of each network. Vascularization statistics for each network are presented and demonstrate a unique ratio of potential microvascular exchange area to module planar area, with values of 0.71 +/- 0.22 (SD) for omentum and 0.19 \"/- 0.03 (SD) for mesentery. Analysis of the volumetric flow rate for each module demonstrates a linear relationship to the planar area of tissue serviced by each modular network. In situ perfusion rates of 1180 ml/min per 100 g and 105 ml/min per 100 g were determined for omentum and mesentery, respectively. The hemodynamic resistance of the omental and mesenteric circuitry was evaluated, and in the case of the omentum, found to be inversely proportional to the planar area of the module. The arterial to venous distribution of pressure and flow for the mosaic of contiguous modules in omentum and mesentery is described and related to the deployment of parallel and serial microvessels of each network.", "contents": "Quantitative studies of microcirculatory structure and function. III. Microvascular hemodynamics of cat mesentery and rabbit omentum. We made simultaneous measurements of intravascular pressure and red blood cell velocity for vessels which make up the modular configuration of microvascular networks in mesentery and omentum. An analysis of these variables and the computed volumetric flow rates is presented for arterioles which had a maximum diameter of 56 micrometer through the \"true capillaries\" (typically 7 micrometer for mesentery and 8 micrometer for omentum) to 56-micrometer venules. The spatial variance of pressure and flow is related to topographical features of each network. Vascularization statistics for each network are presented and demonstrate a unique ratio of potential microvascular exchange area to module planar area, with values of 0.71 +/- 0.22 (SD) for omentum and 0.19 \"/- 0.03 (SD) for mesentery. Analysis of the volumetric flow rate for each module demonstrates a linear relationship to the planar area of tissue serviced by each modular network. In situ perfusion rates of 1180 ml/min per 100 g and 105 ml/min per 100 g were determined for omentum and mesentery, respectively. The hemodynamic resistance of the omental and mesenteric circuitry was evaluated, and in the case of the omentum, found to be inversely proportional to the planar area of the module. The arterial to venous distribution of pressure and flow for the mosaic of contiguous modules in omentum and mesentery is described and related to the deployment of parallel and serial microvessels of each network."}
{"id": "PMID:890894", "title": "Wall shear stress distribution in a model canine artery during steady flow.", "content": "The wall shear stress pattern was measured in a rigid plastic cast of a canine artery during steady flow by means of an electrochemical technique. The topographic distribution of shear stress is very nonuniform, with regions of high and low shear in close proximity. The steady shear stresses are highest at the leading edge of flow dividers and at the entrance regions to branch vessels. The shapes of the shear stress curves in the celiac branch are primarily a function of the ratio of branch flow to total aortic flow. However, the shapes of the shear stress curves in the adjacent anterior mesenteric branch remain the same for different anterior mesenteric branch flow ratios, although the shear increases with the branch flow ratio. An unstable pattern of flow separation and reattachment is found at the anterior mesenteric flow divider lip and remains localized to that region. A correlation is suggested between sites of high shear stress, extremes in the range of stress, and unstable stress patterns and sites at which atherosclerosis has been shown to develop.", "contents": "Wall shear stress distribution in a model canine artery during steady flow. The wall shear stress pattern was measured in a rigid plastic cast of a canine artery during steady flow by means of an electrochemical technique. The topographic distribution of shear stress is very nonuniform, with regions of high and low shear in close proximity. The steady shear stresses are highest at the leading edge of flow dividers and at the entrance regions to branch vessels. The shapes of the shear stress curves in the celiac branch are primarily a function of the ratio of branch flow to total aortic flow. However, the shapes of the shear stress curves in the adjacent anterior mesenteric branch remain the same for different anterior mesenteric branch flow ratios, although the shear increases with the branch flow ratio. An unstable pattern of flow separation and reattachment is found at the anterior mesenteric flow divider lip and remains localized to that region. A correlation is suggested between sites of high shear stress, extremes in the range of stress, and unstable stress patterns and sites at which atherosclerosis has been shown to develop."}
{"id": "PMID:890895", "title": "Some observations on the kinetics of the Jaff\u00e9 reaction for creatinine.", "content": "The Jaff\u00e9 reaction for creatinine assay appears to follow pseudo-first-order kinetics; first-order rate constants are different for different samples. Rate constants for 10 different serum samples varied from a low value of 0.0040 +/- 0.0003 s-1 to 0.0084 +/- 0.0008 s-1. We describe an approach for determining first-order rate constants from kinetic data and discuss the effects of the above observations on the mathematical formulations required for reliable kinetic determinations of creatinine.", "contents": "Some observations on the kinetics of the Jaff\u00e9 reaction for creatinine. The Jaff\u00e9 reaction for creatinine assay appears to follow pseudo-first-order kinetics; first-order rate constants are different for different samples. Rate constants for 10 different serum samples varied from a low value of 0.0040 +/- 0.0003 s-1 to 0.0084 +/- 0.0008 s-1. We describe an approach for determining first-order rate constants from kinetic data and discuss the effects of the above observations on the mathematical formulations required for reliable kinetic determinations of creatinine."}
{"id": "PMID:890896", "title": "Enzyme-coupled measurement of uric acid in serum with a centrifugal analyzer.", "content": "An early-reading blank-corrected end-point determination of uric acid in serum has been developed for use with a centrifugal analyzer. The method is based on a modification of the uricase (urate:oxygen oxidoreductase, EC 1.7.3.3)/catalase (hydrogen peroxide:hydrogen peroxide oxidoreductase EC 1.11.1.6)/aldehyde dehydrogenase (aldehyde:NAD(P)+ oxidoreductase, EC 1.2.1.5)-coupled analytical scheme reported by Haeckel [Z. Klin. Chem. Klin. Biochem. 14, 101 (1976)]. Sensitivity and precision of the method are excellent, and results compare well with those obtained by the Kageyama procedure [Clin. Chim. Acta 31, 421 (1971)].", "contents": "Enzyme-coupled measurement of uric acid in serum with a centrifugal analyzer. An early-reading blank-corrected end-point determination of uric acid in serum has been developed for use with a centrifugal analyzer. The method is based on a modification of the uricase (urate:oxygen oxidoreductase, EC 1.7.3.3)/catalase (hydrogen peroxide:hydrogen peroxide oxidoreductase EC 1.11.1.6)/aldehyde dehydrogenase (aldehyde:NAD(P)+ oxidoreductase, EC 1.2.1.5)-coupled analytical scheme reported by Haeckel [Z. Klin. Chem. Klin. Biochem. 14, 101 (1976)]. Sensitivity and precision of the method are excellent, and results compare well with those obtained by the Kageyama procedure [Clin. Chim. Acta 31, 421 (1971)]."}
{"id": "PMID:890897", "title": "Phospholipid composition of blood plasma, erythrocytes, and \"ghosts\" in sickle cell disease.", "content": "We examined the phospholipid composition of the plasma, of whole erythrocytes, and of \"ghosts\" of the erythrocytes from healthy volunteers, patients with sickle cell disease without crisis, and such patients in crisis, and found that phosphatidylglycerol in the plasma and \"ghosts\" was very significantly increased in sickle cell crisis but not in the absence of crisis. The significance of these findings is discussed.", "contents": "Phospholipid composition of blood plasma, erythrocytes, and \"ghosts\" in sickle cell disease. We examined the phospholipid composition of the plasma, of whole erythrocytes, and of \"ghosts\" of the erythrocytes from healthy volunteers, patients with sickle cell disease without crisis, and such patients in crisis, and found that phosphatidylglycerol in the plasma and \"ghosts\" was very significantly increased in sickle cell crisis but not in the absence of crisis. The significance of these findings is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:890901", "title": "Determination of acetaminophen concentrations in serum by high-pressure liquid chromatography.", "content": "We describe a method for determination of serum acetaminophen concentrations in serum by reversed phase high-pressure liquid chromatography. The homolog N-propionyl-p-aminophenol was used as an internal standard. The procedure, which requires only a single extraction with diethyl ether, can be optimized to be linear over the ranges of 10 to 100 or 1 to 20 mg/liter. Within-run CV was 1.2%; between-run CV was 4.4% and 4.9% at two different concentrations. Many commonly used drugs were tested and found not to interfere. The procedure is simple and rapid enough for use on an emergency basis in cases of overdosage, and can be optimized for measurement of either therapeutic or toxic concentrations.", "contents": "Determination of acetaminophen concentrations in serum by high-pressure liquid chromatography. We describe a method for determination of serum acetaminophen concentrations in serum by reversed phase high-pressure liquid chromatography. The homolog N-propionyl-p-aminophenol was used as an internal standard. The procedure, which requires only a single extraction with diethyl ether, can be optimized to be linear over the ranges of 10 to 100 or 1 to 20 mg/liter. Within-run CV was 1.2%; between-run CV was 4.4% and 4.9% at two different concentrations. Many commonly used drugs were tested and found not to interfere. The procedure is simple and rapid enough for use on an emergency basis in cases of overdosage, and can be optimized for measurement of either therapeutic or toxic concentrations."}
{"id": "PMID:890902", "title": "Lysozyme determined in serum or urine by a simple nephelometric method.", "content": "We describe a nephelometric procedure for determination of lysozyme. A quantitative result is obtained in 2 to 3 min with 50 microliter of serum or urine. At a lysozyme concentration of 12.0 mg/liter, between-day precision was 3.4% and the analytical recovery 96.5-105.5%. The values obtained were a linear function of enzyme concentration below 50 mg/liter, and they agreed with those obtained by absorptiometric determination of the decrease in turbidity of a suspension of Micrococcus lysodeikticus.", "contents": "Lysozyme determined in serum or urine by a simple nephelometric method. We describe a nephelometric procedure for determination of lysozyme. A quantitative result is obtained in 2 to 3 min with 50 microliter of serum or urine. At a lysozyme concentration of 12.0 mg/liter, between-day precision was 3.4% and the analytical recovery 96.5-105.5%. The values obtained were a linear function of enzyme concentration below 50 mg/liter, and they agreed with those obtained by absorptiometric determination of the decrease in turbidity of a suspension of Micrococcus lysodeikticus."}
{"id": "PMID:890903", "title": "Simultaneous radioassay of serum vitamin B12 and folic acid.", "content": "The radioassays of vitamin B12 and folic acid can be carried out in a single tube to give the simultaneous assay of both vitamins in 100 microliter of serum. Release of bound vitamins from their endogenous binders and the destruction of these binders are effected by a heating step at pH 9.3. The subsequent binding reactions with hog intrinsic factor and milk binder protein proceed advantageously and simultaneously in the same tube at pH 9.3. A single set of dual reagents replaces two sets of reagents that would normally be used for separate radioassays. Complete separation of bound radioactivities, [57Co]cyanocobalamin and 125I-labeled folate derivative, is obtained in a dual-channel gamma counter with no requirement for any correction for spill-over of counting data. Analytical results are comparable to those found for previously developed individual radioassays. The simultaneous assay has decreased technical time of analysis for these interrelated vitamins by about 50%.", "contents": "Simultaneous radioassay of serum vitamin B12 and folic acid. The radioassays of vitamin B12 and folic acid can be carried out in a single tube to give the simultaneous assay of both vitamins in 100 microliter of serum. Release of bound vitamins from their endogenous binders and the destruction of these binders are effected by a heating step at pH 9.3. The subsequent binding reactions with hog intrinsic factor and milk binder protein proceed advantageously and simultaneously in the same tube at pH 9.3. A single set of dual reagents replaces two sets of reagents that would normally be used for separate radioassays. Complete separation of bound radioactivities, [57Co]cyanocobalamin and 125I-labeled folate derivative, is obtained in a dual-channel gamma counter with no requirement for any correction for spill-over of counting data. Analytical results are comparable to those found for previously developed individual radioassays. The simultaneous assay has decreased technical time of analysis for these interrelated vitamins by about 50%."}
{"id": "PMID:890904", "title": "Calculation of radioimmunoassay standard curves.", "content": "A method for calculating radioimmunoassay standard curves, based on the theory of Ekins et al., is described. Because a four-parameter model is used, nonlinear standard curves are the result. The calibration curve is fitted to the measured standard points by means of a weighted least-squares method. The program based on this model can be easily processed on a desk-top calculator. For all 250 runs of six different assays, very good standard curves could be obtained. The mean deviation between the concentrations of the standard points and the corresponding calculated values was about 6%. In 26% of the cases it could be shown that the model we describe gave significantly better results than did two simpler ones.", "contents": "Calculation of radioimmunoassay standard curves. A method for calculating radioimmunoassay standard curves, based on the theory of Ekins et al., is described. Because a four-parameter model is used, nonlinear standard curves are the result. The calibration curve is fitted to the measured standard points by means of a weighted least-squares method. The program based on this model can be easily processed on a desk-top calculator. For all 250 runs of six different assays, very good standard curves could be obtained. The mean deviation between the concentrations of the standard points and the corresponding calculated values was about 6%. In 26% of the cases it could be shown that the model we describe gave significantly better results than did two simpler ones."}
{"id": "PMID:890905", "title": "An automated competitive binding procedure for measuring thyroxine in serum.", "content": "A competitive binding assay for serum thyroxine has been automated, with the use of small, reusable Sephadex columns to separate thyroxine from endogenous thyroid-binding globulin and later to separate the bound and free thyroxine. Sixty samples an hour are run through columns, which are held in an aluminum turntable rotated by a fraction collector motor. Reagents and samples are fed to the columns by a proportioning pump. Waste eluates are collected and drained to the sink by a Teflon tray positioned between the columns and counting tubes, also held by the turntable. A cut out area in the tray allows one to collect the bound fraction, which can then be counted in a scintillation counter. Values are calculated and printed by a desk calculator interfaced with the scintillation counter. The \"day-to-day\" CV for this method is 5%. The accuracy is satisfactory when tested by comparison with other methods, by recoveries, and by linearity of dilutions.", "contents": "An automated competitive binding procedure for measuring thyroxine in serum. A competitive binding assay for serum thyroxine has been automated, with the use of small, reusable Sephadex columns to separate thyroxine from endogenous thyroid-binding globulin and later to separate the bound and free thyroxine. Sixty samples an hour are run through columns, which are held in an aluminum turntable rotated by a fraction collector motor. Reagents and samples are fed to the columns by a proportioning pump. Waste eluates are collected and drained to the sink by a Teflon tray positioned between the columns and counting tubes, also held by the turntable. A cut out area in the tray allows one to collect the bound fraction, which can then be counted in a scintillation counter. Values are calculated and printed by a desk calculator interfaced with the scintillation counter. The \"day-to-day\" CV for this method is 5%. The accuracy is satisfactory when tested by comparison with other methods, by recoveries, and by linearity of dilutions."}
{"id": "PMID:890906", "title": "Evaluation with the centrifugal fast analyzer of a chemical activation procedure for creatine kinase MB isoenzyme.", "content": "The differential activation method for the determination of the \"myocardial\" isoenzyme of creatine kinase (MB) is based on the computed difference in activity of serum aliquots activated by the combination of dithiothreitol and glutathione (skeletal plus myocardial creatine kinase) and by glutathione alone (skeletal creatine kinase). The unique ability of the Centrifugal Fast Analyzer to perform analyses in parallel is used to precisely measure (CV = 0.1-1.5%) the activity of the two chemically activated aliquots. Statistical considerations concerning the reliability of this difference estimation are discussed with respect to both the precision of the rate measurements and to the relative amount of isoenzyme MB present. Another potential source of error in the analysis of the two differently activated aliquots, namely variation in lag phases, is circumvented by use of a linear-search FOCAL software package. This program searches the data for a linear segment of maximum slope, automatically rejecting those data that appear in lag or depletion regions of the curve representing the progress of the reaction. Correspondence of the results obtained with those of comparison techniques (chromatography and electrophoresis) are discussed.", "contents": "Evaluation with the centrifugal fast analyzer of a chemical activation procedure for creatine kinase MB isoenzyme. The differential activation method for the determination of the \"myocardial\" isoenzyme of creatine kinase (MB) is based on the computed difference in activity of serum aliquots activated by the combination of dithiothreitol and glutathione (skeletal plus myocardial creatine kinase) and by glutathione alone (skeletal creatine kinase). The unique ability of the Centrifugal Fast Analyzer to perform analyses in parallel is used to precisely measure (CV = 0.1-1.5%) the activity of the two chemically activated aliquots. Statistical considerations concerning the reliability of this difference estimation are discussed with respect to both the precision of the rate measurements and to the relative amount of isoenzyme MB present. Another potential source of error in the analysis of the two differently activated aliquots, namely variation in lag phases, is circumvented by use of a linear-search FOCAL software package. This program searches the data for a linear segment of maximum slope, automatically rejecting those data that appear in lag or depletion regions of the curve representing the progress of the reaction. Correspondence of the results obtained with those of comparison techniques (chromatography and electrophoresis) are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:890907", "title": "Determination of morphine by electron capture gas-liquid chromatography.", "content": "We describe a micromethod for determining as little as 0.1 microgram of morphine per liter of human urine. The procedure is about 20-fold more sensitive than are currently used gas-liquid chromatographic methods. It is particularly suitable for use as a confirmatory method for large-scale radioimmunoassay screening tests. The procedure involves extraction of morphine from urine and analysis of its heptafluorobutyryl derivative by gas-liquid chromatography with electron capture detection. Morphine can be determined by this procedure over a range of 0.1-200 microgram/liter of urine, 2 pg of the pure derivative being the lowest amount detectable. Urine samples from patients receiving methadone were analyzed by thin-layer chromatography, radioimmunoassay, and our procedure. The results by our procedure agreed well with those obtained by radioimmunoassay.", "contents": "Determination of morphine by electron capture gas-liquid chromatography. We describe a micromethod for determining as little as 0.1 microgram of morphine per liter of human urine. The procedure is about 20-fold more sensitive than are currently used gas-liquid chromatographic methods. It is particularly suitable for use as a confirmatory method for large-scale radioimmunoassay screening tests. The procedure involves extraction of morphine from urine and analysis of its heptafluorobutyryl derivative by gas-liquid chromatography with electron capture detection. Morphine can be determined by this procedure over a range of 0.1-200 microgram/liter of urine, 2 pg of the pure derivative being the lowest amount detectable. Urine samples from patients receiving methadone were analyzed by thin-layer chromatography, radioimmunoassay, and our procedure. The results by our procedure agreed well with those obtained by radioimmunoassay."}
{"id": "PMID:890908", "title": "Simultaneous radioimmunoassay of thyrotropin and thyroxine in human serum.", "content": "The importance of early diagnois and treatment of congenital hypothyroidism has been well established, and several screening programs have been undertaken to detect neonates with this disorder by measurement of concentrations of thyrotropin or thyroxine in the serum. However, measurement of either hormone alone may fail to identify all affected patients. Accordingly, we have established a simultaneous double-antibody, dual-isotope radioimmunoassay for both. Sensitivity, slope, analytical recovery, and precision characteristics of the simultaneous assay do not differ from those of each assay performed separately. Values for the two analyses in the single and simultaneous assays correlate well (r = 0.951 for thyroxine, 0.983 for thyrotropin). This assay system permits determination of both hormones within 72 h after specimen collection and thus should allow more rapid evaluation, diagnosis, and treatment of infants with congenital hypothyroidism.", "contents": "Simultaneous radioimmunoassay of thyrotropin and thyroxine in human serum. The importance of early diagnois and treatment of congenital hypothyroidism has been well established, and several screening programs have been undertaken to detect neonates with this disorder by measurement of concentrations of thyrotropin or thyroxine in the serum. However, measurement of either hormone alone may fail to identify all affected patients. Accordingly, we have established a simultaneous double-antibody, dual-isotope radioimmunoassay for both. Sensitivity, slope, analytical recovery, and precision characteristics of the simultaneous assay do not differ from those of each assay performed separately. Values for the two analyses in the single and simultaneous assays correlate well (r = 0.951 for thyroxine, 0.983 for thyrotropin). This assay system permits determination of both hormones within 72 h after specimen collection and thus should allow more rapid evaluation, diagnosis, and treatment of infants with congenital hypothyroidism."}
{"id": "PMID:890909", "title": "Detection of heterozygotes for phenylketonuria. Total body phenylalanine clearance and concentrations of phenylalanine and tyrosine in the plasms of fasting subjects compared.", "content": "Two tests have been compared for detection of heterozygotes for phenylketonuria, one based on determination of plasma phenylalanine and tyrosine concentrations in fasting individuals and the other on kinetic evaluation of the plasma elimination curve after intravenous loading with L-phenylalanine. The plasma elimination curve was biexponential and the kinetics were evaluated according to the two-compartment model. The constant, beta, expressing the rate of elimination from plasma at pseudo-equilibrium, the rate constant for the elimination from the central compartment, and the total body clearance were determined. Of these three, total body clearance, which on the average was reduced by 32% in the phenylketonuric heterozygotes, showed the best discriminatory ability, but was not better than the information on concentrations of phenylalanine and tyrosine in detecting heterozygotes for phenylketonuria.", "contents": "Detection of heterozygotes for phenylketonuria. Total body phenylalanine clearance and concentrations of phenylalanine and tyrosine in the plasms of fasting subjects compared. Two tests have been compared for detection of heterozygotes for phenylketonuria, one based on determination of plasma phenylalanine and tyrosine concentrations in fasting individuals and the other on kinetic evaluation of the plasma elimination curve after intravenous loading with L-phenylalanine. The plasma elimination curve was biexponential and the kinetics were evaluated according to the two-compartment model. The constant, beta, expressing the rate of elimination from plasma at pseudo-equilibrium, the rate constant for the elimination from the central compartment, and the total body clearance were determined. Of these three, total body clearance, which on the average was reduced by 32% in the phenylketonuric heterozygotes, showed the best discriminatory ability, but was not better than the information on concentrations of phenylalanine and tyrosine in detecting heterozygotes for phenylketonuria."}
{"id": "PMID:890910", "title": "Detection of heterozygotes for phenylketonuria by constant intravenous infusion of L-phenylalanine.", "content": "We measured the rate of elimination of phenylalanine by constant intravenous infusion of L-phenylalanine in 14 parents of children with phenylketonuria and in 21 subjects with a negative family history for this disease. When reciprocals of the observed elimination rates were plotted against the reciprocals of the increase in the plasma phenylalanine concentrations, approximately straight lines resulted. The theoretical maximum elimination rate, the mean value for which was 32 mmol/h in the reference subjects, was reduced by 41% in the phenylketonuric heterozygotes. The elimination rate at an increase in plasma phenylalanine concentration of 0.5 mmol/liter discriminated the phenylketonuric heterozygotes from normal homozygotes, with no overlap between the groups. A lower plasma tyrosine concentration in the phenylketonuric heterozygotes than in the reference subjects at the same rate of elimination of phenylalanine indicated an increased rate of elimination of tyrosine at a fixed concentration of this amino acid in these subjects.", "contents": "Detection of heterozygotes for phenylketonuria by constant intravenous infusion of L-phenylalanine. We measured the rate of elimination of phenylalanine by constant intravenous infusion of L-phenylalanine in 14 parents of children with phenylketonuria and in 21 subjects with a negative family history for this disease. When reciprocals of the observed elimination rates were plotted against the reciprocals of the increase in the plasma phenylalanine concentrations, approximately straight lines resulted. The theoretical maximum elimination rate, the mean value for which was 32 mmol/h in the reference subjects, was reduced by 41% in the phenylketonuric heterozygotes. The elimination rate at an increase in plasma phenylalanine concentration of 0.5 mmol/liter discriminated the phenylketonuric heterozygotes from normal homozygotes, with no overlap between the groups. A lower plasma tyrosine concentration in the phenylketonuric heterozygotes than in the reference subjects at the same rate of elimination of phenylalanine indicated an increased rate of elimination of tyrosine at a fixed concentration of this amino acid in these subjects."}
{"id": "PMID:890911", "title": "Comparison of the Hoesch and the Watson-Schwartz tests for urinary porphobilinogen.", "content": "A comparison of the Hoesch and the Watson-Schwartz tests shows that the latter, although slightly more complicated, generally yields more concise results and is superior in sensitivity and specificity for porphobilinogen. The recommendation of the Hoesch test for use as a \"bedside screening\" method seems unrealistic. Before the diagnosis of an \"inducible\" porphyria is made, a positive Hoesch test requires that indoles, indoleacetic acid, methyldopa, end-stage alcoholic malnutrition, and phenazopyridine HCl be excluded, to avoid misinterpretation.", "contents": "Comparison of the Hoesch and the Watson-Schwartz tests for urinary porphobilinogen. A comparison of the Hoesch and the Watson-Schwartz tests shows that the latter, although slightly more complicated, generally yields more concise results and is superior in sensitivity and specificity for porphobilinogen. The recommendation of the Hoesch test for use as a \"bedside screening\" method seems unrealistic. Before the diagnosis of an \"inducible\" porphyria is made, a positive Hoesch test requires that indoles, indoleacetic acid, methyldopa, end-stage alcoholic malnutrition, and phenazopyridine HCl be excluded, to avoid misinterpretation."}
{"id": "PMID:890912", "title": "Determination of free thyroxine in serum by radioimmunoassay.", "content": "We describe a sensitive and specific radioimmunoassay for free thyroxine, directly determined in the diffusate obtained from equilibrium dialysis of serum. The intra- and interassay precisions were 7.5 +/- 0.27 and 9.1 +/- 0.58 ng/liter (mean +/- SD), respectively. The free thyroxine concentrations of normal persons and patients with thyroid disease were as follows: normal, 7.6 +/- 1.7; euthyroid patients receiving phenytoin, 6.9 +/- 1.4; hypothyroidism, 2.9 +/- 1.3; and hyperthyroidism, 32.3 +/- 12.3 ng/liter (mean +/- SD).", "contents": "Determination of free thyroxine in serum by radioimmunoassay. We describe a sensitive and specific radioimmunoassay for free thyroxine, directly determined in the diffusate obtained from equilibrium dialysis of serum. The intra- and interassay precisions were 7.5 +/- 0.27 and 9.1 +/- 0.58 ng/liter (mean +/- SD), respectively. The free thyroxine concentrations of normal persons and patients with thyroid disease were as follows: normal, 7.6 +/- 1.7; euthyroid patients receiving phenytoin, 6.9 +/- 1.4; hypothyroidism, 2.9 +/- 1.3; and hyperthyroidism, 32.3 +/- 12.3 ng/liter (mean +/- SD)."}
{"id": "PMID:890913", "title": "Plasma free amino acid patterns in pregnancy: relationships to gestational age and applications to detection of fetal distress.", "content": "Data on free amino acids in serial samples of plasma from 15 pregnancies from 14 women have been compared to data from normal nonpregnant women by use of pattern-recognition program. The overall amino acid patterns were found to be a reproducible function of gestational age. Two samples from a woman with a pregnancy terminated by a spontaneous abortion were clearly resolved from all the other samples by this procedure.", "contents": "Plasma free amino acid patterns in pregnancy: relationships to gestational age and applications to detection of fetal distress. Data on free amino acids in serial samples of plasma from 15 pregnancies from 14 women have been compared to data from normal nonpregnant women by use of pattern-recognition program. The overall amino acid patterns were found to be a reproducible function of gestational age. Two samples from a woman with a pregnancy terminated by a spontaneous abortion were clearly resolved from all the other samples by this procedure."}
{"id": "PMID:890914", "title": "High-performance liquid chromatographic assay for 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 in serum.", "content": "We describe a precise and specific method for measuring 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 in 1 ml of human serum. Extraction with chloroform/methanol followed by chromatography on a 0.5 X 2-cm silica gel column yields a sample that is sufficiently free of extraneous material for high-performance liquid chromatography on a column of microporous silica gel (10 micron average particle diameter). The measurement is not influenced by vitamins D2 or D3, 25-hydroxyvitamin D2, or any of the more hydroxylated metabolites of the vitamin D group. Results by this method correlate well with a competitive protein-binding assay (r = 0.961), but with a negative bias of 6.9 +/- 3.3 microgram/liter. We measured concentrations of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 in serum drawn during February from 24 persons who were judged normal by physical examinations. The range was 5.5-23.8 microgram/liter (mean, 15.0 +/- 5.2 microgram/liter). The day-to-day CV for the assay was 5.46%.", "contents": "High-performance liquid chromatographic assay for 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 in serum. We describe a precise and specific method for measuring 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 in 1 ml of human serum. Extraction with chloroform/methanol followed by chromatography on a 0.5 X 2-cm silica gel column yields a sample that is sufficiently free of extraneous material for high-performance liquid chromatography on a column of microporous silica gel (10 micron average particle diameter). The measurement is not influenced by vitamins D2 or D3, 25-hydroxyvitamin D2, or any of the more hydroxylated metabolites of the vitamin D group. Results by this method correlate well with a competitive protein-binding assay (r = 0.961), but with a negative bias of 6.9 +/- 3.3 microgram/liter. We measured concentrations of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 in serum drawn during February from 24 persons who were judged normal by physical examinations. The range was 5.5-23.8 microgram/liter (mean, 15.0 +/- 5.2 microgram/liter). The day-to-day CV for the assay was 5.46%."}
{"id": "PMID:890915", "title": "Simultaneously obtained skin-puncture serum, skin-puncture plasma, and venous serum compared, and effects of warming the skin before puncture.", "content": "Specimens of skin-puncture serum and plasma and venous serum were simultaneously obtained from healthy adults and in each specimen the concentrations of 12 chemical constituents were measured. No clinically important difference was found in the concentrations of the constituents measured in skin-puncture serum and plasma with or without warming the skin before puncture. When the concentration of each of the measured constituents was compared in skin-puncture specimens and venous serum there were important differences in the concentrations of glucose, potassium, total protein, and calcium. Except for glucose, the concentrations of these were higher in venous serum. The degree of hemolysis was the same in skin-puncture serum and plasma, but less in venous serum. The greater hemolysis in skin-puncture specimens was not reflected in a clinically important increase in the values of lactate dehydrogenase and potassium. We conclude that there is a difference in the concentration of some chemical constituents in skin-puncture specimens and venous serum and that these differences should be considered when results for these types of specimens are compared.", "contents": "Simultaneously obtained skin-puncture serum, skin-puncture plasma, and venous serum compared, and effects of warming the skin before puncture. Specimens of skin-puncture serum and plasma and venous serum were simultaneously obtained from healthy adults and in each specimen the concentrations of 12 chemical constituents were measured. No clinically important difference was found in the concentrations of the constituents measured in skin-puncture serum and plasma with or without warming the skin before puncture. When the concentration of each of the measured constituents was compared in skin-puncture specimens and venous serum there were important differences in the concentrations of glucose, potassium, total protein, and calcium. Except for glucose, the concentrations of these were higher in venous serum. The degree of hemolysis was the same in skin-puncture serum and plasma, but less in venous serum. The greater hemolysis in skin-puncture specimens was not reflected in a clinically important increase in the values of lactate dehydrogenase and potassium. We conclude that there is a difference in the concentration of some chemical constituents in skin-puncture specimens and venous serum and that these differences should be considered when results for these types of specimens are compared."}
{"id": "PMID:890917", "title": "Urinary organic acids quantitated by age groups in a healthy pediatric population.", "content": "Urine samples from 92 individuals of a healthy pediatric population ranging in age from less than 24 h to 12 years were analyzed for organic acid content (amino acids excepted). A few samples from adults were included for purposes of comparison. Acids were extracted by using an anion-exchange procedure, converted to trimethylsilyloxime derivatives, and analyzed by gas chromatography with the help of a small computer system. Identifications were confirmed by using a combined gas chromatograph/mass spectrometer/computer system. The data has been tabulated according to five pediatric age groups. Despite large individual variation within age groups, significant differences in amounts of several acids excreted (based on urinary creatinine concentration) have been determined between age groups. Such differences might be due to one or a combination of several factors, including changes with age in creatinine excretion, in physiologic maturity, and in diet. Such data may help to provide a basis for diagnosing metabolic abnormalities in pediatric patients.", "contents": "Urinary organic acids quantitated by age groups in a healthy pediatric population. Urine samples from 92 individuals of a healthy pediatric population ranging in age from less than 24 h to 12 years were analyzed for organic acid content (amino acids excepted). A few samples from adults were included for purposes of comparison. Acids were extracted by using an anion-exchange procedure, converted to trimethylsilyloxime derivatives, and analyzed by gas chromatography with the help of a small computer system. Identifications were confirmed by using a combined gas chromatograph/mass spectrometer/computer system. The data has been tabulated according to five pediatric age groups. Despite large individual variation within age groups, significant differences in amounts of several acids excreted (based on urinary creatinine concentration) have been determined between age groups. Such differences might be due to one or a combination of several factors, including changes with age in creatinine excretion, in physiologic maturity, and in diet. Such data may help to provide a basis for diagnosing metabolic abnormalities in pediatric patients."}
{"id": "PMID:890918", "title": "Ammonia production during clot retraction and its use in assay of fibrinoligase.", "content": "Clotting of recalcified plasma is followed by an increase in its ammonia content that lasts 4 to 6 h. This ammonia production closely parallels the increase in acid-insoluble fibrin, which is evidence that the ammonia results from the action of fibrinoligase. If the clot is removed, ammonia production stops. The initial velocity of ammonia production is directly proportional to the fibrinogen concentration in plasma. Thus the rate-limiting factor in normal shed blood is the fibrinogen concentration. A maximum of 6.4 +/- 1.5 (SD) molecules of ammonia are produced per molecule of fibrinogen. Determination of the total ammonia produced is the fastest direct method of estimating the extent of frbrin cross-linkage in whole plasma. A method is proposed for assaying fibrinoligase, based on the rate of ammonia production in the presence of casein as substrate. Normal values are 7.6 +/- 2.9 (SD) mumol/min per liter of plasma.", "contents": "Ammonia production during clot retraction and its use in assay of fibrinoligase. Clotting of recalcified plasma is followed by an increase in its ammonia content that lasts 4 to 6 h. This ammonia production closely parallels the increase in acid-insoluble fibrin, which is evidence that the ammonia results from the action of fibrinoligase. If the clot is removed, ammonia production stops. The initial velocity of ammonia production is directly proportional to the fibrinogen concentration in plasma. Thus the rate-limiting factor in normal shed blood is the fibrinogen concentration. A maximum of 6.4 +/- 1.5 (SD) molecules of ammonia are produced per molecule of fibrinogen. Determination of the total ammonia produced is the fastest direct method of estimating the extent of frbrin cross-linkage in whole plasma. A method is proposed for assaying fibrinoligase, based on the rate of ammonia production in the presence of casein as substrate. Normal values are 7.6 +/- 2.9 (SD) mumol/min per liter of plasma."}
{"id": "PMID:890919", "title": "Analytical performance and comparability of the determination of cholesterol by 12 Lipid-Research Clinics.", "content": "Twelve Lipid-Research Clinic laboratories performed automated cholesterol analyses on four control-serum pools of known cholesterol concentration, using the Liebermann-Burchard reaction. The analyses were done during a two-year period, with the same standards, methodology, and quality-control procedures. Estimates of analytical bias, variability, and short- and long-term trends for each instrument and for the entire group of LRC instruments are presented. High accuracy, precision, and interlaboratory comparability were achieved through the rigorous standardization and control of the entire analytical procedure. The significance of these results for long-term collaborative studies is discussed. Individual laboratory biases averaged from 0.5 to 2.0% below Abell-Kendall reference values. Between-run variability was about equal to within-run variability and inter-laboratory variation was substantially less than intra-laboratory variation. The total standard deviation for all instruments was about 0.04 g/liter. Only 8-15% of this variation was due to differences between instruments. The between-instrument standard deviation ranged from 0.011 to 0.015 g/liter; the between-run, within-instrument standard deviation ranged from 0.023 to 0.030 g/liter; and within-run standard deviation ranged from 0.023 to 0.028 g/liter. The significance of the achieved results for long-term collaborative studies is discussed.", "contents": "Analytical performance and comparability of the determination of cholesterol by 12 Lipid-Research Clinics. Twelve Lipid-Research Clinic laboratories performed automated cholesterol analyses on four control-serum pools of known cholesterol concentration, using the Liebermann-Burchard reaction. The analyses were done during a two-year period, with the same standards, methodology, and quality-control procedures. Estimates of analytical bias, variability, and short- and long-term trends for each instrument and for the entire group of LRC instruments are presented. High accuracy, precision, and interlaboratory comparability were achieved through the rigorous standardization and control of the entire analytical procedure. The significance of these results for long-term collaborative studies is discussed. Individual laboratory biases averaged from 0.5 to 2.0% below Abell-Kendall reference values. Between-run variability was about equal to within-run variability and inter-laboratory variation was substantially less than intra-laboratory variation. The total standard deviation for all instruments was about 0.04 g/liter. Only 8-15% of this variation was due to differences between instruments. The between-instrument standard deviation ranged from 0.011 to 0.015 g/liter; the between-run, within-instrument standard deviation ranged from 0.023 to 0.030 g/liter; and within-run standard deviation ranged from 0.023 to 0.028 g/liter. The significance of the achieved results for long-term collaborative studies is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:890920", "title": "Serum alkaline phosphatase: normal values by sex and age.", "content": "We report here the normal range of serum alkaline phophatase activity as measured by the method proposed by Hausamen et al. [Clin. Chim. Acta 15, 241 (1967)] with a much larger sample size than used in previous investigations. In the statistical analysis the sample population is subdivided by sex and age, two variables which are known to influence enzyme activity. No statistically significant influence of blood type on enzyme activity was observed. The normal range of enzyme activity is reported in percentiles.", "contents": "Serum alkaline phosphatase: normal values by sex and age. We report here the normal range of serum alkaline phophatase activity as measured by the method proposed by Hausamen et al. [Clin. Chim. Acta 15, 241 (1967)] with a much larger sample size than used in previous investigations. In the statistical analysis the sample population is subdivided by sex and age, two variables which are known to influence enzyme activity. No statistically significant influence of blood type on enzyme activity was observed. The normal range of enzyme activity is reported in percentiles."}
{"id": "PMID:890921", "title": "Effect of washing procedures on trace-element content of hair.", "content": "A pooled sample of hair was divided and portions prepared for analysis by three washing procedures, to evaluate the effect of washing procedure on the subsequent trace-element (Zn, Cu, Mg) content. The methods selected were a detergent wash, a hexane-ethanol wash, and an acetone-ether-detergent wash. For all elements, there was a significant difference among the results after these wash procedures. Magnesium content of hair was most affected by washing, containing less than half of the magnesium of the unwashed hair. The detergent wash removed the most zinc and magnesium; the acetone-ether-detergent wash removed the most copper. Our results indicate that the trace-element analysis of hair is sensitive to the preparation technique and therefore is an unreliable source of information about trace-element status.", "contents": "Effect of washing procedures on trace-element content of hair. A pooled sample of hair was divided and portions prepared for analysis by three washing procedures, to evaluate the effect of washing procedure on the subsequent trace-element (Zn, Cu, Mg) content. The methods selected were a detergent wash, a hexane-ethanol wash, and an acetone-ether-detergent wash. For all elements, there was a significant difference among the results after these wash procedures. Magnesium content of hair was most affected by washing, containing less than half of the magnesium of the unwashed hair. The detergent wash removed the most zinc and magnesium; the acetone-ether-detergent wash removed the most copper. Our results indicate that the trace-element analysis of hair is sensitive to the preparation technique and therefore is an unreliable source of information about trace-element status."}
{"id": "PMID:890922", "title": "Influence of methotrexate on results by three methods for determining protein in cerebrospinal fluid.", "content": "Because high intravenous and intrathecal doses of methotrexate are used in treatment for various neoplasms, this drug can reach high concentrations in cerebrospinal fluid. At those encountered clinically, it produced significant positive interference with values for cerebrospinal fluid protein as determined with the du Pont aca. A small interference was found with the Folin-Lowry method, and virtually no interference with an automated immunochemical procedure.", "contents": "Influence of methotrexate on results by three methods for determining protein in cerebrospinal fluid. Because high intravenous and intrathecal doses of methotrexate are used in treatment for various neoplasms, this drug can reach high concentrations in cerebrospinal fluid. At those encountered clinically, it produced significant positive interference with values for cerebrospinal fluid protein as determined with the du Pont aca. A small interference was found with the Folin-Lowry method, and virtually no interference with an automated immunochemical procedure."}
{"id": "PMID:890923", "title": "Measurement of serum and plasma ionic calcium with the \"Space-Stat 20 Ionized Calcium Analyzer\".", "content": "Ca2+ was measured in sera and plasma from 36 normal subjects (18 men 23-57 years old, and 18 women 20-52 years old) with the Space-Stat 20 Ionized Calcium Analyzer. Within-day and between-day precision (CV) for commercial serum-based specimens varied from 0.64-0.96% and 1.1-3.8%, respectively, depending on their mean concentrations. Plasma and serum showed within-day CV's of 1.05 and 0.79%, respectively. The linear regression of serum Ca2+ (y) on plasma Ca2+ (x) was y = 0.63x + 0.45 mmol/litre with a highly significant (P less than 0.001) coefficient of correlation (r) of 0.69. An approximate 5% increase in the mean Ca2+ concentration in serum over that found in plasma is probably due to heparin complexing. No significant sex-related difference was observed for either serum or plasma. The mean Ca2+ concentration of 29 refrigerated specimens tended to decrease in seven days (by 2.3%, not statistically significant). The normal Ca2+ range in serum and plasma (n = 35) was 1.08-1.18 and 1.02-1.14 mmol/litre, respectively.", "contents": "Measurement of serum and plasma ionic calcium with the \"Space-Stat 20 Ionized Calcium Analyzer\". Ca2+ was measured in sera and plasma from 36 normal subjects (18 men 23-57 years old, and 18 women 20-52 years old) with the Space-Stat 20 Ionized Calcium Analyzer. Within-day and between-day precision (CV) for commercial serum-based specimens varied from 0.64-0.96% and 1.1-3.8%, respectively, depending on their mean concentrations. Plasma and serum showed within-day CV's of 1.05 and 0.79%, respectively. The linear regression of serum Ca2+ (y) on plasma Ca2+ (x) was y = 0.63x + 0.45 mmol/litre with a highly significant (P less than 0.001) coefficient of correlation (r) of 0.69. An approximate 5% increase in the mean Ca2+ concentration in serum over that found in plasma is probably due to heparin complexing. No significant sex-related difference was observed for either serum or plasma. The mean Ca2+ concentration of 29 refrigerated specimens tended to decrease in seven days (by 2.3%, not statistically significant). The normal Ca2+ range in serum and plasma (n = 35) was 1.08-1.18 and 1.02-1.14 mmol/litre, respectively."}
{"id": "PMID:890924", "title": "Simultaneous assay for vitamin B12 and folate compared with separate assay.", "content": "Radioligand methods are now well established for measurement of serum vitamin B12 and folate. Often these two assays are requested together. Thus a way of doing them simultaneously would save considerable time and expense. The objectives of this study were to determine the precision of a simultaneous assay and to compare it with previously established assays for these vitamins.", "contents": "Simultaneous assay for vitamin B12 and folate compared with separate assay. Radioligand methods are now well established for measurement of serum vitamin B12 and folate. Often these two assays are requested together. Thus a way of doing them simultaneously would save considerable time and expense. The objectives of this study were to determine the precision of a simultaneous assay and to compare it with previously established assays for these vitamins."}
{"id": "PMID:890938", "title": "Computer program for evaluation, physicochemical characterization and optimization of competitive protein binding assays: comparison of four curve-fitting models in peptide and steroid radioimmunoassays.", "content": "A modular construced computer program for evaluation, physicochemical characterization and optimization of compititive protein binding assays is put forward. The program allows standard curve fitting by the following models: spline approximation, semi-logarithmic interpolation, logit-log regression and logit-log interpolation. The suitability of these models was studied in a series of routine steroid radioimmunoassays (deoxycorticosterone, deoxycortisol, cortisol and aldosterone) and peptide radioimmunoassays (angiotensin I and angiotensin II). The spline approximation model was used as an approximate reference model. In all assays the logit-log interpolation model exhibited the best correlation with the spline approximation model. In the steroid assays the logit-log regression model was found to be inferior to the other models; in the peptide assays it was equal to or superior to the semi-logarithmic interpolation model. The study on the physicochemical parameters of the antigen-antibody reactions demonstrated that affinity of steroid antibodies was much lower than that of the peptide antibodies. Consequently the degree of antibody saturation at zero dose in the routine peptide assays was greater than 50% and in the routine steroid assays was less than 50%. The relationship of assay characteristics to the applicability of particular curve-fitting models is discussed.", "contents": "Computer program for evaluation, physicochemical characterization and optimization of competitive protein binding assays: comparison of four curve-fitting models in peptide and steroid radioimmunoassays. A modular construced computer program for evaluation, physicochemical characterization and optimization of compititive protein binding assays is put forward. The program allows standard curve fitting by the following models: spline approximation, semi-logarithmic interpolation, logit-log regression and logit-log interpolation. The suitability of these models was studied in a series of routine steroid radioimmunoassays (deoxycorticosterone, deoxycortisol, cortisol and aldosterone) and peptide radioimmunoassays (angiotensin I and angiotensin II). The spline approximation model was used as an approximate reference model. In all assays the logit-log interpolation model exhibited the best correlation with the spline approximation model. In the steroid assays the logit-log regression model was found to be inferior to the other models; in the peptide assays it was equal to or superior to the semi-logarithmic interpolation model. The study on the physicochemical parameters of the antigen-antibody reactions demonstrated that affinity of steroid antibodies was much lower than that of the peptide antibodies. Consequently the degree of antibody saturation at zero dose in the routine peptide assays was greater than 50% and in the routine steroid assays was less than 50%. The relationship of assay characteristics to the applicability of particular curve-fitting models is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:890939", "title": "Heme catabolism in human kidneys. Effect of various nephritides.", "content": "The role of the kidneys in heme metabolism was examined by determining heme oxygenase and biliverdin reductase activities in needle biopsy specimens from the kidneys of 11 female and 14 male patients with different renal diseases. The results show that both enzymes are present in human renal tissue. Our results indicate that heme oxygenase and biliverdin reductase increase slightly with age, but that there is no sex difference. A rising serum creatinine concentration is not reflected in the activity of heme degrading enzymes. Neither do the different types of nephritides, without detectable hemolysis, show significant differences in the renal activities of heme oxygenase and biliverdin reductase. This study thus outlines the basal physiological role of the human kidneys in heme degradation.", "contents": "Heme catabolism in human kidneys. Effect of various nephritides. The role of the kidneys in heme metabolism was examined by determining heme oxygenase and biliverdin reductase activities in needle biopsy specimens from the kidneys of 11 female and 14 male patients with different renal diseases. The results show that both enzymes are present in human renal tissue. Our results indicate that heme oxygenase and biliverdin reductase increase slightly with age, but that there is no sex difference. A rising serum creatinine concentration is not reflected in the activity of heme degrading enzymes. Neither do the different types of nephritides, without detectable hemolysis, show significant differences in the renal activities of heme oxygenase and biliverdin reductase. This study thus outlines the basal physiological role of the human kidneys in heme degradation."}
{"id": "PMID:890941", "title": "The differentiation of the porphyrias by means of high pressure liquid chromatography.", "content": "The analysis of faecal and urinary porphyrins by high pressure liquid chromatography (H.P.L.C.) provides characteristic profiles and facilitates rapid diagnosis of variegate (porphyria cutanea tarda hereditaria), symptomatic porphyria (porphyria cutanea tarda symptomatica), hereditary coproporphyria, acute intermittent porphyria, erythro-hepatic protoporphyria and congenital porphyria (erythropoietic porphyria).", "contents": "The differentiation of the porphyrias by means of high pressure liquid chromatography. The analysis of faecal and urinary porphyrins by high pressure liquid chromatography (H.P.L.C.) provides characteristic profiles and facilitates rapid diagnosis of variegate (porphyria cutanea tarda hereditaria), symptomatic porphyria (porphyria cutanea tarda symptomatica), hereditary coproporphyria, acute intermittent porphyria, erythro-hepatic protoporphyria and congenital porphyria (erythropoietic porphyria)."}
{"id": "PMID:890942", "title": "Calcium levulinate medication. A pitfall in the diagnosis of organic acidurias.", "content": "Five children, who received calcium levulinate (calcium 4-oxopentanoate) intravenously in pharmacological doses excreted in the following 24-h period both 4-oxopentanoic acid (3.5--11.0 mg/24 h) and 4-hydroxypentanoic acid (4.5--10.4 mg/24 h). Attention is drawn to the fact that in gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric systems these compounds closely resemble the two acids found in children with beta-ketothiolase deficiency.", "contents": "Calcium levulinate medication. A pitfall in the diagnosis of organic acidurias. Five children, who received calcium levulinate (calcium 4-oxopentanoate) intravenously in pharmacological doses excreted in the following 24-h period both 4-oxopentanoic acid (3.5--11.0 mg/24 h) and 4-hydroxypentanoic acid (4.5--10.4 mg/24 h). Attention is drawn to the fact that in gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric systems these compounds closely resemble the two acids found in children with beta-ketothiolase deficiency."}
{"id": "PMID:890943", "title": "Relation of electrophoretic pattern of amylase isoenzymes to severity of pancreatic disease.", "content": "Serum and urinary amylase isoenzymes were studied in an attempt to evaluate the usefulness of isoamylase analysis in the diagnosis of pancreatic diseases. The amylase in human serum and urine was separated into 4 to 5 distinct isoenzymes, which have mobilities consistent with those of the pancreatic isoamylases (Amylase-1, -2, -4 and -6) and the salivary isoamylases (Amylase-3, -5 and -7). The normal isoamylase pattern was Amylase-1, -2, -3 and -5. Amylase-4 and -6 could not be found in normal serum and urine. Amylase activity in Amylase-1 and/or -2 increased remarkably, having the normal isoamylase pattern, in the patients with elevated serum amylase activity after stimulation with pancreozymin-secretin or after endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography. However, in the patients with acute pancreatitis, salivary type isoamylases disappeared and only the pancreatic type components were identified. It seems that the appearance of Amylase-4 and disappearance of the salivary components indicate severe pancreatic inflammation and that the apparent specificity of this isoenzyme pattern affords a mean for conforming the diagnosis of acute pancreatitis. However, the occurrence of an inherited trait in the pancreatic isoamylases of healthy individuals suggests that a rise in the pancreatic components may not necessarily indicate pancreatic disorders.", "contents": "Relation of electrophoretic pattern of amylase isoenzymes to severity of pancreatic disease. Serum and urinary amylase isoenzymes were studied in an attempt to evaluate the usefulness of isoamylase analysis in the diagnosis of pancreatic diseases. The amylase in human serum and urine was separated into 4 to 5 distinct isoenzymes, which have mobilities consistent with those of the pancreatic isoamylases (Amylase-1, -2, -4 and -6) and the salivary isoamylases (Amylase-3, -5 and -7). The normal isoamylase pattern was Amylase-1, -2, -3 and -5. Amylase-4 and -6 could not be found in normal serum and urine. Amylase activity in Amylase-1 and/or -2 increased remarkably, having the normal isoamylase pattern, in the patients with elevated serum amylase activity after stimulation with pancreozymin-secretin or after endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography. However, in the patients with acute pancreatitis, salivary type isoamylases disappeared and only the pancreatic type components were identified. It seems that the appearance of Amylase-4 and disappearance of the salivary components indicate severe pancreatic inflammation and that the apparent specificity of this isoenzyme pattern affords a mean for conforming the diagnosis of acute pancreatitis. However, the occurrence of an inherited trait in the pancreatic isoamylases of healthy individuals suggests that a rise in the pancreatic components may not necessarily indicate pancreatic disorders."}
{"id": "PMID:890944", "title": "Radioimmunoassay for subunit B in isoenzymes CK-MB and CK-BB of creatine phosphokinase.", "content": "We report the development of a double-antibody system for radioimmunoassay of CK-B subunit in isoenzymes CK-MB and CK-BB of creatine phosphokinase. With our method, 4.1 ng/ml of isoenzyme CK-BB can be detected. Within-run and between-run coefficients of variation are respectively 5.3% and 19.6% Analytical recovery of added antigen is 98.9 +/- 14.7%. The CK-B concentration in sera from 20 healthy adults was less than 75 ng/ml. In sera from 25 patients with a rise in CK-total activity, but without CK-MB or CK-BB activity tested with the previous reported immunological methods, we found CK-B concentrations in the range 0--86 ng/ml. In contrast, in 23 sera from patients with acute myocardial infarction within the last 48 hours CK-B concentration was in the range 104--225 ng/ml.", "contents": "Radioimmunoassay for subunit B in isoenzymes CK-MB and CK-BB of creatine phosphokinase. We report the development of a double-antibody system for radioimmunoassay of CK-B subunit in isoenzymes CK-MB and CK-BB of creatine phosphokinase. With our method, 4.1 ng/ml of isoenzyme CK-BB can be detected. Within-run and between-run coefficients of variation are respectively 5.3% and 19.6% Analytical recovery of added antigen is 98.9 +/- 14.7%. The CK-B concentration in sera from 20 healthy adults was less than 75 ng/ml. In sera from 25 patients with a rise in CK-total activity, but without CK-MB or CK-BB activity tested with the previous reported immunological methods, we found CK-B concentrations in the range 0--86 ng/ml. In contrast, in 23 sera from patients with acute myocardial infarction within the last 48 hours CK-B concentration was in the range 104--225 ng/ml."}
{"id": "PMID:890945", "title": "Electrophoretic characterization of pyrimidine 5'-nucleotidase of human erythrocytes and its distinction from acid phosphatase.", "content": "Electrophoresis of red cell pyrimidine 5'-nucleotidase was carried out on cellulose acetate strips. One major band of activity was found in preparations from human erythrocytes. This enzyme showed a specificity for the pyrimidine nucleotides UMP and CMP. No activity was detected with AMP. Pyrimidine 5'-nucleotidase activity could be separated from that of acid phosphatase with the use of alpha-glycerophosphate. This method may be useful in the study of pyrimidine 5'-nucleotidase deficiency in red cells.", "contents": "Electrophoretic characterization of pyrimidine 5'-nucleotidase of human erythrocytes and its distinction from acid phosphatase. Electrophoresis of red cell pyrimidine 5'-nucleotidase was carried out on cellulose acetate strips. One major band of activity was found in preparations from human erythrocytes. This enzyme showed a specificity for the pyrimidine nucleotides UMP and CMP. No activity was detected with AMP. Pyrimidine 5'-nucleotidase activity could be separated from that of acid phosphatase with the use of alpha-glycerophosphate. This method may be useful in the study of pyrimidine 5'-nucleotidase deficiency in red cells."}
{"id": "PMID:890946", "title": "Bile 5'-nucleotidase in the serum of jaundiced rats.", "content": "Rat serum 5'-nucleotidase, L-leucyl-beta-naphthylamidase and beta-glycerophosphatase activities are increased whilst alkaline p-nitrophenylphosphatase and alkaline phosphodiesterase activities are unchanged or decreased three days after bile duct ligation. Affinity chromatography on an immobilised antiserum raised against highly purified liver plasma membranes showed that although 5'-nucleotidase in normal serum is unrelated to the 5'-nucleotidase of liver plasma membrane, the 5'-nucleotidase of bile and much of the 5'-nucleotidase in the jaundiced serum are closely related to the plasma membrane enzyme. Since bile is rich in 5'-nucleotidase, the changes in level of this enzyme after bile duct ligation are most simply explained by leakage of bile into the blood; changes in the patterns of the other enzymes are shown to be consistent with this explanation. The jaundiced serum was examined by gel exclusion chromatography and flotation in sucrose gradients for the presence of small fragments of plasma membrane as reported in human jaundiced sera, but no such fragments could be detected three days after bile-duct ligation.", "contents": "Bile 5'-nucleotidase in the serum of jaundiced rats. Rat serum 5'-nucleotidase, L-leucyl-beta-naphthylamidase and beta-glycerophosphatase activities are increased whilst alkaline p-nitrophenylphosphatase and alkaline phosphodiesterase activities are unchanged or decreased three days after bile duct ligation. Affinity chromatography on an immobilised antiserum raised against highly purified liver plasma membranes showed that although 5'-nucleotidase in normal serum is unrelated to the 5'-nucleotidase of liver plasma membrane, the 5'-nucleotidase of bile and much of the 5'-nucleotidase in the jaundiced serum are closely related to the plasma membrane enzyme. Since bile is rich in 5'-nucleotidase, the changes in level of this enzyme after bile duct ligation are most simply explained by leakage of bile into the blood; changes in the patterns of the other enzymes are shown to be consistent with this explanation. The jaundiced serum was examined by gel exclusion chromatography and flotation in sucrose gradients for the presence of small fragments of plasma membrane as reported in human jaundiced sera, but no such fragments could be detected three days after bile-duct ligation."}
{"id": "PMID:890947", "title": "Quantitative determination of 5-hydroxyindole-3-acetic acid in body fluids by high-performance liquid chromatography.", "content": "A method for the quantitative determination of 5-hydroxyindole-3-acetic acid in urine and cerebrospinal fluid is described. The method is based on reversed phase high-performance liquid chromatography and fluorometric detection. The experimental error was below 5% in urine and 8% in cerebrospinal fluid. Urine and cerebrospinal fluid samples were analysed both by the described method and by a mass fragmentographic method. The correlation coefficients for the two methods were 0.986 in the urine samples and 0.965 in the cerebrospinal fluid samples. Analysis of 100 samples can be achieved within 3 days. The described method offers a possibility to determine 5-hydroxyindole-3-acetic acid in urine and cerebrospinal fluid with the same precision and capacity as do mass fragmentography but with the use of a less sophisticated equipment.", "contents": "Quantitative determination of 5-hydroxyindole-3-acetic acid in body fluids by high-performance liquid chromatography. A method for the quantitative determination of 5-hydroxyindole-3-acetic acid in urine and cerebrospinal fluid is described. The method is based on reversed phase high-performance liquid chromatography and fluorometric detection. The experimental error was below 5% in urine and 8% in cerebrospinal fluid. Urine and cerebrospinal fluid samples were analysed both by the described method and by a mass fragmentographic method. The correlation coefficients for the two methods were 0.986 in the urine samples and 0.965 in the cerebrospinal fluid samples. Analysis of 100 samples can be achieved within 3 days. The described method offers a possibility to determine 5-hydroxyindole-3-acetic acid in urine and cerebrospinal fluid with the same precision and capacity as do mass fragmentography but with the use of a less sophisticated equipment."}
{"id": "PMID:890948", "title": "Lactate dehydrogenase isoenzymes of human erythrocyte membranes.", "content": "Human erythrocyte membranes and cytosol were fractionated in detergent-containing polyacrylamide gels and stained for lactate dehydrogenase activity. A highly significant difference in the distribution of three isoenzymes of lactate dehydrogenase (LD-1, LD-2 and LD-3) between membranes and cytosol was found, a striking feature being the poor binding of LD-3 to the membrane fraction.", "contents": "Lactate dehydrogenase isoenzymes of human erythrocyte membranes. Human erythrocyte membranes and cytosol were fractionated in detergent-containing polyacrylamide gels and stained for lactate dehydrogenase activity. A highly significant difference in the distribution of three isoenzymes of lactate dehydrogenase (LD-1, LD-2 and LD-3) between membranes and cytosol was found, a striking feature being the poor binding of LD-3 to the membrane fraction."}
{"id": "PMID:890949", "title": "Relationship between carbamazepine concentrations in plasma and saliva in man as determined by liquid chromatography.", "content": "The concentration of carbamazepine in plasma and saliva was determined in 7 subjects receiving carbamazepine. Plasma and saliva samples were assayed was an excellent linear relationship between carbamazepine concentrations in saliva and plasma (r = 0.991, p less than 0.001) over a plasma concentration range of 0.2--8.0 microgram/ml. The saliva/plasma ratio for carbamazepine was 0.26 +/- 0.02 (S.D.). Since carbamazepine binding to plasma proteins is in the order of 75%, the saliva concentration seems to reflect the concentration of the free drug in plasma. There is very little intrasubject and intersubject variation in the concentration ratio of carbamazepine. This study demonstrates that carbamazepine determination in saliva is a convenient method for optimizing blood levels of patients as well as for the study of pharmacokinetic properties.", "contents": "Relationship between carbamazepine concentrations in plasma and saliva in man as determined by liquid chromatography. The concentration of carbamazepine in plasma and saliva was determined in 7 subjects receiving carbamazepine. Plasma and saliva samples were assayed was an excellent linear relationship between carbamazepine concentrations in saliva and plasma (r = 0.991, p less than 0.001) over a plasma concentration range of 0.2--8.0 microgram/ml. The saliva/plasma ratio for carbamazepine was 0.26 +/- 0.02 (S.D.). Since carbamazepine binding to plasma proteins is in the order of 75%, the saliva concentration seems to reflect the concentration of the free drug in plasma. There is very little intrasubject and intersubject variation in the concentration ratio of carbamazepine. This study demonstrates that carbamazepine determination in saliva is a convenient method for optimizing blood levels of patients as well as for the study of pharmacokinetic properties."}
{"id": "PMID:890950", "title": "Reduced level of glycine cleavage system in the liver of hyperglycinemia patients.", "content": "The activity of the glycine cleavage system in liver of hyperglycinemia with organic acidemia was 1/6 to 1/20 tha of normal human livers. The reduced activity results from the reduction in concentration of the enzyme of the glycine cleavage system. All the protein components of the glycine cleavage system examined were reduced when the activity was determined seprately. H-protein was purified from patients' and control livers, and there was found no difference in their chromatographic properties.", "contents": "Reduced level of glycine cleavage system in the liver of hyperglycinemia patients. The activity of the glycine cleavage system in liver of hyperglycinemia with organic acidemia was 1/6 to 1/20 tha of normal human livers. The reduced activity results from the reduction in concentration of the enzyme of the glycine cleavage system. All the protein components of the glycine cleavage system examined were reduced when the activity was determined seprately. H-protein was purified from patients' and control livers, and there was found no difference in their chromatographic properties."}
{"id": "PMID:890951", "title": "Evaluation of a microspectrofluorimetric method or serum vitamin A.", "content": "A microspectrofluorimetric method for vitamin A was compared with spectrophotometric and trifluoroacetic acid-colorimetric procedures. Values obtained by the fluorimetric method showed a high degree of correlation with those obtained by other standard procedures. However, it was found that the fluorimetric method yielded values which were several-fold higher than those obtained with the spectrophotometric method when sera from pregnant women were tested. The fluorescence from sera of pregnant subjects showed a triphasic decline even when the samples were stored at --20 degrees C.", "contents": "Evaluation of a microspectrofluorimetric method or serum vitamin A. A microspectrofluorimetric method for vitamin A was compared with spectrophotometric and trifluoroacetic acid-colorimetric procedures. Values obtained by the fluorimetric method showed a high degree of correlation with those obtained by other standard procedures. However, it was found that the fluorimetric method yielded values which were several-fold higher than those obtained with the spectrophotometric method when sera from pregnant women were tested. The fluorescence from sera of pregnant subjects showed a triphasic decline even when the samples were stored at --20 degrees C."}
{"id": "PMID:890952", "title": "Homocysteine and cysteine loads in patients with homocystinuria due to cystathionine synthase deficiency: effects of vitamin B-6.", "content": "The metabolic response of patients with homocystinuria due to cystabhionine synthase deficiency to oral loads of homocysteine indicates: that even severely affected patients with homocystinuria have pools of cystine in their tissues; that control of sulfur amino acid metabolism favors increased concentrations of methionine rather than homocystine in the plasma; and that even patients who apparently are not B-6-responsive respond differently to the loads of homocysteine when challenged during B-6-treatment compared with their response before B-6 treatment. Loading tests with homocysteine indicate that B-6 treatment be of some benefit even in individuals who do not have an obvious biochemical response to such therapy.", "contents": "Homocysteine and cysteine loads in patients with homocystinuria due to cystathionine synthase deficiency: effects of vitamin B-6. The metabolic response of patients with homocystinuria due to cystabhionine synthase deficiency to oral loads of homocysteine indicates: that even severely affected patients with homocystinuria have pools of cystine in their tissues; that control of sulfur amino acid metabolism favors increased concentrations of methionine rather than homocystine in the plasma; and that even patients who apparently are not B-6-responsive respond differently to the loads of homocysteine when challenged during B-6-treatment compared with their response before B-6 treatment. Loading tests with homocysteine indicate that B-6 treatment be of some benefit even in individuals who do not have an obvious biochemical response to such therapy."}
{"id": "PMID:890953", "title": "An accurate determination of human growth hormone content in different pituitary extracts, using a radioimmunoassay with polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis as a bound-free separation system.", "content": "Human growth hormone was extrated and purified according to the method of Roos et al. (Roos, P., Fevold, H.R. and Gemzell, C.A. (1963) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 74, 525). A first control of its purification and integrity was performed through molecular weight determination by gel filtration on Sephadex G-100 and on polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE). Its biological activity was confirmed by the growth promoted in non-hypophysectomized rats at plateau. The main object, however, was the setting up of accurate, reproducible method tha could furnish the more absolute and comparable values of radioimmunoassayable HGH content in perfect agreement with the results obtained by other laboratories. This was accomplished through a radioimmunoassay system that uses HGH labelled with 125I, where separation of the bound from the free antigen is achieved on polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, by a modification introduced in the original method of Davis. The resulting values, extremely close to that stated by the KABI-Laboratories (Stockolm), though obtained in quite different conditions of incubation, antibody concentration and with no use of second antibody, represent a confident approach to a comparable measure of this hormone in extracts, which can also be applied to plasma determinations.", "contents": "An accurate determination of human growth hormone content in different pituitary extracts, using a radioimmunoassay with polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis as a bound-free separation system. Human growth hormone was extrated and purified according to the method of Roos et al. (Roos, P., Fevold, H.R. and Gemzell, C.A. (1963) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 74, 525). A first control of its purification and integrity was performed through molecular weight determination by gel filtration on Sephadex G-100 and on polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE). Its biological activity was confirmed by the growth promoted in non-hypophysectomized rats at plateau. The main object, however, was the setting up of accurate, reproducible method tha could furnish the more absolute and comparable values of radioimmunoassayable HGH content in perfect agreement with the results obtained by other laboratories. This was accomplished through a radioimmunoassay system that uses HGH labelled with 125I, where separation of the bound from the free antigen is achieved on polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, by a modification introduced in the original method of Davis. The resulting values, extremely close to that stated by the KABI-Laboratories (Stockolm), though obtained in quite different conditions of incubation, antibody concentration and with no use of second antibody, represent a confident approach to a comparable measure of this hormone in extracts, which can also be applied to plasma determinations."}
{"id": "PMID:890954", "title": "Automated urinary steroid profiles by capillary column gas-liquid chromatography and a computing integrator.", "content": "13 Urinary steroid metabolites have been determined by automated gas-liquid chromatography with a 20-m glass capillary column and a computing integrator. Concentrations up to 2 mg/24 h computed by the integrator compare well with those obtained by peak height measurements. At higher concentrations discrepancies occurred, paticularly for the C21 steroids where falsely low values were calculated using peak heights. Mean excretion by healthy males and females of seven steroid metabolities is presented.", "contents": "Automated urinary steroid profiles by capillary column gas-liquid chromatography and a computing integrator. 13 Urinary steroid metabolites have been determined by automated gas-liquid chromatography with a 20-m glass capillary column and a computing integrator. Concentrations up to 2 mg/24 h computed by the integrator compare well with those obtained by peak height measurements. At higher concentrations discrepancies occurred, paticularly for the C21 steroids where falsely low values were calculated using peak heights. Mean excretion by healthy males and females of seven steroid metabolities is presented."}
{"id": "PMID:890955", "title": "A simple radiochemical assay of thromboxane B2, 12-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (HETE) and 12-hydroxyheptadecatrienoic acid (HHT) synthetized by human platelets.", "content": "A simple radiochemical assay of thromboxane B2, 12-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (HETE) and 12-hydroxyheptadecatrienoic acid (HHT) produced by platelets from arachidonic acid has been described. Moreover, this assay is suitable for measuring thromboxane A2 trapped as 11-mono-O-methylthromboxane B2 and minor products such as prostaglandins E2, F2alpha and D2. The advantage of this technique is discussed as to its ease and specificity.", "contents": "A simple radiochemical assay of thromboxane B2, 12-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (HETE) and 12-hydroxyheptadecatrienoic acid (HHT) synthetized by human platelets. A simple radiochemical assay of thromboxane B2, 12-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (HETE) and 12-hydroxyheptadecatrienoic acid (HHT) produced by platelets from arachidonic acid has been described. Moreover, this assay is suitable for measuring thromboxane A2 trapped as 11-mono-O-methylthromboxane B2 and minor products such as prostaglandins E2, F2alpha and D2. The advantage of this technique is discussed as to its ease and specificity."}
{"id": "PMID:890956", "title": "Serum-induced changes in electrophoretic mobility of creatine phosphokinase isoenzymes?", "content": "BB isoenzyme of creatine phosphokinase (CK-BB) obtained from human brain-extract changes its electrophoretic mobility after incubation in human serum at 37 degrees C. No change of electrophoretic mobility of CK-BB is observed after incubation in isotonic saline. We have shown by means of immunoprecipitation with specific antibodies that the structure of CK-BB is not changed. These findings are supported by other authors and make the diagnostic value of electrophoretic separation of CK isoenzymes doubtful as after a 3-h incubation CK-BB migrates similarly to CK-BB and consequently may be misinterpreted.", "contents": "Serum-induced changes in electrophoretic mobility of creatine phosphokinase isoenzymes? BB isoenzyme of creatine phosphokinase (CK-BB) obtained from human brain-extract changes its electrophoretic mobility after incubation in human serum at 37 degrees C. No change of electrophoretic mobility of CK-BB is observed after incubation in isotonic saline. We have shown by means of immunoprecipitation with specific antibodies that the structure of CK-BB is not changed. These findings are supported by other authors and make the diagnostic value of electrophoretic separation of CK isoenzymes doubtful as after a 3-h incubation CK-BB migrates similarly to CK-BB and consequently may be misinterpreted."}
{"id": "PMID:890959", "title": "Serum pyruvate kinase in carriers of Duochenne muscular dystrophy.", "content": "Independent studies by two different groups (Madras and Edinburgh) have failed to confirm the suggestion that measurement of the serum level of pyruvate kinase (EC 2.7.1.40, PK) may be superior to measurement of the serum level of creatine kinase (EC 2.7.3.2, CK) for detecting female carriers of X-linked Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD). At present the serum level of creatine kinase remains the best test for this purpose.", "contents": "Serum pyruvate kinase in carriers of Duochenne muscular dystrophy. Independent studies by two different groups (Madras and Edinburgh) have failed to confirm the suggestion that measurement of the serum level of pyruvate kinase (EC 2.7.1.40, PK) may be superior to measurement of the serum level of creatine kinase (EC 2.7.3.2, CK) for detecting female carriers of X-linked Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD). At present the serum level of creatine kinase remains the best test for this purpose."}
{"id": "PMID:890962", "title": "Renin concentration after prolonged cold storage of human plasma.", "content": "The plasma renin concentration (PRC3.3) measured biologically or radioimmunologically after acid treatment of plasma at pH 3.3, did not change significantly during storage of human plasma at -20 degrees C for 1 year. This is completely in contradiction with the increase in plasma renin activity reported by some authors.", "contents": "Renin concentration after prolonged cold storage of human plasma. The plasma renin concentration (PRC3.3) measured biologically or radioimmunologically after acid treatment of plasma at pH 3.3, did not change significantly during storage of human plasma at -20 degrees C for 1 year. This is completely in contradiction with the increase in plasma renin activity reported by some authors."}
{"id": "PMID:890963", "title": "Free and total 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylethylene glycol in human cerebrospinal fluid: relationship to blood pressure in hypertensives and patients with neuropsychiatric disease.", "content": "The concentrations of free and total 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylethylene glycol (MHPG) in the cerebrospinal fluid of 43 patients were measured by selected ion monitoring gas chromatography-mass spectrometry using MHPG specifically labelled with deuterium as internal standard. Unpaired Wilcoxon comparisons of free and total MHPG concentrations in males and females showed no significant difference between the sexes. The relationships between free, conjugated and total MHPG concentrations and age, blood pressure, glucose and protein levels in cerebrospinal fluid were examined by linear regression analysis. The only significant correlations found were between free MHPG and glucose and between total MHPG and glucose.", "contents": "Free and total 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylethylene glycol in human cerebrospinal fluid: relationship to blood pressure in hypertensives and patients with neuropsychiatric disease. The concentrations of free and total 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylethylene glycol (MHPG) in the cerebrospinal fluid of 43 patients were measured by selected ion monitoring gas chromatography-mass spectrometry using MHPG specifically labelled with deuterium as internal standard. Unpaired Wilcoxon comparisons of free and total MHPG concentrations in males and females showed no significant difference between the sexes. The relationships between free, conjugated and total MHPG concentrations and age, blood pressure, glucose and protein levels in cerebrospinal fluid were examined by linear regression analysis. The only significant correlations found were between free MHPG and glucose and between total MHPG and glucose."}
{"id": "PMID:890964", "title": "The action of human pancreatic and salivary isoamylases on starch and glycogen.", "content": "The hydrolytic properties of the isoenzymes of human pancreatic and salivary alpha-amylase (1,4-glucan 4-glucanohydrolase, EC 3.2.1.1) were studied. The eight pancreatic isoenzymes split glycogen and starch into glucose, maltose, maltotriose, maltotetraose and oligosaccharides of 5-10 glucose units. Maltotetraose is further digested to lower homologues. The percentage of conversion to those products is dependent on the substrate and varies from one isoenzyme to another. The six salivary isoenzymes split glycogen and starch into maltose, maltotriose, maltotetraose, pannose and oligosaccharides of 5--10 glucose units. Maltotetraose and pannose are further digested to lower homologues. The percentage of conversion to these products is dependent on the substrate and is specific for each isoenzyme.", "contents": "The action of human pancreatic and salivary isoamylases on starch and glycogen. The hydrolytic properties of the isoenzymes of human pancreatic and salivary alpha-amylase (1,4-glucan 4-glucanohydrolase, EC 3.2.1.1) were studied. The eight pancreatic isoenzymes split glycogen and starch into glucose, maltose, maltotriose, maltotetraose and oligosaccharides of 5-10 glucose units. Maltotetraose is further digested to lower homologues. The percentage of conversion to those products is dependent on the substrate and varies from one isoenzyme to another. The six salivary isoenzymes split glycogen and starch into maltose, maltotriose, maltotetraose, pannose and oligosaccharides of 5--10 glucose units. Maltotetraose and pannose are further digested to lower homologues. The percentage of conversion to these products is dependent on the substrate and is specific for each isoenzyme."}
{"id": "PMID:890965", "title": "Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of human erythrocyte membrane enzymes solubilized with triton X-100.", "content": "Human erythrocyte ghosts were solubilized in a low ionic strength medium containing 1% Triton X-100 and subjected to electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gels containing Triton X-100. Five major bands were stained with Coomassie Blue, all except one band being heterogenous when re-electrophoresed in gels containing sodium dodecyl sulphate. It was possible to detect acetylcholinesterase, non-specific esterase, ATPase, alkaline phosphatase, 5'-nucleotidase, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, lactate dehydrogenase, and aldolase activities on the Triton-containing polyacrylamide gels. Two of the enzymes, ATPase and 5'-nucleotidase, showed substantial inhibition by Triton X-100 in quantitative studies. This appears to be a useful method for studying membrane enzymes in normal and pathological red cells.", "contents": "Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of human erythrocyte membrane enzymes solubilized with triton X-100. Human erythrocyte ghosts were solubilized in a low ionic strength medium containing 1% Triton X-100 and subjected to electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gels containing Triton X-100. Five major bands were stained with Coomassie Blue, all except one band being heterogenous when re-electrophoresed in gels containing sodium dodecyl sulphate. It was possible to detect acetylcholinesterase, non-specific esterase, ATPase, alkaline phosphatase, 5'-nucleotidase, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, lactate dehydrogenase, and aldolase activities on the Triton-containing polyacrylamide gels. Two of the enzymes, ATPase and 5'-nucleotidase, showed substantial inhibition by Triton X-100 in quantitative studies. This appears to be a useful method for studying membrane enzymes in normal and pathological red cells."}
{"id": "PMID:890966", "title": "The evaluation of a radioimmunoassay for diphenylhydantoin using an iodinated tracer.", "content": "Radioimmunoassays (RIA) for diphenylhydantoin (DPH) are described using a rabbit antiserum to the immunogen, diphenylhydantoin-3-omega-valerate bovine serum albumin, and DPH labelled with carbon-14 (14C), tritium (3H) or iodine-125 (125I). The [125I]DPH label is prepared by iodination of DPH-3-N-ethyl-acetamido-tyrosine ethyl ester, and is stable for several months. The radioimmunoassays are rapid, precise, specific and sensitive requiring only 50 microliter serum for duplicate analyses. Serum DPH levels measured by the three RIA methods correlate well with each other (3H vs. 14C, r = 0.96 : 3H vs. 125I, r = 0.97) and with values obtained by a conventional gas chromatographic method (125I RIA vs. GC, r = 0.95). However, RIA employing the iodinated DPH tracer has significant practical advantages over the other methods and is well suited to large scale clinical application.", "contents": "The evaluation of a radioimmunoassay for diphenylhydantoin using an iodinated tracer. Radioimmunoassays (RIA) for diphenylhydantoin (DPH) are described using a rabbit antiserum to the immunogen, diphenylhydantoin-3-omega-valerate bovine serum albumin, and DPH labelled with carbon-14 (14C), tritium (3H) or iodine-125 (125I). The [125I]DPH label is prepared by iodination of DPH-3-N-ethyl-acetamido-tyrosine ethyl ester, and is stable for several months. The radioimmunoassays are rapid, precise, specific and sensitive requiring only 50 microliter serum for duplicate analyses. Serum DPH levels measured by the three RIA methods correlate well with each other (3H vs. 14C, r = 0.96 : 3H vs. 125I, r = 0.97) and with values obtained by a conventional gas chromatographic method (125I RIA vs. GC, r = 0.95). However, RIA employing the iodinated DPH tracer has significant practical advantages over the other methods and is well suited to large scale clinical application."}
{"id": "PMID:890967", "title": "A new enzymatic method for determination of serum choline-containing phospholipids.", "content": "A new enzymatic method is presented for the determination of serum choline-containing phospholipids with a combined enzymatic method using phospholipase D (from Streptomyces species), choline oxidase (from Arthrobacter species) and peroxidase. The method is reproducible, and the results correlate well with those obtained by the conventional digestion method (Hoeflmayr, J. and Fried, R. (1966) Med. Ernaehr. 7, 9-10). The method affords better specificity, requires a smaller quantity of the sample and shorter time than those previously reported, and has excellent precision.", "contents": "A new enzymatic method for determination of serum choline-containing phospholipids. A new enzymatic method is presented for the determination of serum choline-containing phospholipids with a combined enzymatic method using phospholipase D (from Streptomyces species), choline oxidase (from Arthrobacter species) and peroxidase. The method is reproducible, and the results correlate well with those obtained by the conventional digestion method (Hoeflmayr, J. and Fried, R. (1966) Med. Ernaehr. 7, 9-10). The method affords better specificity, requires a smaller quantity of the sample and shorter time than those previously reported, and has excellent precision."}
{"id": "PMID:890968", "title": "Determination of urinary estriol by radioimmunoassay. Modification of a commercial kit for serum analyses.", "content": "A simple and rapid method for urinary estriol determination is described. Modification of a commercially available kit for serum estriol gives a method for urinary estriol determination with a capacity of approximately 75 determinations a day. A high degree of accurary was revealed by indirect comparison with a mass fragmentographic method.", "contents": "Determination of urinary estriol by radioimmunoassay. Modification of a commercial kit for serum analyses. A simple and rapid method for urinary estriol determination is described. Modification of a commercially available kit for serum estriol gives a method for urinary estriol determination with a capacity of approximately 75 determinations a day. A high degree of accurary was revealed by indirect comparison with a mass fragmentographic method."}
{"id": "PMID:890969", "title": "An improved processing of radioimmunoassay data by means of a desk-top calculator. (1) Comparison of regression procedures applied to selected kinds of radioimmunoassay.", "content": "By means of a programmable desk-top calculator, goodness-of-fit of 3 regression models, four-parameter logistic, quadratic logit-log and linear logit-log models, were evaluated by analysis of variance (F test) for data of 6 kinds of radioimmunoassays (RIA); thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), insulin (IRI), cortisol, triiodothyronine (T3). Scatchard plot analyses were made with the representative data of these RIAs in order to find the best choice of regression model in relation to the characteristics of antigen-antibody reaction. The analysis of goodness-of-fit of the regression models by means of an F test disclosed the relation between the choice of regression models and the kinds of RIA, which could be grouped into 3 types: (1) almost identical degree of fit with any of 3 regression models (FSH and T3), (2) more or less equal degree of satisfactory fit with the logistic and quadratic logit-log models (TSH and cortisol), (3) best degree of fit with the aquadratic logit-log model among 3 (LH and IRI). The analysis of data with Scatchard plot discriminated 3 general types of curves; (1) linear (FSH) and T3), (2) linear with tail (TSH and cortisol) and (3) hyperbola (LH and IRI). From these findings, the following tentative conclusions were reached: RIA with linear pattern on Scatchard plot can be satisfactorily regressed with either of 3 models, RIA with linear with tail pattern regressed with either the logistic or quadratic logit-log model, and RIA with hyperbolic pattern regressed best with the quadratic logit-log model.", "contents": "An improved processing of radioimmunoassay data by means of a desk-top calculator. (1) Comparison of regression procedures applied to selected kinds of radioimmunoassay. By means of a programmable desk-top calculator, goodness-of-fit of 3 regression models, four-parameter logistic, quadratic logit-log and linear logit-log models, were evaluated by analysis of variance (F test) for data of 6 kinds of radioimmunoassays (RIA); thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), insulin (IRI), cortisol, triiodothyronine (T3). Scatchard plot analyses were made with the representative data of these RIAs in order to find the best choice of regression model in relation to the characteristics of antigen-antibody reaction. The analysis of goodness-of-fit of the regression models by means of an F test disclosed the relation between the choice of regression models and the kinds of RIA, which could be grouped into 3 types: (1) almost identical degree of fit with any of 3 regression models (FSH and T3), (2) more or less equal degree of satisfactory fit with the logistic and quadratic logit-log models (TSH and cortisol), (3) best degree of fit with the aquadratic logit-log model among 3 (LH and IRI). The analysis of data with Scatchard plot discriminated 3 general types of curves; (1) linear (FSH) and T3), (2) linear with tail (TSH and cortisol) and (3) hyperbola (LH and IRI). From these findings, the following tentative conclusions were reached: RIA with linear pattern on Scatchard plot can be satisfactorily regressed with either of 3 models, RIA with linear with tail pattern regressed with either the logistic or quadratic logit-log model, and RIA with hyperbolic pattern regressed best with the quadratic logit-log model."}
{"id": "PMID:890970", "title": "Hypocholesterolaemia in the rat after p-chlorophenoxyisobutyric acid (CPIB) administration as a synthetic triglyceride, 1,3-dipalmitoyl 2(p-chlorophenoxyisobutyroyl)-rac-glycerol.", "content": "A synthetic triglyceride analogue, 1,3-dipalmitoyl 2(p-chlorophenoxyisobutyroyl)-rac-glycerol, was fed to rats and its effect compared to that of clofibrate. Both compounds significantly lowered plasma cholesterol concentration and the decreases essentially paralleled each other, even when the dose of drug or the period of administration was varied. No consistent effect was noted on the plasma triglyceride concentration. The results suggest that synthetic lipids are potentially suitable carriers for the oral administration of pharmacologically active agents.", "contents": "Hypocholesterolaemia in the rat after p-chlorophenoxyisobutyric acid (CPIB) administration as a synthetic triglyceride, 1,3-dipalmitoyl 2(p-chlorophenoxyisobutyroyl)-rac-glycerol. A synthetic triglyceride analogue, 1,3-dipalmitoyl 2(p-chlorophenoxyisobutyroyl)-rac-glycerol, was fed to rats and its effect compared to that of clofibrate. Both compounds significantly lowered plasma cholesterol concentration and the decreases essentially paralleled each other, even when the dose of drug or the period of administration was varied. No consistent effect was noted on the plasma triglyceride concentration. The results suggest that synthetic lipids are potentially suitable carriers for the oral administration of pharmacologically active agents."}
{"id": "PMID:890971", "title": "Serum gastrin determination with a radioimmunosorbent technique.", "content": "A low utilization of antiserum has been reported in gastrin radioimmunoassay with a solid-phase procedure. As solid-phase immunoassays possess several advantages over their soluble counterparts for the assay of many hormones, a solid-phase radioimmunoassay for gastrin was examined. The results showed that this technique was suitable for gastrin determination without being wasteful to antibodies. Sensitivity and precision of the method were comparable to other investigations on gastrin immunoassay, as well as serum gastrin levels obtained for persons with no known gastro-intestinal disease, in patients with pernicious anemia and in patients with Zollinger-Ellison syndrome.", "contents": "Serum gastrin determination with a radioimmunosorbent technique. A low utilization of antiserum has been reported in gastrin radioimmunoassay with a solid-phase procedure. As solid-phase immunoassays possess several advantages over their soluble counterparts for the assay of many hormones, a solid-phase radioimmunoassay for gastrin was examined. The results showed that this technique was suitable for gastrin determination without being wasteful to antibodies. Sensitivity and precision of the method were comparable to other investigations on gastrin immunoassay, as well as serum gastrin levels obtained for persons with no known gastro-intestinal disease, in patients with pernicious anemia and in patients with Zollinger-Ellison syndrome."}
{"id": "PMID:890972", "title": "L-Ornithine-ketoacid-transaminase deficiency in cultured fibroblasts of a patient with hyperornithinaemia and gyrate atrophy of the choroid and retina.", "content": "L-Ornithine-ketoacid-transaminase deficiency was established in cultured fibroblasts obtained from a patient with hyperornithinaemia (mean ornithine level in serum approximately 100 mumol/l) and gyrate atrophy of the choroid and retina. The deficiency was found both the L-ornithine concentrations of 3.0 mM (about twice the KM value) and 12 mM, indicating that the enzymic defect was not due to a decreased affinity for this substrate. The reliability of the colorimetric assay of ornithine-ketoacid-transaminase activity was established radiochemically. Performance of the radiochemical assay revealed the presence of an impurity in the substrate DL-[2-14C]ornithine - HCl being a strong inhibitor of the enzyme. The passage level and the subcultivation time of the fibroblasts did not influence the enzymic activity.", "contents": "L-Ornithine-ketoacid-transaminase deficiency in cultured fibroblasts of a patient with hyperornithinaemia and gyrate atrophy of the choroid and retina. L-Ornithine-ketoacid-transaminase deficiency was established in cultured fibroblasts obtained from a patient with hyperornithinaemia (mean ornithine level in serum approximately 100 mumol/l) and gyrate atrophy of the choroid and retina. The deficiency was found both the L-ornithine concentrations of 3.0 mM (about twice the KM value) and 12 mM, indicating that the enzymic defect was not due to a decreased affinity for this substrate. The reliability of the colorimetric assay of ornithine-ketoacid-transaminase activity was established radiochemically. Performance of the radiochemical assay revealed the presence of an impurity in the substrate DL-[2-14C]ornithine - HCl being a strong inhibitor of the enzyme. The passage level and the subcultivation time of the fibroblasts did not influence the enzymic activity."}
{"id": "PMID:890973", "title": "5'-AMP aminohydrolase activity in erythrocytes from normal and dystrophic individuals.", "content": "5'-AMP aminohydrolase activities in red blood cells from normal human adults and from patients with pseudohypertrophic dystrophy, myotonic dystrophy, limb girdle dystrophy, neuromuscular atrophy, Charcot-Marie Tooth Disease, and spinal muscular atrophy were examined. In contrast to the greatly decreased skeletal muscular levels of 5'-AMP aminohydrolase observed in Pseudohypertrophic muscular dystrophy, levels in red blood cells of all patients were not significantly different from normals. Pyruvate kinase and creatine kinase activities were determined for comparative purposes. The density distribution of normal and dystrophic erythrocytes were essentially identical.", "contents": "5'-AMP aminohydrolase activity in erythrocytes from normal and dystrophic individuals. 5'-AMP aminohydrolase activities in red blood cells from normal human adults and from patients with pseudohypertrophic dystrophy, myotonic dystrophy, limb girdle dystrophy, neuromuscular atrophy, Charcot-Marie Tooth Disease, and spinal muscular atrophy were examined. In contrast to the greatly decreased skeletal muscular levels of 5'-AMP aminohydrolase observed in Pseudohypertrophic muscular dystrophy, levels in red blood cells of all patients were not significantly different from normals. Pyruvate kinase and creatine kinase activities were determined for comparative purposes. The density distribution of normal and dystrophic erythrocytes were essentially identical."}
{"id": "PMID:890974", "title": "A short, simple method for the determination of paraquat in plasma.", "content": "Paraquat was measured in plasma after precipitation of plasma proteins by addition of a solvent/salt mixture. The paraquat remaining in the supernatant is measured by its free radical formation after addition of alkaline sodium dithionite. The time required for a single determination is approximately 20 minutes.", "contents": "A short, simple method for the determination of paraquat in plasma. Paraquat was measured in plasma after precipitation of plasma proteins by addition of a solvent/salt mixture. The paraquat remaining in the supernatant is measured by its free radical formation after addition of alkaline sodium dithionite. The time required for a single determination is approximately 20 minutes."}
{"id": "PMID:890975", "title": "Enzymic determination of plasma cholesterol on discrete automatic analysers.", "content": "Enzymic procedures for the determination of plasma cholesterol, using cholesterol esterase and cholesterol oxidase, have been adapted to the Vickers D-300, Vickers M,-300, and Vitatron AKES discrete analysers. The results obtained by these methods have been compared to those obtained by manual and continuous flow Liebermann-Burchard methods. The enzymic methods were found to be accurate, precise and of adequate sensitivity.", "contents": "Enzymic determination of plasma cholesterol on discrete automatic analysers. Enzymic procedures for the determination of plasma cholesterol, using cholesterol esterase and cholesterol oxidase, have been adapted to the Vickers D-300, Vickers M,-300, and Vitatron AKES discrete analysers. The results obtained by these methods have been compared to those obtained by manual and continuous flow Liebermann-Burchard methods. The enzymic methods were found to be accurate, precise and of adequate sensitivity."}
{"id": "PMID:890976", "title": "Urinary indole profile of Bufo melanostictus during hydroquinone-induced leucoderma and its regeneration.", "content": "The abnormal urinary indole profile induced by hydroquinone has been found to be reversed by psoralene, a pigmentogenic drug in vitiligo.", "contents": "Urinary indole profile of Bufo melanostictus during hydroquinone-induced leucoderma and its regeneration. The abnormal urinary indole profile induced by hydroquinone has been found to be reversed by psoralene, a pigmentogenic drug in vitiligo."}
{"id": "PMID:890977", "title": "Microdetermination of unbound bilirubin in icteric newborn sera: an enzymatic method employing peroxidase and glucose oxidase.", "content": "An enzymatic assay method for the microdetermination of unbound bilirubin in newborn icteric sera is described. Unbound bilirubin is oxidized to colorless compounds by peroxidase in the presence of hydrogen peroxide derived from glucose by the mediation of glucose oxidase. In this method, the bilirubin is not significantly degraded before the addition of peroxidase, in contrast to the method using hydrogen peroxide. The oxidation rate is determined by spectrophotometry and chloroform extraction is eliminated. The unbound bilirubin concentration can be determined from the initial oxidation velocity of total bilirubin. The Michaelis constant, KM, was approximately 20 micrometer. The coefficient of variation for icteric serum determination was 4.4--6.5%. The concentration of unbound bilirubin was reduced after five days of storage at -20 degrees C. The bilirubin-albumin affinity was studied with purified albumin and adult serum. The dissociation constants were 2 x 10(-8) M and 5 x 10(-9) M, respectively, at bilirubin/albuminor molar ratios below 1.0. Clinically, serum samples from 75 icteric newborn infants were analysed, and the sera of premature infants were found to have remarkably high levels of unbound bilirubin compared to those of fullterm infants. The sera of a Rhesus immunization infant and an ABO incompatibility infant were remarkably higher than that of the nonhemolytic icteric sera. The unbound bilirubin concentration was also affected, in an in vitro study, by the addition of hemolysate.", "contents": "Microdetermination of unbound bilirubin in icteric newborn sera: an enzymatic method employing peroxidase and glucose oxidase. An enzymatic assay method for the microdetermination of unbound bilirubin in newborn icteric sera is described. Unbound bilirubin is oxidized to colorless compounds by peroxidase in the presence of hydrogen peroxide derived from glucose by the mediation of glucose oxidase. In this method, the bilirubin is not significantly degraded before the addition of peroxidase, in contrast to the method using hydrogen peroxide. The oxidation rate is determined by spectrophotometry and chloroform extraction is eliminated. The unbound bilirubin concentration can be determined from the initial oxidation velocity of total bilirubin. The Michaelis constant, KM, was approximately 20 micrometer. The coefficient of variation for icteric serum determination was 4.4--6.5%. The concentration of unbound bilirubin was reduced after five days of storage at -20 degrees C. The bilirubin-albumin affinity was studied with purified albumin and adult serum. The dissociation constants were 2 x 10(-8) M and 5 x 10(-9) M, respectively, at bilirubin/albuminor molar ratios below 1.0. Clinically, serum samples from 75 icteric newborn infants were analysed, and the sera of premature infants were found to have remarkably high levels of unbound bilirubin compared to those of fullterm infants. The sera of a Rhesus immunization infant and an ABO incompatibility infant were remarkably higher than that of the nonhemolytic icteric sera. The unbound bilirubin concentration was also affected, in an in vitro study, by the addition of hemolysate."}
{"id": "PMID:890978", "title": "[Determination of urinary alpha-keto-gamma-methylthiobutyric acid in hypermethionemia by use of gas chromatography and flame photometry (author's transl)].", "content": "In this paper we describe the determination of urinary alpha-keto-gamma-methylthiobutyric acid (ACMTB) by the use of gas chromatography of its quinoxalinol derivative and specific detection of sulphur with a flame photometric detector. Using these techniques, it was possible to study the urinary elimination of this secondary metabolite of methionine in normal children, homocystinurics and in one case of hypermethioninemia. The excretion of ACMTB is normally very weak and is strongly increased when the principal pathway of methionine is blocked.", "contents": "[Determination of urinary alpha-keto-gamma-methylthiobutyric acid in hypermethionemia by use of gas chromatography and flame photometry (author's transl)]. In this paper we describe the determination of urinary alpha-keto-gamma-methylthiobutyric acid (ACMTB) by the use of gas chromatography of its quinoxalinol derivative and specific detection of sulphur with a flame photometric detector. Using these techniques, it was possible to study the urinary elimination of this secondary metabolite of methionine in normal children, homocystinurics and in one case of hypermethioninemia. The excretion of ACMTB is normally very weak and is strongly increased when the principal pathway of methionine is blocked."}
{"id": "PMID:890979", "title": "[Heterogeneity of carbohydrate chains of acidic bronchial mucin isolated from the spatum of two subjects with chronic bronchitis].", "content": "Acidic glycoproteins having blood group H activity were isolated from the sputum of two patients suffering from chronic bronchitis by reduction of the fibrillar mucus, chromatography on ECTEOLA-cellulose and gel filtration on Sepharose 4-B. These glycoproteins were degraded with alkaline borohydride and the degradation products were fractionated by chromatography on ionexchange resins and by gel filtration. The carbohydrate chains have a wide heterogeneity with regard to acidity and molecular size. Therefore carbohydrate chain heterogeneity which was already observed for bronchial glycoproteins isolated from a patient suffering from cystic fibrosis is not specific for cystic fibrosis.", "contents": "[Heterogeneity of carbohydrate chains of acidic bronchial mucin isolated from the spatum of two subjects with chronic bronchitis]. Acidic glycoproteins having blood group H activity were isolated from the sputum of two patients suffering from chronic bronchitis by reduction of the fibrillar mucus, chromatography on ECTEOLA-cellulose and gel filtration on Sepharose 4-B. These glycoproteins were degraded with alkaline borohydride and the degradation products were fractionated by chromatography on ionexchange resins and by gel filtration. The carbohydrate chains have a wide heterogeneity with regard to acidity and molecular size. Therefore carbohydrate chain heterogeneity which was already observed for bronchial glycoproteins isolated from a patient suffering from cystic fibrosis is not specific for cystic fibrosis."}
{"id": "PMID:890980", "title": "Blood and urine histamine levels in normal and pathological states as measured by a radiochemical assay.", "content": "The utility of the enzymatic radiochemical assay of histamine in diagnosing diseases with known abnormalities in histamine production was investigated. Whole blood histamine levels were abnormal only in patients with basophilia, i.e. chronic myelocytic leukemia or polycythemia vera. Histamine was not detectable (less than 1 ng/ml) in normal plasma but was detected in plasma of some patients witheither mastocytosis or chronic myelocytic leukemia. These patients also had symptoms which could be attributed to histamine release as, for example, hyperchlorhydria and hypotension. Urinary histamine excretion was also abnormally high in these diseases compared to normal subjects (range less than 5-42 microgram/24 h, n = 31). Patients with systemic mastocytosis had higher urine values (greater than 150 microgram/24 h) than those with cutaneous mastocytosis (39-88 microgram/24 h), and the urinary histamine excretion appeared to be an index of the severity of the diseases. Studies with L-histidine loading suggest that the kidney is one possible source of urinary histamine.", "contents": "Blood and urine histamine levels in normal and pathological states as measured by a radiochemical assay. The utility of the enzymatic radiochemical assay of histamine in diagnosing diseases with known abnormalities in histamine production was investigated. Whole blood histamine levels were abnormal only in patients with basophilia, i.e. chronic myelocytic leukemia or polycythemia vera. Histamine was not detectable (less than 1 ng/ml) in normal plasma but was detected in plasma of some patients witheither mastocytosis or chronic myelocytic leukemia. These patients also had symptoms which could be attributed to histamine release as, for example, hyperchlorhydria and hypotension. Urinary histamine excretion was also abnormally high in these diseases compared to normal subjects (range less than 5-42 microgram/24 h, n = 31). Patients with systemic mastocytosis had higher urine values (greater than 150 microgram/24 h) than those with cutaneous mastocytosis (39-88 microgram/24 h), and the urinary histamine excretion appeared to be an index of the severity of the diseases. Studies with L-histidine loading suggest that the kidney is one possible source of urinary histamine."}
{"id": "PMID:890981", "title": "No inhibition by Li+ of thyroxine monodeiodination to 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine and 3,3',5'-triiodothyronine (reverse triiodothyronine).", "content": "The possibility that lithium affects the conversion of thyroxine to 3,5,3\"-triiodothyronine and 3,3',5'-triiodothyronine (reverse triiodothyronine) was studied by measurement of the serum concentractions of these parameters in five patients during the first week of lithium therapy. In three patients there was a decrease in serum thyroxine concentration and a slightly less pronounced decrease in that of serum 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine. In two patients, who also received L-tryptophan or flupentixol, no change was noted in the concentrations of these compounds. There was no increase in serum 3,3',5'-triiodothyronine concentration in any of the patients. No systematic change was found in the serum concentrations of thyrotropin or unsaturated thyroid-hormone binding proteins. The results obtained do not support the contention that lithium should inhibit the monodeiodenation of thyroxine to its active and inactive metabolites.", "contents": "No inhibition by Li+ of thyroxine monodeiodination to 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine and 3,3',5'-triiodothyronine (reverse triiodothyronine). The possibility that lithium affects the conversion of thyroxine to 3,5,3\"-triiodothyronine and 3,3',5'-triiodothyronine (reverse triiodothyronine) was studied by measurement of the serum concentractions of these parameters in five patients during the first week of lithium therapy. In three patients there was a decrease in serum thyroxine concentration and a slightly less pronounced decrease in that of serum 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine. In two patients, who also received L-tryptophan or flupentixol, no change was noted in the concentrations of these compounds. There was no increase in serum 3,3',5'-triiodothyronine concentration in any of the patients. No systematic change was found in the serum concentrations of thyrotropin or unsaturated thyroid-hormone binding proteins. The results obtained do not support the contention that lithium should inhibit the monodeiodenation of thyroxine to its active and inactive metabolites."}
{"id": "PMID:890982", "title": "Simplified quantitative determination of total fecal bile acids.", "content": "To determine total fecal bile acids, these are extracted with diethyl ether after boiling with a solution of potassium hydroxide in ethanediol. After evaporating the ether and dissolving the residue in methanol, the bile acids are directly determined with 3 alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase. Values for 9 normals are given.", "contents": "Simplified quantitative determination of total fecal bile acids. To determine total fecal bile acids, these are extracted with diethyl ether after boiling with a solution of potassium hydroxide in ethanediol. After evaporating the ether and dissolving the residue in methanol, the bile acids are directly determined with 3 alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase. Values for 9 normals are given."}
{"id": "PMID:890983", "title": "Effect of pectin on serum cholesterol, fecal bile acids and biliary lipids in normolipidemic and hyperlipidemic individuals.", "content": "Pectin, 40-50 g/day for two weeks administered to nine normolipidemic and hyperlipidemic patients, had no effect on serum triglycerides but did cause a significant decrease in the serum total and unesterified cholesterol of hypercholesterolemic subjects in particular. This was associated with increased excretion of fecal bile acids and total steroids and increased concentration of plasma methyl sterols. Thus, the serum cholesterol reduction by pectin appears to be caused by increased cholesterol elimination into stools as bile acids which is then balanced by enhanced cholesterol synthesis. The composition of biliary bile acids and lipids was not changed and secondary bile acids and sterols decreased inconsistently in feces. The measurement of fecal dry weight suggested that the bulk of the pectin was degraded by bacteria during passage through the intestine. Consequently fecal mass and dry weight were not consistently increased, suggesting that pectin may not be an ideal fibre for increasing fecal bulk in functional colonic disorders.", "contents": "Effect of pectin on serum cholesterol, fecal bile acids and biliary lipids in normolipidemic and hyperlipidemic individuals. Pectin, 40-50 g/day for two weeks administered to nine normolipidemic and hyperlipidemic patients, had no effect on serum triglycerides but did cause a significant decrease in the serum total and unesterified cholesterol of hypercholesterolemic subjects in particular. This was associated with increased excretion of fecal bile acids and total steroids and increased concentration of plasma methyl sterols. Thus, the serum cholesterol reduction by pectin appears to be caused by increased cholesterol elimination into stools as bile acids which is then balanced by enhanced cholesterol synthesis. The composition of biliary bile acids and lipids was not changed and secondary bile acids and sterols decreased inconsistently in feces. The measurement of fecal dry weight suggested that the bulk of the pectin was degraded by bacteria during passage through the intestine. Consequently fecal mass and dry weight were not consistently increased, suggesting that pectin may not be an ideal fibre for increasing fecal bulk in functional colonic disorders."}
{"id": "PMID:890984", "title": "Influence of glucose and inhibitors of glycolysis on release of total proteins and enzymes from human leukocytes.", "content": "We studied the influence of substrates and glycolysis inhibitors on the release of proteins and enzymes from human leukocytes. We show the relationship between metabolic level and percentage of enzyme release. Leukocyte kept alive in a nutrient-free bicarbonate medium liberate enzymes even though their metabolic state is satisfactory. The addition of glucose to themedium significantly decreases this phenomenon without affecting the energy level. Addition of glycolysis inhibitors increases it, reduces the energy level, and interferes with other metabolic pathways. The results are discussed and compared to those obtained by other authors using various cell models.", "contents": "Influence of glucose and inhibitors of glycolysis on release of total proteins and enzymes from human leukocytes. We studied the influence of substrates and glycolysis inhibitors on the release of proteins and enzymes from human leukocytes. We show the relationship between metabolic level and percentage of enzyme release. Leukocyte kept alive in a nutrient-free bicarbonate medium liberate enzymes even though their metabolic state is satisfactory. The addition of glucose to themedium significantly decreases this phenomenon without affecting the energy level. Addition of glycolysis inhibitors increases it, reduces the energy level, and interferes with other metabolic pathways. The results are discussed and compared to those obtained by other authors using various cell models."}
{"id": "PMID:890985", "title": "An improved procedure for the electrochemical determination of serum ionized calcium.", "content": "The \"Orion model 99-20 serum calcium flow-through system\" has been rendered insensitive to protein poisoning by the plascing of a dialysis membrane in front of the electrode membrane, making the addition of trypsin and triethanolamine to standards unnecessary. Flow dependency of the results obtained has been investigated.", "contents": "An improved procedure for the electrochemical determination of serum ionized calcium. The \"Orion model 99-20 serum calcium flow-through system\" has been rendered insensitive to protein poisoning by the plascing of a dialysis membrane in front of the electrode membrane, making the addition of trypsin and triethanolamine to standards unnecessary. Flow dependency of the results obtained has been investigated."}
{"id": "PMID:890987", "title": "[Determination of the IgA 7 S/IgA 11 S ratio in human bronchial secretion by thin layer gel filtration immunoelectrophoresis (author's transl)].", "content": "After extraction by treatment with Ecteola-cellulose, IgA 11 S and IgA 7 S from human bronchial secretion were first separated by thin-layer gel filtration in Ultrogel AcA 3-4, and then were analyzed by crossed immunoelectrophoresis with an immune serum against alpha chain. Precipitation areas were measured separately. A correlation factor was necessary to express IgA 7 S in terms of IgA 11 S: it was calculated with standard curves made with serum and colostral IgA.", "contents": "[Determination of the IgA 7 S/IgA 11 S ratio in human bronchial secretion by thin layer gel filtration immunoelectrophoresis (author's transl)]. After extraction by treatment with Ecteola-cellulose, IgA 11 S and IgA 7 S from human bronchial secretion were first separated by thin-layer gel filtration in Ultrogel AcA 3-4, and then were analyzed by crossed immunoelectrophoresis with an immune serum against alpha chain. Precipitation areas were measured separately. A correlation factor was necessary to express IgA 7 S in terms of IgA 11 S: it was calculated with standard curves made with serum and colostral IgA."}
{"id": "PMID:890988", "title": "[Exact determination of the lecithin/sphingomyelin ratio in amniotic fluid. Suggestion of a reference methods (author's transl)].", "content": "Pulmonary maturity of the fetus can be evaluated by the lecithin/sphingomyelin (L/S) ratio in amniotic fluid. To existing methods of lipid extraction, precipitation with acetone and chromatography, we add a simple and accurate estimation of sphingomyelins (S) and precipitated lecithins (Lp) without acid digestion. The method is reproducible (C.V. less than 9%) for the measurement of Lp/S ratio and gives with accuracy the concentrations of Lp, avoiding possible errors in interpretation of Lp/S. Our results show that at 35 weeks of normal gestation, Lp/S ratio is about 2 and Lp concentration, 10 mg/1.", "contents": "[Exact determination of the lecithin/sphingomyelin ratio in amniotic fluid. Suggestion of a reference methods (author's transl)]. Pulmonary maturity of the fetus can be evaluated by the lecithin/sphingomyelin (L/S) ratio in amniotic fluid. To existing methods of lipid extraction, precipitation with acetone and chromatography, we add a simple and accurate estimation of sphingomyelins (S) and precipitated lecithins (Lp) without acid digestion. The method is reproducible (C.V. less than 9%) for the measurement of Lp/S ratio and gives with accuracy the concentrations of Lp, avoiding possible errors in interpretation of Lp/S. Our results show that at 35 weeks of normal gestation, Lp/S ratio is about 2 and Lp concentration, 10 mg/1."}
{"id": "PMID:890989", "title": "Placental form of membrane-bound neutral arylamidase found in renal cell carcinoma.", "content": "A placental form of membrane-bound neutral arylamidase was found in the tissue of renal cell carcinoma. Membrane-bound neutral arylamidases from renal cell carcinoma, an intact part of the same kidney and placenta, had the same molecular weight (240 000) and were identical with respect to KM value and effect of inhibition by chelators or amino acids. Membrane-bound neutral arylamidase from renal carcinoma had the same electrophoretic mobility and heat stability as placental membrane-bound neutral arylamidase, but differed from kidney membrane-bound neutral arylamidase with respect to electrophoretic mobility, heat stability and susceptibility to urea inactivation. Results suggest the carcinoplacental alterations in membrane-bound neutral arylamidase isoenzyme in renal cell carcinoma.", "contents": "Placental form of membrane-bound neutral arylamidase found in renal cell carcinoma. A placental form of membrane-bound neutral arylamidase was found in the tissue of renal cell carcinoma. Membrane-bound neutral arylamidases from renal cell carcinoma, an intact part of the same kidney and placenta, had the same molecular weight (240 000) and were identical with respect to KM value and effect of inhibition by chelators or amino acids. Membrane-bound neutral arylamidase from renal carcinoma had the same electrophoretic mobility and heat stability as placental membrane-bound neutral arylamidase, but differed from kidney membrane-bound neutral arylamidase with respect to electrophoretic mobility, heat stability and susceptibility to urea inactivation. Results suggest the carcinoplacental alterations in membrane-bound neutral arylamidase isoenzyme in renal cell carcinoma."}
{"id": "PMID:890990", "title": "A sensitive enzymatic method for determination of free and esterified tissue cholesterol.", "content": "An enzymatic assay currently in use in clinical laboratories for quantitating total serum cholesterol has been modified for the determination of microgram quantities of tissue cholesterol. Two types of assays were developed. In the first, more generally useful method, lipids extracted with chloroform/methanol were solubilized by the addition of detergent and assayed for free and total cholesterol using laboratory prepared mixtures of reagents. Although different detergents were effective, it appears that Triton X-100 may be most universally applicable. In the second type of assay, commercially available reagent mixtures were employed for the determination of total cholesterol only. Results of both types of assays compare favorably with determination using the colorimetric assay on 3beta-hydroxysterols recovered from digitonides.", "contents": "A sensitive enzymatic method for determination of free and esterified tissue cholesterol. An enzymatic assay currently in use in clinical laboratories for quantitating total serum cholesterol has been modified for the determination of microgram quantities of tissue cholesterol. Two types of assays were developed. In the first, more generally useful method, lipids extracted with chloroform/methanol were solubilized by the addition of detergent and assayed for free and total cholesterol using laboratory prepared mixtures of reagents. Although different detergents were effective, it appears that Triton X-100 may be most universally applicable. In the second type of assay, commercially available reagent mixtures were employed for the determination of total cholesterol only. Results of both types of assays compare favorably with determination using the colorimetric assay on 3beta-hydroxysterols recovered from digitonides."}
{"id": "PMID:890991", "title": "[Platelets fatty acid variation in patients with atherosclerosis (author's transl)].", "content": "Plasma linoleic acid levels were found to be low in the atherosclerosis patients investigated. In contrast, platelet arachidonic acid levels were decreased only when atherosclerosis was combined with diabetes or mixed hyperlipidemia. In acute vascular thrombosis, a marked decrease in platelet arachidonic levels occurrrd, irrespective of whether the patient had atherosclerosis or not.", "contents": "[Platelets fatty acid variation in patients with atherosclerosis (author's transl)]. Plasma linoleic acid levels were found to be low in the atherosclerosis patients investigated. In contrast, platelet arachidonic acid levels were decreased only when atherosclerosis was combined with diabetes or mixed hyperlipidemia. In acute vascular thrombosis, a marked decrease in platelet arachidonic levels occurrrd, irrespective of whether the patient had atherosclerosis or not."}
{"id": "PMID:890995", "title": "Subcellular progesterone in human myometrium during late pregnancy.", "content": "Samples of myometrium were obtained from twenty-two patients undergoing caesarian sections for various obstetric indications. The myometrium was homogenized and divided into four subcellular fractions (crude nuclear, mitochondrial, microsomal and cytosol). The concentration of endogenous progesterone in these fractions was determined by radioimmunoassay. In addition the concentration of oestrone and oestradiol of fifteen cytosolic fractions was determined. The subcellular concentration of progesterone (pg/mg protein) in human myometrium was higher in samples taken during labour than in samples taken at elective caesarian sections. This finding was statistically significant in the crude nuclear (P less than 0.005) and the microsomal (P less than 0.05) fractions. The absolute concentration of progesterone was lowest in the nuclear and highest in the microsomal fraction. The relative progesterone concentrations in the four subcellular fractions were the same in both groups. The data show that there is no significant decrease in myometrial progesterone associated with labour in man. The mean concentration of oestrone was higher than the mean oestradiol concentration in the cytosol fraction of human myometrium in late pregnancy. This study shows that a completely different oestrogen ratio exists in myometrium than in plasma.", "contents": "Subcellular progesterone in human myometrium during late pregnancy. Samples of myometrium were obtained from twenty-two patients undergoing caesarian sections for various obstetric indications. The myometrium was homogenized and divided into four subcellular fractions (crude nuclear, mitochondrial, microsomal and cytosol). The concentration of endogenous progesterone in these fractions was determined by radioimmunoassay. In addition the concentration of oestrone and oestradiol of fifteen cytosolic fractions was determined. The subcellular concentration of progesterone (pg/mg protein) in human myometrium was higher in samples taken during labour than in samples taken at elective caesarian sections. This finding was statistically significant in the crude nuclear (P less than 0.005) and the microsomal (P less than 0.05) fractions. The absolute concentration of progesterone was lowest in the nuclear and highest in the microsomal fraction. The relative progesterone concentrations in the four subcellular fractions were the same in both groups. The data show that there is no significant decrease in myometrial progesterone associated with labour in man. The mean concentration of oestrone was higher than the mean oestradiol concentration in the cytosol fraction of human myometrium in late pregnancy. This study shows that a completely different oestrogen ratio exists in myometrium than in plasma."}
{"id": "PMID:890996", "title": "The toxic effect of small iodine supplements in patients with autonomous thyroid nodules.", "content": "In sixteen cases of toxic adenoma of the thyroid (autonomous hot nodule with complete suppression of the surrounding normal parenchyma) potassium iodide was given in doses of 100 microgram/day for one week, 200 microgram/day for another and 400 microgram/day for a third week. There was a progressive increase in the serum T4 level. Serum T3 also increased, although this was significant only after the first week. Serum TSH was undetectable throughout the entire period of the study. This metabolic pattern is different from the response seen in cases of nontoxic endemic goitre, where small iodine supplements induce an increase in serum T4 but a decrease in serum T3. Furthermore, the present results may explain the phenomenon of iodine-induced or iodine-precipitated hyperthyroidism (Jod-Basedow) when patients with autonomous thyroid are presented with a high iodine intake. In contrast to the results obtained with small iodide doses, two other cases treated with large pharmacological doses of iodide showed a decrease in both serum T4 and serum T3. It is concluded that the physician should be aware of the possibility of precipitating or aggravating thyrotoxicosis in patients with an autonomous hot nodule by increasing their intake of iodine.", "contents": "The toxic effect of small iodine supplements in patients with autonomous thyroid nodules. In sixteen cases of toxic adenoma of the thyroid (autonomous hot nodule with complete suppression of the surrounding normal parenchyma) potassium iodide was given in doses of 100 microgram/day for one week, 200 microgram/day for another and 400 microgram/day for a third week. There was a progressive increase in the serum T4 level. Serum T3 also increased, although this was significant only after the first week. Serum TSH was undetectable throughout the entire period of the study. This metabolic pattern is different from the response seen in cases of nontoxic endemic goitre, where small iodine supplements induce an increase in serum T4 but a decrease in serum T3. Furthermore, the present results may explain the phenomenon of iodine-induced or iodine-precipitated hyperthyroidism (Jod-Basedow) when patients with autonomous thyroid are presented with a high iodine intake. In contrast to the results obtained with small iodide doses, two other cases treated with large pharmacological doses of iodide showed a decrease in both serum T4 and serum T3. It is concluded that the physician should be aware of the possibility of precipitating or aggravating thyrotoxicosis in patients with an autonomous hot nodule by increasing their intake of iodine."}
{"id": "PMID:890997", "title": "Male pseudohermaphroditism due to partial end-organ insensitivity to androgens.", "content": "A 46XY individual with incomplete male pseudohermaphroditism was studied. The phenotype was distinctive, with a masculine habitus despite a small phallus, gynaecomastia and diminished virilization. Plasma levels of testosterone, oestrogens, gonadotrophins and sex-hormone binding globulin were elevated. It is proposed that this syndrome is a variant of Type I incomplete male pseudohermaphroditism.", "contents": "Male pseudohermaphroditism due to partial end-organ insensitivity to androgens. A 46XY individual with incomplete male pseudohermaphroditism was studied. The phenotype was distinctive, with a masculine habitus despite a small phallus, gynaecomastia and diminished virilization. Plasma levels of testosterone, oestrogens, gonadotrophins and sex-hormone binding globulin were elevated. It is proposed that this syndrome is a variant of Type I incomplete male pseudohermaphroditism."}
{"id": "PMID:890998", "title": "Triglyceride fatty acids confirm a change in dietary fat.", "content": "The pattern of triglyceride fatty acids has been shown to alter rapidly when normalipaemic individuals eating a normal 'western' diet rich in saturated fats were changed to a diet low in cholesterol and high in polyunsaturated fats. The proportion of triglyceride linoleate was used to monitor the adherence to dietary advice of eleven primary hypercholesterolaemic patients (Type II) presenting to a lipid clinic. Patients adhering to diet showed a fall in serum cholesterol and a rise in triglyceride linoleate; recalcitrant patients showed little change. The estimation of triglyceride linoleate may be an important adjunct to clinical judgement in assessing dietary resistance before resource to drug therapy in hypercholesterolaemic patients.", "contents": "Triglyceride fatty acids confirm a change in dietary fat. The pattern of triglyceride fatty acids has been shown to alter rapidly when normalipaemic individuals eating a normal 'western' diet rich in saturated fats were changed to a diet low in cholesterol and high in polyunsaturated fats. The proportion of triglyceride linoleate was used to monitor the adherence to dietary advice of eleven primary hypercholesterolaemic patients (Type II) presenting to a lipid clinic. Patients adhering to diet showed a fall in serum cholesterol and a rise in triglyceride linoleate; recalcitrant patients showed little change. The estimation of triglyceride linoleate may be an important adjunct to clinical judgement in assessing dietary resistance before resource to drug therapy in hypercholesterolaemic patients."}
{"id": "PMID:890999", "title": "Amiloride in the treatment of primary hyperaldosteronism and essential hypertension.", "content": "Amiloride (40 mg/day) was given to nineteen patients with primary hyperaldosteronism. There were significant falls in systolic and diastolic blood pressure, in total exchangeable sodium, and in serum sodium sodium and bicarbonate; while total exchangeable potassium, total body potassium, serum potassium, chloride and urea, and plasma renin, angiotensin II and aldosterone all increased significantly. Amiloride was effective in reducing blood pressure in patients with and without adrenocortical adenoma. No carry-over effect was seen on withdrawing amiloride. Similar changes were associated with amiloride treatment in five patients with essential hypertension; hyperkalaemia was not observed. Only negligible side-effects were encountered in the entire series of twenty-four patients.", "contents": "Amiloride in the treatment of primary hyperaldosteronism and essential hypertension. Amiloride (40 mg/day) was given to nineteen patients with primary hyperaldosteronism. There were significant falls in systolic and diastolic blood pressure, in total exchangeable sodium, and in serum sodium sodium and bicarbonate; while total exchangeable potassium, total body potassium, serum potassium, chloride and urea, and plasma renin, angiotensin II and aldosterone all increased significantly. Amiloride was effective in reducing blood pressure in patients with and without adrenocortical adenoma. No carry-over effect was seen on withdrawing amiloride. Similar changes were associated with amiloride treatment in five patients with essential hypertension; hyperkalaemia was not observed. Only negligible side-effects were encountered in the entire series of twenty-four patients."}
{"id": "PMID:891000", "title": "The thyroidal production of reverse triiodothyronine in autonomous adenoma.", "content": "The ratios of reverse triiodothyronine (rT3) to triiodothyronine (T3) concentrations were similar (0.89 +/- 0.09) in twenty-three autonomous thyroid nodules (fourteen decompensated, nine compensated) and paranodular tissues (0.82 +/- 0.08), whereas the serum ratio was significantly lower (0.098 +/- 0.014). This is compatible with the hypothesis that thyroidal rT3 and T3 production from mono- and diiodotyrosine may be a random process in contrast to non-random extrathyroidal rT3 and T3 formation.", "contents": "The thyroidal production of reverse triiodothyronine in autonomous adenoma. The ratios of reverse triiodothyronine (rT3) to triiodothyronine (T3) concentrations were similar (0.89 +/- 0.09) in twenty-three autonomous thyroid nodules (fourteen decompensated, nine compensated) and paranodular tissues (0.82 +/- 0.08), whereas the serum ratio was significantly lower (0.098 +/- 0.014). This is compatible with the hypothesis that thyroidal rT3 and T3 production from mono- and diiodotyrosine may be a random process in contrast to non-random extrathyroidal rT3 and T3 formation."}
{"id": "PMID:891001", "title": "Circadian rhythm of plasma corticosteroids in heroin dependent subjects.", "content": "The circadian rhythm of corticosteroid secretion was investigated in six heroin dependent subjects by measuring plasma corticosteroids at 09.00 hours and 24.00 hours. All results were within the normal range and it seems unlikely that chronic heroin dependence affects the hypothalamic control of corticosteroid secretion.", "contents": "Circadian rhythm of plasma corticosteroids in heroin dependent subjects. The circadian rhythm of corticosteroid secretion was investigated in six heroin dependent subjects by measuring plasma corticosteroids at 09.00 hours and 24.00 hours. All results were within the normal range and it seems unlikely that chronic heroin dependence affects the hypothalamic control of corticosteroid secretion."}
{"id": "PMID:891002", "title": "The development of a radioimmunoassay for the measurement of human plasma arginine vasopressin.", "content": "A radioimmunoassay for AVP capable of measuring human plasma AVP is described. Iodination was performed by the chloramine T method and purified by chromatography on Sephadex G-25. Specific activity of 125I-AVP was 1710 +/- 155 Ci/mmol. Antiserum of high affinity (Keq = 2.7 X 10(11) 1/mol) has been raised in rabbits, which shows slight cross-reactivity with LVP and negligible reactivity with oxytocin. The aqueous assay is capable of detecting 0.4 fmol of AVP/tube and it is highly reproducible. A F lorisil extraction technique is described in detail and gives recovery of 70% of synthetic AVP added to plasma over a wide physiological range. The lowest detectable concentration of plasma AVP is 0.3 pmol/l. The method has been validated by studying changes in plasma AVP concentration following overnight dehydration (plasma AVP =3.46 +/- 1.89 (SD) pmol/l), and water loading (plasma AVP = 1.54 +/- 0.59 pmol/l), P less than 0.005, in normal subjects. A highly significant positive correlation has been found between plasma AVP and plasma osmolality (r =+0.75). Plasma AVP concentration has also been determined in patients with DI and the syndrome of inappropriate ADH secretion. No effect was found on the level of plasma AVP in normally hydrated volunteers undergoing postural change but levels rose following strenuous exercise from basal concentrations of 1.57 +/- 0.59 pmol/l to 4.77 +/- 3.43 pmol/l, P less than 0.01.", "contents": "The development of a radioimmunoassay for the measurement of human plasma arginine vasopressin. A radioimmunoassay for AVP capable of measuring human plasma AVP is described. Iodination was performed by the chloramine T method and purified by chromatography on Sephadex G-25. Specific activity of 125I-AVP was 1710 +/- 155 Ci/mmol. Antiserum of high affinity (Keq = 2.7 X 10(11) 1/mol) has been raised in rabbits, which shows slight cross-reactivity with LVP and negligible reactivity with oxytocin. The aqueous assay is capable of detecting 0.4 fmol of AVP/tube and it is highly reproducible. A F lorisil extraction technique is described in detail and gives recovery of 70% of synthetic AVP added to plasma over a wide physiological range. The lowest detectable concentration of plasma AVP is 0.3 pmol/l. The method has been validated by studying changes in plasma AVP concentration following overnight dehydration (plasma AVP =3.46 +/- 1.89 (SD) pmol/l), and water loading (plasma AVP = 1.54 +/- 0.59 pmol/l), P less than 0.005, in normal subjects. A highly significant positive correlation has been found between plasma AVP and plasma osmolality (r =+0.75). Plasma AVP concentration has also been determined in patients with DI and the syndrome of inappropriate ADH secretion. No effect was found on the level of plasma AVP in normally hydrated volunteers undergoing postural change but levels rose following strenuous exercise from basal concentrations of 1.57 +/- 0.59 pmol/l to 4.77 +/- 3.43 pmol/l, P less than 0.01."}
{"id": "PMID:891004", "title": "Chromosomal anomalies in patients with retinoblastoma.", "content": "Karyotypes from 50 persons with retinoblastoma confirmed by histopathological examination were studied by conventional staining and Giemsa-banding techniques. Two chromosomal anomalies were found. An interstitial deletion of the long arm of No. 13 chromosome was identified by Giemsa-banding in the karyotypes from a boy with unilateral retinoblastoma. Another boy with unilateral tumor had a karyotype of 47,XXY. These findings provide additional evidence that a deletion of chromosome No. 13, most likely involving band 13q14, is associated with the development of retinoblastoma. In conjunction with other reports, our findings also suggest that retinoblastoma may be found more frequently in children with chromosomal aneuploidy.", "contents": "Chromosomal anomalies in patients with retinoblastoma. Karyotypes from 50 persons with retinoblastoma confirmed by histopathological examination were studied by conventional staining and Giemsa-banding techniques. Two chromosomal anomalies were found. An interstitial deletion of the long arm of No. 13 chromosome was identified by Giemsa-banding in the karyotypes from a boy with unilateral retinoblastoma. Another boy with unilateral tumor had a karyotype of 47,XXY. These findings provide additional evidence that a deletion of chromosome No. 13, most likely involving band 13q14, is associated with the development of retinoblastoma. In conjunction with other reports, our findings also suggest that retinoblastoma may be found more frequently in children with chromosomal aneuploidy."}
{"id": "PMID:891005", "title": "Tricho-dento-osseous syndrome: a scanning electron microscopic analysis.", "content": "A large kindred of which multiple members have the Tricho-dento-osseous syndrome is presented. This is an autosomal dominant disorder characterized by defective enamel, taurodontia, unusually curly hair and occasionally mild to moderate skeletal osteosclerosis. Histologic investigation of teeth (by both LM and SEM) demonstrated that there is a uniformly thin enamel covering with randomly distributed depression and pits. The mineral content of this enamel is closer to that of the underlying dentin, which accounts for its lack of radiographic contrast. The dentin was normal. A bizarre finding is that of a periradicular sheath or membrane that enclosed the open apices and extended partway up the root. It was composed of collagen fiber bundles. The anatomical position of this membrane suggested that it may represent the developing peridontal ligament seen in early tooth formation. Recent embryologic evidence provides support for mesenchymal culpability for all reported features of the syndrome.", "contents": "Tricho-dento-osseous syndrome: a scanning electron microscopic analysis. A large kindred of which multiple members have the Tricho-dento-osseous syndrome is presented. This is an autosomal dominant disorder characterized by defective enamel, taurodontia, unusually curly hair and occasionally mild to moderate skeletal osteosclerosis. Histologic investigation of teeth (by both LM and SEM) demonstrated that there is a uniformly thin enamel covering with randomly distributed depression and pits. The mineral content of this enamel is closer to that of the underlying dentin, which accounts for its lack of radiographic contrast. The dentin was normal. A bizarre finding is that of a periradicular sheath or membrane that enclosed the open apices and extended partway up the root. It was composed of collagen fiber bundles. The anatomical position of this membrane suggested that it may represent the developing peridontal ligament seen in early tooth formation. Recent embryologic evidence provides support for mesenchymal culpability for all reported features of the syndrome."}
{"id": "PMID:891006", "title": "Dermatoglyphic patterns in trisomy 8 syndrome.", "content": "Up to the present, 38 cases of trisomy 8 have been found. As most of the patients showed mosaicism, the clinical picture is variable and it seems possible that some mosaics will not be detected by the usual cytogenetic examination of blood cultures. We therefore examined the dermatoglyphics of our own case and compared the results with the findings in the other cases reported in the literature, in order to establish a typical dermatoglyphic pattern in trisomy 8 which might be useful in diagnosis. All patients exhibited several unusual dermatoglyphics, including: a low TFRC (x=96.06), high palmar (92.9%) and plantar (100%) pattern intensity, a distally placed axial triradius (62.5%), loop with accessory triradius in an interdigital area (91.7%), thenar (68.2%) and hypothenar (50.0%) patterns, simian crease (47.1%), bilateral arches on the great toes (88.9%) and hallucal-whorl (72.2%). A distinctive feature was the presence of zygodactylous triradii z, z' and z'' (100%) on the soles of the feet, and deep skin furrows on the palms and soles (68.2%). This combination of dermatoglyphic features appears to be characteristic for the trisomy 8 syndrome.", "contents": "Dermatoglyphic patterns in trisomy 8 syndrome. Up to the present, 38 cases of trisomy 8 have been found. As most of the patients showed mosaicism, the clinical picture is variable and it seems possible that some mosaics will not be detected by the usual cytogenetic examination of blood cultures. We therefore examined the dermatoglyphics of our own case and compared the results with the findings in the other cases reported in the literature, in order to establish a typical dermatoglyphic pattern in trisomy 8 which might be useful in diagnosis. All patients exhibited several unusual dermatoglyphics, including: a low TFRC (x=96.06), high palmar (92.9%) and plantar (100%) pattern intensity, a distally placed axial triradius (62.5%), loop with accessory triradius in an interdigital area (91.7%), thenar (68.2%) and hypothenar (50.0%) patterns, simian crease (47.1%), bilateral arches on the great toes (88.9%) and hallucal-whorl (72.2%). A distinctive feature was the presence of zygodactylous triradii z, z' and z'' (100%) on the soles of the feet, and deep skin furrows on the palms and soles (68.2%). This combination of dermatoglyphic features appears to be characteristic for the trisomy 8 syndrome."}
{"id": "PMID:891007", "title": "Familial occurrence of chromosome variant 17ph+.", "content": "A structural chromosome variant 17ph+ was found in a high genetic risk family. The authors consider the possibility of a causal connection between minor structural changes in the karyotype and congenital defects appearing in one member of the family.", "contents": "Familial occurrence of chromosome variant 17ph+. A structural chromosome variant 17ph+ was found in a high genetic risk family. The authors consider the possibility of a causal connection between minor structural changes in the karyotype and congenital defects appearing in one member of the family."}
{"id": "PMID:891008", "title": "Linking of medical records to form pedigrees.", "content": "The human pedigree provides a highly organized representation of historical family morbidity. In order to allow for careful analysis of large numbers of pedigrees, we have developed an interactive computer system for their storage, retrieval and statistical review. The system is capable of integration with our computerized medical record through the use of a common classification (ICHPPC) for patient morbidity. This linkage of pedigrees to clinical data may allow a richer utilization of the clinical experience within Family Practice for the support of research into disease patterns within the family.", "contents": "Linking of medical records to form pedigrees. The human pedigree provides a highly organized representation of historical family morbidity. In order to allow for careful analysis of large numbers of pedigrees, we have developed an interactive computer system for their storage, retrieval and statistical review. The system is capable of integration with our computerized medical record through the use of a common classification (ICHPPC) for patient morbidity. This linkage of pedigrees to clinical data may allow a richer utilization of the clinical experience within Family Practice for the support of research into disease patterns within the family."}
{"id": "PMID:891009", "title": "Partial trisomy 22: a recognizable syndrome.", "content": "A patient identified as being a partial trisomy 22 mosaic is presented. The presence of a translocation t(4;22) (pter;q12) is noted in the mother, sister and maternal aunt. Comparison is made with nine other reported cases of partial trisomy 22 confirmed by parental translocation. These suggest a definite syndrome, including mental retardation, congenital heart disease, skeletal anomalies, anti-mongoloid slant of the palpebral fissures, preauricular skin tags and low-set ears.", "contents": "Partial trisomy 22: a recognizable syndrome. A patient identified as being a partial trisomy 22 mosaic is presented. The presence of a translocation t(4;22) (pter;q12) is noted in the mother, sister and maternal aunt. Comparison is made with nine other reported cases of partial trisomy 22 confirmed by parental translocation. These suggest a definite syndrome, including mental retardation, congenital heart disease, skeletal anomalies, anti-mongoloid slant of the palpebral fissures, preauricular skin tags and low-set ears."}
{"id": "PMID:891011", "title": "Distribution patterns of satellite associations in human lymphocytes relative to age and sex.", "content": "Using ammoniacal silver for differential staining of satellites, associations from 1,668 human metaphases were studied from lymphocyte cultures of 167 normal individuals and were correlated with age and sex. There is a peak in satellite association frequency up to age 20 years in males and to 25 in females. With older ages there is a decline in association frequencies. No associations with four or more chromosomes were found in newborns. Furthermore, association in newborns, as well as in individuals older than 50 years, are significantly low compared to in-between age groups. Females have a higher frequency of satellite associations than males between the ages of 3 and 50 years. Typically, females have greater multiple associations, while males have more single associations. Randomness or non-randomness of occurrence of associations fluctuates for different age groups within and between the two sexes.", "contents": "Distribution patterns of satellite associations in human lymphocytes relative to age and sex. Using ammoniacal silver for differential staining of satellites, associations from 1,668 human metaphases were studied from lymphocyte cultures of 167 normal individuals and were correlated with age and sex. There is a peak in satellite association frequency up to age 20 years in males and to 25 in females. With older ages there is a decline in association frequencies. No associations with four or more chromosomes were found in newborns. Furthermore, association in newborns, as well as in individuals older than 50 years, are significantly low compared to in-between age groups. Females have a higher frequency of satellite associations than males between the ages of 3 and 50 years. Typically, females have greater multiple associations, while males have more single associations. Randomness or non-randomness of occurrence of associations fluctuates for different age groups within and between the two sexes."}
{"id": "PMID:891012", "title": "Insertional translocation into the X chromosome of a 46,XY male.", "content": "A baby boy with multiple congenital anomalies and low birth weight has an apparent de novo insertional translocation into the long arm of his only X chromosome. The origin of the translocated material is not evident and both cytogenetic and X-linked marker studies do not indicate any loss of genetic material from the X chromosome. His findings are compared with other males who have X-translocations, none of which appear to be insertional translocations.", "contents": "Insertional translocation into the X chromosome of a 46,XY male. A baby boy with multiple congenital anomalies and low birth weight has an apparent de novo insertional translocation into the long arm of his only X chromosome. The origin of the translocated material is not evident and both cytogenetic and X-linked marker studies do not indicate any loss of genetic material from the X chromosome. His findings are compared with other males who have X-translocations, none of which appear to be insertional translocations."}
{"id": "PMID:891013", "title": "Linkage analysis with misclassification at one locus.", "content": "It is demonstrated that in linkage analyses with a misclassification error p of the phenotypes at one locus, a wrong specification of p leads to a bias in the estimate of the recombination fraction. In particular, if p is not taken into account at all in the analysis, the recombination fraction is overestimated. This is shown for offspring of phase-known double backcross matings. In the light of these results, the possible effects of dichtomization of quantitative phenotypes are discussed and illustrated with an example of the linkage between hypercholesterolemia and C3.", "contents": "Linkage analysis with misclassification at one locus. It is demonstrated that in linkage analyses with a misclassification error p of the phenotypes at one locus, a wrong specification of p leads to a bias in the estimate of the recombination fraction. In particular, if p is not taken into account at all in the analysis, the recombination fraction is overestimated. This is shown for offspring of phase-known double backcross matings. In the light of these results, the possible effects of dichtomization of quantitative phenotypes are discussed and illustrated with an example of the linkage between hypercholesterolemia and C3."}
{"id": "PMID:891015", "title": "An autosomal dominant midline cleft syndrome resembling familial holoprosencephaly.", "content": "We have detected a previously unrecognized autosomal dominant syndrome characterized by: mental retardation, microcephaly; craniofacial anomalies including cleft lip and anterior cleft palate, hypotelorism and antimongoloid slant; skeletal anomalies, notably of the foot and spine; and chronic constipation. Despite similarities to familial holoprosencephaly, this disorder appears to be a distinct entity. Incomplete penetrance and variable expressivity accompany transmission of the abnormal allele through four generations of a large kindred. Three of the four affected males survived past 20 years of age; the fourth is an infant. All three affected females died very early in infancy.", "contents": "An autosomal dominant midline cleft syndrome resembling familial holoprosencephaly. We have detected a previously unrecognized autosomal dominant syndrome characterized by: mental retardation, microcephaly; craniofacial anomalies including cleft lip and anterior cleft palate, hypotelorism and antimongoloid slant; skeletal anomalies, notably of the foot and spine; and chronic constipation. Despite similarities to familial holoprosencephaly, this disorder appears to be a distinct entity. Incomplete penetrance and variable expressivity accompany transmission of the abnormal allele through four generations of a large kindred. Three of the four affected males survived past 20 years of age; the fourth is an infant. All three affected females died very early in infancy."}
{"id": "PMID:891017", "title": "Bloom's syndrome in two Dutch families.", "content": "The clinical and cytogenetic data are presented of four children with Bloom's syndrome, who belong to two unrelated Dutch families. The patients showed, in varying degrees, the clinical features most characteristic of the syndrome: stunted growth; telangiectatic facial erythema; sun-sensitivity of the skin; and decreased immuno-competence. In one child the skin lesions were only minor and the diagnosis would probably not have been made if her sib had not been recognized as having Bloom's syndrome. The cytogenetic characteristics of the syndrome were present in all patients. Each showed a high number of chromosomal aberrations and numerous sister-chromatid exchanges per cell.", "contents": "Bloom's syndrome in two Dutch families. The clinical and cytogenetic data are presented of four children with Bloom's syndrome, who belong to two unrelated Dutch families. The patients showed, in varying degrees, the clinical features most characteristic of the syndrome: stunted growth; telangiectatic facial erythema; sun-sensitivity of the skin; and decreased immuno-competence. In one child the skin lesions were only minor and the diagnosis would probably not have been made if her sib had not been recognized as having Bloom's syndrome. The cytogenetic characteristics of the syndrome were present in all patients. Each showed a high number of chromosomal aberrations and numerous sister-chromatid exchanges per cell."}
{"id": "PMID:891019", "title": "Autoimmunity in the relatives of patients with immunodeficiency diseases.", "content": "Autoimmune disorders are reportedly more frequent than expected in immunodeficient patients and in their relatives. The hypothesis that genetic factors related to immunodeficiency may predispose to the development of autoimmunity was studied in relatives of patients with variable immunodeficiency (VID), ataxia-telangiectasia (A-T), or X-linked infantile agammaglobulinaemia (X-LA). Close relatives of patients with VID or A-T had thyroid and gastric autoantibodies significantly more frequently than did control subjects. No abnormalities were detected in unaffected relatives of X-LA patients. The increased incidence of organ-specific autoantibodies in close relatives of VID patients was confined to those families with more than one member with immunodeficiency. These data suggest that there are at least two forms of VID, one of which is associated with familial autoimmunity. It is postulated that heterozygous carriers of the A-T gene and persons with genes involved in the development of VID may exhibit T-lymphocyte dysfunction which predisposes them to autoimmunity.", "contents": "Autoimmunity in the relatives of patients with immunodeficiency diseases. Autoimmune disorders are reportedly more frequent than expected in immunodeficient patients and in their relatives. The hypothesis that genetic factors related to immunodeficiency may predispose to the development of autoimmunity was studied in relatives of patients with variable immunodeficiency (VID), ataxia-telangiectasia (A-T), or X-linked infantile agammaglobulinaemia (X-LA). Close relatives of patients with VID or A-T had thyroid and gastric autoantibodies significantly more frequently than did control subjects. No abnormalities were detected in unaffected relatives of X-LA patients. The increased incidence of organ-specific autoantibodies in close relatives of VID patients was confined to those families with more than one member with immunodeficiency. These data suggest that there are at least two forms of VID, one of which is associated with familial autoimmunity. It is postulated that heterozygous carriers of the A-T gene and persons with genes involved in the development of VID may exhibit T-lymphocyte dysfunction which predisposes them to autoimmunity."}
{"id": "PMID:891020", "title": "Adverse reactions to nitrofurantoin in relation to cellular and humoral immune responses.", "content": "Eighteen patients showing hypersensitivity to nitrofurantoin with symptoms like sudden fever, malaise, cough, pleuritis, leucocytosis and sometimes eosinophilia were analysed for immune reactions, i.e. lymphocyte transformation and specific antibodies. In addition, thirty-three individuals treated with the drug but with no clinical signs of the described reactions were included as controls. The lymphocyte transformation test (LTT) was found positive in ten out of the eighteen sensitive patients while one to three out of fourteen tested control patients were positive, depending on test conditions. An incubation period of 4 days in culture medium supplemented with autologous serum gave stimulation to a greater extent than did isologous serum and/or incubation for 6 days. The antibody determinations, with the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), showed no IgE antibodies to nitrofurantoin in any of the patients. In contrast, most of the hypersensitive and even the control patients had specific IgG antibodies. The mean value of the antibodies of the sensitive group was higher than of the control group, but considerable overlapping between the groups was noted. In adverse reactions to nitrofurantoin a positive LTT and/or a high antibody titre to the drug favours an allergic mechanism and contributes to a more reliable diagnosis.", "contents": "Adverse reactions to nitrofurantoin in relation to cellular and humoral immune responses. Eighteen patients showing hypersensitivity to nitrofurantoin with symptoms like sudden fever, malaise, cough, pleuritis, leucocytosis and sometimes eosinophilia were analysed for immune reactions, i.e. lymphocyte transformation and specific antibodies. In addition, thirty-three individuals treated with the drug but with no clinical signs of the described reactions were included as controls. The lymphocyte transformation test (LTT) was found positive in ten out of the eighteen sensitive patients while one to three out of fourteen tested control patients were positive, depending on test conditions. An incubation period of 4 days in culture medium supplemented with autologous serum gave stimulation to a greater extent than did isologous serum and/or incubation for 6 days. The antibody determinations, with the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), showed no IgE antibodies to nitrofurantoin in any of the patients. In contrast, most of the hypersensitive and even the control patients had specific IgG antibodies. The mean value of the antibodies of the sensitive group was higher than of the control group, but considerable overlapping between the groups was noted. In adverse reactions to nitrofurantoin a positive LTT and/or a high antibody titre to the drug favours an allergic mechanism and contributes to a more reliable diagnosis."}
{"id": "PMID:891022", "title": "Comparison of allergic aspermatogenesis with that induced by vasectomy. II. In vitro studies of cell-mediated immunity to sperm after vasectomy in man and guinea-pig.", "content": "Transformation of peripheral blood leucocytes was shown to be a valid assay for cell-mediated immunity to sperm in male guinea-pigs immunized with homologous epididymal sperm (ES) in FCA. A heat-treated extract of ES (BES) was used for culture. Possible developement of cell-mediated immunity to sperm after vasectomy was investigated in patients and guinea-pigs, by culture of blood leucocytes before and at intervals after operation. Patients' leucocytes were cultured with a heat-treated extract of human seminal sperm (BHS); guinea-pigs' leucocytes were cultured with BES. These cultures showed no evidence of specific stimulation of leucocytes by sperm extract, up to 1 year after vasectomy in patients, or up to 6 months in guinea-pigs. Similarly, no evidence of delayed hypersensitivity could be demonstrated by skin tests with BES in animals vasectomized 1 year previously. We consider that this study establishes that cell-mediated immunity to sperm does not develop in either man or guinea-pigs, up to 1 year after conventional vasectomy.", "contents": "Comparison of allergic aspermatogenesis with that induced by vasectomy. II. In vitro studies of cell-mediated immunity to sperm after vasectomy in man and guinea-pig. Transformation of peripheral blood leucocytes was shown to be a valid assay for cell-mediated immunity to sperm in male guinea-pigs immunized with homologous epididymal sperm (ES) in FCA. A heat-treated extract of ES (BES) was used for culture. Possible developement of cell-mediated immunity to sperm after vasectomy was investigated in patients and guinea-pigs, by culture of blood leucocytes before and at intervals after operation. Patients' leucocytes were cultured with a heat-treated extract of human seminal sperm (BHS); guinea-pigs' leucocytes were cultured with BES. These cultures showed no evidence of specific stimulation of leucocytes by sperm extract, up to 1 year after vasectomy in patients, or up to 6 months in guinea-pigs. Similarly, no evidence of delayed hypersensitivity could be demonstrated by skin tests with BES in animals vasectomized 1 year previously. We consider that this study establishes that cell-mediated immunity to sperm does not develop in either man or guinea-pigs, up to 1 year after conventional vasectomy."}
{"id": "PMID:891023", "title": "DNA-synthesizing cells in the blood in coeliac disease and inflammatory bowel disease.", "content": "The level of 3H-labelled thymidine ([3H]TdR) incorporation of blood cells of patients with coeliac disease was shown in two separate studies to be significantly lower than that of a normal control group. In the first study the 'background' DNA synthesis in unstimulated cultures containing a standard number of blood lymphocytes was measured on days 4, 5 and 6. In the second study a standard volume of freshly drawn whole blood was added to culture medium and the [3H]TdR incorporation measured over the first 24 hr and from 48 to 72 hr. In all cases the [3H]TdR incorporation of cells of coeliac patients on a normal or a gluten-free diet was lower than that of the control group. It is suggested that sequestration of DNA-synthesizing cells in the mucosa of the small bowel may partly explain these results. In whole-blood cultures from patients with inflammatory bowel disease in remission [3H]TdR incorporation over the first 24 hr was raised in Crohn's disease but normal in ulcerative colitis.", "contents": "DNA-synthesizing cells in the blood in coeliac disease and inflammatory bowel disease. The level of 3H-labelled thymidine ([3H]TdR) incorporation of blood cells of patients with coeliac disease was shown in two separate studies to be significantly lower than that of a normal control group. In the first study the 'background' DNA synthesis in unstimulated cultures containing a standard number of blood lymphocytes was measured on days 4, 5 and 6. In the second study a standard volume of freshly drawn whole blood was added to culture medium and the [3H]TdR incorporation measured over the first 24 hr and from 48 to 72 hr. In all cases the [3H]TdR incorporation of cells of coeliac patients on a normal or a gluten-free diet was lower than that of the control group. It is suggested that sequestration of DNA-synthesizing cells in the mucosa of the small bowel may partly explain these results. In whole-blood cultures from patients with inflammatory bowel disease in remission [3H]TdR incorporation over the first 24 hr was raised in Crohn's disease but normal in ulcerative colitis."}
{"id": "PMID:891024", "title": "C3 metabolism in ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease.", "content": "The metabolism of the third component of complement (C3) has been investigated in four patients with ulcerative colitis, three patients with Crohn's disease and seven control subjects, using radioiodinated C3 prepared from fresh human plasma. Both the fractional catabolic rate and synthesis rate of C3 were increased in the patients with inflammatory bowel disease, although the serum-C3 levels were normal or raised. The results suggest that complement activation may play a role in the pathogenesis of mucosal inflammation in these diseases.", "contents": "C3 metabolism in ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease. The metabolism of the third component of complement (C3) has been investigated in four patients with ulcerative colitis, three patients with Crohn's disease and seven control subjects, using radioiodinated C3 prepared from fresh human plasma. Both the fractional catabolic rate and synthesis rate of C3 were increased in the patients with inflammatory bowel disease, although the serum-C3 levels were normal or raised. The results suggest that complement activation may play a role in the pathogenesis of mucosal inflammation in these diseases."}
{"id": "PMID:891025", "title": "Acute hepatitis: significance of changes in complement components.", "content": "Serial measurements of complement components were performed in fifty-nine patients with acute, uncomplicated hepatitis and twelve with alcoholic cirrhosis. Thirty-one of the former group had detectable hepatitis B antigen. Abnormal complement profiles were observed in nine patients with hepatitis B and seven with antigen-negative hepatitis. Low levels of C4, C3 and factor B were common in the subjects with cirrhosis and confined to those cases with severe reduction in serum albumin and/or prothrombin index. By contrast, the complement changes in the patients with hepatitis occurred without significant alteration in these parameters; certain subjects also had reduction in C1q and C5 and a significant number had C3d detectable in fresh plasma. The pattern of abnormality suggests predominant involvement of the classical pathway and it is concluded that this results, at least in part, from an immune process evident only in the early clinical phase of hepatitis. Such gross changes in complement are likely to reflect immune-complex activity and it is proposed that these complexes may be important in the clearance of virus material. The data supports a previous suggestion that recovery from acute hepatitis is primarily dependent on host immune competence rather than viral cytotoxicity or generation of immune complexes.", "contents": "Acute hepatitis: significance of changes in complement components. Serial measurements of complement components were performed in fifty-nine patients with acute, uncomplicated hepatitis and twelve with alcoholic cirrhosis. Thirty-one of the former group had detectable hepatitis B antigen. Abnormal complement profiles were observed in nine patients with hepatitis B and seven with antigen-negative hepatitis. Low levels of C4, C3 and factor B were common in the subjects with cirrhosis and confined to those cases with severe reduction in serum albumin and/or prothrombin index. By contrast, the complement changes in the patients with hepatitis occurred without significant alteration in these parameters; certain subjects also had reduction in C1q and C5 and a significant number had C3d detectable in fresh plasma. The pattern of abnormality suggests predominant involvement of the classical pathway and it is concluded that this results, at least in part, from an immune process evident only in the early clinical phase of hepatitis. Such gross changes in complement are likely to reflect immune-complex activity and it is proposed that these complexes may be important in the clearance of virus material. The data supports a previous suggestion that recovery from acute hepatitis is primarily dependent on host immune competence rather than viral cytotoxicity or generation of immune complexes."}
{"id": "PMID:891026", "title": "Asymmetric depression in the serum level of IgG subclasses in patients with nephrotic syndrome.", "content": "Thirty-three nephrotic patients were studied for IgG-subclass levels in matched pairs of serum and urinary specimens. Levels in the serum were compared with those found in the sera of non-nephrotic control children and normal adults. Results have shown an asymmetric depression in the serum level of certain IgG subclasses in some patients with minimal-change nephrotic syndrome, focal glomerulosclerosis, and proliferative glomerulonephritis, indicating that the urinary loss of IgG alone cannot account for the low blood levels of this immunoglobulin class in these conditions.", "contents": "Asymmetric depression in the serum level of IgG subclasses in patients with nephrotic syndrome. Thirty-three nephrotic patients were studied for IgG-subclass levels in matched pairs of serum and urinary specimens. Levels in the serum were compared with those found in the sera of non-nephrotic control children and normal adults. Results have shown an asymmetric depression in the serum level of certain IgG subclasses in some patients with minimal-change nephrotic syndrome, focal glomerulosclerosis, and proliferative glomerulonephritis, indicating that the urinary loss of IgG alone cannot account for the low blood levels of this immunoglobulin class in these conditions."}
{"id": "PMID:891028", "title": "Cellular immune responses to amoebic liver abcess in the guinea-pig.", "content": "Guinea-pigs infected in the liver with the Biswas strain of Entamoeba histolytica showed no dermal hypersensitivity but showed positive lymphocyte transformation and macrophage-migration inhibition. The time sequence showed an activated response at 4 days after infection, a full response at 8 days when the liver abscesses were resolving and a waning response at 12 days when the abscesses had healed.", "contents": "Cellular immune responses to amoebic liver abcess in the guinea-pig. Guinea-pigs infected in the liver with the Biswas strain of Entamoeba histolytica showed no dermal hypersensitivity but showed positive lymphocyte transformation and macrophage-migration inhibition. The time sequence showed an activated response at 4 days after infection, a full response at 8 days when the liver abscesses were resolving and a waning response at 12 days when the abscesses had healed."}
{"id": "PMID:891029", "title": "Immune adherence reactivity of rat alveolar macrophages following inhalation of crocidolite asbestos.", "content": "The immune adherence phenomenon was used to demonstrate the in vivo deposition of complement on membranes of alveolar macrophages from rats chronically exposed to crocidolite asbestos dust. Pre-treatment of macrophage cualtures with anti-C3 antiserum greatly diminished the level of immune adherence reactivity. Alveolar macrophages exposed to crocidolite asbestos in vitro did not exhibit significant levels of immune adherence reactivity. These results may reflect an in-vivo antigen-antibody-complement interaction on the surface of a alveolar macrophages from animals which have inhaled asbestos dust.", "contents": "Immune adherence reactivity of rat alveolar macrophages following inhalation of crocidolite asbestos. The immune adherence phenomenon was used to demonstrate the in vivo deposition of complement on membranes of alveolar macrophages from rats chronically exposed to crocidolite asbestos dust. Pre-treatment of macrophage cualtures with anti-C3 antiserum greatly diminished the level of immune adherence reactivity. Alveolar macrophages exposed to crocidolite asbestos in vitro did not exhibit significant levels of immune adherence reactivity. These results may reflect an in-vivo antigen-antibody-complement interaction on the surface of a alveolar macrophages from animals which have inhaled asbestos dust."}
{"id": "PMID:891030", "title": "Reduced mitogenic responses in cultures of lymphocytes from newly calved cows.", "content": "The proliferative responses to stimulation with phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) in cultures of lymphocytes from newly calved and non-pregnant cattle were compared. Lymphocyte cultures from newly calved cows were seen to respond less to PHA than cultures from the non-pregnant cows. It is suggested that this depression in responsiveness of lymphocytes in the immediate post-parturient period may be involved in the etiology of disease in cattle during the immediate post-parturient period.", "contents": "Reduced mitogenic responses in cultures of lymphocytes from newly calved cows. The proliferative responses to stimulation with phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) in cultures of lymphocytes from newly calved and non-pregnant cattle were compared. Lymphocyte cultures from newly calved cows were seen to respond less to PHA than cultures from the non-pregnant cows. It is suggested that this depression in responsiveness of lymphocytes in the immediate post-parturient period may be involved in the etiology of disease in cattle during the immediate post-parturient period."}
{"id": "PMID:891031", "title": "A radioimmunoassay for the quantitative evaluation of anti-human acetylcholine receptor antibodies in myasthenia gravis.", "content": "A radioimmunoassay was developed for the quantitative evaluation of antibodies to the acetylcholine receptor in the serum of myasthenic patients. AcChR was extracted from human muscle. A detailed preparation of the 125I-labelled alpha-Bgt-AcChR complex used as antigen is reported. Usually, an average of 20 pmol were obtained form 100 g muscle. This preparation is stable for 1 month in presence of an inhibitor of proteolysis and sufficient for performing about fifteen assays. The labelled complex was incubated with increasing amounts of sera and precipitated with anti-human IgG serum. Titres were expressed in pmol 125I-labelled alpha-Bgt-AcChR complex precipitated per ml serum. Out of thirty-nine sera tested thirty-six had positive titres ranging from 0-1-46 pmol/ml. No anti-AcChR were detected in the sera from twenty-seven patients used as controls.", "contents": "A radioimmunoassay for the quantitative evaluation of anti-human acetylcholine receptor antibodies in myasthenia gravis. A radioimmunoassay was developed for the quantitative evaluation of antibodies to the acetylcholine receptor in the serum of myasthenic patients. AcChR was extracted from human muscle. A detailed preparation of the 125I-labelled alpha-Bgt-AcChR complex used as antigen is reported. Usually, an average of 20 pmol were obtained form 100 g muscle. This preparation is stable for 1 month in presence of an inhibitor of proteolysis and sufficient for performing about fifteen assays. The labelled complex was incubated with increasing amounts of sera and precipitated with anti-human IgG serum. Titres were expressed in pmol 125I-labelled alpha-Bgt-AcChR complex precipitated per ml serum. Out of thirty-nine sera tested thirty-six had positive titres ranging from 0-1-46 pmol/ml. No anti-AcChR were detected in the sera from twenty-seven patients used as controls."}
{"id": "PMID:891032", "title": "Enumeration of lymphocyte populations in whole peripheral blood with alkaline phosphatase-labelled reagents. A method for routine clinical use.", "content": "An improved method is described for the enumeration of lymphocyte surface markers in whole peripheral blood using reagents labelled with alkaline phosphatase. A suspension of washed whole blood is exposed to the labelled reagents and then smeared on slides. Endogenous peroxidase in monocytes is detected by the diaminobenzidine reaction amplified by osmication, and this identifies more cells than are recognised as monocytes by morphological criteria in Romanovsky-stained films. Lymphocytes are identified as peroxidase-negative mononuclear cells and those binding alkaline phosphatase-labelled reagents are demonstrated by treating the smears with naphthol ASMX phosphoric acid and fast red TR salt. By avoiding the loss of lymphocytes which is inevitable in any procedure for isolation of mononuclear cells from the blood, and by permitting elimination of monocytes from the counts, this method enables the proportion and absolute number of different circulating lymphocyte populations to be accurately enumerated. In the peripheral blood of seventeen normal individuals alkaline phosphatase rabbit F(ab)'2 anti-human immunoglobulin stained the following numbers (mean +/- s.d.) of lymphocytes, 9-0 +/- 1-5%, 214 +/- 66/microliter (B cells), and specific rabbit anti-T-cell serum followed by alkaline phosphatase goat F(ab)'2 anti-rabbit immunoglobulin stained 77 +/- 3%, 1846 +/- 488/microliter (T cells). The method, which is applicable to any surface marker which can be detected on living cells in suspension with a soluble reagent, provides permanent preparations which are counted in an ordinary light microscope and permits the use of counterstaining to reveal cellular morphology. Provided that appropriate specific reagents are available it is therefore suitable for routine clinical application.", "contents": "Enumeration of lymphocyte populations in whole peripheral blood with alkaline phosphatase-labelled reagents. A method for routine clinical use. An improved method is described for the enumeration of lymphocyte surface markers in whole peripheral blood using reagents labelled with alkaline phosphatase. A suspension of washed whole blood is exposed to the labelled reagents and then smeared on slides. Endogenous peroxidase in monocytes is detected by the diaminobenzidine reaction amplified by osmication, and this identifies more cells than are recognised as monocytes by morphological criteria in Romanovsky-stained films. Lymphocytes are identified as peroxidase-negative mononuclear cells and those binding alkaline phosphatase-labelled reagents are demonstrated by treating the smears with naphthol ASMX phosphoric acid and fast red TR salt. By avoiding the loss of lymphocytes which is inevitable in any procedure for isolation of mononuclear cells from the blood, and by permitting elimination of monocytes from the counts, this method enables the proportion and absolute number of different circulating lymphocyte populations to be accurately enumerated. In the peripheral blood of seventeen normal individuals alkaline phosphatase rabbit F(ab)'2 anti-human immunoglobulin stained the following numbers (mean +/- s.d.) of lymphocytes, 9-0 +/- 1-5%, 214 +/- 66/microliter (B cells), and specific rabbit anti-T-cell serum followed by alkaline phosphatase goat F(ab)'2 anti-rabbit immunoglobulin stained 77 +/- 3%, 1846 +/- 488/microliter (T cells). The method, which is applicable to any surface marker which can be detected on living cells in suspension with a soluble reagent, provides permanent preparations which are counted in an ordinary light microscope and permits the use of counterstaining to reveal cellular morphology. Provided that appropriate specific reagents are available it is therefore suitable for routine clinical application."}
{"id": "PMID:891033", "title": "'Long-distance' lymphocyte study. The effects of transporting blood in lymphocyte blastogenic responses.", "content": "A comparison of blastogenic responsiveness to antigens and mitogen by human lymphocytes was made between cells which had been processed for culture immediately following blood collection and cells obtained from blood collected 9-11 hr previously and transported via commercial airline from the patients' homes to our laboratory. There were no significant differences in the responses of transported and non-transported cells if the blood was maintained at ambient temperature during the period of shipment. Chilling the blood during transport, however, resulted both in decreased stimulation of the cells and increased 'background' activity in unstimulated cultures. These findings indicate the feasibility of carrying out both limited immunological evaluations and extended periods of follow-up for patients located at considerable distances from a research laboratory.", "contents": "'Long-distance' lymphocyte study. The effects of transporting blood in lymphocyte blastogenic responses. A comparison of blastogenic responsiveness to antigens and mitogen by human lymphocytes was made between cells which had been processed for culture immediately following blood collection and cells obtained from blood collected 9-11 hr previously and transported via commercial airline from the patients' homes to our laboratory. There were no significant differences in the responses of transported and non-transported cells if the blood was maintained at ambient temperature during the period of shipment. Chilling the blood during transport, however, resulted both in decreased stimulation of the cells and increased 'background' activity in unstimulated cultures. These findings indicate the feasibility of carrying out both limited immunological evaluations and extended periods of follow-up for patients located at considerable distances from a research laboratory."}
{"id": "PMID:891034", "title": "Effect of A. laidlawii on murine and human lymphocyte cultures.", "content": "Heat-inactivated A. laidlawii (AL) was found to be a potent mitogen for mouse spleen cells. Spleen cells from homozygous nude mice and spleen cells treated with anti-theta serum and complement responded as well as their respective controls, indicating that AL represented a B-cell mitogen for mouse spleen cells. Spleen cells from LPS-unresponsive C3H/Hej mice responded well to AL. The peripheral blood leucocytes from unselected human donors were also stimulated by AL, which appeared to represent a T-cell mitogen for human leucocytes. However, the possibility that it acted as a specific antigen could not be excluded. Attention was drawn to the possibility that the presence of mycoplasma might considerably affect the results of tests where tissue-culture cells or derivatives thereof are added to leucocyte cultures.", "contents": "Effect of A. laidlawii on murine and human lymphocyte cultures. Heat-inactivated A. laidlawii (AL) was found to be a potent mitogen for mouse spleen cells. Spleen cells from homozygous nude mice and spleen cells treated with anti-theta serum and complement responded as well as their respective controls, indicating that AL represented a B-cell mitogen for mouse spleen cells. Spleen cells from LPS-unresponsive C3H/Hej mice responded well to AL. The peripheral blood leucocytes from unselected human donors were also stimulated by AL, which appeared to represent a T-cell mitogen for human leucocytes. However, the possibility that it acted as a specific antigen could not be excluded. Attention was drawn to the possibility that the presence of mycoplasma might considerably affect the results of tests where tissue-culture cells or derivatives thereof are added to leucocyte cultures."}
{"id": "PMID:891035", "title": "Circulating immune complexes in retinal vasculitis.", "content": "Seventeen patients with retinal vasculitis, eleven with the peripheral type (Eales' disease) and six with the central type, were investigated to detect the presence of circulating immune complexes (IC) which might then be related to the pathogenesis of their disease. A systemic disease process was identified in six. IC in serum were inferred by the presence of complement (C) activation, rheumatoid factor, Clq or monoclonal rheumatoid factor precipitins, anticomplementary activity, elevated cryoglobulins, inhibition of erythrocyte-antibody (IgG-EA) rosette formation, increased numbers of peripheral blood lymphocytes bearing surface Ig, and spontaneous neutrophil chemotatic activity in plasma. Two or more parameters were positive in thirteen of seventeen patients, with chemotactic activity (69%) and inhibition of EA-rosette formation (59%) being the most frequently positive tests. No immunological differences were detected between the peripheral and central retinal-vasculitis groups. Several IC systems may operate in a give patient.", "contents": "Circulating immune complexes in retinal vasculitis. Seventeen patients with retinal vasculitis, eleven with the peripheral type (Eales' disease) and six with the central type, were investigated to detect the presence of circulating immune complexes (IC) which might then be related to the pathogenesis of their disease. A systemic disease process was identified in six. IC in serum were inferred by the presence of complement (C) activation, rheumatoid factor, Clq or monoclonal rheumatoid factor precipitins, anticomplementary activity, elevated cryoglobulins, inhibition of erythrocyte-antibody (IgG-EA) rosette formation, increased numbers of peripheral blood lymphocytes bearing surface Ig, and spontaneous neutrophil chemotatic activity in plasma. Two or more parameters were positive in thirteen of seventeen patients, with chemotactic activity (69%) and inhibition of EA-rosette formation (59%) being the most frequently positive tests. No immunological differences were detected between the peripheral and central retinal-vasculitis groups. Several IC systems may operate in a give patient."}
{"id": "PMID:891036", "title": "Ferritin on the surface of lymphocytes in Hodgkin's disease patients. A possible blocking substance removed by levamisole.", "content": "Enzymatic radioiodination of surface proteins of Hodgkin's disease peripheral blood mononuclear cells revealed the presence of a blocking protein on their surface. This protein shed into the medium after incubation with levamisole, which resulted in the unmasking of surface proteins similar to those on normal monunuclear cells. The blocking substance was identified. It reacted with anti-human spleen ferritin. It had no detectable iron and dissociated into monomeric subunits of 18,000 mol. wt. by reduction and alkylation, and therefore it is most probably apoferritin rather than ferritin.", "contents": "Ferritin on the surface of lymphocytes in Hodgkin's disease patients. A possible blocking substance removed by levamisole. Enzymatic radioiodination of surface proteins of Hodgkin's disease peripheral blood mononuclear cells revealed the presence of a blocking protein on their surface. This protein shed into the medium after incubation with levamisole, which resulted in the unmasking of surface proteins similar to those on normal monunuclear cells. The blocking substance was identified. It reacted with anti-human spleen ferritin. It had no detectable iron and dissociated into monomeric subunits of 18,000 mol. wt. by reduction and alkylation, and therefore it is most probably apoferritin rather than ferritin."}
{"id": "PMID:891037", "title": "Eosinophilia. V. Delayed hypersensitivity, blood and bone marrow eosinophilia, induced in normal guinea-pigs by adoptive transfer of lymphocytes from syngeneic donors.", "content": "Dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB) induced delayed hypersensitivity but no eosinophilia in guinea-pigs from two colonies. Citraconic anhydride (CA) induced delayed hypersensitivity and eosinophilia of the blood and bone marrow, and sites of skin tests were also infiltrated by eosinophils. In adoptive transfer of lymphocytes separated from peritoneal exudate cells of strain XIII-sensitized donors, lymphocytes from DNCB-sensitized guinea-pigs transferred antigen-specific delayed hypersensitivity; lymphocytes from CA-sensitized guinea-pigs transferred delayed hypersensitivity, and induced eosinophilia of the blood and bone marrow of the recipients. Treatment of the lymphocytes before transfer with antilymphocyte (thymocyte) globulin or puromycin suppressed the manifestations in the recipients; normal globulin did not. Active sensitization with DNCB induced formation of small amounts, and with CA larger amounts of anaphylactic antibody. Sera from the actively sensitized animals elicited no significant eosinophilia of blood or bone marrow in one group of recipients. Passive anaphylaxis elicited a transient eosinophilia of the blood, but not of the bone marrow. It is postulated that T-helper cells interact with B-lymphocyte precursors, particularly IgE B cells, to stimulate eosinopoeisis. This results in a reserve of mature eosinophils that may be released in any subsequent anaphylactic event.", "contents": "Eosinophilia. V. Delayed hypersensitivity, blood and bone marrow eosinophilia, induced in normal guinea-pigs by adoptive transfer of lymphocytes from syngeneic donors. Dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB) induced delayed hypersensitivity but no eosinophilia in guinea-pigs from two colonies. Citraconic anhydride (CA) induced delayed hypersensitivity and eosinophilia of the blood and bone marrow, and sites of skin tests were also infiltrated by eosinophils. In adoptive transfer of lymphocytes separated from peritoneal exudate cells of strain XIII-sensitized donors, lymphocytes from DNCB-sensitized guinea-pigs transferred antigen-specific delayed hypersensitivity; lymphocytes from CA-sensitized guinea-pigs transferred delayed hypersensitivity, and induced eosinophilia of the blood and bone marrow of the recipients. Treatment of the lymphocytes before transfer with antilymphocyte (thymocyte) globulin or puromycin suppressed the manifestations in the recipients; normal globulin did not. Active sensitization with DNCB induced formation of small amounts, and with CA larger amounts of anaphylactic antibody. Sera from the actively sensitized animals elicited no significant eosinophilia of blood or bone marrow in one group of recipients. Passive anaphylaxis elicited a transient eosinophilia of the blood, but not of the bone marrow. It is postulated that T-helper cells interact with B-lymphocyte precursors, particularly IgE B cells, to stimulate eosinopoeisis. This results in a reserve of mature eosinophils that may be released in any subsequent anaphylactic event."}
{"id": "PMID:891038", "title": "Mechanism of complement activation by radiographic contrast media.", "content": "Activation of the complement system by radiographic contrast media (RCM) was demonstrated by in vitro haemolytic and immunological assays. Such activation was found to be a function of the RCM molar concentration. Iodipamide was the most active of five RCM tested. When RCM was incubated with normal human serum (NHS) in the presence of ethylene glycol-tetra-acetic acid and magnesium ions, conditions which block activation of the classical pathway but permit activation of the alternative pathway, haemolytically active C3, properdin and factor B were found to be decreased but haemolytically active C4 was normal. Using counterimmunoelectrophoresis, the activation of complement was further demonstrated by detection of C3 and factor B-split products. Finally, when radiolabelled complement proteins were reacted with RCM in vitro and studied by density-gradient ultracentrifugation, it was demonstrated that a large complex was formed with a sedimentation of 22S, similar in characteristics to the C5b-C9 complex. It was postulated that the mechanisms of in vitro consumption of complement by RCM was mainly through the alternative pathway.", "contents": "Mechanism of complement activation by radiographic contrast media. Activation of the complement system by radiographic contrast media (RCM) was demonstrated by in vitro haemolytic and immunological assays. Such activation was found to be a function of the RCM molar concentration. Iodipamide was the most active of five RCM tested. When RCM was incubated with normal human serum (NHS) in the presence of ethylene glycol-tetra-acetic acid and magnesium ions, conditions which block activation of the classical pathway but permit activation of the alternative pathway, haemolytically active C3, properdin and factor B were found to be decreased but haemolytically active C4 was normal. Using counterimmunoelectrophoresis, the activation of complement was further demonstrated by detection of C3 and factor B-split products. Finally, when radiolabelled complement proteins were reacted with RCM in vitro and studied by density-gradient ultracentrifugation, it was demonstrated that a large complex was formed with a sedimentation of 22S, similar in characteristics to the C5b-C9 complex. It was postulated that the mechanisms of in vitro consumption of complement by RCM was mainly through the alternative pathway."}
{"id": "PMID:891039", "title": "Intestinal blood flow in the dog measured by indicator fractionation without tissue samples.", "content": "1. A modification of Sapirstein's indicator fractionation technique for measurement of intestinal blood flow has been studied and evaluated in the dog. 2. The concentration of 42K within the intestinal wall was measured simultaneously by a tissue assay procedure and by use of a miniature Geiger-M\u00fcller tube within the intestinal lumen. Both methods gave similar results under a wide variety of conditions. 3. Isotope measurement by the Geiger-M\u00fcller tube technique obviates the need for tissue samples to be taken and would permit repeat measurements of intestinal blood flow in the same animal.", "contents": "Intestinal blood flow in the dog measured by indicator fractionation without tissue samples. 1. A modification of Sapirstein's indicator fractionation technique for measurement of intestinal blood flow has been studied and evaluated in the dog. 2. The concentration of 42K within the intestinal wall was measured simultaneously by a tissue assay procedure and by use of a miniature Geiger-M\u00fcller tube within the intestinal lumen. Both methods gave similar results under a wide variety of conditions. 3. Isotope measurement by the Geiger-M\u00fcller tube technique obviates the need for tissue samples to be taken and would permit repeat measurements of intestinal blood flow in the same animal."}
{"id": "PMID:891040", "title": "Prostaglandins: antinociceptive effect of prostaglandin E1 in the rat.", "content": "1. The antinociceptive effect of prostaglandins E1, E2 and F2alpha was studied in albino rats. Though all three prostaglandins produced similar degrees of sedation, only prostaglandin E1 (PGE1) produced a dose-related antinociceptive activity. 2. The antinociceptive activities of equi-analgesic doses of morphine (7.5. mg/kg, i.p.) and PGE1 (2.0 mg/kg, i.p.) were inhibited to almost similar extents after pretreatment with drugs known to reduce central turnover of serotonin receptors, namely reserpine, fenclonine (p-chlorophenylalanine), methysergide and 5,6-dihydroxytryptamine. 3. Prostaglandin F2alpha (2.0 mg/kg, i.p.) significantly inhibited the antinociceptive effects of both morphine and PGE1. 4. The prostaglandin synthesis inhibitors, indomethacin and diclofenac, significantly inhibited morphine analgesia. 5. Probenecid markedly prolonged the duration of antinociceptive effect of morphine and the duration of PGE1-induced potentiation of subanalgesic dose of morphine. 6. The results suggest that, in albino rats, PGE1-induced antinociceptive activity is serotonin mediated and that morphine analgesia is not only mediated through serotonin but also through prostaglandins (PGE1 ?) and 5-hydroxyindole acetic acid, the serotonin metabolite.", "contents": "Prostaglandins: antinociceptive effect of prostaglandin E1 in the rat. 1. The antinociceptive effect of prostaglandins E1, E2 and F2alpha was studied in albino rats. Though all three prostaglandins produced similar degrees of sedation, only prostaglandin E1 (PGE1) produced a dose-related antinociceptive activity. 2. The antinociceptive activities of equi-analgesic doses of morphine (7.5. mg/kg, i.p.) and PGE1 (2.0 mg/kg, i.p.) were inhibited to almost similar extents after pretreatment with drugs known to reduce central turnover of serotonin receptors, namely reserpine, fenclonine (p-chlorophenylalanine), methysergide and 5,6-dihydroxytryptamine. 3. Prostaglandin F2alpha (2.0 mg/kg, i.p.) significantly inhibited the antinociceptive effects of both morphine and PGE1. 4. The prostaglandin synthesis inhibitors, indomethacin and diclofenac, significantly inhibited morphine analgesia. 5. Probenecid markedly prolonged the duration of antinociceptive effect of morphine and the duration of PGE1-induced potentiation of subanalgesic dose of morphine. 6. The results suggest that, in albino rats, PGE1-induced antinociceptive activity is serotonin mediated and that morphine analgesia is not only mediated through serotonin but also through prostaglandins (PGE1 ?) and 5-hydroxyindole acetic acid, the serotonin metabolite."}
{"id": "PMID:891041", "title": "Chronopharmacology of strychnine and allylglycine in the mouse.", "content": "1. The response of individually caged mice to the lethal actions of allylglycine and strychnine was evaluated in animals previously conditioned on an LD 12:12 (12 h light-12 h darkness) schedule in a controlled environment. 2. These convulsant agents were most toxic at 18.00 hours (during the light phase), and least toxic in the dark phase of the programmed lighting schedule. The relationship is considered of the circadian fluctuations in levels of inhibitory transmitter substances to the time-linked action of convulsant agents.", "contents": "Chronopharmacology of strychnine and allylglycine in the mouse. 1. The response of individually caged mice to the lethal actions of allylglycine and strychnine was evaluated in animals previously conditioned on an LD 12:12 (12 h light-12 h darkness) schedule in a controlled environment. 2. These convulsant agents were most toxic at 18.00 hours (during the light phase), and least toxic in the dark phase of the programmed lighting schedule. The relationship is considered of the circadian fluctuations in levels of inhibitory transmitter substances to the time-linked action of convulsant agents."}
{"id": "PMID:891042", "title": "Increased renal sensitivity to aldosterone in the rat: induction by a high potassium diet.", "content": "1. The renal response to aldosterone, measured by urinary sodium and potassium excretion, was determined in adrenalectomized rats that had been previously fed either a high potassium diet or a control diet. High K+ rats showed an enhanced response to aldosterone at all doses tested. 2. The induction of this enhanced response to aldosterone could be suppressed by a high sodium intake. It may also require the presence of the adrenal glands during the induction period, although interpretation of adrenalectomy experiments in the present study was made difficult by the effect of maintenance DOC therapy on the renal response to aldosterone. 3. The enhanced response could not be induced by a low sodium diet alone or by the administration of high doses of exogenous aldosterone. 4. No difference between high K+ and control rats could be detected in rat kidney mineralocorticoid receptors, assessed by both in vivo and in vitro binding of tritiated aldosterone. 5. The method of the induction, and the mechanism of the enhanced response remains to be defined.", "contents": "Increased renal sensitivity to aldosterone in the rat: induction by a high potassium diet. 1. The renal response to aldosterone, measured by urinary sodium and potassium excretion, was determined in adrenalectomized rats that had been previously fed either a high potassium diet or a control diet. High K+ rats showed an enhanced response to aldosterone at all doses tested. 2. The induction of this enhanced response to aldosterone could be suppressed by a high sodium intake. It may also require the presence of the adrenal glands during the induction period, although interpretation of adrenalectomy experiments in the present study was made difficult by the effect of maintenance DOC therapy on the renal response to aldosterone. 3. The enhanced response could not be induced by a low sodium diet alone or by the administration of high doses of exogenous aldosterone. 4. No difference between high K+ and control rats could be detected in rat kidney mineralocorticoid receptors, assessed by both in vivo and in vitro binding of tritiated aldosterone. 5. The method of the induction, and the mechanism of the enhanced response remains to be defined."}
{"id": "PMID:891047", "title": "Nitrogen balance of uremic patients receiving branched-chain ketoacids and the hydroxy-analogue of methionine as substitutes for the respective amino acids.", "content": "The efficacy of the D,L-alpha-hydroxy analogue of methionine and the alpha-keto analogues of valine, leucine and isoleucine as substitutes for the corresponding amino acids was tested by measuring the nitrogen balance of chronic uremic patients receiving glycine as their source of nitrogen while eating a virtually protein-free diet. Calcium salts of the following essential amino acid analogues: 2.01 g D,L-2-hydroxy-4-methylthiobutyrate, 2.70 g 2-oxoisovalerate, 3.80 g of 2-oxoisocaproate, and 2.73 g of 2-oxo-3-methylvalerate, plus the remaining five essential amino acids were given to five patients daily for 5--7 days. Nitrogen balance, corrected for urea accumulation (but not for unmeasured cutaneous losses of nitrogen) averaged +1.24+/- 0.39 g/day. We conclude that this mixture and dosage of amino acid analogues can meet the dietary requirements of chronic uremic patients for methionine, valine, leucine and isoleucine.", "contents": "Nitrogen balance of uremic patients receiving branched-chain ketoacids and the hydroxy-analogue of methionine as substitutes for the respective amino acids. The efficacy of the D,L-alpha-hydroxy analogue of methionine and the alpha-keto analogues of valine, leucine and isoleucine as substitutes for the corresponding amino acids was tested by measuring the nitrogen balance of chronic uremic patients receiving glycine as their source of nitrogen while eating a virtually protein-free diet. Calcium salts of the following essential amino acid analogues: 2.01 g D,L-2-hydroxy-4-methylthiobutyrate, 2.70 g 2-oxoisovalerate, 3.80 g of 2-oxoisocaproate, and 2.73 g of 2-oxo-3-methylvalerate, plus the remaining five essential amino acids were given to five patients daily for 5--7 days. Nitrogen balance, corrected for urea accumulation (but not for unmeasured cutaneous losses of nitrogen) averaged +1.24+/- 0.39 g/day. We conclude that this mixture and dosage of amino acid analogues can meet the dietary requirements of chronic uremic patients for methionine, valine, leucine and isoleucine."}
{"id": "PMID:891043", "title": "A method for localizing atrial type B receptors in the dog.", "content": "1. The effect of ectopic stimulation of atria (premature ventricular contraction) on the activity of atrial type B receptors has been studied in dogs. 2. In sixteen open-chest dogs, discharge from right or left atrial type B receptors (identified by their response to pulmonary artery occlusion) was recorded. Direct stimulation of either atrium produced an increase in the activity of the left atrial but a decrease in the right atrial receptors. The earlier during the ventricular systole that the premature ventricular contraction occurred the more marked was the effect. 3. In a separate series of fourteen closed-chest experiments the right atrium was stimulated internally via the external jugular vein. The effects on the activity of the atrial type B receptors were similar to those observed during the open-chest experiments. 4. It is concluded that in the dog the technique of internal stimulation of the right atrium without opening the chest can be used to distinguish between the right and left atrial type B receptors.", "contents": "A method for localizing atrial type B receptors in the dog. 1. The effect of ectopic stimulation of atria (premature ventricular contraction) on the activity of atrial type B receptors has been studied in dogs. 2. In sixteen open-chest dogs, discharge from right or left atrial type B receptors (identified by their response to pulmonary artery occlusion) was recorded. Direct stimulation of either atrium produced an increase in the activity of the left atrial but a decrease in the right atrial receptors. The earlier during the ventricular systole that the premature ventricular contraction occurred the more marked was the effect. 3. In a separate series of fourteen closed-chest experiments the right atrium was stimulated internally via the external jugular vein. The effects on the activity of the atrial type B receptors were similar to those observed during the open-chest experiments. 4. It is concluded that in the dog the technique of internal stimulation of the right atrium without opening the chest can be used to distinguish between the right and left atrial type B receptors."}
{"id": "PMID:891048", "title": "The significance of vesicoureteric reflux in non-pyelonephritic patients supported by long term hemodialysis.", "content": "Vesicoureteric reflux was found unexpectedly during routine investigations before renal transplantation in 12 patients with chronic glomerulonephritis and in one with hypertensive nephrosclerosis. They had all received long term hemodialysis treatment for nine to 106 months (mean 47 months) at the time of micturating cystourethrography (MCU). Four of the patients had previously had a normal MCU indicating that reflux developed after onset of end stage renal failure. The cause of reflux is obscure. It was not related directly to defunctioning of the urinary tract as several patients had daily urine volumes in excess of 300 ml. Infection, another potential cause, was uncommon in patients with reflux. Histology of the excised ureters showed abnormality in most cases with loss of the normal mucosal folds and submucosal cellular infiltrate and fibrosis. These changes are also unexplained. In this group of patients nephroureterectomy for reflux in anticipation of renal transplantation was associated with considerable morbidity. A minimal estimate of the incidence of reflux in chronic glomerulonephritis was 11%. We suggest that in this group and in patients with renal diseases other than chronic pyelonephritis reflux alone does not constitute sufficient indication for nephroureterectomy before transplantation to warrant the risks of major surgery.", "contents": "The significance of vesicoureteric reflux in non-pyelonephritic patients supported by long term hemodialysis. Vesicoureteric reflux was found unexpectedly during routine investigations before renal transplantation in 12 patients with chronic glomerulonephritis and in one with hypertensive nephrosclerosis. They had all received long term hemodialysis treatment for nine to 106 months (mean 47 months) at the time of micturating cystourethrography (MCU). Four of the patients had previously had a normal MCU indicating that reflux developed after onset of end stage renal failure. The cause of reflux is obscure. It was not related directly to defunctioning of the urinary tract as several patients had daily urine volumes in excess of 300 ml. Infection, another potential cause, was uncommon in patients with reflux. Histology of the excised ureters showed abnormality in most cases with loss of the normal mucosal folds and submucosal cellular infiltrate and fibrosis. These changes are also unexplained. In this group of patients nephroureterectomy for reflux in anticipation of renal transplantation was associated with considerable morbidity. A minimal estimate of the incidence of reflux in chronic glomerulonephritis was 11%. We suggest that in this group and in patients with renal diseases other than chronic pyelonephritis reflux alone does not constitute sufficient indication for nephroureterectomy before transplantation to warrant the risks of major surgery."}
{"id": "PMID:891044", "title": "Effects of histamine bolus injections and continuous infusions on the H1- and H2-receptors in the hindlimb vessels of the rabbit.", "content": "1. Hindlimb vascular resistance (HVR) was continuously measured after pharmacological block of the autonomic effectors in unanesthetized rabbits with previously implanted Doppler ultrasonic flowmeters. 2. Histamine bolus injections caused a dose-related short lived fall in HVR followed by a more sustained rise. The fall was due to H2-receptor stimulation (blocked by burimamide or metiamide) and the rise to H1-receptor stimulation (blocked by mepyramine). At the doses of histamine tested the magnitude of the H1-mediated vasoconstriction had a larger peak effect than the H2-mediated vasodilatation. 3. Histamine infusions up to 200 microgram kg-1 min-1 did not alter HVR significantly but both increases and decreases in HVR were observed after giving H2- or H1-antagonists, respectively. 4. From the double reciprocal plots of 1/peak HVR change and 1/dose of histamine the magnitude of the predicted H1- and H2-mediated peak HVR effects at large doses were the same. This suggested that the number of H1- and H2-receptors were similar in the hindlimb vascular bed, in agreement with the infusion data.", "contents": "Effects of histamine bolus injections and continuous infusions on the H1- and H2-receptors in the hindlimb vessels of the rabbit. 1. Hindlimb vascular resistance (HVR) was continuously measured after pharmacological block of the autonomic effectors in unanesthetized rabbits with previously implanted Doppler ultrasonic flowmeters. 2. Histamine bolus injections caused a dose-related short lived fall in HVR followed by a more sustained rise. The fall was due to H2-receptor stimulation (blocked by burimamide or metiamide) and the rise to H1-receptor stimulation (blocked by mepyramine). At the doses of histamine tested the magnitude of the H1-mediated vasoconstriction had a larger peak effect than the H2-mediated vasodilatation. 3. Histamine infusions up to 200 microgram kg-1 min-1 did not alter HVR significantly but both increases and decreases in HVR were observed after giving H2- or H1-antagonists, respectively. 4. From the double reciprocal plots of 1/peak HVR change and 1/dose of histamine the magnitude of the predicted H1- and H2-mediated peak HVR effects at large doses were the same. This suggested that the number of H1- and H2-receptors were similar in the hindlimb vascular bed, in agreement with the infusion data."}
{"id": "PMID:891049", "title": "Unusual presentation of tuberculosis in chronic hemodialysis patients.", "content": "Four patients developed miliary tuberculosis while undergoing chronic hemodialysis. Two patients had diabetes mellitus. Three of the four patients were hemodialyzed 18--24 months prior to the onset of symptoms. Signs and symptoms included prolonged fever, pleural effusion, pericarditis with pericardial effusion, abdominal pain, weight loss, and ascites. All patients were PPD negative and without historical or radiographic evidence of latent tuberculosis. Disseminated tuberculosis was proven at autopsy in three patients. M. tuberculosis was eventually recovered from pleural fluid and urine in the fourth patient. The immune deficiencies of chronic renal failure and diabetes mellitus are suspected predisposing factors to the development of miliary tuberculosis in these patients.", "contents": "Unusual presentation of tuberculosis in chronic hemodialysis patients. Four patients developed miliary tuberculosis while undergoing chronic hemodialysis. Two patients had diabetes mellitus. Three of the four patients were hemodialyzed 18--24 months prior to the onset of symptoms. Signs and symptoms included prolonged fever, pleural effusion, pericarditis with pericardial effusion, abdominal pain, weight loss, and ascites. All patients were PPD negative and without historical or radiographic evidence of latent tuberculosis. Disseminated tuberculosis was proven at autopsy in three patients. M. tuberculosis was eventually recovered from pleural fluid and urine in the fourth patient. The immune deficiencies of chronic renal failure and diabetes mellitus are suspected predisposing factors to the development of miliary tuberculosis in these patients."}
{"id": "PMID:891045", "title": "Studies on normal human skeletal muscle in relation to the pathopharmacology of malignant hyperpyrexia.", "content": "1. The effects of dantrolene on pharmacologically-induced contractures and potentiated isometric twitches in normal human skeletal muscle have been studied in vitro. 2. Dantrolene sodium, at concentrations of 3 mumol/l or less, attenuates basal twitch, inhibits halothane potentiation of basal twitch and inhibits halothane-potentiated potassium contractures, but has less effect on twitch potentiation by 2 mmol/l caffeine. 3. Caffeine contractures are attenuated by dantrolene concentrations of 12 mumol/l or greater. The effect of dantrolene on caffeine contracture is characterized by decreased contracture tension and by prolonged time to peak contracture. 4. The results indicate that halothane and 2 mmol/l caffeine have agonistic effects on the excitation-contraction (E-C) coupling mechanism, and suggest that they may act at separate E-C coupling sites. The relationships of these findings to the pathopharmacology of malignant hyperpyrexia are discussed.", "contents": "Studies on normal human skeletal muscle in relation to the pathopharmacology of malignant hyperpyrexia. 1. The effects of dantrolene on pharmacologically-induced contractures and potentiated isometric twitches in normal human skeletal muscle have been studied in vitro. 2. Dantrolene sodium, at concentrations of 3 mumol/l or less, attenuates basal twitch, inhibits halothane potentiation of basal twitch and inhibits halothane-potentiated potassium contractures, but has less effect on twitch potentiation by 2 mmol/l caffeine. 3. Caffeine contractures are attenuated by dantrolene concentrations of 12 mumol/l or greater. The effect of dantrolene on caffeine contracture is characterized by decreased contracture tension and by prolonged time to peak contracture. 4. The results indicate that halothane and 2 mmol/l caffeine have agonistic effects on the excitation-contraction (E-C) coupling mechanism, and suggest that they may act at separate E-C coupling sites. The relationships of these findings to the pathopharmacology of malignant hyperpyrexia are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:891050", "title": "Late recovery of renal function in a woman with the hemolytic uremic syndrome.", "content": "A case is reported of the hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) in a woman taking oral contraceptives. She was treated with heparin, dipyridamole and hemodialysis; and after more than three months, her urinary output rose above 500 ml; and six months after the onset of anuria, dialysis treatment was stopped. This case emphasizes the possibility that HUS in adults is not invariably irreversible and that, despite prolonged oliguria, recovery of renal function can be obtained. Therefore, in adult patients affected by HUS, dialysis should not be discontinued prematurely; moreover, bilateral nephrectomy, for treatment of severe hypertension and microangiopathic hemolytic anemia, should be performed with caution.", "contents": "Late recovery of renal function in a woman with the hemolytic uremic syndrome. A case is reported of the hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) in a woman taking oral contraceptives. She was treated with heparin, dipyridamole and hemodialysis; and after more than three months, her urinary output rose above 500 ml; and six months after the onset of anuria, dialysis treatment was stopped. This case emphasizes the possibility that HUS in adults is not invariably irreversible and that, despite prolonged oliguria, recovery of renal function can be obtained. Therefore, in adult patients affected by HUS, dialysis should not be discontinued prematurely; moreover, bilateral nephrectomy, for treatment of severe hypertension and microangiopathic hemolytic anemia, should be performed with caution."}
{"id": "PMID:891046", "title": "Serum dopamine-beta-hydroxylase activity in fasting man.", "content": "1. Dopamine-beta-hydroxylase (D beta H) activity was measured in sera from ten healthy male students after 2 and 3 days fasting which is associated with increased circulating noradrenaline. 2. Circulating D beta H remained essentially unchanged throughout the fasting period, although 'stress parameters' like plasma glycerol and free fatty acid concentrations were elevated by a factor of about two from first to second and third day of fasting (P less than 0-01). 3. Serum D beta H activity is not a sensitive index of increased sympathoadrenal activity in fasting man.", "contents": "Serum dopamine-beta-hydroxylase activity in fasting man. 1. Dopamine-beta-hydroxylase (D beta H) activity was measured in sera from ten healthy male students after 2 and 3 days fasting which is associated with increased circulating noradrenaline. 2. Circulating D beta H remained essentially unchanged throughout the fasting period, although 'stress parameters' like plasma glycerol and free fatty acid concentrations were elevated by a factor of about two from first to second and third day of fasting (P less than 0-01). 3. Serum D beta H activity is not a sensitive index of increased sympathoadrenal activity in fasting man."}
{"id": "PMID:891055", "title": "Gonadal dysgenesis.", "content": "The spectrum of patients with gonadal dysgenesis has expanded over the last decade to include cytogenetically normal individuals. Comprehension of the etiology of gonadal maldevelopment in these patients remains tenuous. More careful study of pedigrees involving 46, XX and 46, XY gonadal dysgenesis may provide better understanding of the mechanism of ovarian failure in these individuals. An important approach will be to identify other disorders occurring in conjunction with primary ovarian failure that can serve as genetic markers for linkage studies. The next decade must provide information that transcends gross structural alterations in sex chromosomes.", "contents": "Gonadal dysgenesis. The spectrum of patients with gonadal dysgenesis has expanded over the last decade to include cytogenetically normal individuals. Comprehension of the etiology of gonadal maldevelopment in these patients remains tenuous. More careful study of pedigrees involving 46, XX and 46, XY gonadal dysgenesis may provide better understanding of the mechanism of ovarian failure in these individuals. An important approach will be to identify other disorders occurring in conjunction with primary ovarian failure that can serve as genetic markers for linkage studies. The next decade must provide information that transcends gross structural alterations in sex chromosomes."}
{"id": "PMID:891056", "title": "Premenarchal vulvovaginitis.", "content": "The general subject of premenarchal vulvovaginitis has been reviewed. Vulvovaginal inflammations and infections in the premenarchal child are caused by a large number of etiologic agents. The symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment of the most common of these, namely, nonspecific infections, specific nongonorrheal infections, gonorrhea, protozoal infestations, helminthiasis, mycotic infections, and inflammations due to physical, chemical, and allergenic agents, have been discussed. Reference has been made not only to the older literature but also to some of the pertinent reports published during the last 10 years.", "contents": "Premenarchal vulvovaginitis. The general subject of premenarchal vulvovaginitis has been reviewed. Vulvovaginal inflammations and infections in the premenarchal child are caused by a large number of etiologic agents. The symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment of the most common of these, namely, nonspecific infections, specific nongonorrheal infections, gonorrhea, protozoal infestations, helminthiasis, mycotic infections, and inflammations due to physical, chemical, and allergenic agents, have been discussed. Reference has been made not only to the older literature but also to some of the pertinent reports published during the last 10 years."}
{"id": "PMID:891058", "title": "Puberty and menarche.", "content": "The various factors that influence puberty and menarche reflect the total environment in which the youngster develops. These influences actually begin in intrauterine life and include genetics, hormones, and nutrition. During the prepubertal years the multifactorial influences on puberty include health, disease, family life, neuroendocrine integrity of the individual, and nltrition. In the female the culmination of the pubertal events is the occurrence of menarche.", "contents": "Puberty and menarche. The various factors that influence puberty and menarche reflect the total environment in which the youngster develops. These influences actually begin in intrauterine life and include genetics, hormones, and nutrition. During the prepubertal years the multifactorial influences on puberty include health, disease, family life, neuroendocrine integrity of the individual, and nltrition. In the female the culmination of the pubertal events is the occurrence of menarche."}
{"id": "PMID:891059", "title": "Contraception in teenagers.", "content": "This review of the special problems of contraception in teenagers has focused on the need for increased efforts in sex education and family-planning and abortion services for this age group. A clear-cut need for new imperatives in these areas is apparent from the data showing an alarming increase in the incidence and rates of unwanted teenage pregnancy and the increased incidence of teenage sexual activity, as compared with earlier times, and its occurrence at earlier ages than previously. Special counseling, education, physical examination procedures, and care and prescription are required when the physician is considering various methods of contraception for adolescents. In the development of adolescent education for responsible sexual behavior, it behooves physicians to keep in mind that it is the members of this age group, in part on the basis of their reactions to the quality of medical care they receive, who will decide and instill the attitudes toward these important issues in the next generation of Americans.", "contents": "Contraception in teenagers. This review of the special problems of contraception in teenagers has focused on the need for increased efforts in sex education and family-planning and abortion services for this age group. A clear-cut need for new imperatives in these areas is apparent from the data showing an alarming increase in the incidence and rates of unwanted teenage pregnancy and the increased incidence of teenage sexual activity, as compared with earlier times, and its occurrence at earlier ages than previously. Special counseling, education, physical examination procedures, and care and prescription are required when the physician is considering various methods of contraception for adolescents. In the development of adolescent education for responsible sexual behavior, it behooves physicians to keep in mind that it is the members of this age group, in part on the basis of their reactions to the quality of medical care they receive, who will decide and instill the attitudes toward these important issues in the next generation of Americans."}
{"id": "PMID:891079", "title": "Systemic lupus erythematosus in children: the complex problems of diagnosis and treatment encountered in 101 such patients at the Mayo Clinic.", "content": "Between 1945 and 1970, 101 children (86 girls and 15 boys) with systemic lupus erythematosus were evaluated at the Mayo Clinic. Only 9 children were less than 9 years old at the time of diagnosis. The most frequent presenting complaint was arthralgia; fever, fatigue, and a \"butterfly\" malar rash also were common. Renal involvement, found in more than 76 per cent of patients, was a prognostically poor sign. The overall survival of children with renal involvement is improved by the use of adequate steroid therapy.", "contents": "Systemic lupus erythematosus in children: the complex problems of diagnosis and treatment encountered in 101 such patients at the Mayo Clinic. Between 1945 and 1970, 101 children (86 girls and 15 boys) with systemic lupus erythematosus were evaluated at the Mayo Clinic. Only 9 children were less than 9 years old at the time of diagnosis. The most frequent presenting complaint was arthralgia; fever, fatigue, and a \"butterfly\" malar rash also were common. Renal involvement, found in more than 76 per cent of patients, was a prognostically poor sign. The overall survival of children with renal involvement is improved by the use of adequate steroid therapy."}
{"id": "PMID:891087", "title": "Diarrhea, red diapers, and child abuse: clinical alertness needed for recognition; clinical skill needed for success in management.", "content": "Three children were chronically given phenolphthalein in the form of laxatives by emotionally disturbed mothers. All children had repeated hospitalizations and extensive diagnostic testing because of recurrent intractable unexplained diarrhea. One child died. Pink-red urine and stool were passed at some time during their illnesses. The presence of phenolphthalein was tested for by application of dilute acid of dilute alkali to the diapers causing respectively disappearance of deepening of the pink-red color. Cases went undiagnosed for prolonged intervals because mothers seemed exemplary. Evidence of their psychiatric illnesses was found once the possibility was considered. Phenolphthalein poisoning should be tested for in any case of intractable diarrhea when objective evidence of intestinal mucosal damage cannot be found. The condition represents a heretofore unrecognized variant of child abuse of battering.", "contents": "Diarrhea, red diapers, and child abuse: clinical alertness needed for recognition; clinical skill needed for success in management. Three children were chronically given phenolphthalein in the form of laxatives by emotionally disturbed mothers. All children had repeated hospitalizations and extensive diagnostic testing because of recurrent intractable unexplained diarrhea. One child died. Pink-red urine and stool were passed at some time during their illnesses. The presence of phenolphthalein was tested for by application of dilute acid of dilute alkali to the diapers causing respectively disappearance of deepening of the pink-red color. Cases went undiagnosed for prolonged intervals because mothers seemed exemplary. Evidence of their psychiatric illnesses was found once the possibility was considered. Phenolphthalein poisoning should be tested for in any case of intractable diarrhea when objective evidence of intestinal mucosal damage cannot be found. The condition represents a heretofore unrecognized variant of child abuse of battering."}
{"id": "PMID:891088", "title": "The providing of well-baby care within parent-infant groups. \"Pediatricians are encouraged to explore the parent-infant group model in their practices\".", "content": "A model has been described for the practice of pediatrics using parent-infant groups. In a one year experience, three parent-infant groups met at monthly intervals. A one-hour parent discussion was followed by examination of the infants within the group setting. Among the benefits observed were much more attention of well-baby care and infant development, and the surfacing and alleviation of parental concerns and anxieties.", "contents": "The providing of well-baby care within parent-infant groups. \"Pediatricians are encouraged to explore the parent-infant group model in their practices\". A model has been described for the practice of pediatrics using parent-infant groups. In a one year experience, three parent-infant groups met at monthly intervals. A one-hour parent discussion was followed by examination of the infants within the group setting. Among the benefits observed were much more attention of well-baby care and infant development, and the surfacing and alleviation of parental concerns and anxieties."}
{"id": "PMID:891094", "title": "Effects of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol on drug distribution and metabolism. Antipyrine, pentobarbital, and ethanol.", "content": "Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) has been reported to inhibit drug metabolism in animals. Twenty-two hospitalized healthy volunteer subjects received THC, 60 to 180 mg/day in divided doses for 14 days. Body weight increased and plasma proteins decreased in all subjects, which is consistent with previously reported plasma volume expansion. Total bilirubin was significantly lower, while other liver function tests remained normal. A within-subject comparison of the pharmacokinetics of antipyrine, pentobarbital, or ethanol given before, during, and after THC was performed. Antipyrine plasma half-life increased during THC in 5 of 6 subjects--mean, 7.9 hr +/- 3.3 (SD) to 9.6 +/- 3.8. Pentobarbital half-life increased in 7 of 8 subjects--mean, 16.9 hr +/- 2.0 to 20.8 +/- 4.2. Blood ethanol disappearance rate decreased in 7 of 8 subjects from a mean of 0.26 mg/100 ml/min +/- 0.05 to 0.23 +/- 0.07. The effect of THC on disappearance rate of these drugs appeared to be due to a combination of: (1) increased distribution volume, due in part to expansion of extracellular fluid volume noted during THC ingestion, and (2) diminished metabolic clearance. THC also delayed absorption of pentobarbital and ethanol in several subjects. This is consistent with THC effects of slowing intestinal motility in animals. The effects of THC on absorption and drug elimination must be considered in evaluating interactions with other drugs.", "contents": "Effects of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol on drug distribution and metabolism. Antipyrine, pentobarbital, and ethanol. Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) has been reported to inhibit drug metabolism in animals. Twenty-two hospitalized healthy volunteer subjects received THC, 60 to 180 mg/day in divided doses for 14 days. Body weight increased and plasma proteins decreased in all subjects, which is consistent with previously reported plasma volume expansion. Total bilirubin was significantly lower, while other liver function tests remained normal. A within-subject comparison of the pharmacokinetics of antipyrine, pentobarbital, or ethanol given before, during, and after THC was performed. Antipyrine plasma half-life increased during THC in 5 of 6 subjects--mean, 7.9 hr +/- 3.3 (SD) to 9.6 +/- 3.8. Pentobarbital half-life increased in 7 of 8 subjects--mean, 16.9 hr +/- 2.0 to 20.8 +/- 4.2. Blood ethanol disappearance rate decreased in 7 of 8 subjects from a mean of 0.26 mg/100 ml/min +/- 0.05 to 0.23 +/- 0.07. The effect of THC on disappearance rate of these drugs appeared to be due to a combination of: (1) increased distribution volume, due in part to expansion of extracellular fluid volume noted during THC ingestion, and (2) diminished metabolic clearance. THC also delayed absorption of pentobarbital and ethanol in several subjects. This is consistent with THC effects of slowing intestinal motility in animals. The effects of THC on absorption and drug elimination must be considered in evaluating interactions with other drugs."}
{"id": "PMID:891095", "title": "Effects of actodigin on the heart.", "content": "Actodigin is a new semisynthetic cardiac glycoside reported to have a rapid onset and brief duration of action in dogs. Five patients with congestive heart failure in normal sinus rhythm were given incremental doses of actodigin. Overall, there was no significant change in heart rate, aortic or pulmonary artery pressure, systemic vascular resistance, cardiac index, and stroke volume. This lack of response to actodigin is consistent with previous reports of acute administration of other cardiac glycosides. Four patients with atrial fibrillation and a rapid ventricular rate were given similar doses of actodigin. The ventricular rate was readily controlled. After drug administration was stopped, the ventricular rate quickly returned toward predrug levels. Thus, the rapid onset and brief duration of action of actodigin may be useful in the initial management of atrial fibrillation.", "contents": "Effects of actodigin on the heart. Actodigin is a new semisynthetic cardiac glycoside reported to have a rapid onset and brief duration of action in dogs. Five patients with congestive heart failure in normal sinus rhythm were given incremental doses of actodigin. Overall, there was no significant change in heart rate, aortic or pulmonary artery pressure, systemic vascular resistance, cardiac index, and stroke volume. This lack of response to actodigin is consistent with previous reports of acute administration of other cardiac glycosides. Four patients with atrial fibrillation and a rapid ventricular rate were given similar doses of actodigin. The ventricular rate was readily controlled. After drug administration was stopped, the ventricular rate quickly returned toward predrug levels. Thus, the rapid onset and brief duration of action of actodigin may be useful in the initial management of atrial fibrillation."}
{"id": "PMID:891096", "title": "Comparative pharmacodynamics of betamethyl digoxin and digoxin in man.", "content": "The positive inotropic effects and serum glycoside levels following intravenous and oral administration of betamethyl digoxin (BMD) were measured and compared with those of digoxin in normal adults. The cardiac inotropy was assessed noninvasively in the abbreviation of the electromechanical systolic index (QS2I) obtained by serial measurements of systolic time intervals. Following 0.8 mg BMD intravenously, the QS2I abbreviation occurred within 3 min and reached a maximum at 4 hr. The time-course and the magnitude of the response were essentially the same as those obtained with 0.8 mg digoxin given intravenously in the same subjects. The serum glycoside levels were also similar for both drugs. When administered orally the QS2I abbreviation to 0.8 mg BMD appeared at 40 min and reached a maximum at 4 hr. The time-course and the magnitude of the effects were similar to those observed following oral digoxin. The blood digitalis levels following the drug ingestion, however, were significantly higher for BMD than for digoxin which suggests greater gastrointestinal absorption of BMD. Based on our observations, the inotropic effects of BMD are similar to those of digoxin. Our results, however, do not demonstrate greater cardiac activity after oral administration of BMD despite higher blood levels.", "contents": "Comparative pharmacodynamics of betamethyl digoxin and digoxin in man. The positive inotropic effects and serum glycoside levels following intravenous and oral administration of betamethyl digoxin (BMD) were measured and compared with those of digoxin in normal adults. The cardiac inotropy was assessed noninvasively in the abbreviation of the electromechanical systolic index (QS2I) obtained by serial measurements of systolic time intervals. Following 0.8 mg BMD intravenously, the QS2I abbreviation occurred within 3 min and reached a maximum at 4 hr. The time-course and the magnitude of the response were essentially the same as those obtained with 0.8 mg digoxin given intravenously in the same subjects. The serum glycoside levels were also similar for both drugs. When administered orally the QS2I abbreviation to 0.8 mg BMD appeared at 40 min and reached a maximum at 4 hr. The time-course and the magnitude of the effects were similar to those observed following oral digoxin. The blood digitalis levels following the drug ingestion, however, were significantly higher for BMD than for digoxin which suggests greater gastrointestinal absorption of BMD. Based on our observations, the inotropic effects of BMD are similar to those of digoxin. Our results, however, do not demonstrate greater cardiac activity after oral administration of BMD despite higher blood levels."}
{"id": "PMID:891097", "title": "Effect of pentobarbital on the disposition of alprenolol.", "content": "Alprenolol was administered orally and intravenously to 5 healthy subjects before and after 10 to 14 daily doses of 0.1 gm pentobarbital. The area under the plasma concentration time curve after an oral 200-mg dose decreased from 706 +/- 277 to 154 +/- 48 ng/ml-hr (mean and SD) with the barbiturate treatment, but there was no significant change in elimination rate. The change in area corresponded to an increase in extraction by the liver from 0.72 +/- 0.13 to 0.93 +/- 0.01. The disposition of a 5.0-mg intravenous dose of alprenolol did not change significantly after pentobarbital treatment. There was no indication of a marked change in hepatic blood flow estimated from the clearance of alprenolol after intravenous administration. It is concluded that pentobarbital administration induces the metabolism of alprenolol in man and that the pharmacokinetic theories derived for hepatic extraction of drugs subject to a high metabolic clearance can be successfully applied.", "contents": "Effect of pentobarbital on the disposition of alprenolol. Alprenolol was administered orally and intravenously to 5 healthy subjects before and after 10 to 14 daily doses of 0.1 gm pentobarbital. The area under the plasma concentration time curve after an oral 200-mg dose decreased from 706 +/- 277 to 154 +/- 48 ng/ml-hr (mean and SD) with the barbiturate treatment, but there was no significant change in elimination rate. The change in area corresponded to an increase in extraction by the liver from 0.72 +/- 0.13 to 0.93 +/- 0.01. The disposition of a 5.0-mg intravenous dose of alprenolol did not change significantly after pentobarbital treatment. There was no indication of a marked change in hepatic blood flow estimated from the clearance of alprenolol after intravenous administration. It is concluded that pentobarbital administration induces the metabolism of alprenolol in man and that the pharmacokinetic theories derived for hepatic extraction of drugs subject to a high metabolic clearance can be successfully applied."}
{"id": "PMID:891098", "title": "Drug interactions and multiple drug administration.", "content": "Effects of multiple drug administration on adverse drug reactions were studied in 10,518 patients hospitalized on a general medical service during a five-year period. Nine index drug groups, including analgesic, antacid, antiarrhythmic, antimicrobic, anticoagulant, antihypertensive, anti-inflammatory, diuretic, and sedative-tranquilizer drugs, were selected for study. The average number of adverse drug reactions for the anticoagulant and antihypertensive drug groups was higher (p less than 0.05) than for all other drug groups when classified by the number of drugs being taken concurrently (i.e., 0 to 5, 6 to 10, etc.). The rate of reaction for anticoagulant and antihypertensive drug groups was higher (p less than 0.001) than the rate for other drug groups studied. These data suggest a higher risk of adverse drug reactions for patients receiving multiple drugs. The increased risk may result from drug interactions.", "contents": "Drug interactions and multiple drug administration. Effects of multiple drug administration on adverse drug reactions were studied in 10,518 patients hospitalized on a general medical service during a five-year period. Nine index drug groups, including analgesic, antacid, antiarrhythmic, antimicrobic, anticoagulant, antihypertensive, anti-inflammatory, diuretic, and sedative-tranquilizer drugs, were selected for study. The average number of adverse drug reactions for the anticoagulant and antihypertensive drug groups was higher (p less than 0.05) than for all other drug groups when classified by the number of drugs being taken concurrently (i.e., 0 to 5, 6 to 10, etc.). The rate of reaction for anticoagulant and antihypertensive drug groups was higher (p less than 0.001) than the rate for other drug groups studied. These data suggest a higher risk of adverse drug reactions for patients receiving multiple drugs. The increased risk may result from drug interactions."}
{"id": "PMID:891099", "title": "Effect of phenobarbital on the disposition of intravenous theophylline.", "content": "The disposition of intravenous doses of theophylline was determined in normal male subjects before and after treatment with phenobarbital 2 wk. Although there was some variation in disposition of the 2 drugs, there were no significant effects of phenobarbital on theophylline kinetics. We conclude that theophylline dosage need not be altered during concomitant administration of phenobarbital.", "contents": "Effect of phenobarbital on the disposition of intravenous theophylline. The disposition of intravenous doses of theophylline was determined in normal male subjects before and after treatment with phenobarbital 2 wk. Although there was some variation in disposition of the 2 drugs, there were no significant effects of phenobarbital on theophylline kinetics. We conclude that theophylline dosage need not be altered during concomitant administration of phenobarbital."}
{"id": "PMID:891100", "title": "Effects of hexachlorobenzene feeding and iron overload on enzymes of haem biosynthesis and cytochrome P 450 in rat liver.", "content": "1. The effect of hexachlorobenzene feeding on liver delta-aminolaevulinate synthase, uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase and cytochrome P 450 was studied at various time-intervals in siderotic and non-siderotic rats. 2 In the non-siderotic group hexachlorobenzene feeding led to a progress decrease in liver uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase activity, accompanied by a progressive increase in delta-aminolaevulinate synthase activity. Cytochrome P 450 concentrations were above normal throughout but fell toward the end of the experiment. 3. Similar but more marked changes were found in the siderotic animals. The fall in uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase activity occurred earlier and was significantly greater in these animals, whereas the increase in delta-aminolaevulinate synthase activity was consistently larger. Liver cytochrome P 450 concentration also rose but to a lesser extent than that in the non-siderotic rats. 4. Hexachlobenzene-induced porphyria would seem to be attributable to inhibition or inactivation of hepatic uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase. Hepatic siderosis has a synergistic effect with hexachlorobenzene on this enzyme and may exert additional effects by promoting cytochrome P 450 turnover.", "contents": "Effects of hexachlorobenzene feeding and iron overload on enzymes of haem biosynthesis and cytochrome P 450 in rat liver. 1. The effect of hexachlorobenzene feeding on liver delta-aminolaevulinate synthase, uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase and cytochrome P 450 was studied at various time-intervals in siderotic and non-siderotic rats. 2 In the non-siderotic group hexachlorobenzene feeding led to a progress decrease in liver uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase activity, accompanied by a progressive increase in delta-aminolaevulinate synthase activity. Cytochrome P 450 concentrations were above normal throughout but fell toward the end of the experiment. 3. Similar but more marked changes were found in the siderotic animals. The fall in uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase activity occurred earlier and was significantly greater in these animals, whereas the increase in delta-aminolaevulinate synthase activity was consistently larger. Liver cytochrome P 450 concentration also rose but to a lesser extent than that in the non-siderotic rats. 4. Hexachlobenzene-induced porphyria would seem to be attributable to inhibition or inactivation of hepatic uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase. Hepatic siderosis has a synergistic effect with hexachlorobenzene on this enzyme and may exert additional effects by promoting cytochrome P 450 turnover."}
{"id": "PMID:891102", "title": "Effect of pharmacological inhibitors on urate transport during induced uricosuria.", "content": "1. The effect on urate excretion of administration of probenecid and pyrazinamide was observed in normal subjects under control conditions and after induction of uricosuria by exogenous urate loading by ribonucleic acid feeding in seven subjects, by volume loading with hypertonic sodium chloride solution infusion in 11 subjects and by partial inhibition of net urate reabsorption with uricosuric drugs in 20 subjects. 2. After ribonucleic acid feeding, the uricosuric response to probenecid was intact and ribonucleic acid feeding did not produce uricosuria after pyrazinamide. 3. After volume loading, the uricosuric response to probenecid was again intact, but infusion of sodium chloride solution still produced uricosuria after pyrazinamide administration. 4. After uricosuric drugs, the uricosuric response to probenecid was diminished. 5. These responses to probenecid and pyrazinamide may reflect different mechanisms of uricosuria. Response to pharmacological inhibitors of urate reabsorption or urate secretion may be useful for classification of induced and clinical uricosuric states.", "contents": "Effect of pharmacological inhibitors on urate transport during induced uricosuria. 1. The effect on urate excretion of administration of probenecid and pyrazinamide was observed in normal subjects under control conditions and after induction of uricosuria by exogenous urate loading by ribonucleic acid feeding in seven subjects, by volume loading with hypertonic sodium chloride solution infusion in 11 subjects and by partial inhibition of net urate reabsorption with uricosuric drugs in 20 subjects. 2. After ribonucleic acid feeding, the uricosuric response to probenecid was intact and ribonucleic acid feeding did not produce uricosuria after pyrazinamide. 3. After volume loading, the uricosuric response to probenecid was again intact, but infusion of sodium chloride solution still produced uricosuria after pyrazinamide administration. 4. After uricosuric drugs, the uricosuric response to probenecid was diminished. 5. These responses to probenecid and pyrazinamide may reflect different mechanisms of uricosuria. Response to pharmacological inhibitors of urate reabsorption or urate secretion may be useful for classification of induced and clinical uricosuric states."}
{"id": "PMID:891104", "title": "The association between fasting hyperbilirubinaemia and serum non-esterified fatty acids in man.", "content": "1. The concentrations of plasma total and unconjugated bilirubin and of serum nonesterified fatty acids (NEFA) have been measured in two healthy subjects during fasts of up to 21 h. 2. Fasting was either continuous or interrupted by various procedures that altered the concentrations of NEFA and total bilirubin. 3. When NEFA concentrations were increased by the administration of noradrenaline, heparin or caffeine, bilirubin concentrations also rose. 4. When NEFA concentrations were lowered by insulin, bilirubin concentrations fell. 5. Meals of 3-138 kJ and more, taken during the fasting period, lowered total bilirubin and NEFA concentrations in both subjects, whereas the effects of smaller meals were less consistent. 6. These studies demonstrate a statistically significant correlation between total bilirubin and NEFA during uninterrupted fasting and an association between these variables under other experimental conditions. They suggest that the control of bilirubin concentrations in the blood is linked to lipid metabolism.", "contents": "The association between fasting hyperbilirubinaemia and serum non-esterified fatty acids in man. 1. The concentrations of plasma total and unconjugated bilirubin and of serum nonesterified fatty acids (NEFA) have been measured in two healthy subjects during fasts of up to 21 h. 2. Fasting was either continuous or interrupted by various procedures that altered the concentrations of NEFA and total bilirubin. 3. When NEFA concentrations were increased by the administration of noradrenaline, heparin or caffeine, bilirubin concentrations also rose. 4. When NEFA concentrations were lowered by insulin, bilirubin concentrations fell. 5. Meals of 3-138 kJ and more, taken during the fasting period, lowered total bilirubin and NEFA concentrations in both subjects, whereas the effects of smaller meals were less consistent. 6. These studies demonstrate a statistically significant correlation between total bilirubin and NEFA during uninterrupted fasting and an association between these variables under other experimental conditions. They suggest that the control of bilirubin concentrations in the blood is linked to lipid metabolism."}
{"id": "PMID:891105", "title": "The variable-pressure neck-chamber method for studying the carotid baroreflex in man.", "content": "1. The variable-pressure neck-chamber method was analysed in ten healthy volunteer subjects to determine its suitability for the study of the carotid baroreceptor reflex in man. 2. Positive and negative pressures applied to the neck (range +/- 60 mmHg) were always transmitted linearly to a tissue catheter outside the carotid sinus, but only 86% of positive pressure, and 64% of negative pressure. Tissue pressures were confirmed by simultaneous measurement in the internal jugular vein adjacent to the carotid sinus. 3. Positive and negative pressure changes within the above range did not alter PO2 of internal jugular venous blood, suggesting that cerebral blood flow was unaltered. 4. Positive pressure changes induced reflex pressor responses of similar magnitude at arterial PO2 12-8 and 70-1 kPa (96 and 527 mmHg), suggesting that the carotid chemoreceptors were not involved. 5. It is concluded that the variable-pressure neck chamber is a valid method for selectively studying the carotid baroreceptor reflex in man. However, transmission of external pneumatic pressure to the carotid sinus is imperfect and greater for positive than for negative pressure. This must be recognized to avoid underestimation of gain and distortion of shape of the reflex.", "contents": "The variable-pressure neck-chamber method for studying the carotid baroreflex in man. 1. The variable-pressure neck-chamber method was analysed in ten healthy volunteer subjects to determine its suitability for the study of the carotid baroreceptor reflex in man. 2. Positive and negative pressures applied to the neck (range +/- 60 mmHg) were always transmitted linearly to a tissue catheter outside the carotid sinus, but only 86% of positive pressure, and 64% of negative pressure. Tissue pressures were confirmed by simultaneous measurement in the internal jugular vein adjacent to the carotid sinus. 3. Positive and negative pressure changes within the above range did not alter PO2 of internal jugular venous blood, suggesting that cerebral blood flow was unaltered. 4. Positive pressure changes induced reflex pressor responses of similar magnitude at arterial PO2 12-8 and 70-1 kPa (96 and 527 mmHg), suggesting that the carotid chemoreceptors were not involved. 5. It is concluded that the variable-pressure neck chamber is a valid method for selectively studying the carotid baroreceptor reflex in man. However, transmission of external pneumatic pressure to the carotid sinus is imperfect and greater for positive than for negative pressure. This must be recognized to avoid underestimation of gain and distortion of shape of the reflex."}
{"id": "PMID:891107", "title": "The effect of disuse muscular atrophy on the forces generated in dynamic exercise.", "content": "1. Six patients were studied after prolonged immobilization of an injured leg resulting in muscle atrophy. 2. The forces exerted by the atrophied and normal legs during continuous dynamic exercise (one- and two-leg cycling) were examined by a specially adapted ergometer. 3. In one-leg cycling the peak force exerted on the crank at a given work rate, the net work rate performed on the crank, and the proportion of work rate performed in leg extension and flexion phases of the cycle were the same whether the atrophied or normal limb was used. 4. Despite these similarities there was an unexplained reduction in efficiency when using the atrophied leg to perform one-leg cycling. 5. In two-leg cycling the peak force exerted at a given work rate by the atrophied leg was reduced by about 40% as compared with the normal leg, which reflected a similar reduction in the contribution of that leg to the total net work rate. Possible reasons and implications for this disproportionate sharing of work between the normal and atrophied leg are discussed.", "contents": "The effect of disuse muscular atrophy on the forces generated in dynamic exercise. 1. Six patients were studied after prolonged immobilization of an injured leg resulting in muscle atrophy. 2. The forces exerted by the atrophied and normal legs during continuous dynamic exercise (one- and two-leg cycling) were examined by a specially adapted ergometer. 3. In one-leg cycling the peak force exerted on the crank at a given work rate, the net work rate performed on the crank, and the proportion of work rate performed in leg extension and flexion phases of the cycle were the same whether the atrophied or normal limb was used. 4. Despite these similarities there was an unexplained reduction in efficiency when using the atrophied leg to perform one-leg cycling. 5. In two-leg cycling the peak force exerted at a given work rate by the atrophied leg was reduced by about 40% as compared with the normal leg, which reflected a similar reduction in the contribution of that leg to the total net work rate. Possible reasons and implications for this disproportionate sharing of work between the normal and atrophied leg are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:891108", "title": "Renal clearance of unbound bilirubin in the rat.", "content": "1. Unbound or diffusible bilirubin in serum and urine was measured in rats with bile-duct ligation or after continuous infusion of unconjugated bilirubin. 2. The glomerular filtration rate was estimated by measuring the endogenous creatinine clearance and the unbound bilirubin in serum and urine was determined by a Sephadex gel filtration method. 3. Unbound bilirubin clearance was significantly lower than creatinine clearance. 4. The estimated rate of bilirubin reabsorption (calculated from the difference between the unbound bilirubin filtered load and the bilirubin excreted in the urine) was directly related to the serum unbound bilirubin concentration and the unbound bilirubin filtered load. 5. The results suggest that the main mechanism of urinary excretion of bilirubin in the rat involves glomerular filtration and tubular reabsorption by diffusion.", "contents": "Renal clearance of unbound bilirubin in the rat. 1. Unbound or diffusible bilirubin in serum and urine was measured in rats with bile-duct ligation or after continuous infusion of unconjugated bilirubin. 2. The glomerular filtration rate was estimated by measuring the endogenous creatinine clearance and the unbound bilirubin in serum and urine was determined by a Sephadex gel filtration method. 3. Unbound bilirubin clearance was significantly lower than creatinine clearance. 4. The estimated rate of bilirubin reabsorption (calculated from the difference between the unbound bilirubin filtered load and the bilirubin excreted in the urine) was directly related to the serum unbound bilirubin concentration and the unbound bilirubin filtered load. 5. The results suggest that the main mechanism of urinary excretion of bilirubin in the rat involves glomerular filtration and tubular reabsorption by diffusion."}
{"id": "PMID:891109", "title": "Camphorated and castor oil confusion and its toxic results.", "content": "Three cases of camphorated oil ingestion occurring over a 20-month period are discussed. Two of the three ingestions resulted in hospitalization, and the clinical course of the ingestions are presented. Follow-up investigations were performed to determine the causes of the confusion between castor and camphorated oil. Also presented are descriptions of efforts made to improve labeling and packaging of this potentially lethal household product.", "contents": "Camphorated and castor oil confusion and its toxic results. Three cases of camphorated oil ingestion occurring over a 20-month period are discussed. Two of the three ingestions resulted in hospitalization, and the clinical course of the ingestions are presented. Follow-up investigations were performed to determine the causes of the confusion between castor and camphorated oil. Also presented are descriptions of efforts made to improve labeling and packaging of this potentially lethal household product."}
{"id": "PMID:891110", "title": "A completely automated fluorometric blood cyanide method: a specific assay incorporating dialysis and distillation.", "content": "Discrete blood samples can be assayed at a rate of 20/hr. By means of a double lumen catheter, venous or arterial blood can be monitored continuously.", "contents": "A completely automated fluorometric blood cyanide method: a specific assay incorporating dialysis and distillation. Discrete blood samples can be assayed at a rate of 20/hr. By means of a double lumen catheter, venous or arterial blood can be monitored continuously."}
{"id": "PMID:891111", "title": "In vitro production of cyanide in normal human blood and the influence of thiocyanate and storage temperature.", "content": "Normal human blood stored at room temperature (about 20 degrees C) may, over a period of weeks, undergo a slow transformation of its cyanide content. In contrast, when normal blood is stored at -20 degrees C there is formation of cyanide, usually occurring most rapidly during the first few days of storage. Peak concentrations are never greater than 20 microgram/100 ml, and although some fluctuation in concentration occurs over several months of storage at deep freeze temperature, levels are always higher than in the freshly drawn blood. The amount of cyanide produced appears to be a function of both the initial thiocyanate concentration and the freezing and/or thawing of blood. Blood stored at refrigerator temperature (about 4 degrees C) has the least fluctuation in cyanide concentration over a storage period up to three months. During this study it was found that there is significant difference in whole blood cyanide concentration between smokers and nonsmokers.", "contents": "In vitro production of cyanide in normal human blood and the influence of thiocyanate and storage temperature. Normal human blood stored at room temperature (about 20 degrees C) may, over a period of weeks, undergo a slow transformation of its cyanide content. In contrast, when normal blood is stored at -20 degrees C there is formation of cyanide, usually occurring most rapidly during the first few days of storage. Peak concentrations are never greater than 20 microgram/100 ml, and although some fluctuation in concentration occurs over several months of storage at deep freeze temperature, levels are always higher than in the freshly drawn blood. The amount of cyanide produced appears to be a function of both the initial thiocyanate concentration and the freezing and/or thawing of blood. Blood stored at refrigerator temperature (about 4 degrees C) has the least fluctuation in cyanide concentration over a storage period up to three months. During this study it was found that there is significant difference in whole blood cyanide concentration between smokers and nonsmokers."}
{"id": "PMID:891113", "title": "The influence of oral penicillamine and diet on lead poisoning in rats.", "content": "In spite of continued lead intake, the oral chelate d-penicillamine was effective in reducing blood lead levels of lead-poisoned weanling rats on three different low-residue diets: a standard rat diet, a low calcium diet, and the trace metal salt modified EPA diet. A significant lessening of weight gain was evident in those on the low calcium diet.", "contents": "The influence of oral penicillamine and diet on lead poisoning in rats. In spite of continued lead intake, the oral chelate d-penicillamine was effective in reducing blood lead levels of lead-poisoned weanling rats on three different low-residue diets: a standard rat diet, a low calcium diet, and the trace metal salt modified EPA diet. A significant lessening of weight gain was evident in those on the low calcium diet."}
{"id": "PMID:891115", "title": "Simultaneous identification and quantitation of diphenhydramine and methaqualone.", "content": "Methods for the simulataneous identification and quantitation of diphenhydramine and methaqualone in urine have been investigated. Suitable thin-layer and gas chromatographic techniques have been developed. The extraction techniques were evaluated by extracting human urine after the ingestion of therapeutic dosages of the two drugs. A charcoal cartridge technique proved to be superior to direct solvent extraction. Although enzyme hydrolysis gave slightly better recoveries than the charcoal cartridge technique, it is a time-consuming procedure.", "contents": "Simultaneous identification and quantitation of diphenhydramine and methaqualone. Methods for the simulataneous identification and quantitation of diphenhydramine and methaqualone in urine have been investigated. Suitable thin-layer and gas chromatographic techniques have been developed. The extraction techniques were evaluated by extracting human urine after the ingestion of therapeutic dosages of the two drugs. A charcoal cartridge technique proved to be superior to direct solvent extraction. Although enzyme hydrolysis gave slightly better recoveries than the charcoal cartridge technique, it is a time-consuming procedure."}
{"id": "PMID:891116", "title": "Chelation in metal intoxication. IV. Removal of chromium from organs of experimentally poisoned animals.", "content": "In an attempt to find more reliable therapeutic or preventive agents for industrial chromium poisoning, some structurally different metal binding agents were screened for their ability to mobilize chromium from liver, kidney, brain, and testes (in vivo) and their subcellular fractions (in vitro), together with the blood corpuscles of experimentally intoxicated animals. Ethylenedinitrilotetraacetic acid (EDTA) and diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid (DTPA) were quite successful in vivo, while ascorbic acid and 3,4-dihydroxy-L-phenyl alanine (L-DOPA) were more effective in vitro. No relationship could be observed between the structure or the molecular weight of the various chelating agents examined and their ability to remove chromium from either the tissue or their subcellular fractions.", "contents": "Chelation in metal intoxication. IV. Removal of chromium from organs of experimentally poisoned animals. In an attempt to find more reliable therapeutic or preventive agents for industrial chromium poisoning, some structurally different metal binding agents were screened for their ability to mobilize chromium from liver, kidney, brain, and testes (in vivo) and their subcellular fractions (in vitro), together with the blood corpuscles of experimentally intoxicated animals. Ethylenedinitrilotetraacetic acid (EDTA) and diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid (DTPA) were quite successful in vivo, while ascorbic acid and 3,4-dihydroxy-L-phenyl alanine (L-DOPA) were more effective in vitro. No relationship could be observed between the structure or the molecular weight of the various chelating agents examined and their ability to remove chromium from either the tissue or their subcellular fractions."}
{"id": "PMID:891117", "title": "The identification of ketamine and its metabolites in biologic fluids by gas-chromatography-mass spectrometry.", "content": "A simple gas chromatography-mass spectrometric method for the identification of ketamine and its metabolites in urine, blood, serum, and plasma has been developed in order to investigate a coma due to overdose of the drug.", "contents": "The identification of ketamine and its metabolites in biologic fluids by gas-chromatography-mass spectrometry. A simple gas chromatography-mass spectrometric method for the identification of ketamine and its metabolites in urine, blood, serum, and plasma has been developed in order to investigate a coma due to overdose of the drug."}
{"id": "PMID:891118", "title": "Occupational health properties of organic pigments.", "content": "Certain terms and statements made by the author of Ref. [1] are criticized. Published evidence dose not support the term \"probable carcinogen\". \"Possible carcinogen\" is preferred. Extrapolation of conclusions of carcinogenicity to pigments not yet tested is unwarranted.", "contents": "Occupational health properties of organic pigments. Certain terms and statements made by the author of Ref. [1] are criticized. Published evidence dose not support the term \"probable carcinogen\". \"Possible carcinogen\" is preferred. Extrapolation of conclusions of carcinogenicity to pigments not yet tested is unwarranted."}
{"id": "PMID:891133", "title": "RX for social death: the cancer patient as counselor.", "content": "Cancer patients frequently encounter psychological problems distinct from those with other serious illnesses. Cancer's deadly nature and its drastic treatment often alienate patients from relatives and caregivers. The CanCervive program trained cancer patients to counsel other patients. They functioned as role models and provided opportunities for catharsis. Yet their own unresolved conflicts often led them to overidentify with patients. Volunteers lacked insight into their own feelings of stress at seeing dying patients and their own guilt over their relatively advantaged medical status. Despite this, they helped patients cope with their insecurities and dependency needs, and assisted with professional education.", "contents": "RX for social death: the cancer patient as counselor. Cancer patients frequently encounter psychological problems distinct from those with other serious illnesses. Cancer's deadly nature and its drastic treatment often alienate patients from relatives and caregivers. The CanCervive program trained cancer patients to counsel other patients. They functioned as role models and provided opportunities for catharsis. Yet their own unresolved conflicts often led them to overidentify with patients. Volunteers lacked insight into their own feelings of stress at seeing dying patients and their own guilt over their relatively advantaged medical status. Despite this, they helped patients cope with their insecurities and dependency needs, and assisted with professional education."}
{"id": "PMID:891134", "title": "Who should be counselors in methadone maintenance programs: ex-addicts or nonaddicts?", "content": "Counselors play a central role in most methadone maintenance programs. Yet the choice of who should be employed as counselors is based on little more than personal whims of decision makers. And in evaluating the effectiveness of this highly controlled rehabilitative therapy, the influence of the counselors as an important factor is often ignored. The total changeover of the counselors from an ex-addict to a nonaddict group in an otherwise stable clinic provided an unusual opportunity to compared the performance of the two groups. Both the objective and subjective data supported the hypothesis that ex-addicts as a group compared unfavorably with a similar group of nonaddicts when employed as counselors in a methadone maintenance clinic.", "contents": "Who should be counselors in methadone maintenance programs: ex-addicts or nonaddicts? Counselors play a central role in most methadone maintenance programs. Yet the choice of who should be employed as counselors is based on little more than personal whims of decision makers. And in evaluating the effectiveness of this highly controlled rehabilitative therapy, the influence of the counselors as an important factor is often ignored. The total changeover of the counselors from an ex-addict to a nonaddict group in an otherwise stable clinic provided an unusual opportunity to compared the performance of the two groups. Both the objective and subjective data supported the hypothesis that ex-addicts as a group compared unfavorably with a similar group of nonaddicts when employed as counselors in a methadone maintenance clinic."}
{"id": "PMID:891135", "title": "Creating new consultation programs in community mental health centers: analysis of a case study.", "content": "A primary prevention program, initiated in a community mental health center, never became fully operational. Analysis suggests that failure to include recipients in initial planning, an unrealistic time table, insufficient institutional support for innovation, the project leader's organizational marginality, and the institutional constraints created by commitment to direct treatment of troubled individuals were factors that contributed to the project's failure. Several recommendations are presented. The most novel and important one is that systems-oriented, preventive mental health work should be based in a separate, distinct institution.", "contents": "Creating new consultation programs in community mental health centers: analysis of a case study. A primary prevention program, initiated in a community mental health center, never became fully operational. Analysis suggests that failure to include recipients in initial planning, an unrealistic time table, insufficient institutional support for innovation, the project leader's organizational marginality, and the institutional constraints created by commitment to direct treatment of troubled individuals were factors that contributed to the project's failure. Several recommendations are presented. The most novel and important one is that systems-oriented, preventive mental health work should be based in a separate, distinct institution."}
{"id": "PMID:891136", "title": "Consultation as a political process.", "content": "Consultation may be viewed as a political-bargaining process in which actors seek to maximize at minimal cost expertise, organizational position, and organizational reputation. A view of consultation as political process allows for a shift in language in discussions of consultation. Such a language shift suggests shifts in the social meaning of the consulation process. Emphasis was placed on four suggested functions of consultation: definition and legitimation of a situation or of facts as \"problematic\"; raising the priority of an i5sue on the agenda of action in a consultee's agency; legitimation of deviant administrative behavior, and creation and sustenance of interagency linkages. A perspective is proposed that looks at the consequences as well as the intents of the process. This view of consultation can be studied emprically.", "contents": "Consultation as a political process. Consultation may be viewed as a political-bargaining process in which actors seek to maximize at minimal cost expertise, organizational position, and organizational reputation. A view of consultation as political process allows for a shift in language in discussions of consultation. Such a language shift suggests shifts in the social meaning of the consulation process. Emphasis was placed on four suggested functions of consultation: definition and legitimation of a situation or of facts as \"problematic\"; raising the priority of an i5sue on the agenda of action in a consultee's agency; legitimation of deviant administrative behavior, and creation and sustenance of interagency linkages. A perspective is proposed that looks at the consequences as well as the intents of the process. This view of consultation can be studied emprically."}
{"id": "PMID:891137", "title": "Impact of mental health facilities on property values.", "content": "Community opposition to the establishment of a small-scale mental health facility is often intense. One frequently voiced fear is that the estabishment of a facility will cause property values in its vicinity to decline. This paper examines empirical evidence of the impact on property values in the neighborhood of 12 mental health centers in Philadelphia. It is concluded that such facilities have an indeterminate effect on property values in their vicinity, contary to popular opinion.", "contents": "Impact of mental health facilities on property values. Community opposition to the establishment of a small-scale mental health facility is often intense. One frequently voiced fear is that the estabishment of a facility will cause property values in its vicinity to decline. This paper examines empirical evidence of the impact on property values in the neighborhood of 12 mental health centers in Philadelphia. It is concluded that such facilities have an indeterminate effect on property values in their vicinity, contary to popular opinion."}
{"id": "PMID:891138", "title": "A halfway house in a mental health center.", "content": "The functioning of Overing House, a halfway house established in organizational context produced a number of changes: The tenants became more representative of Overing's neighboring community; the availability of a network of services under one administrative structure improved the continuity of comprehensive care; a more productive relationship was established between house parents and therapists. Significant different in outcome between the two groups (precenter and center) was suggested by data related to course of employment, independent living, and reduction in long-term hospitalization.", "contents": "A halfway house in a mental health center. The functioning of Overing House, a halfway house established in organizational context produced a number of changes: The tenants became more representative of Overing's neighboring community; the availability of a network of services under one administrative structure improved the continuity of comprehensive care; a more productive relationship was established between house parents and therapists. Significant different in outcome between the two groups (precenter and center) was suggested by data related to course of employment, independent living, and reduction in long-term hospitalization."}
{"id": "PMID:891139", "title": "The use of attainment scaling in the evaluation of a regional mental health program.", "content": "The general evaluation of the success of a regional mental health program was attempted through the use of the Goal Attainment Scale. There were 278 goal guides scored for 96 sample patients at periods of 6, 12, and 18 months after admission. The interrater reliability between pairs of raters at follow-up interviews was high (.87). The intraclass correlation for goal guides constructed by three independent goal setters was moderate (r=.71). The mean scores of the three raters, when compared to a consensus goal score, attained an intraclass coefficient of .91. Thus the goal-attainment scoring procedure was found to be reliable. However, no evidence could be discerned to support its validity as a measure of a patient's treatment outcome.", "contents": "The use of attainment scaling in the evaluation of a regional mental health program. The general evaluation of the success of a regional mental health program was attempted through the use of the Goal Attainment Scale. There were 278 goal guides scored for 96 sample patients at periods of 6, 12, and 18 months after admission. The interrater reliability between pairs of raters at follow-up interviews was high (.87). The intraclass correlation for goal guides constructed by three independent goal setters was moderate (r=.71). The mean scores of the three raters, when compared to a consensus goal score, attained an intraclass coefficient of .91. Thus the goal-attainment scoring procedure was found to be reliable. However, no evidence could be discerned to support its validity as a measure of a patient's treatment outcome."}
{"id": "PMID:891140", "title": "Let's quit stalling and do program evaluation.", "content": "Five issues have been identified as major impediments to program evaluation. Examination of these issues shows many of them to be resolved in the process of conducting evaluations. It is asserted that only by implementing evaluations will the field move foreward. At the present time much energy is wasted discussing or arguing the five issues and the ideal approach to making program evaluations. Examples are provided from ongoing evaluations that show how the issues are resolved.", "contents": "Let's quit stalling and do program evaluation. Five issues have been identified as major impediments to program evaluation. Examination of these issues shows many of them to be resolved in the process of conducting evaluations. It is asserted that only by implementing evaluations will the field move foreward. At the present time much energy is wasted discussing or arguing the five issues and the ideal approach to making program evaluations. Examples are provided from ongoing evaluations that show how the issues are resolved."}
{"id": "PMID:891153", "title": "A design for integration.", "content": "For nearly two decades, the development of computerized information systems has struggled for acceptable compromises between the unattainable \"total system\" and the unacceptable separate applications. Integration of related applications is essential if the computer is to be exploited fully, yet relative simplicity is necessary for systems to be implemented in a reasonable time-scale. This paper discusses a system being progressively developed from minimal beginnings but which, from the outset, had a highly flexible and fully integrated system basis. The system is for batch processing, but can accommodate on-line data input; it is similar in its approach to many transaction-processing real-time systems.", "contents": "A design for integration. For nearly two decades, the development of computerized information systems has struggled for acceptable compromises between the unattainable \"total system\" and the unacceptable separate applications. Integration of related applications is essential if the computer is to be exploited fully, yet relative simplicity is necessary for systems to be implemented in a reasonable time-scale. This paper discusses a system being progressively developed from minimal beginnings but which, from the outset, had a highly flexible and fully integrated system basis. The system is for batch processing, but can accommodate on-line data input; it is similar in its approach to many transaction-processing real-time systems."}
{"id": "PMID:891154", "title": "A short parameter-fitting routine for compartmental models.", "content": "We have developed a program of 298 FORTRAN statements which obtains the inter-pool exchange rates and other parameters of a compartmental system, working directly from the time course of tracer activity after a bolus injection. The fitting problem - data and model - is specified by the user in a natural syntactic style. The program calculates least-squares estimates, confidence limits and intercorrelation estimates for the fitted parameters. Its small size and conceptual simplicity make the program a powerful practical tool for analyzing tracer studies.", "contents": "A short parameter-fitting routine for compartmental models. We have developed a program of 298 FORTRAN statements which obtains the inter-pool exchange rates and other parameters of a compartmental system, working directly from the time course of tracer activity after a bolus injection. The fitting problem - data and model - is specified by the user in a natural syntactic style. The program calculates least-squares estimates, confidence limits and intercorrelation estimates for the fitted parameters. Its small size and conceptual simplicity make the program a powerful practical tool for analyzing tracer studies."}
{"id": "PMID:891155", "title": "A computer program for comparing irregular two-dimensional forms.", "content": "A shape comparison of two forms requires a procedure that ensures comparability. A computer program has been written to compute a quantitative measure of shape differences between irregular bounded forms. The curve-fitting procedure, utilizing Fourier's series, is particularly well-suited for two-dimensional closed forms. The program provides several alternate methods to eliminate size difference, ensure a common or neutral center for superimposition and provide a rotational orientation which minimizes shape differences. The program contains numerous user-specified options which control input data transformations, algorithmic processing and output. The algorithmic processing provides: (1) generation of Fourier coefficients based on observed data, (2) two methods of producing Fourier coefficients adjusted for positional orientation, (3) two methods of producing Fourier coefficients adjusted for size standardization, (4) two methods of producing Fourier coefficients adjusted for rotational orientation, (5) a cross-correlation technique which rotationally adjusts two superimposed forms to minimize the shape difference, and (6) various standard statistical measures.", "contents": "A computer program for comparing irregular two-dimensional forms. A shape comparison of two forms requires a procedure that ensures comparability. A computer program has been written to compute a quantitative measure of shape differences between irregular bounded forms. The curve-fitting procedure, utilizing Fourier's series, is particularly well-suited for two-dimensional closed forms. The program provides several alternate methods to eliminate size difference, ensure a common or neutral center for superimposition and provide a rotational orientation which minimizes shape differences. The program contains numerous user-specified options which control input data transformations, algorithmic processing and output. The algorithmic processing provides: (1) generation of Fourier coefficients based on observed data, (2) two methods of producing Fourier coefficients adjusted for positional orientation, (3) two methods of producing Fourier coefficients adjusted for size standardization, (4) two methods of producing Fourier coefficients adjusted for rotational orientation, (5) a cross-correlation technique which rotationally adjusts two superimposed forms to minimize the shape difference, and (6) various standard statistical measures."}
{"id": "PMID:891156", "title": "A method for evaluation of the electric potential field of a neuron with time-dependent surface potential.", "content": "Results of the mathematical simulation of the extracellular electric field of the neuron are presented, yielding the formula describing the time and space dependence of the extracellular potential. The general method of the evaluation of the formulae is presented, which is applicable for any computation of the electric field surrounding a body having time-dependent surface potential. The implementation of the resulting formulae in FORTRAN IV for the special case of neuronal model is presented, including the list of input and output data. The possible applications of the suggested method are studied in concluding discussion.", "contents": "A method for evaluation of the electric potential field of a neuron with time-dependent surface potential. Results of the mathematical simulation of the extracellular electric field of the neuron are presented, yielding the formula describing the time and space dependence of the extracellular potential. The general method of the evaluation of the formulae is presented, which is applicable for any computation of the electric field surrounding a body having time-dependent surface potential. The implementation of the resulting formulae in FORTRAN IV for the special case of neuronal model is presented, including the list of input and output data. The possible applications of the suggested method are studied in concluding discussion."}
{"id": "PMID:891157", "title": "A computerized approach to statistical quality control for radioimmunoassays in the clinical chemistry laboratory.", "content": "Methods for statistical quality control for the clinical laboratory in general, and radioimmunoassay in particular, have been proposed for many years. Unfortunately, only a very small number of laboratories have adapted these procedures. By use of teletypes and other remote terminals, it is possible for all laboratories to access centralized computers where a general purpose quality control program can be stored. This relieves each laboratory of the costly task of developing software, provides some degree of inter-laboratory standardization and facilitates comparison of precision and accuracy between laboratories. A prototype program for this purpose is described. This program evaluates within-assay and between-assay variability, by means of an analysis of variance for a one-way classification random-effects model, and can monitor any assay parameter by use of control chart techniques. In addition, several tests are provided to evaluate the temporal stability of the assay system, and appropriate tests for outliers are included. Also, methods are described for combination of information from several quality control samples. This provides a valid basis for adjustment of assay results or for outright rejection of an assay. For convenience, this program is designed for output on a teletype or similar terminal located in the laboratory. Simplified versions of this program can be readily adapted to desk-top calculators. The original purpose for developing this system was to provide the clinical laboratory with a simple, general, and flexible method for assessing the performance of radioimmunoassays, but its usefulness should extend to virtually all assay methods.", "contents": "A computerized approach to statistical quality control for radioimmunoassays in the clinical chemistry laboratory. Methods for statistical quality control for the clinical laboratory in general, and radioimmunoassay in particular, have been proposed for many years. Unfortunately, only a very small number of laboratories have adapted these procedures. By use of teletypes and other remote terminals, it is possible for all laboratories to access centralized computers where a general purpose quality control program can be stored. This relieves each laboratory of the costly task of developing software, provides some degree of inter-laboratory standardization and facilitates comparison of precision and accuracy between laboratories. A prototype program for this purpose is described. This program evaluates within-assay and between-assay variability, by means of an analysis of variance for a one-way classification random-effects model, and can monitor any assay parameter by use of control chart techniques. In addition, several tests are provided to evaluate the temporal stability of the assay system, and appropriate tests for outliers are included. Also, methods are described for combination of information from several quality control samples. This provides a valid basis for adjustment of assay results or for outright rejection of an assay. For convenience, this program is designed for output on a teletype or similar terminal located in the laboratory. Simplified versions of this program can be readily adapted to desk-top calculators. The original purpose for developing this system was to provide the clinical laboratory with a simple, general, and flexible method for assessing the performance of radioimmunoassays, but its usefulness should extend to virtually all assay methods."}
{"id": "PMID:891158", "title": "MEDINFO--a medical information system.", "content": "The MEDINFO (MEDical INFOrmation) system is a general purpose computer-based information storage, retrieval, and analysis system. It is designed for a time sharing, on-line computer system for the rapid and easy creation, maintenance, and analysis of general data files. A wide variety of types of information may be used. These include numeric, categoric, text, date, and multiple-response. The file structure allows several sets of data, including date-orientated data, to be used. MEDINFO permits a study to be created, a description of the data made, data to be entered and updated into records, and for the data to be displayed or analyzed by the investigator without programmer intervention.", "contents": "MEDINFO--a medical information system. The MEDINFO (MEDical INFOrmation) system is a general purpose computer-based information storage, retrieval, and analysis system. It is designed for a time sharing, on-line computer system for the rapid and easy creation, maintenance, and analysis of general data files. A wide variety of types of information may be used. These include numeric, categoric, text, date, and multiple-response. The file structure allows several sets of data, including date-orientated data, to be used. MEDINFO permits a study to be created, a description of the data made, data to be entered and updated into records, and for the data to be displayed or analyzed by the investigator without programmer intervention."}
{"id": "PMID:891159", "title": "A computer simulation of the growth of a tumour in vitro.", "content": "This paper presents a computer model which simulates the growth of an in vitro tumour assumed to be a spheroid. Growth of the tumour is primarily affected by inward diffusion of ambient nutrients and outward diffusion of catabolites which tend to inhibit mitosis of living cells within this colony. In its final stages, the tumour consists of a necrotic core surrounded by a series of concentric shells which are comprised of non-proliferating and partially proliferating cells. Beyond this, an outermost shell of freely proliferating cells is in contact with the ambient medium which contains essential nutrients. The main purpose of this study is the qualitative study of the growth behaviour when various input parameters are altered. As noted in the final discussion, the main import of the paper is the observation that under certain conditions the initial monotonic growth of the tumour may give way to a series of temporary regressions alternating with growth periods. This behaviour eventually dampers out to yield a steady state situation when the amount of cell proliferation is exactly balanced by the decomposition of cells in the necrotic core.", "contents": "A computer simulation of the growth of a tumour in vitro. This paper presents a computer model which simulates the growth of an in vitro tumour assumed to be a spheroid. Growth of the tumour is primarily affected by inward diffusion of ambient nutrients and outward diffusion of catabolites which tend to inhibit mitosis of living cells within this colony. In its final stages, the tumour consists of a necrotic core surrounded by a series of concentric shells which are comprised of non-proliferating and partially proliferating cells. Beyond this, an outermost shell of freely proliferating cells is in contact with the ambient medium which contains essential nutrients. The main purpose of this study is the qualitative study of the growth behaviour when various input parameters are altered. As noted in the final discussion, the main import of the paper is the observation that under certain conditions the initial monotonic growth of the tumour may give way to a series of temporary regressions alternating with growth periods. This behaviour eventually dampers out to yield a steady state situation when the amount of cell proliferation is exactly balanced by the decomposition of cells in the necrotic core."}
{"id": "PMID:891160", "title": "The rabies information system--a model for a common information system in human and veterinary medicine.", "content": "An information system is described in the field of rabies, which realizes the integration of information streams from human medicine as well as from veterinary medicine by help of computers. This rabies information system is based on a homogeneous and coordinated system of surveillance in connection with prophylaxis and control of rabies. It includes a modification of the case record, suggested by the WHO-Expert-Committee on Rabies. The aims of this rabies information system are: to make obvious the epizootiological situation with formation and change of foci, to show the epidemiological importance of special animals and to recognize the epidemiological situation. All this has to be fulfilled in an integrated system. Furthermore optimal treatment is guaranteed by express diagnostics and earliest possible special treatment of high-risk groups by the co-operation of human and veterinary medicine. The rabies information system was generally introduced in the GDR in 1970. It has proved to be practicable and effective especially by standardization of diagnostics, recording exposure of the patient, his treatment and partly automated evaluations of situation records and documentation of efficiency.", "contents": "The rabies information system--a model for a common information system in human and veterinary medicine. An information system is described in the field of rabies, which realizes the integration of information streams from human medicine as well as from veterinary medicine by help of computers. This rabies information system is based on a homogeneous and coordinated system of surveillance in connection with prophylaxis and control of rabies. It includes a modification of the case record, suggested by the WHO-Expert-Committee on Rabies. The aims of this rabies information system are: to make obvious the epizootiological situation with formation and change of foci, to show the epidemiological importance of special animals and to recognize the epidemiological situation. All this has to be fulfilled in an integrated system. Furthermore optimal treatment is guaranteed by express diagnostics and earliest possible special treatment of high-risk groups by the co-operation of human and veterinary medicine. The rabies information system was generally introduced in the GDR in 1970. It has proved to be practicable and effective especially by standardization of diagnostics, recording exposure of the patient, his treatment and partly automated evaluations of situation records and documentation of efficiency."}
{"id": "PMID:891161", "title": "Finite element stress analysis of the human left ventricle whose irregular shape is developed from single plane cineangiocardiogram.", "content": "The three-dimensional left ventricular chamber geometrical model is developed from single plane cineangiocardiogram. This left ventricular model is loaded by an internal pressure monitored by cardiac catheterization. The resulting stresses in the left ventricular model chamber's wall are determined by computerized finite element procedure. For the discretization of this left ventricular model structure, a 20-node, isoparametric finite element is employed. The analysis and formulation of the computerised procedure is presented in the paper, along with the detailed algorithms and computer programs. The procedure is applied to determine the stresses in a left ventricle at an instant, during systole. Next, a portion (represented by a finite element) of this left ventricular chamber is simulated as being infarcted by making its active-state modulus value equal to its passive-state value; the neighbouring elements are shown to relieve the \"infarcted\" element of stress by themselves taking on more stress.", "contents": "Finite element stress analysis of the human left ventricle whose irregular shape is developed from single plane cineangiocardiogram. The three-dimensional left ventricular chamber geometrical model is developed from single plane cineangiocardiogram. This left ventricular model is loaded by an internal pressure monitored by cardiac catheterization. The resulting stresses in the left ventricular model chamber's wall are determined by computerized finite element procedure. For the discretization of this left ventricular model structure, a 20-node, isoparametric finite element is employed. The analysis and formulation of the computerised procedure is presented in the paper, along with the detailed algorithms and computer programs. The procedure is applied to determine the stresses in a left ventricle at an instant, during systole. Next, a portion (represented by a finite element) of this left ventricular chamber is simulated as being infarcted by making its active-state modulus value equal to its passive-state value; the neighbouring elements are shown to relieve the \"infarcted\" element of stress by themselves taking on more stress."}
{"id": "PMID:891173", "title": "Skin manifestations of mercury poisoning.", "content": "Eight patients with skin lesions attributed to methylmercury exposure are reported. The outbreak of poisoning occurred in Iraq as a result of the handling and ingestion of treated grain and home-made bread. The skin manifestations were rather rare and varied in severity and histological appearance.", "contents": "Skin manifestations of mercury poisoning. Eight patients with skin lesions attributed to methylmercury exposure are reported. The outbreak of poisoning occurred in Iraq as a result of the handling and ingestion of treated grain and home-made bread. The skin manifestations were rather rare and varied in severity and histological appearance."}
{"id": "PMID:891174", "title": "The vehicle tray revisited: the use of the vehicle tray in assessing allergic contact dermatitis by a 24-hour application method.", "content": "Over 700 patients were screened by patch testing for sensitivity to the components of a vehicle tray from July 1974 through June 1976 at the Mayo Clinic. A modified version of the vehicle tray originally suggested by Fisher et al. (1971) was used, containing 14 substances commonly found in vehicles. Patches were applied for 24 rather than the usual 48 hours. Our percentage of reactivity compares favorably with the 48-h application method, thus demonstrating the efficacy of this time-saving technique. The method and usefulness of determining a percentage of irritancy are discussed. This was found to be a valuable tool in assessing false-positive reactions among our percentage of reactivity. Four irritants were demonstrated: phenylmercuric acetate (0.05% pet.), sodium lauryl sulfate (1% aq), thimerosal (0.1% aq) and hexachlorophene (1% pet.).", "contents": "The vehicle tray revisited: the use of the vehicle tray in assessing allergic contact dermatitis by a 24-hour application method. Over 700 patients were screened by patch testing for sensitivity to the components of a vehicle tray from July 1974 through June 1976 at the Mayo Clinic. A modified version of the vehicle tray originally suggested by Fisher et al. (1971) was used, containing 14 substances commonly found in vehicles. Patches were applied for 24 rather than the usual 48 hours. Our percentage of reactivity compares favorably with the 48-h application method, thus demonstrating the efficacy of this time-saving technique. The method and usefulness of determining a percentage of irritancy are discussed. This was found to be a valuable tool in assessing false-positive reactions among our percentage of reactivity. Four irritants were demonstrated: phenylmercuric acetate (0.05% pet.), sodium lauryl sulfate (1% aq), thimerosal (0.1% aq) and hexachlorophene (1% pet.)."}
{"id": "PMID:891175", "title": "Phytophotodermatitis: an experimental study using the chamber method.", "content": "Experimental phytophotodermatitis was produced using crushed leaves from the gas plant, Dictamnus albus. The tests were made using the chamber method and irradiated with ordinary black light tubes. An occlusion time of not less than 30 min was needed to give a phototoxic reaction in all test subjects. An occlusion time 30-120 min gave the optimal results, but contact for 24 h produced only weak and inconsistent reactions. The phototoxic substance was readily absorbed into the skin within 10-15 min. The phototoxic tendency already began to disappear within 30 min after the tests were removed. UVA energy of 0.3 J/cm2 was enough to evoke a phytophotoreaction in all of the test subjects when other conditions were optimal. The reactions were enhanced by adding water to the test sites. Deep-freezing of the plant material did not destroy the phototoxicity within a 4-month period.", "contents": "Phytophotodermatitis: an experimental study using the chamber method. Experimental phytophotodermatitis was produced using crushed leaves from the gas plant, Dictamnus albus. The tests were made using the chamber method and irradiated with ordinary black light tubes. An occlusion time of not less than 30 min was needed to give a phototoxic reaction in all test subjects. An occlusion time 30-120 min gave the optimal results, but contact for 24 h produced only weak and inconsistent reactions. The phototoxic substance was readily absorbed into the skin within 10-15 min. The phototoxic tendency already began to disappear within 30 min after the tests were removed. UVA energy of 0.3 J/cm2 was enough to evoke a phytophotoreaction in all of the test subjects when other conditions were optimal. The reactions were enhanced by adding water to the test sites. Deep-freezing of the plant material did not destroy the phototoxicity within a 4-month period."}
{"id": "PMID:891176", "title": "Tobramycin-neomycin cross-sensitivity.", "content": "Fifty normal control volunteers were patch tested to 20% neomycin as well as tobramycin 1%, 10%, 20% and 30% in white petrolatum. Tobramycin is a new aminoglycoside antibiotic for prescription ophthalmologic use in the United States. There were no reactions on any of the control volunteers. Twenty known and proven neomycin-allergic patients were then tested to tobramycin 10% and 20% in white petrolatum, as well as to neomycin 20% aqueous and 20% in white petrolatum. All 20 reacted with a 2+ or greater response to the neomycin patch tests. Twelve out of the 20 or 60% of the neomycin-allergic patients reacted to the 10% tobramycin in white petrolatum. Thirteen out of 20 or 65% reacted to 20% tobramycin in white petrolatum. From these data, tobramycin (ophthalmic) should not be used to treat known neomycin-allergic patients without first patch testing the patient with 20% tobramycin in white petrolatum. It appears probable that 65% of neomycin-allergic patients would react with a dermatitic response to such therapy.", "contents": "Tobramycin-neomycin cross-sensitivity. Fifty normal control volunteers were patch tested to 20% neomycin as well as tobramycin 1%, 10%, 20% and 30% in white petrolatum. Tobramycin is a new aminoglycoside antibiotic for prescription ophthalmologic use in the United States. There were no reactions on any of the control volunteers. Twenty known and proven neomycin-allergic patients were then tested to tobramycin 10% and 20% in white petrolatum, as well as to neomycin 20% aqueous and 20% in white petrolatum. All 20 reacted with a 2+ or greater response to the neomycin patch tests. Twelve out of the 20 or 60% of the neomycin-allergic patients reacted to the 10% tobramycin in white petrolatum. Thirteen out of 20 or 65% reacted to 20% tobramycin in white petrolatum. From these data, tobramycin (ophthalmic) should not be used to treat known neomycin-allergic patients without first patch testing the patient with 20% tobramycin in white petrolatum. It appears probable that 65% of neomycin-allergic patients would react with a dermatitic response to such therapy."}
{"id": "PMID:891177", "title": "Behaviour of contact allergy and new sensitivities on subsequent patch tests.", "content": "Patch tests repeated one or more times over periods of up to 3 years in 208 subjects with allergic contact dermatitis produced evidence of persistent specific sensitivities in almost 50% of cases. In about 25% the reactivity disappeared and over 25% developed new sensitivities. No new sensitivities appeared in 253 patients with non-allergic contact dermatitis or with other types of dermatitis in whom the same patch tests were carried out. The history and follow-up of patients with new sensitivities brought into focus the presumed aetiopathogenetic role of further contacts, especially occupational or after topical applications. Patch tests themselves, provided the correct technique is employed especially as regards the concentration of allergens, do not seem to be responsible for new sensitizations to any significant extent.", "contents": "Behaviour of contact allergy and new sensitivities on subsequent patch tests. Patch tests repeated one or more times over periods of up to 3 years in 208 subjects with allergic contact dermatitis produced evidence of persistent specific sensitivities in almost 50% of cases. In about 25% the reactivity disappeared and over 25% developed new sensitivities. No new sensitivities appeared in 253 patients with non-allergic contact dermatitis or with other types of dermatitis in whom the same patch tests were carried out. The history and follow-up of patients with new sensitivities brought into focus the presumed aetiopathogenetic role of further contacts, especially occupational or after topical applications. Patch tests themselves, provided the correct technique is employed especially as regards the concentration of allergens, do not seem to be responsible for new sensitizations to any significant extent."}
{"id": "PMID:891178", "title": "The role of sesquiterpene lactones in contact hypersensitivity to some North and South American species of feverfew (Parthenium-Compositae).", "content": "Sixteen taxa of the genus Parthenium from North and South America and 20 sesquiterpene lactones derived from plants of the Compositae family were used for patch testing six volunteers who were known to be contact sensitive to plants and lactones of this family. The patterns of cross-sensitivity and structure-activity relationships of the allergenic lactones are evaluated and the clinical and ecological relevance is discussed.", "contents": "The role of sesquiterpene lactones in contact hypersensitivity to some North and South American species of feverfew (Parthenium-Compositae). Sixteen taxa of the genus Parthenium from North and South America and 20 sesquiterpene lactones derived from plants of the Compositae family were used for patch testing six volunteers who were known to be contact sensitive to plants and lactones of this family. The patterns of cross-sensitivity and structure-activity relationships of the allergenic lactones are evaluated and the clinical and ecological relevance is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:891179", "title": "Contact and bacterial allergy in children with atopic dermatitis.", "content": "Cell-mediated immunity to bacterial antigens was studied by intradermal testing, and to contact antigens (cosmetics, environmental chemicals and topical medicaments) by patch testing in 270 children with atopic dermatitis. The incidence of delayed-type immune cutaneous reactions in these patients was lower than in the controls. Contact allergy is a rare finding in the first 4 years of life but its incidence increases subsequently. In subjects with atopic dermatitis the incidence of sensitization by contact with allergens contained in topical medicaments proved to be lower than in subjects with eczema of other types. The data collected points to a reduced cell-mediated immune reactivity in a proportion of subjects with atopic dermatitis.", "contents": "Contact and bacterial allergy in children with atopic dermatitis. Cell-mediated immunity to bacterial antigens was studied by intradermal testing, and to contact antigens (cosmetics, environmental chemicals and topical medicaments) by patch testing in 270 children with atopic dermatitis. The incidence of delayed-type immune cutaneous reactions in these patients was lower than in the controls. Contact allergy is a rare finding in the first 4 years of life but its incidence increases subsequently. In subjects with atopic dermatitis the incidence of sensitization by contact with allergens contained in topical medicaments proved to be lower than in subjects with eczema of other types. The data collected points to a reduced cell-mediated immune reactivity in a proportion of subjects with atopic dermatitis."}
{"id": "PMID:891201", "title": "Sickle hemoglobinopathy and the kidney.", "content": "Individuals with sickle cell anemia manifest various functional and anatomic renal aberrations. Function of the renal medulla is uniformly affected as reflected in impaired urinary concentrating and acidifying ability. Disruption of normal blood flow patterns in the medulla with impairment of function of the loop of Henle (functional papillectomy), presumably because of sickling in the hyperosmolar and anoxic environment of the renal medulla, may mediate these abnormalities. Hematuria and frank papillary necrosis may result through the same mechanism. Nephrotic syndrome, glomerulonephritis, and progressive renal failure occur on occasion in sickle cell disease. Recent evidence strongly suggests an immune complex glomerulonephritis due to tubular injury with release of renal tubular antigen into the circulation of such individuals. Hemodialysis and renal transplantation appear to be reasonable modes of therapy for sickle cell patients in chronic renal failure.", "contents": "Sickle hemoglobinopathy and the kidney. Individuals with sickle cell anemia manifest various functional and anatomic renal aberrations. Function of the renal medulla is uniformly affected as reflected in impaired urinary concentrating and acidifying ability. Disruption of normal blood flow patterns in the medulla with impairment of function of the loop of Henle (functional papillectomy), presumably because of sickling in the hyperosmolar and anoxic environment of the renal medulla, may mediate these abnormalities. Hematuria and frank papillary necrosis may result through the same mechanism. Nephrotic syndrome, glomerulonephritis, and progressive renal failure occur on occasion in sickle cell disease. Recent evidence strongly suggests an immune complex glomerulonephritis due to tubular injury with release of renal tubular antigen into the circulation of such individuals. Hemodialysis and renal transplantation appear to be reasonable modes of therapy for sickle cell patients in chronic renal failure."}
{"id": "PMID:891206", "title": "Central hemodynamics and cardiac output control in essential hypertensive patients.", "content": "Central hemodynamics were determined in 202 men including 101 normotensive and 101 permanent essential hypertensive patients of the same age. Cardiac output was identical in the two groups while blood pressure and total peripheral resistance were significantly different. Strong differences between the two groups are revealed by a systematic correlation study: (i) correlations of blood pressure (with respectively heart rate and total blood volume) were significant in the normotensive group but not in the hypertensive group; (ii) correlations of cardiac output (with respectively heart rate and total blood volume) were significant in both groups; (iii) correlations of renal blood flow (with respectively cardiac output and blood pressure) were significant in the hypertensive group but not in the normo tensive group. This study provided evidence that the volume and neural pressure controls are impaired in hypertensive patients while the cardiac output control is maintained and, suggested the existence of adaptive mechanisms involving the kidney in the maintenance of normal cardiac output in permanent essential hypertensive patients.", "contents": "Central hemodynamics and cardiac output control in essential hypertensive patients. Central hemodynamics were determined in 202 men including 101 normotensive and 101 permanent essential hypertensive patients of the same age. Cardiac output was identical in the two groups while blood pressure and total peripheral resistance were significantly different. Strong differences between the two groups are revealed by a systematic correlation study: (i) correlations of blood pressure (with respectively heart rate and total blood volume) were significant in the normotensive group but not in the hypertensive group; (ii) correlations of cardiac output (with respectively heart rate and total blood volume) were significant in both groups; (iii) correlations of renal blood flow (with respectively cardiac output and blood pressure) were significant in the hypertensive group but not in the normo tensive group. This study provided evidence that the volume and neural pressure controls are impaired in hypertensive patients while the cardiac output control is maintained and, suggested the existence of adaptive mechanisms involving the kidney in the maintenance of normal cardiac output in permanent essential hypertensive patients."}
{"id": "PMID:891207", "title": "Role of sodium and water in hypertensive patients on maintenance hemodialysis.", "content": "In 46 patients of the chronic hemodialysis program blood pressure regulation was studied according to variations of sodium and fluid balance. A strong relationship was observed between blood pressure and the amount of exchangeable sodium. In the hypertensive patients exchangeable sodium was increased depite fulfilled clinical signs of sufficient dehydration. The blood volume was found to be small and the plasma renin activity increased in those hypertensive patients, in which sufficient fluid depletion was inhibited by extreme fluctuations of the blood pressure during dialysis. A diminution of the sodium concentration keeping the fluid balance constant induced an increase of blood pressure and deteriorated the subjective feeling of the patients. By an increase of the sodium concentration up to 155 mEq/l severe blood pressure fluctuations during during dialysis could be prevented, although further fluid was taken off by ultrafiltration. This effect seemed to be mediated--at least partly--by an increase of the low blood volume and a suppression of plasma renin activity. After the patients became normotensive, dialysis procedure could be continued with normal sodium concentration. By a temporary high sodium regimen of the dialysis procedure some patients with renal failure and 'uncontrollable hypertension' can be preserved from bilateral nephrectomy.", "contents": "Role of sodium and water in hypertensive patients on maintenance hemodialysis. In 46 patients of the chronic hemodialysis program blood pressure regulation was studied according to variations of sodium and fluid balance. A strong relationship was observed between blood pressure and the amount of exchangeable sodium. In the hypertensive patients exchangeable sodium was increased depite fulfilled clinical signs of sufficient dehydration. The blood volume was found to be small and the plasma renin activity increased in those hypertensive patients, in which sufficient fluid depletion was inhibited by extreme fluctuations of the blood pressure during dialysis. A diminution of the sodium concentration keeping the fluid balance constant induced an increase of blood pressure and deteriorated the subjective feeling of the patients. By an increase of the sodium concentration up to 155 mEq/l severe blood pressure fluctuations during during dialysis could be prevented, although further fluid was taken off by ultrafiltration. This effect seemed to be mediated--at least partly--by an increase of the low blood volume and a suppression of plasma renin activity. After the patients became normotensive, dialysis procedure could be continued with normal sodium concentration. By a temporary high sodium regimen of the dialysis procedure some patients with renal failure and 'uncontrollable hypertension' can be preserved from bilateral nephrectomy."}
{"id": "PMID:891209", "title": "Sodium excretion and sympathetic activity in relation to severity of hypertension.", "content": "The relationship between the severity of hypertensive disease and sodium excretion and sympathetic activity has been studied in normotensive (n = 19) and hypertensive (n = 19) men of the same derived from screening a total population. Sympathetic activity was determined from noradrenaline excretion and the severity of hypertension was assessed by measuring resting diastolic BP, left ventricular hypertrophy on orthogonal ECG and the glomerular filtration rate. In the hypertensive group the resting BP correlated well both with signs of left ventricular hypertrophy, i.e. with the degree of severity of the hypertensive disease. Up to the level of 90 mm Hg resting diastolic BP, sodium excretion rose in agreement with theory of pressure diuresis. Above 90 mm Hg, however, both sodium and noradrenaline excretion fell with increasing BP. This indicated that in more advanced hypertension the sodium balance overrides the sympathetic activity in the long-term relation of BP. In another series of 49-year-old-men noradrenaline excretion fell with increasing renal vascular resistance indicating that the increase in the latter variable could not be explained by increased sympathetic tone. On the basis of the results a hypothesis on the sequence of events leading to development of hypertension, is presented.", "contents": "Sodium excretion and sympathetic activity in relation to severity of hypertension. The relationship between the severity of hypertensive disease and sodium excretion and sympathetic activity has been studied in normotensive (n = 19) and hypertensive (n = 19) men of the same derived from screening a total population. Sympathetic activity was determined from noradrenaline excretion and the severity of hypertension was assessed by measuring resting diastolic BP, left ventricular hypertrophy on orthogonal ECG and the glomerular filtration rate. In the hypertensive group the resting BP correlated well both with signs of left ventricular hypertrophy, i.e. with the degree of severity of the hypertensive disease. Up to the level of 90 mm Hg resting diastolic BP, sodium excretion rose in agreement with theory of pressure diuresis. Above 90 mm Hg, however, both sodium and noradrenaline excretion fell with increasing BP. This indicated that in more advanced hypertension the sodium balance overrides the sympathetic activity in the long-term relation of BP. In another series of 49-year-old-men noradrenaline excretion fell with increasing renal vascular resistance indicating that the increase in the latter variable could not be explained by increased sympathetic tone. On the basis of the results a hypothesis on the sequence of events leading to development of hypertension, is presented."}
{"id": "PMID:891215", "title": "The role of the kidney in hypertension.", "content": "The role of the kidney in hypertension is reviewed in terms of sodium and water homeostasis, of the secretion of renin inappropriate to the state of sodium and water balance and of other renal humoral factors which might be implicated in the hypertensive process. Fundamental to the long-term maintenance of hypertension is an alteration in the relationship between renal perfusion pressure and the excretion of sodium and water. This alteration may be brought about as a result of renal structural damage, sympathetically mediated renal vasoconstriction or the action of renal or extrarenal hormones which modulate sodium and water excretion. When renin is secreted in excess of the prevailing level of sodium and water balance, the generated angiotensin contributes to the hypertension directly through peripheral and renal vasoconstriction. The level of blood pressure in two hypertensive patients with chronic renal failure was found to be highly correlated with the level of plasma renin activity as this was lowered by the administration of a beta-blocking drug. In rats deprived of sodium, renal artery constriction and contralateral nephrectomy was followed by hypertension without any elevation of plasma angiotensin and with a minimal expansion of plasma volume unaccompanied by expansion of extracellular fluid volume. The possible role of this small volume change and of other possible factors in producing hypertension is discussed. Studies in the nephrectomised rat confirmed eariler reports that renal medullayr auto-explants inhibited renoprival hypertension, but neither the identity nor mode of action of the medullary hypotensive factor were further clarified.", "contents": "The role of the kidney in hypertension. The role of the kidney in hypertension is reviewed in terms of sodium and water homeostasis, of the secretion of renin inappropriate to the state of sodium and water balance and of other renal humoral factors which might be implicated in the hypertensive process. Fundamental to the long-term maintenance of hypertension is an alteration in the relationship between renal perfusion pressure and the excretion of sodium and water. This alteration may be brought about as a result of renal structural damage, sympathetically mediated renal vasoconstriction or the action of renal or extrarenal hormones which modulate sodium and water excretion. When renin is secreted in excess of the prevailing level of sodium and water balance, the generated angiotensin contributes to the hypertension directly through peripheral and renal vasoconstriction. The level of blood pressure in two hypertensive patients with chronic renal failure was found to be highly correlated with the level of plasma renin activity as this was lowered by the administration of a beta-blocking drug. In rats deprived of sodium, renal artery constriction and contralateral nephrectomy was followed by hypertension without any elevation of plasma angiotensin and with a minimal expansion of plasma volume unaccompanied by expansion of extracellular fluid volume. The possible role of this small volume change and of other possible factors in producing hypertension is discussed. Studies in the nephrectomised rat confirmed eariler reports that renal medullayr auto-explants inhibited renoprival hypertension, but neither the identity nor mode of action of the medullary hypotensive factor were further clarified."}
{"id": "PMID:891217", "title": "Feedback mechanisms of arterial pressure control.", "content": "Arterial blood pressure varies very little among human beings and most other mammals for that matter. This suggests that a powerful control scheme is at work; it becomes more apparent when we break the various feedback loops and observe the excursions of blood pressure in the absence of any control. Two important control loops are found in the baroreceptor reflexes operating over the short term and the kidneys operating over the long term. The aortic and carotid baroreceptors stabilize pressure, preventing short-term fluctuations; when this control loop is surgically removed, lability increases with little change in the average pressure. Over the long term, the kidneys determine the average level of arterial pressure; when they are removed, pressure slowly drifts up and down as fluid is inadvertently accumulated or lost. There are several possible connections between the function of the kidneys and arterial pressure, including the release of vasoactive endocrines by the kidney and the adjustment of body fluids via salt and water excretion. Because salt excretion and water excretion often change in parallel, it has been difficult to identify the individual importances of each. However, we found that increasing the sodium stores of the body while holding volume constant does not produce hypertension, expanding fluid volume while maintaining or actually decreasing sodium concentration does lead to hypertension. Hence, when the kidneys are normal, long-term stability results from this loop: fluid volumes alter arterial pressure; pressure alters renal excretion; excretion alters fluid volumes.", "contents": "Feedback mechanisms of arterial pressure control. Arterial blood pressure varies very little among human beings and most other mammals for that matter. This suggests that a powerful control scheme is at work; it becomes more apparent when we break the various feedback loops and observe the excursions of blood pressure in the absence of any control. Two important control loops are found in the baroreceptor reflexes operating over the short term and the kidneys operating over the long term. The aortic and carotid baroreceptors stabilize pressure, preventing short-term fluctuations; when this control loop is surgically removed, lability increases with little change in the average pressure. Over the long term, the kidneys determine the average level of arterial pressure; when they are removed, pressure slowly drifts up and down as fluid is inadvertently accumulated or lost. There are several possible connections between the function of the kidneys and arterial pressure, including the release of vasoactive endocrines by the kidney and the adjustment of body fluids via salt and water excretion. Because salt excretion and water excretion often change in parallel, it has been difficult to identify the individual importances of each. However, we found that increasing the sodium stores of the body while holding volume constant does not produce hypertension, expanding fluid volume while maintaining or actually decreasing sodium concentration does lead to hypertension. Hence, when the kidneys are normal, long-term stability results from this loop: fluid volumes alter arterial pressure; pressure alters renal excretion; excretion alters fluid volumes."}
{"id": "PMID:891219", "title": "Central and peripheral haemodynamic effects of angiotensin.", "content": "In 10 normotensive subjects intravenous infusion of angiotensin was followed by a significant increase in the arterial pressure, total peripheral resistance, central venous pressure and by a marked reduction of the intravascular forearm volume and venous distensibility. Forearm circulation time was shortened. The cardiac index, heart rate, forearm vascular resistance and the forearm blood flow did not change significantly.", "contents": "Central and peripheral haemodynamic effects of angiotensin. In 10 normotensive subjects intravenous infusion of angiotensin was followed by a significant increase in the arterial pressure, total peripheral resistance, central venous pressure and by a marked reduction of the intravascular forearm volume and venous distensibility. Forearm circulation time was shortened. The cardiac index, heart rate, forearm vascular resistance and the forearm blood flow did not change significantly."}
{"id": "PMID:891220", "title": "Low renin hypertension.", "content": "Low renin hypertension probably does not represent a clinical entity. In many patients with low renin hypertension blood pressure is normalized by treatment with diuretics only; in these patients a (genetic?) sensitivity to salt might play a predominant role in the pathogenesis of hypertension and renin suppression. In another group of patients renin suppression appears to be secondary to the hypertensive process. This is indicated by the observation that prevalence of low renin hypertension increases with age and that it is more frequent in advanced stages of hypertension. Also a diminished sympathetic tone might play a part in the renin unresponsiveness. Finally, although no positive evidence was found, the possibility cannot be excluded that, at least in some cases, a mineralocorticoid other than aldosterone is involved. Neither in normotensive subjects nor in hypertensive patients, both with normal and with low plasma renin was a correlation between plasma renin concentration and plasma aldosterone concentration following stimulation by upright posture found. More detailed studies will be necessary to clarify the relationship between the renin-angiotensin system and aldosterone secretion during upright posture, in particular in patients with low renin hypertension.", "contents": "Low renin hypertension. Low renin hypertension probably does not represent a clinical entity. In many patients with low renin hypertension blood pressure is normalized by treatment with diuretics only; in these patients a (genetic?) sensitivity to salt might play a predominant role in the pathogenesis of hypertension and renin suppression. In another group of patients renin suppression appears to be secondary to the hypertensive process. This is indicated by the observation that prevalence of low renin hypertension increases with age and that it is more frequent in advanced stages of hypertension. Also a diminished sympathetic tone might play a part in the renin unresponsiveness. Finally, although no positive evidence was found, the possibility cannot be excluded that, at least in some cases, a mineralocorticoid other than aldosterone is involved. Neither in normotensive subjects nor in hypertensive patients, both with normal and with low plasma renin was a correlation between plasma renin concentration and plasma aldosterone concentration following stimulation by upright posture found. More detailed studies will be necessary to clarify the relationship between the renin-angiotensin system and aldosterone secretion during upright posture, in particular in patients with low renin hypertension."}
{"id": "PMID:891221", "title": "Role of the vascular factor in hypertension.", "content": "A survey is given of experimental results in both man and hypertensive rats, suggesting a rapid and hemodynamically important structural 'resetting' of the systemic precapillary resistance vessels, of the renal 'long-term' and carotid-aortic 'short-term barostats', as well as of the left heart, which together greatly affect both the initiation and maintenance of hypertension. Particularly the adaptation in design of the precapillary resistance vessels, being a per se normal, local response to more sustained changes in transmural pressure ('structural autoregulation'), implies the introduction of a potential vicious circuit once it affects the entire vascular bed. The reason is that this type of altered vessel design leads to a systemic precapillary hyperreactivity that forms a positive feedback interaction with functional excitatory influences as far as their long range, hemodynamic effect on the arterial pressure level is concerned. It is further discussed how various types of structural  and functional vascular changes may often coexist, then mutually interacting with each other, and how they may be experimentally separated for detailed analysis.", "contents": "Role of the vascular factor in hypertension. A survey is given of experimental results in both man and hypertensive rats, suggesting a rapid and hemodynamically important structural 'resetting' of the systemic precapillary resistance vessels, of the renal 'long-term' and carotid-aortic 'short-term barostats', as well as of the left heart, which together greatly affect both the initiation and maintenance of hypertension. Particularly the adaptation in design of the precapillary resistance vessels, being a per se normal, local response to more sustained changes in transmural pressure ('structural autoregulation'), implies the introduction of a potential vicious circuit once it affects the entire vascular bed. The reason is that this type of altered vessel design leads to a systemic precapillary hyperreactivity that forms a positive feedback interaction with functional excitatory influences as far as their long range, hemodynamic effect on the arterial pressure level is concerned. It is further discussed how various types of structural  and functional vascular changes may often coexist, then mutually interacting with each other, and how they may be experimentally separated for detailed analysis."}
{"id": "PMID:891243", "title": "Recurrent multiple pyogenic granuloma with multiple satellites. Features of Masson's hemangioma.", "content": "The case of a thirteen year old white girl who had multiple recurrences of pyogenic granuloma arranged in a satellite fashion is presented. The incidence and frequency of pyogenic granuloma with or without recurrences is discussed, stressing the unusual nature of the present problem. In addition to the microscopic features of pyogenic granuloma, the changes seen in Masson's hemangioma were demonstrable in some of the sections. The microscopic distinguishing feature of Masson's hemangioma is discussed, with emphasis on the importance of recognizing this as a benign structure rather than a malignant one. Opinions concerning the etiology of pyogenic granuloma as well as the reasons for the development of multiple satellites are presented, along with suggestions for therapy.", "contents": "Recurrent multiple pyogenic granuloma with multiple satellites. Features of Masson's hemangioma. The case of a thirteen year old white girl who had multiple recurrences of pyogenic granuloma arranged in a satellite fashion is presented. The incidence and frequency of pyogenic granuloma with or without recurrences is discussed, stressing the unusual nature of the present problem. In addition to the microscopic features of pyogenic granuloma, the changes seen in Masson's hemangioma were demonstrable in some of the sections. The microscopic distinguishing feature of Masson's hemangioma is discussed, with emphasis on the importance of recognizing this as a benign structure rather than a malignant one. Opinions concerning the etiology of pyogenic granuloma as well as the reasons for the development of multiple satellites are presented, along with suggestions for therapy."}
{"id": "PMID:891244", "title": "New look at pyoderma gangrenosum.", "content": "Pyoderma gangrenosum cannot be viewed simply as \"an ulcer with undermined bluish borders,\" since this description recognizes only one stage of the evolving process. Patients with this disorder often have cutaneous lesions including papules, pustules, and plaques that evolve and resolve without ever passing through an ulcerative stage. Moreover, such patients frequently have a variety of internal inflammatory and ulcerative disorders. The nature of these disorders as well as the increasing evidence of grossly altered immunity in pyoderma gangrenosum is also presented.", "contents": "New look at pyoderma gangrenosum. Pyoderma gangrenosum cannot be viewed simply as \"an ulcer with undermined bluish borders,\" since this description recognizes only one stage of the evolving process. Patients with this disorder often have cutaneous lesions including papules, pustules, and plaques that evolve and resolve without ever passing through an ulcerative stage. Moreover, such patients frequently have a variety of internal inflammatory and ulcerative disorders. The nature of these disorders as well as the increasing evidence of grossly altered immunity in pyoderma gangrenosum is also presented."}
{"id": "PMID:891245", "title": "Leukonychia trichophytica caused by Trichophyton rubrum.", "content": "A case of leukonychia is reported, in which Trichophyton rubrum was isolated from the nail plates and interdigital spaces of the toes. Treatment consisted of oral griseofulvin, which produced appreciable improvement after ten months' therapy.", "contents": "Leukonychia trichophytica caused by Trichophyton rubrum. A case of leukonychia is reported, in which Trichophyton rubrum was isolated from the nail plates and interdigital spaces of the toes. Treatment consisted of oral griseofulvin, which produced appreciable improvement after ten months' therapy."}
{"id": "PMID:891246", "title": "Herpes simplex: treatment today.", "content": "Past and current therapies for recurrent mucocutaneous herpes simplex infections are reviewed. At present, no topical or systemic therapy has been proved safe and effective in scientific double-blind studies. Recent treatment with flexible collodion is discussed.", "contents": "Herpes simplex: treatment today. Past and current therapies for recurrent mucocutaneous herpes simplex infections are reviewed. At present, no topical or systemic therapy has been proved safe and effective in scientific double-blind studies. Recent treatment with flexible collodion is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:891247", "title": "Macrodactyly and epidermal nevus.", "content": "A case is presented of a child with the two congenital anomalies of macrodactyly and epidermal nevus. Macrodactyly was noted at birth; nevus unius lateris became apparent at three months. The chance association of these two rare anomalies as individual sporadic occurrences is exceedingly unlikely. The case is presented as a possible syndrome entity, if other case documentation exists.", "contents": "Macrodactyly and epidermal nevus. A case is presented of a child with the two congenital anomalies of macrodactyly and epidermal nevus. Macrodactyly was noted at birth; nevus unius lateris became apparent at three months. The chance association of these two rare anomalies as individual sporadic occurrences is exceedingly unlikely. The case is presented as a possible syndrome entity, if other case documentation exists."}
{"id": "PMID:891251", "title": "Mountains, snow, and skin.", "content": "In summary, I believe that there has not been enough scientific investigation of the significance of skin function in relation to strenuous climbing in everchanging and adverse mountain conditions. Such investigation should include chemical study of sweat before, during, and after climbing, as well as study of the physical, chemical, and cellular changes of the skin itself. I believe first in prevention of climbing-related general and cutaneous medical problems before they appear. This certainly can be done with well planned and prepared programs. Our climbing should be as pleasant and comfortable as possible. Unless there is an emergency situation, there is no need for \"heroic\" suffering. In any unfavorable health or environmental condition, the mountaineer should turn back immediately. Certainly, painful skin lesions, whatever they might be, are no less important than is the general health in making this decision.", "contents": "Mountains, snow, and skin. In summary, I believe that there has not been enough scientific investigation of the significance of skin function in relation to strenuous climbing in everchanging and adverse mountain conditions. Such investigation should include chemical study of sweat before, during, and after climbing, as well as study of the physical, chemical, and cellular changes of the skin itself. I believe first in prevention of climbing-related general and cutaneous medical problems before they appear. This certainly can be done with well planned and prepared programs. Our climbing should be as pleasant and comfortable as possible. Unless there is an emergency situation, there is no need for \"heroic\" suffering. In any unfavorable health or environmental condition, the mountaineer should turn back immediately. Certainly, painful skin lesions, whatever they might be, are no less important than is the general health in making this decision."}
{"id": "PMID:891252", "title": "The athlete's foot.", "content": "In general, painful feet can affect the performance of an athlete in any sport. To prevent skin diseases of the feet, the \"Athlete's Foot\" should be kept clean and dry with toenails trimmed. Properly fitting athletic shoes should be worn to avoid the formation of blisters. Wearing of sandals in locker and shower rooms, which prevents intimate contact with infecting organisms, can alleviate many of the problems that affect the feet.", "contents": "The athlete's foot. In general, painful feet can affect the performance of an athlete in any sport. To prevent skin diseases of the feet, the \"Athlete's Foot\" should be kept clean and dry with toenails trimmed. Properly fitting athletic shoes should be worn to avoid the formation of blisters. Wearing of sandals in locker and shower rooms, which prevents intimate contact with infecting organisms, can alleviate many of the problems that affect the feet."}
{"id": "PMID:891254", "title": "Dyshidrosis.", "content": "The term dyshidrosis describes a nonspecific tissue pattern reaction characterized by a noninflammatory, pruritic (and sometimes burning) intraepidermal vesicular dermatosis involving selected areas of the fingers, palms, and soles. It should be distinguished from various pustular and vesicular dermatoses of the palms and soles with or without associated lesions elsewhere. When dyshidrotic lesions appear in areas where friction or pressure from the handling or wearing of sport gear occurs, the discomforting symptoms are noticeably accentuated and can thus interfere with the participant's effectiveness in the performance of the sport. A composite approach of dermatologic therapeutic acumen and physician-sponsored emotional support is essential in effectively handling this problem so that dyshidrosis does not \"handicap\" the patient.", "contents": "Dyshidrosis. The term dyshidrosis describes a nonspecific tissue pattern reaction characterized by a noninflammatory, pruritic (and sometimes burning) intraepidermal vesicular dermatosis involving selected areas of the fingers, palms, and soles. It should be distinguished from various pustular and vesicular dermatoses of the palms and soles with or without associated lesions elsewhere. When dyshidrotic lesions appear in areas where friction or pressure from the handling or wearing of sport gear occurs, the discomforting symptoms are noticeably accentuated and can thus interfere with the participant's effectiveness in the performance of the sport. A composite approach of dermatologic therapeutic acumen and physician-sponsored emotional support is essential in effectively handling this problem so that dyshidrosis does not \"handicap\" the patient."}
{"id": "PMID:891256", "title": "Black heel a minor hazard of sport.", "content": "\"Black heel\" (calcaneal petechiae) is a traumatic lesion affecting the back or posterolateral aspect of the heel. It is seen almost exclusively in adolescentes or young adults engaged in active sports, notably basketball, but also football, lacrosse, tennis, and so forth. The lesion is disposed horizontally at the upper dege of the calcaneal fat-pad and consists of grouped punctate hemorrhages, the nature of which is revealed by repeated paring of the lesion. The nature of the pigment is shown by specialized stains. \"Black heel\" is probably more common than is realized. It is likely to be cuased by a shearing or pinching stress from abrupt contact of th foot with a floor or hard ground. As it si usually symptomless, it may be disregarded or only observed by chance. However, it has been confused clinically with a melaonoa, and as it is such a trivial self-healing process, it is important that it be recognized for what it is.", "contents": "Black heel a minor hazard of sport. \"Black heel\" (calcaneal petechiae) is a traumatic lesion affecting the back or posterolateral aspect of the heel. It is seen almost exclusively in adolescentes or young adults engaged in active sports, notably basketball, but also football, lacrosse, tennis, and so forth. The lesion is disposed horizontally at the upper dege of the calcaneal fat-pad and consists of grouped punctate hemorrhages, the nature of which is revealed by repeated paring of the lesion. The nature of the pigment is shown by specialized stains. \"Black heel\" is probably more common than is realized. It is likely to be cuased by a shearing or pinching stress from abrupt contact of th foot with a floor or hard ground. As it si usually symptomless, it may be disregarded or only observed by chance. However, it has been confused clinically with a melaonoa, and as it is such a trivial self-healing process, it is important that it be recognized for what it is."}
{"id": "PMID:891257", "title": "General purpose cryosurgical units. The WSL Nitrosprays I and II.", "content": "Lightweight, hand-held, inexpensive cryosurgical instruments are described that combine the desirable features of most available units into a single instrument. As these units are capable of treating the entire spectrum of cryoresponsive lesions, they are believed to be general purpose instruments.", "contents": "General purpose cryosurgical units. The WSL Nitrosprays I and II. Lightweight, hand-held, inexpensive cryosurgical instruments are described that combine the desirable features of most available units into a single instrument. As these units are capable of treating the entire spectrum of cryoresponsive lesions, they are believed to be general purpose instruments."}
{"id": "PMID:891258", "title": "Assignment of the gene for enolase to mouse chromosome 4 using somatic cell hybrids.", "content": "Somatic cell hybrids between mouse peritoneal macrophages (MPM) and human fibrosarcoma cells (HT-1080) or Chinese hamster cells (A3) were analyzed by starch-gel electrophoresis for the expression of murine enolase. Data obtained indicate that the locus for enolase is on chromosome 4 in the mouse.", "contents": "Assignment of the gene for enolase to mouse chromosome 4 using somatic cell hybrids. Somatic cell hybrids between mouse peritoneal macrophages (MPM) and human fibrosarcoma cells (HT-1080) or Chinese hamster cells (A3) were analyzed by starch-gel electrophoresis for the expression of murine enolase. Data obtained indicate that the locus for enolase is on chromosome 4 in the mouse."}
{"id": "PMID:891259", "title": "Standardized karyotype of deer mice, Peromyscus (Rodentia). The Committee for Standardization of Chromosomes of Peromyscus.", "content": "A standard G-band karyotype is proposed for the genus Peromyscus. G-banded chromosomes of Peromyscus boylii glasselli (NF=56), numbered and arranged according to euchromatic lengths, serve as the standard. It is suggested that rearrangements of the standard pattern which occur in other species of Peromyscus be described using the general methods of the PARIS CONFERENCE (1971).", "contents": "Standardized karyotype of deer mice, Peromyscus (Rodentia). The Committee for Standardization of Chromosomes of Peromyscus. A standard G-band karyotype is proposed for the genus Peromyscus. G-banded chromosomes of Peromyscus boylii glasselli (NF=56), numbered and arranged according to euchromatic lengths, serve as the standard. It is suggested that rearrangements of the standard pattern which occur in other species of Peromyscus be described using the general methods of the PARIS CONFERENCE (1971)."}
{"id": "PMID:891277", "title": "Hemodynamic, ventilatory and blood gas changes during infusion of sodium nitroferricyanide (nitroprusside). Studies in patients with congestive heart failure.", "content": "Simultaneous hemodynamic, ventilatory, and blood gas studies were performed in 16 men with congestive heart failure before and during infusion of sodium nitroferricyanide (nitroprusside). The cardiac index increased from 2.00+/-0.16 L/min/sq m (SE) to 2.38+/-0.14 L/min/sq m, and the total pulmonary and systemic peripheral resistances fell from 928+/-123 to 494+/-57 dynes sec cm-5 and from 2,208+/-210 to 1,558+/-121 dynes sec cm-5, respectively. Both systemic and pulmonary arterial decreased during infusion of sodium nitroferricyanide, and the mixed venous oxygen pressure increased. There was no change in total or alveolar ventilation, arterial carbon dioxide tension, pH, or base excess; however, the mean arterial oxygen pressure (PaO2) decreased from 74+/-3 mm Hg to 68+/-3 mm Hg and the venous admixture effect increased from 8+/-1% to 13+/-2%. We conclude that the decrease in PaO2 during infusion of sodium nitroferricyanide resulted from a worsening of the ventilation-perfusion relationships due to increased perfusion of underventilated pulmonary units.", "contents": "Hemodynamic, ventilatory and blood gas changes during infusion of sodium nitroferricyanide (nitroprusside). Studies in patients with congestive heart failure. Simultaneous hemodynamic, ventilatory, and blood gas studies were performed in 16 men with congestive heart failure before and during infusion of sodium nitroferricyanide (nitroprusside). The cardiac index increased from 2.00+/-0.16 L/min/sq m (SE) to 2.38+/-0.14 L/min/sq m, and the total pulmonary and systemic peripheral resistances fell from 928+/-123 to 494+/-57 dynes sec cm-5 and from 2,208+/-210 to 1,558+/-121 dynes sec cm-5, respectively. Both systemic and pulmonary arterial decreased during infusion of sodium nitroferricyanide, and the mixed venous oxygen pressure increased. There was no change in total or alveolar ventilation, arterial carbon dioxide tension, pH, or base excess; however, the mean arterial oxygen pressure (PaO2) decreased from 74+/-3 mm Hg to 68+/-3 mm Hg and the venous admixture effect increased from 8+/-1% to 13+/-2%. We conclude that the decrease in PaO2 during infusion of sodium nitroferricyanide resulted from a worsening of the ventilation-perfusion relationships due to increased perfusion of underventilated pulmonary units."}
{"id": "PMID:891278", "title": "Cryosurgery of bronchopulmonary structures. An approach to lesions inaccessible to the rigid bronchoscope.", "content": "Cryonecrosis of the upper lobe of the lung and bronchi was safely inudced in healthy dogs by application of the cryoprobe to serosal surfaces or, through a bronchotomy, to the mucosal surfaces under direct vision. Seven days after cryosurgery, hyperemia of the bronchus was seen. By 14 days the bronchus at the target site was covered with cuboidal epithelium. Reappearance of normal ciliated epithelium occurred by 180 days after cryosurgery. Cartilage remained intact, and there was no evidence of formation of a stricture or other gross alteration of bronchial architecture. In the lung there was coagulation necrosis; and by 14 days after cryosurgery, there was fibrosis in the target area. There were no complications of the pleural space. Cryosurgery of tissues at the margins of the bronchotomy does not impair healing. Cryosurgery may reduce the necessity for extensive surgery in selected patients with bronchopulmonary tumors, including those inaccessible to the rigid bronchoscope. Clinically, eight patients with recurrent bronchogenic tumors have received palliation by transbronchoscopic cryosurgery.", "contents": "Cryosurgery of bronchopulmonary structures. An approach to lesions inaccessible to the rigid bronchoscope. Cryonecrosis of the upper lobe of the lung and bronchi was safely inudced in healthy dogs by application of the cryoprobe to serosal surfaces or, through a bronchotomy, to the mucosal surfaces under direct vision. Seven days after cryosurgery, hyperemia of the bronchus was seen. By 14 days the bronchus at the target site was covered with cuboidal epithelium. Reappearance of normal ciliated epithelium occurred by 180 days after cryosurgery. Cartilage remained intact, and there was no evidence of formation of a stricture or other gross alteration of bronchial architecture. In the lung there was coagulation necrosis; and by 14 days after cryosurgery, there was fibrosis in the target area. There were no complications of the pleural space. Cryosurgery of tissues at the margins of the bronchotomy does not impair healing. Cryosurgery may reduce the necessity for extensive surgery in selected patients with bronchopulmonary tumors, including those inaccessible to the rigid bronchoscope. Clinically, eight patients with recurrent bronchogenic tumors have received palliation by transbronchoscopic cryosurgery."}
{"id": "PMID:891279", "title": "A multipurpose catheter for electrophysiologic and hemodynamic monitoring plus atrial pacing.", "content": "A new multipurpose flow-directed pulmonary arterial catheter has been developed and evaluated in 30 patients with acute cardiopulmonary dysfunction. The catheter permits monitoring of the bipolar atrial electrogram, pulmonary arterial or wedge pressure, central venous pressure, and cardiac output, plus atrial pacing. The standard Swan-Ganz thermistor-equipped catheter was modified to incorporate two ring electrodes on the shaft at 25 and 26 cm from the tip. With the pair of electrodes positioned in the right atrium at the junction with the superior vena cava, stable electrograms of high quality were recorded in all 30 subjects, some for as long as six days. These high-fidelity atrial electrograms permitted rapid and accurate diagnosis of many complex dysrhythmias in these unstable patients. Because of the limited noise in the signal of the electrogram, continuous quantitative measurements of intervals by a computerized system was feasible. Furthermore, the stable intracavitary position of electrodes provided a reliable site for atrial pacing, with pacing thresholds (2 to 12 ma; average, 5 ma) that remained stable for up to four days. Atrial pacing was used to treat sinus bradycardia, atrial tachyarrhythmias, digitalis intoxication, and ventricular dysrhythmias.", "contents": "A multipurpose catheter for electrophysiologic and hemodynamic monitoring plus atrial pacing. A new multipurpose flow-directed pulmonary arterial catheter has been developed and evaluated in 30 patients with acute cardiopulmonary dysfunction. The catheter permits monitoring of the bipolar atrial electrogram, pulmonary arterial or wedge pressure, central venous pressure, and cardiac output, plus atrial pacing. The standard Swan-Ganz thermistor-equipped catheter was modified to incorporate two ring electrodes on the shaft at 25 and 26 cm from the tip. With the pair of electrodes positioned in the right atrium at the junction with the superior vena cava, stable electrograms of high quality were recorded in all 30 subjects, some for as long as six days. These high-fidelity atrial electrograms permitted rapid and accurate diagnosis of many complex dysrhythmias in these unstable patients. Because of the limited noise in the signal of the electrogram, continuous quantitative measurements of intervals by a computerized system was feasible. Furthermore, the stable intracavitary position of electrodes provided a reliable site for atrial pacing, with pacing thresholds (2 to 12 ma; average, 5 ma) that remained stable for up to four days. Atrial pacing was used to treat sinus bradycardia, atrial tachyarrhythmias, digitalis intoxication, and ventricular dysrhythmias."}
{"id": "PMID:891280", "title": "Comparison of the bronchodilator effects of oral therapy with fenoterol hydrobromide and ephedrine.", "content": "Fenoterol hydrobromide (Berotec; formerly Th 1165a) is a sympathomimetic bronchodilator drug. Twenty subjects with mild to moderate reversible bronchospasm completed a double-blind multiple crossover study of single doses of 5 mg, 7.5 mg, and 10 mg of fenoterol hydrobromide, 24 mg of ephedrine, and placebo. Spirometric and body-plethysmographic measurements were performed sequentially prior to administration of drug or placebo and each hour up to eight hours afterwards. No significant drug-response relationship was noted for pulse rate or blood pressures, and side effects (eg, shakiness, nervousness) were minimal. Administration of fenoterol resulted in bronchodilation; a peak effect was noted at two to three hours after administration, and the duration of action was up to eight hours. A statistically significant dose-response relationship was observed; therapy with 5 mg of fenoterol hydrobromide was superior to placebo and equal to ephedrine, and doses of 7.5 mg and 10 mg of fenoterol hydrobromide were significantly better than placebo or ephedrine.", "contents": "Comparison of the bronchodilator effects of oral therapy with fenoterol hydrobromide and ephedrine. Fenoterol hydrobromide (Berotec; formerly Th 1165a) is a sympathomimetic bronchodilator drug. Twenty subjects with mild to moderate reversible bronchospasm completed a double-blind multiple crossover study of single doses of 5 mg, 7.5 mg, and 10 mg of fenoterol hydrobromide, 24 mg of ephedrine, and placebo. Spirometric and body-plethysmographic measurements were performed sequentially prior to administration of drug or placebo and each hour up to eight hours afterwards. No significant drug-response relationship was noted for pulse rate or blood pressures, and side effects (eg, shakiness, nervousness) were minimal. Administration of fenoterol resulted in bronchodilation; a peak effect was noted at two to three hours after administration, and the duration of action was up to eight hours. A statistically significant dose-response relationship was observed; therapy with 5 mg of fenoterol hydrobromide was superior to placebo and equal to ephedrine, and doses of 7.5 mg and 10 mg of fenoterol hydrobromide were significantly better than placebo or ephedrine."}
{"id": "PMID:891281", "title": "Nodular pulmonary sarcoidosis. Clinical, roentgenographic, and physiologic course in five patients.", "content": "Five cases of nodular pulmonary sarcoidosis are presented. That nodular infiltration represents a reversible stage of sarcoidosis is suggested by the fact that all patients demonstrated roentgenographic resolution of these infiltrates. In four of the five subjects, tests of pulmonary function showed restrictive disease which remained unchanged or worsened despite radiologic clearing, suggesting persistence of active disease or development of residual pulmonary fibrosis. Evidence of obstruction of airways that was unexplained by a history of smoking was present in all of the five subjects.", "contents": "Nodular pulmonary sarcoidosis. Clinical, roentgenographic, and physiologic course in five patients. Five cases of nodular pulmonary sarcoidosis are presented. That nodular infiltration represents a reversible stage of sarcoidosis is suggested by the fact that all patients demonstrated roentgenographic resolution of these infiltrates. In four of the five subjects, tests of pulmonary function showed restrictive disease which remained unchanged or worsened despite radiologic clearing, suggesting persistence of active disease or development of residual pulmonary fibrosis. Evidence of obstruction of airways that was unexplained by a history of smoking was present in all of the five subjects."}
{"id": "PMID:891282", "title": "Exercise-aggravated hypoxemia and orthodeoxia in cirrhosis.", "content": "A syndrome characterized by hypoxemia aggravated by exercise, orthodeoxia, hypocapnia, and evidence of hyperdynamic circulation, but otherwise normal indices of pulmonary air flow, volume, and distribution of ventilation has been observed as an infrequent complication of hepatic cirrhosis. An illustrative case is described, the features of which support the presence of a shunt or shunt-like mechanism consisting of low-resistance vascular communications within the lung. We suggest that this may represent the existence of a hepatopulmonary syndrome analogous to the hepatorenal syndrome.", "contents": "Exercise-aggravated hypoxemia and orthodeoxia in cirrhosis. A syndrome characterized by hypoxemia aggravated by exercise, orthodeoxia, hypocapnia, and evidence of hyperdynamic circulation, but otherwise normal indices of pulmonary air flow, volume, and distribution of ventilation has been observed as an infrequent complication of hepatic cirrhosis. An illustrative case is described, the features of which support the presence of a shunt or shunt-like mechanism consisting of low-resistance vascular communications within the lung. We suggest that this may represent the existence of a hepatopulmonary syndrome analogous to the hepatorenal syndrome."}
{"id": "PMID:891283", "title": "Administration of nitrous oxide in normal subjects. Evaluation of systems of gas delivery for their clinical use and hemodynamic effects.", "content": "Nitrous oxide (concentrations of 30 to 50%) was administered to 22 healthy volunteer subjects via nasal prongs, rebreathing mask, and an airlines mask to assess the efficiency of systems of delivery and the hemodynamic effects. The end-expired concentration of nitrous oxide, expressed as a percentage of the inspired concentration of nitrous oxide, was 19% for nasal prongs, 34% for the rebreathing mask, and 95% for the airlines mask (most accurate delivery). The pulse rate fell from a mean of 79+/-3 beats per minute to 67+/-2 with nasal prongs, to 64+/-2 with the rebreathing mask, and to 64+/-2 with the airlines mask. Both systolic and diastolic pressures fell from means of 122+/-4 and 74+/-2 mm Hg, respectively, to 98+/-3 mm Hg and 64+/-2 mm Hg, respectively, with the airlines apparatus. The fall in systolic blood pressure (slope, -0.79) exceeded that in the diastolic (slope, -0.35). In additional eight normal subjects, administration of 30% nitrous oxide via airlines mask produced identical changes in blood pressure and pulse rate, but there was no effect from 30 minutes of administration of 30% nitrous oxide on the end-systolic volume index, cardiac index, ejection fraction, normalized wall velocity determined echocardiographically, ejection time, or the ratio of preejection period to ejection time.", "contents": "Administration of nitrous oxide in normal subjects. Evaluation of systems of gas delivery for their clinical use and hemodynamic effects. Nitrous oxide (concentrations of 30 to 50%) was administered to 22 healthy volunteer subjects via nasal prongs, rebreathing mask, and an airlines mask to assess the efficiency of systems of delivery and the hemodynamic effects. The end-expired concentration of nitrous oxide, expressed as a percentage of the inspired concentration of nitrous oxide, was 19% for nasal prongs, 34% for the rebreathing mask, and 95% for the airlines mask (most accurate delivery). The pulse rate fell from a mean of 79+/-3 beats per minute to 67+/-2 with nasal prongs, to 64+/-2 with the rebreathing mask, and to 64+/-2 with the airlines mask. Both systolic and diastolic pressures fell from means of 122+/-4 and 74+/-2 mm Hg, respectively, to 98+/-3 mm Hg and 64+/-2 mm Hg, respectively, with the airlines apparatus. The fall in systolic blood pressure (slope, -0.79) exceeded that in the diastolic (slope, -0.35). In additional eight normal subjects, administration of 30% nitrous oxide via airlines mask produced identical changes in blood pressure and pulse rate, but there was no effect from 30 minutes of administration of 30% nitrous oxide on the end-systolic volume index, cardiac index, ejection fraction, normalized wall velocity determined echocardiographically, ejection time, or the ratio of preejection period to ejection time."}
{"id": "PMID:891284", "title": "Radiographic appearances of implanted transvenous endocardial pacing electrodes.", "content": "It is important to ensure correct positioning of long-term pacing electrodes. Electrocardiograms and the radiographic appearance of pacing electrodes are conventionally used to confirm the site of the pacing electrode. Electrocardiographic patterns from stimulation of the right ventricle and left ventricle of the heart through the coronary venous system and the limitations in the interpretations of these patterns have been well documented in the past. The appearances of chest x-ray films can also be misleading. In the present study performed on cadavers, detailed appearances of pacing electrodes placed electively in different sites in the right ventricle and in the coronary sinus and its radicles are described, and the limitations in the interpretations of such appearances are discussed.", "contents": "Radiographic appearances of implanted transvenous endocardial pacing electrodes. It is important to ensure correct positioning of long-term pacing electrodes. Electrocardiograms and the radiographic appearance of pacing electrodes are conventionally used to confirm the site of the pacing electrode. Electrocardiographic patterns from stimulation of the right ventricle and left ventricle of the heart through the coronary venous system and the limitations in the interpretations of these patterns have been well documented in the past. The appearances of chest x-ray films can also be misleading. In the present study performed on cadavers, detailed appearances of pacing electrodes placed electively in different sites in the right ventricle and in the coronary sinus and its radicles are described, and the limitations in the interpretations of such appearances are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:891285", "title": "The radiologic spectrum of cardiopulmonary amyloidosis.", "content": "Amyloidosis, either primary or related to other pathologic states, may mimic a variety of disorders and produce a multitude of appearances demonstrable on radiographic examinations of the chest. All intrathoracic tissues and organs may be affected, but the major abnormalities most commonly involve the heart and lungs. The radiographic appearances in ten patients are described and correlated with the underlying gross and microscopic pathologic findings. No specific pattern of pulmonary involvement could be determined, aside from tracheobronchial amyloidosis. The final diagnosis is dependent upon the awareness of the clinical and radiologic spectrum and the final microscopic examination of involved tissue.", "contents": "The radiologic spectrum of cardiopulmonary amyloidosis. Amyloidosis, either primary or related to other pathologic states, may mimic a variety of disorders and produce a multitude of appearances demonstrable on radiographic examinations of the chest. All intrathoracic tissues and organs may be affected, but the major abnormalities most commonly involve the heart and lungs. The radiographic appearances in ten patients are described and correlated with the underlying gross and microscopic pathologic findings. No specific pattern of pulmonary involvement could be determined, aside from tracheobronchial amyloidosis. The final diagnosis is dependent upon the awareness of the clinical and radiologic spectrum and the final microscopic examination of involved tissue."}
{"id": "PMID:891287", "title": "Aspects of chronic airflow obstruction.", "content": "This report questions several commonly used definitions and commonly accepted concepts. It suggest that the term, \"chronic airflow obstructions,\" should replace the terms, \"chronic obstructive pulmonary disease,\" \"chronic obstructive lung disease,\" or \"chronic airway obstruction,\" because it is flow that is obstructed. It is suggested the term, \"chronic mucous hypersecretion,\" be used, rather than \"chronic bronchitis,\" and that the latter be avoided. Chronic bronchitis should not be equated with narrowing of the airway and emphysema with loss of elastic recoil. Chronic bronchitis, emphysema, and lesions of the small airways probably occur together more frequently than chance will allow because of a common etiologic agent, tobacco smoke. Chronic mucous hypersecretion without other airway or parenchymal lesions seldom produces airflow obstruction and does not impair prognosis significantly. Central airways are important in chronic airflow obstruction. It is time that someone found out what is happening in subjects with abnormal results on tests of the function of small airways. The definition of \"destruction\" as it occurs in emphysema is deceptive, and loss of recoil and emphysema may be separate conditions. The dysfunction that occurs in emphysematous lungs is due mainly to associated airway lesions and may perhaps be due in part to the site and nature of emphysematous lesions (as opposed to loss of elastic recoil).", "contents": "Aspects of chronic airflow obstruction. This report questions several commonly used definitions and commonly accepted concepts. It suggest that the term, \"chronic airflow obstructions,\" should replace the terms, \"chronic obstructive pulmonary disease,\" \"chronic obstructive lung disease,\" or \"chronic airway obstruction,\" because it is flow that is obstructed. It is suggested the term, \"chronic mucous hypersecretion,\" be used, rather than \"chronic bronchitis,\" and that the latter be avoided. Chronic bronchitis should not be equated with narrowing of the airway and emphysema with loss of elastic recoil. Chronic bronchitis, emphysema, and lesions of the small airways probably occur together more frequently than chance will allow because of a common etiologic agent, tobacco smoke. Chronic mucous hypersecretion without other airway or parenchymal lesions seldom produces airflow obstruction and does not impair prognosis significantly. Central airways are important in chronic airflow obstruction. It is time that someone found out what is happening in subjects with abnormal results on tests of the function of small airways. The definition of \"destruction\" as it occurs in emphysema is deceptive, and loss of recoil and emphysema may be separate conditions. The dysfunction that occurs in emphysematous lungs is due mainly to associated airway lesions and may perhaps be due in part to the site and nature of emphysematous lesions (as opposed to loss of elastic recoil)."}
{"id": "PMID:891288", "title": "Clinical significance of pulmonary function tests. Pulmonary function after uncomplicated myocardial infarction.", "content": "Derangement of pulmonary function following myocardial infarction is related to the severity of hemodynamic dysfunction. Abnormalities of pulmonary function appear even in patients without clinical or radiologic evidence of congestive failure. There is a reduction in vital capacity and rates of air flow. There is evidence for dysfunction of \"small airways\" and diminished ventilation to dependent parts of the lung. Total lung capacity may be normal or reduced, and residual volume may be increased slightly in uncomplicated myocardial infarction. Residual volume falls with more pronounced pulmonary congestion and edema. Distribution of pulmonary perfusion is altered after myocardial infarction, with a shift of perfusion away from the dependent parts of the lung (bases) towards the apices. Pulmonary gas exchange is impaired, with hypoxemia (due to both ventilation-perfusion inequality and increased shunting); and the diffusing capacity for carbon monoxide is diminished. Dead space is increased. The basic pathophysiologic mechanism responsible for abnormalities of pulmonary function is increased pulmonary water, which may be very minimal with uncomplicated myocardial infarction and stay primarily in the pulmonary interstitial space, but becomes progressively more severe with eventual alveolar flooding and marked impairment of pulmonary function.", "contents": "Clinical significance of pulmonary function tests. Pulmonary function after uncomplicated myocardial infarction. Derangement of pulmonary function following myocardial infarction is related to the severity of hemodynamic dysfunction. Abnormalities of pulmonary function appear even in patients without clinical or radiologic evidence of congestive failure. There is a reduction in vital capacity and rates of air flow. There is evidence for dysfunction of \"small airways\" and diminished ventilation to dependent parts of the lung. Total lung capacity may be normal or reduced, and residual volume may be increased slightly in uncomplicated myocardial infarction. Residual volume falls with more pronounced pulmonary congestion and edema. Distribution of pulmonary perfusion is altered after myocardial infarction, with a shift of perfusion away from the dependent parts of the lung (bases) towards the apices. Pulmonary gas exchange is impaired, with hypoxemia (due to both ventilation-perfusion inequality and increased shunting); and the diffusing capacity for carbon monoxide is diminished. Dead space is increased. The basic pathophysiologic mechanism responsible for abnormalities of pulmonary function is increased pulmonary water, which may be very minimal with uncomplicated myocardial infarction and stay primarily in the pulmonary interstitial space, but becomes progressively more severe with eventual alveolar flooding and marked impairment of pulmonary function."}
{"id": "PMID:891289", "title": "Pulmonary infiltration with eosinophila. Recurrence in an asthmatic patient treated with beclomethasone dipropionate.", "content": "We present the findings in a young woman diagnosed as having pulmonary infiltration with eosinophilia and asthma who was treated with beclomethasone dipropionate. Although the aerosol corticosteroid controlled bronchospasm, it did not prevent recurrent pulmonary infiltration with eosinophilia when the patient was not receiving oral therapy with corticosteroids. It is postulated that when administered in the usual dosage, an adequate amount of beclomethasone dipropionate does not reach the alveoli or interstitium to prevent or resolve the process of pulmonary infiltration with eosinophilia. This case suggests that patients with pulmonary infiltration and eosinophilia who are treated with inhaled corticosteroids for asthma must be closely observed physiologically or roentgenographically for pulmonary infiltration. These patients may need to be protected from recurrent pulmonary infiltration by the concurrent oral use of corticosteroids.", "contents": "Pulmonary infiltration with eosinophila. Recurrence in an asthmatic patient treated with beclomethasone dipropionate. We present the findings in a young woman diagnosed as having pulmonary infiltration with eosinophilia and asthma who was treated with beclomethasone dipropionate. Although the aerosol corticosteroid controlled bronchospasm, it did not prevent recurrent pulmonary infiltration with eosinophilia when the patient was not receiving oral therapy with corticosteroids. It is postulated that when administered in the usual dosage, an adequate amount of beclomethasone dipropionate does not reach the alveoli or interstitium to prevent or resolve the process of pulmonary infiltration with eosinophilia. This case suggests that patients with pulmonary infiltration and eosinophilia who are treated with inhaled corticosteroids for asthma must be closely observed physiologically or roentgenographically for pulmonary infiltration. These patients may need to be protected from recurrent pulmonary infiltration by the concurrent oral use of corticosteroids."}
{"id": "PMID:891290", "title": "Integrated electronic display model for teaching bronchoscopy.", "content": "The integrated electronic display model for teaching bronchoscopic technique has been most helpful in guiding the student-bronchoscopist, especially in the early stages of reorientation in both the procedure for insertion and the practice of identification of the individual segmental orifice. The display board is electronically integrated with the lung model (Zavala) in the manikin (Laerdal), which displays the position of the tip of the exploring flexible bronchoscope. This helps the student to approximate his distance and gauge movement and deflection from bronchial orifice to orifice. Simultaneously, he can also learn how to centrally position the tip of the instrument in the lumen, which is essential in brushing biopsy, and how to prevent mucosal injury. Instruction in open bronchoscopic examination has also been used successfully in this teaching model.", "contents": "Integrated electronic display model for teaching bronchoscopy. The integrated electronic display model for teaching bronchoscopic technique has been most helpful in guiding the student-bronchoscopist, especially in the early stages of reorientation in both the procedure for insertion and the practice of identification of the individual segmental orifice. The display board is electronically integrated with the lung model (Zavala) in the manikin (Laerdal), which displays the position of the tip of the exploring flexible bronchoscope. This helps the student to approximate his distance and gauge movement and deflection from bronchial orifice to orifice. Simultaneously, he can also learn how to centrally position the tip of the instrument in the lumen, which is essential in brushing biopsy, and how to prevent mucosal injury. Instruction in open bronchoscopic examination has also been used successfully in this teaching model."}
{"id": "PMID:891291", "title": "Pulmonary cavitation, allergic aspergillosis, asthma and bronchocentric granulomatosis.", "content": "Pulmonary cavitation is a rare complication of allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis in patients with chronic asthma. Such patients frequently manifest mucoid impaction of a bronchus, \"central\" saccular bronchiectasis and bronchocentric granulomatosis, a specific microscopic pathologic entity. Early recognition of this syndrome in asthmatic patients and vigorous treatment with steroids may obviate surgery.", "contents": "Pulmonary cavitation, allergic aspergillosis, asthma and bronchocentric granulomatosis. Pulmonary cavitation is a rare complication of allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis in patients with chronic asthma. Such patients frequently manifest mucoid impaction of a bronchus, \"central\" saccular bronchiectasis and bronchocentric granulomatosis, a specific microscopic pathologic entity. Early recognition of this syndrome in asthmatic patients and vigorous treatment with steroids may obviate surgery."}
{"id": "PMID:891292", "title": "Intermittent complete atrioventricular block masquerading as epilepsy in the mitral valve prolapse syndrome.", "content": "A 24-year-old white man had a history of \"epilepsy\" since the age of eight years. Prolapse of the mitral valve was documented by auscultation and echocardiographic and left ventriculographic studies. At 120 hours after stopping therapy with phenobarbital and diphenylhydantoin (Dilantin) sodium, continuous electrocardiographic monitoring (Holter monitor) revealed episodes of complete atrioventricular block lasting up to 23 seconds. The results of hemodynamic studies were normal. The patients' symptoms were all totally corrected by implantation of an epicardial demand pacemaker. This report raises the possibility that sudden death in association with the mitral valve prolapse syndrome may be due to intermittent severe disturbances in conduction, in addition to ventricular arrhythmias.", "contents": "Intermittent complete atrioventricular block masquerading as epilepsy in the mitral valve prolapse syndrome. A 24-year-old white man had a history of \"epilepsy\" since the age of eight years. Prolapse of the mitral valve was documented by auscultation and echocardiographic and left ventriculographic studies. At 120 hours after stopping therapy with phenobarbital and diphenylhydantoin (Dilantin) sodium, continuous electrocardiographic monitoring (Holter monitor) revealed episodes of complete atrioventricular block lasting up to 23 seconds. The results of hemodynamic studies were normal. The patients' symptoms were all totally corrected by implantation of an epicardial demand pacemaker. This report raises the possibility that sudden death in association with the mitral valve prolapse syndrome may be due to intermittent severe disturbances in conduction, in addition to ventricular arrhythmias."}
{"id": "PMID:891293", "title": "Pulmonary fibrosis after prolonged therapy with 1,3-bis (2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea.", "content": "A 43-year-old man with metastatic malignant melanoma was treated with 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea (BCNU) in combination with imidazole carboxamide and hydroxyurea. He achieved complete remission. After 22 months of chemotherapy, the patient developed bilateral pulmonary infiltrates. Open lung biopsy showed sclerosing alveolitis. Long-term therapy with BCNU may cause pulmonary fibrosis, as has been seen with other cytotoxic drugs.", "contents": "Pulmonary fibrosis after prolonged therapy with 1,3-bis (2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea. A 43-year-old man with metastatic malignant melanoma was treated with 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea (BCNU) in combination with imidazole carboxamide and hydroxyurea. He achieved complete remission. After 22 months of chemotherapy, the patient developed bilateral pulmonary infiltrates. Open lung biopsy showed sclerosing alveolitis. Long-term therapy with BCNU may cause pulmonary fibrosis, as has been seen with other cytotoxic drugs."}
{"id": "PMID:891294", "title": "Treatment of acute aortic insufficiency with sodium nitroferricyanide. Documentation of beneficial effect by noninvasive means.", "content": "The findings in a patient with acute aortic insufficiency who was treated with sodium nitroferricyanide (sodium nitroprusside) prior to aortic valve replacement are presented. Administration of the drug resulted in clinical improvement, which was reflected in changes in systemic and pulmonary arterial pressures and in noninvasive measurements. Sodium nitroferricyanide is useful in the management of patients with severe acute aortic insufficiency, and its effect may be monitored by noninvasive means.", "contents": "Treatment of acute aortic insufficiency with sodium nitroferricyanide. Documentation of beneficial effect by noninvasive means. The findings in a patient with acute aortic insufficiency who was treated with sodium nitroferricyanide (sodium nitroprusside) prior to aortic valve replacement are presented. Administration of the drug resulted in clinical improvement, which was reflected in changes in systemic and pulmonary arterial pressures and in noninvasive measurements. Sodium nitroferricyanide is useful in the management of patients with severe acute aortic insufficiency, and its effect may be monitored by noninvasive means."}
{"id": "PMID:891295", "title": "Two active junctional pacemakers manifested by atrioventricular dissociation and junctional captures.", "content": "A case of atrioventricular dissociation with RP-dependent abrupt prolongation of ventricular cycles is presented. The prolongation was less than expected with concealed junctional captures. It is assumed that resetting of an upper junctional pacemaker allowed impulses from a lower one to escape.", "contents": "Two active junctional pacemakers manifested by atrioventricular dissociation and junctional captures. A case of atrioventricular dissociation with RP-dependent abrupt prolongation of ventricular cycles is presented. The prolongation was less than expected with concealed junctional captures. It is assumed that resetting of an upper junctional pacemaker allowed impulses from a lower one to escape."}
{"id": "PMID:891300", "title": "Intracranial arterial aneurysms in infancy and childhood.", "content": "Eleven cases of intracranial arterial aneurysms in patients under 15 years of age, treated from 1959 to 1976, are presented. The preponderance of aneurysms at the internal carotid artery bifurcation and the peculiarities of the defects in this location are remarkable.", "contents": "Intracranial arterial aneurysms in infancy and childhood. Eleven cases of intracranial arterial aneurysms in patients under 15 years of age, treated from 1959 to 1976, are presented. The preponderance of aneurysms at the internal carotid artery bifurcation and the peculiarities of the defects in this location are remarkable."}
{"id": "PMID:891301", "title": "Hydrodynamic factors in Dandy-Walker and Arnold-Chiari malformations.", "content": "The Dandy-Walker malformation (DWM) is hydrocephalus that primarily affects the fourth ventricle, whose overdistention involves also the aqueduct and third ventricle. However, just the opposite is true in the Arnold-Chiari malformation (ACM) since the hydrocephalus is limited to the lateral ventricles which squeeze the third ventricle between them and compress the aqueduct and fourth ventricle. The evidence indicates that both result from hydrodynamic stresses in embryonal and early fetal life. This communication is offered in rebuttal to some statements in an otherwise authoritative and comprehensive article.", "contents": "Hydrodynamic factors in Dandy-Walker and Arnold-Chiari malformations. The Dandy-Walker malformation (DWM) is hydrocephalus that primarily affects the fourth ventricle, whose overdistention involves also the aqueduct and third ventricle. However, just the opposite is true in the Arnold-Chiari malformation (ACM) since the hydrocephalus is limited to the lateral ventricles which squeeze the third ventricle between them and compress the aqueduct and fourth ventricle. The evidence indicates that both result from hydrodynamic stresses in embryonal and early fetal life. This communication is offered in rebuttal to some statements in an otherwise authoritative and comprehensive article."}
{"id": "PMID:891302", "title": "Organizing hematoma in a child presenting as a 'doughnut lesion' on nuclear scan. Case report.", "content": "We report a 4 1/2-year-old boy who presented with a 4-week history of frontal headaches and fever, and generalized convulsion 5 months previously. Papilledema, an abnormal EEG and a brain scan with a frontal mass and 'doughnut' sign were found. The association of the clinical history with brain scan findings strongly suggested a brain abscess. At surgery the lesion proved to be an encapsulated hematoma; Histological findings suggest underlying microangiomata.", "contents": "Organizing hematoma in a child presenting as a 'doughnut lesion' on nuclear scan. Case report. We report a 4 1/2-year-old boy who presented with a 4-week history of frontal headaches and fever, and generalized convulsion 5 months previously. Papilledema, an abnormal EEG and a brain scan with a frontal mass and 'doughnut' sign were found. The association of the clinical history with brain scan findings strongly suggested a brain abscess. At surgery the lesion proved to be an encapsulated hematoma; Histological findings suggest underlying microangiomata."}
{"id": "PMID:891303", "title": "Congenital anomaly of the odontoid in children. A report of four cases.", "content": "The embryologic origins of congenital abnormalities of the odontoid process are reviewed. Four cases of odontoid dysgenesis in childhood are presented. All of our cases were associated with a head injury, which subsequently led to the diagnosis. Pain was the most common presenting complaint in our patients. Decreased cervical mobility was the most consistent physcial finding. There was no major neurological defect implicating spinal cord compression in any of our patients. This is not true of adults with congenital abnormalities of the odontoid, particularly those with atlantoaxial instability. The diagnosis of odontoid dysgenesis is a radiographic one. Flexion-extension films, tomograms and cineradiograms are often required to make the diagnosis. C1-C2 subluxation, either anterior or posterior is often found. Prompt posterior cervical fusion is recommended as the treatment of choice.", "contents": "Congenital anomaly of the odontoid in children. A report of four cases. The embryologic origins of congenital abnormalities of the odontoid process are reviewed. Four cases of odontoid dysgenesis in childhood are presented. All of our cases were associated with a head injury, which subsequently led to the diagnosis. Pain was the most common presenting complaint in our patients. Decreased cervical mobility was the most consistent physcial finding. There was no major neurological defect implicating spinal cord compression in any of our patients. This is not true of adults with congenital abnormalities of the odontoid, particularly those with atlantoaxial instability. The diagnosis of odontoid dysgenesis is a radiographic one. Flexion-extension films, tomograms and cineradiograms are often required to make the diagnosis. C1-C2 subluxation, either anterior or posterior is often found. Prompt posterior cervical fusion is recommended as the treatment of choice."}
{"id": "PMID:891304", "title": "Dissemination with malignant changes from a pineal tumor through the corpus callosum after total removal.", "content": "Within the germinal neoplasms of the central nervous system, the embryonal carcinoma is a very rare tumor. The authors report such a lesion arising on the corpus callosum in a child 8 months after a differentiated teratoma was totaly removed from the pineal region. The classification of the germ cell tumors of the central nervous system and their relation with similar tumors of the gonads are discussed. The treatment of the pineal tumors is also discussed.", "contents": "Dissemination with malignant changes from a pineal tumor through the corpus callosum after total removal. Within the germinal neoplasms of the central nervous system, the embryonal carcinoma is a very rare tumor. The authors report such a lesion arising on the corpus callosum in a child 8 months after a differentiated teratoma was totaly removed from the pineal region. The classification of the germ cell tumors of the central nervous system and their relation with similar tumors of the gonads are discussed. The treatment of the pineal tumors is also discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:891305", "title": "Cerebral angiography and evaluation of functional status of shunts in hydrocephalic children.", "content": "It is generally possible to evaluate a malfunctioning shunt on the basis of clinical signs. Neuroradiologic evaluation is recommended for the difficult cases when this is not possible. The neuroradiologic procedure of choice is cerebral angiography since it permits the determination of ventricular size, an estimate of the presence of intraventricular hypertension, and an evaluation of the nature and degree of brain shift or herniation. Furthermore, such complications of hydrocephalus as porencephaly or subdural accumulations of fluid may also be diagnosed.", "contents": "Cerebral angiography and evaluation of functional status of shunts in hydrocephalic children. It is generally possible to evaluate a malfunctioning shunt on the basis of clinical signs. Neuroradiologic evaluation is recommended for the difficult cases when this is not possible. The neuroradiologic procedure of choice is cerebral angiography since it permits the determination of ventricular size, an estimate of the presence of intraventricular hypertension, and an evaluation of the nature and degree of brain shift or herniation. Furthermore, such complications of hydrocephalus as porencephaly or subdural accumulations of fluid may also be diagnosed."}
{"id": "PMID:891306", "title": "Instrumentation of the spine for fracture dislocations in children.", "content": "13 children, ages 11-16 years, sustained severe compression fractures or fracture dislocations of the thoracolumbar spine. All cases were treated with Harrington instrumentation with fusion and six also had decompressive laminectomy. All injuries had significant instability and neurologic deficits (nine complete). Follow-up of 2-10 years is provided for analysis of maintenance of reduction and neurologic improvement. This technique appears to offer stability, reduction of orthopedic defects, and assumption of a more aggressive rehabilitation program without introducing significant operative morbidity or neurologic deficit.", "contents": "Instrumentation of the spine for fracture dislocations in children. 13 children, ages 11-16 years, sustained severe compression fractures or fracture dislocations of the thoracolumbar spine. All cases were treated with Harrington instrumentation with fusion and six also had decompressive laminectomy. All injuries had significant instability and neurologic deficits (nine complete). Follow-up of 2-10 years is provided for analysis of maintenance of reduction and neurologic improvement. This technique appears to offer stability, reduction of orthopedic defects, and assumption of a more aggressive rehabilitation program without introducing significant operative morbidity or neurologic deficit."}
{"id": "PMID:891350", "title": "The chromosome fiber: evidence for an ordered superstructure of nucleosomes.", "content": "Chromosome fibers isolated from lymphocyte nuclei and prepared for electron microscopy by techniques designed to preserve their native structure have a distinctly knobby appearance, suggesting that DNA and protein are not distributed evenly along the fiber axis. Individual knobs (superbeads) are arranged in tandem and have an average diameter of about 200 A. Mild nuclease digestion of isolated nuclei releases apparent monomer superbeads that are composed of nucleohistone particles with the properties of nucleosomes. The kinetics of digestion indicate that the superbead is a discrete structural unit containing, on the average, about eight nucleosomes.", "contents": "The chromosome fiber: evidence for an ordered superstructure of nucleosomes. Chromosome fibers isolated from lymphocyte nuclei and prepared for electron microscopy by techniques designed to preserve their native structure have a distinctly knobby appearance, suggesting that DNA and protein are not distributed evenly along the fiber axis. Individual knobs (superbeads) are arranged in tandem and have an average diameter of about 200 A. Mild nuclease digestion of isolated nuclei releases apparent monomer superbeads that are composed of nucleohistone particles with the properties of nucleosomes. The kinetics of digestion indicate that the superbead is a discrete structural unit containing, on the average, about eight nucleosomes."}
{"id": "PMID:891369", "title": "[Primary amenorrhoea, hypertension, and hypokalaemia in 17-hydroxylase deficiency, a not uncommon condition (author's transl)].", "content": "Five phenotypic female patients with primary amenorrhoea, mild hypertension, and hypokalaemia are described. The condition originates from 17-hydroxylase deficiency in both adrenals and gonads. Two cases had a XY chromosome pattern, two cases were familial. It is suggested to determine serum potassium in all cases with unexplained primary amenorrhoea.", "contents": "[Primary amenorrhoea, hypertension, and hypokalaemia in 17-hydroxylase deficiency, a not uncommon condition (author's transl)]. Five phenotypic female patients with primary amenorrhoea, mild hypertension, and hypokalaemia are described. The condition originates from 17-hydroxylase deficiency in both adrenals and gonads. Two cases had a XY chromosome pattern, two cases were familial. It is suggested to determine serum potassium in all cases with unexplained primary amenorrhoea."}
{"id": "PMID:891370", "title": "[Transvenous xero-arteriography of the limbs (author's transl)].", "content": "Well-visualised arteriograms of the limbs can be obtained by xeroradiography after rapid manual injection of contrast-medium into an arm vein, as demonstrated in 28 patients. The technique is suitable for the diagnosis of circumscribed vascular lesions. It is simple to do and does not significantly distress the patient.", "contents": "[Transvenous xero-arteriography of the limbs (author's transl)]. Well-visualised arteriograms of the limbs can be obtained by xeroradiography after rapid manual injection of contrast-medium into an arm vein, as demonstrated in 28 patients. The technique is suitable for the diagnosis of circumscribed vascular lesions. It is simple to do and does not significantly distress the patient."}
{"id": "PMID:891378", "title": "[Treatment of photodermatoses with carotinoids (author's transl)].", "content": "39 patients were treated with carotinoids (beta-carotene alone or combined with canthaxanthine) with an oral dose of 50-150 mg/d, some of them for a period of several years. 23 of these were patients with porphyria (erythropoietic protoporphyria [EPP] 20, congenital erythropoietic porphyria 2, erythropoietic coproporphyria 1); 16 patients were suffering from various photodermatoses (solar urticaria 6, actinic reticuloid 5, UV-A intolerance 1, unclassified photodermatoses 4). Tolerance of the carotinoids was very good; no side effects were seen except for a yellow discoloration of the skin. In 19 of 20 EPP patients the result of the treatment was good, whereas no improvement was seen in the other kinds of porphyria. Of the 16 cases of photodermatoses not caused by porphyrinopathy, 6 responded to the therapy (solar urticaria 2, actinic reticuloid 2, UV-A intolerance 1, unclassified photodermatosis 1). Some cases showed great improvement as a result of the treatment.", "contents": "[Treatment of photodermatoses with carotinoids (author's transl)]. 39 patients were treated with carotinoids (beta-carotene alone or combined with canthaxanthine) with an oral dose of 50-150 mg/d, some of them for a period of several years. 23 of these were patients with porphyria (erythropoietic protoporphyria [EPP] 20, congenital erythropoietic porphyria 2, erythropoietic coproporphyria 1); 16 patients were suffering from various photodermatoses (solar urticaria 6, actinic reticuloid 5, UV-A intolerance 1, unclassified photodermatoses 4). Tolerance of the carotinoids was very good; no side effects were seen except for a yellow discoloration of the skin. In 19 of 20 EPP patients the result of the treatment was good, whereas no improvement was seen in the other kinds of porphyria. Of the 16 cases of photodermatoses not caused by porphyrinopathy, 6 responded to the therapy (solar urticaria 2, actinic reticuloid 2, UV-A intolerance 1, unclassified photodermatosis 1). Some cases showed great improvement as a result of the treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:891379", "title": "[Plasma-digoxin concentration in patients at time of hospital admission (author's transl)].", "content": "Plasma-digoxin and serum creatinine concentrations were determined on admission in 145 unselected patients previously digitalized as outpatients. Adequate digitalization was found in 62.7%, inadequate doses in 15.9% of patients. In the latter group the daily dosage reported by the patients failed to correlate with the plasma-digoxin concentration by radioimmunoassay. One-fifth of all patients had clinical evidence of digitalis intoxication. Of these, 69% had plasma-digoxin concentrations of more than 2.0 ng/ml and 31% less than 2.0 ng/ml. Mean digoxin concentration for all patients with signs of digitalis intoxication was 2.5+/-0.9 ng/ml. In patients simultaneously receiving spironolactone or canrenoate-K+ there was danger of falsely high values for digoxin because of interference of those drugs with the radioimmunoassay.", "contents": "[Plasma-digoxin concentration in patients at time of hospital admission (author's transl)]. Plasma-digoxin and serum creatinine concentrations were determined on admission in 145 unselected patients previously digitalized as outpatients. Adequate digitalization was found in 62.7%, inadequate doses in 15.9% of patients. In the latter group the daily dosage reported by the patients failed to correlate with the plasma-digoxin concentration by radioimmunoassay. One-fifth of all patients had clinical evidence of digitalis intoxication. Of these, 69% had plasma-digoxin concentrations of more than 2.0 ng/ml and 31% less than 2.0 ng/ml. Mean digoxin concentration for all patients with signs of digitalis intoxication was 2.5+/-0.9 ng/ml. In patients simultaneously receiving spironolactone or canrenoate-K+ there was danger of falsely high values for digoxin because of interference of those drugs with the radioimmunoassay."}
{"id": "PMID:891380", "title": "[Magnesium concentration in erythrocytes and plasma in childhood (author's transl)].", "content": "In 243 children of various ages the magnesium concentration was determined simultaneously in erythrocytes and plasma. The analysis began in the mother immediately after delivery, in the umbilical vein and in the newborn infant, and ended at school age (6-14 years). The magnesium concentration in plasma as well as in the erythrocytes showed a constant tendency to increase. Statistically significant differences occurred between the age group 1-7 days on the one hand and 2-6 weeks on the other, and also between school children and adult controls (n=20). The adult controls also differed statistically from mothers following delivery.", "contents": "[Magnesium concentration in erythrocytes and plasma in childhood (author's transl)]. In 243 children of various ages the magnesium concentration was determined simultaneously in erythrocytes and plasma. The analysis began in the mother immediately after delivery, in the umbilical vein and in the newborn infant, and ended at school age (6-14 years). The magnesium concentration in plasma as well as in the erythrocytes showed a constant tendency to increase. Statistically significant differences occurred between the age group 1-7 days on the one hand and 2-6 weeks on the other, and also between school children and adult controls (n=20). The adult controls also differed statistically from mothers following delivery."}
{"id": "PMID:891388", "title": "[Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) in patients with lung cancer: correlation with tumour extent and response to treatment (author's transl)].", "content": "Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) was determined at the time of diagnosis in 90 patients with lung cancer. CEA levels were elevated in 47 (52%). High CEA levels were often associated with the presence of metastases. Serial CEA determinations in 40 patients, before and after radiotherapy and chemotherapy, revealed that patients who responded to treatment had a decreased CEA level, whereas those with progressive tumour growth had increased ones. CEA assay may, therefore, be useful in detecting metastases and in helping to assess the effect of treatment in patients with lung cancer.", "contents": "[Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) in patients with lung cancer: correlation with tumour extent and response to treatment (author's transl)]. Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) was determined at the time of diagnosis in 90 patients with lung cancer. CEA levels were elevated in 47 (52%). High CEA levels were often associated with the presence of metastases. Serial CEA determinations in 40 patients, before and after radiotherapy and chemotherapy, revealed that patients who responded to treatment had a decreased CEA level, whereas those with progressive tumour growth had increased ones. CEA assay may, therefore, be useful in detecting metastases and in helping to assess the effect of treatment in patients with lung cancer."}
{"id": "PMID:891389", "title": "[Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) (author's transl)].", "content": "Serial determinations of CEA concentrations in serum were performed postoperatively in 303 patients with histologically confirmed adenocarcinoma of the gastrointestinal tract. The trend of the time course of computerised CEA curves made early diagnosis of recurrence or metastases possible. Diagnosis of recurrence by means of a rise in CEA concentration preceded positive clinical diagnosis by up to 10 months. In all 26 cases confirmation was obtained by second-look operation or other diagnostic means. Analysis of serial CEA measurements made it possible to distinguish between generalised metastasization and local recurrence of the tumour, on the one hand, and limited metastasization at the site of recurrence, on the other.", "contents": "[Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) (author's transl)]. Serial determinations of CEA concentrations in serum were performed postoperatively in 303 patients with histologically confirmed adenocarcinoma of the gastrointestinal tract. The trend of the time course of computerised CEA curves made early diagnosis of recurrence or metastases possible. Diagnosis of recurrence by means of a rise in CEA concentration preceded positive clinical diagnosis by up to 10 months. In all 26 cases confirmation was obtained by second-look operation or other diagnostic means. Analysis of serial CEA measurements made it possible to distinguish between generalised metastasization and local recurrence of the tumour, on the one hand, and limited metastasization at the site of recurrence, on the other."}
{"id": "PMID:891390", "title": "[Epidemiological effect of influenza vaccination (author's transl)].", "content": "No influenza-A virus epidemic occurred in the Federal Republic of Germany during 1971-1975. The neighbouring countries, however, reported up to three such epidemics. The vaccines used had differences: contrary to neighbouring countries, in the FRG largely those were used which had mineral adjuvants, and they more frequently had viral subgroups. Comparison between the USA and FRG with respect to influenza death-rates over 20 years revealed a strict correlation from 1956 up to 1965. But since 1966 the death-rate has decreased progressively in the FRG while it has remained unchanged in the USA. Immunisation methods in the two countries have differed since 1966 in that the Public Health Authorities of the two countries have recommended immunisation of different population groups: in the USA it has been only for patients at risk, while in the FRG the rest of the population has also been urged to be immunised. As a result, immunisation rates differ markedly between the two countries. Absence of an influenza epidemic, accompanied by a reduction in death-rate due to influenza, strongly suggests that the two phenomena are the result of a break in the infection chain. This seems to be more successful when both part of the total population and the risk groups are immunised.", "contents": "[Epidemiological effect of influenza vaccination (author's transl)]. No influenza-A virus epidemic occurred in the Federal Republic of Germany during 1971-1975. The neighbouring countries, however, reported up to three such epidemics. The vaccines used had differences: contrary to neighbouring countries, in the FRG largely those were used which had mineral adjuvants, and they more frequently had viral subgroups. Comparison between the USA and FRG with respect to influenza death-rates over 20 years revealed a strict correlation from 1956 up to 1965. But since 1966 the death-rate has decreased progressively in the FRG while it has remained unchanged in the USA. Immunisation methods in the two countries have differed since 1966 in that the Public Health Authorities of the two countries have recommended immunisation of different population groups: in the USA it has been only for patients at risk, while in the FRG the rest of the population has also been urged to be immunised. As a result, immunisation rates differ markedly between the two countries. Absence of an influenza epidemic, accompanied by a reduction in death-rate due to influenza, strongly suggests that the two phenomena are the result of a break in the infection chain. This seems to be more successful when both part of the total population and the risk groups are immunised."}
{"id": "PMID:891397", "title": "[Poisoning after ingestion of mussels (mytilus edulis) (author's transl)].", "content": "Symptoms of poisoning occurred in 19 persons in the Rhein-Main region in October 1976, after they had eaten mussels (Mytilus edulis) imported from Vigo, Spain. Mild oral paraesthesias, tingling in the fingertips and feet were followed by generalised numbness and dizziness. All symptoms disappeared within 48 hours. They had been caused by saxitoxin which is produced by a dinoflagellate and accumulated in the mussels, as confirmed by testing confiscated samples of mussels. Toxin concentration ranged from 6000 to 20 000 MU (mice units) per 100 g mussel meat.", "contents": "[Poisoning after ingestion of mussels (mytilus edulis) (author's transl)]. Symptoms of poisoning occurred in 19 persons in the Rhein-Main region in October 1976, after they had eaten mussels (Mytilus edulis) imported from Vigo, Spain. Mild oral paraesthesias, tingling in the fingertips and feet were followed by generalised numbness and dizziness. All symptoms disappeared within 48 hours. They had been caused by saxitoxin which is produced by a dinoflagellate and accumulated in the mussels, as confirmed by testing confiscated samples of mussels. Toxin concentration ranged from 6000 to 20 000 MU (mice units) per 100 g mussel meat."}
{"id": "PMID:891398", "title": "[Abnormal postvaccination course after oral smallpox immunisation (author's transl)].", "content": "Five instances of side-effects after oral smallpox immunisation (out of 2568 persons orally immunised) are reported. Vaccinal lesions on the tongue, gums and (once) nares predominated and had been caused by biting open the vaccine-containing capsule or tablet with release of the virus.", "contents": "[Abnormal postvaccination course after oral smallpox immunisation (author's transl)]. Five instances of side-effects after oral smallpox immunisation (out of 2568 persons orally immunised) are reported. Vaccinal lesions on the tongue, gums and (once) nares predominated and had been caused by biting open the vaccine-containing capsule or tablet with release of the virus."}
{"id": "PMID:891399", "title": "[Chronic tonsillar hypertrophy as a cause of cor pulmonale, pulmonary oedema, and hypersomnia in children (author's transl)].", "content": "Chronic hypertrophied tonsils and adenoids causing partial airway obstruction produced serious illness and a confusing clinical picture in a 51/2-year-old boy. Cardinal signs were cor pulmonale, pulmonary oedema and marked cardio-respiratory changes due to hypoxaemia and hypercapnia, in addition to hypersomnia. Marked improvement of the clinical picture and the abnormal signs followed directly upon tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy. Chronic alveolar hypoventilation is presumably the main cause of the described condition and of others of extracardiac origin with similar signs and symptoms.", "contents": "[Chronic tonsillar hypertrophy as a cause of cor pulmonale, pulmonary oedema, and hypersomnia in children (author's transl)]. Chronic hypertrophied tonsils and adenoids causing partial airway obstruction produced serious illness and a confusing clinical picture in a 51/2-year-old boy. Cardinal signs were cor pulmonale, pulmonary oedema and marked cardio-respiratory changes due to hypoxaemia and hypercapnia, in addition to hypersomnia. Marked improvement of the clinical picture and the abnormal signs followed directly upon tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy. Chronic alveolar hypoventilation is presumably the main cause of the described condition and of others of extracardiac origin with similar signs and symptoms."}
{"id": "PMID:891400", "title": "[Myocardial involvement in a special form of Erb's muscular dystrophy (type Becker-Kiener) (author's transl)].", "content": "A 22-year-old man with cardiac symptoms had been treated for myocarditis for two years. But the clinical course and special tests, including isoenzyme measurements, electromyography, peripheral muscle and myocardial biopsy, established the diagnosis of X chromosome-linked muscular dystrophy (type Becker-Kiener) with an associated cardiomyopathy (raised left-ventricular end-diastolic pressure). Light- and electron-microscopic studies of the (right ventricular) myocardial biopsy revealed degenerative changes like those seen in peripheral muscle.", "contents": "[Myocardial involvement in a special form of Erb's muscular dystrophy (type Becker-Kiener) (author's transl)]. A 22-year-old man with cardiac symptoms had been treated for myocarditis for two years. But the clinical course and special tests, including isoenzyme measurements, electromyography, peripheral muscle and myocardial biopsy, established the diagnosis of X chromosome-linked muscular dystrophy (type Becker-Kiener) with an associated cardiomyopathy (raised left-ventricular end-diastolic pressure). Light- and electron-microscopic studies of the (right ventricular) myocardial biopsy revealed degenerative changes like those seen in peripheral muscle."}
{"id": "PMID:891408", "title": "[Serum ferritin in iron deficiency anaemia (author's transl)].", "content": "Red cell indices, plasma iron, total iron-binding capacity and serum ferritin levels were measured in 73 patients with iron deficiency anaemia. There was decreased plasma iron and MCHC with an increased total iron-binding capacity in 38 patients (type I iron deficiency anaemia). There was no hypochromia in 18 patients with decreased plasma iron and normal total iron-binding capacity; haemoglobin concentration was higher than 90 g/l (type II). Normal MCHC, plasma iron and total iron-binding capacity were found in 17 patients with haemoglobin values higher than 105 g/l (type III). Serum ferritin measurements were made by the immunoradiometric assay. The ferritin concentration was less than 40 micron/l in 66 patients with iron deficiency anaemia. The test proved reliable in diagnosing mild iron deficiency anaemia (types II and III) without bone marrow aspiration.", "contents": "[Serum ferritin in iron deficiency anaemia (author's transl)]. Red cell indices, plasma iron, total iron-binding capacity and serum ferritin levels were measured in 73 patients with iron deficiency anaemia. There was decreased plasma iron and MCHC with an increased total iron-binding capacity in 38 patients (type I iron deficiency anaemia). There was no hypochromia in 18 patients with decreased plasma iron and normal total iron-binding capacity; haemoglobin concentration was higher than 90 g/l (type II). Normal MCHC, plasma iron and total iron-binding capacity were found in 17 patients with haemoglobin values higher than 105 g/l (type III). Serum ferritin measurements were made by the immunoradiometric assay. The ferritin concentration was less than 40 micron/l in 66 patients with iron deficiency anaemia. The test proved reliable in diagnosing mild iron deficiency anaemia (types II and III) without bone marrow aspiration."}
{"id": "PMID:891409", "title": "[Serum ferritin as a control parameter for oral iron therapy (author's transl)].", "content": "Ferrritin can be measured in blood serum radioimmunometrically. Serum ferritin is directly correlated to body iron stores. In comparison to other parameters of storage iron (bone marrow iron, intestinal iron absorption) this quantitative diagnostic parameter is easily available. Thus it can be used to judge body iron status. In 20 patients with chronic haemorrhagic and 7 patients with posthaemorrhagic iron deficiency anaemia as well as nine blood donors with latent iron deficiency serum ferritin was used to control oral iron therapy. The continuous determination of serum ferritin during therapy gives a quantitative value of the relevant level of body iron stores. This value shows whether therapy was effective and when iron stores are replenished. The results demonstrate that oral iron therapy should be continued for at least 3 months from the time of normalisation of haemoglobin to obtain a sufficient restoration of iron depots.", "contents": "[Serum ferritin as a control parameter for oral iron therapy (author's transl)]. Ferrritin can be measured in blood serum radioimmunometrically. Serum ferritin is directly correlated to body iron stores. In comparison to other parameters of storage iron (bone marrow iron, intestinal iron absorption) this quantitative diagnostic parameter is easily available. Thus it can be used to judge body iron status. In 20 patients with chronic haemorrhagic and 7 patients with posthaemorrhagic iron deficiency anaemia as well as nine blood donors with latent iron deficiency serum ferritin was used to control oral iron therapy. The continuous determination of serum ferritin during therapy gives a quantitative value of the relevant level of body iron stores. This value shows whether therapy was effective and when iron stores are replenished. The results demonstrate that oral iron therapy should be continued for at least 3 months from the time of normalisation of haemoglobin to obtain a sufficient restoration of iron depots."}
{"id": "PMID:891415", "title": "[Histomorphometric study of pelvic-crest biopsies during long-term fluoride treatment of osteoporosis (author's transl)].", "content": "In 14 patients being treated with fluoride preparations for osteoporosis histomorphometric analysis of iliac biopsies showed that the volume of the mineralised spongiosa had increased by more than 20% above initial level in eight instances. The volume of the osteoid in ten cases had also increased, generally most markedly in the first year. In some cases the clinical symptoms corresponded to the histomorphometric findings. The results suggest that fluoride treatment of osteoporosis can be continued beyond one year. But this should only be done under precise control also of histological bone studies because in three of the patients the spongiosa volume had reached high normal values already after one to three years of treatment.", "contents": "[Histomorphometric study of pelvic-crest biopsies during long-term fluoride treatment of osteoporosis (author's transl)]. In 14 patients being treated with fluoride preparations for osteoporosis histomorphometric analysis of iliac biopsies showed that the volume of the mineralised spongiosa had increased by more than 20% above initial level in eight instances. The volume of the osteoid in ten cases had also increased, generally most markedly in the first year. In some cases the clinical symptoms corresponded to the histomorphometric findings. The results suggest that fluoride treatment of osteoporosis can be continued beyond one year. But this should only be done under precise control also of histological bone studies because in three of the patients the spongiosa volume had reached high normal values already after one to three years of treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:891416", "title": "[Radiological evidence and removal of tablet conglomerates in intoxication with bromide-containing hypnotics (author's transl)].", "content": "If large amounts of bromide-containing hypnotics are taken together, the tablets may conglomerate in the stomach. Because of the bromide, this is radiologically demonstrable. Conventional gastric lavage does not remove such conglomerates. In order to prevent long-term late absorption with serious complications such as hypothermia, shock-lung and renal failure, previously only gastrotomy had been an effective treatment. But using gastroscopy with lavage and aspiration, such conglomerates can be removed within one to three hours. Fifteen patients in whom this technique was used were rousable within 24 hours, significantly shortening the period of intoxication. At the same time, complications may be avoided. This is also true in instances where the tablet dosage would otherwise have been fetal.", "contents": "[Radiological evidence and removal of tablet conglomerates in intoxication with bromide-containing hypnotics (author's transl)]. If large amounts of bromide-containing hypnotics are taken together, the tablets may conglomerate in the stomach. Because of the bromide, this is radiologically demonstrable. Conventional gastric lavage does not remove such conglomerates. In order to prevent long-term late absorption with serious complications such as hypothermia, shock-lung and renal failure, previously only gastrotomy had been an effective treatment. But using gastroscopy with lavage and aspiration, such conglomerates can be removed within one to three hours. Fifteen patients in whom this technique was used were rousable within 24 hours, significantly shortening the period of intoxication. At the same time, complications may be avoided. This is also true in instances where the tablet dosage would otherwise have been fetal."}
{"id": "PMID:891417", "title": "[Airway resistance and lung volumes (author's transl)].", "content": "Whole-body plethysmography for measuring airway resistance and intrathoracic gas volume is a valuable tool for diagnosing pulmonary and airway functions. It is desirable to know momentary airway resistance in the course of a forced expiration and vital capacity in relation to predicted and actual thoracic gas volume as well as predicted and actual total capacity. This is a reliable means of discovering limitations of lung ventilation despite normal airway resistance during normal ventilation. With a computer and plotter attached to a whole-body plethysmograph such volume-airway resistance curves can be rapidly and well reproduced without stressing the test person. In addition, it also makes it possible to measure routinely the volume resistance breaking point (largely comparable to \"closing capacity\") even in ill patients.", "contents": "[Airway resistance and lung volumes (author's transl)]. Whole-body plethysmography for measuring airway resistance and intrathoracic gas volume is a valuable tool for diagnosing pulmonary and airway functions. It is desirable to know momentary airway resistance in the course of a forced expiration and vital capacity in relation to predicted and actual thoracic gas volume as well as predicted and actual total capacity. This is a reliable means of discovering limitations of lung ventilation despite normal airway resistance during normal ventilation. With a computer and plotter attached to a whole-body plethysmograph such volume-airway resistance curves can be rapidly and well reproduced without stressing the test person. In addition, it also makes it possible to measure routinely the volume resistance breaking point (largely comparable to \"closing capacity\") even in ill patients."}
{"id": "PMID:891444", "title": "[Basis for designing a medical course curriculum].", "content": "This article sets forth the reasons for the structure given to the Division of Biology and Health on the Xochimilco campus of Metropolitan Autonomous University in Mexico: to adjust the university to the process of social change going forward in the country and gear the university to the problems of the present by avoiding the rigidity of its structure. The basic aspects of curriculum design are cited against a background of an historical analysis of the socioeconomic structure of education and health. The principles underlying the curriculum and the course work are then described on the basis of that analysis.", "contents": "[Basis for designing a medical course curriculum]. This article sets forth the reasons for the structure given to the Division of Biology and Health on the Xochimilco campus of Metropolitan Autonomous University in Mexico: to adjust the university to the process of social change going forward in the country and gear the university to the problems of the present by avoiding the rigidity of its structure. The basic aspects of curriculum design are cited against a background of an historical analysis of the socioeconomic structure of education and health. The principles underlying the curriculum and the course work are then described on the basis of that analysis."}
{"id": "PMID:891445", "title": "[New challenges in health education. Medical genetics].", "content": "The article examines the reasons for the accelerated development of medical genetics in the last 30 years. It dwells on why hereditary diseases have become so prominent in the vital statistics of many countries, and reviews the biological and social aspects of these diseases. It is further noted that, despite the new importance of these diseases, the medical schools in which medical genetics is taught are relatively few, and physicians are turned out without even a rudimentary grounding with which to face problems in this field. The author concludes that there is urgent need to plan and develop an extensive program of education in medical genetics on both the under and postgraduate levels, and in the community itself.", "contents": "[New challenges in health education. Medical genetics]. The article examines the reasons for the accelerated development of medical genetics in the last 30 years. It dwells on why hereditary diseases have become so prominent in the vital statistics of many countries, and reviews the biological and social aspects of these diseases. It is further noted that, despite the new importance of these diseases, the medical schools in which medical genetics is taught are relatively few, and physicians are turned out without even a rudimentary grounding with which to face problems in this field. The author concludes that there is urgent need to plan and develop an extensive program of education in medical genetics on both the under and postgraduate levels, and in the community itself."}
{"id": "PMID:891446", "title": "[Innovative approach of teaching-learning of histology and embriology].", "content": "The paper presents an innovative approach to the teaching-learning of histology and embryology. The traditional teaching of the subject in the Faculty of Medical Sciences of Rosario National University, Santa Fe, Rosario, Argentina, up to 1974 is subjected to critical analysis, and on this basis the need for the innovation is propounded and the method for applying it proposed. A detailed account is given of the theoretical framework of the experiment reported, of the general and specific objectives of the teaching-learning technique, and of the thematic units into which the curriculum was divided. In the teaching-learning plan followed--described in the article--the conventional professorial lecture and its accompanying practical demonstrations are replaced by round tables and theoretical-practical tasks requiring active involvement and integrating theory and practice, in which teams tackle problems under teacher coordination. It also provides for evaluation of the students, teachers and course and eliminates the conventional examination.", "contents": "[Innovative approach of teaching-learning of histology and embriology]. The paper presents an innovative approach to the teaching-learning of histology and embryology. The traditional teaching of the subject in the Faculty of Medical Sciences of Rosario National University, Santa Fe, Rosario, Argentina, up to 1974 is subjected to critical analysis, and on this basis the need for the innovation is propounded and the method for applying it proposed. A detailed account is given of the theoretical framework of the experiment reported, of the general and specific objectives of the teaching-learning technique, and of the thematic units into which the curriculum was divided. In the teaching-learning plan followed--described in the article--the conventional professorial lecture and its accompanying practical demonstrations are replaced by round tables and theoretical-practical tasks requiring active involvement and integrating theory and practice, in which teams tackle problems under teacher coordination. It also provides for evaluation of the students, teachers and course and eliminates the conventional examination."}
{"id": "PMID:891448", "title": "[Normal hemostatic indices in experimental animals].", "content": "On the basis of the studies conducted by the authors on 19 nonbred dogs and 25 rabbits of the strain Cincilla and Belgium giant the normal values of the basis indices of hemostasis were determined: thromboelastography (r+k and ma), amount of fibrinogen, number of thrombocytes, thromoboplastic time, time of recalcification. The obtained data are shown on a table. The obtained data could serve as orienting data in examining hemostasis in dogs and rabbits under various experimental conditions and models for investigating various human pathology.", "contents": "[Normal hemostatic indices in experimental animals]. On the basis of the studies conducted by the authors on 19 nonbred dogs and 25 rabbits of the strain Cincilla and Belgium giant the normal values of the basis indices of hemostasis were determined: thromboelastography (r+k and ma), amount of fibrinogen, number of thrombocytes, thromoboplastic time, time of recalcification. The obtained data are shown on a table. The obtained data could serve as orienting data in examining hemostasis in dogs and rabbits under various experimental conditions and models for investigating various human pathology."}
{"id": "PMID:891449", "title": "[Thymectomy of adult mice and hamsters].", "content": "The author describes a method for thymectomy of adult mice and hamsters, in which he uses a new operative approach at the initial stage of the operation. The common longitudinal median skin section is replaced with semioval section of the skin which begins from the surface transversly to the median line over xiphoid process of the chest bone, passes parallely and lateralily to both sides of the chest bone in the direction to the neck and ends at the level of the clavicle. Semioval cut skin, returned to its place after comrlition of the thymectomy, forms a peculiar subcutaneous pocket in the cavity of which the mediastimum and the risk of pneumothorax, while the usage of skin sutures is replaced completely by the tissue glue.", "contents": "[Thymectomy of adult mice and hamsters]. The author describes a method for thymectomy of adult mice and hamsters, in which he uses a new operative approach at the initial stage of the operation. The common longitudinal median skin section is replaced with semioval section of the skin which begins from the surface transversly to the median line over xiphoid process of the chest bone, passes parallely and lateralily to both sides of the chest bone in the direction to the neck and ends at the level of the clavicle. Semioval cut skin, returned to its place after comrlition of the thymectomy, forms a peculiar subcutaneous pocket in the cavity of which the mediastimum and the risk of pneumothorax, while the usage of skin sutures is replaced completely by the tissue glue."}
{"id": "PMID:891450", "title": "[Collagen biosynthesis in the arterial wall in experimental atherosclerosis].", "content": "The authors examined collagenous neosynthesis in the aortic wall of rats with experimental atherosclerosis after application of 3H-proline, a precursor of collagen, as well as subsequent determination of the radioactivity in the aortic wall by means of scintiliation counting and localization of the incorporated radioisotope by radioautography (optical and electron microscopic). There was a great increase of the incorporation of 3H-proline in the atherosclerotic aortas in comparison with controls, a manifestation of raised neosynthesis of collagen in the cellular elements of the aortic wall in atherosclerosis. The elevated collagenogenosis was due mainly to an increased synthetic activity of the modified smooth muscle cells, forming fibrous atherosclerotic plaques. This was proven by their more intensive radioisotopic marking in comparison with medial smooth muscle cells in the optical and electrone microscopic radioautograms.", "contents": "[Collagen biosynthesis in the arterial wall in experimental atherosclerosis]. The authors examined collagenous neosynthesis in the aortic wall of rats with experimental atherosclerosis after application of 3H-proline, a precursor of collagen, as well as subsequent determination of the radioactivity in the aortic wall by means of scintiliation counting and localization of the incorporated radioisotope by radioautography (optical and electron microscopic). There was a great increase of the incorporation of 3H-proline in the atherosclerotic aortas in comparison with controls, a manifestation of raised neosynthesis of collagen in the cellular elements of the aortic wall in atherosclerosis. The elevated collagenogenosis was due mainly to an increased synthetic activity of the modified smooth muscle cells, forming fibrous atherosclerotic plaques. This was proven by their more intensive radioisotopic marking in comparison with medial smooth muscle cells in the optical and electrone microscopic radioautograms."}
{"id": "PMID:891452", "title": "[Changes in the microcirculation of the myocardium in pulmonary embolism].", "content": "The author induced experimental lung embolia by venous administration of liquid fat or licopodium spores in 26 rabbits. Materials, obtained from myocardium of the experimental animals, were examined histologicaly and histochemicaly. The method of Lie et al. (1971) was used for establishing early ischemic changes in myofibers. The author recommended licopodium embolia as a good model for examining changes in myocardium after lung embolia. She indicated development of shock phenomena in animals with lung embolia, presenting signs of coronary insufficiency, including formation of sites of ischemic myofibers. With these changes the author explained the serious difficulties at the clinic in diagnosing and differentiating lung embolia from myocardial infarction even after electrocardiographic control.", "contents": "[Changes in the microcirculation of the myocardium in pulmonary embolism]. The author induced experimental lung embolia by venous administration of liquid fat or licopodium spores in 26 rabbits. Materials, obtained from myocardium of the experimental animals, were examined histologicaly and histochemicaly. The method of Lie et al. (1971) was used for establishing early ischemic changes in myofibers. The author recommended licopodium embolia as a good model for examining changes in myocardium after lung embolia. She indicated development of shock phenomena in animals with lung embolia, presenting signs of coronary insufficiency, including formation of sites of ischemic myofibers. With these changes the author explained the serious difficulties at the clinic in diagnosing and differentiating lung embolia from myocardial infarction even after electrocardiographic control."}
{"id": "PMID:891453", "title": "[Spontaneous chromosome aberrations in the lymphocytes of human peripheral blood].", "content": "The authors carried out cytogenetic studies on lymphocytes from human peripheral blood of 105 persons--49 women and 56 men in order to examine spontaneous frequency of the structural chromosomal abberations in the somatic cells. There were 191 cells with abberations (1,17%), out of 16,267 analyzed metaphasic plates. They found 0,39% of chromatid fragments, 0,71% of chromosomal fragments, 0,06% dicentricets, 0,01% of  symetric and asymetric chromatid exchanges and 0,006% of rings. There were no statistically significant differences in the discovery of the spontaneous abberations in the examined persons at various age and sex.", "contents": "[Spontaneous chromosome aberrations in the lymphocytes of human peripheral blood]. The authors carried out cytogenetic studies on lymphocytes from human peripheral blood of 105 persons--49 women and 56 men in order to examine spontaneous frequency of the structural chromosomal abberations in the somatic cells. There were 191 cells with abberations (1,17%), out of 16,267 analyzed metaphasic plates. They found 0,39% of chromatid fragments, 0,71% of chromosomal fragments, 0,06% dicentricets, 0,01% of  symetric and asymetric chromatid exchanges and 0,006% of rings. There were no statistically significant differences in the discovery of the spontaneous abberations in the examined persons at various age and sex."}
{"id": "PMID:891454", "title": "[Vibrations as an experimental factor affecting intestinal resorption].", "content": "The authors treated white rats daily at one and the same time for a period of one hour with vibrations. One of the groups of animals were treated with vibrations and examined after that, but the other two groups were treated respectively for 45 and 90 days. Examination was carried out during vibration, immediately after that and three hours after the vibrations. They used the method of the turned bags of Wilson and Waisman, by means of which they checked the resorption of glucose through the intestinal wall in vitro, it was established that during continuous vibration action the values of the resorption glucose were statistically lower than those of the control group. There were statistically significant differences in the values of the resorbed glucose in the subgroups examined during the vibration immediately and there hours after that. The authors discuss the obtained results in the light of the current concepts for the action of vibrations as a stress factor and their influence on intestinal resorption.", "contents": "[Vibrations as an experimental factor affecting intestinal resorption]. The authors treated white rats daily at one and the same time for a period of one hour with vibrations. One of the groups of animals were treated with vibrations and examined after that, but the other two groups were treated respectively for 45 and 90 days. Examination was carried out during vibration, immediately after that and three hours after the vibrations. They used the method of the turned bags of Wilson and Waisman, by means of which they checked the resorption of glucose through the intestinal wall in vitro, it was established that during continuous vibration action the values of the resorption glucose were statistically lower than those of the control group. There were statistically significant differences in the values of the resorbed glucose in the subgroups examined during the vibration immediately and there hours after that. The authors discuss the obtained results in the light of the current concepts for the action of vibrations as a stress factor and their influence on intestinal resorption."}
{"id": "PMID:891455", "title": "[Morphological changes in the liver of rats treated with phenobarbital, methylphenobarbital and their N-substituted morpholinoethyl derivatives].", "content": "The authors carried out histologic and electrone microscopic studies of liver in rats, treated with phenobarbital, methylphenobarbital, with their N-substituted morpholinoethye derivatives as well as in rats from the control group of animals. It was established that phenobarbital and methylphenobarbital caused hypertrophy and vacuolization of endoplasmatic reticulum, but the first preparation of the myelin degeneration of mitochindria as well. Morpholinethyl derivatives of the mentioned two compounds induced above all activation of lysosomes as well as reaction of Goldgi apparatus in the parenchymatous cells of liver. The observed ultrastructural changes were connected with differences in the induced drug-metabolizing enzymic properties of the two groups of compounds, established by the authors in their previous studies.", "contents": "[Morphological changes in the liver of rats treated with phenobarbital, methylphenobarbital and their N-substituted morpholinoethyl derivatives]. The authors carried out histologic and electrone microscopic studies of liver in rats, treated with phenobarbital, methylphenobarbital, with their N-substituted morpholinoethye derivatives as well as in rats from the control group of animals. It was established that phenobarbital and methylphenobarbital caused hypertrophy and vacuolization of endoplasmatic reticulum, but the first preparation of the myelin degeneration of mitochindria as well. Morpholinethyl derivatives of the mentioned two compounds induced above all activation of lysosomes as well as reaction of Goldgi apparatus in the parenchymatous cells of liver. The observed ultrastructural changes were connected with differences in the induced drug-metabolizing enzymic properties of the two groups of compounds, established by the authors in their previous studies."}
{"id": "PMID:891456", "title": "[Relationship between blood zinc level and EEG changes under the influence of hyperpnea in normal subjects].", "content": "The red blood cell and serum zinc levels have been determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometry on 27 human subjects in apparent good state of health, tested monthly for five months successively. The subjects who present a decreased frequency of the E.E.G. pattern during hyperventilation, also show a diminished red blood cell Zn level, by comparison with the other subjects. This phenomenon suggests a possible relationship between red blood cell zinc concentration and E.E.G. signs of cortical hyperexcitability. These findings are discussed in the light of the recent literature.", "contents": "[Relationship between blood zinc level and EEG changes under the influence of hyperpnea in normal subjects]. The red blood cell and serum zinc levels have been determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometry on 27 human subjects in apparent good state of health, tested monthly for five months successively. The subjects who present a decreased frequency of the E.E.G. pattern during hyperventilation, also show a diminished red blood cell Zn level, by comparison with the other subjects. This phenomenon suggests a possible relationship between red blood cell zinc concentration and E.E.G. signs of cortical hyperexcitability. These findings are discussed in the light of the recent literature."}
{"id": "PMID:891457", "title": "[Marinesco-Sj\u00f6gren syndrome].", "content": "The case of a severely mentally-retarded man who congenitally presents a cerebellar syndrome and a serious myopia, is discussed: his unilateral cataract showed at 25, and two presenile cataracts among his relatives. Besides, this case involve an epilepsy, an insufficient somato-genital growth and an hyperostosis frontalis interna. A dyslipo\u00efdosis was called up by d'ANGELO and al. (1967) in the MARINESCO-SJOGREN syndrome; an excess of lipids seems actual in the CSF of our case. So the rare MARINESCO-SJOGREN syndrome's diagnosis criteria may remain no restrictive.", "contents": "[Marinesco-Sj\u00f6gren syndrome]. The case of a severely mentally-retarded man who congenitally presents a cerebellar syndrome and a serious myopia, is discussed: his unilateral cataract showed at 25, and two presenile cataracts among his relatives. Besides, this case involve an epilepsy, an insufficient somato-genital growth and an hyperostosis frontalis interna. A dyslipo\u00efdosis was called up by d'ANGELO and al. (1967) in the MARINESCO-SJOGREN syndrome; an excess of lipids seems actual in the CSF of our case. So the rare MARINESCO-SJOGREN syndrome's diagnosis criteria may remain no restrictive."}
{"id": "PMID:891458", "title": "[Social reinstatement of chronic psychiatric patients].", "content": "In this paper, the author tried to determine the main factors which could improve the return of chronic psychiatric patients in society. First, the main studies on this subject showed that there is a high recidivism rate. Secondly, it seemed obvious that a medical approach by itself is not sufficient and that it is important to program in details the return of chronic psychiatric patients in society paying attention to the various psycho-social variables that can influence their behavior. In this way, it seemed that the most effective techniques are those taking up this problem very concretely and trying to prepare the patients to meet day to day problems. More specifically, the behavioral techniques and package treatment approaches seems to be the better ways of preparing chronic psychiatric patients to go back and live in the community.", "contents": "[Social reinstatement of chronic psychiatric patients]. In this paper, the author tried to determine the main factors which could improve the return of chronic psychiatric patients in society. First, the main studies on this subject showed that there is a high recidivism rate. Secondly, it seemed obvious that a medical approach by itself is not sufficient and that it is important to program in details the return of chronic psychiatric patients in society paying attention to the various psycho-social variables that can influence their behavior. In this way, it seemed that the most effective techniques are those taking up this problem very concretely and trying to prepare the patients to meet day to day problems. More specifically, the behavioral techniques and package treatment approaches seems to be the better ways of preparing chronic psychiatric patients to go back and live in the community."}
{"id": "PMID:891459", "title": "[Neurophysiological study in the cat of 2 substituted benzamides : sulpiride and sultopride].", "content": "Using three distinct electrophysiological tests in unanesthetized cat preparations (hippocampal theta, \" caudat spindles \" and stereotyped hind limb locomotor rhythms) two psychotropic benzamide derivatives (Sulpirid and Sultoprid) were tested both through systemic administration and local intracerebral microinjections. Our conclusions are that : a) Sulpirid activates the limbic system and locomotor rhythms, while deafferenting the higher \" telodiencephalic \" structures ; b) Sultoprid is, in revanche, at the same time deafferenting higher structure and depressing the lower one; c ) the hypothalamus represents one of the preferential targets for action of these substances.", "contents": "[Neurophysiological study in the cat of 2 substituted benzamides : sulpiride and sultopride]. Using three distinct electrophysiological tests in unanesthetized cat preparations (hippocampal theta, \" caudat spindles \" and stereotyped hind limb locomotor rhythms) two psychotropic benzamide derivatives (Sulpirid and Sultoprid) were tested both through systemic administration and local intracerebral microinjections. Our conclusions are that : a) Sulpirid activates the limbic system and locomotor rhythms, while deafferenting the higher \" telodiencephalic \" structures ; b) Sultoprid is, in revanche, at the same time deafferenting higher structure and depressing the lower one; c ) the hypothalamus represents one of the preferential targets for action of these substances."}
{"id": "PMID:891460", "title": "Steroid modulation of electrochemically-induced gonadotropin release in the male rat.", "content": "Electrochemical stimulation (ECS) of the medial preoptic area (MPOA) in the male rat produced an attenuated release of pituitary FSH and LH analogous to that induced in the female during Diestrus I and II. However, orchidectomy followed by estradiol-benzoate replacement resulted in a massive release of LH following ECS; FSH was again minimally responsive. Electrode implantation without ECS (sham control) was without effect upon either gonadotropin. Results indicate that the male rat can be provoked to a massive release of LH by ECS when an estrogen environment is provided; androgens appear to interfere. We also conclude that the MPOA connection for releasing-hormore secretion is intact in the male rat, and is sensitive to an external stimulus.", "contents": "Steroid modulation of electrochemically-induced gonadotropin release in the male rat. Electrochemical stimulation (ECS) of the medial preoptic area (MPOA) in the male rat produced an attenuated release of pituitary FSH and LH analogous to that induced in the female during Diestrus I and II. However, orchidectomy followed by estradiol-benzoate replacement resulted in a massive release of LH following ECS; FSH was again minimally responsive. Electrode implantation without ECS (sham control) was without effect upon either gonadotropin. Results indicate that the male rat can be provoked to a massive release of LH by ECS when an estrogen environment is provided; androgens appear to interfere. We also conclude that the MPOA connection for releasing-hormore secretion is intact in the male rat, and is sensitive to an external stimulus."}
{"id": "PMID:891461", "title": "A novel affinity column for isolation of androgen binding protein from rat epididymis.", "content": "An androgen affinity column was synthesized by covalently linking 3-oxo-17beta-hydroxy-5alpha-androstan-17alpha-(6-hexanoic acid) to cyanogen bromide activated Sepharose through a dipropyldiamine side arm. This column was designed to recover androphilic proteins from homogenates rich in nonspecific esterases. An extract of rat epididymis was adsorbed on the affinity column after partial purification by ammonium sulfate precipitation. The column was washed with 1 M KCl and the androgen binding protein eluted with 17beta-hydroxy-5alpha-androstan-3-one resulting in a 1,100-fold increase in specific activity. This protein had the same mobility on polyacrylamide gels and the same estimated molecular weight (135,000 daltons by gel filtration) as androgen binding protein in the original extract. By contrast, electrophoresis on sodium dodecyl sulfate containing gels yielded 2 bands with estimated molecular weights of 42,000 and 47,000 daltons. These observations are consistent with a subunit structure for rat epididymal androgen binding protein.", "contents": "A novel affinity column for isolation of androgen binding protein from rat epididymis. An androgen affinity column was synthesized by covalently linking 3-oxo-17beta-hydroxy-5alpha-androstan-17alpha-(6-hexanoic acid) to cyanogen bromide activated Sepharose through a dipropyldiamine side arm. This column was designed to recover androphilic proteins from homogenates rich in nonspecific esterases. An extract of rat epididymis was adsorbed on the affinity column after partial purification by ammonium sulfate precipitation. The column was washed with 1 M KCl and the androgen binding protein eluted with 17beta-hydroxy-5alpha-androstan-3-one resulting in a 1,100-fold increase in specific activity. This protein had the same mobility on polyacrylamide gels and the same estimated molecular weight (135,000 daltons by gel filtration) as androgen binding protein in the original extract. By contrast, electrophoresis on sodium dodecyl sulfate containing gels yielded 2 bands with estimated molecular weights of 42,000 and 47,000 daltons. These observations are consistent with a subunit structure for rat epididymal androgen binding protein."}
{"id": "PMID:891463", "title": "The role of phospholipids in the activity of delta4-3-ketosteroid 5alpha-oxidoreductase of the rat ventral prostate.", "content": "The involvement of phospholipids in the activity of 5alpha-reductase from nuclear and microsomal fractions of rat prostate was studied using phospholipases A and C. Phospholipase A reduced the activity of 5alpha-reductase in both subcellular fractions; this effect was not attributable to the hydrolysis products. Phospholipase C stopped only the activity of the nuclear fraction. There was no quantitative correlation between hydrolysis of phospholipids and loss of enzyme activity. The inactivation observed seems to result from phospholipase-induced instability of the enzyme. The results suggest that the altered structure of phospholipids and/or the membranes where 5alpha-reductase is located is responsible for the decrease in activity.", "contents": "The role of phospholipids in the activity of delta4-3-ketosteroid 5alpha-oxidoreductase of the rat ventral prostate. The involvement of phospholipids in the activity of 5alpha-reductase from nuclear and microsomal fractions of rat prostate was studied using phospholipases A and C. Phospholipase A reduced the activity of 5alpha-reductase in both subcellular fractions; this effect was not attributable to the hydrolysis products. Phospholipase C stopped only the activity of the nuclear fraction. There was no quantitative correlation between hydrolysis of phospholipids and loss of enzyme activity. The inactivation observed seems to result from phospholipase-induced instability of the enzyme. The results suggest that the altered structure of phospholipids and/or the membranes where 5alpha-reductase is located is responsible for the decrease in activity."}
{"id": "PMID:891465", "title": "The development of the hypothalamo-pituitary axis in the neonatal rat: hypothalamic somatostatin and pituitary and serum growth hormone concentrations.", "content": "Using a specific radioimmunoassay technique for somatostatin (GHRIH), we have studied the ontogenesis of hypothalamic GHRIH in relation to pituitary and serum GH concentrations in immature rats. Hypothalamic GHRIH concentrations rose from minimal levels of 4.5 +/- 0.2 pg/microgram protein (mean +/- SEM) at 2 days to peak concentrations of 40.6 +/- 4.1 pg/microgram protein at 28 days followed by a progressive decline toward 50 days (7.0 +/- 0.8 pg/microgram protein). Pituitary GH concentration attained peak prepuberal values of 203.5 +/- 22.8 ng/microgram protein at 16 days with a further marked rise after puberty. Serum GH concentration was elevated to 2 days (53.3 +/- 5.7 ng/ml) and declined progressively to 5.9 +/- 1.5 ng/ml at 13 days. There was a  highly significant inverse correlation between hypothalamic GHRIH and serum GH concentrations (r = 0.743, P less than 0.005). These data indicate that the hypothalamic regulatory mechanism for pituitary GH release develops during the neonatal period of the rat and suggest that GHRIH may play an important physiological role in this process.", "contents": "The development of the hypothalamo-pituitary axis in the neonatal rat: hypothalamic somatostatin and pituitary and serum growth hormone concentrations. Using a specific radioimmunoassay technique for somatostatin (GHRIH), we have studied the ontogenesis of hypothalamic GHRIH in relation to pituitary and serum GH concentrations in immature rats. Hypothalamic GHRIH concentrations rose from minimal levels of 4.5 +/- 0.2 pg/microgram protein (mean +/- SEM) at 2 days to peak concentrations of 40.6 +/- 4.1 pg/microgram protein at 28 days followed by a progressive decline toward 50 days (7.0 +/- 0.8 pg/microgram protein). Pituitary GH concentration attained peak prepuberal values of 203.5 +/- 22.8 ng/microgram protein at 16 days with a further marked rise after puberty. Serum GH concentration was elevated to 2 days (53.3 +/- 5.7 ng/ml) and declined progressively to 5.9 +/- 1.5 ng/ml at 13 days. There was a  highly significant inverse correlation between hypothalamic GHRIH and serum GH concentrations (r = 0.743, P less than 0.005). These data indicate that the hypothalamic regulatory mechanism for pituitary GH release develops during the neonatal period of the rat and suggest that GHRIH may play an important physiological role in this process."}
{"id": "PMID:891466", "title": "The developmental pattern of somatostatin in the embryonic and fetal rat pancreas.", "content": "The ontogenesis of immunoreactive somatostatin in the embryonic and fetal rat pancreas has been measured by radioimmunoassay following acid extraction. Somatostatin (GIF) is detectable at 14 days gestation at a concentration of 1.6 X 10(-3) ng/pancreas. At term the content is 3.8 ng/pancreas, by 2 days neonatally, 8.3 ng/pancreas, and in the adult rat, 71 ng/pancreas through the concentration (expressed per microgram DNA) is constant from 14-19 days of gestation and reaches a level characteristic of the fully differentiated pancreas by birth. The detection of GIF in cultured pancreatic explants in the absence of innervation indicates that synthesis can occur independent of neural influence.", "contents": "The developmental pattern of somatostatin in the embryonic and fetal rat pancreas. The ontogenesis of immunoreactive somatostatin in the embryonic and fetal rat pancreas has been measured by radioimmunoassay following acid extraction. Somatostatin (GIF) is detectable at 14 days gestation at a concentration of 1.6 X 10(-3) ng/pancreas. At term the content is 3.8 ng/pancreas, by 2 days neonatally, 8.3 ng/pancreas, and in the adult rat, 71 ng/pancreas through the concentration (expressed per microgram DNA) is constant from 14-19 days of gestation and reaches a level characteristic of the fully differentiated pancreas by birth. The detection of GIF in cultured pancreatic explants in the absence of innervation indicates that synthesis can occur independent of neural influence."}
{"id": "PMID:891467", "title": "Aromatization and 5alpha-reduction of androgens in discrete hypothalamic and limbic regions of the male and female rat.", "content": "The in vitro aromatization and 5alpha-reduction of androgens to estrogens and dihydrotestosterone (DHT) were determined in incubations of microdissected brain regions of male and female gonadectomized, adrenalectomized rats. Metabolites formed from [1alpha,2alpha-3H]androstenedione or [1alpha,2alpha-3H]testosterone were purified by celite liquid-liquid partition chromatography, silica gel chromatography and recrystallization to stable 3H/14C ratios. The medial preoptic nucleus-anterior hypothalamic nucleus exhibited the highest aromatase activity and the second highest conversion to DHT. The lateral preoptic and lateral hypothalamic nuclei showed little aromatase activity yet exhibited high rates of formation of DHT. The medial basal hypothalamus showed the second highest level of aromatase activity but consistently formed the lowest amount of DHT. The discrect anatomical localization of these enzymatic conversions is suggestive of their being involved in the physiological actions of androgens.", "contents": "Aromatization and 5alpha-reduction of androgens in discrete hypothalamic and limbic regions of the male and female rat. The in vitro aromatization and 5alpha-reduction of androgens to estrogens and dihydrotestosterone (DHT) were determined in incubations of microdissected brain regions of male and female gonadectomized, adrenalectomized rats. Metabolites formed from [1alpha,2alpha-3H]androstenedione or [1alpha,2alpha-3H]testosterone were purified by celite liquid-liquid partition chromatography, silica gel chromatography and recrystallization to stable 3H/14C ratios. The medial preoptic nucleus-anterior hypothalamic nucleus exhibited the highest aromatase activity and the second highest conversion to DHT. The lateral preoptic and lateral hypothalamic nuclei showed little aromatase activity yet exhibited high rates of formation of DHT. The medial basal hypothalamus showed the second highest level of aromatase activity but consistently formed the lowest amount of DHT. The discrect anatomical localization of these enzymatic conversions is suggestive of their being involved in the physiological actions of androgens."}
{"id": "PMID:891468", "title": "Estrogen induction of plasma vitellogenin in the cockerel: studies with a phosvitin antibody.", "content": "The effects of estrogen on plasma vitellogenin have been studied in the cockerel by immunoprecipitation techniques using an antiserum prepared against the egg yolk phosphoprotein, phosvitin. The antiserum gave precipitin lines of complete identity to phosvitin and to vitellogenin which was isolated from hen plasma by DEAE-cellulose chromatography and by affinity chromatography using anti-phosvitin coupled to Sepharose 4B. The cross-reactivity of vitellogenin and phosvitin adds support to the concept that plasma vitellogenin is the precursor phosphoprotein of egg yolk phosvitin. In the three-week old cockerel, anti-phosvitin produced no detectable immunoprecipitate in the plasma. However, after a single sc injection of diethylstilbestrol (2.5 mg), plasma vitellogenin levels began to increase at 4 h and reached a maximum 20-30 h after hormone administration. The increase in plasma levels of triglyceride paralleled those of vitellogenin. These studies suggest that there is no significant time lag in the estrogenic induction of plasma vitellogenesis in the cockerel, the longer lag periods observed by other investigators may be a function of the sensitivity of the assays used for detecting vitellogenin.", "contents": "Estrogen induction of plasma vitellogenin in the cockerel: studies with a phosvitin antibody. The effects of estrogen on plasma vitellogenin have been studied in the cockerel by immunoprecipitation techniques using an antiserum prepared against the egg yolk phosphoprotein, phosvitin. The antiserum gave precipitin lines of complete identity to phosvitin and to vitellogenin which was isolated from hen plasma by DEAE-cellulose chromatography and by affinity chromatography using anti-phosvitin coupled to Sepharose 4B. The cross-reactivity of vitellogenin and phosvitin adds support to the concept that plasma vitellogenin is the precursor phosphoprotein of egg yolk phosvitin. In the three-week old cockerel, anti-phosvitin produced no detectable immunoprecipitate in the plasma. However, after a single sc injection of diethylstilbestrol (2.5 mg), plasma vitellogenin levels began to increase at 4 h and reached a maximum 20-30 h after hormone administration. The increase in plasma levels of triglyceride paralleled those of vitellogenin. These studies suggest that there is no significant time lag in the estrogenic induction of plasma vitellogenesis in the cockerel, the longer lag periods observed by other investigators may be a function of the sensitivity of the assays used for detecting vitellogenin."}
{"id": "PMID:891473", "title": "Reproductive failure in aged CBF1 male mice: interrelationships between pituitary gonadotropic hormones, testicular function, and mating success.", "content": "Circulating pituitary gonadotropins and testicular function were examined in aged CBF1 male mice using two experimental designs: a) a longitudinal analysis of 2 to 30-month-old males, and b) a direct comparison of weight-matched, sexually-active vs. sexually-inactive 24-month-old males, all of whom were relatively robust. Measurements included serum concentrations of testosterone, follicle stimulating hormone, and  luteinizing hormone, gonadotropic responsiveness to castration, success in a 4-day mating test, testicular sperm content, and reproductive organ weights. The longitudinal analysis showed progressive losses in mating success and sperm production between 18 and 30 months, changes which were correlated with decreased levels of serum LH and testosterone but not with FSH. The direct comparison of robust, sexually-active vs.-inactive males provided a better design for identifying reproductive-specific effects of aging, as opposed to debilitative changes that are general to several supporting systems. Such comparisons in 24-month-old CBF1 males suggest the existence of a subpopulation of mice in which reproductive failure is specifically correlated with a loss in the episodic release of LH.", "contents": "Reproductive failure in aged CBF1 male mice: interrelationships between pituitary gonadotropic hormones, testicular function, and mating success. Circulating pituitary gonadotropins and testicular function were examined in aged CBF1 male mice using two experimental designs: a) a longitudinal analysis of 2 to 30-month-old males, and b) a direct comparison of weight-matched, sexually-active vs. sexually-inactive 24-month-old males, all of whom were relatively robust. Measurements included serum concentrations of testosterone, follicle stimulating hormone, and  luteinizing hormone, gonadotropic responsiveness to castration, success in a 4-day mating test, testicular sperm content, and reproductive organ weights. The longitudinal analysis showed progressive losses in mating success and sperm production between 18 and 30 months, changes which were correlated with decreased levels of serum LH and testosterone but not with FSH. The direct comparison of robust, sexually-active vs.-inactive males provided a better design for identifying reproductive-specific effects of aging, as opposed to debilitative changes that are general to several supporting systems. Such comparisons in 24-month-old CBF1 males suggest the existence of a subpopulation of mice in which reproductive failure is specifically correlated with a loss in the episodic release of LH."}
{"id": "PMID:891474", "title": "Determination of the cell number of each cell type in the anterior pituitary of euthyroid and hypothyroid rats.", "content": "A method combining enzymatic cellular dispersal, direct cell counting, differential cell counts at the electron microscope level and DNA determinations was devised and employed for determination of the cell numbers of each anterior pituitary cell type in euthyroid (E) and hypothyroid Tx) rats. Pituitaries from Tx rats had increased cell number as demonstrated by a mean 33.7% increase in DNA content (microgram DNA/pituitary). Total cells increased from (3.14 +/- 0.36) X 10(6) in E rats to (3.98 +/- 0.27) X 10(6) in Tx rats. P less than 0.005. The cellular DNA content (g/cell) in E rats ,10.84 +/- 0.63 (SD), was indistinguishable statistically from that of Tx rats, 11.24 +/- 0.52. Cell distribution among various pituitary cell types was virtually identical when determined in pellets from dispersed cells and randomized solid tissue from the same groups of E and Tx rats. These data indicated that there was no selective cell loss during the cell dispersion procedure. Major changes in Tx rats compared to E rats were a marked increase in percentage of thyrotrophs, from 10.7 +/- 1.75 (E) to 34.4 +/- 1.0 (Tx), and a decrease in percentage of somatotrophs, from 55.3 +/- 1.82 to 15.3 +/- 0.97. The calculated cell distribution showed that the number of thyrotrophs increased from 0.34 +/- 0.02 to 1.37 +/- 0.05 millions per pituitary and somatotrophs decreased from 1.74 +/- 0.11 to 0.61 +/- 0.02 millions in hypothyroid rats. The method described herein thus provides a quantitative estimate of changes in pituitary cell populations in different hormonal states and should be useful in studies of the kinetics of pituitary cell replication and removal.", "contents": "Determination of the cell number of each cell type in the anterior pituitary of euthyroid and hypothyroid rats. A method combining enzymatic cellular dispersal, direct cell counting, differential cell counts at the electron microscope level and DNA determinations was devised and employed for determination of the cell numbers of each anterior pituitary cell type in euthyroid (E) and hypothyroid Tx) rats. Pituitaries from Tx rats had increased cell number as demonstrated by a mean 33.7% increase in DNA content (microgram DNA/pituitary). Total cells increased from (3.14 +/- 0.36) X 10(6) in E rats to (3.98 +/- 0.27) X 10(6) in Tx rats. P less than 0.005. The cellular DNA content (g/cell) in E rats ,10.84 +/- 0.63 (SD), was indistinguishable statistically from that of Tx rats, 11.24 +/- 0.52. Cell distribution among various pituitary cell types was virtually identical when determined in pellets from dispersed cells and randomized solid tissue from the same groups of E and Tx rats. These data indicated that there was no selective cell loss during the cell dispersion procedure. Major changes in Tx rats compared to E rats were a marked increase in percentage of thyrotrophs, from 10.7 +/- 1.75 (E) to 34.4 +/- 1.0 (Tx), and a decrease in percentage of somatotrophs, from 55.3 +/- 1.82 to 15.3 +/- 0.97. The calculated cell distribution showed that the number of thyrotrophs increased from 0.34 +/- 0.02 to 1.37 +/- 0.05 millions per pituitary and somatotrophs decreased from 1.74 +/- 0.11 to 0.61 +/- 0.02 millions in hypothyroid rats. The method described herein thus provides a quantitative estimate of changes in pituitary cell populations in different hormonal states and should be useful in studies of the kinetics of pituitary cell replication and removal."}
{"id": "PMID:891480", "title": "Gallstone ileus revealed by endoscopy.", "content": "Report on a female patient withe intestinal obstruction which endoscopically showed two radiolucent gallstones visualized by radiological examination of the duodenum with barium and removed through a gastrotomy.", "contents": "Gallstone ileus revealed by endoscopy. Report on a female patient withe intestinal obstruction which endoscopically showed two radiolucent gallstones visualized by radiological examination of the duodenum with barium and removed through a gastrotomy."}
{"id": "PMID:891479", "title": "Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreaticography (ERCP) in obstructive jaundice caused by metstatic testicular teratoma.", "content": "A 28-years-old patient with a palpable mass of two fist's size in the upper abdomen rapidly developed an obstructive jaundice. A pancreatic tumor was suspected and therefore ERCP was carried out. Unusual alterations caused by metastatic lesions of a post mortem diagnosed testicular teratoma narrowing and invading the common bile duct and displacing the main pancreatic duct were visualized.", "contents": "Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreaticography (ERCP) in obstructive jaundice caused by metstatic testicular teratoma. A 28-years-old patient with a palpable mass of two fist's size in the upper abdomen rapidly developed an obstructive jaundice. A pancreatic tumor was suspected and therefore ERCP was carried out. Unusual alterations caused by metastatic lesions of a post mortem diagnosed testicular teratoma narrowing and invading the common bile duct and displacing the main pancreatic duct were visualized."}
{"id": "PMID:891481", "title": "Endoscopic management of rare congenital malformations of the male urethra.", "content": "Partial duplication of the urethra and dilatation of Cowper's duct are very rare congenital anomalies of the lower urinary tract which can be diagnosed and located by endoscopy. Treatment consists in transurethral resection of the septum between the urethra and the accessory channel.", "contents": "Endoscopic management of rare congenital malformations of the male urethra. Partial duplication of the urethra and dilatation of Cowper's duct are very rare congenital anomalies of the lower urinary tract which can be diagnosed and located by endoscopy. Treatment consists in transurethral resection of the septum between the urethra and the accessory channel."}
{"id": "PMID:891483", "title": "Comparison of glucagon and pethidine plus atropine as premedication for peroral endoscopy. A double blind study.", "content": "In a double blind study 30 male patients subjected to peroral endoscopy were given 0.5 mg glucagon (G) and 50 mg pethidine plus 0.5 mg atropine (PA) intravenously for premedication. The results showed that the PA group of patients had less discomfort, vomiting, salivary and gastric secretion during the examination than the G group. The arrestment of motility was significantly more prolonged in the G group of patients; otherwise no difference was found regarding the relaxation of the antrum, pylorus and duodenal bulb. This suggests glucagon to be superior to pethidine plus atropine when examinating these regions except in anxious patients which probably should have a sedative in addition to glucagon as premendication for peroral endoscopy.", "contents": "Comparison of glucagon and pethidine plus atropine as premedication for peroral endoscopy. A double blind study. In a double blind study 30 male patients subjected to peroral endoscopy were given 0.5 mg glucagon (G) and 50 mg pethidine plus 0.5 mg atropine (PA) intravenously for premedication. The results showed that the PA group of patients had less discomfort, vomiting, salivary and gastric secretion during the examination than the G group. The arrestment of motility was significantly more prolonged in the G group of patients; otherwise no difference was found regarding the relaxation of the antrum, pylorus and duodenal bulb. This suggests glucagon to be superior to pethidine plus atropine when examinating these regions except in anxious patients which probably should have a sedative in addition to glucagon as premendication for peroral endoscopy."}
{"id": "PMID:891482", "title": "Chronic erosive (verrucous) gastritis. A study of 108 patients.", "content": "Chronic erosive gastritis (C.E.G.) is a gastric mucosal lesionwith characteristic radiological and endoscopic appearances. Pyloric gland hyperplasia is seen on histological examination of biopsy specimens. C.E.G. is uncommonly reported in the English literature. In reviewing 3,800 upper gastro-intestinal endoscopies from 1971--1976, 108 patients were diagnosed as having typical features of chronic erosive gastritis, an incidence of 2.8%. There was a significant association with duodenal ulceration and an overall male predominance. The lesion can also co-exist with gastric ulceration and has been observed as an incidental finding in patients examined urgently for upper gastro-intestinal bleeding. In this context C.E.G. should be distinguished from acute mucosal erosions. Symptoms may relate to the accompanying peptic ulceration, although dyspepsia epigastric pain, fullness and nausea may possibly occur with C.E.G. alone.", "contents": "Chronic erosive (verrucous) gastritis. A study of 108 patients. Chronic erosive gastritis (C.E.G.) is a gastric mucosal lesionwith characteristic radiological and endoscopic appearances. Pyloric gland hyperplasia is seen on histological examination of biopsy specimens. C.E.G. is uncommonly reported in the English literature. In reviewing 3,800 upper gastro-intestinal endoscopies from 1971--1976, 108 patients were diagnosed as having typical features of chronic erosive gastritis, an incidence of 2.8%. There was a significant association with duodenal ulceration and an overall male predominance. The lesion can also co-exist with gastric ulceration and has been observed as an incidental finding in patients examined urgently for upper gastro-intestinal bleeding. In this context C.E.G. should be distinguished from acute mucosal erosions. Symptoms may relate to the accompanying peptic ulceration, although dyspepsia epigastric pain, fullness and nausea may possibly occur with C.E.G. alone."}
{"id": "PMID:891484", "title": "Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) performed in children.", "content": "The value of ERCP in children is demonstrated on 3 cases. By using a usual duodenofiberscope (JF-B2), in 2 cases under general anesthesia and in one case after premedication with 1 ml Buscopan i.m., a similar technique is used as in adults. In congenital choledochal cyst only ERCP allowed the exact judgement of the distal part of the common bile duct and its relation to the pancreatic duct. Therefore, an exact preoperative diagnosis can be established. When duodenofiberscope will be more improved ERCP will also be possible in the newborn infant. Than the differential diagnosis of congenital biliary atresia, other congenital failures in infants causing jaundice and hepatitis in infant will be established endoscopically.", "contents": "Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) performed in children. The value of ERCP in children is demonstrated on 3 cases. By using a usual duodenofiberscope (JF-B2), in 2 cases under general anesthesia and in one case after premedication with 1 ml Buscopan i.m., a similar technique is used as in adults. In congenital choledochal cyst only ERCP allowed the exact judgement of the distal part of the common bile duct and its relation to the pancreatic duct. Therefore, an exact preoperative diagnosis can be established. When duodenofiberscope will be more improved ERCP will also be possible in the newborn infant. Than the differential diagnosis of congenital biliary atresia, other congenital failures in infants causing jaundice and hepatitis in infant will be established endoscopically."}
{"id": "PMID:891485", "title": "Inflammatory cell count and identification in chronic non specific duodenitis.", "content": "The authors studied the count and identification of inflammatory cells in biopsies of chronic non specific duodenitis. In superficial and atrophic duodenitis there is an increase of lymphocytes in the epithelial layer and a rich population of plasmacells in the lamina propria. In interstitial duodenitis the intraepithelial lymphocytes are increased; in the lamina propria there is a zonal cellular increase constituted by lymphocytes.", "contents": "Inflammatory cell count and identification in chronic non specific duodenitis. The authors studied the count and identification of inflammatory cells in biopsies of chronic non specific duodenitis. In superficial and atrophic duodenitis there is an increase of lymphocytes in the epithelial layer and a rich population of plasmacells in the lamina propria. In interstitial duodenitis the intraepithelial lymphocytes are increased; in the lamina propria there is a zonal cellular increase constituted by lymphocytes."}
{"id": "PMID:891486", "title": "Endoscopic lithotripsy in the common bile duct.", "content": "After appropriate preliminary experiments in animals and in corpses, electrohydraulic lithotripsy has been used for the first time in humans in an attempt to destroy stones in the bile duct. For this purpose, a lithotripsy probe combined with a Dormia basket was constructed. To date, this method has been successfully applied to break fragments off large calculi in three patients, without any complications arising. In one case, subsequent extraction of the remaining part of the stone was possible. The probe must, however, be improved to ensure that the stone is always held centrally in the basket.", "contents": "Endoscopic lithotripsy in the common bile duct. After appropriate preliminary experiments in animals and in corpses, electrohydraulic lithotripsy has been used for the first time in humans in an attempt to destroy stones in the bile duct. For this purpose, a lithotripsy probe combined with a Dormia basket was constructed. To date, this method has been successfully applied to break fragments off large calculi in three patients, without any complications arising. In one case, subsequent extraction of the remaining part of the stone was possible. The probe must, however, be improved to ensure that the stone is always held centrally in the basket."}
{"id": "PMID:891487", "title": "A snare for the endoscopic extraction of coins.", "content": "A special snare is described, by which especially coins can be easily removed from the upper GI tract of children and adults without general anesthesia.", "contents": "A snare for the endoscopic extraction of coins. A special snare is described, by which especially coins can be easily removed from the upper GI tract of children and adults without general anesthesia."}
{"id": "PMID:891488", "title": "The influences of phenytoin on the fundamental electrical properties of simple neural systems.", "content": "The effects of phenytoin on some neurophysiological properties of simple neuronal systems are reviewed. From all the available data phenytoin decreases or has no effect on post-tetanic hyperpolarization, which is interpreted as an expression of the electrogenic pump. Although in some neurons the membrane conductance is increased, the resting membrane potential is minimally affected. The effect on the action potential varies with different preparations and with different neurons of the same ganglion. If an effect is present, the overshoot is decreased or the falling phase is prolonged, or both. Post-synaptic potentials are also affected by phenytoin. EPSPs are decreased in size, while the chloride-dependent, GABA-mediated IPSPs of the crayfish stretch receptor are prolonged. No effect was seen on chloride-dependent, ACh-mediated IPSPs in the abdominal ganglion of the Aplysia. Finally, phenytoin arrests endogenous or pharmacologically induced bursting. Most of the described effects are consistent with the antiarrhythmic and antiepileptic properties of the drug.", "contents": "The influences of phenytoin on the fundamental electrical properties of simple neural systems. The effects of phenytoin on some neurophysiological properties of simple neuronal systems are reviewed. From all the available data phenytoin decreases or has no effect on post-tetanic hyperpolarization, which is interpreted as an expression of the electrogenic pump. Although in some neurons the membrane conductance is increased, the resting membrane potential is minimally affected. The effect on the action potential varies with different preparations and with different neurons of the same ganglion. If an effect is present, the overshoot is decreased or the falling phase is prolonged, or both. Post-synaptic potentials are also affected by phenytoin. EPSPs are decreased in size, while the chloride-dependent, GABA-mediated IPSPs of the crayfish stretch receptor are prolonged. No effect was seen on chloride-dependent, ACh-mediated IPSPs in the abdominal ganglion of the Aplysia. Finally, phenytoin arrests endogenous or pharmacologically induced bursting. Most of the described effects are consistent with the antiarrhythmic and antiepileptic properties of the drug."}
{"id": "PMID:891489", "title": "Effects of phenytoin on the release of 14C-adenine derivatives.", "content": "The release of 14C-containing compounds from rat cortical slices prelabeled with 14C-adenine consisted largely of adenosine (6-7%), inosine (13-18%), and hypoxanthine (70-74%), with small amounts of nucleotides including cyclic AMP and adenine. This efflux was increased by both ouabain (0.1 mM) and veratridine (0.05 mM), the increment in released radioactivity consisting almost entirely of these three compounds. However, relatively more inosine than adenosine output was evoked by ouabain while the reverse was true with veratridine. Phenytoin partially reversed the effect of both depolarizing agents. After prelabeling, the efflux from astrocytoma cell cultures contained predominantly inosine (74%) and hypoxanthine (23%) with little adenosine. Ouabain increased the release of 14C-adenine derivatives, and this increase was diminished by phenytoin. Preliminary studies with neuroblastoma cell cultures have shown considerable variability in the composition of the effluent, with hypoxanthine the prevalent compound and almost no adenosine. Ouabain enhanced the efflux from these cells, and this effect was apparently reversed by phenytoin.", "contents": "Effects of phenytoin on the release of 14C-adenine derivatives. The release of 14C-containing compounds from rat cortical slices prelabeled with 14C-adenine consisted largely of adenosine (6-7%), inosine (13-18%), and hypoxanthine (70-74%), with small amounts of nucleotides including cyclic AMP and adenine. This efflux was increased by both ouabain (0.1 mM) and veratridine (0.05 mM), the increment in released radioactivity consisting almost entirely of these three compounds. However, relatively more inosine than adenosine output was evoked by ouabain while the reverse was true with veratridine. Phenytoin partially reversed the effect of both depolarizing agents. After prelabeling, the efflux from astrocytoma cell cultures contained predominantly inosine (74%) and hypoxanthine (23%) with little adenosine. Ouabain increased the release of 14C-adenine derivatives, and this increase was diminished by phenytoin. Preliminary studies with neuroblastoma cell cultures have shown considerable variability in the composition of the effluent, with hypoxanthine the prevalent compound and almost no adenosine. Ouabain enhanced the efflux from these cells, and this effect was apparently reversed by phenytoin."}
{"id": "PMID:891490", "title": "Evaluation of a new immunoassay for determination of phenytoin and phenobarbital: results of a European collaborative control study.", "content": "The performance of a new enzyme multiplied immunoassay technique (EMIT) was compared with other current methods, namely gas-liquid chromatography and thin-layer chromatography, for the determination of phenytoin and phenobarbital in serum. Forty-three serum samples were sent as unknowns to the participating laboratories for determination. The precision of repeated determinations was very similar for EMIT and chromatography. There was good agreement among gas chromatography, thin-layer chromatography, and EMIT results. Interlaboratory variability was lower for EMIT determinations of both antiepileptic drugs. The rapid analysis of small samples, made possible by the EMIT system, could have beneficial effects on the treatment of epilepsies.", "contents": "Evaluation of a new immunoassay for determination of phenytoin and phenobarbital: results of a European collaborative control study. The performance of a new enzyme multiplied immunoassay technique (EMIT) was compared with other current methods, namely gas-liquid chromatography and thin-layer chromatography, for the determination of phenytoin and phenobarbital in serum. Forty-three serum samples were sent as unknowns to the participating laboratories for determination. The precision of repeated determinations was very similar for EMIT and chromatography. There was good agreement among gas chromatography, thin-layer chromatography, and EMIT results. Interlaboratory variability was lower for EMIT determinations of both antiepileptic drugs. The rapid analysis of small samples, made possible by the EMIT system, could have beneficial effects on the treatment of epilepsies."}
{"id": "PMID:891491", "title": "Cerebellar atrophy in phenytoin-treated mentally retarded epileptics.", "content": "The relationship among the serum concentration of phenytoin, pneumoencephalographic measurements describing, in particular, cerebellar atrophy, and various other clinical variables was analyzed statistically in a series of 131 phenytoin-treated mentally retarded epileptics. Phenytoin intoxication was diagnosed retrospectively in 73 patients (56%), of whom 18 had persistent loss of locomotion. The mean duration of phenytoin intoxication until locomotion was lost was 22.8 +/- 23.6 months. There was a temporal relationship between the high serum level of phenytoin and the loss of locomotion. The degree of brain atrophy in the posterior fossa was most severe in these 18 patients with severe phenytoin intoxication. The frequency of cerebellar and/or brain stem atrophy in the present series was 28%, the same as in mentally retarded epileptics without phenytoin treatment from the same institution. That phenytoin levels in serum correlated significantly with the heights of the fourth ventricle suggests that an overdosage of phenytoin or an underlying disease, or both, were the probable causes of cerebellar impairment and atrophy. Thus brain-damaged mentally retarded epileptics appear to be unusually susceptible to the side effects of phenytoin. This antiepiliptic drug is therefore not recommended for patients with no locomotor ability or with marked cerebellar signs and symptoms. To prevent phenytoin intoxication in susceptible patients, careful observation of the patients and routine monitoring of phenytoin levels in blood are stressed.", "contents": "Cerebellar atrophy in phenytoin-treated mentally retarded epileptics. The relationship among the serum concentration of phenytoin, pneumoencephalographic measurements describing, in particular, cerebellar atrophy, and various other clinical variables was analyzed statistically in a series of 131 phenytoin-treated mentally retarded epileptics. Phenytoin intoxication was diagnosed retrospectively in 73 patients (56%), of whom 18 had persistent loss of locomotion. The mean duration of phenytoin intoxication until locomotion was lost was 22.8 +/- 23.6 months. There was a temporal relationship between the high serum level of phenytoin and the loss of locomotion. The degree of brain atrophy in the posterior fossa was most severe in these 18 patients with severe phenytoin intoxication. The frequency of cerebellar and/or brain stem atrophy in the present series was 28%, the same as in mentally retarded epileptics without phenytoin treatment from the same institution. That phenytoin levels in serum correlated significantly with the heights of the fourth ventricle suggests that an overdosage of phenytoin or an underlying disease, or both, were the probable causes of cerebellar impairment and atrophy. Thus brain-damaged mentally retarded epileptics appear to be unusually susceptible to the side effects of phenytoin. This antiepiliptic drug is therefore not recommended for patients with no locomotor ability or with marked cerebellar signs and symptoms. To prevent phenytoin intoxication in susceptible patients, careful observation of the patients and routine monitoring of phenytoin levels in blood are stressed."}
{"id": "PMID:891492", "title": "Phenytoin: an evaluation of several potential teratogenic mechanisms.", "content": "The effect of pharmacological doses of phenytoin (DPH) administered for a maximum of 28 days was studied in pregnant and nonpregnant rats as well as in 14- and 21-day fetuses. The following parameters were monitored in the adult rats: maximal electroshock seizures, serum DPH and folate, liver microsomal P-450, and 14C-DPH tissue distribution. 14C-DPH distribution was also evaluated in fetal tissues. Pregnant animals demonstrated an increase in anticonvulsant activity as well as increased serum concentrations of DPH throughout pregnancy and on the 7th post-partum day. Brain concentrations of DPH increased during pregnancy but had returned to the values in the nonpregnant group at the 7th post-partum day. Liver microsomal P-450 was decreased in pregnant animals receiving DPH at days 7 and 14 of pregnancy. Serum folate also decreased at day 14 of pregnancy in animals receiving DPH. Fetal tissue binding of DPH appeared to be related to serum concentrations of the drug at day 14. Teratogenic effects of DPH could be related to the increased serum and tissue concentrations of the drug observed during pregnancy as well as its effect on serum folate at day 14 of gestation.", "contents": "Phenytoin: an evaluation of several potential teratogenic mechanisms. The effect of pharmacological doses of phenytoin (DPH) administered for a maximum of 28 days was studied in pregnant and nonpregnant rats as well as in 14- and 21-day fetuses. The following parameters were monitored in the adult rats: maximal electroshock seizures, serum DPH and folate, liver microsomal P-450, and 14C-DPH tissue distribution. 14C-DPH distribution was also evaluated in fetal tissues. Pregnant animals demonstrated an increase in anticonvulsant activity as well as increased serum concentrations of DPH throughout pregnancy and on the 7th post-partum day. Brain concentrations of DPH increased during pregnancy but had returned to the values in the nonpregnant group at the 7th post-partum day. Liver microsomal P-450 was decreased in pregnant animals receiving DPH at days 7 and 14 of pregnancy. Serum folate also decreased at day 14 of pregnancy in animals receiving DPH. Fetal tissue binding of DPH appeared to be related to serum concentrations of the drug at day 14. Teratogenic effects of DPH could be related to the increased serum and tissue concentrations of the drug observed during pregnancy as well as its effect on serum folate at day 14 of gestation."}
{"id": "PMID:891493", "title": "Phenobarbital and phenytoin effects on somatosensory evoked potentials and spontaneous EEG in normal cat brain.", "content": "Chronic oral administration of phenobarbital (PB) and phentyoin was studied in chronically implanted cats. The effects of two dosages (PB, 3 mg/kg and 15 mg/kg; phenytoin, 5 mg/kg and 8 mg/kg) were analyzed with two physiological measures: somatosensory evoked potentials (SEPs) and power spectral analysis of the EEG. The low dosage of PB had no effect on SEPs except those recorded in the mesencephalic reticular formation; high dosage resulted in general SEP attenuation. PB had little effect on the EEG. Phenytoin at both dosages produced three main effects: (1) A negative component in the SEP which appears to be dominant in the dorsal hippocampus was significantly enhanced. (2) EEG changes occurred in the dentatothalamic pathway but not at those electrode locations which recorded fastigiobulbar activity. (3) The EEG changes which did occur were Peak Frequency shifts comparable to those previously reported in humans. The results are interpreted as demonstrating (1) minimal EEG and SEP modifications at the cerebral cortical level due to nontoxic dosages of PB and phenytoin, (2) a selective phenytoin effect on the dentatothalamic outflow of the cerebellum and on the dorsal hippocampus, and (3) a potential usefulness of Peak Frequency analysis as a measure of EEG response to anticonvulsant drugs.", "contents": "Phenobarbital and phenytoin effects on somatosensory evoked potentials and spontaneous EEG in normal cat brain. Chronic oral administration of phenobarbital (PB) and phentyoin was studied in chronically implanted cats. The effects of two dosages (PB, 3 mg/kg and 15 mg/kg; phenytoin, 5 mg/kg and 8 mg/kg) were analyzed with two physiological measures: somatosensory evoked potentials (SEPs) and power spectral analysis of the EEG. The low dosage of PB had no effect on SEPs except those recorded in the mesencephalic reticular formation; high dosage resulted in general SEP attenuation. PB had little effect on the EEG. Phenytoin at both dosages produced three main effects: (1) A negative component in the SEP which appears to be dominant in the dorsal hippocampus was significantly enhanced. (2) EEG changes occurred in the dentatothalamic pathway but not at those electrode locations which recorded fastigiobulbar activity. (3) The EEG changes which did occur were Peak Frequency shifts comparable to those previously reported in humans. The results are interpreted as demonstrating (1) minimal EEG and SEP modifications at the cerebral cortical level due to nontoxic dosages of PB and phenytoin, (2) a selective phenytoin effect on the dentatothalamic outflow of the cerebellum and on the dorsal hippocampus, and (3) a potential usefulness of Peak Frequency analysis as a measure of EEG response to anticonvulsant drugs."}
{"id": "PMID:891494", "title": "Phenytoin encephalopathy as probable idiosyncratic reaction: case report.", "content": "A case of phenytoin (DPH) encephalopathy with increasing seizures and EEG and mental changes is described. Despite adequate oral dosage of DPH (5 mg/kg/daily) the plasma level was very low (2.8 microgramg/ml). The encephalopathy was probably an idiosyncratic and not toxic or allergic reaction. In fact the concentration of free DPH was normal, the patient presented a retarded morbilliform rash during DPH treatment, the protidogram was normal, and an intradermic DPH injection had no local effect. The authors conclude that in a patient starting DPH treatment an unexpected increase in seizures, with EEG and mental changes occurring simultaneously, should alert the physician to the possible need for eliminating DPH from the therapeutic regimen, even if plasma concentrations are low.", "contents": "Phenytoin encephalopathy as probable idiosyncratic reaction: case report. A case of phenytoin (DPH) encephalopathy with increasing seizures and EEG and mental changes is described. Despite adequate oral dosage of DPH (5 mg/kg/daily) the plasma level was very low (2.8 microgramg/ml). The encephalopathy was probably an idiosyncratic and not toxic or allergic reaction. In fact the concentration of free DPH was normal, the patient presented a retarded morbilliform rash during DPH treatment, the protidogram was normal, and an intradermic DPH injection had no local effect. The authors conclude that in a patient starting DPH treatment an unexpected increase in seizures, with EEG and mental changes occurring simultaneously, should alert the physician to the possible need for eliminating DPH from the therapeutic regimen, even if plasma concentrations are low."}
{"id": "PMID:891495", "title": "Phenytoin-induced hyperkinesia.", "content": "Previously described cases of phenytoin-induced hyperkinesia are reviewed. Three new cases are reported, in one of which hyperkinesia persisted for 5 years, although serum phenytoin on several occasions was in the therapeutic range. Similarities between phenytoin-induced hyperkinesia and hyperkinesia in Huntington's chorea and in neuroleptic- and L-DOPA-treated patients are discussed. It is pointed out that the frequency of organic cerebral damage seems to be high among patients with phenytoin-induced hyperkinesia. The hypothesis is presented that phenytoin induces hyperkinesia by increasing dopaminergic and serotonergic activity in the basal ganglia, and that patients with preexisting basal ganglia damage are the most susceptible.", "contents": "Phenytoin-induced hyperkinesia. Previously described cases of phenytoin-induced hyperkinesia are reviewed. Three new cases are reported, in one of which hyperkinesia persisted for 5 years, although serum phenytoin on several occasions was in the therapeutic range. Similarities between phenytoin-induced hyperkinesia and hyperkinesia in Huntington's chorea and in neuroleptic- and L-DOPA-treated patients are discussed. It is pointed out that the frequency of organic cerebral damage seems to be high among patients with phenytoin-induced hyperkinesia. The hypothesis is presented that phenytoin induces hyperkinesia by increasing dopaminergic and serotonergic activity in the basal ganglia, and that patients with preexisting basal ganglia damage are the most susceptible."}
{"id": "PMID:891510", "title": "Activity changes of chicken enzymes involved in glutamate and 2-oxoglutarate metabolism at the time of hatching.", "content": "At the time of hatching, activities of both KDH and succinate thiokinase increased in heart, while in liver only an enhanced activity of KDH was observed. Glutamate injected into egg exerted a stimulatory effect on KDH activity in chicken embryos but not in newborn chickens. There seems to be an age-dependent response of ASAT and GDH to stimulating effectors. In chicken embryos, 2-oxoglutarate induced GDH activity and in newly hatched chickens, ASAT activity. Concomitantly, liver protein content increased also. Administration of glutamate, however, was not followed by a significant activity increase of ASAT or GDH. Thus, the stimulation of ASAT and GDH activities seems to be favoured when they support glutamate formation out of 2-oxoglutarate.", "contents": "Activity changes of chicken enzymes involved in glutamate and 2-oxoglutarate metabolism at the time of hatching. At the time of hatching, activities of both KDH and succinate thiokinase increased in heart, while in liver only an enhanced activity of KDH was observed. Glutamate injected into egg exerted a stimulatory effect on KDH activity in chicken embryos but not in newborn chickens. There seems to be an age-dependent response of ASAT and GDH to stimulating effectors. In chicken embryos, 2-oxoglutarate induced GDH activity and in newly hatched chickens, ASAT activity. Concomitantly, liver protein content increased also. Administration of glutamate, however, was not followed by a significant activity increase of ASAT or GDH. Thus, the stimulation of ASAT and GDH activities seems to be favoured when they support glutamate formation out of 2-oxoglutarate."}
{"id": "PMID:891512", "title": "Citrate synthase activity in human skeletal muscle.", "content": "Citrate synthase activity in soluble human muscle extracts (KCl-containing triethanolamine buffer) amounts to 17.5+/-6.97 U/g wet weight at 37 degrees C (n=36 healthy male subjects). Double determinations, both using two procedures and with muscle samples divided into two pieces and analyzed separately, gave very good reproducibilities. The possible causes of the comparatively high values are discussed. Significant correlations of citrate synthase activity with NADP-linked isocitrate dehydrogenase (r=+0.826) and hexose phosphate isomerase (r=-0.582) were found. The distribution of citrate synthase activity in the samples studied is not of the normal type but appears to be binomial.", "contents": "Citrate synthase activity in human skeletal muscle. Citrate synthase activity in soluble human muscle extracts (KCl-containing triethanolamine buffer) amounts to 17.5+/-6.97 U/g wet weight at 37 degrees C (n=36 healthy male subjects). Double determinations, both using two procedures and with muscle samples divided into two pieces and analyzed separately, gave very good reproducibilities. The possible causes of the comparatively high values are discussed. Significant correlations of citrate synthase activity with NADP-linked isocitrate dehydrogenase (r=+0.826) and hexose phosphate isomerase (r=-0.582) were found. The distribution of citrate synthase activity in the samples studied is not of the normal type but appears to be binomial."}
{"id": "PMID:891513", "title": "Some problems associated with intestinal surgery in the horse.", "content": "The paper considers the general principles of intestinal surgery in the horse and illustrates a theatre layout suitable for this purpose. The problems of locating and reducing obstructions of the small and large intestine are discussed, with particular emphasis on incarcerations of the small bowel and the techniques of jejunal and ileal re-implantation after bowel resection.", "contents": "Some problems associated with intestinal surgery in the horse. The paper considers the general principles of intestinal surgery in the horse and illustrates a theatre layout suitable for this purpose. The problems of locating and reducing obstructions of the small and large intestine are discussed, with particular emphasis on incarcerations of the small bowel and the techniques of jejunal and ileal re-implantation after bowel resection."}
{"id": "PMID:891514", "title": "Bone growth in foals and epiphyseal compression.", "content": "Limb angulation in foals may be due to defects in epiphyseal growth plates. The present state of knowledge concerning rate of growth in foals and differences in growth of different epiphyseal plates is reviewed and the importance of accurate knowledge of these parameters in treatment of angulation by unilateral retardation of an epiphyseal growth plate is stressed. Retardation of epiphyseal plate growth by compression wiring is described and its advantages in comparison with staplings are suggested. Compression wiring was used in 3 cases in which age, bone width and the degree of angulation were known so that the probable rate of bone growth could be assessed and the necessary unilateral bone increment could be calculated. It is suggested that further measurements of these parameters prior to growth plate retardation would give a more accurate comparison of the benefits of stapling and compression wiring.", "contents": "Bone growth in foals and epiphyseal compression. Limb angulation in foals may be due to defects in epiphyseal growth plates. The present state of knowledge concerning rate of growth in foals and differences in growth of different epiphyseal plates is reviewed and the importance of accurate knowledge of these parameters in treatment of angulation by unilateral retardation of an epiphyseal growth plate is stressed. Retardation of epiphyseal plate growth by compression wiring is described and its advantages in comparison with staplings are suggested. Compression wiring was used in 3 cases in which age, bone width and the degree of angulation were known so that the probable rate of bone growth could be assessed and the necessary unilateral bone increment could be calculated. It is suggested that further measurements of these parameters prior to growth plate retardation would give a more accurate comparison of the benefits of stapling and compression wiring."}
{"id": "PMID:891515", "title": "Plasma biochemistry alterations in horses during an endurance ride.", "content": "The effects of prolonged strenous exercise on the plasma concentrations of sodium, potassium, calcium, chloride, bicarbonate, phosphate, albumin, cholesterol, glucose, creatinine, bilirubin, alkaline phosphatase, creatine phosphokinase, lactic dehydrogenase and asparate amino transferase were studied in a group of 26 horses competing in an endurance ride. There were significant changes in most parameters, when control values were compared with those taken immediately after the ride. There was also a significant correlation between several biochemical parameters and heart rate taken 30 minutes after the ride. When faster and slower horses were compared, significant differences were found only in phosphate and glucose values.", "contents": "Plasma biochemistry alterations in horses during an endurance ride. The effects of prolonged strenous exercise on the plasma concentrations of sodium, potassium, calcium, chloride, bicarbonate, phosphate, albumin, cholesterol, glucose, creatinine, bilirubin, alkaline phosphatase, creatine phosphokinase, lactic dehydrogenase and asparate amino transferase were studied in a group of 26 horses competing in an endurance ride. There were significant changes in most parameters, when control values were compared with those taken immediately after the ride. There was also a significant correlation between several biochemical parameters and heart rate taken 30 minutes after the ride. When faster and slower horses were compared, significant differences were found only in phosphate and glucose values."}
{"id": "PMID:891517", "title": "Some metabolic effects of maximal exercise in the horse and adaptations with training.", "content": "The effects of intermittent maximal exercise (galloping) before and after a 10 week training programme were studied in 6 horses. Determinations were carried out on venous blood for packed cell volume, total plasma protein, glucose, glycerol, free fatty acids, lactate, 11-hydroxycorticosteroids, blood gases and pH. There were marked changes associated with galloping and some of these could be modified with training. The major findings included (i) an elevated blood glucose, (ii) a large increase in glycerol, which was greatest at 30 min post-exercise and was higher following training, (iii) smaller increases in free fatty acids following training, (iv) higher levels of lactate after training, (v) a marked fall in pH which was less after training, (vi) an increase in 11-hydroxycorticosteroids with possibly a more rapid return to resting levels following training. It was concluded that with maximal exercise in the horse both glycogen and free fatty acids served as important substrates for working muscle, and following training greater utilisation of both these substrates occurred.", "contents": "Some metabolic effects of maximal exercise in the horse and adaptations with training. The effects of intermittent maximal exercise (galloping) before and after a 10 week training programme were studied in 6 horses. Determinations were carried out on venous blood for packed cell volume, total plasma protein, glucose, glycerol, free fatty acids, lactate, 11-hydroxycorticosteroids, blood gases and pH. There were marked changes associated with galloping and some of these could be modified with training. The major findings included (i) an elevated blood glucose, (ii) a large increase in glycerol, which was greatest at 30 min post-exercise and was higher following training, (iii) smaller increases in free fatty acids following training, (iv) higher levels of lactate after training, (v) a marked fall in pH which was less after training, (vi) an increase in 11-hydroxycorticosteroids with possibly a more rapid return to resting levels following training. It was concluded that with maximal exercise in the horse both glycogen and free fatty acids served as important substrates for working muscle, and following training greater utilisation of both these substrates occurred."}
{"id": "PMID:891518", "title": "The arterial supply of the navicular bone and its variations in navicular disease.", "content": "Macroscopic, microscopic and radiological examinations of the navicular bones of 83 horses and ponies showed that the navicular bone in the adult horse has 2 principal routes of blood supply. One supply is present at birth, the other develops within the first 2 to 3 years of life, in response to increasing activity. The size of the nutrient foramina, as seen on radiographs, is related to the type, frequency and regularity of work done by the horse. These foramina are normally conical in shape, alteration to a circular, or mushroom-shape being evidence of occlusive vascular disease in the navicular bone. These changes are visible on a standard antero-posterior radiograph of the navicular bone. A common cause of lameness in the horse is ischaemia of the navicular bone, due to progressive arterial occlusion. Occlusion of at least 2 primary arteries, and some involvement of the compensating collateral blood supply must be present before lameness results.", "contents": "The arterial supply of the navicular bone and its variations in navicular disease. Macroscopic, microscopic and radiological examinations of the navicular bones of 83 horses and ponies showed that the navicular bone in the adult horse has 2 principal routes of blood supply. One supply is present at birth, the other develops within the first 2 to 3 years of life, in response to increasing activity. The size of the nutrient foramina, as seen on radiographs, is related to the type, frequency and regularity of work done by the horse. These foramina are normally conical in shape, alteration to a circular, or mushroom-shape being evidence of occlusive vascular disease in the navicular bone. These changes are visible on a standard antero-posterior radiograph of the navicular bone. A common cause of lameness in the horse is ischaemia of the navicular bone, due to progressive arterial occlusion. Occlusion of at least 2 primary arteries, and some involvement of the compensating collateral blood supply must be present before lameness results."}
{"id": "PMID:891521", "title": "Binding of polylysine to chromatin subunits and cleavage by micrococcal nuclease. A comparison of accessible sites.", "content": "Native chromatin and chromatin subunits (nucleosomes) were titrated with polylysine and digested with micrococcal nuclease and deoxyribonuclease I at individual lysine/nucleotide ratios. In contrast to earlier reports, which had been obtained using mechanically sheared chromatin, a comparison of the sites accessible for micrococcal nuclease and polylysine reveals that polylysine does not preferentially protect the micrococcal-nuclease-susceptible sites in chromatin. Similar results were obtained in digestion experiments with DNase I. From the experimental data presented we conclude that polylysine does not preferentially bind to the internucleosomal DNA, which is the prime target site for micrococcal nuclease, but rather to the total nucleosomal DNA moiety.", "contents": "Binding of polylysine to chromatin subunits and cleavage by micrococcal nuclease. A comparison of accessible sites. Native chromatin and chromatin subunits (nucleosomes) were titrated with polylysine and digested with micrococcal nuclease and deoxyribonuclease I at individual lysine/nucleotide ratios. In contrast to earlier reports, which had been obtained using mechanically sheared chromatin, a comparison of the sites accessible for micrococcal nuclease and polylysine reveals that polylysine does not preferentially protect the micrococcal-nuclease-susceptible sites in chromatin. Similar results were obtained in digestion experiments with DNase I. From the experimental data presented we conclude that polylysine does not preferentially bind to the internucleosomal DNA, which is the prime target site for micrococcal nuclease, but rather to the total nucleosomal DNA moiety."}
{"id": "PMID:891523", "title": "Comparative study of the effect of 5' AMP and its analogs on rabbit glycogen phosphorylase b isoenzymes.", "content": "A comparative study of the effect of AMP and other nucleotides on the different rabbit glycogen phosphorylase b isoenzymes has been made: muscle, brain, liver isoenzymes, and the hybrid species between muscle and brain isoenzyme. We have studied either the direct kinetic effect of the different nucleotides or the action of the nucleotides on the b to a conversion rate. Muscle, brain, and muscle--brain isoenzymes are very strongly and very specifically activated by AMP and its analogs, whereas liver isoenzyme is not very sensitive to the nucleotides. However, muscle, brain and muscle--brain isoenzymes show slight but very interesting differences in their kinetic properties. These differences allow some speculations about the conformational state of these different isoenzymes.", "contents": "Comparative study of the effect of 5' AMP and its analogs on rabbit glycogen phosphorylase b isoenzymes. A comparative study of the effect of AMP and other nucleotides on the different rabbit glycogen phosphorylase b isoenzymes has been made: muscle, brain, liver isoenzymes, and the hybrid species between muscle and brain isoenzyme. We have studied either the direct kinetic effect of the different nucleotides or the action of the nucleotides on the b to a conversion rate. Muscle, brain, and muscle--brain isoenzymes are very strongly and very specifically activated by AMP and its analogs, whereas liver isoenzyme is not very sensitive to the nucleotides. However, muscle, brain and muscle--brain isoenzymes show slight but very interesting differences in their kinetic properties. These differences allow some speculations about the conformational state of these different isoenzymes."}
{"id": "PMID:891524", "title": "Water-soluble glycosphingolipids of dog gastric mucosa. Characterization of a branched ceramide heptasaccharide.", "content": "Two glycosphingolipids, the carbohydrate portion of which consisted of galactose, glucose and N-acetylgalactosamine, have been isolated from the aqueous phase of buffered tetrahydrofuran extract of dog gastric mucosa. The structures of these glycolipids were identified by partial acid hydrolysis, sequential degradation with specific glycosidases and methylation analysis. The structure of glycolipid I (GalNAcalpha1 leads to 3GalNAcbeta1 leads to 3Galalpha1 leads to 4Galbeta1 leads to 4Glc leads to ceramide) was found to be identical to that of Forssman hapten. The branched structure of glycolipid II, as determined by the combination of enzymatic degradation and comparison of the permethylation products of the enzyme-degraded compounds, is proposed to be: See Source.", "contents": "Water-soluble glycosphingolipids of dog gastric mucosa. Characterization of a branched ceramide heptasaccharide. Two glycosphingolipids, the carbohydrate portion of which consisted of galactose, glucose and N-acetylgalactosamine, have been isolated from the aqueous phase of buffered tetrahydrofuran extract of dog gastric mucosa. The structures of these glycolipids were identified by partial acid hydrolysis, sequential degradation with specific glycosidases and methylation analysis. The structure of glycolipid I (GalNAcalpha1 leads to 3GalNAcbeta1 leads to 3Galalpha1 leads to 4Galbeta1 leads to 4Glc leads to ceramide) was found to be identical to that of Forssman hapten. The branched structure of glycolipid II, as determined by the combination of enzymatic degradation and comparison of the permethylation products of the enzyme-degraded compounds, is proposed to be: See Source."}
{"id": "PMID:891525", "title": "The allosteric inhibition by calcium of soluble and partially purified adenylate cyclase from turkey erythrocytes.", "content": "Adenylate cyclase from turkey erythrocyte membranes was solubilized in Lubrol-PX and partially purified (22-fold) by molecular sieve chromatography on Biogel A5M. The molecular weight of the enzyme was found to be 316000. The partially purified solubilized enzyme was found to retain all the kinetic and regulatory properties of the native membrane-bound enzyme except its sensitivity to beta-agonists. The enzyme responds to Mg2+ in a positively cooperative fashion, with a Hill coefficient of nH = 2.0. The enzyme is inhibited by Ca2+ in a positively cooperative fashion with a Hill coefficient of nH = 2.0. The calcium effect is only on the kcat of the reaction and not on the binding and kinetic parameters of the enzyme towards the other ligands such as MgATP and Mg2+. The Mn2+-supported adenylate cyclase is not inhibited by Ca2+ as was found for the native membrane-bound enzyme.", "contents": "The allosteric inhibition by calcium of soluble and partially purified adenylate cyclase from turkey erythrocytes. Adenylate cyclase from turkey erythrocyte membranes was solubilized in Lubrol-PX and partially purified (22-fold) by molecular sieve chromatography on Biogel A5M. The molecular weight of the enzyme was found to be 316000. The partially purified solubilized enzyme was found to retain all the kinetic and regulatory properties of the native membrane-bound enzyme except its sensitivity to beta-agonists. The enzyme responds to Mg2+ in a positively cooperative fashion, with a Hill coefficient of nH = 2.0. The enzyme is inhibited by Ca2+ in a positively cooperative fashion with a Hill coefficient of nH = 2.0. The calcium effect is only on the kcat of the reaction and not on the binding and kinetic parameters of the enzyme towards the other ligands such as MgATP and Mg2+. The Mn2+-supported adenylate cyclase is not inhibited by Ca2+ as was found for the native membrane-bound enzyme."}
{"id": "PMID:891526", "title": "Alterations of activities of ribonucleases and polyadenylate polymerase in synchronized mouse L cells.", "content": "The activities of the three known catabolic and the one anabolic polyadenylate enzymes have been determined in synchronized L5178y cells: endoribonuclease, exoribonuclease, 5'-nucleotidase and poly(A) polymerase (Mg2+-dependent). These four enzymes were found primarily in the nuclear fraction. The activity of poly(A) polymerase remains essentially constant during the transition from G1 to S phase. However, the poly(A) catabolic enzyme activities increase parallel with DNA synthesis; the endoribonuclease activity increases 4-fold during G1 to S phase, the exoribonuclease and the nucleotidase activities increasing 30-fold and 16-fold. During the S phase the poly(A)-degrading enzymes are far more active than the poly(A)-synthesizing activity of poly(A) polymerase. We conclude that in L5178y cells the poly(A)-degrading enzymes probably function in regulation of the post-transcriptional net-polyadenylation of heterogeneous nuclear RNA during the phase of DNA synthesis.", "contents": "Alterations of activities of ribonucleases and polyadenylate polymerase in synchronized mouse L cells. The activities of the three known catabolic and the one anabolic polyadenylate enzymes have been determined in synchronized L5178y cells: endoribonuclease, exoribonuclease, 5'-nucleotidase and poly(A) polymerase (Mg2+-dependent). These four enzymes were found primarily in the nuclear fraction. The activity of poly(A) polymerase remains essentially constant during the transition from G1 to S phase. However, the poly(A) catabolic enzyme activities increase parallel with DNA synthesis; the endoribonuclease activity increases 4-fold during G1 to S phase, the exoribonuclease and the nucleotidase activities increasing 30-fold and 16-fold. During the S phase the poly(A)-degrading enzymes are far more active than the poly(A)-synthesizing activity of poly(A) polymerase. We conclude that in L5178y cells the poly(A)-degrading enzymes probably function in regulation of the post-transcriptional net-polyadenylation of heterogeneous nuclear RNA during the phase of DNA synthesis."}
{"id": "PMID:891528", "title": "Gluconeogenesis in the guinea pig. Effect of glucagon on gluconeogenesis from lactate by isolated perfused guinea-pig liver.", "content": "Gluconeogenesis was stimulated by glucagon in fed but not fasted isolated perfused guinea pig livers. Both the amount and the rate of incorporation of radioactivity into glucose from L-[U-14C]lactate were increased in fed livers by the addition of glucagon to the perfusate. The glucagon-stimulated increase in gluconeogenesis was accompanied by an increase in oxygen consumption, an increase in the amount of lactate carbon converted to glucose and a decrease in the amount of lactate carbon converted to CO2. The results are interpreted to indicate that glucagon affects gluconeogenesis from lactate in fed livers by redirecting the fate of substrate from other products toward glucose.", "contents": "Gluconeogenesis in the guinea pig. Effect of glucagon on gluconeogenesis from lactate by isolated perfused guinea-pig liver. Gluconeogenesis was stimulated by glucagon in fed but not fasted isolated perfused guinea pig livers. Both the amount and the rate of incorporation of radioactivity into glucose from L-[U-14C]lactate were increased in fed livers by the addition of glucagon to the perfusate. The glucagon-stimulated increase in gluconeogenesis was accompanied by an increase in oxygen consumption, an increase in the amount of lactate carbon converted to glucose and a decrease in the amount of lactate carbon converted to CO2. The results are interpreted to indicate that glucagon affects gluconeogenesis from lactate in fed livers by redirecting the fate of substrate from other products toward glucose."}
{"id": "PMID:891529", "title": "Nitrosoalkanes as Fe(II) ligands in the 455-nm-absorbing cytochrome P-450 complexes formed from nitroalkanes in reducing conditions.", "content": "Primary and secondary aliphatic nitroalkanes RR'CHNO2, react with microsomal cytochrome p-450 in the presence of dithionite leading to new complexes with a Soret peak at 455 nm. The formation of these complexes is inhibited completely by CO and partially by metyrapone. However, once formed, their exogenous ligand is not displaced by excess CO. By deoxycholate treatment they are transformed into 423-nm-absorbing cytochrome P-420 complexes, which are spectrally similar to the corresponding RR'CHNO2-derived myoglobin complexes. The 455-nm-absorbing complexes are equally produced from RR'CHNO2 reduction, microsomal NADPH-dependent oxidation of the corresponding hydroxylamine RR'CHNHOH, or interaction of the nitrosodimer (RR'CHNO)2 with reduced cytochrome P-450. All the reported results are consistent with the involvement of a new class of ligands of cytochrome P-450-Fe(II), which are the unstable aliphatic nitrosomonomers RR'CHNO, whose nitroso group is isoelectronic with dioxygen and whose stabilisation results from their strong binding to heme-Fe(II), thus explaining the observed inhibition of the hydroxylating function of cytochrome P-450.", "contents": "Nitrosoalkanes as Fe(II) ligands in the 455-nm-absorbing cytochrome P-450 complexes formed from nitroalkanes in reducing conditions. Primary and secondary aliphatic nitroalkanes RR'CHNO2, react with microsomal cytochrome p-450 in the presence of dithionite leading to new complexes with a Soret peak at 455 nm. The formation of these complexes is inhibited completely by CO and partially by metyrapone. However, once formed, their exogenous ligand is not displaced by excess CO. By deoxycholate treatment they are transformed into 423-nm-absorbing cytochrome P-420 complexes, which are spectrally similar to the corresponding RR'CHNO2-derived myoglobin complexes. The 455-nm-absorbing complexes are equally produced from RR'CHNO2 reduction, microsomal NADPH-dependent oxidation of the corresponding hydroxylamine RR'CHNHOH, or interaction of the nitrosodimer (RR'CHNO)2 with reduced cytochrome P-450. All the reported results are consistent with the involvement of a new class of ligands of cytochrome P-450-Fe(II), which are the unstable aliphatic nitrosomonomers RR'CHNO, whose nitroso group is isoelectronic with dioxygen and whose stabilisation results from their strong binding to heme-Fe(II), thus explaining the observed inhibition of the hydroxylating function of cytochrome P-450."}
{"id": "PMID:891530", "title": "Nitrosoalkanes as Fe(II) ligands in the hemoglobin and myoglobin complexes formed from nitroalkanes in reducing conditions.", "content": "Primary and secondary aliphatic nitro compounds, R2CHNO2, react with myoglobin and hemoglobin, in the presence of sodium dithionite, leading to new complexes with Soret peaks respectively at 425 and 421 nm. These complexes are very stable even after disappearance of the starting nitro compounds and do not exchange their exogenous ligand after 10 h under 1 atm (101 325 Pa) CO. They are low-spin hexacoordinated myoglobin or hemoglobin complexes, as shown by the resonance Raman spectrum of the nitromethane-derived human hemoglobin complex which is similar to those of the known hemoglobin complexes with O2, CO, NO and nitrosobenzene. Evidence has been produced to show that the nitro compounds themselves do not bind to the hemoproteins; we propose that among the reduction derivatives produced in situ by dithionite, the corresponding unstable nitroso monomers, whose nitroso group is isoelectronic with dioxygen, are the actual ligands of the 425-nm or 421-nm-absorbing complexes.", "contents": "Nitrosoalkanes as Fe(II) ligands in the hemoglobin and myoglobin complexes formed from nitroalkanes in reducing conditions. Primary and secondary aliphatic nitro compounds, R2CHNO2, react with myoglobin and hemoglobin, in the presence of sodium dithionite, leading to new complexes with Soret peaks respectively at 425 and 421 nm. These complexes are very stable even after disappearance of the starting nitro compounds and do not exchange their exogenous ligand after 10 h under 1 atm (101 325 Pa) CO. They are low-spin hexacoordinated myoglobin or hemoglobin complexes, as shown by the resonance Raman spectrum of the nitromethane-derived human hemoglobin complex which is similar to those of the known hemoglobin complexes with O2, CO, NO and nitrosobenzene. Evidence has been produced to show that the nitro compounds themselves do not bind to the hemoproteins; we propose that among the reduction derivatives produced in situ by dithionite, the corresponding unstable nitroso monomers, whose nitroso group is isoelectronic with dioxygen, are the actual ligands of the 425-nm or 421-nm-absorbing complexes."}
{"id": "PMID:891538", "title": "Transcription fidelity and structural integrity of isolated nucleoli.", "content": "1. RNA was transcribed in vitro using isolated nucleoli, the endogenous form A RNA polymerase and mercurated UTP as one of the nucleoside triphosphate substrates. The products were isolated from endogenous nucleolar RNA sequences by chromatography on sulphydryl-Sepharose and analysed by hybridisation in vast DNA excess. The results of competition-hybridisation experiments suggested that a large proportion of the transcript was ribosomal RNA although some sequences had been transcribed from DNA of lower reiteration frequency. 2. Analyses of the constituents of nucleoli following isolation by the sonication procedure suggested that the nucleolar DNA, particularly the ribosomal cistrons, are severely degraded. Furthermore, indications were obtained that the transcription complexes were damaged and many of the nascent RNA chains appeared to have been sheared from near the growing points.", "contents": "Transcription fidelity and structural integrity of isolated nucleoli. 1. RNA was transcribed in vitro using isolated nucleoli, the endogenous form A RNA polymerase and mercurated UTP as one of the nucleoside triphosphate substrates. The products were isolated from endogenous nucleolar RNA sequences by chromatography on sulphydryl-Sepharose and analysed by hybridisation in vast DNA excess. The results of competition-hybridisation experiments suggested that a large proportion of the transcript was ribosomal RNA although some sequences had been transcribed from DNA of lower reiteration frequency. 2. Analyses of the constituents of nucleoli following isolation by the sonication procedure suggested that the nucleolar DNA, particularly the ribosomal cistrons, are severely degraded. Furthermore, indications were obtained that the transcription complexes were damaged and many of the nascent RNA chains appeared to have been sheared from near the growing points."}
{"id": "PMID:891540", "title": "Studies on hemoglobin tryptophanyl contact residues in the haptoglobin-hemoglobin complex.", "content": "Hemoglobin and apohemoglobin bind heptoglobin in the same molar ratio. Structural studies on haptoglobin-hemoglobin complex do not suggest any important structural changes in either protein upon binding. However, when apohemoglobin is bound to haptoglobin, a marked reduction in secondary structure, attributed to unfolding of globin chains, has been observed. Here we describe some properties of the haptoglobin-apohemoglobin (Hp-apoHb) complex, prepared by isoelectric focusing in the presence of an excess of haptoglobin. This complex does not exhibit the irreversibility of complexes obtained with hemoglobin in identical experimental conditions. The 'freezing' of the conformation of apohemoglobin upon binding to haptoglobin has been studied by fluorescence quenching experiments carried out in the presence of 8 M acrylamide. Changes in conformation of haptoglobin upon binding to apohemoglobin have been detected by titration of the exposed tryptophans using N-bromosuccinimide. Comparison of the additivity of exposed tryptophans in the complexes reveal that two tryptophans become inaccessible in the complex formation of haptoglobin with hemoglobin but not with apohemoglobin. These tryptophans, probably located on the alpha1beta2 contact interface of hemoglobin, have been tentatively identified as Trp-C3(37)beta.", "contents": "Studies on hemoglobin tryptophanyl contact residues in the haptoglobin-hemoglobin complex. Hemoglobin and apohemoglobin bind heptoglobin in the same molar ratio. Structural studies on haptoglobin-hemoglobin complex do not suggest any important structural changes in either protein upon binding. However, when apohemoglobin is bound to haptoglobin, a marked reduction in secondary structure, attributed to unfolding of globin chains, has been observed. Here we describe some properties of the haptoglobin-apohemoglobin (Hp-apoHb) complex, prepared by isoelectric focusing in the presence of an excess of haptoglobin. This complex does not exhibit the irreversibility of complexes obtained with hemoglobin in identical experimental conditions. The 'freezing' of the conformation of apohemoglobin upon binding to haptoglobin has been studied by fluorescence quenching experiments carried out in the presence of 8 M acrylamide. Changes in conformation of haptoglobin upon binding to apohemoglobin have been detected by titration of the exposed tryptophans using N-bromosuccinimide. Comparison of the additivity of exposed tryptophans in the complexes reveal that two tryptophans become inaccessible in the complex formation of haptoglobin with hemoglobin but not with apohemoglobin. These tryptophans, probably located on the alpha1beta2 contact interface of hemoglobin, have been tentatively identified as Trp-C3(37)beta."}
{"id": "PMID:891541", "title": "alpha-Galactosidase from Saccharomyces carlsbergensis. Cellular localization, and purification of the external enzyme.", "content": "1. The alpha-galactosidase of Saccharomyces carlsbergensis in an inducible enzyme which is localized mainly outside the cell membrane and which is secreted into the culture medium in increasing amounts during the growth cycle. 2. The soluble form of alpha-galactosidase localized inside the cell appears to have the same characteristics as the external one, contrasting with the different forms found in the case of invertase. Although some activity is membrane-bound, this activity, when solubilized with detergent, has the same characteristics as the external form of the enzyme. 3. A procedure has been developed by which the enzyme has been purified using batch adsorption with DEAE-Sephadex and column chromatography in DEAE-Sephadex, DEAE-cellulose and Sephadex G-200, using the supernatant of a culture of Saccharomyces carlsbergensis grown in yeast/nitrogen base complemented with galactose. 4. The purified enzyme, which is homogeneous by chromatographic criteria and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, appears to be glycoprotein. 5. Invertase copurifies with the alpha-galactosidase but because of its lower stability, together with the fact that the synthesis of both enzymes can be controlled separately, it was possible to obtain preparations in which the contaminant activity was approximately 1%.", "contents": "alpha-Galactosidase from Saccharomyces carlsbergensis. Cellular localization, and purification of the external enzyme. 1. The alpha-galactosidase of Saccharomyces carlsbergensis in an inducible enzyme which is localized mainly outside the cell membrane and which is secreted into the culture medium in increasing amounts during the growth cycle. 2. The soluble form of alpha-galactosidase localized inside the cell appears to have the same characteristics as the external one, contrasting with the different forms found in the case of invertase. Although some activity is membrane-bound, this activity, when solubilized with detergent, has the same characteristics as the external form of the enzyme. 3. A procedure has been developed by which the enzyme has been purified using batch adsorption with DEAE-Sephadex and column chromatography in DEAE-Sephadex, DEAE-cellulose and Sephadex G-200, using the supernatant of a culture of Saccharomyces carlsbergensis grown in yeast/nitrogen base complemented with galactose. 4. The purified enzyme, which is homogeneous by chromatographic criteria and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, appears to be glycoprotein. 5. Invertase copurifies with the alpha-galactosidase but because of its lower stability, together with the fact that the synthesis of both enzymes can be controlled separately, it was possible to obtain preparations in which the contaminant activity was approximately 1%."}
{"id": "PMID:891543", "title": "Interaction of the phosphatidylcholine exchange protein with phospholipids. A fluorescence and circular dichroism study.", "content": "The phosphatidylcholine exchange protein from bovine liver has a fluorescence emission maximum at 327 nm. Fluorescence was enhanced in the presence of vesicles containing phosphatidylcholine and various amounts of either phosphatidic acid or phosphatidylglycerol. From the increase in fluorescence it was derived that the apparent dissociation constant of the exchange protein-vesicle complex decreased with an increased vesicle content of acidic phospholipids. Fluorescence indicated that the exchange protein interacted with lysophosphatidylcholine micelles at pH 3.5, 5.9 and 8.5. The increase in fluorescence was most prominent at the acidic pH. Circular dichroism indicated that the alpha-helix content of the native protein was low between pH 3.6 and 8.0. Interaction with lysophosphatidylcholine micelles had a negligible effect on the secondary structure of the protein, except at pH 3.6 where distinct minima at 208 nm and 220 nm in the circular dichroic spectrum became apparent.", "contents": "Interaction of the phosphatidylcholine exchange protein with phospholipids. A fluorescence and circular dichroism study. The phosphatidylcholine exchange protein from bovine liver has a fluorescence emission maximum at 327 nm. Fluorescence was enhanced in the presence of vesicles containing phosphatidylcholine and various amounts of either phosphatidic acid or phosphatidylglycerol. From the increase in fluorescence it was derived that the apparent dissociation constant of the exchange protein-vesicle complex decreased with an increased vesicle content of acidic phospholipids. Fluorescence indicated that the exchange protein interacted with lysophosphatidylcholine micelles at pH 3.5, 5.9 and 8.5. The increase in fluorescence was most prominent at the acidic pH. Circular dichroism indicated that the alpha-helix content of the native protein was low between pH 3.6 and 8.0. Interaction with lysophosphatidylcholine micelles had a negligible effect on the secondary structure of the protein, except at pH 3.6 where distinct minima at 208 nm and 220 nm in the circular dichroic spectrum became apparent."}
{"id": "PMID:891546", "title": "Conformational studies on histone H3 and its CNBr peptides.", "content": "Histone H3 and H3 peptides 1--120, 1-90, 91-135, 91-120 and 121-135 have been prepared and examined for salt-induced conformational changes by circular dichroism measurements. It was found that reduced histone H3 and the reduced peptides 1-120, 91-135 and 91-120 exhibit biphasic changes with the formation of alpha-helix and beta structures. H3 peptide 1-90, on increasing the ionic strength to moderately high levels, monophasically formed appreciable quantities of alpha-helix and beta structures, while peptide 121-135 remained unfolded under all ionic strengths examined. All the above peptides except 121-135 also aggregate when the ionic strength is raised. The salt-induced near-ultraviolet circular dichroic spectra of histone H3 and peptide 1-90 were found to be very similar, suggesting that the conformational changes induced in the peptide 1-90 are essentially the same as those observed for the intact histone. These results support the contention that the polypeptide segments of this histone interact initially by parallel self-association followed by the formation of even larger aggregates on a longer scale.", "contents": "Conformational studies on histone H3 and its CNBr peptides. Histone H3 and H3 peptides 1--120, 1-90, 91-135, 91-120 and 121-135 have been prepared and examined for salt-induced conformational changes by circular dichroism measurements. It was found that reduced histone H3 and the reduced peptides 1-120, 91-135 and 91-120 exhibit biphasic changes with the formation of alpha-helix and beta structures. H3 peptide 1-90, on increasing the ionic strength to moderately high levels, monophasically formed appreciable quantities of alpha-helix and beta structures, while peptide 121-135 remained unfolded under all ionic strengths examined. All the above peptides except 121-135 also aggregate when the ionic strength is raised. The salt-induced near-ultraviolet circular dichroic spectra of histone H3 and peptide 1-90 were found to be very similar, suggesting that the conformational changes induced in the peptide 1-90 are essentially the same as those observed for the intact histone. These results support the contention that the polypeptide segments of this histone interact initially by parallel self-association followed by the formation of even larger aggregates on a longer scale."}
{"id": "PMID:891547", "title": "Sites of histone/histone interaction in the H3 - H4 complex.", "content": "Sites of interaction between histones H3 and h4 have been probed by investigating complex formation, firstly between histone H4 and three peptides cleaved by chemical means from histone H3 (residues 1-90 and 1-120 using cyanogen bromide and residues 42-135 using N-bromosuccinimide), secondly between histone H3 and two peptides cleaved from histone H4 (residues 1 - 84 using cyanogen bromide and residues 38-102 using chymotrypsin) and thirdly between the H4 peptide (residues 38-102) and the three H3 peptides (residues 1-90, 1-120 and 42-135). The criterion for complex formation is the appearance of characteristic perturbed resonances in the aromatic region of the 270 - MHZ proton resonance spectrum of the peptide mixture. It is concluded that loss of 37 N-terminal residues from histone H4 and 41 N-terminal residues from histone H3 does not prevent complex formation, whilst the loss of 18 C-terminal residues from H4 and 45 C-terminal residues from H3 does prevent it; that last 15 C-terminal residues of H3 are, however, not required for forming a complex. The regions important for complex formation are therefore defined as residues 42-120 in histone H3 and residues 38-102 in histone H4.", "contents": "Sites of histone/histone interaction in the H3 - H4 complex. Sites of interaction between histones H3 and h4 have been probed by investigating complex formation, firstly between histone H4 and three peptides cleaved by chemical means from histone H3 (residues 1-90 and 1-120 using cyanogen bromide and residues 42-135 using N-bromosuccinimide), secondly between histone H3 and two peptides cleaved from histone H4 (residues 1 - 84 using cyanogen bromide and residues 38-102 using chymotrypsin) and thirdly between the H4 peptide (residues 38-102) and the three H3 peptides (residues 1-90, 1-120 and 42-135). The criterion for complex formation is the appearance of characteristic perturbed resonances in the aromatic region of the 270 - MHZ proton resonance spectrum of the peptide mixture. It is concluded that loss of 37 N-terminal residues from histone H4 and 41 N-terminal residues from histone H3 does not prevent complex formation, whilst the loss of 18 C-terminal residues from H4 and 45 C-terminal residues from H3 does prevent it; that last 15 C-terminal residues of H3 are, however, not required for forming a complex. The regions important for complex formation are therefore defined as residues 42-120 in histone H3 and residues 38-102 in histone H4."}
{"id": "PMID:891548", "title": "A DNA polymerase from Ustilago maydis. Evidence of proof-reading by the associated 3' leads to 5' deoxyribonuclease activity.", "content": "The 3' leads to 5' deoxyribonuclease activity associated with an Ustilago maydis DNA polymerase hydrolysed non-complementary 3'-primer termini about 12 times more rapidly than complementary termini. An analysis of its substrate specificity suggested that, although it was unable to hydrolyse fully single-stranded polynucleotides, it could hydrolyse such regions less than about four nucleotides in length covalently bound to a primer molecule which was base-paired to a complementary template strand. Template-primer combinations containing complementary or non-complementary primer termini both supported polynucleotide synthesis, but whereas the former were conserved, the latter were hydrolysed during the reaction thus allowing synthesis to occur. No addition of nucleotides onto a conserved non-complementary 3'-primer terminus was detected. The deoxyribonuclease activity therefore fulfilled a proof-reading function during DNA synthesis in vitro.", "contents": "A DNA polymerase from Ustilago maydis. Evidence of proof-reading by the associated 3' leads to 5' deoxyribonuclease activity. The 3' leads to 5' deoxyribonuclease activity associated with an Ustilago maydis DNA polymerase hydrolysed non-complementary 3'-primer termini about 12 times more rapidly than complementary termini. An analysis of its substrate specificity suggested that, although it was unable to hydrolyse fully single-stranded polynucleotides, it could hydrolyse such regions less than about four nucleotides in length covalently bound to a primer molecule which was base-paired to a complementary template strand. Template-primer combinations containing complementary or non-complementary primer termini both supported polynucleotide synthesis, but whereas the former were conserved, the latter were hydrolysed during the reaction thus allowing synthesis to occur. No addition of nucleotides onto a conserved non-complementary 3'-primer terminus was detected. The deoxyribonuclease activity therefore fulfilled a proof-reading function during DNA synthesis in vitro."}
{"id": "PMID:891549", "title": "Sensitivity of hemoglobin thiol groups within red blood cells of rat during oxidation of glutathione.", "content": "The intracellular thiol-oxidising diazenes, diazenedicarboxylic acid bis-N,N-dimethylamide and diazenedicarboxylic acid bis-N'-ethylpiperazinide, have been used in the study of red cells. A difference in the consequences of diazene oxidant treatment between the human red cell and rat red cells has been found in respect to the quantity of oxidant needed for glutathione (GSH) oxidation, to the fate of GSH, and to the reactivity of hemoglobin. In the first place, significantly more oxidant is needed for GSH oxidation in the rat red cell than in the human cell. Secondly, in the human cell, all of the GSH is converted to glutathione disulfide (GSSG), from which GSH is regenerated. In the rat cell, GSH disappears without being converted to GSSG, and GSH is not regenerated. Thirdly, a decrease in rat hemoglobin thiol groups, but no change in human hemoglobin, is found. Sterically unhindered thiol groups in the rat hemoglobin are thought to react with the usual adduct intermediate in GSH oxidation by diazene (formed from RCON = NCOR + GSH leads to RCON(SG)NHCOR) to produce mixed disulfides, from which GSH is not easily regenerated. The results support the idea that reduction of mixed disulfides of GSH and protein is not carried out directly by GSSG reductase but necessitates thiol transferase and GSH. The thiol-oxidising diazenes may be of use in mapping of exposed, reactive thiol groups in proteins.", "contents": "Sensitivity of hemoglobin thiol groups within red blood cells of rat during oxidation of glutathione. The intracellular thiol-oxidising diazenes, diazenedicarboxylic acid bis-N,N-dimethylamide and diazenedicarboxylic acid bis-N'-ethylpiperazinide, have been used in the study of red cells. A difference in the consequences of diazene oxidant treatment between the human red cell and rat red cells has been found in respect to the quantity of oxidant needed for glutathione (GSH) oxidation, to the fate of GSH, and to the reactivity of hemoglobin. In the first place, significantly more oxidant is needed for GSH oxidation in the rat red cell than in the human cell. Secondly, in the human cell, all of the GSH is converted to glutathione disulfide (GSSG), from which GSH is regenerated. In the rat cell, GSH disappears without being converted to GSSG, and GSH is not regenerated. Thirdly, a decrease in rat hemoglobin thiol groups, but no change in human hemoglobin, is found. Sterically unhindered thiol groups in the rat hemoglobin are thought to react with the usual adduct intermediate in GSH oxidation by diazene (formed from RCON = NCOR + GSH leads to RCON(SG)NHCOR) to produce mixed disulfides, from which GSH is not easily regenerated. The results support the idea that reduction of mixed disulfides of GSH and protein is not carried out directly by GSSG reductase but necessitates thiol transferase and GSH. The thiol-oxidising diazenes may be of use in mapping of exposed, reactive thiol groups in proteins."}
{"id": "PMID:891550", "title": "Metabolic behaviour of nonhistone chromosomal proteins in proliferating and in resting fibroblasts.", "content": "The metabolism of nonhistone chromosomal proteins was studied in two lines of cells showing a different degree of contact inhibition: human diploid fibroblasts, which are easily contact-inhibited, and Chinese hamster fibroblasts, which had been made to stop proliferating by fasting. By following the 3H414C ratio of [3H]tryptophan-labelled nonhistone chromosomal proteins and [14C]thymidine-labelled DNA in chase experiments three main groups of these proteins could be detected with respect to their metabolic behaviour: (a) a metabolically stable group which is acid-insoluble and represents the bulk of nonhistone chromosomal proteins in proliferating cells; this group is conserved when the cells enter a resting phase; (b) a metabolically labile group which is acid-soluble and is observed as a minor fraction in proliferating cells; (c) a metabolically labile group which is acid-insoluble and accumulates in resting cells; this fraction is much larger in contact-inhibited cells. Stimulation of cell proliferation by trypsinization decreases the amount of nonhistone chromosomal proteins in resting cells to the basic level observed in proliferating cells.", "contents": "Metabolic behaviour of nonhistone chromosomal proteins in proliferating and in resting fibroblasts. The metabolism of nonhistone chromosomal proteins was studied in two lines of cells showing a different degree of contact inhibition: human diploid fibroblasts, which are easily contact-inhibited, and Chinese hamster fibroblasts, which had been made to stop proliferating by fasting. By following the 3H414C ratio of [3H]tryptophan-labelled nonhistone chromosomal proteins and [14C]thymidine-labelled DNA in chase experiments three main groups of these proteins could be detected with respect to their metabolic behaviour: (a) a metabolically stable group which is acid-insoluble and represents the bulk of nonhistone chromosomal proteins in proliferating cells; this group is conserved when the cells enter a resting phase; (b) a metabolically labile group which is acid-soluble and is observed as a minor fraction in proliferating cells; (c) a metabolically labile group which is acid-insoluble and accumulates in resting cells; this fraction is much larger in contact-inhibited cells. Stimulation of cell proliferation by trypsinization decreases the amount of nonhistone chromosomal proteins in resting cells to the basic level observed in proliferating cells."}
{"id": "PMID:891551", "title": "Thermophilic polynucleotide phosphorylase from Thermus thermophilus. Purification and properties of an altered form of enzyme which lacks phosphorolytic activity to polynycleotide.", "content": "A thermophilic polynucleotide phosphorylase lacking polynucleotide phosphoryltic activity was purified from Thermus thermophilus HB-8 strain. The enzyme is an altered form of the native polynucleotide phosphorylase, probably attacked by the proteinase(s) of this extreme thermophile during the purification process. This modified enzyme lacks phosphorolytic activity to poly(A) while retaining weak activity to phosphorolyse tetranucleotides or hexanucleotides. The purified enzyme was shown to be homogenous by electrophoretic analysis in polyacrylamide gel. This enzyme had a molecular weight of 190 000 as calculated both from electrophoresis on polyacrylamide gel and from the Stoke's radius derived from the gel filtration pattern and the sedimentation coefficient. The enzyme was separated into three polypeptide chains by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecylsulphate; their molecular weights were calculated to be 92000, 73000 and 35000. The enzyme was thermophilic and thermotolerant, exhibiting its maximal activity at 70 degrees C. The four ribonucleoside diphosphates (ADP, GDP, UDP and CDP) were polymerized to the extent of 7-S size.", "contents": "Thermophilic polynucleotide phosphorylase from Thermus thermophilus. Purification and properties of an altered form of enzyme which lacks phosphorolytic activity to polynycleotide. A thermophilic polynucleotide phosphorylase lacking polynucleotide phosphoryltic activity was purified from Thermus thermophilus HB-8 strain. The enzyme is an altered form of the native polynucleotide phosphorylase, probably attacked by the proteinase(s) of this extreme thermophile during the purification process. This modified enzyme lacks phosphorolytic activity to poly(A) while retaining weak activity to phosphorolyse tetranucleotides or hexanucleotides. The purified enzyme was shown to be homogenous by electrophoretic analysis in polyacrylamide gel. This enzyme had a molecular weight of 190 000 as calculated both from electrophoresis on polyacrylamide gel and from the Stoke's radius derived from the gel filtration pattern and the sedimentation coefficient. The enzyme was separated into three polypeptide chains by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecylsulphate; their molecular weights were calculated to be 92000, 73000 and 35000. The enzyme was thermophilic and thermotolerant, exhibiting its maximal activity at 70 degrees C. The four ribonucleoside diphosphates (ADP, GDP, UDP and CDP) were polymerized to the extent of 7-S size."}
{"id": "PMID:891552", "title": "Structure and synthesis of a lipid-containing bacteriophage. An endolysin activity associated with bacteriophage PM2.", "content": "Endolysin was induced in Pseudomonas BAL-31 infected with bacteriophage PM2 and was also associated with the purified virion. This enzyme required divalent cations for its activity, Ca2+ being the most effective cation. Endolysin activity in the virion increased up to three-fold upon disruption and the activity could be localized in the viral nucleocapsid. Thus the enzyme is localized within the virion. After purification of the structural proteins of bacteriophage PM2, only the nucleocapsid protein (III) had endolysin activity.", "contents": "Structure and synthesis of a lipid-containing bacteriophage. An endolysin activity associated with bacteriophage PM2. Endolysin was induced in Pseudomonas BAL-31 infected with bacteriophage PM2 and was also associated with the purified virion. This enzyme required divalent cations for its activity, Ca2+ being the most effective cation. Endolysin activity in the virion increased up to three-fold upon disruption and the activity could be localized in the viral nucleocapsid. Thus the enzyme is localized within the virion. After purification of the structural proteins of bacteriophage PM2, only the nucleocapsid protein (III) had endolysin activity."}
{"id": "PMID:891554", "title": "Microbial contamination of radionuclide generators.", "content": "Technetium-99m generators were grossly contaminted using 5 different strains of microorganisms. Elution of the generators showed that the number of microorganisms was reduced by a factor of 10(4)-10(6). There were no indications that the generators would support bacterial growth. It is concluded that it would be acceptable from a microbiologic point of view to omit autoclaving and membrane filtration of the final product provided that proper aseptic techniques are applied.", "contents": "Microbial contamination of radionuclide generators. Technetium-99m generators were grossly contaminted using 5 different strains of microorganisms. Elution of the generators showed that the number of microorganisms was reduced by a factor of 10(4)-10(6). There were no indications that the generators would support bacterial growth. It is concluded that it would be acceptable from a microbiologic point of view to omit autoclaving and membrane filtration of the final product provided that proper aseptic techniques are applied."}
{"id": "PMID:891555", "title": "Quantitative analysis of the distribution of 99mTc-labelled ethylene hydroxy diphosphonate in young rats.", "content": "The distribution of 99mTc-labelled ethylene 1-hydroxy-1,1-diphosphonate (EHDP) in young rats was studied 1, 3, 6 and 9 h after intraperitoneal injection. The concentration of 99mTc in bone was 8-10 times higher than that in the kidneys and 20-1000 times higher than those in other soft tissues. The concentration in bone remained constant throughout the observation time. In some of the animals sacrificed after 3, 6, or 9 h the uptake in the liver and spleen was higher than that found in the majority of the animals.", "contents": "Quantitative analysis of the distribution of 99mTc-labelled ethylene hydroxy diphosphonate in young rats. The distribution of 99mTc-labelled ethylene 1-hydroxy-1,1-diphosphonate (EHDP) in young rats was studied 1, 3, 6 and 9 h after intraperitoneal injection. The concentration of 99mTc in bone was 8-10 times higher than that in the kidneys and 20-1000 times higher than those in other soft tissues. The concentration in bone remained constant throughout the observation time. In some of the animals sacrificed after 3, 6, or 9 h the uptake in the liver and spleen was higher than that found in the majority of the animals."}
{"id": "PMID:891556", "title": "Enhancement of incorporation of 131iododeoxyuridine into tumors after application of Clostridium oncolyticum s. butyricum (M 55). Animal experiments on positive scintigraphic localization of tumors.", "content": "The application of spores of the bacterium Clostridium oncolyticum s. butyricum (M 55) results in an increased incorporation of 131Iododeoxyuridine in tumors (amelanotic melanoma Fortner III of the golden hamster and Brown-Pearce carcinoma of the rabbit). This leads to an improved scintigraphic demonstration of the tumors.", "contents": "Enhancement of incorporation of 131iododeoxyuridine into tumors after application of Clostridium oncolyticum s. butyricum (M 55). Animal experiments on positive scintigraphic localization of tumors. The application of spores of the bacterium Clostridium oncolyticum s. butyricum (M 55) results in an increased incorporation of 131Iododeoxyuridine in tumors (amelanotic melanoma Fortner III of the golden hamster and Brown-Pearce carcinoma of the rabbit). This leads to an improved scintigraphic demonstration of the tumors."}
{"id": "PMID:891557", "title": "The dual photopeak-area method applied to scintillation camera measurements of effective depth and activity of in vivo 123I-distributions.", "content": "Attenuation curves and photopeak ratios of 159 keV and 28 keV photons emitted in the decay of 123I have been studied using a scintillation camera equipped with an extra ADC for recording the pulse height distribution of the energy signal. Cavities of various sizes containing 123I-solution were placed at different depths in a water phantom in order to vary the effective depth i.e., the thickness of attenuating material above the cavity plus the distance to the centre of activity in the cavity. The centre of activity varies with the distribution of activity in the cavity, size of cavity, and the effective attenuation coefficient derived from the attenuation curves. From the photopeak ratio an average effective depth is determined which can be used for calculating the attenuation correction factor. The dual photopeak ratio has been used in clinical evaluation of thyoid 123I uptake measurements where effective depths ranging from 21 to 43 mm were obtained for the activity in the thyroid. Applications of the photopeak ratio method for renography with 123I-hippuran and blood flow studies using 133Xe or 127Xe and studies with many other radionuclides are also discussed.", "contents": "The dual photopeak-area method applied to scintillation camera measurements of effective depth and activity of in vivo 123I-distributions. Attenuation curves and photopeak ratios of 159 keV and 28 keV photons emitted in the decay of 123I have been studied using a scintillation camera equipped with an extra ADC for recording the pulse height distribution of the energy signal. Cavities of various sizes containing 123I-solution were placed at different depths in a water phantom in order to vary the effective depth i.e., the thickness of attenuating material above the cavity plus the distance to the centre of activity in the cavity. The centre of activity varies with the distribution of activity in the cavity, size of cavity, and the effective attenuation coefficient derived from the attenuation curves. From the photopeak ratio an average effective depth is determined which can be used for calculating the attenuation correction factor. The dual photopeak ratio has been used in clinical evaluation of thyoid 123I uptake measurements where effective depths ranging from 21 to 43 mm were obtained for the activity in the thyroid. Applications of the photopeak ratio method for renography with 123I-hippuran and blood flow studies using 133Xe or 127Xe and studies with many other radionuclides are also discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:891558", "title": "A new display technique for computer-processed digital scans.", "content": "This article presents a new approach for presenting scintigraphic images. The technique combines the conventional plotting the contour lines and the highlighting, by means of hatching, of the concavities (or convexities) of the 'surface' representative of radioactive distribution. The search for the surface features is achieved generally by the method of normal curvatures. An example with a phantom demonstrates the utility of this representation method.", "contents": "A new display technique for computer-processed digital scans. This article presents a new approach for presenting scintigraphic images. The technique combines the conventional plotting the contour lines and the highlighting, by means of hatching, of the concavities (or convexities) of the 'surface' representative of radioactive distribution. The search for the surface features is achieved generally by the method of normal curvatures. An example with a phantom demonstrates the utility of this representation method."}
{"id": "PMID:891559", "title": "An analysis of the diagnostic contribution of double-radiocompound renography.", "content": "The diagnostic contribution of double-radiocompound renography was tested by applying discriminant analysis to the data obtained in one group of normal subjects and in some groups of selected pathological cases which included glomerulonephritis, pyelonephritis, and hypertension. The results obtained confirm the reliability of the test and give evidence of its usefulness in diagnostic clinical work.", "contents": "An analysis of the diagnostic contribution of double-radiocompound renography. The diagnostic contribution of double-radiocompound renography was tested by applying discriminant analysis to the data obtained in one group of normal subjects and in some groups of selected pathological cases which included glomerulonephritis, pyelonephritis, and hypertension. The results obtained confirm the reliability of the test and give evidence of its usefulness in diagnostic clinical work."}
{"id": "PMID:891560", "title": "Position dependent renogram changes of the mobile kidney.", "content": "The present study evaluates the isotope renograms, obtained in prone and upright position of 87 patients with 93 mobile kidneys. Scintiphotos were made to determine the extent of renal movement. The transient position abnormality of the kidney was compared to the position dependent isotope renogram changes. It was possible to describe three types of floating kidney each with a characteristic motion and position dependent function disturbance. One form of renal ptosis, ptosis with ventral rotation, was commonly associated with a 2nd phase renogram abnormality and with hypertension.", "contents": "Position dependent renogram changes of the mobile kidney. The present study evaluates the isotope renograms, obtained in prone and upright position of 87 patients with 93 mobile kidneys. Scintiphotos were made to determine the extent of renal movement. The transient position abnormality of the kidney was compared to the position dependent isotope renogram changes. It was possible to describe three types of floating kidney each with a characteristic motion and position dependent function disturbance. One form of renal ptosis, ptosis with ventral rotation, was commonly associated with a 2nd phase renogram abnormality and with hypertension."}
{"id": "PMID:891561", "title": "Simplified method of determining left ventricular ejection fraction from a radionuclide bolus.", "content": "A method which does not require an online computer has been developed to measure left ventircular ejection fraction from a bolus of 99mTc-pertechnetate. The passage of the bolus through the cardiac chambers was imaged using a gamma camera and recorded on video tape. On replay a region of interest corresponding to the left ventricle was selected directly at the gamma camera console. Counts detected in this region were analysed in 30ms intervals. The data were corrected for the contribution from extra-cardiac activity and were then digitally filtered to remove statistical noise. Ejection fractions measured in 13 patients by this technique agreed well with those determined by contrast ventriculography (r=0.97, P less than 0.001).", "contents": "Simplified method of determining left ventricular ejection fraction from a radionuclide bolus. A method which does not require an online computer has been developed to measure left ventircular ejection fraction from a bolus of 99mTc-pertechnetate. The passage of the bolus through the cardiac chambers was imaged using a gamma camera and recorded on video tape. On replay a region of interest corresponding to the left ventricle was selected directly at the gamma camera console. Counts detected in this region were analysed in 30ms intervals. The data were corrected for the contribution from extra-cardiac activity and were then digitally filtered to remove statistical noise. Ejection fractions measured in 13 patients by this technique agreed well with those determined by contrast ventriculography (r=0.97, P less than 0.001)."}
{"id": "PMID:891562", "title": "Intravenous myocardial imaging performed serially early and late after acute myocardial infarction.", "content": "The accuracy and sensitivity of myocardial imaging using intravenous Rb-81 in delineating the extent and subsequent changes in regional myocardial perfusion abnormalities were examined serially in 12 patients one to 510 days after an acute myocardial infaraction. Definite regions of decreased Rb-81 uptake were noted in 10 patients with transmural infarction. There was excellent correlation between the site of perfusion abnormalities, the electrocardiographic infarct location and the region of segmental wall motion disorders. Follow-up studies revealed in 8 of 11 patients a decrease in the extent of the perfusion defect, which was associated with an improvement in the extent and/or severity of regional wall motion disorders. Conversly, wall motion abnormalities did not change in the remaining three patients in whom perfusion abnormalities persisted unchanged. We conclude that intravenous myocardial imaging permits visualization of myocardial perfusion abnormalities early after acute myocardial infaraction. Serial imaging allows detection of changes in the extent of perfusion abnormalities, and, thus, might provide useful information with respect to the patient's prognosis and the effects of therapeutic interventions.", "contents": "Intravenous myocardial imaging performed serially early and late after acute myocardial infarction. The accuracy and sensitivity of myocardial imaging using intravenous Rb-81 in delineating the extent and subsequent changes in regional myocardial perfusion abnormalities were examined serially in 12 patients one to 510 days after an acute myocardial infaraction. Definite regions of decreased Rb-81 uptake were noted in 10 patients with transmural infarction. There was excellent correlation between the site of perfusion abnormalities, the electrocardiographic infarct location and the region of segmental wall motion disorders. Follow-up studies revealed in 8 of 11 patients a decrease in the extent of the perfusion defect, which was associated with an improvement in the extent and/or severity of regional wall motion disorders. Conversly, wall motion abnormalities did not change in the remaining three patients in whom perfusion abnormalities persisted unchanged. We conclude that intravenous myocardial imaging permits visualization of myocardial perfusion abnormalities early after acute myocardial infaraction. Serial imaging allows detection of changes in the extent of perfusion abnormalities, and, thus, might provide useful information with respect to the patient's prognosis and the effects of therapeutic interventions."}
{"id": "PMID:891563", "title": "Distribution of intravenously injected 201thallium in the legs duging walking. A new test for assessing arterial insufficiency in the legs.", "content": "There is a multitude of method for assessing the efficiency of the arterial circulation in the legs. Most of these methods can give conclusive information about the patency of the main arteries in the leg; the level of an arterial obstruction can also be estimated. However, none of these methods provides a direct estimate of the functional importance of arterial lesions of light to moderate severity. The present report describes preliminary findings of the distribution of intravenously injected 201Thallium, a potassium analogue, in the legs during exercise provoking symptoms of ischemia. From this pilot study the general impression is that the thallium uptake pattern corresponds well with the clinical, physiologic, and angiographic picture.", "contents": "Distribution of intravenously injected 201thallium in the legs duging walking. A new test for assessing arterial insufficiency in the legs. There is a multitude of method for assessing the efficiency of the arterial circulation in the legs. Most of these methods can give conclusive information about the patency of the main arteries in the leg; the level of an arterial obstruction can also be estimated. However, none of these methods provides a direct estimate of the functional importance of arterial lesions of light to moderate severity. The present report describes preliminary findings of the distribution of intravenously injected 201Thallium, a potassium analogue, in the legs during exercise provoking symptoms of ischemia. From this pilot study the general impression is that the thallium uptake pattern corresponds well with the clinical, physiologic, and angiographic picture."}
{"id": "PMID:891564", "title": "Comparative study of 111In and 59Fe bone marrow scanning.", "content": "The aim of this work is to examine the relative merits of 59Fe and 111In scanning in estimating the functional value of the various erythropoietic areas and in appraising bone marrow distribution and extension. At first we studied a group of patients with heterogeneous distribution of bone marrow secondary to irradiation, ferrokinetics serving a reference for the comparison of 111In and 59Fe scanning. The functional value fo 59Fe scanning was thus proved, in contrast to 111In scanning which was erroneous for 13 of the 29 bone marrow areas studied. A further study of patients presenting polycythemia vera or anemia with 111In demonstrated in some cases false distribution and bone marrow extension. Furthermore, 59Fe scanning permitted evaluation of the efficiency of erythropoiesis and the existence of extramedullary erythropoiesis. Review of the literature revealed that with the activity used there was no dosimetric advantage of 111In over 59Fe.", "contents": "Comparative study of 111In and 59Fe bone marrow scanning. The aim of this work is to examine the relative merits of 59Fe and 111In scanning in estimating the functional value of the various erythropoietic areas and in appraising bone marrow distribution and extension. At first we studied a group of patients with heterogeneous distribution of bone marrow secondary to irradiation, ferrokinetics serving a reference for the comparison of 111In and 59Fe scanning. The functional value fo 59Fe scanning was thus proved, in contrast to 111In scanning which was erroneous for 13 of the 29 bone marrow areas studied. A further study of patients presenting polycythemia vera or anemia with 111In demonstrated in some cases false distribution and bone marrow extension. Furthermore, 59Fe scanning permitted evaluation of the efficiency of erythropoiesis and the existence of extramedullary erythropoiesis. Review of the literature revealed that with the activity used there was no dosimetric advantage of 111In over 59Fe."}
{"id": "PMID:891565", "title": "Isotope scanning of brain tumors in children.", "content": "A total of 31 brain tumors (21 verified histologically, 10 by clinical and neuroradiologic methods) in children aged from 7 months to 13 years were investigated by scintigraphy with 99mTc as a radioactive isotope tracer. There were 16 supratentorial and 15 infratentorial tumors. The supratentorial tumors were detected in 88%, and the infratentorial in 13%, of case by brain isotope scanning. The advantages and disadvantages of the method are discussed.", "contents": "Isotope scanning of brain tumors in children. A total of 31 brain tumors (21 verified histologically, 10 by clinical and neuroradiologic methods) in children aged from 7 months to 13 years were investigated by scintigraphy with 99mTc as a radioactive isotope tracer. There were 16 supratentorial and 15 infratentorial tumors. The supratentorial tumors were detected in 88%, and the infratentorial in 13%, of case by brain isotope scanning. The advantages and disadvantages of the method are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:891566", "title": "Radiochemical quality control of 99mTc-labeled radiopharmaceuticals. Some daily practice guideliens.", "content": "Recognizing the fact that each nuclear medicine facility should be able to perform simple radiochemical quality tests on currently used radiopharmaceuticals, this study was undertaken to evaluate a number of radiochromatographic methods. No single ideal method exists to assess the radiochemical composition of 99mTc-labeled antimony sulphur colloid, sulphur colloid, iron ascorbate, citrate, human serum albumin, EHDP, macroaggregates, and microspheres. It is advisable to include thin layer chromatography with both NaCl and methylethylethylketone for the determination of free pertechnetate in each day's program. More detailed radiochemical analysis can be performed by combining these methods with paper chromatography, paper electrophoresis, and gel filtration. It seems reasonable to regard a constant radiochromatographic pattern as a measure for constant radiochemical quality. The four chromatographic tests lead to consistent results regarding the percentage of free pertechnetate in the radiopharmaceutical preparations. Quantitative analysis shows that the radiochemical purity for each radiopharmaceutical is unique for the chromatographic method used and needs to be defined when stated.", "contents": "Radiochemical quality control of 99mTc-labeled radiopharmaceuticals. Some daily practice guideliens. Recognizing the fact that each nuclear medicine facility should be able to perform simple radiochemical quality tests on currently used radiopharmaceuticals, this study was undertaken to evaluate a number of radiochromatographic methods. No single ideal method exists to assess the radiochemical composition of 99mTc-labeled antimony sulphur colloid, sulphur colloid, iron ascorbate, citrate, human serum albumin, EHDP, macroaggregates, and microspheres. It is advisable to include thin layer chromatography with both NaCl and methylethylethylketone for the determination of free pertechnetate in each day's program. More detailed radiochemical analysis can be performed by combining these methods with paper chromatography, paper electrophoresis, and gel filtration. It seems reasonable to regard a constant radiochromatographic pattern as a measure for constant radiochemical quality. The four chromatographic tests lead to consistent results regarding the percentage of free pertechnetate in the radiopharmaceutical preparations. Quantitative analysis shows that the radiochemical purity for each radiopharmaceutical is unique for the chromatographic method used and needs to be defined when stated."}
{"id": "PMID:891567", "title": "Estimation and prediction of blood volume in infants and children.", "content": "Blood volume was studied in 160 infants and children aged from one hour to 14 years. From these data linear and logarithmic regression equations relating blood volume to weight, height and surface area were calculated. Equations utilizing combined weight and logarithmic weight values were found to be the most accurate for predicting blood volume. Therefore, nomograms were constructed for reading blood volume directly from height and weight.", "contents": "Estimation and prediction of blood volume in infants and children. Blood volume was studied in 160 infants and children aged from one hour to 14 years. From these data linear and logarithmic regression equations relating blood volume to weight, height and surface area were calculated. Equations utilizing combined weight and logarithmic weight values were found to be the most accurate for predicting blood volume. Therefore, nomograms were constructed for reading blood volume directly from height and weight."}
{"id": "PMID:891569", "title": "Antibody neutralizing material of factor VII during the first weeks of life.", "content": "In a study on 66 newborns and infants, factor VII activity and factor VII related antigen were investigated on 110 occasions. A normal range was calculated by testing plasma from 12 healthy male volunteers at various dilutions. Most of the values in the newborns and infants fell within this range but 18.2% of the factor VII proteins showed a significantly different specific activity.", "contents": "Antibody neutralizing material of factor VII during the first weeks of life. In a study on 66 newborns and infants, factor VII activity and factor VII related antigen were investigated on 110 occasions. A normal range was calculated by testing plasma from 12 healthy male volunteers at various dilutions. Most of the values in the newborns and infants fell within this range but 18.2% of the factor VII proteins showed a significantly different specific activity."}
{"id": "PMID:891570", "title": "The influence of perinatal risk factors on the incidence of atypical coagulation factor VII during the first days of life.", "content": "The correlation between the appearance of functionally-atypical factor VII and perinatal complications was investigated in 66 newborn infants. The presence of an abnormal clotting factor was assumed if the ratio between clotting activity and antigen-related factor VII material exceeded the normal range for adult plasma. The newborns were divided into a risk group of infants threatened by adverse conditions of labour or post-natal adaptation, and a control group of newborns without perinatal complications. The findings were as follows: The incidence of atypical factor VII was significantly higher in the risk group. There was no difference between prenatal and postnatal complications in this respect. Infants born by caesarian section or with cord complications, as well as those with delayed respiratory adaptation, showed a higher incidence of atypical factor VII than the risk group as a whole. Atypical factor VII was not detected until the third day of life, irrespective of the prenatal or postnatal complications. These findings suggest that perinatal risk factors are associated with an alteration of factor VII synthesis.", "contents": "The influence of perinatal risk factors on the incidence of atypical coagulation factor VII during the first days of life. The correlation between the appearance of functionally-atypical factor VII and perinatal complications was investigated in 66 newborn infants. The presence of an abnormal clotting factor was assumed if the ratio between clotting activity and antigen-related factor VII material exceeded the normal range for adult plasma. The newborns were divided into a risk group of infants threatened by adverse conditions of labour or post-natal adaptation, and a control group of newborns without perinatal complications. The findings were as follows: The incidence of atypical factor VII was significantly higher in the risk group. There was no difference between prenatal and postnatal complications in this respect. Infants born by caesarian section or with cord complications, as well as those with delayed respiratory adaptation, showed a higher incidence of atypical factor VII than the risk group as a whole. Atypical factor VII was not detected until the third day of life, irrespective of the prenatal or postnatal complications. These findings suggest that perinatal risk factors are associated with an alteration of factor VII synthesis."}
{"id": "PMID:891571", "title": "A case-report of idiopathic juvenile osteoporosis with particular reference to 47-calcium absorption.", "content": "Calcium metabolism was studied in a 12-year-old girl preseting with idiopathic juvenile osteoporosis. Absorption of orally administered 47-Ca was high. Serum calcium and phosphorus, serum immunoreactive PTH and CT and tubular phosphate reabsorption were found to be within normal limits. The data suggest that calcium malabsorption, nutritional calcium deficiency, hyperparathyroidism, a dysfunction related to sex hormones, and Cushing's syndrome cannot be implicated in the aetiology of the osteoporosis in this case who recovered spontaneously with sexual maturation.", "contents": "A case-report of idiopathic juvenile osteoporosis with particular reference to 47-calcium absorption. Calcium metabolism was studied in a 12-year-old girl preseting with idiopathic juvenile osteoporosis. Absorption of orally administered 47-Ca was high. Serum calcium and phosphorus, serum immunoreactive PTH and CT and tubular phosphate reabsorption were found to be within normal limits. The data suggest that calcium malabsorption, nutritional calcium deficiency, hyperparathyroidism, a dysfunction related to sex hormones, and Cushing's syndrome cannot be implicated in the aetiology of the osteoporosis in this case who recovered spontaneously with sexual maturation."}
{"id": "PMID:891572", "title": "Tubular cytoplasmic inclusions in a case of childhood dermatomyositis with migratory subcutaneous nodules.", "content": "A boy with dermatomyositis which began at the age of one year and five months showed multiple migratory subcutaneous nodules, which have seldom been described. Histological and electron microscopic studies of muscles and subcutaneous nodules demonstrated the following interesting findings. 1. Light microscopy. The migratory subcutaneous nodules consisted of non-suppurative panniculitis and ischaemic adipo-necrosis as a sequel to vascular lesions. This finding suggests that the nodules may have arisen from the subcutaneous adipose tissue which had been severely damaged by systemic angiopathy. 2. Electron microscopy. Examination of the vessels in muscle and subcutaneous nodules showed tubular cytoplasmic inclusions with a diameter of approximately 250 A in the endoplasmic reticulum of vascular endothelial cells. These observations provide strong support for the concept that the fundamental pathologic process in childhood dermatomyositis is of a vascular nature, and the primary lesion is in the walls of the intramuscular blood vessels.", "contents": "Tubular cytoplasmic inclusions in a case of childhood dermatomyositis with migratory subcutaneous nodules. A boy with dermatomyositis which began at the age of one year and five months showed multiple migratory subcutaneous nodules, which have seldom been described. Histological and electron microscopic studies of muscles and subcutaneous nodules demonstrated the following interesting findings. 1. Light microscopy. The migratory subcutaneous nodules consisted of non-suppurative panniculitis and ischaemic adipo-necrosis as a sequel to vascular lesions. This finding suggests that the nodules may have arisen from the subcutaneous adipose tissue which had been severely damaged by systemic angiopathy. 2. Electron microscopy. Examination of the vessels in muscle and subcutaneous nodules showed tubular cytoplasmic inclusions with a diameter of approximately 250 A in the endoplasmic reticulum of vascular endothelial cells. These observations provide strong support for the concept that the fundamental pathologic process in childhood dermatomyositis is of a vascular nature, and the primary lesion is in the walls of the intramuscular blood vessels."}
{"id": "PMID:891573", "title": "Sclerosis of the intestinal tract with severe malabsorption.", "content": "The clinical findings and pathological changes in a 14 year old boy who died from severe malabsorption are presented. Early signs of the illness were attacks of abdominal pain, diarrhoea, and intermittent periods of constipation. Later, severe malabsorption together with chronic ileus were apparent but no organic obstruction was found at several laparotomies. X-ray examination revealed extremly distended intestinal loops and a very slow transit time of barium. Malnutrition could not be improved by dietary, medical, or surgical therapy. Microscopic examination of the tissues obtained at autopsy showed changes in the small vessels of the lungs, heart, kidneys, and intestine. Increased fibrous tissue combined with atrophy of the muscular coat was observed in the wall of the entire intestine. Although cutaneous changes of scleroderma were not evident the deposition of collagenous material and the vascular changes seem typical of systemic sclerosis.", "contents": "Sclerosis of the intestinal tract with severe malabsorption. The clinical findings and pathological changes in a 14 year old boy who died from severe malabsorption are presented. Early signs of the illness were attacks of abdominal pain, diarrhoea, and intermittent periods of constipation. Later, severe malabsorption together with chronic ileus were apparent but no organic obstruction was found at several laparotomies. X-ray examination revealed extremly distended intestinal loops and a very slow transit time of barium. Malnutrition could not be improved by dietary, medical, or surgical therapy. Microscopic examination of the tissues obtained at autopsy showed changes in the small vessels of the lungs, heart, kidneys, and intestine. Increased fibrous tissue combined with atrophy of the muscular coat was observed in the wall of the entire intestine. Although cutaneous changes of scleroderma were not evident the deposition of collagenous material and the vascular changes seem typical of systemic sclerosis."}
{"id": "PMID:891577", "title": "Effect of E1 type prostaglandin on hypoxemia in a cyanotic congenital cardiac malformation.", "content": "Prostaglandin type E1 has been administered on 4 different occasions in a newborn with a ductus-dependent complex congenital cyanotic heart disease. Dramatic improvement of the arterial oxygen concentration followed each prostaglandin infusion. Increased pulmonary circulation and widening of the ductus arteriosus were seen on angiographic examination. Transient flushing of the skin and mild pyrexia were the only complications noted. It is advised that prostaglandin type E1 be used in ductus-dependent heart diseases as an emergency therapy when indicated.", "contents": "Effect of E1 type prostaglandin on hypoxemia in a cyanotic congenital cardiac malformation. Prostaglandin type E1 has been administered on 4 different occasions in a newborn with a ductus-dependent complex congenital cyanotic heart disease. Dramatic improvement of the arterial oxygen concentration followed each prostaglandin infusion. Increased pulmonary circulation and widening of the ductus arteriosus were seen on angiographic examination. Transient flushing of the skin and mild pyrexia were the only complications noted. It is advised that prostaglandin type E1 be used in ductus-dependent heart diseases as an emergency therapy when indicated."}
{"id": "PMID:891579", "title": "Safe amounts of contrast medium for angiocardiography in neonates and infants.", "content": "The results were analysed of 485 (biplane) cineangiocardiograms performed in 200 consecutive cardiac investigations on neonates (under 4 wk) and infants (4 wk to 1 yr). 10 deaths occurred during or within 24 h of cardiac catheterization, all in patients who were profoundly acidemic because of their hemodynamic disturbance. A total dose of Cardio-Conray at any one investigation of 4-5 ml/kg body weight was satisfactory and without undue risk. Single injections of 1.5-2.0 ml/kg body weight were safe whilst providing optimal diagnostic information. The interval between multiple injections did not appear to affect the risk to the patients.", "contents": "Safe amounts of contrast medium for angiocardiography in neonates and infants. The results were analysed of 485 (biplane) cineangiocardiograms performed in 200 consecutive cardiac investigations on neonates (under 4 wk) and infants (4 wk to 1 yr). 10 deaths occurred during or within 24 h of cardiac catheterization, all in patients who were profoundly acidemic because of their hemodynamic disturbance. A total dose of Cardio-Conray at any one investigation of 4-5 ml/kg body weight was satisfactory and without undue risk. Single injections of 1.5-2.0 ml/kg body weight were safe whilst providing optimal diagnostic information. The interval between multiple injections did not appear to affect the risk to the patients."}
{"id": "PMID:891580", "title": "Persistent repetitive supraventricular tachycardia.", "content": "A case of persistent repetitive supraventricular tachycardia known to be present for at least 9 yr is reported. Although the patient appeared to tolerate the arrhythmia without any ill effects he was found to have moderate left ventricular dysfunction due to alcoholic abuse and/or significant coronary artery disease. The electrophysiological findings appear to be most consistent with an ectopic focus arising in the low right atrium as the mechanism for this arrhythmia. Although resistant to standard drug therapy, this arhythmia did respond to overdrive suppression.", "contents": "Persistent repetitive supraventricular tachycardia. A case of persistent repetitive supraventricular tachycardia known to be present for at least 9 yr is reported. Although the patient appeared to tolerate the arrhythmia without any ill effects he was found to have moderate left ventricular dysfunction due to alcoholic abuse and/or significant coronary artery disease. The electrophysiological findings appear to be most consistent with an ectopic focus arising in the low right atrium as the mechanism for this arrhythmia. Although resistant to standard drug therapy, this arhythmia did respond to overdrive suppression."}
{"id": "PMID:891581", "title": "Development of a highly sensitive radioimmunoassay for digoxin and its application in pediatric practice.", "content": "The sensitivity of two established routine digoxin radioimmunoassay methods has been increased to enable the provision of a rapid and relatively atraumatic inpatient and outpatient service for neonates and small children, using capillary blood samples obtained by heel-prick. The methods employ 125I- or 3H-labelled digoxin, a rabbit antiserum raised against a digoxin: bovine serum albumin conjugate and only 10 or 25 microliter of plasma as the sample. The results obtained using these highly sensitive assays correlate closely with those found using conventional assays, requiring larger sample volumes. An apparent difference in sensitivity to digoxin has been demonstrated between infants and children more than 1 yr old. Thus infants appear to tolerate plateau phase plasma levels (mean value for non toxic infants 2.6 +/- 1.8 ng/ml) that in older children or adults would be associated with digoxin toxicity.", "contents": "Development of a highly sensitive radioimmunoassay for digoxin and its application in pediatric practice. The sensitivity of two established routine digoxin radioimmunoassay methods has been increased to enable the provision of a rapid and relatively atraumatic inpatient and outpatient service for neonates and small children, using capillary blood samples obtained by heel-prick. The methods employ 125I- or 3H-labelled digoxin, a rabbit antiserum raised against a digoxin: bovine serum albumin conjugate and only 10 or 25 microliter of plasma as the sample. The results obtained using these highly sensitive assays correlate closely with those found using conventional assays, requiring larger sample volumes. An apparent difference in sensitivity to digoxin has been demonstrated between infants and children more than 1 yr old. Thus infants appear to tolerate plateau phase plasma levels (mean value for non toxic infants 2.6 +/- 1.8 ng/ml) that in older children or adults would be associated with digoxin toxicity."}
{"id": "PMID:891582", "title": "Ventricular arrhythmias prior to discharge and one year after acute myocardial infarction.", "content": "Ventricular ectopic beats (VEB) were studied in 100 consecutive patients prior to discharge after an acute myocardial infarction and again after 1 yr, on 6-h recordings. VEB were found in 71 patients prior to discharge. Reinfarction and sudden death taken together were significantly more common in the 35 patients who had severe VEB, i.e. multiform, paired, R-on-T or ventricular tachycardia (P less than 0.05). Reinvestigation after 1 yr of 73 survivors who had not reinfarcted revealed a nonsignificant overall increase in patients with VEB from 67 to 78% together with an increase in degree of severity. The intraindividual pattern, however, differed considerably. Several clinical findings including angina pectoris, heart fialure, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, hyperlipidemia, antiarrhythmic therapy, and smoking, failed to differentiate patients with increasing VEB severity from the remainder.", "contents": "Ventricular arrhythmias prior to discharge and one year after acute myocardial infarction. Ventricular ectopic beats (VEB) were studied in 100 consecutive patients prior to discharge after an acute myocardial infarction and again after 1 yr, on 6-h recordings. VEB were found in 71 patients prior to discharge. Reinfarction and sudden death taken together were significantly more common in the 35 patients who had severe VEB, i.e. multiform, paired, R-on-T or ventricular tachycardia (P less than 0.05). Reinvestigation after 1 yr of 73 survivors who had not reinfarcted revealed a nonsignificant overall increase in patients with VEB from 67 to 78% together with an increase in degree of severity. The intraindividual pattern, however, differed considerably. Several clinical findings including angina pectoris, heart fialure, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, hyperlipidemia, antiarrhythmic therapy, and smoking, failed to differentiate patients with increasing VEB severity from the remainder."}
{"id": "PMID:891585", "title": "Effect of certain antiadrenergic agents on systolic time intervals in essential hypertension.", "content": "Systolic time intervals, including preejection period (PEP) and left ventricular ejection time (LVET), were studied in patients with permanent essential hypertension before and after intra-venous administration of propranolol 0.2 mg/kg (11 patients), clonidine 0.002 mg/kg (10 patients) and methyldopa 2 mg/kg (12 patients). With propranolol, diastolic blood pressure was unchanged and the heart rate decreased, whilst PEP and LVET were significantly prolonged (P less than 0.001). Clonidine caused a fall in blood pressure (P less than 0.001), heart rate was slightly reduced, PEP was prolonged (P less than 0.001) and there was a significant decrease in LVET at 5 min. With methyldopa, no significant effect was observed after intravenous injection, but 7 days oral administration produced the identical effect as clonidine. These observations suggest that certain antihypertensive drugs may impair left ventricular performance and depress myocardial contractility.", "contents": "Effect of certain antiadrenergic agents on systolic time intervals in essential hypertension. Systolic time intervals, including preejection period (PEP) and left ventricular ejection time (LVET), were studied in patients with permanent essential hypertension before and after intra-venous administration of propranolol 0.2 mg/kg (11 patients), clonidine 0.002 mg/kg (10 patients) and methyldopa 2 mg/kg (12 patients). With propranolol, diastolic blood pressure was unchanged and the heart rate decreased, whilst PEP and LVET were significantly prolonged (P less than 0.001). Clonidine caused a fall in blood pressure (P less than 0.001), heart rate was slightly reduced, PEP was prolonged (P less than 0.001) and there was a significant decrease in LVET at 5 min. With methyldopa, no significant effect was observed after intravenous injection, but 7 days oral administration produced the identical effect as clonidine. These observations suggest that certain antihypertensive drugs may impair left ventricular performance and depress myocardial contractility."}
{"id": "PMID:891586", "title": "Comparison of intravenous ibuterol (KWD 2058), a new bronchodilator, and terbutaline.", "content": "The selectivity of the recently developed beta-stimulating drug ibuterol, a terbutaline ester which is rapidly hydrolyzed to terbutaline in vivo, was tested by comparing it with terbutaline after intravenous infusion. Dose-response curves for both drugs for FEV, heart rate, blood pressure, and tremor were recorded. The two drugs had equal bronchodilator effect. Ibuterol caused significantly less increase in heart rate, tremor ratio, and pulse amplitude when doses causing equal bronchodilation were infused. This is probably due to inequality of distribution. The lower tremorogenic activity of ibuterol can also be caused by differences in the concentration of tissue esterases in lung and skeletal muscle. It is concluded that ibuterol is more selective for the bronchi than terbutaline.", "contents": "Comparison of intravenous ibuterol (KWD 2058), a new bronchodilator, and terbutaline. The selectivity of the recently developed beta-stimulating drug ibuterol, a terbutaline ester which is rapidly hydrolyzed to terbutaline in vivo, was tested by comparing it with terbutaline after intravenous infusion. Dose-response curves for both drugs for FEV, heart rate, blood pressure, and tremor were recorded. The two drugs had equal bronchodilator effect. Ibuterol caused significantly less increase in heart rate, tremor ratio, and pulse amplitude when doses causing equal bronchodilation were infused. This is probably due to inequality of distribution. The lower tremorogenic activity of ibuterol can also be caused by differences in the concentration of tissue esterases in lung and skeletal muscle. It is concluded that ibuterol is more selective for the bronchi than terbutaline."}
{"id": "PMID:891587", "title": "The effect of hydroxyethylrutosides on capillary filtration rate in the lower limb of man.", "content": "The rate of capillary filtration in the lower limbs after hydroxyethylrutosides administered in various doses and by different routes was studied in patients with chronic venous insufficiency. Capillary filtration rate decreased immediately after intravenous and from 55 to 85 minutes after oral administration, depending on the dose. The slow-release tablets produced a definite falt in capillary filtration 240 minutes after administration.", "contents": "The effect of hydroxyethylrutosides on capillary filtration rate in the lower limb of man. The rate of capillary filtration in the lower limbs after hydroxyethylrutosides administered in various doses and by different routes was studied in patients with chronic venous insufficiency. Capillary filtration rate decreased immediately after intravenous and from 55 to 85 minutes after oral administration, depending on the dose. The slow-release tablets produced a definite falt in capillary filtration 240 minutes after administration."}
{"id": "PMID:891588", "title": "Adverse drug reactions during treatment of urinary tract infections.", "content": "Adverse reactions reported to the Swedish Adverse Drug Reaction Committ\u00e9e concerning Sulfapral (a sulphonamide combination for urinary tract infections) and nitrofurantoin were remarkably similar. The commonest hypersensitivity reactions were in skin and lung. During the 10-year period 1966-75 reactions to the sulphonamide were fewer (n=327) than those reported for nitrofurantoin (n=781), but the former appeared to carry a higher mortality rate - 4.6% of reported sulphonamide reactions were fatal as compared to only 1.0% for nitrofurantoin (P less than 0.001). The number of reactions to the sulphonamide tended to remain constant, whereas those to nitrofurantoin increased rapidly, both absolutely as well as relative to sales of the drug.", "contents": "Adverse drug reactions during treatment of urinary tract infections. Adverse reactions reported to the Swedish Adverse Drug Reaction Committ\u00e9e concerning Sulfapral (a sulphonamide combination for urinary tract infections) and nitrofurantoin were remarkably similar. The commonest hypersensitivity reactions were in skin and lung. During the 10-year period 1966-75 reactions to the sulphonamide were fewer (n=327) than those reported for nitrofurantoin (n=781), but the former appeared to carry a higher mortality rate - 4.6% of reported sulphonamide reactions were fatal as compared to only 1.0% for nitrofurantoin (P less than 0.001). The number of reactions to the sulphonamide tended to remain constant, whereas those to nitrofurantoin increased rapidly, both absolutely as well as relative to sales of the drug."}
{"id": "PMID:891589", "title": "Caffeine, tobacco, alcohol and drug consumption among medical students in Barcelona.", "content": "A survey of medical students was conducted at the Universitat Aut\u00f2noma de Barcelona in 1974. Out of 1029 students, 808 present at lectures (78.5%) returned properly completed questionnaires. These showed that mean caffeine consumption was 8.3 g per month and increased with the length of stay at the university. Tobacco consumption (general mean, 190 cigarettes per month, 216 for males and 150 for females) and alcohol consumption (8.8 litres/year for males and 4.1 litres/year for females) also increased with time spent at university. Alcohol consumption was not as high as in the general population. Amphetamine consumption was very high (22% of students had taken amphetamines on more than one occasion in the six months prior to the survey). Marihuana and hashish were by far the most commonly used drugs (9.6%), the use of these drugs being much less common than at other European universities. The use of \"harder\" drugs was very limited. Appraisal of alcohol, tobacco and amphetamine abuse is necessary, since the authorities have not employed adequate measures to stop or limit them.", "contents": "Caffeine, tobacco, alcohol and drug consumption among medical students in Barcelona. A survey of medical students was conducted at the Universitat Aut\u00f2noma de Barcelona in 1974. Out of 1029 students, 808 present at lectures (78.5%) returned properly completed questionnaires. These showed that mean caffeine consumption was 8.3 g per month and increased with the length of stay at the university. Tobacco consumption (general mean, 190 cigarettes per month, 216 for males and 150 for females) and alcohol consumption (8.8 litres/year for males and 4.1 litres/year for females) also increased with time spent at university. Alcohol consumption was not as high as in the general population. Amphetamine consumption was very high (22% of students had taken amphetamines on more than one occasion in the six months prior to the survey). Marihuana and hashish were by far the most commonly used drugs (9.6%), the use of these drugs being much less common than at other European universities. The use of \"harder\" drugs was very limited. Appraisal of alcohol, tobacco and amphetamine abuse is necessary, since the authorities have not employed adequate measures to stop or limit them."}
{"id": "PMID:891590", "title": "Absorption and metabolism in man of 16-epi-gitoxin, a new semi-synthetic cardioactive glycoside.", "content": "The pharmacokinetics of 3H-16-epi-gitoxin have been investigated after oral administration: The peak serum level occurred after 30-60 min, and its subsequent decline was in two phases with half-lives of 3.5 and 19.5 h, respectively. Within 3 days 66-70% of the administered radioactivity were eliminated by renal excretion. In the first 16 h 15% of excreted activity was in metabolites, but thereafter the glycoside was excreted in unchanged form. The metabolites were characterized by thin-layer chromatography and radio-scanning; it is assumed that they correspond to the bis- and monodigitoxosides as well as to the genin of 16-epi-gitoxin. The unusual pharmacokinetics of the glycoside are discussed in relation to its special kinetics at the molecular level, i.e. the rapid dissociation rate of the glycoside-(Na+ + K+)-ATPase-complex.", "contents": "Absorption and metabolism in man of 16-epi-gitoxin, a new semi-synthetic cardioactive glycoside. The pharmacokinetics of 3H-16-epi-gitoxin have been investigated after oral administration: The peak serum level occurred after 30-60 min, and its subsequent decline was in two phases with half-lives of 3.5 and 19.5 h, respectively. Within 3 days 66-70% of the administered radioactivity were eliminated by renal excretion. In the first 16 h 15% of excreted activity was in metabolites, but thereafter the glycoside was excreted in unchanged form. The metabolites were characterized by thin-layer chromatography and radio-scanning; it is assumed that they correspond to the bis- and monodigitoxosides as well as to the genin of 16-epi-gitoxin. The unusual pharmacokinetics of the glycoside are discussed in relation to its special kinetics at the molecular level, i.e. the rapid dissociation rate of the glycoside-(Na+ + K+)-ATPase-complex."}
{"id": "PMID:891591", "title": "Binding of 16alpha-gitoxin and its 16-acetate to human serum albumin.", "content": "The binding of semi-synthetic (16alpha-gitoxin and its 16-acetate) and naturally occurring cardioactive glycosides (digitoxin, ouabain) to human serum albumin was studied using equilibrium dialysis, ultracentrifugation and gel filtration. 16alpha-gitoxin was 75% bound and its 16-acetate 95%. The percentage binding of digitoxin and ouabain was in good agreement with values reported in literature.", "contents": "Binding of 16alpha-gitoxin and its 16-acetate to human serum albumin. The binding of semi-synthetic (16alpha-gitoxin and its 16-acetate) and naturally occurring cardioactive glycosides (digitoxin, ouabain) to human serum albumin was studied using equilibrium dialysis, ultracentrifugation and gel filtration. 16alpha-gitoxin was 75% bound and its 16-acetate 95%. The percentage binding of digitoxin and ouabain was in good agreement with values reported in literature."}
{"id": "PMID:891592", "title": "Differences in the binding of drugs to plasma proteins from newborn and adult man. I.", "content": "The binding of various drugs to plasma proteins from adult and cord plasma was determined by equilibrium dialysis. For almost all the drugs binding to cord plasma was lower than to plasma from adults. No evidence was found that the difference in binding was due to the different protein concentration in cord and adult plasma or to an influence of substances in ultrafiltrates of the plasmas.", "contents": "Differences in the binding of drugs to plasma proteins from newborn and adult man. I. The binding of various drugs to plasma proteins from adult and cord plasma was determined by equilibrium dialysis. For almost all the drugs binding to cord plasma was lower than to plasma from adults. No evidence was found that the difference in binding was due to the different protein concentration in cord and adult plasma or to an influence of substances in ultrafiltrates of the plasmas."}
{"id": "PMID:891593", "title": "Differences in the binding of drugs to plasma proteins from newborn and adult man. II.", "content": "The binding of certain drugs to isolated fractions of plasma proteins obtained from newborn and adult man has been studied by equilibrium dialysis. For thiopental, desipramine, nitrofurantoin, sulfamethoxydiazine, meticillin and salicylic acid no difference was found between binding to the albumin fraction from newborns and adults. However, for thiopental, desipramine and promethazine binding to the globulin fraction was smaller in the newborns than in adults. Addition of bilirubin to the albumin fraction decreased the binding of nitrofurantoin, sulfamethoxydiazine and meticillin. No difference in the binding of meticillin to the albumin or globulin fractions from newborns and adults was found. The binding decreased, however, if both fractions were combined. Four mechanisms to explain the difference in binding between newborns and adults are discussed: (1) Displacement of drugs by bilirubin, (2) different binding properties of cord and adult albumin, (3) different properties of the globulins and (4) interaction of albumin with globulins in the newborn.", "contents": "Differences in the binding of drugs to plasma proteins from newborn and adult man. II. The binding of certain drugs to isolated fractions of plasma proteins obtained from newborn and adult man has been studied by equilibrium dialysis. For thiopental, desipramine, nitrofurantoin, sulfamethoxydiazine, meticillin and salicylic acid no difference was found between binding to the albumin fraction from newborns and adults. However, for thiopental, desipramine and promethazine binding to the globulin fraction was smaller in the newborns than in adults. Addition of bilirubin to the albumin fraction decreased the binding of nitrofurantoin, sulfamethoxydiazine and meticillin. No difference in the binding of meticillin to the albumin or globulin fractions from newborns and adults was found. The binding decreased, however, if both fractions were combined. Four mechanisms to explain the difference in binding between newborns and adults are discussed: (1) Displacement of drugs by bilirubin, (2) different binding properties of cord and adult albumin, (3) different properties of the globulins and (4) interaction of albumin with globulins in the newborn."}
{"id": "PMID:891594", "title": "Pharmacokinetics of salicylate and indomethacin in coeliac disease.", "content": "The plasma concentrations of salicylate and indomethacin were measured after a single oral dose of aspirin (600 mg) and indomethacin (50 mg) in twelve starved normal subjects and twelve adult patients with coeliac disease. The absorption of salicylate in the coeliac patients was faster than in the normal subjects. The plasma concentration/time curve of indomethacin in both groups was similar during the absorption phase, but there were significant differences between the groups in its elimination. The abnormal absorption pattern of salicylate in coeliac disease does not appear to be related to its pKa. Possible causes of the difference in salicylate absorption include changes in gastric emptying or altered small intestinal permeability.", "contents": "Pharmacokinetics of salicylate and indomethacin in coeliac disease. The plasma concentrations of salicylate and indomethacin were measured after a single oral dose of aspirin (600 mg) and indomethacin (50 mg) in twelve starved normal subjects and twelve adult patients with coeliac disease. The absorption of salicylate in the coeliac patients was faster than in the normal subjects. The plasma concentration/time curve of indomethacin in both groups was similar during the absorption phase, but there were significant differences between the groups in its elimination. The abnormal absorption pattern of salicylate in coeliac disease does not appear to be related to its pKa. Possible causes of the difference in salicylate absorption include changes in gastric emptying or altered small intestinal permeability."}
{"id": "PMID:891595", "title": "Effect of simultaneous treatment with low doses of perphenazine on plasma and urine concentrations of nortriptyline and 10-hydroxynortriptyline.", "content": "Plasma levels of nortriptyline and perphenazine were measured in six patients on continuous nortriptyline treatment before, during and after oral administration of perphenazine 4 mg t.i.d. In four patients the plasma levels of the conjugated and unconjugated principal metabolite 10-hydroxynortriptyline were also measured. Urinary excretion of conjugated and unconjugated 10-hydroxynortriptyline and plasma levels of perphenazine were determined in all six patients. During treatment with perphenazine two patients showed a slight increase in the plasma level of nortriptyline. The changes in metabolite excretion rate were inconclusive. Thus, there did not appear to be any important pharmacokinetic interaction between the two drugs at the doses used, which were normal therapeutic doses. The previously reported inhibitory effect of perphenazine on the metabolism of nortriptyline probably depended therefore, either on administration of a higher dose of perphenazine, or on treatment in the reverse sequence--a single dose of nortriptyline was given to patients already receiving perphenazine.", "contents": "Effect of simultaneous treatment with low doses of perphenazine on plasma and urine concentrations of nortriptyline and 10-hydroxynortriptyline. Plasma levels of nortriptyline and perphenazine were measured in six patients on continuous nortriptyline treatment before, during and after oral administration of perphenazine 4 mg t.i.d. In four patients the plasma levels of the conjugated and unconjugated principal metabolite 10-hydroxynortriptyline were also measured. Urinary excretion of conjugated and unconjugated 10-hydroxynortriptyline and plasma levels of perphenazine were determined in all six patients. During treatment with perphenazine two patients showed a slight increase in the plasma level of nortriptyline. The changes in metabolite excretion rate were inconclusive. Thus, there did not appear to be any important pharmacokinetic interaction between the two drugs at the doses used, which were normal therapeutic doses. The previously reported inhibitory effect of perphenazine on the metabolism of nortriptyline probably depended therefore, either on administration of a higher dose of perphenazine, or on treatment in the reverse sequence--a single dose of nortriptyline was given to patients already receiving perphenazine."}
{"id": "PMID:891598", "title": "Lymphocytes which differentiate in an allogeneic thymus. II. Evidence for both central and peripheral mechanisms in tolerance to donor strain tissues.", "content": "Nude mice which have been grafted with an allogeneic H-2-incompatible thymus are frequently specifically tolerant to skin grafts from the thymus donor strain. The evidence presented here indicates that both clonal deletion and peripheral suppressor cells play a part in maintaining this tolerance.", "contents": "Lymphocytes which differentiate in an allogeneic thymus. II. Evidence for both central and peripheral mechanisms in tolerance to donor strain tissues. Nude mice which have been grafted with an allogeneic H-2-incompatible thymus are frequently specifically tolerant to skin grafts from the thymus donor strain. The evidence presented here indicates that both clonal deletion and peripheral suppressor cells play a part in maintaining this tolerance."}
{"id": "PMID:891599", "title": "Embryonic bursa development in vitro.", "content": "An in vitro culture system for embryonic chicken bursa is described, in which development, as measured by follicle formation (site of B lymphocyte development), position of large basophilic cells (stem cells), and presence of lymphocytes and cells containing cytoplasmic immunoglobulin (B cells), was comparable to that of the bursa in vivo. Using this system, preliminary studies on B lymphocyte differentiation were made. These support the view that bursal lymphocytes develop from precursors that migrate through the surrounding mesenchyme and into the follicles, but indicate that at least some of these cells may be \"pre-B cells\" rather than pluripotent stem cells.", "contents": "Embryonic bursa development in vitro. An in vitro culture system for embryonic chicken bursa is described, in which development, as measured by follicle formation (site of B lymphocyte development), position of large basophilic cells (stem cells), and presence of lymphocytes and cells containing cytoplasmic immunoglobulin (B cells), was comparable to that of the bursa in vivo. Using this system, preliminary studies on B lymphocyte differentiation were made. These support the view that bursal lymphocytes develop from precursors that migrate through the surrounding mesenchyme and into the follicles, but indicate that at least some of these cells may be \"pre-B cells\" rather than pluripotent stem cells."}
{"id": "PMID:891600", "title": "Effects of hemicholinium-3 or physostigmine on rat brain noradrenaline depletion induced by foot shocks.", "content": "Foot shocks applied to the rat on a grid floor caused brain noradrenaline depletion. Hemicholinium-3 injected intracerebroventricularly (i.c.v.) blocked the noradrenaline depletion and this blockade was reversed by choline (i.c.v.). Physostigmine (i.c.v.) had different effects according to the age of the rats: \"young\" and \"intermediate\" groups were depleted but not \"adult\" groups. Physostigmine plus shocks caused depletion only in \"young\" groups; the depletion not shown in \"intermediat\" groups, reappeared after pretreatment with alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine. It is concluded that there probably is a relationship between cholinergic and adrenergic neural systems when brain noradrenaline id depleted by shocks.", "contents": "Effects of hemicholinium-3 or physostigmine on rat brain noradrenaline depletion induced by foot shocks. Foot shocks applied to the rat on a grid floor caused brain noradrenaline depletion. Hemicholinium-3 injected intracerebroventricularly (i.c.v.) blocked the noradrenaline depletion and this blockade was reversed by choline (i.c.v.). Physostigmine (i.c.v.) had different effects according to the age of the rats: \"young\" and \"intermediate\" groups were depleted but not \"adult\" groups. Physostigmine plus shocks caused depletion only in \"young\" groups; the depletion not shown in \"intermediat\" groups, reappeared after pretreatment with alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine. It is concluded that there probably is a relationship between cholinergic and adrenergic neural systems when brain noradrenaline id depleted by shocks."}
{"id": "PMID:891601", "title": "Morphine-induced supersensitivity to acetylcholine in skeletal muscle and its mechanism of action.", "content": "The effect of in vitro morphine pretreatment (250 micron) on the sensitivity of skeletal muscle to acetylcholine (ACh) was investigated using the isolated rectus abdominis muscle of frog. Morphine (15 to 120 min) significantly increased the sensitivity of the tissue to ACh. This increase in the sensitivity was found to be greatest after 120 min. Morphine significantly increased the sensitivity of the tissue to carbachol only after 120 min. In the presence of physostigmine, morphine did not cause further augmentation of responses to ACh. Potassium chloride-induced contractile responses were not influenced by morphine. In the presence of morphine, maximum contractile responses to ACh were significantly decreased. Highly calcium (1.62 mM) in the medium decreased the magnitude of the morphine-induced supersentivity to ACh at 120 min and antagonised the decrease in maximum contractile responses to ACh. These results suggest that morphine is causing supersensitivity by both its anticholinesterase activity and its inhibitory action on presynaptic nerve terminals.", "contents": "Morphine-induced supersensitivity to acetylcholine in skeletal muscle and its mechanism of action. The effect of in vitro morphine pretreatment (250 micron) on the sensitivity of skeletal muscle to acetylcholine (ACh) was investigated using the isolated rectus abdominis muscle of frog. Morphine (15 to 120 min) significantly increased the sensitivity of the tissue to ACh. This increase in the sensitivity was found to be greatest after 120 min. Morphine significantly increased the sensitivity of the tissue to carbachol only after 120 min. In the presence of physostigmine, morphine did not cause further augmentation of responses to ACh. Potassium chloride-induced contractile responses were not influenced by morphine. In the presence of morphine, maximum contractile responses to ACh were significantly decreased. Highly calcium (1.62 mM) in the medium decreased the magnitude of the morphine-induced supersentivity to ACh at 120 min and antagonised the decrease in maximum contractile responses to ACh. These results suggest that morphine is causing supersensitivity by both its anticholinesterase activity and its inhibitory action on presynaptic nerve terminals."}
{"id": "PMID:891602", "title": "Neuronal uptake inhibitors, nisoxetine and fluoxetine on rat vascular contractions.", "content": "The importance of neuronal uptake processes in rat arteries and veins was compared using nisoxetine and fluoxetine, selective inhibitors for neuronal uptake of norepinephrine and serotonin, respectively. Nisoxetine (10(-7) - 10(-5) M) increased the sensitivity to exogenous norepinephrine in the portal and mesenteric veins (10-fold) and in the mesenteric artery (2.5-fold). Responses to field stimulation were also increased afternisoxetine in all three vessels. After nisoxetine, aortic responses to norepinephrine were unaltered and in all tissues, serotonin-induced contractions were reduced. Fluoxetine did not potentiate responses to norepinephrine or to field stimulation  except in the mesenteric vein where sensitivity to norepinephrine was increased and the relaxation rate after field stimulation was prolonged. Although serotonin has been detected in blood vessels, fluoxetine did not increase vascular responses to serotonin. These studies suggest that rat mesenteric veins have a highly sensitive neuronal uptake mechanism of norepinephrine. Furthermore, these data provide indirect evidence against a functionally important serotonergic uptake process in rat blood vessels and suggest that neuronal uptake of serotonin does not exert a major role in terminating the vascular action of this biogenic amine.", "contents": "Neuronal uptake inhibitors, nisoxetine and fluoxetine on rat vascular contractions. The importance of neuronal uptake processes in rat arteries and veins was compared using nisoxetine and fluoxetine, selective inhibitors for neuronal uptake of norepinephrine and serotonin, respectively. Nisoxetine (10(-7) - 10(-5) M) increased the sensitivity to exogenous norepinephrine in the portal and mesenteric veins (10-fold) and in the mesenteric artery (2.5-fold). Responses to field stimulation were also increased afternisoxetine in all three vessels. After nisoxetine, aortic responses to norepinephrine were unaltered and in all tissues, serotonin-induced contractions were reduced. Fluoxetine did not potentiate responses to norepinephrine or to field stimulation  except in the mesenteric vein where sensitivity to norepinephrine was increased and the relaxation rate after field stimulation was prolonged. Although serotonin has been detected in blood vessels, fluoxetine did not increase vascular responses to serotonin. These studies suggest that rat mesenteric veins have a highly sensitive neuronal uptake mechanism of norepinephrine. Furthermore, these data provide indirect evidence against a functionally important serotonergic uptake process in rat blood vessels and suggest that neuronal uptake of serotonin does not exert a major role in terminating the vascular action of this biogenic amine."}
{"id": "PMID:891604", "title": "Stimulation of prostaglandin output from rat stomach by hypertonic solutions.", "content": "A whole-cell preparation of rat stomach put out appreciable amounts of immunoassayable PGE. Buffers made hypertonic with either sodium chloride or mannitol effected several-fold increases in PGE output, while a comparable osmotic concentration of urea seemed to produce much less stimulation. Enhancement of PGE output by saline--hypertonic buffers was concentration-dependent. It is suggested that the osmolarity of the gastric contents may play a role in regulating gastric PG biosynthesis.", "contents": "Stimulation of prostaglandin output from rat stomach by hypertonic solutions. A whole-cell preparation of rat stomach put out appreciable amounts of immunoassayable PGE. Buffers made hypertonic with either sodium chloride or mannitol effected several-fold increases in PGE output, while a comparable osmotic concentration of urea seemed to produce much less stimulation. Enhancement of PGE output by saline--hypertonic buffers was concentration-dependent. It is suggested that the osmolarity of the gastric contents may play a role in regulating gastric PG biosynthesis."}
{"id": "PMID:891605", "title": "Effects of tetrodotoxin, elevated calcium and calcium antagonists on electrically induced 3H-noradrenaline release from brain slices.", "content": "Electrically induced release of 3H-noradrenaline from superfused rat brain cortex slices was completely inhibited by tetrodotoxin (1 microgram/ml) if 0.5 or 1 V stimuli were used, while inhibition was 97% with 2 V, and nil with 12 V stimuli. 20 mM calcium depressed noradrenaline release at all applied potentials, and shifted the release versus voltage curve to higher potentials. Manganese (5 mM) and D-600 (10-100 microgram/ml) also considerably inhibited release. This suggests that stimuli of up to 2 V induce transmitter release by exciting intracortical noradrenergic axons in their non-terminal regions.", "contents": "Effects of tetrodotoxin, elevated calcium and calcium antagonists on electrically induced 3H-noradrenaline release from brain slices. Electrically induced release of 3H-noradrenaline from superfused rat brain cortex slices was completely inhibited by tetrodotoxin (1 microgram/ml) if 0.5 or 1 V stimuli were used, while inhibition was 97% with 2 V, and nil with 12 V stimuli. 20 mM calcium depressed noradrenaline release at all applied potentials, and shifted the release versus voltage curve to higher potentials. Manganese (5 mM) and D-600 (10-100 microgram/ml) also considerably inhibited release. This suggests that stimuli of up to 2 V induce transmitter release by exciting intracortical noradrenergic axons in their non-terminal regions."}
{"id": "PMID:891606", "title": "Antagonism of smooth muscle responses to oxytocin and vasopressin by salsolinol.", "content": "The responses of isolated smooth muscle tissues to the polypeptides oxytocin, vasopressin and bradykinin were evaluated in the presence of the tetrahydroisoquinoline salsolinol. Significant antagonism occurred to oxytocin and vasopressin while the effects of bradykinin were unaltered. These results suggest that the in vivo formation of salsolinol after ethanol consumption could have significant physiological consequences.", "contents": "Antagonism of smooth muscle responses to oxytocin and vasopressin by salsolinol. The responses of isolated smooth muscle tissues to the polypeptides oxytocin, vasopressin and bradykinin were evaluated in the presence of the tetrahydroisoquinoline salsolinol. Significant antagonism occurred to oxytocin and vasopressin while the effects of bradykinin were unaltered. These results suggest that the in vivo formation of salsolinol after ethanol consumption could have significant physiological consequences."}
{"id": "PMID:891608", "title": "The dynamics of dopamine metabolism in various regions of rat brain.", "content": "Dopamine metabolism was studied in various regions of rat brain by following the decline of 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) and 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylacetic acid (HVA) from brain after treatment with pargyline, or from the accumulation of the acids after treatment with probenecid. The decline of DOPAC and HVA after pargyline treatment appeared exponential in all regions of brain studied with half-lives of about 13 min for HVA and 6.5 min for DOPAC. DOPAC was the major metabolite of dopamine, with various brain regions producing between 2-5 times more DOPAC than HVA. HVA accumulated after treatment with probenecid but the accumulation in 1 h did ot account for all of the HVA apparently eliminated from brain. DOPAC accumulated in some regions of brain (medulla, hypothalamus and midbrain) and not in others (cerebellum, cortex, striatum and hippocampus) after probenecid treatment. We conclude that dopamine metabolism is not uniform in brain and that the accumulation of DOPAC and HVA in brain after probenecid treatment only accounts for a minor fraction of the dopamine formed in brain.", "contents": "The dynamics of dopamine metabolism in various regions of rat brain. Dopamine metabolism was studied in various regions of rat brain by following the decline of 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) and 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylacetic acid (HVA) from brain after treatment with pargyline, or from the accumulation of the acids after treatment with probenecid. The decline of DOPAC and HVA after pargyline treatment appeared exponential in all regions of brain studied with half-lives of about 13 min for HVA and 6.5 min for DOPAC. DOPAC was the major metabolite of dopamine, with various brain regions producing between 2-5 times more DOPAC than HVA. HVA accumulated after treatment with probenecid but the accumulation in 1 h did ot account for all of the HVA apparently eliminated from brain. DOPAC accumulated in some regions of brain (medulla, hypothalamus and midbrain) and not in others (cerebellum, cortex, striatum and hippocampus) after probenecid treatment. We conclude that dopamine metabolism is not uniform in brain and that the accumulation of DOPAC and HVA in brain after probenecid treatment only accounts for a minor fraction of the dopamine formed in brain."}
{"id": "PMID:891609", "title": "Anesthesia-induced alteration of small vessel response to norepinephrine.", "content": "Closed-circuit television microscopy was used to quantitate the in vivo response of small arteries (approximately 100 micron) and small veins (approximately 150 micron) to topically applied norepinephrine in the rat cremaster muscle. Rats were anesthetized with pentobarbital (50 mg/kg), or urethane (1200 mg/kg) or a combination of urethane (800 mg/kg) and chloralose (60 mg/kg). Complete concentration-response curves were obtained for an artery and vein pair in each rat and pD2 values (-log ED50) were used to evaluate the vascular sensitivity to norepinephrine. Both the artery and the vein in urethane-anesthetized animals had decreased sensitivity to norepinephrine in comparison to the vessels of animals anesthetized with pentobarbital or urethane-chloralose. Pretreatment with cocaine (10(-5) M) significantly increased the sensitivity of both the artery and vein in pentobarbital-anesthetized animals but did not affect the vessels in urethane-chloralose-anesthetized animals. These results are consistent with two opposing effects of the urethane-chloralose combination. The first is an increased sensitivity to norepinephrine via blockade of neuronal uptake and the second is a decreased sensitivity of norepinephrine via a vascular inhibitory effect of urethane.", "contents": "Anesthesia-induced alteration of small vessel response to norepinephrine. Closed-circuit television microscopy was used to quantitate the in vivo response of small arteries (approximately 100 micron) and small veins (approximately 150 micron) to topically applied norepinephrine in the rat cremaster muscle. Rats were anesthetized with pentobarbital (50 mg/kg), or urethane (1200 mg/kg) or a combination of urethane (800 mg/kg) and chloralose (60 mg/kg). Complete concentration-response curves were obtained for an artery and vein pair in each rat and pD2 values (-log ED50) were used to evaluate the vascular sensitivity to norepinephrine. Both the artery and the vein in urethane-anesthetized animals had decreased sensitivity to norepinephrine in comparison to the vessels of animals anesthetized with pentobarbital or urethane-chloralose. Pretreatment with cocaine (10(-5) M) significantly increased the sensitivity of both the artery and vein in pentobarbital-anesthetized animals but did not affect the vessels in urethane-chloralose-anesthetized animals. These results are consistent with two opposing effects of the urethane-chloralose combination. The first is an increased sensitivity to norepinephrine via blockade of neuronal uptake and the second is a decreased sensitivity of norepinephrine via a vascular inhibitory effect of urethane."}
{"id": "PMID:891611", "title": "Histamine, histamine antagonists and regional blood flow.", "content": "The effects of mepyramine, a selective histamine H1-receptor antagonist, and metiamide, a selective histamine H2-receptor antagonist, have been determined on the cardiovascular response to intravenous infusions of a large dose of histamine, 1 X 10(-7) mol/kg/min. Pretreatment with either mepyramine, 2.5 X 10(-6) mol/kg, or metiamide, 2 X 10(-6) mol/kg/min, had no significant effect on the fall in blood pressure or fall in total peripheral resistance during histamine infusion. Pretreatment with mepyramine, 2.5 X 10(-6) mol/kg, and metiamide, 2 X 10(-6) mol/kg/min, abolished the fall in blood pressure and total peripheral resistance during infusion of histamine. Histamine-induced vasodilatation in the stomach was unaltered by pretreatment with mepyramine but abolished by pretreatment with metiamide. Histamine-induced coronary vasodilation was reduced slightly by pretreatment with mepyramine and substantially by pretreatment with metiamide. Coronary vasodilatation was abolished by treatment with mepyramine and metiamide.", "contents": "Histamine, histamine antagonists and regional blood flow. The effects of mepyramine, a selective histamine H1-receptor antagonist, and metiamide, a selective histamine H2-receptor antagonist, have been determined on the cardiovascular response to intravenous infusions of a large dose of histamine, 1 X 10(-7) mol/kg/min. Pretreatment with either mepyramine, 2.5 X 10(-6) mol/kg, or metiamide, 2 X 10(-6) mol/kg/min, had no significant effect on the fall in blood pressure or fall in total peripheral resistance during histamine infusion. Pretreatment with mepyramine, 2.5 X 10(-6) mol/kg, and metiamide, 2 X 10(-6) mol/kg/min, abolished the fall in blood pressure and total peripheral resistance during infusion of histamine. Histamine-induced vasodilatation in the stomach was unaltered by pretreatment with mepyramine but abolished by pretreatment with metiamide. Histamine-induced coronary vasodilation was reduced slightly by pretreatment with mepyramine and substantially by pretreatment with metiamide. Coronary vasodilatation was abolished by treatment with mepyramine and metiamide."}
{"id": "PMID:891613", "title": "Effects of amphetamine on brain biogenic amines in isolated and aggregated rats.", "content": "d- and 1-amphetamine were injected (15 mg/kg i.p.) into isolated or aggregated rats. Both d- and 1-forms decreased the noradrenaline levels of brain areas in isolated and in aggregated rats. d-Amphetamine decreased 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) and 5-hydroxyindolacetic acid (5-hiaa) levels in aggregated rats only. 1-Amphetamine induced no change in 5-HT and 5-HIAA levels. The greater sensitivity of aggregated rats to d-amphetamine can be ascribed to a change in 5-HT metabolism rather than to a modification of noradrenaline levels.", "contents": "Effects of amphetamine on brain biogenic amines in isolated and aggregated rats. d- and 1-amphetamine were injected (15 mg/kg i.p.) into isolated or aggregated rats. Both d- and 1-forms decreased the noradrenaline levels of brain areas in isolated and in aggregated rats. d-Amphetamine decreased 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) and 5-hydroxyindolacetic acid (5-hiaa) levels in aggregated rats only. 1-Amphetamine induced no change in 5-HT and 5-HIAA levels. The greater sensitivity of aggregated rats to d-amphetamine can be ascribed to a change in 5-HT metabolism rather than to a modification of noradrenaline levels."}
{"id": "PMID:891614", "title": "Effects of 780 SE on lipid metabolism in rabbit aorta.", "content": "Pretreatment of rabbits with Benfouorex (780 SE) 50 mg/kg p.o. for 10 days strongly inhibited the incorporation of a 20 muCi tracer dose of 4-14C-cholesterol (given i.v. 24 h earlier) into various segments of the aorta. Incorporation of specific activity into the liver, intestine, lung or plasma was not affected. 1 h after i.v. injection of a 100 muCi tracer dose of 2-14C-acetate, a significant reduction in the radioactivity of total lipids of the aorta and liver  was seen in rabbits pretreated with 780 SE. The inhibition of acetate incorporation into arterial lipids was observed in all lipid fractions (i.e. free fatty acids, free and esterfied cholesterol, phospholipids and especially triglycerides). Incorporation of acetate into triglyceride fractions of liver and intestine and into hepatic cholesterol was also significantly decreased. The results indicate that 780 SE may have anti-atherogenic properties which could be valuable in the clinical treatment of atherosclerosis.", "contents": "Effects of 780 SE on lipid metabolism in rabbit aorta. Pretreatment of rabbits with Benfouorex (780 SE) 50 mg/kg p.o. for 10 days strongly inhibited the incorporation of a 20 muCi tracer dose of 4-14C-cholesterol (given i.v. 24 h earlier) into various segments of the aorta. Incorporation of specific activity into the liver, intestine, lung or plasma was not affected. 1 h after i.v. injection of a 100 muCi tracer dose of 2-14C-acetate, a significant reduction in the radioactivity of total lipids of the aorta and liver  was seen in rabbits pretreated with 780 SE. The inhibition of acetate incorporation into arterial lipids was observed in all lipid fractions (i.e. free fatty acids, free and esterfied cholesterol, phospholipids and especially triglycerides). Incorporation of acetate into triglyceride fractions of liver and intestine and into hepatic cholesterol was also significantly decreased. The results indicate that 780 SE may have anti-atherogenic properties which could be valuable in the clinical treatment of atherosclerosis."}
{"id": "PMID:891615", "title": "Changes in rat hind limb vascular resistance following intracerebroventricular drug administration.", "content": "The right hind limbs of rats (which had previously implanted intraventricular guide cannulae) were isolated from the systemic circulation, but with the nerves to the limb remaining intact, and perfused using a constant output blood pump. Using this preparation, changes in vascular resistance, blood pressure and heart rate were monitored following injection of noradrenaline, phentolamine and propranolol into the lateral cerebral ventricles (i.c.v.) of rats anaesthetised with alpha-chloralose. All three drugs lowered blood pressure. Noradrenaline administered i.c.v. induced a nervously mediated vasocilatation and an insignificant fall in heart rate whereas i.c.v. phentolamine administration was followed by a nervously mediated vasoconstriction in the isolated hind limb and a gradual rise in heart rate. After i.c.v. administration of propranolol there was no evidence of an immediate nervously mediated vasodilatation but heart rate fell significantly. Following i.c.v. phentolamine or propranolol vasodilatation did not occur in the hind limb until after the time taken for circulating blood ro reach the isolated vascular bed. The vasodilatatory and hypotensive responses to i.c.v. noradrenaline were not evident following prior i.c.v. injection of phentolamine. These results indicate the suitability of this preparation for investigations of central actions of other drugs.", "contents": "Changes in rat hind limb vascular resistance following intracerebroventricular drug administration. The right hind limbs of rats (which had previously implanted intraventricular guide cannulae) were isolated from the systemic circulation, but with the nerves to the limb remaining intact, and perfused using a constant output blood pump. Using this preparation, changes in vascular resistance, blood pressure and heart rate were monitored following injection of noradrenaline, phentolamine and propranolol into the lateral cerebral ventricles (i.c.v.) of rats anaesthetised with alpha-chloralose. All three drugs lowered blood pressure. Noradrenaline administered i.c.v. induced a nervously mediated vasocilatation and an insignificant fall in heart rate whereas i.c.v. phentolamine administration was followed by a nervously mediated vasoconstriction in the isolated hind limb and a gradual rise in heart rate. After i.c.v. administration of propranolol there was no evidence of an immediate nervously mediated vasodilatation but heart rate fell significantly. Following i.c.v. phentolamine or propranolol vasodilatation did not occur in the hind limb until after the time taken for circulating blood ro reach the isolated vascular bed. The vasodilatatory and hypotensive responses to i.c.v. noradrenaline were not evident following prior i.c.v. injection of phentolamine. These results indicate the suitability of this preparation for investigations of central actions of other drugs."}
{"id": "PMID:891616", "title": "Extracellular recording from the guinea-pig myenteric plexus and the action of morphine.", "content": "Extracellular recordings were made with glass suction electrodes from neurons in isolated ganglia of the myenteric plexus of the guinea-pig ileum. The activity recorded was considered to arise in neuronal somata as a consequence of the mechanical contact with the recording electrode. The spike activity was depressed by normorphine (10 nM-1 micrometer) and this action was prevented by low concentrations of naloxone. Morphine remained effective in solutions which contained 1 or 12 mM K+. The findings support other evidence that morphine acts by hyperpolarizing the soma membrane of myenteric neurons, but do not elucidate the ionic mechanism of the effect.", "contents": "Extracellular recording from the guinea-pig myenteric plexus and the action of morphine. Extracellular recordings were made with glass suction electrodes from neurons in isolated ganglia of the myenteric plexus of the guinea-pig ileum. The activity recorded was considered to arise in neuronal somata as a consequence of the mechanical contact with the recording electrode. The spike activity was depressed by normorphine (10 nM-1 micrometer) and this action was prevented by low concentrations of naloxone. Morphine remained effective in solutions which contained 1 or 12 mM K+. The findings support other evidence that morphine acts by hyperpolarizing the soma membrane of myenteric neurons, but do not elucidate the ionic mechanism of the effect."}
{"id": "PMID:891617", "title": "Regional vascular resistance and heart rate responses mediated through H1- and H2-histamine receptors in the unanaesthetised rabbit.", "content": "The effects of histamine infusions (10-100 microgram/kg/min) on heart rate and hindlimb, carotid, mesenteric and renal vascular resistance were investigated in unanaesthetised rabbits after \"total\" autonomic effector block to abolish reflex effects. Histamine caused a rise in heart rate that was predominately due to stimulation of H2-receptors (blocked by metiamide). Hindlimb and carotid vascular resistance did not change significantly during histamine infusion. However, after blocking H2-receptors with metiamide histamine infusions produced dose-related vasoconstriction in these beds while after H1-receptor block with mepyramine histamine caused dose-related vasodilatation indicating that H1- and H2-RECEPTORS MEDIATED OPPOSITE VASCULAR EFFECTS WHICH WERE OF SIMILAR MAGNITUDE. By contrast, histamine infusion caused vasodilatation in both the mesenteric and renal vasculature before giving antagonists. This dilatation was mediated by both H1- and H2-RECEPTORS AS EITHER RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST ATTENUATED THE RESPONSE. These studies suggest that H1-receptors in the same species mediate vasoconstriction in som- beds and vasodilatation in others while H2-receptors mediate vasodilatation in all the beds studied and also account for most of the increase in heart rate.", "contents": "Regional vascular resistance and heart rate responses mediated through H1- and H2-histamine receptors in the unanaesthetised rabbit. The effects of histamine infusions (10-100 microgram/kg/min) on heart rate and hindlimb, carotid, mesenteric and renal vascular resistance were investigated in unanaesthetised rabbits after \"total\" autonomic effector block to abolish reflex effects. Histamine caused a rise in heart rate that was predominately due to stimulation of H2-receptors (blocked by metiamide). Hindlimb and carotid vascular resistance did not change significantly during histamine infusion. However, after blocking H2-receptors with metiamide histamine infusions produced dose-related vasoconstriction in these beds while after H1-receptor block with mepyramine histamine caused dose-related vasodilatation indicating that H1- and H2-RECEPTORS MEDIATED OPPOSITE VASCULAR EFFECTS WHICH WERE OF SIMILAR MAGNITUDE. By contrast, histamine infusion caused vasodilatation in both the mesenteric and renal vasculature before giving antagonists. This dilatation was mediated by both H1- and H2-RECEPTORS AS EITHER RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST ATTENUATED THE RESPONSE. These studies suggest that H1-receptors in the same species mediate vasoconstriction in som- beds and vasodilatation in others while H2-receptors mediate vasodilatation in all the beds studied and also account for most of the increase in heart rate."}
{"id": "PMID:891618", "title": "The influence of adrenergic agonists and their antagonists on isolated salivary glands of ixodid ticks.", "content": "Various drugs elicit fluid secretion by isolated salivary glands of two species of ixodid ticks (Dermacentor andersoni Stiles and Amblyomma hebraeum Koch). Among catecholamines, the following order of potency was observed: dopamine, epinine, noradrenaline = adrenaline and isoprenaline. The following drugs, in order of potency, were also agonists on this preparation: ergonovine, ergotamine, 6-hydroxydopamine, apomorphine, phenylephrine, norphenylephrine, beta-phenylethylamine, tyramine, D, L-dopa and octopamine. Nialamide increased the response to near-threshold concentrations of dopamine but had no intrinsic activity. Dopamine-induced secretion was depressed by phenoxybenzamine, alpha-flupenthixol, phentolamine, propranolol and dichloroisoprenaline, but only at conce,trations 10- to 1000-fold that of the agonist. Pimozide and spiperone (10(-6) M) augmented the maximum response of dopamine. The tick salivary gland, thus appears to contain one or several receptors differing pharmacologically from mammalian alpha-adrenergic, beta-adrenergic and dopamine receptors.", "contents": "The influence of adrenergic agonists and their antagonists on isolated salivary glands of ixodid ticks. Various drugs elicit fluid secretion by isolated salivary glands of two species of ixodid ticks (Dermacentor andersoni Stiles and Amblyomma hebraeum Koch). Among catecholamines, the following order of potency was observed: dopamine, epinine, noradrenaline = adrenaline and isoprenaline. The following drugs, in order of potency, were also agonists on this preparation: ergonovine, ergotamine, 6-hydroxydopamine, apomorphine, phenylephrine, norphenylephrine, beta-phenylethylamine, tyramine, D, L-dopa and octopamine. Nialamide increased the response to near-threshold concentrations of dopamine but had no intrinsic activity. Dopamine-induced secretion was depressed by phenoxybenzamine, alpha-flupenthixol, phentolamine, propranolol and dichloroisoprenaline, but only at conce,trations 10- to 1000-fold that of the agonist. Pimozide and spiperone (10(-6) M) augmented the maximum response of dopamine. The tick salivary gland, thus appears to contain one or several receptors differing pharmacologically from mammalian alpha-adrenergic, beta-adrenergic and dopamine receptors."}
{"id": "PMID:891619", "title": "Noradrenaline reversal in canine subcutaneous adipose tissue.", "content": "Although adrenaline reversal is a well known phenomenon, fewer investigations have demonstrated reversal of the vascular response to noradrenaline (NA). The present studies compared subcutaneous adipose tissue vascular responses to intra-arterial NA with those of sympathetic nerve stimulation. Both NA and electrical stimulation produced vasoconstriction in adipose tissue which was reversed to beta-adrenergically mediated vasodilation following local alpha-adrenergic block.", "contents": "Noradrenaline reversal in canine subcutaneous adipose tissue. Although adrenaline reversal is a well known phenomenon, fewer investigations have demonstrated reversal of the vascular response to noradrenaline (NA). The present studies compared subcutaneous adipose tissue vascular responses to intra-arterial NA with those of sympathetic nerve stimulation. Both NA and electrical stimulation produced vasoconstriction in adipose tissue which was reversed to beta-adrenergically mediated vasodilation following local alpha-adrenergic block."}
{"id": "PMID:891620", "title": "The effect of sodium nitroprusside on the uptake and efflux of 45Ca from rabbit and rat vessels.", "content": "In this study we investigated if sodium nitroprusside (NaNP), a vasodilator with direct action on smooth muscle, would have any effect on calcium kinetics in blood vessels. The effect of NaNP, in 0.1-10 micrometer concentration, was studied in vitro on the uptake of 45Ca with the lanthanum method and on the efflux of 45Ca. The drug failed to alter the uptake of 'La-resistant' 45Ca in rabbit mesenteric artery and vein. This was true even if Ca2+ uptake was increased in the vessels by 60 mM KCl. The efflux of 45Ca on the other hand was enhanced from rabbit mesenteric vein and from rat aorta exposed to NaNP, in a dose-related way. The present study, like our previous one on other vasodilators, indicates that NaNP has en effect on vascular calcium kinetics but this is the first time that a relationship could be established between the dose of the drug and the effect on 45Ca efflux.", "contents": "The effect of sodium nitroprusside on the uptake and efflux of 45Ca from rabbit and rat vessels. In this study we investigated if sodium nitroprusside (NaNP), a vasodilator with direct action on smooth muscle, would have any effect on calcium kinetics in blood vessels. The effect of NaNP, in 0.1-10 micrometer concentration, was studied in vitro on the uptake of 45Ca with the lanthanum method and on the efflux of 45Ca. The drug failed to alter the uptake of 'La-resistant' 45Ca in rabbit mesenteric artery and vein. This was true even if Ca2+ uptake was increased in the vessels by 60 mM KCl. The efflux of 45Ca on the other hand was enhanced from rabbit mesenteric vein and from rat aorta exposed to NaNP, in a dose-related way. The present study, like our previous one on other vasodilators, indicates that NaNP has en effect on vascular calcium kinetics but this is the first time that a relationship could be established between the dose of the drug and the effect on 45Ca efflux."}
{"id": "PMID:891621", "title": "Vascular actions of histamine H1- and H2-receptor agonists in dogs and cats.", "content": "Systemic and pulmonary vascular responses to infusions of histamine, 2-methylhistamine (2-MeH), and 4-methylhistamine (4-MeH) were determined. In dogs, H1-receptor stimulation with 2-MeH induced pulmonary vasoconstriction, and a decrease in cardiac output. H2-receptor stimulation with 4-MeH induced pulmonary and systemic vasodilation, tachycardia, and an increase in cardiac output. In cats, 2-MeH caused slight pulmonary vasoconstriction and 4-MeH caused vasodilation. Both H1- and H2-receptors mediated the systemic vasodilation, tachycardia, and increase in cardiac output observed in cats.", "contents": "Vascular actions of histamine H1- and H2-receptor agonists in dogs and cats. Systemic and pulmonary vascular responses to infusions of histamine, 2-methylhistamine (2-MeH), and 4-methylhistamine (4-MeH) were determined. In dogs, H1-receptor stimulation with 2-MeH induced pulmonary vasoconstriction, and a decrease in cardiac output. H2-receptor stimulation with 4-MeH induced pulmonary and systemic vasodilation, tachycardia, and an increase in cardiac output. In cats, 2-MeH caused slight pulmonary vasoconstriction and 4-MeH caused vasodilation. Both H1- and H2-receptors mediated the systemic vasodilation, tachycardia, and increase in cardiac output observed in cats."}
{"id": "PMID:891622", "title": "Potentiation of d-tubocurarine (d-Tc) neuromuscular blockade in cats by lithium chloride.", "content": "I.v. infusion of LiCl at 1.0 mEq/0.25 ml/min produced significant decrease in plasma Na+ from 158 +/- 4.5 mEq/l (p less than 0.025) and in Ca2+ from 7.8 +/- 0.34 to 6.8 +/- 0.24 mg% (p less than 0.01) with insignificant increase in K+. No significant changes in plasma electrolytes were observed on infusion of NaCl. The d-Tc induced neuromuscular blockade in Li Cl infused animals was significantly greater than that in Na Cl infused ones.", "contents": "Potentiation of d-tubocurarine (d-Tc) neuromuscular blockade in cats by lithium chloride. I.v. infusion of LiCl at 1.0 mEq/0.25 ml/min produced significant decrease in plasma Na+ from 158 +/- 4.5 mEq/l (p less than 0.025) and in Ca2+ from 7.8 +/- 0.34 to 6.8 +/- 0.24 mg% (p less than 0.01) with insignificant increase in K+. No significant changes in plasma electrolytes were observed on infusion of NaCl. The d-Tc induced neuromuscular blockade in Li Cl infused animals was significantly greater than that in Na Cl infused ones."}
{"id": "PMID:891623", "title": "Temporal effects of p-chloroamphetamine on catecholamine synthesis.", "content": "Within 0.25 h after the administration of 5 mg/kg of p-chloroamphetamine (PCA), the conversion index of both norepinephrine (NE) and dopamine (DA) was increased. The effect on DA synthesis was similar, but of less magnitude after 1.25 h, while the effect on NE was reversed, i.e. the conversion index was decreased. This biphasic effect of PCA on NE synthesis is discussed the in the context of two opposing regulatory mechanisms for neuronal catecholamine synthesis.", "contents": "Temporal effects of p-chloroamphetamine on catecholamine synthesis. Within 0.25 h after the administration of 5 mg/kg of p-chloroamphetamine (PCA), the conversion index of both norepinephrine (NE) and dopamine (DA) was increased. The effect on DA synthesis was similar, but of less magnitude after 1.25 h, while the effect on NE was reversed, i.e. the conversion index was decreased. This biphasic effect of PCA on NE synthesis is discussed the in the context of two opposing regulatory mechanisms for neuronal catecholamine synthesis."}
{"id": "PMID:891662", "title": "The role of the submandibular glands in extrarenal erythropoietin production in mice.", "content": "The plasma erythropoietic activity of anephric mice and anephric mice without submandibular glands was compared. The erythropoietin production was stimulated by anemia (phenylhydrazine) and hypobaric hypoxia (0.4 atm). The activity was measured by the 59Fe incorporation in total circulating red blood cells in mice rendered polycythemic by hypoxia. The results were also calculated in units (IRP) of erythropoietin. The plasma erythropoietic activity of anephric mice was neutralized by antiserum against normal erythropoietin. Extrarenal erythropoietin production was significantly reduced in mice deprived of submandibular glands. These data indicate that this phenomenon is not restricted to the rat and support the concept that the submandibular glands are important extrarenal sources of erythropoietin.", "contents": "The role of the submandibular glands in extrarenal erythropoietin production in mice. The plasma erythropoietic activity of anephric mice and anephric mice without submandibular glands was compared. The erythropoietin production was stimulated by anemia (phenylhydrazine) and hypobaric hypoxia (0.4 atm). The activity was measured by the 59Fe incorporation in total circulating red blood cells in mice rendered polycythemic by hypoxia. The results were also calculated in units (IRP) of erythropoietin. The plasma erythropoietic activity of anephric mice was neutralized by antiserum against normal erythropoietin. Extrarenal erythropoietin production was significantly reduced in mice deprived of submandibular glands. These data indicate that this phenomenon is not restricted to the rat and support the concept that the submandibular glands are important extrarenal sources of erythropoietin."}
{"id": "PMID:891663", "title": "Growth and differentiation of rat bone marrow stem cells in diffusion chamber culture.", "content": "The growth of granulopoietic progenitors (CFU-C) and morphologically identifiable haemopoietic cells from rat bone marrow was studied in intraperitoneal diffusion chambers over a 6-day period. The aim of this study was to investigate whether stem cells preceding the granulopoietic progenitors are able to restore and to maintain depleted compartments of CFU-C and immature granulopoietic cells under the conditions of diffusion chamber culture. After treatment of rats with repeated doses of hydroxyurea (HU) a bone marrow cell suspension could be obtained wherein proliferating haemopoietic cells were reduced to a very low level and CFU-C to undetectable levels. During culture in diffusion chambers, growth of CFU-C, immature granulopoietic cells and macrophages could be observed from this HU-treated bone marrow. It is concluded that in diffusion chamber culture stem cells preceding CFU-C are able to rebuild functioning compartments of granulopoietic progenitors and morphologically identifiable haemopoietic cells.", "contents": "Growth and differentiation of rat bone marrow stem cells in diffusion chamber culture. The growth of granulopoietic progenitors (CFU-C) and morphologically identifiable haemopoietic cells from rat bone marrow was studied in intraperitoneal diffusion chambers over a 6-day period. The aim of this study was to investigate whether stem cells preceding the granulopoietic progenitors are able to restore and to maintain depleted compartments of CFU-C and immature granulopoietic cells under the conditions of diffusion chamber culture. After treatment of rats with repeated doses of hydroxyurea (HU) a bone marrow cell suspension could be obtained wherein proliferating haemopoietic cells were reduced to a very low level and CFU-C to undetectable levels. During culture in diffusion chambers, growth of CFU-C, immature granulopoietic cells and macrophages could be observed from this HU-treated bone marrow. It is concluded that in diffusion chamber culture stem cells preceding CFU-C are able to rebuild functioning compartments of granulopoietic progenitors and morphologically identifiable haemopoietic cells."}
{"id": "PMID:891664", "title": "Factors affecting erythroid colony growth (CFU-E) from human marrow.", "content": "Human marrow grown in a plasma clot gives rise to discrete colonies of nucleated red cells in response to erythropoietin (EPO). In 10 studies of human marrow with normal erythropoiesis, human EPO in doses up to 1 unit/ml produced a significant increase in colonies when compared to sheep EPO. To achieve 50% of maximum colony growth, only 0.1 units/ml of human EPO was needed in contrast to 0.5 units/ml of sheep EPO. In seven other experiments, nandrolone decanoate, 10(-7) to 10(-9) M, yielded a mean increase in colonies of 38% when compared to cultures without added androgen. This effect was entirely dependent on the presence of EPO. We conclude that the method is useful for the invitro study of factors affecting early events in erythropoiesis.", "contents": "Factors affecting erythroid colony growth (CFU-E) from human marrow. Human marrow grown in a plasma clot gives rise to discrete colonies of nucleated red cells in response to erythropoietin (EPO). In 10 studies of human marrow with normal erythropoiesis, human EPO in doses up to 1 unit/ml produced a significant increase in colonies when compared to sheep EPO. To achieve 50% of maximum colony growth, only 0.1 units/ml of human EPO was needed in contrast to 0.5 units/ml of sheep EPO. In seven other experiments, nandrolone decanoate, 10(-7) to 10(-9) M, yielded a mean increase in colonies of 38% when compared to cultures without added androgen. This effect was entirely dependent on the presence of EPO. We conclude that the method is useful for the invitro study of factors affecting early events in erythropoiesis."}
{"id": "PMID:891665", "title": "The interaction of erythropoietin with fetal liver cells. I. Measurement of proliferation by tritiated thymidine incorporation.", "content": "Erythropoietin stimulates the erythropoietin responsive cell to undergo DNA synthesis and subsequent mitosis. To define further the physiology of this effect, a liquid suspension microculture utilizing mouse fetal liver cells was developed. Tritiated thymidine incorporation into erythroid precursors was found to parallel radiolabeled iron incorporation with peak DNA synthesis occurring after 24 hours of culture. Both tritiated thymidine and iron incorporation were dependent on erythropoietin concentration. The responsiveness to erythropoietin decreased when erythropoietin was withheld and this diminishment in reactivity paralleled a morphological differentiation of the cells. This observation, together with the finding that erythropoietin activity could be removed by absorption with large numbers of cells, suggests the proliferation induced by erythropoietin depends on a specific stage in the differentiation of the red blood cell and may be mediated through a specific cellular receptor.", "contents": "The interaction of erythropoietin with fetal liver cells. I. Measurement of proliferation by tritiated thymidine incorporation. Erythropoietin stimulates the erythropoietin responsive cell to undergo DNA synthesis and subsequent mitosis. To define further the physiology of this effect, a liquid suspension microculture utilizing mouse fetal liver cells was developed. Tritiated thymidine incorporation into erythroid precursors was found to parallel radiolabeled iron incorporation with peak DNA synthesis occurring after 24 hours of culture. Both tritiated thymidine and iron incorporation were dependent on erythropoietin concentration. The responsiveness to erythropoietin decreased when erythropoietin was withheld and this diminishment in reactivity paralleled a morphological differentiation of the cells. This observation, together with the finding that erythropoietin activity could be removed by absorption with large numbers of cells, suggests the proliferation induced by erythropoietin depends on a specific stage in the differentiation of the red blood cell and may be mediated through a specific cellular receptor."}
{"id": "PMID:891666", "title": "Some aspects of iron metabolism during erythropoietic depression in the mouse.", "content": "Spleen and bone marrow patterns of response differ in mice subjected to erythropoietic depressors. Radioiron injected a few hours after a high dose of cyclophosphamide or x-irradiation is retained in the bone marrow. The magnitude of medullary retention is closely related to the number of cells able to synthesize hemoglobin at the moment of iron administration, and to the rate of cell death provoked by the cytotoxic agent. Depressors such as Actinomycin and transfusion, that block the differentiation of stem cells while allowing normal maturation of the erythroid cohort, do not induce marrow entrapment of iron. By contrast, retention is never observed in the spleen, where the 59-Fe turnover is not influenced by the mechanism and magnitude of aplasia. A functional lack of homogeneity of splenic and bone marrow erythropoiesis, hemoglobin metabolism and/or handling of iron stores is proposed. These results would be in agreement with other data from the literature reporting physiological differences among the various sectors of the reticuloendothelial system.", "contents": "Some aspects of iron metabolism during erythropoietic depression in the mouse. Spleen and bone marrow patterns of response differ in mice subjected to erythropoietic depressors. Radioiron injected a few hours after a high dose of cyclophosphamide or x-irradiation is retained in the bone marrow. The magnitude of medullary retention is closely related to the number of cells able to synthesize hemoglobin at the moment of iron administration, and to the rate of cell death provoked by the cytotoxic agent. Depressors such as Actinomycin and transfusion, that block the differentiation of stem cells while allowing normal maturation of the erythroid cohort, do not induce marrow entrapment of iron. By contrast, retention is never observed in the spleen, where the 59-Fe turnover is not influenced by the mechanism and magnitude of aplasia. A functional lack of homogeneity of splenic and bone marrow erythropoiesis, hemoglobin metabolism and/or handling of iron stores is proposed. These results would be in agreement with other data from the literature reporting physiological differences among the various sectors of the reticuloendothelial system."}
{"id": "PMID:891667", "title": "The effect of peripheral blood contamination on colony yield from human bone marrow aspirates.", "content": "Serial bone marrow aspirates were taken from a single site in each of nine individuals. The colony forming capacity of these samples, measured by culturing the cells in semi-solid agar in diffusion chambers, fell as the aspirate volume increased. Comparison of the results from different individuals showed that this effect was consistent within the group and may be useful as a simple method for standardizing results from human bone marrow cultures.", "contents": "The effect of peripheral blood contamination on colony yield from human bone marrow aspirates. Serial bone marrow aspirates were taken from a single site in each of nine individuals. The colony forming capacity of these samples, measured by culturing the cells in semi-solid agar in diffusion chambers, fell as the aspirate volume increased. Comparison of the results from different individuals showed that this effect was consistent within the group and may be useful as a simple method for standardizing results from human bone marrow cultures."}
{"id": "PMID:891668", "title": "Hematologic changes and thrombopoietin production in mice after X-irradiation and platelet-specific antisera.", "content": "Sera or plasma thrombopoietin (TSF) levels of mice were determined after: (a) no treatment; (b) induction of thrombocytopenia by injection of rabbit anti-mouse platelet serum (RAMPS); (c) exposure to 750 R or 900 R whole-body x-irradiation; or (d) irradiation and injection with RAMPS. Levels of TSF were assayed in thrombocythemic mice, using Na235SO4 uptake. RAMPS produced an immediate, severe thrombocytopenia without altering RBC or WBC counts of mice. Plasma collected from mice 4 hours after RAMPS injection increased both 35S incorporation into platelets (170% of control, P less than 0.005) and platelet counts (P less than 0.025) of TSF-assay mice. Although severe thrombocytopenia persisted, plasma TSF levels decreased thereafter, i.e., 111% of control after 8 hours and 99% of control after 16 hours. Platelet counts in mice exposed to 750 R and 900 R x-rays progressively decreased to severe thrombocytopenia by day 7, but almost normal RBC counts were maintained. Sera or plasma from animals with x-ray-induced thrombocytopenia caused significant increases in 35S incorporation into platelets of TSF-assay mice (196% of control, P less than 0.005 after 750 R and 141% of control, P less than 0.025 after 900 R). A combination of x-irradiation and RAMPS-injection did not produce greater TSF levels in mice than did x-ray or RAMPS treatment alone.", "contents": "Hematologic changes and thrombopoietin production in mice after X-irradiation and platelet-specific antisera. Sera or plasma thrombopoietin (TSF) levels of mice were determined after: (a) no treatment; (b) induction of thrombocytopenia by injection of rabbit anti-mouse platelet serum (RAMPS); (c) exposure to 750 R or 900 R whole-body x-irradiation; or (d) irradiation and injection with RAMPS. Levels of TSF were assayed in thrombocythemic mice, using Na235SO4 uptake. RAMPS produced an immediate, severe thrombocytopenia without altering RBC or WBC counts of mice. Plasma collected from mice 4 hours after RAMPS injection increased both 35S incorporation into platelets (170% of control, P less than 0.005) and platelet counts (P less than 0.025) of TSF-assay mice. Although severe thrombocytopenia persisted, plasma TSF levels decreased thereafter, i.e., 111% of control after 8 hours and 99% of control after 16 hours. Platelet counts in mice exposed to 750 R and 900 R x-rays progressively decreased to severe thrombocytopenia by day 7, but almost normal RBC counts were maintained. Sera or plasma from animals with x-ray-induced thrombocytopenia caused significant increases in 35S incorporation into platelets of TSF-assay mice (196% of control, P less than 0.005 after 750 R and 141% of control, P less than 0.025 after 900 R). A combination of x-irradiation and RAMPS-injection did not produce greater TSF levels in mice than did x-ray or RAMPS treatment alone."}
{"id": "PMID:891669", "title": "Radiation-induced enlargement of granulocytic and macrophage progenitor cells in mouse bone marrow.", "content": "The peak sedimentation velocity of C57BL mouse bone marrow progenitors of granulocytes and macrophages (GM-colony-forming cells, GM-CFC's) increased from 4.3 mm/h to 7-8 mm/h by 2 days after 250 rad whole body irradiation and slowly returned to normal over the next 3 weeks. Ppreliminary irradiation and/or endotoxin injection did not prevent this radiation-induced change. Some change in sedimentation velocity was seen with as little as 100 rad irradiation. Neither buoyant density nor cell cycle changes could account for the sedimentation velocity data which therefore indicate a major volume increase in the GM-CFC's. This size enlargement affected all subpopulations of GM-CFC's which consequently maintained their size relationship with one another.", "contents": "Radiation-induced enlargement of granulocytic and macrophage progenitor cells in mouse bone marrow. The peak sedimentation velocity of C57BL mouse bone marrow progenitors of granulocytes and macrophages (GM-colony-forming cells, GM-CFC's) increased from 4.3 mm/h to 7-8 mm/h by 2 days after 250 rad whole body irradiation and slowly returned to normal over the next 3 weeks. Ppreliminary irradiation and/or endotoxin injection did not prevent this radiation-induced change. Some change in sedimentation velocity was seen with as little as 100 rad irradiation. Neither buoyant density nor cell cycle changes could account for the sedimentation velocity data which therefore indicate a major volume increase in the GM-CFC's. This size enlargement affected all subpopulations of GM-CFC's which consequently maintained their size relationship with one another."}
{"id": "PMID:891670", "title": "Attempts to purify hemopoietic stem cell enrichment in bone marrow by use of glass wool filtration.", "content": "This study is about enrichment of hemopoietic stem cell concentration in mouse bone marrow by use of a glass wool filtration technique. Maximum stem cell concentration was accomplished when filtration conditions were as follows: (1) support medium supplemented to 15% with fresh serum from syngeneic donors; (2) no incubation time allowed for cells on the columns; and (3) an operational temperature of 24 degrees C. With these conditions, stem cell concentrations were increased 5,4-fold relative to the concentration in untreated marrow.", "contents": "Attempts to purify hemopoietic stem cell enrichment in bone marrow by use of glass wool filtration. This study is about enrichment of hemopoietic stem cell concentration in mouse bone marrow by use of a glass wool filtration technique. Maximum stem cell concentration was accomplished when filtration conditions were as follows: (1) support medium supplemented to 15% with fresh serum from syngeneic donors; (2) no incubation time allowed for cells on the columns; and (3) an operational temperature of 24 degrees C. With these conditions, stem cell concentrations were increased 5,4-fold relative to the concentration in untreated marrow."}
{"id": "PMID:891671", "title": "Induction of proliferation of haemopoietic stem cells in culture.", "content": "The behavior of the pluripotent haemopoietic stem cells (HSC) in liquid culture was investigated by determining CFU-S number and cell cyclinc status (by in vitro thymidine suicide) at regular intervals. The influence of fibroblast feeder cells and fibroblast conditioned medium on these parameters was investigated. Evidence was obtained for self replication of HSC in these cultures. Proliferation of HSC was found to be dependent on a humoral factor, released into the medium by fibroblasts. Separation experiments show that this stem cell activating factor (SAF) is distinct from the colony stimulating factor (CSF). Comparison of SAF with a lysate preparation of red blood cells, a product able to sustain an elevated recovery of stem cells in culture, showed a different mode of action on the persistence of HSC. The system offers an approach to the in vitro study of regulation at the level of HSC self generation.", "contents": "Induction of proliferation of haemopoietic stem cells in culture. The behavior of the pluripotent haemopoietic stem cells (HSC) in liquid culture was investigated by determining CFU-S number and cell cyclinc status (by in vitro thymidine suicide) at regular intervals. The influence of fibroblast feeder cells and fibroblast conditioned medium on these parameters was investigated. Evidence was obtained for self replication of HSC in these cultures. Proliferation of HSC was found to be dependent on a humoral factor, released into the medium by fibroblasts. Separation experiments show that this stem cell activating factor (SAF) is distinct from the colony stimulating factor (CSF). Comparison of SAF with a lysate preparation of red blood cells, a product able to sustain an elevated recovery of stem cells in culture, showed a different mode of action on the persistence of HSC. The system offers an approach to the in vitro study of regulation at the level of HSC self generation."}
{"id": "PMID:891672", "title": "Cerebral evoked responses to skin warming recorded from human scalp.", "content": "Reponses evoked by warming the glabrous palmar skin were recorded maximally from a contralateral parietal scalp site that approximated the hand projection area of sensorimotor cortex. A smaller and later occurring response was also seen at the corresponding ipsilateral site. The temperature to which the skin was adapted was critical and was maintained at 35 degrees C rather at 30 degrees C as it was in an earlier study where no responses were seen. Peak latencies ranged from 280 msec to 356 msec for stimulus intensities of 8 degree C presented at a rate of 19 degrees C/sec. This warm evoked response appeared to have its origin in the specifically sensitive primary warm afferents. The presence of an evoked response when warming occurred from the 35 degrees C adapting temperature (AT) and its absence at the 30 degrees C AT coincide with the greater sensitivity of warm receptors at the higher AT. Comparison of these results with those for evoked responses to skin cooling and tactile tap suggest that the cortical organization of temperature (both warm and cool stimuli) in human is similar to that of touch.", "contents": "Cerebral evoked responses to skin warming recorded from human scalp. Reponses evoked by warming the glabrous palmar skin were recorded maximally from a contralateral parietal scalp site that approximated the hand projection area of sensorimotor cortex. A smaller and later occurring response was also seen at the corresponding ipsilateral site. The temperature to which the skin was adapted was critical and was maintained at 35 degrees C rather at 30 degrees C as it was in an earlier study where no responses were seen. Peak latencies ranged from 280 msec to 356 msec for stimulus intensities of 8 degree C presented at a rate of 19 degrees C/sec. This warm evoked response appeared to have its origin in the specifically sensitive primary warm afferents. The presence of an evoked response when warming occurred from the 35 degrees C adapting temperature (AT) and its absence at the 30 degrees C AT coincide with the greater sensitivity of warm receptors at the higher AT. Comparison of these results with those for evoked responses to skin cooling and tactile tap suggest that the cortical organization of temperature (both warm and cool stimuli) in human is similar to that of touch."}
{"id": "PMID:891673", "title": "Neurones in the spinal trigeminal nucleus of the cat responding to movement of the vibrissae.", "content": "1. In chloralose anaesthetised cats the receptive field organisation and response properties of neurones of the spinal trigeminal nucleus were exmained and compared with the discharge characteristics of afferent units from vibrissae. 2. The response properties of the primary afferent discharges were preserved in at least a proportion of the second order cells, 82% of those which responded to movements of the maxillary vibrissae had phasic discharges and 18% had tonic discharges. 3. The discharge characteristics of the two main types of primary afferent slowly-adapting units (St I and St II) were distinguishable in the tonically active cells of the nucleus. These two groups showed (i) substantially different interspike interval distributions, (ii) different adaptive properties and (iii) different directional sesitivity. The two categories were designated nuclear type I and type II in accordance with the classification of primary afferent slowly-adapting units. 4. A loss of stimulus information was deduced from a consistent increase in the variability of the second order discharges compared with their presumed afferent input, but this information loss may be important in allowing the linear summation of discharges at the level of the thalamus.", "contents": "Neurones in the spinal trigeminal nucleus of the cat responding to movement of the vibrissae. 1. In chloralose anaesthetised cats the receptive field organisation and response properties of neurones of the spinal trigeminal nucleus were exmained and compared with the discharge characteristics of afferent units from vibrissae. 2. The response properties of the primary afferent discharges were preserved in at least a proportion of the second order cells, 82% of those which responded to movements of the maxillary vibrissae had phasic discharges and 18% had tonic discharges. 3. The discharge characteristics of the two main types of primary afferent slowly-adapting units (St I and St II) were distinguishable in the tonically active cells of the nucleus. These two groups showed (i) substantially different interspike interval distributions, (ii) different adaptive properties and (iii) different directional sesitivity. The two categories were designated nuclear type I and type II in accordance with the classification of primary afferent slowly-adapting units. 4. A loss of stimulus information was deduced from a consistent increase in the variability of the second order discharges compared with their presumed afferent input, but this information loss may be important in allowing the linear summation of discharges at the level of the thalamus."}
{"id": "PMID:891674", "title": "The ventral spino-olivocerebellar system in the cat. I. Identification of five paths and their termination in the cerebellar anterior lobe.", "content": "1. The spino-olivocerebellar paths ascending through the ventral funiculus (VF-SOCPs) and projecting to the cerebellar anteior lobe were investigated in cats with the spinal cord transected in the third cervical segment sparing only the ventral funiculus on one side. The climbing fibre responses evoked in Purkinje cells by limb nerve stimulation were studied by recording the mass activity at the cerebellar surface or in the molecular layer. 2. Five VF-SOCPs were distinguished on the basis of their receptive fields, response latencies, and projection areas. 3. The projection areas consist of narrow sagittal zones. Three zones (a, b1 and b2) lie in the vermis and extend throughout lobules II--V. Two zones (c1 and c3) lie in the pars intermedia and are restricted to the classical hindlimb area, lobules II--IV. The VF-SOCPs are labelled according to their termination zones: a-VF-SOCP, b1-VF-SOCP, etc. 4. The a-, c1- and c3-paths are activated from the ipsilateral hindlimb, whereas the b1- and b2-paths are activated bilaterally from the forelimbs and hindlimbs, respectively. The latencies of the responses evoked from the ipsilateral hindlimb are relatively short for the c1-path and successively longer for the c3-, b2- and a-paths. 5. The olivary transmission showed fluctuations in efficacy independent for the different VF-SOCPs. The effect of anaesthetics on this transmission also differed between the paths. 6. It is concluded that the five VF-SOCPs relay in different compartments of the inferior olive which are tentatively identified.", "contents": "The ventral spino-olivocerebellar system in the cat. I. Identification of five paths and their termination in the cerebellar anterior lobe. 1. The spino-olivocerebellar paths ascending through the ventral funiculus (VF-SOCPs) and projecting to the cerebellar anteior lobe were investigated in cats with the spinal cord transected in the third cervical segment sparing only the ventral funiculus on one side. The climbing fibre responses evoked in Purkinje cells by limb nerve stimulation were studied by recording the mass activity at the cerebellar surface or in the molecular layer. 2. Five VF-SOCPs were distinguished on the basis of their receptive fields, response latencies, and projection areas. 3. The projection areas consist of narrow sagittal zones. Three zones (a, b1 and b2) lie in the vermis and extend throughout lobules II--V. Two zones (c1 and c3) lie in the pars intermedia and are restricted to the classical hindlimb area, lobules II--IV. The VF-SOCPs are labelled according to their termination zones: a-VF-SOCP, b1-VF-SOCP, etc. 4. The a-, c1- and c3-paths are activated from the ipsilateral hindlimb, whereas the b1- and b2-paths are activated bilaterally from the forelimbs and hindlimbs, respectively. The latencies of the responses evoked from the ipsilateral hindlimb are relatively short for the c1-path and successively longer for the c3-, b2- and a-paths. 5. The olivary transmission showed fluctuations in efficacy independent for the different VF-SOCPs. The effect of anaesthetics on this transmission also differed between the paths. 6. It is concluded that the five VF-SOCPs relay in different compartments of the inferior olive which are tentatively identified."}
{"id": "PMID:891675", "title": "The ventral spine-olivocerebellar system in the cat. II. Termination zones in the cerebellar posterior lobe.", "content": "1. Five spine-olivocerebellar paths ascending through the ventral funiculus (VF-SOCPs) have previously been distinguished on the basis of different receptive fields, different response latencies and different projection zones in the cerebellar anterior lobe (Oscarsson and Sj\u00f6lund, 1977). These paths are denoted the a-, b1-, b2-, c1 and c3-VF-SOCPs according to the labelling of their projection zones. The projection zones of these paths in the posterior lobe have noew been investigated. 2. The a-VF-SOCP projects to a medial zone in the pyramis. 3. The b1-and b2-VF-SOCPs do not project to the posterior lobe. 4. The c1-VF-SOCP projects to the medial one third of the pars copularis and caudalmost folium of the pars posterior of the paramedian lobule and to the most lateral part of the pyramis. 5. The c3-VF-SOCP projects mainly laterally to the caudalmost one or two folia of the pars copularis of the paramedian lobule. The c3 projection zone merges medially with the c1-zone. 6. The a-, c1- and c3-zones in the posteior lobe are innervated by climbing fibres which also send branches to the corresponding zones in the anterior lobe. 7. The VF-SOCP projection zones are tentatively identified with the sagittal zones described by Groenewegen and Voogd (1976) on the basis of anatomical studies.", "contents": "The ventral spine-olivocerebellar system in the cat. II. Termination zones in the cerebellar posterior lobe. 1. Five spine-olivocerebellar paths ascending through the ventral funiculus (VF-SOCPs) have previously been distinguished on the basis of different receptive fields, different response latencies and different projection zones in the cerebellar anterior lobe (Oscarsson and Sj\u00f6lund, 1977). These paths are denoted the a-, b1-, b2-, c1 and c3-VF-SOCPs according to the labelling of their projection zones. The projection zones of these paths in the posterior lobe have noew been investigated. 2. The a-VF-SOCP projects to a medial zone in the pyramis. 3. The b1-and b2-VF-SOCPs do not project to the posterior lobe. 4. The c1-VF-SOCP projects to the medial one third of the pars copularis and caudalmost folium of the pars posterior of the paramedian lobule and to the most lateral part of the pyramis. 5. The c3-VF-SOCP projects mainly laterally to the caudalmost one or two folia of the pars copularis of the paramedian lobule. The c3 projection zone merges medially with the c1-zone. 6. The a-, c1- and c3-zones in the posteior lobe are innervated by climbing fibres which also send branches to the corresponding zones in the anterior lobe. 7. The VF-SOCP projection zones are tentatively identified with the sagittal zones described by Groenewegen and Voogd (1976) on the basis of anatomical studies."}
{"id": "PMID:891676", "title": "The ventral spino-olivocerebellar system in the cat. III. Functional characteristics of the five paths.", "content": "1. Five spino-olivocerebellar paths ascending through the ventral funiculus (VF-SOCPs) with different projection zones in the cerebellar cortex have been distinguished (Oscarsson and Sj\u00f6uld, 1977). The paths are denoted the a-, b1-, b2-, c1- and c3-VF-SOCPs according to the labelling of the projection zones. The functional organization of these paths has now been investigated. 2. All five paths are activated by the flexor reflex afferents from wide receptive fields (one or more limbs). Distal nerves are more effective in evoking responses than proximal nerves. 3. The a-, c1- and c3-paths are activated from the ipsilateral hindlimb only. The b1- and b2-paths are activated bilaterally from the forelimbs and hindlimbs, respectively. 4. The a-, b1- and b2-paths have long segmental delays indicating a polysynaptic linkage between the primary afferents and the tract neurones, whereas the c1- and c3-paths have short delays demonstrating a monosynaptic linkage. 5. The neurones giving origin to the paths are situated within a few segments of the dorsal root entrance. The axons cross the midline, ascend through the contralateral ventral funiculus, and activate the olivary neurones monosynaptically. 6. The spino-olivary tract of the c3-path has an upper conduction velocity of 30 m/s, whereas the other paths have upper conduction velocities of 40--45 m/s. 7. The segmental delay of the b1-VF-SOCP is much longer (mean 8.7 ms) than that of the b2-VF-SOCP (mean 3.9 ms). As a result simultaneous stimuli to the hindlimbs and forelimbs are signalled to reach the cerebellar cortex at the same time. 8. It is suggested that the information carried by the different paths is concerned with the segmental motor control.", "contents": "The ventral spino-olivocerebellar system in the cat. III. Functional characteristics of the five paths. 1. Five spino-olivocerebellar paths ascending through the ventral funiculus (VF-SOCPs) with different projection zones in the cerebellar cortex have been distinguished (Oscarsson and Sj\u00f6uld, 1977). The paths are denoted the a-, b1-, b2-, c1- and c3-VF-SOCPs according to the labelling of the projection zones. The functional organization of these paths has now been investigated. 2. All five paths are activated by the flexor reflex afferents from wide receptive fields (one or more limbs). Distal nerves are more effective in evoking responses than proximal nerves. 3. The a-, c1- and c3-paths are activated from the ipsilateral hindlimb only. The b1- and b2-paths are activated bilaterally from the forelimbs and hindlimbs, respectively. 4. The a-, b1- and b2-paths have long segmental delays indicating a polysynaptic linkage between the primary afferents and the tract neurones, whereas the c1- and c3-paths have short delays demonstrating a monosynaptic linkage. 5. The neurones giving origin to the paths are situated within a few segments of the dorsal root entrance. The axons cross the midline, ascend through the contralateral ventral funiculus, and activate the olivary neurones monosynaptically. 6. The spino-olivary tract of the c3-path has an upper conduction velocity of 30 m/s, whereas the other paths have upper conduction velocities of 40--45 m/s. 7. The segmental delay of the b1-VF-SOCP is much longer (mean 8.7 ms) than that of the b2-VF-SOCP (mean 3.9 ms). As a result simultaneous stimuli to the hindlimbs and forelimbs are signalled to reach the cerebellar cortex at the same time. 8. It is suggested that the information carried by the different paths is concerned with the segmental motor control."}
{"id": "PMID:891678", "title": "Influence of the presentation of remote visual stimuli on visual responses of cat area 17 and lateral suprasylvian area.", "content": "Single units were recorded extracellularly from area 17 and lateral suprasylvian area (LSSA) in curarized cats. Visual stimuli, usually a 10 degree black spot, were introduced abruptly in the visual field remote from the discharge area of a neuron's receptive field and moved at a speed of about 30 degrees/sec. The effect of these remote stimuli (S2) on the reponse to a restricted visual stimulus (S1) crossing the discharge area was studied. It was found that most units in area 17 were not affected by the presentation of remote stimuli, the remainder being either slightly facilitated or slightly inhibited. In contrast the LSSA neurons were usually inhibited by the presentation of S2: this effect was strong, was present in all classes of LSSA neurons and was independent of the relative directions of movement of S1 and S2. On the basis of these data and those previously obtained from the superior colliculus it is concluded that the way the extrageniculate centres respond to a stimulus abruptly introduced in the visual field is substantially different from that of the striate cortex. Only in the extrageniculate centres a new stimulus, besides exciting the neurons which correspond to the position of the stimulus in the field, concomitantly decreases the responses of neurons located in positions of the visual field remote from that stimulus. Possible behavioral implications of the findings are discussed.", "contents": "Influence of the presentation of remote visual stimuli on visual responses of cat area 17 and lateral suprasylvian area. Single units were recorded extracellularly from area 17 and lateral suprasylvian area (LSSA) in curarized cats. Visual stimuli, usually a 10 degree black spot, were introduced abruptly in the visual field remote from the discharge area of a neuron's receptive field and moved at a speed of about 30 degrees/sec. The effect of these remote stimuli (S2) on the reponse to a restricted visual stimulus (S1) crossing the discharge area was studied. It was found that most units in area 17 were not affected by the presentation of remote stimuli, the remainder being either slightly facilitated or slightly inhibited. In contrast the LSSA neurons were usually inhibited by the presentation of S2: this effect was strong, was present in all classes of LSSA neurons and was independent of the relative directions of movement of S1 and S2. On the basis of these data and those previously obtained from the superior colliculus it is concluded that the way the extrageniculate centres respond to a stimulus abruptly introduced in the visual field is substantially different from that of the striate cortex. Only in the extrageniculate centres a new stimulus, besides exciting the neurons which correspond to the position of the stimulus in the field, concomitantly decreases the responses of neurons located in positions of the visual field remote from that stimulus. Possible behavioral implications of the findings are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:891679", "title": "Synaptogenesis and myelinogenesis in dissociated cerebral cells from rat embryo on polylysine coated surfaces.", "content": "The appearance of myelinated axons and establishment of synaptic contracts in dissociated cells from rat embryo cerebral hemispheres grown on polylysine precoated surfaces were studied by light and electron microscopy. Typical myelin lamellae ensheathing axons were observed as early as the eighth day. Immature synaptic profiles exhibiting slight membrane thickening and few synaptic vesicles were observed after seven days. At 3 weeks, mature synapses containing many synaptic vesicles and the typical irregular membrane thickening could be seen. It is suggested that the presence of polylysine may provide a support which enhances the attachment and subsequent establishment of contacts between neuronal and glial cells, resulting in the early onset of myelin formation.", "contents": "Synaptogenesis and myelinogenesis in dissociated cerebral cells from rat embryo on polylysine coated surfaces. The appearance of myelinated axons and establishment of synaptic contracts in dissociated cells from rat embryo cerebral hemispheres grown on polylysine precoated surfaces were studied by light and electron microscopy. Typical myelin lamellae ensheathing axons were observed as early as the eighth day. Immature synaptic profiles exhibiting slight membrane thickening and few synaptic vesicles were observed after seven days. At 3 weeks, mature synapses containing many synaptic vesicles and the typical irregular membrane thickening could be seen. It is suggested that the presence of polylysine may provide a support which enhances the attachment and subsequent establishment of contacts between neuronal and glial cells, resulting in the early onset of myelin formation."}
{"id": "PMID:891682", "title": "A pharmacological study of the inhibition of ventral group Ia-excited spinal interneurones.", "content": "In cats anaesthetized with pentobarbitone a pharmacological investigation was made of the inhibition by volleys in afferent fibres and ventral roots of physiologically identified Ia interneurones in the ventral horn. The recurrent inhibition of Ia interneurones by Renshaw cells, and the \"mutual\" inhibition between Ia interneurones, were suppressed by electrophoretic strychnine and are presumably mediated by glycine. Short latency and duration inhibitions by impulses in muscle and cutaneous afferents were also suppressed by strychnine. Electrophoretic GABA inhibited the firing of Ia interneurones and the effects of bicuculline methochloride suggested that this amino acid mediates longer latency and duration inhibition produced by afferent impulses of muscle and cutaneous origin.", "contents": "A pharmacological study of the inhibition of ventral group Ia-excited spinal interneurones. In cats anaesthetized with pentobarbitone a pharmacological investigation was made of the inhibition by volleys in afferent fibres and ventral roots of physiologically identified Ia interneurones in the ventral horn. The recurrent inhibition of Ia interneurones by Renshaw cells, and the \"mutual\" inhibition between Ia interneurones, were suppressed by electrophoretic strychnine and are presumably mediated by glycine. Short latency and duration inhibitions by impulses in muscle and cutaneous afferents were also suppressed by strychnine. Electrophoretic GABA inhibited the firing of Ia interneurones and the effects of bicuculline methochloride suggested that this amino acid mediates longer latency and duration inhibition produced by afferent impulses of muscle and cutaneous origin."}
{"id": "PMID:891716", "title": "Synthesis of the tripeptide L-Trp-L-Ser-L-Glu. Comparison of its biological activity with that of the delta-sleep-inducing-peptide (DSIP).", "content": "In order to test the specificity of the natural Delta-Sleep-Inducing-Peptide (DSIP), a tripeptide with the same N-terminal amino acid was synthesized. The synthesis of the new tripeptide L-Trp-L-Ser-L-Glu was carried out by the method of the mixed anhydride. Protecting groups were all oxygen-bound benzyl groups. The physical-chemical data of the newly synthesized peptides are reported. The biological activity of the tripeptide was assayed by intraventricular infusion in the rabbit under the same conditions as for the DSIP. The effects of the tripeptide on the EEG could not duplicate those of DSIP which induced a marked increase of delta activity, typical for orthodox 'Slow Wave Sleep' (SWS).", "contents": "Synthesis of the tripeptide L-Trp-L-Ser-L-Glu. Comparison of its biological activity with that of the delta-sleep-inducing-peptide (DSIP). In order to test the specificity of the natural Delta-Sleep-Inducing-Peptide (DSIP), a tripeptide with the same N-terminal amino acid was synthesized. The synthesis of the new tripeptide L-Trp-L-Ser-L-Glu was carried out by the method of the mixed anhydride. Protecting groups were all oxygen-bound benzyl groups. The physical-chemical data of the newly synthesized peptides are reported. The biological activity of the tripeptide was assayed by intraventricular infusion in the rabbit under the same conditions as for the DSIP. The effects of the tripeptide on the EEG could not duplicate those of DSIP which induced a marked increase of delta activity, typical for orthodox 'Slow Wave Sleep' (SWS)."}
{"id": "PMID:891718", "title": "Pyrolysis of cannabidiol. Structure elucidation of a major pyrolytic conversion product.", "content": "Pyrolysis of cannabidiol, one of the major constituents of Cannabis sativa, yields a mixture of components. Next to previously identified products, a major conversion product has now been isolated and identified. The unusual and stereospecific route of formation of this compound with altered chromophore is discussed.", "contents": "Pyrolysis of cannabidiol. Structure elucidation of a major pyrolytic conversion product. Pyrolysis of cannabidiol, one of the major constituents of Cannabis sativa, yields a mixture of components. Next to previously identified products, a major conversion product has now been isolated and identified. The unusual and stereospecific route of formation of this compound with altered chromophore is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:891719", "title": "Kinetic behaviour of microsomal styrene monooxygenase and styrene epoxide hydratase in different animal species.", "content": "The apparent Km and Vmax values of styrene epoxide forming monooxygenase and styrene epoxide hydratase have been evaluated in the liver microsomes of male rats, mice, guinea-pigs and rabbits. Epoxide hydratase gave much higher and more uniform Km values than the monooxygenase in the species considered.", "contents": "Kinetic behaviour of microsomal styrene monooxygenase and styrene epoxide hydratase in different animal species. The apparent Km and Vmax values of styrene epoxide forming monooxygenase and styrene epoxide hydratase have been evaluated in the liver microsomes of male rats, mice, guinea-pigs and rabbits. Epoxide hydratase gave much higher and more uniform Km values than the monooxygenase in the species considered."}
{"id": "PMID:891721", "title": "Enzymatic activities of muscle fibres differentiated, in vitro, from pectoralis major (white) and adductor magnus (red) muscles of chick embryos.", "content": "Specific activities of NADP isocitrate dehydrogenase and acetylcholinesterase were significantly higher in muscle fibres differentiated, in vitro, from myoblasts of adductor magnus (red) than pectoralis major (white) muscles 10-day-old chick embryos. This is evidence, as far as enzyme activities are concerned, that myoblasts from different types of skeletal muscles are able to give, in tissue culture, muscle fibres of different properties, even in the absence of nerve supply.", "contents": "Enzymatic activities of muscle fibres differentiated, in vitro, from pectoralis major (white) and adductor magnus (red) muscles of chick embryos. Specific activities of NADP isocitrate dehydrogenase and acetylcholinesterase were significantly higher in muscle fibres differentiated, in vitro, from myoblasts of adductor magnus (red) than pectoralis major (white) muscles 10-day-old chick embryos. This is evidence, as far as enzyme activities are concerned, that myoblasts from different types of skeletal muscles are able to give, in tissue culture, muscle fibres of different properties, even in the absence of nerve supply."}
{"id": "PMID:891722", "title": "Reduction of gallstone formation by ascorbic acid in hamsters.", "content": "The addition of 0.5% of ascorbic acid to the lithogenic diet of golden hamsters whose body pool was labelled with 26-14C-cholesterol, lowered the formation of gallstones, the cholesterol concentration and half-life in blood plasma and in the liver, and accelerated cholesterol transformation to bile acids.", "contents": "Reduction of gallstone formation by ascorbic acid in hamsters. The addition of 0.5% of ascorbic acid to the lithogenic diet of golden hamsters whose body pool was labelled with 26-14C-cholesterol, lowered the formation of gallstones, the cholesterol concentration and half-life in blood plasma and in the liver, and accelerated cholesterol transformation to bile acids."}
{"id": "PMID:891723", "title": "Microbiological transformation of cannabinoids.", "content": "Microorganisms were screened for their ability to modify 2 synthetic cannabinoid substrates (I and II). Structure analyses revealed that microorganisms transformed the substrates by (a) primary oxidation of the side chain, beta-oxidation of the side chain, ketone formation on the side chain or cyclohexene ring, (b) secondary hydroxylation on the side chain, (c) aromatization of the cyclohexene ring, and (d) tertiary hydroxylation at the b/c ring juncture.", "contents": "Microbiological transformation of cannabinoids. Microorganisms were screened for their ability to modify 2 synthetic cannabinoid substrates (I and II). Structure analyses revealed that microorganisms transformed the substrates by (a) primary oxidation of the side chain, beta-oxidation of the side chain, ketone formation on the side chain or cyclohexene ring, (b) secondary hydroxylation on the side chain, (c) aromatization of the cyclohexene ring, and (d) tertiary hydroxylation at the b/c ring juncture."}
{"id": "PMID:891725", "title": "Hyaluronic acid in elastic cartilage.", "content": "Bovine ear cartilage contains more hyaluronic acid than do hyaline cartilages of the same animal. Most of it is in the elastin-rich residue not extractable by 4 M guanidinium chloride where it is associated with chondroitin sulphate in low relative concentration and of lower molecular weight than in non-elastic cartilage residue.", "contents": "Hyaluronic acid in elastic cartilage. Bovine ear cartilage contains more hyaluronic acid than do hyaline cartilages of the same animal. Most of it is in the elastin-rich residue not extractable by 4 M guanidinium chloride where it is associated with chondroitin sulphate in low relative concentration and of lower molecular weight than in non-elastic cartilage residue."}
{"id": "PMID:891729", "title": "Combined effect of veratridine and sodium aspartate on the rabbit retinas in vitro.", "content": "Combined effect of veratridine and sodium aspartate on rabbit retinas in vitro was studied. Observations suggested that mode of action of veratridine on the PII and PIII components of ERGs was modified by the presence of sodium aspartate in perfusate.", "contents": "Combined effect of veratridine and sodium aspartate on the rabbit retinas in vitro. Combined effect of veratridine and sodium aspartate on rabbit retinas in vitro was studied. Observations suggested that mode of action of veratridine on the PII and PIII components of ERGs was modified by the presence of sodium aspartate in perfusate."}
{"id": "PMID:891731", "title": "Uptake of noradrenaline in high altitude native's heart.", "content": "Uptake of 3H-noradrenaline by the heart was studied with sections of isolated atria obtained from high or lowlanders. In native highlanders, affinity for 3H-noradrenaline by human atria is more significant than in lowlanders. Furthermore, the Michaelis Menten constant is lower in high altitude native's heart.", "contents": "Uptake of noradrenaline in high altitude native's heart. Uptake of 3H-noradrenaline by the heart was studied with sections of isolated atria obtained from high or lowlanders. In native highlanders, affinity for 3H-noradrenaline by human atria is more significant than in lowlanders. Furthermore, the Michaelis Menten constant is lower in high altitude native's heart."}
{"id": "PMID:891732", "title": "The effect of fluorocitrate on urinary calcium and citrate excretion.", "content": "The renal handling of calcium and citrate was studied in dogs after the administration of fluorocitrate. The drug produced a significant increase in urinary calcium and citrate excretion. Net renal secretion of citrate occurred during the infusion of fluorocitrate since citrate clearances exceeded the glomerular filtration rate.", "contents": "The effect of fluorocitrate on urinary calcium and citrate excretion. The renal handling of calcium and citrate was studied in dogs after the administration of fluorocitrate. The drug produced a significant increase in urinary calcium and citrate excretion. Net renal secretion of citrate occurred during the infusion of fluorocitrate since citrate clearances exceeded the glomerular filtration rate."}
{"id": "PMID:891733", "title": "Peritoneal dialysis in small laboratory animals.", "content": "Healthy rats and guinea-pigs were treated with a simple method of continuous peritoneal dialysis for 12, 24 and 48 h. Increasing with time, both animal species developed severe hypoproteinemia and hemoconcentration due to protein loss into the dialyzate fluid. These changes were associated with a high mortality rate, when Sterofundin was used for dialysis. Therefore, protein loss should be substituted and the type of dialyzate must be considered in experimental long-term dialysis using these small laboratory animals.", "contents": "Peritoneal dialysis in small laboratory animals. Healthy rats and guinea-pigs were treated with a simple method of continuous peritoneal dialysis for 12, 24 and 48 h. Increasing with time, both animal species developed severe hypoproteinemia and hemoconcentration due to protein loss into the dialyzate fluid. These changes were associated with a high mortality rate, when Sterofundin was used for dialysis. Therefore, protein loss should be substituted and the type of dialyzate must be considered in experimental long-term dialysis using these small laboratory animals."}
{"id": "PMID:891734", "title": "Changes in gastro-intestinal serotonin content associated with fasting and satiation.", "content": "Rats fasted for 24 h were fed for 3 h, after which time food was removed. Food intake decreased serotonin levels in the stomach and duodenum by 30 and 40%, respectively. These changes persisted for about 3 h. Food intake did not change tryptophan content in the stomach, while, in the duodenum, tryptophan level rose by 100% at the end of the feeding period and remained elevated for about 9 h.", "contents": "Changes in gastro-intestinal serotonin content associated with fasting and satiation. Rats fasted for 24 h were fed for 3 h, after which time food was removed. Food intake decreased serotonin levels in the stomach and duodenum by 30 and 40%, respectively. These changes persisted for about 3 h. Food intake did not change tryptophan content in the stomach, while, in the duodenum, tryptophan level rose by 100% at the end of the feeding period and remained elevated for about 9 h."}
{"id": "PMID:891735", "title": "Effect of nerve stimulation, denervation, and duct ligation, on kallikrein content and duct cell granules of the cat's submandibular gland.", "content": "Various procedures which reduce or deplete the kallikrein content of the cat's submandibular gland correspondingly reduce the number of apical granules in the striated duct cells. The kallikrein content is greatly reduced after chronic parasympathetic but not after sympathetic nerve section which suggests that the parasympathetic innervation is required for synthesis or storage of this enzyme.", "contents": "Effect of nerve stimulation, denervation, and duct ligation, on kallikrein content and duct cell granules of the cat's submandibular gland. Various procedures which reduce or deplete the kallikrein content of the cat's submandibular gland correspondingly reduce the number of apical granules in the striated duct cells. The kallikrein content is greatly reduced after chronic parasympathetic but not after sympathetic nerve section which suggests that the parasympathetic innervation is required for synthesis or storage of this enzyme."}
{"id": "PMID:891736", "title": "Extraction fraction at any urine flow and extraction percentage.", "content": "Extraction fraction of renal solutes is ordinarily calculated as a ratio of arterial and venous concentration differences. Calculations provided in the present manuscript illustrate the need to correct for changes in renal venous concentration when solute extraction is low and urine flow simultaneously high.", "contents": "Extraction fraction at any urine flow and extraction percentage. Extraction fraction of renal solutes is ordinarily calculated as a ratio of arterial and venous concentration differences. Calculations provided in the present manuscript illustrate the need to correct for changes in renal venous concentration when solute extraction is low and urine flow simultaneously high."}
{"id": "PMID:891737", "title": "Distribution of 14C after topical application of 14C-labeled 1,3-bis-(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea (BCNU) in mice.", "content": "Following topical application of 14C-labeled 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea (BCNU, carmustine) to the skin of mice radioactivity was found in all viscera and tissues examined. Exclusive of the gut, highest values were recorded for the liver, kidney and lung.", "contents": "Distribution of 14C after topical application of 14C-labeled 1,3-bis-(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea (BCNU) in mice. Following topical application of 14C-labeled 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea (BCNU, carmustine) to the skin of mice radioactivity was found in all viscera and tissues examined. Exclusive of the gut, highest values were recorded for the liver, kidney and lung."}
{"id": "PMID:891738", "title": "Analgesic effects of 3-carboxysalsolinol alone and in combination with morphine.", "content": "A biphasic dose-response pattern is generated by the isoquinoline, 3-carboxysalsolinol, in analgesia tests conducted in mice. Carbidopa pretreatment enhances this effect, as well as the morphine-induced analgesic increase by 3-carboxysalsolinol. Naloxone blockade of all of these responses suggests an interaction of the alcohol-based isoquinoline with central opiate receptors.", "contents": "Analgesic effects of 3-carboxysalsolinol alone and in combination with morphine. A biphasic dose-response pattern is generated by the isoquinoline, 3-carboxysalsolinol, in analgesia tests conducted in mice. Carbidopa pretreatment enhances this effect, as well as the morphine-induced analgesic increase by 3-carboxysalsolinol. Naloxone blockade of all of these responses suggests an interaction of the alcohol-based isoquinoline with central opiate receptors."}
{"id": "PMID:891739", "title": "Daunomycin-bands are similar to Q-bands on chromosomes of Vicia faba.", "content": "Lin et al.2 discovered fluorescent bands on human chromosomes stained with daunomycin (D-bands). These bands looked like Q-bands. We demonstrate D-bands, which look like respective Q-bands, in Vicia faba and infer that the similarity between D and Q banding is general.", "contents": "Daunomycin-bands are similar to Q-bands on chromosomes of Vicia faba. Lin et al.2 discovered fluorescent bands on human chromosomes stained with daunomycin (D-bands). These bands looked like Q-bands. We demonstrate D-bands, which look like respective Q-bands, in Vicia faba and infer that the similarity between D and Q banding is general."}
{"id": "PMID:891740", "title": "Enzymatic patterns in reptilian brain. Histochemical characterization of the optic tectum.", "content": "The enzymatic patterns present in the optic tectum of 4 species belonging to different reptilian orders seem related to the degree of structural and functional organization reached by the nervous centre, as in other vertebrates. In particular the AChE localization in reptiles is representative of a evolutionary sequence in the distribution of this enzyme in the optic tectum along the tetrapode series.", "contents": "Enzymatic patterns in reptilian brain. Histochemical characterization of the optic tectum. The enzymatic patterns present in the optic tectum of 4 species belonging to different reptilian orders seem related to the degree of structural and functional organization reached by the nervous centre, as in other vertebrates. In particular the AChE localization in reptiles is representative of a evolutionary sequence in the distribution of this enzyme in the optic tectum along the tetrapode series."}
{"id": "PMID:891742", "title": "Specific immunostaining of CCK cells by use of synthetic fragment antisera.", "content": "Antibodies to the central fragments 9-20 dodecapeptide sequence of CCK were used for specific immunostaining of the CCK cells of the mammalian gut. The use of high specific antibodies to synthetic fragment, essential when there is a possibility of immunochemical cross reactions between antisera and hormones of similar molecular structure provides the key to increased understanding of the nature and relationships of peptide hormones.", "contents": "Specific immunostaining of CCK cells by use of synthetic fragment antisera. Antibodies to the central fragments 9-20 dodecapeptide sequence of CCK were used for specific immunostaining of the CCK cells of the mammalian gut. The use of high specific antibodies to synthetic fragment, essential when there is a possibility of immunochemical cross reactions between antisera and hormones of similar molecular structure provides the key to increased understanding of the nature and relationships of peptide hormones."}
{"id": "PMID:891743", "title": "Wasting syndrome in neonatal mice after administration of salivary gland homogenate.", "content": "A wasting syndrome, similar to that occurring after cortisol treatment, was induced in neonatal mice by means of the daily i.p. administration of salivary gland homogenate: 24 h after a single injection of the homogenate, profuse cell necrosis was observed in the thymic cortex, 48 h later the cortex was devoid by lymphocytes. It is hypothesized that the submandibular glands of mice contain substances which are capable of inducing a cortisol-like effect.", "contents": "Wasting syndrome in neonatal mice after administration of salivary gland homogenate. A wasting syndrome, similar to that occurring after cortisol treatment, was induced in neonatal mice by means of the daily i.p. administration of salivary gland homogenate: 24 h after a single injection of the homogenate, profuse cell necrosis was observed in the thymic cortex, 48 h later the cortex was devoid by lymphocytes. It is hypothesized that the submandibular glands of mice contain substances which are capable of inducing a cortisol-like effect."}
{"id": "PMID:891744", "title": "Effect of ageing on surface IgG of human peripheral lymphocytes.", "content": "An increase in the percentage of IgG bearing peripheral blood lymphocytes is observed in aged subjects as compared with young ones. Such a finding is probably due to the presence, in 'aged' sera, of a higher concentration of immune complexes, bound to lymphocytes through their Fc or Complement receptors.", "contents": "Effect of ageing on surface IgG of human peripheral lymphocytes. An increase in the percentage of IgG bearing peripheral blood lymphocytes is observed in aged subjects as compared with young ones. Such a finding is probably due to the presence, in 'aged' sera, of a higher concentration of immune complexes, bound to lymphocytes through their Fc or Complement receptors."}
{"id": "PMID:891745", "title": "A haemagglutinin in the tissue fluid of the Pacific oyster, Crassostrea gigas, with specificity for sialic acid residues in glycoproteins.", "content": "An agglutinin for human red cells has a specificity for sialic acid and a high affinity for bovine salivary glycoprotein. Digestion of the glycoprotein with Pronase or neuraminidas indicated that binding of sialic acid to receptors in the agglutinin is the first step in the mechanism of formation of a stable complex between ligand and receptor.", "contents": "A haemagglutinin in the tissue fluid of the Pacific oyster, Crassostrea gigas, with specificity for sialic acid residues in glycoproteins. An agglutinin for human red cells has a specificity for sialic acid and a high affinity for bovine salivary glycoprotein. Digestion of the glycoprotein with Pronase or neuraminidas indicated that binding of sialic acid to receptors in the agglutinin is the first step in the mechanism of formation of a stable complex between ligand and receptor."}
{"id": "PMID:891746", "title": "Influence of dopamine infusion on plasma prolactin released by kidney capsule transplanted anterior pituitaries.", "content": "The infusion of dopamine into the renal artery resulted in decreased prolactin release from 3 anterior pituitary glands transplanted under the kidney capsule. Prolactin levels continually decreased over a 5 min period after DA infusion was terminated and thereafter approached preinfusion levels by the end of 10 min.", "contents": "Influence of dopamine infusion on plasma prolactin released by kidney capsule transplanted anterior pituitaries. The infusion of dopamine into the renal artery resulted in decreased prolactin release from 3 anterior pituitary glands transplanted under the kidney capsule. Prolactin levels continually decreased over a 5 min period after DA infusion was terminated and thereafter approached preinfusion levels by the end of 10 min."}
{"id": "PMID:891751", "title": "Occurrence of sepiapterin deaminase in the normal type silkworm, Bombyx mori.", "content": "Sepiapterin deaminase was prepared from the normal strain of the silkworm, Bombyx mori. After inhibition experiments, this enzyme was found to have the same properties as that isolated from the lemon mutant strain. Several new inhibitors and their Ki values are described for the deaminase.", "contents": "Occurrence of sepiapterin deaminase in the normal type silkworm, Bombyx mori. Sepiapterin deaminase was prepared from the normal strain of the silkworm, Bombyx mori. After inhibition experiments, this enzyme was found to have the same properties as that isolated from the lemon mutant strain. Several new inhibitors and their Ki values are described for the deaminase."}
{"id": "PMID:891752", "title": "Large scale preparation of calf liver nuclei by continuous flow centrifugation.", "content": "Large scale purification and preparation of calf liver nuclei was accomplished by high speed centrifugation of a fraction enriched in nuclei ('nuclear homogenate') through 1.8 M sucrose by means of a Beckman CF-32 Ti continuous flow rotor. In comparison with methods involving the use of conventional high capacity rotors, larger volumes of homogenate could be processed. This method was used to prepare nuclei from calf liver for the preparation of DNA-dependent RNA polymerases. The use of continuous flow ultracentrifugation avoids time-consuming manipulations, thus allowing handling of large quantities of tissue.", "contents": "Large scale preparation of calf liver nuclei by continuous flow centrifugation. Large scale purification and preparation of calf liver nuclei was accomplished by high speed centrifugation of a fraction enriched in nuclei ('nuclear homogenate') through 1.8 M sucrose by means of a Beckman CF-32 Ti continuous flow rotor. In comparison with methods involving the use of conventional high capacity rotors, larger volumes of homogenate could be processed. This method was used to prepare nuclei from calf liver for the preparation of DNA-dependent RNA polymerases. The use of continuous flow ultracentrifugation avoids time-consuming manipulations, thus allowing handling of large quantities of tissue."}
{"id": "PMID:891753", "title": "Amino acid composition and sequence of kassinin, a tachykinin dodecapeptide from the skin of the African frog Kassina senegalensis.", "content": "Methanol extracts of the skin of the African amphibian Kassina senegalensis contain a dodecapeptide, kassinin, belonging to the family of tachykinins or physalaemin-like peptides. Kassinin, like all other natural tachykinins, possesses the characteristic C-terminal tripeptide Gly-Leu-Met-NH2 and a phenylalanine residue in position 5 from the C-terminus. However, the amino acid sequence in the N-moiety of the molecule differs sharply from that of the other tachykinins.", "contents": "Amino acid composition and sequence of kassinin, a tachykinin dodecapeptide from the skin of the African frog Kassina senegalensis. Methanol extracts of the skin of the African amphibian Kassina senegalensis contain a dodecapeptide, kassinin, belonging to the family of tachykinins or physalaemin-like peptides. Kassinin, like all other natural tachykinins, possesses the characteristic C-terminal tripeptide Gly-Leu-Met-NH2 and a phenylalanine residue in position 5 from the C-terminus. However, the amino acid sequence in the N-moiety of the molecule differs sharply from that of the other tachykinins."}
{"id": "PMID:891755", "title": "Carbohydrate composition of the human cataractous lenses.", "content": "Specific chemical assays, including carbohydrate, hexosamines and hexuronic acid, were determined on the lens insoluble albumoid. It was noticed that the carbohydrate composition varies with age. The significance of carbohydrate in the lens is discussed.", "contents": "Carbohydrate composition of the human cataractous lenses. Specific chemical assays, including carbohydrate, hexosamines and hexuronic acid, were determined on the lens insoluble albumoid. It was noticed that the carbohydrate composition varies with age. The significance of carbohydrate in the lens is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:891756", "title": "The effect of thermal injury on plasma carnitine in rats.", "content": "The plasma concentration of L-carnitine in scalded rats was determined to be greater (p less than or equal to 0.05) than that of control rats at 6 h following the administration of a 20% body surface, full-thickness burn produced by scalding in a 100 degrees C water bath for 15 sec.", "contents": "The effect of thermal injury on plasma carnitine in rats. The plasma concentration of L-carnitine in scalded rats was determined to be greater (p less than or equal to 0.05) than that of control rats at 6 h following the administration of a 20% body surface, full-thickness burn produced by scalding in a 100 degrees C water bath for 15 sec."}
{"id": "PMID:891757", "title": "Isoperoxidase spectra of single tulip cultivars and their parrot mutants.", "content": "The isoperoxidase spectrums of 2 single tulip cultivars and their parrot mutants were analyzed by disc electrophoresis in leaves and tepals i.e. petals plus sepals excised from within the bulbs. It was found that the anodal isoperoxidase pattern of parrot mutant tepals differs distinctly from tepals of their mother cultivars, but no differences were observed in cathodal isoperoxidases. Both the anodal and cathodal isoperoxidase spectra of parrot mutant leaves and leaves of their mother cultivars were similar.", "contents": "Isoperoxidase spectra of single tulip cultivars and their parrot mutants. The isoperoxidase spectrums of 2 single tulip cultivars and their parrot mutants were analyzed by disc electrophoresis in leaves and tepals i.e. petals plus sepals excised from within the bulbs. It was found that the anodal isoperoxidase pattern of parrot mutant tepals differs distinctly from tepals of their mother cultivars, but no differences were observed in cathodal isoperoxidases. Both the anodal and cathodal isoperoxidase spectra of parrot mutant leaves and leaves of their mother cultivars were similar."}
{"id": "PMID:891758", "title": "Collagen glycopeptides from the sea cucumber Stichopus japonicus.", "content": "Structures of several hydroxylysine-containing glycopeptides derived from the body wall of the sea cucumber have been determined. The glycosylated hydroxylysines were all the Y positions of Gly-X-Y triplets. They are thought to be distributed throughout the peptide chain, in contrast to vertebrate skin collagens. One glycopeptide demonstrated the existence of the sequence Gly-Gly-Hyp in invertebrates for the first time.", "contents": "Collagen glycopeptides from the sea cucumber Stichopus japonicus. Structures of several hydroxylysine-containing glycopeptides derived from the body wall of the sea cucumber have been determined. The glycosylated hydroxylysines were all the Y positions of Gly-X-Y triplets. They are thought to be distributed throughout the peptide chain, in contrast to vertebrate skin collagens. One glycopeptide demonstrated the existence of the sequence Gly-Gly-Hyp in invertebrates for the first time."}
{"id": "PMID:891759", "title": "Effect and fate of intravenously administered porphobilin in rats.", "content": "In rats after i.v. porphobilin, blood pressure and pulse rate remained stable, the animals were calm and moved freely with no symptoms or signs of nervous effect. Porphobilin was rapidly excreted in the urine.", "contents": "Effect and fate of intravenously administered porphobilin in rats. In rats after i.v. porphobilin, blood pressure and pulse rate remained stable, the animals were calm and moved freely with no symptoms or signs of nervous effect. Porphobilin was rapidly excreted in the urine."}
{"id": "PMID:891760", "title": "[Male sex pheromones of noctuides (author's transl)].", "content": "By gaschromatographic-mass spectrometric methods 2-phenylethyl alcohol, benzylalcohol, phenylacetaldehyde and benzaldehyde were identified from scent brushes of male Noctuidae species (Lepidoptera).", "contents": "[Male sex pheromones of noctuides (author's transl)]. By gaschromatographic-mass spectrometric methods 2-phenylethyl alcohol, benzylalcohol, phenylacetaldehyde and benzaldehyde were identified from scent brushes of male Noctuidae species (Lepidoptera)."}
{"id": "PMID:891762", "title": "Lysergylpeptides in the course of peptide ergot alkaloid formation.", "content": "Radioactive d-lysergyl-Val-Leu-OMe, d-lysergyl-Val-Val-OMe and d-lysergyl-Val-Val-Pro-OMe were synthetized according to the dicyclohexylcarbodiimide/1-hydroxybenzotriazole procedure. These compounds are not used by intact mycelium of Claviceps as immediate precursors for cyclolalkaloid biosynthesis.", "contents": "Lysergylpeptides in the course of peptide ergot alkaloid formation. Radioactive d-lysergyl-Val-Leu-OMe, d-lysergyl-Val-Val-OMe and d-lysergyl-Val-Val-Pro-OMe were synthetized according to the dicyclohexylcarbodiimide/1-hydroxybenzotriazole procedure. These compounds are not used by intact mycelium of Claviceps as immediate precursors for cyclolalkaloid biosynthesis."}
{"id": "PMID:891764", "title": "Piroplasmal sporozoites in the Argasid Ornithodoros erraticus (Lucas).", "content": "The infective forms of Nuttallia meri, a small-mammal piroplasm, first appear as spindle-shaped sporozoites in and around the salivary glands of Ornithodoros erraticus (small race) 30 days after the ticks had fed on infected blood. O. erraticus is the only soft tick so far proved to transmit a piroplasm.", "contents": "Piroplasmal sporozoites in the Argasid Ornithodoros erraticus (Lucas). The infective forms of Nuttallia meri, a small-mammal piroplasm, first appear as spindle-shaped sporozoites in and around the salivary glands of Ornithodoros erraticus (small race) 30 days after the ticks had fed on infected blood. O. erraticus is the only soft tick so far proved to transmit a piroplasm."}
{"id": "PMID:891767", "title": "The generation and identification of the hemolysin of Trypanosoma congolense.", "content": "The hemolytic activity of Trypanosoma congolense appears to be due to the presence of free fatty acids generated by the action of phospholipase A on endogenous phosphatidyl choline. Some lysolecithin also contributes to the lytic activity. Trypanosoma lewisi, being devoid of phospholipase A, does not generate free fatty acids and is therefore non-hemolytic.", "contents": "The generation and identification of the hemolysin of Trypanosoma congolense. The hemolytic activity of Trypanosoma congolense appears to be due to the presence of free fatty acids generated by the action of phospholipase A on endogenous phosphatidyl choline. Some lysolecithin also contributes to the lytic activity. Trypanosoma lewisi, being devoid of phospholipase A, does not generate free fatty acids and is therefore non-hemolytic."}
{"id": "PMID:891768", "title": "Selective inhibition of reproduction in aminopterin-treated nematodes.", "content": "Aminopterin was applied to the free-living nematode Caenorhabditis briggsae and subsequent growth was recorded. Nematode populations, containing all developmental stages and selected juvenile stages, were exposed to the drug in both growth-promoting and non-promoting media. It is suggested that aminopterin creates a specific requirement for thymine in thymine-free medium. In otherwise growth-promoting medium, aminopterin-induced thymine deficiency will lead to progressively unbalanced growth and maturation and hence to sterility even after removal of the drug. The omission of essential amino acids from the medium during thymine starvation prevents larval growth and results in better reproduction and faster proliferation in aminopterin-free medium. The 4 juvenile stages exhibit a different response to thymine starvation created by aminopterin.", "contents": "Selective inhibition of reproduction in aminopterin-treated nematodes. Aminopterin was applied to the free-living nematode Caenorhabditis briggsae and subsequent growth was recorded. Nematode populations, containing all developmental stages and selected juvenile stages, were exposed to the drug in both growth-promoting and non-promoting media. It is suggested that aminopterin creates a specific requirement for thymine in thymine-free medium. In otherwise growth-promoting medium, aminopterin-induced thymine deficiency will lead to progressively unbalanced growth and maturation and hence to sterility even after removal of the drug. The omission of essential amino acids from the medium during thymine starvation prevents larval growth and results in better reproduction and faster proliferation in aminopterin-free medium. The 4 juvenile stages exhibit a different response to thymine starvation created by aminopterin."}
{"id": "PMID:891771", "title": "Pancreatic polypeptide: a possible role in the regulation of food intake in the mouse. Hypothesis.", "content": "Pancreatic polypeptide (PP) is a recently identified hormone produced by pancreatic endocrine cells. The islets of genetically obese mice (ob/ob, C57 BL/6J), which are suspected to lack a circulating satiety factor, contain relatively few of the PP-producing cells. Administration of bovine pancreatic polypeptide (bPP) reduces food intake and suppresses body weight gain in the hyperphagic obese mice. It is postulated that PP participates in the regulation of food intake in a manner as yet undefined.", "contents": "Pancreatic polypeptide: a possible role in the regulation of food intake in the mouse. Hypothesis. Pancreatic polypeptide (PP) is a recently identified hormone produced by pancreatic endocrine cells. The islets of genetically obese mice (ob/ob, C57 BL/6J), which are suspected to lack a circulating satiety factor, contain relatively few of the PP-producing cells. Administration of bovine pancreatic polypeptide (bPP) reduces food intake and suppresses body weight gain in the hyperphagic obese mice. It is postulated that PP participates in the regulation of food intake in a manner as yet undefined."}
{"id": "PMID:891775", "title": "Nature and the time course of the effect of CO2 on electroretinogram (ERG) in an arachnid.", "content": "Electroretinogram recorded from the median eye of the scorpion, Heterometrus fulvipes before and after exposure to CO2 indicated that the rate of recovery of 'b' wave to pre-CO2 level was slow and delayed as compared to 'a' wave. 'b' wave may therefore have a more central origin than that of 'a' wave, which finds corroboration in the results of the depth recording in this eye with the microelectrode.", "contents": "Nature and the time course of the effect of CO2 on electroretinogram (ERG) in an arachnid. Electroretinogram recorded from the median eye of the scorpion, Heterometrus fulvipes before and after exposure to CO2 indicated that the rate of recovery of 'b' wave to pre-CO2 level was slow and delayed as compared to 'a' wave. 'b' wave may therefore have a more central origin than that of 'a' wave, which finds corroboration in the results of the depth recording in this eye with the microelectrode."}
{"id": "PMID:891779", "title": "5-Hydroxytryptamine binding to butanol extracts from myelin fragments.", "content": "The myelin fraction of rat brain stem was treated with butanol-water mixtures, and the extracted proteolipids were separated by Sephadex LH20 column chromatography. 2 peaks of proteolipids eluted in chloroform-methanol 4/1 showed the binding capacity for C14 - 5-HT. This finding suggests the necessity of the more careful investigations for the probability of proteolipids as receptor proteins in the central nervous system.", "contents": "5-Hydroxytryptamine binding to butanol extracts from myelin fragments. The myelin fraction of rat brain stem was treated with butanol-water mixtures, and the extracted proteolipids were separated by Sephadex LH20 column chromatography. 2 peaks of proteolipids eluted in chloroform-methanol 4/1 showed the binding capacity for C14 - 5-HT. This finding suggests the necessity of the more careful investigations for the probability of proteolipids as receptor proteins in the central nervous system."}
{"id": "PMID:891781", "title": "Comparison of bicyclic phosphorous esters with bicuculline and picrotoxin as antagonists of presynaptic inhibition in the rat cuneate nucleus.", "content": "The effects of 2 of a series of bicyclic phosphorous esters, the ethyl (EPTBO) and isopropyl (IPTBO) compounds, were compared with those of the GABA antagonists, picrotoxin and bicuculline, on presynaptic inhibition in the rat cunneate nucleus. Both EPTBO and IPTBO were found to be effective, reversible antagonists of presynaptic inhibition, with IPTBO approximately 10 times more potent than EPTBO and equipotent with bicuculline, EPTBO equipotent with picrotoxin.", "contents": "Comparison of bicyclic phosphorous esters with bicuculline and picrotoxin as antagonists of presynaptic inhibition in the rat cuneate nucleus. The effects of 2 of a series of bicyclic phosphorous esters, the ethyl (EPTBO) and isopropyl (IPTBO) compounds, were compared with those of the GABA antagonists, picrotoxin and bicuculline, on presynaptic inhibition in the rat cunneate nucleus. Both EPTBO and IPTBO were found to be effective, reversible antagonists of presynaptic inhibition, with IPTBO approximately 10 times more potent than EPTBO and equipotent with bicuculline, EPTBO equipotent with picrotoxin."}
{"id": "PMID:891786", "title": "Effects of cytochalasin H on the embryonic endodermal cells of Microhyla ornata.", "content": "Cytochalasin H (CH) like CB causes disaggregation of embryonic endodermal cells and reduces their adhesivity to the glass surface. These cells reaggregate on removal of the drug from the medium. Reversibility depends on the duration of drug treatment. The mechanism of drug action is explained.", "contents": "Effects of cytochalasin H on the embryonic endodermal cells of Microhyla ornata. Cytochalasin H (CH) like CB causes disaggregation of embryonic endodermal cells and reduces their adhesivity to the glass surface. These cells reaggregate on removal of the drug from the medium. Reversibility depends on the duration of drug treatment. The mechanism of drug action is explained."}
{"id": "PMID:891787", "title": "Contractile filaments in cells of regenerating tendon.", "content": "An extensive cytoplasmic fibrillar system has been observed in fibroblast-like cell of regenerating tendon. It consists of bundles of actin filaments, which often show a cross-striated appearance due to electron dense bodies occurring throughout their length. The functional role of this contractile apparatus seems to be related to the process of movement and orientation of the newly formed cells and to the retraction of the regenerating tendon.", "contents": "Contractile filaments in cells of regenerating tendon. An extensive cytoplasmic fibrillar system has been observed in fibroblast-like cell of regenerating tendon. It consists of bundles of actin filaments, which often show a cross-striated appearance due to electron dense bodies occurring throughout their length. The functional role of this contractile apparatus seems to be related to the process of movement and orientation of the newly formed cells and to the retraction of the regenerating tendon."}
{"id": "PMID:891788", "title": "Erythropoiesis and plasma tocopherol levels in irradiated mice.", "content": "Plasma protein and tocopherol concentrations, haematocrit and 59-iron incorporation into erythrocytes have been measured in vitamin E-deficient and supplemented mice before and after exposure to 500 R of 260 kVp X-ray. Supplemented animals had greater haematocrit, plasma tocopherol and protein levels initially. After irradiation plasma tocopherol concentration decreased drastically in the vitamin E-supplemented mice.", "contents": "Erythropoiesis and plasma tocopherol levels in irradiated mice. Plasma protein and tocopherol concentrations, haematocrit and 59-iron incorporation into erythrocytes have been measured in vitamin E-deficient and supplemented mice before and after exposure to 500 R of 260 kVp X-ray. Supplemented animals had greater haematocrit, plasma tocopherol and protein levels initially. After irradiation plasma tocopherol concentration decreased drastically in the vitamin E-supplemented mice."}
{"id": "PMID:891789", "title": "Prostaglandin production by human polymorphnuclear leucocytes during phagocytosis in vitro.", "content": "Human polymorphonuclear leukocytes were found to be able to synthetize and release substantial amounts of PGE2' when stimulated by a phagocytic stimulus such as zymosan particles coated with complement. Hydrocortisone, at a concentration of 10(-5) M, which proved to be effective in other biological systems, failed to inhibit phagocytosis and PG release.", "contents": "Prostaglandin production by human polymorphnuclear leucocytes during phagocytosis in vitro. Human polymorphonuclear leukocytes were found to be able to synthetize and release substantial amounts of PGE2' when stimulated by a phagocytic stimulus such as zymosan particles coated with complement. Hydrocortisone, at a concentration of 10(-5) M, which proved to be effective in other biological systems, failed to inhibit phagocytosis and PG release."}
{"id": "PMID:891791", "title": "Effect of vincristine on glucose-induced insulin secretion in man.", "content": "60 min after the injection of therapeutic doses of vincristine for cancer chemotherapy, there is a reduction of the total (40%) and of the acute phase (43%) areas of insulin secretion inductedby 5-g i.v glucose load, and the constant of gllcose utilization is reduced by 25%. No differences are observed after 3 5-g i.v. glucose loads given at hourly intervals in control subjects.", "contents": "Effect of vincristine on glucose-induced insulin secretion in man. 60 min after the injection of therapeutic doses of vincristine for cancer chemotherapy, there is a reduction of the total (40%) and of the acute phase (43%) areas of insulin secretion inductedby 5-g i.v glucose load, and the constant of gllcose utilization is reduced by 25%. No differences are observed after 3 5-g i.v. glucose loads given at hourly intervals in control subjects."}
{"id": "PMID:891792", "title": "Influence of protein free aqueous extract of parathyroid powder on serum vitamin A level in rats.", "content": "Administration of the protein-free extract of bovine parathyroid powder to rats resulted in a significant increase of the serum vitamin A level.", "contents": "Influence of protein free aqueous extract of parathyroid powder on serum vitamin A level in rats. Administration of the protein-free extract of bovine parathyroid powder to rats resulted in a significant increase of the serum vitamin A level."}
{"id": "PMID:891793", "title": "A new histamine metabolite, quantitatively important in chicken.", "content": "After i.v. injection of 14C-histamine to chicken, we identified one of the histamine metabolites as N-acetylmethylhistamine in the urine. This new metabolite accounted for about 20% of the urinary or 14% of the administered radioactivity.", "contents": "A new histamine metabolite, quantitatively important in chicken. After i.v. injection of 14C-histamine to chicken, we identified one of the histamine metabolites as N-acetylmethylhistamine in the urine. This new metabolite accounted for about 20% of the urinary or 14% of the administered radioactivity."}
{"id": "PMID:891794", "title": "Effect of trypsin, S-adenosylmethionine and ethionine on L-serine sulfhydrase activity.", "content": "Trypsin causes an activation of serine sulfhydrase in the liver extracts from intact animals, but inhibits enzyme activity in the liver of ethionine treated rats. Trypsin also decreases an elevation of serine sulfhydrase activity caused by S-adenosylmethionine.", "contents": "Effect of trypsin, S-adenosylmethionine and ethionine on L-serine sulfhydrase activity. Trypsin causes an activation of serine sulfhydrase in the liver extracts from intact animals, but inhibits enzyme activity in the liver of ethionine treated rats. Trypsin also decreases an elevation of serine sulfhydrase activity caused by S-adenosylmethionine."}
{"id": "PMID:891795", "title": "Changes of the prostaglandin F2a metabolism in early human placenta.", "content": "The quantitative metabolism of PgF2a was studied in different ages of early human placentae in vitro. The 15-OH-Pg-dehydrogenase became minimal at about the 9th week.", "contents": "Changes of the prostaglandin F2a metabolism in early human placenta. The quantitative metabolism of PgF2a was studied in different ages of early human placentae in vitro. The 15-OH-Pg-dehydrogenase became minimal at about the 9th week."}
{"id": "PMID:891796", "title": "Isotope effect studies on the dehydrogenation of delta 1-tetrahydrocannabinol in the rat.", "content": "Isotope effect studies on the metabolic dehydrogenation of delta 1-tetrahydrocannabinol in rats are described and it is shown that this process is confined to a very short period following i.v. administration. The implications of this finding are discussed.", "contents": "Isotope effect studies on the dehydrogenation of delta 1-tetrahydrocannabinol in the rat. Isotope effect studies on the metabolic dehydrogenation of delta 1-tetrahydrocannabinol in rats are described and it is shown that this process is confined to a very short period following i.v. administration. The implications of this finding are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:891797", "title": "Hepatic induction of threonine dehydratase and tryptophan pyrrolase to tyrotoxic rats.", "content": "The levels of hepatic threonine dehydratase and tryptophan pyrrolase are elevated in 5% tyrosine-fed rats, and these increases are dependent on the dietary tyrosine level. Experiments with RNA and protein synthesis inhibitors indicate that the appearance of these new enzyme activities are dependent on concomitant new protein synthesis and the inducer operates at a transcriptional level.", "contents": "Hepatic induction of threonine dehydratase and tryptophan pyrrolase to tyrotoxic rats. The levels of hepatic threonine dehydratase and tryptophan pyrrolase are elevated in 5% tyrosine-fed rats, and these increases are dependent on the dietary tyrosine level. Experiments with RNA and protein synthesis inhibitors indicate that the appearance of these new enzyme activities are dependent on concomitant new protein synthesis and the inducer operates at a transcriptional level."}
{"id": "PMID:891798", "title": "New observations on the karyotype of the Djungarian hamster, Phodopus sungorus.", "content": "In this paper, the C-banding pattern of the karyotype of Phodopus sungorus is presented and polymorphism is taken into consideration.", "contents": "New observations on the karyotype of the Djungarian hamster, Phodopus sungorus. In this paper, the C-banding pattern of the karyotype of Phodopus sungorus is presented and polymorphism is taken into consideration."}
{"id": "PMID:891799", "title": "Karyological difference between Sagittarius and Cariama (Aves).", "content": "Chromosome studies of 1 species of Cariamidae and Sagittarius show great karyological differences and tend to dispel the suggestion of a possible relationship between the families.", "contents": "Karyological difference between Sagittarius and Cariama (Aves). Chromosome studies of 1 species of Cariamidae and Sagittarius show great karyological differences and tend to dispel the suggestion of a possible relationship between the families."}
{"id": "PMID:891800", "title": "New inversion of the pair no. 3 chromosome in the black rat.", "content": "A Japanese black rat (Rattus rattus tanezumi) with a subtelocentric pair no. 3 chromosome was found in Gotenba, Japan. By comparison of the length in both members of the chromosome pair, and from the G-band pattern, the subtelocentrics seemed to have developed from the original acrocentrics by the pericentric inversion.", "contents": "New inversion of the pair no. 3 chromosome in the black rat. A Japanese black rat (Rattus rattus tanezumi) with a subtelocentric pair no. 3 chromosome was found in Gotenba, Japan. By comparison of the length in both members of the chromosome pair, and from the G-band pattern, the subtelocentrics seemed to have developed from the original acrocentrics by the pericentric inversion."}
{"id": "PMID:891801", "title": "Heritability as an indicator of genetical variation in fecundity.", "content": "Heritability is well known to be a poor indicator of genetical variation in fitness. We show here that it is also an inadequate measure of genetical variation in fecundity.", "contents": "Heritability as an indicator of genetical variation in fecundity. Heritability is well known to be a poor indicator of genetical variation in fitness. We show here that it is also an inadequate measure of genetical variation in fecundity."}
{"id": "PMID:891802", "title": "Robertsonian translocations in Mus musculus from Sicily.", "content": "The karyotypes of 6 mice from different places in Sicily have been determined. 3 of them had abnormal chromosome numbers of 2n = 26, 2n = 27 and 2n = 29, caused by Robersonian translocations of one acrocentric chromosome to another resulting in metacentric chromosomes. The newly described metacentric chromosomes are Rb(4.3)1Sic, Rb(15.2)2SIC, Rb(12.6)3SIC, Rb(13.5)4Sic, Rb(14.10)5Sic, Rb(17.8)6Sic and Rb(16.9)7Sic.", "contents": "Robertsonian translocations in Mus musculus from Sicily. The karyotypes of 6 mice from different places in Sicily have been determined. 3 of them had abnormal chromosome numbers of 2n = 26, 2n = 27 and 2n = 29, caused by Robersonian translocations of one acrocentric chromosome to another resulting in metacentric chromosomes. The newly described metacentric chromosomes are Rb(4.3)1Sic, Rb(15.2)2SIC, Rb(12.6)3SIC, Rb(13.5)4Sic, Rb(14.10)5Sic, Rb(17.8)6Sic and Rb(16.9)7Sic."}
{"id": "PMID:891803", "title": "Increased relative growth rate of normal rat cells in vitro with crocetin.", "content": "The carotenoid crocetin (earlier found to increase relative growth of Walker 256 tumor cells and their radiosensitivity), is shown to increase the relative growth of normal Sprague-Dawley rat muscle derived cells in vitro, presumably by increasing oxygen transport.", "contents": "Increased relative growth rate of normal rat cells in vitro with crocetin. The carotenoid crocetin (earlier found to increase relative growth of Walker 256 tumor cells and their radiosensitivity), is shown to increase the relative growth of normal Sprague-Dawley rat muscle derived cells in vitro, presumably by increasing oxygen transport."}
{"id": "PMID:891804", "title": "Synthesis and properties of Praziquantel, a novel broad spectrum anthelmintic with excellent activity against Schistosomes and Cestodes.", "content": "Synthesis and properties of 2-cyclohexylcarbonyl-1,3,4,6,7,11b-hexahydro-2H-pyrazino [2,1-a] isoquinolin-4-one, a novel anthelmintic with excellent activity against all species of Schistosomes pathogenic to man and a wide range of cestodes, will be reported.", "contents": "Synthesis and properties of Praziquantel, a novel broad spectrum anthelmintic with excellent activity against Schistosomes and Cestodes. Synthesis and properties of 2-cyclohexylcarbonyl-1,3,4,6,7,11b-hexahydro-2H-pyrazino [2,1-a] isoquinolin-4-one, a novel anthelmintic with excellent activity against all species of Schistosomes pathogenic to man and a wide range of cestodes, will be reported."}
{"id": "PMID:891805", "title": "Effects of gamma-rays on DNA-cholesterol complex.", "content": "Effects of gamma-rays on the DNA-cholesterol complex have been studied. Radiation-induced changes are found and compared with those on DNA-dye or drug complexes.", "contents": "Effects of gamma-rays on DNA-cholesterol complex. Effects of gamma-rays on the DNA-cholesterol complex have been studied. Radiation-induced changes are found and compared with those on DNA-dye or drug complexes."}
{"id": "PMID:891806", "title": "Effects of electrical stimulation of periaqueductal gray matter on evoked potentials recorded in the primary somesthetic cortical areas of the rat.", "content": "The influence of focal electrical stimulation of PGM on primary cortical evoked potentials elicted by nociceptive peripheral stimulation was studied in anaesthetized and conscious rats. This analgesic electrical stimulation produces an abolition of cortical responses during its application and a significant decrease of the positive and negative amplitude waves after interruption of PGM electrical stimulation. Since these effects were observed in animals under barbiturate anesthesia and in conscious rats, they are interpreted as a supraspinal action on the primary pain pathway.", "contents": "Effects of electrical stimulation of periaqueductal gray matter on evoked potentials recorded in the primary somesthetic cortical areas of the rat. The influence of focal electrical stimulation of PGM on primary cortical evoked potentials elicted by nociceptive peripheral stimulation was studied in anaesthetized and conscious rats. This analgesic electrical stimulation produces an abolition of cortical responses during its application and a significant decrease of the positive and negative amplitude waves after interruption of PGM electrical stimulation. Since these effects were observed in animals under barbiturate anesthesia and in conscious rats, they are interpreted as a supraspinal action on the primary pain pathway."}
{"id": "PMID:891807", "title": "Rhythmic variations in the isocitrate dehydrogenase activity in the scorpin, Heterometrus fulvipes (C. Koch).", "content": "The activity of isocitrate dehydrogenase was assayed in the pedipalpal muscle and hepatopancreas of scorpion, Heterometrus fulvipes. The enzyme activity showed a circadian rhythmicity with a peak value at 20.00 h in both the tissues.", "contents": "Rhythmic variations in the isocitrate dehydrogenase activity in the scorpin, Heterometrus fulvipes (C. Koch). The activity of isocitrate dehydrogenase was assayed in the pedipalpal muscle and hepatopancreas of scorpion, Heterometrus fulvipes. The enzyme activity showed a circadian rhythmicity with a peak value at 20.00 h in both the tissues."}
{"id": "PMID:891808", "title": "Measurement of the biliary tree volume in the rate under Tm-conditions.", "content": "Biliary tree capacities determined under Tm-conditions using 35S-sulfobromophthalein sodium 35S-sulfobromophthalein glutathione, and 14C-taurocholate sodium as markers exceeded markedly the biliary volumes reported until now. This may have been caused at least partly by a more homogenous distribution of the marker substance throughout the liver parenchyma in contrast to simple bolus injection studies.", "contents": "Measurement of the biliary tree volume in the rate under Tm-conditions. Biliary tree capacities determined under Tm-conditions using 35S-sulfobromophthalein sodium 35S-sulfobromophthalein glutathione, and 14C-taurocholate sodium as markers exceeded markedly the biliary volumes reported until now. This may have been caused at least partly by a more homogenous distribution of the marker substance throughout the liver parenchyma in contrast to simple bolus injection studies."}
{"id": "PMID:891809", "title": "The amino acid composition of rat bile.", "content": "The pattern of amino acids in the bile of rats differs from the pattern in the serum of these animals, since bile contains significantly greater amounts of acidic and sulphur-containing amino acids and glycine than serum, while the serum contained more basic amino acids than bile, indicating that secretion of amino acids into bile may involve specific transport processes.", "contents": "The amino acid composition of rat bile. The pattern of amino acids in the bile of rats differs from the pattern in the serum of these animals, since bile contains significantly greater amounts of acidic and sulphur-containing amino acids and glycine than serum, while the serum contained more basic amino acids than bile, indicating that secretion of amino acids into bile may involve specific transport processes."}
{"id": "PMID:891810", "title": "Nerve endings isolated from chick embryonic optic tectum. 2. Developmental aspects of synaptosomal membrane.", "content": "Fractions enriched in nerve endings (synaptosomes) have been isolated from chick embryonic optic tectum during development. After osmotic shock, these fractions appeared to be enriched in membranes which during development acquire typical features of mature synaptosomal membranes.", "contents": "Nerve endings isolated from chick embryonic optic tectum. 2. Developmental aspects of synaptosomal membrane. Fractions enriched in nerve endings (synaptosomes) have been isolated from chick embryonic optic tectum during development. After osmotic shock, these fractions appeared to be enriched in membranes which during development acquire typical features of mature synaptosomal membranes."}
{"id": "PMID:891811", "title": "Electro-mechanical noise in atrial muscle fibres of the carp.", "content": "Steady membrane voltage fluctuations have been observed in atrial muscle fibres of the carp. These voltage fluctuations produce minute mechanical escillations, as revealed by an interference contrast microscope. The steady voltage fluctuations may be related to abnormal automaticity in the heart.", "contents": "Electro-mechanical noise in atrial muscle fibres of the carp. Steady membrane voltage fluctuations have been observed in atrial muscle fibres of the carp. These voltage fluctuations produce minute mechanical escillations, as revealed by an interference contrast microscope. The steady voltage fluctuations may be related to abnormal automaticity in the heart."}
{"id": "PMID:891812", "title": "Influence of ionic environment on intestinal oxygen consumption.", "content": "The oxygen consumption of rat small intestine in vitro is influenced by the anions, chloride and bicarbonate, as well as by sodium.", "contents": "Influence of ionic environment on intestinal oxygen consumption. The oxygen consumption of rat small intestine in vitro is influenced by the anions, chloride and bicarbonate, as well as by sodium."}
{"id": "PMID:891813", "title": "Acoustic localization in an ostariophysian fish.", "content": "Under approximate free field conditions acoustic localization could be demonstrated in an ostariophysian fish, the ide (Leuciscus idus). The efficient vibration links of both succuli with the unpaired swimbladder (via the Weberian ossicles) do apparently not prclude directional hearing in this important group of freshwater fish.", "contents": "Acoustic localization in an ostariophysian fish. Under approximate free field conditions acoustic localization could be demonstrated in an ostariophysian fish, the ide (Leuciscus idus). The efficient vibration links of both succuli with the unpaired swimbladder (via the Weberian ossicles) do apparently not prclude directional hearing in this important group of freshwater fish."}
{"id": "PMID:891814", "title": "Extracellular space values and intracellular ionic concentrations in the isolated midgut of Philosamia cynthia and Bombyx mori.", "content": "Total extracellular space values have been determined in the midguts of 2 lepidopteran larvae, Philosamia cynthia and Bombyx mori. The values found are 42% and 45% tissue water respectively. Intracellular concentrations of Na+, Ca++ and Mg++ are very low, while K+ concentration is 197,2 mEq/l cell water Philosamia and 180.9 mEq/l cell water in Bombyx.", "contents": "Extracellular space values and intracellular ionic concentrations in the isolated midgut of Philosamia cynthia and Bombyx mori. Total extracellular space values have been determined in the midguts of 2 lepidopteran larvae, Philosamia cynthia and Bombyx mori. The values found are 42% and 45% tissue water respectively. Intracellular concentrations of Na+, Ca++ and Mg++ are very low, while K+ concentration is 197,2 mEq/l cell water Philosamia and 180.9 mEq/l cell water in Bombyx."}
{"id": "PMID:891815", "title": "'High-affinity' binding sites for glycine in synaptosomal-mitochondrial fractions of rat CNS-regions.", "content": "'High-affinity' binding mechanisms for glycine exist in synaptosome-enriched preparations of various regions of rat CNS. Such mechanisms may represent interactions of glycine with its synaptic receptors.", "contents": "'High-affinity' binding sites for glycine in synaptosomal-mitochondrial fractions of rat CNS-regions. 'High-affinity' binding mechanisms for glycine exist in synaptosome-enriched preparations of various regions of rat CNS. Such mechanisms may represent interactions of glycine with its synaptic receptors."}
{"id": "PMID:891816", "title": "Tolerance to cold and glucose homeostasis in adrenal demedullated dogs.", "content": "The rise in O2 consumption and in glucose turnover, induced by acute cold exposure is not suppressed by adrenal demedullation in dogs. However, both at neutral and cold ambient temperature, the mean plasma glucose concentrations are higher in normal (N) than in adrenal-demedullated dogs (ADMX). In the cold, the fall in rectal temperature is larger in ADMX than in N dogs.", "contents": "Tolerance to cold and glucose homeostasis in adrenal demedullated dogs. The rise in O2 consumption and in glucose turnover, induced by acute cold exposure is not suppressed by adrenal demedullation in dogs. However, both at neutral and cold ambient temperature, the mean plasma glucose concentrations are higher in normal (N) than in adrenal-demedullated dogs (ADMX). In the cold, the fall in rectal temperature is larger in ADMX than in N dogs."}
{"id": "PMID:891817", "title": "The effect of L-Dopa on the spinal monosynaptic mass reflex.", "content": "After i.v. injection of reserpine, the monosynaptic mass reflex (MSMR) is depressed in spinalized cats. However, the complete recovery of MSMR was obtained 30 min after L-Dopa application. Pimozide, a dopamine-receptor blocking agent, blocked this action of L-Dopa. It is presumed that dopaminergic receptors are involved in the action of L-Dopa on spinal MSMR.", "contents": "The effect of L-Dopa on the spinal monosynaptic mass reflex. After i.v. injection of reserpine, the monosynaptic mass reflex (MSMR) is depressed in spinalized cats. However, the complete recovery of MSMR was obtained 30 min after L-Dopa application. Pimozide, a dopamine-receptor blocking agent, blocked this action of L-Dopa. It is presumed that dopaminergic receptors are involved in the action of L-Dopa on spinal MSMR."}
{"id": "PMID:891818", "title": "Changes in gentamicin pharmacokinetics after reduction of renal parenchyma.", "content": "The relationship between the elimination constant of gentamicin and the percentage of functioning nephrons in rats cannot be characterized by a simple linear relation. The results support the assumption that gentamicin elimination per residual nephron increased.", "contents": "Changes in gentamicin pharmacokinetics after reduction of renal parenchyma. The relationship between the elimination constant of gentamicin and the percentage of functioning nephrons in rats cannot be characterized by a simple linear relation. The results support the assumption that gentamicin elimination per residual nephron increased."}
{"id": "PMID:891819", "title": "IgG deposits and Disse's space pathology in human schistosomal liver.", "content": "IgG deposits were identified in Disse's spaces of patients with advanced Symmers' fibrosis consequent to schistosomal infection.", "contents": "IgG deposits and Disse's space pathology in human schistosomal liver. IgG deposits were identified in Disse's spaces of patients with advanced Symmers' fibrosis consequent to schistosomal infection."}
{"id": "PMID:891820", "title": "Metabolic rearrangement of fluorenone oxime to phenanthridinone.", "content": "Fluorenone oxime is metabolized in vivo in the rat to phenanthrifinone which is excreted in the urine. The structure of the metabolite has been determined by comparison of chromatographic and spectral properties of the metabolites with authentic phenanthridinone.", "contents": "Metabolic rearrangement of fluorenone oxime to phenanthridinone. Fluorenone oxime is metabolized in vivo in the rat to phenanthrifinone which is excreted in the urine. The structure of the metabolite has been determined by comparison of chromatographic and spectral properties of the metabolites with authentic phenanthridinone."}
{"id": "PMID:891821", "title": "The effect of clomiphene citrate and estradiol on body weight, vaginal cornification, and uterine weight after chronic treatment of ovariectomized rats.", "content": "Clomiphene reduced the body weight gain of ovariectomized rats to a much greater degree than extradiol did. Estradiol  had a more pronounced effect on vaginal cornification and uterine weight than clomiphene did.", "contents": "The effect of clomiphene citrate and estradiol on body weight, vaginal cornification, and uterine weight after chronic treatment of ovariectomized rats. Clomiphene reduced the body weight gain of ovariectomized rats to a much greater degree than extradiol did. Estradiol  had a more pronounced effect on vaginal cornification and uterine weight than clomiphene did."}
{"id": "PMID:891822", "title": "On the biomechanical function of the liver capsule.", "content": "We have carried out histomechanical studies on the human bovine liver caps-le under tension loading. Nonlinear force-time curve under extension with constant speed, initial upper and lower summit decrease of the dynamic relaxation curve, amplitude diminution phenomenon of the dynamic relaxation in the lower nonlinear part of the extension-time curve, dynamic (cyclic) force recovery.", "contents": "On the biomechanical function of the liver capsule. We have carried out histomechanical studies on the human bovine liver caps-le under tension loading. Nonlinear force-time curve under extension with constant speed, initial upper and lower summit decrease of the dynamic relaxation curve, amplitude diminution phenomenon of the dynamic relaxation in the lower nonlinear part of the extension-time curve, dynamic (cyclic) force recovery."}
{"id": "PMID:891823", "title": "Sister chromatid exchanges in human lymphocytes exposed to 8-methoxypsoralen and long wave UV radiation prior to incorporation of bromodeoxyuridine.", "content": "Human lymphocytes exposed to the effects of long wave UV radiation in the presence of 8-methoxypsoralen prior to stimulation by PHA show dose related sister chromatid exchanges after 2 replication cycles in vitro. This has implications for interpreting the processes involved and for monitoring DNA damaging agents in vivo.", "contents": "Sister chromatid exchanges in human lymphocytes exposed to 8-methoxypsoralen and long wave UV radiation prior to incorporation of bromodeoxyuridine. Human lymphocytes exposed to the effects of long wave UV radiation in the presence of 8-methoxypsoralen prior to stimulation by PHA show dose related sister chromatid exchanges after 2 replication cycles in vitro. This has implications for interpreting the processes involved and for monitoring DNA damaging agents in vivo."}
{"id": "PMID:891824", "title": "14-3-2 protein in rat brain synapses.", "content": "The distribution of the 14-3-2 protein in rat brain synapses was studied by immuno electron microscopy. The protein was localized to the postsynaptic web and to the postsynaptic membrane, but was also prominent both in the presynaptic membrane and in the presynaptic densities. No significant activity was observed in the synaptic vesicles.", "contents": "14-3-2 protein in rat brain synapses. The distribution of the 14-3-2 protein in rat brain synapses was studied by immuno electron microscopy. The protein was localized to the postsynaptic web and to the postsynaptic membrane, but was also prominent both in the presynaptic membrane and in the presynaptic densities. No significant activity was observed in the synaptic vesicles."}
{"id": "PMID:891825", "title": "The fine structure of Strongylocentrotus purpuratus testes.", "content": "The fine structure os Strongylocentrotus purpuratis testes has been examined. No obviously important differences appear to exist between the description reported here and the published fine structure of testes obtained from other sources. The most useful fixative was found to be a mixture of glutaraldehyde-paraformaldehyde.", "contents": "The fine structure of Strongylocentrotus purpuratus testes. The fine structure os Strongylocentrotus purpuratis testes has been examined. No obviously important differences appear to exist between the description reported here and the published fine structure of testes obtained from other sources. The most useful fixative was found to be a mixture of glutaraldehyde-paraformaldehyde."}
{"id": "PMID:891826", "title": "Morphological evidence of a polypeptide-like secretory function of the B cells in the mouse synovial membrane.", "content": "In the synovial membrane of the mouse, morphological features associated with active secretion are unusually well developed in cells immediately subjacent to the lining layer (in the position of B cells), comparable to those of cells known to elaborate polypeptides.", "contents": "Morphological evidence of a polypeptide-like secretory function of the B cells in the mouse synovial membrane. In the synovial membrane of the mouse, morphological features associated with active secretion are unusually well developed in cells immediately subjacent to the lining layer (in the position of B cells), comparable to those of cells known to elaborate polypeptides."}
{"id": "PMID:891827", "title": "The effect of concanavalin-A on the reaggregation of cells dissociated from Xenopus laevis early embryos.", "content": "The effects of concanavalin-A on the reaggregation and sorting of cells from Xenopus laevis early embryos have been studied. The results suggest that at high concentrations, concanavalin-A can prevent reaggregation.", "contents": "The effect of concanavalin-A on the reaggregation of cells dissociated from Xenopus laevis early embryos. The effects of concanavalin-A on the reaggregation and sorting of cells from Xenopus laevis early embryos have been studied. The results suggest that at high concentrations, concanavalin-A can prevent reaggregation."}
{"id": "PMID:891828", "title": "Recombination of integral and peripheral protein fractions from human red cell membrane with homologous lipids.", "content": "Integral and peripheral protein fractions from human red cells membranes were recombined with a total red cell lipid extract and with homologous lipids in varying mixtures, by dialysis from 2-chlorethanol solutions. The 2 protein fractions were compared for lipid binding capacity and for selectivity towards individual lipids.", "contents": "Recombination of integral and peripheral protein fractions from human red cell membrane with homologous lipids. Integral and peripheral protein fractions from human red cells membranes were recombined with a total red cell lipid extract and with homologous lipids in varying mixtures, by dialysis from 2-chlorethanol solutions. The 2 protein fractions were compared for lipid binding capacity and for selectivity towards individual lipids."}
{"id": "PMID:891829", "title": "Delayed-type skin reactions in bursectomized or thymectomized chickens.", "content": "Chickens can easily be induced to develop delayed-type skin reactions to oxazolone when animals are sensitized 7 days before the challenge. The reaction is quantitated by assessing the increase in wattle thickness: maximum reactions occur 24 h after challenge. The reaction is inhibited by neonatal thymectomy or bursectomy; these findings therefore suggest also an important B-derived component in delayed hypersensitivity to oxazolone.", "contents": "Delayed-type skin reactions in bursectomized or thymectomized chickens. Chickens can easily be induced to develop delayed-type skin reactions to oxazolone when animals are sensitized 7 days before the challenge. The reaction is quantitated by assessing the increase in wattle thickness: maximum reactions occur 24 h after challenge. The reaction is inhibited by neonatal thymectomy or bursectomy; these findings therefore suggest also an important B-derived component in delayed hypersensitivity to oxazolone."}
{"id": "PMID:891830", "title": "Liver homing in the rat of 111Indium labelled beef and neuraminidase-treated rat erythrocytes (studies with a gamma camera).", "content": "The rate of liver homing of 111In-labelled erythrocytes has been measured under a Gamma Camera. Homing of neuraminidase-treated or xenogeneic erythrocytes is delayed by preinjection of glycolipids or glycopeptides.", "contents": "Liver homing in the rat of 111Indium labelled beef and neuraminidase-treated rat erythrocytes (studies with a gamma camera). The rate of liver homing of 111In-labelled erythrocytes has been measured under a Gamma Camera. Homing of neuraminidase-treated or xenogeneic erythrocytes is delayed by preinjection of glycolipids or glycopeptides."}
{"id": "PMID:891831", "title": "Effect of growth factors on hepatic drug metabolism in diabetic-hypophysectomized rats.", "content": "In vivo administration to diabetic-hypothysectomized rats of either the growth factor produced by the plerocercoid larvae of the tapeworm, Spirometra mansonoides, or mammalian growth hormone caused inhibition of hepatic drug metabolism measured in vitro.", "contents": "Effect of growth factors on hepatic drug metabolism in diabetic-hypophysectomized rats. In vivo administration to diabetic-hypothysectomized rats of either the growth factor produced by the plerocercoid larvae of the tapeworm, Spirometra mansonoides, or mammalian growth hormone caused inhibition of hepatic drug metabolism measured in vitro."}
{"id": "PMID:891832", "title": "A specific binding protein for the moulting hormone ecdysterone in locust haemolymph.", "content": "Specific binding of 3H-ecdysterone to a high mol. wt protein from Locusta migratoria haemolymph was shown by gel filtration. The hormone-protein complex shows a dissociation constant Kd congruent to 3.10(-7) M, and the concentration of binding sites varies during the last larval instar.", "contents": "A specific binding protein for the moulting hormone ecdysterone in locust haemolymph. Specific binding of 3H-ecdysterone to a high mol. wt protein from Locusta migratoria haemolymph was shown by gel filtration. The hormone-protein complex shows a dissociation constant Kd congruent to 3.10(-7) M, and the concentration of binding sites varies during the last larval instar."}
{"id": "PMID:891833", "title": "Molt induction in lobsters (Homarus americanus) by intramuscular injection of ecdysterone triacetate.", "content": "The principal component of the successful, molt-inducing ecdysterone acetate mixture was established as ecdysterone triacetate and shown to have the same activity as the acetate mixture. The triacetate induced ecdysis in male lobsters collected in winter and summer and in female lobsters collected in winter. Intramuscular injections of triacetate in ethanol were as effective as those with oil emulsions.", "contents": "Molt induction in lobsters (Homarus americanus) by intramuscular injection of ecdysterone triacetate. The principal component of the successful, molt-inducing ecdysterone acetate mixture was established as ecdysterone triacetate and shown to have the same activity as the acetate mixture. The triacetate induced ecdysis in male lobsters collected in winter and summer and in female lobsters collected in winter. Intramuscular injections of triacetate in ethanol were as effective as those with oil emulsions."}
{"id": "PMID:891834", "title": "A method for relocation of specified regions in tissue culture dishes.", "content": "An apparatus and method are described which facilitate the rapid and accurate visual relocation of specified areas within ordinary, circular, plastic petri-dishes.", "contents": "A method for relocation of specified regions in tissue culture dishes. An apparatus and method are described which facilitate the rapid and accurate visual relocation of specified areas within ordinary, circular, plastic petri-dishes."}
{"id": "PMID:891835", "title": "A new one-step synthesis of hexahydrocannabinoid analogs.", "content": "A one-step synthesis of hexahydrocannabinoid analogs (HHC) is described making use of the condensation of phenolic ketones and aldehydes with citronellal in the presence of pyridine.", "contents": "A new one-step synthesis of hexahydrocannabinoid analogs. A one-step synthesis of hexahydrocannabinoid analogs (HHC) is described making use of the condensation of phenolic ketones and aldehydes with citronellal in the presence of pyridine."}
{"id": "PMID:891836", "title": "New highly irritant euphorbia factors from latex of Euphorbia tirucalli L.", "content": "From the latex of Euphorbia tirucalli L. growing in Madagascar, 5 new euphorbia factors were isolated. They were characterized as 13-O-acetyl-12-O-acylphorbol- and 12-O-acetyl-13-O-acylphorbol derivatives carrying homologous conjugated unsaturated fatty acids as acyl groups. Furthermore, 2 mixtures of homologous 3-O-acylingenol derivatives are obtained carrying the same type of unsaturated fatty acids. Due to their highly unsaturated acyl groups all Euphorbia factors or factor groups isolated are highly sensitive to autoxidation.", "contents": "New highly irritant euphorbia factors from latex of Euphorbia tirucalli L. From the latex of Euphorbia tirucalli L. growing in Madagascar, 5 new euphorbia factors were isolated. They were characterized as 13-O-acetyl-12-O-acylphorbol- and 12-O-acetyl-13-O-acylphorbol derivatives carrying homologous conjugated unsaturated fatty acids as acyl groups. Furthermore, 2 mixtures of homologous 3-O-acylingenol derivatives are obtained carrying the same type of unsaturated fatty acids. Due to their highly unsaturated acyl groups all Euphorbia factors or factor groups isolated are highly sensitive to autoxidation."}
{"id": "PMID:891837", "title": "(-)-(R)-1-O-Geranylgeranylglycerol from the brown alga Dilophus fasciola.", "content": "A novel ether lipid, (-)-(R)-1-O-geranylgeranylglycerol, has been isolated from the brown alga Dilophus fasciola and its structure proved by spectroscopic methods and chemical degradation.", "contents": "(-)-(R)-1-O-Geranylgeranylglycerol from the brown alga Dilophus fasciola. A novel ether lipid, (-)-(R)-1-O-geranylgeranylglycerol, has been isolated from the brown alga Dilophus fasciola and its structure proved by spectroscopic methods and chemical degradation."}
{"id": "PMID:891838", "title": "Synthesis of (Glu-OMe)2-litorin.", "content": "The synthesis of the nonapeptide less than Glu-Glu(OMe)-Trp-Ala-Val-Gly-His-Phe-Met-NH2, corresponding to the formula of the (Glu-OMe)2-litorin, is described. The compound has the same chemical and biological properties of the second bombesin like peptide extracted from the skin of the Australian frog Litoria aurea.", "contents": "Synthesis of (Glu-OMe)2-litorin. The synthesis of the nonapeptide less than Glu-Glu(OMe)-Trp-Ala-Val-Gly-His-Phe-Met-NH2, corresponding to the formula of the (Glu-OMe)2-litorin, is described. The compound has the same chemical and biological properties of the second bombesin like peptide extracted from the skin of the Australian frog Litoria aurea."}
{"id": "PMID:891839", "title": "(-)-Dihydromylione A, a novel tetracyclic sesquiterpene ketone containing two conjugated cyclopropane rings, from Mylia taylorii (liverwort).", "content": "A novel tetracyclic sesquiterpene ketone named (-)-dihydromylione A (III) was isolated from the liverwort, and the structure was determined together with the absolute configuration to be ent-5, 10-cyclo-aromadendr-3-one by connecting the compound with co-occurring (-)-myliol (II).", "contents": "(-)-Dihydromylione A, a novel tetracyclic sesquiterpene ketone containing two conjugated cyclopropane rings, from Mylia taylorii (liverwort). A novel tetracyclic sesquiterpene ketone named (-)-dihydromylione A (III) was isolated from the liverwort, and the structure was determined together with the absolute configuration to be ent-5, 10-cyclo-aromadendr-3-one by connecting the compound with co-occurring (-)-myliol (II)."}
{"id": "PMID:891841", "title": "Dissociation of obesity, hypercholesterolemia and diabetes from atherosclerosis in ob/ob mice.", "content": "Genetically obese, diabetic and hypercholesterolemic C57BL/6J-ob/ob mice were placed on Purina Laboratory Chow containing 2% cholesterol for up to 4 months. They developed higher plasma cholesterol levels and accumulated an increased quantity of cholesterol in the liver but failed to develop atherosclerotic lesions in the aorta as would be expected in an obese, diabetic and hypercholesterolemic human adult.", "contents": "Dissociation of obesity, hypercholesterolemia and diabetes from atherosclerosis in ob/ob mice. Genetically obese, diabetic and hypercholesterolemic C57BL/6J-ob/ob mice were placed on Purina Laboratory Chow containing 2% cholesterol for up to 4 months. They developed higher plasma cholesterol levels and accumulated an increased quantity of cholesterol in the liver but failed to develop atherosclerotic lesions in the aorta as would be expected in an obese, diabetic and hypercholesterolemic human adult."}
{"id": "PMID:891842", "title": "Absorption and biotransformation of L(+)-tartaric acid in rats.", "content": "Oral or parenteral doses of monosodium 14C-L(+)-tartrate (400 mg/kg) are rapidly excreted by rats and a proportion completely metabolized to CO2. The oral dose was well-absorbed.", "contents": "Absorption and biotransformation of L(+)-tartaric acid in rats. Oral or parenteral doses of monosodium 14C-L(+)-tartrate (400 mg/kg) are rapidly excreted by rats and a proportion completely metabolized to CO2. The oral dose was well-absorbed."}
{"id": "PMID:891850", "title": "Reductive dechlorination of chlorobiphenylols by rats.", "content": "Dechlorinated products were isolated from the urine of rats that were administered chlorobiphenylols, the primary hydroxylated metabolites of PCB in mammals. The mechanism of chlorine loss from chlorobiphenylols is different from the mechanism of dechlorination via arene oxides whereby concomitant hydroxylation is always observed.", "contents": "Reductive dechlorination of chlorobiphenylols by rats. Dechlorinated products were isolated from the urine of rats that were administered chlorobiphenylols, the primary hydroxylated metabolites of PCB in mammals. The mechanism of chlorine loss from chlorobiphenylols is different from the mechanism of dechlorination via arene oxides whereby concomitant hydroxylation is always observed."}
{"id": "PMID:891854", "title": "Preferential late replication of one of the two morphologically distinguishable X-chromosomes in a female muntjac.", "content": "In a female barking deer, Muntiacus muntjak, whose 2 X-chromosomes are mutually distinguishable from each other, one X has been found to be late replicating in 57.8% cells compared to the other which is late replicating in 42.2% cells. These data are suggestive of preferential inactivation of one X-chromosome. These findings have been discussed in the light of Lyon's hypothesis of random X-inactivation in eutherian mammals.", "contents": "Preferential late replication of one of the two morphologically distinguishable X-chromosomes in a female muntjac. In a female barking deer, Muntiacus muntjak, whose 2 X-chromosomes are mutually distinguishable from each other, one X has been found to be late replicating in 57.8% cells compared to the other which is late replicating in 42.2% cells. These data are suggestive of preferential inactivation of one X-chromosome. These findings have been discussed in the light of Lyon's hypothesis of random X-inactivation in eutherian mammals."}
{"id": "PMID:891856", "title": "Effect of cadmium on polyribosome structure and function in mouse liver.", "content": "Cadmium chloride injected to mice (20 micronmoles/kg) provokes in the livers a degradation of polyribosomes and diminishes their protein synthetic ability measured in vitro. CdCl2 added in a final concentrations between 30 and 100 micron to the protein synthetic cell-free system derived from livers of control mice inhibits its activity.", "contents": "Effect of cadmium on polyribosome structure and function in mouse liver. Cadmium chloride injected to mice (20 micronmoles/kg) provokes in the livers a degradation of polyribosomes and diminishes their protein synthetic ability measured in vitro. CdCl2 added in a final concentrations between 30 and 100 micron to the protein synthetic cell-free system derived from livers of control mice inhibits its activity."}
{"id": "PMID:891861", "title": "The oxygen consumption of some tissues from hypophysectomized goldfish, Carassius auratus L.", "content": "Hypophysectomy has no effect on the O2 consumptios reduction in liver O2 consumption is attributed to the increased glycogen content that follows hypophysectomy which has the effect of increasing the nonmetabolizing dry weight component of the cells.", "contents": "The oxygen consumption of some tissues from hypophysectomized goldfish, Carassius auratus L. Hypophysectomy has no effect on the O2 consumptios reduction in liver O2 consumption is attributed to the increased glycogen content that follows hypophysectomy which has the effect of increasing the nonmetabolizing dry weight component of the cells."}
{"id": "PMID:891862", "title": "Water movement between myocardial tissue and capillary blood during and after coronary reactive hyperemia as studied by continuous measurement of colloid osmotic pressure of cardiac venous blood.", "content": "Colloid osmotic pressure (COP) of blood from the great cardiac vein was continuously measured by the use of a membrane colloid osmometer during reactive hyperemia resulting from temporary occlusion of the anterior descending branch of left coronary artery. The COP increased sharply but transit was concluded that a measurable amount of water moved from the capillary blood into the myocardial tissue and then flowed back slowly into the capillary blood.", "contents": "Water movement between myocardial tissue and capillary blood during and after coronary reactive hyperemia as studied by continuous measurement of colloid osmotic pressure of cardiac venous blood. Colloid osmotic pressure (COP) of blood from the great cardiac vein was continuously measured by the use of a membrane colloid osmometer during reactive hyperemia resulting from temporary occlusion of the anterior descending branch of left coronary artery. The COP increased sharply but transit was concluded that a measurable amount of water moved from the capillary blood into the myocardial tissue and then flowed back slowly into the capillary blood."}
{"id": "PMID:891863", "title": "Effect of epinephrine upon irreversible disposal and recycling of glucose in dogs.", "content": "Irreversible utilization and recycling of glucose during epinephrine-induced hyperglycemia were studied in adrenal-demedullated dogs exposed to neutral or cold ambient temperature. Whatever the ambient temperature, most of the extra glucose mobilized by epinephrine is recycled rather than irreversibly utilized by the peripheral tissue.", "contents": "Effect of epinephrine upon irreversible disposal and recycling of glucose in dogs. Irreversible utilization and recycling of glucose during epinephrine-induced hyperglycemia were studied in adrenal-demedullated dogs exposed to neutral or cold ambient temperature. Whatever the ambient temperature, most of the extra glucose mobilized by epinephrine is recycled rather than irreversibly utilized by the peripheral tissue."}
{"id": "PMID:891866", "title": "Binucleated neurons in the central nervous system of the laboratory animals.", "content": "Binucleated neurons were studied in the central nervous system of the rat and the rabbit. They were present in the young as well as the adult animals. The animals injected with thymidine-H3 during their embryonic development showed labelled binucleated neurons. It is suggested that the neurons become binucleated during neuroembryogenesis, and differentiate into normal neurons morphologically and physiologically.", "contents": "Binucleated neurons in the central nervous system of the laboratory animals. Binucleated neurons were studied in the central nervous system of the rat and the rabbit. They were present in the young as well as the adult animals. The animals injected with thymidine-H3 during their embryonic development showed labelled binucleated neurons. It is suggested that the neurons become binucleated during neuroembryogenesis, and differentiate into normal neurons morphologically and physiologically."}
{"id": "PMID:891869", "title": "Neurochemical correlates of alloxan diabetes: gamma amino butyric acid of amphibian brain.", "content": "The levels of gamma aminobutyric acid decreased, while glutamic acid and aspartic acid levels increased in the forebrain, and decreased in the mid and hind brain regions of frog, Rana cyanophlictis during alloxan diabetes. Since glutamic acid and GABA are intimately involved in the central nervous system (CNS) functions, the alterations occurring in their levels during alloxan diabetes may be significant in bringing about a correlation between the diabetic state and the altered functional dynamics of the CNS.", "contents": "Neurochemical correlates of alloxan diabetes: gamma amino butyric acid of amphibian brain. The levels of gamma aminobutyric acid decreased, while glutamic acid and aspartic acid levels increased in the forebrain, and decreased in the mid and hind brain regions of frog, Rana cyanophlictis during alloxan diabetes. Since glutamic acid and GABA are intimately involved in the central nervous system (CNS) functions, the alterations occurring in their levels during alloxan diabetes may be significant in bringing about a correlation between the diabetic state and the altered functional dynamics of the CNS."}
{"id": "PMID:891871", "title": "Transport of sodium, water, 3-O-methyl-glucose and L-phenylalanine in vitro in biotin-deficient rats intestine.", "content": "In biotin-deficient rats, a decreased intestinal transport of Na+, H2O and L-phenylalanine, and no transport differences of 3-O-methyl-D-glucose were observed. The lower Na+ and L-phenylalanine transport appears to be referable to a decreased energy availability and probably not to the lack of a carrier.", "contents": "Transport of sodium, water, 3-O-methyl-glucose and L-phenylalanine in vitro in biotin-deficient rats intestine. In biotin-deficient rats, a decreased intestinal transport of Na+, H2O and L-phenylalanine, and no transport differences of 3-O-methyl-D-glucose were observed. The lower Na+ and L-phenylalanine transport appears to be referable to a decreased energy availability and probably not to the lack of a carrier."}
{"id": "PMID:891872", "title": "Absorption of pancreatic lipase from the duodenum into lymphatics.", "content": "A significantly higher lipase activity was measured in the duodenal lymph samples of 15 dogs than in each of corresponding arterial blood plasma samples collected prior to, during and after maximal hormonal stimulation of pancreatic secretion. The result may be evaluated as a sign of pancreatic lipase absorption by the duodenum into lymphatics.", "contents": "Absorption of pancreatic lipase from the duodenum into lymphatics. A significantly higher lipase activity was measured in the duodenal lymph samples of 15 dogs than in each of corresponding arterial blood plasma samples collected prior to, during and after maximal hormonal stimulation of pancreatic secretion. The result may be evaluated as a sign of pancreatic lipase absorption by the duodenum into lymphatics."}
{"id": "PMID:891873", "title": "Reduction of bovine pulmonary hypertension by normoxia, verapamil and hexoprenaline.", "content": "In calves with hypoxic pulmonary hypertension, resistance was reduced by 40 +/- 3% with normoxia, 19 +/- 4% with verapamil, and 60 +/- 1% with hexoprenaline. It is possible that the increased resistance during normoxia is due to partly to vasoconstriction rather than solely to vascular thickening, and that the vasoconstriction is due to an abnormality in calcium metabolism by the hypertensive vasculature.", "contents": "Reduction of bovine pulmonary hypertension by normoxia, verapamil and hexoprenaline. In calves with hypoxic pulmonary hypertension, resistance was reduced by 40 +/- 3% with normoxia, 19 +/- 4% with verapamil, and 60 +/- 1% with hexoprenaline. It is possible that the increased resistance during normoxia is due to partly to vasoconstriction rather than solely to vascular thickening, and that the vasoconstriction is due to an abnormality in calcium metabolism by the hypertensive vasculature."}
{"id": "PMID:891875", "title": "Candletoxins A and B, 2 new aromatic esters of 12-deoxy-16-hydroxy-phorbol, from the irritant latex of Euphoria poisonii Pax.", "content": "2 new aromatic esters of 12-deoxy-16-hydroxy-phorbol, known as candletoxins A and B, were isolated from the irritant latex of Euphorbia poisonii Pax. Compound A was identified as 12-deoxy-phorbol-13-O-phenylacetate-16-O-alpha-methyl-butyrate-20-acetate, and compound B was the C-20 desacetyl analogue.", "contents": "Candletoxins A and B, 2 new aromatic esters of 12-deoxy-16-hydroxy-phorbol, from the irritant latex of Euphoria poisonii Pax. 2 new aromatic esters of 12-deoxy-16-hydroxy-phorbol, known as candletoxins A and B, were isolated from the irritant latex of Euphorbia poisonii Pax. Compound A was identified as 12-deoxy-phorbol-13-O-phenylacetate-16-O-alpha-methyl-butyrate-20-acetate, and compound B was the C-20 desacetyl analogue."}
{"id": "PMID:891876", "title": "Methiothepin and a 5-HT pathway to rat substantia nigra.", "content": "Methiothepin reduced both median-raphe evoked and exogenous 5-HT depression of single substantia nigra neurones. While this is compatible with a serotonin releasing pathway, additional interactions of methiothepin with exogenous dopamine suggest the need for further pharmacological confirmation.", "contents": "Methiothepin and a 5-HT pathway to rat substantia nigra. Methiothepin reduced both median-raphe evoked and exogenous 5-HT depression of single substantia nigra neurones. While this is compatible with a serotonin releasing pathway, additional interactions of methiothepin with exogenous dopamine suggest the need for further pharmacological confirmation."}
{"id": "PMID:891878", "title": "A cannabinoid with cardiovascular activity but no overt behavioral effects.", "content": "Abnormal-delta8-tetrahydrocannabinol (ABN-delta8-THC) failed to elicit central nervous system and cardiovascular effects in laboratory animals. Abnormal-cannabidiol (ABN-CBD) was also devoid of overt behavioral effects but produced marked hypotension with only slight bradycardia in anesthesized dogs.", "contents": "A cannabinoid with cardiovascular activity but no overt behavioral effects. Abnormal-delta8-tetrahydrocannabinol (ABN-delta8-THC) failed to elicit central nervous system and cardiovascular effects in laboratory animals. Abnormal-cannabidiol (ABN-CBD) was also devoid of overt behavioral effects but produced marked hypotension with only slight bradycardia in anesthesized dogs."}
{"id": "PMID:891880", "title": "[Effects of a beta-adrenergic blocking drug, atenolol, on efferent renal nerve activity in rabbits (author's transl)].", "content": "Postganglionic sympathetic nerve activity (renal nerve) decreased significantly during i.v. infusion of a beta-adrenergic blocking drug, atenolol, in anesthetized rabbits. This phenomenon, at least in part reflex in nature, may contribute to the hypotensive effect of atenolol.", "contents": "[Effects of a beta-adrenergic blocking drug, atenolol, on efferent renal nerve activity in rabbits (author's transl)]. Postganglionic sympathetic nerve activity (renal nerve) decreased significantly during i.v. infusion of a beta-adrenergic blocking drug, atenolol, in anesthetized rabbits. This phenomenon, at least in part reflex in nature, may contribute to the hypotensive effect of atenolol."}
{"id": "PMID:891881", "title": "Effect of propylene glycol and ethanol on 3H-noradrenaline efflux from an isolated blood vessel.", "content": "Propylene glycol (14 mM), but not ethanol (17 mM), enhanced the late phase of passive 3H-efflux from rabbit isolated aortic rings preloaded with 3H-(-)-noradrenaline. We conclude that, with regard to 3H-noradrenaline release studies, propylene glycol is unsuitable for aiding the dissolution of e.g. corticosterone in physiological salt solution, while ethanol can be used for this purpose.", "contents": "Effect of propylene glycol and ethanol on 3H-noradrenaline efflux from an isolated blood vessel. Propylene glycol (14 mM), but not ethanol (17 mM), enhanced the late phase of passive 3H-efflux from rabbit isolated aortic rings preloaded with 3H-(-)-noradrenaline. We conclude that, with regard to 3H-noradrenaline release studies, propylene glycol is unsuitable for aiding the dissolution of e.g. corticosterone in physiological salt solution, while ethanol can be used for this purpose."}
{"id": "PMID:891886", "title": "The calcium-magnesium-deficient rat: a study on the distribution of calcium in the spinal cord using the electron probe microanalyser.", "content": "Using the scanning electron probe X-ray microanalysis technique, calcium distribution in the spinal cord of the calcium-magnesium-deficient rat was studied. Calcium accumulations were observed within and around the perikaryon of certain unspecified motoneurons in the spinal cord.", "contents": "The calcium-magnesium-deficient rat: a study on the distribution of calcium in the spinal cord using the electron probe microanalyser. Using the scanning electron probe X-ray microanalysis technique, calcium distribution in the spinal cord of the calcium-magnesium-deficient rat was studied. Calcium accumulations were observed within and around the perikaryon of certain unspecified motoneurons in the spinal cord."}
{"id": "PMID:891890", "title": "Immunostimulation by a formula-defined diet.", "content": "A formula-defined diet (diet 3, table 1) acted as an adjuvant as an adjuvant in the response of the immune system to SRBC in the rat. Similar minimum and maximum antibody levels were measured in both males and females. In the males, the maximum was reached with diet 3 alone while females required the complementary action of diet 3 and LPS mR 595.", "contents": "Immunostimulation by a formula-defined diet. A formula-defined diet (diet 3, table 1) acted as an adjuvant as an adjuvant in the response of the immune system to SRBC in the rat. Similar minimum and maximum antibody levels were measured in both males and females. In the males, the maximum was reached with diet 3 alone while females required the complementary action of diet 3 and LPS mR 595."}
{"id": "PMID:891891", "title": "Effect of anaesthesia on growth hormone secretion in the domestic fowl (Gallus domesticus).", "content": "Chloral hydrate, Equithesin, Althesin, Rompun, Sagatal and ether anaesthesia lowered the concentration of plasma growth hormone in immature cockerels. Handling and serial bleeding of the conscious controls had no effect on the growth hormone concentration.", "contents": "Effect of anaesthesia on growth hormone secretion in the domestic fowl (Gallus domesticus). Chloral hydrate, Equithesin, Althesin, Rompun, Sagatal and ether anaesthesia lowered the concentration of plasma growth hormone in immature cockerels. Handling and serial bleeding of the conscious controls had no effect on the growth hormone concentration."}
{"id": "PMID:891903", "title": "Polymorphism of rifampicin.", "content": "The antibiotic rifampicin shows polymorphism. Two crystalline forms, an amorphous form and four solvates (S I and S II from water; S III from tetrahydrofuran; S IV from carbon tetachloride) have been isolated and characterized by thermal analysis, infrared and X-ray powder spectroscopy. The functional I.R. bands have been interpreted as indicative of some structural features involved in the polymorphism: the intramolecular H-bonds between C23--OH and O=C--O--C25, C4--OH and O=C11, and C1--OH and O=C15. The relative physical stabilities of the various forms are reported.", "contents": "Polymorphism of rifampicin. The antibiotic rifampicin shows polymorphism. Two crystalline forms, an amorphous form and four solvates (S I and S II from water; S III from tetrahydrofuran; S IV from carbon tetachloride) have been isolated and characterized by thermal analysis, infrared and X-ray powder spectroscopy. The functional I.R. bands have been interpreted as indicative of some structural features involved in the polymorphism: the intramolecular H-bonds between C23--OH and O=C--O--C25, C4--OH and O=C11, and C1--OH and O=C15. The relative physical stabilities of the various forms are reported."}
{"id": "PMID:891904", "title": "[Products of a reaction between 1H-indazol-3-ol and ethyl chloroacetate].", "content": "Ethyl esters of [(1-carbethoxymethyl-1H-indazol-3-yl)oxy]-acetic acid; (2-carbethoxy-3,4-dihydro-4-oxo-3-quinazolinacetic acid; [(1H-indazol-3-yl)oxy] acetic acid; o.aminoippuric acid; (2-carbethoxy-4-oxo-1,2,3,4--tetrahydro)-3-quinazolin acetic acid; (3-hydroxy-1H-indazol-1-yl)acetic acid; (1H-indazol-3-on-2-yl)acetic acid have been isolated and identified from a reaction between equivalent quantities of 1H-indazol-3-ol and ethyl chloroacetate in ethanol. The mechanism of their formation and, particularly, the ring enlargement of indazole to tetrahydroquinazoline is discussed. I.R. and N.M.R. spectra of these esters and of the acids obtained from them by alkaline hydrolysis are also described.", "contents": "[Products of a reaction between 1H-indazol-3-ol and ethyl chloroacetate]. Ethyl esters of [(1-carbethoxymethyl-1H-indazol-3-yl)oxy]-acetic acid; (2-carbethoxy-3,4-dihydro-4-oxo-3-quinazolinacetic acid; [(1H-indazol-3-yl)oxy] acetic acid; o.aminoippuric acid; (2-carbethoxy-4-oxo-1,2,3,4--tetrahydro)-3-quinazolin acetic acid; (3-hydroxy-1H-indazol-1-yl)acetic acid; (1H-indazol-3-on-2-yl)acetic acid have been isolated and identified from a reaction between equivalent quantities of 1H-indazol-3-ol and ethyl chloroacetate in ethanol. The mechanism of their formation and, particularly, the ring enlargement of indazole to tetrahydroquinazoline is discussed. I.R. and N.M.R. spectra of these esters and of the acids obtained from them by alkaline hydrolysis are also described."}
{"id": "PMID:891905", "title": "[Derivatives of 1,3-bis-(methlendioxyphenoxy)propane with antispastic activity].", "content": "A number of amines derived from 1,3-bis(3,4-methylen-dioxyphenoxy)propane have been prepared from 1,3-bis-(3,4-methylendioxy-phenoxy)propan-2-one. The acute toxicity and the activity of these compounds on isolated guinea pig ileum have been studied. The majority of the compounds showed clear antagonist activity towards BaCl2, histamine and acetylcholine contracting responses, generally grater than that of papaverine; on the contrary, their antagonist activity towards 5-HT responses was slightly lower.", "contents": "[Derivatives of 1,3-bis-(methlendioxyphenoxy)propane with antispastic activity]. A number of amines derived from 1,3-bis(3,4-methylen-dioxyphenoxy)propane have been prepared from 1,3-bis-(3,4-methylendioxy-phenoxy)propan-2-one. The acute toxicity and the activity of these compounds on isolated guinea pig ileum have been studied. The majority of the compounds showed clear antagonist activity towards BaCl2, histamine and acetylcholine contracting responses, generally grater than that of papaverine; on the contrary, their antagonist activity towards 5-HT responses was slightly lower."}
{"id": "PMID:891906", "title": "[2-formyl-1,4-benzodioxane. Preparation and reactivity].", "content": "The preparation of 2-formyl-1.4-benzodioxane by reduction of the corresponding ethyl ester, and some reactions of this aldehyde carried out with the aim of obtaining new pharmacologically active derivatives, are described. Wittig reactions with stabilized, semi-stabilized, and reactive phosphoranes resulted in the formation of the 2-alkenyl derivatives. Reaction with a primary amine led to the corresponding imine. The 1.3-dithiane was also prepared and its behaviour with strong bases and alkylating reagents investigated.", "contents": "[2-formyl-1,4-benzodioxane. Preparation and reactivity]. The preparation of 2-formyl-1.4-benzodioxane by reduction of the corresponding ethyl ester, and some reactions of this aldehyde carried out with the aim of obtaining new pharmacologically active derivatives, are described. Wittig reactions with stabilized, semi-stabilized, and reactive phosphoranes resulted in the formation of the 2-alkenyl derivatives. Reaction with a primary amine led to the corresponding imine. The 1.3-dithiane was also prepared and its behaviour with strong bases and alkylating reagents investigated."}
{"id": "PMID:891907", "title": "[Relationship between chemical structure and sweetness. XIV. Analogs of aspartame].", "content": "Several analogs structurally related to aspartame were prepared in order to establish if chemical modifications of the molecule might improve sweetness. None of these analogs exhibited any sweet taste; on the contrary in most cases they were bitter.", "contents": "[Relationship between chemical structure and sweetness. XIV. Analogs of aspartame]. Several analogs structurally related to aspartame were prepared in order to establish if chemical modifications of the molecule might improve sweetness. None of these analogs exhibited any sweet taste; on the contrary in most cases they were bitter."}
{"id": "PMID:891908", "title": "[Synthesis of 2,3-diazaphenothiazine. XII. Dialkylaminoalkylic derivatives of 2-phenyl and 3-phenyl-10-methyl-2,3-dihydropyridazino/4,5-b/ /1,4/benzothiazin-1,4 (10 H)-dione].", "content": "The alkylation with methyl iodide and methyl sulfate of 2-phenyl-10-methyl-2,3-dihydropyridazino [4,5-b] [1,4]benzothiazin-1,4(10H)-dione (A) and the corresponding 3-phenyl substituted isomer (B) has been studied. Some derivatives of (A) and (B) substituted at the O atom with dialkyaminoalkyl groups are described; these have been subjected to pharmacological testing.", "contents": "[Synthesis of 2,3-diazaphenothiazine. XII. Dialkylaminoalkylic derivatives of 2-phenyl and 3-phenyl-10-methyl-2,3-dihydropyridazino/4,5-b/ /1,4/benzothiazin-1,4 (10 H)-dione]. The alkylation with methyl iodide and methyl sulfate of 2-phenyl-10-methyl-2,3-dihydropyridazino [4,5-b] [1,4]benzothiazin-1,4(10H)-dione (A) and the corresponding 3-phenyl substituted isomer (B) has been studied. Some derivatives of (A) and (B) substituted at the O atom with dialkyaminoalkyl groups are described; these have been subjected to pharmacological testing."}
{"id": "PMID:891909", "title": "Isolation and characterization of 7-hydroxydiftalone beta-glucuronide.", "content": "Metabolic studies on diftalone (I), a new non-steroidal antiinflammatory agent, demonstated that 7-hydroxydiftalone beta-glucuronide (V) is the main urinary metabolite. The isolation of (V) from the urine of a dog treated with 14C-diftalone was performed by liquid-liquid partition after precolation through Amberlite XAD-2 and IRC-50 (H+). All the steps were followed by radio-detection and by thin layer radio-chromatography. Compound (V) was characterized mainly by mass spectrometry after esterification with diazomethane and silylation with BSA.", "contents": "Isolation and characterization of 7-hydroxydiftalone beta-glucuronide. Metabolic studies on diftalone (I), a new non-steroidal antiinflammatory agent, demonstated that 7-hydroxydiftalone beta-glucuronide (V) is the main urinary metabolite. The isolation of (V) from the urine of a dog treated with 14C-diftalone was performed by liquid-liquid partition after precolation through Amberlite XAD-2 and IRC-50 (H+). All the steps were followed by radio-detection and by thin layer radio-chromatography. Compound (V) was characterized mainly by mass spectrometry after esterification with diazomethane and silylation with BSA."}
{"id": "PMID:891910", "title": "Polymorphism and H-bonding of 2-[1(2H)-oxo-2-phthalazinyl]methylbenzoic acid.", "content": "The three crystalline and one amorphous forms of the title compound, so far isolated, have been characterized by differential scanning calorimetry, thermomicroscopy, infrared spectroscopy and X-ray powder diffraction. From I was obtained by solidification of the melt at 200 degrees; form II by crystallization from water/ethanol 1/1; form III by grinding of II; the amorphous form by rapid cooling of the melt or by evaporation to dryness of a chloroform solution. From II melts of about 200 degrees and immediately crystallizes into form I, which melts at 210 degrees. Form III transforms into I at 165 degrees. The infrared spectra of form I is different from that of forms II and III, while each form has a different X-ray powder diffraction. From consideration of the infrared functional absorption bands, it can be derived that form I is a dimer with H-bonds between the carboxylic groups, forms II and III are monomers with intramolecular H-bond between the carboxylic group and the hydrazide carbonyl, displaying different crystal packings, and the amorphous form is a mixture of both monomers and dimers, the latters in greater amount.", "contents": "Polymorphism and H-bonding of 2-[1(2H)-oxo-2-phthalazinyl]methylbenzoic acid. The three crystalline and one amorphous forms of the title compound, so far isolated, have been characterized by differential scanning calorimetry, thermomicroscopy, infrared spectroscopy and X-ray powder diffraction. From I was obtained by solidification of the melt at 200 degrees; form II by crystallization from water/ethanol 1/1; form III by grinding of II; the amorphous form by rapid cooling of the melt or by evaporation to dryness of a chloroform solution. From II melts of about 200 degrees and immediately crystallizes into form I, which melts at 210 degrees. Form III transforms into I at 165 degrees. The infrared spectra of form I is different from that of forms II and III, while each form has a different X-ray powder diffraction. From consideration of the infrared functional absorption bands, it can be derived that form I is a dimer with H-bonds between the carboxylic groups, forms II and III are monomers with intramolecular H-bond between the carboxylic group and the hydrazide carbonyl, displaying different crystal packings, and the amorphous form is a mixture of both monomers and dimers, the latters in greater amount."}
{"id": "PMID:891911", "title": "[Studies on substances with antiblastic activity. IX. Anthramycin and analogs. IX. Synthesis of 7-methoxy-8-hydroxy-10,11-dihydro-5H-pyrrolo[2,1-c] [1,4] benzodiazepine and other compounds related to oxotomaymycin].", "content": "The synthesis of some pyrrolobenzodiazepine derivatives related to oxotomaymycin, an antibiotic recovered together with tomaymycin from fermentation broths of Streptomyces achromogenes var. tomaymycetics, is described. Reaction between 2-nitro-4-benzyloxy-5-methoxybenzylbromide and pyrrole-2-carboxyaldehyde afforded 1-(2-nitro-4-benzyloxy-5-methoxybenzyl)pyrrole-2-carboxyaldehyde. Catalytic reduction of this compound with hydrogen in the presence of Pd/C gave 10,11-dihydro-8-hydroxy-7-methoxy-5H-pyrrolo[2.1-c] [1,4]benzodiazepine. Amides obtained from condensation between 2-nitro-4-benzyloxy-5-methoxybenzoic acid chloride and proline or hydroxyproline were reduced catalytically to 2,3-dihydro-8-hydroxy-7-methoxy-1H-pyrrolo [2,1-c] [1,4]benzodiazepine-5,11 (10H, 11aH)-dione and its 2-hydroxyderivative respectively. The synthesis of 10,11-dihydro-8-hydroxy-9-methoxy-5-pyrrolo [2,1-c] [1,4]benzodiazepine is also reported.", "contents": "[Studies on substances with antiblastic activity. IX. Anthramycin and analogs. IX. Synthesis of 7-methoxy-8-hydroxy-10,11-dihydro-5H-pyrrolo[2,1-c] [1,4] benzodiazepine and other compounds related to oxotomaymycin]. The synthesis of some pyrrolobenzodiazepine derivatives related to oxotomaymycin, an antibiotic recovered together with tomaymycin from fermentation broths of Streptomyces achromogenes var. tomaymycetics, is described. Reaction between 2-nitro-4-benzyloxy-5-methoxybenzylbromide and pyrrole-2-carboxyaldehyde afforded 1-(2-nitro-4-benzyloxy-5-methoxybenzyl)pyrrole-2-carboxyaldehyde. Catalytic reduction of this compound with hydrogen in the presence of Pd/C gave 10,11-dihydro-8-hydroxy-7-methoxy-5H-pyrrolo[2.1-c] [1,4]benzodiazepine. Amides obtained from condensation between 2-nitro-4-benzyloxy-5-methoxybenzoic acid chloride and proline or hydroxyproline were reduced catalytically to 2,3-dihydro-8-hydroxy-7-methoxy-1H-pyrrolo [2,1-c] [1,4]benzodiazepine-5,11 (10H, 11aH)-dione and its 2-hydroxyderivative respectively. The synthesis of 10,11-dihydro-8-hydroxy-9-methoxy-5-pyrrolo [2,1-c] [1,4]benzodiazepine is also reported."}
{"id": "PMID:891912", "title": "N-terminal Leu-enkephalin rearrangements.", "content": "The synthesis of H-Tyr-Gly-Gly-Phe-Leu-OH (Leu-enkephalin), endogenus peptide with opiate-like activity, and two rearrangements concerning Leu-enkephalin N-terminus are described.", "contents": "N-terminal Leu-enkephalin rearrangements. The synthesis of H-Tyr-Gly-Gly-Phe-Leu-OH (Leu-enkephalin), endogenus peptide with opiate-like activity, and two rearrangements concerning Leu-enkephalin N-terminus are described."}
{"id": "PMID:891913", "title": "Cyclic Gaba-Gabob analogues I - Synthesis of new 4-hydroxy-2-pyrrolidinone derivatives.", "content": "In the event that the GABA-GABOB system is involved in the initial phases of the learning and memory process, some new derivatives of 4-hydroxy-2-pyrrolidinone (I a) have been synthesized. The cyclic compounds of general formula (A) are more lipophilic than GABOB and should better enter brain fluids. The N-hydroxymethyl derivatives (II a...c) were prepared by addition of the suitable aldehydes to 4-acetoxy-2-pyrrolidinone (I b). In order to obtain the ethyl 4-hydroxy-2-oxo-1-pyrrolidineacetate (IV a) some synthetic routes starting from (I b), (III b) and from the 3-diazotetramic acid (V) were explored. However, the N-ethoxycarbonylmethyltetramic acid (X), obtained by Dieckmann cyclization of triester (VIII) and subsequent de-etho-xycarbonylation was reduced to (IV a). Ammonolysis of (IV a) afforded the acetamide (XI a). The O-acetyl derivatives (IV b) and (XI b) were also prepared.", "contents": "Cyclic Gaba-Gabob analogues I - Synthesis of new 4-hydroxy-2-pyrrolidinone derivatives. In the event that the GABA-GABOB system is involved in the initial phases of the learning and memory process, some new derivatives of 4-hydroxy-2-pyrrolidinone (I a) have been synthesized. The cyclic compounds of general formula (A) are more lipophilic than GABOB and should better enter brain fluids. The N-hydroxymethyl derivatives (II a...c) were prepared by addition of the suitable aldehydes to 4-acetoxy-2-pyrrolidinone (I b). In order to obtain the ethyl 4-hydroxy-2-oxo-1-pyrrolidineacetate (IV a) some synthetic routes starting from (I b), (III b) and from the 3-diazotetramic acid (V) were explored. However, the N-ethoxycarbonylmethyltetramic acid (X), obtained by Dieckmann cyclization of triester (VIII) and subsequent de-etho-xycarbonylation was reduced to (IV a). Ammonolysis of (IV a) afforded the acetamide (XI a). The O-acetyl derivatives (IV b) and (XI b) were also prepared."}
{"id": "PMID:891914", "title": "The effect of acute ethanol administration on phosphorylethanolamine uptake and metabolism in rat liver slices.", "content": "Double-labelled phosphorylethanolamine with a [32P]//[14IA1 ratio of 1 was incubated in vitro with rat liver slices prepared from control and ethanol-intoxicated rats, and the radioactivity measured at given time intervals in liver ethanolamine, phosphorylethanolamine, phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylcholine. Evidence is presented that after 10 and 15 minutes phosphorylethanolamine enters the slices as an intact molecule, which is directly converted into lipid forms by the Kennedy's pathways. At longer times a hydrolysis of the ester occurs which lowers considerably the theoretical [32P]/[14C]ratio. Fatty liver slices produced by acute ethanol intoxication uptake from the medium more phosphorylethanolamine than controls, and hydrolyze less efficiently than controls the phosphoric ester to ethanolamine and inorganic phosphate.", "contents": "The effect of acute ethanol administration on phosphorylethanolamine uptake and metabolism in rat liver slices. Double-labelled phosphorylethanolamine with a [32P]//[14IA1 ratio of 1 was incubated in vitro with rat liver slices prepared from control and ethanol-intoxicated rats, and the radioactivity measured at given time intervals in liver ethanolamine, phosphorylethanolamine, phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylcholine. Evidence is presented that after 10 and 15 minutes phosphorylethanolamine enters the slices as an intact molecule, which is directly converted into lipid forms by the Kennedy's pathways. At longer times a hydrolysis of the ester occurs which lowers considerably the theoretical [32P]/[14C]ratio. Fatty liver slices produced by acute ethanol intoxication uptake from the medium more phosphorylethanolamine than controls, and hydrolyze less efficiently than controls the phosphoric ester to ethanolamine and inorganic phosphate."}
{"id": "PMID:891915", "title": "Antiinflammatory activity of four isomers of 2-(4-biphenylyl)-3-hydroxybutyric acid.", "content": "The degree of stereospecificity of the antiinflammatory activity of four isomers of 2-(4-biphenylyl)-3-hydroxybutyric acid was investigated in three different tests. The erythro compounds were the most active ones. As the \"optical isomers effect\" was not significant, this could indicate that the \"diastereoisomer effect\" is more important than optical isomerism.", "contents": "Antiinflammatory activity of four isomers of 2-(4-biphenylyl)-3-hydroxybutyric acid. The degree of stereospecificity of the antiinflammatory activity of four isomers of 2-(4-biphenylyl)-3-hydroxybutyric acid was investigated in three different tests. The erythro compounds were the most active ones. As the \"optical isomers effect\" was not significant, this could indicate that the \"diastereoisomer effect\" is more important than optical isomerism."}
{"id": "PMID:891986", "title": "[Methylation of tRNA in Carcinus maenas gonadal cultures: inhibition by purified androgenic gland extract].", "content": "Subcultures of ovaries and testis of the crab Carcinus maenas have been performed in the presence of L-[Me-14C]methionine. Introduction in the medium of a chromatographically-purified liposoluble fraction from the androgenic glands of the same animal inhibits the biological methylation of the tRNA of the ovaries by 62%. The inhibition of methylation of five individual bases varies from 45% to 84%. No inhibition of tRNA methylation is observed under the same conditions with testis subcultures.", "contents": "[Methylation of tRNA in Carcinus maenas gonadal cultures: inhibition by purified androgenic gland extract]. Subcultures of ovaries and testis of the crab Carcinus maenas have been performed in the presence of L-[Me-14C]methionine. Introduction in the medium of a chromatographically-purified liposoluble fraction from the androgenic glands of the same animal inhibits the biological methylation of the tRNA of the ovaries by 62%. The inhibition of methylation of five individual bases varies from 45% to 84%. No inhibition of tRNA methylation is observed under the same conditions with testis subcultures."}
{"id": "PMID:892001", "title": "The National Commission and research in pharmacology: an overview.", "content": "Participation in research of children, prisoners, or those institutionalized as mentally infirm is problematic because it appears to violate one or the other of two fundamental ethical principles: the principle of respect for persons, which requires that subjects give voluntary and informed consent, and the principle of justice, which requires that vulnerable persons not bear burdens in order that others may benefit. The National Commission recommends that conditions of constraint be minimized so that prospective subjects can make truly voluntary choices, that special protections such as third-party permission and national review be brought to bear for non-comprehending subjects, and that vulnerable persons be used only when less vulnerable persons are not suitable subjects or when the research is designed to develop or evaluate therapeutic interventions intended to benefit the individual subject. These recommendations might have the practical effect of restricting certain types of research (e.g., Phase I drug testing), but they are less restrictive than other proposals, and they reflect a conviction that research using special subject populations can be conducted in accord with fundamental ethical principles.", "contents": "The National Commission and research in pharmacology: an overview. Participation in research of children, prisoners, or those institutionalized as mentally infirm is problematic because it appears to violate one or the other of two fundamental ethical principles: the principle of respect for persons, which requires that subjects give voluntary and informed consent, and the principle of justice, which requires that vulnerable persons not bear burdens in order that others may benefit. The National Commission recommends that conditions of constraint be minimized so that prospective subjects can make truly voluntary choices, that special protections such as third-party permission and national review be brought to bear for non-comprehending subjects, and that vulnerable persons be used only when less vulnerable persons are not suitable subjects or when the research is designed to develop or evaluate therapeutic interventions intended to benefit the individual subject. These recommendations might have the practical effect of restricting certain types of research (e.g., Phase I drug testing), but they are less restrictive than other proposals, and they reflect a conviction that research using special subject populations can be conducted in accord with fundamental ethical principles."}
{"id": "PMID:892002", "title": "Prisoner subjects and drug testing.", "content": "Objections to prison research are based more often on opposition to the evils of prison life than to unethical practices and to the memories of atrocities committed in the name of science in Nazi prison camps during World War II. The National Commission's pronouncements on prison research specifically illustrate this general phenomenon. Having decided that research on prisoners can be performed ethically, and having learned that most prisoner volunteers bitterly resent being deprived of the opportunity to participate in research, the Commission has nevertheless stipulated prison conditions that cannot realistically be met and thus has de facto eliminated such research. The most serious potential loss is the elimination of the unique facility in Lexington, Kentucky--the Addiction Research Center. Predicting the addiction liability of drugs is not likely to be feasible in any nonprison setting, so that the addiction potential of new marketed drugs will be established in the future as it was in the past--by trial-and-error in patients, who will become the unwilling, uninformed research subjects in this area.", "contents": "Prisoner subjects and drug testing. Objections to prison research are based more often on opposition to the evils of prison life than to unethical practices and to the memories of atrocities committed in the name of science in Nazi prison camps during World War II. The National Commission's pronouncements on prison research specifically illustrate this general phenomenon. Having decided that research on prisoners can be performed ethically, and having learned that most prisoner volunteers bitterly resent being deprived of the opportunity to participate in research, the Commission has nevertheless stipulated prison conditions that cannot realistically be met and thus has de facto eliminated such research. The most serious potential loss is the elimination of the unique facility in Lexington, Kentucky--the Addiction Research Center. Predicting the addiction liability of drugs is not likely to be feasible in any nonprison setting, so that the addiction potential of new marketed drugs will be established in the future as it was in the past--by trial-and-error in patients, who will become the unwilling, uninformed research subjects in this area."}
{"id": "PMID:892004", "title": "Development of drug therapy for children.", "content": "The National Commission is about to finalize its recommendations with regard to research in children. It is significant that the commission will propose that research in children is necessary and should be supported. Clinical pharmacologic studies in infants and children require encouragement, as well as support, if drugs are to be developed in the future that do not have limited indications for the pediatric-aged patient, due to incomplete pediatric studies. The ethics of conducting pharmacologic investigations in infants and children have been discussed and recommendations have been prepared by the Committee on Drugs of the American Academy of Pediatrics. These discussions and recommendations differ in some significant ways from the most recent draft available from the National Commission.", "contents": "Development of drug therapy for children. The National Commission is about to finalize its recommendations with regard to research in children. It is significant that the commission will propose that research in children is necessary and should be supported. Clinical pharmacologic studies in infants and children require encouragement, as well as support, if drugs are to be developed in the future that do not have limited indications for the pediatric-aged patient, due to incomplete pediatric studies. The ethics of conducting pharmacologic investigations in infants and children have been discussed and recommendations have been prepared by the Committee on Drugs of the American Academy of Pediatrics. These discussions and recommendations differ in some significant ways from the most recent draft available from the National Commission."}
{"id": "PMID:892008", "title": "The functional organization of the respiratory phase-switching mechanisms.", "content": "Recent results support the view that inspiration gets inhibited and terminated when a centrally generated inspiratory activity (CIA) combined with afferent activity from pulmonary stretch receptors has grown to a critical threshold. CO2 acts both to increase the rate of rise of CIA and to raise the 'off-switch' threshold. Body temperature affects only the growth rate of CIA but not the threshold. Once switched off, inspiration is kept inhibited for the subsequent expiration with a decaying power that can be strongly modulated by different reflexes. The rostral pontine \"pneumotaxic\" structures provide the 'off-switch' mechanism with a threshold lowering input but do not seem to form part of the oscillating network. Thus, it appears that the basic network for respiratory rhythmicity depends on excitation and inhibition between the two basic neural mechanisms: the CIA-generator, and the 'off-switch mechanism. The necessary non-linearities are provided for by the threshold function of the 'off-switch' and the decay of the inhibition, which keep inspiration turned off during expiration.", "contents": "The functional organization of the respiratory phase-switching mechanisms. Recent results support the view that inspiration gets inhibited and terminated when a centrally generated inspiratory activity (CIA) combined with afferent activity from pulmonary stretch receptors has grown to a critical threshold. CO2 acts both to increase the rate of rise of CIA and to raise the 'off-switch' threshold. Body temperature affects only the growth rate of CIA but not the threshold. Once switched off, inspiration is kept inhibited for the subsequent expiration with a decaying power that can be strongly modulated by different reflexes. The rostral pontine \"pneumotaxic\" structures provide the 'off-switch' mechanism with a threshold lowering input but do not seem to form part of the oscillating network. Thus, it appears that the basic network for respiratory rhythmicity depends on excitation and inhibition between the two basic neural mechanisms: the CIA-generator, and the 'off-switch mechanism. The necessary non-linearities are provided for by the threshold function of the 'off-switch' and the decay of the inhibition, which keep inspiration turned off during expiration."}
{"id": "PMID:892009", "title": "Neural control of ventilation in the lamprey.", "content": "Tidal breathing of adult lampreys is produced by a single phase of excitation that compresses the branchial basket for exhalation. Inhalation is due to passive recoil. Motoneurons are located primarily in the ipsilateral motor nucleus of the vagus and exhibit periodic bursts of excitatory synaptic potentials from unidentified generator cells in the medulla. Respiratory discharges continue in the isolated brain and can be recorded from the vagal roots. The frequency of bursts increases with temperature in a manner roughly similar to that of intact animals. However, the discharges of the isolated brain are not very sensitive to altered pH or oxygen content in the bathing fluid. Mechanoreceptors in the gill can initiate \"cough\" responses and may modulate normal breathing.", "contents": "Neural control of ventilation in the lamprey. Tidal breathing of adult lampreys is produced by a single phase of excitation that compresses the branchial basket for exhalation. Inhalation is due to passive recoil. Motoneurons are located primarily in the ipsilateral motor nucleus of the vagus and exhibit periodic bursts of excitatory synaptic potentials from unidentified generator cells in the medulla. Respiratory discharges continue in the isolated brain and can be recorded from the vagal roots. The frequency of bursts increases with temperature in a manner roughly similar to that of intact animals. However, the discharges of the isolated brain are not very sensitive to altered pH or oxygen content in the bathing fluid. Mechanoreceptors in the gill can initiate \"cough\" responses and may modulate normal breathing."}
{"id": "PMID:892011", "title": "Vagal contribution to the inspiratory 'off-switch' mechanism.", "content": "It has been suggested that vagal contribution to the inspiratory inhibition can be estimated from the difference between the amplitudes of the 'integrated' phrenic activity with and without phasic vagal feedback. At any given body temperature, there is a linear relationship between estimated vagal contribution to the 'off-switch' mechanism and the 'integrated' vagal activity recorded directly. The temperature displaces this relationship to facilitate vagal central effect. There are evidences that a temperature related activity, which is mediated from hypothalamic thermosensitive structures, may directly influence the vagal input to the R beta neurons of the dorsal group of respiratory neurons in the medulla. An increase in Paco2 results in an increase in the peak 'integrated' vagal activity and in the estimated vagal central effect. However, the inhibitory effect of CO2 on pulmonary stretch receptors seems to be enhanced by an increase in body temperature.", "contents": "Vagal contribution to the inspiratory 'off-switch' mechanism. It has been suggested that vagal contribution to the inspiratory inhibition can be estimated from the difference between the amplitudes of the 'integrated' phrenic activity with and without phasic vagal feedback. At any given body temperature, there is a linear relationship between estimated vagal contribution to the 'off-switch' mechanism and the 'integrated' vagal activity recorded directly. The temperature displaces this relationship to facilitate vagal central effect. There are evidences that a temperature related activity, which is mediated from hypothalamic thermosensitive structures, may directly influence the vagal input to the R beta neurons of the dorsal group of respiratory neurons in the medulla. An increase in Paco2 results in an increase in the peak 'integrated' vagal activity and in the estimated vagal central effect. However, the inhibitory effect of CO2 on pulmonary stretch receptors seems to be enhanced by an increase in body temperature."}
{"id": "PMID:892013", "title": "The respiratory motoneuron and apneusis.", "content": "A brief review is given of experimental studies on 'apneusis' (Lumsden) and the role these have played in the conceptual development of the ideas relating to the nervous mechanism of breathing. It is suggested that the terms \"apneustic,\" \"pneumotaxic,\" and \"respiratory\" (inspiratory or expiratory) centers should be abandoned in view of the convoluted epistemology of the concepts they represent. New experiments on expiratory apneusis are described, involving sagittal incisions of the brain stem in the vicinity of the obex, which have allowed study of the brain stem-mediated effects of CO2 on expiratory motoneurons, under steady-state conditions. These experiments reveal the existence of a CO2-dependent tonic excitation of expiratory motoneurons that, it is argued, depends on a simple pathway between peripheral and central chemoreceptors and expiratory bulbospinal neurons. The possible synaptic mechanisms underlying the production of CO2-dependent appneusis are discussed in relation to peripheral chemoreceptors and illustrated in relation to a model motoneuron.", "contents": "The respiratory motoneuron and apneusis. A brief review is given of experimental studies on 'apneusis' (Lumsden) and the role these have played in the conceptual development of the ideas relating to the nervous mechanism of breathing. It is suggested that the terms \"apneustic,\" \"pneumotaxic,\" and \"respiratory\" (inspiratory or expiratory) centers should be abandoned in view of the convoluted epistemology of the concepts they represent. New experiments on expiratory apneusis are described, involving sagittal incisions of the brain stem in the vicinity of the obex, which have allowed study of the brain stem-mediated effects of CO2 on expiratory motoneurons, under steady-state conditions. These experiments reveal the existence of a CO2-dependent tonic excitation of expiratory motoneurons that, it is argued, depends on a simple pathway between peripheral and central chemoreceptors and expiratory bulbospinal neurons. The possible synaptic mechanisms underlying the production of CO2-dependent appneusis are discussed in relation to peripheral chemoreceptors and illustrated in relation to a model motoneuron."}
{"id": "PMID:892014", "title": "The nature and effects of sensory inputs into the respiratory centers.", "content": "The reflex effects produced by sensory receptors of the lungs have been reassessed. Increase in activity of pulmonary stretch receptors causes inhibition of inspiration and bronchodilation. The low-threshold pulmonary stretch receptors are responsible for Head's paradoxical reflex and the deflation reflex. The recent observations on the effects of left atrial injections of histamine show that histamine does not produce tachypnea through stimulation of irritant receptors. It is established that gradual stimulation of type J receptors (e.g., by histamine) produces tachypnea (in cats and rabbits), increase in functional residual capacity (rabbit), reflex bronchoconstriction (cat and rabbit), increase in laryngeal resistance (cat), and cough (man).", "contents": "The nature and effects of sensory inputs into the respiratory centers. The reflex effects produced by sensory receptors of the lungs have been reassessed. Increase in activity of pulmonary stretch receptors causes inhibition of inspiration and bronchodilation. The low-threshold pulmonary stretch receptors are responsible for Head's paradoxical reflex and the deflation reflex. The recent observations on the effects of left atrial injections of histamine show that histamine does not produce tachypnea through stimulation of irritant receptors. It is established that gradual stimulation of type J receptors (e.g., by histamine) produces tachypnea (in cats and rabbits), increase in functional residual capacity (rabbit), reflex bronchoconstriction (cat and rabbit), increase in laryngeal resistance (cat), and cough (man)."}
{"id": "PMID:892041", "title": "Long-term follow-up of the apparently normal couple with a complaint of infertility.", "content": "Ninety-one couples with no obvious cause for their infertility were followed after periods of 1 to 17 years (96% were followed until they conceived or for more than 5 years). All of the couples had been fully investigated and no specific abnormality had been demonstrated. The majority of women (88%) had primary infertility of at least 2 years' duration, although a small number (12%) had had one or more first-trimester abortions and were thus classified as having secondary infertility. Cumulative conception rates (using life tables) at the end of 7 years were 36.2% for the primary infertility group and 78.8% for the women with secondary infertility. Of those couples achieving a first pregnancy and desiring a second, only 44.3% had conceived at the end of another 4-year period. These rates are markedly lower than the published conception rates of a normal population.", "contents": "Long-term follow-up of the apparently normal couple with a complaint of infertility. Ninety-one couples with no obvious cause for their infertility were followed after periods of 1 to 17 years (96% were followed until they conceived or for more than 5 years). All of the couples had been fully investigated and no specific abnormality had been demonstrated. The majority of women (88%) had primary infertility of at least 2 years' duration, although a small number (12%) had had one or more first-trimester abortions and were thus classified as having secondary infertility. Cumulative conception rates (using life tables) at the end of 7 years were 36.2% for the primary infertility group and 78.8% for the women with secondary infertility. Of those couples achieving a first pregnancy and desiring a second, only 44.3% had conceived at the end of another 4-year period. These rates are markedly lower than the published conception rates of a normal population."}
{"id": "PMID:892042", "title": "Pregnancy in patients with pituitary tumors.", "content": "Thirteen patients with pituitary tumors had a total of seventeen pregnancies. Nine of these patients were treated prior to conception (four by radiation therapy, four by hypophysectomy, and one with lergotrile); four patients received no treatment. The untreated group had a total of six pregnancies, two of which were complicated by visual symptoms which regressed spontaneously after delivery. One of the hypophysectomized patients developed diabetes insipidus at 34 weeks' gestation which resolved spontaneously after delivery. Of the four irradiated patients, one had a child with Down's syndrome and another had a child with multiple congenital anomalies who died. The clinical course and various modes of treatment of these patients are discussed and the pertinent literature is reviewed.", "contents": "Pregnancy in patients with pituitary tumors. Thirteen patients with pituitary tumors had a total of seventeen pregnancies. Nine of these patients were treated prior to conception (four by radiation therapy, four by hypophysectomy, and one with lergotrile); four patients received no treatment. The untreated group had a total of six pregnancies, two of which were complicated by visual symptoms which regressed spontaneously after delivery. One of the hypophysectomized patients developed diabetes insipidus at 34 weeks' gestation which resolved spontaneously after delivery. Of the four irradiated patients, one had a child with Down's syndrome and another had a child with multiple congenital anomalies who died. The clinical course and various modes of treatment of these patients are discussed and the pertinent literature is reviewed."}
{"id": "PMID:892043", "title": "The \"gonadotropin-resistant ovary\" syndrome as a cause of secondary amenorrhea and infertility.", "content": "A patient with secondary amenorrhea with the gonadotropin-resistant ovary syndrome is described. The physiopathology of the syndrome is investigated and discussed. Ovulation could not be induced by using very high doses of gonadotropins. The presence of a hormone abnormality or of an inhibitor preventing hormone action could not be substantiated. It is suggested that the disease may be due to an autoimmune reaction with antibody formation against the receptor sites for gonadotropins.", "contents": "The \"gonadotropin-resistant ovary\" syndrome as a cause of secondary amenorrhea and infertility. A patient with secondary amenorrhea with the gonadotropin-resistant ovary syndrome is described. The physiopathology of the syndrome is investigated and discussed. Ovulation could not be induced by using very high doses of gonadotropins. The presence of a hormone abnormality or of an inhibitor preventing hormone action could not be substantiated. It is suggested that the disease may be due to an autoimmune reaction with antibody formation against the receptor sites for gonadotropins."}
{"id": "PMID:892044", "title": "Ethinylestradiol and dl-norgestrel as a postcoital contraceptive.", "content": "Six hundred and eight women were treated with 200 microgram of ethinylestradiol and 2 mg of dl-norgestrel, administered in two divided doses, as a postcoital contraceptive. Criteria for entry into the study included definite unprotected coital exposure within the previous 72 hours and the absence of any contraindications to the use of estrogen/progestin-containing compounds. Women with coital exposures outside of the 72-hours-to-treatment time frame were excluded. Four hundred and sixty-four of the patients were cycling regularly and, of these, 152 were exposed at midcycle. Only one patient became pregnant as a result of probable method failure as compared with the minimal estimated number of 12 to 30 pregnancies.", "contents": "Ethinylestradiol and dl-norgestrel as a postcoital contraceptive. Six hundred and eight women were treated with 200 microgram of ethinylestradiol and 2 mg of dl-norgestrel, administered in two divided doses, as a postcoital contraceptive. Criteria for entry into the study included definite unprotected coital exposure within the previous 72 hours and the absence of any contraindications to the use of estrogen/progestin-containing compounds. Women with coital exposures outside of the 72-hours-to-treatment time frame were excluded. Four hundred and sixty-four of the patients were cycling regularly and, of these, 152 were exposed at midcycle. Only one patient became pregnant as a result of probable method failure as compared with the minimal estimated number of 12 to 30 pregnancies."}
{"id": "PMID:892045", "title": "Long-term safety and use-effectiveness of intrauterine devices.", "content": "The long-term safety and effectiveness of Lippes Loops, A, C, and D, Dalkon Shields, Saf-T-Coils, and Cu 7-200 intrauterine devices (IUDs) were evaluated on the basis of 670 insertions in 588 women. Ten-year life-table rates for the Lippes Loops C (291 first insertions) and D (213 first insertions) were evaluated. The Loop C was consistently associated with a significantly higher expulsion rate but lower pregnancy rate as compared with the Loop D. Over-all, the removal rates for these two IUDs were similar. The incidence of pelvic infection and abnormal Papanicolaou smears, the time from IUD removal to conception, pregnancy outcome, and the need for any surgery post-IUD insertion were evaluated for all IUDs and all segments of use.", "contents": "Long-term safety and use-effectiveness of intrauterine devices. The long-term safety and effectiveness of Lippes Loops, A, C, and D, Dalkon Shields, Saf-T-Coils, and Cu 7-200 intrauterine devices (IUDs) were evaluated on the basis of 670 insertions in 588 women. Ten-year life-table rates for the Lippes Loops C (291 first insertions) and D (213 first insertions) were evaluated. The Loop C was consistently associated with a significantly higher expulsion rate but lower pregnancy rate as compared with the Loop D. Over-all, the removal rates for these two IUDs were similar. The incidence of pelvic infection and abnormal Papanicolaou smears, the time from IUD removal to conception, pregnancy outcome, and the need for any surgery post-IUD insertion were evaluated for all IUDs and all segments of use."}
{"id": "PMID:892046", "title": "Translocation of the intrauterine contraceptive device: study of thirty-one cases.", "content": "Thirty-one cases of a translocated intrauterine contraceptive device were studied. Etiology, diagnosis, management, and prevention are discussed.", "contents": "Translocation of the intrauterine contraceptive device: study of thirty-one cases. Thirty-one cases of a translocated intrauterine contraceptive device were studied. Etiology, diagnosis, management, and prevention are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:892047", "title": "Meiotic indices in the oligospermic male.", "content": "Thirty-four oligospermic males were evaluated by determining the meiotic index in testicular biopsy specimens. Only 1 patient of 10 with a meiotic index of less than 15 achieved pregnancy, whereas 16 of 24 patients with a meiotic index of more than 15 had a successful outcome. Corresponding increases in the semenogram were also noted to be related to the meiotic index.", "contents": "Meiotic indices in the oligospermic male. Thirty-four oligospermic males were evaluated by determining the meiotic index in testicular biopsy specimens. Only 1 patient of 10 with a meiotic index of less than 15 achieved pregnancy, whereas 16 of 24 patients with a meiotic index of more than 15 had a successful outcome. Corresponding increases in the semenogram were also noted to be related to the meiotic index."}
{"id": "PMID:892048", "title": "Studies on ciliated epithelia of the human genital tract. II. The mucociliary wave pattern of fallopian tube epithelium.", "content": "The ciliary activity of human fallopian tube epithelium was studied in vitro by using a technique which included registration of the light reflections from the mucociliary waves on the epithelial surface. In all registrations, the mucociliary waves moved toward the uterine end of the specimen. The frequencies of the reflections of the mucociliary waves ranged between 960 and 1368 cpm, with a mean of 1191 cpm (2 SD, +/- 176) and a median of 1210 cpm. Significant differences in the mucociliary wave frequencies were not observed between different parts of the fallopian tube nor between registrations performed during the follicular and luteal phases of the menstrual cycle. Scanning electron microscopy of the specimens revealed no morphologic changes of the cilia during the menstrual cycle.", "contents": "Studies on ciliated epithelia of the human genital tract. II. The mucociliary wave pattern of fallopian tube epithelium. The ciliary activity of human fallopian tube epithelium was studied in vitro by using a technique which included registration of the light reflections from the mucociliary waves on the epithelial surface. In all registrations, the mucociliary waves moved toward the uterine end of the specimen. The frequencies of the reflections of the mucociliary waves ranged between 960 and 1368 cpm, with a mean of 1191 cpm (2 SD, +/- 176) and a median of 1210 cpm. Significant differences in the mucociliary wave frequencies were not observed between different parts of the fallopian tube nor between registrations performed during the follicular and luteal phases of the menstrual cycle. Scanning electron microscopy of the specimens revealed no morphologic changes of the cilia during the menstrual cycle."}
{"id": "PMID:892049", "title": "Hydrosalpinx simplex as seen by the scanning electron microscope.", "content": "Five cases of hydrosalpinx simplex were studied by light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Comparison was made with normal fallopian tube epithelia. By light microscopy numerous ciliated cells as well as nonciliated cells were found in both hydrosalpinx and normal tubal material. In hydrosalpinx material the epithelium was found to be compressed to one-sixth its usual height. The SEM survey of large areas of hydrosalpinx did not reveal any deciliation. In fact, the mucosa of the hydrosalpinx did not differ conspiciously from that of a healthy fallopian tube. However, some nonciliated cells with collapsed areas were revealed by SEM. The significance of the compressed areas is unknown.", "contents": "Hydrosalpinx simplex as seen by the scanning electron microscope. Five cases of hydrosalpinx simplex were studied by light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Comparison was made with normal fallopian tube epithelia. By light microscopy numerous ciliated cells as well as nonciliated cells were found in both hydrosalpinx and normal tubal material. In hydrosalpinx material the epithelium was found to be compressed to one-sixth its usual height. The SEM survey of large areas of hydrosalpinx did not reveal any deciliation. In fact, the mucosa of the hydrosalpinx did not differ conspiciously from that of a healthy fallopian tube. However, some nonciliated cells with collapsed areas were revealed by SEM. The significance of the compressed areas is unknown."}
{"id": "PMID:892051", "title": "Duration of the seminiferous epithelial cycle in the mature guinea pig: influence of unilateral orchiectomy.", "content": "The effect of unilateral orchiectomy on the seminiferous epithelial cycle in the mature guinea pig was studied. No significant change in the cycle duration was found. Thus, the previously reported hyperplasia of the contralateral testis is due to an increased number of cells entering the maturation process rather than to an acceleration of the cycle of seminiferous epithelium.", "contents": "Duration of the seminiferous epithelial cycle in the mature guinea pig: influence of unilateral orchiectomy. The effect of unilateral orchiectomy on the seminiferous epithelial cycle in the mature guinea pig was studied. No significant change in the cycle duration was found. Thus, the previously reported hyperplasia of the contralateral testis is due to an increased number of cells entering the maturation process rather than to an acceleration of the cycle of seminiferous epithelium."}
{"id": "PMID:892070", "title": "[Effect of experimentally induced generalized convulsions on the sleep-wakefulness cycle].", "content": "Electrical stimulation of the dorsal hippocampus appeared to have obvious effect on the ratio of phases of the wakefulness--sleep cycle: during the postconvulsive period when wakefulness is prolonged, paradoxical sleep is sharply decreased, while the slow wave sleep changes are insignificant. However, this effect is less pronounced after generalized seizures evoked by amygdaloid stimulation. Thus unspecific hyperactivation of the brain during experimentally induced generalized seizures exert an acute effect on the paradoxical sleep shortening its duration. This emphasized the functional significance of paradoxical sleep that might be a periodical increase of the brain activity during sleep.", "contents": "[Effect of experimentally induced generalized convulsions on the sleep-wakefulness cycle]. Electrical stimulation of the dorsal hippocampus appeared to have obvious effect on the ratio of phases of the wakefulness--sleep cycle: during the postconvulsive period when wakefulness is prolonged, paradoxical sleep is sharply decreased, while the slow wave sleep changes are insignificant. However, this effect is less pronounced after generalized seizures evoked by amygdaloid stimulation. Thus unspecific hyperactivation of the brain during experimentally induced generalized seizures exert an acute effect on the paradoxical sleep shortening its duration. This emphasized the functional significance of paradoxical sleep that might be a periodical increase of the brain activity during sleep."}
{"id": "PMID:892071", "title": "[Overall electrical responses of the superior olivary complex to amplitude-modulated signals].", "content": "EPs in the auditory nuclei of the horseshoe bats to amplitude--modulated signals (AMS) were studied. The reaction of synchronization in cochlear nuclei (only for fast component) and in superior olivary complex (both for fast and slow components) in frequency range of modulation form 50 to 2000/sec was noted. The synchronized responses in the inferior colliculus occurred only to the frequency of modulation lower than 150/sec. No such reaction was recorded in the medial geniculate bodies. For the superior olivary complex the lowest threshold of the synchronization was in the range of 15-30 and 80-86 kHz. The amplitude of the synchronizing response was the function of the coefficient of modulation, frequency of modulation, and the space localization of the sound source.", "contents": "[Overall electrical responses of the superior olivary complex to amplitude-modulated signals]. EPs in the auditory nuclei of the horseshoe bats to amplitude--modulated signals (AMS) were studied. The reaction of synchronization in cochlear nuclei (only for fast component) and in superior olivary complex (both for fast and slow components) in frequency range of modulation form 50 to 2000/sec was noted. The synchronized responses in the inferior colliculus occurred only to the frequency of modulation lower than 150/sec. No such reaction was recorded in the medial geniculate bodies. For the superior olivary complex the lowest threshold of the synchronization was in the range of 15-30 and 80-86 kHz. The amplitude of the synchronizing response was the function of the coefficient of modulation, frequency of modulation, and the space localization of the sound source."}
{"id": "PMID:892072", "title": "[Effect of single stimuli to the posterior hypothalmus on the visual evoked potentials of an anesthetized rabbit].", "content": "Single stimuli applied to the posterior hypothalamus evoke in the visual cortex of anesthetized rabbits a hypothalamic--cortical response with short latency, marked premarily--positive and negative components, and secondary positive wave of a large amplitude. It seems that projections from the posterior hypothalamus to the cortex are multiple, pass through different subcortical structures and terminate with different synaptic organizations. Single stimuli applied to the posterior hypothalamic nuclei with intervals from 700 to 100 msec facilitate a visual evoked potential due to enhancement of the negative component. Apart from the facilitation of the visual response, the area where the potential can be recorded is enlarged by single stimuli applied to the posterior hypothalamic nuclei.", "contents": "[Effect of single stimuli to the posterior hypothalmus on the visual evoked potentials of an anesthetized rabbit]. Single stimuli applied to the posterior hypothalamus evoke in the visual cortex of anesthetized rabbits a hypothalamic--cortical response with short latency, marked premarily--positive and negative components, and secondary positive wave of a large amplitude. It seems that projections from the posterior hypothalamus to the cortex are multiple, pass through different subcortical structures and terminate with different synaptic organizations. Single stimuli applied to the posterior hypothalamic nuclei with intervals from 700 to 100 msec facilitate a visual evoked potential due to enhancement of the negative component. Apart from the facilitation of the visual response, the area where the potential can be recorded is enlarged by single stimuli applied to the posterior hypothalamic nuclei."}
{"id": "PMID:892073", "title": "[Organization of the hypothalamo-amygdalar system in rats].", "content": "In acute experiments on rabbits, the ascending influences of phylogenetically different parts of hypothalamus on different nuclei of amygdala were studied with the aid of EP method. In mammals a certain type of organization of hypothalamic ascending connections with amygdala was found. It was shown that phylogenetically ancient--anterior--parts of hypothalamus are projected mainly onto the oldest (cortico--medial) division of amygdala, which is the olfactory center of the forebrain. On the other hand, phylogenetically younger nuclei of hypothalamus are functionally connected with young parts of amygdala (basolateral division) which are the important regulatory component of limbic system. The properties of functional organization of hypothalamic--amygdaloid system of integration in rabbits are discussed.", "contents": "[Organization of the hypothalamo-amygdalar system in rats]. In acute experiments on rabbits, the ascending influences of phylogenetically different parts of hypothalamus on different nuclei of amygdala were studied with the aid of EP method. In mammals a certain type of organization of hypothalamic ascending connections with amygdala was found. It was shown that phylogenetically ancient--anterior--parts of hypothalamus are projected mainly onto the oldest (cortico--medial) division of amygdala, which is the olfactory center of the forebrain. On the other hand, phylogenetically younger nuclei of hypothalamus are functionally connected with young parts of amygdala (basolateral division) which are the important regulatory component of limbic system. The properties of functional organization of hypothalamic--amygdaloid system of integration in rabbits are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:892074", "title": "[Heterochronous maturation of pathways from muscle and skin receptors to the sensomotor cortex in rabbits].", "content": "Analysis of structural and functional maturation of peripheral afferent projections from the skin and muscle receptors of the n. ischiadicus to sensorimotor cortex during postnatal ontogeny in rabbits, as the criterion of functional maturity of the peripheral nervous fibers, had their sensitivity to blocking effect of novocain during its application to the muscle and skin branches of the n. ischiadicus. During the ontogeny, the sensitivity was changing wcich was followed by changes in the shape of the cortical evoked response. The morphological maturity of the peripheral fibers was estimated by the degree of their myelinization. The afferent impulses were found to have different channels of conduction yet at the level of peripheral nervous fibers. This implies participation of different peripheral fibers in organization of EP components in the cortex. The fibers mature heterochronously during the ontogeny, the same is true for maturation of afferent projections from the muscle and skin receptors.", "contents": "[Heterochronous maturation of pathways from muscle and skin receptors to the sensomotor cortex in rabbits]. Analysis of structural and functional maturation of peripheral afferent projections from the skin and muscle receptors of the n. ischiadicus to sensorimotor cortex during postnatal ontogeny in rabbits, as the criterion of functional maturity of the peripheral nervous fibers, had their sensitivity to blocking effect of novocain during its application to the muscle and skin branches of the n. ischiadicus. During the ontogeny, the sensitivity was changing wcich was followed by changes in the shape of the cortical evoked response. The morphological maturity of the peripheral fibers was estimated by the degree of their myelinization. The afferent impulses were found to have different channels of conduction yet at the level of peripheral nervous fibers. This implies participation of different peripheral fibers in organization of EP components in the cortex. The fibers mature heterochronously during the ontogeny, the same is true for maturation of afferent projections from the muscle and skin receptors."}
{"id": "PMID:892075", "title": "[Characteristics and origin of rotatory movements induced by electrical stimulation of the caudate nucleus in cats].", "content": "High--frequency stimulation of the caudate nucleus in cats elicits three types of responses: contralateral turning of the head or rotatory psychomotor excitation with contralateral rotation, and ipsilateral turning of the head and body. The latter was obtained mainly from the ventralateral portions of caudate nucleus, while the psychomotor excitation--from the dorsal portions. The rotatory movements are virtually independent of involvement of capsula interna and cortex. Slow synchronized EEG activity occurring at the moment of turning was eliminated by curarization. The caudate rotations are partially triggered by the globus pallidus, as the electrolytic lesion of the latter increases the thresholds of responses although does not completely eliminate them.", "contents": "[Characteristics and origin of rotatory movements induced by electrical stimulation of the caudate nucleus in cats]. High--frequency stimulation of the caudate nucleus in cats elicits three types of responses: contralateral turning of the head or rotatory psychomotor excitation with contralateral rotation, and ipsilateral turning of the head and body. The latter was obtained mainly from the ventralateral portions of caudate nucleus, while the psychomotor excitation--from the dorsal portions. The rotatory movements are virtually independent of involvement of capsula interna and cortex. Slow synchronized EEG activity occurring at the moment of turning was eliminated by curarization. The caudate rotations are partially triggered by the globus pallidus, as the electrolytic lesion of the latter increases the thresholds of responses although does not completely eliminate them."}
{"id": "PMID:892076", "title": "[Selective effect of decimeter waves on central brain structures].", "content": "Sensitivity of central cerebral structures to the action of the electromagnetic fields of decimetre waves (DMW) was studied with the aid of unit activity of comissural neurons. The greatest reactivity to DMW was found in neurons of hypothalamus and hippocampus. Neurons of the midbrain RF and of the specific thalamic nuclei displayed mainly an inhibitory response. The number of neurons responding to the DMW varied depending on the energetical density.", "contents": "[Selective effect of decimeter waves on central brain structures]. Sensitivity of central cerebral structures to the action of the electromagnetic fields of decimetre waves (DMW) was studied with the aid of unit activity of comissural neurons. The greatest reactivity to DMW was found in neurons of hypothalamus and hippocampus. Neurons of the midbrain RF and of the specific thalamic nuclei displayed mainly an inhibitory response. The number of neurons responding to the DMW varied depending on the energetical density."}
{"id": "PMID:892077", "title": "[Properties of mechanoreceptor units of mammary gland parenchyma].", "content": "Two types of mechanosensitive units were found in the parenchyma of the rat mammary gland (SA and RA). Most of SA units had a spontaneous activity 1-3/sec. and responded to an abrupt displacement with a decline in the activity for 5-10 sec. RA had no such a response. The relation between average firing rate and displacement velocity at a constant displacement amplitude was linear for both SA and RA. RA however had the velocity threshold higher than SA. The number and frequency of SA afferent impulses decreased at a repeated stimulation. Electron microscopy revealed that free nerve endings correspond to SA and RA.", "contents": "[Properties of mechanoreceptor units of mammary gland parenchyma]. Two types of mechanosensitive units were found in the parenchyma of the rat mammary gland (SA and RA). Most of SA units had a spontaneous activity 1-3/sec. and responded to an abrupt displacement with a decline in the activity for 5-10 sec. RA had no such a response. The relation between average firing rate and displacement velocity at a constant displacement amplitude was linear for both SA and RA. RA however had the velocity threshold higher than SA. The number and frequency of SA afferent impulses decreased at a repeated stimulation. Electron microscopy revealed that free nerve endings correspond to SA and RA."}
{"id": "PMID:892078", "title": "[Effect of adrenaline on the contractility of different portions of the myocardium of homeotherms].", "content": "The contractility of myocardial strips from the atrium and ventricle of rabbit heart had some differences in the parameters of single contraction, interval--tension relationship, and transitional process. These differences were eliminated by increasing the concentration of epinephrine in bath solution. Epinephrine changed the mode of time--force relation of contraction and induced appearance of extremum in all the parts of the heart. The linear relation between the force of atrium contraction and that of ventricle contraction (homochromity) during change of contraction frequency in normal solution, was shown. The homochromity of atrium and ventricle was broken by high epinphrine concentrations. The level of endogenous catecholamines which modulate the excitation--contraction relations, is believed to determine the differences in the physiological reactions of atrial and ventricular strips. The use of atrium of the heart as a transducer for management of artificial heart is proposed.", "contents": "[Effect of adrenaline on the contractility of different portions of the myocardium of homeotherms]. The contractility of myocardial strips from the atrium and ventricle of rabbit heart had some differences in the parameters of single contraction, interval--tension relationship, and transitional process. These differences were eliminated by increasing the concentration of epinephrine in bath solution. Epinephrine changed the mode of time--force relation of contraction and induced appearance of extremum in all the parts of the heart. The linear relation between the force of atrium contraction and that of ventricle contraction (homochromity) during change of contraction frequency in normal solution, was shown. The homochromity of atrium and ventricle was broken by high epinphrine concentrations. The level of endogenous catecholamines which modulate the excitation--contraction relations, is believed to determine the differences in the physiological reactions of atrial and ventricular strips. The use of atrium of the heart as a transducer for management of artificial heart is proposed."}
{"id": "PMID:892079", "title": "[Restoration of the electrical activity and nervous apparatus following section of the stomach wall in dogs].", "content": "In dogs, transection of the gastric wall at the level of incisura angularis, followed by end--to--end anastomosis, was made. The electrodes were implanted into the muscle wall of the two stomach segments. Electrical activity of the stomach wall on the 1st postoperative day showed dissociation in the spike activity between the two segments. 10 days later, first signs of sequence in the spike activity of the stomach above and below the anastomosis appeared. Microscopic examination revealed that regenerating nerve fibers formed a bridge over the scar. On the 16th day, groups of spike potentials from the gastric wall above the section propagated also in the stomach region below the anastomosis. Since the 14th day, the microscopic examination revealed newly formed synaptic endings on the ganglionic cells distal to the scar. After the 20th day, all signs of dissociation began to disappear.", "contents": "[Restoration of the electrical activity and nervous apparatus following section of the stomach wall in dogs]. In dogs, transection of the gastric wall at the level of incisura angularis, followed by end--to--end anastomosis, was made. The electrodes were implanted into the muscle wall of the two stomach segments. Electrical activity of the stomach wall on the 1st postoperative day showed dissociation in the spike activity between the two segments. 10 days later, first signs of sequence in the spike activity of the stomach above and below the anastomosis appeared. Microscopic examination revealed that regenerating nerve fibers formed a bridge over the scar. On the 16th day, groups of spike potentials from the gastric wall above the section propagated also in the stomach region below the anastomosis. Since the 14th day, the microscopic examination revealed newly formed synaptic endings on the ganglionic cells distal to the scar. After the 20th day, all signs of dissociation began to disappear."}
{"id": "PMID:892085", "title": "[Cardiac energetics in hypothermia].", "content": "In isolated hearts of rats pumping a fluid against hydrostatic pressure, the effect of cooling to 27 degrees C on the mechanical efficiency (ME) and oxygen consumption (MVO2) of the heart, was studied. The ME was presented by the ratio of the heart work to the total energy expense. The latter was estimated by MVO2 measured by the polarographic method. At 27 degrees C, the ME was increased while the MVO2 of the arrested heart was decreased. MVO2 of the working heart in hypothermia was less than control by the same valve as the MVO2 of the heart arrested in hypothermia was less than MVO2 of the arrested control heart. The increase of the heart ME in hypothermia seems to be due, mainly, to reduced \"rest metabolism\" of the heart.", "contents": "[Cardiac energetics in hypothermia]. In isolated hearts of rats pumping a fluid against hydrostatic pressure, the effect of cooling to 27 degrees C on the mechanical efficiency (ME) and oxygen consumption (MVO2) of the heart, was studied. The ME was presented by the ratio of the heart work to the total energy expense. The latter was estimated by MVO2 measured by the polarographic method. At 27 degrees C, the ME was increased while the MVO2 of the arrested heart was decreased. MVO2 of the working heart in hypothermia was less than control by the same valve as the MVO2 of the heart arrested in hypothermia was less than MVO2 of the arrested control heart. The increase of the heart ME in hypothermia seems to be due, mainly, to reduced \"rest metabolism\" of the heart."}
{"id": "PMID:892087", "title": "[Functional alterations in the pulmonary respiratory system in dogs during alveolar hypoxia with hypercapnia].", "content": "In acute experiments on 25 dogs, interrelationships of parameters of the small circulation, ventilation, and diffusion were studied during alveolar hypoxia with hypercapnia. Two types of responses of the lung breathing system were revealed. The 1st one involved an increase of the small circulation pressure (by 84%), of volume blood flow (by 42%), of the lung blood volume (by 24%), and of the lung diffusion ability (by 47%). The 2nd type of responses involved an increase of the small circulation pressure on the average by 70%, while the other three parameters practically did not change at all. The combined action of such hemodynamic factors as the increased intravascular pressure and blood flow seem to involve previously inactive vascular areas of the lungs in the circulation. The lung vascular bed of animals with the 1st type of responses is more plastic which can provide a better adaptation of the organism for extreme conditions.", "contents": "[Functional alterations in the pulmonary respiratory system in dogs during alveolar hypoxia with hypercapnia]. In acute experiments on 25 dogs, interrelationships of parameters of the small circulation, ventilation, and diffusion were studied during alveolar hypoxia with hypercapnia. Two types of responses of the lung breathing system were revealed. The 1st one involved an increase of the small circulation pressure (by 84%), of volume blood flow (by 42%), of the lung blood volume (by 24%), and of the lung diffusion ability (by 47%). The 2nd type of responses involved an increase of the small circulation pressure on the average by 70%, while the other three parameters practically did not change at all. The combined action of such hemodynamic factors as the increased intravascular pressure and blood flow seem to involve previously inactive vascular areas of the lungs in the circulation. The lung vascular bed of animals with the 1st type of responses is more plastic which can provide a better adaptation of the organism for extreme conditions."}
{"id": "PMID:892088", "title": "[Peripheral regulation of the cholinergic mediator process in the smooth muscles of the rat small intestine].", "content": "A physiologically active substance (X-factor) is released from smooth muscle fibers of rat's small intestine-donor under the effect of acetylcholine. This substance which seems to be a macroergic nature strengthens the spontaneous activity of isolated piece of rat's small intestine-recipient and increases its sensitivity to acetylcholine almost twofold. Participation of the X-factor in the control of cholinoreceptor activity of smooth muscle fibers of rat's small intestine following the pattern of positive feedback, is discussed.", "contents": "[Peripheral regulation of the cholinergic mediator process in the smooth muscles of the rat small intestine]. A physiologically active substance (X-factor) is released from smooth muscle fibers of rat's small intestine-donor under the effect of acetylcholine. This substance which seems to be a macroergic nature strengthens the spontaneous activity of isolated piece of rat's small intestine-recipient and increases its sensitivity to acetylcholine almost twofold. Participation of the X-factor in the control of cholinoreceptor activity of smooth muscle fibers of rat's small intestine following the pattern of positive feedback, is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:892096", "title": "[Role of parameters of rhythmic cortical stimulation in synaptic activation of motor neurons].", "content": "Postsynaptic potentials (PSPs) evoked by stimulation of contralateral motor cortex with trains of square stimuli were recorded intracellularly in cat lumbar motoneurons. The influence of number of stimuli in a train and of interval between them upon amplitude, duration and latency of PSPs, was analysed. Rise of stimuli frequency in a train of constant duration (i.e. rise of number of stimuli accompanied by shortening of intervals) produced a snyaptic effect that was much more pronounced than in cases of shortening of intervals between equal number of stimuli (i.e. reduction of a train) or in cases of increase of number of stimuli with equal intervals (elongation of a train). Possible neuronal mechanisms of the leading role of train frequency in supraspinal activation of motoneurons are discussed.", "contents": "[Role of parameters of rhythmic cortical stimulation in synaptic activation of motor neurons]. Postsynaptic potentials (PSPs) evoked by stimulation of contralateral motor cortex with trains of square stimuli were recorded intracellularly in cat lumbar motoneurons. The influence of number of stimuli in a train and of interval between them upon amplitude, duration and latency of PSPs, was analysed. Rise of stimuli frequency in a train of constant duration (i.e. rise of number of stimuli accompanied by shortening of intervals) produced a snyaptic effect that was much more pronounced than in cases of shortening of intervals between equal number of stimuli (i.e. reduction of a train) or in cases of increase of number of stimuli with equal intervals (elongation of a train). Possible neuronal mechanisms of the leading role of train frequency in supraspinal activation of motoneurons are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:892097", "title": "[Functional significance of the round nuclei of the thalamus in formation of the sleep--wakefulness cycle].", "content": "In chicken with bilaterally lesioned thalamic rotundus nuclei, cholinomimetic effect of arecolin upon duration of each stage of the wakefulness--sleep cycle, was studied. No prolongation of the paradoxical sleep characteristic of the animals with intact thalamic nuclei, was observed in experimental chicken. The latter developed mainly a king of cataleptic immobilization duration of which was enhanced by arecolin administration. The thalamic rotundus nucleus was concluded to play an essential role in the mechanisms for regulation of the wakefulness--sleep cycle in birds.", "contents": "[Functional significance of the round nuclei of the thalamus in formation of the sleep--wakefulness cycle]. In chicken with bilaterally lesioned thalamic rotundus nuclei, cholinomimetic effect of arecolin upon duration of each stage of the wakefulness--sleep cycle, was studied. No prolongation of the paradoxical sleep characteristic of the animals with intact thalamic nuclei, was observed in experimental chicken. The latter developed mainly a king of cataleptic immobilization duration of which was enhanced by arecolin administration. The thalamic rotundus nucleus was concluded to play an essential role in the mechanisms for regulation of the wakefulness--sleep cycle in birds."}
{"id": "PMID:892099", "title": "[Neuronal correlates of the cyclicity of the recruiting response].", "content": "The majority of neurons belonging to different levels of the thalamo-cortical unspecific system: anterior ventral thalamic nucleus (59%) and sensomotor cortical area (75%), were involved into cyclic activity of the recruiting reaction evoked by low-frequency stimulation of the central medial thalamic nucleus. The course of involvement differed in different neurons and was manifested by regular changes of firing rate or spindles, as well as by intervals between the spindles. Neuronal correlates of recruiting reaction cycling were stable and persisted even in changes of the neuronal spontaneous activity. The results indicate a possible significance of functional interaction of different neuronal groups involved in the recruiting reaction, for organization of the slow cycle of the thalamo-cortical nonspecific system's activity.", "contents": "[Neuronal correlates of the cyclicity of the recruiting response]. The majority of neurons belonging to different levels of the thalamo-cortical unspecific system: anterior ventral thalamic nucleus (59%) and sensomotor cortical area (75%), were involved into cyclic activity of the recruiting reaction evoked by low-frequency stimulation of the central medial thalamic nucleus. The course of involvement differed in different neurons and was manifested by regular changes of firing rate or spindles, as well as by intervals between the spindles. Neuronal correlates of recruiting reaction cycling were stable and persisted even in changes of the neuronal spontaneous activity. The results indicate a possible significance of functional interaction of different neuronal groups involved in the recruiting reaction, for organization of the slow cycle of the thalamo-cortical nonspecific system's activity."}
{"id": "PMID:892100", "title": "[Pre-synaptic effect of histidine at neuromuscular junctions].", "content": "The influence of L-histidine in different concentrations (0.2--9.0mM) on synaptic processes in neuro-muscular preparations of the frog was studied using intracellular microelectrodes. The histidine caused lowering of the frequency of m. e. p. p. In the synapses with initial quantum content of e. p. p. less than 50, the increase of quantum content occurred due to rising of the available mediator level. The possibility of the transmitter release did not change. The histidine seems to participate in positive functional feedback in a neuro-muscular synapse, the feedback maybe essential for mobilization of the inactive synapses during intense muscular activity.", "contents": "[Pre-synaptic effect of histidine at neuromuscular junctions]. The influence of L-histidine in different concentrations (0.2--9.0mM) on synaptic processes in neuro-muscular preparations of the frog was studied using intracellular microelectrodes. The histidine caused lowering of the frequency of m. e. p. p. In the synapses with initial quantum content of e. p. p. less than 50, the increase of quantum content occurred due to rising of the available mediator level. The possibility of the transmitter release did not change. The histidine seems to participate in positive functional feedback in a neuro-muscular synapse, the feedback maybe essential for mobilization of the inactive synapses during intense muscular activity."}
{"id": "PMID:892101", "title": "[Mechanism of formation of the rheoophthalmogram and electroplethysmogram of the eye].", "content": "In cats, the rheogram of a portion of the vascular tract was recorded during changes of the eye pressure due to brief increase or decrease of the central arterial pressue. Comparison of the recorded changes with the oscillations of electrical conductivity suggest that the latter reflect primarily the changes of the blood linear speed during the time of one pulse cycle (at frequencies over 30 kHz). Slow changes of the electrical conductivity as recorded during electroplethysmography of the vascular tract, reflect primarily the changes of blood volume in the eye tunics.", "contents": "[Mechanism of formation of the rheoophthalmogram and electroplethysmogram of the eye]. In cats, the rheogram of a portion of the vascular tract was recorded during changes of the eye pressure due to brief increase or decrease of the central arterial pressue. Comparison of the recorded changes with the oscillations of electrical conductivity suggest that the latter reflect primarily the changes of the blood linear speed during the time of one pulse cycle (at frequencies over 30 kHz). Slow changes of the electrical conductivity as recorded during electroplethysmography of the vascular tract, reflect primarily the changes of blood volume in the eye tunics."}
{"id": "PMID:892102", "title": "[Microphonic cochlear potentials in the cat during exposure to 2-tons harmonic signals with different phase spectra].", "content": "Cochlear microphonic potentials (CM), i. e. the round window responses, evoked by the two-tone sound complexes consisting of the 1st and 2nd harmonics with different phase relation between the components were studied in cats. The spectral analysis of the CM responses showed high sensitivity of the CM potentials to phase changes in the complex sound stimuli. The 1st harmonic in the range of 350--750 Hz could be reduced at a certain phase shift of the 2nd harmonic in the complex signal. The phase and frequency limits of this phenomenon are described.", "contents": "[Microphonic cochlear potentials in the cat during exposure to 2-tons harmonic signals with different phase spectra]. Cochlear microphonic potentials (CM), i. e. the round window responses, evoked by the two-tone sound complexes consisting of the 1st and 2nd harmonics with different phase relation between the components were studied in cats. The spectral analysis of the CM responses showed high sensitivity of the CM potentials to phase changes in the complex sound stimuli. The 1st harmonic in the range of 350--750 Hz could be reduced at a certain phase shift of the 2nd harmonic in the complex signal. The phase and frequency limits of this phenomenon are described."}
{"id": "PMID:892103", "title": "[Hemodynamics during combined nociceptive stimulation and stimulation of the amygdaloid complex following treatment of the sensomotor cortex].", "content": "In acute experiments on cats, changes of the arterial pressue (AP), intracardiac pressure (ICP), and of the blood flow rate following a nociceptive stimulus (NS), electrical stimulation of the lateral nucleus of amygdala (AL), and the combination of these stimuli before and after application of strychnine and potassium chloride on sensorimotor cortical area, were studied. After the application of strychnine and potassium chloride, the stimulation of AL produced weaker pressor reaction; while a nociceptive stimulus was followed by the same changes as in the intact cats. After the application of strychnine, combination of the AL stimulation and NS produced the increase of pressor reaction; while after the application of potassium chloride, the pressor reaction did not change at all or became weaker. After the application of strychnine, the blood flow rate response to the stimuli was similar to the control experiments; after the application of potassium chloride the blood flow rate decreased.", "contents": "[Hemodynamics during combined nociceptive stimulation and stimulation of the amygdaloid complex following treatment of the sensomotor cortex]. In acute experiments on cats, changes of the arterial pressue (AP), intracardiac pressure (ICP), and of the blood flow rate following a nociceptive stimulus (NS), electrical stimulation of the lateral nucleus of amygdala (AL), and the combination of these stimuli before and after application of strychnine and potassium chloride on sensorimotor cortical area, were studied. After the application of strychnine and potassium chloride, the stimulation of AL produced weaker pressor reaction; while a nociceptive stimulus was followed by the same changes as in the intact cats. After the application of strychnine, combination of the AL stimulation and NS produced the increase of pressor reaction; while after the application of potassium chloride, the pressor reaction did not change at all or became weaker. After the application of strychnine, the blood flow rate response to the stimuli was similar to the control experiments; after the application of potassium chloride the blood flow rate decreased."}
{"id": "PMID:892109", "title": "New evidence on the value of birth expectations.", "content": "Past national surveys regarding birth expectations have usually been restricted to currently married women, a fact which has led demographers to question the usefulness of these data. Because the June 1976 Current Population Survey includes the expectations of all women in a cohort regardless of marital status, it provides the data needed to evaluate biases due to restricted survey universes. At older ages, where there are substantial differences in lifetime expectations between currently married and single women, there are relatively few single women; at younger ages, however, where the proportion of single women in a cohort is relatively large, the differences in expectations are small. This counterbalancing effect makes the lifetime birth expectations of currently married women a close approximation of all women in a cohort. The analysis also indicates that the observed intracohort declines in lifetime birth expectations since 1967 were due largely to the addition at subsequent survey dates of previously unmarried women; nevertheless, some \"true\" cohort declines also seem to have occurred.", "contents": "New evidence on the value of birth expectations. Past national surveys regarding birth expectations have usually been restricted to currently married women, a fact which has led demographers to question the usefulness of these data. Because the June 1976 Current Population Survey includes the expectations of all women in a cohort regardless of marital status, it provides the data needed to evaluate biases due to restricted survey universes. At older ages, where there are substantial differences in lifetime expectations between currently married and single women, there are relatively few single women; at younger ages, however, where the proportion of single women in a cohort is relatively large, the differences in expectations are small. This counterbalancing effect makes the lifetime birth expectations of currently married women a close approximation of all women in a cohort. The analysis also indicates that the observed intracohort declines in lifetime birth expectations since 1967 were due largely to the addition at subsequent survey dates of previously unmarried women; nevertheless, some \"true\" cohort declines also seem to have occurred."}
{"id": "PMID:892110", "title": "The effect of children on marital dissolution.", "content": "The relationship between the presence of children and divorce and separation is examined using data from the first four years of the National Longitudinal Surveys of Labor Market Experience in Women Aged 30 to 44. The data show that children were a deterrent to separation and divorce only when they were in the preschool ages. Once all the children in a family were in school, they did not seem to influence the probability of separation and divorce. It is suggested that the high costs of child care for preschool children, in terms of time, money, and effort, act as a deterrent to marital dissolution. The associations between several other social demographic variables and marital dissolution also are investigated.", "contents": "The effect of children on marital dissolution. The relationship between the presence of children and divorce and separation is examined using data from the first four years of the National Longitudinal Surveys of Labor Market Experience in Women Aged 30 to 44. The data show that children were a deterrent to separation and divorce only when they were in the preschool ages. Once all the children in a family were in school, they did not seem to influence the probability of separation and divorce. It is suggested that the high costs of child care for preschool children, in terms of time, money, and effort, act as a deterrent to marital dissolution. The associations between several other social demographic variables and marital dissolution also are investigated."}
{"id": "PMID:892111", "title": "Labor force participation of working mothers and family formation: some further evidence.", "content": "This paper offers additional insight and evidence on the well-documented inverse relationship between female employment and fertility. Interviews with 388 working mothers from a probability sample in Robeson County, North Carolina, provide the data for testing the hypothesized relationships. Generally, the results indicate that lower fertility, lower desires and expectations, and earlier use of birth control are associated with work before the first birth and with employment of the longest duration. The timing of the first birth was not differentiated by variations in work experience. The results are conditional in that the relationships hold more for whites than for blacks or Indians.", "contents": "Labor force participation of working mothers and family formation: some further evidence. This paper offers additional insight and evidence on the well-documented inverse relationship between female employment and fertility. Interviews with 388 working mothers from a probability sample in Robeson County, North Carolina, provide the data for testing the hypothesized relationships. Generally, the results indicate that lower fertility, lower desires and expectations, and earlier use of birth control are associated with work before the first birth and with employment of the longest duration. The timing of the first birth was not differentiated by variations in work experience. The results are conditional in that the relationships hold more for whites than for blacks or Indians."}
{"id": "PMID:892112", "title": "A two-sex nuptiality-mortality life table.", "content": "The \"problem of the sexes\" has been one of trying to reconcile inconsistent male and female demographic rates. The present paper deals with that question in the context of a two-sex nuptiality-mortality life table. A \"rectangular\" population, with equal numbers of persons in each age-sex group, is introduced as a standard, and a standardization relationship expressed in equation (9) relates changes in rectangular population rates to changes in age-sex composition. The standardization relationship is shown to satisfy a number of desirable properties and produce a realistic two-sex model. The standardization approach is then applied to data from Sweden for 1973, and the results and their implications are discussed. In particular, it is seen that the total number of marriages in a two-sex population neither is nor should be bounded by the total numbers of marriages in the associated male and female one-sex nuptiality-mortality tables.", "contents": "A two-sex nuptiality-mortality life table. The \"problem of the sexes\" has been one of trying to reconcile inconsistent male and female demographic rates. The present paper deals with that question in the context of a two-sex nuptiality-mortality life table. A \"rectangular\" population, with equal numbers of persons in each age-sex group, is introduced as a standard, and a standardization relationship expressed in equation (9) relates changes in rectangular population rates to changes in age-sex composition. The standardization relationship is shown to satisfy a number of desirable properties and produce a realistic two-sex model. The standardization approach is then applied to data from Sweden for 1973, and the results and their implications are discussed. In particular, it is seen that the total number of marriages in a two-sex population neither is nor should be bounded by the total numbers of marriages in the associated male and female one-sex nuptiality-mortality tables."}
{"id": "PMID:892113", "title": "Population forecasting standards: some considerations concerning their necessity and content.", "content": "This paper discusses the nature of population forecasting and provides guidelines for standards that are in line with good professional practice yet do not stifle creativity or technical advances.", "contents": "Population forecasting standards: some considerations concerning their necessity and content. This paper discusses the nature of population forecasting and provides guidelines for standards that are in line with good professional practice yet do not stifle creativity or technical advances."}
{"id": "PMID:892114", "title": "Balsam of Peru as screening agent for essential oils sensitivity.", "content": "The standard series and 35 essential oils were tested on 450 patients with dermatitis. It was found that those simultaneously sensitive to essential oils are more frequently negative than positive to balsam of Peru. The remaining 3 balsams, however (colophony, turpentine and wood tars), are also screening agents for essential oils. All four balsams reveal sensitivity to essential oils in most of the subjects tested. In patients negative to all 4 balsams of the standard series, attempts to find an essential oil with which tests would be simultaneously frequently positive with those for other essential oils failed.", "contents": "Balsam of Peru as screening agent for essential oils sensitivity. The standard series and 35 essential oils were tested on 450 patients with dermatitis. It was found that those simultaneously sensitive to essential oils are more frequently negative than positive to balsam of Peru. The remaining 3 balsams, however (colophony, turpentine and wood tars), are also screening agents for essential oils. All four balsams reveal sensitivity to essential oils in most of the subjects tested. In patients negative to all 4 balsams of the standard series, attempts to find an essential oil with which tests would be simultaneously frequently positive with those for other essential oils failed."}
{"id": "PMID:892115", "title": "Generalized pruritus in metastatic adenocarcinoma of the stomach.", "content": "Generalized pruritus appeared 2 years following resection of an adenocarcinoma of the stomach. The appearance of the pruritus was the presenting symptom of recurrence of the malignant process in the stomach as well as of its metastatic spread to the liver and to the lungs.", "contents": "Generalized pruritus in metastatic adenocarcinoma of the stomach. Generalized pruritus appeared 2 years following resection of an adenocarcinoma of the stomach. The appearance of the pruritus was the presenting symptom of recurrence of the malignant process in the stomach as well as of its metastatic spread to the liver and to the lungs."}
{"id": "PMID:892116", "title": "Induction of multinucleate cells by 8-MOP and UV treatment in vitro and in vivo.", "content": "Fibroblast cells were treated with a single dose of 8-methoxypsoralen (8-MOP) and long-wave UV irradiation in vitro and the cytotoxic effects of the treatment followed up for 5 passages. During the first passage, there was an inhibition in cell proliferation, the induction of chromosomal aberrations and the production of macrocells as well as cells with more than one nucleus. In the subsequent passages, the proliferation rate of the cells gradually normalized but there was a concomitant increase in chromosomal aberrations and in the number of macrocells and multinucleate cells. Specimens, which were taken from the uninvolved skin of psoriatic patients who had been treated between 20 and 40 times with an oral dose of 8-MOP and black light irradiation (PUVA) also revealed the presence of binucleate, tetranucleate and multinucleate epidermal cells as well as binucleate and tetranucleate dermal fibroblasts.", "contents": "Induction of multinucleate cells by 8-MOP and UV treatment in vitro and in vivo. Fibroblast cells were treated with a single dose of 8-methoxypsoralen (8-MOP) and long-wave UV irradiation in vitro and the cytotoxic effects of the treatment followed up for 5 passages. During the first passage, there was an inhibition in cell proliferation, the induction of chromosomal aberrations and the production of macrocells as well as cells with more than one nucleus. In the subsequent passages, the proliferation rate of the cells gradually normalized but there was a concomitant increase in chromosomal aberrations and in the number of macrocells and multinucleate cells. Specimens, which were taken from the uninvolved skin of psoriatic patients who had been treated between 20 and 40 times with an oral dose of 8-MOP and black light irradiation (PUVA) also revealed the presence of binucleate, tetranucleate and multinucleate epidermal cells as well as binucleate and tetranucleate dermal fibroblasts."}
{"id": "PMID:892117", "title": "Treatment of Keratoacanthomas with currettage.", "content": "The present paper reports the results of a follow-up study of 47 patients with keratoacanthomas treated solely with currettage. Only one recurrence was seen, and the cosmetic results were much better than those obtained with other types of treatment. Curettage must be considered the treatment of choice for keratoacanthomas on the face.", "contents": "Treatment of Keratoacanthomas with currettage. The present paper reports the results of a follow-up study of 47 patients with keratoacanthomas treated solely with currettage. Only one recurrence was seen, and the cosmetic results were much better than those obtained with other types of treatment. Curettage must be considered the treatment of choice for keratoacanthomas on the face."}
{"id": "PMID:892118", "title": "[Therapeutical action of urea on the skin (author's transl)].", "content": "Long-term application up to 8 weeks of a 10% urea solution provokes an epidermal thinning expressed in a decreased number of DNA-synthetizing cells. This epidermal reaction cannot be established after topical use of HTH emulsion. Even by daily application during 8 weeks no change was seen. The absence of epidermal thinning after HTH exposure can be explained as an additive effect of urea and the other constituents of the HTH emulsion. This opinion is supported by the results after application of urea together with Tween 60 in that the acanthogenic effect of Tween 60 is decreased by addition of urea. On the other side, the therapeutic efficiency of 10% 5-fluorouracil solution can be increased remarkably by preliminary treatment with HTH emulsion. These findings could reach importance in the topical therapy with regard to the possibility to improve the effectiveness of any drug by addition of, or preliminary treatment with, urea.", "contents": "[Therapeutical action of urea on the skin (author's transl)]. Long-term application up to 8 weeks of a 10% urea solution provokes an epidermal thinning expressed in a decreased number of DNA-synthetizing cells. This epidermal reaction cannot be established after topical use of HTH emulsion. Even by daily application during 8 weeks no change was seen. The absence of epidermal thinning after HTH exposure can be explained as an additive effect of urea and the other constituents of the HTH emulsion. This opinion is supported by the results after application of urea together with Tween 60 in that the acanthogenic effect of Tween 60 is decreased by addition of urea. On the other side, the therapeutic efficiency of 10% 5-fluorouracil solution can be increased remarkably by preliminary treatment with HTH emulsion. These findings could reach importance in the topical therapy with regard to the possibility to improve the effectiveness of any drug by addition of, or preliminary treatment with, urea."}
{"id": "PMID:892119", "title": "[Clinic, statistic and risik factors of the malignant melanoma (author's transl)].", "content": "The prognosis for malignant melanoma is dependent on the stage of the disease, sex, size respectively depth of penetration, structure (lentigo maligna melanoma, superficial spreading melanoma, nodular melanoma), location and age of the patient when the disease begins. The method of conventional treatment (X-ray then excision, excision then X-ray, X-ray alone, excision alone) is not important. The decisive factor is early diagnosis (histology) and early treatment (total excision of the tumor). The value of additional immunotherapy and chemotherapy in cases diagnosed early cannot yet be judged. Melanoma is rarer among colored races than among whites, and the frequency of the disease among Caucasians increases as one approaches the equator. Morbidity and mortality are rising throughout the world. The influence of factors such as trauma and sunlight is disputed.", "contents": "[Clinic, statistic and risik factors of the malignant melanoma (author's transl)]. The prognosis for malignant melanoma is dependent on the stage of the disease, sex, size respectively depth of penetration, structure (lentigo maligna melanoma, superficial spreading melanoma, nodular melanoma), location and age of the patient when the disease begins. The method of conventional treatment (X-ray then excision, excision then X-ray, X-ray alone, excision alone) is not important. The decisive factor is early diagnosis (histology) and early treatment (total excision of the tumor). The value of additional immunotherapy and chemotherapy in cases diagnosed early cannot yet be judged. Melanoma is rarer among colored races than among whites, and the frequency of the disease among Caucasians increases as one approaches the equator. Morbidity and mortality are rising throughout the world. The influence of factors such as trauma and sunlight is disputed."}
{"id": "PMID:892120", "title": "Topical treatment of extended alopecia. Intralesional steroid--Kromayer lamp.", "content": "Two groups of patients with subtotal to universal areate type alopecia were serially treated, 6 with intralesional triamcinolone acetonide suspension and 6 with contact irradiation by ultraviolet light from a high-pressure mercury-arc source with a quartz envelope (Kromayer lamp). The treatment was limited to one half of the scalp while the untreated half served as a control. Triamcinolone acetonide suspension gave in 2 of the 6 treated patients a temporary  stimulating effect on hari growth; later, however, hair growth inhibition was noted in 3 patients. Contact irradiation with ultraviolet light from a Kromayer lamp gave in 4 of the 6 treated patients a stimulatory effect upon hair growth, but did not seem to initiate it.", "contents": "Topical treatment of extended alopecia. Intralesional steroid--Kromayer lamp. Two groups of patients with subtotal to universal areate type alopecia were serially treated, 6 with intralesional triamcinolone acetonide suspension and 6 with contact irradiation by ultraviolet light from a high-pressure mercury-arc source with a quartz envelope (Kromayer lamp). The treatment was limited to one half of the scalp while the untreated half served as a control. Triamcinolone acetonide suspension gave in 2 of the 6 treated patients a temporary  stimulating effect on hari growth; later, however, hair growth inhibition was noted in 3 patients. Contact irradiation with ultraviolet light from a Kromayer lamp gave in 4 of the 6 treated patients a stimulatory effect upon hair growth, but did not seem to initiate it."}
{"id": "PMID:892126", "title": "Effect of somatostatin on plasma C-peptide immunoreactivity in normal man.", "content": "The effect of somatostatin on plasma C-peptide immunoreactivity was studied in seven normal men following an intravenous 25 g glucose load. No elevation in plasma insulin was observed and similarly no rise in plasma C-peptide immunoreactivity occurred, indicating that somatostatin inhibits glucose-induced C-peptide release as well as insulin release.", "contents": "Effect of somatostatin on plasma C-peptide immunoreactivity in normal man. The effect of somatostatin on plasma C-peptide immunoreactivity was studied in seven normal men following an intravenous 25 g glucose load. No elevation in plasma insulin was observed and similarly no rise in plasma C-peptide immunoreactivity occurred, indicating that somatostatin inhibits glucose-induced C-peptide release as well as insulin release."}
{"id": "PMID:892127", "title": "Reliability of a simple and rapid glucose measuring device in conducting oral glucose tolerance tests.", "content": "160 oral glucose tolerance tests (OGTTs) were carried out, the glucose measurements being performed with the rapid dry-lab device Reflomat/Reflotest-Glucose and the GOD-Perid method. In 151 patients (94.4%) the two methods of measuring glucose led to the same diagnoses (i.e. \"normal\", \"suspect\" or \"diabetic\"). This high conformity in the results suggests the reliability of the rapid device in conducting OGTTs. Only in 9 subjects (5.6%) were the clinical conclusions different, Reflotest-Glucose giving predominantly \"more pathological\" results. It is, however, not possible to say which method showed \"falsely positive\" and which one \"falsely negative\" results.", "contents": "Reliability of a simple and rapid glucose measuring device in conducting oral glucose tolerance tests. 160 oral glucose tolerance tests (OGTTs) were carried out, the glucose measurements being performed with the rapid dry-lab device Reflomat/Reflotest-Glucose and the GOD-Perid method. In 151 patients (94.4%) the two methods of measuring glucose led to the same diagnoses (i.e. \"normal\", \"suspect\" or \"diabetic\"). This high conformity in the results suggests the reliability of the rapid device in conducting OGTTs. Only in 9 subjects (5.6%) were the clinical conclusions different, Reflotest-Glucose giving predominantly \"more pathological\" results. It is, however, not possible to say which method showed \"falsely positive\" and which one \"falsely negative\" results."}
{"id": "PMID:892128", "title": "Evidence for genetic control of anti-insulin immunity in juvenile onset diabetes mellitus.", "content": "The role of genetic factors in humoral anti-insulin-response was studied in 87 patients with juvenile onset diabetes. A significant insulin antibody formation was found in 76 (87%) juvenile diabetics. By dividing these patients in four groups according to different heights of insulin antibody levels (non-, low-, moderate- and high-responders) a positive or negative correlation between humoral anti-insulin response and certain HLA antigens could be found. Non-responders showed a close association with HLA-B7 positivity, whereas in the insulin high-responder patients, a considerable decrease of HLA-B8 and increase of HLA-Bw15 and HLA-Cw3 was found. These findings indicate that certain genetic constellations within the HLA complex might have an important part in determining humoral anti-insulin immunity.", "contents": "Evidence for genetic control of anti-insulin immunity in juvenile onset diabetes mellitus. The role of genetic factors in humoral anti-insulin-response was studied in 87 patients with juvenile onset diabetes. A significant insulin antibody formation was found in 76 (87%) juvenile diabetics. By dividing these patients in four groups according to different heights of insulin antibody levels (non-, low-, moderate- and high-responders) a positive or negative correlation between humoral anti-insulin response and certain HLA antigens could be found. Non-responders showed a close association with HLA-B7 positivity, whereas in the insulin high-responder patients, a considerable decrease of HLA-B8 and increase of HLA-Bw15 and HLA-Cw3 was found. These findings indicate that certain genetic constellations within the HLA complex might have an important part in determining humoral anti-insulin immunity."}
{"id": "PMID:892129", "title": "The HLA system and diabetes mellitus.", "content": "There is a significant positive association between insulin dependent diabetes, irrespective of age of onset, and the HLA system, whereas there is no association of HLA antigens with non-insulin dependent diabetes. There is a significant concordance value for HLA antigen frequencies in insulin dependent diabetics from three different centres, indicating that the genes (s) conferring susceptibility to this type of diabetes is possibly present in all \"juvenile-onset\" diabetics and is in linkage disequilibrium with all the B locus alleles.", "contents": "The HLA system and diabetes mellitus. There is a significant positive association between insulin dependent diabetes, irrespective of age of onset, and the HLA system, whereas there is no association of HLA antigens with non-insulin dependent diabetes. There is a significant concordance value for HLA antigen frequencies in insulin dependent diabetics from three different centres, indicating that the genes (s) conferring susceptibility to this type of diabetes is possibly present in all \"juvenile-onset\" diabetics and is in linkage disequilibrium with all the B locus alleles."}
{"id": "PMID:892214", "title": "Ambulatory treatment of psoriasis: combined use of occlusive dressings with locacorten tar at night and 'open' treatment with locasalen during the day.", "content": "Fifty patients with refractory psoriasis were treated with a combined method consisting in the application of occlusive dressings with Locacorten Tar ointment at night and of 'open' treatment (without occlusive dressings) with Locasalen ointment during the day. The aim of this trial was to obtain the benefit of the occlusive-dressing method without having to hospitalize the patients. The mean time required for the eradication of psoriatic scales was 3.46 days, while that needed for complete recovery was 14 days. The results clearly indicated that this combined approach has all the advantages of occlusives dressings but allows the patient greater freedom during the day. The very good effect of the treatment is also attributable to the triple action obtained with this combination: the anti-epidermoplastic effect of flumethasone pivalate, the squamolytic effect of salicylic acid, and the keratoplastic action of the tar compound.", "contents": "Ambulatory treatment of psoriasis: combined use of occlusive dressings with locacorten tar at night and 'open' treatment with locasalen during the day. Fifty patients with refractory psoriasis were treated with a combined method consisting in the application of occlusive dressings with Locacorten Tar ointment at night and of 'open' treatment (without occlusive dressings) with Locasalen ointment during the day. The aim of this trial was to obtain the benefit of the occlusive-dressing method without having to hospitalize the patients. The mean time required for the eradication of psoriatic scales was 3.46 days, while that needed for complete recovery was 14 days. The results clearly indicated that this combined approach has all the advantages of occlusives dressings but allows the patient greater freedom during the day. The very good effect of the treatment is also attributable to the triple action obtained with this combination: the anti-epidermoplastic effect of flumethasone pivalate, the squamolytic effect of salicylic acid, and the keratoplastic action of the tar compound."}
{"id": "PMID:892215", "title": "A study of the local tolerance of tibicorten during long-term application.", "content": "Regular observation of 16 patients with chronic skin diseases, treated twice daily with applications of Tibicorten for 2 to 14 weeks, showed that this treatment did not give rise to development of local side-effects. Even protracted local application of Tibicorten is tolerated excellently.", "contents": "A study of the local tolerance of tibicorten during long-term application. Regular observation of 16 patients with chronic skin diseases, treated twice daily with applications of Tibicorten for 2 to 14 weeks, showed that this treatment did not give rise to development of local side-effects. Even protracted local application of Tibicorten is tolerated excellently."}
{"id": "PMID:892235", "title": "Metabolic effects of the glucose tolerance factor (GTF) in normal and genetically diabetic mice.", "content": "The acute metabolic effects of glucose tolerance factor (GTF), the biologically active form of trivalent chromium, were studied in normal and genetically diabetic (db/db) mice. A single intraperitoneal injection of GTF significantly reduced the nonfasting plasma glucose level in normal mice by 38 per cent, and in diabetic mice by 14 to 29 per cent. Time course studies in normal and diabetic mice showed a maximal lowering of plasma glucose at four hours after GTF treatment. Furthermore, a single injection of GTF significantly lowered the elevated plasma triglyceride and cholesterol levels by 47 and 35 per cent, respectively, four hours after injection. Genetically diabetic mice are refractory to insulin, and treatment with exogenous insulin produced a smaller decrement in plasma glucose (11-18 per cent). The combination treatment of diabetic mice with GTF and exogenous insulin was significantly more effective in reducing plasma glucose (39-51 per cent) and triglycerides (76 per cent) than either treatment alone. These findings are consistent with the suggestion that GTF and insulin act synergistically.", "contents": "Metabolic effects of the glucose tolerance factor (GTF) in normal and genetically diabetic mice. The acute metabolic effects of glucose tolerance factor (GTF), the biologically active form of trivalent chromium, were studied in normal and genetically diabetic (db/db) mice. A single intraperitoneal injection of GTF significantly reduced the nonfasting plasma glucose level in normal mice by 38 per cent, and in diabetic mice by 14 to 29 per cent. Time course studies in normal and diabetic mice showed a maximal lowering of plasma glucose at four hours after GTF treatment. Furthermore, a single injection of GTF significantly lowered the elevated plasma triglyceride and cholesterol levels by 47 and 35 per cent, respectively, four hours after injection. Genetically diabetic mice are refractory to insulin, and treatment with exogenous insulin produced a smaller decrement in plasma glucose (11-18 per cent). The combination treatment of diabetic mice with GTF and exogenous insulin was significantly more effective in reducing plasma glucose (39-51 per cent) and triglycerides (76 per cent) than either treatment alone. These findings are consistent with the suggestion that GTF and insulin act synergistically."}
{"id": "PMID:892236", "title": "Unexplained hyperinsulinemia in normal and \"prediabetic\" Pima Indians compared with normal Caucasians. An example of racial differences in insulin secretion.", "content": "The pattern of insulin response to oral and/or intravenous glucose has been claimed to be characteristic of diabetes and even prediabetes. To determine if differences in insluin secretion might explain the exceptionally high prevalence of diabetes in the Pima Indians, 26 genetically normal Pimas (nondiabetic offspring of nondiabetic parents), 32 genetically prediabetic Pimas (nondiabetic offspring of diabetic parents), 10 diabetic Pimas, and 29 normal Caucasians were studied. All subjects received an intravenous glucose tolerance test (IVGTT) to examine the acute-phase insulin response, and all nondiabetic subjects received an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) and arginine infusion (AI). The prediabetics also received a cortisone-primed oral glucose tolerance test (CGTT) and were classified by the result of this test. While acute-phase insulin release during the IVGTT was absent in the diabetics, there was a rapid response in all nondiabetics. Prediabetic Pimas with normal or abnormal CGTT had insulin levels similar to normal Indians during the IVGTT, OGTT, and AI. Thus, no evidence of impairment of acute- or late-phase insulin release was found. The normal and prediabetic Indians had fasting and stimulated insulin levels during all the tests two-to-threefold greater than the Caucasians. Differences in insulin levels between the two races could not be explained by differences in glucose level, age, or obesity.", "contents": "Unexplained hyperinsulinemia in normal and \"prediabetic\" Pima Indians compared with normal Caucasians. An example of racial differences in insulin secretion. The pattern of insulin response to oral and/or intravenous glucose has been claimed to be characteristic of diabetes and even prediabetes. To determine if differences in insluin secretion might explain the exceptionally high prevalence of diabetes in the Pima Indians, 26 genetically normal Pimas (nondiabetic offspring of nondiabetic parents), 32 genetically prediabetic Pimas (nondiabetic offspring of diabetic parents), 10 diabetic Pimas, and 29 normal Caucasians were studied. All subjects received an intravenous glucose tolerance test (IVGTT) to examine the acute-phase insulin response, and all nondiabetic subjects received an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) and arginine infusion (AI). The prediabetics also received a cortisone-primed oral glucose tolerance test (CGTT) and were classified by the result of this test. While acute-phase insulin release during the IVGTT was absent in the diabetics, there was a rapid response in all nondiabetics. Prediabetic Pimas with normal or abnormal CGTT had insulin levels similar to normal Indians during the IVGTT, OGTT, and AI. Thus, no evidence of impairment of acute- or late-phase insulin release was found. The normal and prediabetic Indians had fasting and stimulated insulin levels during all the tests two-to-threefold greater than the Caucasians. Differences in insulin levels between the two races could not be explained by differences in glucose level, age, or obesity."}
{"id": "PMID:892239", "title": "The Prader-Willi syndrome. Regulation of fat transport.", "content": "Studies of fat mobilization and transport are reported in six patients with the Prader-Willi syndrome. Two patients had carbohydrate intolerance. One of these had a low and the other an augmented insulin response to glucose challenge. Following challenge with glucose, three of the four nondiabetics had normal insulin responses or increased responses consistent with their obesity; the other nondiabetic had insulinopenia. Measurements of the effects of norepinephrine, insulin, glucose, and 5-methylpyrazole-3-carboxylic acid on plasma levels of FFA, glycerol, and ketones provide no evidence for abnormal regulation of mobilization of fat from adipose tissue. Measurements of plasma lipids and postheparin lipolytic activity are consistent with normal uptake of fat into adipose tissue, and normal fatty acid composition of adipose tissue gives no evidence for abnormal lipogenesis.", "contents": "The Prader-Willi syndrome. Regulation of fat transport. Studies of fat mobilization and transport are reported in six patients with the Prader-Willi syndrome. Two patients had carbohydrate intolerance. One of these had a low and the other an augmented insulin response to glucose challenge. Following challenge with glucose, three of the four nondiabetics had normal insulin responses or increased responses consistent with their obesity; the other nondiabetic had insulinopenia. Measurements of the effects of norepinephrine, insulin, glucose, and 5-methylpyrazole-3-carboxylic acid on plasma levels of FFA, glycerol, and ketones provide no evidence for abnormal regulation of mobilization of fat from adipose tissue. Measurements of plasma lipids and postheparin lipolytic activity are consistent with normal uptake of fat into adipose tissue, and normal fatty acid composition of adipose tissue gives no evidence for abnormal lipogenesis."}
{"id": "PMID:892240", "title": "Hypertension in acute neurological diseases of childhood.", "content": "Five children are described who developed hypertension in relation to acute neurological disease. Possible pathophysiological mechanisms for the hypertension are considered. It is thought that the hypertension may have been related to interruption of the ascending tracts in the brain stem, leading to failure of integration between, or independent action of, the baroreceptors and osmoreceptor system. Management and treatment are discussed. Diazoxide (5 mg/kg bodyweight, given intravenously) appears to be the most effective drug for use in the acute episodes.", "contents": "Hypertension in acute neurological diseases of childhood. Five children are described who developed hypertension in relation to acute neurological disease. Possible pathophysiological mechanisms for the hypertension are considered. It is thought that the hypertension may have been related to interruption of the ascending tracts in the brain stem, leading to failure of integration between, or independent action of, the baroreceptors and osmoreceptor system. Management and treatment are discussed. Diazoxide (5 mg/kg bodyweight, given intravenously) appears to be the most effective drug for use in the acute episodes."}
{"id": "PMID:892241", "title": "The first-born child: patterns of development.", "content": "209 first-born infants and their mothers were studied at birth and again two months later in order to learn how they had adapted to post-natal life. Only a small minority had escaped ill-health and also achieved the ideal of a contented breast-fed baby with an established routine. At two months 33-5 per cent were still breast feeding. Difficulties with feeding were reported by 55 per cent of mothers. 24-4 per cent of the babies were having a night feed at two months and 24-8 per cent had not yet established a daytime routine. The daily number of feeds ranged from three to seven, with a median of five. Medical problems had occurred in 46-5 per cent of the babies. Bottle-fed babies had more infections, and were more likely to use a dummy than breast-fed babies. Wakefulness during the daytime ranged from less than four hours to more than 10 hours. Many of these women were over-anxious. The primary care teams and paediatric services face a major task in helping today's primiparous mothers and their infants make a good start in life together.", "contents": "The first-born child: patterns of development. 209 first-born infants and their mothers were studied at birth and again two months later in order to learn how they had adapted to post-natal life. Only a small minority had escaped ill-health and also achieved the ideal of a contented breast-fed baby with an established routine. At two months 33-5 per cent were still breast feeding. Difficulties with feeding were reported by 55 per cent of mothers. 24-4 per cent of the babies were having a night feed at two months and 24-8 per cent had not yet established a daytime routine. The daily number of feeds ranged from three to seven, with a median of five. Medical problems had occurred in 46-5 per cent of the babies. Bottle-fed babies had more infections, and were more likely to use a dummy than breast-fed babies. Wakefulness during the daytime ranged from less than four hours to more than 10 hours. Many of these women were over-anxious. The primary care teams and paediatric services face a major task in helping today's primiparous mothers and their infants make a good start in life together."}
{"id": "PMID:892244", "title": "Problems in diagnosis and management of children with cerebral palsy and deafness.", "content": "Problems in the diagnosis, management and educational placement of 10 children with cerebral palsy and deafness are reported. Serious inadequacies revealed by the study include delays in diagnosis, poor co-ordination of decision-making between services and frequent changes of school--all leading to unsatisfactory progress by these children.", "contents": "Problems in diagnosis and management of children with cerebral palsy and deafness. Problems in the diagnosis, management and educational placement of 10 children with cerebral palsy and deafness are reported. Serious inadequacies revealed by the study include delays in diagnosis, poor co-ordination of decision-making between services and frequent changes of school--all leading to unsatisfactory progress by these children."}
{"id": "PMID:892245", "title": "Tempo change during body rocking.", "content": "Occasional tempo change during spontaneous body rocking is described in two institutionalised mentally retarded children. Both acceleration and deceleration in moment-to-moment rate of body rocking were demonstrated under constant environmental conditions. The findings are discussed in relation to the automatism hypothesis of stereotyped behaviour.", "contents": "Tempo change during body rocking. Occasional tempo change during spontaneous body rocking is described in two institutionalised mentally retarded children. Both acceleration and deceleration in moment-to-moment rate of body rocking were demonstrated under constant environmental conditions. The findings are discussed in relation to the automatism hypothesis of stereotyped behaviour."}
{"id": "PMID:892246", "title": "Recovery of intellectual ability after closed head-injury.", "content": "Seven children with intellectual and personality changes after closed head-injury were followed-up with neuropsychological and psycho-educational evaluations. Two cases are presented in detail. Persistent intellectual changes documented on standardized tests were not always apparent to parents or physicians, and recovery of intellectual abilities lagged behind the disappearance of neurological abnormalities. Some of the children required special class placement for several years after the injury. Personality changes were thought to be secondary to stress on impaired perceptual and cognitive abilities, and the desirability of limiting such stress is emphasized.", "contents": "Recovery of intellectual ability after closed head-injury. Seven children with intellectual and personality changes after closed head-injury were followed-up with neuropsychological and psycho-educational evaluations. Two cases are presented in detail. Persistent intellectual changes documented on standardized tests were not always apparent to parents or physicians, and recovery of intellectual abilities lagged behind the disappearance of neurological abnormalities. Some of the children required special class placement for several years after the injury. Personality changes were thought to be secondary to stress on impaired perceptual and cognitive abilities, and the desirability of limiting such stress is emphasized."}
{"id": "PMID:892247", "title": "Natural sleep as an aid to electroencephalographic diagnosis in young children.", "content": "A total of 300 children aged five years and under, referred for routine EEG investigations, were included in this study. It was possible to obtain recordings during natural sleep in 250 of the 300 children, using stick-on electrodes. Of the 250 with natural-sleep recordings, 110 children had normal records both awake and asleep. In 73 cases the awake record was normal but the asleep record showed abnormalities, the most common being spike discharges (60 children). Of these 60 children, 52 had a history suggestive of epilepsy or of febrile convulsions. A further 27 children had recordings which were equally abnormal awake and asleep, and 37 showed abnormalities while awake but greater abnormalities while asleep. It is concluded that useful additional information can be obtained from the EEG if young children are encouraged to sleep naturally during the recording, and that this can be done without sedation, even in a busy, routine EEG department.", "contents": "Natural sleep as an aid to electroencephalographic diagnosis in young children. A total of 300 children aged five years and under, referred for routine EEG investigations, were included in this study. It was possible to obtain recordings during natural sleep in 250 of the 300 children, using stick-on electrodes. Of the 250 with natural-sleep recordings, 110 children had normal records both awake and asleep. In 73 cases the awake record was normal but the asleep record showed abnormalities, the most common being spike discharges (60 children). Of these 60 children, 52 had a history suggestive of epilepsy or of febrile convulsions. A further 27 children had recordings which were equally abnormal awake and asleep, and 37 showed abnormalities while awake but greater abnormalities while asleep. It is concluded that useful additional information can be obtained from the EEG if young children are encouraged to sleep naturally during the recording, and that this can be done without sedation, even in a busy, routine EEG department."}
{"id": "PMID:892248", "title": "Transtympanic neurectomy: a solution to drooling problems.", "content": "Thirty patients underwent transtympanic neurectomy because of severe drooling problems. Most of the group had cerebral palsy and/or mental retardation and the remainder had suffered brain damage. Their ages ranged from four to 56 years. There was improvement in drooling in 87 per cent of the group 14 months post-operatively, and there was no serious, irreversible complications. In this series of patients, transtympanic neurectomy has proved to be a safe and effective procedure for the control of drooling.", "contents": "Transtympanic neurectomy: a solution to drooling problems. Thirty patients underwent transtympanic neurectomy because of severe drooling problems. Most of the group had cerebral palsy and/or mental retardation and the remainder had suffered brain damage. Their ages ranged from four to 56 years. There was improvement in drooling in 87 per cent of the group 14 months post-operatively, and there was no serious, irreversible complications. In this series of patients, transtympanic neurectomy has proved to be a safe and effective procedure for the control of drooling."}
{"id": "PMID:892249", "title": "Control of drooling by translocation of parotid duct and extirpation of mandibular gland.", "content": "A modified Wilkie procedure, consisting of submandibular gland resection and parotid duct transplantation, has proven to be successful in controlling drooling in over 90 per cent of 120 patients with cerebral palsy and/or mental retardation. Follow-up ranges from one to six years. The operation is safe, effective and appears to be permanent.", "contents": "Control of drooling by translocation of parotid duct and extirpation of mandibular gland. A modified Wilkie procedure, consisting of submandibular gland resection and parotid duct transplantation, has proven to be successful in controlling drooling in over 90 per cent of 120 patients with cerebral palsy and/or mental retardation. Follow-up ranges from one to six years. The operation is safe, effective and appears to be permanent."}
{"id": "PMID:892250", "title": "Mucosal neuroma syndrome presenting in a neonate.", "content": "A case of multiple mucosal neuromata and a calcitonin-secreting medullary carcinoma of the thyroid is described. Unusual features were the neonatal presentation with large bowel obstruction and severe feeding difficulties associated with giant neuromata of the intestine; severe hypotonia; developmental delay; and the early recognition and treatment of an associated medullary carcinoma of the thyroid.", "contents": "Mucosal neuroma syndrome presenting in a neonate. A case of multiple mucosal neuromata and a calcitonin-secreting medullary carcinoma of the thyroid is described. Unusual features were the neonatal presentation with large bowel obstruction and severe feeding difficulties associated with giant neuromata of the intestine; severe hypotonia; developmental delay; and the early recognition and treatment of an associated medullary carcinoma of the thyroid."}
{"id": "PMID:892252", "title": "Congenital herpes simplex type II infection with extensive hepatic calcification, bone lesions and cataracts: complete postmortem examination.", "content": "True congenital herpes simplex viral (HSV) infections have been reported infrequently and have been associated with various 'congenital' malformations. Microcephaly, microphthalmia, intracranial calcifications, chorioretinitis, congenital heart disease and abnormal digits have been associated with presumed congenital HSV infection. This report describes the clinical and pathological features of an infant with a congenital type-II HSV infection. In addition to the findings previously reported with this form of HSV infection, extensive hepatic calcifications, osseous lesions and cataracts were observed for the first time. The effect of congenital HSV infection on the developing central nervous system is discussed.", "contents": "Congenital herpes simplex type II infection with extensive hepatic calcification, bone lesions and cataracts: complete postmortem examination. True congenital herpes simplex viral (HSV) infections have been reported infrequently and have been associated with various 'congenital' malformations. Microcephaly, microphthalmia, intracranial calcifications, chorioretinitis, congenital heart disease and abnormal digits have been associated with presumed congenital HSV infection. This report describes the clinical and pathological features of an infant with a congenital type-II HSV infection. In addition to the findings previously reported with this form of HSV infection, extensive hepatic calcifications, osseous lesions and cataracts were observed for the first time. The effect of congenital HSV infection on the developing central nervous system is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:892257", "title": "Rhythmic habit patterns (stereotypies).", "content": "Rhythmic movements such as head-rolling, head-banging and body-rocking are seen in normal children in early life, but much more commonly in the mentally handicapped. Emotional disturbance and boredom tend to increase the movements. Various theories have been advanced to account for these stereotyped patterns. They appear to be intentional and may satisfy some inner need or allay frustations, but it is concluded that their true significance is unknown.", "contents": "Rhythmic habit patterns (stereotypies). Rhythmic movements such as head-rolling, head-banging and body-rocking are seen in normal children in early life, but much more commonly in the mentally handicapped. Emotional disturbance and boredom tend to increase the movements. Various theories have been advanced to account for these stereotyped patterns. They appear to be intentional and may satisfy some inner need or allay frustations, but it is concluded that their true significance is unknown."}
{"id": "PMID:892258", "title": "Mean transit time of solid test meals in gastric emptying.", "content": "Gastric emptying of a test meal labelled with 99Tcm-sulphur colloid has been studied in 9 healthy volunteers using a gamma-camera with on-line computer. Mean transit time (MTT) was determined by fitting the time-activity histogram to a gamma-variate, and the half-time of emptying (T1/2) was calculated by exponential fitting of the down-slope of the time-activity curve. MTT showed a smaller coefficient of variance than T1/2. This result suggests that MTT may be a more suitable parameter for definition of normal values and for the separation of normal from pathological patterns of emptying.", "contents": "Mean transit time of solid test meals in gastric emptying. Gastric emptying of a test meal labelled with 99Tcm-sulphur colloid has been studied in 9 healthy volunteers using a gamma-camera with on-line computer. Mean transit time (MTT) was determined by fitting the time-activity histogram to a gamma-variate, and the half-time of emptying (T1/2) was calculated by exponential fitting of the down-slope of the time-activity curve. MTT showed a smaller coefficient of variance than T1/2. This result suggests that MTT may be a more suitable parameter for definition of normal values and for the separation of normal from pathological patterns of emptying."}
{"id": "PMID:892259", "title": "A modified leucocyte migration assay as indicator of malignant and non-malignant gastric mucosal alteration.", "content": "When gastric cancer patients' leucocytes were exposed to a panel of tumour extracts, leucocyte migration reactivity was \"positive\" before operation (90% of cases), it declined after surgery and it reappeared in patients with local recurrence or metastases. In patients with non-malignant gastric diseases, \"positive\" reactivity against tumour extracts was associated almost exclusively with atrophic gastritis with and without intestinal metaplasia (24/43 cases). \"Positive\" patients also showed a pathological migration index with an extract of normal gastric mucosa.", "contents": "A modified leucocyte migration assay as indicator of malignant and non-malignant gastric mucosal alteration. When gastric cancer patients' leucocytes were exposed to a panel of tumour extracts, leucocyte migration reactivity was \"positive\" before operation (90% of cases), it declined after surgery and it reappeared in patients with local recurrence or metastases. In patients with non-malignant gastric diseases, \"positive\" reactivity against tumour extracts was associated almost exclusively with atrophic gastritis with and without intestinal metaplasia (24/43 cases). \"Positive\" patients also showed a pathological migration index with an extract of normal gastric mucosa."}
{"id": "PMID:892260", "title": "Biliary copper excretion in man and the rat.", "content": "The form in which copper is bound in bile was studied in bile from patients with Wilson's disease, control subjects and rats. Bile was labelled with 64Cu. Sephadex column chromatography using gels G-200--G-10 showed a major 64Cu and protein peak of about 5,000 daltons and a minor peak of about 8,000 daltons. A high-molecular-weight peak (above 800,000 daltons) which was present when the eluting solution consisted of water or saline was shown to be an artefact which could be abolished by the addition of bile salt to the eluting solution. Bile from control subjects, Wilson's disease patients and from the rats behaved in the same manner binding copper to low-molecular-weight proteins. The relationship of these findings to the pathogenesis of copper retention in Wilson's disease is discussed.", "contents": "Biliary copper excretion in man and the rat. The form in which copper is bound in bile was studied in bile from patients with Wilson's disease, control subjects and rats. Bile was labelled with 64Cu. Sephadex column chromatography using gels G-200--G-10 showed a major 64Cu and protein peak of about 5,000 daltons and a minor peak of about 8,000 daltons. A high-molecular-weight peak (above 800,000 daltons) which was present when the eluting solution consisted of water or saline was shown to be an artefact which could be abolished by the addition of bile salt to the eluting solution. Bile from control subjects, Wilson's disease patients and from the rats behaved in the same manner binding copper to low-molecular-weight proteins. The relationship of these findings to the pathogenesis of copper retention in Wilson's disease is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:892261", "title": "The epithelium in healing experimental standard lesions in the gastric mucosa of the rat. A light microscopical and scanning electron microscopical study.", "content": "In a series of experiments in rats, the movement of the advancing sheet of epithelial cells streaming from a border region into the woind bed of standardized defects in the glandular mucosa of the stomach was studied using the light microscope and the scanning electron microscope (SEM). A very high synthetic activity of mucus in gastric lining cells of the border region (with a typical shift in its reaction product towards a more acidly reacting product showing metachromasia with toluidine blue) was observed histochemically, together with a loss of characteristic features of glandular cells in the border region with an increase in mitotic activity. The SEM images enabled a detailed analysis of the advancing epithelial front in its relation to the border regions. Considerable local differences were noted in the moving pattern of the migrating epithelium, possibly in relation with the nature of the base on which it has to move. The lesion of 3 mm diameter appeared to close usually after 10 days; in some instances, however, small epithelial defects were later found which could easily be traced with the SEM.", "contents": "The epithelium in healing experimental standard lesions in the gastric mucosa of the rat. A light microscopical and scanning electron microscopical study. In a series of experiments in rats, the movement of the advancing sheet of epithelial cells streaming from a border region into the woind bed of standardized defects in the glandular mucosa of the stomach was studied using the light microscope and the scanning electron microscope (SEM). A very high synthetic activity of mucus in gastric lining cells of the border region (with a typical shift in its reaction product towards a more acidly reacting product showing metachromasia with toluidine blue) was observed histochemically, together with a loss of characteristic features of glandular cells in the border region with an increase in mitotic activity. The SEM images enabled a detailed analysis of the advancing epithelial front in its relation to the border regions. Considerable local differences were noted in the moving pattern of the migrating epithelium, possibly in relation with the nature of the base on which it has to move. The lesion of 3 mm diameter appeared to close usually after 10 days; in some instances, however, small epithelial defects were later found which could easily be traced with the SEM."}
{"id": "PMID:892262", "title": "\"Luminal nutrition\" versus \"functional work-load\" as controllers of mucosal morphology and epithelial replacement in the rat small intestine.", "content": "Isotonic solutions of substrate were infused into surgically prepared sacs of upper small intestine in conscious unrestrained rats which fed normally via the gut-in-continuity. Infusion of glucose, galactose or sodium chloride all caused a local increase in villus height, while alpha-methyl glucoside and mannose had no effect. Glucose, galactose and alpha-methyl glucoside all stimulated a similar increase in counts of vincristine metaphases in microdissected crypts. although the absolute level of cell production was lower throughout the gut in glucose-infused rats. Sodium chloride infusion also caused a small stimulation of cell production locally, but a considerable increase in the uninfused gut-in-continuity. Mannose infusion had a variable effect on cell production. These results do not support \"luminal nutrition\" as a controller of epithelial replacement in the rat small intestine, and suggest that a mechanism based on the work-load of the epithelial may be more appropriate.", "contents": "\"Luminal nutrition\" versus \"functional work-load\" as controllers of mucosal morphology and epithelial replacement in the rat small intestine. Isotonic solutions of substrate were infused into surgically prepared sacs of upper small intestine in conscious unrestrained rats which fed normally via the gut-in-continuity. Infusion of glucose, galactose or sodium chloride all caused a local increase in villus height, while alpha-methyl glucoside and mannose had no effect. Glucose, galactose and alpha-methyl glucoside all stimulated a similar increase in counts of vincristine metaphases in microdissected crypts. although the absolute level of cell production was lower throughout the gut in glucose-infused rats. Sodium chloride infusion also caused a small stimulation of cell production locally, but a considerable increase in the uninfused gut-in-continuity. Mannose infusion had a variable effect on cell production. These results do not support \"luminal nutrition\" as a controller of epithelial replacement in the rat small intestine, and suggest that a mechanism based on the work-load of the epithelial may be more appropriate."}
{"id": "PMID:892263", "title": "Effects of chronic ethanol consumption on pancreatic response to central vagal stimulation by 2-deoxy-D-glucose in the rat.", "content": "Male Wistar rats, fed a standard normal laboratory diet, drank ad libitum a 20% ethanol solution for 3 months. Basal and 2-deoxy-D-glucose (2DG) stimulated pancreatic secretion were measured. Basal secretion of sodium (-30%, p less than 0.001), bicarbonate (-35%, p less than 0.001) and total protein (-35%, p less than 0.001) were depressed in alcoholic versus control rats. Pancreatic response was identical in both groups with the smaller dose of 2DG, dose related in controls, and identical for both doses in alcohol-fed rats. The response was thus significantly smaller in alcohol-fed rats than in controls for the larger dose of 2DG (p less than 0.01). Pancreatic concentration and contents of amylase, trypsinogen, chymotrypsinogen and lipase were all decreased in alcoholic versus control rats (40-60%, p less than 0.001). These results are consistent with the hypothesis of functional modifications in pancreatic cholinergic innervation in alcohol-fed rats.", "contents": "Effects of chronic ethanol consumption on pancreatic response to central vagal stimulation by 2-deoxy-D-glucose in the rat. Male Wistar rats, fed a standard normal laboratory diet, drank ad libitum a 20% ethanol solution for 3 months. Basal and 2-deoxy-D-glucose (2DG) stimulated pancreatic secretion were measured. Basal secretion of sodium (-30%, p less than 0.001), bicarbonate (-35%, p less than 0.001) and total protein (-35%, p less than 0.001) were depressed in alcoholic versus control rats. Pancreatic response was identical in both groups with the smaller dose of 2DG, dose related in controls, and identical for both doses in alcohol-fed rats. The response was thus significantly smaller in alcohol-fed rats than in controls for the larger dose of 2DG (p less than 0.01). Pancreatic concentration and contents of amylase, trypsinogen, chymotrypsinogen and lipase were all decreased in alcoholic versus control rats (40-60%, p less than 0.001). These results are consistent with the hypothesis of functional modifications in pancreatic cholinergic innervation in alcohol-fed rats."}
{"id": "PMID:892264", "title": "Chronobiological study on serum innumoreactive gastrin RIA levels in patients with liver cirrhosis.", "content": "After days of standardized conditions of life and standardized diets, serum gastrin levels were measured in 6 patients with liver cirrhosis on 3 consecutive days and in 14 normal controls on 1 day. Blood samples were drawn every 4 h. In patients as well as in controls, a significant serum gastrin circadian rhythm was noted. The daily mean serum gastrin levels of patients were not significantly different from those of controls. These results suggest a secondary role of the liver in gastrin metabolism.", "contents": "Chronobiological study on serum innumoreactive gastrin RIA levels in patients with liver cirrhosis. After days of standardized conditions of life and standardized diets, serum gastrin levels were measured in 6 patients with liver cirrhosis on 3 consecutive days and in 14 normal controls on 1 day. Blood samples were drawn every 4 h. In patients as well as in controls, a significant serum gastrin circadian rhythm was noted. The daily mean serum gastrin levels of patients were not significantly different from those of controls. These results suggest a secondary role of the liver in gastrin metabolism."}
{"id": "PMID:892275", "title": "[Pre- and post-operative echocardiographic evaluations of mitral stenosis].", "content": "46 patients, affected by pure mitral stenosis, underwent echocardiographic study before and after mitral commissurotomy. The following echocardiographic parametres were considered: 1) closing velocity of anterior mitral leaflet (E-F slope); 2) amplitude of the mitral valve motion; 3) intensity and number of echoes coming from the mitral leaflet; 4) posterior leaflet motion; 5) left atrial diameter index; 6) right ventricolar diameter index; 7) left atrial and aorta diameter ratio. Moreover mitral diameter, mitral fibrosis or calcification, and possible mitral incontinence were evaluated intraoperatively before and after commissurotomy. The pre-operative echocardiographic examination of the mitral stenosis showed the following specific aspects: 1) reduced E-F slope, significantly correlated with the severity of the stenosis; 2) abnormally moving posterior mitral leaflet; 3) enlargement of the left atrium, directly correlated with the degree of the mitral stenosis. Correspondence was noted between the echocardiographic and the intraoperative evaluation of the anathomical pattern of mitral valve. Postoperatively the echocardiograms showed: 1) improved E-F slope, directly correlated with the surgical dilatation of the valve; 2) persistent abnormal movement of the posterior mitral leaflet; 3) disappeared correlation between the surgical diameter of mitral valve and the left atrial index. The ECHO proved to be a good diagnostic method for both a qualitative and a semiquantitative evaluation of mitral stenosis. The ECHO is also quite usefull in evaluating modifications induced by commissurotomy.", "contents": "[Pre- and post-operative echocardiographic evaluations of mitral stenosis]. 46 patients, affected by pure mitral stenosis, underwent echocardiographic study before and after mitral commissurotomy. The following echocardiographic parametres were considered: 1) closing velocity of anterior mitral leaflet (E-F slope); 2) amplitude of the mitral valve motion; 3) intensity and number of echoes coming from the mitral leaflet; 4) posterior leaflet motion; 5) left atrial diameter index; 6) right ventricolar diameter index; 7) left atrial and aorta diameter ratio. Moreover mitral diameter, mitral fibrosis or calcification, and possible mitral incontinence were evaluated intraoperatively before and after commissurotomy. The pre-operative echocardiographic examination of the mitral stenosis showed the following specific aspects: 1) reduced E-F slope, significantly correlated with the severity of the stenosis; 2) abnormally moving posterior mitral leaflet; 3) enlargement of the left atrium, directly correlated with the degree of the mitral stenosis. Correspondence was noted between the echocardiographic and the intraoperative evaluation of the anathomical pattern of mitral valve. Postoperatively the echocardiograms showed: 1) improved E-F slope, directly correlated with the surgical dilatation of the valve; 2) persistent abnormal movement of the posterior mitral leaflet; 3) disappeared correlation between the surgical diameter of mitral valve and the left atrial index. The ECHO proved to be a good diagnostic method for both a qualitative and a semiquantitative evaluation of mitral stenosis. The ECHO is also quite usefull in evaluating modifications induced by commissurotomy."}
{"id": "PMID:892276", "title": "[Kinetics of beta-methyl-digoxin in various degrees of renal function].", "content": "A radioimmunologic assay method was employed for assessing the hematic and urinary levels of beta methyl-digoxin in patients with various degrees of renal function, evaluated by creatinine clearance test. Significantly elevated hematic values and reduced clearance rates of MD were observed only in patients whose creatinine clearance values were below 50 cc/min. A good correlation between values of creatinine and MD clearances and between their ratio and serum albumin levels was verified. The authors stress the usefulness of this ratio as an indirect index for the plasmatic percentage of the free and of the protein- bound fractions of MD.", "contents": "[Kinetics of beta-methyl-digoxin in various degrees of renal function]. A radioimmunologic assay method was employed for assessing the hematic and urinary levels of beta methyl-digoxin in patients with various degrees of renal function, evaluated by creatinine clearance test. Significantly elevated hematic values and reduced clearance rates of MD were observed only in patients whose creatinine clearance values were below 50 cc/min. A good correlation between values of creatinine and MD clearances and between their ratio and serum albumin levels was verified. The authors stress the usefulness of this ratio as an indirect index for the plasmatic percentage of the free and of the protein- bound fractions of MD."}
{"id": "PMID:892277", "title": "[Evolutive study of the vectorcardiogram from the 14th day to the 6th month of life on the normal infant].", "content": "With the purpose of a better evaluation of the changes of cardiac potentials during the early hemodynamic arrangement of the normal heart, the authors analyze the VCG of 10 normal children periodically recorded from the 14th day to the 6th month from birth. Rotation of QRS, T and P loops in the three planes, direction and voltage of principal planar and spatial vectors were analyzed. The QRS loop showed a balanced distribution between right and left ventricular forces in the second week and developed a leftward orientation from the 4th week to the 3rd month, as demonstrated both by the loss of clockwise rotation of horizontal QRS loop and by the progressive leftward and backward direction of intermediate vectors. The initial vectors were sketched or absent in the 14th day and increased successively until the typical Q loop. The voltage of terminal vectors did not change in the course of time, but the S loop in the horizontal plane lost its original clockwise rotation and shifted to middle posterior line. The T loop progressively shifted backward so that it was always posterior after the 30th day. The P loop in the frontal plane was similar to the adult's one while in the horizontal plane it often presented a figure-of-eight. The semeiological aspects and the electrogenic considerations of these changes were discussed.", "contents": "[Evolutive study of the vectorcardiogram from the 14th day to the 6th month of life on the normal infant]. With the purpose of a better evaluation of the changes of cardiac potentials during the early hemodynamic arrangement of the normal heart, the authors analyze the VCG of 10 normal children periodically recorded from the 14th day to the 6th month from birth. Rotation of QRS, T and P loops in the three planes, direction and voltage of principal planar and spatial vectors were analyzed. The QRS loop showed a balanced distribution between right and left ventricular forces in the second week and developed a leftward orientation from the 4th week to the 3rd month, as demonstrated both by the loss of clockwise rotation of horizontal QRS loop and by the progressive leftward and backward direction of intermediate vectors. The initial vectors were sketched or absent in the 14th day and increased successively until the typical Q loop. The voltage of terminal vectors did not change in the course of time, but the S loop in the horizontal plane lost its original clockwise rotation and shifted to middle posterior line. The T loop progressively shifted backward so that it was always posterior after the 30th day. The P loop in the frontal plane was similar to the adult's one while in the horizontal plane it often presented a figure-of-eight. The semeiological aspects and the electrogenic considerations of these changes were discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:892278", "title": "[Polysplenia. Description of a case].", "content": "A clinical and hemodynamic study of a case of polysplenia, with typical left bilateral symmetry, anomalies of systemic venous drainage and defect of the endocardial cushions. A brief revision of the literature is given and the embriological and clinical concept of the left bilateral symmetry is discussed.", "contents": "[Polysplenia. Description of a case]. A clinical and hemodynamic study of a case of polysplenia, with typical left bilateral symmetry, anomalies of systemic venous drainage and defect of the endocardial cushions. A brief revision of the literature is given and the embriological and clinical concept of the left bilateral symmetry is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:892279", "title": "[Intracardiac mycotic thrombosis in the course of permanent endocardial stimulation].", "content": "A case of intracardiac micotic thrombosis during permanent endocardial stimulation is reported. After a brief note on the pathogenesis of pocket infections, the AA. conclude that, in those cases, a medical treatment is insufficient and a surgical treatment is necessary to remove the micotic thrombus.", "contents": "[Intracardiac mycotic thrombosis in the course of permanent endocardial stimulation]. A case of intracardiac micotic thrombosis during permanent endocardial stimulation is reported. After a brief note on the pathogenesis of pocket infections, the AA. conclude that, in those cases, a medical treatment is insufficient and a surgical treatment is necessary to remove the micotic thrombus."}
{"id": "PMID:892289", "title": "An in vitro study on the interaction between dimethylnitrosamine and nucleic acids via a microsomal system.", "content": "Radioactive alkylated bases, ribose or phosphate, were never found either in acid and alkaline hydrolysates of polyribonucleotides or in alkaline hydrolysates of DNA after incubation with 14C-dimethylnitrosamine (DMNA) in a microsomal system. Two radioactive compounds, which were co-chromatographed with methylamine and N-methylhydrazine, respectively, on column, paper, and thin-layer, were always detected. They differed from the compound derived from 7-methylguanosine after the alkali-mediated fission of the imidazole ring in its molecule. The in vitro system employed well represents the in vivo situation (7-methylguanine which is liberated from DNA after acid hydrolysis); however, it has given results which do not agree with the generally-accepted mechanism of DMNA alkylation at the N-7 position of guanine.", "contents": "An in vitro study on the interaction between dimethylnitrosamine and nucleic acids via a microsomal system. Radioactive alkylated bases, ribose or phosphate, were never found either in acid and alkaline hydrolysates of polyribonucleotides or in alkaline hydrolysates of DNA after incubation with 14C-dimethylnitrosamine (DMNA) in a microsomal system. Two radioactive compounds, which were co-chromatographed with methylamine and N-methylhydrazine, respectively, on column, paper, and thin-layer, were always detected. They differed from the compound derived from 7-methylguanosine after the alkali-mediated fission of the imidazole ring in its molecule. The in vitro system employed well represents the in vivo situation (7-methylguanine which is liberated from DNA after acid hydrolysis); however, it has given results which do not agree with the generally-accepted mechanism of DMNA alkylation at the N-7 position of guanine."}
{"id": "PMID:892290", "title": "Effect of thymidine and thymidylate analogs on nucleic acid synthesis in tumor cells.", "content": "Synthetic 5'-amino-5'-deoxythymidine (5'-AdThd), alpha,beta-methylenethymidine diphosphate (alpha,beta-MTDP), and alpha,beta-methylenethimidine triphosphate (alpha,beta-MTTP) were found to inhibit thymidine kinase. Using thymidine kinase extracted from FM 3A/B cells (a strain of mouse mammary gland tumor cells), the Ki values of 5'-AdThd, alpha,beta-MTDP, and alpha,beta-MTTP against thymidine were calculated to be 9.2 X 10(-5)M, 2.3 X 10(-5) M, and 1.8 X 10(-5) M, respectively. At concentrations above their Ki values alpha,beta-MTDP and alpha,beta-MTTP did not inhibit incorporation of labeled thymidine into DNA of cultured cells, whereas 5'-AdThd did. Under the same conditions all three compounds inhibited TMP incorporation. The inhibitions of thymidine and TMP incorporation were specific, since the incorporation of deoxyguanosine was scarcely inhibired by 5'-AdThd. These results suggested that the specific inhibition of thymidine and TMP incorporation was mostly due to reduction in permeability of the cells to these substrates rather than to inhibition of thymidine kinase activity.", "contents": "Effect of thymidine and thymidylate analogs on nucleic acid synthesis in tumor cells. Synthetic 5'-amino-5'-deoxythymidine (5'-AdThd), alpha,beta-methylenethymidine diphosphate (alpha,beta-MTDP), and alpha,beta-methylenethimidine triphosphate (alpha,beta-MTTP) were found to inhibit thymidine kinase. Using thymidine kinase extracted from FM 3A/B cells (a strain of mouse mammary gland tumor cells), the Ki values of 5'-AdThd, alpha,beta-MTDP, and alpha,beta-MTTP against thymidine were calculated to be 9.2 X 10(-5)M, 2.3 X 10(-5) M, and 1.8 X 10(-5) M, respectively. At concentrations above their Ki values alpha,beta-MTDP and alpha,beta-MTTP did not inhibit incorporation of labeled thymidine into DNA of cultured cells, whereas 5'-AdThd did. Under the same conditions all three compounds inhibited TMP incorporation. The inhibitions of thymidine and TMP incorporation were specific, since the incorporation of deoxyguanosine was scarcely inhibired by 5'-AdThd. These results suggested that the specific inhibition of thymidine and TMP incorporation was mostly due to reduction in permeability of the cells to these substrates rather than to inhibition of thymidine kinase activity."}
{"id": "PMID:892293", "title": "Summation effect of N-butyl-n-(4-hydroxybutyl)nitrosamine, N-(4-(5-nitro-2-furyl)-2-thiazoly)formamide, N-2-fluoroenylacetamide, and 3,3'-dichlorobenzidine on urinary bladder carcinogenesis in rats.", "content": "The effects of the sequential administration of 0.01% N-butyl-N-(4-hydroxybutyl)nitrosamine (BBN), 0.15% N-(4-(5-nitro-2-furyl)-2-thiazoly)formamide (FANFT), 0.025% N-2-fluorenylacetamide (2-FAA), and 0.3% 3.3'-dichlorobenzidine (3,3'-DCB) on urinary bladder carcinogenesis were examined in male Wistar rats. Each chemical was administered for 4 weeks in various combinations. BBN for 4 weeks resulted in no histopathological changes, mild diffuse cell growth, and/or focal hyperplasia after 4, 8, 12, or 16 weeks of observation. No bladder carcinomas were present in rats given only BBN or any one of the other 3 chemicals. Statistically significant incidences of bladder carcinomas occurred with the sequential administration of all 4 chemicals or the first 3 chemicals without 3,3'-DCB. Bladder cancer was also present in rats administered the sequence of FANFT, 2-FAA, and 3,3'-DCB. No antagonistic effects between chemicals were observed.", "contents": "Summation effect of N-butyl-n-(4-hydroxybutyl)nitrosamine, N-(4-(5-nitro-2-furyl)-2-thiazoly)formamide, N-2-fluoroenylacetamide, and 3,3'-dichlorobenzidine on urinary bladder carcinogenesis in rats. The effects of the sequential administration of 0.01% N-butyl-N-(4-hydroxybutyl)nitrosamine (BBN), 0.15% N-(4-(5-nitro-2-furyl)-2-thiazoly)formamide (FANFT), 0.025% N-2-fluorenylacetamide (2-FAA), and 0.3% 3.3'-dichlorobenzidine (3,3'-DCB) on urinary bladder carcinogenesis were examined in male Wistar rats. Each chemical was administered for 4 weeks in various combinations. BBN for 4 weeks resulted in no histopathological changes, mild diffuse cell growth, and/or focal hyperplasia after 4, 8, 12, or 16 weeks of observation. No bladder carcinomas were present in rats given only BBN or any one of the other 3 chemicals. Statistically significant incidences of bladder carcinomas occurred with the sequential administration of all 4 chemicals or the first 3 chemicals without 3,3'-DCB. Bladder cancer was also present in rats administered the sequence of FANFT, 2-FAA, and 3,3'-DCB. No antagonistic effects between chemicals were observed."}
{"id": "PMID:892295", "title": "Antitumor activity of a new antitumor antibiotic, sporamycin.", "content": "Sporamycin is an antitumor antibiotic isolated from the culture filtrate of Streptosporangium strain No. PO-357. Hydrolysate of the antibiotic showed at least 12 kinds of amino acid, and the molecular weight was calculated approximately as 8,500 approximately 9,000. Antitumor activities of Sporamycin were examined on murine tumors according to different schedules of treatment. After nine daily doses of the antibiotic had been given to dd mice bearing Ehrlich ascites carcinoma, significant increase of lifespan was observed at doses of 5.0 approximately 1.3 mg/kg. A marked decrease in tumor size of sarcoma-180 transplanted subcutaneously was observed when the mice were treated by daily or single injection of Sporamycin. Against leukemia P-388 and L-1210 inoculated intraperitoneally into CDF1 mice, the antibiotic increased lifespan of leukemic mice. The antibiotic also inhibited significantly the growth of human tumor cells in vitro.", "contents": "Antitumor activity of a new antitumor antibiotic, sporamycin. Sporamycin is an antitumor antibiotic isolated from the culture filtrate of Streptosporangium strain No. PO-357. Hydrolysate of the antibiotic showed at least 12 kinds of amino acid, and the molecular weight was calculated approximately as 8,500 approximately 9,000. Antitumor activities of Sporamycin were examined on murine tumors according to different schedules of treatment. After nine daily doses of the antibiotic had been given to dd mice bearing Ehrlich ascites carcinoma, significant increase of lifespan was observed at doses of 5.0 approximately 1.3 mg/kg. A marked decrease in tumor size of sarcoma-180 transplanted subcutaneously was observed when the mice were treated by daily or single injection of Sporamycin. Against leukemia P-388 and L-1210 inoculated intraperitoneally into CDF1 mice, the antibiotic increased lifespan of leukemic mice. The antibiotic also inhibited significantly the growth of human tumor cells in vitro."}
{"id": "PMID:892296", "title": "Antitumor activity of N-heterocyclic carboxaldehyde thiosemicarbazone derivatives.", "content": "Antitumor activity of N-heterocyclic carboxaldehyde thiosemicarbazone derivatives was examined in ascites sarcoma-180 system. Among isoquinoline-1-carboxaldehyde thiosemicarbazone derivatives, the parent compound, IQ-1, was the most active and less toxic. On the other hand, among the pyridine-2-carboxaldehyde thiosemicarbazone derivatives tested, 5-acetoxymethyl and 5-isonicotinoyl derivatives were active, and their therapeutic indices were 190 and 54, respectively. In other tumor systems, acetoxymethyl derivative was markedly active against Ehrlich ascites carcinoma, leukemia L-1210, and leukemia C-1498, while moderately effective against Nakahara-Fukuoka sarcoma, but it was not active against adenocarcinoma-755. Isonicotinoyl derivative was markedly active against Ehrlich ascites carcinoma, leukemia L-1210, and leukemia C-1498, while moderately active against adenocarcinoma-755, and slightly active against Nakahara-Fukuoka sarcoma.", "contents": "Antitumor activity of N-heterocyclic carboxaldehyde thiosemicarbazone derivatives. Antitumor activity of N-heterocyclic carboxaldehyde thiosemicarbazone derivatives was examined in ascites sarcoma-180 system. Among isoquinoline-1-carboxaldehyde thiosemicarbazone derivatives, the parent compound, IQ-1, was the most active and less toxic. On the other hand, among the pyridine-2-carboxaldehyde thiosemicarbazone derivatives tested, 5-acetoxymethyl and 5-isonicotinoyl derivatives were active, and their therapeutic indices were 190 and 54, respectively. In other tumor systems, acetoxymethyl derivative was markedly active against Ehrlich ascites carcinoma, leukemia L-1210, and leukemia C-1498, while moderately effective against Nakahara-Fukuoka sarcoma, but it was not active against adenocarcinoma-755. Isonicotinoyl derivative was markedly active against Ehrlich ascites carcinoma, leukemia L-1210, and leukemia C-1498, while moderately active against adenocarcinoma-755, and slightly active against Nakahara-Fukuoka sarcoma."}
{"id": "PMID:892297", "title": "Isolation of a cell line insensitive to growth-restricting action of dextran sulfate from 3t6 cells.", "content": "In the medium containing dextran sulfate, 3T6 cells stopped growth at almost monolayer stage and showed decreased saturation density. This action of dextran sulfate is referred to as a growth restriction. About 70% of untreated 3T6 cells formed piled-up colonies whereas the remaining 30% formed monolayer colonies. Fraction of the latter increased with increasing concentration of dextran sulfate in the medium. Cell lines sensitive and insensitive to the growth-restricting action of the compound were cloned from colonical culture of the wild type cells. Sensitive cells showed a slightly less saturation density than the wild type cells in the presence of dextran sulfate. Insensitive cells grown in dextran sulfate medium showed almost the same growth rate and saturation density as the untreated wild type cells grown in the absence of the compound.", "contents": "Isolation of a cell line insensitive to growth-restricting action of dextran sulfate from 3t6 cells. In the medium containing dextran sulfate, 3T6 cells stopped growth at almost monolayer stage and showed decreased saturation density. This action of dextran sulfate is referred to as a growth restriction. About 70% of untreated 3T6 cells formed piled-up colonies whereas the remaining 30% formed monolayer colonies. Fraction of the latter increased with increasing concentration of dextran sulfate in the medium. Cell lines sensitive and insensitive to the growth-restricting action of the compound were cloned from colonical culture of the wild type cells. Sensitive cells showed a slightly less saturation density than the wild type cells in the presence of dextran sulfate. Insensitive cells grown in dextran sulfate medium showed almost the same growth rate and saturation density as the untreated wild type cells grown in the absence of the compound."}
{"id": "PMID:892298", "title": "Comparative study of Corynebacterium parvum and Corynebacterium liquefaciens on antitumor activity against sarcoma-180.", "content": "Corynebacterium parvum and Corynebacterium liquefaciens were comparatively examined for their antitumor activity against sarcoma-180 in ddY mice. In the case of ascitic form, significant antitumor effect was observed when C. parvum was administered on days -4 and -2 or day -2. As for solid form, maximal effect was obtained when C. parvum was administered on day 0. On the other hand, C. liquefaciens exhibited maximal antitumor activity against sarcoma-180, both in ascitic and solid forms, when it was administered on days -4 and -2. However, no significant difference in respect to antitumor activity against sarcoma-180 was seen between C. parvum and C. liquefaciens (ascitic form, F1 118 = 0.09, P greater than 0.05; solid form, F1 53 = 0.03, P greater than 0.05).", "contents": "Comparative study of Corynebacterium parvum and Corynebacterium liquefaciens on antitumor activity against sarcoma-180. Corynebacterium parvum and Corynebacterium liquefaciens were comparatively examined for their antitumor activity against sarcoma-180 in ddY mice. In the case of ascitic form, significant antitumor effect was observed when C. parvum was administered on days -4 and -2 or day -2. As for solid form, maximal effect was obtained when C. parvum was administered on day 0. On the other hand, C. liquefaciens exhibited maximal antitumor activity against sarcoma-180, both in ascitic and solid forms, when it was administered on days -4 and -2. However, no significant difference in respect to antitumor activity against sarcoma-180 was seen between C. parvum and C. liquefaciens (ascitic form, F1 118 = 0.09, P greater than 0.05; solid form, F1 53 = 0.03, P greater than 0.05)."}
{"id": "PMID:892299", "title": "Comparative studies on the antitumor activity and the bone marrow toxicity of 1-(beta-D-glucopyranosyl)-3-(2-chloroethyl)-3-nitrosourea and 2-(3-(2-chloroethyl)-3-nitrosoureido)-D-glucopyranose.", "content": "Antitumor activity and bone marrow toxicity of a new nitrosourea analog, 1-(beta-D-glucopyranosyl)-3-(2-chloroethyl)-3-nitrosourea (GANU), were compared with those of 2-(3-(2-chloroethyl)-3-nitrosoureido)-D-glucopyranose (Chlorozotocin) and 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea (BCNU). GANU was found to be highly active against mouse leukemia L-1210 when administered intraperitoneally or intravenously, being the same degree as Chlorozotocin. Even by oral route, GANU exhibited significant activities, whereas Chlorozotocin failed to show any activities by this route. Studies on the bone marrow toxicity as measured by the depression of white blood cell counts and the marrow cellularity revealed that both GANU and Chlorozotocin were less toxic than BCNU. GANU, however, weemed to be rather more toxic than Chlorotocin.", "contents": "Comparative studies on the antitumor activity and the bone marrow toxicity of 1-(beta-D-glucopyranosyl)-3-(2-chloroethyl)-3-nitrosourea and 2-(3-(2-chloroethyl)-3-nitrosoureido)-D-glucopyranose. Antitumor activity and bone marrow toxicity of a new nitrosourea analog, 1-(beta-D-glucopyranosyl)-3-(2-chloroethyl)-3-nitrosourea (GANU), were compared with those of 2-(3-(2-chloroethyl)-3-nitrosoureido)-D-glucopyranose (Chlorozotocin) and 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea (BCNU). GANU was found to be highly active against mouse leukemia L-1210 when administered intraperitoneally or intravenously, being the same degree as Chlorozotocin. Even by oral route, GANU exhibited significant activities, whereas Chlorozotocin failed to show any activities by this route. Studies on the bone marrow toxicity as measured by the depression of white blood cell counts and the marrow cellularity revealed that both GANU and Chlorozotocin were less toxic than BCNU. GANU, however, weemed to be rather more toxic than Chlorotocin."}
{"id": "PMID:892332", "title": "Treatment of gastric cancer, with special reference to the survivals of the cancer patients treated with multiple combination MFC therapy or immunochemotherapy of MFC plus OK-432 (NSC B116209).", "content": "Investigations were made on the survivals of 81 patients with advanced gastric cancer. Of these, 55 patients were treated with a combination chemotherapy of mitomycin C, 5-fluorouracil, and cytosine arabinoside (i.e., MFC therapy). Another 26 cases were treated with immunochemotherapy of MFC plus OK-432, an immunotherapeutic agent. Fifty percent survival times were 5.4 months for the MFC group, and 7.5 months for the MFC plus OK-432 group. One year survival rates of each group were 13 and 35 percent, respectively. The two year survival was null for the MFC group, and 13 percent for the MFC plus OK-432 group. Statistical analysis revealed that the survival curve of the MFC plus OK-432 decreased more slowly as compared with that of the MFC (p less than 0.05). In other words, the patients treated with MFC plus OK-432 showed a significantly longer survivals compared to the patients treated with MFC alone. Some cases were also presented for the better understanding of the immunochemotherapy of MFC plus OK-432.", "contents": "Treatment of gastric cancer, with special reference to the survivals of the cancer patients treated with multiple combination MFC therapy or immunochemotherapy of MFC plus OK-432 (NSC B116209). Investigations were made on the survivals of 81 patients with advanced gastric cancer. Of these, 55 patients were treated with a combination chemotherapy of mitomycin C, 5-fluorouracil, and cytosine arabinoside (i.e., MFC therapy). Another 26 cases were treated with immunochemotherapy of MFC plus OK-432, an immunotherapeutic agent. Fifty percent survival times were 5.4 months for the MFC group, and 7.5 months for the MFC plus OK-432 group. One year survival rates of each group were 13 and 35 percent, respectively. The two year survival was null for the MFC group, and 13 percent for the MFC plus OK-432 group. Statistical analysis revealed that the survival curve of the MFC plus OK-432 decreased more slowly as compared with that of the MFC (p less than 0.05). In other words, the patients treated with MFC plus OK-432 showed a significantly longer survivals compared to the patients treated with MFC alone. Some cases were also presented for the better understanding of the immunochemotherapy of MFC plus OK-432."}
{"id": "PMID:892333", "title": "Intestinal responses to hyperosmolar glucose infusion in dogs.", "content": "Physiological and morphological changes of small intestine after hyperosmolar glucose infusions into canine jejunum were studied using in vivo perfusion model. Infusions of 40 ml of 50% and 20% glucose solution into the jejunal loops induced biphasic osmolar degression in the lumen. Osmolarity of jejunal venous blood was rapidly increased and maintained the maximal level (approximately 320 mOM/L). Blood flow to the jejunal loop was significantly increased after 50% glucose infusion compared to 5% glucose infusion. Most characteristic electron microscopic change of jejunal epithelial cell was pseudo-pod like process projected into the jejunal lumen, which was very similar to that of cholera.", "contents": "Intestinal responses to hyperosmolar glucose infusion in dogs. Physiological and morphological changes of small intestine after hyperosmolar glucose infusions into canine jejunum were studied using in vivo perfusion model. Infusions of 40 ml of 50% and 20% glucose solution into the jejunal loops induced biphasic osmolar degression in the lumen. Osmolarity of jejunal venous blood was rapidly increased and maintained the maximal level (approximately 320 mOM/L). Blood flow to the jejunal loop was significantly increased after 50% glucose infusion compared to 5% glucose infusion. Most characteristic electron microscopic change of jejunal epithelial cell was pseudo-pod like process projected into the jejunal lumen, which was very similar to that of cholera."}
{"id": "PMID:892334", "title": "Serum glycoproteins in the liver diseases. III. Desialylated glycoproteins in the acute hepatitis.", "content": "Circulating desialylated glycoprotein level in acute hepatitis was studied by using the competitive binding assay reported by us. Statistically significant differences of the level among acute hepatitis in the peak of illness, fulminating hepatitis and normal subjects were observed. The desialylated glycoprotein level in acute hepatitis was elevated associating with S-GPT and serum bilirubin levels, and it returned to the normal range before S-GPT and serum bilirubin were normalized. The desialylated glycoprotein in a fulminant hepatitis was increasing associated with bilirubin even when S-GPT  was decreasing.", "contents": "Serum glycoproteins in the liver diseases. III. Desialylated glycoproteins in the acute hepatitis. Circulating desialylated glycoprotein level in acute hepatitis was studied by using the competitive binding assay reported by us. Statistically significant differences of the level among acute hepatitis in the peak of illness, fulminating hepatitis and normal subjects were observed. The desialylated glycoprotein level in acute hepatitis was elevated associating with S-GPT and serum bilirubin levels, and it returned to the normal range before S-GPT and serum bilirubin were normalized. The desialylated glycoprotein in a fulminant hepatitis was increasing associated with bilirubin even when S-GPT  was decreasing."}
{"id": "PMID:892335", "title": "Serum glycoproteins in the liver diseases. IV. Alpha-1 acid glycoprotein level in liver cirrhosis.", "content": "Circulating alpha-1 acid glycoprotein level in cirrhotic patients was determined by radioimmunoassay, and was compared to the ones in normal subjects and chronic active hepatitis with sublobular necrosis. Serum alpha-1 acid glycoprotein levels in liver cirrhosis (p less than 0.001) and chronic active hepatitis with sublobular necrosis (p less than 0.02) were significantly reduced comparing to the normal subjects, although any statistically significant difference was not observed between the formers. In liver cirrhosis, thie serum alpha-1 acid glycoprotein level correlated negatively with serum albumin concentration but neither with serum alpha-1 globulin fraction nor with Indocyanine green clearance rate.", "contents": "Serum glycoproteins in the liver diseases. IV. Alpha-1 acid glycoprotein level in liver cirrhosis. Circulating alpha-1 acid glycoprotein level in cirrhotic patients was determined by radioimmunoassay, and was compared to the ones in normal subjects and chronic active hepatitis with sublobular necrosis. Serum alpha-1 acid glycoprotein levels in liver cirrhosis (p less than 0.001) and chronic active hepatitis with sublobular necrosis (p less than 0.02) were significantly reduced comparing to the normal subjects, although any statistically significant difference was not observed between the formers. In liver cirrhosis, thie serum alpha-1 acid glycoprotein level correlated negatively with serum albumin concentration but neither with serum alpha-1 globulin fraction nor with Indocyanine green clearance rate."}
{"id": "PMID:892336", "title": "Experimental carcinoma of the biliary tract induced in dogs by N-ethyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine.", "content": "The present study was designed to produce the experimental carcinoma of the biliary tract in dogs. Tube cholecystostomy was constructed in 8 mongrel dogs and 5-10 ml of 0.7-1.0 mg/ml solution of N-ethyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (ENNG) was administered through the tube every day for the maximum period of 180 days. As the results: The experiment had to be cut off in 7 dogs (5 dogs: The tube was inadvertently pulled out. 2 dogs: died of general weakness). Pathological changes were observed in one dog given ENNG for 180 days and sacrificed at 372 days after the beginning of the experiment. Macroscopically, scattered foci of flat elevation of the mucosa were observed in the entire mucosal surface of common bile duct and a tiny polypoid lesion at the terminal protion. A tiny polypoid projection was adenocarcinoma confined to the mucosa, and areas of flat elevation showed marked hyperplasia of mucosa with partial atypical proliferation. No remarkable findings were noted in other organs.", "contents": "Experimental carcinoma of the biliary tract induced in dogs by N-ethyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine. The present study was designed to produce the experimental carcinoma of the biliary tract in dogs. Tube cholecystostomy was constructed in 8 mongrel dogs and 5-10 ml of 0.7-1.0 mg/ml solution of N-ethyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (ENNG) was administered through the tube every day for the maximum period of 180 days. As the results: The experiment had to be cut off in 7 dogs (5 dogs: The tube was inadvertently pulled out. 2 dogs: died of general weakness). Pathological changes were observed in one dog given ENNG for 180 days and sacrificed at 372 days after the beginning of the experiment. Macroscopically, scattered foci of flat elevation of the mucosa were observed in the entire mucosal surface of common bile duct and a tiny polypoid lesion at the terminal protion. A tiny polypoid projection was adenocarcinoma confined to the mucosa, and areas of flat elevation showed marked hyperplasia of mucosa with partial atypical proliferation. No remarkable findings were noted in other organs."}
{"id": "PMID:892337", "title": "Electron microscopic observation of the liver in portal hypertension following chronic exposure to vinyl chloride monomer.", "content": "Two patients with portal hypertension following chronic exposure to vinyl chloride monomer were studied histologically and ultrastructurally. Both cases showed non-cirrhotic portal hypertension accompanied by esophageal varices and splenomegaly. They proved hepatic fibrosis with conventional microscope. Ultrastructurally, there were large amounts of small myelin-like lamellar materials with electron density and remarkable proliferation and vesiculation of smooth endoplasmic reticulum in the cytoplasms of hepatocytes. The widened Disse's spaces, were the sinusoidal lining cells were arranged in multilayers, were plugged by collagenous fiber bundles. The finding may be consistent with the development of portal hypertension.", "contents": "Electron microscopic observation of the liver in portal hypertension following chronic exposure to vinyl chloride monomer. Two patients with portal hypertension following chronic exposure to vinyl chloride monomer were studied histologically and ultrastructurally. Both cases showed non-cirrhotic portal hypertension accompanied by esophageal varices and splenomegaly. They proved hepatic fibrosis with conventional microscope. Ultrastructurally, there were large amounts of small myelin-like lamellar materials with electron density and remarkable proliferation and vesiculation of smooth endoplasmic reticulum in the cytoplasms of hepatocytes. The widened Disse's spaces, were the sinusoidal lining cells were arranged in multilayers, were plugged by collagenous fiber bundles. The finding may be consistent with the development of portal hypertension."}
{"id": "PMID:892338", "title": "HLA-B5 associated with duodenal ulcer.", "content": "In a search for further genetic factors contributing to ulcer disease we undertook a study of the frequency of HLA antigens in patients with duodenal ulcer. Seventy-seven male patients (of two races) were typed for the HLA-A and-B loci. Thirteen of the 54 (24%) white males were found to have antigen B5 compared to 10% of controls. These results have a P value of 0.0016 which remains significant even when multiplied by the number of antigens tested (28). These results demonstrate a significant association between duodenal ulcer and HLA antigen B5 in white males, with a relative risk of 2.9, greater than that associated with the combination of blood group O and nonsecretor status.", "contents": "HLA-B5 associated with duodenal ulcer. In a search for further genetic factors contributing to ulcer disease we undertook a study of the frequency of HLA antigens in patients with duodenal ulcer. Seventy-seven male patients (of two races) were typed for the HLA-A and-B loci. Thirteen of the 54 (24%) white males were found to have antigen B5 compared to 10% of controls. These results have a P value of 0.0016 which remains significant even when multiplied by the number of antigens tested (28). These results demonstrate a significant association between duodenal ulcer and HLA antigen B5 in white males, with a relative risk of 2.9, greater than that associated with the combination of blood group O and nonsecretor status."}
{"id": "PMID:892339", "title": "Personality pattern of patients with chronic gastric ulcer. Study of neuroticism and extroversion in a gastric ulcer and a control population.", "content": "Forty-four patients with chronic gastric ulcer were compared with a control group matched for age, sex, and place of residence. The personality pattern was studied by the Eysenck Personality Inventory and personality assessed in terms of neuroticism and extroversion. The relevance of social class was also studied. The gastric ulcer population did not differ from the control group except among the male population, in which the gastric ulcer population was significantly more neurotic and less extroverted than their controls.", "contents": "Personality pattern of patients with chronic gastric ulcer. Study of neuroticism and extroversion in a gastric ulcer and a control population. Forty-four patients with chronic gastric ulcer were compared with a control group matched for age, sex, and place of residence. The personality pattern was studied by the Eysenck Personality Inventory and personality assessed in terms of neuroticism and extroversion. The relevance of social class was also studied. The gastric ulcer population did not differ from the control group except among the male population, in which the gastric ulcer population was significantly more neurotic and less extroverted than their controls."}
{"id": "PMID:892340", "title": "Effects of fundic distention on pentagastrin-stimulated gastric acid secretion in man.", "content": "The acid secretory effect of combined stimulation with balloon distention of the fundus and body of the stomach and intravenous infusion of pentagastrin has been studied in patients with duodenal ulcer (DU) and in healthy subjects. In 8 nonoperated DU subjects and in 5 DU patients subjected to proximal gastric vagotomy, low grade fundic distention moderately enhanced the acid output evoked by a threshold dose of pentagastrin. Fundic distention with a baloon volume eliciting a maximal acid response to distention either left unchanged or suppressed the maximal acid secretory rate produced by pentagastrin in 7 nonoperated and 6 vagotomized DU patients and in 5 healthy subjects. The heterogeneous secretory effects of maximal stimulus combination suggest that fundic distention has a complex action on acid secretion eliciting a hitherto unknown inhibitory effect as well as a cholinergic activation of the parietal cell area. This complex action may explain the failure of fundic distention to augment markedly the action of pentagastrin in the present study.", "contents": "Effects of fundic distention on pentagastrin-stimulated gastric acid secretion in man. The acid secretory effect of combined stimulation with balloon distention of the fundus and body of the stomach and intravenous infusion of pentagastrin has been studied in patients with duodenal ulcer (DU) and in healthy subjects. In 8 nonoperated DU subjects and in 5 DU patients subjected to proximal gastric vagotomy, low grade fundic distention moderately enhanced the acid output evoked by a threshold dose of pentagastrin. Fundic distention with a baloon volume eliciting a maximal acid response to distention either left unchanged or suppressed the maximal acid secretory rate produced by pentagastrin in 7 nonoperated and 6 vagotomized DU patients and in 5 healthy subjects. The heterogeneous secretory effects of maximal stimulus combination suggest that fundic distention has a complex action on acid secretion eliciting a hitherto unknown inhibitory effect as well as a cholinergic activation of the parietal cell area. This complex action may explain the failure of fundic distention to augment markedly the action of pentagastrin in the present study."}
{"id": "PMID:892341", "title": "Relationship between gastric acid secretion, histopathology, and cell proliferation kinetics in human gastric mucosa.", "content": "Cell proliferation of gastric antral and fundic mucosa was studied in a series of patients with different gastric diseases. After in vitro incubation of endoscopic biopsies with tritiated thymidine, radioautographs were prepared by the dipping technique. The labeling indices were estimated, and the biopsies were classified according to the degree of gastritis. The peak acid output after \"maximal\" stimulation with histamine was also determined. A highly significant inverse correlation between peak acid output and the labeling indices in both antral and fundic mucosa was demonstrated. The correlation between the degree of gastritis and the labeling indices in antral and fundic mucosa was also statistically significant. The results indicate that a significant inverse relationship exists between the acid secretory capacity of the gastric mucosa and the rate of cell proliferation in both antral and fundic mucosa. Furthermore, the data suggest that an increasing degree of gastritis in human gastric mucosa is followed by an increased rate of epithelial cell proliferation.", "contents": "Relationship between gastric acid secretion, histopathology, and cell proliferation kinetics in human gastric mucosa. Cell proliferation of gastric antral and fundic mucosa was studied in a series of patients with different gastric diseases. After in vitro incubation of endoscopic biopsies with tritiated thymidine, radioautographs were prepared by the dipping technique. The labeling indices were estimated, and the biopsies were classified according to the degree of gastritis. The peak acid output after \"maximal\" stimulation with histamine was also determined. A highly significant inverse correlation between peak acid output and the labeling indices in both antral and fundic mucosa was demonstrated. The correlation between the degree of gastritis and the labeling indices in antral and fundic mucosa was also statistically significant. The results indicate that a significant inverse relationship exists between the acid secretory capacity of the gastric mucosa and the rate of cell proliferation in both antral and fundic mucosa. Furthermore, the data suggest that an increasing degree of gastritis in human gastric mucosa is followed by an increased rate of epithelial cell proliferation."}
{"id": "PMID:892342", "title": "Prospective evaluation of the pancreatic secretion of immunoreactive carcinoembryonic antigen, enzyme, and bicarbonate in patients suspected of having pancreatic cancer.", "content": "We undertook to test the recent suggestion that measurement of immunoreactive carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) in pancreatic secretion may be useful in diagnosis of pancreatic cancer. Using duodenal intubation and a perfusion method in 57 cases, we measured the rate of pancreatic CEA secretion into the duodenum under basal saline perfusion, alone and with continuous intravenous infusion of secretin (2 clinical units per kg per hr) and of cholecystokinin-pancreozymin (CCK, 15 Crick-Harper-Raper units per kg per hr); and we compared the CEA output with secretion of trypsin, lipase, and bicarbonate under the same conditions. Subsequent laparotomy revealed pancreatic carcinoma in 25 patients, pancreatitis in 7, other intraabdominal malignancies in 6, and benign nonpancreatic disorders in 19. CEA output rates did not differentiate all pancreatic-cancer patients from other patients in any test condition. However, pancreatic enzyme outputs were abnormal with almost 90% of cancers of the pancreatic head and with 75% of cancers of the pancreatic body and tail. For detection of pancreatic cancer, enzyme and bicarbonate outputs in response to CCK are more accurate than pancreatic CEA or bicarbonate outputs in response to secretin. Since CCK-stimulated enzyme outputs can be related accurately to malabsorption (not reported here), we prefer them to bicarbonate output for assessment of pancreatic function.", "contents": "Prospective evaluation of the pancreatic secretion of immunoreactive carcinoembryonic antigen, enzyme, and bicarbonate in patients suspected of having pancreatic cancer. We undertook to test the recent suggestion that measurement of immunoreactive carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) in pancreatic secretion may be useful in diagnosis of pancreatic cancer. Using duodenal intubation and a perfusion method in 57 cases, we measured the rate of pancreatic CEA secretion into the duodenum under basal saline perfusion, alone and with continuous intravenous infusion of secretin (2 clinical units per kg per hr) and of cholecystokinin-pancreozymin (CCK, 15 Crick-Harper-Raper units per kg per hr); and we compared the CEA output with secretion of trypsin, lipase, and bicarbonate under the same conditions. Subsequent laparotomy revealed pancreatic carcinoma in 25 patients, pancreatitis in 7, other intraabdominal malignancies in 6, and benign nonpancreatic disorders in 19. CEA output rates did not differentiate all pancreatic-cancer patients from other patients in any test condition. However, pancreatic enzyme outputs were abnormal with almost 90% of cancers of the pancreatic head and with 75% of cancers of the pancreatic body and tail. For detection of pancreatic cancer, enzyme and bicarbonate outputs in response to CCK are more accurate than pancreatic CEA or bicarbonate outputs in response to secretin. Since CCK-stimulated enzyme outputs can be related accurately to malabsorption (not reported here), we prefer them to bicarbonate output for assessment of pancreatic function."}
{"id": "PMID:892345", "title": "Vasoactive intestinal peptide: a secretin-like partial agonist for pancreatic secretion in man.", "content": "The responses of pancreatic volume flow and bicarbonate output to intravenous vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP, 0.8 to 3.2 microgram per kg per hr) and synthetic secretin (32.2 to 129 ng per kg per hr) were compared intraindividually in 5 healthy volunteers. Pure pancreatic juice was obtained by endoscopic cannulation of the main pancreatic duct. The mean +/- SEM observed maximal response of secretin-stimulated juice flow was 248 +/- 7 microliter per kg per 5 min, whereas the observed maximal response for VIP-evoked juice flow was 48 +/- 6 microliter per kg per 5 min. The observed maximal secretin-induced bicarbonate output was 30 +/- 2 muEq per kg per 5 min, and the maximal VIP-related response was 4.3 +/- 0.9 muEq per kg per 5 min. In addition to low efficacy, high dose requirements, and side effects (significant rise in pulse rate and cutaneous flushing at 3.2 micrograms per kg per hr) argue against a major physiological role of VIP as a hormonal stimulant of human pancreatic bicarbonate secretion.", "contents": "Vasoactive intestinal peptide: a secretin-like partial agonist for pancreatic secretion in man. The responses of pancreatic volume flow and bicarbonate output to intravenous vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP, 0.8 to 3.2 microgram per kg per hr) and synthetic secretin (32.2 to 129 ng per kg per hr) were compared intraindividually in 5 healthy volunteers. Pure pancreatic juice was obtained by endoscopic cannulation of the main pancreatic duct. The mean +/- SEM observed maximal response of secretin-stimulated juice flow was 248 +/- 7 microliter per kg per 5 min, whereas the observed maximal response for VIP-evoked juice flow was 48 +/- 6 microliter per kg per 5 min. The observed maximal secretin-induced bicarbonate output was 30 +/- 2 muEq per kg per 5 min, and the maximal VIP-related response was 4.3 +/- 0.9 muEq per kg per 5 min. In addition to low efficacy, high dose requirements, and side effects (significant rise in pulse rate and cutaneous flushing at 3.2 micrograms per kg per hr) argue against a major physiological role of VIP as a hormonal stimulant of human pancreatic bicarbonate secretion."}
{"id": "PMID:892346", "title": "Occurrence of gastrin in gastric juice, in antral secretion, and in antral perfusates of cats.", "content": "Large amounts of gastrin are present in vagally induced gastric juice of cats. This gastrin is secreted directly into the gastric lumen from the antral mucosa, because in experiments in which the stomach was divided into one antral and one corporeal pouch, most of the gastrin appeared in the antrum, only small amounts appearing in the acid gastric juice. When the antrum was perfused with a slightly alkaline buffer solution, parallel recordings of the gastrin release into the antral lumen and into the gastric venous outflow revealed more gastrin to be secreted per minute into the gastric lumen than into the blood (2 to 23 times as much). Electrical vagal stimulations caused an increased release of gastrin both into the antral lumen and into the circulation.", "contents": "Occurrence of gastrin in gastric juice, in antral secretion, and in antral perfusates of cats. Large amounts of gastrin are present in vagally induced gastric juice of cats. This gastrin is secreted directly into the gastric lumen from the antral mucosa, because in experiments in which the stomach was divided into one antral and one corporeal pouch, most of the gastrin appeared in the antrum, only small amounts appearing in the acid gastric juice. When the antrum was perfused with a slightly alkaline buffer solution, parallel recordings of the gastrin release into the antral lumen and into the gastric venous outflow revealed more gastrin to be secreted per minute into the gastric lumen than into the blood (2 to 23 times as much). Electrical vagal stimulations caused an increased release of gastrin both into the antral lumen and into the circulation."}
{"id": "PMID:892347", "title": "Gastric acid secretion in gastric fistula dogs after antral denervation and antrectomy.", "content": "Acid secretion in Pavlov pouches in dogs is known to increase after antrectomy in response to histamine and gastrin. Dogs with gastric fistulae were tested with histamine and tetragastrin as a control study. The vagal nerve fibers to the antrum were divided and the dogs underwent repeat testing. Finally an antrectomy was performed and final dose-response data  were collected. After antrectomy there was an increased acid response to histamine and tetragastrin. We postulate that the vagal fibers innervating the antrum are probably not a factor in this increase. Furthermore, we believe that the increased acid secretion after antrectomy observed in the dog and the decrease known to occur in the human being is a species difference and is not related to the pouch method of study used in earlier studies of the antrectomized dog.", "contents": "Gastric acid secretion in gastric fistula dogs after antral denervation and antrectomy. Acid secretion in Pavlov pouches in dogs is known to increase after antrectomy in response to histamine and gastrin. Dogs with gastric fistulae were tested with histamine and tetragastrin as a control study. The vagal nerve fibers to the antrum were divided and the dogs underwent repeat testing. Finally an antrectomy was performed and final dose-response data  were collected. After antrectomy there was an increased acid response to histamine and tetragastrin. We postulate that the vagal fibers innervating the antrum are probably not a factor in this increase. Furthermore, we believe that the increased acid secretion after antrectomy observed in the dog and the decrease known to occur in the human being is a species difference and is not related to the pouch method of study used in earlier studies of the antrectomized dog."}
{"id": "PMID:892348", "title": "Effects of anionic surfactants on hamster small intestinal membrane structure and function: relationship to surface activity.", "content": "The relationship of the surface properties of a group of anionic surfactants to their effects on intestinal water transport was studied. Dose-response inhibition of water transport in everted hamster jejunal segments was obtained with two long chain detergents (sodium dodecyl sulfate and dioctyl sodium sulfocuccinate), a fatty acid (ricinoleate), and dihydroxy bile salts (deoxycholate, chenodeoxycholate, and taurodeoxycholate), whereas no activity was seen with trihydroxy (cholate, glycocholate, and taurocholate) and tri-keto (dehydrocholate) bile salts. The relative effects on water transport were paralleled by their abilities to lyse the erythrocyte, a membrane model. These two biological effects were related to the surface properties of the agents, as determined by critical micelle concentration and surface tension reduction. We further characterized the action of deoxycholate on hamster small intestine, in vivo. Net water secretion was accompanied by increases in permeability of the mucosa to inulin, dextran, and albumin. These secretory and permeability changes were accompanied by both biochemical and histological alterations: exfoliation (DNA release), membrane effects (sucrase release), and shortened villi. Electron microscopy revealed extensive alteration of the brush border membrane with a decrease in binding of lanthanum and the development of permeability to tracer in villus tip cells. In contrast, taurocholate, which did not alter water transport, did not affect intestinal permeability or the brush border membrane. We believe that the surface properties of anionic surfactants cause changes in absorptive cell membranes which result in intestinal secretion.", "contents": "Effects of anionic surfactants on hamster small intestinal membrane structure and function: relationship to surface activity. The relationship of the surface properties of a group of anionic surfactants to their effects on intestinal water transport was studied. Dose-response inhibition of water transport in everted hamster jejunal segments was obtained with two long chain detergents (sodium dodecyl sulfate and dioctyl sodium sulfocuccinate), a fatty acid (ricinoleate), and dihydroxy bile salts (deoxycholate, chenodeoxycholate, and taurodeoxycholate), whereas no activity was seen with trihydroxy (cholate, glycocholate, and taurocholate) and tri-keto (dehydrocholate) bile salts. The relative effects on water transport were paralleled by their abilities to lyse the erythrocyte, a membrane model. These two biological effects were related to the surface properties of the agents, as determined by critical micelle concentration and surface tension reduction. We further characterized the action of deoxycholate on hamster small intestine, in vivo. Net water secretion was accompanied by increases in permeability of the mucosa to inulin, dextran, and albumin. These secretory and permeability changes were accompanied by both biochemical and histological alterations: exfoliation (DNA release), membrane effects (sucrase release), and shortened villi. Electron microscopy revealed extensive alteration of the brush border membrane with a decrease in binding of lanthanum and the development of permeability to tracer in villus tip cells. In contrast, taurocholate, which did not alter water transport, did not affect intestinal permeability or the brush border membrane. We believe that the surface properties of anionic surfactants cause changes in absorptive cell membranes which result in intestinal secretion."}
{"id": "PMID:892350", "title": "Stimulation of mucosal growth in the rat ileum by bile and pancreatic secretions after jejunal resection.", "content": "After proximal small bowel resection, the remaining small intestine undergoes adaptive hyperplasia. The role of bile and pancreatic secretions in stimulating ileal mucosal growth after jejunectomy was studied. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were fed either standard rat chow or a liquid elemental diet, and were divided into four surgical groups: sham-operated; transplantation of the duodenal papilla (containing the bile and pancreatic ducts) into the ileum; 50% proximal small bowel resection (jejunectomy); and combined transplantation of the duodenal papilla into the ileum and 50% proximal small bowel resection. Four weeks after surgery the rats were killed and segments of ileum were assayed for total weight and mucosal weight, and for DNA and protein concentration per centimeter of segment. These measurements of mucosal mass were significantly increased in ileal segments adjacent to the transplanted duodenal papilla both in nonresected and jejunectomized rats, compared with their respective controls. Transplanting the duodenal papilla into the ileum significantly increased growth of the ileal mucosa after jejunectomy. The results indicate that bile and pancreatic secretions flowing into the ileal lumen stimulate mucosal growth and play a direct role in ileal adaptation to jejunal resection.", "contents": "Stimulation of mucosal growth in the rat ileum by bile and pancreatic secretions after jejunal resection. After proximal small bowel resection, the remaining small intestine undergoes adaptive hyperplasia. The role of bile and pancreatic secretions in stimulating ileal mucosal growth after jejunectomy was studied. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were fed either standard rat chow or a liquid elemental diet, and were divided into four surgical groups: sham-operated; transplantation of the duodenal papilla (containing the bile and pancreatic ducts) into the ileum; 50% proximal small bowel resection (jejunectomy); and combined transplantation of the duodenal papilla into the ileum and 50% proximal small bowel resection. Four weeks after surgery the rats were killed and segments of ileum were assayed for total weight and mucosal weight, and for DNA and protein concentration per centimeter of segment. These measurements of mucosal mass were significantly increased in ileal segments adjacent to the transplanted duodenal papilla both in nonresected and jejunectomized rats, compared with their respective controls. Transplanting the duodenal papilla into the ileum significantly increased growth of the ileal mucosa after jejunectomy. The results indicate that bile and pancreatic secretions flowing into the ileal lumen stimulate mucosal growth and play a direct role in ileal adaptation to jejunal resection."}
{"id": "PMID:892351", "title": "Acinar cell responsiveness to urecholine in the rat pancreas during fetal and early postnatal growth.", "content": "These studies were performed to determine when, during fetal or postnatal life, rat pancreatic acinar cells acquire their capacity to respond to cholinergic drugs. The release of amylase, lipase, and chymotrypsin from rat pancreas in response to urecholine was measured in vitro. Fetal and newborn pancreas did not respond to 10(-5) M urecholine; 3-day- to 15-day-old pancreas demonstrated an increasing response to this dose. Peak sensitivity when compared to adult pancreas was present between days 15 and 21. Our results indicate that the exocrine pancreas acquired a responsiveness to urecholine on the 3rd day of postnatal life and becomes more sensitive to stimulation from the 15th day.", "contents": "Acinar cell responsiveness to urecholine in the rat pancreas during fetal and early postnatal growth. These studies were performed to determine when, during fetal or postnatal life, rat pancreatic acinar cells acquire their capacity to respond to cholinergic drugs. The release of amylase, lipase, and chymotrypsin from rat pancreas in response to urecholine was measured in vitro. Fetal and newborn pancreas did not respond to 10(-5) M urecholine; 3-day- to 15-day-old pancreas demonstrated an increasing response to this dose. Peak sensitivity when compared to adult pancreas was present between days 15 and 21. Our results indicate that the exocrine pancreas acquired a responsiveness to urecholine on the 3rd day of postnatal life and becomes more sensitive to stimulation from the 15th day."}
{"id": "PMID:892352", "title": "Complications of diuresis in the alcoholic patient with ascites: a controlled trial.", "content": "Forty-three patients with decompensated alcoholic liver disease and ascites of recent onset were randomized to salt and water restriction alone (control group) or to salt and water restriction plus diuretics (diuresis group). The two treatment groups were comparable in clinical findings and laboratory results. Seven patients in the control group and 5 patients in the diuresis group died during the acute illness. Weight loss was more marked and the disappearance of ascites more common in those given diuretics. A modest decrease in serum sodium and increase in serum potassium, and readily reversible elevations of blood urea nitrogen were noted in the diuresis group. Eight patients in each treatment group developed either the hepatorenal syndrome, marked electrolyte abnormalities, or encephalopathy. Diuresis can be accomplished in these critically ill patients without serious complications that can be attributed to the diuretic treatment.", "contents": "Complications of diuresis in the alcoholic patient with ascites: a controlled trial. Forty-three patients with decompensated alcoholic liver disease and ascites of recent onset were randomized to salt and water restriction alone (control group) or to salt and water restriction plus diuretics (diuresis group). The two treatment groups were comparable in clinical findings and laboratory results. Seven patients in the control group and 5 patients in the diuresis group died during the acute illness. Weight loss was more marked and the disappearance of ascites more common in those given diuretics. A modest decrease in serum sodium and increase in serum potassium, and readily reversible elevations of blood urea nitrogen were noted in the diuresis group. Eight patients in each treatment group developed either the hepatorenal syndrome, marked electrolyte abnormalities, or encephalopathy. Diuresis can be accomplished in these critically ill patients without serious complications that can be attributed to the diuretic treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:892353", "title": "Detection of endotoxin in plasma and ascitic fluid of patients with cirrhosis: its clinical significance.", "content": "Endotoxin was measured by the Limulus assay in plasma and ascites in 46 patients with cirrhosis having demonstrable esophageal varices, of whom 29 had ascites and 17 did not. It was positive in ascitic fluid in 23 (79.3%) of the former group. In plasma, a positive test was obtained in 22 (75.9%) in the group with ascites and only 4 (23.5%) without ascites, the difference being significant (P less than 0.01). Of the 23 positive ascites specimens, 17 showed high titers (greater than or equal to 10(-3) microgram per ml). Hepatic uptake of 198Au colloid was markedly reduced in 11 of the 17 patients with endotoxemia who were studied by scanning. Death occurred within 6 months in 47.8% of the patients with a positive endotoxin test, whereas only 16.7% of those with a negative test died in the same period (P less than 0.05). No hypotension was noted in patients with toxemia and only 2 ran a fever above 37.5 degrees C. Development of tolerance to endotoxin is suspected. A follow-up study has demonstrated sustained endotoxemia in some of these patients.", "contents": "Detection of endotoxin in plasma and ascitic fluid of patients with cirrhosis: its clinical significance. Endotoxin was measured by the Limulus assay in plasma and ascites in 46 patients with cirrhosis having demonstrable esophageal varices, of whom 29 had ascites and 17 did not. It was positive in ascitic fluid in 23 (79.3%) of the former group. In plasma, a positive test was obtained in 22 (75.9%) in the group with ascites and only 4 (23.5%) without ascites, the difference being significant (P less than 0.01). Of the 23 positive ascites specimens, 17 showed high titers (greater than or equal to 10(-3) microgram per ml). Hepatic uptake of 198Au colloid was markedly reduced in 11 of the 17 patients with endotoxemia who were studied by scanning. Death occurred within 6 months in 47.8% of the patients with a positive endotoxin test, whereas only 16.7% of those with a negative test died in the same period (P less than 0.05). No hypotension was noted in patients with toxemia and only 2 ran a fever above 37.5 degrees C. Development of tolerance to endotoxin is suspected. A follow-up study has demonstrated sustained endotoxemia in some of these patients."}
{"id": "PMID:892354", "title": "Significance of suspected \"chronic aggressive hepatitis\" in acute hepatitis.", "content": "Transition from acute to chronic hepatitis has important prognostic and therapeutic implications. In 17 patients with acute viral hepatitis, observed during a period of 7 years, a liver biopsy showed changes compatible with chronic aggressive hepatitis and superimposed acute hepatitis. Follow-up biopsies showed normal liver in 14 cases, chronic persistent hepatitis in 1, and cirrhosis in 2. In 12 cases the initial biopsy which showed changes suggestive of chronicity was taken 1 month after onset of symptoms of acute hepatitis, or later. Cases developing chronic liver disease showed no characteristic clinical, laboratory, or histological features at the time of the first biopsy. If the diagnosis of chronic active hepatitis is based on histological findings alone in patients with prolonged acute hepatitis, the incidence of this condition will be grossly overestimated. The transition from acute to chronic hepatitis cannot be recognized with any degree of certainty by presently available methods.", "contents": "Significance of suspected \"chronic aggressive hepatitis\" in acute hepatitis. Transition from acute to chronic hepatitis has important prognostic and therapeutic implications. In 17 patients with acute viral hepatitis, observed during a period of 7 years, a liver biopsy showed changes compatible with chronic aggressive hepatitis and superimposed acute hepatitis. Follow-up biopsies showed normal liver in 14 cases, chronic persistent hepatitis in 1, and cirrhosis in 2. In 12 cases the initial biopsy which showed changes suggestive of chronicity was taken 1 month after onset of symptoms of acute hepatitis, or later. Cases developing chronic liver disease showed no characteristic clinical, laboratory, or histological features at the time of the first biopsy. If the diagnosis of chronic active hepatitis is based on histological findings alone in patients with prolonged acute hepatitis, the incidence of this condition will be grossly overestimated. The transition from acute to chronic hepatitis cannot be recognized with any degree of certainty by presently available methods."}
{"id": "PMID:892355", "title": "In vitro studies on IgG-mediated lymphocyte cytotoxicity in chronic active liver disease.", "content": "Antibody-dependent cytotoxicity in chronic active liver disease (CALD) (10 subjects), mediated by allogeneic nonimmune lymphocytes (NL), was studied in vitro. NL in significant numbers adhered to the surface of target Chang monolayer cells, pretreated with the sera of CALD patients (immune adherence of NL) and were cytotoxic. This was blocked by anti-IgG and IgGFc. Test sera, absorbed with Chang cells or human adult liver tissues, failed to provoke target Chang cell lysis. Small amounts of granular-appearing IgG were demonstrated on the surface of Chang cells treated with the CALD sera from 8 of the 10 patients (membrane-fixed IgG). It is concluded that the antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity in this in vitro system is mediated by the IgG of CALD sera, most likely bound to target cell surface antigens, and that effector NL appear to lyse the target cells by direct contact through the Fc portion of the above membrane-fixed IgG. This immune cytotoxic process may play a role in the pathogenesis of CALD.", "contents": "In vitro studies on IgG-mediated lymphocyte cytotoxicity in chronic active liver disease. Antibody-dependent cytotoxicity in chronic active liver disease (CALD) (10 subjects), mediated by allogeneic nonimmune lymphocytes (NL), was studied in vitro. NL in significant numbers adhered to the surface of target Chang monolayer cells, pretreated with the sera of CALD patients (immune adherence of NL) and were cytotoxic. This was blocked by anti-IgG and IgGFc. Test sera, absorbed with Chang cells or human adult liver tissues, failed to provoke target Chang cell lysis. Small amounts of granular-appearing IgG were demonstrated on the surface of Chang cells treated with the CALD sera from 8 of the 10 patients (membrane-fixed IgG). It is concluded that the antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity in this in vitro system is mediated by the IgG of CALD sera, most likely bound to target cell surface antigens, and that effector NL appear to lyse the target cells by direct contact through the Fc portion of the above membrane-fixed IgG. This immune cytotoxic process may play a role in the pathogenesis of CALD."}
{"id": "PMID:892356", "title": "Giant multinucleated hepatocytes in an adult with chronic active hepatitis.", "content": "A case of an adult with chronic active hepatitis associated with giant multinucleated liver cells is presented. The giant liver cells in this case are widespread and the picture resembles neonatal hepatitis. The morphology, pathogenesis, and epidemiology of giant hepatocytes found in human neonates and adults and in experimental animals is discussed. Because the proliferative phase of giant hepatic cells is transient, this reaction may be more common than generally believed.", "contents": "Giant multinucleated hepatocytes in an adult with chronic active hepatitis. A case of an adult with chronic active hepatitis associated with giant multinucleated liver cells is presented. The giant liver cells in this case are widespread and the picture resembles neonatal hepatitis. The morphology, pathogenesis, and epidemiology of giant hepatocytes found in human neonates and adults and in experimental animals is discussed. Because the proliferative phase of giant hepatic cells is transient, this reaction may be more common than generally believed."}
{"id": "PMID:892357", "title": "Cirrhotic pleural effusion in the absence of ascites.", "content": "A 61-year-old female presented with a right transudative pleural effusion in the absence of ascites and other stigmata of chronic liver disease. A diagnosis of cirrhosis with a secondary hydrothorax was eventually established; however, ascites could never be demonstrated clinically or radiographically until just before her death, when hypertonic saline was administered for symptomatic hyponatremia. Based on the autopsy finding of a 1-mm hole in the right diaphragm and her clinical course, a mechanism for the production of a cirrhotic pleural effusion in the absence of asictes is proposed.", "contents": "Cirrhotic pleural effusion in the absence of ascites. A 61-year-old female presented with a right transudative pleural effusion in the absence of ascites and other stigmata of chronic liver disease. A diagnosis of cirrhosis with a secondary hydrothorax was eventually established; however, ascites could never be demonstrated clinically or radiographically until just before her death, when hypertonic saline was administered for symptomatic hyponatremia. Based on the autopsy finding of a 1-mm hole in the right diaphragm and her clinical course, a mechanism for the production of a cirrhotic pleural effusion in the absence of asictes is proposed."}
{"id": "PMID:892358", "title": "Progression of Menetrier's disease with postoperative gastrojejunal intussusception.", "content": "A unique case of Menetrier's disease of the stomach with long term follow-up is presented to document progression of extent of the disease radiologically and pathologically. This observation provides an insight into the natural history of the condition and suggests that local excision is not necessarily curative. In addition, this case demonstrates the complication of preoperative direct prolapse of involved gastric mucosa through the pylorus, and subsequent postoperative antegrade intussusception of the progressively involved gastric mucosa across a Billroth II gastrojejunostomy.", "contents": "Progression of Menetrier's disease with postoperative gastrojejunal intussusception. A unique case of Menetrier's disease of the stomach with long term follow-up is presented to document progression of extent of the disease radiologically and pathologically. This observation provides an insight into the natural history of the condition and suggests that local excision is not necessarily curative. In addition, this case demonstrates the complication of preoperative direct prolapse of involved gastric mucosa through the pylorus, and subsequent postoperative antegrade intussusception of the progressively involved gastric mucosa across a Billroth II gastrojejunostomy."}
{"id": "PMID:892359", "title": "Can the singularity of chronic peptic ulcers be described by catastrophe theory and explained by biofeedback?", "content": "The damaging effect of hydrochloric acid within the lumen of the stomach and duodenum should be diffuse, but chronic peptic ulcers are discrete and usually single. The search for localizing effects on acid attack, or localized defects in mucosal defense have so far been fruitless. If attacking forces increase, or mucosal defense diminishes to the point where ulceration occurs, mucosal breakdown should be progressive. In chronic peptic ulceration, however, the process usually seems to be self-limiting. The catastrophe theory of Ren\u00e9 Thom may describe the progressive change in the forces that leads to eventual breakdown in mucosal continuity. Possibly this catastrophe triggers off biofeedback mechanisms that hold in check further progress of the ulcer.", "contents": "Can the singularity of chronic peptic ulcers be described by catastrophe theory and explained by biofeedback? The damaging effect of hydrochloric acid within the lumen of the stomach and duodenum should be diffuse, but chronic peptic ulcers are discrete and usually single. The search for localizing effects on acid attack, or localized defects in mucosal defense have so far been fruitless. If attacking forces increase, or mucosal defense diminishes to the point where ulceration occurs, mucosal breakdown should be progressive. In chronic peptic ulceration, however, the process usually seems to be self-limiting. The catastrophe theory of Ren\u00e9 Thom may describe the progressive change in the forces that leads to eventual breakdown in mucosal continuity. Possibly this catastrophe triggers off biofeedback mechanisms that hold in check further progress of the ulcer."}
{"id": "PMID:892366", "title": "Transient neutropenia in a patient receiving cimetidine.", "content": "Transient neutropenia developed in a 62-year-old, white male on maintenance hemodialysis being treated with cimetidine for an in tractable duodenal ulcer. The probable mechanism was peripheral destruction of the granulocyte series, unlike the marrow depression reported with metiamide, another histamine H2 receptor antagonist.", "contents": "Transient neutropenia in a patient receiving cimetidine. Transient neutropenia developed in a 62-year-old, white male on maintenance hemodialysis being treated with cimetidine for an in tractable duodenal ulcer. The probable mechanism was peripheral destruction of the granulocyte series, unlike the marrow depression reported with metiamide, another histamine H2 receptor antagonist."}
{"id": "PMID:892367", "title": "The liver during and after fulminant hepatitis.", "content": "Within 5 to 14 days of onset of grade 3 or 4 coma, liver biopsies were obtained in 14 of 15 consecutive patients who recovered from fulminant hepatitis. In 9 patients, follow-up biopsy was obtained 6 to 60 months after acute hepatitis and autopsy was performed in 2 patients who died in 4 months from complications of hepatitis (aplastic anemia) or of corticosteroid therapy (sepsis). During fulminant illness the biopsy findings were: multilobular necrosis in 4 patients, confluent (bridging) necrosis in 9, and only portal inflammation in 1. The duration or the grade of coma did not correlate with the severity of necrosis on the biopsy. Follow-up biopsy showed development of chronic (active) hepatitis in 3 of 9 patients (with cirrhosis in one of these). Chronic liver disease was not found in the two autopsies. If fulminant hepatitis is the result of vigorous cell-mediated immune attack on hepatocytes, then this process cannot always eradicate chronic hepatitis B surface antigenemia, nor can it always prevent the development of chronic (active) hepatitis or cirrhosis.", "contents": "The liver during and after fulminant hepatitis. Within 5 to 14 days of onset of grade 3 or 4 coma, liver biopsies were obtained in 14 of 15 consecutive patients who recovered from fulminant hepatitis. In 9 patients, follow-up biopsy was obtained 6 to 60 months after acute hepatitis and autopsy was performed in 2 patients who died in 4 months from complications of hepatitis (aplastic anemia) or of corticosteroid therapy (sepsis). During fulminant illness the biopsy findings were: multilobular necrosis in 4 patients, confluent (bridging) necrosis in 9, and only portal inflammation in 1. The duration or the grade of coma did not correlate with the severity of necrosis on the biopsy. Follow-up biopsy showed development of chronic (active) hepatitis in 3 of 9 patients (with cirrhosis in one of these). Chronic liver disease was not found in the two autopsies. If fulminant hepatitis is the result of vigorous cell-mediated immune attack on hepatocytes, then this process cannot always eradicate chronic hepatitis B surface antigenemia, nor can it always prevent the development of chronic (active) hepatitis or cirrhosis."}
{"id": "PMID:892368", "title": "Lipolysosomes in human liver: distribution in livers with fatty infiltration.", "content": "In this study we investigated whether lipolysosomes--lysosomes containing large lipid droplets--were present in livers of patients with various forms of hepatic injury. Organelles which displayed the same morphological characteristics and enzymatic activity as those originally described in the hamster and those found in the hepatocytes of patients with Wolman's or Wilson's disease were also found in hepatocytes of 13 of 14 randomly selected biopsy specimens from patients with minimal to severe fatty infiltration of the liver. The numbers and sizes of the lipolysosomes seemed to increase with the degree of fatty infiltration while their proportion in relation to the total number of lipid droplets remained below 5%. Based on these observations of a virtually constant association of lipolysosomes with excess lipid accumulation in liver cells we suggest that lysosomes probably play an important role in hepatic lipid metabolism and that various pathogenetic mechanisms may trigger their proliferation.", "contents": "Lipolysosomes in human liver: distribution in livers with fatty infiltration. In this study we investigated whether lipolysosomes--lysosomes containing large lipid droplets--were present in livers of patients with various forms of hepatic injury. Organelles which displayed the same morphological characteristics and enzymatic activity as those originally described in the hamster and those found in the hepatocytes of patients with Wolman's or Wilson's disease were also found in hepatocytes of 13 of 14 randomly selected biopsy specimens from patients with minimal to severe fatty infiltration of the liver. The numbers and sizes of the lipolysosomes seemed to increase with the degree of fatty infiltration while their proportion in relation to the total number of lipid droplets remained below 5%. Based on these observations of a virtually constant association of lipolysosomes with excess lipid accumulation in liver cells we suggest that lysosomes probably play an important role in hepatic lipid metabolism and that various pathogenetic mechanisms may trigger their proliferation."}
{"id": "PMID:892369", "title": "Idiopathic hemochromatosis and iron overload in alcoholic liver disease: differentiation by HLA phenotype.", "content": "HLA A and B antigens were determined in two groups of patients: 38 patients with idiopathic hemochromatosis (IH) and 22 patients with iron overload accompanying alcoholic liver disease (AH). As previously described, HLA A3 and HLA B14 antigens appeared more frequently in the IH group (76.3 and 28.9%, respectively) than in a control group of 204 subjects (27 and 3.4%). In the AH group the frequency of A3 (22.7%) and B14 (13.6%) was not significantly different from that observed in controls. The frequency of A3 was significantly lower in the AH group than in the IH group (P less than 0.001). On this basis a clear difference appears between the two conditions with iron overload, and genetic analysis of the results rules out the hypothesis that AH would be a heterozygous form of IH exposed by alcohol.", "contents": "Idiopathic hemochromatosis and iron overload in alcoholic liver disease: differentiation by HLA phenotype. HLA A and B antigens were determined in two groups of patients: 38 patients with idiopathic hemochromatosis (IH) and 22 patients with iron overload accompanying alcoholic liver disease (AH). As previously described, HLA A3 and HLA B14 antigens appeared more frequently in the IH group (76.3 and 28.9%, respectively) than in a control group of 204 subjects (27 and 3.4%). In the AH group the frequency of A3 (22.7%) and B14 (13.6%) was not significantly different from that observed in controls. The frequency of A3 was significantly lower in the AH group than in the IH group (P less than 0.001). On this basis a clear difference appears between the two conditions with iron overload, and genetic analysis of the results rules out the hypothesis that AH would be a heterozygous form of IH exposed by alcohol."}
{"id": "PMID:892370", "title": "Diagnostic usefulness of plasma carcinoembryonic antigen levels in acute and chronic liver disease.", "content": "Raised plasma carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) levels were found in over 90% of 71 patients with chronic liver disease and 50% of 16 patients with acute liver damage. Levels increasing chronicity and clinical severity of disease. In individual patients, the plasma CEA level fluctuated with the clinical condition. Persistently normal levels were never found in patients with chronic liver disease in poor clinical condition. A very high level suggests a bad prognosis. If CEA is considered together with SGPT, a discriminant function can be calculated, separating patients with acute liver damage and those with an acute exacerbation of chronic active hepatitis, with a high degree of certainty. In acute damage, peak CEA levels occur later than the time of maximum liver necrosis, suggesting that the rise is not owing to release of CEA from damaged cells. There is no significant difference in CEA level between patients with and without spontaneous or surgical portosystemic shunts, suggesting that high levels are not attributable to bypass of the liver. The timing of the rise in CEA in acute liver damage suggests that raised levels may be associated with regeneration. The tendency for higher levels to occur in those patients with greater disturbances of liver function suggests altered metabolism or excretion of CEA.", "contents": "Diagnostic usefulness of plasma carcinoembryonic antigen levels in acute and chronic liver disease. Raised plasma carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) levels were found in over 90% of 71 patients with chronic liver disease and 50% of 16 patients with acute liver damage. Levels increasing chronicity and clinical severity of disease. In individual patients, the plasma CEA level fluctuated with the clinical condition. Persistently normal levels were never found in patients with chronic liver disease in poor clinical condition. A very high level suggests a bad prognosis. If CEA is considered together with SGPT, a discriminant function can be calculated, separating patients with acute liver damage and those with an acute exacerbation of chronic active hepatitis, with a high degree of certainty. In acute damage, peak CEA levels occur later than the time of maximum liver necrosis, suggesting that the rise is not owing to release of CEA from damaged cells. There is no significant difference in CEA level between patients with and without spontaneous or surgical portosystemic shunts, suggesting that high levels are not attributable to bypass of the liver. The timing of the rise in CEA in acute liver damage suggests that raised levels may be associated with regeneration. The tendency for higher levels to occur in those patients with greater disturbances of liver function suggests altered metabolism or excretion of CEA."}
{"id": "PMID:892371", "title": "Survival in patients with postnecrotic cirrhosis and Laennec's cirrhosis undergoing therapeutic portacaval shunt.", "content": "Survival rates were compared in 82 patients who underwent therapeutic portacaval shunt. All patients were followed for at least 5 years after shunt or until death. Survival rates were calculated by Life Table methods. Based on a combination of currently accepted histological and clinical criteria, there were 45 patients with Laennec's cirrhosis, 29 patients with postnecrotic cirrhosis, 11 of whom had histological evidence of chronic active hepatitis, and 8 patients with primary biliary cirrhosis. Survival rates were similar in all three groups, alcoholic cirrhosis, postnecrotic cirrhosis, and primary biliary cirrhosis. Hepatic reserve, as defined by Child's classification, provided the best criteria for predicting survival. The type of shunt, end-to-side, side-to-side, or splenorenal, did not influence survival. Histological evidence of chronic active hepatitis adversely affected survival in patients with postnecrotic cirrhosis. However, histological evidence of ongoing alcoholic hepatitis in patients with Laennec's cirrhosis did not influence survival adversely. The data indicate that once a patient with cirrhosis has bled from esophageal varices, the etiology of the cirrhosis is not a major factor in determining survival after a therapeutic portacaval shunt.", "contents": "Survival in patients with postnecrotic cirrhosis and Laennec's cirrhosis undergoing therapeutic portacaval shunt. Survival rates were compared in 82 patients who underwent therapeutic portacaval shunt. All patients were followed for at least 5 years after shunt or until death. Survival rates were calculated by Life Table methods. Based on a combination of currently accepted histological and clinical criteria, there were 45 patients with Laennec's cirrhosis, 29 patients with postnecrotic cirrhosis, 11 of whom had histological evidence of chronic active hepatitis, and 8 patients with primary biliary cirrhosis. Survival rates were similar in all three groups, alcoholic cirrhosis, postnecrotic cirrhosis, and primary biliary cirrhosis. Hepatic reserve, as defined by Child's classification, provided the best criteria for predicting survival. The type of shunt, end-to-side, side-to-side, or splenorenal, did not influence survival. Histological evidence of chronic active hepatitis adversely affected survival in patients with postnecrotic cirrhosis. However, histological evidence of ongoing alcoholic hepatitis in patients with Laennec's cirrhosis did not influence survival adversely. The data indicate that once a patient with cirrhosis has bled from esophageal varices, the etiology of the cirrhosis is not a major factor in determining survival after a therapeutic portacaval shunt."}
{"id": "PMID:892375", "title": "Diagnostic accuracy of fiberendoscopy in the detection of upper intestinal malignancy. A follow-up analysis.", "content": "The accuracy of fiberendoscopy with directed biopsy in the detection of upper intestinal malignancies has been evaluated by studying the operative or postmortem findings or the clinical follow-up data after at least 1 year and, for relevant lesions, after 2 or 3 years. Of 1005 patients examined, a satisfactory follow-up was obtained in 990. There turned out to be no false-positive diagnoses of malignancy in the 167 patients diagnosed fiberendoscopically to harbor an upper intestinal malignancy, and only two false-negative diagnoses in the fiberendoscopically benign group. Seven of the 135 adenocarcinomas of the stomach turned out to be early gastric cancers. The two missed malignancies were interpreted initially as benign gastric ulcers. The over-all endoscopic-bioptic accuracy rate calculated for all patients amounts to 99.8%. Such a high accuracy rate can only be reached provided high numbers of biopsies are taken, and particularly at least 10 of gastric ulcers and of suspicious lesions. Endoscopy by itself is not sufficiently reliable in determining the nature of the lesion. Indeed an incorrect endoscopic interpretation was made in 7.3% of the ulcerous lesions, and in 8.2% of them no firm conclusion could be reached.", "contents": "Diagnostic accuracy of fiberendoscopy in the detection of upper intestinal malignancy. A follow-up analysis. The accuracy of fiberendoscopy with directed biopsy in the detection of upper intestinal malignancies has been evaluated by studying the operative or postmortem findings or the clinical follow-up data after at least 1 year and, for relevant lesions, after 2 or 3 years. Of 1005 patients examined, a satisfactory follow-up was obtained in 990. There turned out to be no false-positive diagnoses of malignancy in the 167 patients diagnosed fiberendoscopically to harbor an upper intestinal malignancy, and only two false-negative diagnoses in the fiberendoscopically benign group. Seven of the 135 adenocarcinomas of the stomach turned out to be early gastric cancers. The two missed malignancies were interpreted initially as benign gastric ulcers. The over-all endoscopic-bioptic accuracy rate calculated for all patients amounts to 99.8%. Such a high accuracy rate can only be reached provided high numbers of biopsies are taken, and particularly at least 10 of gastric ulcers and of suspicious lesions. Endoscopy by itself is not sufficiently reliable in determining the nature of the lesion. Indeed an incorrect endoscopic interpretation was made in 7.3% of the ulcerous lesions, and in 8.2% of them no firm conclusion could be reached."}
{"id": "PMID:892376", "title": "Carcinoembryonic antigen in colonic lavage.", "content": "Colonoscopic lavage was performed for assay of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) concentration in patients with small and large colonic adenomas, in patients with adenocarcinoma of the colon, and in normal controls. CEA concentration was considerably higher in colonoscopic lavage as compared to plasma. CEA concentration in normal controls and in patients with colonic adenomas less than 1 cm in size were not significantly different. CEA concentrations in patients with colonic adenomas greater than 1 cm in size and in patients with adenocarcinoma of the colon were significantly higher than those observed in patients with small adenomas and in the normal controls. In all except 2 patients, plasma CEA concentrations were normal. Assay of CEA concentrations in colonic lavage may have potential application in the further assessment of the mucosa at risk for colon adenomas and for colon cancer. It does not appear to be accurate enough for diagnosis of colon cancer in individual patients.", "contents": "Carcinoembryonic antigen in colonic lavage. Colonoscopic lavage was performed for assay of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) concentration in patients with small and large colonic adenomas, in patients with adenocarcinoma of the colon, and in normal controls. CEA concentration was considerably higher in colonoscopic lavage as compared to plasma. CEA concentration in normal controls and in patients with colonic adenomas less than 1 cm in size were not significantly different. CEA concentrations in patients with colonic adenomas greater than 1 cm in size and in patients with adenocarcinoma of the colon were significantly higher than those observed in patients with small adenomas and in the normal controls. In all except 2 patients, plasma CEA concentrations were normal. Assay of CEA concentrations in colonic lavage may have potential application in the further assessment of the mucosa at risk for colon adenomas and for colon cancer. It does not appear to be accurate enough for diagnosis of colon cancer in individual patients."}
{"id": "PMID:892378", "title": "Is there an oxyntopyloric reflex for release of gastrin in man?", "content": "Plasma gastrin concentrations and gastric acid output were measured during graded balloon distention of the gastric fundus and body in 20 patients with duodenal ulcer. Acid output rose stepwise with increasing distention volumes but plasma gastrin remained unchanged. During intragastric neutralization in 5 of these subjects, fundic distention did not elicit a significant rise in plasma gastrin, whereas the acid response was similar to that observed in the control study when the gastric contents were acid. In 8 of  the 20 patients, proximal gastric vagotomy profoundly suppressed the acid response to fundic distention. Basal plasma gastrin concentrations were elevated after vagotomy but were unchanged during graded fundic distention. The results suggest that neural reflex activation of the oxyntic glands is the main mechanism by which fundic distention stimulates acid secretion in man. The failure of fundic distention to release gastrin does not, however, completely rule out the existence of an oxyntopyloric distention reflex for gastrin release in man. Fundic distention in man seems to both stimulate acid secretion and induce an inhibitory mechanism acting on acid secretion. This inhibitory mechanism may, purely speculatively, also mask the effect of an oxyntopyloric reflex for gastrin release. The present study and earlier work suggest that in man distention of the stomach is a poor stimulus for release of gastrin, regardless of whether the pyloric or the oxyntic gland area, or both, are distended.", "contents": "Is there an oxyntopyloric reflex for release of gastrin in man? Plasma gastrin concentrations and gastric acid output were measured during graded balloon distention of the gastric fundus and body in 20 patients with duodenal ulcer. Acid output rose stepwise with increasing distention volumes but plasma gastrin remained unchanged. During intragastric neutralization in 5 of these subjects, fundic distention did not elicit a significant rise in plasma gastrin, whereas the acid response was similar to that observed in the control study when the gastric contents were acid. In 8 of  the 20 patients, proximal gastric vagotomy profoundly suppressed the acid response to fundic distention. Basal plasma gastrin concentrations were elevated after vagotomy but were unchanged during graded fundic distention. The results suggest that neural reflex activation of the oxyntic glands is the main mechanism by which fundic distention stimulates acid secretion in man. The failure of fundic distention to release gastrin does not, however, completely rule out the existence of an oxyntopyloric distention reflex for gastrin release in man. Fundic distention in man seems to both stimulate acid secretion and induce an inhibitory mechanism acting on acid secretion. This inhibitory mechanism may, purely speculatively, also mask the effect of an oxyntopyloric reflex for gastrin release. The present study and earlier work suggest that in man distention of the stomach is a poor stimulus for release of gastrin, regardless of whether the pyloric or the oxyntic gland area, or both, are distended."}
{"id": "PMID:892379", "title": "Simultaneous measurement of basal pancreatic, gastric acid secretion, plasma gastrin, and secretin during smoking.", "content": "The effect of smoking one unfiltered cigarette every 15 min for 1 hr on basal gastric acid and pancreatic secretion was studied in 10 subjects with a history of duodenal ulcer and 10 without duodenal ulcer. Smoking induced a transient rise of basal acid output followed by a slight decrease. This effect was more pronounced in the duodenal ulcer group. Smoking markedly inhibited fluid and bicarbonate secretion during the smoking period. The bicarbonate and fluid secretion returned to control levels within 30 to 60 min in the ulcer group and in 60 to 90 min in the nonulcer group. There was no difference in the degree of inhibition of pancreatic secretion between the two groups. Immunoreactive gastrin and secretin in the peripheral venous blood did not change significantly during smoking. The degree of inhibition of basal pancreatic secretion correlated well with the plasma concentrations of nicotine. These observations indicate that smoking in the fasting state induces alterations of basal gastric and pancreatic secretions which are not related to changes in plasma gastrin and secretin concentration, but to plasma concentrations of nicotine. The implication of this study in relation to a possible causal association between cigarette smoking and peptic ulcer disease is discussed.", "contents": "Simultaneous measurement of basal pancreatic, gastric acid secretion, plasma gastrin, and secretin during smoking. The effect of smoking one unfiltered cigarette every 15 min for 1 hr on basal gastric acid and pancreatic secretion was studied in 10 subjects with a history of duodenal ulcer and 10 without duodenal ulcer. Smoking induced a transient rise of basal acid output followed by a slight decrease. This effect was more pronounced in the duodenal ulcer group. Smoking markedly inhibited fluid and bicarbonate secretion during the smoking period. The bicarbonate and fluid secretion returned to control levels within 30 to 60 min in the ulcer group and in 60 to 90 min in the nonulcer group. There was no difference in the degree of inhibition of pancreatic secretion between the two groups. Immunoreactive gastrin and secretin in the peripheral venous blood did not change significantly during smoking. The degree of inhibition of basal pancreatic secretion correlated well with the plasma concentrations of nicotine. These observations indicate that smoking in the fasting state induces alterations of basal gastric and pancreatic secretions which are not related to changes in plasma gastrin and secretin concentration, but to plasma concentrations of nicotine. The implication of this study in relation to a possible causal association between cigarette smoking and peptic ulcer disease is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:892381", "title": "Clindamycin-associated colitis in hamsters: protection with vancomycin.", "content": "Clindamycin and lincomycin produced a lethal enterocolitis in 65 of 67 Syrian hamsters. The administration of oral or parenteral vancomycin to recipients of clindamycin or lincomycin was uniformly protective in 49 patients. These results suggest that certain bacteria play a role in the pathogenesis of enterocolitis in this model.", "contents": "Clindamycin-associated colitis in hamsters: protection with vancomycin. Clindamycin and lincomycin produced a lethal enterocolitis in 65 of 67 Syrian hamsters. The administration of oral or parenteral vancomycin to recipients of clindamycin or lincomycin was uniformly protective in 49 patients. These results suggest that certain bacteria play a role in the pathogenesis of enterocolitis in this model."}
{"id": "PMID:892383", "title": "Gastric secretory effect of amino acids given enterally and parenterally in dogs.", "content": "To investigate the possible role of absorbed amino acids in the \"intestinal phase\" of gastric secretion, experiments were carried out in 5 mongrel dogs with Heidenhain pouches, gastrostomies, and Roux en-Y jejunostomises. A 3% solution of mixed amino acids was infused at a constant rate of 120 ml per hr throughout a 2-hr period either intravenously or intrajejunally, and the secretory response of the pouches was compared to that obtained during similar infusions of 0.9% NaCl. Intravenous administration of saline did not stimulate gastric secretion. The mean secretory responses (muEq per 2 hr) were: intrajejunal saline 37, intravenous amino acids 330, and intrajejunal amino acids 301. These results suggest that amino acids, absorbed from the gut, may play a role in the stimulation of gastric secretion which occurs when food passes through the intestine.", "contents": "Gastric secretory effect of amino acids given enterally and parenterally in dogs. To investigate the possible role of absorbed amino acids in the \"intestinal phase\" of gastric secretion, experiments were carried out in 5 mongrel dogs with Heidenhain pouches, gastrostomies, and Roux en-Y jejunostomises. A 3% solution of mixed amino acids was infused at a constant rate of 120 ml per hr throughout a 2-hr period either intravenously or intrajejunally, and the secretory response of the pouches was compared to that obtained during similar infusions of 0.9% NaCl. Intravenous administration of saline did not stimulate gastric secretion. The mean secretory responses (muEq per 2 hr) were: intrajejunal saline 37, intravenous amino acids 330, and intrajejunal amino acids 301. These results suggest that amino acids, absorbed from the gut, may play a role in the stimulation of gastric secretion which occurs when food passes through the intestine."}
{"id": "PMID:892384", "title": "Pharmacotherapy of an ulcer in Barrett's esophagus: carbenoxalone and cimetidine.", "content": "A 70-year old man is described who had specialized columnar epithelium in the esophagus up to the upper esophageal sphincter, 19 cm from the incisor teeth. The patient had a small sliding hiatus hernia but the lower esophageal sphincter was located at 39-41 cm. Above the sphincter the patient had large peptic ulcers which failed to heal after 1 year of a conventional antireflex regimen. Carbenoxalone sodium administration led to healing in 3 months. However, the ulcers recurred after discontinuation of the drug. On a second attempt carbenoxalone effected modest healing but was stopped because of hypertension and hypokalemia. Cimetidine therapy led to complete healing of the the ulcer within a month. The authors concluded that both carbenoxalone and cimetidine are useful in the treatment of an ulcer in Barrett's esophagus. However, cimetidine may be more rapidly effective and does not produce dangerous side effects.", "contents": "Pharmacotherapy of an ulcer in Barrett's esophagus: carbenoxalone and cimetidine. A 70-year old man is described who had specialized columnar epithelium in the esophagus up to the upper esophageal sphincter, 19 cm from the incisor teeth. The patient had a small sliding hiatus hernia but the lower esophageal sphincter was located at 39-41 cm. Above the sphincter the patient had large peptic ulcers which failed to heal after 1 year of a conventional antireflex regimen. Carbenoxalone sodium administration led to healing in 3 months. However, the ulcers recurred after discontinuation of the drug. On a second attempt carbenoxalone effected modest healing but was stopped because of hypertension and hypokalemia. Cimetidine therapy led to complete healing of the the ulcer within a month. The authors concluded that both carbenoxalone and cimetidine are useful in the treatment of an ulcer in Barrett's esophagus. However, cimetidine may be more rapidly effective and does not produce dangerous side effects."}
{"id": "PMID:892388", "title": "Effect of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide on basal and cholecystokinin-induced gallbladder pressure.", "content": "Studies were conducted in vivo to examine the pressure response of the opossum gallbladder to vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) alone and in combination with cholecystokinin (CCK). The following observations were made (1) VIP alone produced dose-related decreases in basal gallbladder pressure; (2) VIP eliminated spontaneous contractile activity when present; (3) VIP significantly antagonized the expected pressure response to CCK infusion. These observations lend further support to our proposal that the regulation of gallbladder motor function depends upon the actions and interactions of the gastrointestinal hormones on gallbladder smooth muscle.", "contents": "Effect of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide on basal and cholecystokinin-induced gallbladder pressure. Studies were conducted in vivo to examine the pressure response of the opossum gallbladder to vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) alone and in combination with cholecystokinin (CCK). The following observations were made (1) VIP alone produced dose-related decreases in basal gallbladder pressure; (2) VIP eliminated spontaneous contractile activity when present; (3) VIP significantly antagonized the expected pressure response to CCK infusion. These observations lend further support to our proposal that the regulation of gallbladder motor function depends upon the actions and interactions of the gastrointestinal hormones on gallbladder smooth muscle."}
{"id": "PMID:892421", "title": "Mutator mutations in bacteriophage T4 gene 42 (dHMC hydroxymethylase).", "content": "Temperature-sensitive mutations of bacteriophage T4 gene 42 produce diverse effects upon spontaneous mutation rate. G:C vector A:T transition rates are increased, often strongly; frameshift mutation rates are weakly increased; A:T vector G:C transition rates (and perhaps also A:T vector Py:Pu transversion rates) are decreased; and one G:C vector Py:Pu transversion rate is also decreased. These results, together with certain interactions between gene-42 mutator effects and both base analogue mutagenesis and the viral error-prone repair system, suggest that the dHMC hydroxymethylase coded by gene 42 affects mutation rates in a more complex manner than by the simple regulation of the concentration of the DNA precursor dHMCTP.", "contents": "Mutator mutations in bacteriophage T4 gene 42 (dHMC hydroxymethylase). Temperature-sensitive mutations of bacteriophage T4 gene 42 produce diverse effects upon spontaneous mutation rate. G:C vector A:T transition rates are increased, often strongly; frameshift mutation rates are weakly increased; A:T vector G:C transition rates (and perhaps also A:T vector Py:Pu transversion rates) are decreased; and one G:C vector Py:Pu transversion rate is also decreased. These results, together with certain interactions between gene-42 mutator effects and both base analogue mutagenesis and the viral error-prone repair system, suggest that the dHMC hydroxymethylase coded by gene 42 affects mutation rates in a more complex manner than by the simple regulation of the concentration of the DNA precursor dHMCTP."}
{"id": "PMID:892422", "title": "Virus-like particles in Ustilago maydis: mutants with partial genomes.", "content": "Mutants with partial genomes for the virus-like particles of U. maydis were recovered following treatment with nitrosoguanidine. Examination of the properties retained by progeny of genetic crosses indicates that the 2.9 X 10(6) dalton component of double-stranded RNA contains the information for capsid formation and dsRNA replication. Other components appear to contain the information for killer function and immunity to killer. The use of such mutants for studies on the evolution of viruses with segmented genomes is discussed.", "contents": "Virus-like particles in Ustilago maydis: mutants with partial genomes. Mutants with partial genomes for the virus-like particles of U. maydis were recovered following treatment with nitrosoguanidine. Examination of the properties retained by progeny of genetic crosses indicates that the 2.9 X 10(6) dalton component of double-stranded RNA contains the information for capsid formation and dsRNA replication. Other components appear to contain the information for killer function and immunity to killer. The use of such mutants for studies on the evolution of viruses with segmented genomes is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:892423", "title": "Estimation of the number of sex alleles and queen matings from diploid male frequencies in a population of Apis mellifera.", "content": "The distribution of diploid males in a population of Apis mellifera was obtained by direct examination of the sexual phenotypes of the larvae. Using these data, estimates are derived for the number of sex alleles and the number or matings undergone by the queen. The number of sex alleles is estimated to be 18.9. The estimate is larger than previous ones, which have ranged between 10 and 12. However, the increase in the number of sex alleles can be explained by the large effective population number for our data. The best estimator of the number of matings by a queen is a maximum likelihood type that assumes a prior distribution on the number of matings. For the data presented here, this estimate is 17.3. This estimate is compared to others in the literature obtained by different approaches.", "contents": "Estimation of the number of sex alleles and queen matings from diploid male frequencies in a population of Apis mellifera. The distribution of diploid males in a population of Apis mellifera was obtained by direct examination of the sexual phenotypes of the larvae. Using these data, estimates are derived for the number of sex alleles and the number or matings undergone by the queen. The number of sex alleles is estimated to be 18.9. The estimate is larger than previous ones, which have ranged between 10 and 12. However, the increase in the number of sex alleles can be explained by the large effective population number for our data. The best estimator of the number of matings by a queen is a maximum likelihood type that assumes a prior distribution on the number of matings. For the data presented here, this estimate is 17.3. This estimate is compared to others in the literature obtained by different approaches."}
{"id": "PMID:892424", "title": "The evolution of epistasis and the advantage of recombination in populations of bacteriophage T4.", "content": "Experiments reported here test two hypotheses about the evolution of recombination: first, the Fisher-Muller concept that sexual organisms respond to selection more rapidly than do asexual ones, and second, that epistasis is more likely to evolve in the absence of recombination. Populations of bacterio-phage T4 were selected by the drug proflavine in discrete generations and the change in mean population fitness was monitored. Three separate selection series yielded results supporting the Fisher-Muller hypothesis. The amount of epistasis evolved was measured by partitioning the T4 map into regions and comparing the sum of the proflavine resistances of each region with the resistance of the whole. Significantly more interactions were found in phage isolated from the populations with lower total recombination than in those from populations with higher recombination. The degree to which these experiments fit preconceived notions about natural selection suggests that microorganisms may be advantageously used in other population genetics experiments.", "contents": "The evolution of epistasis and the advantage of recombination in populations of bacteriophage T4. Experiments reported here test two hypotheses about the evolution of recombination: first, the Fisher-Muller concept that sexual organisms respond to selection more rapidly than do asexual ones, and second, that epistasis is more likely to evolve in the absence of recombination. Populations of bacterio-phage T4 were selected by the drug proflavine in discrete generations and the change in mean population fitness was monitored. Three separate selection series yielded results supporting the Fisher-Muller hypothesis. The amount of epistasis evolved was measured by partitioning the T4 map into regions and comparing the sum of the proflavine resistances of each region with the resistance of the whole. Significantly more interactions were found in phage isolated from the populations with lower total recombination than in those from populations with higher recombination. The degree to which these experiments fit preconceived notions about natural selection suggests that microorganisms may be advantageously used in other population genetics experiments."}
{"id": "PMID:892425", "title": "Phylogenies constrained by the crossover process as illustrated by human hemoglobins and a thirteen-cycle, eleven-amino-acid repeat in human apolipoprotein A-I.", "content": "Examination of human apolipoprotein A-I revealed a segment of eleven amino acids that repeated itself 13 times in succession without any additional intervening amino acids between the beginning of the repeats (amino acid 93) and their end at the carboxyl terminus of the sequence. The segments are not identical, but the pattern of their physical and chemical properties is highly conserved. The pattern is shown to be suitable to the formation of alpha helices with an amphipathic character consistent with the formation of a micellar structure, a process entirely appropriate to the protein's known function in the blood stream as a lipid carrier. The simplest hypothesis to account for repeated segments is a series of unequal crossovers. But such a series implies that some segments are more closely related to each other than they are to others, that is, they have a \"phylogenetic\" relationship. It is shown that only a small fraction of all possible phylogenies are consistent with a set of segments arising by simple unequal crossing over. Nevertheless, it is shown that the apolipoprotein A-I segments are readily interpretable as the result of simple unequal crossing over. Moreover, the crossover constraint applies with as much force to segments larger than a gene as to segments within a gene, and this is shown to require that the human gamma (Gly) hemoglobin gene lie to the left, rather than to the right, of the other non-alpha human hemoglobin genes, a conclusion for which there is no direct genetic evidence currently available.", "contents": "Phylogenies constrained by the crossover process as illustrated by human hemoglobins and a thirteen-cycle, eleven-amino-acid repeat in human apolipoprotein A-I. Examination of human apolipoprotein A-I revealed a segment of eleven amino acids that repeated itself 13 times in succession without any additional intervening amino acids between the beginning of the repeats (amino acid 93) and their end at the carboxyl terminus of the sequence. The segments are not identical, but the pattern of their physical and chemical properties is highly conserved. The pattern is shown to be suitable to the formation of alpha helices with an amphipathic character consistent with the formation of a micellar structure, a process entirely appropriate to the protein's known function in the blood stream as a lipid carrier. The simplest hypothesis to account for repeated segments is a series of unequal crossovers. But such a series implies that some segments are more closely related to each other than they are to others, that is, they have a \"phylogenetic\" relationship. It is shown that only a small fraction of all possible phylogenies are consistent with a set of segments arising by simple unequal crossing over. Nevertheless, it is shown that the apolipoprotein A-I segments are readily interpretable as the result of simple unequal crossing over. Moreover, the crossover constraint applies with as much force to segments larger than a gene as to segments within a gene, and this is shown to require that the human gamma (Gly) hemoglobin gene lie to the left, rather than to the right, of the other non-alpha human hemoglobin genes, a conclusion for which there is no direct genetic evidence currently available."}
{"id": "PMID:892426", "title": "Three linked enzyme loci in fishes: implications in the evolution of vertebrate chromosomes.", "content": "A three-point linkage group comprised of loci coding for adenosine deaminase (ADA), glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH), and 6-phospho-gluconate dehydrogenase (6PGD) is described in fish of the genus Xiphophorus (Poeciliidae). The alleles at loci in this group were shown to assort independently from the alleles at three other loci--isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 and 2, and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase 1. Alleles at the latter three loci also assort independently from each other. Data were obtained by observing the segregation of electrophoretically variant alleles in reciprocal backcross hybrids derived from crosses between either X. helleri guentheri or X. h. strigatus and X. maculatus. The linkage component of chi2 was significant (less than 0.01) in all crosses, indicating that the linkage group is conserved in all populations of both species of Xiphophorus examined. While data from X. h. guentheri backcrosses indicate the linkage relationship ADA--6%--G6PDH--24%--6PGD, and ADA--29%--6PGD (30% when corrected for double crossovers), data from backcrosses involving strigatus, while supporting the same gene order, yielded significantly different recombination frequencies. The likelihood of the difference being due to an inversion could not be separated from the possibility of a sex effect on recombination in the present data. The linkage of 6PGD and G6PDH has been shown to exist in species of at least three classes of vertebrates, indicating the possibility of evolutionary conservation of this linkage.", "contents": "Three linked enzyme loci in fishes: implications in the evolution of vertebrate chromosomes. A three-point linkage group comprised of loci coding for adenosine deaminase (ADA), glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH), and 6-phospho-gluconate dehydrogenase (6PGD) is described in fish of the genus Xiphophorus (Poeciliidae). The alleles at loci in this group were shown to assort independently from the alleles at three other loci--isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 and 2, and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase 1. Alleles at the latter three loci also assort independently from each other. Data were obtained by observing the segregation of electrophoretically variant alleles in reciprocal backcross hybrids derived from crosses between either X. helleri guentheri or X. h. strigatus and X. maculatus. The linkage component of chi2 was significant (less than 0.01) in all crosses, indicating that the linkage group is conserved in all populations of both species of Xiphophorus examined. While data from X. h. guentheri backcrosses indicate the linkage relationship ADA--6%--G6PDH--24%--6PGD, and ADA--29%--6PGD (30% when corrected for double crossovers), data from backcrosses involving strigatus, while supporting the same gene order, yielded significantly different recombination frequencies. The likelihood of the difference being due to an inversion could not be separated from the possibility of a sex effect on recombination in the present data. The linkage of 6PGD and G6PDH has been shown to exist in species of at least three classes of vertebrates, indicating the possibility of evolutionary conservation of this linkage."}
{"id": "PMID:892427", "title": "The detection of sympatric sibling species using genetic correlation analysis. I. Two loci, two gamodemes.", "content": "Four models are presented describing zygotic frequencies at two loci for one or two sympatric but genetically differentiated populations of \"gamodemes.\" Linkage disequilibrium within gamodemes is allowed in two of the models. Maximum likelihood criteria are used to fit the models to the observed numbers of zygotes in a sample. A fitting-testing sequence for choosing a best model is described and the power of the test is analyzed. The statistical characteristics of the genetic parameter estimates were examined by simulation studies. In general, estimates were reliable when allele frequency differences between gamodemes were greater than 0.30 at both loci. This method may be used to study the population structure of samples with fewer heterozygotes than expected for Hardy-Weinberg populations, including the detection and genetic description of sibling species having overlapping ranges.--An example is given for Drosophila longicornis and D. propachuca, two sibling species within the mulleri complex of the repleta group which have been studied in detail using more conventional techniques. The reanalysis using the approach derived in this paper confirmed the reproductive isolation of these two species, and hinted at the possibility of further subdivision within D. propachuca.", "contents": "The detection of sympatric sibling species using genetic correlation analysis. I. Two loci, two gamodemes. Four models are presented describing zygotic frequencies at two loci for one or two sympatric but genetically differentiated populations of \"gamodemes.\" Linkage disequilibrium within gamodemes is allowed in two of the models. Maximum likelihood criteria are used to fit the models to the observed numbers of zygotes in a sample. A fitting-testing sequence for choosing a best model is described and the power of the test is analyzed. The statistical characteristics of the genetic parameter estimates were examined by simulation studies. In general, estimates were reliable when allele frequency differences between gamodemes were greater than 0.30 at both loci. This method may be used to study the population structure of samples with fewer heterozygotes than expected for Hardy-Weinberg populations, including the detection and genetic description of sibling species having overlapping ranges.--An example is given for Drosophila longicornis and D. propachuca, two sibling species within the mulleri complex of the repleta group which have been studied in detail using more conventional techniques. The reanalysis using the approach derived in this paper confirmed the reproductive isolation of these two species, and hinted at the possibility of further subdivision within D. propachuca."}
{"id": "PMID:892428", "title": "A model of functional epistasis and linkage disequilibrium in populations with overlapping generations.", "content": "A model of functional epistasis is proposed in which it is assumed that coupling and repulsion genotypes differ in metabolic efficiency and thus in development time and net fecundity. The implications of this model are investigated for iteroparous populations with fluctuating rates of increase. It is found that the fluctuations in rate of increase can lead to large fluctuations in gamete frequency and D, the coefficient of linkage disequilibrium, but that D will almost always have a value of zero at some point during the populations' demographic cycle. Some of the model populations would be expected to be in a state of linkage disequilibrium only fleetingly: others would exhibit D-cycles interpretable as random fluctuation. Implications of the model for interpretations of existing data on linkage disequilibrium among enzyme loci in Drosophila are discussed.", "contents": "A model of functional epistasis and linkage disequilibrium in populations with overlapping generations. A model of functional epistasis is proposed in which it is assumed that coupling and repulsion genotypes differ in metabolic efficiency and thus in development time and net fecundity. The implications of this model are investigated for iteroparous populations with fluctuating rates of increase. It is found that the fluctuations in rate of increase can lead to large fluctuations in gamete frequency and D, the coefficient of linkage disequilibrium, but that D will almost always have a value of zero at some point during the populations' demographic cycle. Some of the model populations would be expected to be in a state of linkage disequilibrium only fleetingly: others would exhibit D-cycles interpretable as random fluctuation. Implications of the model for interpretations of existing data on linkage disequilibrium among enzyme loci in Drosophila are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:892429", "title": "Mutation-selection balance with stochastic selection.", "content": "Diffusion theory has been used to analyze a model of mutation-selection balance in which the selection process is assumed to be stochastic in time. The limiting outcome of the mutation-stochastic selection process is determined qualitatively by the geometric mean fitnesses of the genotypes, and the conditions for fixation or polymorphism are similar to those that determine the outcome of the mutation-selection process when selection is constant. However, in the case of a completely recessive allele, detailed numerical study of the polymorphism associated with stochastic selection has shown that the average allele frequency maintained is greater than the equilibrium frequency expected when selection is constant, even when the geometric mean fitness of the recessive homozygotes is identical in the stochastic and deterministic models. Thus, allele frequencies in natural populations that are too high to be plausibly explained by a balance between mutation and constant selection can be accounted for if selection is stochastic.", "contents": "Mutation-selection balance with stochastic selection. Diffusion theory has been used to analyze a model of mutation-selection balance in which the selection process is assumed to be stochastic in time. The limiting outcome of the mutation-stochastic selection process is determined qualitatively by the geometric mean fitnesses of the genotypes, and the conditions for fixation or polymorphism are similar to those that determine the outcome of the mutation-selection process when selection is constant. However, in the case of a completely recessive allele, detailed numerical study of the polymorphism associated with stochastic selection has shown that the average allele frequency maintained is greater than the equilibrium frequency expected when selection is constant, even when the geometric mean fitness of the recessive homozygotes is identical in the stochastic and deterministic models. Thus, allele frequencies in natural populations that are too high to be plausibly explained by a balance between mutation and constant selection can be accounted for if selection is stochastic."}
{"id": "PMID:892430", "title": "Identity coefficients in finite populations. I. Evolution of identity coefficients in a random mating diploid dioecious population.", "content": "Properties of identity relation between genes are discussed, and a derivation of recurrent equations of identity coefficients in a random mating, diploid dioecious population is presented. Computations are run by repeated matrix multiplication. Results show that for effective population size (Ne) larger than 16 and no mutation, a given identity coefficient at any time t can be expressed approximately as a function of (1--f), (1--f)3 and (1--f)6, where f is the mean inbreeding coefficient at time t. Tables are presented, for small Ne values and extreme sex ratios, showing the pattern of change in the identity coefficients over time. The pattern of evolution of identity coefficients is also presented and discussed with respect to Neu, where u is the mutation rate. Applications of these results to the evolution of genetic variability within and between inbred lines are discussed.", "contents": "Identity coefficients in finite populations. I. Evolution of identity coefficients in a random mating diploid dioecious population. Properties of identity relation between genes are discussed, and a derivation of recurrent equations of identity coefficients in a random mating, diploid dioecious population is presented. Computations are run by repeated matrix multiplication. Results show that for effective population size (Ne) larger than 16 and no mutation, a given identity coefficient at any time t can be expressed approximately as a function of (1--f), (1--f)3 and (1--f)6, where f is the mean inbreeding coefficient at time t. Tables are presented, for small Ne values and extreme sex ratios, showing the pattern of change in the identity coefficients over time. The pattern of evolution of identity coefficients is also presented and discussed with respect to Neu, where u is the mutation rate. Applications of these results to the evolution of genetic variability within and between inbred lines are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:892431", "title": "[Cytogenetic activity of the pesticides phthalophos, chlorophos and gardona in a culture of human lymphocytes].", "content": "The cytogenetic action of three phosphoorganic pesticides, imidan, dipterex and gardona, in cultured human lymphocytes is studied. It is found that all the sunstances induce the signficant increase in the frequency of metaphases with chromosomes aberrations as compared with the control level. Maximal effects in vitro qere 6,0; 4,8 and 4,0% of aberrant cells for imidan, dipterex and gardona respectively. All investigated substances had a weak mutagenic activity in human lymphocyte culture.", "contents": "[Cytogenetic activity of the pesticides phthalophos, chlorophos and gardona in a culture of human lymphocytes]. The cytogenetic action of three phosphoorganic pesticides, imidan, dipterex and gardona, in cultured human lymphocytes is studied. It is found that all the sunstances induce the signficant increase in the frequency of metaphases with chromosomes aberrations as compared with the control level. Maximal effects in vitro qere 6,0; 4,8 and 4,0% of aberrant cells for imidan, dipterex and gardona respectively. All investigated substances had a weak mutagenic activity in human lymphocyte culture."}
{"id": "PMID:892432", "title": "[Inheritability of blood metabolite concentrations in cattle at different age periods and seasons of the year].", "content": "Coefficients of heritability of lipid, carbohydrate and protein-nitrous blood metabolites were studied through comparison of mothers and their daughters at different age periods (6, 9, 12, 15, 18 months and the 1st lactation) and seasons. The highest and most statistically significant are heritability coefficients of triglycerides, phospholipids, cholesterin, total lipids; coefficients of acetic acid, 3-hydroxybutyric acid, acetone and acetylacetic acid and blood glucose are lower. The highest coefficients of heritability among protein-nitrous metabolites are those of globulins; coefficients of albumins, total protein, blood amino nitrogen are lower. Heritability coefficients of blood metabolites, except albumins, globulins and glucose are stable enough at different age periods. No pronounced season differences are observed. The presence of high and statistically significant heritability coefficients of a number of blood metabolites, their age and season stability indicate the possibility of using these metabolites as additional tests in selection of dairy cattle.", "contents": "[Inheritability of blood metabolite concentrations in cattle at different age periods and seasons of the year]. Coefficients of heritability of lipid, carbohydrate and protein-nitrous blood metabolites were studied through comparison of mothers and their daughters at different age periods (6, 9, 12, 15, 18 months and the 1st lactation) and seasons. The highest and most statistically significant are heritability coefficients of triglycerides, phospholipids, cholesterin, total lipids; coefficients of acetic acid, 3-hydroxybutyric acid, acetone and acetylacetic acid and blood glucose are lower. The highest coefficients of heritability among protein-nitrous metabolites are those of globulins; coefficients of albumins, total protein, blood amino nitrogen are lower. Heritability coefficients of blood metabolites, except albumins, globulins and glucose are stable enough at different age periods. No pronounced season differences are observed. The presence of high and statistically significant heritability coefficients of a number of blood metabolites, their age and season stability indicate the possibility of using these metabolites as additional tests in selection of dairy cattle."}
{"id": "PMID:892433", "title": "[Further genetic analysis of mink serum Lpm-allotypes].", "content": "The results obtained by testing 3127 mink sera as well as the analysis of families completely confirmed that the Lpm allotype system of very high density proteins is under genetic control, as postulated earlier. The polymorphism of the first five allotypes is due to the genetic units Lpm1, Lpm4, Lpm1,2, Lpm3,4 and Lpm2,4,5, which behave as Mendelian alleles. The data obtained suggest the existence of an additional gene, LpmX, which, in the homozygous state, determines a very rare phenotype, negative for the first five markers.", "contents": "[Further genetic analysis of mink serum Lpm-allotypes]. The results obtained by testing 3127 mink sera as well as the analysis of families completely confirmed that the Lpm allotype system of very high density proteins is under genetic control, as postulated earlier. The polymorphism of the first five allotypes is due to the genetic units Lpm1, Lpm4, Lpm1,2, Lpm3,4 and Lpm2,4,5, which behave as Mendelian alleles. The data obtained suggest the existence of an additional gene, LpmX, which, in the homozygous state, determines a very rare phenotype, negative for the first five markers."}
{"id": "PMID:892434", "title": "[Isolation and preliminary characteristics of the extrachromosomal elements of Bacillus thuringiensis DNA].", "content": "Centrifugation of Bacillus thuringiensis 351 DNA in CsCl-ethidium bromide density gradient has revealed, besides the main band of chromosomal DNA (p = 1.56 g/cm2), some additional bands with higher density, which usually correspond cicle superhelix DNAs, are revealed. 6 discrete bands are observed under electrophoresis of total fraction of minor DNA bands, which suggests, that the preparation contains cicle DNAs of different size. The treatment with DNAse results in the appearance of 3 bands corresponding to opened cicle DNA forms, their molecular weight being 12-10(6)--4-10(6) daltons. Cicle super-helix and opened cicle DNA forms are found in minor fraction by means of electrone microscopy. Statistical analysis has revealed the presence of at least three types of cicle molecules of different size. The variant 351-10, free of extrachromosomal elements, is isolated after ethidium bromide treatment at high temperature. Possible mechanisms of cicle DNAs formation are discussed. Biological function of DNA extrachromosomes fragments in Bacillus thuringiensis is still obscure.", "contents": "[Isolation and preliminary characteristics of the extrachromosomal elements of Bacillus thuringiensis DNA]. Centrifugation of Bacillus thuringiensis 351 DNA in CsCl-ethidium bromide density gradient has revealed, besides the main band of chromosomal DNA (p = 1.56 g/cm2), some additional bands with higher density, which usually correspond cicle superhelix DNAs, are revealed. 6 discrete bands are observed under electrophoresis of total fraction of minor DNA bands, which suggests, that the preparation contains cicle DNAs of different size. The treatment with DNAse results in the appearance of 3 bands corresponding to opened cicle DNA forms, their molecular weight being 12-10(6)--4-10(6) daltons. Cicle super-helix and opened cicle DNA forms are found in minor fraction by means of electrone microscopy. Statistical analysis has revealed the presence of at least three types of cicle molecules of different size. The variant 351-10, free of extrachromosomal elements, is isolated after ethidium bromide treatment at high temperature. Possible mechanisms of cicle DNAs formation are discussed. Biological function of DNA extrachromosomes fragments in Bacillus thuringiensis is still obscure."}
{"id": "PMID:892435", "title": "[Recombination in amber mutants of bacteriophage T4B. III. Influence of X-mutation on intragenic recombination in T4 phages].", "content": "Study was made of the influence of X-mutation on interallelic and intergenic recombination at the region of genes 34-38 of phage T4B. In the case of intergenic crosses in all studied recombinations of genes mutation X caused a 2-fold decrease in recombination frequency. X-mutation showed the same effect on integenic recombination in genes 36 and 38. In the case of crossing flank markers of gene 35 the frequency of recombination decreased 3.5-fold, that of gene 34--6 fold. Crosses of double am-X mutants mapped at different sites of gene 34 allowed to detect the gradient of the effect X-mutation on recombination in gene 34 in the direction from gene 33 to gene 35. The data obtained indicate a local anomaly of DNA structure of the region of genes 34 and 35 and allowed to draw a conclusion that the degree of suppressing recombination process under the influence of X-mutation depends nor on the original recombination frequency between markers to be crossed, that is on the internal structure of the given region of the genome of bacteriophage T4. Possible reasons for specific effect of X-mutations on the recombination in genes 34 and 35 of phage T4B are discussed.", "contents": "[Recombination in amber mutants of bacteriophage T4B. III. Influence of X-mutation on intragenic recombination in T4 phages]. Study was made of the influence of X-mutation on interallelic and intergenic recombination at the region of genes 34-38 of phage T4B. In the case of intergenic crosses in all studied recombinations of genes mutation X caused a 2-fold decrease in recombination frequency. X-mutation showed the same effect on integenic recombination in genes 36 and 38. In the case of crossing flank markers of gene 35 the frequency of recombination decreased 3.5-fold, that of gene 34--6 fold. Crosses of double am-X mutants mapped at different sites of gene 34 allowed to detect the gradient of the effect X-mutation on recombination in gene 34 in the direction from gene 33 to gene 35. The data obtained indicate a local anomaly of DNA structure of the region of genes 34 and 35 and allowed to draw a conclusion that the degree of suppressing recombination process under the influence of X-mutation depends nor on the original recombination frequency between markers to be crossed, that is on the internal structure of the given region of the genome of bacteriophage T4. Possible reasons for specific effect of X-mutations on the recombination in genes 34 and 35 of phage T4B are discussed."}